[ { "path": ".codeclimate.yml", "content": "exclude_paths:\n - lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb # I know, ok?\n" }, { "path": ".dokaz", "content": "--require ./spec/dokaz_helpers.rb\n" }, { "path": ".github/workflows/ci.yml", "content": "name: CI\n\non:\n push:\n branches: [ master ]\n pull_request:\n branches: [ master ]\n\njobs:\n main:\n name: >-\n ${{ matrix.ruby }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n # ruby: [ 2.6, 2.7, 3.0, head ]\n ruby: [ 2.6, 2.7, 3.0 ]\n\n steps:\n - name: checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v2\n - name: set up Ruby\n uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1\n with:\n ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}\n\n - name: install dependencies\n run: bundle install --jobs 3 --retry 3\n - name: spec\n run: bundle exec rake spec\n - name: rubocop\n run: bundle exec rake rubocop\n" }, { "path": ".gitignore", "content": ".bundle\nvendor\ndeprecated\nTODO.txt\ntmp\nexamples\nprofile/out/*.html\nrubocop\n.yardoc\n*.gem\n.coveralls.yml\ncoverage\ndoc\n.byebug*\n" }, { "path": ".rspec", "content": "--require=./spec/spec_helper.rb\n--color\n" }, { "path": ".rubocop.yml", "content": "inherit_from: .rubocop_todo.yml\nrequire: rubocop-rspec\n\nAllCops:\n Include:\n - 'lib/**/*'\n Exclude:\n - 'bin/*'\n - 'vendor/**/*'\n - 'examples/**/*'\n - 'profile/**/*'\n - 'tmp/**/*'\n - 'deprecated/**/*'\n - 'spec/*_helpers.rb'\n - 'Rakefile'\n - 'Gemfile'\n - 'infoboxer.gemspec'\n DisplayCopNames: true\n NewCops: enable\n SuggestExtensions: false\n TargetRubyVersion: 2.6\n\nStyle/OptionHash:\n Enabled: true\n\n# FIXME\nLint/MissingSuper:\n Enabled: false\n\n\n# My personal style\nLayout/SpaceInsideHashLiteralBraces:\n EnforcedStyle: no_space\n\nLint/ConstantDefinitionInBlock:\n Exclude:\n - 'lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb'\n\nNaming/MethodParameterName:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/AccessorGrouping:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/ClassAndModuleChildren:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/ClassEqualityComparison:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/CommentAnnotation:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/EmptyElse:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/CaseEquality:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/FormatString:\n EnforcedStyle: percent\n\nStyle/OptionalBooleanParameter:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/SignalException:\n EnforcedStyle: semantic\n\nStyle/StringConcatenation:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/MutableConstant:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/ParallelAssignment:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/AndOr:\n EnforcedStyle: conditionals\n\nStyle/Alias:\n EnforcedStyle: prefer_alias_method\n\nStyle/EmptyCaseCondition:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/PercentLiteralDelimiters:\n PreferredDelimiters:\n default: \"{}\"\n \"%w\": \"[]\"\n\nStyle/TrailingCommaInArguments:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/TrailingCommaInHashLiteral:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/TrailingCommaInArrayLiteral:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/ModuleFunction:\n Exclude:\n - 'lib/infoboxer.rb'\n\nStyle/MultilineBlockChain:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/Documentation:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/AsciiComments:\n Enabled: false\n\nLayout/LineLength:\n Max: 120\n Exclude:\n - 'lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb'\n - 'spec/**/*'\n\nMetrics/BlockLength:\n Exclude:\n - 'lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb'\n - 'spec/**/*'\n\nMetrics/PerceivedComplexity:\n Max: 8\n Exclude:\n - 'spec/**/*'\n\nStyle/BlockDelimiters:\n Enabled: false\n\nStyle/RedundantPercentQ:\n Exclude:\n - 'spec/**/*'\n\nStyle/FormatStringToken:\n Enabled: false\n\n# Specs style\nRSpec/LeadingSubject:\n Enabled: false\n\nRSpec/EmptyExampleGroup:\n Enabled: false\n\nRSpec/DescribeClass:\n Exclude:\n - 'spec/infoboxer/en.wikipedia.org/calc_templates_spec.rb'\n - 'spec/infoboxer/en.wikipedia.org/simple_templates_spec.rb'\n - 'spec/infoboxer/integration/all_en_templates_spec.rb'\n - 'spec/infoboxer/integration/fr_spec.rb'\n - 'spec/infoboxer/integration/site_traits_spec.rb'\n\nRSpec/ExampleLength:\n Enabled: false\n\nRSpec/NestedGroups:\n Enabled: false\n\nRSpec/ContextWording:\n Enabled: false\n\n# Next two are useful for preloading large documents\nRSpec/BeforeAfterAll:\n Enabled: false\n\nRSpec/InstanceVariable:\n Enabled: false\n\n# TODO\nRSpec/NamedSubject:\n Enabled: false\n\nRSpec/ExampleWording:\n Enabled: false\n\nRSpec/MultipleExpectations:\n Enabled: false\n\nRSpec/DescribeSymbol:\n Enabled: false\n\n# Complexity. I dare you to fix it! (Without perf.degradation)\nMetrics/AbcSize:\n Max: 27\n Exclude:\n - 'spec/**/*'\n\n# Offense count: 1\nMetrics/ClassLength:\n Max: 131\n\n# Offense count: 6\nMetrics/CyclomaticComplexity:\n Max: 14\n\n# Offense count: 26\nMetrics/MethodLength:\n Max: 30\n\n# Offense count: 3\nMetrics/ModuleLength:\n Max: 288\n Exclude:\n - 'spec/**/*'\n" }, { "path": ".rubocop_todo.yml", "content": "\n" }, { "path": ".travis.yml", "content": "cache: bundler\nlanguage: ruby\nrvm:\n - \"2.6\"\n - \"2.7\"\n - \"3.0\"\n #- jruby-19mode # Due to https://github.com/jruby/jruby/issues/2599\njobs:\n allow_failures:\n - \"2.7\" # bundler version incompatibility, fix later...\ninstall:\n - bundle install --retry=3\nscript:\n - bundle exec rake\n" }, { "path": ".yardopts", "content": "--markup=markdown\n--markup-provider=redcarpet\n--no-private\n" }, { "path": "CHANGELOG.md", "content": "# Infoboxer's change log\n\n## 0.4.0 (2021-05-30)\n\n* A cluster of bugs found in #81 fixed:\n * Empty comment (``) now processed properly;\n * Templates that are implicitly inside tables (put on a separate row) now always create\n an implicit ``\n * Heading after non-closed table closes the table implicitly instead of being inserted\n into the last cell.\n* Drop Ruby < 2.6, and support 3.0 instead.\n\nPS: Yeah, year-and-almost-half is much better than 2 years between releases, I guess.. And let's call\nit non-patch version then.\n\n## 0.3.3 (2020-02-09)\n\n* Fixed table captions handling (thanks @robfors for reporting)\n\nPS: Funny that this small bugfix release is exactly two years after the previous one :(\n\n## 0.3.2 (2018-02-09)\n\n* Updated MediaWiktory to finally turn on gzip encoding of responses;\n* Utility methods to expose some internals (`MediaWiki#api`, `Infoboxer#url_for(:wikipedia)`,\n `Page#namespaces`, `Template#named_variables` and so on);\n* Fix parsing of lowercase `file:` links in ``.\n\n## 0.3.1 (2017-12-04)\n\n* (Experimental) new representation of templates, much more readable;\n* More access to querying process and underlying `MediaWiktory::Wikipedia::Query`;\n* Finally, `limit` parameter for multi-page queries (category, search, prefixsearch).\n\n## 0.3.1.pre (2017-09-16)\n\n* Introduce interwiki links following (and proper handling of interwikis, in general);\n* Add `` tag support;\n* Introduce `Navigation::Selector#===`;\n* Much more `Enumerable`'s methods supported by `Nodes`;\n* Lot of small simplifications, cleanups and bugfixes.\n\nTBH, it should be 0.4.0 or more, but it would be a shame to change versions so fast :) So, at least\nuntil it is `-pre`, let it be 0.3.1.\n\n## 0.3.0 (2017-07-23)\n\n* Change logic of navigation through templates; now templates contents aren't hidden from global\n lookups. While sometimes leading to less impressive demos, this approach proved itself to be more\n useful for production.\n* Introduce WikiPath query language as an alternative to series of lookups.\n\n## 0.2.8 (2017-05-11)\n\n* Switch to MediaWiktory 0.1.0 + some subsequent cleanup of internal logic;\n* Additional `prop:` param for `MediaWiki#get`, `#get_h`, and `#raw`, allowing to fetch arbitrary\n page properties.\n\n## 0.2.7 (2016-09-18)\n\n* Fix `Math` node rendering to text (#68);\n* Fix consequtive apostrophes problem (#69);\n* Fix math parsing in templates (#70).\n\n## 0.2.6 (2016-06-27)\n\n_0.2.5 was erroneously released without any changes._\n\n* Fix of `` tags parsing (#66)\n\n## 0.2.4 (2016-04-16)\n\n* `MediaWiki#get_h` works correctly with several synonymous pages now;\n* `get` and `get_h` work better when some of required titles are downcase;\n* Travis compatibility check restored.\n\n## 0.2.3 (2016-03-02)\n\nNew and enchanced features:\n* more useful templates (quick-n-dirty sometimes, but prettier output for\n typical cases);\n* Caching of wikiobjects, so for several calls to `Infoboxer.wp` it would\n be only one API call for wiki metainformation;\n* `MediaWiki#get` now preserves order of pages (page list would be in\n the same order as requested titles);\n* `MediaWiki#get_h` to receive hash of `title => page object` (useful\n to know which titles have been no pages for and better control on\n redirects).\n\nFixes:\n* `Image` node equality fixed.\n\n## 0.2.2 (2016-01-03)\n\nFixes:\n* more sophisticated table parsing;\n* empty `` is parsed properly;\n* inline unclosed markup inside wikilinks works;\n* `MediaWiki::Traits` can now be continued in several places.\n\n## 0.2.1 (2015-12-21)\n\n* `infoboxer` binary properly registered.\n\n## 0.2.0 (2015-12-21)\n\n* MediaWiki backend changed to (our own handcrafted)\n [mediawiktory](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/mediawiktory);\n* Added page lists fetching like `MediaWiki#category(categoryname)`,\n `MediaWiki#search(search_phrase)`;\n* `MediaWiki#get` now can fetch any number of pages at once (it was only\n 50 in previous versions);\n* `bin/infoboxer` console added for quick experimenting;\n* `Template#to_h` added for quick information extraction;\n* many small bugfixes and enchancements.\n\n## 0.1.2.1 (2015-12-04)\n\n* Small bug with newlines in templates fixed.\n\n## 0.1.2 (2015-08-18)\n\nAaaaand, rrrrrelease it into the wilde!\n\n* `ImageCaption` class added;\n* Smallest refactorings;\n* More documentation fixes.\n\n\n## 0.1.1 (2015-08-11)\n\nBasically, preparing for wider release!\n\n* Small refactorings;\n* Documentation fixes.\n\n## 0.1.0 (2015-08-07)\n\nInitial (ok, I know it's typically called 0.0.1, but here's work of\nthree monthes, numerous documentations and examples and so on... so, let\nit be 0.1.0).\n" }, { "path": "CONTRIBUTING.md", "content": "# Contributing to Infoboxer\n\n_(Also duplicated in [wiki](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki/Contributing).)_\n\n## Contributing via test cases\n\nIf you are assured that Infoboxer takes some page wrong, please create an\n[issue](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/issues) with link\nto page (or raw wikitext) and description of a problem.\n\n## Contributing via localizations and templates describing\n\nLook at [en.wikipedia.org](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/blob/master/lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb)\ntemplate definitions. It can be extended. Also, similar definitions\ncan/should be created for other language wikipedias and other popular\nwikis.\n\nYou can do pull requests with your own definitions, or create an\n[issue](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/issues) describing\nwhich template definitions should be added to Infoboxer.\n\n## Contributing via code\n\nIf you want to fix some bug or implement some feature, please just\nfollow the standard process for github opensource: fork, fix, push,\nmake pull request.\n\nSome (scanty) information below.\n\n### Understanding the code\n\n* Infoboxer is splitted in several modules (which are clearly visible in\n API docs and folders structure).\n* Most of \"easy features\"\n can be added to [Navigation](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/infoboxer/Infoboxer/Navigation)\n module and its submodules: enchancing of navigational experience and\n implement clever shortcuts (like \"converting table to dataframe/list of\n hashes\", for ex.).\n* Most of potential bugs can seat in\n [Parser](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/infoboxer/Infoboxer/Parser) class\n and its modules; MediaWiki markup IS tricky and tightly coupled and\n ambigous; there's also some non-implemented features, like ``\n tag parsing and template definition pages (which, possibly, is not\n target of Infoboxer anyways).\n* Most of underfeatured area is in\n [MediaWiki](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/infoboxer/Infoboxer/MediaWiki)\n -- seems reasonable for information extraction purposes to have more\n features from MediaWiki API, like \"page list generators\", search,\n \"what links here\" and similar functionality.\n* Most of clarification and documentation is required for \n [Templates](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/infoboxer/Infoboxer/Templates)\n module, which is still underloved heart of Infoboxer.\n\n### Parser: quick, not clever\n\nWhether you'd want to put your hands on Parser: please remember, that\nit's hand-crafted and thoroughly optimized. The first thought you may\nhave that it needs more OO decompozition, a class for each case; or more\nideomatic Ruby, or ... Trust me, I've tried it all. But when you are\ndealing with hundreds of thousands of parsing operations and tens of\nthousands of resulting nodes, it turns out even simplest things like\n`Object#tap` have performance penalty on large number of calls.\n" }, { "path": "Gemfile", "content": "source 'https://rubygems.org'\n\ngemspec\n\n# gem 'mediawiktory', github: 'molybdenum-99/mediawiktory', branch: 'develop'\n\ngroup :docs do\n gem 'dokaz', git: 'https://github.com/zverok/dokaz.git'\n gem 'yard', '~> 0.9'\n gem 'redcarpet'\n #gem 'inch'\nend\n\ngroup :development do\n gem 'rake'\n gem 'ruby-prof' unless RUBY_PLATFORM.include?('java')\n gem 'rubygems-tasks'\n gem 'byebug' unless RUBY_PLATFORM.include?('java')\n gem 'rubocop', '~> 1.15.0'\n gem 'rubocop-rspec', '~> 2.3.0'\nend\n\ngroup :test do\n gem 'rspec', '~> 3'\n gem 'rspec-its', '~> 1'\n gem 'vcr'\n gem 'webmock'\n gem 'timecop'\n gem 'saharspec', '= 0.0.4'\n gem 'coveralls', require: false\n gem 'yard-junk', '~> 0.0.7'\nend\n" }, { "path": "LICENSE.txt", "content": "The MIT License (MIT)\n\nCopyright (c) 2014-15 Victor 'Zverok' Shepelev\n\nPermission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining\na copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\n\"Software\"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including\nwithout limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,\ndistribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to\npermit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to\nthe following conditions:\n\nThe above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be\nincluded in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,\nEXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF\nMERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND\nNONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE\nLIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION\nOF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION\nWITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.\n" }, { "path": "Parsing.md", "content": "Parsing Wikipedia is not an easy tasks. Some tags and formattings signs\ncan be only after newline, some can be everywhere in text; some formatting\ncan span several lines, some is force-closed on line end; there can be\ntons and tons of markup inside image captions, templates and 's, so...\nHere's what I've came with:\n\n1. Entire page text is split into lines (after replacing of ``\n comments -- they go nowhere).\n2. First, we are in *paragraph* context. We are looking at next line in\n list and guessing what it is: list, heading and so on\n3. Then, we are in *inline* context for text of paragraph (unless it is\n table, which is different story, and headings, which also different,\n and of course preformatted text,... you've got the idea). We scan text\n until *any* of inline formatting will be met (or end of line).\n4. When met with some formatting, we push current context and scan inside\n it. The inline scanning is tricky!\n * Simple formatting like `''` (italic) is implicitly closed at the end\n of line (it is called \"short inline scan\" inside Infoboxer's parser)\n * Long formatting like templates can span several lines, so we continue\n scan through next lines, till template end (it means we are still in\n same paragraph!), it's \"normal inline scan\", or just \"inline scan\"\n * Some __inline__ formatting (like ``'s) and special formatting,\n like table cells, can have other paragraphs inside! (But it's still\n \"inline\" formatting, because when is ended, the same paragraph\n is continued -- while showing it in Wikipedia, ref will leave a small\n footnote mark in paragraph, and the contents will be below). We call\n such a cases \"long inline scan\".\n5. So, parser tries to do everything in one forward scan, without returning\n to previous positions or tricks like \"scan all symbols till the end of\n template, then parse them as a separate sub-document\" (the letter is\n the simplest way to parse MediaWiki markup; that's how Infoboxer worked\n at first; it was not very fast and not memory-effective at all).\n \n" }, { "path": "README.md", "content": "# Infoboxer\n\n[![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/infoboxer.svg)](http://badge.fury.io/rb/infoboxer)\n![Build Status](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/workflows/CI/badge.svg?branch=master)\n[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/molybdenum-99/infoboxer?branch=master)\n[![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/badges/gpa.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/molybdenum-99/infoboxer)\n[![Infoboxer Gitter](https://badges.gitter.im/molybdenum-99/infoboxer.svg)](https://gitter.im/molybdenum-99/infoboxer)\n\n**Infoboxer** is pure-Ruby Wikipedia (and generic MediaWiki) client and\nparser, targeting information extraction (hence the name).\n\nIt can be useful in tasks like:\n\n* get a plaintext abstract of an article (paragraphs before first heading);\n* get structured data variables from page's **infobox**;\n* list page's sections and count paragraphs, images and tables in them;\n* convert some huge \"comparison table\" to data;\n* and much, much more!\n\nThe whole idea is: you can have any Wikipedia page as a parsed tree with\nobvious structure, you can navigate that tree easily, and you have a\nbunch of hi-level helpers method, so typical information extraction\ntasks should be super-easy, one-liners in best cases.\n\n_(For those already thinking \"Why should you do this, we already have\nDBPedia?\" -- please, read \"[Reasons](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki/Reasons)\"\npage in our wiki.)_\n\n## Showcase\n\n```ruby\nInfoboxer.wikipedia.\n get('Breaking Bad (season 1)').\n sections('Episodes').templates(name: 'Episode table').\n fetch('episodes').templates(name: /^Episode list/).\n fetch_hashes('EpisodeNumber', 'EpisodeNumber2', 'Title', 'ShortSummary')\n# => [{\"EpisodeNumber\"=>#, \"EpisodeNumber2\"=>#, \"Title\"=>#, \"ShortSummary\"=>#},\n# {\"EpisodeNumber\"=>#, \"EpisodeNumber2\"=>#, \"Title\"=>#, \"ShortSummary\"=>#},\n# ...and so on\n```\n\nDo you _feel_ it now?\n\nYou also can take a look at [Showcase](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki/Showcase).\n\n## Usage\n\n### Install gem\n\nInstall it as usual: `gem 'infoboxer'` in your Gemfile, then `bundle install`.\n\nOr just `[sudo] gem install infoboxer` if you prefer.\n\n### Grab the page\n\n```ruby\n# From English Wikipedia\npage = Infoboxer.wikipedia.get('Argentina')\n# or\npage = Infoboxer.wp.get('Argentina')\n\n# From other language Wikipedia:\npage = Infoboxer.wikipedia('fr').get('Argentina')\n\n# From any wiki with the same engine:\npage = Infoboxer.wiki('http://companywiki.com').get('Our Product')\n```\n\nSee more examples and options at [Retrieving pages](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki/Retrieving%20pages)\n\n### Play with page\n\nBasically, page is a tree of [Nodes](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki/Nodes), you can think of it as some kind of\n[DOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model).\n\nSo, you can navigate it:\n\n```ruby\n# Simple traversing and inspect\nnode = page.children.first.children.first\nnode.to_tree\nnode.to_text\n\n# Various lookups\npage.lookup(:Template, name: /^Infobox/)\n```\n\nSee [Tree navigation basics](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki/Tree-navigation-basics).\n\nOn the top of the basic navigation Infoboxer adds some useful shortcuts\nfor convenience and brevity, which allows things like this:\n\n```ruby\npage.section('Episodes').tables.first\n```\n\nSee [Navigation shortcuts](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki/Navigation-shortcuts)\n\nTo put it all in one piece, also take a look at [Data extraction tips and tricks](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki/Tips-and-tricks).\n\n### infoboxer executable\n\nJust try `infoboxer` command.\n\nWithout any options, it starts IRB session with infoboxer required and\nincluded into main namespace.\n\nWith `-w` option, it provides a shortcut to MediaWiki instance you want.\nLike this:\n\n```\n$ infoboxer -w https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php\n> get('Argentina')\n => # e\n tm = Time.now - start\n puts \"%s: parsing error after %.3f: %s:\\n\\t%s\" % [File.basename(f), tm, e.message, e.backtrace.first(5).join(\"\\n\\t\")]\n rescue => e\n tm = Time.now - start\n puts \"%s: error %s after %.3f: %s:\\n\\t%s\" % [File.basename(f), e.class, tm, e.message, e.backtrace.first(5).join(\"\\n\\t\")]\n end\n end\n end\n\n desc \"Run profiling on several pages and dump results to HTML\"\n task :profile do\n require 'ruby-prof'\n Dir['profile/pages/*.wiki'].each do |f|\n name = File.basename(f).sub('.wiki', '')\n out = \"profile/out/#{name}.html\"\n\n text = File.read(f)\n\n RubyProf.start\n\n Infoboxer::Parser.document(text)\n\n res = RubyProf.stop\n printer = RubyProf::GraphHtmlPrinter.new(res)\n\n printer.print(File.open(out, 'w'))\n\n puts '%s successfully parsed, see res: %s' % [File.basename(f), out]\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "bin/infoboxer", "content": "#!/usr/bin/env ruby\nrequire 'rubygems'\nrequire 'infoboxer'\n\ninclude Infoboxer\n\nrequire 'optparse'\n\nwiki_url = nil\n\nOptionParser.new do |opts|\n opts.banner = 'Usage: infoboxer [-w wiki_api_url]'\n\n opts.on('-w', '--wiki WIKI_API_URL',\n \"Make wiki by WIKI_API_URL a default wiki, and use it with just get('Pagename')\") do |w|\n wiki_url = w\n end\nend.parse!\n\nif wiki_url\n if wiki_url =~ /^[a-z]+$/\n wiki_url = case\n when domain = Infoboxer::WIKIMEDIA_PROJECTS[wiki_url.to_sym]\n \"https://en.#{domain}/w/api.php\"\n when domain = Infoboxer::WIKIMEDIA_PROJECTS[('w' + wiki_url).to_sym]\n \"https://en.#{domain}/w/api.php\"\n else\n fail(\"Unidentified wiki: #{wiki_url}\")\n end\n end\n\n DEFAULT_WIKI = Infoboxer.wiki(wiki_url)\n puts \"Default Wiki selected: #{wiki_url}.\\nNow you can use `get('Pagename')`, `category('Categoryname')` and so on.\\n\\n\"\n [:raw, :get, :get_h, :category, :search, :prefixsearch].each do |m|\n define_method(m) { |*arg|\n DEFAULT_WIKI.send(m, *arg)\n }\n end\nend\n\nrequire 'irb'\nARGV.shift until ARGV.empty?\nIRB.start\n" }, { "path": "infoboxer.gemspec", "content": "require './lib/infoboxer/version'\n\nGem::Specification.new do |s|\n s.name = 'infoboxer'\n s.version = Infoboxer::VERSION\n s.authors = ['Victor Shepelev']\n s.email = 'zverok.offline@gmail.com'\n s.homepage = 'https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer'\n\n s.summary = 'MediaWiki client and parser, targeting information extraction.'\n s.description = <<-EOF\n Infoboxer is library targeting use of Wikipedia (or any other\n MediaWiki-based wiki) as a rich powerful data source.\n EOF\n s.licenses = ['MIT']\n\n s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.1.0'\n\n s.files = `git ls-files`.split($RS).reject do |file|\n file =~ /^(?:\n spec\\/.*\n |Gemfile\n |Rakefile\n |\\.rspec\n |\\.gitignore\n |\\.rubocop.yml\n |\\.travis.yml\n )$/x\n end\n s.require_paths = [\"lib\"]\n s.bindir = 'bin'\n s.executables << 'infoboxer'\n\n s.add_dependency 'htmlentities'\n s.add_dependency 'mediawiktory', '= 0.1.3'\n s.add_dependency 'addressable'\n s.add_dependency 'terminal-table'\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/core_ext.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\n# @private\nclass Object\n # Unfortunately, not in backports gem still :(\n if RUBY_VERSION < '2.2.0'\n def itself\n self\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\n# rubocop:disable Layout/EmptyLinesAroundArguments\nmodule Infoboxer\n MediaWiki::Traits.for('en.wikipedia.org') do\n templates do\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_character-substitution_templates\n # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n # Extracted semi-automatically\n # TODO: fully automatical extraction\n literal(\n '&',\n ';',\n '=',\n '?',\n '—',\n '1/2',\n '1/3',\n '1/4',\n '2/3',\n '3/4',\n )\n replace(\n '!!' => '||',\n '!(' => '[',\n '!((' => '[[',\n '!-' => '|-',\n '!:' => ':',\n \"'\" => \" '\",\n \"''\" => '″',\n \"'s\" => \"'‍s\",\n '(' => '{',\n '((' => '{{',\n '(((' => '{{{',\n ')' => '}',\n ')!' => ']',\n '))' => '}}',\n '))!' => ']]',\n ')))' => '}}}',\n 'Asterisk' => '*',\n 'Colon' => ':',\n 'Em dash' => '—',\n 'Gc' => '†',\n 'Ibeam' => 'I',\n 'Long dash' => ' ——— ',\n 'Nbhyph' => '‑',\n 'Number sign' => '#',\n 'Shy' => '­', # soft hyphen\n 'Single space' => \"' \",\n 'Space single' => \" '\",\n 'Spaced ndash' => ' – ',\n 'Square bracket close' => ']',\n 'Square bracket open' => '[',\n 'Zwsp' => '',\n '\\\\' => ' / ',\n '`' => \"'\",\n '·' => ' · ',\n '‘' => '‘',\n '•' => ' • ',\n )\n\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Line-handling_templates\n # ------------------------------------------------------------------\n replace(\n '-' => \"\\n\",\n 'Break' => \"\\n\", # FIXME: in fact, break has optional parameter \"how many breaks\"\n 'Crlf' => \"\\n\", # FIXME: in fact, alias for break, should have DSL syntax for it!\n 'Crlf2' => \"\\n\",\n\n )\n show(\n 'Allow wrap',\n 'Nowrap',\n 'j', 'nobr', 'nobreak', # aliases for Nowrap\n 'nowraplinks',\n )\n # inflow_template('Normalwraplink') # TODO: tricky\n\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:List_formatting_and_function_templates\n # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n # NB: it's enough for most cases to have all list-representing templates\n # just navigable inside and rendered as space-separated list of entries\n show(\n 'Br separated entries',\n 'Bulleted list',\n 'Collapsible list',\n 'Comma separated entries',\n 'Hlist',\n 'Flatlist',\n 'Flowlist',\n 'Pagelist',\n 'Ordered list',\n 'Plainlist',\n 'Space separated entries',\n 'Toolbar',\n )\n\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_XHTML_tag-replacing_templates\n # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n show(\n # Font size\n 'Small',\n 'Smaller',\n 'Midsize',\n 'Larger',\n 'Big',\n 'Large',\n 'Huge',\n\n # Align\n 'left',\n 'Center',\n 'Right',\n\n # Simple style\n 'Em',\n 'Kbd',\n 'Var',\n 'Varserif',\n 'Samp',\n 'Strikethrough',\n 'Strong',\n 'Sub',\n 'Sup',\n 'Underline',\n\n # FIXME: should do something wiser\n 'Pre',\n 'Pre2',\n 'Code'\n )\n\n template 'Abbr' do\n def children\n fetch('1')\n end\n end\n # TODO: has aliases: {{Define}}, {{Explain}}, {{Tooltip}}\n\n template 'Align' do\n def children\n fetch('2')\n end\n end\n\n template 'Dfn' do\n def children\n fetch('1')\n end\n end\n\n template 'Resize' do\n def children\n unnamed_variables.count < 2 ? fetch('1') : fetch('2')\n end\n end\n\n template 'Font' do\n def children\n res = fetch('text')\n res.empty? ? fetch('1') : res\n end\n end\n\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Text_color_templates\n show(\n 'white', 'silver (color)', 'gray', 'black', 'pink', 'red', 'darkred',\n 'maroon', 'brown', 'orange (color)', 'gold (color)', 'yellow', 'olive',\n 'lime', 'green', 'aqua (color)', 'cyan', 'teal', 'blue', 'navy (color)',\n 'purple', 'fuchsia', 'magenta'\n )\n\n # Some most popular templates, without categorical splitting\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports/Templates_transcluded_on_the_most_pages\n # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n # Currently scanned by eyes up to 250-th line, which is used in 130549 articles, according to the\n # page - which, though, is dramatically outdated.\n\n template 'Stub', match: /-stub$/ do\n def stub?\n true\n end\n end\n\n template 'Infobox', match: /^Infobox/i do\n def infobox?\n true\n end\n end\n\n template 'Coord' do\n def model\n @model ||= begin\n npos = lookup_children(text: /^N|S$/).first.index rescue nil # rubocop:disable Style/RescueModifier\n case npos\n when 1\n :decimal\n when 2\n :min\n when 3\n :sec\n else\n :decimal_sign\n end\n end\n end\n\n def lat\n case model\n when :decimal\n '%s°%s′%s' % fetch('1', '2').map(&:text)\n when :decimal_sign\n fetch('1').text\n when :min\n '%s°%s′%s' % fetch('1', '2', '3').map(&:text)\n when :sec\n '%s°%s′%s″%s' % fetch('1', '2', '3', '4').map(&:text)\n end\n end\n\n def lng\n case model\n when :decimal, :decimal_sign\n fetch('1').text\n when :min\n '%s°%s′%s' % fetch('1', '2', '3').map(&:text)\n when :sec\n '%s°%s′%s″%s' % fetch('1', '2', '3', '4').map(&:text)\n end\n end\n end\n\n template 'Convert' do\n def value1\n fetch('1').text\n end\n\n ALLOW_BETWEEN = ['-;', '–',\n 'and', '&', 'and(-)', ', and',\n 'or', ', or',\n 'to', 'to(-)', 'to about',\n '+/-', '±', '+',\n 'by', 'x', '×', 'x',].freeze\n\n def between\n ALLOW_BETWEEN.include?(fetch('2').text) ? fetch('2').text : nil\n end\n\n def value2\n between ? fetch('3').text : nil\n end\n\n def measure_from\n between ? fetch('4').text : fetch('2').text\n end\n\n def measure_to\n between ? fetch('5').text : fetch('3').text\n end\n\n def text\n [value1, between, value2, measure_from].compact.join(' ')\n end\n end\n\n template 'Age' do\n def from\n fetch_date('1', '2', '3')\n end\n\n def to\n fetch_date('4', '5', '6') || Date.today\n end\n\n def value\n (to - from).to_i / 365 # FIXME: obviously\n end\n\n def text\n \"#{value} years\"\n end\n end\n\n template 'Birth date and age' do\n def date\n fetch_date('1', '2', '3')\n end\n\n def text\n date.to_s\n end\n end\n # TODO: aliased as bda\n\n template 'Birth date' do\n def date\n fetch_date('1', '2', '3')\n end\n\n def text\n date.to_s\n end\n end\n # TODO: aliased as dob\n\n template 'Time ago' do\n def text\n str = fetch('1').text\n begin\n date = Date.parse(str)\n \"#{(Date.today - date).to_i} days ago\" # not trying complext time_distance_in_words formatting here\n rescue ArgumentError\n str\n end\n end\n end\n\n template 'Flagcountry' do # very popular instead of country name\n def children\n fetch('1')\n end\n end\n\n template 'Flag' do # very popular instead of country name\n def children\n fetch('1')\n end\n end\n\n show 'Plural'\n\n template 'URL' do\n def children\n unnamed_variables.count > 1 ? fetch('2') : fetch('1')\n end\n end\n\n # Prononciation/lang templates - are frequent in article abstracts\n # Doint it dirty, but useful, for now:\n template 'Lang', match: /^lang-(\\w{2,3})$/i do\n def children\n fetch('1')\n end\n end\n\n template 'IPAc', match: /^IPAc[12]?-(\\w{2,3})$/i do\n def text\n unnamed_variables.text\n end\n end\n\n template 'IPA', match: /^IPA-(\\w{2,3})$/i do\n def text\n fetch('1').text\n end\n end\n\n # TODO: extremely popular:\n # Str left - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:String_manipulation_templates\n # Rnd - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematical_function_templates\n\n # TODO: useful categories\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Date_mathematics_templates\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematical_function_templates\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_formatting_and_function_templates\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Semantic_markup_templates\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Quotation_templates\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Typing-aid_templates\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Inline_spacing_templates\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sorting_templates\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports/Templates_transcluded_on_the_most_pages\n end\n end\nend\n# rubocop:enable Layout/EmptyLinesAroundArguments\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/media_wiki/page.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n class MediaWiki\n # A descendant of {Tree::Document Document}, representing page,\n # received from {MediaWiki} client.\n #\n # Alongside with document tree structure, knows document's title as\n # represented by MediaWiki and human (non-API) URL.\n class Page < Tree::Document\n def initialize(client, children, source)\n @client, @source = client, source\n super(children, title: source['title'], url: source['fullurl'])\n end\n\n # Instance of {MediaWiki} which this page was received from\n # @return {MediaWiki}\n attr_reader :client\n\n # Instance of MediaWiktory::Page class with source data\n # @return {MediaWiktory::Page}\n attr_reader :source\n\n # @!attribute [r] title\n # Page title.\n # @return [String]\n\n # @!attribute [r] url\n # Page friendly URL.\n # @return [String]\n\n def_readers :title, :url\n\n def traits\n client.traits\n end\n\n # FIXME: take from siteinfo!\n def namespace\n Traits::STANDARD_NAMESPACES[source.fetch('ns') + 2] # Media = -2, Specia = -1, Main = 0\n end\n\n def category?\n namespace == 'Category'\n end\n\n private\n\n PARAMS_TO_INSPECT = %i[url title].freeze\n\n def show_params\n super(params.select { |k, _v| PARAMS_TO_INSPECT.include?(k) })\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/media_wiki/traits.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n class MediaWiki\n # DSL for defining \"traits\" for some site.\n #\n # More docs (and possible refactoring) to follow.\n #\n # You can look at current\n # [English Wikipedia traits](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/blob/master/lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb)\n # definitions in Infoboxer's repo.\n class Traits\n class << self\n # Define set of templates for current site's traits.\n #\n # See {Templates::Set} for longer (yet insufficient) explanation.\n #\n # Expected to be used inside Traits definition block.\n def templates(&definition)\n @templates ||= Templates::Set.new\n\n return @templates unless definition\n\n @templates.define(&definition)\n end\n\n # @private\n def domain(d)\n # NB: explicitly store all domains in base Traits class\n Traits.domains.key?(d) and\n fail(ArgumentError, \"Domain binding redefinition: #{Traits.domains[d]}\")\n\n Traits.domains[d] = self\n end\n\n # @private\n def get(domain, site_info = {})\n (Traits.domains[domain] || Traits).new(site_info)\n end\n\n # @private\n def domains\n @domains ||= {}\n end\n\n # Define traits for some domain. Use it like:\n #\n # ```ruby\n # MediaWiki::Traits.for 'ru.wikipedia.org' do\n # templates do\n # template '...' do\n # # some template definition\n # end\n # end\n # end\n # ```\n #\n # Again, you can look at current\n # [English Wikipedia traits](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/blob/master/lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb)\n # for example implementation.\n def for(domain, &block)\n Traits.domains[domain]&.instance_eval(&block) ||\n Class.new(self, &block).domain(domain)\n end\n\n # @private\n alias_method :default, :new\n end\n\n def initialize(site_info = {})\n @site_info = site_info\n end\n\n def namespace?(prefix)\n known_namespaces.include?(prefix)\n end\n\n def interwiki?(prefix)\n known_interwikis.key?(prefix)\n end\n\n # @private\n def file_namespace\n @file_namespace ||= ns_aliases('File')\n end\n\n # @private\n def category_namespace\n @category_namespace ||= ns_aliases('Category')\n end\n\n # @private\n def templates\n self.class.templates\n end\n\n private\n\n def known_namespaces\n @known_namespaces ||=\n if @site_info.empty?\n STANDARD_NAMESPACES\n else\n (@site_info['namespaces'].values + @site_info['namespacealiases']).map { |n| n['*'] }\n end\n end\n\n def known_interwikis\n @known_interwikis ||=\n if @site_info.empty?\n {}\n else\n @site_info['interwikimap'].map { |iw| [iw['prefix'], iw] }.to_h\n end\n end\n\n def ns_aliases(base)\n return [base] if @site_info.empty?\n\n main = @site_info['namespaces'].values.detect { |n| n['canonical'] == base }\n [base, main['*']] +\n @site_info['namespacealiases']\n .select { |a| a['id'] == main['id'] }.flat_map { |n| n['*'] }\n .compact.uniq\n end\n\n # See https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Namespaces#Standard_namespaces\n STANDARD_NAMESPACES = [\n 'Media', # Direct linking to media files.\n 'Special', # Special (non-editable) pages.\n '', # (Main)\n 'Talk', # Article discussion.\n 'User', #\n 'User talk', #\n 'Project', # Meta-discussions related to the operation and development of the wiki.\n 'Project talk', #\n 'File', # Metadata for images, videos, sound files and other media.\n 'File talk', #\n 'MediaWiki', # System messages and other important content.\n 'MediaWiki talk', #\n 'Template', # Templates: blocks of text or wikicode that are intended to be transcluded.\n 'Template talk', #\n 'Help', # Help files, instructions and \"how-to\" guides.\n 'Help talk', #\n 'Category', # Categories: dynamic lists of other pages.\n 'Category talk', #\n ].freeze\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/media_wiki.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire 'mediawiktory'\nrequire 'addressable/uri'\n\nrequire_relative 'media_wiki/traits'\nrequire_relative 'media_wiki/page'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n # MediaWiki client class.\n #\n # Usage:\n #\n # ```ruby\n # client = Infoboxer::MediaWiki\n # .new('http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php', user_agent: 'My Own Project')\n # page = client.get('Argentina')\n # ```\n #\n # Consider using shortcuts like {Infoboxer.wiki}, {Infoboxer.wikipedia},\n # {Infoboxer.wp} and so on instead of direct instation of this class\n # (although you can if you want to!)\n #\n class MediaWiki\n # Default Infoboxer User-Agent header.\n #\n # You can set yours as an option to {Infoboxer.wiki} and its shortcuts,\n # or to {#initialize}\n UA = \"Infoboxer/#{Infoboxer::VERSION} \"\\\n '(https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer; zverok.offline@gmail.com)'\n\n class << self\n # User agent getter/setter.\n #\n # Default value is {UA}.\n #\n # You can also use per-instance option, see {#initialize}\n #\n # @return [String]\n attr_accessor :user_agent\n end\n\n # @private\n attr_reader :api_base_url, :traits\n\n # @return [MediaWiktory::Wikipedia::Client]\n attr_reader :api\n\n # Creating new MediaWiki client. {Infoboxer.wiki} provides shortcut\n # for it, as well as shortcuts for some well-known wikis, like\n # {Infoboxer.wikipedia}.\n #\n # @param api_base_url [String] URL of `api.php` file in your MediaWiki\n # installation. Typically, its `/w/api.php`, but can vary\n # in different wikis.\n # @param user_agent [String] (also aliased as `:ua`) Custom User-Agent header.\n def initialize(api_base_url, ua: nil, user_agent: ua)\n @api_base_url = Addressable::URI.parse(api_base_url)\n @api = MediaWiktory::Wikipedia::Api.new(api_base_url, user_agent: user_agent(user_agent))\n @traits = Traits.get(@api_base_url.host, siteinfo)\n end\n\n # Receive \"raw\" data from Wikipedia (without parsing or wrapping in\n # classes).\n #\n # @param titles [Array] List of page titles to get.\n # @param processor [Proc] Optional block to preprocess MediaWiktory query. Refer to\n # [MediaWiktory::Actions::Query](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/mediawiktory/MediaWiktory/Wikipedia/Actions/Query)\n # for its API. Infoboxer assumes that the block returns new instance of `Query`, so be careful\n # while using it.\n #\n # @return [Hash{String => Hash}] Hash of `{requested title => raw MediaWiki object}`. Note that\n # even missing (does not exist in current Wiki) or invalid (impossible title) still be present\n # in response, just will have `\"missing\"` or `\"invalid\"` key, just like MediaWiki returns them.\n def raw(*titles, &processor)\n # could emerge on \"automatically\" created page lists, should work\n return {} if titles.empty?\n\n titles.each_slice(50).map do |part|\n request = prepare_request(@api.query.titles(*part), &processor)\n response = request.response\n\n # If additional props are required, there may be additional pages, even despite each_slice(50)\n response = response.continue while response.continue?\n\n sources = response['pages'].values.map { |page| [page['title'], page] }.to_h\n redirects =\n if response['redirects']\n response['redirects'].map { |r| [r['from'], sources[r['to']]] }.to_h\n else\n {}\n end\n\n # This way for 'Einstein' query we'll have {'Albert Einstein' => page, 'Einstein' => same page}\n sources.merge(redirects)\n end.inject(:merge)\n end\n\n # Receive list of parsed MediaWiki pages for list of titles provided.\n # All pages are received with single query to MediaWiki API.\n #\n # **NB**: if you are requesting more than 50 titles at once\n # (MediaWiki limitation for single request), Infoboxer will do as\n # many queries as necessary to extract them all (it will be like\n # `(titles.count / 50.0).ceil` requests)\n #\n # @param titles [Array] List of page titles to get.\n # @param interwiki [Symbol] Identifier of other wiki, related to current, to fetch pages from.\n # @param processor [Proc] Optional block to preprocess MediaWiktory query. Refer to\n # [MediaWiktory::Actions::Query](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/mediawiktory/MediaWiktory/Wikipedia/Actions/Query)\n # for its API. Infoboxer assumes that the block returns new instance of `Query`, so be careful\n # while using it.\n #\n # @return [Page, Tree::Nodes] array of parsed pages. Notes:\n # * if you call `get` with only one title, one page will be\n # returned instead of an array\n # * if some of pages are not in wiki, they will not be returned,\n # therefore resulting array can be shorter than titles array;\n # you can always check `pages.map(&:title)` to see what you've\n # really received; this approach allows you to write absent-minded\n # code like this:\n #\n # ```ruby\n # Infoboxer.wp.get('Argentina', 'Chile', 'Something non-existing').\n # infobox.fetch('some value')\n # ```\n # and obtain meaningful results instead of `NoMethodError` or\n # `SomethingNotFound`.\n #\n def get(*titles, interwiki: nil, &processor)\n return interwikis(interwiki).get(*titles, &processor) if interwiki\n\n pages = get_h(*titles, &processor).values.compact\n titles.count == 1 ? pages.first : Tree::Nodes[*pages]\n end\n\n # Same as {#get}, but returns hash of `{requested title => page}`.\n #\n # Useful quirks:\n # * when requested page not existing, key will be still present in\n # resulting hash (value will be `nil`);\n # * when requested page redirects to another, key will still be the\n # requested title. For ex., `get_h('Einstein')` will return hash\n # with key 'Einstein' and page titled 'Albert Einstein'.\n #\n # This allows you to be in full control of what pages of large list\n # you've received.\n #\n # @param titles [Array] List of page titles to get.\n # @param processor [Proc] Optional block to preprocess MediaWiktory query. Refer to\n # [MediaWiktory::Actions::Query](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/mediawiktory/MediaWiktory/Wikipedia/Actions/Query)\n # for its API. Infoboxer assumes that the block returns new instance of `Query`, so be careful\n # while using it.\n #\n # @return [Hash]\n #\n def get_h(*titles, &processor)\n raw_pages = raw(*titles, &processor)\n .tap { |ps| ps.detect { |_, p| p['invalid'] }.tap { |_, i| i && fail(i['invalidreason']) } }\n .reject { |_, p| p.key?('missing') }\n titles.map { |title| [title, make_page(raw_pages, title)] }.to_h\n end\n\n # Receive list of parsed MediaWiki pages from specified category.\n #\n # @param title [String] Category title. You can use namespaceless title (like\n # `\"Countries in South America\"`), title with namespace (like\n # `\"Category:Countries in South America\"`) or title with local\n # namespace (like `\"Catégorie:Argentine\"` for French Wikipedia)\n # @param limit [Integer, \"max\"]\n # @param processor [Proc] Optional block to preprocess MediaWiktory query. Refer to\n # [MediaWiktory::Actions::Query](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/mediawiktory/MediaWiktory/Wikipedia/Actions/Query)\n # for its API. Infoboxer assumes that the block returns new instance of `Query`, so be careful\n # while using it.\n #\n # @return [Tree::Nodes] array of parsed pages.\n #\n def category(title, limit: 'max', &processor)\n title = normalize_category_title(title)\n\n list(@api.query.generator(:categorymembers).title(title), limit, &processor)\n end\n\n # Receive list of parsed MediaWiki pages for provided search query.\n # See [MediaWiki API docs](https://www.mediawiki.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=query%2Bsearch)\n # for details.\n #\n # @param query [String] Search query. For old installations, look at\n # https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Searching\n # for search syntax. For new ones (including Wikipedia), see at\n # https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:CirrusSearch.\n # @param limit [Integer, \"max\"]\n # @param processor [Proc] Optional block to preprocess MediaWiktory query. Refer to\n # [MediaWiktory::Actions::Query](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/mediawiktory/MediaWiktory/Wikipedia/Actions/Query)\n # for its API. Infoboxer assumes that the block returns new instance of `Query`, so be careful\n # while using it.\n #\n # @return [Tree::Nodes] array of parsed pages.\n #\n def search(query, limit: 'max', &processor)\n list(@api.query.generator(:search).search(query), limit, &processor)\n end\n\n # Receive list of parsed MediaWiki pages with titles startin from prefix.\n # See [MediaWiki API docs](https://www.mediawiki.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=query%2Bprefixsearch)\n # for details.\n #\n # @param prefix [String] Page title prefix.\n # @param limit [Integer, \"max\"]\n # @param processor [Proc] Optional block to preprocess MediaWiktory query. Refer to\n # [MediaWiktory::Actions::Query](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/mediawiktory/MediaWiktory/Wikipedia/Actions/Query)\n # for its API. Infoboxer assumes that the block returns new instance of `Query`, so be careful\n # while using it.\n #\n # @return [Tree::Nodes] array of parsed pages.\n #\n def prefixsearch(prefix, limit: 'max', &processor)\n list(@api.query.generator(:prefixsearch).search(prefix), limit, &processor)\n end\n\n # @return [String]\n def inspect\n \"#<#{self.class}(#{@api_base_url.host})>\"\n end\n\n private\n\n def make_page(raw_pages, title)\n _, source = raw_pages.detect { |ptitle, _| ptitle.casecmp(title).zero? }\n source or return nil\n Page.new(self, Parser.paragraphs(source['revisions'].first['*'], traits), source)\n end\n\n def list(query, limit, &processor)\n request = prepare_request(query.limit(limit), &processor)\n response = request.response\n\n response = response.continue while response.continue? && (limit == 'max' || response['pages'].count < limit)\n\n return Tree::Nodes[] if response['pages'].nil?\n\n pages = response['pages']\n .values.select { |p| p['missing'].nil? }\n .map { |raw| Page.new(self, Parser.paragraphs(raw['revisions'].first['*'], traits), raw) }\n\n Tree::Nodes[*pages]\n end\n\n def prepare_request(request)\n request = request.prop(:revisions, :info).prop(:content, :timestamp, :url).redirects\n block_given? ? yield(request) : request\n end\n\n def normalize_category_title(title)\n # FIXME: shouldn't it go to MediaWiktory?..\n namespace, titl = title.include?(':') ? title.split(':', 2) : [nil, title]\n namespace, titl = nil, title unless traits.category_namespace.include?(namespace)\n\n namespace ||= traits.category_namespace.first\n [namespace, titl].join(':')\n end\n\n def user_agent(custom)\n custom || self.class.user_agent || UA\n end\n\n def siteinfo\n @siteinfo ||= @api.query.meta(:siteinfo).prop(:namespaces, :namespacealiases, :interwikimap).response.to_h\n end\n\n def interwikis(prefix)\n @interwikis ||= Hash.new { |h, pre|\n interwiki = siteinfo['interwikimap'].detect { |iw| iw['prefix'] == prefix } or\n fail ArgumentError, \"Undefined interwiki: #{prefix}\"\n\n # FIXME: fragile, but what can we do?..\n m = interwiki['url'].match(%r{^(.+)/wiki/\\$1$}) or\n fail ArgumentError, \"Interwiki #{interwiki} seems not to be a MediaWiki instance\"\n h[pre] = self.class.new(\"#{m[1]}/w/api.php\") # TODO: copy useragent\n }\n\n @interwikis[prefix]\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/navigation/lookup.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire_relative 'selector'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n module Navigation\n # See {Lookup::Node Lookup::Node} for everything!\n module Lookup\n # `Lookup::Node` module provides methods for navigating through\n # page tree in XPath-like manner.\n #\n # What you need to know about it:\n #\n # ## Selectors\n #\n # Each `lookup_*` method (and others similar) receive\n # _list of selectors_. Examples of acceptable selectors:\n #\n # ```ruby\n # # 1. Node class:\n # document.lookup(Bold) # all Bolds\n #\n # # 2. Class symbol\n # document.lookup(:Bold)\n # # same as above, useful if you don't want to include Infoboxer::Tree\n # # in all of your code or write things like lookup(Infoboxer::Tree::Bold)\n #\n # # 3. Getter/pattern:\n # document.lookup(text: /something/)\n # # finds all nodes where result of getter matches pattern\n #\n # # Checks against patterns are performed with `===`, so you can\n # # use regexps to find by text, or ranges to find by number, like\n # document.lookup(:Heading, level: (3..4))\n #\n # # Nodes where method is not defined are ignored, so you can\n # # rewrite above example as just\n # document.lookup(level: 3..4)\n # # ...and receive meaningful result without any NoMethodError\n #\n # # 4. Check symbol\n # document.lookup(:bold?)\n # # finds all nodes for which `:bold?` is defined and returns\n # # truthy value;\n #\n # # 5. Code block\n # document.lookup{|node| node.params.has_key?(:class)}\n # ```\n #\n # You also can use any of those method without **any** selector,\n # thus receiving ALL parents, ALL children, ALL siblings and so on.\n #\n # ## Chainable navigation\n #\n # Each `lookup_*` method returns an instance of {Tree::Nodes} class,\n # which behaves like an Array, but also defines similar set of\n # `lookup_*` methods, so, you can brainlessly do the things like\n #\n # ```ruby\n # document.\n # lookup(:Paragraph){|p| p.text.length > 100}.\n # lookup(:Wikilink, text: /^List of/).\n # select(&:bold?)\n # ```\n #\n # ## Underscored methods\n #\n # For all methods of this module you can notice \"underscored\" version\n # (`lookup_children` vs `_lookup_children` and so on). Basically,\n # underscored versions accept instance of {Lookup::Selector}, which\n # is already preprocessed version of all selectors. It is kinda\n # internal thing, though can be useful if you store selectors in\n # variables -- it is easier to have and use just one instance of\n # Selector, than list of arguments and blocks.\n #\n module Node\n # @!method matches?(*selectors, &block)\n # Checks if current node matches selectors.\n\n # @!method lookup(*selectors, &block)\n # Selects matching nodes from entire subtree inside current node.\n\n # @!method lookup_children(*selectors, &block)\n # Selects nodes only from this node's direct children.\n\n # @!method lookup_parents(*selectors, &block)\n # Selects matching nodes of this node's parents chain, up to\n # entire {Tree::Document Document}.\n\n # @!method lookup_siblings(*selectors, &block)\n # Selects matching nodes from current node's siblings.\n\n # @!method lookup_next_siblings(*selectors, &block)\n # Selects matching nodes from current node's siblings, which\n # are below current node in parents children list.\n\n # @!method lookup_prev_siblings(*selectors, &block)\n # Selects matching nodes from current node's siblings, which\n # are above current node in parents children list.\n\n # @!method lookup_prev_sibling(*selectors, &block)\n # Selects first matching nodes from current node's siblings, which\n # are above current node in parents children list.\n\n # Underscored version of {#matches?}\n def _matches?(selector)\n selector === self\n end\n\n # Underscored version of {#lookup}\n def _lookup(selector)\n Tree::Nodes[_matches?(selector) ? self : nil, *children._lookup(selector)]\n .flatten.compact\n end\n\n # Underscored version of {#lookup_children}\n def _lookup_children(selector)\n @children._find(selector)\n end\n\n # Underscored version of {#lookup_parents}\n def _lookup_parents(selector)\n case\n when !parent\n Tree::Nodes[]\n when parent._matches?(selector)\n Tree::Nodes[parent, *parent._lookup_parents(selector)]\n else\n parent._lookup_parents(selector)\n end\n end\n\n # Underscored version of {#lookup_siblings}\n def _lookup_siblings(selector)\n siblings._find(selector)\n end\n\n # Underscored version of {#lookup_prev_siblings}\n def _lookup_prev_siblings(selector)\n prev_siblings._find(selector)\n end\n\n # Underscored version of {#lookup_prev_sibling}\n def _lookup_prev_sibling(selector)\n prev_siblings.reverse.detect { |n| selector === n }\n end\n\n # Underscored version of {#lookup_next_siblings}\n def _lookup_next_siblings(selector)\n next_siblings._find(selector)\n end\n\n %i[\n matches?\n lookup lookup_children lookup_parents\n lookup_siblings\n lookup_next_siblings lookup_prev_siblings\n lookup_prev_sibling\n ]\n .map { |sym| [sym, :\"_#{sym}\"] }\n .each do |sym, underscored|\n define_method(sym) do |*args, &block|\n send(underscored, Selector.new(*args, &block))\n end\n end\n\n # Checks if node has any parent matching selectors.\n def parent?(*selectors, &block)\n !lookup_parents(*selectors, &block).empty?\n end\n end\n\n # This module provides implementations for all `lookup_*` methods\n # of {Lookup::Node} for be used on nodes list. Note, that all\n # those methods return _flat_ list of results (so, if you have\n # found several nodes, and then look for their siblings, you should\n # not expect array of arrays -- just one array of nodes).\n #\n # See {Lookup::Node} for detailed lookups and selectors explanation.\n module Nodes\n # @!method lookup(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method lookup_children(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method lookup_parents(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method lookup_siblings(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method lookup_next_siblings(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method lookup_prev_siblings(*selectors, &block)\n\n # @!method _lookup(selector)\n # @!method _lookup_children(selector)\n # @!method _lookup_parents(selector)\n # @!method _lookup_siblings(selector)\n # @!method _lookup_next_siblings(selector)\n # @!method _lookup_prev_siblings(selector)\n\n # Underscored version of {#find}.\n def _find(selector)\n select { |n| n._matches?(selector) }\n end\n\n # Selects nodes of current list (and only it, no children checks),\n # which are matching selectors.\n def find(*selectors, &block)\n _find(Selector.new(*selectors, &block))\n end\n\n %i[\n _lookup _lookup_children _lookup_parents\n _lookup_siblings _lookup_prev_siblings _lookup_next_siblings\n ].each do |sym|\n define_method(sym) do |*args|\n make_nodes(map { |n| n.send(sym, *args) })\n end\n end\n\n # not delegate, but redefine: Selector should be constructed only once\n %i[\n lookup lookup_children lookup_parents\n lookup_siblings\n lookup_next_siblings lookup_prev_siblings\n ].map { |sym| [sym, :\"_#{sym}\"] }.each do |sym, underscored|\n define_method(sym) do |*args, &block|\n send(underscored, Selector.new(*args, &block))\n end\n end\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/navigation/sections.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n module Navigation\n # `Sections` module provides logical view on document strcture.\n #\n # From this module's point of view, each {Tree::Document Document} is a\n # {Sections::Container Sections::Container}, which consists of\n # {Sections::Container#intro} (before first heading) and a set of\n # nested {Sections::Container#sections}.\n #\n # Each document node, in turn, provides method {Sections::Node#in_sections},\n # allowing you to receive list of sections, which contains current\n # node.\n #\n # **NB**: Sections are \"virtual\" nodes, they are not, in fact, in\n # documents tree. So, you can be surprised with:\n #\n # ```ruby\n # document.sections # => list of Section instances\n # document.lookup(:Section) # => []\n #\n # paragraph.in_sections # => list of sections\n # paragraph.\n # lookup_parents(:Section) # => []\n # ```\n module Sections\n # This module is included in {Tree::Document Document}, allowing\n # you to navigate through document's logical sections (and also\n # included in each {Sections::Section} instance, allowing to navigate\n # recursively).\n #\n # See also {Sections parent module} docs.\n module Container\n # All container's paragraph-level nodes before first heading.\n #\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def intro\n children\n .take_while { |n| !n.is_a?(Tree::Heading) }\n .select { |n| n.is_a?(Tree::BaseParagraph) }\n end\n\n # List of sections inside current container.\n #\n # Examples of usage:\n #\n # ```ruby\n # document.sections # all top-level sections\n # document.sections('Culture') # only \"Culture\" section\n # document.sections(/^List of/) # all sections with heading matching pattern\n #\n # document.\n # sections('Culture'). # long way of recieve nested section\n # sections('Music') # (Culture / Music)\n #\n # document.\n # sections('Culture', 'Music') # the same as above\n #\n # document.\n # sections('Culture' => 'Music') # pretty-looking version for 2 levels of nesting\n # ```\n #\n # @return {Tree::Nodes
}\n def sections(*names)\n @sections ||= make_sections\n\n if names.first.is_a?(Hash)\n h = names.shift\n h.count == 1 or fail(ArgumentError, \"Undefined behavior with #{h}\")\n names.unshift(h.keys.first, h.values.first)\n end\n\n case names.count\n when 0\n @sections\n when 1\n @sections.select { |s| names.first === s.heading.text_ }\n else\n @sections.select { |s| names.first === s.heading.text_ }.sections(*names[1..])\n end\n end\n\n def subsections(*names)\n sections = names.map { |name|\n heading = lookup_children(:Heading, text_: name).first\n next unless heading\n\n body = heading.next_siblings\n .take_while { |n| !n.is_a?(Tree::Heading) || n.level > heading.level }\n\n Section.new(heading, body)\n }.compact\n Tree::Nodes.new(sections)\n end\n\n def lookup_children(*arg)\n if arg.include?(:Section)\n sections.find(*(arg - [:Section]))\n else\n super\n end\n end\n\n private\n\n def make_sections\n res = Tree::Nodes[]\n return res if headings.empty?\n\n level = headings.first.level\n\n children\n .chunk { |n| n.matches?(Tree::Heading, level: level) }\n .drop_while { |is_heading, _nodes| !is_heading }\n .each do |is_heading, nodes|\n if is_heading\n nodes.each do |node|\n res << Section.new(node)\n end\n else\n res.last.push_children(*nodes)\n end\n end\n\n res\n end\n end\n\n # Part of {Sections} navigation, allowing each node to know exact\n # list of sections it contained in.\n #\n # See also {Sections parent module} documentation.\n module Node\n # List of sections current node contained in (bottom-to-top:\n # smallest section first).\n #\n # @return {Tree::Nodes
}\n def in_sections\n return parent.in_sections unless parent.is_a?(Tree::Document)\n return @in_sections if @in_sections\n\n heading =\n if is_a?(Tree::Heading)\n lookup_prev_sibling(Tree::Heading, level: level - 1)\n else\n lookup_prev_sibling(Tree::Heading)\n end\n unless heading\n @in_sections = Tree::Nodes[]\n return @in_sections\n end\n\n body = heading.next_siblings\n .take_while { |n| !n.is_a?(Tree::Heading) || n.level > heading.level }\n\n section = Section.new(heading, body)\n @in_sections = Tree::Nodes[section, *heading.in_sections]\n end\n end\n\n # Part of {Sections} navigation, allowing chains of section search.\n #\n # See {Sections parent module} documentation.\n module Nodes\n # @!method sections(*names)\n # @!method in_sections\n\n %i[sections in_sections].each do |sym|\n define_method(sym) do |*args|\n make_nodes(map { |n| n.send(sym, *args) })\n end\n end\n\n def lookup_children(*arg)\n if arg.include?(:Section)\n sections.find(*(arg - [:Section]))\n else\n super\n end\n end\n end\n\n # Virtual node, representing logical section of the document.\n # Is not, in fact, in the tree.\n #\n # See {Sections parent module} documentation for details.\n class Section < Tree::Compound\n def initialize(heading, children = Tree::Nodes[])\n # no super: we don't wont to rewrite children's parent\n @children = Tree::Nodes[*children]\n @heading = heading\n @params = {level: heading.level, heading: heading.text.strip}\n end\n\n # Section's heading.\n #\n # @return {Tree::Heading}\n attr_reader :heading\n\n # no rewriting of parent, again\n def push_children(*nodes)\n nodes.each do |n|\n @children << n\n end\n end\n\n def empty?\n false\n end\n\n def inspect\n \"#<#{descr}: #{children.count} nodes>\"\n end\n\n include Container\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/navigation/selector.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n module Navigation\n module Lookup\n # Incapsulates storage of selectors, used in {Lookup::Node node lookup}.\n #\n # See {Lookup::Node Lookup::Node} for detailed explanation of available selectors.\n class Selector\n def initialize(*arg, &block)\n @arg = [arg, block].flatten.compact.map(&method(:sym_to_class))\n @arg.each do |a|\n a.compact! if a.is_a?(Hash)\n end\n end\n\n attr_reader :arg\n\n def ==(other)\n self.class == other.class && arg == other.arg\n end\n\n def inspect\n \"#\"\n end\n\n def ===(other)\n @arg.all? { |a| arg_matches?(a, other) }\n end\n\n private\n\n def sym_to_class(a)\n if a.is_a?(Symbol) && a =~ /^[A-Z][a-zA-Z]+$/ && Tree.const_defined?(a)\n Tree.const_get(a)\n else\n a\n end\n end\n\n def arg_matches?(check, node)\n case check\n when Proc\n check.call(node)\n when Hash\n check.all? { |attr, value|\n node.respond_to?(attr) && value_matches?(value, node.send(attr)) ||\n node.params.key?(attr) && value_matches?(value, node.params[attr])\n }\n when Symbol\n node.respond_to?(check) && node.send(check)\n else\n check === node\n end\n end\n\n def value_matches?(matcher, value)\n if matcher.is_a?(String) && value.is_a?(String)\n matcher.casecmp(value).zero?\n else\n matcher === value\n end\n end\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/navigation/shortcuts.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n module Navigation\n # See {Shortcuts::Node Shortcuts::Node} for everything!\n module Shortcuts\n # `Shortcuts::Node` module provides some convenience methods for\n # most used lookups. It's not a rocket science (as you can see\n # from methods code), yet should make your code cleaner and\n # more readable.\n #\n # **NB**: as usual, {Tree::Nodes} class have synonyms for all of\n # those methods, so you can call them fearlessly on any results of\n # node lookup.\n #\n module Node\n # Returns all wikilinks inside current node.\n #\n # @param namespace from which namespace links do you want. It's\n # `''` (main namespace only) by default, if you really want all\n # wikilinks on the page, including categories, interwikies and\n # stuff, use `wikilinks(nil)`\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def wikilinks(namespace = '')\n lookup(Tree::Wikilink, namespace: namespace)\n end\n\n # Returns all headings inside current node.\n #\n # @param level headings level to return.\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def headings(level = nil)\n lookup(Tree::Heading, level: level)\n end\n\n # Returns all paragraph-level nodes (list items, plain paragraphs,\n # headings and so on) inside current node.\n #\n # @param selectors node selectors, as described at {Lookup::Node}\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def paragraphs(*selectors, &block)\n lookup(Tree::BaseParagraph, *selectors, &block)\n end\n\n # Returns all external links inside current node.\n #\n # @param selectors node selectors, as described at {Lookup::Node}\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def external_links(*selectors, &block)\n lookup(Tree::ExternalLink, *selectors, &block)\n end\n\n # Returns all images (media) inside current node.\n #\n # @param selectors node selectors, as described at {Lookup::Node}\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def images(*selectors, &block)\n lookup(Tree::Image, *selectors, &block)\n end\n\n # Returns all templates inside current node.\n #\n # @param selectors node selectors, as described at {Lookup::Node}\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def templates(*selectors, &block)\n lookup(Tree::Template, *selectors, &block)\n end\n\n # Returns all tables inside current node.\n #\n # @param selectors node selectors, as described at {Lookup::Node}\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def tables(*selectors, &block)\n lookup(Tree::Table, *selectors, &block)\n end\n\n # Returns all lists (ordered/unordered/definition) inside current node.\n #\n # @param selectors node selectors, as described at {Lookup::Node}\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def lists(*selectors, &block)\n lookup(Tree::List, *selectors, &block)\n end\n\n # Returns true, if current node is **inside** bold.\n def bold?\n parent?(Tree::Bold)\n end\n\n # Returns true, if current node is **inside** italic.\n def italic?\n parent?(Tree::Italic)\n end\n\n # Returns true, if current node is **inside** heading.\n #\n # @param level optional concrete level to check\n def heading?(level = nil)\n parent?(Tree::Heading, level: level)\n end\n\n # Returns all infoboxes inside current node.\n #\n # Definition of what considered to be infobox depends on templates\n # set used when parsing the page.\n #\n # @param selectors node selectors, as described at {Lookup::Node}\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def infoboxes(*selectors, &block)\n lookup(Tree::Template, :infobox?, *selectors, &block)\n end\n\n # Returns all wikilinks in \"categories namespace\".\n #\n # **NB**: depending on your MediaWiki settings, name of categories\n # namespace may vary. When you are using {MediaWiki#get}, Infoboxer\n # tries to handle this transparently (by examining used wiki for\n # category names), yet bad things may happen here.\n #\n # @return {Tree::Nodes}\n def categories\n lookup(Tree::Wikilink, namespace: /^#{ensure_traits.category_namespace.join('|')}$/)\n end\n\n # As users accustomed to have only one infobox on a page\n def infobox\n infoboxes.first\n end\n\n private\n\n def ensure_traits\n ensure_page.traits or fail('No site traits found')\n end\n\n def ensure_page\n (is_a?(MediaWiki::Page) ? self : lookup_parents(MediaWiki::Page).first) or\n fail('Node is not inside Page, maybe parsed from text?')\n end\n end\n\n # Companion module of {Shortcuts::Node Shortcuts::Node}, defining\n # all the same methods for {Tree::Nodes} so you can use them\n # uniformely on single node or list. See {Shortcuts::Node there} for\n # details.\n module Nodes\n # @!method wikilinks(namespace = '')\n # @!method headings(level = nil)\n # @!method paragraphs(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method external_links(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method images(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method templates(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method tables(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method lists(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method infoboxes(*selectors, &block)\n # @!method categories\n\n %i[wikilinks headings paragraphs external_links images\n templates tables lists infoboxes infobox categories]\n .each do |m|\n define_method(m) do |*args|\n make_nodes(map { |n| n.send(m, *args) })\n end\n end\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/navigation/wikipath.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire_relative '../wiki_path'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n module Navigation\n module Wikipath\n # Search nodes inside current by XPath alike query language.\n #\n # This feature is experimental, but should work for most of the useful cases.\n #\n # Examples of WikiPath:\n #\n # ```\n # /paragraph # direct child of current node, being paragraph\n # //paragraph # any node in current node's subtree, being paragraph\n # //template[name=Infobox] # template node in subtree, with name attribute equal to Infobox\n # //template[name=\"Infobox country\"] # optional quotes are allowed\n # //template[name=/^Infobox/] # regexes are supported\n # //wikilink[italic] # node predicates are supported (the same as `lookup(:Wikilink, :italic?)`\n # //*[italic] # type wildcards are supported\n # //template[name=/^Infobox/]/var[name=birthday] # series of lookups work\n # ```\n #\n # @param string [String] WikiPath to lookup\n # @return [Nodes]\n def wikipath(string)\n Infoboxer::WikiPath.parse(string).call(self)\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/navigation.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n # Navigation is one of the things Infoboxer is proud about. It tries\n # to be logical, unobtrusive and compact.\n #\n # There's several levels of navigation:\n # * simple tree navigation;\n # * navigational shortcuts;\n # * logical structure navigation (sections).\n #\n # ## Simple tree navigation\n #\n # It's somewhat similar to XPath/CSS selectors you'll use to navigate\n # through HTML DOM. It is represented (and documented) in {Lookup::Node}\n # module. To show you the taste of it:\n #\n # ```ruby\n # document.\n # lookup(:Wikilink, text: /Chile/).\n # lookup_parents(:Table){|t| t.params[:class] == 'wikitable'}.\n # lookup_children(size: 3)\n # ```\n #\n # ## Navigational shortcuts\n #\n # There is nothing too complicated, just pretty shortcuts over `lookup_*`\n # methods, so, you can write just\n #\n # ```ruby\n # document.paragraphs.last.wikilinks('Category')\n # ```\n # ...instead of\n # ```ruby\n # document.lookup(:Paragraph).last.lookup(:Wikilink, namespace: 'Category')\n # ```\n # ...and so on.\n #\n # Look into {Shortcuts::Node} documentation for list of shortcuts.\n #\n # ## Wikipath\n #\n # WikiPath is XPath-alike query language you can use to navigate the tree:\n #\n # ```ruby\n # document.wikipath('//paragraph//wikilink[namespace=Category]')\n # ```\n #\n # It can look more or less verbose than pure-ruby navigation, but the big advantage of WikiPath\n # is it is pure data: you can store some paths in YAML file, for example.\n #\n # Look at {Wikipath#wikipath #wikipath} method docs for full reference.\n #\n # ## Logical structure navigation\n #\n # MediaWiki page structure is flat, like HTML's (there's just sequence\n # of headings and paragraphs). Though, for most tasks of information\n # extraction it is usefult to think of page as a structure of nested\n # sections. {Sections} module provides such ability. It treats document\n # as an {Sections::Container#intro intro} and set of subsequent\n # {Sections::Section section}s of same level, which, in turn, have inside\n # they own intro and sections. Also, each node has\n # {Sections::Node#in_sections #in_sections} method, returning all sections\n # in which it is nested.\n #\n # The code with sections can feel like this:\n #\n # ```ruby\n # page.sections('Culture' => 'Music').tables\n # # or like this\n # page.wikilinks.select{|link| link.in_sections.first.heading.text.include?('Culture')}\n # ```\n #\n # See {Sections::Container} for downwards section navigation, and\n # {Sections::Node} for upwards.\n #\n module Navigation\n %w[lookup shortcuts sections wikipath].each do |nav|\n require_relative \"navigation/#{nav}\"\n end\n\n class Tree::Node\n include Navigation::Lookup::Node\n include Navigation::Shortcuts::Node\n include Navigation::Sections::Node\n include Navigation::Wikipath\n end\n\n class Tree::Nodes\n include Navigation::Lookup::Nodes\n include Navigation::Shortcuts::Nodes\n include Navigation::Sections::Nodes\n include Navigation::Wikipath\n end\n\n class Tree::Document\n include Navigation::Sections::Container\n end\n\n module Helpers\n def W(*arg, &block) # rubocop:disable Naming/MethodName\n Lookup::Selector.new(*arg, &block)\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/parser/context.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire 'strscan'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n class Parser\n class Context # rubocop:disable Metrics/ClassLength\n attr_reader :lineno\n attr_reader :traits\n\n def initialize(text, traits = nil)\n @lines = text\n .gsub(//m, '') # FIXME: will also kill comments inside tag\n .split(/[\\r\\n]/)\n @lineno = -1\n @traits = traits || MediaWiki::Traits.default\n @scanner = StringScanner.new('')\n next!\n end\n\n attr_reader :next_lines\n\n def colno\n @scanner&.pos || 0\n end\n\n def matched\n @matched ||= @scanner&.matched\n end\n\n # check which works only once\n def eat_matched?(str)\n return false unless matched == str\n\n @matched = 'DUMMY'\n true\n end\n\n def rest\n @rest ||= @scanner&.rest\n end\n\n alias_method :current, :rest\n\n # lines navigation\n def next!\n shift(+1)\n end\n\n def prev!\n shift(-1)\n end\n\n def eof?\n !next_lines || # we are after the file end\n next_lines.empty? && eol?\n end\n\n def inspect\n \"#\"\n end\n\n # scanning\n def scan(re)\n res = @scanner.scan(re)\n @matched = nil\n @rest = nil\n res\n end\n\n def check(re)\n res = @scanner.check(re)\n @matched = nil\n @rest = nil\n res\n end\n\n def skip(re)\n res = @scanner.skip(re)\n @matched = nil\n @rest = nil\n res\n end\n\n def scan_until(re, leave_pattern = false)\n guard_eof!\n\n res = _scan_until(re)\n res[matched] = '' if res && !leave_pattern\n res\n end\n\n def push_eol_sign(re)\n @inline_eol_sign = re\n end\n\n def pop_eol_sign\n @inline_eol_sign = nil\n end\n\n attr_reader :inline_eol_sign\n\n def inline_eol?(exclude = nil)\n # not using StringScanner#check, as it will change #matched value\n eol? ||\n (\n (current =~ %r[^(
|}})] || @inline_eol_sign && current =~ @inline_eol_sign) &&\n (!exclude || Regexp.last_match(1) !~ exclude)\n ) # FIXME: ugly, but no idea of prettier solution\n end\n\n def scan_continued_until(re, leave_pattern = false)\n res = +''\n\n loop do\n chunk = _scan_until(re)\n case matched\n when re\n res << chunk\n break\n when nil\n res << rest << \"\\n\"\n next!\n eof? && fail!(\"Unfinished scan: #{re} not found\")\n end\n end\n\n res[/#{re}\\Z/] = '' unless leave_pattern\n res\n end\n\n # state inspection\n def matched_inline?(re)\n if re.nil?\n matched.empty? && eol?\n elsif re.inspect.start_with?('/^') # was it REALLY at the beginning of the line?..\n @scanner.pos == matched.length && matched =~ re\n else\n matched =~ re\n end\n end\n\n def matched?(re)\n re && matched =~ re\n end\n\n def eol?\n !current || current.empty?\n end\n\n # basic services\n def fail!(text)\n fail(ParsingError, \"#{text} at line #{@lineno}:\\n\\t#{current}\")\n end\n\n def unscan_matched!\n return unless @matched\n\n @scanner.pos -= @matched.size\n @rest = nil\n end\n\n private\n\n # we do hard use of #matched and #rest, its wiser to memoize them\n def _scan_until(re)\n res = @scanner.scan_until(re)\n @matched = nil\n @rest = nil\n res\n end\n\n def guard_eof!\n @scanner or fail!('End of input reached')\n end\n\n def shift(amount)\n @lineno += amount\n current = @lines[lineno]\n @next_lines = @lines[(lineno + 1)..]\n if current\n @scanner.string = current\n @rest = current\n else\n @scanner = nil\n @rest = nil\n end\n @matched = nil\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/parser/html.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n class Parser\n module HTML\n include Tree\n\n def html\n case\n when @context.check(%r{/[a-z]+>})\n html_closing_tag\n when @context.check(/br\\s*>/)\n html_br\n when @context.check(%r{[a-z]+[^/>]*/>})\n html_auto_closing_tag\n when @context.check(%r{[a-z]+[^>/]*>})\n html_opening_tag\n else\n # not an HTML tag at all!\n nil\n end\n end\n\n def html_closing_tag\n @context.skip(%r{/})\n tag = @context.scan(/[a-z]+/)\n @context.skip(/>/)\n HTMLClosingTag.new(tag)\n end\n\n def html_br\n @context.skip(/br\\s*>/)\n HTMLTag.new('br', {})\n end\n\n def html_auto_closing_tag\n tag = @context.scan(/[a-z]+/)\n attrs = @context.scan(%r{[^/>]*})\n @context.skip(%r{/>})\n HTMLTag.new(tag, parse_params(attrs))\n end\n\n def html_opening_tag\n tag = @context.scan(/[a-z]+/)\n attrs = @context.scan(/[^>]+/)\n @context.skip(/>/)\n contents = short_inline(%r{})\n if @context.matched =~ %r{}\n HTMLTag.new(tag, parse_params(attrs), contents)\n else\n [\n HTMLOpeningTag.new(tag, parse_params(attrs)),\n *contents\n ]\n end\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/parser/image.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n class Parser\n module Image\n include Tree\n\n def image\n @context.skip(re.file_namespace) or\n @context.fail!(\"Something went wrong: it's not image?\")\n\n path = @context.scan_until(/\\||\\]\\]/)\n attrs = @context.matched == '|' ? image_attrs : {}\n Tree::Image.new(path, **attrs)\n end\n\n def image_attrs\n nodes = []\n\n loop do\n nodes << long_inline(/\\||\\]\\]/)\n break if @context.matched == ']]'\n end\n\n nodes.map(&method(:image_attr))\n .inject(&:merge)\n .reject { |_k, v| v.nil? || v.empty? }\n end\n\n def image_attr(nodes)\n # it's caption, and can have inline markup!\n return {caption: ImageCaption.new(nodes)} unless nodes.count == 1 && nodes.first.is_a?(Text)\n\n case (str = nodes.first.text)\n when /^(thumb)(?:nail)?$/, /^(frame)(?:d)?$/\n {type: Regexp.last_match(1)}\n when 'frameless'\n {type: str}\n when 'border'\n {border: str}\n when /^(baseline|middle|sub|super|text-top|text-bottom|top|bottom)$/\n {alignment: str}\n when /^(\\d*)(?:x(\\d+))?px$/\n {width: Regexp.last_match(1), height: Regexp.last_match(2)}\n when /^link=(.*)$/i\n {link: Regexp.last_match(1)}\n when /^alt=(.*)$/i\n {alt: Regexp.last_match(1)}\n else # text-only caption\n {caption: ImageCaption.new(nodes)}\n end\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/parser/inline.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n class Parser\n module Inline\n include Tree\n\n def inline(until_pattern = nil)\n start = @context.lineno\n nodes = Nodes[]\n guarded_loop do\n chunk = @context.scan_until(re.inline_until_cache[until_pattern])\n nodes << chunk\n\n break if @context.matched_inline?(until_pattern)\n\n nodes << inline_formatting(@context.matched) unless @context.matched.empty?\n\n if @context.eof?\n break unless until_pattern\n\n @context.fail!(\"#{until_pattern.source} not found, starting from #{start}\")\n end\n\n if @context.eol?\n nodes << \"\\n\"\n @context.next!\n end\n end\n\n nodes\n end\n\n def short_inline(until_pattern = nil)\n nodes = Nodes[]\n guarded_loop do\n # FIXME: quick and UGLY IS HELL JUST TRYING TO MAKE THE SHIT WORK\n chunk =\n if @context.inline_eol_sign == /^\\]/ # rubocop:disable Style/CaseLikeIf\n @context.scan_until(re.short_inline_until_cache_brackets[until_pattern])\n elsif @context.inline_eol_sign == /^\\]\\]/\n @context.scan_until(re.short_inline_until_cache_brackets2[until_pattern])\n else\n @context.scan_until(re.short_inline_until_cache[until_pattern])\n end\n nodes << chunk\n\n break if @context.matched_inline?(until_pattern)\n\n nodes << inline_formatting(@context.matched)\n\n break if @context.inline_eol?(until_pattern)\n end\n\n nodes\n end\n\n def long_inline(until_pattern = nil)\n nodes = Nodes[]\n guarded_loop do\n chunk = @context.scan_until(re.inline_until_cache[until_pattern])\n nodes << chunk\n\n break if @context.matched?(until_pattern)\n\n nodes << inline_formatting(@context.matched) unless @context.matched.empty?\n\n if @context.eof?\n break unless until_pattern\n\n @context.fail!(\"#{until_pattern.source} not found\")\n end\n\n if @context.eol?\n @context.next!\n paragraphs(until_pattern).each do |p|\n nodes << p\n end\n break\n end\n end\n\n nodes\n end\n\n private\n\n def inline_formatting(match) # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength, Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity, Metrics/AbcSize\n case match\n when \"'''''\"\n BoldItalic.new(short_inline(/'''''/))\n when \"'''\"\n Bold.new(short_inline(/'''/))\n when \"''\"\n Italic.new(short_inline(/''/))\n when '[['\n if @context.check(re.file_namespace)\n image\n else\n wikilink\n end\n when /\\[(.+)/\n external_link(Regexp.last_match(1))\n when '{{'\n template\n when /]*)>/\n nowiki(Regexp.last_match(1))\n when %r{]*)/>}\n reference(Regexp.last_match(1), true)\n when /]*)>/\n reference(Regexp.last_match(1))\n when //\n math\n when /]*)>/\n gallery(Regexp.last_match(1))\n when '<'\n html || Text.new(match) # it was not HTML, just accidental <\n else\n match # FIXME: TEMP\n end\n end\n\n # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Link#Wikilinks\n # [[abc]]\n # [[a|b]]\n def wikilink\n link = @context.scan_continued_until(/\\||\\]\\]/)\n if @context.matched == '|'\n @context.push_eol_sign(/^\\]\\]/)\n caption = inline(/\\]\\]/)\n @context.pop_eol_sign\n end\n name, namespace = link.split(':', 2).reverse\n lnk, params =\n if @context.traits.namespace?(namespace)\n [link, {namespace: namespace}]\n elsif @context.traits.interwiki?(namespace)\n [name, {interwiki: namespace}]\n else\n [link, {}]\n end\n\n puts @context.rest if lnk.nil?\n Wikilink.new(lnk, caption, **params)\n end\n\n # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Link#External_links\n # [http://www.example.org]\n # [http://www.example.org link name]\n def external_link(protocol)\n link = @context.scan_continued_until(/\\s+|\\]/)\n if @context.matched =~ /\\s+/\n @context.push_eol_sign(/^\\]/)\n caption = short_inline(/\\]/)\n @context.pop_eol_sign\n end\n ExternalLink.new(protocol + link, caption)\n end\n\n def reference(param_str, closed = false)\n children = closed ? Nodes[] : long_inline(%r{})\n Ref.new(children, **parse_params(param_str))\n end\n\n def math\n Math.new(@context.scan_continued_until(%r{}))\n end\n\n def nowiki(tag_rest)\n if tag_rest.end_with?('/')\n Text.new('')\n else\n Text.new(@context.scan_continued_until(%r{}))\n end\n end\n\n def gallery(tag_rest)\n params = parse_params(tag_rest)\n images = []\n guarded_loop do\n @context.next! if @context.eol?\n path = @context.scan_until(%r{|\\||$})\n attrs = @context.matched == '|' ? gallery_image_attrs : {}\n unless path.empty?\n # FIXME: what if path NOT matches the namespace?\n images << Tree::Image.new(path.sub(/^#{re.file_namespace.source}/i, ''), **attrs)\n end\n break if @context.matched == ''\n end\n Gallery.new(images, **params)\n end\n\n def gallery_image_attrs\n nodes = []\n\n guarded_loop do\n nodes << short_inline(%r{\\||})\n break if @context.eol? || @context.matched?(%r{})\n end\n\n nodes.map(&method(:image_attr))\n .inject(&:merge)\n .reject { |_k, v| v.nil? || v.empty? }\n end\n end\n\n require_relative 'image'\n require_relative 'html'\n require_relative 'template'\n include Infoboxer::Parser::Image\n include Infoboxer::Parser::HTML\n include Infoboxer::Parser::Template\n end\nend\n" }, { "path": "lib/infoboxer/parser/paragraphs.rb", "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n class Parser\n module Paragraphs\n include Tree\n\n def paragraphs(until_pattern = nil)\n nodes = Nodes[]\n until @context.eof?\n nodes << paragraph(until_pattern)\n\n break if until_pattern && @context.matched?(until_pattern)\n\n @context.next!\n end\n nodes\n end\n\n private\n\n def paragraph(until_pattern)\n case @context.current\n when /^(?={2,})\\s*(?.+?)\\s*\\k$/\n heading(Regexp.last_match[:text], Regexp.last_match[:level])\n when /^\\s*{\\|/\n table\n when /^[*\\#:;]./\n list(until_pattern)\n when /^-{4,}/\n HR.new\n when /^\\s*$/\n # will, when merged, close previous paragraph or add spaces to 
\n          EmptyParagraph.new(@context.current)\n        when /^ (?!\\s*{{)/ # Lookahead, because spaces before template are ignored\n          pre(until_pattern)\n        else\n          Paragraph.new(short_inline(until_pattern))\n        end\n      end\n\n      def heading(text, level)\n        Heading.new(Parser.inline(text), level.length)\n      end\n\n      # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:List\n      def list(until_pattern)\n        marker = @context.scan(/^([*\\#:;]+)\\s*/).strip\n        List.construct(marker.chars.to_a, short_inline(until_pattern))\n      end\n\n      # FIXME: in fact, there's some formatting, that should work inside pre\n      def pre(until_pattern)\n        @context.skip(/^ /)\n        str = until_pattern ? @context.scan_until(/(#{until_pattern}|$)/) : @context.current\n        Pre.new(Nodes[Text.new(str)])\n      end\n\n      require_relative 'table'\n      include Parser::Table\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/parser/table.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  class Parser\n    # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table\n    module Table\n      include Tree\n\n      def table\n        @context.current =~ /^\\s*{\\|/ or\n          @context.fail!('Something went wrong: trying to parse not a table')\n\n        log 'Starting to parse table'\n\n        prms = table_params\n        log \"Table params found #{prms}\"\n        table = Tree::Table.new(Nodes[], **prms)\n\n        @context.next!\n\n        guarded_loop do\n          table_next_line(table) or break\n          log 'Next table row'\n          @context.next!\n        end\n\n        # FIXME: not the most elegant way, huh?\n        table.children.reject! { |r| r.children.empty? }\n\n        table\n      end\n\n      def table_params\n        @context.skip(/\\s*{\\|/)\n        parse_params(@context.rest)\n      end\n\n      def table_next_line(table)\n        case @context.current\n        when /^\\s*\\|}(.*)$/                 # table end\n          @context.scan(/^\\s*\\|}/)\n          return false\n        when /^\\s*!/                        # heading (th) in a row\n          table_cells(table, TableHeading)\n        when /^\\s*\\|\\+/                     # caption\n          table_caption(table)\n        when /^\\s*\\|-(.*)$/                 # row start\n          table_row(table, Regexp.last_match(1))\n\n        when /^\\s*\\|/                       # cell in row\n          table_cells(table)\n        when /^\\s*{{/                       # template can be at row level\n          table_template(table)\n        when nil\n          return false\n        when /^(?={2,})\\s*(?.+?)\\s*\\k$/ # heading implicitly closes the table\n          @context.prev!\n          return false\n        else\n          return table_cell_cont(table)\n        end\n\n        true # should continue parsing\n      end\n\n      def table_row(table, param_str)\n        log 'Table row found'\n        table.push_children(TableRow.new(Nodes[], **parse_params(param_str)))\n      end\n\n      def table_caption(table)\n        log 'Table caption found'\n        @context.skip(/^\\s*\\|\\+\\s*/)\n\n        params = if @context.check(/[^|{\\[]+\\|([^|]|$)/)\n                   parse_params(@context.scan_until(/\\|/))\n                 else\n                   {}\n                 end\n\n        children = inline(/^\\s*([|!]|{\\|)/)\n        if @context.matched\n          @context.unscan_matched!\n          @context.prev! # compensate next! which will be done in table()\n        end\n        table.push_children(TableCaption.new(children.strip, **params))\n      end\n\n      def table_cells(table, cell_class = TableCell)\n        log 'Table cells found'\n        table.push_children(TableRow.new) unless table.children.last.is_a?(TableRow)\n        row = table.children.last\n\n        @context.skip(/\\s*[!|]\\s*/)\n        guarded_loop do\n          params = if @context.check(/[^|{\\[]+\\|([^|]|$)/)\n                     parse_params(@context.scan_until(/\\|/))\n                   else\n                     {}\n                   end\n          content = short_inline(/(\\|\\||!!)/)\n          row.push_children(cell_class.new(content, **params))\n          break if @context.eol?\n        end\n      end\n\n      def table_template(table)\n        contents = paragraph(/^\\s*([|!]|{\\|)/).to_templates?\n\n        # Note: in fact, without full template parsing, we CAN'T know what level to insert it:\n        # Template can be something like Foo\n        # But for consistency, we insert all templates inside the , forcing this \n        # to exist.\n\n        table.push_children(TableRow.new) unless table.children.last.is_a?(TableRow)\n        row = table.children.last\n        row.push_children(TableCell.new) unless row.children.last.is_a?(BaseCell)\n        cell = row.children.last\n\n        cell.push_children(*contents)\n      end\n\n      # Good news, everyone! Table can be IMPLICITLY closed when it's\n      # not \"cell\" context.\n      #\n      # Unless it's empty row, which is just skipped.\n      def table_cell_cont(table)\n        container = case (last = table.children.last)\n                    when TableRow\n                      last.children.last\n                    when TableCaption\n                      last\n                    else\n                      nil\n                    end\n\n        unless container\n          # return \"table not continued\" unless row is empty\n          return true if @context.current.empty?\n\n          @context.prev!\n          return false\n        end\n\n        container.push_children(paragraph(/^\\s*([|!]|{\\|)/))\n        table.push_children(container) unless container.parent\n        true\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/parser/template.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  class Parser\n    module Template\n      include Tree\n\n      # NB: here we are not distingish templates like `{{Infobox|variable}}`\n      # and \"magic words\" like `{{formatnum:123}}`\n      # Just calling all of them \"templates\". This behaviour will change\n      # in future, I presume\n      # More about magic words: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Magic_words\n      def template\n        name = @context.scan_continued_until(/\\||:|}}/) or\n          @context.fail!('Template name not found')\n\n        log \"Parsing template #{name}\"\n\n        name.strip!\n        vars = @context.eat_matched?('}}') ? Nodes[] : template_vars\n        @context.traits.templates.find(name).new(name, vars)\n      end\n\n      def template_vars\n        log 'Parsing template variables'\n\n        num = 1\n        res = Nodes[]\n\n        guarded_loop do\n          @context.next! while @context.eol?\n          if @context.check(/\\s*([^=}|<]+)\\s*=\\s*/)\n            name = @context.scan(/\\s*([^=]+)/).strip\n            @context.skip(/\\s*=\\s*/)\n          else\n            name = num\n            num += 1\n          end\n          log \"Variable #{name} found\"\n\n          value = sanitize_value(long_inline(/\\||}}/))\n\n          # it was just empty line otherwise\n          res << Var.new(name.to_s, value) unless value.empty? && name.is_a?(Numeric)\n\n          log 'Variable value found'\n\n          break if @context.eat_matched?('}}')\n\n          @context.eof? and @context.fail!(\"Unexpected break of template variables: #{res}\")\n        end\n        res\n      end\n\n      def sanitize_value(nodes)\n        nodes.pop if (nodes.last.is_a?(Pre) || nodes.last.is_a?(Text)) && nodes.last.text =~ /^\\s*$/ # FIXME: dirty!\n        nodes\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/parser/util.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  class Parser\n    module Util\n      attr_reader :re\n\n      FORMATTING = %r((\n        '''''|'''|''  |     # bold, italic, bold italic\n        \\[\\[          |     # link\n        {{            |     # template\n        \\[[a-z]+://   |     # external link\n        ]*> |     # nowiki\n        ]*>    |     # reference\n        ]*>|     # gallery\n                |     # math\n        <                   # HTML tag\n      ))x\n\n      INLINE_EOL = %r[(?=   # if we have ahead... (not scanned, just checked\n                |     #  closed\n        }}\n      )]x\n\n      INLINE_EOL_BRACK = %r[(?=   # if we have ahead... (not scanned, just checked\n                |     #  closed\n        }}            |     # or template closed\n        (?        |     #  closed\n        }}            |     # or template closed\n        \\]\\]                # or int.link closed\n      )]x\n\n      def make_regexps\n        {\n          file_namespace: /(#{@context.traits.file_namespace.join('|')}):/,\n          formatting: FORMATTING,\n          inline_until_cache: Hash.new { |h, r|\n            h[r] = Regexp.union(*[r, FORMATTING, /$/].compact.uniq)\n          },\n          short_inline_until_cache: Hash.new { |h, r|\n            h[r] = Regexp.union(*[r, INLINE_EOL, FORMATTING, /$/].compact.uniq)\n          },\n          short_inline_until_cache_brackets: Hash.new { |h, r|\n            h[r] = Regexp.union(*[r, INLINE_EOL_BRACK, FORMATTING, /$/].compact.uniq)\n          },\n          short_inline_until_cache_brackets2: Hash.new { |h, r|\n            h[r] = Regexp.union(*[r, INLINE_EOL_BRACK2, FORMATTING, /$/].compact.uniq)\n          }\n        }\n      end\n\n      def parse_params(str)\n        return {} unless str\n\n        scan = StringScanner.new(str)\n        params = {}\n        loop do\n          scan.skip(/\\s*/)\n          name = scan.scan(/[^ \\t=]+/) or break\n          scan.skip(/\\s*/)\n          if scan.peek(1) == '='\n            scan.skip(/=\\s*/)\n            q = scan.scan(/['\"]/)\n            value = q ? scan.scan_until(/#{q}|$/).sub(q, '') : scan.scan_until(/\\s|$/)\n            params[name.to_sym] = value\n          else\n            params[name.to_sym] = name\n          end\n        end\n        params\n      end\n\n      def guarded_loop\n        loop do\n          pos_before = @context.lineno, @context.colno\n          yield\n          pos_after = @context.lineno, @context.colno\n          pos_after == pos_before and\n            @context.fail!(\"Infinite loop on position #{pos_after.last}\")\n        end\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/parser.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire 'ostruct'\nrequire 'logger'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  class Parser\n    class ParsingError < RuntimeError\n    end\n\n    class << self\n      def inline(text, traits = nil)\n        new(context(text, traits)).inline\n      end\n\n      def paragraphs(text, traits = nil)\n        new(context(text, traits)).paragraphs\n      end\n\n      def paragraph(text, traits = nil)\n        paragraphs(text, traits).first\n      end\n\n      def document(text, traits = nil)\n        Tree::Document.new(paragraphs(text, traits))\n      end\n\n      def fragment(text, traits = nil)\n        new(context(text, traits)).long_inline\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      def context(text, traits)\n        Context.new(text, coerce_traits(traits))\n      end\n\n      def coerce_traits(traits)\n        case traits\n        when nil\n          MediaWiki::Traits.default\n        when Hash\n          MediaWiki::Traits.new(traits)\n        when MediaWiki::Traits\n          traits\n        else\n          fail(ArgumentError, \"Can't coerce site traits from #{traits.inspect}\")\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    include Tree\n\n    def initialize(context)\n      @context = context\n      @re = OpenStruct.new(make_regexps)\n      @logger = Logger.new($stdout).tap { |l| l.level = Logger::FATAL }\n    end\n\n    require_relative 'parser/inline'\n    include Parser::Inline\n\n    require_relative 'parser/paragraphs'\n    include Parser::Paragraphs\n\n    private\n\n    require_relative 'parser/util'\n    include Parser::Util\n\n    def log(msg)\n      @logger.info \"#{msg} | #{@context.lineno}:#{@context.colno}: #{@context.current}\"\n    end\n  end\nend\n\nrequire_relative 'parser/context'\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/templates/base.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Templates\n    class Base < Tree::Template\n      include Tree\n\n      class << self\n        attr_accessor :template_name, :template_options\n\n        def inspect\n          template_name ? \"Infoboxer::Templates::#{clean_name}\" : super\n        end\n\n        def clean_name\n          template_name ? \"Template[#{template_name}]\" : 'Template'\n        end\n      end\n\n      def ==(other)\n        other.is_a?(Tree::Template) && _eq(other)\n      end\n\n      protected\n\n      def clean_class\n        if self.class.template_name == name\n          self.class.clean_name\n        else\n          super\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Renders all of its unnamed variables as space-separated text\n    # Also allows in-template navigation.\n    #\n    # Used for {Set} definitions.\n    class Show < Base\n      def text\n        unnamed_variables.map(&:text).join(children_separator)\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      def children_separator\n        ' '\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Replaces template with replacement, while rendering.\n    #\n    # Used for {Set} definitions.\n    class Replace < Base\n      def replace\n        fail(NotImplementedError, 'Descendants should define :replace')\n      end\n\n      def text\n        replace\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Replaces template with its name, while rendering.\n    #\n    # Used for {Set} definitions.\n    class Literal < Base\n      alias_method :text, :name\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/templates/set.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Templates\n    # Base class for defining set of templates, used for some site/domain.\n    #\n    # Currently only can be plugged in via {MediaWiki::Traits.templates}.\n    #\n    # Template set defines a DSL for creating new template definitions --\n    # also simplest ones and very complicated.\n    #\n    # You can look at implementation of English Wikipedia\n    # [common templates set](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/blob/master/lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb)\n    # in Infoboxer's repo.\n    #\n    class Set\n      def initialize(&definitions)\n        @templates = []\n        define(&definitions) if definitions\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      def find(name)\n        _, template = @templates.detect { |m, _t| m === name.downcase }\n        template || Base\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      def define(&definitions)\n        instance_eval(&definitions)\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      def clear\n        @templates.clear\n      end\n\n      # Most common form of template definition.\n      #\n      # Can be used like:\n      #\n      # ```ruby\n      # template 'Age' do\n      #   def from\n      #     fetch_date('1', '2', '3')\n      #   end\n      #\n      #   def to\n      #     fetch_date('4', '5', '6') || Date.today\n      #   end\n      #\n      #   def value\n      #     (to - from).to_i / 365 # FIXME: obviously\n      #   end\n      #\n      #   def text\n      #     \"#{value} years\"\n      #   end\n      # end\n      # ```\n      #\n      # @param name Definition name.\n      # @param options Definition options.\n      #   Currently recognized options are:\n      #   * `:match` -- regexp or string, which matches template name to\n      #     add this definition to (if not provided, `name` param used\n      #     to match relevant templates);\n      #   * `:base` -- name of template definition to use as a base class;\n      #     for example you can do things like:\n      #\n      #   ```ruby\n      #   # ...inside template set definition...\n      #   template 'Infobox', match: /^Infobox/ do\n      #     # implementation\n      #   end\n      #\n      #   template 'Infobox cheese', base: 'Infobox' do\n      #   end\n      #   ```\n      #\n      # Expected to be used inside Set definition block.\n      def template(name, options = {}, &definition)\n        setup_class(name, Base, options, &definition)\n      end\n\n      # Define list of \"replacements\": templates, which text should be replaced\n      # with arbitrary value.\n      #\n      # Example:\n      #\n      # ```ruby\n      # # ...inside template set definition...\n      # replace(\n      #   '!!' => '||',\n      #   '!(' => '['\n      # )\n      # ```\n      # Now, all templates with name `!!` will render as `||` when you\n      # call their (or their parents') {Tree::Node#text}.\n      #\n      # Expected to be used inside Set definition block.\n      def replace(*replacements)\n        case\n        when replacements.count == 2 && replacements.all? { |r| r.is_a?(String) }\n          name, what = *replacements\n          setup_class(name, Replace) do\n            define_method(:replace) do\n              what\n            end\n          end\n        when replacements.count == 1 && replacements.first.is_a?(Hash)\n          replacements.first.each do |nm, rep|\n            replace(nm, rep)\n          end\n        else\n          fail(ArgumentError, \"Can't call :replace with #{replacements.join(', ')}\")\n        end\n      end\n\n      # Define list of \"show children\" templates. Those ones, when rendered\n      # as text, just provide join of their children text (space-separated).\n      #\n      # Example:\n      #\n      # ```ruby\n      # #...in template set definition...\n      # show 'Small'\n      # ```\n      # Now, wikitext paragraph looking like...\n      #\n      # ```\n      # This is {{small|text}} in template\n      # ```\n      # ...before this template definition had rendered like\n      # `\"This is  in template\"` (template contents ommitted), and after\n      # this definition it will render like `\"This is text in template\"`\n      # (template contents rendered as is).\n      #\n      # Expected to be used inside Set definition block.\n      def show(*names)\n        names.each do |name|\n          setup_class(name, Show)\n        end\n      end\n\n      # Define list of \"literally rendered templates\". It means, when\n      # rendering text, template is replaced with just its name.\n      #\n      # Explanation: in\n      # MediaWiki, there are contexts (deeply in other templates and\n      # tables), when you can't just type something like `\",\"` and not\n      # have it interpreted. So, wikis oftenly define wrappers around\n      # those templates, looking like `{{,}}` -- so, while rendering texts,\n      # such templates can be replaced with their names.\n      #\n      # Expected to be used inside Set definition block.\n      def literal(*names)\n        names.each do |name|\n          setup_class(name, Literal)\n        end\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      def setup_class(name, base_class, options = {}, &definition)\n        match = options.fetch(:match, name.downcase)\n        base = options.fetch(:base, base_class)\n        base = find(base) if base.is_a?(String)\n\n        Class.new(base, &definition).tap do |cls|\n          cls.template_name = name\n          cls.template_options = options\n          @templates.unshift [match, cls]\n        end\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/templates.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  # This module covers advanced MediaWiki templates usage.\n  #\n  # It is seriously adviced to read [Wikipedia docs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template)\n  # or at least look through it (and have it opened while reading further).\n  #\n  # If you just have a page with templates and want some variable value\n  # (like \"page about country - infobox - total population\"), you should\n  # be totally happy with {Tree::Template} and its features.\n  #\n  # What this module does is, basically, two things:\n  # * allow you to define for arbitrary templates how they are converted\n  #   to text; by default, templates are totally excluded from text, which\n  #   is not most reasonable behavior for many formatting templates;\n  # * allow you to define additional functionality for arbitrary templates;\n  #   many of them containing pretty complicated logic (see, for ex.,\n  #   [Template:Convert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Convert)),\n  #   and it seems reasonable to extend instances of such a template.\n  #\n  # Infoboxer allows you to define {Templates::Set} of template-specific\n  # classes for some site/domain.\n  # There is already defined set of most commonly used templates at\n  # en.wikipedia.org (so, most of English Wikipedia texts will be rendered\n  # correctly, and also some advanced functionality is provided).\n  # You can take a look at\n  # [lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/blob/master/lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb)\n  # to feel it (and also see a couple of TODOs and FIXMEs and other\n  # considerations).\n  #\n  # From Infoboxer's point-of-view, templates are the most complex part\n  # of Wikipedia, and we are currently trying hard to do the most reasonable\n  # things about them.\n  #\n  # Future versions also should:\n  # * define more of common English Wikipedia templates;\n  # * define templates for other popular wikis;\n  # * allow to add template definitions on-the-fly, while loading some\n  #   page.\n  #\n  module Templates\n    %w[base set].each do |tmpl|\n      require_relative \"templates/#{tmpl}\"\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/compound.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Base class for all nodes with children.\n    class Compound < Node\n      def initialize(children = Nodes.new, **params)\n        super(**params)\n        @children = Nodes[*children]\n        @children.each { |c| c.parent = self }\n      end\n\n      # List of children\n      #\n      # @return {Nodes}\n      attr_reader :children\n\n      # Index of provided node in children list\n      #\n      # @return [Fixnum] or `nil` if not a child\n      def index_of(child)\n        children.index(child)\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def push_children(*nodes)\n        nodes.each { |c| c.parent = self }.each do |n|\n          @children << n\n        end\n      end\n\n      # See {Node#text}\n      def text\n        children.map(&:text).join(children_separator)\n      end\n\n      # See {Node#to_tree}\n      def to_tree(level = 0)\n        if children.count == 1 && children.first.is_a?(Text)\n          \"#{indent(level)}#{children.first.text} <#{descr}>\\n\"\n        else\n          \"#{indent(level)}<#{descr}>\\n\" + children.map { |c| c.to_tree(level + 1) }.join\n        end\n      end\n\n      # Kinda \"private\" methods, used by Parser only -------------------\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def can_merge?(_other)\n        false\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def closed!\n        @closed = true\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def closed?\n        @closed\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def empty?\n        children.empty?\n      end\n\n      protected\n\n      def children_separator\n        ''\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      def _eq(other)\n        children == other.children\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/document.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Represents entire document.\n    #\n    # Alongside with standard compound node functionality, is a\n    # {Navigation::Sections::Container}\n    class Document < Compound\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/gallery.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Represents gallery of images (contents of `` special tag).\n    #\n    # See [Wikipedia Tutorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Gallery_tag)\n    # for explanation of attributes.\n    class Gallery < Compound\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/html.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    module HTMLTagCommons\n      BLOCK_TAGS = %w[div p br].freeze # FIXME: are some other used in WP?\n\n      def text\n        super + (BLOCK_TAGS.include?(tag) ? \"\\n\" : '')\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents HTML tag, surrounding some contents.\n    class HTMLTag < Compound\n      def initialize(tag, attrs, children = Nodes.new)\n        super(children, **attrs)\n        @tag = tag\n      end\n\n      attr_reader :tag\n      alias_method :attrs, :params\n\n      include HTMLTagCommons\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}.\n      def empty?\n        # even empty tag, for ex., 
, should not be dropped!\n        false\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      def descr\n        \"#{clean_class}:#{tag}(#{show_params})\"\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents orphan opening HTML tag.\n    #\n    # NB: Infoboxer not tries to parse entire structure of HTML-heavy\n    # MediaWiki articles. So, if you have `
` at line 150 and closing\n    # `
` at line 875, there would be orphane `HTMLOpeningTag` and\n    # {HTMLClosingTag}. It is not always convenient, but reasonable enough.\n    #\n    class HTMLOpeningTag < Node\n      def initialize(tag, attrs)\n        super(**attrs)\n        @tag = tag\n      end\n\n      attr_reader :tag\n      alias_method :attrs, :params\n\n      include HTMLTagCommons\n\n      private\n\n      def descr\n        \"#{clean_class}:#{tag}(#{show_params})\"\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents orphan closing HTML tag. See {HTMLOpeningTag} for\n    # explanation.\n    class HTMLClosingTag < Node\n      def initialize(tag)\n        @tag = tag\n      end\n\n      attr_reader :tag\n\n      def descr\n        \"#{clean_class}:#{tag}\"\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/image.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Represents image (or other media file).\n    #\n    # See [Wikipedia Tutorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_image_syntax)\n    # for explanation of attributes.\n    class Image < Node\n      def initialize(path, caption: nil, **params)\n        @caption = caption\n        super(path: path, **params)\n      end\n\n      # Image caption. Can have (sometimes many) other nodes inside.\n      #\n      # @return [Nodes]\n      attr_reader :caption\n\n      # @!attribute [r] path\n      # @!attribute [r] type\n      # @!attribute [r] location\n      # @!attribute [r] alignment\n      # @!attribute [r] link\n      # @!attribute [r] alt\n\n      def_readers :path, :type,\n                  :location, :alignment, :link,\n                  :alt\n\n      def border?\n        !params[:border].to_s.empty?\n      end\n\n      def width\n        params[:width].to_i\n      end\n\n      def height\n        params[:height].to_i\n      end\n\n      def to_tree(level = 0)\n        super(level) +\n          if caption && !caption.empty?\n            indent(level + 1) + \"caption:\\n\" +\n            caption.children.map { |c| c.to_tree(level + 2) }.join\n          else\n            ''\n          end\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      def _eq(other)\n        path == other.path\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents image caption.\n    class ImageCaption < Compound\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/inline.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Represents italic text.\n    class Italic < Compound\n    end\n\n    # Represents bold text.\n    class Bold < Compound\n    end\n\n    # Represents bold italic text (and no, it's not a comb of bold+italic,\n    # from Wikipedia's markup point of view).\n    class BoldItalic < Compound\n    end\n\n    # Base class for internal/external links,\n    class Link < Compound\n      def initialize(link, label = nil, **attr)\n        super(label || Nodes.new([Text.new(link)]), link: link, **attr)\n      end\n\n      # @!attribute [r] link\n\n      def_readers :link\n    end\n\n    # External link. Has other nodes as a contents, and, err, link (url).\n    class ExternalLink < Link\n      # @!attribute [r] url\n      #   synonym for `#link`\n      alias_method :url, :link\n    end\n  end\nend\n\nrequire_relative 'wikilink'\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/linkable.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Module included into everything, that can be treated as\n    # link to some MediaWiki page, despite of behavior. Namely,\n    # {Wikilink} and {Template}.\n    module Linkable\n      # Extracts wiki page by this link and returns it parsed (or nil,\n      # if page not found).\n      #\n      # About template \"following\" see also {Template#follow} docs.\n      #\n      # @return {MediaWiki::Page}\n      #\n      # **See also**:\n      # * {Tree::Nodes#follow} for extracting multiple links at once;\n      # * {MediaWiki#get} for basic information on page extraction.\n      def follow\n        client.get(link, interwiki: interwiki)\n      end\n\n      # Human-readable page URL\n      #\n      # @return [String]\n      def url\n        # FIXME: fragile as hell.\n        page.url.sub(%r{[^/]+$}, link.tr(' ', '_'))\n      end\n\n      protected\n\n      # redefined in {Wikilink}\n      def interwiki; end\n\n      def page\n        lookup_parents(MediaWiki::Page).first or fail('Not in a page from real source')\n      end\n\n      def client\n        page.client or fail('MediaWiki client not set')\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/list.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Represents item of ordered or unordered list.\n    class ListItem < BaseParagraph\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def can_merge?(other)\n        other.class == self.class &&\n          other.children.first.is_a?(List)\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def merge!(other)\n        ochildren = other.children.dup\n        children.last.merge!(ochildren.shift) \\\n          if children.last&.can_merge?(ochildren.first)\n        push_children(*ochildren)\n      end\n\n      def text\n        make_marker +\n          if children.last.is_a?(List)\n            children[0..-2].map(&:text).join + \"\\n\" + children.last.text\n          else\n            children.map(&:text).join + \"\\n\"\n          end\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      def make_marker\n        parent ? parent.make_marker(self) : '* '\n      end\n    end\n\n    # \"Imaginary\" node, grouping {ListItem}s of same level and type.\n    #\n    # Base for concrete {OrderedList}, {UnorderedList} and {DefinitionList}.\n    #\n    # NB: Nested lists are represented by structures like:\n    #\n    # ```\n    # \n    #  \n    #  \n    #    \n    #    \n    #      \n    #      \n    # ...and so on\n    # ```\n    class List < Compound\n      def list_level\n        lookup_parents(List).count\n      end\n\n      def list_text_indent\n        '  ' * list_level\n      end\n\n      def text\n        if list_level.zero?\n          super.sub(/\\n+\\Z/, \"\\n\\n\")\n        else\n          super.sub(/\\n+\\Z/, \"\\n\")\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents unordered list (list with markers).\n    class UnorderedList < List\n      def make_marker(_item)\n        list_text_indent + '* '\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents ordered list (list with numbers).\n    class OrderedList < List\n      def make_marker(item)\n        list_text_indent + \"#{item.index + 1}. \"\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents definitions list (`term: definition`  structure),\n    # consists of {DTerm}s and {DDefinition}s.\n    #\n    # NB: In fact, at least in English Wikipedia, orphan \"definition terms\"\n    # are used as a low-level headers, especially in lists of links/references.\n    class DefinitionList < List\n      def make_marker(item)\n        case item\n        when DTerm\n          list_text_indent\n        when DDefinition\n          list_text_indent + '  '\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Term in {DefinitionList}\n    class DTerm < ListItem\n      def text\n        super.sub(\"\\n\", \":\\n\")\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Term definition in {DefinitionList}\n    class DDefinition < ListItem\n    end\n\n    class List < Compound\n      include Mergeable\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def merge!(other)\n        ochildren = other.children.dup\n        if children.last && ochildren.first &&\n           children.last.can_merge?(ochildren.first)\n\n          children.last.merge!(ochildren.shift)\n        end\n\n        push_children(*ochildren)\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def self.construct(marker, nodes)\n        m = marker.shift\n        klass = LISTS[m] or\n          fail(\"Something went wrong: undefined list marker type #{m}\")\n        item_klass = ITEMS[m]\n\n        if marker.empty?\n          klass.new(item_klass.new(nodes))\n        else\n          klass.new(item_klass.new(construct(marker, nodes)))\n        end\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      LISTS = {\n        ';' => DefinitionList,\n        ':' => DefinitionList,\n        '*' => UnorderedList,\n        '#' => OrderedList\n      }.freeze\n\n      # @private\n      ITEMS = {\n        ';' => DTerm,\n        ':' => DDefinition,\n        '*' => ListItem,\n        '#' => ListItem\n      }.freeze\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/math.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Represents node of math formulae marked with TeX\n    #\n    # See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula\n    class Math < Text\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/node.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire 'htmlentities'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # This is the base class for all parse tree nodes.\n    #\n    # Basically, you'll\n    # never create instances of this class or its descendants by yourself,\n    # you will receive it from tree and use for navigations.\n    #\n    class Node\n      def initialize(**params)\n        @params = params\n      end\n\n      # Hash of node \"params\".\n      #\n      # Params notin is roughly the same as tag attributes in HTML. This\n      # is actual for complex nodes like images, tables, raw HTML tags and\n      # so on.\n      #\n      # The most actual params are typically exposed by node as instance\n      # methods (like {Heading#level}).\n      #\n      # @return [Hash]\n      attr_reader :params\n\n      # Node's parent in tree\n      # @return {Node}\n      attr_accessor :parent\n\n      def ==(other)\n        self.class == other.class && _eq(other)\n      end\n\n      # Position in parent's children array (zero-based)\n      def index\n        parent ? parent.index_of(self) : 0\n      end\n\n      def first?\n        index.zero?\n      end\n\n      # List of all sibling nodes (children of same parent)\n      def siblings\n        parent ? parent.children - [self] : Nodes[]\n      end\n\n      # List of siblings before this one\n      def prev_siblings\n        siblings.select { |n| n.index < index }\n      end\n\n      # List of siblings after this one\n      def next_siblings\n        siblings.select { |n| n.index > index }\n      end\n\n      # Node children list\n      def children\n        Nodes[] # redefined in descendants\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Used only during tree construction in {Parser}.\n      def can_merge?(_other)\n        false\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Whether node is empty (definition of \"empty\" varies for different\n      # kinds of nodes). Used mainly in {Parser}.\n      def empty?\n        false\n      end\n\n      # Textual representation of this node and its children, ready for\n      # pretty-printing. Use it like this:\n      #\n      # ```ruby\n      # puts page.lookup(:Paragraph).first.to_tree\n      # # Prints something like\n      # # \n      # #   This \n      # #   is \n      # #   \n      # #     pretty \n      # #     complicated \n      # ```\n      #\n      # Useful for understanding page structure, and Infoboxer's representation\n      # of this structure\n      def to_tree(level = 0)\n        indent(level) + \"<#{descr}>\\n\"\n      end\n\n      def inspect\n        text.empty? ? \"#<#{descr}>\" : \"#<#{descr}: #{shorten_text}>\"\n      end\n\n      # Node text representation. It is defined for all nodes so, that\n      # entire `Document#text` produce readable text-only representation\n      # of Wiki page. Therefore, rules are those:\n      # * inline-formatting nodes (text, bold, italics) just return the\n      #   text;\n      # * paragraph-level nodes (headings, paragraphs, lists) add `\"\\n\\n\"`\n      #   after text;\n      # * list items add marker before text;\n      # * nodes, not belonging to \"main\" text flow (references, templates)\n      #   produce empty text.\n      #\n      # If you want just the text of some heading or list item (without\n      # \"formatting\" quircks), you can use {Node#text_} method.\n      #\n      def text\n        '' # redefined in descendants\n      end\n\n      # \"Clean\" version of node text: without trailing linefeeds, list\n      # markers and other things added for formatting.\n      #\n      def text_\n        text.strip\n      end\n\n      # See {Node#text_}\n      def to_s\n        # just aliases will not work when #text will be redefined in subclasses\n        text_\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      MAX_CHARS = 30\n\n      def shorten_text\n        txt = text_.sub(/^([^\\n]+)\\n.+$/m, '\\1...')\n        txt.length > MAX_CHARS ? txt[0..MAX_CHARS] + '...' : txt\n      end\n\n      def clean_class\n        self.class.name.sub(/^.*::/, '')\n      end\n\n      def descr\n        if !params || params.empty?\n          clean_class.to_s\n        else\n          \"#{clean_class}(#{show_params})\"\n        end\n      end\n\n      def show_params(prms = nil)\n        (prms || params).compact.map { |k, v| \"#{k}: #{v.inspect}\" }.join(', ')\n      end\n\n      def indent(level)\n        '  ' * level\n      end\n\n      def _eq(_other)\n        false\n      end\n\n      def decode(str)\n        Node.coder.decode(str)\n      end\n\n      class << self\n        # Internal: descendandts DSL\n        def def_readers(*keys)\n          keys.each do |k|\n            define_method(k) { params[k] }\n          end\n        end\n\n        # Internal: HTML entities decoder.\n        def coder\n          @coder ||= HTMLEntities.new\n        end\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/nodes.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # List of nodes, which tries to be useful both as array, and as proxy\n    # to its contents.\n    #\n    # Many of Infoboxer's methods (especially {Navigation}'s) return\n    # `Nodes`, and in most cases you don't have to think about it. Same\n    # approach can be seen in jQuery or Nokogiri. You just do things\n    # like those:\n    #\n    # ```ruby\n    # document.sections.                  # => Nodes returned,\n    #   select{|section|                  #    you can treat them as array, but also...\n    #     section.text.length > 1000      #\n    #   }.                                #\n    #   lookup(:Wikilink, text: /Chile/). #    ...use Infoboxer's methods\n    #   follow.                           #    ...even to receive lists of other pages\n    #   infoboxes.                        #    ...and use methods on them\n    #   fetch('leader_name1').            #    ...including those which only some node types support\n    #   map(&:text)                       #    ...and still have full-functioning Array\n    # ```\n    #\n    class Nodes < Array\n      # @!method select(&block)\n      #    Just like Array#select, but returns Nodes\n\n      # @!method reject(&block)\n      #    Just like Array#reject, but returns Nodes\n\n      # @!method sort_by(&block)\n      #    Just like Array#sort_by, but returns Nodes\n\n      # @!method flatten\n      #    Just like Array#flatten, but returns Nodes\n\n      # @!method compact\n      #    Just like Array#compact, but returns Nodes\n\n      # @!method grep(pattern)\n      #    Just like Array#grep, but returns Nodes\n\n      # @!method grep_v(pattern)\n      #    Just like Array#grep_v, but returns Nodes\n\n      # @!method -(other)\n      #    Just like Array#-, but returns Nodes\n\n      # @!method +(other)\n      #    Just like Array#+, but returns Nodes\n\n      # NB: Since Ruby 3.0, we need to redefine all Enumerable methods (otherwise they return Array).\n      # TODO: Check those lacking overrides!\n\n      %i[\n        select reject sort_by flatten compact grep grep_v - +\n        take_while drop_while\n      ].each do |sym|\n        define_method(sym) do |*args, &block|\n          Nodes[*super(*args, &block)]\n        end\n      end\n\n      alias_method :filter, :select\n\n      # Just like Array#first, but returns Nodes, if provided with `n` of elements.\n      def first(n = nil)\n        if n.nil?\n          super()\n        else\n          Nodes[*super(n)]\n        end\n      end\n\n      # Just like Array#last, but returns Nodes, if provided with `n` of elements.\n      def last(n = nil)\n        if n.nil?\n          super()\n        else\n          Nodes[*super(n)]\n        end\n      end\n\n      # Just like Array#map, but returns Nodes, **if** all map results are Node\n      def map\n        res = super\n        if res.all? { |n| n.is_a?(Node) || n.is_a?(Nodes) }\n          Nodes[*res]\n        else\n          res\n        end\n      end\n\n      # Just like Array#flat_map, but returns Nodes, **if** all map results are Node\n      def flat_map\n        res = super\n        if res.all? { |n| n.is_a?(Node) || n.is_a?(Nodes) }\n          Nodes[*res]\n        else\n          res\n        end\n      end\n\n      # Just like Array#group, but returns hash with `{ => Nodes}`\n      def group_by\n        super.transform_values { |group| Nodes[*group] }\n      end\n\n      # @!method prev_siblings\n      #   Previous siblings (flat list) of all nodes inside.\n\n      # @!method next_siblings\n      #   Next siblings (flat list) of all nodes inside.\n\n      # @!method siblings\n      #   Siblings (flat list) of all nodes inside.\n\n      # @!method fetch\n      #   Fetches by name(s) variables for all templates inside.\n      #\n      #   See {Tree::Template#fetch} for explanation.\n\n      %i[\n        prev_siblings next_siblings siblings\n        fetch\n      ].each do |sym|\n        define_method(sym) do |*args|\n          make_nodes(map { |n| n.send(sym, *args) })\n        end\n      end\n\n      # By list of variable names, fetches hashes of `{name => value}`\n      # from all templates inside.\n      #\n      # See {Tree::Template#fetch_hash} for explanation.\n      #\n      # @return [Array]\n      def fetch_hashes(*args)\n        map { |t| t.fetch_hash(*args) }\n      end\n\n      # Just join of all {Node#to_tree Node#to_tree} strings inside.\n      def to_tree\n        map(&:to_tree).join(\"\\n\")\n      end\n\n      def inspect\n        '[' +\n          case\n          when count > MAX_CHILDREN\n            self[0...MAX_CHILDREN].map(&:inspect).join(', ') +\n            \", ...#{count - MAX_CHILDREN} more nodes\"\n          else\n            map(&:inspect).join(', ')\n          end + ']'\n      end\n\n      # Just join of all {Node#text Node#text}s inside.\n      def text\n        map(&:text).join\n      end\n\n      alias_method :to_s, :text\n\n      def unwrap\n        map { |n| n.respond_to?(:unwrap) ? n.unwrap : n }\n      end\n\n      # Fetches pages by ALL wikilinks inside in ONE query to MediaWiki\n      # API.\n      #\n      # **NB**: for now, if there's more then 50 wikilinks (limitation for\n      # one request to API), Infoboxer **will not** try to do next page.\n      # It will be fixed in next releases.\n      #\n      # @return [Nodes] It is still `Nodes`, so you\n      #   still can process them uniformely.\n      def follow\n        links = grep(Linkable)\n        return Nodes[] if links.empty?\n\n        page = first.lookup_parents(MediaWiki::Page).first or\n          fail('Not in a page from real source')\n        page.client or fail('MediaWiki client not set')\n        pages = links.group_by(&:interwiki)\n                     .flat_map { |iw, ls| page.client.get(*ls.map(&:link), interwiki: iw) }\n        pages.count == 1 ? pages.first : Nodes[*pages]\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def <<(node) # rubocop:disable Metrics/PerceivedComplexity\n        if node.is_a?(Array)\n          node.each { |n| self << n }\n        elsif last&.can_merge?(node)\n          last.merge!(node)\n        else\n          return if !node || node.empty?\n\n          node = Text.new(node) if node.is_a?(String)\n          super\n        end\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def strip\n        res = dup\n        res.pop while res.last.is_a?(Text) && res.last.raw_text =~ /^\\s*$/\n        res.last.raw_text.sub!(/\\s+$/, '') if res.last.is_a?(Text)\n        res\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def flow_templates\n        # TODO: will it be better?..\n        # make_nodes(map { |n| n.is_a?(Paragraph) ? n.to_templates? : n })\n        self\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      # @private For inspect shortening\n      MAX_CHILDREN = 5\n\n      def make_nodes(arr)\n        Nodes[*arr.flatten]\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/paragraphs.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Base class for all \"paragraph-level\" nodes: {Paragraph}, {ListItem},\n    # {Heading}. It should be convenient to use it in {Navigation::Lookup::Node#_lookup Node#lookup}\n    # and similar methods like this:\n    #\n    # ```ruby\n    # page.lookup(:BaseParagraph) # => flat list of paragraph-levels\n    # ```\n    class BaseParagraph < Compound\n      def text\n        super.strip + \"\\n\\n\"\n      end\n    end\n\n    # @private\n    class EmptyParagraph < Node\n      def initialize(text)\n        @text = text\n      end\n\n      # should never be left in nodes flow\n      def empty?\n        true\n      end\n\n      attr_reader :text\n    end\n\n    # @private\n    module Mergeable\n      def can_merge?(other)\n        !closed? && self.class == other.class\n      end\n\n      def merge!(other)\n        if other.is_a?(EmptyParagraph)\n          @closed = true\n        else\n          [splitter, *other.children].each do |c|\n            c.parent = self\n            @children << c\n          end\n          @closed = other.closed?\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    # @private\n    class MergeableParagraph < BaseParagraph\n      include Mergeable\n\n      def can_merge?(other)\n        !closed? &&\n          (self.class == other.class || other.is_a?(EmptyParagraph))\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents plain text paragraph.\n    class Paragraph < MergeableParagraph\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser} for merging\n      def splitter\n        Text.new(' ')\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def templates_only?\n        children.all? { |c| c.is_a?(Template) || c.is_a?(Text) && c.raw_text.strip.empty? }\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def to_templates\n        children.grep(Template)\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def to_templates?\n        templates_only? ? to_templates : self\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents horisontal ruler splitter. Rarely seen in modern wikis.\n    class HR < Node\n    end\n\n    # Represents heading.\n    #\n    # NB: min heading level in MediaWiki is 2, Heading level 1 (page\n    # title) is not seen in page flaw.\n    class Heading < BaseParagraph\n      def initialize(children, level)\n        super(children, level: level)\n      end\n\n      # @!attribute [r] level\n      #   @return [Fixnum] lesser numbers is more important heading\n      def_readers :level\n    end\n\n    # Represents preformatted text chunk.\n    #\n    # Paragraph-level thing, can contain many lines of text.\n    class Pre < MergeableParagraph\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def merge!(other)\n        if other.is_a?(EmptyParagraph) && !other.text.empty?\n          @children.last.raw_text << \"\\n\" << other.text.sub(/^ /, '')\n        else\n          super\n        end\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser} for merging\n      def splitter\n        Text.new(\"\\n\")\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/ref.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Represents footnote.\n    #\n    # Is not rendered in text flow, so, wikitext like\n    #\n    # ```\n    # ...pushed it back into underdevelopment,...tons of footnote text... though it\n    # nevertheless...\n    # ```\n    # when parsed and {Node#text} called, will return text like:\n    #\n    # ```\n    # ...pushed it back into underdevelopment, though it nevertheless...\n    # ```\n    #\n    # ...which most times is most reasonable thing to do.\n    class Ref < Compound\n      # @!attribute [r] name\n      def_readers :name\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def empty?\n        # even empty tag should not be dropped!\n        false\n      end\n\n      def text\n        # because we want \"clean\" text,\n        # without references & footnotes messed up in it\n        ''\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/table.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire 'terminal-table'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Represents table. Tables are complicated!\n    class Table < Compound\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def empty?\n        false\n      end\n\n      # All table rows.\n      def rows\n        children.grep(TableRow)\n      end\n\n      # Table caption, if exists.\n      def caption\n        children.grep(TableCaption).first\n      end\n\n      # For now, returns first table row, if it consists only of\n      # {TableHeading}s.\n      #\n      # FIXME: it can easily be several table heading rows\n      def heading_row\n        rows.first if rows.first&.children&.all? { |c| c.is_a?(TableHeading) }\n      end\n\n      # For now, returns all table rows except {#heading_row}\n      def body_rows\n        if rows.first&.children&.all? { |c| c.is_a?(TableHeading) }\n          rows[1..]\n        else\n          rows\n        end\n      end\n\n      def text\n        Terminal::Table.new.tap { |table|\n          table.title = caption.text.sub(/\\n+\\Z/, '') if caption\n          table.headings = heading_row.children.map(&:text_) if heading_row\n          table.rows = body_rows.map { |r| r.children.map(&:text_) }\n        }.to_s + \"\\n\\n\"\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents one table row.\n    class TableRow < Compound\n      alias_method :cells, :children\n\n      def empty?\n        false\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents any table cell, either {TableCell cell} or\n    # {TableHeading heading}.\n    #\n    # Can be used for lookups (same way as {BaseParagraph}).\n    class BaseCell < Compound\n      def empty?\n        false\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents ordinary table cell (`td` in HTML).\n    class TableCell < BaseCell\n    end\n\n    # Represents table heading cell (`th` in HTML).\n    class TableHeading < BaseCell\n    end\n\n    # Represents table caption.\n    class TableCaption < Compound\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/template.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire_relative 'linkable'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Template variable.\n    #\n    # It's basically the thing with name and ANY nodes inside, can be\n    # seen only as a direct child of {Template}.\n    class Var < Compound\n      attr_reader :name\n\n      def initialize(name, children = Nodes[])\n        super(children)\n        @name = name\n      end\n\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      # Means even children-less Var should not be removed from parser tree.\n      def empty?\n        false\n      end\n\n      def named?\n        name !~ /^\\d+$/\n      end\n\n      protected\n\n      def descr\n        \"#{clean_class}(#{name})\"\n      end\n\n      def _eq(other)\n        other.name == name && other.children == children\n      end\n    end\n\n    # Represents MediaWiki **template**.\n    #\n    # [**Template**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates)\n    # is basically a thing with name, some variables and their\n    # values. When pages are displayed in browser, templates are rendered in\n    # something different by wiki engine; yet, when extracting information\n    # with Infoboxer, you are working with original templates.\n    #\n    # It requires some mastering and understanding, yet allows to do\n    # very poweful things. There are many kinds of them, from pure\n    # formatting-related (which are typically not more than small bells\n    # and whistles for page outlook, and should be rendered as a text)\n    # to very information-heavy ones, like\n    # [**infoboxes**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Infobox), from\n    # which Infoboxer borrows its name!\n    #\n    # Basically, for information extraction from template you'll list\n    # its {#variables}, and then use {#fetch} method\n    # (and its variants: {#fetch_hash}/#{fetch_date}) to extract their\n    # values.\n    #\n    # ### On variables naming\n    #\n    # MediaWiki templates can contain _named_ and _unnamed_ variables.\n    # Example:\n    #\n    # ```\n    # {{birth date and age|1953|2|19|df=y}}\n    # ```\n    #\n    # This is template with name \"birth date and age\", three unnamed\n    # variables with values \"1953\", \"2\" and \"19\", and one named variable\n    # with name \"df\" and value \"y\".\n    #\n    # For consistency, Infoboxer treats unnamed variables _exactly_ the\n    # same way MediaWiki does: they considered to have numeric names,\n    # which are _started from 1_ and _stored as a strings_. So, for\n    # template shown above, the following is correct:\n    #\n    # ```ruby\n    # template.fetch('1').text == '1953'\n    # template.fetch('2').text == '2'\n    # template.fetch('3').text == '19'\n    # template.fetch('df').text == 'y'\n    # ```\n    #\n    # Note also, that _named variables with simple text values_ are\n    # duplicated as a template node {Node#params}, so, the following is\n    # correct also:\n    #\n    # ```ruby\n    # template.params['df'] == 'y'\n    # template.params.has_key?('1') == false\n    # ```\n    #\n    # For more advanced topics, like subclassing templates by names and\n    # converting them to inline text, please read {Templates} module's\n    # documentation.\n    class Template < Compound\n      # Template name, designating its contents structure.\n      #\n      # See also {Linkable#url #url}, which you can navigate to read template's\n      # definition (and, in Wikipedia and many other projects, its\n      # documentation).\n      #\n      # @return [String]\n      attr_reader :name\n\n      # Template variables list.\n      #\n      # See {Var} class to understand what you can do with them.\n      #\n      # @return [Nodes]\n      # attr_reader :variables\n      alias_method :variables, :children\n\n      def initialize(name, variables = Nodes[])\n        super(variables, **extract_params(variables))\n        @name = name\n      end\n\n      def text\n        res = unnamed_variables.map(&:text).join('|')\n        res.empty? ? '' : \"{#{name}:#{res}}\"\n      end\n\n      def unwrap\n        unnamed_variables.flat_map(&:children).unwrap\n      end\n\n      # See {Node#to_tree}\n      def to_tree(level = 0)\n        '  ' * level + \"<#{descr}>\\n\" +\n          variables.map { |var| var.to_tree(level + 1) }.join\n      end\n\n      # Represents entire template as hash of `String => String`,\n      # where keys are variable names and values are text representation\n      # of variables contents.\n      #\n      # @return [Hash{String => String}]\n      def to_h\n        variables.map { |var| [var.name, var.text] }.to_h\n      end\n\n      # Returns list of template variables with numeric names (which\n      # are treated as \"unnamed\" variables by MediaWiki templates, see\n      # {Template class docs} for explanation).\n      #\n      # @return [Nodes]\n      def unnamed_variables\n        variables.reject(&:named?)\n      end\n\n      def named_variables\n        variables.select(&:named?)\n      end\n\n      # Fetches template variable(s) by name(s) or patterns.\n      #\n      # Usage:\n      #\n      # ```ruby\n      # argentina.infobox.fetch('leader_title_1')   # => one Var node\n      # argentina.infobox.fetch('leader_title_1',\n      #                         'leader_name_1')    # => two Var nodes\n      # argentina.infobox.fetch(/leader_title_\\d+/) # => several Var nodes\n      # ```\n      #\n      # @return [Nodes]\n      def fetch(*patterns)\n        Nodes[*patterns.map { |p| variables.find(name: p) }.flatten]\n      end\n\n      # Fetches hash `{name => variable}`, by same patterns as {#fetch}.\n      #\n      # @return [Hash Var>]\n      def fetch_hash(*patterns)\n        fetch(*patterns).map { |v| [v.name, v] }.to_h\n      end\n\n      # Fetches date by list of variable names containing date components.\n      #\n      # _(Experimental, subject to change or enchance.)_\n      #\n      # Explanation: if you have template like\n      # ```\n      # {{birth date and age|1953|2|19|df=y}}\n      # ```\n      # ...there is a short way to obtain date from it:\n      # ```ruby\n      # template.fetch_date('1', '2', '3') # => Date.new(1953,2,19)\n      # ```\n      #\n      # @return [Date]\n      def fetch_date(*patterns)\n        components = fetch(*patterns)\n        components.pop while components.last.nil? && !components.empty?\n\n        if components.empty?\n          nil\n        else\n          Date.new(*components.map { |v| v.to_s.to_i })\n        end\n      end\n\n      include Linkable\n\n      # @!method follow\n      # Extracts template source and returns it parsed (or nil,\n      # if template not found).\n      #\n      # **NB**: Infoboxer does NO variable substitution or other template\n      # evaluation actions. Moreover, it will almost certainly NOT parse\n      # template definitions correctly. You should use this method ONLY\n      # for \"transclusion\" templates (parts of content, which are\n      # included into other pages \"as is\").\n      #\n      # Look for example at [this page's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests)\n      # [source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests&action=edit):\n      # each subtable about some region is just a transclusion of\n      # template. This can be processed like:\n      #\n      # ```ruby\n      # Infoboxer.wp.get('Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests').\n      #   templates(name: /forests^/).\n      #   follow.tables #.and_so_on\n      # ```\n      #\n      # @return {MediaWiki::Page}\n      #\n      # **See also** {Linkable#follow} for general notes on the following links.\n\n      # Wikilink name of this template's source.\n      def link\n        # FIXME: super-naive for now, doesn't thinks about subpages and stuff.\n        \"Template:#{name}\"\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}.\n      def empty?\n        false\n      end\n\n      protected\n\n      def _eq(other)\n        other.name == name && other.variables == variables\n      end\n\n      def clean_class\n        \"Template[#{name}]\"\n      end\n\n      def extract_params(vars)\n        vars\n          .select { |v| v.children.count == 1 && v.children.first.is_a?(Text) }\n          .map { |v| [v.name.to_sym, v.children.first.raw_text] }.to_h\n      end\n\n      def inspect_variables(depth)\n        variables.to_a[0..1].map { |name, var| \"#{name}: #{var.inspect(depth + 1)}\" }.join(', ') +\n          (variables.count > 2 ? ', ...' : '')\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/text.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Represents plain text node.\n    #\n    # Think of it like this: if you have paragraph\n    # ```\n    # Some paragraph with ''italic'' and [wikilink].\n    # ```\n    # ...then it will be parsed as a sequence of `[Text`, {Italic}, `Text`,\n    # {Wikilink}, `Text]`.\n    #\n    class Text < Node\n      # Text fragment without decodint of HTML entities.\n      attr_accessor :raw_text\n\n      def initialize(text, **params)\n        super(**params)\n        @raw_text = +text\n      end\n\n      # See {Node#text}\n      def text\n        @text ||= decode(@raw_text)\n      end\n\n      # See {Node#to_tree}\n      def to_tree(level = 0)\n        \"#{indent(level)}#{text} <#{descr}>\\n\"\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def can_merge?(other)\n        other.is_a?(String) || other.is_a?(Text)\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def merge!(other)\n        @raw_text <<\n          case other\n          when String then other\n          when Text then other.raw_text\n          else\n            fail(\"Not mergeable into text: #{other.inspect}\")\n          end\n      end\n\n      # @private\n      # Internal, used by {Parser}\n      def empty?\n        raw_text.empty?\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      def _eq(other)\n        text == other.text\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree/wikilink.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire_relative 'linkable'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    # Internal MediaWiki link class.\n    #\n    # See [Wikipedia docs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Link#Wikilinks)\n    # for extensive explanation of Wikilink concept.\n    #\n    # Note, that Wikilink is {Linkable}, so you can {Linkable#follow #follow}\n    # it to obtain linked pages.\n    class Wikilink < Link\n      def initialize(link, label = nil, namespace: nil, interwiki: nil)\n        super(link, label, namespace: namespace, interwiki: interwiki)\n        @namespace = namespace || ''\n        @interwiki = interwiki\n        parse_name!\n      end\n\n      # \"Clean\" wikilink name, for ex., `Cities` for `[Category:Cities]`\n      attr_reader :name\n\n      # Interwiki identifier. For example, `[[wikt:Argentina]]`\n      # will have `\"Argentina\"` as its {#name} and `\"wikt\"` (wiktionary) as an\n      # interwiki. TODO: how to use it.\n      #\n      # See [Wikipedia docs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Interwiki_linking) for details.\n      attr_reader :interwiki\n\n      # Wikilink namespace, `Category` for `[Category:Cities]`, empty\n      # string (not `nil`!) for just `[Cities]`\n      attr_reader :namespace\n\n      # Anchor part of hyperlink, like `History` for `[Argentina#History]`\n      attr_reader :anchor\n\n      # Topic part of link name.\n      #\n      # There's so-called [\"Pipe trick\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pipe_trick)\n      # in wikilink markup, which defines that `[Phoenix, Arizona]` link\n      # has main part (\"Phoenix\") and refinement part (\"Arizona\"). So,\n      # we are splitting it here in `topic` and {#refinement}.\n      # The same way, `[Pipe (programming)]` has `topic == 'Pipe'` and\n      # `refinement == 'programming'`\n      attr_reader :topic\n\n      # Refinement part of link name.\n      #\n      # See {#topic} for explanation.\n      attr_reader :refinement\n\n      include Linkable\n\n      private\n\n      def parse_name!\n        @name = namespace.empty? ? link : link.sub(/^#{namespace}:/, '')\n        @name, @anchor = @name.split('#', 2)\n        @anchor ||= ''\n\n        parse_topic!\n      end\n\n      # @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pipe_trick\n      def parse_topic!\n        @topic, @refinement =\n          case @name\n          when /^(.+\\S)\\s*\\((.+)\\)$/, /^(.+?),\\s*(.+)$/\n            [Regexp.last_match(1), Regexp.last_match(2)]\n          else\n            [@name, '']\n          end\n\n        return unless children.count == 1 &&\n                      children.first.is_a?(Text) && children.first.raw_text.empty?\n\n        children.first.raw_text = @topic\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/tree.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  # Infoboxer provides you with tree structure of the Wikipedia page,\n  # which you can introspect and navigate with ease. This tree structure\n  # tries to be simple, close to Wikipedia source and logical.\n  #\n  # You can always inspect entire page tree yourself:\n  #\n  # ```ruby\n  # page = Infoboxer.wp.get('Argentina')\n  # puts page.to_tree\n  # ```\n  #\n  # ## Inspecting and understanding single node\n  #\n  # Each tree node is descendant of {Tree::Node}, so you should look\n  # at this class to understand what you can do.\n  #\n  # Alongside with basic methods, defined in Node class, some useful\n  # utility methods are defined in subclasses.\n  #\n  # Here's full list of subclasses, representing real nodes, with their\n  # respective roles:\n  #\n  # * inline markup: {Text}, {Bold}, {Italic}, {BoldItalic}, {Wikilink},\n  #   {ExternalLink}, {Image};\n  # * embedded HTML: {HTMLTag}, {HTMLOpeningTag}, {HTMLClosingTag};\n  # * paragraph-level nodes: {Heading}, {Paragraph}, {Pre}, {HR};\n  # * lists: {OrderedList}, {UnorderedList}, {DefinitionList}, {ListItem},\n  #   {DTerm}, {DDefinition};\n  # * tables: {Table}, {TableCaption}, {TableRow}, {TableHeading}, {TableCell};\n  # * special elements: {Template}, {Ref}.\n  #\n  # ## Tree navigation\n  #\n  # {Tree::Node} class has a standard list of methods for traversing tree\n  # upwards, downwards and sideways: `children`, `parent`, `siblings`,\n  # `index`. Read through class documentation for their detailed\n  # descriptions.\n  #\n  # {Navigation} module contains more advanced navigational functionality,\n  # like XPath-like selectors, friendly shortcuts, breakup of document\n  # into logical \"sections\" and so on.\n  #\n  # Most of navigational and other Node's methods return {Nodes} type,\n  # which is an `Array` descendant with additional functionality.\n  #\n  # ## Complex data extraction\n  #\n  # Most of uniform, machine-extractable data in Wikipedia is stored in\n  # templates and tables. There's entire {Templates} module, which is\n  # documented explaining what you can do about Wikipedia templates, how\n  # to understand them and use information. Also, you can look at {Table}\n  # class, which for now is not that powerful, yet allows you to extract\n  # some columns and rows.\n  #\n  # Also, consider that WIKIpedia is maid of WIKIlinks, and {Wikilink#follow}\n  # (as well as {Nodes#follow} for multiple links at once) is you good friend.\n  #\n  module Tree\n    require_relative 'tree/node'\n    require_relative 'tree/nodes'\n\n    %w[text compound inline\n       image gallery html paragraphs list template table ref math\n       document].each do |type|\n      require_relative \"tree/#{type}\"\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/version.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  MAJOR = 0\n  MINOR = 4\n  PATCH = 0\n  PRE = nil\n  VERSION = [MAJOR, MINOR, PATCH, PRE].compact.join('.')\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer/wiki_path.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  # @private\n  class WikiPath\n    ParseError = Class.new(ArgumentError)\n\n    class << self\n      def _parse(string)\n        scanner = StringScanner.new(string)\n        res = []\n        loop do\n          res << scan_step(scanner)\n          break if scanner.eos?\n        end\n        res\n      end\n\n      def parse(string)\n        new(_parse(string))\n      end\n\n      private\n\n      def scan_step(scanner) # rubocop:disable Metrics/PerceivedComplexity\n        op = scanner.scan(%r{//?}) or unexpected(scanner, '/')\n        type = scanner.scan(/[A-Za-z_]*/)\n        attrs = {}\n        while scanner.scan(/\\[/)\n          attr = scanner.scan(/[-a-z_0-9]+/) or unexpected(scanner, 'attribute name')\n          if scanner.scan(/\\]/)\n            (attrs[:predicates] ||= []) << \"#{attr}?\".to_sym\n            next\n          end\n          scanner.scan(/\\s*=\\s*/) or unexpected(scanner, '= or ]')\n          value = scanner.scan(/[^\\]]+/) # TODO: probably, should do a proper [] counting?..\n          scanner.scan(/\\]/) or unexpected(scanner, ']')\n          attrs[attr.to_sym] = process_value(value)\n        end\n        res = op == '//' ? {op: :lookup} : {}\n        res[:type] = process_type(type) unless type.empty?\n        res.merge(attrs) # TODO: raise if empty selector\n      end\n\n      def process_value(value)\n        case value\n        when /^'(.*)'$/, /^\"(.*)\"$/\n          Regexp.last_match(1)\n        when %r{^/(.+)/$}\n          Regexp.new(Regexp.last_match(1))\n        else\n          value\n        end\n      end\n\n      def process_type(type)\n        type.gsub(/(?:^|_)([a-z])/, &:upcase).tr('_', '').to_sym\n            .tap { |t| valid_type?(t) or fail(ParseError, \"Unrecognized node type: #{type}\") }\n      end\n\n      def valid_type?(t)\n        t == :Section || Infoboxer::Tree.const_defined?(t)\n      end\n\n      def unexpected(scanner, expected)\n        place = scanner.eos? ? 'end of pattern' : scanner.rest.inspect\n        fail ParseError, \"Unexpected #{place}, expecting #{expected}\"\n      end\n    end\n\n    def initialize(path)\n      @path = path\n    end\n\n    def call(node)\n      @path.inject(node) { |res, step| apply_step(res, step) }\n    end\n\n    private\n\n    def apply_step(node, step)\n      # TODO: \"compile\" the op/args sequences at WikiPath initialization\n      step = step.dup\n      op = step.delete(:op) || :lookup_children\n      args = []\n      if (t = step.delete(:type))\n        args << t\n      end\n      if (pred = step.delete(:predicates))\n        args.concat(pred)\n      end\n      args << step unless step.empty?\n      node.send(op, *args)\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "lib/infoboxer.rb",
    "content": "# frozen_string_literal: true\n\n# Main client module for entire infoboxer functionality. If you're lucky,\n# there's no other classes/modules you need to instantiate or call\n# directly. You just do:\n#\n# ```ruby\n# Infoboxer.wp.get('List of radio telescopes')\n# # or\n# Infoboxer.wikiquote.get('Vonnegut')\n# ```\n# ...and have fully navigable Wiki information.\n#\n# Please read [wiki](http://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki)\n# for extensive [showcases](https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer/wiki/Showcase)\n# and usage recommendations.\n#\n# Here's main components list, which also can serve as a TOC for\n# Infoboxer's functionality (we suggest to read their docs in this order):\n#\n# * {Tree} -- nodes, of which Wikipedia AST is consisting; you'll be\n#   interested in basic {Tree::Node} functionality, as well as node\n#   classes list (which is useful for navigation);\n# * {Navigation} -- how to navigate the tree you have, basic way\n#   (children, parents, siblings) and hi-level shortcuts way (like\n#   all unnumbered list items in second level-3 section);\n# * {Templates} -- the most advanced data extraction from wikipedia definitely\n#   needs your undestanding of this (rather complicated) topic.\n#\n# You also may be interested in (though may be never need to use them directly):\n#\n# * {MediaWiki} client class;\n# * {Parser} -- which, you know, parses.\n#\n# **NB** `Infoboxer` module can also be included in other classes, like\n# this:\n#\n# ```ruby\n# class MyDataGrabber\n#   include Infoboxer\n#\n#   def initialize\n#     wikipedia.get('Argentina')\n#   end\n# end\n# ```\n#\nmodule Infoboxer\n  # @private\n  WIKIA_API_URL = 'http://%s.wikia.com/api.php'\n\n  WIKIMEDIA_PROJECTS = {\n    wikipedia: 'wikipedia.org',\n    wikivoyage: 'wikivoyage.org',\n    wikiquote: 'wikiquote.org',\n    wiktionary: 'wiktionary.org',\n    wikibooks: 'wikibooks.org',\n    wikinews: 'wikinews.org',\n    wikiversity: 'wikiversity.org',\n    wikisource: 'wikisource.org'\n  }.freeze\n\n  WIKIMEDIA_COMMONS = {\n    commons: 'commons.wikimedia.org',\n    species: 'species.wikimedia.org',\n  }.freeze\n\n  def wikis\n    @wikis ||= {}\n  end\n\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wiki}\n  def wiki(api_url, **options)\n    wikis[api_url] ||= MediaWiki.new(api_url, **options)\n  end\n\n  class << self # rubocop:disable Lint/EmptyClass -- that's for YARD!\n    # @!method wiki(api_url, options = {})\n    # Default method for creating MediaWiki API client.\n    #\n    # @param api_url should be URL of api.php for your MediaWiki\n    # @param options list of options.\n    #   The only recognized option for now, though, is\n    #   * `:user_agent` (also aliased as `:ua`) -- custom User-Agent header.\n    # @return [MediaWiki] an instance of API client, which you can\n    #   further use like this:\n    #\n    #   ```ruby\n    #   Infoboxer.wiki('some_url').get('Some page title')\n    #   ```\n\n    # @!method wikipedia(lang = 'en', options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating Wikipedia client.\n    #\n    # @param lang two-character code for language version\n    # @param options (see #wiki for list of options)\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method commons(options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating [WikiMedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/) client.\n    #\n    # @param options (see #wiki for list of options)\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method wikibooks(lang = 'en', options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating [Wikibooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/) client.\n    # See {wikipedia} for params explanation.\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method wikiquote(lang = 'en', options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating [Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/) client.\n    # See {wikipedia} for params explanation.\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method wikiversity(lang = 'en', options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating [Wikiversity](https://en.wikiversity.org/) client.\n    # See {wikipedia} for params explanation.\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method wikisource(lang = 'en', options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating [Wikisource](https://en.wikisource.org/) client.\n    # See {wikipedia} for params explanation.\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method wikivoyage(lang = 'en', options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating [Wikivoyage](http://wikivoyage.org) client.\n    # See {wikipedia} for params explanation.\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method wikinews(lang = 'en', options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating [Wikinews](https://en.wikinews.org/) client.\n    # See {wikipedia} for params explanation.\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method species(options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating [Wikispecies](https://species.wikimedia.org/) client.\n    #\n    # @param options (see #wiki for list of options)\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method wiktionary(lang = 'en', options = {})\n    # Shortcut for creating [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/) client.\n    # See {wikipedia} for params explanation.\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n\n    # @!method wikia(*domains)\n    # Performs request to wikia.com wikis.\n    #\n    # @overload wikia(*domains)\n    #   @param *domains list of domains to merge, like this:\n    #\n    #     ```ruby\n    #     Infoboxer.wikia('tardis') # looks at tardis.wikia.com\n    #     Infoboxer.wikia('tardis', 'ru') # looks in Russian version, ru.tardis.wikia.com\n    #     ```\n    #     If you are surprised by \"reversing\" list of subdomains, think of\n    #     it as of chain of refinements (looking in \"tardis\" wiki, its \"ru\"\n    #     version, specifically).\n    #\n    # @overload wikia(*domains, options)\n    #   @param *domains same as above\n    #   @param options just last of params, if it is hash\n    #     (see {wiki} for list of options)\n    #\n    # @return [MediaWiki]\n  end\n\n  WIKIMEDIA_PROJECTS.each do |name, domain|\n    define_method name do |lang = 'en', **options|\n      lang, options = 'en', lang if lang.is_a?(Hash)\n\n      wiki(\"https://#{lang}.#{domain}/w/api.php\", **options)\n    end\n  end\n\n  alias_method :wp, :wikipedia\n\n  WIKIMEDIA_COMMONS.each do |name, domain|\n    define_method name do |**options|\n      wiki(\"https://#{domain}/w/api.php\", **options)\n    end\n  end\n\n  # Returns URL of API entry-point for a well-known Wiki-project (wikipedia, wikivoyage etc.)\n  # by project's name.\n  #\n  # @param symbol [Symbol] One of {WIKIMEDIA_PROJECTS} or {WIKIMEDIA_COMMONS} keys.\n  # @param lang [String, Symbol] Language of the project, if applicable.\n  # @return [String]\n  def url_for(symbol, lang = 'en')\n    if (domain = WIKIMEDIA_PROJECTS[symbol])\n      \"https://#{lang}.#{domain}/w/api.php\"\n    elsif (domain = WIKIMEDIA_COMMONS[symbol])\n      \"https://#{domain}/w/api.php\"\n    end\n  end\n\n  # @!method wikipedia(lang = 'en', options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wikipedia}\n\n  # @!method commons(options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.commons}\n\n  # @!method wikibooks(lang = 'en', options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wikibooks}\n\n  # @!method wikiquote(lang = 'en', options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wikiquote}\n\n  # @!method wikiversity(lang = 'en', options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wikiversity}\n\n  # @!method wikisource(lang = 'en', options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wikisource}\n\n  # @!method wikivoyage(lang = 'en', options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wikivoyage}\n\n  # @!method wikinews(lang = 'en', options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wikinews}\n\n  # @!method species(options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.species}\n\n  # @!method wiktionary(lang = 'en', options = {})\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wiktionary}\n\n  # Includeable version of {Infoboxer.wikia}\n  def wikia(*domains)\n    options = domains.last.is_a?(Hash) ? domains.pop : {}\n    wiki(WIKIA_API_URL % domains.reverse.join('.'), **options)\n  end\n\n  # Sets user agent string globally. Default user agent is\n  # {MediaWiki::UA}.\n  #\n  # User agent can also be rewriten as an option to {wiki} method (and\n  # its shortcuts like {wikipedia}), or by using {MediaWiki#initialize}\n  # explicitly.\n  #\n  def self.user_agent=(ua)\n    MediaWiki.user_agent = ua\n  end\n\n  extend self\nend\n\nrequire_relative 'infoboxer/version'\nrequire_relative 'infoboxer/core_ext'\n\nrequire_relative 'infoboxer/tree'\nrequire_relative 'infoboxer/parser'\nrequire_relative 'infoboxer/navigation'\nrequire_relative 'infoboxer/templates'\n\nrequire_relative 'infoboxer/media_wiki'\n\nrequire_relative 'infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org'\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "profile/out/.gitkeep",
    "content": ""
  },
  {
    "path": "profile/pages/argentina.txt",
    "content": "{{other uses}}\n\n{{pp-semi|small=yes}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}\n{{Infobox country\n|conventional_long_name = Argentine Republic{{efn-ua|name=altnames|Article 35 of the [[Argentine Constitution]] gives equal recognition to the names \"United Provinces of the River Plate\", \"Argentine Republic\" and \"Argentine Confederation\" and authorizes the use of \"Argentine Nation\" in the making and enactment of laws.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 35}}}}\n|native_name = {{native name|es|República Argentina}}\n|common_name = Argentina\n|image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg\n|image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg\n|national_motto = {{unbulleted list\n   |list_style=line-height:125%;\n   | {{native phrase|es|\"[[En unión y libertad]]\"|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\n   | {{small|(\"In Unity and Freedom\")}}\n }}\n|national_anthem = {{unbulleted list\n   |item1_style=line-height:125%;\n   |item2_style=line-height:125%;\n   |item3_style=margin-top:4px;\n   | {{native phrase|es|[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\n   | {{small|(\"Argentine National Anthem\")}}\n   | 
[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\n }}\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\n|other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \"In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the ″sun of May″ which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: \"The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on May 25, 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}
{{small|(Sun of May)}}\n|image_map = Argentina orthographic.svg\n|map_width = 220px\n|map_caption = {{resize|110%|Mainland Argentina shown in dark green, with [[#Foreign relations|territorial claims]] shown in light green}}\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\n|latd=34 |latm=36 |latNS=S |longd=58|longm=23 |longEW=W\n|largest_city = capital\n|official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\n|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list\n |\n  | 97% [[Argentines of European descent|European]]\n  | 3% [[Mestizo]], [[Indigenous peoples in Argentina|Amerindian]] and [[Asian Argentine|Asian]]\n }}\n|\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\n  |[[Argentine people|Argentine]]\n  |[[Argentine people|Argentinian]]\n  |{{nowrap|[[Argentine people|Argentinean]] {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\n }}\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\n|leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|President]]\n|leader_name1 = [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]\n|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|Vice President]]\n|leader_name2 = [[Amado Boudou]]\n|leader_title3 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court President]]\n|leader_name3 = [[Ricardo Lorenzetti]]\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\n|upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]\n|sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\n|sovereignty_note = from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declared]]\n|established_date2 = 9 July 1816\n|established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\n|established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Diplomatic recognition|Recognized]]}}\n|established_date4 = 29 April 1857\n|area_rank = 8th\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\n|area_km2 = 2780400\n|area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}), the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls|format=XLS|title=Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad. Superficie censada y densidad, según provincia. Total del país. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls|archivedate=8 June 2014|deadurl=no}}}}\n|percent_water = 1.57\n|population_estimate = 42,669,500{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls|format=XLS|title=Cuadro 1. Población estimada al 1 de julio de cada año calendario por sexo. Total del país. Años 2010–2040|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140608011629/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls|archivedate=8 June 2014|deadurl=no}}\n|population_estimate_rank =\n|population_estimate_year = 2014\n|population_census = 40,117,096\n|population_census_year = 2010\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\n|population_density_km2 = 14.4\n|population_density_rank = 212th\n|pop_den_footnote = \n|GDP_PPP = $953.029 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2013&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=68&pr.y=6|title=Argentina|work= World Economic Outlook Database |date=April 2015 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=30 April 2015}}\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2015\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,459\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 57th\n|GDP_nominal = $563.138 billion\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2015\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,271\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 54th\n|Gini_year = 2011 \n|Gini_change = decrease \n|Gini = 43.6 \n|Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate= 19 February 2015}}\n|Gini_rank =\n|HDI_year = 2013 \n|HDI_change = increase \n|HDI = 0.808 \n|HDI_ref = {{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2014 – Summary|format=PDF|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2014|pages=15, 16|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140727205555/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf|archivedate=27 July 2014|deadurl=no}}\n|HDI_rank = 49th\n|currency = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\n|currency_code = ARS\n|time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\n|utc_offset = −3\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]])\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\n|calling_code = [[+54]]\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}''[[De facto]]'' at all government levels.{{efn-ua|name=es|Though not declared official ''[[de jure]]'', the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.}} In addition, some provinces have official ''[[de jure]]'' languages:\n:{{,}}[[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] in [[Corrientes Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 de octubre de 2004}}\n:{{,}}[[Kom language (South America)|Kom]], [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]] and [[Wichi language|Wichi]], in [[Chaco Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 de julio de 2010}}\n|footnote_b = {{note|note-train}}Trains ride on left.\n}}\n\n'''Argentina''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|ˌ|ɑr|dʒ|ən|ˈ|t|iː|n|ə}}, officially the '''Argentine Republic'''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}} ({{lang-es|link=no|República Argentina}} {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina|}}) is a [[federal republic]] located in southeastern [[South America]]. Sharing the [[Southern Cone]] with its smaller neighbour [[Chile]], it is bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]] to the north; [[Brazil]] to the northeast; [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east; Chile to the west and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south.\n\nWith a mainland area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest country]] in the world, the second-largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one.\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland Islands]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Islas Malvinas}}), [[South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]].\n\nThe earliest recorded human presence in the area modern-day Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}} The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish]] colonization of the region beginning in 1512.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=: \"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and,in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\"|2a1=Sánchez Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196–197|2ps=: \"The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts.\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \"[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution.\"}} a Spanish overseas colony founded in 1776.\n\nThe [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]] and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810–1818) was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted until 1861, which culminated in the country's reorganization as a [[federation]] of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital city. From then on—while [[Immigration in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaped its cultural and demographic outlook—Argentina enjoyed an historically almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity: by the early 20th century it had already ranked as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed nation{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\n\nAfter 1930 Argentina descended into political instability and suffered periodic economic crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|publisher=The Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \"developing country\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20 March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=: \"Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view{{sfn|Huntington|2000|p=6}} include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina.\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \"The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations.\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=: \"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina.\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \"Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader.\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=: \"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=: \"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century.\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \"The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=: \"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina.\"}} Argentina has the third-largest economy in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]] and [[Organization of Ibero-American States|OEI]].\nBecause of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods ... Argentina's economy appears stable, but confidence in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26 October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as a [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]] with a [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\"very high\"]] rating on the [[Human Development Index]].\n\n==Name and etymology==\nThe name \"Argentina\" is derived from [[Latin]] ''argentum'' (\"silver\", ''plata'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), a noun associated with the [[Sierra de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\n\nThe first written use of the name can be traced to ''[[La Argentina (poem)|La Argentina]]'',{{efn-ua|The poem's full name is ''La Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos del Perú, Tucumán y estado del Brasil''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Martín del Barco Centenera]] describing the region and the foundation of Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\nAlthough \"Argentina\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country was formally named \"Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata\" by the Spanish Empire, and \"United Provinces of the Río de la Plata\" after independence.\n\nThe [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use of the name \"Argentine Republic\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\nThe name \"Argentine Confederation\" was also commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the country's name as \"Argentine Republic\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and that year's constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957, 1972 and 1994 (current)}}\n\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally called \"the Argentine\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''la Argentina''.{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5 March 2014|deadurl=no}} This fell out of fashion during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred to as \"Argentina\".\n\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \"Argentina\" is [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] (\"''La [República] Argentina''\"), taking the feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \"La\" as the initial syllable of \"Argentina\" is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm \"The Definite Article: Part II\"], Study Spanish\n\n==History==\n{{main|History of Argentina}}\n\n===Pre-Columbian era===\n{{main|Indigenous peoples in Argentina}}\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]] in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the cave's wall]]\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}\nUntil the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} which can be divided into three main groups:{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}}\n*Basic hunters and food gatherers without development of [[pottery]], like the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n*Advanced hunters and food gatherers like the [[Puelche]], [[Querandí]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelche]] in the south—all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]] spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}—and the [[Kom people (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north.\n*Farmers with pottery, like the [[Charrúa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaraní people|Guaraní]] in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around 1480; the [[Toconoté]] and [[Comechingones|Hênîa and Kâmîare]] in the country's center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n\n===Colonial era===\n{{main|Colonial Argentina}}\n{{see also|Spanish colonization of the Americas}}\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata]]]]\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish navigators [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]], which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–132}}\n\nFurther colonization efforts came from [[Paraguay]]—establishing the [[Governorate of the Río de la Plata]]—[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=96–140}}\n[[Francisco de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]] in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucumán]], in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south to re-fund Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\n\nThe [[Spanish Empire]] subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\n\nBuenos Aires repelled [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|two ill-fated British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]] generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country. As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}}\n\n===Independence and civil wars===\n{{main|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine Civil Wars}}\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|Portrait of General [[José de San Martin]], ''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]'' of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Martín holding the Argentine flag]]\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|2a1=Sánchez Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196–197|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]] replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}}\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution in Córdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82–83}}\n\nRevolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]—a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} The [[Assembly of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina's first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|Supreme Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}}\n\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucumán]] formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} One year later General [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]] stopped royalists on the north, and General [[José de San Martín]] took an army [[Crossing of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]]; then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349–353}}{{efn-ua|San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of [[Simón Bolívar]] in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185–252}}}} In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]] that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\n\nThe 1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the ''end of the Supreme Director rule''. In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}} Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}} During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the Río de la Plata|French blockade]] (1838–1840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836–1839), and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata|Anglo-French blockade]] (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46–47}} His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo José de Urquiza]], another powerful caudillo, [[Battle of Caseros|beat him out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48–50}}\n\n===Rise of the modern nation===\n{{main|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation of '80}}\n{{see also|Argentine–Chilean naval arms race|South American dreadnought race}}\n[[File:Museo del Bicentenario - \"Constituyentes de 1853\".jpg|thumb|200px|The representatives of the [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]], in the [[Constituent assembly]] for enactment of the [[Constitution of Argentina of 1853|Constitution]], 1853|alt=]]\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pavón]], [[Bartolomé Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicolás Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}}\n\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]] in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European immigration]] they promoted—second only to the United States'—led to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed nation{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\nDriven by this [[immigration]] wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina's [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} placing Argentina as one of the world's top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public, compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]] grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]] between 1862 to 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}}\n*By 1865 Argentina was already one of the top 25 nations by per capita income.\n*By 1901 it had risen to 10th place—ahead of Germany, Austria and France.\n*By 1908 it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and The Netherlands to reach 7th place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina's per capita income was 70% higher than Italy's, 90% higher than Spain's, 180% higher than Japan's and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]'s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\nDespite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567–625}} after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s, a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the 1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37–38}}\n\nIn 1912, President [[Roque Sáenz Peña]] enacted [[Saenz Peña Law|universal and secret male suffrage]], which allowed [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]] (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to family farmers and small businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, influenced by the [[Great Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}}\n\n===Infamous Decade===\n{{main|Infamous Decade}}\n[[File:El General Roca ante el Congreso Nacional.jpg|thumb|200px|President [[Julio Argentino Roca]] giving his constitutionally mandated annual report to Congress, 1886|alt=]]\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine coup d'état|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[José Félix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d'état]] marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the country back into underdevelopment.\n\nUriburu ruled for two years; then [[Agustín Pedro Justo]] was elected with fraud,{{clarify|date=October 2014}} and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British support but was rejected by the [[United States]] after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of '43|military coup toppled the government]], and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Perón]], was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]], and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=181–302}}\n\n===Peronism===\n{{main|Peronism}}\n[[File:Museo del Bicentenario - \"Retrato de Juan Domingo Perón y Eva Duarte\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo Perón]] and his wife [[Eva Perón]], 1948|alt=]]\nPerón created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]] strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions, paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His highly popular wife, [[Eva Perón]], played a central political role. She pushed Congress to enact [[women suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer the following year. Perón [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revolución Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]] in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–351}}\n\nThe new head of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept organized underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353–379}} He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency, reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet his efforts to stay in good terms with Peronists and the military earned him the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}} But Senate Chief [[José María Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Onganía]]-led coup d'état called the [[Argentine Revolution]], a new military government that sought to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}}\n\n===Dirty War===\n{{main|Dirty War}}\nThe 'Dirty War ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}}) was the name used by the Argentine Government for a period of [[state terrorism]] in Argentina against political dissidents, with military and security forces conducting urban and rural guerrilla violence against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to be associated with socialism.''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina,'' Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo,'' Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq= \"Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\"], ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune,'' 7 March 1976 Victims of the violence included an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|publisher=}} and alleged sympathizers.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html \"Orphaned in Argentina's dirty war, man is torn between two families\"], ''The Washington Post'', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \"disappeared\" were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People's Revolutionary Army]] (ERP).[http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html \"El ex líder de los Montoneros entona un «mea culpa» parcial de su pasado\"], ''El Mundo'', 4 May 1995{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713 |title=A 32 años de la caída en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho y la Dirección Histórica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[http://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960–1990)'']', Wolfgang S. Heinz & Hugo Frühling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''National Geographic Magazine'' article in the mid-1980s.''National Geographic'', Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina's Dirty War Can Teach Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20 October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\n[[File:Raúl Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Raúl Alfonsín]], first democratically elected president following the [[National Reorganization Process|military government]], .|alt=]]\n\nDeclassified documents of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batallón de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \"disappeared\" between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \"disappeared\" in the form of PEN (''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'', anglicized as \"National Executive Power\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''Political Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina,'' Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The number of people believed to have been killed or \"disappeared,\" depending on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983, when the military was forced from power following Argentina's defeat in the [[Falklands War]].[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin Obituary] ''The Guardian'', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}} The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm \"Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos\"], ''Clarin'', 10 June 2003\n\nAfter democratic government was restored, Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims' families. Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones during the military dictatorship.Wright, Thomas C. ''State terrorism in Latin America'', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007\n\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]] is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and Marxist paramilitary as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Martínez de Perón]]'s \"annihilation decrees\" against left-wing guerrillas during ''[[Operativo Independencia]]'' (translates to Operation of Independence) in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty War.\n\nOnganía shut down Congress, banned all political parties and dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two massive protests: the ''[[Cordobazo]]'' and the ''[[Rosariazo]]''. The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro Agustín Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let [[Héctor José Cámpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of Perón. Cámpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March 1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members and then secured Perón's return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=423–465}}\n\nOn the day Perón returned to Argentina, the clash between Peronist internal factions—[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]] youth from Montoneros—resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. Cámpora resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Perón won the [[Argentine general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third wife [[Isabel Martínez de Perón|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76–77}} and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[José López Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against them and the [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People's Revolutionary Army]] (ERP).\nPerón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \"annihilate\" the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping ERP's attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}} [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Perón was ousted]] one year later by a junta of the three armed forces, led by army general  [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''Proceso''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=467–504}}\n\nThe ''Proceso'' shut down Congress, removed the judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated, ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]], which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}}); within two months Argentina was defeated by the [[United Kingdom]]. [[Reynaldo Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–532}}\n\n===Contemporary era===\n{{main|Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)|Kirchnerism}}\n[[File:Cristina Fernandez Comandante en Jefe.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], president of Argentina since 2007|alt=]]\n[[Raúl Alfonsín]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for [[human rights]] violations during the ''Proceso'': the [[Trial of the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's leaders but, under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29 de diciembre de 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 de junio de 1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots forced Alfonsín to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–549}}\n\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}} a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]], [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Alfonsín's government. The [[1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} led by [[Fernando de la Rúa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}}\n\nDe la Rúa kept Menem's economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]], generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December 2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575–587}} Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated the fixed exchange rate established by Menem.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}} By the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recess, but the assassination of two ''[[piquetero]]s'' by the police caused political commotion, prompting Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[Néstor Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=587–595}}\n\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]] with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}} [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 de septiembre de 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 de abril de 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas' crimes. He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife, senator [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\n\n==Geography==\n{{main|Geography of Argentina}}\n[[File:Cerro torre 1987.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Cerro Torre]] is one of the mountains of the [[Southern Patagonian Ice Field]] |alt=]]\nWith a mainland surface area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52|ps=: \"The Andes Mountains form the \"backbone\" of Argentina along the western border with Chile.\"}} Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31 October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal border over the [[Río de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} long.\n\nArgentina's highest point is Mount [[Aconcagua]] in the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina|trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas|archivedate=23 July 2013|deadurl=no}} also the highest point in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\nThe lowest point is [[Laguna del Carbón]] in the ''San Julián Great Depression'' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27 March 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence of the [[Río Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and Río Mojinete rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San Pío]] in [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\nThe maximum north–south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while the maximum east–west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\n\nSome of the major rivers are the [[Paraná River|Paraná]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]—which join to form the Río de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado River, Argentina|Salado]], [[Río Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]], the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\n\n===Regions===\n{{main|Regions of Argentina}}\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''precordillera'', filled with narrow valleys or ''quebradas'' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}} and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n* [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] wedge covering the western ''Paraná Plateau'' and neighbouring lowlands enclosed by the Paraná and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\n* [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying, gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia and the Andes.\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\n* [[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]], to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\n* [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east, moister cold [[grassland]]s to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\n\nCamino a las Sierras de Córdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\nCasa y montaña.jpg |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\nTierracolorada.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\nFormosa Argentina.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\nViñedos de Mendoza.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\nPaso San Francisco 2.jpg|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\nQuebrada de Cafayate.JPG|Northwest [[Calchaquí Valleys|Valleys]]\nRío Bermejo frontera Bolivia (izq.) y Argentina (dcha).jpg|Northwest [[Yungas]]\nPerito Moreno Glacier (5469843641).jpg| western [[Patagonia]]\nEl Chaltén.jpg|eastern Patagonia\n\n\n===Biodiversity===\n{{main|Environment of Argentina}}\n{{double image|right|Paso de la Oveja, Tierra del Fuego National Park.jpg|210|Cyanocorax chrysops -Iguazu National Park, Argentina-8a (1).jpg|210|
The [[Patagonia|Eastern Patagonia]] consisting mostly in moister cold grasslands.
|
[[Plush-crested jay]], typical bird in [[Iguazu National Park|Iguazú]].
}}\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19 October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]] varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic region are all represented in its territory.\nThis huge ecosystem variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world's largest:{{cite web|url=|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes marine mammals.}}\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species (ranked 16th)\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\n\n===Climate===\n{{main|Climate of Argentina}}\nAlthough the most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina has an exceptional climate diversity, ranging from tropical in the north{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=22}} to [[subarctic climate|subpolar]] in the far continental south.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=5}}\nClimate patterns roughly follow the geographic regional division:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv}}\n* The Northwest climate is varied, with rainfall diminishing north to south and east to west:{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Puna, to the high Andean west, is dry and with great temperature fluctuation but cold overall, frequently falling below freezing point at night;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Yungas, to the east, are tropical, very hot and moist.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=11}}\n{{double image|right|Iguaçu Falls - Ponto de Observação.JPG|200|PeritoMoreno002.jpg|224|
[[Tropical climate]] in [[Iguazú Falls]], [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]].
|
[[Subpolar climate]] in [[El Calafate]], Western [[Patagonia]].
}}\n* Mesopotamia is subtropical overall, with hot and very humid tropical climate in the north,{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=203}} and gradually becoming temperate and semi-humid to the south.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=6}}\n* Gran Chaco has very hot subtropical to tropical climate,{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=22|ps=: \"In [[Rivadavia (Chaco)|Rivadavia]], a small town in [[Chaco Province]], temperatures have reached {{convert|49|C|0|abbr=on}}. [As of 2009 this] is the highest temperature ever recorded in South America.\"}} and humid summers with mild drier winters. With heavy seasonal rainfalls,{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=6}} it is subject to periodic droughts.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|pp=56–57}}\n* Cuyo is generally mild, although mountainous areas have [[alpine climate]] with temperatures below freezing much of the year.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=17}}\n* Pampas and Sierras Pampeanas are temperate, with hot, stormy summers and cool winters; moisture is higher in the east.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\n* Patagonia is very windy, with mild summers and cold{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} to very cold winters{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=25|ps=: \"[Sarmiento, the] small town in the [[Chico River Canyon]] of [[Chubut Province]] holds [as of 2009] the record for the lowest temperature in South America, a bone chilling {{convert|-27.22|C|0|abbr=on}}.\"}} with heavy snowfall and frost,{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} especially in mountainous zones.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=73}} Precipitation steeply diminishes from west to east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=7}}\n\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding. It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\nThe [[Zonda wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''viento blanco'') conditions usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\n\n==Politics==\n{{main|Politics of Argentina}}\n\n===Government===\n{{main|Government of Argentina}}\n{| class=\"toccolours\" style=\"float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #ddd solid;\"\n|+ '''Government of Argentina'''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Argentine National Congress (Pedestrians digitally removed) (8081437098).jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Palace of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]]
Seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]]\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Casa de Gobierno 002.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Casa Rosada]]
Workplace of the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Palacio de Justicia de la Nación 02.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Palace of Justice (Argentina)|Palace of Justice]]
[[Argentine Supreme Court|Supreme Court]]\n|}\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country's supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages 16 and 17.{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|publisher=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D. C.|date=1 November 2012|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}}}}\n\nThe federal government is composed of three branches:\n* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}}\n** The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45, 47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70.\n** The Chamber of Senators represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women.\n* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: The [[President of Argentina|President]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law—subject to Congressional override—and appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]] by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\n* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President—subject to Senate approval—who serve for life. The lower courts' judges are proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]] (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers, the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\n\n===Provinces===\n{{main|Provinces of Argentina}}\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by population}}\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\nArgentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]], except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes of Buenos Aires|communes]].\n\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 5–6}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures, while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]], and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\n\nDuring the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]]. The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen provinces became fourteen.\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\n\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\nThe agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\n{{clear}}\n\n===Foreign relations===\n{{main|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\n[[File:Diplomatic missions of Argentina.png|thumb|250px|Argentine diplomatic missions:\n
\n{{legend4|#22b14c|Argentina}}\n{{legend4|#2f3699|Nations hosting a resident diplomatic mission}}\n{{legend4|#b9b9b9|Nations without a resident diplomatic mission}}\n
]]\nForeign policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\n\nAn historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15, 92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm|title=Argentina in Brief – Foreign Policy|publisher=Embassy of Argentina in Australia|place=Canberra|year=2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm|archivedate=26 April 2013|deadurl=no}}\nThe country is one of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo 'Symbol of Argentina's Commitment to Peace'|publisher=United Nations – Secretary General|place=New York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5 June 2012|deadurl=no}}\n\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the former president Néstor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary General]].\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block—which has some supranational legislative functions—is its first international priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\n\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}} in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world's oldest [[Orcadas Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundación Marambio|place=Buenos Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2 December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]], though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]], of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member, with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS – Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}}\n\nArgentina [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\n\n===Armed forces===\n{{main|Armed Forces of Argentina}}\n{| class=\"toccolours\" style=\"float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #ddd solid;\"\n|+ '''Argentine Armed Forces'''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Tanque TAM.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Argentine Army]] 
[[Tanque Argentino Mediano|TAM VCA 155 Palmaria]]\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:B52ARAHercules.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Argentine Navy]]
[[ARA Hércules (B-52)]]\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Argentina Air Force McDonnell Douglas A-4AR Fightinghawk Lofting-2.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Argentine Air Force]]
[[Lockheed Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk|A-4AR Fightinghawk]]\n|}\n\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 de mayo de 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 – Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17 de enero de 1992}}\n* The [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 125–126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]], the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina – Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3 November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean – Argentina|publisher=RESDAL – Red de Seguridad y Defensa de América Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8 May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized around the essential principle of legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing a sub-regional defense system.\n:[[Military service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina – Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3 November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina's defense has historically been one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65–86}} However, real military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina – Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi – SIPRI – Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6 September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\n* The [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]] and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and the [[Airport Security Police]].{{cite Argentine law|d=18711 – Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 de junio de 1970}} At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\n\n==Economy==\n{{main|Economy of Argentina}}\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\nBenefiting from rich [[natural resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base, and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin America's third-largest.{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7 March 2014|deadurl=no}} It has a [[List of countries by Human Development Index|\"very high\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work= World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]] size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\n\n[[File:Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2014-11-22 WTourAR AA 30.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Puerto Madero]], Buenos Aires]]\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]] and one of the world's top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25 July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}} Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however, its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating with severe recessions, income maldistribution and—in the recent decades—increasing poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world's seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady decline and now it's just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data–Argentina|publisher=World Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4 April 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\nHigh [[inflation]]—a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades—has become a trouble once again, with rates in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|work=Reuters|place=London|date=25 April 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5 March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina|title=Official statistics: Don't lie to me, Argentina|work=The Economist|place=London|date=25 February 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina|archivedate=7 December 2013|deadurl=no}} [[Income distribution]], having improved since 2002, is classified as \"medium\", still considerably unequal.\n\nArgentina ranks 102nd out of 178 countries in the [[Transparency International]]'s 2012 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite web|url=http://files.transparency.org/content/download/537/2229/file/2012_CPI_brochure_EN.pdf|format=PDF|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2012|publisher=Transparency International|year=2012}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina's payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \"Vulture funds\" the full value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31 July 2014|publisher=''Argentina News.Net''}}\n\n===Industry===\n{{main|Industry in Argentina}}\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP—the largest goods-producing sector in the nation's economy.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls|format=XLS|title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad|publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls|archivedate=10 April 2014|deadurl=no}} Well-integrated into Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\n\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in 2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10 March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector is organized around a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3 December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing|title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing|publisher=Digital Guardian|place=Port of Spain|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing|archivedate=9 November 2013|deadurl=no}}\n\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather; [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery; home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world. However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor] The ILAB's ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'' clearly shows that Argentina's [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]] relies heavily on such practices.\n\nCórdoba is Argentina's major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]] area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]] (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and tanning); San Miguel de Tucumán (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicolás de los Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bahía Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina – Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27 September 2013|deadurl=no}}\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting, and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuquén (wineries and fruit processing); Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\n\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}} totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA – International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130803085612/http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|archivedate=3 August 2013|deadurl=no}}\n\n===Tourism===\n{{Main|Tourism in Argentina}}\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin America]] after [[Mexico]].{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion in 2012. The country's capital city, [[Buenos Aires]], is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos|title=México DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos turísticos favoritos|publisher=Infobae América|language=Spanish|date=June 2011|accessdate=19 December 2012}}\n\n{{double image|right|CerroCastor01.jpg|240|04 - San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina).jpg|217|
[[Cerro Castor]] in [[Ushuaia]], the commonly regarded as the [[southernmost city in the world]].
|
[[Bariloche]], the city emerged as a major tourism centre with ski, trekking and [[mountaineering]] facilities.
}}\n\nTourist destinations:\n* Autonomous City of [[Tourism in Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], the capital of the Nation.\n* [[Iguazú National Park]], waterfalls and jungle.\n* [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], Andes mountains and main wine producing region.\n* [[Bariloche]], the largest ski centre in Latin America, and [[Villa La Angostura]].\n* [[Los Alerces National Park]] in central Patagonia.\n* [[Los Glaciares National Park]], glaciers.\n* [[Ushuaia]], southernmost city in the world.\n* [[Mar del Plata]], seaside beach resort.\n* [[Salta Province|Salta]], Inca and colonial sites in [[Quebrada de Humahuaca|Humahuaca]], the [[Calchaquí Valleys]], [[Iruya]], [[Pucará de Tilcara|Tilcara]], and other cities of the North.\n* [[Valdes Peninsula]], sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals, Magellanic penguins and Southern right whales.\n* [[Sierras de Córdoba]], mild climate and landscapes ranging from the bucolic and wild.\n* [[Ischigualasto]], strange landscape where there is a shortage of vegetation and more varied palette of soils.\n* [[El Chaltén]], mountain village and [[El Calafate]], city with beautiful attractions and ski centers.\n\n\n{{wide image|43 - Iguazu - Décembre 2007.jpg|1300px|[[Iguazu Falls]], Misiones, in [[Argentina-Brazil relations|Argentina-Brazil border]], is the second most popular destination for foreign tourists who come to Argentina. The waterfalls are in 80% in the Argentine side, and only 20% belonging to Brazil.}}\n\n===Transport===\n{{main|Transport in Argentina}}\n[[File:Buenos Aires Subte station Peru.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Vintage [[Line A (Buenos Aires Underground)|Line A]] station entrance of [[Buenos Aires Underground]].]]\n[[File:Línea Mitre Retiro.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Electric train for the [[Mitre Line]] in [[Retiro railway station]].]]\n\nArgentina has the largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}}, out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina – Railways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7 April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina – Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27 September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]] in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s: regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting 1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km Desde hoy, toda la línea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February, 2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/ Exitosa prueba en la renovada vía a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March, 2015 In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]], effectively re-nationalising the country's railways, a move which saw support from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía] - Pagina/12, 16 April 2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/ Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April 2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación] - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April 2015\n\n{{As of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia, and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}} of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina – Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14 October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La Plata Highway|Buenos Aires–La Plata]], [[Rosario-Córdoba Highway|Rosario–Córdoba]], Córdoba–Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes–Mendoza, [[National Route 14|National Route 14 ''General José Gervasio Artigas'']] and [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''Juan Manuel Fangio'']], among others.\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the railway system.\n\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina – Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1 November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Zárate, Buenos Aires|Zárate]], [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]] and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\nSome of the largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]–[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]], Bahía Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequén]]–[[Necochea]], [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and [[San Antonio Oeste]].\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant: stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paraná river shore in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}} accounted for 50% of all exports.\n\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were 161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina – Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1 November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand. The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport|Cataratas del Iguazú]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24–25}}\n\n===Media and communications===\n{{main|Communications in Argentina}}\n[[File:Estudio Pais1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|\"''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of the Argentines''\" in [[TV Pública Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]], the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\nPrint media industry is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The major national ones include ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'' (centrist, Latin America's best-seller and the second most widely circulated in the Spanish-speaking world), ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]'' (center-right, published since 1870), ''[[Página/12]]'' (leftist, founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America's most prestigious English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''[[La Voz del Interior]]'' (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and the ''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'' (German weekly, liberal, published since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\n\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the world's first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Parsifal]]'' was aired by a team of medical students led by [[Enrique Telémaco Susini]] in Buenos Aires' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23 May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina–Infraestructura|publisher=Mi Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23 July 2013|deadurl=no}}\n\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]] industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC – Latin American Network Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13 November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the country's households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetración TV paga en hogares 2014 – Argentina|publisher=LAMAC – Latin American Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2 May 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South America|publisher=IWS–ITU – Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2 April 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\n===Science and technology===\n{{Main|Science and technology in Argentina}}\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|Argentine [[satellite]] [[SAC-D]], launched in 2011.]]\nArgentines have three Nobel Prize laureates in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them, discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating [[glucose]] in animals. [[César Milstein]] did extensive research in [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully implanted in a human being in 1969. [[René Favaloro]] developed the techniques and performed the world's first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass surgery]].\n\nArgentina's nuclear programme has been highly successful. In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]]. This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina's nuclear programme conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s; since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title= Brazil and Argentina's Nuclear Cooperation|author= Argüello, Irma |date= 8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}} As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation efforts{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global nuclear security.{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2014}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]], finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php |title= Atucha III se construirá con un 60% de componentes nacionales |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino| language= Spanish}}{{dead link|date=August 2014}} [[File:El Arianne 5 despegando.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|Argentine satellite [[ARSAT-1 ]] launched in October, 2014 from the [[Guiana Space Centre]].]]\n\nDespite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr. [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]] as well as [[René Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]], an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\n\nSpace research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]], the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |title='Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento 24}}{{dead link|date=August 2014}}  Argentina has its own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991, the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,[http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html satellites]{{dead link|date=August 2014}}. CONAE. Retrieved on 25 October 2012. in June 2009, secured an agreement with the [[European Space Agency]] on for the installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]], the world's foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre Auger Observatory}} The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research projects. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670 Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved on 25 October 2012.\n\n==Demographics==\n{{Main|Demographics of Argentina}}\n{{See also|Argentine people}}\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|[[Balvanera]], filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}}, Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite web|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015|work=Gustavo Pérez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{dead link|date=August 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas|language=Spanish|publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/| archivedate= 15 June 2011 | deadurl= no}} Argentina ranks third in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually, with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|title=Argentina|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090830153530/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html| archivedate= 30 August 2009 | deadurl= no}}\n\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America's lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in [[Spain]] or [[Italy]], compared here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.'' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]] at birth is 77.14 years.\n\nArgentina became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date= 15 July 2010|accessdate=15 July 2010 | first=Juan | last=Forero}} It was the tenth country to allow [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}\n\n===Ethnography===\n{{main|Ethnography of Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\n[[File:Norwegian Argentine kids.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Norwegian-Argentine children, during the celebration of the National Day of [[Norway]].]]\n[[File:Europeans in Argentina (1914).svg|thumb|200px|Percent of European-born people in Argentina, by provinces and territories, according to the 1914 Argentine Census]]\nAs with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]], [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], it is considered that Argentina is a country of immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}{{cite pmid|7815439}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669|title=About Argentina|publisher=Government of Argentina| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669| archivedate= 19 September 2009 | deadurl= no}} Argentines usually refer to the country as a ''crisol de razas'' (crucible of races, or [[melting pot]]).\n\nDuring the 18th and 19th centuries especially, Argentina was the country with the second biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the [[USA]] in the numbers of immigrants received (27 millions) and ahead of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\n\nStrikingly, at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief is endured in the popular saying ''\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\"'' (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850–1955),{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fernández, Francisco Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants came from [[Italy]] and [[Spain]].\n \n− [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf Capítulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS – Informe 1998 The majority of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups with an Italian majority (55% of Argentines have [[Italian people|Italian]] origins), followed by [[Spanish people|Spanish]] plurality. An estimated 17% of the population also have [[French people|French]] origins, and 8% descend from [[German people|German]]s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}\n \nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]] and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[White people]], just like in the [[USA]] Census). The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community that traces back to the early 20th century also exists.\n\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist Daniel Corach, has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed by 79% from different European, mainly Italian and Spanish ethnicity, 18% of different ethnicities Native American, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups, and 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was Indian.[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA - Corach - 2009 - Annals of Human Genetics - Wiley Online Library][http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 número2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004]\n\nFrom the 1970s, immigration has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm \"El varieté de la calle Florida\"] (Editorial) – [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas —so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior – Sociedad – |publisher=Perfil.com}}\n\n===Languages===\n{{main|Languages of Argentina}}\n[[File:Dialectos del español en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\nThe ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|name=es}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\nThe country is the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs ''[[voseo]]'', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''vos'' instead of ''tú'' (\"you\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\nDue to the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions, although the prevalent dialect is ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'', primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to [[Neapolitan language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107–119}} Italian and other European immigrants influenced ''[[Lunfardo]]''—the regional slang—permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\n\nThere are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\n* English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called ''[[cocoliche]]'', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century.}}\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''.}}\n* [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25–26, 49–50}}\n* [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''de jure'') and Misiones.\n* [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\n* [[Quechua language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[Wichí languages|Wichí]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]], it is official ''de jure''.\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]], by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]], by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]], in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\n\n===Religion===\n{{main|Religion in Argentina}}\n[[File:Papa Francisco en Canonizazion de Juan XXIII y Juan Pablo II.PNG|thumb|200px|[[Pope Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised in Argentina.|alt=]]\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}} it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a differential status.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – Argentina|publisher=US Department of State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12 April 2014|deadurl=no}}}}\n\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines are 76.5% Catholic, 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s; 1.2% follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=9}}\n\nThe country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]] and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}} Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\n\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=21}} 23.8% of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and 26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=24}}\n\nOn 13 March 2013, Argentine [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Jorge Mario Bergoglio]] was elected as [[Pope of the Catholic Church]] and took the name \"Francis\", becoming the first pope from the [[Americas]] and from the Southern Hemisphere, the first non-European pope in 1272 years, and the first [[Jesuit]] one.{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The New York Times|publisher=|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26 March 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\n===Urbanization===\n{{see also|List of cities in Argentina by population}}\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2 November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population.\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484|title=About Argentina – Major Cities|publisher=Government of Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|date=19 September 2009| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484| archivedate=19 September 2009|deadurl=yes}}\n\nThe metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\n\nThe population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21% of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province. The provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have 3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucumán is the only Argentine province more densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language = Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\n\n===Education===\n{{main|Education in Argentina}}\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\nThe Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El Sistema Educativo – Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26 February 2014|deadurl=no}}\n* An initial level for children between 45 days to 5 years old, with the last year being compulsory.\n* An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Población de 10 años y más por condición de alfabetismo y sexo, según provincia. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26 February 2014|deadurl=no}}\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total del país. Población de 5 años y más que asistió a un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educación alcanzado y completud del nivel, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26 February 2014|deadurl=no}}\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]] across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9 February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de Córdoba|Córdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]], [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological University]] are some of the most important.\n\nThe Argentine state guarantees universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across all educational stages.\n\n===Health care===\n{{Main|Health care in Argentina}}\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av Córdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country's 3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/ |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/| archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\nHealth care is provided through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''Obras Sociales''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over 300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\n\nThere are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf ESTADISTICAS VITALES – INFORMACION BASICA AÑO 2008]. Ministry of Health (December 2009)[http://undata.un.org/ UNData] The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations': from 1953 to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23% of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from 7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]] diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''\n\nThe availability of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live births in 1948''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics. 1997''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\n\n==Culture==\n{{main|Culture of Argentina}}\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural country]] with significant European influences. Its cities are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of conscious imitation of European styles in fashion, architecture and design.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\n\n===Literature===\n{{main|Argentine literature}}\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic image showing the four photographs]]\nAlthough Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence with [[Esteban Echeverría]]'s ''[[El Matadero]]'', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]] landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]]' ''[[Martín Fierro]]'' and the elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]'s masterpiece, ''[[Facundo]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\n\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]] movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo Güiraldes]]'s ''[[Don Segundo Sombra]]'' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\n\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]], Argentina's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''[[Ficciones]]'' and ''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'' are among his most famous books. He was a friend and collaborator with [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''[[The Invention of Morel]]''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\n[[Julio Cortázar]], one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}}\n\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Martínez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel Mujica Láinez]], [[Ernesto Sábato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo Walsh]], [[María Elena Walsh]], [[Tomás Eloy Martínez]], [[Manuel Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66, 85, 97–121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=Díaz|3y=2010|3pp=22, 91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51–54}}\n\n===Music===\n{{main|Music of Argentina}}\n[[File:Gardel.jpg|thumb|200px|Argentine singer and songwriter [[Carlos Gardel]], perhaps the most prominent figure in the [[history of tango]]
[[:File:Carlos Gardel - Por Una Cabeza.ogg|''Por una Cabeza'']][[File:Carlos Gardel - Por Una Cabeza.ogg|noicon|196px|Por una Cabeza. Tango|alt=One of Gardel's most famous compositions]]
|alt=Black and white photograph of Gardel]]\n[[Tango]], a ''[[Río de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'' musical genre with European and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina's international cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\nThe golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]] in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]], [[Aníbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan d'Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Ástor Piazzolla]] popularized ''[[Nuevo tango]]'', a subtler and more intellectual trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\nTango enjoys worldwide popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and [[Tanghetto]].\n\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer; [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]], pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director; [[José Cura]] and [[Marcelo Álvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s [[Jorge Donn]], [[José Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], [[Maximiliano Guerra]], [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela Núñez]], [[Iñaki Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\n\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\n\nThe [[romantic ballad]] genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de América]].\n\n[[Argentine rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\nFounding bands like [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]] were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]] and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andrés Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto Spinetta]], [[Charly García]], [[Fito Paez]] and [[León Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\n\n[[Tenor saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \"Gato\" Barbieri]] and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\n\n===Theatre and cinema===\n{{main|Theatre in Argentina|Cinema of Argentina}}\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Teatro Colón]],  the third best opera house in the world.|alt=View of the theatre's stage]]\nBuenos Aires is one of the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|publisher=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19 April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558|title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City|publisher=Radar Magazine|date=10 February 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558|archivedate=3 May 2013|deadurl=no}} with a scene of international caliber centered around [[Corrientes Avenue]], \"the street that never sleeps\", sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics are considered among the world's top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}{{efn-ua|The other top venues being Berlin's [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna's [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam's [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston's [[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}}} Other important theatrical venues include [[Teatro General San Martín]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]] in La Plata, [[Teatro El Círculo|El Círculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]] in Córdoba.\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the most prominent Argentine playwrights.\n\nDevelopment of Argentine cinema started in 1896; by the early 1930s it had already become Latin America's leading film producer, a place it kept until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}}\nThe world's first [[list of animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28 September 2013|deadurl=no}}\n\nArgentine films have achieved worldwide recognition: the country has won fourteen [[Goya Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film]]—being by far the most awarded—and is also the only Latin American country that has won an [[Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film]], with ''[[The Official Story]]'' (1985) and ''[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]'' (2009).\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] nods.\nMany other Argentine films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]'' (1984), ''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'' (1986), ''[[A Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'' (1992), ''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]'' (1997), ''[[Nine Queens]]'' (2000), ''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]'' (2002), ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'' (2004), ''[[The Aura]]'' (2005), ''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'' (2011) and ''[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'' (2014) being some of them.\n\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market Study – Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11 June 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\n===Visual arts===\n{{See also|Argentine painting}}\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|200px|Detail of ''The Nereids Fountain'' by [[Lola Mora]].|alt=Carrara marble sculpture showing the Nereids helping the birth of Venus]]\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are [[Cándido López]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Naïve art|Naïve style]]); [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]] and [[Eduardo Sívori]] ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[Pío Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós]] ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barragán]] ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]); [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Košice]] ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative art]]); [[Juan Del Prete]] ([[Futucubism]]); [[Luis Seoane]], [[Carlos Torrallardona]], [[Luis Aquino (painter)|Luis Aquino]], and [[Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez]] ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]] ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tomás Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract art]]); [[León Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minujín]] ([[Conceptual art]]); and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\n\nIn 1946 Gyula Košice and others created The [[Madí Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}\nTomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential globally.\n\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]], whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito Quinquela Martín]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\n\nInternationally laureate sculptors [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\n\n===Architecture===\n{{main|Architecture of Argentina}}\n{{Multiple image\n|align =left\n|direction=vertical\n|width =210\n|image1=190 - Buenos Aires - Galerias Pacifico - Janvier 2010.jpg\n|caption1=\n|image2=Galerías Pacífico.jpg\n|caption2=''Argentine Bon Marché'', inside of [[Galerías Pacífico]].\n}}\nThe colonization brought the [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler ''Rioplatense'' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San Ignacio Miní]], the [[Cathedral of Córdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral of Córdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luján. Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]] overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23 January 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched their own country's cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]] and [[Viktor Sulčič]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]] were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[César Pelli]]'s and [[Patricio Pouchulu]]'s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities worldwide: Pelli's 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made him one of the world's most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]] and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\n\n===Cuisine===\n{{main|Argentine cuisine}}\n[[File:Bife de chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''[[asado]]'', a traditional dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\nBesides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]] creations, including ''[[empanada]]s'' (a small stuffed pastry), ''[[locro]]'' (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''[[humita]]'' and ''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199, 221}}\n\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|publisher=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee, WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2 December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''[[asado]]'', the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including ''[[chorizo]]'', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\n\nCommon desserts include ''[[facturas]]'' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]] pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''[[dulce de leche]]'' (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''[[alfajor]]es'' (shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate, ''dulce de leche'' or a fruit paste), and ''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80, 143}}\n\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world's finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|date=|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11 December 2012|deadurl=no}} is an integral part of the local menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torrontés]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230, 252, 261–262, 265}}\n\n===Sport===\n{{main|Sport in Argentina}}\n[[File:Messi in Germany and Argentina face off in the final of the World Cup 2014 -2014-07-13 (24).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Lionel Messi]], four times [[FIFA Ballon d'Or]] winner, is the current captain of the [[Argentina national football team]]]]\nArgentina has a varied sporting culture, with a rich story among the world's elite in several disciplines, including:\n* ''[[Pato]]'': the [[national sport]],{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 de septiembre de 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php|title=Pato, Argentina's national sport|work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina|publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|date=18 November 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php|archivedate=6 July 2011|deadurl=no|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}\n* [[Association Football|Football]]: {{as of|2014|lc=y}} the [[Argentina national football team|men's national team]] is, along with France's, the only to have won the most important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa América|Copas América]], 6 [[Football at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are among the best players in the game's history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\n* [[Rugby Union|Rugby]]: {{as of|2014|lc=y}} the [[Argentina national rugby union team|men's national team]], known as 'Los Pumas' has competed at the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012 Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men's national 'A' team]] known as the 'Los Jaguares' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]] & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] 'A' teams along with [[Uruguay national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]], The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\n* [[Auto racing]]: [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo Gálvez]], [[Juan Gálvez]], [[Froilán González]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171, 195}}\n* [[Basketball]]: {{as of|2014|lc=y}} the [[Argentina national basketball team|men's national team]] is the only one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – ''Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball'' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16 June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Ginóbili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andrés Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]] and [[Juan Ignacio Sánchez]] are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n* [[Boxing]]: Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for the sport, including [[Carlos Monzón]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11|last=Fischer|first=Doug|title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years|publisher=The Ring|place=Blue Bell, PA, USA|date=30 September 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11|archivedate=15 June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers of all times; [[Víctor Galíndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino Locche]], nicknamed \"The Untouchable\" for his masterful defense; they are all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–165}}\n* [[Tennis]]: [[Guillermo Vilas]], the greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} and [[Gabriela Sabatini]], the most accomplished Argentine female player of all time—having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport, RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14 February 2014|deadurl=no}}\n* [[Field hockey]]: the [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|women's national team ''Las Leonas'']] is one of the world's most successful, with four Olympic medals, two World Cups and six [[Hockey Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of the game,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16 June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only person to have received the [[FIH Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – ''Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12 December 2013|deadurl=no}} \n* [[Polo]]: where Argentina reigns undisputed, having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} The [[Argentine Polo Championship]] is the sport's most important international team trophy. The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\n\n===National symbols===\n{{main|National symbols of Argentina}}\nSome of Argentina's national symbols are defined by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13 June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite Argentine law|d=1650/2010 – Símbolos Nacionales|date=23 de noviembre de 2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in 1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234–235}} The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 – Símbolos Nacionales|date=10 de mayo de 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\nThe [[Argentine National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente López y Planes]] with music by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]] of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our Lady of Luján|The Virgin of Luján]] is Argentina's [[patron saint]].{{cite web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html|title=Nuestra Señora de Luján|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de la Nación – Efemérides Culturales Argentinas|place=Buenos Aires|date=|language=Spanish}}\n\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''hornero'']], living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp|title=El Hornero|publisher=Red Argentina|place=Carlos Casares, Argentina|date=24 September 2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp|archivedate=13 November 2013|deadurl=no}}\nThe [[Erythrina crista-galli|''ceibo'']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25 de enero de 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''quebracho colorado'']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5 de septiembre de 1956}}\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the [[national gemstone]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la\nRepública Argentina en la República de Colombia|place=Bogotá|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29 September 2013|deadurl=no}}\nThe national sport is ''pato''.\n\n[[Argentine wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'', the national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 – Declárase al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 de agosto de 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite Argentine law|l=26871 – Declárase al Mate como infusión nacional|date=2 de agosto de 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\n''[[Asado]]'' and ''[[locro]]'' are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx|title=El asado|work=Via Restó|publisher=Grupo Clarín|place=Buenos Aires|date=28 April 2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx|archivedate=3 October 2013|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php|title=Argentina–Gastronomia|publisher=Argentina – Portal oficial de promoción de la República Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|date=6 June 2008|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php|archivedate=27 July 2008|deadurl=no}}\n\n==See also==\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin America}}\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\n* [[International rankings of Argentina]]\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\n* \n* \n* [[El Sonido de mi Tierra - The Great Dance of Argentina]]\n\n==Notes==\n{{notelist-ua}}\n\n==References==\n{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}\n\n==Bibliography==\n;Legal documents\n{{refbegin}}\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php|title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation|authors=National Constituent Convention|place=Santa Fe|date=22 August 1994|ref={{harvid|Constitution of Argentina}}}}\n{{refend}}\n\n;Articles\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison Project Working Paper 4|publisher=|place=|year=2013|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism: Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|date=August 2004|pages=107–119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279–358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA – Acoustical Society of America|date=April 2009|pages=21–25|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andrés|title=A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1–24|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan Cruz|last3=Irrazábal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=CONICET – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas|place=Buenos Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina: Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown, NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon|first1=Hussein|title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive Diplomacy|url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=Centre for International Political Studies|place=Pretoria, South Africa|year=1997|ref=harv}}\n{{refend}}\n\n;Books\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite book|last=Abad de Santillán|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad de Santillán|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipográfica Editora Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59–84|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Björn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH–Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219–232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón|publisher=Grove Press|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart Campos|first=Germán J.|title=Manual de la Constitución Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1990–1999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Díaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3–26|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho Político|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport, CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization, Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3–13|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35–58|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY, USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M. Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=José O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder, CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=María Mercedes|title=Geografía Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America and the World Economy, 1850–1914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86–96|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51–76|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Raúl|title=Mi país, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=José Andrés|title=Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia, PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Robert G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=Ángel|authorlink=Ángel Rosenblat|title=El nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hernán|title=Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15–44|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Sánchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|place=Mexico D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen de la palabra \"¿¡Argentina!?\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política|volume=2|title=Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general interest|publisher=North–South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51–53|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\n{{refend}}\n\n==External links==\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\n;Government\n* {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.gob.ar/|name=Argentina|official=yes|language=es}}\n\n;Travel & tourism\n* {{external link|url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm|name=Argentina Ministry of Tourism|official=yes}}\n* {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.travel/en|name=National Institute of Tourism Promotion|official=yes}}\n\n;Overview\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\n* {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\n* {{external link|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/|name=Argentina|site=[[Latin American Network Information Center]]}}\n* {{external link|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm|name=Argentina|site=[[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder]]}}\n* {{external link|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR|name=Key Development Forecasts for Argentina|site=[[International Futures]]}}\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\n* {{wikipedia books link|Argentina}}\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\n\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\n{{Navboxes\n|title=International membership\n|list=\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\n{{G15 nations}}\n{{G-20}}\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul (Southern Common Market)}}\n{{Organization of American States}}\n{{Union of South American Nations}}\n{{World Trade Organization}}\n{{Founding member states of the United Nations}}\n}}\n{{Countries of South America}}\n\n[[Category:Argentina]]\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\n[[Category:Federal constitutional republics]]\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\n[[Category:G15 nations]]\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\n[[Category:Member states of Mercosur]]\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations]]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1816]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "profile/pages/canada.wiki",
    "content": "{{for||Canada (disambiguation)}}\n{{Use Canadian English|date=November 2014}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}\n{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}\n{{pp-move-indef}}\n{{Infobox country\n|native_name = Canada\n|common_name = Canada\n|image_flag = Flag of Canada.svg\n|alt_flag = Vertical triband (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the centre\n|image_coat =\n|alt_coat =\n|symbol_type = Coat of Arms\n|national_motto = {{native phrase|la|\"[[A Mari Usque Ad Mare]]\"|italics=off}}
{{small|\"From Sea to Sea\"}}
({{small|As seen on the [[Arms of Canada]]}})\n|national_anthem = \"[[O Canada]]\"\n|royal_anthem = \"[[God Save the Queen]]\"{{cite book|author=D. Michael Jackson (Chief of protocol for the Government of Saskatchewan)|title=The Crown and Canadian Federalism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=PA199|date= 2013|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0989-8|page=199}}\n|image_map = Canada (orthographic projection).svg\n|alt_map = Projection of North America with Canada in green\n|map_width = 220px\n|capital = [[Ottawa]]\n|latd=45 |latm=24 |latNS=N |longd=75 |longm=40 |longEW=W\n|largest_city = [[Toronto]]\n|official_languages = {{hlist |English |French}}\n|regional_languages = {{hlist |[[Dene Suline language|Chipewyan]] |[[Cree language|Cree]] |[[Gwich’in language|Gwich’in]] |[[Inuinnaqtun]] |[[Inuktitut]] |[[Inuvialuktun]] |[[Slavey language|North Slavey]] |[[Slavey language|South Slavey]] |[[Dogrib language|Tłı̨chǫ]]}}\n|ethnic_groups =\n {{unbulleted list\n  | 76.7% [[European Canadian|White]]\n  | 14.2% [[Asian Canadian|Asian]]\n  | 4.3% [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]]\n  | 2.9% [[Black Canadian|Black]]\n  | 1.2% [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]]\n  | 0.5% [[multiracial]]\n  | 0.3% [[Canada 2011 Census|other]]\n }}\n|demonym = Canadian\n|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Federalism|Federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]]
[[constitutional monarchy]]}}\n|leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Canada|Monarch]]\n|leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]]\n|leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]}}\n|leader_name2 = [[David Johnston]]\n|leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]\n|leader_name3 = [[Stephen Harper]]\n|leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Canada|Chief Justice]]\n|leader_name4 = [[Beverley McLachlin]]\n|legislature = [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]]\n|upper_house = [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]\n|lower_house = [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]]\n|sovereignty_type = [[Canadian Confederation|Establishment]]\n|sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]\n|established_event1 = [[Constitution of Canada|Constitution Act]]\n|established_date1 = July 1, 1867\n|established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]]\n|established_date2 = December 11, 1931\n|established_event3 = [[Canada Act 1982|Canada Act]]\n|established_date3 = April 17, 1982\n|area_km2 = 9,984,670\n|area_sq_mi = 3,854,085 \n|area_rank = 2nd\n|area_magnitude = 1 E12\n|percent_water = 8.92 (891,163 km{{smallsup|2}}{{\\}}344,080 mi{{smallsup|2}})\n|population_estimate = 35,675,834{{cite web|url=http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=0510005&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=31&tabMode=dataTable&csid=|title=CANSIM - 051-0005 - Estimates of population, Canada, provinces and territories|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=December 17, 2014|accessdate=January 25, 2015}}\n|population_estimate_year = [[Calendar year|Q4]] 2014\n|population_estimate_rank = 37th\n|population_census = 33,476,688{{cite web\n | author = Statistics Canada\n | title = Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses\n | date = January 30, 2013\n | url = http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A\n | accessdate = December 2, 2013 }}\n|population_census_year = 2011\n|population_density_km2 = 3.41\n|population_density_sq_mi = 8.3 \n|population_density_rank = 228th\n|GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$1.591 trillion}}\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 15th\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2014\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $44,843\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 20th\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_year = 2014\n|GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$1.788 trillion}}\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 11th\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2014\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $50,397\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 15th\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_year = 2014\n|Gini_year = 2010\n|Gini_change =  \n|Gini = 33.7 \n|Gini_ref ={{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title=GINI index |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 23, 2014}}\n|Gini_rank = 103rd{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html|title=Country Comparison: Distribution Of Family Income – Gini Index|work=World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=May 1, 2013}}\n|HDI_year = 2013\n|HDI_change = steady\n|HDI = 0.902 \n|HDI_ref ={{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-1-human-development-index-and-its-components|title=Table 1: Human Development Index and its components|publisher=UNDP|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}\n|HDI_rank = 8th\n|currency = [[Canadian dollar]] ($)\n|currency_code = CAD\n|utc_offset = −3.5 to −8\n|utc_offset_DST = −2.5 to −7\n|date_format = {{unbulleted list |dd-mm-yyyy |mm-dd-yyyy |yyyy-mm-dd ([[Common Era|CE]])}}\n|drives_on = right\n|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Canada|+1]]\n|cctld = [[.ca]]\n}}\n\n'''Canada''' is a country, consisting of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|ten provinces and three territories]], in the northern part of the continent of North America. It extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles) in total, making it the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second-largest country by total area]] and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|fourth-largest country by land area]]. Canada's [[Canada–United States border|common border with the United States]] forms the world's longest land border.\n\nThe land now called Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples]]. Beginning in the late 15th century, [[British colonization of the Americas|British]] and [[French colonization of the Americas|French colonies]] were established on the region's Atlantic coast. As a consequence of [[Military history of Canada|various conflicts]], the United Kingdom gained and lost North American territories until left, in the late 18th century, with what mostly comprises Canada today. Pursuant to the [[Constitution Act, 1867|British North America Act]], on July 1, 1867, three colonies [[Confederation of Canada|joined]] to form the autonomous [[Canadian federalism|federal Dominion]] of Canada. This began an [[Territorial evolution of Canada|accretion]] of provinces and territories to the new self-governing [[Dominion]]. In 1931, Britain granted Canada near total independence with the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] and full sovereignty was attained when the [[Canada Act 1982]] severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]].\n\nCanada is a [[federation|federal]] [[parliamentary democracy]] and a [[constitutional monarchy]], Queen [[Elizabeth II]] being the current head of state. The country is [[Official bilingualism in Canada|officially bilingual]] at the federal level. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and [[Multiculturalism in Canada|multicultural]] nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries, with a population of approximately 35 million as of 2015. Its advanced economy is [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|one of the largest in the world]], relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada's [[Canada–United States relations|long and complex relationship]] with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.\n\nCanada is a [[developed country]] and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|tenth highest]] nominal per capita income globally, and the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|eighth highest]] ranking in the [[Human Development Index]]. It [[International rankings of Canada|ranks among the highest]] in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. Canada is a [[Commonwealth realm|Commonwealth Realm]] member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and is furthermore part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings, including the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]], the [[G8]], the [[Group of Ten (economic)|Group of Ten]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum.\n\n==Etymology==\n\n{{Main|Name of Canada}}\nThe name ''Canada'' comes from the [[St. Lawrence Iroquoians|St. Lawrence Iroquoian]] word ''kanata'', meaning \"village\" or \"settlement\".{{cite book|author1=James Stuart Olson|author2=Robert Shadle|title=Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA109|year=1991|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-26257-9|page=109}} In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day [[Quebec City]] region used the word to direct French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] to the village of [[Stadacona]]. Cartier later used the word ''Canada'' to refer not only to that particular village, but the entire area subject to [[Donnacona]] (the chief at Stadacona);{{cite book|author=Alan Rayburn|title=Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA14|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8293-0|pages=14–22}} by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as ''Canada''.\n\nIn the 17th and early 18th centuries, \"[[Canada (New France)|Canada]]\" referred to the part of [[New France]] that lay along the [[St. Lawrence River]].{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA1048|year=1999|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6|page=1048}} In 1791, the area became two British colonies called [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]] collectively named [[The Canadas]]; until their union as the British [[Province of Canada]] in 1841.{{cite book|author=Great Britain|title=An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BCQtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA20|year=1841|publisher=J.C. Fisher & W. Kimble|page=20}} Upon [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1867, ''Canada'' was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word ''[[Dominion]]'' was conferred as the country's title.{{cite book|last=O'Toole|first=Roger|title=Holy nations and global identities: civil religion, nationalism, and globalisation|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17828-1|editor=Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly|page=137|chapter=Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context}} The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the [[Canada Act 1982|Canada Act]], which refers only to ''Canada''. Later that year, the national holiday was [[Canada Day#History|renamed from Dominion Day to Canada Day]].{{cite book|title=Canada and the British Empire|editor= Buckner, Philip|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|pages=37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125|isbn=978-0-19-927164-1}}   The term \"Dominion'  is also used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though after the  [[Military history of Canada during World War II|Second World War]]  the term  \"federal\" had replaced \"dominion\".{{cite book|author1=John Courtney|author2=David Smith|title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA114|year=2010|publisher=Oxford Handbooks Online|isbn=978-0-19-533535-4|page=114}}\n\n==History==\n{{Main|History of Canada}}\n{{Further|List of years in Canada}}\n\n===Aboriginal peoples===\n[[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples in present-day Canada]] include the [[First Nations]], [[Inuit]], and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]],{{cite book|author1=Christoph Beat Graber|author2=Karolina Kuprecht|author3=Jessica C. Lai|title=International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5dv2d57n52MC&pg=PA366|year=2012|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-0-85793-831-2|page=366}} the latter being a [[mixed-blood]] people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers. [[Archaeology of the Americas|Archaeological]] studies and [[Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|genetic analyses]] have indicated a human presence in the northern [[Yukon]] region from 13,000–12,000 BC and in southern [[Ontario]] from 7500 BC.{{cite book|author1=Linda S. Cordell|author2=Kent Lightfoot|author3=Francis McManamon|author4=George Milner|title=Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=RA3-PA249|volume=4|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-02189-3|page=3}}{{cite book|author=Timothy R. Pauketat|title=The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA96|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538011-8|page=96}} These first settlers entered Canada through [[Beringia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]].{{cite book|author=Thomas D. Dillehay|title=The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aM0CRBQ9kFcC&pg=PA61|year=2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7867-2543-4|page=61}} The [[Paleo-Indian]] archeological sites at [[Old Crow Flats]] and [[Bluefish Caves]] are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.{{cite book|author1=Center for Archaeological Sciences Norman Herz Professor of Geology and Director|author2=Society of Archaelogical Sciences both at University of Georgia Ervan G. Garrison Associate Professor of Anthropology and Geology and President|title=Geological Methods for Archaeology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YSPkmV_mRvkC&pg=PA125|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802511-5|page=125}} The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Derek|title=Canada: an illustrated history|year=2008|publisher=Douglas & Mcintyre|isbn=978-1-55365-259-5|pages=7, 13}}{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=quM1xyFyfhQC&pg=PA170| title=Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada| first= Patrick| last=Macklem|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|page=170|isbn=978-0-8020-4195-1}} Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.{{cite book|last=Sonneborn|first=Liz|title=Chronology of American Indian History|date=January 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6770-1|pages=2–12}}\n\nThe [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|aboriginal population]] at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Donna M|author2=Northcott, Herbert C|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PA25|title=Dying and Death in Canada|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-55111-873-4|pages=25–27}} and two million,{{cite book|last=Thornton|first=Russell|title=A population history of North America|editors=Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|pages=13, 380|chapter=Population history of Native North Americans|isbn=978-0-521-49666-7}} with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]].{{cite book|series=Handbook of North American Indians|title=Indians In Contemporary Society|volume=2|editor1-last=Bailey|editor1-first= Garrick Alan|chapter=Native Populations of Canada|last=O'Donnell|first=C. Vivian|year=2008|publisher= Government Printing Office|chapter-url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z1IwUbZqjTUC&pg=PA285|page=285|isbn=978-0-16-080388-8}}\n As a consequence of the European colonization, Canada's aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced [[infectious disease]]s, such as [[influenza]], [[measles]], and [[smallpox]] (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty to eighty percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.{{cite book| last=True Peters| first=Stephanie| title=Smallpox in the New World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v0zEiM_hijsC&pg=PA39|year=2005|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-1637-1|page=39}}\n\nAlthough not without conflict, [[Euro-Canadian|European Canadians]]' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.{{cite book|last=Preston|first=David L.|title=The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43|year=2009|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7|pages=43–44}} [[The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples|The Crown and Aboriginal peoples]] began [[Timeline of colonization of North America|interactions]] during the European colonialization period, though, the Inuit, in general, had more limited interaction with European settlers.{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/innu_culture.html|work=Innu Culture|title=3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'|year=1999|author=Tanner, Adrian|publisher=Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland| accessdate=May 23, 2011 }} From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture.{{cite book|last=Asch|first=Michael|title=Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9Uae4mTTyYYC&pg=PA28|year=1997|publisher=UBC Pres|isbn=978-0-7748-0581-0|page=28}} These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with [[Canadian Indian residential school system|forced integration]] and [[High Arctic relocation|relocations]].{{cite book|last1=Kirmayer|first1=Laurence J.|last2=Guthriefirst2=Gail Valaskakis|title=Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AXYDxvx3zSAC&pg=PA9|year=2009|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5863-2|page=9}}\n\n===European colonization===\nThe first known attempt at [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] began when [[Norsemen]] settled briefly at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in Newfoundland around 1000 AD.{{cite book|title=The Norse Discovery of America|first=Arthur Middleton|last=Reeves|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HkoPUdPM3V8C&pg=PA7|publisher=BiblioLife|page=82|year=2009|isbn=978-0-559-05400-6}} No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer [[John Cabot]] explored Canada's Atlantic coast for England.{{cite web|title=John Cabot's voyage of 1497|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1497.html |publisher=Memorial University of Newfoundland|year=2000|accessdate=August 15, 2012}} Then [[Basque people|Basque]] and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century. In 1534, French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] explored the St. Lawrence River, where, on July 24, he planted a {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}} cross bearing the words \"Long Live the King of France\" and took possession of the territory in the name of [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]].{{cite book|author1=Cartier, Jacques; Biggar, Henry Percival; Cook, Ramsay|title=The Voyages of Jacques Cartier|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VcKEk7hRTmYC&pg=PA26|year=1993|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6000-6|page=26}}\n\nIn 1583, Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], by the [[royal prerogative]] of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]], founded [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]], as the first North American [[Colonial empire of the Kingdom of England|English colony]].{{cite book|author=Rose, George A|title=Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tDNe7GOOwfwC&pg=PA209|date=October 1, 2007|publisher=Breakwater Books|isbn=978-1-55081-225-1|page=209}} French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at [[Port Royal, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]] (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608).{{cite book|author1=Ninette Kelley|author2=Michael J. Trebilcock|title=The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&pg=PA27|date=September 30, 2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7|page=27}} Among the [[French colonization of the Americas|colonists]] of [[New France]], ''[[French Canadian|Canadiens]]'' extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley and [[Acadians]] settled the present-day [[Maritimes]], while [[Coureur des bois|fur traders]] and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, [[Hudson Bay]], and the [[Mississippi watershed]] to [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]].{{cite book|author=Howard Roberts LaMar|title=The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West|year=1977|publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=978-0-690-00008-5|page=355}} The [[Beaver Wars]] broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the [[North American fur trade]].{{cite book|author=Tucker, Spencer C; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta |title=The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C&pg=PA394|date=September 30, 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-697-8|page=394}}\n\nThe English established additional colonies in [[Cupids, Newfoundland and Labrador|Cupids]] and [[Ferryland, Newfoundland and Labrador|Ferryland]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], beginning in 1610.{{cite book|author1=Phillip Alfred Buckner|author2=John G. Reid|title=The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_5AHjGRigpYC&pg=PA55|year=1994|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6977-1|pages=55–56}} The [[Thirteen Colonies]] to the south were founded soon after.{{cite book|last=Hornsby|first=Stephen J|title=British Atlantic, American frontier: spaces of power in early modern British America|year=2005|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-1-58465-427-8|pages=14, 18–19, 22–23}} A series of four [[French and Indian Wars|wars]] erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the [[Seven Years' War]].{{cite book|author= Nolan, Cathal J|title=Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC&pg=PA160|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33046-9|page=160}} Mainland [[Nova Scotia]] came under British rule with the 1713 [[Treaty of Utrecht]] and the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]] ceded Canada and most of New France to [[British Empire|Britain]] after the Seven Years' War.{{cite journal|last=Allaire|first=Gratien|title=From \"Nouvelle-France\" to \"Francophonie canadienne\": a historical survey|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|date=May 2007|issue=185|pages=25–52|doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.024|volume=2007}}\n[[File:Benjamin West 005.jpg|thumb|left|[[Benjamin West]]'s ''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'' (1771) dramatizes [[James Wolfe]]'s death during the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] at [[Quebec City|Quebec]]]]\n\nThe [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] created the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] out of New France, and annexed [[Cape Breton Island]] to Nova Scotia. St. John's Island (now [[Prince Edward Island]]) became a separate colony in 1769.{{cite journal|last=Hicks|first=Bruce M|title=Use of Non-Traditional Evidence: A Case Study Using Heraldry to Examine Competing Theories for Canada's Confederation|journal=British Journal of Canadian Studies|date=March 2010|volume=23|issue=1|pages=87–117|doi=10.3828/bjcs.2010.5}} To avert conflict in Quebec, the British parliament passed the [[Quebec Act]] of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]].{{cite book|author=Eric Nellis |title=An Empire of Regions: A Brief History of Colonial British America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-b6YVX53fIsC&pg=PT331|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press -  University of British Columbia|isbn=978-1-4426-0403-2|page=331}} It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1775 outbreak of the [[American Revolution]].\n\nThe [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]] recognized American independence and ceded the newly added territories south (but not north) of the Great Lakes to the new United States.{{cite book|author1=Todd Leahy|author2=Raymond Wilson|title=Native American Movements|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=999tRpj8VGQC&pg=PR49|date=September 30, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6892-2|page=49}} [[New Brunswick]] was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the [[Constitutional Act of 1791]] divided the province into French-speaking [[Lower Canada]] (later [[Quebec#Canadian Confederation|Quebec]]) and English-speaking [[Upper Canada]] (later [[Ontario#Canada West|Ontario]]), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.{{cite book|last=McNairn|first=Jeffrey L|title=The capacity to judge|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2000|page=24|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T_A3pZQrHzIC&pg=PA24|isbn=978-0-8020-4360-3}}\n[[File:Fathers of Confederation LAC c001855.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Harris (painter)|Robert Harris]]'s ''[[Fathers of Confederation definition|Fathers of Confederation]]'' (1884), an amalgamation of the [[Charlottetown Conference|Charlottetown]] and [[Quebec Conference, 1864|Quebec conferences]] of 1864{{refn|This is an 1885 photograph of the now-destroyed 1884 painting.|group=n|name=Photo}}]]\n\n[[The Canadas]] were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. Following the war, large-scale immigration to Canada from Britain and Ireland began in 1815. Between 1825 and 1846, 626,628 European immigrants reportedly landed at Canadian ports.{{cite web|url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/ImmigrationHistoryofCanada.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216101207/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/ImmigrationHistoryofCanada.htm|archivedate=December 16, 2007|title=Immigration History of Canada|year=2004|publisher=Marianopolis College|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} These included [[Irish people|Irish]] immigrants escaping the [[Great Irish Famine]] as well as Gaelic-speaking [[Scottish people|Scots]] displaced by the [[Highland Clearances]].{{cite web |url=http://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1935-36/Gallagher.html |work=cchahistory.ca |title=The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences}} Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 per cent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891.\n\nThe desire for [[responsible government]] resulted in the abortive [[Rebellions of 1837]]. The [[Report on the Affairs of British North America|Durham Report]] subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The [[Act of Union 1840]] merged the Canadas into a united [[Province of Canada]] and responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849.{{cite journal|last=Romney|first=Paul|date=Spring 1989|title=From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture|journal=Law and History Review|publisher=University of Illinois Press|volume=7|issue=1|page=128|doi=10.2307/743779}} The signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]] by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the [[Oregon boundary dispute]], extending the border westward along the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. This paved the way for British colonies on [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island (1849)]] and in [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)|British Columbia (1858)]].{{cite book|last=Evenden|first=Leonard J|author2=Turbeville, Daniel E|title=Geographical snapshots of North America|editor=Janelle, Donald G|publisher=Guilford Press|year=1992|page=52|chapter=The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier|isbn=978-0-89862-030-6}}\n\n===Confederation and expansion===\n[[File:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif|thumb|left|200px|alt=refer to caption|An animated map showing [[Territorial evolution of Canada|the growth and change of Canada's provinces and territories]] since Confederation in 1867]]\nFollowing several constitutional conferences, the [[Constitution Act, 1867|1867 Constitution Act]] officially proclaimed [[Canadian Confederation]] on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: [[Ontario]], Quebec, [[Nova Scotia]], and [[New Brunswick]].{{cite book|first1=Gertjan|last1=Dijkink|first2=Hans|last2=Knippenberg|title=The Territorial Factor: Political Geography in a Globalising World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3RRJr-5q1H0C&pg=PA226|year=2001|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5629-188-4|page=226}}{{cite book|title = History of Canada Since 1867|first = Robert | last = Bothwell|publisher = Michigan State University Press|year = 1996|isbn = 978-0-87013-399-2|pages=31, 207–310}} Canada assumed control of [[Rupert's Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]] to form the [[Northwest Territories]], where the Métis' grievances ignited the [[Red River Rebellion]] and the creation of the province of [[Manitoba]] in July 1870.{{cite book|last=Bumsted|first=JM|title=The Red River Rebellion|publisher=Watson & Dwyer|year=1996|isbn=978-0-920486-23-8}} British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which [[United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia|had been united]] in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Atlas/themes.aspx?id=building&sub=building_basics_confederation&lang=En|title=Building a nation|work=Canadian Atlas|publisher=Canadian Geographic|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n\nThe Canadian parliament passed a bill introduced by the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] that established a [[National Policy]] of [[tariff]]s to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. To open the West, parliament also approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]), opening the prairies to settlement with the [[Dominion Lands Act]], and establishing the [[North-West Mounted Police]] to assert its authority over this territory.{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-5000-e.html|title=Sir John A. Macdonald|year=2008|publisher=Library and Archives Canada|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/publications/archivist-magazine/015002-2230-e.html|title=The Canadian West: An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior|last=Cook|first=Terry|year=2000|work=The Archivist|publisher=Library and Archives Canada|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} In 1898, during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in the Northwest Territories, parliament created the Yukon Territory. The Cabinet of [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] fostered continental European immigrants settling the prairies and [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]] became provinces in 1905.\n\n===Early 20th century===\n[[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|alt=Group of armed soldiers march past a wrecked tank and a body|Canadian soldiers and a [[Mark I tank#Mark II|Mark II tank]] at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] in 1917]]\nBecause Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought [[Military history of Canada during World War I|Canada into World War I]].{{cite book|first=Brian Douglas|last=Tennyson|title=Canada's Great War, 1914-1918: How Canada Helped Save the British Empire and Became a North American Nation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|year=2014|publisher=Scarecrow Press (Cape Breton University)|isbn=978-0-8108-8860-9|page=4}} Volunteers sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] later became part of the [[Canadian Corps]], which played a substantial role in the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] and other major engagements of the war.{{cite book|last=Morton|first=Desmond|title=A military history of Canada|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|year=1999|edition=4th|pages=130–158, 173, 203–233, 258|isbn=978-0-7710-6514-9}} Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in [[World War I]], some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded.{{cite book|first=J. L.|last=Granatstein|title=Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jqxyhNcha3sC&pg=PA144|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8696-9|page=144}} The [[Conscription Crisis of 1917]] erupted when the [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] Cabinet's proposal to augment the military's dwindling number of active members with [[conscription]] was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers.{{cite book|first=Richard Morton|last=McGonigal|title=The Conscription Crisis in Quebec - 1917: a Study in Canadian Dualism|year=1962|publisher=Harvard University|page=Intro}} The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though, it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party. In 1919, Canada joined the [[League of Nations]] independently of Britain, and the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|1931 Statute of Westminster]] affirmed Canada's independence.{{cite journal |last=Hail |first=M |author2=Lange, S |title=Federalism and Representation in the Theory of the Founding Fathers: A Comparative Study of US and Canadian Constitutional Thought |journal=Publius: the Journal of Federalism |date=February 25, 2010 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=366–388 |doi=10.1093/publius/pjq001}}\n[[File:Crew of a Sherman-tank south of Vaucelles.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Canadian crew of a Sherman-tank, south of [[Vaucelles]], France, during the [[Operation Overlord|battle of Normandy]] in June 1944]]\n\nThe [[Great Depression in Canada]] during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country.{{cite book|first=Robert B.|last=Bryce|title=Maturing in Hard Times: Canada's Department of Finance through the Great Depression|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y2XU2UzE-vUC&pg=PA41|date=June 1, 1986|publisher=McGill-Queens|isbn=978-0-7735-0555-1|page=41}} In response to the downturn, the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a [[welfare state]] (as pioneered by [[Tommy Douglas]]) in the 1940s and 1950s.{{cite journal|last=Mulvale|first=James P|title=Basic Income and the Canadian Welfare State: Exploring the Realms of Possibility|journal=Basic Income Studies|date=July 11, 2008|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.2202/1932-0183.1084}} On the advice of Liberal Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], King [[George VI]] [[Declaration of war by Canada#Nazi Germany|declared war on Germany]] during [[World War II]], seven days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.\n\nIn all, over a million Canadians served in the  [[Military history of Canada during World War II|armed forces during World War II]] and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded.{{cite book|first=Edward|last=Humphreys|title=Great Candian Battles: Heroism and Courage Through the Years|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z-SsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151|year=2013|publisher=Arcturus Publishing|isbn=978-1-78404-098-7|page=151}} Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 [[Dieppe Raid]], the [[Allied invasion of Italy]], the [[Normandy landings]], the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]], and the [[Battle of the Scheldt]] in 1944. Canada provided asylum for the [[Dutch monarchy]] while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from [[Nazi Germany]].{{cite book|last=Goddard|first=Lance|title=Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2005|pages=225–232|isbn=978-1-55002-547-7}} The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military [[materiel]] for Canada, Britain, China, and the [[Soviet Union]]. Despite another [[Conscription Crisis of 1944|Conscription Crisis]] in Quebec in 1944, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.{{cite book|last=Bothwell|first=Robert|title=Alliance and illusion: Canada and the world, 1945–1984|year=2007|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1368-6|pages=11, 31}}\n\n===Modern times===\n[[File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg|thumb|At [[Rideau Hall]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|the Viscount Alexander of Tunis]] (centre) receives the bill finalizing the union of [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and Canada on March 31, 1949]]\nThe financial crisis of the great depression had led the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a [[Crown colony|crown colony ruled]] by a British governor. After two bitter [[Newfoundland referendums, 1948|referendums]], Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province.{{cite book|first=J. Patrick|last=Boyer|title=Direct Democracy in Canada: The History and Future of Referendums|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CWGN-RZcqNoC&pg=PA119|year=1996|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-1884-5|page=119}}\n\nCanada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new [[Canadian identity]], marked by the adoption of the current [[Flag of Canada|Maple Leaf Flag]] in 1965,{{cite book|last=Mackey|first=Eva|title=The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8020-8481-1|page=57}} the implementation of [[official bilingualism]] (English and French) in 1969,{{cite journal|last=Landry|first=Rodrigue|author2=Forgues, Éric|title=Official language minorities in Canada: an introduction|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|date=May 2007|issue=185|pages=1–9|doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.022|volume=2007}} and the institution of [[Multiculturalism#Origins in Canada|official multiculturalism]] in 1971.{{cite journal|last=Esses|first=Victoria M|author2=Gardner, RC|date=July 1996|title=Multiculturalism in Canada: Context and current status|journal=Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science|volume=28|issue=3|pages=145–152|doi=10.1037/h0084934}} [[Social democracy|Socially democratic]] programs were also instituted, such as [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], the [[Canada Pension Plan]], and [[Student loans in Canada|Canada Student Loans]], though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.{{cite web|url=http://www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/sd-01-09.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5nDiozOLF|archivedate=February 1, 2010|title=Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development|last=Sarrouh|first=Elissar|date=January 22, 2002|work=Social Policy Series, No. 1|publisher=United Nations|pages=14–16, 22–37|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 [[patriation]] of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]].{{cite book| editor=Bickerton, James; Gagnon, Alain| title=Canadian Politics| publisher=Broadview Press| edition=4th| isbn=978-1-55111-595-5| year=2004|pages=250–254, 344–347}} In 1999, [[Nunavut]] became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.{{cite journal|last=Légaré|first=André|year=2008|title=Canada's Experiment with Aboriginal Self-Determination in Nunavut: From Vision to Illusion |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights|volume=15|issue=2–3|pages=335–367|doi=10.1163/157181108X332659}}\n\nAt the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern [[Quebec nationalism|nationalist]] movement. The radical [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ) ignited the [[October Crisis]] with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970{{cite journal|last=Munroe|first=HD|title=The October Crisis Revisited: Counterterrorism as Strategic Choice, Political Result, and Organizational Practice|journal=Terrorism and Political Violence|year=2009|volume=21|issue=2|pages=288–305|doi=10.1080/09546550902765623}} and the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|{{Not a typo|sovereignist}}]] [[Parti Québécois]] was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful [[referendum]] on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the [[Meech Lake Accord]] failed in 1990.{{cite journal|last=Sorens|first=J|title=Globalization, secessionism, and autonomy|journal=Electoral Studies|date=December 2004|volume=23|issue=4|pages=727–752|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2003.10.003}} This led to the formation of the [[Bloc Québécois]] in Quebec and the invigoration of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] in [[Western Canada|the West]].{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/a-brief-history-of-the-bloc-qubcois/article1672831/|title=A brief history of the Bloc Québécois |newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Daniel |last=Leblanc|date=August 13, 2010 |accessdate=November 25, 2010}}{{cite book|title=The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies|first1=Hans-Georg |last1=Betz|first2= Stefan|last2= Immerfall|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H9cGkDJgW7wC&pg=PA173|page=173|publisher=St. Martinʼs Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21134-9}} A [[Quebec referendum, 1995|second referendum]] followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent.{{cite book|first=Carol L.|last=Schmid|title=The Politics of Language : Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective: Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JIuO9HmX_8QC&pg=PA112|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803150-5|page=112}} In 1997, the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] ruled that [[Reference re Secession of Quebec|unilateral secession]] by a province would be unconstitutional and the [[Clarity Act]] was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.\n\nIn addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;{{cite web|url=http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622063429/http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/|archivedate=June 22, 2008|title=Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182|publisher=Government of Canada |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in 1989, a [[school shooting|university shooting]] targeting female students;{{cite web|last= Sourour|first=Teresa K|url=http://www.diarmani.com/Montreal_Coroners_Report.pdf|year=1991 |format=PDF|title=Report of Coroner's Investigation|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} and the [[Oka Crisis]] of 1990,{{cite news|title=The Oka Crisis|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/civil_unrest/topics/99/|format=Digital Archives |publisher=CBC|year=2000|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginal groups.{{cite book|last=Roach|first=Kent|title=September 11: consequences for Canada|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2003|pages=15, 59–61, 194|isbn=978-0-7735-2584-9}} Canada also joined the [[Gulf War]] in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1990s, including the [[UNPROFOR]] mission in the [[Yugoslav wars|former Yugoslavia]].{{cite web|title=Canada and Multilateral Operations in Support of Peace and Stability|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/news/article.page?doc=canada-and-multilateral-operations-in-support-of-peace-and-stability/hnlhlxfi|publisher=National Defence and the Canadian Forces|year=2010|accessdate=February 2, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dragoons.ca/unprofor.html|title=UNPROFOR|publisher=Royal Canadian Dragoons|accessdate=October 24, 2012}}\nCanada sent [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|troops to Afghanistan in 2001]], but declined to join the US-led [[Invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq in 2003]].{{cite journal|last1=Jockel|first1=Joseph T|author2=Sokolsky, Joel B|year=2008|title=Canada and the war in Afghanistan: NATO's odd man out steps forward|journal=Journal of Transatlantic Studies|volume=6|issue=1|pages=100–115|doi=10.1080/14794010801917212}} In 2009, Canada's economy suffered in the worldwide [[Great Recession]], but it has since largely rebounded.{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/07/22/canada-recession-recovery_n_1692607.html|title=Canada Recession: Global Recovery Still Fragile 3 Years On|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=July 22, 2012|accessdate=September 1, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://t.thestar.com/#/article/news/canada/2014/12/03/canadian_economy_showing_signs_of_recovery_stephen_poloz_says.html|title=Canadian economy showing signs of wider recovery, Stephen Poloz says|work=Toronto Star|date=December 3, 2014|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the [[2011 Libyan civil war|Libyan civil war]]{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/10/20/f-libya-nato-mission.html|title=Canada's military contribution in Libya|publisher=CBC|date=October 20, 2011|accessdate=November 27, 2011}} and also became involved in battling the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-30888344|title=Canada exchanges fire with Islamic State in Iraq|publisher=BBC|date=January 19, 2015|accessdate=February 9, 2015}}\n\n==Geography==\n{{Main|Geography of Canada}}\n\nCanada occupies most of the continent of North America, sharing [[land border]]s with the [[contiguous United States]] to the south (the longest border between two countries in the world) and the US state of [[Alaska]] to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.\n{{cite web |publisher= CIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html|title=Canada |work=World Factbook |date=May 16, 2006 |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} [[Greenland]] is to the northeast, while [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] is south of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|second-largest country]] in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, Canada [[List of countries and outlying territories by land area|ranks fourth]]. The reason why Canada is in 4th place in terms of countries ranked by land area only is because Canada contains 60% of all the lakes in the world. The country lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[84th parallel north|84°N]], and longitudes [[52nd meridian west|52°]] and [[141st meridian west|141°W]].\n\n[[File:Canada-satellite.jpg|thumb|250px|A satellite composite image containing all of Canada and part of the United States. [[Taiga|Boreal forests]] prevail on the rocky [[Canadian Shield]], while ice and [[tundra]] are prominent in the [[Arctic]]. Glaciers are visible in the [[Canadian Rockies]] and [[Coast Mountains]]. The flat and fertile [[prairie]]s facilitate agriculture. The [[Great Lakes]] feed the [[St. Lawrence River]] in the southeast, where lowlands host much of Canada's population.]]\n\nSince 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between [[60th meridian west|60°]] and 141°W [[longitude]],{{cite book|author=Niels West|title=Marine Affairs Dictionary: Terms, Concepts, Laws, Court Cases, and International Conventions and Agreements|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wd2pbRxuW0QC&pg=PA31|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30421-7|page=31}} but this claim is not universally recognized. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, [[CFS Alert|Canadian Forces Station Alert]], on the northern tip of [[Ellesmere Island]] – latitude 82.5°N – which lies {{convert|817|km|mi}} from the North Pole.{{cite book|title=Canadian Geographic|year=2008|publisher=Royal Canadian Geographical Society|page=20}} Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and [[permafrost]]. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of {{convert|202080|km|mi}}; additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching {{convert|8891|km|mi}}.{{cite web |publisher= International Boundary Commission |url=http://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/boundary.html |title=The Boundary |year=1985|accessdate=May 17, 2012}}\n\nSince the end of the last [[glacial period]], Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive [[taiga|boreal]] forest on the Canadian Shield.{{cite book\n|title = National Atlas of Canada\n|publisher = Natural Resources Canada\n|year = 2005\n|isbn = 978-0-7705-1198-2 |page = 1}}\n Canada has around 31,700 large lakes,I.e., lakes over {{convert|3|km2|ha}} in area. {{cite book|author=Thomas V. Cech|title=Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=A2nJCPPixGQC&pg=PA83|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-13631-7|page=83}} more than any other country, containing much of the world's [[fresh water]].{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=William G|author2=Oke, TR |author3=Rouse, Wayne R |title=The surface climates of Canada|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1997|page=124|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oxNMhw-rRrQC&pg=PA244|isbn=978-0-7735-1672-4}}\nThere are also fresh-water glaciers in the [[Canadian Rockies]] and the [[Coast Mountains]].\nCanada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably [[Mount Meager]], [[Mount Garibaldi]], [[Mount Cayley]], and the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]].{{cite book | last = Etkin | first = David | author2=Haque, CE|author3=Brooks, Gregory R| title = An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada | publisher = Springer | date = April 30, 2003 | pages =569, 582, 583 |isbn = 978-1-4020-1179-5}} The volcanic eruption of the [[Tseax Cone]] in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 [[Nisga'a people]] and destroying their village in the [[Nass River]] valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a {{convert|22.5|km|adj=on}} [[lava]] flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.{{cite book|author=Jessop, A|title=Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 5906|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z7IL9hO-_6cC&pg=PA18|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|pages=18–|id=GGKEY:6DLTQFWQ9HG}}\nCanada's population density, at {{convert|3.3|PD/km2}}, is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the [[Quebec City – Windsor Corridor]], situated in Southern Quebec and [[Southern Ontario]] along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.{{cite book|author1=Peter H. McMurry|author2=Marjorie F. Shepherd|author3=James S. Vickery|title=Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1giH-mvhhw8C&pg=PA391|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84287-7|page=391}}\n\nAverage winter and summer high [[Temperature in Canada|temperatures across Canada]] vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a [[continental climate]], where daily average temperatures are near −15 °[[Celsius|C]] (5 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]), but can drop below {{convert|-40|°C|°F|abbr=on}} with severe [[wind chill]]s.{{cite web |author=[[The Weather Network]]|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |title=Statistics, Regina SK |accessdate=January 18, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105062344/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |archivedate=January 5, 2009}} In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from {{convert|25|to|30|C|F}}, with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding {{convert|40|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |publisher= Environment Canada |url=http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html |title=Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971–2000|date=March 25, 2004|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{Clear right}}\n\n==Government and politics==\n{{Main|Government of Canada|Politics of Canada}}\n[[File:Canadian parliament MAM.JPG|thumb|alt=A building with a central clocktower rising from a block|[[Parliament Hill]] in Canada's capital city, [[Ottawa]]]]\nCanada has a [[parliamentary system]] within the context of a [[constitutional monarchy]], the [[monarchy of Canada]] being the foundation of the executive, [[Legislature|legislative]], and [[Judiciary|judicial]] branches.{{Cite journal| author=[[Queen Victoria]]|date=March 29, 1867| title=Constitution Act, 1867: Preamble| publisher=Queen's Printer| url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{Cite news| last=Smith| first=David E| title=The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?| periodical=The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options| page=6| publisher=Queen's University| date=June 10, 2010| url=http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5qXvz463C| archivedate=June 17, 2010|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{Cite book| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S| authorlink=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| page=16| edition=2nd| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=May 23, 2011| year=2012| ref=harv}}{{Cite journal|author=Canadian Heritage| title=Canadian Heritage Portfolio| publisher=Queen's Printer| date=February 2009| edition=2nd| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/publctn/gp-pg/ppc-chp/ppc-chp-eng.pdf| pages=3–4| isbn=978-1-100-11529-0|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} The sovereign is Queen [[Elizabeth II]], who also serves as head of state of [[Commonwealth realm|15 other Commonwealth countries]] and each of Canada's ten provinces. As such, the Queen's representative, the [[Governor General of Canada]] (at present [[David Johnston|David Lloyd Johnston]]), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.{{cite web|title=The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities|url=http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3|publisher=Queen's Printer|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{cite book| title=Commonwealth public administration reform 2004| publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat| year=2004| pages=54–55|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ATi5R5XNb2MC&pg=PA54| isbn=978-0-11-703249-1}}\n\nThe direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited.{{cite book| last=Forsey| first=Eugene| authorlink=Eugene Forsey| title=How Canadians Govern Themselves| pages=1, 16, 26| edition=6th| publisher=Queen's Printer| year=2005| isbn=978-0-662-39689-5| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/sites/lop/aboutparliament/forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5vkPPetrW| archivedate=January 15, 2011| accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{cite web| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5| last=Marleau| first=Robert| last2=Montpetit| first2=Camille| title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=May 23, 2011}} In practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by [[Canadian Cabinet|the Cabinet]], a committee of [[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]] responsible to the elected [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] and chosen and headed by the [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (at present [[Stephen Harper]]),{{cite web| url=http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/pm.asp?featureId=7| title=Prime Minister of Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer| year=2009| accessdate=May 23, 2011}} the [[head of government]]. The governor general or monarch may, though, in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial [[Advice (constitutional)|advice]]. To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] in the House of Commons.{{cite book| last=Johnson| first=David| title=Thinking government: public sector management in Canada| publisher=University of Toronto Press| year=2006| edition=2nd| pages=134–135, 149| isbn=978-1-55111-779-9}} The [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, [[Lieutenant governor (Canada)|lieutenant governors]], senators, federal court judges, and heads of [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations]] and government agencies. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition]] (presently [[Thomas Mulcair]]) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.{{cite web|title=The Opposition in a Parliamentary System|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/bp47-e.htm|publisher=Library of Parliament|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n[[File:Cansenate.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Canadian Senate|Senate chamber]] within the [[Centre Block]] on [[Parliament Hill]]]]\n\nEach of the 308 members of parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an [[Canadian electoral district|electoral district]] or riding. [[Elections in Canada|General elections]] must be called by the governor general, either on the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous election, or if the government loses a [[confidence vote]] in the House.{{cite web|author=O'Neal, Brian; Bédard, Michel; Spano, Sebastian|date=April 11, 2011|title=Government and Canada's 41st Parliament: Questions and Answers|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-37-e.htm|publisher=Library of Parliament|accessdate=June 2, 2011}} The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.{{cite book|author1=Ann L. Griffiths|author2=Karl Nerenberg|title=Handbook of Federal Countries|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GytLtJacxY8C&pg=PA116|year=2003|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-7047-4|page=116}} Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2011 elections: the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (governing party), the [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]] (the [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]]), the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], the [[Bloc Québécois]], and the [[Green Party of Canada]]. The list of [[List of federal political parties in Canada#Historical parties that have won seats in Parliament|historical parties]] with elected representation is substantial.\n\n[[Canadian federalism|Canada's federal structure]] divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. [[Legislative Assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories|Provincial legislatures]] are [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons. Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces.{{cite web| url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=provterr&sub=difference&doc=difference-eng.htm|title=Difference between Canadian Provinces and Territories| year=2009| publisher=Intergovernmental Affairs Canada| accessdate=May 23, 2011}} The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.{{cite web| url=http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/visitors/what-consensus/differences-provincial-governments| title=Differences from Provincial Governments| year=2008| publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories| accessdate=January 30, 2014}}\n\nThe [[Bank of Canada]] is the [[central bank]] of the country.{{cite book|author=Dinçer, Hasan|title=Global Strategies in Banking and Finance|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ElwrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|year=2013|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=978-1-4666-4636-0|page=69}} In addition, the [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Minister of Finance]] and [[Minister of Industry (Canada)|Minister of Industry]] utilize the [[Statistics Canada]] agency for financial planning and economic policy development.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/mandate-mandat-eng.htm|title=About|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2014|accessdate=February 14, 2015}}\n\n===Law===\n{{Main|Law of Canada}}\nThe [[Constitution of Canada]] is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the [[British North America Acts|British North America Act]] prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments. The [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] granted full autonomy and the [[Constitution Act, 1982]], ended all legislative ties to the UK, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. The Charter guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be over-ridden by any government—though a [[Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|notwithstanding clause]] allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.{{cite book|last=Bakan|first=Joel|author2=Elliot, Robin M|title=Canadian Constitutional Law|publisher=Emond Montgomery Publications|year=2003|pages=3–8, 683–687, 699|isbn=978-1-55239-085-6}}\n[[File:Medal-Viki.jpg|thumb|alt=Two sides of a silver medal: the profile of Queen Victoria and the inscription \"Victoria Regina\" on one side, a man in European garb shaking hands with an Aboriginal with the inscription ''Indian Treaty No. 187'' on the other|The Indian Chiefs Medal, presented to commemorate the [[Numbered Treaties]] of 1871–1921]]\n\nThe [[Indian Act]], various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and native peoples.{{Cite journal|title=Aboriginal roundtable on Kelowna Accord: Aboriginal policy negotiations 2004–2006|last=Patterson|first=Lisa Lynne| url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/PRB-e/PRB0604-e.pdf| series=1| year=2004| page=3| publisher=Parliamentary Information and Research Service, [[Library of Parliament]]|ref=harv|accessdate=October 23, 2014}} Most notably, a series of eleven treaties known as the [[Numbered Treaties]] were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada between 1871 and 1921.{{cite web|title = Treaty areas| publisher=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat| date=October 7, 2002| url=http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/EB/prb9916-e.htm| accessdate=May 23, 2011}} These treaties are agreements with the Canadian [[Queen-in-Council|Crown-in-Council]], administered by [[Canadian Aboriginal law]], and overseen by the [[Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)|Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development]]. The role of the treaties and the rights they support were reaffirmed by [[Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982]]. These rights may include provision of services such as health care, and exemption from taxation.{{cite book|author=Gary Brent Madison|title=Is There a Canadian Philosophy?: Reflections on the Canadian Identity|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3AgrpoLkscMC&pg=PA128|year=2000|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=978-0-7766-0514-2|page=128}} The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005, through the First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord.\n[[File:Ottawa - ON - Oberster Gerichtshof von Kanada.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill]]\n\n[[Court system of Canada|Canada's judiciary]] plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down Acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led since 2000 by the Chief Justice [[Beverley McLachlin]] (the first female Chief Justice).{{cite book|last=McCormick|first=Peter|title=Supreme at last: the evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada|publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd|year=2000|pages=2, 86, 154|isbn=978-1-55028-692-2}} Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with nongovernmental legal bodies. The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions.{{cite book|author1=Richard Yates|author2=Penny Bain|author3=Ruth Yates|title=Introduction to law in Canada|year=2000|publisher=Prentice Hall Allyn and Bacon Canada|isbn=978-0-13-792862-0|page=93}}\n\n[[Common law]] prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] predominates. [[Criminal law of Canada|Criminal law]] is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.{{cite book|last=Sworden|first=Philip James|title=An introduction to Canadian law|publisher=Emond Montgomery Publications|year=2006|pages=22, 150|isbn=978-1-55239-145-7}} Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces.{{cite web|url=http://www.opp.ca/ecms/index.php?id=19|title=Ontario Provincial Police|publisher=OPP official website|year=2009 |accessdate=October 24, 2012}} However, in most rural areas and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]].{{cite web|url=http://www.nbpei-ecn.ca/documents/ECN-Forensics.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706190335/http://www.nbpei-ecn.ca/documents/ECN-Forensics.pdf|archivedate=July 6, 2011|last=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|title=Keeping Canada and Our Communities Safe and Secure|publisher=Queen's Printer |accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n{{clear}}\n\n===Foreign relations and military===\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Canada|Military history of Canada}}\n[[File:David Cameron Herman Van Rompuy Stephen Harper Dmitry Medvedev and Naoto Kan cropped 36th G8 summit member 20100625.jpg|thumb|[[David Cameron]] and [[Stephen Harper]] (foreground) with [[Herman Van Rompuy]], [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and [[Naoto Kan]] (background) at the 36th G8 summit in Muskoka District Municipality, Ontario on June 25, 2010.]] \nCanada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of 68,250 active personnel and approximately 51,000 reserve personnel.{{cite web |publisher= Global Firepower |url=http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=Canada |title=Military Strength of Canada |date=March 27, 2014|accessdate=January 25, 2015}} The unified [[Canadian Forces]] (CF) comprise the [[Canadian Army]], [[Royal Canadian Navy]], and [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. In 2013, Canada's [[List of countries by military expenditure|military expenditure]] totalled approximately C$19 billion, or around 1% of the country's GDP.{{cite web|url=http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/canadian-military-spending-by-the-numbers|title=Canadian military spending by the numbers|work=Ottawa Citizen|date=September 3, 2014|accessdate=January 25, 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://milexdata.sipri.org/result.php4|title=Military expenditure of Canada|publisher=[[SIPRI]]|year=2011|accessdate=May 3, 2012}}\n\nCanada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.{{cite journal|last=Haglung|first=David G|date=Autumn 2003|title=North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security |journal=[[Orbis (journal)|Orbis]]|publisher=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]]|volume=47|issue=4|pages=675–691|doi=10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00072-3}}{{cite web|url=http://m.state.gov/md2089.htm|title=Canada|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|year=2014|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba from 1961–2014 and declining to officially participate in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Francophonie]].{{cite book|last=James|first=Patrick|title=Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy|editor= Michaud, Nelson; O'Reilly, Marc J|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2006|pages=213–214, 349–362|isbn=978-0-7391-1493-3}} Canada is noted for having a positive [[Canada–Netherlands relations|relationship with the Netherlands]], owing, in part, to its contribution to the [[Netherlands in World War II#Liberation|Dutch liberation during World War II]].\n\nCanada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the [[Second Boer War]], World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.{{cite journal|last=Teigrob|first=Robert|title='Which Kind of Imperialism?' Early Cold War Decolonization and Canada–US Relations|journal=Canadian Review of American Studies|date=September 2010|volume=37|issue=3|pages=403–430|doi=10.3138/cras.37.3.403}}{{cite book |title = Canada's international policy statement: a role of pride and influence in the world|publisher = Government of Canada |year=2005 |isbn = 978-0-662-68608-8}} Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of [[NATO]] in 1949. During the [[Canada in the Cold War|Cold War]], Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the [[Korean War]] and founded the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.{{cite book|last=Finkel|first=Alvin|title=Our lives: Canada after 1945|publisher=Lorimer|year=1997|pages=105–107, 111–116|isbn=978-1-55028-551-2}}\n\n[[File:US Navy 090425-M-9917S-314 Canadian Army soldiers assigned to Alpha Company, 3d Battalion, 22d Regiment of Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force-24 depart a U.S. Navy landing craft air cushion (LCAC) and deploy onto Mayp.jpg|left|thumb|[[Canadian Army]] soldiers from the [[Royal 22e Régiment|Royal 22nd Regiment]] deploying in [[Florida]] during [[UNITAS]] exercises in April 2009]]\n\nDuring the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, future Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] eased tensions by proposing the inception of the [[United Nations peacekeeping|United Nations Peacekeeping Force]], for which he was awarded the 1957 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].{{cite book|last=Holloway|first=Steven Kendall|title=Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2006|pages=102–103|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MSHy65g7M7wC&pg=PA102|isbn=978-1-55111-816-1}} As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. Canada has since served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989, and has since maintained forces in international missions in [[Rwanda]], the former [[Yugoslavia]], and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 [[Somalia Affair]].{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html|title=Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada|last=Farnsworth|first=Clyde H|date=November 27, 1994|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n\nCanada joined the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in [[Windsor, Ontario]], in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001.{{cite book|author=Peter McKenna|title=Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IoputVv15MEC&pg=PA91|year=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1108-5|page=91}} Canada seeks to expand its ties to [[Pacific Rim]] economies through membership in the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (APEC).{{cite book|author=Ibp Usa|title=Canada Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook Volume 1 Intelligence Service Organizations, Regulations, Activities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7jNg1U2tf6wC&pg=PA27|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-0-7397-1615-1|page=27}}\n[[File:HMCS Regina (FFH 334).jpg|thumb|The [[Halifax class frigate|''Halifax''-class]] [[frigate]] [[HMCS Regina (FFH 334)|HMCS ''Regina'']], a warship of the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], near [[Hawaii]] during the 2004 [[RIMPAC]] exercises]]\n\nIn 2001, Canada deployed troops to [[Afghanistan]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|US stabilization force]] and the UN-authorized, NATO-led [[International Security Assistance Force]]. In all, Canada lost 158 soldiers, one diplomat, two aid workers, and one journalist during the ten-year mission,{{cite news|url=http://www.ipolitics.ca/2013/09/27/canada-lost-afghan-war-says-author/|author=Murray Brewster |title=Canada lost Afghan war, says author|date=September 27, 2013 |publisher=Canada free press (iPOLOTICS)|accessdate=January 23, 2012}} which cost approximately C$11.3 billion.{{cite web|url=http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx?lang=eng|title=Cost of the Afghanistan mission 2001–2011|accessdate=July 11, 2011|publisher=Government of Canada}}\n\nIn February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, [[Norway]], and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them.{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/06/idUSL06661675._CH_.2400|title=Rich nations to sign $1.5 bln vaccine pact in Italy|last=Vagnoni|first=Giselda|date=February 5, 2007|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} In August 2007, Canada's [[territorial claims in the Arctic]] were challenged after a [[Arktika 2007|Russian underwater expedition]] to the [[North Pole]]; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.{{cite news | last = Blomfield | first = Adrian| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559165/Russia-claims-North-Pole-with-Arctic-flag-stunt.html | newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | title = Russia claims North Pole with Arctic flag stunt | date = August 3, 2007 | accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces participated in [[2011 military intervention in Libya|a UN-mandated NATO intervention]] into the [[2011 Libyan civil war]].{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2011/10/20/pol-libya-mission-end-two-weeks.html |title=Canada's Libya mission to end in 2 weeks|publisher=CBC|date=October 20, 2011|accessdate=December 30, 2011}} In late 2014, Canadian ground and air units joined the international effort to defeat the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq.{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/us-led-coalition-beating-back-islamic-state-canadian-military-says/article22146714/|title=Nine strikes in 50 days: Canadian military defends Iraq bombing record|work=The Globe and Mail|date=December 18, 2014|accessdate=February 14, 2015}}\n\n===International organizations===\nCanada is recognized as a [[middle power]] for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral solutions.{{cite book|author=Adam Chapnick|title=The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4049-1|pages=2–5}} As well as its membership of the United Nations, the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[G20]] and the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), Canada is a member of various other international and regional organizations and forums for economic and cultural affairs.{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/organisations.aspx?lang=eng|title=International Organizations and Forums|publisher=Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada|year=2013|accessdate=March 3, 2014}} Canada acceded to the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] in 1976.{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv-4&chapter=4&lang=en|title= International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|year=2014|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=March 3, 2014}}\n\n===Provinces and territories===\n{{Main|Provinces and territories of Canada}}\n{{See also|Canadian federalism}}\n\nCanada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three [[territory (administrative division)|territories]]. In turn, these may be grouped into [[List of regions of Canada|four main regions]]: Western Canada, Central Canada, [[Atlantic Canada]], and Northern Canada (\"Eastern Canada\" refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibility for social programs such as [[Health care in Canada|health care]], [[Education in Canada|education]], and [[Social programs in Canada|welfare]].{{cite book|author1=G. Bruce Doern|author2=Allan M. Maslove|author3=Michael J. Prince|title=Canadian Public Budgeting in the Age of Crises: Shifting Budgetary Domains and Temporal Budgeting|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FBXaFRZtKJsC&pg=RA1-PA1976|year=2013|publisher=MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-8853-0|page=1}} Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the [[Canada Health Act]]; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. [[Equalization payments]] are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.{{cite book|author1=Jason Clemens|author2=Niels Veldhuis|title=Beyond Equalization: Examining Fiscal Transfers in a Broader Context|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yc6RakXxLy0C&pg=PA8|year=2012|publisher=The Fraser Institute|isbn=978-0-88975-215-3|page=8}}\n{{Canada image map}}\n{{Clear left}}\n\n==Economy==\n{{Main|Economy of Canada|Economic history of Canada}}\n[[File:Canada FTAs.png|thumb|400px|Nations that have Free Trade Agreements with Canada as of 2009 are in dark blue, while nations in negotiations are in cyan. Canada is green.]]\nCanada is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|eleventh-largest economy]] as of 2015, with a [[nominal GDP]] of approximately US$1.79 trillion.{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=30&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=156&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for selected Country - Canada |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=2015 | accessdate=May 22, 2015}} It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Group of Eight (G8), and is one of the world's top ten [[trading nation]]s, with a highly [[Globalization|globalized]] economy.{{cite web |publisher= World Trade Organization|url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres08_e/pr520_e.htm|title=Latest release |date=April 17, 2008 |accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/|publisher=KOF|title=Index of Globalization 2010|accessdate=May 22, 2012}} Canada is a [[mixed economy]], ranking above the US and most western European nations on the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s index of economic freedom,{{cite web |year=2013 | publisher = Heritage Foundation/''Wall Street Journal''| title = Index of Economic Freedom | url = http://www.heritage.org/Index/ | accessdate=June 27, 2013}} and experiencing a relatively low level of [[Economic inequality|income disparity]].{{cite web|url=http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/12/13/jonathan-kay-the-key-to-canadas-economic-advantage-over-the-united-states-less-income-inequality/|title=Jonathan Kay: The key to Canada's economic advantage over the United States? Less income inequality|work=National Post|date=December 13, 2012|accessdate=December 14, 2012}} The country's average household [[disposable income]] per capita is over US$23,900, higher than the OECD average. Furthermore, the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] is the seventh largest [[stock exchange]] in the world by [[market capitalization]], listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US$2 trillion as of 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.tmx.com/resource/en/117|title=TMX Group Equity Financing Statistics – September 2014|publisher=TMX|date=September 2014|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}\n\nIn 2014, Canada's exports totalled over C$528 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $523 billion, of which approximately $349 billion originated from the United States, $49 billion from the European Union, and $35 billion from China.{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/gblec02a-eng.htm|title=Imports, exports and trade balance of goods on a balance-of-payments basis, by country or country grouping |date=2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=February 7, 2015}} The country's 2014 [[trade surplus]] totalled C$5.1 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008.{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/canada-has-first-yearly-trade-deficit-since-1975/article1462607/ |title=Canada has first yearly trade deficit since 1975|newspaper= The Globe and Mail|date=February 10, 2010|accessdate=May 23, 2011|first=Tavia|last=Grant}}{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/canadas-trade-deficit-widens-on-lower-crude-oil-prices-1423147694|title=Canada's Trade Deficit Widens|work=Wall Street Journal|date=February 7, 2015}}\n\nSince the early 20th century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized, industrial one. Like many other [[developed nations]], the Canadian economy is dominated by the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service industry]], which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce.{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/econ40-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Employment by Industry|date=January 8, 2009 |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its [[primary sector of the economy|primary sector]], in which the logging and [[petroleum industry|petroleum industries]] are two of the most prominent components.{{cite journal|last=Easterbrook|first=WT|date=March 1995|title=Recent Contributions to Economic History: Canada|journal=Journal of Economic History|volume=19|page=98}}\n\nCanada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Charles E|title=World energy resources|publisher=Springer|year=2002|pages=323, 378–389|isbn=978-3-540-42634-9}} Atlantic Canada possesses vast [[Offshore drilling|offshore]] deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. The vastness of the [[Athabasca oil sands]] and other assets results in Canada having a 13% share of global [[oil reserves]], comprising the world's third-largest share after [[Oil Reserves in Venezuela|Venezuela]] and [[Oil Reserves in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM|title=World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1960–2011|publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries|year=2012|quote= Oil & Gas Journal's oil reserve estimate for Canada includes {{convert|5.392|Goilbbl|m3}} of conventional crude oil and condensate reserves and {{convert|173.2|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil sands reserves. Information collated by the [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilreserves.html EIA]}} Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat, [[canola]], and other grains.{{cite book|last=Britton|first=John NH|title=Canada and the Global Economy: The Geography of Structural and Technological Change|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1996|pages=26–27, 155–163|isbn=978-0-7735-1356-3}} Canada's [[Minister of Natural Resources (Canada)|Ministry of Natural Resources]] provides statistics regarding its major exports; the country is a leading exporter of [[zinc]], [[uranium]], [[gold]], [[nickel]], [[aluminum]], [[steel]], [[iron ore]], [[Coking coal#Coking coal and use of coke|coking coal]] and [[lead]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?product=zinc&graph=production|title=Zinc Production by Country (Metric tons, zinc content of concentrate and direct shipping ore, unless otherwise specified)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] data via Index Mundi|year=2009|accessdate=May 14, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mining-materials/statistics/8848|title=Statistics|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and [[aeronautics]] representing particularly important industries.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/sectionv/4057758-eng.htm#V332_350|title=Vl-12|editor=Leacy, FH|year=1983|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n\n[[File:NAFTA logo.svg|left|thumb|North American Free Trade Agreement [[NAFTA]] Logo]]\nCanada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since [[World War II]].{{cite book|author1=Dr David Mosler|author2=Professor Bob Catley|title=The American Challenge: The World Resists US Liberalism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l00i5PKYDwcC&pg=PA38|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-9852-0|page=38}} The [[Automotive Products Trade Agreement]] of 1965 opened Canada's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]]'s Liberal government to enact the [[National Energy Program]] (NEP) and the [[Investment Canada|Foreign Investment Review Agency]] (FIRA).{{cite book|last=Morck|first=Randall|author2=Tian, Gloria |author3=Yeung, Bernard |title=Governance, multinationals, and growth|editors=Eden, Lorraine; Dobson, Wendy|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2005|page=50|chapter=Who owns whom? Economic nationalism and family controlled pyramidal groups in Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=q4gt2xhqpSIC&pg=PA50|isbn=978-1-84376-909-5}} In the 1980s, Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]]'s Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to \"[[Investment Canada]]\", to encourage foreign investment.{{cite journal|last=Hale|first=Geoffrey|title=The Dog That Hasn't Barked: The Political Economy of Contemporary Debates on Canadian Foreign Investment Policies|journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science|date=October 2008|volume=41|issue=3|pages=719–747|doi=10.1017/S0008423908080785}} The [[Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement]] (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include [[Mexico]] in 1994. In the mid-1990s, [[Jean Chrétien]]'s Liberal government began to post annual budgetary surpluses, and steadily paid down the national debt.{{cite book|author=David Johnson|title=Thinking Government: Public Sector Management in Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TcL80sSautgC&pg=PA374|year=2006|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-55111-779-9|page=374}}\n\nThe [[global financial crisis of 2008]] caused a [[late-2000s recession|major recession]], which led to a significant rise in [[List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate|unemployment]] in Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalpost.com/related/topics/story.html?id=1383376|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5nDiwjKnX|archivedate=February 1, 2010|title=Jobless rate to peak at 10%: TD|last=Sturgeon|first=Jamie|date=March 13, 2009|work=National Post |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} By October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate had reached 8.6 percent, with provincial unemployment rates varying from a low of 5.8 percent in Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador.{{cite web |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/subjects-sujets/labour-travail/lfs-epa/lfs-epa-eng.htm|title=Latest release from Labour Force Survey |date=November 6, 2009|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs.{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/the-economists/the-real-state-of-canadas-jobs-market/article1757129/|title=The real state of Canada's jobs market |date=October 15, 2010|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|accessdate=December 12, 2010|first=Armine|last=Yalnizyan}} [[Canadian public debt|Canada's federal debt]] was estimated to total $566.7 billion for the [[fiscal year]] 2010–11, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09.{{cite web|url=http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20100304/budget_2010_100304/20100304?hub=TorontoNewHome|title=Budget fights deficit with freeze on future spending|publisher=[[CTV News]]|date=March 4, 2010|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} In addition, Canada's net [[foreign debt]] rose by $41 billion to $194 billion in the first quarter of 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100617/dq100617b-eng.htm|title=Canada's international investment position|publisher=Statistics Canada|work=The Daily|date=June 17, 2010|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} However, Canada's regulated banking sector (comparatively conservative among G8 nations), the federal government's pre-crisis budgetary surpluses, and its long-term policies of lowering the national debt, resulted in a less severe recession compared to other G8 nations.{{cite web|url=http://mercatus.org/publication/canada-s-budget-triumph|title=Canada's Budget Triumph|publisher=Mercatus Center (George Mason University)|format=PDF|date=September 30, 2010|accessdate=July 15, 2013}} As of 2015, the Canadian economy has largely stabilized and has seen a modest return to growth, although the country remains troubled by volatile oil prices, sensitivity to the [[European sovereign-debt crisis|Eurozone crisis]] and higher-than-normal unemployment rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.fin.gc.ca/efp-pef/2013/efp-pef-02-eng.asp|title=Update of Economic and Fiscal Projections|publisher=Department of Finance Canada|year=2013|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/imf-drops-forecast-for-canadian-economic-growth-1.2197318|title=IMF drops forecast for Canadian economic growth|publisher=CTV News|date=January 20, 2015|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} The federal government and many Canadian industries have also started to expand trade with emerging Asian markets, in an attempt to diversify exports; Asia is now Canada's second-largest export market after the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacific.ca/statistics/trade/regional-trade/canadas-trade-world-region|title=Canada's Trade with the World, by Region|publisher=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada|date=March 24, 2014|accessdate=February 18, 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://opencanada.org/branch-news/montreal-news/minister-fast-congratulates-the-organizers-of-the-canada-and-free-trade-with-asia-conference/|title=Minister Fast Congratulates the Organizers of the Canada and Free Trade with Asia Conference|publisher=Canadian International Council |year=2013|accessdate=February 11, 2014}} [[Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines|Widely debated oil pipeline proposals]], in particular, are hoped to increase exports of Canadian oil reserves to China.{{cite news |work= The Globe and Mail |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/investment-ideas/streetwise/northern-gateway-pipeline-would-strengthen-trade-ties-to-china/article4107144/|title=Northern Gateway pipeline would strengthen trade ties to China |date=May 7, 2012|accessdate=August 19, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www2.macleans.ca/2012/09/25/plugging-for-pipelines/|title=Pipeline economics: China needs oil, and Canada's got it|publisher=Macleans.ca|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=December 4, 2012}}\n\n===Science and technology===\n{{Main|Science and technology in Canada|Telecommunications in Canada}}\n[[File:STS-116 Payload (NASA S116-E-05364).jpg|thumb|alt=A shuttle in space, with Earth in the background. A mechanical arm labelled \"Canada\" rises from the shuttle|The [[Canadarm]] robotic manipulator in action on [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] during the [[STS-116]] mission in 2006.]]\n\nIn 2012, Canada spent approximately C$31.3 billion on domestic [[research and development]], of which around $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/scte01a-eng.htm|title=Domestic spending on research and development|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=October 17, 2014|accessdate=February 7, 2015}} As of 2015, the country has produced thirteen [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel laureates]] in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]] and [[Nobel Prize in Medicine|medicine]],{{cite web|title=Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates|url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/nobellaureates.php|publisher=Science.ca|accessdate=February 7, 2015}} Note that this source was published before 2011 and as such does not include [[Ralph M. Steinman]].{{cite web|url=http://newswire.rockefeller.edu/?page=engine&id=1192|title=Rockefeller University scientist Ralph Steinman, honored today with Nobel Prize for discovery of dendritic cells, dies at 68|date=October 3, 2011|publisher=[[Rockefeller University]]}} and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists.{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-ranked-fourth-in-the-world-for-scientific-research/article4571162/|title=Canada ranked fourth in the world for scientific research|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=September 26, 2012|accessdate=October 17, 2012}} It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms.{{cite web|url=http://www.branham300.com/index.php?year=2014&listing=1|title=Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies|year=2014|publisher=Branham Group Inc|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} Canada [[List of countries by number of Internet users|has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world]], with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm#north|title=Internet Usage and Population in North America|publisher=Internet World Stats|date=June 2014|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}\n\nThe [[Canadian Space Agency]] operates a highly active [[space program]], conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. Canada was the third country to launch a satellite into space after the [[USSR]] and the United States, with the 1962 [[Alouette 1]] launch.{{cite web|url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/alouette.asp|title=Alouette I and II|publisher=CSA|accessdate=November 30, 2012}} In 1984, [[Marc Garneau]] became Canada's first astronaut. As of 2015, [[Canadian astronauts|nine Canadians have flown into space]], over the course of seventeen manned missions.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2010/09/01/f-canadian-space-astronauts.html|title=Canada's astronauts|publisher= [[CBC News]]|date=October 26, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2011}}\n\nCanada is a participant in the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), and is a pioneer in space [[robotics]], having constructed the [[Canadarm]], [[Canadarm2]] and [[Dextre]] robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's [[Space Shuttle]]. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including [[Radarsat-1]] and [[Radarsat-2|2]], [[ISIS (satellite)|ISIS]] and [[Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope|MOST]].{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html|title=The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada|publisher=Newswire |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used [[sounding rocket]]s, the [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant]]; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.{{cite web|url=http://www.magellan.aero/our-products/rockets-and-space|title=Black Brant Sounding Rockets|publisher=Magellan Aerospace|year=2013|accessdate=February 13, 2015}}\n\n==Demographics==\n{{Main|Canadians|Demographics of Canada}}\nThe [[Canada 2011 Census|2011 Canadian census]] counted a [[Population of Canada by year|total population]] of 33,476,688, an increase of around 5.9 percent over the 2006 figure.{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/120208/dq120208a-eng.htm?WT.mc_id=twtB2000 |title=2011 Census: Population and dwelling counts |date=February 8, 2012 |publisher=Statistics Canada |accessdate=February 8, 2012}} By December 2012, [[Statistics Canada]] reported a population of over 35 million, signifying the fastest growth rate of any [[G8 nations|G8 nation]].{{cite news |author= Green, Jeff |newspaper=The Toronto Star |url=http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/12/06/canadas_population_hits_35_million.html |title=Canada's population hits 35 million|date=December 6, 2012|accessdate=September 16, 2013}} Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main drivers of population growth are [[Immigration to Canada|immigration]] and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.{{cite book|author1=Barry Edmonston|author2=Eric Fong|title=The Changing Canadian Population|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA181|year=2011|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4|page=181}}\n{{Largest Metropolitan Areas of Canada}}\n{{Pie chart\n|thumb = right\n|caption = Self-reported ethnic origins of Canadians (as per 2011 census data){{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=National Household Survey Profile|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2011|accessdate=February 13, 2015}}\n|label1 = [[European Canadian|European]]\n|value1 = 76.7\n|color1 = Blue\n|label2 = [[Asian Canadian|Asian]]\n|value2 = 14.2\n|color2 = Gray\n|label3 = [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]]\n|value3 = 4.3\n|color3 = Gold\n|label4 = [[Black Canadians|Black]]\n|value4 = 2.9\n|color4 = Green\n|label5 = [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]]\n|value5 = 1.2\n|color5 = Red\n|label6 = [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|Multiracial]]\n|value6 = 0.5\n|color6 = Black\n|label7 = [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|Other]]\n|value7 = 0.3\n|color7 = White\n}}\n{{Pie chart\n|thumb = right\n|caption = Religion in Canada (2011 National Household Survey){{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA |title=Religions in Canada—Census 2011 |publisher=Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada}}\n|label1 = [[Roman Catholicism in Canada|Catholic]]\n|value1 = 38.7\n|color1 = DarkOrchid\n|label2 = Other Christian\n|value2 = 28.6\n|color2 = DodgerBlue\n|label3 = [[Irreligion in Canada|Non-religious]]\n|value3 = 23.9\n|color3 = Gray\n|label4 = [[Islam in Canada|Islam]]\n|value4 = 3.2\n|color4 = MediumSeaGreen\n|label5 = [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]]\n|value5 = 1.5\n|color5 = Crimson\n|label6 = [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]]\n|value6 = 1.4\n|color6 = Orange\n|label7 = [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]]\n|value7 = 1.1\n|color7 = Gold\n|label8 = [[Judaism in Canada|Judaism]]\n|value8 = 1.0\n|color8 = Turquoise\n|label9 = Other religions\n|value9 = 0.6\n|color9 = HotPink\n}}\nAbout four-fifths of the population lives within {{convert|150|km|mi}} of the United States border.{{cite book|last=Custred|first=Glynn|title=Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States|editor=Moens, Alexander|publisher=Fraser Institute|year=2008|page=96|chapter=Security Threats on America's Borders|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HmiqBgnkAXYC&pg=PA96|isbn=978-0-88975-235-1}} Approximately 80 percent of Canadians live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, the British Columbia [[Lower Mainland]], and the [[Calgary–Edmonton Corridor]] in Alberta.{{cite web | url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-221-x/00503/t/th/4062283-eng.htm | title = Urban-rural population as a proportion of total population, Canada, provinces, territories and health regions | year = 2001 | publisher = Statistics Canada | accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Canada spans latitudinally from the 83rd parallel north to the 41st parallel north, and approximately 95% of the population is found below the 55th parallel north. In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a [[demographic transition|demographic shift]] towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age was 39.5 years;{{cite web | last = Martel | first = Laurent |author2=Malenfant, Éric Caron | title = 2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, by Age and Sex | publisher = Statistics Canada | date = September 22, 2009 | url = http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/index-eng.cfm?CFID=3347169&CFTOKEN=19485112 | accessdate=October 18, 2009 }} by 2011, it had risen to approximately 39.9 years.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/09/28/canada-population-stats.html|title=Canadian population creeps up in average age|publisher=CBC |date=September 28, 2011|accessdate=April 11, 2012}} As of 2013, the average [[life expectancy]] for Canadians is 81 years.{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Statistics.pdf |format=PDF|title=2013 Human Development Index and its components – Statistics|publisher=UNDP |year=2013 |accessdate=March 15, 2013}}\n\nAccording to a 2012 [[NBC]] report, Canada is the most educated country in the world;{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/most-educated-countries-world-1B6065913|title=The most educated countries in the world|publisher=NBC|year=2012|accessdate=April 25, 2013}} the country ranks first worldwide in the number of adults having [[tertiary education]], with 51% of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree, according to a 2012 [[OECD]] survey.{{cite journal|last1=Grossman|first1=Samantha|title=And the World's Most Educated Country Is...|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=September 27, 2012|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/|accessdate=September 28, 2014}} Canadian provinces and territories are [[Education in Canada|responsible for education provision]]. The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years,{{cite web | publisher = Council of Ministers of Education, Canada | title = Overview of Education in Canada | url= http://www.educationau-incanada.ca/index.aspx?action=educationsystem-systemeeducation&lang=eng | archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5mYLss1b9 | archivedate=January 5, 2010 | accessdate=October 20, 2010 }} contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent. As of 2014, 89 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, compared to an OECD average of 75 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/canada/|title=Canada|work=[[OECD Better Life Index]]|publisher=OECD|year=2014|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} In 2002, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent.{{cite web | publisher = Department of Finance Canada | title = Creating Opportunities for All Canadians | url= http://www.fin.gc.ca/ec2005/agenda/agc4-eng.asp| date = November 14, 2005 | accessdate=May 22, 2006}} The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] indicates that Canadian students perform well above the OECD average, particularly in mathematics, science, and reading.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/12/46643496.pdf|title=Comparing countries' and economies' performances|publisher=OECD|year=2009|accessdate=May 22, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canadian-education-among-best-in-the-world-oecd-1.583143|title=Canadian education among best in the world: OECD|publisher=CTV News|date=December 7, 2010|accessdate=February 15, 2013}}\n\nCanada has one of the [[Immigration to Canada#Immigration rate|highest per-capita immigration rates in the world]],{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nlSWLT8UC&pg=PA51|page=51|title=Canada|first=Karla |last=Zimmerman|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|year=2008|edition=10th|isbn=978-1-74104-571-0}} driven by [[Economic impact of immigration to Canada|economic policy]] and [[Immigration to Canada#Immigration categories|family reunification]]. In 2010, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2011/2011-02-13.asp|title=Canada welcomes highest number of legal immigrants in 50 years while taking action to maintain the integrity of Canada's immigration system|publisher=Citizenship and Immigration Canada|date=February 13, 2011|accessdate=February 11, 2012}} The Canadian government anticipated between 260,000 and 285,000 new permanent residents in 2015,{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/notices/2014-11-06.asp|title=Supplementary Information to the 2015 Immigration Levels Plan|publisher=Citizenship and Immigration Canada|accessdate=February 1, 2015}} a similar number of immigrants as in recent years.{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/menu-fact.asp |title=Immigration overview – Permanent and temporary residents|publisher= [[Citizenship and Immigration Canada]]|accessdate=February 11, 2014|year=2012}}  New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto, Montreal and  Vancouver.{{cite book|author=Herbert G. Grubel|title=The Effects of Mass Immigration on Canadian Living Standards and Society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=48LOyfxYihoC&pg=PA5|year=2009|publisher=The Fraser Institute|isbn=978-0-88975-246-7|page=5}} Canada also accepts large numbers of [[refugee]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2010/2010-11-01a.asp|title=Government of Canada Tables 2011 Immigration Plan|publisher=Canada News Centre|accessdate=December 12, 2010}} accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.{{cite book|author=Alan Simmons|title=Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K0YwAJ7MpswC&pg=PA92|year=2010|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-362-8|page=92}}\n\nAccording to the [[Canada 2006 Census|2006 census]], the country's largest [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|self-reported ethnic origin]] is Canadian (accounting for 32% of the population), followed by [[English Canadian|English]] (21%), [[French Canadian|French]] (15.8%), [[Scottish Canadian|Scottish]] (15.1%), [[Irish Canadian|Irish]] (13.9%), [[Canadians of German ethnicity|German]] (10.2%), [[Italian Canadians|Italian]] (4.6%), [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] (4.3%), [[First Nations]] (4.0%), [[Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian]] (3.9%), and [[Canadians of Dutch descent|Dutch]] (3.3%).{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table|date=July 28, 2009|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\nThere are 600 recognized [[List of First Nations peoples|First Nations governments or bands]], encompassing a total of 1,172,790 people.{{cite web\n | title = Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data\n | work = 2006 Census: Topic-based tabulations\n | publisher = Statistics Canada\n | date=June 12, 2008\n | url = http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89122&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=73&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=\n | accessdate =September 18, 2009}}\n\n\nCanada's aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Canada's population claimed aboriginal identity in 2006. Another 16.2 percent of the population belonged to a non-aboriginal [[visible minority]].{{cite book|author=Anita Kalunta-Crumpton|author2=Texas Southern University|title=Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in the Americas|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xQleAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-35586-6|page=12}} In 2006, the largest visible minority groups were [[South Asian Canadian|South Asian]] (4.0%), Chinese (3.9%) and [[Black Canadians|Black]] (2.5%). Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080402/dq080402a-eng.htm|title=2006 Census: Ethnic origin, visible minorities, place of work and mode of transportation|date=April 2, 2008|work=The Daily|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=January 19, 2010}} In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups.{{cite web|url=http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml|title=Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market|last=Pendakur|first=Krishna|publisher=Simon Fraser University|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110516021011/http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml|archivedate=May 16, 2011|accessdate=June 30, 2014}} By 2007, almost one in five (19.8%) were foreign-born, with nearly 60 percent of new immigrants coming from Asia (including the Middle East).{{cite web\n | work = The Daily|title=2006 Census: Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration\n | publisher = Statistics Canada\n | date =December 4, 2007\n | url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/071204/dq071204a-eng.htm\n | accessdate=October 19, 2009}}\n The leading sources of immigrants to Canada were China, the Philippines and India.{{cite web|url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Politics/2010/11/09/16054896.html|first= Brian |last=Lilley |work=Parliamentary Bureau |title=Canadians want immigration shakeup|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|year=2010|accessdate=November 14, 2010}} According to Statistics Canada, visible minority groups could account for a third of the Canadian population by 2031.{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-changing-face-of-canada-booming-minority-populations-by-2031/article1494651/ |title=The changing face of Canada: booming minority populations by 2031|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=March 9, 2010|accessdate=May 14, 2012|first=Joe|last=Friesen}}\n\n[[Religion in Canada|Canada is religiously diverse]], encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs. According to the 2011 census, 67.3% of Canadians identify as Christian; of these, [[Roman Catholicism|Catholics]] make up the largest group, accounting for 38.7% of the population. The largest [[Protestant]] denomination is the [[United Church of Canada]] (accounting for 6.1% of Canadians), followed by [[Anglican Church of Canada|Anglicans]] (5.0%), and [[Baptists]] (1.9%). In 2011, about 23.9% declared [[Irreligion|no religious affiliation]], compared to 16.5% in 2001.{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/15/no-religion-is-increasingly-popular-for-canadians-report_n_3283268.html|title='No Religion' Is Increasingly Popular For Canadians: Report|work=Huffington Post|date=May 15, 2013|accessdate=May 19, 2013}} The remaining 8.8% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are [[Islam in Canada|Islam]] (3.2%) and [[Hinduism]] (1.5%).{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA |title=Religions in Canada—Census 2011 |publisher=Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada|year=2011|accessdate=May 19, 2013}} Although the majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives, they still believe in God.{{cite book|author=Dr. David M. Haskell (Wilfrid Laurier University)|title=Through a Lens Darkly: How the News Media Perceive and Portray Evangelicals|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TzJMfNOR5O0C&pg=PA50|year=2009|publisher=Clements Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-894667-92-0|page=50}} The \"practice of religion\" is generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state.{{cite book|author1=Kevin Boyle|author2=Juliet Sheen|title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PT219|year=2013|publisher=University of Essex - Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72229-7|page=219}} Canada has no official church, and the government is officially committed to [[Freedom of religion in Canada|religious pluralism]].{{cite book|author=Richard Moon|title=Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ah66SQsk4hAC&pg=PA1|year= 2008|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1497-3|pages=1–4}}\n\n[[Languages of Canada|Canada's two official languages]] are [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]], pursuant to [[Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] and the Federal [[Official Languages Act (Canada)|Official Languages Act]]. Canada's federal government practices [[Official bilingualism in Canada|official bilingualism]], which is applied by the [[Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages|Commissioner of Official Languages]]. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-[[language minorities]] are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.{{cite web|title=Official Languages and You|publisher=[[Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages]]|date=June 16, 2009|url=http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/faq1_e.php|accessdate=September 10, 2009}}\n\n[[File:Bilinguisme au Canada-fr.svg|200px|thumb|Approximately 98% of Canadians can speak English and/or French.'''{{Legend|#FFE400|English – 56.9%}}{{Legend|#D8A820|English and French (Bilingual) – 16.1% }}{{Legend|#B07400|French – 21.3%}}{{Legend|#F5F5DC|Sparsely populated area ( '''<''' 0.4 persons per km2)}}''']]\n\nEnglish and French are the [[first language]]s of 59.7 and 23.2 percent of the population respectively. Approximately 98 percent of Canadians speak English or French: 57.8 percent speak English only, 22.1 percent speak French only, and 17.4 percent speak both.{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm|title=2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]], {{Text|Dated 2006}}|accessdate=October 12, 2010}} The English and French official-language communities, defined by the first official language spoken, constitute 73.0 and 23.6 percent of the population respectively.{{cite web |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo15-eng.htm|title=Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory|year=2006|accessdate=May 26, 2012}}\n\nThe 1977 [[Charter of the French Language]] established French as the official language of Quebec.{{cite journal|last=Bourhis|first=Richard Y|author2=Montaruli, Elisa |author3=Amiot, Catherine E |title=Language planning and French-English bilingual communication: Montreal field studies from 1977 to 1997|journal=[[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]]|date=May 2007|issue=185|pages=187–224|doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.031|volume=2007}} Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial [[Francophone]] populations in [[Franco-Ontarian|Ontario]], [[Franco-Albertan|Alberta]], and southern [[Franco-Manitoban|Manitoba]]; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/diversity-franco-diversite-eng.htm|title=The Diversity of the Canadian Francophonie|last=Lachapelle|first=R|date=March 2009|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=September 24, 2009}} New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island.{{cite book|last=Hayday|first=Matthew|title=Bilingual Today, United Tomorrow: Official Languages in Education and Canadian Federalism|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|year=2005|page=49|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3D6LPBGT59kC&pg=PA49|isbn=978-0-7735-2960-1}}\n\nOther provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official.{{cite book|last=Heller|first=Monica|title=Crosswords: language, education and ethnicity in French Ontario|year=2003|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]|isbn=978-3-11-017687-2|pages=72, 74}} There are 11 [[Languages of Canada#Aboriginal languages|Aboriginal language groups]], composed of more than 65 distinct dialects.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-589-x/4067801-eng.htm|title=Aboriginal languages|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=October 5, 2009}} Of these, only the [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Inuit language|Inuktitut]] and [[Ojibwe language|Ojibway]] languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to [[Language extinction|survive in the long term]].{{cite book|author=Olive Patricia Dickason|title=Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M5KhH8l1ldMC&pg=PA419|year=1992|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-2439-1|page=419}} Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.{{cite book|last=Fettes|first=Mark|author2=Norton, Ruth|title=Aboriginal education: fulfilling the promise|editor=Castellano, Marlene Brant; Davis, Lynne; Lahache, Louise|publisher=[[UBC Press]]|year=2001|page=39|chapter=Voices of Winter: Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada|isbn=978-0-7748-0783-8}} Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory.{{cite book|last=Russell|first=Peter H|title=Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination|editor=Hocking, Barbara|publisher=[[Aboriginal Studies Press]]|year=2005|page=180|chapter=Indigenous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mxreMX_cf4EC&pg=PA180|isbn=978-0-85575-466-2}}\n\n[[Canada 2011 Census|In 2011]], nearly 6.8 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue.{{cite web|url=http://canadaonline.about.com/od/statistics/a/languages-canada-2011-census.htm|title=What Languages Do Canadians Speak? Language Statistics From the 2011 Census of Canada|publisher=About.com: Canada Online|date=October 31, 2012|accessdate=November 26, 2012}} Some of the most common non-official first languages include [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (mainly [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]]; 1,072,555 first-language speakers), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (430,705), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (410,670), [[German language|German]] (409,200), and [[Italian language|Italian]] (407,490).{{cite web |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm|title=Population by mother tongue, by province and territory|date=January 2013|accessdate=July 4, 2013}}\n\n==Culture==\n{{Main|Culture of Canada}}\n[[File:Raven-and-the-first-men.jpg|thumb|[[Bill Reid]]'s 1980 sculpture ''Raven and The First Men''. The Raven is a figure common to many of Canada's Aboriginal mythologies.]]\nCanada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote [[Multiculturalism in Canada|multiculturalism]] are constitutionally protected.{{cite book|author=Rand Dyck|title=Canadian Politics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BUOoN8e5Ps0C&pg=PA88|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-17-650343-7|page=88}} In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a [[culture of Quebec]] that is distinct from English Canadian culture.{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61|page=61|title=Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach|first1=Daniel P|last1=Franklin|first2=Michael J|last2=Baun|publisher=Sharpe|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56324-416-2}} However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a [[cultural mosaic]] – a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.{{cite journal|last=Garcea|first=Joseph|author2=Kirova, Anna |author3=Wong, Lloyd |title=Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada|journal=Canadian Ethnic Studies|date=January 2009|volume=40|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1353/ces.0.0069}} Government policies such as [[Health care in Canada|publicly funded health care]], [[Income taxes in Canada|higher taxation]] to [[Canadian federal budget|redistribute wealth]], the outlawing of [[Capital punishment in Canada|capital punishment]], strong efforts to eliminate [[poverty in Canada|poverty]], strict [[Gun politics in Canada|gun control]], and the legalization of [[Same-sex marriage in Canada|same-sex marriage]] are further social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.{{cite book\n|first1 =Darrell | last1 =Bricker |first2= John |last2 =Wright\n|title =What Canadians think about almost everything\n|publisher =Doubleday Canada\n|year =2005\n|isbn =978-0-385-65985-7\n|pages=8–28}}\n\nHistorically, Canada has been influenced by [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British]], [[French culture|French]], and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their language, [[Native American art|art]] and [[First Nations music|music]], aboriginal peoples continue to influence the [[Canadian identity]].{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3|pages=3–6|title=Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction|first=Paul R|last= Magocsi|publisher= University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8020-3630-8}} Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural. American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.{{cite web |first=John D |last=Blackwell |url=http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture |title=Culture High and Low |year=2005 |accessdate=March 15, 2006 |publisher=International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service}} The preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC), the [[National Film Board of Canada]] (NFB), and the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC).{{cite web |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |url=http://www.onf.ca/medias/download/documents/pdf/NFB_STRATEGIC_PLAN.pdf |title=Mandate of the National Film Board |year=2005|accessdate=October 20, 2009}}\n[[File:The Jack Pine, by Tom Thomson.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Oil on canvas painting of a tree dominating its rocky landscape during a sunset.|''[[The Jack Pine]]'' by [[Tom Thomson]]. Oil on canvas, 1916, in the collection of the [[National Gallery of Canada]].]]\n\n[[Canadian art|Canadian visual art]] has been dominated by figures such as [[Tom Thomson]] – the country's most famous painter – and by the [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]]. Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39.{{cite journal|last=Brock|first=Richard|title=Envoicing Silent Objects: Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape|journal=Canadian Journal of Environmental Education|year=2008|volume=13|issue=2|pages=50–61}} The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists – [[Lawren Harris]], [[A. Y. Jackson]], [[Arthur Lismer]], [[J. E. H. MacDonald]], and [[Frederick Varley]] – were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by [[Frank Johnston (artist)|Frank Johnston]], and by commercial artist [[Franklin Carmichael]]. [[A. J. Casson]] became part of the Group in 1926.{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Charles C|title=The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation|publisher=National Gallery of Canada|year=1995|pages=15–21, 195|isbn=978-0-7710-6716-7}} Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, [[Emily Carr]], known for her landscapes and portrayals of the [[indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast]].{{cite book|last=Newlands|first=Anne|title=Emily Carr|publisher=Firefly Books|year=1996|pages=8–9|isbn=978-1-55209-046-6}} Since the 1950s, works of [[Inuit art]] have been given as gifts to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.{{cite book|author=Pamela R. Stern|title=Daily life of the Inuit|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0y95_2m0pGUC&pg=PA151|date=June 30, 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36311-5|page=151}}\n\nThe [[Music of Canada|Canadian music industry]] has produced internationally renowned [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]] and [[List of bands from Canada|ensembles]].{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vtDhVXAkpxcC&pg=PA95|title=The cultural industries in Canada: problems, policies and prospects|first= Michael |last=Dorland|page=95|publisher=J. Lorimer|year=1996|isbn=978-1-55028-494-2}} Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC. The [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] presents Canada's music industry awards, the [[Juno Award]]s, which were first awarded in 1970.{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA127|page=127|title=Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood|first=Ryan |last=Edwardson|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8020-9759-0}} [[Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada|Patriotic music in Canada]] dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the [[Constitution Act, 1867|first legal steps to independence]] by over 50 years. The earliest, ''[[The Bold Canadian]]'', was written in 1812.{{cite book|author=Adam Jortner|title=The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217|year= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976529-4|page=217}} The national anthem of Canada, \"[[O Canada]]\", was originally commissioned by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], the Honourable [[Théodore Robitaille]], for the 1880 [[Fête nationale du Québec|St. Jean-Baptiste Day]] ceremony, and was officially adopted in 1980.{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/o-canada/|title='O Canada' |publisher=Historica-Dominion |accessdate=November 27, 2013}} [[Calixa Lavallée]] wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]]. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.{{cite web\n |title=Hymne national du Canada\n |publisher=Canadian Heritage\n |date=June 23, 2008\n |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm\n |accessdate=June 26, 2008}}\n\n\n[[File:Canada2010WinterOlympicsOTcelebration.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Hockey players and fans celebrating|Canada's [[ice hockey]] victory at the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in Vancouver]]\n\nThe [[History of Canadian sports|roots of organized sports in Canada]] date back to the 1770s.Henry Roxborough, \"The Beginning of Organized Sport in Canada,\" ''Canada'' (1975) 2#3 pp 30–43 Canada's official national sports are [[ice hockey]] and [[lacrosse]].{{cite web\n |title=National Sports of Canada Act\n |publisher=Canadian Heritage\n |date=November 17, 2008\n |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/sc/legsltn/n-16-eng.cfm\n |accessdate=October 1, 2012}}\n Seven of Canada's eight largest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have franchises in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Other popular spectator [[sports in Canada]] include [[curling]] and [[Canadian football]]; the latter is played professionally in the [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL). [[Golf]], [[tennis]], [[baseball]], [[skiing]], [[cricket]], [[volleyball]], [[rugby union]], [[Association football|soccer]] and [[basketball]] are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.{{cite web | author = [[Conference Board of Canada]] |date=December 2004 | url = http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/pubs/socio-eco/tab2_tab_e.cfm | title = Survey: Most Popular Sports, by Type of Participation, Adult Population | publisher = Sport Canada | work = Strengthening Canada: The Socio-economic Benefits of Sport Participation in Canada – Report August 2005 | accessdate=July 1, 2006}} Canada does have one professional baseball team, the [[Toronto Blue Jays]], one professional basketball team, the [[Toronto Raptors]] and three [[Major League Soccer]] teams, [[Toronto FC]], [[Vancouver Whitecaps FC]] and the [[Montreal Impact]]. Canada has participated in almost every Olympic Games since [[Canada at the 1900 Summer Olympics|its Olympic debut in 1900]], and has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in Montreal, the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] in Calgary, the [[1994 Basketball World Championship]], the [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]], and the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in Vancouver and [[Whistler, British Columbia]].{{cite web | publisher =The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games | url = http://www.vancouver2010.com/ | title = Vancouver 2010 | year = 2009 | accessdate=October 20, 2009}}\n\n[[National symbols of Canada|Canada's national symbols]] are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the [[maple leaf]] as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's [[Flag of Canada|current]] and [[Canadian Red Ensign|previous flags]], on the [[penny (Canadian coin)|penny]], and on the [[Arms of Canada]].{{cite book | author=Canadian Heritage | title=Symbols of Canada | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-660-18615-3 | publisher=Canadian Government Publishing}} Other prominent symbols include the [[beaver]], [[Canada Goose]], [[Great Northern Loon|Common Loon]], the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and more recently, the [[totem pole]] and [[Inuksuk]].{{cite journal|last=Ruhl|first=Jeffrey|date=January 2008|title=Inukshuk Rising|journal=Canadian Journal of Globalization|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–30}}\n{{clear}}\n\n==See also==\n{{Portal|Canada|North America}}\n* [[Index of Canada-related articles]]\n* [[Outline of Canada]]\n* [[List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories|Topics by provinces and territories]]\n* {{Wikipedia books link|Canada}}\n\n==Notes==\n{{notelist}}\n{{Reflist|group=n|30em}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}\n\n==Further reading==\n{{main|Bibliography of Canada}}\n{{refbegin}}\n{{div col||20em}}\n'''History'''\n* {{Cite book\n|title = Journeys: A History of Canada\n|first1 =RD | last1 = Francis |first2 = Richard |last2 =Jones |first3 = Donald B |last3 =Smith\n|publisher = Nelson Education\n|year = 2009\n|isbn = 978-0-17-644244-6\n|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&pg=PP1\n }}\n* {{cite book |last = Taylor |first = Martin Brook|author2=Owram, Doug|year = 1994|title =Canadian History|volume=[http://books.google.com/books?id=FamJrJEvymIC&pg=PP1 1] & [http://books.google.com/books?id=HKmAjZJCJFoC&pg=PP1 2]|publisher= University of Toronto Press}} ISBN 978-0-8020-5016-8, ISBN 978-0-8020-2801-3\n'''Geography and climate'''\n* {{Cite book\n|title = Canadian Oxford World Atlas\n|editor = Stanford, Quentin H\n|edition = 6th\n|publisher = Oxford University Press (Canada)\n|isbn = 978-0-19-542928-2\n|year = 2008\n }}\n'''Government and law'''\n* {{cite book |last = Malcolmson |first = Patrick|edition=4th|author2=Myers, Richard|year =2009 |title =The Canadian Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada |url =http://books.google.com/books?id=-jpXFH_ZhY8C&pg=PP1 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn= 978-1-4426-0047-8}}\n* {{cite book |last = Morton|first =Frederick Lee |year =2002 |title =Law, politics, and the judicial process in Canada\n |url =http://books.google.com/books?id=dj_4_H35nmYC&pg=PP1 |publisher= Frederick Lee|isbn= 978-1-55238-046-8}}\n'''Military'''\n* {{cite book |last = Granatstein |first =JL|title=Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z7E-j1UWuOMC&pg=PP1|year= 2011|edition=2nd|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1178-8}}\n'''Economy'''\n* {{cite book |publisher=OECD Economic Surveys|year =2013 |title =2012 Economic Survey |url =http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-canada-2012_eco_surveys-can-2012-en#page1|format=PDF}} ([http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/listofeconomicsurveysofcanada.htm List of Economic Surveys])\n* {{cite book|author=Council of Canadian Academies|title=The State of Science and Technology in Canada, 2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p_LBUhAQHTEC&pg=PP1|year=2012|publisher=Council of Canadian Academies|isbn=978-1-926558-47-9}}\n'''Demography and statistics'''\n* {{Cite book\n|last = Statistics Canada\n|title = Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867–1967\n|publisher = Federal Publications (Queen of Canada)\n|year= 2008\n|url=http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?catno=11-402-X&chropg=1&lang=eng\n }}\n* {{Cite book\n|last = Statistics Canada\n|title = Canada Year Book\n|publisher = Federal Publications (Queen of Canada)\n|date= December 2012\n|id =Catalogue no 11-402-XWE\n|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/11-402-x2012000-eng.htm\n|issn = 0068-8142\n}}\n'''Culture'''\n* {{cite book|author=[[Andrew Cohen (journalist)|Andrew Cohen]]|title=The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mlqG66wAEfoC&pg=PP1|year= 2007|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|isbn=978-0-7710-2181-7}}\n* {{cite book\n|first = Paul R| last = Magocsi\n|title =Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples\n|publisher =Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press\n|year =1999\n|isbn =978-0-8020-2938-6\n|url =http://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC\n }}\n{{div col end}}\n{{refend}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Sister project links|voy=Canada|Canada}}\n{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Canada.ogg|2008-01-04}}\n'''Overviews'''\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/canada.htm Canada] from [[University of Colorado Boulder|UCB]] Libraries GovPubs\n* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/Canada}}\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16841111 Canada] from [[BBC News]]\n* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html Canada] from [[CIA]] ''World Factbook''\n* [http://www.oecd.org/canada/ Canada profile] from the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]\n* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/canadiana/index-e.html Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada]\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CA Key Development Forecasts for Canada] from [[International Futures]]\n\n'''Government'''\n* [http://www.gc.ca/ Official website of the Government of Canada]\n* [http://www.gg.ca/ Official website of the Governor General of Canada]\n\n'''Travel'''\n* [http://us.canada.travel/ Canada's Official Tourism Website]\n\n'''Studies'''\n* [http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html A Guide to the Sources] from International Council for Canadian Studies\n\n{{Anchor|Related information}}\n{{Navboxes\n| title = [[File:Maple Leaf (from roundel).svg|20x20px]] [[Outline of Canada|Topics related to Canada]]\n| titlestyle = color:black; background-color:white;\n|list1={{Canada topics}}\n{{Countries of North America}}\n{{Commonwealth of Nations}}\n}}\n\n{{Featured article}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:Canada| ]]\n[[Category:1867 establishments in Canada| ]]\n[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]\n[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]\n[[Category:Federal countries]]\n[[Category:Former British colonies]]\n[[Category:Former French colonies]]\n[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]\n[[Category:G8 nations]]\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\n[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]\n[[Category:Member states of La Francophonie]]\n[[Category:Member states of NATO]]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1867]]\n[[Category:G7 nations]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "profile/pages/ukraine.wiki",
    "content": "{{about|the country}}\n{{pp-pc1}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}\n{{pp-pc1}}{{pp-move-indef}}\n{{Infobox country\n|conventional_long_name =Ukraine\n|native_name = Україна\n|common_name = Ukraine\n|image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\n|image_coat = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\n|national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\"[[Shche ne vmerla Ukraina]]\"}}
\"Ukraine has not yet perished\"
[[File:Anthem of Ukraine instrumental.ogg]]
\n|image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\n|map_caption ={{unbulleted list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green |region=Europe |region_color=green & dark grey}}|Disputed territory ({{small|light green}})}}\n|capital = [[Kiev]]\n|latd=50 |latm=27 |latNS=N |longd=30 |longm=30 |longEW=E\n|largest_city = capital\n|official_languages = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\n|regional_languages =\n {{collapsible list\n  |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;\n  |title = 18 languages{{cite web | url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | title=Law of Ukraine \"On Principles of State Language Policy\" (Current version — Revision from 01.02.2014) | publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30 April 2014}} |[[Armenian language|Armenian]] |[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] |[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] |[[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Greek language|Greek]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |[[Karaim language|Karaim]] |[[Krymchak language|Krymchak]] |[[Moldovan language|Moldovan]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] |[[Romani language|Romani]] |[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |[[Russian language|Russian]] |[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]\n }}\n|ethnic_groups =\n {{unbulleted list\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\n  | 17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\n }}\n|ethnic_groups_year = 2001\n|demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\n|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]
[[constitutional republic]]}}\n|leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\n|leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\n|leader_name2 = [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]]\n|leader_title3 = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\n|leader_name3 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\n|legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\n|sovereignty_type = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\n|established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus']]\n|established_date1 = 882\n|established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Kingdom of
Galicia–Volhynia]]}}\n|established_date2 = 1199\n|established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\n|established_date3 = 17 August 1649\n|established_event4 = [[Ukrainian People's Republic|Ukrainian National Republic]]\n|established_date4 = 7 November 1917\n|established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People's Republic|West Ukrainian National Republic]]\n|established_date5 = 1 November 1918\n|established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]]\n|established_date6 = 10 March 1919\n|established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\n|established_date7 = 8 October 1938\n|established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939–1940|Soviet annexation
of Western Ukraine]]}}\n|established_date8 = 15 November 1939\n|established_event9 = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration of
Ukrainian Independence]]}}\n|established_date9 = 30 June 1941\n|established_event10 = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the Soviet Union]]}}\n|established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\n|area_rank = 46th\n|area_magnitude = 1 E11\n|area_km2 = 603,500{{cite web|url=https://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=UKRAINE|title=UNdata - country profile - Ukraine|publisher=}}\n|area_sq_mi = or 233,013\n|percent_water = 7\n|population_estimate = 44,291,413{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html |title=People and Society: Ukraine |publisher=CIA World Factbook |accessdate=18 July 2014}}\n|population_estimate_year = 2014\n|population_estimate_rank = 32nd\n|population_census = 48,457,102\n|population_census_year = 2001\n|population_density_km2 = 73.8\n|population_density_sq_mi = 191 \n|population_density_rank = 115th\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2015\n|GDP_PPP = $353.3 billion{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=7&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title= Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |work = World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date = April 2015 |accessdate= 14 April 2014}} \n|GDP_PPP_rank =\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,277 \n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\n|GDP_nominal = $85.4 billion \n|GDP_nominal_rank =\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2015\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,001 \n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =\n|Gini_year = 2010\n|Gini_change = \n|Gini = 25.6 \n|Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 26 March 2013}}\n|Gini_rank =\n|HDI_year = 2013 \n|HDI_change = steady\n|HDI = 0.734 \n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report |date=14 March 2013 |accessdate=27 July 2014 | pages=21–25}}\n|HDI_rank = 83rd\n|currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\n|currency_code = UAH\n|country_code = UKR\n|time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\n|utc_offset = +2{{cite web |url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas |title=Рішення Ради: Україна 30 жовтня перейде на зимовий час \" Події \" Україна \" Кореспондент |publisher=Ua.korrespondent.net |accessdate=31 October 2011}}\n|time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\n|utc_offset_DST = +3\n|drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|right]]\n|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\n|cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.укр]]}}\n|footnote_a = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26 December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted on 28 June 1996.\n}}\n{{Contains Cyrillic text}}\n'''Ukraine''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|juː|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|n}}; {{lang-uk|Україна}}, [[Romanization of Ukrainian|transliterated]]: {{lang|uk-Latn|''Ukrayina''}} (or {{lang|uk-Latn|''Ukraina''}}), {{IPA-uk|ukrɑˈjinɑ|}}) is a country in [[Eastern Europe]].{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html | title=The World Factbook – Ukraine | publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] | date=7 January 2014 | accessdate=23 January 2014}} It has an area of {{convert|603628|km²|0|abbr=on}}, making it the largest [[country]] entirely within [[Europe]].{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second%20largest%20European%20country%20after%20%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false|title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher=Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate=10 November 2010}} Ukraine [[State Border of Ukraine|borders]] [[Russia]] to the east and northeast, [[Belarus]] to the northwest, [[Poland]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]] to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and southeast, respectively.\n\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key center of [[List of Slavic cultures|East Slavic culture]], with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus']] forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austro-Hungary]], and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, but Ukraine's territories remained divided until they were consolidated into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] in the 20th century. It became [[Sovereign state|independent]] in 1991 following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].\n\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because of its extensive, fertile farmlands, and it remains one of the world's largest [[Grain trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release |url= http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister |title=Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 – minister |publisher=Black Sea Grain |date=20 January 2012 |accessdate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm |title=World Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation |accessdate=26 January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\n\nUkraine is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]] with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]], and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and largest city is [[Kiev]]. Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military of Ukraine|military]] in Europe, after that of Russia, when reserves and paramilitary personnel are taken into account.[[#IISS2010|IISS 2010]], pp. 195–197 The country is home to 45.4 million people (including [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]),[http://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/ukraine country Economy] 2014 demographics 77.8% of whom are [[Ukrainians]] by ethnicity, followed by a sizable minority of [[Russians]] (17%) as well as [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]] of Ukraine; its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]] and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].\n\n==Etymology==\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name of Ukraine|name ''Ukraine'']]. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means \"borderland\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed today and every day |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides |title=Linguistic divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine? |publisher=Economist.com |date=5 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} while more recently some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \"homeland\" or \"region, country\".[http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm Походження українців, росіян, білорусів та їхніх мов] {{uk icon}} \"The Ukraine\" was once the usual form in English{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}} but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \"the Ukraine\" has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].[http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12 Why Ukraine Isn't 'The Ukraine,' And Why That Matters Now], [[Business Insider]] (9 December 2013)[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml The \"the\" is gone], ''[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]'' (8 December 1991)\n\n==History==\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\n\n===Early history===\n[[File:Фрагменты Пекторали.jpg|right|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Ordzhonikidze, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Ordzhonikidze]], dated to the 4th century BC]]\n\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000–45,000 BC) which include a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge) | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur |archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/ |archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/ |archivedate=7 October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\n\nModern human settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite news | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0020834 | title = The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior | first1 = Sandrine | last1= Prat | first2= Stéphane C. | last2= Péan | first3= Laurent | last3= Crépin | first4 =Dorothée G. |last4= Drucker | first5 =Simon J. | last5= Puaud | first6 =Hélène | last6=Valladas | first7= Martina |last7 =Lázničková-Galetová | first8 =Johannes | last8 =van der Plicht | first9= Alexander | last9= Yanevich |date = 17 June 2011 | publisher = plosone | accessdate =21 June 2011}}{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262 | title = Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine | first = Jennifer | last = Carpenter |date = 20 June 2011 |publisher=BBC | accessdate =21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]] [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]] and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066426|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20070930012558/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066426|archivedate=30 September 2007|title=Scythian|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}} Between 700 BC and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].\n\nLater, colonies of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded, beginning in the 6th century BC, on the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]], and thrived well into the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions, and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.\n\n===Golden Age of Kiev===\n\n{{Main|Kievan Rus'}}\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132).jpg|thumbnail|left|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus']], 1054-1132]]\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|right|The baptism of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan Rus']].]]\nThe Kievan Rus' was founded by the [[Rus' people]], who settled around [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Novgorod]], then gradually moved southward eventually reaching Kiev about 880. Kievan Rus' included the western part of modern Ukraine, and [[Belarus]]. The larger part was on the territory of the modern Russian Federation. According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' the Rus' elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].\n\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia|edition=6| year=2001–2007|article=Kievan Rus|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722102058/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html|archivedate=22 July 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine, became the most important city of the Rus'.\n\nThe Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of the first Rus' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled by the interrelated Rurikid ''[[knyaz]]es'' (\"princes\"), who often fought each other for possession of Kiev.\n\nThe Golden Age of Kievan Rus' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]] (980–1015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|turned Rus' toward Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]] (1019–1054), Kievan Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural development and military power. The state soon fragmented as the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113–1125) and his son [[Mstislav I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125–1132), Kievan Rus' finally disintegrated into separate principalities following Mstislav's death.\n\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongol invasion]] devastated Kievan Rus'. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html|title=The Destruction of Kiev|accessdate=3 January 2008|work=University of Toronto's Research Repository}} On today's Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]] and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].\n\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus', including Volhynia, Galicia and Rus' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus'. Under Danylo's reign, the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central Europe.[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9362238/Daniel-Romanovich \"Daniel Romanovich\"].Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 23 August 2007\n\n=== Foreign domination ===\n\n{{See also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman Empire|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|left|In the centuries following the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and since the [[Union of Lublin]] (1569) was included in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] as of 1619, seen in this outline.]]\n\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Bolesław Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns (1340–1366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile the heartland of Rus', including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen' River]]. Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and by 1392 the so-called [[Galicia–Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or refounded many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded the Crimean Khanate.\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|upright|right|thumb|[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]], \"[[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine\", established an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising]] in 1648 against [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\n[[File:Location of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|right|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as a direct ancestor of today's Ukraine.]]\n\nIn 1569 the [[Union of Lublin]] established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural and political pressure of [[Polonisation]] begun already in the late 14th century, many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus) converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny, pp. 92–93 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237|archivedate=11 October 2007|title=Poland|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}}\n\nFormed from [[Golden Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web |author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The Sultan’s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]|year=2013|page=16}} The borderlands suffered annual [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html Halil Inalcik. \"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\"] in A. Ascher, B. K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979, pp. 25–43. exported about 2 million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to [[Orest Subtelny]], \"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\"Subtelny, Orest (1988). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Ukraine: a history.]''\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. ISBN 0-87436-885-5 The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer.  The last remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to govern this territory.\n\nIn the mid-17th century, a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\Z\\A\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia, The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population, but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki, ''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'' However the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20071011213409/http://britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=11 October 2007|title=Ukraine – The Cossacks|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}}\n\nThe Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the Sejm.\n\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123–124\n\n=== The Ruin ===\n{{main|The Ruin (Ukrainian history)}}\n[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]], 1726]]\n[[File:Kirill Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750–1764 and the first person to declare Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\n\nIn 1657–1686 came \"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\", a devastating 30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine, which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of Poland. Khmelnytsky, deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat at Berestechko]], and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654, Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the tsar. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths. Defeat came in 1686 as the \"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\" between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\n\nIn 1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639–1709) defected to [[Sweden]] against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700–1721). Eventually Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia's political and economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]] and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\n\nThe [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]], a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/ \"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk being celebrated\"], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'', (5 April 2010)\n\nIt established a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]'s [[The Spirit of the Laws|''Spirit of the Laws'']]. The Constitution limited the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk's [[Constitution]] was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions in Europe.\n\nThe hetmanate was abolished in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone of Russian foreign policy.\n\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596, they set up the \"Greek-Catholic\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27–30\n\nCossacks led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian borderlands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border on the Dnepr River in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing Polish and Russian political allegiances.Barbara Skinner, \"Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy.\" ''Slavic Review'' 2005 64(1): 88–116. Fulltext: in [http://www.jstor.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/00376779/sp060001/06x0162f/0 Jstor]\n\nAfter the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]] was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting. However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863–1876): Intention and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes|date=March–June 2007|volume=47|pages=87–110|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40871165|publisher=Canadian Association of Slavists}}\n\n===19th century, World War I and revolution===\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\n{{Further|Ukraine during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\n[[File:1904 Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing separate countries of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia prior to unification into Ukraine.]][[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|right|thumbnail|Ukraine in 1918]]\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged. The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814–1861) and the political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841–1895) led the growing nationalist movement.\n\nAfter Ukraine and Crimea became aligned with the Russian Empire in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage more complete use of farmland.\n\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was a continuous migration from Ukraine to settle the distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897 census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in [[Central Asia]].Rainer Münz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor ]''\". Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 0-7146-5232-6 An additional 1.6 million emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Ukraine: a history.]''\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0\n\nNationalist and socialist parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]], which enjoyed substantial political freedom under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the center of the nationalist movement.\n\nUkrainians entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]], while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine: A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340–344}} During the war, [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This legion was the foundation of the [[Ukrainian Galician Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War I period (1919–23). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria were treated harshly. Thousands were detained and placed in Austrian internment camps.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The world academy of Rusyn culture}}\n\nWorld War I brought about the end of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] ended the Russia empire, led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s, and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for self-determination reemerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence. During 1917–20, several separate Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]], the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the former Austro-Hungarian territory. This led to civil war, and an anarchist movement called the [[The Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine|Black Army]] led by [[Nestor Makhno]], developed in Southern Ukraine during that war.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\M\\A\\MakhnoNestor.htm |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\n\nPoland defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was officially incorporated into Poland, which in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919. With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory: the [[eastern Galicia]] was given to Poland, [[Pripyat marshes]] region – to Belarus, half of [[Sloboda Ukraine]] and northern fringes of [[Severia]] were passed to Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River was created Moldavian autonomy. Ukraine became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] or the Soviet Union in December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}}\n\n===Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina===\n[[File:Huculy 1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]], c. 1930]]\n{{see also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)}}\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however, most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]] was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.\n\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s due to Polish national policies, which was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented. A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press, and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the 1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.\n\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\n[[File:Национальный состав населения городов УССР в 1925.gif|thumb|City population of Ukraine in 1925 (green Ukrainians, beige Russians and black Jews)]]\n{{see also|Ukrainian famine}}\n\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory. Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine of 1920-1924\n|work=The Norka - a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine of 1921–3|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}} During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''indigenisation''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb|archivedate=1 November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}} [[Women's rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp. 138–39 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early 1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''de facto'' communist party leader.\n\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] (an engineer from [[Dniprodzerzhynsk]]) depicted together.]]\n\nStarting from the late 1920s, Ukraine was involved in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic's industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]] of agriculture enforced by regular troops and [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were not allowed to receive any grain until sometimes unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]] known as [[Holodomor]] or \"Great Famine\".\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm Ukraine remembers famine horror]\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\n\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]] under construction circa 1930.]]\n\n{{Ref label|C|c|1}} Scholars are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]], but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and other countries have declared it as such.{{Ref label|C|c|2}}\nThe Communist leadership perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \"The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934.\" ''Europe-Asia Studies'' 2005 57(6): 823–841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]\n\nLargely the same groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war, collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891–1939) and operated in the Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929–31.  Evdokimov transferred into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary for [[North Caucasus Krai]].  He appears to have continued advising Joseph Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on Evdokimov's former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that are known as the Great Terror in 1937–38.Stephen G. Wheatcroft, \"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin's Great Terror.\" ''Australian Journal of Politics and History'' 2007 53(1): 20–43. {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'' (1986). Mark B. Tauger, \"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\" ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70–89, notes the harvest was unusually poor. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-6779(199121)50%3A1%3C70%3AT1HATF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]], [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932–1933,\" ''Slavic Review,'' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 642–657 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-6779(199523)54%3A3%3C642%3ASGSATF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 online in JSTOR]; Michael Ellman. \"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932–33 Revisited\", ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663–93.\n\nOn 13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]] and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\n\n=== World War II ===\n\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\n\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]] in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson, p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\n\n[[File:Kovpak partisanki.jpg|thumbnail|left|Ukrainian guerrillas in World War II, members of the [[Sydir Kovpak]] partisan detachment]]\nIn 1940, [[Romania]] ceded [[Bessarabia]] and northern [[Bukovina]] in response to [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Soviet demands]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated northern and southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]]. But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. All these territorial gains were internationally recognised by the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].\n\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, thereby initiating four straight years of incessant [[total war]]. The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] allies initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \"[[Hero City]]\", because of its fierce [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or [[Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs|taken captive]] there.Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\n\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19 September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\nAlthough the majority of Ukrainians fought alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\W\\O\\Worldwars.htm|title=World wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942). Primarily it was created as forces of [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government in exile]]Subtelny, Orest (1988). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Ukraine: a history.]''\". p 410 but soon it fell under the influence of nationalist underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of Józef Piłsudski and the \"Volhynia Experiment\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]]. Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent Ukrainian state]] on the territory with Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Melnyk|Melnyk]]-wing of OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions also carried out the [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010 which caused also relatively smaller Polish actions in response.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf Polska reakcja na działania UPA – skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych]. After the war UPA continued to fight the USSR till the 1950s. Using [[guerrilla war]] tactics, the insurgents targeted for assassination and terror those who they perceived as representing or cooperating with the Soviet state.Piotrowski pp. 352–54Weiner pp. 127–237\n\nAt the same time, the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside the Nazis.\n\nIn total, the number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020|title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=Peremoga.gov.ua|language=Ukrainian |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020 |archivedate = 15 May 2005}} {{Dead link|date=January 2014}}{{Ref label|D|d|1}} The [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its peak in 1944; with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476 Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's figures are not very reliable, with figures ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi, p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\U\\K\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\n\nMost of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]], with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement. Initially, some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939 under pressure, hailed the Germans as liberators. But brutal German rule in the occupied territories eventually turned its supporters against them. Nazi administrators of conquered Soviet territories made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction with Stalinist political and economic policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule#toc30082|title=Ukraine – World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system, systematically carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions of people to work in Germany]], and began a systematic depopulation of Ukraine (along with Poland) to prepare it for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''Harvest of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'', Harvard University Press: April 2004. p. 164\n\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg, p. 264 It has been estimated that 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov, Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \"Who won World War II?\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5 July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population during the war are estimated [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between 5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010|title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=Peremoga.gov.ua|language=Ukrainian |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010 |archivedate = 25 October 2007}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}}Kulchytsky, Stalislav, ''\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\"'', [[Zerkalo Nedeli]], 2–8 October 2004. Available online [http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/ in Russian]{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} and [http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/ in Ukrainian]{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070|title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=Peremoga.gov.ua|language=Ukrainian |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070 |archivedate = 15 May 2005}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}Overy, p. 518Кривошеев Г. Ф., ''Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование'' (Krivosheev G. F., ''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|D|d|2}}{{Ref label|E|e|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20 April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}{{Clear}}\n\n===Post-World War II===\n[[File:Ukraine-growth.png|thumb|Ukrainian territorial evolution, 1918–1991]]\n[[File:Sergey Korolyov 140-190 for collage.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]], the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during the [[Space Race]]]]\n{{Further|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)|History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)}}\n\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine | archiveurl =//web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine|archivedate= 29 September 2007|title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=12 September 2007|work= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]] in 1946–47, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation | last = Кульчинский [Kulchytsky] | first = Станислав [Stanislav] | title = Демографические потери Украины в XX веке | trans_title = Demographic losses in Ukraine in the twentieth century | newspaper = Зеркало Недели [The Mirror of the Week] | date = 2–8 October 2004 | url = http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php | language = Russian | publisher = [Demoscope] | place = [[Russia|RU]]}}{{cite web | title =Демографические потери Украины в XX веке | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher= Зеркало Недели |accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21 July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:Демографічні втрати України в хх столітті | trans_title = Demographic losses in Ukraine twentieth century |url= http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/| publisher= Зеркало Недели| accessdate = 8 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/ | archivedate = 13 March 2007|language= Ukrainian}}{{dead link|date=January 2015}}\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities of the Member States – Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher= United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite web| url= http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United Nations | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote= Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\n\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to Russians among adult \"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\", comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web | url =http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php | title =Migration and migration policy in Ukraine | first=Olena | last=Malynovska | date=14 June 2006}} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\n\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]] became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]] in 1938–49, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize the friendship between the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954 transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International Committee for Crimea}}\n\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine | archivedate=15 January 2008 | title=Ukraine – The last years of Stalin's rule|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}} During the 1946–1950 [[Five-Year Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from prewar plans. As a result, the Ukrainian workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times in that same period.\n\nSoviet Ukraine soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644 and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research. Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came from Ukraine.\n\nOn 26 April 1986, a reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite news|url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971 |title='Sombre anniversary' of worst nuclear disaster in history – Chernobyl: 10th anniversary | accessdate =16 December 2007|author=Remy, Johannes| year=1996 |publisher = Find articles | work=[[UN Chronicle]]}} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \"major accident\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite web | url = http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/publicationsandmedia/insight/insightsummer2011/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale/ | title='Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale'}} At the time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories, including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2 | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation| accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\n\nAfter the accident, the new city of [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]] attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Chernobyl/}}\n\n=== Independence ===\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July 1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]]}} This established the principles of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]] was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a conservative faction among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party's power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]]}}\n\nA [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1 December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament, [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall 'Inevitable' Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/12/14b6b499-9eb2-4dee-b96c-784ec918969a.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8 December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\n\nUkraine was initially viewed as having favorable economic conditions in comparison to the other regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]]. During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12 July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31 August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn 1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine's Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]] |issue=100|pages=125–143|publisher=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\n\nThe Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent annually.{{cite web |url= http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher= [[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm |archivedate=21 October 2007}}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|title=Ukraine. Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]] and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader's Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502EFD9143AF932A35757C0A9649C8B63|work=The New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers on its territory.{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine – Country Profiles – NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\n\n=== Orange Revolution ===\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\n\nIn 2004, [[Viktor Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3 December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged the outcome. This resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine|archivedate=15 January 2008|title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine|accessdate=14 January 2008|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}}\n\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western pollsters and professional consultants who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]] and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000 out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page 30-44) According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', the foreign donors included the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and [[George Soros|George Soros's]] [[Open Society Institute]].[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004) The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \"[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\" ''Washington Post'', 4 December 2004. URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine Russia, the US, \"the Others\" and the \"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\": Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October 2011)\n\nYanukovych returned to power in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]] made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid the [[2008–09 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}} [[Russia–Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February 2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe said that the election \"met most requirements\" for fairness and that the election process was \"transparent.\"\n\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\n{{main|Euromaidan|2014 Ukrainian revolution}}\n{{Details3|[[Timeline of the Euromaidan]]|the ongoing protests}}\n[[File:SState flag of Ukraine carried by a protester to the heart of developing clashes in Kyiv, Ukraine. Events of February 18, 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Euromaidan]]. State flag of Ukraine carried by a protester to the heart of developing clashes in [[Kiev]]. Events of 18 February 2014]]\n\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|Євромайдан}}, literally \"Eurosquare\") protests started in November 2013 after the president, [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began shying away from an association agreement that had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823 Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212 Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December 2013) Some Ukrainians took to the streets to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows.html |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed the ''Euromaidan'' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view: Ukraine 'other half' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''Euromaidan'' came to describe a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0 | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government’s Reach | work=The New York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov Government|his government]].[http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212 Kiev protesters gather, EU and Putin joust], [[Reuters]] (12 December 2013)\n\nViolence escalated after 16 January 2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest Laws]]. Anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=За добу в зіткненнях у Києві поранено 1,5 тисяч осіб, 100 зникли безвісти|author=Независимое бюро новостей|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|title=�нформація про постраждалих у сутичках ... :: Новини :: Прес-релізи, новини та оголошення :: МОЗ України|publisher=|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=МВС УКРАЇНИ|work=Міністерство внутрішніх справ України|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\"список загиблих під час кривавих подій в Києві\" — tsn.ua|work=ТСН.ua}} from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker in Kiev and agencies |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency |title=Ukraine threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry |publisher=Theguardian.com |date=27 January 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to violent protests on 22 February 2014, Members of Parliament found the president unable to fulfill his duties{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} and exercised \"constitutional powers\"{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} to set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]] for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave |url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2014/february/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/79813.aspx |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]], running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''The New York Times'', \"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\", By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff. Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7 June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]'s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square (the center of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1|author=Adam Taylor|title=Why Ukraine Is So Important|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=28 January 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1|archivedate=14 February 2014}}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html |archivedate=29 May 2014 |title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June 7|author=Lukas Alpert |publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (3 June 2014) In October 2014, Ukrainians voted to keep Poroshenko in power.{{Cite news|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title = Ukrainian Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|last = Herszenhorn|first = David M.|date = 27 October 2014|work = [[The New York Times]]|access-date = 16 April 2015|via = }}\n\n=== 2014 Crimean crisis ===\n{{main|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis|International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis}}\nIn the wake of the collapse of the [[Viktor Yanukovych|Yanukovych]] government and the resultant [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] in February 2014, a [[2014 Crimean crisis|secession crisis]] began on Ukraine's [[Crimean Peninsula]] which has a significant number of [[Russophone]] people. Unmarked, armed Russian soldiers began being moved into Crimea on 28 February 2014.{{cite web | url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/140228/video-on-the-ground-crimea-ukraine-russia-tanks-armed-men | title=This is what it looked like when Russian military first rolled through Crimea (VIDEO) | publisher=GlobalPost | date=28 February 2014 | accessdate=28 May 2014}} On 1 March 2014, exiled Ukrainian President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] requested that Russia use military forces \"to establish legitimacy, peace, law and order, stability and defending the people of Ukraine\".{{cite news | url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/ousted-ukrainian-president-asked-russian-troops-envoy-says-n43506 | title=Ousted Ukrainian President Asked For Russian Troops, Envoy Says | author=Reuters | date=3 March 2014 | publisher=NBC News | accessdate=21 March 2014 }} On the same day, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] requested and received authorization from the Russian Parliament to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine and took control of the Crimean Peninsula by the next day.{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26400597|title=Putin to deploy Russian troops in Ukraine|publisher=BBC News|date=1 March 2014|accessdate=1 March 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/russian-parliament-approves-use-of-force-in-crimea/article5739708.ece |title=Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine|work=The Hindu|date=1 March 2014|first=Vladimir|last=Radyuhin|location=Chennai, India}}{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=4 March 2014 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/ukraine-crisis-russian-troops-crimea-john-kerry-kiev |title=Russian takeover of Crimea will not descend into war, says Vladimir Putin |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=4 March 2014 }}{{cite news |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-04/russia-calls-ukraine-intervention-legal-citing-yanukovych-letter.html |title=Russia Stays in Ukraine as Putin Channels Yanukovych Request |first1=Sangwon |last1=Yoon |first2=Daryna |last2=Krasnolutska |first3=Kateryna |last3=Choursina |date=4 March 2014 |accessdate=5 March 2014 |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News]] }} In addition, [[NATO]] was perceived by most Russians as encroaching upon Russia's borders. This weighed heavily upon Moscow’s decision to take measures to secure its Black Sea port in Crimea.{{cite news|last=Magnay|first=Diana|date=1 May 2014|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/30/world/europe/russia-ukraine-cadet-school|title=Why NATO is such a thorn in Russia’s side|work=CNN News|accessdate=18 May 2014|quote=Russian President Vladimir Putin declared at his annual direct call with the Russian people that part of his reasoning for annexing Crimea was to protect Sevastopol, home of Russia's Black Sea fleet, from ever falling into NATO's hands. ‘If we don't do anything, Ukraine will be drawn into NATO sometime in the future. We'll be told: This doesn't concern you, and NATO ships will dock in Sevastopol, the city of Russia's naval glory,’ he said.}}\nOn 6 March 2014, the Crimean Parliament voted to \"enter into the Russian Federation with the rights of a subject of the Russian Federation\" and later held a [[Crimean referendum, 2014|referendum]] asking the people of these regions whether they wanted to join Russia as a [[Federal subjects of the Russian Federation|federal subject]], or if they wanted to restore the [[Constitution of Crimea|1992 Crimean constitution]] and Crimea's status as a part of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26465962 |title=BBC News – Ukraine crisis: Crimea parliament asks to join Russia |publisher=Bbc.com |date=6 March 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Though passed with an overwhelming majority, the vote was not monitored by outside parties and the results are internationally contested; it is claimed to have been enforced by armed groups which intruded and enforced voting according to their demands.{{cite web|author=OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe |url=http://www.osce.org/cio/116313 |title=Chair says Crimean referendum in its current form is illegal and calls for alternative ways to address the Crimean issue |publisher=OSCE |date=11 March 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|url = http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/Ukraine_Report_15April2014.doc|title = Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine|date = 15 April 2014|publisher = [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}{{cite web|url = http://www.businessinsider.co.id/un-hints-russia-may-have-rigged-crimea-vote-2014-4/#.U2CVCPl_v38|title = The UN’s Scathing Crimea Report Suggests Russia May Have Rigged Secession Vote|date = 11 April 2014|website = [[Business Insider]]|first = Harrison|last = Jacobs}} On 11 March, the Crimean parliament and [[Sevastopol]] [[Republic of Crimea#Separation from Ukraine|issued a letter of intent to declare independence from Ukraine as the Republic of Crimea]] and requested that they be admitted as constituents of the Russian Federation. On 16 March, they held the [[Crimean status referendum, 2014|Crimean referendum on that issue]]. The next day, \nthe U.S. and the European Union started [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis#First round of sanctions|sanctions against individuals who were ‘undermining democratic processes and institutions in Ukraine’ or were ‘undermining the territorial integrity of Ukraine’]].\n\nOn 18 March 2014, Russia and Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation, though the United Nations General Assembly voted in favor of a non-binding statement to oppose [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation]] of the peninsula.\"Backing Ukraine’s territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid\". UN News Centre. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.\n\n=== 2014-2015 unrest in southern and eastern Ukraine===\n{{Recentism|section|date=January 2015}}\n{{main|War in Donbass|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis}}\n[[File:2014-03-09. Протесты в Донецке 022.jpg|thumb|Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014]]\nEnd of February 2014, [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|unrest also began]] in eight other eastern and southern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts (provinces)]] of Ukraine.\"[http://www.thelocal.ch/20140723/red-cross-declares-civil-war-in-ukraine Red Cross officially declares Ukraine civil war]\". ''[[The Local]]''. 23 July 2014. In several cities in the [[Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk]] regions armed men, declaring themselves as local militia, seized government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities of the regions, and held unrecognized [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].[[File:OSCE SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumbnail|left|[[OSCE]] SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March 2015]]{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12 May 2014}} Talks in [[Geneva]] between the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred to as the [[History of Russia (1992–present)#Crimean Referendum and 2014 Geneva Pact|2014 Geneva Pact]][http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that all unlawful militias lay down the arms and vacate seized government buildings, and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for Ukraine's regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists|title=Poroshenko promises calm 'in hours' amid battle to control Donetsk airport|newspaper=''[[The Guardian]]''|date=26 May 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists|archivedate=26 May 2014}} More than 4,700 people have been killed in the military campaign.{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sitrep%2022%20-%20Ukraine%20-%2026%20December_FINAL.pdf|title=UKRAINE Situation report No.22 as of 26 December 2014|work=OCHA|date=26 December 2014|accessdate=19 January 2015}} According to the United Nations, 730,000 Ukrainian [[refugee]]s have fled to Russia since the beginning of 2014 and 117,000 have fled to other parts of Ukraine.{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/08/05/uk-ukraine-crisis-migrants-idINKBN0G517P20140805 |title=About 730,000 have left Ukraine for Russia due to conflict – UNHCR |publisher=Reuters |date=5 August 2014}} As president-elect, Poroshenko promised to pursue the return of Crimea to Ukrainian sovereignty.\n\nIn August 2014, a bi-lateral commission of leading scholars from the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.Uri Friedman, \"A 24-Step Plan,\" ''Atlantic'', 26 August 2014. The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine's \"first but most decisive step\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as target for [[Ukraine–European Union relations|EU membership application]].\n\nIn February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as the Ukrainian control of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops from the Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015. Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure that the agreement is respected.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work\n\n== Historical maps of states ==\nSeveral states have existed on the territory of present-day Ukraine since its foundation.  Most of these territories have been located within [[Eastern Europe]].  However, as depicted in the maps here, they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].  At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\n
\n\nFile:Slavic peoples 6th century historical map.jpg|Territory of [[Slavs|Slavic peoples]] (6th century).\nFile:001 Kievan Rus' Kyivan Rus' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan Rus', last 20 years of the state (1220–1240).\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia Volhynia Rus' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245–1349).\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], Rus' and Samogitia until 1434.\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth 1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth]] or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\n\n
\n\n==Geography==\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\n\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}} and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world's [[List of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after [[South Sudan]], before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second largest country]] in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref label|I|i|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel north|44°]] and [[53rd parallel north|53° N]], and longitudes [[22nd meridian east|22°]] and [[41st meridian east|41° E]].\n\nThe landscape of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''Dnipro''}}), [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug|Southern Buh]] as they flow south into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest, the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania. Its various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the highlands to the lowlands. The country's only mountains are the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}}, and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine|archivedate=15 January 2008|title=Ukraine – Relief|accessdate=27 December 2007|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such as the Volyn-Podillia Upland (in the west) and the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are the south-western spurs of the Central Russian Uplands over which runs the border with Russian Federation. Near the Sea of Azov can be found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form a sudden drop in elevation and create many opportunities to form [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\n\n{{Gallery\n|title=\n|width=200 | height=210 | lines=4\n|align=center\n|File:ПОЗИТИВ...jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]] from [[Hoverla]] at 2,061 metres (6,762 ft), the highest mountain in Ukraine.\n|File:Vorozheska Zak-153.jpg|Lake Vorozheske\n|File:Карпатский 05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]].\n|File:Flag colors.jpg|Typical agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\n|File:Тиха бухта10.jpg|View of \"Tykhaya Bay\" near [[Koktebel]] on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]'s [[Black Sea]] coast\n|File:Widok na szczyt Aj-Petri ze statku 03.JPG| The [[Ai-Petri]]'s peak is {{convert|1234.2|m|ft}} above mean sea level.{{cite web|url=http://ukrainian.su/kurortnyie-rayonyi-kryima/gora-ay-petri.html|title=Города и области Украины – Гора Ай-Петри [Cities and regions of Ukraine – Mount Ai-Petri]|publisher=Ukrainian.su |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n|file:Швидка квітнева вода.jpg| Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\n}}\n\nSignificant natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/ Environment suffers from lack of recycling], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 December 2011)\n\n===Biodiversity===\nUkraine is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, micro-organisms and plants.\n\n====Animals====\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black Sea}}\n{{multiple image\n   | align = right\n\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\n   | width1 = 184\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native of the east Ukrainian steppes\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\n\n  | image2 = Бусол на о. Світязь.jpg\n   | width2 = 185\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western and north-western Ukraine\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\n\n}}\nUkraine is divided into two main zoological areas. One of these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine's lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst within, carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers are found in large numbers.\n\n====Fungi====\nMore than 6,600 [[species]] of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \"Fungi of Ukraine – a preliminary checklist\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm |title=Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |accessdate=13 July 2011}} but this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine, including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. \"Dictionary of the Fungi\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm |title=Fungi of Ukraine – potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |accessdate=13 July 2011}}\n\n===Climate===\n{{Main|Climate of Ukraine}}\n\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate climate|temperate]] [[continental climate]], although the southern coast has a [[humid subtropical climate]].{{cite journal| last = Kottek | first = M.| first2=J.| last2=Grieser|first3= C.|last3= Beck|first4=B.|last4= Rudolf|first5=F.|last5= Rubel | title =World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated | journal =Meteorol. Z.| volume =15 | pages =259–263 | url =http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf | doi =10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 | accessdate = 15 February 2007 | year =2006 | issue = 3 }} [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and southeast. Western Ukraine receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually, while Crimea receives around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}. Winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland. Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|–|7|°C|°F|1}} in the north, to {{convert|11|–|13|°C|°F|1}} in the south.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30096/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115052711/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30096/Ukraine|archivedate=15 January 2008|title=Ukraine – Climate|accessdate=27 December 2007|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}}\n\n==Politics==\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|right|thumb|In the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[http://books.google.nl/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design] by [[Paul D'Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, ISBN 978-0-7656-1811-5 (p. 63)[http://euobserver.com/?aid=29431 EU endorses Ukraine election result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington Post]] (9 February 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/ European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\n{{Further|2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\n\nUkraine is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]] with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]], and [[judicial branch]]es.\n\n===The Constitution of Ukraine===\n{{Main|Constitution of Ukraine}}\nWith the proclamation of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28 June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004, deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite web|author=Віталій Портников |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly Portnykov. \"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control, but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\". 01.10.2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution and again making Ukraine's political system more presidential in character.\n\nThe ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political discourse. Much of the concern was due to the fact that neither the Constitution of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \"undo the Constitution\", as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the 2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for constitutional amendments (articles 154–159). In any case, the current Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9 |title=Address Tymoshenko to the people: \"1 October 2010 – marks the end of Ukraine's democracy and beginning of dictatorship\". This morning the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, defying all logic of constitutional law, arbitrarily announced a new constitutional order in Ukraine. The court illegally appropriated the rights held by the people and Verkhovna Rada. 1 October 2010 |publisher=Tymoshenko.ua |accessdate=31 October 2011}}[http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html Sergey Grabovsky. \"Judicial absurd or Kotlyarevsky laughs again\" ... It turns out that \"stability of the constitutional order\" – it will not change his voter or even parliament, and the decision of 18 judges. 01.10.2010.]{{clarify|date=October 2011}}\n\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite web|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358/scat/88176adfdf246af5/ht/President-Yanukovych-and-Ukraine-opposition-sign-early-poll-deal|date=19 February 2014|publisher=''Europe Sun''}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as interim president{{cite web|title=Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26312008|date=19 February 2014|publisher=''BBC News''}} and [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].\"[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov Who exactly is governing Ukraine?]\". ''The Guardian''. 4 March 2014.\n\n===The president, parliament and government===\n{{triple image|right||135|Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|120|Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|121|
The session chamber of the [[Verkhovna Rada]], the Parliament of Ukraine
|
Home of the [[President of Ukraine]]
|
[[Cabinet of Ukraine]] building
}}\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite web |url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672 |title=General Articles about Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\nUkraine's legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna Rada]].{{cite web |url= http://portal.rada.gov.ua/|title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]] Official Web-site}} The parliament is primarily responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}} However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]] and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\n\nLaws, acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\nLocal self-government is officially guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called 'temporarily acting' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders, thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\n\nUkraine has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\n\n=== Courts and law enforcement ===\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 396.JPG|thumb|The [[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]] is home to the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]].]]\n[[File:VVM 2007 foto 0284.JPG|thumb|Officers of the Highways' Police ''(ДАI)'' during a [[marathon]].]]\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct). Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period of five years, after which Ukraine's Supreme Council confirms their positions for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have been much improved since Ukraine's independence in 1991. The Supreme Court is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\n\n[[Prosecutor]]s in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] 'the role and functions of the Prosecutor's Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]] standards\".[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/ Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March 2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/ Українські суди майже не виносять виправдувальних вироків ''Ukrainian courts almost can not stand the acquittals''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013) equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/ Moskal: 'Rotten to the core'], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564/ Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \"clean up the current mess and adopt a law on court organization\". One day later, he stated \"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine remain quite punitive.\n\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their native language or the services of a translator.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/ \"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian courts]\". ''[[Kyiv Post]]''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/ \"З подачі \"Регіонів\" Рада дозволила російську у судах]\". ''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''. 23 June 2009.
[http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{dead link|date=January 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://ua.for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=Російська мова стала офіційною в українських судах|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\n\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national police force ''([[Militsiya|Мiлiцiя]])'' and various specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services. Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters from challenging the state's authority but also to provide a quick reaction force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0913FF395C0C748DDDA80894DD404482 BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation's Path], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues' calls to withdraw.\n\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]]; Ukraine's domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country's political elite from media criticism. On the other hand however, it is widely accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the movement.\n\n=== Foreign relations ===\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International membership of Ukraine|Ukraine–European Union relations}}\n[[File:Asia-Europe (ASEM) Summit meeting of the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, Germany and France, October 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] in Milan with President of Ukraine [[Petro Poroshenko]], Federal Chancellor of Germany [[Angela Merkel]], October 2014]]\nIn 1999–2001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics. Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes. It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]] operations since 1992.\n\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status – law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/ Ukraine’s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December 2014)
[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1 Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)
http://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226 Ukraine Ends ‘Nonaligned’ Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]'s Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions begin on an association agreement. The EU Common Strategy toward Ukraine, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999 in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine's long-term aspirations but does not discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine–NATO relations]] are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government's foreign policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in 2010. But after February 2014's [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the process was suspended by 2012 due to the political developments of that time.{{cite web | url=http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/116043/ | title=Teixeira: Ukraine's EU integration suspended, association agreement unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6 September 2012}}\n\nUkraine long had close ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia–Ukraine relations]] became difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\n\nUkraine is included in the European Union's [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\n\n===Administrative divisions===\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\nThe system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country's status as a [[unitary state]] (as stated in the country's constitution) with unified legal and [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\n\nUkraine consists of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''avtonomna respublika''}}), [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''[[raion]]s''}} (districts) and city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}}; the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|title=Regions of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]] Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\n\n[[Populated places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities). City's significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\n\nFollowing the [[2014 Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]] became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]] and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international community.\n{{Further|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014 Crimean crisis}}\n{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px; max-width:460px;}}\n\n{| style=\"width:98%; background:none;\"\n|-\n|\n{| style=\"width:98%; background:none;\"\n|-\n|\n{| class=\"navbox\" style=\"width:100%; background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\"\n|-\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\n|-\n|\n*[[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\n*[[Chernihiv Oblast|Chernihiv]]\n*[[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\n*[[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n*[[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\n|\n*[[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\n*[[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\n*[[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\n*[[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\n*[[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\n|\n*[[Kirovohrad Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\n*[[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\n*[[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\n*[[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\n*[[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\n|\n*[[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\n*[[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\n*[[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\n*[[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\n*[[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\n| valign=\"top\"|\n*[[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\n*[[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\n*[[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\n*[[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\n|-\n!colspan=2|
'''[[Autonomous republic]]'''
\n!colspan=3|
'''[[Cities with special status]]'''
\n|-\n|colspan=2|\n*[[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]]\n| colspan=\"3\" style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|\n*[[Kiev|City of Kiev]]\n*[[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\n|}\n|}\n|-\n|\n|}\n\n===Armed forces===\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}} In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher= [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\n{{triple image|right|Ukrainian_BTR-80.jpg|135|Het'man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu mori 2012-07-17.jpg|135|Sukhoi Su-27UB Flanker-C 69 blue (11995121964).jpg|135|
[[BTR 80]] in [[Multi-National Force – Iraq]]
|
[[Ukrainian frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)]]
|
[[Sukhoi Su-27UB]] in [[Ukrainian Air Force|Ukrainian]] service
}}\nUkraine took consistent steps toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery, and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer military]].{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf |title=White Book 2006 |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defense of Ukraine}}{{dead link|date=January 2015}}\n\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate ''Hetman Sagaidachniy'' joined the European Union’s counter piracy [[Operation Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]] for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/ |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defense of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003–05, a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]] under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the world is 562 servicemen.\n{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en |title= Peacekeeping |accessdate=2 May 2008 |publisher= Ministry of Defense of Ukraine}}\n\nMilitary units of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094 \"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine for exercises\". ''Kyiv Post''. 18 May 2010]{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}\n\nFollowing independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]] Official Web-site}} The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation, other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]] since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine–NATO relations|Ukraine and NATO]] sufficient,[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797/ NATO confirms readiness for Ukraine's joining organization], Kyiv Post (13 April 2010) and was against Ukraine joining NATO.[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6062P320100107 \"Yanukovich vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO]\". [[Reuters]]. 7 January 2010. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO declared that Ukraine will become a member of NATO, whenever it wants and when it would correspond to the criteria for the accession.{{Clear}}\n\n==Economy==\n{{Main|Economy of Ukraine}}\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|Trends in the Human Development Index of Ukraine, 1970–2010]]\nIn Soviet times, the economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important industrial and agricultural component of the country's [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Ukraine's economy contracted severely following the years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}}\n[[File:Будинок Київської контори Державного банку.JPG|thumb|left|The [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]] of the [[National Bank of Ukraine]]]]\n[[File:Нічний вид на БЦ Парус2.jpg|thumbnail|left|Kiev is home to most of Ukraine's largest private businesses, such as [[Parus Business Centre]]]]\n[[File:An-225 Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in operational service.]]\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels. For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8 January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25 June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996.\n\nThe country was also slow in implementing structural reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts. A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation process.\n\nIn the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine – gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s, the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA World Factbook – Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}} Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/3243/ \"Head of IMF's Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\"]. [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]]. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\n\nUkraine's 2010 GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S. dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]]. By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm|title=Average Wage Income in 2008 by Region|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine}} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\n\n[[File:Ukrainian salary map.png|thumb|Ukrainian administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by salary|monthly salary]]]]\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html|title=Structure export and import, 2006|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine}} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency, the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between 1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|title=Missile defence, NATO: Ukraine's tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business Ukraine |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20080325011150/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s |archivedate = 25 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\n\nThe country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine's Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\n\nGrowing sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market, which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|title=Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20 May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}} In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/news/562063-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html Україна – четверта в світі за кількістю ІТ-фахівців ''Ukraine in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''], [[UNIAN]] (27 March 2013)\n\nUkraine's 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP – around $163 billion, 2012 – $176.6 billion, 2013 – $177.4 billion.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency was the world's worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March 2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite news|url=http://m.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\n\nThe [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://go.worldbank.org/BDZHSEY4J0|publisher=[[The World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy. The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych’s regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine macroeconomic situation – February 2008|url=http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-238714.html|publisher=UNIAN news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006 the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\n\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving maternal health and reducing child mortality.\nThe poverty rate according to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About Ukraine}}\n\n===Corporations===\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'']]\nUkraine has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December 2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} However, the country is also well known for its production of high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://en.rian.ru/business/20100720/159879889.html |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine's Antonov |work=RIA Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country's largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\n\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]], [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]] and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=http://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/01/05/2008/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012 |title=Brand \"Ukraine\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n\nUkraine is regarded as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the “\"Miracle”\" Meant to Last? | author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}} Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]], the enduring failure to broaden the nation's economic base and a lack of effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520/ |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10 November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine's economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |title=Ukraine's economic growth to resume in 2010, unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\n\n===Transport===\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian Railways}}\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|left|thumb|The Kharkiv-Dnipropetrovsk motorway ([[M180 motorway|M18]])]]\nMost of the Ukrainian road system has not been upgraded since the Soviet era, and is now outdated. In total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. The network of major routes, marked with the letter 'M' for 'International' ''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: Міжнародний''), extends nationwide and connects all the major cities of Ukraine as well as providing cross-border routes to the country's neighbours. Currently there are only two true motorway standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off}} stretch of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipropetrovsk]] and a section of the M03 which extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where the city's [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\n\n[[File:Скоростной поезд \"Хендай\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2 multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised in Ukraine]]\nRail transport in Ukraine plays the role of connecting all major urban areas, port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries. The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is located in the [[Donbas]] region of Ukraine. Although the amount of [[freight]] transported by rail fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world's highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}} The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}}, of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on international routes, are operated by its company '[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]'.\n\nThe aviation section in Ukraine is developing very quickly, having recently established a visa-free programme for EU nationals and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30 December 2010}} the nation's aviation sector is handling a significantly increased number of travellers. Additionally, the granting of the [[Euro 2012]] football tournament to Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts prompted the government to invest huge amounts of money into transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro2012/news/newsid=1520657.html |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\n\n[[Boryspil International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county's largest international airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for both of Ukraine's national airlines. Other large airports in the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]] (all of which have recently constructed, modern terminals and aviation facilities; however, Donetsk's is non-operational and in fact, in ruins due to fighting there between the pro-separatists and the Ukrainian Army), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]] and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades in the near future. Ukraine has a number of airlines, the largest of which are the nation's [[flag carrier]]s, [[Aerosvit]] and [[Ukraine International Airlines|UIA]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world's largest fixed wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\n\nInternational maritime travel is mainly provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/ |title=Судоходная компания Укрферри. Морские паромные перевозки на Черном Море между Украиной, Грузией, Турцией и Болгарией |publisher=Ukrferry.com |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\n\n===Energy===\n{{Main |Energy in Ukraine}}\nIn 2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute, which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8 January 2014}}\n\n====Fuel resources====\nUkraine produces and processes its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported, mainly by [[Russia]].[http://books.google.nl/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393&dq=Natural+gas+in+Ukraine&client=firefox-a&cd=8#v=onepage&q=Natural%20gas%20in%20Ukraine&f=false Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International Perspective] by Axel Siedenberg (Editor), Lutz Hoffmann, [[Physica-Verlag Heidelberg]], 1999, ISBN 3790811890/ISBN 978-3790811896 (page 393)\n\nNatural gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country, as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine—a project aimed at the nation's total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\n\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\n\n====Power generation====\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]]]]\nUkraine has been a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011, 3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/fuel/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216923&cat_id=35081 Інформаційна довідка про основні показники розвитку галузей паливно-енергетичного комплексу України за грудень та 2011 рік]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe's largest [[Electricity|energy]] consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Ukraine/Full.html|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080327092522/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Ukraine/Full.html|archivedate=27 March 2008|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US government}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}} As of 2011, 47.6% of total electricity generation was from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June 2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://us.vocuspr.com/Newsroom/Query.aspx?SiteName=Westinghouse&Entity=PRAsset&SF_PRAsset_PRAssetID_EQ=64647&XSL=PressRelease&Cache=|work=30 March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press release}}\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovich]] introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine, which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15 April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine’s Energoatom Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|work=11 April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}{{dead link|date=January 2015}}\n\n[[Coal]] and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]] are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}\n\n====Renewable energy use====\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo Solar Park]]]]\n\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and as of 2012 stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/ |title=Відновлювана енергетика України стрімко зростає, але досі має мізерну частку | Зелена Хвиля |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe's largest solar park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/29-12-2011/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-.html | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe's Biggest Solar Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} Ukrainian State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8 January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research, by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257 |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12 June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\n\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential: the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8 January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9 May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine's [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024 |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\n\n===Internet===\n{{Main|Internet in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\nUkraine has a large and steadily growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]]; rapid growth is forecast for at least two more years.[http://ht.comments.ua/2012/04/09/332827/cherez-paru-let-uanet-zamedlit.html Ukraine's Internet growth rates will stabilize in 2 or 3 years] {{uk icon}}\nInternet penetration – 45% and 19.9 million users in December 2012.{{uk icon}} [http://racurs.ua/news/4526 Половина населення України має доступ в інтернет] {{uk icon}}\nUkraine ranks 8th among the world's TOP-10 countries with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com//company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study |title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study |publisher=Pandonetworks.com |date=22 September 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n\n===Tourism===\n{{Main|Tourism in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Ласточкино гнездо.jpg|right|thumb|[[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]] hosts many seaside resorts and historic sites]]\n\nUkraine occupies 8th place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6]{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}, [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) due to its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]], hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination; [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosytem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points. [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]], [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] and [[Yalta]] are Ukraine's principal tourist centers each offering many historical landmarks as well as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure.\n\nThe [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general public through an internet-based vote.\n{{clear}}\n\n==Demographics==\n{{Bar box\n|width = 200px\n|float = right\n|title = Composition of Ukraine by nationality\n|titlebar = #ddd\n|bars =\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\n{{Bar percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\n|caption = Source: [http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\n}}\n{{Main|Demographics of Ukraine}}\n[[File:Ukraine ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian raions (2001)]]\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]] (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]] (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%), [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%) and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080323110131/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archivedate=23 March 2008 |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year|work=ukrcensus.gov.ua|publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics|accessdate=17 April 2010}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}} The industrial regions in the east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html |title=Ukraine – Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF)}}{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=edit§ion=27|title=Total population, as of 1 September 2009. Average annual populations January–August 2009|accessdate=16 October 2009|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|year=2009}}\n\n===Population decline===\nUkraine's population has been declining since the 1990s due to its high death rate and a low birth rate. The population is shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\n\nIn 2007, the country's rate of population decline was the fourth highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field Listing – Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World Factbook}}\n\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking, extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm \"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process in Ukraine\"], ''Uktraine Magazine'' No. 2, 1998.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|title=What Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The World Bank Group}}{{Dead link|date=May 2014}}\n\nIn the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999–2001 during the worst of the demographic crisis. In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence. Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000 children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n\n===Fertility and natalist policies===\n[[File:Населення України (1950-2012).svg|thumb|right|Population of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\nThe current birth rate in Ukraine, as of 2010, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]])\n\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world's lowest, shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during 1991–2004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages = 55–70 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid = 15764134 }}\n\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments of 12,250 Hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and 50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154 Hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912|title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry|accessdate=1 February 2008|work=Economic Ministry}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html|title=President meets with business bosses|accessdate=1 February 2008|work=Press office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html |archivedate = 14 December 2007}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}} The demographic trend is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip The demographic situation in Ukraine in January–September 2009]{{Dead link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the western oblasts.[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-215771.html \"Ukraine's birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\"]. [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 due to the economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\n\n===Urbanisation===\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\nIn total, Ukraine has 457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''raion''}}-class cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type settlements and 28,552 villages.\n{{Largest cities of Ukraine}}\n{{Clear}}\n\n===Language===\n{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Ukraine census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|image2=Ukraine_census_2001_Russian.svg|width=180|caption1=Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)|caption2=Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}}}\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\nAccording to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080105092304/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=5 January 2008|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27 January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}} Most native Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''de facto'' official language of the Soviet Union but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy Yekelchyk]] ''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2007), ISBN 978-0-19-530546-3 Effective in August 2012, [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles any local language spoken by at least a 10% minority be declared official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be used in these cities'/oblasts' administrative office work and documents.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html Romanian becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region], [[Kyiv Post]] (24 September 2012){{cite news |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html |title=Ukraine |date=5 July 2012 | work=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Schwirtz}} On 23 February 2014, following the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at all levels; however, but this vote was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:Проект Закону про визнання таким, що втратив чинність, Закону України \"Про засади державної мовної політики\"|trans-title=Draft Law on the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \"On the basic principles of State Language Policy\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12 March 2015}}{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia |title=Western nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis |date=24 February 2014 | work=The Guardian |first=Ian |last=Traynor}}{{cite news|last=Kramer|first=Andrew|title=Ukraine Turns to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2 March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\n\nUkrainian is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}} while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\n\nFor a large part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159–168 Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=Світова преса про вибори в Україні-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004 as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=Архіви України (National Archives of Ukraine)}} Today, all foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled or dubbed in Ukrainian.{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}}\n\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic. However, the republic's constitution specifically recognises Russian as the language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage 'in all spheres of public life'. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{Wayback |df=yes|date=20071204020421 |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/ |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea }}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as the 'languages of other ethnicities'. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers 11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{Wayback |df=yes|date=20080227002737 |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/ |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea }}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\" International Committee for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\n\n===Religion===\n{{multiple image\n|direction=vertical|width=180\n|image1=Kijów - Sobór Mądrości Bożej 01.jpg|180\n|caption1=The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine\n|image2=St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg\n|caption2=[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]\n}}\n{{main |Religion in Ukraine}}\nEstimates compiled by the independent [[Razumkov Centre]] in a nationwide survey in 2006 found that 75.2 percent of the respondents believe in God and 22 percent said they did not believe in God. 37.4 percent said that they attended church on regular basis.{{cite web| url= http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300 | place = UA | script-title=uk:Опитування: Віруючим якої церкви, конфесії Ви себе вважаєте? | trans_title = \"What religious group do you belong to?\" Sociology poll about the religious situation in Ukraine | language = Ukrainian | publisher = Razumkov Centre | year = 2006 |accessdate= 26 January 2014}}\n\nAmong Ukrainians who are affiliated with an organised religion, the most common religion in Ukraine is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], currently split between three Church bodies: the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate]], the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] [[Autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]] church body under the [[Patriarch of Moscow]], and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]].{{cite web |url= http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html |archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html | archivedate = 4 December 2004 | title = State Department of Ukraine on Religious|accessdate=27 January 2008|work=2003 Statistical report}}\n\nA distant second by the number of the followers is the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Rite]] [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], which practices a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]] and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy, but is in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy See]] of the Roman Catholic Church and recognises the primacy of the Pope as head of the Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/|archivedate=26 February 2008|title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)|accessdate=27 January 2008}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}}\n\nAdditionally, there are 863 [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities, and 474 clergy members serving some one million Latin Rite Catholics in Ukraine. The group forms some 2.19 percent of the population and consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in Ukraine]] form around 2.19 percent of the population. Smaller groups are also present.\n\nThere are an estimated 500,000 [[Islam in Ukraine|Muslims]] in Ukraine and about 300,000 of them are [[Crimean Tatars]].{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/eur/208378.htm |title = 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Ukraine |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=20 May 2013 |accessdate= 19 November 2013}} There are 487 registered Muslim communities, 368 of them on Crimea. In addition, some 50,000 Muslims live in [[Kiev]]; mostly foreign-born.{{cite web|url = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90205.htm|title=2007 Report on International Religious Freedom – Ukraine |year = 2007 |accessdate=19 November 2013 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}\n\nThe [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish]] population is a tiny fraction of what it was before [[World War II]]. In Tsarist times, Ukraine had been part of the [[Pale of Settlement]], to which Jews were largely restricted in the Russian Empire. The largest Jewish communities in 1926 were in [[Odessa]], 154,000 or 36.5% of the total population; and Kiev, 140,500 or 27.3%.{{Citation | contribution-url = http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/J/E/Jews.htm | contribution = Jews | title = Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} [[Orthodox Judaism]] has the strongest presence in Ukraine. Smaller [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jewish]] ([[Masorti]]) communities exist.\n\nOne 2006 survey put the number of [[irreligion|non-religious]] in Ukraine at approximately 11.1% of the population.\n\n===Famines and migration===\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]], followed by the devastation of World War II, comprised a demographic disaster. Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males in the period 1941–44.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 = Jacques | last2 = Meslé | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3 = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages = 249–264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 }} According to ''The Oxford companion to World War II'', \"Over 7 million inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were killed during the Second World War.\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell Foot (2001). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Oxford companion to World War II]''. Oxford University Press. p. 909. ISBN 0-19-860446-7\n\nSignificant migration took place in the first years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into Ukraine in 1991–92, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and 2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska, Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=365 \"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\"]. National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3 July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web |url= http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 \"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories – 20% sample data\"]. ''Statistics Canada.'' giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\n\n===Health===\n{{Main|Health in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Міська дитяча лікарня (Кременчук) - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children's hospital in [[Kremenchuk]], [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens. At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists. Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3200 qualified nurses. The organization takes part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates, the Society annually provides services to more than 105 000 lonely, elderly people, about 23 000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped workers, more than 25 000 war veterans, and more than 8 000 adults handicapped since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\n\nUkraine's healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} The public sector employs most healthcare professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public health facilities on a regular basis.\n\nAll of the country's medical service providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this, standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine |url=http://www.europe-cities.com/en/633/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\n\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure; as a result most towns have their own hospital ''(Міська Лікарня)'' and many also have district hospitals ''(Районна Лікарня)''. Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital, [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres; such hospitals are called 'regional hospitals' ''(Обласна Лікарня)''.\n\nUkraine currently faces a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic crisis due to its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000 population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]] and smoking. In 2008, the country's population was one of the fastest declining in the world at −5% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |title=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014}} The UN warned that Ukraine's population could fall by as much as 10 million by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian healthcare system.\n\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency services]].[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/11044/ National network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in the spring of 2010.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/ Ukraine to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010], Kyiv Post (24 November 2009)\n\n===Education===\n{{main|Education in Ukraine|List of universities in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine's most important educational institutions]]\n[[File:Cernauti Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]] building by [[Josef Hlávka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\nAccording to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority. Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|title=Constitution of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited private secondary and higher education institutions.\n\nBecause of the Soviet Union's emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since 2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six), middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html|title=General secondary education|accessdate=23 December 2007|publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html |archivedate = 16 October 2007}} In the 12th grade, students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\n\nThe first higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]], founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805), [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School (1899) in [[Dnipropetrovsk|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are those owned by private organisations.\n\nThe Ukrainian higher education system comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]] facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html|title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine|accessdate=23 December 2007|publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html |archivedate = 17 December 2007}} The organisation of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure of education of the world's higher [[developed countries]], as is defined by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html |title=System of the Education of Ukraine|accessdate=23 December 2007|publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html |archivedate = 12 December 2007}}\nUkraine has more than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/ |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14 October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n\nUkraine produces the fourth largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population.  [[Higher education in Ukraine|higher education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some universities.  For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%.  For most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic living expenses.  Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all registered students.  Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the Bachelor's Degree (4 years) and the Master's Degree (5–6th year), in accordance with the [[Bologna process]].  Historically, [[Specialist degree]] (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by universities in the Soviet times.\n\n=== Regional differences ===\n{{see also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\n[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009 | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692 | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]] | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\n\nOn the [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]], opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics tend be less extreme.{{Citation | url = http://ratinggroup.com.ua/en/products/politic/data/entry/14004/ | title = The language question, the results of recent research in 2012 | publisher = [[Sociological group \"RATING\"|Rating]] | date = 25 May 2012 | place = UA}}{{Citation | url = http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/ | title = Who's Afraid of Ukrainian History? | first = Timothy D | last = Snyder | author-link = Timothy D. Snyder | newspaper = [[The New York Review of Books]] | date = 21 September 2010}}{{cite news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{Citation | url = http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1 | script-title=uk:Ставлення населення України до постаті Йосипа Сталіна | trans_title = Attitude population Ukraine to the figure of Joseph Stalin | publisher = [[Kyiv International Institute of Sociology]] | date = 1 March 2013| language = Ukrainian }}\n\nSimilar historical cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification. Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]], differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]] and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and [[Donetsk]], predominantly Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url= http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3 | pages = 345–68 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}} Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging to a \"Soviet identity\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the Crimea (about 30%).{{Citation | url = http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf | title = Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | date = 23 August 2011}}\n\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]] voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces) vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc|Our Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \"Fatherland\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{Citation | url = http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52 | publisher = Центральна виборча комісія України Central Election Commission of Ukraine | script-title=uk:Вибори народних депутатів України 2012 | trans_title = The Elections of People's Deputies of Ukraine 2012 | language = Ukrainian}}{{Citation | url = http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html | publisher = For UA | date = 30 August 2012 | title = CEC {{not a typo|substitues}} Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting papers}}. and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]] and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]], [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]]) with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe | last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] | year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981 | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine's Party of Regions Will Win the 2012 Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation | url = http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf | title = UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher = [[Oxford Analytica]] | date = 5 October 2007}} However, this geographical division is decreasing.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/ \"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\"]. ''[[Kyiv Post]]''. 11 February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine's Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\n\n==Culture==\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs – [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\n{{main|Ukrainian culture}}\n[[File:Rushnyk - Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian embroidery]]]]\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by Christianity, the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in bringing up children, than in the West.{{cite web |url= http://www.tryukraine.com/society/cultural_differences.shtml |title=Cultural differences |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=Ukraine's Culture}} The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music and art.\n\nThe Communist era had quite a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated the decree \"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\". This greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080622041436/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405|archivedate=22 June 2008|title=Gorbachev, Mikhail|accessdate=30 July 2008|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)|quote=Under his new policy of glasnost (\"openness\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism; and the country's legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely repudiated by the government}}\n\nThe tradition of the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old, and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky – Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\n\n===Weaving and embroidery===\nArtisan [[textile arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/Ukrainian-clothes |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]]. [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies depending on the region of origin''\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\", Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine'' and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of color is very important and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\n\nNational dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm |title=Рівненська обласна державна адміністрація – Обласний центр народної творчості |publisher=Rv.gov.ua |accessdate=30 December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478 |title=ПІСНІ ТА ВИШИВКИ УЛЯНИ КОТ – Мистецька сторінка |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving centre, a museum and weaving school.\n\n===Literature===\n{{main|Ukrainian literature}}\n[[File:Taras Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|thumbnail|[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.]]\nThe history of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the Christianisation of the Kievan Rus'.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine – Cultual Life – The Arts – Literature|accessdate=8 January 2014|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical accounts of the time were referred to as ''[[chronicle]]s'', the most significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html|archivedate=6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine – Literature |accessdate=3 July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta}}{{Ref label|G|g|none}} Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus']].\n\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century, and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s, which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries, when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless, by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\n\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]'s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''Eneyida''}}, the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation's most renowned cultural figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\L\\I\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Struk, Danylo Husar |accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\n\nThen, in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]] by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete after the revolution and the Bolsheviks' coming to power.\n\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years, when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literature figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others were killed by NKVD (as part of [[Great Purge]]). In general around 223 writers were repressed (so called The [[Executed Renaissance]]).{{cite web|author=Юрій Лавріненко |url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm |title=Розстріляне відродження: Антологія 1917–1933. |location=Київ |publisher=Смолоскип |date=2004|archivedate=13 December 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}} This repressions were part of Stalin's implemented policy of [[socialist realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the Ukrainian language, but it required writers to follow a certain style in their works.\n\nIn post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk]], [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\n\nLiterary freedom appeared in late 1980s — early 1990s with the process of collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Serhiy Zhadan]], [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], [[Yuriy Izdryk|Izdryk]], [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov is writing in Russian he is mainly considered as a represtative of the Ukrainian literature.\n\n=== Architecture ===\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\n[[File:Curitiba Parque Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]] in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, where a large [[Ukrainian diaspora]] is.]]\nUkrainian architecture is a term that describes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\nThese include initial roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state of [[Kievan Rus']]. After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was developed under the western influences of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]] of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]]. Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\n\nThe great [[Architecture of Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus'|adoption of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\n\nSeveral examples of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below). Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of Kiev]] – the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid, [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] – built from 1113 to 1125 and [[St. Cyril's Monastery|St. Cyril's Church]], circa 12th-century. All can still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in 1160 and reconstructed in 1896–1900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]], built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter's reconstruction was criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy. Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus']] has survived.\n\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered. [[St. Andrew's Church of Kiev]] (1747–1754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]], is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]]. During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]], [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]'s towns such as [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea, and renamed them as [[New Russia]].  New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]], [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\n{{Gallery\n|title=\n|width=200 | height=210 | lines=4\n|align=center\n|File:Чернігів.Собор Бориса й Гліба.JPG|The Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\n|File:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle]] – one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\n|File:Kyiv, St Andrew church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew's Church, Kiev|St Andrew's Church]] in [[Kiev]] an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\n|File:Cables Lviv.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv's Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\n|File:Комплекс споруд Воронцовського палацу.jpg|[[Vorontsov's Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\n|File:Monasterio de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]], an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\n|File:Крещатик 38 дробь 2 Киев 2012 01.JPG|Central Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\n}}\nIn 1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously, the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention. All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy, a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired examples such as the [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed. Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\n\nThe task for modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space for a new shopping centre.\n\nA major project, which may take up most of the 21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml|title=Project of reconstruction of the Rybalskyi Peninsula|work=archunion.com.ua|date=7 December 2005|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Russian}}\n\n=== Music ===\n[[File:Cossack Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumbnail|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing [[kobza]]]]\n[[File:Лисенко Микола.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]] is widely believed to be the father of Ukrainian classical music]]\n[[Image:Rapid Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Dance ''[[Hopak]]''.]]\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\nMusic is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences. From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even into [[modern jazz]].\n\nUkraine music sometimes presents a perplexing mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony.\nThe most striking general characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\n\nDuring the Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy, Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]] or [[torban]].\n\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv, Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura from manuscripts. As a result many of the earliest composers and performers within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\nSee: [[Dmytro Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\n\nUkrainian classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for whom they cater.\n\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\n{{clear}}\n\n===Cinema===\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira Muratova]]]]\n{{Main|Cinema of Ukraine}}\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]], [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\n\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\n\nDespite a history of important and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a debate about its identity and the level of Russian and European influence. Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films. Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events, including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]]. The highest-grossing film ever is [[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]] with £5.2 million in 2009.\n\nUkrainian State Film Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]], and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\n\n===Media===\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\n\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} founded by [[Georgiy Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum). Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\n[[Freedom House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \"free\" and the press as \"partly free\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \"negative trends in Ukraine\".\n\n[[Kiev]] dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine's leading English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]] [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian), and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine, [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts in 1992.\n\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]] or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\n\n=== Sport ===\n{{main|Sport in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine|archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine – Sports and recreation|accessdate=12 January 2008|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]]. The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]] (\"premier league\").\n\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners of the prestigious [[Ballon d'Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]], where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]] have held world heavyweight championships.\n\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic abilities, he was voted the world's best athlete on several occasions.{{cite web | url = http://www.olympic.org/en/content/The-IOC/Members/Mr-Sergey-BUBKA/ | accessdate =27 May 2010 | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world's best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com |accessdate=30 January 2011}}{{Dead link|date=May 2014}}\n\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket 2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished 6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball club in Ukraine.\n\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]] is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]] and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\n\nUkraine made its Olympic debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]] has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances) than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}\n\n\n===Cuisine===\n[[File:Borscht with bread.jpg|thumbnail|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|smetana]]]]\n{{Main|Ukrainian cuisine}}\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef, fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains, fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''[[varenyky]]''}} (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries or berries), [[nalysnyky]] ((pancakes) with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms, caviar or meat), [[kapuśniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots, onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borsch]] (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''[[Gołąbki|holubtsy]]''}} (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev Cake]]. Ukrainians drink [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\n{{clear}}\n\n==See also==\n{{div col|colwidth=30em}}\n* [[2014 Crimean crisis]]\n* [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]\n* [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]]\n* [[Belarusian People's Republic]]\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\n* [[Green Ukraine]] – projected Ukrainian country in the Russian Far East.\n* [[History of the Jews in Ukraine]]\n* [[Orange Revolution]]\n* [[Odessa Museum of the Regional History]]\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\n* [[People's Republic]]\n* [[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution]]\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] – the first official Ukrainian currency\n* [[Universal (act)]]\n* [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]]\n* [[:Category:Ukraine-related lists]]\n* {{Wikipedia books link|Ukraine}}\n{{div col end}}\n{{portalbar|Ukraine|Europe}}\n\n==Notes==\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\n'''a.'''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]], [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\n\n'''b.'''{{Note label|B|b|none}} See the [[Great Purge]] article for details.\n\n'''c.'''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to ''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'': [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml {{lang|uk|\"Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом\"}}]), 16 (according to ''[[Korrespondent]]'', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002 {{lang|ru|\"После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев\"}}]), \"more than 10\" (according to ''Korrespondent'', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780 {{lang|uk|\"Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців\"}}]) Retrieved 27 January 2008.\n\n'''d.'''{{Note label|D|d|1}}{{Note label|D|d|2}} These figures are likely to be much higher, as they '''do not''' include Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians, from the Ukrainian SSR.\n\n'''e.'''{{Note label|E|E|none}} This figure excludes [[POW]] deaths.\n\n'''f.'''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census'2001 data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite web|title=About number and composition population of Kyiv on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}}) about 75 percent of Kiev's population responded 'Ukrainian' to the native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent responded 'Russian'. On the other hand, when the question 'What language do you use in everyday life?' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey, the Kievans' answers were distributed as follows: 'mostly Russian': 52 percent, 'both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure': 32 percent, 'mostly Ukrainian': 14 percent, 'exclusively Ukrainian': 4.3 percent.
{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February 2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\n\n'''g.'''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\n\n'''h.'''{{Note label|H|h|none}} Without the city of Inhulets.\n\n'''i.'''{{Note label|I|i|none}} Russia and Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European territories larger than Ukraine.\n{{Refend}}\n\n==References==\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681 Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published 16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925 Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]]. Published on 25 September 2014.}}\n\n==Print sources==\n\n===Reference books===\n{{refbegin}}\n* ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'' (University of Toronto Press, 1984–93) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\n* ''[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58069636 Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''Ukraine'' (Culture Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\n* Evans, Andrew. ''Ukraine'' (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''Ukraine'' (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\n{{refend}}\n\n===Recent (since 1991)===\n{{refbegin}}\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough'' (2006)\n* Birch, Sarah. ''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'' Macmillan, 2000 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98201086 online edition]\n* Edwards Mike: \"Ukraine – Running on empty\" [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''Cleft Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Moldova'', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3898215589\n* Kuzio, Taras: ''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'', M.E. Sharpe, 1998, ISBN 0-7656-0224-5\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''Ukraine: State and Nation Building'' Routledge, 1998 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102997170 online edition]\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''Multilingual education as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'', in ''Language Education for Intercultural Communication'', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens, Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, ISBN 1-85359-204-8\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine's Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\n* Whitmore, Sarah. ''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament, 1990–2003'' Routledge, 2004 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108557869 online edition]\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''Ukraine's Orange Revolution'' (2005)\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation,'' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L online excerpts at Amazon]\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 0-521-57457-9\n* Zon, Hans van. ''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'' 2000 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98833788 online edition]\n{{refend}}\n\n===History===\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'' (Rutgers UP, 1964) [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world online]\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''A History of Ukraine'' (1986)\n* Katchanovski Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''Historical Dictionary of Ukraine.'' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\n* Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations between Ukraine and Russia, 1654–1917'' (Marquette University Press 1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations online]\n* Luckyj, George S. ''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine: An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'' (1996)\n* [[Magocsi, Paul Robert]], ''A History of Ukraine''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 1996 ISBN 0-8020-7820-6\n* Reid, Anna. ''Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96969196 online edition]\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''Ukraine: A History'', 1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.\n* Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'' (Oxford University Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation online]\n{{refend}}\n\n====World War II====\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\n* Berkhoff, Karel C. ''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'' Harvard U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle and Women's Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\n* Gross, Jan T. ''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'' (1988).\n* Lower, Wendy. ''Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'' U. of North Carolina Press, 2005. 307 pp.\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947'', McFarland & Company, 1998, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919–1945.'' Indiana U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''Holocaust In The Ukraine'', Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\n{{refend}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Sister project links|voy=Ukraine}}\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\n*[http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]]\n* [http://en.ukrainecityguide.com/ Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\n* [http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine] information from the [[United States Department of State]]\n* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm Ukraine] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\n* {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/ Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\n*[http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62 EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\n*[http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/ EU Neighbourhood Library]\n; Government\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/ The President of Ukraine]\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government Portal of Ukraine]\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\n* [http://www.escher.com.ua/ Ukrainian art. Most famous modern painters]\n;Trade\n*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/UKR/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Ukraine]\n*[http://trendeconomy.com/en/tradeSummary/H4/Europe-Ukraine#Ukraine Trade Profile (Imports/Exports) of Ukraine]\n{{coord|49|N|32|E|scale:10000000_source:GNS|display=title}}\n{{Geographic Location\n| Centre = {{flag|Ukraine}}\n| North = {{flag|Belarus}}\n| Northeast = {{flag|Russia}}\n| East = {{flag|Russia}}\n| Southeast = [[Azov Sea]]
{{flag|Russia}}\n| South = [[Black Sea]]\n| Southwest = {{flag|Hungary}}
 {{flag|Romania}}
 {{flag|Moldova}}\n| West = {{flag|Poland}}
 {{flag|Slovakia}} \n| Northwest = {{flag|Belarus}}
 {{flag|Poland}}\n}}\n{{Ukraine topics}}\n{{Commonwealth of Independent States}}\n{{Countries of Europe}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:Ukraine| ]]\n[[Category:Areas of traditional spread of Ukrainians and Ukrainian language]]\n[[Category:Eastern Europe]]\n[[Category:Countries in Europe]]\n[[Category:Kievan Rus']]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:Slavic countries and territories]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1991]]\n[[Category:Ukrainian-speaking countries and territories]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "profile/pages/usa.wiki",
    "content": "{{for||US (disambiguation)|USA (disambiguation)|United States (disambiguation)}}\n{{good article}}\n{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}\n{{Use American English|date=March 2014}}\n{{Infobox country\n|conventional_long_name = United States of America\n|common_name = the United States\n|image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg\n|image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg\n|symbol_type = Great Seal\n|national_motto = 
\"[[In God we trust]]\"{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]
\n{{collapsible list\n |title = ''{{nobold|Other traditional mottos  }} ''\n |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;\n |liststyle = text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;\n |{{native phrase|la|\"[[E pluribus unum]]\"|italics=off}} {{small|(de facto)}}
{{small|\"Out of many, one\"}}\n |{{native phrase|la|\"[[Annuit cœptis]]\"|italics=off}}
{{small|\"[[God|He]] has favored our undertakings\"}}\n |{{native phrase|la|\"[[Novus ordo seclorum]]\"|italics=off}}
{{small|\"New order of the ages\"}}\n}}\n|national_anthem = \"[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]\"

[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]
\n----\n
'''March:''' \"[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]\"{{cite web|title=U.S. Code: Title 36, 304|work=United States Code|location=United States|publisher=Cornell Law School|url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode36/usc_sec_36_00000304----000-.html|date=August 12, 1998|accessdate=February 15, 2015|quote=The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march.}}

[[File:The Stars and Stripes Forever - U.S. Navy Band.ogg]]
 \n|image_map = United States (orthographic projection).svg\n|map_caption = The [[contiguous United States]] plus [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] in green\n|alt_map = Projection of North America with the United States in green\n|image_map2 = US insular areas SVG.svg\n|alt_map2 = The United States and its [[Territories of the United States|territories]]\n|map_caption2 = The United States and its [[Territories of the United States|territories]]\n|map_width = 220px\n|capital =[[Washington, D.C.]]\n|latd=38 |latm=53 |latNS=N |longd=77 |longm=01 |longEW=W\n|largest_city =[[New York City]]
{{small|{{coord|40|43|N|74|00|W|display=inline}}}}\n|official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal government of the United States|federal level]]       |De facto: [[English]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}}\n|languages_type = [[National language]]\n|languages = [[English language|English]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}\n|regional_languages     =\n {{unbulleted list\n  |[[English language|English]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|[[French language|French]] |[[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] |[[Samoan language|Samoan]] |[[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] |[[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] |[[Alaska Native languages|19 Native Alaskan languages]]}}\n|official_religion = [[Freedom of religion in the United States|none]]\n|demonym = [[Americans|American]]\n|government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]]\n|leader_title1 = [[President of the United States|President]]\n|leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Barack Obama]]}}\n|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]\n|leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Joe Biden]]}}\n|leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]}}\n|leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[John Boehner]]}}\n|leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]]\n|leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]\n|legislature = [[United States Congress|Congress]]\n|upper_house = [[United States Senate|Senate]]\n|lower_house = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]\n|sovereignty_type = 
[[American Revolution|Independence]] from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
\n|established_event1 = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]]\n|established_date1 = July 4, 1776\n|established_event2 = [[Articles of Confederation|Confederation]]\n|established_date2 = March 1, 1781\n|established_event3 = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]]\n|established_date3 = September 3, 1783\n|established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[United States Constitution|Constitution]]}}\n|established_date4 = June 21, 1788\n|established_event5 = [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|Last state admission]]\n|established_date5 = August 21, 1959\n|area_rank = 3rd/4th\n|area_magnitude = 1 E+12\n|area_km2 = 9,826,675\n|area_sq_mi = 3,794,100\n|percent_water = 6.7\n|area_label = Total Area\n|area_label2 = Total Land Area\n|area_data2 = 9,161,966 km2 
 3,537,500 sq mi\n|area_footnote = {{ref label|areabox|c|}}\n|population_estimate = 320,925,485{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/ |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |title=U.S. and World Population Clock |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\n|population_estimate_rank = 3rd\n|population_density_km2 = 35 \n|population_density_sq_mi = 90.6 \n|population_density_rank = 180th\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2014\n|GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$17.418 trillion}}\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 2nd\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $54,596\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10th\n|GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$17.418 trillion}}{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=33&pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=111&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|publisher=IMF}}\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 1st\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2014\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $54,596\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 10th\n|Gini_year = 2013\n|Gini_change = \n|Gini = 38.0 \n|Gini_ref = {{cite web|title=OECD Income Distribution Database: Gini, poverty, income, Methods and Concepts|url=http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/income-distribution-database.htm|website=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}{{cite web|title=Global inequality: How the U.S. compares|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/19/global-inequality-how-the-u-s-compares/|website=Pew Research}}{{cite web|title=Income Distribution and Poverty : by country - INEQUALITY|url=http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=46189|website=OECD}}\n|HDI_year = 2013\n|HDI_change = steady\n|HDI = 0.914 \n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=July 27, 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}\n|HDI_rank = 5th\n|EF_year = 2007\n|EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011}}\n|EF_rank = 6th\n|currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($)\n|currency_code = USD\n|country_code = USA\n|utc_offset = −5 to −10\n|utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|d|}}\n|calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]]\n|iso3166code = US\n|antipodes = [[Indian Ocean]]
[[Île Amsterdam]]
[[Île Saint-Paul]]
[[Kerguelen Islands]]\n|date_format = MM/DD/YYYY\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|driving|e|}}\n|cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}}\n|footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} English is the [[Official language of the United States|official language]] of at least 28 states; some sources give higher figures, based on differing definitions of \"official\".{{big|}} English and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] are both official languages in the state of [[Hawaii]]. [[French language|French]] is a ''de facto'' language in the states of [[Maine]] and [[Louisiana]], while [[New Mexico]] state law grants [[Spanish language|Spanish]] a special status.New Mexico Code 1-16-7 (1981).New Mexico Code 14-11-13 (2011).{{cite book | last1 = Cobarrubias | first1 = Juan | last2 = Fishman | first2 = Joshua A. | authorlink2 = Joshua Fishman | year = 1983 | title = Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | page = 195 | isbn = 90-279-3358-8 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=x9KoAkzfVqIC&pg=PA195 | accessdate = December 27, 2011}}{{cite book | last = García | first = Ofelia | year = 2011 | title = Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | page = 167 | isbn = 1-4443-5978-9 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bW6V__K95ckC&pg=PT167 | accessdate = December 27, 2011}} |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} English is the ''[[de facto]]'' language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80 percent of Americans aged five and older. 28 states and five territories have made English an official language. Other official languages include [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Samoan language|Samoan]], [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]], [[Carolinian language|Carolinian]].\n|footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the United States or [[China]] is larger has been [[List of countries and dependencies by area|disputed]]. The figure given is from the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The World Factbook]]''. Other sources give smaller figures. All authoritative calculations of the country's size include only the 50 states and the District of Columbia, not the [[Territories of the United States|territories]].\n|footnote_d = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the United States]] for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.\n|footnote_e = {{note|driving}} Except the [[United States Virgin Islands]].\n}}\n\nThe '''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), commonly referred to as the '''United States''' ('''U.S.''') or '''America''', is a [[federal republic]]{{cite book |title=The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge, Second Edition: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind |year=2007 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-37659-8 |page=670|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ISBN9780312376598&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NE24VIzzHImggwT3toCIBA&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}{{cite book |last=Onuf |first=Peter S. |title=The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775–1787 |year=1983 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location= Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8122-1167-2}} consisting of 50 [[U.S. state|states]] and a [[Washington, D.C.|federal district]]. The [[Contiguous United States|48 contiguous states]] and [[Washington, D.C.]], are in central [[North America]] between [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]]. The state of [[Alaska]] is located in the northwestern part of North America and the state of [[Hawaii]] is an [[archipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. The country also has five populated and numerous unpopulated [[Territories of the United States|territories]] in the Pacific and the [[Caribbean]]. At 3.80 million square miles (9.85 million km2)\"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]\", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014. and with over 320 million people, the United States is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|fourth-largest country by total area]] and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|third most populous]]. It is one of the world's most [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|ethnically diverse]] and [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] nations, the product of large-scale [[Immigration to the United States|immigration from many countries]].Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X. The [[geography of the United States|geography]] and [[climate of the United States]] are also extremely diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife.{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}\n\n[[Settlement of the Americas|Paleo-Indians migrated from Eurasia]] to what is now the U.S. mainland around 15,000 years ago, with [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] beginning in the 16th century. The United States emerged from [[Thirteen Colonies|13 British colonies]] located along the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]]. Disputes between [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and the colonies led to the [[American Revolution]]. On July 4, 1776, as the colonies were fighting Great Britain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates from the 13 colonies unanimously adopted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]. The war ended in 1783 with [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|recognition of the independence of the United States]] by the Kingdom of Great Britain, and was the first successful war of independence against a European [[colonial empire]].Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.
{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period  |author= |date=2014 |website=Digitial History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}} The country's [[United States Constitution|constitution]] was adopted on September 17, 1787, and ratified by the states in 1788. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many [[Natural and legal rights|fundamental civil rights and freedoms]].\n\nDriven by the doctrine of [[Manifest Destiny]], the United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century. This involved [[American Indian Wars|displacing American Indian tribes]], [[United States territorial acquisitions|acquiring new territories]], and gradually [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|admitting new states]], until by 1848 the nation spanned the continent.{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}} During the second half of the 19th century, the [[American Civil War]] ended legal [[slavery in the United States|slavery in the country]].{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=http://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}} By the end of that century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean,{{cite book |url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}} and its economy, driven in large part by the [[Industrial Revolution]], began to soar.{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}} The [[Spanish–American War]] and {{nowrap|[[World War I]]}} confirmed the country's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from {{nowrap|[[World War II]]}} as a global [[superpower]], the [[Nuclear weapons and the United States|first country to develop nuclear weapons]], the only country to [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|use them]] in [[warfare]], and a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. The end of the [[Cold War]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991]] left the United States as the world's sole superpower.{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}
{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}
{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}
{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}
{{cite book|title=Understanding the \"Victory Disease,\" From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}
{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}\n\nThe United States is a [[developed country]] and has the world's largest economy by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal and real GDP]], benefiting from an abundance of [[natural resource]]s and high worker productivity.{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}} While the [[Economy of the United States|U.S. economy]] is considered [[post-industrial society|post-industrial]], the country continues to be one of the world's largest manufacturers.{{cite web |title= Manufacturing, Jobs and the U.S. Economy |year=2013 |url= http://www.aamfg.org/category/issues/jobs-and-economy/manufacturing-jobs-and-us-economy |publisher= Alliance for American Manufacturing}} Accounting for 34% of [[List of countries by military expenditures|global military spending]]{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014}} and 23% of world GDP,{{Cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}  it is the world's foremost economic and [[United States Armed Forces|military]] power, a prominent political and [[Culture of the United States|cultural]] force, and a leader in [[Science and technology in the United States|scientific research and technological innovations]].[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]
[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]
{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}\n\n==Etymology==\n\n{{See also|Names for United States citizens|Names of the United States}}\nIn 1507, the [[Germans|German]] [[cartography|cartographer]] [[Martin Waldseemüller]] produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere [[Americas|\"America\"]] after the Italian explorer and cartographer [[Amerigo Vespucci]] ([[Latin]]: ''Americus Vespucius'').{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-24-america-turns-500_N.htm?csp=34 |title=Cartographer Put 'America' on the Map 500 years Ago |work=USA Today |location =Washington, D.C. |date=April 24, 2007 |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=November 30, 2008}} The first documentary evidence of the phrase \"United States of America\" is from a letter dated January 2, 1776, written by [[Stephen Moylan|Stephen Moylan, Esq.]], [[George Washington]]'s [[aide-de-camp]] and Muster-Master General of the [[Continental Army]]. Addressed to [[Joseph Reed (politician)|Lt. Col. Joseph Reed]], Moylan expressed his wish to carry the \"full and ample powers of the United States of America\" to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort.DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer.] \"Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom. A new find suggests the man might have been George Washington himself.\" ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).\n\nThe first known publication of the phrase \"United States of America\" was in an anonymous essay in ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776.{{cite journal|title=\"To the inhabitants of Virginia,\" by A PLANTER.'' Dixon and Hunter's. April 6, 1776, Williamsburg, Virginia. Letter is also included in Peter Force's ''American Archives'' |url=http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGIssueThumbs.cfm?IssueIDNo=76.DH.16|issue=1287|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219053616/http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGIssueThumbs.cfm?IssueIDNo=76.DH.16|archivedate=December 19, 2014|volume=5}}{{cite web |first=Rusty |last=Carter |url =http://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-usa-first-0818-20120818,0,4983868.story |title =You read it here first |newspaper =The Virginia Gazette |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120822051820/http://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-usa-first-0818-20120818,0,4983868.story |archivedate=August 22, 2012 |date =August 18, 2012 |deadurl=yes |quote=He did a search of the archives and found the letter on the front page of the April 6, 1776, edition, published by Hunter & Dixon.}} In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase \"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his \"original Rough draught\" of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].DeLear, Byron (August 16, 2012). [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2012/0816/Who-coined-the-name-United-States-of-America-Mystery-gets-new-twist#disqus_thread \"Who coined the name 'United States of America'? Mystery gets new twist.\"] ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).{{cite web |url =http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html |title=Jefferson's \"original Rough draught\" of the Declaration of Independence |publisher = Princeton University |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040805235246/http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html |archivedate=August 5, 2004 |year =2004 |deadurl= yes}} In the final [[Independence Day (United States)|Fourth of July]] version of the Declaration, the title was changed to read, \"The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America\".{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters.html |title=The Charters of Freedom |publisher=National Archives |accessdate=June 20, 2007}} In 1777 the [[Articles of Confederation]] announced, \"The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'\".{{cite book|author=Mary Mostert|title=The Threat of Anarchy Leads to the Constitution of the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jntSQ-yn66AC&pg=PA18|year=2005|publisher=CTR Publishing, Inc|page=18|isbn=978-0-9753851-4-2}}\n\nThe short form \"United States\" is also standard. Other common forms are the \"U.S.\", the \"USA\", and \"America\". Colloquial names are the \"U.S. of A.\" and, internationally, the \"States\". \"[[Columbia (name)|Columbia]]\", a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 1700s, derives its origin from [[Christopher Columbus]]; it appears in the name \"[[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]]\".{{cite book|author=Doug Brokenshire (Stanford University)|title=Washington State Place Names|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7XI52I8zI_AC&pg=PA49|year=1996|publisher=Caxton Press|isbn=978-0-87004-562-2|page=49}} In non-English languages, the name is frequently the translation of either the \"United States\" or \"United States of America\", and colloquially as \"America\". In addition, an abbreviation (e.g. USA) is sometimes used.For example, the U.S. embassy in Spain calls itself the embassy of the \"Estados Unidos\", literally the words \"states\" and \"united\", and also uses the initials \"EE.UU.\", the doubled letters implying plural use in Spanish [http://spanish.madrid.usembassy.gov/] Elsewhere on the site \"Estados Unidos de América\" is used [http://spanish.madrid.usembassy.gov/es/educacion/benjamin_2013.html]\n\nThe phrase \"United States\" was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e.g., \"the United States are\"—including in the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], ratified in 1865. The singular form—e.g., \"the United States is\"— became popular after the end of the Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom \"these United States\".{{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002663.html |author=Zimmer, Benjamin |date=November 24, 2005 |title=Life in These, Uh, This United States |publisher=University of Pennsylvania—Language Log |accessdate=January 5, 2013}} The difference is more significant than usage; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit.G. H. Emerson, ''The Universalist Quarterly and General Review'', Vol. 28 (Jan. 1891), p. 49, quoted in Zimmer paper above.\n\nA citizen of the United States is an \"[[Americans|American]]\". \"United States\", \"American\" and \"U.S.\" refer to the country adjectivally (\"American values\", \"U.S. forces\"). \"[[American (word)|American]]\" rarely refers to subjects not connected with the United States.Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). ''The Columbia Guide to Standard American English''. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-231-06989-8.\n\n==History==\n{{Main|History of the United States|Timeline of United States history|Economic history of the United States}}\n[[File:Indians giving a talk to Bouquet.jpg|thumb|220px|Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764]]\n\n===Native American and European contact===\n{{Further|Pre-Columbian era|Colonial history of the United States}}\n\nThe first North American settlers [[Settlement of the Americas|migrated]] from [[Siberia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] approximately 15,000 or more years ago.{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1 – The First Big Steppe – Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}} Some, such as the [[pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] [[Mississippian culture]], developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. After the [[Spanish conquistadors]] made the first contacts, the [[Demographic history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|native population declined]] for various reasons, including diseases such as [[smallpox]] and [[measles]],\"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&pg=PA205 The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology]''\". Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 205. ISBN 0-521-55203-6[[#Bianchine|Bianchine, Russo, 1992]] pp. 225–232 and [[American Indian Wars|violence]].[[#Thornton|Thornton, 1987]] p. 49[[#Kessel|Kessel, 2005]] pp. 142–143[[#Mercer|Mercer Country Historical Society, 2005]]\n\nIn the early days of colonization many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars.[[#Juergens|Juergens, 2011]], p. 69 At the same time, however, many natives and settlers came to depend on each other. Settlers traded for food and animal pelts, natives for guns, ammunition and other European wares.[[#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]] p. 6 Natives taught many settlers where, when and how to cultivate corn, beans and squash. European missionaries and others felt it was important to \"civilize\" the Indians and urged them to concentrate on farming and ranching rather than depending on hunting and gathering.[[#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]] p. 5[[#Calloway1998|Calloway, 1998]], p. 55\n\n===Settlements===\n{{further|European colonization of the Americas|Thirteen Colonies}}\n\nAfter [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]]' [[Columbus's first voyage|first voyage]] to the [[New World]] in 1492, other explorers followed with settlement into the Floridas and the American Southwest.[[#Taylor|Taylor]], pp. 33–34[[#Taylor|Taylor]], pp. 72, 74 There were also some [[French colonization of the Americas|French attempts]] to colonize the east coast, and later more successful settlements along the [[Mississippi River]]. Successful [[English overseas possessions|English settlement]] on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] and the [[Pilgrim Fathers|Pilgrims']] [[Plymouth Colony]] in 1620. Early experiments in communal living failed until the introduction of private farm holdings.[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], pp. 29–31 Many settlers were [[English Dissenters|dissenting Christian groups]] who came seeking [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]]. The continent's first elected legislative assembly, Virginia's [[House of Burgesses]] created in 1619, and the [[Mayflower Compact]], signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking, established precedents for the pattern of representative self-government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.[[#Remini|Remini, 2007]], pp. 2–3[[#Johnson|Johnson, 1997]], pp. 26–30\n\n[[File:The Mayflower Compact 1620 cph.3g07155.jpg|thumb|left|Signing of the [[Mayflower Compact]], 1620]]\nMost settlers in every colony were small farmers, but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements. [[Cash crops]] included tobacco, rice and wheat. Extraction industries grew up in furs, fishing and lumber. Manufacturers produced rum and ships, and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one-seventh of the world's iron supply.[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], chapter 3 Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs. English colonists were supplemented by waves of [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]] and other groups. As coastal land grew more expensive freed [[indentured servant]]s pushed further west.[[#Lemon|Lemon, 1987]] Slave cultivation of cash crops began with the Spanish in the 1500s, and was adopted by the English, but life expectancy was much higher in North America because of less disease and better food and treatment, leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves.Clingan, 2000, p. 13[[#Tadman|Tadman, 2000]], p. 1534[[#Schneider|Schneider, 2007]], p. 484 Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and against the practice.[[#Lien|Lien, 1913]], p. 522[[#Davis96|Davis, 1996]], p. 7 But by the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor, especially in southern regions.[[#Quirk|Quirk, 2011]], p. 195\n\nWith the British colonization of [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] in 1732, the [[Thirteen Colonies|13 colonies]] that would become the United States of America were established.{{cite book |author1=Bilhartz, Terry D. |author2=Elliott, Alan C. |title=Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J65Z_Ura2EIC&pg=PA7 |year=2007|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1817-7}} All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient [[rights of Englishmen]] and a sense of self-government stimulating support for republicanism.{{cite book |author=Wood, Gordon S. |title=The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kdDRJLxBhl4C&pg=PA263 |year=1998|publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-0-8078-4723-7|page=263}} With extremely high birth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly. Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed.[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], pp. 38–39 The [[Christian revival]]ist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the [[First Great Awakening|Great Awakening]] fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty.Foner, Eric. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHcaweX2tIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=story+of+American+freedom&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iJ6ZVNDOGMjeggStroKQDA&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=story%20of%20American%20freedom&f=false The Story of American Freedom], 1998 ISBN 0-393-04665-6 p.4-5.\n\nIn the [[French and Indian War]], British forces seized Canada from the French, but the [[francophone]] population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], who were being conquered and displaced, those 13 colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770, about one-third that of Britain. Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 35 The colonies' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self-government, but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority.{{cite web|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/1763-otis-rights-of-british-colonies-asserted-pamphlet|title=The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved |publisher=Online Library of Liberty|author=Otis, James|year=1763|accessdate=January 10, 2015 |language=}}\n\n===Independence and expansion===\n{{further|American Revolutionary War|United States Declaration of Independence|American Revolution}}\n[[File:Declaration independence.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]'': the [[Committee of Five]] presenting their draft to the [[Second Continental Congress]] in 1776]]\n\nThe American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power. Americans had developed an ideology of [[Republicanism in the United States|\"republicanism\"]] asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures. They demanded their [[Rights of Englishmen|\nrights as Englishmen]], \"no taxation without representation\". The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament, and [[American Revolution|the conflict]] escalated into war.{{cite book |author=Humphrey, Carol Sue |title=The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=19NWMZ6Ec_sC&pg=PA8 |year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn=978-0-313-32083-5|pages=8–10}} Following the passage of the [[Lee Resolution]], on July 2, 1776, which was the actual vote for independence, the Congress adopted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], on July 4, which proclaimed, in a long preamble, that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain, and finally declared, in the words of the resolution, that the [[Thirteen Colonies]] were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States. The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]]. In 1777, the [[Articles of Confederation]] established a weak government that operated until 1789.{{cite book |author1=Fabian Young, Alfred |author2=Nash, Gary B. |author3=Raphael, Ray |title=Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QEzaLJ4u_MEC&pg=PA4 |year=2011|publisher=Random House Digital |isbn=978-0-307-27110-5 |pages=4–7}}\n\nBritain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]].Greene and Pole, ''A Companion to the American Revolution'' p 357. Jonathan R. Dull, ''A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution'' (1987) p. 161. Lawrence S. Kaplan, \"The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge\", ''International History Review,'' Sept 1983, Vol. 5 Issue 3, pp 431–442 In the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|peace treaty of 1783]], American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River. Nationalists led the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Philadelphia Convention]] of 1787 in writing the [[United States Constitution]], [[Ratification of the United States Constitution|ratified]] in state conventions in 1788. The federal government was reorganized into three branches, on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances, in 1789. George Washington, who had led the revolutionary army to victory, was the first [[President of the United States|president]] elected under the new constitution. The [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], forbidding federal restriction of [[Natural and legal rights|personal freedoms]] and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791.[[#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193\n\nAlthough the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808, after 1820 cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the [[Deep South]], and along with it the slave population.{{cite book |author=Cogliano, Francis D. |title=Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1f-wAfE0mpsC&pg=PA219 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-2733-6|page=219}}[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 43[[#Gordon|Gordon, 2004]], pp. 27,29 The [[Second Great Awakening]], beginning about 1800, converted millions to [[evangelicalism|evangelical]] Protestantism. In the North it energized multiple social reform movements, including [[abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]];{{cite book |author=Clark, Mary Ann |title=Then We'll Sing a New Song: African Influences on America's Religious Landscape |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3Tl3vqx-BX0C&pg=PT47 |date=May 2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0881-0|page=47}} in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations.Heinemann, Ronald L., et al., Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia 1607-2007, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8139-2609-4, p.197\n\nAmericans' eagerness to [[United States territorial acquisitions|expand westward]] prompted a long series of [[American Indian Wars]].{{cite book|author1=Billington, Ray Allen |author2=Ridge, Martin |author-link2= Martin Ridge (historian) |title=Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YoV-k7VcyZ0C&pg=PA22 |year=2001 |publisher=UNM Press |isbn=978-0-8263-1981-4 |page=22}} The [[Louisiana Purchase]] of French-claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation's size.{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |publisher=National Park Services |url=http://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |accessdate=March 1, 2011}} The [[War of 1812]], declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw, strengthened U.S. nationalism.{{cite book |author=Wait, Eugene M. |title=America and the War of 1812 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=puuQ30N0EsIC&pg=PA78 |year=1999 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=978-1-56072-644-9|page=78}} A series of U.S. military incursions into Florida led [[Adams–Onís Treaty|Spain to cede]] it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819.{{cite book |author1= Klose, Nelson |author2=Jones, Robert F. |title=United States History to 1877 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r4pXwnFs2HMC&pg=PA150 |year=1994|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9|page=150}} Expansion was aided by [[Steam engine|steam power]], when [[steamboats]] began traveling along America's large water systems, which were connected by new [[canal]]s, such as the [[Erie Canal|Erie]] and the [[Illinois and Michigan Canal|I&M]]; then, even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation's land.Winchester, pp. 198, 216, 251, 253\n\n[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|300px|[[United States territorial acquisitions|U.S. territorial acquisitions]]{{endash}}portions of each territory were granted statehood since the 18th century.]]\nFrom 1820 to 1850, [[Jacksonian democracy]] began a set of reforms which included wider male suffrage; it led to the rise of the [[Second Party System]] of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854. The [[Trail of Tears]] in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that moved Indians into the west to their own reservations. The U.S. annexed the [[Republic of Texas]] in 1845 during a period of expansionist [[Manifest destiny]].{{cite book |author=Morrison, Michael A. |title=Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YTaxzMlkVEMC&pg=PA13 |year=1999|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=978-0-8078-4796-1|pages=13–21}} The 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]] with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day [[Northwestern United States|American Northwest]].{{cite book |author=Kemp, Roger L. |title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180 |year=2010 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]|isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2|page=180}} Victory in the [[Mexican–American War]] resulted in the 1848 [[Mexican Cession]] of California and much of the present-day American Southwest.{{cite book |author1=McIlwraith, Thomas F. |author2=Muller, Edward K. |title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA61 |year=2001|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8|page=61}}\n\nThe [[California Gold Rush]] of 1848–49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states.{{cite book |author=Rawls, James J. |title=A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&pg=PA20 |year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21771-3|page=20}} After the [[American Civil War]], new transcontinental [[Rail transportation in the United States#History|railways]] made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans.{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |authorlink=Jeremy Black (historian)|title=Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&pg=PA275 |year=2011|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-35660-4|page=275}} Over a half-century, the loss of the buffalo was an existential blow to many [[Plains Indians]] cultures.{{cite book|author=Wishart, David J. |title=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rtRFyFO4hpEC&pg=PA37 |year=2004|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-4787-1|page=37}} In 1869, a new [[Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant#Indian affairs and human rights|Peace Policy]] sought to protect Native-Americans from abuses, avoid further warfare, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship.Smith (2001), ''Grant'', pp. 523–526\n\n===Civil War and Reconstruction Era===\n{{further|American Civil War|Reconstruction Era}}\n[[File:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Gettysburg]], [[Pennsylvania]] during the Civil War by [[Thure de Thulstrup]]]]\n\n[[Origins of the American Civil War|Differences of opinion and social order]] between northern and southern states in early United States society, particularly regarding [[Slavery in the United States|Black slavery]], ultimately led the USA into the American Civil War.{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76}} Initially, states entering the Union alternated between [[slave and free states]], keeping a sectional balance in the Senate, while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives. But with additional western territory and more free-soil states, tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories, whether and how to expand or restrict slavery.{{cite book|author=Patrick Karl O'Brien|title=Atlas of World History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA184|year= 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-521921-0|page=184}}\n\nWith the 1860 election of [[Abraham Lincoln]], the first president from the largely anti-slavery [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], conventions in thirteen states ultimately declared secession and formed the [[Confederate States of America]], while the U.S. federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his [[Emancipation Proclamation]], a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.{{cite book|last=Vinovskis|first=Maris|date=1990|title=Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|page=4|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York|isbn=0-521-39559-3}}\n\nFollowing the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] victory in 1865, [[Reconstruction Amendments|three amendments]] to the U.S. Constitution brought about the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|prohibition of slavery]], gave [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|U.S. citizenship]] to the nearly four million [[African American]]s who had been slaves,{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760. and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|promised them voting rights]]. The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in [[Federalism in the United States|federal power]]De Rosa, Marshall L. (1997). ''The Politics of Dissolution: The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War''. Edison, NJ: Transaction. p. 266. ISBN 1-56000-349-9. aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves.{{cite book|author=G. Alan Tarr|title=Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8Q6Gh5_OQgQC&pg=PA30|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-56736-3|page=30}} But following the [[Reconstruction Era]], throughout the South [[Jim Crow laws]] soon effectively [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchised]] most blacks and some poor whites. Over the subsequent decades, in both the North and the South blacks and some whites faced systemic discrimination, including [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] and occasional [[Lynching in the United States|vigilante violence]], sparking [[Anti-lynching movement|national movements]] against these abuses.\n\n===Industrialization===\n{{Main|Economic history of the United States}}\n{{further|Labor history of the United States}}\n[[Image:Ellis island 1902.jpg|thumb|[[Ellis Island]], in [[New York City]], was a major gateway for the influx of [[immigration]]]]\nIn the North, urbanization and an unprecedented [[Immigration to the United States#History|influx of immigrants]] from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization and transformed its culture.{{cite book|author=John Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA74|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=74}} National infrastructure including [[First Transcontinental Telegraph|telegraph]] and [[First Transcontinental Railroad|transcontinental railroads]] spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the [[American frontier|American Old West]]. The later invention of [[Incandescent light bulb|electric light]] and the [[telephone]] would also impact communication and urban life.Winchester, pp. 351, 385 The end of the [[American Indian Wars|Indian Wars]] further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets.{{cite web|title=Toward a Market Economy|url=http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/history/us-history-i/economic-growth-and-development-18151860/toward-a-market-economy|website=[[CliffsNotes]]|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|accessdate=December 23, 2014}} Mainland expansion was completed by the [[Alaska Purchase|purchase of Alaska]] from [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in 1867.{{cite web|title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|accessdate=December 23, 2014}} In 1898 the U.S. entered the world stage with important sugar production and strategic facilities acquired in [[Hawaii]].{{cite web|last1=Huntrods|first1=Diane|title=Sugarcane Profile|url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/sugarcane-profile/|publisher=Iowa State University|website=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center|accessdate=December 23, 2014}} [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], and the [[Philippines]] were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the [[Spanish–American War]].{{cite web|title=The Spanish-American War, 1898|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|accessdate=December 24, 2014}}\n\n[[Gilded Age|Rapid economic development]] at the end of the 19th century produced many prominent industrialists, and the U.S. economy became the world's largest.{{cite book|last1=Kirkland|first1=Edward|title=Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy|pages=400–405|edition=1961}} Dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of [[People's Party (United States)|populist]], [[History of the socialist movement in the United States|socialist]], and [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchist]] movements.[[#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]] This period eventually ended with the advent of the [[Progressive Era]], which saw significant reforms in many societal areas, including [[women's suffrage]], [[Prohibition in the United States|alcohol prohibition]], regulation of consumer goods, greater [[United States antitrust law|antitrust measures]] to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.\n\n===World War I, Great Depression, and World War II===\n{{further|World War I|Great Depression|World War II}}\n[[File:Approaching Omaha.jpg|thumb|U.S. troops approaching [[Omaha Beach]] during World War II]]\nThe United States remained neutral at the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, though by 1917, it joined the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], helping to turn the tide against the [[Central Powers]]. In 1919, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] took a leading diplomatic role at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the [[League of Nations]]. However, the Senate refused to approve this, and did not ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]] that established the League of Nations.McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. ISBN 0-7386-0070-9.\n\nIn 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|constitutional amendment]] granting [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]].{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920. ... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}} The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of [[radio]] for [[mass communication]] and the invention of early [[television]].Winchester pp. 410–411 The prosperity of the [[Roaring Twenties]] ended with the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] and the onset of the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]]. After his election as president in 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded with the [[New Deal]], which included the establishment of the [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] system.{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}} The [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of millions of African Americans out of the American South began around WWI and extended through the 1960s;{{Cite book |last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |title=The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America |page = 6 |year=1991 |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |isbn=0-394-56004-3 }} whereas the [[Dust Bowl]] of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.{{cite book|author=James Noble Gregory|title=American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507136-8}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |author= |year=2013 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation |accessdate=October 5, 2014}}
{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |title=The Migrant Experience |last1=Fanslow |first1=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1998 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=October 5, 2014}}
{{cite book|author=Walter J. Stein|title=California and the Dust Bowl Migration|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-6267-6}}\n\nThe United States was at first effectively neutral during [[Military history of the United States during World War II|World War II]]'s early stages but began supplying material to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in March 1941 through the [[Lend-Lease]] program. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire of Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], prompting the United States to join the Allies against the [[Axis powers]].{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|website=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=April 2, 2015}} Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers,{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |title=American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics |publisher=Congressional Research Service |last=Leland |first=Anne |last2=Oboroceanu |first2=Mari–Jana |date=February 26, 2010 |accessdate=February 18, 2011}} p. 2. it emerged [[World War II casualties#Human losses by country|relatively undamaged]] from the war with even greater economic and military influence.Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage. p. 358. ISBN 0-679-72019-7. Indeed, World War II ushered in the zenith of U.S. power in what came to be called the [[American Century]], as {{Harvnb|Leffler|2010|p=67}}, indicates: \"Truman presided over the greatest military and economic power the world had ever known. War production had lifted the United States out of the Great Depression and had inaugurated an era of unimagined prosperity. Gross national product increased by 60 percent during the war, total earnings by 50 percent. Despite social unrest, labor agitation, racial conflict, and teenage vandalism, Americans had more discretionary income than ever before. Simultaneously, the U.S. government had built up the greatest war machine in human history. By the end of 1942, the United States was producing more arms than all the Axis states combined, and, in 1943, it made almost three times more armaments than did the Soviet Union. In 1945, the United States had two-thirds of the world's gold reserves, three-fourths of its invested capital, half of its shipping vessels, and half of its manufacturing capacity. Its GNP was three times that of the Soviet Union and more than five times that of Britain. It was also nearing completion of the atomic bomb, a technological and production feat of huge costs and proportions.\" Allied conferences at [[Bretton Woods Conference|Bretton Woods]] and [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] outlined a new system of international organizations that placed the [[United States and the United Nations|United States]] and [[Soviet Union and the United Nations|Soviet Union]] at the center of world affairs. As an [[Victory in Europe Day|Allied victory was won in Europe]], a 1945 [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|international conference]] held in [[San Francisco]] produced the [[United Nations Charter]], which became active after the war.{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612221444/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm |archivedate=June 12, 2007 |title=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945 |date=October 2005 |accessdate=June 11, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian}} The United States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear weapons]] and used them on Japan; the Japanese [[Surrender of Japan|surrendered]] on September 2, ending World War II.Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.\n\n===Cold War and civil rights era===\n{{Main|History of the United States (1945–64)|History of the United States (1964–80)|History of the United States (1980–91)}}\n[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev hold discussions.jpg|thumb|US President [[Ronald Reagan]] (left) and [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet General Secretary]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], meeting [[Geneva Summit (1985)|in Geneva]] in 1985]]\n\nAfter World War II the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for power during what is known as the [[Cold War]], driven by an ideological divide between [[capitalism]] and [[communism]].{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}} They dominated the military affairs of [[Europe]], with the U.S. and its [[NATO]] allies on one side and the USSR and its [[Warsaw Pact]] allies on the other. The U.S. developed a policy of \"[[containment]]\" toward Soviet bloc expansion. While they engaged in [[proxy war]]s and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict. The U.S. often opposed [[Third World]] left-wing movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored. American troops fought communist [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese]] and [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] of 1950–53. The Soviet Union's 1957 launch of the [[Sputnik 1|first artificial satellite]] and its 1961 launch of the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflight]] initiated a \"[[Space Race]]\" in which the United States became the first to [[Apollo 11|land a man on the moon]] in 1969.{{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}} A proxy war was expanded in Southeast Asia with the [[Vietnam War]].{{refn|group=fn|Beginning between 1945, 1954, 1962 (depending on different sources) and ending in the mid-1970s. Several start dates of the war are given by different sources: 1945,{{cite book|author=Gary Donaldson|title=America at War Since 1945: Politics and Diplomacy in Korea, Vietnam, and the Gulf War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jOHR0neab58C&pg=PA208|date=January 1, 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95660-8|page=208}} 1954,{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/ |title=Battlefield: Timeline |author= |website=Battlefield Vietnam Web Site |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |accessdate=October 31, 2014}} 1959,{{cite book|author=R. J. Rummel|title=Death by Government|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA255|date=January 1, 1997|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-56000-927-6|page=255}} and 1962;{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/vietnam/ |title=Vietnam War 1962–75 |author= |website=Australian War Memorial |publisher=Government of Australia |accessdate=October 31, 2014}} the end date is also debated. Major U.S. involvement stopped in 1973,{{cite news |last=Ip |first=Michael |date=March 29, 2013 |title=Looking Back: The End of the Vietnam War |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/03/looking-back-the-end-of-the-vietnam-war/ |newspaper=ABC News |accessdate=October 31, 2014 }} yet most recognize the end of the Second Indochina War as when the Republic of Vietnam was toppled in 1975.{{cite book|author=Allan Todd|title=History for the IB Diploma: The Cold War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yoapyhfmsHkC&pg=PT172|date=May 19, 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-18932-3|page=172}}}}\n\nAt home, the U.S. experienced [[Post–World War II economic expansion|sustained economic expansion]] and a [[Post–World War II baby boom|rapid growth of its population]] and middle class. Construction of an [[Interstate Highway System]] transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and [[inner city|inner cities]] to large [[suburb]]an housing developments.Winchester, pp. 305-308{{cite web|last1=Blas|first1=Elisheva|title=The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways|url=http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.pdf|website=http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/|publisher=Society for History Education|accessdate=January 19, 2015}} A growing [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|civil rights movement]] used [[nonviolence]] to confront segregation and discrimination, with [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] becoming a prominent leader and figurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], sought to end racial discrimination.{{cite book |last=Dallek |first=Robert |year=2004 |title=Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President |page=169 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515920-2}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=97 |title=Our Documents – Civil Rights Act (1964) |publisher=United States Department of Justice |accessdate=July 28, 2010}}{{cite web |url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp | title =Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York |date=October 3, 1965 |accessdate=January 1, 2012}} Meanwhile, a [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] grew which was fueled by [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition to the Vietnam war]], [[black nationalism]], and the [[sexual revolution]]. The launch of a \"[[War on Poverty]]\" expanded entitlement and welfare spending.{{cite web|url=http://www.ssa.gov/history/lbjsm.html|title=Social Security|work=ssa.gov}}\n\nThe 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of [[stagflation]]. After his election in 1980, President [[Ronald Reagan]] responded to economic stagnation with [[Reaganomics|free-market oriented reforms]]. Following the collapse of [[détente]], he abandoned \"containment\" and initiated the more aggressive \"[[rollback]]\" strategy towards the USSR.[[#Soss|Soss, 2010]], p. 277[[#Fraser|Fraser, 1989]][[#Ferguson|Ferguson, 1986]], pp. 43–53[[#Williams|Williams]], pp. 325–331{{cite book |last=Niskanen |first=William A. |title=Reaganomics: an insider's account of the policies and the people |url=http://books.google.com/?id=zq4rsWNrYo4C&q=Reaganomics&dq=Reaganomics |year=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-505394-4 |page=363}} After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade, by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.{{cite web|title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook|url=http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|accessdate=March 21, 2014|page=11|year=2013}} The late 1980s brought a \"[[Cold War (1985–91)|thaw]]\" in relations with the USSR, and [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally ended the Cold War.{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985—1988 |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352}}{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784}}
{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}
[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]][[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]\n\n===Contemporary history===\n{{Main|History of the United States (1991–present)}}\n{{multiple image\n | align     = right\n | direction = horizontal\n | image1    = WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg\n | height1   = 240\n | width1    = 240\n | caption1  = The former [[World Trade Center]] in [[Lower Manhattan]] on [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]]\n | alt1      =\n | image2    = OneWorldTradeCenter.jpg\n | height2   = 240\n | width2    = 120\n | caption2  = [[One World Trade Center]], built in its former place\n | alt2      =\n}}\nAfter the Cold War, the 1990s saw the [[1990s United States boom|longest economic expansion]] in modern U.S. history, ending in 2001.{{cite news |title=Did Clinton Do It, or Was He Lucky? |author=Dale, Reginald |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/18/business/worldbusiness/18iht-think.2.t_2.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 18, 2000 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}
{{cite book |last=Mankiw |first=N. Gregory |title=Macroeconomics |url=http://books.google.com/?id=58KxPNa0hF4C&lpg=PA463 |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-324-58999-3 |page=559}} [[ARPANET|Originating in U.S. defense networks]], the [[Internet]] spread to international academic networks, and then to the public in the 1990s, greatly impacting the global economy, society, and culture.Winchester, pp. 420-423 On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[World Trade Center]] in New York City and [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killing nearly 3,000 people.{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}
{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}
{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013}} In response the United States launched the [[War on Terror]], which includes the ongoing [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] and the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}
{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872}}{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=http://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013}}
{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=http://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159}}
{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013}}\n\nBeginning in 1994, the U.S. participates in the world's largest trade bloc in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services. The goal of the agreement among the U.S., Canada and Mexico was met to eliminate trade and investment barriers among them by January 1, 2008; trade among the partners has soared since the agreement went into force.[http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta \"North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)\"] Office of the United States Trade Representative. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
{{cite book|author1=Thakur|author2=Manab Thakur Gene E Burton B N Srivastava|title=International Management: Concepts and Cases|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J2SbAuVzHBMC&pg=PA334|year=1997|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-463395-3|pages=334–335}}
{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c9rhlt2Ke3gC&pg=PA201|date=September 13, 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38376-2|page=201}}\n\n[[Barack Obama]], the first [[African American]],{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/barack-obama-elected-as-americas-first-black-president |title=Barack Obama elected as America's first black president |author= |website=History.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC |accessdate=October 7, 2014}}
{{cite book|author=Dorothy Littlejohn Guthrie|title=Integrating African American Literature in the Library and Classroom|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lvHPrQcgShUC&pg=PA191|date=September 30, 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-751-2|page=191}}
{{cite book|author1=Gregory Parks|author2=Matthew Hughey|title=The Obamas and a (Post) Racial America?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lT-z3keUqMMC&pg=PA167|date=January 4, 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-978129-4|page=167}} and [[Multiracial American|multiracial]]{{cite news |author= |date=November 12, 2008 |title=Barack Obama: Face Of New Multiracial Movement? |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96916824 |newspaper=NPR |accessdate=October 4, 2014 }}
{{cite book|author=Eric J. Bailey|title=The New Face of America: How the Emerging Multiracial, Multiethnic Majority is Changing the United States: How the Emerging Multiracial, Multiethnic Majority Is Changing the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YZNgAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|date=May 9, 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38570-4|page=6 |quote=This new cultural trend of acknowledging and recognizing one's multiracial heritage was also influenced, of course, by the United States' election of its first multiracial president — Barack Obama. }}
{{cite book|author1=Miguel E. Gallardo|author2=Brian W. McNeill|title=Intersections of Multiple Identities: A Casebook of Evidence-Based Practices with Diverse Populations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XbTk-baKbjIC&pg=PR27|date=February 11, 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-59467-1|page=XXVII |quote=As demonstrated by the constantly changing demographics of our multiracial society, and most prominently by Barack Obama, the first multiracial President of the United States, it is no longer enough to simply understand diverse groups of individuals as identifying only with a single ethnic or cultural background }}
{{cite book|author1=Jose Ashford|author2=Craig LeCroy|title=Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Multidimensional Perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R8-HitN5Jp0C&pg=PA174|date=June 26, 2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0-495-60169-1|page=174 |quote=This is in part related to the growing presence of prominent multiracial Americans in media, including golf phenomenon Tiger Woods, Academy Award-winning actress Halle Barry, and more recently, and significantly, President Barack Obama.}} president, was elected in 2008 amid the [[Great Recession]],{{cite news |title=African-American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession |agency=Associated Press |author=Washington, Jesse |author2=Rugaber, Chris |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/10/black-recession-economy-african-americans_n_894046.html |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=September 9, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013}}
{{cite news |title=Obama rides economy to White House |author=Hargreaves, Steve |url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/11/04/news/economy/election_polls/index.htm |publisher=CNN |date=November 5, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013}}
{{cite AV media |year=2010 |title=One Year In, a Closer Look at the Obama Presidency |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/jan-june10/obama_01-19.html |accessdate=March 7, 2012 |publisher=MacNeil/Lehrer Production}} which began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009.[http://www.nber.org/cycles.html US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions], NBER, accessed January 11, 2015.\n\n==Geography, climate, and environment==\n{{Main|Geography of the United States|Climate of the United States|Environment of the United States}}\n[[File:USA-satellite.jpg|right|thumb|A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas]]\nThe land area of the [[contiguous United States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|Mm2|1}}. Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|Mm2|1}}. Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], southwest of North America, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in area.{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=http://www.census.gov/|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}\n\nThe United States is the world's third or fourth [[List of countries and dependencies by area|largest nation by total area]] (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below [[China]]. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and [[India]] are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured: calculations range from {{convert|3676486|sqmi|Mm2|1}}{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States |title=United States |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=March 25, 2008}} (area given in square miles) to {{convert|3717813|sqmi|Mm2|1}}{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2005/Table03.pdf |title=Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density |publisher=UN Statistics Division |work=Demographic Yearbook 2005 |accessdate=March 25, 2008}} (area given in square kilometers) to {{convert|3794101|sqmi|Mm2|1}}.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|work=The World Factbook |date=June 20, 2014 |accessdate=January 20, 2015}} (area given in square kilometers) to 3,805,927 square miles (9.9 Mm2). Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada.{{cite web|title=Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}\n\nThe coastal plain of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seaboard gives way further inland to [[deciduous]] forests and the rolling hills of the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]].{{cite web|title=Geographic Regions of Georgia|url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia|website=Georgia Info|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The [[Appalachian Mountains]] divide the eastern seaboard from the [[Great Lakes]] and the grasslands of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].{{cite web|last=Lew|first=Alan|title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US|url=http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|website=GSP 220 - Geography of the United States|publisher=North Arizona University|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]–[[Missouri River]], the world's [[List of rivers by length|fourth longest river system]], runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile [[prairie]] of the [[Great Plains]] stretches to the west, interrupted by [[U.S. Interior Highlands|a highland region]] in the southeast.\n\nThe [[Rocky Mountains]], at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4.3 km) in [[Colorado]].{{cite web|last=Harms|first=Nicole|title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} Farther west are the rocky [[Great Basin]] and deserts such as the [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahua]] and [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]].{{cite web|title=Great Basin|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242919/Great-Basin|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] and [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] mountain ranges run close to the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific coast]], both ranges reaching altitudes higher than {{convert|14000|ft|km}}. The [[Extreme points of the United States|lowest and highest points]] in the [[Contiguous United States|continental]] United States are in the state of [[California]],{{cite web|title=Mount Whitney, California|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829|publisher=Peakbagger|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} and only about {{convert|84|mi|km}} apart.{{cite web|title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W)|url=http://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} At 20,320 feet (6.2 km), Alaska's [[Mount McKinley]] is the tallest peak in the country and in North America.{{cite web|last=Poppick|first=Laura|title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained|url=http://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html|publisher=LiveScience|accessdate=May 2, 2015}} Active [[volcano]]es are common throughout Alaska's [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] and [[Aleutian Islands]], and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The [[supervolcano]] underlying [[Yellowstone National Park]] in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |title=Supervolcano: What's Under Yellowstone? |author=O'Hanlon, Larry |publisher=Discovery Channel |accessdate=June 13, 2007|archiveurl=http://archive.is/vXo7|archivedate=May 25, 2012}}\n\nThe United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the [[100th meridian west|100th meridian]], the climate ranges from [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] in the north to [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the south.{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The southern tip of [[Florida]] is tropical, as is Hawaii.{{cite web|title=Köppen Classification Map, clearly showing South Florida has a tropical climate|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid. Much of the Western mountains have an [[alpine climate]]. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in [[coastal California]], and [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Extreme weather is not uncommon—the states bordering the [[Gulf of Mexico]] are prone to [[Tropical cyclone|hurricanes]], and most of the world's [[tornado]]es occur within the country, mainly in [[Tornado Alley]] areas in the Midwest and South.{{cite news |author=Perkins, Sid |url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp |archivedate=July 1, 2007 |title=Tornado Alley, USA |accessdate=September 20, 2006 |date=May 11, 2002 |work=Science News}}\n\n===Wildlife===\n{{main|Fauna of the United States|Flora of the United States}}\n[[File:Bald Eagle Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[bald eagle]] has been the national bird of the United States since 1782.]]\nThe U.S. ecology is [[megadiverse countries|megadiverse]]: about 17,000 species of [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of [[flowering plant]]s are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008}} The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, and 295 amphibian species.{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} About 91,000 insect species have been described.{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}} The [[bald eagle]] is both the [[List of national birds|national bird]] and [[List of national animals|national animal]] of the United States, and is an enduring symbol of the country itself.{{Cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}\n\nThere are 58 [[List of areas in the United States National Park System|national parks]] and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and [[wilderness]] areas.{{cite press release |url=http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639 |title=National Park Service Announces Addition of Two New Units |publisher=National Park Service |date=February 28, 2006 |accessdate=June 13, 2006}} Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area.{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|accessdate=January 18, 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}} Most of this is [[protected area|protected]], though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching; about .86% is used for military purposes.{{cite web|last1=Gorte|first1=Ross W.|last2=Vincent|first2=Carol Hardy.|last3=Hanson|first3=Laura A.|last4=Marc R.|first4=Rosenblum|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf|website=https://fas.org/|publisher=Congressional Research Service|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}{{cite web|title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development|url=http://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm|website=http://www.doi.gov/|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|accessdate=January 19, 2015}}\n\n[[Environmental issues in the United States|Environmental issues]] have been on the national agenda since 1970. Environmental controversies include debates on oil and [[nuclear binding energy|nuclear energy]], dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging and [[deforestation]],{{cite web|author=The National Atlas of the United States of America |url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |title=Forest Resources of the United States |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov |date=January 14, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |format=PDF |year=2003 |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} and international responses to global warming.[[#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78Hays, Samuel P. (2000). ''A History of Environmental Politics since 1945''. Many federal and state agencies are involved. The most prominent is the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.{{cite book|last=Collin|first=Robert W.|title=The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OVPoqXeTYTwC&pg=PA1|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33341-5|page=1}} The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act.Turner, James Morton (2012). ''The Promise of Wilderness'' The [[Endangered Species Act]] of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]].{{cite book|title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1|publisher=General Accounting Office, DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4|page=1}}\n\n==Demographics==\n{{Main|Demographics of the United States|Americans|List of U.S. states by population density|List of United States cities by population}}\n\n===Population===\n\n{|class=\"infobox\" style=\"font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:240px\"\n|- style=\"background:#f5f5f5\"\n!Race/Ethnicity (2013)\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n|-\n!By race:{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html|title=USA| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 27, 2014}}\n|-\n| [[White American|White]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|77.7%\n|-\n| [[African American]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|13.2%\n|-\n| [[Asian American|Asian]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|5.3%\n|-\n| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] and [[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|1.2%\n|-\n| [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islands American|Pacific Islander]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|0.2%\n|-\n| [[Multiracial American|Multiracial]] (2 or more) || style=\"text-align:center;\"| 2.4%\n|-\n!By ethnicity:\n|-\n| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]] (of any race) || style=\"text-align:center;\"|17.1%\n|-\n| Non-[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]] (of any race) || style=\"text-align:center;\"|82.9%\n|}\n[[File:Liberty-statue-from-below.jpg|thumb|The [[Statue of Liberty]] in [[New York City]] is a symbol of both the U.S. and the ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity.{{cite web| title = Statue of Liberty| work=World Heritage| publisher=UNESCO| url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307| accessdate = October 20, 2011}}]]\nThe [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] currently estimates the country's population to be {{formatnum:{{data United States | Poptoday}}}}, The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century, from about 76 million in 1900.{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/06statab/pop.pdf |title=Statistical Abstract of the United States |year=2005 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}} The third most populous nation in the world, after China and [[India]], the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected.{{cite web |url=http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/uspopperspec/uspopperspec.html |title=Executive Summary: A Population Perspective of the United States |publisher=Population Resource Center |date=May 2000 |accessdate=December 20, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604165856/http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/uspopperspec/uspopperspec.html |archivedate=June 4, 2007}} In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children, by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56.{{cite book|title=Opposition and Intimidation:The abortion wars and strategies of political harassment|author=Alesha E. Doan|year=2007|page=40|publisher=University of Michigan}}\n\nThe United States has a very diverse population; 37 [[U.s. ancestry|ancestry groups]] have more than one million members.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|title=Ancestry 2000|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=June 2004|accessdate=June 13, 2007}} [[German American]]s are the largest ethnic group (more than 50 million) - followed by [[Irish American]]s (circa 37 million), [[Mexican American]]s (circa 31 million) and [[English American]]s (circa 28 million).{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |title=Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |format=PDF |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=August 5, 2014}}{{cite web|last=Oleaga|first=Michael|title=Immigration Numbers Update: 13 Million Mexicans Immigrated to US in 2013, But Chinese Migrants Outnumber Other Latin Americans|url=http://www.latinpost.com/articles/20628/20140903/immigration-numbers-update-13-million-mexicans-immigrated-2013-chinese-migrants.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140905071238/http://www.latinpost.com/articles/20628/20140903/immigration-numbers-update-13-million-mexicans-immigrated-2013-chinese-migrants.htm|publisher=Latin Post|archivedate=September 5, 2014|accessdate=December 28, 2014}}\n\n[[White American]]s are the largest [[race (human classification)|racial group]]; [[African American|Black Americans]] are the nation's largest [[minority group|racial minority]] and third largest ancestry group. [[Asian American]]s are the country's second largest racial minority; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are [[Chinese American]]s, [[Filipino American]]s, and [[Indian American]]s.\n\nThe United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000, which is 5 births below the world average.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2054.html|title=Field Listing: Birth Rate|publisher=The World Factboook|work=Central Intelligence Agency|year=2014|accessdate=January 21, 2015}} Its [[population growth]] rate is positive at 0.7%, [[Total fertility rate#Developed or developing countries|higher than that of many developed nations]].{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW/countries|title=Population growth (annual %)|publisher=The World Bank|work=United Nations Population Division|year=2014|accessdate=January 21, 2015}} In fiscal year 2012, over one million [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]] (most of whom entered through [[Chain migration#Legislation and chain migration|family reunification]]) were granted [[Permanent residence (United States)|legal residence]].[http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_lpr_fr_2012_2.pdf \"U.S. Legal Permanent Residents: 2012\"]. [[Office of Immigration Statistics]] ''Annual Flow Report.'' [[Mexico]] has been the leading source of new residents since the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration Act]]. China, India, and the [[Philippines]] have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s.{{cite web|title=Immigrants in the United States, 2010: A Profile of America's Foreign-Born Population|url=http://cis.org/2012-profile-of-americas-foreign-born-population|website=Center for Immigrant Studies|accessdate=January 13, 2015}} {{As of|2012}}, approximately 11.4 million residents are [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigrants]].{{cite web |url=http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2012_2.pdf |title=Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012 |last1=Baker |first1=Bryan |last2=Rytina |first2=Nancy |date=March 2013 |website=Office of Immigration Statistics |publisher=Department of Homeland Security |accessdate=October 21, 2014}}\n\nAccording to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute, nine million Americans, or roughly 3.4% of the adult population identify themselves as [[homosexuality|homosexual]], [[bisexuality|bisexual]], or [[transgender]].{{cite web|title=What percentage of the U.S. population is gay, lesbian or bisexual?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/07/15/what-percentage-of-the-u-s-population-is-gay-lesbian-or-bisexual/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=December 28, 2014}}{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/williams-institute-report-reveals-million-gay-bisexual-transgender/story?id=13320565 |title=Gay Americans Make Up 4 Percent of Population |accessdate=August 26, 2012 |publisher=ABC News |date=April 8, 2011 |author=Donaldson James, Susan}} A 2012 Gallup poll also concluded that 3.5% of adult Americans identified as [[LGBT]]. The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia (10%), while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7%.{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |title=LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota |publisher=Gallup |accessdate=June 14, 2014}} In a 2013 survey, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] found that 96.6% of Americans identify as straight, while 1.6% identify as gay or lesbian, and 0.7% identify as being bisexual.{{cite news |last=Somashekher |first=Sandhya |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Health survey gives government its first large-scale data on gay, bisexual population |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/health-survey-gives-government-its-first-large-scale-data-on-gay-bisexual-population/2014/07/14/2db9f4b0-092f-11e4-bbf1-cc51275e7f8f_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |accessdate=November 19, 2014 }}
{{cite news |last=Bigelow |first=William |date=July 15, 2015 |title=CDC: Nation's Percentage of Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals Less than Supposed |url=http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2014/07/15/Study-Nation-s-Percentage-of-Gays-Less-Than-Supposed |newspaper=Breitbart |accessdate=November 19, 2014 }}
{{cite news |last=Sieczkowski |first=Cavan |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Health Survey: About 2 Percent Of Americans Are Gay Or Lesbian |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/15/health-survey-americans-gay_n_5587696.html |newspaper=Huffington Post |accessdate=November 19, 2014 }}
{{cite news |last=Painter |first=Kim |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Just over 2% tell CDC they are gay, lesbian, bisexual |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/07/15/gay-lesbian-bisexual-cdc-survey/12671717/ |newspaper=USA Today |accessdate=November 19, 2014 }}\n\nIn 2010, the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] or [[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]] ancestry (2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry) and 1.2 million with some [[Native Hawaiians|native Hawaiian]] or [[Pacific Islander|Pacific island]] ancestry (0.5 million exclusively).{{cite web|author=Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. |url= http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |date=March 2011 |accessdate= March 29, 2011}} The census counted more than 19 million people of \"Some Other Race\" who were \"unable to identify with any\" of its five official race categories in 2010.\n\nThe population growth of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] (the terms are officially interchangeable) is a major [[demographic transition|demographic trend]]. The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct \"[[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|ethnicity]]\" by the Census Bureau; 64% of Hispanic Americans are of [[Mexican American|Mexican descent]].{{cite web | url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/07_1YR/B03001 | title = B03001. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin | work = 2007 American Community Survey | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = September 26, 2008}} Between 2000 and 2010, the country's Hispanic population increased 43% while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9%.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/data/|title=2010 Census Data| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=March 29, 2011}} Much of this growth is from immigration; in 2007, 12.6% of the U.S. population was [[Foreign born|foreign-born]], with 54% of that figure born in [[Latin America]].{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/pop.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|work=Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009| title=Tables 41 and 42—Native and Foreign-Born Populations|accessdate= October 11, 2009}}\n\n[[Fertility]] is also a factor; in 2010 the average Hispanic (of any race) woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime, compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women (both below the [[Replacement rates|replacement rate]] of 2.1).{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports: Volume 61, Number 1. Births: Final Data for 2012 |date=August 2012 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=November 25, 2012}} [[Minority group|Minorities]] (as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic, non-multiracial whites) constituted 36.3% of the population in 2010,[http://www.census.gov/2010census/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn123.html U.S. Census Bureau: \"U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Final State 2010 Census Population Totals for Legislative Redistricting\"] see custom table, 2nd worksheet and over 50% of children under age one,{{cite news |author=Exner, Rich |url= http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |title= Americans under age one now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot |date=July 3, 2012 |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |location =Cleveland, OH |accessdate=July 29, 2012}} and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042.{{cite press release |url= http://media.timesfreepress.com/docs/2008/08/U.S._Census_diversity_0823.pdf |accessdate= March 29, 2013 |title=An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury |date=August 14, 2008}} This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports, based on the U.S. census data, which concludes that 54% (2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010) of births were non-Hispanic white.\n\nAbout 82% of Americans live in [[United States urban area|urban areas]] (including suburbs); about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |title =United States -- Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |publisher =U.S. Census Bureau |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100117053950/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archivedate=January 17, 2010 |deadurl= yes}} In 2008, 273 [[List of United States cities by population|incorporated places]] had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four [[global city|global cities]] had over two million ([[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Houston]]).{{cite web |url= http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJk99 |archivedate= December 7, 2009 |title =Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |work= 2008 Population Estimates |publisher= U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division |date=July 1, 2009}} There are 52 [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|metropolitan areas]] with populations greater than one million.{{cite web | url = http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/2008_MSA_Hawaii/CBSA_EST2008_05.pdf |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJzkG |archivedate= December 7, 2009 |title= Table 5. Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings: July 1, 2007 to July 1, 2008 |work= 2008 Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau| date =March 19, 2009}} Of the 50 fastest-growing metro areas, 47 are in the West or South.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb09-45.html|title=Raleigh and Austin are Fastest-Growing Metro Areas|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=March 19, 2009|accessdate=October 11, 2009}} The metro areas of  [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]], [[Dallas]], Houston, [[Atlanta]], and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008.\n
{{Largest Metropolitan Areas of the United States}}
\n{{-}}\n\n===Language===\n{{Main|Languages of the United States}}\n{{See also|Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America|List of endangered languages in the United States}}\n\n[[English language|English]] ([[American English]]) is the de facto [[national language]]. Although there is no [[official language]] at the federal level, some laws—such as [[Naturalized citizen of the United States|U.S. naturalization requirements]]—standardize English. In 2010, about 230 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.\"Language Spoken at Home by the U.S. Population, 2010\", American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, in ''World Almanac and Book of Facts 2012'', p. 615.{{cite web| url = http://www.adfl.org/resources/enrollments.pdf| title = Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning|date=Fall 2002| publisher = MLA| accessdate = October 16, 2006}} Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in 28 states.{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}\n\nBoth [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and English are official languages in Hawaii, by state law.{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131103123226/http://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archivedate=November 3, 2013|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4| publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau|date=November 7, 1978|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}  Alaska recognizes [[Alaska Native languages|many Native languages]].[http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official] April 21, 2014; Bill Chappell; NPR.org While neither has an official language, [[New Mexico]] has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as [[Louisiana]] does for English and [[French language in the United States|French]].{{cite book| author =Dicker, Susan J. | title = Languages in America: A Pluralist View |year=2003|pages=216, 220–25 | location =Clevedon, UK| publisher = Multilingual Matters|isbn=1-85359-651-5}} Other states, such as [[California]], mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms.{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=ccp&group=00001-01000&file=412.10-412.30|title=California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6)| publisher=Legislative Counsel, State of California|accessdate=December 17, 2007}} {{cite web|url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/allforms.htm|title=California Judicial Council Forms| publisher=Judicial Council, State of California|accessdate=December 17, 2007}} Many jurisdictions with large numbers of non-English speakers produce government materials, especially voting information, in the most commonly spoken languages in those jurisdictions.\n\nSeveral insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: [[Samoan language|Samoan]]{{cite web |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=96 |title=Samoan |author= |website=UCLA Language Materials Project |publisher=UCLA |accessdate=October 4, 2014}}
{{cite book|author1=Frederick T.L. Leong|author2=Mark M. Leach|title=Suicide Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups: Theory, Research, and Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mrKTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT185|date=April 15, 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-91680-0|page=185}}
{{cite book|author=Robert D. Craig|title=Historical Dictionary of Polynesia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=01U5DrqoMJgC&pg=PR33|year=2002|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4237-3|page=33}} and [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]{{cite book|author1=Nessa Wolfson|author2=Joan Manes|title=Language of Inequality|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ywvo0fNRGqgC&pg=PA176|year=1985|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-009946-1|page=176}}
{{cite book|author1=Lawrence J. Cunningham|author2=Janice J. Beaty|title=A History of Guam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bkaLkgHEFvIC&pg=PA203|date=January 2001|publisher=Bess Press|isbn=978-1-57306-047-9|page=203}}
{{cite book|author=Eur|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA1137|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-133-9|page=1137}} are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; [[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands;{{cite book|author1=Yaron Matras|author2=Peter Bakker|title=The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qZMRV8y6T8AC&pg=PA301|year=2003|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-017776-3|page=301 |quote=in the Northern Marianas, Chamarro, Carolinian ( = the minority language of a group of Carolinian immigrants), and English received the status of co-official languages in 1985(Rodriguez-Ponga 1995:24-28). }} [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] is officially recognized by the [[Cherokee Nation]] within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma;{{cite book|author=James W. Parins|title=Literacy and Intellectual Life in the Cherokee Nation, 1820–1906|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dab8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248|date=November 4, 2013|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-5122-9|page=248}} Spanish is an official language of [[Puerto Rico]] and is more widely spoken than English there.{{cite web|url=http://www.puertorico.com/translation/|title=Translation in Puerto Rico|work=Puerto Rico Channel|accessdate=December 29, 2013}}\n\n===Religion===\n{{Main|Religion in the United States}}\n{{See also|History of religion in the United States|Freedom of religion in the United States|Separation of church and state in the United States|List of religious movements that began in the United States}}\n\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" font-size:80%;\" style=\"margin-left:1em; float:right\"\n|+ style=\"font-size:100%\" | Religious affiliation in the U.S. (2014)\n|-\n! Affiliation\n! colspan=\"2\"|% of U.S. population\n|-\n| [[Christianity|Christian]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|70.6||2||background:darkblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"|  [[Protestant]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|46.5||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:30px;\"| [[Evangelical Protestant]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|25.4||2||background:lightblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:30px;\"| [[Mainline Protestant]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|14.7||2||background:lightblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:30px;\"| [[Black church]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|6.5||2||background:lightblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Catholic]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|20.8||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Mormon]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|1.6||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.8||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Eastern Orthodox]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| Other Christian\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.4||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| Non-Christian faiths\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|5.9||2||background:darkgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Jewish]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|1.9||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Muslim]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.9||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Buddhist]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.7||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Hindu]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.7||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| Other Non-Christian faiths\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|1.8||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|22.8||2||background:purple}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| Nothing in particular\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|15.8||2||background:#A020F0}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Agnosticism|Agnostic]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|4.0||2||background:#A020F0}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Atheism|Atheist]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|3.1||2||background:#A020F0}}\n|-\n| Don't know/refused answer\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.6||2||background:#A020F0}}\n|-\n| '''Total''' || '''{{bartable|100||2||background:grey}}'''\n|}\n\nThe [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the [[Free Exercise Clause|free exercise]] of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its [[Establishment Clause|establishment]]. [[Christianity]] is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S., but other religions are followed, too. In a 2013 survey, 56% of Americans said that religion played a \"very important role in their lives\", a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation.{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx#1|title=Religion| publisher=Gallup|date=June 2013|accessdate=January 10, 2014}} In a 2009 Gallup poll 42% of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly; the figures ranged from a low of 23% in Vermont to a high of 63% in Mississippi.{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/125999/mississippians-go-church-most-vermonters-least.aspx |title=Mississippians Go to Church the Most; Vermonters, Least |publisher=Gallup |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} As with other Western countries, the U.S. is becoming less religious. [[Irreligion]] is growing rapidly among Americans under 30.{{cite news|url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/12/pew-survey-doubt-of-god-growing-quickly-among-millennials/|author=Merica, Dan|title=Pew Survey: Doubt of God Growing Quickly among Millennials| publisher=CNN|date=June 12, 2012|accessdate=June 14, 2012}} Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion is declining,{{cite news |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/12/us-confidence-in-organized-religion-at-low-point_n_1669100.html?utm_hp_ref=religion |title= American Confidence In Organized Religion At All Time Low |accessdate=July 14, 2012 |date=July 12, 2012 |work=Huffington Post |first=Samreen |last=Hooda}} and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious.{{cite web |url= http://www.pewforum.org/Age/Religion-Among-the-Millennials.aspx |title=Religion Among the Millennials |publisher=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |accessdate=August 29, 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America’s Changing Religious Landscape|publisher=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |accessdate=May 12, 2015}} According to a 2012 study, Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 48%, thus ending its status as religion of the majority for the first time.[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf \"Nones\" on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation][http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19892837 US Protestants no longer a majority - study][http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2215025/Protestants-longer-majority-U-S-time--rising-number-Americans-religion.html For the first time ever, Protestants are not the majority in U.S. - due to rising number of Americans with 'no religion']\n\nAccording to a 2014 survey, 70.6% of adults identified themselves as [[Christianity in the United States|Christian]],{{cite web|url=http://religions.pewforum.org/affiliations |title=Church Statistics and Religious Affiliations |publisher=Pew Research |accessdate=September 23, 2014}}\n[[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations accounted for 46.5%, while [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]], at 20.8%, was the largest individual denomination.{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/|title=\"Nones\" on the Rise| publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|year=2012|accessdate=January 10, 2014}} The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was 5.9%. Other religions include [[American Jews|Judaism]] (1.9%), [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] (0.9%), [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] (0.7%), [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] (0.7%). The survey also reported that 22.8% of Americans described themselves as [[agnosticism|agnostic]], [[atheism|atheist]] or simply having [[irreligion|no religion]], up from 8.2% in 1990.{{cite web|url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf?ext=.pdf|title=American Religious Identification Survey 2001|author=Kosmin, Barry A., Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar| publisher=CUNY Graduate Center|date=December 19, 2001|accessdate=September 16, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population-graphic/#/United%20States|title=United States|accessdate=May 2, 2013}} There are also [[Unitarian Universalist]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'i]], [[Sikh]], [[Jainism|Jain]], [[Shinto]], [[Confucianism|Confucian]], [[Taoism|Taoist]], [[Neo-Druidism|Druid]], [[Native American religion|Native American]], [[Wicca]]n, [[Religious humanism|humanist]] and [[deism|deist]] communities.Media, Minorities, and Meaning: A Critical Introduction — Page 88, Debra L. Merskin – 2010\n\n[[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States. Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism, and the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] is the largest individual Protestant denomination. About 26 percent of Americans identify as [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestants]], while 15 percent are Mainline and 7 percent belong to a traditionally Black church. [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] in the United States has its origin in the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] and [[French colonization of the Americas|French]] colonization of the Americas, and later grew because of Irish, Italian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration. Rhode Island is the only state where a majority of the population is Catholic. [[Lutheranism]] in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from [[Northern Europe]] and [[Germany]]. [[North Dakota|North]] and [[South Dakota]] are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran. [[Utah]] is the only state where [[Mormonism]] is the religion of the majority of the population. The [[Mormon Corridor]] also extends to parts of [[Idaho]], [[Nevada]] and [[Wyoming]].{{cite book|last=Walsh|first=Margaret|title=The American West. Visions and Revisions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yyDKfY1gyH8C&pg=PA124|date=January 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59671-8|page=124}}\n\nThe [[Bible Belt]] is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average. By contrast, religion plays the least important role in [[New England]] and in the Western United States.\n\n===Family structure===\n{{Main|Family structure in the United States}}\n{{See also|Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|Same-sex marriage in the United States|Cousin marriage law in the United States by state}}\n{{As of|2007}}, 58% of Americans age 18 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 25% had never been married.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/pop.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|work=Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009| title=Table 55—Marital Status of the Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1990 to 2007|accessdate = October 11, 2009}} Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of [[Educational attainment in the United States|bachelor's degrees]].{{cite web |url=http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/news/articles/female_college.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609151527/http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/news/articles/female_college.html |archivedate=June 9, 2007 |title=Women's Advances in Education |publisher=Columbia University, Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy |year=2006 |accessdate=June 6, 2007}}\n\nThe U.S. [[teenage pregnancy]] rate, 79.8 per 1,000 women, is the highest among OECD nations.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_tee_bir_rat-people-teenage-birth-rate |title=Teenage birth rate statistics – countries compared |publisher=NationMaster |accessdate=July 10, 2011}} Between 2007 and 2010, the highest teenage birth rate was in [[Mississippi]], and the lowest in [[New Hampshire]].{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57411738/u.s-teen-birth-rates-fall-to-historic-lows/ |title=U.S. teen birth rates fall to historic lows |publisher=CBS News |date=April 10, 2012 |accessdate=July 4, 2013}} [[Abortion in the United States|Abortion]] is legal throughout the U.S., owing to ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', a 1973 [[Lists of landmark court decisions|landmark decision]] by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. While the abortion rate is falling, the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15–44 remain higher than those of most Western nations.{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5511a1.htm|author=Strauss, Lilo T., et al.|title=Abortion Surveillance—United States, 2003|accessdate = June 17, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health|work=MMWR|date=November 24, 2006}} In 2011, the average age at first birth was 25.6 and 40.7% of births were to unmarried women.{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/births.htm |title=FASTSTATS – Births and Natality |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevntion |date=November 21, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman.{{cite news|last1=Wetzstein|first1=Cheryl|title=U.S. fertility plummets to record low|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/may/28/us-birthrate-plummets-to-record-low/?page=all|accessdate=August 20, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Times|date=May 28, 2014}} [[Adoption in the United States]] is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view (compared to other Western countries).{{cite news |last=Jardine |first=Cassandra |title= Why adoption is so easy in America |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3354960/Why-adoption-is-so-easy-in-America.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location= London |date=October 31, 2007}} In 2001, with over 127,000 adoptions, the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide.{{cite web |url= http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/child-adoption.pdf |title= Child Adoption: Trends and policies |publisher= United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |year=2009}} The legal status of [[LGBT adoption in the United States|same-sex couples adopting]] varies by jurisdiction. [[Polygamy]] is illegal throughout the U.S.{{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90857818|title=Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]: ''[[All Things Considered]]''|accessdate=July 23, 2009|date=May 27, 2008|first=Barbara Bradley|last=Hagerty}}\n\n==Government and politics==\n{{Main|Federal government of the United States|State governments of the United States|Local government in the United States|Elections in the United States}}\n{{triple image|right|Capitol Building Full View.jpg|202|WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|120|USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG|125|
The [[United States Capitol]],
 where [[United States Congress|Congress]] meets:
the [[United States Senate|Senate]], left; the [[United States House of Representatives|House]], right|
The [[White House]], home of the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]|
[[United States Supreme Court Building|Supreme Court Building]], where the [[Supreme Court of the United States|nation's highest court]] sits
}}\nThe United States is the world's oldest surviving [[federation]]. It is a [[constitutional republic]] and [[representative democracy]], \"in which [[majority rule]] is tempered by [[minority rights]] protected by [[Law of the United States|law]]\".Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. ISBN 0-7668-2759-3. The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.{{cite web |url= http://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |title=Constitution of the United States |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate |accessdate=February 11, 2012 |author=Killian, Johnny H.}} For 2013, the U.S. ranked 19th on the [[Democracy Index]]{{cite web|title=Democracy Index 2013|url=http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Democracy0814|website=The Economist}} and 17th on the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite web |title= Corruption Perceptions Index 2014 |url= http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |publisher=Transparency International |accessdate=December 14, 2014}}\n\nIn the [[Federalism#United States|American federalist system]], citizens are usually subject to [[Political divisions of the United States|three levels of government]]: federal, state, and local. The [[Local government in the United States|local government]]'s duties are commonly split between [[County (United States)|county]] and [[municipal corporation|municipal governments]]. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a [[plurality voting system|plurality vote]] of citizens by district. There is no [[proportional representation]] at the federal level, and it is very rare at lower levels.{{cite book|author1=Mikhail Filippov|author2=Peter C. Ordeshook|author3=Olga Shvetsova|title=Designing Federalism: A Theory of Self-Sustainable Federal Institutions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8CMX9GXA4T0C&pg=PA242|date=February 9, 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-01648-3|page=242}}
{{cite book|author1=Barbara Bardes|author2=Mack Shelley|author3=Steffen Schmidt|title=American Government and Politics Today: Essentials 2013 - 2014 Edition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=taMWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA265|date=January 1, 2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=1-285-60571-3|pages=265–266}}\n\n[[File:Political System of the United States.svg|thumb|350px|Political system of the United States]]\nThe federal government is composed of three branches:\n* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The [[bicameralism|bicameral]] [[United States Congress|Congress]], made up of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]],{{cite web|title=The Legislative Branch|publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany|url=http://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm|accessdate=August 20, 2012}} and has the power of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the government.{{cite web|title=The Process for impeachment|publisher=ThinkQuest|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|accessdate=August 20, 2012}}\n* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: [[President of the United States|The President]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can veto [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law (subject to Congressional override), and appoints the [[Cabinet of the United States|members of the Cabinet]] (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{cite web|title=The Executive Branch|publisher=The White House|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch|accessdate=August 20, 2012}}\n* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] and lower [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal courts]], whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{cite book|author1=Kermit L. Hall|author2=Kevin T. McGuire|title=Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC|date=September 9, 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988374-5}}
{{cite book|author=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services|title=Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8X1CzvBXHksC&pg=PA4|date=March 18, 2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-091708-0|page=4}}
{{cite book|author=Bryon Giddens-White|title=The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mbZw3bJsWtUC|date=July 1, 2005|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-6608-2}}
{{cite book|author=Charles L. Zelden|title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rjBUYGbUiQwC|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-702-9}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts.aspx |title=Federal Courts |author= |website= |publisher=United States Courts |accessdate=October 19, 2014}}\n\nThe House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a [[congressional district]] for a two-year term. House seats are [[United States congressional apportionment|apportioned]] among the states by population every tenth year. At the [[2000 United States Census|2010 census]], seven states had the minimum of one representative, while California, the most populous state, had 53.{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/12/21/us/census-districts.html |title =Census 2010: Gains and Losses in Congress |author =Bloch, Matt; Ericson, Matthew; Quealy, Kevin |work=The New York Times |date=May 30, 2013}}\n\nThe Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected [[at-large]] to six-year terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office [[Term limits in the United States|no more than twice]]. The President is [[United States presidential election|not elected by direct vote]], but by an indirect [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]].{{cite web|title=What is the Electoral College|publisher=National Archives|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/about.html|accessdate=August 21, 2012}} The Supreme Court, led by the [[Chief Justice of the United States]], has nine members, who serve for life.{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|publisher=CNN|date=July 13, 2000 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12 |archivedate=July 12, 2012 |deadurl=yes}}\n\nThe state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion; [[Nebraska]] uniquely has a [[unicameralism|unicameral]] legislature.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/407533/Nebraska/78826/Agriculture#toc78830 |title=Nebraska (state, United States) : Agriculture|work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=November 11, 2012}} The [[Governor (United States)|governor]] (chief executive) of each state is directly elected. Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote.\n\nThe original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. [[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article One]] protects the right to the \"great writ\" of [[Habeas corpus in the United States|habeas corpus]]. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;[[#Feldstein|Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011]], p. 9 the first ten amendments, which make up the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], and the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to [[judicial review]] and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'' (1803)[[#Schultz|Schultz, 2009]], pp. 164, 453, 503 in a decision handed down by [[John Marshall|Chief Justice John Marshall]].[[#Schultz|Schultz, 2009]], p. 38\n\n===Political divisions===\n{{Main|Political divisions of the United States|U.S. state|Territories of the United States|List of states and territories of the United States}}\n{{Further|Territorial evolution of the United States|United States territorial acquisitions}}\nThe United States is a federal union of 50 states. The original 13 states were the successors of the [[Thirteen Colonies|13 colonies]] that rebelled against British rule. Early in the country's history, three new states were organized on territory separated from the claims of the existing states: [[Kentucky]] from [[Virginia]]; [[Tennessee]] from [[North Carolina]]; and [[Maine]] from [[Massachusetts]]. Most of the other states have been carved from territories obtained through war or purchase by the U.S. government. One set of exceptions includes [[Vermont]], [[Texas]], and [[Hawaii]]: each was a well-established independent republic before joining the union. During the [[American Civil War]], [[West Virginia]] broke away from Virginia. The most recent state—Hawaii—achieved statehood on August 21, 1959.{{cite news |url= http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/10/18/special/story4.html |title='The Goal Was Democracy for All |work= Honolulu Star-Bulletin |author=Borreca, Richard |date=October 18, 1999 |accessdate=February 11, 2012}} The states [[Texas v. White|do not have the right]] to unilaterally [[secession|secede]] from the union.Zuczek, Richard. \"Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era\" [http://books.google.com/books?id=H80eQweo0V4C&pg=PA649&dq=texas+v.+white&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BCTzU8bAG9DIsATeh4LQBQ&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=texas%20v.%20white&f=false Texas v. White (1869)], ISBN 0-313-33073-5 p. 649.\n\nThe states compose the vast bulk of the U.S. land mass. The [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] is a [[federal district]] which contains the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. The United States also possesses five major overseas territories: [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] in the Caribbean; and [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] in the Pacific.See {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. {{USC|8|1101a}} Those born in the major territories are [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|birthright U.S. citizens]] except Samoans. Samoans born in American Samoa are born [[United States nationality law#Nationals|U.S. nationals]], and may become naturalized citizens.{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=William O. |title=American Samoa: Issues Associated with Potential Changes to the Current System for Adjudicating Matters of Federal Law |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ho_RmgOnwgwC&lpg=PA8 |year=2009 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-0704-9 |page=8 }} American citizens residing in the territories have fundamental constitutional protections and elective self-government, with a territorial [[Delegate (United States Congress)|Member of Congress]], but they do not vote for president as states. Territories have personal and business tax regimes different from that of states.US General Accounting Office, U.S. Insular Areas. [http://www.gao.gov/assets/230/224900.pdf Application of the U.S. Constitution]. November 1997. p. 9. Appendix I, pp. 23–38. Retrieved April 29, 2013.\n\nThe United States also observes [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal sovereignty]] of the Native Nations. Though reservations are within state borders, the reservation is a sovereign entity. While the United States recognizes this sovereignty, other countries may not.{{cite news |last=Fonseca |first=Felicia |agency=Associated Press |title=Native American nations debate sovereignty after Iroquois passport dispute |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700049039/Native-American-nations-debate-sovereignty-after-Iroquois-passport-dispute.html?pg=all |accessdate=July 28, 2012 |newspaper=Deseret News |location=Salt Lake City |date=July 17, 2010}}\n{{USA midsize imagemap with state names}}
\n{{US statehood dates}}\n\n===Parties and elections===\n{{Main|Politics of the United States|Political ideologies in the United States}}\n[[File:Obama meets with Congressional Leadership July 2011.jpg|thumb|(From left to right) [[United States House of Representatives|House]] [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|Majority Leader]] [[Eric Cantor]], House Minority Leader [[Nancy Pelosi]], [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[John Boehner]], [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]], [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Majority Leader]] [[Harry Reid]], and Senate Minority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] at the [[White House]] in 2011]]\nThe United States has operated under a [[two-party system]] for most of its history.{{cite news\n|author= Etheridge, Eric; Deleith, Asger\n|title= A Republic or a Democracy?\n|newspaper= New York Times blogs\n|quote= The US system seems essentially a two-party system. ...\n|date= August 19, 2009\n|url= http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/a-republic-or-a-democracy/\n|accessdate= November 7, 2010\n}} For elective offices at most levels, state-administered [[primary election]]s choose the major party [[nomination|nominees]] for subsequent [[general election]]s. Since the [[United States presidential election, 1856|general election of 1856]], the major parties have been the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], [[History of the United States Democratic Party|founded in 1824]], and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], [[History of the United States Republican Party|founded in 1854]]. Since the Civil War, only one [[Third party (United States)|third-party]] presidential candidate—former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]], running as a [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive]] in [[United States presidential election, 1912|1912]]—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote. The third-largest political party is the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]]. The President and Vice-president are elected through the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] system.{{cite book|last=Avaliktos|first=Neal|title=The Election Process Revisited|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XR21acqXy28C&pg=PA111|date=January 1, 2004|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59454-054-7|page=111}}\n\nWithin American [[political culture]], the Republican Party is considered [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] and the Democratic Party is considered [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]].{{cite book |last=Grigsby |first=Ellen|title=Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2008 |isbn=0-495-50112-3 | pages = 106–7}}{{disputed-inline|Republican Party description|date=May 2015}} The states of the [[Politics of the Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and [[Politics of the Western United States|West Coast]] and some of the Great Lakes states, known as \"[[Red states and blue states|blue states]]\", are relatively liberal. The \"[[Political party strength in U.S. states|red states]]\" of the [[Politics of the Southern United States|South]] and parts of the [[Midwestern United States#Political trends|Great Plains]] and [[Politics of the Western United States|Rocky Mountains]] are relatively conservative.\n\nThe winner of the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] and [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential elections]], Democrat [[Barack Obama]], is the 44th, and current, [[List of Presidents of the United States|U.S. president]].\n\nIn the [[114th United States Congress]], both the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate currently consists of 54 Republicans, and 44 Democrats with two [[independent politician|independents]] who caucus with the Democrats; the House consists of 246 Republicans and 188 Democrats, with one vacancy.{{cite web | url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/cong.aspx | title =Congressional Profile Resources |publisher= [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives|Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]]}} In state governorships, there are 31 Republicans, 18 Democrats and one independent.MultiState Associates Incorporated.\n[https://www.multistate.com/state-resources/governors-legislatures 2015 Governors and Legislatures]. Viewed January 14, 2015. Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors, there are 2 Republicans, 2 Democrats (one is also in the [[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|PPD]]), and 2 Independents.National Governor's Association. [http://www.nga.org/cms/governors/bios Current Governors], viewed January 14, 2015; DeBonis, Mike. \"[http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-mayoral-candidates-bowser-catania-schwartz-await-voters-decision/2014/11/04/494fe0d6-533f-11e4-892e-602188e70e9c_story.html?tid=pm_local_pop Bowser is elected D.C. Mayor]\", Washington Post November 5, 2014, viewed January 14, 2015.\n\nSince the founding of the United States until the 2000s, the country's [[governance]] has been primarily dominated by [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]s (WASPs). However, the situation has changed recently and of the top 17 positions (four national candidates of the two major party in the [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential election]], four leaders in [[112th United States Congress]], and nine [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court Justices]]) there is only one WASP.{{cite web |url= http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2012/09/04/chart-no-more-wasps-in-presidential-races |title=CHART: No more WASPs in Presidential Races |publisher=US News and World Reports |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}{{cite news |author= Knickerbocker, Brad |url= http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2012/0819/US-government-and-politics-no-longer-run-by-WASPs.-Does-it-matter |title=US government and politics no longer run by WASPs. Does it matter? |work=DC Decoder (blog) |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor |location=Boston MA |date=August 19, 2012 |accessdate=December 27, 2012}}{{cite web |url= http://www.npr.org/2012/08/19/159194196/for-the-first-time-no-wasps-this-election |title=For the first time, no WASPs in election |publisher=NPR |date=August 19, 2012 |accessdate= August 3, 2013}}\n\n[[File:The United Nations Secretariat Building.jpg|thumb|The [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]] has been situated in [[Midtown Manhattan]] since 1952.]]\n\n===Foreign relations===\n{{Main|Foreign relations of the United States|Foreign policy of the United States}}\n{{see also|Covert United States foreign regime change actions}}\n\nThe United States has an established structure of foreign relations. It is a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]], and New York City is home to the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]]. It is a member of the [[G7]],{{cite web |url= http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/what_is_g8.html |title=What is the G8? |publisher=University of Toronto |accessdate=February 11, 2012}} [[G-20 major economies|G20]], and [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]. Almost all countries have [[List of diplomatic missions in the United States|embassies]] in Washington, D.C., and many have [[consul (representative)|consulates]] around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|American diplomatic missions]]. However, [[Iran–United States relations|Iran]], [[North Korea–United States relations|North Korea]], [[Foreign relations of Bhutan#Other countries|Bhutan]], and the [[Taiwan–United States relations|Republic of China]] (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States (although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies them with [[Six Assurances|military equipment]]).{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL30957.pdf |title=Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990 |last1=Kan |first1=Shirley A. |date=August 29, 2014 |publisher=Federation of American Scientist |accessdate=October 19, 2014 }}
{{cite news |author= |title=Taiwan's Force Modernization: The American Side |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/taiwans-unstalled-force-modernization-04250/ |newspaper=Defense Industry Daily |date=September 11, 2014 |accessdate=October 19, 2014 }}\n\nThe United States has a \"[[Special Relationship|special relationship]]\" with the [[United Kingdom–United States relations|United Kingdom]]{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&pg=PA45&dq=uk+us+special+relationship#v=onepage&q=uk%20us%20special%20relationship&f=false|title=America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance|page=45|first1=John|first2= Axel |last2=Schäfer|last1=Dumbrell|year=2009 |isbn= 9780203872703}} and strong ties with [[Canada–United States relations|Canada]],{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf|title=Canada–U.S. Relations|author=Ek, Carl, and Ian F. Fergusson|publisher=Congressional Research Service| date=September 3, 2010 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[Australia–United States relations|Australia]],{{cite web |url= http://www.worldcat.org/title/australia-background-and-us-relations/oclc/70208969?title=&detail=&page=frame&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FRL33010.pdf%26checksum%3Df2a13dd063242d8cf4b00dfda18441af&linktype=digitalObject|title=Australia: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=August 8, 2008 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[New Zealand–United States relations|New Zealand]],{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf|title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States|author=Vaughn, Bruce |publisher=Congressional Research Service| date=May 27, 2011 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[Philippines–United States relations|the Philippines]],{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf|title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests|author=Lum, Thomas|publisher=Congressional Research Service| date=January 3, 2011|accessdate=August 3, 2011}} [[Japan–United States relations|Japan]],{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |format=PDF |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |author=Chanlett-Avery, Emma, et al. |publisher=Congressional Research Service | date=June 8, 2011 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[South Korea–United States relations|South Korea]],{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf|title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress|author=Manyin, Mark E., Emma Chanlett-Avery, and Mary Beth Nikitin|publisher=Congressional Research Service| date=July 8, 2011|accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[Israel–United States relations|Israel]],{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |author=Zanotti, Jim|publisher=Congressional Research Service | date=July 31, 2014 |accessdate=September 12, 2014}} and several [[European Union]] countries, including [[France–United States relations|France]], [[Italy–United States relations|Italy]], [[Germany–United States relations|Germany]], and [[Spain–United States relations|Spain]]. It works closely with fellow [[NATO]] members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the [[Organization of American States]] and [[United States free trade agreements|free trade agreements]] such as the trilateral [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] with Canada and [[Mexico–United States relations|Mexico]]. In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on [[official development assistance]], the most in the world. As a share of America's large [[gross national income]] (GNI), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18% ranked last among 22 donor states. By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous.{{cite web|last=Shah |first=Anup|title=U.S. and Foreign Aid Assistance |date=April 13, 2009 |publisher=GlobalIssues.org |url= http://www.globalissues.org/article/35/us-and-foreign-aid-assistance|accessdate=October 11, 2009}}\n\nThe U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through [[Compact of Free Association]] with [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]] and [[Palau]], all of which are Pacific island nations which were part of the U.S.-administered [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]] beginning after [[World War II]], and gained independence in subsequent years.{{cite book|author=Charles L. Zelden|title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rjBUYGbUiQwC&pg=PA217|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-702-9|page=217}}
{{cite book|author1=Loren Yager|author2=Emil Friberg |author3=Leslie Holen|title=Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TfoBd7_KsZMC&pg=PA7|date=July 2003|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7567-3394-0|page=7}}\n\n===Government finance===\n{{See also|Taxation in the United States|United States federal budget}}\n\n[[Taxation in the United States|Taxes are levied in the United States]] at the federal, state and local government level. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8% of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].{{cite news |author= Porter, Eduardo |title= America's Aversion to Taxes |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/15/business/economy/slipping-behind-because-of-an-aversion-to-taxes.html?_r=1&src=recg |quote=In 1965, taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.7 percent of the nation's output. In 2010, they amounted to 24.8 percent. Excluding Chile and Mexico, the United States raises less tax revenue, as a share of the economy, than every other industrial country. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 14, 2012 |accessdate=August 15, 2012}} During FY2012, the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue, up $147 billion or 6% versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion. Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ($1,132B or 47%), Social Security/Social Insurance taxes ($845B or 35%), and corporate taxes ($242B or 10%).\n\nU.S. taxation is generally [[Progressive tax|progressive]], especially the federal income taxes, and is among the most progressive in the developed world.Taxation in the US:\n* {{cite journal |last=Prasad |first=M. |last2=Deng|first2= Y. |title=Taxation and the worlds of welfare |journal= Socio-Economic Review |date=April 2, 2009 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=431–457 |doi= 10.1093/ser/mwp005 |url= http://ser.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/3/431.abstract?keytype=ref&ijkey=65cyoW8oR1QgGoI |accessdate=May 5, 2013}}\n* {{cite news |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |title=Other countries don't have a \"47%\" |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/09/19/other-countries-dont-have-a-47/ |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=October 29, 2013 |date=September 19, 2012}}\n* {{cite web |title=How Much Do People Pay in Federal Taxes?|url= http://www.pgpf.org/Issues/Taxes/2012/04/041612-tax-rate-explainer.aspx |publisher=Peter G. Peterson Foundation |accessdate=April 3, 2013}}\n* {{cite web |title=Table T12-0178 Baseline Distribution of Cash Income and Federal Taxes Under Current Law |url= http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/numbers/Content/PDF/T12-0178.pdf |publisher=The Tax Policy Center |accessdate=October 29, 2013}} The highest 10% of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes,{{cite news |author=Jane Wells |title=The rich do not pay the most taxes, they pay ALL the taxes |url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/101264757#. |newspaper=CNBC |date=December 11, 2013 |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }}
{{cite news |author=Steve Hargreaves |title=The rich pay majority of U.S. income taxes |url=http://money.cnn.com/2013/03/12/news/economy/rich-taxes/ |newspaper=CNN |date=March 12, 2013 |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }}
{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/federalbudget/top10-percent-income-earners |title=Top 10 Percent of Earners Paid 68 Percent of Federal Income Taxes |author= |year= 2015 |website=Fedeeral Budget |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }}
{{cite news |author=Stephen Dinan |title=CBO: The wealthy pay 70 percent of taxes |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jul/10/cbo-rich-pay-outsized-share-taxes/ |newspaper=Washington Times |date=July 10, 2012 |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }}
{{cite news |author= |title=The Tax Man Cometh! But For Whom? |url=http://www.npr.org/2012/04/15/150632993/the-tax-man-cometh-but-for-whom |newspaper=NPR |date=April 15, 2012 |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }} and about half of all taxes.{{cite news|last1=Wamhoff|first1=Steve|title=Who Pays Taxes in America in 2014?|url=http://www.ctj.org/pdf/taxday2014.pdf|accessdate=January 17, 2015|publisher=Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy|date=April 7, 2014}} Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat [[regressive tax]], with no tax charged on income above $113,700 and no tax at all paid on [[unearned income]] from things such as stocks and capital gains.{{cite web |last=Agadoni |first=Laura |title= Characteristics of a Regressive Tax |url= http://smallbusiness.chron.com/characteristics-regressive-tax-17562.html |publisher =Houston Chronicle Small Business blog}}{{cite web|url=http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxtopics/Payroll-Taxes.cfm |title=TPC Tax Topics | Payroll Taxes |publisher=Taxpolicycenter.org |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers.{{cite web |title=The Design of the Original Social Security Act |url= http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/genrev.html |work=Social Security Online |publisher=U.S. Social Security Administration |accessdate=April 3, 2013}}{{cite web |last=Blahous |first=Charles |title=The Dark Side of the Payroll Tax Cut |url= http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/109216 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131016140415/http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/109216|archivedate=October 16, 2013|work=Defining Ideas |publisher= Hoover Institution |accessdate=April 3, 2013 |date=February 24, 2012}} The top 10% paid 51.8% of total federal taxes in 2009, and the top 1%, with 13.4% of pre-tax national income, paid 22.3% of federal taxes.{{cite web |title=The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2008 and 2009 |url= http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/43373-06-11-HouseholdIncomeandFedTaxes.pdf |accessdate=April 3, 2013 |publisher= Congressional Budget Office |date=July 2012}} In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5% for the top 1%, 27.2% for the top quintile, 13.8% for the middle quintile, and −2.7% for the bottom quintile.{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Ohlemacher |title=Tax bills for rich families approach 30-year high |url= http://seattletimes.com/html/politics/2020475301_apustaxingtherich.html|accessdate=April 3, 2013|newspaper=The Seattle Times |agency=Associated Press |date=March 3, 2013}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}{{cite news |title=Who will pay what in 2013 taxes? |url= http://seattletimes.com/html/politics/2020475325_apustaxeswhopayswhat.html |accessdate=April 3, 2013 |newspaper=The Seattle Times |agency=Associated Press |date=March 3, 2013}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}} The [[tax incidence|incidence]] of [[corporate tax in the United States|corporate income tax]] has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades.Tax incidence of corporate tax in the United States:\n* {{cite web |last=Harris |first=Benjamin H. |date= November 2009 |title=Corporate Tax Incidence and Its Implications for Progressivity |url= http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001349_corporate_tax_incidence.pdf |publisher=Tax Policy Center |accessdate=October 9, 2013}}\n* {{cite web |last=Gentry |first=William M. |date=December 2007 |title=A Review of the Evidence on the Incidence of the Corporate Income Tax |url= http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/tax-analysis/Documents/ota101.pdf |work=OTA Paper 101 |publisher=Office of Tax Analysis, U.S. Department of the Treasury |accessdate=October 9, 2013}}\n* {{cite book |last=Fullerton |first=Don |title=Handbook of Public Economics |year=2002 |publisher=Elsevier Science B.V. |location=Amsterdam |pages=1788–1839 |url= http://works.bepress.com/don_fullerton/15/ |last2= Metcalf|first2= Gilbert E. |editor=A.J. Auerbach and M. Feldstein|accessdate=October 9, 2013|chapter=Tax Incidence}}\n* {{cite journal |last=Musgrave |first=R.A. |last2=Carroll|first2=J.J.|last3=Cook|first3= L.D.|last4=Frane|first4= L. |title= Distribution of Tax Payments by Income Groups: A Case Study for 1948 |journal= National Tax Journal |date=March 1951 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–53 |url= https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/?item_id=463471&filepath=/docs/historical/eccles/026_13_0001.pdf |accessdate=October 9, 2013}}{{cite news |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |title=Other countries don't have a \"47%\" |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/09/19/other-countries-dont-have-a-47/ |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=October 29, 2013 |date=September 19, 2012}} State and local taxes vary widely, but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne [[Regressive tax|regressive]] sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams, though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation.{{cite web |last=Malm |first=Elizabeth |title=Comments on Who Pays? A Distributional Analysis of the Tax Systems in All 50 States |url= http://taxfoundation.org/article/comments-who-pays-distributional-analysis-tax-systems-all-50-states |publisher=Tax Foundation|accessdate=April 3, 2013|date=February 20, 2013}}\n\nDuring FY 2012, the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis, down $60 billion or 1.7% vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion. Major categories of FY 2012 spending included: Medicare & Medicaid ($802B or 23% of spending), Social Security ($768B or 22%), Defense Department ($670B or 19%), non-defense discretionary ($615B or 17%), other mandatory ($461B or 13%) and interest ($223B or 6%).{{cite web |url= http://cbo.gov/publication/43904 |title=CBO Historical Tables-February 2013 |publisher=Congressional Budget Office |date=February 5, 2013 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}\n\n====National debt====\n[[File:Federal Debt Held by the Public 1790-2013.png|thumb|425px|US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP, from 1790 to 2013]]\n{{Main|National debt of the United States}}\n\nThe total [[List of countries by public debt|national debt]] in the United States was $18.527 trillion (106% of the GDP), according to an estimate for 2014 by the [[International Monetary Fund]].{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2012&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=61&pr1.y=12&c=111&s=GGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=#cs1 |title=IMF, United States General government gross debt |publisher=Imf.org |date=September 14, 2006 |accessdate=August 5, 2014}} In January 2015, U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion, or about 72% of U.S. GDP. Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion, giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion.{{cite web |url= http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np |title=Debt to the Penny (Daily History Search Application) |publisher=TreasuryDirect |accessdate=January 6, 2015}}{{cite news |author=Burgess Everett |title=The next debt ceiling fight |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/01/the-next-debt-ceiling-fight-113897.html |newspaper=Politico |date=January 6, 2015 |accessdate=January 6, 2015 }} By 2012, total federal debt had surpassed 100% of U.S. GDP.{{cite web |last=Thornton |first=Daniel L. |title=The U.S. Deficit/Debt Problem: A Longer–Run Perspective |url= http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/12/11/Thornton.pdf |work=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review |accessdate=May 7, 2013 |date=Nov–Dec 2012}} The U.S. has a [[credit rating]] of AA+ from [[Standard & Poor's]], AAA from [[Fitch Ratings|Fitch]], and Aaa from [[Moody's Investors Service|Moody's]].{{cite news |last=Lopez |first=Luciana |title=Fitch backs away from downgrade of U.S. credit rating |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/us-usa-rating-fitch-idUSBRE90R0WS20130128 |accessdate=March 26, 2013 |newspaper=Reuters |date=January 28, 2013}}\n\nHistorically, the U.S. public debt as a share of GDP increased during wars and recessions, and subsequently declined. For example, debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II (113% of GDP in 1945), but then fell over the following 30 years. In recent decades, large budget deficits and the resulting increases in debt have led to concern about the long-term sustainability of the federal government's fiscal policies.{{cite web |url= http://www.gao.gov/special.pubs/longterm/debt/index.html |title=Federal Debt: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=[[Government Accountability Office]] |accessdate=April 16, 2012}} However, these concerns are not universally shared.{{cite news |last=Lynch |first=David J. |title=Economists See No Crisis With U.S. Debt as Economy Gains |url= http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-22/economists-see-no-crisis-with-u-s-debt-as-economy-gains.html |accessdate=March 25, 2013 |newspaper=Bloomberg |location=New York |date=March 21, 2013}}\n\n==Military==\n{{main|United States Armed Forces}}\n[[File:US Navy 060618-N-8492C-212 An Air Force B-2 bomber along with other aircrafts from the Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps fly over the Kitty Hawk, Ronald Reagan and Abraham Lincoln Carrier Strike groups.jpg|thumb|The [[carrier strike group]]s of the ''[[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|Kitty Hawk]]'', ''[[USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)|Ronald Reagan]]'', and ''[[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)|Abraham Lincoln]]'' with aircraft from the [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]].]]\n[[File:US Navy 040204-N-3122S-004 An aerial image of the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) located on the Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Ariz.jpg|thumb|[[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]], Tucson, Arizona (February 4, 2004)]]\n\nThe President holds the title of [[commander-in-chief]] of the nation's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. The [[United States Department of Defense]] administers the armed forces, including the [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]. The [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] is run by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] in peacetime and by the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] during times of war. In 2008, the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty. The [[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|Reserves]] and [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million. The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including contractors.{{cite web |url= http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2009/May%202009/0509facts_fig.pdf |title=The Air Force in Facts and Figures (Armed Forces Manpower Trends, End Strength in Thousands) |work=Air Force Magazine|date=May 2009|accessdate=October 9, 2009}}\n\nMilitary service is voluntary, though [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] may occur in wartime through the [[Selective Service System]].{{cite web |url= http://www.sss.gov/what.htm | title=What does Selective Service provide for America? |publisher= Selective Service System |accessdate=February 11, 2012}} American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of transport aircraft, the Navy's 10 active aircraft carriers, and [[Marine expeditionary unit]]s at sea with the Navy's [[United States Fleet Forces Command|Atlantic and]] [[United States Pacific Fleet|Pacific fleets]]. The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad,{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/pubs/BSR_2008_Baseline.pdf|title=Base Structure Report, Fiscal Year 2008 Baseline|publisher=Department of Defense|accessdate=October 9, 2009}} and maintains [[United States military deployments|deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel]] in 25 foreign countries.{{cite web|url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|publisher=Department of Defense|date=March 31, 2010|accessdate=October 7, 2010}}\n\nThe [[military budget of the United States]] in 2011 was more than $700 billion, 41% of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined. At 4.7% of GDP, the rate was the second-highest among the top 15 military spenders, after [[Saudi Arabia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/resultoutput/15majorspenders|title=The 15 Countries with the Highest Military Expenditure in 2011|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|accessdate=February 4, 2013}} U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA.{{cite web |title=Compare |url=http://cia-world-factbook.realclearworld.com/ |work=CIA World Factbook |publisher=RealClearWorld |accessdate=February 4, 2013}} Defense's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades, from Cold War peaks of 14.2% of GDP in 1953 and 69.5% of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7% of GDP and 18.8% of federal outlays in 2011.{{cite web|title=Fiscal Year 2013 Historical Tables|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/hist.pdf|work=Budget of the U.S. Government|publisher=White House OMB|accessdate=November 24, 2012}}\n\nThe proposed base [[military budget of the United States|Department of Defense budget]] for 2012, $553 billion, was a 4.2% increase over 2011; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf|title=Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Request Overview |publisher=Department of Defense |date=February 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110725214533/http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf |archivedate=July 25, 2011 |deadurl= yes }} The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011;{{cite news|author=Basu, Moni|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/17/world/meast/iraq-troops-leave/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |title=Deadly Iraq War Ends with Exit of Last U.S. Troops|publisher=CNN |date=December 18, 2011 |accessdate=February 5, 2012}} 4,484 service members were killed during the [[Iraq War]].{{cite web|url=http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx|title=Operation Iraqi Freedom|publisher=Iraq Coalition Casualty Count|date=February 5, 2012|accessdate=February 5, 2012}} Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012;{{cite news | first = John | last = Cherian | title = Turning Point | date = April 7, 2012 | publisher = [[The Hindu Group]] | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2907/stories/20120420290705200.htm | work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] | accessdate = December 2, 2012 | archiveurl = http://liveweb.archive.org/http://www.frontline.in/fl2907/stories/20120420290705200.htm | archivedate = December 2, 2012 | quote = There are currently 90,000 U.S. troops deployed in the country.}} by November 8, 2013 2,285 had been killed during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)|War in Afghanistan]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oef_type.xhtml|title=Department of Defence Defence Casualty Analysis System |publisher=Department of Defense|date=November 2013|accessdate=November 11, 2013}}\n\n==Law enforcement and crime==\n{{Main|Law enforcement in the United States|Crime in the United States}}\n{{See also|Law of the United States|Capital punishment in the United States|Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Human rights in the United States#Justice system}}\n[[File:Chevrolet Volt NYPD -- 04-04-2012.JPG|thumb|Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments. The [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD) is the largest in the country.{{cite web |url=http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd03.pdf|title=Local Police Departments, 2003 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics|date = May 2006|accessdate=December 7, 2011}}]]\nLaw enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and [[sheriff]]'s departments, with [[state police]] providing broader services. Federal agencies such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals Service]] have specialized duties, including protecting [[civil rights]], [[National Security of the United States|national security]] and enforcing [[U.S. federal courts]]' rulings and federal laws.{{cite web|title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do|publisher=Chiff.com|url=http://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|accessdate=August 21, 2012}} At the federal level and in almost every state, a legal system operates on a [[common law]]. State courts conduct most criminal trials; [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal courts]] handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts. [[Plea bargaining in the United States]] is very common; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by [[plea bargain]] rather than [[jury trial]].{{cite web|url=http://criminal.findlaw.com/crimes/criminal_stages/criminal_plea_bargain.html|title=Plea Bargains|website=Findlaw|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plea/interviews/mcspadden.html|title=Interview with Judge Michael McSpadden|publisher=PBS|date=December 16, 2003}}\n\nIn 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States, a 54% decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980.{{cite web|title=Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics|url=http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/|publisher=U.S Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=November 16, 2013}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/violent-crime/murder |title=Crime in the United States, 2011 |publisher=FBI '(Uniform Crime Statistics—Murder)' |accessdate=January 23, 2013}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.html |title=UNODC Homicide Statistics |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |accessdate=January 23, 2013}} Among developed nations, the United States has above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of [[Gun violence in the United States|gun violence]].{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/eighthsurvey/8sv.pdf|title=Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001–2002) |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |date = March 31, 2005|accessdate=May 18, 2008}} A cross-sectional analysis of the [[World Health Organization]] Mortality Database from 2003 showed that United States \"homicide rates were 6.9 times higher than rates in the other high-income countries, driven by firearm homicide rates that were 19.5 times higher.\"{{cite web|url=http://journals.lww.com/jtrauma/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2011&issue=01000&article=00035&type=abstract |title=Homicide, Suicide, and Unintentional Firearm Fatality: Compa ... : Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery |doi=10.1097/TA.0b013e3181dbaddf |publisher=Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery|accessdate=January 13, 2014}}{{Update after|2015|3|7}} [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Gun ownership rights]] continue to be the subject of [[Gun politics in the United States|contentious political debate]]. The FBI's [[Uniform Crime Reports]] estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million total crimes.{{Cite news | first=David | last=Agren | title=Mexico crime belies government claims of progress | url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/10/18/mexico-violence-crime/17048757| work= | newspaper=Florida Today — USA Today | location=Melbourne, Florida| pages= 4B | date=October 19, 2014 | id= | accessdate=October 19, 2014}}\n\n[[Capital punishment]] is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 32 states.{{cite news|last=Simpson|first=Ian|title=Maryland becomes latest U.S. state to abolish death penalty|url=http://news.yahoo.com/maryland-governor-signs-bill-abolishing-death-penalty-153909799.html|newspaper=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=May 2, 2013|accessdate=July 4, 2013|agency=[[Reuters]]|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20130624185425/http://news.yahoo.com/maryland-governor-signs-bill-abolishing-death-penalty-153909799.html|archivedate=June 24, 2013}} No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a [[Furman v. Georgia|U.S. Supreme Court ruling]] striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In 1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumstances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking place in three states: Texas, Virginia, and [[Oklahoma]].{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/views-executions|title=Searchable Execution Database\n|accessdate=October 10, 2012|publisher=[[Death Penalty Information Center]]}} Meanwhile, [[Capital punishment in the United States#States without capital punishment|several states]] have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws. In 2014, the country had the fifth highest number of executions in the world, following China, [[Iran]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Iraq]].{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/death-sentences-and-executions-2014 |title=Death Sentences and Executions 2014|accessdate = May 6, 2015|year=2014 |publisher=Amnesty International USA}}\n\nThe United States has the [[United States incarceration rate|highest documented incarceration rate]] and [[Incarceration in the United States|total prison population]] in the world.{{cite book |author1=Schmidt, Steffen W. |author2=Shelley, Mack C. |author3=Bardes, Barbara A. |title=American Government & Politics Today |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=IV1sxbRqhGIC&pg=PA591 |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-50228-9 |page=591}}
{{cite web |author=Walmsley, Roy |url= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/world-prison-population-list-2005.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628215935/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/world-prison-population-list-2005.pdf |archivedate=June 28, 2007|title=World Prison Population List |year=2005 |publisher=King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies}} For the latest data, see {{cite web |url= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/north_america_records.php?code=190 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070804061423/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/north_america_records.php?code=190 |archivedate=August 4, 2007 |title=Prison Brief for United States of America |date=June 21, 2006 |publisher=King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies}}
[[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]]. ''[http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18613 The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences].'' Washington, DC: [[National Academies Press|The National Academies Press]], 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
[http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/2014_US_Nation_Behind_Bars_0.pdf Nation Behind Bars: A Human Rights Solution]. ''[[Human Rights Watch]],'' May 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014. At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults.{{cite book |author1=Barkan, Steven E. |author2=Bryjak, George J. |title=Fundamentals of Criminal Justice: A Sociological View |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=bNGaYvTAeLMC&pg=PT23 |year=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett |isbn=978-1-4496-5439-9 |page=23}} At year end 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2012, the lowest rate observed since 1997.{{cite web|last1=Glaze|first1=Lauren E.|last2=Herberman|first2=Erinn J.|title=Correctional Populations in the United States, 2012|url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus12.pdf|date=December 2013}} The prison population has quadrupled since 1980.{{cite book |author1=Iadicola, Peter |author2=Shupe, Anson |title= Violence, Inequality, and Human Freedom |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=KSp0Ulmx44kC&pg=PA456 |date=October 26, 2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-0949-7 |page=456}} However,  the imprisonment rate for all prisoners\nsentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013{{cite web|title=Prisoners in 2013|url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p13.pdf|website=Bureau of Justice Statistics}} and the rate for pre-trial/remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012.{{cite web|title=United States of America - International Centre for Prison Studies|url=http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america|website=[[International Centre for Prison Studies]]}} African-American males are jailed at about six times the rate of white males and three times the rate of Hispanic males.{{cite book |author1=DeLisi, Matt |author2=Conis, Peter John |title= American Corrections: Theory, Research, Policy, and Practice |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ffWdrqbqpIEC&pg=PA21 |year=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett |isbn=978-1-4496-4540-3 |page=21}} The country's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in [[United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines|sentencing guidelines]] and [[Federal drug policy of the United States|drug policies]].{{cite book |author1=Clear, Todd R. |author2=Cole, George F. |author3=Reisig, Michael Dean |title=American Corrections |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=cYVdYfUGxvoC&pg=PA485 |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-55323-6 |page=485}} According to the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]], the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses.{{cite web|title=Federal Bureau of Prisons: Statistics|url=http://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/|website=Federal Bureau of Prisons|accessdate=March 4, 2015}} The [[Incarceration in the United States#Privatization|privatization of prisons]] and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate.{{cite web|last1=Moore|first1=ADRIAN T.|title=PRIVATE PRISONS: Quality Corrections at a Lower Cost|url=http://reason.org/files/d14ffa18290a9aeb969d1a6c1a9ff935.pdf|website=Reason.org|publisher=Reason Foundation|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}
{{cite web|last1=Benefield|first1=Nathan|title=Private Prisons Increase Capacity, Save Money, Improve Service|url=http://www.commonwealthfoundation.org/issues/detail/private-prisons-increase-capacity-save-money|website=Commonwealth Foundation.org|publisher=Commonwealth Foundation|accessdate=April 29, 2015|date=October 24, 2007}}
{{cite journal|author1=William G. Archambeault|author2=Donald R. Deis, Jr.|title=Cost Effectiveness Comparisons of Private Versus Public Prisons in Louisiana: A Comprehensive Analysis of Allen, Avoyelles, and Winn Correctional Centers|journal=Journal of the Oklahoma Criminal Justice Research Consortium|date=1997–1998|volume=4|url=https://www.cca.com/Media/Default/documents/CCA-Resource-Center/Cost-Effectiveness-Comparisons-Study-1997.pdf|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}
{{cite journal|last1=Volokh|first1=Alexander|title=A Tale of Two Systems: Cost, Quality, and Accountability in Private Prisons|journal=Harvard Law Review|date=May 1, 2002|volume=115|page=1868|url=http://volokh.com/sasha/prisons.html|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}Selman, Donna and Paul Leighton (2010). ''[https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781442201729/Punishment-for-Sale-Private-Prisons-Big-Business-and-the-Incarceration-Binge Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge].'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5lBraTDtiSgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q&f=false p. xi]. ISBN 1442201738.
{{cite book| last =Harcourt| first =Bernard| authorlink =Bernard Harcourt  | title = [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674066168 The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order].| publisher = Harvard University Press| date =2012| pages =[https://books.google.com/books?id=LW8I66EGmfcC&lpg=PP1&vq=GEO%20Group&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false 235 & 236]|  isbn = 0674066162}}
{{cite journal |title=Neoliberalism's penal and debtor states |author= John L. Campbell |journal=Theoretical Criminology |date=2010 |volume=14 |issue=1|pages=59–73 |doi=10.1177/1362480609352783 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/240707441_Neoliberalism%27s_penal_and_debtor_states_A_rejoinder_to_Loic_Wacquant}}
Gottschalk, Marie (2014). ''[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10330.html Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics].'' Princeton University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iOs_BAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 70] ISBN 0691164053. In 2008, Louisiana [[List of U.S. states by incarceration rate#Incarceration rate by state|had the highest incarceration rate]],{{cite web|last=Chang|first=Cindy|title=Louisiana is the world's prison capital|url=http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2012/05/louisiana_is_the_worlds_prison.html|publisher=''[[The Times-Picayune]]''|date=May 29, 2012|accessdate=April 4, 2013}} and Maine the lowest.{{cite book |author=Mears, Daniel P. |title= American Criminal Justice Policy: An Evaluation Approach to Increasing Accountability and Effectiveness |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=CO0_SAED7q0C&pg=PA72 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76246-5 |page=72}} In 2012, Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S., and New Hampshire the lowest.{{cite news |last=Fuchs |first=Erin |title=Why Louisiana Is The Murder Capital Of America |url= http://www.businessinsider.com/why-is-the-murder-rate-high-in-louisiana-2013-9 |work=Business Insider |date=October 1, 2013}}\n\n==Economy==\n{{Main|Economy of the United States}}\n\n{| class=\"infobox\" style=\"font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:325px\"\n|- style=\"background:#f5f5f5\"\n! colspan=\"3\" | Economic indicators\n|-\n| Nominal [[gross domestic product|GDP]] || $17.555 trillion (Q3 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\"|{{cite web|url = http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm|title = National Income and Product Accounts|date = July 30, 2014|accessdate = July 30, 2014|website = Bureau of Economic Analysis|publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis|last = |first = }}\n\n|-\n| Real GDP growth || 5% (Q3 2014, annualized)\n|-\n| ||2.2% (2013)|| style=\"text-align:right;\"|{{cite web|title=Gross Domestic Product: Third Quarter 2014 (Third Estimate)|url=http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm|website=Bureau of Economic Analysis|publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}\n|-\n| [[Consumer price index|CPI]] inflation || 2.1% (May 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cpi.pdf |title=CONSUMER PRICE INDEX – APRIL 2014 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |accessdate=June 14, 2014 |date=April 2014}}\n|-\n| [[Employment-to-population ratio]] || 58.9% (May 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS12300000 |title=Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |accessdate=June 14, 2014 |date=May 2014}}\n|-\n| [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] || 5.5% (February 2015) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web|title=Employment Situation Summary|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm|website=Bureau of Labor Statistics|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics|accessdate=March 6, 2015}}\n|-\n| [[Labor force#Labor force in the United States|Labor force]] participation rate || 62.8% (October 2014) ||{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS11300000 |title=Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey |author= |date=November 12, 2014 |work=Bureau of Labor Statistics |publisher=United States Department of Labor |accessdate=November 12, 2014}}\n|-\n| [[National debt of the United States|Total public debt]] || $17.5 trillion (Q2 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web |url=http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/debt/search?startMonth=12&startDay=31&startYear=2013&endMonth=06&endDay=14&endYear=2014 |title=Treasury Direct |publisher=Treasury Direct |accessdate=June 14, 2014 |date=June 12, 2014}}\n|-\n| [[Wealth in the United States|Household net worth]] || $81.8 trillion (Q1 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web|url = http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/current/z1.pdf|title = Federal Reserve Statistical Release|date = 2014|accessdate = June 14, 2014|website = Federal Reserve|publisher = |last = |first = }}\n|}\n[[File:United States Export Treemap (2011).png|thumb|315px|United States export treemap (2011): The U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter.]]\nThe United States has a [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[mixed economy]] which is fueled by abundant [[natural resource]]s and high productivity.Wright, Gavin; Czelusta, Jesse (2007). \"Resource-Based Growth Past and Present\", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney. World Bank. p. 185. ISBN 0-8213-6545-2. According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the [[gross world product]] at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|publisher=International Monetary Fund |title=World Economic Outlook Database: United States |date=October 2014 |accessdate=November 2, 2014}} Its national GDP was about 5% larger at PPP in 2014 than the [[European Union]]'s, whose population is around 62% higher.{{cite web|url = http://useconomy.about.com/od/grossdomesticproduct/p/largest_economy.htm|title = World's Largest Economy|date = May 2, 2014|accessdate = June 14, 2014|website = About|publisher = |last = Amadeo|first = Kimberly}} However, the US's nominal GDP is estimated to be $17.528 trillion {{as of|2014|lc=y}}, which is about 5% smaller than that of the European Union.{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=17&pr.y=20&sy=2012&ey=2019&scsm=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=110%2C998&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=1&a=1|title = European Union GDP|date = April 2014|accessdate = June 14, 2014|website = International Monetary Fund|publisher = International Monetary Fund|last = |first = }} From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the [[G7]].{{cite journal |author=Hagopian, Kip |last2=Ohanian|first2= Lee |title= The Mismeasure of Inequality |journal=Policy Review|date=August 1, 2012 |url= http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |accessdate=August 22, 2013 |publisher=Hoover Institution Stanford University}} The country ranks ninth in the world in [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]] and sixth in [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita at PPP]]. The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the world's primary [[reserve currency]].{{cite web |url= http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/cofer.pdf |title=Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}\n\nThe United States is the [[List of countries by imports|largest importer]] of goods and [[List of countries by exports|second largest exporter]], though [[List of countries by exports per capita|exports per capita]] are relatively low. In 2010, the total [[Foreign trade of the United States|U.S. trade deficit]] was $635 billion.{{cite web |title=Trade Statistics |url= http://greyhill.com/trade-statistics |publisher= Greyhill Advisors |accessdate=October 6, 2011}} Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners.{{cite web |url= http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html |title=Top Ten Countries with which the U.S. Trades|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=August 2009 |accessdate= October 12, 2009}} In 2010, oil was the largest import commodity, while transportation equipment was the country's largest export. Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt.http://www.treasury.gov/ticdata/Publish/mfh.txt The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities, including federal government accounts and the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]], who hold the majority of the debt.{{cite web|title=Who Holds Our Debt?|url=http://www.factcheck.org/2013/11/who-holds-our-debt/}}{{cite web|title=The TRUTH About Who Really Owns All Of America's Debt |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/who-owns-us-debt-2011-7?op=1}}{{cite web|title=This surprising chart shows which countries own the most U.S. debt|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/10/10/this-surprising-chart-shows-which-countries-own-the-most-u-s-debt/}}{{cite web|title=National debt: Whom does the US owe?|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Buzz/2011/0204/National-debt-Whom-does-the-US-owe}}\n\nThe [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], SIPRI, found that the United States' [[arms industry]] was the world's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005-2009,{{cite news |author= |title=World's Top 5 arms exporters  |url=http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/Features/Worlds-Top-5-arms-exporters/fp/3105/ |newspaper=United Press International |access-date=March 18, 2015 }} and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010-2014, followed by Russia, China (PRC), and Germany.{{cite news |author= |title=China becomes the world's third largest arms exporter |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-31901493 |newspaper=BBC News |date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=March 18, 2015 }}
{{cite news |last=Shankar |first=Sneha |title=US Remains World's Largest Exporter Of Arms While India Leaps Ahead To Become Largest Importer: Study |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/us-remains-worlds-largest-exporter-arms-while-india-leaps-ahead-become-largest-importer-study |newspaper=International Business Times |date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=March 18, 2015 }}\n\nIn 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy, with federal government activity accounting for 4.3% and state and local government activity (including federal transfers) the remaining 9.3%.{{cite web |url= http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-industry/ |title=GDP by Industry |publisher=Greyhill Advisors|accessdate=October 13, 2011}} While its economy has reached a [[post-industrial society|postindustrial]] level of development and its [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] constitutes 67.8% of GDP, the United States remains an industrial power.{{cite web |url= http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archivedate=March 12, 2008 |title=USA Economy in Brief |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}} The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade; by net income it is manufacturing.{{cite web |url= http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2009/tables/09s0724.xls |title=Table 724—Number of Tax Returns, Receipts, and Net Income by Type of Business and Industry: 2005 |format=XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=October 12, 2009}} In the [[franchising]] business model, [[McDonald's]] and [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] are the two most recognized brands in the world. [[Coca-Cola]] is the most recognized [[soft drink]] company in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.cheskin.com/view_news.php?id=2|title=Sony, LG, Wal-Mart among Most Extendible Brands|publisher=Cheskin|date=June 6, 2005|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}\n\nChemical products are the leading manufacturing field.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2009/tables/09s0964.xls|title=Table 964—Gross Domestic Product in Current and Real (2000) Dollars by Industry: 2006|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=May 2008|accessdate=October 12, 2009}} The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its second largest importer.{{cite web|title=U.S. surges past Saudis to become world's top oil supplier -PIRA|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/15/us-oil-pira-idUSL1N0I51IX20131015|website=Reuters}} It is the world's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as [[Liquefied natural gas|liquid natural gas]], sulfur, phosphates, and [[salt]]. The [[National Mining Association]] provides data pertaining to [[coal]] and [[mineral]]s that include [[beryllium]], [[copper]], [[lead]], [[magnesium]], [[zinc]], [[titanium]] and others.{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.org/index.php/coal-statistics |title=Coal Statistics |publisher=National Mining Association |accessdate=January 13, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.org/index.php/minerals-statistics/minerals-production |title=Minerals Production |publisher=National Mining Association |accessdate=January 13, 2014}}\n\n[[Agriculture in the United States|Agriculture]] accounts for just under 1% of GDP, the United States is the world's top producer of corn{{cite web|url=http://www.grains.org/page.ww?section=Barley,+Corn+%26+Sorghum&name=Corn|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112182404/http://www.grains.org/page.ww?section=Barley,+Corn+%26+Sorghum&name=Corn|archivedate=January 12, 2008|title=Corn|publisher=U.S. Grains Council|accessdate=March 13, 2008}} and soybeans.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5442|title=Soybean Demand Continues to Drive Production|publisher=Worldwatch Institute|date=November 6, 2007|accessdate=March 13, 2008}} The [[National Agricultural Statistics Service]] maintains [http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_Subject/index.php?sector=CROPS agricultural statistics] for products that include [[peanuts]], [[oat]]s, [[rye]], [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[cotton]], [[maize|corn]], [[barley]], [[hay]], [[Helianthus|sunflowers]], and [[Vegetable oil|oilseeds]]. In addition, the [[United States Department of Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)]] provides [http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=ANIMAL_PRODUCTION livestock statistics] regarding [[beef]], [[poultry]], [[pork]], and [[Milk|dairy products]]. The country is the primary developer and grower of [[genetically modified food]], representing half of the world's biotech crops.{{cite web |url= http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/39/download/isaaa-brief-39-2008.pdf |title = ISAAA Brief 39-2008: Executive Summary—Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008 |publisher= International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications |page=15 |accessdate=July 16, 2010}}\n\n[[Consumer spending]] comprises 68% of the U.S. economy in 2015.[http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=hh3 \"Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE)/Gross Domestic Product (GDP)\"] ''FRED Graph'', Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people. With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. About 12% of workers are [[Labor unions in the United States|unionized]], compared to 30% in Western Europe.{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Fuller |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/06/14/news/europe.php |title =In the East, many EU work rules don't apply |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050616015106/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/06/14/news/europe.php |archivedate=June 16, 2005 |date =June 15, 2005 |deadurl= yes}} The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers.{{cite web |url= http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreEconomies/?economyid=197 |accessdate=June 28, 2007 |title= Doing Business in the United States |year=2006 |publisher=World Bank}} The United States is ranked among the top three in the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] as well. It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to.{{cite web|author1=Isabelle Joumard|author2=Mauro Pisu|author3=Debbie Bloch|title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers|url=http://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf|publisher=OECD|accessdate=21 May 2015|date=2012}} The United States is the only advanced economy that does not [[List of statutory minimum employment leave by country|guarantee its workers paid vacation]]Ray, Rebecca; Sanes, Milla; Schmitt, John (May 2013). [http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/no-vacation-update-2013-05.pdf No-Vacation Nation Revisited]. ''[[Center for Economic and Policy Research]].'' Retrieved September 8, 2013. and is one of just a few countries in the world without [[paid family leave]] as a legal right, with the others being [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Suriname]] and [[Liberia]].Bernard. Tara Siegel (February 22, 2013). [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/your-money/us-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html \"In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe\"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved August 27, 2013. However, 74% of full-time American workers get paid sick leave, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24% of part-time workers get the same benefits.{{cite web|last1=Vasel|first1=Kathryn|title=Who doesn't get paid sick leave?|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/01/20/news/economy/paid-sick-leave/|website=CNN}} While federal law currently does not require sick leave, it's a common benefit for government workers and full-time employees at corporations. In 2009, the United States had the third highest [[workforce productivity]] per person in the world, behind [[Luxembourg]] and [[Norway]]. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the [[Netherlands]].{{cite web |url= http://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/ |title=Total Economy Database, Summary Statistics, 1995–2010 |publisher=The Conference Board|work=Total Economy Database |date=September 2010 |accessdate=September 20, 2009}}\n\nThe [[Great Recession|2008-2012 global recession]] had a significant impact on the United States, with output still below potential according to the [[Congressional Budget Office]].{{cite web|url=http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3252 |title=Chart Book: The Legacy of the Great Recession |publisher=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities |date=March 12, 2013 |accessdate=March 27, 2013}} It brought high [[unemployment]] (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low [[Consumer confidence index|consumer confidence]], the [[United States housing bubble|continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies]], an escalating federal debt crisis, [[inflation]], and [[2000s energy crisis|rising petroleum and food prices]]. There remains a record proportion of [[Long-term unemployment|long-term unemployed]], continued decreasing [[Household income in the United States|household income]], and tax and [[Budget sequestration in 2013|federal budget increases]].{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Nelson |title=Recovery in U.S. Is Lifting Profits, but Not Adding Jobs |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/04/business/economy/corporate-profits-soar-as-worker-income-limps.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate=March 18, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 3, 2013}}{{cite news |last=McKinnon |first=John D. |title=Analysis: 77% of Households to See Tax Increase |url= http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/01/01/tax-bill-analysis-77-of-households-to-see-tax-increase/ |accessdate=April 8, 2013 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal (blog) |date=January 1, 2013 |location =New York}}{{Cite news |author=Gongloff, Mark |date=September 17, 2013 |title= Median Income Falls For 5th Year, Inequality At Record High |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/17/median-income-falls-inequality_n_3941514.html |newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=October 4, 2013}}\n\n===Income, poverty and wealth===\n{{Unbalanced|section|date=April 2015}}\n[[File:Productivity and Real Median Family Income Growth 1947-2009.png|right|275px|[[Productivity]] and real median [[Household income in the United States|family income]] growth 1947–2009]]\n[[File:South San Jose (crop).jpg|thumb|A [[tract housing]] development in [[San Jose, California]]]]\n{{Further|Income in the United States|Poverty in the United States|Affluence in the United States|United States counties by per capita income|Income inequality in the United States}}\n\nAmericans have the highest average [[Household income|household]] and [[List of countries by average wage|employee]] income among OECD nations, and in 2007 had the second highest [[median household income]].{{cite web|title=Household Income|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en|work=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators|publisher=OECD Publishing|accessdate=May 29, 2014|doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |date=March 18, 2014}}{{cite web |title=OECD Better Life Index |url= http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/#/11111111111 |publisher=OECD |accessdate=November 25, 2012}} According to the Census Bureau real median household income was $50,502 in 2011, down from $51,144 in 2010.[http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-02.pdf \"Household Income for States: 2010 and 2011\"] ''United States Census, American Community Survey Briefs'', September 2012, Appendix Table 1, p. 5 The [[Global Food Security Index]] ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013.{{cite web|title=Global Food Security Index |url= http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#United%20States |publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit |location= London |accessdate=April 8, 2013|date=March 5, 2013}} Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as [[European Union]] residents, and more than every EU nation.{{cite web |title= Understanding Poverty in the United States: Surprising Facts About America's Poor |url= http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/09/understanding-poverty-in-the-united-states-surprising-facts-about-americas-poor |publisher=Heritage Foundation|accessdate=April 8, 2013 |author=Rector, Robert |last2=Sheffield|first2=Rachel |date=September 13, 2011}} For 2013 the [[United Nations Development Programme]] ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its [[Human Development Index#2014 report|Human Development Index]] and 28th in its [[Human Development Index#Inequality-adjusted HDI|inequality-adjusted HDI]] (IHDI).{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |page=168 |accessdate=July 26, 2014}}\n\nThere has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s.Mishel, Lawrence (April 26, 2012). [http://www.epi.org/publication/ib330-productivity-vs-compensation/ The wedges between productivity and median compensation growth]. ''[[Economic Policy Institute]].'' Retrieved October 18, 2013. While [[inflation]]-adjusted (\"real\") [[Household income in the United States|household income]] had been increasing almost every year from 1947 to 1999, it has since been flat on balance and has even decreased recently.{{cite news |url= http://swampland.time.com/2013/02/04/the-most-important-chart-in-american-politics/ |title= The Most Important Chart in American Politics |newspaper=Time |location =New York |date=February 4, 2013}}
{{cite news|last1=Casselman|first1=Ben|title=The American Middle Class Hasn't Gotten A Raise In 15 Years|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-american-middle-class-hasnt-gotten-a-raise-in-15-years/|accessdate=April 23, 2015|work=FiveThirtyEightEconomics|date=September 22, 2014}}
{{cite news|last1=Parlapiano|first1=Alicia|last2=Gebeloff|first2=Robert|last3=Carter|first3=Shan|title=The Shrinking American Middle Class|url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/01/25/upshot/shrinking-middle-class.html?_r=0&abt=0002&abg=0|accessdate=April 23, 2015|work=The Upshot|publisher=New York Times|date=January 26, 2013}} According to [[Congressional Research Service]], during this same period, [[immigration to the United States]] increased, while the lower 90% of tax filers incomes became stagnant, and eventually decreasing since 2000.{{cite news |last=Bedard |first=Paul |date=April 23, 2015 |title=Congress: Middle class incomes drop as immigration surges |url=http://m.washingtonexaminer.com/congress-middle-class-incomes-drop-as-immigration-surges/article/2563515 |newspaper=Washington Examiner |access-date=April 27, 2015 }} The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent, which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has had a significant impact on [[Income inequality in the United States|income inequality]],Alvaredo, Facundo; [[Tony Atkinson|Atkinson, Anthony B.]]; [[Thomas Piketty|Piketty, Thomas]]; [[Emmanuel Saez|Saez, Emmanuel]] (2013). [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.27.3.3 \"The Top 1 Percent in International and Historical Perspective\"]. ''Journal of Economic Perspectives.'' Retrieved August 16, 2013. leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations.{{cite journal |last1= Smeeding |first1= T.M. |year=2005 |title= Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective| journal= Social Science Quarterly |volume=86 |pages=955–983 |doi= 10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x}}
{{cite web|last1=Tcherneva|first1=Pavlina R.|title=When a rising tide sinks most boats: trends in US income inequality|url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/pn_15_4.pdf|website=levyinstitute.org|publisher=Levy Economics Institute of Bard College|accessdate=April 10, 2015|date=April 2015}}
{{cite web |url= http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2005prel.xls |author=Saez, E. |title=Table A1: Top Fractiles Income Shares (Excluding Capital Gains) in the U.S., 1913–2005 |publisher=UC Berkeley |date=October 2007 |accessdate=July 24, 2008}}
{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing—Distribution of Family Income—Gini Index |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=June 14, 2007 |accessdate=June 17, 2007}}
[http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2014-FocusOnTopIncomes.pdf Focus on Top Incomes and Taxation in OECD Countries: Was the crisis a game changer?] ''[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]],'' May 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014. The post-recession income gains have been very uneven, with the top 1 percent capturing 95 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2012.[[Emmanuel Saez|Saez, Emmanuel]] (September 3, 2013). [http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf \"Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States\"]. ''[[University of California, Berkeley]].'' Retrieved September 11, 2013. The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate.{{cite journal |title=Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens |author=Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page|journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue=3|pages=564–581 |doi=10.1017/S1537592714001595 |url=http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/mgilens/files/gilens_and_page_2014_-testing_theories_of_american_politics.doc.pdf}}
{{cite journal |title=Economic Inequality and Political Representation |author=[[Larry Bartels]]|journal=The Unsustainable American State |date=2009 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392135.003.0007 |url=http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf |pages=167–196}}
{{cite journal |title= Responsiveness in an Era of Inequality: The Case of the U.S. Senate |author=Thomas J. Hayes|journal=[[Political Research Quarterly]] |date=2012 |volume=66 |issue=3|pages=585–599 |doi=10.1177/1065912912459567 | url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1900856}}{{disputed-inline|Trends in local vs global inequality|date=April 2015}}{{cite journal|last1=Winship|first1=Scott|title=Overstating the Costs of Inequality|journal=National Affairs|date=Spring 2013|issue=15|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}
{{cite web|title=Income Inequality in America: Fact and Fiction|url=http://www.economics21.org/files/e21ib_1.pdf|publisher=Manhattan Institute|accessdate=April 29, 2015|date=May 2014}}\n\n[[Wealth in the United States|Wealth]], like income and taxes, is [[Wealth inequality in the United States|highly concentrated]]; the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom half claim only 2%.[[Thomas Piketty|Piketty, Thomas]] (2014). ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]]''. [[Harvard University Press|Belknap Press]]. ISBN 067443000X p. 257 Between June 2007 and November 2008 the [[Great Recession|global recession]] led to falling asset prices around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value.{{cite journal |author=Altman, Roger C. |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20090101faessay88101/roger-c-altman/the-great-crash-2008.html |title=The Great Crash, 2008 |work=Foreign Affairs |accessdate=February 27, 2009}} Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth was down $14 trillion, but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels.\"[http://money.cnn.com/2009/06/11/news/economy/Americans_wealth_drops/?postversion=2009061113 Americans' wealth drops $1.3 trillion]\". CNN Money. June 11, 2009.[http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/TNWBSHNO St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank data series] At the end of 2008,{{update inline|date=April 2015}} household debt amounted to $13.8 trillion.{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52B58720090312|title=U.S. household wealth falls $11.2 trillion in 2008|work=Reuters|accessdate=October 4, 2014}}\n\nThere were about 643,000 sheltered and unsheltered [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless persons in the U.S.]] in January 2009, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program. In 2011 [[Hunger in the United States#Children|16.7 million children lived in food-insecure households]], about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 1.1% of U.S. children, or 845,000, saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.{{cite web |title=Household Food Security in the United States in 2011 |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/884525/err141.pdf |publisher=USDA |accessdate=April 8, 2013 |date=September 2012}} According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau, one in five young adults lives in [[Poverty in the United States|poverty]] today, up from one in seven in 1980.[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2014/cb14-219.html New Census Bureau Statistics Show How Young Adults Today Compare With Previous Generations in Neighborhoods Nationwide]. [[United States Census Bureau]], December 4, 2014.\n\n==Education==\n{{Main|Education in the United States}}\n{{See also|Educational attainment in the United States|Higher education in the United States}}\n[[File:University-of-Virginia-Rotunda.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Virginia]], founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1819, is one of the many public universities in the United States.]]\nAmerican [[state school|public education]] is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the [[United States Department of Education]] through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven (generally, [[kindergarten]] or [[first grade]]) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through [[twelfth grade]], the end of [[high school]]); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |accessdate = June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}} About 12% of children are enrolled in [[parochial school|parochial]] or [[nonsectarian]] [[private school]]s. Just over 2% of children are [[homeschooling|homeschooled]].{{cite web |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oii/nonpublic/statistics.html |title=Statistics About Non-Public Education in the United States |accessdate = June 5, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Non-Public Education}} The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world, spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student.{{cite news|last=AP|title=U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57590921/u.s-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows/|publisher=CBS|accessdate=October 5, 2013|date=June 25, 2013}} Some 80% of U.S. college students attend [[public university|public universities]].{{cite web |title=Public Education for the Common Good |author=Rosenstone, Steven J. |publisher=University of Minnesota |url=http://cla.umn.edu/news/clatoday/summer2002/dean.php |date=December 17, 2009 |accessdate=March 6, 2009}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}\n\nThe United States has many competitive private and public [[Lists of American institutions of higher education|institutions of higher education]]. The majority of world's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are located in the US.{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2010 |title=QS World University Rankings |publisher=Topuniversities |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2010-2011/top-200.html |title=Top 200 – The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010–2011 |publisher=Times Higher Education |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2014.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy |accessdate=May 29, 2015}} There are also local [[community college]]s with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition. Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a [[bachelor's degree]], and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf|title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate = August 1, 2006}} The basic [[literacy|literacy rate]] is approximately 99%.For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [http://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003). The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world.{{cite web|title=Human Development Indicators|year=2005|publisher=United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports|accessdate = January 14, 2008|url=http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620235428/http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf|archivedate=June 20, 2007}}\n\nAs for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. trails some other [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] nations but spends more per student than the OECD average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.{{cite web|title=Education at a Glance 2013|url=http://www.oecd.org/edu/eag2013%20%28eng%29--FINAL%2020%20June%202013.pdf|publisher=OECD|accessdate=October 5, 2013}} {{As of|2012}}, [[Student debt|student loan debt]] exceeded one trillion dollars, more than Americans owe on credit cards.[http://www.npr.org/2012/04/24/151305380/student-loan-debt-exceeds-one-trillion-dollars Student Loan Debt Exceeds One Trillion Dollars]. ''[[NPR]],'' April 4, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2013.\n\n==Culture==\n{{Main|Culture of the United States}}\n{{See also|Alaska Natives#Cultures|Native American cultures in the United States|Culture of the Native Hawaiians|Social class in the United States|Public holidays in the United States|Tourism in the United States}}\nThe United States is home to [[Multiculturalism|many cultures]] and a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X. Aside from the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Alaska Natives|Native Alaskan]] populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries.Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5. Mainstream American culture is a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the [[European American|traditions of European immigrants]] with influences from many other sources, such as [[African-American culture|traditions brought by slaves from Africa]].Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5. More recent immigration from [[Asian American|Asia]] and especially [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing [[melting pot]], and a heterogeneous [[salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]] in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.\n\nCore American culture was established by [[Protestantism|Protestant]] British colonists and shaped by the [[frontier]] settlement process, with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation. Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong [[work ethic]], competitiveness, and individualism, as well as a unifying belief in an \"American [[creed]]\" emphasizing liberty, equality, private property, democracy, rule of law, and a preference for limited government.{{cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink= Samuel P. Huntington| title=Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity|year=2004|publisher=Simon & Schuster|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6xiYiybkE8kC&vq=core|chapter=Chapters 2–4|isbn=0684870533}}: also see [[American's Creed]], written by [[William Tyler Page]] and adopted by Congress in 1918. Americans are extremely charitable by global standards. According to a 2006 British study, Americans gave 1.67% of GDP to charity, more than any other nation studied, more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73%, and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14%.{{cite news|last=AP|title=Americans give record $295B to charity|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-06-25-charitable_N.htm?POE=click-refer|accessdate=October 4, 2013|newspaper=USA Today|date=June 25, 2007}}{{cite web|title=International comparisons of charitable giving|url=http://www.cafonline.org/pdf/International%20Comparisons%20of%20Charitable%20Giving.pdf|publisher=Charities Aid Foundation|accessdate=October 4, 2013|date=November 2006}}\n\nThe [[American Dream]], or the perception that Americans enjoy high [[Socio-economic mobility in the United States|social mobility]], plays a key role in attracting immigrants.{{cite web|last=Clifton|first=Jon|title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S.|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx|publisher=Gallup|accessdate=January 10, 2014|date=March 21, 2013}} Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate.{{cite web |url= http://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |publisher=OECD| work = Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth|year=2010 |accessdate=September 20, 2010}} {{cite web |url= http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf |title=Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America|author=Blanden, Jo; Gregg, Paul; Machin, Stephen |publisher= Centre for Economic Performance |date=April 2005 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060623094610/http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf |archivedate= June 23, 2006}}Gould, Elise (October 10, 2012). [http://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ \"U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility.\"] ''[[Economic Policy Institute]].'' Retrieved July 15, 2013.CAP: ''[https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ Understanding Mobility in America]''. April 26, 2006{{cite web |last=Schneider |first=Donald |title=A Guide to Understanding International Comparisons of Economic Mobility |url= http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/07/a-guide-to-understanding-international-comparisons-of-economic-mobility |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=August 22, 2013 |date=July 29, 2013}}{{cite journal|last=Winship|first=Scott|title=Overstating the Costs of Inequality|journal=National Affairs|date=Spring 2013|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|accessdate=January 10, 2014}} While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a [[classless society]],{{cite book |last=Gutfeld |first=Amon |year=2002 |title=American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton and Portland |page=65 |isbn=1-903900-08-5}} scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting [[socialization]], language, and values.{{cite book |last=Zweig |first=Michael |year=2004 |title=What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=0-8014-8899-0}} {{cite web |url= http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED309843&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b800472a5 |title=Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech |publisher=Education Resource Information Center |accessdate=January 27, 2007}} Americans' self-images, social viewpoints, and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree.{{cite book |last=Eichar |first=Douglas |year=1989 |title=Occupation and Class Consciousness in America |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-26111-3}} While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement, being [[Average Joe|ordinary or average]] is generally seen as a positive attribute.{{cite book |last=O'Keefe |first=Kevin |year=2005 |title=The Average American |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=New York |isbn=1-58648-270-X}}\n\n===Food===\n{{Main|Cuisine of the United States}}\n[[File:Motherhood and apple pie.jpg|thumb|[[Apple pie]] is a food commonly associated with American cuisine.]]\nMainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries. [[Wheat]] is the primary cereal grain with about three-quarters of grain products made of wheat flour{{cite web|title=Wheat Info|url=http://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/|website=Wheatworld.org|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} and many dishes use indigenous ingredients, such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup which were consumed by [[Native Americans]] and early European settlers.{{cite web|title=Traditional Indigenous Recipes|url=http://aihd.ku.edu/recipes/index.html|publisher=http://aihd.ku.edu|accessdate=September 15, 2014}} These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays; [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]], when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.{{cite book|author=Sidney Wilfred Mintz|title=Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions Into Eating, Culture, and the Past|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6emmgneaE50C&pg=PA134|year=1996|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-4629-6|pages=134–}}\n[[File:Roast turkey.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] dinner.{{cite book|author1=Angus K. Gillespie|author2=Jay Mechling|title=American Wildlife in Symbol and Story|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QWRm9QEhpZYC&pg=PA31|date=January 1, 1995|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|isbn=978-1-57233-259-1|pages=31–}}]]\n\nCharacteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] sources are widely consumed.{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}} Americans generally prefer coffee to tea.{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous [[breakfast]] beverages.[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55\n\nAmerican eating habits owe a great deal to that of their [[British cuisine|British culinary]] roots with some variations. Even though American lands could grow newer vegetables England could not, most colonist would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans.{{cite book|author=Harvey A. Levenstein|title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NXULJejXRWoC|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23439-0}} Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic, [[John L. Hess]] stated in 1972: ''\"Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence\"''.{{cite book|author=Jennifer Jensen Wallach|title=How America Eats: A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mnuSNvXeqLAC|year=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page= xi|isbn=978-1-4422-0874-2}}\n\nThe American [[fast food]] industry, the world's largest,{{cite web|last1=Breadsley|first1=Eleanor|title=Why McDonald's In France Doesn't Feel Like Fast Food|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/01/24/145698222/why-mcdonalds-in-france-doesnt-feel-like-fast-food|website=NPR|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} pioneered the [[drive-through]] format in the 1940s.{{cite web|title=When Was the First Drive-Thru Restaurant Created?|url=http://www.wisegeek.org/when-was-the-first-drive-thru-restaurant-created.htm|website=Wisegeek.org|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns. During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans' caloric intake rose 24%; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American \"[[Obesity in the United States|obesity epidemic]]\".Boslaugh, Sarah (2010). \"Obesity Epidemic\", in ''Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices'', ed. Roger Chapman. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 413–14. ISBN 978-0-7656-1761-3. Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular, and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake.{{cite web |title=Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity |publisher=American Heart Association |year=2005 |work=[[Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology]] |url=http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/12/2451#R3-101329 |accessdate=June 9, 2007}} {{cite web |title=Let's Eat Out: Americans Weigh Taste, Convenience, and Nutrition |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib19/eib19_reportsummary.pdf|accessdate=June 9, 2007}}\n\n===Literature, philosophy, and the arts===\n{{Main|American literature|American philosophy|Visual art of the United States|American classical music}}\nIn the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], and [[Henry David Thoreau]] established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. [[Mark Twain]] and poet [[Walt Whitman]] were major figures in the century's second half; [[Emily Dickinson]], virtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet.[[Harold Bloom|Bloom, Harold]]. 1999. ''Emily Dickinson''. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House. p. 9. ISBN 0-7910-5106-4. A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851), Twain's ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn|The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1885), and [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' (1925)—may be dubbed the \"[[Great American Novel]]\".{{cite journal|author=Buell, Lawrence|title=The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel: ''Moby-Dick'' as Test Case |date=Spring–Summer 2008|volume=20|issue=1–2|pages=132–155|doi=10.1093/alh/ajn005|journal=American Literary History |issn=0896-7148}}\n\n[[File:Mark Twain, Brady-Handy photo portrait, Feb 7, 1871, cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Mark Twain]], American author and [[Comedy|humorist]]]]\nEleven U.S. citizens have won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], most recently [[Toni Morrison]] in 1993. [[William Faulkner]] and [[Ernest Hemingway]] are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century.Quinn, Edward (2006). ''A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms''. Infobase, p. 361. ISBN 0-8160-6243-9. Seed, David (2009). ''A Companion to Twentieth-Century United States Fiction''. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, p. 76. ISBN 1-4051-4691-5. Meyers, Jeffrey (1999). ''Hemingway: A Biography''. New York: Da Capo, p. 139. ISBN 0-306-80890-0. Popular literary genres such as the [[Western fiction|Western]] and [[hardboiled|hardboiled crime fiction]] developed in the United States. The [[Beat Generation]] writers opened up new literary approaches, as have [[postmodern literature|postmodernist]] authors such as [[John Barth]], [[Thomas Pynchon]], and [[Don DeLillo]].{{cite book|last=Lesher|first=Linda Parent|title=The Best Novels of the Nineties: A Reader's Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fSiXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|date=February 1, 2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0389-6|page=109}}\n\nThe [[transcendentalism|transcendentalists]], led by Thoreau and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], established the first major [[American philosophy|American philosophical movement]]. After the Civil War, [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and then [[William James]] and [[John Dewey]] were leaders in the development of [[pragmatism]]. In the 20th century, the work of [[Willard Van Orman Quine|W. V. O. Quine]] and [[Richard Rorty]], and later [[Noam Chomsky]], brought [[analytic philosophy]] to the fore of American philosophical academia. [[John Rawls]] and [[Robert Nozick]] led a revival of [[political philosophy]]. [[Cornel West]] and [[Judith Butler]] have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia. Globally influential [[Chicago school of economics|Chicago school economists]] like [[Milton Friedman]], [[James M. Buchanan]], and [[Thomas Sowell]] have transcended discipline to impact various fields in social and political philosophy.{{cite news|last=Summers|first=Lawrence H.|title=The Great Liberator|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/opinion/19summers.html?_r=0|accessdate=May 17, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 19, 2006}}{{cite news|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|title=James M. Buchanan, Economic Scholar and Nobel Laureate, Dies at 93|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/10/business/economy/james-m-buchanan-economic-scholar-dies-at-93.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=May 17, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 9, 2013}}\n\nIn the visual arts, the [[Hudson River School]] was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European [[Realism (arts)|naturalism]]. The realist paintings of [[Thomas Eakins]] are now widely celebrated. The 1913 [[Armory Show]] in New York City, an exhibition of European [[modern art|modernist art]], shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.Brown, Milton W. (1988 1963). ''The Story of the Armory Show''. New York: Abbeville. ISBN 0-89659-795-4. [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], [[Marsden Hartley]], and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the [[abstract expressionism]] of [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Willem de Kooning]] and the [[pop art]] of [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Roy Lichtenstein]] developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then [[postmodernism]] has brought fame to American architects such as [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Philip Johnson]], and [[Frank Gehry]].{{cite book|last1=Janson|first1=Horst Woldemar|last2=Janson|first2=Anthony F.|title=History of Art: The Western Tradition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MMYHuvhWBH4C&pg=PT955|year=2003|publisher=Prentice Hall Professional|isbn=978-0-13-182895-7|page=955}}\n\n[[File:Times Square 1-2.JPG|thumb|[[Times Square]] in [[New York City]], the hub of the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway theater]] [[Theater District, Manhattan|district]]{{cite book|author=Ken Bloom|title=Broadway: Its History, People, and Places : an Encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fYbYyQjHwdsC&pg=PA322|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93704-7|pages=322–}}]]\nOne of the first major promoters of [[Theater of the United States|American theater]] was impresario [[P. T. Barnum]], who began operating a lower [[Manhattan]] entertainment complex in 1841. The team of [[Edward Harrigan|Harrigan and Hart]] produced a series of popular [[musical theatre|musical]] comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s. In the 20th century, the modern musical form emerged on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]; the songs of musical theater composers such as [[Irving Berlin]], [[Cole Porter]], and [[Stephen Sondheim]] have become [[Traditional pop music|pop standards]]. Playwright [[Eugene O'Neill]] won the Nobel literature prize in 1936; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama|Pulitzer Prize]] winners [[Tennessee Williams]], [[Edward Albee]], and [[August Wilson]].{{cite book|last=Moran|first=Eugene V.|title=A People's History of English and American Literature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=32BbXzfaUxoC&pg=PA228|date=January 1, 2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-303-7|page=228}}\n\nThough little known at the time, [[Charles Ives]]'s work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition, while experimentalists such as [[Henry Cowell]] and [[John Cage]] created a distinctive American approach to classical composition. [[Aaron Copland]] and [[George Gershwin]] developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music. [[Choreography|Choreographers]] [[Isadora Duncan]] and [[Martha Graham]] helped create [[modern dance]], while [[George Balanchine]] and [[Jerome Robbins]] were leaders in 20th-century ballet. Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of [[photography]], with major photographers including [[Alfred Stieglitz]], [[Edward Steichen]], and [[Ansel Adams]].{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Alma|title=The History of Photography: An Overview|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hca5H_rJZnUC&pg=PA67|year=1991|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2076-6|page=67}}\n\n===Music===\n{{Main|Music of the United States}}\n\nThe rhythmic and lyrical styles of [[African-American music]] have deeply influenced [[Music of the United States|American music]] at large, distinguishing it from European traditions. Elements from [[folk music|folk]] idioms such as the [[blues]] and what is now known as [[old-time music]] were adopted and transformed into [[popular music|popular genres]] with global audiences. [[Jazz]] was developed by innovators such as [[Louis Armstrong]] and [[Duke Ellington]] early in the 20th century. [[Country music]] developed in the 1920s, and [[rhythm and blues]] in the 1940s.Biddle, Julian (2001). ''What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America''. New York: Citadel, p. ix. ISBN 0-8065-2311-5.\n\n[[Elvis Presley]] and [[Chuck Berry]] were among the mid-1950s pioneers of [[rock and roll]]. In the 1960s, [[Bob Dylan]] emerged from the [[American folk music revival|folk revival]] to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and [[James Brown]] led the development of [[funk]]. More recent American creations include [[hip hop music|hip hop]] and [[house music]]. American pop stars such as Presley, [[Michael Jackson]], and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as [[Lady Gaga]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Rihanna]], and [[Beyoncé]].\n\n===Cinema===\n{{Main|Cinema of the United States}}\n\n[[File:PB050006.JPG|thumb|The [[Hollywood Sign]] in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]]]\n[[Hollywood]], a northern district of [[Los Angeles]], California, is one of the leaders in motion picture production.{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}} The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Kinetoscope]].{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=igwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT68|date=April 29, 1944|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=68|id={{ISSN|00062510}}}} The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film, also in New York, and the United States was in the forefront of [[sound film]]'s development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}\nDirector [[D. W. Griffith]], American's top filmmaker during the silent film period, was central to the development of [[film grammar]], and producer/entrepreneur [[Walt Disney]] was a leader in both [[animation|animated film]] and movie [[merchandising]].{{cite book|last1=Krasniewicz|first1=Louise|last2=Disney|first2=Walt|title=Walt Disney: A Biography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&pg=PR10|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35830-2|page=10}} Directors such as [[John Ford]] redefined the image of the American Old West and history, and, like others such as [[John Huston]], broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting, with great influence on subsequent directors. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the \"[[Classical Hollywood cinema|Golden Age of Hollywood]]\", from the early sound period until the early 1960s, with screen actors such as [[John Wayne]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]] becoming iconic figures. In the 1970s, film directors such as [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Francis Ford Coppola]] and [[Robert Altman]] were a vital component in what became known as \"[[New Hollywood]]\" or the \"Hollywood Renaissance\",{{cite book|last=Greven|first=David|title=Psycho-Sexual: Male Desire in Hitchcock, De Palma, Scorsese, and Friedkin|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QIyNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|date=January 2, 2013|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-74204-8|page=23}} grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=James|title=Passport to Hollywood: Hollywood Films, European Directors|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dWRif68I3igC&pg=PA11|date=September 11, 1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3938-8|page=11}} Since, directors such as [[Steven Spielberg]], [[George Lucas]] and [[James Cameron]] have gained renown for their blockbuster films, often characterized by high production costs, and in return, high earnings at the box office, with Cameron's ''[[Avatar]]'' (2009) earning more than $2 billion.{{cite book|last=Turow|first=Joseph|title=Media Today: An Introduction to Mass Communication|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MZsSMKQZoYwC&pg=PA434|date=September 22, 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-86402-5|page=434}} Notable films topping the [[American Film Institute]]'s [[AFI 100]] list include [[Orson Welles]]'s ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941), which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time,[http://www.filmsite.org/villvoice.html ''Village Voice'': 100 Best Films of the 20th century (2001)]. Filmsite.{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html |title =Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 |publisher =British Film Institute |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20021105130210/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html|archivedate=November 5, 2002 |year =2002 |deadurl= yes}} ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' (1942), ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972), ''[[Gone with the Wind (1939 film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939), ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' (1962), ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' (1939), ''[[The Graduate]]'' (1967), ''[[On the Waterfront]]'' (1954), ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993), ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]'' (1952), ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1946) and ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' (1950).{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/100years/movies10.aspx|title=AFI's 100 Years|publisher=American Film Institute|accessdate=January 24, 2015}} The [[Academy Awards]], popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] since 1929,{{cite book|last1=Drowne|first1=Kathleen Morgan|last2=Huber|first2=Patrick|title=The 1920's|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CecCHiI95dYC&pg=PA236|date=January 1, 2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32013-2|page=236}} and the [[Golden Globe Awards]] have been held annually since January 1944.{{cite book|last=Kroon|first=Richard W.|title=A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA338|date=April 30, 2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5740-3|page=338}}\n\n==Sports==\n{{Main|Sports in the United States}}\n[[File:Michael Phelps with President Bush - 20080811.jpeg|upright|thumb|Swimmer [[Michael Phelps]] and then-President [[George W. Bush]] August 10, 2008 at the National Aquatic Center in [[Beijing]]. Phelps is the most decorated [[Olympic Games|Olympic athlete]] of all time.{{cite book|author1=Carter Vaughn Findley|author2=John Alexander Rothney|title=Twentieth-Century World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1WQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|date=January 1, 2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|page= 4|isbn=1-133-16880-9}}{{cite book|author=Belmont and Belcourt Biographies|title=Michael Phelps and Ryan Lochte: Unauthorized Biographies|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TB1ZJl603IwC&pg=PT8|date=September 1, 2012|publisher=Price World Publishing|isbn=978-1-61984-221-2|pages=8–}}]]\nWhile most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[skateboarding]], and [[snowboarding]] are American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries. [[Lacrosse]] and [[surfing]] arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.Liss, Howard. ''Lacrosse'' (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13. The [[Iroquois]] field their own separate national team, the [[Iroquois Nationals]], in recognition of the confederacy's creation of lacrosse. Eight [[Olympic Games]] have [[United States at the Olympics|taken place in the United States.]] The United States has won 2,400 medals at the [[Summer Olympic Games]], more than any other country, and 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Games]], the second most behind [[Norway]].{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014}} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014}}\n\nThe market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/06/18/us-pwcstudy-idUSN1738075220080618 Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012]. Reuters. Retrieved on July 24, 2013. [[Baseball]] has been regarded as the [[national sport]] since the late 19th century, with [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) being the top league, while [[American football]] is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport,{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002|accessdate=September 14, 2007}} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0. with the [[National Football League]] (NFL) having the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and a [[Super Bowl]] watched by millions globally. [[Basketball]] and [[ice hockey]] are the country's next two leading professional team sports, with the top leagues being the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) and the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year. [[College football]] and [[College basketball|basketball]] attract large audiences.{{cite web|url=http://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx|title=Passion for College Football Remains Robust|publisher=National Football Foundation|date=March 19, 2013|accessdate=April 1, 2014}} [[Boxing]] and [[horse racing]] were once the most watched [[individual sport]]s,{{cite web |author=Cowen, Tyler; Grier, Kevin |title=What Would the End of Football Look Like?|url= http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7559458/cte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football |publisher=Grantland/ESPN |date=February 9, 2012 |accessdate=February 12, 2012}} but they have been eclipsed by [[golf]] and [[auto racing]], particularly [[NASCAR]].{{cite web|title=As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football? Football continues to trump baseball as America's Favorite Sport|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf|website=Harris Interactive|accessdate=July 2, 2014|date=January 16, 2014}} In the 21st century, televised [[mixed martial arts]] has also gained a strong following of regular viewers.{{cite news|last=McCauley |first=Adam |url= http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/m/mixed_martial_arts/index.html |title=Mixed Martial Arts News |publisher=''The New York Times'' |accessdate=March 27, 2013}}{{cite news|last=Oakes|first=Kalle|title=Mixed Martial Arts: Its popularity is no contest|url=http://www.sunjournal.com/news/local-sports/2013/04/28/mixed-martial-arts-its-popularity-no-contest/1352423|accessdate=October 1, 2013|newspaper=Sun Journal|date=April 28, 2013|quote=Pay-per-view cards play out to captive audiences in millions of American homes, attracting more consumers than professional wrestling and boxing at the same price. An adrenaline-sports television network, Fuel, devotes more than half its 24-hour broadcast day to a single sport. Other, more popular cable or satellite stops furnish daily or weekly shows devoted to it.}} While [[Association football|soccer]] is less popular in the United States than in many other nations, the country hosted the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], the [[United States men's national soccer team|men's national soccer team]] has been to the past six World Cups and the [[United States women's national soccer team|women]] are first in the [[FIFA Women's World Rankings|women's world rankings]].\n\n==Infrastructure==\n\n===Transportation===\n{{Main|Transportation in the United States}}\n[[File:Map of current Interstates.svg|thumb|250px|The [[Interstate Highway System]], which extends {{convert|46876|mi|km}}{{cite web |title=Interstate FAQ (Question #3) |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |year=2006 |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/faq.htm#question3 |accessdate=March 4, 2009}}]]\nPersonal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of 4 million miles of public roads,{{cite web|title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface|url=http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html|website=United States Department of Transportation|accessdate=January 13, 2015}} including one of the world's [[National Highway System (United States)|longest highway systems]].{{cite news |url= http://www.newgeography.com/content/002003-china-expressway-system-exceed-us-interstates |title=China Expressway System to Exceed US Interstates |work=New Geography |location =Grand Forks, ND |date=January 22, 2011 |accessdate=September 16, 2011}} The world's second largest automobile market,{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jan/08/china-us-car-sales-overtakes |title=China overtakes US in car sales |newspaper=The Guardian |date=January 8, 2010 |accessdate=July 10, 2011 |location=London}} the United States has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans.{{cite web |url= http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehicles |title=Motor vehicles statistics – countries compared worldwide |publisher=NationMaster |accessdate=July 10, 2011}} About 40% of [[Passenger vehicles in the United States|personal vehicles]] are vans, [[Sport utility vehicle|SUVs]], or light trucks.{{cite web |url= http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/section_01.html| title =Household, Individual, and Vehicle Characteristics |publisher =U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics |work =2001 National Household Travel Survey |accessdate= August 15, 2007}} The average American adult (accounting for all drivers and non-drivers) spends 55 minutes driving every day, traveling {{convert|29|mi|km|0}}.{{cite web |url= http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/section_02.html |title =Daily Passenger Travel |publisher =U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics|work =2001 National Household Travel Survey|accessdate = August 15, 2007}}\n\n[[Mass transit in the United States|Mass transit]] accounts for 9% of total U.S. work trips.{{cite web |url= http://www.policy.rutgers.edu/vtc/documents/TOD.Euro-Style_Planning-Renne-Wells.pdf |author=Renne, John L.; Wells, Jan S. |title= Emerging European-Style Planning in the United States: Transit-Oriented Development |page=2 |year=2003 |publisher = Rutgers University |accessdate= June 11, 2007}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}{{cite web |url= http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/kbenfield/natgeo_surveys_countries_trans.html |title=NatGeo surveys countries' transit use: guess who comes in last|last=Benfield|first=Kaid|publisher=Natural Resources Defense Council |date=May 18, 2009 |accessdate=January 6, 2015}} [[Rail transportation in the United States|Transport of goods by rail]] is extensive, though relatively low numbers of passengers (approximately 31 million annually) use rail to travel, partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior. {{cite web |url= http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-15 |title= Intercity Passenger Rail: National Policy and Strategies Needed to Maximize Public Benefits from Federal Expenditures |date=November 13, 2006 |publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office |accessdate= June 20, 2007}}{{cite web |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/08/economist-explains-18 |title= The Economist Explains: Why Americans Don't Ride Trains |date=August 29, 2013 |publisher= ''[[The Economist]]'' |accessdate= May 12, 2015}} However, ridership on [[Amtrak]], the national intercity passenger rail system, grew by almost 37% between 2000 and 2010.{{cite web|title=Amtrak Ridership Records |url= http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobkey=id&blobwhere=1249227805921&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobhead |publisher=Amtrak |date=June 8, 2011|accessdate=February 29, 2012}} Also, [[Light rail in the United States|light rail development]] has increased in recent years.{{cite news |url= http://www.metaefficient.com/trains/master-2.html |title=3 Reasons Light Rail Is an Efficient Transportation Option for U.S. Cities |author=McGill, Tracy |work= MetaEfficient |date=January 1, 2011 |accessdate=June 14, 2013}} Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal.{{cite web |first=Brian |last=McKenzie |url =http://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/acs-25.pdf |title =Modes Less Traveled—Bicycling and Walking to Work in the United States: 2008–2012 |publisher =U.S. Census Bureau |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140517011216/http://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/acs-25.pdf |archivedate=May 17, 2014 |date =May 2014 |deadurl= no}}\n\nThe [[List of airlines of the United States|civil airline industry]] is entirely privately owned and has been largely [[Airline Deregulation Act|deregulated since 1978]], while [[List of airports in the United States|\nmost major airports]] are publicly owned.{{cite web|title=Privatization|url=http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/privatization|website=http://www.downsizinggovernment.org|publisher=Cato Institute|accessdate=December 27, 2014}} The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; [[American Airlines]] is number one after its 2013 acquisition by [[US Airways]].{{cite web |url= http://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx| title =Scheduled Passengers Carried |publisher= International Air Transport Association (IATA) |year=2011 |accessdate=February 17, 2012}} Of the world's 30 busiest passenger airports, 12 are in the United States, including the busiest, [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]].{{cite web |url =http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport- |title =Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013 - High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport — Mar 31, 2014 |publisher =Airports Council International |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140401052319/http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport- |archivedate=April 1, 2014 |date =March 31, 2014 |accessdate=May 17, 2014 |deadurl= no}}\n\n===Energy===\n[[File:Hoovernewbridge.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hoover Dam]] when completed in 1936 was both the world's largest electric-power generating station and the world's largest [[concrete]] structure.]]\n{{See also|Energy policy of the United States}}\nThe [[Energy in the United States|United States energy]] market is about 29,000 [[Kilowatt hour|terawatt hours]] per year.IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf 2013],  [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf 2012], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf 2011], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf 2010], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf 2009], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf 2006] [[International Energy Agency|IEA]] October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15 [[List of countries by energy consumption per capita|Energy consumption per capita]] is 7.8 tons of oil equivalent per year, the 10th highest rate in the world. In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and [[renewable energy]] sources.{{cite web |url= http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf |title= Diagram 1: Energy Flow, 2007 |work=EIA Annual Energy Review |year=2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration |accessdate=June 25, 2008}} The United States is the world's largest consumer of petroleum.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2246rank.html |title=Country Comparison: Refined Petroleum Products — Consumption |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |work=The World Factbook |accessdate=May 18, 2014}}\n\nFor decades, [[Nuclear power in the United States|nuclear power]] has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries, in part because of public perception in the wake of a [[Three Mile Island accident|1979 accident]]. In 2007, several applications for new nuclear plants were filed.{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9762843 |title= Atomic Renaissance |work=The Economist |location =London |accessdate=September 6, 2007 |date=September 6, 2007}} The United States has 27% of global coal reserves.{{cite web |url= http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130724221536/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls|archivedate=July 24, 2013|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy |publisher= British Petroleum |format= XLS |date=June 2007 |accessdate= February 22, 2010}} It is the world's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil.{{Cite news |author= Ames, Paul |date=May 30, 2013 |title=Could fracking make the Persian Gulf irrelevant? |url= http://www.salon.com/2013/05/30/could_fracking_make_the_persian_gulf_irrelevant_partner/ |work= Salon |accessdate=May 30, 2012 |quote=Since November, the United States has replaced Saudi Arabia as the world's biggest producer of crude oil. It had already overtaken Russia as the leading producer of natural gas.}}\n\n==Science and technology==\n{{Main|Science and technology in the United States}}\n{{See also|Technological and industrial history of the United States}}\n[[File:Apollo 15 flag, rover, LM, Irwin cropped.jpg|thumb| Astronaut [[James Irwin]] walking on the [[Moon]] next to [[Apollo 15]]'s [[Apollo Lunar Module|landing module]] and [[lunar rover]] in 1971. The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the [[Space Race]].]]\nThe United States has been a leader in scientific research and technological innovation since the late 19th century. In 1876, [[Alexander Graham Bell]] was awarded the first U.S. [[Invention of the telephone|patent for the telephone]]. [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Research institute|research laboratory]], one of the first of its kind, developed the [[phonograph]], the first [[Incandescent light bulb|long-lasting light bulb]], and the first viable [[Kinetoscope|movie camera]].{{cite web|title=Thomas Edison's Most Famous Inventions|url=http://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/|website=Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation|accessdate=January 21, 2015}} The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide [[Show business|entertainment industry]]. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of [[Ransom E. Olds]] and [[Henry Ford]] popularized the [[assembly line]]. The [[Wright brothers]], in 1903, made the [[Wright Flyer|first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight]].{{cite web|author=Benedetti, François| url =http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065254/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp| archivedate =September 12, 2007| title =100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality| publisher =Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)|date=December 17, 2003|accessdate=August 15, 2007}}\n\nThe rise of [[Nazism]] in the 1930s led many European scientists, including [[Albert Einstein]], [[Enrico Fermi]], and [[John von Neumann]], to immigrate to the United States.{{cite book|last1=Fraser|first1=Gordon|title=The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-959215-9|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Quantum_Exodus.html?id=-NYknwEACAAJ}} During World War II, the [[Manhattan Project]] developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the [[Atomic Age]], while the [[Space Race]] produced rapid advances in rocketry, [[materials science]], and [[aeronautics]].{{cite book | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=qYZmj7Us3m8C&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=Space+Race++rapid+advances+in+rocketry,+materials+science,+and+computers&source=bl&ots=6JtLGVR3aO&sig=4T65DV86zKTpHNjcMV3lIk1fkL8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rFwXVIbBLMvt8AXWm4LADQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Space%20Race%20%20rapid%20advances%20in%20rocketry%2C%20materials%20science%2C%20and%20computers&f=false| title =10 Little Americans| publisher = Google Books | accessdate = September 15, 2014 }}{{cite web | url =http://www.computerworld.com/article/2525898/app-development/nasa-s-apollo-technology-has-changed-history.html| title =NASA's Apollo technology has changed the history| publisher = Sharon Gaudin| accessdate =September 15, 2014 }}\n\nThe invention of the [[transistor]] in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern [[electronics]], led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry.[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/weekinreview/02goodheart.html Goodheart] July 2, 2006Silicon Valley: 110 Year Renaissance, McLaughlin, Weimers, Winslow 2008.{{cite book|title=Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success|author=Robert W. Price|publisher=AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8144-7190-6|page=42|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q7UzNoWdGAkC&pg=PA42&dq=transistor+inventions-of-the-twentieth-century}} This in turn lead to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the county such as [[Silicon Valley]] in California. Advancements by American [[microprocessor]] companies such as [[Advanced Micro Devices]] (AMD), and [[Intel]] along with both computer [[software]] and [[Computer hardware|hardware]] companies that include [[Adobe Systems]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]], [[IBM]], [[Linux|GNU-Linux]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Sun Microsystems]] created and popularized the [[personal computer]]. The [[ARPANET]] was developed in the 1960s to meet [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]] requirements, and became the first of a [[history of the Internet|series of networks which evolved]] into the [[Internet]].{{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Robert Keith|title=Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QyJjyZ_YBAkC&pg=PA256|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973757-4|page=256}}\n\nThese advancements then lead to greater [[personalization]] of technology for individual use.{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=W. Lance|last2=Segerberg|first2=Alexandra|title=Digital Media and the Personalization of Collective Action|journal=Information, Communication & Society|date=September 2011|volume=14|issue=6|pages=770–799|doi=10.1080/1369118X.2011.579141}} {{As of|2010|04}}, 77% of American households owned at least one [[computer]], and 68% had broadband Internet service.{{cite web | url =http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/exploring-digital-nation-computer-and-internet-use-home| title =Exploring the Digital Nation—Computer and Internet Use at Home | publisher =U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration|date=November 8, 2011| accessdate = April 11, 2012}} 85% of Americans also own a mobile phone {{as of|2011|lc=y}}.{{cite news |url= http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-03/tech/texting.photos.gahran_1_cell-phone-landline-tech-gadget?_s=PM:TECH |title=Report: 90% of Americans own a computerized gadget |publisher=CNN |date=February 3, 2011 |accessdate=December 27, 2012}} The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet.{{cite web|title=Freedom on the Net 2014|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net-2014/freedom-net-2014-graphics#.VQ9Itu7F9aw|website=Freedom House}}\n\nIn the 21st century, 64% of research and development funding comes from the private sector.{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls | title = Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004 | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = June 19, 2007}} The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and [[impact factor]].{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/mar/21/highereducation.uk4 |author=MacLeod, Donald |title= Britain Second in World Research Rankings |date=March 21, 2006 |work= The Guardian |accessdate=May 14, 2006 |location=London}}\n\n==Health==\n{{See also|Health care in the United States|Health care reform in the United States|Health insurance in the United States}}\n[[File:Total health expenditure per capita, US Dollars PPP.png|thumb|right|300px|Health spending per capita, in US$ [[Purchasing power parity|PPP-adjusted]], compared amongst various first world nations.]]\nThe United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990.{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688?lang=en |title=WHO Life expectancy data by country | publisher=WHO | date=2012|accessdate=June 1, 2013}}{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |title=Country Comparison: Life Expectancy at Birth |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook|accessdate=October 25, 2011}}{{cite journal |first= Christopher J.L. |last= Murray |title= The State of US Health, 1990–2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors |journal= Journal of the American Medical Association |url= http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/JAMA/0/joi130037.pdf |doi= 10.1001/jama.2013.13805 |date= July 10, 2013 |volume= 310 |issue= 6 |pages= 591–608 |pmid= 23842577 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6IN1kHmaR |archivedate=July 25, 2013 |deadurl=yes}} Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere have contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 1987, when it was 11th in the world.{{cite news |author= MacAskill, Ewen |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/aug/13/usa.ewenmacaskill |title=US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy |date=August 13, 2007 |work= The Guardian |accessdate = August 15, 2007 |location=London}} Obesity rates in the United States are among the [[Obesity in the United States|highest in the world]].{{cite web|title=Mexico Obesity Rate Surpasses The United States', Making It Fattest Country In The Americas|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/09/mexico-obesity_n_3567772.html|website=Huffington Post}} Approximately [[Obesity in the United States|one-third of the adult population is obese]] and an additional third is overweight;{{cite web |url= http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |title= Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |accessdate= June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}} the obesity rate, the highest in the industrialized world, has more than doubled in the last quarter-century.{{cite book |author= Schlosser, Eric |year= 2002 |title= Fast Food Nation |publisher= Perennial |location=New York |isbn= 0-06-093845-5 |page= 240}} Obesity-related [[diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is considered epidemic by health care professionals.{{cite web |url= http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/12/2451#R3-101329 |title=Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity |year=2005 |accessdate= June 17, 2007 |work= [[Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology]] |publisher=American Heart Association}} The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 169th highest out of 224 countries, with the 224th country having the lowest mortality rate.{{cite web |url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html |title =Country Comparison: Infant Mortality Rate |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |work=The World Factbook |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140411044300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html |archivedate=April 11, 2014 |accessdate=May 17, 2014 |deadurl=no}}\n\nIn 2010, [[coronary artery disease]], [[lung cancer]], [[stroke]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]s, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain, [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[musculoskeletal disorder]]s, neck pain, and [[anxiety]] caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious [[risk factor]]s were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[Hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]], physical inactivity, and alcohol use. [[Alzheimer's disease]], drug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates. U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics.{{cite web|title=About Teen Pregnancy|url=http://www.cdc.gov/TeenPregnancy/AboutTeenPreg.htm|publisher=Center for Disease Control|accessdate=January 24, 2015}} U.S. underage drinking among teenagers is among the lowest in industrialized nations.{{cite web|title=A nation of bad parents: Britain's youngsters amongst world's worst for drinking, smoking and teenage pregnancy, warns the OECD|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1210438/UK-teenage-girls-worst-drunks-world-despite-billions-spent-welfare.html|website=Daily Mail}}\n\nThe U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation. America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians, while the EU and Switzerland together contributed to five.{{cite web |author1=Whitman, Glen |author2=Raad, Raymond |title=Bending the Productivity Curve: Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation |url= http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/bending-productivity-curve-why-america-leads-world-medical-innovation |publisher=The Cato Institute |accessdate=October 9, 2012}}  Since 1966, more Americans have received the [[List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in Medicine]] than the rest of the world combined. From 1989 to 2002, four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe.{{cite news |last= Cowen |first=Tyler |title=Poor U.S. Scores in Health Care Don't Measure Nobels and Innovation |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/05/business/05scene.html?_r=1& |accessdate=October 9, 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 5, 2006}} The U.S. health-care system far [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|outspends]] any other nation, measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP.''OECD Health Data 2000: A Comparative Analysis of 29 Countries'' [CD-ROM] (OECD: Paris, 2000). See also {{cite web |url=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20061118234952/http://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |year=2001|accessdate= November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}} Health-care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not [[universal health care|universal]]. In 2014, 13.4% of the population did not carry [[health insurance]].{{cite web|title=In U.S., Uninsured Rate Holds at 13.4%|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/178100/uninsured-rate-holds.aspx|website=Gallup}} The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue.{{cite news |author=Abelson, Reed |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/health/policy/10health.html |title=Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising, Study Finds |date= June 10, 2008 |work=The New York Times |accessdate= October 25, 2008}}{{cite journal |author=Blewett, Lynn A. et al. |title=How Much Health Insurance Is Enough? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance |date=December 2006 |volume=63|issue=6|pages=663–700 |doi=10.1177/1077558706293634 |pmid=17099121 |issn=1077-5587 |journal=Medical Care Research and Review}} In 2006, [[Massachusetts]] became the first state to mandate universal health insurance.{{cite news|author=Fahrenthold, David A. |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/04/AR2006040401937.html |title= Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage |date= April 5, 2006 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=June 19, 2007}} [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Federal legislation]] passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near-universal health insurance system around the country by 2014, though the bill and its ultimate impact are issues of controversy.{{cite web |title= Health Care Law 54% Favor Repeal of Health Care Law |url= http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/healthcare/health_care_law |publisher=Rasmussen Reports |accessdate=October 13, 2012}}{{cite news |title= Debate on ObamaCare to intensify in the wake of landmark Supreme Court ruling |url= http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/06/29/debate-on-obamacare-to-intensify-in-wake-landmark-supreme-court-ruling/ |work=Fox News |date=June 29, 2012 |accessdate=October 14, 2012}}\n\n==Media==\n{{Main|Media of the United States|Television in the United States}}\n[[File:ABC 77 W66 jeh.JPG|thumb|Corporate headquarters of the [[American Broadcasting Company]] in New York City]]\nThe four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the [[NBC|National Broadcasting Company]] (NBC), [[CBS|Columbia Broadcasting System]] (CBS), the [[American Broadcasting Company]] (ABC) and [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]].\nAmericans are the heaviest television viewers in the world,{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_tel_vie-media-television-viewing |title=Media Statistics > Television Viewing by Country |publisher=NationMaster |accessdate=June 3, 2007}} and the average viewing time continues to rise, reaching five hours a day in 2006.{{cite web |url=http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1005003 |title=Broadband and Media Consumption |date=June 7, 2007|publisher=eMarketer |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} The four major broadcast [[television network]]s are all commercial entities. Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a day.{{cite web |url=http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1004830 |title=TV Fans Spill into Web Sites |date=June 7, 2007|publisher=eMarketer |accessdate = June 10, 2007}}\n\nIn 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds, subscriptions and corporate underwriting. Much public-radio broadcasting is supplied by [[NPR]] (formerly National Public Radio). NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967; its television counterpart, PBS, was also created by the same legislation. (NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other.) {{As of|2014|09|30|df=US}}, there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the US according to the [[U.S. Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).{{cite web|last = Waits | first = Jennifer | title = Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise, Especially LPFM, according to New FCC Count | website = Radio Survivor | date = October 17, 2014 | accessdate = January 6, 2015 | url = http://www.radiosurvivor.com/2014/10/17/number-u-s-radio-stations-rise-especially-lpfm-according-latest-fcc-count/}}\n\nWell-known newspapers are ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'' and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or Reuters, for their national and world coverage. With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as [[Gannett Company|Gannett]] or [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]], which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have \"alternative weeklies\" to complement the mainstream daily papers, for example, New York City's ''[[The Village Voice]]'' or Los Angeles' ''[[LA Weekly]]'', to name two of the best-known. Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries, and papers for local ethnic and social groups. Early versions of the American newspaper [[comic strip]] and the [[American comic book]] began appearing in the 19th century. In 1938, [[Superman]], the comic book [[superhero]] of [[DC Comics]], developed into an American icon.{{cite book | last=Daniels | first=Les | authorlink=Les Daniels | year=1998 | title=Superman: The Complete History | page=11 | edition=1st | publisher=[[Titan Books]] | isbn=1-85286-988-7}} Aside from [[web portal]]s and [[web search engine|search engines]], the most popular websites are [[Facebook]], [[YouTube]], [[Wikipedia]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[eBay]], and [[Twitter]].{{cite web |url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US |title=Top Sites in United States |year=2014 |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=October 20, 2014}}\n\nIn Spanish, the second most widely spoken mother tongue behind English, more than 800 publications are published.{{cite web|url=http://www.w3newspapers.com/usa/spanish |title=Spanish Newspapers in United States |publisher=W3newspapers |accessdate=August 5, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm |title=Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE.UU |publisher=Onlinenewspapers.com |accessdate=August 5, 2014}}\n\n==See also==\n{{Portal|United States|North America}}\n{{Wikipedia books}}\n* [[Index of United States-related articles]]\n* [[Outline of the United States]]\n* [[List of states and territories of the United States]]\n* [[List of metropolitan areas of the United States]]\n* [[List of United States cities by population]]\n* [[List of wars involving the United States]]\n* [[National symbols of the United States]]\n\n==Notes==\n{{reflist|group=fn}}\n\n==References==\n\n{{Reflist|22em}}\n\n==Bibliography and further reading==\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite book |title=Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance |ref=Acharya10 |first1=Viral V. |last1=Acharya |first2=Thomas F. |last2=Cooley |first3=Matthew P. |last3=Richardson |first4=Ingo |last4=Walter |page=592 |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-76877-8}}\n* {{cite book |title= The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism.| first1= Edward E.|last1= Baptist|publisher= [[Basic Books]]|year= 2014|isbn=046500296X}}\n* {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=James |first2=John |last2=Jahera |title=US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation |ref=Barth10 |journal=Journal of Financial Economic Policy |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=192–195 |doi=10.1108/17576381011085412}}\n* {{cite book |last=Berkin |first=Carol |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher L. |last3=Cherny |first3=Robert W. |last4=Gormly |first4=James L. |title=Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2007 |ref=Berkin |page=75}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Making_America_Volume_1_To_1877_A_Histor.html?id=cyEI21RClZkC Book]\n* {{cite journal |last1=Bianchine |first1=Peter J. |last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |year=1992 |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=225–232 |ref=Bianchine |publisher=OceanSide Publications, Inc. |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/1992/00000013/00000005/art00002 |accessdate=September 9, 2012 |doi=10.2500/108854192778817040 |pmid=1483570 |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings}}\n* {{cite book |author1=Boyer, Paul S. |author2=Clark, Clifford E. Jr. |author3=Kett, Joseph F. |last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5= Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People |ref=Boyer |year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |page=588 |isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Clingan |first=Edmund |title=An Introduction to Modern Western Civilization |ref=Clingan |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5439-8}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FS3TnrLu7y8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |first=Colin G. |last=Calloway |title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]] |ref=Calloway1998 |page=229 |isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't know much about the Civil War |ref=Davis96 |publisher=William Marrow and Co. |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-688-11814-3 |page=518}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dphzw2cbaoQC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Daynes |first=Byron W. |last2=Sussman |first2=Glen (eds.) |title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush |ref=Daynes |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2010 |page=320 |isbn=978-1-60344-254-1 |quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIOQ1FYHtcYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |first= Sylvan G. |last=Feldstein |first2=Frank J., CFA |last2=Fabozzi |title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds |ref=Feldstein |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]], January 13, 2011 |page=1376 |isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Gold |first=Susan Dudley |title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny |ref=Gold2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2006 |page=144 |isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mbV6kPGO4OAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Thomas |last2=Rogers |first2=Joel |ref=Ferguson |year=1986 |title=The Myth of America's Turn to the Right |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |volume=257 |issue=5 |pages=43–53 |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}\n* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&lpg=PA229|year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311}}\n* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |year=2004 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Empire_of_Wealth.html?id=rmsUs_KDgHAC Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |last2=Burns |first2=Richard Dean |last3=Siracusa |first3=Joseph M. |ref=Burns2008 |title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&lpg=PA142 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |series=Praeger Security International Series |isbn=978-0-313-35241-6 |page=180}}\n* {{cite book |title= [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/ The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States]|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-last=Haymes|editor2-first= Maria|editor2-last=Vidal de Haymes|editor3-first= Reuben|editor3-last= Miller|publisher= [[Routledge]]|year= 2014|isbn=0415673445}}\n* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |location=[[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Maryland]]}}\n* {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-978142-3}}\n* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version]\n* {{cite book |last=Juergens |first=Tom |title=Wicked Puritans of Essex County |ref=Juergens |publisher=The History Press |year=2011 |page=112 |isbn=978-1-59629-566-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0q2GwESzhUwC&vq=slave&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9 |page=398|ref=Kessel}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{Cite book |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1988 |title= Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Pantheon Books|Pantheon]] |ref= harv }}\n* {{cite book |title=One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America| first1= Kevin M.|last1= Kruse|publisher= Basic Books|year= 2015|isbn=0465049494}}\n* {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War |ref=Leckie |publisher=Harper-Collins |location=New York |year=1990 |page=682 |isbn=0-06-016280-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last= Leffler |first= Melvyn P. |authorlink= Melvyn P. Leffler |year= 2010 |chapter= The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952 |title= ''In Melvyn P. Leffler and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,''The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins ''(pp. 67–89)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }}\n* {{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF]\n* {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604|url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ}}\n* {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=214}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&pg=PA44 Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}}\n* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=May 15, 2013 |deadurl= yes}}\n* {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false eBook version]\n* {{cite book | last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |ref=Quirk |year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}\n* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=180 |year=1994}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&vq=triangle&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=2–3}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=299 |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&vq=census&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&vq=twenty+seven+times&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}\n* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&lpg=PA12 Book]\n* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&purchase-type=article&accessType=RR&sid=21102125115943&showMyJstorPss=false&seq=1&showAccess=true Article]\n* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=49}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&lpg=PA49 Book]\n* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}\n* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]\n* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |doi=10.1353/rah.2012.0043 |url=http://courses.ttu.edu/secunnin/40.2.williams.pdf |accessdate=March 11, 2013 |journal=Reviews in American History}}\n* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url= | year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=198, 216, 251, 253 }}\n* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}\n{{refend}}\n\n===Website sources===\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}\n* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}\n* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}\n* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of \"In God We Trust\" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}\n* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society|archiveurl=http://archive.is/GkED4|archivedate=April 15, 2013}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}\n* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author= |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}\n* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}\n* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |doi=10.1162/152039703322483774 |url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/152039703322483774?journalCode=jcws |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}\n{{refend}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Sister project links|voy=United States}}\n\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]\n;Government\n* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites\n* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives\n* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate\n* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States\n* [{{SCOTUS URL}} Supreme Court] Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States\n;History\n* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research\n* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance\n* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data\n;Maps\n* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior\n* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}\n* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.\n\n{{Anchor|Related information}}\n\n{{United States topics}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n[[Category:United States| ]]\n[[Category:1776 establishments in the United States]]\n[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]\n[[Category:Federal constitutional republics]]\n[[Category:Former British colonies]]\n[[Category:Former confederations]]\n[[Category:G7 nations]]\n[[Category:G8 nations]]\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\n[[Category:Member states of NATO]]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:Republics]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1776]]\n[[Category:Superpowers]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/2012_bdo_world_darts_championship.wiki",
    "content": "{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}\n{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}\n{{Infobox individual darts tournament\n|tournament_name = Lakeside World Darts Championship\n|image =\n|dates = 7–15 January 2012\n|venue = [[Lakeside Leisure Complex|Lakeside Country Club]]\n|location = [[Frimley Green]], [[Surrey]]\n|country = England, United Kingdom\n|organisation = [[British Darts Organisation|BDO]]\n|format = [[Set (darts)|Sets]]
Finals: 
 best of 13 (men's)
best of 3 (women's)\n|prize_fund = £329,000\n|winners_share = £100,000 (men's)
£10,000 (women's)\n|nine_dart =\n|high_checkout = Men:
O'Shea (170) QF
Women:
Edwards (155) Rd 1\n|winner = Men: {{flagicon|NED}} [[Christian Kist]]
Women: {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Dobromyslova]]\n|prev = [[2011 BDO World Darts Championship|2011]]\n|next = [[2013 BDO World Darts Championship|2013]]\n}}\n\nThe '''2012 Lakeside World Professional Darts Championship''' was the 35th [[BDO World Darts Championship]] organised by the British Darts Organisation, and the 27th staging at the [[Lakeside Leisure Complex|Lakeside Country Club]] at [[Frimley Green]]. It ran from 7–15 January. [[Martin Adams]] was the defending men's champion, having won the title for the third time in the [[2011 BDO World Darts Championship|previous year's final]] against [[Dean Winstanley]].{{cite web|title=Champion Martin Adams retains BDO darts crown|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/darts/9352483.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 January 2012|date=9 January 2011}} The defending women's champion was [[Trina Gulliver]], who won her ninth title in the 2011 final against [[Rhian Edwards]].{{cite web|title=Trina Gulliver wins ninth BDO women's Lakeside crown|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/darts/9350151.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 January 2012|date=7 January 2011}}\n\nNeither champion was able to defend their title as Adams lost his quarter-final against [[Tony O'Shea]] and Gulliver her semi-final against [[Anastasia Dobromyslova]].{{cite web|title=BDO World Championships: Tony O'Shea beats Martin Adams|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/darts/16538659.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 January 2012|date=12 January 2012}} Dobromyslova then beat [[Deta Hedman]] in the final to win her second world championship title.{{cite web|title=BDO World Championships: Dobromyslova claims world title|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/darts/16554952.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 January 2012|date=13 January 2012}} O'Shea was defeated by unseeded qualifier [[Christian Kist]], who was making his début in the tournament, 7–5 in the final.\nIt was the first time that neither champion was from [[Great Britain]] ([[Christian Kist]] from the [[Netherlands]] and [[Anastasia Dobromyslova]] from [[Russia]]), despite both losing finalists coming from [[England]] ([[Tony O'Shea]] and [[Deta Hedman]]).\n\nPlayers from five countries including a record number of eight Dutch players took part in the tournament.\n\n==Format and qualifiers==\n\n===Men's===\nThe televised stages featured 32 players. The top 16 players in the [[Darts world rankings|WDF/BDO rankings]] over the 2010/11 season were seeded for the tournament.{{cite web\n |url          = http://bdodarts.com/tables.aspx?tid=7\n |title        = BDO men's rankings\n |publisher    = [[British Darts Organisation]]\n |accessdate   = 17 October 2011\n |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120729024050/http://www.bdodarts.com/tables.aspx?tid=7\n |archive-date = 29 July 2012\n |url-status     = dead\n |df           = dmy-all\n}}\n\nThe 32 players who qualified for invitation into the first round proper of the men's singles were:\n\n{|\n|- style=\"vertical-align: top;\"\n|\n:'''Top 16'''\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Adams]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Scott Waites]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dean Winstanley]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Robbie Green]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gary Robson (darts player)|Gary Robson]]\n:# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jan Dekker]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Walton (darts player)|John Walton]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tony O'Shea]]\n:# {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ross Montgomery]]\n:# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Willy van de Wiel]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tony West (dart player)|Tony West]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Paul Jennings (darts player)|Paul Jennings]]\n:# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Wesley Harms]]\n:# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Benito van de Pas]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ted Hankey]]\n:# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Ron Meulenkamp]]\n|\n:'''Other qualifiers'''\n:# {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Martin Phillips (darts player)|Martin Phillips]]\n:# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Joey ten Berge]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Douglas (darts player)|Steve Douglas]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Darryl Fitton]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Scott Mitchell (darts player)|Scott Mitchell]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Garry Thompson (darts player)|Garry Thompson]]\n:# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Fabian Roosenbrand]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve West (darts player)|Steve West]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alan Norris (darts player)|Alan Norris]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Atkins (darts player)|Martin Atkins]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andy Boulton]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dave Prins]]\n:# {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Gary Stone]]\n:# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Christian Kist]]\n:# {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Geert De Vos]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Clive Barden]]\n|}\n\n===Women's===\nThe televised stages featured 8 players. The top 4 players in the [[Darts world rankings|WDF/BDO rankings]] over the 2010/11 season were seeded for the tournament.{{cite web\n |url          = http://bdodarts.com/tables.aspx?tid=8\n |title        = BDO women's rankings\n |publisher    = [[British Darts Organisation]]\n |accessdate   = 17 October 2011\n |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121017123045/http://www.bdodarts.com/tables.aspx?tid=8\n |archive-date = 17 October 2012\n |url-status     = dead\n |df           = dmy-all\n}}\n\nThe eight women qualified for invitation were:\n\n{|\n|- style=\"vertical-align: top;\"\n|\n:'''Top 4'''\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Deta Hedman]]\n:# {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Julie Gore]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Trina Gulliver]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lorraine Farlam]]\n|\n:'''Other qualifiers'''\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Karen Lawman]]\n:# {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Dobromyslova]]\n:# {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lisa Ashton]]\n:# {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Rhian Edwards]]\n|}\n\n== Prize money==\nThe prize money was £258,000 for the men's event and £16,000 for the women's event.{{cite web|title=Information for the media – prize money|url=http://www.lakesideworlddarts.co.uk/media.php#background|publisher=lakesideworlddarts.co.uk|accessdate=8 January 2012}}\n:Men's Champion: £100,000\n:Runner-Up: £30,000\n:Semi-Finalists (2): £11,000\n:Quarter-Finalists (4): £6,000\n:Last 16 (8): £4,250\n:Last 32 (16): £3,000\n\n:'''Women's Champion''': £10,000{{cite web|title=Anastasia crowned world champ after comeback against Deta|url=http://www.lakesideworlddarts.co.uk/newsarticle.php?Anastasia-crowned-world-champ-after-comeback-against-Deta-167|publisher=lakesideworlddarts.co.uk|accessdate=14 January 2012|date=13 January 2012|quote=...and the £10,000 first prize.}}\n:Runner-Up: £2,000\n:Semi-Finalists (2): £1,000\n:Quarter-Finalists (4): £500\n\nThere was also a shared [[Nine-dart finish|9 Dart Checkout]] prize of £52,000, along with a High Checkout prize of £3,000 per event.\n\n==Results bracket==\nThe draw for the tournament was made on 7 November 2011 live on ESPN.{{cite web|title=2012 Lakeside Pro Draw|url=http://www.dartswdf.com/2011/11/08/2012-lakeside-world-pro-draw/|publisher=dartswdf.com|accessdate=11 January 2012|date=8 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111063235/http://www.dartswdf.com/2011/11/08/2012-lakeside-world-pro-draw/|archive-date=11 November 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|title=Martin Adams faces Scott Mitchell in BDO World Championship opener|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/darts/15642568.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=11 January 2012|date=8 November 2011}}\n\n===Men's===\n* Match distances in sets are quoted in brackets at the top of each round. All sets are best of five legs, unless there is a final set tie-break. (The final set must be won by two clear legs; if it reaches 5–5, the 11th leg is decisive.)\nThe results are:{{cite web|title=2012 World Championship results|url=http://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/FixtureList.aspx?EventKey=3814&showAverages=Y|publisher=dartsdatabase.co.uk|accessdate=8 January 2012}}\n\n{{32TeamBracket\n| RD1={{Nowrap|'''First Round''' (''best of 5 sets'')
7–9 January}}\n| RD2={{Nowrap|'''Second round''' (''best of 7'')
10–11 January}}\n| RD3={{Nowrap|'''Quarter-Finals''' (''best of 9'')
12–13 January}}\n| RD4={{Nowrap|'''Semi-Finals''' (''best of 11'')
14 January}}\n| RD5={{Nowrap|'''Final''' (''best of 13'')
15 January}}\n| team-width=200\n| RD1-seed01=1\n| RD1-team01={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Martin Adams]]''' 90.12\n| RD1-score01='''3'''\n| RD1-seed02=\n| RD1-team02={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Scott Mitchell (darts player)|Scott Mitchell]] 79.47\n| RD1-score02=0\n| RD1-seed03=16\n| RD1-team03={{flagicon|NED}} [[Ron Meulenkamp]] 82.98\n| RD1-score03=0\n| RD1-seed04=\n| RD1-team04={{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Gary Stone]]''' 88.68\n| RD1-score04='''3'''\n| RD1-seed05=8\n| RD1-team05={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Tony O'Shea]]''' 88.80\n| RD1-score05='''3'''\n| RD1-seed06=\n| RD1-team06={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve West (darts player)|Steve West]] 75.63\n| RD1-score06=0\n| RD1-seed07=9\n| RD1-team07={{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Ross Montgomery]]''' 87.99\n| RD1-score07='''3'''\n| RD1-seed08=\n| RD1-team08={{flagicon|NED}} [[Fabian Roosenbrand]] 80.10\n| RD1-score08=1\n| RD1-seed09=4\n| RD1-team09={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Robbie Green]]''' 87.42\n| RD1-score09='''3'''\n| RD1-seed10=\n| RD1-team10={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Darryl Fitton]] 81.60\n| RD1-score10=1\n| RD1-seed11=13\n| RD1-team11={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Wesley Harms]]''' 82.32\n| RD1-score11='''3'''\n| RD1-seed12=\n| RD1-team12={{flagicon|WAL}} [[Martin Phillips (darts player)|Martin Phillips]] 79.38\n| RD1-score12=1\n| RD1-seed13=5\n| RD1-team13={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gary Robson (darts player)|Gary Robson]] 75.33\n| RD1-score13=0\n| RD1-seed14=\n| RD1-team14={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Steve Douglas (darts player)|Steve Douglas]]''' 83.76\n| RD1-score14='''3'''\n| RD1-seed15=12\n| RD1-team15={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Paul Jennings (darts player)|Paul Jennings]]''' 83.94\n| RD1-score15='''3'''\n| RD1-seed16=\n| RD1-team16={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Garry Thompson (darts player)|Garry Thompson]] 84.30\n| RD1-score16=1\n| RD1-seed17=2\n| RD1-team17={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Scott Waites]]''' 89.52\n| RD1-score17='''3'''\n| RD1-seed18=\n| RD1-team18={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andy Boulton]] 88.74\n| RD1-score18=1\n| RD1-seed19=15\n| RD1-team19={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ted Hankey]]''' 88.08\n| RD1-score19='''3'''\n| RD1-seed20=\n| RD1-team20={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Clive Barden]] 79.85\n| RD1-score20=2\n| RD1-seed21=7\n| RD1-team21={{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Walton (darts player)|John Walton]] 86.94\n| RD1-score21=1\n| RD1-seed22=\n| RD1-team22={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Martin Atkins (darts player)|Martin Atkins]]''' 87.42\n| RD1-score22='''3'''\n| RD1-seed23=10\n| RD1-team23={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Willy van de Wiel]]''' 83.01\n| RD1-score23='''3'''\n| RD1-seed24=\n| RD1-team24={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dave Prins]] 78.24\n| RD1-score24=0\n| RD1-seed25=3\n| RD1-team25={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Dean Winstanley]]''' 88.74\n| RD1-score25='''3'''\n| RD1-seed26=\n| RD1-team26={{flagicon|NED}} [[Joey ten Berge]] 86.70\n| RD1-score26=1\n| RD1-seed27=14\n| RD1-team27={{flagicon|NED}} [[Benito van de Pas]] 90.18\n| RD1-score27=2\n| RD1-seed28=\n| RD1-team28={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Alan Norris (darts player)|Alan Norris]]''' 91.95\n| RD1-score28='''3'''\n| RD1-seed29=6\n| RD1-team29={{flagicon|NED}} [[Jan Dekker]] 96.33\n| RD1-score29=2\n| RD1-seed30=\n| RD1-team30={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Christian Kist]]''' 97.77\n| RD1-score30='''3'''\n| RD1-seed31=11\n| RD1-team31={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tony West (dart player)|Tony West]] 83.94\n| RD1-score31=1\n| RD1-seed32=\n| RD1-team32={{flagicon|BEL}} '''[[Geert De Vos]]''' 84.09\n| RD1-score32='''3'''\n| RD2-seed01=1\n| RD2-team01={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Martin Adams]]''' 90.78\n| RD2-score01='''4'''\n| RD2-seed02=\n| RD2-team02={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Gary Stone]] 86.97\n| RD2-score02=0\n| RD2-seed03=8\n| RD2-team03={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Tony O'Shea]]''' 90.48\n| RD2-score03='''4'''\n| RD2-seed04=9\n| RD2-team04={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ross Montgomery]] 87.63\n| RD2-score04=1\n| RD2-seed05=4\n| RD2-team05={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Robbie Green]] 84.99\n| RD2-score05=1\n| RD2-seed06=13\n| RD2-team06={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Wesley Harms]]''' 90.72\n| RD2-score06='''4'''\n| RD2-seed07=\n| RD2-team07={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Douglas (darts player)|Steve Douglas]] 82.23\n| RD2-score07=2\n| RD2-seed08=12\n| RD2-team08={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Paul Jennings (darts player)|Paul Jennings]]''' 82.86\n| RD2-score08='''4'''\n| RD2-seed09=2\n| RD2-team09={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Scott Waites]] 86.73\n| RD2-score09=3\n| RD2-seed10=15\n| RD2-team10={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ted Hankey]]''' 85.14\n| RD2-score10='''4'''\n| RD2-seed11=\n| RD2-team11={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Martin Atkins (darts player)|Martin Atkins]]''' 89.73\n| RD2-score11='''4'''\n| RD2-seed12=10\n| RD2-team12={{flagicon|NED}} [[Willy van de Wiel]] 87.02\n| RD2-score12=2\n| RD2-seed13=3\n| RD2-team13={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dean Winstanley]] 91.92\n| RD2-score13=3\n| RD2-seed14=\n| RD2-team14={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Alan Norris (darts player)|Alan Norris]]''' 89.28\n| RD2-score14='''4'''\n| RD2-seed15= \n| RD2-team15={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Christian Kist]]''' 96.51\n| RD2-score15='''4'''\n| RD2-seed16=\n| RD2-team16={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Geert De Vos]] 87.21\n| RD2-score16=2\n| RD3-seed01=1\n| RD3-team01={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Adams]] 92.49\n| RD3-score01=2\n| RD3-seed02=8\n| RD3-team02={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Tony O'Shea]]''' 94.02\n| RD3-score02='''5'''\n| RD3-seed03=13\n| RD3-team03={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Wesley Harms]]''' 87.39\n| RD3-score03='''5'''\n| RD3-seed04=12\n| RD3-team04={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Paul Jennings (darts player)|Paul Jennings]] 85.86\n| RD3-score04=3\n| RD3-seed05=15\n| RD3-team05={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ted Hankey]]''' 85.08\n| RD3-score05= '''5'''\n| RD3-seed06=\n| RD3-team06={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Atkins (darts player)|Martin Atkins]] 87.00\n| RD3-score06= 1\n| RD3-seed07= \n| RD3-team07={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alan Norris (darts player)|Alan Norris]] 90.19\n| RD3-score07= 1\n| RD3-seed08=\n| RD3-team08={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Christian Kist]]''' 93.67\n| RD3-score08='''5'''\n| RD4-seed01=8\n| RD4-team01={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Tony O'Shea]]''' 85.35\n| RD4-score01='''6'''\n| RD4-seed02=13\n| RD4-team02={{flagicon|NED}} [[Wesley Harms]] 88.38\n| RD4-score02=5\n| RD4-seed03= 15\n| RD4-team03={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ted Hankey]] 87.54\n| RD4-score03=5\n| RD4-seed04=\n| RD4-team04={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Christian Kist]]''' 89.73\n| RD4-score04='''6'''\n| RD5-seed01=8\n| RD5-team01={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tony O'Shea]] 87.78\n| RD5-score01=5\n| RD5-seed02=\n| RD5-team02={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Christian Kist]]''' 90.00\n| RD5-score02='''7'''\n\n\n\n\n|(''Best of 13 sets'') Sunday 15 January\n|{{flagicon|}}\n|-\n|{{flagicon|}}\n|Highest Checkout:\n|\n|Highest Checkout:\n|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Christian Kist]] wins the 2012 Lakeside [[BDO World Darts Championship|World Darts Championship]]\n\n\n\n|''Best of 5 sets''\n|''Best of 7 sets''\n|''Best of 9 sets''\n|''Best of 11 sets''\n}}\n\n===Women's===\n* All matches best of three sets, best of five legs.\nThe results are:{{cite web|title=2012 Women's World Championship results|url=http://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/FixtureList.aspx?EventKey=3822&showAverages=Y|publisher=dartsdatabase.co.uk|accessdate=8 January 2012}}\n{{8TeamBracket\n| RD1= Quarter-finals
7–9 January\n| RD2= Semi-finals
12 January\n| RD3= Final
13 January\n| team-width=165\n| RD1-seed1=1\n| RD1-team1={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Deta Hedman]]''' 73.20\n| RD1-score1='''2'''\n| RD1-seed2=\n| RD1-team2={{flagicon|WAL}} [[Rhian Edwards]] 73.71\n| RD1-score2=1\n| RD1-seed3=4\n| RD1-team3={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Lorraine Farlam]]''' 67.35\n| RD1-score3='''2'''\n| RD1-seed4=\n| RD1-team4={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Karen Lawman]] 67.35\n| RD1-score4=1\n| RD1-seed5=2\n| RD1-team5={{flagicon|WAL}} [[Julie Gore]] 63.39\n| RD1-score5=0\n| RD1-seed6=\n| RD1-team6={{nowrap begin}}{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Anastasia Dobromyslova]]''' 73.92{{nowrap end}}\n| RD1-score6='''2'''\n| RD1-seed7=3\n| RD1-team7={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Trina Gulliver]]''' 73.80\n| RD1-score7='''2'''\n| RD1-seed8=\n| RD1-team8={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lisa Ashton]] 71.97\n| RD1-score8=0\n| RD2-seed1=1\n| RD2-team1={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Deta Hedman]]''' 79.11\n| RD2-score1='''2'''\n| RD2-seed2=4\n| RD2-team2={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lorraine Farlam]] 74.61\n| RD2-score2=1\n| RD2-seed3=\n| RD2-team3={{nowrap begin}}{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Anastasia Dobromyslova]]''' 69.75{{nowrap end}}\n| RD2-score3='''2'''\n| RD2-seed4=3\n| RD2-team4={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Trina Gulliver]] 72.88\n| RD2-score4=0\n| RD3-seed1=1\n| RD3-team1={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Deta Hedman]] 74.13\n| RD3-score1=1\n| RD3-seed2=\n| RD3-team2={{nowrap begin}}{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Anastasia Dobromyslova]]''' 73.95{{nowrap end}}\n| RD3-score2='''2'''\n}}\n\n==Statistics==\n{{unreferenced section|date=January 2012}}\n\n===Men===\n{{update|section|date=January 2012}}\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"font-size: 95%; text-align: right\"\n|-\n! Player\n! Played\n! Sets Won\n! Sets Lost\n! Legs Won\n! Legs Lost\n! 100+\n! 140+\n! 180s\n! High Checkout\n! Average\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Christian Kist]]\n| 5\n| 25\n| 15\n| 93\n| 67\n| 179\n| 133\n| 33\n| 129\n| 92.45\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tony O'Shea]]\n| 5\n| 23\n| 15\n| 86\n| 65\n| 217\n| 111\n| 23\n| 170\n| 88.52\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Wesley Harms]]\n| 4\n| 17\n| 11\n| 63\n| 50\n| 178\n| 79\n| 11\n| 120\n| 87.46\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ted Hankey]]\n| 4\n| 17\n| 12\n| 62\n| 54\n| 137\n| 89\n| 23\n| 145\n| 86.47\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Atkins (darts player)|Martin Atkins]]\n| 3\n| 8\n| 8\n| 33\n| 33\n| 76\n| 42\n| 11\n| 136\n| 88.05\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alan Norris (darts player)|Alan Norris]]\n| 3\n| 8\n| 10\n| 27\n| 40\n| 91\n| 42\n| 22\n| 130\n| 90.33\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Adams]]\n| 3\n| 9\n| 5\n| 31\n| 26\n| 95\n| 40\n| 11\n| 161\n| 91.36\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Paul Jennings (darts player)|Paul Jennings]]\n| 3\n| 10\n| 8\n| 38\n| 37\n| 94\n| 53\n| 9\n| 120\n| 84.38\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Scott Waites]]\n| 2\n| 6\n| 5\n| 25\n| 22\n| 68\n| 26\n| 5\n| 156\n| 87.73\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dean Winstanley]]\n| 2\n| 6\n| 5\n| 25\n| 22\n| 59\n| 32\n| 12\n| 160\n| 90.68\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Robbie Green]]\n| 2\n| 4\n| 5\n| 16\n| 19\n| 41\n| 18\n| 9\n| 76\n| 86.20\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ross Montgomery]]\n| 2\n| 4\n| 5\n| 16\n| 21\n| 63\n| 20\n| 7\n| 120\n| 87.79\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Willy van de Wiel]]\n| 2\n| 5\n| 4\n| 17\n| 17\n| 45\n| 25\n| 5\n| 101\n| 85.58\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Geert De Vos]]\n| 2\n| 5\n| 5\n| 21\n| 22\n| 44\n| 24\n| 10\n| 121\n| 85.89\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Douglas (darts player)|Steve Douglas]]\n| 2\n| 5\n| 4\n| 20\n| 18\n| 45\n| 23\n| 6\n| 121\n| 82.71\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Gary Stone]]\n| 2\n| 3\n| 4\n| 15\n| 16\n| 36\n| 23\n| 7\n| 120\n| 88.23\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gary Robson (darts player)|Gary Robson]]\n| 1\n| 0\n| 3\n| 3\n| 9\n| 17\n| 4\n| 1\n| 68\n| 75.33\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jan Dekker]]\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 10\n| 12\n| 22\n| 15\n| 5\n| 81\n| 96.33\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Walton (darts player)|John Walton]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 9\n| 9\n| 19\n| 13\n| 3\n| 97\n| 86.94\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tony West (dart player)|Tony West]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 6\n| 11\n| 22\n| 6\n| 2\n| 80\n| 83.94\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Benito van de Pas]]\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 9\n| 12\n| 26\n| 11\n| 3\n| 119\n| 90.18\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Ron Meulenkamp]]\n| 1\n| 0\n| 3\n| 4\n| 9\n| 19\n| 5\n| 1\n| 71\n| 82.98\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Clive Barden]]\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 8\n| 12\n| 20\n| 11\n| 2\n| 160\n| 79.86\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andy Boulton]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 6\n| 11\n| 22\n| 11\n| 1\n| 65\n| 88.74\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Darryl Fitton]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 7\n| 10\n| 16\n| 10\n| 7\n| 72\n| 81.60\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Scott Mitchell (darts player)|Scott Mitchell]]\n| 1\n| 0\n| 3\n| 4\n| 9\n| 18\n| 10\n| 0\n| 16\n| 79.48\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Martin Phillips (darts player)|Martin Phillips]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 6\n| 11\n| 27\n| 6\n| 2\n| 65\n| 79.38\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dave Prins]]\n| 1\n| 0\n| 3\n| 2\n| 9\n| 14\n| 2\n| 1\n| 74\n| 78.24\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Fabian Roosenbrand]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 7\n| 9\n| 15\n| 7\n| 2\n| 83\n| 80.10\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Joey ten Berge]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 7\n| 11\n| 21\n| 8\n| 4\n| 92\n| 86.70\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Garry Thompson (darts player)|Garry Thompson]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 7\n| 9\n| 18\n| 10\n| 4\n| 118\n| 84.30\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve West (darts player)|Steve West]]\n| 1\n| 0\n| 3\n| 2\n| 9\n| 15\n| 4\n| 1\n| 40\n| 75.63\n|-\n{{Fb cs footer|u=13 January 2011|s=Match reports from the [[#Last 64|main draw]]|date=January 2012}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.bdodarts.com/viewtournament.aspx?tid=238 |title=Men: Match results and reports (www.bdodarts.com) |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109020232/http://www.bdodarts.com/viewtournament.aspx?tid=238 |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}\n{{Reflist|group=\"n\"}}\n\n===Women===\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"font-size: 95%; text-align: right\"\n|-\n! Player\n! Played\n! Sets Won\n! Sets Lost\n! Legs Won\n! Legs Lost\n! 100+\n! 140+\n! 180s\n! High Checkout\n! Average\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Dobromyslova]]\n| 3\n| 6\n| 1\n| 20\n| 8\n| 45\n| 13\n| 0\n| 90\n| 72.71\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Deta Hedman]]\n| 3\n| 5\n| 4\n| 19\n| 20\n| 47\n| 12\n| 3\n| 119\n| 75.71\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lorraine Farlam]]\n| 2\n| 3\n| 3\n| 14\n| 14\n| 37\n| 11\n| 1\n| 125\n| 70.92\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Trina Gulliver]]\n| 2\n| 2\n| 2\n| 8\n| 7\n| 24\n| 2\n| 2\n| 95\n| 72.76\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Karen Lawman]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 2\n| 6\n| 7\n| 21\n| 7\n| 1\n| 88\n| 67.34\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Rhian Edwards]]\n| 1\n| 1\n| 2\n| 5\n| 6\n| 9\n| 9\n| 0\n| 155\n| 73.70\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lisa Ashton]]\n| 1\n| 0\n| 2\n| 1\n| 6\n| 4\n| 5\n| 0\n| 16\n| 71.96\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Julie Gore]]\n| 1\n| 0\n| 2\n| 1\n| 6\n| 8\n| 0\n| 0\n| 50\n| 63.39\n|-\n{{Fb cs footer|u=13 January 2011|s=Match reports from the [[#Last 64|main draw]]|date=January 2012}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.bdodarts.com/viewtournament.aspx?tid=238 |title=Women: Match results and reports (www.bdodarts.com) |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109020232/http://www.bdodarts.com/viewtournament.aspx?tid=238 |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}\n{{Reflist|group=\"n\"}}\n\n==Broadcasting==\nThe tournament was broadcast jointly in the UK by the [[BBC]] and [[ESPN (UK)|ESPN]]. The BBC broadcast the afternoon session of the opening weekend, afternoon highlights from 9 to 13 January, the first semi final and the final. ESPN broadcast the evening session of the opening weekend, round two matches, the quarter finals, the second semi final and highlights of the final. The BBC's coverage was presented by [[Colin Murray]] with [[Bobby George]] being the pundit. ESPN's coverage was presented by [[Ray Stubbs]] and [[Nat Coombs]]. Commentary on both channels came from [[David Croft (broadcaster)|David Croft]], [[Tony Green]] and [[Vassos Alexander]].{{cite web|title=ESPN and BBC collaborate to provide full coverage of Lakeside 2012|url=http://bdodarts.com/1525/03-11-2011/ESPN_and_BBC_collaborate_to_provide__full_coverage_of_Lakeside_2012|work=BDO|date=3 November 2011|access-date=3 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105233340/http://www.bdodarts.com/1525/03-11-2011/ESPN_and_BBC_collaborate_to_provide__full_coverage_of_Lakeside_2012|archive-date=5 November 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} The tournament was also screened on [[Eurosport]] and [[Eurosport Asia]] in 99 other countries.{{cite web|title=Global TV Audiences For Lakeside 2012|url=http://bdodarts.com/1581/02-01-2012/Global_TV_Audiences_For_Lakeside_2012|work=BDO|date=2 January 2012|access-date=5 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110050500/http://www.bdodarts.com/1581/02-01-2012/Global_TV_Audiences_For_Lakeside_2012|archive-date=10 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}\n\n==References==\n{{reflist|2}}\n\n==External links==\n* [http://www.lakesideworlddarts.co.uk/ Official site]\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120109020232/http://www.bdodarts.com/viewtournament.aspx?tid=238 Results]\n\n{{World Darts Championship}}\n\n[[Category:BDO World Darts Championships]]\n[[Category:2012 in darts|BDO World Darts Championship]]\n[[Category:2012 in English sport|BDO World Darts Championship]]\n[[Category:2012 in British sport|BDO World Darts Championships]]\n[[Category:January 2012 sports events in the United Kingdom|BDO World Darts Championships]]\n[[Category:Sport in Surrey]]\n[[Category:Frimley Green]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/area.wiki",
    "content": "{{About|the geometric quantity}}\n\n[[File:Area.svg|right|thumb|alt=Three shapes on a square grid|The combined area of these three [[shapes]] is [[approximation|approximately]] 15.57 [[square]]s.]]\n'''Area''' is the [[quantity]] that expresses the extent of a [[two-dimensional]] figure or [[shape]], or [[planar lamina]], in the [[Plane (geometry)|plane]]. [[Surface area]] is its analog on the two-dimensional [[Surface (topology)|surface]] of a  [[solid geometry|three-dimensional object]]. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of [[paint]] necessary to cover the surface with a single coat.{{cite web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Area.html|title=Area|publisher=[[Wolfram MathWorld]]|author=[[Eric W. Weisstein]]|accessdate=3 July 2012}} It is the two-dimensional analog of the [[length]] of a [[plane curve|curve]] (a one-dimensional concept) or the [[volume]] of a solid (a three-dimensional concept).\n\nThe area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to [[square]]s of a fixed size. In the [[International System of Units]] (SI), the standard unit of area is the [[square metre]] (written as m2), which is the area of a square whose sides are one [[metre]] long.[[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures]] [http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/11/12/ Resolution 12 of the 11th meeting of the CGPM (1960)], retrieved 15 July 2012  A shape with an area of three square metres would have the same area as three such squares.  In [[mathematics]], the [[unit square]] is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a [[Dimensionless quantity|dimensionless]] [[real number]].\n\nThere are several well-known [[formula]]s for the areas of simple shapes such as [[triangle]]s, [[rectangle]]s, and [[circle]]s.  Using these formulas, the area of any [[polygon]] can be found by [[Polygon triangulation|dividing the polygon into triangles]].{{Cite book |author1=Mark de Berg |author2=Marc van Kreveld |author3=Mark Overmars |author3-link=Mark Overmars |author4=Otfried Schwarzkopf  |year=2000 |title=Computational Geometry |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |edition=2nd revised |isbn=3-540-65620-0 |chapter=Chapter 3: Polygon Triangulation |pages=45–61 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}  For shapes with curved boundary, [[calculus]] is usually required to compute the area.  Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a major motivation for the [[History of calculus|historical development of calculus]].{{cite book|first=Carl B. |last=Boyer |authorlink=Carl Benjamin Boyer |title=A History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development |publisher=Dover |year=1959 |isbn=0-486-60509-4}}\n\nFor a solid shape such as a [[sphere]], [[Cone (geometry)|cone]], or [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]], the area of its boundary surface is called the [[surface area]].{{cite web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SurfaceArea.html|title=Surface Area|publisher=[[Wolfram MathWorld]]|author=[[Eric W. Weisstein]]|accessdate=3 July 2012}} Formulas for the surface areas of simple shapes were computed by the [[Greek mathematics|ancient Greeks]], but computing the surface area of a more complicated shape usually requires [[multivariable calculus]].\n\nArea plays an important role in modern mathematics.  In addition to its obvious importance in [[geometry]] and calculus, area is related to the definition of [[determinant]]s in [[linear algebra]], and is a basic property of surfaces in [[differential geometry]].[[Manfredo do Carmo|do Carmo, Manfredo]]. Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces. Prentice-Hall, 1976. Page 98, ISBN 978-0-13-212589-5 In [[analysis]], the area of a subset of the plane is defined using [[Lebesgue measure]],Walter Rudin, ''Real and Complex Analysis'', McGraw-Hill, 1966, ISBN 0-07-100276-6. though not every subset is measurable.Gerald Folland, Real Analysis: modern techniques and their applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999,Page 20,ISBN 0-471-31716-0  In general, area in higher mathematics is seen as a special case of [[volume]] for two-dimensional regions.\n\nArea can be defined through the use of axioms, defining it as a function of a collection of certain plane figures to the set of real numbers. It can be proved that such a function exists.\n\n==Formal definition==\n{{see also|Jordan measure}}\nAn approach to defining what is meant by \"area\" is through [[axioms]]. \"Area\" can be defined as a function from a collection M of special kind of plane figures (termed measurable sets) to the set of real numbers which satisfies the following properties:\n* For all ''S'' in ''M'', ''a''(''S'') ≥ 0.\n* If ''S'' and ''T'' are in ''M'' then so are ''S'' ∪ ''T'' and ''S'' ∩ ''T'', and also ''a''(''S''∪''T'') = ''a''(''S'') + ''a''(''T'') − ''a''(''S''∩''T'').\n* If ''S'' and ''T'' are in ''M'' with ''S'' ⊆ ''T'' then ''T'' − ''S'' is in ''M'' and ''a''(''T''−''S'') = ''a''(''T'') − ''a''(''S'').\n* If a set ''S'' is in ''M'' and ''S'' is congruent to ''T'' then ''T'' is also in ''M'' and ''a''(''S'') = ''a''(''T'').\n* Every rectangle ''R'' is in ''M''. If the rectangle has length ''h'' and breadth ''k'' then ''a''(''R'') = ''hk''.\n* Let ''Q'' be a set enclosed between two step regions ''S'' and ''T''. A step region is formed from a finite union of adjacent rectangles resting on a common base, i.e. ''S'' ⊆ ''Q'' ⊆ ''T''. If there is a unique number ''c'' such that ''a''(''S'') ≤ c ≤ ''a''(''T'') for all such step regions ''S'' and ''T'', then ''a''(''Q'') = ''c''.\n\nIt can be proved that such an area function actually exists.{{cite book|last=Moise|first=Edwin|title=Elementary Geometry from an Advanced Standpoint|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7nUNAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=15 July 2012|year=1963|publisher= Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.|isbn=|page=}}\n\n==Units==\n[[Image:SquareMeterQuadrat.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A square made of PVC pipe on grass|A square metre [[quadrat]] made of PVC pipe.]]\nEvery [[unit of length]] has a corresponding unit of area, namely the area of a square with the given side length.  Thus areas can be measured in [[square metre]]s (m2), square centimetres (cm2), square millimetres (mm2), [[square kilometre]]s (km2), [[square foot|square feet]] (ft2), [[square yard]]s (yd2), [[square mile]]s (mi2), and so forth.  Algebraically, these units can be thought of as the [[square (algebra)|squares]] of the corresponding length units.\n\nThe SI unit of area is the square metre, which is considered an [[SI derived unit]].\n\n===Conversions===\n[[Image:Area conversion - square mm in a square cm.png|thumb|right|320px|alt=A diagram showing the conversion factor between different areas|Although there are 10 mm in 1 cm, there are 100 mm2 in 1 cm2.]]\nCalculation of the area of a square whose length and width are 1 metre would be:\n\n1 metre x 1 metre = 1 m2\n\nand therefore, another square with different sides can be calculated as:\n\n3 metres x 2 metres = 6 m2. This is, however, equivalent to 6 million millimetres square. Following this,\n* 1 kilometre  square = [[million|1,000,000]] metres square\n* 1 metre square= [[10000 (number)|10,000]] centimetres square  = 1,000,000 millimetres square\n* 1 centimetre square = [[100 (number)|100]] millimetres square\n\n==== Non-Metric units ====\nIn non-metric units, the conversion between two square units is the [[square (algebra)|square]] of the conversion between the corresponding length units.\n:1 [[foot (unit)|foot]] = 12 [[inch]]es,\nthe relationship between square feet and square inches is\n:1 square foot = 144 square inches,\nwhere 144 = 122 = 12 × 12.  Similarly:\n* 1 square yard = [[9 (number)|9]] square feet\n* 1 square mile = 3,097,600 square yards = 27,878,400 square feet\nIn addition, conversion factors include:\n* 1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimetres\n* 1 square foot = {{gaps|0.092|903|04}} square metres\n* 1 square yard = {{gaps|0.836|127|36}} square metres\n* 1 square mile = {{gaps|2.589|988|110|336}} square kilometres\n\n===Other units including historical===\n{{See also|Category:Units of area}}\nThere are several other common units for area.  The \"[[Are (unit)|Are]]\" was the original unit of area in the [[metric system]], with;\n*1 are = 100 square metres\nThough the are has fallen out of use, the [[hectare]] is still commonly used to measure land:{{Cite journal|author= Bureau international des poids et mesures|year=2006 |url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf |title=The International System of Units (SI)|version= 8th ed.|accessdate=2008-02-13}} Chapter 5.\n*1 hectare = 100 ares = 10,000 square metres = 0.01 square kilometres\nOther uncommon metric units of area include the [[tetrad (unit of area)|tetrad]], the [[hectad]], and the [[myriad]].\n\nThe [[acre]] is also commonly used to measure land areas, where\n*1 acre = 4,840 square yards = 43,560 square feet.\nAn acre is approximately 40% of a hectare.\n\nOn the atomic scale, area is measured in units of [[Barn (unit)|barns]], such that:\n*1 barn = 10−28 square meters.\nThe barn is commonly used in describing the cross sectional area of interaction in [[nuclear physics]].\n\nIn India,\n\n*20 Dhurki = 1 Dhur\n*20 Dhur = 1 Khatha\n*20 Khata = 1 Bigha\n*32 Khata = 1 Acre\n\n==History==\n\n===Circle area===\n\nIn the 5th century BCE, [[Hippocrates of Chios]] was the first to show that the area of a disk (the region enclosed by a circle) is proportional to the square of its diameter, as part of his [[Quadrature (mathematics)|quadrature]] of the [[lune of Hippocrates]],{{citation|first=Thomas L.|last=Heath|authorlink=Thomas Little Heath|title=A Manual of Greek Mathematics|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=2003|isbn=0-486-43231-9|pages=121–132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HZNr_mGFzQC&pg=PA121}}. but did not identify the [[constant of proportionality]]. [[Eudoxus of Cnidus]], also in the 5th century BCE, also found that the area of a disk is proportional to its radius squared.{{cite book|url=http://www.stewartcalculus.com/media/8_home.php|title=Single variable calculus early transcendentals.|last=Stewart|first=James|publisher=Brook/Cole|year=2003|isbn=0-534-39330-6|edition=5th.|location=Toronto ON|page=3|quote=However, by indirect reasoning, Eudoxus (fifth century B.C.) used exhaustion to prove the familiar formula for the area of a circle: A= \\pi r^2.}} \n\nSubsequently, Book I of [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']] dealt with equality of areas between two-dimensional figures. The mathematician [[Archimedes]] used the tools of [[Euclidean geometry]] to show that the area inside a circle is equal to that of a [[right triangle]] whose base has the length of the circle's circumference and whose height equals the circle's radius, in his book ''[[Measurement of a Circle]]''. (The circumference is 2{{pi}}''r'', and the area of a triangle is half the base times the height, yielding the area {{pi}}''r''2 for the disk.) Archimedes approximated the value of π (and hence the area of a unit-radius circle) with [[Area of a disk#Archimedes' doubling method|his doubling method]], in which he inscribed a regular triangle in a circle and noted its area, then doubled the number of sides to give a regular [[hexagon]], then repeatedly doubled the number of sides as the polygon's area got closer and closer to that of the circle (and did the same with [[circumscribed polygon]]s).\n\nSwiss scientist [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]] in 1761 proved that [[pi|π]], the ratio of a circle's area to its squared radius, is [[irrational number|irrational]], meaning it is not equal to the quotient of any two whole numbers.{{cite book|last=Arndt|first=Jörg|last2=Haenel|first2=Christoph|title=Pi Unleashed|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=2006|isbn=978-3-540-66572-4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=QwwcmweJCDQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv|accessdate=2013-06-05}} English translation by Catriona and David Lischka. French mathematician [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] proved in 1794 that π2 is also irrational. In 1882, German mathematician [[Ferdinand von Lindemann]] proved that π is [[transcendental number|transcendental]] (not the solution of any [[polynomial equation]] with rational coefficients), confirming a conjecture made by both [[Adrien-Marie Legendre|Legendre]] and Euler.{{rp|p. 196}}\n\n===Triangle area===\n\n[[Hero of Alexandria|Heron (or Hero) of Alexandria]] found what is known as [[Heron's formula]] for the area of a triangle in terms of its sides, and a proof can be found in his book, ''Metrica'', written around 60 CE. It has been suggested that [[Archimedes]] knew the formula over two centuries earlier,{{cite book\n| author=Heath, Thomas L.\n| title=A History of Greek Mathematics (Vol II)\n| publisher=Oxford University Press\n| year=1921\n| pages=321–323}} and since ''Metrica'' is a collection of the mathematical knowledge available in the ancient world, it is possible that the formula predates the reference given in that work.{{MathWorld |urlname=HeronsFormula |title=Heron's Formula}}\n\nIn 499 [[Aryabhata]], a great [[mathematician]]-[[astronomer]] from the classical age of [[Indian mathematics]] and [[Indian astronomy]], expressed the area of a triangle as one-half the base times the height in the ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' (section 2.6).\n\nA formula equivalent to Heron's was discovered by the Chinese independently of the Greeks. It was published in 1247 in ''Shushu Jiuzhang'' (\"[[Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections]]\"), written by [[Qin Jiushao]].\n\n===Quadrilateral area===\n\nIn the 7th century CE, [[Brahmagupta]] developed a formula, now known as [[Brahmagupta's formula]], for the area of a [[cyclic quadrilateral]] (a [[quadrilateral]] [[inscribed figure|inscribed]] in a circle) in terms of its sides. In 1842 the German mathematicians [[Carl Anton Bretschneider]] and [[Karl Georg Christian von Staudt]] independently found a formula, known as [[Bretschneider's formula]], for the area of any quadrilateral.\n\n===General polygon area===\n\nThe development of [[Cartesian coordinates]] by [[René Descartes]] in the 17th century allowed the development of the [[Shoelace formula|surveyor's formula]] for the area of any polygon with known [[vertex (geometry)|vertex]] locations by [[Gauss]] in the 19th century.\n\n===Areas determined using calculus===\n\nThe development of [[integral calculus]] in the late 17th century provided tools that could subsequently be used for computing more complicated areas, such as the area of an [[ellipse#Area|ellipse]] and the [[surface area]]s of various curved three-dimensional objects.\n\n==Area formulas==\n\n===Polygon formulas===\n{{Main|Polygon#Area and centroid}}\n\nFor a non-self-intersecting ([[simple polygon|simple]]) polygon, the [[Cartesian coordinates]] (x_i,  y_i) (''i''=0, 1, ..., ''n''-1) of whose ''n'' [[vertex (geometry)|vertices]] are known, the area is given by the [[shoelace formula|surveyor's formula]]:{{cite web\n |url        = http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~sys502/extra_materials/Polygon%20Area%20and%20Centroid.pdf\n |title      = Calculating The Area And Centroid Of A Polygon\n |last       = Bourke\n |first      = Paul\n |date       = July 1988\n |work       =\n |publisher  =\n |accessdate = 6 Feb 2013\n}}\n\n\n:A = \\frac{1}{2} | \\sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1}( x_i y_{i + 1} - x_{i + 1} y_i) |,\n\nwhere when ''i''=''n''-1, then ''i''+1 is expressed as [[modular arithmetic|modulus]] ''n'' and so refers to 0.\n\n====Rectangles====\n[[Image:RectangleLengthWidth.svg|thumb|right|180px|alt=A rectangle with length and width labelled|The area of this rectangle is {{mvar|lw}}.]]\nThe most basic area formula is the formula for the area of a [[rectangle]].  Given a rectangle with length {{mvar|l}} and width {{mvar|w}}, the formula for the area is:{{cite web|url=http://www.math.com/tables/geometry/areas.htm|title=Area Formulas|publisher=Math.com|accessdate=2 July 2012}} {{cite web|url=http://proofwiki.org/wiki/Area_of_Parallelogram/Rectangle|title=Area of Parallelogram/Rectangle|publisher=ProofWiki.org|accessdate=29 May 2016}}\n\n:{{bigmath|''A'' {{=}} ''lw''}} (rectangle).\nThat is, the area of the rectangle is the length multiplied by the width.  As a special case, as {{math|''l'' {{=}} ''w''}} in the case of a square, the area of a square with side length {{mvar|s}} is given by the formula: {{cite web|url=http://proofwiki.org/wiki/Area_of_Square|title=Area of Square|publisher=ProofWiki.org|accessdate=29 May 2016}}\n:{{bigmath|''A'' {{=}} ''s''2}} (square).\n\nThe formula for the area of a rectangle follows directly from the basic properties of area, and is sometimes taken as a [[definition]] or [[axiom]].  On the other hand, if [[geometry]] is developed before [[arithmetic]], this formula can be used to define [[multiplication]] of [[real number]]s.\n\n[[Image:ParallelogramArea.svg|thumb|left|180px|alt=A diagram showing how a parallelogram can be re-arranged into the shape of a rectangle|Equal area figures.]]\n\n====Dissection, parallelograms, and triangles====\n{{Main|Triangle#Computing the area of a triangle|Parallelogram#Area formula}}\n\nMost other simple formulas for area follow from the method of [[dissection (geometry)|dissection]].\nThis involves cutting a shape into pieces, whose areas must [[addition|sum]] to the area of the original shape.\n\nFor an example, any [[parallelogram]] can be subdivided into a [[trapezoid]] and a [[right triangle]], as shown in figure to the left.  If the triangle is moved to the other side of the trapezoid, then the resulting figure is a rectangle.  It follows that the area of the parallelogram is the same as the area of the rectangle:\n:{{bigmath|''A'' {{=}} ''bh''}}  (parallelogram).\n[[Image:TriangleArea.svg|thumb|right|180px|alt=A parallelogram split into two equal triangles|Two equal triangles.]]However, the same parallelogram can also be cut along a [[diagonal]] into two [[congruence (geometry)|congruent]] triangles, as shown in the figure to the right.  It follows that the area of each [[triangle]] is half the area of the parallelogram:\n:A = \\frac{1}{2}bh  (triangle).\nSimilar arguments can be used to find area formulas for the [[trapezoid]]{{citation|title=Problem Solving Through Recreational Mathematics|first1=Bonnie|last1=Averbach|first2=Orin|last2=Chein|publisher=Dover|year=2012|isbn=978-0-486-13174-0|page=306|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz_CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA306}}. as well as more complicated [[polygon]]s.{{citation|title=Calculus for Scientists and Engineers: An Analytical Approach|first=K. D.|last=Joshi|publisher=CRC Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8493-1319-6|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SDcLHkelq4C&pg=PA43}}.\n\n===Area of curved shapes===\n\n====Circles====\n[[Image:CircleArea.svg|thumb|right|alt=A circle divided into many sectors can be re-arranged roughly to form a parallelogram|A circle can be divided into [[Circular sector|sector]]s which rearrange to form an approximate [[parallelogram]].]]\n{{main|Area of a disk}}\nThe formula for the area of a [[circle]] (more properly called the area enclosed by a circle or the area of a [[disk (mathematics)|disk]]) is based on a similar method.  Given a circle of radius {{math|''r''}}, it is possible to partition the circle into [[Circular sector|sector]]s, as shown in the figure to the right.  Each sector is approximately triangular in shape, and the sectors can be rearranged to form and approximate parallelogram.  The height of this parallelogram is {{math|''r''}}, and the width is half the [[circumference]] of the circle, or {{math|π''r''}}.  Thus, the total area of the circle is {{math|''r'' × π''r''}}, or {{math|π''r''2}}:\n:{{bigmath|''A'' {{=}} π''r''2}}  (circle).\nThough the dissection used in this formula is only approximate, the error becomes smaller and smaller as the circle is partitioned into more and more sectors.  The [[limit (mathematics)|limit]] of the areas of the approximate parallelograms is exactly {{math|π''r''2}}, which is the area of the circle.\n\nThis argument is actually a simple application of the ideas of [[calculus]].  In ancient times, the [[method of exhaustion]] was used in a similar way to find the area of the circle, and this method is now recognized as a precursor to [[integral calculus]].  Using modern methods, the area of a circle can be computed using a [[definite integral]]:\n:A \\;=\\;2\\int_{-r}^r \\sqrt{r^2 - x^2}\\,dx \\;=\\; \\pi r^2.\n\n====Ellipses====\n{{main|Ellipse#Area}}\nThe formula for the area enclosed by an [[ellipse]] is related to the formula of a circle; for an ellipse with [[semi-major axis|semi-major]] and [[semi-minor axis|semi-minor]] axes {{math|''x''}} and {{math|''y''}} the formula is:\n:A = \\pi xy .\n\n====Surface area====\n{{main|Surface area}}\n[[Image:Archimedes sphere and cylinder.svg|right|thumb|180px|alt=A blue sphere inside a cylinder of the same height and radius|[[Archimedes]] showed that the surface area and volume of a [[sphere]] is exactly 2/3 of the area and volume of the surrounding [[cylinder (geometry)|cylindrical]] surface.]]\nMost basic formulas for [[surface area]] can be obtained by cutting surfaces and flattening them out.  For example, if the side surface of a [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]] (or any [[prism (geometry)|prism]]) is cut lengthwise, the surface can be flattened out into a rectangle.  Similarly, if a cut is made along the side of a [[cone (geometry)|cone]], the side surface can be flattened out into a sector of a circle, and the resulting area computed.\n\nThe formula for the surface area of a [[sphere]] is more difficult to derive: because a sphere has nonzero [[Gaussian curvature]], it cannot be flattened out.  The formula for the surface area of a sphere was first obtained by [[Archimedes]] in his work ''[[On the Sphere and Cylinder]]''.  The formula is:\n:{{bigmath|''A'' {{=}} 4''πr''2}}  (sphere),\nwhere {{math|''r''}} is the radius of the sphere.  As with the formula for the area of a circle, any derivation of this formula inherently uses methods similar to [[calculus]].\n\n===General formulas===\n\n====Areas of 2-dimensional figures====\n*A [[triangle]]: \\tfrac12Bh (where ''B'' is any side, and ''h'' is the distance from the line on which ''B'' lies to the other vertex of the triangle). This formula can be used if the height ''h'' is known. If the lengths of the three sides are known then ''[[Heron's formula]]'' can be used: \\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)} where ''a'', ''b'', ''c'' are the sides of the triangle, and s = \\tfrac12(a + b + c) is half of its perimeter. If an angle and its two included sides are given, the area is \\tfrac12 a b \\sin(C) where {{math|''C''}} is the given angle and {{math|''a''}} and {{math|''b''}} are its included sides. If the triangle is graphed on a coordinate plane, a matrix can be used and is simplified to the absolute value of \\tfrac12(x_1 y_2 + x_2 y_3 + x_3 y_1 - x_2 y_1 - x_3 y_2 - x_1 y_3). This formula is also known as the [[shoelace formula]] and is an easy way to solve for the area of a coordinate triangle by substituting the 3 points ''(x1,y1)'', ''(x2,y2)'', and ''(x3,y3)''. The shoelace formula can also be used to find the areas of other polygons when their vertices are known. Another approach for a coordinate triangle is to use [[calculus]] to find the area.\n*A [[simple polygon]] constructed on a grid of equal-distanced points (i.e., points with [[integer]] coordinates) such that all the polygon's vertices are grid points: i + \\frac{b}{2} - 1, where ''i'' is the number of grid points inside the polygon and ''b'' is the number of boundary points.{{cite journal |last=Trainin |first=J. |title=An elementary proof of Pick's theorem |journal=[[Mathematical Gazette]] |volume=91 |issue=522 |date=November 2007 |pages=536–540}} This result is known as [[Pick's theorem]].\n\n====Area in calculus====\n[[File:Integral as region under curve.svg|left|thumb|280px|alt=A diagram showing the area between a given curve and the x-axis|Integration can be thought of as measuring the area under a curve, defined by ''f''(''x''), between two points (here ''a'' and ''b'').]]\n[[File:Areabetweentwographs.svg|thumb|287px|alt=A diagram showing the area between two functions|The area between two graphs can be evaluated by calculating the difference between the integrals of the two functions]]\n\n*The area between a positive-valued curve and the horizontal axis, measured between two values ''a'' and ''b'' (b is defined as the larger of the two values) on the horizontal axis, is given by the integral from ''a'' to ''b'' of the function that represents the curve:\n: A = \\int_a^{b} f(x) \\, dx.\n*The area between the [[graph of a function|graph]]s of two functions is [[equality (mathematics)|equal]] to the [[integral]] of one [[function (mathematics)|function]], ''f''(''x''), [[subtraction|minus]] the integral of the other function, ''g''(''x''):\n: A = \\int_a^{b}  ( f(x) - g(x) ) \\, dx,  where  f(x)  is the curve with the greater y-value.\n*An area bounded by a function ''r'' = ''r''(θ) expressed in [[polar coordinates]] is:\n:A = {1 \\over 2} \\int r^2 \\, d\\theta. \n*The area enclosed by a [[parametric curve]] \\vec u(t) = (x(t), y(t))  with endpoints  \\vec u(t_0) = \\vec u(t_1)  is given by the [[line integral]]s:\n:: \\oint_{t_0}^{t_1} x \\dot y \\, dt  = - \\oint_{t_0}^{t_1} y \\dot x \\, dt  =  {1 \\over 2} \\oint_{t_0}^{t_1} (x \\dot y - y \\dot x) \\, dt \n(see [[Green's theorem]]) or the ''z''-component of\n:{1 \\over 2} \\oint_{t_0}^{t_1} \\vec u \\times \\dot{\\vec u} \\, dt.\n\n====Bounded area between two quadratic functions====\nTo find the bounded area between two [[quadratic function]]s, we subtract one from the other to write the difference as\n:f(x)-g(x)=ax^2+bx+c=a(x-\\alpha)(x-\\beta)\nwhere ''f''(''x'') is the quadratic upper bound and ''g''(''x'') is the quadratic lower bound. Define the [[discriminant]] of ''f''(''x'')-''g''(''x'') as\n:\\Delta=b^2-4ac.\nBy simplifying the integral formula between the graphs of two functions (as given in the section above) and using [[Vieta's formulas|Vieta's formula]], we can obtain[https://books.google.com/books?id=NFkVfrZBqpUC&pg=PA51&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Matematika - Marthen Kanginan], Google Books.[https://books.google.com/books?id=uwqvITs8OaUC&pg=PA157&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Get Success UN +SPMB Matematika - Juliah], Google Books.\n:A=\\frac{\\Delta\\sqrt{\\Delta}}{6a^2}=\\frac{a}{6}(\\beta-\\alpha)^3,\\qquad a\\neq0.\nThe above remains valid if one of the bounding functions is linear instead of quadratic.\n\n====Surface area of 3-dimensional figures====\n*[[Cone (geometry)|cone]]:{{cite web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Cone.html|title=Cone|publisher=[[Wolfram MathWorld]]|author=[[Eric W. Weisstein]]|accessdate=6 July 2012}} \\pi r\\left(r + \\sqrt{r^2 + h^2}\\right), where ''r'' is the radius of the circular base, and ''h'' is the height. That can also be rewritten as \\pi r^2 + \\pi r l  or \\pi r (r + l) \\,\\! where ''r'' is the radius and ''l'' is the slant height of the cone. \\pi r^2  is the base area while \\pi r l  is the lateral surface area of the cone.\n*[[cube (geometry)|cube]]: 6s^2, where ''s'' is the length of an edge.\n*[[cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]]: 2\\pi r(r + h), where ''r'' is the radius of a base and ''h'' is the height. The ''2\\pir'' can also be rewritten as ''\\pi d'', where ''d'' is the diameter.\n*[[Prism (geometry)|prism]]: 2B + Ph, where ''B'' is the area of a base, ''P'' is the perimeter of a base, and ''h'' is the height of the prism.\n*[[pyramid (geometry)|pyramid]]: B + \\frac{PL}{2}, where ''B'' is the area of the base, ''P'' is the perimeter of the base, and ''L'' is the length of the slant.\n*[[rectangular prism]]: 2 (\\ell w + \\ell  h + w h), where \\ell is the length, ''w'' is the width, and ''h'' is the height.\n\n====General formula for surface area====\nThe general formula for the surface area of the graph of a continuously differentiable function z=f(x,y), where (x,y)\\in D\\subset\\mathbb{R}^2 and D is a region in the xy-plane with the smooth boundary:\n:  A=\\iint_D\\sqrt{\\left(\\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x}\\right)^2+\\left(\\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial y}\\right)^2+1}\\,dx\\,dy. \nAn even more general formula for the area of the graph of a [[parametric surface]] in the vector form \\mathbf{r}=\\mathbf{r}(u,v), where \\mathbf{r} is a continuously differentiable vector function of (u,v)\\in D\\subset\\mathbb{R}^2 is:\n:  A=\\iint_D \\left|\\frac{\\partial\\mathbf{r}}{\\partial u}\\times\\frac{\\partial\\mathbf{r}}{\\partial v}\\right|\\,du\\,dv. \n\n===List of formulas===\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|+ Additional common formulas for area:\n! Shape\n! Formula\n! Variables\n|-\n|Regular [[triangle]] ([[equilateral triangle]])\n||\\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{4}s^2\\,\\!\n||s is the length of one side of the triangle.\n|-\n|[[Triangle]]\n|\\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}\\,\\!\n| s  is half the perimeter, a, b and c are the length of each side.\n|-\n|[[Triangle]]\n|\\tfrac12 a b \\sin(C)\\,\\!\n|a and b are any two sides, and C is the angle between them.\n|-\n|[[Triangle]]\n|\\tfrac12bh \\,\\!\n|b and h are the [[Base (geometry)|base]] and [[Altitude (triangle)|altitude]] (measured perpendicular to the base), respectively.\n|-\n|[[Isosceles triangle]]\n|\\frac{1}{2}b\\sqrt{a^2-\\frac{b^2}{4}}=\\frac{b}{4}\\sqrt{4a^2-b^2}\n|a is the length of one of the two equal sides and b is the length of a different side.\n|-\n|[[Rhombus]]/[[Kite (geometry)|Kite]]\n|\\tfrac12ab\n|a and b are the lengths of the two [[diagonals]] of the rhombus or kite.\n|-\n|[[Parallelogram]]\n|bh\\,\\!\n|b is the length of the base and h is the perpendicular height.\n|-\n|[[Trapezoid]]\n|\\frac{(a+b)h}{2} \\,\\!\n|a and b are the parallel sides and h the distance (height) between the parallels.\n|-\n|Regular [[hexagon]]\n|\\frac{3}{2} \\sqrt{3}s^2\\,\\!\n|s is the length of one side of the hexagon.\n|-\n|Regular [[octagon]]\n|2(1+\\sqrt{2})s^2\\,\\!\n|s is the length of one side of the octagon.\n|-\n| [[Regular polygon]]\n|\\frac{1}{4}nl^2\\cdot \\cot(\\pi/n)\\,\\!\n|   l         is the side length and n is the number of sides.\n|-\n| Regular polygon\n|\\frac{1}{4n}p^2\\cdot \\cot(\\pi/n)\\,\\!\n|   p         is the perimeter and n is the number of sides.\n|-\n| Regular polygon\n|\\frac{1}{2}nR^2\\cdot \\sin(2\\pi/n) = nr^2 \\tan(\\pi/n)\\,\\!\n|   R         is the radius of a circumscribed circle, r is the radius of an inscribed circle, and n is the number of sides.\n|-\n| Regular polygon\n|\\tfrac12 ap = \\tfrac12 nsa \\,\\!\n|n is the number of sides, s is the side length, a is the [[apothem]], or the radius of an inscribed circle in the polygon, and p is the perimeter of the polygon.\n|-\n|[[Circle]]\n|\\pi r^2\\ \\text{or}\\ \\frac{\\pi d^2}{4} \\,\\!\n|r is the radius and d the [[diameter]].\n|-\n|[[Circular sector]]\n|\\frac{\\theta}{2}r^2\\ \\text{or}\\ \\frac{L \\cdot r}{2}\\,\\!\n|r and \\theta are the radius and angle (in [[radian]]s), respectively and L is the length of the perimeter.\n|-\n|[[Ellipse]]\n|\\pi ab \\,\\!\n|a and b are the [[semi-major axis|semi-major]] and [[semi-minor axis|semi-minor]] axes, respectively.\n|-\n|Total surface area of a [[Cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]]\n|2\\pi r (r + h)\\,\\!\n|r and h are the radius and height, respectively.\n|-\n|Lateral surface area of a cylinder\n|2 \\pi r h \\,\\!\n|r and h are the radius and height, respectively.\n|-\n|Total surface area of a [[sphere (geometry)|sphere]]\n|4\\pi r^2\\ \\text{or}\\ \\pi d^2\\,\\!\n|r and d are the radius and diameter, respectively.\n|-\n|Total surface area of a [[pyramid (geometry)|pyramid]]\n|B+\\frac{P L}{2}\\,\\!\n|B is the base area, P is the base perimeter and L is the slant height.\n|-\n|Total surface area of a [[pyramid (geometry)|pyramid]] [[frustum]]\n|B+\\frac{P L}{2}\\,\\!\n|B is the base area, P is the base perimeter and L is the slant height.\n|-\n|[[Square]] to circular area conversion\n|\\frac{4}{\\pi} A\\,\\!\n|A is the area of the [[square]] in square units.\n|-\n|[[Circle|Circular]] to square area conversion\n|\\frac{\\pi}{4} C\\,\\!\n|C is the area of the [[circle]] in circular units.\n\n|}\n\nThe above calculations show how to find the areas of many common [[shapes]].\n\nThe areas of irregular polygons can be calculated using the \"[[Surveyor's formula]]\".{{cite journal|last1=Braden|first1=Bart|date=September 1986|title= The Surveyor's Area Formula|journal=The College Mathematics Journal|volume=17|issue=4|pages=326–337|publisher=|doi=10.2307/2686282|url=http://www.maa.org/pubs/Calc_articles/ma063.pdf|accessdate=15 July 2012}}\n\n===Relation of area to perimeter===\n\nThe [[isoperimetric inequality]] states that, for a closed curve of length ''L'' (so the region it encloses has [[perimeter]] ''L'') and for area ''A'' of the region that it encloses,\n\n:4\\pi A \\le L^2,\n\nand  equality holds if and only if the curve is a [[circle]]. Thus a circle has the largest area of any closed figure with a given perimeter.\n\nAt the other extreme, a figure with given perimeter ''L'' could have an arbitrarily small area, as illustrated by a [[rhombus]] that is \"tipped over\" arbitrarily far so that two of its [[angle]]s are arbitrarily close to 0° and the other two are arbitrarily close to 180°.\n\nFor a circle, the ratio of the area to the [[circumference]] (the term for the perimeter of a circle) equals half the [[radius]] ''r''. This can be seen from the area formula ''πr''2 and the circumference formula 2''πr''.\n\nThe area of a [[regular polygon]] is half its perimeter times the [[apothem]] (where the apothem is the distance from the center to the nearest point on any side).\n\n===Fractals===\n\nDoubling the edge lengths of a polygon multiplies its area by four, which is two (the ratio of the new to the old side length) raised to the power of two (the dimension of the space the polygon resides in). But if the one-dimensional lengths of a  [[fractal]] drawn in two dimensions are all doubled, the spatial content of the fractal scales by a power of two that is not necessarily an integer. This power is called the [[fractal dimension]] of the fractal.\n\n{{cite book\n|last=Mandelbrot |first=Benoît B.\n|title=The fractal geometry of nature\n|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0R2LkE3N7-oC\n|accessdate=1 February 2012\n|year=1983\n|publisher=Macmillan\n|isbn=978-0-7167-1186-5}}\n\n==Area bisectors==\n{{Main|Bisection#Area bisectors and perimeter bisectors}}\n\nThere are an infinitude of lines that bisect the area of a triangle. Three of them are the [[Median (triangle)|medians]] of the triangle (which connect the sides' midpoints with the opposite vertices), and these are [[Concurrent lines|concurrent]] at the triangle's [[centroid]]; indeed, they are the only area bisectors that go through the centroid. Any line through a triangle that splits both the triangle's area and its perimeter in half goes through the triangle's incenter (the center of its [[incircle]]). There are either one, two, or three of these for any given triangle.\n\nAny line through the midpoint of a parallelogram bisects the area.\n\nAll area bisectors of a circle or other ellipse go through the center, and any [[Chord (geometry)|chords]] through the center bisect the area. In the case of a circle they are the diameters of the circle.\n\n==Optimization==\nGiven a wire contour, the surface of least area spanning (\"filling\") it is a [[minimal surface]].  Familiar examples include [[soap bubble]]s.\n\nThe question of the [[filling area conjecture|filling area]] of the [[Riemannian circle]] remains open.{{citation\n | last = Gromov | first = Mikhael\n | issue = 1\n | journal = Journal of Differential Geometry\n | mr = 697984\n | pages = 1–147\n | title = Filling Riemannian manifolds\n | url = http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.jdg/1214509283\n | volume = 18\n | year = 1983}}.\n\nThe circle has the largest area of any two-dimensional object having the same perimeter.\n\nA [[cyclic polygon]] (one inscribed in a circle) has the largest area of any polygon with a given number of sides of the same lengths.\n\nA version of the [[isoperimetric inequality]] for triangles states that the triangle of greatest area among all those with a given perimeter is [[equilateral]].\n\nThe triangle of largest area of all those inscribed in a given circle is equilateral; and the triangle of smallest area of all those circumscribed around a given circle is equilateral.Dorrie, Heinrich, ''100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics'', Dover Publ., 1965: 379–380.\n\nThe ratio of the area of the incircle to the area of an equilateral triangle, \\frac{\\pi}{3\\sqrt{3}}, is larger than that of any non-equilateral triangle.Minda, D., and Phelps, S., \"Triangles, ellipses, and cubic polynomials\", ''[[American Mathematical Monthly]]'' 115, October 2008, 679–689: Theorem 4.1.\n\nThe ratio of the area to the square of the perimeter of an equilateral triangle, \\frac{1}{12\\sqrt{3}}, is larger than that for any other triangle.Chakerian, G. D. \"A Distorted View of Geometry.\" Ch. 7 in ''Mathematical Plums'' (R. Honsberger, editor). Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America, 1979: 147.\n\n==See also==\n*[[Brahmagupta quadrilateral]], a cyclic quadrilateral with integer sides, integer diagonals, and integer area.\n*[[2 × 2 real matrices#Equi-areal mapping|Equi-areal mapping]]\n*[[Heron triangle]], a triangle with integer sides and integer area.\n*[[List of triangle inequalities#Area]]\n*[[One-seventh area triangle]], an inner triangle with one-seventh the area of the reference triangle.\n:*[[Routh's theorem]], a generalization of the one-seventh area triangle.\n*[[Orders of magnitude (area)]]—A list of areas by size.\n*[[Pentagon#Derivation of the area formula]]\n*[[Planimeter]], an instrument for measuring small areas, e.g. on maps.\n*[[Quadrilateral#Area of a convex quadrilateral]]\n*[[Robbins pentagon]], a cyclic pentagon whose side lengths and area are all rational numbers.\n*[[Volume]]\n\n==References==\n{{reflist|30em}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Sisterlinks|d=Q11500|commons=Category:Area|wikt=area|b=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|n=no|s=no|q=no}}\n{{Commons category|Area}}\n{{Wiktionary}}\n\n{{Classical mechanics derived SI units}}\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:Area| ]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/articuno.wiki",
    "content": "{{PokémoncardInfobox |\ncardname=Articuno |\njname=フリーザー |\njtrans=Freezer |\nimage=ArticunoFossil17.jpg |\ncaption={{TCG|Fossil}} print
Illus. [[Mitsuhiro Arita]] |\nreprints=3 |\nreprint1=ArticunoSnapBestPhotoContest.jpg |\nrecaption1=[[Pokémon Snap]] Best Photo Contest print
Photo. [[Yui Tanaka]] |\nreprint2=ArticunoPhoneCard.jpg |\nrecaption2=Phone card print
Illus. [[Ken Sugimori]] |\nspecies=Articuno |\nevostage=Basic |\ntype=Water |\nlevel=35 |\nhp=70 |\nresistance=Fighting |\nretreatcost=2 |\n}}\n{{PokémoncardInfobox/Expansion|type=Water|expansion={{TCG|Fossil}}|rarity={{rar|Rare Holo}}|cardno=2/62|jpexpansion={{TCG|Mystery of the Fossils}}|jprarity={{rar|Rare Holo}}}}\n{{PokémoncardInfobox/Expansion|type=Water|expansion={{TCG|Fossil}}|rarity={{rar|Rare}}|cardno=17/62}}\n{{PokémoncardInfobox/Expansion|type=Water|jpexpansion={{TCG|Unnumbered Promotional cards}}}}\n{{PokémoncardInfobox/Expansion|type=Water|jpexpansion={{TCG|Unnumbered Promotional cards}}}}\n{{PokémoncardInfobox/Expansion|type=Water|gbset={{GB|1|Mystery}}|gbid=C21|gb2set={{GB|2|Island of Fossil}}|gb2id=C29}}\n{{PokémoncardInfobox/Expansion|type=Water|expansion={{TCG|Legendary Collection}}|rarity={{rar|Rare Holo}}|cardno=2/110}}\n{{PokémoncardInfobox/Footer|type=Water|species=Articuno}}\n\n'''Articuno''' (Japanese: '''フリーザー''' ''Freezer'') is a {{ct|Water}} Basic Pokémon card. It is part of the {{TCG|Fossil}} expansion.\n\n==Card text==\n{{TCGAttack |\ntype=Water |\nposition=Top |\ncost={{e|Water}}{{e|Water}}{{e|Water}} |\nname=Freeze Dry |\njname=フリーズドライ |\njtrans=Freeze-Dry |\ndamage=30 |\neffect=Flip a coin. If heads, the Defending Pokémon is now {{TCG|Paralyzed}}. |\n}}\n{{TCGAttack |\ntype=Water |\nposition=Bottom |\ncost={{e|Water}}{{e|Water}}{{e|Water}}{{e|Water}} |\nname=Blizzard |\njname=ふぶき |\njtrans=Snow Storm |\ndamage=50 |\neffect=Flip a coin. If heads, this attack does 10 damage to each of your opponent's Benched Pokémon. If tails, this attack does 10 damage to each of your own Benched Pokémon. ''(Don't apply Weakness and Resistance for Benched Pokémon.)'' |\n}}\n\n===Pokédex data===\n{{Carddex |\ntype=Water|\nname=Articuno |\nspecies=Freeze |\nndex=144 |\nheight=5'7\" |\njheight=1.7 |\nweight=122 |\njweight=55.4 |\ndex=A legendary bird Pokémon that is said to appear to doomed people who are lost in icy mountains. |\njdex=伝説の鳥ポケモンの一匹。長い尻尾がたなびいて飛んでいく姿はすばらしい。 |\ntransdex=One of the legendary bird Pokémon. With its long tail trailing behind, its flying form is magnificent. |\n}}\n\n==Release information==\nThis card was released in the English {{TCG|Fossil}} expansion as both a Holofoil and Non Holofoil card, originating from the Japanese {{TCG|Mystery of the Fossils}} as only a Holofoil card. In Japan, this card was reprinted with artwork by [[Yui Tanaka]], one of five winning entries of the [[Illustration contests#64 Mario Stadium Best Photo Contest|64 Mario Stadium Pokémon Snap Best Photo Contest]] held in Spring 1999. This version is extremely rare and the exact number in existence is unknown. It was later reprinted with different artwork by [[Ken Sugimori]], available as a prize at the 1999 Tropical Mega Battle tournament. Those who were not in the main event could still battle each other, earning stamps for every battle they participated in. Those who completed their stamp booklet were awarded either an Articuno, {{TCG ID|Fossil|Moltres|12}} or {{TCG ID|Fossil|Zapdos|15}} phone card at random in a sealed envelope. The Holofoil print of this card was later reprinted in the English {{TCG|Legendary Collection}} expansion.\n===Gallery===\n{{TCGGallery |\ntype=Water |\nimage1=ArticunoFossil17.jpg |\nset1=Fossil |\nillus1=Mitsuhiro Arita |\nimage2=ArticunoSnapBestPhotoContest.jpg |\ncaption2=Pokémon Snap Best Photo Contest print
Photo. [[Yui Tanaka]] |\nimage3=ArticunoPhoneCard.jpg |\ncaption3=Phone card print
Illus. [[Ken Sugimori]] |\n}}\n\n==Trivia==\n*The Japanese \"Snap\" print has a camera graphic where an expansion symbol would usually be.\n*Unlike the majority of the cards released through the Spring 1999 Pokémon Snap contests, the \"Snap\" print does feature the additional text on the bottom right.\n*The phone card promo is slightly longer than a normal trading card, as the print had to adopt the same dimensions as a regular Japanese phone card. That print utilizes the same stock Sugimori artwork of Articuno that was later used on the {{TCG ID|GB|Articuno|1}} Legendary Card from {{ga|Pokémon Trading Card Game}}.\n===Origin===\n{{m|Freeze-Dry}} is a [[move]] later introduced in the [[Generation VI]] [[Pokémon games]] that {{p|Articuno}} can learn. {{m|Blizzard}} is a [[move]] in the [[Pokémon games]] that {{p|Articuno}} can learn. This card's English [[Pokédex]] entry comes from {{game|Red and Blue|s}}, though it is slightly reworded. The Japanese entry comes from {{game|Red and Green|s}}.\n\n{{Project TCG notice}}\n\n[[Category:Fossil cards]]\n[[Category:Mystery of the Fossils cards]]\n[[Category:Promotional cards]]\n[[Category:Legendary Collection cards]]\n[[Category:Illus. by Mitsuhiro Arita]]\n[[Category:Photo. by Yui Tanaka]]\n[[Category:Illus. by Ken Sugimori]]\n[[Category:Holographic cards]]\n\n[[de:Arktos (Fossil 2)]]\n[[fr:Artikodin (Fossile 2)]]\n[[it:Articuno (Fossil 2)]]\n[[ja:フリーザー (化石の秘密)]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/canada.wiki",
    "content": "{{for||Canada (disambiguation)}}\n{{Use Canadian English|date=November 2014}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}\n{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}\n{{pp-move-indef}}\n{{Infobox country\n|native_name = Canada\n|common_name = Canada\n|image_flag = Flag of Canada.svg\n|alt_flag = Vertical triband (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the centre\n|image_coat =\n|alt_coat =\n|symbol_type = Coat of Arms\n|national_motto = {{native phrase|la|\"[[A Mari Usque Ad Mare]]\"|italics=off}}
{{small|\"From Sea to Sea\"}}
({{small|As seen on the [[Arms of Canada]]}})\n|national_anthem = \"[[O Canada]]\"\n|royal_anthem = \"[[God Save the Queen]]\"{{cite book|author=D. Michael Jackson (Chief of protocol for the Government of Saskatchewan)|title=The Crown and Canadian Federalism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=PA199|date= 2013|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0989-8|page=199}}\n|image_map = Canada (orthographic projection).svg\n|alt_map = Projection of North America with Canada in green\n|map_width = 220px\n|capital = [[Ottawa]]\n|latd=45 |latm=24 |latNS=N |longd=75 |longm=40 |longEW=W\n|largest_city = [[Toronto]]\n|official_languages = {{hlist |English |French}}\n|regional_languages = {{hlist |[[Dene Suline language|Chipewyan]] |[[Cree language|Cree]] |[[Gwich’in language|Gwich’in]] |[[Inuinnaqtun]] |[[Inuktitut]] |[[Inuvialuktun]] |[[Slavey language|North Slavey]] |[[Slavey language|South Slavey]] |[[Dogrib language|Tłı̨chǫ]]}}\n|ethnic_groups =\n {{unbulleted list\n  | 76.7% [[European Canadian|White]]\n  | 14.2% [[Asian Canadian|Asian]]\n  | 4.3% [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]]\n  | 2.9% [[Black Canadian|Black]]\n  | 1.2% [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]]\n  | 0.5% [[multiracial]]\n  | 0.3% [[Canada 2011 Census|other]]\n }}\n|demonym = Canadian\n|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Federalism|Federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]]
[[constitutional monarchy]]}}\n|leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Canada|Monarch]]\n|leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]]\n|leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]}}\n|leader_name2 = [[David Johnston]]\n|leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]\n|leader_name3 = [[Stephen Harper]]\n|leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Canada|Chief Justice]]\n|leader_name4 = [[Beverley McLachlin]]\n|legislature = [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]]\n|upper_house = [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]\n|lower_house = [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]]\n|sovereignty_type = [[Canadian Confederation|Establishment]]\n|sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]\n|established_event1 = [[Constitution of Canada|Constitution Act]]\n|established_date1 = July 1, 1867\n|established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]]\n|established_date2 = December 11, 1931\n|established_event3 = [[Canada Act 1982|Canada Act]]\n|established_date3 = April 17, 1982\n|area_km2 = 9,984,670\n|area_sq_mi = 3,854,085 \n|area_rank = 2nd\n|area_magnitude = 1 E12\n|percent_water = 8.92 (891,163 km{{smallsup|2}}{{\\}}344,080 mi{{smallsup|2}})\n|population_estimate = 35,675,834{{cite web|url=http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=0510005&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=31&tabMode=dataTable&csid=|title=CANSIM - 051-0005 - Estimates of population, Canada, provinces and territories|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=December 17, 2014|accessdate=January 25, 2015}}\n|population_estimate_year = [[Calendar year|Q4]] 2014\n|population_estimate_rank = 37th\n|population_census = 33,476,688{{cite web\n | author = Statistics Canada\n | title = Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses\n | date = January 30, 2013\n | url = http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A\n | accessdate = December 2, 2013 }}\n|population_census_year = 2011\n|population_density_km2 = 3.41\n|population_density_sq_mi = 8.3 \n|population_density_rank = 228th\n|GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$1.591 trillion}}\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 15th\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2014\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $44,843\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 20th\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_year = 2014\n|GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$1.788 trillion}}\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 11th\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2014\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $50,397\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 15th\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_year = 2014\n|Gini_year = 2010\n|Gini_change =  \n|Gini = 33.7 \n|Gini_ref ={{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title=GINI index |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 23, 2014}}\n|Gini_rank = 103rd{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html|title=Country Comparison: Distribution Of Family Income – Gini Index|work=World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=May 1, 2013}}\n|HDI_year = 2013\n|HDI_change = steady\n|HDI = 0.902 \n|HDI_ref ={{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-1-human-development-index-and-its-components|title=Table 1: Human Development Index and its components|publisher=UNDP|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}\n|HDI_rank = 8th\n|currency = [[Canadian dollar]] ($)\n|currency_code = CAD\n|utc_offset = −3.5 to −8\n|utc_offset_DST = −2.5 to −7\n|date_format = {{unbulleted list |dd-mm-yyyy |mm-dd-yyyy |yyyy-mm-dd ([[Common Era|CE]])}}\n|drives_on = right\n|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Canada|+1]]\n|cctld = [[.ca]]\n}}\n\n'''Canada''' is a country, consisting of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|ten provinces and three territories]], in the northern part of the continent of North America. It extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles) in total, making it the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second-largest country by total area]] and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|fourth-largest country by land area]]. Canada's [[Canada–United States border|common border with the United States]] forms the world's longest land border.\n\nThe land now called Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples]]. Beginning in the late 15th century, [[British colonization of the Americas|British]] and [[French colonization of the Americas|French colonies]] were established on the region's Atlantic coast. As a consequence of [[Military history of Canada|various conflicts]], the United Kingdom gained and lost North American territories until left, in the late 18th century, with what mostly comprises Canada today. Pursuant to the [[Constitution Act, 1867|British North America Act]], on July 1, 1867, three colonies [[Confederation of Canada|joined]] to form the autonomous [[Canadian federalism|federal Dominion]] of Canada. This began an [[Territorial evolution of Canada|accretion]] of provinces and territories to the new self-governing [[Dominion]]. In 1931, Britain granted Canada near total independence with the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] and full sovereignty was attained when the [[Canada Act 1982]] severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]].\n\nCanada is a [[federation|federal]] [[parliamentary democracy]] and a [[constitutional monarchy]], Queen [[Elizabeth II]] being the current head of state. The country is [[Official bilingualism in Canada|officially bilingual]] at the federal level. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and [[Multiculturalism in Canada|multicultural]] nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries, with a population of approximately 35 million as of 2015. Its advanced economy is [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|one of the largest in the world]], relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada's [[Canada–United States relations|long and complex relationship]] with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.\n\nCanada is a [[developed country]] and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|tenth highest]] nominal per capita income globally, and the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|eighth highest]] ranking in the [[Human Development Index]]. It [[International rankings of Canada|ranks among the highest]] in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. Canada is a [[Commonwealth realm|Commonwealth Realm]] member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and is furthermore part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings, including the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]], the [[G8]], the [[Group of Ten (economic)|Group of Ten]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum.\n\n==Etymology==\n\n{{Main|Name of Canada}}\nThe name ''Canada'' comes from the [[St. Lawrence Iroquoians|St. Lawrence Iroquoian]] word ''kanata'', meaning \"village\" or \"settlement\".{{cite book|author1=James Stuart Olson|author2=Robert Shadle|title=Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA109|year=1991|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-26257-9|page=109}} In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day [[Quebec City]] region used the word to direct French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] to the village of [[Stadacona]]. Cartier later used the word ''Canada'' to refer not only to that particular village, but the entire area subject to [[Donnacona]] (the chief at Stadacona);{{cite book|author=Alan Rayburn|title=Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA14|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8293-0|pages=14–22}} by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as ''Canada''.\n\nIn the 17th and early 18th centuries, \"[[Canada (New France)|Canada]]\" referred to the part of [[New France]] that lay along the [[St. Lawrence River]].{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA1048|year=1999|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6|page=1048}} In 1791, the area became two British colonies called [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]] collectively named [[The Canadas]]; until their union as the British [[Province of Canada]] in 1841.{{cite book|author=Great Britain|title=An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BCQtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA20|year=1841|publisher=J.C. Fisher & W. Kimble|page=20}} Upon [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1867, ''Canada'' was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word ''[[Dominion]]'' was conferred as the country's title.{{cite book|last=O'Toole|first=Roger|title=Holy nations and global identities: civil religion, nationalism, and globalisation|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17828-1|editor=Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly|page=137|chapter=Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context}} The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the [[Canada Act 1982|Canada Act]], which refers only to ''Canada''. Later that year, the national holiday was [[Canada Day#History|renamed from Dominion Day to Canada Day]].{{cite book|title=Canada and the British Empire|editor= Buckner, Philip|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|pages=37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125|isbn=978-0-19-927164-1}}   The term \"Dominion'  is also used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though after the  [[Military history of Canada during World War II|Second World War]]  the term  \"federal\" had replaced \"dominion\".{{cite book|author1=John Courtney|author2=David Smith|title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA114|year=2010|publisher=Oxford Handbooks Online|isbn=978-0-19-533535-4|page=114}}\n\n==History==\n{{Main|History of Canada}}\n{{Further|List of years in Canada}}\n\n===Aboriginal peoples===\n[[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples in present-day Canada]] include the [[First Nations]], [[Inuit]], and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]],{{cite book|author1=Christoph Beat Graber|author2=Karolina Kuprecht|author3=Jessica C. Lai|title=International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5dv2d57n52MC&pg=PA366|year=2012|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-0-85793-831-2|page=366}} the latter being a [[mixed-blood]] people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers. [[Archaeology of the Americas|Archaeological]] studies and [[Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|genetic analyses]] have indicated a human presence in the northern [[Yukon]] region from 13,000–12,000 BC and in southern [[Ontario]] from 7500 BC.{{cite book|author1=Linda S. Cordell|author2=Kent Lightfoot|author3=Francis McManamon|author4=George Milner|title=Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=RA3-PA249|volume=4|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-02189-3|page=3}}{{cite book|author=Timothy R. Pauketat|title=The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA96|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538011-8|page=96}} These first settlers entered Canada through [[Beringia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]].{{cite book|author=Thomas D. Dillehay|title=The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aM0CRBQ9kFcC&pg=PA61|year=2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7867-2543-4|page=61}} The [[Paleo-Indian]] archeological sites at [[Old Crow Flats]] and [[Bluefish Caves]] are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.{{cite book|author1=Center for Archaeological Sciences Norman Herz Professor of Geology and Director|author2=Society of Archaelogical Sciences both at University of Georgia Ervan G. Garrison Associate Professor of Anthropology and Geology and President|title=Geological Methods for Archaeology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YSPkmV_mRvkC&pg=PA125|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802511-5|page=125}} The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Derek|title=Canada: an illustrated history|year=2008|publisher=Douglas & Mcintyre|isbn=978-1-55365-259-5|pages=7, 13}}{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=quM1xyFyfhQC&pg=PA170| title=Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada| first= Patrick| last=Macklem|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|page=170|isbn=978-0-8020-4195-1}} Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.{{cite book|last=Sonneborn|first=Liz|title=Chronology of American Indian History|date=January 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6770-1|pages=2–12}}\n\nThe [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|aboriginal population]] at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Donna M|author2=Northcott, Herbert C|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PA25|title=Dying and Death in Canada|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-55111-873-4|pages=25–27}} and two million,{{cite book|last=Thornton|first=Russell|title=A population history of North America|editors=Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|pages=13, 380|chapter=Population history of Native North Americans|isbn=978-0-521-49666-7}} with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]].{{cite book|series=Handbook of North American Indians|title=Indians In Contemporary Society|volume=2|editor1-last=Bailey|editor1-first= Garrick Alan|chapter=Native Populations of Canada|last=O'Donnell|first=C. Vivian|year=2008|publisher= Government Printing Office|chapter-url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z1IwUbZqjTUC&pg=PA285|page=285|isbn=978-0-16-080388-8}}\n As a consequence of the European colonization, Canada's aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced [[infectious disease]]s, such as [[influenza]], [[measles]], and [[smallpox]] (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty to eighty percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.{{cite book| last=True Peters| first=Stephanie| title=Smallpox in the New World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v0zEiM_hijsC&pg=PA39|year=2005|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-1637-1|page=39}}\n\nAlthough not without conflict, [[Euro-Canadian|European Canadians]]' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.{{cite book|last=Preston|first=David L.|title=The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43|year=2009|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7|pages=43–44}} [[The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples|The Crown and Aboriginal peoples]] began [[Timeline of colonization of North America|interactions]] during the European colonialization period, though, the Inuit, in general, had more limited interaction with European settlers.{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/innu_culture.html|work=Innu Culture|title=3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'|year=1999|author=Tanner, Adrian|publisher=Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland| accessdate=May 23, 2011 }} From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture.{{cite book|last=Asch|first=Michael|title=Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9Uae4mTTyYYC&pg=PA28|year=1997|publisher=UBC Pres|isbn=978-0-7748-0581-0|page=28}} These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with [[Canadian Indian residential school system|forced integration]] and [[High Arctic relocation|relocations]].{{cite book|last1=Kirmayer|first1=Laurence J.|last2=Guthriefirst2=Gail Valaskakis|title=Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AXYDxvx3zSAC&pg=PA9|year=2009|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5863-2|page=9}}\n\n===European colonization===\nThe first known attempt at [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] began when [[Norsemen]] settled briefly at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in Newfoundland around 1000 AD.{{cite book|title=The Norse Discovery of America|first=Arthur Middleton|last=Reeves|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HkoPUdPM3V8C&pg=PA7|publisher=BiblioLife|page=82|year=2009|isbn=978-0-559-05400-6}} No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer [[John Cabot]] explored Canada's Atlantic coast for England.{{cite web|title=John Cabot's voyage of 1497|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1497.html |publisher=Memorial University of Newfoundland|year=2000|accessdate=August 15, 2012}} Then [[Basque people|Basque]] and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century. In 1534, French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] explored the St. Lawrence River, where, on July 24, he planted a {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}} cross bearing the words \"Long Live the King of France\" and took possession of the territory in the name of [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]].{{cite book|author1=Cartier, Jacques; Biggar, Henry Percival; Cook, Ramsay|title=The Voyages of Jacques Cartier|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VcKEk7hRTmYC&pg=PA26|year=1993|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6000-6|page=26}}\n\nIn 1583, Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], by the [[royal prerogative]] of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]], founded [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]], as the first North American [[Colonial empire of the Kingdom of England|English colony]].{{cite book|author=Rose, George A|title=Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tDNe7GOOwfwC&pg=PA209|date=October 1, 2007|publisher=Breakwater Books|isbn=978-1-55081-225-1|page=209}} French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at [[Port Royal, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]] (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608).{{cite book|author1=Ninette Kelley|author2=Michael J. Trebilcock|title=The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&pg=PA27|date=September 30, 2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7|page=27}} Among the [[French colonization of the Americas|colonists]] of [[New France]], ''[[French Canadian|Canadiens]]'' extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley and [[Acadians]] settled the present-day [[Maritimes]], while [[Coureur des bois|fur traders]] and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, [[Hudson Bay]], and the [[Mississippi watershed]] to [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]].{{cite book|author=Howard Roberts LaMar|title=The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West|year=1977|publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=978-0-690-00008-5|page=355}} The [[Beaver Wars]] broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the [[North American fur trade]].{{cite book|author=Tucker, Spencer C; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta |title=The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C&pg=PA394|date=September 30, 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-697-8|page=394}}\n\nThe English established additional colonies in [[Cupids, Newfoundland and Labrador|Cupids]] and [[Ferryland, Newfoundland and Labrador|Ferryland]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], beginning in 1610.{{cite book|author1=Phillip Alfred Buckner|author2=John G. Reid|title=The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_5AHjGRigpYC&pg=PA55|year=1994|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6977-1|pages=55–56}} The [[Thirteen Colonies]] to the south were founded soon after.{{cite book|last=Hornsby|first=Stephen J|title=British Atlantic, American frontier: spaces of power in early modern British America|year=2005|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-1-58465-427-8|pages=14, 18–19, 22–23}} A series of four [[French and Indian Wars|wars]] erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the [[Seven Years' War]].{{cite book|author= Nolan, Cathal J|title=Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC&pg=PA160|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33046-9|page=160}} Mainland [[Nova Scotia]] came under British rule with the 1713 [[Treaty of Utrecht]] and the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]] ceded Canada and most of New France to [[British Empire|Britain]] after the Seven Years' War.{{cite journal|last=Allaire|first=Gratien|title=From \"Nouvelle-France\" to \"Francophonie canadienne\": a historical survey|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|date=May 2007|issue=185|pages=25–52|doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.024|volume=2007}}\n[[File:Benjamin West 005.jpg|thumb|left|[[Benjamin West]]'s ''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'' (1771) dramatizes [[James Wolfe]]'s death during the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] at [[Quebec City|Quebec]]]]\n\nThe [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] created the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] out of New France, and annexed [[Cape Breton Island]] to Nova Scotia. St. John's Island (now [[Prince Edward Island]]) became a separate colony in 1769.{{cite journal|last=Hicks|first=Bruce M|title=Use of Non-Traditional Evidence: A Case Study Using Heraldry to Examine Competing Theories for Canada's Confederation|journal=British Journal of Canadian Studies|date=March 2010|volume=23|issue=1|pages=87–117|doi=10.3828/bjcs.2010.5}} To avert conflict in Quebec, the British parliament passed the [[Quebec Act]] of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]].{{cite book|author=Eric Nellis |title=An Empire of Regions: A Brief History of Colonial British America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-b6YVX53fIsC&pg=PT331|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press -  University of British Columbia|isbn=978-1-4426-0403-2|page=331}} It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1775 outbreak of the [[American Revolution]].\n\nThe [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]] recognized American independence and ceded the newly added territories south (but not north) of the Great Lakes to the new United States.{{cite book|author1=Todd Leahy|author2=Raymond Wilson|title=Native American Movements|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=999tRpj8VGQC&pg=PR49|date=September 30, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6892-2|page=49}} [[New Brunswick]] was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the [[Constitutional Act of 1791]] divided the province into French-speaking [[Lower Canada]] (later [[Quebec#Canadian Confederation|Quebec]]) and English-speaking [[Upper Canada]] (later [[Ontario#Canada West|Ontario]]), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.{{cite book|last=McNairn|first=Jeffrey L|title=The capacity to judge|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2000|page=24|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T_A3pZQrHzIC&pg=PA24|isbn=978-0-8020-4360-3}}\n[[File:Fathers of Confederation LAC c001855.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Harris (painter)|Robert Harris]]'s ''[[Fathers of Confederation definition|Fathers of Confederation]]'' (1884), an amalgamation of the [[Charlottetown Conference|Charlottetown]] and [[Quebec Conference, 1864|Quebec conferences]] of 1864{{refn|This is an 1885 photograph of the now-destroyed 1884 painting.|group=n|name=Photo}}]]\n\n[[The Canadas]] were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. Following the war, large-scale immigration to Canada from Britain and Ireland began in 1815. Between 1825 and 1846, 626,628 European immigrants reportedly landed at Canadian ports.{{cite web|url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/ImmigrationHistoryofCanada.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216101207/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/ImmigrationHistoryofCanada.htm|archivedate=December 16, 2007|title=Immigration History of Canada|year=2004|publisher=Marianopolis College|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} These included [[Irish people|Irish]] immigrants escaping the [[Great Irish Famine]] as well as Gaelic-speaking [[Scottish people|Scots]] displaced by the [[Highland Clearances]].{{cite web |url=http://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1935-36/Gallagher.html |work=cchahistory.ca |title=The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences}} Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 per cent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891.\n\nThe desire for [[responsible government]] resulted in the abortive [[Rebellions of 1837]]. The [[Report on the Affairs of British North America|Durham Report]] subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The [[Act of Union 1840]] merged the Canadas into a united [[Province of Canada]] and responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849.{{cite journal|last=Romney|first=Paul|date=Spring 1989|title=From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture|journal=Law and History Review|publisher=University of Illinois Press|volume=7|issue=1|page=128|doi=10.2307/743779}} The signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]] by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the [[Oregon boundary dispute]], extending the border westward along the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. This paved the way for British colonies on [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island (1849)]] and in [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)|British Columbia (1858)]].{{cite book|last=Evenden|first=Leonard J|author2=Turbeville, Daniel E|title=Geographical snapshots of North America|editor=Janelle, Donald G|publisher=Guilford Press|year=1992|page=52|chapter=The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier|isbn=978-0-89862-030-6}}\n\n===Confederation and expansion===\n[[File:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif|thumb|left|200px|alt=refer to caption|An animated map showing [[Territorial evolution of Canada|the growth and change of Canada's provinces and territories]] since Confederation in 1867]]\nFollowing several constitutional conferences, the [[Constitution Act, 1867|1867 Constitution Act]] officially proclaimed [[Canadian Confederation]] on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: [[Ontario]], Quebec, [[Nova Scotia]], and [[New Brunswick]].{{cite book|first1=Gertjan|last1=Dijkink|first2=Hans|last2=Knippenberg|title=The Territorial Factor: Political Geography in a Globalising World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3RRJr-5q1H0C&pg=PA226|year=2001|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5629-188-4|page=226}}{{cite book|title = History of Canada Since 1867|first = Robert | last = Bothwell|publisher = Michigan State University Press|year = 1996|isbn = 978-0-87013-399-2|pages=31, 207–310}} Canada assumed control of [[Rupert's Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]] to form the [[Northwest Territories]], where the Métis' grievances ignited the [[Red River Rebellion]] and the creation of the province of [[Manitoba]] in July 1870.{{cite book|last=Bumsted|first=JM|title=The Red River Rebellion|publisher=Watson & Dwyer|year=1996|isbn=978-0-920486-23-8}} British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which [[United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia|had been united]] in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Atlas/themes.aspx?id=building&sub=building_basics_confederation&lang=En|title=Building a nation|work=Canadian Atlas|publisher=Canadian Geographic|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n\nThe Canadian parliament passed a bill introduced by the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] that established a [[National Policy]] of [[tariff]]s to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. To open the West, parliament also approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]), opening the prairies to settlement with the [[Dominion Lands Act]], and establishing the [[North-West Mounted Police]] to assert its authority over this territory.{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-5000-e.html|title=Sir John A. Macdonald|year=2008|publisher=Library and Archives Canada|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/publications/archivist-magazine/015002-2230-e.html|title=The Canadian West: An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior|last=Cook|first=Terry|year=2000|work=The Archivist|publisher=Library and Archives Canada|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} In 1898, during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in the Northwest Territories, parliament created the Yukon Territory. The Cabinet of [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] fostered continental European immigrants settling the prairies and [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]] became provinces in 1905.\n\n===Early 20th century===\n[[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|alt=Group of armed soldiers march past a wrecked tank and a body|Canadian soldiers and a [[Mark I tank#Mark II|Mark II tank]] at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] in 1917]]\nBecause Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought [[Military history of Canada during World War I|Canada into World War I]].{{cite book|first=Brian Douglas|last=Tennyson|title=Canada's Great War, 1914-1918: How Canada Helped Save the British Empire and Became a North American Nation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|year=2014|publisher=Scarecrow Press (Cape Breton University)|isbn=978-0-8108-8860-9|page=4}} Volunteers sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] later became part of the [[Canadian Corps]], which played a substantial role in the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] and other major engagements of the war.{{cite book|last=Morton|first=Desmond|title=A military history of Canada|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|year=1999|edition=4th|pages=130–158, 173, 203–233, 258|isbn=978-0-7710-6514-9}} Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in [[World War I]], some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded.{{cite book|first=J. L.|last=Granatstein|title=Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jqxyhNcha3sC&pg=PA144|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8696-9|page=144}} The [[Conscription Crisis of 1917]] erupted when the [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] Cabinet's proposal to augment the military's dwindling number of active members with [[conscription]] was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers.{{cite book|first=Richard Morton|last=McGonigal|title=The Conscription Crisis in Quebec - 1917: a Study in Canadian Dualism|year=1962|publisher=Harvard University|page=Intro}} The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though, it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party. In 1919, Canada joined the [[League of Nations]] independently of Britain, and the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|1931 Statute of Westminster]] affirmed Canada's independence.{{cite journal |last=Hail |first=M |author2=Lange, S |title=Federalism and Representation in the Theory of the Founding Fathers: A Comparative Study of US and Canadian Constitutional Thought |journal=Publius: the Journal of Federalism |date=February 25, 2010 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=366–388 |doi=10.1093/publius/pjq001}}\n[[File:Crew of a Sherman-tank south of Vaucelles.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Canadian crew of a Sherman-tank, south of [[Vaucelles]], France, during the [[Operation Overlord|battle of Normandy]] in June 1944]]\n\nThe [[Great Depression in Canada]] during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country.{{cite book|first=Robert B.|last=Bryce|title=Maturing in Hard Times: Canada's Department of Finance through the Great Depression|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y2XU2UzE-vUC&pg=PA41|date=June 1, 1986|publisher=McGill-Queens|isbn=978-0-7735-0555-1|page=41}} In response to the downturn, the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a [[welfare state]] (as pioneered by [[Tommy Douglas]]) in the 1940s and 1950s.{{cite journal|last=Mulvale|first=James P|title=Basic Income and the Canadian Welfare State: Exploring the Realms of Possibility|journal=Basic Income Studies|date=July 11, 2008|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.2202/1932-0183.1084}} On the advice of Liberal Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], King [[George VI]] [[Declaration of war by Canada#Nazi Germany|declared war on Germany]] during [[World War II]], seven days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.\n\nIn all, over a million Canadians served in the  [[Military history of Canada during World War II|armed forces during World War II]] and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded.{{cite book|first=Edward|last=Humphreys|title=Great Candian Battles: Heroism and Courage Through the Years|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z-SsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151|year=2013|publisher=Arcturus Publishing|isbn=978-1-78404-098-7|page=151}} Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 [[Dieppe Raid]], the [[Allied invasion of Italy]], the [[Normandy landings]], the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]], and the [[Battle of the Scheldt]] in 1944. Canada provided asylum for the [[Dutch monarchy]] while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from [[Nazi Germany]].{{cite book|last=Goddard|first=Lance|title=Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2005|pages=225–232|isbn=978-1-55002-547-7}} The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military [[materiel]] for Canada, Britain, China, and the [[Soviet Union]]. Despite another [[Conscription Crisis of 1944|Conscription Crisis]] in Quebec in 1944, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.{{cite book|last=Bothwell|first=Robert|title=Alliance and illusion: Canada and the world, 1945–1984|year=2007|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1368-6|pages=11, 31}}\n\n===Modern times===\n[[File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg|thumb|At [[Rideau Hall]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|the Viscount Alexander of Tunis]] (centre) receives the bill finalizing the union of [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and Canada on March 31, 1949]]\nThe financial crisis of the great depression had led the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a [[Crown colony|crown colony ruled]] by a British governor. After two bitter [[Newfoundland referendums, 1948|referendums]], Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province.{{cite book|first=J. Patrick|last=Boyer|title=Direct Democracy in Canada: The History and Future of Referendums|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CWGN-RZcqNoC&pg=PA119|year=1996|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-1884-5|page=119}}\n\nCanada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new [[Canadian identity]], marked by the adoption of the current [[Flag of Canada|Maple Leaf Flag]] in 1965,{{cite book|last=Mackey|first=Eva|title=The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8020-8481-1|page=57}} the implementation of [[official bilingualism]] (English and French) in 1969,{{cite journal|last=Landry|first=Rodrigue|author2=Forgues, Éric|title=Official language minorities in Canada: an introduction|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|date=May 2007|issue=185|pages=1–9|doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.022|volume=2007}} and the institution of [[Multiculturalism#Origins in Canada|official multiculturalism]] in 1971.{{cite journal|last=Esses|first=Victoria M|author2=Gardner, RC|date=July 1996|title=Multiculturalism in Canada: Context and current status|journal=Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science|volume=28|issue=3|pages=145–152|doi=10.1037/h0084934}} [[Social democracy|Socially democratic]] programs were also instituted, such as [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], the [[Canada Pension Plan]], and [[Student loans in Canada|Canada Student Loans]], though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.{{cite web|url=http://www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/sd-01-09.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5nDiozOLF|archivedate=February 1, 2010|title=Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development|last=Sarrouh|first=Elissar|date=January 22, 2002|work=Social Policy Series, No. 1|publisher=United Nations|pages=14–16, 22–37|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 [[patriation]] of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]].{{cite book| editor=Bickerton, James; Gagnon, Alain| title=Canadian Politics| publisher=Broadview Press| edition=4th| isbn=978-1-55111-595-5| year=2004|pages=250–254, 344–347}} In 1999, [[Nunavut]] became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.{{cite journal|last=Légaré|first=André|year=2008|title=Canada's Experiment with Aboriginal Self-Determination in Nunavut: From Vision to Illusion |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights|volume=15|issue=2–3|pages=335–367|doi=10.1163/157181108X332659}}\n\nAt the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern [[Quebec nationalism|nationalist]] movement. The radical [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ) ignited the [[October Crisis]] with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970{{cite journal|last=Munroe|first=HD|title=The October Crisis Revisited: Counterterrorism as Strategic Choice, Political Result, and Organizational Practice|journal=Terrorism and Political Violence|year=2009|volume=21|issue=2|pages=288–305|doi=10.1080/09546550902765623}} and the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|{{Not a typo|sovereignist}}]] [[Parti Québécois]] was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful [[referendum]] on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the [[Meech Lake Accord]] failed in 1990.{{cite journal|last=Sorens|first=J|title=Globalization, secessionism, and autonomy|journal=Electoral Studies|date=December 2004|volume=23|issue=4|pages=727–752|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2003.10.003}} This led to the formation of the [[Bloc Québécois]] in Quebec and the invigoration of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] in [[Western Canada|the West]].{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/a-brief-history-of-the-bloc-qubcois/article1672831/|title=A brief history of the Bloc Québécois |newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Daniel |last=Leblanc|date=August 13, 2010 |accessdate=November 25, 2010}}{{cite book|title=The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies|first1=Hans-Georg |last1=Betz|first2= Stefan|last2= Immerfall|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H9cGkDJgW7wC&pg=PA173|page=173|publisher=St. Martinʼs Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21134-9}} A [[Quebec referendum, 1995|second referendum]] followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent.{{cite book|first=Carol L.|last=Schmid|title=The Politics of Language : Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective: Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JIuO9HmX_8QC&pg=PA112|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803150-5|page=112}} In 1997, the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] ruled that [[Reference re Secession of Quebec|unilateral secession]] by a province would be unconstitutional and the [[Clarity Act]] was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.\n\nIn addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;{{cite web|url=http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622063429/http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/|archivedate=June 22, 2008|title=Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182|publisher=Government of Canada |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in 1989, a [[school shooting|university shooting]] targeting female students;{{cite web|last= Sourour|first=Teresa K|url=http://www.diarmani.com/Montreal_Coroners_Report.pdf|year=1991 |format=PDF|title=Report of Coroner's Investigation|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} and the [[Oka Crisis]] of 1990,{{cite news|title=The Oka Crisis|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/civil_unrest/topics/99/|format=Digital Archives |publisher=CBC|year=2000|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginal groups.{{cite book|last=Roach|first=Kent|title=September 11: consequences for Canada|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2003|pages=15, 59–61, 194|isbn=978-0-7735-2584-9}} Canada also joined the [[Gulf War]] in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1990s, including the [[UNPROFOR]] mission in the [[Yugoslav wars|former Yugoslavia]].{{cite web|title=Canada and Multilateral Operations in Support of Peace and Stability|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/news/article.page?doc=canada-and-multilateral-operations-in-support-of-peace-and-stability/hnlhlxfi|publisher=National Defence and the Canadian Forces|year=2010|accessdate=February 2, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dragoons.ca/unprofor.html|title=UNPROFOR|publisher=Royal Canadian Dragoons|accessdate=October 24, 2012}}\nCanada sent [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|troops to Afghanistan in 2001]], but declined to join the US-led [[Invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq in 2003]].{{cite journal|last1=Jockel|first1=Joseph T|author2=Sokolsky, Joel B|year=2008|title=Canada and the war in Afghanistan: NATO's odd man out steps forward|journal=Journal of Transatlantic Studies|volume=6|issue=1|pages=100–115|doi=10.1080/14794010801917212}} In 2009, Canada's economy suffered in the worldwide [[Great Recession]], but it has since largely rebounded.{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/07/22/canada-recession-recovery_n_1692607.html|title=Canada Recession: Global Recovery Still Fragile 3 Years On|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=July 22, 2012|accessdate=September 1, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://t.thestar.com/#/article/news/canada/2014/12/03/canadian_economy_showing_signs_of_recovery_stephen_poloz_says.html|title=Canadian economy showing signs of wider recovery, Stephen Poloz says|work=Toronto Star|date=December 3, 2014|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the [[2011 Libyan civil war|Libyan civil war]]{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/10/20/f-libya-nato-mission.html|title=Canada's military contribution in Libya|publisher=CBC|date=October 20, 2011|accessdate=November 27, 2011}} and also became involved in battling the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-30888344|title=Canada exchanges fire with Islamic State in Iraq|publisher=BBC|date=January 19, 2015|accessdate=February 9, 2015}}\n\n==Geography==\n{{Main|Geography of Canada}}\n\nCanada occupies most of the continent of North America, sharing [[land border]]s with the [[contiguous United States]] to the south (the longest border between two countries in the world) and the US state of [[Alaska]] to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.\n{{cite web |publisher= CIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html|title=Canada |work=World Factbook |date=May 16, 2006 |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} [[Greenland]] is to the northeast, while [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] is south of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|second-largest country]] in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, Canada [[List of countries and outlying territories by land area|ranks fourth]]. The reason why Canada is in 4th place in terms of countries ranked by land area only is because Canada contains 60% of all the lakes in the world. The country lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[84th parallel north|84°N]], and longitudes [[52nd meridian west|52°]] and [[141st meridian west|141°W]].\n\n[[File:Canada-satellite.jpg|thumb|250px|A satellite composite image containing all of Canada and part of the United States. [[Taiga|Boreal forests]] prevail on the rocky [[Canadian Shield]], while ice and [[tundra]] are prominent in the [[Arctic]]. Glaciers are visible in the [[Canadian Rockies]] and [[Coast Mountains]]. The flat and fertile [[prairie]]s facilitate agriculture. The [[Great Lakes]] feed the [[St. Lawrence River]] in the southeast, where lowlands host much of Canada's population.]]\n\nSince 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between [[60th meridian west|60°]] and 141°W [[longitude]],{{cite book|author=Niels West|title=Marine Affairs Dictionary: Terms, Concepts, Laws, Court Cases, and International Conventions and Agreements|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wd2pbRxuW0QC&pg=PA31|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30421-7|page=31}} but this claim is not universally recognized. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, [[CFS Alert|Canadian Forces Station Alert]], on the northern tip of [[Ellesmere Island]] – latitude 82.5°N – which lies {{convert|817|km|mi}} from the North Pole.{{cite book|title=Canadian Geographic|year=2008|publisher=Royal Canadian Geographical Society|page=20}} Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and [[permafrost]]. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of {{convert|202080|km|mi}}; additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching {{convert|8891|km|mi}}.{{cite web |publisher= International Boundary Commission |url=http://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/boundary.html |title=The Boundary |year=1985|accessdate=May 17, 2012}}\n\nSince the end of the last [[glacial period]], Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive [[taiga|boreal]] forest on the Canadian Shield.{{cite book\n|title = National Atlas of Canada\n|publisher = Natural Resources Canada\n|year = 2005\n|isbn = 978-0-7705-1198-2 |page = 1}}\n Canada has around 31,700 large lakes,I.e., lakes over {{convert|3|km2|ha}} in area. {{cite book|author=Thomas V. Cech|title=Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=A2nJCPPixGQC&pg=PA83|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-13631-7|page=83}} more than any other country, containing much of the world's [[fresh water]].{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=William G|author2=Oke, TR |author3=Rouse, Wayne R |title=The surface climates of Canada|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1997|page=124|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oxNMhw-rRrQC&pg=PA244|isbn=978-0-7735-1672-4}}\nThere are also fresh-water glaciers in the [[Canadian Rockies]] and the [[Coast Mountains]].\nCanada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably [[Mount Meager]], [[Mount Garibaldi]], [[Mount Cayley]], and the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]].{{cite book | last = Etkin | first = David | author2=Haque, CE|author3=Brooks, Gregory R| title = An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada | publisher = Springer | date = April 30, 2003 | pages =569, 582, 583 |isbn = 978-1-4020-1179-5}} The volcanic eruption of the [[Tseax Cone]] in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 [[Nisga'a people]] and destroying their village in the [[Nass River]] valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a {{convert|22.5|km|adj=on}} [[lava]] flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.{{cite book|author=Jessop, A|title=Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 5906|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z7IL9hO-_6cC&pg=PA18|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|pages=18–|id=GGKEY:6DLTQFWQ9HG}}\nCanada's population density, at {{convert|3.3|PD/km2}}, is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the [[Quebec City – Windsor Corridor]], situated in Southern Quebec and [[Southern Ontario]] along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.{{cite book|author1=Peter H. McMurry|author2=Marjorie F. Shepherd|author3=James S. Vickery|title=Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1giH-mvhhw8C&pg=PA391|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84287-7|page=391}}\n\nAverage winter and summer high [[Temperature in Canada|temperatures across Canada]] vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a [[continental climate]], where daily average temperatures are near −15 °[[Celsius|C]] (5 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]), but can drop below {{convert|-40|°C|°F|abbr=on}} with severe [[wind chill]]s.{{cite web |author=[[The Weather Network]]|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |title=Statistics, Regina SK |accessdate=January 18, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105062344/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |archivedate=January 5, 2009}} In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from {{convert|25|to|30|C|F}}, with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding {{convert|40|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |publisher= Environment Canada |url=http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html |title=Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971–2000|date=March 25, 2004|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{Clear right}}\n\n==Government and politics==\n{{Main|Government of Canada|Politics of Canada}}\n[[File:Canadian parliament MAM.JPG|thumb|alt=A building with a central clocktower rising from a block|[[Parliament Hill]] in Canada's capital city, [[Ottawa]]]]\nCanada has a [[parliamentary system]] within the context of a [[constitutional monarchy]], the [[monarchy of Canada]] being the foundation of the executive, [[Legislature|legislative]], and [[Judiciary|judicial]] branches.{{Cite journal| author=[[Queen Victoria]]|date=March 29, 1867| title=Constitution Act, 1867: Preamble| publisher=Queen's Printer| url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{Cite news| last=Smith| first=David E| title=The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?| periodical=The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options| page=6| publisher=Queen's University| date=June 10, 2010| url=http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5qXvz463C| archivedate=June 17, 2010|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{Cite book| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S| authorlink=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| page=16| edition=2nd| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=May 23, 2011| year=2012| ref=harv}}{{Cite journal|author=Canadian Heritage| title=Canadian Heritage Portfolio| publisher=Queen's Printer| date=February 2009| edition=2nd| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/publctn/gp-pg/ppc-chp/ppc-chp-eng.pdf| pages=3–4| isbn=978-1-100-11529-0|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} The sovereign is Queen [[Elizabeth II]], who also serves as head of state of [[Commonwealth realm|15 other Commonwealth countries]] and each of Canada's ten provinces. As such, the Queen's representative, the [[Governor General of Canada]] (at present [[David Johnston|David Lloyd Johnston]]), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.{{cite web|title=The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities|url=http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3|publisher=Queen's Printer|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{cite book| title=Commonwealth public administration reform 2004| publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat| year=2004| pages=54–55|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ATi5R5XNb2MC&pg=PA54| isbn=978-0-11-703249-1}}\n\nThe direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited.{{cite book| last=Forsey| first=Eugene| authorlink=Eugene Forsey| title=How Canadians Govern Themselves| pages=1, 16, 26| edition=6th| publisher=Queen's Printer| year=2005| isbn=978-0-662-39689-5| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/sites/lop/aboutparliament/forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5vkPPetrW| archivedate=January 15, 2011| accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{cite web| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5| last=Marleau| first=Robert| last2=Montpetit| first2=Camille| title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=May 23, 2011}} In practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by [[Canadian Cabinet|the Cabinet]], a committee of [[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]] responsible to the elected [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] and chosen and headed by the [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (at present [[Stephen Harper]]),{{cite web| url=http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/pm.asp?featureId=7| title=Prime Minister of Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer| year=2009| accessdate=May 23, 2011}} the [[head of government]]. The governor general or monarch may, though, in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial [[Advice (constitutional)|advice]]. To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] in the House of Commons.{{cite book| last=Johnson| first=David| title=Thinking government: public sector management in Canada| publisher=University of Toronto Press| year=2006| edition=2nd| pages=134–135, 149| isbn=978-1-55111-779-9}} The [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, [[Lieutenant governor (Canada)|lieutenant governors]], senators, federal court judges, and heads of [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations]] and government agencies. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition]] (presently [[Thomas Mulcair]]) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.{{cite web|title=The Opposition in a Parliamentary System|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/bp47-e.htm|publisher=Library of Parliament|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n[[File:Cansenate.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Canadian Senate|Senate chamber]] within the [[Centre Block]] on [[Parliament Hill]]]]\n\nEach of the 308 members of parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an [[Canadian electoral district|electoral district]] or riding. [[Elections in Canada|General elections]] must be called by the governor general, either on the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous election, or if the government loses a [[confidence vote]] in the House.{{cite web|author=O'Neal, Brian; Bédard, Michel; Spano, Sebastian|date=April 11, 2011|title=Government and Canada's 41st Parliament: Questions and Answers|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-37-e.htm|publisher=Library of Parliament|accessdate=June 2, 2011}} The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.{{cite book|author1=Ann L. Griffiths|author2=Karl Nerenberg|title=Handbook of Federal Countries|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GytLtJacxY8C&pg=PA116|year=2003|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-7047-4|page=116}} Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2011 elections: the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (governing party), the [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]] (the [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]]), the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], the [[Bloc Québécois]], and the [[Green Party of Canada]]. The list of [[List of federal political parties in Canada#Historical parties that have won seats in Parliament|historical parties]] with elected representation is substantial.\n\n[[Canadian federalism|Canada's federal structure]] divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. [[Legislative Assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories|Provincial legislatures]] are [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons. Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces.{{cite web| url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=provterr&sub=difference&doc=difference-eng.htm|title=Difference between Canadian Provinces and Territories| year=2009| publisher=Intergovernmental Affairs Canada| accessdate=May 23, 2011}} The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.{{cite web| url=http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/visitors/what-consensus/differences-provincial-governments| title=Differences from Provincial Governments| year=2008| publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories| accessdate=January 30, 2014}}\n\nThe [[Bank of Canada]] is the [[central bank]] of the country.{{cite book|author=Dinçer, Hasan|title=Global Strategies in Banking and Finance|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ElwrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|year=2013|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=978-1-4666-4636-0|page=69}} In addition, the [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Minister of Finance]] and [[Minister of Industry (Canada)|Minister of Industry]] utilize the [[Statistics Canada]] agency for financial planning and economic policy development.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/mandate-mandat-eng.htm|title=About|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2014|accessdate=February 14, 2015}}\n\n===Law===\n{{Main|Law of Canada}}\nThe [[Constitution of Canada]] is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the [[British North America Acts|British North America Act]] prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments. The [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] granted full autonomy and the [[Constitution Act, 1982]], ended all legislative ties to the UK, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. The Charter guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be over-ridden by any government—though a [[Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|notwithstanding clause]] allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.{{cite book|last=Bakan|first=Joel|author2=Elliot, Robin M|title=Canadian Constitutional Law|publisher=Emond Montgomery Publications|year=2003|pages=3–8, 683–687, 699|isbn=978-1-55239-085-6}}\n[[File:Medal-Viki.jpg|thumb|alt=Two sides of a silver medal: the profile of Queen Victoria and the inscription \"Victoria Regina\" on one side, a man in European garb shaking hands with an Aboriginal with the inscription ''Indian Treaty No. 187'' on the other|The Indian Chiefs Medal, presented to commemorate the [[Numbered Treaties]] of 1871–1921]]\n\nThe [[Indian Act]], various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and native peoples.{{Cite journal|title=Aboriginal roundtable on Kelowna Accord: Aboriginal policy negotiations 2004–2006|last=Patterson|first=Lisa Lynne| url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/PRB-e/PRB0604-e.pdf| series=1| year=2004| page=3| publisher=Parliamentary Information and Research Service, [[Library of Parliament]]|ref=harv|accessdate=October 23, 2014}} Most notably, a series of eleven treaties known as the [[Numbered Treaties]] were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada between 1871 and 1921.{{cite web|title = Treaty areas| publisher=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat| date=October 7, 2002| url=http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/EB/prb9916-e.htm| accessdate=May 23, 2011}} These treaties are agreements with the Canadian [[Queen-in-Council|Crown-in-Council]], administered by [[Canadian Aboriginal law]], and overseen by the [[Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)|Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development]]. The role of the treaties and the rights they support were reaffirmed by [[Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982]]. These rights may include provision of services such as health care, and exemption from taxation.{{cite book|author=Gary Brent Madison|title=Is There a Canadian Philosophy?: Reflections on the Canadian Identity|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3AgrpoLkscMC&pg=PA128|year=2000|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=978-0-7766-0514-2|page=128}} The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005, through the First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord.\n[[File:Ottawa - ON - Oberster Gerichtshof von Kanada.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill]]\n\n[[Court system of Canada|Canada's judiciary]] plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down Acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led since 2000 by the Chief Justice [[Beverley McLachlin]] (the first female Chief Justice).{{cite book|last=McCormick|first=Peter|title=Supreme at last: the evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada|publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd|year=2000|pages=2, 86, 154|isbn=978-1-55028-692-2}} Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with nongovernmental legal bodies. The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions.{{cite book|author1=Richard Yates|author2=Penny Bain|author3=Ruth Yates|title=Introduction to law in Canada|year=2000|publisher=Prentice Hall Allyn and Bacon Canada|isbn=978-0-13-792862-0|page=93}}\n\n[[Common law]] prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] predominates. [[Criminal law of Canada|Criminal law]] is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.{{cite book|last=Sworden|first=Philip James|title=An introduction to Canadian law|publisher=Emond Montgomery Publications|year=2006|pages=22, 150|isbn=978-1-55239-145-7}} Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces.{{cite web|url=http://www.opp.ca/ecms/index.php?id=19|title=Ontario Provincial Police|publisher=OPP official website|year=2009 |accessdate=October 24, 2012}} However, in most rural areas and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]].{{cite web|url=http://www.nbpei-ecn.ca/documents/ECN-Forensics.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706190335/http://www.nbpei-ecn.ca/documents/ECN-Forensics.pdf|archivedate=July 6, 2011|last=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|title=Keeping Canada and Our Communities Safe and Secure|publisher=Queen's Printer |accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n{{clear}}\n\n===Foreign relations and military===\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Canada|Military history of Canada}}\n[[File:David Cameron Herman Van Rompuy Stephen Harper Dmitry Medvedev and Naoto Kan cropped 36th G8 summit member 20100625.jpg|thumb|[[David Cameron]] and [[Stephen Harper]] (foreground) with [[Herman Van Rompuy]], [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and [[Naoto Kan]] (background) at the 36th G8 summit in Muskoka District Municipality, Ontario on June 25, 2010.]] \nCanada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of 68,250 active personnel and approximately 51,000 reserve personnel.{{cite web |publisher= Global Firepower |url=http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=Canada |title=Military Strength of Canada |date=March 27, 2014|accessdate=January 25, 2015}} The unified [[Canadian Forces]] (CF) comprise the [[Canadian Army]], [[Royal Canadian Navy]], and [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. In 2013, Canada's [[List of countries by military expenditure|military expenditure]] totalled approximately C$19 billion, or around 1% of the country's GDP.{{cite web|url=http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/canadian-military-spending-by-the-numbers|title=Canadian military spending by the numbers|work=Ottawa Citizen|date=September 3, 2014|accessdate=January 25, 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://milexdata.sipri.org/result.php4|title=Military expenditure of Canada|publisher=[[SIPRI]]|year=2011|accessdate=May 3, 2012}}\n\nCanada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.{{cite journal|last=Haglung|first=David G|date=Autumn 2003|title=North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security |journal=[[Orbis (journal)|Orbis]]|publisher=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]]|volume=47|issue=4|pages=675–691|doi=10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00072-3}}{{cite web|url=http://m.state.gov/md2089.htm|title=Canada|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|year=2014|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba from 1961–2014 and declining to officially participate in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Francophonie]].{{cite book|last=James|first=Patrick|title=Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy|editor= Michaud, Nelson; O'Reilly, Marc J|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2006|pages=213–214, 349–362|isbn=978-0-7391-1493-3}} Canada is noted for having a positive [[Canada–Netherlands relations|relationship with the Netherlands]], owing, in part, to its contribution to the [[Netherlands in World War II#Liberation|Dutch liberation during World War II]].\n\nCanada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the [[Second Boer War]], World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.{{cite journal|last=Teigrob|first=Robert|title='Which Kind of Imperialism?' Early Cold War Decolonization and Canada–US Relations|journal=Canadian Review of American Studies|date=September 2010|volume=37|issue=3|pages=403–430|doi=10.3138/cras.37.3.403}}{{cite book |title = Canada's international policy statement: a role of pride and influence in the world|publisher = Government of Canada |year=2005 |isbn = 978-0-662-68608-8}} Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of [[NATO]] in 1949. During the [[Canada in the Cold War|Cold War]], Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the [[Korean War]] and founded the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.{{cite book|last=Finkel|first=Alvin|title=Our lives: Canada after 1945|publisher=Lorimer|year=1997|pages=105–107, 111–116|isbn=978-1-55028-551-2}}\n\n[[File:US Navy 090425-M-9917S-314 Canadian Army soldiers assigned to Alpha Company, 3d Battalion, 22d Regiment of Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force-24 depart a U.S. Navy landing craft air cushion (LCAC) and deploy onto Mayp.jpg|left|thumb|[[Canadian Army]] soldiers from the [[Royal 22e Régiment|Royal 22nd Regiment]] deploying in [[Florida]] during [[UNITAS]] exercises in April 2009]]\n\nDuring the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, future Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] eased tensions by proposing the inception of the [[United Nations peacekeeping|United Nations Peacekeeping Force]], for which he was awarded the 1957 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].{{cite book|last=Holloway|first=Steven Kendall|title=Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2006|pages=102–103|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MSHy65g7M7wC&pg=PA102|isbn=978-1-55111-816-1}} As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. Canada has since served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989, and has since maintained forces in international missions in [[Rwanda]], the former [[Yugoslavia]], and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 [[Somalia Affair]].{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html|title=Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada|last=Farnsworth|first=Clyde H|date=November 27, 1994|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n\nCanada joined the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in [[Windsor, Ontario]], in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001.{{cite book|author=Peter McKenna|title=Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IoputVv15MEC&pg=PA91|year=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1108-5|page=91}} Canada seeks to expand its ties to [[Pacific Rim]] economies through membership in the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (APEC).{{cite book|author=Ibp Usa|title=Canada Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook Volume 1 Intelligence Service Organizations, Regulations, Activities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7jNg1U2tf6wC&pg=PA27|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-0-7397-1615-1|page=27}}\n[[File:HMCS Regina (FFH 334).jpg|thumb|The [[Halifax class frigate|''Halifax''-class]] [[frigate]] [[HMCS Regina (FFH 334)|HMCS ''Regina'']], a warship of the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], near [[Hawaii]] during the 2004 [[RIMPAC]] exercises]]\n\nIn 2001, Canada deployed troops to [[Afghanistan]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|US stabilization force]] and the UN-authorized, NATO-led [[International Security Assistance Force]]. In all, Canada lost 158 soldiers, one diplomat, two aid workers, and one journalist during the ten-year mission,{{cite news|url=http://www.ipolitics.ca/2013/09/27/canada-lost-afghan-war-says-author/|author=Murray Brewster |title=Canada lost Afghan war, says author|date=September 27, 2013 |publisher=Canada free press (iPOLOTICS)|accessdate=January 23, 2012}} which cost approximately C$11.3 billion.{{cite web|url=http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx?lang=eng|title=Cost of the Afghanistan mission 2001–2011|accessdate=July 11, 2011|publisher=Government of Canada}}\n\nIn February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, [[Norway]], and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them.{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/06/idUSL06661675._CH_.2400|title=Rich nations to sign $1.5 bln vaccine pact in Italy|last=Vagnoni|first=Giselda|date=February 5, 2007|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} In August 2007, Canada's [[territorial claims in the Arctic]] were challenged after a [[Arktika 2007|Russian underwater expedition]] to the [[North Pole]]; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.{{cite news | last = Blomfield | first = Adrian| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559165/Russia-claims-North-Pole-with-Arctic-flag-stunt.html | newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | title = Russia claims North Pole with Arctic flag stunt | date = August 3, 2007 | accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces participated in [[2011 military intervention in Libya|a UN-mandated NATO intervention]] into the [[2011 Libyan civil war]].{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2011/10/20/pol-libya-mission-end-two-weeks.html |title=Canada's Libya mission to end in 2 weeks|publisher=CBC|date=October 20, 2011|accessdate=December 30, 2011}} In late 2014, Canadian ground and air units joined the international effort to defeat the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq.{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/us-led-coalition-beating-back-islamic-state-canadian-military-says/article22146714/|title=Nine strikes in 50 days: Canadian military defends Iraq bombing record|work=The Globe and Mail|date=December 18, 2014|accessdate=February 14, 2015}}\n\n===International organizations===\nCanada is recognized as a [[middle power]] for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral solutions.{{cite book|author=Adam Chapnick|title=The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4049-1|pages=2–5}} As well as its membership of the United Nations, the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[G20]] and the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), Canada is a member of various other international and regional organizations and forums for economic and cultural affairs.{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/organisations.aspx?lang=eng|title=International Organizations and Forums|publisher=Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada|year=2013|accessdate=March 3, 2014}} Canada acceded to the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] in 1976.{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv-4&chapter=4&lang=en|title= International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|year=2014|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=March 3, 2014}}\n\n===Provinces and territories===\n{{Main|Provinces and territories of Canada}}\n{{See also|Canadian federalism}}\n\nCanada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three [[territory (administrative division)|territories]]. In turn, these may be grouped into [[List of regions of Canada|four main regions]]: Western Canada, Central Canada, [[Atlantic Canada]], and Northern Canada (\"Eastern Canada\" refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibility for social programs such as [[Health care in Canada|health care]], [[Education in Canada|education]], and [[Social programs in Canada|welfare]].{{cite book|author1=G. Bruce Doern|author2=Allan M. Maslove|author3=Michael J. Prince|title=Canadian Public Budgeting in the Age of Crises: Shifting Budgetary Domains and Temporal Budgeting|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FBXaFRZtKJsC&pg=RA1-PA1976|year=2013|publisher=MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-8853-0|page=1}} Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the [[Canada Health Act]]; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. [[Equalization payments]] are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.{{cite book|author1=Jason Clemens|author2=Niels Veldhuis|title=Beyond Equalization: Examining Fiscal Transfers in a Broader Context|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yc6RakXxLy0C&pg=PA8|year=2012|publisher=The Fraser Institute|isbn=978-0-88975-215-3|page=8}}\n{{Canada image map}}\n{{Clear left}}\n\n==Economy==\n{{Main|Economy of Canada|Economic history of Canada}}\n[[File:Canada FTAs.png|thumb|400px|Nations that have Free Trade Agreements with Canada as of 2009 are in dark blue, while nations in negotiations are in cyan. Canada is green.]]\nCanada is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|eleventh-largest economy]] as of 2015, with a [[nominal GDP]] of approximately US$1.79 trillion.{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=30&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=156&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for selected Country - Canada |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=2015 | accessdate=May 22, 2015}} It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Group of Eight (G8), and is one of the world's top ten [[trading nation]]s, with a highly [[Globalization|globalized]] economy.{{cite web |publisher= World Trade Organization|url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres08_e/pr520_e.htm|title=Latest release |date=April 17, 2008 |accessdate=May 23, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/|publisher=KOF|title=Index of Globalization 2010|accessdate=May 22, 2012}} Canada is a [[mixed economy]], ranking above the US and most western European nations on the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s index of economic freedom,{{cite web |year=2013 | publisher = Heritage Foundation/''Wall Street Journal''| title = Index of Economic Freedom | url = http://www.heritage.org/Index/ | accessdate=June 27, 2013}} and experiencing a relatively low level of [[Economic inequality|income disparity]].{{cite web|url=http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/12/13/jonathan-kay-the-key-to-canadas-economic-advantage-over-the-united-states-less-income-inequality/|title=Jonathan Kay: The key to Canada's economic advantage over the United States? Less income inequality|work=National Post|date=December 13, 2012|accessdate=December 14, 2012}} The country's average household [[disposable income]] per capita is over US$23,900, higher than the OECD average. Furthermore, the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] is the seventh largest [[stock exchange]] in the world by [[market capitalization]], listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US$2 trillion as of 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.tmx.com/resource/en/117|title=TMX Group Equity Financing Statistics – September 2014|publisher=TMX|date=September 2014|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}\n\nIn 2014, Canada's exports totalled over C$528 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $523 billion, of which approximately $349 billion originated from the United States, $49 billion from the European Union, and $35 billion from China.{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/gblec02a-eng.htm|title=Imports, exports and trade balance of goods on a balance-of-payments basis, by country or country grouping |date=2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=February 7, 2015}} The country's 2014 [[trade surplus]] totalled C$5.1 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008.{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/canada-has-first-yearly-trade-deficit-since-1975/article1462607/ |title=Canada has first yearly trade deficit since 1975|newspaper= The Globe and Mail|date=February 10, 2010|accessdate=May 23, 2011|first=Tavia|last=Grant}}{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/canadas-trade-deficit-widens-on-lower-crude-oil-prices-1423147694|title=Canada's Trade Deficit Widens|work=Wall Street Journal|date=February 7, 2015}}\n\nSince the early 20th century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized, industrial one. Like many other [[developed nations]], the Canadian economy is dominated by the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service industry]], which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce.{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/econ40-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Employment by Industry|date=January 8, 2009 |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its [[primary sector of the economy|primary sector]], in which the logging and [[petroleum industry|petroleum industries]] are two of the most prominent components.{{cite journal|last=Easterbrook|first=WT|date=March 1995|title=Recent Contributions to Economic History: Canada|journal=Journal of Economic History|volume=19|page=98}}\n\nCanada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Charles E|title=World energy resources|publisher=Springer|year=2002|pages=323, 378–389|isbn=978-3-540-42634-9}} Atlantic Canada possesses vast [[Offshore drilling|offshore]] deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. The vastness of the [[Athabasca oil sands]] and other assets results in Canada having a 13% share of global [[oil reserves]], comprising the world's third-largest share after [[Oil Reserves in Venezuela|Venezuela]] and [[Oil Reserves in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM|title=World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1960–2011|publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries|year=2012|quote= Oil & Gas Journal's oil reserve estimate for Canada includes {{convert|5.392|Goilbbl|m3}} of conventional crude oil and condensate reserves and {{convert|173.2|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil sands reserves. Information collated by the [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilreserves.html EIA]}} Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat, [[canola]], and other grains.{{cite book|last=Britton|first=John NH|title=Canada and the Global Economy: The Geography of Structural and Technological Change|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1996|pages=26–27, 155–163|isbn=978-0-7735-1356-3}} Canada's [[Minister of Natural Resources (Canada)|Ministry of Natural Resources]] provides statistics regarding its major exports; the country is a leading exporter of [[zinc]], [[uranium]], [[gold]], [[nickel]], [[aluminum]], [[steel]], [[iron ore]], [[Coking coal#Coking coal and use of coke|coking coal]] and [[lead]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?product=zinc&graph=production|title=Zinc Production by Country (Metric tons, zinc content of concentrate and direct shipping ore, unless otherwise specified)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] data via Index Mundi|year=2009|accessdate=May 14, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mining-materials/statistics/8848|title=Statistics|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and [[aeronautics]] representing particularly important industries.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/sectionv/4057758-eng.htm#V332_350|title=Vl-12|editor=Leacy, FH|year=1983|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\n\n[[File:NAFTA logo.svg|left|thumb|North American Free Trade Agreement [[NAFTA]] Logo]]\nCanada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since [[World War II]].{{cite book|author1=Dr David Mosler|author2=Professor Bob Catley|title=The American Challenge: The World Resists US Liberalism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l00i5PKYDwcC&pg=PA38|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-9852-0|page=38}} The [[Automotive Products Trade Agreement]] of 1965 opened Canada's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]]'s Liberal government to enact the [[National Energy Program]] (NEP) and the [[Investment Canada|Foreign Investment Review Agency]] (FIRA).{{cite book|last=Morck|first=Randall|author2=Tian, Gloria |author3=Yeung, Bernard |title=Governance, multinationals, and growth|editors=Eden, Lorraine; Dobson, Wendy|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2005|page=50|chapter=Who owns whom? Economic nationalism and family controlled pyramidal groups in Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=q4gt2xhqpSIC&pg=PA50|isbn=978-1-84376-909-5}} In the 1980s, Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]]'s Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to \"[[Investment Canada]]\", to encourage foreign investment.{{cite journal|last=Hale|first=Geoffrey|title=The Dog That Hasn't Barked: The Political Economy of Contemporary Debates on Canadian Foreign Investment Policies|journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science|date=October 2008|volume=41|issue=3|pages=719–747|doi=10.1017/S0008423908080785}} The [[Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement]] (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include [[Mexico]] in 1994. In the mid-1990s, [[Jean Chrétien]]'s Liberal government began to post annual budgetary surpluses, and steadily paid down the national debt.{{cite book|author=David Johnson|title=Thinking Government: Public Sector Management in Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TcL80sSautgC&pg=PA374|year=2006|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-55111-779-9|page=374}}\n\nThe [[global financial crisis of 2008]] caused a [[late-2000s recession|major recession]], which led to a significant rise in [[List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate|unemployment]] in Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalpost.com/related/topics/story.html?id=1383376|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5nDiwjKnX|archivedate=February 1, 2010|title=Jobless rate to peak at 10%: TD|last=Sturgeon|first=Jamie|date=March 13, 2009|work=National Post |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} By October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate had reached 8.6 percent, with provincial unemployment rates varying from a low of 5.8 percent in Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador.{{cite web |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/subjects-sujets/labour-travail/lfs-epa/lfs-epa-eng.htm|title=Latest release from Labour Force Survey |date=November 6, 2009|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs.{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/the-economists/the-real-state-of-canadas-jobs-market/article1757129/|title=The real state of Canada's jobs market |date=October 15, 2010|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|accessdate=December 12, 2010|first=Armine|last=Yalnizyan}} [[Canadian public debt|Canada's federal debt]] was estimated to total $566.7 billion for the [[fiscal year]] 2010–11, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09.{{cite web|url=http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20100304/budget_2010_100304/20100304?hub=TorontoNewHome|title=Budget fights deficit with freeze on future spending|publisher=[[CTV News]]|date=March 4, 2010|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} In addition, Canada's net [[foreign debt]] rose by $41 billion to $194 billion in the first quarter of 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100617/dq100617b-eng.htm|title=Canada's international investment position|publisher=Statistics Canada|work=The Daily|date=June 17, 2010|accessdate=May 23, 2011}} However, Canada's regulated banking sector (comparatively conservative among G8 nations), the federal government's pre-crisis budgetary surpluses, and its long-term policies of lowering the national debt, resulted in a less severe recession compared to other G8 nations.{{cite web|url=http://mercatus.org/publication/canada-s-budget-triumph|title=Canada's Budget Triumph|publisher=Mercatus Center (George Mason University)|format=PDF|date=September 30, 2010|accessdate=July 15, 2013}} As of 2015, the Canadian economy has largely stabilized and has seen a modest return to growth, although the country remains troubled by volatile oil prices, sensitivity to the [[European sovereign-debt crisis|Eurozone crisis]] and higher-than-normal unemployment rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.fin.gc.ca/efp-pef/2013/efp-pef-02-eng.asp|title=Update of Economic and Fiscal Projections|publisher=Department of Finance Canada|year=2013|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/imf-drops-forecast-for-canadian-economic-growth-1.2197318|title=IMF drops forecast for Canadian economic growth|publisher=CTV News|date=January 20, 2015|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} The federal government and many Canadian industries have also started to expand trade with emerging Asian markets, in an attempt to diversify exports; Asia is now Canada's second-largest export market after the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacific.ca/statistics/trade/regional-trade/canadas-trade-world-region|title=Canada's Trade with the World, by Region|publisher=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada|date=March 24, 2014|accessdate=February 18, 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://opencanada.org/branch-news/montreal-news/minister-fast-congratulates-the-organizers-of-the-canada-and-free-trade-with-asia-conference/|title=Minister Fast Congratulates the Organizers of the Canada and Free Trade with Asia Conference|publisher=Canadian International Council |year=2013|accessdate=February 11, 2014}} [[Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines|Widely debated oil pipeline proposals]], in particular, are hoped to increase exports of Canadian oil reserves to China.{{cite news |work= The Globe and Mail |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/investment-ideas/streetwise/northern-gateway-pipeline-would-strengthen-trade-ties-to-china/article4107144/|title=Northern Gateway pipeline would strengthen trade ties to China |date=May 7, 2012|accessdate=August 19, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www2.macleans.ca/2012/09/25/plugging-for-pipelines/|title=Pipeline economics: China needs oil, and Canada's got it|publisher=Macleans.ca|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=December 4, 2012}}\n\n===Science and technology===\n{{Main|Science and technology in Canada|Telecommunications in Canada}}\n[[File:STS-116 Payload (NASA S116-E-05364).jpg|thumb|alt=A shuttle in space, with Earth in the background. A mechanical arm labelled \"Canada\" rises from the shuttle|The [[Canadarm]] robotic manipulator in action on [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] during the [[STS-116]] mission in 2006.]]\n\nIn 2012, Canada spent approximately C$31.3 billion on domestic [[research and development]], of which around $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/scte01a-eng.htm|title=Domestic spending on research and development|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=October 17, 2014|accessdate=February 7, 2015}} As of 2015, the country has produced thirteen [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel laureates]] in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]] and [[Nobel Prize in Medicine|medicine]],{{cite web|title=Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates|url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/nobellaureates.php|publisher=Science.ca|accessdate=February 7, 2015}} Note that this source was published before 2011 and as such does not include [[Ralph M. Steinman]].{{cite web|url=http://newswire.rockefeller.edu/?page=engine&id=1192|title=Rockefeller University scientist Ralph Steinman, honored today with Nobel Prize for discovery of dendritic cells, dies at 68|date=October 3, 2011|publisher=[[Rockefeller University]]}} and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists.{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-ranked-fourth-in-the-world-for-scientific-research/article4571162/|title=Canada ranked fourth in the world for scientific research|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=September 26, 2012|accessdate=October 17, 2012}} It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms.{{cite web|url=http://www.branham300.com/index.php?year=2014&listing=1|title=Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies|year=2014|publisher=Branham Group Inc|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} Canada [[List of countries by number of Internet users|has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world]], with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm#north|title=Internet Usage and Population in North America|publisher=Internet World Stats|date=June 2014|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}\n\nThe [[Canadian Space Agency]] operates a highly active [[space program]], conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. Canada was the third country to launch a satellite into space after the [[USSR]] and the United States, with the 1962 [[Alouette 1]] launch.{{cite web|url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/alouette.asp|title=Alouette I and II|publisher=CSA|accessdate=November 30, 2012}} In 1984, [[Marc Garneau]] became Canada's first astronaut. As of 2015, [[Canadian astronauts|nine Canadians have flown into space]], over the course of seventeen manned missions.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2010/09/01/f-canadian-space-astronauts.html|title=Canada's astronauts|publisher= [[CBC News]]|date=October 26, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2011}}\n\nCanada is a participant in the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), and is a pioneer in space [[robotics]], having constructed the [[Canadarm]], [[Canadarm2]] and [[Dextre]] robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's [[Space Shuttle]]. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including [[Radarsat-1]] and [[Radarsat-2|2]], [[ISIS (satellite)|ISIS]] and [[Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope|MOST]].{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html|title=The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada|publisher=Newswire |accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used [[sounding rocket]]s, the [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant]]; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.{{cite web|url=http://www.magellan.aero/our-products/rockets-and-space|title=Black Brant Sounding Rockets|publisher=Magellan Aerospace|year=2013|accessdate=February 13, 2015}}\n\n==Demographics==\n{{Main|Canadians|Demographics of Canada}}\nThe [[Canada 2011 Census|2011 Canadian census]] counted a [[Population of Canada by year|total population]] of 33,476,688, an increase of around 5.9 percent over the 2006 figure.{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/120208/dq120208a-eng.htm?WT.mc_id=twtB2000 |title=2011 Census: Population and dwelling counts |date=February 8, 2012 |publisher=Statistics Canada |accessdate=February 8, 2012}} By December 2012, [[Statistics Canada]] reported a population of over 35 million, signifying the fastest growth rate of any [[G8 nations|G8 nation]].{{cite news |author= Green, Jeff |newspaper=The Toronto Star |url=http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/12/06/canadas_population_hits_35_million.html |title=Canada's population hits 35 million|date=December 6, 2012|accessdate=September 16, 2013}} Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main drivers of population growth are [[Immigration to Canada|immigration]] and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.{{cite book|author1=Barry Edmonston|author2=Eric Fong|title=The Changing Canadian Population|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA181|year=2011|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4|page=181}}\n{{Largest Metropolitan Areas of Canada}}\n{{Pie chart\n|thumb = right\n|caption = Self-reported ethnic origins of Canadians (as per 2011 census data){{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=National Household Survey Profile|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2011|accessdate=February 13, 2015}}\n|label1 = [[European Canadian|European]]\n|value1 = 76.7\n|color1 = Blue\n|label2 = [[Asian Canadian|Asian]]\n|value2 = 14.2\n|color2 = Gray\n|label3 = [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]]\n|value3 = 4.3\n|color3 = Gold\n|label4 = [[Black Canadians|Black]]\n|value4 = 2.9\n|color4 = Green\n|label5 = [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]]\n|value5 = 1.2\n|color5 = Red\n|label6 = [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|Multiracial]]\n|value6 = 0.5\n|color6 = Black\n|label7 = [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|Other]]\n|value7 = 0.3\n|color7 = White\n}}\n{{Pie chart\n|thumb = right\n|caption = Religion in Canada (2011 National Household Survey){{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA |title=Religions in Canada—Census 2011 |publisher=Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada}}\n|label1 = [[Roman Catholicism in Canada|Catholic]]\n|value1 = 38.7\n|color1 = DarkOrchid\n|label2 = Other Christian\n|value2 = 28.6\n|color2 = DodgerBlue\n|label3 = [[Irreligion in Canada|Non-religious]]\n|value3 = 23.9\n|color3 = Gray\n|label4 = [[Islam in Canada|Islam]]\n|value4 = 3.2\n|color4 = MediumSeaGreen\n|label5 = [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]]\n|value5 = 1.5\n|color5 = Crimson\n|label6 = [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]]\n|value6 = 1.4\n|color6 = Orange\n|label7 = [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]]\n|value7 = 1.1\n|color7 = Gold\n|label8 = [[Judaism in Canada|Judaism]]\n|value8 = 1.0\n|color8 = Turquoise\n|label9 = Other religions\n|value9 = 0.6\n|color9 = HotPink\n}}\nAbout four-fifths of the population lives within {{convert|150|km|mi}} of the United States border.{{cite book|last=Custred|first=Glynn|title=Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States|editor=Moens, Alexander|publisher=Fraser Institute|year=2008|page=96|chapter=Security Threats on America's Borders|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HmiqBgnkAXYC&pg=PA96|isbn=978-0-88975-235-1}} Approximately 80 percent of Canadians live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, the British Columbia [[Lower Mainland]], and the [[Calgary–Edmonton Corridor]] in Alberta.{{cite web | url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-221-x/00503/t/th/4062283-eng.htm | title = Urban-rural population as a proportion of total population, Canada, provinces, territories and health regions | year = 2001 | publisher = Statistics Canada | accessdate=May 23, 2011}} Canada spans latitudinally from the 83rd parallel north to the 41st parallel north, and approximately 95% of the population is found below the 55th parallel north. In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a [[demographic transition|demographic shift]] towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age was 39.5 years;{{cite web | last = Martel | first = Laurent |author2=Malenfant, Éric Caron | title = 2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, by Age and Sex | publisher = Statistics Canada | date = September 22, 2009 | url = http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/index-eng.cfm?CFID=3347169&CFTOKEN=19485112 | accessdate=October 18, 2009 }} by 2011, it had risen to approximately 39.9 years.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/09/28/canada-population-stats.html|title=Canadian population creeps up in average age|publisher=CBC |date=September 28, 2011|accessdate=April 11, 2012}} As of 2013, the average [[life expectancy]] for Canadians is 81 years.{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Statistics.pdf |format=PDF|title=2013 Human Development Index and its components – Statistics|publisher=UNDP |year=2013 |accessdate=March 15, 2013}}\n\nAccording to a 2012 [[NBC]] report, Canada is the most educated country in the world;{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/most-educated-countries-world-1B6065913|title=The most educated countries in the world|publisher=NBC|year=2012|accessdate=April 25, 2013}} the country ranks first worldwide in the number of adults having [[tertiary education]], with 51% of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree, according to a 2012 [[OECD]] survey.{{cite journal|last1=Grossman|first1=Samantha|title=And the World's Most Educated Country Is...|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=September 27, 2012|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/|accessdate=September 28, 2014}} Canadian provinces and territories are [[Education in Canada|responsible for education provision]]. The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years,{{cite web | publisher = Council of Ministers of Education, Canada | title = Overview of Education in Canada | url= http://www.educationau-incanada.ca/index.aspx?action=educationsystem-systemeeducation&lang=eng | archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5mYLss1b9 | archivedate=January 5, 2010 | accessdate=October 20, 2010 }} contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent. As of 2014, 89 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, compared to an OECD average of 75 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/canada/|title=Canada|work=[[OECD Better Life Index]]|publisher=OECD|year=2014|accessdate=February 13, 2015}} In 2002, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent.{{cite web | publisher = Department of Finance Canada | title = Creating Opportunities for All Canadians | url= http://www.fin.gc.ca/ec2005/agenda/agc4-eng.asp| date = November 14, 2005 | accessdate=May 22, 2006}} The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] indicates that Canadian students perform well above the OECD average, particularly in mathematics, science, and reading.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/12/46643496.pdf|title=Comparing countries' and economies' performances|publisher=OECD|year=2009|accessdate=May 22, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canadian-education-among-best-in-the-world-oecd-1.583143|title=Canadian education among best in the world: OECD|publisher=CTV News|date=December 7, 2010|accessdate=February 15, 2013}}\n\nCanada has one of the [[Immigration to Canada#Immigration rate|highest per-capita immigration rates in the world]],{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nlSWLT8UC&pg=PA51|page=51|title=Canada|first=Karla |last=Zimmerman|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|year=2008|edition=10th|isbn=978-1-74104-571-0}} driven by [[Economic impact of immigration to Canada|economic policy]] and [[Immigration to Canada#Immigration categories|family reunification]]. In 2010, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2011/2011-02-13.asp|title=Canada welcomes highest number of legal immigrants in 50 years while taking action to maintain the integrity of Canada's immigration system|publisher=Citizenship and Immigration Canada|date=February 13, 2011|accessdate=February 11, 2012}} The Canadian government anticipated between 260,000 and 285,000 new permanent residents in 2015,{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/notices/2014-11-06.asp|title=Supplementary Information to the 2015 Immigration Levels Plan|publisher=Citizenship and Immigration Canada|accessdate=February 1, 2015}} a similar number of immigrants as in recent years.{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/menu-fact.asp |title=Immigration overview – Permanent and temporary residents|publisher= [[Citizenship and Immigration Canada]]|accessdate=February 11, 2014|year=2012}}  New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto, Montreal and  Vancouver.{{cite book|author=Herbert G. Grubel|title=The Effects of Mass Immigration on Canadian Living Standards and Society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=48LOyfxYihoC&pg=PA5|year=2009|publisher=The Fraser Institute|isbn=978-0-88975-246-7|page=5}} Canada also accepts large numbers of [[refugee]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2010/2010-11-01a.asp|title=Government of Canada Tables 2011 Immigration Plan|publisher=Canada News Centre|accessdate=December 12, 2010}} accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.{{cite book|author=Alan Simmons|title=Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K0YwAJ7MpswC&pg=PA92|year=2010|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-362-8|page=92}}\n\nAccording to the [[Canada 2006 Census|2006 census]], the country's largest [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|self-reported ethnic origin]] is Canadian (accounting for 32% of the population), followed by [[English Canadian|English]] (21%), [[French Canadian|French]] (15.8%), [[Scottish Canadian|Scottish]] (15.1%), [[Irish Canadian|Irish]] (13.9%), [[Canadians of German ethnicity|German]] (10.2%), [[Italian Canadians|Italian]] (4.6%), [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] (4.3%), [[First Nations]] (4.0%), [[Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian]] (3.9%), and [[Canadians of Dutch descent|Dutch]] (3.3%).{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table|date=July 28, 2009|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}\nThere are 600 recognized [[List of First Nations peoples|First Nations governments or bands]], encompassing a total of 1,172,790 people.{{cite web\n | title = Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data\n | work = 2006 Census: Topic-based tabulations\n | publisher = Statistics Canada\n | date=June 12, 2008\n | url = http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89122&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=73&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=\n | accessdate =September 18, 2009}}\n\n\nCanada's aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Canada's population claimed aboriginal identity in 2006. Another 16.2 percent of the population belonged to a non-aboriginal [[visible minority]].{{cite book|author=Anita Kalunta-Crumpton|author2=Texas Southern University|title=Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in the Americas|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xQleAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-35586-6|page=12}} In 2006, the largest visible minority groups were [[South Asian Canadian|South Asian]] (4.0%), Chinese (3.9%) and [[Black Canadians|Black]] (2.5%). Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080402/dq080402a-eng.htm|title=2006 Census: Ethnic origin, visible minorities, place of work and mode of transportation|date=April 2, 2008|work=The Daily|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=January 19, 2010}} In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups.{{cite web|url=http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml|title=Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market|last=Pendakur|first=Krishna|publisher=Simon Fraser University|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110516021011/http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml|archivedate=May 16, 2011|accessdate=June 30, 2014}} By 2007, almost one in five (19.8%) were foreign-born, with nearly 60 percent of new immigrants coming from Asia (including the Middle East).{{cite web\n | work = The Daily|title=2006 Census: Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration\n | publisher = Statistics Canada\n | date =December 4, 2007\n | url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/071204/dq071204a-eng.htm\n | accessdate=October 19, 2009}}\n The leading sources of immigrants to Canada were China, the Philippines and India.{{cite web|url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Politics/2010/11/09/16054896.html|first= Brian |last=Lilley |work=Parliamentary Bureau |title=Canadians want immigration shakeup|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|year=2010|accessdate=November 14, 2010}} According to Statistics Canada, visible minority groups could account for a third of the Canadian population by 2031.{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-changing-face-of-canada-booming-minority-populations-by-2031/article1494651/ |title=The changing face of Canada: booming minority populations by 2031|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=March 9, 2010|accessdate=May 14, 2012|first=Joe|last=Friesen}}\n\n[[Religion in Canada|Canada is religiously diverse]], encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs. According to the 2011 census, 67.3% of Canadians identify as Christian; of these, [[Roman Catholicism|Catholics]] make up the largest group, accounting for 38.7% of the population. The largest [[Protestant]] denomination is the [[United Church of Canada]] (accounting for 6.1% of Canadians), followed by [[Anglican Church of Canada|Anglicans]] (5.0%), and [[Baptists]] (1.9%). In 2011, about 23.9% declared [[Irreligion|no religious affiliation]], compared to 16.5% in 2001.{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/15/no-religion-is-increasingly-popular-for-canadians-report_n_3283268.html|title='No Religion' Is Increasingly Popular For Canadians: Report|work=Huffington Post|date=May 15, 2013|accessdate=May 19, 2013}} The remaining 8.8% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are [[Islam in Canada|Islam]] (3.2%) and [[Hinduism]] (1.5%).{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA |title=Religions in Canada—Census 2011 |publisher=Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada|year=2011|accessdate=May 19, 2013}} Although the majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives, they still believe in God.{{cite book|author=Dr. David M. Haskell (Wilfrid Laurier University)|title=Through a Lens Darkly: How the News Media Perceive and Portray Evangelicals|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TzJMfNOR5O0C&pg=PA50|year=2009|publisher=Clements Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-894667-92-0|page=50}} The \"practice of religion\" is generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state.{{cite book|author1=Kevin Boyle|author2=Juliet Sheen|title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PT219|year=2013|publisher=University of Essex - Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72229-7|page=219}} Canada has no official church, and the government is officially committed to [[Freedom of religion in Canada|religious pluralism]].{{cite book|author=Richard Moon|title=Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ah66SQsk4hAC&pg=PA1|year= 2008|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1497-3|pages=1–4}}\n\n[[Languages of Canada|Canada's two official languages]] are [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]], pursuant to [[Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] and the Federal [[Official Languages Act (Canada)|Official Languages Act]]. Canada's federal government practices [[Official bilingualism in Canada|official bilingualism]], which is applied by the [[Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages|Commissioner of Official Languages]]. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-[[language minorities]] are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.{{cite web|title=Official Languages and You|publisher=[[Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages]]|date=June 16, 2009|url=http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/faq1_e.php|accessdate=September 10, 2009}}\n\n[[File:Bilinguisme au Canada-fr.svg|200px|thumb|Approximately 98% of Canadians can speak English and/or French.'''{{Legend|#FFE400|English – 56.9%}}{{Legend|#D8A820|English and French (Bilingual) – 16.1% }}{{Legend|#B07400|French – 21.3%}}{{Legend|#F5F5DC|Sparsely populated area ( '''<''' 0.4 persons per km2)}}''']]\n\nEnglish and French are the [[first language]]s of 59.7 and 23.2 percent of the population respectively. Approximately 98 percent of Canadians speak English or French: 57.8 percent speak English only, 22.1 percent speak French only, and 17.4 percent speak both.{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm|title=2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]], {{Text|Dated 2006}}|accessdate=October 12, 2010}} The English and French official-language communities, defined by the first official language spoken, constitute 73.0 and 23.6 percent of the population respectively.{{cite web |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo15-eng.htm|title=Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory|year=2006|accessdate=May 26, 2012}}\n\nThe 1977 [[Charter of the French Language]] established French as the official language of Quebec.{{cite journal|last=Bourhis|first=Richard Y|author2=Montaruli, Elisa |author3=Amiot, Catherine E |title=Language planning and French-English bilingual communication: Montreal field studies from 1977 to 1997|journal=[[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]]|date=May 2007|issue=185|pages=187–224|doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.031|volume=2007}} Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial [[Francophone]] populations in [[Franco-Ontarian|Ontario]], [[Franco-Albertan|Alberta]], and southern [[Franco-Manitoban|Manitoba]]; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/diversity-franco-diversite-eng.htm|title=The Diversity of the Canadian Francophonie|last=Lachapelle|first=R|date=March 2009|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=September 24, 2009}} New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island.{{cite book|last=Hayday|first=Matthew|title=Bilingual Today, United Tomorrow: Official Languages in Education and Canadian Federalism|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|year=2005|page=49|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3D6LPBGT59kC&pg=PA49|isbn=978-0-7735-2960-1}}\n\nOther provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official.{{cite book|last=Heller|first=Monica|title=Crosswords: language, education and ethnicity in French Ontario|year=2003|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]|isbn=978-3-11-017687-2|pages=72, 74}} There are 11 [[Languages of Canada#Aboriginal languages|Aboriginal language groups]], composed of more than 65 distinct dialects.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-589-x/4067801-eng.htm|title=Aboriginal languages|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=October 5, 2009}} Of these, only the [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Inuit language|Inuktitut]] and [[Ojibwe language|Ojibway]] languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to [[Language extinction|survive in the long term]].{{cite book|author=Olive Patricia Dickason|title=Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M5KhH8l1ldMC&pg=PA419|year=1992|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-2439-1|page=419}} Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.{{cite book|last=Fettes|first=Mark|author2=Norton, Ruth|title=Aboriginal education: fulfilling the promise|editor=Castellano, Marlene Brant; Davis, Lynne; Lahache, Louise|publisher=[[UBC Press]]|year=2001|page=39|chapter=Voices of Winter: Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada|isbn=978-0-7748-0783-8}} Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory.{{cite book|last=Russell|first=Peter H|title=Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination|editor=Hocking, Barbara|publisher=[[Aboriginal Studies Press]]|year=2005|page=180|chapter=Indigenous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mxreMX_cf4EC&pg=PA180|isbn=978-0-85575-466-2}}\n\n[[Canada 2011 Census|In 2011]], nearly 6.8 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue.{{cite web|url=http://canadaonline.about.com/od/statistics/a/languages-canada-2011-census.htm|title=What Languages Do Canadians Speak? Language Statistics From the 2011 Census of Canada|publisher=About.com: Canada Online|date=October 31, 2012|accessdate=November 26, 2012}} Some of the most common non-official first languages include [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (mainly [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]]; 1,072,555 first-language speakers), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (430,705), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (410,670), [[German language|German]] (409,200), and [[Italian language|Italian]] (407,490).{{cite web |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm|title=Population by mother tongue, by province and territory|date=January 2013|accessdate=July 4, 2013}}\n\n==Culture==\n{{Main|Culture of Canada}}\n[[File:Raven-and-the-first-men.jpg|thumb|[[Bill Reid]]'s 1980 sculpture ''Raven and The First Men''. The Raven is a figure common to many of Canada's Aboriginal mythologies.]]\nCanada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote [[Multiculturalism in Canada|multiculturalism]] are constitutionally protected.{{cite book|author=Rand Dyck|title=Canadian Politics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BUOoN8e5Ps0C&pg=PA88|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-17-650343-7|page=88}} In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a [[culture of Quebec]] that is distinct from English Canadian culture.{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61|page=61|title=Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach|first1=Daniel P|last1=Franklin|first2=Michael J|last2=Baun|publisher=Sharpe|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56324-416-2}} However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a [[cultural mosaic]] – a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.{{cite journal|last=Garcea|first=Joseph|author2=Kirova, Anna |author3=Wong, Lloyd |title=Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada|journal=Canadian Ethnic Studies|date=January 2009|volume=40|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1353/ces.0.0069}} Government policies such as [[Health care in Canada|publicly funded health care]], [[Income taxes in Canada|higher taxation]] to [[Canadian federal budget|redistribute wealth]], the outlawing of [[Capital punishment in Canada|capital punishment]], strong efforts to eliminate [[poverty in Canada|poverty]], strict [[Gun politics in Canada|gun control]], and the legalization of [[Same-sex marriage in Canada|same-sex marriage]] are further social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.{{cite book\n|first1 =Darrell | last1 =Bricker |first2= John |last2 =Wright\n|title =What Canadians think about almost everything\n|publisher =Doubleday Canada\n|year =2005\n|isbn =978-0-385-65985-7\n|pages=8–28}}\n\nHistorically, Canada has been influenced by [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British]], [[French culture|French]], and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their language, [[Native American art|art]] and [[First Nations music|music]], aboriginal peoples continue to influence the [[Canadian identity]].{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3|pages=3–6|title=Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction|first=Paul R|last= Magocsi|publisher= University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8020-3630-8}} Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural. American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.{{cite web |first=John D |last=Blackwell |url=http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture |title=Culture High and Low |year=2005 |accessdate=March 15, 2006 |publisher=International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service}} The preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC), the [[National Film Board of Canada]] (NFB), and the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC).{{cite web |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |url=http://www.onf.ca/medias/download/documents/pdf/NFB_STRATEGIC_PLAN.pdf |title=Mandate of the National Film Board |year=2005|accessdate=October 20, 2009}}\n[[File:The Jack Pine, by Tom Thomson.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Oil on canvas painting of a tree dominating its rocky landscape during a sunset.|''[[The Jack Pine]]'' by [[Tom Thomson]]. Oil on canvas, 1916, in the collection of the [[National Gallery of Canada]].]]\n\n[[Canadian art|Canadian visual art]] has been dominated by figures such as [[Tom Thomson]] – the country's most famous painter – and by the [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]]. Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39.{{cite journal|last=Brock|first=Richard|title=Envoicing Silent Objects: Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape|journal=Canadian Journal of Environmental Education|year=2008|volume=13|issue=2|pages=50–61}} The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists – [[Lawren Harris]], [[A. Y. Jackson]], [[Arthur Lismer]], [[J. E. H. MacDonald]], and [[Frederick Varley]] – were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by [[Frank Johnston (artist)|Frank Johnston]], and by commercial artist [[Franklin Carmichael]]. [[A. J. Casson]] became part of the Group in 1926.{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Charles C|title=The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation|publisher=National Gallery of Canada|year=1995|pages=15–21, 195|isbn=978-0-7710-6716-7}} Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, [[Emily Carr]], known for her landscapes and portrayals of the [[indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast]].{{cite book|last=Newlands|first=Anne|title=Emily Carr|publisher=Firefly Books|year=1996|pages=8–9|isbn=978-1-55209-046-6}} Since the 1950s, works of [[Inuit art]] have been given as gifts to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.{{cite book|author=Pamela R. Stern|title=Daily life of the Inuit|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0y95_2m0pGUC&pg=PA151|date=June 30, 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36311-5|page=151}}\n\nThe [[Music of Canada|Canadian music industry]] has produced internationally renowned [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]] and [[List of bands from Canada|ensembles]].{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vtDhVXAkpxcC&pg=PA95|title=The cultural industries in Canada: problems, policies and prospects|first= Michael |last=Dorland|page=95|publisher=J. Lorimer|year=1996|isbn=978-1-55028-494-2}} Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC. The [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] presents Canada's music industry awards, the [[Juno Award]]s, which were first awarded in 1970.{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA127|page=127|title=Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood|first=Ryan |last=Edwardson|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8020-9759-0}} [[Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada|Patriotic music in Canada]] dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the [[Constitution Act, 1867|first legal steps to independence]] by over 50 years. The earliest, ''[[The Bold Canadian]]'', was written in 1812.{{cite book|author=Adam Jortner|title=The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217|year= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976529-4|page=217}} The national anthem of Canada, \"[[O Canada]]\", was originally commissioned by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], the Honourable [[Théodore Robitaille]], for the 1880 [[Fête nationale du Québec|St. Jean-Baptiste Day]] ceremony, and was officially adopted in 1980.{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/o-canada/|title='O Canada' |publisher=Historica-Dominion |accessdate=November 27, 2013}} [[Calixa Lavallée]] wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]]. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.{{cite web\n |title=Hymne national du Canada\n |publisher=Canadian Heritage\n |date=June 23, 2008\n |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm\n |accessdate=June 26, 2008}}\n\n\n[[File:Canada2010WinterOlympicsOTcelebration.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Hockey players and fans celebrating|Canada's [[ice hockey]] victory at the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in Vancouver]]\n\nThe [[History of Canadian sports|roots of organized sports in Canada]] date back to the 1770s.Henry Roxborough, \"The Beginning of Organized Sport in Canada,\" ''Canada'' (1975) 2#3 pp 30–43 Canada's official national sports are [[ice hockey]] and [[lacrosse]].{{cite web\n |title=National Sports of Canada Act\n |publisher=Canadian Heritage\n |date=November 17, 2008\n |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/sc/legsltn/n-16-eng.cfm\n |accessdate=October 1, 2012}}\n Seven of Canada's eight largest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have franchises in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Other popular spectator [[sports in Canada]] include [[curling]] and [[Canadian football]]; the latter is played professionally in the [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL). [[Golf]], [[tennis]], [[baseball]], [[skiing]], [[cricket]], [[volleyball]], [[rugby union]], [[Association football|soccer]] and [[basketball]] are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.{{cite web | author = [[Conference Board of Canada]] |date=December 2004 | url = http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/pubs/socio-eco/tab2_tab_e.cfm | title = Survey: Most Popular Sports, by Type of Participation, Adult Population | publisher = Sport Canada | work = Strengthening Canada: The Socio-economic Benefits of Sport Participation in Canada – Report August 2005 | accessdate=July 1, 2006}} Canada does have one professional baseball team, the [[Toronto Blue Jays]], one professional basketball team, the [[Toronto Raptors]] and three [[Major League Soccer]] teams, [[Toronto FC]], [[Vancouver Whitecaps FC]] and the [[Montreal Impact]]. Canada has participated in almost every Olympic Games since [[Canada at the 1900 Summer Olympics|its Olympic debut in 1900]], and has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in Montreal, the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] in Calgary, the [[1994 Basketball World Championship]], the [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]], and the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in Vancouver and [[Whistler, British Columbia]].{{cite web | publisher =The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games | url = http://www.vancouver2010.com/ | title = Vancouver 2010 | year = 2009 | accessdate=October 20, 2009}}\n\n[[National symbols of Canada|Canada's national symbols]] are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the [[maple leaf]] as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's [[Flag of Canada|current]] and [[Canadian Red Ensign|previous flags]], on the [[penny (Canadian coin)|penny]], and on the [[Arms of Canada]].{{cite book | author=Canadian Heritage | title=Symbols of Canada | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-660-18615-3 | publisher=Canadian Government Publishing}} Other prominent symbols include the [[beaver]], [[Canada Goose]], [[Great Northern Loon|Common Loon]], the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and more recently, the [[totem pole]] and [[Inuksuk]].{{cite journal|last=Ruhl|first=Jeffrey|date=January 2008|title=Inukshuk Rising|journal=Canadian Journal of Globalization|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–30}}\n{{clear}}\n\n==See also==\n{{Portal|Canada|North America}}\n* [[Index of Canada-related articles]]\n* [[Outline of Canada]]\n* [[List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories|Topics by provinces and territories]]\n* {{Wikipedia books link|Canada}}\n\n==Notes==\n{{notelist}}\n{{Reflist|group=n|30em}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}\n\n==Further reading==\n{{main|Bibliography of Canada}}\n{{refbegin}}\n{{div col||20em}}\n'''History'''\n* {{Cite book\n|title = Journeys: A History of Canada\n|first1 =RD | last1 = Francis |first2 = Richard |last2 =Jones |first3 = Donald B |last3 =Smith\n|publisher = Nelson Education\n|year = 2009\n|isbn = 978-0-17-644244-6\n|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&pg=PP1\n }}\n* {{cite book |last = Taylor |first = Martin Brook|author2=Owram, Doug|year = 1994|title =Canadian History|volume=[http://books.google.com/books?id=FamJrJEvymIC&pg=PP1 1] & [http://books.google.com/books?id=HKmAjZJCJFoC&pg=PP1 2]|publisher= University of Toronto Press}} ISBN 978-0-8020-5016-8, ISBN 978-0-8020-2801-3\n'''Geography and climate'''\n* {{Cite book\n|title = Canadian Oxford World Atlas\n|editor = Stanford, Quentin H\n|edition = 6th\n|publisher = Oxford University Press (Canada)\n|isbn = 978-0-19-542928-2\n|year = 2008\n }}\n'''Government and law'''\n* {{cite book |last = Malcolmson |first = Patrick|edition=4th|author2=Myers, Richard|year =2009 |title =The Canadian Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada |url =http://books.google.com/books?id=-jpXFH_ZhY8C&pg=PP1 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn= 978-1-4426-0047-8}}\n* {{cite book |last = Morton|first =Frederick Lee |year =2002 |title =Law, politics, and the judicial process in Canada\n |url =http://books.google.com/books?id=dj_4_H35nmYC&pg=PP1 |publisher= Frederick Lee|isbn= 978-1-55238-046-8}}\n'''Military'''\n* {{cite book |last = Granatstein |first =JL|title=Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z7E-j1UWuOMC&pg=PP1|year= 2011|edition=2nd|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1178-8}}\n'''Economy'''\n* {{cite book |publisher=OECD Economic Surveys|year =2013 |title =2012 Economic Survey |url =http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-canada-2012_eco_surveys-can-2012-en#page1|format=PDF}} ([http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/listofeconomicsurveysofcanada.htm List of Economic Surveys])\n* {{cite book|author=Council of Canadian Academies|title=The State of Science and Technology in Canada, 2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p_LBUhAQHTEC&pg=PP1|year=2012|publisher=Council of Canadian Academies|isbn=978-1-926558-47-9}}\n'''Demography and statistics'''\n* {{Cite book\n|last = Statistics Canada\n|title = Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867–1967\n|publisher = Federal Publications (Queen of Canada)\n|year= 2008\n|url=http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?catno=11-402-X&chropg=1&lang=eng\n }}\n* {{Cite book\n|last = Statistics Canada\n|title = Canada Year Book\n|publisher = Federal Publications (Queen of Canada)\n|date= December 2012\n|id =Catalogue no 11-402-XWE\n|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/11-402-x2012000-eng.htm\n|issn = 0068-8142\n}}\n'''Culture'''\n* {{cite book|author=[[Andrew Cohen (journalist)|Andrew Cohen]]|title=The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mlqG66wAEfoC&pg=PP1|year= 2007|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|isbn=978-0-7710-2181-7}}\n* {{cite book\n|first = Paul R| last = Magocsi\n|title =Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples\n|publisher =Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press\n|year =1999\n|isbn =978-0-8020-2938-6\n|url =http://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC\n }}\n{{div col end}}\n{{refend}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Sister project links|voy=Canada|Canada}}\n{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Canada.ogg|2008-01-04}}\n'''Overviews'''\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/canada.htm Canada] from [[University of Colorado Boulder|UCB]] Libraries GovPubs\n* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/Canada}}\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16841111 Canada] from [[BBC News]]\n* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html Canada] from [[CIA]] ''World Factbook''\n* [http://www.oecd.org/canada/ Canada profile] from the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]\n* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/canadiana/index-e.html Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada]\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CA Key Development Forecasts for Canada] from [[International Futures]]\n\n'''Government'''\n* [http://www.gc.ca/ Official website of the Government of Canada]\n* [http://www.gg.ca/ Official website of the Governor General of Canada]\n\n'''Travel'''\n* [http://us.canada.travel/ Canada's Official Tourism Website]\n\n'''Studies'''\n* [http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html A Guide to the Sources] from International Council for Canadian Studies\n\n{{Anchor|Related information}}\n{{Navboxes\n| title = [[File:Maple Leaf (from roundel).svg|20x20px]] [[Outline of Canada|Topics related to Canada]]\n| titlestyle = color:black; background-color:white;\n|list1={{Canada topics}}\n{{Countries of North America}}\n{{Commonwealth of Nations}}\n}}\n\n{{Featured article}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:Canada| ]]\n[[Category:1867 establishments in Canada| ]]\n[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]\n[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]\n[[Category:Federal countries]]\n[[Category:Former British colonies]]\n[[Category:Former French colonies]]\n[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]\n[[Category:G8 nations]]\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\n[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]\n[[Category:Member states of La Francophonie]]\n[[Category:Member states of NATO]]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1867]]\n[[Category:G7 nations]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/chiang_mai.wiki",
    "content": "{{pagebanner|Chiangmai_banner.jpg|dotm=yes|caption=Wat Phra That Doi Suthep}}\n{{mapframe|18.786915|98.986632|zoom=14|height=|width=}}\n[[Image:Moat ChiangMai.jpg|thumb|Ancient city wall and moat]]\n\n'''Chiang Mai''' (เชียงใหม่) is the hub of [[North (Thailand)|northern Thailand]]. With a population of over 170,000 in the city proper (but more than one million in the metropolitan area), it is Thailand's sixth-largest city. On a plain at an elevation of 316 m, surrounded by mountains and lush countryside, it is much greener and quieter than the capital and has a cosmopolitan air and a significant expatriate population, all factors which have led many from Bangkok to settle permanently in this \"rose of the north\".\n\n==Understand==\nFounded in 1296 CE, Chiang Mai is a culturally and historically interesting city, at one time the capital of the ancient Lanna kingdom. In the rolling foothills of the Himalayas 700 km north of Bangkok, until the 1920s it could only be reached by an arduous river journey or an elephant trek. This isolation helped preserve Chiang Mai's distinctive charm, which remains intact.\n\nChiang Mai's historical centre is the '''walled city''' (\"city\" is ''chiang'' in the northern Thai dialect while ''mai'' is \"new\", hence ''Chiang Mai'' translates as \"new city\"). Sections of the wall dating to their restoration a few decades ago remain at the gates and corners, but of the rest only the moat remains.\n\nInside Chiang Mai's remaining city walls are more than 30 temples dating back to the founding of the principality, in a combination of Burmese-, Sri Lankan-, and Lanna Thai-styles, decorated with beautiful wood carvings, Naga staircases, leonine and angelic guardians, gilded umbrellas and pagodas laced with gold filigree. The most famous is Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep, which overlooks the city from a mountainside 13 km away.\n\nModern-day Chiang Mai has expanded in all directions, but particularly to the east to the banks of the '''Ping River''' (''Mae Nam Ping''), where Changklan Rd, the famous '''Night Bazaar''', and the bulk of Chiang Mai's hotels and guest houses are located. '''Loi Kroh Rd''' (ถนนลอยเคราะห์) is the centre of the city's (tourist) night life.\n\nLocals say you've not experienced Chiang Mai until you've seen the view from Doi Suthep, eaten a bowl of kao soi and purchased an umbrella from Bo Sang. Of course this is touristic blather, but kao soi, Bo Sang umbrellas and Doi Suthep are important cultural icons for the locals.\n\n===Orientation===\nChiang Mai's most salient physical feature is the moat and the remains of the wall surrounding the old city. About 6.5 km in circumference, it is the reference point for navigating around the city.\n\nThe east and west halves of the old city each have their own character. The east side has the highest concentration of guesthouses, restaurants, motorbike rental shops, travel agencies, and other tourist-oriented services. In particular, the northeast corner is a warren of guesthouses, restaurants, massage parlours, and other businesses catering to visitors. The western half is more Thai, with a school for the blind, a coffin shop, the Chiang Mai branch of Thailand's National Library and five or six mostly table-top barbecue restaurants\n(หมูกระทะ mǔu grà~​tá) almost always packed with Thai customers.\n\nClockwise from 12 o'clock (north), the main features of the moat and its environs areː\n\n* {{listing\n| name= Chang Phuak Gate | alt=ประตูช้างเผือก | lat= | long= | directions=Centre, N moat\n| content=Initially constructed by King Mangrai c.1296. Formerly known as Hua Wiang (\"head of the city\") Gate as it was considered the most important. King Saen Muang Ma (1365-1401) built an albino elephant (cháang-pʉ̀ʉak ช้างเผือก) monument outside the gate during his reign. The name of the gate then changed gradually to reflect its presence. Traditionally, kings-to-be entered the city through this gate on the way to their coronations. Taking the road north from here takes one to the intra-provincial bus station, also named Chang Phuak, then onward to Mae Rim, Pai, Chiang Rai and the Lao border.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name= Si Phum Corner | alt=แจ่งศรีภูมิ \n| lat= | long= | directions=NE moat corner\n| content=Taking the left turn at this point takes one to the superhighway. Straight on leads to a bridge over the Ping River and beyond it, the rail and bus stations. Turning right (south) parallels the eastern boundary of the moat.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name= Tha Phae Gate | alt=ประตูท่าแพ | lat= | long= | directions=Centre E moat\n| content=Built c.1296. Originally called Chiang Ruak Gate after a nearby village. \"Tha Phae\" means \"raft landing\". Originally there was an outer Tha Phae on the river and this gate, the inner Tha Phae. When the raft landing was supplanted by a bridge, this became the Tha Phae Gate. Rebuilt 1985-1986. The vicinity is by far the area most useful to visitors as it contains the greatest number of tourist services. The Night Bazaar lies due east, about a 15 min walk. There always seems be something going on in the plaza adjacent to the gate. Every Sunday a Walking Street Market originates here.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Katam Corner | alt=แจ่งก็ะตำ | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=SE moat corner\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=A \"katam\" was a \"fishtrap\". Water flowing into the city from the Hua Lin corner (NW) of the city collected near this corner in a large pond full of fish. The corner took on the name of the tool used to catch the fish. Turning left here leads to the River Ping.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name= Chiang Mai Gate | alt=ประตูเชียงใหม่ \n| lat= | long= | directions=Centre, S moat\n| content=Built c.1296 at the founding of the city by King Mangrai. Traditionally the start of the road south to Lamphun. Reconstructed c.1800. Rebuilt 1966-1969. Nearby is the Chiang Mai (fresh) Market, selling foodstuffs. Adjacent are many food stalls, which are popular throughout the day and evening. Across the street to the south is a Walking Street Market every Saturday.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name= Saen Pung Gate | alt=ประตูแสนปุง \n| lat= | long= | directions=SW moat\n| content=First mentioned in historical records about 1545. Traditionally used to transport the dead out of the city to crematoria outside the city proper.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name= Ku Huang Corner | alt=แจ่งกู่เฮีอง \n| lat= | long= | directions=SW corner\n| content=Refers to a stupa \"kuu\" containing the ashes of a person named \"Huang\". Rebuilt c. 1800. Turning left here leads to the Airport Plaza Shopping Centre and the airport.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Suan Dok Gate | alt=ประตูสวนดอก | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=W side of moat\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=On the sign, misspelled in English as \"saun dok\". Little in the vicinity of interest to visitors.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name= Hua Lin Corner | alt=แจ่งหัวลิน\n| lat= | long= | directions=Moat NW corner \n| content=\"Hua\" means \"head\" and \"lin\" meant \"aqueduct\". At this corner the small brook, Hûuai Kaeo, was lifted over the city's rampart to provide fresh water to the settlement. Turning left here leads to the Nimmanhaemin District, Chiang Mai University, and onward to Doi Suthep.}}\n\n===Climate===\n{{Climate\n| units = Metric\n| janhigh = 30\n| febhigh = 32\n| marhigh = 35\n| aprhigh = 36\n| mayhigh = 34\n| junhigh = 32\n| julhigh = 32\n| aughigh = 31\n| sephigh = 31\n| octhigh = 31\n| novhigh = 30\n| dechigh = 28\n| janlow = 14\n| feblow = 15\n| marlow = 18\n| aprlow = 22\n| maylow = 23\n| junlow = 24\n| jullow = 24\n| auglow = 23\n| seplow = 23\n| octlow = 22\n| novlow = 19\n| declow = 15\n| janprecip = 7\n| febprecip = 5\n| marprecip = 13\n| aprprecip = 50\n| mayprecip = 158\n| junprecip = 132\n| julprecip = 161\n| augprecip = 236\n| sepprecip = 228\n| octprecip = 122\n| novprecip = 53\n| decprecip = 20\n| description = Check '''Chiang Mai's 7-day forecast''' at [http://www.tmd.go.th/en/province.php?id=2 TMD.go.th]\n}}\nChiang Mai's northern location and moderate elevation results in the city having a more temperate climate than that of the south.\n\nAs in the rest of Thailand there are three distinct seasons: \n* A '''cool season''' from Nov-Feb.\n* A '''hot season''' from Mar-Jun.\n* A '''wet season''' from Jul-Oct.\n\n== Get in ==\n[[Image:Chiang Mai Intl Airport.jpg|thumb|Chiang Mai Airport]]\n\n=== By plane ===\n[http://chiangmaiairportthai.com/en '''Chiang Mai International Airport'''] ({{IATA|CNX}}) handles both domestic and regional international flights. The route from Bangkok is one of the busiest in the country (Thai Airways flies daily almost every hour, with additional flights in the peak tourist season). Other airlines operating direct services from/to Chiang Mai include:\n\n==== Domestic ====\n* {{listing\n| name=Air Asia | alt= | url=http://www.airasia.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=A well-known Asian low-cost airline, has domestic flights from/to [[Bangkok]] (Don Mueang airport), [[Phuket]], [[Krabi Province|Krabi]], [[Hat Yai]]. Used to be the cheapest option if you booked at least a week before, but now it's true only during the best promotional offers (typically available months before the flight). Regular fare for tickets to Bangkok, including taxes, is from 1,400 baht (with fees for luggage, food, seat reservation easily adding almost half of that). Promotional fares can be much less. Prices can be significantly higher if you book just a few days before, or want a specific day/flight.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Bangkok Airways | alt= | url=http://www.bangkokair.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=from 1,390 baht to Bangkok\n| content=A full-service carrier positioning itself as an \"Asia's boutique airline\", flies to from/to [[Ko Samui]], [[Bangkok]] (Suvarnabhumi), [[Krabi Province|Krabi]], [[Phuket]] and [[Udon Thani]]. Surprisingly, Bangkok Airways can be cheaper than the budget airlines, particularly if you book just a few days ahead.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Kan Air| alt= | url=http://www.kanairlines.com/web/index.php/page/lang/en| email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | fax=\n| hours= |checkin= | checkout= | price=\n| content=Kan Air flies to and from Chiang Mai to Khon Kaen, Pai, Nan, Mae Hong Son, Hua Hin and Phitsanulok.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Nok Air | alt= | url=http://www.nokair.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Thai (semi-) low-cost carrier, flies from/to Bangkok's Don Mueang Airport more than ten times a day (typically from 1,500 baht. Promo fares can be as low as 800-900 baht). They also fly from/to [[Udon Thani]] once a day, the price is 1,000-2,000 baht (2014) and while it's still more expensive than a bus, it's much cheaper than the price of the Lao Airlines flight to Vientiane, which is easily accessible from Udon Thani.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Thai Lion Air | alt= | url=http://www.lionairthai.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=A subsidiary of the leading Indonesian low-cost carrier, Lion Air, started operations in Thailand in December 2013, and offers attractive fares to [[Bangkok]] Don Mueang airport (starting from 820 baht, including snacks and 15 kg check-in baggage) with several flights a day and numerous onward destinations available from Bangkok.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Thai Airways | alt= | url=http://www.thaiair.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Flies from/to [[Bangkok]] (Suvarnabhumi) (from 2,500 baht, but sometimes there are \"Special offers\" as low as 1,500 baht) and [[Phuket]]. In addition, flights to nearby destinations like [[Nan]] or [[Mae Hong Son]], while currently not offered, were available seasonally in the past.}}\n\n==== International ====\n* [http://www.airasia.com/ Air Asia] flies from/to [[Hangzhou]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Macau]].\n* [http://www.bangkokair.com/ Bangkok Airways] flies from/to [[Mandalay]], [[Siem Reap]], [[Singapore]] and [[Yangon]].\n* [http://www.cathaypacific.com Cathay Pacific] - from/to Hong Kong.\n* [http://www.china-airlines.com/en/index.htm China Airlines] - from/to [[Taipei]], Taiwan\n* [http://www2.ceair.com/ China Eastern Airlines] from/to [[Kunming]], Yunnan Province, China\n* [http://www.koreanair.com/ Korean Airlines] - Four flights weekly from Seoul/Inchon\n* [http://www.laoairlines.com Lao Airlines] - from/to [[Luang Prabang]] in ([[Laos]]), from there the flight continues onward to [[Vientiane]]\n* [http://www.silkair.com Silk Air] - from/to [[Singapore]]\n* [http://www.thaiair.com Thai Airways] - doesn't have direct international flights, but has many connections via Bangkok; if you arrive to/depart from Thailand on their flight, it's wise to check the through fare to/from Chiang Mai, as it often will cost just several hundred baht more (yet slightly more if stopping over in Bangkok for a few days or departing from another airport).\n\nThe airport is three km southwest of the city centre, only 10–15 minutes away by car. Legal airport taxis charge a flat 120 baht for up to five passengers anywhere in the city. If you take a metered taxi, the fee will start from 40 baht plus a 50 baht service fee from the Meter Taxi counter. The taxis operate from the exit at the north end of the terminal, after baggage claim and/or customs, walk into the reception hall and turn left. Alternatively, take Bus 4 to the city centre for 15 baht, or charter a tuk-tuk or songthaew for 50-60 baht per person. Most hotels and some upmarket guest houses offer cheap or free pick-up/drop-off services.\n\nIf you're flying ''out'' from Chiang Mai, note that there are no ATM or money changing facilities at the international departure terminal of the airport.\n\n=== By bus ===\n====Bus stations====\nChiang Mai has two official bus stations, consisting of four bus terminals:\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Arcade Bus Station (Terminals 2 and 3 plus the Nakhonchai Air Terminal) | alt=สถานีขนส่งอาเขตเชียงใหม่ | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=At the far end of Kaeo Nawarat Rd just before it meets the superhighway\n| phone=+66 53-242664 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Buses from and to destinations '''outside Chiang Mai Province''' use this station. It has two official terminals, separated by a tuk-tuk stand and a road and tank trap-like obstacles. The private bus company, [http://www.nakhonchaiair.com/ Nakhonchai Air], has a separate terminal behind Terminal 2.}}\n\n:The Arcade Bus \"Station\" is a mess, with no obvious order to the layout. There are ticket offices in both terminals. Further complicating the confusion, behind Terminal 2, Nakhonchai Air has a separate terminal. If walk from the front to the rear of the Terminal 2 building, you will see a big \"Nakhonchai Air\" sign. Keep walking, and cross the parking lot to the rear, you will come upon it. The terminal itself is normally hidden from view by out-of-service buses.\n\n: Terminal 2 has a tourist police office, ATMs, food vendors, and many ticket sellers, including the booking office for BKS government buses. Buses depart from here for Bangkok, Phitsanulok, Udon. There seems to be no logic as to what buses go to which destination from which terminal and there is a good deal of overlap.\n\n: Terminal 3 is the larger and newer of the two. It has an air conditioned waiting room with Internet cafe upstairs, small food vendors, ATMs, the booking window for Green Bus (Window 20), and numerous other ticket sellers. Buses for Bangkok, Phitsanulok, Ubon, Korat, Nan, Hua Hin, Luang Prabang, Mae Sot depart from here.\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Chang Phuak Bus Station (Terminal 1) | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Off Chang Phuak Rd, on the north side of the moat, about 1 km north of Chang Phuak Gate\n| phone=+66 53-211586 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=This station handles buses '''within Chiang Mai Province''' including Mae Rim, Chiang Dao, Fang, Tha Ton, Phrao, Hot, Chom Thong, Doi Tao, and Samoeng.}}\n\nIn effect, there is a fifth bus terminal if you count songthaews as buses. From the '''Warorot Market''', songthaews depart for a variety of locations within a radius of about 50 km, such as Samoeng. The colour of the songthaew indicates its general route or usage. Most common are red songthaews (hence the alternative name of ''rot daeng'', or \"red car\", which roam the main streets in the city. Warorot Market (west bank of the Ping River) is the most common terminus for songthaews that travel along fixed routes. From Warorot Market, white songthaews travel to the eastern suburban town of San Kampaeng, yellow songthaews travel to Mae Rim and Samoeng in the north, blue songthaews travel to Sarapee and Lamphun in the south, and green songthaews travel to Mae Jo to the northeast. The songthaews line up along the road that is parallel the Ping River, between it and the market. Destinations are posted on round, yellow signs but are only in Thai.\n\n==== From Bangkok ====\nA variety of daily buses leave frequently from [[Bangkok/Phahonyothin#By bus|Bangkok's Northern Bus Terminal (Mo Chit)]], offering varying choices of price, comfort and speed.\n\n* Rattling government buses make frequent stops at every minor township. The journey takes around 12 hr and costs 200 baht.\n\n* Non-stop 24/32-seaters and 1st class buses such as Nakhonchai Air provide larger seats and snacks; making the long trip more comfortable. They manage the trip in around 9 hours and it costs around 550 baht. Be cautious about the so-called \"VIP\" buses touted on Khao San Rd. They may be cheaper, but you may end up crammed into a 2nd class bus or worse.\n\nAt Arcade Bus Station, where you'll arrive, public songthaews wait nearer Terminal 3, adjacent to the road that bisects the two terminals. Look for local people getting into them, and ask the driver if he goes to your destination (if the songthaew is empty, don't forget to confirm the price). A shared trip to Tha Phae Gate (south edge of the old town) should cost 20 baht each, though you may have to wait for a driver who agrees. Virtually all songthaews will pass Warorot Market (city centre, just after crossing the river), from where it's just 1 km walk to Tha Phae Gate, or numerous (see \"Get around\" section) songthaews to other areas.\n\nAlternatively, you can charter a songthaew or take a tuk-tuk. The drivers will approach you once you've arrived and will ask as much as 80-100 baht to the city centre/Tha Phae Gate, showing you a bogus price list with \"fixed\" prices. Bargain, it's just 5–6 km, so the fair price for tuk-tuk there is 50 baht, and is not more than 100 baht even to the opposite side of the city. It may be difficult to bargain with these drivers, however. A good idea is to ignore them from the start, walk out to the nearby street, and catch a passing tuk-tuk/songthaew there. If your luggage is light, you can walk to the centre, but it's quite a long walk, as the Arcade bus station is located in the city's northeast outskirts.\n\nSongthaew touts may ask foreign tourists for 150 baht per person for a shared ride into the city, but this is excessive and they should drop to 100 baht if challenged. Similar prices are demanded by tuk-tuk drivers.\n\nThe best policy is to walk to the main street and catch a tuk-tuk for perhaps 60-70 baht (total), or a songthaew for 20-30 baht per person. You will have to haggle for either.\n\n====From Hua Hin====\nBuses depart the Hua Hin BKS Station at 08:00, 17:00, and 18:00 for Chiang Mai, 12.5 hr, 851 baht (Oct 2013).\n\n====From Pattaya====\nBuses depart the Nakhonchai Air Terminal in Pattaya (Sukhumvit Rd, ~60 baht motorbike taxi fare from Beach Rd) for Chiang Mai several times during the day. Last bus about 21:00. Fare is 785 baht (Nov 2013). Travel time is about 11 hr, with no stops longer than 5 min. Buses to Pattaya from Chiang Mai leave the Nakhonchai Air Terminal at Arcade Station daily on roughly the same schedule.\n\n====From Phuket====\nThere is at least one daily direct [http://bus.greencorporatethai.com/en/category/service/ Green Bus service] from Phuket Terminal 2 to Chiang Mai's Arcade Terminal 3. This VIP-only service departs Phuket at 15:00 arriving in Chiang Mai the next day at 13:00. Cost is 1,912 baht (Dec 2013). This trip is a killer: 22 hours on the bus! The first break en route is at 20:20. The second is at 06:38, some 10+ hr after the first break. Although the bus is a state-of-the-art Sunlong vehicle and the seats great, this is simply a long time to be on a bus. Probably better to break up your trip by stopping in a city en route.\n\n====To/From Udon Thani====\nFrom Udon to Chiang Mai: Phetprasert Bus Company has three buses a day depart from in front of the Central Festival Shopping Mall. Depart Udon/arrive Chiang Mai times are: 17:45-05:25; 18:45-06:25; and 20:45-06:40. Fare is about 636 baht (Apr 2015). Buy your ticket at the Phetprasert ticket counter in the downtown bus station, a 5 min walk from Central Festival. There is an inconvenient out-of-town bus terminal that may have more buses to Chiang Mai.\nFrom Chiang Mai to Udon: Phetprasert Buses leave Chiang Mai/arrive Udon at: 14:30-02:15; 17:30-05:15; and 19:30-05:30. Buses arrive at the Central Festival Shopping Mall, a convenient location 5 minutes from the downtown bus station. Fare is about 636 baht (Apr 2015). Buy your ticket at the Phetprasert ticket counter in Arcade Terminal 2. Buses depart from Arcade Terminal 3.\n\n=== By train ===\nServices from [[Bangkok#By train|Bangkok]] leave on a [http://www.railway.co.th/English/Time_HTML.asp regular daily schedule] and take 12–15 hours to reach Chiang Mai. If you go by night train (recommended), try to choose one which arrives late to get an opportunity to see the landscapes. They are impressive, with bridges and forests and villages and fields.\n\n'''Daytime services''' leave at 08:30, and 14:30 with second-class (281 baht) and third-class (121 baht) carriages. The seats in each class differ in softness and width, and can become uncomfortable after 10+ hours.\n\n'''Overnight sleepers''' provide comfortable bunks with clean sheets and pillows in first- and second-class. First-class beds (~1,400 baht) are in private two-bed compartments. In second-class (~900 baht), the carriages are open but each bunk has a curtain for privacy. First-class is always air-con, second class is sometimes air-con. There are usually four trains per day with sleeper accommodation, though only two of these will have first-class compartments. Station staff will be able to help you.\n\nCarriages are kept clean; the toilet and floors are regularly mopped during the journey. Vendors make regular rounds selling snacks, drinks, and lacklustre meals. Vendors will try to inflate the prices for tourists so be prepared to get ripped off, haggle, hop off quickly at stations to make a purchase (or order through the window), or bring your own.\n\nIn second-class, the bunks are folded away leaving pairs of facing seats. At some point in the evening, or on request, they are flipped down into bunks and made up into beds. In first-class, the bottom bunk is used as a bench seat before having a futon mattress deployed onto it in the evening.\n\nIf you're not in the mood for bed when your carriage mates are bedding down, you can head off to the dining car, which provides fairly good food and drink at not too great a premium. Later in the night, the dining car can be converted into a disco, complete with loud music and flashing lights.\n\n'''Tickets''' can be bought up to 60 days in advance at any station in Thailand. Booking in advance is advised, especially for the popular 2nd-class overnight sleepers. Larger stations accept payment with Visa/MasterCard. This is fairly safe, as SRT is a state-owned company. Alternatively, if you are not yet in Thailand, the '''[http://www.thairailticket.com e-ticketing SRT]''' website will let you buy and print out an e-ticket. Note, The State Railway of Thailand discontinued the Internet Ticketing service from 14 Jan 2013. Some find it tricky to register. You have to avoid any special characters while filling the registration form. You must book at least three days in advance, and you can only purchase 1st and 2nd class air-con sleeper tickets which are 150-200 baht more expensive than fan-only car tickets. The price on-line is thr same as at the ticket office. Various travel agencies, some available to contact from outside Thailand, can also procure tickets for delivery or pick up, with fees typically starting at 100 baht.\n\nSRT charges 90 baht to transport a bicycle between [[Bangkok]] and Chiang Mai.\n\n'''Chiang Mai train station''' is about 3 km east of the city centre. Many songthaews and tuk-tuks await each train's arrival. If you want to walk, exit the station, cross the open square in front and turn left on the first major road you come to (Charoen Muang Rd); this road goes directly to city centre.\n\n== Get around ==\n=== By songthaew ===\n[[Image:Rot daeng Chiang Mai 2.jpg|thumb|A songthaew serves as a bus or a taxi.]]\n\nIn lieu of a local bus service, locals get around the city on ''songthaew'' (สองแถว). These covered pick-up trucks have two long bench seats in the back (''songthaew'' means \"two rows\" in Thai, and travel fixed routes picking up passengers en route who are going the same way.\n\nThe colour of the songthaew indicates its general route or usage. Most common by far are '''red''' songthaews (called rot ''daeng'', ''red'' truck), which don't follow a specific route and roam the main streets around markets, temples, or the bus/train stations. These are the most convenient to take if you are going somewhere specific. Prices must be negotiated, but expect 20 baht anywhere within the city walls and 40-60 outside. Because of the city's somewhat irrational road design, especially inside the old walls, the driver may be forced to take a circuitous route to get to a nearby destination, but it will make no difference to the fare.\n\n'''Fixed route songthaews''' congregate around Warorot Market. From Warorot Market, '''white''' songthaews travel to the eastern suburban city of Sankampaeng, '''yellow''' songthaews travel to Mae Rim and beyond in the north, '''blue''' songthaews travel to Sarapee and Lamphun in the south, and '''green''' songthaews travel to Mae Jo in the north-east. Fare is dependent on distance: a yellow songthaew to Samoeng (~50 km) is 60 baht.\n\nFrom the Chiang Mai Gate Market (south edge of moat), songthaews also travel to Hang Dong (20 baht) and San Patong, southwest of Chiang Mai.\n\n'''To catch a songthaew''' approach a waiting driver or flag one down on the street, state your destination and if the driver is going that direction he will nod in agreement and give you a price. Negotiate a lower fare if you wish. The price agreed to should be ''per person''. It's a good idea to confirm this with the driver before you leave. On reaching your destination, ring the buzzer on the roof to tell the driver to stop. The driver will pull over, wait for you to get out and pay.\n\nSongthaews not orbiting on a fixed-route can be hired outright, just as if they were a meter-taxi. Negotiate a price before departure.\n\n=== By tuk-tuk or samlor ===\n'''Tuk-tuks''' are a quick, though noisy way to get around. Fares are usually 30-40 baht for a short hop (as of July 2012 it seems that the minimum has gone up to 40 baht for pre-arranged locations) and 50-100 baht for longer distances, depending on the proficiency of your bargaining. As a guide, expect to pay 40 baht from the old city to the riverside and Night Bazaar, 40-50 baht to the railway station, and 80-150 baht to the bus station or airport. Tuk-tuks parked near the bus and train stations will ask you for something like 120-150 baht. Just haggle or walk away to the nearest road and stop a passing tuk-tuk or songthaew there.\n\nAccording to expats, the highest fee for a tuk-tuk at any time of day or night should be 150 baht for any location in the city.\n\nThe fee seems to be based on multiples of 20 baht which is the smallest note. It is a good idea to stock up on notes and coins as whenever you offer a note higher than the agreed fee the driver has no change.\n\nA few '''samlors''' (three-wheeled bicycles) still cruise the streets and will happily take you to a temple for the same price as a tuk-tuk, though at a considerably quieter and slower pace.\n\n=== By taxi ===\nChiang Mai has metered taxis, although not as many as tuk-tuks and songthaews. The \"flag fall\" is 50 baht for the first 2 km. Then 10 baht per kilometre after that. Journeys longer than 12 km can be negotiated. This fare structure applies to all metered taxis in Chiang Mai Province.\n\nYou cannot generally hail taxis in the street. To '''book a taxi''', call +66 53-279291, state your destination and the call centre will give you a quote. Or contact individual drivers via the mobile phone numbers displayed on their vehicles.\n\n=== By motorbike or motorcycle ===\nA motorbike is a convenient and cheap way to get around the city or reach the outlying sights. There is an abundance of near indistinguishable rental companies in the city, though most guesthouses can arrange rentals as well. 100 cc and 125 cc machines with automatic transmissions capable of carrying two people are the easiest to jump on and ride away if you don't have driving experience. A scooter or moped, such as the Honda Click, is the most convenient as it can carry bags on the floorboard. Off-road bikes and larger street bikes are also an option. An international driver's licence is not required, and generally no licence of any type is required although this means you will not be insured.\n\nMotorbikes cost about 150 baht/day for a 100 cc motorbike and 150+ baht/day for a Honda Click 125 supplied with helmets and an anti-theft chain. Larger machines cost 700 baht/day for a V-twin or larger sport-bike. Expect discounts when renting for a week, month or longer.\n\nRenting will require a deposit, and while many companies ask for a passport, you should under no circumstances leave your passport with anyone as collateral. However, most shops will accept a photocopy with a cash deposit of around 3,000-5,000 baht. While the petrol/gas tank may be full on pickup, it is not uncommon for shops to deliver a bike with just enough fuel to go make it to a service station. They may siphon the remainder off when you return it so the next person is forced to do the same. In any case, return the bike with as much or more fuel than received to avoid any penalties. Also check the mechanical condition of the bike offered. Focus especially on the brakes: the degree of \"pull\" needed for the brake levers and the travel required by the foot brake. Check that turn indicators and headlights work properly, and that the tyres are reasonably OK.\n\nSome rental agreements claim to insure you, but generally only cover the bike for theft or damage. Don't expect much compensation in the event of an accident. And irrespective of who is at fault, assume that you will be the one blamed.\n\nChiang Mai traffic police are fond of setting up checkpoints to stop motorcyclists. These invariably happen during business hours, Monday-Friday. They occur at two places, on the moat circular roads, usually just after a turn, and at the foot of Tha Phae Rd near west side of the Nawarat Bridge. If you or your passenger are without a helmet, you will be stopped. If you do have a helmet, you may be stopped anyway, to check licence and registration. If fined, you have to go to the police station near Warorot Market to collect your confiscated licence plus pay a fine of several hundred baht.\n\n=== By bicycle ===\nTraffic inside the old city walls is subdued enough to make biking a safe and quick way to get around. Bike rentals are plentiful; rental costs 30-250 baht/day depending on the bike quality.\n\n=== By car ===\nCar hire services are available at the airport and throughout the city. Cars typically offered include the Toyota Vios, Altis, and Yaris, and the Honda City and Jazz. Typical rates for newer models are 1,200-2,000 baht per day. Expect a slight discount when renting weekly. Utility pickups such as the Ford Ranger are available for about 1,400 baht per day. Many places offer minivans such as 10-seat Toyota Commuters with a driver from about 2,000 baht per day plus fuel. Older Suzuki Caribbean 4WDs are a cheaper option at around 600-800 baht per day, but they are relatively difficult to drive and less mechanically reliable than a standard passenger car.\n\nAll the multi-national rental companies are present in Chiang Mai. Two local car rental companies:\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Alpha Chiang Mai Car Rental | url=http://www.chiangmaicarhire.com/en | email=\n| address=18/2 Santitham Rd, Chang Phuak | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 85-7144045 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Thai Rent-a-Car | url=http://www.thairentacar.com/ | email=\n| address=60 Airport Rd. 1st Floor Domestic Arrival Hall (Exit 1) | lat= | long= | directions=Chiang Mai Airport\n| phone=+66 53-904188 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n'''Hiring a car or minivan with driver''' is a great option for travelling to places outside the city, and the price is often similar to hiring a car and driving yourself. You'll also be able to relax and enjoy the scenery in air-conditioned comfort. The cost for a private car with driver is generally from 1,500 baht per day plus fuel depending on the type of vehicle and where you are going. The driver will typically pick you up with a full tank of fuel and you pay at the end. Large Toyota Hi-Ace, Nissan Urvan and newer Toyota Commuter minivans go for around 2,000 baht per day plus fuel. Most hotels and some guesthouses can arrange it for you, in addition to vehicle rental outlets, and the many travel agencies in the city.\n\n=== On foot ===\nThe old city moat is only about 1.6 km on a side, and as such is easy to walk around. The airport is also quite close to the old part of the city, about 2.5 km, so if you have the energy and an hour to spare, you can even walk to and from the airport. Note that this is not necessarily a pleasant experience as the sidewalks are uneven (or non-existent) and Chiang Mai gets hot during the day, especially during the hot season, and rainy during the rainy season. The cost of a taxi or songthaew from the moat area to the airport is around 150 baht.\n\n==See==\n===Elephants===\n* {{see\n| name=Baanchang Elephant Park | url=http://www.baanchangelephantpark.com | email=\n| address=147/1 Rachadamnoen Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-814174 or +66 89-6355206 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=4500 baht a day (can be split between 2 people who share a ride one 1 elephant)\n| content=Baanchang treats the animals extremely well, demonstrated by the love and care displayed by mahouts (elephant caretakers). For those who stay overnight, the hosts stage a \"night by the campfire\" with rural entertainment such as making sticky rice in bamboo and releasing fire lanterns into the night sky. A true gem of Chiang Mai which can be arranged at most local hotels and hostels.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Eddy Elephant Care Chiang Mai | url=http://www.eddyelephantchiangmai.com | email=info@eddyelephantchiangmai.com\n| address=87 Sripoom Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-222525 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=2,300 baht a day including lunch and transportation\n| content= One of the interesting activities in Chiang Mai is getting close up to a real elephant. Eddy is the owner who has been taking care of his 7 orphaned elephants for years. You will learn about elephant behaviour and how to control and bathe them as you are a mahout (elephant caretaker). You are permitted to ride them through the jungle. The elephants are not inside a park, not inside a camp, nor on a farm. This is a group of elephant owners who care for them as if they were part of the family.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Elephant Nature Park | url=http://www.saveelephant.org | email=info@saveelephant.org\n| address=1 Ratmakka Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Approximately 60 km N of Chiang Mai\n| phone=+66 53-272855 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=07:30-21:30 | price=Day, 2,500 baht; Week, 12,000 baht\n| content=A sanctuary for rescued and distressed elephants. They are not kept here to perform or do tricks and people visiting here will leave with a whole new understanding of these magnificent creatures. Day and overnight visits as well as one week volunteering opportunities can be booked via the website. During a day visit you will feed and bathe the elephants, watch them wander around the 50 acre park, and will be treated to a buffet lunch. Pick up and drop off at your hotel in Chiang Mai.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Friends for Asia Elephant Camp Volunteer Project | url=http://www.volunteerthailand.org/projects/elephant-camp/ | email=info@volunteerthailand.org\n| address=63/3 Old Chang Moi Rd, Chang Moi | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-232053 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=36,671 baht for 2 weeks; 7,466 baht for each additional week\n| content=After a two day orientation in Chiang Mai, coordinating staff sends volunteers to the elephant camp, roughly a one hour drive from the city. Volunteers stay from Monday to Friday bathing, feeding, caring for and learning about elephants. Lodging is in a tree house on the premises. Two week minimum.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Mae Sa Elephant Camp | url=http://www.maesaelephantcamp.com | email=\n| address=119/9 Tapae Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-206247 or +66 53-206248 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=An elephant camp in the hills about an hour's drive north of the city centre. It has an elephant show, which includes elephants playing football and painting. You can also take half-hour or one hour elephant rides. Not exactly a place to bring a PETA activist, but many (people) do enjoy the performances.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Patara Elephant Farm | url=http://www.pataraelephantfarm.com | email=pataraelephantfarm@hotmail.com\n| address=299/22 Siwalee Rachapreuk MaeHea | lat= | long= | directions=29 km SW of the city centre.\n| phone=+66 81-6710958 (English), +66 85-0768461 (Deutsch) | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-286321\n| hours= | price=5,800 baht including transport and lunch\n| content=You \"adopt\" an elephant for the day. You feed it, take it in the river to clean it, learn how to mount the elephant, talk to it, and take a short ride (bareback and barefoot), no bamboo seat. Then you get to go swimming with them by a waterfall. The owner is passionate about saving the elephants, about humane treatment and about anything to do with elephants. It's not the cheapest day out, but is highly recommended.}}\n\n===Gardens and nature===\n* {{see\n| name=Chiang Mai Foreign Cemetery | url= | email=\n| address=Chiang Mai-Lamphun Rd | lat= | long= | directions=About 800 m north of the Holiday Inn, east side of the Ping River\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=A place of history and remembrance.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Chiang Mai Zoo & Aquarium | url=http://www.chiangmaizoo.com/ | email=\n| address=100 Huay Kaew Rd | lat= | long= | directions=At the foot of Doi Suthep\n| phone=+66 53-893111 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 09:00-17:30 | price=150 baht\n| content=Extremely popular with Thai tourists, and so expect long queues. A large park with over 400 species of animals. While better than some zoos, the animals are nevertheless kept in small enclosures. Operates a dual pricing system wherein non-Thais are charged approximately double the price of Thai nationals. Additional charges also apply for both the panda exhibition and the aquarium. Many of the animals can be fed for a charge of 10 or 20 baht. The park is pretty large and expect plenty of hills if you want to walk the complete route. It's possible to drive through with your car, but not very practical if you want to see the animals up close. If you have a rental scooter or bike, definitely bring it though. The car park facilities are best described as chaotic.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Dokmai Garden | url=http://www.dokmaigarden.co.th | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=This garden displays 120 different edible fruit plants, 140 different vegetables, 200 native orchid species, in total over 1,000 vascular plants. Of these, 500 have been selected for presentations on aluminium signs with informative information (English, Japanese and Thai). The plants shown with their scientific names. The area is compact (4 ha or 10 acres) and surrounded by plantations of teak, bananas, longan and dry dipterocarp savannah. It is near Opkhan National Park, and between the famous Doi Inthanon and Doi Suthep National Parks. The garden also hosts natural populations of the atlas moth and the golden birdwing butterfly, and is visited by over 80 wild and free bird species. The garden is a member of the SEABG (Southeast Asian Botanical Gardens network) and collaborates with Chiang Mai University (mushrooms), Mae Jo University (fish), Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden (plants), the Tourism Authority of Thailand and Opkhan National Park.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Mae Sa Waterfall | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Go 17 km N to Mae Rim on Rte 107. Turn onto Rte 1096 to Samoeng. Travel ~7 km to waterfall on left\n| phone=+66 53-210244 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=08:30-16:30 | price=Foreigners, 100 baht; Thais, 20 baht\n| content=Set in the Doi Suthep-Pui National Park on the [[Samoeng Loop]]. The path winds up for almost 2 km to the 8 tiers of cascades. There are many secluded areas off the trail for picnics. Crowded on weekends and holidays.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Phu Ping Palace | alt=Royal Winter Palace | url= | email=\n| address=Suthep | lat= | long= | directions=On Rte 1004, beyond Doi Suthep\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 08:30-11:30 & 13:00-15:00 when the Thai royal family is not in residence | price=50 baht, children 10 baht\n| content=This royal winter palace has lavishly landscaped gardens and is open to the public. Dress code strictly applied: dress modestly or pay 15 baht for fisherman's pants to cover your lack of it. This includes ANY leg above the ankle for either gender). The palace itself (built in 1961) is not particularly exciting, but the extensive gardens are picturesque with some amazing plant life, including carefully tended tropical flowers, as well as centuries-old trees and giant bamboo. A sign at the bottom of the hill near the zoo indicates when it's closed. It is close to Wat Prathat Doi Suthep, so travel directions are similar.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden | url=http://www.qsbg.org | email=\n| address=100 Moo 9, Mae Ram | lat= | long= | directions=Go 17 km N to Mae Rim on Rte 107. Turn onto Rte 1096 to [[Samoeng]]. Travel 12 km to garden on left\n| phone=+66 53-841234 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 08:30-16:30 | price=Adult, 40 baht; child, 20 baht; car, 100 baht\n| content=Thailand's oldest and foremost botanical garden. Dedicated to the conservation of Thai flora, it holds collections of, and carries out research on rare and endangered species. Lovely gardens in a mountain foothills setting. Run by the Botanical Garden Association of Thailand.}}\n\n===Muay Thai===\nAfter football, Thai boxing is the national sport of Thailand. It can be seen in three different \"stadia\", in reality more like boxing rings in warehouses.\n\n* {{see\n| name=Kawila Boxing Stadium | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Not far from Nawarat Bridge, a short block S of Tha Phae Rd in the Night Bazaar\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=400-600 baht\n| content=Real muay Thai fights (almost) every Friday at 20:00 with 10 bouts ranging from young novices to local champions to locals v. foreigners. The smallest of the three stadia it is nearly open-air, but with a new tent covering and good lighting. This is much more authentic than the frenzied beer bar atmosphere of the other two locations.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Loi Kroh Boxing Stadium | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Loi Kroh Rd in the Chiang Mai Entertainment Complex\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=400 baht for normal seating or 600 baht for VIP\n| content=Fights are usually held 3-4 nights per week. Look for flyers posted up all over the old city. They usually have about 8 fights and feature Thai fighters as well as a few matches with foreign fighters. This is not the best location to see muay Thai with a family, as it is surrounded by girlie bars and during a break between the fights a group of ladyboys sometimes will dance and occasionally strip. After about 23:00 the complex is opened up for free, letting all the vendors (flower sellers and others) in. If you are on a tight budget you may be able to see a few of the remaining fights for free this way.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Tha Phae Boxing Stadium | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Moon Muang Rd near Tha Phae Gate\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=It hosts around 8 fights per show, including a few matches with foreign fighters. This is the largest of the three stadiums and has food as well as beverages served. Gambling is prominently featured.}}\n\n===Museums===\n* {{see\n| name=Chiang Mai City Arts & Cultural Centre | url= | email=\n| address=| lat=18.7902 | long=98.9869 | directions=In the centre of the old city on Prapokklao Rd, between Ratchadamnoen Rd and Ratchawithi Rd \n| phone=+66 53-217793 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Tu-Su 08:30–17:00 | price=90 baht\n| content=This modern multimedia history and cultural education centre has guides dressed in elegant traditional Thai clothing who will usher you into an air-conditioned room to watch an English-subtitled orientation video about Chiang Mai and the north. Next, you will be pointed to a series of rooms documenting the region's history and culture in chronological order from the pre-Muang period (7,000-12,000 years ago) to the early river civilizations, to the early kings through the wars with the Burmese and the last dynasty, to the city today and its plans for the future. Other rooms are devoted to Buddhism and other regional beliefs, agricultural history, hill tribe peoples and other regional cultures, and a run-down of the royal dynasties. The exhibits consist of a smart visual mix of video, scale models, enlarged photos, wall murals and text in Thai and English.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Chiang Mai National Museum | url=http://www.thailandmuseum.com/thaimuseum_eng/chiangmai/history.htm | email=\n| address=on the superhighway | lat=18.8116 | long=98.9766 | directions=Within walking distance of Wat Chet Yot\n| phone=+66 53-221308 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=W-Su 09:00–16:00 | price=100 baht\n| content=The history of Chiang Mai.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Chiang Mai Numismatic Museum | alt=Treasury Hall | url= | email=\n| address=52 Ratchadamnoen Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-224237/8 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-Sa 09:00–15:30 | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Chiang Mai University Art Museum | url= | email=\n| address=corner Suthep and Nimmanhaemin Rd | lat=18.79140 | long=98.96325 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-944833 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Tu-Su 09:00–17:00 | price=Free\n| content=There are exhibitions by undergraduates from the Fine Arts Department at Chiang Mai University. These change often and the work on display is of high quality. Each month there is usually at least one art exhibition featuring the works of artists from Southeast Asia. The museum also hosts musical concerts, often free, in the adjoining theatre.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Museum of World Insects and Natural Wonders | url= | email=\n| address=Soi 13, Nimmanhaemin Rd | lat=18.79618 | long=98.97065 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-211891 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 09:00–17:00 | price=200 baht\n| content=One of Asia's most unusual museums housing butterflies, beetles and more. Also has a large selection of minerals. Some explanations in English, some in Thai.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Postal Museum | url= | email=\n| address=Mae Ping Post Office | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Tu-Sa, 08:30–16:30 | price=Free\n| content=}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Tribal Museum | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.821430 | long=98.974730 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price | image=Tribal Museum Chiang Mai DSCN5454a.jpg\n| content=}}\n\n\n===Temples===\n====Inside the old city walls====\n* {{see\n| name=Wat Chedi Luang | alt=วัดเจดีย์หลวงวรวิหาร | url= | email=\n| address=Prapokklao Rd | lat=18.786915 | long=98.986632 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price= | image=WatChediLuangChiangMaiTh.jpg\n| content=Almost in the centre of Chiang Mai are the remains of a massive chedi that toppled in the great earthquake of 1545. The temple was originally constructed in 1401 on the orders of King Saeng Muang Ma. In 1454, reigning King Tilo-Garaj enlarged the chedi (pronounced ''jedee'') to a height of 86 m. After the earthquake, the chedi lay in ruins until 1991-92, when it was reconstructed at a cost of several million baht. A magnificent testament to Lanna (northern Thai) architecture and art, restored sections hint at its former glory. Wat Chedi Luang is also home to the \"Pillar of the City\", a totem used in ancient Thai fertility rites.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Wat Chiang Man | alt=วัดเชียงมัน | url= | email=\n| address=Ratchaphakhinai Rd | lat=18.793859 | long=98.989793 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price= | image=ChediChangLomDSCN4185.JPG\n| content=The oldest royal temple in the city. Presumed to date from the year Chiang Mai was founded (1296), it is famed for two Buddha statues, which are about 1,800 and 1,000 years old, respectively. King Mengrai allegedly lived here while the city of Chiang Mai was being constructed. Enshrined in Wat Chiang Man is a tiny crystal Buddha called Pra Seh-Taang Kamaneeee, which is thought to have the power to bring rain. Another image, called Phra Sila Khoa, reflects the fine workmanship of Indian craftsmen from thousands of years ago.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Wat Phra Chao Mengrai | alt=วัดพระเจ้าเม็งราย. Sometimes called Wat Phra Jao Mengrai | url= | email=\n| address=Ratchamanka Soi 6, Phra Sing | lat=18.785151 | long=98.984282 | directions=Near Huen Phen Restaurant\n| phone=+66 53-278788 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price= | image=\n| content=An atmospheric temple with two wihan buildings, off the beaten track, quiet and gently crumbling. One of the wihan buildings houses an important Buddha image: ''Phra Buddha Rupa Phra Chao Mengrai''.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Wat Phra Singh | alt=วัดพระสิงห์วรมาวิหาร | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.788506 | long=98.981967 | directions=Corner of Singharaj Rd and Ratchadamnoen Rd\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=Thais free; foreigners 20 baht, Sarong for rent 10 baht | image=Wat Phra Singh.jpg\n| content=Probably Chiang Mai's best-known temple, housing the Phra Singh image, completed between 1385 and 1400. Of most historical interest is the '''Wihan Lai Kham''' in the back, featuring Lanna-style temple murals and intricate gold patterns on red lacquer behind the altar. The large chedi was built in 1345 by King Pha Yu to house the remains of his father King Kam Fu. A typical scripture repository is located at this temple as well. These repositories were designed to keep and protect the delicate sa or mulberry paper sheets used by monks and scribes to keep records and write down folklore. The high stucco-covered stone base of the repository protected the delicate scriptures from rain, floods, and pests. The walls of the chapel are covered with murals illustrating Lanna customs, dress and scenes from daily life. The lovely Lai Kam chapel houses the revered Phra Singh Buddha image. Sadly, the head was stolen in 1922, and a reproduction is now seen. Your admission ticket is in a leaflet form containing useful information and map of Wat Phra Singh complex. The temple is most attractive during Songkran, the Thai New Year, in mid-April.}}\n\n====Outside the old city walls====\n* {{see\n| name=Wat Chet Yot | alt=วัดเจ็ดยอด. Also called Wat Jet Yot or Wat Jed Yod | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.808923 | long=98.971830 | directions=About 1 km N of the Huay Kaew Rd/superhighway intersection\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price= | image=Chmwatchetyot040823a.jpg\n| content=The history and unusual architecture scattered under the yawning canopy of ancient trees is an pleasant antidote to the flash and bustle encountered at popular temples. Established in 1455 to host the eighth World Buddhist Council, many features of the grounds imitate significant places of the Buddha's enlightenment. Originally called ''Botharam Maha Vihata'' in honour of the venerated Bodhi tree, it came to be known as Wat Jet Yod by locals, after the seven spires (''Jet Yod'') protruding from the roof of the Vihara. The square-sided design of the Virhra is a replica of Mahabodhi temple in [[Bodh Gaya]], India, though the translation has distorted proportions somewhat. Remnants of the graceful stucco relief murals that adorned the walls depict angels with a distinctly Indian flavour. The grounds also hold some more recently built, but abandoned looking, eroded chedis and buckling bases of vanished halls, overshadowed by a fully intact, though more diminutive, replica of '''Chedi Luang''' that was built around 1487 to house the ashes of King Tilokarat.}}\n\n[[Image:WatDoiSuthep Courtyard.JPG|thumb|right|Courtyard, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep]]\n\n* {{see\n| name=Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep | alt=วัดพระธาตุดอยสุเทพ | url=http://www.doisuthep.com/index.php?lang=en | email=\n| address= | lat=18.804903 | long=98.921601 | directions=18 km from the city, at a 1,073 m elevation on the slopes of Doi (Mount) Suthep\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=07:00-17:00 | price= | image=Wat Phra That Doi Suthep - Chiang Mai.jpg\n| content=The quintessential image of Chiang Mai with its large gilded ''chedi'', visible from the city on a clear day. Built in 1383 during the Lanna Thai period, legend has it that the temples site was selected by an elephant sent to roam the mountain side, where upon reaching a suitable spot, it trumpeted, circled three times, knelt down and promptly died, which was interpreted as a sign indicating an auspicious site. The temple offers grand views over the city, but no reward is without effort as you must accent the 200-plus steep steps of the Naga-lined stairs. The climb may be a strain in the high altitude's thin air for the less fit, so you may opt to take the cable car for 20 baht. For the [http://chiangmaibest.com/thai-holidays-festivals/visaka-bucha/ Visaka Bucha holiday] around May each year, it is traditional for people to walk from the zoo to the temple and vast numbers make the pilgrimage to the top, which takes around 4–5 hours.\n\n[[Image:WatDoiSuthepBells.JPG|thumb|Bells at Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep]]\n\n: In the vicinity there are several other attractions you may want to consider visiting. The '''Bhuping Royal Palace Gardens''' are 4 km further along the road from Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep, with a reasonably easy walk along the meter-wide road shoulder. Or you can get a shared songthaew from Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep for 30 baht, but you may have to wait until it fills up. Further along the road is a '''hill tribe village''', and although tourist-oriented, is really worth the trip. There are many shops for local handicrafts, etc. These are the people from the far north of the country, many originally from Myanmar. There are two areas in the village that require entrance fee: 10 baht to enter a flower garden (where women can take pictures using traditional clothes) and a hill tribe opium museum (the museum is in a very poor condition); and 10 baht to enter the hill tribe waterfall (man-made). [[Image:ChiangMaiHilltribeMarket.jpg|thumb|Market in the hill tribe village]] \n\n: '''Getting there''' is a source of much consternation to many travellers. Clearly marked songthaews leave from Pratu Chang Phuak, next to the 7-Eleven. Prices are listed as 50 baht up and 50 baht down, though once on top the price back down suddenly changes to 60 baht. The drivers wait until they have sufficient (up to 8) passengers before they depart, potentially making for a lengthy wait. Most guidebooks advise taking a songthaew from Mani Nopharat Rd, resulting in the drivers milking the tourist cash-cow and raising their price from a reasonable 40 baht to a ludicrous 500 baht. \n\n: Another option is to take a songthaew from your hotel to the northern gate of Chiang Mai University for 20 baht (if you are close to the city walls), where there will be several songthaews waiting on Huai Kaew Rd to get a full load of passengers for a trip up the mountain. They seem to congregate around the Chiang Mai Zoo, so if you just say \"zoo\" to the driver he will know what you're talking about. Prices range from 40 baht for a one-way trip to Wat Prathat to 180 baht for a full round-trip tour, including the temple, Bhuping Palace Gardens, and the hill tribe village, with an hour at each location, but you may have to wait until there are sufficient people who want the same tour or be prepared to pay more. You can also get between many of these by buying point-to-point tickets at the time you want them, or walking some segment. Any songthaew up the mountain road may be a trial for those prone to motion-sickness, so take appropriate precautions. Also, there may be several little annoying additional costs foreigners. To enter the Doi Suthep itself is free for Thais, and 30 baht for foreigners. Tour operators will ask 700 baht for a tour. \n\n: The journey from the city can be made by motorcycle or a bicycle (with appropriate gearing). The final 12 km from the zoo onwards is entirely uphill and will take 60-90 minutes if bicycling.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Wat Suan Dok | alt=Suthep Rd | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.788120 | long=98.967346 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price= | image=เรืองรอง.JPG\n| content=A large open-sided hall with a jumble of roughly hewn Buddhas with a huge dazzlingly whitewashed chedi behind.}}\n\n* {{see\n| name=Wat Umong | alt=วัดอุโมงค์ | url=http://www.watumong.org/ | email=umongmedcenter@yahoo.com\n| address=Off Suthep Rd | lat=18.783168 | long=98.951478 | directions=At the end of a long narrow road, off Suthep Rd. Turn at the Italian restaurant\n| phone=+66 53-277248 (call only from 08:30-16:00) | tollfree= | fax=\n| image=The ancient tunnel U Mong temple Chiang Mai Thailand 2 2011.jpg\n| hours=08:30-16:00 | price=\n| content=The name means \"tunnel temple\". An ancient temple in the forest just outside Chiang Mai. King Mengrai built this temple for a highly respected forest monk who liked to wander in the countryside, hence the isolated location where the monk could stay quietly and meditate. It is unusual in that it has tunnel-like chambers in the ground, some of the walls of which still have the original paintings of birds and animals visible. The large stupa is magnificent, and there is an eerie statue of a fasting, emaciated Buddha next to it. You can also take a break by the ponds, where you can feed the fish and turtles. Has a meditation centre open to foreigners. Some monks and the abbot speak a little English.\n}}\n\n== Do ==\n===Cinema===\n* {{do\n| name=Alliance Francaise | url=http://afthailande.org/en/cultural-activities/cinema/ | email=\n| address=138 Charoen Prathet Rd | lat=18.780896 | long=99.003442 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-275277 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=W nights, 19:30 | price=\n| content=Screens French films, but frequently sub-titled in English. See the website for calendar of showings. The Alliance also has an extensive library as well as exhibitions.\n}}\n* {{do\n| name=Chiang Mai Vista Cinema | alt=Kad Suan Kaew) | url=http://www.chiangmaivista.com | email=\n| address= | lat=18.796366 | long=98.976173 | directions=On Huay Kaew Rd\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=80-120 baht\n| content=Ticket prices vary depending on the duration of the film. The place is not very popular among the locals since it is a bit old and worn.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Major Cineplex | url=http://www.majorcineplex.com/majorcineplex/showtime/index.php?B_ID=5 | email=\n| address=Airport Plaza | lat=18.768891 | long=98.975384 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=120-260 baht\n| content=Ticket prices depend on the duration of the film and seat type. Honeymoon seats generally cost 40 baht more than standard seats. If you would like to avoid the crowd, avoid going on Thursday, Friday or Saturday nights. Make sure to check the language of the film prior to booking. Some children's movies are dubbed into Thai.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=SF Cinema | alt= | url=http://www.sfcinemacity.com/index.php/en/tags/keyword/SF+Promenada+Chiangmai | email=\n| address= | lat=18.766369 | long=99.036011 | directions=In the Promenada shopping mall outside Chiang Mai (about 6.5 km from Tha Phae Gate) at the corner of Rte 1141/1317 and Rte 3029\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=SFX Cinema | alt= | url=http://www.sfcinemacity.com/index.php/th/timetable/lookup/cinema/MAYA-Lifestyle-Shoping-Center | email=\n| address= | lat=18.802513 | long=98.967089 | directions=Corner Huay Kaew Rd and Superhighway\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n=== Festivals & exhibitions ===\n* {{do\n| name=Bo Sang Umbrella & Sankampang Handicrafts Festival | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.764280 | long=99.082216 | directions=8 km SE of Chiang Mai\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Takes place around the third weekend of Jan at Ban Bo Sang, Sankampang. The festival is in the form of a \"street fair\" in which the central road of the village is used, with shops on both sides. Shops are decorated in Lanna-style, most with the well-known umbrellas, as well as with traditional lanterns. In addition there are contests, exhibitions, cultural performances, local entertainment, and assorted shows day and night. There is a grand procession decorated with umbrellas and local products, a variety of handicrafts for sale, northern-style khantoke meals and the Miss Bo Sang pageant.}}\n\n[[File:Flower Festival Chiang Mai - P1150897.JPG|thumb|Flower Festival Parade]]\n\n* {{do\n| name=Chiang Mai Flower Festival | alt= | url=http://chiangmaibest.com/chiang-mai-flower-festival/ | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Staged every year during the first weekend in February (in 2014 it was held Friday-Sunday, 7–9 February). The city is awash with vibrant colours ranging from the electric orange and lilac colours of the bougainvillea to the velvety blossoms of petunias in all shades of pink, white, and purple. The strident red of the poinsettias, bought by many at Christmas and New Year, is echoed by beds of scarlet salvias. Homes and shop owners alike line the city streets with colourful flower boxes. The sheer profusion of colour that the flower festival and carnival brings to Chiang Mai aptly gives the city its name \"Rose of the North\". On all three days of the festival, prize blooms are on display at Nong Buak Had Park near the city centre. Many types of flower, miniature trees and orchida are put on display for the judges to choose the best of the species. Landscape specialists put on an elaborate display, which includes patios and waterfalls with exotic decorative plants and flowers. The best part of the flower festival is on Saturday. The parade lines up from the train station to Nawarat Bridge so the police close most of Charoen Muang Rd around 08:00. The VIP viewing stand is right next to the bridge in front of the Chiang Mai Governor's home. The parade route goes up Tha Phae Rd to the gate and turns left and follows the moat to Nong Buak Had Park. The parade moves at a slow pace and stops several times so there is plenty of time to take pictures of the colourful floats, pretty girls and hill tribe people in native costume. The paraders hand out roses to spectators lining the road. When the parade finishes everyone heads to Nong Buak Had where all the floats, award-winning flower growers and landscape projects are all on display. There are plenty of food stalls in the park, and in the late afternoon the Miss Chiang Mai Flower Festival starts. The party goes well into the evening until the new Flower Festival Queen has been chosen. This is a great time to visit Chiang Mai, as the air is cool and the evenings fresh and clear. If you want to see the festival make sure you book your hotels and flights well in advance.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Inthakin or Tham Boon Khan Dok | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=City Pillar Festival in Chiang Mai. This is a six-day festival where the city pillar spirits are propitiated to ensure the continuity of the city. Occurs in May or Jun as part of the Northern Thailand lunar calendar. Very large event focused around Wat Chedi Luang.}}\n\n[[File:Chiang Mai Loi Krathong 2005 062.jpg|thumb|Loi Krathong parade]]\n\n* {{do\n| name=Loi Krathong and Yi Peng Festivals | alt=ลอยกระทง | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=If you like candles placed in colourful paper lanterns, fireworks, beautiful girls in traditional dress, parade floats, lots of food and parties. Don't miss the Loi Krathong festival, which in Chiang Mai lasts for 3 full days, the last night being that of the 12th full moon of the year (which is usually in Nov). In the small town of Mae Jo, north of Chiang Mai, they start the festival on Saturday night by simultaneously launching thousands upon thousands of hot air balloons called ''khom loi''. Loi Krathong coincides with the northern Thai (Lanna) festival known as \"Yi Peng\" (ยี่เป็ง). Due to a difference between the old Lanna calendar and the Thai calendar, Yi Peng is held on a full moon of the 2nd month of the Lanna calendar (\"Yi\" meaning \"2nd\" and \"Peng\" meaning \"month\" in the Lanna language). A multitude of Lanna-style sky lanterns (khom loi (โคมลอย), literally: \"floating lanterns\") are launched into the air where they drift with the winds. The festival is meant as a time for \"tam-bun\" (ทำบุญ), to make merit. People decorate their houses, gardens, and temples with khom fai (โคมไฟ): intricately shaped paper lanterns which take on different forms. Khom thue (โคมถือ) are lanterns which are carried around hanging from a stick, khom khwaen (โคมแขวน) are the hanging lanterns, and khom pariwat (โคมปริวรรต) which are placed at temples and which revolve due to the heat of the candle inside. Chiang Mai has the most elaborate Yi Peng celebrations, where both Loi Krathong and Yi Peng are celebrated at the same time resulting in lights floating on the waters, lights hanging from trees/buildings or standing on walls, and lights floating by in the sky.}}\n\n[[Image:LK 03 loy krathong yi peng san sai.jpg|thumb|Khom Loy hot air balloon launch]]\n\n* {{do\n| name=Mae Jo Lantern Release | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.911279 | long=99.013549 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=A huge lantern release (It is often referred to as the 10,000 lantern release, but there are not as many as that) happens near Mae Jo University on the Saturday before Loi Krathong, in 2013: 16 Nov. The DMC Buddhist Sect puts this on and though it is billed as \"for local people\" this event has no connection with Chiang Mai or Lanna events, and is not promoted by local government officials nor included in their program. The lantern release takes place at the end of a ceremony that begins at 18:30, with the release at 20:00. The event is free of charge, but respectful attire is required and alcohol is forbidden. A tourist-targeted event (which costs about 3,000 baht) occurs in the same location on the following weekend.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Songkran Festival | alt=สงกรานต์ | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=The Thai Water Festival is celebrated as the Thai new year from 13-15 Apr (though it may begin a day or two early). The most obvious sign that you're in the middle of the festival is when you get soaked by someone pouring a bucket of water over you, or squirting you with a water gun. This tradition evolved from people tossing water that had been poured over holy statues, since this water was expected to be good luck. Now, it takes the form of a free-for-all water fight, and you will undoubtedly be drenched. It's also a way of staying cool during the very hot and humid month of April. Put your mobile phone in a plastic bag.}}\n\n===Massage===\n* {{do\n| name=Fah Lanna Massage | url=http://www.fahlanna.com | email=email@fahlanna.com\n| address=186/3 Loi Kroh Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Near the Night Bazaar, down the street from McDonald's, past Royal Lanna Hotel\n| phone=+66 82-0303029 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=200+ baht\n| content= A small and very cosy massage shop close to the Iron Bridge. Clean, friendly and professional, Fah Lanna gets consistently high ratings in customer reviews. First, customers get a gentle foot-bath with scrub and comfortable clothes to change into and after the massage they are offered ginger tea and a cold towel. The decor and the background music are beautiful and add to the experience. After collecting 10 stamps (1 stamp per 1 hour treatment) they give a free massage. Massages are excellent , and the prices are reasonable.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Green Bamboo Massage | url=http://www.green-bamboo-massage.com | email=\n| address=1 Moon Muang Rd, Soi 1 | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 89-8275563 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=200+ baht/hour\n| content=A small, charming studio in a typical wooden Thai house located inside the moat. The staff are trained in Thai massage therapy. Also offers individual daily or weekly courses in traditional Thai massage, Thai yoga massage, Tok Sen massage and Thai oil massage. Seminars are run by Ms Mesa, a certified and experienced masseuse.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Kiyora Spa | alt= | url=http://kiyoraspa.com/ | email=contact@kiyoraspa.com\n| address=Chang Moi Road Soi 2 | lat=18.789212 | long=98.995869 | directions=From Tha Pae Road, turn into Chang Moi Rd Soi 2.\n| phone=+66-52-003-268 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=10:00-22:00 | price=800+ baht\n| lastedit=2015-04-27\n| content=Kiyora is a provider of Thai-Lanna massage modalities incorporated with Western massage techniques. Price of a massage includes transport service within the city.\n}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Le'Lux Massage | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Near Sompet Market on Soi 6, Moon Muang Rd\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Excellent staff and ambience. Services include Thai massage (150 baht/hr), oil massage (200 baht/hr), scrubs, manicure (150 baht), pedicure (150 baht) and more. Tea and water are included.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Let's Relax | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=2F Chiang Mai Pavilion and B1F Chiang Inn Plaza, Changkhlan Rd\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Does professional massage in a very clean surroundings complete with air-con, the sound of running water and gentle scents. A 45-minute foot reflexology session costs 350 baht, nearly twice the price of the competition, but is worth every satang after a long trek.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Nantana Massage | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Near Sompet Market on Soi 6\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Thai massage, 150 baht/hour\n| content=Very knowledgeable and friendly staff. Air-con. Oil, foot and neck/shoulder massage available.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Sun Massage | url= | email=\n| address=Loi Kroh Rd, opposite 7-11 | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Traditional Thai massage, 199 baht/hour.\n| content=Very clean and pleasant modern decor. The masseuses are very friendly, and provide decent, skilled massages. There is a table in front of the shop where the masseuses often hang out when idle.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Thai Massage Conservation Club | alt=Blind masseurs| url= | email=\n| address=99 Ratchamanka Rd | lat=18.7856623 | long=98.9874903 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-904452, +66 89-7552155 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 08:00 - 21:00 | price=Oil massage 300 baht/hour\n| lastedit=2015-03-29\n| content=Massage is performed by blind masseurs, who speak (some) English. They offer traditional Thai as well as oil massage.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Viang Ping Massage and Spa | url= | email=\n| address=2/4 Tha Phae Rd, Soi 2 | lat= | long= | directions=Opposite Wat Bupparam\n| phone=+66 53-874071 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Prices average 200 baht for Thai, foot, or head and shoulder massages. 250 baht for oil massages.\n| content=Very clean and well-run business, professionally run by Fern, manager-proprietor. All massages based on the Lanna, northern Thai-style, using pressure points and energy lines. Homemade coconut oil and natural facial, body scrub, and wrap products. Fern also teaches massage and spa services to individuals or occasionally to small groups. Loyalty cards for regular customers, free massage after 10 visits. Thai and oil massage courses, also spa courses.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Wat Sam Pao | alt=วัดสำเภา | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Just W of AUA school, corner of Ratchadamnoen & Ratchawithi Rd. Entrance on Ratchadamnoen \n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=1 hr: Thai massage, 130 baht; foot massage, 130 baht; oil massage, 300 baht\n| content=Just inside the south gate to the compound on your left.}}\n\n===Motorcycling===\n* '''Motorcycle touring''' is a great way to explore northern Thailand. One good day trip out of Chiang Mai is up and over Doi Suthep, which will take you up to Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep, and beyond the mountain to the reservoir. A perennial favourite among bicyclists and motorcyclists is the '''[[Samoeng Loop]]''', a 100 km circuit into the mountains and back to Chiang Mai.\n\n* '''Motor-scooter touring''' as far as Mae Hong Son and suitable for the less experienced motorcyclist.\n\n===Rafting===\nRaft trips down the Mae Tang River are offered by several companies and can often be combined with elephant riding or mountain biking. During the dry season (Jan-Feb) water levels are relatively low with only grade 2-3 rapids, but during the rainy season (Jun-Oct) higher water levels make for a more exciting grade 4-5 trip.\n\n* {{do\n| name=Peak Adventure Tour | url= | email=\n| address=302/4 Chiang Mai-Lamphun Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-800567 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Offers 10 km rafting trips that can be combined with elephant riding or ATV driving.}}\n{{do\n| name=8Adventures | alt= | url=http://8adventures.com/ | email=info@8adventures.com/\n| address= | lat=19.221362 | long=98.847172 | directions=\n| phone=+66 8 9000 7728 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| lastedit=2015-05-11\n| content=Created by a group of adventurers that includes two-time world champion kayaker Eric Southwic, they offer world class rafting and kayaking tours, ATV, SuP and trekking. Pick-ups daily from Chiang Mai.\n}}\n\n===River cruise===\n* {{do\n| name=Mae Ping River Cruise | alt= | url=http://maepingrivercruise.com/ | email=maepingrivercruise@hotmail.com\n| address=133 Charoen Pratet Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Wat Chaimongkol boat landing, between Hotel Chedi and Ping Nakara\n| phone=+66 53-274822 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-818627 \n| hours=08:30-17:00 | price=450 baht\n| content=Two hour cruise with a refreshment stop at a Thai farmer's house. Hotel pick-up. Be aware that the Mae Ping is a grotty, slow-flowing stream the colour of greenish khaki with nondescript banks.}}\n\n===Sports===\n* {{do\n| name=Aerobics | url=http://www.therealcentreoftheuniverse.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Aerobics sessions are held in the car park of Tesco Lotus on the superhighway every weekday from 17:30. The sessions are very popular and tourists or visitors to Chiang Mai are welcomed. Regular water aerobics classes, incorporating Tai Chi and yoga exercises, are held at the Centre of the Universe Swimming Pool.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Cricket | url=http://www.chiangmaisixes.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Northern Thailand may seem an odd place to find an international cricket tournament. Every year since 1988 more than 200 cricketers from around the world gather at Chiang Mai for the tournament. The week-long tournament for amateur players, with a sprinkling of test stars, it is held at the historic Chiang Mai Gymkhana Club, generally at the start of April.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Extreme Sports Centre | alt=X-Centre | url=http://www.chiangmai-xcentre.com | email=\n| address=816 Moo 1, Rim Thai, Mae Rim | lat= | long= | directions=Go 17 km N to Mae Rim on Rte 107. Turn onto Rte 1096, direction Samoeng. Travel 3 km. X-Centre on the left\n| phone=+66 53-297700 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 09:00-18:00 | price=\n| content=Kiwi-run business, totally buttoned-down and professional. Bungy jumping; off-road buggies; dirt bikes; paintball; indoor drift carts; Xorb ball; sports bar and restaurant. Transport available from Chiang Mai at 09:30, 13:00, 15:00.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Football (soccer) | url=http://www.chiangmaifootballclub.com/ | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Go watch the local football team, Chiang Mai FC, play at 700 Year Stadium. Fixtures and info in English or visit the Red Lion English Pub in the Night Bazaar two hours before the game to get a free ride (nearly always available).}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Mountain Biking | url=http://mountainbikingchiangmai.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Just west of Chiang Mai lies the beautiful Doi Suthep National Park, its summit at 1,650 m, 1,300 m above the valley floor. Chiang Mai Mountain Biking runs daily downhill trips and nature cross country rides.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Rock Climbing | url=http://www.thailandclimbing.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Approximately 55 km east of Chiang Mai is Crazy Horse Buttress, a 60 m, orange- and black-streaked monolith jutting out of the green Mae On Valley. Crazy Horse boasts more than 130 bolted routes between (French system) grades 5 and 8a, which makes it an ideal destination for beginners and experienced climbers alike. Spend several days exploring every part of the crag, or just spend a day or an afternoon above ground as a break from exploring the magnificent caves of the region. Climbing guides and information are available from Chiang Mai Rock Climbing Adventures.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Tennis | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=There are many places to play tennis in Chiang Mai: [http://www.chiengmaigymkhana.com/index.php?md=tn ''Gymkhana Club''] (Chiang Mai-Lamphun Rd); ''Chiang Mai Land Village'' (Chiang Mai Land Rd); [http://www.imperialhotels.com/chiangmai ''Imperial Chiang Mai Resort & Sports Club''] (284 Moo 3, Don Kaew, Mae Rim); ''Lanna Sports Club'' (Chotana Rd); ''Palm Springs'' (120 Moo 5, Mahidol Rd); and ''Chiang Mai Sports Complex'' (700 Year Stadium, Irrigation Canal Rd, Rte 121 to Mae Rim), which has 12 courts. All courts are bookable in advance and at most flood lighting makes it possible to play in the evening when it is cooler. There is an additional charge to cover the cost of electricity.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Yoga | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=The diversity of yoga studios in Chiang Mai rounds out the image of Chiang Mai as a centre for massage training, healing, and spas. Yoga studios such as [http://www.wildroseyoga.org Wild Rose Yoga] in the old city, north of the city [http://www.yogachiangmaithailand.com Sattva Yoga], [http://www.kaomailanna.com/yoga/yoga_home.php Kaomai Lanna], and the [http://www.thesparesorts.net/chiangmai/yoga Spa Resort] for residential yoga retreats all are worthy of your patronage.}}\n\n===Swim===\nChiang Mai swimming pools open to the public vary in quality, cleanliness, and accessibility. On balance, those pools which are operated to internationally recognised standards of water quality are those which are privately owned by foreign investors.\n\n* {{do\n| name=Centre of the Universe Swimming Pool and Resort | url=http://www.therealcentreoftheuniverse.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Take Huay Kaew Rd (Rte 1004) from the city towards Doi Suthep. At the intersection of Rte 1004 and Rte 121, follow the signs to Mae Rim. From the intersection, travel 1.2 km towards Mae Rim and turn left at the 5th bridge over the canal. Go straight for 600 m to the end of the road following signs\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Open to tourists and other visitors. There are 3 swimming pools and decks. A detailed map and directions in Thai and English can be printed from their website. The pool is sanitised using salt water.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Chiang Mai Land Swimming Pool | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Adults, 50 baht; children, 30 baht\n| content=Open to the public. It has a pool deck and also has a restaurant and pool-side service. The pool is sanitised using chlorine.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Hotel Pools | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Some up-market hotels such as The Orchid on Huay Kaew Rd allow non-guests to use their pools for a fee. Travelling time from the city centre is around 10 min. These are sanitised using chlorine.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=The Lake at Huay Tung Tao | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=further along the Irrigation Canal Rd than the Centre of the Universe and after the 700-Year Sports Stadium, as you head towards Mae Rim (Rte 121), about 12 km from the city centre. Takes 15-20 minutes by tuk-tuk/taxi.\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Admission, 20 baht.\n| content=A reservoir in surrounding woodlands.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Seven Hundred Year Stadium | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=On the outer ring road, Irrigation Canal Rd—Route 121, towards Mae Rim. It is about 8 km from city centre; about fifteen min by tuk-tuk/taxi\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=A huge sports complex built for the SE Asia Games, held in Chiang Mai in the early 1990s, and now a public sports and recreation centre. The pool is sanitised using chlorine.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Waterfalls and Natural Pools | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=At the foot of Doi Suthep on Huay Kaew Rd. Look for a large Buddhist shrine on your left after travelling past the entrance to Chiang Mai Zoo. Turn left into the market at the back of the shrine, and keep walking up the hill. You will come to the waterfalls after about 5 minutes. About 7 km from the city centre; takes 10-15 min by tuk-tuk/taxi\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Free\n| content=The pools at the bottom of the waterfalls are not really big enough for swimming, but are a great place to cool off at the height of summer. During the dry season some of the waterfalls dry up. Head for the high ground and you will still find pools full of fresh water. There are usually quite a few students hanging out there from the nearby university, who will happily practice their English conversational skills with you.}}\n\n===Theatre===\n* {{do\n| name=The Playhouse Complex | url=http://www.playhouse-chiangmai.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=On Changpueak Rd\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Adult, 1,000 baht; child, 500 baht. Including Thai buffet (Saturdays): adult, 1,300 baht; child, 650 baht.\n| content=Start your evening with a unique dining experience in Kinnaree Park. Set in an eco-friendly environment, surrounded by mountains and waterfalls offering a real Lanna experience with traditional dance and a delicious northern Thai buffet before entering the theatre adjacent to the restaurant. The 350-seat capacity theatre hosts two shows per day at 20:00 and 22:00. Presenting ''Sequins & Dance'', a fun and happy performance of wholesome entertainment that's full of sparkle, movement, and emotion. Performed by 30 Thai performers, it is exciting. Family, individual or group bookings welcome.}}\n\n== Learn ==\n===Buddhism===\n* {{do\n| name=Wat Chom Tong | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Ban Luang, Chom Tong | lat= | long= | directions=About 60 km southwest of the city\n| phone=+66 53-826869, +66 53-826180 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=The home temple of the meditation master, Achan Tong. Offers residential courses in Vipassana meditation on an on-going basis.\n}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep | url=http://www.fivethousandyears.org | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=The International Buddhist Centre offers short and long residential courses in Vipassana meditation in English. A brand new centre, including accommodation and a vitara (chanting hall), is now open.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Wat Ram Poeng | url=http://www.dhammathai.org/e/meditation/page24.php | email=\n| address=Suthep Rd | lat= | long= | directions=4 km SW of the city\n| phone=+66 53-278620, | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Facilities for retreats and meditation instruction. Ten-day minimum stay required for introduction to Vipassana meditation techniques. English-speaking monks are available to assist foreigners. For non-native English speakers, long-term students from your home country may be available to offer translation services.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Wat Suan Dok | url= | email=\n| address=Suthep Rd | lat= | long= | directions=1 km W of the Old City Moat\n| phone=+66 53-278967 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Has a meet-and-greet for tourists and monks, every M W F afternoon between 17:00 and 19:00. Also, you can sign up for a 24-hr introductory meditation retreat (they are offered on Tuesdays).}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Wat Umong | alt= | url=http://www.dhammathai.org/e/meditation/page23.php | email=\n| address=Suthep Rd | lat= | long= | directions=~3.5 km W of Chiang Mai. Easiest way is by tuk-tuk or bicycle. Or take a songthaew W 2.5 km on Suthep Rd (not the same road to Doi Suthep Temple) to Wang Nam Kan, then follow signs S 1 km to the wat\n| phone=+66 53-277248 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=08:30-16:00 | price=\n| content=Offers meditation courses and dharma instruction in English by Phra Charles every Sunday at 15:00. Please call only from 08:30-16:00.\n}}\n\n===Hypnotherapy===\n* {{do\n| name=Hypnotherapy Chiang Mai | url=http://www.practical-healing.com/ | email=info@practical-healing.com\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 91-0674352 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Personal therapy using hypnosis. Hypnotherapy sessions by appointment with Nick, master-level member of the British Society of Clinical Hypnosis.}}\n\n=== Reiki ===\n* {{do\n| name=Reiki Chiang Mai | url=http://www.reiki-chiang-mai.org/ | email=info@reiki-chiang-mai.com\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 91-0674352 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Usui Reiki workshops and treatments. Small intimate groups with an 8th-generation Reiki master/teacher.}}\n\n=== Shamanism ===\n* {{do\n| name=Life Events Shamanic Studies | url=http://www.lifeevents.org/ | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Behind Kad Suan Kaew Shopping Center\n| phone=+66 53-894708 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Provides spiritual consultations, shamanistic initiation workshops and meditation retreats in English and Russian. An initial one-on-one consultation with Diana Manilova is required before attending any other event.}}\n\n=== Tai Chi and Qi Gong ===\n* {{do\n| name=Green Dragon Tai Chi Center and Personal Training | url= | email=green.dragon.taichi@gmail.com\n| address=459/4 Nong Hoi | lat= | long= | directions=Behind the Nong Hoi Market, 2 min from the Holiday Inn Riverside\n| phone=+66 85-6245776 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Offers customized weekend courses for health and relaxation, especially for beginners, in Tai Chi, Qi Gong, the 18 Movements, the 8 brocates/Shaolin style, 24 Yang Form, 108 Yang Form old frame, Inner Qi Gong after grandmaster Zhi-Chang-Li and standing meditation after Grand Master Frankie Dow (Chan Kwaan Chung).}}\n\n=== TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) ===\n* {{do\n| name=SEE TEFL 4 week TEFL certification course | alt= | url=http://seetefl.com | email=info@seetefl.com\n| address=86/2 Kaew Nawarat Rd | lat= | long= | directions=About three blocks east of the Ping River\n| phone=+66 53-266295 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=USD1,295 with USD200 Early Bird discount (prices in USD, can be paid in THB)\n| content=SEE TEFL offers a standard 4 week, 120 hour TEFL Certification course. TEFL certification is required for many English teaching positions in Thailand and throughout the world.}}\n\n=== Thai boxing (muay Thai)===\n* {{listing\n| name=Team Quest Thailand | alt= | url=http://www.teamquestthailand.com | email=teamquestthailand@gmail.com\n| address=114/3 Moo.1, Phadeed (ป่าแดด) Rd | lat= | long= | directions=A 5 min walk from Central Airport Plaza or a short drive from the airport\n| phone=+66 86-0911536 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=500 baht/day, 9,000 baht/month\n| content=A gym for muay Thai and mixed martial arts. Train with top trainers and the current Thailand champion, Hong Thong Lek.}}\n\n=== Thai cooking ===\n* {{do\n| name=Air's Thai Culinary Kitchen | url=http://www.airthaikitchen.com | email=\n| address=9/1 Nongprateep Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-249326, +66 81-9936564 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=2,700 baht\n| content=On 1.6 acres of the tranquil, landscaped grounds of a private house. The kitchen's unique design draws from professional experience and is purpose-built and surrounded by herb and spice gardens. Offers Course A and Course B. Each is 3 days in length, 08:30-15:00. Free transport to/from hotel.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Baan Thai Cookery School | url=http://www.cookinthai.com/index.php | email=\n| address=11 Ratchadamnoen Rd, Soi 5 | lat= | long= | directions=Near Tha Phae Gate\n| phone=+66 53-357339, +66 16-714120 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=700-900 baht\n| content=Courses include a cookbook and market tour. Day or evening classes.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Chiang Mai Thai Cookery School | url=http://www.thaicookeryschool.com/ | email=\n| address=1-3 Moon Muang Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-206388 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-206387\n| hours= | price=990 baht for 1 day course\n| content=Offers 1-2-3-4-5-day courses.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Classic Home Cooking | url=http://www.chiangmai1.com/restaurants/classichomecooking.shtml | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-219056 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Choose any dish from more than 50 dishes on their menu. 6 dishes per day for morning class and 4 dishes for evening class. The cooking class runs every day.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Gap's School Of Thai Culinary Art | url=http://www.gaps-house.com/thai%20culinary%20art%20cooking%20school/ | email=\n| address=3 Ratchadamnoen Rd, Soi 4 | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-270143 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=High standards, well organised, your own stove, 1 teacher per 5 students.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Grandma's Thai Recipes | url=http://www.grandmasthairecipes.com | email=\n| address=48 Chaiyapoom Rd | lat= | long= | directions=15 min out of the city, transportation provided\n| phone=+66 53-121656 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Traditional Thai cooking instruction. Vegetarian-friendly. Restaurant and booking office located near Tha Phae Gate.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=A Lot Of Thai Cooking School | url=http://alotofthai.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-800724 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=A family-run home cooking class, taught by the owner. Vegetarians and people with any kind of food restrictions welcome. Courses includes a market tour and a recipe book is provided for later use.\n}}\n* {{do\n| name=Siam Rice Thai Cookery School | url=http://www.siamricethaicookery.com | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-329091 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Friendly and knowledgeable staff provide a course on local and traditional recipes. The course includes a market tour and provides you with the recipes for the dishes that you create.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Smart Cook Thai Cookery School | url= | email=\n| address=21 Moon Muang Rd, Soi 5 | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-418309 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Market tour, cook book. Accommodates vegetarian cooking. Small classes and fun staff.}}\n\n* {{do\n| name=Sompet Cookery School | url= | email=\n| address=56 Patan Rd, | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-214897 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Learn to cook traditional Thai food at a riverside home. Daily courses, morning and afternoon. A recipe book with colour photographs provided for each dish, suggesting many ways to prepare and serve Thai food.\n}}\n* {{do\n| name=Thai Cottage Cookery School | url= | email=\n| address=25/2 Ratchadamnoen Rd, Soi 1 | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-326608 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=600-800 baht\n| content=Participants learn 5 dishes in a full day, including making curry paste from scratch, 800 baht. 3-course half-day courses are available, 600 baht. Market tour and cook book included. Modifications for vegetarians are easily made. Tu and Kat are excellent teachers and a lot of fun.}}\n\n=== Thai language ===\n* {{listing\n| name=AUA | alt=American University Alumni | url=http://www.learnthaiinchiangmai.com/ | email=cm-thai@auathailand.org\n| address=73 Ratchadamnoen Rd | lat= | long= | directions=c. 100 m inside Tha Phae Gate\n| phone=+66 53-278407, +66 53-277951 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-211973 \n| hours=M-F 08:30-18:00; Sa 09:00-11:30, 12:30-16:00; Su 08:30-12:00 | price=4,800 baht per course\n| content=AUA offers seven different 6- and 8-week courses M-F. Group courses start monthly with a minimum of 5 students. Individual instruction any time. Great library for student use, 100 baht per term. Caveats: they use the Haas transliteration system, not everyone's cup of tea. And they also have dumb rules, such as no shorts in class although no one observes the rule. No Wi-Fi.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Centre for Thai Studies, Chiang Mai University Language Institute | url=http://www.learnthaicmu.com | email=\n| address=239 Huay Kaew Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-943755 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=1-year courses and short conversational programs. Website has on-line application form and FAQ.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Effective Thai | alt= | url=http://effectivethai.com/ | email=info@effectivethai.com\n| address=86/2 Kaewnawarat Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-266295/6 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=500 baht/hr for 1-to-1 classes, 250 baht/hr for small group (2-4 students) classes\n| content=1-to-1 and small group classes. ED visa available.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Payap University | alt= | url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/programs/asian-studies.php | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Superhighway Chiang Mai-Lampang Rd\n| phone=+66 53-241255 x7238 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Run by the Southeast Asian Institute of Global Studies, the Thai and Southeast Asian Studies Program at Payap University is a one- or two-semester academic program for students primarily interested in becoming proficient in the Thai language and knowledgeable about Thai culture.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=YMCA | url=http://www.ymcachiangmai.org/newym/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=43&Itemid=58&lang=en | email=\n| address=11 Mengrairasmi, Sermsuk Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-221819,+66 53-221820 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=1,800+ baht for 30 hrs instruction\n| content=}}\n\n=== Thai massage ===\n* {{listing\n| name=Thai Massage School of Chiang Mai | alt=TMC | url=http://www.tmcschool.com/ | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=1 week short course, 7,500 baht\n| content=A government-registered school of Thai massage.}}\n\n==Buy ==\nChiang Mai is a great place to shop. Sprawling markets during the day and night carry items from cheap trinkets to skilfully made local crafts.\n\n===Books===\n* {{buy\n| name=DK Book Centre | alt=Duangkamol | url= | email=\n| address=79/1 Kotchasan Rd | lat=18.784238 | long=98.994029 | directions=Just past the turn to Loi Kroh Rd in a shopping centre on the left\n| phone=+66 53-208995 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-F, 10:30-20:00; Sa-Su, 09:00-20:00 | price=\n| content=Not the best selection of Western language titles, but particularly strong in educational books and learning resources of every description.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Gecko Books | alt= | url=http://www.geckobooks.net/index.html | email=\n| address=2/6 Chang Moi Kao Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Main branch outside the moat in the vicinity of the Tha Phae Gate \n| phone=+66 53-874066 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=3 locations. Large collection of used books. On-line ordering.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Suriwong Book Centre | alt=สุริวงค์บุคเชนเตอว์ | url=http://www.suriwongbook.com/ | email=cust@suriwongbook.com\n| address=Sridonchai Rd | lat=18.781026 | long=98.997509 | directions=Two blocks west of Chang Khlan Rd (Night Bazaar)\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Essentially 2 shops: a magazine shop open from 08:00-20:00 and the main, large book/stationery shop open from 10:00-19:00. Good selection of Western language titles, and wide variety of Thai titles, as well as office supplies. Pleasant ambiance.}}\n\n===Clothing===\n* {{buy\n| name=Nok 'Em Ded Designs | url=http://www.nokemded.com | email=info@nokemded.com\n| address=162/5 Prapokklao Rd, Prasingh | lat= | long= | directions=From Tha Phae Gate, go straight on Rachadamnoen Rd, turn left at 2nd intersection. Shop is on left, opposite Wat Puntao & Wat Chedi Luang.\n| phone=+66 53-280960, +66 87-0344067 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M 12:00-20:00, Tu-Sa 10:00-20:00, Su 10:00-23:00 | price=from 50 baht\n| content=Unique styles from simple to extravagant. English-speaking owners & staff. Jewellery is handmade by the artist owners. Great quality T-shirt collection.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Palmy Shoes | url=http://www.palmycollections.com | email=palmyshoe@gmail.com\n| address=Nimmanhaemin Rd, Soi 5 | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 81-4720607 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=1,000-2,500 baht\n| content=Handmade leather shoes and accessories. The owners speak English and all shoes are made locally.}}\n\n===Groceries===\n* {{buy\n| name=Rimping Supermarkets | alt=ริมปิงซุปเปอร์มาร์เก็ต | url=http://www.rimping.com/ | email=\n| address=129 Chiang Mai-Lamphun Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Chang Moi Rd E to Kad Luang, take a right, S to the Nawarat Bridge (Thapae Rd). Cross the bridge and take a right. Drive 1 block S past the Iron bridge, Rimping on the left.\n| phone=+66 53-246333-4 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily, 08:00-21:00 | price=\n| content=If you want Western foodstuffs like good bread, pickles, charcuterie, etc., pickings are slim in the vicinity of the Old City. 9 locations in the Chiang Mai area, map on the website. Expensive, but when you want olives there are few other choices.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Tops Supermarket | alt=Kad Suan Kaew Shopping Centre | url=http://www.tops.co.th/en/market/StoreCountry05.html | email=\n| address=21 Huay Kaew Rd | lat= | long= | directions=From the NW corner of the moat, go about 500 m W towards the mountains. Shopping centre on your left. \n| phone=+66 53 224953 | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 09:00-21:00 | price=\n| content=At the lowest level of the Kad Suan Kaew Shopping Centre. Good selection of Western foods, including good bread, cheese, wine and beer.}}\n\n===Housewares and workshops===\nAlong Rte 1006 (Charoen Muang Rd) just past the superhighway (Rte 11) are various factories offering factory tours. Silverware, silk, furniture and brass items generally priced with the cashed-up tourist in mind, but the tours might be worth a look to see how things are made. They are generally open during typical daytime hours.\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Mengrai Kilns | url=http://www.mengraikilns.com | email=info@mengraikilns.com\n| address=79/2 Arak Rd, Samlan 6 | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-272063 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=20-500 baht\n| content=Celadon green-glazed ceramics. Sift through their pile of rejects in the covered area to the right of store and find something interesting for 20 baht. }}\n\n===Malls===\n* {{buy\n| name=CentralFestival | alt= | url=http://www.central.co.th/en/store/locations/central-festival-chiangmai/index.aspx | email=\n| address=99/3 Moo 4, Tambon Fah Ham | lat=18.806008 | long=99.018218 | directions=NE of the city centre, Juvenile Court intersection, Super Hwy 11 and Chiang Mai-Doi Saket Rd (Rte 118). Take Kaewnawarat east, past the bus station, cross the ring road and turn into the entrance on the left. Coming from the N, take the first ring road and turn into the entrance before crossing Rte 118 (Doi Saket Rd/Kaewnawarat).\n| phone=+66 53 998999 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-Th, 11:00-21:30; F, 11:00-22:00; Sa-Su, 10:00-22:00 | price=\n| content=Measuring 250,000 m², with 250 shops, it rivals the Central Plaza Chiang Mai in size. Central Festival opened in late 2013 and includes an ice rink, IMAX and 4DX movie theatres, dozens of restaurants and shops on five floors. A food court on the fifth floor as well as at the ground floor level (with better prices). All banks and cell phone companies are represented.\n}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Central Plaza Chiang Mai Airport | alt=เซ็นทรัล แอร์พอร์ต พลาซ่า | url= | email=\n| address=2 Mahidol Rd, Haiya, | lat=18.770047 | long=98.975085 | directions=Corner Thipanet Rd and Mahidon Rd, about a kilometre from the airport \n| phone=+66 53-999199 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=On five floors, with a food court, banks/ATMs, and multi-screen cinema. It also has a ''Cultural Centre'' attached selling many crafts, a large food market, and an extensive selection of Thai ready-to-eat stalls in the basement.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Kad Suan Keaw | alt=กาดสวนแก้ว | url=http://www.kadsuankaew.co.th/ | email=\n| address=21 Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.796658 | long=98.976331 | directions=Near corner Huay Kaew Rd and Bunreuangrit Rd\n| phone=+66 53-224444 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily, 10:00-21:00 | price=\n| content=Great location, just off the moat's NW corner. Decent shops, very good Tops Supermarket, restaurants, and banks/ATMs.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=MAYA Lifestyle Shopping Center | alt=เมญ่า | url=http://www.mayashoppingcenter.com/ | email=\n| address=55 Moo 5, Huay Kaew Rd. Chang Phuak | lat=18.801836 | long=98.967582 | directions=Corner Huay Kaew Rd and Superhighway\n| phone=+66 52 081555 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=The Rimping Supermarket on the lowest floor is open from 06:00-24:00. The cinemas on the top floor are open late. Restaurants and bars on the open roof afford good views of Chiang Mai.\n}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Promenada Resort Mall | alt=พรอมเมนาดา | url=http://www.promenadachiangmai.com/en/home/ | email=\n| address=192-193 Tasala | lat=18.765352 | long=99.037681 | directions=Corner Rte 1141 and Rte 3029 (1st ringroad)\n| phone=+66 53 142761 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=M-F, 11:00-21:00; Sa-Su-holidays 10:00-21:00 | price=\n| content=Spacious, two floor, sprawling mall opened in 2013. This mall is significant distance from the city centre, though there are free shuttles; otherwise a phone call is required to get a taxi back to the city since there is no taxi stand.}}\n\n===Markets===\n* {{buy\n| name=Anusarn Market | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Near the bottom end of the Chiang Mai Night Bazaar on Changklan Rd\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=18:00-24:00 | price=\n| content=During the day time the Anusarn Market area is devoid of any vendor stalls. All the permanent shops, bars, and eateries around the inside walls of the market area are open for business. Every afternoon the Anusarn Market vendors move in, erect their large tent type stalls and open. Good shopping, good restaurants, and in a back corner there is a ladyboy cabaret that puts on a one-hour show at 21:30 at a reasonable price.\n}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Chiang Mai Gate Market | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=S side of the moat inside, roughly at the mid-point\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=A major shopping venue for fruit, vegetables, meat, and fish for locals. Between the ring roads and in the vicinity are numerous food stalls.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Kalare Market | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Down from the top end of the Night Bazaar on Changklan Rd, E side\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=18:00-24:00 | price=\n| content=A large covered arcade full of shops with an open food court and entertainment area. The food court operates on a \"coupon\" system. You buy coupons from the cashiers, then redeem them at the many small adjacent food stalls. Cheap dining. The market has bars, many shops, massage shops.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Malin Plaza Night Market | alt= | url=http://malinplaza.com/nightmarket/ | email=shop@www.malinplaza.com\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Across from the main entrance to Chiang Mai University\n| phone=+66 53-892111 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=About 18ː00- | price=\n| content=If the Night Bazaar is the place tourists go at night, Malin Plaza is where young Thais go. It's proximity to มช (\"maw chaw\", the local nickname for CMU) means that in the evening this place is crawling with teens and twenty-somethings. Clothing is young, trendy, and cheap. Cheap restaurants abound too, including a number of all-you-can-eat table-top barbecues, usually priced about 175 baht per person.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Night Bazaar | alt=ไนท์บาร์ซ่า | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Changklan Rd, between Tha Phae Rd and Sri Donchai Rd. To get there, walk from Tha Phae Gate down Tha Phae Rd for 3/4 km to Changklan Rd, then turn right\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=18:00-24:00 | price=\n| content=A huge indoor/outdoor commercial maelstrom centred on the '''Night Bazaar Building''' on the west side of Changklan Rd. The Night Bazaar can be considered an entire region of the city as it incorporates the Anusarn and Kalare Markets as well, with the borders being ambiguous (and unimportant). It can take a concerted effort to find something interesting among the near identical stalls selling tourist-oriented sunglasses, T-shirts, textiles, watches, luggage, caps, and anything else small enough to sell out of a market stall. You rarely will see Thai people shopping here. On the east side of the street you will find the Anusarn and Kalare Markets with wider offerings.}}\n\n[[File:Night Market Chiang Mai.jpg|thumb|Saturday Walking Street Market]]\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Sompet Market | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Moon Muang Rd, Soi 6, just inside the moat\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Just south of the moat's northeast corner. Mostly a fruit and veg market for locals, but close at hand to the many guesthouses in the area so a good place for visitors to stock up on grub. Lots of prepared meat and meals as well.}}\n\n[[Image:ChiangMaiNightMarket.JPG|thumb|Sunday Walking Market at Night]]\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Tha Phae Walking Street| alt=Sunday Walking Street Market | url= | email=\n| address=Ratchadamnoen Rd | lat= | long= | directions=From the Tha Phae Gate W along Ratchadamnoen to Singharat Rd at Wat Prah Sing.\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Su 17:00-23:00 | price=\n| content=This market is enormous and takes up several blocks on either side of Ratchadamnoen including from Ratchawithi to Ratchamanka on Prapoklao (from the 3 Kings Monument to past Wat Chedi Luang). The street is blocked off to traffic for local craft vendors to layout their handmade wares. There are food vendors strewn throughout. It starts at 16:00, but not everyone is set up until around 18:00. Runs late, but most vendors start to pack up around 22:00 or so.}}\n\n[[File:Waroros Market, Chiang Mai.jpg|thumbnail|Warorot Market]]\n\n* {{buy | name=Warorot Market | alt=กาดหลวง / Kad Luang | url= | email=\n| address=Tha Phae Rd and Chang Moi Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=07:00-17:00 | price=\n| content=This sprawling indoor/outdoor market is where the locals shop and is worth a visit to look over the plethora of fabrics, spices, tea, and dried fruit piled up along the aisles. Across the road is a flower and fruit market and an out-of-this-world fireworks stand. At night the street is packed with snack stalls.}}\n\n* {{buy\n| name=Wualai Walking Street | alt=Saturday Walking Street Market | url= | email=\n| address=Wualai Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Outside the moat on the city's S side, starting roughly across from Chiang Mai Gate\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Sa 17:00-23:00 | price=\n| lastedit=2015-03-18\n| content=In the old silver-working district, it's a smaller version of the Sunday market with many of the same vendors.}}\n\n==Eat==\n[[Image:PoSai KaoSoiKai.JPG|thumb|right|A bowl of Chiang Mai's signature dish, ''Khao Soi Gai'', with pickled cabbage and lime to add to taste]]\n\nChiang Mai's restaurants offer a wide range of food, second only to Bangkok. Naturally it's a good place to sample northern Thai food: in particular, hunt down some ''khao soi'', yellow wheat noodles in curry broth, traditionally served with chicken (''gai'') or beef (''neua''), but available some places as vegetarian or with seafood. Another local specialty is ''hang ley'', Lanna-style pork curry. For those tired of eating rice or noodles there's also a wide range of excellent international food restaurants, from cheap hamburger stands to elaborate Italian restaurants.\n\nWhen you come to Chiang Mai you should try a ''khantoke'' dinner and show. Although these are just for tourists it is still a nice way to spend an evening. The first khantoke dinner was held in 1953 by Professor Kraisi Nimanhemin who wanted to host a special event for 2 friends leaving Chiang Mai. Two more such dinners were held, both in 1953, thus \"khantoke\" dinners are not \"historic\", but rather a relatively recent invention. Khantoke literally means ''small bowl, low table'' (khan = small bowl. tok = low table) There are also many garden restaurants where you can enjoy an excellent Thai meal in a beautiful setting.\n\nThe range and value of Western food in Chiang Mai is unsurpassed in Northern Thailand and there is a full range of restaurants from Australian/British/Irish, through French and German to Italian, Spanish, American and Mexican. Considering how remote Chiang Mai is from the major centres of population in Asia, there are a remarkable number of Western restaurants.\n\n\n\n===Thai===\n==== Markets & roadside stalls ====\n* {{eat\n| name=Anusarn Market | alt=ตลาดอนุสาร | url= | email=\n| address=Changklan Rd | lat=18.782606 | long=99.000914 | directions=Side of road opposite Night Bazaar Building, further down the street\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=A busy outdoor night market with lots of little Thai, Indian and Western restaurants and food vendors. Great atmosphere.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Kalare Food Centre | url= | email=\n| address=Changklan Rd | lat=18.785138 | long=99.001091 | directions=Opposite the Night Bazaar Building\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=17:00-22:00 | price=mains 20-50 baht\n| content=Has a large open-air food court, featuring free Thai classical dance performances nightly. All food is paid for with pre-purchased coupons.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Suthep Road Moveable Feast | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.792034 | long=98.957774 | directions=Past Canal Rd, by the university\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 17:00-22:00 | price=\n| content=Dozens of food carts set up every evening around from around 17:00 until about 22:00, with a huge variety of very inexpensive food, and tables set up along the pavement.}}\n\n==== Budget ====\n* {{eat\n| name=Funkydog Cafe | url= | email=\n| address=Moon Muang Rd, Soi 6 | lat=18.791922 | long=98.991012 | directions=Inside moat\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Local handmade coffee from a local hill tribe. Fantastic Thai family cooking. All fresh and made by hand, great atmosphere and music, low-cost food. Genuine owner who will keep you informed of all the natural products you should eat. The yellow curry is recommended.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Guaytiaw Reua Koliang | url= | email=\n| address=Moon Muang Rd | lat=18.785320 | long=98.992920 | directions=Near Ratchamanka Rd (inside moat); English sign on sidewalk \n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=25 baht\n| content=Serves authentic ''kuaytiow reua'' (literally \"boat noodles\", rice noodles in dark broth with beef). It's good stuff.\n}}\n* {{eat\n| name=Kanjana Restaurant | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Ratchadamnoen Rd Soi 5 | lat=18.788799 | long=98.990974 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Delicious food at really low prices. Friendly staff.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Lucky Pub and Restaurant | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Steps from Kotchasarn Soi 3, just north of the turn onto Loi Kroh from the moat\n| phone=+66 86-99227115 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily, 18:00-08:00 | price=Small Chang beer, 80 baht; fried rice, 60 baht\n| content=Lucky Pub is on the ground floor. The restaurant is above and to the rear. The bar opens and 16:00 and closes at 02:00. The restaurant opens at 18:00 and closes at 08:00 the next morning. This is its appeal. When everything else is closed at 03:00 and you're hungry, this is one of the only places to go. Thai food only. Free Wi-Fi in the bar.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Muan Baan | url= | email=\n| address=Moon Muang, Soi 7 | lat=18.792765 | long=98.992159 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=A variety of Thai meals, for breakfast and lunch. The food is excellent and the owners and staff are very pleasant and helpful.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Ratana’s Kitchen | url= | email=\n| address=Tha Phae Rd | lat=18.78815 | long=98.9956 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=30-60 baht\n| content=Popular for its wide range of Thai dishes and a huge vegetarian selection. Both smoking (inside, air-conditioned) and non-smoking areas. Visa/MasterCard accepted.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Re-Feel Café | url= | email=\n| address=48/4-5 Rachawithi Rd | lat=18.790872 | long=98.990501 | directions=Inside moat\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Great Thai food, good atmosphere, friendly staff and free billiards.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Sailomjoy Restaurant | url= | email=\n| address=7 Rachadamnoen Rd | lat=18.787709 | long=98.992960 | directions=Near Tha Phae Gate (inside moat)\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 07:30-16:00 | price=\n| content=Delicious food (Thai, Western and vegetarian), friendly service and simple and relaxed atmosphere.}}\n\n==== Mid-range ====\n* {{eat\n| name=Ghekko Garden Bar and Restaurant | url= | email=\n| address=Sridonchai Rd | lat=18.781157 | long=98.998446 | directions=Opposite the Imperial Mae Ping Hotel (outside moat)\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Highlights are lemon grass beef, sun-dried beef and chili crab. See the bar blackboard for daily specials.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Huen Muan Jai | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Ratchaphruek Rd | lat=18.799694 | long=98.975432 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-404998 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=10:00-22:00 | price=\n| content=Wooden Lanna style buildings in a very nice garden. They have Northern Thai-style food only.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Huen Phen| | alt=เฮือนเพ็ญ | url= | email=\n| address=112 Ratchamanka Rd | lat=18.785798 | long=98.985225 | directions=Inside moat\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily, 08:00-15:00 & 17:00-22:00 | price=\n| content=Specialises in Northern Thai food, and is popular with both Thais and foreigners. Lunch in the air-conditioned hall is decent enough, but dinner in the profusely decorated old house in the back is little short of magical. Best of all is the price: a bowl of ''khanom jiin naam ngiaw'' (Shan-style pork rib noodles), a plate of ''som tum'' (green papaya salad) and some sticky rice will cost less than 100 baht. Portions are small however. This place is featured in Chinese guidebooks, thus in high-season it will be thronged with Chinese making it difficult to get seated without a lengthy wait.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Mho-O-Cha Seafood Restaurant | alt= | url=http://www.facebook.com/MhoOChaSeafood | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Anusarn Market at Night Bazaar\n| phone=+66 53-273008 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily, 11:00-24:00 | price=\n| content=Terrific restaurant on a prominent corner of the Anusarn Market. It is very popular with Chinese visitors who are quick to spot a good deal. There are some excellent vegetarian choices. Great staff, huge menu.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Sila Aat | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.784794 | long=99.001473 | directions=On the south edge of the Kalare Market, Night Bazaar\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily, 15:00-24:00 | price=\n| content=Fresh seafood and a wide selection of Thai and northern/Lanna specialties. Operated by two sisters.}}\n\n==== Splurge ====\n* {{eat\n| name=Galae Garden Restaurant | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.793047 | long=98.945282 | directions=at the end of Suthep Rd\n| phone=+66 53-278655 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Thai food and grilled specialties, some of them regional, in a delightful outdoor setting.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Khum Khantoke | url=http://khumkhantoke.com/?lang=en | email=\n| address=139 Moo 4, Nong Pakrung | lat=18.799316 | long=99.026234 | directions=In Chiang Mai Business Park behind Big C Extra Hypermarket, Chiang Mai-Lampang super highway\n| phone=+66 53-304121 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 19:00-21:00 | price=All you can eat, 590 baht\n| content=Traditional northern Thai cuisine. To get a good seat reservations are recommended.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Old Chiang Mai Cultural Centre | url=http://www.oldchiangmai.com/ | email=\n| address=185/3 Wualai Rd | lat=18.771828 | long=98.980041 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-275097 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 19:00-21:30 | price=\n| content=The first commercial khantoke dinner in Chiang Mai more than 30 years ago. They have the best northern Thai food of any of the khantoke establishments. However the seating, show and music are not as good as others.}}\n\n=== Western ===\n==== Budget ====\n* {{eat\n| name=Mike's Hamburger Stand | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.790311 | long=98.993742 | directions=Corner Chaiyapoom Rd and Changmoi Rd.\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Till 03:00 | price=\n| content=Brightly-lit with just stools and a counter in an open shop.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Tiny House Homemade Fried Chicken | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Sridonchai Rd | lat=18.78108 | long=98.99714 | directions=In front of Suriwong Book Centre\n| phone=+65-87-912-7575 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=30-100 baht\n| content=A small and new western-style food stand selling Southern-US style fried chicken and chicken burgers. Tasty and cheap.}}\n\n==== Mid-range ====\n* {{eat\n| name=Amazing Sandwich | url=http://www.amazingsandwich.com | email=\n| address=20/2 Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.797604 | long=98.975065 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-Sa, 08:00-22:00; Su, 08:00-16:00 | price=\n| content=Choose any of the ingredients on their list and they'll build a sandwich for you exactly how you like it. They also serve breakfasts and have bagels.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Archers Bar and Restaurant | alt= | url=https://www.facebook.com/archerschiangmai | email=\n| address=133/134 Ratchapakanai Rd | lat=18.78996 | long=98.99003 | directions=Inside moat, opposite Wat Pan Ping\n| phone=+66 83-6377621 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Closed M. Tu-Su, 10:00-late; kitchen closes at 22:00 | price=Large Leo, 85 baht; fried rice, 60 baht; Massaman curry, 75 baht; pad Thai, 60 baht; cappuccino, 45 baht; brie/bacon baguette, 100 baht\n| content=Some say the baguettes are better than in France, which is nonsense, but they may well be the best in Thailand. Very well-run establishment, with outstanding food, great staff and ambience. Owners, Mark and Sa.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Cafe de Siam | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.783980 | long=98.998555 | directions=Outside moat, corner of Loi Kroh and Kamphaeng Rd\n| phone=+66 53-207258 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=06:30-22:00 | price=Continental breakfast, 100 baht; American breakfast, 160 baht\n| content=It's hard to find an early-morning breakfast in Chiang Mai due to the number of tourists on hotel package deals, but this place does. Free Wi-Fi. Three coin-operated Internet computers, 10 baht for 15 minutes.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Chiangmai Saloon | alt= | url=http://chiangmaisaloons.com/ | email=\n| address=30 Ratchawithi Rd | lat=18.790575 | long=98.991232 | directions=2 locations, one inside & one outside the moat\n| phone=+66 81-9302212 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=Leo beer, 55 baht\n| content=American-style burger and southwestern steakhouse. Friendly staff, nice atmosphere, music videos, and sports on three 10 foot screens, pool tables and free Internet, free popcorn and peanuts, over 50 kinds of margaritas, Chang beer on tap. Kitchen open from breakfast until late, everyday. Another outlet at 80/1 Loi Kroh Rd.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Dash! Restaurant & Bar | alt= | url=http://dashchiangmai.com | email=noitevis@comcast.net\n| address=38 Moon Muang Soi 2 | lat=18.783285 | long=98.991519 | directions=Moon Muang is the inside road on the W side of the old city. Take Soi 1 or 2 off Moon Muang and follow it around. You won't miss the place.\n| phone=+66 85 3477554 or +66 53 279230 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=10:00-24:00 | price=Chicken fried rice, 85 baht; Chicken pat Thai, 85 baht; hamburger, 155 baht, American breakfast, 165 baht\n| content=Possibly the best value in Chiang Mai. Wonderful ambiance, with indoor or outdoor seating. Great food, cocktails and desserts at more than reasonable prices. Cooking classes offered on-site. Also has a 3 bedroom, 2 bath house for rent at 3,000 baht per day.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Duke's Steak House & Pizzeria | alt=Duke's Night Bazaar | url= | email=\n| address=Chiang Mai Pavilion, 1st and 2nd Floor, Changklan Rd | lat=18.783541 | long=99.000251 | directions=Outside moat, opposite Royal Princess Hotel\n| phone=+66 53-818603 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=10:30-24:00 | price=\n| content=Excellent American-style dishes and desserts: ribs, burgers, pizza, cheesecake, etc. Full bar with local and imported beers and wines. Great family atmosphere, children's menu, no loud music or entertainment, just good food. Eat in, take away & call for delivery. The flagship restaurant is at 49/4-5 Chiang Mai-Lamphun Rd, south of the Nawarat Bridge, 50 m N of TAT. A third is in the Promenada Shopping Centre.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=La Fourchette | alt= | url=http://www.restaurant-la-fourchette.com/ | email=\n| address=162/2 Phrapoklao Rd | lat=18.787388 | long=98.988091 | directions=Inside moat, across from Wat Chedi Luang\n| phone=+66 89-7585604 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=M-Sa, 17:00-23:00 | price=\n| content=Authentic French restaurant in the centre of the old city. Large selection of imported meats and wines at affordable prices. Romantic open-air seating area with upstairs art gallery.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Mong Pearl Cafe | url= | email=mongpearlcoffee@yahoo.com\n| address=Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.806030 | long=98.959365 | directions=From the old city: 100 m after Canal Rd (Hwy 121), on your right\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=08:00-20:00 | price=\n| content=A favourite with Westerners because of the great service, good English, nice aesthetics and delicious food and drinks.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=O'Malley's Irish Pub | url= | email=\n| address=149-14/15 Changklan Rd | lat=18.782445 | long=99.000438 | directions=SW corner of Anusarn Market\n| phone=+66 53-271921 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=09:00-02:00 | price=\n| content=Delicious cocktails and excellent Western and Thai food. Has inside (air conditioned) and outside (smoking) seating. The interior closely resembles an authentic pub. This place does all the small things well: Tabasco, Lea & Perrins on the tables, soap and towels in the toilets, spotlessly clean. Not cheap, but the food is superb and the portions generous. Free Wi-Fi.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Peppermint Cafe | url= | email=\n| address=Rachadamnoen Rd, Soi 5 | lat=18.788423 | long=98.990889 | directions=Inside moat, very near AUA and Wat Pan On\n| phone=+66 53-279735 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=07:00-late | price=English breakfast, 145 baht; burger, 99 baht\n| content= Spotlessly clean and excellent Western/Thai food at great prices. Terrific pizza at 69 baht a huge slice. Friendly, accommodating staff. Free Wi-Fi.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Pern's Restaurant | alt=Formerly SoupaSteak | url=http://www.pernsfood.com | email=\n| address=26/5-6 Huay Keaw Rd | lat=18.798126 | long=98.974056 | directions=Opposite Shell gas station on the way to Doi Suthep\n| phone=+66 86-1117766 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=17:00-23:00. closed Mon | price=Bacon cheese steak burger, 229 baht\n| content=Serves great Mediterranean-style food. Greece, Turkey, Italy are all represented. Tapas, budget pork and chicken steaks.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=The Salad Concept | alt= | url=http://thesaladconcept.com/ | email=thesaladconcept@gmail.com\n| address=Nimmanhaemin Rd Soi 13 | lat=18.796721 | long=98.966264 | directions=Flagship restaurant at the corner of Nimmanhaemin Rd\n| phone=+66 53-894455 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=11:00-22:00 | price=~150 baht per person\n| content=Order by completing a form which is then handed to the staff. Fast and efficient, and the food is very good. Second location on 5F of Central Festival Mall. Third location on Chaiyapoom Rd, just E of the moat.}}\n\n==== Splurge ====\n* {{eat\n| name=Alois Bavarian Restaurant | url= | email=\n| address=Phrapoklao Rd, Soi 8 | lat= | long= | directions=Opposite Golden Fern Guest House\n| phone=+66 53-278515 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Tu-Su, 11:30-23:00, closed M | price=\n| content=Authentic Bavarian specialities.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Arcobaleno Italian Restaurant | alt= | url=http://www.arcobaleno-cm.com | email=\n| address=60 Keaw Nawarat Rd, Soi 1 | lat=18.793857 | long=99.003274 | directions=Across from Wat Ket Karam; first soi off of Keaw Nawarat Rd\n| phone=+66 53-306254 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily, 11:00-14:00, 17:30-22:00 | price=Vegetarian pastas, 130-160 baht\n| content=Open for lunch and dinner with a range of traditional Italian soup, pasta, antipasti, meat and vegetarian dishes. Homemade ice cream, 35 baht per serving.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=The House | alt=GINGER & Kafe | url=http://www.thehousethailand.com/kafe.php | email=\n| address=199 Moon Muang Rd | lat=18.792792 | long=98.993338 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-419011 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=10:00-23:00 | price=Grilled fillet steak, 495 baht; hamburger, 250 baht\n| content=Old 1930s colonial style house in the city centre. Western and Thai food, Pacific Rim and fusion. Free Wi-Fi. Shop with unusual houseware items on the premises.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Piccola Roma Palace Italian Restaurant | url=http://www.piccolaromapalace.com/ | email=\n| address=144 Charoen Prathet Rd | lat=18.781488 | long=99.003428 | directions=Opposite Chedi Hotel, corner of Charoen Prathet Rd & Sri Donchai Rd\n| phone=+66 53-820297-8 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Open lunch & dinner amid beautiful surroundings. Serving residents for over 15 years. Menu and recipes on website. Reservations recommended. Call for free transportation.}}\n\n===Burmese===\n* {{eat\n| name=The Swan | alt= | url= | email=ndavey01@aol.com\n| address=48 Chaiyapoom Rd | lat=18.790149 | long=98.993711 | directions=Just outside the moat on the east side, two doors down from Mike's Hamburgers\n| phone=+66 81-0992777 | fax=\n| hours=12:00-23:00 | price=Tea leaf salad for 69 baht; beef curry for 120 baht\n| content=Free Wi-Fi. Smoking and non-smoking areas. Charming restaurant with a tiny front but a cavernous interior. Good food at good prices. Those unfamiliar with Burmese food are in for a treat.}}\n\n===Chinese===\n* {{eat\n| name=Rote-Lert | alt=รสเลิศ | url=http://www.rote-lert.com/ | email=rote-lert@hotmail.com\n| address=25/3 Sripoom Rd | lat=18.795147 | long=98.991302 | directions=From the NE corner of the moat, go west about 250 m\n| phone=+66 53-212106 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-F, 15:30-22:00| price=Egg noodles with won ton and red pork plus a bottle of water, 50 baht\n| content= The name means \"amazing taste\", and it's true of this place. Spotless, delicious and inexpensive, the only downside is that it has strange hours and is not open on weekends. Informative website with complete menu in Thai and English.}}\n\n=== Japanese ===\n* {{eat\n| name=Fuji | url= | email=\n| address=Central Airport Plaza | lat=18.769244 | long=98.975023 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=120+ baht\n| content=While perhaps not a special restaurant in that it is not unique to Chiang Mai (it's actually a large chain), for those seeking reasonably-priced Japanese food, Fuji is a must. Expect to pay 120 baht and up for each dish (for instance, a single sushi roll), however there are several spectacular set meals that offer superb value, e.g., the Fuji Sashimi Set which can easily fill up a sushi lover for 190 baht.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Gigantea | url= | email=\n| address=300 Chang Moi Rd | lat=18.790439 | long=98.993982 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-233464 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 11:00-14:00, 17:00-22:00 | price=\n| content=Owned and managed by a cute Japanese-Thai husband and wife team, this restaurant is known as the best Japanese restaurant among Japanese residents in Chiang Mai. Although the menu is limited, ingredients are always fresh, cooking and presentation are excellent. Lunch is best value, with set meals around 140-200 baht.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Kanson Sushi Bar | url= | email=\n| address=Kotchasan Rd, Soi 1 | lat=18.786684 | long=98.993749 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=A little hidden in a side street, but visible from the main road near Tha Phae Gate. Delicious and very good value (250 baht will fill you).}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Sushi Box Chiang Mai | url= | email=sushibox@chiangmaibest.com\n| address=16/1 Moo 2, Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.804036 | long=98.963435 | directions=Between the first ring road/Nimman and the Canal Road, at The Harbour, an open air mall\n| phone=+66 81-5552103 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Reasonably priced sushi, sashimi, and standard sushi bar Japanese meals. This is the first Sushi Box in Chiang Mai, there are five in Phuket. Mainly Thai crowd, moderately priced, lounge upstairs, great for people watching. Open 11:00-23:00. Can get busy at night.}}\n\n=== Korean ===\n* {{eat\n| name=Gogi Jib Stone Grill Barbecue | alt=Korean BBQ | url= | email=\n| address=29/3 Kotchasarn Rd | lat=18.786975 | long=98.993637 | directions=Just outside Tha Phae Gate\n| phone=+66 84-4541943 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=12:00-23:00 | price=295 baht and up includes unlimited side dishes\n| content=Modern and friendly Korean barbecue spot offering high quality beef and pork as well as other Korean traditional dishes. Great artwork on the colourful walls and groovy tunes floating over conversation. The staff are very attentive and the owners are right there to give a quick Korean lesson.}}\n\n=== Vegetarian ===\nIt can be hard to find strictly vegetarian food in Chiang Mai, as fish and oyster sauce are used frequently, and the local Buddhist monks themselves often eat fish. Thus, asking for your dish to be prepared \"like the monks\", which works in other places, does not get the same results in Chiang Mai. There are a few completely vegetarian options.\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Anchan | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Nimmanhaemin Rd, Soi Hillside 3 | lat=18.796634 | long=98.965562 | directions=Opposite Soi 13, about 50 m off of Nimmanhaemin\n| phone=+66 83-5811689 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Excellent vegetarian food, perhaps the best in Chiang Mai.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Blue Diamond | url= | email=\n| address=Moon Muang Rd, Soi 9 | lat=18.794027 | long=98.991417 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-Sa 08:00-21:00 | price=\n| content=Thai and Western, huge selection of items for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Great salads, fruits, fruit juices, noodle dishes, bakery, good breads.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Gulf Restaurant | url= | email=\n| address=Anusarn Market | lat= | long= | directions=In a corner inside Anusarn Mkt, next to the pharmacy\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=open late | price=\n| content=Lebanese owner/chef caters to middle eastern food lovers. Large portions of delicious tabbouleh, tahini salads and humus alongside fresh falafel and flat bread. Shisha/nargila/water pipes are available as well as mint tea.}}\n* {{eat\n\n| name=ImmAim/Pun Pun | alt=the other Pun Pun | url= | email=\n| address=Santhitam Rd | lat=18.800211 | long=98.978220 | directions=Near the YMCA, at the south end of Santhitam Rd, follow signs to\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=A mix of Thai and other styles, run by laconic locals linked to a local farm. The falafel is lovely, but different, and the salsa it comes with is delicious. Pasta can be quite sweet, and the biscuits are good.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Khun Churn | url= | email=\n| address=Nimmanhaemin Rd, Soi 15 | lat=18.795933 | long=98.966681 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-224124 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 09:30-22:00 | price=\n| content=Thai vegetarian. A lunch buffet is available every day from 11:00-14:30 for 129 baht. Closes at 14:30 on the 16th of every month.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Ming Kwan Vegetarian Buffet | url= | email=\n| address=Ratchadamnoen Rd | lat=18.788520 | long=98.983600 | directions=Opposite the police station\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=days only | price=\n| content=A different range of Thai vegan dishes from the norm. A focus on faux-meats, the veggie sausage is great, and the faux-fish in curry sauce is good. Of course, bamboo shoot stir fry, noodle soups, etc., means there's lots to try. They cook during the day, so other dishes often appear from the kitchen.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=No Name Buddhist Buffet | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Phrapokkloa Rd | lat=18.782323 | long=98.988887 | directions=Yellow fronted shop, 80 m N of Chiang Mai Gate (south side) on the right next to the Kodak shop\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily, 06:00-16:00 | price=\n| content=Delicious vegan buffet at low prices. There are a few great dishes: the tofu, mushroom, and lemon grass wrapped in banana leaves is addictive; the het-hom (shitake) and other protein/gluten goodies are lovely; the steaming noodle soup is a great addition to a meal if you've arrived late and want to warm up the buffet dishes. The earlier the better as when dishes run out, they aren't remade. Also, you can buy some vegan supplies.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Pun Pun Vegetarian Restaurant | url= | email=\n| address=Wat Suan Dok Temple, Suthep Rd | lat=18.787182 | long=98.967851 | directions=Inside the temple compound behind the monk chat building in an outdoor courtyard with a large bodhi tree and tables with umbrellas.\n| phone=+66 86-101850 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=09:00-15:00, closed W | price=\n| content=Thai vegetarian with organic ingredients from local farmers and many vegan-friendly options. Run by a local self-reliance and seed-saving centre outside the city.}}\n\n* {{eat\n| name=Taste from Heaven | alt= | url=http://www.taste4heaven.com/ | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-208803 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily, 08:30-22:00 | price=\n| content=Thai vegetarian with vegan options. Owned by a friendly English expat, this restaurant offers curries and noodle dishes in a comfortable and clean setting, with both indoor and garden seating.}}\n\n===Vietnamese===\n* {{eat\n| name=V T Namneung | alt=วีที แหนมเนือง | url=http://vtnamnueng.net/ | email=vtnamnueng@hotmail.com\n| address=49/9 Lamphun Rd | lat= | long= | directions=On the east bank of the Ping River, just north of the Iron Bridge, just south of the Nawarat Bridge\n| phone=+66 53-266111 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Handsome 2 storey restaurant with air-con upstairs. Serves what amounts to Vietnamese tapas: spring rolls, salted pork ribs, nem; all with lots of leafy greens. Serve beer, but the fresh fruit juices are better. Do very little to cater to visitors as most everything is in Thai including signs and menus. At the entry have a shop that offers many of their products packaged for take-away. The website lists their catering offerings.}}\n\n== Drink ==\nChiang Mai's nightlife is the most happening in the north, although still a far cry from Bangkok's hot spots. The busiest night life zones are near '''Tha Phae Gate''', '''Loi Kroh Rd''' and along '''Charoen Rat Rd''' on the east bank of the Ping River.\n\n=== Bars and pubs ===\nMany, but by no means all, of Chiang Mai's tourist-oriented bars and pubs are located along '''Loi Kroh Rd''' (ถนนลอยเคระห์), outside the southeast quadrant of the old city. In addition to the street bars, the '''Chiang Mai Entertainment Complex (CMEC)''' (the CMEC sign is not prominent. Much more so is a lighted sign in front, '''Loikroh Boxing Stadium''') can be found at the Night Bazaar-end of Loi Kroh. Here you will find around 30 bars ranging from sports bars that feature big screens to watch sports and play pool, to Pattaya-style girlie \"beer bars\", to even bars staffed exclusively by kathoeys (ladyboys). The complex also features a muay Thai boxing ring that has exhibition bouts for free or a voluntary donation, and on some nights (varies) real competitive boxing that requires an entrance fee unless your bar has provided you with complimentary viewing. And for extra fun, the occasional Westerner climbs into the ring, usually with hilarious results.\n\nAlso take a stroll along '''Moon Muang Road''' and its side Sois 1 and 2. Here you can find small expat hangouts and sports bars. Most have pool tables and hostesses, along with music videos or various TV sport programmes. Be aware that despite their charm and friendliness, the pressure to purchase lady drinks can result in a very surprising tab at the end of the night.\n\n====Loi Kroh Rd (Night Bazaar area)====\n* {{drink\n| name=Ben Cocktail Bar | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=71/1-2 Loi Kroh Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Across from Chiang Mai Saloon; cater-corner across the street northwest from the Chiang Mai Entertainment Complex. Small sign. Look for it and you will be rewarded\n| phone=+66 89-9502762 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=17:00-last man standing | price=Chang beer, 60 baht; cocktails, 120 baht\n| content=A tiny, hole-in-the-wall (~15 seat) cocktail bar that just may serve the best cocktails in Chiang Mai. Certainly the best price/performance. Run by Ben, an irrepressible, animal-loving, lovely female and her partner, Keng. She is especially proud of her mojitos, but all the 270 cocktails on offer are delicious. The conversation is good too as she speaks excellent English. Free Wi-Fi.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Blue Bat | alt=Porn Ping Tower Hotel | url=http://www.imperialhotels.com/pornpinghotelchiangmai/default-en.html | email=\n| address=46,48 Charoenprathet Rd | lat=18.785257 | long=99.002647 | directions=Between the Night Bazaar and the river\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| lastedit=2015-03-22\n| content=On the 21st floor of the hotel, this is as high as you can go in Chiang Mai to have a drink. Good views all round. Serves full range of cocktails, also Thai and Western food. Take the lift to the 20th floor, then hike up a not-very-inviting staircase to the open rooftop. It can't compare with the fabulous rooftop bars of Bangkok, but it's the best Chiang Mai has to offer.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Chiang Mai Cabaret Show | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=SE corner of Anusarn Market\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=Daily show, 21ː30-22ː30 | price=200 baht cover, includes one drink\n| content=A nightly revue, dancing to Western tunes by ladyboys in lavish costumes. The one hour show is tame and family-friendly, with children frequently in the audience. Lots of dancing to ABBA tunes and extravagant costumes, with no nudity. The show's length is perfect and the price is surprising affordable. All in all, good fun. Happy Hour precedes the show, 19:30-20:30, and follows the show.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Dragonfly Bar | url= | email=\n| address=8/1 Loi Kroh Rd | lat=18.784964 | long=98.993772 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=One of the smaller bars at the top of Loi Kroh but also one of the most cosy. What really make this place stand out is the friendly staff and the fact that this bar has two floors so you can get away from the bustle of street level and enjoy the relaxed atmosphere from the balcony.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Number 1 Bistro/Cafe | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=2 Loi Kroh, Soi 1 | lat= | long= | directions=As you go down Loi Kroh, take Soi 1 to the right\n| phone=+66 810342417 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=15:00-24:00 | price=Small Leo beer, 80 baht\n| lastedit=2015-07-14\n| content=Great expat bar. Free Wi-Fi with electrical outlets spaced at one metre increments under the bar. The owner must be Belgian, as they specialise in Belgian beer as well as having eight draught beers on tap, including domestic and Guinness. Excellent kitchen serving Thai and farang food, although the latter can be pricy: pad Thai is 80 baht, while the cheeseburger is expensive at 250 baht (July 2015). Number 1 is a refuge in Chiang Mai's red light district as it has no bar girls hassling you for a drink. And it's one of the few places on Loi Kroh where you can comfortably take a date. Two excellent pool tables, 20 baht per game (July 2015).\n}}\n\n====Nimmanhaemin Rd====\nNorthwest of the city centre, the area around Nimmanhaemin Rd is a popular hangout for younger Thais, perhaps due to its proximity to Chiang Mai University (\"maw chaw\"). The pubs tend to straddle a fine line between bar, restaurant and nightclub, and feature loud music interspersed with live bands fronted by musicians who are most likely hitting the books in the daytime. Tourists looking for something racier are better off staying in the east side of the city. Little English is spoken in this part of the city. Little doesn't mean none, however, and the staff of many bars, being students, still can understand what do you want, or even sometimes can speak English reasonably well.\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Mo'C Mo'L | url= | email=\n| address=Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.806236 | long=98.957609 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Pub and restaurant near Chiang Mai University, there are many zones in the restaurant: coffee shop, dining outdoors near the small pond, dining indoors with live music.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=The Pub | url=http://www.thepubchiangmai.com | email=\n| address=189 Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.801632 | long=98.966448 | directions=Near Amari Rincome Hotel\n| phone=+66 53-211550 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=07:00-23:00 | price=Bungalows, 800+ baht\n| content=Long-established English-style pub, has had a makeover and extended the bar and the restaurant, but kept its charm. Great selection of food and drinks, including roast dinners on Sundays. Has an outside area where you can sit and enjoy the tranquillity of a tropical garden, and has recently added bungalows for those wishing to linger longer.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Warm Up Bar | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.795135 | long=98.964982 | directions=\n| phone= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=This chain bar/restaurant/club has several venues in Thailand. The venue in Chiang Mai is a lot less touristy and the dance hall packed to the brim with Thai students.}}\n\n====Inside the moat====\n* {{drink\n| name=Café Souvannaphoum | url= | email=\n| address=20/1 Ratchamanka Rd | lat=18.785183 | long=98.992618 | directions=Near Moon Muang, next to Dada Kafe\n| phone=+66 53-903781 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-Sa 17:00-01:00 | price=\n| content=A decent wine bar with comfortable seating and relaxing music, a great escape from the busy street scene.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Half Moon Pub | url= | email=\n| address=Soi 2 Moon Muang | lat=18.784441 | long=98.992634 | directions=50 m into Soi 2 from the moat\n| phone=+66 85-3205023 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=10:00-late | price=\n| content=Sports bar with many regulars and tourists. Darts and pool area, big TV, really nice international cuisine, especially the burgers, but also good Thai and Indian dishes. Excellent (can be loud) music, friendly atmosphere and beautiful women.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=The Writers Club | url= | email=\n| address=141/3 Ratchadamnoen Rd | lat=18.788133 | long=98.987277 | directions=about 600 m into the old city from Tha Phae Gate.\n| phone=+66 53-814187, +66 53-814187 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=An old fashioned bar and restaurant purportedly for SE Asia's community of authors, journalists and screenwriters, though everyone's welcome. A good, informal source of information about SE Asia. This is where the some of those writing guidebooks gather.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Zoe in Yellow | alt= | url=http://zoeinyellowchiangmai.com/ | email=\n| address=40/12 Ratchawithi Rd | lat=18.790929 | long=98.990560 | directions=Inside the moat\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Very large indoor/outdoor bar and club with a dance floor, live music or DJ, including lots of outdoor seating and multiple bars. If you're looking to party with foreigners in Chiang Mai, this is the place to be. Does not open until about midnight, but goes until early morning, unless raided by police.}}\n\n=== Coffee ===\nBetween 2009 and 2011 the coffee scene changed in Chiang Mai. The coffee chains were saving money by using inferior coffee and untrained staff. A new coffee place called Akha Ama started with high precision coffee brewing. This example was soon followed by others.\n\n* {{drink \n| name=Akha Ama | alt= | url=http://www.akhaama.com/\n| address=9/1 Mata Apartment, Hussadhisewee Rd, Soi 3 | directions=Santitham area \n| phone= | email= | fax= \n| lat=18.80321288967111 | long=98.98007912644971 \n| hours=08:00-20:00, closed W | price= \n| content=}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Bitter Sweet |alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.798022 | long=98.973830 | directions=At the Shell Service Station\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=The noisy location is made up for by the excellent espresso. Internet is free, and the \"fishbowl\" inside is both air conditioned and soundproofed against the rush of traffic.}}\n\n* {{drink \n| name=La Fattoria | alt=Akha Ama 2 | url= \n| address=175/1 Ratchadamnoen Rd | directions=Inside moat, near Wat Phra Sing \n| phone= | email= | fax= \n| lat=18.78836379601189 | long=98.98327631959546 \n| hours=08:00-20:00 | price= \n| content=At this location they roast the coffee for their outlets.}}\n\n* {{drink \n| name=Happy Espresso | alt= | url=http://happyespresso.net/\n| address=15 Bumrung Buri Rd | directions=At the south moat, Chinese Consulate is across the water \n| phone= | email= | fax= \n| lat=18.781653 | long=98.983098 \n| hours= | price= \n| content=They roast their own beans.\n}}\n* {{drink\n| name=J. Ju Coffee | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=52 Ratchamanka Rd | lat=18.785499 | long=98.989940 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Run by \"Oil\", this little place has excellent espresso-based drinks, free Wi-Fi, or ten minutes on the computer with your coffee. Very modern design; seating in the front is open-air while the back is air conditioned. Oil herself speaks excellent English and is happy to give you the low-down.}}\n\n* {{drink \n| name=9th Street Cafe | alt= | url=\n| address=12/4 Nimmanhaemin Rd Soi 9 | directions=Nimmanhaemin area \n| phone=+66 86-1887779 | email= | fax= \n| lat=18.797445055899977 | long=98.96810617465235 \n| hours=08:30-23:00 | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{drink \n| name=Pacamara | alt= | url=\n| address=Ratchadamnoen Rd | directions=Inside moat, near Wat Chedi Luang \n| phone= | email= | fax= \n| lat=18.788279237814123 | long=98.98686747553256 \n| hours=07:00-19:00 | price= \n| content=}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Ponganes | alt= | url=http://www.ponganesespresso.com/ | email=\n| address=133/5 Ratchapakinai Rd | lat=18.79008 | long=98.99000 | directions=\n| phone=+668 7727 2980, +66 52 089 569 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Th-Tu 08:30-16:30, closed W | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{drink \n| name=Ristr8to | alt= | url=http://www.ristr8to-coffee-chiangmai.com/\n| address=15/3 Nimmanhaemin Rd | directions=Between Soi 3 and Soi 5 \n| phone= | email= | fax= \n| lat=18.799129519536372 | long=98.96712384228522 \n| hours=08:00-23:00 | price= \n| content=A trendy art cafe featuring an award-winning barista, choices of single-origin beans and a varied drink menu. Very friendly atmosphere at much higher standard than is normally seen in Thailand.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Somkiat Style Cafe | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Sirimankalajan Road | lat=18.79519 | long=98.96825 | directions=Next to Hotel Victoria\n| phone=+668 7042 7666 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Starbucks | alt=The well-known chain with 6 more branches in Chiang Mai | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.787929 | long=98.993692 | directions=East of Tha Phae Gate, outside moat\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Wi-Fi, 150 baht per hour. Drink prices much higher than the other coffee places \n| content=}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Wawee Coffee | alt=Local chain with 5 outlets in Chiang Mai | url=http://www.waweecoffee.com/ | email=\n| address=Ratchadamnoen Rd | lat=18.787916 | long=98.990151 | directions=At Kad Klang Wiang\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=Looks much like a Starbucks. Nice mugs if you drink it there. Several other locations in and around Chiang Mai. Inside is well air-conditioned, outside is under a canopy (they mist water in the heat of the afternoon). The staff pride themselves on their decorative drinks (look for the panda-topped latte). Internet available for small fee.}}\n\n=== Gay bars ===\n* {{drink\n| name=Garden Bar & Restaurant | alt=Lotus Hotel | url=http://lotus-hotel.com/garden-bar/ | email=\n| address=2/25 Soi Viangbua, Chotana Rd | lat=18.805512 | long=98.984294 | directions=Across the street from Adams Apple\n| phone=+66 53-215376 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Outdoor garden bar and restaurant serving Lebanese, Western and Thai food. Popular meeting place for gay expats and tourists.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Sabaidee Santitham | alt= | url=http://www.sabaidee-santitham.com/ | email=info@Sabaidee-Santitham.com\n| address=65 Santitham Rd, Chang Phuak | lat=18.804952 | long=98.978543 | directions=Corner of Tewan Rd and Santitham Rd\n| phone=+66 81-8851329 (Mr. Don) +66 89 9514554 (Mr. Louis) | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=45 baht for a large Chang beer\n| content=Northern Thai-style outdoor gay bar and restaurant. Packed with very friendly staff and fun atmosphere.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Soho Bar & Guesthouse | url=http://www.sohochiangmai.com/ | email=sohocm@hotmail.com\n| address=20/3 Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.797656 | long=98.974973 | directions=About 100 m from the Kad Suan Kaew shopping mall, opposite the Chiang Mai Orchid Hotel\n| phone=+66 53 404175, +66 85-0298485, +66 82-6959930 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Gay expats, tourists, and Thai men.}}\n\n=== Live music ===\nThe area along the east bank of the Mae Ping River on Charoen Rat Rd is famous for jazz, rock, pop, Thai, and country and Western live music, along with restaurants serving Thai, Western and Chinese food. Coming from the centre of the city, just walk from the Night Bazaar across the Nawarat Bridge, from where all the restaurants can be seen along the river on the left.\n\nMost bands in Chiang Mai play for about an hour, and then move on to do the same at another restaurant or pub, so don't be surprised to see the same band if you move venues.\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Boy Blues Bar | url=http://www.boybluesbar.com/ | email=\n| address= | lat=18.785230 | long=99.001082 | directions=In the Kalare Centre (near the food hall) in the Night Bazaar on the mezzanine floor opposite the dancing stage\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=19:00-01:00 | price=\n| content=The owner, \"Boy\", plays great blues guitar and is a nephew of Chiang Mai legend \"Took\", of the now defunct Brasserie. Monday night is jamming night and some great visiting musicians have made this often memorable. Bangkok blues legend, Chai (of Chai's Blues Bar fame), often joins in. Well worth a visit.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=The Bridge Bar | url= | email=\n| address=Nimmanhaemin Rd, Soi 11 | lat=18.796760 | long=98.969651 | directions=\n| phone=+66 81-5950678 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=Till 01:00 | price=\n| content=Live music every night, except Monday: Brit pop, rock, Thai. Mostly Thais go to this bar but you will as well see some expats, ages: 22-32. Service is excellent and if you happen to go there by yourself, for sure someone will come up to talk to you. The menu includes delicious cocktails: \"Mango Kiss\", \"Velvet\"! Cheap beer & Sangsom (Thai rum) as well as snacks. The outside sitting area is perfect if you want to talk.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=The Good View | alt= | url=http://www.goodview.co.th | email=gvchmai@goodview.co.th\n| address=13 Charoen Rat Rd | lat=18.790393 | long=99.003749 | directions=Next to The Riverside Restaurant\n| phone=+66 53-241886 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=10:00-01:00 | price=\n| content=Thai and Western varieties of rock, jazz, pop and country music in the evening. Their extensive menu offers more than 150 Thai, Chinese, and Western dishes, including curries, noodles, rice and pizza. Full-service bar serving wine, beer and spirits. If you want to get in, get there early and there's a queue every night.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=The North Gate Jazz Collective | url=http://chiangmai.source.googlepages.com/northgate | email=\n| address= | lat=18.795241 | long=98.987117 | directions=Inside the moat, east of Chang Phuak Gate\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Nightly jazz performances starting around 21:30 with different performers and occasional guests from the audience. Mixed bag in terms of quality: sometimes great, sometimes mediocre. Serves a variety of drinks not normally found in Chiang Mai, notably red and white wine, mojitos and other mixed drinks. The staff are quick and efficient, and the prices are reasonable.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Riverside Restaurant | alt= | url=http://www.theriversidechiangmai.com | email=\n| address=9-11 Charoen Rat Rd | lat=18.789926 | long=99.004009 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-243239 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=The live music starts around 19:00 with dinner music from the Eagles, Beatles or soft jazz. Starting at 21:00, the music changes to more rock and pop. The restaurant gets very crowded, so arrive early to get a table. The Riverside also offers a nightly dinner cruise departing at 20:00 for 110 baht/person extra.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Tha Chang Jazz Club | url= | email=\n| address=25 Charoen Rat Rd | lat=18.791091 | long=99.003222 | directions=Next to Gallery Restaurant\n| phone=+66 53-248601 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Live jazz on Saturdays.}}\n\n=== Nightclubs ===\n* {{drink\n| name=Discovery | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.797450 | long=98.975993 | directions=Opposite Kad Suan Kaew shopping centre and Lotus Pang Suan Kaew Hotel\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=A small club with live band, DJ, and huge screens showing music videos. Good for drinking nights and letting loose. Bring ID/passport as they can be strict about entry, especially on weekends.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Hot Shots | url= | email=\n| address= | lat=18.785408 | long=99.002903 | directions=At Pornping Tower Hotel\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=A Thai place with live music most nights, reasonable drink prices and no cover charge for foreigners or locals.}}\n\n* {{drink\n| name=Spicy | alt=Spice Club | url= | email=\n| address=82 Chaiyaphum Rd | lat=18.790342 | long=98.993962 | directions=Outside moat, across the moat from the Sompet Market\n| phone=+66 53-234869 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours=02:00- | price=\n| content=A hectic after-hours place with good drinks, dancing and lots of girls looking to party. Be forewarned, many are bar girls (the place doesn't get rocking until they get off at 02:00) so do not be surprised if they ask for money to go home with you.}}\n\n== Sleep ==\nAccommodation in Chiang Mai is generally cheap, even by Thai standards. All types of lodging are available from inexpensive guest-houses with little or no service to the typical high rise hotels and elaborate garden resorts. The latest boom is Thai-style boutique resorts located near the old city centre - several have been built since mid-2005, and offer excellent service in quiet garden settings; most are fairly small with as few as 8 rooms and a pool, and are decorated with Thai crafts and antiques.\n\nEvenings in Chiang Mai are cooler than Bangkok and the south during the dry season, so air conditioning may be less of a priority.\n\nSome of the cheapest accommodation may refuse guests who are not also booking a trekking package. If so, please remove them from Wikivoyage.\n \n{{sleeppricerange|less than 500 baht|500-1,500 baht|over 1,500 baht}}\n\n\n==== Budget ====\n[[File:Soi in Chiang Mai.JPG|thumb|The ''sois'' (lanes) in the moat's NE corner are home to numerous budget accommodations]]\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=2230 Hostel | alt= | url=http://www.2230hostel.com | email=\n| address=Nimmanhaemin Rd Soi 1 | lat=18.79963 | long=98.96820 | directions=\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax=\n| checkin= | checkout= | price=\n| lastedit=2015-05-07\n| content=This establishment triples as a hostel, a digital nomad hangout, and a local drinking spot. It's run by a Thai-American guy and a Chinese guy. Free coffee during any time of the day or night. Free use of the washing machine. Complimentary use of the kitchen. Nineteen rooms that can house 38 travelers. Two showers and three toilets are located on each of the five floors. Rooms contain two bunkbeds pod-style.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=7 Century Guest House | alt= | url= | email=le7century.guesthouse@hotmail.com\n| address=270 Ratchaphakhinai Rd | lat=18.794883 | long=98.990133 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-287541 and +66 81-4388175 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout=12:00 | price=150-250 baht\n| content=Newly renovated guest house, but somehow already a bit worn. 2 single (150 baht), 4 double (180-220 baht) and 1 triple rooms (250 baht). Singles can be a bit mouldy due to poor drainage and ventilation. Good hot shower (private for single rooms, shared for double and triple). Terrace. Free Wi-Fi. If they have a laptop free you can borrow it to take to your room. Fan in rooms. Kitchen free to use. Soft beds. Service also available in German. Help with booking trips, treks, motorbikes and other things. Friendly staff.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=B.R. Hotel | url= | email=\n| address=Morakot Rd | lat=18.8021 | long=98.9804 | directions=Northwest corner of the moat, from where Huay Kaew Rd turns to the left, drive straight (north) 700 m, turn left on Morakot Rd and you'll see the sign on the right side\n| phone=+66 53-220061 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=199 baht fan, from 299 baht air-con\n| checkin= | checkout=12:00\n| content=Simple, but cosy Thai hotel. Fan rooms are often sold out, however 299 baht for an air-con room with TV and small balcony is an excellent value during hot or wet season. No Wi-Fi (but Truemove 850 MHz 3G works perfectly). While the hotel is not far from the centre, the closest place where you can catch a public songthaew (near Kad Suan Kaew Mall) is almost 1 km away, so the place is better suited for those who rent a motorbike. Free parking. On the nearby intersection with Hasadhisawee Rd, there are numerous and cheap food stalls in the evening. Hotel staff generally doesn't speak any English. If no vacancy, there's Inthanon Hotel next on the same road, priced ~50 baht more.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Bed and Terrace Guest House | alt= | url=http://www.bedandterrace.com/ | email=service@bedandterrace.com\n| address=10 Kotchasarn Rd, Soi 5 | lat=18.782108 | long=98.994412 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-449708 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin=13:00 | checkout=11:30 | price=450 baht\n| content=Thai modern-style guest house with terrace, comfortable rooms with double windows overlook a mountain panorama.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=FWD House Hostel | alt=Box dorm with 10 single beds | url= | email=forwardhouse.th@gmail.com\n| address=78 Ratchamanka Rd | lat=18.785889 | long=98.987995 | directions=4.3 km from the airport, 4.5 km from the train station, 5 km from the bus station\n| phone=+66 82-6233349 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=180 baht\n| checkin=12:00 | checkout=11:00\n| content=A 10-minute walk to the temples and Loi Kroh Rd, and a minute walk to the Sunday night market. Owner and staff are welcoming, friendly, can cater to your personal needs, and also make you feel at home.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Giant Guest House 1 & 2 | url=http://www.giantguesthouse.com | email=giantguesthouse@gmail.com\n| address=24/1 Moon Muang Rd (Giant 1); 4 Rachamanka Rd (Giant 2) | lat=18.792277 | long=98.991079 | directions=Map position is of Giant 1\n| phone=+66 87-1821611 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=100 baht dorms, 180 baht single fan room (shared bath), 250 baht queen bed with fan (private bathroom). Monthly rates 3,500 baht, single room with fan and shared bathroom (1 person)\n| checkin= | checkout=12:00\n| content='''Two''' guest houses. Cheap basic rooms, hot showers, free Wi-Fi, free shared computer, free bicycles, free water, reggae bar attached (Freedom Bar 16:00-24:00). Can book everything here and sightsee by bicycle. Kitchen with cooking lessons available and massage school 200 m away. Watch out for the 300 baht room \"switch\" after they pick you up in the airport. They will give you this price in front of the guesthouse.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Green Tulip Guest House | url=http://www.greentuliphouse.com/ | email=\n| address=18 Samlan Rd | lat=18.785964 | long=98.982054 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-278367 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=250-650 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Guesthouse with a roof-top garden, Internet café, and large screen TV in the lobby. Beautifully decorated and designed with elegant wood floors throughout the building. Choice of fan and air-con rooms with shared or private bathrooms.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Hollanda Montri Guest House | url=http://www.hollandamontri.com/ | email=\n| address=365 Charoen Rat Rd | lat=18.800816 | long=99.004253 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-242450 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=500 baht.\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Family-style guesthouse, fan or air-con rooms, and with a tropical garden on the banks of the Mae Ping River.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Julie Guest House | alt= | url=http://www.julieguesthouse.com/ | email=\n| address=7/1 Prapokklao Rd, Soi 5 | lat=18.783557 | long=98.989052 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-274355 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=100-180 baht (fan room without/with en suite)\n| content=Popular guesthouse in a quiet part of the old city near Tha Phae Gate. This guesthouse is notorious for filling quickly (quite often by 09:00) as it is listed in some guide books. The lounge area is often full of travellers. Food and drinks are served. The in-house travel agency make different types of bookings for you. Free Wi-Fi, but it doesn't always work.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Lek Guesthouse | url=http://www.chiangmai-online.com/lek/ | email=lek@chiangmai-online.com\n| address=22 Chaiyaphum Rd | lat=18.790930 | long=98.994231 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-252686 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=single, 250 baht; double, 300 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=12:00\n| content=All rooms have fan and private bathroom with hot water. Hidden in a quiet alley. Free Wi-Fi.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Linda Guesthouse | url= | email=lindaguesthouse@hotmail.com\n| address=456/67 Soi Banditpatana | lat=18.781703 | long=99.019552 | directions=Close to the railway station, follow the sign at Charoen Muang Rd\n| phone=+66 53-246915 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-246915\n| hours= | price=100-300 baht, reduced cost for longer stays\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=East of Tha Phae Gate, easily accessible on songthaew routes. Very clean rooms. The guest house also offers many trekking tours. The staff speaks German, English, and Thai. Family-like atmosphere. Cheap and very good food around the clock, freshly made.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=A Little Bird Guesthouse | url=\n| email=alittlebird_cm@hotmail.com\n| address=17 Soi 1 Ratvithi Rd | lat=18.791357 | long=98.992547 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-289577 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=100 baht mixed dorm; 120 baht female dorm\n| checkin= | checkout=12:00\n| content=Cheap basic dorms with hot shower and free Wi-Fi. An easy place to meet other travellers in a good location.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Mint House | url= | email=\n| address=80-82 Prapokklao (Soi 5). Near Chiang Mai Gate. | lat=18.783554 | long=98.989238 | directions=\n| phone=+66 86-2531743 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Single 200 baht, double 300 baht, dorm 120 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Really friendly and helpful staff. Centrally located, clean and good prices for dorms and rooms. Rooms have dedicated bathrooms that, strangely, are not en suite, but all across the hallway. Keep an eye out for room rates changing after you've already checked-in (e.g., +100 baht). Don't be a wimp when this happens.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Parami Guesthouse | url=http://www.paramiguesthouse-chiangmai.com/ | email=\n| address= | lat=18.793697 | long=99.001334 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-266139 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=300-550 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=A small cosy family-run guest house.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Ping River Inn | url= | email=ping.river.inn@hotmail.com\n| address= | lat=18.793306 | long=99.001331 | directions=\n| phone=+66 81-9935187 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=390-540 baht\n| checkin=15:00 | checkout=12:00\n| content=A basic but clean inn along the Ping River near Nakorn Ping Bridge and the yellow songthaew route. Hot showers, two bottles of free drinking water, towels, roof access, cable, and free Wi-Fi. If the foot bridge over the river ever gets fixed, the Ping River Inn will be within five minutes walking distance of Warorot Market.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Riders Corner | alt=Rider's Corner Bar & Restaurant | url=http://www.riderscorner.net/ | email=riders.corner.cnx@gmail.com\n| address=357, Moon Muang Rd | lat=18.794900 | long=98.993293 | directions=NE corner of moat\n| phone=+66 87-0481787 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=250-550 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=De facto motorcyclist headquarters in Chiang Mai. Clean and comfortable. Full restaurant and bar. Five rooms and frequently fully booked. Free Wi-Fi. Secure parking for motorcycles. English owner is helpful and free with information. Sells great maps of north Thailand.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Siri Guesthouse | url= | email=\n| address=31/3 Moon Mueang, Soi 5 | lat=18.790078 | long=98.991075 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-326550 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=700 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=A family-run guest house on a popular, but quiet lane. Fan and air-con rooms, all with bathrooms and hot water. Free Wi-Fi.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Spicy House | url= | email=spicyhouse@hotmail.com\n| address=42/1 Ratchamanka Rd. | lat=18.785727 | long=98.991113 | directions=\n| phone=+66 84-6134776 (Mim) | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content= Perhaps the friendliest little guest house in Chiang Mai. Beloved by backpackers everywhere for its low cost and friendly atmosphere. Mim, the owner, gives a free meal for guests every night. She is also an expert chef, and Spicy House serves as a cooking school sometimes. Spicy House is in the dead centre of the Chiang Mai action, but down a quiet soi where you can withdraw from it when needed.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Tha Phae Inn | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=164-166 Tha Phae Rd | lat=18.788357 | long=98.999320 | directions=About 600 m east of Tha Phae Gate on the north side\n| phone=+66 53-234640 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53 252790 \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=350+ baht\n| content=Family-run guesthouse. Friendly. Excellent value/location combination. Basic double rooms with baths, hot water & small TV. Free Wi-Fi. Common area with tables so you can bring food and eat. Refreshments for sale on-premises. Basic double air-con room with en suite shower was 350 baht as of Nov 2013 (no fridge, old furniture, but generally clean).}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=YMCA International Hotel | url=http://www.ymcachiangmai.org | email=chiangmai:hotel@ymcachiangmai.org\n| address=11 Mengrairasmi Sermsuk Rd | lat=18.799173 | long=98.977842 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-221819 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Standard room, 600 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=88 rooms and dormitory. Restaurant, swimming pool, coffee shop, massage.}}\n\n==== Mid-range ====\n* {{sleep\n| name=Boonthavon Apartment Hotel | url=http://www.boonthavon.com | email=\n| address=39 Soi 1, Ratchadamnoen Rd | lat=18.78959 | long=98.99171 | directions=Walk from Tha Phae Gate into the old city down Ratchadamnoen Rd; turn right after 10 m at Soi 1. Follow it round (100 m), Boonthavon is on your left.\n| phone=+66 53-226700 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=Double room with balcony, private bathroom, air conditioning, mini-fridge, and small TV is 550 baht with an additional 50 baht per day for Internet\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Dead central, and probably the cleanest hotel in Chiang Mai. Extremely friendly staff (only a few of whom speak English). Security entrance. A short walk to the Tha Phae Gate in the old city (nice central location). Monthly rentals are available at 7,500 baht with a 5,000 baht deposit (on top of the 7,500 baht, there are additional charges: electricity is 7 baht per kilowatt, 600 baht for unlimited Internet, 200 baht for cable TV, and 200 baht for water). Location is great. Just around the corner is a great little cafe called \"Angel's\" which serves a mix of Thai food and really great Western breakfasts. The location of the hotel is also a short walk to several excellent restaurants and cafes such as the UN Irish Pub, New Delhi Indian Restaurant, and Loco Elvis Tex-Mex.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=BP Chiang Mai City Hotel | url=http://www.bpchiangmaicityhotel.com | email=info@bpchiangmaicityhotel.com\n| address=154 Ratchamanka Rd | lat=18.78594 | long=98.98306 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-270711 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=1,000-2,000 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=A mid-sized hotel with a small fitness centre and pool.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=The Castle | url=http://www.thecastlerajchiangsan.com | email=\n| address=8/3 Ratchiangsan Rd, Soi 2 | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-209093 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=990-1,200 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Up-scale place built like a Spanish villa.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Centre of the Universe | alt=Chiang Mai Swimming Pool and Resort | url=http://www.therealcentreoftheuniverse.com | email=info@therealcentreoftheuniverse.com\n| address= | lat=18.8201 | long=98.9584 | directions=\n| phone=+66 81-4730746 or +66 53-327808 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=1,200-1,500 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=With only 3 detached Thai-style bungalows in a private garden, this has to be the smallest boutique hotel with the biggest swimming pool in Chiang Mai. Very friendly and helpful staff. Each room has air-con, TV, Wi-Fi, fridge, tea and coffee making facilities and access to 3 swimming pools.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Chiang Mai Apartments | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=9/2 Moon Muang Rd, Soi 7 | lat=18.79267 | long=98.99250 | directions=Across from the Sri Pat Guesthouse (no sign)\n| phone=+66 53-225140 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=650 baht (fan)- 950 baht (air-con), both including a modest breakfast\n| content=Very central, clean and bright rooms. Excellent quality. Free Wi-Fi in room.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Cool Guesthouse | url=http://www.coolguesthouse.com | email=info@coolguesthouse.com\n| address=87 Sripoom Rd, Sripoom | lat=18.79521 | long=98.98758 | directions=close to Chang Phuak Gate\n| phone=+66 53-212618 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=500-800 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Small boutique guesthouse with patio and garden. Free bicycle use for guests. English, French, and Spanish speaking staff. Each room has air-con and fan, cable TV, free Wi-Fi, safe.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Elliebum | url=http://www.elliebum.com | email=elliebum@gmail.com\n| address=114/3-4 Ratchamanka Rd | lat=18.78589 | long=98.98468 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-814723 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=900-1,500 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Friendly boutique guesthouse, beautifully furnished, spacious, spotlessly clean, air conditioned, en suite twin or double rooms. Breakfast included.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Hub53 | url=http://www.hub53.com/ | email=\n| address=53 Khan Klong Chon Pra Than Rd | lat=18.80016 | long=98.96069 | directions=\n| phone=+66 89-1188810 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=1,100 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Has seven air-con rooms with wood furnishings, cable TV, coffee/tea maker, hair dryer, room safe, telephone, keycard access, and refrigerator, a balcony, private toilet and bath with hot shower, free Wi-Fi, and a free English newspaper daily.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Lai-Thai Guest House | url=http://www.laithai.com | email=mail@laithai.com\n| address=111/4-5 Kotchasarn Rd | lat=18.78209 | long=98.99323 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-271725 or +66 53-206438 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=500-780 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=A large northern Thai-style guesthouse with hotel-like facilities and services. All 110 air-conditioned rooms en suite with hot shower are decorated with traditional wooden floors and bamboo walls, equipped with minibar, cable & satellite TV, and free Wi-Fi.}}\n* {{sleep\n| name=Liam's Suan Dok Mai | url=http://liamsuandokmai.com/ | email=info@liamsuandokmai.com\n| address=87/45 Moo 7, Samakon, Faham| lat=18.82217 | long=98.99897 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-855033 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=1,000-3,500 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=10:30\n| content=Beautifully decorated guest house on the northern outskirts of the city that was built from scratch by a Belgian couple. Offers comfortable and spacious rooms with air conditioning, a pool, and a nice dining area for meals. One can find plenty of places nearby to eat and drink as residents in the village setup tables outside of their homes and operate small-time restaurants and bars. Provides a good mix of comfortable lodging with hosts that fluently speak several languages. Also pet-friendly. Free shuttle service from Chiang Mai.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Nice Mum Lodge | alt= | url= | email=nicemumlodge@gmail.com\n| address=Loi Kroh Rd, Soi 2 | lat=18.78388 | long=98.99601 | directions=25 m off Loi Kroh Rd\n| phone=+66 83-2044111 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=800+ baht\n| content=Oddly named, but a superior accommodation. Close to shops, bars, restaurants, the Night Bazaar. Spotlessly clean, if somewhat austere. Run by the affable Mr Pong, who speaks good English. Great plumbing, showers, large flat screen TVs with Western programmes, fridge. Secure, covered parking for those turning up with expensive rides. Highly recommended. Free, excellent free Wi-Fi.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Royal Peninsula Hotel | alt= | url=http://www.royalpeninsulahotel.com/ | email=\n| address=Assadatorn Rd, Northeast | lat=18.79833 | long=98.99429 | directions=Outside N side of moat\n| phone= | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=900 baht\n| content=Good rooms, air-con, hot water, bar fridge and TV.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Sakulchai Place | alt= | url=http://www.sakulchaiplace.com/ | email=\n| address=Huay Kaew Rd, Soi 10 | lat=18.80015 | long=98.97369 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-211982 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=590-890 baht\n| content=Spacious and clean. Standard, deluxe and superior rooms available for daily/weekly/monthly rates. Internet (Wi-Fi/LAN), air-con, hot showers. New building, modern rooms. In the trendy Nimmanhaemin district across from shopping mall and 5-10 minute walking distance to night life, cafes, restaurants.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Sleep guesthouse | url=http://www.sleepguesthouse.com| email=info@sleepguesthouse\n| address=26/1 moonmuang soi7| lat=18.79289 | long=98.99171 | directions= Inside the moat, northeast quadrant\n| phone=+66 53-2975487 | tollfree= | fax=\n| checkin= 14:00| checkout= 12:00 | price=999\n| lastedit=2015-02-26\n| content= Nicely decorated loft/ industrial design guesthouse. Double and twin rooms. All rooms with air conditioning, mini-fridge, 32 inch led TV, private bath room with rain shower, free wiffi and free breakfast included in price.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Smile House Boutique | alt= | url=http://www.smilehousechiangmai.com/ | email=\n| address=3/5 Suriyawong Rd, Soi 1 | lat=18.77976 | long=98.98904 | directions=Behind Ruam Pat Hospital\n| phone=+66 53-800567-8 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=700-1,200 baht\n| content=A wooden house which is simply decorated to create a peaceful atmosphere. The rooms are beautifully decorated.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Sri-Pat Guesthouse | url= | email=\n| address=16 Moon Muang Rd, Soi 7 | lat=18.79284 | long=98.99258 | directions=Inside the moat, northeast quadrant\n| phone=+66 53-218716 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=900 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Nice guest house with air conditioning, TV, private shower, fridge and a little balcony. Try getting a room on the street side, since the other side has a water pump working during the night which can be annoying in some rooms.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Swiss-Lanna Lodge | alt= | url=http://www.swisslannalodge.com | email=info@swisslannalodge.com\n| address=Rat U-thit Soi 2, Wat Ket | lat=18.7763331 | long=99.00968809999995 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-411202 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=890-3,390 baht\n| content=Newly renovated (as of 2015) wooden northern Thai-style guesthouse. It touts its \"extremely friendly and helpful\" staff, which it says speak English and French provide great tourist information.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Viangbua Mansion | alt= | url=http://www.viangbuamansion-chiangmai.com | email=\n| address=3/1 Viangbua Rd | lat=18.80529 | long=98.98327 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-411202 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=900-3,200 baht\n| content=Deluxe serviced-apartments for daily rental. Offer a wide range of services and some degree of security. In a somewhat remote NW area of the city.}}\n\n==== Splurge ====\n* {{sleep\n| name=Baan Orapin | url=http://www.baanorapin.com | email=\n| address=150 Charoen Rat Rd | lat=18.792847 | long=99.001986 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-16164016 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=3,000 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Only 6 rooms in a beautifully restored old Thai house set in a small garden. Air-con, hot water.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Ban Shewe Wana Suite Resort | url=http://www.shewewanasuite.com | email=reservations@shewewanasuite.com\n| address=290-292 Charoen Muang Rd | lat=18.786518 | long=99.010663 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-240020 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=12,000 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Central Duangtawan Hotel | alt= | url=http://www.centarahotelsresorts.com/cdc/cdc_default.asp | email=cdc@chr.co.th\n| address=132 Loi Kroh Rd | lat=18.783887 | long=98.999091 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-905000 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=1,450-2,950 baht\n| content=Excellent luxury hotel with cheap(er) Internet rates. Popular with tour groups and conventions. The Internet here is slow and not included in the room rate. Probably a little cheaper than similar hotels as it's near the beer bar district, but the area is quite safe and the hotel is high quality. For those not staying at the hotel, for 300 baht per day, you can use the excellent gym on the fourth floor (includes a gender-segregated Jacuzzi, steam room, and sauna, as well as a large L-shaped swimming pool that looks out on the city centre).}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Dhara Dhevi | alt=Formerly, Mandarin Oriental Dhara Dhevi | url=http://www.dharadhevi.com/ | email=\n| address=51/4 Chiang Mai-Sankampaeng Rd, Moo 1 | lat=18.778152 | long=99.039277 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-888888 | tollfree= | fax= \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=27,000-353,000 baht\n| content=In the traditional Lanna-style, this 24 hectare (60 acre) resort includes a spa, cooking classes, children's club, and fitness centre. The resort caused some local controversy when it built a reproduction temple based on one of Thailand's most holy sites on its grounds.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Empress Chiang Mai | url=http://empresshotels.com/empress_hotel.html | email=rsvn@empresshotels.com\n| address=199/42 Changklan Rd | lat=18.775510 | long=99.000561 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-253199 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53 272467\n| hours= | price=1,500-5,500 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Luxury hotel in traditional Lanna-style with 375 rooms and suites, a convention centre, sauna rooms, outdoor swimming pool, business centre and massage parlour. Good breakfast and friendly staff.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Horizon Village & Resort | alt= | url=http://www.horizonvillageresort.com/ | email=info@horizonvillage.net\n| address=200 Moo 7 Chiang Mai-Doi Saket Rd | lat=18.857426 | long=99.099079 | directions=Halfway down Rte 118 Chiang Mai-Doi Saket\n| phone=+66 53-868891-3 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53 868894 \n| checkin= | checkout= | price=1,800-2,600 baht, 5,000 baht for a suite\n| content=The hotel is connected to the Tweechol Botanical Garden, a private garden of 50 hectares. The garden has many animal shaped shrubs. Former president Jimmy Carter stayed here when in Thailand for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_%26_Rosalynn_Carter_Work_Project Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project].}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=Ping Nakara Boutique Hotel & Spa | url=http://www.pingnakara.com | email=info@pingnakara.com\n| address=135/9, Charoen Prathet Rd | lat=18.779320 | long=99.004644 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-252999 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=4,200+ baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Nicely designed with hand-carved fretwork.\n}}\n* {{sleep\n| name=RatiLanna Riverside Spa Resort | url=http://www.ratilannachiangmai.com/ | email=info@ratilannachiangmai.com\n| address=33 Changklan Rd | lat=18.762369 | long=99.001695 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-999333 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53 999332\n| hours= | price=4,400-24,000 baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content= A luxury boutique resort on the bank of the Mae Ping River and the centre of Chiang Mai. Only minutes away from Chiang Mai Airport and the Night Bazaar.}}\n\n* {{sleep\n| name=The Rim Chiang Mai | url=http://www.therimchiangmai.com | email=butler@therimchiangmai.com\n| address=51/2 Arrak Rd | lat=18.786650 | long=98.978301 | directions=Close to Wat Phra Sing\n| phone=+66 53-903999 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=4,800+ baht\n| checkin= | checkout=\n| content=Luxury hotel in traditional Lanna-style, 36 rooms, outdoor swimming pool, tropical garden, fitness club, and spa, restaurant (Thai & Western cuisine) and very friendly staff.}}\n\n==Stay safe==\n=== Emergency contacts ===\n* Fire: 053-241777\n* Police - emergencies: 191\n* Rescue Team: 053-218888\n* Tourist police: 1155, 053-278559\n\n===Crime===\nChiang Mai, like most of Thailand, is quite safe, even at night. The dark streets can look forbidding but crime is rare and visitors shouldn't worry unduly. As always, travellers should take extra care in all poorly lit or more remote areas. Don't carry valuables in a bag after dark as the most common tourist related crime here is bag-snatching by youths on motorbikes. Mind your bag especially if you are walking on a dark street at night.\n\nThe safest approach is to act like your Thai hosts and wear reasonable clothing (shoulders and chest covered) medium-length skirts, long shorts or long pants, speak in a moderate tone of voice, and avoid flashing money or jewelry. Not only will respectable Thais appreciate your behaviour, you are much less likely to become a target of any criminal activity.\n\n===Scams===\nUnfortunately some '''scams''' from [[Bangkok]] have started to rear their ugly heads in Chiang Mai as well. Two in particular are worth watching out for: the '''gem scam''', where you are talked into buying near-worthless gems at far above their real value; and the '''tuk-tuk scam''', where a smooth-talking tuk tuk driver tells you that the attraction you want to see is closed, and instead offers you a sightseeing tour for 20 baht (or some similarly unrealistic number) - needless to say, the tour will either consist of nothing but overpriced gift shops, or will smoothly segue into the gem scam. See the \"Stay Safe\" section of the [[Bangkok]] article for more details.\n\n===Smoke===\nChiang Mai's smoke levels can be discomfiting, and sometimes dangerous, during burning season which starts around Makha Bucha Day (end-Feb to early Mar) and lasts about a month. Although there is a ban on burning, the whole of northern Thailand often falls under a thick haze during this period, with tens of thousands treated for smoke inhalation. Rice farmers burning off fields are commonly blamed for the smoke, but according to the Department of Air Quality there is an extensive range of burning activities during this season. In addition to slash and burn farmers clearing fields, a smaller proportion of farmers may burn land in order to clear forests and expand fields, to flush out game, or to trigger the growth of specific mushroom varieties. As a result, there are typically dozens of deaths, and for example in 2007 58 people died of smoke-related heart attacks. You are well advised to avoid Chiang Mai during this period. If you intend to visit at this time, you are advised to check on smoke levels in advance. Thousands of residents, both foreign and Thai, leave Chiang Mai at this time to escape the smoke. The government is apparently uninterested in fixing the problem: in 2015 they blamed it on outdoor cooking. Presently, the solution is to spray the streets with water to \"moisten the air\". There is no political will to tackle the burning of rice fields and forests, which is the cause of the smoke. On 10 March 2015, dangerous PM10 particles measured over 255 mcg per cubic metre of air in Chiang Mai, well above the unsafe level of 120 mcg (Note: this is the Thai government standard which is more than twice the maximum level set by the World Health Organization [WHO] at 50 mcg). Neighbouring areas can be as bad or worse, Chiang Rai for example, was at 306 mcgs, so moving on to a neighbouring province will generally not help: the pall of smoke stretches from northern Laos, across Thailand to eastern Burma.\n\n===Water===\nTap water should be regarded as non-potable.  Liquids from sealed bottles nearly always are, and should be used wherever possible. Nearly all restaurants use ice made by professional ice-making companies and is generally safe. There are street side water vending machines (1 baht per litre) throughout the city. Using one saves money and a lot of plastic refuse.\n\n==Connect==\n\n===Express shipping===\n* {{listing\n| name=DHL | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Log 2-6, 1st floor, Montri Hotel, Ratchadamnoen Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Just north of the Tha Phae Gate inside moat\n| phone=+66 53-326553 | tollfree= | fax= \n| hours= | price=\n| content=World-wide express shipping. Packaging services.}}\n\n=== Internet ===\n* Internet Censorship: The government of Thailand actively censors Internet access. 2010 estimates place the number of blocked websites at 110,000 and growing. Roughly 77% are blocked for reasons of lèse majesté, content (content that defames, insults, threatens, or is unflattering to the king, including national security and some political issues), 22% for pornography, which is illegal in Thailand. Some web pages from BBC One, BBC Two, CNN, Yahoo News, the Post-Intelligencer newspaper (Seattle, USA), and The Age newspaper (Melbourne, Australia) dealing with Thai political content are blocked.\n\nMany guesthouses, hotels, cafes, bars, restaurants, and even swimming pools, offer Wi-Fi connections. These are usually free or available for a small charge. If you are travelling with your laptop you should be able to connect to the Internet within a 500 m radius of your Chiang Mai city-based accommodation at little or no cost.\n\nIn November 2012, the Ministry of Information announced launch of 3,000 free Wi-Fi hotspots in Chiang Mai. The program, called '''ICT Free Wi-Fi for the Public by AIS''', offers a download speed of 10 Mbit/s for up to five hours a month. Hotspots can be found near schools, shopping centres, hospitals and government offices. Those interested must sign up for the free service at [http://www.ais.co.th/ictfreewifi ICT Free Wi-Fi], after which you will receive a user ID and password.\n\nInternet cafes abound and can be found everywhere within the city. Prices vary from 10 baht/hour (in \"gaming\" places filled with local children) to 60 baht/half-hour (2 baht/minute) and up. Most places charge per 15 or 30 minute block, others by the minute. The cheapest and most comfortable places with fast connections, webcam, microphone and Skype, can be found along Huay Kaew Road near the main entrance to Chiang Mai University, where the cost is 10-20 baht.\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Buddy Internet | url= | email=\n| address=12 Huay Kaew Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Northwest corner of the moat, opposite the Central Department Store\n| phone=+66 53-404550 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=08:00-24:00 | price=\n| content=}}\n\nAs elsewhere in Thailand, GPRS/EDGE is a cheap and convenient option to access Internet if you have a laptop and local SIM card. TrueMove 850 MHz 3G covers most parts of the city. For more details, refer to the [[Thailand#Connect|Thailand]] article.\n\n=== Telephone ===\n* Directory inquiry service: 183/1133\n* International and domestic operator-assisted service: 100\n* Overseas dial-out code: 001\n* AT&T International operator for collect calls: 001 999 11111\n* Mobile phones in Thailand have 10 digits, including the leading zero. Land-line telephones have 11 digits, including the leading zero.\n\n=== [http://www.thailandpost.com/ Thailand Post] ===\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Airport 24-hr Post Office | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=60 Moo 3, Airport Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-277382 |  fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Changklan Post Office | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=186-186/1 Changklan Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-273657 |  fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Chang Phuak Post Office | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=195/8-9 Chang Phuak Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-222483 |  fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=\n}}\n* {{listing\n| name=Mae Ping Post Office | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= 24 Praisanee Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-252036-7 |  fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=\n}}\n* {{listing\n| name=Main Post Office | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=Charoen Muang Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-241 070, +66 53-245376 |  fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Phra Sing Post Office | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Singharat Rd (3 min walk south of Wat Phra Singh)\n| phone= |  fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Talat Kam Tieng Post Office | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Assadathon Rd, near Tesco Lotus, just off the super highway\n| phone= |  fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=This is the post office where you ship/receive bulky objects like bicycles and motorbikes.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Tha Phae Post Office | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=West side of Tha Phae Gate on Ratchadamnoen Rd, 25 paces down the street from Black Canyon Coffee\n| phone= | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 08:00-20:00 | price=\n| content=This little PO is the most convenient one for most visitors due to its hours and central location. The offer packaging services, faxing, international telephoning, sell postcards, stamps, etc.}}\n\n== Cope ==\n===Consulates===\n* {{flag|Australia}} {{listing\n| name=Australia | url= | email=\n| address=165 Sirimungklajarn | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-219726 or +66 53-400232 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-219726\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{listing\n| name=Bangladesh | url= | email=\n| address=95 Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.799274 | long=98.971530 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-212373-4 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-223524\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|Canada}} {{listing\n| name=Canada | url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/thailand-thailande/offices-bureaux/consul_chiang-ma.aspx?lang=eng&view=d | email=cancon@loxinfo.co.th\n| address=151 Super Highway | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-850147 or +66 53-242292 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|China}} {{listing\n| name=China | alt= | url=http://chiangmai.china-consulate.org/eng/ | email=cgprccm@loxinfo.co.th\n| address=111 Changlo Rd, Haiya District | lat=18.781151 | long=98.983012 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-276125, +66 53-272197, +66 53-200424 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-274614\n| hours= | price=\n| content=\n}}\n* {{flag|Finland}} {{listing\n| name=Finland | url= | email=\n| address=104-112 Tha Phae Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-234777 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|France}} {{listing\n| name=France| url= | email=tombaude@loxinfo.co.th\n| address=138 Charoen Prathet Rd | lat=18.780901 | long=99.003329 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-281466 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-F, 10:00-12:00 | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|Germany}} {{listing\n| name=Germany | alt=Consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany | url= | email=\n| address=199/163 Moo 3, Baan Nai Fun2, Kan Klong Chonpretan Rd | lat=18.746015 | long=98.930935 | directions=20 minutes out of the city by motorbike. Exceedingly difficult to find. Once you find Baan Nai Fun, ignore the numbers and go all the way inside until you see the tennis court. The consulate is in the ground floor of the building next to that.\n| phone=+66 53-838735 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-838735\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{listing\n| name=Great Britain | alt=British Consulate | url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/find-an-embassy/asia-and-oceania/hon-consulate-chiang-mai | email=ukconsul@loxinfo.co.th ukconsul@loxinfo.co.th\n| address=198 Bumrungraj Rd | lat=18.796033 | long=99.009006 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-263015 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-263016\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|India}} {{listing\n| name=India | url= | email=\n| address=33/1, Thung Hotel Rd | lat=18.791543 | long=99.017497 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-243066 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-247879)\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|Italy}} {{listing\n| name=Italy | url=http://www.ambbangkok.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Bangkok/Menu/Ambasciata/La_rete_consolare/ | email=\n| address=19/1 Soi 9 Sirimangkalajarn | lat=18.794379 | long=98.972683 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-212925 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-224832\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|Japan}} {{listing\n| name=Japan | url=http://www.th.emb-japan.go.jp/en/embassy/chiangmai.htm | email=\n| address=Airport Business Park, 90 Mahidol Rd | lat=18.772291 | long=98.974816 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-203367 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-203373\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|South Africa}} {{listing\n| name=South Africa | alt= | url= | email=\n| address=2F, Chiang Inn Hotel, 100 Changklan Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-270070-6 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-274299 \n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|South Korea}} {{listing\n| name=South Korea | alt= | url= | email=vgroup@cmnet.co.th\n| address=V Group Bldg, 3rd Fl, 50 Huay Kaew Rd | lat=18.800157 | long=98.970286 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-223120 ext 204 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-225661\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|Sweden}} {{listing\n| name=Sweden | alt=Svenska Konsulatet i Chiang Mai | url= | email=\n| address=11 Sermsuk Rd, Mengrairasmi | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-220844 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-210877\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n* {{flag|United States}} {{listing\n| name=USA | alt=US Consulate General | url=http://chiangmai.usconsulate.gov/ | email=\n| address=387 Witchayanon Rd | lat=18.794690 | long=98.998732 | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-252629 | tollfree= | fax=+66 53-252633\n| hours= | price=\n| content=}}\n\n===Dental===\n* {{listing\n| name=Elite Smile Dental Clinic | alt= | url=http://www.elitesmilecm.com/ | email=\n| address=Changklan Rd | lat= | long= | directions=Pantip Plaza, Night Bazaar\n| phone=+66 53-288199 | fax=\n| hours=Daily, 10ː00-21ː00 | price=\n| content=Sparkling clean dental facilities with modern equipment and great hours. Patronised by many expats.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Grace Dental Care Clinic | url=http://www.gracedentalclinic.com | email=dent@gracedentalclinic.com\n| address=45 Soi 11 Nimmanhemin Rd | lat= | long= | directions=\n| phone=+66 53-894568-69 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-F, 09:00-20:30; Sa-Su, 09:00-17:00 | price=\n| content=Modern, state-of-the-art dental clinic. Many of the practitioners there, about 15 total, have studied abroad. Most, if not all, speak excellent English, as does the staff.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Mukmai Dental Clinic | alt= | url= | email=mukmaidentalclinic@gmail.com\n| address=11/3-4 Jaban Rd | lat=18.78977 | long=98.98577 | directions=Behind the 3 Kings Monument inside moat\n| phone=+66 53-416328 | fax=+66 53-416329\n| hours=M-Sa, 09:00-20:00 | price=\n| content=Dr Suttipong is a terrific dentist, almost painless treatment. Friendly and accommodating staff and English spoken. Reasonable rates and convenient location.}}\n\n=== Laundry ===\nThere are laundromats and laundry services, charging around 30 baht per kg, all over the city, but they all wash cold. There is a laundromat that has 3 machines that can do hot washing as well on Chaiyapum Rd (road along the moat from Si Phum corner to Tha Phae Gate) about half way between Sompet market and Tha Phae Gate. Opposite there is a cafe from where you can watch your stuff while having a beer.\n\n===Medical===\n* {{listing\n| name=CM Mediclinic | url=http://www.cmmediclinic.com | email=info@cmmediclinic.com\n| address=155/28 Moo 2, Yu Yen Soi 10, Tambon Changphueak | lat=18.811109 | long=98.966546 | directions=Opposite A-Plus Gallery Place, near TK Mansion, Ban Jed Yod & Sahataya Mansion at the back of Wat Jed Yod, Wat Chet Yot, (Google map spelling) \n| phone=+66 805 362362 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-F, 16:30-20:00; Sa, 08:00-17:00; Su, Closed | price=\n| content=Thai and English speaking healthcare centre/medical clinic providing comprehensive medical services for travelers, such as vaccinations and full health check-ups.}}\n\n* {{listing\n| name=Loi Kroh Clinic | url= | email=\n| address=62/2 Loi Kroh Rd | lat= | long= | directions=corner of Loi Kroh Rd and Loi Kroh Soi 3\n| phone=+66 53-271571 | tollfree= | fax=\n| hours=M-F, 08:00-13:00, 16:30-20:30; Sa, 08:00-13:00; Su, 16:30-20:30 | price=560 baht for examination of conjunctivitis, course of antibiotics and eye drops\n| content=Small clinic for the treatment of minor ailments. Experienced, English-speaking doctor. Small pharmacy on the premises. In and out in 15 min, drugs in hand.}}\n\n== Go next ==\n* [[Chiang Dao]] — an hour north of the city, and a good starting point for treks into the mountains\n* [[Chiang Rai]] — a relaxed city 3 hours north, and a transit point on the way to the [[Golden Triangle (Thailand)|Golden Triangle]] and [[Laos]]\n* [[Doi Inthanon National Park]] — the highest peak in Thailand (2,599 m), 60 km SW of Chiang Mai\n* [[Lampang]] — urban Northern Thailand without the commercialism, 100 km SE of Chiang Mai\n* [[Lamphun]] — a scenic town with a long history and a longan festival, 26 km SE of Chiang Mai\n* [[Mae Hong Son]] — a picturesque little town with lush valleys, rocky streams and a small lake, 235 km from Chiang Mai on Rte 1095. By public bus about 6 hr\n* [[Nan]] — the former capital of a small kingdom filled with history and temples and surrounded by mountains\n* [[Pai]] — a tourist-oriented town, offering a relaxed atmosphere with a broad traveller & backpacker scene. Popular with hippies\n\n===Border crossings===\n* {{listing\n| name=[[Chiang Khong]] - [[Huay Xai]], [[Laos]] | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Six hours by bus (from Chiang Mai Arcade Bus Terminal, east of the old town, daily 08:30) to the border where you can catch a boat across the Mekong River to the Lao side, The bus will stop about 1 km shy of the border, tuk-tuks will be waiting to take you the remainder of the way\n| phone= |  fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=From Huay Xai also there are slow (2-day) and fast (6-8 hr) boats ply the Mekong to Luang Prabang. Buses are also available to Luang Prabang and north to Luang Namtha.\n}}\n* {{listing\n| name=[[Mae Sai]] - [[Tachilek]], [[Myanmar]] | alt= | url= | email=\n| address= | lat= | long= | directions=Mae Sai and Tachilek lie 5 hr north of Chiang Mai on the Thai-Myanmar border \n| phone= |  fax=\n| hours= | price=\n| content=Best known for their border markets. A popular place to pop over the border for a few hours before renewing your Thai visa. Note that there are no consular services so you cannot get a new visa here. It is possible to get a 14-day Thai visa on re-entry to Thailand which can come in very handy if you do not have any time left on your current Thai visa. The Myanmar fee for a same day entry permit is USD10 or 500 baht, and so it is better to use USD. Many people buy Western alcohol, especially wine, while in Myanmar due to the very large duties imposed in Thailand.\n}}\n\n{{routebox\n| image1=SRT Northern Line icon.png\n| imagesize1=100\n| directionl1=N\n| majorl1=END\n| minorl1=\n| directionr1=S\n| majorr1=[[Bangkok]]\n| minorr1=[[Lamphun]]\n}}\n\n{{geo|18.795278|98.998611}}\n{{isPartOf|Chiang Mai Province}}\n{{guidecity}}\n\n[[Commons:Category:Chiang Mai]]\n[[Wikipedia:Chiang Mai]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/greece.wiki",
    "content": "{{redirect|Hellas|other uses of \"Hellas\" and \"Greece\"|Hellas (disambiguation)|and|Greece (disambiguation)}}\n{{pp-semi|small=yes}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}{{Infobox country\n|other_name = Republic of Greece\n|conventional_long_name = Hellenic Republic\n|native_name = {{small|Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
{{native name|el|Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía}}}}\n|common_name = Greece\n|image_flag = Flag of Greece.svg\n|image_coat = Coat of arms of Greece.svg\n|image_map = EU-Greece.svg\n|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Greece.svg}}\n|national_motto = {{lang|el|[[Eleftheria i thanatos|«Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος»]]}} {{small|(traditional)}}\n|englishmotto = \"Freedom or Death\" \n|national_anthem = {{lang|el|[[Hymn to Liberty|«Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν»]]}}
{{small|\"Hymn to Liberty\"}}
[[File:Greece national anthem.ogg]]
\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national language}}\n|languages = [[Greek language|Greek]]\n|religion = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] \n|demonym = {{hlist |[[Greek people|Greek]]}}\n|capital = [[Athens]]\n|latd=37 |latm=58 |latNS=N |longd=23 |longm=43 |longEW=E\n|largest_city = capital\n|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]
[[constitutional republic]]}}\n|leader_title1 = [[President of Greece|President]]\n|leader_name1 = [[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]]\n|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Greece|Prime Minister]]\n|leader_name2 = [[Alexis Tsipras]]\n|leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament|Speaker of the Parliament]]\n|leader_name3 = [[Nikos Voutsis]]\n|legislature = [[Hellenic Parliament]]\n|sovereignty_type = [[History of modern Greece|Formation of the Republic]]\n|established_event1 = [[Greek War of Independence|Independence declared]] {{nobold|from the [[Ottoman Empire]]}}\n|established_date1 = 25 March 1821 (traditional starting date of the [[Greek War of Independence]]), 15 January 1822 (official declaration in the [[First National Assembly at Epidaurus]])\n|established_event2 = [[London Protocol (1830)|Recognized]]\n|established_date2 = 3 February 1830\n|established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Greece|Current constitution]]}}\n|established_date3 = 11 June 1975\n|area_rank = 97th\n|area_magnitude = 1 E11\n|area_km2 = 131,957\n|area_footnote = {{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=gr®ionCode=eur&rank=97#gr |title= Country Comparison: Area | work =[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |accessdate=7 January 2013}}\n|area_sq_mi = 50,949 \n|percent_water = 0.8669\n|population_census =  10,815,197{{cite web|format=PDF|script-title=el:Αποτελέσματα της Απογραφής Πληθυσμού−Κατοικιών 2011 που αφορούν στο Μόνιμο Πληθυσμό της Χώρας|trans-title=Results of Population-Housing Census 2011 concerning the permanent population of the country|language=el|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/FEK_monimos_rev.pdf|publisher=Hellenic Statistical Authority|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=16 February 2015}}\n|population_census_year = 2012\n|population_census_rank = 80th\n|population_estimate_year =\n|population_density_km2 = 82{{cite web|format=PDF|title=Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1602/PressReleases/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_EN.pdf|publisher=Hellenic Statistical Authority|date=28 December 2012|accessdate=24 August 2013}}\n|population_density_sq_mi = 212 \n|population_density_rank = 120th\n|GDP_PPP = $285.297 billion{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=11&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=174&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=[[World Economic Outlook]] Database, October 2015|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=12 October 2015|location=Washington, D.C.|date=6 October 2015}}\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 51st\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2014\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25,954\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 44th\n|GDP_nominal = $237.970 billion\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 44th\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2014\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $21,648\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 38th\n|Gini_year = 2014\n|Gini_change = increase \n|Gini = 34.5 \n|Gini_ref = {{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|accessdate=22 June 2015|location=Luxembourg|date=15 June 2015}}\n|Gini_rank = \n|HDI_year = 2014\n|HDI_change = increase \n|HDI = 0.865 \n|HDI_ref = {{cite web url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf|title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015|accessdate=14 December 2015|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|}}\n|HDI_rank = 29th\n|currency = [[Euro]] ([[euro sign|€]])\n|currency_code = EUR\n|country_code =\n|time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\n|utc_offset = +2\n|time_zone_DST = [[EEST]]\n|utc_offset_DST = +3\n|drives_on = right\n|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])\n|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Greece|+30]]\n|cctld = [[.gr]]a\n|footnote_a = The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as in other [[European Union]] member states.}}\n\n'''Greece'''  ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Greece.ogg|ɡ|r|iː|s}} {{respell|GREESS|'}}; {{lang-el|Ελλάδα}}, ''{{transl|el|ISO|Elláda}}'' {{IPA-el|eˈlaða||Ellada.ogg}}), officially the '''Hellenic Republic''' (Greek: {{lang|el|Ελληνική Δημοκρατία}}, ''{{transl|el|Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía}}'' {{IPA-el|eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a|}}) and known since ancient times as '''Hellas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|l|ə|s}}; Greek: {{lang|el|Ελλάς}}, ''{{transl|el|Ellás}}''), is a country located in [[southeastern Europe]]. According to the 2011 census, Greece's population is around 10.8 million. [[Athens]] is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by [[Thessaloniki]], which is commonly referred to as the co-capital.\n\nGreece is strategically located at the crossroads of [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[Africa]]. Situated on the southern tip of the [[Balkan peninsula]], it shares land borders with [[Albania]] to the northwest, the [[Republic of Macedonia]] and [[Bulgaria]] to the north and [[Turkey]] to the northeast. Greece consists of nine [[geographic regions of Greece|geographic regions]]: [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]], [[Central Greece]], the [[Peloponnese]], [[Thessaly]], [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], the [[Aegean Islands]] (including the [[Dodecanese]] and [[Cyclades]]), [[western Thrace|Thrace]], [[Crete]], and the [[Ionian Islands]]. The [[Aegean Sea]] lies to the east of the [[Geography of Greece|mainland]], the [[Ionian Sea]] to the west, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and the [[list of countries by length of coastline|11th longest coastline in the world]] at {{convert|13676|km|0|abbr=on}} in length, featuring a vast number of [[List of islands of Greece|islands]], of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with [[Mount Olympus]] being the highest peak at {{convert|2918|m|ft}}.\n\nGreece has one of the [[History of Greece|longest histories]] of any country, tracing its roots to the civilization of [[Ancient Greece]], which is considered the cradle of all [[Western culture|Western civilization]]; its legacy includes [[Athenian democracy|democracy]], [[Western philosophy]], the [[Olympic Games]], [[Western literature]],{{cite book|author=Carol Strickland|title=The Illustrated Timeline of Western Literature: A Crash Course in Words & Pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw_7eINO_NcC&pg=PA2|year=2007|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4027-4860-8|page=2|quote=Although the first writing originates in the cradle of civilization along Middle Eastern rivers — the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile — the true cradle of Western literature is Athens. As the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley says, \"We are all Greeks.\"}} [[historiography]], [[political science]], major [[History of science in classical antiquity|scientific]] and [[Greek mathematics|mathematical]] principles, and [[Drama|Western drama]], including both [[tragedy]] and [[comedy]]. After centuries of independence, the  Greek [[city-states]] were unified by [[Philip of Macedon]] in the fourth century BCE. His son [[Alexander the Great]] [[Macedonian Empire|rapidly conquered much of the ancient world]], spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the [[Indus River]]. [[Roman Greece|Annexed]] by [[Roman Empire|Rome]] in the second century BCE, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and formed the core of its successor, the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The [[Greek Orthodox Church]], rooted in the first century CE, shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox World]].{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition}} Falling under [[Ottoman Greece|Ottoman dominion]] in the mid-15th century, the [[nation state]] of Greece emerged in 1830 following the [[Greek War of Independence|war of independence]]. The country's rich history is reflected in large part by its 17 [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe#Greece|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], among the [[Table of World Heritage Sites by country|most in Europe and the world]].{{cite web|title=Greece Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (17)|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gr|website=Unesco|publisher=Unesco}}\n\nGreece is a [[democracy|democratic]] and [[developed country]] with an advanced [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]], a high [[quality of life]] and a very high [[Human Development Index|standard of living]]. A founding member of the [[United Nations]], Greece was the tenth member to join the [[European Communities]] (precursor to the [[European Union]]) and has been part of the [[Eurozone]] since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the [[Council of Europe]], [[NATO]],{{Refn | group = lower-alpha | name=\"integrated1974\" | On 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of [[NATO]] in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus; Greece rejoined NATO in 1980.}}  [[OECD]], [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]], [[OSCE]] and the [[WTO]]. Greece, which is one of the world's [[Greek shipping|largest shipping powers]], [[middle power]]s and [[Tourism in Greece|top tourist destinations]], has the [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|largest economy]] in the [[Balkans]], where it is an important regional investor.\n\n== Etymology ==\n{{Main|Name of Greece}}\nThe names for the nation of Greece and [[Names of the Greeks|the Greek people]] differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the [[Greeks]] call the country ''{{transl|el|Hellas}}'' or ''{{transl |el|Ellada}}'' ({{lang-el|Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα}}) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the [[Latin]] term ''{{lang|la|Graecia}}'' as used by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] name [[:wikt:Γραικός|{{lang|el| nocat=true|Γραικός}}]]. However, the name ''{{transl |el|Hellas}}'' is sometimes used in English as well.\n\n== History ==\n{{Main|History of Greece}}\n\n=== Ancient and Classical periods ===\n{{Main|Ancient Greece|Classical Greece}}\n[[File:Knossos bull.jpg|thumb|260px|left|[[Fresco]] displaying the Minoan ritual of \"bull leaping\", found in [[Knossos]], [[Crete]].]]\n[[File:Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg|thumb|260px|right|The [[Lion Gate]], [[Mycenae]]]]\n[[File:Greek Colonization Archaic Period.png|300px|thumb|right|Greek territories and [[Greek colonies|colonies]] during the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] period (750-550 BC)]]\n[[File:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The [[Parthenon]] on the [[Acropolis of Athens]] is one of the best known symbols of [[classical Greece]].]]\n\nThe earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern [[Balkans]], dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the [[Petralona cave]], in the Greek province of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]].{{cite book|author=Eugene N. Borza|title=In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=614pd07OtfQC&pg=PA58|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-00880-9|page=58}}  All three stages of the stone age ([[Paleolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], and [[Neolithic]]) are represented in Greece, for example in the [[Franchthi Cave]].{{Citation | last1 = Douka | first1 = K. | last2 = Perles | first2 = C. | last3 = Valladas | first3 = H. | last4 = Vanhaeren | first4 = M. | last5 = Hedges | first5 = R.E.M. | title =  Franchthi Cave revisited: the age of the Aurignacian in south-eastern Europe | page = 1133 | url = http://www.academia.edu/1129937/Douka_K._Perles_C._Valladas_H._Vanhaeren_M._Hedges_R.E.M._2011._Franchthi_Cave_revisited_the_age_of_the_Aurignacian_in_south-eastern_Europe._Antiquity_85_1131-1150 | publisher = Antiquity Magazine | year = 2011}}  [[Neolithic]] settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the [[Near East]] to Europe.{{Citation | last = Perlès | first = Catherine | title = The Early Neolithic in Greece: The First Farming Communities in Europe | page = 1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LQQ3tx5_t7QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=perles+greece+farming+europe+neolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6SrmT4rlDq620QXms7WACQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=sesklo&f=false | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001}}\n\nGreece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,{{cite book|author1=Richard Bulliet|author2=Pamela Crossley|author3=Daniel Headrick|author4=Steven Hirsch|author5=Lyman Johnson|title=The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume I: To 1550|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0AaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|date=1 January 2014|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-43691-3|page=60}}{{cite book| first =Hans | last = Slomp|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA50 |accessdate=5 December 2012|date=30 September 2011 | publisher =ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|page=50|quote= Greek Culture and Democracy.  As the cradle of European civilization, Greece long, long ago discovered the value and beauty of the individual human being; Greek gods were actually no more than super-humans.  Around 500 BC, Greece}}{{cite book| first =Robert K | last = Fullinwider|title=Public Education in a Multicultural Society: Policy, Theory, Critique|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrXWLLwigTEC&pg=PA55 |accessdate=5 December 2012 |date=26 January 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49958-3 |page=55 |quote=Similarly obscured was the influence of Egypt on Greece, which European civilization honors as its fountainhead.}}{{cite book| first1 = Richard W | last1 = Bulliet | first2 = Pamela | last2 = Kyle Crossley| first3= Daniel R | last3 = Headrick| first4 = Lyman L | last4 = Johnson | first5 = Steven W | last5 = Hirsch|title=The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History to 1550|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TM4cFlroi7AC&pg=PA95|accessdate=5 December 2012|date=21 February 2007 | publisher =Cengage |isbn=978-0-618-77150-9|page=95|quote= The emergence of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete and the Mycenaean civilization of Greece is another... was home to the first European civilization to have complex political and social structures and advanced technologies}}{{cite book| first =Sarah B | last = Pomeroy|title=Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INUT5sZku1UC|accessdate=5 December 2012|year=1999 | publisher =Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509742-9|quote=Written by four leading authorities on the classical world, here is a new history of ancient Greece that dynamically presents a generation of new scholarship on the birthplace of Western civilization.}}{{cite book| first = Richard C | last = Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA847 |accessdate=5 December 2012|date=31 December 2004 | publisher =ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|page= 847|quote= People appear to have first entered Greece as hunter-gatherers from southwest Asia about 50,000 years... of Bronze Age culture and technology laid the foundations for the rise of Europe's first civilization, Minoan Crete}}{{citekill}} beginning with the [[Cycladic civilization]] on the islands of the [[Aegean Sea]] at around 3200 BC,{{Citation | last = Sansone | first = David | title = Ancient Greek civilization | page = 5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YJONdN0dNYQC&pg=PT27&dq=cycladic+civilization&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6i_qT77vBYOe0QXUmZhc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=cycladic%20civilization&f=false | publisher = Wiley | year = 2011}} the [[Minoan civilization]] in Crete (2700–1500 BC),{{cite book| title= World and Its Peoples| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1458|accessdate=5 December 2012|date=September 2009|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7902-4|page= 1458|quote=Greece was home to the earliest European civilizations, the Minoan civilization of Crete, which developed around 2000 BCE, and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland, which emerged about 400 years later. The ancient Minoan}} and then the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as [[Linear A]], and the Mycenaeans in [[Linear B]], an early form of [[Greek language|Greek]]. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the [[Bronze Age collapse]].{{Citation | last = Drews | first = Robert |author-link=Robert Drews | title = The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 BC | page = 3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=greece+bronze+age+collapse&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jTDmT--vJsi70QXWp8T6CA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=greece%20bronze%20age%20collapse&f=false | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1995}} This ushered in a period known as the [[Greek Dark Ages]], from which written records are absent.\n\nThe end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]].{{Citation | first = John R | last = Short | title = An Introduction to Urban Geography | page = 10 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uGE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10&dq=greek+dark+ages+776+BC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nTfmT_uSIOek0QXhtOzoCA&sqi=2&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=greek%20dark%20ages%20776%20BC&f=false | publisher = Routledge | year = 1987}} The ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', the foundational texts of [[Western literature]], are believed to have been composed by [[Homer]] in the 8th or 7th centuries BCVidal-Naquet, Pierre. ''Le monde d'Homère'' (The World of Homer), Perrin (2000), p. 19.[[D.C.H. Rieu]]'s introduction to ''The Odyssey'' (Penguin, 2003), p. ''xi''. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and [[city-state]]s across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the [[Black Sea]], [[Magna Grecia|Southern Italy]] (''{{lang-la|Magna Graecia}}'', or ''Greater Greece'') and [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]]. These states and their colonies reached great levels of [[wealth|prosperity]] that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of [[classical Greece]], expressed in [[Architecture of ancient Greece|architecture]], [[Theatre of ancient Greece|drama]], [[Ancient Greek science|science]], [[Greek mathematics|mathematics]] and [[Ancient Greek philosophy|philosophy]]. In 508 BC, [[Cleisthenes]] instituted the world's first [[Athenian democracy|democratic]] system of government in [[Athens]].{{Citation | first = John | last = Dunn | title = Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC – 1993 AD | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1994 | ISBN = 0-19-827934-5}}{{Citation | first1 = Kurt A | last1 = Raaflaub | first2 = Josiah | last2 = Ober | first3 = Robert W | last3 = Wallace | title = Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2007 | ISBN = 0-520-24562-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6qaSHHMaGVkC}}\n\nBy 500 BC, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] controlled the Greek city states in [[Asia Minor]] and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well.Joseph Roisman,Ian Worthington. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA345&lpg=PA345&dq=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&source=bl&ots=K7qasgPG1K&sig=lkiajbVuNcHEbI5Lz3MnvIUBG1U&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=sb6RVP2qHoPUaqeGgZgE&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Achaemenid%20Persians%20ruled%20balkans&f=false \"A companion to Ancient Macedonia\"] John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN 144435163X pp 135-138, p 343 Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule [[Ionian Revolt|failed]], and Persia [[First Persian invasion of Greece|invaded the states of mainland Greece]] in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the [[Battle of Marathon]] in 490 BC. A [[second Persian invasion of Greece|second invasion]] by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at [[Battle of Thermopylae|Thermopylae]] by [[Sparta]]ns and other Greeks led by [[Leonidas I|King Leonidas]], and a simultaneous naval engagement at [[Battle of Artemisium|Artemisium]],Brian Todd Carey, Joshua Allfree, John Cairns. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=3OSfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32&dq=persia+overran+modern+day+greece&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=N9Z0VffXHoqR7AbFhoOYDQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=persia%20overran%20modern%20day%20greece&f=false ''Warfare in the Ancient World''] Pen and Sword, 19 jan. 2006 ISBN 978-1848846302{{page needed|date=October 2015}} Persian forces occupied [[Athens]], which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece.{{cite book|author1=Aeschylus,|author2=Peter Burian|author3=Alan Shapiro|title=The Complete Aeschylus: Volume II: Persians and Other Plays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kTiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|date=17 February 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-045183-7|page=18}} Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at [[Battle of Salamis|Salamis]], [[Battle of Plataea|Plataea]], and [[Battle of Mycale|Mycale]], the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] are considered a pivotal moment in world history,{{cite book|author=Barry Strauss|title=The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece -- and Western Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQFtMcD5dOsC|date=16 August 2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7453-1|pages=1–11}} as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as [[Fifth-century Athens|Golden Age of Athens]], the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization.\n\n[[File:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Alexander the Great]] on his horse [[Bucephalus]]]]\nLack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states.  The most devastating intra-Greek war was the [[Peloponnesian War]] (431–404 BC), won by [[Sparta]] and marking the demise of the [[Athenian Empire]] as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by [[Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)|Thebes]] and eventually [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]], with the latter uniting the Greek world in the [[League of Corinth]] (also known as the ''Hellenic League'' or ''Greek League'') under the guidance of [[Phillip II of Macedon|Phillip II]], who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.\n\nFollowing the assassination of Phillip II, his son [[Alexander III of Macedon|Alexander III]] (\"The Great\") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Undefeated in battle, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC. By the time of his death in 323 BC, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to India. His empire split into several kingdoms upon his death, the most famous of which were the [[Seleucid Empire]], [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] and the [[Indo-Greeks|Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. Many Greeks migrated to [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]], [[Seleucia]] and the many other new Hellenistic cities in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]].{{cite web|author=Ian Morris|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf|title=The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC|format=PDF|publisher=[[Princeton University]]|date=December 2005}} Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it resulted in the [[Hellenistic civilization]] and spread the Greek language and Greek culture in the territories conquered by Alexander.{{cite web|author=John Ferguson|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260307/Hellenistic-Age|title=Hellenistic Age: Ancient Greek history|publisher=Online Encyclopaedia Britannica|work=britannica.com|accessdate=29 April 2012}} Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.{{Citation | first1 = Cynthia | last1 = Kosso | first2 = Anne | last2 = Scott | title = The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance | publisher =\nBrill | year = 2009 | page = 51 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC&pg=PA51&dq=hellenistic+mathematics+science+technology&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BxapUKriD-yM0wWvy4G4BQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=hellenistic%20mathematics%20science%20technology&f=false}}\n\n=== Hellenistic and Roman periods (323 BC – 4th century AD) ===\n{{Main|Hellenistic Greece|Roman Greece}}\n{{See also|Wars of Alexander the Great|Roman Empire}}\n[[File:NAMA Machine d'Anticythère 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Antikythera mechanism]] (c. 100 BC) is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog computer ([[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]).]]\n\nAfter a [[Wars of the Diadochi|period of confusion]] following Alexander's death, the [[Antigonid dynasty]], descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC.{{cite book | last = Spielvogel | first = Jackson | title = Western Civilization | volume = I: To 1715 | publisher = Thomson Wadsworth | year = 2005 | pages = 89–90 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xcNIBlwrjMsC&pg=PA89&dq=Antigonid+dynasty#PPA90,M1 | isbn = 0-534-64603-4}} From about 200 BC the [[Ancient Rome|Roman Republic]] became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a [[Macedonian Wars|series of wars with Macedon]].{{cite book |title= The Roman Republic | editor-last=Flower | editor-first=Harriet |year=2004 |isbn=0-521-00390-3 | pages=248, 258}} Macedon's defeat at the [[Battle of Pydna]] in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece.{{Citation | title = Britannica | contribution = Antigonid dynasty | year = 2008 | edition = online}} In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.{{cite book |title=A history of the Roman people |last1=Ward |first1=Allen Mason |year=2003 |isbn= 978-0-13-038480-5 |page= 276|display-authors=etal}}\n\nThe process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor [[Augustus]] annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the [[senatorial province]] of [[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]]. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became [[Greco-Roman world|heavily influenced]] by the achievements of Greek culture, hence [[Horace]]'s famous statement: ''Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit'' (\"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive\").{{cite book |title=Ancient Rome: An Introductory History |last=Zoch |first=Paul | year= 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8061-3287-7 |page=136 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=95bu0O3LLlsC&pg=PA136&dq=Graecia+capta+ferum+victorem+cepit&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VUudT7z-NsH80QWt4tmVDw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Graecia%20capta%20ferum%20victorem%20cepit&f=false |accessdate=29 April 2012}} The epics of [[Homer]] inspired the [[Aeneid]] of [[Virgil]], and authors such as [[Seneca the younger]] wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as [[Scipio Africanus]], tended to study [[philosophy]] and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The [[Roman Emperor]] [[Nero]] visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the [[Ancient Olympic Games]], despite the rules against non-Greek participation. [[Hadrian]] was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an [[eponymous archon]] of Athens.\n\nGreek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,{{cite book | title= Backgrounds of Early Christianity | last = Ferguson | first = Everett | year = 2003 |isbn= 978-0-8028-2221-5 |pages= 617–18}} and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably [[St Paul]]) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself.{{cite book | title= Ancient Rome | last = Dunstan | first = William | year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7425-6834-1 |page=500 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xkOhwFzz1AkC&pg=PA500&dq=early+christian+leaders+speak+greek&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rFydT6f-OYiQ0AWjhtDlDg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=early%20christian%20leaders%20speak%20greek&f=false |accessdate=29 April 2012}} The [[New Testament]] was written in Greek, and some of its sections ([[First Epistle to the Corinthians|Corinthians]], [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|Thessalonians]], [[Epistle to the Philippians|Philippians]], [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] of St. John of [[Patmos]]) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in [[early Christianity]]. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD,{{cite book |title=Early Christian Art and Architecture |last = Milburn |first=Robert |year=1992 |page=158 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C&pg=PA158&dq=early+christianity+greece&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-1CdT5P_Dor68QPnnbzbDg&ved=0CG4Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=early%20christianity%20greece&f=false |accessdate=29 April 2012}} when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor [[Theodosius I]] in 391-392.{{cite book|author1=Gerard Friell|author2=Peabody Professor of North American Archaeology and Ethnography Emeritus Stephen Williams|author3=Stephen Williams|title=Theodosius: The Empire at Bay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8KRAgAAQBAJ|date=8 August 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-78262-7|page=105}}  The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393,{{cite book|author=Tony Perrottet|title=The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2VPMUBAxUUC&pg=PA190|accessdate=1 April 2013|date=8 June 2004|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-58836-382-4|pages=190–}} and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD{{cite book|author=James Allan Stewart Evans|title=The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDNv6qZ_I-IC|date=January 2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32582-3|pages=65–70}} and even later.{{cite book|author=J. F. Haldon|title=Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31917-1|page=329}} The closure of the [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonic]] [[Academy of Athens]] by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD.{{cite book |title= Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present |last=Makrides |first=Nikolaos |year=2009 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9568-2 |page=206 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kKOY5NsekfkC&pg=PA17&dq=hellenic+polytheism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tQaeT4PAD8msjALr_rCTAQ&ved=0CEYQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=10th%20century&f=false |accessdate=29 April 2012}}\n\n=== Medieval period (4th century – 1453) ===\n{{Main|Byzantine Greece|Frankokratia}}\n{{See also|Byzantine Empire|Stato da Màr}}\n[[File:Justinian555AD.png|thumb|right|300px|The [[Byzantine Empire]] at its greatest extent under [[Justinian I]], in 555 AD]]\n[[File:Turkey-3019 - Hagia Sophia (2216460729).jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Hagia Sophia]] (''Αγιά Σοφιά'') [[church (building)|church]] in [[Constantinople]] is the epitome of [[Byzantine architecture]]. It was constructed between 532 and 537 by the [[Greeks|Greek]] scientists [[Isidore of Miletus]] and [[Anthemius of Tralles]] on the orders of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian I]].{{cite book\n  | last = Kleiner\n  | first = Fred S.\n  |author2=Christin J. Mamiya\n  | title = [[Gardner's Art Through the Ages|Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Volume I, Chapters 1–18]]\n  | publisher=Wadsworth\n  | location= Mason, OH\n  | edition=12th\n  | year = 2008\n  | page=329\n  | isbn =0-495-46740-5}}]]\n\nThe Roman Empire in the east, following the [[Decline of the Roman Empire|fall of the Empire in the west]] in the 5th century, is conventionally known as the Byzantine Empire (but was simply called \"Roman Empire\" in its own time) and lasted until 1453. With its capital in [[Constantinople]], its language and literary culture was Greek and its religion was predominantly [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christian]].{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies |editor-last=Jeffreys |editor-first=Elizabeth |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-925246-6 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C&pg=PA4&dq=byzantine+predominantly+greek+culturally&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QOucT52cL8Sm0AXG3cX2Dg&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=byzantine%20predominantly%20greek%20culturally&f=false |accessdate=29 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20130606230132/https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C&pg=PA4&dq=byzantine+predominantly+greek+culturally&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QOucT52cL8Sm0AXG3cX2Dg&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg |archivedate=6 June 2013 }}\n\nFrom the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the ''[[Migration Period|Barbarian Invasions]]''. The raids and devastation of the [[Goths]] and [[Huns]] in the 4th and 5th centuries and the [[South Slavs|Slavic]] invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula.{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 35–6}} Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority.{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 35–6}} Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 63–6}}{{Citation | first = TE | last = Gregory | title = A History of Byzantium | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2010 | page = 169 | quote = It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic \"invasions\" were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier, although the creation of new political groups and arrival of small immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct from their neighbors, including the Byzantines.}}\n\nThe Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century.{{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26387/Byzantine-recovery |title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: Byzantine recovery | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica | work = Online |accessdate=28 April 2012}}{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp =79–83}} This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated.{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 63–6}} During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth – much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.\n\nFollowing the [[Fourth Crusade]] and the fall of Constantinople to the \"[[Latins#Middle Ages|Latins]]\" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek [[Despotate of Epirus#Foundation|Despotate of Epirus]] (a Byzantine successor state) and [[French people#Frankish Kingdom|Frankish]] rule{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26389/Results-of-the-Fourth-Crusade|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: Results of the Fourth Crusade|publisher=Online Encyclopaedia Britannica|work=britannica.com|accessdate=28 April 2012}} (known as the ''[[Frankokratia]]''), while some islands came under [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] rule.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26395/The-islands|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: The islands|publisher=Online Encyclopaedia Britannica|work=britannica.com|accessdate=14 May 2012}} The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish [[Principality of Achaea]] in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek [[Despotate of Epirus]] in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.\n\nIn the 14th century, much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the [[Serbs]] and then to the [[Ottomans]].{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: Serbian and Ottoman advances|publisher=Online Encyclopaedia Britannica|work=britannica.com|accessdate=28 April 2012}} By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese ([[Despotate of the Morea]]). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: The Peloponnese advances|publisher=Online Encyclopaedia Britannica|work=britannica.com|accessdate=28 April 2012}} With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving [[Classical Greece|Classical Greek]] knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly [[Greek scholars in the Renaissance|contributing to the Renaissance]].{{cite book |title= A Short History of Byzantium |last= Norwich |first= John Julius|year=1997 |publisher= Vintage Books |isbn=0-679-77269-3 |page = xxi}}\n\n=== Ottoman period (15th century – 1821) ===\n{{Main|Ottoman Greece}}\n{{See also|Phanariotes}}\n\n[[File:Angelokastro (Corfu).jpg|thumb|right|260px|The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] castle of [[Angelokastro (Corfu)|Angelokastro]] successfully repulsed the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] during the [[Siege of Corfu (1537)|First Great Siege of Corfu in 1537]], the siege of 1571, and the [[Siege of Corfu (1716)|Second Great Siege of Corfu in 1716]], causing them to abandon their plans to conquer [[Corfu]].{{cite book|author=Nondas Stamatopoulos|title=Old Corfu: history and culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6m0-AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=6 April 2013|year=1993|publisher=N. Stamatopoulos|pages=164–165|quote=Again, during the first great siege of Corfu by the Turks in 1537, Angelocastro ... and After a siege lasting a year the invaders were finally driven away by the defenders of the fortress who were helped by the inhabitants of the neighbouring villages. In 1571, when they once more invaded Corfu, the Turks again unsuccessfully attacked, Angelocastro, where 4,000 people had taken refuge. During the second great siege of the city by the Turks in 1716, Angelokastro once again served}}]]\n\nWhile most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, [[Cyprus]] and [[Crete]] remained [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the [[Ionian Islands]], which remained Venetian until their capture by the [[First French Republic]] in 1797, then passed to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.{{Sfn | Clogg | 1992}}{{Rp | needed = yes | date = March 2013}}\n\nWhile Greeks in the Ionian Islands and [[Constantinople]] lived in prosperity, and Greeks living in Constantinople achieved positions of power within the Ottoman administration,{{Sfn | Clogg | 1992}}{{Rp | needed = yes | date = March 2013}} much of the population of mainland Greece suffered the economic consequences of the Ottoman conquest. Heavy taxes were enforced, and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates, effectively turning the rural Greek populations into [[serfdom|serfs]].{{Citation | last1 = Kourvetaris | first1 = George | last2 = Dobratz | first2 = Betty | title = A profile of modern Greece: in search of identity | page = 33 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ePwcAAAAYAAJ&q=Greece+chiflik+serfs&dq=Greece+chiflik+serfs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1bnkT-GfAcix0QXl9biBCQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ | publisher = Clarendon Press | year = 1987}}\n\nThe [[Greek Orthodox Church]] and the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to [[Islam]], Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.{{Sfn | Clogg | 1992}}{{Rp | needed = yes | date = March 2013}}\n\n[[File:White Tower Thessaloniki 2009.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[White Tower of Thessaloniki]], one of the best-known Ottoman structures remaining in Greece]]\nThe nature of Ottoman administration of Greece varied, though it was invariably arbitrary and often harsh.{{Sfn | Clogg | 1992}}{{Rp | needed = yes | date = March 2013}} Some cities had governors appointed by the [[Ottoman Sultan|Sultan]], while others (like Athens) were self-governed municipalities. Mountains regions in the interior and many islands remained effectively autonomous from the central Ottoman state for many centuries.{{Sfn | Clogg | 1992}}{{Rp | needed = yes | date = March 2013}}\n\nWhen military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the [[Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571, the [[Dionysius the Philosopher|Epirus peasants' revolts]] of 1600–1601, the [[Morean War]] of 1684–1699, and the [[Russian Empire|Russian]]-instigated [[Orlov Revolt]] in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.{{Sfn | Clogg | 1992}}{{Rp | needed = yes | date = March 2013}} These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.{{Citation | first = Lyn | last = Harrington | title = Greece and the Greeks | page = 124 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d7BAAAAAIAAJ&q=greece+revolts+ottoman+rule+bloodshed&dq=greece+revolts+ottoman+rule+bloodshed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BI61T4PPBaWMiAKw79nQBg&ved=0CF8Q6AEwBg | publisher = T Nelson | year = 1968}}, 221 pp.{{Citation | first1 = Jamie | last1 = Stokes | first2 = Anthony | last2 = Gorman | title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East | page = 256 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA256&dq=greece+ottoman+rule+revolts+orlov&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XIi1T8O8J8nPiAKhwZiHBw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=greece%20ottoman%20rule%20revolts%20orlov&f=false | publisher = Infobase | year = 2010 | ISBN = 978-1-4381-2676-0}}\n\nThe 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a \"dark age\" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. [[Corfu]] withstood three major sieges in [[Siege of Corfu (1537)|1537]], 1571 and [[Siege of Corfu (1716)#The Siege of Corfu|1716]] all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the [[Reformation]] and the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], these ideas together with the ideals of the [[French Revolution]] and [[romantic nationalism]] began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.{{Sfn | Clogg | 1992}}{{Rp | needed = yes | date = March 2013}} In the late 18th century, [[Rigas Feraios]], the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in [[Vienna]], and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.{{Sfn | Clogg | 1992}}{{Rp | needed = yes | date = March 2013}}{{Citation | first = Olga | last = Katsiaridi-Hering | contribution = La famiglia nell'economia europea, secc. XIII-XVIII | title = Atti della \"quarantesima Settimana di studi,\" 6–10 Aprile 2008 | publisher = Istituto internazionale di storia economica F. Datini. Simonetta Cavaciocchi. Firenze University Press | year = 2009 | ISBN = 978-88-8453-910-6 | page = 410 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WsyHfHzeP_8C&pg=PA410&dq=rigas+feraios+murdered&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GHu1T_jTE-LjiAKuoeSUBw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=rigas%20feraios%20murdered&f=false}}\n\n=== Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) ===\n{{Main|Greek War of Independence}}\n{{See also|Modern Greek Enlightenment|Wikisource:Greek_Declaration_of_Independence|label 2=Greek Declaration of Independence|First Hellenic Republic}}\n\n[[File:The sortie of Messologhi by Theodore Vryzakis.jpg|thumb|right|240px|''The sortie of Messolonghi'', during the [[Greek War of Independence]] (1821–1830), by [[Theodoros Vryzakis]].]]\n\nIn 1814, a secret organization called the [[Filiki Eteria]] (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the [[Peloponnese]], the [[Danubian Principalities]] and [[Constantinople]]. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of [[Alexander Ypsilantis (1792–1828)|Alexandros Ypsilantis]], but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the [[Maniots]] declared war on the Ottomans.Brewer, D. ''The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation.'' Overlook Press, 2001, ISBN 1-58567-172-X, pp. 235–36.\n\nBy the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] had captured [[Tripoli, Greece|Tripolitsa]]. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in [[Crete]], [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] and [[Central Greece]], which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the [[Aegean Sea]] and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including [[Chios Massacre|Chios]] and [[Destruction of Psara|Psara]], committing wholesale [[Massacres during the Greek Revolution|massacres]] of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.{{Sfn | Clogg | 1992}}{{Rp | needed = yes | date = March 2013}}\n\nTensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the [[Ottoman Sultan]] negotiated with [[Mehmet Ali of Egypt]], who agreed to send his son [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of [[Missolonghi]]—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in [[Mani Peninsula|Mani]], he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and [[Athens]] had been retaken.\n\nAfter years of negotiation, three Great Powers, [[Russian Empire|Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Bourbon Restoration|France]], decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of [[Hydra, Saronic Islands|Hydra]], the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at [[Pylos|Navarino]]. After a week-long standoff, a [[Battle of Navarino|battle]] began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. A [[Morea expedition|French expeditionary force]] was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the [[First Hellenic Republic|nascent Greek state]] was finally recognized under the [[London Protocol (1830)|London Protocol]] in 1830.\n\n=== Kingdom of Greece ===\n{{See also|Kingdom of Greece}}\n[[File:Otto's entry in Athens.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Entry of [[Otto of Greece|King Otto]] in Athens'', [[Peter von Hess]], 1839.]]\n[[File:Greekhistory.GIF|thumb|right|300px|The territorial evolution of [[Kingdom of Greece]] until 1947.]]\n\nIn 1827, [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], from [[Corfu]], was chosen as the first governor of the [[First Hellenic Republic]]. Following his assassination in 1831 and the subsequent [[London Conference of 1832|conference a year later]], the [[Great Power]]s of Britain, France and Russia installed Bavarian Prince [[Otto of Greece|Otto von Wittelsbach]] as [[Kingdom of Greece|monarch]].{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-king-of-Greece|title=Otto: King of Greece|publisher=Online Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2 September 2015}} In 1843 an uprising forced the king to grant a constitution and a representative assembly.\n\nDue to his authoritarian rule, he was eventually dethroned in 1862 and a year later replaced by Prince Wilhelm (William) of Denmark, who took the name [[George I of Greece|George I]] and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain. In 1877 [[Charilaos Trikoupis]], who is credited with significant improvement of the country's infrastructure, curbed the power of the monarchy to interfere in the assembly by issuing the rule of [[Motion of no confidence|vote of confidence]] to any potential prime minister.\n\nCorruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the [[Corinth Canal]] overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of [[Sovereign default|public insolvency]] in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called [[Modern Greek|Demotic]]. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of [[Ancient Greek]].\n\nGovernment documents and newspapers were consequently published in ''[[Katharevousa]]'' (purified) Greek, a form which few ordinary Greeks could read. Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language, but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts, to the extent that, when the [[New Testament]] was translated into Demotic in 1901, riots erupted in Athens and the government fell (the ''Evangeliaka''). This issue would continue to plague Greek politics until the 1970s.\n\nAll Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, regardless of the dialect they spoke. Especially in [[Crete]], a [[Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)|prolonged revolt in 1866–1869]] had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russia and the Ottomans in 1877]], Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, [[Thessaly]] and small parts of [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] were ceded to Greece as part of the [[Treaty of Berlin, 1878|Treaty of Berlin]], while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete.\n\nGreeks in Crete continued to stage regular revolts, and in 1897, the Greek government under Theodoros Deligiannis, bowing to popular pressure, declared war on the Ottomans. In the ensuing [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|Greco-Turkish War of 1897]] the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated by the Ottomans. Through the intervention of the Great Powers however, Greece lost only a little territory along the border to Turkey, while Crete was established as an [[Cretan State|autonomous state]] under [[Prince George of Greece]].\n\n=== World Wars and emerging republic ===\n{{See also|Greek Struggle for Macedonia|Balkan Wars|National Schism|Asia Minor Campaign|4th of August Regime|Greco-Italian War|Battle of Greece|Axis occupation of Greece|Greek Civil War|Greek military junta of 1967–74}}\n[[File:Konstantine Venizelos 1913.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] with PM [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] (seated, with back to camera) in 1913, during the [[Balkan Wars]]]]\n[[File:Greece in the Treaty of Sèvres.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Map of Greater Greece after the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], when the ''[[Megali Idea]]'' seemed close to fulfillment, featuring [[Eleftherios Venizelos]].]]\n[[File:Greek Army during Primavera Offensive Klisura March 1941.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Greek troops during the [[Italian Spring Offensive]] (1941) in the [[Greco-Italian War]]. Greece's victory against [[Kingdom of Italy|Fascist Italy]], gave the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] their first victory over [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces on land in [[World War II]].]]\n[[File:Accession of Greece to the European Union.png|thumb|200px|Signing at [[Zappeion]] of the documents for the accession of Greece to the [[European Union|European Communities]] in 1979.]]\n\nAt the end of the [[Balkan Wars]], the extent of Greece's territory and population had increased.  In the following years, the struggle between [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] and charismatic Prime Minister [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into [[National Schism|two opposing groups]].  During parts of the First World War, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in [[Athens]] and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in [[Thessaloniki]].  The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the [[Triple Entente]].\n\nIn the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into [[Asia Minor]], a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922]], contributing to a massive flight of [[Ottoman Greeks|Asia Minor Greeks]].{{cite book |author=Matthew J. Gibney, [[Randall Hansen]]. |title=Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present, Volume 3 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location= |year=2005 |page=377 |isbn=1-57607-796-9 |quote=The total number of Christians who fled to Greece was probably in the region of I.2 million with the main wave occurring in 1922 before the signing of the convention. According to the official records of the Mixed Commission set up to monitor the movements, the \"Greeks' who were transferred after 1923 numbered 189,916 and the number of Muslims expelled to Turkey was 355,635 (Ladas I932, 438-439); but using the same source Eddy 1931, 201 states that the post-1923 exchange involved 192,356 Greeks from Turkey and 354,647 Muslims from Greece.}}{{cite book |last=Sofos |first=Spyros A. |author-link=Spyros Sofos |last2=Özkirimli |first2=Umut |author2-link=Umut Özkirimli |title=Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey |publisher=C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd |location= |year=2008 |pages=116–117 |isbn=1-85065-899-4 }} These events overlapped, with both happening during the [[Greek genocide]] (1914-1922),{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction | url = | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14}}{{Citation | url = http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html | title = Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament | type = full text | newspaper = News | place = AM}}, containing both the IAGS and the Swedish resolutions.Gaunt, David. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Massacres,+Resistance,+Protectors&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I]''. Piscataway, [[New Jersey|NJ]]: Gorgias Press, 2006.{{Citation | author-link = Chris Hedges| last = Hedges | first = Chris | date = 17 September 2000 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/17/nyregion/a-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html | title = A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost | newspaper = [[The New York Times]]}} a period during which, according to various sources,{{Citation | first = RJ | last = Rummel | author-link = R. J. Rummel | year = 1998 | title = The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective | journal = Idea Journal of Social Issues | volume = 3 | number = 2}} Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor [[Greeks]]. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey]]. The exchange was part of the terms of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] which ended the war.{{cite web|author=Annette Grossbongardt|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/christians-in-turkey-the-diaspora-welcomes-the-pope-a-451140.html|title=Christians in Turkey: The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=28 November 2006}}\n\nThe following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society. Because the term \"Greeks\" in the exchange was based on religion [[Cappadocian Greeks]], [[Pontian Greeks]], and [[Antiochian Greeks|non Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy]] were all subject to the exchange as well. Many of these refugees couldn't even speak the language, and were from alien environments, such as the case of the non Greeks and Cappadocians. The refugees also made a dramatic post war population boost, as the amount of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population.Howland, Charles P. [http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68710/charles-p-howland/greece-and-her-refugees \"Greece and Her Refugees\"], ''Foreign Affairs,'' [[The Council on Foreign Relations]]. July 1926. The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains, where they would adapt better, and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities, where they were already adapted to.\n\nFollowing the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished [[Greek republic referendum, 1924|via a referendum]] in 1924 and the [[Second Hellenic Republic]] was declared.  Premier [[Georgios Kondylis]] took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via [[Greek monarchy referendum, 1935|a referendum]] in 1935.  A [[coup d'état]] followed in 1936 and installed [[Ioannis Metaxas]] as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the [[4th of August Regime]].  Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.\n\nOn 28 October 1940, [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]] demanded the surrender of Greece, but the Greek administration refused and in the following [[Greco-Italian War]], Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania, giving the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] their first victory over [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces on land. The Greek struggle and victory against the Italians received exuberant praise at the time. Most prominent is the quote of [[Winston Churchill]]:\n
''\"Hence we will not say that [[Greeks]] fight like heroes, but we will say that heroes fight like Greeks.\"''{{cite video |people=Pilavios, Konstantinos (Director); Tomai, Fotini (Texts & Presentation) |date=25 October 2010 |title=The Heroes Fight like Greeks – Greece during the Second World War |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvDTDbqMzI4#t=51s |medium=Motion Picture |language= Greek |publisher=Service of Diplomatic and Historical Archives of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs |location= Athens |archivedate= |accessdate=28 October 2010|time= 51 sec |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref= }}
 French general [[Charles de Gaulle]] was among those who praised the fierceness of the Greek resistance. In an official notice released to coincide with the Greek national celebration of the Day of Independence, De Gaulle expressed his admiration for the heroic Greek resistance: 
''\"In the name of the captured yet still alive [[French people]], [[France]] wants to send her greetings to the [[Greeks|Greek people]] who are fighting for their freedom. The 25 March 1941 finds Greece in the peak of their heroic struggle and in the top of their glory. Since the [[Battle of Salamis]], Greece had not achieved the greatness and the glory which today holds.\"''Fafalios and Hadjipateras, p. 157
 The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the [[Battle of Greece]], despite the fierce Greek resistance particularly in the [[Battle of the Metaxas Line]]. [[Adolf Hitler]] himself recognised the bravery and the courage of the [[Greek army]], stating in his address to the Reichstag on 11 December 1941, that: 
\"''Historical justice obliges me to state that of the enemies who took up positions against us, the [[Greeks|Greek]] soldier particularly fought with the highest courage. He capitulated only when further resistance had become impossible and useless.''\"{{Cite wikisource |last=Hitler |first= Adolf |authorlink= Adolf Hitler |title= Address to the Reichstag | date = 11 December 1941 |ref= harv}}
\n\nGreece was eventually occupied by the [[Nazis]] who proceeded to administer [[Athens]] and [[Thessaloniki]], while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany's partners, [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]] and [[Bulgaria]]. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Over 100,000 civilians died of [[starvation]] during the winter of 1941–1942, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and [[Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II#Greece|collaborators]], the country's economy was ruined and the great majority of [[History of the Jews in Greece|Greek Jews]] were deported and murdered in [[Nazi concentration camps]].{{Citation | contribution-url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26430/Greek-history-since-World-War-IGreece | contribution = Greek history since World War I | title = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}Mazower (2001), p. 155 The [[Greek Resistance]], one of the most effective resistance movements in [[Europe]] fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators. The [[Nazi Germany|German occupiers]] committed [[German war crimes#Greece|numerous atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages]] in reprisals. In the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless. In total, the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000 and the Italians 9,000.Knopp (2009), p. 193\n\nAfter liberation, Greece experienced a polarising [[Greek Civil War|civil war]] between communist and [[anticommunist]] forces, which led to economic devastation and severe social tensions between [[right-wing politics|rightists]] and largely communist [[left-wing politics|leftists]] for the next thirty years.[[Mark Mazower|Mazower, Mark]].  ''After the War was Over''.  The next twenty years were characterized by marginalisation of the left in the political and social spheres but also by [[Greek economic miracle|rapid economic growth]], propelled in part by the [[Marshall Plan]].\n\nKing [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]]'s [[Apostasia of 1965|dismissal]] of [[George Papandreou (senior)|George Papandreou]]'s centrist government in July 1965 prompted a prolonged period of political turbulence which culminated in a ''coup d'état'' on 21 April 1967 by the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Regime of the Colonels]]. The brutal suppression of the [[Athens Polytechnic uprising]] on 17 November 1973 sent shockwaves through the regime, and a counter-coup established [[Brigadier]] [[Dimitrios Ioannidis]] as dictator.  On 20 July 1974, as [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus]], the regime collapsed.\n\nThe former prime minister [[Konstantinos Karamanlis]] was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since 1963, marking the beginning of the [[Metapolitefsi]] era.  The first multiparty [[Greek legislative election, 1974|elections]] since 1964 were held on the first anniversary of the Polytechnic uprising.  A democratic and republican [[Constitution of Greece|constitution]] was promulgated on 11 June 1975 following a [[Greek republic referendum, 1974|referendum]] which chose to not restore the monarchy.\n\nMeanwhile, [[Andreas Papandreou]] founded the [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since.  Greece rejoined NATO in 1980.History, Editorial Consultant: Adam Hart-Davis. [[Dorling Kindersley]].  ISBN 978-1-85613-062-2. Greece became the tenth member of the [[European Communities]] (subsequently subsumed by the [[European Union]]) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth.  Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels.  Traditionally strained [[Greek–Turkish relations|relations with neighbouring Turkey]] [[Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy|improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999]], leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|bid]] for EU membership.\n\n=== 21st century ===\nThe country adopted the euro in 2001 and successfully hosted the [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Summer Olympic Games]] in Athens.{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/greece/index_en.htm|publisher=[[European Union]]|accessdate=7 April 2007|work=europa.eu|title=Greece}} More recently, Greece has suffered greatly from the [[late-2000s recession]] and has been central to the related [[European sovereign debt crisis]]. The [[Greek government-debt crisis]], subsequent [[austerity|austerity policies]] and [[2010–2012 Greek protests|resultant protests]] have agitated domestic politics and have regularly threatened European and global financial markets since the crisis began in 2010.\n\n== Geography and climate ==\n{{Main|Geography of Greece}}\n{| style=\"float:right; margin:10px\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\n|-\n|
[[File:000 Greqia harta.PNG|center|border]]\n\n
[[File:Flag of Albania.svg|25px|border]]
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[[Albania|Albania]]
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[[File:Flag of Macedonia.svg|25px|border]]
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[[Republic of Macedonia|Rep. Macedonia]]
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[[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|25px|border]]
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[[Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
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[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|25px|border]]
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[[Turkey|Turkey]]
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[[File:Flag of Greece.svg|65px|border]]
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'''Greece'''
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[[Athens|ATHENS]]
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[[Thessaloniki]]
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[[Kavala]]
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[[Thasos]]
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[[Alexandroupoli]]
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[[Samothrace]]
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[[Corfu]]
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[[Igoumenitsa]]
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[[Larissa]]
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[[Volos]]
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[[Lamia]]
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[[Ioannina]]
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[[Chalcis]]
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[[Patras]]
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[[Corinth]]
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[[Nafplion]]
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[[Sparta]]
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[[Kalamata]]
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[[Areopoli]]
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[[Piraeus]]
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[[Eleusina]]
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[[Laurium]]
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[[Heraklion]]
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''[[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]]''
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''[[Western Thrace|Thrace]]''
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''[[Epirus (region)|Epirus]]''
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''[[Thessaly|Thessaly]]''
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''[[Euboea|Euboea]]''
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''[[Central Greece|Central Greece]]''
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''[[Peloponnese|Peloponnese]]''
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[[Mount Olympus|Mt. Olympus]]
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[[Lefkada]]
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[[Kefalonia]]
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[[Zakynthos]]
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[[Lemnos]]
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[[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]]
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[[Chios]]
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[[Samos]]
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[[Andros]]
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[[Tinos]]
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[[Mykonos]]
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[[Icaria]]
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[[Patmos]]
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[[Naxos Island|Naxos]]
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[[Milos]]
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[[Santorini]]
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[[Kos]]
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[[Rhodes]]
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[[Karpathos]]
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[[Kassos]]
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[[Kythira]]
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[[Gavdos]]
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[[Aegean Sea|''Aegean'']]
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[[Aegean Sea|''Sea'']]
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[[Sea of Crete|''Sea of Crete'']]
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[[Myrtoan Sea|''Myrtoan'']]
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[[Myrtoan Sea|''Sea'']]
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[[Ionian Sea|''Ionian'']]
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[[Ionian Sea|''Sea'']]
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[[Mediterranean Sea|''Mediterranean'']]
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[[Mediterranean Sea|''Sea'']]
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''[[Crete|Crete]]'''''
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''[[Aegean Islands|Aegean]]''
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''[[Aegean Islands|Islands]]''
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''[[Cyclades|Cyclades]]''
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''[[Dodecanese|Dodecanese]]''
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''[[Ionian Islands|Ionian]]''
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''[[Ionian Islands|Islands]]''
\n|}\n[[File:Ναυάγιο Ζακύνθου.jpg|thumb|180px|upright|right|[[Navagio]] ([[MV Panagiotis|shipwreck]]) bay, [[Zakynthos]] island]]\n\nLocated in [[Southern Europe]],{{cite web|publisher=[[United Nations|UN]]|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp48.pdf|title=UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES: Working Paper No. 48|format=PDF|date=2006|accessdate=2 September 2015}} Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the [[Balkans]], ending at the [[Peloponnese]] peninsula (separated from the mainland by the [[Corinth Canal|canal]] of the [[Isthmus of Corinth]]) and strategically located at the crossroads of [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[Africa]].{{cite book|author1=Chrēstos G. Kollias|author2=Gülay Günlük-Şenesen|author3=Gülden Ayman|title=Greece and Turkey in the 21st Century: Conflict Or Cooperation: a Political Economy Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_e4CT57tZYC&pg=PA10|accessdate=12 April 2013|year=2003|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-753-0|page=10|quote=Greece's Strategic Position In The Balkans And Eastern Mediterranean Greece is located at the crossroads of three continents (Europe, Asia and Africa). It is an integral part of the Balkans (where it is the only country that is a member of the ...)}}{{cite book|author1=Christina Bratt Paulston|author2=Scott F. Kiesling|author3=Elizabeth S. Rangel|title=The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2_JtZV7ZIYC&pg=PA292|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=13 February 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-6272-2|page=292|quote=Introduction Greece and Turkey are situated at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, the Middle East and [[Africa]], and their inhabitants have had a long history of cultural interaction even though their languages are neither genetically nor typologically ...}}{{cite book|author=Caralampo Focas|title=Transport Issues And Problems In Southeastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MO33_NB5sWcC&pg=PA114|accessdate=12 April 2013|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-1970-3|page=114|quote=Greece itself shows a special geopolitical importance as it is situated at the crossroads of three continents – Europe, Asia and Africa – and can be therefore considered as a natural bridge between Europe and the Middle East}}  Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the [[List of countries by length of coastline|11th longest coastline]] in the world with {{convert|13676|km|mi|0|abbr=on}};{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=gr®ionCode=eu&#gr |title=The World Fact Book – Field Listing :: Coastline |accessdate=17 March 2011 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}} its land boundary is {{convert|1160|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.  The country lies approximately between latitudes [[35th parallel north|34°]] and [[42nd parallel north|42° N]], and longitudes [[19th meridian east|19°]] and [[30th meridian east|30° E]], with the extreme points being:{{cite web|url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_01_0002_00061.pdf |title=Statistical Yearbook of Greece 2009 & 2010 |page=27|publisher=[[Hellenic Statistical Authority]]}}\n*North: [[Ormenio]] village\n*South: [[Gavdos]] island\n*East: [[Strongyli Megistis|Strongyli]] island\n*West: [[Othonoi]] island\n\nEighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. [[Mount Olympus]], the mythical abode of the [[Twelve Olympians|Greek Gods]], culminates at Mytikas peak {{convert|2918|m|ft}},{{cite web |url=http://www.olympusfd.gr/us/infos.asp |title=Olympus the First National Park |author= |date=2008 |website=Management Agency of Olympus National Park |publisher=Management Agency of Olympus National Park |access-date=5 December 2015}} the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the [[Pindus]] mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the [[Dinaric Alps]], reaches a maximum elevation of {{convert|2637|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} at [[Smolikas|Mt. Smolikas]] (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.\n\nThe Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of [[Kythera]] and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends.  The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland.  Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes.  The spectacular [[Vikos Gorge]], part of the [[Vikos-Aoos National Park]] in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world.{{cite book | title=Guinness World Records 2005: Special 50th Anniversary Edition | publisher=Guinness World Records | year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=D4wYAAAAIAAJ&dq=Vikos%2BGuines | isbn= 978-1-892051-22-6| page = 52}}  Another notable formation are the [[Meteora]] rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries.\n\nNortheastern Greece features another high-altitude mountain range, the [[Rhodope Mountains|Rhodope]] range, spreading across the region of [[East Macedonia and Thrace]]; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests, including the famous Dadia forest in the [[Evros (regional unit)|Evros regional unit]], in the far northeast of the country.\n\nExtensive plains are primarily located in the regions of [[Thessaly]], [[Central Macedonia]] and [[Western Thrace|Thrace]].  They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country.  Rare marine species such as the pinniped seals and the [[loggerhead sea turtle]] live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered [[brown bear]], the [[lynx]], the [[roe deer]] and the wild goat.\n\n===Islands===\n{{main|List of islands of Greece}}\nGreece features a [[List of islands of Greece|vast number of islands]], between 1,200 and 6,000, depending on the definition,{{cite book |last=Marker, Sherry; Bowman, John; Kerasiotis, Peter; Sarna, Heidi |title= Frommer's Greek Islands |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2010  |page=12 |isbn= 978-0-470-52664-4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=wvlP7D9C_7gC&pg=PA12}} 227 of which are inhabited.  Crete is the largest and most populous island; [[Euboea]], separated from the mainland by the 60m-wide [[Euripus Strait]], is the second largest, followed by [[Lesbos]] and [[Rhodes]].\n\nThe Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters:  The [[Argo-Saronic Islands]] in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the [[North Aegean islands]], a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the [[Sporades]], a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea.\n\n=== Climate ===\n{{Further|Climate of Greece}}\n[[File:Mytikas.jpg|thumb|220px|A view of [[Mount Olympus]], the highest mountain in Greece and mythical abode of the [[Gods of Olympus]]]]\n\nThe [[climate of Greece]] is primarily [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]], featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.  This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region.  The [[Pindus]] mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a [[rain shadow]] effect).\n\nThe mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], [[Central Greece]], [[Thessaly]], [[Western Macedonia]]) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese – including parts of the regional units of [[Achaea]], [[Arcadia]] and [[Laconia]] – feature an [[Alpine climate]] with heavy snowfalls.  The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and [[East Macedonia and Thrace]] feature a [[temperate climate]] with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms.  Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens.\n\n=== Ecology ===\n[[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], Greece belongs to the [[Boreal Kingdom]] and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the [[Mediterranean Region]] and the Illyrian province of the [[Circumboreal Region]].  According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] and the [[European Environment Agency]], the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six [[ecoregion]]s: the [[Illyrian deciduous forests]], [[Pindus Mountains mixed forests]], [[Balkan mixed forests]], Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.\n\n== Politics ==\n{{Main|Politics of Greece}}\n\nGreece is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[parliamentary republic]].{{cite web|url= http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/syntagma.pdf |archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20070925181747/http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/syntagma.pdf |archivedate=25 September 2007 |title= Syntagma |format= PDF|language= Greek |accessdate=2 August 2009}}{{Dead link|date=April 2014}} {{Dead link|date=February 2014}}  The nominal [[head of state]] is the [[President of Greece|President of the Republic]], who is elected by the [[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament]] for a five-year term.  The current [[Constitution of Greece|Constitution]] was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|military junta of 1967–1974]].  It has been revised three times since, in [[Greek constitutional amendment of 1986|1986]], [[Greek Constitutional amendment of 2001|2001]] and [[Greek constitutional amendment of 2008|2008]]. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a [[separation of powers]] into [[executive branch|executive]], [[legislative branch|legislative]], and [[judicial branch]]es, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of [[civil liberties]] and [[social rights]].{{Sfn | Dagtoglou | 1991 | p = 21}}{{Sfn | Venizelos | 2002 | pp = 131–32, 165–72}} [[Women's suffrage]] was guaranteed with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution.\n\nAccording to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the [[Cabinet of Greece|Government]]. From the [[Greek Constitutional amendment of 1986|Constitutional amendment of 1986]] the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister.{{Harvnb | Mavrias | 2002 | pp = 477–78, 486–87}} The position of [[Prime Minister of Greece|Prime Minister]], Greece's [[head of government]], belongs to the [[List of Prime Ministers of Greece|current leader]] of the [[List of political parties in Greece|political party]] that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.\n\nLegislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective [[unicameralism|unicameral Parliament]].  Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. [[Elections in Greece#Election of the legislature|Parliamentary elections]] are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance.  The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a [[motion of no confidence]].\n\n=== Political parties ===\n{{Main|Political parties of Greece|List of political parties in Greece}}\n[[File:Hellenic Parliament from high above.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The [[Hellenic Parliament]] in central [[Athens]].]]\n[[File:Kapodistrias2.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Count [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], first governor and founder of the modern Greek State]]\n\nSince the restoration of democracy, the Greek party system has been dominated by the liberal-conservative [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] (ND) and the social-democratic [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK).{{Refn | group = lower-alpha | For a diachronic analysis of the Greek party system see {{Harvnb | Pappas | 2003 | pp = 90–114}}, who distinguishes three distinct types of party system which developed in consecutive order, namely, a predominant-party system (from 1952 to 1963), a system of polarised pluralism (between 1963 and 1981), and a two-party system (since 1981).}}  Other significant parties include the [[Communist Party of Greece]] (KKE), the [[Coalition of the Radical Left]] (SYRIZA) the [[Popular Orthodox Rally]] (LAOS) and the [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Popular Association – Golden Dawn]].\n\nIn 2010, two new parties split off from ND and SYRIZA, the centrist-liberal [[Democratic Alliance (Greece)|Democratic Alliance]] (DS) and the moderate leftist [[Democratic Left (Greece)|Democratic Left]] (DA). [[George Papandreou (junior)|George Papandreou]], president of PASOK, won the [[Greek legislative election, 2009|parliamentary elections of October 2009]] with a majority in the Parliament of 160 out of 300 seats.  A new government was sworn in on 20 June 2011, and received a marginal vote of confidence on 22 June, with 155 votes for, 143 against, and two MPs absent.{{cite news | title = Greek Government Survives Confidence Vote| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13869428 | publisher= BBC | work = News |date= 22 June 2011 | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]] |accessdate=5 August 2011}}\n\nSince the beginning of the [[Greek government-debt crisis|government-debt crisis]] in 2009, the two major parties, New Democracy and PASOK, have seen a sharp decline in the share of votes in polls conducted, with recent polls showing support from 34% to 48% for the two major parties.{{cite news | place = GR | url = http://www.vprc.gr/uplds/File/teleytaia%20nea/Epikaira/Political%20Climate%20and%20Governance_December2011.pdf | format = PDF | title = Πολιτική Συγκυρία & Διακυβέρνηση | trans_title = Political climate & governance | date= 22 December 2011 | work = VPRC |accessdate=22 December 2011}}{{Dead link|date=September 2015}}{{cite news | format = PDF | url = http://www.eklogika.gr/uploads/files/Dimoskopiseis/Political_Conjuncture_and_Governance_Jan2012.pdf | title = Πολιτική Συγκυρία & Διακυβέρνηση | trans_title = Political conjuncture & governance | place = GR | date = 26 January 2012 | work = VPRC |accessdate=26 January 2012}}{{cite news | format = PDF | url = http://www.eklogika.gr/uploads/files/Dimoskopiseis/ToThePoint-Ert3_30-1-12.pdf |title = Πανελλαδικη Ερευνα για την ET3 | date = 29 January 2012 | work = To The Point |accessdate=29 January 2012 |place = GR}}{{cite news | publisher = Ek logika | place = GR | url = http://www.eklogika.gr/uploads/files/Dimoskopiseis/PulseRC-ToPontiki_2-2-2012.pdf | title = Ερευνα της Pulse RC για το Ποντικι |date=2 February 2012 |work=Pulse RC |accessdate=2 February 2012 |format=PDF}}{{cite news |format=PDF |url=http://www.eklogika.gr/uploads/files/Dimoskopiseis/varometro_2_12.pdf |title = Πολιτικό Βαρόμετρο 99 | trans_title = Political barometer |date=7 February 2012 |work= Public Issue | publisher = Ek logika | place = GR |accessdate=7 February 2011}} Polls show support for PASOK ranging from 8% to 18%, while New Democracy is in the 18% to 30% range.\n\nIn November 2011, the two major parties joined the smaller [[Popular Orthodox Rally]] in a [[grand coalition]], pledging their parliamentary support for a [[government of national unity]] headed by former [[European Central Bank]] vice-president [[Lucas Papademos]].{{cite news |title= Lucas Papademos named as new Greek prime minister |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15671354 |publisher=BBC |work=News |date=10 November 2011 |location=UK |accessdate=10 November 2011}} [[Panos Kammenos]] voted against this government and he split off from ND forming [[Independent Greeks]].\n\nThe coalition government led the country to the [[Greek legislative election, May 2012|parliamentary elections of May 2012]]. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, [[PASOK]] and [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]], declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of [[memorandum|Mnimonio]] and the austerity measures. The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party, with an increase from 4% to 16%. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the [[Greek legislative election, June 2012|parliamentary elections of June 2012]]. The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] (29%), [[PASOK]] (12%) and [[Democratic Left (Greece)|Democratic Left]] (6%) parties.\n\n[[Alexis Tsipras]] led Syriza to victory in the [[greek legislative election, January 2015|general election]] held on 25 January 2015, falling short of an outright majority in Parliament by just two seats. The following morning, Tsipras reached an agreement with the [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] [[Independent Greeks]] party to form a coalition, and he was sworn in as Prime Minister of Greece.\n\n=== Law and justice ===\n{{Main|Judicial system of Greece|Law enforcement in Greece}}\n\nThe [[Judicial system of Greece|Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the [[Court of Cassation (Greece)|Court of Cassation]] (Άρειος Πάγος), the [[Council of State (Greece)|Council of State]] (Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) and the [[Chamber of Accounts (Greece)|Court of Auditors]] (Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο).  The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between the citizens and the Greek administrative authorities.\n\nThe [[Hellenic Police]] ({{lang-el|Ελληνική Αστυνομία}}) is the national [[police|police force]] of Greece. It is a very large agency with its responsibilities ranging from [[road traffic control]] to [[counter-terrorism]]. It was established in 1984 under Law 1481/1-10-1984 (Government Gazette 152 A) as the result of the fusion of the [[Hellenic Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] (Χωροφυλακή, ''Chorofylaki'') and the [[Cities Police]] (Αστυνομία Πόλεων, ''Astynomia Poleon'') forces.Law 1481/1 October 1984, ''Official Journal of the Hellenic Republic'', A-152\n\n=== Foreign relations ===\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Greece}}\n[[File:Foreign relations of Greece.svg|thumb|right|340px|Representation through:{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Services/Directory/GreekAuthoritiesAbroad/#Β |title=Αρχές του Εξωτερικού (Missions Abroad) |work=Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=Greek |publisher=www.mfa.gr |accessdate=2 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110521050219/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Services/Directory/GreekAuthoritiesAbroad/ |archivedate=21 May 2011 }} {{colorbox|#3771c8}} embassy – {{colorbox|#aaccff}} embassy in another country
{{colorbox|#37c837}} general consulate – {{colorbox|#ffaaaa}} liaison office – {{colorbox|#cccccc}} no representation – {{colorbox|black}} Greece]]\n\nGreece's foreign policy is conducted through the [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] and its head, the [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]]. The current minister is [[Nikos Kotzias]]. According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations;{{cite web |url= http://www.mfa.gr/en/the-ministry/structure/mission-and-competences.html |title=Mission and Competences |publisher= [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] |accessdate=23 February 2012}} safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad; the promotion of Greek culture; the fostering of closer relations with the [[Greek diaspora]]; and the promotion of international cooperation. Additionally, due to its political and geographical proximity to [[Europe]], [[Asia]], the Middle East and [[Africa]], Greece is a country of significant geostrategic importance and is considered to be a [[middle power]]Thanos Veremēs (1997)[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_military_in_Greek_politics.html?id=sn-yAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y The Military in greek Politics] \"Black Rose Books\" and has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the [[Balkans]], the [[Mediterranean]], and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web |url= http://www.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy/regional-policy/ | title= Regional Policy | publisher= [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] |accessdate=23 February 2012}}\n\nThe Ministry identifies three issues as of particular importance to the Greek state: [[Turkey|Turkish]] challenges to Greek sovereignty rights in the [[Aegean Sea]] and corresponding airspace;{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy-issues/ |title=Foreign Policy Issues | publisher =[[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] |accessdate=23 February 2012}} the legitimacy of the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] on the island of [[Cyprus]]; and the [[Macedonia naming dispute]] with the small Balkan country which shares a name with Greece's largest and second-most-populous region, also called [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]].\n\nGreece is a member of numerous international organizations, including the [[Council of Europe]], the [[European Union]], the [[Union for the Mediterranean]], the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]], the [[Organisation internationale de la francophonie]] and the [[United Nations]], of which it is a founding member.\n\n=== Military ===\n{{Main|Military of Greece}}\n{{multiple image\n | width1 = 200\n | width2 = 175\n | image1 = HS_Spetsai_in_Trieste.jpg\n | caption1 = A [[Greek frigate Spetsai (F-453)]] used by the [[Hellenic Navy]]\n | image2 = HAF_F-16D_Falcon.jpg\n | caption2 = An [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16D]] used by the [[Hellenic Air Force]]\n }}\n{{multiple image\n | width1 = 200\n | width2 = 175\n | image1 = Alenia_C-27J_Spartan_Greece_-_Air_Force,_LUX_Luxembourg_(Findel),_Luxembourg_PP1198066163.jpg\n | caption1 = An [[Alenia C-27J Spartan]] used by the [[Hellenic Air Force]]\n | image2 = Greece_Leopard_2.jpg\n | caption2 = A [[Leopard 2]] used by the [[Hellenic Army]]\n }}\n\nThe Hellenic Armed Forces are overseen by the [[Hellenic National Defense General Staff]] (Greek: Γενικό Επιτελείο Εθνικής Άμυνας – ΓΕΕΘΑ), with civilian authority vested in the [[Ministry of National Defence (Greece)|Ministry of National Defence]]. It consists of three branches:\n* [[Hellenic Army]]\n* [[Hellenic Navy]]\n* [[Hellenic Air Force]]\n\nMoreover, Greece maintains the [[Hellenic Coast Guard]] for law enforcement at sea, search and rescue, and port operations. Though it can support the navy during wartime, it resides under the authority of the [[Ministry of Shipping (Greece)|Ministry of Shipping]].\n\n[[Conscription in Greece|Greece has universal compulsory military service]] for males, while females are exempted from conscription but may otherwise serve in the military. {{As of|2009}}, mandatory military service is nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. Additionally, Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard. However, as the military has sought to become a completely professional force, the government has promised to reduce mandatory military service or abolish it completely.\n\nAs a member of [[NATO]], the Greek military participates in exercises and deployments under the auspices of the alliance.\n\nGreece spends over 7 billion USD every year on its military, or 2.3% of GDP, the [[List of countries by military expenditures|24th-highest in the world]].\n\n=== Administrative divisions ===\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Greece}}\nSince the [[Kallikratis programme]] reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen [[modern regions of Greece|regions]] subdivided into a total of 325 [[Municipalities of Greece|municipalities]]. The 54 old [[Prefectures of Greece|prefectures and prefecture-level administrations]] have been largely retained as ''[[regional units of Greece|sub-units]]'' of the regions.  Seven [[Decentralized administrations of Greece|decentralized administrations]] group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one [[autonomous area]], [[Mount Athos]] ({{lang-el|Agio Oros}}, \"Holy Mountain\"), which borders the region of [[Central Macedonia]].\n{|\n|-\n|valign=\"middle\"|\n[[File:Peripheries of Greece numbered.svg|300px|left]]\n||\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:left;\"\n|- style=\"font-size:100%; text-align:center;\"\n!No.!! [[modern regions of Greece|Region]]!! Capital!! Area (km²)!!  Area (sq. mi.)!!Population{{cite web | publisher = National Statistical Service | location = GR | format = PDF | date = 22 July 2011 | url = http://www.tovima.gr/files/1/2011/07/22/apografh22.pdf |title=Πίνακας 1: Προσωρινά αποτελέσματα του Μόνιμου Πληθυσμού της Ελλάδος}} !! GDP ([[1000000000 (number)|bn]]){{cite web | url = http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/graph.do?tab=graph&plugin=1&pcode=tgs00003&language=en&toolbox=sort | title = Regional gross domestic product (million EUR), by NUTS 2 regions | year = 2008 | publisher = [[Eurostat]] |accessdate=25 October 2011}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 1 || [[Attica (region)|Attica]] || [[Athens]] || style=\"text-align:right\"|3,808.10|| style=\"text-align:right\"|1,470.32|| style=\"text-align:right\"|3,828,434 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€103.334\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 2 || [[Central Greece (region)|Central Greece]] || [[Lamia (city)|Lamia]] ||style=\"text-align:right\"|15,549.31|| style=\"text-align:right\"|6,003.62||style=\"text-align:right\"|547,390 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€12.530\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 3 || [[Central Macedonia]] || [[Thessaloniki]] ||style=\"text-align:right\"|18,810.52|| style=\"text-align:right\"|7,262.78|| style=\"text-align:right\"|1,882,108 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€34.458\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 4 || [[Crete]] || [[Heraklion]] || style=\"text-align:right\"|8,259||style=\"text-align:right\"|3,189|| style=\"text-align:right\"|623,065 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€12.854\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 5 || [[East Macedonia and Thrace]] || [[Komotini]] || style=\"text-align:right\"|14,157.76||style=\"text-align:right\"|5,466.34|| style=\"text-align:right\"|608,182 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€9.054\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 6 || [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] || [[Ioannina]] ||style=\"text-align:right\"|9,203.22||style=\"text-align:right\"|3,553.38|| style=\"text-align:right\"|336,856 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€5.827\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 7 || [[Ionian Islands (region)|Ionian Islands]] || [[Corfu (city)|Corfu]] ||style=\"text-align:right\"|2,306.94|| style=\"text-align:right\"|890.71||style=\"text-align:right\"|207,855 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€4.464\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 8 || [[North Aegean]] || [[Mytilene]] || style=\"text-align:right\"|3,835.91||style=\"text-align:right\"|1,481.05|| style=\"text-align:right\"|199,231 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€3.579\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 9 || [[Peloponnese (region)|Peloponnese]] || [[Tripoli, Greece|Tripoli]] ||style=\"text-align:right\"|15,489.96|| style=\"text-align:right\"|5,980.71||style=\"text-align:right\"|577,903 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€11.230\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 10 || [[South Aegean]] || [[Ermoupoli]] || style=\"text-align:right\"|5,285.99||style=\"text-align:right\"|2,040.93|| style=\"text-align:right\"|309,015 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€7.816\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 11 || [[Thessaly]] || [[Larissa]] || style=\"text-align:right\"|14,036.64||style=\"text-align:right\"|5,419.58|| style=\"text-align:right\"|732,762 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€12.905\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 12 || [[West Greece]] || [[Patras]] || style=\"text-align:right\"|11,350.18||style=\"text-align:right\"|4,382.33|| style=\"text-align:right\"|679,796 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€12.122\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 13 || [[West Macedonia]] || [[Kozani]] || style=\"text-align:right\"|9,451||style=\"text-align:right\"|3,649|| style=\"text-align:right\"|283,689 || style=\"text-align:right\"|€5.564\n|- style=\"font-size:100%; text-align:center;\"\n!No. !! Autonomous state !! Capital !! Area (km²)!!  Area (sq. mi.)!!Population !! GDP ([[1000000000 (number)|bn]])\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| (14) || [[Mount Athos]] || [[Karyes (Athos)|Karyes]] || style=\"text-align:right\"|390||style=\"text-align:right\"|151|| style=\"text-align:right\"|1,830 || {{NA}}\n|}\n|}\n\n== Economy ==\n{{Main|Economy of Greece |List of Greek subdivisions by GDP}}\n\n=== Introduction ===\n[[File:Main building of the bank of Greece 2008.jpg|thumb|220px|The main building of the [[Bank of Greece]] in [[Athens]].]]\n[[File:Salonica-view-aerial2.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Thessaloniki]], the capital of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]], important financial and industrial center of [[Northern Greece]].]]\n\nAccording to [[World Bank]] statistics for the year 2013, the economy of Greece is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|43rd]] largest by [[nominal GDP|nominal]] [[gross domestic product]] at $242 billion{{cite web|title= Gross domestic product 2013|url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD| publisher= [[World Bank]] |accessdate=14 February 2015|date=14 February 2015}} and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|52nd]] largest by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) at $284 billion.{{cite web |title=Gross domestic product 2013, PPP|url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD/countries/order%3Dwbapi_data_value_2013%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last?order=wbapi_data_value_2012%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc&display=default| publisher=World Bank |accessdate=14 February 2015|date=14 February 2015}} Additionally, Greece is the 15th largest economy in the 27-member [[European Union]].{{cite web| title= Gross domestic product at market prices (tec00001) |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/national_accounts/data/main_tables | publisher =[[Eurostat]] |accessdate=22 February 2012}} In terms of [[per capita income]], Greece is ranked [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|38th]] or [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|40th]] in the world at $21,910 and $25,705 for nominal GDP and PPP respectively.\n\nGreece is a [[developed country]] with high standards of living {{Citation needed|reason=Very subjective and some people would strongly disagree. Having a certain position in HDI is not the same and not even what's measured.|date=May 2015}} and high Human Development Index.{{cite news|title=The lottery of life|url=http://www.economist.com/news/21566430-where-be-born-2013-lottery-life|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=2 August 2014|location=London|date=21 November 2012}}{{cite web|title=Table 1: Human Development Index and its components|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-1-human-development-index-and-its-components|work=Human Development Report 2014|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|accessdate=2 August 2014|location=New York|date=24 July 2014}} Its economy mainly comprises the [[service sector]] (85.0%) and [[industrial sector|industry]] (12.0%), while [[agriculture]] makes up 3.0% of the national economic output.{{cite web|title=Gross Added Value by Industry (A17; Years 2000–2011) | url = http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-themes?p_param=A0702&r_param=SEL12&y_param=2011_00&mytabs=0 |publisher=Hellenic Statistical Authority|accessdate=22 March 2012 | location =Piraeus}}  Important Greek industries include [[Tourism in Greece|tourism]] (with 14.9 million{{cite web|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer | format = PDF | url = http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom10_2_en.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations World Tourism Organization]] |accessdate=22 February 2012}} international tourists in 2009, it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world by the [[United Nations World Tourism Organization]]) and [[Greek Merchant Navy|merchant shipping]] (at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world), while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union.\n\nWith an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans,{{Citation | url = http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-businesses-seek-new-markets-as-greek-crisis-hits-home | newspaper = Balkan Insight | date = 11 July 2012 | first1 = Besar | last1 = Likmeta | last2 = BIRN | first2 = Gjirokastra | title = Albania Eyes New Markets as Greek Crisis Hits Home Businesses affected by the economic downturn in Greece are seeking new markets in the West, hoping that a cheap and qualified labour force will draw fresh clients | quote = Greece is the Balkan region's largest economy and has been an important investor in Southeast Europe over the past decade |deadurl=no |accessdate=18 April 2014}}{{Citation | title = Greece and the Balkans: From Stabilization to Growth | first = Dimitris | last = Keridis | url=http://users.uom.gr/~keridis/files/article/article10.doc| quote = Greece has a larger economy than all the Balkan countries combined. Greece is also an important regional investor | type = lecture | publisher = Hellenic Studies Unit at Concordia University | place = Montreal, QC, [[Canada|CA]] | date = 3 March 2006}}{{cite web|title=The Greek and EU Crisis for non-economists|url=http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/Economides_Greek_and_EU_Crisis_Sacramento_04262013.pdf|author=Prof. Nicholas Economides Stern School of Business, New York University  & Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley|quote=Largest economy than all rest of Balkans combined}} and an important regional investor.  Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia.  Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis.{{cite book|author1=Mustafa Aydin|author2=Kostas Ifantis|title=Turkish-Greek Relations: The Security Dilemma in the Aegean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuyWdJfQf4kC&pg=PA267|accessdate=27 May 2013|date=28 February 2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-50191-7|pages=266–267|quote=second largest investor of foreign capital in Albania, and the third largest foreign investor in Bulgaria.  Greece is the most important trading partner of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.}}{{cite book|author=Wayne C. Thompson|title=Western Europe 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKCMvYFQCCMC&pg=PA283|accessdate=27 May 2013|date=9 August 2012|publisher=Stryker Post|isbn=978-1-61048-898-3|page=283|quote=Greeks are already among the three largest investors in Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia, and overall Greek investment in the ... Its banking sector represents 16% of banking activities in the region, and Greek banks open a new branch in a Balkan country almost weekly.}} The Greek telecommunications company [[OTE]] has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.{{cite book|author=Imogen Bell|title=Central and South-Eastern Europe: 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CrpzRJCbckC&pg=PA282 |accessdate=27 May 2013 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-85743-136-0|page=282|quote=show that Greece has become the largest investor into Macedonia (FYRM), while Greek companies such as OTE have also developed strong presences in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.}}\n\nThe Greek economy is classified as advanced{{cite web| title= World Economic Outlook |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/pdf/text.pdf |publisher = [[International Monetary Fund]] | format = PDF |accessdate=23 February 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/groups.htm#ae|work=World Economic Outlook Database|date=April 2013|title=Groups and Aggregates Information|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=10 September 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html|title=Appendix B: International Organizations and Groups|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=10 September 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#OECD_members|title=Country and Lending Groups|publisher=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=10 September 2013}}{{cite web|title=WEO Groups and Aggregates Information|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/groups.htm#ae|work=[[World Economic Outlook]] Database|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=2 August 2014|location=Washington, D.C.|date=8 April 2014}} and [[high income economy|high-income]].{{cite web|title=Country and Lending Groups|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#OECD_members|publisher=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=2 August 2014|location=Washington, D.C.}}{{cite web| work = Country classifications | title= Country and Lending Groups |url = http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income |publisher = [[World Bank]] |accessdate=22 February 2012}}  Greece was a founding member of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) and the [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation]] (BSEC).  In 1979 the accession of the country in the [[European Communities]] and the [[Internal Market (European Union)|single market]] was signed, and the process was completed in 1982. Greece was accepted into the [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union]] on 19 June 2000, and in January 2001 adopted the [[Euro]] as its currency, replacing the [[Greek drachma]] at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro.{{cite web|title=Fixed Euro conversion rates | url =http://www.ecb.int/euro/intro/html/index.en.html|publisher=European Central Bank|accessdate=23 February 2012}}  Greece is also a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Trade Organization]], and is ranked 24th on the KOF [[Globalization Index]] for 2013.\n\n=== Financial crisis (2010–present) ===\n{{See also|Greek government-debt crisis}}\n[[File:Greece public debt 1999-2010.svg|thumb|Greek public debt 1999–2010 compared with Eurozone average]]\n\nBy the end of 2009, as a result of a combination of international and local factors the Greek economy faced [[2010 European sovereign debt crisis|its most-severe crisis]] since the restoration of democracy in 1974 as the Greek government revised its deficit from an estimated 6% to 12.7% of gross domestic product (GDP).Lynn, Matthew (2011).  ''Bust: Greece, the Euro and the Sovereign Debt Crisis''. [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hobeken]], New Jersey: [[Bloomberg Press]].  ISBN 978-0-470-97611-1.{{cite news|title = Greece's Sovereign-Debt Crunch: A Very European Crisis |work=The Economist |url = http://www.economist.com/node/15452594?story_id=15452594 | date =  4 February 2010 |accessdate=2 May 2010}}\n\nIn early 2010, it was revealed that through the assistance of [[Goldman Sachs]], [[JPMorgan Chase]] and numerous other banks, financial products were developed which enabled the governments of Greece, Italy and many other European countries to hide their borrowing.{{cite web| title = Rehn: No Other State Will Need a Bail-Out| url = http://euobserver.com/19/30015 |publisher=[[EU Observer]] |accessdate=6 May 2010}}{{cite web|title=Greece Paid Goldman $300 Million To Help It Hide Its Ballooning Debts |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/henry-blodget-greece-paid-goldman-300-million-to-help-it-hide-its-ballooning-debts-2010-2 |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |accessdate=6 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20100420053023/http://www.businessinsider.com:80/henry-blodget-greece-paid-goldman-300-million-to-help-it-hide-its-ballooning-debts-2010-2 |archivedate=20 April 2010 }}  Dozens of similar agreements were concluded across Europe whereby banks supplied cash in advance in exchange for future payments by the governments involved; in turn, the liabilities of the involved countries were \"kept off the books\".{{cite news|title=Global Business: Wall St. Helped to Mask Debt Fueling Europe's Crisis|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/global/14debt.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|date=13 February 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|author=LOUISE STORY|author2=LANDON THOMAS Jr|author3=NELSON D. SCHWARTZ|quote=In dozens of deals across the Continent, banks provided cash upfront in return for government payments in the future, with those liabilities then left off the books.  Greece, for example, traded away the rights to airport fees and lottery proceeds in years to come.}}{{cite news|title=Goldman Secret Greece Loan Shows Two Sinners as Client Unravels|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-06/goldman-secret-greece-loan-shows-two-sinners-as-client-unravels.html|date=5 March 2012|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|author=Nicholas Dunbar & Elisa Martinuzzi|quote=Greece actually executed the swap transactions to reduce its debt-to-gross-domestic-product ratio because all member states were required by the Maastricht Treaty to show an improvement in their public finances,\" Laffan said in an e-mail.  \"The swaps were one of several techniques that many European governments used to meet the terms of the treaty.\"}}{{cite news|title=Did Goldman Sachs help Britain hide its debts too?|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/edmundconway/100003757/did-goldman-sachs-help-britain-hide-its-debts-too/|date=15 February 2010|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|author=Edmund Conway Economics|quote=One of the more intriguing lines from that latter piece says: \"Instruments developed by Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase and a wide range of other banks enabled politicians to mask additional borrowing in Greece, Italy and possibly elsewhere.\" So, the obvious question goes, what about the UK? Did Britain hide its debts? Was Goldman Sachs involved? Should we panic?|location=London}}{{cite news|title=Banks that inflated Greek debt should be investigated, EU urges|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/feb/16/greek-debt-goldman-sachs|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=16 February 2010|author=Elena Moya|quote=\"These instruments were not invented by Greece, nor did investment banks discover them just for Greece,\" said Christophoros Sardelis, who was chief of Greece's debt management agency when the contracts were conducted with Goldman Sachs.Such contracts were also used by other European countries until Eurostat, the EU's statistic agency, stopped accepting them later in the decade.  Eurostat has also asked Athens to clarify the contracts.}}{{cite news|title=Greek Debt Crisis: How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/greek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html|accessdate=29 October 2013|newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=8 February 2010|author=Beat Balzli|quote=This credit disguised as a swap didn't show up in the Greek debt statistics.  Eurostat's reporting rules don't comprehensively record transactions involving financial derivatives.  \"The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps,\" says a German derivatives dealer.  In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank.}}\n\nAccording to ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' credits given to European governments were disguised as \"swaps\" and consequently did not get registered as debt.  As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives, a German derivatives dealer had commented to ''Der Spiegel'' that \"The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps,\" and \"In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank.\"  These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union.{{cite news| title = Wall St. Helped To Mask Debt Fueling Europe's Crisis |work=The New York Times | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/global/14debt.html?pagewanted=1&hp |date=14 February 2010 |accessdate=6 May 2010 |author=Story, Louise; Thomas Jr, Landon; Schwartz, Nelson D.}}\n\nIn May 2010, the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6%{{cite news | title = Papandreou Faces Bond Rout as Budget Worsens, Workers Strike | url = http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aUi3XLUwIIVA |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=2 May 2010}} which was the second highest in the world relative to GDP with [[Iceland]] in first place at 15.7% and the [[United Kingdom]] third with 12.6%.{{cite news| author=Staff | title = Britain's Deficit Third Worst in the World, Table| url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/7269629/Britains-deficit-third-worst-in-the-world-table.html| date =  19 February 2010 |accessdate=5 August 2011 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London }}  Public debt was forecast, according to some estimates, to hit 120% of GDP during 2010.{{cite news| author=Melander, Ingrid; Papchristou, Harry | title = Greek Debt To Reach 120.8 Pct of GDP in '10 – Draft| url =http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/05/greece-budget-debt-idUSATH00496420091105 |agency=Reuters  | date =  5 November 2009 |accessdate=5 August 2011}}\n\nAs a consequence, there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece's ability to repay its sovereign debt.  To avert such a default, in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a rescue package which involved giving Greece an immediate €{{Nowrap|45 billion}} in loans, with more funds to follow, totaling €{{Nowrap|110 billion}}.{{cite news|author=Thesing, Gabi; Krause-Jackson, Flavia |title= Greece Faces 'Unprecedented' Cuts as $159B Rescue Nears |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-02/greece-faces-unprecedented-cuts-as-159b-rescue-nears.html | publisher=Bloomberg |date=3 May 2010 |accessdate=6 May 2010}}{{cite news|author=Kerin Hope |title= EU Puts Positive Spin on Greek Rescue |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/08a87e4e-55c4-11df-b835-00144feab49a.html |work=Financial Times  |date=2 May 2010 |accessdate=6 May 2010}}  To secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control.{{cite news|last=Newman|first=Rick|title=Lessons for Congress From the Chaos in Greece|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/rick-newman/2011/11/03/lessons-for-congress-from-the-chaos-in-greece|accessdate=3 November 2011|newspaper=US News|date=3 November 2011}}\n\nOn 15 November 2010, the EU's statistics body Eurostat revised the public finance and debt figure for Greece following an excessive deficit procedure methodological mission in Athens, and put Greece's 2009 government deficit at 15.4% of GDP and public debt at 126.8% of GDP making it the biggest deficit (as a percentage of GDP) among the EU member nations.{{cite web|url=http://www.europolitics.info/economy-monetary-affairs/deficits-increase-in-eurozone-and-eu-artb287086-50.html |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |title=Deficits Increase in Eurozone and EU |author=van Puyvelde, Eric |date=15 November 2010 |accessdate=19 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110501045213/http://www.europolitics.info/economy-monetary-affairs/deficits-increase-in-eurozone-and-eu-artb287086-50.html |archivedate=1 May 2011 }}\n\nIn 2011, it became apparent that the bail-out would be insufficient and a second bail-out amounting to €{{Nowrap|130 billion}} (${{Nowrap|173 billion}}) was agreed in 2012, subject to strict conditions, including financial reforms and further austerity measures.{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13798000 |title= Q&A: Greek debt  |work= |publisher=BBC News Online |accessdate=14 May 2012}}  As part of the deal, there was to be a 53% reduction in the Greek debt burden to private creditors and any profits made by Eurozone central banks on their holdings of Greek debt are to be repatriated back to Greece. Greece achieved a primary government budget surplus in 2013. In April 2014, Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold €3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95%. Greece returned to growth after six years of economic decline in the second quarter of 2014,{{cite news|last1=Bensasson|first1=Marcus|title=Greece exited recession in second quarter, says EU Commission|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_04/11/2014_544283|accessdate=4 November 2014|work=[[Kathimerini]]|date=4 November 2014}} and was the Eurozone's fastest-growing economy in the third quarter.{{cite news|title=Greek growth rates put Germany, eurozone to shame|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/greek-growth-rates-put-germany-eurozone-to-shame-2014-11-14|accessdate=16 November 2014|work=[[MarketWatch]]|date=14 November 2014}}\n\n=== Energy ===\n{{Main|Energy in Greece}}\n[[File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-Greece-en.png|thumb|220px|Solar-power generation potential in Greece]]\n\nElectric energy production in Greece is dominated by the state owned [[Public Power Corporation of Greece|Public Power Corporation]] (known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, or in English DEI). In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all electric energy demand in Greece,{{cite web |url=http://www.dei.gr/Images/ENG%20REPORT%202010%20FINAL.pdf |title=Public Power Corporation S.A. Financial Report (January 1, 2010 - December 31, 2010) |year=2010 |publisher=[[Public Power Corporation of Greece]] |accessdate=24 October 2011}} while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010. Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using [[lignite]], a drop from the 51.6% in 2009.\n\nTwelve percent of Greece's electricity comes from Hydroelectric power plants{{cite web |url=http://www.investingreece.gov.gr/default.asp?pid=36§orID=38&la=1 |title=Energy |publisher=Invest in Greece Agency |accessdate=26 October 2011}} and another 20% from [[natural gas]]. Between 2009 and 2010, independent companies' energy production increased by 56%, from 2,709 [[Kilowatt hour|Gigawatt hour]] in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010.\n\nIn 2012, renewable energy accounted for 13.8% of the country's total energy consumption,{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsdcc110&plugin=0 |title=Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption % |year=2008 |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |accessdate=24 October 2011}} a rise from the 10.6% it accounted for in 2011, a figure almost equal to the EU average of 14.1% in 2012. 10% of the country's renewable energy comes from [[solar power]],{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-78-09-865/EN/KS-78-09-865-EN.PDF |title=Sustainable development in the European Union |year=2009 |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |accessdate=24 October 2011}} while most comes from [[biomass]] and waste recycling. In line with the [[European Commission]]'s Directive on Renewable Energy, Greece aims to get 18% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020.{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive/cooperation-mechanisms |title=Renewable energy - Targets by 2020 |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |accessdate=24 October 2011}}\n\nIn 2013, according to the independent power transmission operator in Greece (ΑΔΜΗΕ) more than 20% of the electricity in Greece has been produced from renewable energy sources and hydroelectric powerplants. This percentage in April reached 42%. Greece currently does not have any [[nuclear power plant]]s in operation, however in 2009 the [[Academy of Athens (modern)|Academy of Athens]] suggested that research in the possibility of Greek nuclear power plants begin.{{cite web |url=http://www.academyofathens.gr/Documents/christoforou_porismata.pdf |title=Πορίσματα της Ομάδας Εργασίας της Επιτροπής Ενέργειας της Ακαδημίας Αθηνών επί του θέματος \"Πυρηνική Ενέργεια και Ενεργειακές Ανάγκες της Ελλάδος\" |publisher=[[Academy of Athens (modern)|Academy of Athens]] |accessdate=24 October 2011}}\n\n=== Agriculture ===\n{{Main|Agriculture in Greece}}\n[[File:Zante currant drying in Tsilivi.jpg|thumb|220px|Sun-drying of [[Zante currant]] on [[Zakynthos]]]]\n\nIn 2010, Greece was the [[European Union]]'s largest producer of [[cotton]] (183,800 tons) and [[pistachios]] (8,000 tons){{cite web |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |title=Crops products (excluding fruits and vegetables) (annual data) |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |accessdate=19 October 2011}} and ranked second in the production of [[rice]] (229,500 tons) and [[olive]]s (147,500 tons), third in the production of [[Common fig|figs]] (11,000 tons) and  [[almond]]s (44,000 tons),{{cite web |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do |title=Fruits and vegetables (annual data) |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |accessdate=19 October 2011}} [[tomato]]es (1,400,000 tons), and [[watermelon]]s (578,400 tons) and fourth in the production of [[tobacco]] (22,000 tons).  Agriculture contributes 3.8% of the country's GDP and employs 12.4% of the country's labor force.\n\nGreece is a major beneficiary of the [[Common Agricultural Policy]] of the European Union. As a result of the country's entry to the European Community, much of its agricultural infrastructure has been upgraded and agricultural output increased. Between 2000 and 2007 [[organic farming]] in Greece increased by 885%, the highest change percentage in the EU.\n\n=== Maritime industry ===\n{{Main|Greek shipping|List of ports in Greece}}\n{{See also|Economy of Greece#Maritime industry|label 1=Economy of Greece » Maritime industry}}\n[[File:Greek tanker ship.png|thumb|[[Greek Merchant Navy|Greece]] controls 16.2% of the world's total [[merchant fleet]], making it the largest in the world.  Greece is ranked in the top 5 for all kinds of ships, including first for tankers and bulk carriers.]]\n\nThe shipping industry is a key element of Greek economic activity dating back to ancient times.{{cite web|url=http://www.greece.org/poseidon/work/articles/polemis_one.html |title=The History of Greek Shipping |author=Polemis, Spyros M. |publisher=greece.org |accessdate=9 April 2007}}  Today, shipping is one of the country's most important industries.  It accounts for 4.5% of GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents ⅓ of the country's trade deficit.{{cite web | author=Press release |url=http://www.nbg.gr/en/pr_release_resb.asp?P_ID=463 | publisher=[[National Bank of Greece]] |title=Greek Shipping Is Modernized To Remain a Global Leader and Expand Its Contribution to the Greek Economy |date=11 May 2006 |accessdate=8 April 2007| archiveurl =//web.archive.org/web/20070831114031/http://www.nbg.gr/en/pr_release_resb.asp?P_ID=463|archivedate = 31 August 2007}}\n\nAccording to a [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] report in 2011, the Greek merchant navy is the largest in the world at 16.2% of the world's total capacity,{{cite web |url=http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2011_en.pdf |title=Review of Maritime Transport 2011 |publisher=United Nations |year=2011 |accessdate=17 February 2012}} up from 15.96% in 2010.{{cite web |url=http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2010_en.pdf|title=Review of Maritime Transport 2010 |publisher=United Nations |year=2010|accessdate=10 August 2011}}  This is a drop from the equivalent number in 2006, which was 18.2%.{{cite web |url=http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf |title=Review of Maritime Transport 2006|publisher=United Nations |year=2006 |accessdate=10 August 2011}} The total tonnage of the country's merchant fleet is 202 million [[Deadweight tonnage|dwt]], ranked 1st in the world.\n\nDuring the 1960s, the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, [[Aristotle Onassis]] and [[Stavros Niarchos]].{{cite news |url = http://www.slate.com/?id=2124542& |title = So Many Greek Shipping Magnates... | author=Engber, Daniel |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=17 August 2005 |accessdate=5 August 2011}}  The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s.\n\nIn terms of total number of ships, the [[Greek Merchant Navy]] stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports).  In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both [[tanker (ship)|tankers]] and dry [[bulk carrier]]s, fourth in the number of [[container ship|containers]], and fifth in other ships.{{cite web|url=http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/maritime_trade_and_transportation/2007/html/table_02_01.html|title=Top 15 Ranking of World Merchant Fleet by Country of Owner, Year-End 2006|publisher=U.S. [[Bureau of Transportation Statistics]] |year=2001 |accessdate=11 June 2013}}  However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.  Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).\n\n=== Tourism ===\n{{Main|Tourism in Greece}}\n[[File:Corfu Town R02.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Panoramic view of parts of old [[Corfu City]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], as seen from [[Old Fortress, Corfu|Palaio Frourio]]. The Bay of Garitsa is to the left and the port of [[Corfu]] is just visible on the top right of the picture. [[Spianada Square|Spianada]] is in the foreground.]]\n[[File:Ia Santorini-2009-1.JPG|thumb|right|240px|Panorama of [[Santorini]]]]\n\nAn important percentage of Greece's national income comes from tourism.  Tourism funds 16% of the gross domestic products which also includes the Tourism Council and the London-Based World Travel.{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_24/07/2012_453521 |title=Greece's 5-month tourism receipts drop 12.5 percent |publisher=ekathimerini.com |accessdate=26 March 2013}}  According to [[Eurostat]] statistics, Greece welcomed over 19.5 million tourists in 2009,{{cite web|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupModifyTableLayout.do |title=Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments – regional – annual data |year=2010|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |accessdate=10 August 2011}} which is an increase from the 17.7 million tourists it welcomed in 2007.{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-HA-10-001-11/EN/KS-HA-10-001-11-EN.PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516161713/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-HA-10-001-11/EN/KS-HA-10-001-11-EN.PDF|archivedate=2011-05-16|title=Tourism |year=2010 |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |accessdate=10 August 2011}}\n\nThe vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million,{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A2001/Other/A2001_STO03_TB_MM_12_2007_02_F_GR.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114095907/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A2001/Other/A2001_STO03_TB_MM_12_2007_02_F_GR.pdf|archivedate=2010-11-14|title=02.  Αφίξεις αλλοδαπών από το εξωτερικό κατά υπηκοότητα και μέσο ταξιδίου ( Δεκέμβριος 2007 ) |trans_title=02.  Arrivals of foreigners from abroad by nationality and means of travel (December 2007) |date=December 2007 |publisher=Hellenic National Statistics Agency|language=Greek |accessdate=10 August 2011}} while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million).  In 2010, the most visited [[modern regions of Greece|region]] of Greece was that of [[Central Macedonia]], with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by [[Attica]] with 2.6 million and the [[Peloponnese]] with 1.8 million. [[Northern Greece]] is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million.\n\nIn 2010, [[Lonely Planet]] ranked Greece's northern and second-largest city of [[Thessaloniki]] as the world's fifth-best party town worldwide, comparable to other cities such as [[Dubai]] and [[Montreal]].{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/canada/travel-tips-and-articles/39339 |title=Ultimate party cities |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |accessdate=10 August 2011}}  In 2011, [[Santorini]] was voted as \"The World's Best Island\" in ''[[Travel + Leisure]]''.{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/islands/europe-islands/242|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712230838/http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/islands/europe-islands/242|archivedate=2011-07-12|title=World's Best Awards – Islands |publisher=[[Travel + Leisure]] |accessdate=10 August 2011}}  Its neighboring island [[Mykonos]], came in fifth in the European category.\n\n23 million tourists visited Greece throughout 2014, a record for Greek tourism.{{cite web|title=Greece ups its target tourism arrivals and revenues|url=http://www.eturbonews.com/49784/greece-ups-its-target-tourism-arrivals-and-revenues|publisher=eturbonews.com}}\n\n=== Transport ===\n{{Main|Transport in Greece}}\n[[File:Rio-Antirio bridge.jpg|thumb|The [[Rio–Antirrio bridge]] (''[[Charilaos Trikoupis]]'') connects mainland Greece to the [[Peloponnese]].]]\n\nSince the 1980s, the road and rail network of Greece has been significantly modernized.  Important works include the [[Egnatia Odos (modern road)|A2 (Egnatia Odos)]] motorway, that connects northwestern Greece ([[Igoumenitsa]]) with northern and northeastern Greece ([[Kipoi, Evros|Kipoi]]); and the [[Rio–Antirrio bridge]], the longest suspension cable bridge in Europe ({{convert|2250|m|0|abbr=on}} long), connecting the Peloponnese from [[Rio, Greece|Rio]] ({{convert|7|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Patras]]) with [[Antirrio]] in Central Greece.\n\nImportant projects that are currently underway include, the conversion of the [[Greek National Road 8A|GR-8A]], connecting Athens with Patras and further towards [[Pyrgos, Ilia|Pyrgos]] in the western Peloponnese, into a modernised motorway throughout its length (scheduled to be completed by 2014); upgrading unfinished sections of motorway on the [[Motorway 1 (Greece)|A1]], connecting Athens to [[Thessaloniki]]; and the construction of the [[Thessaloniki Metro]].\n\nThe Athens Metropolitan Area in particular is served by some of the most modern and efficient transport infrastructure in Europe, such as the [[Athens International Airport]], the privately run [[Attiki Odos]] motorway network and the expanded [[Athens Metro]] system.\n\nMost of the Greek islands and many main cities of Greece are connected by air mainly from the two major Greek airlines, [[Olympic Air]] and [[Aegean Airlines]].  Maritime connections have been improved with modern high-speed craft, including [[hydrofoils]] and [[catamarans]].\n\nRailway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/[[commuter rail]] connections, serviced by [[Proastiakos]] around Athens, towards its airport, [[Kiato]] and [[Chalcis|Chalkida]]; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of [[Larissa]] and [[Edessa, Greece|Edessa]]; and around Patras.  A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the {{convert|2500|km|mi|abbr=on}} network is underway.  International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey.\n\n=== Telecommunications ===\n{{Main|Telecommunications in Greece}}\n[[File:Athens-Kiffisia-aerial.jpg|thumb|[[OTE]] headquarters in Athens]]\n\nModern digital information and communication networks reach all areas.  There are over {{convert|35000|km|0|abbr=on}} of fiber optics and an extensive open-wire network.  Broadband internet availability is widespread in Greece: there were a total of 2,252,653 broadband connections {{as of|2011|alt=as of early 2011}}, translating to 20% broadband penetration.{{cite news | date = 2 May 2011 | url=http://news.in.gr/science-technology/article/?aid=1231106170 |script-title=el:''Το 20% του πληθυσμού πλησιάζει η διείσδυση της ευρυζωνικότητας στην Ελλάδα'' |trans_title=20% of the population approaching broadband penetration in Greece |language=Greek |publisher=in.gr |deadurl=no |accessdate=18 April 2014}} According to 2012 [[Hellenic Statistical Authority|ELSTAT]] data, 53,6% of the households used the internet regularly and of which 94,8% of them had broadband connection{{cite web |url=http://www.zougla.gr/greece/article/to-536-ton-nikokirion-dia8eti-sindesi-sto-diadiktio |trans_title=The 53 % 2C6% of households connected to the internet |title=Το 53,6% των νοικοκυριών διαθέτει σύνδεση στο διαδίκτυο |publisher=Zougla.gr |accessdate=26 March 2013}}\n\n[[Internet café]]s that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are also a common sight in the country, while mobile internet on [[3G]] and [[4G]]- [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] cellphone networks and [[Wi-Fi]] connections can be found almost everywhere.{{cite web|title=Finding Free WiFi Internet in the Greek Islands |url=http://www.openjourney.com/blogs/josh/free-wifi-internet-greek-islands-47.html|publisher=Open Journey |accessdate=20 August 2011|date=29 June 2011}} 3G/4G mobile internet usage has been on a sharp increase in recent years, with a 340% increase between August 2011 and August 2012.{{cite web|title=Sharp increase 340% of mobile internet|url=http://www.tovima.gr/finance/article/?aid=474421|publisher=TA NEA |accessdate=12 September 2012|date=12 September 2012}} The United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure.{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/backgrounders/general/pdf/5.pdf |title= ICT Development Index (IDI), 2010 and 2008 |accessdate=22 July 2012|publisher=The United Nations Telecommunication Union{{!}}International Telecommunication Union}} p. 15.\n\n=== Science and technology ===\n\n[[File:NOESIS.jpg|thumb|right|[[Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum]]]]\n\nThe [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429194547/http://www.gsrt.gr/default.asp?V_LANG_ID=2, General Secretariat for Research and Technology] of the [http://www.ypan.gr/index_uk_c_cms.htm Ministry of Development] is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2003, public spending on [[research and development]] (R&D) was 456.37 million euros (12.6% increase from 2002). Total R&D spending (both public and private) as a percentage of GDP had increased considerably since the beginning of the past decade, from 0.38% in 1989, to 0.65% in 2001.\n\nR&D spending in Greece remained lower than the EU average of 1.93%, but, according to Research DC, based on OECD and Eurostat data, between 1990 and 1998, total R&D expenditure in Greece enjoyed the third-highest increase in Europe, after [[Finland]] and Ireland. Because of its strategic location, qualified workforce and political and economic stability, many multinational companies such as [[Ericsson]], [[Siemens AG|Siemens]], [[Motorola]] and [[Coca-Cola]] have their regional research and development headquarters in Greece.\n\nGreece's technology parks with incubator facilities include [http://www.stepc.gr/ the Science and Technology Park of Crete] (Heraklion), the [http://www.thestep.gr/ Thessaloniki Technology Park], the [http://www.ltp.ntua.gr/ Lavrio Technology Park] and the [http://www.psp.org.gr/index.php?lang=en Patras Science Park], the [http://www.step-epirus.gr/ Science and Technology Park of Epirus] (Ioannina).  Greece has been a member of the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) since 2005.{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/Greece_becomes_16th_ESA_Member_State |title=\nGreece becomes 16th ESA Member State |date=22 March 2005 |publisher=ESA |accessdate=15 May 2012}}  Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s.  In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement.  Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005.  As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the [[Global Monitoring for Environment and Security]] Initiative.\n\nAs of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education. Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names.{{cite news |title= University reforms in Greece face student protests |work=The Economist|page= |date=6 July 2006 |accessdate=19 December 2008|url= http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207061901/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|archivedate= 2008-12-07 }}\n\nNotable Greek scientists of modern times include [[Dimitrios Galanos]], [[Georgios Papanikolaou]] (inventor of the [[Pap test]]), [[Nicholas Negroponte]], [[Constantin Carathéodory]] (known for the [[Carathéodory theorem (disambiguation)|Carathéodory theorem]]s and [[Carathéodory conjecture]]), [[Manolis Andronikos]] (discovered the tomb of [[Philip II of Macedon]] in [[Vergina]]), [[Michael Dertouzos]], [[John Argyris]], [[Panagiotis Kondylis]], [[John Iliopoulos]] (2007 [[Dirac Prize]] for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), [[Joseph Sifakis]] (2007 [[Turing Award]], the \"Nobel Prize\" of Computer Science), [[Christos Papadimitriou]] (2002 [[Knuth Prize]], 2012 [[Gödel Prize]]), [[Mihalis Yannakakis]] (2005 [[Knuth Prize]]), [[Dimitri Nanopoulos]] and [[Helene Ahrweiler]].\n\n== Demographics ==\n{{Main|Demographics of Greece|Greeks}}\n[[File:Brainsik-ermoupoli.jpg|thumb|400px|[[Hermoupolis]], on the island of [[Syros]], is the capital of the [[Cyclades]].]]\n\nAccording to the official statistical body of Greece, the [[Hellenic Statistical Authority]] (ELSTAT), the country's total population in 2011 was 10,815,197.{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdf|script-title=el:Ανακοίνωση των αποτελεσμάτων της Απογραφής Πληθυσμού-Κατοικιών 2011 για το Μόνιμο Πληθυσμό της Χώρας|trans-title=Announcement of the results of the 2011 census on the population and housing of the permanent population of the country|language=el|publisher=[[Hellenic Statistical Authority]]|date=28 December 2011|accessdate=3 September 2015}} The birth rate in 2003 stood at 9.5 per 1,000 inhabitants, significantly lower than the rate of 14.5 per 1,000 in 1981. At the same time, the mortality rate increased slightly from 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 9.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2003.\n\nGreek society has changed rapidly over the last several decades. Its declining fertility rate has led to an increase in the median age, which coincides with the overall [[aging of Europe]]. In 2001, 16.71 percent of the population were 65 years old and older, 68.12 percent between the ages of 15 and 64 years old, and 15.18 percent were 14 years old and younger.{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gr/eng_tables/hellas_in_numbers_eng.pdf|title=Greece in Numbers|publisher=[[Hellenic Statistical Authority]]|year=2006|accessdate=14 December 2007|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040707190604/http://www.statistics.gr/eng_tables/hellas_in_numbers_eng.pdf|archivedate=7 July 2004}}\n\nMarriage rates began declining from almost 71 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 until 2002, only to increase slightly in 2003 to 61 per 1,000 and then fall again to 51 in 2004. Moreover, divorce rates have seen an increase from 191.2 per 1,000 marriages in 1991 to 239.5 per 1,000 marriages in 2004. As a result of these trends, the average Greek family is smaller and older than in previous generations.\n\n=== Cities ===\n{{See also|List of cities in Greece}}\nAlmost two-thirds of the [[Greeks|Greek people]] live in urban areas. Greece's largest and most influential metropolitan centres are those of [[Athens]] and [[Thessaloniki]], with metropolitan populations of approximately 4 million and 1 million inhabitants respectively. Other prominent cities with urban populations above 100,000 inhabitants include those of [[Patras]], [[Heraklion]], [[Larissa]], [[Volos]], [[Rhodes (city)|Rhodes]], [[Ioannina]], [[Chania]] and [[Chalcis]].{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gr/Athena2001/Athena2001.ASP?wcu=$cmd=0$id=5200712142356520314915|title=Athena 2001 Census | publisher=[[National Statistical Service of Greece]]|accessdate=14 December 2007 | archiveurl =//web.archive.org/web/20080117231653/http://www.statistics.gr/Athena2001/Athena2001.ASP?wcu=$cmd=0$id=5200712142356520314915| archivedate = 17 January 2008}}{{Dead link|date=February 2014}}\n\nThe table below lists the largest cities in Greece, by population contained in their respective contiguous built up urban areas; which are either made up of many municipalities, evident in the cases of Athens and Thessaloniki, or are contained within a larger single municipality, case evident in most of the smaller cities of the country. The results come from the preliminary figures of the population census that took place in Greece in May 2011.\n\n{{Largest cities of Greece}}\n\n=== Religion ===\n{{Main|Church of Greece|Orthodoxy in Greece|Religion in Greece}}\n{{See also|Hellenismos|Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes|Ancient Greek religion}}\n[[File:Stavronikita Aug2006.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stavronikita monastery]], a [[Greek Orthodox]] monastery in [[Mount Athos|Athos]] peninsula, [[Northern Greece]]]]\n[[File:Chora di Patmos con il Monastero di San Giovanni \"il teologo\".JPG|thumb|right|[[Monastery of Saint John the Theologian]], [[Patmos]]]]\n\nThe Greek Constitution recognizes [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] as the \"prevailing\" faith of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all.{{cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION OF GREECE|url=http://www.hri.org/docs/syntagma/artcl25.html|website=Hri.org}} The Greek government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation. According to the U.S. State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify themselves as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], belonging to the [[Greek Orthodox Church]].{{cite web | url = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90178.htm | work =International Religious Freedom Report 2007 | title = Greece | publisher =[[United States Department of State]], Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor | date=15 September 2006 |accessdate=14 April 2007}}\n\nIn a [[Eurostat]] – [[Eurobarometer]] 2010 poll, 79% of Greek citizens responded that they \"believe there is a God\".{{Citation |url = http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology; Fieldwork: January–February 2010 |page=204 |date=October 2010 |format=PDF}} According to other sources, 15.8% of Greeks describe themselves as \"very religious\", which is the highest among all European countries.  The survey also found that just 3.5% never attend a church, compared to 4.9% in Poland and 59.1% in the Czech Republic.{{cite web|url=http://forskning.no/2008/02/dagens-ess-religiositet-og-kirkebesok|title= Dagens ESS: Religiøsitet og kirkebesøk|trans_title=   \nToday ESS: Religiosity and church visits | publisher= Forskning|language= Norwegian|date= 11 October 2005 |accessdate=11 September 2010}}\n\nEstimates of the recognized [[Muslim minority of Greece|Greek Muslim minority]], which is mostly located in [[Thrace]], range from 98,000 to 140,000, (about 1%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000. Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion, although most are secular in orientation.{{cite web|url = http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71383.htm |title=Greece |publisher= [[United States Department of State]] |date=26 August 2005 |accessdate=6 January 2009}}  Following the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War]] and the 1923 [[Treaty of Lausanne]], Greece and Turkey agreed to a [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population transfer based on cultural and religious identity]].  About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly those defined as [[Turkish people|Turks]], but also [[Greek Muslims]] like the [[Vallahades]] of western Macedonia, were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Turkey. However, many refugees who settled in former Ottoman Muslim villages in [[Central Macedonia]] and were defined as Christian Orthodox [[Caucasus Greeks]] arrived from the former Russian [[Transcaucasus]] province of [[Kars Oblast]] after it had been retroceded to Turkey but in the few years before the official population exchange.{{Citation | title = Country studies | url = http://countrystudies.us/turkey/24.htm | contribution = Turkey – Population | place = US | publisher = [[Library of Congress]]}}\n{{Bar box\n| title=Greece religiosity (2001){{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html |title= The World Factbook |publisher= CIA |accessdate=26 March 2013}}The newest polls show about 20% Greek citizens being irreligious which is much more than 1%.  Ultimately, the statistics are disputed until the results of the [[Greek census 2011|new census]].\n| titlebar=#ddd\n| float=left\n| bars=\n{{Bar percent|Orthodoxy|blue|98}}\n{{Bar percent|Islam|green|1.3}}\n{{Bar percent|Others|grey|0.7}}\n}}\n\nJudaism has [[History of the Jews in Greece|existed]] in Greece for more than 2,000 years. [[Sephardi Jews]] used to have a large presence in the city of [[Thessaloniki]] (by 1900, some 80,000, or more than half of the population, were Jews),{{Citation | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Greece.html | title = Greece | publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]}} but nowadays the Greek-Jewish community who survived German occupation and [[the Holocaust]], during World War II, is estimated to number around 5,500 people.\n\nGreek citizens who are [[Roman Catholic]] are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000. [[Greek Old Calendarists|Old Calendarists]] account for 500,000 followers.{{cite web|url= http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/fundamental_rights/pdf/aneval/religion_el.pdf |archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20070605013415/http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/fundamental_rights/pdf/aneval/religion_el.pdf | archivedate = 5 June 2007 | title = Executive Summary Discrimination on the Grounds of Religion and Belief Greece | publisher = [[European Commission]]| last1 =Ktistakis | first1 = Ioannis | last2 = Sitaropoulos | first2 = Nicholas |date=22 June 2004 |accessdate=14 April 2007|format= PDF}}{{Dead link|date=February 2014}}  Protestants, including [[Greek Evangelical Church]] and [[Free Evangelical Churches]], stand at about 30,000. [[Assemblies of God]], [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]] and other [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] churches of the [[Greek Synod of Apostolic Church]] have 12,000 members.{{cite web| url= http://www.pentecost.gr/English/history.htm| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20041216225859/http://www.pentecost.gr/English/history%20keim.htm| archivedate= 2004-12-16 | location = GR | title= Synod of Apostolic Church of Christ | publisher = Pentecost |accessdate=22 March 2009}} Independent [[Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost]] is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches.{{cite web|url=http://www.christianity.gr/church/addresses.php|title=Christianity Ministries|language=Greek|publisher=christianity.gr|accessdate=22 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050530005647/http://www.christianity.gr/church/addresses.php|archivedate=30 May 2005}} There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.egolpio.com/PENTECOSTAL/freechurpentecost.htm|dead-url=y|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202062529/http://www.egolpio.com/PENTECOSTAL/freechurpentecost.htm|archivedate=2 December 2008|script-title=el:Ελευθέρα Αποστολική Εκκλησία της Πεντηκοστής|trans-title=Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost|language=Greek|publisher=egolpio.com|accessdate=22 March 2009}} The [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] report having 28,874 active members.{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://download.jw.org/files/media_books/26/yb14_E.pdf|title=2014 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.|date=2014|pages=178–187}}\n\nIn recent years there has been a small-scale revival of the [[ancient Greek religion]], with estimates of 2,000 people active practitioners, and 100,000 \"sympathisers\".[http://www.newstatesman.com/200703200001 Newstatesman - The ancient gods of Greece are not extinct][http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/05/08/wgods08.xml Telegraph.co.uk - Modern Athenians fight for the right to worship the ancient Greek gods]{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/feb/01/religion.uk | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Helena Smith on why some Greeks are worshipping the ancient gods}}\n\n=== Languages ===\n{{Main|Greek language|Languages of Greece|Minorities in Greece}}\n[[File:Modern Greek dialects en.svg|thumb|left|240px|Distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas.]]\n[[File:Greece linguistic minorities.svg|thumb|240px|Regions with a traditional presence of languages other than Greek. Today, Greek is the dominant language throughout the country.{{cite web | publisher = Summer institute of Linguistics |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/GR/languages |title=Languages of Greece | work = Ethnologue |accessdate=19 December 2010}}{{Citation | publisher = Euromosaic | title = Le (slavo)macédonien/bulgare en Grèce}}{{Citation | publisher = Euromosaic | title = L'arvanite/albanais en Grèce}}{{Citation | publisher = Euromosaic | title = Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce}}{{Citation | publisher = Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education | title = The Turkish language in education in Greece}}{{Sfn | Trudgill | 2000}}]]\n\nThe first textual evidence of the Greek language dates back to 15th century BC and the [[Linear B]] script which is associated with the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean Civilization]].  Greek was a widely spoken [[lingua franca]] in the Mediterranean world and beyond during [[Classical Antiquity]], and would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire.\n\nDuring the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the [[Greek language question]], on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic [[Katharevousa]], created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language, or the [[Dimotiki]], the form of the [[Greek language]] which evolved naturally from [[Byzantine Greek language|Byzantine Greek]] and was the language of the people.  The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse.\n\nGreece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language.  Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive [[Pontic Greek|Pontic]] dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the [[Greek genocide]] and constitute a sizable group. The [[Cappadocian Greek|Cappadocian]] dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the [[Sarakatsani]], traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of [[Greek Macedonia]] and other parts of [[Northern Greece]].  The [[Tsakonian language]], a distinct Greek language deriving from [[Doric Greek]] instead of [[Ionic Greek]], is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese.\n\nThe [[Muslim minority of Greece|Muslim minority]] in Thrace, which amounts to approximately 0.95% of the total population, consists of speakers of [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] ([[Pomaks]]){{Sfn | Trudgill | 2000}} and [[Romani language|Romani]].  Romani is also spoken by Christian [[Romani people|Roma]] in other parts of the country.  Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country.  Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority.  Today they are only maintained by the older generations and are on the verge of extinction.  This goes for the [[Arvanites]], an [[Albanian language|Albanian]]-speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens, and for the [[Aromanians]] and [[Megleno-Romanians|Moglenites]], also known as [[Vlachs]], whose language is closely related to [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountainous central Greece.  Members of these groups ethnically identify as Greeks{{Citation | url = http://www.cilevics.eu/minelres/reports/greece/greece_NGO.htm | publisher = Greek Helsinki Monitor | title = Minority Rights Group, Greece, Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention) | date = 8 September 1999}} and are today all at least bilingual in Greek.\n\nNear the northern Greek borders there are also some [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]–speaking groups, locally known as ''Slavomacedonian''-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either [[Macedonian language|Macedonian Slavic]] or [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]].{{cite web| url =http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bulgarian.htm |work=Writing |title=Bulgarian Language | publisher = Omniglot |accessdate=17 October 2010 |ref=harv}}{{unreliable source?|date=August 2011|reason=what is this site?  no wikipedia article. seems to be operated by an individual. surely a more mainstream source can be substituted?}}{{cite web | location = [[United Kingdom|UK]] | url = http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/language/about/bulgarian.html | title = The Bulgarian Language | work= Kwintessential |accessdate=17 October 2010 | ref = harv}}  It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers.Roudometof, Victor; Robertson, Roland (2001).  [https://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C&pg=PA186 ''Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy – The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans'']. [[Westport, Connecticut]]: [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]].  p. 186.  ISBN 978-0-313-31949-5.  The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke [[Ladino language|Ladino]] (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a few thousand speakers. Other notable minority languages include [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the [[Urums]], a community of [[Caucasus Greeks]] from the [[Tsalka]] region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern [[Greeks in Ukraine|Ukraine]] who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s.\n\n=== Migration ===\n{{Main|Greek Diaspora|Immigration to Greece}}\n[[File:50 largest Greek diaspora.png|thumb|380px|A map of the fifty countries with the largest [[Greek diaspora]] communities.]]\nThroughout the 20th century, millions of Greeks migrated to the [[Greek American|United States]], [[Greek Britons|United Kingdom]], [[Greek Australian|Australia]], [[Greek Canadians|Canada]], and [[Greeks in Germany|Germany]], creating a large [[Greek diaspora]]. Net migration started to show positive numbers from the 1970s, but until the beginning of the 1990s, the main influx was that of returning Greek migrants or of [[Pontic Greeks]] and others from [[Greeks in Russia|Russia]], [[Greeks in Georgia|Georgia]], [[Greeks in Turkey|Turkey]] the [[Greeks in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], and elsewhere in the former [[Soviet Bloc]].Triandafyllidou, Anna. [http://www.idea6fp.uw.edu.pl/pliki/POES_Greece_PB_3.pdf \"Migration and Migration Policy in Greece\"]. ''Critical Review and Policy Recommendations''. [[Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy]]. No. 3, April 2009\n\nA study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or [[European Free Trade Association]] nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total.Kasimis, Charalambos; Kassimi, Chryssa (June 2004). [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/greece-history-migration/ \"Greece: A History of Migration\"]. Migration Information Source. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the [[Greeks in Albania|Greek minority in Albania]] centred on the region of [[Northern Epirus]]. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation. By Philip L. Martin, Susan Forbes Martin, Patrick Weil\n\nThe [[Greek census 2011|2011 census]] recorded 9,903,268 Greek citizens (91,56%), 480,824 [[Albania]]n citizens (4,44%), 75,915 [[Bulgaria]]n citizens (0,7%), 46,523 [[Romania]]n citizenship (0,43%), 34,177 [[Pakistan]]i citizens (0,32%), 27,400 [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n citizens (0,25%) and 247,090 people had other or unidentified citizenship (2,3%).{{cite press release|format=PDF|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/nws_SAM01_EN.PDF|title=Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population|publisher=[[Hellenic Statistical Authority|Greek National Statistics Agency]]|page=9|date=23 August 2013|accessdate=3 June 2014}} 189,000 people of the total population of Albanian citizens were reported in 2008 as ethnic Greeks from [[Southern Albania]], in the historical region of [[Northern Epirus]].\n\nThe greatest cluster of non-EU [[immigrant]] population are the larger urban centers, especially the Municipality of Athens, with 132,000 immigrants comprising 17% of the local population, and then Thessaloniki, with 27,000 immigrants reaching 7% of the local population. There is also a considerable number of co-ethnics that came from the Greek communities of Albania and the former [[Soviet Union]].\n\nGreece, together with [[Italy]] and Spain, is a major entry point for illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU.  Illegal immigrants entering Greece mostly do so from the border with [[Turkey]] at the [[Evros River]] and the islands of the eastern Aegean across from Turkey (mainly Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Samos). In 2012, the majority of illegal immigrants entering Greece came from [[Afghanistan]], followed by [[Pakistan]]is and [[Bangladesh]]is.{{cite news|title=In crisis, Greece rounds up immigrants – Associated Press|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10403249|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=22 August 2012|location=London}} In 2015 they have been joined by Syrians fleeing the [[Syrian civil war]].\n\n=== Education ===\n{{Main|Education in Greece}}\n[[File:Academy of Athens 2009-2.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The [[Academy of Athens (modern)|Academy of Athens]] is Greece's [[national academy]] and the highest research establishment in the country.]]\n[[File:Ionian Academy in daylight 2.JPG|thumb|right|240px|upright|The [[Ionian Academy]] in [[Corfu]], the first [[academic institution]] of modern Greece.]]\n\nGreeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in ''[[paideia]]'' (education). ''Paideia'' was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the [[Fall of Constantinople|city's fall]] to the Ottomans in 1453.{{cite web|url= http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090220164836/http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html|archivedate= 2009-02-20 |title=Jerome Bump, University of Constantinople|accessdate=19 December 2008|work= The Origin of Universities |publisher= University of Texas at Austin }} The [[University of Constantinople]] was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught,{{cite book |last=Tatakes |first=Vasileios N. |author2=Moutafakis, Nicholas J. |title=Byzantine Philosophy |year=2003 |publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=0-87220-563-0|page=189}} and considering the original meaning of the world university as a corporation of students, the world’s first university as well.\n\nCompulsory education in Greece comprises primary schools (Δημοτικό Σχολείο, ''Dimotikó Scholeio'') and [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] (Γυμνάσιο).  Nursery schools (Παιδικός σταθμός, ''Paidikós Stathmós'') are popular but not compulsory. [[Kindergarten]]s (Νηπιαγωγείο, ''Nipiagogeío'') are now compulsory for any child above 4 years of age. Children start primary school aged 6 and remain there for six years.  Attendance at gymnasia starts at age 12 and lasts for three years.\n\nGreece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (Γενικό Λύκειο, ''Genikό Lykeiό'') and [[technical school|technical]]–[[vocational school|vocational]] educational schools (Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια, \"TEE\").  Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, \"IEK\") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education.  As they can accept both ''Gymnasio'' (lower secondary school) and ''Lykeio'' (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education.\n\nAccording to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education \"Highest Educational Institutions\" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, ''Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata'', \"ΑΕΙ\") consists of two parallel sectors:the University sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education).  There are also State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2 to 3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries.  Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of ''Lykeio''.  Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the [[Hellenic Open University]] through a form of lottery.  The [[National and Capodistrian University of Athens|Capodistrian University of Athens]] is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean.\n\nThe Greek education system also provides special kindergartens, primary and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning.  Specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical, theological and physical education also exist.\n\n=== Health ===\n{{Main|Health care in Greece}}\n\nGreece has [[universal health care]].  In a 2000 [[World Health Organization]] report, its [[health care system]] ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed.{{cite web |url= http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf | format = PDF | title = Health Systems: Improving Performance |work=[[World Health Report]] | year = 2000 |publisher = [[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=22 July 2011}}  In a 2013 [[Save the Children]] report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn babies.{{cite web|url=http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.8585863/k.9F31/State_of_the_Worlds_Mothers.htm|title=State of the World's Mothers 2013|work=savethechildren.org|year=2013|publisher=[[Save the Children]]|accessdate=7 May 2013}} In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the [[Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity (Greece)|Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity]] announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22768&subid=2&pubid=63299225 | script-title=el:Προταση Λειτουργικων Αναδιαταξεων Μοναδων Υγειασ Εσυ | language =Greek | format = PDF| date= 1 July 2011 | publisher = Ethnos |accessdate=22 July 2011 | trans_title = Proposals for functional rearrangements of the NHS health units}}{{disputed-inline|text=What that article actually says is that they're merging their management bodies, i.e. existing hospitals will remain but some will become depts of new hospital 'bodies'.|date=April 2013}} Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 [[OECD]] report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/54/38979850.pdf |work=Health Data |year=2011 |title=How Does Greece Compare |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |format=PDF |accessdate=22 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090902163839/http://www.oecd.org:80/dataoecd/45/54/38979850.pdf |archivedate=2 September 2009 }} The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country.\n\n[[Life expectancy]] in Greece is 80.3 years, above the OECD average of 79.5, and among the highest in the world.  The island of [[Icaria]] has the highest percentage of 90-year-olds in the world; approximately 33% of the islanders make it to 90 (and beyond).{{cite news|title=The Island Where People Live Longer|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103744881|accessdate=6 April 2013|newspaper=NPR|date=2 May 2009|quote=Buettner and a team of demographers work with census data to identify blue zones around the world.  They found Icaria had the highest percentage of 90-year-olds anywhere on the planet — nearly 1 out of 3 people make it to their 90s.}}  ''[[Blue Zones]]'' author [[Dan Buettner]] wrote an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' about the longevity of Icarians under the title \"The Island Where People Forget to Die\".{{cite news|title=The Island Where People Forget to Die|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/magazine/the-island-where-people-forget-to-die.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=6 April 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 October 2012|author=DAN BUETTNER}}\n\nThe 2011 OECD report showed that Greece had the largest percentage of adult daily smokers of any of the 34 OECD members.  The country's obesity rate is 18.1%, which is above the OECD average of 15.1%, but considerably lower than the [[United States|American]] rate of 27.7%.  In 2008, Greece had the highest rate of perceived good health in the OECD, at 98.5%.{{cite web|url = http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT |title= Perceived Health Status | publisher = [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |accessdate=22 July 2011}} Infant mortality is one of the lowest in the [[developed country|developed world]], with a rate of 3.1 deaths per 1,000 live births.\n\n== Culture ==\n{{Main|Culture of Greece|List of Greeks}}\n[[File:Temple of Hephaestus.jpg|thumb|left|260px|The [[Temple of Hephaestus]] in [[Athens]].]]\n\nThe culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in [[Mycenaean Greece]] and continuing most notably into [[Classical Greece]], through the influence of the [[Roman Empire]] and its [[Greek East]]ern continuation, the Eastern Roman or [[Byzantine Empire]]. Other cultures and nations, such as the [[Frankokratia|Latin and Frankish states]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Venetian Republic]], the [[Genoese Republic]], and the [[British Empire]] have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, although historians credit the [[Greek War of Independence]] with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single, cohesive entity of its multi-faceted culture.\n\nIn ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of [[Western culture]].Mazlish, Bruce. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AmacbFXUTEoC&pg=PA3&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Civilization And Its Contents.''] Stanford University Press, 2004. p. 3. Web. 25 June 2012. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history,Myres, John. ''Herodotus, Father of History''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953. Web. 25 June 2012. philosophy,[[Frederick Copleston|Copleston, Frederick]].  ''History of Philosophy, Volume 1''.  physics and mathematics.{{cite book|author=Thomas Heath|title=A History of Greek Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ancient+Greek+mathematicians&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oYYSUuWLDIXM2gXFp4CYCw&ved=0CDsQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians&f=false|accessdate=19 August 2013|year=1981|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-24073-2|page=1}} They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced [[Western art history|Western art]].Peter Krentz, Ph.D., W. R. Grey Professor of History, Davidson College.
 \"Greece, Ancient.\" ''World Book Advanced.'' World Book, 2012. Web.  8 July 2012.\n\n=== Theatre ===\n{{see also|Theatre of ancient Greece|Modern Greek theatre}}\n[[File:Corfu Town Hall R01.jpg|thumb|[[Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù]], the first theatre and [[opera]] house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, [[Spyridon Xyndas]]' \"The Parliamentary Candidate\" based on an exclusively Greek [[libretto]] was performed.]]\n\nTheatre was born in Greece.Brockett, Oscar G. (1991) ''History of the Theatre'' (sixth edition).  Boston; London: [[Allyn & Bacon]]. The [[Polis|city-state]] of [[Classical Athens]], which became a significant cultural, political, and military power during this period, was its centre, where it was [[institution]]alised as part of a [[festival]] called the [[Dionysia]], which honoured the god [[Dionysus]]. [[Greek tragedy|Tragedy]] (late 6th century BC), [[Ancient Greek comedy|comedy]] (486 BC), and the [[satyr play]] were the three [[drama]]tic [[genre]]s to emerge there.\n\nDuring the Byzantine period, the theatrical art was heavily declined. According to Marios Ploritis, the only form survived was the folk theatre (''Mimos'' and ''Pantomimos''), despite the hostility of the official state.{{cite web|url=http://www.24grammata.com/?p=32749 |title=Culture e-Magazine – Free eBooks – WebTV » Τo Θέατρο στο Βυζάντιο και την Οθωμανική περίοδο |publisher=24grammata.com |date=18 March 2012 |accessdate=23 April 2014}} Later, during the Ottoman period, the main theatrical folk art was the ''[[Karagiozis]]''. The renaissance which led to the modern Greek theatre, took place in the [[Venetian Crete]]. Significal dramatists include [[Vitsentzos Kornaros]] and [[Georgios Chortatzis]].\n\nThe modern Greek theatre was born after the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek independence]], in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The [[Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù]] was the first theatre and [[opera]] house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, [[Spyridon Xyndas]]' ''The Parliamentary Candidate'' (based on an exclusively Greek [[libretto]]) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by [[revues]], [[Musical theatre|musical comedies]], [[operettas]] and [[nocturnes]] and notable playwrights included [[Spyridon Samaras]], [[Dionysios Lavrangas]], [[Theophrastos Sakellaridis]] and others.\n\nThe [[National Theatre of Greece]] was founded in 1880. Notable playwrights of the modern Greek theatre include [[Gregorios Xenopoulos]], [[Nikos Kazantzakis]], [[Pantelis Horn]], [[Alekos Sakellarios]] and [[Iakovos Kambanelis]], while notable actors include [[Cybele Andrianou]], [[Marika Kotopouli]], [[Aimilios Veakis]], [[Orestis Makris]], [[Katina Paxinou]], [[Manos Katrakis]] and [[Dimitris Horn]]. Significant directors include [[Dimitris Rontiris]], [[Alexis Minotis]] and [[Karolos Koun]].\n\n=== Philosophy ===\n{{Main|Ancient Greek philosophy|Modern Greek Enlightenment}}\n[[File:Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Bust of [[Plato]]. \"The safest general characterisation of the [[Western philosophy|European philosophical tradition]] is that it consists of a series of footnotes to [[Plato]].\" ([[Alfred North Whitehead]], ''[[Process and Reality]]'', 1929).]]\n\nMost western philosophical traditions began in [[Ancient Greece]] in the 6th century BC.  The first philosophers are called \"Presocratics,\" which designates that they came before [[Socrates]], whose contributions mark a turning point in western thought.  The Presocratics were from the western or the eastern colonies of Greece and only fragments of their original writings survive, in some cases merely a single sentence.\n\nA new period of philosophy started with Socrates.  Like the [[Sophists]], he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged, and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point.  Aspects of Socrates were first united from [[Plato]], who also combined with them many of the principles established by earlier philosophers, and developed the whole of this material into the unity of a comprehensive system.\n\n[[Aristotle]] of [[Stagira]], the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity.  But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience.  Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of [[Greek philosophy]] from other founders during ancient times were [[Stoicism]], [[Epicureanism]], [[Skepticism]] and [[Neoplatonism]].{{cite web |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/|title=Ancient Greek Philosophy|work= Internet encyclopedia of philosophy}}\n\n[[Byzantine philosophy]] refers to the distinctive philosophical ideas of the philosophers and scholars of the [[Byzantine Empire]], especially between the 8th and 15th centuries. It was characterised by a [[Christianity|Christian]] world-view, but one which could draw ideas directly from the Greek texts of [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], and the [[Neoplatonists]].\n\nIn modern period, [[Modern Greek Enlightenment|Diafotismos]] (Greek: Διαφωτισμός, \"enlightenment\", \"illumination\") was the Greek expression of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and its philosophical and political ideas. Some notable representatives were [[Adamantios Korais]], [[Rigas Feraios]] and [[Theophilos Kairis]].\n\n=== Literature ===\n{{Main|Greek literature|Modern Greek literature}}\n[[File:Giorgos Seferis 1963.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Giorgos Seferis]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|1963 Nobel laureate in Literature]].]]\n\nGreek literature can be divided into three main categories: Ancient, Byzantine and modern Greek literature.\n\nAt the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of [[Homer]]: the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]''.  Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after.  In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. [[Lyrical poetry]], [[ode]]s, [[pastorals]], [[elegy|elegies]], [[epigrams]]; dramatic presentations of comedy and [[tragedy]]; [[historiography]], [[rhetorical]] treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were [[Sappho]] and [[Pindar]].  The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama.\n\nOf the hundreds of [[tragedies]] written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors have survived: those of [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], and [[Euripides]].  The surviving plays by [[Aristophanes]] are also a treasure trove of comic presentation, while [[Herodotus]] and [[Thucydides]] are two of the most influential historians in this period.  The greatest prose achievement of the 4th century was in philosophy with the works of the three great philosophers.\n\n[[Byzantine literature]] refers to literature of the Byzantine Empire written in [[Attic Greek|Atticizing]], [[Medieval]] and early [[Modern Greek]], and it is the expression of the intellectual life of the [[Byzantine Greeks]] during the Christian [[Middle Ages]].\n\n[[Modern Greek literature]] refers to literature written in common Modern Greek, emerging from late Byzantine times in the 11th century.  The Cretan Renaissance poem ''[[Erotokritos]]'' is undoubtedly the masterpiece of this period of Greek literature.  It is a verse [[Romance (heroic literature)|romance]] written around 1600 by [[Vitsentzos Kornaros]] (1553–1613).  Later, during the period of Greek enlightenment ([[Diafotismos]]), writers such as [[Adamantios Korais]] and [[Rigas Feraios]] prepared with their works the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek Revolution]] (1821–1830).\n\nLeading literary figures of modern Greece include [[Dionysios Solomos]], [[Andreas Kalvos]], [[Angelos Sikelianos]], [[Emmanuel Rhoides]], [[Kostis Palamas]], [[Penelope Delta]], [[Yannis Ritsos]], [[Alexandros Papadiamantis]], [[Nikos Kazantzakis]], [[Andreas Embeirikos]], [[Kostas Karyotakis]], [[Gregorios Xenopoulos]], [[Constantine P. Cavafy]], and [[Demetrius Vikelas]].  Two Greek authors have been awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]: [[George Seferis]] in 1963 and [[Odysseas Elytis]] in 1979.\n\n=== Cinema ===\n{{Main|Greek cinema}}\n[[File:Theodoros Angelopoulos Athens 26-4-2009-2.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Director [[Theodoros Angelopoulos]], winner of the [[Palme d'Or]] in [[1998 Cannes Film Festival|1998]]]]\nCinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the ''Asty Films Company'' was founded and the production of long films began. ''Golfo'' (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek [[feature film]], although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 [[Orestis Laskos]] directed ''Daphnis and Chloe'' (''Δάφνις και Χλόη''), containing the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 [[Katina Paxinou]] was honoured with the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for ''[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)|For Whom the Bell Tolls]]''.\n\nThe 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a golden age of Greek cinema.  Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: [[Irene Papas]], [[Melina Mercouri]], [[Mihalis Kakogiannis]], [[Alekos Sakellarios]], [[Nikos Tsiforos]], [[Iakovos Kambanelis]], [[Katina Paxinou]], [[Nikos Koundouros]], [[Ellie Lambeti]],  and others.  More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements.  Notable films were ''[[The Counterfeit Coin|Η κάλπικη λίρα]]'' (1955 directed by [[Giorgos Tzavellas]]), ''Πικρό Ψωμί'' (1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), ''[[O Drakos]]'' (1956 directed by [[Nikos Koundouros]]), ''[[Stella (1955 film)|Stella]]'' (1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis).\n\nCacoyannis also directed ''[[Zorba the Greek]]'' with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. [[Finos Film]] also contributed to this period with movies such as ''Λατέρνα, Φτώχεια και Φιλότιμο'', ''[[Madalena (film)|Madalena]]'', ''[[I theia ap' to Chicago|Η Θεία από το Σικάγο]]'', ''Το ξύλο βγήκε από τον Παράδεισο'' and many more.  During the 1970s and 1980s [[Theo Angelopoulos]] directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film ''[[Eternity and a Day]]'' won the [[Palme d'Or]] and the [[Prize of the Ecumenical Jury]] at the [[1998 Cannes Film Festival]].\n\nThere were also internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora, such as the Greek-French [[Costa-Gavras]] and the Greek-Americans [[Elia Kazan]], [[John Cassavetes]] and [[Alexander Payne]].\n\n=== Cuisine ===\n{{Main|Greek cuisine}}\n[[File:Flickr - cyclonebill - Græsk salat.jpg|thumb|180px|Classic [[Greek salad]]]]\n\n[[Greek cuisine]] is characteristic of the healthy [[Mediterranean diet]], which is epitomized by dishes of [[Cretan diet|Crete]].{{cite book |first=Sari |last=Edelstein |title=Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&pg=PA147 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |date=22 October 2010 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett |isbn= 978-0-7637-5965-0 |pages=147–49}} Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as [[moussaka]], [[stifado]], [[Greek salad]], [[fasolada]], [[spanakopita]] and [[souvlaki]].  Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like [[skordalia]] (a thick purée of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), [[lentil]] [[soup]], [[retsina]] (white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey).  Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as [[meze]] with various dips such as [[tzatziki]], grilled octopus and small fish, [[feta cheese]], [[dolmades]] (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various [[pulses]], [[olive]]s and cheese. [[Olive oil]] is added to almost every dish.\n\nSweet desserts such as [[galaktoboureko]], and drinks such as [[ouzo]], [[metaxa]] and a variety of wines including retsina.  Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: [[oregano]], [[Mentha|mint]], garlic, [[onion]], [[dill]] and [[bay laurel]] leaves. Other common herbs and spices include [[basil]], [[thyme]] and [[fennel]] seed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use \"sweet\" spices in combination with meat, for example [[cinnamon]] and [[clove]]s in stews.\n\n\nFile:Frappe (4547117210).jpg|[[Frappé coffee]]\nFile:Spanikopita Greek dish.jpg|[[Spanakopita]]\nFile:METAXA 5 Stars.JPG|[[Metaxa]]\nFile:Pita giros.JPG|[[Gyro (food)|Gyros]]\nFile:Ouzo - plomari.jpg|[[Ouzo]]\nFile:Tzatziki IMGP1430.jpg|[[Tzatziki]]\n\n\n\n=== Music and dances ===\n{{Main|Music of Greece}}\n{{double image|right:|Manos hadjidakis.jpg|160|Mikis2004.jpg|140|[[Manos Hatzidakis]] (left) and [[Mikis Theodorakis]] (right), two of the most popular and significant Greek songwriters}}\n\nGreek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments during that period included the double-reed [[aulos]] and the plucked string instrument, the [[lyre]], especially the special kind called a [[kithara]]. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times.  Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the [[Roman Empire]], Middle East, and the [[Byzantine Empire]] also had effect on Greek music.\n\n[[File:Sfakia-dance.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cretan]] dancers of traditional music]]\n[[File:Rembetes Karaiskaki 1933.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rebetes]] in Karaiskaki, [[Piraeus]] (1933). Left [[Markos Vamvakaris]] with bouzouki, middle [[Giorgos Batis]] with guitar]]\nWhile the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] resisted any type of change.  Therefore, [[Byzantine music]] remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art.  However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic [[Byzantine chant]]; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.\n\nAlong with the Byzantine (Church) chant and music, the Greek people also cultivated the [[Greek folk music|Greek folk song]] which is divided into two cycles, the [[Acritic songs|akritic]] and [[klephtic song|klephtic]]. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the [[akrites]] (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with [[Digenis Acritas|Digenes Akritas]]. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the [[Greek War of Independence]]. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, ''paraloghes'' (narrative song or ballad), love songs, [[mantinada|mantinades]], wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. There is a unity between the Greek people's struggles for freedom, their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death.\n\nThe [[Heptanese]]an [[Greek folk music#Ionian Islands|kantádhes]] (καντάδες '[[serenade]]s'; sing.: καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during the period 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage (επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια 'theatrical revue songs') in [[revue]], [[operetta]]s and [[nocturne]]s that were dominating Athens' theater scene.\n\n[[Rebetiko]], initially a music associated with the lower classes, later (and especially after the [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]]) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later [[laïkó]] (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include Apostolos Kaldaras, [[Grigoris Bithikotsis]], [[Stelios Kazantzidis]], [[George Dalaras]], [[Haris Alexiou]] and [[Glykeria]].\n\n[[File:Maria Callas (La Traviata) 2.JPG|thumb|upright|right|[[Maria Callas]], one of the most renowned and influential [[opera]] singers of the 20th century]]\nRegarding the classical music, it was through the [[Ionian islands]] (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music ([[Ionian School (music)|Heptanesean or Ionian School]], Greek: ''Επτανησιακή Σχολή''), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include [[Nikolaos Mantzaros]], [[Spyridon Xyndas]], [[Spyridon Samaras]] and [[Pavlos Carrer]]. [[Manolis Kalomiris]] is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music.\n\nIn the 20th century, Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of [[avant garde]] and modern [[classical music]], with figures such as [[Iannis Xenakis]], [[Nikos Skalkottas]], and [[Dimitri Mitropoulos]] achieving international prominence. At the same time, composers and musicians such as [[Mikis Theodorakis]], [[Manos Hatzidakis]], [[Eleni Karaindrou]], [[Vangelis]] and [[Demis Roussos]] garnered an international following for their music, which include famous [[film score]]s such as [[Zorba the Greek]], [[Serpico]], [[Never on Sunday]], [[America America]], [[Eternity and a Day]], [[Chariots of Fire]], [[Blade Runner (soundtrack)|Blade Runner]], among others. [[Greek American]] composers known for their film scores include [[Yanni]] and [[Basil Poledouris]]. Notable Greek [[opera]] singers and [[classical music]]ians of the 20th and 21st century include [[Maria Callas]], [[Nana Mouskouri]], [[Mario Frangoulis]], [[Leonidas Kavakos]], [[Dimitris Sgouros]] and others.\n\nGreece participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 35 times after its debut at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974 Contest]]. In [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|2005]], Greece won with the song \"[[My Number One]]\", performed by Greek-Swedish singer [[Elena Paparizou]]. The song received 230 points with 10 sets of 12 points from Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Albania, Cyprus, Serbia & Montenegro, Sweden and Germany and also became a smash hit in different countries and especially in Greece. The [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006|51st Eurovision Song Contest]] was held in [[Athens]] at the [[Olympic Indoor Hall]] of the [[Athens Olympic Sports Complex]] in [[Maroussi]], with hosted by [[Maria Menounos]] and [[Sakis Rouvas]].\n\n=== Sports ===\n{{Main|Sports in Greece}}\n[[File:Louis entering Kallimarmaron at the 1896 Athens Olympics.jpg|thumb|right|210px|[[Spyridon Louis]] entering the [[Panathenaic Stadium]] at the end of the marathon; [[1896 Summer Olympics]].]]\n[[File:Charisteas' Siegtreffer im Finale der Euro 2004.jpg|thumb|right|210px|[[Angelos Charisteas]] scoring Greece's winning goal in the [[UEFA Euro 2004 Final]]]]\n\nGreece is the birthplace of the [[ancient Olympic Games]], first recorded in 776 BC in [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], and hosted the modern [[Olympic Games]] twice, the inaugural [[1896 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]. During the parade of nations Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics. The nation has competed at every [[Summer Olympic Games]], one of only four countries to have done so. Having won a total of 110 medals (30 gold, 42 silver and 38 bronze), Greece is ranked 32nd by gold medals in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|all-time Summer Olympic medal count]]. Their best ever performance was in the 1896 Summer Olympics, when Greece finished second in the [[1896 Summer Olympics medal table|medal table]] with 10 gold medals.\n\n[[File:Basketball WC 2006 Final 3.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Greece won the silver medal at the [[2006 FIBA World Championship]] after their memorable 101–95 win against the [[United States men's national basketball team|USA]].]]\nThe [[Greece national football team|Greek national football team]], ranking 12th in the [[FIFA World Rankings|world]] in 2014 (and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011),{{cite web|url= http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/lastranking/gender=m/fullranking.html |title= World Rankings |publisher=[[FIFA]] |accessdate=23 July 2009 |date=July 2009}} were crowned [[UEFA European Championship#Teams reaching the final|European Champions]] in [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of the [[UEFA European Championship#Results|most successful]] national teams in European football, being one of only nine national teams to have won the [[UEFA European Championship]].{{cite news |last= McNulty |first= Phil |title= Greece Win Euro 2004 | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/euro_2004/3860105.stm |publisher= BBC | work = News |accessdate=7 May 2007 |date= 4 July 2004}}  The [[Superleague Greece|Greek Super League]] is the highest professional football league in the country comprising eighteen teams. The most successful are [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]], [[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]], [[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]] and [[PAOK FC|PAOK]].\n\nThe [[Greece national basketball team|Greek national basketball team]] has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. As of 2012, it ranked 4th in the [[FIBA World Rankings|world]] and 2nd in [[FIBA Europe|Europe]].{{cite web |url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/even/rank/rankMen.asp | title = Ranking Men after Olympic Games: Tournament Men (2008) |date=August 2008 |accessdate=24 August 2008 | publisher= [[International Basketball Federation]]}} They have won the [[EuroBasket|European Championship]] twice in [[EuroBasket 1987|1987]] and [[EuroBasket 2005|2005]],{{cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Simon |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2172612 |title=Greece Tops Germany for Euro Title |accessdate=7 May 2007 |date=26 September 2005 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}} and have reached the final four in two of the last four [[FIBA World Championship]]s, taking the second place in the world in [[2006 FIBA World Championship]], after a spectacular 101–95 win against [[United States men's national basketball team|Team USA]] in the tournament's semifinal. The domestic top basketball league, [[A1 Ethniki]], is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are [[Olympiacos B.C.|Olympiacos]], [[Panathinaikos BC|Panathinaikos]], [[Aris B.C.|Aris Thessaloniki]], [[AEK Athens B.C.|AEK Athens]] and [[P.A.O.K. B.C.|P.A.O.K]]. Greek basketball teams are the [[Euroleague#Finals|most successful]] in [[Euroleague#Titles|European basketball the last 25 years]], having won as many as 9 [[Euroleague Basketball|Euroleagues]] since the establishment of the modern era [[Euroleague Final Four]] format in 1988, while no other nation has won more than 4 Euroleague championships in this period. Besides the 9 Euroleagues, Greek basketball teams ([[Panathinaikos BC|Panathinaikos]], [[Olympiacos B.C.|Olympiacos]], [[Aris B.C.|Aris Thessaloniki]], [[AEK Athens B.C.|AEK Athens]], [[P.A.O.K. B.C.|P.A.O.K]], [[Maroussi B.C.|Maroussi]]) have won 3 [[Triple Crown in Basketball|Triple Crowns]], 5 [[FIBA Saporta Cup|Saporta Cups]], 2 [[FIBA Korać Cup|Korać Cups]] and 1 [[FIBA EuroCup Challenge|FIBA Europe Champions Cup]]. After the [[FIBA EuroBasket 2005|2005 European Championship]] triumph of the Greek national basketball team, Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball.\n\nThe [[Greece women's national water polo team]] have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world, becoming [[Water polo at the World Aquatics Championships#Women's tournament|World Champions]] after their gold medal win against the hosts [[China women's national water polo team|China]] at the [[Water polo at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Women's tournament|2011 World Championship]]. They have also won the silver medal at the [[Water polo at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Summer Olympics]], the gold medal at the [[2005 FINA Women's Water Polo World League|2005 World League]] and the silver medals at the [[2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship|2010]] and [[2012 Women's European Water Polo Championship|2012 European Championships]]. The [[Greece men's national water polo team]] became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005, after their win against [[Croatia men's national water polo team|Croatia]] in the bronze medal game at the [[2005 World Aquatics Championships]] in [[Canada]]. The domestic top water polo leagues, [[A1 Ethniki Water Polo|Greek Men's Water Polo League]] and [[A1 Ethniki Women's Water Polo|Greek Women's Water Polo League]] are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions. In men's European competitions, [[Olympiacos Water Polo Club|Olympiacos]] has won the [[LEN Champions League|Champions League]],{{cite web |url=http://www.onsports.gr/Polo/Afierwmata/item/216317-Otan-i-Eyropi-ypoklithike-ston-Olympiako-%28photos-videos%29|script-title=el:Όταν η Ευρώπη υποκλίθηκε στον Ολυμπιακό|publisher=onsports.gr|language=Greek|accessdate=14 June 2012}} the European Super Cup and the [[Triple Crown (water polo)|Triple Crown]] in 2002{{cite web |url=http://www.newsnowgr.com/article/105413/san-simerakokkinise-ton-dounavi-protathlitis-evropis-sto-polo-o-thrylos-vinteo.html|script-title=el:Σαν σήμερα κοκκίνησε τον Δούναβη, Πρωταθλητής Ευρώπης στο πόλο ο Θρύλος|publisher=newsnow.gr|language=Greek|accessdate=11 January 2013}} becoming the first club in [[Water polo]] history to win every title in which it has competed within a single year ([[A1 Greek water polo|National championship]], [[Greek Water Polo Cup|National cup]], Champions League and European Super Cup),{{cite web |url=http://archive.sport.gr/news/021229/polo.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213190337/http://archive.sport.gr/news/021229/polo.asp |archivedate=2013-12-13|script-title=el:Έγραψε ιστορία ο Θρύλος|publisher=sport.gr|language=Greek|accessdate=18 December 2012}} while [[NC Vouliagmeni]] has won the [[LEN Cup Winners' Cup]] in 1997. In women's European competitions, Greek water polo teams ([[NC Vouliagmeni]], [[ANO Glyfada|Glyfada NSC]], [[Olympiacos Women's Water Polo Team|Olympiacos]], [[Ethnikos Piraeus Water Polo Club|Ethnikos Piraeus]]) are amongst the most successful in European water polο, having won as many as 4 [[LEN Women's Champions' Cup|LEN Champions Cups]], 3 [[Women's LEN Trophy|LEN Trophies]] and 2 European Supercups.\n\nThe [[Greece men's national volleyball team|Greek men's national volleyball team]] has won two bronze medals, one in the [[European Volleyball Championship]] and another one in the [[European Volleyball League]], a 5th place in the [[Volleyball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] and a 6th place in the [[FIVB World Championship]]. The Greek league, the [[A1 Ethniki Volleyball|A1 Ethniki]], is considered one of the top volleyball leagues in Europe and the Greek clubs have made significant success in European competitions. [[Olympiacos S.C.|Olympiacos]] is the most successful volleyball club in the country having won the most domestic titles and being the only Greek club to have won European titles; they have won two [[CEV Top Teams Cup|CEV Cups]], they have been [[CEV Champions League]] runners-up twice and they have played in as many as 12 Final Fours in the European competitions, making them one of the most traditional volleyball clubs in Europe. [[Iraklis Thessaloniki V.C.|Iraklis]] have also seen significant success in European competitions, having been three times runners-up of the [[CEV Champions League]].\n\nIn other sports, [[cricket]] and [[team handball|handball]] are relatively popular in [[Corfu]] and [[Veria]] respectively.\n\n=== Mythology ===\n{{Main|Greek mythology}}\n[[File:Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Zeus]] was the King of the ancient Greek [[dodekatheon]].]]\n\nThe numerous gods of the [[ancient Greek religion]] as well as the mythical heroes and events of the ancient Greek [[epic (genre)|epics]] (''[[The Odyssey]]'' and ''[[The Iliad]]'') and other pieces of art and literature from the time make up what is nowadays colloquially referred to as Greek mythology. Apart from serving a religious function, the mythology of the [[ancient Greeks|ancient Greek]] world also served a cosmological role as it was meant to try to explain how the world was formed and operated.\n\nThe principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the [[Dodekatheon]], or the ''Twelve Gods'', who lived on the top of Mount Olympus. The most important of all ancient Greek gods was [[Zeus]], the king of the gods, who was married to [[Hera]], who was also Zeus's sister. The other Greek gods that made up the [[Twelve Olympians]] were [[Demeter]], [[Ares]], [[Poseidon]], [[Athena]], [[Dionysus]], [[Apollo]], [[Artemis]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Hephaestus]] and [[Hermes]]. Apart from these twelve gods, Greeks also had a variety of other mystical beliefs, such as [[nymphs]] and other magical creatures.\n\n=== Public holidays and festivals ===\n{{Main|Public holidays in Greece}}\n[[File:GreciaIdraEpitaffioKalami.jpg|thumb|Procession of the ''[[Epitaphios (liturgical)|epitaphios]]'', [[Holy Friday]]]]\n\nAccording to Greek law, every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. In addition, there are four mandatory official public holidays: 25 March (''Greek Independence Day''), [[Easter Monday]], 15 August (''Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin''), and 25 December (''[[Christmas]]''). 1 May (''[[Labour Day]]'') and 28 October (''[[Ohi Day]]'') are regulated by law as being optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off. There are, however, more public holidays celebrated in Greece than are announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional. The list of these non-fixed national holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades, giving a total of eleven national holidays each year.\n\nIn addition to the national holidays, there are public holidays that are not celebrated nationwide, but only by a specific professional group or a local community. For example, many municipalities have a \"Patron Saint\" parallel to \"[[Name days in Greece|Name Days]]\", or a \"Liberation Day\". On such days it is customary for schools to take the day off.\n\nNotable festivals include [[Patras Carnival]], [[Athens Festival]] and various local wine festivals. The city of [[Thessaloniki]] is also home of a number of festivals and events. The [[International Thessaloniki Film Festival|Thessaloniki International Film Festival]] is one of the most important film festivals in [[Southern Europe]].{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfestival.gr/default.aspx?lang=el-GR&loc=1&page=586|script-title=el:Διεθνές Φεστιβάλ Κινηματογράφου Θεσσαλονίκης - Προφίλ|trans-title=Thessaloniki International Film Festival - Profile|language=el|accessdate=3 September 2015}}\n\n== See also ==\n{{Portal|Greece|Mediterranean|Ancient Greece|Geography|Europe|European Union|NATO}}\n* [[Civilization]]\n* [[Greek mythology]]\n* [[Index of Greece-related articles]]\n* [[International rankings of Greece]]\n* [[Macedonia naming dispute]]\n* [[Outline of Greece]]\n\n==Notes==\n{{reflist|group=\"lower-alpha\"}}\n\n==References==\n\n===Specific===\n{{reflist|30em}}\n\n===Bibliography===\n{{main|Bibliography of Greece}}\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* \"Minorities in Greece – Historical Issues and New Perspectives\".  ''History and Culture of South Eastern Europe''.  An Annual Journal.  München (Slavica) 2003.\n*{{cite book | title = The Constitution of Greece | url = http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf |accessdate=21 March 2011 |year=2008 | publisher = [[Hellenic Parliament]] |location=Athens|isbn= 978-960-560-073-0|format= PDF| others = Paparrigopoulos, Xenophon; Vassilouni, Stavroula (translators)}}\n*{{Citation | last = Clogg | first = Richard | title = A Concise History of Greece | pages = 10–37 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1992 | edition = 1st | ISBN = 0-521-37228-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pyUIY4THYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=richard+clogg+greece&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uurkT5nGNNKyhAfFkay9CQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=richard%20clogg%20greece&f=false}}, 257 pp.\n*{{Citation | author-link = Richard Clogg| last = Clogg | first = Richard | title= A Concise History of Greece | edition = 2nd |location= Cambridge | publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]| origyear = 1992 | year= 2002 | isbn = 978-0-521-00479-4}}.\n*{{cite book | last =Dagtoglou | first = PD | title = Constitutional Law – Individual Rights | volume = I | year = 1991 |publisher=Ant. N. Sakkoulas |location=Athens-Komotini |language=Greek |chapter=Protection of Individual Rights}}\n*{{Citation | first = John Van Antwerp | last = Fine | title = The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century | publisher = University of Michigan Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-472-08149-3 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C}}, 376 pp.\n*{{Citation | last = Kalaitzidis | first = Akis | year = 2010 | title = Europe's Greece: A Giant in the Making | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]]}}, 219 pp.  The impact of European Union membership on Greek politics, economics, and society.\n*{{cite book |last= Mavrias | first= Kostas G |title= Constitutional Law |year= 2002| publisher= Ant. N. Sakkoulas | location =Athens |language=Greek |isbn=978-960-15-0663-0}}\n*{{cite journal | last =Pappas | first = Takis |date=April 2003 | title= The Transformation of the Greek Party System Since 1951  |journal=[[West European Politics (WEP)|West European Politics]]| volume= 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 90–114| doi = 10.1080/01402380512331341121| url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/wep/2003/00000026/00000002/art00005 |accessdate=8 June 2008}}\n*{{Citation | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/global/14debt.html?pagewanted=all | title = Wall St. Helped to Mask Debt Fueling Europe's Crisis | publisher= The New York Times | first1 = Louise | last1 = Story | first2=Landon Jr |last2=Thomas |first3=Nelson D |last3=Schwartz |date= 14 February 2010 |accessdate=26 March 2013}}.\n*{{Citation | last = Trudgill | first = P | contribution = Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity | editor1-first = S | editor1-last = Barbour | editor2-first = C | editor2-last = Carmichael | year = 2000 | title = Language and Nationalism in Europe | place = [[Oxford]] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]}}.\n*{{cite book | author-link = Evangelos Venizelos| last = Venizelos | first = Evangelos | title = The \"Acquis\" of the Constitutional Revision | year= 2002 | publisher= Ant. N. Sakkoulas |location= Athens | language = Greek | isbn = 978-960-15-0617-3 |chapter=The Contribution of the Revision of 2001}}\n{{refend}}\n\n== External links ==\n{{Sister project links|Greece|voy =Greece}}\n\n=== Government ===\n* [http://www.presidency.gr/ President of the Hellenic Republic]\n* [http://www.primeminister.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4762&Itemid=89Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic]\n* [http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/ Hellenic Parliament]\n* [http://www.visitgreece.gr/ Greek National Tourism Organisation]\n* [http://www.greeknewsagenda.gr/ Greek News Agenda Newsletter]\n\n=== General information ===\n*{{Citation | contribution-url = http://www.britannica.com/place/Greece | contribution = Greece | title = [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}.\n*{{Citation | contribution-url = http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/greece-guide/ | type = guide | contribution = Greece | title = [[National Geographic Traveler|Traveler]] | publisher = National Geographic}}.\n*{{CIA World Factbook link|gr|Greece}}\n*{{Citation | url = http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/greece.htm | contribution = Greece | title = UCB Libraries GovPubs | publisher = Colorado}}.\n*{{dmoz |Regional/Europe/Greece}}\n*{{Citation | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17372520 | title = Greece | type = profile | newspaper = [[BBC News]] | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]] | date=25 December 2013}}.\n*{{Citation | url = http://www.gcr.gr/ | title = Greek Council for Refugees}}.\n*{{Citation | url = http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/en/ | title = Hellenic History | publisher = FHW | place = GR}}.\n*{{Citation | url = http://www.hellenism.net/ | title = Hellenism}} – Everything about Greece.\n* [http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Greece:_Primary_Documents History of Greece: Primary Documents]\n* [http://kingscollections.org/exhibitions/specialcollections/greece/british-involvement-in-the-war/london-protocol The London Protocol of 3 February 1830]\n* [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/default.asp The Greek Heritage]\n* {{Wikiatlas |Greece}}\n* {{osmrelation-inline |192307}}\n\n; Trade\n* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GRC/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Greece]\n\n{{Greece topics |expanded}}\n{{Countries of Europe}}\n{{Navboxes\n|title=International membership\n|list=\n{{Member states of the European Union}}\n{{Founding member states of the United Nations}}\n{{NATO}}\n{{Member states of the OECD}}\n}}\n\n{{coord |39|N|22|E|type:country_region:GR|display =title}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:Greece| ]]\n[[Category:Countries in Europe]]\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\n[[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]\n[[Category:Member states of NATO]]\n[[Category:Member states of the Council of Europe]]\n[[Category:Member states of the European Union]]\n[[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:Republics]]\n[[Category:Southeastern Europe]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1821]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/list_of_countries.wiki",
    "content": "{{Redirect2|List of nations|List of countries|other country lists|Lists of countries and territories|non-sovereign dependencies|Dependent territory}}\n\nThis '''list of sovereign states''' provides an overview of [[sovereign state]]s around the [[world]], with information on their status and recognition of their [[sovereignty]].\n\nMembership within the [[United Nations]] system divides the 206 listed states into three categories: 193 [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]],{{cite web|title=United Nations Member States|url=http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|publisher=United Nations|author=Press Release ORG/1469|accessdate=28 February 2011|date=3 July 2006}} two [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer states]], and 11 other states.  The ''sovereignty dispute'' column indicates states whose sovereignty is undisputed (190 states) and states whose sovereignty is disputed (16 states).\n\nCompiling a list such as this can be a difficult and controversial process, as there is no definition that is binding on all the members of the community of nations concerning the criteria for [[sovereign state|statehood]]. For more information on the criteria used to determine the contents of this list, please see the ''[[#Criteria for inclusion|criteria for inclusion]]'' section below. The list is intended to include entities that have been recognized to have ''de facto'' status as sovereign states, and inclusion should not be seen as an endorsement of any specific claim to statehood in legal terms.\n\n==List of states==\n{| class=\"sortable wikitable\" style=\"background:white; text-align:left;\"\n|-\n! style=\"width:35%\" |Short and formal names\n! style=\"width:12.5%;\" |Membership within the [[United Nations System|UN System]] {{refn|This column indicates whether or not a state is a member of the [[United Nations]]. It also indicates which non-member states participate in the [[United Nations System]] through membership in the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] or one of the [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agencies of the United Nations]]. All United Nations members belong to at least one specialized agency and are parties to the statute of the [[International Court of Justice]].|group = \"Note\"}}\n! style=\"width:12.5%;\" |Sovereignty dispute {{refn|This column indicates whether or not a state is the subject of a major sovereignty dispute. Only states whose entire sovereignty is disputed by another state are listed.|group = \"Note\"}}\n! class=\"unsortable\" |Further information on status and recognition of sovereignty {{refn|Information is included on:\n* The extent to which a state's sovereignty is recognised internationally. More information can be found at [[List of states with limited recognition]],\n* Membership in the [[European Union]], where applicable,\n* Any [[Dependent territory#Summary by country|overseas dependencies]], if applicable, which are generally not part of the territory of the sovereign state,\n* [[Federation|federal structure]] of the state, where applicable. More information can be found at [[Federated state]],\n* Any [[List of autonomous areas by country|autonomous areas]] inside the territory of the sovereign state,\n* Any situations where one person is the Head of State of more than one state,\n* Any [[Government in exile|governments in exile]] recognised by at least one state.|group = \"Note\"}}\n|- style=\"background:Darkgrey;\"\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|A AAA\n|A AAA\n|A AAA\n|\n|- style=\"background:Lightgrey;\"\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|ZZZ↓ [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]] or [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer states]] ↓\n|A AAA\n|ZZZ\n|\n|-\n\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZAbkhazia → [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Afghanistan}}''' – Islamic Republic of Afghanistan\n|A [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member state]]\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Albania}}''' – Republic of Albania\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Algeria}}''' – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Andorra}}''' – Principality of Andorra\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Andorra is a [[Diarchy|co-principality]] in which the office of head of state is jointly held ''ex officio'' by the [[President of France|French president]] and the bishop of the Roman Catholic [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell|diocese of Urgell]],{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders |title=Andorra country profile |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 November 2011}} who himself is appointed by the [[Holy See]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Angola}}''' – Republic of Angola\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Antigua and Barbuda is a [[Commonwealth realm]]Commonwealth realms are members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] in which the head of state is Queen [[Elizabeth II]]. The realms are sovereign states; see [[Commonwealth realm#Relationship of the realms|Relationship of the realms]]. with 1 autonomous region, [[Barbuda]].For more information on divisions with a high degree of autonomy, see the [[List of autonomous areas by country]].{{cite web\n | author = Government of Antigua and Barbuda\n | title = Chapter 44: The Barbuda Local Government Act\n | work = Laws of Antigua and Barbuda\n | url = http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf\n | accessdate = 2010-11-10}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Argentina}}''' – Argentine RepublicThe Argentine Constitution (Art. 35) recognises the following denominations for Argentina: \"United Provinces of the Río de la Plata\", \"Argentine Republic\" and \"Argentine Confederation\"; furthermore, it establishes the usage of \"Argentine Nation\" for purposes of legislation.\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Argentina is a [[federation]] of [[Provinces of Argentina|23 provinces and 1 autonomous city]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Armenia}}''' – Republic of Armenia\n|A UN member state\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |Not recognized by [[#Pakistan|Pakistan]]{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf|title=Pakistan Worldview, Report 21, Visit to Azerbaijan|publisher=Senate of Pakistan Foreign Relations Committee|date=2008|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219074354/http://foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2009}}[http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html Nilufer Bakhtiyar: \"For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country\"] 13 September 2006 [14:03] – Today.Az{{Cite news|url=http://news.az/articles/armenia/86325|title=Pakistan the only country not recognizing Armenia – envoy|publisher=News.Az|date=February 5, 2014|accessdate=February 17, 2014|quote=We are the only country not recognizing Armenia as a state.}}\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Australia}}''' – Commonwealth of Australia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Australia is a [[Commonwealth realm]] and a [[federation]] of [[States and territories of Australia|six states and 10 territories]]. The external territories of Australia are:\n* {{noflag|[[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]}}\n* {{noflag|[[Australian Antarctic Territory]]}}\n* {{flag|Christmas Island}}\n* {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}\n* {{noflag|[[Coral Sea Islands Territory]]}}\n* {{noflag|[[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]}}\n* {{flag|Norfolk Island}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Austria}}''' – Republic of Austria\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the European Union.{{refn|The member states of the [[European Union]] have transferred part of their sovereignty in the form of legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, which is an example of [[supranational union]]. The EU has 28 member states.[http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/index_en.htm Europa], retrieved 28 February 2011|name=EU|group=lower-alpha}} Austria is a [[federation]] of [[States of Austria|nine states]] (Bundesländer).\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Azerbaijan}}''' – Republic of Azerbaijan\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Azerbaijan contains two autonomous regions, [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] and [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] (''Dağlıq Qarabağ''). In [[#Nagorno-Karabakh|Nagorno-Karabakh]], [[List of states with limited recognition|a de facto state]] has been established.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Bahamas, The}}''' – Commonwealth of the Bahamas\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}The Bahamas is a [[Commonwealth realm]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Bahrain}}''' – Kingdom of Bahrain\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Bangladesh}}''' – People's Republic of Bangladesh\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Barbados}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Barbados is a [[Commonwealth realm]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Belarus}}''' – Republic of Belarus\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Belgium}}''' – Kingdom of Belgium\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. Belgium is a [[federation]] divided into [[Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium|linguistic communities and regions]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Belize}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Belize is a [[Commonwealth realm]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Benin}}''' – Republic of BeninFormerly referred to as [[Republic of Dahomey|Dahomey]], its official name until 1975.\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Bhutan}}''' – Kingdom of Bhutan\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Bolivia}}''' – Plurinational State of Bolivia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Bosnia and Herzegovina is a federation of two constituent units:\n* {{flag|Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}\n* {{flag|Republika Srpska}}\nand [[Brčko District]], a self-governing administrative unit.For more information about the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina, see [[Dayton Agreement]] and the text of [http://www.ohr.int/dpa/default.asp?content_id=380 The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina] (14 December 1995). Office of the High Representative. Retrieved 28 February 2011.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Botswana}}''' – Republic of Botswana\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Brazil}}''' – Federative Republic of Brazil\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Brazil is a [[federation]] of [[States of Brazil|26 states and 1 federal district]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Brunei}}''' – Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''' – Republic of Bulgaria\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Burkina Faso}}'''Also known as Burkina; formerly referred to as Upper Volta, its official name until 1984.\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Burma → [[#Myanmar|Myanmar]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Burundi}}''' – Republic of Burundi\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Cambodia}}''' – Kingdom of Cambodia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Cameroon}}''' – Republic of Cameroon\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Canada}}'''The legal name for Canada is the sole word; an officially sanctioned, though disused, name is Dominion of Canada (which includes its legal title); see: [[Name of Canada]], [[Dominion]].\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Canada is a [[Commonwealth realm]] and a [[Canadian federalism|federation]] of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|10 provinces and three territories]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Cape Verde}}''' – Republic of Cabo Verde\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Central African Republic}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Chad}}''' – Republic of Chad\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Chile}}''' – Republic of Chile\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}[[Easter Island]] and the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] are \"special territories\" of Chile in the [[Valparaíso Region]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|China}}''' – People's Republic of ChinaThe [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) is commonly referred to as \"China\", while the [[Republic of China]] (ROC) is commonly referred to as \"Taiwan\". The ROC is also occasionally known diplomatically as [[Chinese Taipei]], along with [[Chinese Taipei#Other references to the Republic of China|other names]].\n|A UN member state\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |[[Foreign relations of China#Countries not recognizing the People.27s Republic of China|Partially unrecognized]]. {{claimedby|ROC}}\n{{extent}}The People's Republic of China (PRC) contains five autonomous regions, [[Guangxi]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Ningxia]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. Additionally, it has sovereignty over the [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Special Administrative Regions]] of:\n* {{flag|Hong Kong}}\n* {{flag|Macau}}\nChina is not recognised by [[Foreign relations of the Republic of China|21]] UN member states and the [[Holy See]], which instead recognise [[#Taiwan|Taiwan]] (the Republic of China).See also [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China]] and [[Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China]].\n\nChina claims, but does not control, [[#Taiwan|Taiwan]] which is governed by a rival administration.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|China, Republic of → [[#Taiwan|Taiwan]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Colombia}}''' – Republic of Colombia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Comoros}}''' – Union of the Comoros\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Comoros is a [[federation]] of [[Politics of Comoros#Autonomous islands|3 islands]].More information on more or less [[federation|federal]] structures can be found at a [[Federation#Modern 'federations'|List of federations]].Constitution of Comoros, Art. 1.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}'''Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Formerly referred to as [[Zaire]], its official name from 1971 to 1997.\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Congo, Republic of the}}'''Also known as Congo-Brazzaville.\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZCook Islands → [[#Cook Islands|Cook Islands]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Costa Rica}}''' – Republic of Costa Rica\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Côte d'Ivoire → [[#Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Croatia}}''' – Republic of Croatia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Cuba}}''' – Republic of Cuba\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Cyprus}}''' – Republic of Cyprus\n|A UN member state\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |Not recognized by [[#Turkey|Turkey]]{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/07/07/kakouris.cyprus/|publisher=CNN|title=Cyprus is not at peace with Turkey|author=Andreas S. Kakouris|date=July 9, 2010|accessdate=May 17, 2014|quote=Turkey stands alone in violation of the will of the international community. It is the only country to recognize the \"TRNC\" and is the only country that does not recognize the Republic of Cyprus and its government.}}\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]]. See [[Foreign relations of Cyprus]] and [[Cyprus dispute]]. [[Turkey]] refers to the Republic of Cyprus government as \"The Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus\".See [http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=255&l=2 Republic of Turkey Ministry for European Union Affairs] Retrieved June 12, 2012''.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}'''A simpler official short-form name has been encouraged by the Czech government: the English variant '''Czechia''' remains uncommon, but variants in Czech (''Česko'') and some other languages are more popular. See [[Name of the Czech Republic]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Democratic People's Republic of Korea → [[#Korea North|Korea, North]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Democratic Republic of the Congo → [[#Congo, Democratic Republic of the|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Denmark}}''' – Kingdom of Denmark\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\nThe [[Danish Realm]] includes two self-governing territories:\n* {{flag|Faroe Islands}} ''(Føroyar/Færøerne)''\n* {{flag|Greenland}} ''(Kalaallit Nunaat/Grønland)''\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Djibouti}}''' – Republic of Djibouti\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Dominica}}''' – Commonwealth of Dominica\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|East Timor}}''' – Democratic Republic of Timor-LesteThe government of East Timor uses \"Timor-Leste\" as the English translation.\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Ecuador}}''' – Republic of Ecuador\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Egypt}}''' – Arab Republic of Egypt\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|El Salvador}}''' – Republic of El Salvador\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}''' – Republic of Equatorial Guinea\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Eritrea}}''' – State of Eritrea\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Estonia}}''' – Republic of Estonia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Ethiopia}}''' – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Ethiopia is a [[federation]] of [[Regions of Ethiopia|nine regions and two chartered cities]].\n\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]]. The Federated States of Micronesia is a [[federation]] of four states.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Fiji}}''' – Republic of Fiji\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Fiji contains 1 autonomous region, [[Rotuma]].{{Cite book\n | title = Laws of Fiji\n | place = Suva, Fiji\n | publisher = Government of Fiji\n | year = 1927\n | volume =\n | edition = 1978\n | chapter = Rotuma Act\n | chapterurl = http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html\n | accessdate = 2010-07-10}}{{dead link|date=May 2011}}{{cite web\n | author = Government of Fiji, Office of the Prime Minister\n | title = Chapter 122: Rotuma Act\n | work = Laws of Fiji\n | publisher = University of the South Pacific\n | year = 1978\n | url = http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/\n | accessdate = 2010-11-10}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Finland}}''' – Republic of Finland\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n* {{flag|Åland}} is a neutral and demilitarised autonomous region of Finland.[[Åland Islands|Åland]] was demilitarised by the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1856, which was later affirmed by the [[League of Nations]] in 1921, and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on Finland's admission to the European Union in 1995.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|France}}''' – French Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. France contains five overseas regions/departments: [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]], and [[Réunion]]. France also includes the overseas territories of:\n* {{noflag|[[Clipperton Island]]}}\n* {{flag|French Polynesia}}\n* {{flag|New Caledonia}}\n* {{flag|Saint Barthélemy|local}}\n* {{noflag|[[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]]}}\n* {{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|local}}\n* {{flag|Wallis and Futuna|local}}\n* {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Gabon}}''' – Gabonese Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Gambia '''{{flag|Gambia, The}}''' – Republic of the Gambia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Georgia}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Georgia contains two autonomous republics, [[Adjara]] and [[Abkhazia]]. In [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] and [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]], de facto states have been formed.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Germany}}''' – Federal Republic of Germany\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. Germany is a [[federation]] of [[States of Germany|16 federated states]] (Länder).\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Ghana}}''' – Republic of Ghana\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Greece}}''' – Hellenic Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. [[Mount Athos]] is an autonomous part of Greece that is jointly governed by the multinational \"Holy Community\" on the mountain and a civil governor appointed by the Greek government.Constitution of Greece, Art. 105.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Grenada}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Grenada is a [[Commonwealth realm]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Guatemala}}''' – Republic of Guatemala\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Guinea}}''' – Republic of GuineaAlso known as Guinea-Conakry.\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}''' – Republic of Guinea-Bissau\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Guyana}}''' – Co-operative Republic of Guyana\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Haiti}}''' – Republic of Haiti\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Holy See → [[#Vatican City|Vatican City]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Honduras}}''' – Republic of Honduras\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Hungary}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Iceland}}''' – Republic of Iceland\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|India}}''' – Republic of India\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}India is a [[federation]] of [[States and territories of India|29 states and seven union territories]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''' – Republic of Indonesia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Indonesia has [[Provinces of Indonesia|five provinces]] with official special autonomy status: [[Aceh]], [[Jakarta|Jakarta SCR]], [[Yogyakarta Special Region|Yogyakarta SR]], [[Papua (province)|Papua]], and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Iran}}''' – Islamic Republic of Iran\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Iraq}}''' – Republic of Iraq\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Iraq is a [[federation]]Source: [http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf Iraqi constitution] of [[Governorates of Iraq|18 governorates]], three of which make up the autonomous [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Ireland}}'''{{#tag:ref|\"Ireland\" is the official ''name'' in English. \"Republic of Ireland\" (the official ''description'' in English) and \"Éire\" (the official name in Irish) have sometimes been used unofficially to distinguish the state from the larger [[Ireland|island of Ireland]]; this is officially deprecated.{{cite journal |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=46 |number=1 |date=January 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press on behalf of The North American Conference on British Studies |doi=10.1086/508399 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508399 |title=The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: \"A Country by Any Other Name\"? |last=Daly |first=Mary E. |subscription=Y }} See [[names of the Irish state]].|group=\"Note\"}}\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Israel}}''' – State of Israel\n|A UN member state\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |[[Recognition of Israel|Partially unrecognized]]\n{{extent}}Israel exerts strong control over the territory claimed by [[#Palestine|Palestine]]. Israel annexed [[Jerusalem Law|East Jerusalem]],Knesset website, [https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm ''Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel''] an annexation not recognised by the international community.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |title=Disputes – International |publisher=CIA World Factbook |accessdate=8 November 2011}} Israel maintains [[West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord|varying levels of control]] over the rest of the [[West Bank]], and although Israel no longer has a permanent civilian or military presence in the [[Gaza Strip]], following its [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|unilateral disengagement]], it is still considered by some to be the occupying power under international law.{{cite web\n | last = Gold\n | first = Dore\n |author2=Institute for Contemporary Affairs\n | title = Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still \"Occupied\" Even After Israel Withdraws\n | work = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 5, No. 3\n | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs\n | date = 26 August 2005\n | url = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm\n | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}{{cite web\n | last = Bell\n | first = Abraham\n | title = International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense\n | work = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29\n | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs\n | date = 28 January 2008\n | url = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm\n | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}{{Cite press release\n | title = Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference\n | publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel\n | date = 22 January 2008\n | url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print\n | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}{{cite web\n | last = Salih\n | first = Zak M.\n | title = Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status\n | publisher = University of Virginia School of Law\n | date = 17 November 2005\n | url = http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm\n | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}{{cite web\n | title = Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation\n | publisher = Human Rights Watch\n | date = 29 October 2004\n | url = http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm\n | accessdate = 2010-07-16}} Israel is not recognised as a state by [[International recognition of Israel|32 UN members]] (including most Arab states) and by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|SADR]]. \n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Italy}}''' – Italian Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. Italy has five autonomous regions, [[Aosta Valley]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] and [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}''' – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Jamaica}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Jamaica is a [[Commonwealth realm]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Japan}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Jordan}}''' – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Kazakhstan}}''' – Republic of Kazakhstan\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Kenya}}''' – Republic of Kenya\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Kiribati}}''' – Republic of Kiribati\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Korea, North}}''' – Democratic People's Republic of Korea\n|A UN member state\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|SKOREA}}\n{{extent}}North Korea is not recognised by two UN members: [[#Japan|Japan]] and South Korea.Both North Korea and South Korea claim to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]]. See also [[Foreign relations of North Korea]] and [[Foreign relations of South Korea]].{{cite web\n | url = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html\n | title = Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea\n | accessdate = 2008-10-27\n}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Korea, South}}''' – Republic of Korea\n|A UN member state\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|NKOREA}}\n{{extent}}South Korea contains 1 autonomous region, [[Jeju-do]].{{cite web|author=Keun Min|title=Greetings|publisher=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province|url=http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=02|accessdate = 2010-11-10}} South Korea is not recognised by one UN member: North Korea.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZKosovo → [[#Kosovo|Kosovo]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Kuwait}}''' – State of Kuwait\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}''' – Kyrgyz Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Laos}}''' – Lao People's Democratic Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Latvia}}''' – Republic of Latvia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Lebanon}}''' – Lebanese Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Lesotho}}''' – Kingdom of Lesotho\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Liberia}}''' – Republic of Liberia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Libya}}''' – State of Libya\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Libya has one self-declared autonomous region:{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/11/east-libya-declares-self-government-2013113195259621122.html|title=East Libya declares self-government|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=November 3, 2013|accessdate=November 5, 2013}}\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Cyrenaica.svg}} [[Cyrenaica]]\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Liechtenstein}}''' – Principality of Liechtenstein\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Lithuania}}''' – Republic of Lithuania\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}''' – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Macedonia}}''' – Republic of Macedonia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Because of the [[Macedonia naming dispute]], the country is referred to by the UN and a number of states and international organizations as \"the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia\".\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Madagascar}}''' – Republic of Madagascar\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Malawi}}''' – Republic of Malawi\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Malaysia}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Malaysia is a [[federation]] of [[States of Malaysia|13 states and three federal territories]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Maldives}}''' – Republic of Maldives\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Mali}}''' – Republic of Mali\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Malta}}''' – Republic of Malta\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Marshall Islands}}''' – Republic of the Marshall Islands\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Mauritania}}''' – Islamic Republic of Mauritania\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Mauritius}}''' – Republic of Mauritius\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Mauritius has an autonomous island, [[Rodrigues]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Mexico}}''' – United Mexican States\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Mexico is a [[federation]] of [[Political divisions of Mexico|31 states and 1 federal district]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Moldova}}''' – Republic of Moldova\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Moldova has the autonomous regions of [[Gagauzia]] and [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]], the latter of which has established a de facto state.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Monaco}}''' – Principality of Monaco\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Mongolia}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Montenegro}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Morocco}}''' – Kingdom of Morocco\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Morocco claims sovereignty over [[Western Sahara]] and controls most of it, which is disputed by the [[#SADR|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Mozambique}}''' – Republic of Mozambique\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' – Republic of the Union of MyanmarThe government changed the state's official name in English from \"Union of Myanmar\" to \"Republic of the Union of Myanmar\" in October 2010.{{Cite news|title=Myanmar gets new flag, official name, anthem|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE69K2HM20101021|publisher=Reuters|date=21 October 2010|accessdate=22 October 2010}}\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZNagorno-Karabakh → [[#Nagorno-Karabakh|Nagorno-Karabakh]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Namibia}}''' – Republic of Namibia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Nauru}}''' – Republic of Nauru\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Nepal}}''' – Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Nepal is a [[federation]] composed of [[Zones of Nepal|14 zones]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flagcountry|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}''' – Kingdom of the Netherlands \n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of four constituent countries:\n* {{flag|Netherlands}}\n* {{flag|Aruba}}\n* {{flag|Curaçao}}\n* {{flag|Sint Maarten}}\nThe monarch and his ministers form the government of the kingdom as well as the government of its constituent country, the Netherlands. Following the dissolution of the [[Netherlands Antilles]] in 2010, Curaçao and Sint Maarten have become constituent countries, which, alongside Aruba, enjoy considerable autonomy. The other three islands ([[Bonaire]], [[Saba]], [[Sint Eustatius]]) became [[Caribbean Netherlands|special municipalities]] of the Netherlands.\n\nThe designation \"Netherlands\" can refer either to one of the Kingdom's constituent countries or to the short name for the Kingdom (e.g. in international organizations). The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law applies only to parts within Europe.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|New Zealand}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}New Zealand is a [[Commonwealth realm]], and has the dependent territories of:\n* {{noflag|[[Ross Dependency]]}}\n* {{flag|Tokelau}}\n\nNew Zealand has responsibilities for (but no rights of control over) two freely [[associated state]]s:\n* {{flag|Cook Islands}}\n* {{flag|Niue}}\nThe Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with 39 and 11 UN members respectively.{{cite web\n | author = Federal Foreign Office of Germany\n | title = Beziehungen zu Deutschland\n | publisher = Government of Germany\n | date = November 2009\n | url = http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Cookinseln/Bilateral.html\n | accessdate = 2010-07-16}} For more information, see [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands]].{{cite web\n | author = China Internet Information Centre\n | title = Full text of joint communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Niue\n | publisher = Xinhua News Agency\n | date = 13 December 2007\n | url = http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/235447.htm\n | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}{{cite web\n | author = Republic of Nauru Permanent Mission to the United Nations\n | title = Foreign Affairs\n | publisher = United Nations\n | url = http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html\n | accessdate = 2010-07-16}} They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN,http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf and are members of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]].\n\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Nicaragua}}''' – Republic of Nicaragua\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Nicaragua contains two autonomous regions, [[Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur|Atlántico Sur]] and [[Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte|Atlántico Norte]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Niger}}''' – Republic of Niger\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Nigeria}}''' – Federal Republic of Nigeria\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Nigeria is a [[federation]] of [[States of Nigeria|36 states and 1 federal territory]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZNiue → [[#Niue|Niue]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZNorthern Cyprus → [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|North Korea → [[#Korea North|Korea, North]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Norway}}''' – Kingdom of Norway\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n* [[Svalbard]] is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the [[Svalbard Treaty]].\n* [[Jan Mayen]] is an island that is an integral part of Norway, although [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated]].\nNorway has the dependent territories of:\n* [[Bouvet Island]]\n* [[Peter I Island]]\n* [[Queen Maud Land]]\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Oman}}''' – Sultanate of Oman\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Pakistan}}''' – Islamic Republic of Pakistan\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Pakistan is a [[federation]] of [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|four provinces, 1 capital territory, and tribal regions]]. Pakistan disputes [[#India|Indian]] sovereignty over [[Kashmir]]. It exercises control over [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|some areas]], but does not explicitly claim any part of it,Constitution of Pakistan, Art. 1.{{Cite news\n | author = Aslam, Tasnim\n | title = 'Pakistan Does Not Claim Kashmir As An Integral Part...'\n | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374\n | newspaper = Outlook India\n | publisher = The Outlook Group\n | date = 11 December 2006\n | accessdate = }} instead regarding it as a disputed territory.{{Cite book\n | last = Williams\n | first = Kristen P.\n | title = Despite nationalist conflicts: theory and practice of maintaining world peace\n | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group\n | year = 2001\n | pages = 154–155\n | url = https://books.google.com/?id=OYmurpH3ahsC\n | isbn = 978-0-275-96934-9}}{{Cite book\n | last = Pruthi\n | first = R.K.\n | title = An Encyclopaedic Survey Of Global Terrorism In 21St Century\n | publisher = Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.\n | year = 2001\n | pages = 120–121\n | url = https://books.google.com/?id=C3yDkKDbZ3YC\n | isbn = 978-81-261-1091-9}} The portions that it controls are divided into two territories, administered separately from Pakistan proper:Sovereignty over [[Kashmir]] is disputed between [[#India|India]] and [[#Pakistan|Pakistan]]; smaller parts are disputed by the [[#China|People's Republic of China]] and the [[#Taiwan|Republic of China]]. Kashmir is divided between India, Pakistan and the PRC. See the [[List of territorial disputes]].\n* {{flag|Azad Kashmir}}\n* {{noflag|[[Gilgit–Baltistan]]}}\n\nAzad Kashmir describes itself as a \"self-governing state under Pakistani control\", while Gilgit-Baltistan is described in its governance order as a group of \"areas\" with self-government.http://home.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&catid=14http://gbtribune.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/self-governance-order-2009.pdf These territories are not usually regarded as sovereign,  as they do not fulfill the criteria set out by the declarative theory of statehood (for example, their current laws do not allow them to engage independently in relations with other states). Several state functions of these territories (such as foreign affairs and defence) are performed by Pakistan on their behalf.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-aRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1100&dq=azad+kashmir+gilgit+baltistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rbnWU6-bMcqayATQz4HoDg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=azad%20kashmir%20gilgit%20baltistan&f=false|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2014}}http://www.ajkassembly.gok.pk/AJK_Interim_Constitution_Act_1974.pdf\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Palau}}''' – Republic of Palau\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flagcountry|State of Palestine}}''' – State of Palestine\n| style=\"background:LightSkyBlue;\" |A [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN observer state]]; member of one [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agency]]\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" | [[International recognition of the State of Palestine|Partially unrecognized]]. {{claimedby|ISRAEL}}\n{{extent}}The declared State of Palestine has received diplomatic recognition from {{Numrec|Pal}} states.{{cite web|author=Palestine Liberation Organization|title=Road For Palestinian Statehood: Recognition and Admission|url=http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=5|publisher=Negotiations Affairs Department|accessdate=2011-07-28}} The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, or effective control on much of the territory that it proclaimed.See the following on statehood criteria:\n* {{Cite journal|author=Mendes, Errol|title=Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute|url=http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|pages=28, 33|date=30 March 2010|publisher=30 March 2010|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript=:}} \"...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention...\"; \"...the fact that a majority of states have recognised Palestine as a State should easily fulfill the requisite state practice\".\n* {{Cite journal|author=McKinney, Kathryn M.|title=The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine|url=http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&context=sulr&sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|journal=Seattle University Law Review|volume=18|issue=93|year=1994|page=97|publisher=Seattle University|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript=:}} \"It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory\".\n* {{Cite journal|author=McDonald, Avril|title=Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute|url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|journal=Human Rights Brief|volume=25|date=Spring 2009|publisher=Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript=:}} \"Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state.\" The [[Palestinian National Authority]] is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the [[Oslo Accords]] that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the [[Palestinian territories]]. In foreign relations, Palestine is represented by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]. The State of Palestine is a member state of UNESCO,{{cite web|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|title=Arab States: Palestine|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=3 December 2011}} and an observer state in the UN.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Panama}}''' – Republic of Panama\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}''' – Independent State of Papua New Guinea\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Papua New Guinea is a [[Commonwealth realm]] with 1 autonomous region, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Paraguay}}''' – Republic of Paraguay\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Peru|state}}''' – Republic of Peru\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Philippines}}''' – Republic of the Philippines\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}The Philippines contains one autonomous region, [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Poland}}''' – Republic of Poland\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Portugal}}''' – Portuguese Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. Portugal contains two autonomous regions, [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Pridnestrovie → [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Qatar}}''' – State of Qatar\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Republic of Korea → [[#Korea South|Korea, South]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Republic of the Congo → [[#Congo, Republic of the|Congo, Republic of the]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Romania}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Russia}}''' – Russian Federation\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Russia is officially a [[federation]] of 85 [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] (republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and an autonomous oblast). Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Rwanda}}''' – Republic of Rwanda\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic → [[#SADR|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}''' – Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Saint Kitts and Nevis is a [[Commonwealth realm]] and is a [[federation]] of [[Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis|14 parishes]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Saint Lucia}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Saint Lucia is a [[Commonwealth realm]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a [[Commonwealth realm]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Samoa}}''' – Independent State of Samoa\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|San Marino}}''' – Republic of San Marino\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}''' – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}São Tomé and Príncipe contains 1 autonomous province, [[Príncipe]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}''' – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n\n\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Senegal}}''' – Republic of Senegal\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Serbia}}''' – Republic of Serbia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Serbia contains two autonomous regions, [[Vojvodina]] and [[Kosovo and Metohija]]. The latter is under the de facto control of the [[#Kosovo|Republic of Kosovo]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Seychelles}}''' – Republic of Seychelles\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Sierra Leone}}''' – Republic of Sierra Leone\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Singapore}}''' – Republic of Singapore\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Slovakia}}''' – Slovak Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Slovenia}}''' – Republic of Slovenia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Solomon Islands}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}The Solomon Islands is a [[Commonwealth realm]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Somalia}}''' – Federal Republic of Somalia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Somalia is presently divided with the official [[Federal Government of Somalia]] (FGS) controlling only part of the country. [[Puntland]] and [[Galmudug]] have declared themselves as autonomous regions of Somalia (a claim that the FGS does not recognise),{{Cite book | last = Weller | first = Marc |author2=Nobbs, Katherine  | title = Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year = 2010 | location = Philadelphia, United States | page = | url = https://books.google.com/?id=ru-DIWuuObEC | isbn = 978-0-8122-4230-0}}{{Request quotation|date=March 2011}} while [[#Somaliland|Somaliland]] has formed an unrecognised de facto state.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZSomaliland → [[#Somaliland|Somaliland]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|South Africa}}''' – Republic of South Africa\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|South Korea → [[#Korea South|Korea, South]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZSouth Ossetia → [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|South Sudan}}''' – Republic of South Sudan\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}South Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of South Sudan|10 states]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Spain}}''' – Kingdom of Spain\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. Spain is divided into [[Autonomous communities of Spain|17 autonomous communities and 2 special autonomous cities]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''' – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Formerly known as [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Sudan}}''' – Republic of the Sudan\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of Sudan|17 states]]. Disputes [[Abyei]] and [[Kafia Kingi]] with [[#South Sudan|South Sudan]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZSudan, South → [[#South Sudan|South Sudan]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Suriname}}''' – Republic of Suriname\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Swaziland}}''' – Kingdom of Swaziland\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Sweden}}''' – Kingdom of Sweden\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''' – Swiss Confederation\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Switzerland is a [[federation]] of [[Cantons of Switzerland|26 cantons]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Syria}}''' – Syrian Arab Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}The [[National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|Syrian National Coalition]], which is [[International recognition of the Syrian National Coalition|recognized]] as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people by 20 UN members, has established an [[Syrian Interim Government|interim government]] to rule rebel controlled territory during the [[Syrian civil war]].\nSyria has one self-declared autonomous region:\n* {{flag|Syrian Kurdistan}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZTaiwan (Republic of China) → [[#Taiwan|Taiwan]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Tajikistan}}''' – Republic of Tajikistan\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Tajikistan contains 1 autonomous region, [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Tanzania}}''' – United Republic of Tanzania\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Tanzania contains 1 autonomous region, [[Zanzibar]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Thailand}}''' – Kingdom of Thailand\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|Timor-Leste → [[#East Timor|East Timor]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Togo}}''' – Togolese Republic\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Tonga}}''' – Kingdom of Tonga\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|ZZZTransnistria → [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]]\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n|\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}''' – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Trinidad and Tobago contains 1 autonomous region, [[Tobago]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Tunisia}}''' – Republic of Tunisia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Turkey}}''' – Republic of Turkey\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Turkmenistan}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Tuvalu}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Tuvalu is a [[Commonwealth realm]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Uganda}}''' – Republic of Uganda\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Ukraine}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}'''\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}The United Arab Emirates is a [[federation]] of [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|seven emirates]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''' – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Member of the EU. The United Kingdom is a [[Commonwealth realm]] consisting of [[Countries of the United Kingdom|four constituent countries]]: [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]]. The United Kingdom has the following overseas territories:\n* {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}\n* {{flag|Anguilla}}\n* {{flag|Bermuda}}\n* {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}\n* {{flag|British Virgin Islands}}\n* {{flag|Cayman Islands}}\n* {{flag|Falkland Islands}}\n* {{flag|Gibraltar}}\n* {{flag|Montserrat}}\n* {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}\n* {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}}\n* {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}\n* {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}\n* {{flag|British Antarctic Territory}}\nThe British monarch has direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown dependencies:\n* {{flag|Guernsey}}, with three dependencies:\n** {{flag|Alderney}}\n** {{flag|Herm}}\n** {{flag|Sark}}\n* {{flag|Isle of Man}}\n* {{flag|Jersey}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|United States}}''' – United States of America\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}The United States is a [[federation]] of [[Political divisions of the United States|50 states, 1 federal district]], and the incorporated territory of [[Palmyra Atoll]]. The United States has sovereignty over the following inhabited possessions and commonwealths:\n* {{flag|American Samoa}}\n* {{flag|Guam}}\n* {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}\n* {{flag|Puerto Rico}}\n* {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}\nIt also has sovereignty over several uninhabited territories:\n* [[Baker Island]]\n* [[Howland Island]]\n* [[Jarvis Island]]\n* [[Johnston Atoll]]\n* [[Kingman Reef]]\n* [[Midway Atoll]]\n* [[Navassa Island]]\n* [[Wake Island]]\n\nThree sovereign states have become [[associated state]]s of the United States under the [[Compact of Free Association]]:\n* {{flag|Marshall Islands}} – Republic of the Marshall Islands\n* {{flag|Micronesia}} – Federated States of Micronesia\n* {{flag|Palau}} – Republic of Palau\n\nIt also disputes sovereignty over the following territories:\n* [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]]\n* [[Serranilla Bank]]\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Uruguay}}''' – Oriental Republic of Uruguay\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Uzbekistan}}''' – Republic of Uzbekistan\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Uzbekistan contains 1 autonomous region, [[Karakalpakstan]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Vanuatu}}''' – Republic of Vanuatu\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Vatican City}}''' –  Vatican City State\n| style=\"background:LightSkyBlue;\" |A [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN observer state]] under the designation of \"Holy See\"; member of three [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]]\n|A None\n{{extent}}Administered by the [[Holy See]], a sovereign entity with diplomatic ties to {{Numrec|Holy See|N=1||states}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|title=Bilateral relations of the Holy See|publisher=Holy See website|accessdate=2012-06-05}} The Holy See is a member of the [[IAEA]], [[ITU]], [[UPU]], and [[WIPO]] and a permanent observer of the UN (in the category of \"Non-member State\"){{cite web|title=Non-member States and Entities |url=http://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=30 August 2010|date=29 February 2008}} and [[Foreign relations of the Holy See#Participation in international organizations|multiple other UN System organizations]]. The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the [[Pope]], who is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome and ''ex officio'' sovereign of Vatican City.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Venezuela}}''' – Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}Venezuela is a [[federation]] of [[States of Venezuela|23 states, 1 capital district, and federal dependencies]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Vietnam}}''' – Socialist Republic of Vietnam\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Yemen}}''' – Republic of Yemen\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Zambia}}''' – Republic of Zambia\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}''' – Republic of Zimbabwe\n|A UN member state\n|A None\n{{extent}}\n|- style=\"background:Lightgrey;\"\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|ZZZ↑ [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]] and [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer states]] ↑\n|A ZZZ\n|ZZZ\n|\n|- style=\"background:Darkgrey;\"\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|ZZZ\n|AB\n|B\n|\n|- style=\"background:Lightgrey;\"\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|ZZZ↓ Other states ↓\n|D AAA\n|ZZZ\n|{{Anchor|Other states}}\n|-\n\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''' – Republic of Abkhazia\n| style=\"background:LemonChiffon;\" |D No membership\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|GEORGIA}}\n{{extent}}[[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|Recognised by]] Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Venezuela,{{cite news|title=Chavez Backs Abkhazia, South Ossetia|url=http://www.times.spb.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=32067|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times| date=27 July 2010|accessdate=5 June 2011|agency=Associated Press}} Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia and Transnistria.{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|date=2006-11-17|accessdate=2011-06-05|script-title=ru:Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же|publisher=newsru.com|language=Russian}} Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Cook Islands}}'''\n| style=\"background:lightgreen;\" |D Member of eight [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]\n|A None
(See [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|political status]])\n\n{{extent}}A state in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[#N|New Zealand]], the Cook Islands has relations with [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands|41 other states]]. The Cook Islands is a member of [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|multiple UN agencies]] with full treaty making capacity. It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Kosovo}}''' – Republic of Kosovo\n| style=\"background:lightgreen;\" |D Member of two [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|SERBIA}}\n{{extent}}Pursuant to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]], Kosovo was placed under the administration of the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] in 1999.{{cite web|title=United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|url=http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/|website=UN|accessdate=8 January 2015}} Kosovo [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared independence in 2008]], and it has {{Numrec|Kos|received diplomatic recognition from|UN member states}} and the [[Republic of China]]. Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo. Other UN member states and non UN member states continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question. Kosovo is a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank Group]]. The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in [[North Kosovo]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh}}''' – Nagorno-Karabakh RepublicThe Constitution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (Art. 1.2) recognizes \"Artsakh Republic\" as an alternative denomination.\n| style=\"background:LemonChiffon;\" |D No membership\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|AZERBAIJAN}}\n{{extent}}A de facto independent state,{{Cite book|author=Krüger, Heiko|title=The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Legal Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JDCQu-Us8sC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=55|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=978-3-642-11787-9}}{{Cite news|author=Nikoghosyan, Hovhannes|title=Kosovo ruling implications for Armenia and Azerbaijan|url=http://www.huliq.com/1/803-kosovo-ruling-implications-armenia-and-azerbaijan|newspaper=HULIQ.com|publisher=Hareyan Publishing, LLC|date=August 2010|accessdate=2011-04-17}} [[Foreign relations of Nagorno-Karabakh|recognised only by]] [[Abkhazia]],[http://ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам]: \"Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой\", – сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... \"...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики...\" – сказал он.\" [[South Ossetia]] and [[Transnistria]].{{cite web|url=http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html|title=In detail: The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie|publisher=[[Pridnestrovie]]|date=2010-05-26|accessdate=2010-06-29}} Claimed in whole by [[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]].See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm Regions and territories'': Nagorno-Karabakh] (17 January 2006). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Niue}}'''\n| style=\"background-color:lightgreen\" |D Member of five [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]\n|A None
(See [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|political status]])\n\n{{extent}}A state in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[#N|New Zealand]], Niue has relations with [[Foreign relations of Niue|12 other states]]. Niue is a member of [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|multiple UN agencies]] with full treaty making capacity. It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''' – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\n| style=\"background:LemonChiffon;\" |D No membership\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" | Claimed by [[Cyprus]]\n{{extent}} [[Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus|Recognised only by]] [[#Turkey|Turkey]]. Under the name \"Turkish Cypriot State\", it is an observer state of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]]. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the [[#Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]].See [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html The World Factbook|Cyprus] (10 January 2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 17, 2006''.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}'''\n| style=\"background:LemonChiffon;\" |D No membership\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|MOROCCO}}\n{{extent}}Recognised at some stage by {{Numrec|SADR||UN member states}}, {{Numrec|SADR|W=Y|link=N}} of which have since withdrawn or frozen their recognition. It is a founding member of the [[African Union]] and the Asian-African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 [[Asian-African Conference]]. The territories under its control, the so-called [[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]], are claimed in whole by [[#Morocco|Morocco]] as part of its [[Southern Provinces]]. In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of [[Western Sahara]] to the west of the [[Wall (Western Sahara)|Moroccan Wall]] controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in [[Tindouf]], [[#Algeria|Algeria]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Somaliland}}''' – Republic of Somaliland\n| style=\"background:LemonChiffon;\" |D No membership\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|SOMALIA}}\n{{extent}}A de facto independent state,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States|last=Ker-Lindsay|first=James|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2012|quote=...there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognized by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland.|pages=53}}{{cite journal|url=http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf|title=Self-Determination, Sovereignty, and the Failure of States: Somaliland and the Case for Justified Secession|journal=[[Minnesota Journal of International Law]]|volume=19:2|year=2010|quote=Considering each of these factors, Somaliland has a colorable argument that it meets the theoretical requirements of statehood. ... On these bases, Somaliland appears to have a strong claim to statehood.|pages=380–381}}{{Cite journal|author=International Crisis Group|title=Somaliland: Time for African Union leadership|journal=Africa Report|issue=110|pages=10–13|date=23 May 2006|url=http://www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/ICG_Somaliland_AU_Leadership_2006-05-23_.pdf|accessdate=2011-04-19|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}{{Cite journal|author=Mesfin, Berouk|title=The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland|journal=ISS Paper|issue=200|page=8|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|date=September 2009|url=http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2009/403/P200.pdf|accessdate=2011-04-19|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}{{Cite journal|author=Arieff, Alexis|title=De Facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland|url=http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|journal=Yale Journal of International Affairs|issue=Spring/Summer 2008|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}} [[Foreign relations of Somaliland|not diplomatically recognised by]] any other state, claimed in whole by the [[#Somalia|Federal Republic of Somalia]].See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/3794847.stm Regions and territories'': Somaliland] (30 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''' – Republic of South Ossetia\n| style=\"background:LemonChiffon;\" |D No membership\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|GEORGIA}}\n{{extent}}A de facto independent state,{{Cite journal|author=Jansen, Dinah|title=The Conflict between Self-Determination and Territorial Integrity: the South Ossetian Paradigm|url=http://centreforforeignpolicystudies.dal.ca/pdf/gradsymp09/Jansen.pdf|journal=Geopolitics vs. Global Governance: Reinterpreting International Security|pages=222–242|year=2009|publisher=Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, University of Dalhousie|isbn=978-1-896440-61-3|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}} [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|recognised by]] Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Venezuela, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia]].{{Cite news|title=Russia condemned for recognizing rebel regions|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html|newspaper=CNN.com|publisher=Cable News Network|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Republic of China|name=Taiwan}}''' – Republic of China\n| style=\"background:Orchid;\" |D[[China and the United Nations|Former UN member]] (as Republic of China, 1945-1971) Observer in one [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agency]] under the name \"[[Chinese Taipei]]\"\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|PRC}}\n{{extent}}A state competing for recognition with the [[People's Republic of China]] as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China controls the island of [[Taiwan]] and associated islands, Quemoy, Matsu, the Pratas and parts of the [[Spratly Islands]],The sovereignty over the [[Spratly Islands]] is disputed by [[China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Vietnam]], and in part by Brunei, [[#Malaysia|Malaysia]], and the [[#Philippines|Philippines]]. Except for Brunei, each of these countries occupies part of the islands (see [[List of territorial disputes]]). and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the [[Mainland China|mainland]].{{Cite news |title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview |work=[[Taipei Times]] |date=2008-10-08 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320}} The Republic of China is recognised by {{Numrec|ROC|asof=E|alt=UN member states and the Holy See as of}}. The territory of the Republic of China is claimed in whole by the People's Republic of China.In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) lost the [[Chinese Civil War]] to the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) and set up a provisional capital in [[Taipei]]. The CPC established the PRC. As such, the [[Political status of Taiwan|political status]] of the ROC and the [[legal status of Taiwan]] (alongside the [[Free Area of the Republic of China|territories]] under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the [[China and the United Nations|China seat]] to the PRC and the ROC withdrew from the UN. Most states recognise the PRC to be the [[One-China policy|sole legitimate representative]] of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as \"[[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan, Province of China]]\". The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates [[Taiwan independence]]. The Republic of China [[Foreign relations of Taiwan#Relation with International organizations|participates in international organizations]] under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly \"[[Chinese Taipei]]\" and in the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] it has full membership. The Republic of China was a founding member of the UN and enjoyed membership from 1945 to 1971, with veto power in the [[United Nations Security Council|security council]]. See [[China and the United Nations]].\n|-\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|'''{{flag|Transnistria|state}}''' – Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic\n| style=\"background:LemonChiffon;\" |D No membership\n| style=\"background:LightCoral;\" |{{claimedby|MOLDOVA}}\n{{extent}}A de facto independent state, [[Foreign relations of Transnistria|recognised only by]] Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, and South Ossetia. Claimed in whole by [[#Moldova|Moldova]] as the ''[[Transnistria autonomous territorial unit with special legal status|Transnistria autonomous territorial unit]]''.'See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3641826.stm Regions and territories'': Trans-Dniester] (13 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.\n|- style=\"background:Lightgrey;\"\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|ZZZ↑ Other states ↑\n|D ZZZ\n|ZZZ\n|\n|- style=\"background:Darkgrey;\"\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|ZZZZ\n|ZZZZ\n|ZZZZ\n|\n|}\n{|\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;width:350px;\"|'''Legend \"Membership within the UN system\" column'''\n{{legend|White|UN Member states}}\n{{legend|LightSkyBlue|UN Observer states}}\n{{legend|lightgreen|Member of a UN Specialized Agency}}\n{{legend|orchid|Observer in a UN Specialized Agency}}\n{{legend|LemonChiffon|No membership in the UN system}}\n|style=\"vertical-align:top;width:350px;\"|'''Legend \"Sovereignty dispute\" column'''\n{{legend|White|Undisputed sovereignty}}\n{{legend|LightCoral|Sovereignty disputed}}\n|}\n\n==Criteria for inclusion==\nThe dominant [[customary international law]] standard of statehood is the [[Sovereign state#Declarative theory|declarative theory of statehood]], which was codified by the [[Montevideo Convention]] of 1933.  The Convention defines the state as a [[Legal personality|person]] of international law if it ''\"possess[es] the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) a capacity to enter into relations with the other states\"'' so long as it was not ''\"obtained by force whether this consists in the employment of arms, in threatening diplomatic representations, or in any other effective coercive measure\"''.{{cite book|author=Hersch Lauterpacht|title=Recognition in International Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA419|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=419}}\n\nDebate exists on the degree to which [[Diplomatic recognition|recognition]] should be included as a criterion of statehood. The declarative theory of statehood argues that statehood is purely objective and recognition of a state by other states is irrelevant. On the other end of the spectrum, the [[Sovereign state#Constitutive theory|constitutive theory of statehood]] defines a state as a person under international law only if it is recognised as [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] by other states. For the purposes of this list, included are all states that either:\n* (a) consider themselves sovereign (through a [[declaration of independence]] or some other means) and are often regarded as satisfying the declarative theory of statehood, ''or''\n* (b) are recognised as a sovereign state by at least one [[UN member state]]\n\nNote that in some cases, there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point, and whether an entity satisfies it is disputed.\n\nOn the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 206 entities:The following bullets are grouped according to the availability of sources for the two criteria ((a) and/or (b)). This arrangement is not intended to reflect the relative importance of the two theories. Additional details are discussed in the state's individual entries.The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] is not included, as despite being a sovereign entity it lacks territory and doesn't claim statehood. Entities considered to be [[micronation]]s are not included. It is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory. Also omitted from this list are all [[uncontacted people]]s, either who live in [[Stateless society|societies that cannot be defined as states]] or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.\n* 203 states recognised by at least one [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member state]]\n* Two states that satisfy the declarative theory of statehood and are recognised only by non-UN member states: [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]], [[Transnistria]]\n* One state that satisfies the declarative theory of statehood and is not recognised by any other state: [[Somaliland]]\n\n==See also==\n{{Div col|2}}\n* [[ISO 3166-1]]\n* [[Adjectivals and demonyms for countries and nations]]\n* [[Sovereign state]]\n** [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent]]\n** [[List of shortest lived sovereign states]]\n** [[List of sovereign states by date of formation]]\n*** [[Lists of sovereign states by year]]\n* [[List of countries and capitals in native languages]]\n* [[List of national capitals in alphabetical order]]\n* [[Gallery of country coats of arms]]\n* [[Gallery of sovereign state flags]]\n* [[List of country-name etymologies]]\n* [[List of international rankings]]\n* [[List of micronations]]\n* [[List of states with limited recognition]]\n* [[List of dependent territories]]\n* [[List of territorial disputes]]\n* [[Table of administrative divisions by country]]\n* [[Template:Clickable world map]]\n* [[Terra nullius]]\n* [[List of rebel groups that control territory]]\n{{Div col end}}\n\n==Notes==\n{{Reflist|group=\"Note\"|colwidth=30em}}\n{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}\n\n==Bibliography==\n* {{cite web|author = Federal Foreign Office of Germany|title = Amtliche Bezeichnungen ausländischer Staaten in den Landessprachen|publisher = Government of Germany|date = 22 April 2009|url = http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/373536/publicationFile/3858/StaatennamenLandessprache.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate = 2010-07-14}}\n* {{Cite book |title=The World: A Third World Guide: 1995/96 |editor1-last=Bissio |editor1-first=Roberto Remo |publisher=Instituto del Tercer Mundo |year=1995 |location=Montevideo |isbn=978-0-85598-291-1 |oclc=476299738}}\n* {{cite web|title=Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm|publisher=Statistics Division, United Nations|date=1 April 2010}}\n* {{cite web|last=Davis|first=Tim|title=World Countries and States List |url=http://www.timdavis.com.au/data/|work=Timdavis.com.au|date=19 February 2009}}\n* {{cite web|title=Geographic Names|url=http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/geoinfo/geoname.pdf|publisher=Department of Public Information, Cartographic Section, United Nations|date=7 September 2000}}\n* {{cite web|title=ISO 3166-1 Country names and code elements|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/country_names_and_code_elements.htm|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|year=2010}}\n* {{cite web|title=List of countries, territories and currencies|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union|date=4 May 2010}}\n* {{cite web|last=Madore|first=David|title=How many countries are there in the world?|url=http://www.madore.org/~david/misc/countries.html|work=Madore.org|date=3 August 2003}}\n* {{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=United States|year=2010}}\n* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=NYszJtC66FAC&pg=PA161&dq=%22official+name%22+palestine&q=%22official%20name%22%20palestine |page=161 |title=Middle East Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report |author=World of Information (Firm), and International Chamber of Commerce |edition=27th |location=London |publisher=Kogan Page |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7494-4066-4 |oclc=51992589}}\n\n{{portalbar|Geography|Lists}}\n{{Lists of countries and territories by continent}}\n{{Lists of sovereign states by year}}\n{{States with limited recognition}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:sovereign states}}\n[[Category:Lists of countries|*Sovereign states]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/progress_wrestling.wiki",
    "content": "{{short description|British professional wrestling promotion}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}\n{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}\n{{Infobox wrestling promotion\n|name        = Progress Wrestling\n|image       = ProgressWrestlingLogo.jpg\n|caption     = Progress Wrestling's logo\n|acronym     = Progress\n|established = 2011\n|folded      =\n|style       = [[Professional wrestling]]
[[Sports entertainment]]\n|location    = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]\n|founder     = [[Jim Smallman]]
Jon Briley\n|owner       = Jon Briley
[[Glen Joseph]]
Matt Richards
\n|parent      =\n|sister      =\n|formerly    =\n|website     = [http://www.progresswrestling.com ProgressWrestling.com]\n}}\n'''Progress Wrestling''' (stylised as PROGRESS) is a British [[professional wrestling]] [[Professional wrestling promotion|promotion]] that was established in 2011 by comedian [[Jim Smallman]] and events and comedy promoter Jon Briley, later to be joined in management of the company by actor Glen Robinson (professionally known as [[Glen Joseph]]).\n\n==History==\nThe company was conceived by [[Jim Smallman]] and Jon Briley in 2011, who were both massive wrestling fans. Smallman is a big fan of \"[[Strong style]]\" wrestling, Japanese in particular, and Briley was Smallman's agent.{{cite news|last=Rehal|first=Sumit|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/wwe-mma-wrestling/progress-wrestling--if-we-didnt-have-such-talented-guys-in-britain-then-the-promotion-wouldnt-be-doing-as-well-as-it-is-says-cofounder-jim-smallman-9436076.html|title=Progress Wrestling – ‘If we didn’t have such talented guys in Britain, then the promotion wouldn’t be doing as well as it is,’ says co-founder Jim Smallman|date=26 May 2014|accessdate=14 August 2014|publisher=The Independent|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531014103/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/wwe-mma-wrestling/progress-wrestling--if-we-didnt-have-such-talented-guys-in-britain-then-the-promotion-wouldnt-be-doing-as-well-as-it-is-says-cofounder-jim-smallman-9436076.html|archivedate=31 May 2014|df=dmy-all}} The pair decided to put on a wrestling show in London, as not many shows were being put on in the capital itself, featuring the type of wrestling that they would both like to watch. The pair then spent seven months putting their first show together. Smallman is also a huge fan of punk music, and the pair decided to emphasize the fact that it would be a London-based promotion with a punk rock vibe. They also were keen not to be import-heavy, like other promotions, but to promote British talent. The pair eventually settled on [[The Garage, London|The Garage]] in Islington for the venue, because of the size and also having a great reputation as a music venue. The Garage were also very supportive of what Smallman and Briley wanted to do, and the pair ran their first show on 25 March 2012.\n\nAfter eleven consecutive sell out shows at the Garage, with the later shows drawing 350 fans, the promotion moved to the 700-capacity [[Electric Ballroom]] in Camden from Chapter 12 in March 2014 for their second anniversary show where the sell outs have continued. To date, Progress has sold out all London Chapter shows at The Garage and Electric Ballroom. For Chapter 36 in September 2016, Progress staged their largest ticketed show at the time at the [[Brixton Academy]], to an audience of 2,400 and announced that they would return the following September. Though they have run most of their shows in London, in 2014 Progress held three shows at The Satellite Stage at the [[Sonisphere Festival]], and in 2015 they appeared for five nights at [[Download Festival]].{{cite web |url=http://downloadfestival.co.uk/news/progress-wrestling-set-wreak-havoc-download-2015 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105133/http://downloadfestival.co.uk/news/progress-wrestling-set-wreak-havoc-download-2015 |archivedate=2 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }} In December 2015, they began running regular shows at [[The Ritz (Manchester)|The Ritz]] in Manchester.{{cite web |url=http://www.progresswrestling.com/chapter24news/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-07-01 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701190248/http://www.progresswrestling.com/chapter24news/ |archivedate=1 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }}  In 2017, Progress began to promote shows in Birmingham. For Chapter 55 on September 2017, Progress held their first show at the [[Alexandra Palace]] to an audience of 2,000. On 30 September 2018 Progress Wrestling held \"Hello Wembley\" at the [[Wembley Arena|SSE Arena]]. It was billed by the promotion as the largest independent wrestling show in England for 30 years. The event drew 4,750 people, making it the most attended event in Progress Wrestling history.{{cite web |url=http://411mania.com/wrestling/progress-wrestling-attendance-record| title=Progress wrestling attendance record|website=411mania.com}} In 2018 the promotion expanded to run event's in [[Sheffield]] as well as touring across the [[United States]] and in 2019 it will be expanding further to run shows in [[Bournemouth]] and [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]].\n\nThe promotion have been reluctant to use imports (wrestlers for which the UK is not their home or one of their homes). [[Colt Cabana]] was the first wrestler to be included on a show as part of the debut show, Chapter 1, in a losing effort to Loco Mike Mason. [[Ricochet (wrestler)|Ricochet]] appeared twice for the promotion, losing to [[El Ligero]] at Chapter 6 and in a triple threat with [[Mark Haskins]] and [[Zack Sabre Jr.]] at Chapter 11. [[Adam Cole]] was the first non-European wrestler to register a win in Progress, defeating Mark Haskins at Chapter 10. [[Prince Devitt]] also appeared twice for the promotion, defeating Zack Sabre Jr. at Chapter 13 and losing to [[Jimmy Havoc]] at the Progress World Cup, his final match in the UK before signing with the [[WWE]]. Other talents that have appeared include [[Samoa Joe]], [[Roderick Strong]] and [[Tommaso Ciampa]]; though Ciampa established himself as a Progress regular with seven Chapter show appearances.\n\nIn 2016 the company began working with other promotions. At Chapter 29 on 24 April in London, Progress hosted two qualifying matches for the [[WWE Cruiserweight Classic]].{{cite web|title=Another Indie Promotion To Host WWE Global Cruiserweight Series Qualifying Matches|url=http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2016/0327/609031/another-indie-promotion-to-host-wwe-global-cruiserweight-series/|accessdate=2016-03-28|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331030111/http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2016/0327/609031/another-indie-promotion-to-host-wwe-global-cruiserweight-series/|archivedate=31 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} In 2017, Progress wrestlers such as [[Pete Dunne (wrestler)|Pete Dunne]], [[Tyler Bate]], [[Trent Seven]], and [[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]] participated in the [[WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament]], culminating in Bate being crowned the first ever [[WWE NXT UK Championship|WWE NXT UK Champion]].\n\nIn mid-2019, Jim Smallman left the management of PROGRESS, being replaced by PROGRESS commentator Matt Richards. Richards also took over Smallman's ring announcing duties from January 2020, with British independent wrestler Fraser Thomas replacing Matt Richards on commentary.\n\n===International expansion===\nIn June 2016, the Canada-based SMASH Wrestling had its title defended at a Progress show, ahead of three co-promoted shows between the two in Ontario in September. January 2017 saw Progress promoting a show for Germany-based [[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]] in London, with wXw helping with Progress' début German show in Cologne in July. 2017's Wrestlemania Weekend saw Progress travel to the United States for a number of shows; including their own Orlando show, a joint show with [[WWNLive]], and contributing talent - including ring announcer Jim Smallman - to WWE's [[WrestleMania Axxess]] events. Progress returned to the States in August for two shows - one in New York City and one just outside of Boston - as well as announcing they would be running two shows as part of Wrestlemania Weekend 2018 in New Orleans.\n\nIn April 2018 Progress Wrestling embarked on a three-show tour of Australia, co-promoting shows alongside [[Explosive Pro Wrestling]], [[Melbourne City Wrestling]] and [[Pro Wrestling Alliance Australia|Pro Wrestling Australia]]. From 4 to 11 August 2018, Progress Wrestling undertook a tour across the United States, titled the \"Coast to Coast Tour.\" They worked in conjunction with [[WWNLive]] and Pacific Northwest-based promotion Defy Wrestling. Their shows took place in [[Philadelphia]], [[Boston]], [[New York City]], [[Seattle]], [[Chicago]], and [[Detroit]].\n\n===Demand Progress===\n{{Infobox television channel\n| name              = Demand Progress\n| logofile          =\n| logosize          =\n| logocaption       =\n| logoalt           =\n| logo2             =\n| launch            = March 2015\n| closed date       = \n| picture format    =\n| share             =\n| share as of       =\n| share source      =\n| network           =\n| owner             = Progress Wrestling\n| country           =\n| language          =\n| broadcast area    =\n| affiliates        =\n| headquarters      =\n| former names      =\n| replaced names    =\n| replaced by names =\n| sister names      =\n| timeshift names   =\n| website={{URL|https://demandprogress.pivotshare.com/}}\n| terr serv 1 =\n| terr chan 1       =\n| sat serv 1        =\n| sat chan 1        =\n| cable serv 1      =\n| cable chan 1      =\n| sat radio serv 1  =\n| sat radio chan 1  =\n| iptv serv 1       =\n| iptv chan 1       =\n| online serv 1     =\n| online chan 1     =\n| 3gmobile serv 1   =\n}}\n\nIn March 2015, Progress launched ''Demand Progress'', their own [[video-on-demand]] service.{{cite web|title=Progress Wrestling Launch Their On Demand Service|url=https://wrestleropesuk.wordpress.com/2015/03/22/progress-wrestling-launch-their-on-demand-service/|website=WrestleRopes UK|accessdate=14 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815070944/https://wrestleropesuk.wordpress.com/2015/03/22/progress-wrestling-launch-their-on-demand-service/|archivedate=15 August 2017|df=dmy-all}} January 2017 saw the first episode of ''Freedom's Road'', a new series from Progress which would feature matches taped specifically for the show and have a heavy focus on characters and plots.{{cite web|last1=Perry|first1=Ian|title=Progress Wrestling: Freedom's Road Debut Episode TV Report|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/107349/progress-wrestling-freedoms-road-debut-episode-tv-report.html?p=1|website=PWInsider|accessdate=14 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815070500/http://www.pwinsider.com/article/107349/progress-wrestling-freedoms-road-debut-episode-tv-report.html?p=1|archivedate=15 August 2017|df=dmy-all}} The second season of Freedom's Road launched in August 2018, with an even greater focus on characters and plots than the preceding season.\n\n==Current champions==\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center; background:#fcfdff; font-size:85%;\"\n!Championship || Current champion(s) || Reign || Date won || Days held || Defenses || Location || Notes\n|-\n|Progress Wrestling Unified World Championship\n|Cara Noir\n|1\n|January 19, 2020\n|{{age in days|January 19, 2020}}+\n|0\n|London\n|align=left|Defeated [[Ilja Dragunov]], Kyle Fletcher and Paul Robinson in a [[four-way match]] to win the vacant title at Chapter 101: Dalmatians.\n|-\n|Progress Wrestling World Tag Team Championship\n|[[Jordan Devlin]] and [[Scotty Davis]]\n|style=\"white-space: nowrap;\"|1
{{small|(1, 1)}}\n|September 15, 2019\n|{{age in days|September 15, 2019}}+\n|2\n|London\n|align=left|Defeated Grizzled Young Veterans ([[James Drake (wrestler)|James Drake]] and [[Zack Gibson]]) at Chapter 95: Still Chasing.\n|-\n|Progress Wrestling Proteus Championship\n|[[Paul Robinson (wrestler)|Paul Robinson]]\n|1\n|September 15, 2019\n|{{age in days|September 15, 2019}}+\n|5\n|London\n|align=left|Won a 30-person rumble match by lastly eliminated Danny Duggan to become the inaugural champion at Chapter 95: Still Chasing.\n|-\n|Progress Wrestling Women's Championship\n|[[Jinny (wrestler)|Jinny]]\n|2\n|December 15, 2019\n|{{age in days|December 15, 2019}}+\n|1\n|Sheffield\n|align=left|Defeated [[Meiko Satomura]] at Chapter 99: With A Flake, Please.\n|}\n\n===Inactive Championships===\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n!Championship\n!Date Introduced\n!Date Retired\n!Last Champion\n!Notes\n|-\n|align=left|Progress Wrestling Atlas Championship\n|{{dts|format=dmy|2016|09|25}}\n|{{dts|format=dmy|2019|07|21}}\n|[[Walter (wrestler)|WALTER]]\n|align=left| Retired to be replaced by Proteus Championship\n|-\n|}\n\n=== Progress Unified World Championship ===\n{{Infobox pro wrestling championship\n|name          = Progress Unified World Championship\n|image         =\n|caption       =\n|currentholder = Cara Noir\n|won           = January 19, 2020\n|created       = March 25, 2012\n|promotion     =\n|firstchamp    = [[Nathan Cruz]]\n|mostreigns    = [[Marty Scurll]] (2 reigns)\n|longestreign  = [[Jimmy Havoc]] (609 days)\n|shortestreign = [[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]] (<1 days)\n|heaviest      = Walter ({{convert|310|lb|kg|abbr=on}})\n|lightest      = [[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]] ({{convert|159|lb|kg|abbr=on}})\n|pastnames     = Progress Championship, Progress World Championship\n}}\nUnlike conventional wrestling championships which are generally represented by a championship belt, the Progress championship was initially represented by a large staff with an eagle head piece. At Chapter 16, the staff was replaced by a more traditional title belt. The title has been defended in the United States at the Wrestlecon Supershow in Dallas, Texas, and subsequently defended in Italy on 30 April 2016http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=1723&page=5&reign=7 and Ireland on 16 July 2016.{{cite web | url=http://www.wrestling-news.net/ccw-riot-project-mayhem-2016-results/81341/ | title=CCW Riot Results: Project Mayhem – Cork, Ireland (7/16) | date=17 July 2016 | publisher=Wrestling-News.net | first=Wayne | last=Daly | accessdate=19 September 2019 }} On 5 May 2019, the World Championship and Atlas Championship were unified by WALTER, defeating Trent Seven. The title was henceforth known as the Unified World Championship.\n\nAs of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history top|active=yes|defenses=yes|dayless=yes}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=1\n|champion=[[Nathan Cruz]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2012|03|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=25|month1=03|year1=2012|day2=25|month2=11|year2=2012}}\n|location=[[Highbury|Highbury, London]]\n|event=Chapter 1: In the Beginning\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=Defeated [[Marty Scurll]], [[El Ligero]], and Mike Mason in a tournament final to crown inaugural champion\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=2\n|champion=[[El Ligero]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2012|11|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=11|day1=25|year1=2012|month2=07|day2=28|year2=2013}}\n|location=[[Highbury|Highbury, London]]\n|event=Chapter 4: The Ballad of El Ligero\n|defenses = 3\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=3\n|champion=[[Rampage Brown]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2013|07|28}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=07|day1=28|year1=2013|month2=11|day2=24|year2=2013}}\n|location=[[Highbury|Highbury, London]]\n|event=Chapter 8: The Big Boy's Guide to Strong Style\n|defenses = 2\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=4\n|champion=[[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2013|11|24}}\n|days=<1\n|location=[[Highbury|Highbury, London]]\n|event=Chapter 10: Glory Follows Virtue As If It Were Its Shadow\n|defenses = 0\n|notes=Successfully cashed in his Natural Progression Series title shot\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=5\n|champion=[[Jimmy Havoc]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2013|11|24}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=11|day1=24|year1=2013|month2=07|day2=26|year2=2015}}\n|location=[[Highbury|Highbury, London]]\n|event=Chapter 10: Glory Follows Virtue As If It Were Its Shadow\n|defenses = 9\n|notes=Used the open contract given to him by Jim Smallman to make an immediate title match\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=6\n|champion=[[Will Ospreay]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2015|07|26}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=07|day1=26|year1=2015|month2=01|day2=24|year2=2016}}\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 20: ThunderBastard: Beyond ThunderBastard\n|defenses = 4\n|notes=Successfully cashed in his Super Strong Style 16 title shot\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=7\n|champion=[[Marty Scurll]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|01|24}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=01|day1=24|year1=2016|month2=06|day2=26|year2=2016}}\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 25: Chat Shit, Get Banged\n|defenses = 7\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=8\n|champion=Pastor William Eaver\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|06|26}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=06|day1=26|year1=2016|month2=07|day2=31|year2=2016}}\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 32: 5000 to 1\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=Successfully cashed in his Natural Progression Series title shot\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=9\n|champion=[[Marty Scurll]]\n|reign=2\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|07|31}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=07|day1=31|year1=2016|month2=09|day2=25|year2=2016}}\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 33: Malice in Wonderland\n|defenses = 1\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=10\n|champion=[[Mark Haskins]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|09|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=09|day1=25|year1=2016|month2=10|day2=30|year2=2016}}\n|location=[[Brixton|Brixton, London]]\n|event=Chapter 36: We're Gonna Need a Bigger Room... Again\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=This was a triple threat match also involving [[Aleister Black|Tommy End]]\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=10.5\n|type=vacated\n|reign=–\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|10|30}}\n|days=–\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 38: When Men Throw Men At Men\n|defenses = yes\n|notes=Haskins vacated the title due to injury\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=11\n|champion=[[Pete Dunne (wrestler)|Pete Dunne]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|11|27}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=11|day1=27|year1=2016|month2=09|day2=10|year2=2017}}\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 39: The Graps of Wrath\n|defenses = 11\n|notes=Defeated [[Jimmy Havoc]], [[Matthew Riddle|Matt Riddle]], Sebastian, TK Cooper, [[Travis Banks]], and [[Trent Seven]] in a seven-way elimination match to win the vacant title\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=12\n|champion=[[Travis Banks]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|9|10}}\n|days={{age in days nts|month1=09|day1=10|year1=2017|month2=07|day2=25|year2=2018}}\n|location=[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey, London]]\n|event=Chapter 55: Chase the Sun\n|defenses = 17\n|notes=Successfully cashed in his Super Strong Style 16 title shot\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=13\n|champion=[[Walter (wrestler)|Walter]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|7|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=25|month1=07|year1=2018|month2=09|day2=15|year2=2019}}\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 74: Mid Week Matters\n|defenses = 15\n|notes=Unified with the Atlas Championship on 05/05/2019 following Walter's win over Trent Seven\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=14\n|champion=[[Eddie Dennis]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2019|9|15}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=15|month1=09|year1=2019|month2=01|year2=2020|day2=19}}\n|location=[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey, London]]\n|event=Chapter 95: Still Chasing\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=Successfully cashed in his title opportunity gained by defeating Mark Andrews at Chapter 76. This was a [[triple threat match]] also involving [[David Starr (wrestler)|David Starr]].\n}}\n{{PWtitlereign\n|sort number = 14.5\n|type     = vacated\n|date     = {{dts|2020|01|19}}\n|location =\n|event    =\n|defenses = yes\n|notes    = Dennis vacated the title due to a shoulder injury\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=15\n|champion=Cara Noir\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2020|1|19}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=19|month1=01|year1=2020}}+\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 101: Dalmatians\n|defenses = 0\n|notes=This was a [[Professional wrestling match types|four-way match]] also involving [[Ilja Dragunov]], Kyle Fletcher and Paul Robinson.\n}}\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n==== Combined reigns ====\nAs of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|-\n!style=\"background-color:#FFE6BD\"|†\n|Indicates the current champion\n|}\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align: center\"\n!Rank\n!Wrestler\n!No. of
reigns\n!Combined
defenses\n!Combined days\n|-\n!1\n| [[Jimmy Havoc]] || 1 || 9 || 609\n|-\n!2\n|[[Walter (wrestler)|Walter]] || 1 || 15 || 417\n|-\n!3\n| [[Travis Banks]] || 1 || 17 || 318\n|-\n!4\n| [[Pete Dunne (wrestler)|Pete Dunne]] || 1 || 11 || 287\n|-\n!rowspan=2|5\n|[[El Ligero]] || 1 || 3 || 245\n|-\n|[[Nathan Cruz]] || 1 || 1 || 245\n|-\n!7\n|[[Marty Scurll]] || 2 || 8 || 210\n|-\n!8\n|[[Will Ospreay]] || 1 || 4 || 182\n|-\n!9\n|[[Eddie Dennis]] || 1 || 2 || 126\n|-\n!10\n|[[Rampage Brown]] || 1 || 2 || 119\n|-\n!rowspan=2|11\n|[[Mark Haskins]] || 1 || 1 || 35\n|-\n| Pastor William Eaver || 1 || 1 || 35\n|-\n!13\n|style=\"background-color:#FFE6BD\"| Cara Noir † || 1 || 0 || {{age in days|month1=01|day1=19|year1=2020}}+\n|-\n!14\n|[[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]] || 1 || 0 || <1\n|-\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n=== Progress Tag Team Championship ===\n{{Infobox pro wrestling championship\n|name          = Progress Tag Team Championship\n|image         =\n|caption       = The Progress Tag Team Title
(April 2017 — Present)\n|currentholder = [[Jordan Devlin]] and Scotty Davis\n|won           = 15 September 2019\n|created       = 24 November 2013\n|promotion     =\n|firstchamp    = FSU ([[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]] and [[Eddie Dennis]])\n|mostreigns    = (as a team)
CCK (Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos) and Grizzled Young Veterans ([[James Drake (wrestler)|James Drake]] and [[Zack Gibson]]) (3 reigns)
(as an individual)
Trent Seven (3 reigns)\n|longestreign  = FSU (Mark Andrews and Eddie Dennis) (301 days)\n|shortestreign = CCK (Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos) (7 days)\n}}\n\nIt was announced at Chapter 9 that beginning in November 2013 there would begin a series of matches to determine the first Progress Tag Team champions. The champions were crowned at Chapter 12, the second anniversary show, in March 2014. As with the Progress Championship not being a conventional championship belt, the Progress Tag Team Championship was originally represented by a shield with the Progress eagle on the front. The shield splits into two, one for each championship holder.\n\nAt Chapter 46 the Tag Team shields were replaced with traditional strap title belts, with the design on the front plate of each belt representing the defunct Tag shields.\n\nAs of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history top|active=yes|defenses=yes|team=yes}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=1\n|champion=FSU
{{small|([[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]] & [[Eddie Dennis]]}}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2014|03|30}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=30|month1=03|year1=2014|day2=25|month2=01|year2=2015}}\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 12: We're Gonna Need a Bigger Room\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=Defeated Screw Indy Wrestling and Project Ego in a tournament final to crown the inaugural champions.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=2\n|champion=The Faceless/The Origin
{{small|([[Nathan Cruz]], [[El Ligero]], Danny Garnell and Damon Moser)}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2015|01|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=25|month1=01|year1=2015|day2=25|month2=05|year2=2015}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 17: Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=Danny Garnell and Damon Moser originally captured the titles as The Faceless before all four unmasked, renaming themselves The Origin on 24 May 2015.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=3\n|champion=Sumerian Death Squad
{{small|([[Aleister Black|Tommy End]] and Michael Dante)}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2015|05|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=25|month1=05|year1=2015|day2=29|month2=11|year2=2015}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 19: Super Strong Style 16 2015\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=Defeated Nathan Cruz and El Ligero.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=4\n|champion=The Origin
{{small|(Nathan Cruz (2) and El Ligero (2))}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2015|11|29}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=29|month1=11|year1=2015|day2=29|month2=05|year2=2016}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 23: What a Time to Be Alive\n|defenses = 3\n|notes=This was a three-way also involving London Riots.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=5\n|champion=London Riots
{{small|(Rob Lynch and James Davis)}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|05|29}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=29|month1=05|year1=2016|day2=25|month2=09|year2=2016}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 30: Super Strong Style 16 2016\n|defenses = 3\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=6\n|champion=[[British Strong Style]]
{{small|([[Trent Seven]] and [[Pete Dunne (wrestler)|Pete Dunne]])}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|09|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=25|month1=09|year1=2016|day2=16|month2=12|year2=2016}}\n|location=[[Brixton|Brixton, London]]\n|event=Chapter 36: We're Gonna Need a Bigger Room... Again\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=6.5\n|type=vacated\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|12|16}}\n|defenses = yes\n|notes=Vacated by Progress management after Pete Dunne attempted to give his half of the title to [[Tyler Bate]].\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=7\n|champion=[[British Strong Style]]
{{small|(Trent Seven (2) and Tyler Bate)}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|12|30}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=30|month1=12|year1=2016|day2=25|month2=06|year2=2017}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 40: Unboxing Live\n|defenses = 3\n|notes=Won a three-way with London Riots and LDRS of the New School for the vacant titles.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=8\n|champion=CCK
{{small|(Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos)}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|06|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=25|month1=06|year1=2017|day2=09|month2=07|year2=2017}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 50: I Give it Six Months\n|defenses = 0\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=9\n|champion=[[British Strong Style]]
{{small|(Trent Seven (3) and Tyler Bate (2))}}\n|reign=2\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|09}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=09|month1=07|year1=2017|day2=10|month2=09|year2=2017}}\n|location=[[Birmingham]]\n|event=Chapter 51: Screaming For Progress\n|defenses = 4\n|notes=This was a six-man tag team match featuring British Strong Style and Pete Dunne vs CCK and [[Travis Banks]].\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=10\n|champion=CCK
{{small|(Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos)}}\n|reign=2\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|09|10}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=10|month1=09|year1=2017|day2=26|month2=11|year2=2017}}\n|location=[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey, London]]\n|event=Chapter 55: Chase the Sun\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=This was a [[ladder match]].\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=11\n|champion=Grizzled Young Veterans
{{small|([[James Drake (wrestler)|James Drake]] and [[Zack Gibson]])}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|11|26}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=26|month1=11|year1=2017|day2=11|month2=02|year2=2018}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 58: Live Your Best Life\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=12\n|champion=[[Jimmy Havoc]] and [[Mark Haskins]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|02|11}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=11|month1=02|year1=2018|day2=25|month2=02|year2=2018}}\n|location=[[Manchester]]\n|event=Chapter 63: Take Me Underground\n|defenses = 0\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=13\n|champion=Grizzled Young Veterans
{{small|([[James Drake (wrestler)|James Drake]] and [[Zack Gibson]])}}\n|reign=2\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|02|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=25|month1=02|year1=2018|day2=04|month2=08|year2=2018}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 64: Thunderbastards Are Go!\n|defenses = 6\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=14\n|champion=CCK
{{small|(Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos)}}\n|reign=3\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|08|04}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=04|month1=08|year1=2018|day2=11|month2=08|year2=2018}}\n|location=[[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania\n|event=USA Coast to Coast Tour\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=Kid Lykos was injured in the title match. Subsequent defences were made by Chris Brookes and either [[Jonathan Gresham]] or [[AR Fox]].\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=15\n|champion=[[Flamita]] and [[Bandido (wrestler)|Bandido]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|08|11}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=11|month1=08|year1=2018|day2=30|month2=09|year2=2018}}\n|location=[[Chicago]], Illinois\n|event=USA Coast to Coast Tour\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=Defeated Chris Brookes and AR Fox.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=16\n|champion=[[Aussie Open (professional wrestling)|Aussie Open]]
{{small|(Kyle Fletcher and Mark Davis)}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|09|30}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=30|month1=09|year1=2018|day2=30|month2=12|year2=2018}}\n|location=[[Wembley]], London\n|event=Chapter 76: Hello Wembley\n|defenses = 4\n|notes=This was an eight-team Thunderbastard match also featuring Sexy Starr, M&M, Anti-Fun Police, Calamari Thatch Kings, Grizzled Young Veterans and The 198.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=17\n|champion=Swords of Essex
{{small|([[Will Ospreay]] and Paul Robinson)}}\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|12|30}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=30|month1=12|year1=2018|day2=31|month2=03|year2=2019}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 82: Unboxing Live, A Dukla Prague Away Kit\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=18\n|champion=[[Aussie Open (professional wrestling)|Aussie Open]]
{{small|(Kyle Fletcher and Mark Davis)}}\n|reign=2\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2019|03|31}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=31|month1=03|year1=2019|day2=28|month2=07|year2=2019}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 87: Breadknife\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=Successfully cashed in Mark Davis' Natural Progression Series title shot. This was a [[tables, ladders, and chairs]] match.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=19\n|champion=Grizzled Young Veterans
{{small|([[James Drake (wrestler)|James Drake]] and [[Zack Gibson]])}}\n|reign=3\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2019|07|28}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=28|month1=07|year1=2019|month2=09|day2=15|year2=2019}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 93: Cheer Up Juice\n|defenses = 0\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=20\n|champion= [[Jordan Devlin]] and Scotty Davis\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2019|09|15}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=15|month1=09|year1=2019}}+\n|location=Haringey, London\n|event=Chapter 95: Still Chasing\n|defenses = 2\n|notes= Successfully cashed in Scotty Davis' Natural Progression Series title shot. This was a [[triple threat tag team match]] also involving Aussie Open (Kyle Fletcher and Mark Davis).\n}}\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n==== Combined reigns ====\nAs of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n!style=\"background-color:#ffe6bd\"|†\n|Indicates the current champion\n|}\n\n==== By team ====\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align: center\"\n!Rank\n!Team\n!No. of
reigns\n!Combined
defenses\n!Combined
days\n|-\n!{{sort|01|1}}\n|FSU 
{{small|({{sort||[[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]]}} and {{sort||[[Eddie Dennis]]}})}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|301|301}}\n|-\n!{{sort|02|2}}\n|Grizzled Young Veterans 
{{small|({{sort||[[James Drake (wrestler)|James Drake]]}} and {{sort||[[Zack Gibson]]}})}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|08|8}}\n|{{sort|286|286}}\n|-\n!{{sort|03|3}}\n|[[British Strong Style]] 
{{small|({{sort||[[Trent Seven]]}} and {{sort||[[Tyler Bate]]}})}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|07|7}}\n|{{sort|240|240}}\n|-\n!{{sort|04|4}}\n|[[Aussie Open (professional wrestling)|Aussie Open]]
{{small|({{sort||Kyle Fletcher}} and {{sort||Mark Davis}})}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|06|6}}\n|{{sort|210|210}}\n|-\n!{{sort|05|5}}\n|Summerian Death Squad 
{{small|({{sort||[[Tommy End]]}} and {{sort||Michael Dante}})}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|188|188}}\n|-\n!{{sort|06|6}}\n|The Origin 
{{small|({{sort||[[Nathan Cruz]]}} and {{sort||[[El Ligero]]}})}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|182|182}}\n|-\n!{{sort|07|7}}\n|style=\"background-color:#ffe6bd\"| [[Jordan Devlin]] and Scotty Davis †\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|{{age in days nts|month1=09|day1=15|year1=2019}}+\n|-\n!{{sort|08|8}}\n|The Origin/The Faceless 
{{small|({{sort||[[Nathan Cruz]] (2)}}, {{sort||[[El Ligero]] (2)}}, {{sort||Danny Garnell}} and {{sort||Damon Moser}})}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|120|120}}\n|-\n!{{sort|09|9}}\n|London Riots 
{{small|({{sort||Rob Lynch}} and {{sort||James Davis}})}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|119|119}}\n|-\n!{{sort|10|10}}\n|CCK 
{{small|({{sort||Chris Brookes}}, {{sort||Kid Lykos}}, {{sort||[[Jonathan Gresham]]}} and {{sort||[[AR Fox]]}})}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|91|98}}\n|-\n!{{sort|11|11}}\n|Swords Of Essex 
{{small|({{sort||[[Will Ospreay]]}} and {{sort||Paul Robinson}})}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|91|91}}\n|-\n!{{sort|12|12}}\n|[[British Strong Style]] 
{{small|({{sort||[[Trent Seven]]}} and {{sort||[[Pete Dunne (wrestler)|Pete Dunne]]}})}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|82|82}}\n|-\n!{{sort|13|13}}\n|{{sort||[[Flamita]]}} and {{sort||[[Bandido (wrestler)|Bandido]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|050|50}}\n|-\n!{{sort|14|14}}\n|{{sort||[[Jimmy Havoc]]}} and {{sort||[[Mark Haskins]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|00|0}}\n|{{sort|14|14}}\n|-\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n==== By wrestler ====\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n!Rank\n!Wrestler\n!No. of
reigns\n!Combined
defenses\n!Combined days\n|-\n!{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort||[[Trent Seven]]}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|08|8}}\n|{{sort|312|312}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort||[[El Ligero]]}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|05|5}}\n|{{sort|302|302}}\n|-\n|{{sort||[[Nathan Cruz]]}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|05|5}}\n|{{sort|302|302}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|04|4}}\n|{{sort||[[Eddie Dennis]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|301|301}}\n|-\n|{{sort||[[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|301|301}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|06|6}}\n|{{sort||[[James Drake (wrestler)|James Drake]]}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|08|8}}\n|{{sort|286|286}}\n|-\n|{{sort||[[Zack Gibson]]}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|08|8}}\n|{{sort|286|286}}\n|-\n!{{sort|08|8}}\n|{{sort||[[Tyler Bate]]}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|07|7}}\n|{{sort|240|240}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|09|9}}\n|{{sort||Kyle Fletcher}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|06|6}}\n|{{sort|210|210}}\n|-\n|{{sort||Mark Davis}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|06|6}}\n|{{sort|210|210}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|11|11}}\n|{{sort||Michael Dante}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|188|188}}\n|-\n|{{sort||[[Tommy End]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|188|188}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|13|13}}\n|style=\"background-color:#FFE6BD\"|{{sort||[[Jordan Devlin]]}} †\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|{{age in days|month1=09|day1=15|year1=2019}}+|{{age in days|month1=09|day1=15|year1=2019}}+}}\n|-\n|style=\"background-color:#FFE6BD\"|Scotty Davis †\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|{{age in days|month1=09|day1=15|year1=2019}}+|{{age in days|month1=09|day1=15|year1=2019}}+}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|15|15}}\n|{{sort||Damon Moser}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|120|120}}\n|-\n|{{sort||Danny Garnell}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|120|120}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|17|17}}\n|{{sort||James Davis}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|119|119}}\n|-\n|{{sort||Rob Lynch}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|119|119}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|19|19}}\n|{{sort||Chris Brookes}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|98|98}}\n|-\n|{{sort||Kid Lykos}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort|98|98}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|21|21}}\n|{{sort||Paul Robinson}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|91|91}}\n|-\n|{{sort||[[Will Ospreay]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|91|91}}\n|-\n!{{sort|23|23}}\n|{{sort||[[Pete Dunne (wrestler)|Pete Dunne]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|82|82}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|24|24}}\n|{{sort||[[Bandido (wrestler)|Bandido]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|50|50}}\n|-\n|{{sort||[[Flamita]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|50|50}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|26|26}}\n|{{sort||[[Jimmy Havoc]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|00|0}}\n|{{sort|14|14}}\n|-\n|{{sort||[[Mark Haskins]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|00|0}}\n|{{sort|14|14}}\n|-\n!rowspan=2|{{sort|28|28}}\n|{{sort||[[AR Fox]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|00|0}}\n|{{sort|7|7}}\n|-\n|{{sort||[[Jonathan Gresham]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|00|0}}\n|{{sort|7|7}}\n|-\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n=== Progress Proteus Championship ===\n{{Infobox pro wrestling championship\n|name          = Progress Proteus Championship\n|image         =\n|caption       =\n|currentholder = Paul Robinson\n|won           = 15 September 2019\n|created       = 21 July 2019\n|promotion     =\n|firstchamp    = Paul Robinson\n|mostreigns    = All titleholders (1 reign)\n|longestreign  =\n|shortestreign = Paul Robinson ({{age in days nts|day1=15|month1=09|year1=2019}}+ days)\n|oldest        = Paul Robinson (31 years)\n|heaviest      = Paul Robinson ({{convert|141|lb|kg|abbr=on}})\n|lightest      = Paul Robinson ({{convert|141|lb|kg|abbr=on}})\n|pastnames     =\n}}\nIt was announced on 21 July 2019 that the old Progress Atlas Championship which was unified with the Progress World Championship will be replaced. the title has been named after the shapechange [[Greek mythology|Greek]] god, [[Proteus]]. PROGRESS co-founder Jim Smallman said in the announcement that the champion will be able to pick the stipulation for the championship matches, subject to approval by the promotion. https://411mania.com/wrestling/progress-wrestling-announces-new-proteus-championship/\n\nAs of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history top|active=yes|defenses=yes}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=1\n|champion=Paul Robinson\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2019|09|15}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=15|month1=09|year1=2019}}+\n|location=[[Haringey]], [[London]]\n|event=Chapter 95: Still Chasing\n|defenses = 5\n|notes=This was a 30-person rumble match. Paul Robinson lastly eliminated Danny Duggan to become the inaugural champion. Robinson's selected stipulation was that he could only lose the title by being knocked out or by tapping out.\n}}\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n==== Combined reigns ====\nAs of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|-\n!style=\"background-color:#FFE6BD\"|†\n|Indicates the current champion\n|}\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align: center\"\n!Rank\n!Wrestler\n!No. of
reigns\n!Combined
defenses\n!Combined days\n|-\n!1\n|style=\"background-color:#FFE6BD\"| Paul Robinson † || 1 || 5 || {{age in days nts|day1=15|month1=09|year1=2019}}+\n|-\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n=== Progress World Women's Championship ===\n{{Infobox pro wrestling championship\n|name          = Progress World Women's Championship\n|image         =\n|caption       =\n|currentholder = [[Jinny (wrestler)|Jinny]]\n|won           = 15 September 2019\n|created       = 28 May 2017\n|promotion     =\n|firstchamp    = [[Toni Storm]]\n|mostreigns    = [[Jinny (wrestler)|Jinny]] (2 reigns)\n|longestreign  = [[Toni Storm]] (357 days)\n|shortestreign = [[Meiko Satomura]] (91 days)\n|heaviest      = [[Jordynne Grace]] (150 lbs)\n|lightest      = [[Jinny (wrestler)|Jinny]] (128 lbs)\n|youngest      = [[Toni Storm]] ({{age in years and days|1995|10|19|2017|05|28}})\n|oldest        = [[Meiko Satomura]] ({{age in years and days|1979|11|17|2019|09|15}})\n|pastnames     = Progress Women's Championship\n}}\n\nIt was announced on 24 April 2016, that Natural Progression Series IV would crown the first Progress Worlds Women's Champion. The tournament got underway in October 2016, with the champion to be crowned during the Super Strong Style 16 Tournament Edition 2017 weekend from 27 May 2017 to 29 May 2017. At the conclusion of the tournament at day two of the Super Strong Style 16 Tournament Edition 2016 weekend, [[Toni Storm]] was crowned the first Progress Women's Champion.\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history top|active=yes|defenses=yes}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=1\n|champion=[[Toni Storm]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|05|28}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=28|month1=05|year1=2017|day2=20|month2=05|year2=2018}}\n|location=[[Camden Town|Camden Town, London]]\n|event=Chapter 49: Super Strong Style 16 2017\n|defenses = 14\n|notes=Won a tournament final to crown the inaugural champion. This was a three-way also involving [[Jinny (wrestler)|Jinny]] and Laura Di Matteo.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=2\n|champion=[[Jinny (wrestler)|Jinny]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|05|20}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=20|month1=05|year1=2018|day2=30|month2=12|year2=2018}}\n|location=[[Manchester]]\n|event=Chapter 69: Be Here Now\n|defenses = 6\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=3\n|champion=[[Jordynne Grace]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|12|30}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=30|month1=12|year1=2018|day2=15|month2=09|year2=2019}}\n|location=Camden Town, London\n|event=Chapter 82: Unboxing Live, A Dukla Prague Away Kit\n|defenses = 9\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=4\n|champion=[[Meiko Satomura]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2019|09|15}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=15|month1=09|year1=2019|day2=15|month2=12|year2=2019}}\n|location=Haringey, London\n|event=Chapter 95: Still Chasing\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=\n\n}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=5\n|champion=[[Jinny (wrestler)|Jinny]]\n|reign=2\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2019|12|15}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=15|month1=12|year1=2019}}+\n|location=[[Sheffield]]\n|event=Chapter 99: With a Flake, Please\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n==== Combined reigns ====\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|-\n!style=\"background-color:#FFE6BD\"|†\n|Indicates the current champion\n|}\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n!Rank\n!Wrestler\n!No. of
reigns\n!Combined
defenses\n!Combined days\n|-\n!{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort||[[Toni Storm]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|14|14}}\n|{{sort|357|357}}\n|-\n!{{sort|02|2}}\n|style=\"background-color:#FFE6BD\"| {{sort||[[Jinny (wrestler)|Jinny]]}} †\n|{{sort|02|2}}\n|{{sort|07|7}}\n|{{age in days|month1=05|day1=05|year1=2019}}+\n|-\n!{{sort|03|3}}\n|{{sort||[[Jordynne Grace]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|09|9}}\n|{{Sort|259|259}}\n|-\n!{{sort|04|4}}\n|{{sort||[[Meiko Satomura]]}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|01|1}}\n|{{sort|91|91}}\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n=== Progress Atlas Championship ===\n{{Infobox pro wrestling championship\n|name          = Progress Atlas Championship\n|image         =\n|caption       = Progress Atlas Championship\n|currentholder = [[Retired]]\n|won           = 5 May 2019\n|created       = 25 September 2016\n|retired       = 21 July 2019\n|promotion     =\n|firstchamp    = [[Rampage Brown]]\n|oldest_champion = [[Doug Williams (wrestler)|Doug Williams]] (45 years)\n|youngest_champion = [[Walter (wrestler)|Walter]] (31 years)\n|mostreigns    =  [[Walter (wrestler)|Walter]] (3 reigns)\n|longestreign  = Walter ({{age in days nts|day1=10|month1=09|year1=2017|day2=6|year2=2018|month2=05}} days)\n|shortestreign = Matt Riddle ({{age in days|day1=12|month1=08|year1=2017|day2=10|month2=09|year2=2017}} days)\n|heaviest      = Walter ({{convert|310|lb|kg|abbr=on}})\n|lightest      = Matt Riddle ({{convert|216|lb|kg|abbr=on}})\n|pastnames     =\n}}\nThe Progress Atlas Championship was a championship exclusively for wrestlers over 205 pounds - the cruiserweight weight limit - in weight. Rampage Brown was the first champion after winning a tournament.\n\nOn 27 February 2019, PROGRESS announced that there would be a unification match between the Atlas and World championships at Super Strong Style 16 on 5 May of that year, with Walter winning and thus unifying the two titles.https://twitter.com/ThisIs_Progress/status/1100839272972726275\n\nOn 21 July 2019, PROGRESS announced that the Atlas Championship had been retired, to be replaced with the upcoming Proteus Championship.\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history top|active=no|defenses=yes}}\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=1\n|champion=[[Rampage Brown]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2016|09|25}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=25|month1=09|year1=2016|day2=15|month2=01|year2=2017}}\n|location=[[Brixton|Brixton, London]]\n|event=Chapter 36: We're Gonna Need a Bigger Room... Again\n|defenses = 3\n|notes=Defeated [[Joe Coffey (wrestler)|Joe Coffey]] in a tournament final to crown the inaugural champion.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=2\n|champion=[[Matthew Riddle|Matt Riddle]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|01|15}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=15|month1=01|year1=2017|day2=09|month2=07|year2=2017}}\n|location=[[Birmingham]]\n|event=Chapter 42: Life, the Universe and Wrestling\n|defenses = 9\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=3\n|champion=[[Walter (wrestler)|Walter]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|09}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=09|month1=07|year1=2017|day2=12|month2=08|year2=2017}}\n|location=Birmingham\n|event=Chapter 51: Screaming For Progress\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=4\n|champion=[[Matt Riddle]]\n|reign=2\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|08|12}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=12|month1=08|year1=2017|day2=10|month2=09|year2=2017}}\n|location=[[New York City|New York City, New York]]\n|event=Progress: New York City\n|defenses = 0\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=5\n|champion=[[Walter (wrestler)|Walter]]\n|reign=2\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2017|09|10}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=10|month1=09|year1=2017|day2=06|month2=05|year2=2018}}\n|location=[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey, London]]\n|event=Chapter 55: Chase the Sun\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=This was a three-way also involving [[Timothy Thatcher]].\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=5.5\n|type=vacated\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|05|06}}\n|location=Haringey, London\n|event=Chapter 68: Super Strong Style 16 2018\n|defenses = yes\n|notes=Walter voluntarily vacated the title.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=6\n|champion=[[Doug Williams (wrestler)|Doug Williams]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|05|20}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=20|month1=05|year1=2018|day2=30|month2=09|year2=2018}}\n|location=[[Manchester]]\n|event=Chapter 69: Be Here Now\n|defenses = 2\n|notes=Won a four-way with [[Joseph Conners]], Rampage Brown and Rob Lynch for the vacant title.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=7\n|champion=[[Trent Seven]]\n|reign=1\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2018|09|30}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=30|month1=09|year1=2018|day2=05|month2=05|year2=2019}}\n|location=[[Wembley|Wembley, London]]\n|event=Chapter 76: Hello Wembley\n|defenses = 6\n|notes=\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=8\n|champion=[[Walter (wrestler)|Walter]]\n|reign=3\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2019|05|05}}\n|days={{age in days nts|day1=05|month1=05|year1=2019|day2=21|month2=07|year2=2019}}\n|location=Haringey, London\n|event=Chapter 88: Super Strong Style 16 2019\n|defenses = 1\n|notes=Upon Walter's victory, the title was unified with the Progress World Championship, but not deactivated.\n}}\n\n{{Professional wrestling title history middle\n|number=8.5\n|type=deactivated\n|date={{dts|format=dmy|2019|07|21}}\n|defenses = yes\n|notes=PROGRESS declared the championship retired, to be replaced with the Proteus Championship at Chapter 95: Still Chasing{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ld0ASOpyF4g|title=A landscape-changing announcement for Alexandra Palace...|website=PROGRESS Wrestling on YouTube|language=en|access-date=2019-07-21}}\n}}\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n==== Combined reigns ====\n\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align: center\"\n!Rank\n!Wrestler\n!No. of
reigns\n!Combined
defenses\n!Combined
days\n|-\n!1\n|[[Walter (wrestler)|Walter]] || 3 || 4 || 349\n|-\n!2\n|[[Trent Seven]] || 1 || 6 || 217\n|-\n!3\n|[[Matt Riddle]] || 2 || 9 || 204\n|-\n!4\n|[[Doug Williams (wrestler)|Doug Williams]] || 1 || 2 || 132\n|-\n!5\n|[[Rampage Brown]] || 1 || 3 || 112\n|-\n{{BundleEnd}}\n\n== Reception ==\n\nPatrick Lennon, wrestling journalist for the ''[[Daily Star (British newspaper)|Daily Star]]'', has attended and reviewed Progress shows.{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/in-the-ring/317513/Every-Saint-Has-A-Past-Every-Sinner-Has-A-Fut-ure-show-is-a-winner|title=Every Saint Has A Past, Every Sinner Has A Future show is a winner|publisher=Daily Star|accessdate=2013-12-08}}\n\nCarrie Dunn, founder and main contributor of wrestling blog \"The Only Way is Suplex\",{{cite web|url=http://theonlywayissuplex.wordpress.com/|title=The Only Way Is Suplex|publisher=Carrie Dunn|accessdate=2013-12-08|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220131519/http://theonlywayissuplex.wordpress.com/|archivedate=20 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} published the book ''Spandex, Screw Jobs & Cheap Pops: Inside the Business of British Pro Wrestling''.{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Spandex-Screw-Jobs-Cheap-Pops/dp/1909178462/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1376302379&sr=1-1&keywords=spandex+screw+jobs+and+cheap+pops|title=\"Spandex, Screw Jobs & Cheap Pops: Inside the Business of British Pro Wrestling\" Amazon listing|publisher=Amazon.co.uk|accessdate=2013-12-08}} Progress Wrestling features frequently in the book including opening a chapter regarding London based wrestling promotions.{{cite book|last=Dunn|first=Carrie|title=Spandex, Screw Jobs & Cheap Pops: Inside the Business of British Pro Wrestling|publisher=Pitch|year=2013|pages=174–176|chapter=Chapter 11: In the spotlight - London calling|isbn=978-1-909178-46-5}}\n==Also==\n*[[WWE NXT UK]]\n\n== References ==\n{{reflist}}\n\n== External links ==\n*{{Official website|https://www.progresswrestling.com/}}\n{{WWE}}\n{{Professional wrestling in the United Kingdom}}\n[[Category:Progress Wrestling| ]]\n[[Category:British professional wrestling promotions]]\n[[Category:2011 establishments in the United Kingdom]]\n[[Category:Companies established in 2011]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/south_america.wiki",
    "content": "{{refimprove|date=June 2015}}\n{{Redirect|Southern America|the United States region|Southern United States|the botanical continent defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions|Southern America (WGSRPD)}}\n{{pp-move-indef}}\n{{Infobox continent\n|title = South America\n|image = [[File:South America (orthographic projection).svg|200px]]\n|area = 17,840,000 km2
(6,890,000 sq mi)\n|population = 385,742,554  (2011, [[List of continents by population|5th]])\n|density = 21.4/km2 (56.0/sq mi)\n|demonym = South American\n|countries = 12\n|list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America\n|dependencies = 3\n|languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and many [[Languages of South America|others]]\n|time = [[UTC-2]] to [[UTC-5]]\n|cities = [[List of cities in South America]]
{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]]
{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]]
{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]]
{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]]
{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Lima]]
{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]
{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]]
{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Belo Horizonte]]
{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Curitiba]]
{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Medellín]]
{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Maracaibo]]\n}}\n\n'''South America''' is a [[continent]] located in the [[Western Hemisphere]], mostly in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], with a relatively small portion in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. It can also be considered as a [[subcontinent]] of the [[Americas]].{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555844/South-America|title = South America|work= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}\n\nIt is bordered on the west by the [[Pacific Ocean]] and on the north and east by the [[Atlantic Ocean]]; [[North America]] and the [[Caribbean Sea]] lie to the northwest. It includes twelve sovereign states – [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Suriname]], [[Uruguay]], and [[Venezuela]] – and two non-sovereign areas – [[French Guiana]], an [[overseas department]] of [[France]], and the [[Falkland Islands]], a [[British Overseas Territory]] (though [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|disputed]] by Argentina). In addition to this, the [[ABC islands (Lesser Antilles)|ABC islands]] of the [[Netherlands]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] may also be considered part of South America.\n\nSouth America has an [[area]] of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its [[population]] as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America [[List of continents by population|ranks fourth]] in area (after [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, [[Europe]], and North America).\n\nMost of the population lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the [[patagonia|far south]] are sparsely populated. The geography of western South America is dominated by the [[Andes]] mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and large lowlands where rivers such as the [[Amazon River|Amazon]], [[Orinoco]], and [[Paraná River|Paraná]] flow. Most of the continent lies in the [[tropics]].\n\nThe continent's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long [[European colonization of the Americas|history of colonialism]], the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] or [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and societies and states commonly reflect [[Western culture|Western traditions]].\n\n==Geography==\n{{Main|Geography of South America}}\n[[File:South America - Blue Marble orthographic.jpg|thumb|240px|A composite relief image of South America.]]\nSouth America occupies the southern portion of the [[Americas]]. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the [[Darién Gap|Darién watershed]] along the [[Colombia–Panama border]], although some{{who?|date=June 2015}} may consider the border instead to be the [[Panama Canal]]. [[Geopolitics|Geopolitically]] and geographicallyCohen, Saul Bernard. 2003. [http://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA141 \"North and Middle America\" (Ch. 5)]. ''Geopolitics of the World System'', ISBN 0847699072 all of [[Panama]] – including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus – is typically included in North America alone[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas \"Americas\"] ''Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)'', United Nations Statistics Division{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080303233306/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view |title=North America |work=Atlas of Canada|date=2003-11-14 |accessdate=2012-05-21}}[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=nameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w North America Atlas] National Geographic and among the [[Demographics of Central America|countries of Central America]].{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440722/Panama |title=Panama |publisher=Britannica.com |date=1999-12-31 |accessdate=2012-05-21}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html#Geo |title=Panama|work=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=2012-05-21}} Almost all of mainland South America sits on the [[South American Plate]].\n\nSouth America is home to the [[List of waterfalls by height|world's highest uninterrupted waterfall]], [[Angel Falls]] in Venezuela; the highest single drop waterfall [[Kaieteur Falls]] in Guyana; the largest river (by volume), the [[Amazon River]]; the longest mountain range, the [[Andes]] (whose highest mountain is [[Aconcagua]] at {{convert|6,962|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}}); the driest non-polar place on earth, the [[Atacama Desert]];{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0308/feature3/|title=Parts of Chile's Atacama Desert haven't seen a drop of rain since recordkeeping began. Somehow, more than a million people squeeze life from this parched land|work= National Geographic Magazine|accessdate=2009-04-18}}{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070202153149/http://www.extremescience.com/DriestPlace.htm |title=Driest Place | Driest Desert Atacama Desert|publisher=Extremescience.com |date=2007-01-25 |accessdate=2009-04-18}}{{cite journal|author=McKay, C. P.|date=May–June 2002|volume=14|page=30|title=Two dry for life: The Atacama Desert and Mars|issue=3|url=http://quest.nasa.gov/challenges/marsanalog/egypt/AtacamaAdAstra.pdf|journal=Ad Astra}} the largest rainforest, the [[Amazon Rainforest]]; the highest capital city, [[La Paz, Bolivia]]; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, [[Lake Titicaca]]; and, excluding research stations in [[Antarctica]], the world's southernmost permanently inhabited community, [[Puerto Toro, Chile]].\n\n{{multiple image\n   | footer    = [[Torres del Paine|Cuernos del Paine]] in Chile (left) and [[Chapada das Mesas National Park|Morro do Chapéu]] in Brazil (right) serve to illustrate the diversity of landscapes in South America. Click to enlarge. \n   | image1    = Cuernos_del_Paine_2011.jpg\n   | width1    = 160\n   | alt1      = \n   | caption1  = \n   | image2    = Morro do chapeu (cropped).jpg\n   | width2    = 120\n   | alt2      = \n   | caption2  = \n  }}\nSouth America's major mineral resources are [[gold]], [[silver]], [[copper]], [[iron ore]], [[tin]], and [[petroleum]]. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid economic growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export [[commodity]] often has hindered the development of diversified economies. The fluctuation in the price of commodities in the international markets has led historically to major highs and lows in the economies of South American states, often causing extreme political instability. This is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export.\n\nSouth America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth. South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the [[llama]], [[anaconda]], [[piranha]], [[jaguar]], [[vicuña]], and [[tapir]]. The Amazon rainforests possess high [[biodiversity]], containing a major proportion of the Earth's [[species]].\n\nBrazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the continent's land area and population. The remaining countries and territories are divided among three regions: The [[Andean States]], [[the Guianas]] and the [[Southern Cone]].\n\n===Outlying islands===\nTraditionally, South America also includes some of the nearby islands. [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], [[Curaçao]], [[Trinidad]], [[Tobago]], and the [[federal dependencies of Venezuela]] sit on the northerly South American [[continental shelf]] and are often considered part of the continent. Geo-politically, the island states and overseas territories of the Caribbean are generally grouped as a part or subregion of North America, since they are more distant on the [[Caribbean Plate]], even though [[San Andrés (island)|San Andres]] and [[Providencia Island|Providencia]] are politically part of [[Colombia]] and [[Aves Island]] is controlled by [[Venezuela]].[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=sameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w South America Atlas] National Geographic{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas |title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) |publisher=Unstats.un.org |date=2011-09-20 |accessdate=2012-05-21}}\n\nOther islands that are included with South America are the [[Galápagos Islands]] that belong to [[Ecuador]] and [[Easter Island]] (in [[Oceania]] but belonging to [[Chile]]), [[Robinson Crusoe Island]], [[Chiloé Archipelago|Chiloé]] (both Chilean) and [[Tierra del Fuego]] (split between Chile and [[Argentina]]). In the Atlantic, [[Brazil]] owns [[Fernando de Noronha]], [[Trindade and Martim Vaz]], and the [[Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago]], while the [[Falkland Islands]] are governed by the [[United Kingdom]], whose sovereignty over the islands is [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|disputed by Argentina]]. [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] may be associated with either South America or [[Antarctica]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}\n{{-}}\n\n==History==\n{{Main|History of South America}}\n\n===Prehistory===\n{{further|History of South America#Pre-Columbian era}}\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|240px|The prehistoric [[Cueva de las Manos]], or ''Cave of the Hands'', in Argentina.]]\nSouth America is believed to have been joined with [[Africa]] from the late [[Paleozoic Era]] to the early [[Mesozoic Era]], until the [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]] began to rift and break apart about 225 million years ago. Therefore, South America and Africa share similar fossils and rock layers.\n\nSouth America is thought to have been first inhabited by humans when people were crossing the [[Beringia|Bering Land Bridge]] (now the [[Bering Strait]]) at least 15,000 years ago from the territory that is present-day [[Russia]]. They migrated south through [[North America]], and eventually reached South America through the [[Isthmus of Panama]].\n\nThe first evidence for the existence of the human race in South America dates back to about 9000 BC, when [[Squash (plant)|squashes]], [[chili pepper]]s and [[bean]]s began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the [[Amazon Basin]]. Pottery evidence further suggests that [[manioc]], which remains a [[staple food]] today, was being cultivated as early as 2000 BC.O'Brien, Patrick. (General Editor). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. pp. 25\n\nBy 2000 BC, many [[agrarian society|agrarian]] communities had been settled throughout the [[Andes]] and the surrounding regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an [[agrarian society]].\n\nSouth American cultures began domesticating [[llama]]s, [[vicuña]]s, [[guanaco]]s, and [[alpaca]]s in the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BC. Besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of goods.\n\n===Pre-Columbian civilizations===\n\n{{Main|Pre-Columbian era#South America}}\n[[File:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.jpg|thumb|240px|The Inca estate of [[Machu Picchu]], [[Peru]] is one of the [[New Seven Wonders of the World#Winners|New Seven Wonders of the World]]]]\n\nThe rise of plant growing and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in South America.\n\nOne of the earliest known South American civilizations was at [[Norte Chico civilization|Norte Chico]], on the central [[Peru]]vian coast. Though a pre-ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of Norte Chico is contemporaneous with the pyramids of [[Ancient Egypt]]. Norte Chico governing class established a trade network and developed agriculture then followed by [[Chavin culture|Chavín]] by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called [[Chavín de Huantar]] in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC.\n\nIn the central coast of Peru, around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, [[Moche (culture)|Moche]] (100 BC – 700 AD, at the northern coast of Peru), [[Paracas culture|Paracas]] and [[Nazca culture|Nazca]] (400 BC – 800 AD, Peru) cultures flourished with centralized states with permanent militia improving agriculture through [[irrigation]] and new styles of ceramic art. At the [[Altiplano]], Tiahuanaco or [[Tiwanaku]] (100 BC – 1200 AD, Bolivia) managed a large commercial network based on religion.\n\nAround 7th century, both Tiahuanaco and Wari or [[Wari culture|Huari]] Empire (600–1200, Central and northern Peru) expanded its influence to all the Andean region, imposing the Huari urbanism and tiahuanaco religious iconography.\n\nThe [[Muisca]] were the main indigenous civilization in what is now modern Colombia. They established a confederation of many clans, or cacicazgos, that had a free trade network among themselves. They were goldsmiths and farmers.\n\nOther important Pre-Columbian cultures include: the [[Cañari]]s (in south central Ecuador), [[Chimu]] Empire (1300–1470, Peruvian northern coast), [[Chachapoyas culture|Chachapoyas]], and the Aymaran kingdoms (1000–1450, Bolivia and southern Peru).\n\nHolding their capital at the great city of [[Cusco]], the [[Inca civilization]] dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as ''Tawantin suyu'', and \"the land of the four regions,\" in [[Quechua languages|Quechua]], the Inca civilization was highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 25,000 kilometer [[Inca road system|road system]]. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. [[Terrace farming]] was a useful form of agriculture.\n\nThe [[Mapuche]] in Central and Southern Chile resisted the European and Chilean settlers, waging the [[Arauco War]] for more than 300 years.\n\n===European colonization===\n{{Main|Spanish colonization of the Americas|Portuguese colonization of the Americas}}\n[[File:Oscar Pereira da Silva - Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500 (detalhe).jpg|thumb|240px|Portuguese arrival in Brazil in the Colonial era. \"From Spaniard and Amerindian woman, begets Mestizo\".]]\n\nIn 1494, [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], the two great maritime European powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], by which they agreed, with the support of the Pope, that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive [[duopoly]] between the two countries.\n\nThe treaty established an imaginary line along a north-south [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] 370 [[league (unit)|leagues]] west of the [[Cape Verde Islands]], roughly 46° 37' W. In terms of the treaty, all land to the west of the line (known to comprise most of the South American soil) would belong to Spain, and all land to the east, to Portugal. As accurate measurements of [[longitude]] were impossible at that time, the line was not strictly enforced, resulting in a [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian.\n\nBeginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign [[conquistadors]], first from Spain and later from Portugal. These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it in colonies.\n\nEuropean infectious diseases ([[smallpox]], [[influenza]], [[measles]], and [[typhus]]) – to which the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|native populations]] had no immune resistance – and systems of forced labor, such as the [[hacienda]]s and mining industry's [[Mita (Inca)|mita]], decimated the native population under Spanish control. After this, African [[Slavery|slaves]], who had developed immunities to these diseases, were quickly brought in to replace them.\n\nThe Spaniards were committed to convert their native subjects to [[Christianity]] and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end; however, many initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as native groups simply blended [[Catholicism]] with their established beliefs and practices. Furthermore, the Spaniards brought their language to the degree they did with their religion, although the [[Roman Catholic Church]]'s evangelization in [[Quechua language|Quechua]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]], and [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] actually contributed to the continuous use of these native languages albeit only in the oral form.\n\nEventually, the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|natives]] and the Spaniards interbred, forming a [[mestizo]] class. At the beginning, many mestizos of the Andean region were offspring of Amerindian mothers and Spanish fathers. After independence, most mestizos had native fathers and white or mestizo mothers.\n\nMany native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by Spanish explorers; this included many gold and silver sculptures and other artifacts found in South America, which were melted down before their transport to Spain or Portugal. Spaniards and Portuguese brought the western European architectural style to the continent, and helped to improve infrastructures like bridges, roads, and the sewer system of the cities they discovered or conquered. They also significantly increased economic and trade relations, not just between the old and new world but between the different South American regions and peoples. Finally, with the expansion of the Portuguese and Spanish languages, many cultures that were previously separated became united through that of [[Latin America]]n.\n\n[[Guyana]] was first a Dutch, and then a [[British Empire|British colony]], though there was a brief period during the Napoleonic Wars when it was colonized by the French. The country was once partitioned into three parts, each being controlled by one of the colonial powers until the country was finally taken over fully by the British.\n\n[[File:Plaza de San Francisco en Centro histórico de Quito, Ecuador.JPG|thumb|center|577px|Plaza of San Francisco in the [[Historic Center of Quito]], [[Ecuador]], is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the [[Americas]].{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |title=City of Quito - UNESCO World Heritage |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-30}}]]\n\n===Independence from Spain and Portugal===\n{{Main|Spanish American wars of independence|Independence of Brazil}}\n[[File:Entrevista de Guayaquil.jpg|thumb|240px|The [[Guayaquil conference]], between [[José de San Martín]] and [[Simón Bolívar]].]]\nThe European [[Peninsular War]] (1807–1814), a theater of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], changed the political situation of both the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. First, Napoleon invaded Portugal, but the [[House of Braganza]] avoided capture by [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|escaping to Brazil]]. Napoleon also captured King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]], and appointed his own brother instead. This appointment provoked severe popular resistance, which created [[Junta (Peninsular War)|Juntas]] to rule in the name of the captured king.\n\nMany cities in the Spanish colonies, however, considered themselves equally authorized to appoint local Juntas like those of Spain. This began the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] between the [[Patriot (Spanish American Revolution)|patriots]], who promoted such autonomy, and the [[Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)|royalists]], who supported Spanish authority over the Americas. The Juntas, in both Spain and the Americas, promoted the ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. Five years after the beginning of the war, Ferdinand VII returned to the throne and began the [[Absolutist Restoration]] as the royalists got the upper hand in the conflict.\n\nThe independence of South America was secured by [[Simón Bolívar]] (Venezuela) and [[José de San Martín]] (Argentina), the two most important ''[[Libertadores]]''. Bolívar led a great uprising in the north, then led his army southward towards [[Lima]], the capital of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. Meanwhile, San Martín led an army across the Andes Mountains, along with Chilean expatriates, and liberated Chile. He organized a fleet to reach Peru by sea, and sought the military support of various rebels from the Viceroyalty of Peru. The two armies finally met in Guayaquil, [[Ecuador]], where they cornered the Royal Army of the Spanish Crown and forced its surrender.\n\nIn the Portuguese kingdom of Brazil and Algarve, [[Dom Pedro I]] (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the Portuguese King [[Dom João VI]], proclaimed the independent Kingdom of Brazil in 1822, which later became the [[Empire of Brazil]]. Despite the Portuguese loyalties of garrisons in [[Bahia]] and [[Pará]], independence was diplomatically accepted by the crown in Portugal, on condition of a high compensation paid by Brazil.\n\n===Nation-building and balkanization===\nThe newly independent nations began a process of [[balkanization]], with several civil and international wars. However, it was not as strong as in Central America. Some countries created from provinces of larger countries stayed as such up to modern day (such as Paraguay or Uruguay), while others were reconquered and reincorporated into their former countries (such as the [[Republic of Entre Ríos]] and the [[Riograndense Republic]]).\n\nAttempted merge of Peru and Bolivia were blocked by Chile in the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836–1839) and again during the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1883). Paraguay was largely dismembered by Argentina and Brazil after the [[Paraguayan War]].\n\n===Rise and fall of military dictatorships===\n[[File:Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes firing a broadside.jpg|right|thumb|240px|The Brazilian [[Minas Geraes-class battleship|''Minas Geraes'' class]] kindled an [[South American dreadnought race|Argentine–Brazilian–Chilean naval arms race]].]]\nWars became less frequent in the 20th century, with Bolivia-Paraguay and Peru-Ecuador fighting the last inter-state wars.\nEarly in the 20th century, the [[ABC Powers|three wealthiest South American countries]] engaged in [[South American dreadnought race|a vastly expensive naval arms race]] which was catalyzed by the introduction of a new warship type, the \"[[dreadnought]]\". At one point, the Argentine government was spending a fifth of its entire yearly budget for just two dreadnoughts, a price that did not include later in-service costs, which for the Brazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percent of the initial purchase.Richard Hough, ''The Big Battleship'' (London: Michael Joseph, 1966), 19. {{oclc|8898108}}.Robert Scheina, ''Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987'' (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987), 86. ISBN 0-87021-295-8. {{oclc|15696006}}.\n\nThe continent became a battlefield of the [[Cold War]] in the late 20th century. Some democratically elected governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrown or displaced by military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. To curtail opposition, their governments detained tens of thousands of [[political prisoner]]s, many of whom were tortured and/or killed on [[Operation Condor|inter-state collaboration]]. Economically, they began a transition to [[neoliberal]] economic policies. They placed their own actions within the US Cold War doctrine of \"National Security\" against internal subversion. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from [[Internal conflict in Peru|an internal conflict]].\n\nArgentina and Britain fought the [[Falklands War]] in 1982.\n\nColombia has had an ongoing, though diminished internal conflict, which started in 1964 with the creation of [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]] (FARC-EP) and then involved several illegal armed groups of leftist-leaning ideology as well as the private armies of powerful drug lords. Many of these are now defunct, and only a small portion of the ELN remains, along with the stronger, though also greatly reduced FARC. These leftist groups smuggle narcotics out of Colombia to fund their operations, while also using kidnapping, bombings, land mines and assassinations as weapons against both elected and non-elected citizens.\n\n[[File:Presidentes unasur (cropped).jpg|thumb|240px|Presidents of [[UNASUR]] member states at the Second Brasília Summit on 23 May 2008.]]\nRevolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships became common after [[World War II]], but since the 1980s, a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now.\"The Cambridge History of Latin America\", edited by Leslie Bethell, Cambridge University Press (1995) ISBN 0-521-39525-9 Nonetheless, allegations of corruption are still very common, and several countries have developed crises which have forced the resignation of their governments, although, in most occasions, regular civilian succession has continued.\n\n[[Developing countries' debt|International indebtedness]] turned into a severe problem in late 1980s, and some countries, despite having strong democracies, have not yet developed political institutions capable of handling such crises without recurring to unorthodox economic policies, as most recently illustrated by [[Argentina]]'s [[Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002)|default]] in the early 21st century.{{cite book|author=Leslie Bethell|title=Bibliographical Essays|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6tNWbywFXhkC|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39525-0}}{{neutrality disputed|date=November 2012}} The last twenty years have seen an increased push towards [[Integration of Latin America|regional integration]], with the creation of uniquely South American institutions such as the [[Andean Community]], [[Mercosur]] and [[Unasur]]. Notably, starting with the election of [[Hugo Chávez]] in Venezuela in 1998, the region experienced what has been termed a [[pink tide]] – the election of several leftist and center-left administrations to most countries of the area, except for the Guianas and Colombia.\n\n==Countries and territories==\n\n{{multiple image\n | align     = right\n | direction = vertical\n | header    = Seven largest South American cities\n | header_align = left/right/center\n | header_background =\n | footer    =\n | footer_background =\n | width     =\n | image1    = São Paulo city (Bela Vista).jpg\n | width1    = 120\n | caption1  =
[[São Paulo]], Brazil
\n | image2    = Centro internacional cropped.JPG\n | width2    = 120\n | caption2  =
[[Bogotá]], Colombia
\n | image3   = Santiago en invierno.jpg\n | width3    = 120\n | caption3  =
[[Santiago]], Chile
\n | image4    = Lima, Peru Sunset Skyline & Cityscape.png\n | width4    = 120\n | caption4  =
[[Lima]], Peru
\n | image5    = Atardecer_en_el_Congreso_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina.jpg\n | width5    = 120\n | caption5  =
[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
\n | image6    = Caracas_from_El_Calvario.jpg\n | width6    = 120\n | caption6  =
[[Caracas]], Venezuela
\n | image7    = Vista aérea Centro do Rio de Janeiro RJ.jpg\n | width7    = 120\n | caption7  =
[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
\n}}\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"font-size:90%;\"\n|- style=\"background:#ececec;\"\n! [[Country]] or 
[[Territory (country subdivision)|territory]] with [[flag]]\n! [[List of countries by area|Area]]
(km²)Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted. (sq mi)\n! [[List of countries by population|Population]]
(July 2009 est.)\n! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]
per km2 (per sq mi)\n! [[Capital (political)|Capital]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Argentina|{{flag|Argentina}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2766890|{{convert|2766890|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 40,482,000\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1430|14.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 14.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Buenos Aires]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Bolivia|{{flag|Bolivia}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1098580|{{convert|1098580|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 9,863,000\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0810|8.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 8.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[La Paz]] and [[Sucre]][[La Paz]] is the administrative capital of [[Bolivia]];
\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Brazil|{{flag|Brazil}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|8514877|{{convert|8514877|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 202,241,714\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2200|22.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Brasília]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Chile|{{flag|Chile}}}}Includes [[Easter Island]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]], a [[Chile]]an territory frequently reckoned in [[Oceania]]. [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] is the administrative capital of Chile; [[Valparaíso]] is the site of legislative meetings.
\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0756950|  {{convert|756950|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 16,928,873\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2110|22/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Colombia|{{flag|Colombia}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1138910|{{convert|1141748|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 46,920,000\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|3770|40/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 40 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Bogotá]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Ecuador|{{flag|Ecuador}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0283560|  {{convert|283560|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 14,573,101\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|4710|53.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 53.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Quito]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Falkland Islands|{{flag|Falkland Islands}}}} ([[United Kingdom]])Claimed by [[Argentina]].
\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0012173|   {{convert|12173|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 3,140{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html |title=Falkland Islands: July 2008 population estimate |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-05-21}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0026|0.26/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.26 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Port Stanley, Falkland Islands|Port Stanley]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" |{{sort|French Guiana|{{flag|French Guiana}}}} ([[France]])\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0091000|   {{convert|91000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 221,500(January 2009) {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=CMRSOS02137| title=Population des régions au 1er janvier| first=Government of France| last=[[INSEE]]| accessdate=2009-01-20|language=fr}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0210|2.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 2.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Cayenne]] ([[Préfecture]])\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Guyana|{{flag|Guyana}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0214999|  {{convert|214999|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 772,298\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0360|3.5/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3.5 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Paraguay|{{flag|Paraguay}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0406750|  {{convert|406750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 6,831,306\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1560|15.6/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 15.6 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Asunción]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Peru|{{flag|Peru}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1285220|{{convert|1285220|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 29,132,013\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2170|22/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Lima]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|{{flagicon|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia and
South Sandwich Islands]] (United Kingdom)}}Claimed by Argentina; the [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]] are commonly associated with [[Antarctica]] (due to proximity) and have no permanent population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors.
\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0003093|    {{convert|3093|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 20\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0000|0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[King Edward Point]]http://country-facts.findthedata.org/q/240/2390/What-is-the-capital-city-of-South-Georgia-And-The-South-Sandwich-Islands-a-country-in-the-continent-of-Oceania\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Suriname|{{flag|Suriname}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0163270|  {{convert|163270|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 472,000\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0270|3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Paramaribo]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Uruguay|{{flag|Uruguay}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0176220|  {{convert|176220|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 3,477,780\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1940|19.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 19.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Montevideo]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Venezuela|{{flag|Venezuela}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|09116445|  {{convert|916445|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 31,648,930\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2780|30.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 27.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Caracas]]\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n! Total\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{nts|17,824,513}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{nts|385,742,554}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 21.5/km²\n|\n|}\n{{See also|List of South American countries by population|List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America by median age of population}}\n\n==Politics==\n\nDuring the first decade of the 21st century, South American governments have drifted to the political left, with [[Socialism|socialist]] leaders being elected in Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela. Most South American countries are making an increasing use of protectionist policies, undermining a greater global integration but helping local development.\n\nRecently, an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two existing customs unions: [[Mercosur]] and the [[Andean Community]], thus forming the third-largest trade bloc in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/integrate/2008/1029newconsensus.htm |title=Globalpolicy.org |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=2008-10-29 |accessdate=2010-10-24}}\nThis new political organization known as [[Union of South American Nations]] seeks to establish free movement of people, economic development, a common defense policy and the elimination of [[tariff]]s.\n\n==Ethnic demographics==\n{{main|Ethnic groups in South America}}\nDescendants of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]], such as the [[Quechuas|Quechua]] and [[Aymara people|Aymara]], or the [[Urarina]]Dean, Bartholomew 2009 ''Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia'', Gainesville: University Press of Florida ISBN 978-0-8130-3378-5 [http://www.upf.com/book.asp?id=DEANXS07] of Amazonia make up the majority of the population in [[Bolivia]] (56%) and, per some sources, in [[Peru]] (44%).{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html |title=Peru|work=CIA World Factbook |publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-04-18}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html |title=Bolivia|work=CIA World Factbook |publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-04-18}} In [[Ecuador]], Amerindians are a large minority that comprises two-fifths of the population. The white/European population is also a significant element in most other former Portuguese colonies.\n\nSouth America is also home to one of the largest populations of [[African]]s. This group is also significantly present in [[Guyana]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Suriname]], French Guiana, and Ecuador. [[Mestizo]]s (mixed white and Amerindian) are the largest ethnic group in [[Paraguay]], [[Venezuela]], Colombia (49%)Bushnell, David & Rex A. Hudson (2010) \"[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf The Society and Its Environment]\"; ''Colombia: a country study'': 87. Washingtion D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. and Ecuador and the second group in Peru. East Indians form the largest ethnic group in Guyana and Suriname. Brazil followed by Peru also have the largest [[Japan]]ese, [[Korea]]n and [[China|Chinese]] communities in South America.{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110606141050/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080115i1.html=search.japantimes.co.jp|title=Japan, Brazil mark a century of settlement, family ties |work=Japan Times|author=Nakamura, Akemi|date= January 15, 2008}}\n\nThe [[demographics of Colombia]] include approximately 37% white and European descendants,{{cite web|url= http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/coesion_etnia.pdf |title= White Colombians|accessdate= 28 May 2013}} while in Peru, European descendants are the third group in importance (15%).{{cite web|url=http://www.fppmedia.com/pdfs/html/moperu.html |title=LA Road Show |publisher=Fppmedia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-24}} Compared to other South American countries, the people who identify as of primarily or totally [[White people|European descent]], or identify their [[phenotype]] as corresponding to such group, are more of a majority in [[Argentina]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html |title=Argentina|work=CIA World Factbook |publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-04-18}} [[Demographics of Chile|Chile]] {{cite web|url=http://www.geografia.fflch.usp.br/publicacoes/Geousp/Geousp13/Geousp13_Intercambio_Maurel.htm |title=Argentina, como Chile y Uruguay, su población está formada casi exclusivamente por una población blanca e blanca mestiza procedente del sur de Europa, más del 90% E. García Zarza, 1992, 19 |publisher=Geografia.fflch.usp.br |date= |accessdate=2009-04-18}}{{cite journal|pmc=1050080 |title=Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile|pmid=7815439|year=1994|last1=Cruz-Coke|first1=R|last2=Moreno|first2=RS|volume=31|issue=9|pages=702–6|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|doi=10.1136/jmg.31.9.702}} and [[Uruguay]], and are about half of the population of [[Brazil]].{{cite web|url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on¬arodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 |title=População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade |publisher=Sidra.ibge.gov.br  |accessdate=2012-05-21}}{{cite web|url=http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/02104547/articulos/ALHI8383110228A.PDF |title=Latinoamerica. |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-10-24}}{{cite web|url=http://www.studentsgoabroad.com/en/internships/internship-in-chile/general-information.html |title=The Chilean population is rather homogeneous with 95.4 % of its population having European ancestors |publisher=Studentsgoabroad.com |date=1973-09-11 |accessdate=2010-10-24}} In Venezuela, according to the national census 42% of the population is primarily white Spanish, Italian and Portuguese descendants.[http://www.ine.gov.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011], (p. 14)\n\n===Indigenous people===\n{{main|List of Indigenous peoples of South America|Indigenous peoples in South America}}\n\nIn many places indigenous people still practice a traditional lifestyle based on subsistence agriculture or as hunter-gatherers. There are still some [[uncontacted people|uncontacted tribes]] residing in the Amazon Rainforest.[http://www.astromonos.org/public/3/indigenasenamerica.jsf Indigenous peoples of South America]\n\n{{Div col|2}}\n* [[Aguarunas]]\n* [[Alacalufe]]\n* [[Arawaks]]\n* [[Ashanincas]]\n* [[Atacameños]]\n* [[Awá-Guajá people|Awá]]\n* [[Aymara people|Aymara]] – lives in the [[Altiplano]] of [[Bolivia]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]. Their language is co-official in [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]]. Traditional lifestyle includes llama herding.\n* [[Banawa]]\n* [[Cañari]]s\n* [[Caiapos]]\n* [[Chibcha]]\n* [[Cocama language|Cocama]]\n* [[Chayahuita]]\n* [[Kuna (people)|Kuna]] live on the [[Colombia]]-[[Panama]] border.\n* [[Enxet]]\n* [[Ge (people)|Gê]],\n* [[Guarani people|Guaraní]] – lives in Paraguay where the [[Guarani language]] is co-official with Spanish.\n* [[Juris]]\n* [[Mapuche]] – lives mainly in southern Chile and Argentina.\n* [[Matsés]]\n* [[Pehuenche]] – a branch of Mapuches that lived in the Andean valleys of southern (see [[Araucanian]]).\n* [[Quechuas]] – makes up a large part of the population of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. Are diverse as an ethnic group. The Incas spoke [[Southern Quechua]].\n* [[Selknam]]\n* [[Shipibo]]\n* [[Shuar people|Shuar]] (see [[Jivaro]]).\n* [[Tupi people|Tupi]]\n* [[Urarina]]\n* [[Wai-Wai people|Wai-Wai]]\n* [[Wayuu]]\n* [[Xucuru]]\n* [[Yaghan]]\n* [[Yagua people|Yagua]]\n* [[Yąnomamö]]\n* [[Zaparos]]\n{{Div col end}}\n\n==Economy==\n{{Main|Economy of South America}}\n\n[[File:Banco del Sur.jpg|thumb|480px|[[Rafael Correa]], [[Evo Morales]], [[Néstor Kirchner]], [[Cristina Fernández]], [[Luiz Inacio Lula Da Silva]], [[Nicanor Duarte]], and [[Hugo Chávez]] at the signing of the founding charter of the [[Bank of the South]].]]\n\nSouth America relies less on the export of both manufactured goods and natural resources than the world average; merchandise exports from the continent were 16% of GDP on an [[nominal GDP|exchange rate]] basis, compared to 25% for the world as a whole. Brazil (the seventh largest economy in the world and the largest in South America) leads [[List of countries by exports|in terms of merchandise exports]] at $251 billion, followed by Venezuela at $93 billion, Chile at $86 billion, and Argentina at $84 billion.\n\nThe [[Economic inequality|economic gap]] between the rich and poor in most South American nations is larger than in most other continents. The richest 10% receive over 40% of the nation's income in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Paraguay,{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.10TH.10|title=Income share held by highest 10%|publisher=The World Bank|year=2011}} while the poorest 20% receive 3% or less in Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.FRST.20/countries|title=Income share held by lowest 20%|publisher=The World Bank|year=2011}} This wide gap can be seen in many large South American cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie in the vicinity of skyscrapers and upper-class luxury apartments; nearly one in nine in South America live on less than $2 per day (on a [[purchasing power parity]] basis).\n\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"font-size:85%;\"\n|-\n! [[Country]]\n! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal) in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weoselgr.aspx |title=World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=IMF |date=October 2014 |accessdate=2015-04-12}}\n! [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP) in 2014]]\n! [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita in 2011]]\n! [[List of countries by exports|Merchandise exports]]
($bn), 2011{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html?|title=Country Comparison:Exports|work=The World Factbook |year=2011|publisher=CIA}}\n! [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI in 2011]] (rank){{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2011. Human development indices. p.23 |publisher=The United Nations|accessdate=2011-05-24}}\n! Percent with less
than $2 (PPP)
per person per day{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.2DAY/countries|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) (% of population)|publisher=The World Bank|year=2011}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Argentina}}\n| {{Nts|536155}}\n| {{Nts|927382}}\n| {{Nts|17516}}\n| {{Nts|83.7}}\n| {{Nts|0.797}}\n| {{Nts|2.6}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}\n| {{Nts|34083}}\n| {{Nts|69979}}\n| {{Nts|4789}}\n| {{Nts|9.1}}\n| {{Nts|0.663}}\n| {{Nts|24.9}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Brazil}}\n| {{Nts|2244131}}\n| {{Nts|3072607}}\n| {{Nts|11769}}\n| {{Nts|250.8}}\n| {{Nts|0.744}}\n| {{Nts|10.8}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Chile}}\n| {{Nts|264095}}\n| {{Nts|410277}}\n| {{Nts|17222}}\n| {{Nts|86.1}}\n| {{Nts|0.805}}\n| {{Nts|2.7}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Colombia}}\n| {{Nts|400117}}\n| {{Nts|641532}}\n| {{Nts|10249}}\n| {{Nts|56.5}}\n| {{Nts|0.710}}\n| {{Nts|15.8}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}\n| {{Nts|100485}}\n| {{Nts|181950}}\n| {{Nts|8492}}\n| {{Nts|22.3}}\n| {{Nts|0.720}}\n| {{Nts|10.6}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Falkland Islands}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html|title=Falkland Islands|work=The World Factbook |year=2011|publisher=CIA}} ([[United Kingdom|UK]])\n| {{Nts|165}}\n| {{Nts|165}}\n| {{Nts|55400}}\n| {{Nts|0.1}}\n|\n|\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|French Guiana}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2009_guyane-.pdf|title=Guyane|year=2009|publisher=IEDOM}} ([[France]])\n| {{Nts|4456}}\n| {{Nts|4456}}\n| {{Nts|19728}}\n| {{Nts|1.3}}\n|\n|\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Guyana}}\n| {{Nts|3142}}\n| {{Nts|5498}}\n| {{Nts|7465}}\n| {{Nts|0.9}}\n| {{Nts|0.633}}\n| {{Nts|18.0}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}\n| {{Nts|31301}}\n| {{Nts|57866}}\n| {{Nts|5413}}\n| {{Nts|9.8}}\n| {{Nts|0.665}}\n| {{Nts|13.2}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Peru}}\n| {{Nts|208188}}\n| {{Nts|376736}}\n| {{Nts|10062}}\n| {{Nts|46.3}}\n| {{Nts|0.725}}\n| {{Nts|12.7}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Suriname}}\n| {{Nts|5273}}\n| {{Nts|9240}}\n| {{Nts|9475}}\n| {{Nts|1.6}}\n| {{Nts|0.680}}\n| {{Nts|27.2}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}\n| {{Nts|55597}}\n| {{Nts|69777}}\n| {{Nts|15113}}\n| {{Nts|8.0}}\n| {{Nts|0.783}}\n| {{Nts|2.2}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Venezuela}}\n| {{Nts|209226}}\n| {{Nts|545704}}\n| {{Nts|12568}}\n| {{Nts|92.6}}\n| {{Nts|0.735}}\n| {{Nts|12.9}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left;\"| Total || {{Nts|4176712}} || {{Nts|4738384}} || {{Nts|11962}} || {{Nts|669.1}} || {{Nts|0.729}} || {{Nts|11.3}}\n|}\n\n===Economically largest cities in South America 2010===\n\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|-\n! Rank\n! City\n! Country\n! GDP in [[International dollar|Int$]] bn{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|publisher=Pricewaterhouse Coopers|accessdate=31 July 2010}}\n! Population (mil){{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas p.22|publisher=Demographia|date=April 2012}}\n! GDP per capita\n|-\n| 1\n| [[São Paulo]]\n| {{BRA}}\n| $388\n| 20,186,000\n| $19,221\n|-\n| 2\n| [[Buenos Aires]]\n| {{ARG}}\n| $362\n| 13,639,000\n| $26,542\n|-\n| 3\n| [[Rio de Janeiro]]\n| {{BRA}}\n| $201\n| 12,043,000\n| $16,690\n|-\n| 4\n| [[Bogotá]]\n| {{COL}}\n| $140\n|  12,218,062\n| $15,891\n|-\n| 5\n| [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]\n| {{CHI}}\n| $120\n|  6,015,000\n| $19,950\n|-\n| 6\n| [[Brasília]]\n| {{BRA}}\n| $110\n|  2,362,000\n| $46,571\n|-\n| 7\n| [[Lima]]\n| {{PER}}\n| $109\n|  9,121,000\n| $11,950\n\n|-\n| 8\n| [[Caracas]]\n| {{VEN}}\n| $99\n| 5,965,000\n| $15,646\n|-\n| 9\n| [[Belo Horizonte]]\n| {{BRA}}\n| $61\n| 5,523,000\n| $11,045\n|-\n| 10\n| [[Medellín]]\n| {{COL}}\n| $50\n| 3,686,000\n| $13,565\n|}\n\n===Tourism===\n[[Tourism]] has increasingly become a significant source of income for many South American countries.{{cite web|url=http://bigtravelweb.com/travel/2008/10/13/tourism-trends-visitor-numbers/ |title=Latin & South America Tourism Statistics & Visitor Numbers |publisher=Bigtravelweb.com |date=2008-10-13 |accessdate=2012-05-21}}Juan Luis Eugenio-Martín, Noelia Martín Morales, Riccardo Scarpa (February 2004) [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=504482 Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: A Panel Data Approach]. FEEM Working Paper No. 26.2004 Historical relics, architectural and natural wonders, a diverse range of foods and culture, vibrant and colorful cities, and stunning landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America. Some of the most visited places in the region are [[Recife]], [[Olinda]], [[Machu Picchu]], the [[Amazon Rainforest]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], [[Fortaleza]], [[Maceió]], [[Bogota]], [[Lima]], [[Florianópolis]], [[Isla Margarita]], [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[São Paulo]], [[Angel Falls]], [[Nazca Lines]], [[Cuzco, Peru|Cuzco]], [[Lake Titicaca]], [[Los Roques archipelago]], [[Medellín]], [[Patagonia]], [[Gran Sabana]], [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] and the [[Galápagos Islands]].{{cite web|url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/topdestinations/tp/Attractions2006.htm |title=Top attractions |publisher=Gosouthamerica.about.com |date=2007-12-04 |accessdate=2009-04-18}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080804173716/http://www.vipbackpackers.com//DestInfo/139/South_America_Destination_South_America.aspx Backpackers destination]. vipbackpackers.com\n{{-}}\n\n[[File:SaltoAngel4.jpg|thumb|center|300px|[[Angel Falls]] is a [[waterfall]] in [[Venezuela]].\nIt is the [[List of waterfalls by height|world's highest uninterrupted waterfall]], with a height of {{convert|979|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a plunge of {{convert|807|m|ft|abbr=on}}.]]\n\n[[File:Iguazu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Panorama_7.jpg|thumb|center|800px|[[Iguazu Falls]] on the border between [[Argentina]] and [[Brazil]], are one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature|New Seven World Natural Wonders]].]]\n\n==Culture==\n[[File:Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg|thumb|Tango show Buenos Aires]] \n[[File:Teatro Solis 2011 left.JPG|thumb|Teatro Solis, Uruguay]]\n\nSouth Americans are culturally influenced by their indigenous peoples, the historic connection with the Iberian Peninsula and Africa, and waves of immigrants from around the globe.\n\nSouth American nations have a rich variety of [[Latin American music|music]]. Some of the most famous genres include [[vallenato]] and [[cumbia]] from Colombia, [[pasillo]] from Ecuador, [[samba]] and [[bossa nova]] from Brazil, and [[tango music|tango]] from Argentina and Uruguay. Also well known is the non-commercial folk genre [[Nueva Canción]] movement which was founded in Argentina and Chile and quickly spread to the rest of the Latin America. People on the Peruvian coast created the fine [[guitar]] and [[cajon]] duos or trios in the most [[mestizo]] (mixed) of South American rhythms such as the Marinera (from Lima), the [[Tondero]] (from Piura), the 19th century popular Creole Valse or Peruvian Valse, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early 20th century Paraguayan [[Guarania (music)|Guarania]]. In the late 20th century, [[Rock en Español|Spanish rock]] emerged by young hipsters influenced by British pop and American rock. [[Music of Brazil|Brazil]] has a Portuguese-language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres.\n\nThe [[Spanish American literature|literature]] of South America has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim, especially with the [[Latin American Boom]] of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors such as [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]] in novels, and [[Pablo Neruda]] and [[Jorge Luis Borges]] in other genres. The Brazilian [[Machado de Assis]], a 19th-century realist writer, is widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writer. His admirers include José Saramago, Carlos Fuentes, Susan Sontag and Harold Bloom.\n\nNowadays [[Paulo Coelho]] is one of the most read and translated authors. His bestseller ''[[The Alchemist (novel)|The Alchemist]]'' has been translated into 73 languages and is one of the most read books in the world.\n\nBecause of South America's broad ethnic mix, [[South American cuisine]] has African, South American Indian, Asian, and European influences. [[Bahia]], Brazil, is especially well known for its West African–influenced cuisine. Argentines, Chileans, Uruguayans, Brazilians, Bolivians, and Venezuelans regularly consume wine. Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and people in southern Chile, Bolivia and Brazil drink [[mate (beverage)|mate]], a herb which is brewed. The Paraguayan version, [[terere]], differs from other forms of mate in that it is served cold. [[Pisco]] is a liquor distilled from grapes in Peru and Chile. Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, African, Andean, and Amazonic food.\n\n===Language===\n[[File:Languages of South America (en).svg|thumb|Languages in South America]]\n\n[[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] are the most spoken languages in South America, with approximately 200 million speakers each. Spanish is the official language of most countries, along with other native languages in some countries. Portuguese is the official language of [[Brazil]]. [[Dutch language|Dutch]] is the official language of [[Suriname]]; [[English language|English]] is the official language of [[Guyana]], although there are at least twelve other languages spoken in the country, including [[Hindi]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. English is also spoken in the [[Falkland Islands]]. [[French language|French]] is the official language of [[French Guiana]] and the second language in [[Amapá]], Brazil.\n\n[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous languages]] of South America include [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] in Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Bolivia; [[Wayuunaiki]] in northern Colombia ([[La Guajira]]) and northwestern Venezuela ([[Zulia]]); [[Guarani language|Guaraní]] in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Bolivia; [[Aymara language|Aymara]] in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; and [[Mapudungun]] is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile and, more rarely, Argentina. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages.\n\nOther languages found in South America include, Hindi and [[Javanese language|Javanese]] in Suriname; [[Italian language|Italian]] in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela and Chile; and [[German language|German]] in certain pockets of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. German is also spoken in many regions of the southern states of Brazil, [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] being the most widely spoken German dialect in the country; among other Germanic dialects, a Brazilian form of [[Pomeranian language|Pomeranian]] is also well represented and is experiencing a revival. [[Welsh language|Welsh]] remains spoken and written in the historic towns of [[Trelew]] and [[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson]] in the Argentine [[Patagonia]]. There are also small clusters of [[Japanese language|Japanese]]-speakers in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Arabic speakers, often of [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]], [[Syrian people|Syrian]], or [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] descent, can be found in Arab communities in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, and in Paraguay.John Tofik Karam, \"On the Trail and Trial of a Palestinian Diaspora...\"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9070730\n\n===Sport===\n{{Main|Sport in South America}}\nA wide range of sports are played in the continent of South America, with [[Association football|football]] being the most popular overall, while [[baseball]] is the most popular in Venezuela and northern Colombia.\n\nOther sports include [[cricket]], [[futsal]], [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[beach volleyball]], [[motorsports]], [[Rugby football|rugby]] (mostly in Argentina and Uruguay), [[handball]], [[tennis]], [[golf]], [[field hockey]] and [[boxing]].\n\nSouth America will hold its first Olympic Games in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, in 2016. \n\nSouth America shares with Europe the supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in [[FIFA World Cup]] history and all winning teams in the [[FIFA Club World Cup]] have come from these two continents. Brazil holds the record at the FIFA World Cup with five titles in total. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each. So far four South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). The other three were Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978).\n  \nSouth America is home to the longest running international football tournament; the [[Copa América]], which has been regularly contested since 1916. Uruguay have won the Copa America a record 15 times, surpassing hosts Argentina in 2011 to reach 15 titles (they were previously equal on 14 titles each during the 2011 Copa America). The continent has produced many of the most famous and most talented players including Diego Maradona, Pelé, Alfredo Di Stéfano, Ronaldo, Ronaldinho, Kaká, Rivaldo, Teófilo Cubillas, Mario Kempes, Gabriel Batistuta, Ángel Di María, César Cueto, Enzo Francescoli, Arsenio Erico, Alberto Spencer, Carlos Valderrama, Ivan Zamorano, Elias Figueroa, Marcelo Salas, Antonio Valencia, Juan Arango, Neymar, Radamel Falcao, Luis Suárez, Edinson Cavani, and Lionel Messi.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}\n\nAlso, in South America, a multi-sport event, the [[South American Games]], are held every four years. The first edition was held in [[La Paz]] in 1978 and the most recent took place in [[Santiago]] in 2014.\n\n==See also==\n\n{{main|Outline of South America}}\n* [[Americas (terminology)]]\n* [[Bibliography of South America]]\n* [[Flags of South America]]\n{{portal bar|Latin America|Geography}}\n\n==References==\n\n===Content notes===\n{{cnote|Continent model|In some parts of the world South America is viewed as a subcontinent of the [[Americas]]{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070811062530/http://www.brasilemb.org/embassy/embaixador_regional.shtml |title=MERCOSUL IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT |accessdate=2007-05-19 |author=Ambassador Rubens A. Barbosa}} (a single continent in these areas), for example Latin America, Latin Europe, and Iran. In most of the countries with English as an official language, however, it is considered a continent;\nsee [[Americas (terminology)]].}}\n\n===References===\n{{reflist|30em}}\n\n===Sources===\n* \"South America\". ''[http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/ The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online]''. 2005. New York: Columbia University Press.\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/ Latin American Network Information Database]\n\n==External links==\n{{Wikibooks||Wikijunior South America}}\n{{Commons|South America}}\n\n{{Countries of South America}}\n{{Continents of the world}}\n{{Regions of the world}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n[[Category:South America| ]]\n[[Category:Continents]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/south_america_new.wiki",
    "content": "{{Redirect|Southern America|the region of the United States|Southern United States|the botanical continent defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions|Southern America (WGSRPD)}}\n{{pp-move-indef}}\n{{Infobox continent\n|title = South America\n|image = [[File:South America (orthographic projection).svg|200px]]\n|area = 17,840,000 km2
(6,890,000 sq mi)\n|population = 385,742,554  (2011, [[List of continents by population|5th]])\n|density = 21.4/km2 (56.0/sq mi)\n|demonym = South American\n|countries = 12\n|list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America\n|dependencies = 3\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] and many [[Languages of South America|others]]\n|time = [[UTC-2]] to [[UTC-5]]\n|cities = [[List of cities in South America]]
 [[São Paulo]]
[[Lima]]
[[Bogotá]]
[[Rio de Janeiro]]
[[Santiago]]
 [[Caracas]]
 [[Buenos Aires]]
 [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]
 [[Brasília]]
[[Fortaleza]]\n}}\n\n'''South America''' is a [[continent]] located in the [[Western Hemisphere]], mostly in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], with a relatively small portion in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. It is also considered as a [[subcontinent]] of the [[Americas]],{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555844/South-America|title = South America|work= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}} which is the model used in Spanish-speaking nations and most of South America.\n\nIt is bordered on the west by the [[Pacific Ocean]] and on the north and east by the [[Atlantic Ocean]]; [[North America]] and the [[Caribbean Sea]] lie to the northwest. It includes twelve sovereign states – [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Suriname]], [[Uruguay]], and [[Venezuela]] – and two non-sovereign areas – [[French Guiana]], an [[overseas department]] of [[France]], and the [[Falkland Islands]], a [[British Overseas Territory]] (though [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|disputed]] by Argentina). In addition to this, the [[ABC islands (Lesser Antilles)|ABC islands]] of the [[Netherlands]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] may also be considered part of South America.\n\nSouth America has an [[area]] of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its [[population]] as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America [[List of continents by population|ranks fourth]] in area (after [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, [[Europe]], and North America). The most populous countries are Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela and Peru.  http://statisticstimes.com/population/south-american-countries-by-population.php \n\nMost of the population lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the [[patagonia|far south]] are sparsely populated. The geography of western South America is dominated by the [[Andes]] mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and large lowlands where rivers such as the [[Amazon River|Amazon]], [[Orinoco]], and [[Paraná River|Paraná]] flow. Most of the continent lies in the [[tropics]].\n\nThe continent's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long [[European colonization of the Americas|history of colonialism]], the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] or [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and societies and states commonly reflect [[Western culture|Western traditions]].\n\n==Geography==\n{{Main|Geography of South America}}\n[[File:South America - Blue Marble orthographic.jpg|thumb|240px|A composite relief image of South America.]]\nSouth America occupies the southern portion of the [[Americas]]. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the [[Darién Gap|Darién watershed]] along the [[Colombia–Panama border]], although some may consider the border instead to be the [[Panama Canal]]. [[Geopolitics|Geopolitically]] and geographicallyCohen, Saul Bernard. 2003. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA141 \"North and Middle America\" (Ch. 5)]. ''Geopolitics of the World System'', ISBN 0847699072 all of [[Panama]] – including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus – is typically included in North America alone[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas \"Americas\"] ''Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)'', United Nations Statistics Division{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303233306/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view |title=North America |work=Atlas of Canada|date=2003-11-14 |accessdate=2012-05-21}}[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=nameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w North America Atlas] National Geographic and among the [[Demographics of Central America|countries of Central America]].{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440722/Panama |title=Panama |publisher=Britannica.com |date=1999-12-31 |accessdate=2012-05-21}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html#Geo |title=Panama|work=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=2012-05-21}} Almost all of mainland South America sits on the [[South American Plate]].\n\nSouth America is home to the [[List of waterfalls by height|world's highest uninterrupted waterfall]], [[Angel Falls]] in Venezuela; the highest single drop waterfall [[Kaieteur Falls]] in Guyana; the largest river (by volume), the [[Amazon River]]; the longest mountain range, the [[Andes]] (whose highest mountain is [[Aconcagua]] at {{convert|6,962|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}}); the driest non-polar place on earth, the [[Atacama Desert]];{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0308/feature3/|title=Parts of Chile's Atacama Desert haven't seen a drop of rain since recordkeeping began. Somehow, more than a million people squeeze life from this parched land|work= National Geographic Magazine|accessdate=2009-04-18}}{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202153149/http://www.extremescience.com/DriestPlace.htm |title=Driest Place | Driest Desert Atacama Desert|publisher=Extremescience.com |date=2007-01-25 |accessdate=2009-04-18}}{{cite journal|author=McKay, C. P.|date=May–June 2002|volume=14|page=30|title=Two dry for life: The Atacama Desert and Mars|issue=3|url=http://quest.nasa.gov/challenges/marsanalog/egypt/AtacamaAdAstra.pdf|journal=Ad Astra}} the largest rainforest, the [[Amazon Rainforest]]; the highest capital city, [[La Paz, Bolivia]]; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, [[Lake Titicaca]]; and, excluding research stations in [[Antarctica]], the world's southernmost permanently inhabited community, [[Puerto Toro, Chile]].\n\n{{multiple image\n   | footer    = [[Torres del Paine|Cuernos del Paine]] in Chile (left) and [[Chapada das Mesas National Park|Morro do Chapéu]] in Brazil (right) serve to illustrate the diversity of landscapes in South America. Click to enlarge. \n   | image1    = Cuernos_del_Paine_2011.jpg\n   | width1    = 160\n   | alt1      = \n   | caption1  = \n   | image2    = Morro do chapeu (cropped).jpg\n   | width2    = 120\n   | alt2      = \n   | caption2  = \n  }}\nSouth America's major mineral resources are [[gold]], [[silver]], [[copper]], [[iron ore]], [[tin]], and [[petroleum]]. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid economic growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export [[commodity]] often has hindered the development of diversified economies. The fluctuation in the price of commodities in the international markets has led historically to major highs and lows in the economies of South American states, often causing extreme political instability. This is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export.\n\nSouth America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth. South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the [[llama]], [[anaconda]], [[piranha]], [[jaguar]], [[vicuña]], and [[tapir]]. The Amazon rainforests possess high [[biodiversity]], containing a major proportion of the Earth's [[species]].\n\nBrazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the continent's land area and population. The remaining countries and territories are divided among three regions: The [[Andean States]], [[the Guianas]] and the [[Southern Cone]].\n\n===Outlying islands===\nTraditionally, South America also includes some of the nearby islands. [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], [[Curaçao]], [[Trinidad]], [[Tobago]], and the [[federal dependencies of Venezuela]] sit on the northerly South American [[continental shelf]] and are often considered part of the continent. Geo-politically, the island states and overseas territories of the Caribbean are generally grouped as a part or subregion of North America, since they are more distant on the [[Caribbean Plate]], even though [[San Andrés (island)|San Andres]] and [[Providencia Island|Providencia]] are politically part of [[Colombia]] and [[Aves Island]] is controlled by [[Venezuela]].[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=sameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w South America Atlas] National Geographic{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas |title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) |publisher=Unstats.un.org |date=2011-09-20 |accessdate=2012-05-21}}\n\nOther islands that are included with South America are the [[Galápagos Islands]] that belong to [[Ecuador]] and [[Easter Island]] (in [[Oceania]] but belonging to [[Chile]]), [[Robinson Crusoe Island]], [[Chiloé Archipelago|Chiloé]] (both Chilean) and [[Tierra del Fuego]] (split between Chile and [[Argentina]]). In the Atlantic, [[Brazil]] owns [[Fernando de Noronha]], [[Trindade and Martim Vaz]], and the [[Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago]], while the [[Falkland Islands]] are governed by the [[United Kingdom]], whose sovereignty over the islands is [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|disputed by Argentina]]. [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] may be associated with either South America or [[Antarctica]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}\n{{Clear}}\n\n==History==\n{{Main|History of South America}}\n\n===Prehistory===\n{{further|History of South America#Pre-Columbian era}}\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|240px|The prehistoric [[Cueva de las Manos]], or ''Cave of the Hands'', in Argentina.]]\nSouth America is believed to have been joined with [[Africa]] from the late [[Paleozoic Era]] to the early [[Mesozoic Era]], until the [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]] began to rift and break apart about 225 million years ago. Therefore, South America and Africa share similar fossils and rock layers.\n\nSouth America is thought to have been first inhabited by humans when people were crossing the [[Beringia|Bering Land Bridge]] (now the [[Bering Strait]]) at least 15,000 years ago from the territory that is present-day [[Russia]]. They migrated south through [[North America]], and eventually reached South America through the [[Isthmus of Panama]].\n\nThe first evidence for the existence of the human race in South America dates back to about 9000 BC, when [[Squash (plant)|squashes]], [[chili pepper]]s and [[bean]]s began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the [[Amazon Basin]]. Pottery evidence further suggests that [[manioc]], which remains a [[staple food]] today, was being cultivated as early as 2000 BC.O'Brien, Patrick. (General Editor). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. pp. 25\n\nBy 2000 BC, many [[agrarian society|agrarian]] communities had been settled throughout the [[Andes]] and the surrounding regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an [[agrarian society]].\n\nSouth American cultures began domesticating [[llama]]s, [[vicuña]]s, [[guanaco]]s, and [[alpaca]]s in the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BC. Besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of goods.\n\n===Pre-Columbian civilizations===\n\n{{Main|Pre-Columbian era#South America}}\n[[File:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.jpg|thumb|240px|The Inca estate of [[Machu Picchu]], [[Peru]] is one of the [[New Seven Wonders of the World#Winners|New Seven Wonders of the World]]]]\n\nThe rise of plant growing and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in South America.\n\nOne of the earliest known South American civilizations was at [[Norte Chico civilization|Norte Chico]], on the central [[Peru]]vian coast. Though a pre-ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of Norte Chico is contemporaneous with the pyramids of [[Ancient Egypt]]. Norte Chico governing class established a trade network and developed agriculture then followed by [[Chavin culture|Chavín]] by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called [[Chavín de Huantar]] in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC.\n\nIn the central coast of Peru, around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, [[Moche (culture)|Moche]] (100 BC – 700 AD, at the northern coast of Peru), [[Paracas culture|Paracas]] and [[Nazca culture|Nazca]] (400 BC – 800 AD, Peru) cultures flourished with centralized states with permanent militia improving agriculture through [[irrigation]] and new styles of ceramic art. At the [[Altiplano]], Tiahuanaco or [[Tiwanaku]] (100 BC – 1200 AD, Bolivia) managed a large commercial network based on religion.\n\nAround 7th century, both Tiahuanaco and Wari or [[Wari culture|Huari]] Empire (600–1200, Central and northern Peru) expanded its influence to all the Andean region, imposing the Huari urbanism and tiahuanaco religious iconography.\n\nThe [[Muisca]] were the main indigenous civilization in what is now modern Colombia. They established a confederation of many clans, or cacicazgos, that had a free trade network among themselves. They were goldsmiths and farmers.\n\nOther important Pre-Columbian cultures include: the [[Cañari]]s (in south central Ecuador), [[Chimú]] Empire (1300–1470, Peruvian northern coast), [[Chachapoyas culture|Chachapoyas]], and the Aymaran kingdoms (1000–1450, Bolivia and southern Peru).\n\nHolding their capital at the great city of [[Cusco]], the [[Inca civilization]] dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as ''Tawantin suyu'', and \"the land of the four regions,\" in [[Quechua languages|Quechua]], the Inca civilization was highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 25,000 kilometer [[Inca road system|road system]]. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. [[Terrace farming]] was a useful form of agriculture.\n\nThe [[Mapuche]] in Central and Southern Chile resisted the European and Chilean settlers, waging the [[Arauco War]] for more than 300 years.\n\n===European colonization===\n{{Main|Spanish colonization of the Americas|Portuguese colonization of the Americas}}\n[[File:Oscar Pereira da Silva - Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500 (detalhe).jpg|thumb|240px|Portuguese arrival in Brazil in the Colonial era. \"From Spaniard and Amerindian woman, begets Mestizo\".]]\n\nIn 1494, [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], the two great maritime European powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], by which they agreed, with the support of the Pope, that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive [[duopoly]] between the two countries.\n\nThe treaty established an imaginary line along a north-south [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] 370 [[league (unit)|leagues]] west of the [[Cape Verde Islands]], roughly 46° 37' W. In terms of the treaty, all land to the west of the line (known to comprise most of the South American soil) would belong to Spain, and all land to the east, to Portugal. As accurate measurements of [[longitude]] were impossible at that time, the line was not strictly enforced, resulting in a [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian.\n\nBeginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign [[conquistadors]], first from Spain and later from Portugal. These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it in colonies.\n\nEuropean infectious diseases ([[smallpox]], [[influenza]], [[measles]], and [[typhus]]) – to which the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|native populations]] had no immune resistance – and systems of forced labor, such as the [[hacienda]]s and mining industry's [[Mita (Inca)|mit'a]], decimated the native population under Spanish control. After this, African [[Slavery|slaves]], who had developed immunities to these diseases, were quickly brought in to replace them.\n\nThe Spaniards were committed to convert their native subjects to [[Christianity]] and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end; however, many initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as native groups simply blended [[Catholicism]] with their established beliefs and practices. Furthermore, the Spaniards brought their language to the degree they did with their religion, although the [[Roman Catholic Church]]'s evangelization in [[Quechua language|Quechua]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]], and [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] actually contributed to the continuous use of these native languages albeit only in the oral form.\n\nEventually, the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|natives]] and the Spaniards interbred, forming a [[mestizo]] class. At the beginning, many mestizos of the Andean region were offspring of Amerindian mothers and Spanish fathers. After independence, most mestizos had native fathers and European or mestizo mothers.\n\nMany native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by Spanish explorers; this included many gold and silver sculptures and other artifacts found in South America, which were melted down before their transport to Spain or Portugal. Spaniards and Portuguese brought the western European architectural style to the continent, and helped to improve infrastructures like bridges, roads, and the sewer system of the cities they discovered or conquered. They also significantly increased economic and trade relations, not just between the old and new world but between the different South American regions and peoples. Finally, with the expansion of the Portuguese and Spanish languages, many cultures that were previously separated became united through that of [[Latin America]]n.\n\n[[Guyana]] was first a Dutch, and then a [[British Empire|British colony]], though there was a brief period during the Napoleonic Wars when it was colonized by the French. The country was once partitioned into three parts, each being controlled by one of the colonial powers until the country was finally taken over fully by the British.\n\n[[File:Plaza de San Francisco en Centro histórico de Quito, Ecuador.JPG|thumb|center|577px|Plaza of San Francisco in the [[Historic Center of Quito]], [[Ecuador]], is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the [[Americas]].{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 |title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-30}}]]\n\n===Independence from Spain and Portugal===\n{{Main|Spanish American wars of independence|Independence of Brazil}}\n[[File:Entrevista de Guayaquil.jpg|thumb|240px|The [[Guayaquil conference]], between [[José de San Martín]] and [[Simón Bolívar]].]]\nThe European [[Peninsular War]] (1807–1814), a theater of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], changed the political situation of both the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. First, Napoleon invaded Portugal, but the [[House of Braganza]] avoided capture by [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|escaping to Brazil]]. Napoleon also captured King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]], and appointed his own brother instead. This appointment provoked severe popular resistance, which created [[Junta (Peninsular War)|Juntas]] to rule in the name of the captured king.\n\nMany cities in the Spanish colonies, however, considered themselves equally authorized to appoint local Juntas like those of Spain. This began the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] between the [[Patriot (Spanish American Revolution)|patriots]], who promoted such autonomy, and the [[Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)|royalists]], who supported Spanish authority over the Americas. The Juntas, in both Spain and the Americas, promoted the ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. Five years after the beginning of the war, Ferdinand VII returned to the throne and began the [[Absolutist Restoration]] as the royalists got the upper hand in the conflict.\n\nThe independence of South America was secured by [[Simón Bolívar]] (Venezuela) and [[José de San Martín]] (Argentina), the two most important ''[[Libertadores]]''. Bolívar led a great uprising in the north, then led his army southward towards [[Lima]], the capital of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. Meanwhile, San Martín led an army across the Andes Mountains, along with Chilean expatriates, and liberated Chile. He organized a fleet to reach Peru by sea, and sought the military support of various rebels from the Viceroyalty of Peru. The two armies finally met in Guayaquil, [[Ecuador]], where they cornered the Royal Army of the Spanish Crown and forced its surrender.\n\nIn the Portuguese kingdom of Brazil and Algarve, [[Dom Pedro I]] (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the Portuguese King [[Dom João VI]], proclaimed the independent Kingdom of Brazil in 1822, which later became the [[Empire of Brazil]]. Despite the Portuguese loyalties of garrisons in [[Bahia]] and [[Pará]], independence was diplomatically accepted by the crown in Portugal, on condition of a high compensation paid by Brazil.\n\n===Nation-building and balkanization===\nThe newly independent nations began a process of [[balkanization]], with several civil and international wars. However, it was not as strong as in Central America. Some countries created from provinces of larger countries stayed as such up to modern day (such as Paraguay or Uruguay), while others were reconquered and reincorporated into their former countries (such as the [[Republic of Entre Ríos]] and the [[Riograndense Republic]]).\n\nThe [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]], a short-lived union of Peru and Bolivia, was blocked by Chile in the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836–1839) and again during the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1883). Paraguay was virtually destroyed by Argentina and Brazil in the [[Paraguayan War]].\n\n===Rise and fall of military dictatorships===\n[[File:Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes firing a broadside.jpg|right|thumb|240px|The Brazilian [[Minas Geraes-class battleship|''Minas Geraes'' class]] kindled an [[South American dreadnought race|Argentine–Brazilian–Chilean naval arms race]].]]\nWars became less frequent in the 20th century, with Bolivia-Paraguay and Peru-Ecuador fighting the last inter-state wars.\nEarly in the 20th century, the [[ABC Powers|three wealthiest South American countries]] engaged in [[South American dreadnought race|a vastly expensive naval arms race]] which was catalyzed by the introduction of a new warship type, the \"[[dreadnought]]\". At one point, the Argentine government was spending a fifth of its entire yearly budget for just two dreadnoughts, a price that did not include later in-service costs, which for the Brazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percent of the initial purchase.Richard Hough, ''The Big Battleship'' (London: Michael Joseph, 1966), 19. {{oclc|8898108}}.Robert Scheina, ''Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987'' (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987), 86. ISBN 0-87021-295-8. {{oclc|15696006}}.\n\nThe continent became a battlefield of the [[Cold War]] in the late 20th century. Some democratically elected governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrown or displaced by military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. To curtail opposition, their governments detained tens of thousands of [[political prisoner]]s, many of whom were tortured and/or killed on [[Operation Condor|inter-state collaboration]]. Economically, they began a transition to [[neoliberal]] economic policies. They placed their own actions within the US Cold War doctrine of \"National Security\" against internal subversion. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from [[Internal conflict in Peru|an internal conflict]].\n\nArgentina and Britain fought the [[Falklands War]] in 1982.\n\nColombia has had an ongoing, though diminished internal conflict, which started in 1964 with the creation of [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]] (FARC-EP) and then involved several illegal armed groups of leftist-leaning ideology as well as the private armies of powerful drug lords. Many of these are now defunct, and only a small portion of the ELN remains, along with the stronger, though also greatly reduced FARC. These leftist groups smuggle narcotics out of Colombia to fund their operations, while also using kidnapping, bombings, land mines and assassinations as weapons against both elected and non-elected citizens.\n\n[[File:Presidentes unasur (cropped).jpg|thumb|240px|Presidents of [[UNASUR]] member states at the Second Brasília Summit on 23 May 2008.]]\nRevolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships became common after [[World War II]], but since the 1980s, a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now.\"The Cambridge History of Latin America\", edited by Leslie Bethell, Cambridge University Press (1995) ISBN 0-521-39525-9 Nonetheless, allegations of corruption are still very common, and several countries have developed crises which have forced the resignation of their governments, although, in most occasions, regular civilian succession has continued.\n\n[[Developing countries' debt|International indebtedness]] turned into a severe problem in late 1980s, and some countries, despite having strong democracies, have not yet developed political institutions capable of handling such crises without resorting to unorthodox economic policies, as most recently illustrated by [[Argentina]]'s [[Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002)|default]] in the early 21st century.{{cite book|author=Leslie Bethell|title=Bibliographical Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tNWbywFXhkC|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39525-0}}{{neutrality disputed|date=November 2012}} The last twenty years have seen an increased push towards [[Integration of Latin America|regional integration]], with the creation of uniquely South American institutions such as the [[Andean Community]], [[Mercosur]] and [[Unasur]]. Notably, starting with the election of [[Hugo Chávez]] in Venezuela in 1998, the region experienced what has been termed a [[pink tide]] – the election of several leftist and center-left administrations to most countries of the area, except for the Guianas and Colombia.\n\n==Countries and territories==\n[[File:\"Political South America\" CIA World Factbook.svg|thumb|right|A political map of South America]]\n{{multiple image\n | align     = right\n | direction = vertical\n | header    = 10 largest South American cities\n | header_align = left/right/center\n | header_background =\n | footer    =\n | footer_background =\n | width     =\n | image1    = MarginalPinheiros.jpg\n | width1    = 120\n | caption1  =
[[São Paulo]], Brazil
\n | image2    = Lima, Peru Sunset Skyline & Cityscape.png\n | width2    = 120\n | caption2  =
[[Lima]], Peru
\n | image3    = Centro internacional cropped.JPG\n | width3    = 120\n | caption3  =
[[Bogotá]], Colombia
\n | image4    = Vista aérea Centro do Rio de Janeiro RJ.jpg\n | width4    = 120\n | caption4  =
[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
\n | image5  = Santiago en invierno.jpg\n | width5    = 120\n | caption5  =
[[Santiago]], Chile
\n | image6    = Caracas_from_El_Calvario.jpg\n | width6    = 120\n | caption6  =
[[Caracas]], Venezuela
\n | image7    = Atardecer_en_el_Congreso_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina.jpg\n | width7    = 120\n | caption7  =
[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
\n | image8    = Avtancredoneves23012011.JPG\n | width8    = 120\n | caption8  =
[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], Brazil
\n | image9    = Brasilia aerea setorbancariosul.jpg\n | width9    = 120\n | caption9  =
[[Brasília]], Brazil
\n | image10    = Fortaleza, Brazil (6).jpg\n | width10    = 120\n | caption10  =
[[Fortaleza]], Brazil
\n\n}}\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"font-size:90%;\"\n|- style=\"background:#ececec;\"\n! [[Country]] or 
[[Territory (country subdivision)|territory]] with [[flag]]\n! [[List of countries by area|Area]]
(km²)Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted. (sq mi)\n! [[List of countries by population|Population]]
(July 2009 est.)\n! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]
per km2 (per sq mi)\n! [[Capital (political)|Capital]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Argentina|{{flag|Argentina}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2766890|{{convert|2766890|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 40,482,000\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1430|14.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 14.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Buenos Aires]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Bolivia|{{flag|Bolivia}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1098580|{{convert|1098580|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 9,863,000\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0810|8.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 8.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[La Paz]] and [[Sucre]][[La Paz]] is the administrative capital of [[Bolivia]];
\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Brazil|{{flag|Brazil}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|8514877|{{convert|8514877|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 202,241,714\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2200|22.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Brasília]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Chile|{{flag|Chile}}}}Includes [[Easter Island]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]], a [[Chile]]an territory frequently reckoned in [[Oceania]]. [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] is the administrative capital of Chile; [[Valparaíso]] is the site of legislative meetings.
\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0756950|  {{convert|756950|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 16,928,873\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2110|22/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Colombia|{{flag|Colombia}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1138910|{{convert|1141748|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 46,920,000\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|3770|40/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 40 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Bogotá]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Ecuador|{{flag|Ecuador}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0283560|  {{convert|283560|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 14,573,101\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|4710|53.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 53.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Quito]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Falkland Islands|{{flag|Falkland Islands}}}} ([[United Kingdom]])Claimed by [[Argentina]].
\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0012173|   {{convert|12173|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 3,140{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html |title=Falkland Islands: July 2008 population estimate |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-05-21}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0026|0.26/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.26 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Port Stanley, Falkland Islands|Port Stanley]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" |{{sort|French Guiana|{{flag|French Guiana}}}} ([[France]])\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0091000|   {{convert|91000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 221,500(January 2009) {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=CMRSOS02137| title=Population des régions au 1er janvier| first=Government of France| last=[[INSEE]]| accessdate=2009-01-20|language=fr}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0210|2.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 2.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Cayenne]] ([[Préfecture]])\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Guyana|{{flag|Guyana}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0214999|  {{convert|214999|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 772,298\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0360|3.5/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3.5 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Paraguay|{{flag|Paraguay}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0406750|  {{convert|406750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 6,831,306\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1560|15.6/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 15.6 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Asunción]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Peru|{{flag|Peru}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1285220|{{convert|1285220|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 29,132,013\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2170|22/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Lima]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|{{flagicon|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia and
South Sandwich Islands]] (United Kingdom)}}Claimed by Argentina; the [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]] are commonly associated with [[Antarctica]] (due to proximity) and have no permanent population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors.
\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0003093|    {{convert|3093|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 20\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0000|0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[King Edward Point]][http://country-facts.findthedata.org/q/240/2390/What-is-the-capital-city-of-South-Georgia-And-The-South-Sandwich-Islands-a-country-in-the-continent-of-Oceania ]{{dead link|date=October 2015}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Suriname|{{flag|Suriname}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0163270|  {{convert|163270|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 472,000\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0270|3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Paramaribo]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Uruguay|{{flag|Uruguay}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|0176220|  {{convert|176220|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 3,477,780\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|1940|19.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 19.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Montevideo]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{sort|Venezuela|{{flag|Venezuela}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|09116445|  {{convert|916445|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 31,648,930\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{sort|2780|30.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 27.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}}\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | [[Caracas]]\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n! Total\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{nts|17,824,513}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| {{nts|385,742,554}}\n| style=\"text-align:right;\"| 21.5/km²\n|\n|}\n{{See also|List of South American countries by population|List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America by median age of population}}\n\n==Politics==\n\nDuring the first decade of the 21st century, South American governments have drifted to the political left, with leftist leaders being elected in Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela. Most South American countries are making an increasing use of protectionist policies, undermining a greater global integration but helping local development.\n\nRecently, an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two existing customs unions: [[Mercosur]] and the [[Andean Community]], thus forming the third-largest trade bloc in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/integrate/2008/1029newconsensus.htm |title=Globalpolicy.org |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=2008-10-29 |accessdate=2010-10-24}}\nThis new political organization known as [[Union of South American Nations]] seeks to establish free movement of people, economic development, a common defense policy and the elimination of [[tariff]]s.\n\n==Ethnic demographics==\n{{main|Ethnic groups in South America}}\nDescendants of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]], such as the [[Quechuas|Quechua]] and [[Aymara people|Aymara]], or the [[Urarina]]Dean, Bartholomew 2009 ''Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia'', Gainesville: University Press of Florida ISBN 978-0-8130-3378-5 [http://www.upf.com/book.asp?id=DEANXS07] of Amazonia make up the majority of the population in [[Bolivia]] (56%) and, per some sources, in [[Peru]] (44%).{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html |title=Peru|work=CIA World Factbook |publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-04-18}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html |title=Bolivia|work=CIA World Factbook |publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-04-18}} In [[Ecuador]], Amerindians are a large minority that comprises two-fifths of the population. The native European population is also a significant element in most other former Portuguese colonies.\n\nSouth America is also home to one of the largest populations of [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]]s. This group is also significantly present in [[Guyana]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Suriname]], French Guiana, and Ecuador. [[Mestizo]]s (mixed European and Amerindian) are the largest ethnic group in [[Paraguay]], [[Venezuela]], Colombia (49%)Bushnell, David & Rex A. Hudson (2010) \"[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf The Society and Its Environment]\"; ''Colombia: a country study'': 87. Washingtion D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. and Ecuador and the second group in Peru. East Indians form the largest ethnic group in Guyana and Suriname. Brazil followed by Peru also have the largest [[Japan]]ese, [[Korea]]n and [[China|Chinese]] communities in South America.{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606141050/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080115i1.html=search.japantimes.co.jp|title=Japan, Brazil mark a century of settlement, family ties |work=Japan Times|author=Nakamura, Akemi|date= January 15, 2008}}\n\nThe [[demographics of Colombia]] include approximately 37%  native European descendants,{{cite web|url= http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/coesion_etnia.pdf |title= White Colombians|accessdate= 28 May 2013}} while in Peru, European descendants are the third group in importance (15%).{{cite web|url=http://www.fppmedia.com/pdfs/html/moperu.html |title=LA Road Show |publisher=Fppmedia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-24}} Compared to other South American countries, the people who identify as of primarily or totally [[light skinned people|European descent]], or identify their [[phenotype]] as corresponding to such group, are more of a majority in [[Argentina]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html |title=Argentina|work=CIA World Factbook |publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-04-18}} [[Demographics of Chile|Chile]] {{cite web|url=http://www.geografia.fflch.usp.br/publicacoes/Geousp/Geousp13/Geousp13_Intercambio_Maurel.htm |title=Argentina, como Chile y Uruguay, su población está formada casi exclusivamente por una población blanca e blanca mestiza procedente del sur de Europa, más del 90% E. García Zarza, 1992, 19 |publisher=Geografia.fflch.usp.br |date= |accessdate=2009-04-18}}{{cite journal|pmc=1050080 |title=Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile|pmid=7815439|year=1994|last1=Cruz-Coke|first1=R|last2=Moreno|first2=RS|volume=31|issue=9|pages=702–6|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|doi=10.1136/jmg.31.9.702}} and [[Uruguay]], and are about half of the population of [[Brazil]].{{cite web|url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on¬arodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 |title=População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade |publisher=Sidra.ibge.gov.br  |accessdate=2012-05-21}}{{cite web|url=http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/02104547/articulos/ALHI8383110228A.PDF |title=Latinoamerica. |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-10-24}}{{cite web|url=http://www.studentsgoabroad.com/en/internships/internship-in-chile/general-information.html |title=The Chilean population is rather homogeneous with 95.4 % of its population having native European ancestors |publisher=Studentsgoabroad.com |date=1973-09-11 |accessdate=2010-10-24}} In Venezuela, according to the national census 42% of the population is primarily native Spanish, Italian and Portuguese descendants.[http://www.ine.gov.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011], (p. 14)\n\n===Indigenous people===\n{{main|List of Indigenous peoples of South America|Indigenous peoples in South America}}\n\nIn many places indigenous people still practice a traditional lifestyle based on subsistence agriculture or as hunter-gatherers. There are still some [[uncontacted people|uncontacted tribes]] residing in the Amazon Rainforest.[http://www.astromonos.org/public/3/indigenasenamerica.jsf Indigenous peoples of South America]. Astromonos.org. Retrieved on 2015-10-20.\n\n{{Div col|2}}\n* [[Aguarunas]]\n* [[Alacalufe]]\n* [[Arawaks]]\n* [[Ashanincas]]\n* [[Atacameños]]\n* [[Awá-Guajá people|Awá]]\n* [[Aymara people|Aymara]] – lives in the [[Altiplano]] of [[Bolivia]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]. Their language is co-official in [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]]. Traditional lifestyle includes llama herding.\n* [[Banawa]]\n* [[Cañari]]s\n* [[Caiapos]]\n* [[Chibcha]]\n* [[Cocama language|Cocama]]\n* [[Chayahuita]]\n* [[Kuna (people)|Kuna]] live on the [[Colombia]]-[[Panama]] border.\n* [[Enxet]]\n* [[Ge (people)|Gê]],\n* [[Guarani people|Guaraní]] – lives in Paraguay where the [[Guarani language]] is co-official with Spanish.\n* [[Juris]]\n* [[Mapuche]] – lives mainly in southern Chile and Argentina.\n* [[Matsés]]\n* [[Pehuenche]] – a branch of Mapuches that lived in the Andean valleys of southern (see [[Araucanian]]).\n* [[Quechuas]] – makes up a large part of the population of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. Are diverse as an ethnic group. The Incas spoke [[Southern Quechua]].\n* [[Selknam]]\n* [[Shipibo]]\n* [[Shuar people|Shuar]] (see [[Jivaro]]).\n* [[Tupi people|Tupi]]\n* [[Urarina]]\n* [[Wai-Wai people|Wai-Wai]]\n* [[Wayuu]]\n* [[Xucuru]]\n* [[Yaghan]]\n* [[Yagua people|Yagua]]\n* [[Yąnomamö]]\n* [[Zaparos]]\n{{Div col end}}\n\n==Economy==\n{{Main|Economy of South America}}\n\n[[File:Banco del Sur.jpg|thumb|480px|[[Rafael Correa]], [[Evo Morales]], [[Néstor Kirchner]], [[Cristina Fernández]], [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], [[Nicanor Duarte]], and [[Hugo Chávez]] at the signing of the founding charter of the [[Bank of the South]].]]\n\nSouth America relies less on the export of both manufactured goods and natural resources than the world average; merchandise exports from the continent were 16% of GDP on an [[nominal GDP|exchange rate]] basis, compared to 25% for the world as a whole. Brazil (the seventh largest economy in the world and the largest in South America) leads [[List of countries by exports|in terms of merchandise exports]] at $251 billion, followed by Venezuela at $93 billion, Chile at $86 billion, and Argentina at $84 billion.\n\nThe [[Economic inequality|economic gap]] between the rich and poor in most South American nations is larger than in most other continents. The richest 10% receive over 40% of the nation's income in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Paraguay,{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.10TH.10|title=Income share held by highest 10%|publisher=The World Bank|year=2011}} while the poorest 20% receive 3% or less in Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.FRST.20/countries|title=Income share held by lowest 20%|publisher=The World Bank|year=2011}} This wide gap can be seen in many large South American cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie in the vicinity of skyscrapers and upper-class luxury apartments; nearly one in nine in South America live on less than $2 per day (on a [[purchasing power parity]] basis).\n\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"font-size:85%;\"\n|-\n! [[Country]]\n! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal) 
 in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weoselgr.aspx |title=World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=IMF |date=October 2014 |accessdate=2015-04-12}}\n! [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP) 
 in 2014]]\n! [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) 
 per capita 
 in 2011]]\n! [[List of countries by exports|Merchandise 
 exports]]
($bn), 2011{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html?|title=Country Comparison:Exports|work=The World Factbook |year=2011|publisher=CIA}}\n! [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI 
 in 2011]] 
 (rank){{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2011. Human development indices. p.23 |publisher=The United Nations|accessdate=2011-05-24}}\n! Percent with 
 less than 
 $2 (PPP)
per person 
 per day{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.2DAY/countries|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) (% of population)|publisher=The World Bank|year=2011}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Argentina}}\n| {{Nts|536155}}\n| {{Nts|927382}}\n| {{Nts|17516}}\n| {{Nts|83.7}}\n| {{Nts|0.797}}\n| {{Nts|2.6}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}\n| {{Nts|34083}}\n| {{Nts|69979}}\n| {{Nts|4789}}\n| {{Nts|9.1}}\n| {{Nts|0.663}}\n| {{Nts|24.9}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Brazil}}\n| {{Nts|2244131}}\n| {{Nts|3072607}}\n| {{Nts|11769}}\n| {{Nts|250.8}}\n| {{Nts|0.744}}\n| {{Nts|10.8}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Chile}}\n| {{Nts|264095}}\n| {{Nts|410277}}\n| {{Nts|17222}}\n| {{Nts|86.1}}\n| {{Nts|0.805}}\n| {{Nts|2.7}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Colombia}}\n| {{Nts|400117}}\n| {{Nts|641532}}\n| {{Nts|10249}}\n| {{Nts|56.5}}\n| {{Nts|0.710}}\n| {{Nts|15.8}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}\n| {{Nts|100485}}\n| {{Nts|181950}}\n| {{Nts|8492}}\n| {{Nts|22.3}}\n| {{Nts|0.720}}\n| {{Nts|10.6}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Falkland Islands}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html|title=Falkland Islands|work=The World Factbook |year=2011|publisher=CIA}} ([[United Kingdom|UK]])\n| {{Nts|165}}\n| {{Nts|165}}\n| {{Nts|55400}}\n| {{Nts|0.1}}\n|\n|\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|French Guiana}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2009_guyane-.pdf|title=Guyane|year=2009|publisher=IEDOM}} ([[France]])\n| {{Nts|4456}}\n| {{Nts|4456}}\n| {{Nts|19728}}\n| {{Nts|1.3}}\n|\n|\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Guyana}}\n| {{Nts|3142}}\n| {{Nts|5498}}\n| {{Nts|7465}}\n| {{Nts|0.9}}\n| {{Nts|0.633}}\n| {{Nts|18.0}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}\n| {{Nts|31301}}\n| {{Nts|57866}}\n| {{Nts|5413}}\n| {{Nts|9.8}}\n| {{Nts|0.665}}\n| {{Nts|13.2}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Peru}}\n| {{Nts|208188}}\n| {{Nts|376736}}\n| {{Nts|10062}}\n| {{Nts|46.3}}\n| {{Nts|0.725}}\n| {{Nts|12.7}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Suriname}}\n| {{Nts|5273}}\n| {{Nts|9240}}\n| {{Nts|9475}}\n| {{Nts|1.6}}\n| {{Nts|0.680}}\n| {{Nts|27.2}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}\n| {{Nts|55597}}\n| {{Nts|69777}}\n| {{Nts|15113}}\n| {{Nts|8.0}}\n| {{Nts|0.783}}\n| {{Nts|2.2}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | {{flagcountry|Venezuela}}\n| {{Nts|209226}}\n| {{Nts|545704}}\n| {{Nts|12568}}\n| {{Nts|92.6}}\n| {{Nts|0.735}}\n| {{Nts|12.9}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left;\"| Total || {{Nts|4176712}} || {{Nts|4738384}} || {{Nts|11962}} || {{Nts|669.1}} || {{Nts|0.729}} || {{Nts|11.3}}\n|}\n\n===Economically largest cities 2010===\n\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|-\n! Rank\n! City\n! Country\n! GDP in [[International dollar|Int$]] bn{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|publisher=Pricewaterhouse Coopers|accessdate=31 July 2010}}\n! Population (mil){{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas p.22|publisher=Demographia|date=April 2012}}\n! GDP per capita\n|-\n| 1\n| [[São Paulo]]\n| {{BRA}}\n| $388\n| 20,186,000\n| $19,221\n|-\n| 2\n| [[Buenos Aires]]\n| {{ARG}}\n| $362\n| 13,639,000\n| $26,542\n|-\n| 3\n| [[Rio de Janeiro]]\n| {{BRA}}\n| $201\n| 12,043,000\n| $16,690\n|-\n| 4\n| [[Bogotá]]\n| {{COL}}\n| $140\n|  12,218,062\n| $15,891\n|-\n| 5\n| [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]\n| {{CHI}}\n| $120\n|  6,015,000\n| $19,950\n|-\n| 6\n| [[Brasília]]\n| {{BRA}}\n| $110\n|  2,362,000\n| $46,571\n|-\n| 7\n| [[Lima]]\n| {{PER}}\n| $109\n|  9,121,000\n| $11,950\n\n|-\n| 8\n| [[Caracas]]\n| {{VEN}}\n| $99\n| 5,965,000\n| $15,646\n|-\n| 9\n| [[Belo Horizonte]]\n| {{BRA}}\n| $61\n| 5,523,000\n| $11,045\n|-\n| 10\n| [[Medellín]]\n| {{COL}}\n| $50\n| 3,686,000\n| $13,565\n|}\n\n[[File:SaltoAngel4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Angel Falls]] in [[Venezuela]] is the [[List of waterfalls by height|world's highest uninterrupted waterfall]], with a height of {{convert|979|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a plunge of {{convert|807|m|ft|abbr=on}}.]]\n\n===Tourism===\n\n[[Tourism]] has increasingly become a significant source of income for many South American countries.{{cite web|url=http://bigtravelweb.com/travel/2008/10/13/tourism-trends-visitor-numbers/ |title=Latin & South America Tourism Statistics & Visitor Numbers |publisher=Bigtravelweb.com |date=2008-10-13 |accessdate=2012-05-21}}Juan Luis Eugenio-Martín, Noelia Martín Morales, Riccardo Scarpa (February 2004) [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=504482 Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: A Panel Data Approach]. FEEM Working Paper No. 26.2004 Historical relics, architectural and natural wonders, a diverse range of foods and culture, vibrant and colorful cities, and stunning landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America. Some of the most visited places in the region are [[Iguazu Falls]], [[Recife]], [[Olinda]], [[Machu Picchu]], the [[Amazon rainforest]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], [[Fortaleza]], [[Maceió]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Florianópolis]], [[San Ignacio Miní]], [[Isla Margarita]], [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]], [[Lima]], [[São Paulo]], [[Angel Falls]], [[Brasília]], [[Nazca Lines]], [[Perito Moreno Glacier]], [[Cuzco]], [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Lake Titicaca]], [[Los Roques archipelago]], [[Bogotá]], [[Patagonia]], [[Gran Sabana]], [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] and the [[Galápagos Islands]].{{cite web|url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/topdestinations/tp/Attractions2006.htm |title=Top attractions |publisher=Gosouthamerica.about.com |date=2007-12-04 |accessdate=2009-04-18}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080804173716/http://www.vipbackpackers.com//DestInfo/139/South_America_Destination_South_America.aspx Backpackers destination]. vipbackpackers.com\n\nIn 2016 [[Brazil]] will play host to the [[2016 Summer Olympics]]{{cite web|url=http://www.rio2016.com/en/}}. With 600,000 overseas visitors expected to come for the World Cup alone{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-15824562s/}}. \n\n[[File:Iguazu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Panorama_7.jpg|thumb|center|800px|[[Iguazu Falls]] on the border between [[Argentina]] and [[Brazil]], are one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature|New Seven World Natural Wonders]].]]\n\n==Culture==\n[[File:Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg|thumb|Tango show in Buenos Aires]] \n[[File:Teatro Solis 2011 left.JPG|thumb|Teatro Solis, Uruguay]]\n\nSouth Americans are culturally influenced by their indigenous peoples, the historic connection with the Iberian Peninsula and Africa, and waves of immigrants from around the globe.\n\nSouth American nations have a rich variety of [[Latin American music|music]]. Some of the most famous genres include [[vallenato]] and [[cumbia]] from Colombia, [[pasillo]] from Ecuador, [[samba]], [[bossa nova]] and [[música sertaneja]] from Brazil, and [[tango music|tango]] from Argentina and Uruguay. Also well known is the non-commercial folk genre [[Nueva Canción]] movement which was founded in Argentina and Chile and quickly spread to the rest of the Latin America. People on the Peruvian coast created the fine [[guitar]] and [[cajon]] duos or trios in the most [[mestizo]] (mixed) of South American rhythms such as the Marinera (from Lima), the [[Tondero]] (from Piura), the 19th century popular Creole Valse or Peruvian Valse, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early 20th century Paraguayan [[Guarania (music)|Guarania]]. In the late 20th century, [[Rock en Español|Spanish rock]] emerged by young hipsters influenced by British pop and American rock. [[Music of Brazil|Brazil]] has a Portuguese-language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres.\n\nThe [[Spanish American literature|literature]] of South America has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim, especially with the [[Latin American Boom]] of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors such as [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]] in novels and [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Pablo Neruda]] in other genres. The Brazilians [[Machado de Assis]] and [[João Guimarães Rosa]] are widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writers.\n\nBecause of South America's broad ethnic mix, [[South American cuisine]] has African, South American Indian, Asian, and European influences. [[Bahia]], Brazil, is especially well known for its West African–influenced cuisine. Argentines, Chileans, Uruguayans, Brazilians, Bolivians, and Venezuelans regularly consume wine. Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and people in southern Chile, Bolivia and Brazil drink [[mate (beverage)|mate]], a herb which is brewed. The Paraguayan version, [[terere]], differs from other forms of mate in that it is served cold. [[Pisco]] is a liquor distilled from grapes in Peru and Chile. Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, African, Andean, and Amazonic food.\n\n===Language===\n[[File:Languages of South America (en).svg|thumb|Languages in South America]]\n\n[[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] are the most spoken languages in South America, with approximately 200 million speakers each. Spanish is the official language of most countries, along with other native languages in some countries. Portuguese is the official language of [[Brazil]]. [[Dutch language|Dutch]] is the official language of [[Suriname]]; [[English language|English]] is the official language of [[Guyana]], although there are at least twelve other languages spoken in the country, including [[Hindi]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. English is also spoken in the [[Falkland Islands]]. [[French language|French]] is the official language of [[French Guiana]] and the second language in [[Amapá]], Brazil.\n\n[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous languages]] of South America include [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] in Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Bolivia; [[Wayuunaiki]] in northern Colombia ([[La Guajira]]) and northwestern Venezuela ([[Zulia]]); [[Guarani language|Guaraní]] in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Bolivia; [[Aymara language|Aymara]] in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; and [[Mapudungun]] is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile and, more rarely, Argentina. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages.\n\nOther languages found in South America include, Hindi and [[Javanese language|Javanese]] in Suriname; [[Italian language|Italian]] in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela and Chile; and [[German language|German]] in certain pockets of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. German is also spoken in many regions of the southern states of Brazil, [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] being the most widely spoken German dialect in the country; among other Germanic dialects, a Brazilian form of [[Pomeranian language|Pomeranian]] is also well represented and is experiencing a revival. [[Welsh language|Welsh]] remains spoken and written in the historic towns of [[Trelew]] and [[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson]] in the Argentine [[Patagonia]]. There are also small clusters of [[Japanese language|Japanese]]-speakers in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Arabic speakers, often of [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]], [[Syrian people|Syrian]], or [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] descent, can be found in Arab communities in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela and in Paraguay.{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0022216X13001156|title=On the Trail and Trial of a Palestinian Diaspora: Mapping South America in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1967–1972|journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |volume =45|issue =4 |year=2013|pages=751–777|author=Karam, John Tofik}}\n\n===Sport===\n{{Main|Sport in South America}}\nA wide range of sports are played in the continent of South America, with [[Association football|football]] being the most popular overall, while [[baseball]] is the most popular in Venezuela and northern Colombia.\n\nOther sports include [[basketball]], [[cycling]], [[polo]], [[volleyball]], [[futsal]], [[motorsports]], [[Rugby football|rugby]] (mostly in Argentina and Uruguay), [[handball]], [[tennis]], [[golf]], [[field hockey]] and [[boxing]].\n\nSouth America will hold its first [[Olympic Games]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil in 2016 and the [[Youth Olympic Games]] in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina in 2018.\n\n[[File:Castelão Arena (6).jpg|thumb|240px|[[Castelão (Ceará)|Castelão Stadium]] in [[Fortaleza]], Brazil.]]\n\nSouth America shares with Europe the supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in [[FIFA World Cup]] history and all winning teams in the [[FIFA Club World Cup]] have come from these two continents. Brazil holds the record at the FIFA World Cup with five titles in total. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each. So far four South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). The other three were Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978).\n  \nSouth America is home to the longest running international football tournament; the [[Copa América]], which has been regularly contested since 1916. Uruguay have won the Copa America a record 15 times, surpassing hosts Argentina in 2011 to reach 15 titles (they were previously equal on 14 titles each during the 2011 Copa America). The continent has produced many of the most famous and most talented players including Diego Maradona, Pelé, Alfredo Di Stéfano, Lionel Messi, Ronaldo, Ronaldinho, Rivaldo, Teófilo Cubillas, Mario Kempes, Gabriel Batistuta, César Cueto, Enzo Francescoli, Arsenio Erico, Alberto Spencer, Carlos Valderrama, Elias Figueroa, Marcelo Salas, Juan Arango, Neymar, and Luis Suárez.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}\n\nAlso, in South America, a multi-sport event, the [[South American Games]], are held every four years. The first edition was held in [[La Paz]] in 1978 and the most recent took place in [[Santiago]] in 2014.\n\n==See also==\n\n{{main|Outline of South America}}\n* [[Americas (terminology)]]\n* [[Bibliography of South America]]\n* [[Flags of South America]]\n{{portal bar|Latin America|Geography}}\n\n==References==\n\n===Content notes===\n{{cnote|Continent model|In some parts of the world South America is viewed as a subcontinent of the [[Americas]]{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811062530/http://www.brasilemb.org/embassy/embaixador_regional.shtml |title=MERCOSUL IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT |accessdate=2007-05-19 |author=Ambassador Rubens A. Barbosa}} (a single continent in these areas), for example Latin America, Latin Europe, and Iran. In most of the countries with English as an official language, however, it is considered a continent;\nsee [[Americas (terminology)]].}}\n\n===References===\n{{reflist|30em}}\n\n===Sources===\n* \"South America\". ''[http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/ The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online]''. 2005. New York: Columbia University Press.\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/ Latin American Network Information Database]\n\n==External links==\n{{Commons|South America}}\n{{wikivoyage}}\n{{Wikibooks||Wikijunior South America}}\n\n{{Countries of South America}}\n{{Continents of the world}}\n{{Regions of the world}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:South America| ]]\n[[Category:Continents]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/ukraine.wiki",
    "content": "{{about|the country}}\n{{pp-pc1}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}\n{{pp-pc1}}{{pp-move-indef}}\n{{Infobox country\n|conventional_long_name =Ukraine\n|native_name = Україна\n|common_name = Ukraine\n|image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\n|image_coat = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\n|national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\"[[Shche ne vmerla Ukraina]]\"}}
\"Ukraine has not yet perished\"
[[File:Anthem of Ukraine instrumental.ogg]]
\n|image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\n|map_caption ={{unbulleted list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green |region=Europe |region_color=green & dark grey}}|Disputed territory ({{small|light green}})}}\n|capital = [[Kiev]]\n|latd=50 |latm=27 |latNS=N |longd=30 |longm=30 |longEW=E\n|largest_city = capital\n|official_languages = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\n|regional_languages =\n {{collapsible list\n  |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;\n  |title = 18 languages{{cite web | url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | title=Law of Ukraine \"On Principles of State Language Policy\" (Current version — Revision from 01.02.2014) | publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30 April 2014}} |[[Armenian language|Armenian]] |[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] |[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] |[[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Greek language|Greek]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |[[Karaim language|Karaim]] |[[Krymchak language|Krymchak]] |[[Moldovan language|Moldovan]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] |[[Romani language|Romani]] |[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |[[Russian language|Russian]] |[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]\n }}\n|ethnic_groups =\n {{unbulleted list\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\n  | 17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\n }}\n|ethnic_groups_year = 2001\n|demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\n|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]
[[constitutional republic]]}}\n|leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\n|leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\n|leader_name2 = [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]]\n|leader_title3 = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\n|leader_name3 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\n|legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\n|sovereignty_type = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\n|established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus']]\n|established_date1 = 882\n|established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Kingdom of
Galicia–Volhynia]]}}\n|established_date2 = 1199\n|established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\n|established_date3 = 17 August 1649\n|established_event4 = [[Ukrainian People's Republic|Ukrainian National Republic]]\n|established_date4 = 7 November 1917\n|established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People's Republic|West Ukrainian National Republic]]\n|established_date5 = 1 November 1918\n|established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]]\n|established_date6 = 10 March 1919\n|established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\n|established_date7 = 8 October 1938\n|established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939–1940|Soviet annexation
of Western Ukraine]]}}\n|established_date8 = 15 November 1939\n|established_event9 = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration of
Ukrainian Independence]]}}\n|established_date9 = 30 June 1941\n|established_event10 = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the Soviet Union]]}}\n|established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\n|area_rank = 46th\n|area_magnitude = 1 E11\n|area_km2 = 603,500{{cite web|url=https://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=UKRAINE|title=UNdata - country profile - Ukraine|publisher=}}\n|area_sq_mi = or 233,013\n|percent_water = 7\n|population_estimate = 44,291,413{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html |title=People and Society: Ukraine |publisher=CIA World Factbook |accessdate=18 July 2014}}\n|population_estimate_year = 2014\n|population_estimate_rank = 32nd\n|population_census = 48,457,102\n|population_census_year = 2001\n|population_density_km2 = 73.8\n|population_density_sq_mi = 191 \n|population_density_rank = 115th\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2015\n|GDP_PPP = $353.3 billion{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=7&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title= Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |work = World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date = April 2015 |accessdate= 14 April 2014}} \n|GDP_PPP_rank =\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,277 \n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\n|GDP_nominal = $85.4 billion \n|GDP_nominal_rank =\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2015\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,001 \n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =\n|Gini_year = 2010\n|Gini_change = \n|Gini = 25.6 \n|Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 26 March 2013}}\n|Gini_rank =\n|HDI_year = 2013 \n|HDI_change = steady\n|HDI = 0.734 \n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report |date=14 March 2013 |accessdate=27 July 2014 | pages=21–25}}\n|HDI_rank = 83rd\n|currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\n|currency_code = UAH\n|country_code = UKR\n|time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\n|utc_offset = +2{{cite web |url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas |title=Рішення Ради: Україна 30 жовтня перейде на зимовий час \" Події \" Україна \" Кореспондент |publisher=Ua.korrespondent.net |accessdate=31 October 2011}}\n|time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\n|utc_offset_DST = +3\n|drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|right]]\n|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\n|cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.укр]]}}\n|footnote_a = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26 December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted on 28 June 1996.\n}}\n{{Contains Cyrillic text}}\n'''Ukraine''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|juː|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|n}}; {{lang-uk|Україна}}, [[Romanization of Ukrainian|transliterated]]: {{lang|uk-Latn|''Ukrayina''}} (or {{lang|uk-Latn|''Ukraina''}}), {{IPA-uk|ukrɑˈjinɑ|}}) is a country in [[Eastern Europe]].{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html | title=The World Factbook – Ukraine | publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] | date=7 January 2014 | accessdate=23 January 2014}} It has an area of {{convert|603628|km²|0|abbr=on}}, making it the largest [[country]] entirely within [[Europe]].{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second%20largest%20European%20country%20after%20%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false|title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher=Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate=10 November 2010}} Ukraine [[State Border of Ukraine|borders]] [[Russia]] to the east and northeast, [[Belarus]] to the northwest, [[Poland]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]] to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and southeast, respectively.\n\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key center of [[List of Slavic cultures|East Slavic culture]], with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus']] forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austro-Hungary]], and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, but Ukraine's territories remained divided until they were consolidated into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] in the 20th century. It became [[Sovereign state|independent]] in 1991 following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].\n\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because of its extensive, fertile farmlands, and it remains one of the world's largest [[Grain trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release |url= http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister |title=Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 – minister |publisher=Black Sea Grain |date=20 January 2012 |accessdate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm |title=World Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation |accessdate=26 January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\n\nUkraine is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]] with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]], and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and largest city is [[Kiev]]. Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military of Ukraine|military]] in Europe, after that of Russia, when reserves and paramilitary personnel are taken into account.[[#IISS2010|IISS 2010]], pp. 195–197 The country is home to 45.4 million people (including [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]),[http://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/ukraine country Economy] 2014 demographics 77.8% of whom are [[Ukrainians]] by ethnicity, followed by a sizable minority of [[Russians]] (17%) as well as [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]] of Ukraine; its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]] and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].\n\n==Etymology==\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name of Ukraine|name ''Ukraine'']]. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means \"borderland\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed today and every day |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides |title=Linguistic divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine? |publisher=Economist.com |date=5 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} while more recently some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \"homeland\" or \"region, country\".[http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm Походження українців, росіян, білорусів та їхніх мов] {{uk icon}} \"The Ukraine\" was once the usual form in English{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}} but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \"the Ukraine\" has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].[http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12 Why Ukraine Isn't 'The Ukraine,' And Why That Matters Now], [[Business Insider]] (9 December 2013)[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml The \"the\" is gone], ''[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]'' (8 December 1991)\n\n==History==\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\n\n===Early history===\n[[File:Фрагменты Пекторали.jpg|right|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Ordzhonikidze, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Ordzhonikidze]], dated to the 4th century BC]]\n\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000–45,000 BC) which include a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge) | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur |archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/ |archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/ |archivedate=7 October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\n\nModern human settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite news | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0020834 | title = The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior | first1 = Sandrine | last1= Prat | first2= Stéphane C. | last2= Péan | first3= Laurent | last3= Crépin | first4 =Dorothée G. |last4= Drucker | first5 =Simon J. | last5= Puaud | first6 =Hélène | last6=Valladas | first7= Martina |last7 =Lázničková-Galetová | first8 =Johannes | last8 =van der Plicht | first9= Alexander | last9= Yanevich |date = 17 June 2011 | publisher = plosone | accessdate =21 June 2011}}{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262 | title = Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine | first = Jennifer | last = Carpenter |date = 20 June 2011 |publisher=BBC | accessdate =21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]] [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]] and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066426|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20070930012558/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066426|archivedate=30 September 2007|title=Scythian|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}} Between 700 BC and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].\n\nLater, colonies of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded, beginning in the 6th century BC, on the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]], and thrived well into the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions, and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.\n\n===Golden Age of Kiev===\n\n{{Main|Kievan Rus'}}\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132).jpg|thumbnail|left|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus']], 1054-1132]]\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|right|The baptism of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan Rus']].]]\nThe Kievan Rus' was founded by the [[Rus' people]], who settled around [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Novgorod]], then gradually moved southward eventually reaching Kiev about 880. Kievan Rus' included the western part of modern Ukraine, and [[Belarus]]. The larger part was on the territory of the modern Russian Federation. According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' the Rus' elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].\n\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia|edition=6| year=2001–2007|article=Kievan Rus|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722102058/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html|archivedate=22 July 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine, became the most important city of the Rus'.\n\nThe Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of the first Rus' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled by the interrelated Rurikid ''[[knyaz]]es'' (\"princes\"), who often fought each other for possession of Kiev.\n\nThe Golden Age of Kievan Rus' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]] (980–1015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|turned Rus' toward Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]] (1019–1054), Kievan Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural development and military power. The state soon fragmented as the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113–1125) and his son [[Mstislav I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125–1132), Kievan Rus' finally disintegrated into separate principalities following Mstislav's death.\n\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongol invasion]] devastated Kievan Rus'. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html|title=The Destruction of Kiev|accessdate=3 January 2008|work=University of Toronto's Research Repository}} On today's Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]] and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].\n\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus', including Volhynia, Galicia and Rus' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus'. Under Danylo's reign, the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central Europe.[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9362238/Daniel-Romanovich \"Daniel Romanovich\"].Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 23 August 2007\n\n=== Foreign domination ===\n\n{{See also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman Empire|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|left|In the centuries following the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and since the [[Union of Lublin]] (1569) was included in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] as of 1619, seen in this outline.]]\n\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Bolesław Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns (1340–1366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile the heartland of Rus', including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen' River]]. Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and by 1392 the so-called [[Galicia–Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or refounded many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded the Crimean Khanate.\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|upright|right|thumb|[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]], \"[[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine\", established an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising]] in 1648 against [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\n[[File:Location of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|right|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as a direct ancestor of today's Ukraine.]]\n\nIn 1569 the [[Union of Lublin]] established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural and political pressure of [[Polonisation]] begun already in the late 14th century, many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus) converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny, pp. 92–93 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237|archivedate=11 October 2007|title=Poland|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}}\n\nFormed from [[Golden Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web |author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The Sultan’s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]|year=2013|page=16}} The borderlands suffered annual [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html Halil Inalcik. \"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\"] in A. Ascher, B. K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979, pp. 25–43. exported about 2 million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to [[Orest Subtelny]], \"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\"Subtelny, Orest (1988). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Ukraine: a history.]''\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. ISBN 0-87436-885-5 The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer.  The last remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to govern this territory.\n\nIn the mid-17th century, a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\Z\\A\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia, The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population, but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki, ''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'' However the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20071011213409/http://britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=11 October 2007|title=Ukraine – The Cossacks|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}}\n\nThe Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the Sejm.\n\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123–124\n\n=== The Ruin ===\n{{main|The Ruin (Ukrainian history)}}\n[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]], 1726]]\n[[File:Kirill Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750–1764 and the first person to declare Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\n\nIn 1657–1686 came \"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\", a devastating 30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine, which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of Poland. Khmelnytsky, deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat at Berestechko]], and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654, Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the tsar. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths. Defeat came in 1686 as the \"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\" between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\n\nIn 1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639–1709) defected to [[Sweden]] against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700–1721). Eventually Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia's political and economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]] and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\n\nThe [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]], a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/ \"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk being celebrated\"], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'', (5 April 2010)\n\nIt established a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]'s [[The Spirit of the Laws|''Spirit of the Laws'']]. The Constitution limited the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk's [[Constitution]] was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions in Europe.\n\nThe hetmanate was abolished in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone of Russian foreign policy.\n\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596, they set up the \"Greek-Catholic\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27–30\n\nCossacks led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian borderlands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border on the Dnepr River in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing Polish and Russian political allegiances.Barbara Skinner, \"Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy.\" ''Slavic Review'' 2005 64(1): 88–116. Fulltext: in [http://www.jstor.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/00376779/sp060001/06x0162f/0 Jstor]\n\nAfter the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]] was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting. However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863–1876): Intention and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes|date=March–June 2007|volume=47|pages=87–110|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40871165|publisher=Canadian Association of Slavists}}\n\n===19th century, World War I and revolution===\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\n{{Further|Ukraine during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\n[[File:1904 Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing separate countries of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia prior to unification into Ukraine.]][[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|right|thumbnail|Ukraine in 1918]]\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged. The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814–1861) and the political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841–1895) led the growing nationalist movement.\n\nAfter Ukraine and Crimea became aligned with the Russian Empire in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage more complete use of farmland.\n\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was a continuous migration from Ukraine to settle the distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897 census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in [[Central Asia]].Rainer Münz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor ]''\". Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 0-7146-5232-6 An additional 1.6 million emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Ukraine: a history.]''\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0\n\nNationalist and socialist parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]], which enjoyed substantial political freedom under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the center of the nationalist movement.\n\nUkrainians entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]], while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine: A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340–344}} During the war, [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This legion was the foundation of the [[Ukrainian Galician Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War I period (1919–23). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria were treated harshly. Thousands were detained and placed in Austrian internment camps.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The world academy of Rusyn culture}}\n\nWorld War I brought about the end of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] ended the Russia empire, led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s, and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for self-determination reemerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence. During 1917–20, several separate Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]], the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the former Austro-Hungarian territory. This led to civil war, and an anarchist movement called the [[The Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine|Black Army]] led by [[Nestor Makhno]], developed in Southern Ukraine during that war.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\M\\A\\MakhnoNestor.htm |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\n\nPoland defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was officially incorporated into Poland, which in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919. With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory: the [[eastern Galicia]] was given to Poland, [[Pripyat marshes]] region – to Belarus, half of [[Sloboda Ukraine]] and northern fringes of [[Severia]] were passed to Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River was created Moldavian autonomy. Ukraine became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] or the Soviet Union in December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}}\n\n===Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina===\n[[File:Huculy 1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]], c. 1930]]\n{{see also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)}}\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however, most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]] was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.\n\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s due to Polish national policies, which was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented. A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press, and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the 1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.\n\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\n[[File:Национальный состав населения городов УССР в 1925.gif|thumb|City population of Ukraine in 1925 (green Ukrainians, beige Russians and black Jews)]]\n{{see also|Ukrainian famine}}\n\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory. Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine of 1920-1924\n|work=The Norka - a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine of 1921–3|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}} During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''indigenisation''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb|archivedate=1 November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}} [[Women's rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp. 138–39 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early 1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''de facto'' communist party leader.\n\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] (an engineer from [[Dniprodzerzhynsk]]) depicted together.]]\n\nStarting from the late 1920s, Ukraine was involved in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic's industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]] of agriculture enforced by regular troops and [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were not allowed to receive any grain until sometimes unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]] known as [[Holodomor]] or \"Great Famine\".\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm Ukraine remembers famine horror]\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\n\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]] under construction circa 1930.]]\n\n{{Ref label|C|c|1}} Scholars are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]], but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and other countries have declared it as such.{{Ref label|C|c|2}}\nThe Communist leadership perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \"The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934.\" ''Europe-Asia Studies'' 2005 57(6): 823–841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]\n\nLargely the same groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war, collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891–1939) and operated in the Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929–31.  Evdokimov transferred into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary for [[North Caucasus Krai]].  He appears to have continued advising Joseph Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on Evdokimov's former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that are known as the Great Terror in 1937–38.Stephen G. Wheatcroft, \"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin's Great Terror.\" ''Australian Journal of Politics and History'' 2007 53(1): 20–43. {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'' (1986). Mark B. Tauger, \"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\" ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70–89, notes the harvest was unusually poor. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-6779(199121)50%3A1%3C70%3AT1HATF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]], [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932–1933,\" ''Slavic Review,'' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 642–657 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-6779(199523)54%3A3%3C642%3ASGSATF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 online in JSTOR]; Michael Ellman. \"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932–33 Revisited\", ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663–93.\n\nOn 13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]] and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\n\n=== World War II ===\n\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\n\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]] in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson, p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\n\n[[File:Kovpak partisanki.jpg|thumbnail|left|Ukrainian guerrillas in World War II, members of the [[Sydir Kovpak]] partisan detachment]]\nIn 1940, [[Romania]] ceded [[Bessarabia]] and northern [[Bukovina]] in response to [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Soviet demands]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated northern and southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]]. But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. All these territorial gains were internationally recognised by the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].\n\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, thereby initiating four straight years of incessant [[total war]]. The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] allies initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \"[[Hero City]]\", because of its fierce [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or [[Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs|taken captive]] there.Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\n\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19 September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\nAlthough the majority of Ukrainians fought alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\W\\O\\Worldwars.htm|title=World wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942). Primarily it was created as forces of [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government in exile]]Subtelny, Orest (1988). \"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Ukraine: a history.]''\". p 410 but soon it fell under the influence of nationalist underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of Józef Piłsudski and the \"Volhynia Experiment\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]]. Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent Ukrainian state]] on the territory with Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Melnyk|Melnyk]]-wing of OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions also carried out the [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010 which caused also relatively smaller Polish actions in response.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf Polska reakcja na działania UPA – skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych]. After the war UPA continued to fight the USSR till the 1950s. Using [[guerrilla war]] tactics, the insurgents targeted for assassination and terror those who they perceived as representing or cooperating with the Soviet state.Piotrowski pp. 352–54Weiner pp. 127–237\n\nAt the same time, the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside the Nazis.\n\nIn total, the number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020|title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=Peremoga.gov.ua|language=Ukrainian |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020 |archivedate = 15 May 2005}} {{Dead link|date=January 2014}}{{Ref label|D|d|1}} The [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its peak in 1944; with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476 Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's figures are not very reliable, with figures ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi, p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\U\\K\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\n\nMost of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]], with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement. Initially, some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939 under pressure, hailed the Germans as liberators. But brutal German rule in the occupied territories eventually turned its supporters against them. Nazi administrators of conquered Soviet territories made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction with Stalinist political and economic policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule#toc30082|title=Ukraine – World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system, systematically carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions of people to work in Germany]], and began a systematic depopulation of Ukraine (along with Poland) to prepare it for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''Harvest of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'', Harvard University Press: April 2004. p. 164\n\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg, p. 264 It has been estimated that 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov, Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \"Who won World War II?\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5 July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population during the war are estimated [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between 5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010|title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=Peremoga.gov.ua|language=Ukrainian |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010 |archivedate = 25 October 2007}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}}Kulchytsky, Stalislav, ''\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\"'', [[Zerkalo Nedeli]], 2–8 October 2004. Available online [http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/ in Russian]{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} and [http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/ in Ukrainian]{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070|title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=Peremoga.gov.ua|language=Ukrainian |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070 |archivedate = 15 May 2005}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}Overy, p. 518Кривошеев Г. Ф., ''Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование'' (Krivosheev G. F., ''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|D|d|2}}{{Ref label|E|e|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20 April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}{{Clear}}\n\n===Post-World War II===\n[[File:Ukraine-growth.png|thumb|Ukrainian territorial evolution, 1918–1991]]\n[[File:Sergey Korolyov 140-190 for collage.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]], the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during the [[Space Race]]]]\n{{Further|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)|History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)}}\n\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine | archiveurl =//web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine|archivedate= 29 September 2007|title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=12 September 2007|work= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]] in 1946–47, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation | last = Кульчинский [Kulchytsky] | first = Станислав [Stanislav] | title = Демографические потери Украины в XX веке | trans_title = Demographic losses in Ukraine in the twentieth century | newspaper = Зеркало Недели [The Mirror of the Week] | date = 2–8 October 2004 | url = http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php | language = Russian | publisher = [Demoscope] | place = [[Russia|RU]]}}{{cite web | title =Демографические потери Украины в XX веке | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher= Зеркало Недели |accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21 July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:Демографічні втрати України в хх столітті | trans_title = Demographic losses in Ukraine twentieth century |url= http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/| publisher= Зеркало Недели| accessdate = 8 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/ | archivedate = 13 March 2007|language= Ukrainian}}{{dead link|date=January 2015}}\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities of the Member States – Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher= United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite web| url= http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United Nations | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote= Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\n\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to Russians among adult \"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\", comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web | url =http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php | title =Migration and migration policy in Ukraine | first=Olena | last=Malynovska | date=14 June 2006}} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\n\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]] became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]] in 1938–49, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize the friendship between the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954 transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International Committee for Crimea}}\n\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine | archivedate=15 January 2008 | title=Ukraine – The last years of Stalin's rule|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}} During the 1946–1950 [[Five-Year Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from prewar plans. As a result, the Ukrainian workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times in that same period.\n\nSoviet Ukraine soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644 and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research. Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came from Ukraine.\n\nOn 26 April 1986, a reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite news|url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971 |title='Sombre anniversary' of worst nuclear disaster in history – Chernobyl: 10th anniversary | accessdate =16 December 2007|author=Remy, Johannes| year=1996 |publisher = Find articles | work=[[UN Chronicle]]}} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \"major accident\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite web | url = http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/publicationsandmedia/insight/insightsummer2011/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale/ | title='Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale'}} At the time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories, including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2 | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation| accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\n\nAfter the accident, the new city of [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]] attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Chernobyl/}}\n\n=== Independence ===\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July 1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]]}} This established the principles of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]] was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a conservative faction among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party's power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]]}}\n\nA [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1 December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament, [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall 'Inevitable' Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/12/14b6b499-9eb2-4dee-b96c-784ec918969a.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8 December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\n\nUkraine was initially viewed as having favorable economic conditions in comparison to the other regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]]. During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12 July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31 August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn 1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine's Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]] |issue=100|pages=125–143|publisher=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\n\nThe Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent annually.{{cite web |url= http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher= [[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm |archivedate=21 October 2007}}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|title=Ukraine. Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]] and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader's Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502EFD9143AF932A35757C0A9649C8B63|work=The New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers on its territory.{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine – Country Profiles – NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\n\n=== Orange Revolution ===\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\n\nIn 2004, [[Viktor Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3 December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged the outcome. This resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine|archivedate=15 January 2008|title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine|accessdate=14 January 2008|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}}\n\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western pollsters and professional consultants who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]] and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000 out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page 30-44) According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', the foreign donors included the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and [[George Soros|George Soros's]] [[Open Society Institute]].[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004) The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \"[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\" ''Washington Post'', 4 December 2004. URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine Russia, the US, \"the Others\" and the \"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\": Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October 2011)\n\nYanukovych returned to power in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]] made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid the [[2008–09 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}} [[Russia–Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February 2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe said that the election \"met most requirements\" for fairness and that the election process was \"transparent.\"\n\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\n{{main|Euromaidan|2014 Ukrainian revolution}}\n{{Details3|[[Timeline of the Euromaidan]]|the ongoing protests}}\n[[File:SState flag of Ukraine carried by a protester to the heart of developing clashes in Kyiv, Ukraine. Events of February 18, 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Euromaidan]]. State flag of Ukraine carried by a protester to the heart of developing clashes in [[Kiev]]. Events of 18 February 2014]]\n\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|Євромайдан}}, literally \"Eurosquare\") protests started in November 2013 after the president, [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began shying away from an association agreement that had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823 Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212 Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December 2013) Some Ukrainians took to the streets to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows.html |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed the ''Euromaidan'' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view: Ukraine 'other half' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''Euromaidan'' came to describe a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0 | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government’s Reach | work=The New York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov Government|his government]].[http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212 Kiev protesters gather, EU and Putin joust], [[Reuters]] (12 December 2013)\n\nViolence escalated after 16 January 2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest Laws]]. Anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=За добу в зіткненнях у Києві поранено 1,5 тисяч осіб, 100 зникли безвісти|author=Независимое бюро новостей|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|title=�нформація про постраждалих у сутичках ... :: Новини :: Прес-релізи, новини та оголошення :: МОЗ України|publisher=|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=МВС УКРАЇНИ|work=Міністерство внутрішніх справ України|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\"список загиблих під час кривавих подій в Києві\" — tsn.ua|work=ТСН.ua}} from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker in Kiev and agencies |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency |title=Ukraine threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry |publisher=Theguardian.com |date=27 January 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to violent protests on 22 February 2014, Members of Parliament found the president unable to fulfill his duties{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} and exercised \"constitutional powers\"{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} to set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]] for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave |url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2014/february/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/79813.aspx |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]], running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''The New York Times'', \"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\", By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff. Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7 June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]'s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square (the center of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1|author=Adam Taylor|title=Why Ukraine Is So Important|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=28 January 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1|archivedate=14 February 2014}}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html |archivedate=29 May 2014 |title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June 7|author=Lukas Alpert |publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (3 June 2014) In October 2014, Ukrainians voted to keep Poroshenko in power.{{Cite news|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title = Ukrainian Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|last = Herszenhorn|first = David M.|date = 27 October 2014|work = [[The New York Times]]|access-date = 16 April 2015|via = }}\n\n=== 2014 Crimean crisis ===\n{{main|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis|International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis}}\nIn the wake of the collapse of the [[Viktor Yanukovych|Yanukovych]] government and the resultant [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] in February 2014, a [[2014 Crimean crisis|secession crisis]] began on Ukraine's [[Crimean Peninsula]] which has a significant number of [[Russophone]] people. Unmarked, armed Russian soldiers began being moved into Crimea on 28 February 2014.{{cite web | url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/140228/video-on-the-ground-crimea-ukraine-russia-tanks-armed-men | title=This is what it looked like when Russian military first rolled through Crimea (VIDEO) | publisher=GlobalPost | date=28 February 2014 | accessdate=28 May 2014}} On 1 March 2014, exiled Ukrainian President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] requested that Russia use military forces \"to establish legitimacy, peace, law and order, stability and defending the people of Ukraine\".{{cite news | url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/ousted-ukrainian-president-asked-russian-troops-envoy-says-n43506 | title=Ousted Ukrainian President Asked For Russian Troops, Envoy Says | author=Reuters | date=3 March 2014 | publisher=NBC News | accessdate=21 March 2014 }} On the same day, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] requested and received authorization from the Russian Parliament to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine and took control of the Crimean Peninsula by the next day.{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26400597|title=Putin to deploy Russian troops in Ukraine|publisher=BBC News|date=1 March 2014|accessdate=1 March 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/russian-parliament-approves-use-of-force-in-crimea/article5739708.ece |title=Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine|work=The Hindu|date=1 March 2014|first=Vladimir|last=Radyuhin|location=Chennai, India}}{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=4 March 2014 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/ukraine-crisis-russian-troops-crimea-john-kerry-kiev |title=Russian takeover of Crimea will not descend into war, says Vladimir Putin |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=4 March 2014 }}{{cite news |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-04/russia-calls-ukraine-intervention-legal-citing-yanukovych-letter.html |title=Russia Stays in Ukraine as Putin Channels Yanukovych Request |first1=Sangwon |last1=Yoon |first2=Daryna |last2=Krasnolutska |first3=Kateryna |last3=Choursina |date=4 March 2014 |accessdate=5 March 2014 |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News]] }} In addition, [[NATO]] was perceived by most Russians as encroaching upon Russia's borders. This weighed heavily upon Moscow’s decision to take measures to secure its Black Sea port in Crimea.{{cite news|last=Magnay|first=Diana|date=1 May 2014|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/30/world/europe/russia-ukraine-cadet-school|title=Why NATO is such a thorn in Russia’s side|work=CNN News|accessdate=18 May 2014|quote=Russian President Vladimir Putin declared at his annual direct call with the Russian people that part of his reasoning for annexing Crimea was to protect Sevastopol, home of Russia's Black Sea fleet, from ever falling into NATO's hands. ‘If we don't do anything, Ukraine will be drawn into NATO sometime in the future. We'll be told: This doesn't concern you, and NATO ships will dock in Sevastopol, the city of Russia's naval glory,’ he said.}}\nOn 6 March 2014, the Crimean Parliament voted to \"enter into the Russian Federation with the rights of a subject of the Russian Federation\" and later held a [[Crimean referendum, 2014|referendum]] asking the people of these regions whether they wanted to join Russia as a [[Federal subjects of the Russian Federation|federal subject]], or if they wanted to restore the [[Constitution of Crimea|1992 Crimean constitution]] and Crimea's status as a part of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26465962 |title=BBC News – Ukraine crisis: Crimea parliament asks to join Russia |publisher=Bbc.com |date=6 March 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Though passed with an overwhelming majority, the vote was not monitored by outside parties and the results are internationally contested; it is claimed to have been enforced by armed groups which intruded and enforced voting according to their demands.{{cite web|author=OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe |url=http://www.osce.org/cio/116313 |title=Chair says Crimean referendum in its current form is illegal and calls for alternative ways to address the Crimean issue |publisher=OSCE |date=11 March 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|url = http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/Ukraine_Report_15April2014.doc|title = Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine|date = 15 April 2014|publisher = [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}{{cite web|url = http://www.businessinsider.co.id/un-hints-russia-may-have-rigged-crimea-vote-2014-4/#.U2CVCPl_v38|title = The UN’s Scathing Crimea Report Suggests Russia May Have Rigged Secession Vote|date = 11 April 2014|website = [[Business Insider]]|first = Harrison|last = Jacobs}} On 11 March, the Crimean parliament and [[Sevastopol]] [[Republic of Crimea#Separation from Ukraine|issued a letter of intent to declare independence from Ukraine as the Republic of Crimea]] and requested that they be admitted as constituents of the Russian Federation. On 16 March, they held the [[Crimean status referendum, 2014|Crimean referendum on that issue]]. The next day, \nthe U.S. and the European Union started [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis#First round of sanctions|sanctions against individuals who were ‘undermining democratic processes and institutions in Ukraine’ or were ‘undermining the territorial integrity of Ukraine’]].\n\nOn 18 March 2014, Russia and Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation, though the United Nations General Assembly voted in favor of a non-binding statement to oppose [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation]] of the peninsula.\"Backing Ukraine’s territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid\". UN News Centre. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.\n\n=== 2014-2015 unrest in southern and eastern Ukraine===\n{{Recentism|section|date=January 2015}}\n{{main|War in Donbass|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis}}\n[[File:2014-03-09. Протесты в Донецке 022.jpg|thumb|Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014]]\nEnd of February 2014, [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|unrest also began]] in eight other eastern and southern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts (provinces)]] of Ukraine.\"[http://www.thelocal.ch/20140723/red-cross-declares-civil-war-in-ukraine Red Cross officially declares Ukraine civil war]\". ''[[The Local]]''. 23 July 2014. In several cities in the [[Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk]] regions armed men, declaring themselves as local militia, seized government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities of the regions, and held unrecognized [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].[[File:OSCE SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumbnail|left|[[OSCE]] SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March 2015]]{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12 May 2014}} Talks in [[Geneva]] between the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred to as the [[History of Russia (1992–present)#Crimean Referendum and 2014 Geneva Pact|2014 Geneva Pact]][http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that all unlawful militias lay down the arms and vacate seized government buildings, and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for Ukraine's regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists|title=Poroshenko promises calm 'in hours' amid battle to control Donetsk airport|newspaper=''[[The Guardian]]''|date=26 May 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists|archivedate=26 May 2014}} More than 4,700 people have been killed in the military campaign.{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sitrep%2022%20-%20Ukraine%20-%2026%20December_FINAL.pdf|title=UKRAINE Situation report No.22 as of 26 December 2014|work=OCHA|date=26 December 2014|accessdate=19 January 2015}} According to the United Nations, 730,000 Ukrainian [[refugee]]s have fled to Russia since the beginning of 2014 and 117,000 have fled to other parts of Ukraine.{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/08/05/uk-ukraine-crisis-migrants-idINKBN0G517P20140805 |title=About 730,000 have left Ukraine for Russia due to conflict – UNHCR |publisher=Reuters |date=5 August 2014}} As president-elect, Poroshenko promised to pursue the return of Crimea to Ukrainian sovereignty.\n\nIn August 2014, a bi-lateral commission of leading scholars from the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.Uri Friedman, \"A 24-Step Plan,\" ''Atlantic'', 26 August 2014. The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine's \"first but most decisive step\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as target for [[Ukraine–European Union relations|EU membership application]].\n\nIn February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as the Ukrainian control of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops from the Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015. Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure that the agreement is respected.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work\n\n== Historical maps of states ==\nSeveral states have existed on the territory of present-day Ukraine since its foundation.  Most of these territories have been located within [[Eastern Europe]].  However, as depicted in the maps here, they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].  At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\n
\n\nFile:Slavic peoples 6th century historical map.jpg|Territory of [[Slavs|Slavic peoples]] (6th century).\nFile:001 Kievan Rus' Kyivan Rus' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan Rus', last 20 years of the state (1220–1240).\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia Volhynia Rus' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245–1349).\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], Rus' and Samogitia until 1434.\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth 1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth]] or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\n\n
\n\n==Geography==\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\n\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}} and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world's [[List of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after [[South Sudan]], before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second largest country]] in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref label|I|i|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel north|44°]] and [[53rd parallel north|53° N]], and longitudes [[22nd meridian east|22°]] and [[41st meridian east|41° E]].\n\nThe landscape of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''Dnipro''}}), [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug|Southern Buh]] as they flow south into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest, the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania. Its various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the highlands to the lowlands. The country's only mountains are the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}}, and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine|archivedate=15 January 2008|title=Ukraine – Relief|accessdate=27 December 2007|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such as the Volyn-Podillia Upland (in the west) and the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are the south-western spurs of the Central Russian Uplands over which runs the border with Russian Federation. Near the Sea of Azov can be found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form a sudden drop in elevation and create many opportunities to form [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\n\n{{Gallery\n|title=\n|width=200 | height=210 | lines=4\n|align=center\n|File:ПОЗИТИВ...jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]] from [[Hoverla]] at 2,061 metres (6,762 ft), the highest mountain in Ukraine.\n|File:Vorozheska Zak-153.jpg|Lake Vorozheske\n|File:Карпатский 05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]].\n|File:Flag colors.jpg|Typical agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\n|File:Тиха бухта10.jpg|View of \"Tykhaya Bay\" near [[Koktebel]] on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]'s [[Black Sea]] coast\n|File:Widok na szczyt Aj-Petri ze statku 03.JPG| The [[Ai-Petri]]'s peak is {{convert|1234.2|m|ft}} above mean sea level.{{cite web|url=http://ukrainian.su/kurortnyie-rayonyi-kryima/gora-ay-petri.html|title=Города и области Украины – Гора Ай-Петри [Cities and regions of Ukraine – Mount Ai-Petri]|publisher=Ukrainian.su |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n|file:Швидка квітнева вода.jpg| Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\n}}\n\nSignificant natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/ Environment suffers from lack of recycling], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 December 2011)\n\n===Biodiversity===\nUkraine is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, micro-organisms and plants.\n\n====Animals====\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black Sea}}\n{{multiple image\n   | align = right\n\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\n   | width1 = 184\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native of the east Ukrainian steppes\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\n\n  | image2 = Бусол на о. Світязь.jpg\n   | width2 = 185\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western and north-western Ukraine\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\n\n}}\nUkraine is divided into two main zoological areas. One of these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine's lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst within, carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers are found in large numbers.\n\n====Fungi====\nMore than 6,600 [[species]] of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \"Fungi of Ukraine – a preliminary checklist\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm |title=Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |accessdate=13 July 2011}} but this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine, including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. \"Dictionary of the Fungi\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm |title=Fungi of Ukraine – potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |accessdate=13 July 2011}}\n\n===Climate===\n{{Main|Climate of Ukraine}}\n\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate climate|temperate]] [[continental climate]], although the southern coast has a [[humid subtropical climate]].{{cite journal| last = Kottek | first = M.| first2=J.| last2=Grieser|first3= C.|last3= Beck|first4=B.|last4= Rudolf|first5=F.|last5= Rubel | title =World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated | journal =Meteorol. Z.| volume =15 | pages =259–263 | url =http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf | doi =10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 | accessdate = 15 February 2007 | year =2006 | issue = 3 }} [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and southeast. Western Ukraine receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually, while Crimea receives around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}. Winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland. Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|–|7|°C|°F|1}} in the north, to {{convert|11|–|13|°C|°F|1}} in the south.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30096/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115052711/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30096/Ukraine|archivedate=15 January 2008|title=Ukraine – Climate|accessdate=27 December 2007|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}}\n\n==Politics==\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|right|thumb|In the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[http://books.google.nl/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design] by [[Paul D'Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, ISBN 978-0-7656-1811-5 (p. 63)[http://euobserver.com/?aid=29431 EU endorses Ukraine election result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington Post]] (9 February 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/ European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\n{{Further|2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\n\nUkraine is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]] with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]], and [[judicial branch]]es.\n\n===The Constitution of Ukraine===\n{{Main|Constitution of Ukraine}}\nWith the proclamation of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28 June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004, deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite web|author=Віталій Портников |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly Portnykov. \"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control, but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\". 01.10.2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution and again making Ukraine's political system more presidential in character.\n\nThe ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political discourse. Much of the concern was due to the fact that neither the Constitution of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \"undo the Constitution\", as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the 2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for constitutional amendments (articles 154–159). In any case, the current Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9 |title=Address Tymoshenko to the people: \"1 October 2010 – marks the end of Ukraine's democracy and beginning of dictatorship\". This morning the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, defying all logic of constitutional law, arbitrarily announced a new constitutional order in Ukraine. The court illegally appropriated the rights held by the people and Verkhovna Rada. 1 October 2010 |publisher=Tymoshenko.ua |accessdate=31 October 2011}}[http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html Sergey Grabovsky. \"Judicial absurd or Kotlyarevsky laughs again\" ... It turns out that \"stability of the constitutional order\" – it will not change his voter or even parliament, and the decision of 18 judges. 01.10.2010.]{{clarify|date=October 2011}}\n\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite web|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358/scat/88176adfdf246af5/ht/President-Yanukovych-and-Ukraine-opposition-sign-early-poll-deal|date=19 February 2014|publisher=''Europe Sun''}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as interim president{{cite web|title=Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26312008|date=19 February 2014|publisher=''BBC News''}} and [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].\"[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov Who exactly is governing Ukraine?]\". ''The Guardian''. 4 March 2014.\n\n===The president, parliament and government===\n{{triple image|right||135|Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|120|Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|121|
The session chamber of the [[Verkhovna Rada]], the Parliament of Ukraine
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Home of the [[President of Ukraine]]
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[[Cabinet of Ukraine]] building
}}\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite web |url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672 |title=General Articles about Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\nUkraine's legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna Rada]].{{cite web |url= http://portal.rada.gov.ua/|title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]] Official Web-site}} The parliament is primarily responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}} However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]] and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\n\nLaws, acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\nLocal self-government is officially guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called 'temporarily acting' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders, thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\n\nUkraine has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\n\n=== Courts and law enforcement ===\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 396.JPG|thumb|The [[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]] is home to the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]].]]\n[[File:VVM 2007 foto 0284.JPG|thumb|Officers of the Highways' Police ''(ДАI)'' during a [[marathon]].]]\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct). Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period of five years, after which Ukraine's Supreme Council confirms their positions for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have been much improved since Ukraine's independence in 1991. The Supreme Court is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\n\n[[Prosecutor]]s in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] 'the role and functions of the Prosecutor's Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]] standards\".[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/ Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March 2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/ Українські суди майже не виносять виправдувальних вироків ''Ukrainian courts almost can not stand the acquittals''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013) equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/ Moskal: 'Rotten to the core'], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564/ Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \"clean up the current mess and adopt a law on court organization\". One day later, he stated \"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine remain quite punitive.\n\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their native language or the services of a translator.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/ \"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian courts]\". ''[[Kyiv Post]]''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/ \"З подачі \"Регіонів\" Рада дозволила російську у судах]\". ''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''. 23 June 2009.
[http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{dead link|date=January 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://ua.for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=Російська мова стала офіційною в українських судах|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\n\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national police force ''([[Militsiya|Мiлiцiя]])'' and various specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services. Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters from challenging the state's authority but also to provide a quick reaction force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0913FF395C0C748DDDA80894DD404482 BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation's Path], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues' calls to withdraw.\n\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]]; Ukraine's domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country's political elite from media criticism. On the other hand however, it is widely accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the movement.\n\n=== Foreign relations ===\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International membership of Ukraine|Ukraine–European Union relations}}\n[[File:Asia-Europe (ASEM) Summit meeting of the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, Germany and France, October 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] in Milan with President of Ukraine [[Petro Poroshenko]], Federal Chancellor of Germany [[Angela Merkel]], October 2014]]\nIn 1999–2001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics. Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes. It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]] operations since 1992.\n\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status – law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/ Ukraine’s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December 2014)
[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1 Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)
http://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226 Ukraine Ends ‘Nonaligned’ Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]'s Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions begin on an association agreement. The EU Common Strategy toward Ukraine, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999 in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine's long-term aspirations but does not discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine–NATO relations]] are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government's foreign policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in 2010. But after February 2014's [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the process was suspended by 2012 due to the political developments of that time.{{cite web | url=http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/116043/ | title=Teixeira: Ukraine's EU integration suspended, association agreement unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6 September 2012}}\n\nUkraine long had close ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia–Ukraine relations]] became difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\n\nUkraine is included in the European Union's [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\n\n===Administrative divisions===\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\nThe system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country's status as a [[unitary state]] (as stated in the country's constitution) with unified legal and [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\n\nUkraine consists of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''avtonomna respublika''}}), [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''[[raion]]s''}} (districts) and city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}}; the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|title=Regions of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]] Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\n\n[[Populated places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities). City's significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\n\nFollowing the [[2014 Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]] became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]] and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international community.\n{{Further|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014 Crimean crisis}}\n{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px; max-width:460px;}}\n\n{| style=\"width:98%; background:none;\"\n|-\n|\n{| style=\"width:98%; background:none;\"\n|-\n|\n{| class=\"navbox\" style=\"width:100%; background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\"\n|-\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\n|-\n|\n*[[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\n*[[Chernihiv Oblast|Chernihiv]]\n*[[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\n*[[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n*[[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\n|\n*[[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\n*[[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\n*[[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\n*[[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\n*[[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\n|\n*[[Kirovohrad Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\n*[[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\n*[[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\n*[[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\n*[[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\n|\n*[[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\n*[[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\n*[[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\n*[[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\n*[[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\n| valign=\"top\"|\n*[[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\n*[[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\n*[[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\n*[[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\n|-\n!colspan=2|
'''[[Autonomous republic]]'''
\n!colspan=3|
'''[[Cities with special status]]'''
\n|-\n|colspan=2|\n*[[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]]\n| colspan=\"3\" style=\"vertical-align:top;\"|\n*[[Kiev|City of Kiev]]\n*[[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\n|}\n|}\n|-\n|\n|}\n\n===Armed forces===\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}} In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher= [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\n{{triple image|right|Ukrainian_BTR-80.jpg|135|Het'man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu mori 2012-07-17.jpg|135|Sukhoi Su-27UB Flanker-C 69 blue (11995121964).jpg|135|
[[BTR 80]] in [[Multi-National Force – Iraq]]
|
[[Ukrainian frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)]]
|
[[Sukhoi Su-27UB]] in [[Ukrainian Air Force|Ukrainian]] service
}}\nUkraine took consistent steps toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery, and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer military]].{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf |title=White Book 2006 |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defense of Ukraine}}{{dead link|date=January 2015}}\n\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate ''Hetman Sagaidachniy'' joined the European Union’s counter piracy [[Operation Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]] for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/ |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defense of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003–05, a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]] under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the world is 562 servicemen.\n{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en |title= Peacekeeping |accessdate=2 May 2008 |publisher= Ministry of Defense of Ukraine}}\n\nMilitary units of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094 \"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine for exercises\". ''Kyiv Post''. 18 May 2010]{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}\n\nFollowing independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]] Official Web-site}} The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation, other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]] since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine–NATO relations|Ukraine and NATO]] sufficient,[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797/ NATO confirms readiness for Ukraine's joining organization], Kyiv Post (13 April 2010) and was against Ukraine joining NATO.[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6062P320100107 \"Yanukovich vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO]\". [[Reuters]]. 7 January 2010. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO declared that Ukraine will become a member of NATO, whenever it wants and when it would correspond to the criteria for the accession.{{Clear}}\n\n==Economy==\n{{Main|Economy of Ukraine}}\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|Trends in the Human Development Index of Ukraine, 1970–2010]]\nIn Soviet times, the economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important industrial and agricultural component of the country's [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Ukraine's economy contracted severely following the years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}}\n[[File:Будинок Київської контори Державного банку.JPG|thumb|left|The [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]] of the [[National Bank of Ukraine]]]]\n[[File:Нічний вид на БЦ Парус2.jpg|thumbnail|left|Kiev is home to most of Ukraine's largest private businesses, such as [[Parus Business Centre]]]]\n[[File:An-225 Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in operational service.]]\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels. For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8 January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25 June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996.\n\nThe country was also slow in implementing structural reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts. A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation process.\n\nIn the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine – gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s, the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA World Factbook – Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}} Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/3243/ \"Head of IMF's Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\"]. [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]]. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\n\nUkraine's 2010 GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S. dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]]. By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm|title=Average Wage Income in 2008 by Region|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine}} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\n\n[[File:Ukrainian salary map.png|thumb|Ukrainian administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by salary|monthly salary]]]]\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html|title=Structure export and import, 2006|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine}} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency, the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between 1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|title=Missile defence, NATO: Ukraine's tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business Ukraine |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20080325011150/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s |archivedate = 25 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\n\nThe country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine's Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\n\nGrowing sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market, which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|title=Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20 May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}} In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/news/562063-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html Україна – четверта в світі за кількістю ІТ-фахівців ''Ukraine in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''], [[UNIAN]] (27 March 2013)\n\nUkraine's 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP – around $163 billion, 2012 – $176.6 billion, 2013 – $177.4 billion.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency was the world's worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March 2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite news|url=http://m.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\n\nThe [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://go.worldbank.org/BDZHSEY4J0|publisher=[[The World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy. The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych’s regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine macroeconomic situation – February 2008|url=http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-238714.html|publisher=UNIAN news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006 the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\n\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving maternal health and reducing child mortality.\nThe poverty rate according to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About Ukraine}}\n\n===Corporations===\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'']]\nUkraine has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December 2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} However, the country is also well known for its production of high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://en.rian.ru/business/20100720/159879889.html |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine's Antonov |work=RIA Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country's largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\n\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]], [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]] and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=http://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/01/05/2008/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012 |title=Brand \"Ukraine\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n\nUkraine is regarded as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the “\"Miracle”\" Meant to Last? | author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}} Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]], the enduring failure to broaden the nation's economic base and a lack of effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520/ |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10 November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine's economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |title=Ukraine's economic growth to resume in 2010, unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\n\n===Transport===\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian Railways}}\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|left|thumb|The Kharkiv-Dnipropetrovsk motorway ([[M180 motorway|M18]])]]\nMost of the Ukrainian road system has not been upgraded since the Soviet era, and is now outdated. In total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. The network of major routes, marked with the letter 'M' for 'International' ''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: Міжнародний''), extends nationwide and connects all the major cities of Ukraine as well as providing cross-border routes to the country's neighbours. Currently there are only two true motorway standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off}} stretch of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipropetrovsk]] and a section of the M03 which extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where the city's [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\n\n[[File:Скоростной поезд \"Хендай\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2 multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised in Ukraine]]\nRail transport in Ukraine plays the role of connecting all major urban areas, port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries. The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is located in the [[Donbas]] region of Ukraine. Although the amount of [[freight]] transported by rail fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world's highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}} The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}}, of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on international routes, are operated by its company '[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]'.\n\nThe aviation section in Ukraine is developing very quickly, having recently established a visa-free programme for EU nationals and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30 December 2010}} the nation's aviation sector is handling a significantly increased number of travellers. Additionally, the granting of the [[Euro 2012]] football tournament to Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts prompted the government to invest huge amounts of money into transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro2012/news/newsid=1520657.html |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\n\n[[Boryspil International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county's largest international airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for both of Ukraine's national airlines. Other large airports in the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]] (all of which have recently constructed, modern terminals and aviation facilities; however, Donetsk's is non-operational and in fact, in ruins due to fighting there between the pro-separatists and the Ukrainian Army), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]] and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades in the near future. Ukraine has a number of airlines, the largest of which are the nation's [[flag carrier]]s, [[Aerosvit]] and [[Ukraine International Airlines|UIA]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world's largest fixed wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\n\nInternational maritime travel is mainly provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/ |title=Судоходная компания Укрферри. Морские паромные перевозки на Черном Море между Украиной, Грузией, Турцией и Болгарией |publisher=Ukrferry.com |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\n\n===Energy===\n{{Main |Energy in Ukraine}}\nIn 2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute, which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8 January 2014}}\n\n====Fuel resources====\nUkraine produces and processes its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported, mainly by [[Russia]].[http://books.google.nl/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393&dq=Natural+gas+in+Ukraine&client=firefox-a&cd=8#v=onepage&q=Natural%20gas%20in%20Ukraine&f=false Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International Perspective] by Axel Siedenberg (Editor), Lutz Hoffmann, [[Physica-Verlag Heidelberg]], 1999, ISBN 3790811890/ISBN 978-3790811896 (page 393)\n\nNatural gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country, as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine—a project aimed at the nation's total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\n\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\n\n====Power generation====\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]]]]\nUkraine has been a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011, 3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/fuel/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216923&cat_id=35081 Інформаційна довідка про основні показники розвитку галузей паливно-енергетичного комплексу України за грудень та 2011 рік]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe's largest [[Electricity|energy]] consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Ukraine/Full.html|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080327092522/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Ukraine/Full.html|archivedate=27 March 2008|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US government}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}} As of 2011, 47.6% of total electricity generation was from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June 2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://us.vocuspr.com/Newsroom/Query.aspx?SiteName=Westinghouse&Entity=PRAsset&SF_PRAsset_PRAssetID_EQ=64647&XSL=PressRelease&Cache=|work=30 March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press release}}\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovich]] introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine, which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15 April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine’s Energoatom Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|work=11 April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}{{dead link|date=January 2015}}\n\n[[Coal]] and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]] are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}\n\n====Renewable energy use====\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo Solar Park]]]]\n\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and as of 2012 stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/ |title=Відновлювана енергетика України стрімко зростає, але досі має мізерну частку | Зелена Хвиля |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe's largest solar park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/29-12-2011/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-.html | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe's Biggest Solar Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} Ukrainian State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8 January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research, by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257 |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12 June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\n\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential: the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8 January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9 May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine's [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024 |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\n\n===Internet===\n{{Main|Internet in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\nUkraine has a large and steadily growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]]; rapid growth is forecast for at least two more years.[http://ht.comments.ua/2012/04/09/332827/cherez-paru-let-uanet-zamedlit.html Ukraine's Internet growth rates will stabilize in 2 or 3 years] {{uk icon}}\nInternet penetration – 45% and 19.9 million users in December 2012.{{uk icon}} [http://racurs.ua/news/4526 Половина населення України має доступ в інтернет] {{uk icon}}\nUkraine ranks 8th among the world's TOP-10 countries with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com//company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study |title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study |publisher=Pandonetworks.com |date=22 September 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n\n===Tourism===\n{{Main|Tourism in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Ласточкино гнездо.jpg|right|thumb|[[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]] hosts many seaside resorts and historic sites]]\n\nUkraine occupies 8th place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6]{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}, [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) due to its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]], hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination; [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosytem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points. [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]], [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] and [[Yalta]] are Ukraine's principal tourist centers each offering many historical landmarks as well as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure.\n\nThe [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general public through an internet-based vote.\n{{clear}}\n\n==Demographics==\n{{Bar box\n|width = 200px\n|float = right\n|title = Composition of Ukraine by nationality\n|titlebar = #ddd\n|bars =\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\n{{Bar percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\n|caption = Source: [http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\n}}\n{{Main|Demographics of Ukraine}}\n[[File:Ukraine ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian raions (2001)]]\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]] (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]] (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%), [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%) and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080323110131/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archivedate=23 March 2008 |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year|work=ukrcensus.gov.ua|publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics|accessdate=17 April 2010}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}} The industrial regions in the east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html |title=Ukraine – Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF)}}{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=edit§ion=27|title=Total population, as of 1 September 2009. Average annual populations January–August 2009|accessdate=16 October 2009|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|year=2009}}\n\n===Population decline===\nUkraine's population has been declining since the 1990s due to its high death rate and a low birth rate. The population is shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\n\nIn 2007, the country's rate of population decline was the fourth highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field Listing – Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World Factbook}}\n\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking, extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm \"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process in Ukraine\"], ''Uktraine Magazine'' No. 2, 1998.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|title=What Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The World Bank Group}}{{Dead link|date=May 2014}}\n\nIn the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999–2001 during the worst of the demographic crisis. In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence. Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000 children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n\n===Fertility and natalist policies===\n[[File:Населення України (1950-2012).svg|thumb|right|Population of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\nThe current birth rate in Ukraine, as of 2010, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]])\n\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world's lowest, shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during 1991–2004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages = 55–70 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid = 15764134 }}\n\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments of 12,250 Hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and 50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154 Hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912|title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry|accessdate=1 February 2008|work=Economic Ministry}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html|title=President meets with business bosses|accessdate=1 February 2008|work=Press office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html |archivedate = 14 December 2007}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}} The demographic trend is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip The demographic situation in Ukraine in January–September 2009]{{Dead link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the western oblasts.[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-215771.html \"Ukraine's birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\"]. [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 due to the economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\n\n===Urbanisation===\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\nIn total, Ukraine has 457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''raion''}}-class cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type settlements and 28,552 villages.\n{{Largest cities of Ukraine}}\n{{Clear}}\n\n===Language===\n{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Ukraine census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|image2=Ukraine_census_2001_Russian.svg|width=180|caption1=Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)|caption2=Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}}}\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\nAccording to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080105092304/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=5 January 2008|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27 January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}} Most native Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''de facto'' official language of the Soviet Union but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy Yekelchyk]] ''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2007), ISBN 978-0-19-530546-3 Effective in August 2012, [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles any local language spoken by at least a 10% minority be declared official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be used in these cities'/oblasts' administrative office work and documents.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html Romanian becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region], [[Kyiv Post]] (24 September 2012){{cite news |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html |title=Ukraine |date=5 July 2012 | work=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Schwirtz}} On 23 February 2014, following the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at all levels; however, but this vote was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:Проект Закону про визнання таким, що втратив чинність, Закону України \"Про засади державної мовної політики\"|trans-title=Draft Law on the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \"On the basic principles of State Language Policy\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12 March 2015}}{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia |title=Western nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis |date=24 February 2014 | work=The Guardian |first=Ian |last=Traynor}}{{cite news|last=Kramer|first=Andrew|title=Ukraine Turns to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2 March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\n\nUkrainian is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}} while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\n\nFor a large part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159–168 Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=Світова преса про вибори в Україні-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004 as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=Архіви України (National Archives of Ukraine)}} Today, all foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled or dubbed in Ukrainian.{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}}\n\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic. However, the republic's constitution specifically recognises Russian as the language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage 'in all spheres of public life'. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{Wayback |df=yes|date=20071204020421 |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/ |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea }}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as the 'languages of other ethnicities'. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers 11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{Wayback |df=yes|date=20080227002737 |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/ |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea }}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\" International Committee for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\n\n===Religion===\n{{multiple image\n|direction=vertical|width=180\n|image1=Kijów - Sobór Mądrości Bożej 01.jpg|180\n|caption1=The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine\n|image2=St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg\n|caption2=[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]\n}}\n{{main |Religion in Ukraine}}\nEstimates compiled by the independent [[Razumkov Centre]] in a nationwide survey in 2006 found that 75.2 percent of the respondents believe in God and 22 percent said they did not believe in God. 37.4 percent said that they attended church on regular basis.{{cite web| url= http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300 | place = UA | script-title=uk:Опитування: Віруючим якої церкви, конфесії Ви себе вважаєте? | trans_title = \"What religious group do you belong to?\" Sociology poll about the religious situation in Ukraine | language = Ukrainian | publisher = Razumkov Centre | year = 2006 |accessdate= 26 January 2014}}\n\nAmong Ukrainians who are affiliated with an organised religion, the most common religion in Ukraine is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], currently split between three Church bodies: the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate]], the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] [[Autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]] church body under the [[Patriarch of Moscow]], and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]].{{cite web |url= http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html |archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html | archivedate = 4 December 2004 | title = State Department of Ukraine on Religious|accessdate=27 January 2008|work=2003 Statistical report}}\n\nA distant second by the number of the followers is the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Rite]] [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], which practices a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]] and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy, but is in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy See]] of the Roman Catholic Church and recognises the primacy of the Pope as head of the Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/|archivedate=26 February 2008|title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)|accessdate=27 January 2008}}{{Dead link|date=March 2014}}\n\nAdditionally, there are 863 [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities, and 474 clergy members serving some one million Latin Rite Catholics in Ukraine. The group forms some 2.19 percent of the population and consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in Ukraine]] form around 2.19 percent of the population. Smaller groups are also present.\n\nThere are an estimated 500,000 [[Islam in Ukraine|Muslims]] in Ukraine and about 300,000 of them are [[Crimean Tatars]].{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/eur/208378.htm |title = 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Ukraine |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=20 May 2013 |accessdate= 19 November 2013}} There are 487 registered Muslim communities, 368 of them on Crimea. In addition, some 50,000 Muslims live in [[Kiev]]; mostly foreign-born.{{cite web|url = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90205.htm|title=2007 Report on International Religious Freedom – Ukraine |year = 2007 |accessdate=19 November 2013 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}\n\nThe [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish]] population is a tiny fraction of what it was before [[World War II]]. In Tsarist times, Ukraine had been part of the [[Pale of Settlement]], to which Jews were largely restricted in the Russian Empire. The largest Jewish communities in 1926 were in [[Odessa]], 154,000 or 36.5% of the total population; and Kiev, 140,500 or 27.3%.{{Citation | contribution-url = http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/J/E/Jews.htm | contribution = Jews | title = Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} [[Orthodox Judaism]] has the strongest presence in Ukraine. Smaller [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jewish]] ([[Masorti]]) communities exist.\n\nOne 2006 survey put the number of [[irreligion|non-religious]] in Ukraine at approximately 11.1% of the population.\n\n===Famines and migration===\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]], followed by the devastation of World War II, comprised a demographic disaster. Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males in the period 1941–44.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 = Jacques | last2 = Meslé | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3 = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages = 249–264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 }} According to ''The Oxford companion to World War II'', \"Over 7 million inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were killed during the Second World War.\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell Foot (2001). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Oxford companion to World War II]''. Oxford University Press. p. 909. ISBN 0-19-860446-7\n\nSignificant migration took place in the first years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into Ukraine in 1991–92, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and 2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska, Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=365 \"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\"]. National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3 July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web |url= http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 \"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories – 20% sample data\"]. ''Statistics Canada.'' giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\n\n===Health===\n{{Main|Health in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Міська дитяча лікарня (Кременчук) - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children's hospital in [[Kremenchuk]], [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens. At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists. Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3200 qualified nurses. The organization takes part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates, the Society annually provides services to more than 105 000 lonely, elderly people, about 23 000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped workers, more than 25 000 war veterans, and more than 8 000 adults handicapped since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\n\nUkraine's healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2014}} The public sector employs most healthcare professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public health facilities on a regular basis.\n\nAll of the country's medical service providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this, standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine |url=http://www.europe-cities.com/en/633/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\n\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure; as a result most towns have their own hospital ''(Міська Лікарня)'' and many also have district hospitals ''(Районна Лікарня)''. Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital, [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres; such hospitals are called 'regional hospitals' ''(Обласна Лікарня)''.\n\nUkraine currently faces a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic crisis due to its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000 population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]] and smoking. In 2008, the country's population was one of the fastest declining in the world at −5% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |title=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014}} The UN warned that Ukraine's population could fall by as much as 10 million by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian healthcare system.\n\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency services]].[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/11044/ National network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in the spring of 2010.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/ Ukraine to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010], Kyiv Post (24 November 2009)\n\n===Education===\n{{main|Education in Ukraine|List of universities in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine's most important educational institutions]]\n[[File:Cernauti Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]] building by [[Josef Hlávka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\nAccording to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority. Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|title=Constitution of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited private secondary and higher education institutions.\n\nBecause of the Soviet Union's emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since 2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six), middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html|title=General secondary education|accessdate=23 December 2007|publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html |archivedate = 16 October 2007}} In the 12th grade, students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\n\nThe first higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]], founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805), [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School (1899) in [[Dnipropetrovsk|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are those owned by private organisations.\n\nThe Ukrainian higher education system comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]] facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html|title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine|accessdate=23 December 2007|publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html |archivedate = 17 December 2007}} The organisation of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure of education of the world's higher [[developed countries]], as is defined by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html |title=System of the Education of Ukraine|accessdate=23 December 2007|publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html |archivedate = 12 December 2007}}\nUkraine has more than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/ |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14 October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\n\nUkraine produces the fourth largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population.  [[Higher education in Ukraine|higher education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some universities.  For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%.  For most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic living expenses.  Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all registered students.  Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the Bachelor's Degree (4 years) and the Master's Degree (5–6th year), in accordance with the [[Bologna process]].  Historically, [[Specialist degree]] (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by universities in the Soviet times.\n\n=== Regional differences ===\n{{see also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\n[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009 | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692 | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]] | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\n\nOn the [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]], opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics tend be less extreme.{{Citation | url = http://ratinggroup.com.ua/en/products/politic/data/entry/14004/ | title = The language question, the results of recent research in 2012 | publisher = [[Sociological group \"RATING\"|Rating]] | date = 25 May 2012 | place = UA}}{{Citation | url = http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/ | title = Who's Afraid of Ukrainian History? | first = Timothy D | last = Snyder | author-link = Timothy D. Snyder | newspaper = [[The New York Review of Books]] | date = 21 September 2010}}{{cite news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{Citation | url = http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1 | script-title=uk:Ставлення населення України до постаті Йосипа Сталіна | trans_title = Attitude population Ukraine to the figure of Joseph Stalin | publisher = [[Kyiv International Institute of Sociology]] | date = 1 March 2013| language = Ukrainian }}\n\nSimilar historical cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification. Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]], differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]] and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and [[Donetsk]], predominantly Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url= http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3 | pages = 345–68 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}} Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging to a \"Soviet identity\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the Crimea (about 30%).{{Citation | url = http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf | title = Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | date = 23 August 2011}}\n\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]] voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces) vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc|Our Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \"Fatherland\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{Citation | url = http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52 | publisher = Центральна виборча комісія України Central Election Commission of Ukraine | script-title=uk:Вибори народних депутатів України 2012 | trans_title = The Elections of People's Deputies of Ukraine 2012 | language = Ukrainian}}{{Citation | url = http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html | publisher = For UA | date = 30 August 2012 | title = CEC {{not a typo|substitues}} Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting papers}}. and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]] and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]], [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]]) with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe | last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] | year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981 | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine's Party of Regions Will Win the 2012 Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation | url = http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf | title = UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher = [[Oxford Analytica]] | date = 5 October 2007}} However, this geographical division is decreasing.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/ \"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\"]. ''[[Kyiv Post]]''. 11 February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine's Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\n\n==Culture==\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs – [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\n{{main|Ukrainian culture}}\n[[File:Rushnyk - Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian embroidery]]]]\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by Christianity, the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in bringing up children, than in the West.{{cite web |url= http://www.tryukraine.com/society/cultural_differences.shtml |title=Cultural differences |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=Ukraine's Culture}} The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music and art.\n\nThe Communist era had quite a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated the decree \"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\". This greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080622041436/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405|archivedate=22 June 2008|title=Gorbachev, Mikhail|accessdate=30 July 2008|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)|quote=Under his new policy of glasnost (\"openness\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism; and the country's legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely repudiated by the government}}\n\nThe tradition of the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old, and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky – Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\n\n===Weaving and embroidery===\nArtisan [[textile arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/Ukrainian-clothes |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]]. [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies depending on the region of origin''\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\", Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine'' and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of color is very important and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\n\nNational dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm |title=Рівненська обласна державна адміністрація – Обласний центр народної творчості |publisher=Rv.gov.ua |accessdate=30 December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478 |title=ПІСНІ ТА ВИШИВКИ УЛЯНИ КОТ – Мистецька сторінка |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving centre, a museum and weaving school.\n\n===Literature===\n{{main|Ukrainian literature}}\n[[File:Taras Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|thumbnail|[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.]]\nThe history of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the Christianisation of the Kievan Rus'.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine – Cultual Life – The Arts – Literature|accessdate=8 January 2014|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical accounts of the time were referred to as ''[[chronicle]]s'', the most significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html|archivedate=6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine – Literature |accessdate=3 July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta}}{{Ref label|G|g|none}} Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus']].\n\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century, and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s, which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries, when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless, by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\n\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]'s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''Eneyida''}}, the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation's most renowned cultural figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\L\\I\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Struk, Danylo Husar |accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\n\nThen, in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]] by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete after the revolution and the Bolsheviks' coming to power.\n\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years, when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literature figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others were killed by NKVD (as part of [[Great Purge]]). In general around 223 writers were repressed (so called The [[Executed Renaissance]]).{{cite web|author=Юрій Лавріненко |url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm |title=Розстріляне відродження: Антологія 1917–1933. |location=Київ |publisher=Смолоскип |date=2004|archivedate=13 December 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}} This repressions were part of Stalin's implemented policy of [[socialist realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the Ukrainian language, but it required writers to follow a certain style in their works.\n\nIn post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk]], [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\n\nLiterary freedom appeared in late 1980s — early 1990s with the process of collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Serhiy Zhadan]], [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], [[Yuriy Izdryk|Izdryk]], [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov is writing in Russian he is mainly considered as a represtative of the Ukrainian literature.\n\n=== Architecture ===\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\n[[File:Curitiba Parque Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]] in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, where a large [[Ukrainian diaspora]] is.]]\nUkrainian architecture is a term that describes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\nThese include initial roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state of [[Kievan Rus']]. After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was developed under the western influences of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]] of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]]. Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\n\nThe great [[Architecture of Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus'|adoption of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\n\nSeveral examples of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below). Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of Kiev]] – the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid, [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] – built from 1113 to 1125 and [[St. Cyril's Monastery|St. Cyril's Church]], circa 12th-century. All can still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in 1160 and reconstructed in 1896–1900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]], built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter's reconstruction was criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy. Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus']] has survived.\n\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered. [[St. Andrew's Church of Kiev]] (1747–1754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]], is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]]. During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]], [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]'s towns such as [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea, and renamed them as [[New Russia]].  New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]], [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\n{{Gallery\n|title=\n|width=200 | height=210 | lines=4\n|align=center\n|File:Чернігів.Собор Бориса й Гліба.JPG|The Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\n|File:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle]] – one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\n|File:Kyiv, St Andrew church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew's Church, Kiev|St Andrew's Church]] in [[Kiev]] an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\n|File:Cables Lviv.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv's Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\n|File:Комплекс споруд Воронцовського палацу.jpg|[[Vorontsov's Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\n|File:Monasterio de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]], an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\n|File:Крещатик 38 дробь 2 Киев 2012 01.JPG|Central Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\n}}\nIn 1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously, the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention. All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy, a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired examples such as the [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed. Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\n\nThe task for modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space for a new shopping centre.\n\nA major project, which may take up most of the 21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml|title=Project of reconstruction of the Rybalskyi Peninsula|work=archunion.com.ua|date=7 December 2005|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Russian}}\n\n=== Music ===\n[[File:Cossack Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumbnail|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing [[kobza]]]]\n[[File:Лисенко Микола.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]] is widely believed to be the father of Ukrainian classical music]]\n[[Image:Rapid Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Dance ''[[Hopak]]''.]]\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\nMusic is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences. From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even into [[modern jazz]].\n\nUkraine music sometimes presents a perplexing mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony.\nThe most striking general characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\n\nDuring the Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy, Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]] or [[torban]].\n\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv, Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura from manuscripts. As a result many of the earliest composers and performers within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\nSee: [[Dmytro Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\n\nUkrainian classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for whom they cater.\n\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\n{{clear}}\n\n===Cinema===\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira Muratova]]]]\n{{Main|Cinema of Ukraine}}\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]], [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\n\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\n\nDespite a history of important and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a debate about its identity and the level of Russian and European influence. Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films. Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events, including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]]. The highest-grossing film ever is [[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]] with £5.2 million in 2009.\n\nUkrainian State Film Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]], and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\n\n===Media===\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\n\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} founded by [[Georgiy Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum). Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\n[[Freedom House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \"free\" and the press as \"partly free\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \"negative trends in Ukraine\".\n\n[[Kiev]] dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine's leading English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]] [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian), and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine, [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts in 1992.\n\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]] or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\n\n=== Sport ===\n{{main|Sport in Ukraine}}\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine|archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine – Sports and recreation|accessdate=12 January 2008|work=Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required)}} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]]. The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]] (\"premier league\").\n\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners of the prestigious [[Ballon d'Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]], where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]] have held world heavyweight championships.\n\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic abilities, he was voted the world's best athlete on several occasions.{{cite web | url = http://www.olympic.org/en/content/The-IOC/Members/Mr-Sergey-BUBKA/ | accessdate =27 May 2010 | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world's best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com |accessdate=30 January 2011}}{{Dead link|date=May 2014}}\n\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket 2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished 6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball club in Ukraine.\n\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]] is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]] and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\n\nUkraine made its Olympic debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]] has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances) than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}\n\n\n===Cuisine===\n[[File:Borscht with bread.jpg|thumbnail|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|smetana]]]]\n{{Main|Ukrainian cuisine}}\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef, fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains, fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''[[varenyky]]''}} (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries or berries), [[nalysnyky]] ((pancakes) with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms, caviar or meat), [[kapuśniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots, onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borsch]] (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''[[Gołąbki|holubtsy]]''}} (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev Cake]]. Ukrainians drink [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\n{{clear}}\n\n==See also==\n{{div col|colwidth=30em}}\n* [[2014 Crimean crisis]]\n* [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]\n* [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]]\n* [[Belarusian People's Republic]]\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\n* [[Green Ukraine]] – projected Ukrainian country in the Russian Far East.\n* [[History of the Jews in Ukraine]]\n* [[Orange Revolution]]\n* [[Odessa Museum of the Regional History]]\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\n* [[People's Republic]]\n* [[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution]]\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] – the first official Ukrainian currency\n* [[Universal (act)]]\n* [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]]\n* [[:Category:Ukraine-related lists]]\n* {{Wikipedia books link|Ukraine}}\n{{div col end}}\n{{portalbar|Ukraine|Europe}}\n\n==Notes==\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\n'''a.'''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]], [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\n\n'''b.'''{{Note label|B|b|none}} See the [[Great Purge]] article for details.\n\n'''c.'''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to ''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'': [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml {{lang|uk|\"Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом\"}}]), 16 (according to ''[[Korrespondent]]'', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002 {{lang|ru|\"После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев\"}}]), \"more than 10\" (according to ''Korrespondent'', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780 {{lang|uk|\"Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців\"}}]) Retrieved 27 January 2008.\n\n'''d.'''{{Note label|D|d|1}}{{Note label|D|d|2}} These figures are likely to be much higher, as they '''do not''' include Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians, from the Ukrainian SSR.\n\n'''e.'''{{Note label|E|E|none}} This figure excludes [[POW]] deaths.\n\n'''f.'''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census'2001 data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite web|title=About number and composition population of Kyiv on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}}) about 75 percent of Kiev's population responded 'Ukrainian' to the native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent responded 'Russian'. On the other hand, when the question 'What language do you use in everyday life?' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey, the Kievans' answers were distributed as follows: 'mostly Russian': 52 percent, 'both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure': 32 percent, 'mostly Ukrainian': 14 percent, 'exclusively Ukrainian': 4.3 percent.
{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February 2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\n\n'''g.'''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\n\n'''h.'''{{Note label|H|h|none}} Without the city of Inhulets.\n\n'''i.'''{{Note label|I|i|none}} Russia and Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European territories larger than Ukraine.\n{{Refend}}\n\n==References==\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681 Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published 16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925 Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]]. Published on 25 September 2014.}}\n\n==Print sources==\n\n===Reference books===\n{{refbegin}}\n* ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'' (University of Toronto Press, 1984–93) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\n* ''[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58069636 Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''Ukraine'' (Culture Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\n* Evans, Andrew. ''Ukraine'' (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''Ukraine'' (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\n{{refend}}\n\n===Recent (since 1991)===\n{{refbegin}}\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough'' (2006)\n* Birch, Sarah. ''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'' Macmillan, 2000 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98201086 online edition]\n* Edwards Mike: \"Ukraine – Running on empty\" [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''Cleft Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Moldova'', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3898215589\n* Kuzio, Taras: ''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'', M.E. Sharpe, 1998, ISBN 0-7656-0224-5\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''Ukraine: State and Nation Building'' Routledge, 1998 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102997170 online edition]\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''Multilingual education as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'', in ''Language Education for Intercultural Communication'', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens, Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, ISBN 1-85359-204-8\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine's Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\n* Whitmore, Sarah. ''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament, 1990–2003'' Routledge, 2004 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108557869 online edition]\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''Ukraine's Orange Revolution'' (2005)\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation,'' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L online excerpts at Amazon]\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 0-521-57457-9\n* Zon, Hans van. ''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'' 2000 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98833788 online edition]\n{{refend}}\n\n===History===\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'' (Rutgers UP, 1964) [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world online]\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''A History of Ukraine'' (1986)\n* Katchanovski Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''Historical Dictionary of Ukraine.'' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\n* Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations between Ukraine and Russia, 1654–1917'' (Marquette University Press 1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations online]\n* Luckyj, George S. ''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine: An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'' (1996)\n* [[Magocsi, Paul Robert]], ''A History of Ukraine''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 1996 ISBN 0-8020-7820-6\n* Reid, Anna. ''Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96969196 online edition]\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''Ukraine: A History'', 1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.\n* Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'' (Oxford University Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation online]\n{{refend}}\n\n====World War II====\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\n* Berkhoff, Karel C. ''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'' Harvard U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle and Women's Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\n* Gross, Jan T. ''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'' (1988).\n* Lower, Wendy. ''Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'' U. of North Carolina Press, 2005. 307 pp.\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947'', McFarland & Company, 1998, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919–1945.'' Indiana U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''Holocaust In The Ukraine'', Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\n{{refend}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Sister project links|voy=Ukraine}}\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\n*[http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]]\n* [http://en.ukrainecityguide.com/ Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\n* [http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine] information from the [[United States Department of State]]\n* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm Ukraine] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\n* {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/ Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\n*[http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62 EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\n*[http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/ EU Neighbourhood Library]\n; Government\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/ The President of Ukraine]\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government Portal of Ukraine]\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\n* [http://www.escher.com.ua/ Ukrainian art. Most famous modern painters]\n;Trade\n*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/UKR/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Ukraine]\n*[http://trendeconomy.com/en/tradeSummary/H4/Europe-Ukraine#Ukraine Trade Profile (Imports/Exports) of Ukraine]\n{{coord|49|N|32|E|scale:10000000_source:GNS|display=title}}\n{{Geographic Location\n| Centre = {{flag|Ukraine}}\n| North = {{flag|Belarus}}\n| Northeast = {{flag|Russia}}\n| East = {{flag|Russia}}\n| Southeast = [[Azov Sea]]
{{flag|Russia}}\n| South = [[Black Sea]]\n| Southwest = {{flag|Hungary}}
 {{flag|Romania}}
 {{flag|Moldova}}\n| West = {{flag|Poland}}
 {{flag|Slovakia}} \n| Northwest = {{flag|Belarus}}
 {{flag|Poland}}\n}}\n{{Ukraine topics}}\n{{Commonwealth of Independent States}}\n{{Countries of Europe}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:Ukraine| ]]\n[[Category:Areas of traditional spread of Ukrainians and Ukrainian language]]\n[[Category:Eastern Europe]]\n[[Category:Countries in Europe]]\n[[Category:Kievan Rus']]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:Slavic countries and territories]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1991]]\n[[Category:Ukrainian-speaking countries and territories]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/ukrainian_galician_army.wiki",
    "content": "{{Armies of Ukraine}}\n\n'''Ukrainian Galician Army''' ({{lang-uk| Українська Галицька Армія, ''Ukrayins’ka Halyts’ka Armiya''}}, UHA), was the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] military of the [[West Ukrainian National Republic]] during and after the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]].      \n\n==Military equipment==\n\nThe Ukrainian Galician Army obtained its arms from Austrian depots and from the demobilized Austrian and German troops who streamed through [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]] by the hundreds of thousands following the collapse of the Central Powers at the end of [[World War I]].  However, the centers of Austria's military industry lay far from Galicia, and subsequent difficulty with resupply was a major factor in the Galicians losing their war against Poland.\n\n==Armed Forces==\n[[Image:Ukrainian20Galician20Army20airplane-1-.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Airplane of the Ukrainian Galician Army]]\n[[File:Boberski Witowski Cehelski 1918.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''\"[[Dmytro Vitovsky]], first commander of the Ukrainian Galician Army, flanked by two officers, 1918]]\nThe government of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] was well organized and was able to mobilize over 100,000 people by spring 1919, 40,000 of whom were battle-ready. Due to the Ukrainians' generally poor socioeconomic status, the army had a disproportionately low ratio of officers to other ranks. In the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], ethnic Ukrainians had accounted for only two out of 1,000 officers (in comparison, Poles had made up 27/1,000 officers in the Austrian military). As a result, although most of the junior rank officers were Galicians the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic relied largely on former high-ranking officers of the defunct Russian Army, such as General [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko]], to take on the post of commander and general staff. It also staffed many positions with unemployed Austrian and German officers. For this reason, the German language was the easiest way for officers to communicate with each other and was the dominant language among the staff.[http://memorial.kiev.ua/zhurnal/pdf/02_2001/343.pdf Yaroslav Tinchenko, ''General Oleksander Hrekiv: Military Actions and Fate ''Journal of Memorial'' pg. 33] (Ukrainian) Despite these measures, only approximately 2.4% of the army consisted of officers.  \n[[Image:Pic U K Ukrainian Galician Army supreme command.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Supreme Command of the Ukrainian Galician Army. Sitting, 5th through 7th from left, Gen [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko]], Col Viktor Kurmanovych, and Otaman Alfred Schamanek.]]\nThe Ukrainian Galician Army reached its greatest strength in June 1919, where it had 70,000 to 75,000 men, including reserves. It had very limited cavalry but artillery, consisting of ex-Austrian pieces, was a strength. The UHA had 2-3 armored cars and two armored trains. The UHA's air force, organized by [[Petro Franko]] (son of the poet [[Ivan Franko]]), fielded 40 airplanes, and until April 1919 enjoyed air superiority over the Poles.\n     \n===Sich Rifles===\nA former unit of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], the 1st Brigade of [[Sich Riflemen]] ({{lang-uk |''Sichovi Striltsi''}}) became the elite force of the Ukrainian Galician Army during the war against Poland. It was formed in 1914 by former members of youth and paramilitary organizations and fought in Galicia and Ukraine against the Russian Empire throughout the first world war. At its peak this brigade had 8,600 men, not all of whom fought in Galicia.\n\n===Jewish Battalion===\nThe Ukrainian Galician Army fielded a Jewish [[battalion]] ({{lang |uk|''Zhydivs’kyy Kurin’ UHA''}}) recruited from Jewish university and high school students in [[Ternopil]] and led by Lieutenant [[Solomon Leimberg]]. Myroslav Shkandrij. (2009). ''Jews in Ukrainian literature: representation and identity.'' New Haven: Yale University Press.  pp.94-95   Formed in June, 1919, it attained a strength of 1,200 men and participated in combat against the Poles in July 1919 and subsequently against the Bolsheviks.  The battalion was decimated by a typhus epidemic in late 1919 and its surviving soldiers were subsequently reassigned to other units within the Ukrainian Galician Army.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\J\\E\\JewishBattalionoftheUkrainianGalicianArmy.htm ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2'' 1989] \n\n==Structure==\nThe Army consisted of numerous military formations which later were organized into four Corps. The Corps were farther divided into brigades composed of several regular military units.\n* I Corps UHA\n** 5th Sokal Brigade\n** 6th Rava Brigade\n** 9th Uhniv-Belz Brigade\n** 10th Yavoriv Brigade\n* II Corps UHA\n** Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen\n** 2nd Kolomyia Brigade\n** 3rd Berezhany Brigade\n** 4th Zolochiv Brigade\n* III Corps UHA\n** 1st Mountainous Brigade\n** 7th Stryi Brigade\n** 8th Sambir Brigade\n** Battle groups \"Krukevychi\" and \"Hlyboka\", reformed into 11th Stryi Brigade\n** 14th Brigade (later)\n* IV Corps UHA\n** 12th Brigade\n** 21st Zbarazh Brigade\n\nTerritorially the West Ukrainian People's Republic was divided into three Military Oblasts centered in [[Lviv]], [[Tarnopil]], and [[Stanyslaviv]] with four okrugas (districts) in each.\n\n==Notable Soldiers of the Ukrainian Galician Army==\n\n*[[Archduke Wilhelm of Austria]], Austrian Archduke \n*[[Petro Franko]], son of Ukrainian writer [[Ivan Franko]]\n*[[Oleksander Hrekov]], commander-in-chief, ethnic Russian former Tsarist general, architect of the [[Chortkiv offensive]]\n*[[Yevhen Konovalets]], founder and first leader of the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]]\n*[[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko]], Supreme Commander, later defence minister of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]'s government-in-exile\n*[[Hnat Stefaniv]], commander of Ukrainian forces in Lviv and later commander of the Ukrainian army in exile\n*[[Myron Tarnavsky]], supreme commander of the Ukrainian Galician Army during its successful anti-Bolshevik offensive on Kiev; courtmartialed for signing an agreement with [[Anton Denikin]]\n*[[Dmytro Vitovsky]], organizer of the [[Battle of Lwów (1918)|Ukrainian uprising in Lviv]] and special operations formations. Later he was a member of [[West Ukrainian People's Republic|Western Ukrainian]] delegation to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in May 1919\n\n==See also==\n\n*[[Polish-Ukrainian war]]\n\n==References==\n{{reflist}}\n* {{cite book | first= Orest| last= [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny]] | title=Ukraine: A History | location= Toronto | publisher=University of Toronto Press | year=1988 | isbn=0-8020-5808-6 }}\n* [http://pygmy-wars.50megs.com/history/lvivwar/lvivwarugaorbat.pdf A web site including information about the Ukrainian Galician army]\n\n[[Category:Ukrainian Galician Army| ]]\n[[Category:West Ukrainian People's Republic]]\n[[Category:1918 in Ukraine]]\n[[Category:1919 in Ukraine]]\n[[Category:Aftermath of World War I in Ukraine]]\n[[Category:History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)]]\n[[Category:Military history of Ukraine]]\n[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1918]]\n[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919]]\n[[Category:1918 establishments in Ukraine]]\n[[Category:1919 disestablishments in Ukraine]]\n"
  },
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    "path": "regression/pages/usa.wiki",
    "content": "{{for||US (disambiguation)|USA (disambiguation)|United States (disambiguation)}}\n{{good article}}\n{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}\n{{Use American English|date=March 2014}}\n{{Infobox country\n|conventional_long_name = United States of America\n|common_name = the United States\n|image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg\n|image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg\n|symbol_type = Great Seal\n|national_motto = 
\"[[In God we trust]]\"{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]
\n{{collapsible list\n |title = ''{{nobold|Other traditional mottos  }} ''\n |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;\n |liststyle = text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;\n |{{native phrase|la|\"[[E pluribus unum]]\"|italics=off}} {{small|(de facto)}}
{{small|\"Out of many, one\"}}\n |{{native phrase|la|\"[[Annuit cœptis]]\"|italics=off}}
{{small|\"[[God|He]] has favored our undertakings\"}}\n |{{native phrase|la|\"[[Novus ordo seclorum]]\"|italics=off}}
{{small|\"New order of the ages\"}}\n}}\n|national_anthem = \"[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]\"

[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]
\n----\n
'''March:''' \"[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]\"{{cite web|title=U.S. Code: Title 36, 304|work=United States Code|location=United States|publisher=Cornell Law School|url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode36/usc_sec_36_00000304----000-.html|date=August 12, 1998|accessdate=February 15, 2015|quote=The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march.}}

[[File:The Stars and Stripes Forever - U.S. Navy Band.ogg]]
 \n|image_map = United States (orthographic projection).svg\n|map_caption = The [[contiguous United States]] plus [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] in green\n|alt_map = Projection of North America with the United States in green\n|image_map2 = US insular areas SVG.svg\n|alt_map2 = The United States and its [[Territories of the United States|territories]]\n|map_caption2 = The United States and its [[Territories of the United States|territories]]\n|map_width = 220px\n|capital =[[Washington, D.C.]]\n|latd=38 |latm=53 |latNS=N |longd=77 |longm=01 |longEW=W\n|largest_city =[[New York City]]
{{small|{{coord|40|43|N|74|00|W|display=inline}}}}\n|official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal government of the United States|federal level]]       |De facto: [[English]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}}\n|languages_type = [[National language]]\n|languages = [[English language|English]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}\n|regional_languages     =\n {{unbulleted list\n  |[[English language|English]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|[[French language|French]] |[[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] |[[Samoan language|Samoan]] |[[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] |[[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] |[[Alaska Native languages|19 Native Alaskan languages]]}}\n|official_religion = [[Freedom of religion in the United States|none]]\n|demonym = [[Americans|American]]\n|government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]]\n|leader_title1 = [[President of the United States|President]]\n|leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Barack Obama]]}}\n|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]\n|leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Joe Biden]]}}\n|leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]}}\n|leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[John Boehner]]}}\n|leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]]\n|leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]\n|legislature = [[United States Congress|Congress]]\n|upper_house = [[United States Senate|Senate]]\n|lower_house = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]\n|sovereignty_type = 
[[American Revolution|Independence]] from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
\n|established_event1 = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]]\n|established_date1 = July 4, 1776\n|established_event2 = [[Articles of Confederation|Confederation]]\n|established_date2 = March 1, 1781\n|established_event3 = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]]\n|established_date3 = September 3, 1783\n|established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[United States Constitution|Constitution]]}}\n|established_date4 = June 21, 1788\n|established_event5 = [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|Last state admission]]\n|established_date5 = August 21, 1959\n|area_rank = 3rd/4th\n|area_magnitude = 1 E+12\n|area_km2 = 9,826,675\n|area_sq_mi = 3,794,100\n|percent_water = 6.7\n|area_label = Total Area\n|area_label2 = Total Land Area\n|area_data2 = 9,161,966 km2 
 3,537,500 sq mi\n|area_footnote = {{ref label|areabox|c|}}\n|population_estimate = 320,925,485{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/ |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |title=U.S. and World Population Clock |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\n|population_estimate_rank = 3rd\n|population_density_km2 = 35 \n|population_density_sq_mi = 90.6 \n|population_density_rank = 180th\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2014\n|GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$17.418 trillion}}\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 2nd\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $54,596\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10th\n|GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$17.418 trillion}}{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=33&pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=111&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|publisher=IMF}}\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 1st\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2014\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $54,596\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 10th\n|Gini_year = 2013\n|Gini_change = \n|Gini = 38.0 \n|Gini_ref = {{cite web|title=OECD Income Distribution Database: Gini, poverty, income, Methods and Concepts|url=http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/income-distribution-database.htm|website=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}{{cite web|title=Global inequality: How the U.S. compares|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/19/global-inequality-how-the-u-s-compares/|website=Pew Research}}{{cite web|title=Income Distribution and Poverty : by country - INEQUALITY|url=http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=46189|website=OECD}}\n|HDI_year = 2013\n|HDI_change = steady\n|HDI = 0.914 \n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=July 27, 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}\n|HDI_rank = 5th\n|EF_year = 2007\n|EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011}}\n|EF_rank = 6th\n|currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($)\n|currency_code = USD\n|country_code = USA\n|utc_offset = −5 to −10\n|utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|d|}}\n|calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]]\n|iso3166code = US\n|antipodes = [[Indian Ocean]]
[[Île Amsterdam]]
[[Île Saint-Paul]]
[[Kerguelen Islands]]\n|date_format = MM/DD/YYYY\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|driving|e|}}\n|cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}}\n|footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} English is the [[Official language of the United States|official language]] of at least 28 states; some sources give higher figures, based on differing definitions of \"official\".{{big|}} English and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] are both official languages in the state of [[Hawaii]]. [[French language|French]] is a ''de facto'' language in the states of [[Maine]] and [[Louisiana]], while [[New Mexico]] state law grants [[Spanish language|Spanish]] a special status.New Mexico Code 1-16-7 (1981).New Mexico Code 14-11-13 (2011).{{cite book | last1 = Cobarrubias | first1 = Juan | last2 = Fishman | first2 = Joshua A. | authorlink2 = Joshua Fishman | year = 1983 | title = Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | page = 195 | isbn = 90-279-3358-8 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=x9KoAkzfVqIC&pg=PA195 | accessdate = December 27, 2011}}{{cite book | last = García | first = Ofelia | year = 2011 | title = Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | page = 167 | isbn = 1-4443-5978-9 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bW6V__K95ckC&pg=PT167 | accessdate = December 27, 2011}} |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} English is the ''[[de facto]]'' language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80 percent of Americans aged five and older. 28 states and five territories have made English an official language. Other official languages include [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Samoan language|Samoan]], [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]], [[Carolinian language|Carolinian]].\n|footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the United States or [[China]] is larger has been [[List of countries and dependencies by area|disputed]]. The figure given is from the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The World Factbook]]''. Other sources give smaller figures. All authoritative calculations of the country's size include only the 50 states and the District of Columbia, not the [[Territories of the United States|territories]].\n|footnote_d = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the United States]] for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.\n|footnote_e = {{note|driving}} Except the [[United States Virgin Islands]].\n}}\n\nThe '''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), commonly referred to as the '''United States''' ('''U.S.''') or '''America''', is a [[federal republic]]{{cite book |title=The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge, Second Edition: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind |year=2007 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-37659-8 |page=670|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ISBN9780312376598&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NE24VIzzHImggwT3toCIBA&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}{{cite book |last=Onuf |first=Peter S. |title=The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775–1787 |year=1983 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location= Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8122-1167-2}} consisting of 50 [[U.S. state|states]] and a [[Washington, D.C.|federal district]]. The [[Contiguous United States|48 contiguous states]] and [[Washington, D.C.]], are in central [[North America]] between [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]]. The state of [[Alaska]] is located in the northwestern part of North America and the state of [[Hawaii]] is an [[archipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. The country also has five populated and numerous unpopulated [[Territories of the United States|territories]] in the Pacific and the [[Caribbean]]. At 3.80 million square miles (9.85 million km2)\"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]\", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014. and with over 320 million people, the United States is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|fourth-largest country by total area]] and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|third most populous]]. It is one of the world's most [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|ethnically diverse]] and [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] nations, the product of large-scale [[Immigration to the United States|immigration from many countries]].Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X. The [[geography of the United States|geography]] and [[climate of the United States]] are also extremely diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife.{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}\n\n[[Settlement of the Americas|Paleo-Indians migrated from Eurasia]] to what is now the U.S. mainland around 15,000 years ago, with [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] beginning in the 16th century. The United States emerged from [[Thirteen Colonies|13 British colonies]] located along the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]]. Disputes between [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and the colonies led to the [[American Revolution]]. On July 4, 1776, as the colonies were fighting Great Britain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates from the 13 colonies unanimously adopted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]. The war ended in 1783 with [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|recognition of the independence of the United States]] by the Kingdom of Great Britain, and was the first successful war of independence against a European [[colonial empire]].Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.
{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period  |author= |date=2014 |website=Digitial History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}} The country's [[United States Constitution|constitution]] was adopted on September 17, 1787, and ratified by the states in 1788. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many [[Natural and legal rights|fundamental civil rights and freedoms]].\n\nDriven by the doctrine of [[Manifest Destiny]], the United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century. This involved [[American Indian Wars|displacing American Indian tribes]], [[United States territorial acquisitions|acquiring new territories]], and gradually [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|admitting new states]], until by 1848 the nation spanned the continent.{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}} During the second half of the 19th century, the [[American Civil War]] ended legal [[slavery in the United States|slavery in the country]].{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=http://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}} By the end of that century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean,{{cite book |url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}} and its economy, driven in large part by the [[Industrial Revolution]], began to soar.{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}} The [[Spanish–American War]] and {{nowrap|[[World War I]]}} confirmed the country's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from {{nowrap|[[World War II]]}} as a global [[superpower]], the [[Nuclear weapons and the United States|first country to develop nuclear weapons]], the only country to [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|use them]] in [[warfare]], and a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. The end of the [[Cold War]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991]] left the United States as the world's sole superpower.{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}
{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}
{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}
{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}
{{cite book|title=Understanding the \"Victory Disease,\" From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}
{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}\n\nThe United States is a [[developed country]] and has the world's largest economy by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal and real GDP]], benefiting from an abundance of [[natural resource]]s and high worker productivity.{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}} While the [[Economy of the United States|U.S. economy]] is considered [[post-industrial society|post-industrial]], the country continues to be one of the world's largest manufacturers.{{cite web |title= Manufacturing, Jobs and the U.S. Economy |year=2013 |url= http://www.aamfg.org/category/issues/jobs-and-economy/manufacturing-jobs-and-us-economy |publisher= Alliance for American Manufacturing}} Accounting for 34% of [[List of countries by military expenditures|global military spending]]{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014}} and 23% of world GDP,{{Cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}  it is the world's foremost economic and [[United States Armed Forces|military]] power, a prominent political and [[Culture of the United States|cultural]] force, and a leader in [[Science and technology in the United States|scientific research and technological innovations]].[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]
[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]
{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}\n\n==Etymology==\n\n{{See also|Names for United States citizens|Names of the United States}}\nIn 1507, the [[Germans|German]] [[cartography|cartographer]] [[Martin Waldseemüller]] produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere [[Americas|\"America\"]] after the Italian explorer and cartographer [[Amerigo Vespucci]] ([[Latin]]: ''Americus Vespucius'').{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-24-america-turns-500_N.htm?csp=34 |title=Cartographer Put 'America' on the Map 500 years Ago |work=USA Today |location =Washington, D.C. |date=April 24, 2007 |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=November 30, 2008}} The first documentary evidence of the phrase \"United States of America\" is from a letter dated January 2, 1776, written by [[Stephen Moylan|Stephen Moylan, Esq.]], [[George Washington]]'s [[aide-de-camp]] and Muster-Master General of the [[Continental Army]]. Addressed to [[Joseph Reed (politician)|Lt. Col. Joseph Reed]], Moylan expressed his wish to carry the \"full and ample powers of the United States of America\" to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort.DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer.] \"Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom. A new find suggests the man might have been George Washington himself.\" ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).\n\nThe first known publication of the phrase \"United States of America\" was in an anonymous essay in ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776.{{cite journal|title=\"To the inhabitants of Virginia,\" by A PLANTER.'' Dixon and Hunter's. April 6, 1776, Williamsburg, Virginia. Letter is also included in Peter Force's ''American Archives'' |url=http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGIssueThumbs.cfm?IssueIDNo=76.DH.16|issue=1287|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219053616/http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGIssueThumbs.cfm?IssueIDNo=76.DH.16|archivedate=December 19, 2014|volume=5}}{{cite web |first=Rusty |last=Carter |url =http://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-usa-first-0818-20120818,0,4983868.story |title =You read it here first |newspaper =The Virginia Gazette |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120822051820/http://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-usa-first-0818-20120818,0,4983868.story |archivedate=August 22, 2012 |date =August 18, 2012 |deadurl=yes |quote=He did a search of the archives and found the letter on the front page of the April 6, 1776, edition, published by Hunter & Dixon.}} In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase \"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his \"original Rough draught\" of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].DeLear, Byron (August 16, 2012). [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2012/0816/Who-coined-the-name-United-States-of-America-Mystery-gets-new-twist#disqus_thread \"Who coined the name 'United States of America'? Mystery gets new twist.\"] ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).{{cite web |url =http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html |title=Jefferson's \"original Rough draught\" of the Declaration of Independence |publisher = Princeton University |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040805235246/http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html |archivedate=August 5, 2004 |year =2004 |deadurl= yes}} In the final [[Independence Day (United States)|Fourth of July]] version of the Declaration, the title was changed to read, \"The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America\".{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters.html |title=The Charters of Freedom |publisher=National Archives |accessdate=June 20, 2007}} In 1777 the [[Articles of Confederation]] announced, \"The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'\".{{cite book|author=Mary Mostert|title=The Threat of Anarchy Leads to the Constitution of the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jntSQ-yn66AC&pg=PA18|year=2005|publisher=CTR Publishing, Inc|page=18|isbn=978-0-9753851-4-2}}\n\nThe short form \"United States\" is also standard. Other common forms are the \"U.S.\", the \"USA\", and \"America\". Colloquial names are the \"U.S. of A.\" and, internationally, the \"States\". \"[[Columbia (name)|Columbia]]\", a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 1700s, derives its origin from [[Christopher Columbus]]; it appears in the name \"[[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]]\".{{cite book|author=Doug Brokenshire (Stanford University)|title=Washington State Place Names|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7XI52I8zI_AC&pg=PA49|year=1996|publisher=Caxton Press|isbn=978-0-87004-562-2|page=49}} In non-English languages, the name is frequently the translation of either the \"United States\" or \"United States of America\", and colloquially as \"America\". In addition, an abbreviation (e.g. USA) is sometimes used.For example, the U.S. embassy in Spain calls itself the embassy of the \"Estados Unidos\", literally the words \"states\" and \"united\", and also uses the initials \"EE.UU.\", the doubled letters implying plural use in Spanish [http://spanish.madrid.usembassy.gov/] Elsewhere on the site \"Estados Unidos de América\" is used [http://spanish.madrid.usembassy.gov/es/educacion/benjamin_2013.html]\n\nThe phrase \"United States\" was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e.g., \"the United States are\"—including in the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], ratified in 1865. The singular form—e.g., \"the United States is\"— became popular after the end of the Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom \"these United States\".{{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002663.html |author=Zimmer, Benjamin |date=November 24, 2005 |title=Life in These, Uh, This United States |publisher=University of Pennsylvania—Language Log |accessdate=January 5, 2013}} The difference is more significant than usage; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit.G. H. Emerson, ''The Universalist Quarterly and General Review'', Vol. 28 (Jan. 1891), p. 49, quoted in Zimmer paper above.\n\nA citizen of the United States is an \"[[Americans|American]]\". \"United States\", \"American\" and \"U.S.\" refer to the country adjectivally (\"American values\", \"U.S. forces\"). \"[[American (word)|American]]\" rarely refers to subjects not connected with the United States.Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). ''The Columbia Guide to Standard American English''. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-231-06989-8.\n\n==History==\n{{Main|History of the United States|Timeline of United States history|Economic history of the United States}}\n[[File:Indians giving a talk to Bouquet.jpg|thumb|220px|Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764]]\n\n===Native American and European contact===\n{{Further|Pre-Columbian era|Colonial history of the United States}}\n\nThe first North American settlers [[Settlement of the Americas|migrated]] from [[Siberia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] approximately 15,000 or more years ago.{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1 – The First Big Steppe – Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}} Some, such as the [[pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] [[Mississippian culture]], developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. After the [[Spanish conquistadors]] made the first contacts, the [[Demographic history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|native population declined]] for various reasons, including diseases such as [[smallpox]] and [[measles]],\"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&pg=PA205 The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology]''\". Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 205. ISBN 0-521-55203-6[[#Bianchine|Bianchine, Russo, 1992]] pp. 225–232 and [[American Indian Wars|violence]].[[#Thornton|Thornton, 1987]] p. 49[[#Kessel|Kessel, 2005]] pp. 142–143[[#Mercer|Mercer Country Historical Society, 2005]]\n\nIn the early days of colonization many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars.[[#Juergens|Juergens, 2011]], p. 69 At the same time, however, many natives and settlers came to depend on each other. Settlers traded for food and animal pelts, natives for guns, ammunition and other European wares.[[#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]] p. 6 Natives taught many settlers where, when and how to cultivate corn, beans and squash. European missionaries and others felt it was important to \"civilize\" the Indians and urged them to concentrate on farming and ranching rather than depending on hunting and gathering.[[#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]] p. 5[[#Calloway1998|Calloway, 1998]], p. 55\n\n===Settlements===\n{{further|European colonization of the Americas|Thirteen Colonies}}\n\nAfter [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]]' [[Columbus's first voyage|first voyage]] to the [[New World]] in 1492, other explorers followed with settlement into the Floridas and the American Southwest.[[#Taylor|Taylor]], pp. 33–34[[#Taylor|Taylor]], pp. 72, 74 There were also some [[French colonization of the Americas|French attempts]] to colonize the east coast, and later more successful settlements along the [[Mississippi River]]. Successful [[English overseas possessions|English settlement]] on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] and the [[Pilgrim Fathers|Pilgrims']] [[Plymouth Colony]] in 1620. Early experiments in communal living failed until the introduction of private farm holdings.[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], pp. 29–31 Many settlers were [[English Dissenters|dissenting Christian groups]] who came seeking [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]]. The continent's first elected legislative assembly, Virginia's [[House of Burgesses]] created in 1619, and the [[Mayflower Compact]], signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking, established precedents for the pattern of representative self-government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.[[#Remini|Remini, 2007]], pp. 2–3[[#Johnson|Johnson, 1997]], pp. 26–30\n\n[[File:The Mayflower Compact 1620 cph.3g07155.jpg|thumb|left|Signing of the [[Mayflower Compact]], 1620]]\nMost settlers in every colony were small farmers, but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements. [[Cash crops]] included tobacco, rice and wheat. Extraction industries grew up in furs, fishing and lumber. Manufacturers produced rum and ships, and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one-seventh of the world's iron supply.[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], chapter 3 Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs. English colonists were supplemented by waves of [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]] and other groups. As coastal land grew more expensive freed [[indentured servant]]s pushed further west.[[#Lemon|Lemon, 1987]] Slave cultivation of cash crops began with the Spanish in the 1500s, and was adopted by the English, but life expectancy was much higher in North America because of less disease and better food and treatment, leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves.Clingan, 2000, p. 13[[#Tadman|Tadman, 2000]], p. 1534[[#Schneider|Schneider, 2007]], p. 484 Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and against the practice.[[#Lien|Lien, 1913]], p. 522[[#Davis96|Davis, 1996]], p. 7 But by the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor, especially in southern regions.[[#Quirk|Quirk, 2011]], p. 195\n\nWith the British colonization of [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] in 1732, the [[Thirteen Colonies|13 colonies]] that would become the United States of America were established.{{cite book |author1=Bilhartz, Terry D. |author2=Elliott, Alan C. |title=Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J65Z_Ura2EIC&pg=PA7 |year=2007|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1817-7}} All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient [[rights of Englishmen]] and a sense of self-government stimulating support for republicanism.{{cite book |author=Wood, Gordon S. |title=The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kdDRJLxBhl4C&pg=PA263 |year=1998|publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-0-8078-4723-7|page=263}} With extremely high birth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly. Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed.[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], pp. 38–39 The [[Christian revival]]ist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the [[First Great Awakening|Great Awakening]] fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty.Foner, Eric. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHcaweX2tIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=story+of+American+freedom&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iJ6ZVNDOGMjeggStroKQDA&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=story%20of%20American%20freedom&f=false The Story of American Freedom], 1998 ISBN 0-393-04665-6 p.4-5.\n\nIn the [[French and Indian War]], British forces seized Canada from the French, but the [[francophone]] population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], who were being conquered and displaced, those 13 colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770, about one-third that of Britain. Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 35 The colonies' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self-government, but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority.{{cite web|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/1763-otis-rights-of-british-colonies-asserted-pamphlet|title=The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved |publisher=Online Library of Liberty|author=Otis, James|year=1763|accessdate=January 10, 2015 |language=}}\n\n===Independence and expansion===\n{{further|American Revolutionary War|United States Declaration of Independence|American Revolution}}\n[[File:Declaration independence.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]'': the [[Committee of Five]] presenting their draft to the [[Second Continental Congress]] in 1776]]\n\nThe American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power. Americans had developed an ideology of [[Republicanism in the United States|\"republicanism\"]] asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures. They demanded their [[Rights of Englishmen|\nrights as Englishmen]], \"no taxation without representation\". The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament, and [[American Revolution|the conflict]] escalated into war.{{cite book |author=Humphrey, Carol Sue |title=The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=19NWMZ6Ec_sC&pg=PA8 |year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn=978-0-313-32083-5|pages=8–10}} Following the passage of the [[Lee Resolution]], on July 2, 1776, which was the actual vote for independence, the Congress adopted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], on July 4, which proclaimed, in a long preamble, that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain, and finally declared, in the words of the resolution, that the [[Thirteen Colonies]] were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States. The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]]. In 1777, the [[Articles of Confederation]] established a weak government that operated until 1789.{{cite book |author1=Fabian Young, Alfred |author2=Nash, Gary B. |author3=Raphael, Ray |title=Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QEzaLJ4u_MEC&pg=PA4 |year=2011|publisher=Random House Digital |isbn=978-0-307-27110-5 |pages=4–7}}\n\nBritain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]].Greene and Pole, ''A Companion to the American Revolution'' p 357. Jonathan R. Dull, ''A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution'' (1987) p. 161. Lawrence S. Kaplan, \"The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge\", ''International History Review,'' Sept 1983, Vol. 5 Issue 3, pp 431–442 In the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|peace treaty of 1783]], American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River. Nationalists led the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Philadelphia Convention]] of 1787 in writing the [[United States Constitution]], [[Ratification of the United States Constitution|ratified]] in state conventions in 1788. The federal government was reorganized into three branches, on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances, in 1789. George Washington, who had led the revolutionary army to victory, was the first [[President of the United States|president]] elected under the new constitution. The [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], forbidding federal restriction of [[Natural and legal rights|personal freedoms]] and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791.[[#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193\n\nAlthough the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808, after 1820 cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the [[Deep South]], and along with it the slave population.{{cite book |author=Cogliano, Francis D. |title=Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1f-wAfE0mpsC&pg=PA219 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-2733-6|page=219}}[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 43[[#Gordon|Gordon, 2004]], pp. 27,29 The [[Second Great Awakening]], beginning about 1800, converted millions to [[evangelicalism|evangelical]] Protestantism. In the North it energized multiple social reform movements, including [[abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]];{{cite book |author=Clark, Mary Ann |title=Then We'll Sing a New Song: African Influences on America's Religious Landscape |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3Tl3vqx-BX0C&pg=PT47 |date=May 2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0881-0|page=47}} in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations.Heinemann, Ronald L., et al., Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia 1607-2007, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8139-2609-4, p.197\n\nAmericans' eagerness to [[United States territorial acquisitions|expand westward]] prompted a long series of [[American Indian Wars]].{{cite book|author1=Billington, Ray Allen |author2=Ridge, Martin |author-link2= Martin Ridge (historian) |title=Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YoV-k7VcyZ0C&pg=PA22 |year=2001 |publisher=UNM Press |isbn=978-0-8263-1981-4 |page=22}} The [[Louisiana Purchase]] of French-claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation's size.{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |publisher=National Park Services |url=http://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |accessdate=March 1, 2011}} The [[War of 1812]], declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw, strengthened U.S. nationalism.{{cite book |author=Wait, Eugene M. |title=America and the War of 1812 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=puuQ30N0EsIC&pg=PA78 |year=1999 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=978-1-56072-644-9|page=78}} A series of U.S. military incursions into Florida led [[Adams–Onís Treaty|Spain to cede]] it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819.{{cite book |author1= Klose, Nelson |author2=Jones, Robert F. |title=United States History to 1877 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r4pXwnFs2HMC&pg=PA150 |year=1994|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9|page=150}} Expansion was aided by [[Steam engine|steam power]], when [[steamboats]] began traveling along America's large water systems, which were connected by new [[canal]]s, such as the [[Erie Canal|Erie]] and the [[Illinois and Michigan Canal|I&M]]; then, even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation's land.Winchester, pp. 198, 216, 251, 253\n\n[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|300px|[[United States territorial acquisitions|U.S. territorial acquisitions]]{{endash}}portions of each territory were granted statehood since the 18th century.]]\nFrom 1820 to 1850, [[Jacksonian democracy]] began a set of reforms which included wider male suffrage; it led to the rise of the [[Second Party System]] of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854. The [[Trail of Tears]] in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that moved Indians into the west to their own reservations. The U.S. annexed the [[Republic of Texas]] in 1845 during a period of expansionist [[Manifest destiny]].{{cite book |author=Morrison, Michael A. |title=Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YTaxzMlkVEMC&pg=PA13 |year=1999|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=978-0-8078-4796-1|pages=13–21}} The 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]] with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day [[Northwestern United States|American Northwest]].{{cite book |author=Kemp, Roger L. |title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180 |year=2010 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]|isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2|page=180}} Victory in the [[Mexican–American War]] resulted in the 1848 [[Mexican Cession]] of California and much of the present-day American Southwest.{{cite book |author1=McIlwraith, Thomas F. |author2=Muller, Edward K. |title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA61 |year=2001|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8|page=61}}\n\nThe [[California Gold Rush]] of 1848–49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states.{{cite book |author=Rawls, James J. |title=A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&pg=PA20 |year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21771-3|page=20}} After the [[American Civil War]], new transcontinental [[Rail transportation in the United States#History|railways]] made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans.{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |authorlink=Jeremy Black (historian)|title=Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&pg=PA275 |year=2011|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-35660-4|page=275}} Over a half-century, the loss of the buffalo was an existential blow to many [[Plains Indians]] cultures.{{cite book|author=Wishart, David J. |title=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rtRFyFO4hpEC&pg=PA37 |year=2004|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-4787-1|page=37}} In 1869, a new [[Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant#Indian affairs and human rights|Peace Policy]] sought to protect Native-Americans from abuses, avoid further warfare, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship.Smith (2001), ''Grant'', pp. 523–526\n\n===Civil War and Reconstruction Era===\n{{further|American Civil War|Reconstruction Era}}\n[[File:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Gettysburg]], [[Pennsylvania]] during the Civil War by [[Thure de Thulstrup]]]]\n\n[[Origins of the American Civil War|Differences of opinion and social order]] between northern and southern states in early United States society, particularly regarding [[Slavery in the United States|Black slavery]], ultimately led the USA into the American Civil War.{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76}} Initially, states entering the Union alternated between [[slave and free states]], keeping a sectional balance in the Senate, while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives. But with additional western territory and more free-soil states, tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories, whether and how to expand or restrict slavery.{{cite book|author=Patrick Karl O'Brien|title=Atlas of World History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA184|year= 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-521921-0|page=184}}\n\nWith the 1860 election of [[Abraham Lincoln]], the first president from the largely anti-slavery [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], conventions in thirteen states ultimately declared secession and formed the [[Confederate States of America]], while the U.S. federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his [[Emancipation Proclamation]], a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.{{cite book|last=Vinovskis|first=Maris|date=1990|title=Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|page=4|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York|isbn=0-521-39559-3}}\n\nFollowing the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] victory in 1865, [[Reconstruction Amendments|three amendments]] to the U.S. Constitution brought about the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|prohibition of slavery]], gave [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|U.S. citizenship]] to the nearly four million [[African American]]s who had been slaves,{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760. and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|promised them voting rights]]. The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in [[Federalism in the United States|federal power]]De Rosa, Marshall L. (1997). ''The Politics of Dissolution: The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War''. Edison, NJ: Transaction. p. 266. ISBN 1-56000-349-9. aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves.{{cite book|author=G. Alan Tarr|title=Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8Q6Gh5_OQgQC&pg=PA30|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-56736-3|page=30}} But following the [[Reconstruction Era]], throughout the South [[Jim Crow laws]] soon effectively [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchised]] most blacks and some poor whites. Over the subsequent decades, in both the North and the South blacks and some whites faced systemic discrimination, including [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] and occasional [[Lynching in the United States|vigilante violence]], sparking [[Anti-lynching movement|national movements]] against these abuses.\n\n===Industrialization===\n{{Main|Economic history of the United States}}\n{{further|Labor history of the United States}}\n[[Image:Ellis island 1902.jpg|thumb|[[Ellis Island]], in [[New York City]], was a major gateway for the influx of [[immigration]]]]\nIn the North, urbanization and an unprecedented [[Immigration to the United States#History|influx of immigrants]] from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization and transformed its culture.{{cite book|author=John Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA74|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=74}} National infrastructure including [[First Transcontinental Telegraph|telegraph]] and [[First Transcontinental Railroad|transcontinental railroads]] spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the [[American frontier|American Old West]]. The later invention of [[Incandescent light bulb|electric light]] and the [[telephone]] would also impact communication and urban life.Winchester, pp. 351, 385 The end of the [[American Indian Wars|Indian Wars]] further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets.{{cite web|title=Toward a Market Economy|url=http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/history/us-history-i/economic-growth-and-development-18151860/toward-a-market-economy|website=[[CliffsNotes]]|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|accessdate=December 23, 2014}} Mainland expansion was completed by the [[Alaska Purchase|purchase of Alaska]] from [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in 1867.{{cite web|title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|accessdate=December 23, 2014}} In 1898 the U.S. entered the world stage with important sugar production and strategic facilities acquired in [[Hawaii]].{{cite web|last1=Huntrods|first1=Diane|title=Sugarcane Profile|url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/sugarcane-profile/|publisher=Iowa State University|website=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center|accessdate=December 23, 2014}} [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], and the [[Philippines]] were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the [[Spanish–American War]].{{cite web|title=The Spanish-American War, 1898|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|accessdate=December 24, 2014}}\n\n[[Gilded Age|Rapid economic development]] at the end of the 19th century produced many prominent industrialists, and the U.S. economy became the world's largest.{{cite book|last1=Kirkland|first1=Edward|title=Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy|pages=400–405|edition=1961}} Dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of [[People's Party (United States)|populist]], [[History of the socialist movement in the United States|socialist]], and [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchist]] movements.[[#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]] This period eventually ended with the advent of the [[Progressive Era]], which saw significant reforms in many societal areas, including [[women's suffrage]], [[Prohibition in the United States|alcohol prohibition]], regulation of consumer goods, greater [[United States antitrust law|antitrust measures]] to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.\n\n===World War I, Great Depression, and World War II===\n{{further|World War I|Great Depression|World War II}}\n[[File:Approaching Omaha.jpg|thumb|U.S. troops approaching [[Omaha Beach]] during World War II]]\nThe United States remained neutral at the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, though by 1917, it joined the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], helping to turn the tide against the [[Central Powers]]. In 1919, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] took a leading diplomatic role at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the [[League of Nations]]. However, the Senate refused to approve this, and did not ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]] that established the League of Nations.McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. ISBN 0-7386-0070-9.\n\nIn 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|constitutional amendment]] granting [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]].{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920. ... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}} The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of [[radio]] for [[mass communication]] and the invention of early [[television]].Winchester pp. 410–411 The prosperity of the [[Roaring Twenties]] ended with the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] and the onset of the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]]. After his election as president in 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded with the [[New Deal]], which included the establishment of the [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] system.{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}} The [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of millions of African Americans out of the American South began around WWI and extended through the 1960s;{{Cite book |last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |title=The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America |page = 6 |year=1991 |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |isbn=0-394-56004-3 }} whereas the [[Dust Bowl]] of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.{{cite book|author=James Noble Gregory|title=American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507136-8}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |author= |year=2013 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation |accessdate=October 5, 2014}}
{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |title=The Migrant Experience |last1=Fanslow |first1=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1998 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=October 5, 2014}}
{{cite book|author=Walter J. Stein|title=California and the Dust Bowl Migration|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-6267-6}}\n\nThe United States was at first effectively neutral during [[Military history of the United States during World War II|World War II]]'s early stages but began supplying material to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in March 1941 through the [[Lend-Lease]] program. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire of Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], prompting the United States to join the Allies against the [[Axis powers]].{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|website=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=April 2, 2015}} Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers,{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |title=American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics |publisher=Congressional Research Service |last=Leland |first=Anne |last2=Oboroceanu |first2=Mari–Jana |date=February 26, 2010 |accessdate=February 18, 2011}} p. 2. it emerged [[World War II casualties#Human losses by country|relatively undamaged]] from the war with even greater economic and military influence.Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage. p. 358. ISBN 0-679-72019-7. Indeed, World War II ushered in the zenith of U.S. power in what came to be called the [[American Century]], as {{Harvnb|Leffler|2010|p=67}}, indicates: \"Truman presided over the greatest military and economic power the world had ever known. War production had lifted the United States out of the Great Depression and had inaugurated an era of unimagined prosperity. Gross national product increased by 60 percent during the war, total earnings by 50 percent. Despite social unrest, labor agitation, racial conflict, and teenage vandalism, Americans had more discretionary income than ever before. Simultaneously, the U.S. government had built up the greatest war machine in human history. By the end of 1942, the United States was producing more arms than all the Axis states combined, and, in 1943, it made almost three times more armaments than did the Soviet Union. In 1945, the United States had two-thirds of the world's gold reserves, three-fourths of its invested capital, half of its shipping vessels, and half of its manufacturing capacity. Its GNP was three times that of the Soviet Union and more than five times that of Britain. It was also nearing completion of the atomic bomb, a technological and production feat of huge costs and proportions.\" Allied conferences at [[Bretton Woods Conference|Bretton Woods]] and [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] outlined a new system of international organizations that placed the [[United States and the United Nations|United States]] and [[Soviet Union and the United Nations|Soviet Union]] at the center of world affairs. As an [[Victory in Europe Day|Allied victory was won in Europe]], a 1945 [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|international conference]] held in [[San Francisco]] produced the [[United Nations Charter]], which became active after the war.{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612221444/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm |archivedate=June 12, 2007 |title=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945 |date=October 2005 |accessdate=June 11, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian}} The United States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear weapons]] and used them on Japan; the Japanese [[Surrender of Japan|surrendered]] on September 2, ending World War II.Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.\n\n===Cold War and civil rights era===\n{{Main|History of the United States (1945–64)|History of the United States (1964–80)|History of the United States (1980–91)}}\n[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev hold discussions.jpg|thumb|US President [[Ronald Reagan]] (left) and [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet General Secretary]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], meeting [[Geneva Summit (1985)|in Geneva]] in 1985]]\n\nAfter World War II the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for power during what is known as the [[Cold War]], driven by an ideological divide between [[capitalism]] and [[communism]].{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}} They dominated the military affairs of [[Europe]], with the U.S. and its [[NATO]] allies on one side and the USSR and its [[Warsaw Pact]] allies on the other. The U.S. developed a policy of \"[[containment]]\" toward Soviet bloc expansion. While they engaged in [[proxy war]]s and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict. The U.S. often opposed [[Third World]] left-wing movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored. American troops fought communist [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese]] and [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] of 1950–53. The Soviet Union's 1957 launch of the [[Sputnik 1|first artificial satellite]] and its 1961 launch of the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflight]] initiated a \"[[Space Race]]\" in which the United States became the first to [[Apollo 11|land a man on the moon]] in 1969.{{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}} A proxy war was expanded in Southeast Asia with the [[Vietnam War]].{{refn|group=fn|Beginning between 1945, 1954, 1962 (depending on different sources) and ending in the mid-1970s. Several start dates of the war are given by different sources: 1945,{{cite book|author=Gary Donaldson|title=America at War Since 1945: Politics and Diplomacy in Korea, Vietnam, and the Gulf War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jOHR0neab58C&pg=PA208|date=January 1, 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95660-8|page=208}} 1954,{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/ |title=Battlefield: Timeline |author= |website=Battlefield Vietnam Web Site |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |accessdate=October 31, 2014}} 1959,{{cite book|author=R. J. Rummel|title=Death by Government|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA255|date=January 1, 1997|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-56000-927-6|page=255}} and 1962;{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/vietnam/ |title=Vietnam War 1962–75 |author= |website=Australian War Memorial |publisher=Government of Australia |accessdate=October 31, 2014}} the end date is also debated. Major U.S. involvement stopped in 1973,{{cite news |last=Ip |first=Michael |date=March 29, 2013 |title=Looking Back: The End of the Vietnam War |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/03/looking-back-the-end-of-the-vietnam-war/ |newspaper=ABC News |accessdate=October 31, 2014 }} yet most recognize the end of the Second Indochina War as when the Republic of Vietnam was toppled in 1975.{{cite book|author=Allan Todd|title=History for the IB Diploma: The Cold War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yoapyhfmsHkC&pg=PT172|date=May 19, 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-18932-3|page=172}}}}\n\nAt home, the U.S. experienced [[Post–World War II economic expansion|sustained economic expansion]] and a [[Post–World War II baby boom|rapid growth of its population]] and middle class. Construction of an [[Interstate Highway System]] transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and [[inner city|inner cities]] to large [[suburb]]an housing developments.Winchester, pp. 305-308{{cite web|last1=Blas|first1=Elisheva|title=The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways|url=http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.pdf|website=http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/|publisher=Society for History Education|accessdate=January 19, 2015}} A growing [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|civil rights movement]] used [[nonviolence]] to confront segregation and discrimination, with [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] becoming a prominent leader and figurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], sought to end racial discrimination.{{cite book |last=Dallek |first=Robert |year=2004 |title=Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President |page=169 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515920-2}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=97 |title=Our Documents – Civil Rights Act (1964) |publisher=United States Department of Justice |accessdate=July 28, 2010}}{{cite web |url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp | title =Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York |date=October 3, 1965 |accessdate=January 1, 2012}} Meanwhile, a [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] grew which was fueled by [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition to the Vietnam war]], [[black nationalism]], and the [[sexual revolution]]. The launch of a \"[[War on Poverty]]\" expanded entitlement and welfare spending.{{cite web|url=http://www.ssa.gov/history/lbjsm.html|title=Social Security|work=ssa.gov}}\n\nThe 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of [[stagflation]]. After his election in 1980, President [[Ronald Reagan]] responded to economic stagnation with [[Reaganomics|free-market oriented reforms]]. Following the collapse of [[détente]], he abandoned \"containment\" and initiated the more aggressive \"[[rollback]]\" strategy towards the USSR.[[#Soss|Soss, 2010]], p. 277[[#Fraser|Fraser, 1989]][[#Ferguson|Ferguson, 1986]], pp. 43–53[[#Williams|Williams]], pp. 325–331{{cite book |last=Niskanen |first=William A. |title=Reaganomics: an insider's account of the policies and the people |url=http://books.google.com/?id=zq4rsWNrYo4C&q=Reaganomics&dq=Reaganomics |year=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-505394-4 |page=363}} After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade, by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.{{cite web|title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook|url=http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|accessdate=March 21, 2014|page=11|year=2013}} The late 1980s brought a \"[[Cold War (1985–91)|thaw]]\" in relations with the USSR, and [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally ended the Cold War.{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985—1988 |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352}}{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784}}
{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}
[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]][[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]\n\n===Contemporary history===\n{{Main|History of the United States (1991–present)}}\n{{multiple image\n | align     = right\n | direction = horizontal\n | image1    = WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg\n | height1   = 240\n | width1    = 240\n | caption1  = The former [[World Trade Center]] in [[Lower Manhattan]] on [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]]\n | alt1      =\n | image2    = OneWorldTradeCenter.jpg\n | height2   = 240\n | width2    = 120\n | caption2  = [[One World Trade Center]], built in its former place\n | alt2      =\n}}\nAfter the Cold War, the 1990s saw the [[1990s United States boom|longest economic expansion]] in modern U.S. history, ending in 2001.{{cite news |title=Did Clinton Do It, or Was He Lucky? |author=Dale, Reginald |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/18/business/worldbusiness/18iht-think.2.t_2.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 18, 2000 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}
{{cite book |last=Mankiw |first=N. Gregory |title=Macroeconomics |url=http://books.google.com/?id=58KxPNa0hF4C&lpg=PA463 |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-324-58999-3 |page=559}} [[ARPANET|Originating in U.S. defense networks]], the [[Internet]] spread to international academic networks, and then to the public in the 1990s, greatly impacting the global economy, society, and culture.Winchester, pp. 420-423 On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[World Trade Center]] in New York City and [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killing nearly 3,000 people.{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}
{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}
{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013}} In response the United States launched the [[War on Terror]], which includes the ongoing [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] and the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}
{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872}}{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=http://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013}}
{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=http://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159}}
{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013}}\n\nBeginning in 1994, the U.S. participates in the world's largest trade bloc in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services. The goal of the agreement among the U.S., Canada and Mexico was met to eliminate trade and investment barriers among them by January 1, 2008; trade among the partners has soared since the agreement went into force.[http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta \"North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)\"] Office of the United States Trade Representative. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
{{cite book|author1=Thakur|author2=Manab Thakur Gene E Burton B N Srivastava|title=International Management: Concepts and Cases|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J2SbAuVzHBMC&pg=PA334|year=1997|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-463395-3|pages=334–335}}
{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c9rhlt2Ke3gC&pg=PA201|date=September 13, 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38376-2|page=201}}\n\n[[Barack Obama]], the first [[African American]],{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/barack-obama-elected-as-americas-first-black-president |title=Barack Obama elected as America's first black president |author= |website=History.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC |accessdate=October 7, 2014}}
{{cite book|author=Dorothy Littlejohn Guthrie|title=Integrating African American Literature in the Library and Classroom|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lvHPrQcgShUC&pg=PA191|date=September 30, 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-751-2|page=191}}
{{cite book|author1=Gregory Parks|author2=Matthew Hughey|title=The Obamas and a (Post) Racial America?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lT-z3keUqMMC&pg=PA167|date=January 4, 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-978129-4|page=167}} and [[Multiracial American|multiracial]]{{cite news |author= |date=November 12, 2008 |title=Barack Obama: Face Of New Multiracial Movement? |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96916824 |newspaper=NPR |accessdate=October 4, 2014 }}
{{cite book|author=Eric J. Bailey|title=The New Face of America: How the Emerging Multiracial, Multiethnic Majority is Changing the United States: How the Emerging Multiracial, Multiethnic Majority Is Changing the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YZNgAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|date=May 9, 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38570-4|page=6 |quote=This new cultural trend of acknowledging and recognizing one's multiracial heritage was also influenced, of course, by the United States' election of its first multiracial president — Barack Obama. }}
{{cite book|author1=Miguel E. Gallardo|author2=Brian W. McNeill|title=Intersections of Multiple Identities: A Casebook of Evidence-Based Practices with Diverse Populations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XbTk-baKbjIC&pg=PR27|date=February 11, 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-59467-1|page=XXVII |quote=As demonstrated by the constantly changing demographics of our multiracial society, and most prominently by Barack Obama, the first multiracial President of the United States, it is no longer enough to simply understand diverse groups of individuals as identifying only with a single ethnic or cultural background }}
{{cite book|author1=Jose Ashford|author2=Craig LeCroy|title=Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Multidimensional Perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R8-HitN5Jp0C&pg=PA174|date=June 26, 2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0-495-60169-1|page=174 |quote=This is in part related to the growing presence of prominent multiracial Americans in media, including golf phenomenon Tiger Woods, Academy Award-winning actress Halle Barry, and more recently, and significantly, President Barack Obama.}} president, was elected in 2008 amid the [[Great Recession]],{{cite news |title=African-American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession |agency=Associated Press |author=Washington, Jesse |author2=Rugaber, Chris |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/10/black-recession-economy-african-americans_n_894046.html |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=September 9, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013}}
{{cite news |title=Obama rides economy to White House |author=Hargreaves, Steve |url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/11/04/news/economy/election_polls/index.htm |publisher=CNN |date=November 5, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013}}
{{cite AV media |year=2010 |title=One Year In, a Closer Look at the Obama Presidency |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/jan-june10/obama_01-19.html |accessdate=March 7, 2012 |publisher=MacNeil/Lehrer Production}} which began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009.[http://www.nber.org/cycles.html US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions], NBER, accessed January 11, 2015.\n\n==Geography, climate, and environment==\n{{Main|Geography of the United States|Climate of the United States|Environment of the United States}}\n[[File:USA-satellite.jpg|right|thumb|A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas]]\nThe land area of the [[contiguous United States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|Mm2|1}}. Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|Mm2|1}}. Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], southwest of North America, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in area.{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=http://www.census.gov/|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}\n\nThe United States is the world's third or fourth [[List of countries and dependencies by area|largest nation by total area]] (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below [[China]]. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and [[India]] are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured: calculations range from {{convert|3676486|sqmi|Mm2|1}}{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States |title=United States |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=March 25, 2008}} (area given in square miles) to {{convert|3717813|sqmi|Mm2|1}}{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2005/Table03.pdf |title=Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density |publisher=UN Statistics Division |work=Demographic Yearbook 2005 |accessdate=March 25, 2008}} (area given in square kilometers) to {{convert|3794101|sqmi|Mm2|1}}.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|work=The World Factbook |date=June 20, 2014 |accessdate=January 20, 2015}} (area given in square kilometers) to 3,805,927 square miles (9.9 Mm2). Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada.{{cite web|title=Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}\n\nThe coastal plain of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seaboard gives way further inland to [[deciduous]] forests and the rolling hills of the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]].{{cite web|title=Geographic Regions of Georgia|url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia|website=Georgia Info|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The [[Appalachian Mountains]] divide the eastern seaboard from the [[Great Lakes]] and the grasslands of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].{{cite web|last=Lew|first=Alan|title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US|url=http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|website=GSP 220 - Geography of the United States|publisher=North Arizona University|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]–[[Missouri River]], the world's [[List of rivers by length|fourth longest river system]], runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile [[prairie]] of the [[Great Plains]] stretches to the west, interrupted by [[U.S. Interior Highlands|a highland region]] in the southeast.\n\nThe [[Rocky Mountains]], at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4.3 km) in [[Colorado]].{{cite web|last=Harms|first=Nicole|title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} Farther west are the rocky [[Great Basin]] and deserts such as the [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahua]] and [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]].{{cite web|title=Great Basin|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242919/Great-Basin|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] and [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] mountain ranges run close to the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific coast]], both ranges reaching altitudes higher than {{convert|14000|ft|km}}. The [[Extreme points of the United States|lowest and highest points]] in the [[Contiguous United States|continental]] United States are in the state of [[California]],{{cite web|title=Mount Whitney, California|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829|publisher=Peakbagger|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} and only about {{convert|84|mi|km}} apart.{{cite web|title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W)|url=http://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} At 20,320 feet (6.2 km), Alaska's [[Mount McKinley]] is the tallest peak in the country and in North America.{{cite web|last=Poppick|first=Laura|title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained|url=http://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html|publisher=LiveScience|accessdate=May 2, 2015}} Active [[volcano]]es are common throughout Alaska's [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] and [[Aleutian Islands]], and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The [[supervolcano]] underlying [[Yellowstone National Park]] in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |title=Supervolcano: What's Under Yellowstone? |author=O'Hanlon, Larry |publisher=Discovery Channel |accessdate=June 13, 2007|archiveurl=http://archive.is/vXo7|archivedate=May 25, 2012}}\n\nThe United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the [[100th meridian west|100th meridian]], the climate ranges from [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] in the north to [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the south.{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The southern tip of [[Florida]] is tropical, as is Hawaii.{{cite web|title=Köppen Classification Map, clearly showing South Florida has a tropical climate|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid. Much of the Western mountains have an [[alpine climate]]. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in [[coastal California]], and [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Extreme weather is not uncommon—the states bordering the [[Gulf of Mexico]] are prone to [[Tropical cyclone|hurricanes]], and most of the world's [[tornado]]es occur within the country, mainly in [[Tornado Alley]] areas in the Midwest and South.{{cite news |author=Perkins, Sid |url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp |archivedate=July 1, 2007 |title=Tornado Alley, USA |accessdate=September 20, 2006 |date=May 11, 2002 |work=Science News}}\n\n===Wildlife===\n{{main|Fauna of the United States|Flora of the United States}}\n[[File:Bald Eagle Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[bald eagle]] has been the national bird of the United States since 1782.]]\nThe U.S. ecology is [[megadiverse countries|megadiverse]]: about 17,000 species of [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of [[flowering plant]]s are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008}} The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, and 295 amphibian species.{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} About 91,000 insect species have been described.{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}} The [[bald eagle]] is both the [[List of national birds|national bird]] and [[List of national animals|national animal]] of the United States, and is an enduring symbol of the country itself.{{Cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}\n\nThere are 58 [[List of areas in the United States National Park System|national parks]] and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and [[wilderness]] areas.{{cite press release |url=http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639 |title=National Park Service Announces Addition of Two New Units |publisher=National Park Service |date=February 28, 2006 |accessdate=June 13, 2006}} Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area.{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|accessdate=January 18, 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}} Most of this is [[protected area|protected]], though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching; about .86% is used for military purposes.{{cite web|last1=Gorte|first1=Ross W.|last2=Vincent|first2=Carol Hardy.|last3=Hanson|first3=Laura A.|last4=Marc R.|first4=Rosenblum|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf|website=https://fas.org/|publisher=Congressional Research Service|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}{{cite web|title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development|url=http://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm|website=http://www.doi.gov/|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|accessdate=January 19, 2015}}\n\n[[Environmental issues in the United States|Environmental issues]] have been on the national agenda since 1970. Environmental controversies include debates on oil and [[nuclear binding energy|nuclear energy]], dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging and [[deforestation]],{{cite web|author=The National Atlas of the United States of America |url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |title=Forest Resources of the United States |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov |date=January 14, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |format=PDF |year=2003 |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} and international responses to global warming.[[#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78Hays, Samuel P. (2000). ''A History of Environmental Politics since 1945''. Many federal and state agencies are involved. The most prominent is the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.{{cite book|last=Collin|first=Robert W.|title=The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OVPoqXeTYTwC&pg=PA1|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33341-5|page=1}} The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act.Turner, James Morton (2012). ''The Promise of Wilderness'' The [[Endangered Species Act]] of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]].{{cite book|title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1|publisher=General Accounting Office, DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4|page=1}}\n\n==Demographics==\n{{Main|Demographics of the United States|Americans|List of U.S. states by population density|List of United States cities by population}}\n\n===Population===\n\n{|class=\"infobox\" style=\"font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:240px\"\n|- style=\"background:#f5f5f5\"\n!Race/Ethnicity (2013)\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n|-\n!By race:{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html|title=USA| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 27, 2014}}\n|-\n| [[White American|White]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|77.7%\n|-\n| [[African American]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|13.2%\n|-\n| [[Asian American|Asian]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|5.3%\n|-\n| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] and [[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|1.2%\n|-\n| [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islands American|Pacific Islander]] || style=\"text-align:center;\"|0.2%\n|-\n| [[Multiracial American|Multiracial]] (2 or more) || style=\"text-align:center;\"| 2.4%\n|-\n!By ethnicity:\n|-\n| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]] (of any race) || style=\"text-align:center;\"|17.1%\n|-\n| Non-[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]] (of any race) || style=\"text-align:center;\"|82.9%\n|}\n[[File:Liberty-statue-from-below.jpg|thumb|The [[Statue of Liberty]] in [[New York City]] is a symbol of both the U.S. and the ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity.{{cite web| title = Statue of Liberty| work=World Heritage| publisher=UNESCO| url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307| accessdate = October 20, 2011}}]]\nThe [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] currently estimates the country's population to be {{formatnum:{{data United States | Poptoday}}}}, The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century, from about 76 million in 1900.{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/06statab/pop.pdf |title=Statistical Abstract of the United States |year=2005 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}} The third most populous nation in the world, after China and [[India]], the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected.{{cite web |url=http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/uspopperspec/uspopperspec.html |title=Executive Summary: A Population Perspective of the United States |publisher=Population Resource Center |date=May 2000 |accessdate=December 20, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604165856/http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/uspopperspec/uspopperspec.html |archivedate=June 4, 2007}} In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children, by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56.{{cite book|title=Opposition and Intimidation:The abortion wars and strategies of political harassment|author=Alesha E. Doan|year=2007|page=40|publisher=University of Michigan}}\n\nThe United States has a very diverse population; 37 [[U.s. ancestry|ancestry groups]] have more than one million members.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|title=Ancestry 2000|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=June 2004|accessdate=June 13, 2007}} [[German American]]s are the largest ethnic group (more than 50 million) - followed by [[Irish American]]s (circa 37 million), [[Mexican American]]s (circa 31 million) and [[English American]]s (circa 28 million).{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |title=Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |format=PDF |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=August 5, 2014}}{{cite web|last=Oleaga|first=Michael|title=Immigration Numbers Update: 13 Million Mexicans Immigrated to US in 2013, But Chinese Migrants Outnumber Other Latin Americans|url=http://www.latinpost.com/articles/20628/20140903/immigration-numbers-update-13-million-mexicans-immigrated-2013-chinese-migrants.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140905071238/http://www.latinpost.com/articles/20628/20140903/immigration-numbers-update-13-million-mexicans-immigrated-2013-chinese-migrants.htm|publisher=Latin Post|archivedate=September 5, 2014|accessdate=December 28, 2014}}\n\n[[White American]]s are the largest [[race (human classification)|racial group]]; [[African American|Black Americans]] are the nation's largest [[minority group|racial minority]] and third largest ancestry group. [[Asian American]]s are the country's second largest racial minority; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are [[Chinese American]]s, [[Filipino American]]s, and [[Indian American]]s.\n\nThe United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000, which is 5 births below the world average.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2054.html|title=Field Listing: Birth Rate|publisher=The World Factboook|work=Central Intelligence Agency|year=2014|accessdate=January 21, 2015}} Its [[population growth]] rate is positive at 0.7%, [[Total fertility rate#Developed or developing countries|higher than that of many developed nations]].{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW/countries|title=Population growth (annual %)|publisher=The World Bank|work=United Nations Population Division|year=2014|accessdate=January 21, 2015}} In fiscal year 2012, over one million [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]] (most of whom entered through [[Chain migration#Legislation and chain migration|family reunification]]) were granted [[Permanent residence (United States)|legal residence]].[http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_lpr_fr_2012_2.pdf \"U.S. Legal Permanent Residents: 2012\"]. [[Office of Immigration Statistics]] ''Annual Flow Report.'' [[Mexico]] has been the leading source of new residents since the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration Act]]. China, India, and the [[Philippines]] have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s.{{cite web|title=Immigrants in the United States, 2010: A Profile of America's Foreign-Born Population|url=http://cis.org/2012-profile-of-americas-foreign-born-population|website=Center for Immigrant Studies|accessdate=January 13, 2015}} {{As of|2012}}, approximately 11.4 million residents are [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigrants]].{{cite web |url=http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2012_2.pdf |title=Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012 |last1=Baker |first1=Bryan |last2=Rytina |first2=Nancy |date=March 2013 |website=Office of Immigration Statistics |publisher=Department of Homeland Security |accessdate=October 21, 2014}}\n\nAccording to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute, nine million Americans, or roughly 3.4% of the adult population identify themselves as [[homosexuality|homosexual]], [[bisexuality|bisexual]], or [[transgender]].{{cite web|title=What percentage of the U.S. population is gay, lesbian or bisexual?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/07/15/what-percentage-of-the-u-s-population-is-gay-lesbian-or-bisexual/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=December 28, 2014}}{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/williams-institute-report-reveals-million-gay-bisexual-transgender/story?id=13320565 |title=Gay Americans Make Up 4 Percent of Population |accessdate=August 26, 2012 |publisher=ABC News |date=April 8, 2011 |author=Donaldson James, Susan}} A 2012 Gallup poll also concluded that 3.5% of adult Americans identified as [[LGBT]]. The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia (10%), while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7%.{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |title=LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota |publisher=Gallup |accessdate=June 14, 2014}} In a 2013 survey, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] found that 96.6% of Americans identify as straight, while 1.6% identify as gay or lesbian, and 0.7% identify as being bisexual.{{cite news |last=Somashekher |first=Sandhya |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Health survey gives government its first large-scale data on gay, bisexual population |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/health-survey-gives-government-its-first-large-scale-data-on-gay-bisexual-population/2014/07/14/2db9f4b0-092f-11e4-bbf1-cc51275e7f8f_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |accessdate=November 19, 2014 }}
{{cite news |last=Bigelow |first=William |date=July 15, 2015 |title=CDC: Nation's Percentage of Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals Less than Supposed |url=http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2014/07/15/Study-Nation-s-Percentage-of-Gays-Less-Than-Supposed |newspaper=Breitbart |accessdate=November 19, 2014 }}
{{cite news |last=Sieczkowski |first=Cavan |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Health Survey: About 2 Percent Of Americans Are Gay Or Lesbian |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/15/health-survey-americans-gay_n_5587696.html |newspaper=Huffington Post |accessdate=November 19, 2014 }}
{{cite news |last=Painter |first=Kim |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Just over 2% tell CDC they are gay, lesbian, bisexual |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/07/15/gay-lesbian-bisexual-cdc-survey/12671717/ |newspaper=USA Today |accessdate=November 19, 2014 }}\n\nIn 2010, the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] or [[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]] ancestry (2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry) and 1.2 million with some [[Native Hawaiians|native Hawaiian]] or [[Pacific Islander|Pacific island]] ancestry (0.5 million exclusively).{{cite web|author=Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. |url= http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |date=March 2011 |accessdate= March 29, 2011}} The census counted more than 19 million people of \"Some Other Race\" who were \"unable to identify with any\" of its five official race categories in 2010.\n\nThe population growth of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] (the terms are officially interchangeable) is a major [[demographic transition|demographic trend]]. The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct \"[[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|ethnicity]]\" by the Census Bureau; 64% of Hispanic Americans are of [[Mexican American|Mexican descent]].{{cite web | url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/07_1YR/B03001 | title = B03001. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin | work = 2007 American Community Survey | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = September 26, 2008}} Between 2000 and 2010, the country's Hispanic population increased 43% while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9%.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/data/|title=2010 Census Data| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=March 29, 2011}} Much of this growth is from immigration; in 2007, 12.6% of the U.S. population was [[Foreign born|foreign-born]], with 54% of that figure born in [[Latin America]].{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/pop.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|work=Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009| title=Tables 41 and 42—Native and Foreign-Born Populations|accessdate= October 11, 2009}}\n\n[[Fertility]] is also a factor; in 2010 the average Hispanic (of any race) woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime, compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women (both below the [[Replacement rates|replacement rate]] of 2.1).{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports: Volume 61, Number 1. Births: Final Data for 2012 |date=August 2012 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=November 25, 2012}} [[Minority group|Minorities]] (as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic, non-multiracial whites) constituted 36.3% of the population in 2010,[http://www.census.gov/2010census/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn123.html U.S. Census Bureau: \"U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Final State 2010 Census Population Totals for Legislative Redistricting\"] see custom table, 2nd worksheet and over 50% of children under age one,{{cite news |author=Exner, Rich |url= http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |title= Americans under age one now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot |date=July 3, 2012 |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |location =Cleveland, OH |accessdate=July 29, 2012}} and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042.{{cite press release |url= http://media.timesfreepress.com/docs/2008/08/U.S._Census_diversity_0823.pdf |accessdate= March 29, 2013 |title=An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury |date=August 14, 2008}} This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports, based on the U.S. census data, which concludes that 54% (2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010) of births were non-Hispanic white.\n\nAbout 82% of Americans live in [[United States urban area|urban areas]] (including suburbs); about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |title =United States -- Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |publisher =U.S. Census Bureau |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100117053950/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archivedate=January 17, 2010 |deadurl= yes}} In 2008, 273 [[List of United States cities by population|incorporated places]] had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four [[global city|global cities]] had over two million ([[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Houston]]).{{cite web |url= http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJk99 |archivedate= December 7, 2009 |title =Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |work= 2008 Population Estimates |publisher= U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division |date=July 1, 2009}} There are 52 [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|metropolitan areas]] with populations greater than one million.{{cite web | url = http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/2008_MSA_Hawaii/CBSA_EST2008_05.pdf |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJzkG |archivedate= December 7, 2009 |title= Table 5. Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings: July 1, 2007 to July 1, 2008 |work= 2008 Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau| date =March 19, 2009}} Of the 50 fastest-growing metro areas, 47 are in the West or South.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb09-45.html|title=Raleigh and Austin are Fastest-Growing Metro Areas|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=March 19, 2009|accessdate=October 11, 2009}} The metro areas of  [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]], [[Dallas]], Houston, [[Atlanta]], and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008.\n
{{Largest Metropolitan Areas of the United States}}
\n{{-}}\n\n===Language===\n{{Main|Languages of the United States}}\n{{See also|Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America|List of endangered languages in the United States}}\n\n[[English language|English]] ([[American English]]) is the de facto [[national language]]. Although there is no [[official language]] at the federal level, some laws—such as [[Naturalized citizen of the United States|U.S. naturalization requirements]]—standardize English. In 2010, about 230 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.\"Language Spoken at Home by the U.S. Population, 2010\", American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, in ''World Almanac and Book of Facts 2012'', p. 615.{{cite web| url = http://www.adfl.org/resources/enrollments.pdf| title = Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning|date=Fall 2002| publisher = MLA| accessdate = October 16, 2006}} Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in 28 states.{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}\n\nBoth [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and English are official languages in Hawaii, by state law.{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131103123226/http://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archivedate=November 3, 2013|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4| publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau|date=November 7, 1978|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}  Alaska recognizes [[Alaska Native languages|many Native languages]].[http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official] April 21, 2014; Bill Chappell; NPR.org While neither has an official language, [[New Mexico]] has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as [[Louisiana]] does for English and [[French language in the United States|French]].{{cite book| author =Dicker, Susan J. | title = Languages in America: A Pluralist View |year=2003|pages=216, 220–25 | location =Clevedon, UK| publisher = Multilingual Matters|isbn=1-85359-651-5}} Other states, such as [[California]], mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms.{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=ccp&group=00001-01000&file=412.10-412.30|title=California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6)| publisher=Legislative Counsel, State of California|accessdate=December 17, 2007}} {{cite web|url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/allforms.htm|title=California Judicial Council Forms| publisher=Judicial Council, State of California|accessdate=December 17, 2007}} Many jurisdictions with large numbers of non-English speakers produce government materials, especially voting information, in the most commonly spoken languages in those jurisdictions.\n\nSeveral insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: [[Samoan language|Samoan]]{{cite web |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=96 |title=Samoan |author= |website=UCLA Language Materials Project |publisher=UCLA |accessdate=October 4, 2014}}
{{cite book|author1=Frederick T.L. Leong|author2=Mark M. Leach|title=Suicide Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups: Theory, Research, and Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mrKTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT185|date=April 15, 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-91680-0|page=185}}
{{cite book|author=Robert D. Craig|title=Historical Dictionary of Polynesia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=01U5DrqoMJgC&pg=PR33|year=2002|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4237-3|page=33}} and [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]{{cite book|author1=Nessa Wolfson|author2=Joan Manes|title=Language of Inequality|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ywvo0fNRGqgC&pg=PA176|year=1985|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-009946-1|page=176}}
{{cite book|author1=Lawrence J. Cunningham|author2=Janice J. Beaty|title=A History of Guam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bkaLkgHEFvIC&pg=PA203|date=January 2001|publisher=Bess Press|isbn=978-1-57306-047-9|page=203}}
{{cite book|author=Eur|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA1137|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-133-9|page=1137}} are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; [[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands;{{cite book|author1=Yaron Matras|author2=Peter Bakker|title=The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qZMRV8y6T8AC&pg=PA301|year=2003|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-017776-3|page=301 |quote=in the Northern Marianas, Chamarro, Carolinian ( = the minority language of a group of Carolinian immigrants), and English received the status of co-official languages in 1985(Rodriguez-Ponga 1995:24-28). }} [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] is officially recognized by the [[Cherokee Nation]] within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma;{{cite book|author=James W. Parins|title=Literacy and Intellectual Life in the Cherokee Nation, 1820–1906|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dab8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248|date=November 4, 2013|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-5122-9|page=248}} Spanish is an official language of [[Puerto Rico]] and is more widely spoken than English there.{{cite web|url=http://www.puertorico.com/translation/|title=Translation in Puerto Rico|work=Puerto Rico Channel|accessdate=December 29, 2013}}\n\n===Religion===\n{{Main|Religion in the United States}}\n{{See also|History of religion in the United States|Freedom of religion in the United States|Separation of church and state in the United States|List of religious movements that began in the United States}}\n\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" font-size:80%;\" style=\"margin-left:1em; float:right\"\n|+ style=\"font-size:100%\" | Religious affiliation in the U.S. (2014)\n|-\n! Affiliation\n! colspan=\"2\"|% of U.S. population\n|-\n| [[Christianity|Christian]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|70.6||2||background:darkblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"|  [[Protestant]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|46.5||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:30px;\"| [[Evangelical Protestant]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|25.4||2||background:lightblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:30px;\"| [[Mainline Protestant]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|14.7||2||background:lightblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:30px;\"| [[Black church]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|6.5||2||background:lightblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Catholic]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|20.8||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Mormon]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|1.6||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.8||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Eastern Orthodox]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| Other Christian\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.4||2||background:mediumblue}}\n|-\n| Non-Christian faiths\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|5.9||2||background:darkgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Jewish]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|1.9||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Muslim]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.9||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Buddhist]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.7||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Hindu]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.7||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| Other Non-Christian faiths\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|1.8||2||background:lightgreen}}\n|-\n| [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|22.8||2||background:purple}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| Nothing in particular\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|15.8||2||background:#A020F0}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Agnosticism|Agnostic]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|4.0||2||background:#A020F0}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left; text-indent:15px;\"| [[Atheism|Atheist]]\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|3.1||2||background:#A020F0}}\n|-\n| Don't know/refused answer\n|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.6||2||background:#A020F0}}\n|-\n| '''Total''' || '''{{bartable|100||2||background:grey}}'''\n|}\n\nThe [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the [[Free Exercise Clause|free exercise]] of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its [[Establishment Clause|establishment]]. [[Christianity]] is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S., but other religions are followed, too. In a 2013 survey, 56% of Americans said that religion played a \"very important role in their lives\", a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation.{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx#1|title=Religion| publisher=Gallup|date=June 2013|accessdate=January 10, 2014}} In a 2009 Gallup poll 42% of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly; the figures ranged from a low of 23% in Vermont to a high of 63% in Mississippi.{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/125999/mississippians-go-church-most-vermonters-least.aspx |title=Mississippians Go to Church the Most; Vermonters, Least |publisher=Gallup |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} As with other Western countries, the U.S. is becoming less religious. [[Irreligion]] is growing rapidly among Americans under 30.{{cite news|url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/12/pew-survey-doubt-of-god-growing-quickly-among-millennials/|author=Merica, Dan|title=Pew Survey: Doubt of God Growing Quickly among Millennials| publisher=CNN|date=June 12, 2012|accessdate=June 14, 2012}} Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion is declining,{{cite news |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/12/us-confidence-in-organized-religion-at-low-point_n_1669100.html?utm_hp_ref=religion |title= American Confidence In Organized Religion At All Time Low |accessdate=July 14, 2012 |date=July 12, 2012 |work=Huffington Post |first=Samreen |last=Hooda}} and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious.{{cite web |url= http://www.pewforum.org/Age/Religion-Among-the-Millennials.aspx |title=Religion Among the Millennials |publisher=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |accessdate=August 29, 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America’s Changing Religious Landscape|publisher=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |accessdate=May 12, 2015}} According to a 2012 study, Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 48%, thus ending its status as religion of the majority for the first time.[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf \"Nones\" on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation][http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19892837 US Protestants no longer a majority - study][http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2215025/Protestants-longer-majority-U-S-time--rising-number-Americans-religion.html For the first time ever, Protestants are not the majority in U.S. - due to rising number of Americans with 'no religion']\n\nAccording to a 2014 survey, 70.6% of adults identified themselves as [[Christianity in the United States|Christian]],{{cite web|url=http://religions.pewforum.org/affiliations |title=Church Statistics and Religious Affiliations |publisher=Pew Research |accessdate=September 23, 2014}}\n[[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations accounted for 46.5%, while [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]], at 20.8%, was the largest individual denomination.{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/|title=\"Nones\" on the Rise| publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|year=2012|accessdate=January 10, 2014}} The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was 5.9%. Other religions include [[American Jews|Judaism]] (1.9%), [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] (0.9%), [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] (0.7%), [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] (0.7%). The survey also reported that 22.8% of Americans described themselves as [[agnosticism|agnostic]], [[atheism|atheist]] or simply having [[irreligion|no religion]], up from 8.2% in 1990.{{cite web|url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf?ext=.pdf|title=American Religious Identification Survey 2001|author=Kosmin, Barry A., Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar| publisher=CUNY Graduate Center|date=December 19, 2001|accessdate=September 16, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population-graphic/#/United%20States|title=United States|accessdate=May 2, 2013}} There are also [[Unitarian Universalist]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'i]], [[Sikh]], [[Jainism|Jain]], [[Shinto]], [[Confucianism|Confucian]], [[Taoism|Taoist]], [[Neo-Druidism|Druid]], [[Native American religion|Native American]], [[Wicca]]n, [[Religious humanism|humanist]] and [[deism|deist]] communities.Media, Minorities, and Meaning: A Critical Introduction — Page 88, Debra L. Merskin – 2010\n\n[[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States. Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism, and the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] is the largest individual Protestant denomination. About 26 percent of Americans identify as [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestants]], while 15 percent are Mainline and 7 percent belong to a traditionally Black church. [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] in the United States has its origin in the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] and [[French colonization of the Americas|French]] colonization of the Americas, and later grew because of Irish, Italian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration. Rhode Island is the only state where a majority of the population is Catholic. [[Lutheranism]] in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from [[Northern Europe]] and [[Germany]]. [[North Dakota|North]] and [[South Dakota]] are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran. [[Utah]] is the only state where [[Mormonism]] is the religion of the majority of the population. The [[Mormon Corridor]] also extends to parts of [[Idaho]], [[Nevada]] and [[Wyoming]].{{cite book|last=Walsh|first=Margaret|title=The American West. Visions and Revisions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yyDKfY1gyH8C&pg=PA124|date=January 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59671-8|page=124}}\n\nThe [[Bible Belt]] is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average. By contrast, religion plays the least important role in [[New England]] and in the Western United States.\n\n===Family structure===\n{{Main|Family structure in the United States}}\n{{See also|Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|Same-sex marriage in the United States|Cousin marriage law in the United States by state}}\n{{As of|2007}}, 58% of Americans age 18 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 25% had never been married.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/pop.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|work=Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009| title=Table 55—Marital Status of the Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1990 to 2007|accessdate = October 11, 2009}} Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of [[Educational attainment in the United States|bachelor's degrees]].{{cite web |url=http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/news/articles/female_college.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609151527/http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/news/articles/female_college.html |archivedate=June 9, 2007 |title=Women's Advances in Education |publisher=Columbia University, Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy |year=2006 |accessdate=June 6, 2007}}\n\nThe U.S. [[teenage pregnancy]] rate, 79.8 per 1,000 women, is the highest among OECD nations.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_tee_bir_rat-people-teenage-birth-rate |title=Teenage birth rate statistics – countries compared |publisher=NationMaster |accessdate=July 10, 2011}} Between 2007 and 2010, the highest teenage birth rate was in [[Mississippi]], and the lowest in [[New Hampshire]].{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57411738/u.s-teen-birth-rates-fall-to-historic-lows/ |title=U.S. teen birth rates fall to historic lows |publisher=CBS News |date=April 10, 2012 |accessdate=July 4, 2013}} [[Abortion in the United States|Abortion]] is legal throughout the U.S., owing to ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', a 1973 [[Lists of landmark court decisions|landmark decision]] by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. While the abortion rate is falling, the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15–44 remain higher than those of most Western nations.{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5511a1.htm|author=Strauss, Lilo T., et al.|title=Abortion Surveillance—United States, 2003|accessdate = June 17, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health|work=MMWR|date=November 24, 2006}} In 2011, the average age at first birth was 25.6 and 40.7% of births were to unmarried women.{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/births.htm |title=FASTSTATS – Births and Natality |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevntion |date=November 21, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman.{{cite news|last1=Wetzstein|first1=Cheryl|title=U.S. fertility plummets to record low|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/may/28/us-birthrate-plummets-to-record-low/?page=all|accessdate=August 20, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Times|date=May 28, 2014}} [[Adoption in the United States]] is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view (compared to other Western countries).{{cite news |last=Jardine |first=Cassandra |title= Why adoption is so easy in America |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3354960/Why-adoption-is-so-easy-in-America.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location= London |date=October 31, 2007}} In 2001, with over 127,000 adoptions, the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide.{{cite web |url= http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/child-adoption.pdf |title= Child Adoption: Trends and policies |publisher= United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |year=2009}} The legal status of [[LGBT adoption in the United States|same-sex couples adopting]] varies by jurisdiction. [[Polygamy]] is illegal throughout the U.S.{{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90857818|title=Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]: ''[[All Things Considered]]''|accessdate=July 23, 2009|date=May 27, 2008|first=Barbara Bradley|last=Hagerty}}\n\n==Government and politics==\n{{Main|Federal government of the United States|State governments of the United States|Local government in the United States|Elections in the United States}}\n{{triple image|right|Capitol Building Full View.jpg|202|WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|120|USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG|125|
The [[United States Capitol]],
 where [[United States Congress|Congress]] meets:
the [[United States Senate|Senate]], left; the [[United States House of Representatives|House]], right|
The [[White House]], home of the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]|
[[United States Supreme Court Building|Supreme Court Building]], where the [[Supreme Court of the United States|nation's highest court]] sits
}}\nThe United States is the world's oldest surviving [[federation]]. It is a [[constitutional republic]] and [[representative democracy]], \"in which [[majority rule]] is tempered by [[minority rights]] protected by [[Law of the United States|law]]\".Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. ISBN 0-7668-2759-3. The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.{{cite web |url= http://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |title=Constitution of the United States |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate |accessdate=February 11, 2012 |author=Killian, Johnny H.}} For 2013, the U.S. ranked 19th on the [[Democracy Index]]{{cite web|title=Democracy Index 2013|url=http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Democracy0814|website=The Economist}} and 17th on the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite web |title= Corruption Perceptions Index 2014 |url= http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |publisher=Transparency International |accessdate=December 14, 2014}}\n\nIn the [[Federalism#United States|American federalist system]], citizens are usually subject to [[Political divisions of the United States|three levels of government]]: federal, state, and local. The [[Local government in the United States|local government]]'s duties are commonly split between [[County (United States)|county]] and [[municipal corporation|municipal governments]]. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a [[plurality voting system|plurality vote]] of citizens by district. There is no [[proportional representation]] at the federal level, and it is very rare at lower levels.{{cite book|author1=Mikhail Filippov|author2=Peter C. Ordeshook|author3=Olga Shvetsova|title=Designing Federalism: A Theory of Self-Sustainable Federal Institutions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8CMX9GXA4T0C&pg=PA242|date=February 9, 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-01648-3|page=242}}
{{cite book|author1=Barbara Bardes|author2=Mack Shelley|author3=Steffen Schmidt|title=American Government and Politics Today: Essentials 2013 - 2014 Edition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=taMWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA265|date=January 1, 2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=1-285-60571-3|pages=265–266}}\n\n[[File:Political System of the United States.svg|thumb|350px|Political system of the United States]]\nThe federal government is composed of three branches:\n* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The [[bicameralism|bicameral]] [[United States Congress|Congress]], made up of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]],{{cite web|title=The Legislative Branch|publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany|url=http://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm|accessdate=August 20, 2012}} and has the power of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the government.{{cite web|title=The Process for impeachment|publisher=ThinkQuest|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|accessdate=August 20, 2012}}\n* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: [[President of the United States|The President]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can veto [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law (subject to Congressional override), and appoints the [[Cabinet of the United States|members of the Cabinet]] (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{cite web|title=The Executive Branch|publisher=The White House|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch|accessdate=August 20, 2012}}\n* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] and lower [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal courts]], whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{cite book|author1=Kermit L. Hall|author2=Kevin T. McGuire|title=Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC|date=September 9, 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988374-5}}
{{cite book|author=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services|title=Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8X1CzvBXHksC&pg=PA4|date=March 18, 2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-091708-0|page=4}}
{{cite book|author=Bryon Giddens-White|title=The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mbZw3bJsWtUC|date=July 1, 2005|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-6608-2}}
{{cite book|author=Charles L. Zelden|title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rjBUYGbUiQwC|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-702-9}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts.aspx |title=Federal Courts |author= |website= |publisher=United States Courts |accessdate=October 19, 2014}}\n\nThe House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a [[congressional district]] for a two-year term. House seats are [[United States congressional apportionment|apportioned]] among the states by population every tenth year. At the [[2000 United States Census|2010 census]], seven states had the minimum of one representative, while California, the most populous state, had 53.{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/12/21/us/census-districts.html |title =Census 2010: Gains and Losses in Congress |author =Bloch, Matt; Ericson, Matthew; Quealy, Kevin |work=The New York Times |date=May 30, 2013}}\n\nThe Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected [[at-large]] to six-year terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office [[Term limits in the United States|no more than twice]]. The President is [[United States presidential election|not elected by direct vote]], but by an indirect [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]].{{cite web|title=What is the Electoral College|publisher=National Archives|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/about.html|accessdate=August 21, 2012}} The Supreme Court, led by the [[Chief Justice of the United States]], has nine members, who serve for life.{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|publisher=CNN|date=July 13, 2000 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12 |archivedate=July 12, 2012 |deadurl=yes}}\n\nThe state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion; [[Nebraska]] uniquely has a [[unicameralism|unicameral]] legislature.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/407533/Nebraska/78826/Agriculture#toc78830 |title=Nebraska (state, United States) : Agriculture|work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=November 11, 2012}} The [[Governor (United States)|governor]] (chief executive) of each state is directly elected. Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote.\n\nThe original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. [[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article One]] protects the right to the \"great writ\" of [[Habeas corpus in the United States|habeas corpus]]. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;[[#Feldstein|Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011]], p. 9 the first ten amendments, which make up the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], and the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to [[judicial review]] and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'' (1803)[[#Schultz|Schultz, 2009]], pp. 164, 453, 503 in a decision handed down by [[John Marshall|Chief Justice John Marshall]].[[#Schultz|Schultz, 2009]], p. 38\n\n===Political divisions===\n{{Main|Political divisions of the United States|U.S. state|Territories of the United States|List of states and territories of the United States}}\n{{Further|Territorial evolution of the United States|United States territorial acquisitions}}\nThe United States is a federal union of 50 states. The original 13 states were the successors of the [[Thirteen Colonies|13 colonies]] that rebelled against British rule. Early in the country's history, three new states were organized on territory separated from the claims of the existing states: [[Kentucky]] from [[Virginia]]; [[Tennessee]] from [[North Carolina]]; and [[Maine]] from [[Massachusetts]]. Most of the other states have been carved from territories obtained through war or purchase by the U.S. government. One set of exceptions includes [[Vermont]], [[Texas]], and [[Hawaii]]: each was a well-established independent republic before joining the union. During the [[American Civil War]], [[West Virginia]] broke away from Virginia. The most recent state—Hawaii—achieved statehood on August 21, 1959.{{cite news |url= http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/10/18/special/story4.html |title='The Goal Was Democracy for All |work= Honolulu Star-Bulletin |author=Borreca, Richard |date=October 18, 1999 |accessdate=February 11, 2012}} The states [[Texas v. White|do not have the right]] to unilaterally [[secession|secede]] from the union.Zuczek, Richard. \"Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era\" [http://books.google.com/books?id=H80eQweo0V4C&pg=PA649&dq=texas+v.+white&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BCTzU8bAG9DIsATeh4LQBQ&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=texas%20v.%20white&f=false Texas v. White (1869)], ISBN 0-313-33073-5 p. 649.\n\nThe states compose the vast bulk of the U.S. land mass. The [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] is a [[federal district]] which contains the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. The United States also possesses five major overseas territories: [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] in the Caribbean; and [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] in the Pacific.See {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. {{USC|8|1101a}} Those born in the major territories are [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|birthright U.S. citizens]] except Samoans. Samoans born in American Samoa are born [[United States nationality law#Nationals|U.S. nationals]], and may become naturalized citizens.{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=William O. |title=American Samoa: Issues Associated with Potential Changes to the Current System for Adjudicating Matters of Federal Law |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ho_RmgOnwgwC&lpg=PA8 |year=2009 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-0704-9 |page=8 }} American citizens residing in the territories have fundamental constitutional protections and elective self-government, with a territorial [[Delegate (United States Congress)|Member of Congress]], but they do not vote for president as states. Territories have personal and business tax regimes different from that of states.US General Accounting Office, U.S. Insular Areas. [http://www.gao.gov/assets/230/224900.pdf Application of the U.S. Constitution]. November 1997. p. 9. Appendix I, pp. 23–38. Retrieved April 29, 2013.\n\nThe United States also observes [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal sovereignty]] of the Native Nations. Though reservations are within state borders, the reservation is a sovereign entity. While the United States recognizes this sovereignty, other countries may not.{{cite news |last=Fonseca |first=Felicia |agency=Associated Press |title=Native American nations debate sovereignty after Iroquois passport dispute |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700049039/Native-American-nations-debate-sovereignty-after-Iroquois-passport-dispute.html?pg=all |accessdate=July 28, 2012 |newspaper=Deseret News |location=Salt Lake City |date=July 17, 2010}}\n{{USA midsize imagemap with state names}}
\n{{US statehood dates}}\n\n===Parties and elections===\n{{Main|Politics of the United States|Political ideologies in the United States}}\n[[File:Obama meets with Congressional Leadership July 2011.jpg|thumb|(From left to right) [[United States House of Representatives|House]] [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|Majority Leader]] [[Eric Cantor]], House Minority Leader [[Nancy Pelosi]], [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[John Boehner]], [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]], [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Majority Leader]] [[Harry Reid]], and Senate Minority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] at the [[White House]] in 2011]]\nThe United States has operated under a [[two-party system]] for most of its history.{{cite news\n|author= Etheridge, Eric; Deleith, Asger\n|title= A Republic or a Democracy?\n|newspaper= New York Times blogs\n|quote= The US system seems essentially a two-party system. ...\n|date= August 19, 2009\n|url= http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/a-republic-or-a-democracy/\n|accessdate= November 7, 2010\n}} For elective offices at most levels, state-administered [[primary election]]s choose the major party [[nomination|nominees]] for subsequent [[general election]]s. Since the [[United States presidential election, 1856|general election of 1856]], the major parties have been the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], [[History of the United States Democratic Party|founded in 1824]], and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], [[History of the United States Republican Party|founded in 1854]]. Since the Civil War, only one [[Third party (United States)|third-party]] presidential candidate—former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]], running as a [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive]] in [[United States presidential election, 1912|1912]]—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote. The third-largest political party is the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]]. The President and Vice-president are elected through the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] system.{{cite book|last=Avaliktos|first=Neal|title=The Election Process Revisited|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XR21acqXy28C&pg=PA111|date=January 1, 2004|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59454-054-7|page=111}}\n\nWithin American [[political culture]], the Republican Party is considered [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] and the Democratic Party is considered [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]].{{cite book |last=Grigsby |first=Ellen|title=Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2008 |isbn=0-495-50112-3 | pages = 106–7}}{{disputed-inline|Republican Party description|date=May 2015}} The states of the [[Politics of the Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and [[Politics of the Western United States|West Coast]] and some of the Great Lakes states, known as \"[[Red states and blue states|blue states]]\", are relatively liberal. The \"[[Political party strength in U.S. states|red states]]\" of the [[Politics of the Southern United States|South]] and parts of the [[Midwestern United States#Political trends|Great Plains]] and [[Politics of the Western United States|Rocky Mountains]] are relatively conservative.\n\nThe winner of the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] and [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential elections]], Democrat [[Barack Obama]], is the 44th, and current, [[List of Presidents of the United States|U.S. president]].\n\nIn the [[114th United States Congress]], both the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate currently consists of 54 Republicans, and 44 Democrats with two [[independent politician|independents]] who caucus with the Democrats; the House consists of 246 Republicans and 188 Democrats, with one vacancy.{{cite web | url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/cong.aspx | title =Congressional Profile Resources |publisher= [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives|Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]]}} In state governorships, there are 31 Republicans, 18 Democrats and one independent.MultiState Associates Incorporated.\n[https://www.multistate.com/state-resources/governors-legislatures 2015 Governors and Legislatures]. Viewed January 14, 2015. Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors, there are 2 Republicans, 2 Democrats (one is also in the [[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|PPD]]), and 2 Independents.National Governor's Association. [http://www.nga.org/cms/governors/bios Current Governors], viewed January 14, 2015; DeBonis, Mike. \"[http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-mayoral-candidates-bowser-catania-schwartz-await-voters-decision/2014/11/04/494fe0d6-533f-11e4-892e-602188e70e9c_story.html?tid=pm_local_pop Bowser is elected D.C. Mayor]\", Washington Post November 5, 2014, viewed January 14, 2015.\n\nSince the founding of the United States until the 2000s, the country's [[governance]] has been primarily dominated by [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]s (WASPs). However, the situation has changed recently and of the top 17 positions (four national candidates of the two major party in the [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential election]], four leaders in [[112th United States Congress]], and nine [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court Justices]]) there is only one WASP.{{cite web |url= http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2012/09/04/chart-no-more-wasps-in-presidential-races |title=CHART: No more WASPs in Presidential Races |publisher=US News and World Reports |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}{{cite news |author= Knickerbocker, Brad |url= http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2012/0819/US-government-and-politics-no-longer-run-by-WASPs.-Does-it-matter |title=US government and politics no longer run by WASPs. Does it matter? |work=DC Decoder (blog) |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor |location=Boston MA |date=August 19, 2012 |accessdate=December 27, 2012}}{{cite web |url= http://www.npr.org/2012/08/19/159194196/for-the-first-time-no-wasps-this-election |title=For the first time, no WASPs in election |publisher=NPR |date=August 19, 2012 |accessdate= August 3, 2013}}\n\n[[File:The United Nations Secretariat Building.jpg|thumb|The [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]] has been situated in [[Midtown Manhattan]] since 1952.]]\n\n===Foreign relations===\n{{Main|Foreign relations of the United States|Foreign policy of the United States}}\n{{see also|Covert United States foreign regime change actions}}\n\nThe United States has an established structure of foreign relations. It is a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]], and New York City is home to the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]]. It is a member of the [[G7]],{{cite web |url= http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/what_is_g8.html |title=What is the G8? |publisher=University of Toronto |accessdate=February 11, 2012}} [[G-20 major economies|G20]], and [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]. Almost all countries have [[List of diplomatic missions in the United States|embassies]] in Washington, D.C., and many have [[consul (representative)|consulates]] around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|American diplomatic missions]]. However, [[Iran–United States relations|Iran]], [[North Korea–United States relations|North Korea]], [[Foreign relations of Bhutan#Other countries|Bhutan]], and the [[Taiwan–United States relations|Republic of China]] (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States (although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies them with [[Six Assurances|military equipment]]).{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL30957.pdf |title=Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990 |last1=Kan |first1=Shirley A. |date=August 29, 2014 |publisher=Federation of American Scientist |accessdate=October 19, 2014 }}
{{cite news |author= |title=Taiwan's Force Modernization: The American Side |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/taiwans-unstalled-force-modernization-04250/ |newspaper=Defense Industry Daily |date=September 11, 2014 |accessdate=October 19, 2014 }}\n\nThe United States has a \"[[Special Relationship|special relationship]]\" with the [[United Kingdom–United States relations|United Kingdom]]{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&pg=PA45&dq=uk+us+special+relationship#v=onepage&q=uk%20us%20special%20relationship&f=false|title=America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance|page=45|first1=John|first2= Axel |last2=Schäfer|last1=Dumbrell|year=2009 |isbn= 9780203872703}} and strong ties with [[Canada–United States relations|Canada]],{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf|title=Canada–U.S. Relations|author=Ek, Carl, and Ian F. Fergusson|publisher=Congressional Research Service| date=September 3, 2010 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[Australia–United States relations|Australia]],{{cite web |url= http://www.worldcat.org/title/australia-background-and-us-relations/oclc/70208969?title=&detail=&page=frame&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FRL33010.pdf%26checksum%3Df2a13dd063242d8cf4b00dfda18441af&linktype=digitalObject|title=Australia: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=August 8, 2008 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[New Zealand–United States relations|New Zealand]],{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf|title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States|author=Vaughn, Bruce |publisher=Congressional Research Service| date=May 27, 2011 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[Philippines–United States relations|the Philippines]],{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf|title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests|author=Lum, Thomas|publisher=Congressional Research Service| date=January 3, 2011|accessdate=August 3, 2011}} [[Japan–United States relations|Japan]],{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |format=PDF |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |author=Chanlett-Avery, Emma, et al. |publisher=Congressional Research Service | date=June 8, 2011 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[South Korea–United States relations|South Korea]],{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf|title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress|author=Manyin, Mark E., Emma Chanlett-Avery, and Mary Beth Nikitin|publisher=Congressional Research Service| date=July 8, 2011|accessdate=August 28, 2011}} [[Israel–United States relations|Israel]],{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |author=Zanotti, Jim|publisher=Congressional Research Service | date=July 31, 2014 |accessdate=September 12, 2014}} and several [[European Union]] countries, including [[France–United States relations|France]], [[Italy–United States relations|Italy]], [[Germany–United States relations|Germany]], and [[Spain–United States relations|Spain]]. It works closely with fellow [[NATO]] members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the [[Organization of American States]] and [[United States free trade agreements|free trade agreements]] such as the trilateral [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] with Canada and [[Mexico–United States relations|Mexico]]. In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on [[official development assistance]], the most in the world. As a share of America's large [[gross national income]] (GNI), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18% ranked last among 22 donor states. By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous.{{cite web|last=Shah |first=Anup|title=U.S. and Foreign Aid Assistance |date=April 13, 2009 |publisher=GlobalIssues.org |url= http://www.globalissues.org/article/35/us-and-foreign-aid-assistance|accessdate=October 11, 2009}}\n\nThe U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through [[Compact of Free Association]] with [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]] and [[Palau]], all of which are Pacific island nations which were part of the U.S.-administered [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]] beginning after [[World War II]], and gained independence in subsequent years.{{cite book|author=Charles L. Zelden|title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rjBUYGbUiQwC&pg=PA217|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-702-9|page=217}}
{{cite book|author1=Loren Yager|author2=Emil Friberg |author3=Leslie Holen|title=Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TfoBd7_KsZMC&pg=PA7|date=July 2003|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7567-3394-0|page=7}}\n\n===Government finance===\n{{See also|Taxation in the United States|United States federal budget}}\n\n[[Taxation in the United States|Taxes are levied in the United States]] at the federal, state and local government level. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8% of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].{{cite news |author= Porter, Eduardo |title= America's Aversion to Taxes |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/15/business/economy/slipping-behind-because-of-an-aversion-to-taxes.html?_r=1&src=recg |quote=In 1965, taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.7 percent of the nation's output. In 2010, they amounted to 24.8 percent. Excluding Chile and Mexico, the United States raises less tax revenue, as a share of the economy, than every other industrial country. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 14, 2012 |accessdate=August 15, 2012}} During FY2012, the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue, up $147 billion or 6% versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion. Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ($1,132B or 47%), Social Security/Social Insurance taxes ($845B or 35%), and corporate taxes ($242B or 10%).\n\nU.S. taxation is generally [[Progressive tax|progressive]], especially the federal income taxes, and is among the most progressive in the developed world.Taxation in the US:\n* {{cite journal |last=Prasad |first=M. |last2=Deng|first2= Y. |title=Taxation and the worlds of welfare |journal= Socio-Economic Review |date=April 2, 2009 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=431–457 |doi= 10.1093/ser/mwp005 |url= http://ser.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/3/431.abstract?keytype=ref&ijkey=65cyoW8oR1QgGoI |accessdate=May 5, 2013}}\n* {{cite news |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |title=Other countries don't have a \"47%\" |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/09/19/other-countries-dont-have-a-47/ |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=October 29, 2013 |date=September 19, 2012}}\n* {{cite web |title=How Much Do People Pay in Federal Taxes?|url= http://www.pgpf.org/Issues/Taxes/2012/04/041612-tax-rate-explainer.aspx |publisher=Peter G. Peterson Foundation |accessdate=April 3, 2013}}\n* {{cite web |title=Table T12-0178 Baseline Distribution of Cash Income and Federal Taxes Under Current Law |url= http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/numbers/Content/PDF/T12-0178.pdf |publisher=The Tax Policy Center |accessdate=October 29, 2013}} The highest 10% of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes,{{cite news |author=Jane Wells |title=The rich do not pay the most taxes, they pay ALL the taxes |url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/101264757#. |newspaper=CNBC |date=December 11, 2013 |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }}
{{cite news |author=Steve Hargreaves |title=The rich pay majority of U.S. income taxes |url=http://money.cnn.com/2013/03/12/news/economy/rich-taxes/ |newspaper=CNN |date=March 12, 2013 |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }}
{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/federalbudget/top10-percent-income-earners |title=Top 10 Percent of Earners Paid 68 Percent of Federal Income Taxes |author= |year= 2015 |website=Fedeeral Budget |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }}
{{cite news |author=Stephen Dinan |title=CBO: The wealthy pay 70 percent of taxes |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jul/10/cbo-rich-pay-outsized-share-taxes/ |newspaper=Washington Times |date=July 10, 2012 |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }}
{{cite news |author= |title=The Tax Man Cometh! But For Whom? |url=http://www.npr.org/2012/04/15/150632993/the-tax-man-cometh-but-for-whom |newspaper=NPR |date=April 15, 2012 |accessdate=January 14, 2015 }} and about half of all taxes.{{cite news|last1=Wamhoff|first1=Steve|title=Who Pays Taxes in America in 2014?|url=http://www.ctj.org/pdf/taxday2014.pdf|accessdate=January 17, 2015|publisher=Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy|date=April 7, 2014}} Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat [[regressive tax]], with no tax charged on income above $113,700 and no tax at all paid on [[unearned income]] from things such as stocks and capital gains.{{cite web |last=Agadoni |first=Laura |title= Characteristics of a Regressive Tax |url= http://smallbusiness.chron.com/characteristics-regressive-tax-17562.html |publisher =Houston Chronicle Small Business blog}}{{cite web|url=http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxtopics/Payroll-Taxes.cfm |title=TPC Tax Topics | Payroll Taxes |publisher=Taxpolicycenter.org |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers.{{cite web |title=The Design of the Original Social Security Act |url= http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/genrev.html |work=Social Security Online |publisher=U.S. Social Security Administration |accessdate=April 3, 2013}}{{cite web |last=Blahous |first=Charles |title=The Dark Side of the Payroll Tax Cut |url= http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/109216 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131016140415/http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/109216|archivedate=October 16, 2013|work=Defining Ideas |publisher= Hoover Institution |accessdate=April 3, 2013 |date=February 24, 2012}} The top 10% paid 51.8% of total federal taxes in 2009, and the top 1%, with 13.4% of pre-tax national income, paid 22.3% of federal taxes.{{cite web |title=The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2008 and 2009 |url= http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/43373-06-11-HouseholdIncomeandFedTaxes.pdf |accessdate=April 3, 2013 |publisher= Congressional Budget Office |date=July 2012}} In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5% for the top 1%, 27.2% for the top quintile, 13.8% for the middle quintile, and −2.7% for the bottom quintile.{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Ohlemacher |title=Tax bills for rich families approach 30-year high |url= http://seattletimes.com/html/politics/2020475301_apustaxingtherich.html|accessdate=April 3, 2013|newspaper=The Seattle Times |agency=Associated Press |date=March 3, 2013}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}{{cite news |title=Who will pay what in 2013 taxes? |url= http://seattletimes.com/html/politics/2020475325_apustaxeswhopayswhat.html |accessdate=April 3, 2013 |newspaper=The Seattle Times |agency=Associated Press |date=March 3, 2013}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}} The [[tax incidence|incidence]] of [[corporate tax in the United States|corporate income tax]] has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades.Tax incidence of corporate tax in the United States:\n* {{cite web |last=Harris |first=Benjamin H. |date= November 2009 |title=Corporate Tax Incidence and Its Implications for Progressivity |url= http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001349_corporate_tax_incidence.pdf |publisher=Tax Policy Center |accessdate=October 9, 2013}}\n* {{cite web |last=Gentry |first=William M. |date=December 2007 |title=A Review of the Evidence on the Incidence of the Corporate Income Tax |url= http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/tax-analysis/Documents/ota101.pdf |work=OTA Paper 101 |publisher=Office of Tax Analysis, U.S. Department of the Treasury |accessdate=October 9, 2013}}\n* {{cite book |last=Fullerton |first=Don |title=Handbook of Public Economics |year=2002 |publisher=Elsevier Science B.V. |location=Amsterdam |pages=1788–1839 |url= http://works.bepress.com/don_fullerton/15/ |last2= Metcalf|first2= Gilbert E. |editor=A.J. Auerbach and M. Feldstein|accessdate=October 9, 2013|chapter=Tax Incidence}}\n* {{cite journal |last=Musgrave |first=R.A. |last2=Carroll|first2=J.J.|last3=Cook|first3= L.D.|last4=Frane|first4= L. |title= Distribution of Tax Payments by Income Groups: A Case Study for 1948 |journal= National Tax Journal |date=March 1951 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–53 |url= https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/?item_id=463471&filepath=/docs/historical/eccles/026_13_0001.pdf |accessdate=October 9, 2013}}{{cite news |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |title=Other countries don't have a \"47%\" |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/09/19/other-countries-dont-have-a-47/ |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=October 29, 2013 |date=September 19, 2012}} State and local taxes vary widely, but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne [[Regressive tax|regressive]] sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams, though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation.{{cite web |last=Malm |first=Elizabeth |title=Comments on Who Pays? A Distributional Analysis of the Tax Systems in All 50 States |url= http://taxfoundation.org/article/comments-who-pays-distributional-analysis-tax-systems-all-50-states |publisher=Tax Foundation|accessdate=April 3, 2013|date=February 20, 2013}}\n\nDuring FY 2012, the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis, down $60 billion or 1.7% vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion. Major categories of FY 2012 spending included: Medicare & Medicaid ($802B or 23% of spending), Social Security ($768B or 22%), Defense Department ($670B or 19%), non-defense discretionary ($615B or 17%), other mandatory ($461B or 13%) and interest ($223B or 6%).{{cite web |url= http://cbo.gov/publication/43904 |title=CBO Historical Tables-February 2013 |publisher=Congressional Budget Office |date=February 5, 2013 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}\n\n====National debt====\n[[File:Federal Debt Held by the Public 1790-2013.png|thumb|425px|US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP, from 1790 to 2013]]\n{{Main|National debt of the United States}}\n\nThe total [[List of countries by public debt|national debt]] in the United States was $18.527 trillion (106% of the GDP), according to an estimate for 2014 by the [[International Monetary Fund]].{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2012&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=61&pr1.y=12&c=111&s=GGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=#cs1 |title=IMF, United States General government gross debt |publisher=Imf.org |date=September 14, 2006 |accessdate=August 5, 2014}} In January 2015, U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion, or about 72% of U.S. GDP. Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion, giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion.{{cite web |url= http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np |title=Debt to the Penny (Daily History Search Application) |publisher=TreasuryDirect |accessdate=January 6, 2015}}{{cite news |author=Burgess Everett |title=The next debt ceiling fight |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/01/the-next-debt-ceiling-fight-113897.html |newspaper=Politico |date=January 6, 2015 |accessdate=January 6, 2015 }} By 2012, total federal debt had surpassed 100% of U.S. GDP.{{cite web |last=Thornton |first=Daniel L. |title=The U.S. Deficit/Debt Problem: A Longer–Run Perspective |url= http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/12/11/Thornton.pdf |work=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review |accessdate=May 7, 2013 |date=Nov–Dec 2012}} The U.S. has a [[credit rating]] of AA+ from [[Standard & Poor's]], AAA from [[Fitch Ratings|Fitch]], and Aaa from [[Moody's Investors Service|Moody's]].{{cite news |last=Lopez |first=Luciana |title=Fitch backs away from downgrade of U.S. credit rating |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/us-usa-rating-fitch-idUSBRE90R0WS20130128 |accessdate=March 26, 2013 |newspaper=Reuters |date=January 28, 2013}}\n\nHistorically, the U.S. public debt as a share of GDP increased during wars and recessions, and subsequently declined. For example, debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II (113% of GDP in 1945), but then fell over the following 30 years. In recent decades, large budget deficits and the resulting increases in debt have led to concern about the long-term sustainability of the federal government's fiscal policies.{{cite web |url= http://www.gao.gov/special.pubs/longterm/debt/index.html |title=Federal Debt: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=[[Government Accountability Office]] |accessdate=April 16, 2012}} However, these concerns are not universally shared.{{cite news |last=Lynch |first=David J. |title=Economists See No Crisis With U.S. Debt as Economy Gains |url= http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-22/economists-see-no-crisis-with-u-s-debt-as-economy-gains.html |accessdate=March 25, 2013 |newspaper=Bloomberg |location=New York |date=March 21, 2013}}\n\n==Military==\n{{main|United States Armed Forces}}\n[[File:US Navy 060618-N-8492C-212 An Air Force B-2 bomber along with other aircrafts from the Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps fly over the Kitty Hawk, Ronald Reagan and Abraham Lincoln Carrier Strike groups.jpg|thumb|The [[carrier strike group]]s of the ''[[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|Kitty Hawk]]'', ''[[USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)|Ronald Reagan]]'', and ''[[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)|Abraham Lincoln]]'' with aircraft from the [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]].]]\n[[File:US Navy 040204-N-3122S-004 An aerial image of the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) located on the Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Ariz.jpg|thumb|[[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]], Tucson, Arizona (February 4, 2004)]]\n\nThe President holds the title of [[commander-in-chief]] of the nation's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. The [[United States Department of Defense]] administers the armed forces, including the [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]. The [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] is run by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] in peacetime and by the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] during times of war. In 2008, the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty. The [[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|Reserves]] and [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million. The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including contractors.{{cite web |url= http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2009/May%202009/0509facts_fig.pdf |title=The Air Force in Facts and Figures (Armed Forces Manpower Trends, End Strength in Thousands) |work=Air Force Magazine|date=May 2009|accessdate=October 9, 2009}}\n\nMilitary service is voluntary, though [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] may occur in wartime through the [[Selective Service System]].{{cite web |url= http://www.sss.gov/what.htm | title=What does Selective Service provide for America? |publisher= Selective Service System |accessdate=February 11, 2012}} American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of transport aircraft, the Navy's 10 active aircraft carriers, and [[Marine expeditionary unit]]s at sea with the Navy's [[United States Fleet Forces Command|Atlantic and]] [[United States Pacific Fleet|Pacific fleets]]. The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad,{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/pubs/BSR_2008_Baseline.pdf|title=Base Structure Report, Fiscal Year 2008 Baseline|publisher=Department of Defense|accessdate=October 9, 2009}} and maintains [[United States military deployments|deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel]] in 25 foreign countries.{{cite web|url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|publisher=Department of Defense|date=March 31, 2010|accessdate=October 7, 2010}}\n\nThe [[military budget of the United States]] in 2011 was more than $700 billion, 41% of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined. At 4.7% of GDP, the rate was the second-highest among the top 15 military spenders, after [[Saudi Arabia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/resultoutput/15majorspenders|title=The 15 Countries with the Highest Military Expenditure in 2011|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|accessdate=February 4, 2013}} U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA.{{cite web |title=Compare |url=http://cia-world-factbook.realclearworld.com/ |work=CIA World Factbook |publisher=RealClearWorld |accessdate=February 4, 2013}} Defense's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades, from Cold War peaks of 14.2% of GDP in 1953 and 69.5% of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7% of GDP and 18.8% of federal outlays in 2011.{{cite web|title=Fiscal Year 2013 Historical Tables|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/hist.pdf|work=Budget of the U.S. Government|publisher=White House OMB|accessdate=November 24, 2012}}\n\nThe proposed base [[military budget of the United States|Department of Defense budget]] for 2012, $553 billion, was a 4.2% increase over 2011; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf|title=Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Request Overview |publisher=Department of Defense |date=February 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110725214533/http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf |archivedate=July 25, 2011 |deadurl= yes }} The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011;{{cite news|author=Basu, Moni|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/17/world/meast/iraq-troops-leave/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |title=Deadly Iraq War Ends with Exit of Last U.S. Troops|publisher=CNN |date=December 18, 2011 |accessdate=February 5, 2012}} 4,484 service members were killed during the [[Iraq War]].{{cite web|url=http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx|title=Operation Iraqi Freedom|publisher=Iraq Coalition Casualty Count|date=February 5, 2012|accessdate=February 5, 2012}} Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012;{{cite news | first = John | last = Cherian | title = Turning Point | date = April 7, 2012 | publisher = [[The Hindu Group]] | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2907/stories/20120420290705200.htm | work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] | accessdate = December 2, 2012 | archiveurl = http://liveweb.archive.org/http://www.frontline.in/fl2907/stories/20120420290705200.htm | archivedate = December 2, 2012 | quote = There are currently 90,000 U.S. troops deployed in the country.}} by November 8, 2013 2,285 had been killed during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)|War in Afghanistan]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oef_type.xhtml|title=Department of Defence Defence Casualty Analysis System |publisher=Department of Defense|date=November 2013|accessdate=November 11, 2013}}\n\n==Law enforcement and crime==\n{{Main|Law enforcement in the United States|Crime in the United States}}\n{{See also|Law of the United States|Capital punishment in the United States|Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Human rights in the United States#Justice system}}\n[[File:Chevrolet Volt NYPD -- 04-04-2012.JPG|thumb|Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments. The [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD) is the largest in the country.{{cite web |url=http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd03.pdf|title=Local Police Departments, 2003 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics|date = May 2006|accessdate=December 7, 2011}}]]\nLaw enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and [[sheriff]]'s departments, with [[state police]] providing broader services. Federal agencies such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals Service]] have specialized duties, including protecting [[civil rights]], [[National Security of the United States|national security]] and enforcing [[U.S. federal courts]]' rulings and federal laws.{{cite web|title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do|publisher=Chiff.com|url=http://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|accessdate=August 21, 2012}} At the federal level and in almost every state, a legal system operates on a [[common law]]. State courts conduct most criminal trials; [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal courts]] handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts. [[Plea bargaining in the United States]] is very common; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by [[plea bargain]] rather than [[jury trial]].{{cite web|url=http://criminal.findlaw.com/crimes/criminal_stages/criminal_plea_bargain.html|title=Plea Bargains|website=Findlaw|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plea/interviews/mcspadden.html|title=Interview with Judge Michael McSpadden|publisher=PBS|date=December 16, 2003}}\n\nIn 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States, a 54% decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980.{{cite web|title=Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics|url=http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/|publisher=U.S Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=November 16, 2013}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/violent-crime/murder |title=Crime in the United States, 2011 |publisher=FBI '(Uniform Crime Statistics—Murder)' |accessdate=January 23, 2013}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.html |title=UNODC Homicide Statistics |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |accessdate=January 23, 2013}} Among developed nations, the United States has above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of [[Gun violence in the United States|gun violence]].{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/eighthsurvey/8sv.pdf|title=Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001–2002) |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |date = March 31, 2005|accessdate=May 18, 2008}} A cross-sectional analysis of the [[World Health Organization]] Mortality Database from 2003 showed that United States \"homicide rates were 6.9 times higher than rates in the other high-income countries, driven by firearm homicide rates that were 19.5 times higher.\"{{cite web|url=http://journals.lww.com/jtrauma/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2011&issue=01000&article=00035&type=abstract |title=Homicide, Suicide, and Unintentional Firearm Fatality: Compa ... : Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery |doi=10.1097/TA.0b013e3181dbaddf |publisher=Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery|accessdate=January 13, 2014}}{{Update after|2015|3|7}} [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Gun ownership rights]] continue to be the subject of [[Gun politics in the United States|contentious political debate]]. The FBI's [[Uniform Crime Reports]] estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million total crimes.{{Cite news | first=David | last=Agren | title=Mexico crime belies government claims of progress | url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/10/18/mexico-violence-crime/17048757| work= | newspaper=Florida Today — USA Today | location=Melbourne, Florida| pages= 4B | date=October 19, 2014 | id= | accessdate=October 19, 2014}}\n\n[[Capital punishment]] is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 32 states.{{cite news|last=Simpson|first=Ian|title=Maryland becomes latest U.S. state to abolish death penalty|url=http://news.yahoo.com/maryland-governor-signs-bill-abolishing-death-penalty-153909799.html|newspaper=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=May 2, 2013|accessdate=July 4, 2013|agency=[[Reuters]]|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20130624185425/http://news.yahoo.com/maryland-governor-signs-bill-abolishing-death-penalty-153909799.html|archivedate=June 24, 2013}} No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a [[Furman v. Georgia|U.S. Supreme Court ruling]] striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In 1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumstances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking place in three states: Texas, Virginia, and [[Oklahoma]].{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/views-executions|title=Searchable Execution Database\n|accessdate=October 10, 2012|publisher=[[Death Penalty Information Center]]}} Meanwhile, [[Capital punishment in the United States#States without capital punishment|several states]] have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws. In 2014, the country had the fifth highest number of executions in the world, following China, [[Iran]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Iraq]].{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/death-sentences-and-executions-2014 |title=Death Sentences and Executions 2014|accessdate = May 6, 2015|year=2014 |publisher=Amnesty International USA}}\n\nThe United States has the [[United States incarceration rate|highest documented incarceration rate]] and [[Incarceration in the United States|total prison population]] in the world.{{cite book |author1=Schmidt, Steffen W. |author2=Shelley, Mack C. |author3=Bardes, Barbara A. |title=American Government & Politics Today |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=IV1sxbRqhGIC&pg=PA591 |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-50228-9 |page=591}}
{{cite web |author=Walmsley, Roy |url= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/world-prison-population-list-2005.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628215935/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/world-prison-population-list-2005.pdf |archivedate=June 28, 2007|title=World Prison Population List |year=2005 |publisher=King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies}} For the latest data, see {{cite web |url= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/north_america_records.php?code=190 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070804061423/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/north_america_records.php?code=190 |archivedate=August 4, 2007 |title=Prison Brief for United States of America |date=June 21, 2006 |publisher=King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies}}
[[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]]. ''[http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18613 The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences].'' Washington, DC: [[National Academies Press|The National Academies Press]], 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
[http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/2014_US_Nation_Behind_Bars_0.pdf Nation Behind Bars: A Human Rights Solution]. ''[[Human Rights Watch]],'' May 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014. At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults.{{cite book |author1=Barkan, Steven E. |author2=Bryjak, George J. |title=Fundamentals of Criminal Justice: A Sociological View |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=bNGaYvTAeLMC&pg=PT23 |year=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett |isbn=978-1-4496-5439-9 |page=23}} At year end 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2012, the lowest rate observed since 1997.{{cite web|last1=Glaze|first1=Lauren E.|last2=Herberman|first2=Erinn J.|title=Correctional Populations in the United States, 2012|url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus12.pdf|date=December 2013}} The prison population has quadrupled since 1980.{{cite book |author1=Iadicola, Peter |author2=Shupe, Anson |title= Violence, Inequality, and Human Freedom |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=KSp0Ulmx44kC&pg=PA456 |date=October 26, 2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-0949-7 |page=456}} However,  the imprisonment rate for all prisoners\nsentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013{{cite web|title=Prisoners in 2013|url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p13.pdf|website=Bureau of Justice Statistics}} and the rate for pre-trial/remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012.{{cite web|title=United States of America - International Centre for Prison Studies|url=http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america|website=[[International Centre for Prison Studies]]}} African-American males are jailed at about six times the rate of white males and three times the rate of Hispanic males.{{cite book |author1=DeLisi, Matt |author2=Conis, Peter John |title= American Corrections: Theory, Research, Policy, and Practice |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ffWdrqbqpIEC&pg=PA21 |year=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett |isbn=978-1-4496-4540-3 |page=21}} The country's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in [[United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines|sentencing guidelines]] and [[Federal drug policy of the United States|drug policies]].{{cite book |author1=Clear, Todd R. |author2=Cole, George F. |author3=Reisig, Michael Dean |title=American Corrections |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=cYVdYfUGxvoC&pg=PA485 |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-55323-6 |page=485}} According to the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]], the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses.{{cite web|title=Federal Bureau of Prisons: Statistics|url=http://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/|website=Federal Bureau of Prisons|accessdate=March 4, 2015}} The [[Incarceration in the United States#Privatization|privatization of prisons]] and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate.{{cite web|last1=Moore|first1=ADRIAN T.|title=PRIVATE PRISONS: Quality Corrections at a Lower Cost|url=http://reason.org/files/d14ffa18290a9aeb969d1a6c1a9ff935.pdf|website=Reason.org|publisher=Reason Foundation|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}
{{cite web|last1=Benefield|first1=Nathan|title=Private Prisons Increase Capacity, Save Money, Improve Service|url=http://www.commonwealthfoundation.org/issues/detail/private-prisons-increase-capacity-save-money|website=Commonwealth Foundation.org|publisher=Commonwealth Foundation|accessdate=April 29, 2015|date=October 24, 2007}}
{{cite journal|author1=William G. Archambeault|author2=Donald R. Deis, Jr.|title=Cost Effectiveness Comparisons of Private Versus Public Prisons in Louisiana: A Comprehensive Analysis of Allen, Avoyelles, and Winn Correctional Centers|journal=Journal of the Oklahoma Criminal Justice Research Consortium|date=1997–1998|volume=4|url=https://www.cca.com/Media/Default/documents/CCA-Resource-Center/Cost-Effectiveness-Comparisons-Study-1997.pdf|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}
{{cite journal|last1=Volokh|first1=Alexander|title=A Tale of Two Systems: Cost, Quality, and Accountability in Private Prisons|journal=Harvard Law Review|date=May 1, 2002|volume=115|page=1868|url=http://volokh.com/sasha/prisons.html|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}Selman, Donna and Paul Leighton (2010). ''[https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781442201729/Punishment-for-Sale-Private-Prisons-Big-Business-and-the-Incarceration-Binge Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge].'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5lBraTDtiSgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q&f=false p. xi]. ISBN 1442201738.
{{cite book| last =Harcourt| first =Bernard| authorlink =Bernard Harcourt  | title = [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674066168 The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order].| publisher = Harvard University Press| date =2012| pages =[https://books.google.com/books?id=LW8I66EGmfcC&lpg=PP1&vq=GEO%20Group&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false 235 & 236]|  isbn = 0674066162}}
{{cite journal |title=Neoliberalism's penal and debtor states |author= John L. Campbell |journal=Theoretical Criminology |date=2010 |volume=14 |issue=1|pages=59–73 |doi=10.1177/1362480609352783 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/240707441_Neoliberalism%27s_penal_and_debtor_states_A_rejoinder_to_Loic_Wacquant}}
Gottschalk, Marie (2014). ''[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10330.html Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics].'' Princeton University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iOs_BAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 70] ISBN 0691164053. In 2008, Louisiana [[List of U.S. states by incarceration rate#Incarceration rate by state|had the highest incarceration rate]],{{cite web|last=Chang|first=Cindy|title=Louisiana is the world's prison capital|url=http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2012/05/louisiana_is_the_worlds_prison.html|publisher=''[[The Times-Picayune]]''|date=May 29, 2012|accessdate=April 4, 2013}} and Maine the lowest.{{cite book |author=Mears, Daniel P. |title= American Criminal Justice Policy: An Evaluation Approach to Increasing Accountability and Effectiveness |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=CO0_SAED7q0C&pg=PA72 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76246-5 |page=72}} In 2012, Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S., and New Hampshire the lowest.{{cite news |last=Fuchs |first=Erin |title=Why Louisiana Is The Murder Capital Of America |url= http://www.businessinsider.com/why-is-the-murder-rate-high-in-louisiana-2013-9 |work=Business Insider |date=October 1, 2013}}\n\n==Economy==\n{{Main|Economy of the United States}}\n\n{| class=\"infobox\" style=\"font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:325px\"\n|- style=\"background:#f5f5f5\"\n! colspan=\"3\" | Economic indicators\n|-\n| Nominal [[gross domestic product|GDP]] || $17.555 trillion (Q3 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\"|{{cite web|url = http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm|title = National Income and Product Accounts|date = July 30, 2014|accessdate = July 30, 2014|website = Bureau of Economic Analysis|publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis|last = |first = }}\n\n|-\n| Real GDP growth || 5% (Q3 2014, annualized)\n|-\n| ||2.2% (2013)|| style=\"text-align:right;\"|{{cite web|title=Gross Domestic Product: Third Quarter 2014 (Third Estimate)|url=http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm|website=Bureau of Economic Analysis|publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}\n|-\n| [[Consumer price index|CPI]] inflation || 2.1% (May 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cpi.pdf |title=CONSUMER PRICE INDEX – APRIL 2014 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |accessdate=June 14, 2014 |date=April 2014}}\n|-\n| [[Employment-to-population ratio]] || 58.9% (May 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS12300000 |title=Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |accessdate=June 14, 2014 |date=May 2014}}\n|-\n| [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] || 5.5% (February 2015) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web|title=Employment Situation Summary|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm|website=Bureau of Labor Statistics|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics|accessdate=March 6, 2015}}\n|-\n| [[Labor force#Labor force in the United States|Labor force]] participation rate || 62.8% (October 2014) ||{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS11300000 |title=Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey |author= |date=November 12, 2014 |work=Bureau of Labor Statistics |publisher=United States Department of Labor |accessdate=November 12, 2014}}\n|-\n| [[National debt of the United States|Total public debt]] || $17.5 trillion (Q2 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web |url=http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/debt/search?startMonth=12&startDay=31&startYear=2013&endMonth=06&endDay=14&endYear=2014 |title=Treasury Direct |publisher=Treasury Direct |accessdate=June 14, 2014 |date=June 12, 2014}}\n|-\n| [[Wealth in the United States|Household net worth]] || $81.8 trillion (Q1 2014) || style=\"text-align:right;\" |{{cite web|url = http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/current/z1.pdf|title = Federal Reserve Statistical Release|date = 2014|accessdate = June 14, 2014|website = Federal Reserve|publisher = |last = |first = }}\n|}\n[[File:United States Export Treemap (2011).png|thumb|315px|United States export treemap (2011): The U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter.]]\nThe United States has a [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[mixed economy]] which is fueled by abundant [[natural resource]]s and high productivity.Wright, Gavin; Czelusta, Jesse (2007). \"Resource-Based Growth Past and Present\", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney. World Bank. p. 185. ISBN 0-8213-6545-2. According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the [[gross world product]] at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|publisher=International Monetary Fund |title=World Economic Outlook Database: United States |date=October 2014 |accessdate=November 2, 2014}} Its national GDP was about 5% larger at PPP in 2014 than the [[European Union]]'s, whose population is around 62% higher.{{cite web|url = http://useconomy.about.com/od/grossdomesticproduct/p/largest_economy.htm|title = World's Largest Economy|date = May 2, 2014|accessdate = June 14, 2014|website = About|publisher = |last = Amadeo|first = Kimberly}} However, the US's nominal GDP is estimated to be $17.528 trillion {{as of|2014|lc=y}}, which is about 5% smaller than that of the European Union.{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=17&pr.y=20&sy=2012&ey=2019&scsm=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=110%2C998&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=1&a=1|title = European Union GDP|date = April 2014|accessdate = June 14, 2014|website = International Monetary Fund|publisher = International Monetary Fund|last = |first = }} From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the [[G7]].{{cite journal |author=Hagopian, Kip |last2=Ohanian|first2= Lee |title= The Mismeasure of Inequality |journal=Policy Review|date=August 1, 2012 |url= http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |accessdate=August 22, 2013 |publisher=Hoover Institution Stanford University}} The country ranks ninth in the world in [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]] and sixth in [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita at PPP]]. The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the world's primary [[reserve currency]].{{cite web |url= http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/cofer.pdf |title=Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}\n\nThe United States is the [[List of countries by imports|largest importer]] of goods and [[List of countries by exports|second largest exporter]], though [[List of countries by exports per capita|exports per capita]] are relatively low. In 2010, the total [[Foreign trade of the United States|U.S. trade deficit]] was $635 billion.{{cite web |title=Trade Statistics |url= http://greyhill.com/trade-statistics |publisher= Greyhill Advisors |accessdate=October 6, 2011}} Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners.{{cite web |url= http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html |title=Top Ten Countries with which the U.S. Trades|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=August 2009 |accessdate= October 12, 2009}} In 2010, oil was the largest import commodity, while transportation equipment was the country's largest export. Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt.http://www.treasury.gov/ticdata/Publish/mfh.txt The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities, including federal government accounts and the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]], who hold the majority of the debt.{{cite web|title=Who Holds Our Debt?|url=http://www.factcheck.org/2013/11/who-holds-our-debt/}}{{cite web|title=The TRUTH About Who Really Owns All Of America's Debt |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/who-owns-us-debt-2011-7?op=1}}{{cite web|title=This surprising chart shows which countries own the most U.S. debt|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/10/10/this-surprising-chart-shows-which-countries-own-the-most-u-s-debt/}}{{cite web|title=National debt: Whom does the US owe?|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Buzz/2011/0204/National-debt-Whom-does-the-US-owe}}\n\nThe [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], SIPRI, found that the United States' [[arms industry]] was the world's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005-2009,{{cite news |author= |title=World's Top 5 arms exporters  |url=http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/Features/Worlds-Top-5-arms-exporters/fp/3105/ |newspaper=United Press International |access-date=March 18, 2015 }} and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010-2014, followed by Russia, China (PRC), and Germany.{{cite news |author= |title=China becomes the world's third largest arms exporter |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-31901493 |newspaper=BBC News |date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=March 18, 2015 }}
{{cite news |last=Shankar |first=Sneha |title=US Remains World's Largest Exporter Of Arms While India Leaps Ahead To Become Largest Importer: Study |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/us-remains-worlds-largest-exporter-arms-while-india-leaps-ahead-become-largest-importer-study |newspaper=International Business Times |date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=March 18, 2015 }}\n\nIn 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy, with federal government activity accounting for 4.3% and state and local government activity (including federal transfers) the remaining 9.3%.{{cite web |url= http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-industry/ |title=GDP by Industry |publisher=Greyhill Advisors|accessdate=October 13, 2011}} While its economy has reached a [[post-industrial society|postindustrial]] level of development and its [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] constitutes 67.8% of GDP, the United States remains an industrial power.{{cite web |url= http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archivedate=March 12, 2008 |title=USA Economy in Brief |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}} The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade; by net income it is manufacturing.{{cite web |url= http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2009/tables/09s0724.xls |title=Table 724—Number of Tax Returns, Receipts, and Net Income by Type of Business and Industry: 2005 |format=XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=October 12, 2009}} In the [[franchising]] business model, [[McDonald's]] and [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] are the two most recognized brands in the world. [[Coca-Cola]] is the most recognized [[soft drink]] company in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.cheskin.com/view_news.php?id=2|title=Sony, LG, Wal-Mart among Most Extendible Brands|publisher=Cheskin|date=June 6, 2005|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}\n\nChemical products are the leading manufacturing field.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2009/tables/09s0964.xls|title=Table 964—Gross Domestic Product in Current and Real (2000) Dollars by Industry: 2006|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=May 2008|accessdate=October 12, 2009}} The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its second largest importer.{{cite web|title=U.S. surges past Saudis to become world's top oil supplier -PIRA|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/15/us-oil-pira-idUSL1N0I51IX20131015|website=Reuters}} It is the world's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as [[Liquefied natural gas|liquid natural gas]], sulfur, phosphates, and [[salt]]. The [[National Mining Association]] provides data pertaining to [[coal]] and [[mineral]]s that include [[beryllium]], [[copper]], [[lead]], [[magnesium]], [[zinc]], [[titanium]] and others.{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.org/index.php/coal-statistics |title=Coal Statistics |publisher=National Mining Association |accessdate=January 13, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.org/index.php/minerals-statistics/minerals-production |title=Minerals Production |publisher=National Mining Association |accessdate=January 13, 2014}}\n\n[[Agriculture in the United States|Agriculture]] accounts for just under 1% of GDP, the United States is the world's top producer of corn{{cite web|url=http://www.grains.org/page.ww?section=Barley,+Corn+%26+Sorghum&name=Corn|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112182404/http://www.grains.org/page.ww?section=Barley,+Corn+%26+Sorghum&name=Corn|archivedate=January 12, 2008|title=Corn|publisher=U.S. Grains Council|accessdate=March 13, 2008}} and soybeans.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5442|title=Soybean Demand Continues to Drive Production|publisher=Worldwatch Institute|date=November 6, 2007|accessdate=March 13, 2008}} The [[National Agricultural Statistics Service]] maintains [http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_Subject/index.php?sector=CROPS agricultural statistics] for products that include [[peanuts]], [[oat]]s, [[rye]], [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[cotton]], [[maize|corn]], [[barley]], [[hay]], [[Helianthus|sunflowers]], and [[Vegetable oil|oilseeds]]. In addition, the [[United States Department of Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)]] provides [http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=ANIMAL_PRODUCTION livestock statistics] regarding [[beef]], [[poultry]], [[pork]], and [[Milk|dairy products]]. The country is the primary developer and grower of [[genetically modified food]], representing half of the world's biotech crops.{{cite web |url= http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/39/download/isaaa-brief-39-2008.pdf |title = ISAAA Brief 39-2008: Executive Summary—Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008 |publisher= International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications |page=15 |accessdate=July 16, 2010}}\n\n[[Consumer spending]] comprises 68% of the U.S. economy in 2015.[http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=hh3 \"Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE)/Gross Domestic Product (GDP)\"] ''FRED Graph'', Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people. With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. About 12% of workers are [[Labor unions in the United States|unionized]], compared to 30% in Western Europe.{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Fuller |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/06/14/news/europe.php |title =In the East, many EU work rules don't apply |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050616015106/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/06/14/news/europe.php |archivedate=June 16, 2005 |date =June 15, 2005 |deadurl= yes}} The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers.{{cite web |url= http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreEconomies/?economyid=197 |accessdate=June 28, 2007 |title= Doing Business in the United States |year=2006 |publisher=World Bank}} The United States is ranked among the top three in the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] as well. It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to.{{cite web|author1=Isabelle Joumard|author2=Mauro Pisu|author3=Debbie Bloch|title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers|url=http://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf|publisher=OECD|accessdate=21 May 2015|date=2012}} The United States is the only advanced economy that does not [[List of statutory minimum employment leave by country|guarantee its workers paid vacation]]Ray, Rebecca; Sanes, Milla; Schmitt, John (May 2013). [http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/no-vacation-update-2013-05.pdf No-Vacation Nation Revisited]. ''[[Center for Economic and Policy Research]].'' Retrieved September 8, 2013. and is one of just a few countries in the world without [[paid family leave]] as a legal right, with the others being [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Suriname]] and [[Liberia]].Bernard. Tara Siegel (February 22, 2013). [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/your-money/us-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html \"In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe\"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved August 27, 2013. However, 74% of full-time American workers get paid sick leave, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24% of part-time workers get the same benefits.{{cite web|last1=Vasel|first1=Kathryn|title=Who doesn't get paid sick leave?|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/01/20/news/economy/paid-sick-leave/|website=CNN}} While federal law currently does not require sick leave, it's a common benefit for government workers and full-time employees at corporations. In 2009, the United States had the third highest [[workforce productivity]] per person in the world, behind [[Luxembourg]] and [[Norway]]. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the [[Netherlands]].{{cite web |url= http://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/ |title=Total Economy Database, Summary Statistics, 1995–2010 |publisher=The Conference Board|work=Total Economy Database |date=September 2010 |accessdate=September 20, 2009}}\n\nThe [[Great Recession|2008-2012 global recession]] had a significant impact on the United States, with output still below potential according to the [[Congressional Budget Office]].{{cite web|url=http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3252 |title=Chart Book: The Legacy of the Great Recession |publisher=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities |date=March 12, 2013 |accessdate=March 27, 2013}} It brought high [[unemployment]] (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low [[Consumer confidence index|consumer confidence]], the [[United States housing bubble|continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies]], an escalating federal debt crisis, [[inflation]], and [[2000s energy crisis|rising petroleum and food prices]]. There remains a record proportion of [[Long-term unemployment|long-term unemployed]], continued decreasing [[Household income in the United States|household income]], and tax and [[Budget sequestration in 2013|federal budget increases]].{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Nelson |title=Recovery in U.S. Is Lifting Profits, but Not Adding Jobs |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/04/business/economy/corporate-profits-soar-as-worker-income-limps.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate=March 18, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 3, 2013}}{{cite news |last=McKinnon |first=John D. |title=Analysis: 77% of Households to See Tax Increase |url= http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/01/01/tax-bill-analysis-77-of-households-to-see-tax-increase/ |accessdate=April 8, 2013 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal (blog) |date=January 1, 2013 |location =New York}}{{Cite news |author=Gongloff, Mark |date=September 17, 2013 |title= Median Income Falls For 5th Year, Inequality At Record High |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/17/median-income-falls-inequality_n_3941514.html |newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=October 4, 2013}}\n\n===Income, poverty and wealth===\n{{Unbalanced|section|date=April 2015}}\n[[File:Productivity and Real Median Family Income Growth 1947-2009.png|right|275px|[[Productivity]] and real median [[Household income in the United States|family income]] growth 1947–2009]]\n[[File:South San Jose (crop).jpg|thumb|A [[tract housing]] development in [[San Jose, California]]]]\n{{Further|Income in the United States|Poverty in the United States|Affluence in the United States|United States counties by per capita income|Income inequality in the United States}}\n\nAmericans have the highest average [[Household income|household]] and [[List of countries by average wage|employee]] income among OECD nations, and in 2007 had the second highest [[median household income]].{{cite web|title=Household Income|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en|work=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators|publisher=OECD Publishing|accessdate=May 29, 2014|doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |date=March 18, 2014}}{{cite web |title=OECD Better Life Index |url= http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/#/11111111111 |publisher=OECD |accessdate=November 25, 2012}} According to the Census Bureau real median household income was $50,502 in 2011, down from $51,144 in 2010.[http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-02.pdf \"Household Income for States: 2010 and 2011\"] ''United States Census, American Community Survey Briefs'', September 2012, Appendix Table 1, p. 5 The [[Global Food Security Index]] ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013.{{cite web|title=Global Food Security Index |url= http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#United%20States |publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit |location= London |accessdate=April 8, 2013|date=March 5, 2013}} Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as [[European Union]] residents, and more than every EU nation.{{cite web |title= Understanding Poverty in the United States: Surprising Facts About America's Poor |url= http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/09/understanding-poverty-in-the-united-states-surprising-facts-about-americas-poor |publisher=Heritage Foundation|accessdate=April 8, 2013 |author=Rector, Robert |last2=Sheffield|first2=Rachel |date=September 13, 2011}} For 2013 the [[United Nations Development Programme]] ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its [[Human Development Index#2014 report|Human Development Index]] and 28th in its [[Human Development Index#Inequality-adjusted HDI|inequality-adjusted HDI]] (IHDI).{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |page=168 |accessdate=July 26, 2014}}\n\nThere has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s.Mishel, Lawrence (April 26, 2012). [http://www.epi.org/publication/ib330-productivity-vs-compensation/ The wedges between productivity and median compensation growth]. ''[[Economic Policy Institute]].'' Retrieved October 18, 2013. While [[inflation]]-adjusted (\"real\") [[Household income in the United States|household income]] had been increasing almost every year from 1947 to 1999, it has since been flat on balance and has even decreased recently.{{cite news |url= http://swampland.time.com/2013/02/04/the-most-important-chart-in-american-politics/ |title= The Most Important Chart in American Politics |newspaper=Time |location =New York |date=February 4, 2013}}
{{cite news|last1=Casselman|first1=Ben|title=The American Middle Class Hasn't Gotten A Raise In 15 Years|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-american-middle-class-hasnt-gotten-a-raise-in-15-years/|accessdate=April 23, 2015|work=FiveThirtyEightEconomics|date=September 22, 2014}}
{{cite news|last1=Parlapiano|first1=Alicia|last2=Gebeloff|first2=Robert|last3=Carter|first3=Shan|title=The Shrinking American Middle Class|url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/01/25/upshot/shrinking-middle-class.html?_r=0&abt=0002&abg=0|accessdate=April 23, 2015|work=The Upshot|publisher=New York Times|date=January 26, 2013}} According to [[Congressional Research Service]], during this same period, [[immigration to the United States]] increased, while the lower 90% of tax filers incomes became stagnant, and eventually decreasing since 2000.{{cite news |last=Bedard |first=Paul |date=April 23, 2015 |title=Congress: Middle class incomes drop as immigration surges |url=http://m.washingtonexaminer.com/congress-middle-class-incomes-drop-as-immigration-surges/article/2563515 |newspaper=Washington Examiner |access-date=April 27, 2015 }} The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent, which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has had a significant impact on [[Income inequality in the United States|income inequality]],Alvaredo, Facundo; [[Tony Atkinson|Atkinson, Anthony B.]]; [[Thomas Piketty|Piketty, Thomas]]; [[Emmanuel Saez|Saez, Emmanuel]] (2013). [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.27.3.3 \"The Top 1 Percent in International and Historical Perspective\"]. ''Journal of Economic Perspectives.'' Retrieved August 16, 2013. leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations.{{cite journal |last1= Smeeding |first1= T.M. |year=2005 |title= Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective| journal= Social Science Quarterly |volume=86 |pages=955–983 |doi= 10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x}}
{{cite web|last1=Tcherneva|first1=Pavlina R.|title=When a rising tide sinks most boats: trends in US income inequality|url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/pn_15_4.pdf|website=levyinstitute.org|publisher=Levy Economics Institute of Bard College|accessdate=April 10, 2015|date=April 2015}}
{{cite web |url= http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2005prel.xls |author=Saez, E. |title=Table A1: Top Fractiles Income Shares (Excluding Capital Gains) in the U.S., 1913–2005 |publisher=UC Berkeley |date=October 2007 |accessdate=July 24, 2008}}
{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing—Distribution of Family Income—Gini Index |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=June 14, 2007 |accessdate=June 17, 2007}}
[http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2014-FocusOnTopIncomes.pdf Focus on Top Incomes and Taxation in OECD Countries: Was the crisis a game changer?] ''[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]],'' May 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014. The post-recession income gains have been very uneven, with the top 1 percent capturing 95 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2012.[[Emmanuel Saez|Saez, Emmanuel]] (September 3, 2013). [http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf \"Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States\"]. ''[[University of California, Berkeley]].'' Retrieved September 11, 2013. The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate.{{cite journal |title=Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens |author=Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page|journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue=3|pages=564–581 |doi=10.1017/S1537592714001595 |url=http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/mgilens/files/gilens_and_page_2014_-testing_theories_of_american_politics.doc.pdf}}
{{cite journal |title=Economic Inequality and Political Representation |author=[[Larry Bartels]]|journal=The Unsustainable American State |date=2009 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392135.003.0007 |url=http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf |pages=167–196}}
{{cite journal |title= Responsiveness in an Era of Inequality: The Case of the U.S. Senate |author=Thomas J. Hayes|journal=[[Political Research Quarterly]] |date=2012 |volume=66 |issue=3|pages=585–599 |doi=10.1177/1065912912459567 | url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1900856}}{{disputed-inline|Trends in local vs global inequality|date=April 2015}}{{cite journal|last1=Winship|first1=Scott|title=Overstating the Costs of Inequality|journal=National Affairs|date=Spring 2013|issue=15|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}
{{cite web|title=Income Inequality in America: Fact and Fiction|url=http://www.economics21.org/files/e21ib_1.pdf|publisher=Manhattan Institute|accessdate=April 29, 2015|date=May 2014}}\n\n[[Wealth in the United States|Wealth]], like income and taxes, is [[Wealth inequality in the United States|highly concentrated]]; the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom half claim only 2%.[[Thomas Piketty|Piketty, Thomas]] (2014). ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]]''. [[Harvard University Press|Belknap Press]]. ISBN 067443000X p. 257 Between June 2007 and November 2008 the [[Great Recession|global recession]] led to falling asset prices around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value.{{cite journal |author=Altman, Roger C. |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20090101faessay88101/roger-c-altman/the-great-crash-2008.html |title=The Great Crash, 2008 |work=Foreign Affairs |accessdate=February 27, 2009}} Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth was down $14 trillion, but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels.\"[http://money.cnn.com/2009/06/11/news/economy/Americans_wealth_drops/?postversion=2009061113 Americans' wealth drops $1.3 trillion]\". CNN Money. June 11, 2009.[http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/TNWBSHNO St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank data series] At the end of 2008,{{update inline|date=April 2015}} household debt amounted to $13.8 trillion.{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52B58720090312|title=U.S. household wealth falls $11.2 trillion in 2008|work=Reuters|accessdate=October 4, 2014}}\n\nThere were about 643,000 sheltered and unsheltered [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless persons in the U.S.]] in January 2009, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program. In 2011 [[Hunger in the United States#Children|16.7 million children lived in food-insecure households]], about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 1.1% of U.S. children, or 845,000, saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.{{cite web |title=Household Food Security in the United States in 2011 |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/884525/err141.pdf |publisher=USDA |accessdate=April 8, 2013 |date=September 2012}} According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau, one in five young adults lives in [[Poverty in the United States|poverty]] today, up from one in seven in 1980.[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2014/cb14-219.html New Census Bureau Statistics Show How Young Adults Today Compare With Previous Generations in Neighborhoods Nationwide]. [[United States Census Bureau]], December 4, 2014.\n\n==Education==\n{{Main|Education in the United States}}\n{{See also|Educational attainment in the United States|Higher education in the United States}}\n[[File:University-of-Virginia-Rotunda.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Virginia]], founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1819, is one of the many public universities in the United States.]]\nAmerican [[state school|public education]] is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the [[United States Department of Education]] through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven (generally, [[kindergarten]] or [[first grade]]) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through [[twelfth grade]], the end of [[high school]]); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |accessdate = June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}} About 12% of children are enrolled in [[parochial school|parochial]] or [[nonsectarian]] [[private school]]s. Just over 2% of children are [[homeschooling|homeschooled]].{{cite web |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oii/nonpublic/statistics.html |title=Statistics About Non-Public Education in the United States |accessdate = June 5, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Non-Public Education}} The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world, spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student.{{cite news|last=AP|title=U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57590921/u.s-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows/|publisher=CBS|accessdate=October 5, 2013|date=June 25, 2013}} Some 80% of U.S. college students attend [[public university|public universities]].{{cite web |title=Public Education for the Common Good |author=Rosenstone, Steven J. |publisher=University of Minnesota |url=http://cla.umn.edu/news/clatoday/summer2002/dean.php |date=December 17, 2009 |accessdate=March 6, 2009}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}\n\nThe United States has many competitive private and public [[Lists of American institutions of higher education|institutions of higher education]]. The majority of world's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are located in the US.{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2010 |title=QS World University Rankings |publisher=Topuniversities |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2010-2011/top-200.html |title=Top 200 – The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010–2011 |publisher=Times Higher Education |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2014.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy |accessdate=May 29, 2015}} There are also local [[community college]]s with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition. Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a [[bachelor's degree]], and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf|title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate = August 1, 2006}} The basic [[literacy|literacy rate]] is approximately 99%.For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [http://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003). The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world.{{cite web|title=Human Development Indicators|year=2005|publisher=United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports|accessdate = January 14, 2008|url=http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620235428/http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf|archivedate=June 20, 2007}}\n\nAs for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. trails some other [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] nations but spends more per student than the OECD average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.{{cite web|title=Education at a Glance 2013|url=http://www.oecd.org/edu/eag2013%20%28eng%29--FINAL%2020%20June%202013.pdf|publisher=OECD|accessdate=October 5, 2013}} {{As of|2012}}, [[Student debt|student loan debt]] exceeded one trillion dollars, more than Americans owe on credit cards.[http://www.npr.org/2012/04/24/151305380/student-loan-debt-exceeds-one-trillion-dollars Student Loan Debt Exceeds One Trillion Dollars]. ''[[NPR]],'' April 4, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2013.\n\n==Culture==\n{{Main|Culture of the United States}}\n{{See also|Alaska Natives#Cultures|Native American cultures in the United States|Culture of the Native Hawaiians|Social class in the United States|Public holidays in the United States|Tourism in the United States}}\nThe United States is home to [[Multiculturalism|many cultures]] and a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X. Aside from the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Alaska Natives|Native Alaskan]] populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries.Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5. Mainstream American culture is a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the [[European American|traditions of European immigrants]] with influences from many other sources, such as [[African-American culture|traditions brought by slaves from Africa]].Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5. More recent immigration from [[Asian American|Asia]] and especially [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing [[melting pot]], and a heterogeneous [[salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]] in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.\n\nCore American culture was established by [[Protestantism|Protestant]] British colonists and shaped by the [[frontier]] settlement process, with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation. Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong [[work ethic]], competitiveness, and individualism, as well as a unifying belief in an \"American [[creed]]\" emphasizing liberty, equality, private property, democracy, rule of law, and a preference for limited government.{{cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink= Samuel P. Huntington| title=Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity|year=2004|publisher=Simon & Schuster|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6xiYiybkE8kC&vq=core|chapter=Chapters 2–4|isbn=0684870533}}: also see [[American's Creed]], written by [[William Tyler Page]] and adopted by Congress in 1918. Americans are extremely charitable by global standards. According to a 2006 British study, Americans gave 1.67% of GDP to charity, more than any other nation studied, more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73%, and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14%.{{cite news|last=AP|title=Americans give record $295B to charity|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-06-25-charitable_N.htm?POE=click-refer|accessdate=October 4, 2013|newspaper=USA Today|date=June 25, 2007}}{{cite web|title=International comparisons of charitable giving|url=http://www.cafonline.org/pdf/International%20Comparisons%20of%20Charitable%20Giving.pdf|publisher=Charities Aid Foundation|accessdate=October 4, 2013|date=November 2006}}\n\nThe [[American Dream]], or the perception that Americans enjoy high [[Socio-economic mobility in the United States|social mobility]], plays a key role in attracting immigrants.{{cite web|last=Clifton|first=Jon|title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S.|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx|publisher=Gallup|accessdate=January 10, 2014|date=March 21, 2013}} Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate.{{cite web |url= http://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |publisher=OECD| work = Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth|year=2010 |accessdate=September 20, 2010}} {{cite web |url= http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf |title=Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America|author=Blanden, Jo; Gregg, Paul; Machin, Stephen |publisher= Centre for Economic Performance |date=April 2005 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060623094610/http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf |archivedate= June 23, 2006}}Gould, Elise (October 10, 2012). [http://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ \"U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility.\"] ''[[Economic Policy Institute]].'' Retrieved July 15, 2013.CAP: ''[https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ Understanding Mobility in America]''. April 26, 2006{{cite web |last=Schneider |first=Donald |title=A Guide to Understanding International Comparisons of Economic Mobility |url= http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/07/a-guide-to-understanding-international-comparisons-of-economic-mobility |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=August 22, 2013 |date=July 29, 2013}}{{cite journal|last=Winship|first=Scott|title=Overstating the Costs of Inequality|journal=National Affairs|date=Spring 2013|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|accessdate=January 10, 2014}} While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a [[classless society]],{{cite book |last=Gutfeld |first=Amon |year=2002 |title=American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton and Portland |page=65 |isbn=1-903900-08-5}} scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting [[socialization]], language, and values.{{cite book |last=Zweig |first=Michael |year=2004 |title=What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=0-8014-8899-0}} {{cite web |url= http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED309843&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b800472a5 |title=Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech |publisher=Education Resource Information Center |accessdate=January 27, 2007}} Americans' self-images, social viewpoints, and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree.{{cite book |last=Eichar |first=Douglas |year=1989 |title=Occupation and Class Consciousness in America |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-26111-3}} While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement, being [[Average Joe|ordinary or average]] is generally seen as a positive attribute.{{cite book |last=O'Keefe |first=Kevin |year=2005 |title=The Average American |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=New York |isbn=1-58648-270-X}}\n\n===Food===\n{{Main|Cuisine of the United States}}\n[[File:Motherhood and apple pie.jpg|thumb|[[Apple pie]] is a food commonly associated with American cuisine.]]\nMainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries. [[Wheat]] is the primary cereal grain with about three-quarters of grain products made of wheat flour{{cite web|title=Wheat Info|url=http://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/|website=Wheatworld.org|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} and many dishes use indigenous ingredients, such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup which were consumed by [[Native Americans]] and early European settlers.{{cite web|title=Traditional Indigenous Recipes|url=http://aihd.ku.edu/recipes/index.html|publisher=http://aihd.ku.edu|accessdate=September 15, 2014}} These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays; [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]], when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.{{cite book|author=Sidney Wilfred Mintz|title=Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions Into Eating, Culture, and the Past|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6emmgneaE50C&pg=PA134|year=1996|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-4629-6|pages=134–}}\n[[File:Roast turkey.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] dinner.{{cite book|author1=Angus K. Gillespie|author2=Jay Mechling|title=American Wildlife in Symbol and Story|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QWRm9QEhpZYC&pg=PA31|date=January 1, 1995|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|isbn=978-1-57233-259-1|pages=31–}}]]\n\nCharacteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] sources are widely consumed.{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}} Americans generally prefer coffee to tea.{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous [[breakfast]] beverages.[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55\n\nAmerican eating habits owe a great deal to that of their [[British cuisine|British culinary]] roots with some variations. Even though American lands could grow newer vegetables England could not, most colonist would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans.{{cite book|author=Harvey A. Levenstein|title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NXULJejXRWoC|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23439-0}} Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic, [[John L. Hess]] stated in 1972: ''\"Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence\"''.{{cite book|author=Jennifer Jensen Wallach|title=How America Eats: A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mnuSNvXeqLAC|year=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page= xi|isbn=978-1-4422-0874-2}}\n\nThe American [[fast food]] industry, the world's largest,{{cite web|last1=Breadsley|first1=Eleanor|title=Why McDonald's In France Doesn't Feel Like Fast Food|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/01/24/145698222/why-mcdonalds-in-france-doesnt-feel-like-fast-food|website=NPR|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} pioneered the [[drive-through]] format in the 1940s.{{cite web|title=When Was the First Drive-Thru Restaurant Created?|url=http://www.wisegeek.org/when-was-the-first-drive-thru-restaurant-created.htm|website=Wisegeek.org|accessdate=January 15, 2015}} Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns. During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans' caloric intake rose 24%; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American \"[[Obesity in the United States|obesity epidemic]]\".Boslaugh, Sarah (2010). \"Obesity Epidemic\", in ''Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices'', ed. Roger Chapman. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 413–14. ISBN 978-0-7656-1761-3. Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular, and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake.{{cite web |title=Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity |publisher=American Heart Association |year=2005 |work=[[Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology]] |url=http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/12/2451#R3-101329 |accessdate=June 9, 2007}} {{cite web |title=Let's Eat Out: Americans Weigh Taste, Convenience, and Nutrition |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib19/eib19_reportsummary.pdf|accessdate=June 9, 2007}}\n\n===Literature, philosophy, and the arts===\n{{Main|American literature|American philosophy|Visual art of the United States|American classical music}}\nIn the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], and [[Henry David Thoreau]] established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. [[Mark Twain]] and poet [[Walt Whitman]] were major figures in the century's second half; [[Emily Dickinson]], virtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet.[[Harold Bloom|Bloom, Harold]]. 1999. ''Emily Dickinson''. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House. p. 9. ISBN 0-7910-5106-4. A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851), Twain's ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn|The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1885), and [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' (1925)—may be dubbed the \"[[Great American Novel]]\".{{cite journal|author=Buell, Lawrence|title=The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel: ''Moby-Dick'' as Test Case |date=Spring–Summer 2008|volume=20|issue=1–2|pages=132–155|doi=10.1093/alh/ajn005|journal=American Literary History |issn=0896-7148}}\n\n[[File:Mark Twain, Brady-Handy photo portrait, Feb 7, 1871, cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Mark Twain]], American author and [[Comedy|humorist]]]]\nEleven U.S. citizens have won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], most recently [[Toni Morrison]] in 1993. [[William Faulkner]] and [[Ernest Hemingway]] are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century.Quinn, Edward (2006). ''A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms''. Infobase, p. 361. ISBN 0-8160-6243-9. Seed, David (2009). ''A Companion to Twentieth-Century United States Fiction''. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, p. 76. ISBN 1-4051-4691-5. Meyers, Jeffrey (1999). ''Hemingway: A Biography''. New York: Da Capo, p. 139. ISBN 0-306-80890-0. Popular literary genres such as the [[Western fiction|Western]] and [[hardboiled|hardboiled crime fiction]] developed in the United States. The [[Beat Generation]] writers opened up new literary approaches, as have [[postmodern literature|postmodernist]] authors such as [[John Barth]], [[Thomas Pynchon]], and [[Don DeLillo]].{{cite book|last=Lesher|first=Linda Parent|title=The Best Novels of the Nineties: A Reader's Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fSiXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|date=February 1, 2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0389-6|page=109}}\n\nThe [[transcendentalism|transcendentalists]], led by Thoreau and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], established the first major [[American philosophy|American philosophical movement]]. After the Civil War, [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and then [[William James]] and [[John Dewey]] were leaders in the development of [[pragmatism]]. In the 20th century, the work of [[Willard Van Orman Quine|W. V. O. Quine]] and [[Richard Rorty]], and later [[Noam Chomsky]], brought [[analytic philosophy]] to the fore of American philosophical academia. [[John Rawls]] and [[Robert Nozick]] led a revival of [[political philosophy]]. [[Cornel West]] and [[Judith Butler]] have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia. Globally influential [[Chicago school of economics|Chicago school economists]] like [[Milton Friedman]], [[James M. Buchanan]], and [[Thomas Sowell]] have transcended discipline to impact various fields in social and political philosophy.{{cite news|last=Summers|first=Lawrence H.|title=The Great Liberator|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/opinion/19summers.html?_r=0|accessdate=May 17, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 19, 2006}}{{cite news|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|title=James M. Buchanan, Economic Scholar and Nobel Laureate, Dies at 93|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/10/business/economy/james-m-buchanan-economic-scholar-dies-at-93.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=May 17, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 9, 2013}}\n\nIn the visual arts, the [[Hudson River School]] was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European [[Realism (arts)|naturalism]]. The realist paintings of [[Thomas Eakins]] are now widely celebrated. The 1913 [[Armory Show]] in New York City, an exhibition of European [[modern art|modernist art]], shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.Brown, Milton W. (1988 1963). ''The Story of the Armory Show''. New York: Abbeville. ISBN 0-89659-795-4. [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], [[Marsden Hartley]], and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the [[abstract expressionism]] of [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Willem de Kooning]] and the [[pop art]] of [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Roy Lichtenstein]] developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then [[postmodernism]] has brought fame to American architects such as [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Philip Johnson]], and [[Frank Gehry]].{{cite book|last1=Janson|first1=Horst Woldemar|last2=Janson|first2=Anthony F.|title=History of Art: The Western Tradition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MMYHuvhWBH4C&pg=PT955|year=2003|publisher=Prentice Hall Professional|isbn=978-0-13-182895-7|page=955}}\n\n[[File:Times Square 1-2.JPG|thumb|[[Times Square]] in [[New York City]], the hub of the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway theater]] [[Theater District, Manhattan|district]]{{cite book|author=Ken Bloom|title=Broadway: Its History, People, and Places : an Encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fYbYyQjHwdsC&pg=PA322|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93704-7|pages=322–}}]]\nOne of the first major promoters of [[Theater of the United States|American theater]] was impresario [[P. T. Barnum]], who began operating a lower [[Manhattan]] entertainment complex in 1841. The team of [[Edward Harrigan|Harrigan and Hart]] produced a series of popular [[musical theatre|musical]] comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s. In the 20th century, the modern musical form emerged on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]; the songs of musical theater composers such as [[Irving Berlin]], [[Cole Porter]], and [[Stephen Sondheim]] have become [[Traditional pop music|pop standards]]. Playwright [[Eugene O'Neill]] won the Nobel literature prize in 1936; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama|Pulitzer Prize]] winners [[Tennessee Williams]], [[Edward Albee]], and [[August Wilson]].{{cite book|last=Moran|first=Eugene V.|title=A People's History of English and American Literature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=32BbXzfaUxoC&pg=PA228|date=January 1, 2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-303-7|page=228}}\n\nThough little known at the time, [[Charles Ives]]'s work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition, while experimentalists such as [[Henry Cowell]] and [[John Cage]] created a distinctive American approach to classical composition. [[Aaron Copland]] and [[George Gershwin]] developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music. [[Choreography|Choreographers]] [[Isadora Duncan]] and [[Martha Graham]] helped create [[modern dance]], while [[George Balanchine]] and [[Jerome Robbins]] were leaders in 20th-century ballet. Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of [[photography]], with major photographers including [[Alfred Stieglitz]], [[Edward Steichen]], and [[Ansel Adams]].{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Alma|title=The History of Photography: An Overview|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hca5H_rJZnUC&pg=PA67|year=1991|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2076-6|page=67}}\n\n===Music===\n{{Main|Music of the United States}}\n\nThe rhythmic and lyrical styles of [[African-American music]] have deeply influenced [[Music of the United States|American music]] at large, distinguishing it from European traditions. Elements from [[folk music|folk]] idioms such as the [[blues]] and what is now known as [[old-time music]] were adopted and transformed into [[popular music|popular genres]] with global audiences. [[Jazz]] was developed by innovators such as [[Louis Armstrong]] and [[Duke Ellington]] early in the 20th century. [[Country music]] developed in the 1920s, and [[rhythm and blues]] in the 1940s.Biddle, Julian (2001). ''What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America''. New York: Citadel, p. ix. ISBN 0-8065-2311-5.\n\n[[Elvis Presley]] and [[Chuck Berry]] were among the mid-1950s pioneers of [[rock and roll]]. In the 1960s, [[Bob Dylan]] emerged from the [[American folk music revival|folk revival]] to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and [[James Brown]] led the development of [[funk]]. More recent American creations include [[hip hop music|hip hop]] and [[house music]]. American pop stars such as Presley, [[Michael Jackson]], and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as [[Lady Gaga]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Rihanna]], and [[Beyoncé]].\n\n===Cinema===\n{{Main|Cinema of the United States}}\n\n[[File:PB050006.JPG|thumb|The [[Hollywood Sign]] in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]]]\n[[Hollywood]], a northern district of [[Los Angeles]], California, is one of the leaders in motion picture production.{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}} The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Kinetoscope]].{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=igwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT68|date=April 29, 1944|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=68|id={{ISSN|00062510}}}} The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film, also in New York, and the United States was in the forefront of [[sound film]]'s development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}\nDirector [[D. W. Griffith]], American's top filmmaker during the silent film period, was central to the development of [[film grammar]], and producer/entrepreneur [[Walt Disney]] was a leader in both [[animation|animated film]] and movie [[merchandising]].{{cite book|last1=Krasniewicz|first1=Louise|last2=Disney|first2=Walt|title=Walt Disney: A Biography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&pg=PR10|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35830-2|page=10}} Directors such as [[John Ford]] redefined the image of the American Old West and history, and, like others such as [[John Huston]], broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting, with great influence on subsequent directors. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the \"[[Classical Hollywood cinema|Golden Age of Hollywood]]\", from the early sound period until the early 1960s, with screen actors such as [[John Wayne]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]] becoming iconic figures. In the 1970s, film directors such as [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Francis Ford Coppola]] and [[Robert Altman]] were a vital component in what became known as \"[[New Hollywood]]\" or the \"Hollywood Renaissance\",{{cite book|last=Greven|first=David|title=Psycho-Sexual: Male Desire in Hitchcock, De Palma, Scorsese, and Friedkin|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QIyNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|date=January 2, 2013|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-74204-8|page=23}} grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=James|title=Passport to Hollywood: Hollywood Films, European Directors|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dWRif68I3igC&pg=PA11|date=September 11, 1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3938-8|page=11}} Since, directors such as [[Steven Spielberg]], [[George Lucas]] and [[James Cameron]] have gained renown for their blockbuster films, often characterized by high production costs, and in return, high earnings at the box office, with Cameron's ''[[Avatar]]'' (2009) earning more than $2 billion.{{cite book|last=Turow|first=Joseph|title=Media Today: An Introduction to Mass Communication|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MZsSMKQZoYwC&pg=PA434|date=September 22, 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-86402-5|page=434}} Notable films topping the [[American Film Institute]]'s [[AFI 100]] list include [[Orson Welles]]'s ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941), which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time,[http://www.filmsite.org/villvoice.html ''Village Voice'': 100 Best Films of the 20th century (2001)]. Filmsite.{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html |title =Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 |publisher =British Film Institute |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20021105130210/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html|archivedate=November 5, 2002 |year =2002 |deadurl= yes}} ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' (1942), ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972), ''[[Gone with the Wind (1939 film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939), ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' (1962), ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' (1939), ''[[The Graduate]]'' (1967), ''[[On the Waterfront]]'' (1954), ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993), ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]'' (1952), ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1946) and ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' (1950).{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/100years/movies10.aspx|title=AFI's 100 Years|publisher=American Film Institute|accessdate=January 24, 2015}} The [[Academy Awards]], popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] since 1929,{{cite book|last1=Drowne|first1=Kathleen Morgan|last2=Huber|first2=Patrick|title=The 1920's|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CecCHiI95dYC&pg=PA236|date=January 1, 2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32013-2|page=236}} and the [[Golden Globe Awards]] have been held annually since January 1944.{{cite book|last=Kroon|first=Richard W.|title=A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA338|date=April 30, 2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5740-3|page=338}}\n\n==Sports==\n{{Main|Sports in the United States}}\n[[File:Michael Phelps with President Bush - 20080811.jpeg|upright|thumb|Swimmer [[Michael Phelps]] and then-President [[George W. Bush]] August 10, 2008 at the National Aquatic Center in [[Beijing]]. Phelps is the most decorated [[Olympic Games|Olympic athlete]] of all time.{{cite book|author1=Carter Vaughn Findley|author2=John Alexander Rothney|title=Twentieth-Century World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1WQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|date=January 1, 2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|page= 4|isbn=1-133-16880-9}}{{cite book|author=Belmont and Belcourt Biographies|title=Michael Phelps and Ryan Lochte: Unauthorized Biographies|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TB1ZJl603IwC&pg=PT8|date=September 1, 2012|publisher=Price World Publishing|isbn=978-1-61984-221-2|pages=8–}}]]\nWhile most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[skateboarding]], and [[snowboarding]] are American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries. [[Lacrosse]] and [[surfing]] arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.Liss, Howard. ''Lacrosse'' (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13. The [[Iroquois]] field their own separate national team, the [[Iroquois Nationals]], in recognition of the confederacy's creation of lacrosse. Eight [[Olympic Games]] have [[United States at the Olympics|taken place in the United States.]] The United States has won 2,400 medals at the [[Summer Olympic Games]], more than any other country, and 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Games]], the second most behind [[Norway]].{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014}} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014}}\n\nThe market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/06/18/us-pwcstudy-idUSN1738075220080618 Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012]. Reuters. Retrieved on July 24, 2013. [[Baseball]] has been regarded as the [[national sport]] since the late 19th century, with [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) being the top league, while [[American football]] is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport,{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002|accessdate=September 14, 2007}} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0. with the [[National Football League]] (NFL) having the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and a [[Super Bowl]] watched by millions globally. [[Basketball]] and [[ice hockey]] are the country's next two leading professional team sports, with the top leagues being the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) and the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year. [[College football]] and [[College basketball|basketball]] attract large audiences.{{cite web|url=http://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx|title=Passion for College Football Remains Robust|publisher=National Football Foundation|date=March 19, 2013|accessdate=April 1, 2014}} [[Boxing]] and [[horse racing]] were once the most watched [[individual sport]]s,{{cite web |author=Cowen, Tyler; Grier, Kevin |title=What Would the End of Football Look Like?|url= http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7559458/cte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football |publisher=Grantland/ESPN |date=February 9, 2012 |accessdate=February 12, 2012}} but they have been eclipsed by [[golf]] and [[auto racing]], particularly [[NASCAR]].{{cite web|title=As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football? Football continues to trump baseball as America's Favorite Sport|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf|website=Harris Interactive|accessdate=July 2, 2014|date=January 16, 2014}} In the 21st century, televised [[mixed martial arts]] has also gained a strong following of regular viewers.{{cite news|last=McCauley |first=Adam |url= http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/m/mixed_martial_arts/index.html |title=Mixed Martial Arts News |publisher=''The New York Times'' |accessdate=March 27, 2013}}{{cite news|last=Oakes|first=Kalle|title=Mixed Martial Arts: Its popularity is no contest|url=http://www.sunjournal.com/news/local-sports/2013/04/28/mixed-martial-arts-its-popularity-no-contest/1352423|accessdate=October 1, 2013|newspaper=Sun Journal|date=April 28, 2013|quote=Pay-per-view cards play out to captive audiences in millions of American homes, attracting more consumers than professional wrestling and boxing at the same price. An adrenaline-sports television network, Fuel, devotes more than half its 24-hour broadcast day to a single sport. Other, more popular cable or satellite stops furnish daily or weekly shows devoted to it.}} While [[Association football|soccer]] is less popular in the United States than in many other nations, the country hosted the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], the [[United States men's national soccer team|men's national soccer team]] has been to the past six World Cups and the [[United States women's national soccer team|women]] are first in the [[FIFA Women's World Rankings|women's world rankings]].\n\n==Infrastructure==\n\n===Transportation===\n{{Main|Transportation in the United States}}\n[[File:Map of current Interstates.svg|thumb|250px|The [[Interstate Highway System]], which extends {{convert|46876|mi|km}}{{cite web |title=Interstate FAQ (Question #3) |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |year=2006 |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/faq.htm#question3 |accessdate=March 4, 2009}}]]\nPersonal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of 4 million miles of public roads,{{cite web|title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface|url=http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html|website=United States Department of Transportation|accessdate=January 13, 2015}} including one of the world's [[National Highway System (United States)|longest highway systems]].{{cite news |url= http://www.newgeography.com/content/002003-china-expressway-system-exceed-us-interstates |title=China Expressway System to Exceed US Interstates |work=New Geography |location =Grand Forks, ND |date=January 22, 2011 |accessdate=September 16, 2011}} The world's second largest automobile market,{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jan/08/china-us-car-sales-overtakes |title=China overtakes US in car sales |newspaper=The Guardian |date=January 8, 2010 |accessdate=July 10, 2011 |location=London}} the United States has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans.{{cite web |url= http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehicles |title=Motor vehicles statistics – countries compared worldwide |publisher=NationMaster |accessdate=July 10, 2011}} About 40% of [[Passenger vehicles in the United States|personal vehicles]] are vans, [[Sport utility vehicle|SUVs]], or light trucks.{{cite web |url= http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/section_01.html| title =Household, Individual, and Vehicle Characteristics |publisher =U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics |work =2001 National Household Travel Survey |accessdate= August 15, 2007}} The average American adult (accounting for all drivers and non-drivers) spends 55 minutes driving every day, traveling {{convert|29|mi|km|0}}.{{cite web |url= http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/section_02.html |title =Daily Passenger Travel |publisher =U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics|work =2001 National Household Travel Survey|accessdate = August 15, 2007}}\n\n[[Mass transit in the United States|Mass transit]] accounts for 9% of total U.S. work trips.{{cite web |url= http://www.policy.rutgers.edu/vtc/documents/TOD.Euro-Style_Planning-Renne-Wells.pdf |author=Renne, John L.; Wells, Jan S. |title= Emerging European-Style Planning in the United States: Transit-Oriented Development |page=2 |year=2003 |publisher = Rutgers University |accessdate= June 11, 2007}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}{{cite web |url= http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/kbenfield/natgeo_surveys_countries_trans.html |title=NatGeo surveys countries' transit use: guess who comes in last|last=Benfield|first=Kaid|publisher=Natural Resources Defense Council |date=May 18, 2009 |accessdate=January 6, 2015}} [[Rail transportation in the United States|Transport of goods by rail]] is extensive, though relatively low numbers of passengers (approximately 31 million annually) use rail to travel, partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior. {{cite web |url= http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-15 |title= Intercity Passenger Rail: National Policy and Strategies Needed to Maximize Public Benefits from Federal Expenditures |date=November 13, 2006 |publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office |accessdate= June 20, 2007}}{{cite web |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/08/economist-explains-18 |title= The Economist Explains: Why Americans Don't Ride Trains |date=August 29, 2013 |publisher= ''[[The Economist]]'' |accessdate= May 12, 2015}} However, ridership on [[Amtrak]], the national intercity passenger rail system, grew by almost 37% between 2000 and 2010.{{cite web|title=Amtrak Ridership Records |url= http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobkey=id&blobwhere=1249227805921&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobhead |publisher=Amtrak |date=June 8, 2011|accessdate=February 29, 2012}} Also, [[Light rail in the United States|light rail development]] has increased in recent years.{{cite news |url= http://www.metaefficient.com/trains/master-2.html |title=3 Reasons Light Rail Is an Efficient Transportation Option for U.S. Cities |author=McGill, Tracy |work= MetaEfficient |date=January 1, 2011 |accessdate=June 14, 2013}} Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal.{{cite web |first=Brian |last=McKenzie |url =http://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/acs-25.pdf |title =Modes Less Traveled—Bicycling and Walking to Work in the United States: 2008–2012 |publisher =U.S. Census Bureau |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140517011216/http://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/acs-25.pdf |archivedate=May 17, 2014 |date =May 2014 |deadurl= no}}\n\nThe [[List of airlines of the United States|civil airline industry]] is entirely privately owned and has been largely [[Airline Deregulation Act|deregulated since 1978]], while [[List of airports in the United States|\nmost major airports]] are publicly owned.{{cite web|title=Privatization|url=http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/privatization|website=http://www.downsizinggovernment.org|publisher=Cato Institute|accessdate=December 27, 2014}} The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; [[American Airlines]] is number one after its 2013 acquisition by [[US Airways]].{{cite web |url= http://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx| title =Scheduled Passengers Carried |publisher= International Air Transport Association (IATA) |year=2011 |accessdate=February 17, 2012}} Of the world's 30 busiest passenger airports, 12 are in the United States, including the busiest, [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]].{{cite web |url =http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport- |title =Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013 - High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport — Mar 31, 2014 |publisher =Airports Council International |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140401052319/http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport- |archivedate=April 1, 2014 |date =March 31, 2014 |accessdate=May 17, 2014 |deadurl= no}}\n\n===Energy===\n[[File:Hoovernewbridge.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hoover Dam]] when completed in 1936 was both the world's largest electric-power generating station and the world's largest [[concrete]] structure.]]\n{{See also|Energy policy of the United States}}\nThe [[Energy in the United States|United States energy]] market is about 29,000 [[Kilowatt hour|terawatt hours]] per year.IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf 2013],  [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf 2012], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf 2011], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf 2010], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf 2009], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf 2006] [[International Energy Agency|IEA]] October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15 [[List of countries by energy consumption per capita|Energy consumption per capita]] is 7.8 tons of oil equivalent per year, the 10th highest rate in the world. In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and [[renewable energy]] sources.{{cite web |url= http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf |title= Diagram 1: Energy Flow, 2007 |work=EIA Annual Energy Review |year=2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration |accessdate=June 25, 2008}} The United States is the world's largest consumer of petroleum.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2246rank.html |title=Country Comparison: Refined Petroleum Products — Consumption |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |work=The World Factbook |accessdate=May 18, 2014}}\n\nFor decades, [[Nuclear power in the United States|nuclear power]] has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries, in part because of public perception in the wake of a [[Three Mile Island accident|1979 accident]]. In 2007, several applications for new nuclear plants were filed.{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9762843 |title= Atomic Renaissance |work=The Economist |location =London |accessdate=September 6, 2007 |date=September 6, 2007}} The United States has 27% of global coal reserves.{{cite web |url= http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130724221536/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls|archivedate=July 24, 2013|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy |publisher= British Petroleum |format= XLS |date=June 2007 |accessdate= February 22, 2010}} It is the world's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil.{{Cite news |author= Ames, Paul |date=May 30, 2013 |title=Could fracking make the Persian Gulf irrelevant? |url= http://www.salon.com/2013/05/30/could_fracking_make_the_persian_gulf_irrelevant_partner/ |work= Salon |accessdate=May 30, 2012 |quote=Since November, the United States has replaced Saudi Arabia as the world's biggest producer of crude oil. It had already overtaken Russia as the leading producer of natural gas.}}\n\n==Science and technology==\n{{Main|Science and technology in the United States}}\n{{See also|Technological and industrial history of the United States}}\n[[File:Apollo 15 flag, rover, LM, Irwin cropped.jpg|thumb| Astronaut [[James Irwin]] walking on the [[Moon]] next to [[Apollo 15]]'s [[Apollo Lunar Module|landing module]] and [[lunar rover]] in 1971. The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the [[Space Race]].]]\nThe United States has been a leader in scientific research and technological innovation since the late 19th century. In 1876, [[Alexander Graham Bell]] was awarded the first U.S. [[Invention of the telephone|patent for the telephone]]. [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Research institute|research laboratory]], one of the first of its kind, developed the [[phonograph]], the first [[Incandescent light bulb|long-lasting light bulb]], and the first viable [[Kinetoscope|movie camera]].{{cite web|title=Thomas Edison's Most Famous Inventions|url=http://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/|website=Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation|accessdate=January 21, 2015}} The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide [[Show business|entertainment industry]]. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of [[Ransom E. Olds]] and [[Henry Ford]] popularized the [[assembly line]]. The [[Wright brothers]], in 1903, made the [[Wright Flyer|first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight]].{{cite web|author=Benedetti, François| url =http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065254/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp| archivedate =September 12, 2007| title =100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality| publisher =Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)|date=December 17, 2003|accessdate=August 15, 2007}}\n\nThe rise of [[Nazism]] in the 1930s led many European scientists, including [[Albert Einstein]], [[Enrico Fermi]], and [[John von Neumann]], to immigrate to the United States.{{cite book|last1=Fraser|first1=Gordon|title=The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-959215-9|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Quantum_Exodus.html?id=-NYknwEACAAJ}} During World War II, the [[Manhattan Project]] developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the [[Atomic Age]], while the [[Space Race]] produced rapid advances in rocketry, [[materials science]], and [[aeronautics]].{{cite book | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=qYZmj7Us3m8C&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=Space+Race++rapid+advances+in+rocketry,+materials+science,+and+computers&source=bl&ots=6JtLGVR3aO&sig=4T65DV86zKTpHNjcMV3lIk1fkL8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rFwXVIbBLMvt8AXWm4LADQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Space%20Race%20%20rapid%20advances%20in%20rocketry%2C%20materials%20science%2C%20and%20computers&f=false| title =10 Little Americans| publisher = Google Books | accessdate = September 15, 2014 }}{{cite web | url =http://www.computerworld.com/article/2525898/app-development/nasa-s-apollo-technology-has-changed-history.html| title =NASA's Apollo technology has changed the history| publisher = Sharon Gaudin| accessdate =September 15, 2014 }}\n\nThe invention of the [[transistor]] in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern [[electronics]], led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry.[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/weekinreview/02goodheart.html Goodheart] July 2, 2006Silicon Valley: 110 Year Renaissance, McLaughlin, Weimers, Winslow 2008.{{cite book|title=Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success|author=Robert W. Price|publisher=AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8144-7190-6|page=42|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q7UzNoWdGAkC&pg=PA42&dq=transistor+inventions-of-the-twentieth-century}} This in turn lead to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the county such as [[Silicon Valley]] in California. Advancements by American [[microprocessor]] companies such as [[Advanced Micro Devices]] (AMD), and [[Intel]] along with both computer [[software]] and [[Computer hardware|hardware]] companies that include [[Adobe Systems]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]], [[IBM]], [[Linux|GNU-Linux]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Sun Microsystems]] created and popularized the [[personal computer]]. The [[ARPANET]] was developed in the 1960s to meet [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]] requirements, and became the first of a [[history of the Internet|series of networks which evolved]] into the [[Internet]].{{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Robert Keith|title=Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QyJjyZ_YBAkC&pg=PA256|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973757-4|page=256}}\n\nThese advancements then lead to greater [[personalization]] of technology for individual use.{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=W. Lance|last2=Segerberg|first2=Alexandra|title=Digital Media and the Personalization of Collective Action|journal=Information, Communication & Society|date=September 2011|volume=14|issue=6|pages=770–799|doi=10.1080/1369118X.2011.579141}} {{As of|2010|04}}, 77% of American households owned at least one [[computer]], and 68% had broadband Internet service.{{cite web | url =http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/exploring-digital-nation-computer-and-internet-use-home| title =Exploring the Digital Nation—Computer and Internet Use at Home | publisher =U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration|date=November 8, 2011| accessdate = April 11, 2012}} 85% of Americans also own a mobile phone {{as of|2011|lc=y}}.{{cite news |url= http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-03/tech/texting.photos.gahran_1_cell-phone-landline-tech-gadget?_s=PM:TECH |title=Report: 90% of Americans own a computerized gadget |publisher=CNN |date=February 3, 2011 |accessdate=December 27, 2012}} The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet.{{cite web|title=Freedom on the Net 2014|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net-2014/freedom-net-2014-graphics#.VQ9Itu7F9aw|website=Freedom House}}\n\nIn the 21st century, 64% of research and development funding comes from the private sector.{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls | title = Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004 | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = June 19, 2007}} The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and [[impact factor]].{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/mar/21/highereducation.uk4 |author=MacLeod, Donald |title= Britain Second in World Research Rankings |date=March 21, 2006 |work= The Guardian |accessdate=May 14, 2006 |location=London}}\n\n==Health==\n{{See also|Health care in the United States|Health care reform in the United States|Health insurance in the United States}}\n[[File:Total health expenditure per capita, US Dollars PPP.png|thumb|right|300px|Health spending per capita, in US$ [[Purchasing power parity|PPP-adjusted]], compared amongst various first world nations.]]\nThe United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990.{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688?lang=en |title=WHO Life expectancy data by country | publisher=WHO | date=2012|accessdate=June 1, 2013}}{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |title=Country Comparison: Life Expectancy at Birth |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook|accessdate=October 25, 2011}}{{cite journal |first= Christopher J.L. |last= Murray |title= The State of US Health, 1990–2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors |journal= Journal of the American Medical Association |url= http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/JAMA/0/joi130037.pdf |doi= 10.1001/jama.2013.13805 |date= July 10, 2013 |volume= 310 |issue= 6 |pages= 591–608 |pmid= 23842577 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6IN1kHmaR |archivedate=July 25, 2013 |deadurl=yes}} Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere have contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 1987, when it was 11th in the world.{{cite news |author= MacAskill, Ewen |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/aug/13/usa.ewenmacaskill |title=US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy |date=August 13, 2007 |work= The Guardian |accessdate = August 15, 2007 |location=London}} Obesity rates in the United States are among the [[Obesity in the United States|highest in the world]].{{cite web|title=Mexico Obesity Rate Surpasses The United States', Making It Fattest Country In The Americas|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/09/mexico-obesity_n_3567772.html|website=Huffington Post}} Approximately [[Obesity in the United States|one-third of the adult population is obese]] and an additional third is overweight;{{cite web |url= http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |title= Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |accessdate= June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}} the obesity rate, the highest in the industrialized world, has more than doubled in the last quarter-century.{{cite book |author= Schlosser, Eric |year= 2002 |title= Fast Food Nation |publisher= Perennial |location=New York |isbn= 0-06-093845-5 |page= 240}} Obesity-related [[diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is considered epidemic by health care professionals.{{cite web |url= http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/12/2451#R3-101329 |title=Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity |year=2005 |accessdate= June 17, 2007 |work= [[Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology]] |publisher=American Heart Association}} The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 169th highest out of 224 countries, with the 224th country having the lowest mortality rate.{{cite web |url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html |title =Country Comparison: Infant Mortality Rate |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |work=The World Factbook |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140411044300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html |archivedate=April 11, 2014 |accessdate=May 17, 2014 |deadurl=no}}\n\nIn 2010, [[coronary artery disease]], [[lung cancer]], [[stroke]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]s, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain, [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[musculoskeletal disorder]]s, neck pain, and [[anxiety]] caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious [[risk factor]]s were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[Hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]], physical inactivity, and alcohol use. [[Alzheimer's disease]], drug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates. U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics.{{cite web|title=About Teen Pregnancy|url=http://www.cdc.gov/TeenPregnancy/AboutTeenPreg.htm|publisher=Center for Disease Control|accessdate=January 24, 2015}} U.S. underage drinking among teenagers is among the lowest in industrialized nations.{{cite web|title=A nation of bad parents: Britain's youngsters amongst world's worst for drinking, smoking and teenage pregnancy, warns the OECD|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1210438/UK-teenage-girls-worst-drunks-world-despite-billions-spent-welfare.html|website=Daily Mail}}\n\nThe U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation. America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians, while the EU and Switzerland together contributed to five.{{cite web |author1=Whitman, Glen |author2=Raad, Raymond |title=Bending the Productivity Curve: Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation |url= http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/bending-productivity-curve-why-america-leads-world-medical-innovation |publisher=The Cato Institute |accessdate=October 9, 2012}}  Since 1966, more Americans have received the [[List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in Medicine]] than the rest of the world combined. From 1989 to 2002, four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe.{{cite news |last= Cowen |first=Tyler |title=Poor U.S. Scores in Health Care Don't Measure Nobels and Innovation |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/05/business/05scene.html?_r=1& |accessdate=October 9, 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 5, 2006}} The U.S. health-care system far [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|outspends]] any other nation, measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP.''OECD Health Data 2000: A Comparative Analysis of 29 Countries'' [CD-ROM] (OECD: Paris, 2000). See also {{cite web |url=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20061118234952/http://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |year=2001|accessdate= November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}} Health-care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not [[universal health care|universal]]. In 2014, 13.4% of the population did not carry [[health insurance]].{{cite web|title=In U.S., Uninsured Rate Holds at 13.4%|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/178100/uninsured-rate-holds.aspx|website=Gallup}} The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue.{{cite news |author=Abelson, Reed |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/health/policy/10health.html |title=Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising, Study Finds |date= June 10, 2008 |work=The New York Times |accessdate= October 25, 2008}}{{cite journal |author=Blewett, Lynn A. et al. |title=How Much Health Insurance Is Enough? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance |date=December 2006 |volume=63|issue=6|pages=663–700 |doi=10.1177/1077558706293634 |pmid=17099121 |issn=1077-5587 |journal=Medical Care Research and Review}} In 2006, [[Massachusetts]] became the first state to mandate universal health insurance.{{cite news|author=Fahrenthold, David A. |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/04/AR2006040401937.html |title= Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage |date= April 5, 2006 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=June 19, 2007}} [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Federal legislation]] passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near-universal health insurance system around the country by 2014, though the bill and its ultimate impact are issues of controversy.{{cite web |title= Health Care Law 54% Favor Repeal of Health Care Law |url= http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/healthcare/health_care_law |publisher=Rasmussen Reports |accessdate=October 13, 2012}}{{cite news |title= Debate on ObamaCare to intensify in the wake of landmark Supreme Court ruling |url= http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/06/29/debate-on-obamacare-to-intensify-in-wake-landmark-supreme-court-ruling/ |work=Fox News |date=June 29, 2012 |accessdate=October 14, 2012}}\n\n==Media==\n{{Main|Media of the United States|Television in the United States}}\n[[File:ABC 77 W66 jeh.JPG|thumb|Corporate headquarters of the [[American Broadcasting Company]] in New York City]]\nThe four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the [[NBC|National Broadcasting Company]] (NBC), [[CBS|Columbia Broadcasting System]] (CBS), the [[American Broadcasting Company]] (ABC) and [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]].\nAmericans are the heaviest television viewers in the world,{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_tel_vie-media-television-viewing |title=Media Statistics > Television Viewing by Country |publisher=NationMaster |accessdate=June 3, 2007}} and the average viewing time continues to rise, reaching five hours a day in 2006.{{cite web |url=http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1005003 |title=Broadband and Media Consumption |date=June 7, 2007|publisher=eMarketer |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} The four major broadcast [[television network]]s are all commercial entities. Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a day.{{cite web |url=http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1004830 |title=TV Fans Spill into Web Sites |date=June 7, 2007|publisher=eMarketer |accessdate = June 10, 2007}}\n\nIn 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds, subscriptions and corporate underwriting. Much public-radio broadcasting is supplied by [[NPR]] (formerly National Public Radio). NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967; its television counterpart, PBS, was also created by the same legislation. (NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other.) {{As of|2014|09|30|df=US}}, there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the US according to the [[U.S. Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).{{cite web|last = Waits | first = Jennifer | title = Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise, Especially LPFM, according to New FCC Count | website = Radio Survivor | date = October 17, 2014 | accessdate = January 6, 2015 | url = http://www.radiosurvivor.com/2014/10/17/number-u-s-radio-stations-rise-especially-lpfm-according-latest-fcc-count/}}\n\nWell-known newspapers are ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'' and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or Reuters, for their national and world coverage. With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as [[Gannett Company|Gannett]] or [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]], which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have \"alternative weeklies\" to complement the mainstream daily papers, for example, New York City's ''[[The Village Voice]]'' or Los Angeles' ''[[LA Weekly]]'', to name two of the best-known. Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries, and papers for local ethnic and social groups. Early versions of the American newspaper [[comic strip]] and the [[American comic book]] began appearing in the 19th century. In 1938, [[Superman]], the comic book [[superhero]] of [[DC Comics]], developed into an American icon.{{cite book | last=Daniels | first=Les | authorlink=Les Daniels | year=1998 | title=Superman: The Complete History | page=11 | edition=1st | publisher=[[Titan Books]] | isbn=1-85286-988-7}} Aside from [[web portal]]s and [[web search engine|search engines]], the most popular websites are [[Facebook]], [[YouTube]], [[Wikipedia]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[eBay]], and [[Twitter]].{{cite web |url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US |title=Top Sites in United States |year=2014 |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=October 20, 2014}}\n\nIn Spanish, the second most widely spoken mother tongue behind English, more than 800 publications are published.{{cite web|url=http://www.w3newspapers.com/usa/spanish |title=Spanish Newspapers in United States |publisher=W3newspapers |accessdate=August 5, 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm |title=Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE.UU |publisher=Onlinenewspapers.com |accessdate=August 5, 2014}}\n\n==See also==\n{{Portal|United States|North America}}\n{{Wikipedia books}}\n* [[Index of United States-related articles]]\n* [[Outline of the United States]]\n* [[List of states and territories of the United States]]\n* [[List of metropolitan areas of the United States]]\n* [[List of United States cities by population]]\n* [[List of wars involving the United States]]\n* [[National symbols of the United States]]\n\n==Notes==\n{{reflist|group=fn}}\n\n==References==\n\n{{Reflist|22em}}\n\n==Bibliography and further reading==\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite book |title=Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance |ref=Acharya10 |first1=Viral V. |last1=Acharya |first2=Thomas F. |last2=Cooley |first3=Matthew P. |last3=Richardson |first4=Ingo |last4=Walter |page=592 |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-76877-8}}\n* {{cite book |title= The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism.| first1= Edward E.|last1= Baptist|publisher= [[Basic Books]]|year= 2014|isbn=046500296X}}\n* {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=James |first2=John |last2=Jahera |title=US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation |ref=Barth10 |journal=Journal of Financial Economic Policy |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=192–195 |doi=10.1108/17576381011085412}}\n* {{cite book |last=Berkin |first=Carol |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher L. |last3=Cherny |first3=Robert W. |last4=Gormly |first4=James L. |title=Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2007 |ref=Berkin |page=75}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Making_America_Volume_1_To_1877_A_Histor.html?id=cyEI21RClZkC Book]\n* {{cite journal |last1=Bianchine |first1=Peter J. |last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |year=1992 |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=225–232 |ref=Bianchine |publisher=OceanSide Publications, Inc. |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/1992/00000013/00000005/art00002 |accessdate=September 9, 2012 |doi=10.2500/108854192778817040 |pmid=1483570 |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings}}\n* {{cite book |author1=Boyer, Paul S. |author2=Clark, Clifford E. Jr. |author3=Kett, Joseph F. |last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5= Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People |ref=Boyer |year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |page=588 |isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Clingan |first=Edmund |title=An Introduction to Modern Western Civilization |ref=Clingan |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5439-8}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FS3TnrLu7y8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |first=Colin G. |last=Calloway |title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]] |ref=Calloway1998 |page=229 |isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't know much about the Civil War |ref=Davis96 |publisher=William Marrow and Co. |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-688-11814-3 |page=518}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dphzw2cbaoQC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Daynes |first=Byron W. |last2=Sussman |first2=Glen (eds.) |title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush |ref=Daynes |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2010 |page=320 |isbn=978-1-60344-254-1 |quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIOQ1FYHtcYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |first= Sylvan G. |last=Feldstein |first2=Frank J., CFA |last2=Fabozzi |title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds |ref=Feldstein |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]], January 13, 2011 |page=1376 |isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Gold |first=Susan Dudley |title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny |ref=Gold2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2006 |page=144 |isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mbV6kPGO4OAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Thomas |last2=Rogers |first2=Joel |ref=Ferguson |year=1986 |title=The Myth of America's Turn to the Right |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |volume=257 |issue=5 |pages=43–53 |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}\n* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&lpg=PA229|year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311}}\n* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |year=2004 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Empire_of_Wealth.html?id=rmsUs_KDgHAC Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |last2=Burns |first2=Richard Dean |last3=Siracusa |first3=Joseph M. |ref=Burns2008 |title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&lpg=PA142 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |series=Praeger Security International Series |isbn=978-0-313-35241-6 |page=180}}\n* {{cite book |title= [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/ The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States]|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-last=Haymes|editor2-first= Maria|editor2-last=Vidal de Haymes|editor3-first= Reuben|editor3-last= Miller|publisher= [[Routledge]]|year= 2014|isbn=0415673445}}\n* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |location=[[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Maryland]]}}\n* {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-978142-3}}\n* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version]\n* {{cite book |last=Juergens |first=Tom |title=Wicked Puritans of Essex County |ref=Juergens |publisher=The History Press |year=2011 |page=112 |isbn=978-1-59629-566-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0q2GwESzhUwC&vq=slave&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9 |page=398|ref=Kessel}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{Cite book |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1988 |title= Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Pantheon Books|Pantheon]] |ref= harv }}\n* {{cite book |title=One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America| first1= Kevin M.|last1= Kruse|publisher= Basic Books|year= 2015|isbn=0465049494}}\n* {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War |ref=Leckie |publisher=Harper-Collins |location=New York |year=1990 |page=682 |isbn=0-06-016280-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last= Leffler |first= Melvyn P. |authorlink= Melvyn P. Leffler |year= 2010 |chapter= The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952 |title= ''In Melvyn P. Leffler and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,''The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins ''(pp. 67–89)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }}\n* {{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF]\n* {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604|url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ}}\n* {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=214}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&pg=PA44 Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}}\n* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=May 15, 2013 |deadurl= yes}}\n* {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false eBook version]\n* {{cite book | last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |ref=Quirk |year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}\n* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=180 |year=1994}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&vq=triangle&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=2–3}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=299 |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&vq=census&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&vq=twenty+seven+times&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}\n* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&lpg=PA12 Book]\n* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&purchase-type=article&accessType=RR&sid=21102125115943&showMyJstorPss=false&seq=1&showAccess=true Article]\n* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=49}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&lpg=PA49 Book]\n* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}\n* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]\n* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |doi=10.1353/rah.2012.0043 |url=http://courses.ttu.edu/secunnin/40.2.williams.pdf |accessdate=March 11, 2013 |journal=Reviews in American History}}\n* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url= | year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=198, 216, 251, 253 }}\n* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}\n{{refend}}\n\n===Website sources===\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}\n* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}\n* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}\n* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of \"In God We Trust\" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}\n* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society|archiveurl=http://archive.is/GkED4|archivedate=April 15, 2013}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]\n* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}\n* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author= |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}\n* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}\n* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |doi=10.1162/152039703322483774 |url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/152039703322483774?journalCode=jcws |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}\n{{refend}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Sister project links|voy=United States}}\n\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]\n;Government\n* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites\n* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives\n* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate\n* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States\n* [{{SCOTUS URL}} Supreme Court] Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States\n;History\n* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research\n* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance\n* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data\n;Maps\n* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior\n* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}\n* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.\n\n{{Anchor|Related information}}\n\n{{United States topics}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n[[Category:United States| ]]\n[[Category:1776 establishments in the United States]]\n[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]\n[[Category:Federal constitutional republics]]\n[[Category:Former British colonies]]\n[[Category:Former confederations]]\n[[Category:G7 nations]]\n[[Category:G8 nations]]\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\n[[Category:Member states of NATO]]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:Republics]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1776]]\n[[Category:Superpowers]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "regression/pages/wyoming.wiki",
    "content": "{{About|the U.S. state}}\n{{pp-move-indef}}\n{{lead too short|date=July 2016}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2015}}\n{{Infobox U.S. state\n|Name = Wyoming\n|Fullname = State of Wyoming\n|Flag = Flag of Wyoming.svg\n|Flaglink = [[Flag of Wyoming|Flag]]\n|Seal = Seal of Wyoming.svg\n|Seallink = [[Seal of Wyoming|Seal]]\n|Map = Wyoming in United States.svg\n|Nickname = Equality State (official);
Cowboy State; Big Wyoming{{cite web |url=http://www.wyo.gov/about-wyoming/wyoming-facts-and-symbols |title=Wyoming Facts and Symbols |publisher=State of Wyoming |date=2013 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20160920053220/http://www.wyo.gov/about-wyoming/wyoming-facts-and-symbols |archivedate=September 20, 2016 |deadurl=no |accessdate=October 12, 2016}}\n|Motto = Equal Rights\n|Former = Wyoming Territory\n|Capital = [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]]\n|LargestMetro = [[Cheyenne metropolitan area|Cheyenne Metro Area]]\n|OfficialLang = [[English language|English]]\n|Demonym = [[List of demonyms for U.S. states#List|Wyomingite]]\n|LargestCity = capital\n|Governor = [[Matt Mead]] (R)\n|Lieutenant Governor =\n|Lieutenant Governor_alt = Secretary of State\n|Legislature = [[Wyoming Legislature]]\n|Upperhouse = [[Wyoming Senate|Senate]]\n|Lowerhouse = [[Wyoming House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]\n|Senators = [[Mike Enzi]] (R)
[[John Barrasso]] (R)\n|Representative = [[Cynthia Lummis]] (R)\n|PostalAbbreviation = WY, Wyo.\n|AreaRank = 10th\n|TotalArea = 253,600 \n|TotalAreaUS = 97,914\n|PCWater = 0.7\n|PopRank = 50th\n|2010Pop = 586,107 (2015 estimate); 563,626 (2010 census)\n|DensityRank = 49th\n|2000DensityUS = 5.97\n|2000Density = 2.31\n|MedianHouseholdIncome = $60,925{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|work=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}\n|IncomeRank      = 15th\n|AdmittanceOrder = 44th\n|AdmittanceDate = July 10, 1890\n|TimeZone = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Mountain Standard Time|-7]]/[[Mountain Daylight Time|-6]]\n|Latitude = [[41st parallel north|41°N]] to [[45th parallel north|45°N]]\n|Longitude = 104°3'W to 111°3'W\n|WidthUS = 372.8\n|Width = 600\n|LengthUS = 280\n|Length = 452\n|HighestPoint = [[Gannett Peak]]{{cite ngs |id=OW0356 |designation=Gannett Peak Cairn |accessdate=October 24, 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=July 22, 2012}}Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].\n|HighestElevUS = 13,809\n|HighestElev = 4209.1\n|MeanElevUS = 6,700\n|MeanElev = 2040\n|LowestPoint = [[Belle Fourche River]] at {{nobreak|[[South Dakota]] border}}\n|LowestElevUS = 3,101\n|LowestElev = 945\n|ISOCode = US-WY\n|Website = wyoming.gov\n}}\n{{Infobox U.S. state symbols\n|Name = Wyoming\n|Flag = Flag of Wyoming.svg\n|Seal = Seal of Wyoming.svg\n|Amphibian =\n|Bird = [[Western meadowlark]] (''Sturnella neglecta'')\n|Butterfly =\n|Dinosaur = ''[[Triceratops]]''\n|Fish = [[Cutthroat trout]] (''Oncorhynchus clarki'')\n|Flower = [[Wyoming Indian paintbrush]] (''Castilleja linariifolia'')\n|Grass = [[Pascopyrum|Western wheatgrass]] (''Pascopyrum smithii'')\n|Circumcision Statistics = 73%\t(2013) Still Medicaid funded\n|Mammal = [[American bison]] (''Bison bison'')\n|Reptile = [[Horned lizard]] (''[[Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre]]'')\n|Tree = [[Plains cottonwood]] (''Populus sargentii'')\n|Beverage =\n|Colors =\n|Dance =\n|Food =\n|Fossil = ''[[Knightia]]''\n|Gemstone =\n|Instrument =\n|Mineral = [[Nephrite]]\n|Motto = [[Equal Rights (motto)|Equal Rights]]\n|Poem =\n|Rock =\n|Shell =\n|Ships =\n|Slogan =\n|Soil = [[Forkwood]] (unofficial)\n|Song = \"[[Wyoming (song)|Wyoming]]\" by Charles E. Winter & George E. Knapp\n|Sport =\n|Tartan =\n|Toy =\n|Other =\n|Route Marker = WY-789.svg\n|Quarter = 2007 WY Proof Rev.png\n|QuarterReleaseDate = 2007\n}}\n\n'''Wyoming''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Wyoming.ogg|w|aɪ|ˈ|oʊ|m|ɪ|ŋ}} is a state in the [[Mountain States|mountain region]] of the western United States. It is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|tenth largest state by area]], the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|least populous state]] and the [[List of U.S. states by population density|second least densely populated state]] in the country. Wyoming is bordered on the north by [[Montana]], on the east by [[South Dakota]] and [[Nebraska]], on the south by [[Colorado]], on the southwest by [[Utah]], and on the west by [[Idaho]]. [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] is the capital and the most populous city in Wyoming, with a population estimate of 63,335 in 2015.{{cite web|title= Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=November 3, 2016}} The state population was estimated at 586,107 in 2015.\n\nThe western two-thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the  [[Rocky Mountains]], while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the [[High Plains (United States)|High Plains]].\n\n==Geography==\n\n===Location and size===\nAs specified in the designating legislation for the [[Territory of Wyoming]], Wyoming's borders are lines of [[latitude]], [[41st parallel north|41°N]] and [[45th parallel north|45°N]], and [[longitude]], 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the [[Washington Meridian]]), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle.{{cite journal |author=Willam J. Gribb |author2=Lawrence M. Ostrech |title=Databases and Algorithms to Determine the Boundary of Wyoming |publisher=University of Wyoming, Department of Geography |url=http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc04/docs/pap1718.pdf |accessdate=December 14, 2008}} Wyoming is one of only three states (along with [[Colorado]] and [[Utah]]) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] lines by up to half of a mile (0.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the [[45th parallel north|45th parallel]].{{cite web |url=http://www.maa.org/mathtourist/mathtourist_08_30_07.html |title=Rectangular States and Kinky Borders |author=Ivars Peterson |accessdate=December 14, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705160310/http://www.maa.org/mathtourist/mathtourist_08_30_07.html |archivedate=July 5, 2008}} Wyoming is bordered on the north by [[Montana]], on the east by [[South Dakota]] and [[Nebraska]], on the south by [[Colorado]], on the southwest by [[Utah]], and on the west by [[Idaho]]. It is the tenth largest state in the United States in total area, containing {{convert|97814|sqmi|km2}} and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is {{convert|276|mi|km}};[http://www.javascripter.net/math/calculators/distancecalculator.htm Distance Calculator]. Javascripter.net. Retrieved July 12, 2013. and from the east to the west border is {{convert|365|mi|km}} at its south end and {{convert|342|mi|km}} at the north end.\n\n===Mountain ranges===\nThe [[Great Plains]] meet the [[Rocky Mountains]] in Wyoming. The state is a great [[plateau]] broken by many [[mountain range]]s. Surface elevations range from the summit of [[Gannett Peak]] in the [[Wind River Range|Wind River Mountain Range]], at {{convert|13804|ft|m}}, to the [[Belle Fourche River]] valley in the state's northeast corner, at {{convert|3125|ft|m}}. In the northwest are the [[Absaroka Range|Absaroka]], [[Owl Creek Mountains|Owl Creek]], [[Gros Ventre Range|Gros Ventre]], [[Wind River Range|Wind River]] and the [[Teton Range|Teton]] ranges. In the north central are the [[Big Horn Mountains]]; in the northeast, the [[Black Hills]]; and in the southern region the [[Laramie Mountains|Laramie]], [[Medicine Bow Mountains|Snowy]] and [[Sierra Madre Range (Wyoming)|Sierra Madre]] ranges.\n\nThe Snowy Range in the south central part of the state is an extension of the Colorado [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] in both geology and appearance. The Wind River Range in the west central part of the state is remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in excess of {{convert|13000|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall in addition to Gannett Peak, the highest peak in the state. The Big Horn Mountains in the north central portion are somewhat isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Mountains.\n\nThe Teton Range in the northwest extends for {{convert|50|mi|km}}, part of which is included in [[Grand Teton National Park]]. The park includes the [[Grand Teton]], the second highest peak in the state.\n\nThe [[Continental Divide]] spans north-south across the central portion of the state. Rivers east of the divide drain into the [[Missouri River Basin]] and eventually the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. They are the [[North Platte River|North Platte]], [[Wind River (Wyoming)|Wind]], [[Bighorn River|Big Horn]] and the [[Yellowstone River|Yellowstone]] rivers. The [[Snake River]] in northwest Wyoming eventually drains into the [[Columbia River]] and the Pacific Ocean, as does the [[Green River (Colorado River)|Green River]] through the [[Colorado River]] Basin.\n\nThe Continental Divide forks in the south central part of the state in an area known as the [[Great Divide Basin]] where the waters that flow or precipitate into this area remain there and cannot flow to any ocean. Instead, because of the overall aridity of Wyoming, water in the Great Divide Basin simply sinks into the soil or evaporates.\n\nSeveral rivers begin in or flow through the state, including the Yellowstone River, Bighorn River, Green River, and the Snake River.\n\n===Islands===\n{{main article|List of islands of Wyoming}}\nWyoming has 32 named islands, of which the majority are located in [[Jackson Lake]] and [[Yellowstone Lake]] within [[Yellowstone National Park]] in the northwest portion of the state. The [[Green River (Colorado River)|Green River]] in the southwest also contains a number of islands.\n\n===Public lands===\n[[File:Wyoming ref 2001.jpg|thumb|Wyoming terrain map]]\nMore than 48% of the land in Wyoming is owned by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]], leading Wyoming to rank sixth in the United States in total acres and fifth in percentage of a state's land owned by the federal government.[http://www.maineenvironment.org/documents/publiclandownership.pdf MainEnvironment.org] Public Land Ownership by State, 1995 Main Environment.org This amounts to about {{convert|30099430|acre|km2}} owned and managed by the United States government. The state government owns an additional 6% of all Wyoming lands, or another {{convert|3864800|acre|km2}}.\n\nThe vast majority of this government land is managed by the [[Bureau of Land Management]] and [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]] in numerous [[United States National Forest|national forests]], a [[United States National Grassland|national grassland]], and a number of vast swathes of public land, in addition to the [[Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]] in Cheyenne.\n\n[[File:Map Wyoming NPS sites USA.gif|thumb|National Park Service sites map]]\nIn addition, Wyoming contains areas managed by the [[National Park Service]] and other agencies such as the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]], including:\n\n'''National parks'''\n* [[Grand Teton National Park]]\n* [[Yellowstone National Park]]\n\n'''Memorial parkway'''\n* [[John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway]] between Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks\n\n'''National recreation areas'''\n* [[Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area]]\n* [[Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area]] (managed by the Forest Service as part of [[Ashley National Forest]])\n\n'''National monuments'''\n* [[Devils Tower|Devils Tower National Monument]]\n* [[Fossil Butte National Monument]]\n\n'''National historic trails, landmarks and sites'''\n* [[California Trail|California National Historic Trail]]\n* [[Fort Laramie National Historic Site]]\n* [[Independence Rock (Wyoming)|Independence Rock National Historic Landmark]]\n* [[Medicine Wheel/Medicine Mountain National Historic Landmark]]\n* [[Mormon Trail|Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail]]\n* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming]]\n* [[Oregon Trail|Oregon National Historic Trail]]\n* [[Pony Express|Pony Express National Historic Trail]]\n\n'''National fish hatcheries'''\n* [[Jackson National Fish Hatchery]]\n* [[Saratoga National Fish Hatchery]]\n\n'''National wildlife refuges'''\n* [[National Elk Refuge]]\n* [[Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge]]\n\n\nFile:Castle Geyser (3678669019).jpg|[[Yellowstone National Park]]\nFile:A110, Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming, USA, 2004.jpg|[[Devils Tower|Devils Tower National Monument]]\nFile:Thunder Basin National Grassland Douglas.jpg|[[Thunder Basin National Grassland]]\nFile:Seedskadee nwr sunset.jpg|[[Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge]]\n\n{{wide image|Wide angle tetons.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of the [[Teton Range]] looking west from [[Jackson Hole]], [[Grand Teton National Park]]}}\n\n==Climate==\n[[File:WY_koppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Wyoming]]\n{{Further information|Climate change in Wyoming}}\n[[File:Wyoming.JPG|thumb|Wyoming state welcome sign on [[Interstate 80]] in [[Uinta County, Wyoming|Uinta County]] (at the [[Utah]] border)]]\n[[File:Autumn in the Bighorn Mountains.JPG|thumb|Autumn in the Bighorn Mountains]]\n\nWyoming's climate is generally [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] and [[continental climate|continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''[[Cold steppe|''BSk'']]''), and is drier and windier in comparison to most of the United States with greater temperature extremes. Much of this is due to the topography of the state. Summers in Wyoming are warm with July high temperatures averaging between {{convert|85|and|95|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in most of the state. With increasing elevation, however, this average drops rapidly with locations above {{convert|9000|ft|m}} averaging around {{convert|70|°F|°C|abbr=on}}. Summer nights throughout the state are characterized by a rapid cooldown with even the hottest locations averaging in the {{convert|50|–|60|F|C}} range at night. In most of the state, most of the precipitation tends to fall in the late spring and early summer. Winters are cold, but are variable with periods of sometimes extreme cold interspersed between generally mild periods, with [[Chinook winds]] providing unusually warm temperatures in some locations. Wyoming is a dry state with much of the land receiving less than {{convert|10|in|mm}} of rainfall per year. Precipitation depends on elevation with lower areas in the [[Bighorn Basin|Big Horn Basin]] averaging {{convert|5|-|8|in|mm}} (making the area nearly a true [[desert]]). The lower areas in the North and on the eastern plains typically average around {{convert|10|-|12|in|mm}}, making the climate there [[semi-arid]]. Some mountain areas do receive a good amount of precipitation, {{convert|20|in|mm}} or more, much of it as snow, sometimes {{convert|200|in|cm}} or more annually. The state's highest recorded temperature is {{convert|114|F|C}} at [[Basin, Wyoming|Basin]] on July 12, 1900 and the lowest recorded temperature is {{convert|-66|F|C}} at [[Riverside, Wyoming|Riverside]] on February 9, 1933.\n\nThe number of [[thunderstorm]] days vary across the state with the southeastern plains of the state having the most days of thunderstorm activity. Thunderstorm activity in the state is highest during the late spring and early summer. The southeastern corner of the state is the most vulnerable part of the state to [[tornado]] activity. Moving away from that point and westwards, the incidence of tornadoes drops dramatically with the west part of the state showing little vulnerability. Tornadoes, where they occur, tend to be small and brief, unlike some of those that occur a little farther east.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable collapsible\" style=\"width:700px;\"\n! colspan= \"14\" style=\"background: #6688AA; color: #6688AA\" | {{big|Casper climate:}} Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall.\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy; height:17px;\"| Month\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Jan\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Feb\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Mar\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Apr\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| May\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Jun\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Jul\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Aug\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Sep\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Oct\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Nov\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Dec\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy; border-left:2px solid #bbb;\"| '''Year'''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy; height:16px;\"| Average max. temperature °[[Fahrenheit|F]] ([[Celsius|°C]])\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| 32
(0)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| 37
(3)\n| style=\"background: #F5E4D1;\" | 45
(7)\n| style=\"background: #FFCF99;\" | 56
(13)\n| style=\"background: #FFB86D;\" | 66
(19)\n| style=\"background: #FF952B;\" | 78
(26)\n| style=\"background: #F47D00;\" | 87
(31)\n| style=\"background: #FF952B;\" | 85
(29)\n| style=\"background: #FFA54D;\" | 74
(23)\n| style=\"background: #FFB86D;\" | 60
(16)\n| style=\"background: #F5E4D1;\" | 44
(7)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| 34
(1)\n| style=\"background: #FFCF99;\" | '''58'''
('''14''')\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Average min. temperature
°F (°C)\n| style=\"background: #4DD2FF;\" | 12
(−11)\n| style=\"background: #52D5F5;\" | 16
(−9)\n| style=\"background: #52D5F5;\" | 21
(−6)\n| style=\"background: #8CF1FC;\" | 28
(−2)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| 37
(3)\n| style=\"background: #F5E4D1;\" | 46
(8)\n| style=\"background: #FFCF99;\" | 54
(12)\n| style=\"background: #FFCF99;\" | 51
(11)\n| style=\"background: #F5E4D1;\" | 41
(5)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| 32
(0)\n| style=\"background: #52D5F5;\" | 21
(−6)\n| style=\"background: #52D5F5;\" | 14
(−10)\n| style=\"background: #8CF1FC;\" | '''31'''
('''-1''')\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Average rainfall
inches (mm)\n| style=\"background: #99E5FF;\" | 0.6
(15.2)\n| style=\"background: #99E5FF;\" | 0.6
(15.2)\n| style=\"background: #72DCFF;\" | 1.0
(25.4)\n| style=\"background: #41CFFF;\" | 1.6
(40.6)\n| style=\"background: #00BEFE;\" | 2.1
(53.3)\n| style=\"background: #41CFFF;\" | 1.5
(38.1)\n| style=\"background: #72DCFF;\" | 1.3
(33.0)\n| style=\"background: #99E5FF;\" | 0.7
(17.8)\n| style=\"background: #99E5FF;\" | 0.9
(22.9)\n| style=\"background: #72DCFF;\" | 1.0
(25.4)\n| style=\"background: #99E5FF;\" | 0.8
(20.3)\n| style=\"background: #99E5FF;\" | 0.7
(17.8)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| '''12.8'''
('''325.1''')\n|-\n| colspan=\"14\" style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy; text-align:center;\"| Source:{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/united-states/weather/wyoming/casper.htm |title=CountryStudies.us |publisher=CountryStudies.us |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}\n|}\n\n{| class=\"wikitable collapsible\" style=\"width:700px;\"\n! colspan= \"14\" style=\"background: #6688AA; color: #6688AA\" | {{big|Jackson climate:}} Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall.\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy; height:17px;\"| Month\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Jan\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Feb\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Mar\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Apr\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| May\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Jun\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Jul\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Aug\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Sep\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Oct\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Nov\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Dec\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy; border-left:2px solid #bbb;\"| '''Year'''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy; height:16px;\"| Average max. temperature °[[Fahrenheit|F]] ([[Celsius|°C]])\n| style=\"background: #8CF1FC;\" | 24
(−4)\n| style=\"background: #8CF1FC;\" | 28
(−2)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| 37
(3)\n| style=\"background: #F5E4D1;\" | 47
(8)\n| style=\"background: #FFCF99;\" | 58
(14)\n| style=\"background: #FFA54D;\" | 68
(20)\n| style=\"background: #FF952B;\" | 78
(26)\n| style=\"background: #FF952B;\" | 77
(25)\n| style=\"background: #FFB86D;\" | 67
(19)\n| style=\"background: #FFCF99;\" | 54
(12)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| 37
(3)\n| style=\"background: #8CF1FC;\" | 24
(−4)\n| style=\"background: #F5E4D1;\" | '''49'''
('''9''')\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Average min. temperature
°F (°C)\n| style=\"background: #00BEFE;\" | -1
(−18)\n| style=\"background: #00BEFE;\" | 2
(−17)\n| style=\"background: #4DD2FF;\" | 10
(−12)\n| style=\"background: #52D5F5;\" | 21
(−6)\n| style=\"background: #8CF1FC;\" | 30
(−1)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| 36
(2)\n| style=\"background: #F5E4D1;\" | 41
(5)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| 38
(3)\n| style=\"background: #8CF1FC;\" | 31
(−1)\n| style=\"background: #52D5F5;\" | 22
(−6)\n| style=\"background: #52D5F5;\" | 14
(−10)\n| style=\"background: #00BEFE;\" | 0
(−18)\n| style=\"background: #52D5F5;\" | '''20'''
('''-7''')\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n! style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy;\"| Average rainfall
inches (mm)\n| style=\"background: #00B2EE;\" | 2.6
(66.0)\n| style=\"background: #41CFFF;\" | 1.9
(48.3)\n| style=\"background: #41CFFF;\" | 1.6
(40.6)\n| style=\"background: #72DCFF;\" | 1.4
(35.6)\n| style=\"background: #41CFFF;\" | 1.9
(48.3)\n| style=\"background: #41CFFF;\" | 1.8
(45.7)\n| style=\"background: #72DCFF;\" | 1.3
(33.0)\n| style=\"background: #72DCFF;\" | 1.3
(33.0)\n| style=\"background: #41CFFF;\" | 1.5
(38.1)\n| style=\"background: #72DCFF;\" | 1.3
(33.0)\n| style=\"background: #00BEFE;\" | 2.3
(58.4)\n| style=\"background: #00B2EE;\" | 2.5
(63.5)\n| style=\"background:#fff;\"| '''21.4'''
('''543.6''')\n|-\n| colspan=\"14\" style=\"background:#dcf0f0; color:navy; text-align:center;\"| Source:{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/united-states/weather/wyoming/jackson.htm |title=Countrystudies.us |publisher=Countrystudies.us |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}\n|}\n\n==History==\n{{Main article|History of Wyoming}}\n[[File:Alfred Jacob Miller - Fort Laramie - Walters 37194049.jpg|thumb|The first [[Fort Laramie]] as it looked before 1840 (painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller)]]\nSeveral Native American groups originally inhabited the region now known as Wyoming. The [[Crow Nation|Crow]], [[Arapaho]], [[Lakota people|Lakota]], and [[Shoshone]] were but a few of the original inhabitants encountered when [[White people|white]] explorers first entered the region. What is now southwestern Wyoming became a part of the [[Spanish Empire]] and later Mexican territory of [[Alta California]], until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the [[Mexican–American War]]. French-Canadian trappers from Québec and Montréal went into the state in the late 18th century, leaving French toponyms such as Téton, [[Jacques La Ramee|La Ramie]], etc. [[John Colter]], a member of the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]], itself guided by French Canadian Toussaint Charbonneau and his young Shoshone wife, [[Sacagawea]], first described the region in 1807. At the time, his reports of the [[Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem|Yellowstone]] area were considered to be fictional.{{Gutenberg |no=42112 |name=The Yellowstone National Park |bullet=none }} [[Robert Stuart (explorer)|Robert Stuart]] and a party of five men returning from [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]] discovered [[South Pass (Wyoming)|South Pass]] in 1812. The [[Oregon Trail]] later followed that route. In 1850, [[Jim Bridger]] located what is now known as [[Bridger Pass]], which the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] used in 1868—as did [[Interstate 80 in Wyoming|Interstate 80]], 90 years later. Bridger also explored Yellowstone and filed reports on the region that, like those of Colter, were largely regarded as [[tall tale]]s at the time.\n\nThe region had acquired the name ''Wyoming'' by 1865, when Representative [[James Mitchell Ashley]] of [[Ohio]] introduced a bill to Congress to provide a \"temporary government for [[Wyoming Territory|the territory of Wyoming]]\". The territory was named after the [[Wyoming Valley]] in Pennsylvania, made famous by the 1809 poem ''[[Gertrude of Wyoming]]'' by [[Thomas Campbell (poet)|Thomas Campbell]], based on the [[Battle of Wyoming]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The name ultimately derives from the [[Munsee language|Munsee]] word ''{{lang|umu|xwé:wamənk}}'', meaning \"at the big river flat.\"Bright, William (2004). ''Native American Place Names of the United States''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 576[http://wyoming.gov/general/narrative.asp State of Wyoming – Narrative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515091433/http://wyoming.gov/general/narrative.asp |date=May 15, 2008 }}\n\n[[File:Wyoming Jeep Trail.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.75|A backcounty road in the [[Sierra Madre Range (Wyoming)|Sierra Madre Range]] of southeastern Wyoming near Bridger Peak]]\nAfter the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] had reached the town of [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] in 1867, the region's population began to grow steadily, and the federal government established the Wyoming Territory on July 25, 1868.[http://wyoming.gov/state/wyoming_news/general/history.asp State of Wyoming – General Facts About Wyoming] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200649/http://wyoming.gov/state/wyoming_news/general/history.asp |date=September 27, 2007 }} Unlike mineral-rich [[Colorado]], Wyoming lacked significant deposits of gold and silver, as well as Colorado's subsequent population boom. However, [[South Pass City, Wyoming|South Pass City]] did experience a short-lived boom after the Carissa Mine began producing gold in 1867.{{cite web |url=http://wyoparks.state.wy.us/Site/Brochure/SouthPassCity.pdf |title=South Pass City Historic Site |format=PDF |publisher=Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites & Trails}} Furthermore, copper was mined in some areas between the [[Sierra Madre Range (Wyoming)|Sierra Madre Mountains]] and the Snowy Range near [[Grand Encampment, Wyoming|Grand Encampment]].{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=M8pIAAAAMAAJ |title=Mines Register: Successor to the Mines Handbook and the Copper Handbook, Describing the Non-ferrous Metal Mining Companies in the Western Hemisphere |year=1911 |last1=Stevens |first1=Horace Jared |last2=Weed |first2=Walter Harvey |last3=Neale |first3=Walter Garfield |last4=Rand |first4=Lenox Hawes |last5=Sturgis |first5=Edward Barney |last6=Zimmerman |first6=Joseph |display-authors=2}}\n\nOnce government-sponsored expeditions to the Yellowstone country began, reports by Colter and Bridger, previously believed to be apocryphal, were found to be true. This led to the creation of [[Yellowstone National Park]], which became the world's first [[national park]] in 1872. Nearly all of Yellowstone National Park lies within the far northwestern borders of Wyoming.\n\nOn December 10, 1869, territorial Governor [[John Allen Campbell]] extended the right to vote to women, making Wyoming the first territory and then United States state to grant [[suffrage]] to women. In addition, Wyoming was also a pioneer in welcoming women into politics. Women first served on juries in Wyoming ([[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] in 1870); Wyoming had the first female court bailiff ([[Mary Atkinson (bailiff)|Mary Atkinson]], Laramie, in 1870); and the first female [[justice of the peace]] in the country ([[Esther Hobart Morris]], South Pass City, in 1870). Also, in 1924, Wyoming became the first state to elect a female governor, [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]], who took office in January 1925.{{cite book |last=Larson |first=T. A. |title=History of Wyoming |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9zVKYtdsUDEC |year=1990 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-803-27936-0}} Due to its civil-rights history, one of Wyoming's state nicknames is \"The Equality State\", and the official state motto is \"Equal Rights\".\n\nWyoming's constitution included [[women's suffrage]] and a pioneering article on [[water right]]s.{{cite book |title=Frontier Spirit: The Story of Wyoming |last=Sodaro |first=Craig |author2=Adams, Randy |year=1996 |publisher=Johnson Books |isbn=1-55566-163-7 |pages=136–39}} Congress admitted Wyoming into the Union as the 44th state on July 10, 1890.\n\nWyoming was the location of the [[Johnson County War]] of 1892, which erupted between competing groups of cattle ranchers. The passage of the federal [[Homestead Act]] led to an influx of small ranchers. A [[range war]] broke out when either or both of the groups chose violent conflict over commercial competition in the use of the public land.\n\n==Demographics==\n{{US Census population\n|1870= 9118\n|1880= 20789\n|1890= 62555\n|1900= 92531\n|1910= 145965\n|1920= 194402\n|1930= 225565\n|1940= 250742\n|1950= 290529\n|1960= 330066\n|1970= 332416\n|1980= 469557\n|1990= 453588\n|2000= 493782\n|2010= 563626\n|estimate= 586107\n|estyear= 2015\n|align-fn=center\n|footnote=Sources: 1910–2010{{cite web |author=Resident Population Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=Resident Population Data – 2010 Census |publisher=2010.census.gov |accessdate=December 24, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archivedate=October 19, 2013}}[http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |date=October 19, 2013 }}{{cite web |url=http://eadiv.state.wy.us/demog_data/cntycity_hist.htm |publisher=U.S. Census, State of Wyoming |title=Historical decennial census population for Wyoming counties, cities, and towns |accessdate=September 24, 2012}}
2015 Estimate\n}}\n\n===Population===\n[[File:Wyoming population map.png|thumb|300px|Wyoming population density map - the largest population centers are [[Cheyenne, WY MSA|Cheyenne]] in the southeast and [[Casper, WY, MSA|Casper]] in the east central]]\nThe [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates that the population of Wyoming was 586,107 on July 1, 2015, a 3.99% increase since the [[2010 United States Census]].{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv |format=CSV |title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015 |date=December 26, 2015 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |accessdate=December 26, 2015}} The [[center of population]] of Wyoming is located in [[Natrona County, Wyoming|Natrona County]].{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/56/56021.html |title=State & County QuickFacts |year=2013 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=May 6, 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/geo/reference/docs/cenpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |title=Centers of Population by State |year=2013 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=May 9, 2013}}\n\nIn 2014, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the racial composition of the population was 92.7% [[White American]] (82.9 non-Hispanic white), 2.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.6% Black or African American, 1.0% Asian American, and 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/56000.html |title=Wyoming QuickFacts |author= |year=2014 |website=US Census Bureau |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=January 12, 2016}}\n\nAccording to the 2010 census, the racial composition of the population was 90.7% White American, 0.8% Black or African American, 2.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian American, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 2.2% from two or more races, and 3.0% from some other race. Ethnically, 8.9% of the total population was of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] or Latino origin (they may be of any race) and 91.1% Non-Hispanic, with [[non-Hispanic white]]s constituting the largest non-Hispanic group at 85.9%.[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/56000.html Wyoming QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau]. Quickfacts.census.gov. Retrieved July 12, 2013.\n\nAs of 2015, Wyoming had an estimated population of 586,107, which was an increase of 1,954, or 0.29%, from the prior year and an increase of 22,481, or 3.99%, since the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]]. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 12,165 people (that is 33,704 births minus 21,539 deaths) and an increase from net migration of 4,035 people into the state. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 2,264 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 1,771 people. In 2004, the foreign-born population was 11,000 (2.2%). In 2005, total births in Wyoming numbered 7,231 (birth rate of 14.04 per thousand).{{cite web |url=http://www.billingsgazette.net/articles/2007/05/21/news/wyoming/40-growing.txt |title=Hispanics fastest growing ethnic group in Wyoming |date=May 21, 2007 |publisher=Billings Gazette via AP |accessdate=May 7, 2008}} Sparsely populated, Wyoming is the least populous state of the United States. Wyoming has the second-lowest population density, behind [[Alaska]]. It is one of only two states with a smaller population than the nation's capital, Washington, D.C. (the other state is [[Vermont]]).\n\nAccording to the 2000 census, the largest ancestry groups in Wyoming are: [[German-American|German]] (26.0%), [[English American|English]] (16.0%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (13.3%), [[Norwegian-American|Norwegian]] (4.3%), and [[Swedish-American|Swedish]] (3.5%).{{cite web |title=Census 2000 Summary file 3 - Wyoming |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF |website=American FactFinder |accessdate=18 March 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082905/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF |archivedate=November 29, 2014}}\n\nAs of 2011, 24.9% of Wyoming's population younger than age 1 were minorities.{{cite news |url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot |last=Exner |first=Rich |date=June 3, 2012 |work=[[The Plain Dealer]]}}\n\n===Languages===\nIn 2010, 93.39% (474,343) of Wyomingites over the age of 5 spoke English as their [[primary language]]. 4.47% (22,722) spoke Spanish, 0.35% (1,771) spoke German, and 0.28% (1,434) spoke French. Other common non-English languages included [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] (0.18%), Russian (0.10%), [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] (both 0.09%).{{cite web |title=Most Spoken Languages in Wyoming in 2010 |url=http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |accessdate=December 15, 2013 }}{{dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\n\nIn 2007, the [[American Community Survey]] reported that 6.2% (30,419) of Wyoming's population over five years old spoke a language other than English at home. Of those, 68.1% were able to speak English very well, 16.0% spoke English well, 10.9% did not speak English well, and 5.0% did not speak English at all.{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf |title=Language Use in the United States: 2007 |author=Hyon B. Shin |author2=Robert A. Kominski |date=April 2010 |work=United States Census Bureau |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |accessdate=May 27, 2013}}\n\n===Religion===\nAccording to a 2013 Gallup Poll, the religious affiliations of the people of Wyoming were: 49% [[Protestants]], 18% [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholics]], 9% [[Latter-day Saint]]s ([[Mormon]]s) and less than 1% [[Jewish]].{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/167120/mississippi-alabama-protestant-states.aspx |title=Mississippi and Alabama Most Protestant States in U.S |publisher=Gallup.com |accessdate=June 4, 2014}}\n\nA 2010 ARDA report recognized as the largest denominations in Wyoming the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ([[Mormon]]s) with 62,804 (11%), the [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholic Church]] with 61,222 (10.8%) and the Southern Baptist Convention with 15,812 adherents (2.8%). The same report counted 59,247 [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestants]] (10.5%), 36,539 [[Mainline Protestant]]s (6.5%), 785 [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]]; 281 [[Black church|Black Protestants]], as well as 65,000 adhering to other traditions and 340,552 unclaimed.{{cite web |title=State Membership Report: Wyoming |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/56/rcms2010_56_state_adh_2010.asp |publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]] |accessdate=December 15, 2013}}\n\n\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"  style=\"float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;\"\n|+ '''Presidential election results'''{{cite web|title = Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections | accessdate = November 18, 2016 | url = http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/}}\n|- style=\"background:lightgrey;\"\n! Year\n! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]\n! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 2016|2016]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|21.88% ''55,973''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''68.17%''' ''174,419''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 2012|2012]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|27.82% ''69,286''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''68.64%''' ''170,962''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 2008|2008]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|32.54% ''82,868''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''64.78%''' ''164,958''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|29.07% ''70,776''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''68.86%''' ''167,629''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|27.70% ''60,481''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''67.76%''' ''147,947''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|36.84% ''77,934''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''49.81%''' ''105,388''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|33.97% ''68,160''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''39.55%''' ''79,347''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|38.01% ''67,113''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''60.53%''' ''106,867''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1984|1984]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|28.24% ''53,370''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''70.51%''' ''133,241''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|27.97% ''49,427''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''62.64%''' ''110,700''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1976|1976]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|39.81% ''62,239''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''59.30%''' ''92,717''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1972|1972]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|30.47% ''44,358''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''69.01%''' ''100,464''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1968|1968]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|35.51% ''45,173''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''55.76%''' ''70,927'\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1964|1964]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''56.56%''' ''80,718''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|43.44% ''61,988''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1960|1960]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|44.99% ''63,331''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''55.01%''' ''77,451''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1956|1956]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|39.92% ''49,554''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''60.08%''' ''74,573''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1952|1952]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|37.09% ''47,934''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''62.71%''' ''81,047''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''51.62%''' ''52,354''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|47.27% ''47,947''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1944|1944]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|48.77% ''49,419''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''51.23%''' ''51,921''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1940|1940]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''52.82%''' ''59,287''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|46.89% ''52,633''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1936|1936]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''60.58%''' ''62,624''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|37.47% ''38,739''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1932|1932]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''56.07%''' ''54,370''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|40.82% ''39,583''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1928|1928]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|35.37% ''29,299''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''63.68%''' ''52,748''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1924|1924]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|16.11% ''12,868''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''52.39%''' ''41,858''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1920|1920]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|31.86% ''17,429''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''64.15%''' ''35,091''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1916|1916]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''54.62%''' ''28,316''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|41.86% ''21,698''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1912|1912]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''36.20%''' ''15,310''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|34.42% ''14,560''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1908|1908]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|39.67% ''14,918''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''55.43%''' ''20,846''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1904|1904]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|29.08% ''8,930''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''66.72%''' ''20,489''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1900|1900]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|41.17% ''10,164''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''58.66%''' ''14,482''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1896|1896]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''51.49%''' ''10,861''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|47.75% ''10,072''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[U.S. presidential election, 1892|1892]]\n| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|46.14% ''7,772''\n| {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''50.52%''' ''8,454''\n|}\n\n==Economy==\n{{See also|Wyoming locations by per capita income}}\n[[File:Wind Power 4892597382.jpg|thumb|[[Wind farm]] in [[Uinta County, Wyoming|Uinta County]]]]\nAccording to the 2012 United States Bureau of Economic Analysis report, Wyoming's [[gross state product]] was $38.4 billion.{{cite web |title=GDP by State |url=http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=1#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1 |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis |accessdate=July 14, 2013}} As of 2014 the population was growing slightly with the most growth in tourist-oriented areas such as [[Teton County, Wyoming|Teton County]]. Boom conditions in neighboring states such as North Dakota were drawing energy workers away. About half of Wyoming's counties showed population losses.{{cite news |author1=Star-Tribune staff writers |title=Wyoming's population growth slows |url=http://trib.com/business/wyoming-s-population-growth-slows/article_c72f35b3-9802-5498-af01-d02c63416edb.html |accessdate=July 16, 2015 |work=Casper Star-Tribune |date=March 29, 2015 |quote=...according to Wyoming's Economic Analysis Division}} The state makes active efforts through Wyoming Grown, an internet-based recruitment program, to find jobs for young people educated in Wyoming who have emigrated but may wish to return.{{cite news |author1=Julie Turkewitz |title=Wyoming, Long on Pride but Short on People, Hopes to Lure Some Back |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/16/us/wyoming-long-on-pride-but-short-on-people-hopes-to-lure-some-back.html |accessdate=July 16, 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=July 15, 2015 |quote=This effort has taken the form of an Internet-based recruitment program called Wyoming Grown. Young Wyomingites who have left the state sign up on the program's website, and quickly receive a call from a recruiter who helps link them to work here.}}\n\nAs of November 2015, the state's unemployment rate was 4.0%.[http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.wy.htm Bls.gov]; Local Area Unemployment Statistics\nThe composition of Wyoming's economy differs significantly from that of other states with most activity in tourism, agriculture, and energy extraction; and little in anything else.\n\nThe mineral extraction industry and travel and tourism sector are the main drivers behind Wyoming's economy. The federal government owns about 50% of its landmass, while 6% is controlled by the state. Total taxable values of mining production in Wyoming for 2001 was over $6.7 billion. The [[Tourism|tourism industry]] accounts for over $2 billion in revenue for the state.\n\nIn 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming's [[national park]]s and monuments. The key tourist attractions in Wyoming include [[Grand Teton National Park]], [[Yellowstone National Park]], [[Devils Tower National Monument]], [[Independence Rock (Wyoming)|Independence Rock]] and [[Fossil Butte National Monument]]. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national park, receives three million visitors.\n\nHistorically, agriculture has been an important component of Wyoming's economy. Its overall importance to the performance of Wyoming's economy has waned. However, agriculture is still an essential part of Wyoming's culture and lifestyle. The main agricultural commodities produced in Wyoming include livestock (beef), [[hay]], [[sugar beets]], grain (wheat and barley), and [[wool]]. More than 91% of land in Wyoming is classified as rural.\n\n===Mineral and energy production===\n[[File:Coal mine Wyoming.jpg|thumb|A Wyoming coal mine]]\nWyoming's mineral commodities include coal, natural gas, [[coalbed methane]], [[crude oil]], [[uranium]], and [[trona]].\n* Coal: Wyoming produced 395.5 million short tons (358.8 million metric tons) of coal in 2004, greater than any other state.{{cite web |url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WY |title=EIA State Energy Profiles: Wyoming |date=June 12, 2008 |accessdate=June 24, 2008}} Wyoming possesses a reserve of 68.7 billion tons (62.3 billion metric tons) of coal. Major coal areas include the [[Powder River Basin]] and the [[Green River Basin]]\n* Coalbed methane (CBM): The boom for CBM began in the mid-1990s. CBM is characterized as methane gas that is extracted from Wyoming's coal bed seams. It is another means of natural gas production. There has been substantial CBM production in the [[Powder River Basin]]. In 2002, the CBM production yield was 327.5 billion cubic feet (9.3 km3).\n* Crude oil: Wyoming produced {{convert|53400000|oilbbl}} of crude oil in 2007. The state ranked 5th nationwide in oil production in 2007. Petroleum is most often used as a motor fuel, but it is also utilized in the manufacture of plastics, paints, and synthetic rubber.\n* Diamonds: The [[Kelsey Lake Diamond Mine]], located in Colorado less than {{convert|1000|ft|m}} from the Wyoming border, produced gem quality diamonds for several years. The [[Wyoming craton]], which hosts the [[kimberlite]] [[volcanic pipe]]s that were mined, underlies most of Wyoming.\n* Natural gas: Wyoming produced 2,254 trillion cubic feet (63,83 trillion m3) of natural gas in 2007. The state ranked 2nd nationwide for natural gas production in 2007. The major markets for natural gas include industrial, commercial, and domestic heating.\n[[File:Rig wind river.jpg|thumb|A [[drilling rig]] drills for natural gas just west of the [[Wind River Range]] in the Wyoming [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]]]\n* Trona: Wyoming possesses the world's largest known reserve of [[trona]],{{cite news |url=http://www.casperstartribune.net/articles/2009/02/16/news/wyoming/4b7e9a771fe4bd868725755e00268e51.txt |title=Soda ash companies enjoy record year |last=Gearino |first=Jeff |work=Casper Star Tribune |date=February 16, 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} a mineral used for manufacturing glass, paper, soaps, baking soda, water softeners, and pharmaceuticals. In 2008 Wyoming produced 46 million short tons (41.7 million metric tons) of trona, 25% of the world's production.\n* Wind power: Because of Wyoming's geography and high-altitude, the potential for [[wind power in Wyoming]] is one of the highest of any state in the US. The [[Chokecherry and Sierra Madre Wind Energy Project]] is the largest commercial wind generation facility under development in North America.http://www.powercompanyofwyoming.com/ [[Carbon County, Wyoming|Carbon County]] is home to the largest proposed wind farm in the US. However, construction plans have been halted because of proposed new taxes on wind power energy production.{{cite web |last1=Paterson |first1=Leigh |title=Construction of Largest U.S. Wind Farm Is on Hold |url=http://wyomingpublicmedia.org/post/construction-largest-us-wind-farm-hold |accessdate=21 June 2016 |publisher=wyomingpublicmedia.org |date=June 14, 2016}}\n* Uranium: Although [[uranium mining in Wyoming]] is much less active than it was in previous decades, recent increases in the price of [[uranium]] have generated new interest in uranium prospecting and mining.\n\n===Taxes===\nUnlike most other states, Wyoming does not levy an individual or corporate [[income tax]]. In addition, Wyoming does not assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state. Wyoming has a state [[sales tax]] of 4%. Counties have the option of collecting an additional 1% tax for general revenue and a 1% tax for specific purposes, if approved by voters. Food for human consumption is not subject to sales tax.[http://www.billingsgazette.net/articles/2006/03/03/news/wyoming/32-food-tax.prt ''Votes back repeal of food tax''], [[Billings Gazette]], March 3, 2006 There also is a county lodging tax that varies from 2% to 5%. The state collects a [[use tax]] of 5% on items purchased elsewhere and brought into Wyoming.\nAll [[property tax]] is based on the assessed value of the property and Wyoming's Department of Revenue's Ad Valorem Tax Division supports, trains, and guides local government agencies in the uniform assessment, valuation and taxation of locally assessed property. \"Assessed value\" means taxable value; \"taxable value\" means a percent of the fair market value of property in a particular class. Statutes limit property tax increases. For county revenue, the property tax rate cannot exceed 12 [[Mill (currency)|mills]] (or 1.2%) of assessed value. For cities and towns, the rate is limited to 8 [[Mill (currency)|mills]] (0.8%). With very few exceptions, state law limits the property tax rate for all governmental purposes.\n\n[[Personal property]] held for personal use is tax-exempt. Inventory if held for resale, pollution control equipment, cash, accounts receivable, stocks and bonds are also exempt. Other exemptions include property used for religious, educational, charitable, fraternal, benevolent and government purposes and improvements for handicapped access. Mine lands, underground mining equipment, and oil and gas extraction equipment are exempt from property tax but companies must pay a gross products tax on minerals and a [[severance tax]] on mineral production.{{cite web |url=http://www.wvpolicy.org/getting-the-story-right-mineral-taxation-in-wyoming-and-west-virginia |title=Getting the Story Right; Mineral Taxation in Wyoming and West Virginia |publisher=West Virginia Center on Budget and Policy Blog |accessdate=November 10, 2012}}Wyoming Statutes Section 39-13-103\n\nWyoming does not collect [[inheritance tax]]es. There is limited [[estate tax]] related to federal estate tax collection.\n\nIn 2008, the [[Tax Foundation]] ranked Wyoming as having the single most \"business friendly\" tax climate of all 50 states.{{cite web |url=http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/topic/68.html |title=The Tax Foundation – Tax Research Areas – Wyoming |publisher=Taxfoundation.org |accessdate=July 31, 2010}} Wyoming state and local governments in fiscal year 2007 collected $2.242 billion in taxes, levies, and royalties from the oil and gas industry. The state's mineral industry, including oil, gas, [[trona]], and coal provided $1.3 billion in property taxes from 2006 mineral production.{{cite web |url=http://www.pawyo.org/facts.html |title=Petroleum Association of Wyoming}} Wyoming receives more federal tax dollars per capita in aid than any other state except Alaska. The federal aid per capita in Wyoming is more than double the United States average.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/fas-10.pdf |title=Federal Aid to States for Fiscal Year 2010 |format=PDF |accessdate=June 4, 2014}}\n\nAs of 2016, Wyoming does not require the beneficial owners of LLCs to be disclosed in the filing, which creates an opportunity for a tax haven, according to Clark Stith of Clark Stith & Associates in Rock Springs, Wyoming, a former Republican candidate for Wyoming secretary of state.{{cite web |title=PANAMA PAPERS INCLUDE NEVADA, WYOMING AMONG OFFSHORE TAX HAVENS |work=2016 TNT 65-4 |publisher=Tax Notes Today |date=5 April 2016 |accessdate=5 April 2016 |author=Hamilton, Amy}}\n\n==Transportation==\n{{ussm|wyoming.PNG|wy|right}}\nThe largest airport in Wyoming is [[Jackson Hole Airport]], with over 500 employees.{{cite web |url=http://www.jacksonholeairport.com/news/improvement |title=Terminal Expansion}} Three interstate highways and thirteen United States highways pass through Wyoming. In addition, the state is served by the [[State highways in Wyoming|Wyoming state highway system]].\n\n[[Interstate 25 in Wyoming|Interstate 25]] enters the state south of Cheyenne and runs north, intersecting Interstate 80 in Cheyenne. It passes through [[Casper, Wyoming|Casper]] and ends at Interstate 90 near [[Buffalo, Wyoming|Buffalo]]. [[Interstate 80 in Wyoming|Interstate 80]] crosses the Utah border west of [[Evanston, Wyoming|Evanston]] and runs east through the southern half of the state, passing through Cheyenne before entering Nebraska near [[Pine Bluffs, Wyoming|Pine Bluffs]]. [[Interstate 90 in Wyoming|Interstate 90]] comes into Wyoming near [[Parkman, Wyoming|Parkman]] and cuts through the northern part of the state. It serves [[Gillette, Wyoming|Gillette]] and enters South Dakota east of [[Sundance, Wyoming|Sundance]].\n\nU.S. Routes [[U.S. Route 14|14]], [[U.S. Route 16|16]], and [[U.S. Route 20#Eastern Section|the eastern section of U.S. 20]] all have their western terminus at the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park and pass through [[Cody, Wyoming|Cody]]. U.S. 14 travels eastward before joining I-90 at [[Gillette, Wyoming|Gillette]]. U.S. 14 then follows I-90 to the South Dakota border. U.S. 16 and 20 split off of U.S. 14 at [[Greybull, Wyoming|Greybull]] and U.S. 16 turns east at [[Worland, Wyoming|Worland]] while U.S. 20 continues south [[Shoshoni, Wyoming|Shoshoni]]. [[U.S. Route 287]] carries traffic from [[Fort Collins, Colorado]] into [[Laramie, Wyoming]] through a pass between the [[Laramie Mountains]] and the [[Medicine Bow Mountains]], merges with US 30 and I-80 until it reaches Rawlins, where it continues north, passing Lander. Outside of Moran, U.S. 287 is part of a large interchange with U.S. Highways 26, 191, and 89, before continuing north to the southern entrance of Yellowstone. U.S. 287 continues north of Yellowstone, but the two sections are separated by the national park.\n\nOther [[United States Numbered Highways|U.S. highways]] that pass through the state are United States Highways are [[U.S. Highway 18 (Wyoming)|18]], [[U.S. Highway 26 (Wyoming)|26]], [[U.S. Highway 30 (Wyoming)|30]], [[U.S. Highway 85 (Wyoming)|85]], [[U.S. Highway 87 (Wyoming)|87]], [[U.S. Highway 89 (Wyoming)|89]], [[U.S. Highway 189 (Wyoming)|189]], [[U.S. Highway 191 (Wyoming)|191]], [[U.S. Highway 212 (Wyoming)|212]], and [[U.S. Highway 287 (Wyoming)|287]].\n\nWyoming is one of only two states (the other being [[South Dakota]]) in the [[48 contiguous states]] not served by [[Amtrak]].{{cite web |title=Amtrak National Facts |url=https://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=am%2FLayout&cid=1246041980246 |publisher=Amtrak.com |accessdate=18 March 2016}}\n\n''See also: [[List of Wyoming railroads]], [[List of airports in Wyoming]], [[State highways in Wyoming]].\n\n{{clear}}\n\n==Wind River Indian Reservation==\n{{Main article|Wind River Indian Reservation}}\n[[File:WindRiverCanyon.JPG|thumb|[[Wind River Canyon]]]]\nThe Wind River [[Indian Reservation]] is shared by the [[Shoshone|Eastern Shoshone]] and [[Arapaho|Northern Arapaho]] tribes of Native Americans in the central western portion of the state near [[Lander, Wyoming|Lander]]. The reservation is home to 2,500 Eastern Shoshone and 5,000 Northern Arapaho.{{cite web |url=http://www.wind-river.org/info/communities/reservation.php |title=Wind River Country: Wind River Indian Reservation.}}\n\n[[Chief Washakie]] established the reservation in 1868[http://www.easternshoshone.net/WindRiverReservation.htm Background of Wind River Reservation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071317/http://www.easternshoshone.net/WindRiverReservation.htm |date=February 27, 2009 }} as the result of negotiations with the federal government in the [[Fort Bridger]] Treaty.{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/chiefs/rez.html |title=Chiefe: The Rez}} PBS. Independent Lens However, the Northern Arapaho were forced onto the Shoshone reservation in 1876 by the federal government after the government failed to provide a promised separate reservation.\n\nToday the Wind River Indian Reservation is jointly owned, with each tribe having a 50% interest in the land, water, and other natural resources.{{cite web |url=http://www.northernarapaho.com/background |title=Background: Northern Arapaho Tribe.}} The reservation is a sovereign, self-governed land with two independent governing bodies: the Eastern Shoshone Tribal Government and the Northern Arapaho Tribal Government. The Eastern Shoshone Business Council meets jointly with the Northern Arapaho Business Council as the Joint Business Council to decide matters that affect both tribes. Six elected council members from each tribe serve on the joint council.\n\n==State law and government==\n[[File:Wyoming State Capitol.jpg|thumb|Wyoming State Capitol building, Cheyenne]]\nWyoming's Constitution established three branches of government: the executive, [[Wyoming Legislature|legislative]], and [[Wyoming Supreme Court|judicial]] branches.\n\nThe [[Wyoming State Legislature]] comprises a [[Wyoming House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] with 60 members and a [[Wyoming Senate|Senate]] with 30 members.\n\nThe executive branch is headed by the [[Governor of Wyoming|governor]] and includes a [[Secretary of State of Wyoming|secretary of state]], [[Wyoming State Auditor|auditor]], treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. Wyoming does not have a [[Lieutenant governor (United States)#Wyoming|lieutenant governor]]. Instead the secretary of state stands first in the line of succession.\n\nWyoming's sparse population warrants it only a single [[at-large]] seat in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]], and hence only three votes in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]]. Its low population renders Wyoming voters effectively more powerful in presidential elections than those in more populous states. For example, while Montana had a 2010 census population of 989,415 to Wyoming's 563,626, they both have the same number of electoral votes.\n\nWyoming is an [[alcoholic beverage control state]].\n\n===Judicial system===\nWyoming's highest court is the [[Supreme Court of Wyoming]], with five justices presiding over appeals from the state's lower courts. Wyoming is unusual in that it does not have an intermediate [[appellate court]], like most states. This is largely attributable to the state's size and correspondingly lower caseload. Appeals from the state district courts go directly to the Wyoming Supreme Court. Wyoming also has state circuit courts (formerly county courts), of limited jurisdiction, which handle certain types of cases, such as civil claims with lower dollar amounts, misdemeanor criminal offenses, and [[felony]] [[arraignment]]s. Circuit court judges also commonly hear small claims cases as well.\n\nBefore 1972, Wyoming judges were selected by popular vote on a nonpartisan ballot. This earlier system was criticized by the state bar who called for the adoption of the [[Missouri Plan]], a system designed to balance judiciary independence with judiciary accountability. In 1972, an amendment to article 5 of the Wyoming Constitution, which incorporated a modified version of the plan, was adopted by the voters. Since the adoption of the amendment, all state court judges in Wyoming are nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the Governor. They are then subject to a [[retention vote]] by the electorate one year after appointment.{{cite book |last1=Hubble |first1=Larry |title=The Equality State: Government and Politics in Wyoming |date=2008 |publisher=Eddie Bowers Publishing Co. |location=Peosta, Iowa |isbn=978-1-57879-076-0 |pages=91–92 |edition=6th|display-authors=etal}}\n\n===Politics===\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"float:right; margin:2em; font-size:90%;\"\n|+ '''Presidential elections results'''{{cite web |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=56&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state |title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – New York |publisher=US Election Atlas |accessdate=January 10, 2010 |author=Leip, David}}\n|- style=\"background:lightgrey;\"\n!Year\n![[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]\n![[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''68.64%''' ''170,962''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|27.82% ''69,286''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''64.78%''' ''164,958''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|32.54% ''82,868''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''68.86%''' ''167,629''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|29.07% ''70,776''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''67.76%''' ''147,947''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|27.70% ''60,481''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''49.81%''' ''105,388''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|36.84% ''77,934''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1992|1992]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''39.70%''' ''79,347''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|34.10% ''68,160''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1988|1988]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''60.53%''' ''106,867''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|38.01% ''67,113''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1984|1984]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''70.51%''' ''133,241''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|28.24% ''53,370''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1980|1980]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''62.64%''' ''110,700''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|27.97% ''49,427''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1976|1976]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''59.30%''' ''92,717''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|39.81% ''62,239''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1972|1972]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''69.01%''' ''100,464''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|30.47% ''44,358''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1968|1968]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''55.76%''' ''70,927''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|35.51% ''45,173''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1964|1964]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|43.44% ''61,998''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|'''56.56%''' ''80,718''\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|[[United States presidential election, 1960|1960]]\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;\"|'''55.01%''' ''77,451''\n| style=\"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;\"|44.99% ''63,331''\n|}\nWyoming's political history defies easy classification. The state was the first to grant women the right to vote and to elect a woman governor.{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec10.html |title=Today in History |publisher=The Library of Congress |accessdate=July 20, 2012}} On December 10, 1869, [[John Allen Campbell]], the first Governor of the Wyoming Territory, approved the first law in United States history explicitly granting women the right to vote. This day was later commemorated as [[Wyoming Day]]. On November 5, 1889, voters approved the first constitution in the world granting full voting rights to women.{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec10.html |title=Today in History |publisher=The Library of Congress |accessdate=July 27, 2012}}\n\nWhile the state elected notable [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] to federal office in the 1960s and 1970s, politics have become decidedly more conservative since the 1980s as the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] came to dominate the state's congressional delegation. Today, Wyoming is represented in Washington by its two Senators, [[Mike Enzi]] and [[John Barrasso]], and its one member of the House of Representatives, Congresswoman [[Cynthia Lummis]]. All three are Republicans. The state has not voted for a Democrat for president since 1964, one of only eight times since statehood. At present, there are only two relatively reliably Democratic counties: affluent [[Teton County, Wyoming|Teton]] and college county [[Albany County, Wyoming|Albany]]. In the 2004 presidential election, [[George W. Bush]] won his second-largest  victory, with 69% of the vote. Former Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] is a Wyoming resident and represented the state in Congress from 1979 to 1989.\n\nRepublicans are no less dominant at the state level. They have held a majority in the state senate continuously since 1936 and in the state house since 1964. However, Democrats held the [[governor of Wyoming|governorship]] for all but eight years between 1975 and 2011. Uniquely, Wyoming elected Democrat [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]] as the first woman in United States history to serve as state governor. She served from 1925 to 1927 after winning a special election after her husband, [[William Bradford Ross]], unexpectedly died a little more than a year into his term.{{cite book |author=Teva J. Scheer |title=Governor lady: the life and times of Nellie Tayloe Ross |publisher=University of Missouri Press |location=Columbia |year=2005 |page=73 |isbn=0-8262-1626-9 |oclc=}}\n{{further information|Political party strength in Wyoming}}\n{{clear}}\n\n==Counties==\n{{Further information|List of counties in Wyoming}}\n\nThe state of Wyoming has 23 [[county (United States)|counties]].\n[[File:Wyoming counties map.png|thumb|left|600px|An enlargeable map of the 23 counties of Wyoming]]\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|+{{big|'''The 23 counties of the state of Wyoming'''}}{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2011/tables/CO-EST2011-01-56.csv |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties of Wyoming: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011 |format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]] |work=2011 Population Estimates |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=April 2012 |accessdate=April 18, 2012}}
|-\n! Rank\n! County\n! Population\n! Rank\n! County\n! Population\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 1\n| [[Laramie County, Wyoming|Laramie]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 94,483\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 13\n| [[Converse County, Wyoming|Converse]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 14,008\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 2\n| [[Natrona County, Wyoming|Natrona]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 78,621\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 14\n| [[Goshen County, Wyoming|Goshen]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 13,636\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 3\n| [[Campbell County, Wyoming|Campbell]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 47,874\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 15\n| [[Big Horn County, Wyoming|Big Horn]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 11,794\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 4\n| [[Sweetwater County, Wyoming|Sweetwater]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 45,267\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 16\n| [[Sublette County, Wyoming|Sublette]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 10,368\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 5\n| [[Fremont County, Wyoming|Fremont]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 41,110\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 17\n| [[Platte County, Wyoming|Platte]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 8,756\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 6\n| [[Albany County, Wyoming|Albany]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 37,276\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 18\n| [[Johnson County, Wyoming|Johnson]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 8,615\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 7\n| [[Sheridan County, Wyoming|Sheridan]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 29,596\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 19\n| [[Washakie County, Wyoming|Washakie]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 8,464\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 8\n| [[Park County, Wyoming|Park]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 28,702\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 20\n| [[Crook County, Wyoming|Crook]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 7,155\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 9\n| [[Teton County, Wyoming|Teton]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 21,675\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 21\n| [[Weston County, Wyoming|Weston]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 7,082\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 10\n| [[Uinta County, Wyoming|Uinta]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 21,025\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 22\n| [[Hot Springs County, Wyoming|Hot Springs]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 4,822\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 11\n| [[Lincoln County, Wyoming|Lincoln]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 17,961\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 23\n| [[Niobrara County, Wyoming|Niobrara]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 2,456\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 12\n| [[Carbon County, Wyoming|Carbon]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 15,666\n| colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:right;\"| '''Wyoming Total'''\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''576,412'''\n|}\n\n[[Vehicle registration plates of Wyoming|Wyoming license plates]] contain a number on the left that indicates the county where the vehicle is registered, ranked by an earlier census. Specifically, the numbers are representative of the property values of the counties in 1930.http://www.tetonat.com/2010/07/08/interesting-wyoming-license-plate-fact/ The county license plate numbers are as follows:\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n! License
Plate
Prefix\n! County\n! License
Plate
Prefix\n! County\n! License
Plate
Prefix\n! County\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 1\n| Natrona\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 9\n| Big Horn\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 17\n| Campbell\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 2\n| Laramie\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 10\n| Fremont\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 18\n| Crook\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 3\n| Sheridan\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 11\n| Park\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 19\n| Uinta\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 4\n| Sweetwater\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 12\n| Lincoln\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 20\n| Washakie\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 5\n| Albany\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 13\n| Converse\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 21\n| Weston\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 6\n| Carbon\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 14\n| Niobrara\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 22\n| Teton\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 7\n| Goshen\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 15\n| Hot Springs\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 23\n| Sublette\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 8\n| Platte\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 16\n| Johnson\n| \n| \n|}\n\n==Cities and towns==\n[[File:Casperskyline.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|City of [[Casper, Wyoming]]]]\nThe State of Wyoming has 99 [[List of municipalities in Wyoming|incorporated municipalities]].\n\n{| class=wikitable\n|+ '''Most Populous Wyoming Cities and Towns'''{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2005-04-56.csv |title=Table 4: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Wyoming, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]] |work=2008 Population Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division |date=June 20, 2006 |accessdate=January 9, 2007}}\n|-\n! Rank\n! City\n! County\n! Population\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 1\n| [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]]\n| [[Laramie County, Wyoming|Laramie]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 60,096\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 2\n| [[Casper, Wyoming|Casper]]\n| [[Natrona County, Wyoming|Natrona]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 55,988\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 3\n| [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]]\n| [[Albany County, Wyoming|Albany]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 31,312\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 4\n| [[Gillette, Wyoming|Gillette]]\n| [[Campbell County, Wyoming|Campbell]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 29,389\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 5\n| [[Rock Springs, Wyoming|Rock Springs]]\n| [[Sweetwater County, Wyoming|Sweetwater]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 23,229\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 6\n| [[Sheridan, Wyoming|Sheridan]]\n| [[Sheridan County, Wyoming|Sheridan]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 17,517\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 7\n| [[Green River, Wyoming|Green River]]\n| [[Sweetwater County, Wyoming|Sweetwater]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 12,622\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 8\n| [[Evanston, Wyoming|Evanston]]\n| [[Uinta County, Wyoming|Uinta]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 12,282\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 9\n| [[Riverton, Wyoming|Riverton]]\n| [[Fremont County, Wyoming|Fremont]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 10,867\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 10\n| [[Jackson, Wyoming|Jackson]]\n| [[Teton County, Wyoming|Teton]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 9,710\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 11\n| [[Cody, Wyoming|Cody]]\n| [[Park County, Wyoming|Park]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 9,653\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 12\n| [[Rawlins, Wyoming|Rawlins]]\n| [[Carbon County, Wyoming|Carbon]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 9,203\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 13\n| [[Lander, Wyoming|Lander]]\n| [[Fremont County, Wyoming|Fremont]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 7,571\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\"| 14\n| [[Torrington, Wyoming|Torrington]]\n| [[Goshen County, Wyoming|Goshen]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 6,690\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: center;\" | 15\n| [[Powell, Wyoming|Powell]]\n| [[Park County, Wyoming|Park]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 6,314\n|-\n|}\n\nIn 2005, 50.6% of Wyomingites lived in one of the 13 most populous Wyoming municipalities.\n\n==Metropolitan areas==\nThe [[United States Census Bureau]] has defined two [[United States metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Areas]] (MSA) and seven [[United States micropolitan area|Micropolitan Statistical Areas]] (MiSA) for the State of Wyoming. In 2008, 30.4% of Wyomingites lived in either of the [[United States metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Areas]], and 73% lived in either a [[United States metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Area]] or a [[United States micropolitan area|Micropolitan Statistical Area]].\n\n[[File:CheyenneWY downtown.jpg|thumb|Cheyenne]]\n\n{| class=wikitable\n|+ '''Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas'''{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2013/index.html |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas — Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 |work=2013 Population Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division |date=December 26, 2014 |accessdate=December 26, 2014}}\n|-\n! Census Area\n! County\n! Population\n|-\n| [[Cheyenne, WY MSA|Cheyenne]]\n| [[Laramie County, Wyoming]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''95,809'''\n|-\n| [[Casper, WY, MSA|Casper]]\n| [[Natrona County, Wyoming]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''80,973'''\n|-\n| [[Gillette, WY, Μ μSA|Gillette]]\n| [[Campbell County, Wyoming]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''48,176'''\n|-\n| [[Rock Springs, Wyoming micropolitan area|Rock Springs]]\n| [[Sweetwater County, Wyoming]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''45,237'''\n|-\n| rowspan=3 | Jackson\n| [[Teton County, Wyoming]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 32,543\n|-\n| [[Teton County, Idaho]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | 10,275\n|-\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | ''Total''\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''42,818'''\n|-\n| [[Riverton, Wyoming micropolitan area|Riverton]]\n| [[Fremont County, Wyoming]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''40,998'''\n|-\n| [[Laramie, Wyoming micropolitan area|Laramie]]\n| [[Albany County, Wyoming]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''37,422'''\n|-\n| [[Sheridan, Wyoming micropolitan area|Sheridan]]\n| [[Sheridan County, Wyoming]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''29,824'''\n|-\n| [[Evanston, Wyoming micropolitan area|Evanston]]\n| [[Uinta County, Wyoming]]\n| style=\"text-align: right;\" | '''21,066'''\n|}\n\n==Education==\n{{Main article|List of high schools in Wyoming}}\n\n[[Public education]] is directed by the state superintendent of public instruction, an elected state official. Educational policies are set by the State Board of Education, a nine-member board appointed by the governor. The constitution prohibits the state from establishing curriculum and text book selections; these are the prerogatives of local school boards. The [[Wyoming School for the Deaf]] was the only in-state school dedicated to supporting [[deaf]] students in Wyoming, but it closed in the summer of 2000.\n\n===Higher education===\n[[File:Rocky Mountain Herbarium University of Wyoming.JPG|thumb|Rocky Mountain Herbarium University of Wyoming]]\n{{Main article|List of colleges and universities in Wyoming}}\nWyoming has one public four-year institution, the [[University of Wyoming]] in [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] and one private four-year college, Wyoming Catholic College, in Lander, Wyoming. In addition, there are seven two-year [[community college]]s spread through the state.\n\nBefore the passing of a new law in 2006, Wyoming had hosted unaccredited institutions, many of them suspected [[diploma mill]]s.[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/education/2002174735_diploma09.html Alleged \"diploma mills\" flocking to Wyoming], by Mead Gruver, ''The Seattle Times'', February 9, 2005 The 2006 law is forcing unaccredited institutions to make one of three choices: move out of Wyoming, close down, or apply for accreditation. The [[Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization]] predicts that in a few years the problem of diploma mills in Wyoming might be resolved.[http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx Unaccredited Colleges] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715144241/http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx |date=July 15, 2007 }}, Potential problems with degree suppliers located in these states – Wyoming, ''[[Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization]]''\n\n==Sports==\nDue to its sparse population, the state of Wyoming lacks any major professional sports teams. Some of the most popular sports teams in the state are the [[University of Wyoming]] [[Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls|Cowboys and Cowgirls]] teams – particularly football and basketball, which play in the [[Mountain West Conference]]. Their stadiums in Laramie are at about 7,200 feet (2,200 m) above sea level, the highest in [[NCAA Division I]]. High school sports are governed by the [[Wyoming High School Activities Association]], which sponsors 12 sports.\n\nRodeo is popular in Wyoming, and Casper has hosted the [[College National Finals Rodeo]] since 2001.\n\n==State symbols==\n[[File:Indian Paintbrush in Grand Teton NP-NPS.jpg|thumb|State flower of Wyoming: Indian paintbrush]]\n{{main article|List of Wyoming state symbols}}\nList of all Wyoming state symbols:\n* [[List of U.S. state birds|State bird]]: [[western meadowlark]] (''[[Sturnella neglecta]]'')\n* State coin: [[Sacagawea dollar]]\n* [[State dinosaur]]: ''[[Triceratops]]''\n* State emblem: [[Bucking Horse and Rider]]\n* [[State fish]]: [[cutthroat trout]] (''Oncorhynchus clarki'')\n* [[Flags of the U.S. states|State flag]]: [[Flag of the State of Wyoming]]\n* [[List of U.S. state flowers|State flower]]: [[Wyoming Indian paintbrush]] (''Castilleja linariifolia'')\n* [[State fossil]]: ''[[Knightia]]''\n* [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|State gemstone]]: [[Nephrite|Wyoming nephrite jade]]\n* [[List of U.S. state grasses|State grass]]: [[Pascopyrum|western wheatgrass]] (''Pascopyrum smithii'')\n* [[List of U.S. state insects|State insect]]: [[Callophrys sheridanii|Sheridan's green hairstreak butterfly]] (''Callophrys sheridanii'')\n* [[List of U.S. state mammals|State mammal]]: [[American bison]] (''Bison bison'')\n* [[List of U.S. state mottos|State motto]]: ''[[Equal Rights (motto)|Equal Rights]]''\n* [[List of U.S. state nicknames|State nicknames]]: Equality State; Cowboy State; Big Wyoming\n* [[State reptile]]: [[horned lizard]] (''[[Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre]]'')\n* [[Seals of the U.S. states|State seal]]: [[Great Seal of the State of Wyoming]]\n* [[List of U.S. state songs|State song]]: \"[[Wyoming (song)|Wyoming]]\" by Charles E. Winter & George E. Knapp\n* [[List of U.S. state sports|State sport]]: [[rodeo]]\n* [[List of U.S. state trees|State tree]]: [[plains cottonwood]] (''Populus sargentii'')\n\n==See also==\n{{portal|Wyoming}}\n* [[Outline of Wyoming]] – organized list of topics about Wyoming\n* [[Index of Wyoming-related articles]]\n* [[List of people from Wyoming]]\n* [[List of mountain ranges in Wyoming]]\n* [[List of trails in Wyoming]]\n\n{{clear}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist|30em}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Sister project links|voy=Wyoming}}\n* [http://wyoming.gov/ State of Wyoming government official website]\n* [http://www.wyomingtourism.org/ Official Wyoming State Travel Website – Forever West]\n* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=56&StateName=Wyoming#.U85_hvldVu0 Wyoming State Facts from USDA]\n* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Wyoming}}\n* {{osmrelation-inline|161991}}\n{{clear}}\n\n{{Navboxes\n|title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics related to Wyoming\n|state=off\n|list1=\n{{Wyoming|expanded}}\n{{United States political divisions}}\n{{United States topics}}\n}}\n\n{{Geographic location\n | Northwest =\n | North = {{flag|Montana}}\n | Northeast = {{flag|North Dakota}}\n | West = {{flag|Idaho}}\n | Centre = '' Wyoming'': [[Outline of Wyoming|Outline]] • [[Index of Wyoming-related articles|Index]]\n | East = {{flag|South Dakota}}
{{flag|Nebraska}}\n | Southwest = {{flag|Utah}}\n | South = {{flag|Colorado}}\n | Southeast = {{flag|Kansas}}\n}}\n\n{{s-start}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Idaho]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]|years=Admitted on July 10, 1890 (44th)}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Utah]]}}\n{{s-end}}\n\n{{Coord|display=title|43|N|107.5|W|region:US-WY_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:Wyoming| ]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1890]]\n[[Category:States of the United States]]\n[[Category:Western United States]]\n[[Category:1890 establishments in the United States]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/dokaz_helpers.rb",
    "content": "require 'bundler/setup'\nrequire 'infoboxer'\n\ninclude Infoboxer\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/fixtures/argentina.wiki",
    "content": "{{other uses}}\n\n{{pp-semi|small=yes}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}\n{{Infobox country\n|conventional_long_name = Argentine Republic{{efn-ua|name=altnames|Article 35 of the [[Argentine Constitution]] gives equal recognition to the names \"United Provinces of the River Plate\", \"Argentine Republic\" and \"Argentine Confederation\" and authorizes the use of \"Argentine Nation\" in the making and enactment of laws.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 35}}}}\n|native_name = {{native name|es|República Argentina}}\n|common_name = Argentina\n|image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg\n|image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg\n|national_motto = {{unbulleted list\n   |list_style=line-height:125%;\n   | {{native phrase|es|\"[[En unión y libertad]]\"|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\n   | {{small|(\"In Unity and Freedom\")}}\n }}\n|national_anthem = {{unbulleted list\n   |item1_style=line-height:125%;\n   |item2_style=line-height:125%;\n   |item3_style=margin-top:4px;\n   | {{native phrase|es|[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\n   | {{small|(\"Argentine National Anthem\")}}\n   | 
[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\n }}\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\n|other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \"In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the ″sun of May″ which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: \"The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on May 25, 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}
{{small|(Sun of May)}}\n|image_map = Argentina orthographic.svg\n|map_width = 220px\n|map_caption = {{resize|110%|Mainland Argentina shown in dark green, with [[#Foreign relations|territorial claims]] shown in light green}}\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\n|latd=34 |latm=36 |latNS=S |longd=58|longm=23 |longEW=W\n|largest_city = capital\n|official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\n|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list\n |\n  | 97% [[Argentines of European descent|European]]\n  | 3% [[Mestizo]], [[Indigenous peoples in Argentina|Amerindian]] and [[Asian Argentine|Asian]]\n }}\n|\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\n  |[[Argentine people|Argentine]]\n  |[[Argentine people|Argentinian]]\n  |{{nowrap|[[Argentine people|Argentinean]] {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\n }}\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\n|leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|President]]\n|leader_name1 = [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]\n|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|Vice President]]\n|leader_name2 = [[Amado Boudou]]\n|leader_title3 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court President]]\n|leader_name3 = [[Ricardo Lorenzetti]]\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\n|upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]\n|sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\n|sovereignty_note = from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declared]]\n|established_date2 = 9 July 1816\n|established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\n|established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Diplomatic recognition|Recognized]]}}\n|established_date4 = 29 April 1857\n|area_rank = 8th\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\n|area_km2 = 2780400\n|area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}), the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls|format=XLS|title=Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad. Superficie censada y densidad, según provincia. Total del país. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls|archivedate=8 June 2014|deadurl=no}}}}\n|percent_water = 1.57\n|population_estimate = 42,669,500{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls|format=XLS|title=Cuadro 1. Población estimada al 1 de julio de cada año calendario por sexo. Total del país. Años 2010–2040|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140608011629/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls|archivedate=8 June 2014|deadurl=no}}\n|population_estimate_rank =\n|population_estimate_year = 2014\n|population_census = 40,117,096\n|population_census_year = 2010\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\n|population_density_km2 = 14.4\n|population_density_rank = 212th\n|pop_den_footnote = \n|GDP_PPP = $953.029 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2013&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=68&pr.y=6|title=Argentina|work= World Economic Outlook Database |date=April 2015 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=30 April 2015}}\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2015\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,459\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 57th\n|GDP_nominal = $563.138 billion\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2015\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,271\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 54th\n|Gini_year = 2011 \n|Gini_change = decrease \n|Gini = 43.6 \n|Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate= 19 February 2015}}\n|Gini_rank =\n|HDI_year = 2013 \n|HDI_change = increase \n|HDI = 0.808 \n|HDI_ref = {{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2014 – Summary|format=PDF|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2014|pages=15, 16|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140727205555/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf|archivedate=27 July 2014|deadurl=no}}\n|HDI_rank = 49th\n|currency = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\n|currency_code = ARS\n|time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\n|utc_offset = −3\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]])\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\n|calling_code = [[+54]]\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}''[[De facto]]'' at all government levels.{{efn-ua|name=es|Though not declared official ''[[de jure]]'', the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.}} In addition, some provinces have official ''[[de jure]]'' languages:\n:{{,}}[[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] in [[Corrientes Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 de octubre de 2004}}\n:{{,}}[[Kom language (South America)|Kom]], [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]] and [[Wichi language|Wichi]], in [[Chaco Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 de julio de 2010}}\n|footnote_b = {{note|note-train}}Trains ride on left.\n}}\n\n'''Argentina''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|ˌ|ɑr|dʒ|ən|ˈ|t|iː|n|ə}}, officially the '''Argentine Republic'''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}} ({{lang-es|link=no|República Argentina}} {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina|}}) is a [[federal republic]] located in southeastern [[South America]]. Sharing the [[Southern Cone]] with its smaller neighbour [[Chile]], it is bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]] to the north; [[Brazil]] to the northeast; [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east; Chile to the west and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south.\n\nWith a mainland area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest country]] in the world, the second-largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one.\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland Islands]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Islas Malvinas}}), [[South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]].\n\nThe earliest recorded human presence in the area modern-day Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}} The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish]] colonization of the region beginning in 1512.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=: \"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and,in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\"|2a1=Sánchez Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196–197|2ps=: \"The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts.\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \"[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution.\"}} a Spanish overseas colony founded in 1776.\n\nThe [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]] and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810–1818) was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted until 1861, which culminated in the country's reorganization as a [[federation]] of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital city. From then on—while [[Immigration in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaped its cultural and demographic outlook—Argentina enjoyed an historically almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity: by the early 20th century it had already ranked as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed nation{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\n\nAfter 1930 Argentina descended into political instability and suffered periodic economic crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|publisher=The Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \"developing country\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20 March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=: \"Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view{{sfn|Huntington|2000|p=6}} include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina.\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \"The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations.\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=: \"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina.\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \"Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader.\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=: \"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=: \"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century.\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \"The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=: \"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina.\"}} Argentina has the third-largest economy in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]] and [[Organization of Ibero-American States|OEI]].\nBecause of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods ... Argentina's economy appears stable, but confidence in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26 October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as a [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]] with a [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\"very high\"]] rating on the [[Human Development Index]].\n\n==Name and etymology==\nThe name \"Argentina\" is derived from [[Latin]] ''argentum'' (\"silver\", ''plata'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), a noun associated with the [[Sierra de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\n\nThe first written use of the name can be traced to ''[[La Argentina (poem)|La Argentina]]'',{{efn-ua|The poem's full name is ''La Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos del Perú, Tucumán y estado del Brasil''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Martín del Barco Centenera]] describing the region and the foundation of Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\nAlthough \"Argentina\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country was formally named \"Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata\" by the Spanish Empire, and \"United Provinces of the Río de la Plata\" after independence.\n\nThe [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use of the name \"Argentine Republic\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\nThe name \"Argentine Confederation\" was also commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the country's name as \"Argentine Republic\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and that year's constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957, 1972 and 1994 (current)}}\n\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally called \"the Argentine\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''la Argentina''.{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5 March 2014|deadurl=no}} This fell out of fashion during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred to as \"Argentina\".\n\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \"Argentina\" is [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] (\"''La [República] Argentina''\"), taking the feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \"La\" as the initial syllable of \"Argentina\" is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm \"The Definite Article: Part II\"], Study Spanish\n\n==History==\n{{main|History of Argentina}}\n\n===Pre-Columbian era===\n{{main|Indigenous peoples in Argentina}}\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]] in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the cave's wall]]\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}\nUntil the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} which can be divided into three main groups:{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}}\n*Basic hunters and food gatherers without development of [[pottery]], like the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n*Advanced hunters and food gatherers like the [[Puelche]], [[Querandí]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelche]] in the south—all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]] spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}—and the [[Kom people (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north.\n*Farmers with pottery, like the [[Charrúa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaraní people|Guaraní]] in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around 1480; the [[Toconoté]] and [[Comechingones|Hênîa and Kâmîare]] in the country's center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n\n===Colonial era===\n{{main|Colonial Argentina}}\n{{see also|Spanish colonization of the Americas}}\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata]]]]\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish navigators [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]], which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–132}}\n\nFurther colonization efforts came from [[Paraguay]]—establishing the [[Governorate of the Río de la Plata]]—[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=96–140}}\n[[Francisco de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]] in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucumán]], in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south to re-fund Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\n\nThe [[Spanish Empire]] subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\n\nBuenos Aires repelled [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|two ill-fated British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]] generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country. As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}}\n\n===Independence and civil wars===\n{{main|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine Civil Wars}}\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|Portrait of General [[José de San Martin]], ''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]'' of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Martín holding the Argentine flag]]\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|2a1=Sánchez Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196–197|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]] replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}}\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution in Córdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82–83}}\n\nRevolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]—a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} The [[Assembly of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina's first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|Supreme Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}}\n\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucumán]] formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} One year later General [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]] stopped royalists on the north, and General [[José de San Martín]] took an army [[Crossing of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]]; then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349–353}}{{efn-ua|San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of [[Simón Bolívar]] in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185–252}}}} In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]] that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\n\nThe 1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the ''end of the Supreme Director rule''. In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}} Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}} During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the Río de la Plata|French blockade]] (1838–1840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836–1839), and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata|Anglo-French blockade]] (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46–47}} His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo José de Urquiza]], another powerful caudillo, [[Battle of Caseros|beat him out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48–50}}\n\n===Rise of the modern nation===\n{{main|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation of '80}}\n{{see also|Argentine–Chilean naval arms race|South American dreadnought race}}\n[[File:Museo del Bicentenario - \"Constituyentes de 1853\".jpg|thumb|200px|The representatives of the [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]], in the [[Constituent assembly]] for enactment of the [[Constitution of Argentina of 1853|Constitution]], 1853|alt=]]\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pavón]], [[Bartolomé Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicolás Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}}\n\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]] in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European immigration]] they promoted—second only to the United States'—led to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed nation{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\nDriven by this [[immigration]] wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina's [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} placing Argentina as one of the world's top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public, compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]] grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]] between 1862 to 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}}\n*By 1865 Argentina was already one of the top 25 nations by per capita income.\n*By 1901 it had risen to 10th place—ahead of Germany, Austria and France.\n*By 1908 it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and The Netherlands to reach 7th place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina's per capita income was 70% higher than Italy's, 90% higher than Spain's, 180% higher than Japan's and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]'s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\nDespite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567–625}} after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s, a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the 1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37–38}}\n\nIn 1912, President [[Roque Sáenz Peña]] enacted [[Saenz Peña Law|universal and secret male suffrage]], which allowed [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]] (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to family farmers and small businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, influenced by the [[Great Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}}\n\n===Infamous Decade===\n{{main|Infamous Decade}}\n[[File:El General Roca ante el Congreso Nacional.jpg|thumb|200px|President [[Julio Argentino Roca]] giving his constitutionally mandated annual report to Congress, 1886|alt=]]\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine coup d'état|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[José Félix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d'état]] marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the country back into underdevelopment.\n\nUriburu ruled for two years; then [[Agustín Pedro Justo]] was elected with fraud,{{clarify|date=October 2014}} and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British support but was rejected by the [[United States]] after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of '43|military coup toppled the government]], and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Perón]], was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]], and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=181–302}}\n\n===Peronism===\n{{main|Peronism}}\n[[File:Museo del Bicentenario - \"Retrato de Juan Domingo Perón y Eva Duarte\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo Perón]] and his wife [[Eva Perón]], 1948|alt=]]\nPerón created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]] strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions, paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His highly popular wife, [[Eva Perón]], played a central political role. She pushed Congress to enact [[women suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer the following year. Perón [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revolución Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]] in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–351}}\n\nThe new head of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept organized underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353–379}} He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency, reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet his efforts to stay in good terms with Peronists and the military earned him the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}} But Senate Chief [[José María Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Onganía]]-led coup d'état called the [[Argentine Revolution]], a new military government that sought to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}}\n\n===Dirty War===\n{{main|Dirty War}}\nThe 'Dirty War ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}}) was the name used by the Argentine Government for a period of [[state terrorism]] in Argentina against political dissidents, with military and security forces conducting urban and rural guerrilla violence against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to be associated with socialism.''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina,'' Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo,'' Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq= \"Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\"], ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune,'' 7 March 1976 Victims of the violence included an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|publisher=}} and alleged sympathizers.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html \"Orphaned in Argentina's dirty war, man is torn between two families\"], ''The Washington Post'', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \"disappeared\" were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People's Revolutionary Army]] (ERP).[http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html \"El ex líder de los Montoneros entona un «mea culpa» parcial de su pasado\"], ''El Mundo'', 4 May 1995{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713 |title=A 32 años de la caída en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho y la Dirección Histórica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[http://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960–1990)'']', Wolfgang S. Heinz & Hugo Frühling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''National Geographic Magazine'' article in the mid-1980s.''National Geographic'', Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina's Dirty War Can Teach Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20 October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\n[[File:Raúl Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Raúl Alfonsín]], first democratically elected president following the [[National Reorganization Process|military government]], .|alt=]]\n\nDeclassified documents of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batallón de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \"disappeared\" between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \"disappeared\" in the form of PEN (''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'', anglicized as \"National Executive Power\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''Political Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina,'' Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The number of people believed to have been killed or \"disappeared,\" depending on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983, when the military was forced from power following Argentina's defeat in the [[Falklands War]].[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin Obituary] ''The Guardian'', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}} The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm \"Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos\"], ''Clarin'', 10 June 2003\n\nAfter democratic government was restored, Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims' families. Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones during the military dictatorship.Wright, Thomas C. ''State terrorism in Latin America'', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007\n\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]] is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and Marxist paramilitary as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Martínez de Perón]]'s \"annihilation decrees\" against left-wing guerrillas during ''[[Operativo Independencia]]'' (translates to Operation of Independence) in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty War.\n\nOnganía shut down Congress, banned all political parties and dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two massive protests: the ''[[Cordobazo]]'' and the ''[[Rosariazo]]''. The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro Agustín Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let [[Héctor José Cámpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of Perón. Cámpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March 1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members and then secured Perón's return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=423–465}}\n\nOn the day Perón returned to Argentina, the clash between Peronist internal factions—[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]] youth from Montoneros—resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. Cámpora resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Perón won the [[Argentine general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third wife [[Isabel Martínez de Perón|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76–77}} and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[José López Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against them and the [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People's Revolutionary Army]] (ERP).\nPerón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \"annihilate\" the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping ERP's attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}} [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Perón was ousted]] one year later by a junta of the three armed forces, led by army general  [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''Proceso''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=467–504}}\n\nThe ''Proceso'' shut down Congress, removed the judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated, ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]], which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}}); within two months Argentina was defeated by the [[United Kingdom]]. [[Reynaldo Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–532}}\n\n===Contemporary era===\n{{main|Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)|Kirchnerism}}\n[[File:Cristina Fernandez Comandante en Jefe.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], president of Argentina since 2007|alt=]]\n[[Raúl Alfonsín]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for [[human rights]] violations during the ''Proceso'': the [[Trial of the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's leaders but, under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29 de diciembre de 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 de junio de 1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots forced Alfonsín to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–549}}\n\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}} a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]], [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Alfonsín's government. The [[1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} led by [[Fernando de la Rúa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}}\n\nDe la Rúa kept Menem's economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]], generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December 2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575–587}} Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated the fixed exchange rate established by Menem.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}} By the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recess, but the assassination of two ''[[piquetero]]s'' by the police caused political commotion, prompting Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[Néstor Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=587–595}}\n\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]] with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}} [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 de septiembre de 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 de abril de 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas' crimes. He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife, senator [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\n\n==Geography==\n{{main|Geography of Argentina}}\n[[File:Cerro torre 1987.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Cerro Torre]] is one of the mountains of the [[Southern Patagonian Ice Field]] |alt=]]\nWith a mainland surface area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52|ps=: \"The Andes Mountains form the \"backbone\" of Argentina along the western border with Chile.\"}} Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31 October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal border over the [[Río de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} long.\n\nArgentina's highest point is Mount [[Aconcagua]] in the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina|trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas|archivedate=23 July 2013|deadurl=no}} also the highest point in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\nThe lowest point is [[Laguna del Carbón]] in the ''San Julián Great Depression'' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27 March 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence of the [[Río Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and Río Mojinete rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San Pío]] in [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\nThe maximum north–south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while the maximum east–west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\n\nSome of the major rivers are the [[Paraná River|Paraná]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]—which join to form the Río de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado River, Argentina|Salado]], [[Río Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]], the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\n\n===Regions===\n{{main|Regions of Argentina}}\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''precordillera'', filled with narrow valleys or ''quebradas'' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}} and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n* [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] wedge covering the western ''Paraná Plateau'' and neighbouring lowlands enclosed by the Paraná and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\n* [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying, gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia and the Andes.\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\n* [[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]], to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\n* [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east, moister cold [[grassland]]s to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\n\nCamino a las Sierras de Córdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\nCasa y montaña.jpg |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\nTierracolorada.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\nFormosa Argentina.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\nViñedos de Mendoza.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\nPaso San Francisco 2.jpg|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\nQuebrada de Cafayate.JPG|Northwest [[Calchaquí Valleys|Valleys]]\nRío Bermejo frontera Bolivia (izq.) y Argentina (dcha).jpg|Northwest [[Yungas]]\nPerito Moreno Glacier (5469843641).jpg| western [[Patagonia]]\nEl Chaltén.jpg|eastern Patagonia\n\n\n===Biodiversity===\n{{main|Environment of Argentina}}\n{{double image|right|Paso de la Oveja, Tierra del Fuego National Park.jpg|210|Cyanocorax chrysops -Iguazu National Park, Argentina-8a (1).jpg|210|
The [[Patagonia|Eastern Patagonia]] consisting mostly in moister cold grasslands.
|
[[Plush-crested jay]], typical bird in [[Iguazu National Park|Iguazú]].
}}\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19 October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]] varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic region are all represented in its territory.\nThis huge ecosystem variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world's largest:{{cite web|url=|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes marine mammals.}}\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species (ranked 16th)\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\n\n===Climate===\n{{main|Climate of Argentina}}\nAlthough the most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina has an exceptional climate diversity, ranging from tropical in the north{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=22}} to [[subarctic climate|subpolar]] in the far continental south.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=5}}\nClimate patterns roughly follow the geographic regional division:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv}}\n* The Northwest climate is varied, with rainfall diminishing north to south and east to west:{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Puna, to the high Andean west, is dry and with great temperature fluctuation but cold overall, frequently falling below freezing point at night;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Yungas, to the east, are tropical, very hot and moist.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=11}}\n{{double image|right|Iguaçu Falls - Ponto de Observação.JPG|200|PeritoMoreno002.jpg|224|
[[Tropical climate]] in [[Iguazú Falls]], [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]].
|
[[Subpolar climate]] in [[El Calafate]], Western [[Patagonia]].
}}\n* Mesopotamia is subtropical overall, with hot and very humid tropical climate in the north,{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=203}} and gradually becoming temperate and semi-humid to the south.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=6}}\n* Gran Chaco has very hot subtropical to tropical climate,{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=22|ps=: \"In [[Rivadavia (Chaco)|Rivadavia]], a small town in [[Chaco Province]], temperatures have reached {{convert|49|C|0|abbr=on}}. [As of 2009 this] is the highest temperature ever recorded in South America.\"}} and humid summers with mild drier winters. With heavy seasonal rainfalls,{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=6}} it is subject to periodic droughts.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|pp=56–57}}\n* Cuyo is generally mild, although mountainous areas have [[alpine climate]] with temperatures below freezing much of the year.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=17}}\n* Pampas and Sierras Pampeanas are temperate, with hot, stormy summers and cool winters; moisture is higher in the east.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\n* Patagonia is very windy, with mild summers and cold{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} to very cold winters{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=25|ps=: \"[Sarmiento, the] small town in the [[Chico River Canyon]] of [[Chubut Province]] holds [as of 2009] the record for the lowest temperature in South America, a bone chilling {{convert|-27.22|C|0|abbr=on}}.\"}} with heavy snowfall and frost,{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} especially in mountainous zones.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=73}} Precipitation steeply diminishes from west to east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=7}}\n\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding. It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\nThe [[Zonda wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''viento blanco'') conditions usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\n\n==Politics==\n{{main|Politics of Argentina}}\n\n===Government===\n{{main|Government of Argentina}}\n{| class=\"toccolours\" style=\"float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #ddd solid;\"\n|+ '''Government of Argentina'''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Argentine National Congress (Pedestrians digitally removed) (8081437098).jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Palace of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]]
Seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]]\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Casa de Gobierno 002.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Casa Rosada]]
Workplace of the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Palacio de Justicia de la Nación 02.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Palace of Justice (Argentina)|Palace of Justice]]
[[Argentine Supreme Court|Supreme Court]]\n|}\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country's supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages 16 and 17.{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|publisher=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D. C.|date=1 November 2012|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}}}}\n\nThe federal government is composed of three branches:\n* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}}\n** The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45, 47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70.\n** The Chamber of Senators represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women.\n* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: The [[President of Argentina|President]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law—subject to Congressional override—and appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]] by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\n* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President—subject to Senate approval—who serve for life. The lower courts' judges are proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]] (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers, the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\n\n===Provinces===\n{{main|Provinces of Argentina}}\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by population}}\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\nArgentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]], except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes of Buenos Aires|communes]].\n\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 5–6}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures, while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]], and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\n\nDuring the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]]. The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen provinces became fourteen.\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\n\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\nThe agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\n{{clear}}\n\n===Foreign relations===\n{{main|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\n[[File:Diplomatic missions of Argentina.png|thumb|250px|Argentine diplomatic missions:\n
\n{{legend4|#22b14c|Argentina}}\n{{legend4|#2f3699|Nations hosting a resident diplomatic mission}}\n{{legend4|#b9b9b9|Nations without a resident diplomatic mission}}\n
]]\nForeign policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\n\nAn historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15, 92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm|title=Argentina in Brief – Foreign Policy|publisher=Embassy of Argentina in Australia|place=Canberra|year=2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm|archivedate=26 April 2013|deadurl=no}}\nThe country is one of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo 'Symbol of Argentina's Commitment to Peace'|publisher=United Nations – Secretary General|place=New York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5 June 2012|deadurl=no}}\n\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the former president Néstor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary General]].\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block—which has some supranational legislative functions—is its first international priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\n\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}} in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world's oldest [[Orcadas Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundación Marambio|place=Buenos Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2 December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]], though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]], of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member, with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS – Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}}\n\nArgentina [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\n\n===Armed forces===\n{{main|Armed Forces of Argentina}}\n{| class=\"toccolours\" style=\"float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #ddd solid;\"\n|+ '''Argentine Armed Forces'''\n|- style=\"text-align:center;\"\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Tanque TAM.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Argentine Army]] 
[[Tanque Argentino Mediano|TAM VCA 155 Palmaria]]\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:B52ARAHercules.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Argentine Navy]]
[[ARA Hércules (B-52)]]\n| style=\"width:120px;\"|[[File:Argentina Air Force McDonnell Douglas A-4AR Fightinghawk Lofting-2.jpg|border|x90px]]
[[Argentine Air Force]]
[[Lockheed Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk|A-4AR Fightinghawk]]\n|}\n\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 de mayo de 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 – Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17 de enero de 1992}}\n* The [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 125–126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]], the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina – Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3 November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean – Argentina|publisher=RESDAL – Red de Seguridad y Defensa de América Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8 May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized around the essential principle of legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing a sub-regional defense system.\n:[[Military service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina – Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3 November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina's defense has historically been one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65–86}} However, real military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina – Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi – SIPRI – Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6 September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\n* The [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]] and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and the [[Airport Security Police]].{{cite Argentine law|d=18711 – Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 de junio de 1970}} At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\n\n==Economy==\n{{main|Economy of Argentina}}\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\nBenefiting from rich [[natural resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base, and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin America's third-largest.{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7 March 2014|deadurl=no}} It has a [[List of countries by Human Development Index|\"very high\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work= World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]] size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\n\n[[File:Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2014-11-22 WTourAR AA 30.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Puerto Madero]], Buenos Aires]]\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]] and one of the world's top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25 July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}} Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however, its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating with severe recessions, income maldistribution and—in the recent decades—increasing poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world's seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady decline and now it's just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data–Argentina|publisher=World Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4 April 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\nHigh [[inflation]]—a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades—has become a trouble once again, with rates in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|work=Reuters|place=London|date=25 April 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5 March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina|title=Official statistics: Don't lie to me, Argentina|work=The Economist|place=London|date=25 February 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina|archivedate=7 December 2013|deadurl=no}} [[Income distribution]], having improved since 2002, is classified as \"medium\", still considerably unequal.\n\nArgentina ranks 102nd out of 178 countries in the [[Transparency International]]'s 2012 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite web|url=http://files.transparency.org/content/download/537/2229/file/2012_CPI_brochure_EN.pdf|format=PDF|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2012|publisher=Transparency International|year=2012}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina's payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \"Vulture funds\" the full value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31 July 2014|publisher=''Argentina News.Net''}}\n\n===Industry===\n{{main|Industry in Argentina}}\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP—the largest goods-producing sector in the nation's economy.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls|format=XLS|title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad|publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls|archivedate=10 April 2014|deadurl=no}} Well-integrated into Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\n\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in 2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10 March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector is organized around a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3 December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing|title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing|publisher=Digital Guardian|place=Port of Spain|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing|archivedate=9 November 2013|deadurl=no}}\n\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather; [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery; home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world. However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor] The ILAB's ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'' clearly shows that Argentina's [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]] relies heavily on such practices.\n\nCórdoba is Argentina's major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]] area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]] (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and tanning); San Miguel de Tucumán (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicolás de los Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bahía Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina – Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27 September 2013|deadurl=no}}\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting, and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuquén (wineries and fruit processing); Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\n\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}} totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA – International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130803085612/http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|archivedate=3 August 2013|deadurl=no}}\n\n===Tourism===\n{{Main|Tourism in Argentina}}\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin America]] after [[Mexico]].{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion in 2012. The country's capital city, [[Buenos Aires]], is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos|title=México DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos turísticos favoritos|publisher=Infobae América|language=Spanish|date=June 2011|accessdate=19 December 2012}}\n\n{{double image|right|CerroCastor01.jpg|240|04 - San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina).jpg|217|
[[Cerro Castor]] in [[Ushuaia]], the commonly regarded as the [[southernmost city in the world]].
|
[[Bariloche]], the city emerged as a major tourism centre with ski, trekking and [[mountaineering]] facilities.
}}\n\nTourist destinations:\n* Autonomous City of [[Tourism in Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], the capital of the Nation.\n* [[Iguazú National Park]], waterfalls and jungle.\n* [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], Andes mountains and main wine producing region.\n* [[Bariloche]], the largest ski centre in Latin America, and [[Villa La Angostura]].\n* [[Los Alerces National Park]] in central Patagonia.\n* [[Los Glaciares National Park]], glaciers.\n* [[Ushuaia]], southernmost city in the world.\n* [[Mar del Plata]], seaside beach resort.\n* [[Salta Province|Salta]], Inca and colonial sites in [[Quebrada de Humahuaca|Humahuaca]], the [[Calchaquí Valleys]], [[Iruya]], [[Pucará de Tilcara|Tilcara]], and other cities of the North.\n* [[Valdes Peninsula]], sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals, Magellanic penguins and Southern right whales.\n* [[Sierras de Córdoba]], mild climate and landscapes ranging from the bucolic and wild.\n* [[Ischigualasto]], strange landscape where there is a shortage of vegetation and more varied palette of soils.\n* [[El Chaltén]], mountain village and [[El Calafate]], city with beautiful attractions and ski centers.\n\n\n{{wide image|43 - Iguazu - Décembre 2007.jpg|1300px|[[Iguazu Falls]], Misiones, in [[Argentina-Brazil relations|Argentina-Brazil border]], is the second most popular destination for foreign tourists who come to Argentina. The waterfalls are in 80% in the Argentine side, and only 20% belonging to Brazil.}}\n\n===Transport===\n{{main|Transport in Argentina}}\n[[File:Buenos Aires Subte station Peru.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Vintage [[Line A (Buenos Aires Underground)|Line A]] station entrance of [[Buenos Aires Underground]].]]\n[[File:Línea Mitre Retiro.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Electric train for the [[Mitre Line]] in [[Retiro railway station]].]]\n\nArgentina has the largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}}, out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina – Railways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7 April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina – Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27 September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]] in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s: regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting 1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km Desde hoy, toda la línea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February, 2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/ Exitosa prueba en la renovada vía a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March, 2015 In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]], effectively re-nationalising the country's railways, a move which saw support from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía] - Pagina/12, 16 April 2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/ Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April 2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación] - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April 2015\n\n{{As of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia, and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}} of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina – Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14 October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La Plata Highway|Buenos Aires–La Plata]], [[Rosario-Córdoba Highway|Rosario–Córdoba]], Córdoba–Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes–Mendoza, [[National Route 14|National Route 14 ''General José Gervasio Artigas'']] and [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''Juan Manuel Fangio'']], among others.\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the railway system.\n\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina – Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1 November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Zárate, Buenos Aires|Zárate]], [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]] and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\nSome of the largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]–[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]], Bahía Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequén]]–[[Necochea]], [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and [[San Antonio Oeste]].\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant: stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paraná river shore in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}} accounted for 50% of all exports.\n\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were 161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina – Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1 November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand. The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport|Cataratas del Iguazú]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24–25}}\n\n===Media and communications===\n{{main|Communications in Argentina}}\n[[File:Estudio Pais1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|\"''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of the Argentines''\" in [[TV Pública Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]], the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\nPrint media industry is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The major national ones include ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'' (centrist, Latin America's best-seller and the second most widely circulated in the Spanish-speaking world), ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]'' (center-right, published since 1870), ''[[Página/12]]'' (leftist, founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America's most prestigious English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''[[La Voz del Interior]]'' (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and the ''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'' (German weekly, liberal, published since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\n\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the world's first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Parsifal]]'' was aired by a team of medical students led by [[Enrique Telémaco Susini]] in Buenos Aires' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23 May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina–Infraestructura|publisher=Mi Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23 July 2013|deadurl=no}}\n\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]] industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC – Latin American Network Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13 November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the country's households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetración TV paga en hogares 2014 – Argentina|publisher=LAMAC – Latin American Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2 May 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South America|publisher=IWS–ITU – Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2 April 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\n===Science and technology===\n{{Main|Science and technology in Argentina}}\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|Argentine [[satellite]] [[SAC-D]], launched in 2011.]]\nArgentines have three Nobel Prize laureates in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them, discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating [[glucose]] in animals. [[César Milstein]] did extensive research in [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully implanted in a human being in 1969. [[René Favaloro]] developed the techniques and performed the world's first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass surgery]].\n\nArgentina's nuclear programme has been highly successful. In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]]. This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina's nuclear programme conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s; since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title= Brazil and Argentina's Nuclear Cooperation|author= Argüello, Irma |date= 8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}} As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation efforts{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global nuclear security.{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2014}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]], finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php |title= Atucha III se construirá con un 60% de componentes nacionales |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino| language= Spanish}}{{dead link|date=August 2014}} [[File:El Arianne 5 despegando.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|Argentine satellite [[ARSAT-1 ]] launched in October, 2014 from the [[Guiana Space Centre]].]]\n\nDespite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr. [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]] as well as [[René Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]], an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\n\nSpace research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]], the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |title='Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento 24}}{{dead link|date=August 2014}}  Argentina has its own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991, the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,[http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html satellites]{{dead link|date=August 2014}}. CONAE. Retrieved on 25 October 2012. in June 2009, secured an agreement with the [[European Space Agency]] on for the installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]], the world's foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre Auger Observatory}} The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research projects. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670 Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved on 25 October 2012.\n\n==Demographics==\n{{Main|Demographics of Argentina}}\n{{See also|Argentine people}}\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|[[Balvanera]], filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}}, Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite web|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015|work=Gustavo Pérez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{dead link|date=August 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas|language=Spanish|publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/| archivedate= 15 June 2011 | deadurl= no}} Argentina ranks third in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually, with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|title=Argentina|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090830153530/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html| archivedate= 30 August 2009 | deadurl= no}}\n\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America's lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in [[Spain]] or [[Italy]], compared here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.'' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]] at birth is 77.14 years.\n\nArgentina became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date= 15 July 2010|accessdate=15 July 2010 | first=Juan | last=Forero}} It was the tenth country to allow [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}\n\n===Ethnography===\n{{main|Ethnography of Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\n[[File:Norwegian Argentine kids.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Norwegian-Argentine children, during the celebration of the National Day of [[Norway]].]]\n[[File:Europeans in Argentina (1914).svg|thumb|200px|Percent of European-born people in Argentina, by provinces and territories, according to the 1914 Argentine Census]]\nAs with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]], [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], it is considered that Argentina is a country of immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}{{cite pmid|7815439}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669|title=About Argentina|publisher=Government of Argentina| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669| archivedate= 19 September 2009 | deadurl= no}} Argentines usually refer to the country as a ''crisol de razas'' (crucible of races, or [[melting pot]]).\n\nDuring the 18th and 19th centuries especially, Argentina was the country with the second biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the [[USA]] in the numbers of immigrants received (27 millions) and ahead of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\n\nStrikingly, at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief is endured in the popular saying ''\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\"'' (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850–1955),{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fernández, Francisco Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants came from [[Italy]] and [[Spain]].\n \n− [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf Capítulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS – Informe 1998 The majority of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups with an Italian majority (55% of Argentines have [[Italian people|Italian]] origins), followed by [[Spanish people|Spanish]] plurality. An estimated 17% of the population also have [[French people|French]] origins, and 8% descend from [[German people|German]]s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}\n \nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]] and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[White people]], just like in the [[USA]] Census). The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community that traces back to the early 20th century also exists.\n\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist Daniel Corach, has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed by 79% from different European, mainly Italian and Spanish ethnicity, 18% of different ethnicities Native American, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups, and 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was Indian.[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA - Corach - 2009 - Annals of Human Genetics - Wiley Online Library][http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 número2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004]\n\nFrom the 1970s, immigration has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm \"El varieté de la calle Florida\"] (Editorial) – [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas —so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior – Sociedad – |publisher=Perfil.com}}\n\n===Languages===\n{{main|Languages of Argentina}}\n[[File:Dialectos del español en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\nThe ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|name=es}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\nThe country is the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs ''[[voseo]]'', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''vos'' instead of ''tú'' (\"you\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\nDue to the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions, although the prevalent dialect is ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'', primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to [[Neapolitan language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107–119}} Italian and other European immigrants influenced ''[[Lunfardo]]''—the regional slang—permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\n\nThere are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\n* English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called ''[[cocoliche]]'', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century.}}\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''.}}\n* [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25–26, 49–50}}\n* [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''de jure'') and Misiones.\n* [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\n* [[Quechua language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[Wichí languages|Wichí]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]], it is official ''de jure''.\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]], by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]], by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n* [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]], in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\n\n===Religion===\n{{main|Religion in Argentina}}\n[[File:Papa Francisco en Canonizazion de Juan XXIII y Juan Pablo II.PNG|thumb|200px|[[Pope Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised in Argentina.|alt=]]\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}} it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a differential status.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – Argentina|publisher=US Department of State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12 April 2014|deadurl=no}}}}\n\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines are 76.5% Catholic, 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s; 1.2% follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=9}}\n\nThe country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]] and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}} Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\n\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=21}} 23.8% of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and 26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=24}}\n\nOn 13 March 2013, Argentine [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Jorge Mario Bergoglio]] was elected as [[Pope of the Catholic Church]] and took the name \"Francis\", becoming the first pope from the [[Americas]] and from the Southern Hemisphere, the first non-European pope in 1272 years, and the first [[Jesuit]] one.{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The New York Times|publisher=|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26 March 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\n===Urbanization===\n{{see also|List of cities in Argentina by population}}\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2 November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population.\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484|title=About Argentina – Major Cities|publisher=Government of Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|date=19 September 2009| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484| archivedate=19 September 2009|deadurl=yes}}\n\nThe metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\n\nThe population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21% of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province. The provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have 3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucumán is the only Argentine province more densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language = Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\n\n===Education===\n{{main|Education in Argentina}}\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\nThe Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El Sistema Educativo – Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26 February 2014|deadurl=no}}\n* An initial level for children between 45 days to 5 years old, with the last year being compulsory.\n* An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Población de 10 años y más por condición de alfabetismo y sexo, según provincia. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26 February 2014|deadurl=no}}\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total del país. Población de 5 años y más que asistió a un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educación alcanzado y completud del nivel, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26 February 2014|deadurl=no}}\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]] across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9 February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de Córdoba|Córdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]], [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological University]] are some of the most important.\n\nThe Argentine state guarantees universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across all educational stages.\n\n===Health care===\n{{Main|Health care in Argentina}}\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av Córdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country's 3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/ |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/| archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\nHealth care is provided through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''Obras Sociales''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over 300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\n\nThere are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf ESTADISTICAS VITALES – INFORMACION BASICA AÑO 2008]. Ministry of Health (December 2009)[http://undata.un.org/ UNData] The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations': from 1953 to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23% of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from 7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]] diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''\n\nThe availability of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live births in 1948''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics. 1997''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\n\n==Culture==\n{{main|Culture of Argentina}}\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural country]] with significant European influences. Its cities are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of conscious imitation of European styles in fashion, architecture and design.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\n\n===Literature===\n{{main|Argentine literature}}\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic image showing the four photographs]]\nAlthough Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence with [[Esteban Echeverría]]'s ''[[El Matadero]]'', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]] landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]]' ''[[Martín Fierro]]'' and the elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]'s masterpiece, ''[[Facundo]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\n\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]] movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo Güiraldes]]'s ''[[Don Segundo Sombra]]'' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\n\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]], Argentina's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''[[Ficciones]]'' and ''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'' are among his most famous books. He was a friend and collaborator with [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''[[The Invention of Morel]]''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\n[[Julio Cortázar]], one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}}\n\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Martínez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel Mujica Láinez]], [[Ernesto Sábato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo Walsh]], [[María Elena Walsh]], [[Tomás Eloy Martínez]], [[Manuel Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66, 85, 97–121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=Díaz|3y=2010|3pp=22, 91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51–54}}\n\n===Music===\n{{main|Music of Argentina}}\n[[File:Gardel.jpg|thumb|200px|Argentine singer and songwriter [[Carlos Gardel]], perhaps the most prominent figure in the [[history of tango]]
[[:File:Carlos Gardel - Por Una Cabeza.ogg|''Por una Cabeza'']][[File:Carlos Gardel - Por Una Cabeza.ogg|noicon|196px|Por una Cabeza. Tango|alt=One of Gardel's most famous compositions]]
|alt=Black and white photograph of Gardel]]\n[[Tango]], a ''[[Río de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'' musical genre with European and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina's international cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\nThe golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]] in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]], [[Aníbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan d'Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Ástor Piazzolla]] popularized ''[[Nuevo tango]]'', a subtler and more intellectual trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\nTango enjoys worldwide popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and [[Tanghetto]].\n\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer; [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]], pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director; [[José Cura]] and [[Marcelo Álvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s [[Jorge Donn]], [[José Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], [[Maximiliano Guerra]], [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela Núñez]], [[Iñaki Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\n\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\n\nThe [[romantic ballad]] genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de América]].\n\n[[Argentine rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\nFounding bands like [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]] were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]] and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andrés Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto Spinetta]], [[Charly García]], [[Fito Paez]] and [[León Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\n\n[[Tenor saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \"Gato\" Barbieri]] and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\n\n===Theatre and cinema===\n{{main|Theatre in Argentina|Cinema of Argentina}}\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Teatro Colón]],  the third best opera house in the world.|alt=View of the theatre's stage]]\nBuenos Aires is one of the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|publisher=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19 April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558|title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City|publisher=Radar Magazine|date=10 February 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558|archivedate=3 May 2013|deadurl=no}} with a scene of international caliber centered around [[Corrientes Avenue]], \"the street that never sleeps\", sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics are considered among the world's top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}{{efn-ua|The other top venues being Berlin's [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna's [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam's [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston's [[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}}} Other important theatrical venues include [[Teatro General San Martín]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]] in La Plata, [[Teatro El Círculo|El Círculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]] in Córdoba.\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the most prominent Argentine playwrights.\n\nDevelopment of Argentine cinema started in 1896; by the early 1930s it had already become Latin America's leading film producer, a place it kept until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}}\nThe world's first [[list of animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28 September 2013|deadurl=no}}\n\nArgentine films have achieved worldwide recognition: the country has won fourteen [[Goya Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film]]—being by far the most awarded—and is also the only Latin American country that has won an [[Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film]], with ''[[The Official Story]]'' (1985) and ''[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]'' (2009).\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] nods.\nMany other Argentine films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]'' (1984), ''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'' (1986), ''[[A Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'' (1992), ''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]'' (1997), ''[[Nine Queens]]'' (2000), ''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]'' (2002), ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'' (2004), ''[[The Aura]]'' (2005), ''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'' (2011) and ''[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'' (2014) being some of them.\n\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market Study – Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11 June 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\n===Visual arts===\n{{See also|Argentine painting}}\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|200px|Detail of ''The Nereids Fountain'' by [[Lola Mora]].|alt=Carrara marble sculpture showing the Nereids helping the birth of Venus]]\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are [[Cándido López]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Naïve art|Naïve style]]); [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]] and [[Eduardo Sívori]] ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[Pío Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós]] ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barragán]] ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]); [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Košice]] ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative art]]); [[Juan Del Prete]] ([[Futucubism]]); [[Luis Seoane]], [[Carlos Torrallardona]], [[Luis Aquino (painter)|Luis Aquino]], and [[Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez]] ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]] ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tomás Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract art]]); [[León Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minujín]] ([[Conceptual art]]); and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\n\nIn 1946 Gyula Košice and others created The [[Madí Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}\nTomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential globally.\n\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]], whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito Quinquela Martín]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\n\nInternationally laureate sculptors [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\n\n===Architecture===\n{{main|Architecture of Argentina}}\n{{Multiple image\n|align =left\n|direction=vertical\n|width =210\n|image1=190 - Buenos Aires - Galerias Pacifico - Janvier 2010.jpg\n|caption1=\n|image2=Galerías Pacífico.jpg\n|caption2=''Argentine Bon Marché'', inside of [[Galerías Pacífico]].\n}}\nThe colonization brought the [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler ''Rioplatense'' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San Ignacio Miní]], the [[Cathedral of Córdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral of Córdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luján. Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]] overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23 January 2014|deadurl=no}}\n\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched their own country's cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]] and [[Viktor Sulčič]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]] were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[César Pelli]]'s and [[Patricio Pouchulu]]'s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities worldwide: Pelli's 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made him one of the world's most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]] and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\n\n===Cuisine===\n{{main|Argentine cuisine}}\n[[File:Bife de chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''[[asado]]'', a traditional dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\nBesides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]] creations, including ''[[empanada]]s'' (a small stuffed pastry), ''[[locro]]'' (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''[[humita]]'' and ''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199, 221}}\n\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|publisher=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee, WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2 December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''[[asado]]'', the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including ''[[chorizo]]'', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\n\nCommon desserts include ''[[facturas]]'' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]] pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''[[dulce de leche]]'' (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''[[alfajor]]es'' (shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate, ''dulce de leche'' or a fruit paste), and ''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80, 143}}\n\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world's finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|date=|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11 December 2012|deadurl=no}} is an integral part of the local menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torrontés]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230, 252, 261–262, 265}}\n\n===Sport===\n{{main|Sport in Argentina}}\n[[File:Messi in Germany and Argentina face off in the final of the World Cup 2014 -2014-07-13 (24).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Lionel Messi]], four times [[FIFA Ballon d'Or]] winner, is the current captain of the [[Argentina national football team]]]]\nArgentina has a varied sporting culture, with a rich story among the world's elite in several disciplines, including:\n* ''[[Pato]]'': the [[national sport]],{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 de septiembre de 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php|title=Pato, Argentina's national sport|work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina|publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|date=18 November 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php|archivedate=6 July 2011|deadurl=no|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}\n* [[Association Football|Football]]: {{as of|2014|lc=y}} the [[Argentina national football team|men's national team]] is, along with France's, the only to have won the most important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa América|Copas América]], 6 [[Football at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are among the best players in the game's history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\n* [[Rugby Union|Rugby]]: {{as of|2014|lc=y}} the [[Argentina national rugby union team|men's national team]], known as 'Los Pumas' has competed at the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012 Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men's national 'A' team]] known as the 'Los Jaguares' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]] & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] 'A' teams along with [[Uruguay national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]], The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\n* [[Auto racing]]: [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo Gálvez]], [[Juan Gálvez]], [[Froilán González]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171, 195}}\n* [[Basketball]]: {{as of|2014|lc=y}} the [[Argentina national basketball team|men's national team]] is the only one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – ''Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball'' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16 June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Ginóbili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andrés Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]] and [[Juan Ignacio Sánchez]] are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n* [[Boxing]]: Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for the sport, including [[Carlos Monzón]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11|last=Fischer|first=Doug|title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years|publisher=The Ring|place=Blue Bell, PA, USA|date=30 September 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11|archivedate=15 June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers of all times; [[Víctor Galíndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino Locche]], nicknamed \"The Untouchable\" for his masterful defense; they are all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–165}}\n* [[Tennis]]: [[Guillermo Vilas]], the greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} and [[Gabriela Sabatini]], the most accomplished Argentine female player of all time—having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport, RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14 February 2014|deadurl=no}}\n* [[Field hockey]]: the [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|women's national team ''Las Leonas'']] is one of the world's most successful, with four Olympic medals, two World Cups and six [[Hockey Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of the game,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16 June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only person to have received the [[FIH Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – ''Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12 December 2013|deadurl=no}} \n* [[Polo]]: where Argentina reigns undisputed, having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} The [[Argentine Polo Championship]] is the sport's most important international team trophy. The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\n\n===National symbols===\n{{main|National symbols of Argentina}}\nSome of Argentina's national symbols are defined by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13 June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite Argentine law|d=1650/2010 – Símbolos Nacionales|date=23 de noviembre de 2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in 1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234–235}} The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 – Símbolos Nacionales|date=10 de mayo de 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\nThe [[Argentine National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente López y Planes]] with music by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]] of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our Lady of Luján|The Virgin of Luján]] is Argentina's [[patron saint]].{{cite web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html|title=Nuestra Señora de Luján|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de la Nación – Efemérides Culturales Argentinas|place=Buenos Aires|date=|language=Spanish}}\n\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''hornero'']], living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp|title=El Hornero|publisher=Red Argentina|place=Carlos Casares, Argentina|date=24 September 2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp|archivedate=13 November 2013|deadurl=no}}\nThe [[Erythrina crista-galli|''ceibo'']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25 de enero de 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''quebracho colorado'']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5 de septiembre de 1956}}\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the [[national gemstone]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la\nRepública Argentina en la República de Colombia|place=Bogotá|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29 September 2013|deadurl=no}}\nThe national sport is ''pato''.\n\n[[Argentine wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'', the national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 – Declárase al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 de agosto de 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite Argentine law|l=26871 – Declárase al Mate como infusión nacional|date=2 de agosto de 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\n''[[Asado]]'' and ''[[locro]]'' are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx|title=El asado|work=Via Restó|publisher=Grupo Clarín|place=Buenos Aires|date=28 April 2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx|archivedate=3 October 2013|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php|title=Argentina–Gastronomia|publisher=Argentina – Portal oficial de promoción de la República Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|date=6 June 2008|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php|archivedate=27 July 2008|deadurl=no}}\n\n==See also==\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin America}}\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\n* [[International rankings of Argentina]]\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\n* \n* \n* [[El Sonido de mi Tierra - The Great Dance of Argentina]]\n\n==Notes==\n{{notelist-ua}}\n\n==References==\n{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}\n\n==Bibliography==\n;Legal documents\n{{refbegin}}\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php|title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation|authors=National Constituent Convention|place=Santa Fe|date=22 August 1994|ref={{harvid|Constitution of Argentina}}}}\n{{refend}}\n\n;Articles\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison Project Working Paper 4|publisher=|place=|year=2013|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism: Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|date=August 2004|pages=107–119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279–358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA – Acoustical Society of America|date=April 2009|pages=21–25|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andrés|title=A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1–24|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan Cruz|last3=Irrazábal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=CONICET – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas|place=Buenos Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina: Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown, NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon|first1=Hussein|title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive Diplomacy|url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=Centre for International Political Studies|place=Pretoria, South Africa|year=1997|ref=harv}}\n{{refend}}\n\n;Books\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n* {{cite book|last=Abad de Santillán|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad de Santillán|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipográfica Editora Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59–84|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Björn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH–Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219–232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón|publisher=Grove Press|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart Campos|first=Germán J.|title=Manual de la Constitución Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1990–1999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Díaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3–26|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho Político|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport, CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization, Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3–13|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35–58|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY, USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M. Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=José O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder, CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=María Mercedes|title=Geografía Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America and the World Economy, 1850–1914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86–96|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51–76|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Raúl|title=Mi país, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=José Andrés|title=Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia, PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Robert G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=Ángel|authorlink=Ángel Rosenblat|title=El nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hernán|title=Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15–44|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Sánchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|place=Mexico D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen de la palabra \"¿¡Argentina!?\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política|volume=2|title=Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general interest|publisher=North–South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51–53|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\n{{refend}}\n\n==External links==\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\n;Government\n* {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.gob.ar/|name=Argentina|official=yes|language=es}}\n\n;Travel & tourism\n* {{external link|url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm|name=Argentina Ministry of Tourism|official=yes}}\n* {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.travel/en|name=National Institute of Tourism Promotion|official=yes}}\n\n;Overview\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\n* {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\n* {{external link|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/|name=Argentina|site=[[Latin American Network Information Center]]}}\n* {{external link|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm|name=Argentina|site=[[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder]]}}\n* {{external link|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR|name=Key Development Forecasts for Argentina|site=[[International Futures]]}}\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\n* {{wikipedia books link|Argentina}}\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\n\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\n{{Navboxes\n|title=International membership\n|list=\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\n{{G15 nations}}\n{{G-20}}\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul (Southern Common Market)}}\n{{Organization of American States}}\n{{Union of South American Nations}}\n{{World Trade Organization}}\n{{Founding member states of the United Nations}}\n}}\n{{Countries of South America}}\n\n[[Category:Argentina]]\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\n[[Category:Federal constitutional republics]]\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\n[[Category:G15 nations]]\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\n[[Category:Member states of Mercosur]]\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations]]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]\n[[Category:States and territories established in 1816]]\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/fixtures/broken_table_caption.txt",
    "content": "{| class=\"wikitable floatright\"\n |+''Amatya'' (major officials) in ancient Hindu kingdom
per ''Arthashastra''{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=xiv–xv}} |\n ! style=\"background: orange;\" | Title\n ! English\n|}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/fixtures/large_infobox.txt",
    "content": "{{Infobox country\n|conventional_long_name = Argentine Republic{{efn-ua|name=altnames|Article 35 of the [[Argentine Constitution]] gives equal recognition to the names \"United Provinces of the River Plate\", \"Argentine Republic\" and \"Argentine Confederation\" and authorizes the use of \"Argentine Nation\" in the making and enactment of laws.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 35}}}}\n|native_name = {{native name|es|República Argentina}}\n|common_name = Argentina\n|image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg\n|image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg\n|national_motto = {{unbulleted list\n   |list_style=line-height:125%;\n   | {{native phrase|es|\"[[En unión y libertad]]\"|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\n   | {{small|(\"In Unity and Freedom\")}}\n }}\n|national_anthem = {{unbulleted list\n   |item1_style=line-height:125%;\n   |item2_style=line-height:125%;\n   |item3_style=margin-top:4px;\n   | {{native phrase|es|[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\n   | {{small|(\"Argentine National Anthem\")}}\n   | 
[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\n }}\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\n|other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \"In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the ″sun of May″ which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: \"The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on May 25, 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}
{{small|(Sun of May)}}\n|image_map = Argentina orthographic.svg\n|map_width = 220px\n|map_caption = {{resize|110%|Mainland Argentina shown in dark green, with [[#Foreign relations|territorial claims]] shown in light green}}\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\n|latd=34 |latm=36 |latNS=S |longd=58|longm=23 |longEW=W\n|largest_city = capital\n|official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\n|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list\n |\n  | 97% [[Argentines of European descent|European]]\n  | 3% [[Mestizo]], [[Indigenous peoples in Argentina|Amerindian]] and [[Asian Argentine|Asian]]\n }}\n|\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\n  |[[Argentine people|Argentine]]\n  |[[Argentine people|Argentinian]]\n  |{{nowrap|[[Argentine people|Argentinean]] {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\n }}\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\n|leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|President]]\n|leader_name1 = [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]\n|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|Vice President]]\n|leader_name2 = [[Amado Boudou]]\n|leader_title3 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court President]]\n|leader_name3 = [[Ricardo Lorenzetti]]\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\n|upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]\n|sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\n|sovereignty_note = from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declared]]\n|established_date2 = 9 July 1816\n|established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\n|established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Diplomatic recognition|Recognized]]}}\n|established_date4 = 29 April 1857\n|area_rank = 8th\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\n|area_km2 = 2780400\n|area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}), the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls|format=XLS|title=Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad. Superficie censada y densidad, según provincia. Total del país. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls|archivedate=8 June 2014|deadurl=no}}}}\n|percent_water = 1.57\n|population_estimate = 42,669,500{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls|format=XLS|title=Cuadro 1. Población estimada al 1 de julio de cada año calendario por sexo. Total del país. Años 2010–2040|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140608011629/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls|archivedate=8 June 2014|deadurl=no}}\n|population_estimate_rank =\n|population_estimate_year = 2014\n|population_census = 40,117,096\n|population_census_year = 2010\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\n|population_density_km2 = 14.4\n|population_density_rank = 212th\n|pop_den_footnote = \n|GDP_PPP = $953.029 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2013&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=68&pr.y=6|title=Argentina|work= World Economic Outlook Database |date=April 2015 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=30 April 2015}}\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\n|GDP_PPP_year = 2015\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,459\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 57th\n|GDP_nominal = $563.138 billion\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\n|GDP_nominal_year = 2015\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,271\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 54th\n|Gini_year = 2011 \n|Gini_change = decrease \n|Gini = 43.6 \n|Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate= 19 February 2015}}\n|Gini_rank =\n|HDI_year = 2013 \n|HDI_change = increase \n|HDI = 0.808 \n|HDI_ref = {{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2014 – Summary|format=PDF|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2014|pages=15, 16|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140727205555/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf|archivedate=27 July 2014|deadurl=no}}\n|HDI_rank = 49th\n|currency = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\n|currency_code = ARS\n|time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\n|utc_offset = −3\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]])\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\n|calling_code = [[+54]]\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}''[[De facto]]'' at all government levels.{{efn-ua|name=es|Though not declared official ''[[de jure]]'', the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.}} In addition, some provinces have official ''[[de jure]]'' languages:\n:{{,}}[[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] in [[Corrientes Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 de octubre de 2004}}\n:{{,}}[[Kom language (South America)|Kom]], [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]] and [[Wichi language|Wichi]], in [[Chaco Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 de julio de 2010}}\n|footnote_b = {{note|note-train}}Trains ride on left.\n}}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/fixtures/large_table.txt",
    "content": "{| style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|-\n! style=\"width:16em\" |\n! Maintainer\n! First public release date\n! Latest stable version\n! Latest release date\n! License\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[4th Dimension (Software)|4D (4th Dimension)]]\n| 4D S.A.S.{{Citation | url = http://www.4D.com | title = 4D}}\n| 1984\n| v14.2\n| 2014-07-10\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[ADABAS]]\n| [[Software AG]]\n| 1970\n| 8.1\n|2013-06\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Adaptive Server Enterprise]]\n| [[Sybase]]\n| 1987\n| 16.0\n|\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Advantage Database Server (ADS)]]\n| [[Sybase]]\n| 1992\n| 11.1\n| 2012\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Altibase]]\n| Altibase Corp.\n| 2000\n| 6.1.3\n| 2014-04-18\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Apache Derby]]\n| [[Apache Software Foundation|Apache]]\n| 2004\n| 10.11.1.1{{cite web \n                  | title = Apache Derby: Downloads\n                  | url = http://db.apache.org/derby/derby_downloads.html\n                  | accessdate = 2015-02-01 }}\n|  2014-08-26 \n| {{free|[[Apache license|Apache License]]}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Clustrix|ClustrixDB]]\n| [[Clustrix]]\n| 2010\n| v6.0\n| 2015-02-03\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[CUBRID]]\n| NHN Corporation{{Citation | url = http://www.nhncorp.com | title = NHN Corp.}}\n| 2008-11\n| 9.2.0\n| 2013-10-24\n| {{free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]] v2 or later}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[dashDB]]\n| [[IBM]]\n| June 2013\n|10.6\n|Monthly\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[CA Datacom|Datacom]]\n| [[CA, Inc.]]\n| Early 70s{{cite journal\n | last = Stevens\n | first = O.\n | title = The History of Datacom/DB\n | journal = Annals of the History of Computing\n | volume = 31\n | issue = 4\n | pages = 87–91\n | publisher = IEEE\n | date = Oct–Dec 2009\n | url = http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=5370783\n | doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2009.108\n | issn = 1058-6180\n | accessdate = 2014-07-06}}\n| 14{{cite web | title = CA Datacom - CA Technologies | url = http://www.ca.com/us/opscenter/ca-datacom.aspx }}\n| 2012{{cite web | title = Datacom Product Sheet | url  = http://www.ca.com/us/~/media/Files/ProductBriefs/cs2277-ca-datacom-v14-ps.pdf }}\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[IBM DB2|DB2]]\n| [[IBM]]\n| 1983\n| 10.5\n| 2013-04-23\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Drizzle (database server)|Drizzle]]\n| [[Brian Aker]]\n| 2008\n| 7.1.36\n|2012-05-23\n| {{free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]] v2 and v3, with some [[BSD License|BSD]] components}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Empress database|Empress Embedded Database]]\n| Empress Software Inc{{Citation | url = http://www.empress.com/ | title = Empress}}\n| 1979\n| 10.20\n| 2010-03\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[EXASolution]]\n| [[EXASOL|EXASOL AG]]\n| 2004{{Citation | url = http://www.exasol.com/ | title = EXASolution}}\n| 4.2.8\n| 2014-04-22\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Firebird (database server)|Firebird]]\n| Firebird project{{Citation | url = http://www.firebirdsql.org/ | title = Firebird SQL}}\n| 2000-07-25\n| 2.5.4\n| 2015-03-30\n| {{free|IPL{{Citation | url = http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=ipl | title = IPL | publisher = Firebird SQL}} and IDPL{{Citation | url = http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=idpl | title = IDPL | publisher = Firebird SQL}}}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[GPUdb]]\n| [[GIS Federal|GPUdb]]\n| 2014{{Citation | url = http://www.gpudb.com/ | title = GPUdb}}\n| 3.2.5\n| 2015-01-14\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[HSQLDB]]\n| HSQL Development Group\n| 2001\n| 2.3.2\n| 2014-02-14\n| {{free|[[BSD license|BSD]]}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[H2 (DBMS)|H2]]\n| H2 Software\n| 2005\n| 1.3.176\n| 2014-04-05\n| {{free|[[Eclipse Public License|EPL]] and modified [[Mozilla Public License|MPL]]}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Informix Dynamic Server]]\n| [[IBM]]\n| 1981????1980\n| 12.10.xC4\n| 2014-03-14\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Ingres (database)|Ingres]]\n| [[Ingres (database)|Ingres Corp.]]\n| 1974\n| 10.2\n| 2014-09-30\n| {{partial|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]] and [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[InterBase]]\n| [[InterBase|Embarcadero]]\n| 1984\n| InterBase XE\n| 2010-09-21\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Linter SQL RDBMS]]\n| [[RELEX Group]]\n| 1990\n| 6.x\n| 2013-08-26\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[LucidDB]]\n| The Eigenbase Project{{Citation | url = http://www.eigenbase.org/ | title = Eigenbase}}\n| 2007-01\n| 0.9.3\n|\n| {{free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]] v2}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[MariaDB]]\n| [[MariaDB|MariaDB Community]]\n| 2010-02-01\n| 10.0.19{{cite web |url=https://blog.mariadb.org/mariadb-10-0-19-now-available/ |title=MariaDB 10.0.19 now available|date=9 May 2015 |accessdate=11 May 2015}}\n| 2015-05-09\n| {{free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]] v2 and [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL]] for client-libraries}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[MaxDB]]\n| [[SAP AG]]\n| 2003-05\n| 7.9.0.8\n| 2014\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Microsoft Access]] (JET)\n| [[Microsoft]]\n| 1992\n| 15 (2013)\n| 2012-10-02\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Microsoft Visual Foxpro]]\n| [[Microsoft]]\n| 1984{{Citation | url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_FoxPro | title = VisualFoxPro}}\n| 9 (2005)\n| 2007-10-11\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[Microsoft SQL Server]]\n| [[Microsoft]]\n| 1989\n| 2014 (12)\n|2014-03-18\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[SQL Server Compact|Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)]]\n| [[Microsoft]]\n| 2000\n| 2011 (v4.0)\n|\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[MonetDB]]\n| The MonetDB Team / [[Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica|CWI]]\n| 2004\n| 11.19.7\n| 2014-11\n| {{free|MonetDB License v1.1 (based on the [[Mozilla Public License|MPL]] 1.1){{Citation | url = http://www.monetdb.org/Legal/MonetDBLicense | publisher = CWI | title = MonetDB Public License | number = 1.1}}}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[mSQL]]\n| Hughes Technologies\n| 1994\n| 3.9{{Citation | url = http://www.hughes.com.au/products/msql/ | publisher = Hughes | location = AU | series = Products | title = mSQL}}\n| 2011-02\n| {{Proprietary}}\n|-\n! style=\"text-align:left\" | [[MySQL]]\n| [[Oracle Corporation]]\n| 1995-11\n| 5.6.22\n| 2014-12-01\n| {{partial|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]] v2 or [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}\n|-\n! 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[[Victor Ryzhyi]]
[[Andriy Stepanov]]
[[Andriy Voytyuk]][[Hlib Tolstoy]]\\n| past_members    = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''999'''''' or ''''''\\u00abThree\n        nines\\u00bb'''''' is an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[rock band]] from [[Lviv]].\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\nThe band was formed in December 1986 by guitarist [[Igor Tolokha]]\n        and vocalist [[Olexander Melnik]]. They played for one year. In 1988, band\n        was re-formed by [[Olexander Vedenin]] and [[Hlib Tolstoy]]. In late 1988,\n        the band broke up.\\n\\nIn 1989 band was re-formed again. New vocalist becomes\n        [[Olena Bukhalova]]. The group toured in [[Western Europe]] and participates\n        in the festival \\u00ab[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]]\\u00bb.\\n\\nThe\n        songs \\\"\\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043b\\u0435\\u0439\\\", \\\"\\u0412\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\n        \\u0437 \\u044f\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\", \\\"\\u0414\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u041e\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u044f\\\"\n        was have repeatedly been on the top of the Ukrainian and Polish charts.\\n\\nIn\n        2015, song \\\"\\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043b\\u0435\\u0439\\\" reached sixth place\n        in the world of alternative rock in the ranking according to the web-site\n        [http://www.numberonemusic.com/ Numberonemusic].\\n\\n== Members ==\\n* Olena\n        Bukhalova \\u2014 [[vocal]]\\n* Olexander Vedenin \\u2014 [[vocal]], [[guitar]]\\n*\n        Yuriy Chub \\u2014 [[bass guitar]], [[vocal]]\\n* Victor Ryzhyi \\u2014 [[violin]],\n        [[back vocal]]\\n* Andriy Stepanov \\u2014 [[flute]]\\n* Andryi Voytyk \\u2014\n        [[xylophone]]\\n* Hlib Tolstoy \\u2014 [[drums]]\\n\\n=== Past members ===\\n*\n        Igor Tolokha \\u2014 guitar\\n* Sashko Melnyk \\u2014 vocal\\n* Olesya Grasymchuck\n        \\u2014 vocal\\n* Oleksiy Buhlak \\u2014 bass guitar\\n* Evgen Tarnavsky \\u2014\n        [[keyboards]]\\n* Yaryna Turanska \\u2014 vocal\\n* Dmytro Slisyev \\u2014 guitar\\n*\n        Sergiy \\\"Beard\\\" Malanchuck \\u2014 bass guitar\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n* \\u00ab\\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (1992)\\n* \\u00abThe Best Of \\u00ab999\\u00bb (1994)\\n\\n== External links ==\\n*\n        [https://www.facebook.com/pages/999/133593028786?sk=info \\u00ab999\\u00bb \\u043d\\u0430\n        Facebook]\\n* [http://www.soundclick.com/bands/default.cfm?bandID=999987 \\u00ab999\\u00bb\n        \\u043d\\u0430 SoundClick]\\n* [http://energy.rocklab.ru/view/groups/18586.html\n        \\u00ab999\\u00bb \\u043d\\u0430 RockLab.ru]\\n* [http://www.reverbnation.com/999threenine\n        \\u00ab999\\u00bb \\u0430\\u0443\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW6nBDK95yY&feature=plcp\n        \\u00ab999\\u00bb \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u00ab\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u00bb]\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jsx71bWYb-8&feature=plcp \\u00ab999\\u00bb\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456 \\u00ab\\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u00bb(\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e)]\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw54kqEWbHo&feature=plcp \\u00ab999\\u00bb\n        \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e (\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e)]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-31T09:22:56Z\",\"lastrevid\":751648303,\"length\":3143,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(Ukrainian_band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=999_(Ukrainian_band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(Ukrainian_band)\"},\"32335406\":{\"pageid\":32335406,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Anna\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-25T22:09:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{unreferenced|date=January\n        2017}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name               = ANNA\\n| image                = \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432 (Fort.Missia\n        2011).jpg\\n| caption           = Viktor Novosiolov in Fort.Missia 2011\\n|\n        image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         =\n        group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[nu metal]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\\n|\n        origin             = [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 2002\\u20132013,\n        2015-\\n| label              = [[In\\u0161amuzyka]]\\n| website                =\n        [http://www.myspace.com/annalviv ANNA]\\n| associated_acts    = \\n| current_members    =\n        Viktor Novosyolov
 Serhiy Nesterenko
 Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi
\n        Mykhaylo Salo
 Vadym Bayuk \\n| past_members       = Viktor Zhyrkov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''ANNA''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u041d\\u041d\\u0410}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\n        band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nANNA has three times toured in Ukraine\n        supporting both of its albums and the 10th anniversary of the band. Also ANNA\n        has taken a part in many Ukrainian festivals (e.g. Rujnacija, Rock-Vybux,\n        Taras Buljba, Metal Heads Mission, Big Alternative Gig, Fort.Missia).\\n\\nThe\n        band ceased to exist in February 2013 because of conflict between Viktor Novosyolov\n        and the rest of the band. Later Novosyolov created a project [[Kompas (band)|Kompas]]\n        while some other ANNA members continue to collaborate as [[LATUR]].\\n\\nIn\n        2015 the band got active taking part in the festival \\\"Zavantazhennya\\\" and\n        preparing a big solo concert in Kyiv.\\n\\n==Members==\\n* Viktor Novosyolov\n        ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[vocal]]\\n* Serhiy Nesterenko ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[guitar]],\n        vocal\\n* Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi ''''(\\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)''''\n        \\u2014 guitar\\n* Mykhaylo Salo ''''(\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[bass guitar]]\\n* Vadym Bayuk ''''(\\u0412\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2014 [[drums]]\\n\\n''''''Former members''''''\\n*\n        Viktor Zhyrkov ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0416\\u0438\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[programming (music)|programming]], [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430'''' (Proba, 2003; was not published)\\n*\n        ''''\\u0421\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435''''\n        (Spryjmaj mene, 2006; EP)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008; single)\\n* ''''\\u0421\\u0440\\u0456\\u0431\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0417\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (Sribna Zmija, 2010)\\n* ''''\\u0413\\u0456\\u043c\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445''''\n        (Himn zamurovanyx, 2012; single)\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"Glamour\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USnxCAaoMzM]\\n*\n        \\\"Karmatrash\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7iY-WBK6Tw]\\n* \\\"Hra z Bohom\\\"\n        [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78hZVG7Y7JQ]\\n* \\\"\\u010cornyj Znak\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfS6ZaIktig]\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/annalviv ANNA (''''myspace.com'''')]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:2002 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-18T13:37:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":761970199,\"length\":2973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\"},\"31843918\":{\"pageid\":31843918,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-12T03:15:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Boombox\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        image                 = BoomBox in Mykolaiv \\u2014 8.jpg\\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| caption            = \\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[Rock and roll]], [[funk rock]],\n        [[funk]], [[reggae]], [[hard rock]]\\n| years_active        = 2004-present\\n|\n        label               = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]], Vdoh\\n| website                 =\n        [http://boombox.kiev.ua/ Official blog of the band ]\\n| Language = [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[English language|English]]\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Boombox'''''' (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441,\n        Bumboks) is a Ukrainian pop [[Musical ensemble|band]] formed in 2004 by singer\n        [[Andriy Khlyvnyuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cFly\\u201d Samoylo]] on [[guitar]].\n        In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only took 19 hours\n        to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs in\n        [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        in their albums and singles.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        (Melomania) (2005)\\n* Family \\u0411\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 (Family\n        Business) (2006)\\n* III (2008)\\n* \\u0412\\u0441\\u0451 \\u0432\\u043a\\u043b\\u044e\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        (All included) (2010)\\n* \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043di\\u0439 \\u0412i\\u043a\n        (Middle Age) (2011)\\n* \\u0422\\u0435\\u0440\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0411\n        (Terminal B) (2013)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.last.fm/music/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81\n        Boombox on last.fm]\\n\\n{{BoomBox}}\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T02:08:12Z\",\"lastrevid\":779965890,\"length\":1730,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\"},\"43831925\":{\"pageid\":43831925,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Braty\n        Hadiukiny\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-14T18:41:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{nofootnotes|date=July\n        2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name            = Braty Hadiukiny
 \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438\\n|image           =\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size      = \\n|landscape       = Yes\\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = rock''n''roll, blues, punk, reggae,\n        funk, folk\\n|years_active    = 1988-1996
2006\\u2013present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = {{URL|http://www.gady.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = \\n|past_members    = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Braty Hadiukiny'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}), or simply ''''''Hady''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438}}) is a Ukrainian rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band''s musical style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll,\n        blues, punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironic song lyrics contain a lot of local\n        vernacularisms, slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\",\n        where the fictional last name Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadyuka'''',\n        or \\\"[[Viperidae|viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\"\n        (In Ukrainian the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly\n        between 1988 and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kyiv]]\n        which was a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by a lot of\n        famous people (including [[Yulia Tymoshenko] the prime minister at the time]).\n        After the band''s leader Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 a big tribute concert\n        was held in 2011, joined by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as [[Komu\n        Vnyz]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Okean Elzy]] and others. In 2014 the rest\n        of the band members released a new album (the first one since 1996). \\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n;Current\\n* Ihor Melnychuk (\\u0406\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440 \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u00bb\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a) \\u2014 bass, vocals.\n        \\n* Pavlo Krakhmal''ov (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u043e \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445\\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432)\n        \\u2014 keyboards, vocals.\\n* Henadiy Verbianyi (\\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0448\\u0430\\u00bb \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 guitar.\\n* Mykhailo Lundin (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u041b\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041b\\u0443\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d)\n        \\u2014 drums, back vocals\\n* Liliya Pavlyk-Kuvaldina (\\u041b\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a-\\u041a\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Olena Romanovska (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Andriy Skachko (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014 guitar (new)\\n* Anton Buryko\n        (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0411\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014\n        trumpet (new)\\n* Volodymyr Pushkar (\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\n        \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440) \\u2014 trombone (new)\\n* Nazar Vachevskyi\n        (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 saxophone (new)\\n\\n;Past\\n* Serhiy Kuzminskyi (\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 vocals, keyboards, lyrics, music (1987-1996)\\n* Oleksandr Yemets (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u00ab\\u0428\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb \\u0404\\u043c\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c) \\u2014\n        saxophone, lyrics, music (1987-1989)\\n* Oleksandr Hamburg (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433) \\u2014 bass, vocals (1987-1991)\\n*\n        Andriy Partyka (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1987\\u20141994)\\n* Ernest Khreptyk (\\u0415\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Stepan Koval (\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n*\n        Bohdan Vatashchuk (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d \\u0412\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u0449\\u0443\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Oleh Kachechka (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991-1992)\\n*\n        Yuliya Donchenko (\\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)\n        \\u2014 back vocals (1994)\\n* Bohdan Yura (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u042e\\u0440\\u0430) \\u2014 saxophone (1994\\u20141995)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n;Studio\n        albums\\n* 1989 [[Vso chotko!]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e!)''''\\n*\n        1991 [[My \\u2014 khloptsi z Bandershtadtu]] ''''(\\u041c\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0437 \\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0434\\u0442\\u0443)''''\n        \\n* 1994 [[Bulo ne liubyty]] ''''(\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438)''''\\n*\n        1996 [[Shchaslyvoyi dorohy (Bye, bye, myla)]] ''''(\\u0429\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438! (\\u0411\\u0430\\u0439, \\u0431\\u0430\\u0439,\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430!))''''\\n* 2014 [[Made in Ukraine (Braty Hadiukiny\n        album)|Made in Ukraine]]\\n\\n;Live albums\\n* 2000 [[Na!Zhyvo]] ''''(\\u041d\\u0410!\\u0416\\u0418\\u0412\\u041e)''''\n        (live recordings of 1994\\u20141995)\\n* 2006 [[Live \\u00e0 Bruxelles]] (live\n        from Brussels, 29 October 1992)\\n* 2006 [[Vrodylo]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e)''''\n        2CD, DVD (live from Kyiv, 20 January 2006)\\n\\n;DVD\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia\n        domiv]] ''''(\\u042f \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432.\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c''\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e)''''\n        (live tribute)\\n\\n;Other\\n* 2007 [[Love Story (Braty Hadiukiny album)|Love\n        Story]] (love songs newly recorded)\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia domiv]] ''''(\\u042f\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432)''''\n        (tribute)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.gady.com.ua/ Official page]\\n* [http://www.kmstudio.com.ua/cheremshyna/bratygadiukiny.htm\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438. \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438.]\\n*\n        [http://poetry.uazone.net/braty/ Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-17T19:42:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":754824789,\"length\":4711,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braty_Hadiukiny&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\"},\"46376609\":{\"pageid\":46376609,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{expand\n        Ukrainian|date=April 2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Brunettes Shoot Blondes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              = [[Kryvyi\n        Rih]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Independent music|indie]], [[alternative\n        rock|alternative]], [[Electronic music|electronic]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2010\\u2013present \\n| label               = independent\\n|\n        website             = [http://brunettesshootblondes.org// brunettesshootblondes.org]\\n|\n        current_members     = Andrew Kovaliov
 Roman Sobol
 Igor Sidash Yuriy Vodolazhskiy\\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n''''''Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes'''''' is a Ukrainian [[indie rock]] band, founded in early 2010 and\n        based out of [[Kryvyi Rih]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group gained international\n        recognition in September 2014 for an animated music video to their song \\\"Knock\n        Knock\\\". The video went viral, receiving more than five million [[YouTube]]\n        views in the 10 days after its release. In early 2015, the band developed\n        their unique music video style for the song ''Bittersweet'', made in partnership\n        with German automobile manufacturer [[Opel]]. Brunettes Shoot Blondes currently\n        has no contract with any record labels, instead promoting the band independently.\\n\\n==\n        Career ==\\n\\nSince 2011, Brunettes Shoot Blondes have performed numerous concerts\n        in their homeland Ukraine and across mainland [[Europe]]. The group has played\n        at festivals including Wybieram Wschod {{cite news|url=http://eastbook.eu/2012/04/material/announcement/festiwal-wybieram-wsch%C3%B3d-21-22-04-2012-pozna%C5%84/|title=Festiwal\n        Wybieram Wsch\\u00f3d!, 21-22.04.2012, Pozna\\u0144|work=EastBook|date=7 April\n        2012|accessdate=27 July 2015}}  ([[Pozna\\u0144]], [[Poland]]), OstAnders\n        2013 ([[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]]) and at Eastern Hipsters ([[Bia\\u0142ystok]],\n        Poland, 2014). In 2011, they also participated in the [[BalconyTV]] project\n        in Pozna\\u0144. The band continues to work on new songs and music videos,\n        in between their appearances on Ukrainian TV channels.\\n\\nBrunettes Shoot\n        Blondes has also cooperated with famous commercial brands to produce music\n        for advertising, including [[Watsons Personal Care Stores|Watsons]] (song:\n        You Broke My Heart) and [[\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430|Nova\n        Poshta]] (songs: Tomorrow and Nothing At All). The music video for the song\n        ''Bittersweet'' was produced in partnership with German car maker Opel.\\n\\n===\n        \\\"Knock Knock\\\" ===\\n\\nIn September 2014, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released\n        a new music video on YouTube for their song ''Knock Knock''. The story features\n        an animated love story of a rabbit and a girl,{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10?IR=T|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=11\n        April 2015}} shot in real time using 14 [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone]]s,\n        [[iPad]]s and [[MacBook]]s. The band''s members produced the video, with the\n        band''s frontman Andrew Kovaliov assuming the role of video [[Music video\n        director|director]].{{cite news|url=http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/27/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-animated-music-video/|title=Apple\n        devices host an animated chase in Brunettes Shoot Blondes music video|work=de\n        Zeen|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} The video attracted\n        more than 600,000 YouTube views in the first five days after being uploaded.\n        By April 2015, this number was more than seven million. The video was also\n        posted on [[Facebook]] and received over [https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=10152894680079245\n        26 million views and 800,000 shares].\\n\\nIn October 2014, the video topped\n        YouTube in the category of ''New performers \\u00abEmerging Artists From Across\n        the Globe\\u00bb''. Various international media outlets conducted interviews\n        and features with the band following the release of ''Knock Knock'' including\n        ''''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6259369/watch-ukrainian-band-animated-music-video-live-sequenced-apple-devices|title=Watch\n        this Ukrainian Band''s Animated Music Video Live Sequenced Through 14 Apple\n        Devices|work=Billboard|date=24 September 2014|accessdate=13 April 2015}}\n        [[Yahoo!]],{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/ukrainian-band-brunettes-shoot-blondes-creates-best-apple-ad-ever-193750473.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Band Brunettes Shoot Blondes Creates Best Apple Ad Ever|work=Yahoo!|date=29\n        September 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}} ''''[[The Daily Mirror]]'''',{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/amazing-animated-music-video-tells-4346538|title=Amazing\n        animated music video tells a love story across dozens of iPhone and iPad screens|work=Daily\n        Mirror|date=29 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://rollingstone.uol.com.br/especial/TIM/noticia/banda-ucraniana-cria-carismatico-video-interativo-com-diferentes-gadgets/|title=Banda\n        ucraniana cria carism\\u00e1tico v\\u00eddeo interativo com diferentes gadgets|work=Rolling\n        Stone Brasil|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=13 April 2015}} [[Mashable]],{{cite\n        news|url=http://mashable.com/2014/09/24/music-video-14-screens|title=Clever\n        Music Video Plays Out on 14 Apple Gadgets|work=Mashable|date=24 September\n        2014|accessdate=17 June 2015}} [[Business Insider]],{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=17\n        June 2015}} ''''[[Daily Mail]]'''', ''''[[USA Today]]'''', ''''[[The\n        Verge]]'''',{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/28/6857177/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-music-video|title=iPhones\n        and iPads star in this intricately animated love story|work=Verge|date=28\n        September 2014|accessdate=24 June 2015}} [[Dezeen]] and ''''[[The Huffington\n        Post]]''''.\\n\\nIn May 2015 the music video \\\"Knock Knock\\\" won the \\\"Best\n        Concept\\\" award at the Berlin Music Video Award 2015.\\n\\nThe band''s success\n        was recognized by the [[Presidential Administration of Ukraine|Ukrainian president''s\n        administration]], with frontman Andrew Kovaliov becoming one of the first\n        Ukrainian citizens to receive new [[biometric passport]]s.{{cite news|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/32047.html|title=President:\n        Biometric passports are the key step on the way to the visa-free regime with\n        the EU|work=Official website of the President of Ukraine|date=12 January 2015|accessdate=13\n        April 2015}} Kovaliov thinks the video has improved Ukraine''s international\n        standing and relationship within the [[European Union]], saying \\\"everybody\n        should actually do what they can to make our country stronger, to show that\n        we''re a European country and that we have to do something for this country\\\".{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-25/hit-viral-video-shows-different-side-ukraine|title=A\n        worldwide viral hit shows a different side of Ukraine|work=PRI|date=25 September\n        2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}}\\n\\n=== ''''Bittersweet'''' ===\\n\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2015, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released a debut EP ''Bittersweet''.\n        The album features four songs including the well-known singles ''Knock Knock''\n        and ''Bittersweet''.{{cite news|url=http://brunettesshootblondes.org/post/109832692274/brunettes-shoot-blondes-release-debut-ep|title=Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes releases a debut EP|work=Brunettes Shoot Blondes|date=29 January\n        2015|accessdate=27 July 2015}}\\n\\nFront man Andrew Kovaliov says:  \\u201cEP\n        ''Bittersweet'' is the band\\u2019s first release, in which we invested lots\n        of strength and inspiration. Most of the material was recorded in studios\n        in [[Warsaw]] and [[Kyiv]]\\u201d. The song was produced in partnership with\n        German advertising agency [[Scholz & Friends]] and with German car maker Opel.\n        The video develops the use of a ''picture in picture'' effect used in the\n        video for ''Knock Knock'' \\u2013 consisting of footage performed directly\n        from the screens of devices, without editing.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== EPs\n        ===\\n* 2015 \\u2014 Bittersweet\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* \\\"I Don''t Know\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"You Broke My Heart\\\"\\n* \\\"You''ve Got To Move\\\"\\n* \\\"Cigarette Day\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Sarah\\\"\\n* \\\"One, Two, Three, Girl\\\"\\n*\\\"Every Monday\\\"\\n\\n==Music videos==\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!Year\\n!Video\\n!Director\\n!Album\\n|-\\n|2013\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z05IZNH1DcM\n        I Don''t Know]\\u00bb\\n|[[Denis Breslavskiy]]\\n|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RC_0NzJ2mWA\n        Knock Knock]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrnKiCIQNiQ\n        Bittersweet]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n|}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{official website|http://brunettesshootblondes.org/}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/bsbclips/\n        Brunettes Shoot Blondes YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/brunettesshootblondes/\n        Facebook Page]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/brunettesshootblondes/ Soundcloud\n        Page]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2010]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian indie rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":797979473,\"length\":9442,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\"},\"29516824\":{\"pageid\":29516824,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dead\n        Rooster\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-26T06:41:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=September\n        2011}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            = Dead Rooster
\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\n| image             = Mertvyi Piven.jpg\\n|\n        alt         = \\n| caption        = \\n| image_size        = \\n| background      =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          = [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[punk rock]]\n        \\n| years_active    = 1989\\u20132011\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website             = [http://deadrooster.org.ua www.deadrooster.org.ua]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Misko Barbara]] 
  [[Roman Chayka]] 
 [[Oleh Suk]]\n        
 [[Alex Slobodian]] 
 [[Yurko Chopyk]] 
 [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n|\n        past_members    = [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  
 [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]] 
 [[Vadym\n        Balayan]] 
 [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] 
 [[Andriy Nadolsky]] 
 [[Yaryna\n        Yakubyak]] 
 [[Roman Ross]] 
 [[Ivan Nebesny]] 
 [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u0440\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430 (Fort.Missia 2011).jpg|thumb|250px|Misko\n        Barbara, lead vocalist of the band.]]\\n''''''Dead Rooster'''''' or ''''''Mertvy\n        Piven'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}})\n        is a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that formed in 1989.\n        The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival. Their debut\n        album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group took first prize in the\n        category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began as an acoustic band.\n        During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into a grunge/art-rock band,\n        though their music can''t be described by one particular style. Dead Rooster\n        has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of the band were written\n        in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]], [[Maksym Rylsky]],\n        [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]], [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras Shevchenko]]. The\n        album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s poetry\n        collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current\\n* [[Misko Barbara]]\n        \\n* [[Roman Chayka]] \\n* [[Oleh Suk]] \\n* [[Alex Slobodian]] \\n* [[Yurko Chopyk]]\n        \\n* [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n\\n;Past\\n* [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  \\n* [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]]\n        \\n* [[Vadym Balayan]] \\n* [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] \\n* [[Andriy Nadolsky]] \\n*\n        [[Yaryna Yakubyak]] \\n* [[Roman Ross]] \\n* [[Ivan Nebesny]] \\n* [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n# 1992 - ''''\\u0415\\u0442\\u043e'''' (Eto)\\n# 1993 - ''''\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c ''93'''' (Dead Rooster ''93)\\n# 1994\n        - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043e''''\n        (1994) Live in studio (Pidzemne zoo (1994) Studio Live)\\n# 1995 - ''''Live\n        \\u0443 \\u041b\\u044c\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456'''' (Live in Lviv)\\n# 1996 - ''''IL\n        Testamento'''' \\n# 1997 - ''''\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\n        \\u0415\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441'''' (Misky Boh Eros)\\n# 1998 - ''''\\u0428\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430''''\n        (Shabadabada)\\n# 2003 - ''''\\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f\\u043a\\u0438''''\n        (Afrodiziaky)\\n# 2006 - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f'''' (Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438'''' (Kryminalni Sonety)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c'''' (Vybrany narodom)\\n# 2009 -\n        ''''Made in \\u042e\\u0410'''' (Made in UA)\\n# 2011 - ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430'''' (Radio Afrodyta)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n{{commonscat|Mertvyi Piven}}\\n* [http://deadrooster.org.ua Official\n        website]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=5 Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Musical sextets]]\\n[[Category:1989\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-15T06:49:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":677902138,\"length\":3698,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Rooster&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\"},\"43223438\":{\"pageid\":43223438,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Druha\n        Rika\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-25T07:57:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Druha Rika\\n| image                = \\n| caption           = \\n| image_size           =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[Alternative rock]], [[Brit Pop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Zhytomyr]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1996-\\n| label              =\n        [[Lavina music]]
[[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                =\n        [http://www.drugarika.com/ Druha Rika]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Tokio (Russian\n        band)|Tokio]]\\n| current_members    = Valeriy Kharchyshyn
 Oleksandr\n        Baranovsky
 Oleksiy Doroshenko
 Serhiy Belichenko 
 Serhiy\n        Hera (Shura) \\n| past_members       = Viktor Skurativsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Druha\n        Rika'''''' (also ''''''Druga Rika'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Zhytomyr]].\n        The band''s style is determined as [[Brit Pop]]. Druha Rika released five\n        studio albums and two compilations. The name of the band means ''''Second\n        river''''.\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current members\\n* Valeriy Kharchyshyn \\u2014\n        singing, trumpet (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Oleksandr Baranovsky \\u2014 guitar (1996\n        \\u2014)\\n* Oleksiy Doroshenko \\u2014 drums (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Belichenko\n        \\u2014 guitar (1998 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Hera (Shura) \\u2014 keyboards (2003\n        \\u2014)\\n\\n;Past members\\n* Viktor Skurativsky \\u2014 bass (1996-2014)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u042f \\u0454'''' (Ya ye)\\n* 2003\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0430'''' (Dva)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Rekordy)\\n* 2008 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430'''' (Moda)\\n* 2012 \\u2014\n        ''''Metanoia. Part 1''''\\n\\n;Compilations\\n* 2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447''''\n        (Dennich)\\n* 2009 \\u2014 ''''THE BEST''''\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.drugarika.com\n        Official page]\\n* [https://twitter.com/DrugaRika \\u00abTwitter]\\n* [http://www.lastfm.ru/music/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0\n        LastFm]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/11 Lyrics]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/drugarika\n        YouTube]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1996]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1996\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Zhytomyr]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-18T08:11:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751378655,\"length\":2166,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druha_Rika&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\"},\"39499231\":{\"pageid\":39499231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dymna\n        Sumish\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-16T14:45:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Dymna Sumish\\n| image           = \\n|\n        image_size      = \\n| landscape       = \\n| alt             = \\n| caption         =\n        \\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          =\n        [[Chernihiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = [[Psychedelic rock]], [[post-grunge]],\n        [[hardcore punk]]\\n| years_active    = {{start date|1998}}\\u2013{{end date|2012}}\n        (a break)\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts = \\u00abVkrayst\\u00bb\\n|\n        website         = {{URL|http://dymnasumish.com.ua/}}\\n| current_members =\n        \\n| past_members    = \\n* Oleksandr\n        Chemerov\\n* Serhiy Martynov\\n* Ihor Herzhyna\\n* Oleh Fedosov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Dymna\n        Sumish'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}})\n        - Ukrainian musical band. Founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]]. The\n        group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and [[psychedelic\n        rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00ab[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]]\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb\n        (Moscow), \\u00ab[[Woodstock Festival (Poland)|Woodstock]]\\u00bb (Poland).\n        Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s.\n        They openly express their opinion against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying\n        to convey to the listeners with their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn\n        April 2012 the participants of the group said that the group temporarily stop\n        their activity because of inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine\n        - when a culture isn''t valued, but instead all the power has [[policy]],\n        social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n== Past members ==\\n*\n        Oleksandr Chemerov - vocals, guitar, screaming\\n* Serhiy Martynov - guitar,\n        [[sitar]]\\n* Ihor Herzhyna - bass\\n* Oleh Fedosov - drums\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n*\n        [[Ty zhyvyi]] (2005) (''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439'''')\\n*\n        [[V kraini iliuziy]] (2008) (''''\\u0412 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439'''')\\n* [[Dymna Sumish (album)|Dymna\n        Sumish]] (2009) (''''\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448'''')\\n\\n==Music\n        videos==\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0406\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2007)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041f\\u0441\\u0456\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0436\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\u00abR''n''R\\u00bb (2009)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433 \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\\"\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\\" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FvbxH8Vnew(2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://dymnasumish.com.ua/ Official site]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T11:11:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":775695924,\"length\":2529,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dymna_Sumish&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\"},\"23018655\":{\"pageid\":23018655,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Eney\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-14T17:56:12Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name = Eney
\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439 \\n|image = \\n|caption\n        = \\n|image_size = \\n|background = group_or_band\\n|origin = [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]\\n|genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active = 1960''s\n        \\u2013 1977\\n|label = \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website = \\n|current_members\n        = |\\n|past_members = [[Kyrylo Stetsenko (rock singer)|Kyrylo Stetsenko]][[Taras Petrynenko]]
[[Ihor Shablovsky]]|
[[Mykola Kyrylin]][[Oleksandr Blinov]]
[[Ruslan Horobets]]
[[Kostiantyn Kurko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Eney''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}}) was a [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]]\n        [[rock music|rock]] band that performed its own [[repertoire]]. It was named\n        after the famous character, [[Aeneas]], from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The\n        first modern Ukrainian writer|literal works]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\n==History==\\nDuring\n        the 1960s Students from the Kievan special music school formed a band named\n        after Ukrainian composer [[Mykola Lysenko]]. They initially played unique\n        interpretations of Ukrainian folk songs. Later its members were exposed to\n        the late works of [[The Beatles]] and started to rearrange works of [[Johann\n        Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]]. In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko\n        and Blinov left it to form the new band called ''''Dzvony''''. The band started\n        to experiment in new genres: blues and soul. In 1972 the band and their music\n        where banned in the Soviet Union and labeled \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a\n        result, all existing records and recordings were destroyed. After that the\n        band went underground until 1974. The members then merged with ''''Dzvony''''\n        into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative Trails''''. After\n        the band was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed its name to ''''Hrono''''.\n        In 1977 the ensemble became known as ''''Eney'''' once again. After a period\n        of time, ''''Eney'''' broke up and its members either joined different bands\n        or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own band [[Hrono]].\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://kmstudio.com.ua/index.php?nma=cherem&fla=stat&nm=eney Brief\n        overview]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:43:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":734486313,\"length\":2207,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eney&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\"},\"6882426\":{\"pageid\":6882426,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Esthetic\n        Education\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-26T05:44:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{third-party|date=January 2013}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=November 2013}}\\n}}\\n\\n\n        \\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image                 =\\n| caption            =\\n|\n        name                = Esthetic Education\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Indie\n        rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[progressive rock]].\\n| website                 =\n        [http://www.estheticeducation.com/ EstheticEducation.com]}}\\n\\n''''''Esthetic\n        Education'''''' is a [[Rock music|rock]] band based in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its present members are Louis Franck (vocals), Dmytro Shurov (keyboards),\n        Yuriy Khustochka (bass), Illya Halushko (guitars), and Andriy Nadolsky (drums).\n        It was formed in 2004 after Shurov and Khustochka left the successful Ukrainian\n        band [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\n==History==\\nIn December 2004, Esthetic Education\n        played at the Bars en Trans Festival in the La Scene club in [[Paris]]. They\n        also played at the Dublin Castle and the Spitz in [[London]]. The Spitz chose\n        the song \\u201cHorrible Disaster\\u201d for inclusion in their limited edition\n        CD ''''Spitz Live 2''''.\\n\\nThe band was extremely active in 2005-2006; they\n        shot three video clips and released a [[maxi single]] on the Ukrainian record\n        label [[Lavina Records]].\\n\\nDuring 2005 and a half of 2006, Esthetic Education\n        played in front of more than 170,000 people. They opened for Moby in the [[Palace\n        of Sports, Kiev]] (the hall where the [[Eurovision song contest]] was held)\n        and had bottles, lighters and other objects hurled at them while playing at\n        the Mega House Festival in [[Moscow]]. They played an epic concert at [[Exit\n        Festival]] in Yugoslavia, toured Ukraine\\u2019s largest cities and played\n        in Moscow\\u2019s best clubs and festivals. They also did a series of intimate\n        acoustic concerts in small exclusive Moscow and Ukrainian venues.\\n\\nIn 2006\n        they released a live album ''''Live at Ring'''', which featured songs both\n        from ''''Face Reading'''' and ''''Werewolf'''', which at the time, was their\n        upcoming album. On [[Russia|Russia''s]] biggest label, [[w:ru:\\u0421\\u041e\\u042e\\u0417\n        (\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d)|Soyuz]], the band is featured\n        with \\u201cStereolab\\u201d, \\u201cBe Your Own Pet\\u201d, \\u201cThe Young Gods\\u201d,\n        \\u201cI Am Kloot\\u201d, and \\u201cNatasha Atlas\\u201d. Their video clip \\u201cLeave\n        us Alone\\u201d was featured on [[MTV]] Russia and their song \\u201cMachine\\u201d\n        was number one on the hit parade of Ukraine\\u2019s leading music channel [[M1\n        (Ukraine)|M1]], and number 2 on Radio Maximum, Russia\\u2019s most popular\n        radio station. They have been voted Ukraine\\u2019s best new band and discovery\n        of the year by several magazines.\\n\\nEsthetic Education has been invited on\n        numerous TV and radio shows. Highlights include live shooting for Russia\\u2019s\n        third national channel TVC in Studio 5 at [[Mosfilm]] studios, a New Year''s\n        TV show for Ukraine\\u2019s national television channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]]\n        (complete with fireworks, flames, and confetti), a live performance for [[Novyi\n        Kanal]] (the equivalent of the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom''s]] [[channel\n        4]]) during the morning news program, and Prosto Radio''s \\u201cGolden Best\\u201d\n        program, Radio Maximum.\\n\\nPhotos of Esthetic Education have appeared in ''''[[Elle\n        (magazine)|Elle]]'''', ''''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'''', ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''', ''''Ego'''', ''''Max'''', ''''Afisha'''' (cover shot), ''''Moloko''''\n        (cover shot), ''''Time Out'''', ''''Shtushka'''', ''''Pink'''', ''''TV Week'''',\n        and others.\\n\\nIn 2007 the band released ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education\n        album)|Werewolf]]''''. They have opened their own production company in Kiev,\n        Esthetic Music.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio albums===\\n* ''''[[Face Reading]]''''\n        (2004)\\n* ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education)|Werewolf]]'''' (2007)\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        \\\"[[Leave Us Alone / Machine]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Happy New Year (Esthetic Education)|Happy\n        New Year]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Vasil Vasiltsiv]]\\\" (2006)\\n\\n===Live albums===\\n*\n        ''''[[Live at Ring]]'''' (2006)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.estheticeducation.com\n        Official Web-site]\\n* [http://myspace.com/estheticeducation Official Esthetic\n        Education Myspace]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T18:07:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":664071779,\"length\":4106,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esthetic_Education&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\"},\"17208231\":{\"pageid\":17208231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Flit\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-18T02:30:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Flit \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| image               = FLIT\n        danieluk 2005.jpg\\n| image_size          = \\n| caption             = Fleet\n        at the concert in Warsaw\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[punk rock]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| instrument          = \\n| years_active        = 2001 - present\\n| label               =\n        \\u00abUKRmusic\\u00bb\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website             = http://www.flit.net.ua\n        \\n| current_members     = Andriy Markiv
Oleksandr Ivanchuk
Anatoliy\n        Blyednyh
Volodymyr Korchak\\n| past_members        = Volodymyr Novikov
Ihor\n        Ozarko
Mykhaylo Kopievskyi
Yuriy Popov
Yuliy Honskyy\\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Flit'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        [[punk rock]] band that was formed in 2001 in [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\\n\\nMembers\n        are:\\n*Andriy Markiv - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (since 2001)\\n*Stanislav Bondarchuk\n        - [[guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (since 2012)\\n*Volodymyr Korchak - [[drums]]\n        (since 2012)\\n*Anatoliy Blyednyh - [[bass guitar]] (since 2012)\\n\\n== Past\n        Members ==\\n*Volodymyr Novikov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2001-2011)\\n*Yuriy\n        Popov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2011)\\n*O. Snihur - [[guitar]] (2011-2012)\\n*Ihor\n        Ozarko - [[drums]] (2003-2010)\\n*Yuriy Chornyi - [[drums]], founder of the\n        group (2001-2003)\\n*Vitaliy Belyakov - [[backing vocals]] (2001)\\n*Mykhaylo\n        Kopievskiy - [[bass guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (2001-2012)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n* 2004 - \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\u2026\n        / [[Svit takyi\\u2026 (album)|Svit takyi\\u2026]] (The world is such\\u2026)\\n*\n        2006 - Z\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439 / [[Zanykay (album)|Zanykay]]\n        (Hide it)\\n* 2009 - \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        / [[Odnoznachno (album)|Odnoznachno]] (Simply)\\n* 2013 - \\u0412\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0454! / [[Vykhid Ye! (album)|Vykhid Ye!]] (Solution exists! [Literally:\n        Way out exists!])\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 2008 - \\u041b\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\n        / [[Layu sebe (album)|Layu sebe]] (Abusing Myself)\\n* 2010 - \\u0428\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0438 / [[Shukay i znaydy (album)|Shukay\n        i znaydy]] (Search and find)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*[http://www.flit.net.ua\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Flit}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{ukraine-stub}}\\n{{Europe-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T21:20:08Z\",\"lastrevid\":791090995,\"length\":2326,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flit_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\"},\"29524555\":{\"pageid\":29524555,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Gorgisheli\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2014-06-20T18:13:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Gorgisheli
\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\n|image              =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size         = \\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[rock music|Rock]],  [[art\n        rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n|years_active     = 1997 \\u2013 present\\n|label            =\n        \\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\\n|current_members  =\n        [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Oleg Sook]] 
\n        [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] 
[[Marian Kozovyy]]|\\n|past_members     = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Gorgisheli''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456}}; {{lang-ka|\\u10d2\\u10dd\\u10e0\\u10d2\\u10d8\\u10e8\\u10d4\\u10da\\u10d8}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band. The band''s songs are\n        sung in the [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]]\n        languages. Their music combines elements of art rock, Georgian and Ukrainian\n        folk music with a modern sound.\\n\\nThe project was known from 1997 year as\n        Black September ( Chornyy Veresen''). A new sound emerged when the well-known\n        bass player [[Oleg Sook|John]] (Project \\\"Is\\\" in 1995 and 2002, Tea Fan Club,\n        Oh, [[Dead Rooster]]) joined the group.\\n\\nThe group has participated in many\n        festivals, including Melody, Black Sea Games, Red Rue ([[Chervona Ruta]]),\n        Pearls of the Season, Pok-existence, Europe Center, Taras Bulba, the festival\n        of Ukrainian culture in [[Sopot]], [[Poland]]. The members of the band participated\n        in the TV show Fresh Blood (Svizha Krov) on M1 channel, where they scored\n        the largest number of points of all participants. Gorgisheli''s performance\n        during the [[Orange Revolution]] issue hit [[Euronews]]. \\n\\nIn summer 2006\n        the band signed a long-term contract with Comp Music/[[EMI]], in cooperation\n        with which their debut album entitled Amore was released on November 20 of\n        that year.\\n\\n== Band members ==\\n* [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] - main vocals, acoustic\n        guitar\\n* [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] -  back vocals, bass guitar\\n* [[Oleg Sook]]\n        - keyboard\\n* [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] - drums\\n* [[Marian Kozovyy]] - electric\n        guitar\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n*2006 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0410\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435''''''\n        (Amore)\\n*2009 \\u2014 ''''''Live'''''' (Live)\\n*2010 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440''''''\n        (Rombambar/Rhubarb)\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\n        Official Gorgisheli website]\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Gorgisheli\n        - ne dyvysj na mene tak demo.ogg|title=\\\"\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a (Ne dyvysj na mene\n        tak, Don''t look at me like this)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1997]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-04T08:52:15Z\",\"lastrevid\":613716380,\"length\":2653,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorgisheli&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\"},\"25700628\":{\"pageid\":25700628,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Hapochka\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-30T06:02:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Notability|Music|date=January\n        2010}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Hapochka\\n| image                 =\n        4 heads in one.jpg\\n| caption            = Hapochka\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[pop\n        rock]]\\n| years_active        = Since 2007\\n| website                 = [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka]\\n|\n        current_members     = Kate Hapochka ([[vocal]]) 
 Ihor Havrilenko ([[bass\n        guitar|bass]]) 
 Alexandr  Zbrocky ([[guitar]])
 Artem Uhodnykov  ([[drums]])\\n|\n        background=group_or_band\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Hapochka'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is young Ukrainian rock-group, created in 2007, winner of \\\"The Global Battle\n        of the Bands 2009\\\" in Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was organized in\n        2007, the year when vocalist - Kate Hapochka, arrived from [[Khmelnytskyi,\n        Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]] to study at the [[Kiev Conservatory]], and decided\n        to form the group.\\n[[File:Kate Hapocka.jpg|thumb|150px|Katya Hapochka]]\\n\\nThe\n        first composition of group was created within two days, created by Kate and\n        the percussionist Artem Ugodnikov \\u2013 who arrived to study in Kiev from\n        [[Kirovohrad]].\\n\\nThe group initially was named ''''Group Kate Hapochky''''.\n        In the process searching for new names they were known as ''''Exactly There''''\n        for more than a month, but later a group went back to the initial concept,\n        but more short name \\u2013 ''''''''''Hapochka''''''''''\\n\\nAt this time Ihor\n        Havrilencko ([[bass guitar]]) and Alexandr Zbrocky ([[guitar]]) joined in\n        with a group\\n\\nThe style which the group uses include [[Britpop]], [[funk]],\n        [[Folk music|folk]], fate, [[Rock music|rock]], [[pop rock]].\\n\\n===The GBOB===\\n[[File:GBOB3.jpg|thumb|Finale\n        of The Global Battle Of The Bands UA 2009]]\\n\\nOn 25 September within the\n        framework of competition \\\"The Global Battle of the Bands UA 2008\\\" a group\n        got the greatest result among the Kiev commands-participants.\\n\\nIn October\n        of this year \\u00abHapochka\\u00bb got to the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\n        A group was marked the special reward \\u2013 surveys of the first video clip\n        with a rotary press on television.\\n\\nIn 2009 group won 1-\\u0435 place in\n        the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\" \\u2013 and in 2010 it will be represent\n        Ukraine on the world  finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\\n\\nA finale will take place\n        in [[London]] on one of grounds of concerts of prestiges. There and the best\n        new group of the world, which will take Main bun, will be chosen.\\n\\n==Interesting\n        facts==\\n*The official date of birth of group is considered 11 March 2008,\n        when a group appeared on the stage of Centre of modern art [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]], but his participants consider a year the date of\n        appearance of group 2007.\\n*There was a saxophone player in the first composition\n        of group\\n*Kate Hapochka took the 1st place in a competition \\u00abChervona\n        Ruta (festival)\\u00bb in a nomination \\u00abAcoustic music\\u00bb is in 2005\n        a year\\n*All present members of group have musical education (unfinished yet)\\n*Vocalist\n        - Kate Hapochka - professionally plays on [[Bandura]]\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n*\n        2012 - Etap (\\u0415\\u0442\\u0430\\u043f, 2012) LP\\n* 2012 - Mozhe Ya Divchyna?\n        (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435 \\u042f \\u0414\\u0456\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430?,\n        2012) \\u0415\\u0420  \\n* 2014 - Elektroakustyka (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430,\n        2014)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://hapochka.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka\n        MySpace]\\n\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-05T10:24:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":757359056,\"length\":3396,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapochka&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\"},\"49327315\":{\"pageid\":49327315,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Hardkiss\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = The Hardkiss\\n| image               =\n        OIFF 2014-07-11 172650 - Val Bebko & Julia Sanina.jpg\\n| image_size          =\n        \\n| caption             = Val Bebko and Julia Sanina at the [[Odessa International\n        Film Festival]], 2014\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active        = 2011 \\u2013 present \\n| genre               =\n        {{flatlist|\\n* [[Progressive pop]] \\n* [[alternative rock]]\\n* [[synthpop]]\\n}}\\n|\n        current_members     = Yulia Sanina
 Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko
 Kreechy
\n        Roman Skorobahatko
 Klim Lysyuk\\n| past_members        = Pol Solonar
\n        Vitaliy Oniskevich\\n| website             = {{URL|http://thehardkiss.com}}\\n}}\\n''''''The\n        Hardkiss'''''' (stylised as ''''''The HARDKISS'''''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        progressive-pop band. They are known for their original sound and unique fashion\n        style.Official website, [http://www.thehardkiss.com/about.html#about\n        \\\"About\\\"]\\n\\nThe Hardkiss participated in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national selection]]Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=participants_in_ukrainian_national_selection_revealed\n        \\\"Participants in Ukrainian national selection revealed\\\"], eurovision.tv,\n        26 January 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. for the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016]] with the song \\\"Helpless\\\".Rodr\\u00edguez, Tony.\n        [http://www.esc-plus.com/the-hardkiss-the-main-message-of-helpless-is-that-rebirth-always-hurts-ukrainian-semifinalists-exclusive-interview/\n        \\\"The Hardkiss: \\u201cThe main message of Helpless is that rebirth always\n        hurts\\u201d (Ukrainian semifinalists \\u2013 Exclusive Interview)\\\"], esc-plus.com,\n        4 February 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. The band placed 2nd in\n        the national final.Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=jamala_will_represent_ukraine_in_stockholm\n        \\\"Jamala will represent Ukraine in Stockholm!\\\"], eurovision.tv, 21 February\n        2016. Retrieved on 21 February 2016.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThe Hardkiss\n        were formed in 2011 by lead singer Yulia Sanina and guitarist Valeriy Bebko.\n        In September the band presented their debut video \\\"Babylon\\\". They were the\n        opening act for [[Hurts]] on October 20[http://www.last.fm/event/1978467+Hurts+at+\\u0414\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446+\\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430+on+20+October+2011\n        \\\"Hurts With The Hardkiss at the Palace of Sports\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on\n        5 February 2016. and [[Solange Knowles]] on November 18 in Kyiv.\\n\\nIn\n        2012, The Hardkiss were nominated for the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best\n        Ukrainian Act]].[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1397547-nazvano-nominantiv-na-zvannya-najkrashchogo-ukrayinskogo-artista-mtv-ema-2012\n        \\\"\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        MTV EMA-2012\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, korrespondent.net, 20 September 2012. Retrieved\n        on 5 February 2016. The band performed at [[Midem|MIDEM festival]] on\n        January 29.[https://www.patreon.com/posts/1272626 \\\"THE HARDKISS at MIDEM\n        2012 (29th of January, 22.00 - Sparkling)\\\"], patreon.com. Retrieved on 6\n        February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2013, The Hardkiss won two awards \\u2013 \\\"Best\n        New Act\\\" and \\\"Best Music Video\\\" (to producer Valeriy Bebko for clip ''''Make-Up'''')\n        \\u2013 of the national music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]].[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2013/10--ceremoniya-yuna-15032014.html\n        \\\"\\u0406\\u0406 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna\n        (15.03.2013)\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. On\n        May 18 the band presented their first show in the Green Theatre in Kyiv.\\u041c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 [http://bestin.ua/event/4596/ \\\"\\u041f\\u0415\\u0420\\u0412\\u042b\\u0419\n        \\u0421\\u041e\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042b\\u0419 \\u041a\\u041e\\u041d\\u0426\\u0415\\u0420\\u0422\n        THE HARDKISS\\\"] {{ref-ru}}, bestin.ua. Retrieved on 6 February 2016\n        They opened the [[Muz-TV]] Music Awards on June 7.[http://premia.muz-tv.ru/history/107/\n        \\\"\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438.\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437-\\u0422\\u0412 2013.\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0430\\\"]\n        {{ref-ru}}, premia.muz-tv.ru. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. That year\n        The Hardkiss became \\\"voice and face\\\" of the [[Pepsi]] in Ukraine. The band\n        took part in a tour [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtSILe8bsCarnrE6D4mbI-AvYaZlXBkJt\n        Pepsi Stars of Now] (16 cities).\\n\\nIn 2014 The Hardkiss performed at [[Park\n        Live Festival]], and shared the stage with [[The Prodigy]], [[Deftones]],\n        and [[Skillet (band)|Skillet]].[http://www.last.fm/festival/3762967+Park+Live+Festival+2014\n        \\\"Park Live Festival 2014\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on 5 February 2016\\n\\nIn\n        2015, the band was nominated for the music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]] again, having won in two nominations\n        \\u2014 \\\"The best music album\\\" (album ''''Stones and Honey'''') and \\\"The\n        best song\\\" (single ''''Stones'''').[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2015/\n        \\\"IV \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna (25.03.2015)\\\"]\n        {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2016, they\n        took part in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national\n        selection]] for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2016]].\\n\\nYulia Sanina is one\n        of four judges on the current seventh series of [[X-Factor (Ukrainian TV series)|The\n        X Factor Ukraine]].[http://xfactor.stb.ua/ua/2016/07/13/stali-izvestny-imena-novyh-sudej-i-vtorogo-vedushhego-h-faktor-7/\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0434\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0443\\u0447\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u0425-\\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440-7\\u00bb\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, xfactor.stb.ua.\n        Retrieved on 5 September 2016\\n\\n==Members==\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n;\n        Current members\\n* Yulia Sanina \\u2013 vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko \\u2013  guitar (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Kreechy \\u2013 drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Roman Skorobahatko\n        \\u2013 guitar (2013\\u2013present)\\n* Klim Lysiuk \\u2013 bass\n        guitar (2016\\u2013present)\\n\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n; Former members\\n*\n        Pol Solonar \\u2013 keyboards (2011\\u20132013)\\n* Vitaliy Oniskevich\n        \\u2013 keyboards (2013\\u20132016)\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\nThe authorship\n        of songs of the band belongs to Yulia Sanina and Valeriy Bebko. Also Valeriy\n        Bebko is the creative producer of The Hardkiss and video director.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Albums===\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 ''''Stones and Honey''''Album [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/stones-and-honey-2014\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], SoundCloudAlbum [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/stones-and-honey/id920371507\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n* 2017 \\u2014 ''''Perfection\n        is a Lie''''Album [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/perfection-is-a-lie/id1223486657\n        \\\"Perfection Is a Lie\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===EPs===\\n* 2015 \\u2014\n        ''''Cold Altair''''EP [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/cold-altair-ep-2015\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], SoundCloudEP [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cold-altair/id1064951161\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2011 \\u2014 \\\"Babylon\\\"\\n*\n        2011 \\u2014 \\\"Dance With Me\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"Make-Up\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"October\\\"\\n*\n        2013 \\u2014 \\\"Part Of Me\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"In Love\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Under\n        The Sun\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Shadows Of Time\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Tell Me Brother\\\"\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 \\\"Hurricane\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Stones\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Strange\n        Moves\\\" feat. [[Kazaky|KAZAKY]]\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"PiBiP\\\"\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"Organ\\\"\\n*\n        2015 \\u2014 \\\"Tony, Talk!\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Helpless\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Perfection!\\\"\\n*\n        2016 \\u2014 \\\"Rain\\\"\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest\n        2016]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n* {{Official\n        website |http://www.thehardkiss.com|Official site}}\\n* {{YouTube|u = THEHARDKISS}}\n        \\n* {{Facebook|THEHARDKISS|The HARDKISS}}\\n* {{Instagram|the_hardkiss}}\\n*\n        {{VK user|thehardkiss|The HARDKISS}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardkiss, The}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:2011 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2011]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian pop music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":797668854,\"length\":7873,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hardkiss&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\"},\"3523986\":{\"pageid\":3523986,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Haydamaky\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The Haydamaky on ethnic festival [[Sheshory]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. 2005]]\\n\\n''''''Haydamaky'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk rock]] band formed in 1991. The music of\n        Haydamaky is inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially\n        from various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe\n        Haydamaky began their career in 1991, shortly after [[Ukraine]] declared its\n        independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. Then the band was known as Aktus,\n        and played mostly local gigs in the underground [[Kyiv]] music scene. Without\n        a fertile, popular local music scene, Aktus turned to the sounds of [[reggae]],\n        [[ska]], and [[punk music]] for a fresh alternative. Members of the band were\n        also attracted to the political impact that these genres had on their society.\n        The idea was that through music significant social change could be possible.\n        This gave a greater purpose to the performance of such musical styles. The\n        discovery of these musical genres later became the key to their own realization\n        of a specifically Ukrainian musical style. Haydamaky''s hope is to forge an\n        inherently [[Music of Ukraine|Ukrainian popular music]] style, which looks\n        back to its own heritage and traditions as a source for inspiration.\\n\\nWith\n        the addition of [[sopilka]]-[[vocal]]ist [[Oleksandr Yarmola]] and [[accordion]]ists\n        [[Ivan Lenyo]], both known and respected in folk circles, the band increasingly\n        incorporated elements of Ukrainian [[folk music]] into their compositions.\\n\\nDuring\n        the early 1990s Aktus has engaged in constant touring of Europe. Unlike most\n        popular Ukrainian music groups who propagate Soviet style [[Estrada]], Aktus\n        sought to introduce elements of Ukrainian folk music through a cross-cultural\n        mix including Reggae and Ska.\\n\\n[[EMI|EMI international records]] of London\n        discovered the group in [[Kyiv]] in early 2001. Akta signed  immediately to\n        their label. At that time the band realized it was time to establish a stronger\n        tie to their own culture. They changed their name to ''''Haydamaky'''', in\n        honor of the eighteenth-century [[Haydamak rebellion]] against the Polish\n        [[szlachta]].\\n\\nDuring the last years the band has participated in various\n        festivals such as:          \\n* TFF Rudolstadt \\u2013 2003 ([[Germany]]) \\n*\n        \\\"Litom\\u011b\\u0159ick\\u00fd ko\\u0159en\\\" \\u2013 2002, 2003 ([[Czech Republic]])\\n*\n        \\\"[[Viljandi Folk Festival|Viljandi Folk]]\\\" \\u2013 2003 ([[Estonia]])\\n*\n        \\\"Sziget\\\" festival \\u2013 2009 in [[Budapest]] ([[Hungary]]) \\n* \\\"Pohoda\\\"\n        festival \\u2013 2001, 2002 in [[Tren\\u010d\\u00edn]] \\n* \\\"Huntenpop\\\" \\u2013\n        2008 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Tilburg Mundial\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n*\n        \\\"Amsterdamm Roots\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Volt Festival\\\" \\u2013\n        2010 ([[Hungary]]), just to name a few.\\n\\nHaydamaky have recently performed\n        at many club venues across Europe, including as a special guest at a concert\n        of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in Bratislava, Slovakia. Other club appearances\n        this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n \\nIn April 2004 the band released their second\n        album \\\"[[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\\\". This time the group searched even\n        deeper into Ukrainian folk music for material, ideas, and textures. The ensemble\n        has invited [[violin]]ist [[Vasyl Hekker]], perhaps the foremost authority\n        on authentic Ukrainian folk [[violin]] style, to collaborate on the project.\n        [[Banduryst]]-Guitarist [[Jurij Fedynskyj]], of [[New York City]] has relocated\n        to [[Kyiv]] to join the ensemble. Also Ukrainian freestyle banduryst [[Roman\n        Hrynkiv]] participated. And the band invited two young ladies from authentic\n        Ukrainian choir \\\"[[Bozhychi]]\\\": Natalia Serbina and Masha Firsova, to do\n        the back \\u2013 vocals on the most of songs of the album. The \\\"Bohuslav\\\"\n        promo is just on. In June Haydamaky are off on a  huge concert tour, which\n        starts by their concert in \\\"Mazepa Fest\\\" ([[Poltava]], Ukraine) and will\n        continue through the summer in [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]] and [[Romania]].\\n\\nIn October 2006 at the [http://www.womex.com/\n        WOMEX] World Music Expo held in Seville Spain, Haydamaky''s release of their\n        CD entitled ''''[[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine Calling]]'''' released by\n        [http://www.eastblokmusic.com Eastblok Music] earlier that year broke into\n        the [http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php/2006090522290671 top twenty]\n        of the World Music Charts Europe.\\n\\nLess than a year and a half later the\n        follow-up CD ''''[[Kobzar (album)|Kobzar]]'''' once again on EMI/Eastblok\n        Music, made headway on in the World Music Charts Europe when it made to [http://www.wmce.de/_/wmce/index_jsp/key=657919.html\n        seventh place in March 2008]. In 2008 albom \\\"Voo Voo i Haydamaky\\\" recorded\n        in collaboration with Polish veteran rock band Voo Voo gained \\\"golden\\\" status\n        in Poland. \\nSince then the group are constantly touring. In 2012 Haydamaky\n        are recording a new album.\\n\\nBand members at present:\\n\\n* [[Oleksander Iarmola]]\n        - vocals,  lyrics\\n* [[Andrij Slepcow]] - guitar\\n* [[Dmytro Kirichok]] -\n        bass\\n* [[Dmytro Kushnir]] - drums\\n* [[Roman Dubonos]] - trumpet\\n* [[Maksym\n        Boyko]] - trombone\\n\\nPast members:\\n\\n* [[Ruslan Ovras]] - drums (2001-2009)\\n*\n        [[Ruslan Troshchynsky]]- trombone(2001-2004)\\n* [[Ivan Leno]] - accordion,\n        cymbals,  vocals (2001-2012)\\n* [[Volodymyr Sherstiuk]] - bass, Jew''s harp\n        (2001-2012)\\n* [[Wlad Pawlow]] \\u2013 guitar (2001-2002)\\n* [[Wlad Grymalskyj]]\n        \\u2013 midi (2001-2004)\\n* [[Oleksandr Demyanenko]] - guitar, mandolin (2002-2012)\\n*\n        [[Eugene Didyk]] - trumpet (2004-2009)\\n* [[Sergij Brawarniuk]] \\u2013 percussion\n        (2004-2006)\\n* [[Charkin Oleksandr|Oleksandr Charkin]] - trombone (2008-2012)\\n*\n        [[Soloviy Sergii|Sergii Soloviy]] - trumpet (2009-2012)\\n* [[Sergii Borysenko]]\n        - drums (2009-2012)\\n\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (2).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (7).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (3).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\n\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\u2212\\t* 2002 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky\n        (album)|Haydamaky]] (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438,\n        [[EMI|COMP Music/EMI]])\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2004 \\u2013 [[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\n        (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432, COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t\n        \\n\\u2212\\t* 2005 \\u2013 [[Perverziya (album)|Perverziya]] (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f,\n        COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2006 \\u2013 [[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine\n        Calling]] (Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Kobzar\n        (album)|Kobzar]] (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0431\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440, Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t\n        \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky Kobzar-Prolog]] (AntenaKrzyku/Lou&RockedBoys,\n        Poland)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2009 \\u2013 [[Voo Voo i Haydamaky (album)|Voo Voo\n        i Haydamaky]] (AGORA/KitonArt, Poland\\n\\n\\u2212\\t* 2012 \\u2013 [[No More Peace\n        (album)|No More Peace]](Lou & Rocked Boys, Poland)\\n\\n==Compilations==\\n*\n        1996 \\u2013 Guitars, hearts and garnets (HARBA, Ukraine)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 No\n        One Comprehends ([[KOKA]], Poland)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 1997 (ART-VELES,\n        Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 2000 (ART-VELES, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013\n        The Legends of the Chimerical Land (JRC, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 United Colours\n        of SKA ([[Pork Pie/Vielklang]], Germany)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Pohoda Festival 1997-2001\n        (Agent\\u00fara Pohoda, Slovakia)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Dobryi vechir, tobi (Christmas\n        compilation) (COMP Music/EMI)\\n* 2004 \\u2013 TFFRudolstadt 2003\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{Official website|http://www.haydamaky.com/en}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"lastrevid\":797851966,\"length\":7742,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haydamaky_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\"},\"24108554\":{\"pageid\":24108554,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"JetRockers\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-19T03:33:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{orphan|date=August\n        2009}}\\n\\n''''''JetRockers'''''' is an [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[hard rock]]\n        and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The\n        band was founded in 2007. Best known JetRockers'' performance is a first [[open-air\n        concert]] in 2007, second in 2008 and third in 2009, all in [[Lviv]].\\n\\n==History==\\nJetRockers\n        were founded by Vasyl Mylko and Serhiy Otroshchenko. The very beginnings start\n        out in 2007 in [[Lviv]], at [[software]] company [[SoftServe]], when Vasyl\n        Mylko, Strategic Business Unit (SBU) Manager of JetLab, was interviewing Serhiy\n        Otroshchenko. Serhiy was a [[SoftServe]] University graduate, while JetLab\n        lacked resources. So during the interview Vasyl asked if Serhiy played some\n        instruments or at least painted. Serhiy answered affirmative. It happened\n        that Vasyl had an [[electric guitar]] and an [[amplifier]] in the office,\n        so they were given to the interviewee for some performance. Serhiy played\n        something from [[Kreator]] and [[Malmsteen]] and thus was hired to JetLab.\n        The band name was invented to be JetRockers. There was an idea that all JetRockers\n        members had to be from the same JetLab team. It was so till 2008.\\n\\nBass\n        guitar, Roman Bilusiak, joined the band soon, he is from musicians family.\n        Vitaliy Topolnytskyy joined as a drummer. In Summer 2007 JetLab team went\n        to [[Shatsky ozera]] for [[barbecue]], JetRockers took all the gear. There\n        was first big sound check and the casting for vocals. Khrystyna Kosyk succeeded\n        as a singer of [[Rock music|rock]] compositions, Vyacheslav Dyak was selected\n        for [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[punk rock]] songs. It is supposed\n        that band played successfully, which was confirmed by the random listeners\n        from the recreation area [[Shatsky ozera]]. [[Rehearsal]] delayed till the\n        late night. Then new drummer was invited, Ivan Lutsyk. Interesting fact is\n        that Vasyl Mylko got references to him from Roman Figel from JetLab, and found\n        Ivan in the corporate gym, training [[judo]]. Ivan agreed to join JetRockers\n        if Vasyl buys the drums. Vasyl bought [[Sonor]] drums, Ivan joined instantly.\n        Then Galyna Stasiuk joined the band for vocals. This staff performed in 2007\n        and had big success locally.\\n\\nLater in 2007 drummer Ivan Lutsyk decided\n        to leave the band as he wanted to develop as a guitar player. Vyacheslav Dyak\n        proposed his colleague drummer Mykola Glibovych. Vasyl interviewed Mykola\n        in summer 2007 with intention to hire to JetLab SBU. Of course, Mykola had\n        to play the drums right in the office just after the interview, and most of\n        present people were surprised that Mykola played so loud. But it was negotiated\n        that Mykola would be ready after the training in [[SoftServe]] University,\n        so he joined the band in February 2008.\\n\\nThen was a time of vocals rotations.\n        Olena Strelchenko used to sing for a while. Eventually JetRockers welcomed\n        Olga Didukh (then she changed her last name to Moroz after her husband). Oleksandr\n        Sukholeyster joined JetRockers as keyboards player. This staff played in 2008\n        and achieved even better appreciation because of higher quality of both sound\n        and performance.\\n\\nJetRockers plays on [[SoftServe]] Company Day. It is annual\n        celebration that takes place in Buhta Vikingiv resort, ~20 kilometers from\n        [[Lviv]]. In 2007 JetRockers played as the opener for the famous [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\n        band [[Tartak]] in front of more than 1000 people. In 2008 JetRockers played\n        as the opener for another [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] headliner [[Skryabin (band)|Skryabin]].\n        JetRockers did not play in 2009 due to the different place of company day\n        celebration, hence unavailability of the big scene for the planned performance.\n        There are opinions that it was linked to the [[Economic crisis of 2008]].\\n\\nRecent\n        considerable performance took place at Millennium night club in [[Lviv]] on\n        December 26, 2009. Current line-up includes new drummer Rustam Iskandarov\n        (he also plays in Black Jack) and bass player Andriy Savchyn (he also plays\n        in Fayno).\\n\\n==Discography==\\n2007 - AoJaJeNA 
\\n2008 - Punk Rock over\n        Alcohol 
\\n2009 - 16 Years\\n\\n==Band members==\\n* Vasyl Mylko - [[rhythm\n        guitar]], [[lead guitar]], vocals (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Serhiy Otroshchenko\n        - [[lead guitar]], [[rhythm guitar]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Andriy Savchyn\n        - [[Bass (guitar)|bass]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Sukholeyster - [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Olga Moroz (Olga Didukh) - vocals\n        (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Rustam Iskandarov - [[drums]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n===Former\n        members===\\n* Vitaliy Topolnytskyy - [[drums]] (2007)\\n* Ivan Lutsyk - [[drums]]\n        (2007)\\n* Olena Strelchenko - vocals (2008)\\n* Galyna Stasiuk - vocals (2007)\\n*\n        Khrystyna Kosyk - vocals (2007)\\n* Vyacheslav Dyak - vocals (2007\\u20132009)\\n*\n        Mykola Hlibovych - [[drums]] (2008\\u20132009)\\n* Roman Bilusyak - [[Bass guitar|bass]]\n        (2007\\u20132009)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/aojajena#grid/all\n        JetRockers on YouTube]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157622982112707/show/\n        JetRockers 2009 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157606116655696/show/\n        JetRockers 2008 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157601169043120/show/\n        JetRockers 2007 on Flickr]\\n* [http://www.blackjack.com.ua/ Black Jack Homepage]\\n*\n        [[:uk:\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e (\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442)|Fayno Wiki\n        in Ukrainian]]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Jetrockers}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2007]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-16T08:58:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":760797871,\"length\":5437,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JetRockers&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\"},\"24607731\":{\"pageid\":24607731,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Komu\n        Vnyz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T10:17:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Komu Vnyz
\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\n|image              =Komu Vnyz v TERNOPOLI.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Komu Vnyz\\n|image_size         = 300\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Gothic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1988 \\u2013 present\\n|label            = [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.komuvnyz.com\\n|current_members  = [[Andriy Sereda]] 
 [[Volodyslav\n        Maliuhin]] 
 [[Serhiy Stepanenko]] 
 [[Volodyslav Makarov]] 
[[Yevhen\n        Razin]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Komu Vnyz'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band founded in 1988.\n        Komu Vnyz''s music is a blend of gothic and industrial styles, combined with\n        the lyrics of ancient Ukrainian legends. As of 2011, the last ten years Komu\n        Vnyz have released two albums, have been recognized{{Who|date=July 2011}}\n        as the cult Ukrainian band and, got the status of \\\"the Fathers of the Ukrainian\n        [[Gothic rock|Gothic]]\\\".{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\nKomu Vnyz got its start in the year 1988. Unknown young actor [[Andriy\n        Sereda]] and educator [[Volodyslav Makarov]] worked together in the same theater.\n        Sereda and Makarov joined with three more artists ([[Serhiy Stepanenko]],\n        [[Yevhen Razin]], [[Volodyslav Maliuhin]]) to make Komu Vnyz. They wound up\n        at their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event. They received second place.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\nAfter releasing their first album \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\\"Falling Up\\\"), Komu Vnyz and the rest of the\n        Chervona Ruta winners toured in [[Canada]], [[Poland]], and many Ukrainian\n        cities. After their tour, Komu Vnyz started work on their next album. All\n        of the band members quit their day jobs to focus more of their time on music.\\n\\nFrom\n        1996 onward, Komu Vnyz came out from the precipice of financial difficulties.\n        Playbills started to appear railings and fences in [[Kiev]] for their 1997\n        concert, In Kastus, named for one of their [[In Kastus (album)|albums]].\\n\\nIn\n        2000 the band played at Ivan Franko theater, performing a concert dedicated\n        to the memory of 300 young students killed under [[Kruty]]. They also headlined\n        at the first Ukrainian gothic festival, \\\"[[Dity Nochi]]\\\" (\\\"Children of\n        the Night\\\"), organized by [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]], and started to work\n        with UGP. In 2002 the band played on the biggest{{Citation needed|date=July\n        2011}} European gothic festival, [[Wave Gotik Treffen]].http://www.wave-gotik-treffen.de/english/past.php?reqYear=2002\\n\\nIn\n        2004 the musicians were invited to perform at Wave Gotik Treffen once again.\n        More than 1500 people attended{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}.\\n\\nToday\n        Komu Vnyz is well known not only in Ukraine but abroad as well.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}} Some{{Who|date=July 2011}} consider the band to be\n        founders of a new musical style in Ukraine: the Ukrainian Gothic.\\n\\nAs of\n        2011, Komu Vnyz is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]]\n        in order to re-release their albums in Europe. Their new album \\\"[[IDEM]]\\\"\n        is awaiting release on \\\"[[Tridens Records]]\\\", label of [[Ukrainian Gothic\n        Portal]].\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n* 1989 - \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u044f \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445)\\n*\n        1990 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz (album)|Komu Vnyz]]\\\" (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437)\\n*\n        1996 - \\\"[[In Kastus (album)|In Kastus]]\\\" \\n* 2014 - \\\"4\\\" (EP)\\n* ''''TBD''''\n        - \\\"[[IDEM (album)|IDEM]]\\\" (upcoming album)\\n\\n=== Live albums ===\\n* 1999\n        - \\\"[[In Kastus In Vivo (album)|In Kastus In Vivo]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n*\n        2007 - \\\"[[Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala (album)|Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Compilations\n        ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Rock legends of Ukraine]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n*\n        2006 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. MP3 collection]]\\\"\\n* 2009 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Reformatsiya:\n        25 punktiv]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Ya Vernuvsia Domiv]]\\\"\n        (Tribute to Braty Hadiukiny)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.komuvnyz.com Official Komu Vnyz website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups from Kiev]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-13T09:18:35Z\",\"lastrevid\":780327004,\"length\":4465,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komu_Vnyz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\"},\"47861874\":{\"pageid\":47861874,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Kryk\n        Dushi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-12-20T16:07:21Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Orphan|date=December 2015}}\\n{{notability|Music|date=October 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Kryk Dushi
\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456\\n|image              = \\n|logo=\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size         =\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]
 [[Alternative\n        rock]]
 [[Christian rock]]\\n|years_active     = 2007\\u2013present\\n|label            =\n        Kara Studios\\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = \\n|current_members  =\n        Ivan Luk''yanchuk 
 Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko 
 Kostyantyn Kavylin
\n        Svyatoslav Rohashko\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Kryk Dushi'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456''''''}}, translation: ''''Scream of the soul'''')\n        is one of the most successful and popular [[Ukrainian rock]] bands of \\\"New\n        generation\\\". It was formed in 2007 in [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n== Current\n        members ==\\n{{BLP unsourced section|date=October 2015}}\\n# Ivan Luk''yanchuk\n        \\u2014 vocal (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko \\u2014 guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n#\n        Kostyantyn Kavylin \\u2014 bass (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Svyatoslav Rohashko\n        \\u2014 piano, synthesizers (2007\\u2013present)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n# 2009 - \\\"[[Nenarodzhenyy]]\\\" (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        - Unborn)\\n# 2011 - \\\"[[People]]\\\" (\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 - People)\\n#\n        2012 - \\\"[[A svit tak i ne navchyvsya lyubyty...]]\\\" (\\u0410 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u0456 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438...)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com\n        Official Okean Elzy website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/KrykDushi YouTube]\\n*\n        [https://twitter.com/krykdushi Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 2007]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-13T20:48:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":696050589,\"length\":1770,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kryk_Dushi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\"},\"12725712\":{\"pageid\":12725712,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-19T18:29:02Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Krykhitka Tsakhes\\n| image           =\\n|\n        background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|rock]], [[trip hop]]\\n| years_active    =  \\t1997\\n|\n        website         = www.kryhitka.com.ua\\n| current_members = [[Oleksandra Koltsova]][[Mykola Matkovsky]]
[[Yevhen Matkovsky]]
[[Yuriy Yurchenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0426\\u0430\\u0445\\u0435\\u0441}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band formed in 1999\n        in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band is considered to perform rock and [[trip\n        hop]] music styles. In 2007 the band changed it name to Krykhitka.\\n\\n== Members\n        ==\\n\\n* Oleksandra \\\"Kasha Saltsova\\\" Koltsova - vocal, lyrics (1999\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Zlenko - drums (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Mykola Matkovsky - guitar\n        (2007\\u2013present), bass (1999\\u20132007)\\n\\n== Former members ==\\n\\n* Dmytro\n        \\\"Bass\\\" Mrachkovsky - bass (1997-1999, 2007)\\n* Mykhailo \\\"Mihon\\\" Hichan\n        - guitar (1999\\u20132007)\\n* Yevhen \\\"Jack\\\" Matkovsky - drums (1999\\u20132007)\\n*\n        Yuriy Yurchenko - sax, clarinet (1999)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\n* 2005 - ''''Na pershomu\n        mistsi'''' (''''\\u041d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0446\\u0456'''')\n        // COMP music/EMI.\\n* 2009 - ''''Rezept'''' (''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u0446\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442'''')\n        // Fast Perfect\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.kryhitka.com.ua Official\n        website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T01:46:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":663123877,\"length\":1433,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krykhitka_Tsakhes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\"},\"23239721\":{\"pageid\":23239721,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Los\n        Colorados\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T01:28:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        Ukrainian band|the Argentinian formation|Los Colorados Formation|other uses|Colorado\n        (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Los Colorados\\n| image               = Los Colorados-hotncold.jpg\\n|\n        caption             = ''''''''''Los Colorados'''''''''' performing their cover\n        of [[Katy Perry]]''s \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\"\\n| image_size          = 150px\\n|\n        background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = The Colorados\\n|\n        origin              = [[Ternopil]], {{flag|Ukraine}}\\n| instrument          =\n        [[guitar]], [[accordion]], [[bass guitar]], [[drums]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Polka music|polka]], [[Folk music|folk]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2006 - Present\\n| label               = \\n| associated_acts     =\n        \\n| website             = \\n| current_members     = \\nRuslan \\u201cPrystupnic\\u201d\n        Prystupa \\u2013 lead vocals, [[bayan (accordion)]]
\\nRostyslav \\u201cRoslyk\\u201d\n        Fook \\u2013 electric guitar, acoustic guitar, kazoo, backing vocals
\\nSerhiy\n        \\u201cMasyanya\\u201d Masyk \\u2013 bass guitar, upright bass, backing vocals\\nOleksandr\n        \\u201cLesyk\\u201d Drachuk \\u2013 drums, bass drum, percussion, backing vocals\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = [[guitar]], [[accordion]],\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[percussion]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''Los Colorados''''''''''\n        (from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''''The [[colorado potato beetle]]s'''',\n        also known as ''''The Colorados'''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band formed\n        in 2006 in [[Ternopil]]. The band play their own songs, but have also covered\n        several popular and folk songs. ''''Los Colorados'''' increased in prominence\n        after their cover of [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\" grew popular\n        via online video websites. The band plays [[guitar]], [[bayan (accordion)|bayan]],\n        [[bass guitar]] and [[drums]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was formed in the\n        city of [[Ternopil]] in 2006 and originally performed their own songs. However,\n        their popularity came when they were invited to a local TV station to perform\n        live, where they played several songs, among them [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\". The lead singer didn''t speak any English and learned the song\n        from a text transliterated into Ukrainian letters.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/entertainment/story/2009/06/090618_los_colorados_sp.shtml\n        BBC Ukrainian: Ternopil conquers the Internet] (Ukrainian)\\n\\nThe peak\n        of popularity occurred when their version of ''''Hot n Cold'''' was aired\n        on [[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]. The video posted on [[YouTube]] was viewed\n        more than 3 and a half million times and received generally positive reviews\n        because of its comic value and unusual interpretation. Katy Perry herself\n        described this version of her song as \\\"inspiring.\\\"[http://katyperryblog.tumblr.com/post/88968953/inspiring\n        Katy Perry''s blog]\\n\\nDuring their performances members of the group\n        present themselves as the \\\"boys from the village of Tetylkivtsi\\\", a real\n        village (population \\u2014 636), however, in reality most of the performers\n        come from the city of Ternopil.\\n\\n== Songs by ''''Los\n        Colorados'''' ==\\n*''''Haryachyi i kholodnyi'''' (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439; cover of \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\" by [[Katy Perry]])\\n*''''Du Hast'''' (cover of \\\"[[Du Hast]]\\\"\n        by [[Rammstein]])\\n*''''Bayan, bayan'''' (\\u0411\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d, \\u0431\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d;\n        cover of ''''Gitar'''' by Peter Nalitch)\\n*''''Pamidory'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438)\\n*''''Kokhana''''\n        (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0445\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Korova zdokhla'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*''''Paskuda'''' (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430)\\n*''''Nenavyzhu\n        pianino'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0436\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e)\\n*''''Tyotya\n        Lyuba'''' (\\u0422\\u044c\\u043e\\u0442\\u044f \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0430)\\n*''''Rillya\n        v ilyuminatori'''' (\\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f \\u0432 \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456)\\n*''''Rover\n        Ukrayina'''' (\\u0420\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Chorna\n        lyubov'''' (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432)\\n*''''Fihurka''''\n        (\\u0424\\u0456\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430)\\n*''''Ranetki'''' (\\u0420\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u043a\\u0438)\\n*''''Chempioni\n        lyubvi'''' (\\u0427\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0432\\u0438)\\n\\n==Move\n        It==\\n{{Infobox album \\n| Name       =\n        Move It\\n| Type       = studio\\n| Artist     = Los Colorados\\n| Cover      =\n        \\n| Alt        = \\n| Released   = {{Start date|2012|06|01|df=yes}}\\n| Recorded   =\n        Berlin, Germany\\n| Genre      = [[Polka]]\\n| Length     = {{Duration|m=37|s=58}}\\n|\n        Label      = [[Motor Music]]\\n| Producer   = \\n| Chronology = \\n| Last album\n        = \\n| This album = ''''''''''Move It'''''''''' 
(2012)\\n| Next album =\\n}}\\n\\n===Track\n        listing===\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       = \\n| headline        = \\n|\n        extra_column    = \\n| total_length    = 37:58\\n\\n| all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      =\n        \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   =\\n\\n|\n        title1          = [[Hot n Cold]]\\n| note1           = covering single by [[Katy\n        Perry]]\\n| length1         = 3:41\\n\\n| title2          = [[I Like to Move\n        It]]\\n| note2           = covering single by [[Reel 2 Real]]\\n| length2         =\n        2:46\\n\\n| title3          = [[Du hast]]\\n| note3           = covering single\n        by [[Rammstein]]\\n| length3         = 3:50\\n\\n| title4          = Indie Boy\\n|\n        length4         = 2:52\\n\\n| title5          = [[Be My Lover]]\\n| note5           =\n        covering single by [[La Bouche]]\\n| length5         = 3:47\\n\\n| title6          =\n        [[Tik Tok]]\\n| note6           = covering single by [[Kesha]]\\n| length6         =\n        2:49\\n\\n| title7          = [[Let It Be (song)|Let It Be]]\\n| note7           =\n        covering single by [[The Beatles]]\\n| length7         = 3:40\\n\\n| title8          =\n        Besame\\n| note8           = \\n| length8         = 3:15\\n\\n| title9          =\n        [[U Can''t Touch This]]\\n| note9           = covering single by [[MC Hammer]]\\n|\n        length9         = 2:37\\n\\n| title10         = [[I Love Rock ''n'' Roll]]\\n|\n        note10          = covering single by [[Joan Jett]]\\n| length10        = 2:40\\n\\n|\n        title11         = My Sweet Mila\\n| length11        = 3:00\\n\\n| title12         =\n        [[The Passenger (song)|The Passenger]]\\n| note12          = covering single\n        by [[Iggy Pop]]\\n| length12        = 3:01\\n}}\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       =\n        yes\\n| headline        = iTunes bonus tracks\\n| extra_column    = \\n| total_length    =\\n\\n|\n        all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      = \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits\n        = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   = \\n| title13         = [[Sex\n        on Fire]]\\n| note13          = covering single by [[Kings of Leon]]\\n| length13        =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Los\n        Colorados}}\\n*[http://www.myspace.com/loscoloradosofficial Los Colorados on\n        myspace]\\n*[http://dp.tj/opinions/interview/391-los-colorados.html Los Colorados\n        interview]\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Los-Colorados/201074798688 Los\n        Colorados on facebook]\\n* {{Official website|http://www.loscolorados.info/}}\n        (Ukrainian, support English, German and Polish translation)\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1upZz3a-7iM\n        Hot & Cold music video]\\n*[http://twitter.com/LosColorados Los Colorados Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T06:13:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":751491687,\"length\":6907,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Colorados&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\"},\"43223123\":{\"pageid\":43223123,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Luk\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-09-20T11:16:48Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Luk\\n| image                = L\\u044ek - Ukrainian musical group1.jpg\\n| caption           =\n        Luk performs in Lviv, 2009\\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[acid jazz]],\n        [[Lounge music|lounge]], [[rock music|rock]]\\n| origin             = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u20132011\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                = [http://www.luk.com.ua/en\n        Luk]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Younnat]], [[5''Nizza]], [[SunSay]], [[Orkestr\n        Che]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       = Olha Gerasimova (vocal)
\n        Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)
 Serhiy Belmas (bass)
 Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)
\n        Oleksandr Kratinov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Luk'''''' (stylised as ''''''L\\u044ek'''''')\n        was a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music band from [[Kharkiv]]. The band''s style\n        joins [[acid jazz]], [[Lounge music|lounge]] and [[rock music|rock]]. In their\n        texts musicians used mostly Ukrainian, Russian and French. \\n\\nLuk was formed\n        in 1999. The name was given accidentally without special meaning (''''\\u043b\\u044e\\u043a''''\n        means ''''manhole''''). After released four studio albums Luk declared its\n        break up in 2011.\\n\\nLuk collaborated with Kharkiv-based Ukrainian writer\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]]. Most of their Ukrainian-language songs were witten in lyrics\n        of Zhadan (in particular the first album ''''Tourist zone'''' is based on\n        Zhadan''s play \\\"Merry Christmas, Jesus Christ\\\"). Also Luk recorded a lot\n        of songs with [[5''Nizza]] member [[Andriy Zaporozhets]] (in particular the\n        second album is a result of collaboration with Zaporozhets). Their third album\n        contains two songs recorded with other 5''Nizza musician [[Serhiy Babkin]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Olha Gerasimova (vocal)\\n* Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)\\n* Serhiy\n        Belmas (bass)\\n* Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)\\n* Oleksandr Kratinov (drums)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* ''''Tourist zone'''' (2002)\\n* ''''Lemon'''' (2004)\\n*\n        ''''Sex'''' (2005)\\n* ''''\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u044e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c''''\n        (Mamina Yunost, 2009)\\n\\n;Compilation\\n* ''''The Best of Luk'''' (2008)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n* [http://www.luk.com.ua/en Official page] {{ru icon}} {{en icon}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1999\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Acid jazz ensembles]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-08T14:59:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":681919383,\"length\":2424,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luk_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\"},\"12313611\":{\"pageid\":12313611,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mad\n        Heads XL\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-23T05:05:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{unreferenced|date=October 2012}}\\n{{advert|date=March 2014}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Mad Heads XL\\n| image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               = [[Ska]][[Punk rock|Punk]]
[[Folk music|Folk]]\\n| occupation          = \\n|\n        years_active        = [[2003 in music|2003]]\\n| label               = Comp\n        Music EMI\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website                 = [http://www.madheads.kiev.ua\n        madheads.kiev.ua]\\n| current_members     = Vadym Krasnooky
Maxym Krasnooky
Vadym\n        Nikitan
Valeriy Chesnokov
Volodymyr Zyumchenko
Bohdan Humenyuk\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mad Heads XL''''''\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band from [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n\\n== History ==\\n\\n===Mad\n        Heads===\\nBand called [[Mad Heads]] was formed in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] by\n        Vadym Krasnooky. In Ukraine they enjoyed the status of a rock legend for many\n        years, with 4 studio albums, good press, frequent TV appearances and constant\n        live touring. They have also been acknowledged internationally, as a well-known\n        band in the [[psychobilly]] scene across the world and #1 of the genre in\n        the whole Eastern Europe.\\n\\nIt took time and a few line up changes before\n        Mad Heads became a band able to succeed with such a hard task, but since they\n        were ready there was nothing to stop them. Their debut album \\u201c''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\u201d\n        was out in 1996 on Crazy Love Records in Germany, while in [[Ukraine]] they\n        were already a well known band: seen on TV, heard on radio, talked about in\n        major press. They filmed a video to support their album, and it was actually\n        rotated on the channel of national importance.\\n\\nSoon after, Mad Heads started\n        to tour abroad. They appeared 4 times at Rock\\u2019n\\u2019Roll Jamboree in\n        [[Finland]], 3 times at [[Calella Psychobilly Meeting]] in Spain, they rocked\n        the halls of many festivals and clubs in Russia, Germany, United Kingdom,\n        [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]] and Italy. They\\u2019ve been invited to the United\n        States and only couldn\\u2019t make it because of some visa problems. They\n        played the same stage with the most of their favorite bands of the scene while\n        becoming  the heroes for many younger acts.\\n\\nThe debut album was followed\n        by \\u201c''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\u201d in 1998 and \\u201c''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\u201d\n        in 2002 (both out on Crazy Love Records) which brought the acknowledgment\n        for Mad Heads of being #1 band of the scene in Eastern Europe and with no\n        doubt an outstanding act of the 90s psychobilly generation. In [[Ukraine]],\n        they simply become a rock\\u2019n\\u2019roll legend, so they decided to do even\n        more for their local fans and in 2003 was released the album \\u201c''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]''\\u201d with all the songs in the mother languages\n        (the first 3 albums were in English). This record was out on local EMI licensee\n        Comp Music.\\n\\nIn 2004 the guys felt that their mission was complete. Their\n        music was changing throughout the years, and now they had to face the fact\n        that it didn\\u2019t fit psychobilly scene anymore. So they took it even further,\n        doubled the line up with 3-piece brass section and mixed up their older sounds\n        with [[ska]] [[Punk rock|punk]] and some Ukrainian folk. The new project called\n        ''''''Mad Heads XL'''''' became a smashing success in [[Ukraine]], so it was\n        decided to quit as a trio for an indeterminate period.\\n\\n===Mad Heads XL===\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2004, the new project Mad Heads XL was born. The line up\n        was doubled with the powerful brass section (trumpet, trombone, saxophone)\n        and the music drifted in the direction of [[ska]] with a touch of swing and\n        Ukrainian folk, becoming something that might come out of [[Manu Chao]], [[Brian\n        Setzer]] and [[Emir Kusturica]] jam session.\\n\\nIn March 2004 it was tested\n        in the best live music clubs of Kiev, in April it appeared on top Ukrainian\n        TV channels and in May the band came up the stage of the main Ukrainian music\n        festival Tavria Games to perform for some 75,000 people (there was also a\n        live broadcast on M1 \\u2013 the main Ukrainian music TV channel).  That show\n        brought the band to 9 more big open air stages in the next few months, with\n        the audience varied from 5,000 to 100,000 (Day of Youth on the main Kiev''s\n        square, [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]), proving that Mad Heads XL could really\n        entertain a huge audience. In September 2004 the band was invited to take\n        part in Djuice-Drive tour (sport palaces in the 6 biggest cities of Ukraine).\n        They were the only Ukrainian act on the bill with artists from Western Europe.\n        They also got busy playing in the clubs.\\n\\nThey were among the first bands\n        to support the people of Ukraine in the protest action, when the [[Orange\n        Revolution]] started. They canceled any commercial gigs and performed for\n        the people on now famous central square of Kiev Maidan Nezalezhnosti, giving\n        away their new song for the compilation \\\"Orange Songs of Ukrainian Revolution\\\"\n        which featured some of the best Ukrainian acts and artists, and the profit\n        of which had been transferred to the inhabitants of the protest camping. The\n        band never thought of any promotion back then, but there probably was: their\n        performance on Maidan was seen on CNN as well as on several European news\n        channels.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band was on the road again and played plenty open\n        air stages all over Ukraine. Mad Heads XL also appeared abroad, with a lot\n        of success, at Rock for People 2005 festival in Czech Republic, not to mention\n        a club tour of Russia.\\nIn September 2005 ZYX Music released maxi-CD \\u201cNadiya\n        Yea\\u201d in Germany, but the main events with this song were happening in\n        the homeland. The album \\u201cNadiya Yea\\u201d was released in the end of\n        October on Comp Music/EMI, so far in Ukraine only, soon proving to be among\n        the bestselling local releases of the year 2005. During 2004\\u20132005 years\n        the band had several line-up changes.\\n\\nBeyond Europe, Mad Heads XL have\n        performed at Ukrainian festivals in [[Toronto]], Canada in 2010, and [[Dauphin,\n        Manitoba]], in 2011.  Commanding a strong fan base in the [[Ukrainian-Canadian]]\n        community, they returned to Toronto again in January 2012 performing material\n        from their new album ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA'''' at a\n        zabava on one night and the \\\"Royal [[Malanka]]\\\" the following night. For\n        both events, Mad Heads XL were joined onstage by Ukrainian violinist Vasyl\n        Popadiuk (aka \\\"Papa Duke\\\"). Local Ukrainian-Canadian music groups, \\\"Zapovid\\\"\n        and \\\"Hudi a Mocni\\\" opened their shows.\\n\\n==Current members==\\n* Vadym Krasnooky\n        - vocal, guitar, songwriting (1991\\u2013present)\\n* Maxym Krasnooky - bass\n        (1996\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Nikitan - trumpet (2004\\u2013present)\\n* Valeriy\n        Chesnokov - trombone (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Volodymyr Zyumchenko - drums (2005\\u2013present)\\n\\n==\n        Former members ==\\n*Bohdan Ocheretyany - drums (1994\\u20132005)\\n*Maksym Kochetov\n        \\u2013 saxophone (2004\\u20132006)\\n*Anton Buryko \\u2013 trumpet (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Volodymyr\n        Pushkar \\u2013 trombone (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Bohdan Humenyuk - saxophone, flute\n        (2006\\u20132008)\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n''''''[[Mad Heads]]''''''\\n\\n*1996 - ''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\n*1998\n        - ''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\n*2002 - ''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\n*2003 - ''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442)\\n\\n''''''Mad\n        Heads XL''''''\\n*2005 - ''''[[Nadiya Yea]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0404/The Hope Is Here)\\n*2007 - ''''[[Naykrascha Myt]]'''' - compilation  (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c/The Best Moment)\\n*2008 - ''''[[Forever (Mad Heads\n        XL album)|Forever]]''''\\n*2011 - ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA''''\\n*2015\n        - ''''8''''\\n\\n==External links==\\n*{{official website|http://www.madheads.kiev.ua/}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-30T21:31:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":735799012,\"length\":7789,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Heads_XL&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\"},\"11223560\":{\"pageid\":11223560,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mandry\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Tone|date=December 2007}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Mandry |\\n| image                 =\n        Mandry-2008.jpg|\\n| caption            = Mandry at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]],
[[Kiev]],\n        [[Ukraine]] August 24, 2008.|\\n| landscape           = yes|\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[folk-rock]]\\n| years_active        = 1997–present |\\n| website                 =\n        http://www.mandrymusic.com\\n| current_members     = [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]]
[[Leonid Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]]
[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]]
[[Andriy Zanko]]
[[Salman\n        Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mandry'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438}})\n        is a popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[blues]], [[ska]] band;\n        the band formed in 1998 in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band''s vocalist and\n        most recognizable member is [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]].\\n\\n==\n        Activity ==\\n{{Original research|section|date=February 2016}}Mandry were officially\n        formed in 1997 by the already well known singer-songwriter [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]], who had made a name for himself in the Kyiv underground\n        music scene for his creative work with the group Den'' Vmyraye Rano (Day Dies\n        Early). At first they performed as a three-piece acoustic band, but after\n        a few band member change-overs a new sound was created which made Mandry the\n        spearheads of what is now known as \\\"folk music of the cities\\\". They performed\n        their first concert with this unique sound on 24 December 1997.\\n{{Advert|section|date=February\n        2016}}\\nIn contemporary Ukrainian youth culture the group hold an original\n        musical niche. Owing to the stylish diversity of their music and their unique\n        combination of traditional Ukrainian [[folk music]] with modern rhythms, elements\n        of city romance and French chansons with a good dose of [[reggae]], [[blues]],\n        [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Punk rock|punk]], they manage to captivate a varied\n        audience representing all age groups. The music of Mandry, in spite of being\n        a combination of various genres, is well crafted and artistically unique.\n        Their songs are full of imagery and have emotionally charged melodic patterns\n        making poetic lyrics understandable to people from all walks of life. Mandry''s\n        repertoire is still growing, expanding not only due to new songs being written\n        by the band members, but also by giving traditional folk songs a new interpretation.\\n\\nIn\n        October 1997 accordion player [[Leonid Bieley]] appeared on the scene and\n        his contribution to Foma''s songs enriched the melodies, as did a change in\n        percussionist. Salman joined the contingent of ''''mandrivnyky'''' (wanderers)\n        with a complete set of percussion instruments. At this time Mandry possibly\n        were the only Ukrainian band with a percussionist.\\n\\nIn the same month the\n        new line-up played a concert, but it wasn''t a very successful performance,\n        and as they were dissatisfied doubts arose as to whether the band should split\n        up. The director of Asteroid records came to the band''s rescue and offered\n        them their first contract and with his help the group continued.\\n\\nThe last\n        alteration in the group''s line-up occurred when Mandry invited drummer [[Andriy\n        Zanko]] and [[Serhiy Chehodayev]], who replaced [[Oleksandr Kokhanivsky]]\n        on bass, to join the band. As a result, the sound of the band changed quite\n        radically. Their music was enriched with contemporary rhythms and started\n        to include [[France|French]] melodic influences.\\n\\nIn the months that followed\n        the group recorded and released their first MC on the Asteroid label. It was\n        recorded in a hurry, and thus the quality of the album suffered. Over the\n        next year and a half, the material was being constantly reworked.\\n\\nIn August\n        1998 the band produced their first video for the song \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu\n        korolevu\\\", which quickly won the audience''s approval. In September 1998,\n        during the First All-Ukrainian Music Video Contest Mandry''s video was in\n        the top three, and director Anton Trofimov was also nominated for an award.\\n\\nThe\n        first EP of the group, which, apart from seven songs also contained the video\n        clip \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu\\\", the MC in [[MP3]] format, text information\n        in html and a photo gallery, was released in December 1998.\\n\\nThe same year\n        Mandry played in [[Lviv]], [[Dnipropetrivsk]], [[Kherson]], [[Donetsk]], [[Minsk]]\n        and their hometown Kyiv.\\n\\nIn January 1999 they filmed their second video\n        to their song \\\"Kartata Sorochka\\\" in Lviv, which was broadcast on the national\n        TV channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]].\\n\\nAll in all 1999 was a very busy year\n        for them with many concerts. In springtime they visited [[Budapest]], the\n        capital of [[Hungary]], to take part in a festival commemorating the 50th\n        anniversary of the [[European Union|EU]]. In summer they performed at \\\"[[Rock-Kyiv]]\\\",\n        \\\"PEPSI-SZIGET\\\" ([[Budapest]]) and \\\"[[Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk]]\\\" ([[Vitebsk]])\n        festivals. At the end of summer they started working on their video to the\n        song \\\"Rusalky\\\" ([[Mermaid]]s).\\n\\nIn April 2000 they released their first\n        full-length album ''''Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu'''' on Karavan Records\n        and their video to the song \\\"Rusalky\\\".\\n\\nIn June 2000 Mandry took part\n        in the International Festival of Ukrainian Culture which takes place in [[Sopot]],\n        [[Poland]]. In September they participated at Rock-Existence festival in Kyiv.\n        In November they released their EP ''''Rusalky'''' on Karavan Records.\\n\\nFrom\n        14 to 26 May 2001 Mandry had a tour across Poland. In two weeks'' time they\n        played 11 concerts in [[Wroc\\u0142aw]], [[Warsaw]], [[Krak\\u00f3w]], [[Szczecin]],\n        [[Gliwice]], [[Bia\\u0142ystok]], [[Olsztyn]], [[Sopot]] and [[Lublin]]. At\n        the beginning of November 2001 Creon Music, a [[France|French]] record label,\n        released a compilation called ''''Ukrainian Rock'''', which included a few\n        songs by Mandry.''''Eastern Folk, Poland Folk Encyclopedia, in Polish''''\\nIn\n        March 2002 the video to \\\"Dochka melnyka\\\" (Miller''s daughter) was shown\n        on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 19 May 2002 Mandry, together with other Ukrainian\n        groups and artists, played a concert at the Hippodrome, in [[London]]. The\n        show was part of the Festival of Ukrainian Culture in [[Great Britain]].\\n\\nAt\n        the end of September 2002 their first animated video to the song \\\"Orysya\\\"\n        was shown on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 17 October 2002, their second album,\n        ''''Legenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku'''', was released in Ukraine on the [[Lavina\n        Music]] record label.\\n\\nOn 17 May 2003, the band took part in the International\n        festival \\\"The Day of United Europe\\\" in Kyiv. At the end of August 2003 Mandry\n        started shooting the video for \\\"Vitre Tsyhane\\\" (Gypsy Wind), which was the\n        first one to be shown on the all-Ukrainian [[M1 music channel]] that October.\\n\\n2004\n        saw Mandry tour extensively in [[Ukraine]] to support [[Viktor Yushchenko]]''s\n        campaign to become the next president of Ukraine. They played to a varied\n        audience and in parts of Ukraine where they were completely unknown to their\n        audience.\\n\\nDuring the protests that followed after the disputed election\n        results at the end of 2004, Mandry were one of many bands who appeared on\n        stage in [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] (Independence Square) in Kyiv to keep the\n        [[Orange Revolution]] protesters entertained.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band recorded\n        their latest album ''''Doroha'''', which was released in February 2006. At\n        that time they often took part in folk festivals and concerts in Ukraine and\n        neighbouring countries.''''Kulturalna Warszawa'''' (Cultural Warsaw),\n        2005, in Polish\\n\\nIn March 2006 they filmed a new video to their song\n        \\\"Ne spy moya ridna zemlya\\\" (Don''t sleep my native land), a clip with imagery\n        depicting Ukraine''s history and its heroes, bringing it right up to date\n        with the Orange Revolution.\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n*[[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]] - main vocals, guitar, sopilka (tin whistle)\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]] - accordion, synthesizer, backing vocals\\n*[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]] - bass, backing vocals\\n*[[Andriy\n        Zanko]] - drums, backing vocals\\n*[[Salman Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]] - percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1998 - \\u00ab[[Mandry\n        (album)|Mandry]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438)\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Rusalky\n        (album)|Rusalky]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u043a\\u0438)\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu (album)|Romansero\n        pro nizhnu korolevu]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0432\\u0443)\n        (re-released in 2002)\\n* 2002 - \\u00ab[[Lehenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku (album)|Lehenda\n        pro Ivanka ta Odarku]]\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0443)\\n*\n        2006 - \\u00ab[[Doroha (album)|Doroha]]\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430)\\n\\n===\n        Live albums ===\\n* 2007 - \\u00ab[[Mandry u Krayini Mriy (album)|Mandry u Krayini\n        Mriy]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0443 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.mandrymusic.com/\n        Official Mandry website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"lastrevid\":798927015,\"length\":9059,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandry&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\"},\"35030786\":{\"pageid\":35030786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Marakesh\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name               = Marakesh\\n|image=Marakesh.jpg\\n|caption=Marakesh\n        live in 2011\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| alias              =\n        \\n| origin             = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]]
[[Indie rock]]
[[Electronic rock]]\\n| years_active       =\n        {{Start date|2006}}\\u2013present\\n| label              = \\n| website            =\n        {{URL|www.marakeshmusic.com/}}\\n| current_members    = Mark Gritsenko
Christoph\n        Hadl Hassel
Rich Millin
Daria Chepel\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Marakesh''''''\n        ({{lang-ua|\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0448}}) are a rock band from\n        [[Kiev]], Ukraine, formed in 2006. Their music is influenced by 90s [[alternative\n        rock]], combining rock with electronica and charismatic vocals.\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        song Jdat ({{lang-ru|\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c}}) appeared in the [[GTA\n        4|Grand Theft Auto IV]] video-game soundtrack, resulting in hundreds of thousands\n        official views of its music video on YouTube.[http://www.rockstargames.com/IV/#?page=music&content=vladivostok\n        - Vladivostok FM track listing on GTA 4 official website][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9253G7_Ct8 - Jdat music video\n        on YouTube] The band is currently based in Berlin.[http://marakeshmusic.com/]\\n\\n==History==\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        debut album ''''Androgyny'''' was released in 2006. It represented fully electronic\n        sound due to being recorded by lead singer Mark Gritsenko alone, before the\n        band\\u2019s line up was formed.[http://www.zvuki.ru/R/P/15785\n        - Zvuki.ru album review]\\n \\nIn 2007 after releasing several successful\n        music videos, Marakesh went on an extensive tour from March to December that\n        year.[http://marakeshband.eu/tour - Tour archive]\n        {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203015814/http://marakeshband.eu/tour\n        |date=2012-02-03 }} They performed mainly in Russia, where they were\n        supported by alternative TV channels[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5UJRAxaNuA\n        - A-One TV interview] and press such as Billboard,[http://billboard.ru.msn.com/reviews/review.aspx?cp-documentid=155402713\n        - Billboard review]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }}[http://petrovka.ua/product.php?code=68620\n        - Billboard issue including Marakesh interview] while only relying on\n        a word of mouth in their homeland. However numbers of shows in Ukraine grew\n        in the next years.\\n\\nTheir second full-length album ''''M'''' was released\n        in December 2008 after being postponed for more than a year because of a dispute\n        with their then-label.[http://www.farfrommoscow.com/articles/marakesh-m.html\n        - Far From Moscow album review]\\n\\nIn 2009 Marakesh extended to open\n        air festivals and came to Europe for the first time. In the summer they appeared\n        at Ukrainian selection for MTV EMA,[http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        - MTV EMA gallery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503005144/http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        |date=2010-05-03 }} Russian festival Okna Otkroy[[:ru:\\u041e\\u043a\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439!|-\n        Okna Otkroy line up]] and Hungarian ICWiP.[http://www.lastfm.ru/festival/1140651+ICWiP+-+International+Culure+Week+in+P\\u00e9cs\n        - ICWiP line up]\\n\\nThe band went on their first European tour for 1\n        month in April\\u2013May 2010, playing in Baltics, Poland, Germany and Hungary.\n        Later that year the band was chosen by Placebo as an opening act for their\n        show in Kiev.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suZxAl30PLU\n        - Enter TV interview] In December 2010 Marakesh released their first\n        fully English-speaking EP \\u201cTaste Me\\u201d, recorded in Budapest. Taste\n        Me Tour saw a number of shows in Ukraine, Russia, Hungary and Germany.\\n\\nIn\n        2011 the band started composing their third LP, which was planned to be released\n        later in 2012.\\n\\nIn spring 2012, the band moved to Berlin. In September 2012,\n        Marakesh announced they have started a new band Four Phonica, which comprises\n        all Marakesh members and the lead singer of side project Sexinspace, Daria.\n        In January 2013, Four Phonica released the first single Divine, available\n        for download on the band''s official website.[https://archive.is/20130213070907/http://marakeshband.eu/news/marakesh-sexinspace-four-phonica-2\n        - Marakesh + Sexinspace = Four Phonica] Single was followed up by a\n        music video in March 2013. In February 2014, Four Phonica released their second\n        music video Sabotage.[tube.com/watch?v=rdOFcDHs91U\n        - Four Phonica - Sabotage music video] Their debut self-titled EP was\n        released on February 28, 2014.[http://fourphonica.com/news/ep-release/\n        - Four Phonica announce the debut EP]\\n\\nIn summer 2014, Four Phonica\n        revealed that they are composing their debut LP and that the news about the\n        album and single releases are awaited this year.[http://fourphonica.com/news/four-phonica-composing-debut-lp/ -\n        Four Phonica composing debut LP]\\n\\nIn August 2014, Four Phonica were\n        chosen from over 350 applicants as one of 9 bands to participate in Berliner\n        Pilsner Music Award.[http://fourphonica.com/news/berliner-pilsner-music-award/\n        - Berliner Pilsner Music Award 2014]\\n\\nIn September 2014, Marakesh''s\n        first EP Den Svyatogo Valentina (2007) and a second full length M (2008),\n        which were previously released only in Ukraine and Russia, became available\n        worldwide on iTunes[https://itunes.apple.com/artist/marakesh/id279455367\n        - Marakesh on iTunes] and Bandcamp,[https://marakesh.bandcamp.com\n        - Marakesh on Bandcamp] including one of their most well known songs\n        Jdat from the Grand Theft Auto IV video-game soundtrack.\\n\\nIn November 2014,\n        Four Phonica launched a musical crowdsourcing campaign #Songblitz. In one\n        month time, the band created and released a cover of The Smiths'' There Is\n        a Light That Never Goes Out entirely made of musical, vocal and video contributions\n        from fans.[http://www.songblitz.com - Songblitz]{{dead\n        link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\nIn\n        autumn of 2015 Marakesh have returned with new single Run. Run was followed\n        up by another single Cold Call released on 12 February 2016. On November 1st\n        2016, Marakesh premiered an official music video for Cold Call on their YouTube\n        channel. Directed by Alex Barsuk and art directed by Daria Chepel, it was\n        shot at Turmwerk Studios, former headquarters of [[IAMX]] and a working space\n        for such artists as Noblesse Oblige and producer [[Jim Abbiss]] among others.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJuOM_nicP8\n        - Marakesh - Cold Call (Official Video)]\\n\\nIn December 2016, Marakesh announced they will release 3 new\n        singles throughout winter starting with Hand Grenade on 8 December 2016. It\n        was followed by Mr. Correspondent in January 2017, along with a new EP 199X\n        available only on band''s Patreon page for one month before an official release.\n        The 6-track EP was released on all other platforms on 22 February 2017 in\n        Standard and Deluxe versions.\\n\\nIn March 2017, Marakesh premiered a lyric\n        video for their first single in Russian in 7 years, Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t\n        Love).\\n\\n==Band members==\\nCurrent members\\n*Mark Gritsenko \\u2013 vocals,\n        guitars, keyboards\\n*Alexander Petrovsky \\u2013 bass, keyboards\\n*Valery Derevyansky\n        \\u2013 drums\\n*Christoph Hadl Hassel \\u2013 bass, mixing, production\\nLive\n        members\\n*Herman Gritsenko - keyboards\\n*Rich Millin \\u2013 drums\\n*Daria\n        Chepel \\u2013 art direction\\nFormer members\\n*Valery Popovich \\u2013\n        guitars\\n*Dmitry Kvyatkovsky \\u2013 guitars\\n*Igor Kievets \\u2013\n        bass\\n\\n==Discography==\\nas Marakesh:\\n*''''Androgyny'''' (LP) (2006)\\n*''''Den\n        Svyatogo Valentina (English: Saint Valentine''s Day)'''' (EP) (2007)\\n*''''M''''\n        (LP) (2008)\\n*''''Taste Me'''' (EP) (2010)\\n*''''My Favorite Song'''' (single)\n        (2011)\\n*''''199X'''' (EP) (2017)\\n*''''Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t Love)''''\n        (single) (2017)\\nas Four Phonica:\\n*''''Divine'''' (single) (2013)\\n*''''Sabotage''''\n        (single) (2014)\\n*''''Four Phonica'''' (EP) (2014)\\n*''''There Is a Light\n        That Never Goes Out'''' (single) (2014)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{Official website|www.marakeshband.eu|Marakesh}}\\n* {{Official\n        website|www.fourphonica.com|Four Phonica}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":797218590,\"length\":8933,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marakesh_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\"},\"48048659\":{\"pageid\":48048659,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"O.Torvald\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T17:58:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = O.Torvald
\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434\\n|\n        image           = O.Torvald. Eurovision Song Contest 2017, Semi Final 2 Rehearsals.\n        Photo 294.jpg\\n| logo            =\\n| caption         = \\n| image_size      =\\n|\n        landscape       = Yes\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          =\n        [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = {{Hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[alternative\n        rock]]|[[alternative metal]]|[[nu metal]]}}\\n| years_active    = 2005\\u2013present\\n|\n        label           =  [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website         = [http://o-torvald.com/ o-torvald.com]\\n| current_members\n        = [[Yevhen Halych]]
Denys Myzyuk
Mykola Rayda
Oleksandr Solokha
Mykyta\n        Vasyl\\u02b9yev\\n| past_members    = Oleksandr Nechyporenko
Andriy Lytvynok
Ihor\n        Odaryuk
Volodymyr Yakovlev\\n}}\\n\\n''''''O.Torvald'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian rock band. It was formed in 2005 in [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its debut album O.Torvald was recorded in 2008. O.Torvald took part in festivals\n        such as GBOB, [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]], Tavria games, Prosto\n        Rock (with [[Linkin Park]] and [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]]), [[Zakhid]], Krashche\n        Misto UA (with [[Evanescence]] and [[The Rasmus]]), Ekolomyja and Global Gathering.\n        They represented [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017|Ukraine]] in\n        the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] with the song \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\n        finishing in 24th place.{{cite web|url=http://wiwibloggs.com/2017/02/25/ukraine-will-sing-eurovision-2017/177369/|title=UKRAINE:\n        O.Torvald will sing \\\"Time\\\" at Eurovision 2017|date=25 February 2017|publisher=Wiwibloggs|website=wiwibloggs.com|last=Vasilyev|first=Mikhail}}\\n\\n==Members==\\n*\n        [[Yevhen Halych]] \\u2013 vocals, guitar (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Denys Myzyuk\n        \\u2013 guitar, backing vocals (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Solokha \\u2013\n        drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Mykyta Vasyl\\u02b9yev \\u2013 bass (2014\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Mykola Rayda \\u2013 piano, DJ (2008\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n===Studio\n        albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:10em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:O.Torvald (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|O.Torvald]]''''\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2008\\n* Label: Yenisey Group\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456|\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456]]''''
(''''In you'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2011\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442 (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442]]''''
(''''Primate'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404|\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404]]''
(''''You are'''')\\n| \\n* Released: November\n        2014\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] \\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438|#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438]]''''
(''''#ourpeopleareeverywhere'''')\\n| \\n* Released:\n        1 September 2016\\n* Label: Mickey Sound\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Extended\n        plays===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441''''
(''''Use Us'''')\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2012\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format:\n        Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Other albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"| Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0410\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''
(''''Acoustic'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Singles===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:14em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:1em;\\\"| Year\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\"| Peak\n        chart positions\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| Album\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        style=\\\"width:3em;font-size:85%;\\\"| [[Tophit|RUS]]
{{cite\n        web|url=https://tophit.ru/ru/search?str=O.Torvald|title=Search > O.Torvald|publisher=tophit.ru|work=[[Tophit]]}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\\\"\\n| 2008\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"3\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0435\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438|\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438]]\\\"\\n|\n        2009\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0423\\u0419\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2010\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439|\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439]]\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454|\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454]]\\\"\\n|\n        2011\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\\"\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2012\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mr. DJ\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2014\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404''''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"5\\\"|\n        2016\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\\"\\n|\n        189\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0422\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0443\\u0445 \\u2014\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0438\\u0435\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e \\u0431\\u043e\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mama\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\\n| 2017\\n| 188\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"20\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center; font-size:85%;\\\"| \\\"\\u2014\\\" denotes a single that\n        did not chart or was not released.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://o-torvald.com/ O.Torvald website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/OTORVALDband/featured\n        YouTube]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/OTorvald/ Facebook]\\n\\n{{S-start}}\\n{{s-ach}}\\n{{Succession\n        box|\\n| before=[[Jamala]]
with \\\"[[1944 (song)|1944]]\\\"\\n| title=[[Ukraine\n        in the Eurovision Song Contest]]\\n| years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 2017|2017]]\\n|\n        after=''''Incumbent''''\\n}}\\n{{S-end}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine in the Eurovision Song\n        Contest |state=autocollapse}}\\n{{Eurovision Song Contest 2017 |state=autocollapse}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2005]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:English-language singers of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Eurovision Song Contest entrants]]\\n[[Category:Eurovision\n        Song Contest entrants of 2017]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T19:39:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":780377284,\"length\":6581,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O.Torvald&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\"},\"26307708\":{\"pageid\":26307708,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Obiymy\n        Doshchu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T06:43:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Obiymy Doshchu
\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\\n|image              = Obiymy_doschu-2006.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Obiymy Doshchu (in 2006 lineup)\\n|image_size         = 300 \\n|landscape        =\n        Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[symphonic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        2004\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Nash Format]] (Ukraine)\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://rain.in.ua\\n|current_members  = Volodymyr\n        Agafonkin 
 Oleksiy Katruk 
 Mykola Kryvonos 
 Serhiy Dumler 
\n        Maria Kurbatova 
 Olena Nesterovska\\n|past_members = Andriy Demyanenko|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Obiymy\n        Doshchu'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Rain''s Embrace'''') is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band that describes\n        its [[music genre]] as a [[Lyric poetry|lyrical]], autumnal [[rock music]]\n        with [[progressive rock]], [[Neoclassical (New Age)|neoclassic]] and [[doom\n        metal]] influences. \\n\\nThey have released their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]]\n        in Autumn 2009 which reviewers called \\u201c''''an outstanding result in the\n        genre''''\\u201d but also \\u201c''''monotonous, with intentionally limited\n        emotional palette''''\\u201d,[http://www.nneformat.ru/reviews/?id=5459\n        Nash Neformat music magazine] (in Russian) \\u201c''''expressing the\n        same mood in every track''''\\u201d but \\u201c''''nevertheless one of the most\n        impressive and inspired releases in a long time''''\\u201d,[http://www.darkside.ru/album/21523/\n        Darkside webzine reviews] (in Russian) \\u201c''''a new approach to creative\n        work in many ways''''\\u201d[http://rock.kiev.ua/arhiv/2009/287/ Kiev\n        Rock Club webzine] (in Ukrainian) and \\u201c''''a phenomenon worth attention\n        of all fans of twilight lyricism''''\\u201d.[http://umka.com.ua/eng/catalogue/gothic/obiymy-doschu-elehia.html\n        Umka CD-store]\\n\\n== Biography ==\\n=== 2004\\u20142006 ===\\n''''''(band\n        formation, first recordings)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu was started as a one-man\n        project in 2004 as a result of Volodymyr''s interest in writing music, singing\n        and playing an [[acoustic guitar]]. His friend Oleksiy became involved in\n        the project and helped Volodymyr record his first [[Demo (music)|demo]], and\n        the demo in turn inspired his university mate Mykola to make a [[music video|video]]\n        for one of the songs (''''Mertve Derevo I Viter'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyI5xzROaB8\n        Mertve Derevo I Viter video on YouTube] \\n\\nIn spring 2006 Volodymyr\n        forms the [[Band (music)|band]] with Oleksiy on the [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        and Mykola on the [[bass guitar]]. In this lineup the band makes its first\n        live performance in [[Kiev]]. \\n\\nIn Autumn, Oleksiy replaces [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        with [[electric guitar]] and Andriy Demyanenko joins the band as a [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] player. The band continues to create new songs and\n        occasionally perform live. During this time, Oleksiy finishes the second video\n        of the band (for the song ''''Zorenko Moya'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eKRMg76vGg\n        Zorenko Moya video on YouTube] At the end of the year, Obiymy Doshchu\n        record their second demo with 6 songs.\\n\\n=== 2007\\u20142008 ===\\n''''''(line-up\n        complete, live activities)''''''\\n\\nIn 2007, the band finally finds a [[drums|drummer]]\n        - Serhiy Dumler. The same year Maria joins the band as a [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        player to replace Andriy Demyanenko. \\n\\nHaving a complete line-up, the bands\n        starts to actively perform live in 2008, plays at many [[music festival|festivals]]\n        and other places among [[Ukraine]]. It also makes its third recording in the\n        [[recording studio|studio]], ''''Pid Khmaramy'''', to prepare itself for the\n        upcoming recording of an ambitions debut album.\\n\\n=== 2009 ===\\n''''''(debut\n        album, first solo concert, present)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu have finally released\n        their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] on August 29, 2009 as a free download\n        on their website.[http://rain.in.ua/en.html Elehia album download page\n        on the official website] The album contains 8 songs and represents a\n        certain summary of the band''s activities since its formation. It is a [[concept\n        album|conceptual]] album with a single story. It also has rich [[String section|string\n        arrangements]] and contains many contributions from guest musicians.\\n\\nThe\n        band played its first big solo concert in [[Kyiv]] on October 22, 2009. This day can also\n        be considered as the official day of violist Olena Nesterovska joining the\n        band as a permanent member.\\n\\nOn December 10, the band released a new 2-song\n        single ''''Svitanok'''' and a video for one of the songs directed by Mykola\n        Kryvonos.[http://rain.in.ua/svitanok/en.html Svitanok single and video\n        download]\\n\\nCurrently the band is writing the material for its second\n        album expected to come in Spring 2012 and performing live around [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n=== Current members ===\\n* Volodymyr Agafonkin \\u2014 [[vocals]],\n        [[acoustic guitar]] (2004\\u2014present)\\n* Oleksiy Katruk \\u2014 [[electric\n        guitar]] (2006\\u2014present), [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2005\\u20142006)\\n*\n        Mykola Kryvonos \\u2014 [[bass guitar]], [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]\n        (2006\\u2014present)\\n* Serhiy Dumler \\u2014 [[drums]], [[percussion]] (2006\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Maria Kurbatova \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Olena Nesterovska \\u2014 [[viola]] (2009\\u2014present)\\n\\n=== Guest members\n        ===\\n* Hanna Kryvonos \\u2014 [[backing vocals]]\\n* Yana Shakirzhanova \\u2014\n        [[violin]]\\n\\nGuest members occasionally perform live with the band and take\n        part in studio recordings.\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Andriy Demyanenko\n        \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2006\\u20142007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n# 2009 \\u2014 [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f)\\n\\n===\n        Singles ===\\n# 2010 \\u2014 [[Svitanok (single)|Svitanok]] (\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a)\\n\\n==\n        Videos ==\\n# 2005 \\u2014 Mertve Derevo I Viter (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n#\n        2006 \\u2014 Zorenko Moya (director: Oleksiy Katruk)\\n# 2010 \\u2014 Svitanok\n        (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* [http://rain.in.ua/en.html Official Elehia album download page]\\n*\n        [http://myspace.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on MySpace]\\n* [http://facebook.com/pages/Obiymy-Doschu/308519798211\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Facebook]\\n* [http://last.fm/music/\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438+\\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Last.fm]\\n* {{Official website|http://rain.in.ua/index.php}}\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n* [http://twitter.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on Twitter]\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T16:30:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751521445,\"length\":6706,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obiymy_Doshchu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\"},\"2004786\":{\"pageid\":2004786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Okean\n        Elzy\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Okean Elzy
\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\n|image              = Okean elzy moscow 11-02-2012\n        nazipov1.jpg\\n|logo=PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png\\n|caption         =\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 - Okean Elzy\\n|image_size         =\n        300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]
[[COMP\n        music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[Lavina Music]] 
 [[Nova records]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.okeanelzy.com\\n|current_members  = [[Svyatoslav\n        Vakarchuk]] 
 [[Vladimir Opsenica]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c][http://tabloid.pravda.com.ua/news/5166b4f834649/\n        \\u0417 \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0448\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442]\n        
 [[Denys Dudko]] 
 [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] 
[[Denys Hlinin]]|\\n|past_members\n        = [[Pavlo Gudimov]] 
 [[Yuriy Khustochka]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Shurov]] 
 [[Petro Cherniavsky]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c]|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Okean\n        Elzy'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] bands. It was formed in 1994 in [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\n        The band''s vocalist and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]].[http://dzyga.com.ua/E/interv_01/vakarchu.htm  \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u0404\\u00bb \\u2014 \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u0412\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a\n        (\\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb),\n        \\u0432\\u0436\\u0435 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u043b\\u0430\\u0448\\u0442\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] Okean\n        Elzy is one of the best-loved Ukrainian rock bands not only in Ukraine but\n        also in most [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April\n        2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ Magazine music awards for \\\"Best rock act\\\".[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1542312-okean-elzi-ogolosili-nazvu-i-datu-relizu-novogo-albomu\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442:]\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u0443\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\n\\n=== 1994\\u20131999 ===\\nThe band Okean Elzy was founded in 1994\n        by four young men from [[Lviv]]; who were former members of the band Klan\n        Tyshi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0442\\u0438\\u0448\\u0456}}, translation:\n        ''''Clan of Silence'''') which was founded in 1991.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013) The original line-up featured a lead vocal, lead guitar, bass\n        guitar and drums. Throughout 1994 the band spent their time rehearsing.\\n\\nTheir\n        first concert took place in front of the [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet|Lviv\n        Opera Theatre]] on 14 January 1995. Shortly after that appearance they released\n        a demo tape called ''DEMO 94-95''. In 1995 they also  participated for the\n        first time in the two biggest (at the time) Ukrainian music festivals - [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] and [[Melodiya (festival)|Melodiya]], also\n        participated in ''''Is'''', a personal project of Lviv musician [[Oleg Sook]],\n        performed the song Long time ago.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013)\\n\\nIn 1996 the band establish themselves on the festival circuit\n        in Ukraine and beyond. Okean Elzy participated at Sribna Pidkova Festival,\n        Alternative 2, Perlyny Sezonu, Tavriyski Ihry, Trust Open Air Gernsbach (Germany),\n        Trash 96, and R.F.I. 96 (France).\\n\\nIn 1996 Okean Elzy also held their first\n        concert outside Lviv. Their first appearance in the capital [[Kiev]] took\n        place in 1996 where they supported [[Deep Purple]]. In November\\u2013December\n        of that year they recorded and released the group''s first maxi-single ''''Budynok\n        zi skla'''' (\\\"House of glass\\\"). Shortly afterwards the first movie about\n        the group was made by TV Channel [[TET (TV channel)|TET]] and was broadcast\n        nationally.\\n\\n1997 saw tours in the south of France and in the west of Germany.\n        Back to Ukraine they held a concert in their hometown of Lviv, drawing massive\n        crowds.\\n\\nThe band''s big break came in 1998, when they made the decision\n        to move to Kiev. There they started working on their first album ''''[[Tam,\n        de nas nema]]'''' (\\\"There, where we are not\\\"). The group''s first music\n        video was recorded for the song \\\"Tam, de nas nema\\\". This video was the first\n        piece of modern [[Ukrainian music]] to make its mark on [[MTV Russia]], as\n        well as France''s [[MCM (TV channel)|MCM]] Channel.\\n\\nAt the very beginning\n        of 1999, Okean Elzy started working on their second album ''''Ya na nebi buv''''\n        (\\\"I was in the sky\\\"). In May the group decided to try to expand their fan\n        base into Russia. Their first concert was at the festival [[Maxidrom]]. There\n        were thousands of people there who already knew their songs, with many singing\n        along.\\n\\nOn 16 September they played a solo concert at the MCM Cafe in [[Paris]].\\n\\n===\n        2000\\u20132004 ===\\nIn 2000 exactly one year after they started working on\n        ''''Ya na nebi buv'''' the album was released.\\n\\nOn 5 February Okean Elzy\n        held a solo concert at legendary [[London Astoria|Astoria Club]] ([[London]]).\n        In March the keyboard player joined the band.\\n\\nIn 2001 Okean Elzy became\n        new face of [[Pepsi Cola]] in Ukraine as the new millennium dawned. They have\n        released their third album ''''Model''''. They started a big tour around Ukraine\n        called \\\"Ask For More\\\". In August they started working on their fourth album\n        - ''''[[Supersymetriya]]'''' (\\\"Supersymmetry\\\"). The album was eventually\n        released in 2003 and immediately the group embarked on their biggest tour\n        ever.\\n\\nAt the end of 2003 [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] as the frontman of the\n        band became an official Ambassador of Ukrainian Culture.\\n\\nIn 2004 [[Denys\n        Dudko]] (one of the best [[jazz]] bass players in Ukraine) and [[Milo\\u0161\n        Jeli\\u0107]] (composer from [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]]) joined the band.\\n\\nDuring\n        the \\\"[[Orange Revolution]]\\\" Okean Elzy actively supported the democratic\n        changes which the population were demanding, with Slava emerging as a figurehead\n        of the revolution.\\n\\n=== 2005\\u2013present ===\\n[[File:PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png|thumbnail|Logo\n        of the band]]\\nIn 2005 [[Petro Cherniavsky]]  joined the band.\\n\\nOn September\n        22, 2005, Okean Elzy released their new album ''''[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|GLORIA]]''''.\n        After that the band went on tour (30 cities in Ukraine and 10 in Russia) with\n        audio crew Sergey Kamenev, Alexandr Kostin, [[Yurii Barybin]] and Vyacheslav\n        Lavrinenko.\\n\\nIn September 2005, Vakarchuk became UN''s [[Goodwill Ambassador|Ambassador\n        of Good Will]]. Also, in September Okean Elzy started joint campaign with\n        [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]] and [[MTV Europe Foundation]]\n        \\u2013 fighting human trafficking. Svyatoslav Vakarchuk as UN''s Ambassador\n        of Goodwill during 2006 year had different meetings with students at Ukrainian\n        and Poland universities. Now Vakarchuk provides a huge social project running\n        to propagate reading as a natural process. The general idea of this project\n        is to draw the attention of young people to books and help fight illiteracy.\\n\\nIn\n        November 2006, Okean Elzy visited [[Kosovo]], where musicians had a concert\n        for [[peace makers]] from Ukraine, [[Poland]], Germany, United States and\n        other countries, which include international contingent of peace makers.\\n\\nDuring\n        the Football World Cup 2006 in Germany Okean Elzy actively supported the Ukrainian\n        national team and cheered the fans with their songs. The last song of the\n        band called ''''Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly...'''' (\\\"Oh, brother, merry\n        times came...\\\") as always made a huge splash in Ukraine. The song and the\n        video were released as a single and all money profited would be donated to\n        the child care center treating [[AIDS]]. Charity activities play a major role\n        in OE''s life.\\n\\nIn April 2006 OE went on tour, which includes [[Chicago]],\n        [[New York City]] and [[Toronto]], where thousands sang along their songs.\\n\\nOn\n        April 25, 2007, Okean Elzy released a new album ''''Mira'''' (\\\"Measure\\\").\n        After that the band went on a huge nationwide tour. During the month they\n        held tremendous concerts in 27 Ukrainian cities. The outstanding feature about\n        ''''Mira'''' was that all the concerts were held at large cities, mostly stadiums\n        and sports palaces. The concerts were attended by more than 120,000 fans,\n        which has become a record for the group. For the two Kiev concerts the attendance\n        was about 24,000 total. In the [[history of Ukraine]] only Okean Elzy \\\"for\n        the second time (after round of ''''GLORIA'''') brought so many people in\n        one place in such a short time.\\n\\nIn 2010 Okean Elzy went on their Dolce\n        Vita Tour, in support of their latest album ''''Dolce Vita'''', which included\n        over one hundred concerts in Russia, Ukraine, [[Belarus]], Europe and North\n        America.\\n\\nIn December 2013 the band performed during [[Euromaidan]]-protests.[http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/ukraine-suspends-mayor-security-official-over-protest-crackdown_896844.html\n        Ukraine suspends mayor, security official over protest crackdown], [[Zee News]]\n        (14 December 2013)\\n\\n== 2013 Tour ==\\nIn 2013, Okean Elzy announced\n        in their website a new album and new tour through Ukraine.\\n\\n== 2014 ==\\nJune\n        21, 2014. For their 20th anniversary Okean Elzy performed in front of 70,\n        000 fans in Kyiv at NSC Olimpiyskiy.{{cite web | url = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757\n        | title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e}}\n        This concert was the most massive in Ukrainian history.{{Cite\n        web|title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e\n        {{!}} \\u0416\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430-\\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u041a\\u0410|url\n        = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757|website = ukrainka.org.ua|access-date =\n        2016-02-09}}[http://www.okeanelzy.com/ru/news/135/ \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u00ab\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb]\\n\\n==\n        Current members ==\\n# [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] \\u2014 vocal (1994\\u2013present)\\n#\n        [[Vladimir Opsenitsa]] \\u2014 guitar (2013-present)\\n# [[Denys Dudko]] \\u2014\n        bass (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] \\u2014 piano, synthesizers\n        (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Denys Hlinin]] \\u2014 drums (1994\\u2013present)\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n# 1998 -\n        \\\"[[Tam, de nas nema]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043c, \\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 - There, Where We Aren''t)\\n# 2000 - \\\"[[Ya Na Nebi\n        Buv]]\\\" (\\u042f \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0456 \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 -\n        I Was In Heaven)\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[Model (Okean Elzy album)|Model]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Supersymetriya]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        - Supersymmetry)\\n# 2005 - \\\"[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|Gloria]]\\\"\\n# 2007\n        - \\\"Mira\\\" (\\u041c\\u0456\\u0440\\u0430 - Measure)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Dolce Vita (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Dolce Vita]]\\\"\\n# 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Zemlya (album)|Zemlya]]\\\" (\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\n        - The Land)\\n# 2014 - \\\"[[\\u041d\\u0410\\u0419\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0429\\u0415]]\\\"\\n#\n        2016 - \\\"[[Bez mezh]]\\\" (\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 - Without limits)\\n\\n===\n        Acoustic albums ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Tviy format (Okean Elzy album)|Tviy format]]\\\"\n        (Your format)\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1996 - \\\"[[Budynok zi skla (Okean Elzy\n        album)|Budynok zi skla]]\\\" (House of glass)\\n* 2002 - \\\"[[Kholodno (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Kholodno]]\\\" (It is cold)\\n* 2004 - \\\"[[Dyakuyu! (Okean Elzy album)|Dyakuyu!]]\\\"\n        (Thank You!)\\n* 2006 - \\\"[[Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly... (Okean Elzy album)|Veseli,\n        brate, chasy nastaly...]]\\\" (Oh, brother, merry times came...)\\n* 2009 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Ya tak khochu...]]\\\" (I want so much to...)\\n* 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Obiymy]]\\\"\n        (Embrace)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Ne tvoya viyna]]\\\" (Not your war)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Zhyttya\n        pochynayet''sya znov]]\\\" (Life begins again)\\n\\n=== Compilations ===\\n* 2006\n        - \\\"[[1221 (Okean Elzy album)|1221]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2010 -\n        \\\"[[The Best Of (Okean Elzy album)|The Best Of]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Solo projects ===\\n*\n        2008 - \\\"[[Vnochi (music album)|Vnochi]]\\\" (At night) - album released under\n        the name of ideological mastermind [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Brussel'']]\\\"\n        (Brussels)\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Okean elzy - Dyakuyu tobi.ogg|title=\\\"Dyakuyu\n        tobi (\\u0414\\u044f\\u043a\\u0443\\u044e \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com Official Okean Elzy website]\\n\\n{{commons\n        category|Okean Elzy}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1994]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":799027679,\"length\":12806,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okean_Elzy&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\"},\"47328535\":{\"pageid\":47328535,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Opalnyi\n        Prynz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-06T16:35:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Over-quotation|date=August 2015}}\\n''''''Opalnyi\n        Prynz'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446''''''}})\n        was an influential.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        and popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[Ukrainian rock]] band;\n        the band which came out of musical project called ''''''Strus Mozku''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0443''''''}}),\n        or ''Brain Concussion'', in English, which started in 1987 when [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]''s younger brother [[Yuriy Shtyn]] relocated to [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\n        after completing his studies at the conservatory in [[Rivne]].\\n\\nThe ''''''Strus\n        Mozku'''''' project included the following individuals: both Shtyn brothers,\n        Roman Brytsky, Boris Rosenthul and a young actress from the [[Maria Zankovetska\n        Theatre|Zankovetska Theatre]] in [[Lviv]], by the name of Lyudmila Razik.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        This project eventually morphed into ''''Opalnyi Prynz'''' with Yuriy Shtyn\n        composing all of the material both musically and lyrically, singing and play\n        keyboards, his older brother [[Rostyslav Shtyn]], played guitar and provided\n        vocals. Roman Brytsky stayed on as a second keyboardistTwenty years old\n        and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with Rostyslav\n        Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\nIt\n        was with this composition of the group with which ''''Opalnyi Prinz'''' recorded\n        their first singles which included: ''''Mandry'''' \\u2013 ''''Wanderings''''\n        in 1987, ''''Pozychayesh pamyat'''' \\u2013 ''''You Borrow memory'''', ''''Chorna\n        Dira'''' \\u2013 ''''Black Hole'''', ''''Leonid Brezhnev'''', which received\n        airplay on [[Radio Liberty]], and ''''Paskuda'''' \\u2013 ''''Hussy''''. All\n        these compositions were very socially and musically \\\"different\\\" singlesTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and made up their first album also entitled ''''Mandry'''' after their first\n        recorded single.\\n\\nA few more singles would be released from their first\n        album ''''Mandry'''': ''''Shantrapa'''' \\u2013 ''''Riff-raff'''' 1987; other\n        singles included ''''Kombi u L\\u2019vovi'''' \\u2013 ''''Kombi in L''viv''''\n        \\u2013 1988, a satirical song about the groups meeting with the Polish group\n        [[Kombi (band)|Kombi]] during their performance in Lviv; ''''Tankova attaka''''\n        \\u2013 ''''Tank attack''''(in Russian) which included saxophonist Zenon Kovpak,\n        in 1989 which was politically oriented at what the USSR''s role was in [[Afghanistan]];Interviews\n        with Yurok and Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 Twenty years old and still fresh today\n        \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and, ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' \\u2013 ''''Hey Ukraine!'''', which would become\n        the opening track of their second album ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' ''''New\n        revolution'''' 1991.\\n\\nTheir second album, ''''Nova Revolyutsia'''', released\n        in 1991 was filled out with Toomas Vanem on lead guitar.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        Authorities didn''t like what they heard on the new album (cassette) with\n        a release of 30,000 copies. Many of the songs were not appreciated by Soviet\n        authorities, songs like ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''',Twenty years old and\n        still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 translation of lyrics of ''''Nova\n        revolutsia'''' -http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        as well as the lead song ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' and probably the others were\n        just a little pro-Ukrainian, and as a result, within weeks of the album''s\n        release, no copies could be found at the regular state run music storesPersonal\n        discussion with Yuriy and Rostyslav Shtyn, 2010\\n\\n\\nThis is what\n        Ukrainian music critic and journalist Oleksandr Yevtushenko wrote in one of\n        his compilations on contemporary Ukrainian music:\\n
\\n\\\"I first\n        heard the group OPALNYI PRYNZ on the broadcasts of the Ukrainian service of\n        [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]. The songs ''''Hey Ukraino!'''',\n        ''''Nash Prapor'''' were played every day. That was at the end of the 1980s.\n        But to find out anything about the group was only possible after the release\n        of their first album ''''Mandry''''. And after that as music of the \\\"secretive\n        inhabitants of Lviv\\\" Ukrainian Radio started to play them and the became\n        radio-hits. [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] and company came out into the information\n        field. But they did not try to conquer it, because first and foremost they\n        were concerned with the creation of a European level of musical infrastructure\n        with their own agency, recording studio. What we are talking about here is\n        a well equipped national factory of stars. The idea didn''t leave Rostyslav\n        alone. Thank God, that he gathered his organizational skills and musical talent.\n        First of all there was his musical education \\u2013 Rostyslav''s education\n        is as a violinist. There was the persistent work with stars of multifarious\n        stages. At the end of the 1980s the main matter became his group OPALNYI PRYNZ.\n        It was created by: Yuri Shtyn (his younger brother), who plays keyboards,\n        sings, and writes the music and lyrics, Toomas Vanem \\u2013 lead guitar and\n        still one other keyboardist Roman Brytsky and singer and guitarist [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]. The path of OPALNYI PRYNZ cardinally is different from generally\n        accepted schemes. Because for they had the idea of technical and financial\n        independence and perfect quality of how they sounded. The group signed a contract\n        with one German producers centre and received the possibility of publishing\n        its materials on both sides of the [[Iron Curtain]]. At the end of 1990 OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ realizes its next project \\u2013 the album ''''Nova Revolyutsiya''''.\n        Indisputably, all the tracks of the album are woven with the tectonic changes\n        in the life of Ukrainian society. It''s impregnated with movement towards\n        freedom, the feeling of change. Concurrently it is beautifully recorded. And\n        the video clip to the song ''''Nash Prapor'''' was shown on Ukrainian television\n        all the way through to the year 2000. Some people confirm, that this clip\n        was shown on [[MTV]] in honor of [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukraine''s\n        declaration of independence]] in 1991. ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''' \\u2013 these\n        are very strong and unique compositions ''''Khlib po vodi'''' (Bread upon\n        the water), ''''Rozmyti dorohy'''' (Washed out roads), ''''Ty na viyni''''\n        (You are at war), ''''Simnadtsyate veresnya'''' (1939 The Seventeenth of September),\n        ''''Braty po zbroyii'''' (Brothers in Arms). These are songs that one does\n        not forget. Regardless of their primarily studio plane of existence, OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ had a considerable influence on the formation of Ukrainian rock-music,\n        certain models in their sound in particular, we are talking about the synthesis\n        of ethnic music with rock. It is possible that they were the first that did\n        it delicately and convincingly. It''s incredible, but OPALNYI PRYNZ even today\n        sounds fresh and real.\\\"\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.htmlTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Translation of\n        Oleksandr Yevthushenko''s commentary on Opalnyi Prynz from his book mentioned\n        elswhere.) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\n
\\n\\nOne\n        of the most important principles which was espoused by ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''\n        and [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] was the importance of financial and technical independence\n        from government structures. It was under the new developments of ''''Perebudova''''\n        that in 1987 that the elder Shtyn set up the ''''Holos'''' Studio as a cooperative\n        which eventually developed into the studio of ''''Rostyslav-show''''.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\n''''Opalniy\n        Prinz'''' was very much a studio band and seldom appeared live.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalniy-prynz/\\n\\nIn\n        1991 one of ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''''s videos to their song ''''Nash prapor''''\n        from their ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' album received broadcast time on [[MTV]]\n        in honour of Ukraine''s newly gained independence.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044fhttp://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0428\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u044c \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0443. \\u0412 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        80-\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0406\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0411\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a \\u0456\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\\",  \\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e, http://h.ua/story/52588/\\n\\nWithin\n        the first years of Ukraine''s independence ''''Opalniy Prynz'''' ceased an\n        active existence, though it was  not completely inactive. In 1992 it played\n        an active role in a project entitled ''''Vernsiage-92. Nova Ukrainiinska Khvylia\n        \\u2013 Vernisage-92. A New Ukrainian Wave.'''' After this production Vika\n        Vradiy together with ''''Opalniy Prynz\\\" were to embark on a European tour,\n        however, something didn''t work out and the tour was canceled.http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/legendi-ximernogo-krayu/festival-akcz-mprezi/vern.html\\n\\nWhat\n        followed was an interesting and progressive cooperation between [[Yuriy Shtyn]]\n        and Vlad Dobriansky, in Looney Pelen.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1987 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-26T10:04:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":774155229,\"length\":11006,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opalnyi_Prynz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\"},\"35351678\":{\"pageid\":35351678,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"PanKe\n        Shava\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2013}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            =\n        PanKe Shava\\n| image           =\\n| image_size      =\\n| landscape       =\n        \\n| alt             =\\n|\n        caption         = PanKe Shava, 2013\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n|\n        alias           =\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre           =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[funk rock]], [[blues rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n| years_active    =\n        {{start date|2008}}\\u2013present\\n| label           = Independent\\n| associated_acts\n        = Lost Wanderer\\n| website         = [http://www.panke-shava.com www.panke-shava.com]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]]
Katia Perekopska
Pavlo\n        Gvozdetskyi
Vadym Poltorak
Andriy Vashchenko
Nikita Perekopskyi\\n|\n        past_members    = Roman Antipov
Sviatoslav Babii
Serb SvirskyiOleksiy Dibrova
Vitaliy Vialyi
Sashka Chech
Bohdan ShkurynskyiAlex Popel
Ivan Sopelniak
Pavel Molukevich
Taras MelnychenkoMax Kortes\\n}}\\n\\n''''''PanKe Shava'''''' is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock\n        band founded by [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]]. PanKe Shava plays\n        music that can be described as \\\"rock''n''love\\\" with the elements of ethno\n        music. The band uses such instrumental highlights as a violin, trumpet and\n        [[xylophone]].\\n\\n== History ==\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 2.jpg|thumb|PanKe Shava\n        on the largest TV music marathon that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]]]]\\nThe\n        band PanKe Shava is founded by the Kite ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439}}) frontman [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]].\n        The band has changed its staff and location few times, moving from [[Lviv]]\n        to [[Poltava]] and is based in [[Kiev]] now.\\n\\nThe artists popularize Ukrainian\n        culture in Poland and other countries in an acceptable for modern youth form.\\n\\nSince\n        its founding, PanKe Shava has performed and headlined at the various music\n        festivals throughout the world: Austin City Limits Music Festival (USA), [[The\n        night of culture|Noc Kultury]] (Poland), Fluhery Lvova (Ukraine), [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (Ukraine), Columbus Arts Festival (USA), [[:pl:Rzesz\\u00f3w#Europejski\n        Stadion Kultury|Europejski Stadion Kultury]] (Poland), Bitwa Narodow (Poland),\n        The Festival of British Rock (Ukraine), Gipper Tattoo Fest (Ukraine), Otrokiv\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u041c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f|Mlynomania]]\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430|Studrespublika]]\n        (Ukraine), Battle of the Nations (Ukraine), Vyo Kobelyaky (Ukraine).\\n\\nMoreover,\n        in 2012 the band participated in the largest TV music marathon on [[:uk:\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439|The\n        First National Channel of Ukraine]] that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]].\\n\\nIn\n        2013 PanKe Shava performed at such big festivals as [[:uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0421\\u0456\\u0447|Rock''n''Sich]] (Ukraine), Bataille des Nations (France),\n        The Best City.UA (Ukraine), [[:uk:Woodstock \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|Woodstock\n        Ukraine]], [[Przystanek Woodstock]] (Poland), [[:uk:\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442|Bandershtat]]\n        (Ukraine), and participated in a number of gala concerts on the central square\n        of [[Ukraine]] \\u2013 [[Maydan Nezalezhnosti]].[http://panke-shava.com/?m0prm=6\n        Concert schedule on the official web-site]\\n\\nSince 2010, every winter\n        PanKe Shava has been touring in Ukraine with P.S.Love Tour,[http://eradio.net.ua/806-gurt-panke-shava-virushiv-u-p-s-love-tour.html\n        PanKe Shava is on P.S.Love Tour] and in 2013 Ukrainian music program\n        Kvadrat U shot a movie about the day of the band''s life during this tour.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANepIn4msiI\n        Day In Life Of Musician \\u2013 PanKe Shava]\\n\\nTha band is involved\n        in social projects and plays music programs in higher educational establishments,\n        organizes charity concerts as a voluntary contribution to the cultural development\n        of the young people, participates in the programs aimed to promote healthy\n        lifestyle among the youth, to train cultural and moral values, to prevent\n        such negative phenomena in society as drug addiction and alcoholism.\\n\\nIn\n        2013 the band PanKe Shava cooperated actively with funds [[Great Orchestra\n        of Christmas Charity]] (the concert on 13 January during WO\\u015aP Grand Finale\n        in Warsaw)[http://sercedoserca.com.ua/ua/novini/panke-shava--vistupili-na-finali--21-blagodiinoi-akcii-naividomishogo-polskogo-fondu-velikii-orkestr-svjatkovoi-dopomogi-vosp-u-varshavi.htm\n        PanKe Shava has performed  in the final of XXI charity action of the most\n        well-known Polish fund Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity in Warsaw!]\n        and [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u044f|Heart\n        to heart (Ukraine)]] (the concert for the Hear the world! action).[http://honchar.org.ua/events/velykodnij-yarmarok-ta-vidkryttya-vystavky-konkursnyh-pysanok/\n        Charity concert Easter hearts]\\n\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 7.JPG|thumb|P.S.\n        LOVE TOUR 2012]]\\n\\n[[File:2013 Woodstock 042 Panke Shava.jpg|thumb|PanKe\n        Shava at [[Przystanek Woodstock]]]]\\n\\n== Members ==\\n\\n=== Current members\n        ===\\n* [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n* Katia Perekopska \\u2013\n        violin\\n* Pavlo Gvozdetskyi \\u2013 keyboard, vocals\\n* Vadym Poltorak \\u2013\n        bass guitar, backing vocals\\n* Andriy Vashchenko \\u2013 drums\\n* Nikita Perekopskyi\n        \\u2013 trumpet\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Roman Antipov \\u2013 percussion\n        (2008)\\n* Sviatoslav Babii \\u2013 percussion (till 2009)\\n* Serb Svirskyi\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (till 2009)\\n* Oleksiy Dibrova \\u2013 drums (2010)\\n* Vitaliy\n        Vialyi \\u2013 drums (2008 \\u2013 2009, 2011)\\n* Sashka Chech \\u2013 violin\n        (till 2011)\\n* Bohdan Shkurynskyi \\u2013 [[accordion]] (till 2012)\\n* Alex\n        Popel \\u2013 drums (till 2012)\\n* Ivan Sopelniak \\u2013 bass guitar (till\n        2012)\\n* Pavel Molukevich \\u2013 bass guitar (2012)\\n* Taras Melnychenko \\u2013\n        drums (2012\\u20132013)\\n* Max Kortes \\u2013 guitar (2011, 2013)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Strange World|Strange World]]'''''' (EP, 2010)\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Maydan\n        Birthday limited edition|Maydan Birthday limited edition]]'''''' (2013)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.panke-shava.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.facebook.com/panke.shava\n        PanKe Shava on Facebook]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava\n        on Myspace]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava on Soundcloud]\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/user/PanKeShavaTV PanKe Shava YouTube official channel]\\n*\n        [http://pankeshava.livejournal.com/ PanKe Shava LiveJournal]\\n{{Commons category|PanKe\n        Shava}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2008]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":781287396,\"length\":6455,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PanKe_Shava&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\"},\"34975852\":{\"pageid\":34975852,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Quest\n        Pistols Show\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-03T15:41:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=March\n        2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name        = Quest Pistols Show\\n| image            =\n        File:Quest Pistols Show.jpeg\\n| caption          = Quest Pistols Show in 2015\\n|\n        background       = group_or_band\\n| years_active     = 2007-present\\n| origin           =\n        [[Ukraine]], [[Kiev]]\\n| genre            = Pop, rock, electronic, house\\n|\n        language         = Russian; English\\n| label            = Kruzheva Music\\n|\n        website =        http://questpistols.com\\n| current_members     = Daniel MatseychukWashington Salles
Ivan Krishtoforenko
Mariam Turkmenbaeva\\n| past_members     =  Anton\n        Savlepov
Nikita Goruk
Konstantin Borovsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Quest Pistols\n        Show'''''' (before 2014, ''''''Quest Pistols'''''') are a Ukrainian pop-rock\n        band formed in 2007, originally consisting of Anton Savlepov (vocals, guitar),\n        Nikita Goruk (vocals, bass), and Konstantin ''Kostya'' Borovsky (vocals, keyboard).\n        In 2012 Kostya left the band and was replaced by Daniel Joy. The band began\n        as a group of dancers in a show called \\\"Quest Ballet\\\". On April 1, 2007\n        they took part as singers during the show \\\"Chance\\\" as an April Fools joke\n        with the song \\\"\\u042f \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\\" and received over\n        60,000 positive votes. After their success, the group decided to become a\n        band.\\\"[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/citylife/detail/30194/ Kiev\n        Post]\\\" Since their formation, the band has released the studio albums:\n        Dlja tebja, in 2007 and Superklass in 2009; and one EP \\\"\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\\"\n        in 2008, and now the single ''Forget Everything'' in 2013 (later added to\n        the album ''Shards of Ice''). This song marks the start of ''a new stage''\n        of the band,http://www.intermedia.ru/news/242394?page=1 completely\n        different from the usual image. The press team commented; ''With this release,\n        they start the next level in their musical career, it''s changed not only\n        the style of sound, but the pitch, perception, positioning, and also the choice\n        of material.'' Most recently, the band released ''Shards of Ice'', which takes\n        the band in a more electronic and synthpop direction.\\n\\nIn 2008 the band\n        won the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Ukrainian Act|MTV Europe Music Awards\n        2008 as best Ukrainian Act of the year]]. The same year, the band created\n        \\\"\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\\" for the soundtrack of Vladivostok FM; the fictitious\n        radio station in [[Grand Theft Auto IV]].\\\"[[Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack#Vladivostok\n        FM|Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack]]\\\"\\n\\nIn 2009 the band had been touring\n        across Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia and\n        Germany. Tour live audio design was created by [[Yurii Barybin]].\\n\\nIn 2009\n        Quest Pistols won ''''''[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]'''''' as the best band.\\n\\nIn\n        January 2016, Anton Savlepov and Nikita Goruk left the band and joined former\n        Quest Pistols member Konstantin Borovsky in a new band called ''''''\\u0410\\u0433\\u043e\\u043d\\u044c''''''.http://m.vk.com/yo_agon{{dead\n        link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===In\n        studio===\\n*2007 - [[Dlja tebja]]\\n*2009 - [[Superklass]]\\n* 2013 - Forget\n        Everything\\n* 2013 - Shards of Ice\\n\\n===EP===\\n*2008 - [[\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430]]\\n\\n===Songs\n        not included in albums===\\n*2010 - \\u042f \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\n*2010\n        - \\u0420\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\n*2011 - \\u0416\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044b\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b \\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\n*\n        2012 - [[\\u0423\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435]]\n        (feat. Lena Katina; t.A.T.u.)\\n* 2016 - \\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0447\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u0445\n        (feat. [[Open Kids]])\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.questpistols.com\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Pistols, Quest}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        pop music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-03T01:12:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":793729088,\"length\":3819,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quest_Pistols_Show&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\"},\"2654668\":{\"pageid\":2654668,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Plach\n        Yeremiyi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-05-12T11:08:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''Plach\n        Yeremiyi'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The band\n        was actually formed in February 1990, but the two most  constant\n        musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod Dyachyshyn have played together\n        since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon'''''' (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach\n        Yeremiyi songs are usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead\n        man [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org\n        Website show that the words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n==Albums==\\n*Dveri\n        k\\u043etri naspravdi ye... (''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456, \\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0456 \\u0454'''', ''''The\n        doors, which indeed exist'''') (1993)\\n*Nay bude vse yak ye (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435 \\u044f\\u043a \\u0454...'''', ''''Leave\n        it all as it is'''') (1995)\\n*Khata moya (''''\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043c\\u043e\\u044f'''',\n        ''''My house'''') (1997)\\n*Dobre (''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435'''',\n        ''''It''s good'''') (1998)\\n*Ya pidu v daleki hory (''''\\u042f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438, I will\n        go to the distant hills'''') (1999)\\n*Yak ya spala na seni (''''\\u042f\\u043a\n        \\u044f \\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456'''',\n        ''''As I slept on hay'''') (2000)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n*[[Rock legends of\n        Ukraine]] (''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438'''')\\n\\n===Taras Chubay with friends===\\n*Nashe\n        rizdvo (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 \\u0440\\u0456\\u0437\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e,\n        Our Christmas'''')\\n*Nashi partyzany (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438,\n        Our partisans'''')\\n*Nash Ivasyuk (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448 \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a,\n        Our Ivasyuk'''') (2003)\\n\\n===Taras Chubay===\\n*Svitlo i spovid''. (''''\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044c, Light and Confession'''')\n        (2003)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=144\n        Plach Jeremiji CDs on www.umka.com.ua internet store]\\n*[http://ukrcenter.com/gallery/ImagesList.asp?PidrozdilID=57\n        Photo gallery on ukrcenter.com]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-15T05:14:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":719885374,\"length\":2302,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plach_Yeremiyi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\"},\"42993558\":{\"pageid\":42993558,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Polynove\n        Pole\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-20T20:20:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{notability|Music|date=January\n        2017}}\\n{{more footnotes|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist  \\n| name                = Polynove\n        Pole\\n| image               = Polynove Pole 2007.jpg\\n| caption             =\n        Polynove Pole in 2007.\\n| landscape           = yes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Lviv]], Ukraine\\n| years_active        =\n        {{start date|2005}}\\u20132012\\n| label               =\\n| genre               =\n        [[Gothic metal]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Polynove Pole'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435}}, \\\"The Wormwood Field\\\") is a [[gothic metal]]\n        [[band (music)|band]] from [[Ukraine]]. It was formed in 2004 in [[Lviv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. The music style of the band can be described as melodic [[gothic\n        metal]], with several songs referring to [[symphonic metal]] and [[doom metal]].\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\nHaving created their first material, in the early 2005 the musicians\n        recorded a demo, which included four songs. In a couple of months \\\"Polynove\n        Pole\\\" already started to participate in concerts and rock festivals in Lviv\n        and other cities. After the considerable changes in the cast at the beginning\n        of 2007 their music changed in a way. It has become tangibly heavier, more\n        melodic and closer to the formerly chosen gothic metal style. New members\n        joined the band (amond them \\u2013 the soloist of  Lviv Philharmonic [[Marianna\n        Laba]]). That enabled he band to develop a new quality of composing music\n        and onstage performance.\\n\\nSince autumn of 2008 the musicians have got down\n        to work on studio records, where they create their first official release\n        \\u2013 a short-lasting album \\\"Pure souls\\\". The second official release,\n        a complete album ''''On Seven Winds'''' was brought out in spring 2009, combining\n        the best of the band from all the previous years. Throughout the year 2009\n        they carry on with concerts and a new musical material. In September, 2009\n        Polynove Pole performed on the biggest in Eastern Europe gothic festival \\\"Children\n        Of  The  Night:  The Black Council\\\". In October they started working on the\n        third short-lasting album, ''''Under The Cold Stone'''', released in December\n        2009.\\nDuring their stage activity, the band has plated on the same stage\n        with such famous Ukrainian and European bands as \\\"Inferno\\\", \\\"Komu Vnyz\\\"\n        ([[Ukraine]]), [[Lake of Tears]] ([[Sweden]]), \\\"Torhaus\\\", \\\"Cemetery of\n        Scream\\\" ([[Poland]]).\\n\\nBeginning from 2010 the band stopped their activity\n        due to members discordance about creative approaches.\\n\\nOn July 3, 2012 the\n        demise of the band was officially declared.{{cite web |url=http://rock.lviv.ua/band/321/\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\n        |website=Rock.lviv.ua |language= uk |accessdate= 17 May 2015}}\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\n* [[Marianna Laba]] \\u2014 female vocals (2007\\u20132012)\\n*\n        Andrew Kindratovych \\u2014 bass, growl vocals (2004\\u20132009)\\n* Mykola\n        Maksymenko \\u2014 guitar (2004\\u20132012)\\n* Oleg Rubanov \\u2014\n        keyboards (2007\\u20132012)\\n* Sergiy Krasutsky \\u2014 drums (2007\\u20132012)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===\n        Demo ===\\n* \\\"Polynove Pole\\\" (2005\\u20132006)\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n* ''''Pure\n        Souls'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2008)\\n* ''''On Seven Winds'''' (LP) (2009)\\n* ''''Under\n        The Cold Stone'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [https://myspace.com/polynovepole Polynove Pole] at [[MySpace]]\n        \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Gothic metal musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-06T20:10:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":761087075,\"length\":3435,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynove_Pole&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\"},\"35117382\":{\"pageid\":35117382,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Qarpa\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-30T09:54:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove\n        |date=March 2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n|name            = Qarpa\\n|image           = Qarpa-Huliaypole.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Performance on Maxno-Fest\\n|image_size      = 250px\\n|landscape       = yes\\n|background      =\n        group_or_band\\n|genre           = [[industrial music]], [[punk rock]], [[hardcore\n        punk]], [[trip hop]]\\n|origin          = [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], later [[Kyiv]]\n        ([[Ukraine]])\\n|years_active    = 1992\\u2013present\\n|label           =\\n|website         =\n        [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/ Qarpa]\\n|associated_acts\n        =\\n|current_members = [[Irena Karpa]]
 Oleh Artym
 Artur Danijeljan Jevhenija Smoljanynova
 Andrij Kohut\\n|past_members    =\\n}}\\n''''''Qarpa''''''\n        (before 2007 called ''''''Faktychno Sami'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456}} /f\\u0251k''t\\u026at\\u0361\\u0283n\\u0254 s\\u0251''mi/)\n        is an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] industrial band originally from [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\n        The band''s frontwoman is [[Irena Karpa]]\\u2014Ukrainian singer and writer.\n        The band released eight studio albums.\\n\\nThe band took part in many festivals\n        and was a laureate of \\\"Alternative\\\", \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\" and \\\"Majbutnje Ukrajiny\\\"\n        festivals. In 2004 the members of \\\"Faktychno Sami\\\" shot the film \\\"Kyiv.\n        Limited Edition\\\", which was later presented in [[Molodist]] film festival.\\n\\nAlso\n        the band is famous of their antiglamour parties like \\u00abSecond-hand of\n        the Stars\\u00bb or \\u00abLucifer wants go home\\u00bb.\\n\\nThe band''s old name,\n        Faktychno Sami, in Ukrainian means \\\"actually alone\\\".\\n\\n==Current members==\\n*\n        [[Irena Karpa]] ''''(\\u0406\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430)''''\n        \\u2013 vocal (since 1999)\\n* Oleh Artym ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433 \\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c)''''\n        \\u2013 guitar, programming (since 1992)\\n* Artur Danijeljan ''''(\\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\n        \\u0414\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0454\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d)'''' \\u2013 bass, programming\n        (since 1999)\\n* Jevhenija Smoljanynova ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430)'''' \\u2013\n        cello (since 2003)\\n* Andrij Kohut ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0442)'''' \\u2013 drums (2005\\u20132010), soundman\n        (since 2010)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n* ''''[[D.dkova hra|D.\\u0434\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0430]]'''' (Didjkova hra, 1999)\\n* ''''[[B.P.P.|\\u0411.\\u041f.\\u041f.]]''''\n        (B.P.P, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kosmichnyi Vakuum|\\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0443\\u043c]]'''' (Kosmichnyj vakuum, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kurva\n        Cum Back]]'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Fuck\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456\n        (Best Of 1995\\u20132004)'''' (2004)\\n* ''''[[Lo-Fi TRavmy|Lo-Fi TR\\u0430\\u0432\\u043c\\u0438]]''''\n        (Lo-Fi Travmy, 2005)\\n* ''''[[IN ZHYR|IN \\u0416\\u0418\\u0420]]'''' (Inzhyr,\n        2007)\\n* ''''[[& I Made A Man]]'''' (2011)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/\n        Official page] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/fs2021 Official\n        YouTube]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/qarpa Official MySpace]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=38\n        Lyrics] {{uk icon}}\\n* [http://www.meridiancz.com/en/participants-2012/musical-poetical-program-by-irena-karpa-and-band-qarpa/\n        About the band on meridiancz.com]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/klub/fs.php Information\n        about the band on rock.kiev.ua] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211163039/http://irenakarpa.com/en/\n        Official page of Irena Karpa] \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        industrial music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian punk rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Hardcore\n        punk groups]]\\n[[Category:Trip hop groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T02:20:19Z\",\"lastrevid\":772947733,\"length\":3199,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qarpa&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\"},\"19305276\":{\"pageid\":19305276,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"SKAI\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-02T11:35:47Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = SKAI
\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419\\n|image           =\n        Skay-2008.jpg\\n|caption         = SKAY at Maidan Nezalezhnosti,
Kyiv on\n        August 24, 2008\\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Pop rock]]\\n|years_active    =\n        2001 \\u2013 present\\n|label           = [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts\n        = \\n|website         = {{URL|skay.com.ua}}\\n|current_members = Oleh Sobchuk
Oleksandr\n        Hryshchuk
Yuriy Rudnytskyi
Serhiy Nedashkovskyi
Yuriy Mozil\\n}}\\n\\n''''''SKAI''''''\n        (formerly named ''''''SKAY'''''', {{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419''''''}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[pop rock]] band. It was formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]],\n        Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nAfter the band was formed in 2001, it started to\n        tour the country and performed at several festivals like Perlyny sezonu, Tavriyski\n        ihry and Chervona ruta. They became more known to a broader audience after\n        their appearance on the programme ''''Fresh Blood'''' on the Ukrainian TV\n        channel M1. The general director Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and\n        signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn 2006 their first album, ''''Te, shcho treba'''',\n        was released. They released their second album ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.''''  in\n        2007.\\n\\nIn 2008,  frontman Oleh Sobchuk was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for\n        his participation in the rock-tour with the same name.\\\"His Beatitude\n        Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church Awards to Priests and Musicians Who\n        Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated to 1020th Years of the Baptism\n        of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), 2008.\\n\\nIn\n        October-November 2013 the group took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are\n        united\\\" along with popular Ukrainian and Russian bands (Chaif, Bratya Karamazovy\n        etc.). After concerts part of Ukrainian media wrote that the band supports\n        pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]], which probably could be one\n        of unofficial organizers of the tour. However, since other singers disclaimed\n        their support to Putin''s politics, Oleh Sobchuk and other members of the\n        band cancelled all cooperation with them and with any other events that could\n        be related with politics. Later on the official website musicians explained\n        their negative position to any politic forces. http://skay.com.ua/history/\\n\\n==Current\n        members==\\n*Oleh Sobchuk \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n*Oleksandr Hryshchuk \\u2013\n        lead guitar\\n*Alexander Drucker \\u2013 bass guitar\\n*Eugen Kebelew \\u2013\n        drums\\n*Yuriy Mozil \\u2013 keyboards\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''Te,\n        shcho treba'''' (''''\\u0422\\u0435, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n*\n        2007 \\u2013 ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.'''' (''''\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.'''')\\n* 2010 \\u2014 ''''!''''\\n* 2014 \\u2014\n        ''''Kray neba'''' (''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.skay.com.ua/ SKAY''s official website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T16:43:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":768200355,\"length\":3001,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SKAI&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\"},\"51080119\":{\"pageid\":51080119,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skinhate\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-01T03:59:27Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=July 2016}}\\n{{unsourced|date=August 2017}}\\n{{Infobox musical\n        artist \\n| name               =\n        Skinhate\\n| image              = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size         =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[nu metal]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Pokrov, Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u2013present\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine]]\\n| website            = [http://www.skinhate.com/\n        Skinhate]\\n| associated_acts    = \\n| current_members    = Dmytro Kustikov Oleksandr Stepanenko
 Vitaliy Kuznetsov
 Oleksandr Kukhtin\\n|\n        past_members       = Andriy Diadiura (R.I.P.)
 Oleksandr Yefymenko (R.I.P.)Yevhen Lashko
 Serhiy Maryshev
 Oleksa Fisiuk
 Anton Yelisin\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skinhate''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0445\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore\n        punk|hardcore]] band from [[Pokrov, Ukraine]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nIn fact,\n        the history of the band began in the summer of 1994, when Oleksandr Kukhtin,\n        Oleksandr Stepanenko, Andriy Diadiura, Vitaliy Kuznetsov and Oleksandr Yefymenko,\n        changing the names (\\\"Nekropedofil\\\", \\\"Godless\\\", \\\"Virgin Cunt\\\") began\n        to give concerts in small towns of Ukraine. In this period it was created\n        a number of songs that have become mega hit in the era immediately \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nIn\n        1998, the band took the name \\\"Hate\\\", which was later changed to \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nThe\n        first concert took place in [[Kyiv]] in 1999. By this time the group has managed\n        to record their own album called \\\"Skinhate\\\", after rewriting Moon Records\n        called \\\"War in heads\\\". The album is dedicated to the memory of one of Andriy\n        ''Yuryk'' Diadiura, one of band founders who was killed in 2000.\\n\\nIn 2002\n        SkinHate recorded the second album \\u2013 \\\"Ticket to paradise.\\\"\\n\\nIn 2006\n        the band released their 3rd album \\\"All around\\\".\\n\\n==Members==\\n;Active\n        members\\n* Dmytro Kustikov ''Kust'' ''''(\\u0414\\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n* Oleksandr Stepanenko ''Stepan'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 guitar\\n* Vitaliy Kuznetsov ''Kuzma'' ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar\\n* Oleksandr Kukhtin ''KuxXxtia'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0425\\u0445\\u0442\\u044f'')''''\n        \\u2013 drums\\n\\n;Former members\\n* Andriy Diadiura ''Yuryk'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u044f\\u0434\\u044e\\u0440\\u0430 ''\\u042e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a'')'''' \\u2013\n        vocal, guitar (1999\\u20132001)\\n* Yevhen Lashko ''Zh.K.'' ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0448\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0416. \\u041a.'')'''' \\u2013 vocal (1999\\u20132006;\n        2008\\u20132009)\\n* Serhiy Maryshev ''Banan'' ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u0432 ''\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (2004\\u20132008)\\n* Oleksa Fisiuk ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\n        \\u0424\\u0456\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2008\\u20132010)\\n*\n        Anton Yelisin ''Kalyna'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0404\\u043b\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\n        ''\\u041a\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430'')'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2000\\u20132002)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Yefymenko ''Yefym'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n\\n==Discography==\\n;Studio albums\\n* 2001 \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445'''' (Viyna v holovakh, ''''War\n        in heads'''')\\n* 2002 \\u2013 ''''\\u041a\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a \\u0434\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u044e'''' (Kvytok do raiu, ''''Ticket to paradise'''')\\n* 2003\n        \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445\n        + bonus'''' (Viyna v holovakh + bonus, ''''War in heads + bonus''''; re-released)\\n*\n        2004 \\u2013 ''''Hatemix'''' \\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438''''\n        (Navkruhy, ''''All around'''')\\n* 2016 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0435\\u042f\\u043a\\u0423\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (NeYakUsi, ''''Not like everyone else'''')\\n\\n;Singles\\n* 2010 \\u2013 ''''ZDATEN''''\n        (''''Able'''')\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''Bull-Dozer''''\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c''''\n        (Hran, ''''Edge'''')\\n* 2015 \\u2013 ''''\\u042f\\u043a \\u0443\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (YakUsi, ''''Like everyone else'''')\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c\\\"\n        / \\\"Hran\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhM0AnO-jCY]\\n* \\\"32\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8XPLrizXs8]\\n\\n==\n        Interesting facts ==\\n* Despite the name, guys have no relation to the movement\n        of [[skinhead]]s and [[neo-Nazi]]s, but such name has become an obstacle to\n        the publication of their albums in Russia.\\n* Skinhate''s musical style was\n        influenced by such bands: [[Slayer]], [[Korn]], [[Sepultura]], [[Slipknot\n        (band)|Slipknot]], [[Soulfly]], [[Biohazard]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine\n        Head]] and more.\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.skinhate.com/ Skinhate]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:1999 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:53:53Z\",\"lastrevid\":793338375,\"length\":4364,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skinhate&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\"},\"28143525\":{\"pageid\":28143525,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skryabin\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-30T13:28:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Skryabin\\n| image                = \\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d.jpg\\n|\n        caption           = \\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]], [[New wave music|new wave]], [[synthpop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Novoyavorivsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1989-present\\n| label              =\n        \\n| website                = \\n| associated_acts    = [[Yulia Lord]], [[Iryna\n        Bilyk]], [[Druha Rika]], [[Dazzle Dreams]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skryabin'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d}},\n        also transliterated as ''''Scriabin'''' or ''''Skriabin'''') is a famous Ukrainian\n        rock, pop band formed in 1989 in Novoyarivsk, Ukraine. Prominent Ukrainian\n        musician [[Andriy Kuzmenko|Andriy \\\"Kuzma\\\" Kuzmenko]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e}}) was the band''s\n        lead singer until his death in 2015.[https://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/12483/\n        No end to small town boy''s long and winding road] ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''',\n        19 September 2002\\n\\nDuring its existence Skryabin has gone from synthpop\n        to rock and pop music. As it progressed the band has been divided into \\\"the\n        classic Skryabin\\\" and \\\"the new Skryabin\\\". The border between these two\n        runs between 2000-2003.\\n\\nOne of the group''s 2005 songs, ''''Lyudy Yak Korabli''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 \\u042f\\u043a \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456}}),\n        spent a record 39 continuous weeks (as of the end of 2007) on FDR Radiocenter''s\n        Top 40, which began tracking Ukrainian radioplay in May 2002. In February\n        2006 ''''Stari Fotohrafiyi'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456 \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        debuted at #1 on the chart and ''''Padai'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439}})\n        similarly entered in the top slot three months later.[http://www.fdr.com.ua/news_item/22583/\n        \\u0424\\u0414\\u0420 \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043f 40 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438]\n        28 December 2007\\n\\nThe group was named \\\"Best Pop Band\\\" in 2006 at\n        the \\\"ShowBiz Awards\\u201d held in Kyiv''s [[National Opera House of Ukraine|National\n        Opera House]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/24391/\n        Pop Notes]''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', 3 May 2006\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\nThis\n        list contains only full albums excluding singles, compilations, remixes, lives\n        and other projects.\\n* 1989 \\u2014 ''''\\u0427\\u0443\\u0454\\u0448 \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c''''\n        (Feel The Pain)\\n* 1992 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''''\n        (Fishes Language)\\n* 1993 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442''''\n        (Technofight)\\n* 1995 \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0442\\u0430\\u0445\\u0438'''' (Birds)\\n*\n        1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431'''' (Fishes Language,\n        re-release)\\n* 1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438'''' (Fairytales)\\n*\n        1999 \\u2014 ''''\\u0425\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u043a'''' (Worm)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0415\\u0443\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430'''' (Euterpa)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 1999'''' (Technofight\n        1999)\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (Fashionable Country)\\n* 2001 \\u2014 ''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437''''\n        (Striptease)\\n* 2002 \\u2014 ''''\\u041e\\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Winter People)\\n* 2003 \\u2014 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430''''\n        (Nature)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e'''' (Tango)\\n*\n        2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440'''' (Glamour)\\n* 2007\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432?'''' (About Love?)\\n*\n        2009 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u044f \\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (My Evolution)\\n* 2012 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''''\n        (Radio Love)\\n* 2013 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f\\u043a'''' (Kind\n        Soul)\\n* 2014 \\u2014 ''''25''''\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Skriabin}}\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Skryabin-Skrabin/107357035485\n        Skryabin on Facebook]\\n*{{youtube|eLsn7g_wHP4|Music video for \\\"\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\"\n        (''''Fall'''')}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Skryabin (Band)}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        electronic musicians]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\\n{{rock-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-11T14:46:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":788267839,\"length\":3778,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skryabin_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\"},\"7041972\":{\"pageid\":7041972,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Tartak\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-14T21:17:19Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Other\n        uses}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = Tartak
\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\n|image              =\n        \\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg\\n|caption         = Tartak performing\n        \\n|image_size         = 300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Alternative rock]], [[rap-rock]], [[punk rock]], [[rapcore]], [[pop punk]],\n        [[funk]]\\n|years_active     = 1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon\n        Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] 
 [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.tartak.com.ua\\n|current_members  = [[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi]] 
\n        [[Vitaliy Pavlyshyn]] 
 [[Andriy Blahun]] 
 [[Eduard Kosorapov]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Chuyev]]| 
 [[Anton Yehorov]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Tartak''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}} {{IPA-uk|t\\u0251r\\u02c8t\\u0251k|}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from [[Ukraine]]. They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics. \\\"Tartak\\\" means\n        ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought that tartak\n        symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate for a\n        band name.\\n\\n==History==\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]]\n        founded the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group\n        has released five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums]  Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio Albums===\\n*\n        2001 - ''''''[[Demohrafichnyi vybukh]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0445)\\n* 2003 - ''''''[[Systema nerviv]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0456\\u0432)\\n* 2004 - ''''''[[Muzychnyi lyst shchastia]]''''''\n        (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u0449\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f)\\n* 2005 - ''''''[[Huliai-Horod]]'''''' (\\u0413\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u0439\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434)\\n*\n        2006 - ''''''[[Slozy ta sopli]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456)\\n* 2010 - ''''''[[Opir materialiv]]''''''\n        (\\u041e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0440 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432)\\n*\n        2012 - ''''''[[Simka]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2015 - ''''''[[Vvichnist]]''''''\n        (\\u0412\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c)\\n\\n===Remix Albums===\\n*\n        2005 - ''''''[[Pershyi komertsiynyi]]'''''' (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439))\\n* 2007\n        - ''''''[[Kofein (album)|Kofein]]'''''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0444\\u0435\\u0457\\u043d)\\n*\n        2010 - ''''''[[Nazbyralosia na 2010]]'''''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2010) - remixes, remakes, unreleased\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Ukrayino, zabyvai!]]'''''' (\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0439!)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Zaklipani pisni abo bachyly ochi shcho kupuvaly]]'''''' (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043b\\u0456\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u0431\\u0430\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043e\\u0447\\u0456 \\u0449\\u043e \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438)\\n*\n        2007 - ''''''[[Dlia tiekh kto v puti]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u043b\\u044f \\u0442\\u0454\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u0442\\u043e \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0456)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{refbegin}}\\n:''''''Inline''''''\\n{{refend}}\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://tartak.com.ua/ Official web site]\\n* {{uk icon}}\n        [http://tartak.com.ua/istorija/ Official biography by band''s front-man Sashko\n        Polozhynskyi]\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://uaformat.com/content/view/1384/39/ 10th\n        Anniversary interview]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-05T18:26:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":749536824,\"length\":4244,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tartak&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\"},\"38783870\":{\"pageid\":38783870,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Telnyuk Sisters\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-28T12:14:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2013}}{{peacock|date=March 2013}}{{notability|Music|date=March\n        2013}}}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = The Telnyuk Sisters
\\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a:\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\n|image              = Telnyuk sisters_4.JPG\\n|caption         =\n        \\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a: \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438  -\n        The Telnyuk Sisters\\n|image_size         = \\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Art_rock|Art Rock]], [[Crossover_(music)|Crossover]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1986\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[COMP music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[KOMORA]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.telnyuk.info\\n|current_members  = [[Lesya\n        Telnyuk]] 
 [[Halya Telnyuk]] 
 [[Sviatoslav Borovyk]] 
 [[Ihor\n        Patsovskyi]] 
[[Maksym Rymar]]|\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''The\n        Telnyuk Sisters'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian vocal [[Duet|duo]], Merited Artist of Ukraine Lesya and Halya\n        Telnyuk.\\n\\nAmong achievements - studio albums, theatrical performances, [[Vasyl\n        Stus Prize]] for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\nThe\n        repertoire the duo`s songs based on poems by [[Taras Shevchenko|T.Shevchenko]],\n        [[Pavlo Tychyna|P.Tychyna]], [[Yevgene Malaniuk|Ye.Malanuik]], [[Bohdan-Ihor\n        Antonych|B.-I.Antonych]], [[Vasyl Stus|V.Stus]], [[Lina Kostenko|L.Kostenko]],\n        [[Oksana_Zabuzhko|O.Zabuzhko]] and others.\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe duo, as a\n        professional team formed in 1986 year. Criticism qualifies creative artists\n        as a \\\"breath of fresh air\\\", \\\"cure for despair\\\", \\\"mystery words and music\\\",\n        rightly considering the duo as \\\"the last bastion of high poetry and music\n        in the space of modern Ukrainian song.\\\" In fact, Sisters not only among local\n        artists use genuine poetry and act only \\\"live\\\" (both in acoustics and in\n        electronics), adhering to the highest professional requirements.\\n\\n=== Prehistory\n        ===\\nFrom the early childhood, Lesya and Halya surrounded by poetry, music,\n        painting - both Ukrainian and the best world samples. Their father [[Stanislav\n        Telnyuk]] - is Ukrainian writer, literary critic, poet, translator, and their\n        mother Nelly Kopylova - is linguist, translator of Oriental Languages, editor.\n        The atmosphere of the poetic word, with its rhythms, colors, melodies - has\n        become an integral and organic in shaping the ideological position of artist`s\n        future.\\n\\nThe first musical compositions Sisters began creating in the 13-year-old\n        age: rock ballads, sketches, pastels, elegies, songs for choral performance\n        on the verses of poets-classics of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\nLesya and Halya\n        entrusted first serious attempt to arranging their own songs to talented composer\n        - Alexander Melnyk. This was the beginning of creative collaboration (\\\"I\n        stand on the cliff ...\\\" \\\"Do not look so friendly ...\\\" \\\"By psalteries ...\\\").\\n\\n==\n        Timeline, professional contacts ==\\nA year from start of professional activity\n        Sisters became the laureates of national competition \\\"New Names\\\" (1987).\\n\\nAwarded\n        diplomas at the first and second festival[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|\\\"Chervona\n        Ruta\\\"]] (1989, 1991). The first songs were created in verse [[Pavlo Tychyna]],\n        whose work Stanislav Telnyuk explored.\\n\\nThe first festival \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\"\n        - 1989. The song \\\"Summer has flew\\\" - lyrics by Tamara Mezentseva, music\n        by Alexander Melnyk, performed by The Telnyuk Sisters - was the best festival\n        song. Albums: \\\"Moment\\\"(\\\"Myt`\\\"), \\\"Lesya and Halya\\\" and nearly a dozen\n        songs off collections continued this creative collaboration. In those 90''s,\n        the duo`s songs and arrangements were created by the young, brilliant composer\n        Andryj Shust (\\\"Falcon\\\"(\\\"Sokil\\\"), \\\"Belles Summer has passed ...\\\").\\n\\nInteresting\n        songs with a new sound appeared with the advent of the creative pianist and\n        composer Ivan Davydenko (\\\"Take offense\\\", \\\"Under the rain\\\", \\\"Ophelia\\\",\n        \\\"Next to you\\\"). Gradually, this work with John Davydenko, joined by such\n        talented musicians as Eugene Bortnychuk, Oleg Putyatin, Igor Sereda. The album\n        \\\"Silence and Thunder\\\" started to set up with such members.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sisters\n        together with guitarist Mick Taylor (ex \\\"[[Rolling Stones]]\\\") recorded blues\n        song \\\"My futile love\\\" (Love in vain). Interestingly, this [[blues]] sounds\n        like Ukrainian with colorful sound of bandura.\\n\\nIn the late 90s, to the\n        60 anniversary of the birth of the Ukrainian poet Vasyl Stus, the program\n        \\\"Swinging evening broken even ...\\\" was created; it is a series of unique\n        performances by Raisa Nedashkivska in cooperation with the son of the poet\n        Dmytro Stus and actress Halyna Stefanova, bard, composer Sergyi Moroz. Also,\n        the program \\\"On the Edge\\\" was dedicated to the memory of the poet, was seen\n        and heard by Canadian students. Sisters was awarded to [[Vasyl Stus Prize]]-(1998)\n        for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\n2000-2001. A first\n        attempt of creative collaboration with the theater. The controversial play\n        \\\"UBN\\\"([[Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist]]) was staged in [[Skarbek Theatre|Lviv\n        Drama Zankovetska Theatre]], led by [[Strygun Fedir Mykholajovych|Fedir Mykholajovych\n        Strygun]], Theatre Art Director, People''s Artist of Ukraine, Laureate of\n        the [[National Prize of Ukraine Taras Shevchenko|Shevchenko Prize]]. Director\n        - Myroslav Hrynyshyn, screenwriter - Halyna Telnyuk, author of music songs\n        to play - Lesya Telnyuk. Drama \\\"UBN\\\" has become a cultural and political\n        phenomenon, successfully passed the cities of Ukraine. Interesting and original\n        version of \\\"UBN\\\" is staged Lutsk Drama Theater.\\n\\nFor many years creative\n        work and friendship combine the duo \\\"Sisters Telnyuk\\\" with the teacher in\n        bandura Odessa State Conservatory - Nina Morozevich, who is the leader of\n        Trio \\u00abMallows\\\" - Odessa State Philharmonic. This team has a repertoire\n        of several Telnyuk Sisters songs, which successfully performs on their concerts\n        at home and abroad.\\n\\nNew, original ideas connect Halya and Lesya with Ukrainian\n        minstrel, modern master at making banduras - [[Hrynkiw Roman D.|Roman Hrynkiv]].\\n\\nSisters\n        communicate with many people during their foreign concert tours. These are\n        professional meetings, common performances and projects with various musicians,\n        artists such as Americans, Canadians, and Ukrainians. Among them, the brightest\n        are: Vasyl Popadiuk - violinist (Canada, Ukraine), [[Julian Kytasty]] - bandura\n        (USA).\\n\\nIn Canada, the Telnyuk Sisters became acquainted with the artist\n        Igor Polishchuk and within a few years there was a modern project \\\"Above\n        us the sky.\\\" Original, unique fusion of music, poetry and painting. A multimedia\n        show which included pictures, songs, videos. Ten cities in America and Canada\n        were able to see and hear this groundbreaking event.\\n\\nThe duo participated\n        in many joint projects. This release audio CDs:\\n* \\\"Ukrainian lullabies\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Kruty. Concert for the Angels \\\"\\n* \\\"Festival in Montreal\\\"\\n* \\\"Live Voice\n        of Vasyl Stus\\\"\\n* \\\"Kobzar\\\".\\n\\nIn autumn 2008 Telnyuk Sisters together\n        with Dmitro Stus and Roman Semysal created the project \\\"Stusove circle\\\"\n        about a landmark figure in Ukrainian history, a live legend, poet, translator\n        Vasyl Stus. It was directed by Sergyi Proskurnia.\\n\\n8\\u201317 December 2008\n        The Telnyuk Sisters shared with the legendary [[Komu Vnyz]] the concert tour.\n        Program \\\"Wind of centuries\\\" was seen and heard in: [[Odesa]], [[Kherson]],\n        [[Krivyj Rig]], [[Kirovograd]], [[Sumy]], [[Kharkiv]] [[Dnipropetrovsk]].\\n\\nIn\n        2009, the Sisters joined the \\\"[[AntonychFest]]\\\" - the celebration of the\n        centenary from the birth of [[Bohdan-Ihor Antonych|B.-I. Antonych]], held\n        by artists and youth organizations on a voluntary basis (without the support\n        of government support and businessmen). In addition to performances on the\n        concert stage festival, October 7, 2009 '''' CD \\\"Forever. Bohdan-Ihor Antonych\n        \\\"'''' was presented. These are 5 song interpretations on Antonych poetry\n        '''' ''Forever'','''' Ukrainian and French tracks, written with bands [[Dead\n        Rooster]], \\\"Ab\\u044bMS\\\" and Olexandr Melnyk.\\n\\nJanuary 22, 2010 in KinoPalats\n        was a premiere of musical film \\\"Telnyuk: Rehearsal\\u00bb. Known in the West\n        the format rehearsal (rehearsal video) was first in Ukraine involved by director\n        Alexander Antennae in the concert program of the Sisters'' Yellow Dandelion.\n        \\\"August 13, 2009 at a recording studio Komora Ukrainian musicians let the\n        film crew to shoot the program \\\"on the first take\\\".\\n\\nIn March, 2010, presentation\n        of the new Sisters album \\\"SONMO\\\" was held. In spring there was tour in several\n        cities of the country, it completed a grand concert in [[Kyiv Operetta]].\n        Concert of the presented program took place in the city for the second time,\n        viewers welcomed the artists while standing. Among the audience was, in particular,\n        the President of Ukraine [[Viktor Yushchenko]].\\n\\nThe Sisters have also created\n        a number of sketches of songs based on poems by Oksana Zabuzhko.\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n# 1991 - \\\"[[Myt`]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c)\\n#\n        1994 - \\\"[[Halya i Lesya]]\\\" (\\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f \\u0456 \\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f)\\n#\n        1998 - \\\"[[Tysha i Hrim]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c)\\n#\n        2000 - \\\"[[Live in Canada]]\\\"\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[U.B.N.: pisni z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0423.\\u0411.\\u041d.:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Zhar-ptytsi]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u0430\\u0440-\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456)\\n#\n        2005 - \\\"[[Vybrane 1CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435 1CD)\\n#\n        2005 \\u2013 \\\"[[Vybrane 2CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\n        2CD)\\n# 2007 - \\\"[[Zhovta Kulbaba]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430)\\n#\n        2008 - \\\"[[Telnyuk: Nazavzhdy]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0436\\u0434\\u0438)\\n# 2009 \\u2013 \\\"[[Telnyuk:\n        Live]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Live)\\n# 2010 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Telnyuk: Rehearsal]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Rehearsal)\\n#\n        2010 - \\\"[[SONMO]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u041e\\u041d\\u041c\\u041e)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Moje sertse\n        v Verchovyni]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0432\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0456)\\n# 2011 \\u2013 \\\"[[Incrustatsiji:pisni\n        z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0406\\u043d\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2011 - \\\"[[Doroha zi skla]]\\\" (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n* [http://www.telnyuk.info\n        Official project site]\\n* [http://twitter.com/telnyuk_sisters Official twitter\n        account]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/thetelnyuksisters Official page on YouTube]\\n*\n        [http://www.umka.com.ua/ukr/singer/?id=184 Albums on www.umka.com.ua]\\n* [http://www.lvivpost.net/content/view/4218/527\n        Dissidents today. Interview(ukr)]\\n* [http://www.ut.net.ua/Publication/7437\n        Just be yourself (Interview)// Ukrainian weekly, \\u211651, 17.12.2010]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Telnyuk\n        Sisters}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Sibling\n        musical duos]]\\n[[Category:People from Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 1986]]\\n[[Category:1986 establishments in the Soviet Union]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-25T00:33:58Z\",\"lastrevid\":751902074,\"length\":10562,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Telnyuk_Sisters&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\"},\"53020565\":{\"pageid\":53020565,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Teoriia\n        Gvaltu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-25T20:42:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=January\n        2017}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Teoriia Gvaltu
\\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443\\n| image               = \\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n|\n        genre               = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Street punk]]\\n* [[ska]]\\n* [[post-rock]]\\n*\n        [[folk punk]]\\n}}\\n| years_active      = 2007\\u2013present\\n| label             =\n        Underground Rec\\n| website           = \\n| current_members   = Oleksii KalashnykSashko Baranov
Pankrat Cios
Vadym Kanchalaba\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Teoriia\n        Gvaltu'''''' ({{lang-uk|'''''' \\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Ruckus Theory'''') \\u2013 an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music\n        band that plays in the genres of street punk, ska and folk punk.\\n\\n==Biography==\\nFormed\n        in 2007, the band originally, in all respects, consisted of Les` (vocals,\n        flute, trombone), Sashko (guitar, vocals) and Ivan (bass). Laptop samples\n        had performed feature of drummer. By the time the guys listened to a variety\n        of music and tried to play all heard in these compositions. The group combines\n        [[Contemporary folk music|folk]], old-school-[[hardcore punk|hardcore]], ska\n        and [[nu-metal]].\\n\\nDmytro (drums) and Nadia (accordion) joined the group\n        in 2007. After charismatic accordionista went to Odessa study medicine, Roman\n        joined the band (keyboards, accordion, backing vocals). The band sent toward\n        the style of ska, [[ska punk]] and [[reggae]]. When Ivan left the group, another\n        Roman went to replace the bass.{{cite web|url=http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/2713.html|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=pisni.org.ua}} In 2011, Pancrate, the former leader\n        of the Russian group \\\"Keine Engel\\\" (c. Perm), began to perform role of the\n        bassist.\\n\\nAt the moment diverse musical style of the group can be described\n        as [[punk rock]] ([[street punk]], [[oi!]]) interspersed [[Rock music in Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-[[Rock\n        music in Ireland|Irish]] [[Folk rock|folk]] and ska punk.{{cite web|url=http://uk.likefm.org/artist/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D2%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=likefm.org}}\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n* Oleksii Kalashnyk\n        \\u2014 vocal, trombone, sopilka, keyboard (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Sashko Baranov\n        \\u2014 vocal, guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Pankrat Cios \\u2014 bass, backing\n        vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Kanchalaba \\u2014 drums (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''Three Arrows'''' EP (2011)\\n* ''''Karm\\u0430liuk'''' (2016)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[https://ruckustheory.bandcamp.com/ Ruckus Theory on bandcamp.com]\\n*[https://myspace.com/teoriyagvaltu\n        Teoriia Gvaltu on myspace.com]\\n*[https://vk.com/club3658062 Teoriia Gvaltu\n        on vk.com]\\n*[https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83\n        Discography of Teoriia Gvaltu]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in\n        2007]]\\n[[Category:People from Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-09T12:30:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":772186845,\"length\":3044,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teoriia_Gvaltu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\"},\"2778651\":{\"pageid\":2778651,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"TNMK\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name = TNMK\\n| Img = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e.jpg\\n|\n        Img_capt = \\n| background = group_or_band\\n| alias = \\n| origin = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Alternative hip hop]],\n        [[Rap rock]], [[Jazz]], [[Funk]], [[Rapcore]]\\n| years_active = 1989\\u2013present\\n|\n        label = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* [[Lavina Music]]\\n*\n        [[Nova Records]]\\n* [[Astra Rekords]]\\n* [[Volya Records]]\\n}}\\n| associated_acts\n        = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Apollo 440]][http://www.apollo440.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=96\n        Apollo 440 finish new 5th album - \\u2018The Future\\u2019s What It Used To\n        Be\\u2019. Guest vocal appearances by Mary Byker and Oleg Mykhailuta (TNMK).]\\n*\n        [[Albina Dzhanabaeva]]\\n* [[Nu Virgos]]\\n* [[Ivan Dorn]]\\n* [[Vakhtang Kikabidze]]\\n*\n        [[Mgzavrebi]]\\n}}\\n| website = {{url|http://www.tnmk.com/}}\\n| current_members\n        = Fahot
Fozzi
Kotya
Yarik
Oleksandr Shymans\\u02b9kyy
Vitol\\u02b9d
TonIk\\n|\n        past_members = Dilya\\n}}\\n\\n''''''TNMK'''''' or ''''''Tanok na Maidani Kongo''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e}}; literally ''''Dance at the Congo Square'''')\n        - is the most successful [[Ukrainian hip hop|Ukrainian hip-hop]] group.[http://myradio.ua/group/310\n        \\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\u0422\\u041d\\u041c\\u041a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\\u0456 myradio.ua:\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434 1989 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f]\n        They are known for clever, yet often tongue-in-cheek, lyrics; mixing hip-hop\n        with [[Rock music|rock]], [[funk]] and [[jazz]] music and playing real instruments\n        on their albums and live shows, rather than using [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\n        and [[drum machine]]s. TNMK performed at many festivals as: [[Sziget Festival|Sziget\n        Fest]],[http://www.unian.info/society/59438-esthetic-education-and-tnmk-showed-themselves-in-sziget-rock-festival.html\n        Esthetic Education and TNMK showed themselves in \\u201cSziget\\u201d rock-festival]\n        [[Zakhid]], [[Tavria Games]], [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]],\n        [[Faine Misto]] and [[Bandershtat]].\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was formed\n        at a labor camp on 14 June 1989 by Oleksandr \\\"Fozzi\\\" Sydorenko and Kostiantyn\n        \\\"Kotia\\\" Zhuikov and was originally called ''''''Novye Doma'''''' ({{lang-ru|''''\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430''''}}) after one of the [[Kharkiv]] city neighborhoods\n        where members of the band lived. They performed at the camp graduation ceremony,\n        after which it was decided to gather the full band on 1 September 1989 at\n        the school No. 11 where they studied. In September of the same year during\n        [[subbotnik]], the band guitarist Ivan Rykov, instead of painting a goal post,\n        drew at the school shooting range a phrase \\\"''''\\u041d\\u041e\\u0412\\u042b\\u0415\n        \\u0414\\u041e\\u041c\\u0410 \\u0413\\u0420''''\\\", while for the rest ''''\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410''''\n        he ran out of paint (\\u0413\\u0420\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410 in Russian means\n        a band). The phrase survived for over 20 years, but faded away over a time.\n        Originally Novye Doma played near the local Palace of Pioneers (southeastern\n        portion of the city), but later managed to secure a studio at the Palace of\n        Pioneers in the west side of the city where they performed in 1990-1994. Coincidentally\n        just over the fence from the Palace of Culture was located a boarding music\n        school where at the same time the future band member Oleh Mykhailyuta was\n        learning to play [[bassoon]] ({{lang-it|fagotto}}). The palace administration\n        allowed the band to perform under one condition that they would play one of\n        the popular songs once a week. Among the composition that they had to learn\n        was [[I''ve Been Thinking About You]] by [[Londonbeat]], [[Don''t Cry]] by\n        [[Guns''N''Roses]], as well as Soviet pop songs.\\n\\nOn suggestion of the band''s\n        [[wind instrument]]s performer Maksym Lytvynenko, the band changed its name\n        to ''''''Tanets na ploschadi Kongo'''''' after the [[Congo Square]] in [[New\n        Orleans]], which is considers to be a place where [[jazz]] was born.\\n\\nSometime\n        in 1997 the band changed its name to the current Ukrainian version which was\n        adopted for the 1997 Chervona Ruta festival.\\n\\nTNMK released its first album,\n        ''''Zroby meni hip-hop'''', in 1998. The title track became an underground\n        hit in [[Ukraine]], but it was only with the release of ''''''Neformat''''''\n        in 2001 that they rose to mainstream popularity. ''''Pozhezhi mista Vavilon'''',\n        released in 2004, had a harder sound, while ''''Jazzy'''', released in the\n        same year, was a [[live album]] recorded with a Ukrainian jazz band, Skhid-Side,\n        and featured TNMK songs re-arranged in a jazz and funk  style. In the same\n        year, the group toured [[France]] and recorded French versions of some of\n        their songs. Their album ''''Syla'''' was voted the best album of 2005 by\n        the most popular Ukrainian music portal [http://music.com.ua music.com.ua].\n        Their 2008 album, ''''ReFormatTsia vol.2'''', is a compilation of remixes\n        of their songs sung by them and other singers such as [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Mariya\n        Burmaka]] and GreatFruit. The album also includes a remix of the song \\\"[[Chervona\n        Ruta (song)|Chervona Ruta]]\\\" featuring [[Sofia Rotaru]]. In 2014 they realised\n        their last album - ''''Dzerkalo''''.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n* 1998 ''''[[:uk:\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f|Zroby meni\n        hip-hop (Make me hip hop)]]'''' (\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f)\\n* 2001 ''''[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0454\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442|Neformat\n        (Curiosities)]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n*\n        2002 ''''[[:uk:Re\\u0424\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0426\\u0456\\u044f|Reformatsiya\n        (Reformation)]]'''' (\\u0420\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)\n        (remix album)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d|Pozhezhi mista Vavilon (Fires of\n        the City Babylon)]]'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:Jazzy. Live\n        in 44|Jazzy]]'''' (live album)''''\\n* 2005 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Syla (The Power)]]'''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*\n        2008 ''''[[ReFormatTsia vol.2 (TNMK album)|ReFormatTsia vol.2]]'''' (ReFormation\n        vol.2) (remix album)\\n* 2010 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c. (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|S.P.A.M.]]''''\n        (\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c.)\\n* 2014 ''''[[:uk:\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Dzerkalo (The Mirror)]]'''' (\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.tnmk.com/ Official website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Soviet\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":797746921,\"length\":6072,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNMK&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\"},\"42831309\":{\"pageid\":42831309,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Trystavisim\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=July\n        2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image =Zaxidfest 2016.jpg \\n| image_size\n        = 260px\\n| background = group_or_band\\n| origin = [[Uzhgorod]], {{nowrap|[[Ukraine]]}}\\n|\n        genre = [[folk rock]], [[ska punk]]\\n| years_active = 2010\\u2013present\\n|\n        website = [http://www.trystavisim.com/ www.trystavisim.com]\\n| current_members\n        =\\n* Pavlo Genov\\n* Andriy Shapovalov\\n* Igor Magada\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\\n*\n        Stanislav Mykultsya\\n* Serhiy Yelahin\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\\n}}\\n[[File:Trystavisim\n        in phantom.jpg|265px|thumb|Presentation of \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb]]\\n[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434-2013.jpg|right|265px|thumb|Zaxidfest-2013]]\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 \\\"\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430\\\".jpg|right|265px|thumb|Presentation\n        EP \\u00abPercha\\u00bb]]\\n\\n''''''Trystavisim'''''' (ukr. \\u0422\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c)\n        - is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Rock music|rock]] band from [[Uzhgorod]] ([[Zakarpattia\n        Oblast|Transcarpathia]]).\\n\\n== Description ==\\nThe music played by a [[rock\n        band]] is built on the basis of elements of [[folk-rock]], [[punk rock|punk]],\n        [[ska]] and is decorated with a colorful addition of forceful melodies. In\n        general the style of the band can be described as [[folk punk]].\\n\\n== History==\\nThe\n        first performance of the group was held in November 23, [[2010 in music|2010]]\n        in [[Lviv]] in Nabutky Etnoclub and Lviv Art association Dzyga.[http://dzyga.com/content/view/793/334/lang,ua\n        dzyga.com]\\n\\nOver the next two years, the band toured with performances\n        in almost every major city in Western Ukraine, having played more than 50\n        concerts (including the performance in one of the largest Ukrainian festivals\n        of music and art, which is festival \\\"Zahid\\\").\\n\\nOn March 26, 2013 the band\n        presented their debut mini-album ([[Extended play|EP]]) called \\\"Percha\\\",[http://zaholovok.com.ua/dlya-obkladinki-debyutnogo-albomu-gurt-trista8isim-vikoristav-vlasni-shkarpetki\n        zaholovok.com.ua] which included 5 songs.\\n\\nOn March 31, 2013 the band\n        took part in a [[radio]] project Tysa FM Live, doing online tracks live from\n        the debut [[album]].\\n\\nLater \\\"Trystavisim\\\" was invited to take part in\n        the filming of television programs on the [[Pershyi Natsionalnyi (Ukraine)|first\n        national]] TV channel (Folk-music) and [[TVi (channel)|TVI]] (Music for Adult\n        with [[Maria Burmaka]]).\\n\\nOn August 13, 2013 was presented a debut [[video\n        clip]] for the song called \\\"Dyslocatsiya\\\" which received approving reviews\n        from music critics.\\n\\nDuring the summer of 2013 the band performed on the\n        vast majority of [[festival]]s in [[Ukraine]], they received an unofficial\n        status of \\\"a discovery of summer festivals 2013 in Ukrainian music\\\".[http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/7184\n        molode.com.ua]\\n\\nIn spring 2014 the band announced the release of their\n        debut full-length album, and subsequently announced his name. The record was\n        called \\\"LATCHO\\\". In support of the album as part of the announced tour \\\"Latcho\n        Tour 2014 / Round 1\\\" band played many concerts in [[Ukraine]] and abroad,\n        visiting the festivals [[Kraina Mriy]][http://www.krainamriy.com/news.php?category=175\n        krainamriy.com] in [[Kiev]], which was founded by known Ukrainian musician\n        [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Lemkowska watra]] in [[Zdynia]] ([[Poland]]),[http://www.watrazdynia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=105\n        watrazdynia.pl] and Zahid.\\n\\nJanuary 27, 2015 the album \\\"LATCHO\\\"\n        was officially released. February 12, 2015, the group published the official\n        music video for one of the main songs from the album, the song [[Varosh banda]].[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/tristavisim-pro-novij-albom-klip-ta-koncerti#.VQwd7o6sWSo\n        varosh] Then, in support of the album, band played two great concerts\n        in [[Uzhgorod]] and [[Kyiv]], February 27 and March 13, respectively.[http://prozak.info/Kul-tura/Muzika/Tristavisim-Lacho-v-masi\n        prozak]\\n\\nIn May, the group published an original animated video for\n        the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Loa6NUKJUbQ  Nasha faita] and played\n        many concerts in Ukraine and abroad during the festival season.\\n\\n2016 announcement\n        on the band''s new EP and the release of two singles with videos. In March,\n        a video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers] was released,\n        and already on April 22 the band presented his new program \\\"Varoshska Tusa\\\"\n        via big concert in [[Uzhgorod]]. Subsequently, on June 7, was published scandalous\n        video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska Tusa], which\n        has caused mixed reactions.\\n\\nCurrently band working on second album.\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Pavlo Genov - [[Singing|lead vocals]]\\n* Andriy Shapovalov -\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]]\\n* Igor Magada - [[Drum kit|drums]]\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\n        - [[trumpet]], backing vocals\\n* Stanislav Mykultsya - [[accordion]], backing\n        vocals\\n* Serhiy Yelahin - [[guitar]],  backing vocals\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\n        - [[Audio engineer|sound director]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        December 2012 \\u2014 \\u00abDyslokatsiya\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)[https://soundcloud.com/trysta8isim/8-2012\n        soundcloud.com][http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/5875 molode.com.ua]\\n*\n        January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abTranscarpathia\\u00bb (\\u0422\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f)[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/novinyshow/tristavisim-prezentuvali-pershij-singl-z-albomu-lacho--transkarpatiya#.VQw7k46sWSo\n        varosh]\\n\\n===Albums===\\n* March 2013 \\u2014 \\u00abPercha\\u00bb (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430)\n        [EP]\\n* January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0430\\u0447\\u043e)\n        [http://musicukraine.com/main/889-recenziya-tristavsm-lacho-2015.html\n        musicukraine.com]\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* August, 2013 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNbpRYdbTEs  Dyslocatsiya][http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-dyslokatsiya\n        notatky.com.ua]\\n* February, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Varosh\n        banda][http://zaholovok.com.ua/gurt-tristavisim-vipustiv-klip-na-pisnyu-varosh-banda-video\n        zaholovok.com.ua]\\n* May, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Nasha\n        faita] \\n* March, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers][http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/v-ukrayini-zapisali-versiyu-gimnu-nacionalnoyi-policiyi\n        cultprostir.ua] \\n* June, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska\n        tusa] [http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/gurt-iz-uzhgoroda-poglumivsya-nad-ukrayinskimi-talant-shou\n        cultprostir.ua]\\n\\n== Festivals ==\\n* Music Bike Ukraine\\n* Goral Music\n        Avia Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2012\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2012[http://bokeh.com.ua/live/3axid/443_vistup_gurtu_trista8isim\n        bokeh.com.ua]\\n* Rurysko \\u2014 2013\\n* Music Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2013\\n*\n        Pidkamin'' \\u2014 2013\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2013\\n* Franko-mission \\u2014\n        2013\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2013\\n* Cheremosh \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]]\n        - 2014\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Lemkowska watra]], [[Zdynia]] - 2014\\n*\n        Zaxidfest \\u2014 2014\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2015\\n* Ole Dovbush \\u2014\n        2015\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]] \\u2014 2015\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2016\\n* [[Woodstock\n        Ukraine]]\\u2014 2016\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2016\\n* Obnova \\u2014 2016\\n*\n        Dnister-fest \\u2014 2016\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2016\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n* [http://www.trystavisim.com trystavisim.com]\\n* [http://facebook.com/trystavisim\n        Facebook]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/c/TRYSTAVISIMBAND YouTube]\\n* [http://www.twitter.com/trystavisim\n        Twitter]\\n\\n== Sources ==\\n* [http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/unvarskij-folkpankrok-gurt-trista8isim-yak-govorimo-tak-i-spivamo\n        varosh.com.ua]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/article/2013/61/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://umka.com/ukr/catalogue/folk-rock/trysta8isim-percha-ep-digi-pack.html\n        umka.com]\\n* [http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-percha/ notatky.com.ua]\\n*\n        [http://www.mukachevo.net/ua/News/view/71834-%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B08%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC-%D0%B7-%D0%A3%D0%B6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%9E-%D0%92%D0%86%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9E\n        www.mukachevo.net]\\n* [http://zakarpattya.net.ua/News/84872-KHloptsi-z-hurtu-Trysta8isim-znaiut-shcho-i-dlia-koho-vony-hraiut\n        zakarpattya.net.ua]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/1043 nashe.com.ua]\\n* [http://fdr.com.ua/news_item/28787/\n        fdr.com.ua]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Folk punk musicians]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian ska groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":795241582,\"length\":8466,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trystavisim&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\"},\"1471716\":{\"pageid\":1471716,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Rock\n        music in Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-25T10:28:01Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Okean-elzy-2008.jpg|right|thumb|300\n        px|[[Okean Elzy]] - one of the most popular Ukrainian rock bands]]\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        rock'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a}}) is [[rock music]] from [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nWhile it is rock\n        it is important for those who follow Ukrainian contemporary music to understand\n        the [[VIA music]] scene of the 1970s and 1980s. This controlled form of music,\n        was a response to the [[Rock and roll]] infiltrating from the outside of the\n        [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], to understand the development of\n        Ukrainian rock one has to understand its background.\\n\\nThe most popular bands\n        include [[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]], [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Druha Rika]], [[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]], [[Komu Vnyz]], [[Lama (Ukrainian\n        band)|Lama]], [[Mad Heads XL]], [[Mandry]], [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]],\n        [[Okean Elzy]], [[Plach Yeremiyi]], [[S.K.A.Y.]], [[Taras Petrynenko]], [[Tartak]],\n        [[TNMK]], [[Viy (band)|Viy]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]] and others. [[Opalnyi\n        Prynz]] was, perhaps, the most influential rock band in the late 1980s and\n        early 1990s, followed by its predecessor Loony Pelen.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        - Online version - http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        [[Okean Elzy]], featuring [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] has long been among the\n        most popular bands of Ukrainian pop-rock, and has had some success abroad.  The\n        band [[Mandry]] is known for fusing traditional Ukrainian music with rock,\n        [[blues]], [[reggae]] and [[chanson]]s. The pop-singer [[Ruslana]] also uses\n        some elements of rock in her work.\\n\\nThe [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] was a very important Ukrainian rock [[music festival]].\\n\\n\\\"\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0430\\u0436\\\" - ''''''New Ukrainian Wave\n        92'''''' - \\nFestival of the best Ukrainian folk/pop/rock bands (Producer-\n        [[Rostyslav Shtyn|Rostyslav-show]], 1992)\\n\\nFamous Ukrainian [[Heavy metal\n        music|heavy metal]] bands include [[Fleshgore]], Firelake, [[Nokturnal Mortum]],\n        [[Astrofaes]], [[Drudkh]], and [[Hate Forest]].\\n\\nMetal Heads Mission is\n        the biggest metal festival in Ukraine and ex-USSR countries.\\n\\nUkrainian\n        rock songs are commonly sung in either Ukrainian or Russian. Some performers\n        pronounce Russian with a Ukrainian accent, as can be heard in some [[Vopli\n        Vidopliassova]] songs. Elements include pronouncing all instances of the [[O\n        (Cyrillic)|o]] as /o/ (despite being unstressed) and [[Ye (cyrillic)|ye]]\n        as /e/. The [[Ge (Cyrillic)|ge]] is also pronounced as /h/ or /x/.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===1960s-1970s===\\nSuch\n        bands as [[Eney]] and [[Hutsuly (band)|Hutsuly]] were created in the 1960s\n        during [[Khrushchev Thaw]].\\n\\n''''''[[Eney]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}})\n        was the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that performed\n        its own [[repertoire]]. It was named after the famous character, [[Aeneas]],\n        from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The first modern Ukrainian writer|literal\n        work]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\nDuring 1960''s students from a special\n        music school in Kiev formed this group. The group was named after [[Mykola\n        Lysenko]]. They initially played unique interpretations of Ukrainian folk\n        songs. Later, after members were exposed to  the late works of [[The Beatles]],\n        they started to rearrange works of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]].\n        In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko and Blinov left it to form the new group\n        ''''Dzvony''''. The band started to experiment in new genres: blues and soul.\n        In 1972 the band and their music were banned in the Soviet Union and labeled\n        \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a result, all existing records/recordings were\n        destroyed. After that the band went underground until 1974. The members then\n        merged with ''''Dzvony'''' into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative\n        Trails''''. After the group was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed\n        its name to ''''Hrono''''. In 1977 the ensemble became ''''Eney'''' once again.\n        After a period of time, the group broke up and members either joined different\n        bands or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own\n        group [[Hrono]].\\n\\n===1980s===\\nThe rise of rock music in the middle of 1980s\n        was inspired by [[Gorbachev]]s [[perestroika]] with its [[doctrinal]]s of\n        [[glasnost]] and [[uskoreniye]].\\n\\nSeveral rock bands were formed in Kiev\n        in rock club \\\"Kuznia\\\". Among them [[Adem (band)|Adem]] (1985), [[Vopli Vidopliasova]]\n        (1986), [[Komu Vnyz]] (1988).\\n\\nThe most promoinent event was [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] [[music festival]] held for the first time\n        in [[Chernivtsi]] in 1989.\\n\\nSuch bands as [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]], [[Opalnyi Prynz]], [[Skryabin (band)|Skriabin]]\n        and [[The Telnyuk Sisters|Sestry Telniuk]] were formed in the late 1980s\\n\\n''''''[[Braty\n        Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}) is a rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band music style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll, blues,\n        punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironical song lyrics contain a lot of local vernacularisms,\n        slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\", where\n        the fictional surname Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadiuka'''', or\n        \\\"[[viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\" (In Ukrainian\n        the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly between 1988\n        and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kiev]] which was\n        a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by lot of famous people\n        (including that time prime minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]). After band''s leader\n        Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 the big tribute concert was held in 2011, joined\n        by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as Komu Vnyz, Vopli Vidoplyasova,\n        Okean Elzy and others. In 2014 rest of band members released new album (the\n        first one since 1996).\\n\\n[[File:Mertvyi_Piven.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]].]]\\n\\n''''''[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}}) is a [[rock music|rock]] band that\n        formed in 1989. The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival.\n        Their debut album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group\n        took first prize in the category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began\n        as an acoustic band. During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into\n        a grunge/art-rock band, though their music can''t be described by one particular\n        style. Dead Rooster has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of\n        the band were written in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]],\n        [[Maksym Rylsky]], [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]],\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]], [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras\n        Shevchenko]]. The album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s\n        poetry collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n''''''[[Vopli Vidopliasova]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430}}) was\n        formed in 1986 in [[Kiev]]. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs,\n        punk, hard rock, heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir\n        song ''''Den Narodzhennia'''' is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]''''\n        movies by director [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also\n        produced several solo albums.\\n\\n''''''[[Komu Vnyz]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) was founded in 1988 in Kiev. They wound up at\n        their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event.\\n\\nAs of 2011, Komu Vnyz\n        is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]] in order to\n        re-release their albums in Europe.\\n\\n===Early 1990s===\\n[[File:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]] on\n        Sheshory Festival 2005.]]\\n\\n''''''[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[folk rock]] band formed in Kiev in 1991. The music of Haydamaky is\n        inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially from\n        various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\nHaydamaky have\n        recently performed at many club venues across Europe, including as a special\n        guest at a concert of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]].\n        Other club appearances this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n\\n''''''[[Okean Elzy]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        Ukrainian bands. It was formed in 1994 in Lviv, Ukraine. The band''s vocalist\n        and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]. Okean Elzy is one of the best-loved\n        Ukrainian rock band not only in Ukraine but also in most [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April 2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ\n        Magazine music awards for \\u201cBest rock act\\u201d.\\n\\n''''''[[Plach Yeremiyi]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a rock band from Lviv, Ukraine. The band was actually formed in February\n        1990, but the two most constant musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod\n        Dyachyshyn have played together since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon''''''\n        (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach Yeremiyi songs are\n        usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead man [[Taras Chubay|Taras\n        Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org Website show that the\n        words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n===Late\n        1990s===\\n\\n''''''[[Dymna Sumish]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}}) was founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]].\n        The group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and\n        [[psychedelic rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00abChervona Ruta\\u00bb (Ukraine),\n        \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb ([[Moscow]]),\n        \\u00abWoodstock\\u00bb ([[Poland]]). Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll\n        members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s. They openly express their opinion\n        against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying to convey to the listeners with\n        their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn April 2012 the participants\n        of the group said that the group temporarily stop their activity because of\n        inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine - when a culture isn''t valued,\n        but instead all the power has [[policy]], social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n''''''[[Druha\n        Rika]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is a rock band from [[Zhytomyr]]. The band''s style determined as [[Brit Pop]].\n        Druha Rika released five studio albums and two compilations. The name of the\n        band means ''''Second river''''.\\n\\n[[File:\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg|thumb|right|300\n        px|[[Tartak]].]]\\n''''''[[Tartak]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from Ukraine.  They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics.\\n\\n\\\"Tartak\\\"\n        means ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought\n        that tartak symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate\n        for a band name.\\n\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]] founded\n        the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]. The group has released\n        five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums] Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events! when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n''''''[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c \\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u044f}}, sometimes\n        literal translation ''''''Sun Shadow'''''' is used) is a [[folk metal]] band\n        from Kiev. Primarily the band''s style was close to alternative rock, but\n        in 2003 they have come to so called [[Cossacks|Cossack]] rock. Almost all\n        of the lyrics are in Ukrainian except couple of Belarusian songs.\\n\\nThe band\n        has taken part in number of festivals the biggest of which are [[Basovi\\u0161\\u010da]]\n        and [[Zakhid]].\\n\\n===2000s-2010s===\\n''''''[[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]''''''\n        (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441, Bumboks) is a Ukrainian\n        [[funky]] [[Groove (music)|groove]] [[Musical ensemble|band]], which was founded\n        in 2004 by singer [[Andriy Khlyvniuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cMukha\\u201d Samoilo]]\n        on [[guitar]]. In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only\n        took 19 hours to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are in predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs\n        in [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        on their albums and singles.\\n\\n[[File:Skay-2008.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|S.K.A.Y.\n        at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]], Kiev on August 24, 2008.]]\\n\\n''''''[[S.K.A.Y.]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.''''''}}) is a [[Pop rock]] band\n        formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nAfter the band had been formed\n        in 2001 it started to tour the country and performed at several festivals\n        like ''''Perlyny sezonu'''', ''''Tavriyski ihry'''' and ''''Chervona ruta''''.\n        They became more known for a broader audience after their appearance on the\n        programme \\\"Fresh Blood\\\" on the Ukrainian TV channel M1. The general director\n        Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn\n        2006 their first album \\\"Te, shcho treba\\\" was released. They released their\n        second album \\\"Planeta S.K.A.Y.\\\" already in 2007.\\n\\nThe frontman Oleh Sobchuk\n        in 2008 was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]]\n        \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for his participation in the rock-tour with\n        the same name.''''\\\"His Beatitude Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church\n        Awards to Priests and Musicians Who Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated\n        to 1020th Years of the Baptism of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow\n        Patriarchate), 2008.''''\\n\\nIn October\\u2013November 2013 the group\n        took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are united\\\", which were organized\n        by pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]] in Ukrainian cities.\\n\\n==Notable\n        festivals==\\n* [[Bandershtat]] ([[Volyn Oblast]], 2007\\u2013present)\\n* [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (different cities of Ukraine, 1989\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Taras Bulba (festival)|Taras Bulba]] ([[Dubno]], [[Rivne Oblast]], 1991\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Tavria Games]] ([[Kakhovka]], [[Kherson Oblast]], 1992\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Rock-Existence]] ([[Kiev]], 1996\\u20132005)\\n* [[Rock-Sich]] ([[Kiev]],\n        2006\\u20132013)\\n* [[Stare Misto (Festival)|Stare Misto]] ([[Lviv]], 2007\\u20132013)\\n*\n        [[Trypilske kolo]] ([[Rzhyshchiv]], [[Kiev Oblast]], 2008\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Zakhid]] ([[Lviv Oblast]], 2009\\u2013present)\\n* [[Respublica (festival)|Respublica]]\n        ([[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], 2011\\u2013present)\\n\\n==List\n        of notable Ukrainian rock bands==\\n[[File:Basowiszcza-2007-TinSoncia-3.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Tin\n        Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]] at Basowiszcza 2007 festival.]]\\n[[File:FLIT danieluk\n        2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Volodymyr Novikov of [[Flit (band)|Flit]].]]\\n\\n{{div\n        col|3}}\\n\\n''''''[[Art rock]]''''''\\n*[[Eney]]\\n*[[Gorgisheli]]\\n* [[The Telnyuk\n        Sisters|The Telniuk Sisters]]\\n\\n''''''[[Black metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Astrofaes]]\n        \\n*[[Blood of Kingu]] \\n*[[Drudkh]] \\n*[[Hate Forest]] \\n*[[Khors (band)|Khors]]\n        \\n*[[Nokturnal Mortum]]\\n\\n''''''[[Death metal]]:''''''\\n*Firelake\\n*[[Fleshgore]]\\n\\n''''''[[Indie\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Brunettes Shoot Blondes]]\\n*[[Esthetic Education]]\\n*[[Marakesh\n        (band)|Marakesh]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Holy Blood (band)|Holy\n        Blood]]\\n*[[Kroda]]\\n*[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Atmasfera]]\\n*[[Los\n        Colorados (music group)|Los Colorados]]\\n*[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]\\n*[[Mandry]]\\n*[[PanKe\n        Shava]]\\n*[[TIK (band)|TIK]]\\n*[[Vopli Vidopliasova]] (VV)\\n*[[Yurcash]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Polynove Pole]] \\n*[[Obiymy Doshchu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Komu Vnyz]]\\n*[[Viy (band)|Viy]]\\n\\n''''''[[Metalcore]]'''''':\\n*[[Make\n        Me Famous]]\\n*[[Morphine Suffering]]\\n\\n''''''[[Pop rock]]:''''''\\n*[[BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]\\n*[[Druha Rika]]\\n*[[Hapochka]]\\n*[[Krykhitka Tsakhes|Krykhitka]]\n        (ex-Krykhitka Tsakhes) \\n*[[Lama (Ukrainian band)|Lama]]\\n*[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]]\\n*[[Okean Elzy]]\\n*[[Opalnyi Prynz]]\\n*[[Plach Yeremiyi]]\\n*[[S.K.A.Y.]]\\n*[[Skryabin\n        (band)|Skriabin]]\\n*[[Trystavisim]]\\n\\n''''''[[Punk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Braty\n        Hadiukiny]]\\n*[[Dymna Sumish]]\\n*[[Flit (band)|Flit]]\\n*[[Mad Heads XL]] (ex-Mad\n        Heads)\\n*[[O.Torvald]]\\n*[[Perkalaba]]\\n*[[Qarpa]] (ex-Faktychno Sami)\\n*[[Robots\n        Don''t Cry]]\\n*[[Sobaky v Kosmosi]]\\n*[[Teoriia Gvaltu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Rap rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Tartak]]\\n*[[TNMK]]\\n{{div\n        col end}}\\n\\n==Outside Ukraine==\\n* [[The Ukes]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n*\n        [[The Ukrainians]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n* [[Klooch]] ([[Toronto]], [[Ontario]],\n        Canada)\\n* [[Enej]] ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Berkut (band)|Berkut]]\n        ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Svoboda (band)|Svoboda]] ([[Saint Petersburg]],\n        [[Russia]])\\n* [[Sontse-Khmary]] ([[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]])\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[Ukrainian metal]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== Web\n        Resources ==\\n* [http://rok.kiev.ua/ Rok.Kiev.UA]\\n* [http://rock.lviv.ua/\n        rock.lviv.ua]\\n* [http://www.alt-m.te.ua/ Multimedia Database \\\"Modern Ukrainian\n        independent music\\\"]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://www.mhm-fest.com/\n        Metal Heads Mission Festival]\\n* [http://www.ssve.ru.rock-oko.com/ Rock-oko.com]\\n\\n{{World\n        rock}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Rock}}\\n[[Category:Rock music by country]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        music|Rock]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T14:43:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":792239485,\"length\":19427,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Ukraine&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\"},\"5260094\":{\"pageid\":5260094,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Ukrainians\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-06-28T02:06:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        people|Ukrainians}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June\n        2016}}\\n{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = The Ukrainians\\n|\n        image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Leeds]], [[England]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               =\n        [[Folk rock]]\\n| occupation          = \\n| years_active        = 1991–present\\n|\n        label               = \\n| associated_acts     = [[The Wedding Present]]\\n|\n        website                 = [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ the-ukrainians.com]\\n|\n        current_members     = [[Peter Solowka]]
Len Liggins
Steve Tymruk
Paul\n        Weatherhead
James Howe
Woody\\n| past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''The Ukrainians'''''' are a [[United Kingdom|British]] band,\n        which plays traditional [[Ukrainian music]], heavily influenced by western\n        [[post-punk]].\\n\\n==Career==\\nThe Ukrainians were formed in 1990 by [[The\n        Wedding Present|Wedding Present]] guitarist [[Peter Solowka]], with singer/violinist\n        [[Len Liggins]] and [[mandolin]] player Roman Remeynes, after all three had\n        played on the Wedding Present''s [[Ukrainian John Peel Sessions]] recordings\n        (''''Ukrayinski Vystupy v Johna Peela'''', released 1989).  Following the\n        success of that release, the trio began composing and recording in Ukrainian\n        as a separate band.\\n\\nIn 1991, their first [[Extended Play|EP]], Oi Divchino,\n        was awarded [[Single (music)|Single]] of the Week by British music weekly,\n        [[New Musical Express|NME]].{{Cite web | title = The Ukrainians history  |\n        url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}   Notably,\n        the video for this release was filmed in pre-revolution [[Kiev]] making them\n        the first western band to produce a video entirely in [[Eastern Europe]].{{Cite\n        web | title = The Ukrainians history  | url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nIn the same year, Solowka left\n        the Wedding Present, later claiming that he had been kicked out, the success\n        of the Ukrainian project making him the scapegoat for the band''s lack of\n        mainstream success.{{Cite web | title = Interview with Peter Solowka\n        | publisher = Something and Nothing  | url=http://www.somethingandnothing.net/petersolowka.html\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nSince 1991, the band have released\n        five studio albums as well as various [[live albums]] and EPs, all without\n        chart success in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. They continue to tour regularly,\n        especially in [[Poland]] and [[England]].  They celebrated 20 years of the\n        band in 2011 with a tour of British [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] clubs.\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\nBesides Solowka, Liggins and Remeynes, band members have included:\\n*Dave\n        Lee - drums\\n*Woody - drums, percussion\\n*Chris Harrop - bass guitar\\n*Paul\n        ''Dino'' Briggs - bass guitar\\n*Allan Martin - bass guitar\\n*Alan Dawson-\n        Bass guitar\\n*James Howe - bass guitar\\n*[[Stepan Pasicznyk|Stepan \\\"Ludwig\\\"\n        Pasicznyk]] - accordion, backing vocals, guitar\\n*Steve Tymruk - accordion,\n        melodion, backing vocals\\n*Paul Weatherhead - electric mandolin, sopilka,\n        theremin\\n*Michael L.B. West - mandolin, guitar, piano, trumpet, duda, oud,\n        ''cello, euphonium\\n\\nThe current line-up comprises Liggins, Solowka, Tymruk,\n        Wood, Weatherhead and Howe.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\nAlbums and EPs and singles\n        include:\\n\\n* ''''Oi Divchino'''' (1991)\\n* ''''[[The Ukrainians (album)|The\n        Ukrainians]]'''' (1991)\\n* ''''Pisni iz The Smiths'''' (EP) (1992) (four songs\n        originally by [[The Smiths]] translated into [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]).\\n*\n        ''''Vorony'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Live in Germany'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Kultura''''\n        (1994)\\n* ''''Radioactivity'''' (Single) (1996), a cover of the [[Kraftwerk]]\n        song, in order to raise money for the Children of Chernobyl charity and to\n        mark the 10th anniversary of the [[Chernobyl]] nuclear disaster.\\n* ''''Drink\n        to my Horse! The Ukrainians Live'''' (2001)\\n* ''''Anarchy In The UK'''' (EP)\n        (2002) (three songs originally by the [[Sex Pistols]] translated into [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]]).\\n* ''''[[Respublika (Ukrainians album)|Respublika]]''''\n        (2002)\\n* ''''Istoriya: The Best of the Ukrainians'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Live\n        in Czeremcha'''' (2008)\\n* ''''Diaspora'''' (2009)\\n* ''''20 Years'''' (Best\n        of) (2011)\\n*  A History of Rock Music in Ukrainian (2015)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ The Ukrainians] official site\\n\\n{{The\n        Wedding Present}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainians, The}}\\n[[Category:English\n        folk musical groups]]\\n[[Category:English rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1991\n        establishments in England]]\\n\\n\\n{{UK-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-20T16:05:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":727300117,\"length\":4918,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ukrainians&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\"},\"22096876\":{\"pageid\":22096876,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Viy\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-24T09:54:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = Viy / \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439  \\n|image           =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Traditional\n        music|Ethnic]]\\n|years_active    = 1991 \\u2013 present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com\\n|current_members\n        = Dmytro Dobryi-Vechir, Lesya Roy, Oleksandr Hrosman, Dmytro Kruzov, Mykola\n        Rodionov, Anastasiya Klymova\\n|past_members    = \\n|}}\\n\\n''''''Viy''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Traditional\n        music|ethnic]]-[[Rock music|rock]] band originating from the capital [[Kyiv]]\n        in 1991.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n* Chorna Rillia (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f, 2001)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2003)\\n* Chorna Rillia\n        Collector''s Edition (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f,\n        2004)\\n* Rock Legends of Ukraine - Viy (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439, 2004)\\n*\n        Viy Multimedia Encyclopedia (2005)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2006)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com Viy official website]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Viy}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:26:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":677599371,\"length\":1330,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viy_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\"},\"2450968\":{\"pageid\":2450968,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Vopli\n        Vidopliassova\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T21:31:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name      = Vopli Vidopliassova
\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\n|image       =\\n|caption    =\n        \\n|image_size    = \\n|landscape    = Yes\\n|background   = group_or_band\\n|origin     =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre      = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[punk rock]], [[folk-rock]],\n        [[psychedelic rock|psychedelic]]\\n|years_active  = 1986\\u2013present\\n|label      =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website       = {{URL|http://www.vopli.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = [[Oleh Skrypka]]
[[Oleksiy Melchenko]]
[[Eugeniy Rogachevskyi]][[Serhiy Sakhno]]|\\n|past_members  = [[Oleksandr Pipa]]
[[Yuri Zdorenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Vopli\n        Vidopliassova'''''' (also ''''''VV'''''') ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430, \\u0412\\u0412}},\n        {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8v\\u0254pli vid\\u0254\\u02c8plj\\u0251sov\\u0251|}}) is a popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] band. It was created in 1986 in [[Kyiv]], in the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (present-day [[Ukraine]]). The leader of the\n        band is singer Oleg Skrypka. Vopli Vidopliasova are the founders of Ukrainian\n        rock-n-roll style and neo-ethnic rock. They first sang Ukrainian rock outside\n        Ukraine. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs, punk, hard rock,\n        heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir song ''''Den Narodzhennya''''\n        is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]'''' movies by director\n        [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also produced several\n        solo albums.\\n\\nIn 2009, their record label, [[Kraina Mriy]], released all\n        their albums for free as a Christmas present.{{cite web|url=http://krainamriy.com/mp3.php#20\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0410 \\u041c\\u0420\\u0406\\u0419: \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c & \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e |publisher=Krainamriy.com\n        |date=1997-07-26 |accessdate=2012-08-29}}''\\n\\nA lot of their early\n        material (1986-1996) is in [[Drop C tuning]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was\n        formed in 1986 by guitarist Yuri Zdorenko and bassist Oleksandr Pipa, who\n        had played in the band SOS since 1984. It took its name from Vidopliassov,\n        a character from ''''[[The Village of Stepanchikovo]]''''. The band had their\n        first performance at the Kiev rock club on 30 October 1987, with vocalist\n        and accordionist Oleh Skrypka and drummer Serhiy Sakhno.\\n\\nIn 1988, the band\n        played its first concert in Russia at the Rok-Artel festival. The concert\n        was taped and released as ''''[[Pershyy koncert v Moskvi]]''''.\\n\\nIn 1989,\n        the band recorded a session at the Faberge Hall of Culture in Kiev, and released\n        it as ''''[[Tantsi]]''''. That same year, they appeared on the French compilation\n        ''''[[De Lenine a Lennon]]'''', the soundtrack to a French documentary on\n        Soviet rock.\\n\\nIn 1990, they released the album ''''[[Hey, O.K]]'''' on Kobza\n        International and appeared on the Canadian compilation ''''This Ain''t No\n        Polka'''' (a recording of the 1989 [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]])\n        with the song \\\"Tantsi\\\". The following year, they played at the Eurockeennes\n        festival in France, and the recording was released as ''''[[Abo abo]]''''\n        on BSA Records a year later. In 1991, Skripka and Pipa moved to France and\n        would divide their time between it and Ukraine, using Phillip Mozha (guitar)\n        and Stefan Muflie (drums) as replacements for Zdorenko and Sakhno when touring\n        in France.\\n\\nIn 1992, Skripka, Zdorenko, Pipa and Sakhno entered Komora Studio\n        in Kiev to begin recording what would become their debut album, ''''[[Kraina\n        Mriy]]'''', released two years later.\\n\\nIn 1996, Skrypka and Pipa, who had\n        just returned from France (having lived there since 1990), moved back to Ukraine\n        and began recording the album ''''[[Muzika]]'''', released in 1997. A single\n        was released in 1996 with 4 tracks from the album. Skrypka sang, programmed\n        the drums and played accordion, traditional Ukrainian folk instruments and\n        some guitar, while Pipa played bass. Zdorenko played guitar on the track \\\"Gei,\n        liubo!\\\". On the album, \\\"Hei! Liubo!\\\" is crossfaded with \\\"Bogi\\\", but on\n        the single, it wasn''t crossfaded and its natural ending rang out, however\n        on recent compilations, it just cuts off at the part of the end where \\\"Bogi\\\"\n        is expected to begin.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sakhno rejoined the band and Evhen Rohachevsky\n        joined as guitarist. With this new lineup, they began recording their third\n        album, ''''[[Khvyli Amura]]'''', released in 2000. Around that time, Skrypka\n        became interested in Indian music, and the album reflects that, particularly\n        in the song \\\"[[Den narodjennya]]\\\".\\n\\nIn 2000, the band contributed tracks\n        to tribute albums to [[Grazhdanskaya Oborona]] (\\\"Pops\\\") and [[Kino (band)|Kino]]\n        (\\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" and \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\"), and appeared on the Sprite Driver\n        2 compilation in 2001 with the song \\\"Osen\\\". The latter three songs were\n        translated into Ukrainian and appeared as B-sides to the single \\\"[[Mamay\n        (song)|Mamay]]\\\" that year. In 2002, the album ''''[[Fayno]]'''' was finally\n        released, featuring \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Sonyachni dni\\\"),\n        \\\"Osen\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Zoryana osin\\\"), a remixed version of \\\"Mamay\\\",\n        a partially re-recorded version of \\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Pachka\n        tsyharok\\\") and a censored version of \\\"Pops\\\". The original presses on Lavina\n        Music and Misteria Zvuka contained three bonus tracks: the original Russian\n        version of \\\"Osen\\\", \\\"The Pack of Cigarettes\\\" (an English version of \\\"Pachka\n        sigaret\\\") and \\\"Les jours de soleil\\\" (a French version of \\\"Solnechnie dni\\\"),\n        demonstrating Oleh Skrypka''s multilingualism.\\n\\nIn 2006, Oleksandr Pipa\n        left the band and was replaced by Oleksiy Melchenko. They then recorded the\n        album ''''[[Buly denky]]'''', a compilation of old songs from the late 80s\n        and early 90s which had never got the studio treatment before, but which had\n        been played live. That year, they played the first \\\"Rok-Sich\\\" festival,\n        a festival started by Skrypka with the intent to foster local talent. The\n        rules for the Rock Sich are that any genre other than pop is acceptable and\n        that all bands must sing in Ukrainian, however VV broke their own rule and\n        played \\\"Pops\\\" at the concert in the original Russian and with the original\n        uncensored lyrics. The performance was released on CD in 2008, DVD in 2011\n        and double LP in 2012. The standard one-CD version of the Rock Sich album\n        had two tracks cut due to space constraints, but a two-CD version was available\n        with the missing tracks restored. The missing tracks were also on the vinyl\n        and DVD.\\n\\nThey released the singles \\\"Lado\\\" and \\\"Chio San\\\" in 2009 and\n        \\\"Vidpustka\\\" (a reworking of a track from 1987) in 2010.\\n\\nTheir next album,\n        \\\"[[Chudovy svit]]\\\", was released on 18 October 2013. \\\"Lado\\\", \\\"Chio San\\\"\n        and \\\"Vidpustka\\\" were included on the album.\\n\\nThe group have been carrying\n        out a vinyl rerelease campaign, with ''''[[Kraina Mriy]]'''', ''''Muzika''''\n        and ''''Xvyli Amura'''' being the first to be released in 2013. ''''[[Fayno]]''''\n        and ''''[[Chudovy svit]]'''' followed in 2016. ''''Buly denky'''' had already\n        been released on vinyl in 2008.\\n\\n==Members==\\n\\n===Current members===\\n*\n        [[Oleh Skrypka|Oleg Skrypka]] - lead vocals, accordion, guitars, saxophone,\n        trumpet, programming, keyboards\\n* [[Yevhen Rohachevsky]] - guitar, backing\n        vocals\\n* [[Oleksiy Melchenko]] - bass\\n* [[Serhiy Sakhno]] - drums, percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* [[Yuri Zdorenko]] - guitar, co-lead\n        vocals (1986-1997)\\n* [[Oleksandr Pipa]] - bass (1986-2007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n{{main|Vopli Vidopliassova discography}}\\n* 1992 - [[Abo abo]] (\\u0410\\u0431\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e)\\n* 1993 - [[Zakustyka]] (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\n* 1994 - [[Kraina Mriy]] (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n*\n        1997 - [[Muzika]] (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2000 - [[Khvyli\n        Amura]] (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)\\n*\n        2002 - [[Fayno]] (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)\\n* 2006 - [[Buly Denky]]\n        (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)\\n* 2008 -\n        [[VV na sceni festivalju \\\"ROK-SICH\\\"]] (\\u0412\\u0412 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e \\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0421\\u0456\\u0447)\\n*\n        2013 - [[Chudovy svit]] (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)\\n\\n===\n        Video clips ===\\nIn video clips traces the love of Ukrainian car industry.\n        So in the video for the song Musika can be seen ZAZ-1105 Dana, and in the\n        video for the song Polonyna except car LuAZ Volyn-1302 also tractor HTZ T-150\n        and T-64B. In a recent video clip Vacation attended two convertibles based\n        on ZAZ-965 and ZAZ-968\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! Year !! Name of Song !!\n        Producer (s) !! Album\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1989 ||\\u00abDance\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u00bb)||\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|''''[[Tantsi|Dance (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1996\n        ||\\u00abMusika\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb) ||\n        || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Muzika|Musika (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSpring\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb) || Aleksander Solokha\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1997\n        ||\\u00abBurned Pine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0413\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Yevhen Mytrofanov\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1998 ||\\u00abLove\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u00bb) || || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Khvyli\n        Amura|Waves of Amur (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1999\n        ||\\u00abBirthday\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb)\n        || Olga Stolpovska & Dmytro Troitskyi\\n|-\\n|\\u00abWere in the countryside\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2000\n        ||\\u00abSecret spheres\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u0454\\u043c\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u00bb)\n        ||\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2001 ||\\u00abBirthday (remix)\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (remix)\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\u00bb1\\\"|''''[[Den naroDJennia|Birthday (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2002\n        ||\\u00abWorld\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhaylo\n        Shelepov ta Oleh Lebid || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Faino|Fayno (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2003\n        ||\\u00abPolonyna\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhailo Shelepov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSunny Days\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u044f\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u00bb) || rowspan=1\\\"|Andriy Lebedev\\n|-\\n|\\u00abStar Autumn\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0417\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u00bb)\n        || Ulyana Shyshkina\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2006 || \\u00abSong\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Buly denky|Buly denky (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abLull\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Oleg Tsurikov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abKatherine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Roman Bondarchuk & Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|2009 || \\u00abLado\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Oleg Skrypka & Viktor\n        Skuratovskiy || rowspan=\\\"6\\\"|''''[[Chudovy svit|Chudovy svit (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abCio Cio San\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0427\\u0456\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2010\n        ||\\u00abVacation\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2012\n        ||\\u00abShchedryk\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0429\\u0435\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2013\n        ||\\u00abChudovy svit\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2015 ||\\u00abTalalai\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u00bb)|| Volodymyr Yakymenko\\n|}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.vopli.com.ua\n        Official VV website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/VopliVidopliassova Official\n        YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/vopli Official Facebook page]\\n*\n        [https://www.twitter.com/vopli Official Twitter feed]\\n\\n{{Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian 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Sasha\n        Soloha\\n| Img = zetetics_band.jpg\\n| Img_capt =Zetetics in 2015. Live in Kyiv\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Zetetics''''''\n        are a Ukrainian rock band formed in 2014 by lead singer Lika Bugaeva, with\n        very personal lyrics and a strong mix.\\n\\nLika Bugaeva first became known\n        as a contestant on the talent  TV show \\\"The Voice\\\". The band''s debut album,\n        \\\"Finally I see\\\", was rated the best Ukrainian album of 2015, by ''Inspired''.\n        Their single \\\"Fly Away\\\" is well known for its video, in which Lika was singing\n        in sign language.\\n\\nIn autumn 2015, the band released a new album \\\"Zetetic\\\".\n        \\\"Zetetic\\\" is a little used English word from Greek and  Latin, that translates\n        as \\u201cthose who are looking for the truth\\u201d.{{citeweb|url=http://beehy.pe/best-of-2015/ukraine-3/BeeHype|title=''''Best\n        of 2015 Ukraine 3''''}} BeeHype Accessed 2016-4-3 The album was praised  by\n        Comma.com and BeeHype.\\n\\nThe band has released its first full\n        concert video \\u2014 \\u00abLive in Kyiv\\u00bb.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n* 2014\n        ''''[[Finally I see (album)|Finally I see]]''''\\n* 2015 ''''[[Zetetics (album)|Zetetics]]''''\\n*\n        2016 [[Unplugged (Zetetics album)|Unplugged]]\\n* 2017 [[Even Tonight (single)|Even\n        Tonight]]\\n\\n== Live shows ==\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EN06Rf99Qo\n        Zetetics - Live in Kyiv]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HH98nmP9U3A Zetetics\n        - Unplugged]\\n\\n== Music videos ==\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cv-7JxWDwo\n        Zetetics - Fly Away]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_W2tS13nVF0 Zetetics\n        - Dance With Me (lyrics)]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrdJtWlW2JU\n        Zetetics - You and I]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n* [http://tsn.ua/special-projects/uamusic/\n        Listen Ukrainian. TOP-15] by TSN.\\n* [http://cultprostir.ua/uk/post/ukrayinska-spivachka-zapisala-albom-zi-zvukorezhiserom-alli-pugachovoyi\n        Lika Bugaeva: Meet Zetetics] interview by Cultprostir.ua\\n* [http://officiel-online.com/lifestyle-2/art/musika/zetetic-lika-bugaeva-predstavlyaet-novyiy-albom/\n        Zetetics New Album] by L''officiel Online.\\n* [http://comma.com.ua/articles/uaalbums2015\n        Best Ukrainian Albums 2015] by Comma.com.ua.\\n* [http://maincream.com/content/entry/intervu-s-likoj-bugaevoj.html\n        Looking for the truth] interview by Maincream.\\n* [https://www.behance.net/gallery/31540103/Zetetics-Content-Production\n        Content for Zetetics show] on Behance\\n* [[Oleh Teteriatnyk]]: \\\"[http://cultprostir.ua/ru/news-single/ukrainskaya-rok-gruppa-prezentovala-video-moschnogo-shou\n        When people do the best of what they can, you just do not interfere]\\\" by\n        cultprostir.ua\\n* [https://ru.tsn.ua/glamur/lyubimica-arbeninoy-na-golosi-krayini-lika-bugaeva-vypustila-klip-395132.html\n        \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0446\\u0430 \\u0414\\u0438\\u0430\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0431\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u044e\\u0442\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\\u043f]\n        by TSN.ua\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.zetetics.band Official website]\\n*\n        [http://soundcloud.com/zeteticsmusic Official Soundcloud]\\n* [http://facebook.com/zeteticsmusic\n        Official Facebook page]\\n* [http://youtube.com/c/zeteticsmusic Official Youtube]\\n*\n        [http://instagram.com/zeteticsmusic Official Instagram]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2014]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n
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[[Neofolk]]
[[Darkwave]]
[[Dream\n        pop]]
Cardiowave
[[Pop barroco]]
M\\u00fasica g\\u00f3tica
[[Ethereal\n        wave]]
[[M\\u00fasica alternativa]]
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Nikitin Recording Company\\n|relacionados    = TIM
Avi\\u00f3n
M.R.F.
Inversus
ADDARAYA
Amurekimuri
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The Klyukvins
Olya y Mounstro\\n|url             = [http://www.fleurmusic.com/\n        Sitio Oficial]\\n|url2            = \\n|miembros        = Olga Pulatova
Elena\n        Voinarovskaya
Alex Tkachevsky
Catalina de Nyquist
Anastasiya Kuzmina
Alexei\n        Poltavchenko\\n|otros_miembros  = Julia Zemlianaya
Yulia Ground
Katerina\n        Serbin
Alex Dougal
Vitaly Didyk
Alexander Didyk
Alla Luzhetskaya
Georgy\n        Matveev
Eugene Chebotarenko
Lyudmila Koretskaya
Vladislav Mitsovsky\\n|formaci\\u00f3n_original\n        = \\n|facebook        = 255775427826347\\n|twitter         = fleurmusic\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Fl\\u00ebur''''''\n        (pronunciado {{AFI|[fl\\u0153r]|}}) es una agrupaci\\u00f3n musical [[Ucrania|ucraniana]],\n        cuyas letras est\\u00e1n escritas en [[Idioma ruso|ruso]]. Fue formada en [[Odesa|Odessa]]\n        en el a\\u00f1o [[2000]] por Olga Pul\\u00e1tova y Elena Voynar\\u00f3vskaya.\\n\\n==\n        Historia ==\\n\\n=== Los inicios ===\\n\\n[[Archivo:Zemlianaya.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Julia\n        Zemlianaya, la flautista de Fl\\u00ebur en 2000-2004.]]\\nLa historia del grupo\n        comienza en el a\\u00f1o 1999 cuando Olga Pul\\u00e1tova conoci\\u00f3 los textos\n        po\\u00e9ticos que escrib\\u00eda Elena Voynar\\u00f3vskaya.{{Cita\n        web|url=http://www.mentenebre.com/articulosesp.php?op=verarticle&artid=160|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur\n        - \\u201cSiyanie\\u201d|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|fecha=1 de mayo de 2006|obra=[[mentenebre]]|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}}\n        Olga era ex miembro de la banda \\u201c\\u0410\\u044d\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Aeroplano''''}}) la cual se hab\\u00eda desintegrado en diciembre\n        del a\\u00f1o 1999. A partir de un anuncio hecho por \\u201c\\u0410\\u044d\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u201d,\n        en el cual buscaban a un [[bajista]], \\u00e9ste lleg\\u00f3 a manos de Elena\n        a trav\\u00e9s de [[locutor de radio]] Dmitri Vekov, por lo cual ambas mujeres\n        se conocieron. Empezaron a ensayar conjuntamente en febrero del a\\u00f1o 2000.\\n\\nEl proyecto Fl\\u00ebur propiamente dicho fue creado el\n        8 de marzo del a\\u00f1o 2000 cuando a Olga y Elena, se une la [[Flauta|flautista]]\n        Julia Zemlianaya quien propone el nombre del grupo. El significado [[etimol\\u00f3gico]]\n        de la palabra \\u201cFl\\u00ebur\\u201d tiene diferentes acepciones, y aun actualmente\n        hay confusiones en torno al nombre del grupo. La versi\\u00f3n m\\u00e1s cercana\n        es que su significado no corresponde al [[Idioma franc\\u00e9s|franc\\u00e9s]],\n        sino al ruso, donde se utiliza el cognado para describir \\u00abun aura de\n        misterio\\u00bb.{{Cita web|url=http://www.mentenebre.com/articulosesp.php?op=verarticle&artid=974|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur\n        - \\\"Fleurography\\\"|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|fecha=14 de enero de 2008|obra=[[mentenebre]]|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}}\\n\\nEl\n        17 de marzo del 2000 Fl\\u00ebur participa como tr\\u00edo en velada conmemorativa\n        de radioprograma \\u201cAtmosfera\\u201d organizada por Dmitri Vekov en la Casa\n        de Actores en la ciudad de [[Odesa|Odessa]] en [[Ucrania]]. En concierto la\n        banda se present\\u00f3 6 canciones de Olga. \\n\\nEl 17 de junio del 2000 Fl\\u00ebur\n        realiza su primer recital. A la agrupaci\\u00f3n se han ido a\\u00f1adiendo\n        la [[chelista]] Katerina S\\u00e9rbina y el [[percusionista]] Vladislav Mitsovsky,\n        quien luego lleg\\u00f3 a ser administrador del grupo. Ese d\\u00eda Fl\\u00ebur\n        toco por primera vez canciones de Elena. Durante ese mismo concierto se grabaron\n        [[\\u00c1lbum en directo|versiones en vivo]], que ser\\u00edan editadas en el\n        CD no oficial, bajo el nombre de \\u201c\\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Casi vivo''''}}).\\n\\nEl 10 de noviembre del 2000 Fl\\u00ebur\n        produjo la tercera presentaci\\u00f3n. A la agrupaci\\u00f3n se sum\\u00f3 el\n        [[baterista]] Alexey Tkachevsky que se convertir\\u00eda en miembro de la banda\n        hasta la fecha. En ese concierto se grab\\u00f3 su segundo \\u00e1lbum en vivo,\n        bajo el nombre de \\u201c\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435\\u201d ({{lang-ru|''''Coraz\\u00f3n''''}}).\n        En primera instancia los discos \\u201c\\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u201d\n        y \\u201c\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435\\u201d contaron con varias copias\n        hechas por la misma banda, que fueron distribuidas en sus recitales.\\n\\nEl\n        20 de enero del 2001 Fl\\u00ebur realiza su primer recital en [[Kiev]], la\n        capital de Ucrania. Desde ese concierto el [[contrabajista]] Vitaly D\\u00eddyk\n        se uni\\u00f3 a la banda.\\n\\n=== La trilog\\u00eda franc\\u00e9s ===\\n\\nEn ese\n        mismo tiempo, un [[productor discogr\\u00e1fico]] de [[Compa\\u00f1\\u00eda discogr\\u00e1fica|sello]]\n        [[Francia|franc\\u00e9s]] los escuch\\u00f3. La banda consigui\\u00f3 un contrato\n        con el sello \\u201cPrikosnov\\u00e9nie\\u201d, para grabar su primer [[disco\n        de estudio]]. Antes de que Prikosnovenie los contratara, el grupo ucraniano\n        ya distribu\\u00eda su material, aunque de forma independiente. Paralelamente\n        a partir de su creaci\\u00f3n surgi\\u00f3 un c\\u00edrculo de seguidores aguerridos\n        que impulsaron la distribuci\\u00f3n de la m\\u00fasica a trav\\u00e9s de la\n        [[Internet|red]].\\n\\nA partir de mayo de 2001 los m\\u00fasicos comenzaron\n        a trabajar en el disco \\u201c\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Toque''''}}). A la banda se une [[tecladista]] Alexey Dovgaliov.\n        En octubre de 2002 lanzan su primer disco en [[Francia]] (bajo el nombre de\n        \\u201cPrikosnovenie\\u201d) y un mes despu\\u00e9s en Ucrania. Con su \\u00e1lbum\n        \\u201cPrikosnovenie\\u201d, las ucranianas Fl\\u00ebur se convirtieron en el\n        grupo revelaci\\u00f3n del hom\\u00f3nimo sello franc\\u00e9s.{{Cita\n        web|url=http://www.galileo-mc.com/cd.php?formatid=933|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur:\n        Magic|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}}{{Cita\n        web|url=http://www.galileo-mc.com/cd.php?formatid=1382|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur:\n        Siyanie|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}}\\n[[Archivo:\\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u0414\\u0438\\u0434\\u044b\\u043a \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        Fleur 25.01.2008.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Alexandra D\\u00eddyk tocando con Fl\\u00ebur.]]\\nBajo\n        una infinidad de etiquetas como [[Neoclasicismo musical del siglo XX|neocl\\u00e1sico]],{{Cita web|url=http://www.galileo-mc.com/cd.php?formatid=933|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur:\n        Magic|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}}{{Cita\n        web|url=http://www.galileo-mc.com/cd.php?formatid=770|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur:\n        Prikosnovenie|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}} [[darkwave]],{{Cita web|url=http://www.lastfm.es/music/Fl\\u0451ur|t\\u00edtulo=biografia\n        en last.fm|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}} [[Wave\n        et\\u00e9reo|et\\u00e9reo]], [[heavenly voices]],{{Cita\n        web|url=http://misparanoias.wordpress.com/2007/06/16/gotico-en-el-este-de-europa/|t\\u00edtulo=G\\u00f3tico\n        en el Este de Europa|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|fecha=16 de abril de\n        2007|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}} [[Rock g\\u00f3tico|g\\u00f3tico]], [[ambient]]{{Cita web|url=http://www.sonidobscuro.com/articulos/resenas/549|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur\n        - ''Magic''|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}} hasta\n        [[neofolk]], la m\\u00fasica\n        de Fl\\u00ebur ha sido catalogada como \\u00abcardiowave\\u00bb. Seg\\u00fan el sello franc\\u00e9s que ha editado discos de Fl\\u00ebur, su\n        m\\u00fasica estar\\u00eda entre la de [[Cocteau Twins]] y [[Bel Canto]].\\n\\nA partir de 2002 los m\\u00fasicos comenzaron a trabajar\n        en su segundo disco \\u201c\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Magia''''}}). A ellos se suma [[violinista]] Anastasia Kuzmin\\u00e1,\n        que se convertir\\u00eda en miembro de la banda hasta la fecha. Katerina S\\u00e9rbina\n        abandona el proyecto. En su lugar ingresa Alexandra D\\u00eddyk, la esposa\n        del contrabajista Vitaly D\\u00eddyk. En reemplazo de Alexey Dovgaliov llega\n        a la banda Katerina Kot\\u00e9lnikova, quien se convertir\\u00eda en autora\n        de casi todos [[Arreglo (m\\u00fasica)|arreglos]] de Fl\\u00ebur.\\n\\nEl \\u00e1lbum\n        \\\"\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\\" vio la luz\n        en oto\\u00f1o de 2003 en Ucrania. Originalmente la distribuci\\u00f3n de los\n        dos primeros discos en Ucrania la hizo sello llamado [[Lavina Music]]. En\n        primavera de 2004 segundo \\u00e1lbum de Fl\\u00ebur sali\\u00f3 a la venta en\n        Francia bajo el nombre de \\u201cMagic\\u201d. Este el mismo a\\u00f1o, se lanzar\\u00eda\n        el tributo a Fl\\u00ebur.\\n\\n\\\"Siyanie\\\", el tercer trabajo de esta banda constituye\n        el cap\\u00edtulo final de la [[trilog\\u00eda]] formada por los \\u00e1lbumes\n        \\\"Prikosnovenie\\\" de 2002 y \\\"Magic\\\" de 2004. El lanzamiento del disco \\u201c\\u0421\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Aureola''''}}) en Ucrania tuvo lugar en agosto de 2004, despu\\u00e9s\n        vino una reedici\\u00f3n francesa. Las canciones de este \\u00e1lbum demuestran\n        un notable proceso de maduraci\\u00f3n en el lenguaje de las dos [[compositor]]as\n        Olga Pul\\u00e1tova y Elena Voynar\\u00f3vskaya.\\n[[Archivo:\\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0446\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442 \\u0432 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u0435\n        25.01.2008.jpg|thumb|200px|Alla Luzh\\u00e9tskaya tocando con Fleur en Odessa.]]\\nEsta\n        trilog\\u00eda (bautizada as\\u00ed por Prikosnovenie) llegar\\u00eda a hacerse\n        de una muy buena reputaci\\u00f3n y, aunque no fue un [[hit]] comercial, si\n        logr\\u00f3 dar a conocer a la gente que en Odessa se hace buena m\\u00fasica. A trav\\u00e9s del sello franc\\u00e9s Prikosnov\\u00e9nie\n        mucha gente en [[Europa]] y [[Am\\u00e9rica]] conoci\\u00f3 el proyecto.{{Cita web|url=http://penaytristeza.blogspot.com/2012/03/fleur.html|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur\n        - \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435|fechaacceso=24\n        de abril de 2012|fecha=14 de marzo de 2012|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol|urlarchivo=https://archive.is/3nRE|fechaarchivo=29\n        de noviembre de 2012}}\\n\\nEn 2004 flautista Julia Zemlianaya se aleja\n        de la banda y es reemplazado por Alla Luzh\\u00e9tskaya. Desde aquella \\u00e9poca\n        Fl\\u00ebur no cambia su alineaci\\u00f3n por 5 a\\u00f1os.\\n\\nA mediados de\n        2005 Fl\\u00ebur realiz\\u00f3 su primera gira [[Rusia|rusa]]. La banda se present\\u00f3\n        en show [[televisivo]] de la cadena \\u041e2, participa en el [[Festival de\n        m\\u00fasica|festival]] \\u00ab\\u041f\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0445\\u043e\\u043b\\u043c\\u044b\\u00bb,\n        realiz\\u00f3 algunos recitales en [[Mosc\\u00fa]] y [[San Petersburgo]].\\n\\n===\n        El \\u00e9xito ===\\n\\n[[Archivo:DidykV.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Vitaly D\\u00eddyk,\n        el contrabajista y bajista de Fl\\u00ebur en 2001-2009.]]\\nLa producci\\u00f3n\n        \\u201c\\u0412\\u0441\\u0451 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0448\\u043b\\u043e \\u0438\\u0437-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u201d ({{lang-ru|''''Todo\n        escap\\u00f3 al control''''}}) del a\\u00f1o 2006 resultar\\u00eda un nuevo intento\n        de abrirse paso comercialmente: ''\\u0418\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435''\n        era el [[sencillo]] primero y en \\u00e9l inmediatamente percibimos un aura\n        totalmente distinta a la planteada en los discos mencionados antes. La apariencia\n        del grupo cambi\\u00f3 radicalmente, se introdujo una [[guitarra el\\u00e9ctrica]]\n        (en las manos de Vitaly D\\u00eddyk), el [[piano]], el [[cello]], el [[viol\\u00edn]]\n        y los dem\\u00e1s instrumentos (exceptuando a la [[flauta]]) fueron minimizados.\n        El nombre de disco es simb\\u00f3lico porque los m\\u00fasicos no controlaron\n        trabajo sobre el \\u00e1lbum y no estuvieron satisfechos de resultado. Lo bueno\n        fue que esta situaci\\u00f3n s\\u00f3lo se dio para ese disco.\\n\\nDurante 2006-2007\n        el grupo realiz\\u00f3 una [[gira]] de conciertos de presentaci\\u00f3n del\n        nuevo disco por las ciudades de [[Rusia]], [[Belarus]] y [[Ucrania]]. Los\n        recitales se vuelven cada vez m\\u00e1s masivos. As\\u00ed, el disco, titulado\n        \\u201c\\u0412\\u0441\\u0451 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0448\\u043b\\u043e \\u0438\\u0437-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u201d les dar\\u00eda un reconocimiento\n        desmesurado y pas\\u00f3 a una suerte de difusi\\u00f3n masiva que lleg\\u00f3\n        a los grandes [[Canal de televisi\\u00f3n|canales de televisi\\u00f3n]], [[emisoras\n        de radio]] y a un p\\u00fablico. \\\"\\u0428\\u0435\\u043b\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u044f\\u0434\\\"\n        ({{lang-ru|''''[[Gusano de seda]]''''}}) fue el tema que le abri\\u00f3 a la\n        banda las fronteras y siendo hasta la actualidad uno de m\\u00e1s conocidos\n        de Fl\\u00ebur junto a \\u201c\\u0424\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''[[Formol]]''''}}) y \\u201c\\u0422\\u0451\\u043f\\u043b\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u044b\\u201d ({{lang-ru|''''Gatos calientes''''}}). Para\n        fin de a\\u00f1o Fl\\u00ebur ya era aceptado como la revelaci\\u00f3n del a\\u00f1o\n        y gan\\u00f3 numerosos premios.{{Cita web|url=http://www.magicbox.od.ua/bands/fleur/|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur|fechaacceso=24\n        de abril de 2012|idioma=ruso}}\\n\\nEn diciembre de 2007 apareci\\u00f3\n        [[EP]] \\u201c\\u0414\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Dos nubes''''}}) con cl\\u00e1sicos como el tema \\u201c\\u0422\\u0451\\u043f\\u043b\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u044b\\u201d, como un adelanto del pr\\u00f3ximo disco de\n        la banda. Igualmente tuvo lugar reedici\\u00f3n de Trilog\\u00eda con disco\n        de [[Video musical|videos]] del grupo.\\n\\nTambi\\u00e9n fue sacado en el a\\u00f1o\n        2007 el disco \\u201cFl\\u00eburografia\\u201d. Hablando propiamente de lo que\n        es este [[\\u00c1lbum recopilatorio|compilado]], es un trabajo total de los\n        fan\\u00e1ticos. Los seguidores del grupo tienen un [[Sitio web|sitio]] especial\n        dedicado al mismo, y all\\u00ed surgi\\u00f3 la idea de organizar una votaci\\u00f3n\n        para seleccionar las piezas que para los dem\\u00e1s seguidores son las mejores.\n        No contar\\u00edan con que un n\\u00famero importante de personas mandaran sus\n        selecciones, y ante el tumulto optaron por mejor trasladar esos votos y hacer\n        un compilado de las canciones favoritas de la gente. Estas votaciones dieron\n        el contenido as\\u00ed a Fl\\u00eburografia: los tracks 3, 6, 8 y 13 fueron\n        tomados de \\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\\"\n        mientras que 1, 4, 9 y 12 de \\\"\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\\";\n        2, 11, 5 y 14 de \\\"\\u0421\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\\"; 7 y 10 de \\\"\\u0412\\u0441\\u0451\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0448\\u043b\\u043e \\u0438\\u0437-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\\"\n        y finalmente los tracks 15 y 16 pertenecen al [[bootleg]] \\\"\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435\\\",\n        que no forma parte de la [[discograf\\u00eda]] oficial. Despu\\u00e9s del disco\n        compilaci\\u00f3n hab\\u00eda llegado a un techo la capacidad art\\u00edstica\n        del grupo y ahora se encontraban en el dilema de experimentar con nuevos elementos.{{Cita web|url=http://www.mentenebre.com/articulosesp.php?op=verarticle&artid=1426|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur\n        - \\\"Euphoria\\\"|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|fecha=29 de diciembre de 2008|obra=[[mentenebre]]|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}}  \\n\\nSu\n        quinto \\u00e1lbum, \\u201c\\u042d\\u0439\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Euforia''''}}), fue editado en abril de 2008. Esa obra lleg\\u00f3\n        a ser la primera que les gust\\u00f3 \\u00edntegramente a los m\\u00fasicos.\n        Un \\u00e1lbum eminentemente [[Rock Pop]], dejando con\n        ello ese aspecto neocl\\u00e1sico y un tanto g\\u00f3tico \\\"Euphoria\\\" no se\n        trata de un cambio total, sino que en \\u00e9l se concentraba una nueva etapa\n        interpretativa del grupo, que ahora hab\\u00edase desarrollado arm\\u00f3nicamente\n        y que la adici\\u00f3n de nuevos m\\u00fasicos no obedec\\u00eda a un capricho\n        sino m\\u00e1s bien a la necesidad de evolucionar en esta cuesti\\u00f3n. \\u00c1lbum\n        fue presentado con serie de recitales realizados en Ucrania y Rusia.\\n[[Archivo:Matviiv.jpg|thumb|200px|Georgi\n        Matvi\\u00edv, el bandurista de Fl\\u00ebur en 2009-2010.]]\\nEn noviembre de\n        2008 los \\u00e1lbumes \\u201c\\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u201d\n        y \\u201c\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435\\u201d (bootlegs grabados en 2000-2001\n        que durante a\\u00f1os fueron producidos de forma [[Infracci\\u00f3n de derechos\n        de autor|pirata]]) fueron reeditados oficialmente por la compa\\u00f1\\u00eda\n        \\u042f\\u041e\\u041a Music. La presentaci\\u00f3n del \\u00e1lbum se hizo con\n        dos shows en Kiev y Mosc\\u00fa con programa de temas in\\u00e9ditos y rarezas.\\n\\nEn\n        2009 el [[bajista]] Vitaly D\\u00eddyk, la [[violonchelista]] Alexandra D\\u00eddyk\n        y la [[flautista]] Alla Luzh\\u00e9tskaya se despiden de Fl\\u00ebur. En reemplazo\n        de Vitaly ingres\\u00f3 Eugeni Chebotarenko en el bajo. Tambi\\u00e9n a la agrupaci\\u00f3n\n        se sum\\u00f3 el [[Bandura|bandurista]] Georgi Matvi\\u00edv. El violonchelo\n        y la flauta se convierten en instrumentes para [[m\\u00fasicos de sesi\\u00f3n]].\\n\\n===\n        La experimentaci\\u00f3n ===\\n\\nA partir de noviembre de 2009 los m\\u00fasicos\n        comenzaron a trabajar en el nuevo disco. Su sexto disco, grabado enteramente\n        en Odessa, se convirti\\u00f3 en el primer disco de una banda ucraniana grabado\n        \\u00edntegramente en su ciudad natal. \\u201c\\u0422\\u044b\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0430\\u043d\\u0433\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Mil \\u00e1ngeles de luz''''}}), un [[disco doble]] sali\\u00f3\n        a la venta el 17 de abril de 2010. \\\"\\u0422\\u044b\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0410\\u043d\\u0433\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\\"\n        es un disco que enmarca perfectamente el concepto \\\"cardiowave\\\" que el grupo\n        ha venido desarrollando en sus tres discos anteriores.{{Cita\n        web|url=http://www.mentenebre.com/articulosesp.php?op=verarticle&artid=1986|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur\n        - \\\"\\u0422\\u044b\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0410\\u043d\\u0433\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\\"|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|fecha=8\n        de noviembre de 2010|obra=[[mentenebre]]|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol}} \\u00c1lbum\n        est\\u00e1 ya bastante lejos de la trilog\\u00eda y tiene un sonido m\\u00e1s\n        [[rock]]ero.\\n[[Archivo:Koretskaya.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Ludmila\n        Kor\\u00e9tskaya tocando con Fl\\u00ebur.]]\\nA partir de 2010, Fl\\u00ebur comenz\\u00f3\n        a brindar a sus fan\\u00e1ticos edici\\u00f3n [[sistema digital|digital]] de\n        todo su material a trav\\u00e9s del sitio [[Kroogi.com]]. Su modelo de negocios\n        es \\u201cpay-what-you-want\\u201d, o lo que es lo mismo, se deja a elecci\\u00f3n\n        del consumidor el precio a pagar por la m\\u00fasica (incluso puede descargarla\n        gratis).\\n\\nEn 2010 Fl\\u00ebur cumpli\\u00f3 10 a\\u00f1os. En oto\\u00f1o comenzaron\n        una nueva gira internacional, dedicado a ese aniversario. En la gira participaron\n        la violonchelista Ludmila Kor\\u00e9tskaya, el percusionista Vladislav Mitsovsky,\n        los guitarristas Andrey B\\u00e1sov y P\\u00e1vel Golubovsky adem\\u00e1s de\n        integrantes actuales de la banda.\\n\\nEl 24 de enero de 2011, fallece en [[Atentado\n        del Aeropuerto Internacional de Mosc\\u00fa-Domod\\u00e9dovo de 2011|atentado\n        del Aeropuerto Internacional de Mosc\\u00fa-Domod\\u00e9dovo]] la [[dramaturga]]\n        Anna Yabl\\u00f3nskaya, una amiga \\u00edntima de Elena Voynar\\u00f3vskaya.{{Cita web|url=http://www.fleurmusic.com/news/events/news:AY|t\\u00edtulo=\\u0412\n        \\u044d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0434...|fechaacceso=24 de abril\n        de 2012|fecha=24 de enero de 2012|obra=Sitio web oficial de Fl\\u00ebur|idioma=ruso}}\n        Considerando el afecto de la banda por Anna, al d\\u00eda siguiente publica\n        una canci\\u00f3n llamada \\\"\\u041e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\\"\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Se cort\\u00f3''''}}) en su homenaje. La canci\\u00f3n pod\\u00eda\n        bajarse libremente desde el sitio web oficial.\\n\\nEn abril de 2011 emprendieron\n        su gira nombrado Fl\\u0451urescent recorriendo Rusia y Ucrania con programa\n        de canciones in\\u00e9ditas y rarezas. En julio Fl\\u00ebur cerraron el festival\n        \\u00ab\\u0417\\u043e\\u0432 \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u044b\\u00bb que se realiz\\u00f3\n        en Rusia. En agosto la banda volvi\\u00f3 a presentarse en Odessa, esta vez\n        en la edici\\u00f3n n\\u00famero 4 del Festival Interferencia. Durante el oto\\u00f1o\n        el grupo realiz\\u00f3 una gira de conciertos tocando nuevas canciones.\\n\\nEn\n        noviembre de 2011 los m\\u00fasicos comenzaron a grabar los temas de su nuevo\n        trabajo, que se titul\\u00f3 \\u201c\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u201d\n        ({{lang-ru|''''El despertar''''}}). Se destaca con una producci\\u00f3n absolutamente\n        independiente. Grabaci\\u00f3n en estudio fue financiado por los [[fans]] de\n        la banda a trav\\u00e9s de Kroog.{{Cita web|url=http://fleur.kroogi.com/en/content/1982333-New-Album.html|t\\u00edtulo=\\\"TPS\n        Campaign: New Album\\\" Fl\\u00ebur|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|fecha=9 de\n        diciembre de 2011|obra=Kroogi.com|idioma=ingl\\u00e9s}} Tambi\\u00e9n\n        \\u201c\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u201d\n        es la primera producci\\u00f3n que Fl\\u00ebur saca en formato [[Disco de vinilo|vinilo]]\n        (con una edici\\u00f3n limitada de 200 copias) y que fue manufacturada en [[Holanda]].{{Cita web|url=http://penaytristeza.blogspot.com/2012/03/fleur.html|t\\u00edtulo=Fl\\u00ebur\n        - \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435|fechaacceso=24\n        de abril de 2012|fecha=14 de marzo de 2012|idioma=espa\\u00f1ol|urlarchivo=https://archive.is/3nRE|fechaarchivo=29\n        de noviembre de 2012}} \\n\\nEn marzo de 2012 los m\\u00fasicos inician\n        una extensa gira de presentaci\\u00f3n por distintas ciudades de Rusia, Ucrania\n        y Bielorrusia en que a la banda se une el violonchelista Alexey Polt\\u00e1vchenko.\\n\\nDespu\\u00e9s\n        de la gira Fl\\u00ebur se tom\\u00f3 un largo descanso que hizo crecer los rumores\n        de separaci\\u00f3n de la banda.\\n\\n== Discograf\\u00eda ==\\n\\n=== \\u00c1lbumes\n        de estudio ===\\n\\n* 2002 \\u2013 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Toque''''}})\\n* 2003 \\u2013 \\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Magia''''}})\\n* 2004 \\u2013 \\u0421\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Aureola''''}})\\n* 2006 \\u2013 \\u0412\\u0441\\u0451 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0448\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0438\\u0437-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Todo escap\\u00f3 al control''''}})\\n* 2008 \\u2013 \\u042d\\u0439\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Euforia''''}})\\n* 2010 \\u2013 \\u0422\\u044b\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0430\\u043d\\u0433\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Mil \\u00e1ngeles de luz''''}}) \\n* 2012 \\u2013 \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        ({{lang-ru|''''El despertar''''}})\\n* 2014 \\u2013 \\u0428\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Advertencia de tormenta''''}})\\n\\n=== Recopilaciones ===\\n\\n*\n        2007 \\u2013 Fl\\u00eburografia\\n* 2007 \\u2013 \\u0422\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u044f\n        ({{lang-ru|''''Trilog\\u00eda''''}}) \\n* 2008 \\u2013 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 / \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435 ({{lang-ru|''''Casi\n        vivo / Coraz\\u00f3n''''}})\\n* 2008 \\u2013 \\u0414\\u0438\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u044f\n        (todos \\u00e1lbumes en [[MP3]])\\n\\n=== EP ===\\n\\n* 2007 \\u2014 \\u0414\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430 ({{lang-ru|''''Dos nubes''''}})\\n\\n===\n        \\u00c1lbumes lanzados en Europa por el sello franc\\u00e9s Prikosnov\\u00e9nie\n        ===\\n\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Prikosnovenie\\n* 2003 \\u2013 Magic\\n* 2004 \\u2013 Siyanie\\n\\n===\n        Ediciones no oficiales ===\\n\\n* 2000 \\u2014 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 ({{lang-ru|''''Casi vivo''''}})\\n* 2001 \\u2014\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435 ({{lang-ru|''''Coraz\\u00f3n''''}})\\n*\n        2001 \\u2013 \\u0421\\u043f\\u0435\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 ([[Demo (m\\u00fasica)|demo]])\\n*\n        2001 \\u2013 \\u0417\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043d\\u0433\\u0430 (demo)\\n\\n=== Videograf\\u00eda ===\\n\\n* 2001\n        \\u2013 [[VHS]] con concierto en Kiev 20.01.2001{{Cita web|url=http://rateyourmusic.com/release/video/fl\\u0451ur/20_01_20_01_2001/|t\\u00edtulo=20:01\n        20/01 2001|fechaacceso=24 de abril de 2012|obra=[[Rate Your Music]]|idioma=ingl\\u00e9s}}\\n*\n        2004 \\u2013 [[Videoclip]] \\u201c\\u0420\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u201d\\n*\n        2005 \\u2013 videodisco de Trilog\\u00eda{{Cita web|url=http://rateyourmusic.com/release/video/fl\\u0451ur/\\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e/|t\\u00edtulo=video|fechaacceso=24\n        de abril de 2012|obra=[[Rate Your Music]]|idioma=ingl\\u00e9s}}\\n* 2006\n        \\u2013 Videoclip \\u201c\\u0418\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u201d\\n\\n==\n        Integrantes ==\\n\\n=== Integrantes actuales ===\\n\\n\\nArchivo:\\u041e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0433\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        25.01.2008 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u0430.jpg|Olga Pul\\u00e1tova\\nArchivo:\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        25.01.2008 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u0430.jpg|Elena Voynar\\u00f3vskaya\\nArchivo:Kotelnikova.jpg|Katerina\n        Kot\\u00e9lnikova\\nArchivo:AnastasiaKuzmina.jpg|Anastasia Kuzmin\\u00e1\\nArchivo:Tkachevsky.jpg|Alexey\n        Tkachevsky\\nArchivo:Chebotarenko.jpg|Eugeni Chebotarenko\\nArchivo:Poltavchenko.jpg|Alexey\n        Polt\\u00e1vchenko\\n\\n* Olga Pul\\u00e1tova \\u2013 [[piano]], [[Voz\n        (m\\u00fasica)|voz]], [[Composici\\u00f3n musical|composici\\u00f3n]] (desde\n        2000 hasta el presente)\\n* Elena Voynar\\u00f3vskaya \\u2013 [[guitarra]], voz,\n        composici\\u00f3n (desde 2000 hasta el presente)\\n* Katerina Kot\\u00e9lnikova\n        \\u2013 [[teclados]], [[coros]] (desde 2002 hasta el presente)\\n* Anastasia\n        Kuzmin\\u00e1 \\u2013 [[viol\\u00edn]] (desde 2002 hasta el presente)\\n* Alexey\n        Tkachevsky \\u2013 [[bater\\u00eda (instrumento musical)|bater\\u00eda]] (desde\n        2000 hasta el presente)\\n* Eugeni Chebotarenko \\u2013 [[Bajo el\\u00e9ctrico|bajo]]\n        (desde 2009 hasta el presente)\\n* Alexey Polt\\u00e1vchenko \\u2013 [[violonchelo]]\n        (desde 2012 hasta el presente)\\n\\n=== Ex miembros ===\\n\\n* Julia Zemlianaya\n        \\u2013 [[flauta]] (2000-2004)\\n* Vladislav Mitsovsky \\u2013 [[Instrumento\n        de percusi\\u00f3n|percusi\\u00f3n]] (2000- 2010 a intervalos)\\n* Katerina S\\u00e9rbina\n        \\u2013 violonchelo (2000-2002)\\n* Alexey Dovgaliov \\u2013 [[sintetizador]],\n        guitarra ac\\u00fastica (2001-2002)\\n* Vitaly D\\u00eddyk \\u2013 [[contrabajo]],\n        bajo (2001-2009)\\n* Alexandra D\\u00eddyk \\u2013 violonchelo (2002-2009)\\n*\n        Alla Luzh\\u00e9tskaya \\u2013 flauta (2004-2009)\\n* Georgi Matvi\\u00edv \\u2013\n        [[bandura]] (2009-2010)\\n* Andrey B\\u00e1sov \\u2013 guitarra, coros (2010)\\n*\n        P\\u00e1vel Golubovsky \\u2013 guitarra, ruidos (2010)\\n* Ludmila Kor\\u00e9tskaya\n        \\u2013 violonchelo (2010-2011)\\n\\n== Enlaces externos ==\\n\\n{{commons|Fl\\u00ebur}}\\n*\n        {{Web oficial|1=http://www.fleurmusic.com/}}\\n* [http://fleur.kiev.ua Sitio\n        web no oficial]\\n* [http://fleur.borda.ru Sitio de fan\\u00e1ticos]\\n* [http://tonkietravinki.blogspot.com/\n        Blog de Elena Voynar\\u00f3vskaya]\\n* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/88686538/Translations\n        Traducci\\u00f3n de letras de Fl\\u00ebur]\\n* [http://www.mentenebre.com/articulosesp.php?op=listarelacionados&artid=974&clave=interprete&palabra=Fl%EBur&promo=&ver=12YW5kIChBLnNlY2lkPScxJyBvciBBLnNlY2lkPScyJykg21\n        Rese\\u00f1as en mentenebre]\\n{{Facebook|255775427826347}}\\n{{twitter|fleurmusic}}\\n{{Last.fm}}\\n*\n        {{Discogs artista}}\\n\\n== Referencias ==\\n{{listaref|2}}\\n\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de m\\u00fasica de Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de rock de Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de m\\u00fasica folk]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de m\\u00fasica de darkwave]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de dream pop]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de m\\u00fasica alternativa]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de m\\u00fasica de los a\\u00f1os 2000]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de m\\u00fasica\n        de los a\\u00f1os 2010]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de m\\u00fasica formados en\n        2000]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de m\\u00fasica formados en los a\\u00f1os 2000]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T17:14:38Z\",\"lastrevid\":94412839,\"length\":24283,\"fullurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%ABur\",\"editurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%ABur&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%ABur\"},\"7802315\":{\"pageid\":7802315,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"O.Torvald\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-12T00:24:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Ficha\n        de artista musical\\n|nombre          = O.Torvald\\n|logo            = \\n|imagen          =\n        O.Torvald. Eurovision Song Contest 2017, Semi Final 2 Rehearsals. Photo 294.jpg\\n|tama\\u00f1o          =\n        \\n|subt\\u00edtulo       = Imagen tomada durante un concierto.\\n|fondo           =\n        grupo_o_banda\\n|origen          = {{bandera|Ucrania}} [[Poltava]], [[Ucrania]]\\n|estado          =\n        En activo\\n|estilo          = [[Rock]], [[rock alternativo]], [[metal alternativo]]\n        y [[nu metal]]\\n|tiempo          = [[2005]]-presente\\n|discogr\\u00e1fica    =\n        [[Moon Records]]\\n|relacionados    = \\n|url             = [http://o-torvald.com/\n        o-torvald.com]\\n|url2            = \\n|miembros        = Yevhen Halych
Denys\n        Myzyuk
Mykola Rayda
Oleksandr Solokha
Mykyta Vasyl\\u02b9yev\\n|otros_miembros  =\n        Oleksandr Nechyporenko
Andriy Lytvynok
Ihor Odaryuk
Volodymyr\n        Yakovlev\\n|facebook        = OTorvald\\n|twitter         = @OTorvaldBand\\n}}\\n''''''O.Torvald''''''\n        (en [[idioma ucraniano|ucraniano]]: \\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434)\n        es una banda musical [[ucraniana]] de [[rock alternativo]] y [[nu metal]].\\nSe\n        form\\u00f3 en [[Poltava]] en el [[2005]]. Represent\\u00f3 a Ucrania en el\n        [[Festival de la Canci\\u00f3n de Eurovisi\\u00f3n 2017|Festival de Eurovisi\\u00f3n\n        2017]] con la canci\\u00f3n \\u00abTime\\u00bb.{{cita noticia|autor1=Mikhail\n        Vasilyev|t\\u00edtulo=Ukraine: O.Torvald will sing \\u201cTime\\u201d at Eurovision\n        2017|url=http://wiwibloggs.com/2017/02/25/ukraine-will-sing-eurovision-2017/177369/|fechaacceso=25\n        de febrero de 2017|agencia=wiwibloggs.com|fecha=25 de febrero de 2017|idioma=en}}\\n\\n==\n        Historia ==\\n=== Inicios y primer disco ===\\nEl origen de esta banda de m\\u00fasica\n        se remonta al a\\u00f1o [[1999]], cuando sus dos actuales componentes Yevhen\n        Halych y Denys Myzyuk crearon el d\\u00fao juvenil, Kruty! Pedali. Este d\\u00fao\n        permaneci\\u00f3 hasta [[2005]], cuando conocieron a Olexandr Nechiporenko,\n        Andriy Lytvynok e Igor Odaryuk; y juntos en la ciudad de [[Poltava]] crearon\n        la banda ''''''O.Torvald''''''.\\n\\nPrimeramente Yevhen Halych era el [[vocalista]]\n        principal, Denys Myzyuk y Oleksandr Nechyporenko eran los [[guitarristas]],\n        Andriy Lytvynok era el [[bater\\u00eda (instrumento musical)|bater\\u00eda]]\n        e Igor Odaryuk era el [[bajista]]. Todos ellos se mudaron hacia [[Kiev]] y\n        all\\u00ed alquilaron juntos una casa en la cual ensayaban. Seg\\u00fan declar\\u00f3\n        el propio vocalista, el nombre de O.Torvald proviene de una variaci\\u00f3n\n        de la palabra rusa \\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u044b\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f\n        (''''otryvat''sya''''), que significa desprenderse.\\n\\nAll\\u00ed en la capital\n        ucraniana empezaron a tener coger experiencia en diversos festivales destacados\n        como el Global Battle of the Bands (GBOB), el Chernova Ruta, el Perlyny Sezonu\n        o el Tavriys\\u2019ki ihry. Tambi\\u00e9n empezaron a componer y grabar sus\n        primeras canciones, que muchas de ellas, al final se quedaron solamente en\n        [[demos]]. Para los a\\u00f1os [[2007]] y [[2008]] firmaron un contrato con\n        la discogr\\u00e1fica [[:sl:Vesna Musi\\u0107|Vesna Musi\\u0107]] y ya pudieron\n        lanzar el fue su primer [[\\u00e1lbum debut]], titulado con el mismo nombre\n        del grupo. Gracias a este primer disco que tuvo muy buena aceptaci\\u00f3n\n        por parte del p\\u00fablico y al \\u00e9xito de los singles incluidos \\\"Ne zalyshay\\\"\n        y \\\"Kiev-London\\\", empezaron a darse a conocer por todo el pa\\u00eds, realizando\n        constantes apariciones en televisi\\u00f3n, radio y prensa escrita.\\n\\nEse\n        mismo a\\u00f1o 2008, llegaron a la banda nuevos componentes: Mykola Rayda\n        como [[teclista]] y [[deejay]]; y Vladimir Yakolev como bater\\u00eda.\\n\\n===\n        2011-2014 ===\\n\\nSu segundo \\u00e9xito les lleg\\u00f3 en [[2011]] cuando lanzaron\n        su segundo disco, ''''\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456'''', pero esta vez bajo\n        el sello de [[Moon Records]].\\nEste proyecto present\\u00f3 un sonido diferente\n        al anterior, debido en parte a la llegada de nuevos integrantes.\\n\\nPor un\n        lado, el guitarrista Oleksandr Nechyporenko dej\\u00f3 la banda y en su lugar\n        se puso el vocalista Yevhen Halych. El bater\\u00eda Volodymyr Yakovlev fue\n        sustituido por Oleksandr Solokha y el bajista Ihor Odaryuk es sustituido por\n        Dmitry Malichev, que al poco tiempo ser\\u00e1 reemplazado por Volodymyr Yaroshenko.\\n\\nEn\n        [[febrero de 2012]] estuvieron realizando una gira ac\\u00fastica por todo\n        el pa\\u00eds, en la cual grabaron un [[\\u00e1lbum en vivo]] titulado ''''Akustychnyy''''.\n        Al mismo tiempo tambi\\u00e9n participaron en numerosos festivales como el\n        Ekolomyja de Polonia, el Prosto Rock donde cabe destacar que compartieron\n        cartel con la banda estadounidense [[Linkin Park]]; en el Zaxhidfest donde\n        coincidieron con los eurovisivos moldavos [[Zdob \\u0219i Zdub]] o el [[:en:Global\n        Gathering|Global Gathering]] donde conocieron a los m\\u00fasicos Tapolsky\n        & VovKING y juntos grabaron el [[extended play]] (EP) \\\"Vykorystovuy nas\\\".\\n\\nEn\n        el [[2014]] lanzaron su tercer disco, \\\"Ty Ye\\\", cuyo single y videoclip \\\"Mr.DJ\\\"\n        fueron censurados por el contenido sexual que se apreciaba.\\n\\nEse mismo a\\u00f1o,\n        se dio el \\u00faltimo cambio sustancial en la banda, ya que se uni\\u00f3 Mykyta\n        Vasyl\\u02b9yev como nuevo bajista.\\n\\n=== 2015-2016 ===\\n\\nLa banda ha d\\u00eda\n        de hoy est\\u00e1 compuesta por Yevhen Halych como [[guitarra r\\u00edtmica]]\n        y voz principal, Denys Myzyuk como guitarrista principal, Mykola Rayda como\n        deejay y teclista, Mykyta Vasyl\\u2019yev como bajista y Oleksandr Solokha\n        como bater\\u00eda.\\n\\nEl [[1 de septiembre]] de [[2016]] lanzaron el que ha\n        sido su cuarto disco, titulado \\\"#nashilyudyvsyudy\\\". Adem\\u00e1s se han sumado\n        a otros proyectos como crear la sinton\\u00eda de la serie de televisi\\u00f3n\n        Kiyev Dnem i Noch''yu, estrenada en el mismo a\\u00f1o; y crear tambi\\u00e9n\n        la canci\\u00f3n principal de la pel\\u00edcula [[:ru:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0431\\u043e\\u044f|Pravilo boyu]], estrenada ahora en [[2017]] y en la cual\n        el integrante Yevhen Halych tuvo un papel protagonista.\\n\\n=== 2017- presente\n        (Festival de Eurovisi\\u00f3n) ===\\n\\nA \\u00faltimos de 2016 ya se anunciaron\n        como candidatos en la selecci\\u00f3n nacional eurovisiva. La canci\\u00f3n\n        con la que se han presentado es \\\"[[Time (canci\\u00f3n de O.Torvald)|Time]]\\\",{{cita\n        noticia|t\\u00edtulo=Time - Single O.Torvald|url=https://itunes.apple.com/es/album/time-single/id1204909522|fechaacceso=1\n        de mayo de 2017|agencia=[[iTunes]]|fecha=17 de febrero de 2017|idioma=en}}\n        que ha sido escrita por ellos mismos, producida por Kyrylo Matju\\u0161enko\n        y lanzada por el sello Best Music el [[17 de febrero]].\\n\\nEn la selecci\\u00f3n\n        nacional se enfrentaban a la gran favorita [[:uk:Tayanna|Tayanna]] que se\n        hizo con la mejor valoraci\\u00f3n de los jueces y con Melovin que se llev\\u00f3\n        gran parte del apoyo de la audiencia, sin embargo O.Torvald tom\\u00f3 la delantera\n        siendo el segundo clasificado en ambas categor\\u00edas. Y en la gran final\n        del [[25 de febrero]] esta situaci\\u00f3n culmin\\u00f3 con un empate entre\n        la solista femenina y el grupo, pero esta vez lograron el m\\u00e1ximo apoyo\n        del p\\u00fablico resultando vencedores de esta selecci\\u00f3n y logrando ser\n        los nuevos representantes de [[Ucrania en el Festival de la Canci\\u00f3n de\n        Eurovisi\\u00f3n|Ucrania]] en el [[Festival de la Canci\\u00f3n de Eurovisi\\u00f3n\n        2017]] que se celebrar\\u00e1 en el [[Centro Internacional de Exposiciones]]\n        de [[Kiev]], en el cual ser\\u00e1n los anfitriones{{cita noticia|autor1=Vicente\n        Rico|t\\u00edtulo=Los rockeros O.Torvald dan la sorpresa y ser\\u00e1n los anfitriones\n        ucranianos en Eurovisi\\u00f3n 2017|url=http://www.eurovision-spain.com/iphp/noticia.php?numero=25-02-17_final-del-nacionalnij-vidbir-2017-quien-sera-el-anfitrion-en-ucrania|fechaacceso=1\n        de mayo de 2017|agencia=www.eurovision-spain.com|fecha=25 de febrero de 2017|ubicaci\\u00f3n=[[Madrid]]\n        ([[Espa\\u00f1a]])}} y actuaran directamente en en la gran final tras\n        la victoria el a\\u00f1o pasado de [[Jamala]] con su canci\\u00f3n \\\"[[1944\n        (canci\\u00f3n)|1944]]\\\".\\n\\n== Miembros ==\\n\\n* [[Yevhen Halych]] \\u2013 vocal\n        y guitarra (2005-presente)\\n* [[Denys Myzyuk]] \\u2013 guitarra y coro (2005-presente)\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Solokha]] \\u2013 bater\\u00eda (2011-presente)\\n* [[Mykyta Vasyl\\u02b9yev]]\n        \\u2013 bajo (2014-presente)\\n* [[Mykola Rayda]] \\u2013 piano y deejay (2008-presente)\\n\\n==\n        Referencias ==\\n{{listaref}}\\n\\n== Enlaces externos ==\\n{{Portal|M\\u00fasica}}\\n{{Portal|Eurovisi\\u00f3n}}\\n{{commonscat}}\\n*\n        [http://o-torvald.com/ Sitio Web Oficial]\\n{{facebook|OTorvald}}\\n{{instagram|otorvald}}\\n{{twitter|@OTorvaldBand}}\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/user/OTORVALDband/featured Canal Oficial de YouTube]\\n\\n{{Sucesi\\u00f3n\\n|predecesor=[[Jamala]]
con\n        \\u00ab[[1944 (canci\\u00f3n)|1944]]\\u00bb\\n|t\\u00edtulo    =[[Archivo:EuroUcrania.svg|45px]]
[[Ucrania\n        en el Festival de la Canci\\u00f3n de Eurovisi\\u00f3n|Ucrania en el Festival\n        de Eurovisi\\u00f3n]]\\n|per\\u00edodo   =[[Eurovisi\\u00f3n 2017|2017]]\\n|sucesor   =''''Por\n        determinar''''}}\\n\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de m\\u00fasica formados en 2005]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de rock de Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Representantes de Ucrania en Eurovisi\\u00f3n]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Participantes\n        en Eurovisi\\u00f3n 2017]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T04:49:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":100415773,\"length\":8489,\"fullurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\",\"editurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O.Torvald&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\"},\"6560394\":{\"pageid\":6560394,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Okean\n        Elzy\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-27T13:14:53Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Ficha\n        de artista musical\\n|nombre          = Okean Elzy\\n|logo            = \\n|imagen          =\n        Okean elzy moscow 11-02-2012 nazipov1.jpg\\n|tama\\u00f1o          = \\n|subt\\u00edtulo       =\n        Okean Elzy en 2012.\\n|fondo           = grupo_o_banda\\n|origen          =\n        {{Bandera|Ucrania}} [[Lvov]], [[Ucrania]]\\n|estado          = Activo\\n|estilo          =\n        [[M\\u00fasica rock|Rock]]\\n|tiempo          = 1994 - presente\\n|discogr\\u00e1fica    =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]
[[COMP music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[Lavina\n        Music]] 
 [[Nova records]]\\n|relacionados    = \\n|url             = \\n|url2            =\n        \\n|miembros        = Svyatoslav Vakarchuk
Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107
Denis\n        Glinin
Vladimir Opsenitsa
Denys Dudko\\n|otros_miembros  = Pavlo Gudimov
Yuriy\n        Khustochka
Dmytro Shurov
Petro Cher\\u00f1avskiy\\n|formaci\\u00f3n_original\n        = \\n|facebook        = \\n|twitter         = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Okean Elzy''''''\n        (en [[idioma ucraniano|ucraniano]]: ''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438'''',\n        Oc\\u00e9ano de Elza) es una banda musical [[ucrania]]na de [[m\\u00fasica rock|rock]]\n        formada en 1994 en [[Lvov]] por Svyatoslav Vakarchuk como vocalista junto\n        a Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107 (piano y sintetizador) y Denis Glinin (bater\\u00eda).\\n\\n==\n        Historia ==\\n=== 1994 al 1999 ===\\nEl origen del grupo tiene lugar en 1991\n        cuando cuatro j\\u00f3venes, entonces integrantes de la banda: \\\"Klan Tyshi\\\"\n        formaron tres a\\u00f1os despu\\u00e9s Okean Elzy.{{cita\n        web |url = http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        |t\\u00edtulo = Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy|autor=\n        [[Kyiv Post]]|fecha = 25 de enero de 2013|fechaacceso = 27 de diciembre de\n        2016|idioma =ingl\\u00e9s}} A lo largo de 1994 empezaron a ensayar como\n        cuarteto.  \\n\\nSu primera actuaci\\u00f3n tuvo lugar el 14 de enero de 1995\n        en el [[Teatro de \\u00d3pera y Ballet de Le\\u00f3polis|Teatro de \\u00d3pera\n        de Lvov]]. Poco despu\\u00e9s publicaron su primera [[maqueta (m\\u00fasica)|maqueta]]\n        titulada ''''DEMO 94-95''''. Aquel mismo a\\u00f1o actuar\\u00edan en varios\n        festivales a lo largo del pa\\u00eds siendo Cherovna Ruta y Melodiya dos de\n        ellas. Tambi\\u00e9n participaron en Is junto a [[Oleh Suk]].\\n\\nEn 1996 actuaron\n        en los festivales Sribna Pikova, Alternative 2, Perlyny Sezonu, Trust Open\n        Air Gernsbach ([[Alemania]]), Trash 96 y R.F.I. 96 ([[Francia]]). Durante\n        un concierto en [[Kiev]], fueron teloneros de [[Deep Purple]]. Entre noviembre\n        y diciembre trabajaron en su primer [[maxi-single]]: ''''Budynok zi skla''''.\n        Posteriormente la cadena televisiva [[TET (Ucrania)|TET]] emitir\\u00eda una\n        pel\\u00edcula documental a nivel nacional sobre el grupo.\\n\\nEn 1997 realizaron\n        una gira por el sur de Francia y el oeste de Alemania. Tras finalizar el tour,\n        actuaron en su ciudad de origen. Al a\\u00f1o siguiente decidieron tomarse\n        un a\\u00f1o sab\\u00e1tico y se trasladaron a [[Kiev]] donde grabaron ''''Tam,\n        de nas nema''''. Del sencillo produjeron un videoclip siendo el primero en\n        ser emitido en [[MTV (Rusia)|MTV Rusia]] y la cadena francesa: [[MCM]].\\n\\nA\n        principios de 1999 publicaron su segundo \\u00e1lbum: ''''Ya na nebi buv''''\n        y en mayo actuaron por primera vez en [[Rusia|territorio ruso]] en el Festival\n        Maxidrom ante miles de admiradores y tener as\\u00ed m\\u00e1s reconocimiento\n        internacional. Tambi\\u00e9n actuaron en el MCM Caf\\u00e9 de [[Par\\u00eds]].\\n\\n===\n        2000 al 2004 ===\\nEn el 2000 publicaron ''''Ya na nebi buv''''.\\n\\nEl 5 de\n        febrero organizaron un concierto en el [[Teatro Astoria (Londres)|Astoria\n        Club de Londres]].\\n\\nAl a\\u00f1o siguiente colaboraron en el primer spot\n        de a\\u00f1o nuevo de la marca [[Pepsi Cola]] y posteriormente publicaron su\n        tercer \\u00e1lbum ''''Model'''' y en agosto: ''''Supersymetriya''''. En 2003\n        iniciaron una gira para promocionar el que ser\\u00eda su \\u00faltimo trabajo.\n        A finales de a\\u00f1o, Svyatoslav Vakarchuk recibi\\u00f3 el reconocimiento\n        de Embajador de la Cultura Ucraniana.\\n\\nEn 2004 se unieron Denys Dudko y\n        Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107 (nacido en [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]].)\\n\\nTambi\\u00e9n\n        estuvieron activos durante la [[Revoluci\\u00f3n Naranja]] en la que dieron\n        su apoyo a la poblaci\\u00f3n que exig\\u00eda cambios democr\\u00e1ticos en\n        la pol\\u00edtica del pa\\u00eds.\\n\\n=== 2005 al presente ===\\nEn 2005 Petro\n        Cherniavsky se uni\\u00f3 al grupo.\\n\\nEl 22 de septiembre de 2005 publicaron\n        ''''Gloria''''. Poco despu\\u00e9s iniciaron una gira a lo largo de Ucrania\n        y Rusia.\\n\\nAquel mismo a\\u00f1o Vakarchuk fue nombrado por la [[ONU]] Embajador\n        de Buena Voluntad por [[Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo]]\n        (PNUD).{{cita web |url = http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/272293-okean_elzy_soloist_sviatoslav_vakarchuk_appointed_undp_goodwill_ambassador_55266.html|t\\u00edtulo\n        =Vakarchuk appointed UNDP Goodwill Ambassador |autor = ukrinform|ubicaci\\u00f3n\n        =Ucrania |fecha = 5 de septiembre de 2005|fechaacceso = 27 de diciembre de\n        2016|idioma =ingl\\u00e9s}}\\nTambi\\u00e9n cabe destacar las campa\\u00f1as\n        ben\\u00e9ficas del grupo para las fundaciones [[Organizaci\\u00f3n Internacional\n        para las Migraciones|OIM]] y [[MTV Europe Foundation]]. En 2006 Vakarchuk\n        organiz\\u00f3 varios encuentros con estudiantes en varias universidades ucranianas\n        y polacas. En la actualidad trabaja en un proyecto social para ayudar a combatir\n        el analfabetismo entre la poblaci\\u00f3n joven.\\n\\nEn noviembre del mismo\n        a\\u00f1o visitaron [[Kosovo]], entonces parte de Serbia, donde m\\u00fasicos\n        de varios pa\\u00edses organizaron un concierto en pro de la reconciliaci\\u00f3n\n        y de la paz.\\n\\nEn 2006 grabaron el single ''''Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly''''\n        con la que animaron a la [[selecci\\u00f3n ucraniana de f\\u00fatbol|selecci\\u00f3n\n        ucraniana]] en el [[Alemania 2006|Mundial de f\\u00fatbol de Alemania]]. Este\n        tema tuvo gran acogida entre la afici\\u00f3n amarilla. Tras recaudar gracias\n        al videoclip y la propia canci\\u00f3n, donaron sus beneficios a un centro\n        infantil especializado en el [[SIDA]].\\n\\nEn abril iniciaron una gira por\n        [[Ciudad de Nueva York|Nueva York]], [[Chicago]] y [[Toronto]].\\n\\nEn 2010\n        iniciaron la gira ''''Dolce Vita'''' como promoci\\u00f3n del disco hom\\u00f3nimo\n        a nivel internacional.\\n\\nEn diciembre de 2013 actuaron en las manifestaciones\n        del [[Euromaidan]].{{cita web |url =http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/ukraine-suspends-mayor-security-official-over-protest-crackdown_896844.html\n        |t\\u00edtulo = Ukraine suspends mayor, security official over protest crackdown|autor\n        = Zee News|fecha = 14 de diciembre de 2013|fechaacceso = 27 de diciembre de\n        2016|idioma = ingl\\u00e9s}}\\n\\n== Discograf\\u00eda ==\\n=== \\u00c1lbumes\n        ===\\n* 1998, \\\"Tam, de nas nema\\\" \\n* 2000, \\\"Ya na nebi buv\\\"\\n* 2001, \\\"Model\\\"\\n*\n        2003, \\\"Supersymetriya\\\"\\n* 2003, \\\"Tviy format\\\" (ac\\u00fastico).\\n* 2005,\n        \\\"Gloria\\\"\\n* 2007, \\\"Mira\\\" Measure\\n* 2010, \\\"Dolce Vita\\\"\\n* 2013, \\\"Zemlya\\\"\n        \\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1996, \\\"Budynok zi skla\\\"\\n* 2002, \\\"Kholodno\\\"\\n* 2004,\n        \\\"Dyakuyu!\\\" \\n* 2006, \\\"Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly...\\\" \\n* 2009, \\\"Ya\n        tak khochu...\\\"\\n* 2013, \\\"Obiymy\\\"\\n\\n=== Recopilatorios ===\\n* 2006, \\\"1221\\\"\\n*\n        2010, \\\"The Best Of\\\"\\n\\n=== Como solistas ===\\n* 2008, \\\"Vnochi\\\"\\n* 2011,\n        \\\"Brussel''\\\"\\n\\n== Referencias ==\\n{{Listaref}}\\n\\n== Enlaces externos ==\\n{{Commonscat|Okean\n        Elzy}}\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com/ \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443 \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb] {{uk}}\\n* [http://web.archive.org/web/http://okeanelzystore.com/\n        \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d-\\u043c\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443 \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438]\n        {{uk}}\\n\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de rock de Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de m\\u00fasica formados en 1994]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Activistas de Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Quintetos\n        musicales]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T03:57:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":95861349,\"length\":7246,\"fullurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\",\"editurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okean_Elzy&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\"},\"3162961\":{\"pageid\":3162961,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Quest\n        Pistols\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-24T10:44:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Ficha\n        de artista musical\\n|Nombre = Quest Pistols\\n|Imagen = Quest Pistols 15.jpg\\n|Subt\\u00edtulo\n        = \\n|Fondo = grupo_o_banda\\n|Nombre_de_nacimiento = \\n|Alias = \\n|Nacimiento\n        = \\n|Muerte = \\n|Origen = [[Ucrania]] {{bandera|Ucrania}}\\n|Instrumento =\n        \\n|Estilo = [[Pop]], [[Rock]]\\n|Ocupaci\\u00f3n = \\n|Tiempo = [[2007]]-presente\n        \\n|Discogr\\u00e1fica = [[Moon Records]]
Kruzheva Music\\n|Artistas_relacionados\n        = \\n|URL = http://www.questpistols.com\\n|Miembros = Daniel Matseychuk
Washington\n        Salles
Ivan Krishtoforenko
Mariam Turkmenbaeva\\n|Ex_miembros = \\n|Otros_miembros\n        = Anton Savlepov
Nikita Goruk
Konstantin Borovsky 
 Daniel\n        Joy  \\n}}\\n''''''Quest Pistols'''''' es una banda de [[pop rock]] [[ucraniana]]\n        formada en 2007. Los miembros de la banda comenzaron en el mundo de la m\\u00fasica\n        como integrantes de un show de baile llamado Quest Ballet. Sus actuaciones\n        fueron un \\u00e9xito entre los televidentes y como consecuencia de ello surgi\\u00f3\n        la banda.{{cita web | url = http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/citylife/detail/30194/|\n        t\\u00edtulo =  City Life with Alexandra Matoshko| fechaacceso = 14 de febrero\n        de 2009|urlarchivo=http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/citylife/detail/30194/|fechaarchivo=4\n        de noviembre de 2015}} Desde su formaci\\u00f3n, la banda ha lanzado\n        dos \\u00e1lbumes de estudio; ''''Dlja Tebja'''', en 2007, y ''''Superklass'''',\n        en 2008.\\n\\nEn 2008 la banda gan\\u00f3 el premio [[MTV Europe Music Awards\n        2008]] al mejor grupo ucraniano del a\\u00f1o. En ese mismo a\\u00f1o, Quest\n        Pistols apareci\\u00f3 en la banda sonora del videojuego ''''[[Grand Theft\n        Auto IV]]'''', en la radio ficticia [[Vladivostok FM]], con su sencillo \\\"\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\\".\\n\\n==\n        Discograf\\u00eda ==\\n* ''''Dlja Tebja'''', Megaliner Records (2008)\\n* ''''Superklass'''',\n        Moon Records (2009)\\n\\n== Referencias ==\\n{{listaref}}\\n\\n== Enlaces externos\n        ==\\n{{commonscat}}\\n* [http://www.questpistols.com/ QuestPistols.com]\\n* [http://questpistols.livejournal.com/\n        LiveJournal/QuestPistols] en [[LiveJournal]]\\n* [http://www.youtube.com/user/questpistols\n        YouTube/QuestPistols] en [[YouTube]]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/questpistols\n        MySpace.com/QuestPistols] en [[MySpace]]\\n\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de m\\u00fasica\n        de Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de rock de Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de pop de Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de m\\u00fasica formados en 2007]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T00:32:20Z\",\"lastrevid\":97128689,\"length\":2310,\"fullurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols\",\"editurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quest_Pistols&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols\"},\"4218641\":{\"pageid\":4218641,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Vopli\n        Vidopliassova\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-02T19:53:47Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Ficha\n        de artista musical|\\n|Nombre = Vopli Vidopliassova
\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\n|Imagen\n        = \\n|Subt\\u00edtulo = \\n|Fondo = grupo_o_banda\\n|Nacimiento = [[1986]]\\n|Origen\n        = [[Kiev]], {{UKR}}\\n|Estilo = [[Hard rock]], [[folk rock]], [[punk rock]],\n        [[punk jazz]]\\n|Tiempo = [[1986]]-presente\\n|Discogr\\u00e1fica = [[Warner\n        Music Group|Warner Music]]
[[PolyGram]]\\n|URL = [http://www.vopli.com.ua]\\n|Miembros\n        = [[Oleh Skrypka]]
[[Oleksiy Melchenko]]
[[Yevheniy Rohachevsky]][[Serhiy Sakhno]]|\\n|Miembros anteriores = [[Oleksandr Pipa]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Vopli\n        Vidopliassova'''''' o ''''''VV'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430, \\u0412\\u0412}})\n        es una popular banda de [[rock ucraniano]]. Fue formada en 1986 en [[Kiev]],\n        en la [[Rep\\u00fablica Socialista de Ucrania]], perteneciente a la [[Uni\\u00f3n\n        Sovi\\u00e9tica]].Sus influencias incluyen g\\u00e9neros y estilos tales como\n        [[folk]], [[canciones patri\\u00f3ticas]], [[punk]], [[hard rock]], [[heavy\n        metal]] y recientemente han incursionado en la [[m\\u00fasica electr\\u00f3nica]].\\n\\nSu\n        canci\\u00f3n ''''Den Narodzhennya'''' forma parte de la [[banda sonora]] de\n        las dos pel\\u00edculas ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]'''' del director\n        [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. El miembro de la banda Oleh Skrypka ha producido algunos\n        albumes en solitario. \\n\\n== Miembros actuales de la banda ==\\n* [[Oleh Skrypka]]\n        - vocalista principal, acorde\\u00f3n, guitarras\\n* [[Oleksiy Melchenko]] -\n        bajo\\n* [[Yevheniy Rohachevsky]] - guitarra, coros\\n* [[Serhiy Sakhno]] -\n        bater\\u00eda, coros\\n\\n== Discograf\\u00eda ==\\n* 1991 - Abo abo\\n* 1993 -\n        Zakustyka\\n* 1994 - Kraina Mriy\\n* 1996 - Muzika (single)\\n* 1997 - Muzika\\n*\n        1998 - Lyubov (single)\\n* 2000 - Khvyli Amura\\n* 2001 - Den NaroDJennya\\n*\n        2001 - Mamay (single)\\n* 2002 - Fayno\\n* 2006 - Buly Denky\\n* 2007 - Video\n        Collection (DVD)\\n* 2008 - VV On the Rock-Sich Festival Stage\\n* 2008 - Hymn-Glorification\n        of Ukraine\\n* 2008 - Video Collection. collector''s edition (2 DVD)\\n* 2008\n        - Lado (virtual single)\\n* 2008 - Buly Denky (vinyl LP)\\n\\n== Enlaces externos\n        ==\\n* [http://www.vopli.com.ua Official VV website]\\n\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de rock de Ucrania]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T09:15:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":99574274,\"length\":2055,\"fullurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vopli_Vidopliassova\",\"editurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vopli_Vidopliassova&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vopli_Vidopliassova\"},\"6351789\":{\"pageid\":6351789,\"ns\":14,\"title\":\"Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de heavy metal de Ucrania\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2014-06-30T07:42:31Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de heavy metal por pa\\u00eds|Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de rock de\n        Ucrania| Heavy metal]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-02-06T11:20:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":75312804,\"length\":108,\"new\":\"\",\"fullurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Grupos_de_heavy_metal_de_Ucrania\",\"editurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Categor%C3%ADa:Grupos_de_heavy_metal_de_Ucrania&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Grupos_de_heavy_metal_de_Ucrania\"},\"7458920\":{\"pageid\":7458920,\"ns\":14,\"title\":\"Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de indie rock de Ucrania\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-06-21T21:30:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos\n        de indie rock|Ucrania]]\\n[[Categor\\u00eda:Grupos de rock de Ucrania|Indie\n        rock]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"es\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2016-06-21T21:30:32Z\",\"lastrevid\":91841813,\"length\":95,\"new\":\"\",\"fullurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Grupos_de_indie_rock_de_Ucrania\",\"editurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Categor%C3%ADa:Grupos_de_indie_rock_de_Ucrania&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Grupos_de_indie_rock_de_Ucrania\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Sun, 10 Sep 2017 20:45:47 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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[[Victor Ryzhyi]]
[[Andriy Stepanov]]
[[Andriy Voytyuk]][[Hlib Tolstoy]]\\n| past_members    = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''999'''''' or ''''''\\u00abThree\n        nines\\u00bb'''''' is an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[rock band]] from [[Lviv]].\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\nThe band was formed in December 1986 by guitarist [[Igor Tolokha]]\n        and vocalist [[Olexander Melnik]]. They played for one year. In 1988, band\n        was re-formed by [[Olexander Vedenin]] and [[Hlib Tolstoy]]. In late 1988,\n        the band broke up.\\n\\nIn 1989 band was re-formed again. New vocalist becomes\n        [[Olena Bukhalova]]. The group toured in [[Western Europe]] and participates\n        in the festival \\u00ab[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]]\\u00bb.\\n\\nThe\n        songs \\\"\\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043b\\u0435\\u0439\\\", \\\"\\u0412\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\n        \\u0437 \\u044f\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\", \\\"\\u0414\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u041e\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u044f\\\"\n        was have repeatedly been on the top of the Ukrainian and Polish charts.\\n\\nIn\n        2015, song \\\"\\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043b\\u0435\\u0439\\\" reached sixth place\n        in the world of alternative rock in the ranking according to the web-site\n        [http://www.numberonemusic.com/ Numberonemusic].\\n\\n== Members ==\\n* Olena\n        Bukhalova \\u2014 [[vocal]]\\n* Olexander Vedenin \\u2014 [[vocal]], [[guitar]]\\n*\n        Yuriy Chub \\u2014 [[bass guitar]], [[vocal]]\\n* Victor Ryzhyi \\u2014 [[violin]],\n        [[back vocal]]\\n* Andriy Stepanov \\u2014 [[flute]]\\n* Andryi Voytyk \\u2014\n        [[xylophone]]\\n* Hlib Tolstoy \\u2014 [[drums]]\\n\\n=== Past members ===\\n*\n        Igor Tolokha \\u2014 guitar\\n* Sashko Melnyk \\u2014 vocal\\n* Olesya Grasymchuck\n        \\u2014 vocal\\n* Oleksiy Buhlak \\u2014 bass guitar\\n* Evgen Tarnavsky \\u2014\n        [[keyboards]]\\n* Yaryna Turanska \\u2014 vocal\\n* Dmytro Slisyev \\u2014 guitar\\n*\n        Sergiy \\\"Beard\\\" Malanchuck \\u2014 bass guitar\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n* \\u00ab\\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (1992)\\n* \\u00abThe Best Of \\u00ab999\\u00bb (1994)\\n\\n== External links ==\\n*\n        [https://www.facebook.com/pages/999/133593028786?sk=info \\u00ab999\\u00bb \\u043d\\u0430\n        Facebook]\\n* [http://www.soundclick.com/bands/default.cfm?bandID=999987 \\u00ab999\\u00bb\n        \\u043d\\u0430 SoundClick]\\n* [http://energy.rocklab.ru/view/groups/18586.html\n        \\u00ab999\\u00bb \\u043d\\u0430 RockLab.ru]\\n* [http://www.reverbnation.com/999threenine\n        \\u00ab999\\u00bb \\u0430\\u0443\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW6nBDK95yY&feature=plcp\n        \\u00ab999\\u00bb \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u00ab\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u00bb]\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jsx71bWYb-8&feature=plcp \\u00ab999\\u00bb\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456 \\u00ab\\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u00bb(\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e)]\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw54kqEWbHo&feature=plcp \\u00ab999\\u00bb\n        \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e (\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e)]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-31T09:22:56Z\",\"lastrevid\":751648303,\"length\":3143,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(Ukrainian_band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=999_(Ukrainian_band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(Ukrainian_band)\"},\"32335406\":{\"pageid\":32335406,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Anna\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-25T22:09:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{unreferenced|date=January\n        2017}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name               = ANNA\\n| image                = \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432 (Fort.Missia\n        2011).jpg\\n| caption           = Viktor Novosiolov in Fort.Missia 2011\\n|\n        image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         =\n        group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[nu metal]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\\n|\n        origin             = [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 2002\\u20132013,\n        2015-\\n| label              = [[In\\u0161amuzyka]]\\n| website                =\n        [http://www.myspace.com/annalviv ANNA]\\n| associated_acts    = \\n| current_members    =\n        Viktor Novosyolov
 Serhiy Nesterenko
 Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi
\n        Mykhaylo Salo
 Vadym Bayuk \\n| past_members       = Viktor Zhyrkov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''ANNA''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u041d\\u041d\\u0410}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\n        band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nANNA has three times toured in Ukraine\n        supporting both of its albums and the 10th anniversary of the band. Also ANNA\n        has taken a part in many Ukrainian festivals (e.g. Rujnacija, Rock-Vybux,\n        Taras Buljba, Metal Heads Mission, Big Alternative Gig, Fort.Missia).\\n\\nThe\n        band ceased to exist in February 2013 because of conflict between Viktor Novosyolov\n        and the rest of the band. Later Novosyolov created a project [[Kompas (band)|Kompas]]\n        while some other ANNA members continue to collaborate as [[LATUR]].\\n\\nIn\n        2015 the band got active taking part in the festival \\\"Zavantazhennya\\\" and\n        preparing a big solo concert in Kyiv.\\n\\n==Members==\\n* Viktor Novosyolov\n        ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[vocal]]\\n* Serhiy Nesterenko ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[guitar]],\n        vocal\\n* Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi ''''(\\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)''''\n        \\u2014 guitar\\n* Mykhaylo Salo ''''(\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[bass guitar]]\\n* Vadym Bayuk ''''(\\u0412\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2014 [[drums]]\\n\\n''''''Former members''''''\\n*\n        Viktor Zhyrkov ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0416\\u0438\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[programming (music)|programming]], [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430'''' (Proba, 2003; was not published)\\n*\n        ''''\\u0421\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435''''\n        (Spryjmaj mene, 2006; EP)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008; single)\\n* ''''\\u0421\\u0440\\u0456\\u0431\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0417\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (Sribna Zmija, 2010)\\n* ''''\\u0413\\u0456\\u043c\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445''''\n        (Himn zamurovanyx, 2012; single)\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"Glamour\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USnxCAaoMzM]\\n*\n        \\\"Karmatrash\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7iY-WBK6Tw]\\n* \\\"Hra z Bohom\\\"\n        [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78hZVG7Y7JQ]\\n* \\\"\\u010cornyj Znak\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfS6ZaIktig]\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/annalviv ANNA (''''myspace.com'''')]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:2002 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-18T13:37:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":761970199,\"length\":2973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\"},\"31843918\":{\"pageid\":31843918,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-12T03:15:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Boombox\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        image                 = BoomBox in Mykolaiv \\u2014 8.jpg\\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| caption            = \\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[Rock and roll]], [[funk rock]],\n        [[funk]], [[reggae]], [[hard rock]]\\n| years_active        = 2004-present\\n|\n        label               = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]], Vdoh\\n| website                 =\n        [http://boombox.kiev.ua/ Official blog of the band ]\\n| Language = [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[English language|English]]\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Boombox'''''' (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441,\n        Bumboks) is a Ukrainian pop [[Musical ensemble|band]] formed in 2004 by singer\n        [[Andriy Khlyvnyuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cFly\\u201d Samoylo]] on [[guitar]].\n        In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only took 19 hours\n        to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs in\n        [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        in their albums and singles.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        (Melomania) (2005)\\n* Family \\u0411\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 (Family\n        Business) (2006)\\n* III (2008)\\n* \\u0412\\u0441\\u0451 \\u0432\\u043a\\u043b\\u044e\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        (All included) (2010)\\n* \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043di\\u0439 \\u0412i\\u043a\n        (Middle Age) (2011)\\n* \\u0422\\u0435\\u0440\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0411\n        (Terminal B) (2013)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.last.fm/music/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81\n        Boombox on last.fm]\\n\\n{{BoomBox}}\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T02:08:12Z\",\"lastrevid\":779965890,\"length\":1730,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\"},\"43831925\":{\"pageid\":43831925,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Braty\n        Hadiukiny\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-14T18:41:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{nofootnotes|date=July\n        2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name            = Braty Hadiukiny
 \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438\\n|image           =\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size      = \\n|landscape       = Yes\\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = rock''n''roll, blues, punk, reggae,\n        funk, folk\\n|years_active    = 1988-1996
2006\\u2013present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = {{URL|http://www.gady.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = \\n|past_members    = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Braty Hadiukiny'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}), or simply ''''''Hady''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438}}) is a Ukrainian rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band''s musical style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll,\n        blues, punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironic song lyrics contain a lot of local\n        vernacularisms, slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\",\n        where the fictional last name Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadyuka'''',\n        or \\\"[[Viperidae|viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\"\n        (In Ukrainian the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly\n        between 1988 and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kyiv]]\n        which was a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by a lot of\n        famous people (including [[Yulia Tymoshenko] the prime minister at the time]).\n        After the band''s leader Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 a big tribute concert\n        was held in 2011, joined by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as [[Komu\n        Vnyz]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Okean Elzy]] and others. In 2014 the rest\n        of the band members released a new album (the first one since 1996). \\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n;Current\\n* Ihor Melnychuk (\\u0406\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440 \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u00bb\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a) \\u2014 bass, vocals.\n        \\n* Pavlo Krakhmal''ov (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u043e \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445\\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432)\n        \\u2014 keyboards, vocals.\\n* Henadiy Verbianyi (\\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0448\\u0430\\u00bb \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 guitar.\\n* Mykhailo Lundin (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u041b\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041b\\u0443\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d)\n        \\u2014 drums, back vocals\\n* Liliya Pavlyk-Kuvaldina (\\u041b\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a-\\u041a\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Olena Romanovska (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Andriy Skachko (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014 guitar (new)\\n* Anton Buryko\n        (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0411\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014\n        trumpet (new)\\n* Volodymyr Pushkar (\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\n        \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440) \\u2014 trombone (new)\\n* Nazar Vachevskyi\n        (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 saxophone (new)\\n\\n;Past\\n* Serhiy Kuzminskyi (\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 vocals, keyboards, lyrics, music (1987-1996)\\n* Oleksandr Yemets (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u00ab\\u0428\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb \\u0404\\u043c\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c) \\u2014\n        saxophone, lyrics, music (1987-1989)\\n* Oleksandr Hamburg (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433) \\u2014 bass, vocals (1987-1991)\\n*\n        Andriy Partyka (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1987\\u20141994)\\n* Ernest Khreptyk (\\u0415\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Stepan Koval (\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n*\n        Bohdan Vatashchuk (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d \\u0412\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u0449\\u0443\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Oleh Kachechka (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991-1992)\\n*\n        Yuliya Donchenko (\\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)\n        \\u2014 back vocals (1994)\\n* Bohdan Yura (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u042e\\u0440\\u0430) \\u2014 saxophone (1994\\u20141995)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n;Studio\n        albums\\n* 1989 [[Vso chotko!]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e!)''''\\n*\n        1991 [[My \\u2014 khloptsi z Bandershtadtu]] ''''(\\u041c\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0437 \\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0434\\u0442\\u0443)''''\n        \\n* 1994 [[Bulo ne liubyty]] ''''(\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438)''''\\n*\n        1996 [[Shchaslyvoyi dorohy (Bye, bye, myla)]] ''''(\\u0429\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438! (\\u0411\\u0430\\u0439, \\u0431\\u0430\\u0439,\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430!))''''\\n* 2014 [[Made in Ukraine (Braty Hadiukiny\n        album)|Made in Ukraine]]\\n\\n;Live albums\\n* 2000 [[Na!Zhyvo]] ''''(\\u041d\\u0410!\\u0416\\u0418\\u0412\\u041e)''''\n        (live recordings of 1994\\u20141995)\\n* 2006 [[Live \\u00e0 Bruxelles]] (live\n        from Brussels, 29 October 1992)\\n* 2006 [[Vrodylo]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e)''''\n        2CD, DVD (live from Kyiv, 20 January 2006)\\n\\n;DVD\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia\n        domiv]] ''''(\\u042f \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432.\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c''\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e)''''\n        (live tribute)\\n\\n;Other\\n* 2007 [[Love Story (Braty Hadiukiny album)|Love\n        Story]] (love songs newly recorded)\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia domiv]] ''''(\\u042f\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432)''''\n        (tribute)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.gady.com.ua/ Official page]\\n* [http://www.kmstudio.com.ua/cheremshyna/bratygadiukiny.htm\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438. \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438.]\\n*\n        [http://poetry.uazone.net/braty/ Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-17T19:42:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":754824789,\"length\":4711,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braty_Hadiukiny&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\"},\"46376609\":{\"pageid\":46376609,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{expand\n        Ukrainian|date=April 2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Brunettes Shoot Blondes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              = [[Kryvyi\n        Rih]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Independent music|indie]], [[alternative\n        rock|alternative]], [[Electronic music|electronic]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2010\\u2013present \\n| label               = independent\\n|\n        website             = [http://brunettesshootblondes.org// brunettesshootblondes.org]\\n|\n        current_members     = Andrew Kovaliov
 Roman Sobol
 Igor Sidash Yuriy Vodolazhskiy\\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n''''''Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes'''''' is a Ukrainian [[indie rock]] band, founded in early 2010 and\n        based out of [[Kryvyi Rih]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group gained international\n        recognition in September 2014 for an animated music video to their song \\\"Knock\n        Knock\\\". The video went viral, receiving more than five million [[YouTube]]\n        views in the 10 days after its release. In early 2015, the band developed\n        their unique music video style for the song ''Bittersweet'', made in partnership\n        with German automobile manufacturer [[Opel]]. Brunettes Shoot Blondes currently\n        has no contract with any record labels, instead promoting the band independently.\\n\\n==\n        Career ==\\n\\nSince 2011, Brunettes Shoot Blondes have performed numerous concerts\n        in their homeland Ukraine and across mainland [[Europe]]. The group has played\n        at festivals including Wybieram Wschod {{cite news|url=http://eastbook.eu/2012/04/material/announcement/festiwal-wybieram-wsch%C3%B3d-21-22-04-2012-pozna%C5%84/|title=Festiwal\n        Wybieram Wsch\\u00f3d!, 21-22.04.2012, Pozna\\u0144|work=EastBook|date=7 April\n        2012|accessdate=27 July 2015}}  ([[Pozna\\u0144]], [[Poland]]), OstAnders\n        2013 ([[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]]) and at Eastern Hipsters ([[Bia\\u0142ystok]],\n        Poland, 2014). In 2011, they also participated in the [[BalconyTV]] project\n        in Pozna\\u0144. The band continues to work on new songs and music videos,\n        in between their appearances on Ukrainian TV channels.\\n\\nBrunettes Shoot\n        Blondes has also cooperated with famous commercial brands to produce music\n        for advertising, including [[Watsons Personal Care Stores|Watsons]] (song:\n        You Broke My Heart) and [[\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430|Nova\n        Poshta]] (songs: Tomorrow and Nothing At All). The music video for the song\n        ''Bittersweet'' was produced in partnership with German car maker Opel.\\n\\n===\n        \\\"Knock Knock\\\" ===\\n\\nIn September 2014, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released\n        a new music video on YouTube for their song ''Knock Knock''. The story features\n        an animated love story of a rabbit and a girl,{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10?IR=T|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=11\n        April 2015}} shot in real time using 14 [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone]]s,\n        [[iPad]]s and [[MacBook]]s. The band''s members produced the video, with the\n        band''s frontman Andrew Kovaliov assuming the role of video [[Music video\n        director|director]].{{cite news|url=http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/27/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-animated-music-video/|title=Apple\n        devices host an animated chase in Brunettes Shoot Blondes music video|work=de\n        Zeen|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} The video attracted\n        more than 600,000 YouTube views in the first five days after being uploaded.\n        By April 2015, this number was more than seven million. The video was also\n        posted on [[Facebook]] and received over [https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=10152894680079245\n        26 million views and 800,000 shares].\\n\\nIn October 2014, the video topped\n        YouTube in the category of ''New performers \\u00abEmerging Artists From Across\n        the Globe\\u00bb''. Various international media outlets conducted interviews\n        and features with the band following the release of ''Knock Knock'' including\n        ''''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6259369/watch-ukrainian-band-animated-music-video-live-sequenced-apple-devices|title=Watch\n        this Ukrainian Band''s Animated Music Video Live Sequenced Through 14 Apple\n        Devices|work=Billboard|date=24 September 2014|accessdate=13 April 2015}}\n        [[Yahoo!]],{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/ukrainian-band-brunettes-shoot-blondes-creates-best-apple-ad-ever-193750473.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Band Brunettes Shoot Blondes Creates Best Apple Ad Ever|work=Yahoo!|date=29\n        September 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}} ''''[[The Daily Mirror]]'''',{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/amazing-animated-music-video-tells-4346538|title=Amazing\n        animated music video tells a love story across dozens of iPhone and iPad screens|work=Daily\n        Mirror|date=29 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://rollingstone.uol.com.br/especial/TIM/noticia/banda-ucraniana-cria-carismatico-video-interativo-com-diferentes-gadgets/|title=Banda\n        ucraniana cria carism\\u00e1tico v\\u00eddeo interativo com diferentes gadgets|work=Rolling\n        Stone Brasil|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=13 April 2015}} [[Mashable]],{{cite\n        news|url=http://mashable.com/2014/09/24/music-video-14-screens|title=Clever\n        Music Video Plays Out on 14 Apple Gadgets|work=Mashable|date=24 September\n        2014|accessdate=17 June 2015}} [[Business Insider]],{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=17\n        June 2015}} ''''[[Daily Mail]]'''', ''''[[USA Today]]'''', ''''[[The\n        Verge]]'''',{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/28/6857177/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-music-video|title=iPhones\n        and iPads star in this intricately animated love story|work=Verge|date=28\n        September 2014|accessdate=24 June 2015}} [[Dezeen]] and ''''[[The Huffington\n        Post]]''''.\\n\\nIn May 2015 the music video \\\"Knock Knock\\\" won the \\\"Best\n        Concept\\\" award at the Berlin Music Video Award 2015.\\n\\nThe band''s success\n        was recognized by the [[Presidential Administration of Ukraine|Ukrainian president''s\n        administration]], with frontman Andrew Kovaliov becoming one of the first\n        Ukrainian citizens to receive new [[biometric passport]]s.{{cite news|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/32047.html|title=President:\n        Biometric passports are the key step on the way to the visa-free regime with\n        the EU|work=Official website of the President of Ukraine|date=12 January 2015|accessdate=13\n        April 2015}} Kovaliov thinks the video has improved Ukraine''s international\n        standing and relationship within the [[European Union]], saying \\\"everybody\n        should actually do what they can to make our country stronger, to show that\n        we''re a European country and that we have to do something for this country\\\".{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-25/hit-viral-video-shows-different-side-ukraine|title=A\n        worldwide viral hit shows a different side of Ukraine|work=PRI|date=25 September\n        2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}}\\n\\n=== ''''Bittersweet'''' ===\\n\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2015, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released a debut EP ''Bittersweet''.\n        The album features four songs including the well-known singles ''Knock Knock''\n        and ''Bittersweet''.{{cite news|url=http://brunettesshootblondes.org/post/109832692274/brunettes-shoot-blondes-release-debut-ep|title=Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes releases a debut EP|work=Brunettes Shoot Blondes|date=29 January\n        2015|accessdate=27 July 2015}}\\n\\nFront man Andrew Kovaliov says:  \\u201cEP\n        ''Bittersweet'' is the band\\u2019s first release, in which we invested lots\n        of strength and inspiration. Most of the material was recorded in studios\n        in [[Warsaw]] and [[Kyiv]]\\u201d. The song was produced in partnership with\n        German advertising agency [[Scholz & Friends]] and with German car maker Opel.\n        The video develops the use of a ''picture in picture'' effect used in the\n        video for ''Knock Knock'' \\u2013 consisting of footage performed directly\n        from the screens of devices, without editing.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== EPs\n        ===\\n* 2015 \\u2014 Bittersweet\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* \\\"I Don''t Know\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"You Broke My Heart\\\"\\n* \\\"You''ve Got To Move\\\"\\n* \\\"Cigarette Day\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Sarah\\\"\\n* \\\"One, Two, Three, Girl\\\"\\n*\\\"Every Monday\\\"\\n\\n==Music videos==\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!Year\\n!Video\\n!Director\\n!Album\\n|-\\n|2013\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z05IZNH1DcM\n        I Don''t Know]\\u00bb\\n|[[Denis Breslavskiy]]\\n|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RC_0NzJ2mWA\n        Knock Knock]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrnKiCIQNiQ\n        Bittersweet]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n|}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{official website|http://brunettesshootblondes.org/}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/bsbclips/\n        Brunettes Shoot Blondes YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/brunettesshootblondes/\n        Facebook Page]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/brunettesshootblondes/ Soundcloud\n        Page]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2010]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian indie rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":797979473,\"length\":9442,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\"},\"29516824\":{\"pageid\":29516824,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dead\n        Rooster\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-26T06:41:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=September\n        2011}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            = Dead Rooster
\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\n| image             = Mertvyi Piven.jpg\\n|\n        alt         = \\n| caption        = \\n| image_size        = \\n| background      =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          = [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[punk rock]]\n        \\n| years_active    = 1989\\u20132011\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website             = [http://deadrooster.org.ua www.deadrooster.org.ua]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Misko Barbara]] 
  [[Roman Chayka]] 
 [[Oleh Suk]]\n        
 [[Alex Slobodian]] 
 [[Yurko Chopyk]] 
 [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n|\n        past_members    = [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  
 [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]] 
 [[Vadym\n        Balayan]] 
 [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] 
 [[Andriy Nadolsky]] 
 [[Yaryna\n        Yakubyak]] 
 [[Roman Ross]] 
 [[Ivan Nebesny]] 
 [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u0440\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430 (Fort.Missia 2011).jpg|thumb|250px|Misko\n        Barbara, lead vocalist of the band.]]\\n''''''Dead Rooster'''''' or ''''''Mertvy\n        Piven'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}})\n        is a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that formed in 1989.\n        The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival. Their debut\n        album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group took first prize in the\n        category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began as an acoustic band.\n        During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into a grunge/art-rock band,\n        though their music can''t be described by one particular style. Dead Rooster\n        has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of the band were written\n        in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]], [[Maksym Rylsky]],\n        [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]], [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras Shevchenko]]. The\n        album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s poetry\n        collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current\\n* [[Misko Barbara]]\n        \\n* [[Roman Chayka]] \\n* [[Oleh Suk]] \\n* [[Alex Slobodian]] \\n* [[Yurko Chopyk]]\n        \\n* [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n\\n;Past\\n* [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  \\n* [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]]\n        \\n* [[Vadym Balayan]] \\n* [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] \\n* [[Andriy Nadolsky]] \\n*\n        [[Yaryna Yakubyak]] \\n* [[Roman Ross]] \\n* [[Ivan Nebesny]] \\n* [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n# 1992 - ''''\\u0415\\u0442\\u043e'''' (Eto)\\n# 1993 - ''''\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c ''93'''' (Dead Rooster ''93)\\n# 1994\n        - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043e''''\n        (1994) Live in studio (Pidzemne zoo (1994) Studio Live)\\n# 1995 - ''''Live\n        \\u0443 \\u041b\\u044c\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456'''' (Live in Lviv)\\n# 1996 - ''''IL\n        Testamento'''' \\n# 1997 - ''''\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\n        \\u0415\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441'''' (Misky Boh Eros)\\n# 1998 - ''''\\u0428\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430''''\n        (Shabadabada)\\n# 2003 - ''''\\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f\\u043a\\u0438''''\n        (Afrodiziaky)\\n# 2006 - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f'''' (Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438'''' (Kryminalni Sonety)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c'''' (Vybrany narodom)\\n# 2009 -\n        ''''Made in \\u042e\\u0410'''' (Made in UA)\\n# 2011 - ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430'''' (Radio Afrodyta)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n{{commonscat|Mertvyi Piven}}\\n* [http://deadrooster.org.ua Official\n        website]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=5 Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Musical sextets]]\\n[[Category:1989\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-15T06:49:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":677902138,\"length\":3698,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Rooster&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\"},\"43223438\":{\"pageid\":43223438,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Druha\n        Rika\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-25T07:57:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Druha Rika\\n| image                = \\n| caption           = \\n| image_size           =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[Alternative rock]], [[Brit Pop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Zhytomyr]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1996-\\n| label              =\n        [[Lavina music]]
[[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                =\n        [http://www.drugarika.com/ Druha Rika]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Tokio (Russian\n        band)|Tokio]]\\n| current_members    = Valeriy Kharchyshyn
 Oleksandr\n        Baranovsky
 Oleksiy Doroshenko
 Serhiy Belichenko 
 Serhiy\n        Hera (Shura) \\n| past_members       = Viktor Skurativsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Druha\n        Rika'''''' (also ''''''Druga Rika'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Zhytomyr]].\n        The band''s style is determined as [[Brit Pop]]. Druha Rika released five\n        studio albums and two compilations. The name of the band means ''''Second\n        river''''.\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current members\\n* Valeriy Kharchyshyn \\u2014\n        singing, trumpet (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Oleksandr Baranovsky \\u2014 guitar (1996\n        \\u2014)\\n* Oleksiy Doroshenko \\u2014 drums (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Belichenko\n        \\u2014 guitar (1998 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Hera (Shura) \\u2014 keyboards (2003\n        \\u2014)\\n\\n;Past members\\n* Viktor Skurativsky \\u2014 bass (1996-2014)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u042f \\u0454'''' (Ya ye)\\n* 2003\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0430'''' (Dva)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Rekordy)\\n* 2008 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430'''' (Moda)\\n* 2012 \\u2014\n        ''''Metanoia. Part 1''''\\n\\n;Compilations\\n* 2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447''''\n        (Dennich)\\n* 2009 \\u2014 ''''THE BEST''''\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.drugarika.com\n        Official page]\\n* [https://twitter.com/DrugaRika \\u00abTwitter]\\n* [http://www.lastfm.ru/music/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0\n        LastFm]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/11 Lyrics]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/drugarika\n        YouTube]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1996]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1996\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Zhytomyr]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-18T08:11:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751378655,\"length\":2166,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druha_Rika&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\"},\"39499231\":{\"pageid\":39499231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dymna\n        Sumish\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-16T14:45:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Dymna Sumish\\n| image           = \\n|\n        image_size      = \\n| landscape       = \\n| alt             = \\n| caption         =\n        \\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          =\n        [[Chernihiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = [[Psychedelic rock]], [[post-grunge]],\n        [[hardcore punk]]\\n| years_active    = {{start date|1998}}\\u2013{{end date|2012}}\n        (a break)\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts = \\u00abVkrayst\\u00bb\\n|\n        website         = {{URL|http://dymnasumish.com.ua/}}\\n| current_members =\n        \\n| past_members    = \\n* Oleksandr\n        Chemerov\\n* Serhiy Martynov\\n* Ihor Herzhyna\\n* Oleh Fedosov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Dymna\n        Sumish'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}})\n        - Ukrainian musical band. Founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]]. The\n        group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and [[psychedelic\n        rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00ab[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]]\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb\n        (Moscow), \\u00ab[[Woodstock Festival (Poland)|Woodstock]]\\u00bb (Poland).\n        Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s.\n        They openly express their opinion against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying\n        to convey to the listeners with their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn\n        April 2012 the participants of the group said that the group temporarily stop\n        their activity because of inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine\n        - when a culture isn''t valued, but instead all the power has [[policy]],\n        social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n== Past members ==\\n*\n        Oleksandr Chemerov - vocals, guitar, screaming\\n* Serhiy Martynov - guitar,\n        [[sitar]]\\n* Ihor Herzhyna - bass\\n* Oleh Fedosov - drums\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n*\n        [[Ty zhyvyi]] (2005) (''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439'''')\\n*\n        [[V kraini iliuziy]] (2008) (''''\\u0412 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439'''')\\n* [[Dymna Sumish (album)|Dymna\n        Sumish]] (2009) (''''\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448'''')\\n\\n==Music\n        videos==\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0406\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2007)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041f\\u0441\\u0456\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0436\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\u00abR''n''R\\u00bb (2009)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433 \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\\"\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\\" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FvbxH8Vnew(2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://dymnasumish.com.ua/ Official site]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T11:11:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":775695924,\"length\":2529,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dymna_Sumish&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\"},\"23018655\":{\"pageid\":23018655,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Eney\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-14T17:56:12Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name = Eney
\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439 \\n|image = \\n|caption\n        = \\n|image_size = \\n|background = group_or_band\\n|origin = [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]\\n|genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active = 1960''s\n        \\u2013 1977\\n|label = \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website = \\n|current_members\n        = |\\n|past_members = [[Kyrylo Stetsenko (rock singer)|Kyrylo Stetsenko]][[Taras Petrynenko]]
[[Ihor Shablovsky]]|
[[Mykola Kyrylin]][[Oleksandr Blinov]]
[[Ruslan Horobets]]
[[Kostiantyn Kurko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Eney''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}}) was a [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]]\n        [[rock music|rock]] band that performed its own [[repertoire]]. It was named\n        after the famous character, [[Aeneas]], from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The\n        first modern Ukrainian writer|literal works]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\n==History==\\nDuring\n        the 1960s Students from the Kievan special music school formed a band named\n        after Ukrainian composer [[Mykola Lysenko]]. They initially played unique\n        interpretations of Ukrainian folk songs. Later its members were exposed to\n        the late works of [[The Beatles]] and started to rearrange works of [[Johann\n        Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]]. In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko\n        and Blinov left it to form the new band called ''''Dzvony''''. The band started\n        to experiment in new genres: blues and soul. In 1972 the band and their music\n        where banned in the Soviet Union and labeled \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a\n        result, all existing records and recordings were destroyed. After that the\n        band went underground until 1974. The members then merged with ''''Dzvony''''\n        into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative Trails''''. After\n        the band was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed its name to ''''Hrono''''.\n        In 1977 the ensemble became known as ''''Eney'''' once again. After a period\n        of time, ''''Eney'''' broke up and its members either joined different bands\n        or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own band [[Hrono]].\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://kmstudio.com.ua/index.php?nma=cherem&fla=stat&nm=eney Brief\n        overview]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:43:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":734486313,\"length\":2207,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eney&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\"},\"6882426\":{\"pageid\":6882426,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Esthetic\n        Education\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-26T05:44:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{third-party|date=January 2013}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=November 2013}}\\n}}\\n\\n\n        \\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image                 =\\n| caption            =\\n|\n        name                = Esthetic Education\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Indie\n        rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[progressive rock]].\\n| website                 =\n        [http://www.estheticeducation.com/ EstheticEducation.com]}}\\n\\n''''''Esthetic\n        Education'''''' is a [[Rock music|rock]] band based in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its present members are Louis Franck (vocals), Dmytro Shurov (keyboards),\n        Yuriy Khustochka (bass), Illya Halushko (guitars), and Andriy Nadolsky (drums).\n        It was formed in 2004 after Shurov and Khustochka left the successful Ukrainian\n        band [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\n==History==\\nIn December 2004, Esthetic Education\n        played at the Bars en Trans Festival in the La Scene club in [[Paris]]. They\n        also played at the Dublin Castle and the Spitz in [[London]]. The Spitz chose\n        the song \\u201cHorrible Disaster\\u201d for inclusion in their limited edition\n        CD ''''Spitz Live 2''''.\\n\\nThe band was extremely active in 2005-2006; they\n        shot three video clips and released a [[maxi single]] on the Ukrainian record\n        label [[Lavina Records]].\\n\\nDuring 2005 and a half of 2006, Esthetic Education\n        played in front of more than 170,000 people. They opened for Moby in the [[Palace\n        of Sports, Kiev]] (the hall where the [[Eurovision song contest]] was held)\n        and had bottles, lighters and other objects hurled at them while playing at\n        the Mega House Festival in [[Moscow]]. They played an epic concert at [[Exit\n        Festival]] in Yugoslavia, toured Ukraine\\u2019s largest cities and played\n        in Moscow\\u2019s best clubs and festivals. They also did a series of intimate\n        acoustic concerts in small exclusive Moscow and Ukrainian venues.\\n\\nIn 2006\n        they released a live album ''''Live at Ring'''', which featured songs both\n        from ''''Face Reading'''' and ''''Werewolf'''', which at the time, was their\n        upcoming album. On [[Russia|Russia''s]] biggest label, [[w:ru:\\u0421\\u041e\\u042e\\u0417\n        (\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d)|Soyuz]], the band is featured\n        with \\u201cStereolab\\u201d, \\u201cBe Your Own Pet\\u201d, \\u201cThe Young Gods\\u201d,\n        \\u201cI Am Kloot\\u201d, and \\u201cNatasha Atlas\\u201d. Their video clip \\u201cLeave\n        us Alone\\u201d was featured on [[MTV]] Russia and their song \\u201cMachine\\u201d\n        was number one on the hit parade of Ukraine\\u2019s leading music channel [[M1\n        (Ukraine)|M1]], and number 2 on Radio Maximum, Russia\\u2019s most popular\n        radio station. They have been voted Ukraine\\u2019s best new band and discovery\n        of the year by several magazines.\\n\\nEsthetic Education has been invited on\n        numerous TV and radio shows. Highlights include live shooting for Russia\\u2019s\n        third national channel TVC in Studio 5 at [[Mosfilm]] studios, a New Year''s\n        TV show for Ukraine\\u2019s national television channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]]\n        (complete with fireworks, flames, and confetti), a live performance for [[Novyi\n        Kanal]] (the equivalent of the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom''s]] [[channel\n        4]]) during the morning news program, and Prosto Radio''s \\u201cGolden Best\\u201d\n        program, Radio Maximum.\\n\\nPhotos of Esthetic Education have appeared in ''''[[Elle\n        (magazine)|Elle]]'''', ''''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'''', ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''', ''''Ego'''', ''''Max'''', ''''Afisha'''' (cover shot), ''''Moloko''''\n        (cover shot), ''''Time Out'''', ''''Shtushka'''', ''''Pink'''', ''''TV Week'''',\n        and others.\\n\\nIn 2007 the band released ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education\n        album)|Werewolf]]''''. They have opened their own production company in Kiev,\n        Esthetic Music.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio albums===\\n* ''''[[Face Reading]]''''\n        (2004)\\n* ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education)|Werewolf]]'''' (2007)\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        \\\"[[Leave Us Alone / Machine]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Happy New Year (Esthetic Education)|Happy\n        New Year]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Vasil Vasiltsiv]]\\\" (2006)\\n\\n===Live albums===\\n*\n        ''''[[Live at Ring]]'''' (2006)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.estheticeducation.com\n        Official Web-site]\\n* [http://myspace.com/estheticeducation Official Esthetic\n        Education Myspace]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T18:07:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":664071779,\"length\":4106,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esthetic_Education&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\"},\"17208231\":{\"pageid\":17208231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Flit\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-18T02:30:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Flit \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| image               = FLIT\n        danieluk 2005.jpg\\n| image_size          = \\n| caption             = Fleet\n        at the concert in Warsaw\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[punk rock]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| instrument          = \\n| years_active        = 2001 - present\\n| label               =\n        \\u00abUKRmusic\\u00bb\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website             = http://www.flit.net.ua\n        \\n| current_members     = Andriy Markiv
Oleksandr Ivanchuk
Anatoliy\n        Blyednyh
Volodymyr Korchak\\n| past_members        = Volodymyr Novikov
Ihor\n        Ozarko
Mykhaylo Kopievskyi
Yuriy Popov
Yuliy Honskyy\\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Flit'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        [[punk rock]] band that was formed in 2001 in [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\\n\\nMembers\n        are:\\n*Andriy Markiv - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (since 2001)\\n*Stanislav Bondarchuk\n        - [[guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (since 2012)\\n*Volodymyr Korchak - [[drums]]\n        (since 2012)\\n*Anatoliy Blyednyh - [[bass guitar]] (since 2012)\\n\\n== Past\n        Members ==\\n*Volodymyr Novikov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2001-2011)\\n*Yuriy\n        Popov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2011)\\n*O. Snihur - [[guitar]] (2011-2012)\\n*Ihor\n        Ozarko - [[drums]] (2003-2010)\\n*Yuriy Chornyi - [[drums]], founder of the\n        group (2001-2003)\\n*Vitaliy Belyakov - [[backing vocals]] (2001)\\n*Mykhaylo\n        Kopievskiy - [[bass guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (2001-2012)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n* 2004 - \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\u2026\n        / [[Svit takyi\\u2026 (album)|Svit takyi\\u2026]] (The world is such\\u2026)\\n*\n        2006 - Z\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439 / [[Zanykay (album)|Zanykay]]\n        (Hide it)\\n* 2009 - \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        / [[Odnoznachno (album)|Odnoznachno]] (Simply)\\n* 2013 - \\u0412\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0454! / [[Vykhid Ye! (album)|Vykhid Ye!]] (Solution exists! [Literally:\n        Way out exists!])\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 2008 - \\u041b\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\n        / [[Layu sebe (album)|Layu sebe]] (Abusing Myself)\\n* 2010 - \\u0428\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0438 / [[Shukay i znaydy (album)|Shukay\n        i znaydy]] (Search and find)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*[http://www.flit.net.ua\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Flit}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{ukraine-stub}}\\n{{Europe-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T21:20:08Z\",\"lastrevid\":791090995,\"length\":2326,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flit_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\"},\"29524555\":{\"pageid\":29524555,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Gorgisheli\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2014-06-20T18:13:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Gorgisheli
\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\n|image              =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size         = \\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[rock music|Rock]],  [[art\n        rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n|years_active     = 1997 \\u2013 present\\n|label            =\n        \\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\\n|current_members  =\n        [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Oleg Sook]] 
\n        [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] 
[[Marian Kozovyy]]|\\n|past_members     = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Gorgisheli''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456}}; {{lang-ka|\\u10d2\\u10dd\\u10e0\\u10d2\\u10d8\\u10e8\\u10d4\\u10da\\u10d8}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band. The band''s songs are\n        sung in the [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]]\n        languages. Their music combines elements of art rock, Georgian and Ukrainian\n        folk music with a modern sound.\\n\\nThe project was known from 1997 year as\n        Black September ( Chornyy Veresen''). A new sound emerged when the well-known\n        bass player [[Oleg Sook|John]] (Project \\\"Is\\\" in 1995 and 2002, Tea Fan Club,\n        Oh, [[Dead Rooster]]) joined the group.\\n\\nThe group has participated in many\n        festivals, including Melody, Black Sea Games, Red Rue ([[Chervona Ruta]]),\n        Pearls of the Season, Pok-existence, Europe Center, Taras Bulba, the festival\n        of Ukrainian culture in [[Sopot]], [[Poland]]. The members of the band participated\n        in the TV show Fresh Blood (Svizha Krov) on M1 channel, where they scored\n        the largest number of points of all participants. Gorgisheli''s performance\n        during the [[Orange Revolution]] issue hit [[Euronews]]. \\n\\nIn summer 2006\n        the band signed a long-term contract with Comp Music/[[EMI]], in cooperation\n        with which their debut album entitled Amore was released on November 20 of\n        that year.\\n\\n== Band members ==\\n* [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] - main vocals, acoustic\n        guitar\\n* [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] -  back vocals, bass guitar\\n* [[Oleg Sook]]\n        - keyboard\\n* [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] - drums\\n* [[Marian Kozovyy]] - electric\n        guitar\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n*2006 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0410\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435''''''\n        (Amore)\\n*2009 \\u2014 ''''''Live'''''' (Live)\\n*2010 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440''''''\n        (Rombambar/Rhubarb)\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\n        Official Gorgisheli website]\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Gorgisheli\n        - ne dyvysj na mene tak demo.ogg|title=\\\"\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a (Ne dyvysj na mene\n        tak, Don''t look at me like this)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1997]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-04T08:52:15Z\",\"lastrevid\":613716380,\"length\":2653,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorgisheli&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\"},\"25700628\":{\"pageid\":25700628,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Hapochka\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-30T06:02:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Notability|Music|date=January\n        2010}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Hapochka\\n| image                 =\n        4 heads in one.jpg\\n| caption            = Hapochka\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[pop\n        rock]]\\n| years_active        = Since 2007\\n| website                 = [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka]\\n|\n        current_members     = Kate Hapochka ([[vocal]]) 
 Ihor Havrilenko ([[bass\n        guitar|bass]]) 
 Alexandr  Zbrocky ([[guitar]])
 Artem Uhodnykov  ([[drums]])\\n|\n        background=group_or_band\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Hapochka'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is young Ukrainian rock-group, created in 2007, winner of \\\"The Global Battle\n        of the Bands 2009\\\" in Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was organized in\n        2007, the year when vocalist - Kate Hapochka, arrived from [[Khmelnytskyi,\n        Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]] to study at the [[Kiev Conservatory]], and decided\n        to form the group.\\n[[File:Kate Hapocka.jpg|thumb|150px|Katya Hapochka]]\\n\\nThe\n        first composition of group was created within two days, created by Kate and\n        the percussionist Artem Ugodnikov \\u2013 who arrived to study in Kiev from\n        [[Kirovohrad]].\\n\\nThe group initially was named ''''Group Kate Hapochky''''.\n        In the process searching for new names they were known as ''''Exactly There''''\n        for more than a month, but later a group went back to the initial concept,\n        but more short name \\u2013 ''''''''''Hapochka''''''''''\\n\\nAt this time Ihor\n        Havrilencko ([[bass guitar]]) and Alexandr Zbrocky ([[guitar]]) joined in\n        with a group\\n\\nThe style which the group uses include [[Britpop]], [[funk]],\n        [[Folk music|folk]], fate, [[Rock music|rock]], [[pop rock]].\\n\\n===The GBOB===\\n[[File:GBOB3.jpg|thumb|Finale\n        of The Global Battle Of The Bands UA 2009]]\\n\\nOn 25 September within the\n        framework of competition \\\"The Global Battle of the Bands UA 2008\\\" a group\n        got the greatest result among the Kiev commands-participants.\\n\\nIn October\n        of this year \\u00abHapochka\\u00bb got to the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\n        A group was marked the special reward \\u2013 surveys of the first video clip\n        with a rotary press on television.\\n\\nIn 2009 group won 1-\\u0435 place in\n        the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\" \\u2013 and in 2010 it will be represent\n        Ukraine on the world  finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\\n\\nA finale will take place\n        in [[London]] on one of grounds of concerts of prestiges. There and the best\n        new group of the world, which will take Main bun, will be chosen.\\n\\n==Interesting\n        facts==\\n*The official date of birth of group is considered 11 March 2008,\n        when a group appeared on the stage of Centre of modern art [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]], but his participants consider a year the date of\n        appearance of group 2007.\\n*There was a saxophone player in the first composition\n        of group\\n*Kate Hapochka took the 1st place in a competition \\u00abChervona\n        Ruta (festival)\\u00bb in a nomination \\u00abAcoustic music\\u00bb is in 2005\n        a year\\n*All present members of group have musical education (unfinished yet)\\n*Vocalist\n        - Kate Hapochka - professionally plays on [[Bandura]]\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n*\n        2012 - Etap (\\u0415\\u0442\\u0430\\u043f, 2012) LP\\n* 2012 - Mozhe Ya Divchyna?\n        (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435 \\u042f \\u0414\\u0456\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430?,\n        2012) \\u0415\\u0420  \\n* 2014 - Elektroakustyka (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430,\n        2014)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://hapochka.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka\n        MySpace]\\n\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-05T10:24:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":757359056,\"length\":3396,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapochka&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\"},\"49327315\":{\"pageid\":49327315,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Hardkiss\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = The Hardkiss\\n| image               =\n        OIFF 2014-07-11 172650 - Val Bebko & Julia Sanina.jpg\\n| image_size          =\n        \\n| caption             = Val Bebko and Julia Sanina at the [[Odessa International\n        Film Festival]], 2014\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active        = 2011 \\u2013 present \\n| genre               =\n        {{flatlist|\\n* [[Progressive pop]] \\n* [[alternative rock]]\\n* [[synthpop]]\\n}}\\n|\n        current_members     = Yulia Sanina
 Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko
 Kreechy
\n        Roman Skorobahatko
 Klim Lysyuk\\n| past_members        = Pol Solonar
\n        Vitaliy Oniskevich\\n| website             = {{URL|http://thehardkiss.com}}\\n}}\\n''''''The\n        Hardkiss'''''' (stylised as ''''''The HARDKISS'''''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        progressive-pop band. They are known for their original sound and unique fashion\n        style.Official website, [http://www.thehardkiss.com/about.html#about\n        \\\"About\\\"]\\n\\nThe Hardkiss participated in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national selection]]Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=participants_in_ukrainian_national_selection_revealed\n        \\\"Participants in Ukrainian national selection revealed\\\"], eurovision.tv,\n        26 January 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. for the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016]] with the song \\\"Helpless\\\".Rodr\\u00edguez, Tony.\n        [http://www.esc-plus.com/the-hardkiss-the-main-message-of-helpless-is-that-rebirth-always-hurts-ukrainian-semifinalists-exclusive-interview/\n        \\\"The Hardkiss: \\u201cThe main message of Helpless is that rebirth always\n        hurts\\u201d (Ukrainian semifinalists \\u2013 Exclusive Interview)\\\"], esc-plus.com,\n        4 February 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. The band placed 2nd in\n        the national final.Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=jamala_will_represent_ukraine_in_stockholm\n        \\\"Jamala will represent Ukraine in Stockholm!\\\"], eurovision.tv, 21 February\n        2016. Retrieved on 21 February 2016.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThe Hardkiss\n        were formed in 2011 by lead singer Yulia Sanina and guitarist Valeriy Bebko.\n        In September the band presented their debut video \\\"Babylon\\\". They were the\n        opening act for [[Hurts]] on October 20[http://www.last.fm/event/1978467+Hurts+at+\\u0414\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446+\\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430+on+20+October+2011\n        \\\"Hurts With The Hardkiss at the Palace of Sports\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on\n        5 February 2016. and [[Solange Knowles]] on November 18 in Kyiv.\\n\\nIn\n        2012, The Hardkiss were nominated for the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best\n        Ukrainian Act]].[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1397547-nazvano-nominantiv-na-zvannya-najkrashchogo-ukrayinskogo-artista-mtv-ema-2012\n        \\\"\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        MTV EMA-2012\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, korrespondent.net, 20 September 2012. Retrieved\n        on 5 February 2016. The band performed at [[Midem|MIDEM festival]] on\n        January 29.[https://www.patreon.com/posts/1272626 \\\"THE HARDKISS at MIDEM\n        2012 (29th of January, 22.00 - Sparkling)\\\"], patreon.com. Retrieved on 6\n        February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2013, The Hardkiss won two awards \\u2013 \\\"Best\n        New Act\\\" and \\\"Best Music Video\\\" (to producer Valeriy Bebko for clip ''''Make-Up'''')\n        \\u2013 of the national music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]].[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2013/10--ceremoniya-yuna-15032014.html\n        \\\"\\u0406\\u0406 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna\n        (15.03.2013)\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. On\n        May 18 the band presented their first show in the Green Theatre in Kyiv.\\u041c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 [http://bestin.ua/event/4596/ \\\"\\u041f\\u0415\\u0420\\u0412\\u042b\\u0419\n        \\u0421\\u041e\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042b\\u0419 \\u041a\\u041e\\u041d\\u0426\\u0415\\u0420\\u0422\n        THE HARDKISS\\\"] {{ref-ru}}, bestin.ua. Retrieved on 6 February 2016\n        They opened the [[Muz-TV]] Music Awards on June 7.[http://premia.muz-tv.ru/history/107/\n        \\\"\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438.\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437-\\u0422\\u0412 2013.\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0430\\\"]\n        {{ref-ru}}, premia.muz-tv.ru. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. That year\n        The Hardkiss became \\\"voice and face\\\" of the [[Pepsi]] in Ukraine. The band\n        took part in a tour [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtSILe8bsCarnrE6D4mbI-AvYaZlXBkJt\n        Pepsi Stars of Now] (16 cities).\\n\\nIn 2014 The Hardkiss performed at [[Park\n        Live Festival]], and shared the stage with [[The Prodigy]], [[Deftones]],\n        and [[Skillet (band)|Skillet]].[http://www.last.fm/festival/3762967+Park+Live+Festival+2014\n        \\\"Park Live Festival 2014\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on 5 February 2016\\n\\nIn\n        2015, the band was nominated for the music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]] again, having won in two nominations\n        \\u2014 \\\"The best music album\\\" (album ''''Stones and Honey'''') and \\\"The\n        best song\\\" (single ''''Stones'''').[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2015/\n        \\\"IV \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna (25.03.2015)\\\"]\n        {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2016, they\n        took part in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national\n        selection]] for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2016]].\\n\\nYulia Sanina is one\n        of four judges on the current seventh series of [[X-Factor (Ukrainian TV series)|The\n        X Factor Ukraine]].[http://xfactor.stb.ua/ua/2016/07/13/stali-izvestny-imena-novyh-sudej-i-vtorogo-vedushhego-h-faktor-7/\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0434\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0443\\u0447\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u0425-\\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440-7\\u00bb\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, xfactor.stb.ua.\n        Retrieved on 5 September 2016\\n\\n==Members==\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n;\n        Current members\\n* Yulia Sanina \\u2013 vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko \\u2013  guitar (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Kreechy \\u2013 drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Roman Skorobahatko\n        \\u2013 guitar (2013\\u2013present)\\n* Klim Lysiuk \\u2013 bass\n        guitar (2016\\u2013present)\\n\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n; Former members\\n*\n        Pol Solonar \\u2013 keyboards (2011\\u20132013)\\n* Vitaliy Oniskevich\n        \\u2013 keyboards (2013\\u20132016)\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\nThe authorship\n        of songs of the band belongs to Yulia Sanina and Valeriy Bebko. Also Valeriy\n        Bebko is the creative producer of The Hardkiss and video director.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Albums===\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 ''''Stones and Honey''''Album [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/stones-and-honey-2014\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], SoundCloudAlbum [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/stones-and-honey/id920371507\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n* 2017 \\u2014 ''''Perfection\n        is a Lie''''Album [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/perfection-is-a-lie/id1223486657\n        \\\"Perfection Is a Lie\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===EPs===\\n* 2015 \\u2014\n        ''''Cold Altair''''EP [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/cold-altair-ep-2015\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], SoundCloudEP [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cold-altair/id1064951161\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2011 \\u2014 \\\"Babylon\\\"\\n*\n        2011 \\u2014 \\\"Dance With Me\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"Make-Up\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"October\\\"\\n*\n        2013 \\u2014 \\\"Part Of Me\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"In Love\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Under\n        The Sun\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Shadows Of Time\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Tell Me Brother\\\"\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 \\\"Hurricane\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Stones\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Strange\n        Moves\\\" feat. [[Kazaky|KAZAKY]]\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"PiBiP\\\"\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"Organ\\\"\\n*\n        2015 \\u2014 \\\"Tony, Talk!\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Helpless\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Perfection!\\\"\\n*\n        2016 \\u2014 \\\"Rain\\\"\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest\n        2016]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n* {{Official\n        website |http://www.thehardkiss.com|Official site}}\\n* {{YouTube|u = THEHARDKISS}}\n        \\n* {{Facebook|THEHARDKISS|The HARDKISS}}\\n* {{Instagram|the_hardkiss}}\\n*\n        {{VK user|thehardkiss|The HARDKISS}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardkiss, The}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:2011 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2011]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian pop music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":797668854,\"length\":7873,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hardkiss&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\"},\"3523986\":{\"pageid\":3523986,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Haydamaky\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The Haydamaky on ethnic festival [[Sheshory]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. 2005]]\\n\\n''''''Haydamaky'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk rock]] band formed in 1991. The music of\n        Haydamaky is inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially\n        from various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe\n        Haydamaky began their career in 1991, shortly after [[Ukraine]] declared its\n        independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. Then the band was known as Aktus,\n        and played mostly local gigs in the underground [[Kyiv]] music scene. Without\n        a fertile, popular local music scene, Aktus turned to the sounds of [[reggae]],\n        [[ska]], and [[punk music]] for a fresh alternative. Members of the band were\n        also attracted to the political impact that these genres had on their society.\n        The idea was that through music significant social change could be possible.\n        This gave a greater purpose to the performance of such musical styles. The\n        discovery of these musical genres later became the key to their own realization\n        of a specifically Ukrainian musical style. Haydamaky''s hope is to forge an\n        inherently [[Music of Ukraine|Ukrainian popular music]] style, which looks\n        back to its own heritage and traditions as a source for inspiration.\\n\\nWith\n        the addition of [[sopilka]]-[[vocal]]ist [[Oleksandr Yarmola]] and [[accordion]]ists\n        [[Ivan Lenyo]], both known and respected in folk circles, the band increasingly\n        incorporated elements of Ukrainian [[folk music]] into their compositions.\\n\\nDuring\n        the early 1990s Aktus has engaged in constant touring of Europe. Unlike most\n        popular Ukrainian music groups who propagate Soviet style [[Estrada]], Aktus\n        sought to introduce elements of Ukrainian folk music through a cross-cultural\n        mix including Reggae and Ska.\\n\\n[[EMI|EMI international records]] of London\n        discovered the group in [[Kyiv]] in early 2001. Akta signed  immediately to\n        their label. At that time the band realized it was time to establish a stronger\n        tie to their own culture. They changed their name to ''''Haydamaky'''', in\n        honor of the eighteenth-century [[Haydamak rebellion]] against the Polish\n        [[szlachta]].\\n\\nDuring the last years the band has participated in various\n        festivals such as:          \\n* TFF Rudolstadt \\u2013 2003 ([[Germany]]) \\n*\n        \\\"Litom\\u011b\\u0159ick\\u00fd ko\\u0159en\\\" \\u2013 2002, 2003 ([[Czech Republic]])\\n*\n        \\\"[[Viljandi Folk Festival|Viljandi Folk]]\\\" \\u2013 2003 ([[Estonia]])\\n*\n        \\\"Sziget\\\" festival \\u2013 2009 in [[Budapest]] ([[Hungary]]) \\n* \\\"Pohoda\\\"\n        festival \\u2013 2001, 2002 in [[Tren\\u010d\\u00edn]] \\n* \\\"Huntenpop\\\" \\u2013\n        2008 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Tilburg Mundial\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n*\n        \\\"Amsterdamm Roots\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Volt Festival\\\" \\u2013\n        2010 ([[Hungary]]), just to name a few.\\n\\nHaydamaky have recently performed\n        at many club venues across Europe, including as a special guest at a concert\n        of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in Bratislava, Slovakia. Other club appearances\n        this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n \\nIn April 2004 the band released their second\n        album \\\"[[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\\\". This time the group searched even\n        deeper into Ukrainian folk music for material, ideas, and textures. The ensemble\n        has invited [[violin]]ist [[Vasyl Hekker]], perhaps the foremost authority\n        on authentic Ukrainian folk [[violin]] style, to collaborate on the project.\n        [[Banduryst]]-Guitarist [[Jurij Fedynskyj]], of [[New York City]] has relocated\n        to [[Kyiv]] to join the ensemble. Also Ukrainian freestyle banduryst [[Roman\n        Hrynkiv]] participated. And the band invited two young ladies from authentic\n        Ukrainian choir \\\"[[Bozhychi]]\\\": Natalia Serbina and Masha Firsova, to do\n        the back \\u2013 vocals on the most of songs of the album. The \\\"Bohuslav\\\"\n        promo is just on. In June Haydamaky are off on a  huge concert tour, which\n        starts by their concert in \\\"Mazepa Fest\\\" ([[Poltava]], Ukraine) and will\n        continue through the summer in [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]] and [[Romania]].\\n\\nIn October 2006 at the [http://www.womex.com/\n        WOMEX] World Music Expo held in Seville Spain, Haydamaky''s release of their\n        CD entitled ''''[[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine Calling]]'''' released by\n        [http://www.eastblokmusic.com Eastblok Music] earlier that year broke into\n        the [http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php/2006090522290671 top twenty]\n        of the World Music Charts Europe.\\n\\nLess than a year and a half later the\n        follow-up CD ''''[[Kobzar (album)|Kobzar]]'''' once again on EMI/Eastblok\n        Music, made headway on in the World Music Charts Europe when it made to [http://www.wmce.de/_/wmce/index_jsp/key=657919.html\n        seventh place in March 2008]. In 2008 albom \\\"Voo Voo i Haydamaky\\\" recorded\n        in collaboration with Polish veteran rock band Voo Voo gained \\\"golden\\\" status\n        in Poland. \\nSince then the group are constantly touring. In 2012 Haydamaky\n        are recording a new album.\\n\\nBand members at present:\\n\\n* [[Oleksander Iarmola]]\n        - vocals,  lyrics\\n* [[Andrij Slepcow]] - guitar\\n* [[Dmytro Kirichok]] -\n        bass\\n* [[Dmytro Kushnir]] - drums\\n* [[Roman Dubonos]] - trumpet\\n* [[Maksym\n        Boyko]] - trombone\\n\\nPast members:\\n\\n* [[Ruslan Ovras]] - drums (2001-2009)\\n*\n        [[Ruslan Troshchynsky]]- trombone(2001-2004)\\n* [[Ivan Leno]] - accordion,\n        cymbals,  vocals (2001-2012)\\n* [[Volodymyr Sherstiuk]] - bass, Jew''s harp\n        (2001-2012)\\n* [[Wlad Pawlow]] \\u2013 guitar (2001-2002)\\n* [[Wlad Grymalskyj]]\n        \\u2013 midi (2001-2004)\\n* [[Oleksandr Demyanenko]] - guitar, mandolin (2002-2012)\\n*\n        [[Eugene Didyk]] - trumpet (2004-2009)\\n* [[Sergij Brawarniuk]] \\u2013 percussion\n        (2004-2006)\\n* [[Charkin Oleksandr|Oleksandr Charkin]] - trombone (2008-2012)\\n*\n        [[Soloviy Sergii|Sergii Soloviy]] - trumpet (2009-2012)\\n* [[Sergii Borysenko]]\n        - drums (2009-2012)\\n\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (2).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (7).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (3).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\n\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\u2212\\t* 2002 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky\n        (album)|Haydamaky]] (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438,\n        [[EMI|COMP Music/EMI]])\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2004 \\u2013 [[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\n        (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432, COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t\n        \\n\\u2212\\t* 2005 \\u2013 [[Perverziya (album)|Perverziya]] (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f,\n        COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2006 \\u2013 [[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine\n        Calling]] (Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Kobzar\n        (album)|Kobzar]] (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0431\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440, Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t\n        \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky Kobzar-Prolog]] (AntenaKrzyku/Lou&RockedBoys,\n        Poland)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2009 \\u2013 [[Voo Voo i Haydamaky (album)|Voo Voo\n        i Haydamaky]] (AGORA/KitonArt, Poland\\n\\n\\u2212\\t* 2012 \\u2013 [[No More Peace\n        (album)|No More Peace]](Lou & Rocked Boys, Poland)\\n\\n==Compilations==\\n*\n        1996 \\u2013 Guitars, hearts and garnets (HARBA, Ukraine)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 No\n        One Comprehends ([[KOKA]], Poland)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 1997 (ART-VELES,\n        Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 2000 (ART-VELES, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013\n        The Legends of the Chimerical Land (JRC, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 United Colours\n        of SKA ([[Pork Pie/Vielklang]], Germany)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Pohoda Festival 1997-2001\n        (Agent\\u00fara Pohoda, Slovakia)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Dobryi vechir, tobi (Christmas\n        compilation) (COMP Music/EMI)\\n* 2004 \\u2013 TFFRudolstadt 2003\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{Official website|http://www.haydamaky.com/en}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"lastrevid\":797851966,\"length\":7742,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haydamaky_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\"},\"24108554\":{\"pageid\":24108554,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"JetRockers\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-19T03:33:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{orphan|date=August\n        2009}}\\n\\n''''''JetRockers'''''' is an [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[hard rock]]\n        and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The\n        band was founded in 2007. Best known JetRockers'' performance is a first [[open-air\n        concert]] in 2007, second in 2008 and third in 2009, all in [[Lviv]].\\n\\n==History==\\nJetRockers\n        were founded by Vasyl Mylko and Serhiy Otroshchenko. The very beginnings start\n        out in 2007 in [[Lviv]], at [[software]] company [[SoftServe]], when Vasyl\n        Mylko, Strategic Business Unit (SBU) Manager of JetLab, was interviewing Serhiy\n        Otroshchenko. Serhiy was a [[SoftServe]] University graduate, while JetLab\n        lacked resources. So during the interview Vasyl asked if Serhiy played some\n        instruments or at least painted. Serhiy answered affirmative. It happened\n        that Vasyl had an [[electric guitar]] and an [[amplifier]] in the office,\n        so they were given to the interviewee for some performance. Serhiy played\n        something from [[Kreator]] and [[Malmsteen]] and thus was hired to JetLab.\n        The band name was invented to be JetRockers. There was an idea that all JetRockers\n        members had to be from the same JetLab team. It was so till 2008.\\n\\nBass\n        guitar, Roman Bilusiak, joined the band soon, he is from musicians family.\n        Vitaliy Topolnytskyy joined as a drummer. In Summer 2007 JetLab team went\n        to [[Shatsky ozera]] for [[barbecue]], JetRockers took all the gear. There\n        was first big sound check and the casting for vocals. Khrystyna Kosyk succeeded\n        as a singer of [[Rock music|rock]] compositions, Vyacheslav Dyak was selected\n        for [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[punk rock]] songs. It is supposed\n        that band played successfully, which was confirmed by the random listeners\n        from the recreation area [[Shatsky ozera]]. [[Rehearsal]] delayed till the\n        late night. Then new drummer was invited, Ivan Lutsyk. Interesting fact is\n        that Vasyl Mylko got references to him from Roman Figel from JetLab, and found\n        Ivan in the corporate gym, training [[judo]]. Ivan agreed to join JetRockers\n        if Vasyl buys the drums. Vasyl bought [[Sonor]] drums, Ivan joined instantly.\n        Then Galyna Stasiuk joined the band for vocals. This staff performed in 2007\n        and had big success locally.\\n\\nLater in 2007 drummer Ivan Lutsyk decided\n        to leave the band as he wanted to develop as a guitar player. Vyacheslav Dyak\n        proposed his colleague drummer Mykola Glibovych. Vasyl interviewed Mykola\n        in summer 2007 with intention to hire to JetLab SBU. Of course, Mykola had\n        to play the drums right in the office just after the interview, and most of\n        present people were surprised that Mykola played so loud. But it was negotiated\n        that Mykola would be ready after the training in [[SoftServe]] University,\n        so he joined the band in February 2008.\\n\\nThen was a time of vocals rotations.\n        Olena Strelchenko used to sing for a while. Eventually JetRockers welcomed\n        Olga Didukh (then she changed her last name to Moroz after her husband). Oleksandr\n        Sukholeyster joined JetRockers as keyboards player. This staff played in 2008\n        and achieved even better appreciation because of higher quality of both sound\n        and performance.\\n\\nJetRockers plays on [[SoftServe]] Company Day. It is annual\n        celebration that takes place in Buhta Vikingiv resort, ~20 kilometers from\n        [[Lviv]]. In 2007 JetRockers played as the opener for the famous [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\n        band [[Tartak]] in front of more than 1000 people. In 2008 JetRockers played\n        as the opener for another [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] headliner [[Skryabin (band)|Skryabin]].\n        JetRockers did not play in 2009 due to the different place of company day\n        celebration, hence unavailability of the big scene for the planned performance.\n        There are opinions that it was linked to the [[Economic crisis of 2008]].\\n\\nRecent\n        considerable performance took place at Millennium night club in [[Lviv]] on\n        December 26, 2009. Current line-up includes new drummer Rustam Iskandarov\n        (he also plays in Black Jack) and bass player Andriy Savchyn (he also plays\n        in Fayno).\\n\\n==Discography==\\n2007 - AoJaJeNA 
\\n2008 - Punk Rock over\n        Alcohol 
\\n2009 - 16 Years\\n\\n==Band members==\\n* Vasyl Mylko - [[rhythm\n        guitar]], [[lead guitar]], vocals (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Serhiy Otroshchenko\n        - [[lead guitar]], [[rhythm guitar]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Andriy Savchyn\n        - [[Bass (guitar)|bass]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Sukholeyster - [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Olga Moroz (Olga Didukh) - vocals\n        (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Rustam Iskandarov - [[drums]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n===Former\n        members===\\n* Vitaliy Topolnytskyy - [[drums]] (2007)\\n* Ivan Lutsyk - [[drums]]\n        (2007)\\n* Olena Strelchenko - vocals (2008)\\n* Galyna Stasiuk - vocals (2007)\\n*\n        Khrystyna Kosyk - vocals (2007)\\n* Vyacheslav Dyak - vocals (2007\\u20132009)\\n*\n        Mykola Hlibovych - [[drums]] (2008\\u20132009)\\n* Roman Bilusyak - [[Bass guitar|bass]]\n        (2007\\u20132009)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/aojajena#grid/all\n        JetRockers on YouTube]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157622982112707/show/\n        JetRockers 2009 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157606116655696/show/\n        JetRockers 2008 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157601169043120/show/\n        JetRockers 2007 on Flickr]\\n* [http://www.blackjack.com.ua/ Black Jack Homepage]\\n*\n        [[:uk:\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e (\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442)|Fayno Wiki\n        in Ukrainian]]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Jetrockers}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2007]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-16T08:58:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":760797871,\"length\":5437,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JetRockers&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\"},\"24607731\":{\"pageid\":24607731,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Komu\n        Vnyz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T10:17:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Komu Vnyz
\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\n|image              =Komu Vnyz v TERNOPOLI.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Komu Vnyz\\n|image_size         = 300\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Gothic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1988 \\u2013 present\\n|label            = [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.komuvnyz.com\\n|current_members  = [[Andriy Sereda]] 
 [[Volodyslav\n        Maliuhin]] 
 [[Serhiy Stepanenko]] 
 [[Volodyslav Makarov]] 
[[Yevhen\n        Razin]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Komu Vnyz'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band founded in 1988.\n        Komu Vnyz''s music is a blend of gothic and industrial styles, combined with\n        the lyrics of ancient Ukrainian legends. As of 2011, the last ten years Komu\n        Vnyz have released two albums, have been recognized{{Who|date=July 2011}}\n        as the cult Ukrainian band and, got the status of \\\"the Fathers of the Ukrainian\n        [[Gothic rock|Gothic]]\\\".{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\nKomu Vnyz got its start in the year 1988. Unknown young actor [[Andriy\n        Sereda]] and educator [[Volodyslav Makarov]] worked together in the same theater.\n        Sereda and Makarov joined with three more artists ([[Serhiy Stepanenko]],\n        [[Yevhen Razin]], [[Volodyslav Maliuhin]]) to make Komu Vnyz. They wound up\n        at their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event. They received second place.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\nAfter releasing their first album \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\\"Falling Up\\\"), Komu Vnyz and the rest of the\n        Chervona Ruta winners toured in [[Canada]], [[Poland]], and many Ukrainian\n        cities. After their tour, Komu Vnyz started work on their next album. All\n        of the band members quit their day jobs to focus more of their time on music.\\n\\nFrom\n        1996 onward, Komu Vnyz came out from the precipice of financial difficulties.\n        Playbills started to appear railings and fences in [[Kiev]] for their 1997\n        concert, In Kastus, named for one of their [[In Kastus (album)|albums]].\\n\\nIn\n        2000 the band played at Ivan Franko theater, performing a concert dedicated\n        to the memory of 300 young students killed under [[Kruty]]. They also headlined\n        at the first Ukrainian gothic festival, \\\"[[Dity Nochi]]\\\" (\\\"Children of\n        the Night\\\"), organized by [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]], and started to work\n        with UGP. In 2002 the band played on the biggest{{Citation needed|date=July\n        2011}} European gothic festival, [[Wave Gotik Treffen]].http://www.wave-gotik-treffen.de/english/past.php?reqYear=2002\\n\\nIn\n        2004 the musicians were invited to perform at Wave Gotik Treffen once again.\n        More than 1500 people attended{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}.\\n\\nToday\n        Komu Vnyz is well known not only in Ukraine but abroad as well.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}} Some{{Who|date=July 2011}} consider the band to be\n        founders of a new musical style in Ukraine: the Ukrainian Gothic.\\n\\nAs of\n        2011, Komu Vnyz is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]]\n        in order to re-release their albums in Europe. Their new album \\\"[[IDEM]]\\\"\n        is awaiting release on \\\"[[Tridens Records]]\\\", label of [[Ukrainian Gothic\n        Portal]].\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n* 1989 - \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u044f \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445)\\n*\n        1990 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz (album)|Komu Vnyz]]\\\" (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437)\\n*\n        1996 - \\\"[[In Kastus (album)|In Kastus]]\\\" \\n* 2014 - \\\"4\\\" (EP)\\n* ''''TBD''''\n        - \\\"[[IDEM (album)|IDEM]]\\\" (upcoming album)\\n\\n=== Live albums ===\\n* 1999\n        - \\\"[[In Kastus In Vivo (album)|In Kastus In Vivo]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n*\n        2007 - \\\"[[Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala (album)|Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Compilations\n        ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Rock legends of Ukraine]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n*\n        2006 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. MP3 collection]]\\\"\\n* 2009 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Reformatsiya:\n        25 punktiv]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Ya Vernuvsia Domiv]]\\\"\n        (Tribute to Braty Hadiukiny)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.komuvnyz.com Official Komu Vnyz website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups from Kiev]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-13T09:18:35Z\",\"lastrevid\":780327004,\"length\":4465,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komu_Vnyz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\"},\"47861874\":{\"pageid\":47861874,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Kryk\n        Dushi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-12-20T16:07:21Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Orphan|date=December 2015}}\\n{{notability|Music|date=October 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Kryk Dushi
\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456\\n|image              = \\n|logo=\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size         =\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]
 [[Alternative\n        rock]]
 [[Christian rock]]\\n|years_active     = 2007\\u2013present\\n|label            =\n        Kara Studios\\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = \\n|current_members  =\n        Ivan Luk''yanchuk 
 Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko 
 Kostyantyn Kavylin
\n        Svyatoslav Rohashko\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Kryk Dushi'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456''''''}}, translation: ''''Scream of the soul'''')\n        is one of the most successful and popular [[Ukrainian rock]] bands of \\\"New\n        generation\\\". It was formed in 2007 in [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n== Current\n        members ==\\n{{BLP unsourced section|date=October 2015}}\\n# Ivan Luk''yanchuk\n        \\u2014 vocal (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko \\u2014 guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n#\n        Kostyantyn Kavylin \\u2014 bass (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Svyatoslav Rohashko\n        \\u2014 piano, synthesizers (2007\\u2013present)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n# 2009 - \\\"[[Nenarodzhenyy]]\\\" (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        - Unborn)\\n# 2011 - \\\"[[People]]\\\" (\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 - People)\\n#\n        2012 - \\\"[[A svit tak i ne navchyvsya lyubyty...]]\\\" (\\u0410 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u0456 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438...)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com\n        Official Okean Elzy website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/KrykDushi YouTube]\\n*\n        [https://twitter.com/krykdushi Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 2007]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-13T20:48:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":696050589,\"length\":1770,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kryk_Dushi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\"},\"12725712\":{\"pageid\":12725712,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-19T18:29:02Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Krykhitka Tsakhes\\n| image           =\\n|\n        background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|rock]], [[trip hop]]\\n| years_active    =  \\t1997\\n|\n        website         = www.kryhitka.com.ua\\n| current_members = [[Oleksandra Koltsova]][[Mykola Matkovsky]]
[[Yevhen Matkovsky]]
[[Yuriy Yurchenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0426\\u0430\\u0445\\u0435\\u0441}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band formed in 1999\n        in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band is considered to perform rock and [[trip\n        hop]] music styles. In 2007 the band changed it name to Krykhitka.\\n\\n== Members\n        ==\\n\\n* Oleksandra \\\"Kasha Saltsova\\\" Koltsova - vocal, lyrics (1999\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Zlenko - drums (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Mykola Matkovsky - guitar\n        (2007\\u2013present), bass (1999\\u20132007)\\n\\n== Former members ==\\n\\n* Dmytro\n        \\\"Bass\\\" Mrachkovsky - bass (1997-1999, 2007)\\n* Mykhailo \\\"Mihon\\\" Hichan\n        - guitar (1999\\u20132007)\\n* Yevhen \\\"Jack\\\" Matkovsky - drums (1999\\u20132007)\\n*\n        Yuriy Yurchenko - sax, clarinet (1999)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\n* 2005 - ''''Na pershomu\n        mistsi'''' (''''\\u041d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0446\\u0456'''')\n        // COMP music/EMI.\\n* 2009 - ''''Rezept'''' (''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u0446\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442'''')\n        // Fast Perfect\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.kryhitka.com.ua Official\n        website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T01:46:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":663123877,\"length\":1433,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krykhitka_Tsakhes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\"},\"23239721\":{\"pageid\":23239721,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Los\n        Colorados\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T01:28:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        Ukrainian band|the Argentinian formation|Los Colorados Formation|other uses|Colorado\n        (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Los Colorados\\n| image               = Los Colorados-hotncold.jpg\\n|\n        caption             = ''''''''''Los Colorados'''''''''' performing their cover\n        of [[Katy Perry]]''s \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\"\\n| image_size          = 150px\\n|\n        background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = The Colorados\\n|\n        origin              = [[Ternopil]], {{flag|Ukraine}}\\n| instrument          =\n        [[guitar]], [[accordion]], [[bass guitar]], [[drums]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Polka music|polka]], [[Folk music|folk]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2006 - Present\\n| label               = \\n| associated_acts     =\n        \\n| website             = \\n| current_members     = \\nRuslan \\u201cPrystupnic\\u201d\n        Prystupa \\u2013 lead vocals, [[bayan (accordion)]]
\\nRostyslav \\u201cRoslyk\\u201d\n        Fook \\u2013 electric guitar, acoustic guitar, kazoo, backing vocals
\\nSerhiy\n        \\u201cMasyanya\\u201d Masyk \\u2013 bass guitar, upright bass, backing vocals\\nOleksandr\n        \\u201cLesyk\\u201d Drachuk \\u2013 drums, bass drum, percussion, backing vocals\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = [[guitar]], [[accordion]],\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[percussion]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''Los Colorados''''''''''\n        (from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''''The [[colorado potato beetle]]s'''',\n        also known as ''''The Colorados'''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band formed\n        in 2006 in [[Ternopil]]. The band play their own songs, but have also covered\n        several popular and folk songs. ''''Los Colorados'''' increased in prominence\n        after their cover of [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\" grew popular\n        via online video websites. The band plays [[guitar]], [[bayan (accordion)|bayan]],\n        [[bass guitar]] and [[drums]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was formed in the\n        city of [[Ternopil]] in 2006 and originally performed their own songs. However,\n        their popularity came when they were invited to a local TV station to perform\n        live, where they played several songs, among them [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\". The lead singer didn''t speak any English and learned the song\n        from a text transliterated into Ukrainian letters.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/entertainment/story/2009/06/090618_los_colorados_sp.shtml\n        BBC Ukrainian: Ternopil conquers the Internet] (Ukrainian)\\n\\nThe peak\n        of popularity occurred when their version of ''''Hot n Cold'''' was aired\n        on [[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]. The video posted on [[YouTube]] was viewed\n        more than 3 and a half million times and received generally positive reviews\n        because of its comic value and unusual interpretation. Katy Perry herself\n        described this version of her song as \\\"inspiring.\\\"[http://katyperryblog.tumblr.com/post/88968953/inspiring\n        Katy Perry''s blog]\\n\\nDuring their performances members of the group\n        present themselves as the \\\"boys from the village of Tetylkivtsi\\\", a real\n        village (population \\u2014 636), however, in reality most of the performers\n        come from the city of Ternopil.\\n\\n== Songs by ''''Los\n        Colorados'''' ==\\n*''''Haryachyi i kholodnyi'''' (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439; cover of \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\" by [[Katy Perry]])\\n*''''Du Hast'''' (cover of \\\"[[Du Hast]]\\\"\n        by [[Rammstein]])\\n*''''Bayan, bayan'''' (\\u0411\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d, \\u0431\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d;\n        cover of ''''Gitar'''' by Peter Nalitch)\\n*''''Pamidory'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438)\\n*''''Kokhana''''\n        (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0445\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Korova zdokhla'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*''''Paskuda'''' (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430)\\n*''''Nenavyzhu\n        pianino'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0436\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e)\\n*''''Tyotya\n        Lyuba'''' (\\u0422\\u044c\\u043e\\u0442\\u044f \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0430)\\n*''''Rillya\n        v ilyuminatori'''' (\\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f \\u0432 \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456)\\n*''''Rover\n        Ukrayina'''' (\\u0420\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Chorna\n        lyubov'''' (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432)\\n*''''Fihurka''''\n        (\\u0424\\u0456\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430)\\n*''''Ranetki'''' (\\u0420\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u043a\\u0438)\\n*''''Chempioni\n        lyubvi'''' (\\u0427\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0432\\u0438)\\n\\n==Move\n        It==\\n{{Infobox album \\n| Name       =\n        Move It\\n| Type       = studio\\n| Artist     = Los Colorados\\n| Cover      =\n        \\n| Alt        = \\n| Released   = {{Start date|2012|06|01|df=yes}}\\n| Recorded   =\n        Berlin, Germany\\n| Genre      = [[Polka]]\\n| Length     = {{Duration|m=37|s=58}}\\n|\n        Label      = [[Motor Music]]\\n| Producer   = \\n| Chronology = \\n| Last album\n        = \\n| This album = ''''''''''Move It'''''''''' 
(2012)\\n| Next album =\\n}}\\n\\n===Track\n        listing===\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       = \\n| headline        = \\n|\n        extra_column    = \\n| total_length    = 37:58\\n\\n| all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      =\n        \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   =\\n\\n|\n        title1          = [[Hot n Cold]]\\n| note1           = covering single by [[Katy\n        Perry]]\\n| length1         = 3:41\\n\\n| title2          = [[I Like to Move\n        It]]\\n| note2           = covering single by [[Reel 2 Real]]\\n| length2         =\n        2:46\\n\\n| title3          = [[Du hast]]\\n| note3           = covering single\n        by [[Rammstein]]\\n| length3         = 3:50\\n\\n| title4          = Indie Boy\\n|\n        length4         = 2:52\\n\\n| title5          = [[Be My Lover]]\\n| note5           =\n        covering single by [[La Bouche]]\\n| length5         = 3:47\\n\\n| title6          =\n        [[Tik Tok]]\\n| note6           = covering single by [[Kesha]]\\n| length6         =\n        2:49\\n\\n| title7          = [[Let It Be (song)|Let It Be]]\\n| note7           =\n        covering single by [[The Beatles]]\\n| length7         = 3:40\\n\\n| title8          =\n        Besame\\n| note8           = \\n| length8         = 3:15\\n\\n| title9          =\n        [[U Can''t Touch This]]\\n| note9           = covering single by [[MC Hammer]]\\n|\n        length9         = 2:37\\n\\n| title10         = [[I Love Rock ''n'' Roll]]\\n|\n        note10          = covering single by [[Joan Jett]]\\n| length10        = 2:40\\n\\n|\n        title11         = My Sweet Mila\\n| length11        = 3:00\\n\\n| title12         =\n        [[The Passenger (song)|The Passenger]]\\n| note12          = covering single\n        by [[Iggy Pop]]\\n| length12        = 3:01\\n}}\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       =\n        yes\\n| headline        = iTunes bonus tracks\\n| extra_column    = \\n| total_length    =\\n\\n|\n        all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      = \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits\n        = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   = \\n| title13         = [[Sex\n        on Fire]]\\n| note13          = covering single by [[Kings of Leon]]\\n| length13        =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Los\n        Colorados}}\\n*[http://www.myspace.com/loscoloradosofficial Los Colorados on\n        myspace]\\n*[http://dp.tj/opinions/interview/391-los-colorados.html Los Colorados\n        interview]\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Los-Colorados/201074798688 Los\n        Colorados on facebook]\\n* {{Official website|http://www.loscolorados.info/}}\n        (Ukrainian, support English, German and Polish translation)\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1upZz3a-7iM\n        Hot & Cold music video]\\n*[http://twitter.com/LosColorados Los Colorados Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T06:13:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":751491687,\"length\":6907,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Colorados&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\"},\"43223123\":{\"pageid\":43223123,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Luk\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-09-20T11:16:48Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Luk\\n| image                = L\\u044ek - Ukrainian musical group1.jpg\\n| caption           =\n        Luk performs in Lviv, 2009\\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[acid jazz]],\n        [[Lounge music|lounge]], [[rock music|rock]]\\n| origin             = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u20132011\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                = [http://www.luk.com.ua/en\n        Luk]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Younnat]], [[5''Nizza]], [[SunSay]], [[Orkestr\n        Che]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       = Olha Gerasimova (vocal)
\n        Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)
 Serhiy Belmas (bass)
 Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)
\n        Oleksandr Kratinov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Luk'''''' (stylised as ''''''L\\u044ek'''''')\n        was a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music band from [[Kharkiv]]. The band''s style\n        joins [[acid jazz]], [[Lounge music|lounge]] and [[rock music|rock]]. In their\n        texts musicians used mostly Ukrainian, Russian and French. \\n\\nLuk was formed\n        in 1999. The name was given accidentally without special meaning (''''\\u043b\\u044e\\u043a''''\n        means ''''manhole''''). After released four studio albums Luk declared its\n        break up in 2011.\\n\\nLuk collaborated with Kharkiv-based Ukrainian writer\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]]. Most of their Ukrainian-language songs were witten in lyrics\n        of Zhadan (in particular the first album ''''Tourist zone'''' is based on\n        Zhadan''s play \\\"Merry Christmas, Jesus Christ\\\"). Also Luk recorded a lot\n        of songs with [[5''Nizza]] member [[Andriy Zaporozhets]] (in particular the\n        second album is a result of collaboration with Zaporozhets). Their third album\n        contains two songs recorded with other 5''Nizza musician [[Serhiy Babkin]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Olha Gerasimova (vocal)\\n* Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)\\n* Serhiy\n        Belmas (bass)\\n* Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)\\n* Oleksandr Kratinov (drums)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* ''''Tourist zone'''' (2002)\\n* ''''Lemon'''' (2004)\\n*\n        ''''Sex'''' (2005)\\n* ''''\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u044e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c''''\n        (Mamina Yunost, 2009)\\n\\n;Compilation\\n* ''''The Best of Luk'''' (2008)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n* [http://www.luk.com.ua/en Official page] {{ru icon}} {{en icon}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1999\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Acid jazz ensembles]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-08T14:59:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":681919383,\"length\":2424,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luk_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\"},\"12313611\":{\"pageid\":12313611,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mad\n        Heads XL\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-23T05:05:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{unreferenced|date=October 2012}}\\n{{advert|date=March 2014}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Mad Heads XL\\n| image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               = [[Ska]][[Punk rock|Punk]]
[[Folk music|Folk]]\\n| occupation          = \\n|\n        years_active        = [[2003 in music|2003]]\\n| label               = Comp\n        Music EMI\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website                 = [http://www.madheads.kiev.ua\n        madheads.kiev.ua]\\n| current_members     = Vadym Krasnooky
Maxym Krasnooky
Vadym\n        Nikitan
Valeriy Chesnokov
Volodymyr Zyumchenko
Bohdan Humenyuk\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mad Heads XL''''''\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band from [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n\\n== History ==\\n\\n===Mad\n        Heads===\\nBand called [[Mad Heads]] was formed in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] by\n        Vadym Krasnooky. In Ukraine they enjoyed the status of a rock legend for many\n        years, with 4 studio albums, good press, frequent TV appearances and constant\n        live touring. They have also been acknowledged internationally, as a well-known\n        band in the [[psychobilly]] scene across the world and #1 of the genre in\n        the whole Eastern Europe.\\n\\nIt took time and a few line up changes before\n        Mad Heads became a band able to succeed with such a hard task, but since they\n        were ready there was nothing to stop them. Their debut album \\u201c''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\u201d\n        was out in 1996 on Crazy Love Records in Germany, while in [[Ukraine]] they\n        were already a well known band: seen on TV, heard on radio, talked about in\n        major press. They filmed a video to support their album, and it was actually\n        rotated on the channel of national importance.\\n\\nSoon after, Mad Heads started\n        to tour abroad. They appeared 4 times at Rock\\u2019n\\u2019Roll Jamboree in\n        [[Finland]], 3 times at [[Calella Psychobilly Meeting]] in Spain, they rocked\n        the halls of many festivals and clubs in Russia, Germany, United Kingdom,\n        [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]] and Italy. They\\u2019ve been invited to the United\n        States and only couldn\\u2019t make it because of some visa problems. They\n        played the same stage with the most of their favorite bands of the scene while\n        becoming  the heroes for many younger acts.\\n\\nThe debut album was followed\n        by \\u201c''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\u201d in 1998 and \\u201c''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\u201d\n        in 2002 (both out on Crazy Love Records) which brought the acknowledgment\n        for Mad Heads of being #1 band of the scene in Eastern Europe and with no\n        doubt an outstanding act of the 90s psychobilly generation. In [[Ukraine]],\n        they simply become a rock\\u2019n\\u2019roll legend, so they decided to do even\n        more for their local fans and in 2003 was released the album \\u201c''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]''\\u201d with all the songs in the mother languages\n        (the first 3 albums were in English). This record was out on local EMI licensee\n        Comp Music.\\n\\nIn 2004 the guys felt that their mission was complete. Their\n        music was changing throughout the years, and now they had to face the fact\n        that it didn\\u2019t fit psychobilly scene anymore. So they took it even further,\n        doubled the line up with 3-piece brass section and mixed up their older sounds\n        with [[ska]] [[Punk rock|punk]] and some Ukrainian folk. The new project called\n        ''''''Mad Heads XL'''''' became a smashing success in [[Ukraine]], so it was\n        decided to quit as a trio for an indeterminate period.\\n\\n===Mad Heads XL===\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2004, the new project Mad Heads XL was born. The line up\n        was doubled with the powerful brass section (trumpet, trombone, saxophone)\n        and the music drifted in the direction of [[ska]] with a touch of swing and\n        Ukrainian folk, becoming something that might come out of [[Manu Chao]], [[Brian\n        Setzer]] and [[Emir Kusturica]] jam session.\\n\\nIn March 2004 it was tested\n        in the best live music clubs of Kiev, in April it appeared on top Ukrainian\n        TV channels and in May the band came up the stage of the main Ukrainian music\n        festival Tavria Games to perform for some 75,000 people (there was also a\n        live broadcast on M1 \\u2013 the main Ukrainian music TV channel).  That show\n        brought the band to 9 more big open air stages in the next few months, with\n        the audience varied from 5,000 to 100,000 (Day of Youth on the main Kiev''s\n        square, [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]), proving that Mad Heads XL could really\n        entertain a huge audience. In September 2004 the band was invited to take\n        part in Djuice-Drive tour (sport palaces in the 6 biggest cities of Ukraine).\n        They were the only Ukrainian act on the bill with artists from Western Europe.\n        They also got busy playing in the clubs.\\n\\nThey were among the first bands\n        to support the people of Ukraine in the protest action, when the [[Orange\n        Revolution]] started. They canceled any commercial gigs and performed for\n        the people on now famous central square of Kiev Maidan Nezalezhnosti, giving\n        away their new song for the compilation \\\"Orange Songs of Ukrainian Revolution\\\"\n        which featured some of the best Ukrainian acts and artists, and the profit\n        of which had been transferred to the inhabitants of the protest camping. The\n        band never thought of any promotion back then, but there probably was: their\n        performance on Maidan was seen on CNN as well as on several European news\n        channels.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band was on the road again and played plenty open\n        air stages all over Ukraine. Mad Heads XL also appeared abroad, with a lot\n        of success, at Rock for People 2005 festival in Czech Republic, not to mention\n        a club tour of Russia.\\nIn September 2005 ZYX Music released maxi-CD \\u201cNadiya\n        Yea\\u201d in Germany, but the main events with this song were happening in\n        the homeland. The album \\u201cNadiya Yea\\u201d was released in the end of\n        October on Comp Music/EMI, so far in Ukraine only, soon proving to be among\n        the bestselling local releases of the year 2005. During 2004\\u20132005 years\n        the band had several line-up changes.\\n\\nBeyond Europe, Mad Heads XL have\n        performed at Ukrainian festivals in [[Toronto]], Canada in 2010, and [[Dauphin,\n        Manitoba]], in 2011.  Commanding a strong fan base in the [[Ukrainian-Canadian]]\n        community, they returned to Toronto again in January 2012 performing material\n        from their new album ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA'''' at a\n        zabava on one night and the \\\"Royal [[Malanka]]\\\" the following night. For\n        both events, Mad Heads XL were joined onstage by Ukrainian violinist Vasyl\n        Popadiuk (aka \\\"Papa Duke\\\"). Local Ukrainian-Canadian music groups, \\\"Zapovid\\\"\n        and \\\"Hudi a Mocni\\\" opened their shows.\\n\\n==Current members==\\n* Vadym Krasnooky\n        - vocal, guitar, songwriting (1991\\u2013present)\\n* Maxym Krasnooky - bass\n        (1996\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Nikitan - trumpet (2004\\u2013present)\\n* Valeriy\n        Chesnokov - trombone (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Volodymyr Zyumchenko - drums (2005\\u2013present)\\n\\n==\n        Former members ==\\n*Bohdan Ocheretyany - drums (1994\\u20132005)\\n*Maksym Kochetov\n        \\u2013 saxophone (2004\\u20132006)\\n*Anton Buryko \\u2013 trumpet (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Volodymyr\n        Pushkar \\u2013 trombone (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Bohdan Humenyuk - saxophone, flute\n        (2006\\u20132008)\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n''''''[[Mad Heads]]''''''\\n\\n*1996 - ''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\n*1998\n        - ''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\n*2002 - ''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\n*2003 - ''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442)\\n\\n''''''Mad\n        Heads XL''''''\\n*2005 - ''''[[Nadiya Yea]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0404/The Hope Is Here)\\n*2007 - ''''[[Naykrascha Myt]]'''' - compilation  (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c/The Best Moment)\\n*2008 - ''''[[Forever (Mad Heads\n        XL album)|Forever]]''''\\n*2011 - ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA''''\\n*2015\n        - ''''8''''\\n\\n==External links==\\n*{{official website|http://www.madheads.kiev.ua/}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-30T21:31:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":735799012,\"length\":7789,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Heads_XL&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\"},\"11223560\":{\"pageid\":11223560,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mandry\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Tone|date=December 2007}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Mandry |\\n| image                 =\n        Mandry-2008.jpg|\\n| caption            = Mandry at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]],
[[Kiev]],\n        [[Ukraine]] August 24, 2008.|\\n| landscape           = yes|\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[folk-rock]]\\n| years_active        = 1997–present |\\n| website                 =\n        http://www.mandrymusic.com\\n| current_members     = [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]]
[[Leonid Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]]
[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]]
[[Andriy Zanko]]
[[Salman\n        Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mandry'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438}})\n        is a popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[blues]], [[ska]] band;\n        the band formed in 1998 in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band''s vocalist and\n        most recognizable member is [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]].\\n\\n==\n        Activity ==\\n{{Original research|section|date=February 2016}}Mandry were officially\n        formed in 1997 by the already well known singer-songwriter [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]], who had made a name for himself in the Kyiv underground\n        music scene for his creative work with the group Den'' Vmyraye Rano (Day Dies\n        Early). At first they performed as a three-piece acoustic band, but after\n        a few band member change-overs a new sound was created which made Mandry the\n        spearheads of what is now known as \\\"folk music of the cities\\\". They performed\n        their first concert with this unique sound on 24 December 1997.\\n{{Advert|section|date=February\n        2016}}\\nIn contemporary Ukrainian youth culture the group hold an original\n        musical niche. Owing to the stylish diversity of their music and their unique\n        combination of traditional Ukrainian [[folk music]] with modern rhythms, elements\n        of city romance and French chansons with a good dose of [[reggae]], [[blues]],\n        [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Punk rock|punk]], they manage to captivate a varied\n        audience representing all age groups. The music of Mandry, in spite of being\n        a combination of various genres, is well crafted and artistically unique.\n        Their songs are full of imagery and have emotionally charged melodic patterns\n        making poetic lyrics understandable to people from all walks of life. Mandry''s\n        repertoire is still growing, expanding not only due to new songs being written\n        by the band members, but also by giving traditional folk songs a new interpretation.\\n\\nIn\n        October 1997 accordion player [[Leonid Bieley]] appeared on the scene and\n        his contribution to Foma''s songs enriched the melodies, as did a change in\n        percussionist. Salman joined the contingent of ''''mandrivnyky'''' (wanderers)\n        with a complete set of percussion instruments. At this time Mandry possibly\n        were the only Ukrainian band with a percussionist.\\n\\nIn the same month the\n        new line-up played a concert, but it wasn''t a very successful performance,\n        and as they were dissatisfied doubts arose as to whether the band should split\n        up. The director of Asteroid records came to the band''s rescue and offered\n        them their first contract and with his help the group continued.\\n\\nThe last\n        alteration in the group''s line-up occurred when Mandry invited drummer [[Andriy\n        Zanko]] and [[Serhiy Chehodayev]], who replaced [[Oleksandr Kokhanivsky]]\n        on bass, to join the band. As a result, the sound of the band changed quite\n        radically. Their music was enriched with contemporary rhythms and started\n        to include [[France|French]] melodic influences.\\n\\nIn the months that followed\n        the group recorded and released their first MC on the Asteroid label. It was\n        recorded in a hurry, and thus the quality of the album suffered. Over the\n        next year and a half, the material was being constantly reworked.\\n\\nIn August\n        1998 the band produced their first video for the song \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu\n        korolevu\\\", which quickly won the audience''s approval. In September 1998,\n        during the First All-Ukrainian Music Video Contest Mandry''s video was in\n        the top three, and director Anton Trofimov was also nominated for an award.\\n\\nThe\n        first EP of the group, which, apart from seven songs also contained the video\n        clip \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu\\\", the MC in [[MP3]] format, text information\n        in html and a photo gallery, was released in December 1998.\\n\\nThe same year\n        Mandry played in [[Lviv]], [[Dnipropetrivsk]], [[Kherson]], [[Donetsk]], [[Minsk]]\n        and their hometown Kyiv.\\n\\nIn January 1999 they filmed their second video\n        to their song \\\"Kartata Sorochka\\\" in Lviv, which was broadcast on the national\n        TV channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]].\\n\\nAll in all 1999 was a very busy year\n        for them with many concerts. In springtime they visited [[Budapest]], the\n        capital of [[Hungary]], to take part in a festival commemorating the 50th\n        anniversary of the [[European Union|EU]]. In summer they performed at \\\"[[Rock-Kyiv]]\\\",\n        \\\"PEPSI-SZIGET\\\" ([[Budapest]]) and \\\"[[Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk]]\\\" ([[Vitebsk]])\n        festivals. At the end of summer they started working on their video to the\n        song \\\"Rusalky\\\" ([[Mermaid]]s).\\n\\nIn April 2000 they released their first\n        full-length album ''''Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu'''' on Karavan Records\n        and their video to the song \\\"Rusalky\\\".\\n\\nIn June 2000 Mandry took part\n        in the International Festival of Ukrainian Culture which takes place in [[Sopot]],\n        [[Poland]]. In September they participated at Rock-Existence festival in Kyiv.\n        In November they released their EP ''''Rusalky'''' on Karavan Records.\\n\\nFrom\n        14 to 26 May 2001 Mandry had a tour across Poland. In two weeks'' time they\n        played 11 concerts in [[Wroc\\u0142aw]], [[Warsaw]], [[Krak\\u00f3w]], [[Szczecin]],\n        [[Gliwice]], [[Bia\\u0142ystok]], [[Olsztyn]], [[Sopot]] and [[Lublin]]. At\n        the beginning of November 2001 Creon Music, a [[France|French]] record label,\n        released a compilation called ''''Ukrainian Rock'''', which included a few\n        songs by Mandry.''''Eastern Folk, Poland Folk Encyclopedia, in Polish''''\\nIn\n        March 2002 the video to \\\"Dochka melnyka\\\" (Miller''s daughter) was shown\n        on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 19 May 2002 Mandry, together with other Ukrainian\n        groups and artists, played a concert at the Hippodrome, in [[London]]. The\n        show was part of the Festival of Ukrainian Culture in [[Great Britain]].\\n\\nAt\n        the end of September 2002 their first animated video to the song \\\"Orysya\\\"\n        was shown on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 17 October 2002, their second album,\n        ''''Legenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku'''', was released in Ukraine on the [[Lavina\n        Music]] record label.\\n\\nOn 17 May 2003, the band took part in the International\n        festival \\\"The Day of United Europe\\\" in Kyiv. At the end of August 2003 Mandry\n        started shooting the video for \\\"Vitre Tsyhane\\\" (Gypsy Wind), which was the\n        first one to be shown on the all-Ukrainian [[M1 music channel]] that October.\\n\\n2004\n        saw Mandry tour extensively in [[Ukraine]] to support [[Viktor Yushchenko]]''s\n        campaign to become the next president of Ukraine. They played to a varied\n        audience and in parts of Ukraine where they were completely unknown to their\n        audience.\\n\\nDuring the protests that followed after the disputed election\n        results at the end of 2004, Mandry were one of many bands who appeared on\n        stage in [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] (Independence Square) in Kyiv to keep the\n        [[Orange Revolution]] protesters entertained.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band recorded\n        their latest album ''''Doroha'''', which was released in February 2006. At\n        that time they often took part in folk festivals and concerts in Ukraine and\n        neighbouring countries.''''Kulturalna Warszawa'''' (Cultural Warsaw),\n        2005, in Polish\\n\\nIn March 2006 they filmed a new video to their song\n        \\\"Ne spy moya ridna zemlya\\\" (Don''t sleep my native land), a clip with imagery\n        depicting Ukraine''s history and its heroes, bringing it right up to date\n        with the Orange Revolution.\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n*[[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]] - main vocals, guitar, sopilka (tin whistle)\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]] - accordion, synthesizer, backing vocals\\n*[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]] - bass, backing vocals\\n*[[Andriy\n        Zanko]] - drums, backing vocals\\n*[[Salman Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]] - percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1998 - \\u00ab[[Mandry\n        (album)|Mandry]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438)\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Rusalky\n        (album)|Rusalky]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u043a\\u0438)\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu (album)|Romansero\n        pro nizhnu korolevu]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0432\\u0443)\n        (re-released in 2002)\\n* 2002 - \\u00ab[[Lehenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku (album)|Lehenda\n        pro Ivanka ta Odarku]]\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0443)\\n*\n        2006 - \\u00ab[[Doroha (album)|Doroha]]\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430)\\n\\n===\n        Live albums ===\\n* 2007 - \\u00ab[[Mandry u Krayini Mriy (album)|Mandry u Krayini\n        Mriy]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0443 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.mandrymusic.com/\n        Official Mandry website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"lastrevid\":798927015,\"length\":9059,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandry&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\"},\"35030786\":{\"pageid\":35030786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Marakesh\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name               = Marakesh\\n|image=Marakesh.jpg\\n|caption=Marakesh\n        live in 2011\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| alias              =\n        \\n| origin             = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]]
[[Indie rock]]
[[Electronic rock]]\\n| years_active       =\n        {{Start date|2006}}\\u2013present\\n| label              = \\n| website            =\n        {{URL|www.marakeshmusic.com/}}\\n| current_members    = Mark Gritsenko
Christoph\n        Hadl Hassel
Rich Millin
Daria Chepel\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Marakesh''''''\n        ({{lang-ua|\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0448}}) are a rock band from\n        [[Kiev]], Ukraine, formed in 2006. Their music is influenced by 90s [[alternative\n        rock]], combining rock with electronica and charismatic vocals.\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        song Jdat ({{lang-ru|\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c}}) appeared in the [[GTA\n        4|Grand Theft Auto IV]] video-game soundtrack, resulting in hundreds of thousands\n        official views of its music video on YouTube.[http://www.rockstargames.com/IV/#?page=music&content=vladivostok\n        - Vladivostok FM track listing on GTA 4 official website][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9253G7_Ct8 - Jdat music video\n        on YouTube] The band is currently based in Berlin.[http://marakeshmusic.com/]\\n\\n==History==\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        debut album ''''Androgyny'''' was released in 2006. It represented fully electronic\n        sound due to being recorded by lead singer Mark Gritsenko alone, before the\n        band\\u2019s line up was formed.[http://www.zvuki.ru/R/P/15785\n        - Zvuki.ru album review]\\n \\nIn 2007 after releasing several successful\n        music videos, Marakesh went on an extensive tour from March to December that\n        year.[http://marakeshband.eu/tour - Tour archive]\n        {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203015814/http://marakeshband.eu/tour\n        |date=2012-02-03 }} They performed mainly in Russia, where they were\n        supported by alternative TV channels[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5UJRAxaNuA\n        - A-One TV interview] and press such as Billboard,[http://billboard.ru.msn.com/reviews/review.aspx?cp-documentid=155402713\n        - Billboard review]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }}[http://petrovka.ua/product.php?code=68620\n        - Billboard issue including Marakesh interview] while only relying on\n        a word of mouth in their homeland. However numbers of shows in Ukraine grew\n        in the next years.\\n\\nTheir second full-length album ''''M'''' was released\n        in December 2008 after being postponed for more than a year because of a dispute\n        with their then-label.[http://www.farfrommoscow.com/articles/marakesh-m.html\n        - Far From Moscow album review]\\n\\nIn 2009 Marakesh extended to open\n        air festivals and came to Europe for the first time. In the summer they appeared\n        at Ukrainian selection for MTV EMA,[http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        - MTV EMA gallery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503005144/http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        |date=2010-05-03 }} Russian festival Okna Otkroy[[:ru:\\u041e\\u043a\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439!|-\n        Okna Otkroy line up]] and Hungarian ICWiP.[http://www.lastfm.ru/festival/1140651+ICWiP+-+International+Culure+Week+in+P\\u00e9cs\n        - ICWiP line up]\\n\\nThe band went on their first European tour for 1\n        month in April\\u2013May 2010, playing in Baltics, Poland, Germany and Hungary.\n        Later that year the band was chosen by Placebo as an opening act for their\n        show in Kiev.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suZxAl30PLU\n        - Enter TV interview] In December 2010 Marakesh released their first\n        fully English-speaking EP \\u201cTaste Me\\u201d, recorded in Budapest. Taste\n        Me Tour saw a number of shows in Ukraine, Russia, Hungary and Germany.\\n\\nIn\n        2011 the band started composing their third LP, which was planned to be released\n        later in 2012.\\n\\nIn spring 2012, the band moved to Berlin. In September 2012,\n        Marakesh announced they have started a new band Four Phonica, which comprises\n        all Marakesh members and the lead singer of side project Sexinspace, Daria.\n        In January 2013, Four Phonica released the first single Divine, available\n        for download on the band''s official website.[https://archive.is/20130213070907/http://marakeshband.eu/news/marakesh-sexinspace-four-phonica-2\n        - Marakesh + Sexinspace = Four Phonica] Single was followed up by a\n        music video in March 2013. In February 2014, Four Phonica released their second\n        music video Sabotage.[tube.com/watch?v=rdOFcDHs91U\n        - Four Phonica - Sabotage music video] Their debut self-titled EP was\n        released on February 28, 2014.[http://fourphonica.com/news/ep-release/\n        - Four Phonica announce the debut EP]\\n\\nIn summer 2014, Four Phonica\n        revealed that they are composing their debut LP and that the news about the\n        album and single releases are awaited this year.[http://fourphonica.com/news/four-phonica-composing-debut-lp/ -\n        Four Phonica composing debut LP]\\n\\nIn August 2014, Four Phonica were\n        chosen from over 350 applicants as one of 9 bands to participate in Berliner\n        Pilsner Music Award.[http://fourphonica.com/news/berliner-pilsner-music-award/\n        - Berliner Pilsner Music Award 2014]\\n\\nIn September 2014, Marakesh''s\n        first EP Den Svyatogo Valentina (2007) and a second full length M (2008),\n        which were previously released only in Ukraine and Russia, became available\n        worldwide on iTunes[https://itunes.apple.com/artist/marakesh/id279455367\n        - Marakesh on iTunes] and Bandcamp,[https://marakesh.bandcamp.com\n        - Marakesh on Bandcamp] including one of their most well known songs\n        Jdat from the Grand Theft Auto IV video-game soundtrack.\\n\\nIn November 2014,\n        Four Phonica launched a musical crowdsourcing campaign #Songblitz. In one\n        month time, the band created and released a cover of The Smiths'' There Is\n        a Light That Never Goes Out entirely made of musical, vocal and video contributions\n        from fans.[http://www.songblitz.com - Songblitz]{{dead\n        link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\nIn\n        autumn of 2015 Marakesh have returned with new single Run. Run was followed\n        up by another single Cold Call released on 12 February 2016. On November 1st\n        2016, Marakesh premiered an official music video for Cold Call on their YouTube\n        channel. Directed by Alex Barsuk and art directed by Daria Chepel, it was\n        shot at Turmwerk Studios, former headquarters of [[IAMX]] and a working space\n        for such artists as Noblesse Oblige and producer [[Jim Abbiss]] among others.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJuOM_nicP8\n        - Marakesh - Cold Call (Official Video)]\\n\\nIn December 2016, Marakesh announced they will release 3 new\n        singles throughout winter starting with Hand Grenade on 8 December 2016. It\n        was followed by Mr. Correspondent in January 2017, along with a new EP 199X\n        available only on band''s Patreon page for one month before an official release.\n        The 6-track EP was released on all other platforms on 22 February 2017 in\n        Standard and Deluxe versions.\\n\\nIn March 2017, Marakesh premiered a lyric\n        video for their first single in Russian in 7 years, Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t\n        Love).\\n\\n==Band members==\\nCurrent members\\n*Mark Gritsenko \\u2013 vocals,\n        guitars, keyboards\\n*Alexander Petrovsky \\u2013 bass, keyboards\\n*Valery Derevyansky\n        \\u2013 drums\\n*Christoph Hadl Hassel \\u2013 bass, mixing, production\\nLive\n        members\\n*Herman Gritsenko - keyboards\\n*Rich Millin \\u2013 drums\\n*Daria\n        Chepel \\u2013 art direction\\nFormer members\\n*Valery Popovich \\u2013\n        guitars\\n*Dmitry Kvyatkovsky \\u2013 guitars\\n*Igor Kievets \\u2013\n        bass\\n\\n==Discography==\\nas Marakesh:\\n*''''Androgyny'''' (LP) (2006)\\n*''''Den\n        Svyatogo Valentina (English: Saint Valentine''s Day)'''' (EP) (2007)\\n*''''M''''\n        (LP) (2008)\\n*''''Taste Me'''' (EP) (2010)\\n*''''My Favorite Song'''' (single)\n        (2011)\\n*''''199X'''' (EP) (2017)\\n*''''Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t Love)''''\n        (single) (2017)\\nas Four Phonica:\\n*''''Divine'''' (single) (2013)\\n*''''Sabotage''''\n        (single) (2014)\\n*''''Four Phonica'''' (EP) (2014)\\n*''''There Is a Light\n        That Never Goes Out'''' (single) (2014)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{Official website|www.marakeshband.eu|Marakesh}}\\n* {{Official\n        website|www.fourphonica.com|Four Phonica}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":797218590,\"length\":8933,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marakesh_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\"},\"48048659\":{\"pageid\":48048659,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"O.Torvald\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T17:58:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = O.Torvald
\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434\\n|\n        image           = O.Torvald. Eurovision Song Contest 2017, Semi Final 2 Rehearsals.\n        Photo 294.jpg\\n| logo            =\\n| caption         = \\n| image_size      =\\n|\n        landscape       = Yes\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          =\n        [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = {{Hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[alternative\n        rock]]|[[alternative metal]]|[[nu metal]]}}\\n| years_active    = 2005\\u2013present\\n|\n        label           =  [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website         = [http://o-torvald.com/ o-torvald.com]\\n| current_members\n        = [[Yevhen Halych]]
Denys Myzyuk
Mykola Rayda
Oleksandr Solokha
Mykyta\n        Vasyl\\u02b9yev\\n| past_members    = Oleksandr Nechyporenko
Andriy Lytvynok
Ihor\n        Odaryuk
Volodymyr Yakovlev\\n}}\\n\\n''''''O.Torvald'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian rock band. It was formed in 2005 in [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its debut album O.Torvald was recorded in 2008. O.Torvald took part in festivals\n        such as GBOB, [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]], Tavria games, Prosto\n        Rock (with [[Linkin Park]] and [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]]), [[Zakhid]], Krashche\n        Misto UA (with [[Evanescence]] and [[The Rasmus]]), Ekolomyja and Global Gathering.\n        They represented [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017|Ukraine]] in\n        the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] with the song \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\n        finishing in 24th place.{{cite web|url=http://wiwibloggs.com/2017/02/25/ukraine-will-sing-eurovision-2017/177369/|title=UKRAINE:\n        O.Torvald will sing \\\"Time\\\" at Eurovision 2017|date=25 February 2017|publisher=Wiwibloggs|website=wiwibloggs.com|last=Vasilyev|first=Mikhail}}\\n\\n==Members==\\n*\n        [[Yevhen Halych]] \\u2013 vocals, guitar (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Denys Myzyuk\n        \\u2013 guitar, backing vocals (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Solokha \\u2013\n        drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Mykyta Vasyl\\u02b9yev \\u2013 bass (2014\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Mykola Rayda \\u2013 piano, DJ (2008\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n===Studio\n        albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:10em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:O.Torvald (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|O.Torvald]]''''\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2008\\n* Label: Yenisey Group\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456|\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456]]''''
(''''In you'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2011\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442 (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442]]''''
(''''Primate'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404|\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404]]''
(''''You are'''')\\n| \\n* Released: November\n        2014\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] \\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438|#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438]]''''
(''''#ourpeopleareeverywhere'''')\\n| \\n* Released:\n        1 September 2016\\n* Label: Mickey Sound\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Extended\n        plays===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441''''
(''''Use Us'''')\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2012\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format:\n        Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Other albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"| Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0410\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''
(''''Acoustic'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Singles===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:14em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:1em;\\\"| Year\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\"| Peak\n        chart positions\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| Album\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        style=\\\"width:3em;font-size:85%;\\\"| [[Tophit|RUS]]
{{cite\n        web|url=https://tophit.ru/ru/search?str=O.Torvald|title=Search > O.Torvald|publisher=tophit.ru|work=[[Tophit]]}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\\\"\\n| 2008\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"3\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0435\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438|\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438]]\\\"\\n|\n        2009\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0423\\u0419\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2010\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439|\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439]]\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454|\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454]]\\\"\\n|\n        2011\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\\"\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2012\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mr. DJ\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2014\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404''''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"5\\\"|\n        2016\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\\"\\n|\n        189\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0422\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0443\\u0445 \\u2014\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0438\\u0435\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e \\u0431\\u043e\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mama\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\\n| 2017\\n| 188\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"20\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center; font-size:85%;\\\"| \\\"\\u2014\\\" denotes a single that\n        did not chart or was not released.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://o-torvald.com/ O.Torvald website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/OTORVALDband/featured\n        YouTube]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/OTorvald/ Facebook]\\n\\n{{S-start}}\\n{{s-ach}}\\n{{Succession\n        box|\\n| before=[[Jamala]]
with \\\"[[1944 (song)|1944]]\\\"\\n| title=[[Ukraine\n        in the Eurovision Song Contest]]\\n| years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 2017|2017]]\\n|\n        after=''''Incumbent''''\\n}}\\n{{S-end}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine in the Eurovision Song\n        Contest |state=autocollapse}}\\n{{Eurovision Song Contest 2017 |state=autocollapse}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2005]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:English-language singers of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Eurovision Song Contest entrants]]\\n[[Category:Eurovision\n        Song Contest entrants of 2017]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T19:39:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":780377284,\"length\":6581,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O.Torvald&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\"},\"26307708\":{\"pageid\":26307708,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Obiymy\n        Doshchu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T06:43:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Obiymy Doshchu
\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\\n|image              = Obiymy_doschu-2006.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Obiymy Doshchu (in 2006 lineup)\\n|image_size         = 300 \\n|landscape        =\n        Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[symphonic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        2004\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Nash Format]] (Ukraine)\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://rain.in.ua\\n|current_members  = Volodymyr\n        Agafonkin 
 Oleksiy Katruk 
 Mykola Kryvonos 
 Serhiy Dumler 
\n        Maria Kurbatova 
 Olena Nesterovska\\n|past_members = Andriy Demyanenko|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Obiymy\n        Doshchu'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Rain''s Embrace'''') is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band that describes\n        its [[music genre]] as a [[Lyric poetry|lyrical]], autumnal [[rock music]]\n        with [[progressive rock]], [[Neoclassical (New Age)|neoclassic]] and [[doom\n        metal]] influences. \\n\\nThey have released their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]]\n        in Autumn 2009 which reviewers called \\u201c''''an outstanding result in the\n        genre''''\\u201d but also \\u201c''''monotonous, with intentionally limited\n        emotional palette''''\\u201d,[http://www.nneformat.ru/reviews/?id=5459\n        Nash Neformat music magazine] (in Russian) \\u201c''''expressing the\n        same mood in every track''''\\u201d but \\u201c''''nevertheless one of the most\n        impressive and inspired releases in a long time''''\\u201d,[http://www.darkside.ru/album/21523/\n        Darkside webzine reviews] (in Russian) \\u201c''''a new approach to creative\n        work in many ways''''\\u201d[http://rock.kiev.ua/arhiv/2009/287/ Kiev\n        Rock Club webzine] (in Ukrainian) and \\u201c''''a phenomenon worth attention\n        of all fans of twilight lyricism''''\\u201d.[http://umka.com.ua/eng/catalogue/gothic/obiymy-doschu-elehia.html\n        Umka CD-store]\\n\\n== Biography ==\\n=== 2004\\u20142006 ===\\n''''''(band\n        formation, first recordings)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu was started as a one-man\n        project in 2004 as a result of Volodymyr''s interest in writing music, singing\n        and playing an [[acoustic guitar]]. His friend Oleksiy became involved in\n        the project and helped Volodymyr record his first [[Demo (music)|demo]], and\n        the demo in turn inspired his university mate Mykola to make a [[music video|video]]\n        for one of the songs (''''Mertve Derevo I Viter'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyI5xzROaB8\n        Mertve Derevo I Viter video on YouTube] \\n\\nIn spring 2006 Volodymyr\n        forms the [[Band (music)|band]] with Oleksiy on the [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        and Mykola on the [[bass guitar]]. In this lineup the band makes its first\n        live performance in [[Kiev]]. \\n\\nIn Autumn, Oleksiy replaces [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        with [[electric guitar]] and Andriy Demyanenko joins the band as a [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] player. The band continues to create new songs and\n        occasionally perform live. During this time, Oleksiy finishes the second video\n        of the band (for the song ''''Zorenko Moya'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eKRMg76vGg\n        Zorenko Moya video on YouTube] At the end of the year, Obiymy Doshchu\n        record their second demo with 6 songs.\\n\\n=== 2007\\u20142008 ===\\n''''''(line-up\n        complete, live activities)''''''\\n\\nIn 2007, the band finally finds a [[drums|drummer]]\n        - Serhiy Dumler. The same year Maria joins the band as a [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        player to replace Andriy Demyanenko. \\n\\nHaving a complete line-up, the bands\n        starts to actively perform live in 2008, plays at many [[music festival|festivals]]\n        and other places among [[Ukraine]]. It also makes its third recording in the\n        [[recording studio|studio]], ''''Pid Khmaramy'''', to prepare itself for the\n        upcoming recording of an ambitions debut album.\\n\\n=== 2009 ===\\n''''''(debut\n        album, first solo concert, present)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu have finally released\n        their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] on August 29, 2009 as a free download\n        on their website.[http://rain.in.ua/en.html Elehia album download page\n        on the official website] The album contains 8 songs and represents a\n        certain summary of the band''s activities since its formation. It is a [[concept\n        album|conceptual]] album with a single story. It also has rich [[String section|string\n        arrangements]] and contains many contributions from guest musicians.\\n\\nThe\n        band played its first big solo concert in [[Kyiv]] on October 22, 2009. This day can also\n        be considered as the official day of violist Olena Nesterovska joining the\n        band as a permanent member.\\n\\nOn December 10, the band released a new 2-song\n        single ''''Svitanok'''' and a video for one of the songs directed by Mykola\n        Kryvonos.[http://rain.in.ua/svitanok/en.html Svitanok single and video\n        download]\\n\\nCurrently the band is writing the material for its second\n        album expected to come in Spring 2012 and performing live around [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n=== Current members ===\\n* Volodymyr Agafonkin \\u2014 [[vocals]],\n        [[acoustic guitar]] (2004\\u2014present)\\n* Oleksiy Katruk \\u2014 [[electric\n        guitar]] (2006\\u2014present), [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2005\\u20142006)\\n*\n        Mykola Kryvonos \\u2014 [[bass guitar]], [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]\n        (2006\\u2014present)\\n* Serhiy Dumler \\u2014 [[drums]], [[percussion]] (2006\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Maria Kurbatova \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Olena Nesterovska \\u2014 [[viola]] (2009\\u2014present)\\n\\n=== Guest members\n        ===\\n* Hanna Kryvonos \\u2014 [[backing vocals]]\\n* Yana Shakirzhanova \\u2014\n        [[violin]]\\n\\nGuest members occasionally perform live with the band and take\n        part in studio recordings.\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Andriy Demyanenko\n        \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2006\\u20142007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n# 2009 \\u2014 [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f)\\n\\n===\n        Singles ===\\n# 2010 \\u2014 [[Svitanok (single)|Svitanok]] (\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a)\\n\\n==\n        Videos ==\\n# 2005 \\u2014 Mertve Derevo I Viter (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n#\n        2006 \\u2014 Zorenko Moya (director: Oleksiy Katruk)\\n# 2010 \\u2014 Svitanok\n        (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* [http://rain.in.ua/en.html Official Elehia album download page]\\n*\n        [http://myspace.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on MySpace]\\n* [http://facebook.com/pages/Obiymy-Doschu/308519798211\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Facebook]\\n* [http://last.fm/music/\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438+\\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Last.fm]\\n* {{Official website|http://rain.in.ua/index.php}}\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n* [http://twitter.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on Twitter]\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T16:30:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751521445,\"length\":6706,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obiymy_Doshchu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\"},\"2004786\":{\"pageid\":2004786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Okean\n        Elzy\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Okean Elzy
\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\n|image              = Okean elzy moscow 11-02-2012\n        nazipov1.jpg\\n|logo=PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png\\n|caption         =\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 - Okean Elzy\\n|image_size         =\n        300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]
[[COMP\n        music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[Lavina Music]] 
 [[Nova records]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.okeanelzy.com\\n|current_members  = [[Svyatoslav\n        Vakarchuk]] 
 [[Vladimir Opsenica]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c][http://tabloid.pravda.com.ua/news/5166b4f834649/\n        \\u0417 \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0448\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442]\n        
 [[Denys Dudko]] 
 [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] 
[[Denys Hlinin]]|\\n|past_members\n        = [[Pavlo Gudimov]] 
 [[Yuriy Khustochka]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Shurov]] 
 [[Petro Cherniavsky]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c]|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Okean\n        Elzy'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] bands. It was formed in 1994 in [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\n        The band''s vocalist and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]].[http://dzyga.com.ua/E/interv_01/vakarchu.htm  \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u0404\\u00bb \\u2014 \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u0412\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a\n        (\\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb),\n        \\u0432\\u0436\\u0435 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u043b\\u0430\\u0448\\u0442\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] Okean\n        Elzy is one of the best-loved Ukrainian rock bands not only in Ukraine but\n        also in most [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April\n        2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ Magazine music awards for \\\"Best rock act\\\".[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1542312-okean-elzi-ogolosili-nazvu-i-datu-relizu-novogo-albomu\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442:]\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u0443\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\n\\n=== 1994\\u20131999 ===\\nThe band Okean Elzy was founded in 1994\n        by four young men from [[Lviv]]; who were former members of the band Klan\n        Tyshi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0442\\u0438\\u0448\\u0456}}, translation:\n        ''''Clan of Silence'''') which was founded in 1991.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013) The original line-up featured a lead vocal, lead guitar, bass\n        guitar and drums. Throughout 1994 the band spent their time rehearsing.\\n\\nTheir\n        first concert took place in front of the [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet|Lviv\n        Opera Theatre]] on 14 January 1995. Shortly after that appearance they released\n        a demo tape called ''DEMO 94-95''. In 1995 they also  participated for the\n        first time in the two biggest (at the time) Ukrainian music festivals - [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] and [[Melodiya (festival)|Melodiya]], also\n        participated in ''''Is'''', a personal project of Lviv musician [[Oleg Sook]],\n        performed the song Long time ago.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013)\\n\\nIn 1996 the band establish themselves on the festival circuit\n        in Ukraine and beyond. Okean Elzy participated at Sribna Pidkova Festival,\n        Alternative 2, Perlyny Sezonu, Tavriyski Ihry, Trust Open Air Gernsbach (Germany),\n        Trash 96, and R.F.I. 96 (France).\\n\\nIn 1996 Okean Elzy also held their first\n        concert outside Lviv. Their first appearance in the capital [[Kiev]] took\n        place in 1996 where they supported [[Deep Purple]]. In November\\u2013December\n        of that year they recorded and released the group''s first maxi-single ''''Budynok\n        zi skla'''' (\\\"House of glass\\\"). Shortly afterwards the first movie about\n        the group was made by TV Channel [[TET (TV channel)|TET]] and was broadcast\n        nationally.\\n\\n1997 saw tours in the south of France and in the west of Germany.\n        Back to Ukraine they held a concert in their hometown of Lviv, drawing massive\n        crowds.\\n\\nThe band''s big break came in 1998, when they made the decision\n        to move to Kiev. There they started working on their first album ''''[[Tam,\n        de nas nema]]'''' (\\\"There, where we are not\\\"). The group''s first music\n        video was recorded for the song \\\"Tam, de nas nema\\\". This video was the first\n        piece of modern [[Ukrainian music]] to make its mark on [[MTV Russia]], as\n        well as France''s [[MCM (TV channel)|MCM]] Channel.\\n\\nAt the very beginning\n        of 1999, Okean Elzy started working on their second album ''''Ya na nebi buv''''\n        (\\\"I was in the sky\\\"). In May the group decided to try to expand their fan\n        base into Russia. Their first concert was at the festival [[Maxidrom]]. There\n        were thousands of people there who already knew their songs, with many singing\n        along.\\n\\nOn 16 September they played a solo concert at the MCM Cafe in [[Paris]].\\n\\n===\n        2000\\u20132004 ===\\nIn 2000 exactly one year after they started working on\n        ''''Ya na nebi buv'''' the album was released.\\n\\nOn 5 February Okean Elzy\n        held a solo concert at legendary [[London Astoria|Astoria Club]] ([[London]]).\n        In March the keyboard player joined the band.\\n\\nIn 2001 Okean Elzy became\n        new face of [[Pepsi Cola]] in Ukraine as the new millennium dawned. They have\n        released their third album ''''Model''''. They started a big tour around Ukraine\n        called \\\"Ask For More\\\". In August they started working on their fourth album\n        - ''''[[Supersymetriya]]'''' (\\\"Supersymmetry\\\"). The album was eventually\n        released in 2003 and immediately the group embarked on their biggest tour\n        ever.\\n\\nAt the end of 2003 [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] as the frontman of the\n        band became an official Ambassador of Ukrainian Culture.\\n\\nIn 2004 [[Denys\n        Dudko]] (one of the best [[jazz]] bass players in Ukraine) and [[Milo\\u0161\n        Jeli\\u0107]] (composer from [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]]) joined the band.\\n\\nDuring\n        the \\\"[[Orange Revolution]]\\\" Okean Elzy actively supported the democratic\n        changes which the population were demanding, with Slava emerging as a figurehead\n        of the revolution.\\n\\n=== 2005\\u2013present ===\\n[[File:PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png|thumbnail|Logo\n        of the band]]\\nIn 2005 [[Petro Cherniavsky]]  joined the band.\\n\\nOn September\n        22, 2005, Okean Elzy released their new album ''''[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|GLORIA]]''''.\n        After that the band went on tour (30 cities in Ukraine and 10 in Russia) with\n        audio crew Sergey Kamenev, Alexandr Kostin, [[Yurii Barybin]] and Vyacheslav\n        Lavrinenko.\\n\\nIn September 2005, Vakarchuk became UN''s [[Goodwill Ambassador|Ambassador\n        of Good Will]]. Also, in September Okean Elzy started joint campaign with\n        [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]] and [[MTV Europe Foundation]]\n        \\u2013 fighting human trafficking. Svyatoslav Vakarchuk as UN''s Ambassador\n        of Goodwill during 2006 year had different meetings with students at Ukrainian\n        and Poland universities. Now Vakarchuk provides a huge social project running\n        to propagate reading as a natural process. The general idea of this project\n        is to draw the attention of young people to books and help fight illiteracy.\\n\\nIn\n        November 2006, Okean Elzy visited [[Kosovo]], where musicians had a concert\n        for [[peace makers]] from Ukraine, [[Poland]], Germany, United States and\n        other countries, which include international contingent of peace makers.\\n\\nDuring\n        the Football World Cup 2006 in Germany Okean Elzy actively supported the Ukrainian\n        national team and cheered the fans with their songs. The last song of the\n        band called ''''Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly...'''' (\\\"Oh, brother, merry\n        times came...\\\") as always made a huge splash in Ukraine. The song and the\n        video were released as a single and all money profited would be donated to\n        the child care center treating [[AIDS]]. Charity activities play a major role\n        in OE''s life.\\n\\nIn April 2006 OE went on tour, which includes [[Chicago]],\n        [[New York City]] and [[Toronto]], where thousands sang along their songs.\\n\\nOn\n        April 25, 2007, Okean Elzy released a new album ''''Mira'''' (\\\"Measure\\\").\n        After that the band went on a huge nationwide tour. During the month they\n        held tremendous concerts in 27 Ukrainian cities. The outstanding feature about\n        ''''Mira'''' was that all the concerts were held at large cities, mostly stadiums\n        and sports palaces. The concerts were attended by more than 120,000 fans,\n        which has become a record for the group. For the two Kiev concerts the attendance\n        was about 24,000 total. In the [[history of Ukraine]] only Okean Elzy \\\"for\n        the second time (after round of ''''GLORIA'''') brought so many people in\n        one place in such a short time.\\n\\nIn 2010 Okean Elzy went on their Dolce\n        Vita Tour, in support of their latest album ''''Dolce Vita'''', which included\n        over one hundred concerts in Russia, Ukraine, [[Belarus]], Europe and North\n        America.\\n\\nIn December 2013 the band performed during [[Euromaidan]]-protests.[http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/ukraine-suspends-mayor-security-official-over-protest-crackdown_896844.html\n        Ukraine suspends mayor, security official over protest crackdown], [[Zee News]]\n        (14 December 2013)\\n\\n== 2013 Tour ==\\nIn 2013, Okean Elzy announced\n        in their website a new album and new tour through Ukraine.\\n\\n== 2014 ==\\nJune\n        21, 2014. For their 20th anniversary Okean Elzy performed in front of 70,\n        000 fans in Kyiv at NSC Olimpiyskiy.{{cite web | url = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757\n        | title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e}}\n        This concert was the most massive in Ukrainian history.{{Cite\n        web|title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e\n        {{!}} \\u0416\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430-\\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u041a\\u0410|url\n        = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757|website = ukrainka.org.ua|access-date =\n        2016-02-09}}[http://www.okeanelzy.com/ru/news/135/ \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u00ab\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb]\\n\\n==\n        Current members ==\\n# [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] \\u2014 vocal (1994\\u2013present)\\n#\n        [[Vladimir Opsenitsa]] \\u2014 guitar (2013-present)\\n# [[Denys Dudko]] \\u2014\n        bass (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] \\u2014 piano, synthesizers\n        (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Denys Hlinin]] \\u2014 drums (1994\\u2013present)\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n# 1998 -\n        \\\"[[Tam, de nas nema]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043c, \\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 - There, Where We Aren''t)\\n# 2000 - \\\"[[Ya Na Nebi\n        Buv]]\\\" (\\u042f \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0456 \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 -\n        I Was In Heaven)\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[Model (Okean Elzy album)|Model]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Supersymetriya]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        - Supersymmetry)\\n# 2005 - \\\"[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|Gloria]]\\\"\\n# 2007\n        - \\\"Mira\\\" (\\u041c\\u0456\\u0440\\u0430 - Measure)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Dolce Vita (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Dolce Vita]]\\\"\\n# 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Zemlya (album)|Zemlya]]\\\" (\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\n        - The Land)\\n# 2014 - \\\"[[\\u041d\\u0410\\u0419\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0429\\u0415]]\\\"\\n#\n        2016 - \\\"[[Bez mezh]]\\\" (\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 - Without limits)\\n\\n===\n        Acoustic albums ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Tviy format (Okean Elzy album)|Tviy format]]\\\"\n        (Your format)\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1996 - \\\"[[Budynok zi skla (Okean Elzy\n        album)|Budynok zi skla]]\\\" (House of glass)\\n* 2002 - \\\"[[Kholodno (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Kholodno]]\\\" (It is cold)\\n* 2004 - \\\"[[Dyakuyu! (Okean Elzy album)|Dyakuyu!]]\\\"\n        (Thank You!)\\n* 2006 - \\\"[[Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly... (Okean Elzy album)|Veseli,\n        brate, chasy nastaly...]]\\\" (Oh, brother, merry times came...)\\n* 2009 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Ya tak khochu...]]\\\" (I want so much to...)\\n* 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Obiymy]]\\\"\n        (Embrace)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Ne tvoya viyna]]\\\" (Not your war)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Zhyttya\n        pochynayet''sya znov]]\\\" (Life begins again)\\n\\n=== Compilations ===\\n* 2006\n        - \\\"[[1221 (Okean Elzy album)|1221]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2010 -\n        \\\"[[The Best Of (Okean Elzy album)|The Best Of]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Solo projects ===\\n*\n        2008 - \\\"[[Vnochi (music album)|Vnochi]]\\\" (At night) - album released under\n        the name of ideological mastermind [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Brussel'']]\\\"\n        (Brussels)\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Okean elzy - Dyakuyu tobi.ogg|title=\\\"Dyakuyu\n        tobi (\\u0414\\u044f\\u043a\\u0443\\u044e \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com Official Okean Elzy website]\\n\\n{{commons\n        category|Okean Elzy}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1994]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":799027679,\"length\":12806,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okean_Elzy&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\"},\"47328535\":{\"pageid\":47328535,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Opalnyi\n        Prynz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-06T16:35:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Over-quotation|date=August 2015}}\\n''''''Opalnyi\n        Prynz'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446''''''}})\n        was an influential.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        and popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[Ukrainian rock]] band;\n        the band which came out of musical project called ''''''Strus Mozku''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0443''''''}}),\n        or ''Brain Concussion'', in English, which started in 1987 when [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]''s younger brother [[Yuriy Shtyn]] relocated to [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\n        after completing his studies at the conservatory in [[Rivne]].\\n\\nThe ''''''Strus\n        Mozku'''''' project included the following individuals: both Shtyn brothers,\n        Roman Brytsky, Boris Rosenthul and a young actress from the [[Maria Zankovetska\n        Theatre|Zankovetska Theatre]] in [[Lviv]], by the name of Lyudmila Razik.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        This project eventually morphed into ''''Opalnyi Prynz'''' with Yuriy Shtyn\n        composing all of the material both musically and lyrically, singing and play\n        keyboards, his older brother [[Rostyslav Shtyn]], played guitar and provided\n        vocals. Roman Brytsky stayed on as a second keyboardistTwenty years old\n        and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with Rostyslav\n        Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\nIt\n        was with this composition of the group with which ''''Opalnyi Prinz'''' recorded\n        their first singles which included: ''''Mandry'''' \\u2013 ''''Wanderings''''\n        in 1987, ''''Pozychayesh pamyat'''' \\u2013 ''''You Borrow memory'''', ''''Chorna\n        Dira'''' \\u2013 ''''Black Hole'''', ''''Leonid Brezhnev'''', which received\n        airplay on [[Radio Liberty]], and ''''Paskuda'''' \\u2013 ''''Hussy''''. All\n        these compositions were very socially and musically \\\"different\\\" singlesTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and made up their first album also entitled ''''Mandry'''' after their first\n        recorded single.\\n\\nA few more singles would be released from their first\n        album ''''Mandry'''': ''''Shantrapa'''' \\u2013 ''''Riff-raff'''' 1987; other\n        singles included ''''Kombi u L\\u2019vovi'''' \\u2013 ''''Kombi in L''viv''''\n        \\u2013 1988, a satirical song about the groups meeting with the Polish group\n        [[Kombi (band)|Kombi]] during their performance in Lviv; ''''Tankova attaka''''\n        \\u2013 ''''Tank attack''''(in Russian) which included saxophonist Zenon Kovpak,\n        in 1989 which was politically oriented at what the USSR''s role was in [[Afghanistan]];Interviews\n        with Yurok and Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 Twenty years old and still fresh today\n        \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and, ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' \\u2013 ''''Hey Ukraine!'''', which would become\n        the opening track of their second album ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' ''''New\n        revolution'''' 1991.\\n\\nTheir second album, ''''Nova Revolyutsia'''', released\n        in 1991 was filled out with Toomas Vanem on lead guitar.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        Authorities didn''t like what they heard on the new album (cassette) with\n        a release of 30,000 copies. Many of the songs were not appreciated by Soviet\n        authorities, songs like ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''',Twenty years old and\n        still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 translation of lyrics of ''''Nova\n        revolutsia'''' -http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        as well as the lead song ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' and probably the others were\n        just a little pro-Ukrainian, and as a result, within weeks of the album''s\n        release, no copies could be found at the regular state run music storesPersonal\n        discussion with Yuriy and Rostyslav Shtyn, 2010\\n\\n\\nThis is what\n        Ukrainian music critic and journalist Oleksandr Yevtushenko wrote in one of\n        his compilations on contemporary Ukrainian music:\\n
\\n\\\"I first\n        heard the group OPALNYI PRYNZ on the broadcasts of the Ukrainian service of\n        [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]. The songs ''''Hey Ukraino!'''',\n        ''''Nash Prapor'''' were played every day. That was at the end of the 1980s.\n        But to find out anything about the group was only possible after the release\n        of their first album ''''Mandry''''. And after that as music of the \\\"secretive\n        inhabitants of Lviv\\\" Ukrainian Radio started to play them and the became\n        radio-hits. [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] and company came out into the information\n        field. But they did not try to conquer it, because first and foremost they\n        were concerned with the creation of a European level of musical infrastructure\n        with their own agency, recording studio. What we are talking about here is\n        a well equipped national factory of stars. The idea didn''t leave Rostyslav\n        alone. Thank God, that he gathered his organizational skills and musical talent.\n        First of all there was his musical education \\u2013 Rostyslav''s education\n        is as a violinist. There was the persistent work with stars of multifarious\n        stages. At the end of the 1980s the main matter became his group OPALNYI PRYNZ.\n        It was created by: Yuri Shtyn (his younger brother), who plays keyboards,\n        sings, and writes the music and lyrics, Toomas Vanem \\u2013 lead guitar and\n        still one other keyboardist Roman Brytsky and singer and guitarist [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]. The path of OPALNYI PRYNZ cardinally is different from generally\n        accepted schemes. Because for they had the idea of technical and financial\n        independence and perfect quality of how they sounded. The group signed a contract\n        with one German producers centre and received the possibility of publishing\n        its materials on both sides of the [[Iron Curtain]]. At the end of 1990 OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ realizes its next project \\u2013 the album ''''Nova Revolyutsiya''''.\n        Indisputably, all the tracks of the album are woven with the tectonic changes\n        in the life of Ukrainian society. It''s impregnated with movement towards\n        freedom, the feeling of change. Concurrently it is beautifully recorded. And\n        the video clip to the song ''''Nash Prapor'''' was shown on Ukrainian television\n        all the way through to the year 2000. Some people confirm, that this clip\n        was shown on [[MTV]] in honor of [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukraine''s\n        declaration of independence]] in 1991. ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''' \\u2013 these\n        are very strong and unique compositions ''''Khlib po vodi'''' (Bread upon\n        the water), ''''Rozmyti dorohy'''' (Washed out roads), ''''Ty na viyni''''\n        (You are at war), ''''Simnadtsyate veresnya'''' (1939 The Seventeenth of September),\n        ''''Braty po zbroyii'''' (Brothers in Arms). These are songs that one does\n        not forget. Regardless of their primarily studio plane of existence, OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ had a considerable influence on the formation of Ukrainian rock-music,\n        certain models in their sound in particular, we are talking about the synthesis\n        of ethnic music with rock. It is possible that they were the first that did\n        it delicately and convincingly. It''s incredible, but OPALNYI PRYNZ even today\n        sounds fresh and real.\\\"\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.htmlTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Translation of\n        Oleksandr Yevthushenko''s commentary on Opalnyi Prynz from his book mentioned\n        elswhere.) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\n
\\n\\nOne\n        of the most important principles which was espoused by ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''\n        and [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] was the importance of financial and technical independence\n        from government structures. It was under the new developments of ''''Perebudova''''\n        that in 1987 that the elder Shtyn set up the ''''Holos'''' Studio as a cooperative\n        which eventually developed into the studio of ''''Rostyslav-show''''.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\n''''Opalniy\n        Prinz'''' was very much a studio band and seldom appeared live.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalniy-prynz/\\n\\nIn\n        1991 one of ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''''s videos to their song ''''Nash prapor''''\n        from their ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' album received broadcast time on [[MTV]]\n        in honour of Ukraine''s newly gained independence.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044fhttp://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0428\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u044c \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0443. \\u0412 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        80-\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0406\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0411\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a \\u0456\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\\",  \\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e, http://h.ua/story/52588/\\n\\nWithin\n        the first years of Ukraine''s independence ''''Opalniy Prynz'''' ceased an\n        active existence, though it was  not completely inactive. In 1992 it played\n        an active role in a project entitled ''''Vernsiage-92. Nova Ukrainiinska Khvylia\n        \\u2013 Vernisage-92. A New Ukrainian Wave.'''' After this production Vika\n        Vradiy together with ''''Opalniy Prynz\\\" were to embark on a European tour,\n        however, something didn''t work out and the tour was canceled.http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/legendi-ximernogo-krayu/festival-akcz-mprezi/vern.html\\n\\nWhat\n        followed was an interesting and progressive cooperation between [[Yuriy Shtyn]]\n        and Vlad Dobriansky, in Looney Pelen.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1987 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-26T10:04:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":774155229,\"length\":11006,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opalnyi_Prynz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\"},\"35351678\":{\"pageid\":35351678,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"PanKe\n        Shava\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2013}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            =\n        PanKe Shava\\n| image           =\\n| image_size      =\\n| landscape       =\n        \\n| alt             =\\n|\n        caption         = PanKe Shava, 2013\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n|\n        alias           =\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre           =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[funk rock]], [[blues rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n| years_active    =\n        {{start date|2008}}\\u2013present\\n| label           = Independent\\n| associated_acts\n        = Lost Wanderer\\n| website         = [http://www.panke-shava.com www.panke-shava.com]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]]
Katia Perekopska
Pavlo\n        Gvozdetskyi
Vadym Poltorak
Andriy Vashchenko
Nikita Perekopskyi\\n|\n        past_members    = Roman Antipov
Sviatoslav Babii
Serb SvirskyiOleksiy Dibrova
Vitaliy Vialyi
Sashka Chech
Bohdan ShkurynskyiAlex Popel
Ivan Sopelniak
Pavel Molukevich
Taras MelnychenkoMax Kortes\\n}}\\n\\n''''''PanKe Shava'''''' is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock\n        band founded by [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]]. PanKe Shava plays\n        music that can be described as \\\"rock''n''love\\\" with the elements of ethno\n        music. The band uses such instrumental highlights as a violin, trumpet and\n        [[xylophone]].\\n\\n== History ==\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 2.jpg|thumb|PanKe Shava\n        on the largest TV music marathon that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]]]]\\nThe\n        band PanKe Shava is founded by the Kite ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439}}) frontman [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]].\n        The band has changed its staff and location few times, moving from [[Lviv]]\n        to [[Poltava]] and is based in [[Kiev]] now.\\n\\nThe artists popularize Ukrainian\n        culture in Poland and other countries in an acceptable for modern youth form.\\n\\nSince\n        its founding, PanKe Shava has performed and headlined at the various music\n        festivals throughout the world: Austin City Limits Music Festival (USA), [[The\n        night of culture|Noc Kultury]] (Poland), Fluhery Lvova (Ukraine), [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (Ukraine), Columbus Arts Festival (USA), [[:pl:Rzesz\\u00f3w#Europejski\n        Stadion Kultury|Europejski Stadion Kultury]] (Poland), Bitwa Narodow (Poland),\n        The Festival of British Rock (Ukraine), Gipper Tattoo Fest (Ukraine), Otrokiv\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u041c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f|Mlynomania]]\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430|Studrespublika]]\n        (Ukraine), Battle of the Nations (Ukraine), Vyo Kobelyaky (Ukraine).\\n\\nMoreover,\n        in 2012 the band participated in the largest TV music marathon on [[:uk:\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439|The\n        First National Channel of Ukraine]] that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]].\\n\\nIn\n        2013 PanKe Shava performed at such big festivals as [[:uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0421\\u0456\\u0447|Rock''n''Sich]] (Ukraine), Bataille des Nations (France),\n        The Best City.UA (Ukraine), [[:uk:Woodstock \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|Woodstock\n        Ukraine]], [[Przystanek Woodstock]] (Poland), [[:uk:\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442|Bandershtat]]\n        (Ukraine), and participated in a number of gala concerts on the central square\n        of [[Ukraine]] \\u2013 [[Maydan Nezalezhnosti]].[http://panke-shava.com/?m0prm=6\n        Concert schedule on the official web-site]\\n\\nSince 2010, every winter\n        PanKe Shava has been touring in Ukraine with P.S.Love Tour,[http://eradio.net.ua/806-gurt-panke-shava-virushiv-u-p-s-love-tour.html\n        PanKe Shava is on P.S.Love Tour] and in 2013 Ukrainian music program\n        Kvadrat U shot a movie about the day of the band''s life during this tour.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANepIn4msiI\n        Day In Life Of Musician \\u2013 PanKe Shava]\\n\\nTha band is involved\n        in social projects and plays music programs in higher educational establishments,\n        organizes charity concerts as a voluntary contribution to the cultural development\n        of the young people, participates in the programs aimed to promote healthy\n        lifestyle among the youth, to train cultural and moral values, to prevent\n        such negative phenomena in society as drug addiction and alcoholism.\\n\\nIn\n        2013 the band PanKe Shava cooperated actively with funds [[Great Orchestra\n        of Christmas Charity]] (the concert on 13 January during WO\\u015aP Grand Finale\n        in Warsaw)[http://sercedoserca.com.ua/ua/novini/panke-shava--vistupili-na-finali--21-blagodiinoi-akcii-naividomishogo-polskogo-fondu-velikii-orkestr-svjatkovoi-dopomogi-vosp-u-varshavi.htm\n        PanKe Shava has performed  in the final of XXI charity action of the most\n        well-known Polish fund Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity in Warsaw!]\n        and [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u044f|Heart\n        to heart (Ukraine)]] (the concert for the Hear the world! action).[http://honchar.org.ua/events/velykodnij-yarmarok-ta-vidkryttya-vystavky-konkursnyh-pysanok/\n        Charity concert Easter hearts]\\n\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 7.JPG|thumb|P.S.\n        LOVE TOUR 2012]]\\n\\n[[File:2013 Woodstock 042 Panke Shava.jpg|thumb|PanKe\n        Shava at [[Przystanek Woodstock]]]]\\n\\n== Members ==\\n\\n=== Current members\n        ===\\n* [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n* Katia Perekopska \\u2013\n        violin\\n* Pavlo Gvozdetskyi \\u2013 keyboard, vocals\\n* Vadym Poltorak \\u2013\n        bass guitar, backing vocals\\n* Andriy Vashchenko \\u2013 drums\\n* Nikita Perekopskyi\n        \\u2013 trumpet\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Roman Antipov \\u2013 percussion\n        (2008)\\n* Sviatoslav Babii \\u2013 percussion (till 2009)\\n* Serb Svirskyi\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (till 2009)\\n* Oleksiy Dibrova \\u2013 drums (2010)\\n* Vitaliy\n        Vialyi \\u2013 drums (2008 \\u2013 2009, 2011)\\n* Sashka Chech \\u2013 violin\n        (till 2011)\\n* Bohdan Shkurynskyi \\u2013 [[accordion]] (till 2012)\\n* Alex\n        Popel \\u2013 drums (till 2012)\\n* Ivan Sopelniak \\u2013 bass guitar (till\n        2012)\\n* Pavel Molukevich \\u2013 bass guitar (2012)\\n* Taras Melnychenko \\u2013\n        drums (2012\\u20132013)\\n* Max Kortes \\u2013 guitar (2011, 2013)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Strange World|Strange World]]'''''' (EP, 2010)\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Maydan\n        Birthday limited edition|Maydan Birthday limited edition]]'''''' (2013)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.panke-shava.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.facebook.com/panke.shava\n        PanKe Shava on Facebook]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava\n        on Myspace]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava on Soundcloud]\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/user/PanKeShavaTV PanKe Shava YouTube official channel]\\n*\n        [http://pankeshava.livejournal.com/ PanKe Shava LiveJournal]\\n{{Commons category|PanKe\n        Shava}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2008]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":781287396,\"length\":6455,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PanKe_Shava&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\"},\"34975852\":{\"pageid\":34975852,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Quest\n        Pistols Show\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-03T15:41:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=March\n        2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name        = Quest Pistols Show\\n| image            =\n        File:Quest Pistols Show.jpeg\\n| caption          = Quest Pistols Show in 2015\\n|\n        background       = group_or_band\\n| years_active     = 2007-present\\n| origin           =\n        [[Ukraine]], [[Kiev]]\\n| genre            = Pop, rock, electronic, house\\n|\n        language         = Russian; English\\n| label            = Kruzheva Music\\n|\n        website =        http://questpistols.com\\n| current_members     = Daniel MatseychukWashington Salles
Ivan Krishtoforenko
Mariam Turkmenbaeva\\n| past_members     =  Anton\n        Savlepov
Nikita Goruk
Konstantin Borovsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Quest Pistols\n        Show'''''' (before 2014, ''''''Quest Pistols'''''') are a Ukrainian pop-rock\n        band formed in 2007, originally consisting of Anton Savlepov (vocals, guitar),\n        Nikita Goruk (vocals, bass), and Konstantin ''Kostya'' Borovsky (vocals, keyboard).\n        In 2012 Kostya left the band and was replaced by Daniel Joy. The band began\n        as a group of dancers in a show called \\\"Quest Ballet\\\". On April 1, 2007\n        they took part as singers during the show \\\"Chance\\\" as an April Fools joke\n        with the song \\\"\\u042f \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\\" and received over\n        60,000 positive votes. After their success, the group decided to become a\n        band.\\\"[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/citylife/detail/30194/ Kiev\n        Post]\\\" Since their formation, the band has released the studio albums:\n        Dlja tebja, in 2007 and Superklass in 2009; and one EP \\\"\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\\"\n        in 2008, and now the single ''Forget Everything'' in 2013 (later added to\n        the album ''Shards of Ice''). This song marks the start of ''a new stage''\n        of the band,http://www.intermedia.ru/news/242394?page=1 completely\n        different from the usual image. The press team commented; ''With this release,\n        they start the next level in their musical career, it''s changed not only\n        the style of sound, but the pitch, perception, positioning, and also the choice\n        of material.'' Most recently, the band released ''Shards of Ice'', which takes\n        the band in a more electronic and synthpop direction.\\n\\nIn 2008 the band\n        won the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Ukrainian Act|MTV Europe Music Awards\n        2008 as best Ukrainian Act of the year]]. The same year, the band created\n        \\\"\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\\" for the soundtrack of Vladivostok FM; the fictitious\n        radio station in [[Grand Theft Auto IV]].\\\"[[Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack#Vladivostok\n        FM|Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack]]\\\"\\n\\nIn 2009 the band had been touring\n        across Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia and\n        Germany. Tour live audio design was created by [[Yurii Barybin]].\\n\\nIn 2009\n        Quest Pistols won ''''''[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]'''''' as the best band.\\n\\nIn\n        January 2016, Anton Savlepov and Nikita Goruk left the band and joined former\n        Quest Pistols member Konstantin Borovsky in a new band called ''''''\\u0410\\u0433\\u043e\\u043d\\u044c''''''.http://m.vk.com/yo_agon{{dead\n        link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===In\n        studio===\\n*2007 - [[Dlja tebja]]\\n*2009 - [[Superklass]]\\n* 2013 - Forget\n        Everything\\n* 2013 - Shards of Ice\\n\\n===EP===\\n*2008 - [[\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430]]\\n\\n===Songs\n        not included in albums===\\n*2010 - \\u042f \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\n*2010\n        - \\u0420\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\n*2011 - \\u0416\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044b\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b \\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\n*\n        2012 - [[\\u0423\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435]]\n        (feat. Lena Katina; t.A.T.u.)\\n* 2016 - \\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0447\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u0445\n        (feat. [[Open Kids]])\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.questpistols.com\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Pistols, Quest}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        pop music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-03T01:12:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":793729088,\"length\":3819,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quest_Pistols_Show&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\"},\"2654668\":{\"pageid\":2654668,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Plach\n        Yeremiyi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-05-12T11:08:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''Plach\n        Yeremiyi'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The band\n        was actually formed in February 1990, but the two most  constant\n        musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod Dyachyshyn have played together\n        since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon'''''' (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach\n        Yeremiyi songs are usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead\n        man [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org\n        Website show that the words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n==Albums==\\n*Dveri\n        k\\u043etri naspravdi ye... (''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456, \\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0456 \\u0454'''', ''''The\n        doors, which indeed exist'''') (1993)\\n*Nay bude vse yak ye (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435 \\u044f\\u043a \\u0454...'''', ''''Leave\n        it all as it is'''') (1995)\\n*Khata moya (''''\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043c\\u043e\\u044f'''',\n        ''''My house'''') (1997)\\n*Dobre (''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435'''',\n        ''''It''s good'''') (1998)\\n*Ya pidu v daleki hory (''''\\u042f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438, I will\n        go to the distant hills'''') (1999)\\n*Yak ya spala na seni (''''\\u042f\\u043a\n        \\u044f \\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456'''',\n        ''''As I slept on hay'''') (2000)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n*[[Rock legends of\n        Ukraine]] (''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438'''')\\n\\n===Taras Chubay with friends===\\n*Nashe\n        rizdvo (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 \\u0440\\u0456\\u0437\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e,\n        Our Christmas'''')\\n*Nashi partyzany (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438,\n        Our partisans'''')\\n*Nash Ivasyuk (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448 \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a,\n        Our Ivasyuk'''') (2003)\\n\\n===Taras Chubay===\\n*Svitlo i spovid''. (''''\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044c, Light and Confession'''')\n        (2003)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=144\n        Plach Jeremiji CDs on www.umka.com.ua internet store]\\n*[http://ukrcenter.com/gallery/ImagesList.asp?PidrozdilID=57\n        Photo gallery on ukrcenter.com]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-15T05:14:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":719885374,\"length\":2302,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plach_Yeremiyi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\"},\"42993558\":{\"pageid\":42993558,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Polynove\n        Pole\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-20T20:20:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{notability|Music|date=January\n        2017}}\\n{{more footnotes|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist  \\n| name                = Polynove\n        Pole\\n| image               = Polynove Pole 2007.jpg\\n| caption             =\n        Polynove Pole in 2007.\\n| landscape           = yes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Lviv]], Ukraine\\n| years_active        =\n        {{start date|2005}}\\u20132012\\n| label               =\\n| genre               =\n        [[Gothic metal]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Polynove Pole'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435}}, \\\"The Wormwood Field\\\") is a [[gothic metal]]\n        [[band (music)|band]] from [[Ukraine]]. It was formed in 2004 in [[Lviv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. The music style of the band can be described as melodic [[gothic\n        metal]], with several songs referring to [[symphonic metal]] and [[doom metal]].\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\nHaving created their first material, in the early 2005 the musicians\n        recorded a demo, which included four songs. In a couple of months \\\"Polynove\n        Pole\\\" already started to participate in concerts and rock festivals in Lviv\n        and other cities. After the considerable changes in the cast at the beginning\n        of 2007 their music changed in a way. It has become tangibly heavier, more\n        melodic and closer to the formerly chosen gothic metal style. New members\n        joined the band (amond them \\u2013 the soloist of  Lviv Philharmonic [[Marianna\n        Laba]]). That enabled he band to develop a new quality of composing music\n        and onstage performance.\\n\\nSince autumn of 2008 the musicians have got down\n        to work on studio records, where they create their first official release\n        \\u2013 a short-lasting album \\\"Pure souls\\\". The second official release,\n        a complete album ''''On Seven Winds'''' was brought out in spring 2009, combining\n        the best of the band from all the previous years. Throughout the year 2009\n        they carry on with concerts and a new musical material. In September, 2009\n        Polynove Pole performed on the biggest in Eastern Europe gothic festival \\\"Children\n        Of  The  Night:  The Black Council\\\". In October they started working on the\n        third short-lasting album, ''''Under The Cold Stone'''', released in December\n        2009.\\nDuring their stage activity, the band has plated on the same stage\n        with such famous Ukrainian and European bands as \\\"Inferno\\\", \\\"Komu Vnyz\\\"\n        ([[Ukraine]]), [[Lake of Tears]] ([[Sweden]]), \\\"Torhaus\\\", \\\"Cemetery of\n        Scream\\\" ([[Poland]]).\\n\\nBeginning from 2010 the band stopped their activity\n        due to members discordance about creative approaches.\\n\\nOn July 3, 2012 the\n        demise of the band was officially declared.{{cite web |url=http://rock.lviv.ua/band/321/\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\n        |website=Rock.lviv.ua |language= uk |accessdate= 17 May 2015}}\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\n* [[Marianna Laba]] \\u2014 female vocals (2007\\u20132012)\\n*\n        Andrew Kindratovych \\u2014 bass, growl vocals (2004\\u20132009)\\n* Mykola\n        Maksymenko \\u2014 guitar (2004\\u20132012)\\n* Oleg Rubanov \\u2014\n        keyboards (2007\\u20132012)\\n* Sergiy Krasutsky \\u2014 drums (2007\\u20132012)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===\n        Demo ===\\n* \\\"Polynove Pole\\\" (2005\\u20132006)\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n* ''''Pure\n        Souls'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2008)\\n* ''''On Seven Winds'''' (LP) (2009)\\n* ''''Under\n        The Cold Stone'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [https://myspace.com/polynovepole Polynove Pole] at [[MySpace]]\n        \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Gothic metal musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-06T20:10:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":761087075,\"length\":3435,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynove_Pole&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\"},\"35117382\":{\"pageid\":35117382,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Qarpa\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-30T09:54:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove\n        |date=March 2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n|name            = Qarpa\\n|image           = Qarpa-Huliaypole.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Performance on Maxno-Fest\\n|image_size      = 250px\\n|landscape       = yes\\n|background      =\n        group_or_band\\n|genre           = [[industrial music]], [[punk rock]], [[hardcore\n        punk]], [[trip hop]]\\n|origin          = [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], later [[Kyiv]]\n        ([[Ukraine]])\\n|years_active    = 1992\\u2013present\\n|label           =\\n|website         =\n        [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/ Qarpa]\\n|associated_acts\n        =\\n|current_members = [[Irena Karpa]]
 Oleh Artym
 Artur Danijeljan Jevhenija Smoljanynova
 Andrij Kohut\\n|past_members    =\\n}}\\n''''''Qarpa''''''\n        (before 2007 called ''''''Faktychno Sami'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456}} /f\\u0251k''t\\u026at\\u0361\\u0283n\\u0254 s\\u0251''mi/)\n        is an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] industrial band originally from [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\n        The band''s frontwoman is [[Irena Karpa]]\\u2014Ukrainian singer and writer.\n        The band released eight studio albums.\\n\\nThe band took part in many festivals\n        and was a laureate of \\\"Alternative\\\", \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\" and \\\"Majbutnje Ukrajiny\\\"\n        festivals. In 2004 the members of \\\"Faktychno Sami\\\" shot the film \\\"Kyiv.\n        Limited Edition\\\", which was later presented in [[Molodist]] film festival.\\n\\nAlso\n        the band is famous of their antiglamour parties like \\u00abSecond-hand of\n        the Stars\\u00bb or \\u00abLucifer wants go home\\u00bb.\\n\\nThe band''s old name,\n        Faktychno Sami, in Ukrainian means \\\"actually alone\\\".\\n\\n==Current members==\\n*\n        [[Irena Karpa]] ''''(\\u0406\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430)''''\n        \\u2013 vocal (since 1999)\\n* Oleh Artym ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433 \\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c)''''\n        \\u2013 guitar, programming (since 1992)\\n* Artur Danijeljan ''''(\\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\n        \\u0414\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0454\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d)'''' \\u2013 bass, programming\n        (since 1999)\\n* Jevhenija Smoljanynova ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430)'''' \\u2013\n        cello (since 2003)\\n* Andrij Kohut ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0442)'''' \\u2013 drums (2005\\u20132010), soundman\n        (since 2010)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n* ''''[[D.dkova hra|D.\\u0434\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0430]]'''' (Didjkova hra, 1999)\\n* ''''[[B.P.P.|\\u0411.\\u041f.\\u041f.]]''''\n        (B.P.P, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kosmichnyi Vakuum|\\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0443\\u043c]]'''' (Kosmichnyj vakuum, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kurva\n        Cum Back]]'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Fuck\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456\n        (Best Of 1995\\u20132004)'''' (2004)\\n* ''''[[Lo-Fi TRavmy|Lo-Fi TR\\u0430\\u0432\\u043c\\u0438]]''''\n        (Lo-Fi Travmy, 2005)\\n* ''''[[IN ZHYR|IN \\u0416\\u0418\\u0420]]'''' (Inzhyr,\n        2007)\\n* ''''[[& I Made A Man]]'''' (2011)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/\n        Official page] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/fs2021 Official\n        YouTube]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/qarpa Official MySpace]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=38\n        Lyrics] {{uk icon}}\\n* [http://www.meridiancz.com/en/participants-2012/musical-poetical-program-by-irena-karpa-and-band-qarpa/\n        About the band on meridiancz.com]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/klub/fs.php Information\n        about the band on rock.kiev.ua] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211163039/http://irenakarpa.com/en/\n        Official page of Irena Karpa] \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        industrial music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian punk rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Hardcore\n        punk groups]]\\n[[Category:Trip hop groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T02:20:19Z\",\"lastrevid\":772947733,\"length\":3199,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qarpa&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\"},\"19305276\":{\"pageid\":19305276,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"SKAI\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-02T11:35:47Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = SKAI
\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419\\n|image           =\n        Skay-2008.jpg\\n|caption         = SKAY at Maidan Nezalezhnosti,
Kyiv on\n        August 24, 2008\\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Pop rock]]\\n|years_active    =\n        2001 \\u2013 present\\n|label           = [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts\n        = \\n|website         = {{URL|skay.com.ua}}\\n|current_members = Oleh Sobchuk
Oleksandr\n        Hryshchuk
Yuriy Rudnytskyi
Serhiy Nedashkovskyi
Yuriy Mozil\\n}}\\n\\n''''''SKAI''''''\n        (formerly named ''''''SKAY'''''', {{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419''''''}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[pop rock]] band. It was formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]],\n        Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nAfter the band was formed in 2001, it started to\n        tour the country and performed at several festivals like Perlyny sezonu, Tavriyski\n        ihry and Chervona ruta. They became more known to a broader audience after\n        their appearance on the programme ''''Fresh Blood'''' on the Ukrainian TV\n        channel M1. The general director Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and\n        signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn 2006 their first album, ''''Te, shcho treba'''',\n        was released. They released their second album ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.''''  in\n        2007.\\n\\nIn 2008,  frontman Oleh Sobchuk was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for\n        his participation in the rock-tour with the same name.\\\"His Beatitude\n        Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church Awards to Priests and Musicians Who\n        Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated to 1020th Years of the Baptism\n        of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), 2008.\\n\\nIn\n        October-November 2013 the group took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are\n        united\\\" along with popular Ukrainian and Russian bands (Chaif, Bratya Karamazovy\n        etc.). After concerts part of Ukrainian media wrote that the band supports\n        pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]], which probably could be one\n        of unofficial organizers of the tour. However, since other singers disclaimed\n        their support to Putin''s politics, Oleh Sobchuk and other members of the\n        band cancelled all cooperation with them and with any other events that could\n        be related with politics. Later on the official website musicians explained\n        their negative position to any politic forces. http://skay.com.ua/history/\\n\\n==Current\n        members==\\n*Oleh Sobchuk \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n*Oleksandr Hryshchuk \\u2013\n        lead guitar\\n*Alexander Drucker \\u2013 bass guitar\\n*Eugen Kebelew \\u2013\n        drums\\n*Yuriy Mozil \\u2013 keyboards\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''Te,\n        shcho treba'''' (''''\\u0422\\u0435, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n*\n        2007 \\u2013 ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.'''' (''''\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.'''')\\n* 2010 \\u2014 ''''!''''\\n* 2014 \\u2014\n        ''''Kray neba'''' (''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.skay.com.ua/ SKAY''s official website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T16:43:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":768200355,\"length\":3001,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SKAI&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\"},\"51080119\":{\"pageid\":51080119,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skinhate\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-01T03:59:27Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=July 2016}}\\n{{unsourced|date=August 2017}}\\n{{Infobox musical\n        artist \\n| name               =\n        Skinhate\\n| image              = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size         =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[nu metal]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Pokrov, Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u2013present\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine]]\\n| website            = [http://www.skinhate.com/\n        Skinhate]\\n| associated_acts    = \\n| current_members    = Dmytro Kustikov Oleksandr Stepanenko
 Vitaliy Kuznetsov
 Oleksandr Kukhtin\\n|\n        past_members       = Andriy Diadiura (R.I.P.)
 Oleksandr Yefymenko (R.I.P.)Yevhen Lashko
 Serhiy Maryshev
 Oleksa Fisiuk
 Anton Yelisin\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skinhate''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0445\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore\n        punk|hardcore]] band from [[Pokrov, Ukraine]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nIn fact,\n        the history of the band began in the summer of 1994, when Oleksandr Kukhtin,\n        Oleksandr Stepanenko, Andriy Diadiura, Vitaliy Kuznetsov and Oleksandr Yefymenko,\n        changing the names (\\\"Nekropedofil\\\", \\\"Godless\\\", \\\"Virgin Cunt\\\") began\n        to give concerts in small towns of Ukraine. In this period it was created\n        a number of songs that have become mega hit in the era immediately \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nIn\n        1998, the band took the name \\\"Hate\\\", which was later changed to \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nThe\n        first concert took place in [[Kyiv]] in 1999. By this time the group has managed\n        to record their own album called \\\"Skinhate\\\", after rewriting Moon Records\n        called \\\"War in heads\\\". The album is dedicated to the memory of one of Andriy\n        ''Yuryk'' Diadiura, one of band founders who was killed in 2000.\\n\\nIn 2002\n        SkinHate recorded the second album \\u2013 \\\"Ticket to paradise.\\\"\\n\\nIn 2006\n        the band released their 3rd album \\\"All around\\\".\\n\\n==Members==\\n;Active\n        members\\n* Dmytro Kustikov ''Kust'' ''''(\\u0414\\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n* Oleksandr Stepanenko ''Stepan'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 guitar\\n* Vitaliy Kuznetsov ''Kuzma'' ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar\\n* Oleksandr Kukhtin ''KuxXxtia'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0425\\u0445\\u0442\\u044f'')''''\n        \\u2013 drums\\n\\n;Former members\\n* Andriy Diadiura ''Yuryk'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u044f\\u0434\\u044e\\u0440\\u0430 ''\\u042e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a'')'''' \\u2013\n        vocal, guitar (1999\\u20132001)\\n* Yevhen Lashko ''Zh.K.'' ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0448\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0416. \\u041a.'')'''' \\u2013 vocal (1999\\u20132006;\n        2008\\u20132009)\\n* Serhiy Maryshev ''Banan'' ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u0432 ''\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (2004\\u20132008)\\n* Oleksa Fisiuk ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\n        \\u0424\\u0456\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2008\\u20132010)\\n*\n        Anton Yelisin ''Kalyna'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0404\\u043b\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\n        ''\\u041a\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430'')'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2000\\u20132002)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Yefymenko ''Yefym'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n\\n==Discography==\\n;Studio albums\\n* 2001 \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445'''' (Viyna v holovakh, ''''War\n        in heads'''')\\n* 2002 \\u2013 ''''\\u041a\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a \\u0434\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u044e'''' (Kvytok do raiu, ''''Ticket to paradise'''')\\n* 2003\n        \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445\n        + bonus'''' (Viyna v holovakh + bonus, ''''War in heads + bonus''''; re-released)\\n*\n        2004 \\u2013 ''''Hatemix'''' \\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438''''\n        (Navkruhy, ''''All around'''')\\n* 2016 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0435\\u042f\\u043a\\u0423\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (NeYakUsi, ''''Not like everyone else'''')\\n\\n;Singles\\n* 2010 \\u2013 ''''ZDATEN''''\n        (''''Able'''')\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''Bull-Dozer''''\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c''''\n        (Hran, ''''Edge'''')\\n* 2015 \\u2013 ''''\\u042f\\u043a \\u0443\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (YakUsi, ''''Like everyone else'''')\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c\\\"\n        / \\\"Hran\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhM0AnO-jCY]\\n* \\\"32\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8XPLrizXs8]\\n\\n==\n        Interesting facts ==\\n* Despite the name, guys have no relation to the movement\n        of [[skinhead]]s and [[neo-Nazi]]s, but such name has become an obstacle to\n        the publication of their albums in Russia.\\n* Skinhate''s musical style was\n        influenced by such bands: [[Slayer]], [[Korn]], [[Sepultura]], [[Slipknot\n        (band)|Slipknot]], [[Soulfly]], [[Biohazard]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine\n        Head]] and more.\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.skinhate.com/ Skinhate]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:1999 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:53:53Z\",\"lastrevid\":793338375,\"length\":4364,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skinhate&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\"},\"28143525\":{\"pageid\":28143525,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skryabin\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-30T13:28:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Skryabin\\n| image                = \\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d.jpg\\n|\n        caption           = \\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]], [[New wave music|new wave]], [[synthpop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Novoyavorivsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1989-present\\n| label              =\n        \\n| website                = \\n| associated_acts    = [[Yulia Lord]], [[Iryna\n        Bilyk]], [[Druha Rika]], [[Dazzle Dreams]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skryabin'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d}},\n        also transliterated as ''''Scriabin'''' or ''''Skriabin'''') is a famous Ukrainian\n        rock, pop band formed in 1989 in Novoyarivsk, Ukraine. Prominent Ukrainian\n        musician [[Andriy Kuzmenko|Andriy \\\"Kuzma\\\" Kuzmenko]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e}}) was the band''s\n        lead singer until his death in 2015.[https://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/12483/\n        No end to small town boy''s long and winding road] ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''',\n        19 September 2002\\n\\nDuring its existence Skryabin has gone from synthpop\n        to rock and pop music. As it progressed the band has been divided into \\\"the\n        classic Skryabin\\\" and \\\"the new Skryabin\\\". The border between these two\n        runs between 2000-2003.\\n\\nOne of the group''s 2005 songs, ''''Lyudy Yak Korabli''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 \\u042f\\u043a \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456}}),\n        spent a record 39 continuous weeks (as of the end of 2007) on FDR Radiocenter''s\n        Top 40, which began tracking Ukrainian radioplay in May 2002. In February\n        2006 ''''Stari Fotohrafiyi'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456 \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        debuted at #1 on the chart and ''''Padai'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439}})\n        similarly entered in the top slot three months later.[http://www.fdr.com.ua/news_item/22583/\n        \\u0424\\u0414\\u0420 \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043f 40 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438]\n        28 December 2007\\n\\nThe group was named \\\"Best Pop Band\\\" in 2006 at\n        the \\\"ShowBiz Awards\\u201d held in Kyiv''s [[National Opera House of Ukraine|National\n        Opera House]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/24391/\n        Pop Notes]''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', 3 May 2006\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\nThis\n        list contains only full albums excluding singles, compilations, remixes, lives\n        and other projects.\\n* 1989 \\u2014 ''''\\u0427\\u0443\\u0454\\u0448 \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c''''\n        (Feel The Pain)\\n* 1992 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''''\n        (Fishes Language)\\n* 1993 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442''''\n        (Technofight)\\n* 1995 \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0442\\u0430\\u0445\\u0438'''' (Birds)\\n*\n        1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431'''' (Fishes Language,\n        re-release)\\n* 1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438'''' (Fairytales)\\n*\n        1999 \\u2014 ''''\\u0425\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u043a'''' (Worm)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0415\\u0443\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430'''' (Euterpa)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 1999'''' (Technofight\n        1999)\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (Fashionable Country)\\n* 2001 \\u2014 ''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437''''\n        (Striptease)\\n* 2002 \\u2014 ''''\\u041e\\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Winter People)\\n* 2003 \\u2014 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430''''\n        (Nature)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e'''' (Tango)\\n*\n        2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440'''' (Glamour)\\n* 2007\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432?'''' (About Love?)\\n*\n        2009 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u044f \\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (My Evolution)\\n* 2012 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''''\n        (Radio Love)\\n* 2013 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f\\u043a'''' (Kind\n        Soul)\\n* 2014 \\u2014 ''''25''''\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Skriabin}}\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Skryabin-Skrabin/107357035485\n        Skryabin on Facebook]\\n*{{youtube|eLsn7g_wHP4|Music video for \\\"\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\"\n        (''''Fall'''')}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Skryabin (Band)}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        electronic musicians]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\\n{{rock-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-11T14:46:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":788267839,\"length\":3778,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skryabin_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\"},\"7041972\":{\"pageid\":7041972,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Tartak\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-14T21:17:19Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Other\n        uses}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = Tartak
\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\n|image              =\n        \\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg\\n|caption         = Tartak performing\n        \\n|image_size         = 300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Alternative rock]], [[rap-rock]], [[punk rock]], [[rapcore]], [[pop punk]],\n        [[funk]]\\n|years_active     = 1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon\n        Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] 
 [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.tartak.com.ua\\n|current_members  = [[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi]] 
\n        [[Vitaliy Pavlyshyn]] 
 [[Andriy Blahun]] 
 [[Eduard Kosorapov]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Chuyev]]| 
 [[Anton Yehorov]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Tartak''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}} {{IPA-uk|t\\u0251r\\u02c8t\\u0251k|}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from [[Ukraine]]. They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics. \\\"Tartak\\\" means\n        ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought that tartak\n        symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate for a\n        band name.\\n\\n==History==\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]]\n        founded the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group\n        has released five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums]  Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio Albums===\\n*\n        2001 - ''''''[[Demohrafichnyi vybukh]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0445)\\n* 2003 - ''''''[[Systema nerviv]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0456\\u0432)\\n* 2004 - ''''''[[Muzychnyi lyst shchastia]]''''''\n        (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u0449\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f)\\n* 2005 - ''''''[[Huliai-Horod]]'''''' (\\u0413\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u0439\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434)\\n*\n        2006 - ''''''[[Slozy ta sopli]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456)\\n* 2010 - ''''''[[Opir materialiv]]''''''\n        (\\u041e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0440 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432)\\n*\n        2012 - ''''''[[Simka]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2015 - ''''''[[Vvichnist]]''''''\n        (\\u0412\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c)\\n\\n===Remix Albums===\\n*\n        2005 - ''''''[[Pershyi komertsiynyi]]'''''' (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439))\\n* 2007\n        - ''''''[[Kofein (album)|Kofein]]'''''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0444\\u0435\\u0457\\u043d)\\n*\n        2010 - ''''''[[Nazbyralosia na 2010]]'''''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2010) - remixes, remakes, unreleased\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Ukrayino, zabyvai!]]'''''' (\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0439!)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Zaklipani pisni abo bachyly ochi shcho kupuvaly]]'''''' (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043b\\u0456\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u0431\\u0430\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043e\\u0447\\u0456 \\u0449\\u043e \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438)\\n*\n        2007 - ''''''[[Dlia tiekh kto v puti]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u043b\\u044f \\u0442\\u0454\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u0442\\u043e \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0456)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{refbegin}}\\n:''''''Inline''''''\\n{{refend}}\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://tartak.com.ua/ Official web site]\\n* {{uk icon}}\n        [http://tartak.com.ua/istorija/ Official biography by band''s front-man Sashko\n        Polozhynskyi]\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://uaformat.com/content/view/1384/39/ 10th\n        Anniversary interview]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-05T18:26:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":749536824,\"length\":4244,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tartak&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\"},\"38783870\":{\"pageid\":38783870,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Telnyuk Sisters\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-28T12:14:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2013}}{{peacock|date=March 2013}}{{notability|Music|date=March\n        2013}}}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = The Telnyuk Sisters
\\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a:\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\n|image              = Telnyuk sisters_4.JPG\\n|caption         =\n        \\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a: \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438  -\n        The Telnyuk Sisters\\n|image_size         = \\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Art_rock|Art Rock]], [[Crossover_(music)|Crossover]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1986\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[COMP music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[KOMORA]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.telnyuk.info\\n|current_members  = [[Lesya\n        Telnyuk]] 
 [[Halya Telnyuk]] 
 [[Sviatoslav Borovyk]] 
 [[Ihor\n        Patsovskyi]] 
[[Maksym Rymar]]|\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''The\n        Telnyuk Sisters'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian vocal [[Duet|duo]], Merited Artist of Ukraine Lesya and Halya\n        Telnyuk.\\n\\nAmong achievements - studio albums, theatrical performances, [[Vasyl\n        Stus Prize]] for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\nThe\n        repertoire the duo`s songs based on poems by [[Taras Shevchenko|T.Shevchenko]],\n        [[Pavlo Tychyna|P.Tychyna]], [[Yevgene Malaniuk|Ye.Malanuik]], [[Bohdan-Ihor\n        Antonych|B.-I.Antonych]], [[Vasyl Stus|V.Stus]], [[Lina Kostenko|L.Kostenko]],\n        [[Oksana_Zabuzhko|O.Zabuzhko]] and others.\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe duo, as a\n        professional team formed in 1986 year. Criticism qualifies creative artists\n        as a \\\"breath of fresh air\\\", \\\"cure for despair\\\", \\\"mystery words and music\\\",\n        rightly considering the duo as \\\"the last bastion of high poetry and music\n        in the space of modern Ukrainian song.\\\" In fact, Sisters not only among local\n        artists use genuine poetry and act only \\\"live\\\" (both in acoustics and in\n        electronics), adhering to the highest professional requirements.\\n\\n=== Prehistory\n        ===\\nFrom the early childhood, Lesya and Halya surrounded by poetry, music,\n        painting - both Ukrainian and the best world samples. Their father [[Stanislav\n        Telnyuk]] - is Ukrainian writer, literary critic, poet, translator, and their\n        mother Nelly Kopylova - is linguist, translator of Oriental Languages, editor.\n        The atmosphere of the poetic word, with its rhythms, colors, melodies - has\n        become an integral and organic in shaping the ideological position of artist`s\n        future.\\n\\nThe first musical compositions Sisters began creating in the 13-year-old\n        age: rock ballads, sketches, pastels, elegies, songs for choral performance\n        on the verses of poets-classics of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\nLesya and Halya\n        entrusted first serious attempt to arranging their own songs to talented composer\n        - Alexander Melnyk. This was the beginning of creative collaboration (\\\"I\n        stand on the cliff ...\\\" \\\"Do not look so friendly ...\\\" \\\"By psalteries ...\\\").\\n\\n==\n        Timeline, professional contacts ==\\nA year from start of professional activity\n        Sisters became the laureates of national competition \\\"New Names\\\" (1987).\\n\\nAwarded\n        diplomas at the first and second festival[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|\\\"Chervona\n        Ruta\\\"]] (1989, 1991). The first songs were created in verse [[Pavlo Tychyna]],\n        whose work Stanislav Telnyuk explored.\\n\\nThe first festival \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\"\n        - 1989. The song \\\"Summer has flew\\\" - lyrics by Tamara Mezentseva, music\n        by Alexander Melnyk, performed by The Telnyuk Sisters - was the best festival\n        song. Albums: \\\"Moment\\\"(\\\"Myt`\\\"), \\\"Lesya and Halya\\\" and nearly a dozen\n        songs off collections continued this creative collaboration. In those 90''s,\n        the duo`s songs and arrangements were created by the young, brilliant composer\n        Andryj Shust (\\\"Falcon\\\"(\\\"Sokil\\\"), \\\"Belles Summer has passed ...\\\").\\n\\nInteresting\n        songs with a new sound appeared with the advent of the creative pianist and\n        composer Ivan Davydenko (\\\"Take offense\\\", \\\"Under the rain\\\", \\\"Ophelia\\\",\n        \\\"Next to you\\\"). Gradually, this work with John Davydenko, joined by such\n        talented musicians as Eugene Bortnychuk, Oleg Putyatin, Igor Sereda. The album\n        \\\"Silence and Thunder\\\" started to set up with such members.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sisters\n        together with guitarist Mick Taylor (ex \\\"[[Rolling Stones]]\\\") recorded blues\n        song \\\"My futile love\\\" (Love in vain). Interestingly, this [[blues]] sounds\n        like Ukrainian with colorful sound of bandura.\\n\\nIn the late 90s, to the\n        60 anniversary of the birth of the Ukrainian poet Vasyl Stus, the program\n        \\\"Swinging evening broken even ...\\\" was created; it is a series of unique\n        performances by Raisa Nedashkivska in cooperation with the son of the poet\n        Dmytro Stus and actress Halyna Stefanova, bard, composer Sergyi Moroz. Also,\n        the program \\\"On the Edge\\\" was dedicated to the memory of the poet, was seen\n        and heard by Canadian students. Sisters was awarded to [[Vasyl Stus Prize]]-(1998)\n        for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\n2000-2001. A first\n        attempt of creative collaboration with the theater. The controversial play\n        \\\"UBN\\\"([[Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist]]) was staged in [[Skarbek Theatre|Lviv\n        Drama Zankovetska Theatre]], led by [[Strygun Fedir Mykholajovych|Fedir Mykholajovych\n        Strygun]], Theatre Art Director, People''s Artist of Ukraine, Laureate of\n        the [[National Prize of Ukraine Taras Shevchenko|Shevchenko Prize]]. Director\n        - Myroslav Hrynyshyn, screenwriter - Halyna Telnyuk, author of music songs\n        to play - Lesya Telnyuk. Drama \\\"UBN\\\" has become a cultural and political\n        phenomenon, successfully passed the cities of Ukraine. Interesting and original\n        version of \\\"UBN\\\" is staged Lutsk Drama Theater.\\n\\nFor many years creative\n        work and friendship combine the duo \\\"Sisters Telnyuk\\\" with the teacher in\n        bandura Odessa State Conservatory - Nina Morozevich, who is the leader of\n        Trio \\u00abMallows\\\" - Odessa State Philharmonic. This team has a repertoire\n        of several Telnyuk Sisters songs, which successfully performs on their concerts\n        at home and abroad.\\n\\nNew, original ideas connect Halya and Lesya with Ukrainian\n        minstrel, modern master at making banduras - [[Hrynkiw Roman D.|Roman Hrynkiv]].\\n\\nSisters\n        communicate with many people during their foreign concert tours. These are\n        professional meetings, common performances and projects with various musicians,\n        artists such as Americans, Canadians, and Ukrainians. Among them, the brightest\n        are: Vasyl Popadiuk - violinist (Canada, Ukraine), [[Julian Kytasty]] - bandura\n        (USA).\\n\\nIn Canada, the Telnyuk Sisters became acquainted with the artist\n        Igor Polishchuk and within a few years there was a modern project \\\"Above\n        us the sky.\\\" Original, unique fusion of music, poetry and painting. A multimedia\n        show which included pictures, songs, videos. Ten cities in America and Canada\n        were able to see and hear this groundbreaking event.\\n\\nThe duo participated\n        in many joint projects. This release audio CDs:\\n* \\\"Ukrainian lullabies\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Kruty. Concert for the Angels \\\"\\n* \\\"Festival in Montreal\\\"\\n* \\\"Live Voice\n        of Vasyl Stus\\\"\\n* \\\"Kobzar\\\".\\n\\nIn autumn 2008 Telnyuk Sisters together\n        with Dmitro Stus and Roman Semysal created the project \\\"Stusove circle\\\"\n        about a landmark figure in Ukrainian history, a live legend, poet, translator\n        Vasyl Stus. It was directed by Sergyi Proskurnia.\\n\\n8\\u201317 December 2008\n        The Telnyuk Sisters shared with the legendary [[Komu Vnyz]] the concert tour.\n        Program \\\"Wind of centuries\\\" was seen and heard in: [[Odesa]], [[Kherson]],\n        [[Krivyj Rig]], [[Kirovograd]], [[Sumy]], [[Kharkiv]] [[Dnipropetrovsk]].\\n\\nIn\n        2009, the Sisters joined the \\\"[[AntonychFest]]\\\" - the celebration of the\n        centenary from the birth of [[Bohdan-Ihor Antonych|B.-I. Antonych]], held\n        by artists and youth organizations on a voluntary basis (without the support\n        of government support and businessmen). In addition to performances on the\n        concert stage festival, October 7, 2009 '''' CD \\\"Forever. Bohdan-Ihor Antonych\n        \\\"'''' was presented. These are 5 song interpretations on Antonych poetry\n        '''' ''Forever'','''' Ukrainian and French tracks, written with bands [[Dead\n        Rooster]], \\\"Ab\\u044bMS\\\" and Olexandr Melnyk.\\n\\nJanuary 22, 2010 in KinoPalats\n        was a premiere of musical film \\\"Telnyuk: Rehearsal\\u00bb. Known in the West\n        the format rehearsal (rehearsal video) was first in Ukraine involved by director\n        Alexander Antennae in the concert program of the Sisters'' Yellow Dandelion.\n        \\\"August 13, 2009 at a recording studio Komora Ukrainian musicians let the\n        film crew to shoot the program \\\"on the first take\\\".\\n\\nIn March, 2010, presentation\n        of the new Sisters album \\\"SONMO\\\" was held. In spring there was tour in several\n        cities of the country, it completed a grand concert in [[Kyiv Operetta]].\n        Concert of the presented program took place in the city for the second time,\n        viewers welcomed the artists while standing. Among the audience was, in particular,\n        the President of Ukraine [[Viktor Yushchenko]].\\n\\nThe Sisters have also created\n        a number of sketches of songs based on poems by Oksana Zabuzhko.\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n# 1991 - \\\"[[Myt`]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c)\\n#\n        1994 - \\\"[[Halya i Lesya]]\\\" (\\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f \\u0456 \\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f)\\n#\n        1998 - \\\"[[Tysha i Hrim]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c)\\n#\n        2000 - \\\"[[Live in Canada]]\\\"\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[U.B.N.: pisni z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0423.\\u0411.\\u041d.:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Zhar-ptytsi]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u0430\\u0440-\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456)\\n#\n        2005 - \\\"[[Vybrane 1CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435 1CD)\\n#\n        2005 \\u2013 \\\"[[Vybrane 2CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\n        2CD)\\n# 2007 - \\\"[[Zhovta Kulbaba]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430)\\n#\n        2008 - \\\"[[Telnyuk: Nazavzhdy]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0436\\u0434\\u0438)\\n# 2009 \\u2013 \\\"[[Telnyuk:\n        Live]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Live)\\n# 2010 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Telnyuk: Rehearsal]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Rehearsal)\\n#\n        2010 - \\\"[[SONMO]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u041e\\u041d\\u041c\\u041e)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Moje sertse\n        v Verchovyni]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0432\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0456)\\n# 2011 \\u2013 \\\"[[Incrustatsiji:pisni\n        z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0406\\u043d\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2011 - \\\"[[Doroha zi skla]]\\\" (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n* [http://www.telnyuk.info\n        Official project site]\\n* [http://twitter.com/telnyuk_sisters Official twitter\n        account]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/thetelnyuksisters Official page on YouTube]\\n*\n        [http://www.umka.com.ua/ukr/singer/?id=184 Albums on www.umka.com.ua]\\n* [http://www.lvivpost.net/content/view/4218/527\n        Dissidents today. Interview(ukr)]\\n* [http://www.ut.net.ua/Publication/7437\n        Just be yourself (Interview)// Ukrainian weekly, \\u211651, 17.12.2010]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Telnyuk\n        Sisters}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Sibling\n        musical duos]]\\n[[Category:People from Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 1986]]\\n[[Category:1986 establishments in the Soviet Union]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-25T00:33:58Z\",\"lastrevid\":751902074,\"length\":10562,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Telnyuk_Sisters&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\"},\"53020565\":{\"pageid\":53020565,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Teoriia\n        Gvaltu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-25T20:42:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=January\n        2017}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Teoriia Gvaltu
\\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443\\n| image               = \\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n|\n        genre               = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Street punk]]\\n* [[ska]]\\n* [[post-rock]]\\n*\n        [[folk punk]]\\n}}\\n| years_active      = 2007\\u2013present\\n| label             =\n        Underground Rec\\n| website           = \\n| current_members   = Oleksii KalashnykSashko Baranov
Pankrat Cios
Vadym Kanchalaba\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Teoriia\n        Gvaltu'''''' ({{lang-uk|'''''' \\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Ruckus Theory'''') \\u2013 an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music\n        band that plays in the genres of street punk, ska and folk punk.\\n\\n==Biography==\\nFormed\n        in 2007, the band originally, in all respects, consisted of Les` (vocals,\n        flute, trombone), Sashko (guitar, vocals) and Ivan (bass). Laptop samples\n        had performed feature of drummer. By the time the guys listened to a variety\n        of music and tried to play all heard in these compositions. The group combines\n        [[Contemporary folk music|folk]], old-school-[[hardcore punk|hardcore]], ska\n        and [[nu-metal]].\\n\\nDmytro (drums) and Nadia (accordion) joined the group\n        in 2007. After charismatic accordionista went to Odessa study medicine, Roman\n        joined the band (keyboards, accordion, backing vocals). The band sent toward\n        the style of ska, [[ska punk]] and [[reggae]]. When Ivan left the group, another\n        Roman went to replace the bass.{{cite web|url=http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/2713.html|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=pisni.org.ua}} In 2011, Pancrate, the former leader\n        of the Russian group \\\"Keine Engel\\\" (c. Perm), began to perform role of the\n        bassist.\\n\\nAt the moment diverse musical style of the group can be described\n        as [[punk rock]] ([[street punk]], [[oi!]]) interspersed [[Rock music in Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-[[Rock\n        music in Ireland|Irish]] [[Folk rock|folk]] and ska punk.{{cite web|url=http://uk.likefm.org/artist/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D2%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=likefm.org}}\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n* Oleksii Kalashnyk\n        \\u2014 vocal, trombone, sopilka, keyboard (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Sashko Baranov\n        \\u2014 vocal, guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Pankrat Cios \\u2014 bass, backing\n        vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Kanchalaba \\u2014 drums (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''Three Arrows'''' EP (2011)\\n* ''''Karm\\u0430liuk'''' (2016)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[https://ruckustheory.bandcamp.com/ Ruckus Theory on bandcamp.com]\\n*[https://myspace.com/teoriyagvaltu\n        Teoriia Gvaltu on myspace.com]\\n*[https://vk.com/club3658062 Teoriia Gvaltu\n        on vk.com]\\n*[https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83\n        Discography of Teoriia Gvaltu]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in\n        2007]]\\n[[Category:People from Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-09T12:30:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":772186845,\"length\":3044,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teoriia_Gvaltu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\"},\"2778651\":{\"pageid\":2778651,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"TNMK\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name = TNMK\\n| Img = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e.jpg\\n|\n        Img_capt = \\n| background = group_or_band\\n| alias = \\n| origin = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Alternative hip hop]],\n        [[Rap rock]], [[Jazz]], [[Funk]], [[Rapcore]]\\n| years_active = 1989\\u2013present\\n|\n        label = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* [[Lavina Music]]\\n*\n        [[Nova Records]]\\n* [[Astra Rekords]]\\n* [[Volya Records]]\\n}}\\n| associated_acts\n        = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Apollo 440]][http://www.apollo440.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=96\n        Apollo 440 finish new 5th album - \\u2018The Future\\u2019s What It Used To\n        Be\\u2019. Guest vocal appearances by Mary Byker and Oleg Mykhailuta (TNMK).]\\n*\n        [[Albina Dzhanabaeva]]\\n* [[Nu Virgos]]\\n* [[Ivan Dorn]]\\n* [[Vakhtang Kikabidze]]\\n*\n        [[Mgzavrebi]]\\n}}\\n| website = {{url|http://www.tnmk.com/}}\\n| current_members\n        = Fahot
Fozzi
Kotya
Yarik
Oleksandr Shymans\\u02b9kyy
Vitol\\u02b9d
TonIk\\n|\n        past_members = Dilya\\n}}\\n\\n''''''TNMK'''''' or ''''''Tanok na Maidani Kongo''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e}}; literally ''''Dance at the Congo Square'''')\n        - is the most successful [[Ukrainian hip hop|Ukrainian hip-hop]] group.[http://myradio.ua/group/310\n        \\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\u0422\\u041d\\u041c\\u041a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\\u0456 myradio.ua:\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434 1989 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f]\n        They are known for clever, yet often tongue-in-cheek, lyrics; mixing hip-hop\n        with [[Rock music|rock]], [[funk]] and [[jazz]] music and playing real instruments\n        on their albums and live shows, rather than using [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\n        and [[drum machine]]s. TNMK performed at many festivals as: [[Sziget Festival|Sziget\n        Fest]],[http://www.unian.info/society/59438-esthetic-education-and-tnmk-showed-themselves-in-sziget-rock-festival.html\n        Esthetic Education and TNMK showed themselves in \\u201cSziget\\u201d rock-festival]\n        [[Zakhid]], [[Tavria Games]], [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]],\n        [[Faine Misto]] and [[Bandershtat]].\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was formed\n        at a labor camp on 14 June 1989 by Oleksandr \\\"Fozzi\\\" Sydorenko and Kostiantyn\n        \\\"Kotia\\\" Zhuikov and was originally called ''''''Novye Doma'''''' ({{lang-ru|''''\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430''''}}) after one of the [[Kharkiv]] city neighborhoods\n        where members of the band lived. They performed at the camp graduation ceremony,\n        after which it was decided to gather the full band on 1 September 1989 at\n        the school No. 11 where they studied. In September of the same year during\n        [[subbotnik]], the band guitarist Ivan Rykov, instead of painting a goal post,\n        drew at the school shooting range a phrase \\\"''''\\u041d\\u041e\\u0412\\u042b\\u0415\n        \\u0414\\u041e\\u041c\\u0410 \\u0413\\u0420''''\\\", while for the rest ''''\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410''''\n        he ran out of paint (\\u0413\\u0420\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410 in Russian means\n        a band). The phrase survived for over 20 years, but faded away over a time.\n        Originally Novye Doma played near the local Palace of Pioneers (southeastern\n        portion of the city), but later managed to secure a studio at the Palace of\n        Pioneers in the west side of the city where they performed in 1990-1994. Coincidentally\n        just over the fence from the Palace of Culture was located a boarding music\n        school where at the same time the future band member Oleh Mykhailyuta was\n        learning to play [[bassoon]] ({{lang-it|fagotto}}). The palace administration\n        allowed the band to perform under one condition that they would play one of\n        the popular songs once a week. Among the composition that they had to learn\n        was [[I''ve Been Thinking About You]] by [[Londonbeat]], [[Don''t Cry]] by\n        [[Guns''N''Roses]], as well as Soviet pop songs.\\n\\nOn suggestion of the band''s\n        [[wind instrument]]s performer Maksym Lytvynenko, the band changed its name\n        to ''''''Tanets na ploschadi Kongo'''''' after the [[Congo Square]] in [[New\n        Orleans]], which is considers to be a place where [[jazz]] was born.\\n\\nSometime\n        in 1997 the band changed its name to the current Ukrainian version which was\n        adopted for the 1997 Chervona Ruta festival.\\n\\nTNMK released its first album,\n        ''''Zroby meni hip-hop'''', in 1998. The title track became an underground\n        hit in [[Ukraine]], but it was only with the release of ''''''Neformat''''''\n        in 2001 that they rose to mainstream popularity. ''''Pozhezhi mista Vavilon'''',\n        released in 2004, had a harder sound, while ''''Jazzy'''', released in the\n        same year, was a [[live album]] recorded with a Ukrainian jazz band, Skhid-Side,\n        and featured TNMK songs re-arranged in a jazz and funk  style. In the same\n        year, the group toured [[France]] and recorded French versions of some of\n        their songs. Their album ''''Syla'''' was voted the best album of 2005 by\n        the most popular Ukrainian music portal [http://music.com.ua music.com.ua].\n        Their 2008 album, ''''ReFormatTsia vol.2'''', is a compilation of remixes\n        of their songs sung by them and other singers such as [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Mariya\n        Burmaka]] and GreatFruit. The album also includes a remix of the song \\\"[[Chervona\n        Ruta (song)|Chervona Ruta]]\\\" featuring [[Sofia Rotaru]]. In 2014 they realised\n        their last album - ''''Dzerkalo''''.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n* 1998 ''''[[:uk:\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f|Zroby meni\n        hip-hop (Make me hip hop)]]'''' (\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f)\\n* 2001 ''''[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0454\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442|Neformat\n        (Curiosities)]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n*\n        2002 ''''[[:uk:Re\\u0424\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0426\\u0456\\u044f|Reformatsiya\n        (Reformation)]]'''' (\\u0420\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)\n        (remix album)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d|Pozhezhi mista Vavilon (Fires of\n        the City Babylon)]]'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:Jazzy. Live\n        in 44|Jazzy]]'''' (live album)''''\\n* 2005 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Syla (The Power)]]'''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*\n        2008 ''''[[ReFormatTsia vol.2 (TNMK album)|ReFormatTsia vol.2]]'''' (ReFormation\n        vol.2) (remix album)\\n* 2010 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c. (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|S.P.A.M.]]''''\n        (\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c.)\\n* 2014 ''''[[:uk:\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Dzerkalo (The Mirror)]]'''' (\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.tnmk.com/ Official website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Soviet\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":797746921,\"length\":6072,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNMK&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\"},\"42831309\":{\"pageid\":42831309,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Trystavisim\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=July\n        2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image =Zaxidfest 2016.jpg \\n| image_size\n        = 260px\\n| background = group_or_band\\n| origin = [[Uzhgorod]], {{nowrap|[[Ukraine]]}}\\n|\n        genre = [[folk rock]], [[ska punk]]\\n| years_active = 2010\\u2013present\\n|\n        website = [http://www.trystavisim.com/ www.trystavisim.com]\\n| current_members\n        =\\n* Pavlo Genov\\n* Andriy Shapovalov\\n* Igor Magada\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\\n*\n        Stanislav Mykultsya\\n* Serhiy Yelahin\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\\n}}\\n[[File:Trystavisim\n        in phantom.jpg|265px|thumb|Presentation of \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb]]\\n[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434-2013.jpg|right|265px|thumb|Zaxidfest-2013]]\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 \\\"\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430\\\".jpg|right|265px|thumb|Presentation\n        EP \\u00abPercha\\u00bb]]\\n\\n''''''Trystavisim'''''' (ukr. \\u0422\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c)\n        - is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Rock music|rock]] band from [[Uzhgorod]] ([[Zakarpattia\n        Oblast|Transcarpathia]]).\\n\\n== Description ==\\nThe music played by a [[rock\n        band]] is built on the basis of elements of [[folk-rock]], [[punk rock|punk]],\n        [[ska]] and is decorated with a colorful addition of forceful melodies. In\n        general the style of the band can be described as [[folk punk]].\\n\\n== History==\\nThe\n        first performance of the group was held in November 23, [[2010 in music|2010]]\n        in [[Lviv]] in Nabutky Etnoclub and Lviv Art association Dzyga.[http://dzyga.com/content/view/793/334/lang,ua\n        dzyga.com]\\n\\nOver the next two years, the band toured with performances\n        in almost every major city in Western Ukraine, having played more than 50\n        concerts (including the performance in one of the largest Ukrainian festivals\n        of music and art, which is festival \\\"Zahid\\\").\\n\\nOn March 26, 2013 the band\n        presented their debut mini-album ([[Extended play|EP]]) called \\\"Percha\\\",[http://zaholovok.com.ua/dlya-obkladinki-debyutnogo-albomu-gurt-trista8isim-vikoristav-vlasni-shkarpetki\n        zaholovok.com.ua] which included 5 songs.\\n\\nOn March 31, 2013 the band\n        took part in a [[radio]] project Tysa FM Live, doing online tracks live from\n        the debut [[album]].\\n\\nLater \\\"Trystavisim\\\" was invited to take part in\n        the filming of television programs on the [[Pershyi Natsionalnyi (Ukraine)|first\n        national]] TV channel (Folk-music) and [[TVi (channel)|TVI]] (Music for Adult\n        with [[Maria Burmaka]]).\\n\\nOn August 13, 2013 was presented a debut [[video\n        clip]] for the song called \\\"Dyslocatsiya\\\" which received approving reviews\n        from music critics.\\n\\nDuring the summer of 2013 the band performed on the\n        vast majority of [[festival]]s in [[Ukraine]], they received an unofficial\n        status of \\\"a discovery of summer festivals 2013 in Ukrainian music\\\".[http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/7184\n        molode.com.ua]\\n\\nIn spring 2014 the band announced the release of their\n        debut full-length album, and subsequently announced his name. The record was\n        called \\\"LATCHO\\\". In support of the album as part of the announced tour \\\"Latcho\n        Tour 2014 / Round 1\\\" band played many concerts in [[Ukraine]] and abroad,\n        visiting the festivals [[Kraina Mriy]][http://www.krainamriy.com/news.php?category=175\n        krainamriy.com] in [[Kiev]], which was founded by known Ukrainian musician\n        [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Lemkowska watra]] in [[Zdynia]] ([[Poland]]),[http://www.watrazdynia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=105\n        watrazdynia.pl] and Zahid.\\n\\nJanuary 27, 2015 the album \\\"LATCHO\\\"\n        was officially released. February 12, 2015, the group published the official\n        music video for one of the main songs from the album, the song [[Varosh banda]].[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/tristavisim-pro-novij-albom-klip-ta-koncerti#.VQwd7o6sWSo\n        varosh] Then, in support of the album, band played two great concerts\n        in [[Uzhgorod]] and [[Kyiv]], February 27 and March 13, respectively.[http://prozak.info/Kul-tura/Muzika/Tristavisim-Lacho-v-masi\n        prozak]\\n\\nIn May, the group published an original animated video for\n        the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Loa6NUKJUbQ  Nasha faita] and played\n        many concerts in Ukraine and abroad during the festival season.\\n\\n2016 announcement\n        on the band''s new EP and the release of two singles with videos. In March,\n        a video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers] was released,\n        and already on April 22 the band presented his new program \\\"Varoshska Tusa\\\"\n        via big concert in [[Uzhgorod]]. Subsequently, on June 7, was published scandalous\n        video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska Tusa], which\n        has caused mixed reactions.\\n\\nCurrently band working on second album.\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Pavlo Genov - [[Singing|lead vocals]]\\n* Andriy Shapovalov -\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]]\\n* Igor Magada - [[Drum kit|drums]]\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\n        - [[trumpet]], backing vocals\\n* Stanislav Mykultsya - [[accordion]], backing\n        vocals\\n* Serhiy Yelahin - [[guitar]],  backing vocals\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\n        - [[Audio engineer|sound director]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        December 2012 \\u2014 \\u00abDyslokatsiya\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)[https://soundcloud.com/trysta8isim/8-2012\n        soundcloud.com][http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/5875 molode.com.ua]\\n*\n        January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abTranscarpathia\\u00bb (\\u0422\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f)[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/novinyshow/tristavisim-prezentuvali-pershij-singl-z-albomu-lacho--transkarpatiya#.VQw7k46sWSo\n        varosh]\\n\\n===Albums===\\n* March 2013 \\u2014 \\u00abPercha\\u00bb (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430)\n        [EP]\\n* January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0430\\u0447\\u043e)\n        [http://musicukraine.com/main/889-recenziya-tristavsm-lacho-2015.html\n        musicukraine.com]\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* August, 2013 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNbpRYdbTEs  Dyslocatsiya][http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-dyslokatsiya\n        notatky.com.ua]\\n* February, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Varosh\n        banda][http://zaholovok.com.ua/gurt-tristavisim-vipustiv-klip-na-pisnyu-varosh-banda-video\n        zaholovok.com.ua]\\n* May, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Nasha\n        faita] \\n* March, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers][http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/v-ukrayini-zapisali-versiyu-gimnu-nacionalnoyi-policiyi\n        cultprostir.ua] \\n* June, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska\n        tusa] [http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/gurt-iz-uzhgoroda-poglumivsya-nad-ukrayinskimi-talant-shou\n        cultprostir.ua]\\n\\n== Festivals ==\\n* Music Bike Ukraine\\n* Goral Music\n        Avia Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2012\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2012[http://bokeh.com.ua/live/3axid/443_vistup_gurtu_trista8isim\n        bokeh.com.ua]\\n* Rurysko \\u2014 2013\\n* Music Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2013\\n*\n        Pidkamin'' \\u2014 2013\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2013\\n* Franko-mission \\u2014\n        2013\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2013\\n* Cheremosh \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]]\n        - 2014\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Lemkowska watra]], [[Zdynia]] - 2014\\n*\n        Zaxidfest \\u2014 2014\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2015\\n* Ole Dovbush \\u2014\n        2015\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]] \\u2014 2015\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2016\\n* [[Woodstock\n        Ukraine]]\\u2014 2016\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2016\\n* Obnova \\u2014 2016\\n*\n        Dnister-fest \\u2014 2016\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2016\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n* [http://www.trystavisim.com trystavisim.com]\\n* [http://facebook.com/trystavisim\n        Facebook]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/c/TRYSTAVISIMBAND YouTube]\\n* [http://www.twitter.com/trystavisim\n        Twitter]\\n\\n== Sources ==\\n* [http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/unvarskij-folkpankrok-gurt-trista8isim-yak-govorimo-tak-i-spivamo\n        varosh.com.ua]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/article/2013/61/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://umka.com/ukr/catalogue/folk-rock/trysta8isim-percha-ep-digi-pack.html\n        umka.com]\\n* [http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-percha/ notatky.com.ua]\\n*\n        [http://www.mukachevo.net/ua/News/view/71834-%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B08%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC-%D0%B7-%D0%A3%D0%B6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%9E-%D0%92%D0%86%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9E\n        www.mukachevo.net]\\n* [http://zakarpattya.net.ua/News/84872-KHloptsi-z-hurtu-Trysta8isim-znaiut-shcho-i-dlia-koho-vony-hraiut\n        zakarpattya.net.ua]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/1043 nashe.com.ua]\\n* [http://fdr.com.ua/news_item/28787/\n        fdr.com.ua]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Folk punk musicians]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian ska groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":795241582,\"length\":8466,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trystavisim&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\"},\"1471716\":{\"pageid\":1471716,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Rock\n        music in Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-25T10:28:01Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Okean-elzy-2008.jpg|right|thumb|300\n        px|[[Okean Elzy]] - one of the most popular Ukrainian rock bands]]\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        rock'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a}}) is [[rock music]] from [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nWhile it is rock\n        it is important for those who follow Ukrainian contemporary music to understand\n        the [[VIA music]] scene of the 1970s and 1980s. This controlled form of music,\n        was a response to the [[Rock and roll]] infiltrating from the outside of the\n        [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], to understand the development of\n        Ukrainian rock one has to understand its background.\\n\\nThe most popular bands\n        include [[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]], [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Druha Rika]], [[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]], [[Komu Vnyz]], [[Lama (Ukrainian\n        band)|Lama]], [[Mad Heads XL]], [[Mandry]], [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]],\n        [[Okean Elzy]], [[Plach Yeremiyi]], [[S.K.A.Y.]], [[Taras Petrynenko]], [[Tartak]],\n        [[TNMK]], [[Viy (band)|Viy]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]] and others. [[Opalnyi\n        Prynz]] was, perhaps, the most influential rock band in the late 1980s and\n        early 1990s, followed by its predecessor Loony Pelen.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        - Online version - http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        [[Okean Elzy]], featuring [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] has long been among the\n        most popular bands of Ukrainian pop-rock, and has had some success abroad.  The\n        band [[Mandry]] is known for fusing traditional Ukrainian music with rock,\n        [[blues]], [[reggae]] and [[chanson]]s. The pop-singer [[Ruslana]] also uses\n        some elements of rock in her work.\\n\\nThe [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] was a very important Ukrainian rock [[music festival]].\\n\\n\\\"\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0430\\u0436\\\" - ''''''New Ukrainian Wave\n        92'''''' - \\nFestival of the best Ukrainian folk/pop/rock bands (Producer-\n        [[Rostyslav Shtyn|Rostyslav-show]], 1992)\\n\\nFamous Ukrainian [[Heavy metal\n        music|heavy metal]] bands include [[Fleshgore]], Firelake, [[Nokturnal Mortum]],\n        [[Astrofaes]], [[Drudkh]], and [[Hate Forest]].\\n\\nMetal Heads Mission is\n        the biggest metal festival in Ukraine and ex-USSR countries.\\n\\nUkrainian\n        rock songs are commonly sung in either Ukrainian or Russian. Some performers\n        pronounce Russian with a Ukrainian accent, as can be heard in some [[Vopli\n        Vidopliassova]] songs. Elements include pronouncing all instances of the [[O\n        (Cyrillic)|o]] as /o/ (despite being unstressed) and [[Ye (cyrillic)|ye]]\n        as /e/. The [[Ge (Cyrillic)|ge]] is also pronounced as /h/ or /x/.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===1960s-1970s===\\nSuch\n        bands as [[Eney]] and [[Hutsuly (band)|Hutsuly]] were created in the 1960s\n        during [[Khrushchev Thaw]].\\n\\n''''''[[Eney]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}})\n        was the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that performed\n        its own [[repertoire]]. It was named after the famous character, [[Aeneas]],\n        from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The first modern Ukrainian writer|literal\n        work]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\nDuring 1960''s students from a special\n        music school in Kiev formed this group. The group was named after [[Mykola\n        Lysenko]]. They initially played unique interpretations of Ukrainian folk\n        songs. Later, after members were exposed to  the late works of [[The Beatles]],\n        they started to rearrange works of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]].\n        In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko and Blinov left it to form the new group\n        ''''Dzvony''''. The band started to experiment in new genres: blues and soul.\n        In 1972 the band and their music were banned in the Soviet Union and labeled\n        \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a result, all existing records/recordings were\n        destroyed. After that the band went underground until 1974. The members then\n        merged with ''''Dzvony'''' into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative\n        Trails''''. After the group was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed\n        its name to ''''Hrono''''. In 1977 the ensemble became ''''Eney'''' once again.\n        After a period of time, the group broke up and members either joined different\n        bands or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own\n        group [[Hrono]].\\n\\n===1980s===\\nThe rise of rock music in the middle of 1980s\n        was inspired by [[Gorbachev]]s [[perestroika]] with its [[doctrinal]]s of\n        [[glasnost]] and [[uskoreniye]].\\n\\nSeveral rock bands were formed in Kiev\n        in rock club \\\"Kuznia\\\". Among them [[Adem (band)|Adem]] (1985), [[Vopli Vidopliasova]]\n        (1986), [[Komu Vnyz]] (1988).\\n\\nThe most promoinent event was [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] [[music festival]] held for the first time\n        in [[Chernivtsi]] in 1989.\\n\\nSuch bands as [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]], [[Opalnyi Prynz]], [[Skryabin (band)|Skriabin]]\n        and [[The Telnyuk Sisters|Sestry Telniuk]] were formed in the late 1980s\\n\\n''''''[[Braty\n        Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}) is a rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band music style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll, blues,\n        punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironical song lyrics contain a lot of local vernacularisms,\n        slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\", where\n        the fictional surname Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadiuka'''', or\n        \\\"[[viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\" (In Ukrainian\n        the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly between 1988\n        and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kiev]] which was\n        a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by lot of famous people\n        (including that time prime minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]). After band''s leader\n        Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 the big tribute concert was held in 2011, joined\n        by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as Komu Vnyz, Vopli Vidoplyasova,\n        Okean Elzy and others. In 2014 rest of band members released new album (the\n        first one since 1996).\\n\\n[[File:Mertvyi_Piven.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]].]]\\n\\n''''''[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}}) is a [[rock music|rock]] band that\n        formed in 1989. The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival.\n        Their debut album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group\n        took first prize in the category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began\n        as an acoustic band. During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into\n        a grunge/art-rock band, though their music can''t be described by one particular\n        style. Dead Rooster has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of\n        the band were written in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]],\n        [[Maksym Rylsky]], [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]],\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]], [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras\n        Shevchenko]]. The album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s\n        poetry collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n''''''[[Vopli Vidopliasova]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430}}) was\n        formed in 1986 in [[Kiev]]. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs,\n        punk, hard rock, heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir\n        song ''''Den Narodzhennia'''' is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]''''\n        movies by director [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also\n        produced several solo albums.\\n\\n''''''[[Komu Vnyz]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) was founded in 1988 in Kiev. They wound up at\n        their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event.\\n\\nAs of 2011, Komu Vnyz\n        is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]] in order to\n        re-release their albums in Europe.\\n\\n===Early 1990s===\\n[[File:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]] on\n        Sheshory Festival 2005.]]\\n\\n''''''[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[folk rock]] band formed in Kiev in 1991. The music of Haydamaky is\n        inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially from\n        various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\nHaydamaky have\n        recently performed at many club venues across Europe, including as a special\n        guest at a concert of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]].\n        Other club appearances this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n\\n''''''[[Okean Elzy]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        Ukrainian bands. It was formed in 1994 in Lviv, Ukraine. The band''s vocalist\n        and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]. Okean Elzy is one of the best-loved\n        Ukrainian rock band not only in Ukraine but also in most [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April 2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ\n        Magazine music awards for \\u201cBest rock act\\u201d.\\n\\n''''''[[Plach Yeremiyi]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a rock band from Lviv, Ukraine. The band was actually formed in February\n        1990, but the two most constant musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod\n        Dyachyshyn have played together since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon''''''\n        (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach Yeremiyi songs are\n        usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead man [[Taras Chubay|Taras\n        Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org Website show that the\n        words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n===Late\n        1990s===\\n\\n''''''[[Dymna Sumish]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}}) was founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]].\n        The group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and\n        [[psychedelic rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00abChervona Ruta\\u00bb (Ukraine),\n        \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb ([[Moscow]]),\n        \\u00abWoodstock\\u00bb ([[Poland]]). Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll\n        members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s. They openly express their opinion\n        against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying to convey to the listeners with\n        their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn April 2012 the participants\n        of the group said that the group temporarily stop their activity because of\n        inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine - when a culture isn''t valued,\n        but instead all the power has [[policy]], social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n''''''[[Druha\n        Rika]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is a rock band from [[Zhytomyr]]. The band''s style determined as [[Brit Pop]].\n        Druha Rika released five studio albums and two compilations. The name of the\n        band means ''''Second river''''.\\n\\n[[File:\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg|thumb|right|300\n        px|[[Tartak]].]]\\n''''''[[Tartak]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from Ukraine.  They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics.\\n\\n\\\"Tartak\\\"\n        means ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought\n        that tartak symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate\n        for a band name.\\n\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]] founded\n        the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]. The group has released\n        five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums] Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events! when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n''''''[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c \\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u044f}}, sometimes\n        literal translation ''''''Sun Shadow'''''' is used) is a [[folk metal]] band\n        from Kiev. Primarily the band''s style was close to alternative rock, but\n        in 2003 they have come to so called [[Cossacks|Cossack]] rock. Almost all\n        of the lyrics are in Ukrainian except couple of Belarusian songs.\\n\\nThe band\n        has taken part in number of festivals the biggest of which are [[Basovi\\u0161\\u010da]]\n        and [[Zakhid]].\\n\\n===2000s-2010s===\\n''''''[[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]''''''\n        (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441, Bumboks) is a Ukrainian\n        [[funky]] [[Groove (music)|groove]] [[Musical ensemble|band]], which was founded\n        in 2004 by singer [[Andriy Khlyvniuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cMukha\\u201d Samoilo]]\n        on [[guitar]]. In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only\n        took 19 hours to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are in predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs\n        in [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        on their albums and singles.\\n\\n[[File:Skay-2008.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|S.K.A.Y.\n        at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]], Kiev on August 24, 2008.]]\\n\\n''''''[[S.K.A.Y.]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.''''''}}) is a [[Pop rock]] band\n        formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nAfter the band had been formed\n        in 2001 it started to tour the country and performed at several festivals\n        like ''''Perlyny sezonu'''', ''''Tavriyski ihry'''' and ''''Chervona ruta''''.\n        They became more known for a broader audience after their appearance on the\n        programme \\\"Fresh Blood\\\" on the Ukrainian TV channel M1. The general director\n        Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn\n        2006 their first album \\\"Te, shcho treba\\\" was released. They released their\n        second album \\\"Planeta S.K.A.Y.\\\" already in 2007.\\n\\nThe frontman Oleh Sobchuk\n        in 2008 was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]]\n        \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for his participation in the rock-tour with\n        the same name.''''\\\"His Beatitude Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church\n        Awards to Priests and Musicians Who Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated\n        to 1020th Years of the Baptism of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow\n        Patriarchate), 2008.''''\\n\\nIn October\\u2013November 2013 the group\n        took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are united\\\", which were organized\n        by pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]] in Ukrainian cities.\\n\\n==Notable\n        festivals==\\n* [[Bandershtat]] ([[Volyn Oblast]], 2007\\u2013present)\\n* [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (different cities of Ukraine, 1989\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Taras Bulba (festival)|Taras Bulba]] ([[Dubno]], [[Rivne Oblast]], 1991\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Tavria Games]] ([[Kakhovka]], [[Kherson Oblast]], 1992\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Rock-Existence]] ([[Kiev]], 1996\\u20132005)\\n* [[Rock-Sich]] ([[Kiev]],\n        2006\\u20132013)\\n* [[Stare Misto (Festival)|Stare Misto]] ([[Lviv]], 2007\\u20132013)\\n*\n        [[Trypilske kolo]] ([[Rzhyshchiv]], [[Kiev Oblast]], 2008\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Zakhid]] ([[Lviv Oblast]], 2009\\u2013present)\\n* [[Respublica (festival)|Respublica]]\n        ([[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], 2011\\u2013present)\\n\\n==List\n        of notable Ukrainian rock bands==\\n[[File:Basowiszcza-2007-TinSoncia-3.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Tin\n        Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]] at Basowiszcza 2007 festival.]]\\n[[File:FLIT danieluk\n        2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Volodymyr Novikov of [[Flit (band)|Flit]].]]\\n\\n{{div\n        col|3}}\\n\\n''''''[[Art rock]]''''''\\n*[[Eney]]\\n*[[Gorgisheli]]\\n* [[The Telnyuk\n        Sisters|The Telniuk Sisters]]\\n\\n''''''[[Black metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Astrofaes]]\n        \\n*[[Blood of Kingu]] \\n*[[Drudkh]] \\n*[[Hate Forest]] \\n*[[Khors (band)|Khors]]\n        \\n*[[Nokturnal Mortum]]\\n\\n''''''[[Death metal]]:''''''\\n*Firelake\\n*[[Fleshgore]]\\n\\n''''''[[Indie\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Brunettes Shoot Blondes]]\\n*[[Esthetic Education]]\\n*[[Marakesh\n        (band)|Marakesh]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Holy Blood (band)|Holy\n        Blood]]\\n*[[Kroda]]\\n*[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Atmasfera]]\\n*[[Los\n        Colorados (music group)|Los Colorados]]\\n*[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]\\n*[[Mandry]]\\n*[[PanKe\n        Shava]]\\n*[[TIK (band)|TIK]]\\n*[[Vopli Vidopliasova]] (VV)\\n*[[Yurcash]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Polynove Pole]] \\n*[[Obiymy Doshchu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Komu Vnyz]]\\n*[[Viy (band)|Viy]]\\n\\n''''''[[Metalcore]]'''''':\\n*[[Make\n        Me Famous]]\\n*[[Morphine Suffering]]\\n\\n''''''[[Pop rock]]:''''''\\n*[[BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]\\n*[[Druha Rika]]\\n*[[Hapochka]]\\n*[[Krykhitka Tsakhes|Krykhitka]]\n        (ex-Krykhitka Tsakhes) \\n*[[Lama (Ukrainian band)|Lama]]\\n*[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]]\\n*[[Okean Elzy]]\\n*[[Opalnyi Prynz]]\\n*[[Plach Yeremiyi]]\\n*[[S.K.A.Y.]]\\n*[[Skryabin\n        (band)|Skriabin]]\\n*[[Trystavisim]]\\n\\n''''''[[Punk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Braty\n        Hadiukiny]]\\n*[[Dymna Sumish]]\\n*[[Flit (band)|Flit]]\\n*[[Mad Heads XL]] (ex-Mad\n        Heads)\\n*[[O.Torvald]]\\n*[[Perkalaba]]\\n*[[Qarpa]] (ex-Faktychno Sami)\\n*[[Robots\n        Don''t Cry]]\\n*[[Sobaky v Kosmosi]]\\n*[[Teoriia Gvaltu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Rap rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Tartak]]\\n*[[TNMK]]\\n{{div\n        col end}}\\n\\n==Outside Ukraine==\\n* [[The Ukes]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n*\n        [[The Ukrainians]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n* [[Klooch]] ([[Toronto]], [[Ontario]],\n        Canada)\\n* [[Enej]] ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Berkut (band)|Berkut]]\n        ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Svoboda (band)|Svoboda]] ([[Saint Petersburg]],\n        [[Russia]])\\n* [[Sontse-Khmary]] ([[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]])\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[Ukrainian metal]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== Web\n        Resources ==\\n* [http://rok.kiev.ua/ Rok.Kiev.UA]\\n* [http://rock.lviv.ua/\n        rock.lviv.ua]\\n* [http://www.alt-m.te.ua/ Multimedia Database \\\"Modern Ukrainian\n        independent music\\\"]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://www.mhm-fest.com/\n        Metal Heads Mission Festival]\\n* [http://www.ssve.ru.rock-oko.com/ Rock-oko.com]\\n\\n{{World\n        rock}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Rock}}\\n[[Category:Rock music by country]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        music|Rock]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T14:43:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":792239485,\"length\":19427,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Ukraine&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\"},\"5260094\":{\"pageid\":5260094,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Ukrainians\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-06-28T02:06:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        people|Ukrainians}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June\n        2016}}\\n{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = The Ukrainians\\n|\n        image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Leeds]], [[England]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               =\n        [[Folk rock]]\\n| occupation          = \\n| years_active        = 1991–present\\n|\n        label               = \\n| associated_acts     = [[The Wedding Present]]\\n|\n        website                 = [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ the-ukrainians.com]\\n|\n        current_members     = [[Peter Solowka]]
Len Liggins
Steve Tymruk
Paul\n        Weatherhead
James Howe
Woody\\n| past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''The Ukrainians'''''' are a [[United Kingdom|British]] band,\n        which plays traditional [[Ukrainian music]], heavily influenced by western\n        [[post-punk]].\\n\\n==Career==\\nThe Ukrainians were formed in 1990 by [[The\n        Wedding Present|Wedding Present]] guitarist [[Peter Solowka]], with singer/violinist\n        [[Len Liggins]] and [[mandolin]] player Roman Remeynes, after all three had\n        played on the Wedding Present''s [[Ukrainian John Peel Sessions]] recordings\n        (''''Ukrayinski Vystupy v Johna Peela'''', released 1989).  Following the\n        success of that release, the trio began composing and recording in Ukrainian\n        as a separate band.\\n\\nIn 1991, their first [[Extended Play|EP]], Oi Divchino,\n        was awarded [[Single (music)|Single]] of the Week by British music weekly,\n        [[New Musical Express|NME]].{{Cite web | title = The Ukrainians history  |\n        url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}   Notably,\n        the video for this release was filmed in pre-revolution [[Kiev]] making them\n        the first western band to produce a video entirely in [[Eastern Europe]].{{Cite\n        web | title = The Ukrainians history  | url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nIn the same year, Solowka left\n        the Wedding Present, later claiming that he had been kicked out, the success\n        of the Ukrainian project making him the scapegoat for the band''s lack of\n        mainstream success.{{Cite web | title = Interview with Peter Solowka\n        | publisher = Something and Nothing  | url=http://www.somethingandnothing.net/petersolowka.html\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nSince 1991, the band have released\n        five studio albums as well as various [[live albums]] and EPs, all without\n        chart success in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. They continue to tour regularly,\n        especially in [[Poland]] and [[England]].  They celebrated 20 years of the\n        band in 2011 with a tour of British [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] clubs.\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\nBesides Solowka, Liggins and Remeynes, band members have included:\\n*Dave\n        Lee - drums\\n*Woody - drums, percussion\\n*Chris Harrop - bass guitar\\n*Paul\n        ''Dino'' Briggs - bass guitar\\n*Allan Martin - bass guitar\\n*Alan Dawson-\n        Bass guitar\\n*James Howe - bass guitar\\n*[[Stepan Pasicznyk|Stepan \\\"Ludwig\\\"\n        Pasicznyk]] - accordion, backing vocals, guitar\\n*Steve Tymruk - accordion,\n        melodion, backing vocals\\n*Paul Weatherhead - electric mandolin, sopilka,\n        theremin\\n*Michael L.B. West - mandolin, guitar, piano, trumpet, duda, oud,\n        ''cello, euphonium\\n\\nThe current line-up comprises Liggins, Solowka, Tymruk,\n        Wood, Weatherhead and Howe.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\nAlbums and EPs and singles\n        include:\\n\\n* ''''Oi Divchino'''' (1991)\\n* ''''[[The Ukrainians (album)|The\n        Ukrainians]]'''' (1991)\\n* ''''Pisni iz The Smiths'''' (EP) (1992) (four songs\n        originally by [[The Smiths]] translated into [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]).\\n*\n        ''''Vorony'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Live in Germany'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Kultura''''\n        (1994)\\n* ''''Radioactivity'''' (Single) (1996), a cover of the [[Kraftwerk]]\n        song, in order to raise money for the Children of Chernobyl charity and to\n        mark the 10th anniversary of the [[Chernobyl]] nuclear disaster.\\n* ''''Drink\n        to my Horse! The Ukrainians Live'''' (2001)\\n* ''''Anarchy In The UK'''' (EP)\n        (2002) (three songs originally by the [[Sex Pistols]] translated into [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]]).\\n* ''''[[Respublika (Ukrainians album)|Respublika]]''''\n        (2002)\\n* ''''Istoriya: The Best of the Ukrainians'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Live\n        in Czeremcha'''' (2008)\\n* ''''Diaspora'''' (2009)\\n* ''''20 Years'''' (Best\n        of) (2011)\\n*  A History of Rock Music in Ukrainian (2015)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ The Ukrainians] official site\\n\\n{{The\n        Wedding Present}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainians, The}}\\n[[Category:English\n        folk musical groups]]\\n[[Category:English rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1991\n        establishments in England]]\\n\\n\\n{{UK-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-20T16:05:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":727300117,\"length\":4918,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ukrainians&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\"},\"22096876\":{\"pageid\":22096876,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Viy\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-24T09:54:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = Viy / \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439  \\n|image           =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Traditional\n        music|Ethnic]]\\n|years_active    = 1991 \\u2013 present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com\\n|current_members\n        = Dmytro Dobryi-Vechir, Lesya Roy, Oleksandr Hrosman, Dmytro Kruzov, Mykola\n        Rodionov, Anastasiya Klymova\\n|past_members    = \\n|}}\\n\\n''''''Viy''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Traditional\n        music|ethnic]]-[[Rock music|rock]] band originating from the capital [[Kyiv]]\n        in 1991.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n* Chorna Rillia (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f, 2001)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2003)\\n* Chorna Rillia\n        Collector''s Edition (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f,\n        2004)\\n* Rock Legends of Ukraine - Viy (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439, 2004)\\n*\n        Viy Multimedia Encyclopedia (2005)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2006)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com Viy official website]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Viy}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:26:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":677599371,\"length\":1330,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viy_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\"},\"2450968\":{\"pageid\":2450968,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Vopli\n        Vidopliassova\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T21:31:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name      = Vopli Vidopliassova
\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\n|image       =\\n|caption    =\n        \\n|image_size    = \\n|landscape    = Yes\\n|background   = group_or_band\\n|origin     =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre      = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[punk rock]], [[folk-rock]],\n        [[psychedelic rock|psychedelic]]\\n|years_active  = 1986\\u2013present\\n|label      =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website       = {{URL|http://www.vopli.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = [[Oleh Skrypka]]
[[Oleksiy Melchenko]]
[[Eugeniy Rogachevskyi]][[Serhiy Sakhno]]|\\n|past_members  = [[Oleksandr Pipa]]
[[Yuri Zdorenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Vopli\n        Vidopliassova'''''' (also ''''''VV'''''') ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430, \\u0412\\u0412}},\n        {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8v\\u0254pli vid\\u0254\\u02c8plj\\u0251sov\\u0251|}}) is a popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] band. It was created in 1986 in [[Kyiv]], in the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (present-day [[Ukraine]]). The leader of the\n        band is singer Oleg Skrypka. Vopli Vidopliasova are the founders of Ukrainian\n        rock-n-roll style and neo-ethnic rock. They first sang Ukrainian rock outside\n        Ukraine. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs, punk, hard rock,\n        heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir song ''''Den Narodzhennya''''\n        is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]'''' movies by director\n        [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also produced several\n        solo albums.\\n\\nIn 2009, their record label, [[Kraina Mriy]], released all\n        their albums for free as a Christmas present.{{cite web|url=http://krainamriy.com/mp3.php#20\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0410 \\u041c\\u0420\\u0406\\u0419: \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c & \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e |publisher=Krainamriy.com\n        |date=1997-07-26 |accessdate=2012-08-29}}''\\n\\nA lot of their early\n        material (1986-1996) is in [[Drop C tuning]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was\n        formed in 1986 by guitarist Yuri Zdorenko and bassist Oleksandr Pipa, who\n        had played in the band SOS since 1984. It took its name from Vidopliassov,\n        a character from ''''[[The Village of Stepanchikovo]]''''. The band had their\n        first performance at the Kiev rock club on 30 October 1987, with vocalist\n        and accordionist Oleh Skrypka and drummer Serhiy Sakhno.\\n\\nIn 1988, the band\n        played its first concert in Russia at the Rok-Artel festival. The concert\n        was taped and released as ''''[[Pershyy koncert v Moskvi]]''''.\\n\\nIn 1989,\n        the band recorded a session at the Faberge Hall of Culture in Kiev, and released\n        it as ''''[[Tantsi]]''''. That same year, they appeared on the French compilation\n        ''''[[De Lenine a Lennon]]'''', the soundtrack to a French documentary on\n        Soviet rock.\\n\\nIn 1990, they released the album ''''[[Hey, O.K]]'''' on Kobza\n        International and appeared on the Canadian compilation ''''This Ain''t No\n        Polka'''' (a recording of the 1989 [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]])\n        with the song \\\"Tantsi\\\". The following year, they played at the Eurockeennes\n        festival in France, and the recording was released as ''''[[Abo abo]]''''\n        on BSA Records a year later. In 1991, Skripka and Pipa moved to France and\n        would divide their time between it and Ukraine, using Phillip Mozha (guitar)\n        and Stefan Muflie (drums) as replacements for Zdorenko and Sakhno when touring\n        in France.\\n\\nIn 1992, Skripka, Zdorenko, Pipa and Sakhno entered Komora Studio\n        in Kiev to begin recording what would become their debut album, ''''[[Kraina\n        Mriy]]'''', released two years later.\\n\\nIn 1996, Skrypka and Pipa, who had\n        just returned from France (having lived there since 1990), moved back to Ukraine\n        and began recording the album ''''[[Muzika]]'''', released in 1997. A single\n        was released in 1996 with 4 tracks from the album. Skrypka sang, programmed\n        the drums and played accordion, traditional Ukrainian folk instruments and\n        some guitar, while Pipa played bass. Zdorenko played guitar on the track \\\"Gei,\n        liubo!\\\". On the album, \\\"Hei! Liubo!\\\" is crossfaded with \\\"Bogi\\\", but on\n        the single, it wasn''t crossfaded and its natural ending rang out, however\n        on recent compilations, it just cuts off at the part of the end where \\\"Bogi\\\"\n        is expected to begin.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sakhno rejoined the band and Evhen Rohachevsky\n        joined as guitarist. With this new lineup, they began recording their third\n        album, ''''[[Khvyli Amura]]'''', released in 2000. Around that time, Skrypka\n        became interested in Indian music, and the album reflects that, particularly\n        in the song \\\"[[Den narodjennya]]\\\".\\n\\nIn 2000, the band contributed tracks\n        to tribute albums to [[Grazhdanskaya Oborona]] (\\\"Pops\\\") and [[Kino (band)|Kino]]\n        (\\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" and \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\"), and appeared on the Sprite Driver\n        2 compilation in 2001 with the song \\\"Osen\\\". The latter three songs were\n        translated into Ukrainian and appeared as B-sides to the single \\\"[[Mamay\n        (song)|Mamay]]\\\" that year. In 2002, the album ''''[[Fayno]]'''' was finally\n        released, featuring \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Sonyachni dni\\\"),\n        \\\"Osen\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Zoryana osin\\\"), a remixed version of \\\"Mamay\\\",\n        a partially re-recorded version of \\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Pachka\n        tsyharok\\\") and a censored version of \\\"Pops\\\". The original presses on Lavina\n        Music and Misteria Zvuka contained three bonus tracks: the original Russian\n        version of \\\"Osen\\\", \\\"The Pack of Cigarettes\\\" (an English version of \\\"Pachka\n        sigaret\\\") and \\\"Les jours de soleil\\\" (a French version of \\\"Solnechnie dni\\\"),\n        demonstrating Oleh Skrypka''s multilingualism.\\n\\nIn 2006, Oleksandr Pipa\n        left the band and was replaced by Oleksiy Melchenko. They then recorded the\n        album ''''[[Buly denky]]'''', a compilation of old songs from the late 80s\n        and early 90s which had never got the studio treatment before, but which had\n        been played live. That year, they played the first \\\"Rok-Sich\\\" festival,\n        a festival started by Skrypka with the intent to foster local talent. The\n        rules for the Rock Sich are that any genre other than pop is acceptable and\n        that all bands must sing in Ukrainian, however VV broke their own rule and\n        played \\\"Pops\\\" at the concert in the original Russian and with the original\n        uncensored lyrics. The performance was released on CD in 2008, DVD in 2011\n        and double LP in 2012. The standard one-CD version of the Rock Sich album\n        had two tracks cut due to space constraints, but a two-CD version was available\n        with the missing tracks restored. The missing tracks were also on the vinyl\n        and DVD.\\n\\nThey released the singles \\\"Lado\\\" and \\\"Chio San\\\" in 2009 and\n        \\\"Vidpustka\\\" (a reworking of a track from 1987) in 2010.\\n\\nTheir next album,\n        \\\"[[Chudovy svit]]\\\", was released on 18 October 2013. \\\"Lado\\\", \\\"Chio San\\\"\n        and \\\"Vidpustka\\\" were included on the album.\\n\\nThe group have been carrying\n        out a vinyl rerelease campaign, with ''''[[Kraina Mriy]]'''', ''''Muzika''''\n        and ''''Xvyli Amura'''' being the first to be released in 2013. ''''[[Fayno]]''''\n        and ''''[[Chudovy svit]]'''' followed in 2016. ''''Buly denky'''' had already\n        been released on vinyl in 2008.\\n\\n==Members==\\n\\n===Current members===\\n*\n        [[Oleh Skrypka|Oleg Skrypka]] - lead vocals, accordion, guitars, saxophone,\n        trumpet, programming, keyboards\\n* [[Yevhen Rohachevsky]] - guitar, backing\n        vocals\\n* [[Oleksiy Melchenko]] - bass\\n* [[Serhiy Sakhno]] - drums, percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* [[Yuri Zdorenko]] - guitar, co-lead\n        vocals (1986-1997)\\n* [[Oleksandr Pipa]] - bass (1986-2007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n{{main|Vopli Vidopliassova discography}}\\n* 1992 - [[Abo abo]] (\\u0410\\u0431\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e)\\n* 1993 - [[Zakustyka]] (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\n* 1994 - [[Kraina Mriy]] (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n*\n        1997 - [[Muzika]] (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2000 - [[Khvyli\n        Amura]] (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)\\n*\n        2002 - [[Fayno]] (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)\\n* 2006 - [[Buly Denky]]\n        (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)\\n* 2008 -\n        [[VV na sceni festivalju \\\"ROK-SICH\\\"]] (\\u0412\\u0412 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e \\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0421\\u0456\\u0447)\\n*\n        2013 - [[Chudovy svit]] (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)\\n\\n===\n        Video clips ===\\nIn video clips traces the love of Ukrainian car industry.\n        So in the video for the song Musika can be seen ZAZ-1105 Dana, and in the\n        video for the song Polonyna except car LuAZ Volyn-1302 also tractor HTZ T-150\n        and T-64B. In a recent video clip Vacation attended two convertibles based\n        on ZAZ-965 and ZAZ-968\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! Year !! Name of Song !!\n        Producer (s) !! Album\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1989 ||\\u00abDance\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u00bb)||\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|''''[[Tantsi|Dance (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1996\n        ||\\u00abMusika\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb) ||\n        || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Muzika|Musika (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSpring\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb) || Aleksander Solokha\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1997\n        ||\\u00abBurned Pine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0413\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Yevhen Mytrofanov\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1998 ||\\u00abLove\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u00bb) || || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Khvyli\n        Amura|Waves of Amur (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1999\n        ||\\u00abBirthday\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb)\n        || Olga Stolpovska & Dmytro Troitskyi\\n|-\\n|\\u00abWere in the countryside\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2000\n        ||\\u00abSecret spheres\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u0454\\u043c\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u00bb)\n        ||\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2001 ||\\u00abBirthday (remix)\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (remix)\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\u00bb1\\\"|''''[[Den naroDJennia|Birthday (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2002\n        ||\\u00abWorld\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhaylo\n        Shelepov ta Oleh Lebid || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Faino|Fayno (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2003\n        ||\\u00abPolonyna\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhailo Shelepov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSunny Days\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u044f\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u00bb) || rowspan=1\\\"|Andriy Lebedev\\n|-\\n|\\u00abStar Autumn\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0417\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u00bb)\n        || Ulyana Shyshkina\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2006 || \\u00abSong\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Buly denky|Buly denky (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abLull\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Oleg Tsurikov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abKatherine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Roman Bondarchuk & Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|2009 || \\u00abLado\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Oleg Skrypka & Viktor\n        Skuratovskiy || rowspan=\\\"6\\\"|''''[[Chudovy svit|Chudovy svit (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abCio Cio San\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0427\\u0456\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2010\n        ||\\u00abVacation\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2012\n        ||\\u00abShchedryk\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0429\\u0435\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2013\n        ||\\u00abChudovy svit\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2015 ||\\u00abTalalai\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u00bb)|| Volodymyr Yakymenko\\n|}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.vopli.com.ua\n        Official VV website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/VopliVidopliassova Official\n        YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/vopli Official Facebook page]\\n*\n        [https://www.twitter.com/vopli Official Twitter feed]\\n\\n{{Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian 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 Serhiy Nesterenko
 Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi
\n        Mykhaylo Salo
 Vadym Bayuk \\n| past_members       = Viktor Zhyrkov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''ANNA''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u041d\\u041d\\u0410}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\n        band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nANNA has three times toured in Ukraine\n        supporting both of its albums and the 10th anniversary of the band. Also ANNA\n        has taken a part in many Ukrainian festivals (e.g. Rujnacija, Rock-Vybux,\n        Taras Buljba, Metal Heads Mission, Big Alternative Gig, Fort.Missia).\\n\\nThe\n        band ceased to exist in February 2013 because of conflict between Viktor Novosyolov\n        and the rest of the band. Later Novosyolov created a project [[Kompas (band)|Kompas]]\n        while some other ANNA members continue to collaborate as [[LATUR]].\\n\\nIn\n        2015 the band got active taking part in the festival \\\"Zavantazhennya\\\" and\n        preparing a big solo concert in Kyiv.\\n\\n==Members==\\n* Viktor Novosyolov\n        ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[vocal]]\\n* Serhiy Nesterenko ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[guitar]],\n        vocal\\n* Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi ''''(\\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)''''\n        \\u2014 guitar\\n* Mykhaylo Salo ''''(\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[bass guitar]]\\n* Vadym Bayuk ''''(\\u0412\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2014 [[drums]]\\n\\n''''''Former members''''''\\n*\n        Viktor Zhyrkov ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0416\\u0438\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[programming (music)|programming]], [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430'''' (Proba, 2003; was not published)\\n*\n        ''''\\u0421\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435''''\n        (Spryjmaj mene, 2006; EP)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008; single)\\n* ''''\\u0421\\u0440\\u0456\\u0431\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0417\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (Sribna Zmija, 2010)\\n* ''''\\u0413\\u0456\\u043c\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445''''\n        (Himn zamurovanyx, 2012; single)\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"Glamour\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USnxCAaoMzM]\\n*\n        \\\"Karmatrash\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7iY-WBK6Tw]\\n* \\\"Hra z Bohom\\\"\n        [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78hZVG7Y7JQ]\\n* \\\"\\u010cornyj Znak\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfS6ZaIktig]\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/annalviv ANNA (''''myspace.com'''')]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:2002 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-18T13:37:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":761970199,\"length\":2973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\"},\"31843918\":{\"pageid\":31843918,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-12T03:15:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Boombox\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        image                 = BoomBox in Mykolaiv \\u2014 8.jpg\\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| caption            = \\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[Rock and roll]], [[funk rock]],\n        [[funk]], [[reggae]], [[hard rock]]\\n| years_active        = 2004-present\\n|\n        label               = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]], Vdoh\\n| website                 =\n        [http://boombox.kiev.ua/ Official blog of the band ]\\n| Language = [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[English language|English]]\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Boombox'''''' (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441,\n        Bumboks) is a Ukrainian pop [[Musical ensemble|band]] formed in 2004 by singer\n        [[Andriy Khlyvnyuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cFly\\u201d Samoylo]] on [[guitar]].\n        In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only took 19 hours\n        to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs in\n        [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        in their albums and singles.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        (Melomania) (2005)\\n* Family \\u0411\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 (Family\n        Business) (2006)\\n* III (2008)\\n* \\u0412\\u0441\\u0451 \\u0432\\u043a\\u043b\\u044e\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        (All included) (2010)\\n* \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043di\\u0439 \\u0412i\\u043a\n        (Middle Age) (2011)\\n* \\u0422\\u0435\\u0440\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0411\n        (Terminal B) (2013)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.last.fm/music/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81\n        Boombox on last.fm]\\n\\n{{BoomBox}}\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T02:08:12Z\",\"lastrevid\":779965890,\"length\":1730,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\"},\"43831925\":{\"pageid\":43831925,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Braty\n        Hadiukiny\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-14T18:41:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{nofootnotes|date=July\n        2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name            = Braty Hadiukiny
 \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438\\n|image           =\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size      = \\n|landscape       = Yes\\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = rock''n''roll, blues, punk, reggae,\n        funk, folk\\n|years_active    = 1988-1996
2006\\u2013present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = {{URL|http://www.gady.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = \\n|past_members    = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Braty Hadiukiny'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}), or simply ''''''Hady''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438}}) is a Ukrainian rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band''s musical style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll,\n        blues, punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironic song lyrics contain a lot of local\n        vernacularisms, slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\",\n        where the fictional last name Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadyuka'''',\n        or \\\"[[Viperidae|viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\"\n        (In Ukrainian the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly\n        between 1988 and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kyiv]]\n        which was a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by a lot of\n        famous people (including [[Yulia Tymoshenko] the prime minister at the time]).\n        After the band''s leader Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 a big tribute concert\n        was held in 2011, joined by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as [[Komu\n        Vnyz]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Okean Elzy]] and others. In 2014 the rest\n        of the band members released a new album (the first one since 1996). \\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n;Current\\n* Ihor Melnychuk (\\u0406\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440 \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u00bb\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a) \\u2014 bass, vocals.\n        \\n* Pavlo Krakhmal''ov (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u043e \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445\\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432)\n        \\u2014 keyboards, vocals.\\n* Henadiy Verbianyi (\\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0448\\u0430\\u00bb \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 guitar.\\n* Mykhailo Lundin (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u041b\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041b\\u0443\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d)\n        \\u2014 drums, back vocals\\n* Liliya Pavlyk-Kuvaldina (\\u041b\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a-\\u041a\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Olena Romanovska (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Andriy Skachko (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014 guitar (new)\\n* Anton Buryko\n        (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0411\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014\n        trumpet (new)\\n* Volodymyr Pushkar (\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\n        \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440) \\u2014 trombone (new)\\n* Nazar Vachevskyi\n        (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 saxophone (new)\\n\\n;Past\\n* Serhiy Kuzminskyi (\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 vocals, keyboards, lyrics, music (1987-1996)\\n* Oleksandr Yemets (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u00ab\\u0428\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb \\u0404\\u043c\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c) \\u2014\n        saxophone, lyrics, music (1987-1989)\\n* Oleksandr Hamburg (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433) \\u2014 bass, vocals (1987-1991)\\n*\n        Andriy Partyka (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1987\\u20141994)\\n* Ernest Khreptyk (\\u0415\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Stepan Koval (\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n*\n        Bohdan Vatashchuk (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d \\u0412\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u0449\\u0443\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Oleh Kachechka (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991-1992)\\n*\n        Yuliya Donchenko (\\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)\n        \\u2014 back vocals (1994)\\n* Bohdan Yura (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u042e\\u0440\\u0430) \\u2014 saxophone (1994\\u20141995)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n;Studio\n        albums\\n* 1989 [[Vso chotko!]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e!)''''\\n*\n        1991 [[My \\u2014 khloptsi z Bandershtadtu]] ''''(\\u041c\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0437 \\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0434\\u0442\\u0443)''''\n        \\n* 1994 [[Bulo ne liubyty]] ''''(\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438)''''\\n*\n        1996 [[Shchaslyvoyi dorohy (Bye, bye, myla)]] ''''(\\u0429\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438! (\\u0411\\u0430\\u0439, \\u0431\\u0430\\u0439,\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430!))''''\\n* 2014 [[Made in Ukraine (Braty Hadiukiny\n        album)|Made in Ukraine]]\\n\\n;Live albums\\n* 2000 [[Na!Zhyvo]] ''''(\\u041d\\u0410!\\u0416\\u0418\\u0412\\u041e)''''\n        (live recordings of 1994\\u20141995)\\n* 2006 [[Live \\u00e0 Bruxelles]] (live\n        from Brussels, 29 October 1992)\\n* 2006 [[Vrodylo]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e)''''\n        2CD, DVD (live from Kyiv, 20 January 2006)\\n\\n;DVD\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia\n        domiv]] ''''(\\u042f \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432.\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c''\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e)''''\n        (live tribute)\\n\\n;Other\\n* 2007 [[Love Story (Braty Hadiukiny album)|Love\n        Story]] (love songs newly recorded)\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia domiv]] ''''(\\u042f\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432)''''\n        (tribute)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.gady.com.ua/ Official page]\\n* [http://www.kmstudio.com.ua/cheremshyna/bratygadiukiny.htm\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438. \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438.]\\n*\n        [http://poetry.uazone.net/braty/ Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-17T19:42:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":754824789,\"length\":4711,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braty_Hadiukiny&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\"},\"46376609\":{\"pageid\":46376609,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{expand\n        Ukrainian|date=April 2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Brunettes Shoot Blondes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              = [[Kryvyi\n        Rih]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Independent music|indie]], [[alternative\n        rock|alternative]], [[Electronic music|electronic]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2010\\u2013present \\n| label               = independent\\n|\n        website             = [http://brunettesshootblondes.org// brunettesshootblondes.org]\\n|\n        current_members     = Andrew Kovaliov
 Roman Sobol
 Igor Sidash Yuriy Vodolazhskiy\\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n''''''Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes'''''' is a Ukrainian [[indie rock]] band, founded in early 2010 and\n        based out of [[Kryvyi Rih]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group gained international\n        recognition in September 2014 for an animated music video to their song \\\"Knock\n        Knock\\\". The video went viral, receiving more than five million [[YouTube]]\n        views in the 10 days after its release. In early 2015, the band developed\n        their unique music video style for the song ''Bittersweet'', made in partnership\n        with German automobile manufacturer [[Opel]]. Brunettes Shoot Blondes currently\n        has no contract with any record labels, instead promoting the band independently.\\n\\n==\n        Career ==\\n\\nSince 2011, Brunettes Shoot Blondes have performed numerous concerts\n        in their homeland Ukraine and across mainland [[Europe]]. The group has played\n        at festivals including Wybieram Wschod {{cite news|url=http://eastbook.eu/2012/04/material/announcement/festiwal-wybieram-wsch%C3%B3d-21-22-04-2012-pozna%C5%84/|title=Festiwal\n        Wybieram Wsch\\u00f3d!, 21-22.04.2012, Pozna\\u0144|work=EastBook|date=7 April\n        2012|accessdate=27 July 2015}}  ([[Pozna\\u0144]], [[Poland]]), OstAnders\n        2013 ([[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]]) and at Eastern Hipsters ([[Bia\\u0142ystok]],\n        Poland, 2014). In 2011, they also participated in the [[BalconyTV]] project\n        in Pozna\\u0144. The band continues to work on new songs and music videos,\n        in between their appearances on Ukrainian TV channels.\\n\\nBrunettes Shoot\n        Blondes has also cooperated with famous commercial brands to produce music\n        for advertising, including [[Watsons Personal Care Stores|Watsons]] (song:\n        You Broke My Heart) and [[\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430|Nova\n        Poshta]] (songs: Tomorrow and Nothing At All). The music video for the song\n        ''Bittersweet'' was produced in partnership with German car maker Opel.\\n\\n===\n        \\\"Knock Knock\\\" ===\\n\\nIn September 2014, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released\n        a new music video on YouTube for their song ''Knock Knock''. The story features\n        an animated love story of a rabbit and a girl,{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10?IR=T|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=11\n        April 2015}} shot in real time using 14 [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone]]s,\n        [[iPad]]s and [[MacBook]]s. The band''s members produced the video, with the\n        band''s frontman Andrew Kovaliov assuming the role of video [[Music video\n        director|director]].{{cite news|url=http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/27/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-animated-music-video/|title=Apple\n        devices host an animated chase in Brunettes Shoot Blondes music video|work=de\n        Zeen|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} The video attracted\n        more than 600,000 YouTube views in the first five days after being uploaded.\n        By April 2015, this number was more than seven million. The video was also\n        posted on [[Facebook]] and received over [https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=10152894680079245\n        26 million views and 800,000 shares].\\n\\nIn October 2014, the video topped\n        YouTube in the category of ''New performers \\u00abEmerging Artists From Across\n        the Globe\\u00bb''. Various international media outlets conducted interviews\n        and features with the band following the release of ''Knock Knock'' including\n        ''''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6259369/watch-ukrainian-band-animated-music-video-live-sequenced-apple-devices|title=Watch\n        this Ukrainian Band''s Animated Music Video Live Sequenced Through 14 Apple\n        Devices|work=Billboard|date=24 September 2014|accessdate=13 April 2015}}\n        [[Yahoo!]],{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/ukrainian-band-brunettes-shoot-blondes-creates-best-apple-ad-ever-193750473.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Band Brunettes Shoot Blondes Creates Best Apple Ad Ever|work=Yahoo!|date=29\n        September 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}} ''''[[The Daily Mirror]]'''',{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/amazing-animated-music-video-tells-4346538|title=Amazing\n        animated music video tells a love story across dozens of iPhone and iPad screens|work=Daily\n        Mirror|date=29 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://rollingstone.uol.com.br/especial/TIM/noticia/banda-ucraniana-cria-carismatico-video-interativo-com-diferentes-gadgets/|title=Banda\n        ucraniana cria carism\\u00e1tico v\\u00eddeo interativo com diferentes gadgets|work=Rolling\n        Stone Brasil|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=13 April 2015}} [[Mashable]],{{cite\n        news|url=http://mashable.com/2014/09/24/music-video-14-screens|title=Clever\n        Music Video Plays Out on 14 Apple Gadgets|work=Mashable|date=24 September\n        2014|accessdate=17 June 2015}} [[Business Insider]],{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=17\n        June 2015}} ''''[[Daily Mail]]'''', ''''[[USA Today]]'''', ''''[[The\n        Verge]]'''',{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/28/6857177/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-music-video|title=iPhones\n        and iPads star in this intricately animated love story|work=Verge|date=28\n        September 2014|accessdate=24 June 2015}} [[Dezeen]] and ''''[[The Huffington\n        Post]]''''.\\n\\nIn May 2015 the music video \\\"Knock Knock\\\" won the \\\"Best\n        Concept\\\" award at the Berlin Music Video Award 2015.\\n\\nThe band''s success\n        was recognized by the [[Presidential Administration of Ukraine|Ukrainian president''s\n        administration]], with frontman Andrew Kovaliov becoming one of the first\n        Ukrainian citizens to receive new [[biometric passport]]s.{{cite news|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/32047.html|title=President:\n        Biometric passports are the key step on the way to the visa-free regime with\n        the EU|work=Official website of the President of Ukraine|date=12 January 2015|accessdate=13\n        April 2015}} Kovaliov thinks the video has improved Ukraine''s international\n        standing and relationship within the [[European Union]], saying \\\"everybody\n        should actually do what they can to make our country stronger, to show that\n        we''re a European country and that we have to do something for this country\\\".{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-25/hit-viral-video-shows-different-side-ukraine|title=A\n        worldwide viral hit shows a different side of Ukraine|work=PRI|date=25 September\n        2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}}\\n\\n=== ''''Bittersweet'''' ===\\n\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2015, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released a debut EP ''Bittersweet''.\n        The album features four songs including the well-known singles ''Knock Knock''\n        and ''Bittersweet''.{{cite news|url=http://brunettesshootblondes.org/post/109832692274/brunettes-shoot-blondes-release-debut-ep|title=Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes releases a debut EP|work=Brunettes Shoot Blondes|date=29 January\n        2015|accessdate=27 July 2015}}\\n\\nFront man Andrew Kovaliov says:  \\u201cEP\n        ''Bittersweet'' is the band\\u2019s first release, in which we invested lots\n        of strength and inspiration. Most of the material was recorded in studios\n        in [[Warsaw]] and [[Kyiv]]\\u201d. The song was produced in partnership with\n        German advertising agency [[Scholz & Friends]] and with German car maker Opel.\n        The video develops the use of a ''picture in picture'' effect used in the\n        video for ''Knock Knock'' \\u2013 consisting of footage performed directly\n        from the screens of devices, without editing.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== EPs\n        ===\\n* 2015 \\u2014 Bittersweet\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* \\\"I Don''t Know\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"You Broke My Heart\\\"\\n* \\\"You''ve Got To Move\\\"\\n* \\\"Cigarette Day\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Sarah\\\"\\n* \\\"One, Two, Three, Girl\\\"\\n*\\\"Every Monday\\\"\\n\\n==Music videos==\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!Year\\n!Video\\n!Director\\n!Album\\n|-\\n|2013\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z05IZNH1DcM\n        I Don''t Know]\\u00bb\\n|[[Denis Breslavskiy]]\\n|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RC_0NzJ2mWA\n        Knock Knock]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrnKiCIQNiQ\n        Bittersweet]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n|}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{official website|http://brunettesshootblondes.org/}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/bsbclips/\n        Brunettes Shoot Blondes YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/brunettesshootblondes/\n        Facebook Page]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/brunettesshootblondes/ Soundcloud\n        Page]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2010]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian indie rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":797979473,\"length\":9442,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\"},\"29516824\":{\"pageid\":29516824,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dead\n        Rooster\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-26T06:41:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=September\n        2011}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            = Dead Rooster
\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\n| image             = Mertvyi Piven.jpg\\n|\n        alt         = \\n| caption        = \\n| image_size        = \\n| background      =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          = [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[punk rock]]\n        \\n| years_active    = 1989\\u20132011\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website             = [http://deadrooster.org.ua www.deadrooster.org.ua]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Misko Barbara]] 
  [[Roman Chayka]] 
 [[Oleh Suk]]\n        
 [[Alex Slobodian]] 
 [[Yurko Chopyk]] 
 [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n|\n        past_members    = [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  
 [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]] 
 [[Vadym\n        Balayan]] 
 [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] 
 [[Andriy Nadolsky]] 
 [[Yaryna\n        Yakubyak]] 
 [[Roman Ross]] 
 [[Ivan Nebesny]] 
 [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u0440\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430 (Fort.Missia 2011).jpg|thumb|250px|Misko\n        Barbara, lead vocalist of the band.]]\\n''''''Dead Rooster'''''' or ''''''Mertvy\n        Piven'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}})\n        is a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that formed in 1989.\n        The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival. Their debut\n        album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group took first prize in the\n        category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began as an acoustic band.\n        During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into a grunge/art-rock band,\n        though their music can''t be described by one particular style. Dead Rooster\n        has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of the band were written\n        in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]], [[Maksym Rylsky]],\n        [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]], [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras Shevchenko]]. The\n        album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s poetry\n        collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current\\n* [[Misko Barbara]]\n        \\n* [[Roman Chayka]] \\n* [[Oleh Suk]] \\n* [[Alex Slobodian]] \\n* [[Yurko Chopyk]]\n        \\n* [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n\\n;Past\\n* [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  \\n* [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]]\n        \\n* [[Vadym Balayan]] \\n* [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] \\n* [[Andriy Nadolsky]] \\n*\n        [[Yaryna Yakubyak]] \\n* [[Roman Ross]] \\n* [[Ivan Nebesny]] \\n* [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n# 1992 - ''''\\u0415\\u0442\\u043e'''' (Eto)\\n# 1993 - ''''\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c ''93'''' (Dead Rooster ''93)\\n# 1994\n        - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043e''''\n        (1994) Live in studio (Pidzemne zoo (1994) Studio Live)\\n# 1995 - ''''Live\n        \\u0443 \\u041b\\u044c\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456'''' (Live in Lviv)\\n# 1996 - ''''IL\n        Testamento'''' \\n# 1997 - ''''\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\n        \\u0415\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441'''' (Misky Boh Eros)\\n# 1998 - ''''\\u0428\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430''''\n        (Shabadabada)\\n# 2003 - ''''\\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f\\u043a\\u0438''''\n        (Afrodiziaky)\\n# 2006 - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f'''' (Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438'''' (Kryminalni Sonety)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c'''' (Vybrany narodom)\\n# 2009 -\n        ''''Made in \\u042e\\u0410'''' (Made in UA)\\n# 2011 - ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430'''' (Radio Afrodyta)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n{{commonscat|Mertvyi Piven}}\\n* [http://deadrooster.org.ua Official\n        website]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=5 Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Musical sextets]]\\n[[Category:1989\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-15T06:49:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":677902138,\"length\":3698,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Rooster&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\"},\"43223438\":{\"pageid\":43223438,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Druha\n        Rika\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-25T07:57:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Druha Rika\\n| image                = \\n| caption           = \\n| image_size           =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[Alternative rock]], [[Brit Pop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Zhytomyr]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1996-\\n| label              =\n        [[Lavina music]]
[[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                =\n        [http://www.drugarika.com/ Druha Rika]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Tokio (Russian\n        band)|Tokio]]\\n| current_members    = Valeriy Kharchyshyn
 Oleksandr\n        Baranovsky
 Oleksiy Doroshenko
 Serhiy Belichenko 
 Serhiy\n        Hera (Shura) \\n| past_members       = Viktor Skurativsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Druha\n        Rika'''''' (also ''''''Druga Rika'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Zhytomyr]].\n        The band''s style is determined as [[Brit Pop]]. Druha Rika released five\n        studio albums and two compilations. The name of the band means ''''Second\n        river''''.\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current members\\n* Valeriy Kharchyshyn \\u2014\n        singing, trumpet (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Oleksandr Baranovsky \\u2014 guitar (1996\n        \\u2014)\\n* Oleksiy Doroshenko \\u2014 drums (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Belichenko\n        \\u2014 guitar (1998 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Hera (Shura) \\u2014 keyboards (2003\n        \\u2014)\\n\\n;Past members\\n* Viktor Skurativsky \\u2014 bass (1996-2014)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u042f \\u0454'''' (Ya ye)\\n* 2003\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0430'''' (Dva)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Rekordy)\\n* 2008 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430'''' (Moda)\\n* 2012 \\u2014\n        ''''Metanoia. Part 1''''\\n\\n;Compilations\\n* 2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447''''\n        (Dennich)\\n* 2009 \\u2014 ''''THE BEST''''\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.drugarika.com\n        Official page]\\n* [https://twitter.com/DrugaRika \\u00abTwitter]\\n* [http://www.lastfm.ru/music/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0\n        LastFm]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/11 Lyrics]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/drugarika\n        YouTube]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1996]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1996\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Zhytomyr]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-18T08:11:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751378655,\"length\":2166,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druha_Rika&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\"},\"39499231\":{\"pageid\":39499231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dymna\n        Sumish\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-16T14:45:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Dymna Sumish\\n| image           = \\n|\n        image_size      = \\n| landscape       = \\n| alt             = \\n| caption         =\n        \\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          =\n        [[Chernihiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = [[Psychedelic rock]], [[post-grunge]],\n        [[hardcore punk]]\\n| years_active    = {{start date|1998}}\\u2013{{end date|2012}}\n        (a break)\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts = \\u00abVkrayst\\u00bb\\n|\n        website         = {{URL|http://dymnasumish.com.ua/}}\\n| current_members =\n        \\n| past_members    = \\n* Oleksandr\n        Chemerov\\n* Serhiy Martynov\\n* Ihor Herzhyna\\n* Oleh Fedosov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Dymna\n        Sumish'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}})\n        - Ukrainian musical band. Founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]]. The\n        group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and [[psychedelic\n        rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00ab[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]]\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb\n        (Moscow), \\u00ab[[Woodstock Festival (Poland)|Woodstock]]\\u00bb (Poland).\n        Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s.\n        They openly express their opinion against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying\n        to convey to the listeners with their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn\n        April 2012 the participants of the group said that the group temporarily stop\n        their activity because of inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine\n        - when a culture isn''t valued, but instead all the power has [[policy]],\n        social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n== Past members ==\\n*\n        Oleksandr Chemerov - vocals, guitar, screaming\\n* Serhiy Martynov - guitar,\n        [[sitar]]\\n* Ihor Herzhyna - bass\\n* Oleh Fedosov - drums\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n*\n        [[Ty zhyvyi]] (2005) (''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439'''')\\n*\n        [[V kraini iliuziy]] (2008) (''''\\u0412 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439'''')\\n* [[Dymna Sumish (album)|Dymna\n        Sumish]] (2009) (''''\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448'''')\\n\\n==Music\n        videos==\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0406\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2007)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041f\\u0441\\u0456\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0436\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\u00abR''n''R\\u00bb (2009)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433 \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\\"\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\\" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FvbxH8Vnew(2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://dymnasumish.com.ua/ Official site]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T11:11:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":775695924,\"length\":2529,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dymna_Sumish&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\"},\"23018655\":{\"pageid\":23018655,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Eney\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-14T17:56:12Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name = Eney
\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439 \\n|image = \\n|caption\n        = \\n|image_size = \\n|background = group_or_band\\n|origin = [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]\\n|genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active = 1960''s\n        \\u2013 1977\\n|label = \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website = \\n|current_members\n        = |\\n|past_members = [[Kyrylo Stetsenko (rock singer)|Kyrylo Stetsenko]][[Taras Petrynenko]]
[[Ihor Shablovsky]]|
[[Mykola Kyrylin]][[Oleksandr Blinov]]
[[Ruslan Horobets]]
[[Kostiantyn Kurko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Eney''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}}) was a [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]]\n        [[rock music|rock]] band that performed its own [[repertoire]]. It was named\n        after the famous character, [[Aeneas]], from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The\n        first modern Ukrainian writer|literal works]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\n==History==\\nDuring\n        the 1960s Students from the Kievan special music school formed a band named\n        after Ukrainian composer [[Mykola Lysenko]]. They initially played unique\n        interpretations of Ukrainian folk songs. Later its members were exposed to\n        the late works of [[The Beatles]] and started to rearrange works of [[Johann\n        Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]]. In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko\n        and Blinov left it to form the new band called ''''Dzvony''''. The band started\n        to experiment in new genres: blues and soul. In 1972 the band and their music\n        where banned in the Soviet Union and labeled \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a\n        result, all existing records and recordings were destroyed. After that the\n        band went underground until 1974. The members then merged with ''''Dzvony''''\n        into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative Trails''''. After\n        the band was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed its name to ''''Hrono''''.\n        In 1977 the ensemble became known as ''''Eney'''' once again. After a period\n        of time, ''''Eney'''' broke up and its members either joined different bands\n        or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own band [[Hrono]].\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://kmstudio.com.ua/index.php?nma=cherem&fla=stat&nm=eney Brief\n        overview]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:43:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":734486313,\"length\":2207,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eney&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\"},\"6882426\":{\"pageid\":6882426,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Esthetic\n        Education\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-26T05:44:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{third-party|date=January 2013}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=November 2013}}\\n}}\\n\\n\n        \\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image                 =\\n| caption            =\\n|\n        name                = Esthetic Education\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Indie\n        rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[progressive rock]].\\n| website                 =\n        [http://www.estheticeducation.com/ EstheticEducation.com]}}\\n\\n''''''Esthetic\n        Education'''''' is a [[Rock music|rock]] band based in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its present members are Louis Franck (vocals), Dmytro Shurov (keyboards),\n        Yuriy Khustochka (bass), Illya Halushko (guitars), and Andriy Nadolsky (drums).\n        It was formed in 2004 after Shurov and Khustochka left the successful Ukrainian\n        band [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\n==History==\\nIn December 2004, Esthetic Education\n        played at the Bars en Trans Festival in the La Scene club in [[Paris]]. They\n        also played at the Dublin Castle and the Spitz in [[London]]. The Spitz chose\n        the song \\u201cHorrible Disaster\\u201d for inclusion in their limited edition\n        CD ''''Spitz Live 2''''.\\n\\nThe band was extremely active in 2005-2006; they\n        shot three video clips and released a [[maxi single]] on the Ukrainian record\n        label [[Lavina Records]].\\n\\nDuring 2005 and a half of 2006, Esthetic Education\n        played in front of more than 170,000 people. They opened for Moby in the [[Palace\n        of Sports, Kiev]] (the hall where the [[Eurovision song contest]] was held)\n        and had bottles, lighters and other objects hurled at them while playing at\n        the Mega House Festival in [[Moscow]]. They played an epic concert at [[Exit\n        Festival]] in Yugoslavia, toured Ukraine\\u2019s largest cities and played\n        in Moscow\\u2019s best clubs and festivals. They also did a series of intimate\n        acoustic concerts in small exclusive Moscow and Ukrainian venues.\\n\\nIn 2006\n        they released a live album ''''Live at Ring'''', which featured songs both\n        from ''''Face Reading'''' and ''''Werewolf'''', which at the time, was their\n        upcoming album. On [[Russia|Russia''s]] biggest label, [[w:ru:\\u0421\\u041e\\u042e\\u0417\n        (\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d)|Soyuz]], the band is featured\n        with \\u201cStereolab\\u201d, \\u201cBe Your Own Pet\\u201d, \\u201cThe Young Gods\\u201d,\n        \\u201cI Am Kloot\\u201d, and \\u201cNatasha Atlas\\u201d. Their video clip \\u201cLeave\n        us Alone\\u201d was featured on [[MTV]] Russia and their song \\u201cMachine\\u201d\n        was number one on the hit parade of Ukraine\\u2019s leading music channel [[M1\n        (Ukraine)|M1]], and number 2 on Radio Maximum, Russia\\u2019s most popular\n        radio station. They have been voted Ukraine\\u2019s best new band and discovery\n        of the year by several magazines.\\n\\nEsthetic Education has been invited on\n        numerous TV and radio shows. Highlights include live shooting for Russia\\u2019s\n        third national channel TVC in Studio 5 at [[Mosfilm]] studios, a New Year''s\n        TV show for Ukraine\\u2019s national television channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]]\n        (complete with fireworks, flames, and confetti), a live performance for [[Novyi\n        Kanal]] (the equivalent of the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom''s]] [[channel\n        4]]) during the morning news program, and Prosto Radio''s \\u201cGolden Best\\u201d\n        program, Radio Maximum.\\n\\nPhotos of Esthetic Education have appeared in ''''[[Elle\n        (magazine)|Elle]]'''', ''''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'''', ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''', ''''Ego'''', ''''Max'''', ''''Afisha'''' (cover shot), ''''Moloko''''\n        (cover shot), ''''Time Out'''', ''''Shtushka'''', ''''Pink'''', ''''TV Week'''',\n        and others.\\n\\nIn 2007 the band released ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education\n        album)|Werewolf]]''''. They have opened their own production company in Kiev,\n        Esthetic Music.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio albums===\\n* ''''[[Face Reading]]''''\n        (2004)\\n* ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education)|Werewolf]]'''' (2007)\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        \\\"[[Leave Us Alone / Machine]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Happy New Year (Esthetic Education)|Happy\n        New Year]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Vasil Vasiltsiv]]\\\" (2006)\\n\\n===Live albums===\\n*\n        ''''[[Live at Ring]]'''' (2006)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.estheticeducation.com\n        Official Web-site]\\n* [http://myspace.com/estheticeducation Official Esthetic\n        Education Myspace]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T18:07:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":664071779,\"length\":4106,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esthetic_Education&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\"},\"17208231\":{\"pageid\":17208231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Flit\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-18T02:30:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Flit \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| image               = FLIT\n        danieluk 2005.jpg\\n| image_size          = \\n| caption             = Fleet\n        at the concert in Warsaw\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[punk rock]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| instrument          = \\n| years_active        = 2001 - present\\n| label               =\n        \\u00abUKRmusic\\u00bb\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website             = http://www.flit.net.ua\n        \\n| current_members     = Andriy Markiv
Oleksandr Ivanchuk
Anatoliy\n        Blyednyh
Volodymyr Korchak\\n| past_members        = Volodymyr Novikov
Ihor\n        Ozarko
Mykhaylo Kopievskyi
Yuriy Popov
Yuliy Honskyy\\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Flit'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        [[punk rock]] band that was formed in 2001 in [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\\n\\nMembers\n        are:\\n*Andriy Markiv - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (since 2001)\\n*Stanislav Bondarchuk\n        - [[guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (since 2012)\\n*Volodymyr Korchak - [[drums]]\n        (since 2012)\\n*Anatoliy Blyednyh - [[bass guitar]] (since 2012)\\n\\n== Past\n        Members ==\\n*Volodymyr Novikov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2001-2011)\\n*Yuriy\n        Popov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2011)\\n*O. Snihur - [[guitar]] (2011-2012)\\n*Ihor\n        Ozarko - [[drums]] (2003-2010)\\n*Yuriy Chornyi - [[drums]], founder of the\n        group (2001-2003)\\n*Vitaliy Belyakov - [[backing vocals]] (2001)\\n*Mykhaylo\n        Kopievskiy - [[bass guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (2001-2012)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n* 2004 - \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\u2026\n        / [[Svit takyi\\u2026 (album)|Svit takyi\\u2026]] (The world is such\\u2026)\\n*\n        2006 - Z\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439 / [[Zanykay (album)|Zanykay]]\n        (Hide it)\\n* 2009 - \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        / [[Odnoznachno (album)|Odnoznachno]] (Simply)\\n* 2013 - \\u0412\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0454! / [[Vykhid Ye! (album)|Vykhid Ye!]] (Solution exists! [Literally:\n        Way out exists!])\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 2008 - \\u041b\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\n        / [[Layu sebe (album)|Layu sebe]] (Abusing Myself)\\n* 2010 - \\u0428\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0438 / [[Shukay i znaydy (album)|Shukay\n        i znaydy]] (Search and find)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*[http://www.flit.net.ua\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Flit}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{ukraine-stub}}\\n{{Europe-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T21:20:08Z\",\"lastrevid\":791090995,\"length\":2326,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flit_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\"},\"29524555\":{\"pageid\":29524555,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Gorgisheli\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2014-06-20T18:13:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Gorgisheli
\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\n|image              =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size         = \\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[rock music|Rock]],  [[art\n        rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n|years_active     = 1997 \\u2013 present\\n|label            =\n        \\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\\n|current_members  =\n        [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Oleg Sook]] 
\n        [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] 
[[Marian Kozovyy]]|\\n|past_members     = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Gorgisheli''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456}}; {{lang-ka|\\u10d2\\u10dd\\u10e0\\u10d2\\u10d8\\u10e8\\u10d4\\u10da\\u10d8}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band. The band''s songs are\n        sung in the [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]]\n        languages. Their music combines elements of art rock, Georgian and Ukrainian\n        folk music with a modern sound.\\n\\nThe project was known from 1997 year as\n        Black September ( Chornyy Veresen''). A new sound emerged when the well-known\n        bass player [[Oleg Sook|John]] (Project \\\"Is\\\" in 1995 and 2002, Tea Fan Club,\n        Oh, [[Dead Rooster]]) joined the group.\\n\\nThe group has participated in many\n        festivals, including Melody, Black Sea Games, Red Rue ([[Chervona Ruta]]),\n        Pearls of the Season, Pok-existence, Europe Center, Taras Bulba, the festival\n        of Ukrainian culture in [[Sopot]], [[Poland]]. The members of the band participated\n        in the TV show Fresh Blood (Svizha Krov) on M1 channel, where they scored\n        the largest number of points of all participants. Gorgisheli''s performance\n        during the [[Orange Revolution]] issue hit [[Euronews]]. \\n\\nIn summer 2006\n        the band signed a long-term contract with Comp Music/[[EMI]], in cooperation\n        with which their debut album entitled Amore was released on November 20 of\n        that year.\\n\\n== Band members ==\\n* [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] - main vocals, acoustic\n        guitar\\n* [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] -  back vocals, bass guitar\\n* [[Oleg Sook]]\n        - keyboard\\n* [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] - drums\\n* [[Marian Kozovyy]] - electric\n        guitar\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n*2006 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0410\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435''''''\n        (Amore)\\n*2009 \\u2014 ''''''Live'''''' (Live)\\n*2010 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440''''''\n        (Rombambar/Rhubarb)\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\n        Official Gorgisheli website]\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Gorgisheli\n        - ne dyvysj na mene tak demo.ogg|title=\\\"\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a (Ne dyvysj na mene\n        tak, Don''t look at me like this)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1997]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-04T08:52:15Z\",\"lastrevid\":613716380,\"length\":2653,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorgisheli&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\"},\"25700628\":{\"pageid\":25700628,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Hapochka\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-30T06:02:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Notability|Music|date=January\n        2010}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Hapochka\\n| image                 =\n        4 heads in one.jpg\\n| caption            = Hapochka\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[pop\n        rock]]\\n| years_active        = Since 2007\\n| website                 = [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka]\\n|\n        current_members     = Kate Hapochka ([[vocal]]) 
 Ihor Havrilenko ([[bass\n        guitar|bass]]) 
 Alexandr  Zbrocky ([[guitar]])
 Artem Uhodnykov  ([[drums]])\\n|\n        background=group_or_band\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Hapochka'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is young Ukrainian rock-group, created in 2007, winner of \\\"The Global Battle\n        of the Bands 2009\\\" in Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was organized in\n        2007, the year when vocalist - Kate Hapochka, arrived from [[Khmelnytskyi,\n        Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]] to study at the [[Kiev Conservatory]], and decided\n        to form the group.\\n[[File:Kate Hapocka.jpg|thumb|150px|Katya Hapochka]]\\n\\nThe\n        first composition of group was created within two days, created by Kate and\n        the percussionist Artem Ugodnikov \\u2013 who arrived to study in Kiev from\n        [[Kirovohrad]].\\n\\nThe group initially was named ''''Group Kate Hapochky''''.\n        In the process searching for new names they were known as ''''Exactly There''''\n        for more than a month, but later a group went back to the initial concept,\n        but more short name \\u2013 ''''''''''Hapochka''''''''''\\n\\nAt this time Ihor\n        Havrilencko ([[bass guitar]]) and Alexandr Zbrocky ([[guitar]]) joined in\n        with a group\\n\\nThe style which the group uses include [[Britpop]], [[funk]],\n        [[Folk music|folk]], fate, [[Rock music|rock]], [[pop rock]].\\n\\n===The GBOB===\\n[[File:GBOB3.jpg|thumb|Finale\n        of The Global Battle Of The Bands UA 2009]]\\n\\nOn 25 September within the\n        framework of competition \\\"The Global Battle of the Bands UA 2008\\\" a group\n        got the greatest result among the Kiev commands-participants.\\n\\nIn October\n        of this year \\u00abHapochka\\u00bb got to the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\n        A group was marked the special reward \\u2013 surveys of the first video clip\n        with a rotary press on television.\\n\\nIn 2009 group won 1-\\u0435 place in\n        the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\" \\u2013 and in 2010 it will be represent\n        Ukraine on the world  finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\\n\\nA finale will take place\n        in [[London]] on one of grounds of concerts of prestiges. There and the best\n        new group of the world, which will take Main bun, will be chosen.\\n\\n==Interesting\n        facts==\\n*The official date of birth of group is considered 11 March 2008,\n        when a group appeared on the stage of Centre of modern art [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]], but his participants consider a year the date of\n        appearance of group 2007.\\n*There was a saxophone player in the first composition\n        of group\\n*Kate Hapochka took the 1st place in a competition \\u00abChervona\n        Ruta (festival)\\u00bb in a nomination \\u00abAcoustic music\\u00bb is in 2005\n        a year\\n*All present members of group have musical education (unfinished yet)\\n*Vocalist\n        - Kate Hapochka - professionally plays on [[Bandura]]\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n*\n        2012 - Etap (\\u0415\\u0442\\u0430\\u043f, 2012) LP\\n* 2012 - Mozhe Ya Divchyna?\n        (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435 \\u042f \\u0414\\u0456\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430?,\n        2012) \\u0415\\u0420  \\n* 2014 - Elektroakustyka (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430,\n        2014)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://hapochka.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka\n        MySpace]\\n\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-05T10:24:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":757359056,\"length\":3396,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapochka&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\"},\"49327315\":{\"pageid\":49327315,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Hardkiss\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = The Hardkiss\\n| image               =\n        OIFF 2014-07-11 172650 - Val Bebko & Julia Sanina.jpg\\n| image_size          =\n        \\n| caption             = Val Bebko and Julia Sanina at the [[Odessa International\n        Film Festival]], 2014\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active        = 2011 \\u2013 present \\n| genre               =\n        {{flatlist|\\n* [[Progressive pop]] \\n* [[alternative rock]]\\n* [[synthpop]]\\n}}\\n|\n        current_members     = Yulia Sanina
 Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko
 Kreechy
\n        Roman Skorobahatko
 Klim Lysyuk\\n| past_members        = Pol Solonar
\n        Vitaliy Oniskevich\\n| website             = {{URL|http://thehardkiss.com}}\\n}}\\n''''''The\n        Hardkiss'''''' (stylised as ''''''The HARDKISS'''''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        progressive-pop band. They are known for their original sound and unique fashion\n        style.Official website, [http://www.thehardkiss.com/about.html#about\n        \\\"About\\\"]\\n\\nThe Hardkiss participated in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national selection]]Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=participants_in_ukrainian_national_selection_revealed\n        \\\"Participants in Ukrainian national selection revealed\\\"], eurovision.tv,\n        26 January 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. for the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016]] with the song \\\"Helpless\\\".Rodr\\u00edguez, Tony.\n        [http://www.esc-plus.com/the-hardkiss-the-main-message-of-helpless-is-that-rebirth-always-hurts-ukrainian-semifinalists-exclusive-interview/\n        \\\"The Hardkiss: \\u201cThe main message of Helpless is that rebirth always\n        hurts\\u201d (Ukrainian semifinalists \\u2013 Exclusive Interview)\\\"], esc-plus.com,\n        4 February 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. The band placed 2nd in\n        the national final.Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=jamala_will_represent_ukraine_in_stockholm\n        \\\"Jamala will represent Ukraine in Stockholm!\\\"], eurovision.tv, 21 February\n        2016. Retrieved on 21 February 2016.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThe Hardkiss\n        were formed in 2011 by lead singer Yulia Sanina and guitarist Valeriy Bebko.\n        In September the band presented their debut video \\\"Babylon\\\". They were the\n        opening act for [[Hurts]] on October 20[http://www.last.fm/event/1978467+Hurts+at+\\u0414\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446+\\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430+on+20+October+2011\n        \\\"Hurts With The Hardkiss at the Palace of Sports\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on\n        5 February 2016. and [[Solange Knowles]] on November 18 in Kyiv.\\n\\nIn\n        2012, The Hardkiss were nominated for the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best\n        Ukrainian Act]].[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1397547-nazvano-nominantiv-na-zvannya-najkrashchogo-ukrayinskogo-artista-mtv-ema-2012\n        \\\"\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        MTV EMA-2012\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, korrespondent.net, 20 September 2012. Retrieved\n        on 5 February 2016. The band performed at [[Midem|MIDEM festival]] on\n        January 29.[https://www.patreon.com/posts/1272626 \\\"THE HARDKISS at MIDEM\n        2012 (29th of January, 22.00 - Sparkling)\\\"], patreon.com. Retrieved on 6\n        February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2013, The Hardkiss won two awards \\u2013 \\\"Best\n        New Act\\\" and \\\"Best Music Video\\\" (to producer Valeriy Bebko for clip ''''Make-Up'''')\n        \\u2013 of the national music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]].[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2013/10--ceremoniya-yuna-15032014.html\n        \\\"\\u0406\\u0406 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna\n        (15.03.2013)\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. On\n        May 18 the band presented their first show in the Green Theatre in Kyiv.\\u041c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 [http://bestin.ua/event/4596/ \\\"\\u041f\\u0415\\u0420\\u0412\\u042b\\u0419\n        \\u0421\\u041e\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042b\\u0419 \\u041a\\u041e\\u041d\\u0426\\u0415\\u0420\\u0422\n        THE HARDKISS\\\"] {{ref-ru}}, bestin.ua. Retrieved on 6 February 2016\n        They opened the [[Muz-TV]] Music Awards on June 7.[http://premia.muz-tv.ru/history/107/\n        \\\"\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438.\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437-\\u0422\\u0412 2013.\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0430\\\"]\n        {{ref-ru}}, premia.muz-tv.ru. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. That year\n        The Hardkiss became \\\"voice and face\\\" of the [[Pepsi]] in Ukraine. The band\n        took part in a tour [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtSILe8bsCarnrE6D4mbI-AvYaZlXBkJt\n        Pepsi Stars of Now] (16 cities).\\n\\nIn 2014 The Hardkiss performed at [[Park\n        Live Festival]], and shared the stage with [[The Prodigy]], [[Deftones]],\n        and [[Skillet (band)|Skillet]].[http://www.last.fm/festival/3762967+Park+Live+Festival+2014\n        \\\"Park Live Festival 2014\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on 5 February 2016\\n\\nIn\n        2015, the band was nominated for the music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]] again, having won in two nominations\n        \\u2014 \\\"The best music album\\\" (album ''''Stones and Honey'''') and \\\"The\n        best song\\\" (single ''''Stones'''').[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2015/\n        \\\"IV \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna (25.03.2015)\\\"]\n        {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2016, they\n        took part in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national\n        selection]] for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2016]].\\n\\nYulia Sanina is one\n        of four judges on the current seventh series of [[X-Factor (Ukrainian TV series)|The\n        X Factor Ukraine]].[http://xfactor.stb.ua/ua/2016/07/13/stali-izvestny-imena-novyh-sudej-i-vtorogo-vedushhego-h-faktor-7/\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0434\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0443\\u0447\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u0425-\\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440-7\\u00bb\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, xfactor.stb.ua.\n        Retrieved on 5 September 2016\\n\\n==Members==\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n;\n        Current members\\n* Yulia Sanina \\u2013 vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko \\u2013  guitar (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Kreechy \\u2013 drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Roman Skorobahatko\n        \\u2013 guitar (2013\\u2013present)\\n* Klim Lysiuk \\u2013 bass\n        guitar (2016\\u2013present)\\n\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n; Former members\\n*\n        Pol Solonar \\u2013 keyboards (2011\\u20132013)\\n* Vitaliy Oniskevich\n        \\u2013 keyboards (2013\\u20132016)\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\nThe authorship\n        of songs of the band belongs to Yulia Sanina and Valeriy Bebko. Also Valeriy\n        Bebko is the creative producer of The Hardkiss and video director.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Albums===\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 ''''Stones and Honey''''Album [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/stones-and-honey-2014\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], SoundCloudAlbum [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/stones-and-honey/id920371507\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n* 2017 \\u2014 ''''Perfection\n        is a Lie''''Album [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/perfection-is-a-lie/id1223486657\n        \\\"Perfection Is a Lie\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===EPs===\\n* 2015 \\u2014\n        ''''Cold Altair''''EP [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/cold-altair-ep-2015\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], SoundCloudEP [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cold-altair/id1064951161\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2011 \\u2014 \\\"Babylon\\\"\\n*\n        2011 \\u2014 \\\"Dance With Me\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"Make-Up\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"October\\\"\\n*\n        2013 \\u2014 \\\"Part Of Me\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"In Love\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Under\n        The Sun\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Shadows Of Time\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Tell Me Brother\\\"\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 \\\"Hurricane\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Stones\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Strange\n        Moves\\\" feat. [[Kazaky|KAZAKY]]\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"PiBiP\\\"\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"Organ\\\"\\n*\n        2015 \\u2014 \\\"Tony, Talk!\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Helpless\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Perfection!\\\"\\n*\n        2016 \\u2014 \\\"Rain\\\"\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest\n        2016]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n* {{Official\n        website |http://www.thehardkiss.com|Official site}}\\n* {{YouTube|u = THEHARDKISS}}\n        \\n* {{Facebook|THEHARDKISS|The HARDKISS}}\\n* {{Instagram|the_hardkiss}}\\n*\n        {{VK user|thehardkiss|The HARDKISS}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardkiss, The}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:2011 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2011]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian pop music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":797668854,\"length\":7873,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hardkiss&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\"},\"3523986\":{\"pageid\":3523986,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Haydamaky\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The Haydamaky on ethnic festival [[Sheshory]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. 2005]]\\n\\n''''''Haydamaky'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk rock]] band formed in 1991. The music of\n        Haydamaky is inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially\n        from various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe\n        Haydamaky began their career in 1991, shortly after [[Ukraine]] declared its\n        independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. Then the band was known as Aktus,\n        and played mostly local gigs in the underground [[Kyiv]] music scene. Without\n        a fertile, popular local music scene, Aktus turned to the sounds of [[reggae]],\n        [[ska]], and [[punk music]] for a fresh alternative. Members of the band were\n        also attracted to the political impact that these genres had on their society.\n        The idea was that through music significant social change could be possible.\n        This gave a greater purpose to the performance of such musical styles. The\n        discovery of these musical genres later became the key to their own realization\n        of a specifically Ukrainian musical style. Haydamaky''s hope is to forge an\n        inherently [[Music of Ukraine|Ukrainian popular music]] style, which looks\n        back to its own heritage and traditions as a source for inspiration.\\n\\nWith\n        the addition of [[sopilka]]-[[vocal]]ist [[Oleksandr Yarmola]] and [[accordion]]ists\n        [[Ivan Lenyo]], both known and respected in folk circles, the band increasingly\n        incorporated elements of Ukrainian [[folk music]] into their compositions.\\n\\nDuring\n        the early 1990s Aktus has engaged in constant touring of Europe. Unlike most\n        popular Ukrainian music groups who propagate Soviet style [[Estrada]], Aktus\n        sought to introduce elements of Ukrainian folk music through a cross-cultural\n        mix including Reggae and Ska.\\n\\n[[EMI|EMI international records]] of London\n        discovered the group in [[Kyiv]] in early 2001. Akta signed  immediately to\n        their label. At that time the band realized it was time to establish a stronger\n        tie to their own culture. They changed their name to ''''Haydamaky'''', in\n        honor of the eighteenth-century [[Haydamak rebellion]] against the Polish\n        [[szlachta]].\\n\\nDuring the last years the band has participated in various\n        festivals such as:          \\n* TFF Rudolstadt \\u2013 2003 ([[Germany]]) \\n*\n        \\\"Litom\\u011b\\u0159ick\\u00fd ko\\u0159en\\\" \\u2013 2002, 2003 ([[Czech Republic]])\\n*\n        \\\"[[Viljandi Folk Festival|Viljandi Folk]]\\\" \\u2013 2003 ([[Estonia]])\\n*\n        \\\"Sziget\\\" festival \\u2013 2009 in [[Budapest]] ([[Hungary]]) \\n* \\\"Pohoda\\\"\n        festival \\u2013 2001, 2002 in [[Tren\\u010d\\u00edn]] \\n* \\\"Huntenpop\\\" \\u2013\n        2008 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Tilburg Mundial\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n*\n        \\\"Amsterdamm Roots\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Volt Festival\\\" \\u2013\n        2010 ([[Hungary]]), just to name a few.\\n\\nHaydamaky have recently performed\n        at many club venues across Europe, including as a special guest at a concert\n        of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in Bratislava, Slovakia. Other club appearances\n        this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n \\nIn April 2004 the band released their second\n        album \\\"[[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\\\". This time the group searched even\n        deeper into Ukrainian folk music for material, ideas, and textures. The ensemble\n        has invited [[violin]]ist [[Vasyl Hekker]], perhaps the foremost authority\n        on authentic Ukrainian folk [[violin]] style, to collaborate on the project.\n        [[Banduryst]]-Guitarist [[Jurij Fedynskyj]], of [[New York City]] has relocated\n        to [[Kyiv]] to join the ensemble. Also Ukrainian freestyle banduryst [[Roman\n        Hrynkiv]] participated. And the band invited two young ladies from authentic\n        Ukrainian choir \\\"[[Bozhychi]]\\\": Natalia Serbina and Masha Firsova, to do\n        the back \\u2013 vocals on the most of songs of the album. The \\\"Bohuslav\\\"\n        promo is just on. In June Haydamaky are off on a  huge concert tour, which\n        starts by their concert in \\\"Mazepa Fest\\\" ([[Poltava]], Ukraine) and will\n        continue through the summer in [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]] and [[Romania]].\\n\\nIn October 2006 at the [http://www.womex.com/\n        WOMEX] World Music Expo held in Seville Spain, Haydamaky''s release of their\n        CD entitled ''''[[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine Calling]]'''' released by\n        [http://www.eastblokmusic.com Eastblok Music] earlier that year broke into\n        the [http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php/2006090522290671 top twenty]\n        of the World Music Charts Europe.\\n\\nLess than a year and a half later the\n        follow-up CD ''''[[Kobzar (album)|Kobzar]]'''' once again on EMI/Eastblok\n        Music, made headway on in the World Music Charts Europe when it made to [http://www.wmce.de/_/wmce/index_jsp/key=657919.html\n        seventh place in March 2008]. In 2008 albom \\\"Voo Voo i Haydamaky\\\" recorded\n        in collaboration with Polish veteran rock band Voo Voo gained \\\"golden\\\" status\n        in Poland. \\nSince then the group are constantly touring. In 2012 Haydamaky\n        are recording a new album.\\n\\nBand members at present:\\n\\n* [[Oleksander Iarmola]]\n        - vocals,  lyrics\\n* [[Andrij Slepcow]] - guitar\\n* [[Dmytro Kirichok]] -\n        bass\\n* [[Dmytro Kushnir]] - drums\\n* [[Roman Dubonos]] - trumpet\\n* [[Maksym\n        Boyko]] - trombone\\n\\nPast members:\\n\\n* [[Ruslan Ovras]] - drums (2001-2009)\\n*\n        [[Ruslan Troshchynsky]]- trombone(2001-2004)\\n* [[Ivan Leno]] - accordion,\n        cymbals,  vocals (2001-2012)\\n* [[Volodymyr Sherstiuk]] - bass, Jew''s harp\n        (2001-2012)\\n* [[Wlad Pawlow]] \\u2013 guitar (2001-2002)\\n* [[Wlad Grymalskyj]]\n        \\u2013 midi (2001-2004)\\n* [[Oleksandr Demyanenko]] - guitar, mandolin (2002-2012)\\n*\n        [[Eugene Didyk]] - trumpet (2004-2009)\\n* [[Sergij Brawarniuk]] \\u2013 percussion\n        (2004-2006)\\n* [[Charkin Oleksandr|Oleksandr Charkin]] - trombone (2008-2012)\\n*\n        [[Soloviy Sergii|Sergii Soloviy]] - trumpet (2009-2012)\\n* [[Sergii Borysenko]]\n        - drums (2009-2012)\\n\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (2).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (7).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (3).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\n\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\u2212\\t* 2002 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky\n        (album)|Haydamaky]] (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438,\n        [[EMI|COMP Music/EMI]])\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2004 \\u2013 [[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\n        (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432, COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t\n        \\n\\u2212\\t* 2005 \\u2013 [[Perverziya (album)|Perverziya]] (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f,\n        COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2006 \\u2013 [[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine\n        Calling]] (Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Kobzar\n        (album)|Kobzar]] (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0431\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440, Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t\n        \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky Kobzar-Prolog]] (AntenaKrzyku/Lou&RockedBoys,\n        Poland)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2009 \\u2013 [[Voo Voo i Haydamaky (album)|Voo Voo\n        i Haydamaky]] (AGORA/KitonArt, Poland\\n\\n\\u2212\\t* 2012 \\u2013 [[No More Peace\n        (album)|No More Peace]](Lou & Rocked Boys, Poland)\\n\\n==Compilations==\\n*\n        1996 \\u2013 Guitars, hearts and garnets (HARBA, Ukraine)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 No\n        One Comprehends ([[KOKA]], Poland)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 1997 (ART-VELES,\n        Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 2000 (ART-VELES, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013\n        The Legends of the Chimerical Land (JRC, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 United Colours\n        of SKA ([[Pork Pie/Vielklang]], Germany)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Pohoda Festival 1997-2001\n        (Agent\\u00fara Pohoda, Slovakia)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Dobryi vechir, tobi (Christmas\n        compilation) (COMP Music/EMI)\\n* 2004 \\u2013 TFFRudolstadt 2003\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{Official website|http://www.haydamaky.com/en}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"lastrevid\":797851966,\"length\":7742,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haydamaky_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\"},\"24108554\":{\"pageid\":24108554,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"JetRockers\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-19T03:33:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{orphan|date=August\n        2009}}\\n\\n''''''JetRockers'''''' is an [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[hard rock]]\n        and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The\n        band was founded in 2007. Best known JetRockers'' performance is a first [[open-air\n        concert]] in 2007, second in 2008 and third in 2009, all in [[Lviv]].\\n\\n==History==\\nJetRockers\n        were founded by Vasyl Mylko and Serhiy Otroshchenko. The very beginnings start\n        out in 2007 in [[Lviv]], at [[software]] company [[SoftServe]], when Vasyl\n        Mylko, Strategic Business Unit (SBU) Manager of JetLab, was interviewing Serhiy\n        Otroshchenko. Serhiy was a [[SoftServe]] University graduate, while JetLab\n        lacked resources. So during the interview Vasyl asked if Serhiy played some\n        instruments or at least painted. Serhiy answered affirmative. It happened\n        that Vasyl had an [[electric guitar]] and an [[amplifier]] in the office,\n        so they were given to the interviewee for some performance. Serhiy played\n        something from [[Kreator]] and [[Malmsteen]] and thus was hired to JetLab.\n        The band name was invented to be JetRockers. There was an idea that all JetRockers\n        members had to be from the same JetLab team. It was so till 2008.\\n\\nBass\n        guitar, Roman Bilusiak, joined the band soon, he is from musicians family.\n        Vitaliy Topolnytskyy joined as a drummer. In Summer 2007 JetLab team went\n        to [[Shatsky ozera]] for [[barbecue]], JetRockers took all the gear. There\n        was first big sound check and the casting for vocals. Khrystyna Kosyk succeeded\n        as a singer of [[Rock music|rock]] compositions, Vyacheslav Dyak was selected\n        for [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[punk rock]] songs. It is supposed\n        that band played successfully, which was confirmed by the random listeners\n        from the recreation area [[Shatsky ozera]]. [[Rehearsal]] delayed till the\n        late night. Then new drummer was invited, Ivan Lutsyk. Interesting fact is\n        that Vasyl Mylko got references to him from Roman Figel from JetLab, and found\n        Ivan in the corporate gym, training [[judo]]. Ivan agreed to join JetRockers\n        if Vasyl buys the drums. Vasyl bought [[Sonor]] drums, Ivan joined instantly.\n        Then Galyna Stasiuk joined the band for vocals. This staff performed in 2007\n        and had big success locally.\\n\\nLater in 2007 drummer Ivan Lutsyk decided\n        to leave the band as he wanted to develop as a guitar player. Vyacheslav Dyak\n        proposed his colleague drummer Mykola Glibovych. Vasyl interviewed Mykola\n        in summer 2007 with intention to hire to JetLab SBU. Of course, Mykola had\n        to play the drums right in the office just after the interview, and most of\n        present people were surprised that Mykola played so loud. But it was negotiated\n        that Mykola would be ready after the training in [[SoftServe]] University,\n        so he joined the band in February 2008.\\n\\nThen was a time of vocals rotations.\n        Olena Strelchenko used to sing for a while. Eventually JetRockers welcomed\n        Olga Didukh (then she changed her last name to Moroz after her husband). Oleksandr\n        Sukholeyster joined JetRockers as keyboards player. This staff played in 2008\n        and achieved even better appreciation because of higher quality of both sound\n        and performance.\\n\\nJetRockers plays on [[SoftServe]] Company Day. It is annual\n        celebration that takes place in Buhta Vikingiv resort, ~20 kilometers from\n        [[Lviv]]. In 2007 JetRockers played as the opener for the famous [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\n        band [[Tartak]] in front of more than 1000 people. In 2008 JetRockers played\n        as the opener for another [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] headliner [[Skryabin (band)|Skryabin]].\n        JetRockers did not play in 2009 due to the different place of company day\n        celebration, hence unavailability of the big scene for the planned performance.\n        There are opinions that it was linked to the [[Economic crisis of 2008]].\\n\\nRecent\n        considerable performance took place at Millennium night club in [[Lviv]] on\n        December 26, 2009. Current line-up includes new drummer Rustam Iskandarov\n        (he also plays in Black Jack) and bass player Andriy Savchyn (he also plays\n        in Fayno).\\n\\n==Discography==\\n2007 - AoJaJeNA 
\\n2008 - Punk Rock over\n        Alcohol 
\\n2009 - 16 Years\\n\\n==Band members==\\n* Vasyl Mylko - [[rhythm\n        guitar]], [[lead guitar]], vocals (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Serhiy Otroshchenko\n        - [[lead guitar]], [[rhythm guitar]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Andriy Savchyn\n        - [[Bass (guitar)|bass]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Sukholeyster - [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Olga Moroz (Olga Didukh) - vocals\n        (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Rustam Iskandarov - [[drums]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n===Former\n        members===\\n* Vitaliy Topolnytskyy - [[drums]] (2007)\\n* Ivan Lutsyk - [[drums]]\n        (2007)\\n* Olena Strelchenko - vocals (2008)\\n* Galyna Stasiuk - vocals (2007)\\n*\n        Khrystyna Kosyk - vocals (2007)\\n* Vyacheslav Dyak - vocals (2007\\u20132009)\\n*\n        Mykola Hlibovych - [[drums]] (2008\\u20132009)\\n* Roman Bilusyak - [[Bass guitar|bass]]\n        (2007\\u20132009)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/aojajena#grid/all\n        JetRockers on YouTube]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157622982112707/show/\n        JetRockers 2009 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157606116655696/show/\n        JetRockers 2008 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157601169043120/show/\n        JetRockers 2007 on Flickr]\\n* [http://www.blackjack.com.ua/ Black Jack Homepage]\\n*\n        [[:uk:\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e (\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442)|Fayno Wiki\n        in Ukrainian]]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Jetrockers}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2007]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-16T08:58:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":760797871,\"length\":5437,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JetRockers&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\"},\"24607731\":{\"pageid\":24607731,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Komu\n        Vnyz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T10:17:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Komu Vnyz
\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\n|image              =Komu Vnyz v TERNOPOLI.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Komu Vnyz\\n|image_size         = 300\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Gothic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1988 \\u2013 present\\n|label            = [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.komuvnyz.com\\n|current_members  = [[Andriy Sereda]] 
 [[Volodyslav\n        Maliuhin]] 
 [[Serhiy Stepanenko]] 
 [[Volodyslav Makarov]] 
[[Yevhen\n        Razin]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Komu Vnyz'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band founded in 1988.\n        Komu Vnyz''s music is a blend of gothic and industrial styles, combined with\n        the lyrics of ancient Ukrainian legends. As of 2011, the last ten years Komu\n        Vnyz have released two albums, have been recognized{{Who|date=July 2011}}\n        as the cult Ukrainian band and, got the status of \\\"the Fathers of the Ukrainian\n        [[Gothic rock|Gothic]]\\\".{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\nKomu Vnyz got its start in the year 1988. Unknown young actor [[Andriy\n        Sereda]] and educator [[Volodyslav Makarov]] worked together in the same theater.\n        Sereda and Makarov joined with three more artists ([[Serhiy Stepanenko]],\n        [[Yevhen Razin]], [[Volodyslav Maliuhin]]) to make Komu Vnyz. They wound up\n        at their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event. They received second place.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\nAfter releasing their first album \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\\"Falling Up\\\"), Komu Vnyz and the rest of the\n        Chervona Ruta winners toured in [[Canada]], [[Poland]], and many Ukrainian\n        cities. After their tour, Komu Vnyz started work on their next album. All\n        of the band members quit their day jobs to focus more of their time on music.\\n\\nFrom\n        1996 onward, Komu Vnyz came out from the precipice of financial difficulties.\n        Playbills started to appear railings and fences in [[Kiev]] for their 1997\n        concert, In Kastus, named for one of their [[In Kastus (album)|albums]].\\n\\nIn\n        2000 the band played at Ivan Franko theater, performing a concert dedicated\n        to the memory of 300 young students killed under [[Kruty]]. They also headlined\n        at the first Ukrainian gothic festival, \\\"[[Dity Nochi]]\\\" (\\\"Children of\n        the Night\\\"), organized by [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]], and started to work\n        with UGP. In 2002 the band played on the biggest{{Citation needed|date=July\n        2011}} European gothic festival, [[Wave Gotik Treffen]].http://www.wave-gotik-treffen.de/english/past.php?reqYear=2002\\n\\nIn\n        2004 the musicians were invited to perform at Wave Gotik Treffen once again.\n        More than 1500 people attended{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}.\\n\\nToday\n        Komu Vnyz is well known not only in Ukraine but abroad as well.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}} Some{{Who|date=July 2011}} consider the band to be\n        founders of a new musical style in Ukraine: the Ukrainian Gothic.\\n\\nAs of\n        2011, Komu Vnyz is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]]\n        in order to re-release their albums in Europe. Their new album \\\"[[IDEM]]\\\"\n        is awaiting release on \\\"[[Tridens Records]]\\\", label of [[Ukrainian Gothic\n        Portal]].\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n* 1989 - \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u044f \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445)\\n*\n        1990 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz (album)|Komu Vnyz]]\\\" (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437)\\n*\n        1996 - \\\"[[In Kastus (album)|In Kastus]]\\\" \\n* 2014 - \\\"4\\\" (EP)\\n* ''''TBD''''\n        - \\\"[[IDEM (album)|IDEM]]\\\" (upcoming album)\\n\\n=== Live albums ===\\n* 1999\n        - \\\"[[In Kastus In Vivo (album)|In Kastus In Vivo]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n*\n        2007 - \\\"[[Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala (album)|Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Compilations\n        ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Rock legends of Ukraine]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n*\n        2006 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. MP3 collection]]\\\"\\n* 2009 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Reformatsiya:\n        25 punktiv]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Ya Vernuvsia Domiv]]\\\"\n        (Tribute to Braty Hadiukiny)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.komuvnyz.com Official Komu Vnyz website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups from Kiev]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-13T09:18:35Z\",\"lastrevid\":780327004,\"length\":4465,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komu_Vnyz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\"},\"47861874\":{\"pageid\":47861874,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Kryk\n        Dushi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-12-20T16:07:21Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Orphan|date=December 2015}}\\n{{notability|Music|date=October 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Kryk Dushi
\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456\\n|image              = \\n|logo=\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size         =\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]
 [[Alternative\n        rock]]
 [[Christian rock]]\\n|years_active     = 2007\\u2013present\\n|label            =\n        Kara Studios\\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = \\n|current_members  =\n        Ivan Luk''yanchuk 
 Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko 
 Kostyantyn Kavylin
\n        Svyatoslav Rohashko\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Kryk Dushi'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456''''''}}, translation: ''''Scream of the soul'''')\n        is one of the most successful and popular [[Ukrainian rock]] bands of \\\"New\n        generation\\\". It was formed in 2007 in [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n== Current\n        members ==\\n{{BLP unsourced section|date=October 2015}}\\n# Ivan Luk''yanchuk\n        \\u2014 vocal (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko \\u2014 guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n#\n        Kostyantyn Kavylin \\u2014 bass (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Svyatoslav Rohashko\n        \\u2014 piano, synthesizers (2007\\u2013present)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n# 2009 - \\\"[[Nenarodzhenyy]]\\\" (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        - Unborn)\\n# 2011 - \\\"[[People]]\\\" (\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 - People)\\n#\n        2012 - \\\"[[A svit tak i ne navchyvsya lyubyty...]]\\\" (\\u0410 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u0456 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438...)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com\n        Official Okean Elzy website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/KrykDushi YouTube]\\n*\n        [https://twitter.com/krykdushi Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 2007]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-13T20:48:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":696050589,\"length\":1770,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kryk_Dushi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\"},\"12725712\":{\"pageid\":12725712,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-19T18:29:02Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Krykhitka Tsakhes\\n| image           =\\n|\n        background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|rock]], [[trip hop]]\\n| years_active    =  \\t1997\\n|\n        website         = www.kryhitka.com.ua\\n| current_members = [[Oleksandra Koltsova]][[Mykola Matkovsky]]
[[Yevhen Matkovsky]]
[[Yuriy Yurchenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0426\\u0430\\u0445\\u0435\\u0441}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band formed in 1999\n        in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band is considered to perform rock and [[trip\n        hop]] music styles. In 2007 the band changed it name to Krykhitka.\\n\\n== Members\n        ==\\n\\n* Oleksandra \\\"Kasha Saltsova\\\" Koltsova - vocal, lyrics (1999\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Zlenko - drums (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Mykola Matkovsky - guitar\n        (2007\\u2013present), bass (1999\\u20132007)\\n\\n== Former members ==\\n\\n* Dmytro\n        \\\"Bass\\\" Mrachkovsky - bass (1997-1999, 2007)\\n* Mykhailo \\\"Mihon\\\" Hichan\n        - guitar (1999\\u20132007)\\n* Yevhen \\\"Jack\\\" Matkovsky - drums (1999\\u20132007)\\n*\n        Yuriy Yurchenko - sax, clarinet (1999)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\n* 2005 - ''''Na pershomu\n        mistsi'''' (''''\\u041d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0446\\u0456'''')\n        // COMP music/EMI.\\n* 2009 - ''''Rezept'''' (''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u0446\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442'''')\n        // Fast Perfect\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.kryhitka.com.ua Official\n        website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T01:46:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":663123877,\"length\":1433,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krykhitka_Tsakhes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\"},\"23239721\":{\"pageid\":23239721,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Los\n        Colorados\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T01:28:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        Ukrainian band|the Argentinian formation|Los Colorados Formation|other uses|Colorado\n        (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Los Colorados\\n| image               = Los Colorados-hotncold.jpg\\n|\n        caption             = ''''''''''Los Colorados'''''''''' performing their cover\n        of [[Katy Perry]]''s \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\"\\n| image_size          = 150px\\n|\n        background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = The Colorados\\n|\n        origin              = [[Ternopil]], {{flag|Ukraine}}\\n| instrument          =\n        [[guitar]], [[accordion]], [[bass guitar]], [[drums]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Polka music|polka]], [[Folk music|folk]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2006 - Present\\n| label               = \\n| associated_acts     =\n        \\n| website             = \\n| current_members     = \\nRuslan \\u201cPrystupnic\\u201d\n        Prystupa \\u2013 lead vocals, [[bayan (accordion)]]
\\nRostyslav \\u201cRoslyk\\u201d\n        Fook \\u2013 electric guitar, acoustic guitar, kazoo, backing vocals
\\nSerhiy\n        \\u201cMasyanya\\u201d Masyk \\u2013 bass guitar, upright bass, backing vocals\\nOleksandr\n        \\u201cLesyk\\u201d Drachuk \\u2013 drums, bass drum, percussion, backing vocals\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = [[guitar]], [[accordion]],\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[percussion]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''Los Colorados''''''''''\n        (from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''''The [[colorado potato beetle]]s'''',\n        also known as ''''The Colorados'''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band formed\n        in 2006 in [[Ternopil]]. The band play their own songs, but have also covered\n        several popular and folk songs. ''''Los Colorados'''' increased in prominence\n        after their cover of [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\" grew popular\n        via online video websites. The band plays [[guitar]], [[bayan (accordion)|bayan]],\n        [[bass guitar]] and [[drums]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was formed in the\n        city of [[Ternopil]] in 2006 and originally performed their own songs. However,\n        their popularity came when they were invited to a local TV station to perform\n        live, where they played several songs, among them [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\". The lead singer didn''t speak any English and learned the song\n        from a text transliterated into Ukrainian letters.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/entertainment/story/2009/06/090618_los_colorados_sp.shtml\n        BBC Ukrainian: Ternopil conquers the Internet] (Ukrainian)\\n\\nThe peak\n        of popularity occurred when their version of ''''Hot n Cold'''' was aired\n        on [[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]. The video posted on [[YouTube]] was viewed\n        more than 3 and a half million times and received generally positive reviews\n        because of its comic value and unusual interpretation. Katy Perry herself\n        described this version of her song as \\\"inspiring.\\\"[http://katyperryblog.tumblr.com/post/88968953/inspiring\n        Katy Perry''s blog]\\n\\nDuring their performances members of the group\n        present themselves as the \\\"boys from the village of Tetylkivtsi\\\", a real\n        village (population \\u2014 636), however, in reality most of the performers\n        come from the city of Ternopil.\\n\\n== Songs by ''''Los\n        Colorados'''' ==\\n*''''Haryachyi i kholodnyi'''' (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439; cover of \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\" by [[Katy Perry]])\\n*''''Du Hast'''' (cover of \\\"[[Du Hast]]\\\"\n        by [[Rammstein]])\\n*''''Bayan, bayan'''' (\\u0411\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d, \\u0431\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d;\n        cover of ''''Gitar'''' by Peter Nalitch)\\n*''''Pamidory'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438)\\n*''''Kokhana''''\n        (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0445\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Korova zdokhla'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*''''Paskuda'''' (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430)\\n*''''Nenavyzhu\n        pianino'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0436\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e)\\n*''''Tyotya\n        Lyuba'''' (\\u0422\\u044c\\u043e\\u0442\\u044f \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0430)\\n*''''Rillya\n        v ilyuminatori'''' (\\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f \\u0432 \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456)\\n*''''Rover\n        Ukrayina'''' (\\u0420\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Chorna\n        lyubov'''' (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432)\\n*''''Fihurka''''\n        (\\u0424\\u0456\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430)\\n*''''Ranetki'''' (\\u0420\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u043a\\u0438)\\n*''''Chempioni\n        lyubvi'''' (\\u0427\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0432\\u0438)\\n\\n==Move\n        It==\\n{{Infobox album \\n| Name       =\n        Move It\\n| Type       = studio\\n| Artist     = Los Colorados\\n| Cover      =\n        \\n| Alt        = \\n| Released   = {{Start date|2012|06|01|df=yes}}\\n| Recorded   =\n        Berlin, Germany\\n| Genre      = [[Polka]]\\n| Length     = {{Duration|m=37|s=58}}\\n|\n        Label      = [[Motor Music]]\\n| Producer   = \\n| Chronology = \\n| Last album\n        = \\n| This album = ''''''''''Move It'''''''''' 
(2012)\\n| Next album =\\n}}\\n\\n===Track\n        listing===\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       = \\n| headline        = \\n|\n        extra_column    = \\n| total_length    = 37:58\\n\\n| all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      =\n        \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   =\\n\\n|\n        title1          = [[Hot n Cold]]\\n| note1           = covering single by [[Katy\n        Perry]]\\n| length1         = 3:41\\n\\n| title2          = [[I Like to Move\n        It]]\\n| note2           = covering single by [[Reel 2 Real]]\\n| length2         =\n        2:46\\n\\n| title3          = [[Du hast]]\\n| note3           = covering single\n        by [[Rammstein]]\\n| length3         = 3:50\\n\\n| title4          = Indie Boy\\n|\n        length4         = 2:52\\n\\n| title5          = [[Be My Lover]]\\n| note5           =\n        covering single by [[La Bouche]]\\n| length5         = 3:47\\n\\n| title6          =\n        [[Tik Tok]]\\n| note6           = covering single by [[Kesha]]\\n| length6         =\n        2:49\\n\\n| title7          = [[Let It Be (song)|Let It Be]]\\n| note7           =\n        covering single by [[The Beatles]]\\n| length7         = 3:40\\n\\n| title8          =\n        Besame\\n| note8           = \\n| length8         = 3:15\\n\\n| title9          =\n        [[U Can''t Touch This]]\\n| note9           = covering single by [[MC Hammer]]\\n|\n        length9         = 2:37\\n\\n| title10         = [[I Love Rock ''n'' Roll]]\\n|\n        note10          = covering single by [[Joan Jett]]\\n| length10        = 2:40\\n\\n|\n        title11         = My Sweet Mila\\n| length11        = 3:00\\n\\n| title12         =\n        [[The Passenger (song)|The Passenger]]\\n| note12          = covering single\n        by [[Iggy Pop]]\\n| length12        = 3:01\\n}}\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       =\n        yes\\n| headline        = iTunes bonus tracks\\n| extra_column    = \\n| total_length    =\\n\\n|\n        all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      = \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits\n        = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   = \\n| title13         = [[Sex\n        on Fire]]\\n| note13          = covering single by [[Kings of Leon]]\\n| length13        =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Los\n        Colorados}}\\n*[http://www.myspace.com/loscoloradosofficial Los Colorados on\n        myspace]\\n*[http://dp.tj/opinions/interview/391-los-colorados.html Los Colorados\n        interview]\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Los-Colorados/201074798688 Los\n        Colorados on facebook]\\n* {{Official website|http://www.loscolorados.info/}}\n        (Ukrainian, support English, German and Polish translation)\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1upZz3a-7iM\n        Hot & Cold music video]\\n*[http://twitter.com/LosColorados Los Colorados Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T06:13:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":751491687,\"length\":6907,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Colorados&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\"},\"43223123\":{\"pageid\":43223123,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Luk\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-09-20T11:16:48Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Luk\\n| image                = L\\u044ek - Ukrainian musical group1.jpg\\n| caption           =\n        Luk performs in Lviv, 2009\\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[acid jazz]],\n        [[Lounge music|lounge]], [[rock music|rock]]\\n| origin             = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u20132011\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                = [http://www.luk.com.ua/en\n        Luk]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Younnat]], [[5''Nizza]], [[SunSay]], [[Orkestr\n        Che]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       = Olha Gerasimova (vocal)
\n        Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)
 Serhiy Belmas (bass)
 Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)
\n        Oleksandr Kratinov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Luk'''''' (stylised as ''''''L\\u044ek'''''')\n        was a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music band from [[Kharkiv]]. The band''s style\n        joins [[acid jazz]], [[Lounge music|lounge]] and [[rock music|rock]]. In their\n        texts musicians used mostly Ukrainian, Russian and French. \\n\\nLuk was formed\n        in 1999. The name was given accidentally without special meaning (''''\\u043b\\u044e\\u043a''''\n        means ''''manhole''''). After released four studio albums Luk declared its\n        break up in 2011.\\n\\nLuk collaborated with Kharkiv-based Ukrainian writer\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]]. Most of their Ukrainian-language songs were witten in lyrics\n        of Zhadan (in particular the first album ''''Tourist zone'''' is based on\n        Zhadan''s play \\\"Merry Christmas, Jesus Christ\\\"). Also Luk recorded a lot\n        of songs with [[5''Nizza]] member [[Andriy Zaporozhets]] (in particular the\n        second album is a result of collaboration with Zaporozhets). Their third album\n        contains two songs recorded with other 5''Nizza musician [[Serhiy Babkin]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Olha Gerasimova (vocal)\\n* Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)\\n* Serhiy\n        Belmas (bass)\\n* Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)\\n* Oleksandr Kratinov (drums)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* ''''Tourist zone'''' (2002)\\n* ''''Lemon'''' (2004)\\n*\n        ''''Sex'''' (2005)\\n* ''''\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u044e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c''''\n        (Mamina Yunost, 2009)\\n\\n;Compilation\\n* ''''The Best of Luk'''' (2008)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n* [http://www.luk.com.ua/en Official page] {{ru icon}} {{en icon}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1999\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Acid jazz ensembles]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-08T14:59:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":681919383,\"length\":2424,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luk_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\"},\"12313611\":{\"pageid\":12313611,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mad\n        Heads XL\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-23T05:05:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{unreferenced|date=October 2012}}\\n{{advert|date=March 2014}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Mad Heads XL\\n| image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               = [[Ska]][[Punk rock|Punk]]
[[Folk music|Folk]]\\n| occupation          = \\n|\n        years_active        = [[2003 in music|2003]]\\n| label               = Comp\n        Music EMI\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website                 = [http://www.madheads.kiev.ua\n        madheads.kiev.ua]\\n| current_members     = Vadym Krasnooky
Maxym Krasnooky
Vadym\n        Nikitan
Valeriy Chesnokov
Volodymyr Zyumchenko
Bohdan Humenyuk\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mad Heads XL''''''\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band from [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n\\n== History ==\\n\\n===Mad\n        Heads===\\nBand called [[Mad Heads]] was formed in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] by\n        Vadym Krasnooky. In Ukraine they enjoyed the status of a rock legend for many\n        years, with 4 studio albums, good press, frequent TV appearances and constant\n        live touring. They have also been acknowledged internationally, as a well-known\n        band in the [[psychobilly]] scene across the world and #1 of the genre in\n        the whole Eastern Europe.\\n\\nIt took time and a few line up changes before\n        Mad Heads became a band able to succeed with such a hard task, but since they\n        were ready there was nothing to stop them. Their debut album \\u201c''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\u201d\n        was out in 1996 on Crazy Love Records in Germany, while in [[Ukraine]] they\n        were already a well known band: seen on TV, heard on radio, talked about in\n        major press. They filmed a video to support their album, and it was actually\n        rotated on the channel of national importance.\\n\\nSoon after, Mad Heads started\n        to tour abroad. They appeared 4 times at Rock\\u2019n\\u2019Roll Jamboree in\n        [[Finland]], 3 times at [[Calella Psychobilly Meeting]] in Spain, they rocked\n        the halls of many festivals and clubs in Russia, Germany, United Kingdom,\n        [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]] and Italy. They\\u2019ve been invited to the United\n        States and only couldn\\u2019t make it because of some visa problems. They\n        played the same stage with the most of their favorite bands of the scene while\n        becoming  the heroes for many younger acts.\\n\\nThe debut album was followed\n        by \\u201c''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\u201d in 1998 and \\u201c''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\u201d\n        in 2002 (both out on Crazy Love Records) which brought the acknowledgment\n        for Mad Heads of being #1 band of the scene in Eastern Europe and with no\n        doubt an outstanding act of the 90s psychobilly generation. In [[Ukraine]],\n        they simply become a rock\\u2019n\\u2019roll legend, so they decided to do even\n        more for their local fans and in 2003 was released the album \\u201c''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]''\\u201d with all the songs in the mother languages\n        (the first 3 albums were in English). This record was out on local EMI licensee\n        Comp Music.\\n\\nIn 2004 the guys felt that their mission was complete. Their\n        music was changing throughout the years, and now they had to face the fact\n        that it didn\\u2019t fit psychobilly scene anymore. So they took it even further,\n        doubled the line up with 3-piece brass section and mixed up their older sounds\n        with [[ska]] [[Punk rock|punk]] and some Ukrainian folk. The new project called\n        ''''''Mad Heads XL'''''' became a smashing success in [[Ukraine]], so it was\n        decided to quit as a trio for an indeterminate period.\\n\\n===Mad Heads XL===\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2004, the new project Mad Heads XL was born. The line up\n        was doubled with the powerful brass section (trumpet, trombone, saxophone)\n        and the music drifted in the direction of [[ska]] with a touch of swing and\n        Ukrainian folk, becoming something that might come out of [[Manu Chao]], [[Brian\n        Setzer]] and [[Emir Kusturica]] jam session.\\n\\nIn March 2004 it was tested\n        in the best live music clubs of Kiev, in April it appeared on top Ukrainian\n        TV channels and in May the band came up the stage of the main Ukrainian music\n        festival Tavria Games to perform for some 75,000 people (there was also a\n        live broadcast on M1 \\u2013 the main Ukrainian music TV channel).  That show\n        brought the band to 9 more big open air stages in the next few months, with\n        the audience varied from 5,000 to 100,000 (Day of Youth on the main Kiev''s\n        square, [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]), proving that Mad Heads XL could really\n        entertain a huge audience. In September 2004 the band was invited to take\n        part in Djuice-Drive tour (sport palaces in the 6 biggest cities of Ukraine).\n        They were the only Ukrainian act on the bill with artists from Western Europe.\n        They also got busy playing in the clubs.\\n\\nThey were among the first bands\n        to support the people of Ukraine in the protest action, when the [[Orange\n        Revolution]] started. They canceled any commercial gigs and performed for\n        the people on now famous central square of Kiev Maidan Nezalezhnosti, giving\n        away their new song for the compilation \\\"Orange Songs of Ukrainian Revolution\\\"\n        which featured some of the best Ukrainian acts and artists, and the profit\n        of which had been transferred to the inhabitants of the protest camping. The\n        band never thought of any promotion back then, but there probably was: their\n        performance on Maidan was seen on CNN as well as on several European news\n        channels.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band was on the road again and played plenty open\n        air stages all over Ukraine. Mad Heads XL also appeared abroad, with a lot\n        of success, at Rock for People 2005 festival in Czech Republic, not to mention\n        a club tour of Russia.\\nIn September 2005 ZYX Music released maxi-CD \\u201cNadiya\n        Yea\\u201d in Germany, but the main events with this song were happening in\n        the homeland. The album \\u201cNadiya Yea\\u201d was released in the end of\n        October on Comp Music/EMI, so far in Ukraine only, soon proving to be among\n        the bestselling local releases of the year 2005. During 2004\\u20132005 years\n        the band had several line-up changes.\\n\\nBeyond Europe, Mad Heads XL have\n        performed at Ukrainian festivals in [[Toronto]], Canada in 2010, and [[Dauphin,\n        Manitoba]], in 2011.  Commanding a strong fan base in the [[Ukrainian-Canadian]]\n        community, they returned to Toronto again in January 2012 performing material\n        from their new album ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA'''' at a\n        zabava on one night and the \\\"Royal [[Malanka]]\\\" the following night. For\n        both events, Mad Heads XL were joined onstage by Ukrainian violinist Vasyl\n        Popadiuk (aka \\\"Papa Duke\\\"). Local Ukrainian-Canadian music groups, \\\"Zapovid\\\"\n        and \\\"Hudi a Mocni\\\" opened their shows.\\n\\n==Current members==\\n* Vadym Krasnooky\n        - vocal, guitar, songwriting (1991\\u2013present)\\n* Maxym Krasnooky - bass\n        (1996\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Nikitan - trumpet (2004\\u2013present)\\n* Valeriy\n        Chesnokov - trombone (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Volodymyr Zyumchenko - drums (2005\\u2013present)\\n\\n==\n        Former members ==\\n*Bohdan Ocheretyany - drums (1994\\u20132005)\\n*Maksym Kochetov\n        \\u2013 saxophone (2004\\u20132006)\\n*Anton Buryko \\u2013 trumpet (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Volodymyr\n        Pushkar \\u2013 trombone (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Bohdan Humenyuk - saxophone, flute\n        (2006\\u20132008)\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n''''''[[Mad Heads]]''''''\\n\\n*1996 - ''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\n*1998\n        - ''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\n*2002 - ''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\n*2003 - ''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442)\\n\\n''''''Mad\n        Heads XL''''''\\n*2005 - ''''[[Nadiya Yea]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0404/The Hope Is Here)\\n*2007 - ''''[[Naykrascha Myt]]'''' - compilation  (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c/The Best Moment)\\n*2008 - ''''[[Forever (Mad Heads\n        XL album)|Forever]]''''\\n*2011 - ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA''''\\n*2015\n        - ''''8''''\\n\\n==External links==\\n*{{official website|http://www.madheads.kiev.ua/}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-30T21:31:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":735799012,\"length\":7789,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Heads_XL&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\"},\"11223560\":{\"pageid\":11223560,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mandry\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Tone|date=December 2007}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Mandry |\\n| image                 =\n        Mandry-2008.jpg|\\n| caption            = Mandry at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]],
[[Kiev]],\n        [[Ukraine]] August 24, 2008.|\\n| landscape           = yes|\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[folk-rock]]\\n| years_active        = 1997–present |\\n| website                 =\n        http://www.mandrymusic.com\\n| current_members     = [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]]
[[Leonid Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]]
[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]]
[[Andriy Zanko]]
[[Salman\n        Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mandry'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438}})\n        is a popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[blues]], [[ska]] band;\n        the band formed in 1998 in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band''s vocalist and\n        most recognizable member is [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]].\\n\\n==\n        Activity ==\\n{{Original research|section|date=February 2016}}Mandry were officially\n        formed in 1997 by the already well known singer-songwriter [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]], who had made a name for himself in the Kyiv underground\n        music scene for his creative work with the group Den'' Vmyraye Rano (Day Dies\n        Early). At first they performed as a three-piece acoustic band, but after\n        a few band member change-overs a new sound was created which made Mandry the\n        spearheads of what is now known as \\\"folk music of the cities\\\". They performed\n        their first concert with this unique sound on 24 December 1997.\\n{{Advert|section|date=February\n        2016}}\\nIn contemporary Ukrainian youth culture the group hold an original\n        musical niche. Owing to the stylish diversity of their music and their unique\n        combination of traditional Ukrainian [[folk music]] with modern rhythms, elements\n        of city romance and French chansons with a good dose of [[reggae]], [[blues]],\n        [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Punk rock|punk]], they manage to captivate a varied\n        audience representing all age groups. The music of Mandry, in spite of being\n        a combination of various genres, is well crafted and artistically unique.\n        Their songs are full of imagery and have emotionally charged melodic patterns\n        making poetic lyrics understandable to people from all walks of life. Mandry''s\n        repertoire is still growing, expanding not only due to new songs being written\n        by the band members, but also by giving traditional folk songs a new interpretation.\\n\\nIn\n        October 1997 accordion player [[Leonid Bieley]] appeared on the scene and\n        his contribution to Foma''s songs enriched the melodies, as did a change in\n        percussionist. Salman joined the contingent of ''''mandrivnyky'''' (wanderers)\n        with a complete set of percussion instruments. At this time Mandry possibly\n        were the only Ukrainian band with a percussionist.\\n\\nIn the same month the\n        new line-up played a concert, but it wasn''t a very successful performance,\n        and as they were dissatisfied doubts arose as to whether the band should split\n        up. The director of Asteroid records came to the band''s rescue and offered\n        them their first contract and with his help the group continued.\\n\\nThe last\n        alteration in the group''s line-up occurred when Mandry invited drummer [[Andriy\n        Zanko]] and [[Serhiy Chehodayev]], who replaced [[Oleksandr Kokhanivsky]]\n        on bass, to join the band. As a result, the sound of the band changed quite\n        radically. Their music was enriched with contemporary rhythms and started\n        to include [[France|French]] melodic influences.\\n\\nIn the months that followed\n        the group recorded and released their first MC on the Asteroid label. It was\n        recorded in a hurry, and thus the quality of the album suffered. Over the\n        next year and a half, the material was being constantly reworked.\\n\\nIn August\n        1998 the band produced their first video for the song \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu\n        korolevu\\\", which quickly won the audience''s approval. In September 1998,\n        during the First All-Ukrainian Music Video Contest Mandry''s video was in\n        the top three, and director Anton Trofimov was also nominated for an award.\\n\\nThe\n        first EP of the group, which, apart from seven songs also contained the video\n        clip \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu\\\", the MC in [[MP3]] format, text information\n        in html and a photo gallery, was released in December 1998.\\n\\nThe same year\n        Mandry played in [[Lviv]], [[Dnipropetrivsk]], [[Kherson]], [[Donetsk]], [[Minsk]]\n        and their hometown Kyiv.\\n\\nIn January 1999 they filmed their second video\n        to their song \\\"Kartata Sorochka\\\" in Lviv, which was broadcast on the national\n        TV channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]].\\n\\nAll in all 1999 was a very busy year\n        for them with many concerts. In springtime they visited [[Budapest]], the\n        capital of [[Hungary]], to take part in a festival commemorating the 50th\n        anniversary of the [[European Union|EU]]. In summer they performed at \\\"[[Rock-Kyiv]]\\\",\n        \\\"PEPSI-SZIGET\\\" ([[Budapest]]) and \\\"[[Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk]]\\\" ([[Vitebsk]])\n        festivals. At the end of summer they started working on their video to the\n        song \\\"Rusalky\\\" ([[Mermaid]]s).\\n\\nIn April 2000 they released their first\n        full-length album ''''Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu'''' on Karavan Records\n        and their video to the song \\\"Rusalky\\\".\\n\\nIn June 2000 Mandry took part\n        in the International Festival of Ukrainian Culture which takes place in [[Sopot]],\n        [[Poland]]. In September they participated at Rock-Existence festival in Kyiv.\n        In November they released their EP ''''Rusalky'''' on Karavan Records.\\n\\nFrom\n        14 to 26 May 2001 Mandry had a tour across Poland. In two weeks'' time they\n        played 11 concerts in [[Wroc\\u0142aw]], [[Warsaw]], [[Krak\\u00f3w]], [[Szczecin]],\n        [[Gliwice]], [[Bia\\u0142ystok]], [[Olsztyn]], [[Sopot]] and [[Lublin]]. At\n        the beginning of November 2001 Creon Music, a [[France|French]] record label,\n        released a compilation called ''''Ukrainian Rock'''', which included a few\n        songs by Mandry.''''Eastern Folk, Poland Folk Encyclopedia, in Polish''''\\nIn\n        March 2002 the video to \\\"Dochka melnyka\\\" (Miller''s daughter) was shown\n        on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 19 May 2002 Mandry, together with other Ukrainian\n        groups and artists, played a concert at the Hippodrome, in [[London]]. The\n        show was part of the Festival of Ukrainian Culture in [[Great Britain]].\\n\\nAt\n        the end of September 2002 their first animated video to the song \\\"Orysya\\\"\n        was shown on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 17 October 2002, their second album,\n        ''''Legenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku'''', was released in Ukraine on the [[Lavina\n        Music]] record label.\\n\\nOn 17 May 2003, the band took part in the International\n        festival \\\"The Day of United Europe\\\" in Kyiv. At the end of August 2003 Mandry\n        started shooting the video for \\\"Vitre Tsyhane\\\" (Gypsy Wind), which was the\n        first one to be shown on the all-Ukrainian [[M1 music channel]] that October.\\n\\n2004\n        saw Mandry tour extensively in [[Ukraine]] to support [[Viktor Yushchenko]]''s\n        campaign to become the next president of Ukraine. They played to a varied\n        audience and in parts of Ukraine where they were completely unknown to their\n        audience.\\n\\nDuring the protests that followed after the disputed election\n        results at the end of 2004, Mandry were one of many bands who appeared on\n        stage in [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] (Independence Square) in Kyiv to keep the\n        [[Orange Revolution]] protesters entertained.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band recorded\n        their latest album ''''Doroha'''', which was released in February 2006. At\n        that time they often took part in folk festivals and concerts in Ukraine and\n        neighbouring countries.''''Kulturalna Warszawa'''' (Cultural Warsaw),\n        2005, in Polish\\n\\nIn March 2006 they filmed a new video to their song\n        \\\"Ne spy moya ridna zemlya\\\" (Don''t sleep my native land), a clip with imagery\n        depicting Ukraine''s history and its heroes, bringing it right up to date\n        with the Orange Revolution.\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n*[[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]] - main vocals, guitar, sopilka (tin whistle)\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]] - accordion, synthesizer, backing vocals\\n*[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]] - bass, backing vocals\\n*[[Andriy\n        Zanko]] - drums, backing vocals\\n*[[Salman Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]] - percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1998 - \\u00ab[[Mandry\n        (album)|Mandry]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438)\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Rusalky\n        (album)|Rusalky]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u043a\\u0438)\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu (album)|Romansero\n        pro nizhnu korolevu]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0432\\u0443)\n        (re-released in 2002)\\n* 2002 - \\u00ab[[Lehenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku (album)|Lehenda\n        pro Ivanka ta Odarku]]\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0443)\\n*\n        2006 - \\u00ab[[Doroha (album)|Doroha]]\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430)\\n\\n===\n        Live albums ===\\n* 2007 - \\u00ab[[Mandry u Krayini Mriy (album)|Mandry u Krayini\n        Mriy]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0443 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.mandrymusic.com/\n        Official Mandry website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"lastrevid\":798927015,\"length\":9059,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandry&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\"},\"35030786\":{\"pageid\":35030786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Marakesh\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name               = Marakesh\\n|image=Marakesh.jpg\\n|caption=Marakesh\n        live in 2011\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| alias              =\n        \\n| origin             = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]]
[[Indie rock]]
[[Electronic rock]]\\n| years_active       =\n        {{Start date|2006}}\\u2013present\\n| label              = \\n| website            =\n        {{URL|www.marakeshmusic.com/}}\\n| current_members    = Mark Gritsenko
Christoph\n        Hadl Hassel
Rich Millin
Daria Chepel\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Marakesh''''''\n        ({{lang-ua|\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0448}}) are a rock band from\n        [[Kiev]], Ukraine, formed in 2006. Their music is influenced by 90s [[alternative\n        rock]], combining rock with electronica and charismatic vocals.\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        song Jdat ({{lang-ru|\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c}}) appeared in the [[GTA\n        4|Grand Theft Auto IV]] video-game soundtrack, resulting in hundreds of thousands\n        official views of its music video on YouTube.[http://www.rockstargames.com/IV/#?page=music&content=vladivostok\n        - Vladivostok FM track listing on GTA 4 official website][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9253G7_Ct8 - Jdat music video\n        on YouTube] The band is currently based in Berlin.[http://marakeshmusic.com/]\\n\\n==History==\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        debut album ''''Androgyny'''' was released in 2006. It represented fully electronic\n        sound due to being recorded by lead singer Mark Gritsenko alone, before the\n        band\\u2019s line up was formed.[http://www.zvuki.ru/R/P/15785\n        - Zvuki.ru album review]\\n \\nIn 2007 after releasing several successful\n        music videos, Marakesh went on an extensive tour from March to December that\n        year.[http://marakeshband.eu/tour - Tour archive]\n        {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203015814/http://marakeshband.eu/tour\n        |date=2012-02-03 }} They performed mainly in Russia, where they were\n        supported by alternative TV channels[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5UJRAxaNuA\n        - A-One TV interview] and press such as Billboard,[http://billboard.ru.msn.com/reviews/review.aspx?cp-documentid=155402713\n        - Billboard review]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }}[http://petrovka.ua/product.php?code=68620\n        - Billboard issue including Marakesh interview] while only relying on\n        a word of mouth in their homeland. However numbers of shows in Ukraine grew\n        in the next years.\\n\\nTheir second full-length album ''''M'''' was released\n        in December 2008 after being postponed for more than a year because of a dispute\n        with their then-label.[http://www.farfrommoscow.com/articles/marakesh-m.html\n        - Far From Moscow album review]\\n\\nIn 2009 Marakesh extended to open\n        air festivals and came to Europe for the first time. In the summer they appeared\n        at Ukrainian selection for MTV EMA,[http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        - MTV EMA gallery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503005144/http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        |date=2010-05-03 }} Russian festival Okna Otkroy[[:ru:\\u041e\\u043a\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439!|-\n        Okna Otkroy line up]] and Hungarian ICWiP.[http://www.lastfm.ru/festival/1140651+ICWiP+-+International+Culure+Week+in+P\\u00e9cs\n        - ICWiP line up]\\n\\nThe band went on their first European tour for 1\n        month in April\\u2013May 2010, playing in Baltics, Poland, Germany and Hungary.\n        Later that year the band was chosen by Placebo as an opening act for their\n        show in Kiev.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suZxAl30PLU\n        - Enter TV interview] In December 2010 Marakesh released their first\n        fully English-speaking EP \\u201cTaste Me\\u201d, recorded in Budapest. Taste\n        Me Tour saw a number of shows in Ukraine, Russia, Hungary and Germany.\\n\\nIn\n        2011 the band started composing their third LP, which was planned to be released\n        later in 2012.\\n\\nIn spring 2012, the band moved to Berlin. In September 2012,\n        Marakesh announced they have started a new band Four Phonica, which comprises\n        all Marakesh members and the lead singer of side project Sexinspace, Daria.\n        In January 2013, Four Phonica released the first single Divine, available\n        for download on the band''s official website.[https://archive.is/20130213070907/http://marakeshband.eu/news/marakesh-sexinspace-four-phonica-2\n        - Marakesh + Sexinspace = Four Phonica] Single was followed up by a\n        music video in March 2013. In February 2014, Four Phonica released their second\n        music video Sabotage.[tube.com/watch?v=rdOFcDHs91U\n        - Four Phonica - Sabotage music video] Their debut self-titled EP was\n        released on February 28, 2014.[http://fourphonica.com/news/ep-release/\n        - Four Phonica announce the debut EP]\\n\\nIn summer 2014, Four Phonica\n        revealed that they are composing their debut LP and that the news about the\n        album and single releases are awaited this year.[http://fourphonica.com/news/four-phonica-composing-debut-lp/ -\n        Four Phonica composing debut LP]\\n\\nIn August 2014, Four Phonica were\n        chosen from over 350 applicants as one of 9 bands to participate in Berliner\n        Pilsner Music Award.[http://fourphonica.com/news/berliner-pilsner-music-award/\n        - Berliner Pilsner Music Award 2014]\\n\\nIn September 2014, Marakesh''s\n        first EP Den Svyatogo Valentina (2007) and a second full length M (2008),\n        which were previously released only in Ukraine and Russia, became available\n        worldwide on iTunes[https://itunes.apple.com/artist/marakesh/id279455367\n        - Marakesh on iTunes] and Bandcamp,[https://marakesh.bandcamp.com\n        - Marakesh on Bandcamp] including one of their most well known songs\n        Jdat from the Grand Theft Auto IV video-game soundtrack.\\n\\nIn November 2014,\n        Four Phonica launched a musical crowdsourcing campaign #Songblitz. In one\n        month time, the band created and released a cover of The Smiths'' There Is\n        a Light That Never Goes Out entirely made of musical, vocal and video contributions\n        from fans.[http://www.songblitz.com - Songblitz]{{dead\n        link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\nIn\n        autumn of 2015 Marakesh have returned with new single Run. Run was followed\n        up by another single Cold Call released on 12 February 2016. On November 1st\n        2016, Marakesh premiered an official music video for Cold Call on their YouTube\n        channel. Directed by Alex Barsuk and art directed by Daria Chepel, it was\n        shot at Turmwerk Studios, former headquarters of [[IAMX]] and a working space\n        for such artists as Noblesse Oblige and producer [[Jim Abbiss]] among others.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJuOM_nicP8\n        - Marakesh - Cold Call (Official Video)]\\n\\nIn December 2016, Marakesh announced they will release 3 new\n        singles throughout winter starting with Hand Grenade on 8 December 2016. It\n        was followed by Mr. Correspondent in January 2017, along with a new EP 199X\n        available only on band''s Patreon page for one month before an official release.\n        The 6-track EP was released on all other platforms on 22 February 2017 in\n        Standard and Deluxe versions.\\n\\nIn March 2017, Marakesh premiered a lyric\n        video for their first single in Russian in 7 years, Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t\n        Love).\\n\\n==Band members==\\nCurrent members\\n*Mark Gritsenko \\u2013 vocals,\n        guitars, keyboards\\n*Alexander Petrovsky \\u2013 bass, keyboards\\n*Valery Derevyansky\n        \\u2013 drums\\n*Christoph Hadl Hassel \\u2013 bass, mixing, production\\nLive\n        members\\n*Herman Gritsenko - keyboards\\n*Rich Millin \\u2013 drums\\n*Daria\n        Chepel \\u2013 art direction\\nFormer members\\n*Valery Popovich \\u2013\n        guitars\\n*Dmitry Kvyatkovsky \\u2013 guitars\\n*Igor Kievets \\u2013\n        bass\\n\\n==Discography==\\nas Marakesh:\\n*''''Androgyny'''' (LP) (2006)\\n*''''Den\n        Svyatogo Valentina (English: Saint Valentine''s Day)'''' (EP) (2007)\\n*''''M''''\n        (LP) (2008)\\n*''''Taste Me'''' (EP) (2010)\\n*''''My Favorite Song'''' (single)\n        (2011)\\n*''''199X'''' (EP) (2017)\\n*''''Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t Love)''''\n        (single) (2017)\\nas Four Phonica:\\n*''''Divine'''' (single) (2013)\\n*''''Sabotage''''\n        (single) (2014)\\n*''''Four Phonica'''' (EP) (2014)\\n*''''There Is a Light\n        That Never Goes Out'''' (single) (2014)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{Official website|www.marakeshband.eu|Marakesh}}\\n* {{Official\n        website|www.fourphonica.com|Four Phonica}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":797218590,\"length\":8933,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marakesh_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\"},\"48048659\":{\"pageid\":48048659,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"O.Torvald\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T17:58:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = O.Torvald
\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434\\n|\n        image           = O.Torvald. Eurovision Song Contest 2017, Semi Final 2 Rehearsals.\n        Photo 294.jpg\\n| logo            =\\n| caption         = \\n| image_size      =\\n|\n        landscape       = Yes\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          =\n        [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = {{Hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[alternative\n        rock]]|[[alternative metal]]|[[nu metal]]}}\\n| years_active    = 2005\\u2013present\\n|\n        label           =  [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website         = [http://o-torvald.com/ o-torvald.com]\\n| current_members\n        = [[Yevhen Halych]]
Denys Myzyuk
Mykola Rayda
Oleksandr Solokha
Mykyta\n        Vasyl\\u02b9yev\\n| past_members    = Oleksandr Nechyporenko
Andriy Lytvynok
Ihor\n        Odaryuk
Volodymyr Yakovlev\\n}}\\n\\n''''''O.Torvald'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian rock band. It was formed in 2005 in [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its debut album O.Torvald was recorded in 2008. O.Torvald took part in festivals\n        such as GBOB, [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]], Tavria games, Prosto\n        Rock (with [[Linkin Park]] and [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]]), [[Zakhid]], Krashche\n        Misto UA (with [[Evanescence]] and [[The Rasmus]]), Ekolomyja and Global Gathering.\n        They represented [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017|Ukraine]] in\n        the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] with the song \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\n        finishing in 24th place.{{cite web|url=http://wiwibloggs.com/2017/02/25/ukraine-will-sing-eurovision-2017/177369/|title=UKRAINE:\n        O.Torvald will sing \\\"Time\\\" at Eurovision 2017|date=25 February 2017|publisher=Wiwibloggs|website=wiwibloggs.com|last=Vasilyev|first=Mikhail}}\\n\\n==Members==\\n*\n        [[Yevhen Halych]] \\u2013 vocals, guitar (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Denys Myzyuk\n        \\u2013 guitar, backing vocals (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Solokha \\u2013\n        drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Mykyta Vasyl\\u02b9yev \\u2013 bass (2014\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Mykola Rayda \\u2013 piano, DJ (2008\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n===Studio\n        albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:10em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:O.Torvald (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|O.Torvald]]''''\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2008\\n* Label: Yenisey Group\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456|\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456]]''''
(''''In you'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2011\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442 (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442]]''''
(''''Primate'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404|\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404]]''
(''''You are'''')\\n| \\n* Released: November\n        2014\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] \\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438|#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438]]''''
(''''#ourpeopleareeverywhere'''')\\n| \\n* Released:\n        1 September 2016\\n* Label: Mickey Sound\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Extended\n        plays===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441''''
(''''Use Us'''')\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2012\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format:\n        Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Other albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"| Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0410\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''
(''''Acoustic'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Singles===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:14em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:1em;\\\"| Year\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\"| Peak\n        chart positions\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| Album\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        style=\\\"width:3em;font-size:85%;\\\"| [[Tophit|RUS]]
{{cite\n        web|url=https://tophit.ru/ru/search?str=O.Torvald|title=Search > O.Torvald|publisher=tophit.ru|work=[[Tophit]]}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\\\"\\n| 2008\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"3\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0435\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438|\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438]]\\\"\\n|\n        2009\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0423\\u0419\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2010\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439|\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439]]\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454|\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454]]\\\"\\n|\n        2011\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\\"\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2012\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mr. DJ\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2014\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404''''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"5\\\"|\n        2016\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\\"\\n|\n        189\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0422\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0443\\u0445 \\u2014\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0438\\u0435\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e \\u0431\\u043e\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mama\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\\n| 2017\\n| 188\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"20\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center; font-size:85%;\\\"| \\\"\\u2014\\\" denotes a single that\n        did not chart or was not released.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://o-torvald.com/ O.Torvald website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/OTORVALDband/featured\n        YouTube]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/OTorvald/ Facebook]\\n\\n{{S-start}}\\n{{s-ach}}\\n{{Succession\n        box|\\n| before=[[Jamala]]
with \\\"[[1944 (song)|1944]]\\\"\\n| title=[[Ukraine\n        in the Eurovision Song Contest]]\\n| years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 2017|2017]]\\n|\n        after=''''Incumbent''''\\n}}\\n{{S-end}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine in the Eurovision Song\n        Contest |state=autocollapse}}\\n{{Eurovision Song Contest 2017 |state=autocollapse}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2005]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:English-language singers of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Eurovision Song Contest entrants]]\\n[[Category:Eurovision\n        Song Contest entrants of 2017]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T19:39:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":780377284,\"length\":6581,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O.Torvald&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\"},\"26307708\":{\"pageid\":26307708,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Obiymy\n        Doshchu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T06:43:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Obiymy Doshchu
\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\\n|image              = Obiymy_doschu-2006.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Obiymy Doshchu (in 2006 lineup)\\n|image_size         = 300 \\n|landscape        =\n        Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[symphonic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        2004\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Nash Format]] (Ukraine)\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://rain.in.ua\\n|current_members  = Volodymyr\n        Agafonkin 
 Oleksiy Katruk 
 Mykola Kryvonos 
 Serhiy Dumler 
\n        Maria Kurbatova 
 Olena Nesterovska\\n|past_members = Andriy Demyanenko|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Obiymy\n        Doshchu'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Rain''s Embrace'''') is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band that describes\n        its [[music genre]] as a [[Lyric poetry|lyrical]], autumnal [[rock music]]\n        with [[progressive rock]], [[Neoclassical (New Age)|neoclassic]] and [[doom\n        metal]] influences. \\n\\nThey have released their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]]\n        in Autumn 2009 which reviewers called \\u201c''''an outstanding result in the\n        genre''''\\u201d but also \\u201c''''monotonous, with intentionally limited\n        emotional palette''''\\u201d,[http://www.nneformat.ru/reviews/?id=5459\n        Nash Neformat music magazine] (in Russian) \\u201c''''expressing the\n        same mood in every track''''\\u201d but \\u201c''''nevertheless one of the most\n        impressive and inspired releases in a long time''''\\u201d,[http://www.darkside.ru/album/21523/\n        Darkside webzine reviews] (in Russian) \\u201c''''a new approach to creative\n        work in many ways''''\\u201d[http://rock.kiev.ua/arhiv/2009/287/ Kiev\n        Rock Club webzine] (in Ukrainian) and \\u201c''''a phenomenon worth attention\n        of all fans of twilight lyricism''''\\u201d.[http://umka.com.ua/eng/catalogue/gothic/obiymy-doschu-elehia.html\n        Umka CD-store]\\n\\n== Biography ==\\n=== 2004\\u20142006 ===\\n''''''(band\n        formation, first recordings)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu was started as a one-man\n        project in 2004 as a result of Volodymyr''s interest in writing music, singing\n        and playing an [[acoustic guitar]]. His friend Oleksiy became involved in\n        the project and helped Volodymyr record his first [[Demo (music)|demo]], and\n        the demo in turn inspired his university mate Mykola to make a [[music video|video]]\n        for one of the songs (''''Mertve Derevo I Viter'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyI5xzROaB8\n        Mertve Derevo I Viter video on YouTube] \\n\\nIn spring 2006 Volodymyr\n        forms the [[Band (music)|band]] with Oleksiy on the [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        and Mykola on the [[bass guitar]]. In this lineup the band makes its first\n        live performance in [[Kiev]]. \\n\\nIn Autumn, Oleksiy replaces [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        with [[electric guitar]] and Andriy Demyanenko joins the band as a [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] player. The band continues to create new songs and\n        occasionally perform live. During this time, Oleksiy finishes the second video\n        of the band (for the song ''''Zorenko Moya'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eKRMg76vGg\n        Zorenko Moya video on YouTube] At the end of the year, Obiymy Doshchu\n        record their second demo with 6 songs.\\n\\n=== 2007\\u20142008 ===\\n''''''(line-up\n        complete, live activities)''''''\\n\\nIn 2007, the band finally finds a [[drums|drummer]]\n        - Serhiy Dumler. The same year Maria joins the band as a [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        player to replace Andriy Demyanenko. \\n\\nHaving a complete line-up, the bands\n        starts to actively perform live in 2008, plays at many [[music festival|festivals]]\n        and other places among [[Ukraine]]. It also makes its third recording in the\n        [[recording studio|studio]], ''''Pid Khmaramy'''', to prepare itself for the\n        upcoming recording of an ambitions debut album.\\n\\n=== 2009 ===\\n''''''(debut\n        album, first solo concert, present)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu have finally released\n        their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] on August 29, 2009 as a free download\n        on their website.[http://rain.in.ua/en.html Elehia album download page\n        on the official website] The album contains 8 songs and represents a\n        certain summary of the band''s activities since its formation. It is a [[concept\n        album|conceptual]] album with a single story. It also has rich [[String section|string\n        arrangements]] and contains many contributions from guest musicians.\\n\\nThe\n        band played its first big solo concert in [[Kyiv]] on October 22, 2009. This day can also\n        be considered as the official day of violist Olena Nesterovska joining the\n        band as a permanent member.\\n\\nOn December 10, the band released a new 2-song\n        single ''''Svitanok'''' and a video for one of the songs directed by Mykola\n        Kryvonos.[http://rain.in.ua/svitanok/en.html Svitanok single and video\n        download]\\n\\nCurrently the band is writing the material for its second\n        album expected to come in Spring 2012 and performing live around [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n=== Current members ===\\n* Volodymyr Agafonkin \\u2014 [[vocals]],\n        [[acoustic guitar]] (2004\\u2014present)\\n* Oleksiy Katruk \\u2014 [[electric\n        guitar]] (2006\\u2014present), [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2005\\u20142006)\\n*\n        Mykola Kryvonos \\u2014 [[bass guitar]], [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]\n        (2006\\u2014present)\\n* Serhiy Dumler \\u2014 [[drums]], [[percussion]] (2006\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Maria Kurbatova \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Olena Nesterovska \\u2014 [[viola]] (2009\\u2014present)\\n\\n=== Guest members\n        ===\\n* Hanna Kryvonos \\u2014 [[backing vocals]]\\n* Yana Shakirzhanova \\u2014\n        [[violin]]\\n\\nGuest members occasionally perform live with the band and take\n        part in studio recordings.\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Andriy Demyanenko\n        \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2006\\u20142007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n# 2009 \\u2014 [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f)\\n\\n===\n        Singles ===\\n# 2010 \\u2014 [[Svitanok (single)|Svitanok]] (\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a)\\n\\n==\n        Videos ==\\n# 2005 \\u2014 Mertve Derevo I Viter (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n#\n        2006 \\u2014 Zorenko Moya (director: Oleksiy Katruk)\\n# 2010 \\u2014 Svitanok\n        (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* [http://rain.in.ua/en.html Official Elehia album download page]\\n*\n        [http://myspace.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on MySpace]\\n* [http://facebook.com/pages/Obiymy-Doschu/308519798211\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Facebook]\\n* [http://last.fm/music/\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438+\\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Last.fm]\\n* {{Official website|http://rain.in.ua/index.php}}\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n* [http://twitter.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on Twitter]\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T16:30:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751521445,\"length\":6706,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obiymy_Doshchu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\"},\"2004786\":{\"pageid\":2004786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Okean\n        Elzy\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Okean Elzy
\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\n|image              = Okean elzy moscow 11-02-2012\n        nazipov1.jpg\\n|logo=PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png\\n|caption         =\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 - Okean Elzy\\n|image_size         =\n        300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]
[[COMP\n        music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[Lavina Music]] 
 [[Nova records]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.okeanelzy.com\\n|current_members  = [[Svyatoslav\n        Vakarchuk]] 
 [[Vladimir Opsenica]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c][http://tabloid.pravda.com.ua/news/5166b4f834649/\n        \\u0417 \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0448\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442]\n        
 [[Denys Dudko]] 
 [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] 
[[Denys Hlinin]]|\\n|past_members\n        = [[Pavlo Gudimov]] 
 [[Yuriy Khustochka]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Shurov]] 
 [[Petro Cherniavsky]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c]|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Okean\n        Elzy'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] bands. It was formed in 1994 in [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\n        The band''s vocalist and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]].[http://dzyga.com.ua/E/interv_01/vakarchu.htm  \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u0404\\u00bb \\u2014 \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u0412\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a\n        (\\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb),\n        \\u0432\\u0436\\u0435 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u043b\\u0430\\u0448\\u0442\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] Okean\n        Elzy is one of the best-loved Ukrainian rock bands not only in Ukraine but\n        also in most [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April\n        2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ Magazine music awards for \\\"Best rock act\\\".[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1542312-okean-elzi-ogolosili-nazvu-i-datu-relizu-novogo-albomu\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442:]\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u0443\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\n\\n=== 1994\\u20131999 ===\\nThe band Okean Elzy was founded in 1994\n        by four young men from [[Lviv]]; who were former members of the band Klan\n        Tyshi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0442\\u0438\\u0448\\u0456}}, translation:\n        ''''Clan of Silence'''') which was founded in 1991.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013) The original line-up featured a lead vocal, lead guitar, bass\n        guitar and drums. Throughout 1994 the band spent their time rehearsing.\\n\\nTheir\n        first concert took place in front of the [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet|Lviv\n        Opera Theatre]] on 14 January 1995. Shortly after that appearance they released\n        a demo tape called ''DEMO 94-95''. In 1995 they also  participated for the\n        first time in the two biggest (at the time) Ukrainian music festivals - [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] and [[Melodiya (festival)|Melodiya]], also\n        participated in ''''Is'''', a personal project of Lviv musician [[Oleg Sook]],\n        performed the song Long time ago.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013)\\n\\nIn 1996 the band establish themselves on the festival circuit\n        in Ukraine and beyond. Okean Elzy participated at Sribna Pidkova Festival,\n        Alternative 2, Perlyny Sezonu, Tavriyski Ihry, Trust Open Air Gernsbach (Germany),\n        Trash 96, and R.F.I. 96 (France).\\n\\nIn 1996 Okean Elzy also held their first\n        concert outside Lviv. Their first appearance in the capital [[Kiev]] took\n        place in 1996 where they supported [[Deep Purple]]. In November\\u2013December\n        of that year they recorded and released the group''s first maxi-single ''''Budynok\n        zi skla'''' (\\\"House of glass\\\"). Shortly afterwards the first movie about\n        the group was made by TV Channel [[TET (TV channel)|TET]] and was broadcast\n        nationally.\\n\\n1997 saw tours in the south of France and in the west of Germany.\n        Back to Ukraine they held a concert in their hometown of Lviv, drawing massive\n        crowds.\\n\\nThe band''s big break came in 1998, when they made the decision\n        to move to Kiev. There they started working on their first album ''''[[Tam,\n        de nas nema]]'''' (\\\"There, where we are not\\\"). The group''s first music\n        video was recorded for the song \\\"Tam, de nas nema\\\". This video was the first\n        piece of modern [[Ukrainian music]] to make its mark on [[MTV Russia]], as\n        well as France''s [[MCM (TV channel)|MCM]] Channel.\\n\\nAt the very beginning\n        of 1999, Okean Elzy started working on their second album ''''Ya na nebi buv''''\n        (\\\"I was in the sky\\\"). In May the group decided to try to expand their fan\n        base into Russia. Their first concert was at the festival [[Maxidrom]]. There\n        were thousands of people there who already knew their songs, with many singing\n        along.\\n\\nOn 16 September they played a solo concert at the MCM Cafe in [[Paris]].\\n\\n===\n        2000\\u20132004 ===\\nIn 2000 exactly one year after they started working on\n        ''''Ya na nebi buv'''' the album was released.\\n\\nOn 5 February Okean Elzy\n        held a solo concert at legendary [[London Astoria|Astoria Club]] ([[London]]).\n        In March the keyboard player joined the band.\\n\\nIn 2001 Okean Elzy became\n        new face of [[Pepsi Cola]] in Ukraine as the new millennium dawned. They have\n        released their third album ''''Model''''. They started a big tour around Ukraine\n        called \\\"Ask For More\\\". In August they started working on their fourth album\n        - ''''[[Supersymetriya]]'''' (\\\"Supersymmetry\\\"). The album was eventually\n        released in 2003 and immediately the group embarked on their biggest tour\n        ever.\\n\\nAt the end of 2003 [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] as the frontman of the\n        band became an official Ambassador of Ukrainian Culture.\\n\\nIn 2004 [[Denys\n        Dudko]] (one of the best [[jazz]] bass players in Ukraine) and [[Milo\\u0161\n        Jeli\\u0107]] (composer from [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]]) joined the band.\\n\\nDuring\n        the \\\"[[Orange Revolution]]\\\" Okean Elzy actively supported the democratic\n        changes which the population were demanding, with Slava emerging as a figurehead\n        of the revolution.\\n\\n=== 2005\\u2013present ===\\n[[File:PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png|thumbnail|Logo\n        of the band]]\\nIn 2005 [[Petro Cherniavsky]]  joined the band.\\n\\nOn September\n        22, 2005, Okean Elzy released their new album ''''[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|GLORIA]]''''.\n        After that the band went on tour (30 cities in Ukraine and 10 in Russia) with\n        audio crew Sergey Kamenev, Alexandr Kostin, [[Yurii Barybin]] and Vyacheslav\n        Lavrinenko.\\n\\nIn September 2005, Vakarchuk became UN''s [[Goodwill Ambassador|Ambassador\n        of Good Will]]. Also, in September Okean Elzy started joint campaign with\n        [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]] and [[MTV Europe Foundation]]\n        \\u2013 fighting human trafficking. Svyatoslav Vakarchuk as UN''s Ambassador\n        of Goodwill during 2006 year had different meetings with students at Ukrainian\n        and Poland universities. Now Vakarchuk provides a huge social project running\n        to propagate reading as a natural process. The general idea of this project\n        is to draw the attention of young people to books and help fight illiteracy.\\n\\nIn\n        November 2006, Okean Elzy visited [[Kosovo]], where musicians had a concert\n        for [[peace makers]] from Ukraine, [[Poland]], Germany, United States and\n        other countries, which include international contingent of peace makers.\\n\\nDuring\n        the Football World Cup 2006 in Germany Okean Elzy actively supported the Ukrainian\n        national team and cheered the fans with their songs. The last song of the\n        band called ''''Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly...'''' (\\\"Oh, brother, merry\n        times came...\\\") as always made a huge splash in Ukraine. The song and the\n        video were released as a single and all money profited would be donated to\n        the child care center treating [[AIDS]]. Charity activities play a major role\n        in OE''s life.\\n\\nIn April 2006 OE went on tour, which includes [[Chicago]],\n        [[New York City]] and [[Toronto]], where thousands sang along their songs.\\n\\nOn\n        April 25, 2007, Okean Elzy released a new album ''''Mira'''' (\\\"Measure\\\").\n        After that the band went on a huge nationwide tour. During the month they\n        held tremendous concerts in 27 Ukrainian cities. The outstanding feature about\n        ''''Mira'''' was that all the concerts were held at large cities, mostly stadiums\n        and sports palaces. The concerts were attended by more than 120,000 fans,\n        which has become a record for the group. For the two Kiev concerts the attendance\n        was about 24,000 total. In the [[history of Ukraine]] only Okean Elzy \\\"for\n        the second time (after round of ''''GLORIA'''') brought so many people in\n        one place in such a short time.\\n\\nIn 2010 Okean Elzy went on their Dolce\n        Vita Tour, in support of their latest album ''''Dolce Vita'''', which included\n        over one hundred concerts in Russia, Ukraine, [[Belarus]], Europe and North\n        America.\\n\\nIn December 2013 the band performed during [[Euromaidan]]-protests.[http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/ukraine-suspends-mayor-security-official-over-protest-crackdown_896844.html\n        Ukraine suspends mayor, security official over protest crackdown], [[Zee News]]\n        (14 December 2013)\\n\\n== 2013 Tour ==\\nIn 2013, Okean Elzy announced\n        in their website a new album and new tour through Ukraine.\\n\\n== 2014 ==\\nJune\n        21, 2014. For their 20th anniversary Okean Elzy performed in front of 70,\n        000 fans in Kyiv at NSC Olimpiyskiy.{{cite web | url = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757\n        | title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e}}\n        This concert was the most massive in Ukrainian history.{{Cite\n        web|title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e\n        {{!}} \\u0416\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430-\\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u041a\\u0410|url\n        = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757|website = ukrainka.org.ua|access-date =\n        2016-02-09}}[http://www.okeanelzy.com/ru/news/135/ \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u00ab\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb]\\n\\n==\n        Current members ==\\n# [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] \\u2014 vocal (1994\\u2013present)\\n#\n        [[Vladimir Opsenitsa]] \\u2014 guitar (2013-present)\\n# [[Denys Dudko]] \\u2014\n        bass (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] \\u2014 piano, synthesizers\n        (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Denys Hlinin]] \\u2014 drums (1994\\u2013present)\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n# 1998 -\n        \\\"[[Tam, de nas nema]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043c, \\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 - There, Where We Aren''t)\\n# 2000 - \\\"[[Ya Na Nebi\n        Buv]]\\\" (\\u042f \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0456 \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 -\n        I Was In Heaven)\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[Model (Okean Elzy album)|Model]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Supersymetriya]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        - Supersymmetry)\\n# 2005 - \\\"[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|Gloria]]\\\"\\n# 2007\n        - \\\"Mira\\\" (\\u041c\\u0456\\u0440\\u0430 - Measure)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Dolce Vita (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Dolce Vita]]\\\"\\n# 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Zemlya (album)|Zemlya]]\\\" (\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\n        - The Land)\\n# 2014 - \\\"[[\\u041d\\u0410\\u0419\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0429\\u0415]]\\\"\\n#\n        2016 - \\\"[[Bez mezh]]\\\" (\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 - Without limits)\\n\\n===\n        Acoustic albums ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Tviy format (Okean Elzy album)|Tviy format]]\\\"\n        (Your format)\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1996 - \\\"[[Budynok zi skla (Okean Elzy\n        album)|Budynok zi skla]]\\\" (House of glass)\\n* 2002 - \\\"[[Kholodno (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Kholodno]]\\\" (It is cold)\\n* 2004 - \\\"[[Dyakuyu! (Okean Elzy album)|Dyakuyu!]]\\\"\n        (Thank You!)\\n* 2006 - \\\"[[Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly... (Okean Elzy album)|Veseli,\n        brate, chasy nastaly...]]\\\" (Oh, brother, merry times came...)\\n* 2009 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Ya tak khochu...]]\\\" (I want so much to...)\\n* 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Obiymy]]\\\"\n        (Embrace)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Ne tvoya viyna]]\\\" (Not your war)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Zhyttya\n        pochynayet''sya znov]]\\\" (Life begins again)\\n\\n=== Compilations ===\\n* 2006\n        - \\\"[[1221 (Okean Elzy album)|1221]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2010 -\n        \\\"[[The Best Of (Okean Elzy album)|The Best Of]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Solo projects ===\\n*\n        2008 - \\\"[[Vnochi (music album)|Vnochi]]\\\" (At night) - album released under\n        the name of ideological mastermind [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Brussel'']]\\\"\n        (Brussels)\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Okean elzy - Dyakuyu tobi.ogg|title=\\\"Dyakuyu\n        tobi (\\u0414\\u044f\\u043a\\u0443\\u044e \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com Official Okean Elzy website]\\n\\n{{commons\n        category|Okean Elzy}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1994]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":799027679,\"length\":12806,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okean_Elzy&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\"},\"47328535\":{\"pageid\":47328535,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Opalnyi\n        Prynz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-06T16:35:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Over-quotation|date=August 2015}}\\n''''''Opalnyi\n        Prynz'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446''''''}})\n        was an influential.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        and popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[Ukrainian rock]] band;\n        the band which came out of musical project called ''''''Strus Mozku''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0443''''''}}),\n        or ''Brain Concussion'', in English, which started in 1987 when [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]''s younger brother [[Yuriy Shtyn]] relocated to [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\n        after completing his studies at the conservatory in [[Rivne]].\\n\\nThe ''''''Strus\n        Mozku'''''' project included the following individuals: both Shtyn brothers,\n        Roman Brytsky, Boris Rosenthul and a young actress from the [[Maria Zankovetska\n        Theatre|Zankovetska Theatre]] in [[Lviv]], by the name of Lyudmila Razik.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        This project eventually morphed into ''''Opalnyi Prynz'''' with Yuriy Shtyn\n        composing all of the material both musically and lyrically, singing and play\n        keyboards, his older brother [[Rostyslav Shtyn]], played guitar and provided\n        vocals. Roman Brytsky stayed on as a second keyboardistTwenty years old\n        and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with Rostyslav\n        Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\nIt\n        was with this composition of the group with which ''''Opalnyi Prinz'''' recorded\n        their first singles which included: ''''Mandry'''' \\u2013 ''''Wanderings''''\n        in 1987, ''''Pozychayesh pamyat'''' \\u2013 ''''You Borrow memory'''', ''''Chorna\n        Dira'''' \\u2013 ''''Black Hole'''', ''''Leonid Brezhnev'''', which received\n        airplay on [[Radio Liberty]], and ''''Paskuda'''' \\u2013 ''''Hussy''''. All\n        these compositions were very socially and musically \\\"different\\\" singlesTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and made up their first album also entitled ''''Mandry'''' after their first\n        recorded single.\\n\\nA few more singles would be released from their first\n        album ''''Mandry'''': ''''Shantrapa'''' \\u2013 ''''Riff-raff'''' 1987; other\n        singles included ''''Kombi u L\\u2019vovi'''' \\u2013 ''''Kombi in L''viv''''\n        \\u2013 1988, a satirical song about the groups meeting with the Polish group\n        [[Kombi (band)|Kombi]] during their performance in Lviv; ''''Tankova attaka''''\n        \\u2013 ''''Tank attack''''(in Russian) which included saxophonist Zenon Kovpak,\n        in 1989 which was politically oriented at what the USSR''s role was in [[Afghanistan]];Interviews\n        with Yurok and Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 Twenty years old and still fresh today\n        \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and, ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' \\u2013 ''''Hey Ukraine!'''', which would become\n        the opening track of their second album ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' ''''New\n        revolution'''' 1991.\\n\\nTheir second album, ''''Nova Revolyutsia'''', released\n        in 1991 was filled out with Toomas Vanem on lead guitar.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        Authorities didn''t like what they heard on the new album (cassette) with\n        a release of 30,000 copies. Many of the songs were not appreciated by Soviet\n        authorities, songs like ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''',Twenty years old and\n        still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 translation of lyrics of ''''Nova\n        revolutsia'''' -http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        as well as the lead song ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' and probably the others were\n        just a little pro-Ukrainian, and as a result, within weeks of the album''s\n        release, no copies could be found at the regular state run music storesPersonal\n        discussion with Yuriy and Rostyslav Shtyn, 2010\\n\\n\\nThis is what\n        Ukrainian music critic and journalist Oleksandr Yevtushenko wrote in one of\n        his compilations on contemporary Ukrainian music:\\n
\\n\\\"I first\n        heard the group OPALNYI PRYNZ on the broadcasts of the Ukrainian service of\n        [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]. The songs ''''Hey Ukraino!'''',\n        ''''Nash Prapor'''' were played every day. That was at the end of the 1980s.\n        But to find out anything about the group was only possible after the release\n        of their first album ''''Mandry''''. And after that as music of the \\\"secretive\n        inhabitants of Lviv\\\" Ukrainian Radio started to play them and the became\n        radio-hits. [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] and company came out into the information\n        field. But they did not try to conquer it, because first and foremost they\n        were concerned with the creation of a European level of musical infrastructure\n        with their own agency, recording studio. What we are talking about here is\n        a well equipped national factory of stars. The idea didn''t leave Rostyslav\n        alone. Thank God, that he gathered his organizational skills and musical talent.\n        First of all there was his musical education \\u2013 Rostyslav''s education\n        is as a violinist. There was the persistent work with stars of multifarious\n        stages. At the end of the 1980s the main matter became his group OPALNYI PRYNZ.\n        It was created by: Yuri Shtyn (his younger brother), who plays keyboards,\n        sings, and writes the music and lyrics, Toomas Vanem \\u2013 lead guitar and\n        still one other keyboardist Roman Brytsky and singer and guitarist [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]. The path of OPALNYI PRYNZ cardinally is different from generally\n        accepted schemes. Because for they had the idea of technical and financial\n        independence and perfect quality of how they sounded. The group signed a contract\n        with one German producers centre and received the possibility of publishing\n        its materials on both sides of the [[Iron Curtain]]. At the end of 1990 OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ realizes its next project \\u2013 the album ''''Nova Revolyutsiya''''.\n        Indisputably, all the tracks of the album are woven with the tectonic changes\n        in the life of Ukrainian society. It''s impregnated with movement towards\n        freedom, the feeling of change. Concurrently it is beautifully recorded. And\n        the video clip to the song ''''Nash Prapor'''' was shown on Ukrainian television\n        all the way through to the year 2000. Some people confirm, that this clip\n        was shown on [[MTV]] in honor of [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukraine''s\n        declaration of independence]] in 1991. ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''' \\u2013 these\n        are very strong and unique compositions ''''Khlib po vodi'''' (Bread upon\n        the water), ''''Rozmyti dorohy'''' (Washed out roads), ''''Ty na viyni''''\n        (You are at war), ''''Simnadtsyate veresnya'''' (1939 The Seventeenth of September),\n        ''''Braty po zbroyii'''' (Brothers in Arms). These are songs that one does\n        not forget. Regardless of their primarily studio plane of existence, OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ had a considerable influence on the formation of Ukrainian rock-music,\n        certain models in their sound in particular, we are talking about the synthesis\n        of ethnic music with rock. It is possible that they were the first that did\n        it delicately and convincingly. It''s incredible, but OPALNYI PRYNZ even today\n        sounds fresh and real.\\\"\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.htmlTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Translation of\n        Oleksandr Yevthushenko''s commentary on Opalnyi Prynz from his book mentioned\n        elswhere.) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\n
\\n\\nOne\n        of the most important principles which was espoused by ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''\n        and [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] was the importance of financial and technical independence\n        from government structures. It was under the new developments of ''''Perebudova''''\n        that in 1987 that the elder Shtyn set up the ''''Holos'''' Studio as a cooperative\n        which eventually developed into the studio of ''''Rostyslav-show''''.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\n''''Opalniy\n        Prinz'''' was very much a studio band and seldom appeared live.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalniy-prynz/\\n\\nIn\n        1991 one of ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''''s videos to their song ''''Nash prapor''''\n        from their ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' album received broadcast time on [[MTV]]\n        in honour of Ukraine''s newly gained independence.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044fhttp://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0428\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u044c \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0443. \\u0412 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        80-\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0406\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0411\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a \\u0456\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\\",  \\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e, http://h.ua/story/52588/\\n\\nWithin\n        the first years of Ukraine''s independence ''''Opalniy Prynz'''' ceased an\n        active existence, though it was  not completely inactive. In 1992 it played\n        an active role in a project entitled ''''Vernsiage-92. Nova Ukrainiinska Khvylia\n        \\u2013 Vernisage-92. A New Ukrainian Wave.'''' After this production Vika\n        Vradiy together with ''''Opalniy Prynz\\\" were to embark on a European tour,\n        however, something didn''t work out and the tour was canceled.http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/legendi-ximernogo-krayu/festival-akcz-mprezi/vern.html\\n\\nWhat\n        followed was an interesting and progressive cooperation between [[Yuriy Shtyn]]\n        and Vlad Dobriansky, in Looney Pelen.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1987 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-26T10:04:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":774155229,\"length\":11006,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opalnyi_Prynz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\"},\"35351678\":{\"pageid\":35351678,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"PanKe\n        Shava\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2013}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            =\n        PanKe Shava\\n| image           =\\n| image_size      =\\n| landscape       =\n        \\n| alt             =\\n|\n        caption         = PanKe Shava, 2013\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n|\n        alias           =\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre           =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[funk rock]], [[blues rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n| years_active    =\n        {{start date|2008}}\\u2013present\\n| label           = Independent\\n| associated_acts\n        = Lost Wanderer\\n| website         = [http://www.panke-shava.com www.panke-shava.com]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]]
Katia Perekopska
Pavlo\n        Gvozdetskyi
Vadym Poltorak
Andriy Vashchenko
Nikita Perekopskyi\\n|\n        past_members    = Roman Antipov
Sviatoslav Babii
Serb SvirskyiOleksiy Dibrova
Vitaliy Vialyi
Sashka Chech
Bohdan ShkurynskyiAlex Popel
Ivan Sopelniak
Pavel Molukevich
Taras MelnychenkoMax Kortes\\n}}\\n\\n''''''PanKe Shava'''''' is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock\n        band founded by [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]]. PanKe Shava plays\n        music that can be described as \\\"rock''n''love\\\" with the elements of ethno\n        music. The band uses such instrumental highlights as a violin, trumpet and\n        [[xylophone]].\\n\\n== History ==\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 2.jpg|thumb|PanKe Shava\n        on the largest TV music marathon that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]]]]\\nThe\n        band PanKe Shava is founded by the Kite ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439}}) frontman [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]].\n        The band has changed its staff and location few times, moving from [[Lviv]]\n        to [[Poltava]] and is based in [[Kiev]] now.\\n\\nThe artists popularize Ukrainian\n        culture in Poland and other countries in an acceptable for modern youth form.\\n\\nSince\n        its founding, PanKe Shava has performed and headlined at the various music\n        festivals throughout the world: Austin City Limits Music Festival (USA), [[The\n        night of culture|Noc Kultury]] (Poland), Fluhery Lvova (Ukraine), [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (Ukraine), Columbus Arts Festival (USA), [[:pl:Rzesz\\u00f3w#Europejski\n        Stadion Kultury|Europejski Stadion Kultury]] (Poland), Bitwa Narodow (Poland),\n        The Festival of British Rock (Ukraine), Gipper Tattoo Fest (Ukraine), Otrokiv\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u041c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f|Mlynomania]]\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430|Studrespublika]]\n        (Ukraine), Battle of the Nations (Ukraine), Vyo Kobelyaky (Ukraine).\\n\\nMoreover,\n        in 2012 the band participated in the largest TV music marathon on [[:uk:\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439|The\n        First National Channel of Ukraine]] that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]].\\n\\nIn\n        2013 PanKe Shava performed at such big festivals as [[:uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0421\\u0456\\u0447|Rock''n''Sich]] (Ukraine), Bataille des Nations (France),\n        The Best City.UA (Ukraine), [[:uk:Woodstock \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|Woodstock\n        Ukraine]], [[Przystanek Woodstock]] (Poland), [[:uk:\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442|Bandershtat]]\n        (Ukraine), and participated in a number of gala concerts on the central square\n        of [[Ukraine]] \\u2013 [[Maydan Nezalezhnosti]].[http://panke-shava.com/?m0prm=6\n        Concert schedule on the official web-site]\\n\\nSince 2010, every winter\n        PanKe Shava has been touring in Ukraine with P.S.Love Tour,[http://eradio.net.ua/806-gurt-panke-shava-virushiv-u-p-s-love-tour.html\n        PanKe Shava is on P.S.Love Tour] and in 2013 Ukrainian music program\n        Kvadrat U shot a movie about the day of the band''s life during this tour.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANepIn4msiI\n        Day In Life Of Musician \\u2013 PanKe Shava]\\n\\nTha band is involved\n        in social projects and plays music programs in higher educational establishments,\n        organizes charity concerts as a voluntary contribution to the cultural development\n        of the young people, participates in the programs aimed to promote healthy\n        lifestyle among the youth, to train cultural and moral values, to prevent\n        such negative phenomena in society as drug addiction and alcoholism.\\n\\nIn\n        2013 the band PanKe Shava cooperated actively with funds [[Great Orchestra\n        of Christmas Charity]] (the concert on 13 January during WO\\u015aP Grand Finale\n        in Warsaw)[http://sercedoserca.com.ua/ua/novini/panke-shava--vistupili-na-finali--21-blagodiinoi-akcii-naividomishogo-polskogo-fondu-velikii-orkestr-svjatkovoi-dopomogi-vosp-u-varshavi.htm\n        PanKe Shava has performed  in the final of XXI charity action of the most\n        well-known Polish fund Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity in Warsaw!]\n        and [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u044f|Heart\n        to heart (Ukraine)]] (the concert for the Hear the world! action).[http://honchar.org.ua/events/velykodnij-yarmarok-ta-vidkryttya-vystavky-konkursnyh-pysanok/\n        Charity concert Easter hearts]\\n\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 7.JPG|thumb|P.S.\n        LOVE TOUR 2012]]\\n\\n[[File:2013 Woodstock 042 Panke Shava.jpg|thumb|PanKe\n        Shava at [[Przystanek Woodstock]]]]\\n\\n== Members ==\\n\\n=== Current members\n        ===\\n* [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n* Katia Perekopska \\u2013\n        violin\\n* Pavlo Gvozdetskyi \\u2013 keyboard, vocals\\n* Vadym Poltorak \\u2013\n        bass guitar, backing vocals\\n* Andriy Vashchenko \\u2013 drums\\n* Nikita Perekopskyi\n        \\u2013 trumpet\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Roman Antipov \\u2013 percussion\n        (2008)\\n* Sviatoslav Babii \\u2013 percussion (till 2009)\\n* Serb Svirskyi\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (till 2009)\\n* Oleksiy Dibrova \\u2013 drums (2010)\\n* Vitaliy\n        Vialyi \\u2013 drums (2008 \\u2013 2009, 2011)\\n* Sashka Chech \\u2013 violin\n        (till 2011)\\n* Bohdan Shkurynskyi \\u2013 [[accordion]] (till 2012)\\n* Alex\n        Popel \\u2013 drums (till 2012)\\n* Ivan Sopelniak \\u2013 bass guitar (till\n        2012)\\n* Pavel Molukevich \\u2013 bass guitar (2012)\\n* Taras Melnychenko \\u2013\n        drums (2012\\u20132013)\\n* Max Kortes \\u2013 guitar (2011, 2013)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Strange World|Strange World]]'''''' (EP, 2010)\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Maydan\n        Birthday limited edition|Maydan Birthday limited edition]]'''''' (2013)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.panke-shava.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.facebook.com/panke.shava\n        PanKe Shava on Facebook]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava\n        on Myspace]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava on Soundcloud]\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/user/PanKeShavaTV PanKe Shava YouTube official channel]\\n*\n        [http://pankeshava.livejournal.com/ PanKe Shava LiveJournal]\\n{{Commons category|PanKe\n        Shava}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2008]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":781287396,\"length\":6455,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PanKe_Shava&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\"},\"34975852\":{\"pageid\":34975852,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Quest\n        Pistols Show\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-03T15:41:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=March\n        2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name        = Quest Pistols Show\\n| image            =\n        File:Quest Pistols Show.jpeg\\n| caption          = Quest Pistols Show in 2015\\n|\n        background       = group_or_band\\n| years_active     = 2007-present\\n| origin           =\n        [[Ukraine]], [[Kiev]]\\n| genre            = Pop, rock, electronic, house\\n|\n        language         = Russian; English\\n| label            = Kruzheva Music\\n|\n        website =        http://questpistols.com\\n| current_members     = Daniel MatseychukWashington Salles
Ivan Krishtoforenko
Mariam Turkmenbaeva\\n| past_members     =  Anton\n        Savlepov
Nikita Goruk
Konstantin Borovsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Quest Pistols\n        Show'''''' (before 2014, ''''''Quest Pistols'''''') are a Ukrainian pop-rock\n        band formed in 2007, originally consisting of Anton Savlepov (vocals, guitar),\n        Nikita Goruk (vocals, bass), and Konstantin ''Kostya'' Borovsky (vocals, keyboard).\n        In 2012 Kostya left the band and was replaced by Daniel Joy. The band began\n        as a group of dancers in a show called \\\"Quest Ballet\\\". On April 1, 2007\n        they took part as singers during the show \\\"Chance\\\" as an April Fools joke\n        with the song \\\"\\u042f \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\\" and received over\n        60,000 positive votes. After their success, the group decided to become a\n        band.\\\"[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/citylife/detail/30194/ Kiev\n        Post]\\\" Since their formation, the band has released the studio albums:\n        Dlja tebja, in 2007 and Superklass in 2009; and one EP \\\"\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\\"\n        in 2008, and now the single ''Forget Everything'' in 2013 (later added to\n        the album ''Shards of Ice''). This song marks the start of ''a new stage''\n        of the band,http://www.intermedia.ru/news/242394?page=1 completely\n        different from the usual image. The press team commented; ''With this release,\n        they start the next level in their musical career, it''s changed not only\n        the style of sound, but the pitch, perception, positioning, and also the choice\n        of material.'' Most recently, the band released ''Shards of Ice'', which takes\n        the band in a more electronic and synthpop direction.\\n\\nIn 2008 the band\n        won the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Ukrainian Act|MTV Europe Music Awards\n        2008 as best Ukrainian Act of the year]]. The same year, the band created\n        \\\"\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\\" for the soundtrack of Vladivostok FM; the fictitious\n        radio station in [[Grand Theft Auto IV]].\\\"[[Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack#Vladivostok\n        FM|Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack]]\\\"\\n\\nIn 2009 the band had been touring\n        across Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia and\n        Germany. Tour live audio design was created by [[Yurii Barybin]].\\n\\nIn 2009\n        Quest Pistols won ''''''[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]'''''' as the best band.\\n\\nIn\n        January 2016, Anton Savlepov and Nikita Goruk left the band and joined former\n        Quest Pistols member Konstantin Borovsky in a new band called ''''''\\u0410\\u0433\\u043e\\u043d\\u044c''''''.http://m.vk.com/yo_agon{{dead\n        link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===In\n        studio===\\n*2007 - [[Dlja tebja]]\\n*2009 - [[Superklass]]\\n* 2013 - Forget\n        Everything\\n* 2013 - Shards of Ice\\n\\n===EP===\\n*2008 - [[\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430]]\\n\\n===Songs\n        not included in albums===\\n*2010 - \\u042f \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\n*2010\n        - \\u0420\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\n*2011 - \\u0416\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044b\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b \\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\n*\n        2012 - [[\\u0423\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435]]\n        (feat. Lena Katina; t.A.T.u.)\\n* 2016 - \\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0447\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u0445\n        (feat. [[Open Kids]])\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.questpistols.com\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Pistols, Quest}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        pop music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-03T01:12:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":793729088,\"length\":3819,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quest_Pistols_Show&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\"},\"2654668\":{\"pageid\":2654668,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Plach\n        Yeremiyi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-05-12T11:08:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''Plach\n        Yeremiyi'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The band\n        was actually formed in February 1990, but the two most  constant\n        musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod Dyachyshyn have played together\n        since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon'''''' (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach\n        Yeremiyi songs are usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead\n        man [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org\n        Website show that the words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n==Albums==\\n*Dveri\n        k\\u043etri naspravdi ye... (''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456, \\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0456 \\u0454'''', ''''The\n        doors, which indeed exist'''') (1993)\\n*Nay bude vse yak ye (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435 \\u044f\\u043a \\u0454...'''', ''''Leave\n        it all as it is'''') (1995)\\n*Khata moya (''''\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043c\\u043e\\u044f'''',\n        ''''My house'''') (1997)\\n*Dobre (''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435'''',\n        ''''It''s good'''') (1998)\\n*Ya pidu v daleki hory (''''\\u042f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438, I will\n        go to the distant hills'''') (1999)\\n*Yak ya spala na seni (''''\\u042f\\u043a\n        \\u044f \\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456'''',\n        ''''As I slept on hay'''') (2000)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n*[[Rock legends of\n        Ukraine]] (''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438'''')\\n\\n===Taras Chubay with friends===\\n*Nashe\n        rizdvo (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 \\u0440\\u0456\\u0437\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e,\n        Our Christmas'''')\\n*Nashi partyzany (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438,\n        Our partisans'''')\\n*Nash Ivasyuk (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448 \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a,\n        Our Ivasyuk'''') (2003)\\n\\n===Taras Chubay===\\n*Svitlo i spovid''. (''''\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044c, Light and Confession'''')\n        (2003)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=144\n        Plach Jeremiji CDs on www.umka.com.ua internet store]\\n*[http://ukrcenter.com/gallery/ImagesList.asp?PidrozdilID=57\n        Photo gallery on ukrcenter.com]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-15T05:14:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":719885374,\"length\":2302,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plach_Yeremiyi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\"},\"42993558\":{\"pageid\":42993558,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Polynove\n        Pole\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-20T20:20:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{notability|Music|date=January\n        2017}}\\n{{more footnotes|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist  \\n| name                = Polynove\n        Pole\\n| image               = Polynove Pole 2007.jpg\\n| caption             =\n        Polynove Pole in 2007.\\n| landscape           = yes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Lviv]], Ukraine\\n| years_active        =\n        {{start date|2005}}\\u20132012\\n| label               =\\n| genre               =\n        [[Gothic metal]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Polynove Pole'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435}}, \\\"The Wormwood Field\\\") is a [[gothic metal]]\n        [[band (music)|band]] from [[Ukraine]]. It was formed in 2004 in [[Lviv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. The music style of the band can be described as melodic [[gothic\n        metal]], with several songs referring to [[symphonic metal]] and [[doom metal]].\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\nHaving created their first material, in the early 2005 the musicians\n        recorded a demo, which included four songs. In a couple of months \\\"Polynove\n        Pole\\\" already started to participate in concerts and rock festivals in Lviv\n        and other cities. After the considerable changes in the cast at the beginning\n        of 2007 their music changed in a way. It has become tangibly heavier, more\n        melodic and closer to the formerly chosen gothic metal style. New members\n        joined the band (amond them \\u2013 the soloist of  Lviv Philharmonic [[Marianna\n        Laba]]). That enabled he band to develop a new quality of composing music\n        and onstage performance.\\n\\nSince autumn of 2008 the musicians have got down\n        to work on studio records, where they create their first official release\n        \\u2013 a short-lasting album \\\"Pure souls\\\". The second official release,\n        a complete album ''''On Seven Winds'''' was brought out in spring 2009, combining\n        the best of the band from all the previous years. Throughout the year 2009\n        they carry on with concerts and a new musical material. In September, 2009\n        Polynove Pole performed on the biggest in Eastern Europe gothic festival \\\"Children\n        Of  The  Night:  The Black Council\\\". In October they started working on the\n        third short-lasting album, ''''Under The Cold Stone'''', released in December\n        2009.\\nDuring their stage activity, the band has plated on the same stage\n        with such famous Ukrainian and European bands as \\\"Inferno\\\", \\\"Komu Vnyz\\\"\n        ([[Ukraine]]), [[Lake of Tears]] ([[Sweden]]), \\\"Torhaus\\\", \\\"Cemetery of\n        Scream\\\" ([[Poland]]).\\n\\nBeginning from 2010 the band stopped their activity\n        due to members discordance about creative approaches.\\n\\nOn July 3, 2012 the\n        demise of the band was officially declared.{{cite web |url=http://rock.lviv.ua/band/321/\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\n        |website=Rock.lviv.ua |language= uk |accessdate= 17 May 2015}}\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\n* [[Marianna Laba]] \\u2014 female vocals (2007\\u20132012)\\n*\n        Andrew Kindratovych \\u2014 bass, growl vocals (2004\\u20132009)\\n* Mykola\n        Maksymenko \\u2014 guitar (2004\\u20132012)\\n* Oleg Rubanov \\u2014\n        keyboards (2007\\u20132012)\\n* Sergiy Krasutsky \\u2014 drums (2007\\u20132012)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===\n        Demo ===\\n* \\\"Polynove Pole\\\" (2005\\u20132006)\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n* ''''Pure\n        Souls'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2008)\\n* ''''On Seven Winds'''' (LP) (2009)\\n* ''''Under\n        The Cold Stone'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [https://myspace.com/polynovepole Polynove Pole] at [[MySpace]]\n        \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Gothic metal musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-06T20:10:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":761087075,\"length\":3435,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynove_Pole&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\"},\"35117382\":{\"pageid\":35117382,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Qarpa\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-30T09:54:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove\n        |date=March 2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n|name            = Qarpa\\n|image           = Qarpa-Huliaypole.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Performance on Maxno-Fest\\n|image_size      = 250px\\n|landscape       = yes\\n|background      =\n        group_or_band\\n|genre           = [[industrial music]], [[punk rock]], [[hardcore\n        punk]], [[trip hop]]\\n|origin          = [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], later [[Kyiv]]\n        ([[Ukraine]])\\n|years_active    = 1992\\u2013present\\n|label           =\\n|website         =\n        [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/ Qarpa]\\n|associated_acts\n        =\\n|current_members = [[Irena Karpa]]
 Oleh Artym
 Artur Danijeljan Jevhenija Smoljanynova
 Andrij Kohut\\n|past_members    =\\n}}\\n''''''Qarpa''''''\n        (before 2007 called ''''''Faktychno Sami'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456}} /f\\u0251k''t\\u026at\\u0361\\u0283n\\u0254 s\\u0251''mi/)\n        is an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] industrial band originally from [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\n        The band''s frontwoman is [[Irena Karpa]]\\u2014Ukrainian singer and writer.\n        The band released eight studio albums.\\n\\nThe band took part in many festivals\n        and was a laureate of \\\"Alternative\\\", \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\" and \\\"Majbutnje Ukrajiny\\\"\n        festivals. In 2004 the members of \\\"Faktychno Sami\\\" shot the film \\\"Kyiv.\n        Limited Edition\\\", which was later presented in [[Molodist]] film festival.\\n\\nAlso\n        the band is famous of their antiglamour parties like \\u00abSecond-hand of\n        the Stars\\u00bb or \\u00abLucifer wants go home\\u00bb.\\n\\nThe band''s old name,\n        Faktychno Sami, in Ukrainian means \\\"actually alone\\\".\\n\\n==Current members==\\n*\n        [[Irena Karpa]] ''''(\\u0406\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430)''''\n        \\u2013 vocal (since 1999)\\n* Oleh Artym ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433 \\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c)''''\n        \\u2013 guitar, programming (since 1992)\\n* Artur Danijeljan ''''(\\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\n        \\u0414\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0454\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d)'''' \\u2013 bass, programming\n        (since 1999)\\n* Jevhenija Smoljanynova ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430)'''' \\u2013\n        cello (since 2003)\\n* Andrij Kohut ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0442)'''' \\u2013 drums (2005\\u20132010), soundman\n        (since 2010)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n* ''''[[D.dkova hra|D.\\u0434\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0430]]'''' (Didjkova hra, 1999)\\n* ''''[[B.P.P.|\\u0411.\\u041f.\\u041f.]]''''\n        (B.P.P, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kosmichnyi Vakuum|\\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0443\\u043c]]'''' (Kosmichnyj vakuum, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kurva\n        Cum Back]]'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Fuck\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456\n        (Best Of 1995\\u20132004)'''' (2004)\\n* ''''[[Lo-Fi TRavmy|Lo-Fi TR\\u0430\\u0432\\u043c\\u0438]]''''\n        (Lo-Fi Travmy, 2005)\\n* ''''[[IN ZHYR|IN \\u0416\\u0418\\u0420]]'''' (Inzhyr,\n        2007)\\n* ''''[[& I Made A Man]]'''' (2011)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/\n        Official page] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/fs2021 Official\n        YouTube]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/qarpa Official MySpace]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=38\n        Lyrics] {{uk icon}}\\n* [http://www.meridiancz.com/en/participants-2012/musical-poetical-program-by-irena-karpa-and-band-qarpa/\n        About the band on meridiancz.com]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/klub/fs.php Information\n        about the band on rock.kiev.ua] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211163039/http://irenakarpa.com/en/\n        Official page of Irena Karpa] \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        industrial music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian punk rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Hardcore\n        punk groups]]\\n[[Category:Trip hop groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T02:20:19Z\",\"lastrevid\":772947733,\"length\":3199,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qarpa&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\"},\"19305276\":{\"pageid\":19305276,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"SKAI\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-02T11:35:47Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = SKAI
\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419\\n|image           =\n        Skay-2008.jpg\\n|caption         = SKAY at Maidan Nezalezhnosti,
Kyiv on\n        August 24, 2008\\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Pop rock]]\\n|years_active    =\n        2001 \\u2013 present\\n|label           = [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts\n        = \\n|website         = {{URL|skay.com.ua}}\\n|current_members = Oleh Sobchuk
Oleksandr\n        Hryshchuk
Yuriy Rudnytskyi
Serhiy Nedashkovskyi
Yuriy Mozil\\n}}\\n\\n''''''SKAI''''''\n        (formerly named ''''''SKAY'''''', {{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419''''''}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[pop rock]] band. It was formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]],\n        Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nAfter the band was formed in 2001, it started to\n        tour the country and performed at several festivals like Perlyny sezonu, Tavriyski\n        ihry and Chervona ruta. They became more known to a broader audience after\n        their appearance on the programme ''''Fresh Blood'''' on the Ukrainian TV\n        channel M1. The general director Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and\n        signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn 2006 their first album, ''''Te, shcho treba'''',\n        was released. They released their second album ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.''''  in\n        2007.\\n\\nIn 2008,  frontman Oleh Sobchuk was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for\n        his participation in the rock-tour with the same name.\\\"His Beatitude\n        Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church Awards to Priests and Musicians Who\n        Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated to 1020th Years of the Baptism\n        of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), 2008.\\n\\nIn\n        October-November 2013 the group took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are\n        united\\\" along with popular Ukrainian and Russian bands (Chaif, Bratya Karamazovy\n        etc.). After concerts part of Ukrainian media wrote that the band supports\n        pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]], which probably could be one\n        of unofficial organizers of the tour. However, since other singers disclaimed\n        their support to Putin''s politics, Oleh Sobchuk and other members of the\n        band cancelled all cooperation with them and with any other events that could\n        be related with politics. Later on the official website musicians explained\n        their negative position to any politic forces. http://skay.com.ua/history/\\n\\n==Current\n        members==\\n*Oleh Sobchuk \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n*Oleksandr Hryshchuk \\u2013\n        lead guitar\\n*Alexander Drucker \\u2013 bass guitar\\n*Eugen Kebelew \\u2013\n        drums\\n*Yuriy Mozil \\u2013 keyboards\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''Te,\n        shcho treba'''' (''''\\u0422\\u0435, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n*\n        2007 \\u2013 ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.'''' (''''\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.'''')\\n* 2010 \\u2014 ''''!''''\\n* 2014 \\u2014\n        ''''Kray neba'''' (''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.skay.com.ua/ SKAY''s official website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T16:43:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":768200355,\"length\":3001,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SKAI&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\"},\"51080119\":{\"pageid\":51080119,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skinhate\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-01T03:59:27Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=July 2016}}\\n{{unsourced|date=August 2017}}\\n{{Infobox musical\n        artist \\n| name               =\n        Skinhate\\n| image              = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size         =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[nu metal]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Pokrov, Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u2013present\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine]]\\n| website            = [http://www.skinhate.com/\n        Skinhate]\\n| associated_acts    = \\n| current_members    = Dmytro Kustikov Oleksandr Stepanenko
 Vitaliy Kuznetsov
 Oleksandr Kukhtin\\n|\n        past_members       = Andriy Diadiura (R.I.P.)
 Oleksandr Yefymenko (R.I.P.)Yevhen Lashko
 Serhiy Maryshev
 Oleksa Fisiuk
 Anton Yelisin\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skinhate''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0445\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore\n        punk|hardcore]] band from [[Pokrov, Ukraine]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nIn fact,\n        the history of the band began in the summer of 1994, when Oleksandr Kukhtin,\n        Oleksandr Stepanenko, Andriy Diadiura, Vitaliy Kuznetsov and Oleksandr Yefymenko,\n        changing the names (\\\"Nekropedofil\\\", \\\"Godless\\\", \\\"Virgin Cunt\\\") began\n        to give concerts in small towns of Ukraine. In this period it was created\n        a number of songs that have become mega hit in the era immediately \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nIn\n        1998, the band took the name \\\"Hate\\\", which was later changed to \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nThe\n        first concert took place in [[Kyiv]] in 1999. By this time the group has managed\n        to record their own album called \\\"Skinhate\\\", after rewriting Moon Records\n        called \\\"War in heads\\\". The album is dedicated to the memory of one of Andriy\n        ''Yuryk'' Diadiura, one of band founders who was killed in 2000.\\n\\nIn 2002\n        SkinHate recorded the second album \\u2013 \\\"Ticket to paradise.\\\"\\n\\nIn 2006\n        the band released their 3rd album \\\"All around\\\".\\n\\n==Members==\\n;Active\n        members\\n* Dmytro Kustikov ''Kust'' ''''(\\u0414\\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n* Oleksandr Stepanenko ''Stepan'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 guitar\\n* Vitaliy Kuznetsov ''Kuzma'' ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar\\n* Oleksandr Kukhtin ''KuxXxtia'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0425\\u0445\\u0442\\u044f'')''''\n        \\u2013 drums\\n\\n;Former members\\n* Andriy Diadiura ''Yuryk'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u044f\\u0434\\u044e\\u0440\\u0430 ''\\u042e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a'')'''' \\u2013\n        vocal, guitar (1999\\u20132001)\\n* Yevhen Lashko ''Zh.K.'' ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0448\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0416. \\u041a.'')'''' \\u2013 vocal (1999\\u20132006;\n        2008\\u20132009)\\n* Serhiy Maryshev ''Banan'' ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u0432 ''\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (2004\\u20132008)\\n* Oleksa Fisiuk ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\n        \\u0424\\u0456\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2008\\u20132010)\\n*\n        Anton Yelisin ''Kalyna'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0404\\u043b\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\n        ''\\u041a\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430'')'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2000\\u20132002)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Yefymenko ''Yefym'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n\\n==Discography==\\n;Studio albums\\n* 2001 \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445'''' (Viyna v holovakh, ''''War\n        in heads'''')\\n* 2002 \\u2013 ''''\\u041a\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a \\u0434\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u044e'''' (Kvytok do raiu, ''''Ticket to paradise'''')\\n* 2003\n        \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445\n        + bonus'''' (Viyna v holovakh + bonus, ''''War in heads + bonus''''; re-released)\\n*\n        2004 \\u2013 ''''Hatemix'''' \\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438''''\n        (Navkruhy, ''''All around'''')\\n* 2016 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0435\\u042f\\u043a\\u0423\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (NeYakUsi, ''''Not like everyone else'''')\\n\\n;Singles\\n* 2010 \\u2013 ''''ZDATEN''''\n        (''''Able'''')\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''Bull-Dozer''''\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c''''\n        (Hran, ''''Edge'''')\\n* 2015 \\u2013 ''''\\u042f\\u043a \\u0443\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (YakUsi, ''''Like everyone else'''')\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c\\\"\n        / \\\"Hran\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhM0AnO-jCY]\\n* \\\"32\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8XPLrizXs8]\\n\\n==\n        Interesting facts ==\\n* Despite the name, guys have no relation to the movement\n        of [[skinhead]]s and [[neo-Nazi]]s, but such name has become an obstacle to\n        the publication of their albums in Russia.\\n* Skinhate''s musical style was\n        influenced by such bands: [[Slayer]], [[Korn]], [[Sepultura]], [[Slipknot\n        (band)|Slipknot]], [[Soulfly]], [[Biohazard]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine\n        Head]] and more.\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.skinhate.com/ Skinhate]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:1999 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:53:53Z\",\"lastrevid\":793338375,\"length\":4364,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skinhate&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\"},\"28143525\":{\"pageid\":28143525,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skryabin\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-30T13:28:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Skryabin\\n| image                = \\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d.jpg\\n|\n        caption           = \\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]], [[New wave music|new wave]], [[synthpop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Novoyavorivsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1989-present\\n| label              =\n        \\n| website                = \\n| associated_acts    = [[Yulia Lord]], [[Iryna\n        Bilyk]], [[Druha Rika]], [[Dazzle Dreams]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skryabin'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d}},\n        also transliterated as ''''Scriabin'''' or ''''Skriabin'''') is a famous Ukrainian\n        rock, pop band formed in 1989 in Novoyarivsk, Ukraine. Prominent Ukrainian\n        musician [[Andriy Kuzmenko|Andriy \\\"Kuzma\\\" Kuzmenko]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e}}) was the band''s\n        lead singer until his death in 2015.[https://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/12483/\n        No end to small town boy''s long and winding road] ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''',\n        19 September 2002\\n\\nDuring its existence Skryabin has gone from synthpop\n        to rock and pop music. As it progressed the band has been divided into \\\"the\n        classic Skryabin\\\" and \\\"the new Skryabin\\\". The border between these two\n        runs between 2000-2003.\\n\\nOne of the group''s 2005 songs, ''''Lyudy Yak Korabli''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 \\u042f\\u043a \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456}}),\n        spent a record 39 continuous weeks (as of the end of 2007) on FDR Radiocenter''s\n        Top 40, which began tracking Ukrainian radioplay in May 2002. In February\n        2006 ''''Stari Fotohrafiyi'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456 \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        debuted at #1 on the chart and ''''Padai'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439}})\n        similarly entered in the top slot three months later.[http://www.fdr.com.ua/news_item/22583/\n        \\u0424\\u0414\\u0420 \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043f 40 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438]\n        28 December 2007\\n\\nThe group was named \\\"Best Pop Band\\\" in 2006 at\n        the \\\"ShowBiz Awards\\u201d held in Kyiv''s [[National Opera House of Ukraine|National\n        Opera House]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/24391/\n        Pop Notes]''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', 3 May 2006\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\nThis\n        list contains only full albums excluding singles, compilations, remixes, lives\n        and other projects.\\n* 1989 \\u2014 ''''\\u0427\\u0443\\u0454\\u0448 \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c''''\n        (Feel The Pain)\\n* 1992 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''''\n        (Fishes Language)\\n* 1993 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442''''\n        (Technofight)\\n* 1995 \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0442\\u0430\\u0445\\u0438'''' (Birds)\\n*\n        1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431'''' (Fishes Language,\n        re-release)\\n* 1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438'''' (Fairytales)\\n*\n        1999 \\u2014 ''''\\u0425\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u043a'''' (Worm)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0415\\u0443\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430'''' (Euterpa)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 1999'''' (Technofight\n        1999)\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (Fashionable Country)\\n* 2001 \\u2014 ''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437''''\n        (Striptease)\\n* 2002 \\u2014 ''''\\u041e\\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Winter People)\\n* 2003 \\u2014 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430''''\n        (Nature)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e'''' (Tango)\\n*\n        2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440'''' (Glamour)\\n* 2007\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432?'''' (About Love?)\\n*\n        2009 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u044f \\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (My Evolution)\\n* 2012 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''''\n        (Radio Love)\\n* 2013 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f\\u043a'''' (Kind\n        Soul)\\n* 2014 \\u2014 ''''25''''\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Skriabin}}\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Skryabin-Skrabin/107357035485\n        Skryabin on Facebook]\\n*{{youtube|eLsn7g_wHP4|Music video for \\\"\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\"\n        (''''Fall'''')}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Skryabin (Band)}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        electronic musicians]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\\n{{rock-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-11T14:46:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":788267839,\"length\":3778,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skryabin_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\"},\"7041972\":{\"pageid\":7041972,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Tartak\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-14T21:17:19Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Other\n        uses}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = Tartak
\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\n|image              =\n        \\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg\\n|caption         = Tartak performing\n        \\n|image_size         = 300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Alternative rock]], [[rap-rock]], [[punk rock]], [[rapcore]], [[pop punk]],\n        [[funk]]\\n|years_active     = 1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon\n        Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] 
 [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.tartak.com.ua\\n|current_members  = [[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi]] 
\n        [[Vitaliy Pavlyshyn]] 
 [[Andriy Blahun]] 
 [[Eduard Kosorapov]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Chuyev]]| 
 [[Anton Yehorov]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Tartak''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}} {{IPA-uk|t\\u0251r\\u02c8t\\u0251k|}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from [[Ukraine]]. They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics. \\\"Tartak\\\" means\n        ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought that tartak\n        symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate for a\n        band name.\\n\\n==History==\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]]\n        founded the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group\n        has released five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums]  Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio Albums===\\n*\n        2001 - ''''''[[Demohrafichnyi vybukh]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0445)\\n* 2003 - ''''''[[Systema nerviv]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0456\\u0432)\\n* 2004 - ''''''[[Muzychnyi lyst shchastia]]''''''\n        (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u0449\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f)\\n* 2005 - ''''''[[Huliai-Horod]]'''''' (\\u0413\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u0439\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434)\\n*\n        2006 - ''''''[[Slozy ta sopli]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456)\\n* 2010 - ''''''[[Opir materialiv]]''''''\n        (\\u041e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0440 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432)\\n*\n        2012 - ''''''[[Simka]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2015 - ''''''[[Vvichnist]]''''''\n        (\\u0412\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c)\\n\\n===Remix Albums===\\n*\n        2005 - ''''''[[Pershyi komertsiynyi]]'''''' (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439))\\n* 2007\n        - ''''''[[Kofein (album)|Kofein]]'''''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0444\\u0435\\u0457\\u043d)\\n*\n        2010 - ''''''[[Nazbyralosia na 2010]]'''''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2010) - remixes, remakes, unreleased\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Ukrayino, zabyvai!]]'''''' (\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0439!)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Zaklipani pisni abo bachyly ochi shcho kupuvaly]]'''''' (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043b\\u0456\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u0431\\u0430\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043e\\u0447\\u0456 \\u0449\\u043e \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438)\\n*\n        2007 - ''''''[[Dlia tiekh kto v puti]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u043b\\u044f \\u0442\\u0454\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u0442\\u043e \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0456)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{refbegin}}\\n:''''''Inline''''''\\n{{refend}}\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://tartak.com.ua/ Official web site]\\n* {{uk icon}}\n        [http://tartak.com.ua/istorija/ Official biography by band''s front-man Sashko\n        Polozhynskyi]\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://uaformat.com/content/view/1384/39/ 10th\n        Anniversary interview]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-05T18:26:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":749536824,\"length\":4244,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tartak&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\"},\"38783870\":{\"pageid\":38783870,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Telnyuk Sisters\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-28T12:14:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2013}}{{peacock|date=March 2013}}{{notability|Music|date=March\n        2013}}}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = The Telnyuk Sisters
\\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a:\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\n|image              = Telnyuk sisters_4.JPG\\n|caption         =\n        \\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a: \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438  -\n        The Telnyuk Sisters\\n|image_size         = \\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Art_rock|Art Rock]], [[Crossover_(music)|Crossover]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1986\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[COMP music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[KOMORA]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.telnyuk.info\\n|current_members  = [[Lesya\n        Telnyuk]] 
 [[Halya Telnyuk]] 
 [[Sviatoslav Borovyk]] 
 [[Ihor\n        Patsovskyi]] 
[[Maksym Rymar]]|\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''The\n        Telnyuk Sisters'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian vocal [[Duet|duo]], Merited Artist of Ukraine Lesya and Halya\n        Telnyuk.\\n\\nAmong achievements - studio albums, theatrical performances, [[Vasyl\n        Stus Prize]] for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\nThe\n        repertoire the duo`s songs based on poems by [[Taras Shevchenko|T.Shevchenko]],\n        [[Pavlo Tychyna|P.Tychyna]], [[Yevgene Malaniuk|Ye.Malanuik]], [[Bohdan-Ihor\n        Antonych|B.-I.Antonych]], [[Vasyl Stus|V.Stus]], [[Lina Kostenko|L.Kostenko]],\n        [[Oksana_Zabuzhko|O.Zabuzhko]] and others.\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe duo, as a\n        professional team formed in 1986 year. Criticism qualifies creative artists\n        as a \\\"breath of fresh air\\\", \\\"cure for despair\\\", \\\"mystery words and music\\\",\n        rightly considering the duo as \\\"the last bastion of high poetry and music\n        in the space of modern Ukrainian song.\\\" In fact, Sisters not only among local\n        artists use genuine poetry and act only \\\"live\\\" (both in acoustics and in\n        electronics), adhering to the highest professional requirements.\\n\\n=== Prehistory\n        ===\\nFrom the early childhood, Lesya and Halya surrounded by poetry, music,\n        painting - both Ukrainian and the best world samples. Their father [[Stanislav\n        Telnyuk]] - is Ukrainian writer, literary critic, poet, translator, and their\n        mother Nelly Kopylova - is linguist, translator of Oriental Languages, editor.\n        The atmosphere of the poetic word, with its rhythms, colors, melodies - has\n        become an integral and organic in shaping the ideological position of artist`s\n        future.\\n\\nThe first musical compositions Sisters began creating in the 13-year-old\n        age: rock ballads, sketches, pastels, elegies, songs for choral performance\n        on the verses of poets-classics of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\nLesya and Halya\n        entrusted first serious attempt to arranging their own songs to talented composer\n        - Alexander Melnyk. This was the beginning of creative collaboration (\\\"I\n        stand on the cliff ...\\\" \\\"Do not look so friendly ...\\\" \\\"By psalteries ...\\\").\\n\\n==\n        Timeline, professional contacts ==\\nA year from start of professional activity\n        Sisters became the laureates of national competition \\\"New Names\\\" (1987).\\n\\nAwarded\n        diplomas at the first and second festival[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|\\\"Chervona\n        Ruta\\\"]] (1989, 1991). The first songs were created in verse [[Pavlo Tychyna]],\n        whose work Stanislav Telnyuk explored.\\n\\nThe first festival \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\"\n        - 1989. The song \\\"Summer has flew\\\" - lyrics by Tamara Mezentseva, music\n        by Alexander Melnyk, performed by The Telnyuk Sisters - was the best festival\n        song. Albums: \\\"Moment\\\"(\\\"Myt`\\\"), \\\"Lesya and Halya\\\" and nearly a dozen\n        songs off collections continued this creative collaboration. In those 90''s,\n        the duo`s songs and arrangements were created by the young, brilliant composer\n        Andryj Shust (\\\"Falcon\\\"(\\\"Sokil\\\"), \\\"Belles Summer has passed ...\\\").\\n\\nInteresting\n        songs with a new sound appeared with the advent of the creative pianist and\n        composer Ivan Davydenko (\\\"Take offense\\\", \\\"Under the rain\\\", \\\"Ophelia\\\",\n        \\\"Next to you\\\"). Gradually, this work with John Davydenko, joined by such\n        talented musicians as Eugene Bortnychuk, Oleg Putyatin, Igor Sereda. The album\n        \\\"Silence and Thunder\\\" started to set up with such members.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sisters\n        together with guitarist Mick Taylor (ex \\\"[[Rolling Stones]]\\\") recorded blues\n        song \\\"My futile love\\\" (Love in vain). Interestingly, this [[blues]] sounds\n        like Ukrainian with colorful sound of bandura.\\n\\nIn the late 90s, to the\n        60 anniversary of the birth of the Ukrainian poet Vasyl Stus, the program\n        \\\"Swinging evening broken even ...\\\" was created; it is a series of unique\n        performances by Raisa Nedashkivska in cooperation with the son of the poet\n        Dmytro Stus and actress Halyna Stefanova, bard, composer Sergyi Moroz. Also,\n        the program \\\"On the Edge\\\" was dedicated to the memory of the poet, was seen\n        and heard by Canadian students. Sisters was awarded to [[Vasyl Stus Prize]]-(1998)\n        for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\n2000-2001. A first\n        attempt of creative collaboration with the theater. The controversial play\n        \\\"UBN\\\"([[Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist]]) was staged in [[Skarbek Theatre|Lviv\n        Drama Zankovetska Theatre]], led by [[Strygun Fedir Mykholajovych|Fedir Mykholajovych\n        Strygun]], Theatre Art Director, People''s Artist of Ukraine, Laureate of\n        the [[National Prize of Ukraine Taras Shevchenko|Shevchenko Prize]]. Director\n        - Myroslav Hrynyshyn, screenwriter - Halyna Telnyuk, author of music songs\n        to play - Lesya Telnyuk. Drama \\\"UBN\\\" has become a cultural and political\n        phenomenon, successfully passed the cities of Ukraine. Interesting and original\n        version of \\\"UBN\\\" is staged Lutsk Drama Theater.\\n\\nFor many years creative\n        work and friendship combine the duo \\\"Sisters Telnyuk\\\" with the teacher in\n        bandura Odessa State Conservatory - Nina Morozevich, who is the leader of\n        Trio \\u00abMallows\\\" - Odessa State Philharmonic. This team has a repertoire\n        of several Telnyuk Sisters songs, which successfully performs on their concerts\n        at home and abroad.\\n\\nNew, original ideas connect Halya and Lesya with Ukrainian\n        minstrel, modern master at making banduras - [[Hrynkiw Roman D.|Roman Hrynkiv]].\\n\\nSisters\n        communicate with many people during their foreign concert tours. These are\n        professional meetings, common performances and projects with various musicians,\n        artists such as Americans, Canadians, and Ukrainians. Among them, the brightest\n        are: Vasyl Popadiuk - violinist (Canada, Ukraine), [[Julian Kytasty]] - bandura\n        (USA).\\n\\nIn Canada, the Telnyuk Sisters became acquainted with the artist\n        Igor Polishchuk and within a few years there was a modern project \\\"Above\n        us the sky.\\\" Original, unique fusion of music, poetry and painting. A multimedia\n        show which included pictures, songs, videos. Ten cities in America and Canada\n        were able to see and hear this groundbreaking event.\\n\\nThe duo participated\n        in many joint projects. This release audio CDs:\\n* \\\"Ukrainian lullabies\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Kruty. Concert for the Angels \\\"\\n* \\\"Festival in Montreal\\\"\\n* \\\"Live Voice\n        of Vasyl Stus\\\"\\n* \\\"Kobzar\\\".\\n\\nIn autumn 2008 Telnyuk Sisters together\n        with Dmitro Stus and Roman Semysal created the project \\\"Stusove circle\\\"\n        about a landmark figure in Ukrainian history, a live legend, poet, translator\n        Vasyl Stus. It was directed by Sergyi Proskurnia.\\n\\n8\\u201317 December 2008\n        The Telnyuk Sisters shared with the legendary [[Komu Vnyz]] the concert tour.\n        Program \\\"Wind of centuries\\\" was seen and heard in: [[Odesa]], [[Kherson]],\n        [[Krivyj Rig]], [[Kirovograd]], [[Sumy]], [[Kharkiv]] [[Dnipropetrovsk]].\\n\\nIn\n        2009, the Sisters joined the \\\"[[AntonychFest]]\\\" - the celebration of the\n        centenary from the birth of [[Bohdan-Ihor Antonych|B.-I. Antonych]], held\n        by artists and youth organizations on a voluntary basis (without the support\n        of government support and businessmen). In addition to performances on the\n        concert stage festival, October 7, 2009 '''' CD \\\"Forever. Bohdan-Ihor Antonych\n        \\\"'''' was presented. These are 5 song interpretations on Antonych poetry\n        '''' ''Forever'','''' Ukrainian and French tracks, written with bands [[Dead\n        Rooster]], \\\"Ab\\u044bMS\\\" and Olexandr Melnyk.\\n\\nJanuary 22, 2010 in KinoPalats\n        was a premiere of musical film \\\"Telnyuk: Rehearsal\\u00bb. Known in the West\n        the format rehearsal (rehearsal video) was first in Ukraine involved by director\n        Alexander Antennae in the concert program of the Sisters'' Yellow Dandelion.\n        \\\"August 13, 2009 at a recording studio Komora Ukrainian musicians let the\n        film crew to shoot the program \\\"on the first take\\\".\\n\\nIn March, 2010, presentation\n        of the new Sisters album \\\"SONMO\\\" was held. In spring there was tour in several\n        cities of the country, it completed a grand concert in [[Kyiv Operetta]].\n        Concert of the presented program took place in the city for the second time,\n        viewers welcomed the artists while standing. Among the audience was, in particular,\n        the President of Ukraine [[Viktor Yushchenko]].\\n\\nThe Sisters have also created\n        a number of sketches of songs based on poems by Oksana Zabuzhko.\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n# 1991 - \\\"[[Myt`]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c)\\n#\n        1994 - \\\"[[Halya i Lesya]]\\\" (\\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f \\u0456 \\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f)\\n#\n        1998 - \\\"[[Tysha i Hrim]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c)\\n#\n        2000 - \\\"[[Live in Canada]]\\\"\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[U.B.N.: pisni z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0423.\\u0411.\\u041d.:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Zhar-ptytsi]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u0430\\u0440-\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456)\\n#\n        2005 - \\\"[[Vybrane 1CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435 1CD)\\n#\n        2005 \\u2013 \\\"[[Vybrane 2CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\n        2CD)\\n# 2007 - \\\"[[Zhovta Kulbaba]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430)\\n#\n        2008 - \\\"[[Telnyuk: Nazavzhdy]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0436\\u0434\\u0438)\\n# 2009 \\u2013 \\\"[[Telnyuk:\n        Live]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Live)\\n# 2010 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Telnyuk: Rehearsal]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Rehearsal)\\n#\n        2010 - \\\"[[SONMO]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u041e\\u041d\\u041c\\u041e)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Moje sertse\n        v Verchovyni]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0432\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0456)\\n# 2011 \\u2013 \\\"[[Incrustatsiji:pisni\n        z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0406\\u043d\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2011 - \\\"[[Doroha zi skla]]\\\" (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n* [http://www.telnyuk.info\n        Official project site]\\n* [http://twitter.com/telnyuk_sisters Official twitter\n        account]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/thetelnyuksisters Official page on YouTube]\\n*\n        [http://www.umka.com.ua/ukr/singer/?id=184 Albums on www.umka.com.ua]\\n* [http://www.lvivpost.net/content/view/4218/527\n        Dissidents today. Interview(ukr)]\\n* [http://www.ut.net.ua/Publication/7437\n        Just be yourself (Interview)// Ukrainian weekly, \\u211651, 17.12.2010]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Telnyuk\n        Sisters}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Sibling\n        musical duos]]\\n[[Category:People from Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 1986]]\\n[[Category:1986 establishments in the Soviet Union]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-25T00:33:58Z\",\"lastrevid\":751902074,\"length\":10562,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Telnyuk_Sisters&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\"},\"53020565\":{\"pageid\":53020565,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Teoriia\n        Gvaltu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-25T20:42:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=January\n        2017}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Teoriia Gvaltu
\\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443\\n| image               = \\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n|\n        genre               = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Street punk]]\\n* [[ska]]\\n* [[post-rock]]\\n*\n        [[folk punk]]\\n}}\\n| years_active      = 2007\\u2013present\\n| label             =\n        Underground Rec\\n| website           = \\n| current_members   = Oleksii KalashnykSashko Baranov
Pankrat Cios
Vadym Kanchalaba\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Teoriia\n        Gvaltu'''''' ({{lang-uk|'''''' \\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Ruckus Theory'''') \\u2013 an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music\n        band that plays in the genres of street punk, ska and folk punk.\\n\\n==Biography==\\nFormed\n        in 2007, the band originally, in all respects, consisted of Les` (vocals,\n        flute, trombone), Sashko (guitar, vocals) and Ivan (bass). Laptop samples\n        had performed feature of drummer. By the time the guys listened to a variety\n        of music and tried to play all heard in these compositions. The group combines\n        [[Contemporary folk music|folk]], old-school-[[hardcore punk|hardcore]], ska\n        and [[nu-metal]].\\n\\nDmytro (drums) and Nadia (accordion) joined the group\n        in 2007. After charismatic accordionista went to Odessa study medicine, Roman\n        joined the band (keyboards, accordion, backing vocals). The band sent toward\n        the style of ska, [[ska punk]] and [[reggae]]. When Ivan left the group, another\n        Roman went to replace the bass.{{cite web|url=http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/2713.html|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=pisni.org.ua}} In 2011, Pancrate, the former leader\n        of the Russian group \\\"Keine Engel\\\" (c. Perm), began to perform role of the\n        bassist.\\n\\nAt the moment diverse musical style of the group can be described\n        as [[punk rock]] ([[street punk]], [[oi!]]) interspersed [[Rock music in Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-[[Rock\n        music in Ireland|Irish]] [[Folk rock|folk]] and ska punk.{{cite web|url=http://uk.likefm.org/artist/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D2%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=likefm.org}}\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n* Oleksii Kalashnyk\n        \\u2014 vocal, trombone, sopilka, keyboard (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Sashko Baranov\n        \\u2014 vocal, guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Pankrat Cios \\u2014 bass, backing\n        vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Kanchalaba \\u2014 drums (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''Three Arrows'''' EP (2011)\\n* ''''Karm\\u0430liuk'''' (2016)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[https://ruckustheory.bandcamp.com/ Ruckus Theory on bandcamp.com]\\n*[https://myspace.com/teoriyagvaltu\n        Teoriia Gvaltu on myspace.com]\\n*[https://vk.com/club3658062 Teoriia Gvaltu\n        on vk.com]\\n*[https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83\n        Discography of Teoriia Gvaltu]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in\n        2007]]\\n[[Category:People from Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-09T12:30:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":772186845,\"length\":3044,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teoriia_Gvaltu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\"},\"2778651\":{\"pageid\":2778651,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"TNMK\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name = TNMK\\n| Img = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e.jpg\\n|\n        Img_capt = \\n| background = group_or_band\\n| alias = \\n| origin = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Alternative hip hop]],\n        [[Rap rock]], [[Jazz]], [[Funk]], [[Rapcore]]\\n| years_active = 1989\\u2013present\\n|\n        label = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* [[Lavina Music]]\\n*\n        [[Nova Records]]\\n* [[Astra Rekords]]\\n* [[Volya Records]]\\n}}\\n| associated_acts\n        = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Apollo 440]][http://www.apollo440.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=96\n        Apollo 440 finish new 5th album - \\u2018The Future\\u2019s What It Used To\n        Be\\u2019. Guest vocal appearances by Mary Byker and Oleg Mykhailuta (TNMK).]\\n*\n        [[Albina Dzhanabaeva]]\\n* [[Nu Virgos]]\\n* [[Ivan Dorn]]\\n* [[Vakhtang Kikabidze]]\\n*\n        [[Mgzavrebi]]\\n}}\\n| website = {{url|http://www.tnmk.com/}}\\n| current_members\n        = Fahot
Fozzi
Kotya
Yarik
Oleksandr Shymans\\u02b9kyy
Vitol\\u02b9d
TonIk\\n|\n        past_members = Dilya\\n}}\\n\\n''''''TNMK'''''' or ''''''Tanok na Maidani Kongo''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e}}; literally ''''Dance at the Congo Square'''')\n        - is the most successful [[Ukrainian hip hop|Ukrainian hip-hop]] group.[http://myradio.ua/group/310\n        \\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\u0422\\u041d\\u041c\\u041a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\\u0456 myradio.ua:\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434 1989 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f]\n        They are known for clever, yet often tongue-in-cheek, lyrics; mixing hip-hop\n        with [[Rock music|rock]], [[funk]] and [[jazz]] music and playing real instruments\n        on their albums and live shows, rather than using [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\n        and [[drum machine]]s. TNMK performed at many festivals as: [[Sziget Festival|Sziget\n        Fest]],[http://www.unian.info/society/59438-esthetic-education-and-tnmk-showed-themselves-in-sziget-rock-festival.html\n        Esthetic Education and TNMK showed themselves in \\u201cSziget\\u201d rock-festival]\n        [[Zakhid]], [[Tavria Games]], [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]],\n        [[Faine Misto]] and [[Bandershtat]].\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was formed\n        at a labor camp on 14 June 1989 by Oleksandr \\\"Fozzi\\\" Sydorenko and Kostiantyn\n        \\\"Kotia\\\" Zhuikov and was originally called ''''''Novye Doma'''''' ({{lang-ru|''''\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430''''}}) after one of the [[Kharkiv]] city neighborhoods\n        where members of the band lived. They performed at the camp graduation ceremony,\n        after which it was decided to gather the full band on 1 September 1989 at\n        the school No. 11 where they studied. In September of the same year during\n        [[subbotnik]], the band guitarist Ivan Rykov, instead of painting a goal post,\n        drew at the school shooting range a phrase \\\"''''\\u041d\\u041e\\u0412\\u042b\\u0415\n        \\u0414\\u041e\\u041c\\u0410 \\u0413\\u0420''''\\\", while for the rest ''''\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410''''\n        he ran out of paint (\\u0413\\u0420\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410 in Russian means\n        a band). The phrase survived for over 20 years, but faded away over a time.\n        Originally Novye Doma played near the local Palace of Pioneers (southeastern\n        portion of the city), but later managed to secure a studio at the Palace of\n        Pioneers in the west side of the city where they performed in 1990-1994. Coincidentally\n        just over the fence from the Palace of Culture was located a boarding music\n        school where at the same time the future band member Oleh Mykhailyuta was\n        learning to play [[bassoon]] ({{lang-it|fagotto}}). The palace administration\n        allowed the band to perform under one condition that they would play one of\n        the popular songs once a week. Among the composition that they had to learn\n        was [[I''ve Been Thinking About You]] by [[Londonbeat]], [[Don''t Cry]] by\n        [[Guns''N''Roses]], as well as Soviet pop songs.\\n\\nOn suggestion of the band''s\n        [[wind instrument]]s performer Maksym Lytvynenko, the band changed its name\n        to ''''''Tanets na ploschadi Kongo'''''' after the [[Congo Square]] in [[New\n        Orleans]], which is considers to be a place where [[jazz]] was born.\\n\\nSometime\n        in 1997 the band changed its name to the current Ukrainian version which was\n        adopted for the 1997 Chervona Ruta festival.\\n\\nTNMK released its first album,\n        ''''Zroby meni hip-hop'''', in 1998. The title track became an underground\n        hit in [[Ukraine]], but it was only with the release of ''''''Neformat''''''\n        in 2001 that they rose to mainstream popularity. ''''Pozhezhi mista Vavilon'''',\n        released in 2004, had a harder sound, while ''''Jazzy'''', released in the\n        same year, was a [[live album]] recorded with a Ukrainian jazz band, Skhid-Side,\n        and featured TNMK songs re-arranged in a jazz and funk  style. In the same\n        year, the group toured [[France]] and recorded French versions of some of\n        their songs. Their album ''''Syla'''' was voted the best album of 2005 by\n        the most popular Ukrainian music portal [http://music.com.ua music.com.ua].\n        Their 2008 album, ''''ReFormatTsia vol.2'''', is a compilation of remixes\n        of their songs sung by them and other singers such as [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Mariya\n        Burmaka]] and GreatFruit. The album also includes a remix of the song \\\"[[Chervona\n        Ruta (song)|Chervona Ruta]]\\\" featuring [[Sofia Rotaru]]. In 2014 they realised\n        their last album - ''''Dzerkalo''''.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n* 1998 ''''[[:uk:\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f|Zroby meni\n        hip-hop (Make me hip hop)]]'''' (\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f)\\n* 2001 ''''[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0454\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442|Neformat\n        (Curiosities)]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n*\n        2002 ''''[[:uk:Re\\u0424\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0426\\u0456\\u044f|Reformatsiya\n        (Reformation)]]'''' (\\u0420\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)\n        (remix album)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d|Pozhezhi mista Vavilon (Fires of\n        the City Babylon)]]'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:Jazzy. Live\n        in 44|Jazzy]]'''' (live album)''''\\n* 2005 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Syla (The Power)]]'''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*\n        2008 ''''[[ReFormatTsia vol.2 (TNMK album)|ReFormatTsia vol.2]]'''' (ReFormation\n        vol.2) (remix album)\\n* 2010 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c. (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|S.P.A.M.]]''''\n        (\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c.)\\n* 2014 ''''[[:uk:\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Dzerkalo (The Mirror)]]'''' (\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.tnmk.com/ Official website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Soviet\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":797746921,\"length\":6072,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNMK&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\"},\"42831309\":{\"pageid\":42831309,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Trystavisim\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=July\n        2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image =Zaxidfest 2016.jpg \\n| image_size\n        = 260px\\n| background = group_or_band\\n| origin = [[Uzhgorod]], {{nowrap|[[Ukraine]]}}\\n|\n        genre = [[folk rock]], [[ska punk]]\\n| years_active = 2010\\u2013present\\n|\n        website = [http://www.trystavisim.com/ www.trystavisim.com]\\n| current_members\n        =\\n* Pavlo Genov\\n* Andriy Shapovalov\\n* Igor Magada\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\\n*\n        Stanislav Mykultsya\\n* Serhiy Yelahin\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\\n}}\\n[[File:Trystavisim\n        in phantom.jpg|265px|thumb|Presentation of \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb]]\\n[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434-2013.jpg|right|265px|thumb|Zaxidfest-2013]]\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 \\\"\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430\\\".jpg|right|265px|thumb|Presentation\n        EP \\u00abPercha\\u00bb]]\\n\\n''''''Trystavisim'''''' (ukr. \\u0422\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c)\n        - is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Rock music|rock]] band from [[Uzhgorod]] ([[Zakarpattia\n        Oblast|Transcarpathia]]).\\n\\n== Description ==\\nThe music played by a [[rock\n        band]] is built on the basis of elements of [[folk-rock]], [[punk rock|punk]],\n        [[ska]] and is decorated with a colorful addition of forceful melodies. In\n        general the style of the band can be described as [[folk punk]].\\n\\n== History==\\nThe\n        first performance of the group was held in November 23, [[2010 in music|2010]]\n        in [[Lviv]] in Nabutky Etnoclub and Lviv Art association Dzyga.[http://dzyga.com/content/view/793/334/lang,ua\n        dzyga.com]\\n\\nOver the next two years, the band toured with performances\n        in almost every major city in Western Ukraine, having played more than 50\n        concerts (including the performance in one of the largest Ukrainian festivals\n        of music and art, which is festival \\\"Zahid\\\").\\n\\nOn March 26, 2013 the band\n        presented their debut mini-album ([[Extended play|EP]]) called \\\"Percha\\\",[http://zaholovok.com.ua/dlya-obkladinki-debyutnogo-albomu-gurt-trista8isim-vikoristav-vlasni-shkarpetki\n        zaholovok.com.ua] which included 5 songs.\\n\\nOn March 31, 2013 the band\n        took part in a [[radio]] project Tysa FM Live, doing online tracks live from\n        the debut [[album]].\\n\\nLater \\\"Trystavisim\\\" was invited to take part in\n        the filming of television programs on the [[Pershyi Natsionalnyi (Ukraine)|first\n        national]] TV channel (Folk-music) and [[TVi (channel)|TVI]] (Music for Adult\n        with [[Maria Burmaka]]).\\n\\nOn August 13, 2013 was presented a debut [[video\n        clip]] for the song called \\\"Dyslocatsiya\\\" which received approving reviews\n        from music critics.\\n\\nDuring the summer of 2013 the band performed on the\n        vast majority of [[festival]]s in [[Ukraine]], they received an unofficial\n        status of \\\"a discovery of summer festivals 2013 in Ukrainian music\\\".[http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/7184\n        molode.com.ua]\\n\\nIn spring 2014 the band announced the release of their\n        debut full-length album, and subsequently announced his name. The record was\n        called \\\"LATCHO\\\". In support of the album as part of the announced tour \\\"Latcho\n        Tour 2014 / Round 1\\\" band played many concerts in [[Ukraine]] and abroad,\n        visiting the festivals [[Kraina Mriy]][http://www.krainamriy.com/news.php?category=175\n        krainamriy.com] in [[Kiev]], which was founded by known Ukrainian musician\n        [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Lemkowska watra]] in [[Zdynia]] ([[Poland]]),[http://www.watrazdynia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=105\n        watrazdynia.pl] and Zahid.\\n\\nJanuary 27, 2015 the album \\\"LATCHO\\\"\n        was officially released. February 12, 2015, the group published the official\n        music video for one of the main songs from the album, the song [[Varosh banda]].[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/tristavisim-pro-novij-albom-klip-ta-koncerti#.VQwd7o6sWSo\n        varosh] Then, in support of the album, band played two great concerts\n        in [[Uzhgorod]] and [[Kyiv]], February 27 and March 13, respectively.[http://prozak.info/Kul-tura/Muzika/Tristavisim-Lacho-v-masi\n        prozak]\\n\\nIn May, the group published an original animated video for\n        the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Loa6NUKJUbQ  Nasha faita] and played\n        many concerts in Ukraine and abroad during the festival season.\\n\\n2016 announcement\n        on the band''s new EP and the release of two singles with videos. In March,\n        a video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers] was released,\n        and already on April 22 the band presented his new program \\\"Varoshska Tusa\\\"\n        via big concert in [[Uzhgorod]]. Subsequently, on June 7, was published scandalous\n        video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska Tusa], which\n        has caused mixed reactions.\\n\\nCurrently band working on second album.\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Pavlo Genov - [[Singing|lead vocals]]\\n* Andriy Shapovalov -\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]]\\n* Igor Magada - [[Drum kit|drums]]\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\n        - [[trumpet]], backing vocals\\n* Stanislav Mykultsya - [[accordion]], backing\n        vocals\\n* Serhiy Yelahin - [[guitar]],  backing vocals\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\n        - [[Audio engineer|sound director]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        December 2012 \\u2014 \\u00abDyslokatsiya\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)[https://soundcloud.com/trysta8isim/8-2012\n        soundcloud.com][http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/5875 molode.com.ua]\\n*\n        January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abTranscarpathia\\u00bb (\\u0422\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f)[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/novinyshow/tristavisim-prezentuvali-pershij-singl-z-albomu-lacho--transkarpatiya#.VQw7k46sWSo\n        varosh]\\n\\n===Albums===\\n* March 2013 \\u2014 \\u00abPercha\\u00bb (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430)\n        [EP]\\n* January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0430\\u0447\\u043e)\n        [http://musicukraine.com/main/889-recenziya-tristavsm-lacho-2015.html\n        musicukraine.com]\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* August, 2013 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNbpRYdbTEs  Dyslocatsiya][http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-dyslokatsiya\n        notatky.com.ua]\\n* February, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Varosh\n        banda][http://zaholovok.com.ua/gurt-tristavisim-vipustiv-klip-na-pisnyu-varosh-banda-video\n        zaholovok.com.ua]\\n* May, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Nasha\n        faita] \\n* March, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers][http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/v-ukrayini-zapisali-versiyu-gimnu-nacionalnoyi-policiyi\n        cultprostir.ua] \\n* June, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska\n        tusa] [http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/gurt-iz-uzhgoroda-poglumivsya-nad-ukrayinskimi-talant-shou\n        cultprostir.ua]\\n\\n== Festivals ==\\n* Music Bike Ukraine\\n* Goral Music\n        Avia Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2012\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2012[http://bokeh.com.ua/live/3axid/443_vistup_gurtu_trista8isim\n        bokeh.com.ua]\\n* Rurysko \\u2014 2013\\n* Music Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2013\\n*\n        Pidkamin'' \\u2014 2013\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2013\\n* Franko-mission \\u2014\n        2013\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2013\\n* Cheremosh \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]]\n        - 2014\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Lemkowska watra]], [[Zdynia]] - 2014\\n*\n        Zaxidfest \\u2014 2014\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2015\\n* Ole Dovbush \\u2014\n        2015\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]] \\u2014 2015\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2016\\n* [[Woodstock\n        Ukraine]]\\u2014 2016\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2016\\n* Obnova \\u2014 2016\\n*\n        Dnister-fest \\u2014 2016\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2016\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n* [http://www.trystavisim.com trystavisim.com]\\n* [http://facebook.com/trystavisim\n        Facebook]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/c/TRYSTAVISIMBAND YouTube]\\n* [http://www.twitter.com/trystavisim\n        Twitter]\\n\\n== Sources ==\\n* [http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/unvarskij-folkpankrok-gurt-trista8isim-yak-govorimo-tak-i-spivamo\n        varosh.com.ua]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/article/2013/61/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://umka.com/ukr/catalogue/folk-rock/trysta8isim-percha-ep-digi-pack.html\n        umka.com]\\n* [http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-percha/ notatky.com.ua]\\n*\n        [http://www.mukachevo.net/ua/News/view/71834-%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B08%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC-%D0%B7-%D0%A3%D0%B6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%9E-%D0%92%D0%86%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9E\n        www.mukachevo.net]\\n* [http://zakarpattya.net.ua/News/84872-KHloptsi-z-hurtu-Trysta8isim-znaiut-shcho-i-dlia-koho-vony-hraiut\n        zakarpattya.net.ua]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/1043 nashe.com.ua]\\n* [http://fdr.com.ua/news_item/28787/\n        fdr.com.ua]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Folk punk musicians]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian ska groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":795241582,\"length\":8466,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trystavisim&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\"},\"1471716\":{\"pageid\":1471716,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Rock\n        music in Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-25T10:28:01Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Okean-elzy-2008.jpg|right|thumb|300\n        px|[[Okean Elzy]] - one of the most popular Ukrainian rock bands]]\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        rock'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a}}) is [[rock music]] from [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nWhile it is rock\n        it is important for those who follow Ukrainian contemporary music to understand\n        the [[VIA music]] scene of the 1970s and 1980s. This controlled form of music,\n        was a response to the [[Rock and roll]] infiltrating from the outside of the\n        [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], to understand the development of\n        Ukrainian rock one has to understand its background.\\n\\nThe most popular bands\n        include [[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]], [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Druha Rika]], [[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]], [[Komu Vnyz]], [[Lama (Ukrainian\n        band)|Lama]], [[Mad Heads XL]], [[Mandry]], [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]],\n        [[Okean Elzy]], [[Plach Yeremiyi]], [[S.K.A.Y.]], [[Taras Petrynenko]], [[Tartak]],\n        [[TNMK]], [[Viy (band)|Viy]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]] and others. [[Opalnyi\n        Prynz]] was, perhaps, the most influential rock band in the late 1980s and\n        early 1990s, followed by its predecessor Loony Pelen.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        - Online version - http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        [[Okean Elzy]], featuring [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] has long been among the\n        most popular bands of Ukrainian pop-rock, and has had some success abroad.  The\n        band [[Mandry]] is known for fusing traditional Ukrainian music with rock,\n        [[blues]], [[reggae]] and [[chanson]]s. The pop-singer [[Ruslana]] also uses\n        some elements of rock in her work.\\n\\nThe [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] was a very important Ukrainian rock [[music festival]].\\n\\n\\\"\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0430\\u0436\\\" - ''''''New Ukrainian Wave\n        92'''''' - \\nFestival of the best Ukrainian folk/pop/rock bands (Producer-\n        [[Rostyslav Shtyn|Rostyslav-show]], 1992)\\n\\nFamous Ukrainian [[Heavy metal\n        music|heavy metal]] bands include [[Fleshgore]], Firelake, [[Nokturnal Mortum]],\n        [[Astrofaes]], [[Drudkh]], and [[Hate Forest]].\\n\\nMetal Heads Mission is\n        the biggest metal festival in Ukraine and ex-USSR countries.\\n\\nUkrainian\n        rock songs are commonly sung in either Ukrainian or Russian. Some performers\n        pronounce Russian with a Ukrainian accent, as can be heard in some [[Vopli\n        Vidopliassova]] songs. Elements include pronouncing all instances of the [[O\n        (Cyrillic)|o]] as /o/ (despite being unstressed) and [[Ye (cyrillic)|ye]]\n        as /e/. The [[Ge (Cyrillic)|ge]] is also pronounced as /h/ or /x/.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===1960s-1970s===\\nSuch\n        bands as [[Eney]] and [[Hutsuly (band)|Hutsuly]] were created in the 1960s\n        during [[Khrushchev Thaw]].\\n\\n''''''[[Eney]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}})\n        was the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that performed\n        its own [[repertoire]]. It was named after the famous character, [[Aeneas]],\n        from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The first modern Ukrainian writer|literal\n        work]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\nDuring 1960''s students from a special\n        music school in Kiev formed this group. The group was named after [[Mykola\n        Lysenko]]. They initially played unique interpretations of Ukrainian folk\n        songs. Later, after members were exposed to  the late works of [[The Beatles]],\n        they started to rearrange works of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]].\n        In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko and Blinov left it to form the new group\n        ''''Dzvony''''. The band started to experiment in new genres: blues and soul.\n        In 1972 the band and their music were banned in the Soviet Union and labeled\n        \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a result, all existing records/recordings were\n        destroyed. After that the band went underground until 1974. The members then\n        merged with ''''Dzvony'''' into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative\n        Trails''''. After the group was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed\n        its name to ''''Hrono''''. In 1977 the ensemble became ''''Eney'''' once again.\n        After a period of time, the group broke up and members either joined different\n        bands or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own\n        group [[Hrono]].\\n\\n===1980s===\\nThe rise of rock music in the middle of 1980s\n        was inspired by [[Gorbachev]]s [[perestroika]] with its [[doctrinal]]s of\n        [[glasnost]] and [[uskoreniye]].\\n\\nSeveral rock bands were formed in Kiev\n        in rock club \\\"Kuznia\\\". Among them [[Adem (band)|Adem]] (1985), [[Vopli Vidopliasova]]\n        (1986), [[Komu Vnyz]] (1988).\\n\\nThe most promoinent event was [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] [[music festival]] held for the first time\n        in [[Chernivtsi]] in 1989.\\n\\nSuch bands as [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]], [[Opalnyi Prynz]], [[Skryabin (band)|Skriabin]]\n        and [[The Telnyuk Sisters|Sestry Telniuk]] were formed in the late 1980s\\n\\n''''''[[Braty\n        Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}) is a rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band music style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll, blues,\n        punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironical song lyrics contain a lot of local vernacularisms,\n        slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\", where\n        the fictional surname Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadiuka'''', or\n        \\\"[[viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\" (In Ukrainian\n        the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly between 1988\n        and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kiev]] which was\n        a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by lot of famous people\n        (including that time prime minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]). After band''s leader\n        Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 the big tribute concert was held in 2011, joined\n        by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as Komu Vnyz, Vopli Vidoplyasova,\n        Okean Elzy and others. In 2014 rest of band members released new album (the\n        first one since 1996).\\n\\n[[File:Mertvyi_Piven.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]].]]\\n\\n''''''[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}}) is a [[rock music|rock]] band that\n        formed in 1989. The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival.\n        Their debut album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group\n        took first prize in the category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began\n        as an acoustic band. During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into\n        a grunge/art-rock band, though their music can''t be described by one particular\n        style. Dead Rooster has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of\n        the band were written in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]],\n        [[Maksym Rylsky]], [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]],\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]], [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras\n        Shevchenko]]. The album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s\n        poetry collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n''''''[[Vopli Vidopliasova]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430}}) was\n        formed in 1986 in [[Kiev]]. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs,\n        punk, hard rock, heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir\n        song ''''Den Narodzhennia'''' is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]''''\n        movies by director [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also\n        produced several solo albums.\\n\\n''''''[[Komu Vnyz]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) was founded in 1988 in Kiev. They wound up at\n        their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event.\\n\\nAs of 2011, Komu Vnyz\n        is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]] in order to\n        re-release their albums in Europe.\\n\\n===Early 1990s===\\n[[File:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]] on\n        Sheshory Festival 2005.]]\\n\\n''''''[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[folk rock]] band formed in Kiev in 1991. The music of Haydamaky is\n        inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially from\n        various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\nHaydamaky have\n        recently performed at many club venues across Europe, including as a special\n        guest at a concert of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]].\n        Other club appearances this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n\\n''''''[[Okean Elzy]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        Ukrainian bands. It was formed in 1994 in Lviv, Ukraine. The band''s vocalist\n        and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]. Okean Elzy is one of the best-loved\n        Ukrainian rock band not only in Ukraine but also in most [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April 2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ\n        Magazine music awards for \\u201cBest rock act\\u201d.\\n\\n''''''[[Plach Yeremiyi]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a rock band from Lviv, Ukraine. The band was actually formed in February\n        1990, but the two most constant musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod\n        Dyachyshyn have played together since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon''''''\n        (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach Yeremiyi songs are\n        usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead man [[Taras Chubay|Taras\n        Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org Website show that the\n        words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n===Late\n        1990s===\\n\\n''''''[[Dymna Sumish]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}}) was founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]].\n        The group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and\n        [[psychedelic rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00abChervona Ruta\\u00bb (Ukraine),\n        \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb ([[Moscow]]),\n        \\u00abWoodstock\\u00bb ([[Poland]]). Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll\n        members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s. They openly express their opinion\n        against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying to convey to the listeners with\n        their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn April 2012 the participants\n        of the group said that the group temporarily stop their activity because of\n        inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine - when a culture isn''t valued,\n        but instead all the power has [[policy]], social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n''''''[[Druha\n        Rika]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is a rock band from [[Zhytomyr]]. The band''s style determined as [[Brit Pop]].\n        Druha Rika released five studio albums and two compilations. The name of the\n        band means ''''Second river''''.\\n\\n[[File:\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg|thumb|right|300\n        px|[[Tartak]].]]\\n''''''[[Tartak]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from Ukraine.  They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics.\\n\\n\\\"Tartak\\\"\n        means ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought\n        that tartak symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate\n        for a band name.\\n\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]] founded\n        the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]. The group has released\n        five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums] Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events! when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n''''''[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c \\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u044f}}, sometimes\n        literal translation ''''''Sun Shadow'''''' is used) is a [[folk metal]] band\n        from Kiev. Primarily the band''s style was close to alternative rock, but\n        in 2003 they have come to so called [[Cossacks|Cossack]] rock. Almost all\n        of the lyrics are in Ukrainian except couple of Belarusian songs.\\n\\nThe band\n        has taken part in number of festivals the biggest of which are [[Basovi\\u0161\\u010da]]\n        and [[Zakhid]].\\n\\n===2000s-2010s===\\n''''''[[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]''''''\n        (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441, Bumboks) is a Ukrainian\n        [[funky]] [[Groove (music)|groove]] [[Musical ensemble|band]], which was founded\n        in 2004 by singer [[Andriy Khlyvniuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cMukha\\u201d Samoilo]]\n        on [[guitar]]. In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only\n        took 19 hours to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are in predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs\n        in [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        on their albums and singles.\\n\\n[[File:Skay-2008.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|S.K.A.Y.\n        at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]], Kiev on August 24, 2008.]]\\n\\n''''''[[S.K.A.Y.]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.''''''}}) is a [[Pop rock]] band\n        formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nAfter the band had been formed\n        in 2001 it started to tour the country and performed at several festivals\n        like ''''Perlyny sezonu'''', ''''Tavriyski ihry'''' and ''''Chervona ruta''''.\n        They became more known for a broader audience after their appearance on the\n        programme \\\"Fresh Blood\\\" on the Ukrainian TV channel M1. The general director\n        Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn\n        2006 their first album \\\"Te, shcho treba\\\" was released. They released their\n        second album \\\"Planeta S.K.A.Y.\\\" already in 2007.\\n\\nThe frontman Oleh Sobchuk\n        in 2008 was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]]\n        \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for his participation in the rock-tour with\n        the same name.''''\\\"His Beatitude Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church\n        Awards to Priests and Musicians Who Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated\n        to 1020th Years of the Baptism of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow\n        Patriarchate), 2008.''''\\n\\nIn October\\u2013November 2013 the group\n        took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are united\\\", which were organized\n        by pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]] in Ukrainian cities.\\n\\n==Notable\n        festivals==\\n* [[Bandershtat]] ([[Volyn Oblast]], 2007\\u2013present)\\n* [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (different cities of Ukraine, 1989\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Taras Bulba (festival)|Taras Bulba]] ([[Dubno]], [[Rivne Oblast]], 1991\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Tavria Games]] ([[Kakhovka]], [[Kherson Oblast]], 1992\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Rock-Existence]] ([[Kiev]], 1996\\u20132005)\\n* [[Rock-Sich]] ([[Kiev]],\n        2006\\u20132013)\\n* [[Stare Misto (Festival)|Stare Misto]] ([[Lviv]], 2007\\u20132013)\\n*\n        [[Trypilske kolo]] ([[Rzhyshchiv]], [[Kiev Oblast]], 2008\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Zakhid]] ([[Lviv Oblast]], 2009\\u2013present)\\n* [[Respublica (festival)|Respublica]]\n        ([[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], 2011\\u2013present)\\n\\n==List\n        of notable Ukrainian rock bands==\\n[[File:Basowiszcza-2007-TinSoncia-3.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Tin\n        Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]] at Basowiszcza 2007 festival.]]\\n[[File:FLIT danieluk\n        2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Volodymyr Novikov of [[Flit (band)|Flit]].]]\\n\\n{{div\n        col|3}}\\n\\n''''''[[Art rock]]''''''\\n*[[Eney]]\\n*[[Gorgisheli]]\\n* [[The Telnyuk\n        Sisters|The Telniuk Sisters]]\\n\\n''''''[[Black metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Astrofaes]]\n        \\n*[[Blood of Kingu]] \\n*[[Drudkh]] \\n*[[Hate Forest]] \\n*[[Khors (band)|Khors]]\n        \\n*[[Nokturnal Mortum]]\\n\\n''''''[[Death metal]]:''''''\\n*Firelake\\n*[[Fleshgore]]\\n\\n''''''[[Indie\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Brunettes Shoot Blondes]]\\n*[[Esthetic Education]]\\n*[[Marakesh\n        (band)|Marakesh]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Holy Blood (band)|Holy\n        Blood]]\\n*[[Kroda]]\\n*[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Atmasfera]]\\n*[[Los\n        Colorados (music group)|Los Colorados]]\\n*[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]\\n*[[Mandry]]\\n*[[PanKe\n        Shava]]\\n*[[TIK (band)|TIK]]\\n*[[Vopli Vidopliasova]] (VV)\\n*[[Yurcash]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Polynove Pole]] \\n*[[Obiymy Doshchu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Komu Vnyz]]\\n*[[Viy (band)|Viy]]\\n\\n''''''[[Metalcore]]'''''':\\n*[[Make\n        Me Famous]]\\n*[[Morphine Suffering]]\\n\\n''''''[[Pop rock]]:''''''\\n*[[BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]\\n*[[Druha Rika]]\\n*[[Hapochka]]\\n*[[Krykhitka Tsakhes|Krykhitka]]\n        (ex-Krykhitka Tsakhes) \\n*[[Lama (Ukrainian band)|Lama]]\\n*[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]]\\n*[[Okean Elzy]]\\n*[[Opalnyi Prynz]]\\n*[[Plach Yeremiyi]]\\n*[[S.K.A.Y.]]\\n*[[Skryabin\n        (band)|Skriabin]]\\n*[[Trystavisim]]\\n\\n''''''[[Punk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Braty\n        Hadiukiny]]\\n*[[Dymna Sumish]]\\n*[[Flit (band)|Flit]]\\n*[[Mad Heads XL]] (ex-Mad\n        Heads)\\n*[[O.Torvald]]\\n*[[Perkalaba]]\\n*[[Qarpa]] (ex-Faktychno Sami)\\n*[[Robots\n        Don''t Cry]]\\n*[[Sobaky v Kosmosi]]\\n*[[Teoriia Gvaltu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Rap rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Tartak]]\\n*[[TNMK]]\\n{{div\n        col end}}\\n\\n==Outside Ukraine==\\n* [[The Ukes]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n*\n        [[The Ukrainians]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n* [[Klooch]] ([[Toronto]], [[Ontario]],\n        Canada)\\n* [[Enej]] ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Berkut (band)|Berkut]]\n        ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Svoboda (band)|Svoboda]] ([[Saint Petersburg]],\n        [[Russia]])\\n* [[Sontse-Khmary]] ([[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]])\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[Ukrainian metal]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== Web\n        Resources ==\\n* [http://rok.kiev.ua/ Rok.Kiev.UA]\\n* [http://rock.lviv.ua/\n        rock.lviv.ua]\\n* [http://www.alt-m.te.ua/ Multimedia Database \\\"Modern Ukrainian\n        independent music\\\"]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://www.mhm-fest.com/\n        Metal Heads Mission Festival]\\n* [http://www.ssve.ru.rock-oko.com/ Rock-oko.com]\\n\\n{{World\n        rock}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Rock}}\\n[[Category:Rock music by country]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        music|Rock]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T14:43:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":792239485,\"length\":19427,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Ukraine&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\"},\"5260094\":{\"pageid\":5260094,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Ukrainians\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-06-28T02:06:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        people|Ukrainians}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June\n        2016}}\\n{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = The Ukrainians\\n|\n        image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Leeds]], [[England]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               =\n        [[Folk rock]]\\n| occupation          = \\n| years_active        = 1991–present\\n|\n        label               = \\n| associated_acts     = [[The Wedding Present]]\\n|\n        website                 = [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ the-ukrainians.com]\\n|\n        current_members     = [[Peter Solowka]]
Len Liggins
Steve Tymruk
Paul\n        Weatherhead
James Howe
Woody\\n| past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''The Ukrainians'''''' are a [[United Kingdom|British]] band,\n        which plays traditional [[Ukrainian music]], heavily influenced by western\n        [[post-punk]].\\n\\n==Career==\\nThe Ukrainians were formed in 1990 by [[The\n        Wedding Present|Wedding Present]] guitarist [[Peter Solowka]], with singer/violinist\n        [[Len Liggins]] and [[mandolin]] player Roman Remeynes, after all three had\n        played on the Wedding Present''s [[Ukrainian John Peel Sessions]] recordings\n        (''''Ukrayinski Vystupy v Johna Peela'''', released 1989).  Following the\n        success of that release, the trio began composing and recording in Ukrainian\n        as a separate band.\\n\\nIn 1991, their first [[Extended Play|EP]], Oi Divchino,\n        was awarded [[Single (music)|Single]] of the Week by British music weekly,\n        [[New Musical Express|NME]].{{Cite web | title = The Ukrainians history  |\n        url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}   Notably,\n        the video for this release was filmed in pre-revolution [[Kiev]] making them\n        the first western band to produce a video entirely in [[Eastern Europe]].{{Cite\n        web | title = The Ukrainians history  | url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nIn the same year, Solowka left\n        the Wedding Present, later claiming that he had been kicked out, the success\n        of the Ukrainian project making him the scapegoat for the band''s lack of\n        mainstream success.{{Cite web | title = Interview with Peter Solowka\n        | publisher = Something and Nothing  | url=http://www.somethingandnothing.net/petersolowka.html\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nSince 1991, the band have released\n        five studio albums as well as various [[live albums]] and EPs, all without\n        chart success in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. They continue to tour regularly,\n        especially in [[Poland]] and [[England]].  They celebrated 20 years of the\n        band in 2011 with a tour of British [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] clubs.\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\nBesides Solowka, Liggins and Remeynes, band members have included:\\n*Dave\n        Lee - drums\\n*Woody - drums, percussion\\n*Chris Harrop - bass guitar\\n*Paul\n        ''Dino'' Briggs - bass guitar\\n*Allan Martin - bass guitar\\n*Alan Dawson-\n        Bass guitar\\n*James Howe - bass guitar\\n*[[Stepan Pasicznyk|Stepan \\\"Ludwig\\\"\n        Pasicznyk]] - accordion, backing vocals, guitar\\n*Steve Tymruk - accordion,\n        melodion, backing vocals\\n*Paul Weatherhead - electric mandolin, sopilka,\n        theremin\\n*Michael L.B. West - mandolin, guitar, piano, trumpet, duda, oud,\n        ''cello, euphonium\\n\\nThe current line-up comprises Liggins, Solowka, Tymruk,\n        Wood, Weatherhead and Howe.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\nAlbums and EPs and singles\n        include:\\n\\n* ''''Oi Divchino'''' (1991)\\n* ''''[[The Ukrainians (album)|The\n        Ukrainians]]'''' (1991)\\n* ''''Pisni iz The Smiths'''' (EP) (1992) (four songs\n        originally by [[The Smiths]] translated into [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]).\\n*\n        ''''Vorony'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Live in Germany'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Kultura''''\n        (1994)\\n* ''''Radioactivity'''' (Single) (1996), a cover of the [[Kraftwerk]]\n        song, in order to raise money for the Children of Chernobyl charity and to\n        mark the 10th anniversary of the [[Chernobyl]] nuclear disaster.\\n* ''''Drink\n        to my Horse! The Ukrainians Live'''' (2001)\\n* ''''Anarchy In The UK'''' (EP)\n        (2002) (three songs originally by the [[Sex Pistols]] translated into [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]]).\\n* ''''[[Respublika (Ukrainians album)|Respublika]]''''\n        (2002)\\n* ''''Istoriya: The Best of the Ukrainians'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Live\n        in Czeremcha'''' (2008)\\n* ''''Diaspora'''' (2009)\\n* ''''20 Years'''' (Best\n        of) (2011)\\n*  A History of Rock Music in Ukrainian (2015)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ The Ukrainians] official site\\n\\n{{The\n        Wedding Present}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainians, The}}\\n[[Category:English\n        folk musical groups]]\\n[[Category:English rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1991\n        establishments in England]]\\n\\n\\n{{UK-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-20T16:05:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":727300117,\"length\":4918,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ukrainians&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\"},\"22096876\":{\"pageid\":22096876,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Viy\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-24T09:54:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = Viy / \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439  \\n|image           =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Traditional\n        music|Ethnic]]\\n|years_active    = 1991 \\u2013 present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com\\n|current_members\n        = Dmytro Dobryi-Vechir, Lesya Roy, Oleksandr Hrosman, Dmytro Kruzov, Mykola\n        Rodionov, Anastasiya Klymova\\n|past_members    = \\n|}}\\n\\n''''''Viy''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Traditional\n        music|ethnic]]-[[Rock music|rock]] band originating from the capital [[Kyiv]]\n        in 1991.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n* Chorna Rillia (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f, 2001)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2003)\\n* Chorna Rillia\n        Collector''s Edition (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f,\n        2004)\\n* Rock Legends of Ukraine - Viy (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439, 2004)\\n*\n        Viy Multimedia Encyclopedia (2005)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2006)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com Viy official website]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Viy}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:26:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":677599371,\"length\":1330,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viy_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\"},\"2450968\":{\"pageid\":2450968,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Vopli\n        Vidopliassova\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T21:31:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name      = Vopli Vidopliassova
\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\n|image       =\\n|caption    =\n        \\n|image_size    = \\n|landscape    = Yes\\n|background   = group_or_band\\n|origin     =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre      = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[punk rock]], [[folk-rock]],\n        [[psychedelic rock|psychedelic]]\\n|years_active  = 1986\\u2013present\\n|label      =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website       = {{URL|http://www.vopli.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = [[Oleh Skrypka]]
[[Oleksiy Melchenko]]
[[Eugeniy Rogachevskyi]][[Serhiy Sakhno]]|\\n|past_members  = [[Oleksandr Pipa]]
[[Yuri Zdorenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Vopli\n        Vidopliassova'''''' (also ''''''VV'''''') ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430, \\u0412\\u0412}},\n        {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8v\\u0254pli vid\\u0254\\u02c8plj\\u0251sov\\u0251|}}) is a popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] band. It was created in 1986 in [[Kyiv]], in the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (present-day [[Ukraine]]). The leader of the\n        band is singer Oleg Skrypka. Vopli Vidopliasova are the founders of Ukrainian\n        rock-n-roll style and neo-ethnic rock. They first sang Ukrainian rock outside\n        Ukraine. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs, punk, hard rock,\n        heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir song ''''Den Narodzhennya''''\n        is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]'''' movies by director\n        [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also produced several\n        solo albums.\\n\\nIn 2009, their record label, [[Kraina Mriy]], released all\n        their albums for free as a Christmas present.{{cite web|url=http://krainamriy.com/mp3.php#20\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0410 \\u041c\\u0420\\u0406\\u0419: \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c & \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e |publisher=Krainamriy.com\n        |date=1997-07-26 |accessdate=2012-08-29}}''\\n\\nA lot of their early\n        material (1986-1996) is in [[Drop C tuning]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was\n        formed in 1986 by guitarist Yuri Zdorenko and bassist Oleksandr Pipa, who\n        had played in the band SOS since 1984. It took its name from Vidopliassov,\n        a character from ''''[[The Village of Stepanchikovo]]''''. The band had their\n        first performance at the Kiev rock club on 30 October 1987, with vocalist\n        and accordionist Oleh Skrypka and drummer Serhiy Sakhno.\\n\\nIn 1988, the band\n        played its first concert in Russia at the Rok-Artel festival. The concert\n        was taped and released as ''''[[Pershyy koncert v Moskvi]]''''.\\n\\nIn 1989,\n        the band recorded a session at the Faberge Hall of Culture in Kiev, and released\n        it as ''''[[Tantsi]]''''. That same year, they appeared on the French compilation\n        ''''[[De Lenine a Lennon]]'''', the soundtrack to a French documentary on\n        Soviet rock.\\n\\nIn 1990, they released the album ''''[[Hey, O.K]]'''' on Kobza\n        International and appeared on the Canadian compilation ''''This Ain''t No\n        Polka'''' (a recording of the 1989 [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]])\n        with the song \\\"Tantsi\\\". The following year, they played at the Eurockeennes\n        festival in France, and the recording was released as ''''[[Abo abo]]''''\n        on BSA Records a year later. In 1991, Skripka and Pipa moved to France and\n        would divide their time between it and Ukraine, using Phillip Mozha (guitar)\n        and Stefan Muflie (drums) as replacements for Zdorenko and Sakhno when touring\n        in France.\\n\\nIn 1992, Skripka, Zdorenko, Pipa and Sakhno entered Komora Studio\n        in Kiev to begin recording what would become their debut album, ''''[[Kraina\n        Mriy]]'''', released two years later.\\n\\nIn 1996, Skrypka and Pipa, who had\n        just returned from France (having lived there since 1990), moved back to Ukraine\n        and began recording the album ''''[[Muzika]]'''', released in 1997. A single\n        was released in 1996 with 4 tracks from the album. Skrypka sang, programmed\n        the drums and played accordion, traditional Ukrainian folk instruments and\n        some guitar, while Pipa played bass. Zdorenko played guitar on the track \\\"Gei,\n        liubo!\\\". On the album, \\\"Hei! Liubo!\\\" is crossfaded with \\\"Bogi\\\", but on\n        the single, it wasn''t crossfaded and its natural ending rang out, however\n        on recent compilations, it just cuts off at the part of the end where \\\"Bogi\\\"\n        is expected to begin.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sakhno rejoined the band and Evhen Rohachevsky\n        joined as guitarist. With this new lineup, they began recording their third\n        album, ''''[[Khvyli Amura]]'''', released in 2000. Around that time, Skrypka\n        became interested in Indian music, and the album reflects that, particularly\n        in the song \\\"[[Den narodjennya]]\\\".\\n\\nIn 2000, the band contributed tracks\n        to tribute albums to [[Grazhdanskaya Oborona]] (\\\"Pops\\\") and [[Kino (band)|Kino]]\n        (\\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" and \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\"), and appeared on the Sprite Driver\n        2 compilation in 2001 with the song \\\"Osen\\\". The latter three songs were\n        translated into Ukrainian and appeared as B-sides to the single \\\"[[Mamay\n        (song)|Mamay]]\\\" that year. In 2002, the album ''''[[Fayno]]'''' was finally\n        released, featuring \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Sonyachni dni\\\"),\n        \\\"Osen\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Zoryana osin\\\"), a remixed version of \\\"Mamay\\\",\n        a partially re-recorded version of \\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Pachka\n        tsyharok\\\") and a censored version of \\\"Pops\\\". The original presses on Lavina\n        Music and Misteria Zvuka contained three bonus tracks: the original Russian\n        version of \\\"Osen\\\", \\\"The Pack of Cigarettes\\\" (an English version of \\\"Pachka\n        sigaret\\\") and \\\"Les jours de soleil\\\" (a French version of \\\"Solnechnie dni\\\"),\n        demonstrating Oleh Skrypka''s multilingualism.\\n\\nIn 2006, Oleksandr Pipa\n        left the band and was replaced by Oleksiy Melchenko. They then recorded the\n        album ''''[[Buly denky]]'''', a compilation of old songs from the late 80s\n        and early 90s which had never got the studio treatment before, but which had\n        been played live. That year, they played the first \\\"Rok-Sich\\\" festival,\n        a festival started by Skrypka with the intent to foster local talent. The\n        rules for the Rock Sich are that any genre other than pop is acceptable and\n        that all bands must sing in Ukrainian, however VV broke their own rule and\n        played \\\"Pops\\\" at the concert in the original Russian and with the original\n        uncensored lyrics. The performance was released on CD in 2008, DVD in 2011\n        and double LP in 2012. The standard one-CD version of the Rock Sich album\n        had two tracks cut due to space constraints, but a two-CD version was available\n        with the missing tracks restored. The missing tracks were also on the vinyl\n        and DVD.\\n\\nThey released the singles \\\"Lado\\\" and \\\"Chio San\\\" in 2009 and\n        \\\"Vidpustka\\\" (a reworking of a track from 1987) in 2010.\\n\\nTheir next album,\n        \\\"[[Chudovy svit]]\\\", was released on 18 October 2013. \\\"Lado\\\", \\\"Chio San\\\"\n        and \\\"Vidpustka\\\" were included on the album.\\n\\nThe group have been carrying\n        out a vinyl rerelease campaign, with ''''[[Kraina Mriy]]'''', ''''Muzika''''\n        and ''''Xvyli Amura'''' being the first to be released in 2013. ''''[[Fayno]]''''\n        and ''''[[Chudovy svit]]'''' followed in 2016. ''''Buly denky'''' had already\n        been released on vinyl in 2008.\\n\\n==Members==\\n\\n===Current members===\\n*\n        [[Oleh Skrypka|Oleg Skrypka]] - lead vocals, accordion, guitars, saxophone,\n        trumpet, programming, keyboards\\n* [[Yevhen Rohachevsky]] - guitar, backing\n        vocals\\n* [[Oleksiy Melchenko]] - bass\\n* [[Serhiy Sakhno]] - drums, percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* [[Yuri Zdorenko]] - guitar, co-lead\n        vocals (1986-1997)\\n* [[Oleksandr Pipa]] - bass (1986-2007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n{{main|Vopli Vidopliassova discography}}\\n* 1992 - [[Abo abo]] (\\u0410\\u0431\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e)\\n* 1993 - [[Zakustyka]] (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\n* 1994 - [[Kraina Mriy]] (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n*\n        1997 - [[Muzika]] (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2000 - [[Khvyli\n        Amura]] (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)\\n*\n        2002 - [[Fayno]] (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)\\n* 2006 - [[Buly Denky]]\n        (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)\\n* 2008 -\n        [[VV na sceni festivalju \\\"ROK-SICH\\\"]] (\\u0412\\u0412 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e \\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0421\\u0456\\u0447)\\n*\n        2013 - [[Chudovy svit]] (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)\\n\\n===\n        Video clips ===\\nIn video clips traces the love of Ukrainian car industry.\n        So in the video for the song Musika can be seen ZAZ-1105 Dana, and in the\n        video for the song Polonyna except car LuAZ Volyn-1302 also tractor HTZ T-150\n        and T-64B. In a recent video clip Vacation attended two convertibles based\n        on ZAZ-965 and ZAZ-968\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! Year !! Name of Song !!\n        Producer (s) !! Album\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1989 ||\\u00abDance\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u00bb)||\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|''''[[Tantsi|Dance (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1996\n        ||\\u00abMusika\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb) ||\n        || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Muzika|Musika (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSpring\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb) || Aleksander Solokha\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1997\n        ||\\u00abBurned Pine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0413\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Yevhen Mytrofanov\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1998 ||\\u00abLove\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u00bb) || || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Khvyli\n        Amura|Waves of Amur (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1999\n        ||\\u00abBirthday\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb)\n        || Olga Stolpovska & Dmytro Troitskyi\\n|-\\n|\\u00abWere in the countryside\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2000\n        ||\\u00abSecret spheres\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u0454\\u043c\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u00bb)\n        ||\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2001 ||\\u00abBirthday (remix)\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (remix)\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\u00bb1\\\"|''''[[Den naroDJennia|Birthday (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2002\n        ||\\u00abWorld\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhaylo\n        Shelepov ta Oleh Lebid || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Faino|Fayno (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2003\n        ||\\u00abPolonyna\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhailo Shelepov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSunny Days\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u044f\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u00bb) || rowspan=1\\\"|Andriy Lebedev\\n|-\\n|\\u00abStar Autumn\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0417\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u00bb)\n        || Ulyana Shyshkina\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2006 || \\u00abSong\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Buly denky|Buly denky (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abLull\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Oleg Tsurikov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abKatherine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Roman Bondarchuk & Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|2009 || \\u00abLado\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Oleg Skrypka & Viktor\n        Skuratovskiy || rowspan=\\\"6\\\"|''''[[Chudovy svit|Chudovy svit (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abCio Cio San\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0427\\u0456\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2010\n        ||\\u00abVacation\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2012\n        ||\\u00abShchedryk\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0429\\u0435\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2013\n        ||\\u00abChudovy svit\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2015 ||\\u00abTalalai\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u00bb)|| Volodymyr Yakymenko\\n|}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.vopli.com.ua\n        Official VV website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/VopliVidopliassova Official\n        YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/vopli Official Facebook page]\\n*\n        [https://www.twitter.com/vopli Official Twitter feed]\\n\\n{{Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian 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Sasha\n        Soloha\\n| Img = zetetics_band.jpg\\n| Img_capt =Zetetics in 2015. Live in Kyiv\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Zetetics''''''\n        are a Ukrainian rock band formed in 2014 by lead singer Lika Bugaeva, with\n        very personal lyrics and a strong mix.\\n\\nLika Bugaeva first became known\n        as a contestant on the talent  TV show \\\"The Voice\\\". The band''s debut album,\n        \\\"Finally I see\\\", was rated the best Ukrainian album of 2015, by ''Inspired''.\n        Their single \\\"Fly Away\\\" is well known for its video, in which Lika was singing\n        in sign language.\\n\\nIn autumn 2015, the band released a new album \\\"Zetetic\\\".\n        \\\"Zetetic\\\" is a little used English word from Greek and  Latin, that translates\n        as \\u201cthose who are looking for the truth\\u201d.{{citeweb|url=http://beehy.pe/best-of-2015/ukraine-3/BeeHype|title=''''Best\n        of 2015 Ukraine 3''''}} BeeHype Accessed 2016-4-3 The album was praised  by\n        Comma.com and BeeHype.\\n\\nThe band has released its first full\n        concert video \\u2014 \\u00abLive in Kyiv\\u00bb.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n* 2014\n        ''''[[Finally I see (album)|Finally I see]]''''\\n* 2015 ''''[[Zetetics (album)|Zetetics]]''''\\n*\n        2016 [[Unplugged (Zetetics album)|Unplugged]]\\n* 2017 [[Even Tonight (single)|Even\n        Tonight]]\\n\\n== Live shows ==\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EN06Rf99Qo\n        Zetetics - Live in Kyiv]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HH98nmP9U3A Zetetics\n        - Unplugged]\\n\\n== Music videos ==\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cv-7JxWDwo\n        Zetetics - Fly Away]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_W2tS13nVF0 Zetetics\n        - Dance With Me (lyrics)]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrdJtWlW2JU\n        Zetetics - You and I]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n* [http://tsn.ua/special-projects/uamusic/\n        Listen Ukrainian. TOP-15] by TSN.\\n* [http://cultprostir.ua/uk/post/ukrayinska-spivachka-zapisala-albom-zi-zvukorezhiserom-alli-pugachovoyi\n        Lika Bugaeva: Meet Zetetics] interview by Cultprostir.ua\\n* [http://officiel-online.com/lifestyle-2/art/musika/zetetic-lika-bugaeva-predstavlyaet-novyiy-albom/\n        Zetetics New Album] by L''officiel Online.\\n* [http://comma.com.ua/articles/uaalbums2015\n        Best Ukrainian Albums 2015] by Comma.com.ua.\\n* [http://maincream.com/content/entry/intervu-s-likoj-bugaevoj.html\n        Looking for the truth] interview by Maincream.\\n* [https://www.behance.net/gallery/31540103/Zetetics-Content-Production\n        Content for Zetetics show] on Behance\\n* [[Oleh Teteriatnyk]]: \\\"[http://cultprostir.ua/ru/news-single/ukrainskaya-rok-gruppa-prezentovala-video-moschnogo-shou\n        When people do the best of what they can, you just do not interfere]\\\" by\n        cultprostir.ua\\n* [https://ru.tsn.ua/glamur/lyubimica-arbeninoy-na-golosi-krayini-lika-bugaeva-vypustila-klip-395132.html\n        \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0446\\u0430 \\u0414\\u0438\\u0430\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0431\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u044e\\u0442\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\\u043f]\n        by TSN.ua\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.zetetics.band Official website]\\n*\n        [http://soundcloud.com/zeteticsmusic Official Soundcloud]\\n* [http://facebook.com/zeteticsmusic\n        Official Facebook page]\\n* [http://youtube.com/c/zeteticsmusic Official Youtube]\\n*\n        [http://instagram.com/zeteticsmusic Official Instagram]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2014]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n
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 Serhiy Nesterenko
 Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi
\n        Mykhaylo Salo
 Vadym Bayuk \\n| past_members       = Viktor Zhyrkov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''ANNA''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u041d\\u041d\\u0410}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\n        band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nANNA has three times toured in Ukraine\n        supporting both of its albums and the 10th anniversary of the band. Also ANNA\n        has taken a part in many Ukrainian festivals (e.g. Rujnacija, Rock-Vybux,\n        Taras Buljba, Metal Heads Mission, Big Alternative Gig, Fort.Missia).\\n\\nThe\n        band ceased to exist in February 2013 because of conflict between Viktor Novosyolov\n        and the rest of the band. Later Novosyolov created a project [[Kompas (band)|Kompas]]\n        while some other ANNA members continue to collaborate as [[LATUR]].\\n\\nIn\n        2015 the band got active taking part in the festival \\\"Zavantazhennya\\\" and\n        preparing a big solo concert in Kyiv.\\n\\n==Members==\\n* Viktor Novosyolov\n        ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[vocal]]\\n* Serhiy Nesterenko ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[guitar]],\n        vocal\\n* Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi ''''(\\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)''''\n        \\u2014 guitar\\n* Mykhaylo Salo ''''(\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[bass guitar]]\\n* Vadym Bayuk ''''(\\u0412\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2014 [[drums]]\\n\\n''''''Former members''''''\\n*\n        Viktor Zhyrkov ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0416\\u0438\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[programming (music)|programming]], [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430'''' (Proba, 2003; was not published)\\n*\n        ''''\\u0421\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435''''\n        (Spryjmaj mene, 2006; EP)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008; single)\\n* ''''\\u0421\\u0440\\u0456\\u0431\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0417\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (Sribna Zmija, 2010)\\n* ''''\\u0413\\u0456\\u043c\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445''''\n        (Himn zamurovanyx, 2012; single)\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"Glamour\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USnxCAaoMzM]\\n*\n        \\\"Karmatrash\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7iY-WBK6Tw]\\n* \\\"Hra z Bohom\\\"\n        [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78hZVG7Y7JQ]\\n* \\\"\\u010cornyj Znak\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfS6ZaIktig]\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/annalviv ANNA (''''myspace.com'''')]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:2002 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-18T13:37:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":761970199,\"length\":2973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\"},\"31843918\":{\"pageid\":31843918,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-12T03:15:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Boombox\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        image                 = BoomBox in Mykolaiv \\u2014 8.jpg\\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| caption            = \\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[Rock and roll]], [[funk rock]],\n        [[funk]], [[reggae]], [[hard rock]]\\n| years_active        = 2004-present\\n|\n        label               = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]], Vdoh\\n| website                 =\n        [http://boombox.kiev.ua/ Official blog of the band ]\\n| Language = [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[English language|English]]\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Boombox'''''' (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441,\n        Bumboks) is a Ukrainian pop [[Musical ensemble|band]] formed in 2004 by singer\n        [[Andriy Khlyvnyuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cFly\\u201d Samoylo]] on [[guitar]].\n        In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only took 19 hours\n        to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs in\n        [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        in their albums and singles.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        (Melomania) (2005)\\n* Family \\u0411\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 (Family\n        Business) (2006)\\n* III (2008)\\n* \\u0412\\u0441\\u0451 \\u0432\\u043a\\u043b\\u044e\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        (All included) (2010)\\n* \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043di\\u0439 \\u0412i\\u043a\n        (Middle Age) (2011)\\n* \\u0422\\u0435\\u0440\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0411\n        (Terminal B) (2013)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.last.fm/music/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81\n        Boombox on last.fm]\\n\\n{{BoomBox}}\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T02:08:12Z\",\"lastrevid\":779965890,\"length\":1730,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\"},\"43831925\":{\"pageid\":43831925,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Braty\n        Hadiukiny\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-14T18:41:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{nofootnotes|date=July\n        2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name            = Braty Hadiukiny
 \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438\\n|image           =\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size      = \\n|landscape       = Yes\\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = rock''n''roll, blues, punk, reggae,\n        funk, folk\\n|years_active    = 1988-1996
2006\\u2013present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = {{URL|http://www.gady.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = \\n|past_members    = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Braty Hadiukiny'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}), or simply ''''''Hady''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438}}) is a Ukrainian rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band''s musical style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll,\n        blues, punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironic song lyrics contain a lot of local\n        vernacularisms, slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\",\n        where the fictional last name Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadyuka'''',\n        or \\\"[[Viperidae|viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\"\n        (In Ukrainian the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly\n        between 1988 and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kyiv]]\n        which was a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by a lot of\n        famous people (including [[Yulia Tymoshenko] the prime minister at the time]).\n        After the band''s leader Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 a big tribute concert\n        was held in 2011, joined by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as [[Komu\n        Vnyz]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Okean Elzy]] and others. In 2014 the rest\n        of the band members released a new album (the first one since 1996). \\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n;Current\\n* Ihor Melnychuk (\\u0406\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440 \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u00bb\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a) \\u2014 bass, vocals.\n        \\n* Pavlo Krakhmal''ov (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u043e \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445\\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432)\n        \\u2014 keyboards, vocals.\\n* Henadiy Verbianyi (\\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0448\\u0430\\u00bb \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 guitar.\\n* Mykhailo Lundin (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u041b\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041b\\u0443\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d)\n        \\u2014 drums, back vocals\\n* Liliya Pavlyk-Kuvaldina (\\u041b\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a-\\u041a\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Olena Romanovska (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Andriy Skachko (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014 guitar (new)\\n* Anton Buryko\n        (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0411\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014\n        trumpet (new)\\n* Volodymyr Pushkar (\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\n        \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440) \\u2014 trombone (new)\\n* Nazar Vachevskyi\n        (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 saxophone (new)\\n\\n;Past\\n* Serhiy Kuzminskyi (\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 vocals, keyboards, lyrics, music (1987-1996)\\n* Oleksandr Yemets (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u00ab\\u0428\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb \\u0404\\u043c\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c) \\u2014\n        saxophone, lyrics, music (1987-1989)\\n* Oleksandr Hamburg (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433) \\u2014 bass, vocals (1987-1991)\\n*\n        Andriy Partyka (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1987\\u20141994)\\n* Ernest Khreptyk (\\u0415\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Stepan Koval (\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n*\n        Bohdan Vatashchuk (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d \\u0412\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u0449\\u0443\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Oleh Kachechka (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991-1992)\\n*\n        Yuliya Donchenko (\\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)\n        \\u2014 back vocals (1994)\\n* Bohdan Yura (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u042e\\u0440\\u0430) \\u2014 saxophone (1994\\u20141995)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n;Studio\n        albums\\n* 1989 [[Vso chotko!]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e!)''''\\n*\n        1991 [[My \\u2014 khloptsi z Bandershtadtu]] ''''(\\u041c\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0437 \\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0434\\u0442\\u0443)''''\n        \\n* 1994 [[Bulo ne liubyty]] ''''(\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438)''''\\n*\n        1996 [[Shchaslyvoyi dorohy (Bye, bye, myla)]] ''''(\\u0429\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438! (\\u0411\\u0430\\u0439, \\u0431\\u0430\\u0439,\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430!))''''\\n* 2014 [[Made in Ukraine (Braty Hadiukiny\n        album)|Made in Ukraine]]\\n\\n;Live albums\\n* 2000 [[Na!Zhyvo]] ''''(\\u041d\\u0410!\\u0416\\u0418\\u0412\\u041e)''''\n        (live recordings of 1994\\u20141995)\\n* 2006 [[Live \\u00e0 Bruxelles]] (live\n        from Brussels, 29 October 1992)\\n* 2006 [[Vrodylo]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e)''''\n        2CD, DVD (live from Kyiv, 20 January 2006)\\n\\n;DVD\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia\n        domiv]] ''''(\\u042f \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432.\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c''\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e)''''\n        (live tribute)\\n\\n;Other\\n* 2007 [[Love Story (Braty Hadiukiny album)|Love\n        Story]] (love songs newly recorded)\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia domiv]] ''''(\\u042f\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432)''''\n        (tribute)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.gady.com.ua/ Official page]\\n* [http://www.kmstudio.com.ua/cheremshyna/bratygadiukiny.htm\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438. \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438.]\\n*\n        [http://poetry.uazone.net/braty/ Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-17T19:42:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":754824789,\"length\":4711,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braty_Hadiukiny&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\"},\"46376609\":{\"pageid\":46376609,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{expand\n        Ukrainian|date=April 2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Brunettes Shoot Blondes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              = [[Kryvyi\n        Rih]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Independent music|indie]], [[alternative\n        rock|alternative]], [[Electronic music|electronic]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2010\\u2013present \\n| label               = independent\\n|\n        website             = [http://brunettesshootblondes.org// brunettesshootblondes.org]\\n|\n        current_members     = Andrew Kovaliov
 Roman Sobol
 Igor Sidash Yuriy Vodolazhskiy\\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n''''''Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes'''''' is a Ukrainian [[indie rock]] band, founded in early 2010 and\n        based out of [[Kryvyi Rih]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group gained international\n        recognition in September 2014 for an animated music video to their song \\\"Knock\n        Knock\\\". The video went viral, receiving more than five million [[YouTube]]\n        views in the 10 days after its release. In early 2015, the band developed\n        their unique music video style for the song ''Bittersweet'', made in partnership\n        with German automobile manufacturer [[Opel]]. Brunettes Shoot Blondes currently\n        has no contract with any record labels, instead promoting the band independently.\\n\\n==\n        Career ==\\n\\nSince 2011, Brunettes Shoot Blondes have performed numerous concerts\n        in their homeland Ukraine and across mainland [[Europe]]. The group has played\n        at festivals including Wybieram Wschod {{cite news|url=http://eastbook.eu/2012/04/material/announcement/festiwal-wybieram-wsch%C3%B3d-21-22-04-2012-pozna%C5%84/|title=Festiwal\n        Wybieram Wsch\\u00f3d!, 21-22.04.2012, Pozna\\u0144|work=EastBook|date=7 April\n        2012|accessdate=27 July 2015}}  ([[Pozna\\u0144]], [[Poland]]), OstAnders\n        2013 ([[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]]) and at Eastern Hipsters ([[Bia\\u0142ystok]],\n        Poland, 2014). In 2011, they also participated in the [[BalconyTV]] project\n        in Pozna\\u0144. The band continues to work on new songs and music videos,\n        in between their appearances on Ukrainian TV channels.\\n\\nBrunettes Shoot\n        Blondes has also cooperated with famous commercial brands to produce music\n        for advertising, including [[Watsons Personal Care Stores|Watsons]] (song:\n        You Broke My Heart) and [[\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430|Nova\n        Poshta]] (songs: Tomorrow and Nothing At All). The music video for the song\n        ''Bittersweet'' was produced in partnership with German car maker Opel.\\n\\n===\n        \\\"Knock Knock\\\" ===\\n\\nIn September 2014, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released\n        a new music video on YouTube for their song ''Knock Knock''. The story features\n        an animated love story of a rabbit and a girl,{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10?IR=T|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=11\n        April 2015}} shot in real time using 14 [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone]]s,\n        [[iPad]]s and [[MacBook]]s. The band''s members produced the video, with the\n        band''s frontman Andrew Kovaliov assuming the role of video [[Music video\n        director|director]].{{cite news|url=http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/27/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-animated-music-video/|title=Apple\n        devices host an animated chase in Brunettes Shoot Blondes music video|work=de\n        Zeen|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} The video attracted\n        more than 600,000 YouTube views in the first five days after being uploaded.\n        By April 2015, this number was more than seven million. The video was also\n        posted on [[Facebook]] and received over [https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=10152894680079245\n        26 million views and 800,000 shares].\\n\\nIn October 2014, the video topped\n        YouTube in the category of ''New performers \\u00abEmerging Artists From Across\n        the Globe\\u00bb''. Various international media outlets conducted interviews\n        and features with the band following the release of ''Knock Knock'' including\n        ''''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6259369/watch-ukrainian-band-animated-music-video-live-sequenced-apple-devices|title=Watch\n        this Ukrainian Band''s Animated Music Video Live Sequenced Through 14 Apple\n        Devices|work=Billboard|date=24 September 2014|accessdate=13 April 2015}}\n        [[Yahoo!]],{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/ukrainian-band-brunettes-shoot-blondes-creates-best-apple-ad-ever-193750473.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Band Brunettes Shoot Blondes Creates Best Apple Ad Ever|work=Yahoo!|date=29\n        September 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}} ''''[[The Daily Mirror]]'''',{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/amazing-animated-music-video-tells-4346538|title=Amazing\n        animated music video tells a love story across dozens of iPhone and iPad screens|work=Daily\n        Mirror|date=29 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://rollingstone.uol.com.br/especial/TIM/noticia/banda-ucraniana-cria-carismatico-video-interativo-com-diferentes-gadgets/|title=Banda\n        ucraniana cria carism\\u00e1tico v\\u00eddeo interativo com diferentes gadgets|work=Rolling\n        Stone Brasil|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=13 April 2015}} [[Mashable]],{{cite\n        news|url=http://mashable.com/2014/09/24/music-video-14-screens|title=Clever\n        Music Video Plays Out on 14 Apple Gadgets|work=Mashable|date=24 September\n        2014|accessdate=17 June 2015}} [[Business Insider]],{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=17\n        June 2015}} ''''[[Daily Mail]]'''', ''''[[USA Today]]'''', ''''[[The\n        Verge]]'''',{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/28/6857177/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-music-video|title=iPhones\n        and iPads star in this intricately animated love story|work=Verge|date=28\n        September 2014|accessdate=24 June 2015}} [[Dezeen]] and ''''[[The Huffington\n        Post]]''''.\\n\\nIn May 2015 the music video \\\"Knock Knock\\\" won the \\\"Best\n        Concept\\\" award at the Berlin Music Video Award 2015.\\n\\nThe band''s success\n        was recognized by the [[Presidential Administration of Ukraine|Ukrainian president''s\n        administration]], with frontman Andrew Kovaliov becoming one of the first\n        Ukrainian citizens to receive new [[biometric passport]]s.{{cite news|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/32047.html|title=President:\n        Biometric passports are the key step on the way to the visa-free regime with\n        the EU|work=Official website of the President of Ukraine|date=12 January 2015|accessdate=13\n        April 2015}} Kovaliov thinks the video has improved Ukraine''s international\n        standing and relationship within the [[European Union]], saying \\\"everybody\n        should actually do what they can to make our country stronger, to show that\n        we''re a European country and that we have to do something for this country\\\".{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-25/hit-viral-video-shows-different-side-ukraine|title=A\n        worldwide viral hit shows a different side of Ukraine|work=PRI|date=25 September\n        2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}}\\n\\n=== ''''Bittersweet'''' ===\\n\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2015, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released a debut EP ''Bittersweet''.\n        The album features four songs including the well-known singles ''Knock Knock''\n        and ''Bittersweet''.{{cite news|url=http://brunettesshootblondes.org/post/109832692274/brunettes-shoot-blondes-release-debut-ep|title=Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes releases a debut EP|work=Brunettes Shoot Blondes|date=29 January\n        2015|accessdate=27 July 2015}}\\n\\nFront man Andrew Kovaliov says:  \\u201cEP\n        ''Bittersweet'' is the band\\u2019s first release, in which we invested lots\n        of strength and inspiration. Most of the material was recorded in studios\n        in [[Warsaw]] and [[Kyiv]]\\u201d. The song was produced in partnership with\n        German advertising agency [[Scholz & Friends]] and with German car maker Opel.\n        The video develops the use of a ''picture in picture'' effect used in the\n        video for ''Knock Knock'' \\u2013 consisting of footage performed directly\n        from the screens of devices, without editing.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== EPs\n        ===\\n* 2015 \\u2014 Bittersweet\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* \\\"I Don''t Know\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"You Broke My Heart\\\"\\n* \\\"You''ve Got To Move\\\"\\n* \\\"Cigarette Day\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Sarah\\\"\\n* \\\"One, Two, Three, Girl\\\"\\n*\\\"Every Monday\\\"\\n\\n==Music videos==\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!Year\\n!Video\\n!Director\\n!Album\\n|-\\n|2013\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z05IZNH1DcM\n        I Don''t Know]\\u00bb\\n|[[Denis Breslavskiy]]\\n|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RC_0NzJ2mWA\n        Knock Knock]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrnKiCIQNiQ\n        Bittersweet]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n|}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{official website|http://brunettesshootblondes.org/}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/bsbclips/\n        Brunettes Shoot Blondes YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/brunettesshootblondes/\n        Facebook Page]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/brunettesshootblondes/ Soundcloud\n        Page]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2010]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian indie rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":797979473,\"length\":9442,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\"},\"29516824\":{\"pageid\":29516824,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dead\n        Rooster\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-26T06:41:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=September\n        2011}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            = Dead Rooster
\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\n| image             = Mertvyi Piven.jpg\\n|\n        alt         = \\n| caption        = \\n| image_size        = \\n| background      =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          = [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[punk rock]]\n        \\n| years_active    = 1989\\u20132011\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website             = [http://deadrooster.org.ua www.deadrooster.org.ua]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Misko Barbara]] 
  [[Roman Chayka]] 
 [[Oleh Suk]]\n        
 [[Alex Slobodian]] 
 [[Yurko Chopyk]] 
 [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n|\n        past_members    = [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  
 [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]] 
 [[Vadym\n        Balayan]] 
 [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] 
 [[Andriy Nadolsky]] 
 [[Yaryna\n        Yakubyak]] 
 [[Roman Ross]] 
 [[Ivan Nebesny]] 
 [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u0440\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430 (Fort.Missia 2011).jpg|thumb|250px|Misko\n        Barbara, lead vocalist of the band.]]\\n''''''Dead Rooster'''''' or ''''''Mertvy\n        Piven'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}})\n        is a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that formed in 1989.\n        The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival. Their debut\n        album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group took first prize in the\n        category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began as an acoustic band.\n        During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into a grunge/art-rock band,\n        though their music can''t be described by one particular style. Dead Rooster\n        has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of the band were written\n        in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]], [[Maksym Rylsky]],\n        [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]], [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras Shevchenko]]. The\n        album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s poetry\n        collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current\\n* [[Misko Barbara]]\n        \\n* [[Roman Chayka]] \\n* [[Oleh Suk]] \\n* [[Alex Slobodian]] \\n* [[Yurko Chopyk]]\n        \\n* [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n\\n;Past\\n* [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  \\n* [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]]\n        \\n* [[Vadym Balayan]] \\n* [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] \\n* [[Andriy Nadolsky]] \\n*\n        [[Yaryna Yakubyak]] \\n* [[Roman Ross]] \\n* [[Ivan Nebesny]] \\n* [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n# 1992 - ''''\\u0415\\u0442\\u043e'''' (Eto)\\n# 1993 - ''''\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c ''93'''' (Dead Rooster ''93)\\n# 1994\n        - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043e''''\n        (1994) Live in studio (Pidzemne zoo (1994) Studio Live)\\n# 1995 - ''''Live\n        \\u0443 \\u041b\\u044c\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456'''' (Live in Lviv)\\n# 1996 - ''''IL\n        Testamento'''' \\n# 1997 - ''''\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\n        \\u0415\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441'''' (Misky Boh Eros)\\n# 1998 - ''''\\u0428\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430''''\n        (Shabadabada)\\n# 2003 - ''''\\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f\\u043a\\u0438''''\n        (Afrodiziaky)\\n# 2006 - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f'''' (Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438'''' (Kryminalni Sonety)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c'''' (Vybrany narodom)\\n# 2009 -\n        ''''Made in \\u042e\\u0410'''' (Made in UA)\\n# 2011 - ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430'''' (Radio Afrodyta)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n{{commonscat|Mertvyi Piven}}\\n* [http://deadrooster.org.ua Official\n        website]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=5 Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Musical sextets]]\\n[[Category:1989\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-15T06:49:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":677902138,\"length\":3698,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Rooster&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\"},\"43223438\":{\"pageid\":43223438,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Druha\n        Rika\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-25T07:57:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Druha Rika\\n| image                = \\n| caption           = \\n| image_size           =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[Alternative rock]], [[Brit Pop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Zhytomyr]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1996-\\n| label              =\n        [[Lavina music]]
[[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                =\n        [http://www.drugarika.com/ Druha Rika]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Tokio (Russian\n        band)|Tokio]]\\n| current_members    = Valeriy Kharchyshyn
 Oleksandr\n        Baranovsky
 Oleksiy Doroshenko
 Serhiy Belichenko 
 Serhiy\n        Hera (Shura) \\n| past_members       = Viktor Skurativsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Druha\n        Rika'''''' (also ''''''Druga Rika'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Zhytomyr]].\n        The band''s style is determined as [[Brit Pop]]. Druha Rika released five\n        studio albums and two compilations. The name of the band means ''''Second\n        river''''.\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current members\\n* Valeriy Kharchyshyn \\u2014\n        singing, trumpet (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Oleksandr Baranovsky \\u2014 guitar (1996\n        \\u2014)\\n* Oleksiy Doroshenko \\u2014 drums (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Belichenko\n        \\u2014 guitar (1998 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Hera (Shura) \\u2014 keyboards (2003\n        \\u2014)\\n\\n;Past members\\n* Viktor Skurativsky \\u2014 bass (1996-2014)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u042f \\u0454'''' (Ya ye)\\n* 2003\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0430'''' (Dva)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Rekordy)\\n* 2008 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430'''' (Moda)\\n* 2012 \\u2014\n        ''''Metanoia. Part 1''''\\n\\n;Compilations\\n* 2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447''''\n        (Dennich)\\n* 2009 \\u2014 ''''THE BEST''''\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.drugarika.com\n        Official page]\\n* [https://twitter.com/DrugaRika \\u00abTwitter]\\n* [http://www.lastfm.ru/music/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0\n        LastFm]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/11 Lyrics]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/drugarika\n        YouTube]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1996]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1996\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Zhytomyr]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-18T08:11:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751378655,\"length\":2166,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druha_Rika&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\"},\"39499231\":{\"pageid\":39499231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dymna\n        Sumish\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-16T14:45:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Dymna Sumish\\n| image           = \\n|\n        image_size      = \\n| landscape       = \\n| alt             = \\n| caption         =\n        \\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          =\n        [[Chernihiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = [[Psychedelic rock]], [[post-grunge]],\n        [[hardcore punk]]\\n| years_active    = {{start date|1998}}\\u2013{{end date|2012}}\n        (a break)\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts = \\u00abVkrayst\\u00bb\\n|\n        website         = {{URL|http://dymnasumish.com.ua/}}\\n| current_members =\n        \\n| past_members    = \\n* Oleksandr\n        Chemerov\\n* Serhiy Martynov\\n* Ihor Herzhyna\\n* Oleh Fedosov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Dymna\n        Sumish'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}})\n        - Ukrainian musical band. Founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]]. The\n        group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and [[psychedelic\n        rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00ab[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]]\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb\n        (Moscow), \\u00ab[[Woodstock Festival (Poland)|Woodstock]]\\u00bb (Poland).\n        Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s.\n        They openly express their opinion against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying\n        to convey to the listeners with their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn\n        April 2012 the participants of the group said that the group temporarily stop\n        their activity because of inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine\n        - when a culture isn''t valued, but instead all the power has [[policy]],\n        social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n== Past members ==\\n*\n        Oleksandr Chemerov - vocals, guitar, screaming\\n* Serhiy Martynov - guitar,\n        [[sitar]]\\n* Ihor Herzhyna - bass\\n* Oleh Fedosov - drums\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n*\n        [[Ty zhyvyi]] (2005) (''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439'''')\\n*\n        [[V kraini iliuziy]] (2008) (''''\\u0412 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439'''')\\n* [[Dymna Sumish (album)|Dymna\n        Sumish]] (2009) (''''\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448'''')\\n\\n==Music\n        videos==\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0406\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2007)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041f\\u0441\\u0456\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0436\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\u00abR''n''R\\u00bb (2009)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433 \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\\"\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\\" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FvbxH8Vnew(2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://dymnasumish.com.ua/ Official site]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T11:11:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":775695924,\"length\":2529,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dymna_Sumish&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\"},\"23018655\":{\"pageid\":23018655,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Eney\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-14T17:56:12Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name = Eney
\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439 \\n|image = \\n|caption\n        = \\n|image_size = \\n|background = group_or_band\\n|origin = [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]\\n|genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active = 1960''s\n        \\u2013 1977\\n|label = \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website = \\n|current_members\n        = |\\n|past_members = [[Kyrylo Stetsenko (rock singer)|Kyrylo Stetsenko]][[Taras Petrynenko]]
[[Ihor Shablovsky]]|
[[Mykola Kyrylin]][[Oleksandr Blinov]]
[[Ruslan Horobets]]
[[Kostiantyn Kurko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Eney''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}}) was a [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]]\n        [[rock music|rock]] band that performed its own [[repertoire]]. It was named\n        after the famous character, [[Aeneas]], from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The\n        first modern Ukrainian writer|literal works]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\n==History==\\nDuring\n        the 1960s Students from the Kievan special music school formed a band named\n        after Ukrainian composer [[Mykola Lysenko]]. They initially played unique\n        interpretations of Ukrainian folk songs. Later its members were exposed to\n        the late works of [[The Beatles]] and started to rearrange works of [[Johann\n        Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]]. In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko\n        and Blinov left it to form the new band called ''''Dzvony''''. The band started\n        to experiment in new genres: blues and soul. In 1972 the band and their music\n        where banned in the Soviet Union and labeled \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a\n        result, all existing records and recordings were destroyed. After that the\n        band went underground until 1974. The members then merged with ''''Dzvony''''\n        into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative Trails''''. After\n        the band was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed its name to ''''Hrono''''.\n        In 1977 the ensemble became known as ''''Eney'''' once again. After a period\n        of time, ''''Eney'''' broke up and its members either joined different bands\n        or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own band [[Hrono]].\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://kmstudio.com.ua/index.php?nma=cherem&fla=stat&nm=eney Brief\n        overview]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:43:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":734486313,\"length\":2207,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eney&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\"},\"6882426\":{\"pageid\":6882426,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Esthetic\n        Education\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-26T05:44:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{third-party|date=January 2013}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=November 2013}}\\n}}\\n\\n\n        \\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image                 =\\n| caption            =\\n|\n        name                = Esthetic Education\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Indie\n        rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[progressive rock]].\\n| website                 =\n        [http://www.estheticeducation.com/ EstheticEducation.com]}}\\n\\n''''''Esthetic\n        Education'''''' is a [[Rock music|rock]] band based in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its present members are Louis Franck (vocals), Dmytro Shurov (keyboards),\n        Yuriy Khustochka (bass), Illya Halushko (guitars), and Andriy Nadolsky (drums).\n        It was formed in 2004 after Shurov and Khustochka left the successful Ukrainian\n        band [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\n==History==\\nIn December 2004, Esthetic Education\n        played at the Bars en Trans Festival in the La Scene club in [[Paris]]. They\n        also played at the Dublin Castle and the Spitz in [[London]]. The Spitz chose\n        the song \\u201cHorrible Disaster\\u201d for inclusion in their limited edition\n        CD ''''Spitz Live 2''''.\\n\\nThe band was extremely active in 2005-2006; they\n        shot three video clips and released a [[maxi single]] on the Ukrainian record\n        label [[Lavina Records]].\\n\\nDuring 2005 and a half of 2006, Esthetic Education\n        played in front of more than 170,000 people. They opened for Moby in the [[Palace\n        of Sports, Kiev]] (the hall where the [[Eurovision song contest]] was held)\n        and had bottles, lighters and other objects hurled at them while playing at\n        the Mega House Festival in [[Moscow]]. They played an epic concert at [[Exit\n        Festival]] in Yugoslavia, toured Ukraine\\u2019s largest cities and played\n        in Moscow\\u2019s best clubs and festivals. They also did a series of intimate\n        acoustic concerts in small exclusive Moscow and Ukrainian venues.\\n\\nIn 2006\n        they released a live album ''''Live at Ring'''', which featured songs both\n        from ''''Face Reading'''' and ''''Werewolf'''', which at the time, was their\n        upcoming album. On [[Russia|Russia''s]] biggest label, [[w:ru:\\u0421\\u041e\\u042e\\u0417\n        (\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d)|Soyuz]], the band is featured\n        with \\u201cStereolab\\u201d, \\u201cBe Your Own Pet\\u201d, \\u201cThe Young Gods\\u201d,\n        \\u201cI Am Kloot\\u201d, and \\u201cNatasha Atlas\\u201d. Their video clip \\u201cLeave\n        us Alone\\u201d was featured on [[MTV]] Russia and their song \\u201cMachine\\u201d\n        was number one on the hit parade of Ukraine\\u2019s leading music channel [[M1\n        (Ukraine)|M1]], and number 2 on Radio Maximum, Russia\\u2019s most popular\n        radio station. They have been voted Ukraine\\u2019s best new band and discovery\n        of the year by several magazines.\\n\\nEsthetic Education has been invited on\n        numerous TV and radio shows. Highlights include live shooting for Russia\\u2019s\n        third national channel TVC in Studio 5 at [[Mosfilm]] studios, a New Year''s\n        TV show for Ukraine\\u2019s national television channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]]\n        (complete with fireworks, flames, and confetti), a live performance for [[Novyi\n        Kanal]] (the equivalent of the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom''s]] [[channel\n        4]]) during the morning news program, and Prosto Radio''s \\u201cGolden Best\\u201d\n        program, Radio Maximum.\\n\\nPhotos of Esthetic Education have appeared in ''''[[Elle\n        (magazine)|Elle]]'''', ''''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'''', ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''', ''''Ego'''', ''''Max'''', ''''Afisha'''' (cover shot), ''''Moloko''''\n        (cover shot), ''''Time Out'''', ''''Shtushka'''', ''''Pink'''', ''''TV Week'''',\n        and others.\\n\\nIn 2007 the band released ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education\n        album)|Werewolf]]''''. They have opened their own production company in Kiev,\n        Esthetic Music.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio albums===\\n* ''''[[Face Reading]]''''\n        (2004)\\n* ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education)|Werewolf]]'''' (2007)\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        \\\"[[Leave Us Alone / Machine]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Happy New Year (Esthetic Education)|Happy\n        New Year]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Vasil Vasiltsiv]]\\\" (2006)\\n\\n===Live albums===\\n*\n        ''''[[Live at Ring]]'''' (2006)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.estheticeducation.com\n        Official Web-site]\\n* [http://myspace.com/estheticeducation Official Esthetic\n        Education Myspace]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T18:07:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":664071779,\"length\":4106,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esthetic_Education&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\"},\"17208231\":{\"pageid\":17208231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Flit\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-18T02:30:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Flit \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| image               = FLIT\n        danieluk 2005.jpg\\n| image_size          = \\n| caption             = Fleet\n        at the concert in Warsaw\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[punk rock]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| instrument          = \\n| years_active        = 2001 - present\\n| label               =\n        \\u00abUKRmusic\\u00bb\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website             = http://www.flit.net.ua\n        \\n| current_members     = Andriy Markiv
Oleksandr Ivanchuk
Anatoliy\n        Blyednyh
Volodymyr Korchak\\n| past_members        = Volodymyr Novikov
Ihor\n        Ozarko
Mykhaylo Kopievskyi
Yuriy Popov
Yuliy Honskyy\\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Flit'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        [[punk rock]] band that was formed in 2001 in [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\\n\\nMembers\n        are:\\n*Andriy Markiv - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (since 2001)\\n*Stanislav Bondarchuk\n        - [[guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (since 2012)\\n*Volodymyr Korchak - [[drums]]\n        (since 2012)\\n*Anatoliy Blyednyh - [[bass guitar]] (since 2012)\\n\\n== Past\n        Members ==\\n*Volodymyr Novikov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2001-2011)\\n*Yuriy\n        Popov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2011)\\n*O. Snihur - [[guitar]] (2011-2012)\\n*Ihor\n        Ozarko - [[drums]] (2003-2010)\\n*Yuriy Chornyi - [[drums]], founder of the\n        group (2001-2003)\\n*Vitaliy Belyakov - [[backing vocals]] (2001)\\n*Mykhaylo\n        Kopievskiy - [[bass guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (2001-2012)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n* 2004 - \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\u2026\n        / [[Svit takyi\\u2026 (album)|Svit takyi\\u2026]] (The world is such\\u2026)\\n*\n        2006 - Z\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439 / [[Zanykay (album)|Zanykay]]\n        (Hide it)\\n* 2009 - \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        / [[Odnoznachno (album)|Odnoznachno]] (Simply)\\n* 2013 - \\u0412\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0454! / [[Vykhid Ye! (album)|Vykhid Ye!]] (Solution exists! [Literally:\n        Way out exists!])\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 2008 - \\u041b\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\n        / [[Layu sebe (album)|Layu sebe]] (Abusing Myself)\\n* 2010 - \\u0428\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0438 / [[Shukay i znaydy (album)|Shukay\n        i znaydy]] (Search and find)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*[http://www.flit.net.ua\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Flit}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{ukraine-stub}}\\n{{Europe-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T21:20:08Z\",\"lastrevid\":791090995,\"length\":2326,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flit_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\"},\"29524555\":{\"pageid\":29524555,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Gorgisheli\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2014-06-20T18:13:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Gorgisheli
\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\n|image              =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size         = \\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[rock music|Rock]],  [[art\n        rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n|years_active     = 1997 \\u2013 present\\n|label            =\n        \\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\\n|current_members  =\n        [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Oleg Sook]] 
\n        [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] 
[[Marian Kozovyy]]|\\n|past_members     = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Gorgisheli''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456}}; {{lang-ka|\\u10d2\\u10dd\\u10e0\\u10d2\\u10d8\\u10e8\\u10d4\\u10da\\u10d8}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band. The band''s songs are\n        sung in the [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]]\n        languages. Their music combines elements of art rock, Georgian and Ukrainian\n        folk music with a modern sound.\\n\\nThe project was known from 1997 year as\n        Black September ( Chornyy Veresen''). A new sound emerged when the well-known\n        bass player [[Oleg Sook|John]] (Project \\\"Is\\\" in 1995 and 2002, Tea Fan Club,\n        Oh, [[Dead Rooster]]) joined the group.\\n\\nThe group has participated in many\n        festivals, including Melody, Black Sea Games, Red Rue ([[Chervona Ruta]]),\n        Pearls of the Season, Pok-existence, Europe Center, Taras Bulba, the festival\n        of Ukrainian culture in [[Sopot]], [[Poland]]. The members of the band participated\n        in the TV show Fresh Blood (Svizha Krov) on M1 channel, where they scored\n        the largest number of points of all participants. Gorgisheli''s performance\n        during the [[Orange Revolution]] issue hit [[Euronews]]. \\n\\nIn summer 2006\n        the band signed a long-term contract with Comp Music/[[EMI]], in cooperation\n        with which their debut album entitled Amore was released on November 20 of\n        that year.\\n\\n== Band members ==\\n* [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] - main vocals, acoustic\n        guitar\\n* [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] -  back vocals, bass guitar\\n* [[Oleg Sook]]\n        - keyboard\\n* [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] - drums\\n* [[Marian Kozovyy]] - electric\n        guitar\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n*2006 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0410\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435''''''\n        (Amore)\\n*2009 \\u2014 ''''''Live'''''' (Live)\\n*2010 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440''''''\n        (Rombambar/Rhubarb)\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\n        Official Gorgisheli website]\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Gorgisheli\n        - ne dyvysj na mene tak demo.ogg|title=\\\"\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a (Ne dyvysj na mene\n        tak, Don''t look at me like this)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1997]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-04T08:52:15Z\",\"lastrevid\":613716380,\"length\":2653,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorgisheli&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\"},\"25700628\":{\"pageid\":25700628,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Hapochka\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-30T06:02:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Notability|Music|date=January\n        2010}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Hapochka\\n| image                 =\n        4 heads in one.jpg\\n| caption            = Hapochka\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[pop\n        rock]]\\n| years_active        = Since 2007\\n| website                 = [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka]\\n|\n        current_members     = Kate Hapochka ([[vocal]]) 
 Ihor Havrilenko ([[bass\n        guitar|bass]]) 
 Alexandr  Zbrocky ([[guitar]])
 Artem Uhodnykov  ([[drums]])\\n|\n        background=group_or_band\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Hapochka'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is young Ukrainian rock-group, created in 2007, winner of \\\"The Global Battle\n        of the Bands 2009\\\" in Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was organized in\n        2007, the year when vocalist - Kate Hapochka, arrived from [[Khmelnytskyi,\n        Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]] to study at the [[Kiev Conservatory]], and decided\n        to form the group.\\n[[File:Kate Hapocka.jpg|thumb|150px|Katya Hapochka]]\\n\\nThe\n        first composition of group was created within two days, created by Kate and\n        the percussionist Artem Ugodnikov \\u2013 who arrived to study in Kiev from\n        [[Kirovohrad]].\\n\\nThe group initially was named ''''Group Kate Hapochky''''.\n        In the process searching for new names they were known as ''''Exactly There''''\n        for more than a month, but later a group went back to the initial concept,\n        but more short name \\u2013 ''''''''''Hapochka''''''''''\\n\\nAt this time Ihor\n        Havrilencko ([[bass guitar]]) and Alexandr Zbrocky ([[guitar]]) joined in\n        with a group\\n\\nThe style which the group uses include [[Britpop]], [[funk]],\n        [[Folk music|folk]], fate, [[Rock music|rock]], [[pop rock]].\\n\\n===The GBOB===\\n[[File:GBOB3.jpg|thumb|Finale\n        of The Global Battle Of The Bands UA 2009]]\\n\\nOn 25 September within the\n        framework of competition \\\"The Global Battle of the Bands UA 2008\\\" a group\n        got the greatest result among the Kiev commands-participants.\\n\\nIn October\n        of this year \\u00abHapochka\\u00bb got to the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\n        A group was marked the special reward \\u2013 surveys of the first video clip\n        with a rotary press on television.\\n\\nIn 2009 group won 1-\\u0435 place in\n        the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\" \\u2013 and in 2010 it will be represent\n        Ukraine on the world  finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\\n\\nA finale will take place\n        in [[London]] on one of grounds of concerts of prestiges. There and the best\n        new group of the world, which will take Main bun, will be chosen.\\n\\n==Interesting\n        facts==\\n*The official date of birth of group is considered 11 March 2008,\n        when a group appeared on the stage of Centre of modern art [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]], but his participants consider a year the date of\n        appearance of group 2007.\\n*There was a saxophone player in the first composition\n        of group\\n*Kate Hapochka took the 1st place in a competition \\u00abChervona\n        Ruta (festival)\\u00bb in a nomination \\u00abAcoustic music\\u00bb is in 2005\n        a year\\n*All present members of group have musical education (unfinished yet)\\n*Vocalist\n        - Kate Hapochka - professionally plays on [[Bandura]]\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n*\n        2012 - Etap (\\u0415\\u0442\\u0430\\u043f, 2012) LP\\n* 2012 - Mozhe Ya Divchyna?\n        (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435 \\u042f \\u0414\\u0456\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430?,\n        2012) \\u0415\\u0420  \\n* 2014 - Elektroakustyka (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430,\n        2014)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://hapochka.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka\n        MySpace]\\n\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-05T10:24:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":757359056,\"length\":3396,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapochka&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\"},\"49327315\":{\"pageid\":49327315,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Hardkiss\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = The Hardkiss\\n| image               =\n        OIFF 2014-07-11 172650 - Val Bebko & Julia Sanina.jpg\\n| image_size          =\n        \\n| caption             = Val Bebko and Julia Sanina at the [[Odessa International\n        Film Festival]], 2014\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active        = 2011 \\u2013 present \\n| genre               =\n        {{flatlist|\\n* [[Progressive pop]] \\n* [[alternative rock]]\\n* [[synthpop]]\\n}}\\n|\n        current_members     = Yulia Sanina
 Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko
 Kreechy
\n        Roman Skorobahatko
 Klim Lysyuk\\n| past_members        = Pol Solonar
\n        Vitaliy Oniskevich\\n| website             = {{URL|http://thehardkiss.com}}\\n}}\\n''''''The\n        Hardkiss'''''' (stylised as ''''''The HARDKISS'''''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        progressive-pop band. They are known for their original sound and unique fashion\n        style.Official website, [http://www.thehardkiss.com/about.html#about\n        \\\"About\\\"]\\n\\nThe Hardkiss participated in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national selection]]Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=participants_in_ukrainian_national_selection_revealed\n        \\\"Participants in Ukrainian national selection revealed\\\"], eurovision.tv,\n        26 January 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. for the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016]] with the song \\\"Helpless\\\".Rodr\\u00edguez, Tony.\n        [http://www.esc-plus.com/the-hardkiss-the-main-message-of-helpless-is-that-rebirth-always-hurts-ukrainian-semifinalists-exclusive-interview/\n        \\\"The Hardkiss: \\u201cThe main message of Helpless is that rebirth always\n        hurts\\u201d (Ukrainian semifinalists \\u2013 Exclusive Interview)\\\"], esc-plus.com,\n        4 February 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. The band placed 2nd in\n        the national final.Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=jamala_will_represent_ukraine_in_stockholm\n        \\\"Jamala will represent Ukraine in Stockholm!\\\"], eurovision.tv, 21 February\n        2016. Retrieved on 21 February 2016.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThe Hardkiss\n        were formed in 2011 by lead singer Yulia Sanina and guitarist Valeriy Bebko.\n        In September the band presented their debut video \\\"Babylon\\\". They were the\n        opening act for [[Hurts]] on October 20[http://www.last.fm/event/1978467+Hurts+at+\\u0414\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446+\\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430+on+20+October+2011\n        \\\"Hurts With The Hardkiss at the Palace of Sports\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on\n        5 February 2016. and [[Solange Knowles]] on November 18 in Kyiv.\\n\\nIn\n        2012, The Hardkiss were nominated for the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best\n        Ukrainian Act]].[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1397547-nazvano-nominantiv-na-zvannya-najkrashchogo-ukrayinskogo-artista-mtv-ema-2012\n        \\\"\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        MTV EMA-2012\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, korrespondent.net, 20 September 2012. Retrieved\n        on 5 February 2016. The band performed at [[Midem|MIDEM festival]] on\n        January 29.[https://www.patreon.com/posts/1272626 \\\"THE HARDKISS at MIDEM\n        2012 (29th of January, 22.00 - Sparkling)\\\"], patreon.com. Retrieved on 6\n        February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2013, The Hardkiss won two awards \\u2013 \\\"Best\n        New Act\\\" and \\\"Best Music Video\\\" (to producer Valeriy Bebko for clip ''''Make-Up'''')\n        \\u2013 of the national music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]].[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2013/10--ceremoniya-yuna-15032014.html\n        \\\"\\u0406\\u0406 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna\n        (15.03.2013)\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. On\n        May 18 the band presented their first show in the Green Theatre in Kyiv.\\u041c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 [http://bestin.ua/event/4596/ \\\"\\u041f\\u0415\\u0420\\u0412\\u042b\\u0419\n        \\u0421\\u041e\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042b\\u0419 \\u041a\\u041e\\u041d\\u0426\\u0415\\u0420\\u0422\n        THE HARDKISS\\\"] {{ref-ru}}, bestin.ua. Retrieved on 6 February 2016\n        They opened the [[Muz-TV]] Music Awards on June 7.[http://premia.muz-tv.ru/history/107/\n        \\\"\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438.\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437-\\u0422\\u0412 2013.\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0430\\\"]\n        {{ref-ru}}, premia.muz-tv.ru. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. That year\n        The Hardkiss became \\\"voice and face\\\" of the [[Pepsi]] in Ukraine. The band\n        took part in a tour [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtSILe8bsCarnrE6D4mbI-AvYaZlXBkJt\n        Pepsi Stars of Now] (16 cities).\\n\\nIn 2014 The Hardkiss performed at [[Park\n        Live Festival]], and shared the stage with [[The Prodigy]], [[Deftones]],\n        and [[Skillet (band)|Skillet]].[http://www.last.fm/festival/3762967+Park+Live+Festival+2014\n        \\\"Park Live Festival 2014\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on 5 February 2016\\n\\nIn\n        2015, the band was nominated for the music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]] again, having won in two nominations\n        \\u2014 \\\"The best music album\\\" (album ''''Stones and Honey'''') and \\\"The\n        best song\\\" (single ''''Stones'''').[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2015/\n        \\\"IV \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna (25.03.2015)\\\"]\n        {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2016, they\n        took part in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national\n        selection]] for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2016]].\\n\\nYulia Sanina is one\n        of four judges on the current seventh series of [[X-Factor (Ukrainian TV series)|The\n        X Factor Ukraine]].[http://xfactor.stb.ua/ua/2016/07/13/stali-izvestny-imena-novyh-sudej-i-vtorogo-vedushhego-h-faktor-7/\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0434\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0443\\u0447\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u0425-\\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440-7\\u00bb\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, xfactor.stb.ua.\n        Retrieved on 5 September 2016\\n\\n==Members==\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n;\n        Current members\\n* Yulia Sanina \\u2013 vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko \\u2013  guitar (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Kreechy \\u2013 drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Roman Skorobahatko\n        \\u2013 guitar (2013\\u2013present)\\n* Klim Lysiuk \\u2013 bass\n        guitar (2016\\u2013present)\\n\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n; Former members\\n*\n        Pol Solonar \\u2013 keyboards (2011\\u20132013)\\n* Vitaliy Oniskevich\n        \\u2013 keyboards (2013\\u20132016)\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\nThe authorship\n        of songs of the band belongs to Yulia Sanina and Valeriy Bebko. Also Valeriy\n        Bebko is the creative producer of The Hardkiss and video director.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Albums===\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 ''''Stones and Honey''''Album [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/stones-and-honey-2014\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], SoundCloudAlbum [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/stones-and-honey/id920371507\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n* 2017 \\u2014 ''''Perfection\n        is a Lie''''Album [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/perfection-is-a-lie/id1223486657\n        \\\"Perfection Is a Lie\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===EPs===\\n* 2015 \\u2014\n        ''''Cold Altair''''EP [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/cold-altair-ep-2015\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], SoundCloudEP [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cold-altair/id1064951161\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2011 \\u2014 \\\"Babylon\\\"\\n*\n        2011 \\u2014 \\\"Dance With Me\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"Make-Up\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"October\\\"\\n*\n        2013 \\u2014 \\\"Part Of Me\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"In Love\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Under\n        The Sun\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Shadows Of Time\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Tell Me Brother\\\"\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 \\\"Hurricane\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Stones\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Strange\n        Moves\\\" feat. [[Kazaky|KAZAKY]]\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"PiBiP\\\"\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"Organ\\\"\\n*\n        2015 \\u2014 \\\"Tony, Talk!\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Helpless\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Perfection!\\\"\\n*\n        2016 \\u2014 \\\"Rain\\\"\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest\n        2016]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n* {{Official\n        website |http://www.thehardkiss.com|Official site}}\\n* {{YouTube|u = THEHARDKISS}}\n        \\n* {{Facebook|THEHARDKISS|The HARDKISS}}\\n* {{Instagram|the_hardkiss}}\\n*\n        {{VK user|thehardkiss|The HARDKISS}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardkiss, The}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:2011 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2011]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian pop music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":797668854,\"length\":7873,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hardkiss&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\"},\"3523986\":{\"pageid\":3523986,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Haydamaky\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The Haydamaky on ethnic festival [[Sheshory]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. 2005]]\\n\\n''''''Haydamaky'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk rock]] band formed in 1991. The music of\n        Haydamaky is inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially\n        from various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe\n        Haydamaky began their career in 1991, shortly after [[Ukraine]] declared its\n        independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. Then the band was known as Aktus,\n        and played mostly local gigs in the underground [[Kyiv]] music scene. Without\n        a fertile, popular local music scene, Aktus turned to the sounds of [[reggae]],\n        [[ska]], and [[punk music]] for a fresh alternative. Members of the band were\n        also attracted to the political impact that these genres had on their society.\n        The idea was that through music significant social change could be possible.\n        This gave a greater purpose to the performance of such musical styles. The\n        discovery of these musical genres later became the key to their own realization\n        of a specifically Ukrainian musical style. Haydamaky''s hope is to forge an\n        inherently [[Music of Ukraine|Ukrainian popular music]] style, which looks\n        back to its own heritage and traditions as a source for inspiration.\\n\\nWith\n        the addition of [[sopilka]]-[[vocal]]ist [[Oleksandr Yarmola]] and [[accordion]]ists\n        [[Ivan Lenyo]], both known and respected in folk circles, the band increasingly\n        incorporated elements of Ukrainian [[folk music]] into their compositions.\\n\\nDuring\n        the early 1990s Aktus has engaged in constant touring of Europe. Unlike most\n        popular Ukrainian music groups who propagate Soviet style [[Estrada]], Aktus\n        sought to introduce elements of Ukrainian folk music through a cross-cultural\n        mix including Reggae and Ska.\\n\\n[[EMI|EMI international records]] of London\n        discovered the group in [[Kyiv]] in early 2001. Akta signed  immediately to\n        their label. At that time the band realized it was time to establish a stronger\n        tie to their own culture. They changed their name to ''''Haydamaky'''', in\n        honor of the eighteenth-century [[Haydamak rebellion]] against the Polish\n        [[szlachta]].\\n\\nDuring the last years the band has participated in various\n        festivals such as:          \\n* TFF Rudolstadt \\u2013 2003 ([[Germany]]) \\n*\n        \\\"Litom\\u011b\\u0159ick\\u00fd ko\\u0159en\\\" \\u2013 2002, 2003 ([[Czech Republic]])\\n*\n        \\\"[[Viljandi Folk Festival|Viljandi Folk]]\\\" \\u2013 2003 ([[Estonia]])\\n*\n        \\\"Sziget\\\" festival \\u2013 2009 in [[Budapest]] ([[Hungary]]) \\n* \\\"Pohoda\\\"\n        festival \\u2013 2001, 2002 in [[Tren\\u010d\\u00edn]] \\n* \\\"Huntenpop\\\" \\u2013\n        2008 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Tilburg Mundial\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n*\n        \\\"Amsterdamm Roots\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Volt Festival\\\" \\u2013\n        2010 ([[Hungary]]), just to name a few.\\n\\nHaydamaky have recently performed\n        at many club venues across Europe, including as a special guest at a concert\n        of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in Bratislava, Slovakia. Other club appearances\n        this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n \\nIn April 2004 the band released their second\n        album \\\"[[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\\\". This time the group searched even\n        deeper into Ukrainian folk music for material, ideas, and textures. The ensemble\n        has invited [[violin]]ist [[Vasyl Hekker]], perhaps the foremost authority\n        on authentic Ukrainian folk [[violin]] style, to collaborate on the project.\n        [[Banduryst]]-Guitarist [[Jurij Fedynskyj]], of [[New York City]] has relocated\n        to [[Kyiv]] to join the ensemble. Also Ukrainian freestyle banduryst [[Roman\n        Hrynkiv]] participated. And the band invited two young ladies from authentic\n        Ukrainian choir \\\"[[Bozhychi]]\\\": Natalia Serbina and Masha Firsova, to do\n        the back \\u2013 vocals on the most of songs of the album. The \\\"Bohuslav\\\"\n        promo is just on. In June Haydamaky are off on a  huge concert tour, which\n        starts by their concert in \\\"Mazepa Fest\\\" ([[Poltava]], Ukraine) and will\n        continue through the summer in [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]] and [[Romania]].\\n\\nIn October 2006 at the [http://www.womex.com/\n        WOMEX] World Music Expo held in Seville Spain, Haydamaky''s release of their\n        CD entitled ''''[[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine Calling]]'''' released by\n        [http://www.eastblokmusic.com Eastblok Music] earlier that year broke into\n        the [http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php/2006090522290671 top twenty]\n        of the World Music Charts Europe.\\n\\nLess than a year and a half later the\n        follow-up CD ''''[[Kobzar (album)|Kobzar]]'''' once again on EMI/Eastblok\n        Music, made headway on in the World Music Charts Europe when it made to [http://www.wmce.de/_/wmce/index_jsp/key=657919.html\n        seventh place in March 2008]. In 2008 albom \\\"Voo Voo i Haydamaky\\\" recorded\n        in collaboration with Polish veteran rock band Voo Voo gained \\\"golden\\\" status\n        in Poland. \\nSince then the group are constantly touring. In 2012 Haydamaky\n        are recording a new album.\\n\\nBand members at present:\\n\\n* [[Oleksander Iarmola]]\n        - vocals,  lyrics\\n* [[Andrij Slepcow]] - guitar\\n* [[Dmytro Kirichok]] -\n        bass\\n* [[Dmytro Kushnir]] - drums\\n* [[Roman Dubonos]] - trumpet\\n* [[Maksym\n        Boyko]] - trombone\\n\\nPast members:\\n\\n* [[Ruslan Ovras]] - drums (2001-2009)\\n*\n        [[Ruslan Troshchynsky]]- trombone(2001-2004)\\n* [[Ivan Leno]] - accordion,\n        cymbals,  vocals (2001-2012)\\n* [[Volodymyr Sherstiuk]] - bass, Jew''s harp\n        (2001-2012)\\n* [[Wlad Pawlow]] \\u2013 guitar (2001-2002)\\n* [[Wlad Grymalskyj]]\n        \\u2013 midi (2001-2004)\\n* [[Oleksandr Demyanenko]] - guitar, mandolin (2002-2012)\\n*\n        [[Eugene Didyk]] - trumpet (2004-2009)\\n* [[Sergij Brawarniuk]] \\u2013 percussion\n        (2004-2006)\\n* [[Charkin Oleksandr|Oleksandr Charkin]] - trombone (2008-2012)\\n*\n        [[Soloviy Sergii|Sergii Soloviy]] - trumpet (2009-2012)\\n* [[Sergii Borysenko]]\n        - drums (2009-2012)\\n\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (2).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (7).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (3).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\n\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\u2212\\t* 2002 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky\n        (album)|Haydamaky]] (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438,\n        [[EMI|COMP Music/EMI]])\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2004 \\u2013 [[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\n        (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432, COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t\n        \\n\\u2212\\t* 2005 \\u2013 [[Perverziya (album)|Perverziya]] (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f,\n        COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2006 \\u2013 [[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine\n        Calling]] (Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Kobzar\n        (album)|Kobzar]] (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0431\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440, Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t\n        \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky Kobzar-Prolog]] (AntenaKrzyku/Lou&RockedBoys,\n        Poland)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2009 \\u2013 [[Voo Voo i Haydamaky (album)|Voo Voo\n        i Haydamaky]] (AGORA/KitonArt, Poland\\n\\n\\u2212\\t* 2012 \\u2013 [[No More Peace\n        (album)|No More Peace]](Lou & Rocked Boys, Poland)\\n\\n==Compilations==\\n*\n        1996 \\u2013 Guitars, hearts and garnets (HARBA, Ukraine)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 No\n        One Comprehends ([[KOKA]], Poland)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 1997 (ART-VELES,\n        Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 2000 (ART-VELES, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013\n        The Legends of the Chimerical Land (JRC, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 United Colours\n        of SKA ([[Pork Pie/Vielklang]], Germany)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Pohoda Festival 1997-2001\n        (Agent\\u00fara Pohoda, Slovakia)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Dobryi vechir, tobi (Christmas\n        compilation) (COMP Music/EMI)\\n* 2004 \\u2013 TFFRudolstadt 2003\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{Official website|http://www.haydamaky.com/en}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"lastrevid\":797851966,\"length\":7742,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haydamaky_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\"},\"24108554\":{\"pageid\":24108554,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"JetRockers\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-19T03:33:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{orphan|date=August\n        2009}}\\n\\n''''''JetRockers'''''' is an [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[hard rock]]\n        and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The\n        band was founded in 2007. Best known JetRockers'' performance is a first [[open-air\n        concert]] in 2007, second in 2008 and third in 2009, all in [[Lviv]].\\n\\n==History==\\nJetRockers\n        were founded by Vasyl Mylko and Serhiy Otroshchenko. The very beginnings start\n        out in 2007 in [[Lviv]], at [[software]] company [[SoftServe]], when Vasyl\n        Mylko, Strategic Business Unit (SBU) Manager of JetLab, was interviewing Serhiy\n        Otroshchenko. Serhiy was a [[SoftServe]] University graduate, while JetLab\n        lacked resources. So during the interview Vasyl asked if Serhiy played some\n        instruments or at least painted. Serhiy answered affirmative. It happened\n        that Vasyl had an [[electric guitar]] and an [[amplifier]] in the office,\n        so they were given to the interviewee for some performance. Serhiy played\n        something from [[Kreator]] and [[Malmsteen]] and thus was hired to JetLab.\n        The band name was invented to be JetRockers. There was an idea that all JetRockers\n        members had to be from the same JetLab team. It was so till 2008.\\n\\nBass\n        guitar, Roman Bilusiak, joined the band soon, he is from musicians family.\n        Vitaliy Topolnytskyy joined as a drummer. In Summer 2007 JetLab team went\n        to [[Shatsky ozera]] for [[barbecue]], JetRockers took all the gear. There\n        was first big sound check and the casting for vocals. Khrystyna Kosyk succeeded\n        as a singer of [[Rock music|rock]] compositions, Vyacheslav Dyak was selected\n        for [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[punk rock]] songs. It is supposed\n        that band played successfully, which was confirmed by the random listeners\n        from the recreation area [[Shatsky ozera]]. [[Rehearsal]] delayed till the\n        late night. Then new drummer was invited, Ivan Lutsyk. Interesting fact is\n        that Vasyl Mylko got references to him from Roman Figel from JetLab, and found\n        Ivan in the corporate gym, training [[judo]]. Ivan agreed to join JetRockers\n        if Vasyl buys the drums. Vasyl bought [[Sonor]] drums, Ivan joined instantly.\n        Then Galyna Stasiuk joined the band for vocals. This staff performed in 2007\n        and had big success locally.\\n\\nLater in 2007 drummer Ivan Lutsyk decided\n        to leave the band as he wanted to develop as a guitar player. Vyacheslav Dyak\n        proposed his colleague drummer Mykola Glibovych. Vasyl interviewed Mykola\n        in summer 2007 with intention to hire to JetLab SBU. Of course, Mykola had\n        to play the drums right in the office just after the interview, and most of\n        present people were surprised that Mykola played so loud. But it was negotiated\n        that Mykola would be ready after the training in [[SoftServe]] University,\n        so he joined the band in February 2008.\\n\\nThen was a time of vocals rotations.\n        Olena Strelchenko used to sing for a while. Eventually JetRockers welcomed\n        Olga Didukh (then she changed her last name to Moroz after her husband). Oleksandr\n        Sukholeyster joined JetRockers as keyboards player. This staff played in 2008\n        and achieved even better appreciation because of higher quality of both sound\n        and performance.\\n\\nJetRockers plays on [[SoftServe]] Company Day. It is annual\n        celebration that takes place in Buhta Vikingiv resort, ~20 kilometers from\n        [[Lviv]]. In 2007 JetRockers played as the opener for the famous [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\n        band [[Tartak]] in front of more than 1000 people. In 2008 JetRockers played\n        as the opener for another [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] headliner [[Skryabin (band)|Skryabin]].\n        JetRockers did not play in 2009 due to the different place of company day\n        celebration, hence unavailability of the big scene for the planned performance.\n        There are opinions that it was linked to the [[Economic crisis of 2008]].\\n\\nRecent\n        considerable performance took place at Millennium night club in [[Lviv]] on\n        December 26, 2009. Current line-up includes new drummer Rustam Iskandarov\n        (he also plays in Black Jack) and bass player Andriy Savchyn (he also plays\n        in Fayno).\\n\\n==Discography==\\n2007 - AoJaJeNA 
\\n2008 - Punk Rock over\n        Alcohol 
\\n2009 - 16 Years\\n\\n==Band members==\\n* Vasyl Mylko - [[rhythm\n        guitar]], [[lead guitar]], vocals (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Serhiy Otroshchenko\n        - [[lead guitar]], [[rhythm guitar]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Andriy Savchyn\n        - [[Bass (guitar)|bass]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Sukholeyster - [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Olga Moroz (Olga Didukh) - vocals\n        (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Rustam Iskandarov - [[drums]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n===Former\n        members===\\n* Vitaliy Topolnytskyy - [[drums]] (2007)\\n* Ivan Lutsyk - [[drums]]\n        (2007)\\n* Olena Strelchenko - vocals (2008)\\n* Galyna Stasiuk - vocals (2007)\\n*\n        Khrystyna Kosyk - vocals (2007)\\n* Vyacheslav Dyak - vocals (2007\\u20132009)\\n*\n        Mykola Hlibovych - [[drums]] (2008\\u20132009)\\n* Roman Bilusyak - [[Bass guitar|bass]]\n        (2007\\u20132009)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/aojajena#grid/all\n        JetRockers on YouTube]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157622982112707/show/\n        JetRockers 2009 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157606116655696/show/\n        JetRockers 2008 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157601169043120/show/\n        JetRockers 2007 on Flickr]\\n* [http://www.blackjack.com.ua/ Black Jack Homepage]\\n*\n        [[:uk:\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e (\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442)|Fayno Wiki\n        in Ukrainian]]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Jetrockers}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2007]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-16T08:58:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":760797871,\"length\":5437,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JetRockers&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\"},\"24607731\":{\"pageid\":24607731,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Komu\n        Vnyz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T10:17:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Komu Vnyz
\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\n|image              =Komu Vnyz v TERNOPOLI.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Komu Vnyz\\n|image_size         = 300\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Gothic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1988 \\u2013 present\\n|label            = [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.komuvnyz.com\\n|current_members  = [[Andriy Sereda]] 
 [[Volodyslav\n        Maliuhin]] 
 [[Serhiy Stepanenko]] 
 [[Volodyslav Makarov]] 
[[Yevhen\n        Razin]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Komu Vnyz'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band founded in 1988.\n        Komu Vnyz''s music is a blend of gothic and industrial styles, combined with\n        the lyrics of ancient Ukrainian legends. As of 2011, the last ten years Komu\n        Vnyz have released two albums, have been recognized{{Who|date=July 2011}}\n        as the cult Ukrainian band and, got the status of \\\"the Fathers of the Ukrainian\n        [[Gothic rock|Gothic]]\\\".{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\nKomu Vnyz got its start in the year 1988. Unknown young actor [[Andriy\n        Sereda]] and educator [[Volodyslav Makarov]] worked together in the same theater.\n        Sereda and Makarov joined with three more artists ([[Serhiy Stepanenko]],\n        [[Yevhen Razin]], [[Volodyslav Maliuhin]]) to make Komu Vnyz. They wound up\n        at their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event. They received second place.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\nAfter releasing their first album \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\\"Falling Up\\\"), Komu Vnyz and the rest of the\n        Chervona Ruta winners toured in [[Canada]], [[Poland]], and many Ukrainian\n        cities. After their tour, Komu Vnyz started work on their next album. All\n        of the band members quit their day jobs to focus more of their time on music.\\n\\nFrom\n        1996 onward, Komu Vnyz came out from the precipice of financial difficulties.\n        Playbills started to appear railings and fences in [[Kiev]] for their 1997\n        concert, In Kastus, named for one of their [[In Kastus (album)|albums]].\\n\\nIn\n        2000 the band played at Ivan Franko theater, performing a concert dedicated\n        to the memory of 300 young students killed under [[Kruty]]. They also headlined\n        at the first Ukrainian gothic festival, \\\"[[Dity Nochi]]\\\" (\\\"Children of\n        the Night\\\"), organized by [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]], and started to work\n        with UGP. In 2002 the band played on the biggest{{Citation needed|date=July\n        2011}} European gothic festival, [[Wave Gotik Treffen]].http://www.wave-gotik-treffen.de/english/past.php?reqYear=2002\\n\\nIn\n        2004 the musicians were invited to perform at Wave Gotik Treffen once again.\n        More than 1500 people attended{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}.\\n\\nToday\n        Komu Vnyz is well known not only in Ukraine but abroad as well.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}} Some{{Who|date=July 2011}} consider the band to be\n        founders of a new musical style in Ukraine: the Ukrainian Gothic.\\n\\nAs of\n        2011, Komu Vnyz is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]]\n        in order to re-release their albums in Europe. Their new album \\\"[[IDEM]]\\\"\n        is awaiting release on \\\"[[Tridens Records]]\\\", label of [[Ukrainian Gothic\n        Portal]].\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n* 1989 - \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u044f \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445)\\n*\n        1990 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz (album)|Komu Vnyz]]\\\" (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437)\\n*\n        1996 - \\\"[[In Kastus (album)|In Kastus]]\\\" \\n* 2014 - \\\"4\\\" (EP)\\n* ''''TBD''''\n        - \\\"[[IDEM (album)|IDEM]]\\\" (upcoming album)\\n\\n=== Live albums ===\\n* 1999\n        - \\\"[[In Kastus In Vivo (album)|In Kastus In Vivo]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n*\n        2007 - \\\"[[Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala (album)|Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Compilations\n        ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Rock legends of Ukraine]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n*\n        2006 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. MP3 collection]]\\\"\\n* 2009 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Reformatsiya:\n        25 punktiv]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Ya Vernuvsia Domiv]]\\\"\n        (Tribute to Braty Hadiukiny)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.komuvnyz.com Official Komu Vnyz website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups from Kiev]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-13T09:18:35Z\",\"lastrevid\":780327004,\"length\":4465,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komu_Vnyz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\"},\"47861874\":{\"pageid\":47861874,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Kryk\n        Dushi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-12-20T16:07:21Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Orphan|date=December 2015}}\\n{{notability|Music|date=October 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Kryk Dushi
\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456\\n|image              = \\n|logo=\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size         =\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]
 [[Alternative\n        rock]]
 [[Christian rock]]\\n|years_active     = 2007\\u2013present\\n|label            =\n        Kara Studios\\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = \\n|current_members  =\n        Ivan Luk''yanchuk 
 Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko 
 Kostyantyn Kavylin
\n        Svyatoslav Rohashko\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Kryk Dushi'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456''''''}}, translation: ''''Scream of the soul'''')\n        is one of the most successful and popular [[Ukrainian rock]] bands of \\\"New\n        generation\\\". It was formed in 2007 in [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n== Current\n        members ==\\n{{BLP unsourced section|date=October 2015}}\\n# Ivan Luk''yanchuk\n        \\u2014 vocal (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko \\u2014 guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n#\n        Kostyantyn Kavylin \\u2014 bass (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Svyatoslav Rohashko\n        \\u2014 piano, synthesizers (2007\\u2013present)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n# 2009 - \\\"[[Nenarodzhenyy]]\\\" (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        - Unborn)\\n# 2011 - \\\"[[People]]\\\" (\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 - People)\\n#\n        2012 - \\\"[[A svit tak i ne navchyvsya lyubyty...]]\\\" (\\u0410 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u0456 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438...)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com\n        Official Okean Elzy website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/KrykDushi YouTube]\\n*\n        [https://twitter.com/krykdushi Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 2007]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-13T20:48:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":696050589,\"length\":1770,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kryk_Dushi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\"},\"12725712\":{\"pageid\":12725712,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-19T18:29:02Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Krykhitka Tsakhes\\n| image           =\\n|\n        background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|rock]], [[trip hop]]\\n| years_active    =  \\t1997\\n|\n        website         = www.kryhitka.com.ua\\n| current_members = [[Oleksandra Koltsova]][[Mykola Matkovsky]]
[[Yevhen Matkovsky]]
[[Yuriy Yurchenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0426\\u0430\\u0445\\u0435\\u0441}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band formed in 1999\n        in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band is considered to perform rock and [[trip\n        hop]] music styles. In 2007 the band changed it name to Krykhitka.\\n\\n== Members\n        ==\\n\\n* Oleksandra \\\"Kasha Saltsova\\\" Koltsova - vocal, lyrics (1999\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Zlenko - drums (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Mykola Matkovsky - guitar\n        (2007\\u2013present), bass (1999\\u20132007)\\n\\n== Former members ==\\n\\n* Dmytro\n        \\\"Bass\\\" Mrachkovsky - bass (1997-1999, 2007)\\n* Mykhailo \\\"Mihon\\\" Hichan\n        - guitar (1999\\u20132007)\\n* Yevhen \\\"Jack\\\" Matkovsky - drums (1999\\u20132007)\\n*\n        Yuriy Yurchenko - sax, clarinet (1999)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\n* 2005 - ''''Na pershomu\n        mistsi'''' (''''\\u041d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0446\\u0456'''')\n        // COMP music/EMI.\\n* 2009 - ''''Rezept'''' (''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u0446\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442'''')\n        // Fast Perfect\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.kryhitka.com.ua Official\n        website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T01:46:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":663123877,\"length\":1433,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krykhitka_Tsakhes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\"},\"23239721\":{\"pageid\":23239721,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Los\n        Colorados\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T01:28:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        Ukrainian band|the Argentinian formation|Los Colorados Formation|other uses|Colorado\n        (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Los Colorados\\n| image               = Los Colorados-hotncold.jpg\\n|\n        caption             = ''''''''''Los Colorados'''''''''' performing their cover\n        of [[Katy Perry]]''s \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\"\\n| image_size          = 150px\\n|\n        background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = The Colorados\\n|\n        origin              = [[Ternopil]], {{flag|Ukraine}}\\n| instrument          =\n        [[guitar]], [[accordion]], [[bass guitar]], [[drums]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Polka music|polka]], [[Folk music|folk]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2006 - Present\\n| label               = \\n| associated_acts     =\n        \\n| website             = \\n| current_members     = \\nRuslan \\u201cPrystupnic\\u201d\n        Prystupa \\u2013 lead vocals, [[bayan (accordion)]]
\\nRostyslav \\u201cRoslyk\\u201d\n        Fook \\u2013 electric guitar, acoustic guitar, kazoo, backing vocals
\\nSerhiy\n        \\u201cMasyanya\\u201d Masyk \\u2013 bass guitar, upright bass, backing vocals\\nOleksandr\n        \\u201cLesyk\\u201d Drachuk \\u2013 drums, bass drum, percussion, backing vocals\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = [[guitar]], [[accordion]],\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[percussion]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''Los Colorados''''''''''\n        (from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''''The [[colorado potato beetle]]s'''',\n        also known as ''''The Colorados'''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band formed\n        in 2006 in [[Ternopil]]. The band play their own songs, but have also covered\n        several popular and folk songs. ''''Los Colorados'''' increased in prominence\n        after their cover of [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\" grew popular\n        via online video websites. The band plays [[guitar]], [[bayan (accordion)|bayan]],\n        [[bass guitar]] and [[drums]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was formed in the\n        city of [[Ternopil]] in 2006 and originally performed their own songs. However,\n        their popularity came when they were invited to a local TV station to perform\n        live, where they played several songs, among them [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\". The lead singer didn''t speak any English and learned the song\n        from a text transliterated into Ukrainian letters.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/entertainment/story/2009/06/090618_los_colorados_sp.shtml\n        BBC Ukrainian: Ternopil conquers the Internet] (Ukrainian)\\n\\nThe peak\n        of popularity occurred when their version of ''''Hot n Cold'''' was aired\n        on [[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]. The video posted on [[YouTube]] was viewed\n        more than 3 and a half million times and received generally positive reviews\n        because of its comic value and unusual interpretation. Katy Perry herself\n        described this version of her song as \\\"inspiring.\\\"[http://katyperryblog.tumblr.com/post/88968953/inspiring\n        Katy Perry''s blog]\\n\\nDuring their performances members of the group\n        present themselves as the \\\"boys from the village of Tetylkivtsi\\\", a real\n        village (population \\u2014 636), however, in reality most of the performers\n        come from the city of Ternopil.\\n\\n== Songs by ''''Los\n        Colorados'''' ==\\n*''''Haryachyi i kholodnyi'''' (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439; cover of \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\" by [[Katy Perry]])\\n*''''Du Hast'''' (cover of \\\"[[Du Hast]]\\\"\n        by [[Rammstein]])\\n*''''Bayan, bayan'''' (\\u0411\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d, \\u0431\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d;\n        cover of ''''Gitar'''' by Peter Nalitch)\\n*''''Pamidory'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438)\\n*''''Kokhana''''\n        (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0445\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Korova zdokhla'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*''''Paskuda'''' (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430)\\n*''''Nenavyzhu\n        pianino'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0436\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e)\\n*''''Tyotya\n        Lyuba'''' (\\u0422\\u044c\\u043e\\u0442\\u044f \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0430)\\n*''''Rillya\n        v ilyuminatori'''' (\\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f \\u0432 \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456)\\n*''''Rover\n        Ukrayina'''' (\\u0420\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Chorna\n        lyubov'''' (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432)\\n*''''Fihurka''''\n        (\\u0424\\u0456\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430)\\n*''''Ranetki'''' (\\u0420\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u043a\\u0438)\\n*''''Chempioni\n        lyubvi'''' (\\u0427\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0432\\u0438)\\n\\n==Move\n        It==\\n{{Infobox album \\n| Name       =\n        Move It\\n| Type       = studio\\n| Artist     = Los Colorados\\n| Cover      =\n        \\n| Alt        = \\n| Released   = {{Start date|2012|06|01|df=yes}}\\n| Recorded   =\n        Berlin, Germany\\n| Genre      = [[Polka]]\\n| Length     = {{Duration|m=37|s=58}}\\n|\n        Label      = [[Motor Music]]\\n| Producer   = \\n| Chronology = \\n| Last album\n        = \\n| This album = ''''''''''Move It'''''''''' 
(2012)\\n| Next album =\\n}}\\n\\n===Track\n        listing===\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       = \\n| headline        = \\n|\n        extra_column    = \\n| total_length    = 37:58\\n\\n| all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      =\n        \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   =\\n\\n|\n        title1          = [[Hot n Cold]]\\n| note1           = covering single by [[Katy\n        Perry]]\\n| length1         = 3:41\\n\\n| title2          = [[I Like to Move\n        It]]\\n| note2           = covering single by [[Reel 2 Real]]\\n| length2         =\n        2:46\\n\\n| title3          = [[Du hast]]\\n| note3           = covering single\n        by [[Rammstein]]\\n| length3         = 3:50\\n\\n| title4          = Indie Boy\\n|\n        length4         = 2:52\\n\\n| title5          = [[Be My Lover]]\\n| note5           =\n        covering single by [[La Bouche]]\\n| length5         = 3:47\\n\\n| title6          =\n        [[Tik Tok]]\\n| note6           = covering single by [[Kesha]]\\n| length6         =\n        2:49\\n\\n| title7          = [[Let It Be (song)|Let It Be]]\\n| note7           =\n        covering single by [[The Beatles]]\\n| length7         = 3:40\\n\\n| title8          =\n        Besame\\n| note8           = \\n| length8         = 3:15\\n\\n| title9          =\n        [[U Can''t Touch This]]\\n| note9           = covering single by [[MC Hammer]]\\n|\n        length9         = 2:37\\n\\n| title10         = [[I Love Rock ''n'' Roll]]\\n|\n        note10          = covering single by [[Joan Jett]]\\n| length10        = 2:40\\n\\n|\n        title11         = My Sweet Mila\\n| length11        = 3:00\\n\\n| title12         =\n        [[The Passenger (song)|The Passenger]]\\n| note12          = covering single\n        by [[Iggy Pop]]\\n| length12        = 3:01\\n}}\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       =\n        yes\\n| headline        = iTunes bonus tracks\\n| extra_column    = \\n| total_length    =\\n\\n|\n        all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      = \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits\n        = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   = \\n| title13         = [[Sex\n        on Fire]]\\n| note13          = covering single by [[Kings of Leon]]\\n| length13        =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Los\n        Colorados}}\\n*[http://www.myspace.com/loscoloradosofficial Los Colorados on\n        myspace]\\n*[http://dp.tj/opinions/interview/391-los-colorados.html Los Colorados\n        interview]\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Los-Colorados/201074798688 Los\n        Colorados on facebook]\\n* {{Official website|http://www.loscolorados.info/}}\n        (Ukrainian, support English, German and Polish translation)\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1upZz3a-7iM\n        Hot & Cold music video]\\n*[http://twitter.com/LosColorados Los Colorados Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T06:13:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":751491687,\"length\":6907,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Colorados&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\"},\"43223123\":{\"pageid\":43223123,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Luk\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-09-20T11:16:48Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Luk\\n| image                = L\\u044ek - Ukrainian musical group1.jpg\\n| caption           =\n        Luk performs in Lviv, 2009\\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[acid jazz]],\n        [[Lounge music|lounge]], [[rock music|rock]]\\n| origin             = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u20132011\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                = [http://www.luk.com.ua/en\n        Luk]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Younnat]], [[5''Nizza]], [[SunSay]], [[Orkestr\n        Che]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       = Olha Gerasimova (vocal)
\n        Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)
 Serhiy Belmas (bass)
 Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)
\n        Oleksandr Kratinov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Luk'''''' (stylised as ''''''L\\u044ek'''''')\n        was a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music band from [[Kharkiv]]. The band''s style\n        joins [[acid jazz]], [[Lounge music|lounge]] and [[rock music|rock]]. In their\n        texts musicians used mostly Ukrainian, Russian and French. \\n\\nLuk was formed\n        in 1999. The name was given accidentally without special meaning (''''\\u043b\\u044e\\u043a''''\n        means ''''manhole''''). After released four studio albums Luk declared its\n        break up in 2011.\\n\\nLuk collaborated with Kharkiv-based Ukrainian writer\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]]. Most of their Ukrainian-language songs were witten in lyrics\n        of Zhadan (in particular the first album ''''Tourist zone'''' is based on\n        Zhadan''s play \\\"Merry Christmas, Jesus Christ\\\"). Also Luk recorded a lot\n        of songs with [[5''Nizza]] member [[Andriy Zaporozhets]] (in particular the\n        second album is a result of collaboration with Zaporozhets). Their third album\n        contains two songs recorded with other 5''Nizza musician [[Serhiy Babkin]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Olha Gerasimova (vocal)\\n* Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)\\n* Serhiy\n        Belmas (bass)\\n* Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)\\n* Oleksandr Kratinov (drums)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* ''''Tourist zone'''' (2002)\\n* ''''Lemon'''' (2004)\\n*\n        ''''Sex'''' (2005)\\n* ''''\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u044e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c''''\n        (Mamina Yunost, 2009)\\n\\n;Compilation\\n* ''''The Best of Luk'''' (2008)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n* [http://www.luk.com.ua/en Official page] {{ru icon}} {{en icon}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1999\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Acid jazz ensembles]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-08T14:59:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":681919383,\"length\":2424,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luk_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\"},\"12313611\":{\"pageid\":12313611,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mad\n        Heads XL\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-23T05:05:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{unreferenced|date=October 2012}}\\n{{advert|date=March 2014}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Mad Heads XL\\n| image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               = [[Ska]][[Punk rock|Punk]]
[[Folk music|Folk]]\\n| occupation          = \\n|\n        years_active        = [[2003 in music|2003]]\\n| label               = Comp\n        Music EMI\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website                 = [http://www.madheads.kiev.ua\n        madheads.kiev.ua]\\n| current_members     = Vadym Krasnooky
Maxym Krasnooky
Vadym\n        Nikitan
Valeriy Chesnokov
Volodymyr Zyumchenko
Bohdan Humenyuk\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mad Heads XL''''''\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band from [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n\\n== History ==\\n\\n===Mad\n        Heads===\\nBand called [[Mad Heads]] was formed in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] by\n        Vadym Krasnooky. In Ukraine they enjoyed the status of a rock legend for many\n        years, with 4 studio albums, good press, frequent TV appearances and constant\n        live touring. They have also been acknowledged internationally, as a well-known\n        band in the [[psychobilly]] scene across the world and #1 of the genre in\n        the whole Eastern Europe.\\n\\nIt took time and a few line up changes before\n        Mad Heads became a band able to succeed with such a hard task, but since they\n        were ready there was nothing to stop them. Their debut album \\u201c''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\u201d\n        was out in 1996 on Crazy Love Records in Germany, while in [[Ukraine]] they\n        were already a well known band: seen on TV, heard on radio, talked about in\n        major press. They filmed a video to support their album, and it was actually\n        rotated on the channel of national importance.\\n\\nSoon after, Mad Heads started\n        to tour abroad. They appeared 4 times at Rock\\u2019n\\u2019Roll Jamboree in\n        [[Finland]], 3 times at [[Calella Psychobilly Meeting]] in Spain, they rocked\n        the halls of many festivals and clubs in Russia, Germany, United Kingdom,\n        [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]] and Italy. They\\u2019ve been invited to the United\n        States and only couldn\\u2019t make it because of some visa problems. They\n        played the same stage with the most of their favorite bands of the scene while\n        becoming  the heroes for many younger acts.\\n\\nThe debut album was followed\n        by \\u201c''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\u201d in 1998 and \\u201c''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\u201d\n        in 2002 (both out on Crazy Love Records) which brought the acknowledgment\n        for Mad Heads of being #1 band of the scene in Eastern Europe and with no\n        doubt an outstanding act of the 90s psychobilly generation. In [[Ukraine]],\n        they simply become a rock\\u2019n\\u2019roll legend, so they decided to do even\n        more for their local fans and in 2003 was released the album \\u201c''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]''\\u201d with all the songs in the mother languages\n        (the first 3 albums were in English). This record was out on local EMI licensee\n        Comp Music.\\n\\nIn 2004 the guys felt that their mission was complete. Their\n        music was changing throughout the years, and now they had to face the fact\n        that it didn\\u2019t fit psychobilly scene anymore. So they took it even further,\n        doubled the line up with 3-piece brass section and mixed up their older sounds\n        with [[ska]] [[Punk rock|punk]] and some Ukrainian folk. The new project called\n        ''''''Mad Heads XL'''''' became a smashing success in [[Ukraine]], so it was\n        decided to quit as a trio for an indeterminate period.\\n\\n===Mad Heads XL===\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2004, the new project Mad Heads XL was born. The line up\n        was doubled with the powerful brass section (trumpet, trombone, saxophone)\n        and the music drifted in the direction of [[ska]] with a touch of swing and\n        Ukrainian folk, becoming something that might come out of [[Manu Chao]], [[Brian\n        Setzer]] and [[Emir Kusturica]] jam session.\\n\\nIn March 2004 it was tested\n        in the best live music clubs of Kiev, in April it appeared on top Ukrainian\n        TV channels and in May the band came up the stage of the main Ukrainian music\n        festival Tavria Games to perform for some 75,000 people (there was also a\n        live broadcast on M1 \\u2013 the main Ukrainian music TV channel).  That show\n        brought the band to 9 more big open air stages in the next few months, with\n        the audience varied from 5,000 to 100,000 (Day of Youth on the main Kiev''s\n        square, [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]), proving that Mad Heads XL could really\n        entertain a huge audience. In September 2004 the band was invited to take\n        part in Djuice-Drive tour (sport palaces in the 6 biggest cities of Ukraine).\n        They were the only Ukrainian act on the bill with artists from Western Europe.\n        They also got busy playing in the clubs.\\n\\nThey were among the first bands\n        to support the people of Ukraine in the protest action, when the [[Orange\n        Revolution]] started. They canceled any commercial gigs and performed for\n        the people on now famous central square of Kiev Maidan Nezalezhnosti, giving\n        away their new song for the compilation \\\"Orange Songs of Ukrainian Revolution\\\"\n        which featured some of the best Ukrainian acts and artists, and the profit\n        of which had been transferred to the inhabitants of the protest camping. The\n        band never thought of any promotion back then, but there probably was: their\n        performance on Maidan was seen on CNN as well as on several European news\n        channels.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band was on the road again and played plenty open\n        air stages all over Ukraine. Mad Heads XL also appeared abroad, with a lot\n        of success, at Rock for People 2005 festival in Czech Republic, not to mention\n        a club tour of Russia.\\nIn September 2005 ZYX Music released maxi-CD \\u201cNadiya\n        Yea\\u201d in Germany, but the main events with this song were happening in\n        the homeland. The album \\u201cNadiya Yea\\u201d was released in the end of\n        October on Comp Music/EMI, so far in Ukraine only, soon proving to be among\n        the bestselling local releases of the year 2005. During 2004\\u20132005 years\n        the band had several line-up changes.\\n\\nBeyond Europe, Mad Heads XL have\n        performed at Ukrainian festivals in [[Toronto]], Canada in 2010, and [[Dauphin,\n        Manitoba]], in 2011.  Commanding a strong fan base in the [[Ukrainian-Canadian]]\n        community, they returned to Toronto again in January 2012 performing material\n        from their new album ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA'''' at a\n        zabava on one night and the \\\"Royal [[Malanka]]\\\" the following night. For\n        both events, Mad Heads XL were joined onstage by Ukrainian violinist Vasyl\n        Popadiuk (aka \\\"Papa Duke\\\"). Local Ukrainian-Canadian music groups, \\\"Zapovid\\\"\n        and \\\"Hudi a Mocni\\\" opened their shows.\\n\\n==Current members==\\n* Vadym Krasnooky\n        - vocal, guitar, songwriting (1991\\u2013present)\\n* Maxym Krasnooky - bass\n        (1996\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Nikitan - trumpet (2004\\u2013present)\\n* Valeriy\n        Chesnokov - trombone (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Volodymyr Zyumchenko - drums (2005\\u2013present)\\n\\n==\n        Former members ==\\n*Bohdan Ocheretyany - drums (1994\\u20132005)\\n*Maksym Kochetov\n        \\u2013 saxophone (2004\\u20132006)\\n*Anton Buryko \\u2013 trumpet (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Volodymyr\n        Pushkar \\u2013 trombone (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Bohdan Humenyuk - saxophone, flute\n        (2006\\u20132008)\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n''''''[[Mad Heads]]''''''\\n\\n*1996 - ''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\n*1998\n        - ''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\n*2002 - ''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\n*2003 - ''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442)\\n\\n''''''Mad\n        Heads XL''''''\\n*2005 - ''''[[Nadiya Yea]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0404/The Hope Is Here)\\n*2007 - ''''[[Naykrascha Myt]]'''' - compilation  (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c/The Best Moment)\\n*2008 - ''''[[Forever (Mad Heads\n        XL album)|Forever]]''''\\n*2011 - ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA''''\\n*2015\n        - ''''8''''\\n\\n==External links==\\n*{{official website|http://www.madheads.kiev.ua/}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-30T21:31:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":735799012,\"length\":7789,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Heads_XL&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\"},\"11223560\":{\"pageid\":11223560,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mandry\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Tone|date=December 2007}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Mandry |\\n| image                 =\n        Mandry-2008.jpg|\\n| caption            = Mandry at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]],
[[Kiev]],\n        [[Ukraine]] August 24, 2008.|\\n| landscape           = yes|\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[folk-rock]]\\n| years_active        = 1997–present |\\n| website                 =\n        http://www.mandrymusic.com\\n| current_members     = [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]]
[[Leonid Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]]
[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]]
[[Andriy Zanko]]
[[Salman\n        Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mandry'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438}})\n        is a popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[blues]], [[ska]] band;\n        the band formed in 1998 in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band''s vocalist and\n        most recognizable member is [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]].\\n\\n==\n        Activity ==\\n{{Original research|section|date=February 2016}}Mandry were officially\n        formed in 1997 by the already well known singer-songwriter [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]], who had made a name for himself in the Kyiv underground\n        music scene for his creative work with the group Den'' Vmyraye Rano (Day Dies\n        Early). At first they performed as a three-piece acoustic band, but after\n        a few band member change-overs a new sound was created which made Mandry the\n        spearheads of what is now known as \\\"folk music of the cities\\\". They performed\n        their first concert with this unique sound on 24 December 1997.\\n{{Advert|section|date=February\n        2016}}\\nIn contemporary Ukrainian youth culture the group hold an original\n        musical niche. Owing to the stylish diversity of their music and their unique\n        combination of traditional Ukrainian [[folk music]] with modern rhythms, elements\n        of city romance and French chansons with a good dose of [[reggae]], [[blues]],\n        [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Punk rock|punk]], they manage to captivate a varied\n        audience representing all age groups. The music of Mandry, in spite of being\n        a combination of various genres, is well crafted and artistically unique.\n        Their songs are full of imagery and have emotionally charged melodic patterns\n        making poetic lyrics understandable to people from all walks of life. Mandry''s\n        repertoire is still growing, expanding not only due to new songs being written\n        by the band members, but also by giving traditional folk songs a new interpretation.\\n\\nIn\n        October 1997 accordion player [[Leonid Bieley]] appeared on the scene and\n        his contribution to Foma''s songs enriched the melodies, as did a change in\n        percussionist. Salman joined the contingent of ''''mandrivnyky'''' (wanderers)\n        with a complete set of percussion instruments. At this time Mandry possibly\n        were the only Ukrainian band with a percussionist.\\n\\nIn the same month the\n        new line-up played a concert, but it wasn''t a very successful performance,\n        and as they were dissatisfied doubts arose as to whether the band should split\n        up. The director of Asteroid records came to the band''s rescue and offered\n        them their first contract and with his help the group continued.\\n\\nThe last\n        alteration in the group''s line-up occurred when Mandry invited drummer [[Andriy\n        Zanko]] and [[Serhiy Chehodayev]], who replaced [[Oleksandr Kokhanivsky]]\n        on bass, to join the band. As a result, the sound of the band changed quite\n        radically. Their music was enriched with contemporary rhythms and started\n        to include [[France|French]] melodic influences.\\n\\nIn the months that followed\n        the group recorded and released their first MC on the Asteroid label. It was\n        recorded in a hurry, and thus the quality of the album suffered. Over the\n        next year and a half, the material was being constantly reworked.\\n\\nIn August\n        1998 the band produced their first video for the song \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu\n        korolevu\\\", which quickly won the audience''s approval. In September 1998,\n        during the First All-Ukrainian Music Video Contest Mandry''s video was in\n        the top three, and director Anton Trofimov was also nominated for an award.\\n\\nThe\n        first EP of the group, which, apart from seven songs also contained the video\n        clip \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu\\\", the MC in [[MP3]] format, text information\n        in html and a photo gallery, was released in December 1998.\\n\\nThe same year\n        Mandry played in [[Lviv]], [[Dnipropetrivsk]], [[Kherson]], [[Donetsk]], [[Minsk]]\n        and their hometown Kyiv.\\n\\nIn January 1999 they filmed their second video\n        to their song \\\"Kartata Sorochka\\\" in Lviv, which was broadcast on the national\n        TV channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]].\\n\\nAll in all 1999 was a very busy year\n        for them with many concerts. In springtime they visited [[Budapest]], the\n        capital of [[Hungary]], to take part in a festival commemorating the 50th\n        anniversary of the [[European Union|EU]]. In summer they performed at \\\"[[Rock-Kyiv]]\\\",\n        \\\"PEPSI-SZIGET\\\" ([[Budapest]]) and \\\"[[Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk]]\\\" ([[Vitebsk]])\n        festivals. At the end of summer they started working on their video to the\n        song \\\"Rusalky\\\" ([[Mermaid]]s).\\n\\nIn April 2000 they released their first\n        full-length album ''''Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu'''' on Karavan Records\n        and their video to the song \\\"Rusalky\\\".\\n\\nIn June 2000 Mandry took part\n        in the International Festival of Ukrainian Culture which takes place in [[Sopot]],\n        [[Poland]]. In September they participated at Rock-Existence festival in Kyiv.\n        In November they released their EP ''''Rusalky'''' on Karavan Records.\\n\\nFrom\n        14 to 26 May 2001 Mandry had a tour across Poland. In two weeks'' time they\n        played 11 concerts in [[Wroc\\u0142aw]], [[Warsaw]], [[Krak\\u00f3w]], [[Szczecin]],\n        [[Gliwice]], [[Bia\\u0142ystok]], [[Olsztyn]], [[Sopot]] and [[Lublin]]. At\n        the beginning of November 2001 Creon Music, a [[France|French]] record label,\n        released a compilation called ''''Ukrainian Rock'''', which included a few\n        songs by Mandry.''''Eastern Folk, Poland Folk Encyclopedia, in Polish''''\\nIn\n        March 2002 the video to \\\"Dochka melnyka\\\" (Miller''s daughter) was shown\n        on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 19 May 2002 Mandry, together with other Ukrainian\n        groups and artists, played a concert at the Hippodrome, in [[London]]. The\n        show was part of the Festival of Ukrainian Culture in [[Great Britain]].\\n\\nAt\n        the end of September 2002 their first animated video to the song \\\"Orysya\\\"\n        was shown on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 17 October 2002, their second album,\n        ''''Legenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku'''', was released in Ukraine on the [[Lavina\n        Music]] record label.\\n\\nOn 17 May 2003, the band took part in the International\n        festival \\\"The Day of United Europe\\\" in Kyiv. At the end of August 2003 Mandry\n        started shooting the video for \\\"Vitre Tsyhane\\\" (Gypsy Wind), which was the\n        first one to be shown on the all-Ukrainian [[M1 music channel]] that October.\\n\\n2004\n        saw Mandry tour extensively in [[Ukraine]] to support [[Viktor Yushchenko]]''s\n        campaign to become the next president of Ukraine. They played to a varied\n        audience and in parts of Ukraine where they were completely unknown to their\n        audience.\\n\\nDuring the protests that followed after the disputed election\n        results at the end of 2004, Mandry were one of many bands who appeared on\n        stage in [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] (Independence Square) in Kyiv to keep the\n        [[Orange Revolution]] protesters entertained.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band recorded\n        their latest album ''''Doroha'''', which was released in February 2006. At\n        that time they often took part in folk festivals and concerts in Ukraine and\n        neighbouring countries.''''Kulturalna Warszawa'''' (Cultural Warsaw),\n        2005, in Polish\\n\\nIn March 2006 they filmed a new video to their song\n        \\\"Ne spy moya ridna zemlya\\\" (Don''t sleep my native land), a clip with imagery\n        depicting Ukraine''s history and its heroes, bringing it right up to date\n        with the Orange Revolution.\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n*[[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]] - main vocals, guitar, sopilka (tin whistle)\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]] - accordion, synthesizer, backing vocals\\n*[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]] - bass, backing vocals\\n*[[Andriy\n        Zanko]] - drums, backing vocals\\n*[[Salman Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]] - percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1998 - \\u00ab[[Mandry\n        (album)|Mandry]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438)\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Rusalky\n        (album)|Rusalky]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u043a\\u0438)\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu (album)|Romansero\n        pro nizhnu korolevu]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0432\\u0443)\n        (re-released in 2002)\\n* 2002 - \\u00ab[[Lehenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku (album)|Lehenda\n        pro Ivanka ta Odarku]]\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0443)\\n*\n        2006 - \\u00ab[[Doroha (album)|Doroha]]\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430)\\n\\n===\n        Live albums ===\\n* 2007 - \\u00ab[[Mandry u Krayini Mriy (album)|Mandry u Krayini\n        Mriy]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0443 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.mandrymusic.com/\n        Official Mandry website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"lastrevid\":798927015,\"length\":9059,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandry&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\"},\"35030786\":{\"pageid\":35030786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Marakesh\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name               = Marakesh\\n|image=Marakesh.jpg\\n|caption=Marakesh\n        live in 2011\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| alias              =\n        \\n| origin             = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]]
[[Indie rock]]
[[Electronic rock]]\\n| years_active       =\n        {{Start date|2006}}\\u2013present\\n| label              = \\n| website            =\n        {{URL|www.marakeshmusic.com/}}\\n| current_members    = Mark Gritsenko
Christoph\n        Hadl Hassel
Rich Millin
Daria Chepel\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Marakesh''''''\n        ({{lang-ua|\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0448}}) are a rock band from\n        [[Kiev]], Ukraine, formed in 2006. Their music is influenced by 90s [[alternative\n        rock]], combining rock with electronica and charismatic vocals.\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        song Jdat ({{lang-ru|\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c}}) appeared in the [[GTA\n        4|Grand Theft Auto IV]] video-game soundtrack, resulting in hundreds of thousands\n        official views of its music video on YouTube.[http://www.rockstargames.com/IV/#?page=music&content=vladivostok\n        - Vladivostok FM track listing on GTA 4 official website][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9253G7_Ct8 - Jdat music video\n        on YouTube] The band is currently based in Berlin.[http://marakeshmusic.com/]\\n\\n==History==\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        debut album ''''Androgyny'''' was released in 2006. It represented fully electronic\n        sound due to being recorded by lead singer Mark Gritsenko alone, before the\n        band\\u2019s line up was formed.[http://www.zvuki.ru/R/P/15785\n        - Zvuki.ru album review]\\n \\nIn 2007 after releasing several successful\n        music videos, Marakesh went on an extensive tour from March to December that\n        year.[http://marakeshband.eu/tour - Tour archive]\n        {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203015814/http://marakeshband.eu/tour\n        |date=2012-02-03 }} They performed mainly in Russia, where they were\n        supported by alternative TV channels[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5UJRAxaNuA\n        - A-One TV interview] and press such as Billboard,[http://billboard.ru.msn.com/reviews/review.aspx?cp-documentid=155402713\n        - Billboard review]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }}[http://petrovka.ua/product.php?code=68620\n        - Billboard issue including Marakesh interview] while only relying on\n        a word of mouth in their homeland. However numbers of shows in Ukraine grew\n        in the next years.\\n\\nTheir second full-length album ''''M'''' was released\n        in December 2008 after being postponed for more than a year because of a dispute\n        with their then-label.[http://www.farfrommoscow.com/articles/marakesh-m.html\n        - Far From Moscow album review]\\n\\nIn 2009 Marakesh extended to open\n        air festivals and came to Europe for the first time. In the summer they appeared\n        at Ukrainian selection for MTV EMA,[http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        - MTV EMA gallery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503005144/http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        |date=2010-05-03 }} Russian festival Okna Otkroy[[:ru:\\u041e\\u043a\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439!|-\n        Okna Otkroy line up]] and Hungarian ICWiP.[http://www.lastfm.ru/festival/1140651+ICWiP+-+International+Culure+Week+in+P\\u00e9cs\n        - ICWiP line up]\\n\\nThe band went on their first European tour for 1\n        month in April\\u2013May 2010, playing in Baltics, Poland, Germany and Hungary.\n        Later that year the band was chosen by Placebo as an opening act for their\n        show in Kiev.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suZxAl30PLU\n        - Enter TV interview] In December 2010 Marakesh released their first\n        fully English-speaking EP \\u201cTaste Me\\u201d, recorded in Budapest. Taste\n        Me Tour saw a number of shows in Ukraine, Russia, Hungary and Germany.\\n\\nIn\n        2011 the band started composing their third LP, which was planned to be released\n        later in 2012.\\n\\nIn spring 2012, the band moved to Berlin. In September 2012,\n        Marakesh announced they have started a new band Four Phonica, which comprises\n        all Marakesh members and the lead singer of side project Sexinspace, Daria.\n        In January 2013, Four Phonica released the first single Divine, available\n        for download on the band''s official website.[https://archive.is/20130213070907/http://marakeshband.eu/news/marakesh-sexinspace-four-phonica-2\n        - Marakesh + Sexinspace = Four Phonica] Single was followed up by a\n        music video in March 2013. In February 2014, Four Phonica released their second\n        music video Sabotage.[tube.com/watch?v=rdOFcDHs91U\n        - Four Phonica - Sabotage music video] Their debut self-titled EP was\n        released on February 28, 2014.[http://fourphonica.com/news/ep-release/\n        - Four Phonica announce the debut EP]\\n\\nIn summer 2014, Four Phonica\n        revealed that they are composing their debut LP and that the news about the\n        album and single releases are awaited this year.[http://fourphonica.com/news/four-phonica-composing-debut-lp/ -\n        Four Phonica composing debut LP]\\n\\nIn August 2014, Four Phonica were\n        chosen from over 350 applicants as one of 9 bands to participate in Berliner\n        Pilsner Music Award.[http://fourphonica.com/news/berliner-pilsner-music-award/\n        - Berliner Pilsner Music Award 2014]\\n\\nIn September 2014, Marakesh''s\n        first EP Den Svyatogo Valentina (2007) and a second full length M (2008),\n        which were previously released only in Ukraine and Russia, became available\n        worldwide on iTunes[https://itunes.apple.com/artist/marakesh/id279455367\n        - Marakesh on iTunes] and Bandcamp,[https://marakesh.bandcamp.com\n        - Marakesh on Bandcamp] including one of their most well known songs\n        Jdat from the Grand Theft Auto IV video-game soundtrack.\\n\\nIn November 2014,\n        Four Phonica launched a musical crowdsourcing campaign #Songblitz. In one\n        month time, the band created and released a cover of The Smiths'' There Is\n        a Light That Never Goes Out entirely made of musical, vocal and video contributions\n        from fans.[http://www.songblitz.com - Songblitz]{{dead\n        link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\nIn\n        autumn of 2015 Marakesh have returned with new single Run. Run was followed\n        up by another single Cold Call released on 12 February 2016. On November 1st\n        2016, Marakesh premiered an official music video for Cold Call on their YouTube\n        channel. Directed by Alex Barsuk and art directed by Daria Chepel, it was\n        shot at Turmwerk Studios, former headquarters of [[IAMX]] and a working space\n        for such artists as Noblesse Oblige and producer [[Jim Abbiss]] among others.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJuOM_nicP8\n        - Marakesh - Cold Call (Official Video)]\\n\\nIn December 2016, Marakesh announced they will release 3 new\n        singles throughout winter starting with Hand Grenade on 8 December 2016. It\n        was followed by Mr. Correspondent in January 2017, along with a new EP 199X\n        available only on band''s Patreon page for one month before an official release.\n        The 6-track EP was released on all other platforms on 22 February 2017 in\n        Standard and Deluxe versions.\\n\\nIn March 2017, Marakesh premiered a lyric\n        video for their first single in Russian in 7 years, Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t\n        Love).\\n\\n==Band members==\\nCurrent members\\n*Mark Gritsenko \\u2013 vocals,\n        guitars, keyboards\\n*Alexander Petrovsky \\u2013 bass, keyboards\\n*Valery Derevyansky\n        \\u2013 drums\\n*Christoph Hadl Hassel \\u2013 bass, mixing, production\\nLive\n        members\\n*Herman Gritsenko - keyboards\\n*Rich Millin \\u2013 drums\\n*Daria\n        Chepel \\u2013 art direction\\nFormer members\\n*Valery Popovich \\u2013\n        guitars\\n*Dmitry Kvyatkovsky \\u2013 guitars\\n*Igor Kievets \\u2013\n        bass\\n\\n==Discography==\\nas Marakesh:\\n*''''Androgyny'''' (LP) (2006)\\n*''''Den\n        Svyatogo Valentina (English: Saint Valentine''s Day)'''' (EP) (2007)\\n*''''M''''\n        (LP) (2008)\\n*''''Taste Me'''' (EP) (2010)\\n*''''My Favorite Song'''' (single)\n        (2011)\\n*''''199X'''' (EP) (2017)\\n*''''Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t Love)''''\n        (single) (2017)\\nas Four Phonica:\\n*''''Divine'''' (single) (2013)\\n*''''Sabotage''''\n        (single) (2014)\\n*''''Four Phonica'''' (EP) (2014)\\n*''''There Is a Light\n        That Never Goes Out'''' (single) (2014)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{Official website|www.marakeshband.eu|Marakesh}}\\n* {{Official\n        website|www.fourphonica.com|Four Phonica}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":797218590,\"length\":8933,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marakesh_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\"},\"48048659\":{\"pageid\":48048659,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"O.Torvald\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T17:58:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = O.Torvald
\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434\\n|\n        image           = O.Torvald. Eurovision Song Contest 2017, Semi Final 2 Rehearsals.\n        Photo 294.jpg\\n| logo            =\\n| caption         = \\n| image_size      =\\n|\n        landscape       = Yes\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          =\n        [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = {{Hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[alternative\n        rock]]|[[alternative metal]]|[[nu metal]]}}\\n| years_active    = 2005\\u2013present\\n|\n        label           =  [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website         = [http://o-torvald.com/ o-torvald.com]\\n| current_members\n        = [[Yevhen Halych]]
Denys Myzyuk
Mykola Rayda
Oleksandr Solokha
Mykyta\n        Vasyl\\u02b9yev\\n| past_members    = Oleksandr Nechyporenko
Andriy Lytvynok
Ihor\n        Odaryuk
Volodymyr Yakovlev\\n}}\\n\\n''''''O.Torvald'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian rock band. It was formed in 2005 in [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its debut album O.Torvald was recorded in 2008. O.Torvald took part in festivals\n        such as GBOB, [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]], Tavria games, Prosto\n        Rock (with [[Linkin Park]] and [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]]), [[Zakhid]], Krashche\n        Misto UA (with [[Evanescence]] and [[The Rasmus]]), Ekolomyja and Global Gathering.\n        They represented [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017|Ukraine]] in\n        the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] with the song \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\n        finishing in 24th place.{{cite web|url=http://wiwibloggs.com/2017/02/25/ukraine-will-sing-eurovision-2017/177369/|title=UKRAINE:\n        O.Torvald will sing \\\"Time\\\" at Eurovision 2017|date=25 February 2017|publisher=Wiwibloggs|website=wiwibloggs.com|last=Vasilyev|first=Mikhail}}\\n\\n==Members==\\n*\n        [[Yevhen Halych]] \\u2013 vocals, guitar (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Denys Myzyuk\n        \\u2013 guitar, backing vocals (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Solokha \\u2013\n        drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Mykyta Vasyl\\u02b9yev \\u2013 bass (2014\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Mykola Rayda \\u2013 piano, DJ (2008\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n===Studio\n        albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:10em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:O.Torvald (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|O.Torvald]]''''\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2008\\n* Label: Yenisey Group\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456|\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456]]''''
(''''In you'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2011\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442 (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442]]''''
(''''Primate'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404|\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404]]''
(''''You are'''')\\n| \\n* Released: November\n        2014\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] \\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438|#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438]]''''
(''''#ourpeopleareeverywhere'''')\\n| \\n* Released:\n        1 September 2016\\n* Label: Mickey Sound\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Extended\n        plays===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441''''
(''''Use Us'''')\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2012\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format:\n        Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Other albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"| Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0410\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''
(''''Acoustic'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Singles===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:14em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:1em;\\\"| Year\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\"| Peak\n        chart positions\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| Album\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        style=\\\"width:3em;font-size:85%;\\\"| [[Tophit|RUS]]
{{cite\n        web|url=https://tophit.ru/ru/search?str=O.Torvald|title=Search > O.Torvald|publisher=tophit.ru|work=[[Tophit]]}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\\\"\\n| 2008\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"3\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0435\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438|\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438]]\\\"\\n|\n        2009\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0423\\u0419\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2010\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439|\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439]]\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454|\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454]]\\\"\\n|\n        2011\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\\"\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2012\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mr. DJ\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2014\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404''''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"5\\\"|\n        2016\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\\"\\n|\n        189\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0422\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0443\\u0445 \\u2014\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0438\\u0435\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e \\u0431\\u043e\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mama\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\\n| 2017\\n| 188\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"20\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center; font-size:85%;\\\"| \\\"\\u2014\\\" denotes a single that\n        did not chart or was not released.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://o-torvald.com/ O.Torvald website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/OTORVALDband/featured\n        YouTube]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/OTorvald/ Facebook]\\n\\n{{S-start}}\\n{{s-ach}}\\n{{Succession\n        box|\\n| before=[[Jamala]]
with \\\"[[1944 (song)|1944]]\\\"\\n| title=[[Ukraine\n        in the Eurovision Song Contest]]\\n| years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 2017|2017]]\\n|\n        after=''''Incumbent''''\\n}}\\n{{S-end}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine in the Eurovision Song\n        Contest |state=autocollapse}}\\n{{Eurovision Song Contest 2017 |state=autocollapse}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2005]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:English-language singers of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Eurovision Song Contest entrants]]\\n[[Category:Eurovision\n        Song Contest entrants of 2017]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T19:39:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":780377284,\"length\":6581,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O.Torvald&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\"},\"26307708\":{\"pageid\":26307708,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Obiymy\n        Doshchu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T06:43:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Obiymy Doshchu
\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\\n|image              = Obiymy_doschu-2006.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Obiymy Doshchu (in 2006 lineup)\\n|image_size         = 300 \\n|landscape        =\n        Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[symphonic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        2004\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Nash Format]] (Ukraine)\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://rain.in.ua\\n|current_members  = Volodymyr\n        Agafonkin 
 Oleksiy Katruk 
 Mykola Kryvonos 
 Serhiy Dumler 
\n        Maria Kurbatova 
 Olena Nesterovska\\n|past_members = Andriy Demyanenko|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Obiymy\n        Doshchu'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Rain''s Embrace'''') is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band that describes\n        its [[music genre]] as a [[Lyric poetry|lyrical]], autumnal [[rock music]]\n        with [[progressive rock]], [[Neoclassical (New Age)|neoclassic]] and [[doom\n        metal]] influences. \\n\\nThey have released their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]]\n        in Autumn 2009 which reviewers called \\u201c''''an outstanding result in the\n        genre''''\\u201d but also \\u201c''''monotonous, with intentionally limited\n        emotional palette''''\\u201d,[http://www.nneformat.ru/reviews/?id=5459\n        Nash Neformat music magazine] (in Russian) \\u201c''''expressing the\n        same mood in every track''''\\u201d but \\u201c''''nevertheless one of the most\n        impressive and inspired releases in a long time''''\\u201d,[http://www.darkside.ru/album/21523/\n        Darkside webzine reviews] (in Russian) \\u201c''''a new approach to creative\n        work in many ways''''\\u201d[http://rock.kiev.ua/arhiv/2009/287/ Kiev\n        Rock Club webzine] (in Ukrainian) and \\u201c''''a phenomenon worth attention\n        of all fans of twilight lyricism''''\\u201d.[http://umka.com.ua/eng/catalogue/gothic/obiymy-doschu-elehia.html\n        Umka CD-store]\\n\\n== Biography ==\\n=== 2004\\u20142006 ===\\n''''''(band\n        formation, first recordings)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu was started as a one-man\n        project in 2004 as a result of Volodymyr''s interest in writing music, singing\n        and playing an [[acoustic guitar]]. His friend Oleksiy became involved in\n        the project and helped Volodymyr record his first [[Demo (music)|demo]], and\n        the demo in turn inspired his university mate Mykola to make a [[music video|video]]\n        for one of the songs (''''Mertve Derevo I Viter'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyI5xzROaB8\n        Mertve Derevo I Viter video on YouTube] \\n\\nIn spring 2006 Volodymyr\n        forms the [[Band (music)|band]] with Oleksiy on the [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        and Mykola on the [[bass guitar]]. In this lineup the band makes its first\n        live performance in [[Kiev]]. \\n\\nIn Autumn, Oleksiy replaces [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        with [[electric guitar]] and Andriy Demyanenko joins the band as a [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] player. The band continues to create new songs and\n        occasionally perform live. During this time, Oleksiy finishes the second video\n        of the band (for the song ''''Zorenko Moya'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eKRMg76vGg\n        Zorenko Moya video on YouTube] At the end of the year, Obiymy Doshchu\n        record their second demo with 6 songs.\\n\\n=== 2007\\u20142008 ===\\n''''''(line-up\n        complete, live activities)''''''\\n\\nIn 2007, the band finally finds a [[drums|drummer]]\n        - Serhiy Dumler. The same year Maria joins the band as a [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        player to replace Andriy Demyanenko. \\n\\nHaving a complete line-up, the bands\n        starts to actively perform live in 2008, plays at many [[music festival|festivals]]\n        and other places among [[Ukraine]]. It also makes its third recording in the\n        [[recording studio|studio]], ''''Pid Khmaramy'''', to prepare itself for the\n        upcoming recording of an ambitions debut album.\\n\\n=== 2009 ===\\n''''''(debut\n        album, first solo concert, present)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu have finally released\n        their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] on August 29, 2009 as a free download\n        on their website.[http://rain.in.ua/en.html Elehia album download page\n        on the official website] The album contains 8 songs and represents a\n        certain summary of the band''s activities since its formation. It is a [[concept\n        album|conceptual]] album with a single story. It also has rich [[String section|string\n        arrangements]] and contains many contributions from guest musicians.\\n\\nThe\n        band played its first big solo concert in [[Kyiv]] on October 22, 2009. This day can also\n        be considered as the official day of violist Olena Nesterovska joining the\n        band as a permanent member.\\n\\nOn December 10, the band released a new 2-song\n        single ''''Svitanok'''' and a video for one of the songs directed by Mykola\n        Kryvonos.[http://rain.in.ua/svitanok/en.html Svitanok single and video\n        download]\\n\\nCurrently the band is writing the material for its second\n        album expected to come in Spring 2012 and performing live around [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n=== Current members ===\\n* Volodymyr Agafonkin \\u2014 [[vocals]],\n        [[acoustic guitar]] (2004\\u2014present)\\n* Oleksiy Katruk \\u2014 [[electric\n        guitar]] (2006\\u2014present), [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2005\\u20142006)\\n*\n        Mykola Kryvonos \\u2014 [[bass guitar]], [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]\n        (2006\\u2014present)\\n* Serhiy Dumler \\u2014 [[drums]], [[percussion]] (2006\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Maria Kurbatova \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Olena Nesterovska \\u2014 [[viola]] (2009\\u2014present)\\n\\n=== Guest members\n        ===\\n* Hanna Kryvonos \\u2014 [[backing vocals]]\\n* Yana Shakirzhanova \\u2014\n        [[violin]]\\n\\nGuest members occasionally perform live with the band and take\n        part in studio recordings.\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Andriy Demyanenko\n        \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2006\\u20142007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n# 2009 \\u2014 [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f)\\n\\n===\n        Singles ===\\n# 2010 \\u2014 [[Svitanok (single)|Svitanok]] (\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a)\\n\\n==\n        Videos ==\\n# 2005 \\u2014 Mertve Derevo I Viter (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n#\n        2006 \\u2014 Zorenko Moya (director: Oleksiy Katruk)\\n# 2010 \\u2014 Svitanok\n        (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* [http://rain.in.ua/en.html Official Elehia album download page]\\n*\n        [http://myspace.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on MySpace]\\n* [http://facebook.com/pages/Obiymy-Doschu/308519798211\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Facebook]\\n* [http://last.fm/music/\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438+\\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Last.fm]\\n* {{Official website|http://rain.in.ua/index.php}}\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n* [http://twitter.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on Twitter]\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T16:30:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751521445,\"length\":6706,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obiymy_Doshchu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\"},\"2004786\":{\"pageid\":2004786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Okean\n        Elzy\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Okean Elzy
\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\n|image              = Okean elzy moscow 11-02-2012\n        nazipov1.jpg\\n|logo=PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png\\n|caption         =\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 - Okean Elzy\\n|image_size         =\n        300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]
[[COMP\n        music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[Lavina Music]] 
 [[Nova records]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.okeanelzy.com\\n|current_members  = [[Svyatoslav\n        Vakarchuk]] 
 [[Vladimir Opsenica]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c][http://tabloid.pravda.com.ua/news/5166b4f834649/\n        \\u0417 \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0448\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442]\n        
 [[Denys Dudko]] 
 [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] 
[[Denys Hlinin]]|\\n|past_members\n        = [[Pavlo Gudimov]] 
 [[Yuriy Khustochka]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Shurov]] 
 [[Petro Cherniavsky]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c]|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Okean\n        Elzy'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] bands. It was formed in 1994 in [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\n        The band''s vocalist and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]].[http://dzyga.com.ua/E/interv_01/vakarchu.htm  \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u0404\\u00bb \\u2014 \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u0412\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a\n        (\\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb),\n        \\u0432\\u0436\\u0435 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u043b\\u0430\\u0448\\u0442\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] Okean\n        Elzy is one of the best-loved Ukrainian rock bands not only in Ukraine but\n        also in most [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April\n        2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ Magazine music awards for \\\"Best rock act\\\".[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1542312-okean-elzi-ogolosili-nazvu-i-datu-relizu-novogo-albomu\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442:]\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u0443\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\n\\n=== 1994\\u20131999 ===\\nThe band Okean Elzy was founded in 1994\n        by four young men from [[Lviv]]; who were former members of the band Klan\n        Tyshi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0442\\u0438\\u0448\\u0456}}, translation:\n        ''''Clan of Silence'''') which was founded in 1991.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013) The original line-up featured a lead vocal, lead guitar, bass\n        guitar and drums. Throughout 1994 the band spent their time rehearsing.\\n\\nTheir\n        first concert took place in front of the [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet|Lviv\n        Opera Theatre]] on 14 January 1995. Shortly after that appearance they released\n        a demo tape called ''DEMO 94-95''. In 1995 they also  participated for the\n        first time in the two biggest (at the time) Ukrainian music festivals - [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] and [[Melodiya (festival)|Melodiya]], also\n        participated in ''''Is'''', a personal project of Lviv musician [[Oleg Sook]],\n        performed the song Long time ago.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013)\\n\\nIn 1996 the band establish themselves on the festival circuit\n        in Ukraine and beyond. Okean Elzy participated at Sribna Pidkova Festival,\n        Alternative 2, Perlyny Sezonu, Tavriyski Ihry, Trust Open Air Gernsbach (Germany),\n        Trash 96, and R.F.I. 96 (France).\\n\\nIn 1996 Okean Elzy also held their first\n        concert outside Lviv. Their first appearance in the capital [[Kiev]] took\n        place in 1996 where they supported [[Deep Purple]]. In November\\u2013December\n        of that year they recorded and released the group''s first maxi-single ''''Budynok\n        zi skla'''' (\\\"House of glass\\\"). Shortly afterwards the first movie about\n        the group was made by TV Channel [[TET (TV channel)|TET]] and was broadcast\n        nationally.\\n\\n1997 saw tours in the south of France and in the west of Germany.\n        Back to Ukraine they held a concert in their hometown of Lviv, drawing massive\n        crowds.\\n\\nThe band''s big break came in 1998, when they made the decision\n        to move to Kiev. There they started working on their first album ''''[[Tam,\n        de nas nema]]'''' (\\\"There, where we are not\\\"). The group''s first music\n        video was recorded for the song \\\"Tam, de nas nema\\\". This video was the first\n        piece of modern [[Ukrainian music]] to make its mark on [[MTV Russia]], as\n        well as France''s [[MCM (TV channel)|MCM]] Channel.\\n\\nAt the very beginning\n        of 1999, Okean Elzy started working on their second album ''''Ya na nebi buv''''\n        (\\\"I was in the sky\\\"). In May the group decided to try to expand their fan\n        base into Russia. Their first concert was at the festival [[Maxidrom]]. There\n        were thousands of people there who already knew their songs, with many singing\n        along.\\n\\nOn 16 September they played a solo concert at the MCM Cafe in [[Paris]].\\n\\n===\n        2000\\u20132004 ===\\nIn 2000 exactly one year after they started working on\n        ''''Ya na nebi buv'''' the album was released.\\n\\nOn 5 February Okean Elzy\n        held a solo concert at legendary [[London Astoria|Astoria Club]] ([[London]]).\n        In March the keyboard player joined the band.\\n\\nIn 2001 Okean Elzy became\n        new face of [[Pepsi Cola]] in Ukraine as the new millennium dawned. They have\n        released their third album ''''Model''''. They started a big tour around Ukraine\n        called \\\"Ask For More\\\". In August they started working on their fourth album\n        - ''''[[Supersymetriya]]'''' (\\\"Supersymmetry\\\"). The album was eventually\n        released in 2003 and immediately the group embarked on their biggest tour\n        ever.\\n\\nAt the end of 2003 [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] as the frontman of the\n        band became an official Ambassador of Ukrainian Culture.\\n\\nIn 2004 [[Denys\n        Dudko]] (one of the best [[jazz]] bass players in Ukraine) and [[Milo\\u0161\n        Jeli\\u0107]] (composer from [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]]) joined the band.\\n\\nDuring\n        the \\\"[[Orange Revolution]]\\\" Okean Elzy actively supported the democratic\n        changes which the population were demanding, with Slava emerging as a figurehead\n        of the revolution.\\n\\n=== 2005\\u2013present ===\\n[[File:PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png|thumbnail|Logo\n        of the band]]\\nIn 2005 [[Petro Cherniavsky]]  joined the band.\\n\\nOn September\n        22, 2005, Okean Elzy released their new album ''''[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|GLORIA]]''''.\n        After that the band went on tour (30 cities in Ukraine and 10 in Russia) with\n        audio crew Sergey Kamenev, Alexandr Kostin, [[Yurii Barybin]] and Vyacheslav\n        Lavrinenko.\\n\\nIn September 2005, Vakarchuk became UN''s [[Goodwill Ambassador|Ambassador\n        of Good Will]]. Also, in September Okean Elzy started joint campaign with\n        [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]] and [[MTV Europe Foundation]]\n        \\u2013 fighting human trafficking. Svyatoslav Vakarchuk as UN''s Ambassador\n        of Goodwill during 2006 year had different meetings with students at Ukrainian\n        and Poland universities. Now Vakarchuk provides a huge social project running\n        to propagate reading as a natural process. The general idea of this project\n        is to draw the attention of young people to books and help fight illiteracy.\\n\\nIn\n        November 2006, Okean Elzy visited [[Kosovo]], where musicians had a concert\n        for [[peace makers]] from Ukraine, [[Poland]], Germany, United States and\n        other countries, which include international contingent of peace makers.\\n\\nDuring\n        the Football World Cup 2006 in Germany Okean Elzy actively supported the Ukrainian\n        national team and cheered the fans with their songs. The last song of the\n        band called ''''Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly...'''' (\\\"Oh, brother, merry\n        times came...\\\") as always made a huge splash in Ukraine. The song and the\n        video were released as a single and all money profited would be donated to\n        the child care center treating [[AIDS]]. Charity activities play a major role\n        in OE''s life.\\n\\nIn April 2006 OE went on tour, which includes [[Chicago]],\n        [[New York City]] and [[Toronto]], where thousands sang along their songs.\\n\\nOn\n        April 25, 2007, Okean Elzy released a new album ''''Mira'''' (\\\"Measure\\\").\n        After that the band went on a huge nationwide tour. During the month they\n        held tremendous concerts in 27 Ukrainian cities. The outstanding feature about\n        ''''Mira'''' was that all the concerts were held at large cities, mostly stadiums\n        and sports palaces. The concerts were attended by more than 120,000 fans,\n        which has become a record for the group. For the two Kiev concerts the attendance\n        was about 24,000 total. In the [[history of Ukraine]] only Okean Elzy \\\"for\n        the second time (after round of ''''GLORIA'''') brought so many people in\n        one place in such a short time.\\n\\nIn 2010 Okean Elzy went on their Dolce\n        Vita Tour, in support of their latest album ''''Dolce Vita'''', which included\n        over one hundred concerts in Russia, Ukraine, [[Belarus]], Europe and North\n        America.\\n\\nIn December 2013 the band performed during [[Euromaidan]]-protests.[http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/ukraine-suspends-mayor-security-official-over-protest-crackdown_896844.html\n        Ukraine suspends mayor, security official over protest crackdown], [[Zee News]]\n        (14 December 2013)\\n\\n== 2013 Tour ==\\nIn 2013, Okean Elzy announced\n        in their website a new album and new tour through Ukraine.\\n\\n== 2014 ==\\nJune\n        21, 2014. For their 20th anniversary Okean Elzy performed in front of 70,\n        000 fans in Kyiv at NSC Olimpiyskiy.{{cite web | url = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757\n        | title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e}}\n        This concert was the most massive in Ukrainian history.{{Cite\n        web|title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e\n        {{!}} \\u0416\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430-\\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u041a\\u0410|url\n        = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757|website = ukrainka.org.ua|access-date =\n        2016-02-09}}[http://www.okeanelzy.com/ru/news/135/ \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u00ab\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb]\\n\\n==\n        Current members ==\\n# [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] \\u2014 vocal (1994\\u2013present)\\n#\n        [[Vladimir Opsenitsa]] \\u2014 guitar (2013-present)\\n# [[Denys Dudko]] \\u2014\n        bass (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] \\u2014 piano, synthesizers\n        (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Denys Hlinin]] \\u2014 drums (1994\\u2013present)\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n# 1998 -\n        \\\"[[Tam, de nas nema]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043c, \\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 - There, Where We Aren''t)\\n# 2000 - \\\"[[Ya Na Nebi\n        Buv]]\\\" (\\u042f \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0456 \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 -\n        I Was In Heaven)\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[Model (Okean Elzy album)|Model]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Supersymetriya]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        - Supersymmetry)\\n# 2005 - \\\"[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|Gloria]]\\\"\\n# 2007\n        - \\\"Mira\\\" (\\u041c\\u0456\\u0440\\u0430 - Measure)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Dolce Vita (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Dolce Vita]]\\\"\\n# 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Zemlya (album)|Zemlya]]\\\" (\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\n        - The Land)\\n# 2014 - \\\"[[\\u041d\\u0410\\u0419\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0429\\u0415]]\\\"\\n#\n        2016 - \\\"[[Bez mezh]]\\\" (\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 - Without limits)\\n\\n===\n        Acoustic albums ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Tviy format (Okean Elzy album)|Tviy format]]\\\"\n        (Your format)\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1996 - \\\"[[Budynok zi skla (Okean Elzy\n        album)|Budynok zi skla]]\\\" (House of glass)\\n* 2002 - \\\"[[Kholodno (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Kholodno]]\\\" (It is cold)\\n* 2004 - \\\"[[Dyakuyu! (Okean Elzy album)|Dyakuyu!]]\\\"\n        (Thank You!)\\n* 2006 - \\\"[[Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly... (Okean Elzy album)|Veseli,\n        brate, chasy nastaly...]]\\\" (Oh, brother, merry times came...)\\n* 2009 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Ya tak khochu...]]\\\" (I want so much to...)\\n* 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Obiymy]]\\\"\n        (Embrace)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Ne tvoya viyna]]\\\" (Not your war)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Zhyttya\n        pochynayet''sya znov]]\\\" (Life begins again)\\n\\n=== Compilations ===\\n* 2006\n        - \\\"[[1221 (Okean Elzy album)|1221]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2010 -\n        \\\"[[The Best Of (Okean Elzy album)|The Best Of]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Solo projects ===\\n*\n        2008 - \\\"[[Vnochi (music album)|Vnochi]]\\\" (At night) - album released under\n        the name of ideological mastermind [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Brussel'']]\\\"\n        (Brussels)\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Okean elzy - Dyakuyu tobi.ogg|title=\\\"Dyakuyu\n        tobi (\\u0414\\u044f\\u043a\\u0443\\u044e \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com Official Okean Elzy website]\\n\\n{{commons\n        category|Okean Elzy}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1994]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":799027679,\"length\":12806,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okean_Elzy&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\"},\"47328535\":{\"pageid\":47328535,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Opalnyi\n        Prynz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-06T16:35:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Over-quotation|date=August 2015}}\\n''''''Opalnyi\n        Prynz'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446''''''}})\n        was an influential.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        and popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[Ukrainian rock]] band;\n        the band which came out of musical project called ''''''Strus Mozku''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0443''''''}}),\n        or ''Brain Concussion'', in English, which started in 1987 when [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]''s younger brother [[Yuriy Shtyn]] relocated to [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\n        after completing his studies at the conservatory in [[Rivne]].\\n\\nThe ''''''Strus\n        Mozku'''''' project included the following individuals: both Shtyn brothers,\n        Roman Brytsky, Boris Rosenthul and a young actress from the [[Maria Zankovetska\n        Theatre|Zankovetska Theatre]] in [[Lviv]], by the name of Lyudmila Razik.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        This project eventually morphed into ''''Opalnyi Prynz'''' with Yuriy Shtyn\n        composing all of the material both musically and lyrically, singing and play\n        keyboards, his older brother [[Rostyslav Shtyn]], played guitar and provided\n        vocals. Roman Brytsky stayed on as a second keyboardistTwenty years old\n        and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with Rostyslav\n        Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\nIt\n        was with this composition of the group with which ''''Opalnyi Prinz'''' recorded\n        their first singles which included: ''''Mandry'''' \\u2013 ''''Wanderings''''\n        in 1987, ''''Pozychayesh pamyat'''' \\u2013 ''''You Borrow memory'''', ''''Chorna\n        Dira'''' \\u2013 ''''Black Hole'''', ''''Leonid Brezhnev'''', which received\n        airplay on [[Radio Liberty]], and ''''Paskuda'''' \\u2013 ''''Hussy''''. All\n        these compositions were very socially and musically \\\"different\\\" singlesTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and made up their first album also entitled ''''Mandry'''' after their first\n        recorded single.\\n\\nA few more singles would be released from their first\n        album ''''Mandry'''': ''''Shantrapa'''' \\u2013 ''''Riff-raff'''' 1987; other\n        singles included ''''Kombi u L\\u2019vovi'''' \\u2013 ''''Kombi in L''viv''''\n        \\u2013 1988, a satirical song about the groups meeting with the Polish group\n        [[Kombi (band)|Kombi]] during their performance in Lviv; ''''Tankova attaka''''\n        \\u2013 ''''Tank attack''''(in Russian) which included saxophonist Zenon Kovpak,\n        in 1989 which was politically oriented at what the USSR''s role was in [[Afghanistan]];Interviews\n        with Yurok and Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 Twenty years old and still fresh today\n        \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and, ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' \\u2013 ''''Hey Ukraine!'''', which would become\n        the opening track of their second album ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' ''''New\n        revolution'''' 1991.\\n\\nTheir second album, ''''Nova Revolyutsia'''', released\n        in 1991 was filled out with Toomas Vanem on lead guitar.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        Authorities didn''t like what they heard on the new album (cassette) with\n        a release of 30,000 copies. Many of the songs were not appreciated by Soviet\n        authorities, songs like ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''',Twenty years old and\n        still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 translation of lyrics of ''''Nova\n        revolutsia'''' -http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        as well as the lead song ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' and probably the others were\n        just a little pro-Ukrainian, and as a result, within weeks of the album''s\n        release, no copies could be found at the regular state run music storesPersonal\n        discussion with Yuriy and Rostyslav Shtyn, 2010\\n\\n\\nThis is what\n        Ukrainian music critic and journalist Oleksandr Yevtushenko wrote in one of\n        his compilations on contemporary Ukrainian music:\\n
\\n\\\"I first\n        heard the group OPALNYI PRYNZ on the broadcasts of the Ukrainian service of\n        [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]. The songs ''''Hey Ukraino!'''',\n        ''''Nash Prapor'''' were played every day. That was at the end of the 1980s.\n        But to find out anything about the group was only possible after the release\n        of their first album ''''Mandry''''. And after that as music of the \\\"secretive\n        inhabitants of Lviv\\\" Ukrainian Radio started to play them and the became\n        radio-hits. [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] and company came out into the information\n        field. But they did not try to conquer it, because first and foremost they\n        were concerned with the creation of a European level of musical infrastructure\n        with their own agency, recording studio. What we are talking about here is\n        a well equipped national factory of stars. The idea didn''t leave Rostyslav\n        alone. Thank God, that he gathered his organizational skills and musical talent.\n        First of all there was his musical education \\u2013 Rostyslav''s education\n        is as a violinist. There was the persistent work with stars of multifarious\n        stages. At the end of the 1980s the main matter became his group OPALNYI PRYNZ.\n        It was created by: Yuri Shtyn (his younger brother), who plays keyboards,\n        sings, and writes the music and lyrics, Toomas Vanem \\u2013 lead guitar and\n        still one other keyboardist Roman Brytsky and singer and guitarist [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]. The path of OPALNYI PRYNZ cardinally is different from generally\n        accepted schemes. Because for they had the idea of technical and financial\n        independence and perfect quality of how they sounded. The group signed a contract\n        with one German producers centre and received the possibility of publishing\n        its materials on both sides of the [[Iron Curtain]]. At the end of 1990 OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ realizes its next project \\u2013 the album ''''Nova Revolyutsiya''''.\n        Indisputably, all the tracks of the album are woven with the tectonic changes\n        in the life of Ukrainian society. It''s impregnated with movement towards\n        freedom, the feeling of change. Concurrently it is beautifully recorded. And\n        the video clip to the song ''''Nash Prapor'''' was shown on Ukrainian television\n        all the way through to the year 2000. Some people confirm, that this clip\n        was shown on [[MTV]] in honor of [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukraine''s\n        declaration of independence]] in 1991. ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''' \\u2013 these\n        are very strong and unique compositions ''''Khlib po vodi'''' (Bread upon\n        the water), ''''Rozmyti dorohy'''' (Washed out roads), ''''Ty na viyni''''\n        (You are at war), ''''Simnadtsyate veresnya'''' (1939 The Seventeenth of September),\n        ''''Braty po zbroyii'''' (Brothers in Arms). These are songs that one does\n        not forget. Regardless of their primarily studio plane of existence, OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ had a considerable influence on the formation of Ukrainian rock-music,\n        certain models in their sound in particular, we are talking about the synthesis\n        of ethnic music with rock. It is possible that they were the first that did\n        it delicately and convincingly. It''s incredible, but OPALNYI PRYNZ even today\n        sounds fresh and real.\\\"\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.htmlTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Translation of\n        Oleksandr Yevthushenko''s commentary on Opalnyi Prynz from his book mentioned\n        elswhere.) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\n
\\n\\nOne\n        of the most important principles which was espoused by ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''\n        and [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] was the importance of financial and technical independence\n        from government structures. It was under the new developments of ''''Perebudova''''\n        that in 1987 that the elder Shtyn set up the ''''Holos'''' Studio as a cooperative\n        which eventually developed into the studio of ''''Rostyslav-show''''.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\n''''Opalniy\n        Prinz'''' was very much a studio band and seldom appeared live.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalniy-prynz/\\n\\nIn\n        1991 one of ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''''s videos to their song ''''Nash prapor''''\n        from their ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' album received broadcast time on [[MTV]]\n        in honour of Ukraine''s newly gained independence.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044fhttp://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0428\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u044c \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0443. \\u0412 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        80-\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0406\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0411\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a \\u0456\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\\",  \\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e, http://h.ua/story/52588/\\n\\nWithin\n        the first years of Ukraine''s independence ''''Opalniy Prynz'''' ceased an\n        active existence, though it was  not completely inactive. In 1992 it played\n        an active role in a project entitled ''''Vernsiage-92. Nova Ukrainiinska Khvylia\n        \\u2013 Vernisage-92. A New Ukrainian Wave.'''' After this production Vika\n        Vradiy together with ''''Opalniy Prynz\\\" were to embark on a European tour,\n        however, something didn''t work out and the tour was canceled.http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/legendi-ximernogo-krayu/festival-akcz-mprezi/vern.html\\n\\nWhat\n        followed was an interesting and progressive cooperation between [[Yuriy Shtyn]]\n        and Vlad Dobriansky, in Looney Pelen.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1987 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-26T10:04:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":774155229,\"length\":11006,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opalnyi_Prynz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\"},\"35351678\":{\"pageid\":35351678,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"PanKe\n        Shava\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2013}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            =\n        PanKe Shava\\n| image           =\\n| image_size      =\\n| landscape       =\n        \\n| alt             =\\n|\n        caption         = PanKe Shava, 2013\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n|\n        alias           =\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre           =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[funk rock]], [[blues rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n| years_active    =\n        {{start date|2008}}\\u2013present\\n| label           = Independent\\n| associated_acts\n        = Lost Wanderer\\n| website         = [http://www.panke-shava.com www.panke-shava.com]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]]
Katia Perekopska
Pavlo\n        Gvozdetskyi
Vadym Poltorak
Andriy Vashchenko
Nikita Perekopskyi\\n|\n        past_members    = Roman Antipov
Sviatoslav Babii
Serb SvirskyiOleksiy Dibrova
Vitaliy Vialyi
Sashka Chech
Bohdan ShkurynskyiAlex Popel
Ivan Sopelniak
Pavel Molukevich
Taras MelnychenkoMax Kortes\\n}}\\n\\n''''''PanKe Shava'''''' is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock\n        band founded by [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]]. PanKe Shava plays\n        music that can be described as \\\"rock''n''love\\\" with the elements of ethno\n        music. The band uses such instrumental highlights as a violin, trumpet and\n        [[xylophone]].\\n\\n== History ==\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 2.jpg|thumb|PanKe Shava\n        on the largest TV music marathon that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]]]]\\nThe\n        band PanKe Shava is founded by the Kite ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439}}) frontman [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]].\n        The band has changed its staff and location few times, moving from [[Lviv]]\n        to [[Poltava]] and is based in [[Kiev]] now.\\n\\nThe artists popularize Ukrainian\n        culture in Poland and other countries in an acceptable for modern youth form.\\n\\nSince\n        its founding, PanKe Shava has performed and headlined at the various music\n        festivals throughout the world: Austin City Limits Music Festival (USA), [[The\n        night of culture|Noc Kultury]] (Poland), Fluhery Lvova (Ukraine), [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (Ukraine), Columbus Arts Festival (USA), [[:pl:Rzesz\\u00f3w#Europejski\n        Stadion Kultury|Europejski Stadion Kultury]] (Poland), Bitwa Narodow (Poland),\n        The Festival of British Rock (Ukraine), Gipper Tattoo Fest (Ukraine), Otrokiv\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u041c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f|Mlynomania]]\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430|Studrespublika]]\n        (Ukraine), Battle of the Nations (Ukraine), Vyo Kobelyaky (Ukraine).\\n\\nMoreover,\n        in 2012 the band participated in the largest TV music marathon on [[:uk:\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439|The\n        First National Channel of Ukraine]] that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]].\\n\\nIn\n        2013 PanKe Shava performed at such big festivals as [[:uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0421\\u0456\\u0447|Rock''n''Sich]] (Ukraine), Bataille des Nations (France),\n        The Best City.UA (Ukraine), [[:uk:Woodstock \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|Woodstock\n        Ukraine]], [[Przystanek Woodstock]] (Poland), [[:uk:\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442|Bandershtat]]\n        (Ukraine), and participated in a number of gala concerts on the central square\n        of [[Ukraine]] \\u2013 [[Maydan Nezalezhnosti]].[http://panke-shava.com/?m0prm=6\n        Concert schedule on the official web-site]\\n\\nSince 2010, every winter\n        PanKe Shava has been touring in Ukraine with P.S.Love Tour,[http://eradio.net.ua/806-gurt-panke-shava-virushiv-u-p-s-love-tour.html\n        PanKe Shava is on P.S.Love Tour] and in 2013 Ukrainian music program\n        Kvadrat U shot a movie about the day of the band''s life during this tour.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANepIn4msiI\n        Day In Life Of Musician \\u2013 PanKe Shava]\\n\\nTha band is involved\n        in social projects and plays music programs in higher educational establishments,\n        organizes charity concerts as a voluntary contribution to the cultural development\n        of the young people, participates in the programs aimed to promote healthy\n        lifestyle among the youth, to train cultural and moral values, to prevent\n        such negative phenomena in society as drug addiction and alcoholism.\\n\\nIn\n        2013 the band PanKe Shava cooperated actively with funds [[Great Orchestra\n        of Christmas Charity]] (the concert on 13 January during WO\\u015aP Grand Finale\n        in Warsaw)[http://sercedoserca.com.ua/ua/novini/panke-shava--vistupili-na-finali--21-blagodiinoi-akcii-naividomishogo-polskogo-fondu-velikii-orkestr-svjatkovoi-dopomogi-vosp-u-varshavi.htm\n        PanKe Shava has performed  in the final of XXI charity action of the most\n        well-known Polish fund Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity in Warsaw!]\n        and [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u044f|Heart\n        to heart (Ukraine)]] (the concert for the Hear the world! action).[http://honchar.org.ua/events/velykodnij-yarmarok-ta-vidkryttya-vystavky-konkursnyh-pysanok/\n        Charity concert Easter hearts]\\n\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 7.JPG|thumb|P.S.\n        LOVE TOUR 2012]]\\n\\n[[File:2013 Woodstock 042 Panke Shava.jpg|thumb|PanKe\n        Shava at [[Przystanek Woodstock]]]]\\n\\n== Members ==\\n\\n=== Current members\n        ===\\n* [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n* Katia Perekopska \\u2013\n        violin\\n* Pavlo Gvozdetskyi \\u2013 keyboard, vocals\\n* Vadym Poltorak \\u2013\n        bass guitar, backing vocals\\n* Andriy Vashchenko \\u2013 drums\\n* Nikita Perekopskyi\n        \\u2013 trumpet\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Roman Antipov \\u2013 percussion\n        (2008)\\n* Sviatoslav Babii \\u2013 percussion (till 2009)\\n* Serb Svirskyi\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (till 2009)\\n* Oleksiy Dibrova \\u2013 drums (2010)\\n* Vitaliy\n        Vialyi \\u2013 drums (2008 \\u2013 2009, 2011)\\n* Sashka Chech \\u2013 violin\n        (till 2011)\\n* Bohdan Shkurynskyi \\u2013 [[accordion]] (till 2012)\\n* Alex\n        Popel \\u2013 drums (till 2012)\\n* Ivan Sopelniak \\u2013 bass guitar (till\n        2012)\\n* Pavel Molukevich \\u2013 bass guitar (2012)\\n* Taras Melnychenko \\u2013\n        drums (2012\\u20132013)\\n* Max Kortes \\u2013 guitar (2011, 2013)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Strange World|Strange World]]'''''' (EP, 2010)\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Maydan\n        Birthday limited edition|Maydan Birthday limited edition]]'''''' (2013)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.panke-shava.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.facebook.com/panke.shava\n        PanKe Shava on Facebook]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava\n        on Myspace]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava on Soundcloud]\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/user/PanKeShavaTV PanKe Shava YouTube official channel]\\n*\n        [http://pankeshava.livejournal.com/ PanKe Shava LiveJournal]\\n{{Commons category|PanKe\n        Shava}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2008]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":781287396,\"length\":6455,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PanKe_Shava&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\"},\"34975852\":{\"pageid\":34975852,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Quest\n        Pistols Show\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-03T15:41:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=March\n        2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name        = Quest Pistols Show\\n| image            =\n        File:Quest Pistols Show.jpeg\\n| caption          = Quest Pistols Show in 2015\\n|\n        background       = group_or_band\\n| years_active     = 2007-present\\n| origin           =\n        [[Ukraine]], [[Kiev]]\\n| genre            = Pop, rock, electronic, house\\n|\n        language         = Russian; English\\n| label            = Kruzheva Music\\n|\n        website =        http://questpistols.com\\n| current_members     = Daniel MatseychukWashington Salles
Ivan Krishtoforenko
Mariam Turkmenbaeva\\n| past_members     =  Anton\n        Savlepov
Nikita Goruk
Konstantin Borovsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Quest Pistols\n        Show'''''' (before 2014, ''''''Quest Pistols'''''') are a Ukrainian pop-rock\n        band formed in 2007, originally consisting of Anton Savlepov (vocals, guitar),\n        Nikita Goruk (vocals, bass), and Konstantin ''Kostya'' Borovsky (vocals, keyboard).\n        In 2012 Kostya left the band and was replaced by Daniel Joy. The band began\n        as a group of dancers in a show called \\\"Quest Ballet\\\". On April 1, 2007\n        they took part as singers during the show \\\"Chance\\\" as an April Fools joke\n        with the song \\\"\\u042f \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\\" and received over\n        60,000 positive votes. After their success, the group decided to become a\n        band.\\\"[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/citylife/detail/30194/ Kiev\n        Post]\\\" Since their formation, the band has released the studio albums:\n        Dlja tebja, in 2007 and Superklass in 2009; and one EP \\\"\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\\"\n        in 2008, and now the single ''Forget Everything'' in 2013 (later added to\n        the album ''Shards of Ice''). This song marks the start of ''a new stage''\n        of the band,http://www.intermedia.ru/news/242394?page=1 completely\n        different from the usual image. The press team commented; ''With this release,\n        they start the next level in their musical career, it''s changed not only\n        the style of sound, but the pitch, perception, positioning, and also the choice\n        of material.'' Most recently, the band released ''Shards of Ice'', which takes\n        the band in a more electronic and synthpop direction.\\n\\nIn 2008 the band\n        won the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Ukrainian Act|MTV Europe Music Awards\n        2008 as best Ukrainian Act of the year]]. The same year, the band created\n        \\\"\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\\" for the soundtrack of Vladivostok FM; the fictitious\n        radio station in [[Grand Theft Auto IV]].\\\"[[Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack#Vladivostok\n        FM|Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack]]\\\"\\n\\nIn 2009 the band had been touring\n        across Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia and\n        Germany. Tour live audio design was created by [[Yurii Barybin]].\\n\\nIn 2009\n        Quest Pistols won ''''''[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]'''''' as the best band.\\n\\nIn\n        January 2016, Anton Savlepov and Nikita Goruk left the band and joined former\n        Quest Pistols member Konstantin Borovsky in a new band called ''''''\\u0410\\u0433\\u043e\\u043d\\u044c''''''.http://m.vk.com/yo_agon{{dead\n        link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===In\n        studio===\\n*2007 - [[Dlja tebja]]\\n*2009 - [[Superklass]]\\n* 2013 - Forget\n        Everything\\n* 2013 - Shards of Ice\\n\\n===EP===\\n*2008 - [[\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430]]\\n\\n===Songs\n        not included in albums===\\n*2010 - \\u042f \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\n*2010\n        - \\u0420\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\n*2011 - \\u0416\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044b\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b \\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\n*\n        2012 - [[\\u0423\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435]]\n        (feat. Lena Katina; t.A.T.u.)\\n* 2016 - \\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0447\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u0445\n        (feat. [[Open Kids]])\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.questpistols.com\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Pistols, Quest}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        pop music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-03T01:12:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":793729088,\"length\":3819,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quest_Pistols_Show&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\"},\"2654668\":{\"pageid\":2654668,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Plach\n        Yeremiyi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-05-12T11:08:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''Plach\n        Yeremiyi'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The band\n        was actually formed in February 1990, but the two most  constant\n        musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod Dyachyshyn have played together\n        since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon'''''' (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach\n        Yeremiyi songs are usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead\n        man [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org\n        Website show that the words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n==Albums==\\n*Dveri\n        k\\u043etri naspravdi ye... (''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456, \\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0456 \\u0454'''', ''''The\n        doors, which indeed exist'''') (1993)\\n*Nay bude vse yak ye (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435 \\u044f\\u043a \\u0454...'''', ''''Leave\n        it all as it is'''') (1995)\\n*Khata moya (''''\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043c\\u043e\\u044f'''',\n        ''''My house'''') (1997)\\n*Dobre (''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435'''',\n        ''''It''s good'''') (1998)\\n*Ya pidu v daleki hory (''''\\u042f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438, I will\n        go to the distant hills'''') (1999)\\n*Yak ya spala na seni (''''\\u042f\\u043a\n        \\u044f \\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456'''',\n        ''''As I slept on hay'''') (2000)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n*[[Rock legends of\n        Ukraine]] (''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438'''')\\n\\n===Taras Chubay with friends===\\n*Nashe\n        rizdvo (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 \\u0440\\u0456\\u0437\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e,\n        Our Christmas'''')\\n*Nashi partyzany (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438,\n        Our partisans'''')\\n*Nash Ivasyuk (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448 \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a,\n        Our Ivasyuk'''') (2003)\\n\\n===Taras Chubay===\\n*Svitlo i spovid''. (''''\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044c, Light and Confession'''')\n        (2003)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=144\n        Plach Jeremiji CDs on www.umka.com.ua internet store]\\n*[http://ukrcenter.com/gallery/ImagesList.asp?PidrozdilID=57\n        Photo gallery on ukrcenter.com]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-15T05:14:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":719885374,\"length\":2302,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plach_Yeremiyi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\"},\"42993558\":{\"pageid\":42993558,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Polynove\n        Pole\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-20T20:20:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{notability|Music|date=January\n        2017}}\\n{{more footnotes|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist  \\n| name                = Polynove\n        Pole\\n| image               = Polynove Pole 2007.jpg\\n| caption             =\n        Polynove Pole in 2007.\\n| landscape           = yes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Lviv]], Ukraine\\n| years_active        =\n        {{start date|2005}}\\u20132012\\n| label               =\\n| genre               =\n        [[Gothic metal]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Polynove Pole'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435}}, \\\"The Wormwood Field\\\") is a [[gothic metal]]\n        [[band (music)|band]] from [[Ukraine]]. It was formed in 2004 in [[Lviv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. The music style of the band can be described as melodic [[gothic\n        metal]], with several songs referring to [[symphonic metal]] and [[doom metal]].\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\nHaving created their first material, in the early 2005 the musicians\n        recorded a demo, which included four songs. In a couple of months \\\"Polynove\n        Pole\\\" already started to participate in concerts and rock festivals in Lviv\n        and other cities. After the considerable changes in the cast at the beginning\n        of 2007 their music changed in a way. It has become tangibly heavier, more\n        melodic and closer to the formerly chosen gothic metal style. New members\n        joined the band (amond them \\u2013 the soloist of  Lviv Philharmonic [[Marianna\n        Laba]]). That enabled he band to develop a new quality of composing music\n        and onstage performance.\\n\\nSince autumn of 2008 the musicians have got down\n        to work on studio records, where they create their first official release\n        \\u2013 a short-lasting album \\\"Pure souls\\\". The second official release,\n        a complete album ''''On Seven Winds'''' was brought out in spring 2009, combining\n        the best of the band from all the previous years. Throughout the year 2009\n        they carry on with concerts and a new musical material. In September, 2009\n        Polynove Pole performed on the biggest in Eastern Europe gothic festival \\\"Children\n        Of  The  Night:  The Black Council\\\". In October they started working on the\n        third short-lasting album, ''''Under The Cold Stone'''', released in December\n        2009.\\nDuring their stage activity, the band has plated on the same stage\n        with such famous Ukrainian and European bands as \\\"Inferno\\\", \\\"Komu Vnyz\\\"\n        ([[Ukraine]]), [[Lake of Tears]] ([[Sweden]]), \\\"Torhaus\\\", \\\"Cemetery of\n        Scream\\\" ([[Poland]]).\\n\\nBeginning from 2010 the band stopped their activity\n        due to members discordance about creative approaches.\\n\\nOn July 3, 2012 the\n        demise of the band was officially declared.{{cite web |url=http://rock.lviv.ua/band/321/\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\n        |website=Rock.lviv.ua |language= uk |accessdate= 17 May 2015}}\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\n* [[Marianna Laba]] \\u2014 female vocals (2007\\u20132012)\\n*\n        Andrew Kindratovych \\u2014 bass, growl vocals (2004\\u20132009)\\n* Mykola\n        Maksymenko \\u2014 guitar (2004\\u20132012)\\n* Oleg Rubanov \\u2014\n        keyboards (2007\\u20132012)\\n* Sergiy Krasutsky \\u2014 drums (2007\\u20132012)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===\n        Demo ===\\n* \\\"Polynove Pole\\\" (2005\\u20132006)\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n* ''''Pure\n        Souls'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2008)\\n* ''''On Seven Winds'''' (LP) (2009)\\n* ''''Under\n        The Cold Stone'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [https://myspace.com/polynovepole Polynove Pole] at [[MySpace]]\n        \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Gothic metal musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-06T20:10:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":761087075,\"length\":3435,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynove_Pole&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\"},\"35117382\":{\"pageid\":35117382,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Qarpa\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-30T09:54:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove\n        |date=March 2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n|name            = Qarpa\\n|image           = Qarpa-Huliaypole.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Performance on Maxno-Fest\\n|image_size      = 250px\\n|landscape       = yes\\n|background      =\n        group_or_band\\n|genre           = [[industrial music]], [[punk rock]], [[hardcore\n        punk]], [[trip hop]]\\n|origin          = [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], later [[Kyiv]]\n        ([[Ukraine]])\\n|years_active    = 1992\\u2013present\\n|label           =\\n|website         =\n        [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/ Qarpa]\\n|associated_acts\n        =\\n|current_members = [[Irena Karpa]]
 Oleh Artym
 Artur Danijeljan Jevhenija Smoljanynova
 Andrij Kohut\\n|past_members    =\\n}}\\n''''''Qarpa''''''\n        (before 2007 called ''''''Faktychno Sami'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456}} /f\\u0251k''t\\u026at\\u0361\\u0283n\\u0254 s\\u0251''mi/)\n        is an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] industrial band originally from [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\n        The band''s frontwoman is [[Irena Karpa]]\\u2014Ukrainian singer and writer.\n        The band released eight studio albums.\\n\\nThe band took part in many festivals\n        and was a laureate of \\\"Alternative\\\", \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\" and \\\"Majbutnje Ukrajiny\\\"\n        festivals. In 2004 the members of \\\"Faktychno Sami\\\" shot the film \\\"Kyiv.\n        Limited Edition\\\", which was later presented in [[Molodist]] film festival.\\n\\nAlso\n        the band is famous of their antiglamour parties like \\u00abSecond-hand of\n        the Stars\\u00bb or \\u00abLucifer wants go home\\u00bb.\\n\\nThe band''s old name,\n        Faktychno Sami, in Ukrainian means \\\"actually alone\\\".\\n\\n==Current members==\\n*\n        [[Irena Karpa]] ''''(\\u0406\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430)''''\n        \\u2013 vocal (since 1999)\\n* Oleh Artym ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433 \\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c)''''\n        \\u2013 guitar, programming (since 1992)\\n* Artur Danijeljan ''''(\\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\n        \\u0414\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0454\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d)'''' \\u2013 bass, programming\n        (since 1999)\\n* Jevhenija Smoljanynova ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430)'''' \\u2013\n        cello (since 2003)\\n* Andrij Kohut ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0442)'''' \\u2013 drums (2005\\u20132010), soundman\n        (since 2010)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n* ''''[[D.dkova hra|D.\\u0434\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0430]]'''' (Didjkova hra, 1999)\\n* ''''[[B.P.P.|\\u0411.\\u041f.\\u041f.]]''''\n        (B.P.P, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kosmichnyi Vakuum|\\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0443\\u043c]]'''' (Kosmichnyj vakuum, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kurva\n        Cum Back]]'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Fuck\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456\n        (Best Of 1995\\u20132004)'''' (2004)\\n* ''''[[Lo-Fi TRavmy|Lo-Fi TR\\u0430\\u0432\\u043c\\u0438]]''''\n        (Lo-Fi Travmy, 2005)\\n* ''''[[IN ZHYR|IN \\u0416\\u0418\\u0420]]'''' (Inzhyr,\n        2007)\\n* ''''[[& I Made A Man]]'''' (2011)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/\n        Official page] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/fs2021 Official\n        YouTube]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/qarpa Official MySpace]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=38\n        Lyrics] {{uk icon}}\\n* [http://www.meridiancz.com/en/participants-2012/musical-poetical-program-by-irena-karpa-and-band-qarpa/\n        About the band on meridiancz.com]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/klub/fs.php Information\n        about the band on rock.kiev.ua] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211163039/http://irenakarpa.com/en/\n        Official page of Irena Karpa] \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        industrial music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian punk rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Hardcore\n        punk groups]]\\n[[Category:Trip hop groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T02:20:19Z\",\"lastrevid\":772947733,\"length\":3199,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qarpa&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\"},\"19305276\":{\"pageid\":19305276,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"SKAI\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-02T11:35:47Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = SKAI
\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419\\n|image           =\n        Skay-2008.jpg\\n|caption         = SKAY at Maidan Nezalezhnosti,
Kyiv on\n        August 24, 2008\\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Pop rock]]\\n|years_active    =\n        2001 \\u2013 present\\n|label           = [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts\n        = \\n|website         = {{URL|skay.com.ua}}\\n|current_members = Oleh Sobchuk
Oleksandr\n        Hryshchuk
Yuriy Rudnytskyi
Serhiy Nedashkovskyi
Yuriy Mozil\\n}}\\n\\n''''''SKAI''''''\n        (formerly named ''''''SKAY'''''', {{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419''''''}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[pop rock]] band. It was formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]],\n        Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nAfter the band was formed in 2001, it started to\n        tour the country and performed at several festivals like Perlyny sezonu, Tavriyski\n        ihry and Chervona ruta. They became more known to a broader audience after\n        their appearance on the programme ''''Fresh Blood'''' on the Ukrainian TV\n        channel M1. The general director Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and\n        signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn 2006 their first album, ''''Te, shcho treba'''',\n        was released. They released their second album ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.''''  in\n        2007.\\n\\nIn 2008,  frontman Oleh Sobchuk was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for\n        his participation in the rock-tour with the same name.\\\"His Beatitude\n        Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church Awards to Priests and Musicians Who\n        Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated to 1020th Years of the Baptism\n        of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), 2008.\\n\\nIn\n        October-November 2013 the group took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are\n        united\\\" along with popular Ukrainian and Russian bands (Chaif, Bratya Karamazovy\n        etc.). After concerts part of Ukrainian media wrote that the band supports\n        pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]], which probably could be one\n        of unofficial organizers of the tour. However, since other singers disclaimed\n        their support to Putin''s politics, Oleh Sobchuk and other members of the\n        band cancelled all cooperation with them and with any other events that could\n        be related with politics. Later on the official website musicians explained\n        their negative position to any politic forces. http://skay.com.ua/history/\\n\\n==Current\n        members==\\n*Oleh Sobchuk \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n*Oleksandr Hryshchuk \\u2013\n        lead guitar\\n*Alexander Drucker \\u2013 bass guitar\\n*Eugen Kebelew \\u2013\n        drums\\n*Yuriy Mozil \\u2013 keyboards\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''Te,\n        shcho treba'''' (''''\\u0422\\u0435, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n*\n        2007 \\u2013 ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.'''' (''''\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.'''')\\n* 2010 \\u2014 ''''!''''\\n* 2014 \\u2014\n        ''''Kray neba'''' (''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.skay.com.ua/ SKAY''s official website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T16:43:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":768200355,\"length\":3001,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SKAI&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\"},\"51080119\":{\"pageid\":51080119,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skinhate\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-01T03:59:27Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=July 2016}}\\n{{unsourced|date=August 2017}}\\n{{Infobox musical\n        artist \\n| name               =\n        Skinhate\\n| image              = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size         =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[nu metal]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Pokrov, Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u2013present\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine]]\\n| website            = [http://www.skinhate.com/\n        Skinhate]\\n| associated_acts    = \\n| current_members    = Dmytro Kustikov Oleksandr Stepanenko
 Vitaliy Kuznetsov
 Oleksandr Kukhtin\\n|\n        past_members       = Andriy Diadiura (R.I.P.)
 Oleksandr Yefymenko (R.I.P.)Yevhen Lashko
 Serhiy Maryshev
 Oleksa Fisiuk
 Anton Yelisin\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skinhate''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0445\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore\n        punk|hardcore]] band from [[Pokrov, Ukraine]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nIn fact,\n        the history of the band began in the summer of 1994, when Oleksandr Kukhtin,\n        Oleksandr Stepanenko, Andriy Diadiura, Vitaliy Kuznetsov and Oleksandr Yefymenko,\n        changing the names (\\\"Nekropedofil\\\", \\\"Godless\\\", \\\"Virgin Cunt\\\") began\n        to give concerts in small towns of Ukraine. In this period it was created\n        a number of songs that have become mega hit in the era immediately \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nIn\n        1998, the band took the name \\\"Hate\\\", which was later changed to \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nThe\n        first concert took place in [[Kyiv]] in 1999. By this time the group has managed\n        to record their own album called \\\"Skinhate\\\", after rewriting Moon Records\n        called \\\"War in heads\\\". The album is dedicated to the memory of one of Andriy\n        ''Yuryk'' Diadiura, one of band founders who was killed in 2000.\\n\\nIn 2002\n        SkinHate recorded the second album \\u2013 \\\"Ticket to paradise.\\\"\\n\\nIn 2006\n        the band released their 3rd album \\\"All around\\\".\\n\\n==Members==\\n;Active\n        members\\n* Dmytro Kustikov ''Kust'' ''''(\\u0414\\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n* Oleksandr Stepanenko ''Stepan'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 guitar\\n* Vitaliy Kuznetsov ''Kuzma'' ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar\\n* Oleksandr Kukhtin ''KuxXxtia'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0425\\u0445\\u0442\\u044f'')''''\n        \\u2013 drums\\n\\n;Former members\\n* Andriy Diadiura ''Yuryk'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u044f\\u0434\\u044e\\u0440\\u0430 ''\\u042e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a'')'''' \\u2013\n        vocal, guitar (1999\\u20132001)\\n* Yevhen Lashko ''Zh.K.'' ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0448\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0416. \\u041a.'')'''' \\u2013 vocal (1999\\u20132006;\n        2008\\u20132009)\\n* Serhiy Maryshev ''Banan'' ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u0432 ''\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (2004\\u20132008)\\n* Oleksa Fisiuk ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\n        \\u0424\\u0456\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2008\\u20132010)\\n*\n        Anton Yelisin ''Kalyna'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0404\\u043b\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\n        ''\\u041a\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430'')'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2000\\u20132002)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Yefymenko ''Yefym'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n\\n==Discography==\\n;Studio albums\\n* 2001 \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445'''' (Viyna v holovakh, ''''War\n        in heads'''')\\n* 2002 \\u2013 ''''\\u041a\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a \\u0434\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u044e'''' (Kvytok do raiu, ''''Ticket to paradise'''')\\n* 2003\n        \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445\n        + bonus'''' (Viyna v holovakh + bonus, ''''War in heads + bonus''''; re-released)\\n*\n        2004 \\u2013 ''''Hatemix'''' \\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438''''\n        (Navkruhy, ''''All around'''')\\n* 2016 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0435\\u042f\\u043a\\u0423\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (NeYakUsi, ''''Not like everyone else'''')\\n\\n;Singles\\n* 2010 \\u2013 ''''ZDATEN''''\n        (''''Able'''')\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''Bull-Dozer''''\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c''''\n        (Hran, ''''Edge'''')\\n* 2015 \\u2013 ''''\\u042f\\u043a \\u0443\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (YakUsi, ''''Like everyone else'''')\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c\\\"\n        / \\\"Hran\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhM0AnO-jCY]\\n* \\\"32\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8XPLrizXs8]\\n\\n==\n        Interesting facts ==\\n* Despite the name, guys have no relation to the movement\n        of [[skinhead]]s and [[neo-Nazi]]s, but such name has become an obstacle to\n        the publication of their albums in Russia.\\n* Skinhate''s musical style was\n        influenced by such bands: [[Slayer]], [[Korn]], [[Sepultura]], [[Slipknot\n        (band)|Slipknot]], [[Soulfly]], [[Biohazard]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine\n        Head]] and more.\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.skinhate.com/ Skinhate]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:1999 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:53:53Z\",\"lastrevid\":793338375,\"length\":4364,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skinhate&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\"},\"28143525\":{\"pageid\":28143525,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skryabin\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-30T13:28:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Skryabin\\n| image                = \\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d.jpg\\n|\n        caption           = \\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]], [[New wave music|new wave]], [[synthpop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Novoyavorivsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1989-present\\n| label              =\n        \\n| website                = \\n| associated_acts    = [[Yulia Lord]], [[Iryna\n        Bilyk]], [[Druha Rika]], [[Dazzle Dreams]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skryabin'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d}},\n        also transliterated as ''''Scriabin'''' or ''''Skriabin'''') is a famous Ukrainian\n        rock, pop band formed in 1989 in Novoyarivsk, Ukraine. Prominent Ukrainian\n        musician [[Andriy Kuzmenko|Andriy \\\"Kuzma\\\" Kuzmenko]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e}}) was the band''s\n        lead singer until his death in 2015.[https://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/12483/\n        No end to small town boy''s long and winding road] ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''',\n        19 September 2002\\n\\nDuring its existence Skryabin has gone from synthpop\n        to rock and pop music. As it progressed the band has been divided into \\\"the\n        classic Skryabin\\\" and \\\"the new Skryabin\\\". The border between these two\n        runs between 2000-2003.\\n\\nOne of the group''s 2005 songs, ''''Lyudy Yak Korabli''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 \\u042f\\u043a \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456}}),\n        spent a record 39 continuous weeks (as of the end of 2007) on FDR Radiocenter''s\n        Top 40, which began tracking Ukrainian radioplay in May 2002. In February\n        2006 ''''Stari Fotohrafiyi'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456 \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        debuted at #1 on the chart and ''''Padai'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439}})\n        similarly entered in the top slot three months later.[http://www.fdr.com.ua/news_item/22583/\n        \\u0424\\u0414\\u0420 \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043f 40 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438]\n        28 December 2007\\n\\nThe group was named \\\"Best Pop Band\\\" in 2006 at\n        the \\\"ShowBiz Awards\\u201d held in Kyiv''s [[National Opera House of Ukraine|National\n        Opera House]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/24391/\n        Pop Notes]''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', 3 May 2006\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\nThis\n        list contains only full albums excluding singles, compilations, remixes, lives\n        and other projects.\\n* 1989 \\u2014 ''''\\u0427\\u0443\\u0454\\u0448 \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c''''\n        (Feel The Pain)\\n* 1992 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''''\n        (Fishes Language)\\n* 1993 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442''''\n        (Technofight)\\n* 1995 \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0442\\u0430\\u0445\\u0438'''' (Birds)\\n*\n        1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431'''' (Fishes Language,\n        re-release)\\n* 1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438'''' (Fairytales)\\n*\n        1999 \\u2014 ''''\\u0425\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u043a'''' (Worm)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0415\\u0443\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430'''' (Euterpa)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 1999'''' (Technofight\n        1999)\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (Fashionable Country)\\n* 2001 \\u2014 ''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437''''\n        (Striptease)\\n* 2002 \\u2014 ''''\\u041e\\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Winter People)\\n* 2003 \\u2014 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430''''\n        (Nature)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e'''' (Tango)\\n*\n        2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440'''' (Glamour)\\n* 2007\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432?'''' (About Love?)\\n*\n        2009 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u044f \\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (My Evolution)\\n* 2012 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''''\n        (Radio Love)\\n* 2013 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f\\u043a'''' (Kind\n        Soul)\\n* 2014 \\u2014 ''''25''''\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Skriabin}}\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Skryabin-Skrabin/107357035485\n        Skryabin on Facebook]\\n*{{youtube|eLsn7g_wHP4|Music video for \\\"\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\"\n        (''''Fall'''')}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Skryabin (Band)}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        electronic musicians]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\\n{{rock-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-11T14:46:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":788267839,\"length\":3778,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skryabin_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\"},\"7041972\":{\"pageid\":7041972,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Tartak\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-14T21:17:19Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Other\n        uses}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = Tartak
\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\n|image              =\n        \\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg\\n|caption         = Tartak performing\n        \\n|image_size         = 300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Alternative rock]], [[rap-rock]], [[punk rock]], [[rapcore]], [[pop punk]],\n        [[funk]]\\n|years_active     = 1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon\n        Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] 
 [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.tartak.com.ua\\n|current_members  = [[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi]] 
\n        [[Vitaliy Pavlyshyn]] 
 [[Andriy Blahun]] 
 [[Eduard Kosorapov]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Chuyev]]| 
 [[Anton Yehorov]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Tartak''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}} {{IPA-uk|t\\u0251r\\u02c8t\\u0251k|}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from [[Ukraine]]. They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics. \\\"Tartak\\\" means\n        ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought that tartak\n        symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate for a\n        band name.\\n\\n==History==\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]]\n        founded the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group\n        has released five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums]  Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio Albums===\\n*\n        2001 - ''''''[[Demohrafichnyi vybukh]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0445)\\n* 2003 - ''''''[[Systema nerviv]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0456\\u0432)\\n* 2004 - ''''''[[Muzychnyi lyst shchastia]]''''''\n        (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u0449\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f)\\n* 2005 - ''''''[[Huliai-Horod]]'''''' (\\u0413\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u0439\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434)\\n*\n        2006 - ''''''[[Slozy ta sopli]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456)\\n* 2010 - ''''''[[Opir materialiv]]''''''\n        (\\u041e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0440 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432)\\n*\n        2012 - ''''''[[Simka]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2015 - ''''''[[Vvichnist]]''''''\n        (\\u0412\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c)\\n\\n===Remix Albums===\\n*\n        2005 - ''''''[[Pershyi komertsiynyi]]'''''' (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439))\\n* 2007\n        - ''''''[[Kofein (album)|Kofein]]'''''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0444\\u0435\\u0457\\u043d)\\n*\n        2010 - ''''''[[Nazbyralosia na 2010]]'''''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2010) - remixes, remakes, unreleased\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Ukrayino, zabyvai!]]'''''' (\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0439!)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Zaklipani pisni abo bachyly ochi shcho kupuvaly]]'''''' (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043b\\u0456\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u0431\\u0430\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043e\\u0447\\u0456 \\u0449\\u043e \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438)\\n*\n        2007 - ''''''[[Dlia tiekh kto v puti]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u043b\\u044f \\u0442\\u0454\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u0442\\u043e \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0456)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{refbegin}}\\n:''''''Inline''''''\\n{{refend}}\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://tartak.com.ua/ Official web site]\\n* {{uk icon}}\n        [http://tartak.com.ua/istorija/ Official biography by band''s front-man Sashko\n        Polozhynskyi]\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://uaformat.com/content/view/1384/39/ 10th\n        Anniversary interview]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-05T18:26:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":749536824,\"length\":4244,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tartak&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\"},\"38783870\":{\"pageid\":38783870,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Telnyuk Sisters\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-28T12:14:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2013}}{{peacock|date=March 2013}}{{notability|Music|date=March\n        2013}}}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = The Telnyuk Sisters
\\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a:\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\n|image              = Telnyuk sisters_4.JPG\\n|caption         =\n        \\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a: \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438  -\n        The Telnyuk Sisters\\n|image_size         = \\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Art_rock|Art Rock]], [[Crossover_(music)|Crossover]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1986\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[COMP music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[KOMORA]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.telnyuk.info\\n|current_members  = [[Lesya\n        Telnyuk]] 
 [[Halya Telnyuk]] 
 [[Sviatoslav Borovyk]] 
 [[Ihor\n        Patsovskyi]] 
[[Maksym Rymar]]|\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''The\n        Telnyuk Sisters'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian vocal [[Duet|duo]], Merited Artist of Ukraine Lesya and Halya\n        Telnyuk.\\n\\nAmong achievements - studio albums, theatrical performances, [[Vasyl\n        Stus Prize]] for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\nThe\n        repertoire the duo`s songs based on poems by [[Taras Shevchenko|T.Shevchenko]],\n        [[Pavlo Tychyna|P.Tychyna]], [[Yevgene Malaniuk|Ye.Malanuik]], [[Bohdan-Ihor\n        Antonych|B.-I.Antonych]], [[Vasyl Stus|V.Stus]], [[Lina Kostenko|L.Kostenko]],\n        [[Oksana_Zabuzhko|O.Zabuzhko]] and others.\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe duo, as a\n        professional team formed in 1986 year. Criticism qualifies creative artists\n        as a \\\"breath of fresh air\\\", \\\"cure for despair\\\", \\\"mystery words and music\\\",\n        rightly considering the duo as \\\"the last bastion of high poetry and music\n        in the space of modern Ukrainian song.\\\" In fact, Sisters not only among local\n        artists use genuine poetry and act only \\\"live\\\" (both in acoustics and in\n        electronics), adhering to the highest professional requirements.\\n\\n=== Prehistory\n        ===\\nFrom the early childhood, Lesya and Halya surrounded by poetry, music,\n        painting - both Ukrainian and the best world samples. Their father [[Stanislav\n        Telnyuk]] - is Ukrainian writer, literary critic, poet, translator, and their\n        mother Nelly Kopylova - is linguist, translator of Oriental Languages, editor.\n        The atmosphere of the poetic word, with its rhythms, colors, melodies - has\n        become an integral and organic in shaping the ideological position of artist`s\n        future.\\n\\nThe first musical compositions Sisters began creating in the 13-year-old\n        age: rock ballads, sketches, pastels, elegies, songs for choral performance\n        on the verses of poets-classics of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\nLesya and Halya\n        entrusted first serious attempt to arranging their own songs to talented composer\n        - Alexander Melnyk. This was the beginning of creative collaboration (\\\"I\n        stand on the cliff ...\\\" \\\"Do not look so friendly ...\\\" \\\"By psalteries ...\\\").\\n\\n==\n        Timeline, professional contacts ==\\nA year from start of professional activity\n        Sisters became the laureates of national competition \\\"New Names\\\" (1987).\\n\\nAwarded\n        diplomas at the first and second festival[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|\\\"Chervona\n        Ruta\\\"]] (1989, 1991). The first songs were created in verse [[Pavlo Tychyna]],\n        whose work Stanislav Telnyuk explored.\\n\\nThe first festival \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\"\n        - 1989. The song \\\"Summer has flew\\\" - lyrics by Tamara Mezentseva, music\n        by Alexander Melnyk, performed by The Telnyuk Sisters - was the best festival\n        song. Albums: \\\"Moment\\\"(\\\"Myt`\\\"), \\\"Lesya and Halya\\\" and nearly a dozen\n        songs off collections continued this creative collaboration. In those 90''s,\n        the duo`s songs and arrangements were created by the young, brilliant composer\n        Andryj Shust (\\\"Falcon\\\"(\\\"Sokil\\\"), \\\"Belles Summer has passed ...\\\").\\n\\nInteresting\n        songs with a new sound appeared with the advent of the creative pianist and\n        composer Ivan Davydenko (\\\"Take offense\\\", \\\"Under the rain\\\", \\\"Ophelia\\\",\n        \\\"Next to you\\\"). Gradually, this work with John Davydenko, joined by such\n        talented musicians as Eugene Bortnychuk, Oleg Putyatin, Igor Sereda. The album\n        \\\"Silence and Thunder\\\" started to set up with such members.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sisters\n        together with guitarist Mick Taylor (ex \\\"[[Rolling Stones]]\\\") recorded blues\n        song \\\"My futile love\\\" (Love in vain). Interestingly, this [[blues]] sounds\n        like Ukrainian with colorful sound of bandura.\\n\\nIn the late 90s, to the\n        60 anniversary of the birth of the Ukrainian poet Vasyl Stus, the program\n        \\\"Swinging evening broken even ...\\\" was created; it is a series of unique\n        performances by Raisa Nedashkivska in cooperation with the son of the poet\n        Dmytro Stus and actress Halyna Stefanova, bard, composer Sergyi Moroz. Also,\n        the program \\\"On the Edge\\\" was dedicated to the memory of the poet, was seen\n        and heard by Canadian students. Sisters was awarded to [[Vasyl Stus Prize]]-(1998)\n        for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\n2000-2001. A first\n        attempt of creative collaboration with the theater. The controversial play\n        \\\"UBN\\\"([[Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist]]) was staged in [[Skarbek Theatre|Lviv\n        Drama Zankovetska Theatre]], led by [[Strygun Fedir Mykholajovych|Fedir Mykholajovych\n        Strygun]], Theatre Art Director, People''s Artist of Ukraine, Laureate of\n        the [[National Prize of Ukraine Taras Shevchenko|Shevchenko Prize]]. Director\n        - Myroslav Hrynyshyn, screenwriter - Halyna Telnyuk, author of music songs\n        to play - Lesya Telnyuk. Drama \\\"UBN\\\" has become a cultural and political\n        phenomenon, successfully passed the cities of Ukraine. Interesting and original\n        version of \\\"UBN\\\" is staged Lutsk Drama Theater.\\n\\nFor many years creative\n        work and friendship combine the duo \\\"Sisters Telnyuk\\\" with the teacher in\n        bandura Odessa State Conservatory - Nina Morozevich, who is the leader of\n        Trio \\u00abMallows\\\" - Odessa State Philharmonic. This team has a repertoire\n        of several Telnyuk Sisters songs, which successfully performs on their concerts\n        at home and abroad.\\n\\nNew, original ideas connect Halya and Lesya with Ukrainian\n        minstrel, modern master at making banduras - [[Hrynkiw Roman D.|Roman Hrynkiv]].\\n\\nSisters\n        communicate with many people during their foreign concert tours. These are\n        professional meetings, common performances and projects with various musicians,\n        artists such as Americans, Canadians, and Ukrainians. Among them, the brightest\n        are: Vasyl Popadiuk - violinist (Canada, Ukraine), [[Julian Kytasty]] - bandura\n        (USA).\\n\\nIn Canada, the Telnyuk Sisters became acquainted with the artist\n        Igor Polishchuk and within a few years there was a modern project \\\"Above\n        us the sky.\\\" Original, unique fusion of music, poetry and painting. A multimedia\n        show which included pictures, songs, videos. Ten cities in America and Canada\n        were able to see and hear this groundbreaking event.\\n\\nThe duo participated\n        in many joint projects. This release audio CDs:\\n* \\\"Ukrainian lullabies\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Kruty. Concert for the Angels \\\"\\n* \\\"Festival in Montreal\\\"\\n* \\\"Live Voice\n        of Vasyl Stus\\\"\\n* \\\"Kobzar\\\".\\n\\nIn autumn 2008 Telnyuk Sisters together\n        with Dmitro Stus and Roman Semysal created the project \\\"Stusove circle\\\"\n        about a landmark figure in Ukrainian history, a live legend, poet, translator\n        Vasyl Stus. It was directed by Sergyi Proskurnia.\\n\\n8\\u201317 December 2008\n        The Telnyuk Sisters shared with the legendary [[Komu Vnyz]] the concert tour.\n        Program \\\"Wind of centuries\\\" was seen and heard in: [[Odesa]], [[Kherson]],\n        [[Krivyj Rig]], [[Kirovograd]], [[Sumy]], [[Kharkiv]] [[Dnipropetrovsk]].\\n\\nIn\n        2009, the Sisters joined the \\\"[[AntonychFest]]\\\" - the celebration of the\n        centenary from the birth of [[Bohdan-Ihor Antonych|B.-I. Antonych]], held\n        by artists and youth organizations on a voluntary basis (without the support\n        of government support and businessmen). In addition to performances on the\n        concert stage festival, October 7, 2009 '''' CD \\\"Forever. Bohdan-Ihor Antonych\n        \\\"'''' was presented. These are 5 song interpretations on Antonych poetry\n        '''' ''Forever'','''' Ukrainian and French tracks, written with bands [[Dead\n        Rooster]], \\\"Ab\\u044bMS\\\" and Olexandr Melnyk.\\n\\nJanuary 22, 2010 in KinoPalats\n        was a premiere of musical film \\\"Telnyuk: Rehearsal\\u00bb. Known in the West\n        the format rehearsal (rehearsal video) was first in Ukraine involved by director\n        Alexander Antennae in the concert program of the Sisters'' Yellow Dandelion.\n        \\\"August 13, 2009 at a recording studio Komora Ukrainian musicians let the\n        film crew to shoot the program \\\"on the first take\\\".\\n\\nIn March, 2010, presentation\n        of the new Sisters album \\\"SONMO\\\" was held. In spring there was tour in several\n        cities of the country, it completed a grand concert in [[Kyiv Operetta]].\n        Concert of the presented program took place in the city for the second time,\n        viewers welcomed the artists while standing. Among the audience was, in particular,\n        the President of Ukraine [[Viktor Yushchenko]].\\n\\nThe Sisters have also created\n        a number of sketches of songs based on poems by Oksana Zabuzhko.\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n# 1991 - \\\"[[Myt`]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c)\\n#\n        1994 - \\\"[[Halya i Lesya]]\\\" (\\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f \\u0456 \\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f)\\n#\n        1998 - \\\"[[Tysha i Hrim]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c)\\n#\n        2000 - \\\"[[Live in Canada]]\\\"\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[U.B.N.: pisni z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0423.\\u0411.\\u041d.:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Zhar-ptytsi]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u0430\\u0440-\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456)\\n#\n        2005 - \\\"[[Vybrane 1CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435 1CD)\\n#\n        2005 \\u2013 \\\"[[Vybrane 2CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\n        2CD)\\n# 2007 - \\\"[[Zhovta Kulbaba]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430)\\n#\n        2008 - \\\"[[Telnyuk: Nazavzhdy]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0436\\u0434\\u0438)\\n# 2009 \\u2013 \\\"[[Telnyuk:\n        Live]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Live)\\n# 2010 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Telnyuk: Rehearsal]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Rehearsal)\\n#\n        2010 - \\\"[[SONMO]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u041e\\u041d\\u041c\\u041e)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Moje sertse\n        v Verchovyni]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0432\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0456)\\n# 2011 \\u2013 \\\"[[Incrustatsiji:pisni\n        z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0406\\u043d\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2011 - \\\"[[Doroha zi skla]]\\\" (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n* [http://www.telnyuk.info\n        Official project site]\\n* [http://twitter.com/telnyuk_sisters Official twitter\n        account]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/thetelnyuksisters Official page on YouTube]\\n*\n        [http://www.umka.com.ua/ukr/singer/?id=184 Albums on www.umka.com.ua]\\n* [http://www.lvivpost.net/content/view/4218/527\n        Dissidents today. Interview(ukr)]\\n* [http://www.ut.net.ua/Publication/7437\n        Just be yourself (Interview)// Ukrainian weekly, \\u211651, 17.12.2010]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Telnyuk\n        Sisters}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Sibling\n        musical duos]]\\n[[Category:People from Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 1986]]\\n[[Category:1986 establishments in the Soviet Union]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-25T00:33:58Z\",\"lastrevid\":751902074,\"length\":10562,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Telnyuk_Sisters&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\"},\"53020565\":{\"pageid\":53020565,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Teoriia\n        Gvaltu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-25T20:42:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=January\n        2017}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Teoriia Gvaltu
\\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443\\n| image               = \\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n|\n        genre               = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Street punk]]\\n* [[ska]]\\n* [[post-rock]]\\n*\n        [[folk punk]]\\n}}\\n| years_active      = 2007\\u2013present\\n| label             =\n        Underground Rec\\n| website           = \\n| current_members   = Oleksii KalashnykSashko Baranov
Pankrat Cios
Vadym Kanchalaba\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Teoriia\n        Gvaltu'''''' ({{lang-uk|'''''' \\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Ruckus Theory'''') \\u2013 an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music\n        band that plays in the genres of street punk, ska and folk punk.\\n\\n==Biography==\\nFormed\n        in 2007, the band originally, in all respects, consisted of Les` (vocals,\n        flute, trombone), Sashko (guitar, vocals) and Ivan (bass). Laptop samples\n        had performed feature of drummer. By the time the guys listened to a variety\n        of music and tried to play all heard in these compositions. The group combines\n        [[Contemporary folk music|folk]], old-school-[[hardcore punk|hardcore]], ska\n        and [[nu-metal]].\\n\\nDmytro (drums) and Nadia (accordion) joined the group\n        in 2007. After charismatic accordionista went to Odessa study medicine, Roman\n        joined the band (keyboards, accordion, backing vocals). The band sent toward\n        the style of ska, [[ska punk]] and [[reggae]]. When Ivan left the group, another\n        Roman went to replace the bass.{{cite web|url=http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/2713.html|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=pisni.org.ua}} In 2011, Pancrate, the former leader\n        of the Russian group \\\"Keine Engel\\\" (c. Perm), began to perform role of the\n        bassist.\\n\\nAt the moment diverse musical style of the group can be described\n        as [[punk rock]] ([[street punk]], [[oi!]]) interspersed [[Rock music in Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-[[Rock\n        music in Ireland|Irish]] [[Folk rock|folk]] and ska punk.{{cite web|url=http://uk.likefm.org/artist/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D2%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=likefm.org}}\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n* Oleksii Kalashnyk\n        \\u2014 vocal, trombone, sopilka, keyboard (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Sashko Baranov\n        \\u2014 vocal, guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Pankrat Cios \\u2014 bass, backing\n        vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Kanchalaba \\u2014 drums (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''Three Arrows'''' EP (2011)\\n* ''''Karm\\u0430liuk'''' (2016)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[https://ruckustheory.bandcamp.com/ Ruckus Theory on bandcamp.com]\\n*[https://myspace.com/teoriyagvaltu\n        Teoriia Gvaltu on myspace.com]\\n*[https://vk.com/club3658062 Teoriia Gvaltu\n        on vk.com]\\n*[https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83\n        Discography of Teoriia Gvaltu]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in\n        2007]]\\n[[Category:People from Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-09T12:30:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":772186845,\"length\":3044,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teoriia_Gvaltu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\"},\"2778651\":{\"pageid\":2778651,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"TNMK\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name = TNMK\\n| Img = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e.jpg\\n|\n        Img_capt = \\n| background = group_or_band\\n| alias = \\n| origin = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Alternative hip hop]],\n        [[Rap rock]], [[Jazz]], [[Funk]], [[Rapcore]]\\n| years_active = 1989\\u2013present\\n|\n        label = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* [[Lavina Music]]\\n*\n        [[Nova Records]]\\n* [[Astra Rekords]]\\n* [[Volya Records]]\\n}}\\n| associated_acts\n        = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Apollo 440]][http://www.apollo440.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=96\n        Apollo 440 finish new 5th album - \\u2018The Future\\u2019s What It Used To\n        Be\\u2019. Guest vocal appearances by Mary Byker and Oleg Mykhailuta (TNMK).]\\n*\n        [[Albina Dzhanabaeva]]\\n* [[Nu Virgos]]\\n* [[Ivan Dorn]]\\n* [[Vakhtang Kikabidze]]\\n*\n        [[Mgzavrebi]]\\n}}\\n| website = {{url|http://www.tnmk.com/}}\\n| current_members\n        = Fahot
Fozzi
Kotya
Yarik
Oleksandr Shymans\\u02b9kyy
Vitol\\u02b9d
TonIk\\n|\n        past_members = Dilya\\n}}\\n\\n''''''TNMK'''''' or ''''''Tanok na Maidani Kongo''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e}}; literally ''''Dance at the Congo Square'''')\n        - is the most successful [[Ukrainian hip hop|Ukrainian hip-hop]] group.[http://myradio.ua/group/310\n        \\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\u0422\\u041d\\u041c\\u041a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\\u0456 myradio.ua:\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434 1989 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f]\n        They are known for clever, yet often tongue-in-cheek, lyrics; mixing hip-hop\n        with [[Rock music|rock]], [[funk]] and [[jazz]] music and playing real instruments\n        on their albums and live shows, rather than using [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\n        and [[drum machine]]s. TNMK performed at many festivals as: [[Sziget Festival|Sziget\n        Fest]],[http://www.unian.info/society/59438-esthetic-education-and-tnmk-showed-themselves-in-sziget-rock-festival.html\n        Esthetic Education and TNMK showed themselves in \\u201cSziget\\u201d rock-festival]\n        [[Zakhid]], [[Tavria Games]], [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]],\n        [[Faine Misto]] and [[Bandershtat]].\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was formed\n        at a labor camp on 14 June 1989 by Oleksandr \\\"Fozzi\\\" Sydorenko and Kostiantyn\n        \\\"Kotia\\\" Zhuikov and was originally called ''''''Novye Doma'''''' ({{lang-ru|''''\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430''''}}) after one of the [[Kharkiv]] city neighborhoods\n        where members of the band lived. They performed at the camp graduation ceremony,\n        after which it was decided to gather the full band on 1 September 1989 at\n        the school No. 11 where they studied. In September of the same year during\n        [[subbotnik]], the band guitarist Ivan Rykov, instead of painting a goal post,\n        drew at the school shooting range a phrase \\\"''''\\u041d\\u041e\\u0412\\u042b\\u0415\n        \\u0414\\u041e\\u041c\\u0410 \\u0413\\u0420''''\\\", while for the rest ''''\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410''''\n        he ran out of paint (\\u0413\\u0420\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410 in Russian means\n        a band). The phrase survived for over 20 years, but faded away over a time.\n        Originally Novye Doma played near the local Palace of Pioneers (southeastern\n        portion of the city), but later managed to secure a studio at the Palace of\n        Pioneers in the west side of the city where they performed in 1990-1994. Coincidentally\n        just over the fence from the Palace of Culture was located a boarding music\n        school where at the same time the future band member Oleh Mykhailyuta was\n        learning to play [[bassoon]] ({{lang-it|fagotto}}). The palace administration\n        allowed the band to perform under one condition that they would play one of\n        the popular songs once a week. Among the composition that they had to learn\n        was [[I''ve Been Thinking About You]] by [[Londonbeat]], [[Don''t Cry]] by\n        [[Guns''N''Roses]], as well as Soviet pop songs.\\n\\nOn suggestion of the band''s\n        [[wind instrument]]s performer Maksym Lytvynenko, the band changed its name\n        to ''''''Tanets na ploschadi Kongo'''''' after the [[Congo Square]] in [[New\n        Orleans]], which is considers to be a place where [[jazz]] was born.\\n\\nSometime\n        in 1997 the band changed its name to the current Ukrainian version which was\n        adopted for the 1997 Chervona Ruta festival.\\n\\nTNMK released its first album,\n        ''''Zroby meni hip-hop'''', in 1998. The title track became an underground\n        hit in [[Ukraine]], but it was only with the release of ''''''Neformat''''''\n        in 2001 that they rose to mainstream popularity. ''''Pozhezhi mista Vavilon'''',\n        released in 2004, had a harder sound, while ''''Jazzy'''', released in the\n        same year, was a [[live album]] recorded with a Ukrainian jazz band, Skhid-Side,\n        and featured TNMK songs re-arranged in a jazz and funk  style. In the same\n        year, the group toured [[France]] and recorded French versions of some of\n        their songs. Their album ''''Syla'''' was voted the best album of 2005 by\n        the most popular Ukrainian music portal [http://music.com.ua music.com.ua].\n        Their 2008 album, ''''ReFormatTsia vol.2'''', is a compilation of remixes\n        of their songs sung by them and other singers such as [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Mariya\n        Burmaka]] and GreatFruit. The album also includes a remix of the song \\\"[[Chervona\n        Ruta (song)|Chervona Ruta]]\\\" featuring [[Sofia Rotaru]]. In 2014 they realised\n        their last album - ''''Dzerkalo''''.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n* 1998 ''''[[:uk:\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f|Zroby meni\n        hip-hop (Make me hip hop)]]'''' (\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f)\\n* 2001 ''''[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0454\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442|Neformat\n        (Curiosities)]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n*\n        2002 ''''[[:uk:Re\\u0424\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0426\\u0456\\u044f|Reformatsiya\n        (Reformation)]]'''' (\\u0420\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)\n        (remix album)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d|Pozhezhi mista Vavilon (Fires of\n        the City Babylon)]]'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:Jazzy. Live\n        in 44|Jazzy]]'''' (live album)''''\\n* 2005 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Syla (The Power)]]'''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*\n        2008 ''''[[ReFormatTsia vol.2 (TNMK album)|ReFormatTsia vol.2]]'''' (ReFormation\n        vol.2) (remix album)\\n* 2010 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c. (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|S.P.A.M.]]''''\n        (\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c.)\\n* 2014 ''''[[:uk:\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Dzerkalo (The Mirror)]]'''' (\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.tnmk.com/ Official website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Soviet\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":797746921,\"length\":6072,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNMK&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\"},\"42831309\":{\"pageid\":42831309,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Trystavisim\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=July\n        2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image =Zaxidfest 2016.jpg \\n| image_size\n        = 260px\\n| background = group_or_band\\n| origin = [[Uzhgorod]], {{nowrap|[[Ukraine]]}}\\n|\n        genre = [[folk rock]], [[ska punk]]\\n| years_active = 2010\\u2013present\\n|\n        website = [http://www.trystavisim.com/ www.trystavisim.com]\\n| current_members\n        =\\n* Pavlo Genov\\n* Andriy Shapovalov\\n* Igor Magada\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\\n*\n        Stanislav Mykultsya\\n* Serhiy Yelahin\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\\n}}\\n[[File:Trystavisim\n        in phantom.jpg|265px|thumb|Presentation of \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb]]\\n[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434-2013.jpg|right|265px|thumb|Zaxidfest-2013]]\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 \\\"\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430\\\".jpg|right|265px|thumb|Presentation\n        EP \\u00abPercha\\u00bb]]\\n\\n''''''Trystavisim'''''' (ukr. \\u0422\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c)\n        - is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Rock music|rock]] band from [[Uzhgorod]] ([[Zakarpattia\n        Oblast|Transcarpathia]]).\\n\\n== Description ==\\nThe music played by a [[rock\n        band]] is built on the basis of elements of [[folk-rock]], [[punk rock|punk]],\n        [[ska]] and is decorated with a colorful addition of forceful melodies. In\n        general the style of the band can be described as [[folk punk]].\\n\\n== History==\\nThe\n        first performance of the group was held in November 23, [[2010 in music|2010]]\n        in [[Lviv]] in Nabutky Etnoclub and Lviv Art association Dzyga.[http://dzyga.com/content/view/793/334/lang,ua\n        dzyga.com]\\n\\nOver the next two years, the band toured with performances\n        in almost every major city in Western Ukraine, having played more than 50\n        concerts (including the performance in one of the largest Ukrainian festivals\n        of music and art, which is festival \\\"Zahid\\\").\\n\\nOn March 26, 2013 the band\n        presented their debut mini-album ([[Extended play|EP]]) called \\\"Percha\\\",[http://zaholovok.com.ua/dlya-obkladinki-debyutnogo-albomu-gurt-trista8isim-vikoristav-vlasni-shkarpetki\n        zaholovok.com.ua] which included 5 songs.\\n\\nOn March 31, 2013 the band\n        took part in a [[radio]] project Tysa FM Live, doing online tracks live from\n        the debut [[album]].\\n\\nLater \\\"Trystavisim\\\" was invited to take part in\n        the filming of television programs on the [[Pershyi Natsionalnyi (Ukraine)|first\n        national]] TV channel (Folk-music) and [[TVi (channel)|TVI]] (Music for Adult\n        with [[Maria Burmaka]]).\\n\\nOn August 13, 2013 was presented a debut [[video\n        clip]] for the song called \\\"Dyslocatsiya\\\" which received approving reviews\n        from music critics.\\n\\nDuring the summer of 2013 the band performed on the\n        vast majority of [[festival]]s in [[Ukraine]], they received an unofficial\n        status of \\\"a discovery of summer festivals 2013 in Ukrainian music\\\".[http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/7184\n        molode.com.ua]\\n\\nIn spring 2014 the band announced the release of their\n        debut full-length album, and subsequently announced his name. The record was\n        called \\\"LATCHO\\\". In support of the album as part of the announced tour \\\"Latcho\n        Tour 2014 / Round 1\\\" band played many concerts in [[Ukraine]] and abroad,\n        visiting the festivals [[Kraina Mriy]][http://www.krainamriy.com/news.php?category=175\n        krainamriy.com] in [[Kiev]], which was founded by known Ukrainian musician\n        [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Lemkowska watra]] in [[Zdynia]] ([[Poland]]),[http://www.watrazdynia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=105\n        watrazdynia.pl] and Zahid.\\n\\nJanuary 27, 2015 the album \\\"LATCHO\\\"\n        was officially released. February 12, 2015, the group published the official\n        music video for one of the main songs from the album, the song [[Varosh banda]].[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/tristavisim-pro-novij-albom-klip-ta-koncerti#.VQwd7o6sWSo\n        varosh] Then, in support of the album, band played two great concerts\n        in [[Uzhgorod]] and [[Kyiv]], February 27 and March 13, respectively.[http://prozak.info/Kul-tura/Muzika/Tristavisim-Lacho-v-masi\n        prozak]\\n\\nIn May, the group published an original animated video for\n        the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Loa6NUKJUbQ  Nasha faita] and played\n        many concerts in Ukraine and abroad during the festival season.\\n\\n2016 announcement\n        on the band''s new EP and the release of two singles with videos. In March,\n        a video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers] was released,\n        and already on April 22 the band presented his new program \\\"Varoshska Tusa\\\"\n        via big concert in [[Uzhgorod]]. Subsequently, on June 7, was published scandalous\n        video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska Tusa], which\n        has caused mixed reactions.\\n\\nCurrently band working on second album.\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Pavlo Genov - [[Singing|lead vocals]]\\n* Andriy Shapovalov -\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]]\\n* Igor Magada - [[Drum kit|drums]]\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\n        - [[trumpet]], backing vocals\\n* Stanislav Mykultsya - [[accordion]], backing\n        vocals\\n* Serhiy Yelahin - [[guitar]],  backing vocals\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\n        - [[Audio engineer|sound director]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        December 2012 \\u2014 \\u00abDyslokatsiya\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)[https://soundcloud.com/trysta8isim/8-2012\n        soundcloud.com][http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/5875 molode.com.ua]\\n*\n        January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abTranscarpathia\\u00bb (\\u0422\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f)[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/novinyshow/tristavisim-prezentuvali-pershij-singl-z-albomu-lacho--transkarpatiya#.VQw7k46sWSo\n        varosh]\\n\\n===Albums===\\n* March 2013 \\u2014 \\u00abPercha\\u00bb (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430)\n        [EP]\\n* January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0430\\u0447\\u043e)\n        [http://musicukraine.com/main/889-recenziya-tristavsm-lacho-2015.html\n        musicukraine.com]\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* August, 2013 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNbpRYdbTEs  Dyslocatsiya][http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-dyslokatsiya\n        notatky.com.ua]\\n* February, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Varosh\n        banda][http://zaholovok.com.ua/gurt-tristavisim-vipustiv-klip-na-pisnyu-varosh-banda-video\n        zaholovok.com.ua]\\n* May, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Nasha\n        faita] \\n* March, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers][http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/v-ukrayini-zapisali-versiyu-gimnu-nacionalnoyi-policiyi\n        cultprostir.ua] \\n* June, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska\n        tusa] [http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/gurt-iz-uzhgoroda-poglumivsya-nad-ukrayinskimi-talant-shou\n        cultprostir.ua]\\n\\n== Festivals ==\\n* Music Bike Ukraine\\n* Goral Music\n        Avia Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2012\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2012[http://bokeh.com.ua/live/3axid/443_vistup_gurtu_trista8isim\n        bokeh.com.ua]\\n* Rurysko \\u2014 2013\\n* Music Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2013\\n*\n        Pidkamin'' \\u2014 2013\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2013\\n* Franko-mission \\u2014\n        2013\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2013\\n* Cheremosh \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]]\n        - 2014\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Lemkowska watra]], [[Zdynia]] - 2014\\n*\n        Zaxidfest \\u2014 2014\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2015\\n* Ole Dovbush \\u2014\n        2015\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]] \\u2014 2015\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2016\\n* [[Woodstock\n        Ukraine]]\\u2014 2016\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2016\\n* Obnova \\u2014 2016\\n*\n        Dnister-fest \\u2014 2016\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2016\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n* [http://www.trystavisim.com trystavisim.com]\\n* [http://facebook.com/trystavisim\n        Facebook]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/c/TRYSTAVISIMBAND YouTube]\\n* [http://www.twitter.com/trystavisim\n        Twitter]\\n\\n== Sources ==\\n* [http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/unvarskij-folkpankrok-gurt-trista8isim-yak-govorimo-tak-i-spivamo\n        varosh.com.ua]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/article/2013/61/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://umka.com/ukr/catalogue/folk-rock/trysta8isim-percha-ep-digi-pack.html\n        umka.com]\\n* [http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-percha/ notatky.com.ua]\\n*\n        [http://www.mukachevo.net/ua/News/view/71834-%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B08%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC-%D0%B7-%D0%A3%D0%B6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%9E-%D0%92%D0%86%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9E\n        www.mukachevo.net]\\n* [http://zakarpattya.net.ua/News/84872-KHloptsi-z-hurtu-Trysta8isim-znaiut-shcho-i-dlia-koho-vony-hraiut\n        zakarpattya.net.ua]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/1043 nashe.com.ua]\\n* [http://fdr.com.ua/news_item/28787/\n        fdr.com.ua]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Folk punk musicians]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian ska groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":795241582,\"length\":8466,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trystavisim&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\"},\"1471716\":{\"pageid\":1471716,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Rock\n        music in Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-25T10:28:01Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Okean-elzy-2008.jpg|right|thumb|300\n        px|[[Okean Elzy]] - one of the most popular Ukrainian rock bands]]\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        rock'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a}}) is [[rock music]] from [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nWhile it is rock\n        it is important for those who follow Ukrainian contemporary music to understand\n        the [[VIA music]] scene of the 1970s and 1980s. This controlled form of music,\n        was a response to the [[Rock and roll]] infiltrating from the outside of the\n        [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], to understand the development of\n        Ukrainian rock one has to understand its background.\\n\\nThe most popular bands\n        include [[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]], [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Druha Rika]], [[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]], [[Komu Vnyz]], [[Lama (Ukrainian\n        band)|Lama]], [[Mad Heads XL]], [[Mandry]], [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]],\n        [[Okean Elzy]], [[Plach Yeremiyi]], [[S.K.A.Y.]], [[Taras Petrynenko]], [[Tartak]],\n        [[TNMK]], [[Viy (band)|Viy]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]] and others. [[Opalnyi\n        Prynz]] was, perhaps, the most influential rock band in the late 1980s and\n        early 1990s, followed by its predecessor Loony Pelen.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        - Online version - http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        [[Okean Elzy]], featuring [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] has long been among the\n        most popular bands of Ukrainian pop-rock, and has had some success abroad.  The\n        band [[Mandry]] is known for fusing traditional Ukrainian music with rock,\n        [[blues]], [[reggae]] and [[chanson]]s. The pop-singer [[Ruslana]] also uses\n        some elements of rock in her work.\\n\\nThe [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] was a very important Ukrainian rock [[music festival]].\\n\\n\\\"\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0430\\u0436\\\" - ''''''New Ukrainian Wave\n        92'''''' - \\nFestival of the best Ukrainian folk/pop/rock bands (Producer-\n        [[Rostyslav Shtyn|Rostyslav-show]], 1992)\\n\\nFamous Ukrainian [[Heavy metal\n        music|heavy metal]] bands include [[Fleshgore]], Firelake, [[Nokturnal Mortum]],\n        [[Astrofaes]], [[Drudkh]], and [[Hate Forest]].\\n\\nMetal Heads Mission is\n        the biggest metal festival in Ukraine and ex-USSR countries.\\n\\nUkrainian\n        rock songs are commonly sung in either Ukrainian or Russian. Some performers\n        pronounce Russian with a Ukrainian accent, as can be heard in some [[Vopli\n        Vidopliassova]] songs. Elements include pronouncing all instances of the [[O\n        (Cyrillic)|o]] as /o/ (despite being unstressed) and [[Ye (cyrillic)|ye]]\n        as /e/. The [[Ge (Cyrillic)|ge]] is also pronounced as /h/ or /x/.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===1960s-1970s===\\nSuch\n        bands as [[Eney]] and [[Hutsuly (band)|Hutsuly]] were created in the 1960s\n        during [[Khrushchev Thaw]].\\n\\n''''''[[Eney]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}})\n        was the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that performed\n        its own [[repertoire]]. It was named after the famous character, [[Aeneas]],\n        from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The first modern Ukrainian writer|literal\n        work]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\nDuring 1960''s students from a special\n        music school in Kiev formed this group. The group was named after [[Mykola\n        Lysenko]]. They initially played unique interpretations of Ukrainian folk\n        songs. Later, after members were exposed to  the late works of [[The Beatles]],\n        they started to rearrange works of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]].\n        In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko and Blinov left it to form the new group\n        ''''Dzvony''''. The band started to experiment in new genres: blues and soul.\n        In 1972 the band and their music were banned in the Soviet Union and labeled\n        \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a result, all existing records/recordings were\n        destroyed. After that the band went underground until 1974. The members then\n        merged with ''''Dzvony'''' into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative\n        Trails''''. After the group was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed\n        its name to ''''Hrono''''. In 1977 the ensemble became ''''Eney'''' once again.\n        After a period of time, the group broke up and members either joined different\n        bands or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own\n        group [[Hrono]].\\n\\n===1980s===\\nThe rise of rock music in the middle of 1980s\n        was inspired by [[Gorbachev]]s [[perestroika]] with its [[doctrinal]]s of\n        [[glasnost]] and [[uskoreniye]].\\n\\nSeveral rock bands were formed in Kiev\n        in rock club \\\"Kuznia\\\". Among them [[Adem (band)|Adem]] (1985), [[Vopli Vidopliasova]]\n        (1986), [[Komu Vnyz]] (1988).\\n\\nThe most promoinent event was [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] [[music festival]] held for the first time\n        in [[Chernivtsi]] in 1989.\\n\\nSuch bands as [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]], [[Opalnyi Prynz]], [[Skryabin (band)|Skriabin]]\n        and [[The Telnyuk Sisters|Sestry Telniuk]] were formed in the late 1980s\\n\\n''''''[[Braty\n        Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}) is a rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band music style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll, blues,\n        punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironical song lyrics contain a lot of local vernacularisms,\n        slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\", where\n        the fictional surname Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadiuka'''', or\n        \\\"[[viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\" (In Ukrainian\n        the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly between 1988\n        and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kiev]] which was\n        a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by lot of famous people\n        (including that time prime minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]). After band''s leader\n        Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 the big tribute concert was held in 2011, joined\n        by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as Komu Vnyz, Vopli Vidoplyasova,\n        Okean Elzy and others. In 2014 rest of band members released new album (the\n        first one since 1996).\\n\\n[[File:Mertvyi_Piven.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]].]]\\n\\n''''''[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}}) is a [[rock music|rock]] band that\n        formed in 1989. The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival.\n        Their debut album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group\n        took first prize in the category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began\n        as an acoustic band. During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into\n        a grunge/art-rock band, though their music can''t be described by one particular\n        style. Dead Rooster has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of\n        the band were written in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]],\n        [[Maksym Rylsky]], [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]],\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]], [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras\n        Shevchenko]]. The album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s\n        poetry collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n''''''[[Vopli Vidopliasova]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430}}) was\n        formed in 1986 in [[Kiev]]. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs,\n        punk, hard rock, heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir\n        song ''''Den Narodzhennia'''' is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]''''\n        movies by director [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also\n        produced several solo albums.\\n\\n''''''[[Komu Vnyz]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) was founded in 1988 in Kiev. They wound up at\n        their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event.\\n\\nAs of 2011, Komu Vnyz\n        is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]] in order to\n        re-release their albums in Europe.\\n\\n===Early 1990s===\\n[[File:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]] on\n        Sheshory Festival 2005.]]\\n\\n''''''[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[folk rock]] band formed in Kiev in 1991. The music of Haydamaky is\n        inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially from\n        various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\nHaydamaky have\n        recently performed at many club venues across Europe, including as a special\n        guest at a concert of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]].\n        Other club appearances this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n\\n''''''[[Okean Elzy]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        Ukrainian bands. It was formed in 1994 in Lviv, Ukraine. The band''s vocalist\n        and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]. Okean Elzy is one of the best-loved\n        Ukrainian rock band not only in Ukraine but also in most [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April 2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ\n        Magazine music awards for \\u201cBest rock act\\u201d.\\n\\n''''''[[Plach Yeremiyi]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a rock band from Lviv, Ukraine. The band was actually formed in February\n        1990, but the two most constant musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod\n        Dyachyshyn have played together since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon''''''\n        (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach Yeremiyi songs are\n        usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead man [[Taras Chubay|Taras\n        Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org Website show that the\n        words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n===Late\n        1990s===\\n\\n''''''[[Dymna Sumish]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}}) was founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]].\n        The group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and\n        [[psychedelic rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00abChervona Ruta\\u00bb (Ukraine),\n        \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb ([[Moscow]]),\n        \\u00abWoodstock\\u00bb ([[Poland]]). Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll\n        members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s. They openly express their opinion\n        against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying to convey to the listeners with\n        their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn April 2012 the participants\n        of the group said that the group temporarily stop their activity because of\n        inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine - when a culture isn''t valued,\n        but instead all the power has [[policy]], social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n''''''[[Druha\n        Rika]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is a rock band from [[Zhytomyr]]. The band''s style determined as [[Brit Pop]].\n        Druha Rika released five studio albums and two compilations. The name of the\n        band means ''''Second river''''.\\n\\n[[File:\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg|thumb|right|300\n        px|[[Tartak]].]]\\n''''''[[Tartak]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from Ukraine.  They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics.\\n\\n\\\"Tartak\\\"\n        means ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought\n        that tartak symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate\n        for a band name.\\n\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]] founded\n        the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]. The group has released\n        five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums] Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events! when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n''''''[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c \\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u044f}}, sometimes\n        literal translation ''''''Sun Shadow'''''' is used) is a [[folk metal]] band\n        from Kiev. Primarily the band''s style was close to alternative rock, but\n        in 2003 they have come to so called [[Cossacks|Cossack]] rock. Almost all\n        of the lyrics are in Ukrainian except couple of Belarusian songs.\\n\\nThe band\n        has taken part in number of festivals the biggest of which are [[Basovi\\u0161\\u010da]]\n        and [[Zakhid]].\\n\\n===2000s-2010s===\\n''''''[[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]''''''\n        (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441, Bumboks) is a Ukrainian\n        [[funky]] [[Groove (music)|groove]] [[Musical ensemble|band]], which was founded\n        in 2004 by singer [[Andriy Khlyvniuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cMukha\\u201d Samoilo]]\n        on [[guitar]]. In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only\n        took 19 hours to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are in predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs\n        in [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        on their albums and singles.\\n\\n[[File:Skay-2008.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|S.K.A.Y.\n        at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]], Kiev on August 24, 2008.]]\\n\\n''''''[[S.K.A.Y.]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.''''''}}) is a [[Pop rock]] band\n        formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nAfter the band had been formed\n        in 2001 it started to tour the country and performed at several festivals\n        like ''''Perlyny sezonu'''', ''''Tavriyski ihry'''' and ''''Chervona ruta''''.\n        They became more known for a broader audience after their appearance on the\n        programme \\\"Fresh Blood\\\" on the Ukrainian TV channel M1. The general director\n        Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn\n        2006 their first album \\\"Te, shcho treba\\\" was released. They released their\n        second album \\\"Planeta S.K.A.Y.\\\" already in 2007.\\n\\nThe frontman Oleh Sobchuk\n        in 2008 was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]]\n        \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for his participation in the rock-tour with\n        the same name.''''\\\"His Beatitude Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church\n        Awards to Priests and Musicians Who Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated\n        to 1020th Years of the Baptism of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow\n        Patriarchate), 2008.''''\\n\\nIn October\\u2013November 2013 the group\n        took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are united\\\", which were organized\n        by pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]] in Ukrainian cities.\\n\\n==Notable\n        festivals==\\n* [[Bandershtat]] ([[Volyn Oblast]], 2007\\u2013present)\\n* [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (different cities of Ukraine, 1989\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Taras Bulba (festival)|Taras Bulba]] ([[Dubno]], [[Rivne Oblast]], 1991\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Tavria Games]] ([[Kakhovka]], [[Kherson Oblast]], 1992\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Rock-Existence]] ([[Kiev]], 1996\\u20132005)\\n* [[Rock-Sich]] ([[Kiev]],\n        2006\\u20132013)\\n* [[Stare Misto (Festival)|Stare Misto]] ([[Lviv]], 2007\\u20132013)\\n*\n        [[Trypilske kolo]] ([[Rzhyshchiv]], [[Kiev Oblast]], 2008\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Zakhid]] ([[Lviv Oblast]], 2009\\u2013present)\\n* [[Respublica (festival)|Respublica]]\n        ([[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], 2011\\u2013present)\\n\\n==List\n        of notable Ukrainian rock bands==\\n[[File:Basowiszcza-2007-TinSoncia-3.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Tin\n        Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]] at Basowiszcza 2007 festival.]]\\n[[File:FLIT danieluk\n        2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Volodymyr Novikov of [[Flit (band)|Flit]].]]\\n\\n{{div\n        col|3}}\\n\\n''''''[[Art rock]]''''''\\n*[[Eney]]\\n*[[Gorgisheli]]\\n* [[The Telnyuk\n        Sisters|The Telniuk Sisters]]\\n\\n''''''[[Black metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Astrofaes]]\n        \\n*[[Blood of Kingu]] \\n*[[Drudkh]] \\n*[[Hate Forest]] \\n*[[Khors (band)|Khors]]\n        \\n*[[Nokturnal Mortum]]\\n\\n''''''[[Death metal]]:''''''\\n*Firelake\\n*[[Fleshgore]]\\n\\n''''''[[Indie\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Brunettes Shoot Blondes]]\\n*[[Esthetic Education]]\\n*[[Marakesh\n        (band)|Marakesh]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Holy Blood (band)|Holy\n        Blood]]\\n*[[Kroda]]\\n*[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Atmasfera]]\\n*[[Los\n        Colorados (music group)|Los Colorados]]\\n*[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]\\n*[[Mandry]]\\n*[[PanKe\n        Shava]]\\n*[[TIK (band)|TIK]]\\n*[[Vopli Vidopliasova]] (VV)\\n*[[Yurcash]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Polynove Pole]] \\n*[[Obiymy Doshchu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Komu Vnyz]]\\n*[[Viy (band)|Viy]]\\n\\n''''''[[Metalcore]]'''''':\\n*[[Make\n        Me Famous]]\\n*[[Morphine Suffering]]\\n\\n''''''[[Pop rock]]:''''''\\n*[[BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]\\n*[[Druha Rika]]\\n*[[Hapochka]]\\n*[[Krykhitka Tsakhes|Krykhitka]]\n        (ex-Krykhitka Tsakhes) \\n*[[Lama (Ukrainian band)|Lama]]\\n*[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]]\\n*[[Okean Elzy]]\\n*[[Opalnyi Prynz]]\\n*[[Plach Yeremiyi]]\\n*[[S.K.A.Y.]]\\n*[[Skryabin\n        (band)|Skriabin]]\\n*[[Trystavisim]]\\n\\n''''''[[Punk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Braty\n        Hadiukiny]]\\n*[[Dymna Sumish]]\\n*[[Flit (band)|Flit]]\\n*[[Mad Heads XL]] (ex-Mad\n        Heads)\\n*[[O.Torvald]]\\n*[[Perkalaba]]\\n*[[Qarpa]] (ex-Faktychno Sami)\\n*[[Robots\n        Don''t Cry]]\\n*[[Sobaky v Kosmosi]]\\n*[[Teoriia Gvaltu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Rap rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Tartak]]\\n*[[TNMK]]\\n{{div\n        col end}}\\n\\n==Outside Ukraine==\\n* [[The Ukes]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n*\n        [[The Ukrainians]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n* [[Klooch]] ([[Toronto]], [[Ontario]],\n        Canada)\\n* [[Enej]] ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Berkut (band)|Berkut]]\n        ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Svoboda (band)|Svoboda]] ([[Saint Petersburg]],\n        [[Russia]])\\n* [[Sontse-Khmary]] ([[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]])\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[Ukrainian metal]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== Web\n        Resources ==\\n* [http://rok.kiev.ua/ Rok.Kiev.UA]\\n* [http://rock.lviv.ua/\n        rock.lviv.ua]\\n* [http://www.alt-m.te.ua/ Multimedia Database \\\"Modern Ukrainian\n        independent music\\\"]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://www.mhm-fest.com/\n        Metal Heads Mission Festival]\\n* [http://www.ssve.ru.rock-oko.com/ Rock-oko.com]\\n\\n{{World\n        rock}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Rock}}\\n[[Category:Rock music by country]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        music|Rock]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T14:43:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":792239485,\"length\":19427,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Ukraine&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\"},\"5260094\":{\"pageid\":5260094,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Ukrainians\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-06-28T02:06:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        people|Ukrainians}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June\n        2016}}\\n{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = The Ukrainians\\n|\n        image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Leeds]], [[England]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               =\n        [[Folk rock]]\\n| occupation          = \\n| years_active        = 1991–present\\n|\n        label               = \\n| associated_acts     = [[The Wedding Present]]\\n|\n        website                 = [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ the-ukrainians.com]\\n|\n        current_members     = [[Peter Solowka]]
Len Liggins
Steve Tymruk
Paul\n        Weatherhead
James Howe
Woody\\n| past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''The Ukrainians'''''' are a [[United Kingdom|British]] band,\n        which plays traditional [[Ukrainian music]], heavily influenced by western\n        [[post-punk]].\\n\\n==Career==\\nThe Ukrainians were formed in 1990 by [[The\n        Wedding Present|Wedding Present]] guitarist [[Peter Solowka]], with singer/violinist\n        [[Len Liggins]] and [[mandolin]] player Roman Remeynes, after all three had\n        played on the Wedding Present''s [[Ukrainian John Peel Sessions]] recordings\n        (''''Ukrayinski Vystupy v Johna Peela'''', released 1989).  Following the\n        success of that release, the trio began composing and recording in Ukrainian\n        as a separate band.\\n\\nIn 1991, their first [[Extended Play|EP]], Oi Divchino,\n        was awarded [[Single (music)|Single]] of the Week by British music weekly,\n        [[New Musical Express|NME]].{{Cite web | title = The Ukrainians history  |\n        url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}   Notably,\n        the video for this release was filmed in pre-revolution [[Kiev]] making them\n        the first western band to produce a video entirely in [[Eastern Europe]].{{Cite\n        web | title = The Ukrainians history  | url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nIn the same year, Solowka left\n        the Wedding Present, later claiming that he had been kicked out, the success\n        of the Ukrainian project making him the scapegoat for the band''s lack of\n        mainstream success.{{Cite web | title = Interview with Peter Solowka\n        | publisher = Something and Nothing  | url=http://www.somethingandnothing.net/petersolowka.html\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nSince 1991, the band have released\n        five studio albums as well as various [[live albums]] and EPs, all without\n        chart success in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. They continue to tour regularly,\n        especially in [[Poland]] and [[England]].  They celebrated 20 years of the\n        band in 2011 with a tour of British [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] clubs.\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\nBesides Solowka, Liggins and Remeynes, band members have included:\\n*Dave\n        Lee - drums\\n*Woody - drums, percussion\\n*Chris Harrop - bass guitar\\n*Paul\n        ''Dino'' Briggs - bass guitar\\n*Allan Martin - bass guitar\\n*Alan Dawson-\n        Bass guitar\\n*James Howe - bass guitar\\n*[[Stepan Pasicznyk|Stepan \\\"Ludwig\\\"\n        Pasicznyk]] - accordion, backing vocals, guitar\\n*Steve Tymruk - accordion,\n        melodion, backing vocals\\n*Paul Weatherhead - electric mandolin, sopilka,\n        theremin\\n*Michael L.B. West - mandolin, guitar, piano, trumpet, duda, oud,\n        ''cello, euphonium\\n\\nThe current line-up comprises Liggins, Solowka, Tymruk,\n        Wood, Weatherhead and Howe.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\nAlbums and EPs and singles\n        include:\\n\\n* ''''Oi Divchino'''' (1991)\\n* ''''[[The Ukrainians (album)|The\n        Ukrainians]]'''' (1991)\\n* ''''Pisni iz The Smiths'''' (EP) (1992) (four songs\n        originally by [[The Smiths]] translated into [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]).\\n*\n        ''''Vorony'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Live in Germany'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Kultura''''\n        (1994)\\n* ''''Radioactivity'''' (Single) (1996), a cover of the [[Kraftwerk]]\n        song, in order to raise money for the Children of Chernobyl charity and to\n        mark the 10th anniversary of the [[Chernobyl]] nuclear disaster.\\n* ''''Drink\n        to my Horse! The Ukrainians Live'''' (2001)\\n* ''''Anarchy In The UK'''' (EP)\n        (2002) (three songs originally by the [[Sex Pistols]] translated into [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]]).\\n* ''''[[Respublika (Ukrainians album)|Respublika]]''''\n        (2002)\\n* ''''Istoriya: The Best of the Ukrainians'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Live\n        in Czeremcha'''' (2008)\\n* ''''Diaspora'''' (2009)\\n* ''''20 Years'''' (Best\n        of) (2011)\\n*  A History of Rock Music in Ukrainian (2015)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ The Ukrainians] official site\\n\\n{{The\n        Wedding Present}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainians, The}}\\n[[Category:English\n        folk musical groups]]\\n[[Category:English rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1991\n        establishments in England]]\\n\\n\\n{{UK-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-20T16:05:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":727300117,\"length\":4918,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ukrainians&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\"},\"22096876\":{\"pageid\":22096876,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Viy\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-24T09:54:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = Viy / \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439  \\n|image           =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Traditional\n        music|Ethnic]]\\n|years_active    = 1991 \\u2013 present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com\\n|current_members\n        = Dmytro Dobryi-Vechir, Lesya Roy, Oleksandr Hrosman, Dmytro Kruzov, Mykola\n        Rodionov, Anastasiya Klymova\\n|past_members    = \\n|}}\\n\\n''''''Viy''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Traditional\n        music|ethnic]]-[[Rock music|rock]] band originating from the capital [[Kyiv]]\n        in 1991.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n* Chorna Rillia (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f, 2001)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2003)\\n* Chorna Rillia\n        Collector''s Edition (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f,\n        2004)\\n* Rock Legends of Ukraine - Viy (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439, 2004)\\n*\n        Viy Multimedia Encyclopedia (2005)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2006)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com Viy official website]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Viy}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:26:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":677599371,\"length\":1330,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viy_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\"},\"2450968\":{\"pageid\":2450968,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Vopli\n        Vidopliassova\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T21:31:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name      = Vopli Vidopliassova
\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\n|image       =\\n|caption    =\n        \\n|image_size    = \\n|landscape    = Yes\\n|background   = group_or_band\\n|origin     =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre      = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[punk rock]], [[folk-rock]],\n        [[psychedelic rock|psychedelic]]\\n|years_active  = 1986\\u2013present\\n|label      =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website       = {{URL|http://www.vopli.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = [[Oleh Skrypka]]
[[Oleksiy Melchenko]]
[[Eugeniy Rogachevskyi]][[Serhiy Sakhno]]|\\n|past_members  = [[Oleksandr Pipa]]
[[Yuri Zdorenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Vopli\n        Vidopliassova'''''' (also ''''''VV'''''') ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430, \\u0412\\u0412}},\n        {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8v\\u0254pli vid\\u0254\\u02c8plj\\u0251sov\\u0251|}}) is a popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] band. It was created in 1986 in [[Kyiv]], in the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (present-day [[Ukraine]]). The leader of the\n        band is singer Oleg Skrypka. Vopli Vidopliasova are the founders of Ukrainian\n        rock-n-roll style and neo-ethnic rock. They first sang Ukrainian rock outside\n        Ukraine. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs, punk, hard rock,\n        heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir song ''''Den Narodzhennya''''\n        is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]'''' movies by director\n        [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also produced several\n        solo albums.\\n\\nIn 2009, their record label, [[Kraina Mriy]], released all\n        their albums for free as a Christmas present.{{cite web|url=http://krainamriy.com/mp3.php#20\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0410 \\u041c\\u0420\\u0406\\u0419: \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c & \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e |publisher=Krainamriy.com\n        |date=1997-07-26 |accessdate=2012-08-29}}''\\n\\nA lot of their early\n        material (1986-1996) is in [[Drop C tuning]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was\n        formed in 1986 by guitarist Yuri Zdorenko and bassist Oleksandr Pipa, who\n        had played in the band SOS since 1984. It took its name from Vidopliassov,\n        a character from ''''[[The Village of Stepanchikovo]]''''. The band had their\n        first performance at the Kiev rock club on 30 October 1987, with vocalist\n        and accordionist Oleh Skrypka and drummer Serhiy Sakhno.\\n\\nIn 1988, the band\n        played its first concert in Russia at the Rok-Artel festival. The concert\n        was taped and released as ''''[[Pershyy koncert v Moskvi]]''''.\\n\\nIn 1989,\n        the band recorded a session at the Faberge Hall of Culture in Kiev, and released\n        it as ''''[[Tantsi]]''''. That same year, they appeared on the French compilation\n        ''''[[De Lenine a Lennon]]'''', the soundtrack to a French documentary on\n        Soviet rock.\\n\\nIn 1990, they released the album ''''[[Hey, O.K]]'''' on Kobza\n        International and appeared on the Canadian compilation ''''This Ain''t No\n        Polka'''' (a recording of the 1989 [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]])\n        with the song \\\"Tantsi\\\". The following year, they played at the Eurockeennes\n        festival in France, and the recording was released as ''''[[Abo abo]]''''\n        on BSA Records a year later. In 1991, Skripka and Pipa moved to France and\n        would divide their time between it and Ukraine, using Phillip Mozha (guitar)\n        and Stefan Muflie (drums) as replacements for Zdorenko and Sakhno when touring\n        in France.\\n\\nIn 1992, Skripka, Zdorenko, Pipa and Sakhno entered Komora Studio\n        in Kiev to begin recording what would become their debut album, ''''[[Kraina\n        Mriy]]'''', released two years later.\\n\\nIn 1996, Skrypka and Pipa, who had\n        just returned from France (having lived there since 1990), moved back to Ukraine\n        and began recording the album ''''[[Muzika]]'''', released in 1997. A single\n        was released in 1996 with 4 tracks from the album. Skrypka sang, programmed\n        the drums and played accordion, traditional Ukrainian folk instruments and\n        some guitar, while Pipa played bass. Zdorenko played guitar on the track \\\"Gei,\n        liubo!\\\". On the album, \\\"Hei! Liubo!\\\" is crossfaded with \\\"Bogi\\\", but on\n        the single, it wasn''t crossfaded and its natural ending rang out, however\n        on recent compilations, it just cuts off at the part of the end where \\\"Bogi\\\"\n        is expected to begin.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sakhno rejoined the band and Evhen Rohachevsky\n        joined as guitarist. With this new lineup, they began recording their third\n        album, ''''[[Khvyli Amura]]'''', released in 2000. Around that time, Skrypka\n        became interested in Indian music, and the album reflects that, particularly\n        in the song \\\"[[Den narodjennya]]\\\".\\n\\nIn 2000, the band contributed tracks\n        to tribute albums to [[Grazhdanskaya Oborona]] (\\\"Pops\\\") and [[Kino (band)|Kino]]\n        (\\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" and \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\"), and appeared on the Sprite Driver\n        2 compilation in 2001 with the song \\\"Osen\\\". The latter three songs were\n        translated into Ukrainian and appeared as B-sides to the single \\\"[[Mamay\n        (song)|Mamay]]\\\" that year. In 2002, the album ''''[[Fayno]]'''' was finally\n        released, featuring \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Sonyachni dni\\\"),\n        \\\"Osen\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Zoryana osin\\\"), a remixed version of \\\"Mamay\\\",\n        a partially re-recorded version of \\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Pachka\n        tsyharok\\\") and a censored version of \\\"Pops\\\". The original presses on Lavina\n        Music and Misteria Zvuka contained three bonus tracks: the original Russian\n        version of \\\"Osen\\\", \\\"The Pack of Cigarettes\\\" (an English version of \\\"Pachka\n        sigaret\\\") and \\\"Les jours de soleil\\\" (a French version of \\\"Solnechnie dni\\\"),\n        demonstrating Oleh Skrypka''s multilingualism.\\n\\nIn 2006, Oleksandr Pipa\n        left the band and was replaced by Oleksiy Melchenko. They then recorded the\n        album ''''[[Buly denky]]'''', a compilation of old songs from the late 80s\n        and early 90s which had never got the studio treatment before, but which had\n        been played live. That year, they played the first \\\"Rok-Sich\\\" festival,\n        a festival started by Skrypka with the intent to foster local talent. The\n        rules for the Rock Sich are that any genre other than pop is acceptable and\n        that all bands must sing in Ukrainian, however VV broke their own rule and\n        played \\\"Pops\\\" at the concert in the original Russian and with the original\n        uncensored lyrics. The performance was released on CD in 2008, DVD in 2011\n        and double LP in 2012. The standard one-CD version of the Rock Sich album\n        had two tracks cut due to space constraints, but a two-CD version was available\n        with the missing tracks restored. The missing tracks were also on the vinyl\n        and DVD.\\n\\nThey released the singles \\\"Lado\\\" and \\\"Chio San\\\" in 2009 and\n        \\\"Vidpustka\\\" (a reworking of a track from 1987) in 2010.\\n\\nTheir next album,\n        \\\"[[Chudovy svit]]\\\", was released on 18 October 2013. \\\"Lado\\\", \\\"Chio San\\\"\n        and \\\"Vidpustka\\\" were included on the album.\\n\\nThe group have been carrying\n        out a vinyl rerelease campaign, with ''''[[Kraina Mriy]]'''', ''''Muzika''''\n        and ''''Xvyli Amura'''' being the first to be released in 2013. ''''[[Fayno]]''''\n        and ''''[[Chudovy svit]]'''' followed in 2016. ''''Buly denky'''' had already\n        been released on vinyl in 2008.\\n\\n==Members==\\n\\n===Current members===\\n*\n        [[Oleh Skrypka|Oleg Skrypka]] - lead vocals, accordion, guitars, saxophone,\n        trumpet, programming, keyboards\\n* [[Yevhen Rohachevsky]] - guitar, backing\n        vocals\\n* [[Oleksiy Melchenko]] - bass\\n* [[Serhiy Sakhno]] - drums, percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* [[Yuri Zdorenko]] - guitar, co-lead\n        vocals (1986-1997)\\n* [[Oleksandr Pipa]] - bass (1986-2007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n{{main|Vopli Vidopliassova discography}}\\n* 1992 - [[Abo abo]] (\\u0410\\u0431\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e)\\n* 1993 - [[Zakustyka]] (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\n* 1994 - [[Kraina Mriy]] (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n*\n        1997 - [[Muzika]] (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2000 - [[Khvyli\n        Amura]] (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)\\n*\n        2002 - [[Fayno]] (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)\\n* 2006 - [[Buly Denky]]\n        (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)\\n* 2008 -\n        [[VV na sceni festivalju \\\"ROK-SICH\\\"]] (\\u0412\\u0412 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e \\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0421\\u0456\\u0447)\\n*\n        2013 - [[Chudovy svit]] (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)\\n\\n===\n        Video clips ===\\nIn video clips traces the love of Ukrainian car industry.\n        So in the video for the song Musika can be seen ZAZ-1105 Dana, and in the\n        video for the song Polonyna except car LuAZ Volyn-1302 also tractor HTZ T-150\n        and T-64B. In a recent video clip Vacation attended two convertibles based\n        on ZAZ-965 and ZAZ-968\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! Year !! Name of Song !!\n        Producer (s) !! Album\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1989 ||\\u00abDance\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u00bb)||\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|''''[[Tantsi|Dance (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1996\n        ||\\u00abMusika\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb) ||\n        || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Muzika|Musika (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSpring\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb) || Aleksander Solokha\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1997\n        ||\\u00abBurned Pine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0413\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Yevhen Mytrofanov\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1998 ||\\u00abLove\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u00bb) || || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Khvyli\n        Amura|Waves of Amur (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1999\n        ||\\u00abBirthday\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb)\n        || Olga Stolpovska & Dmytro Troitskyi\\n|-\\n|\\u00abWere in the countryside\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2000\n        ||\\u00abSecret spheres\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u0454\\u043c\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u00bb)\n        ||\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2001 ||\\u00abBirthday (remix)\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (remix)\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\u00bb1\\\"|''''[[Den naroDJennia|Birthday (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2002\n        ||\\u00abWorld\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhaylo\n        Shelepov ta Oleh Lebid || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Faino|Fayno (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2003\n        ||\\u00abPolonyna\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhailo Shelepov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSunny Days\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u044f\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u00bb) || rowspan=1\\\"|Andriy Lebedev\\n|-\\n|\\u00abStar Autumn\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0417\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u00bb)\n        || Ulyana Shyshkina\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2006 || \\u00abSong\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Buly denky|Buly denky (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abLull\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Oleg Tsurikov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abKatherine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Roman Bondarchuk & Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|2009 || \\u00abLado\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Oleg Skrypka & Viktor\n        Skuratovskiy || rowspan=\\\"6\\\"|''''[[Chudovy svit|Chudovy svit (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abCio Cio San\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0427\\u0456\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2010\n        ||\\u00abVacation\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2012\n        ||\\u00abShchedryk\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0429\\u0435\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2013\n        ||\\u00abChudovy svit\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2015 ||\\u00abTalalai\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u00bb)|| Volodymyr Yakymenko\\n|}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.vopli.com.ua\n        Official VV website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/VopliVidopliassova Official\n        YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/vopli Official Facebook page]\\n*\n        [https://www.twitter.com/vopli Official Twitter feed]\\n\\n{{Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian 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 Serhiy Nesterenko
 Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi
\n        Mykhaylo Salo
 Vadym Bayuk \\n| past_members       = Viktor Zhyrkov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''ANNA''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u041d\\u041d\\u0410}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\n        band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nANNA has three times toured in Ukraine\n        supporting both of its albums and the 10th anniversary of the band. Also ANNA\n        has taken a part in many Ukrainian festivals (e.g. Rujnacija, Rock-Vybux,\n        Taras Buljba, Metal Heads Mission, Big Alternative Gig, Fort.Missia).\\n\\nThe\n        band ceased to exist in February 2013 because of conflict between Viktor Novosyolov\n        and the rest of the band. Later Novosyolov created a project [[Kompas (band)|Kompas]]\n        while some other ANNA members continue to collaborate as [[LATUR]].\\n\\nIn\n        2015 the band got active taking part in the festival \\\"Zavantazhennya\\\" and\n        preparing a big solo concert in Kyiv.\\n\\n==Members==\\n* Viktor Novosyolov\n        ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[vocal]]\\n* Serhiy Nesterenko ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[guitar]],\n        vocal\\n* Yuriy Pidtserkovnyi ''''(\\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)''''\n        \\u2014 guitar\\n* Mykhaylo Salo ''''(\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)'''' \\u2014 [[bass guitar]]\\n* Vadym Bayuk ''''(\\u0412\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2014 [[drums]]\\n\\n''''''Former members''''''\\n*\n        Viktor Zhyrkov ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0416\\u0438\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432)''''\n        \\u2014 [[programming (music)|programming]], [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430'''' (Proba, 2003; was not published)\\n*\n        ''''\\u0421\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435''''\n        (Spryjmaj mene, 2006; EP)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008)\\n* ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0448''''\n        (Karmatrash, 2008; single)\\n* ''''\\u0421\\u0440\\u0456\\u0431\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0417\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (Sribna Zmija, 2010)\\n* ''''\\u0413\\u0456\\u043c\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445''''\n        (Himn zamurovanyx, 2012; single)\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"Glamour\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USnxCAaoMzM]\\n*\n        \\\"Karmatrash\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7iY-WBK6Tw]\\n* \\\"Hra z Bohom\\\"\n        [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78hZVG7Y7JQ]\\n* \\\"\\u010cornyj Znak\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfS6ZaIktig]\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/annalviv ANNA (''''myspace.com'''')]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:2002 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-18T13:37:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":761970199,\"length\":2973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(band)\"},\"31843918\":{\"pageid\":31843918,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-12T03:15:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Boombox\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        image                 = BoomBox in Mykolaiv \\u2014 8.jpg\\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| caption            = \\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[Rock and roll]], [[funk rock]],\n        [[funk]], [[reggae]], [[hard rock]]\\n| years_active        = 2004-present\\n|\n        label               = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]], Vdoh\\n| website                 =\n        [http://boombox.kiev.ua/ Official blog of the band ]\\n| Language = [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[English language|English]]\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Boombox'''''' (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441,\n        Bumboks) is a Ukrainian pop [[Musical ensemble|band]] formed in 2004 by singer\n        [[Andriy Khlyvnyuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cFly\\u201d Samoylo]] on [[guitar]].\n        In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only took 19 hours\n        to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs in\n        [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        in their albums and singles.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        (Melomania) (2005)\\n* Family \\u0411\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 (Family\n        Business) (2006)\\n* III (2008)\\n* \\u0412\\u0441\\u0451 \\u0432\\u043a\\u043b\\u044e\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        (All included) (2010)\\n* \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043di\\u0439 \\u0412i\\u043a\n        (Middle Age) (2011)\\n* \\u0422\\u0435\\u0440\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0411\n        (Terminal B) (2013)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.last.fm/music/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81\n        Boombox on last.fm]\\n\\n{{BoomBox}}\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T02:08:12Z\",\"lastrevid\":779965890,\"length\":1730,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)\"},\"43831925\":{\"pageid\":43831925,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Braty\n        Hadiukiny\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-14T18:41:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{nofootnotes|date=July\n        2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name            = Braty Hadiukiny
 \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438\\n|image           =\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size      = \\n|landscape       = Yes\\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = rock''n''roll, blues, punk, reggae,\n        funk, folk\\n|years_active    = 1988-1996
2006\\u2013present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = {{URL|http://www.gady.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = \\n|past_members    = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Braty Hadiukiny'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}), or simply ''''''Hady''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438}}) is a Ukrainian rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band''s musical style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll,\n        blues, punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironic song lyrics contain a lot of local\n        vernacularisms, slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\",\n        where the fictional last name Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadyuka'''',\n        or \\\"[[Viperidae|viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\"\n        (In Ukrainian the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly\n        between 1988 and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kyiv]]\n        which was a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by a lot of\n        famous people (including [[Yulia Tymoshenko] the prime minister at the time]).\n        After the band''s leader Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 a big tribute concert\n        was held in 2011, joined by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as [[Komu\n        Vnyz]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Okean Elzy]] and others. In 2014 the rest\n        of the band members released a new album (the first one since 1996). \\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n;Current\\n* Ihor Melnychuk (\\u0406\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440 \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u00bb\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a) \\u2014 bass, vocals.\n        \\n* Pavlo Krakhmal''ov (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u043e \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445\\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432)\n        \\u2014 keyboards, vocals.\\n* Henadiy Verbianyi (\\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0448\\u0430\\u00bb \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 guitar.\\n* Mykhailo Lundin (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u041b\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041b\\u0443\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d)\n        \\u2014 drums, back vocals\\n* Liliya Pavlyk-Kuvaldina (\\u041b\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a-\\u041a\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0434\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Olena Romanovska (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 back vocals.\\n* Andriy Skachko (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014 guitar (new)\\n* Anton Buryko\n        (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0411\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e) \\u2014\n        trumpet (new)\\n* Volodymyr Pushkar (\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\n        \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440) \\u2014 trombone (new)\\n* Nazar Vachevskyi\n        (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 saxophone (new)\\n\\n;Past\\n* Serhiy Kuzminskyi (\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044f\\u00bb \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        \\u2014 vocals, keyboards, lyrics, music (1987-1996)\\n* Oleksandr Yemets (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u00ab\\u0428\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb \\u0404\\u043c\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c) \\u2014\n        saxophone, lyrics, music (1987-1989)\\n* Oleksandr Hamburg (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433) \\u2014 bass, vocals (1987-1991)\\n*\n        Andriy Partyka (\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1987\\u20141994)\\n* Ernest Khreptyk (\\u0415\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 guitar (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Stepan Koval (\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n*\n        Bohdan Vatashchuk (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d \\u0412\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u0449\\u0443\\u043a)\n        \\u2014 wind instruments (1991\\u20141992)\\n* Oleh Kachechka (\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430) \\u2014 wind instruments (1991-1992)\\n*\n        Yuliya Donchenko (\\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)\n        \\u2014 back vocals (1994)\\n* Bohdan Yura (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u042e\\u0440\\u0430) \\u2014 saxophone (1994\\u20141995)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n;Studio\n        albums\\n* 1989 [[Vso chotko!]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0441\\u044c\\u043e \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e!)''''\\n*\n        1991 [[My \\u2014 khloptsi z Bandershtadtu]] ''''(\\u041c\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0437 \\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0434\\u0442\\u0443)''''\n        \\n* 1994 [[Bulo ne liubyty]] ''''(\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438)''''\\n*\n        1996 [[Shchaslyvoyi dorohy (Bye, bye, myla)]] ''''(\\u0429\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438! (\\u0411\\u0430\\u0439, \\u0431\\u0430\\u0439,\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430!))''''\\n* 2014 [[Made in Ukraine (Braty Hadiukiny\n        album)|Made in Ukraine]]\\n\\n;Live albums\\n* 2000 [[Na!Zhyvo]] ''''(\\u041d\\u0410!\\u0416\\u0418\\u0412\\u041e)''''\n        (live recordings of 1994\\u20141995)\\n* 2006 [[Live \\u00e0 Bruxelles]] (live\n        from Brussels, 29 October 1992)\\n* 2006 [[Vrodylo]] ''''(\\u0412\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e)''''\n        2CD, DVD (live from Kyiv, 20 January 2006)\\n\\n;DVD\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia\n        domiv]] ''''(\\u042f \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432.\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c''\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e)''''\n        (live tribute)\\n\\n;Other\\n* 2007 [[Love Story (Braty Hadiukiny album)|Love\n        Story]] (love songs newly recorded)\\n* 2011 [[Ya vernuvsia domiv]] ''''(\\u042f\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0432)''''\n        (tribute)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.gady.com.ua/ Official page]\\n* [http://www.kmstudio.com.ua/cheremshyna/bratygadiukiny.htm\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438. \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438.]\\n*\n        [http://poetry.uazone.net/braty/ Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-17T19:42:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":754824789,\"length\":4711,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braty_Hadiukiny&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty_Hadiukiny\"},\"46376609\":{\"pageid\":46376609,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{expand\n        Ukrainian|date=April 2015}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Brunettes Shoot Blondes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              = [[Kryvyi\n        Rih]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Independent music|indie]], [[alternative\n        rock|alternative]], [[Electronic music|electronic]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2010\\u2013present \\n| label               = independent\\n|\n        website             = [http://brunettesshootblondes.org// brunettesshootblondes.org]\\n|\n        current_members     = Andrew Kovaliov
 Roman Sobol
 Igor Sidash Yuriy Vodolazhskiy\\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n''''''Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes'''''' is a Ukrainian [[indie rock]] band, founded in early 2010 and\n        based out of [[Kryvyi Rih]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group gained international\n        recognition in September 2014 for an animated music video to their song \\\"Knock\n        Knock\\\". The video went viral, receiving more than five million [[YouTube]]\n        views in the 10 days after its release. In early 2015, the band developed\n        their unique music video style for the song ''Bittersweet'', made in partnership\n        with German automobile manufacturer [[Opel]]. Brunettes Shoot Blondes currently\n        has no contract with any record labels, instead promoting the band independently.\\n\\n==\n        Career ==\\n\\nSince 2011, Brunettes Shoot Blondes have performed numerous concerts\n        in their homeland Ukraine and across mainland [[Europe]]. The group has played\n        at festivals including Wybieram Wschod {{cite news|url=http://eastbook.eu/2012/04/material/announcement/festiwal-wybieram-wsch%C3%B3d-21-22-04-2012-pozna%C5%84/|title=Festiwal\n        Wybieram Wsch\\u00f3d!, 21-22.04.2012, Pozna\\u0144|work=EastBook|date=7 April\n        2012|accessdate=27 July 2015}}  ([[Pozna\\u0144]], [[Poland]]), OstAnders\n        2013 ([[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]]) and at Eastern Hipsters ([[Bia\\u0142ystok]],\n        Poland, 2014). In 2011, they also participated in the [[BalconyTV]] project\n        in Pozna\\u0144. The band continues to work on new songs and music videos,\n        in between their appearances on Ukrainian TV channels.\\n\\nBrunettes Shoot\n        Blondes has also cooperated with famous commercial brands to produce music\n        for advertising, including [[Watsons Personal Care Stores|Watsons]] (song:\n        You Broke My Heart) and [[\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430|Nova\n        Poshta]] (songs: Tomorrow and Nothing At All). The music video for the song\n        ''Bittersweet'' was produced in partnership with German car maker Opel.\\n\\n===\n        \\\"Knock Knock\\\" ===\\n\\nIn September 2014, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released\n        a new music video on YouTube for their song ''Knock Knock''. The story features\n        an animated love story of a rabbit and a girl,{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10?IR=T|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=11\n        April 2015}} shot in real time using 14 [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone]]s,\n        [[iPad]]s and [[MacBook]]s. The band''s members produced the video, with the\n        band''s frontman Andrew Kovaliov assuming the role of video [[Music video\n        director|director]].{{cite news|url=http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/27/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-animated-music-video/|title=Apple\n        devices host an animated chase in Brunettes Shoot Blondes music video|work=de\n        Zeen|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} The video attracted\n        more than 600,000 YouTube views in the first five days after being uploaded.\n        By April 2015, this number was more than seven million. The video was also\n        posted on [[Facebook]] and received over [https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=10152894680079245\n        26 million views and 800,000 shares].\\n\\nIn October 2014, the video topped\n        YouTube in the category of ''New performers \\u00abEmerging Artists From Across\n        the Globe\\u00bb''. Various international media outlets conducted interviews\n        and features with the band following the release of ''Knock Knock'' including\n        ''''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6259369/watch-ukrainian-band-animated-music-video-live-sequenced-apple-devices|title=Watch\n        this Ukrainian Band''s Animated Music Video Live Sequenced Through 14 Apple\n        Devices|work=Billboard|date=24 September 2014|accessdate=13 April 2015}}\n        [[Yahoo!]],{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/ukrainian-band-brunettes-shoot-blondes-creates-best-apple-ad-ever-193750473.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Band Brunettes Shoot Blondes Creates Best Apple Ad Ever|work=Yahoo!|date=29\n        September 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}} ''''[[The Daily Mirror]]'''',{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/amazing-animated-music-video-tells-4346538|title=Amazing\n        animated music video tells a love story across dozens of iPhone and iPad screens|work=Daily\n        Mirror|date=29 September 2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}} ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''',{{cite news|url=http://rollingstone.uol.com.br/especial/TIM/noticia/banda-ucraniana-cria-carismatico-video-interativo-com-diferentes-gadgets/|title=Banda\n        ucraniana cria carism\\u00e1tico v\\u00eddeo interativo com diferentes gadgets|work=Rolling\n        Stone Brasil|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=13 April 2015}} [[Mashable]],{{cite\n        news|url=http://mashable.com/2014/09/24/music-video-14-screens|title=Clever\n        Music Video Plays Out on 14 Apple Gadgets|work=Mashable|date=24 September\n        2014|accessdate=17 June 2015}} [[Business Insider]],{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/brunettes-shoot-blondes-creative-music-video-2014-10|title=This\n        Animation That Moves Across More Than A Dozen Phones, Tablets, And Laptops\n        Will Mesmerize You|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=17\n        June 2015}} ''''[[Daily Mail]]'''', ''''[[USA Today]]'''', ''''[[The\n        Verge]]'''',{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/28/6857177/brunettes-shoot-blondes-knock-knock-music-video|title=iPhones\n        and iPads star in this intricately animated love story|work=Verge|date=28\n        September 2014|accessdate=24 June 2015}} [[Dezeen]] and ''''[[The Huffington\n        Post]]''''.\\n\\nIn May 2015 the music video \\\"Knock Knock\\\" won the \\\"Best\n        Concept\\\" award at the Berlin Music Video Award 2015.\\n\\nThe band''s success\n        was recognized by the [[Presidential Administration of Ukraine|Ukrainian president''s\n        administration]], with frontman Andrew Kovaliov becoming one of the first\n        Ukrainian citizens to receive new [[biometric passport]]s.{{cite news|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/32047.html|title=President:\n        Biometric passports are the key step on the way to the visa-free regime with\n        the EU|work=Official website of the President of Ukraine|date=12 January 2015|accessdate=13\n        April 2015}} Kovaliov thinks the video has improved Ukraine''s international\n        standing and relationship within the [[European Union]], saying \\\"everybody\n        should actually do what they can to make our country stronger, to show that\n        we''re a European country and that we have to do something for this country\\\".{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-25/hit-viral-video-shows-different-side-ukraine|title=A\n        worldwide viral hit shows a different side of Ukraine|work=PRI|date=25 September\n        2014|accessdate=11 April 2015}}\\n\\n=== ''''Bittersweet'''' ===\\n\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2015, Brunettes Shoot Blondes released a debut EP ''Bittersweet''.\n        The album features four songs including the well-known singles ''Knock Knock''\n        and ''Bittersweet''.{{cite news|url=http://brunettesshootblondes.org/post/109832692274/brunettes-shoot-blondes-release-debut-ep|title=Brunettes\n        Shoot Blondes releases a debut EP|work=Brunettes Shoot Blondes|date=29 January\n        2015|accessdate=27 July 2015}}\\n\\nFront man Andrew Kovaliov says:  \\u201cEP\n        ''Bittersweet'' is the band\\u2019s first release, in which we invested lots\n        of strength and inspiration. Most of the material was recorded in studios\n        in [[Warsaw]] and [[Kyiv]]\\u201d. The song was produced in partnership with\n        German advertising agency [[Scholz & Friends]] and with German car maker Opel.\n        The video develops the use of a ''picture in picture'' effect used in the\n        video for ''Knock Knock'' \\u2013 consisting of footage performed directly\n        from the screens of devices, without editing.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== EPs\n        ===\\n* 2015 \\u2014 Bittersweet\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* \\\"I Don''t Know\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"You Broke My Heart\\\"\\n* \\\"You''ve Got To Move\\\"\\n* \\\"Cigarette Day\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Sarah\\\"\\n* \\\"One, Two, Three, Girl\\\"\\n*\\\"Every Monday\\\"\\n\\n==Music videos==\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!Year\\n!Video\\n!Director\\n!Album\\n|-\\n|2013\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z05IZNH1DcM\n        I Don''t Know]\\u00bb\\n|[[Denis Breslavskiy]]\\n|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RC_0NzJ2mWA\n        Knock Knock]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n\\n|-\\n|2014\\n|\\u00ab[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrnKiCIQNiQ\n        Bittersweet]\\u00bb\\n|[[Andrew Kovaliov]]\\n|[[Bittersweet (Brunettes Shoot\n        Blondes album)|Bittersweet]]\\n|}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{official website|http://brunettesshootblondes.org/}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/bsbclips/\n        Brunettes Shoot Blondes YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/brunettesshootblondes/\n        Facebook Page]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/brunettesshootblondes/ Soundcloud\n        Page]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2010]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian indie rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-30T08:18:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":797979473,\"length\":9442,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunettes_Shoot_Blondes\"},\"29516824\":{\"pageid\":29516824,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dead\n        Rooster\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-26T06:41:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=September\n        2011}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            = Dead Rooster
\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\n| image             = Mertvyi Piven.jpg\\n|\n        alt         = \\n| caption        = \\n| image_size        = \\n| background      =\n        group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          = [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[punk rock]]\n        \\n| years_active    = 1989\\u20132011\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website             = [http://deadrooster.org.ua www.deadrooster.org.ua]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Misko Barbara]] 
  [[Roman Chayka]] 
 [[Oleh Suk]]\n        
 [[Alex Slobodian]] 
 [[Yurko Chopyk]] 
 [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n|\n        past_members    = [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  
 [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]] 
 [[Vadym\n        Balayan]] 
 [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] 
 [[Andriy Nadolsky]] 
 [[Yaryna\n        Yakubyak]] 
 [[Roman Ross]] 
 [[Ivan Nebesny]] 
 [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0411\\u0430\\u0440\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430 (Fort.Missia 2011).jpg|thumb|250px|Misko\n        Barbara, lead vocalist of the band.]]\\n''''''Dead Rooster'''''' or ''''''Mertvy\n        Piven'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}})\n        is a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that formed in 1989.\n        The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival. Their debut\n        album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group took first prize in the\n        category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began as an acoustic band.\n        During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into a grunge/art-rock band,\n        though their music can''t be described by one particular style. Dead Rooster\n        has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of the band were written\n        in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]], [[Maksym Rylsky]],\n        [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]], [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras Shevchenko]]. The\n        album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s poetry\n        collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current\\n* [[Misko Barbara]]\n        \\n* [[Roman Chayka]] \\n* [[Oleh Suk]] \\n* [[Alex Slobodian]] \\n* [[Yurko Chopyk]]\n        \\n* [[Marian Kozovy]]\\n\\n;Past\\n* [[Andriy Pyatakov]]  \\n* [[Serfym Pozdnyakov]]\n        \\n* [[Vadym Balayan]] \\n* [[Lyubomyr Futorsky]] \\n* [[Andriy Nadolsky]] \\n*\n        [[Yaryna Yakubyak]] \\n* [[Roman Ross]] \\n* [[Ivan Nebesny]] \\n* [[Andriy Pidkivka]]\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n# 1992 - ''''\\u0415\\u0442\\u043e'''' (Eto)\\n# 1993 - ''''\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c ''93'''' (Dead Rooster ''93)\\n# 1994\n        - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043e''''\n        (1994) Live in studio (Pidzemne zoo (1994) Studio Live)\\n# 1995 - ''''Live\n        \\u0443 \\u041b\\u044c\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456'''' (Live in Lviv)\\n# 1996 - ''''IL\n        Testamento'''' \\n# 1997 - ''''\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\n        \\u0415\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441'''' (Misky Boh Eros)\\n# 1998 - ''''\\u0428\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430''''\n        (Shabadabada)\\n# 2003 - ''''\\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f\\u043a\\u0438''''\n        (Afrodiziaky)\\n# 2006 - ''''\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f'''' (Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438'''' (Kryminalni Sonety)\\n# 2008 - ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c'''' (Vybrany narodom)\\n# 2009 -\n        ''''Made in \\u042e\\u0410'''' (Made in UA)\\n# 2011 - ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0410\\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430'''' (Radio Afrodyta)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n{{commonscat|Mertvyi Piven}}\\n* [http://deadrooster.org.ua Official\n        website]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=5 Lyrics]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Musical sextets]]\\n[[Category:1989\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-15T06:49:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":677902138,\"length\":3698,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Rooster&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rooster\"},\"43223438\":{\"pageid\":43223438,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Druha\n        Rika\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-25T07:57:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Druha Rika\\n| image                = \\n| caption           = \\n| image_size           =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[Alternative rock]], [[Brit Pop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Zhytomyr]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1996-\\n| label              =\n        [[Lavina music]]
[[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                =\n        [http://www.drugarika.com/ Druha Rika]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Tokio (Russian\n        band)|Tokio]]\\n| current_members    = Valeriy Kharchyshyn
 Oleksandr\n        Baranovsky
 Oleksiy Doroshenko
 Serhiy Belichenko 
 Serhiy\n        Hera (Shura) \\n| past_members       = Viktor Skurativsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Druha\n        Rika'''''' (also ''''''Druga Rika'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Zhytomyr]].\n        The band''s style is determined as [[Brit Pop]]. Druha Rika released five\n        studio albums and two compilations. The name of the band means ''''Second\n        river''''.\\n\\n== Members ==\\n;Current members\\n* Valeriy Kharchyshyn \\u2014\n        singing, trumpet (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Oleksandr Baranovsky \\u2014 guitar (1996\n        \\u2014)\\n* Oleksiy Doroshenko \\u2014 drums (1996 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Belichenko\n        \\u2014 guitar (1998 \\u2014)\\n* Serhiy Hera (Shura) \\u2014 keyboards (2003\n        \\u2014)\\n\\n;Past members\\n* Viktor Skurativsky \\u2014 bass (1996-2014)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u042f \\u0454'''' (Ya ye)\\n* 2003\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0430'''' (Dva)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Rekordy)\\n* 2008 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430'''' (Moda)\\n* 2012 \\u2014\n        ''''Metanoia. Part 1''''\\n\\n;Compilations\\n* 2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447''''\n        (Dennich)\\n* 2009 \\u2014 ''''THE BEST''''\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://www.drugarika.com\n        Official page]\\n* [https://twitter.com/DrugaRika \\u00abTwitter]\\n* [http://www.lastfm.ru/music/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0\n        LastFm]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/11 Lyrics]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/drugarika\n        YouTube]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1996]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1996\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Zhytomyr]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-18T08:11:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751378655,\"length\":2166,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druha_Rika&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_Rika\"},\"39499231\":{\"pageid\":39499231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Dymna\n        Sumish\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-16T14:45:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Dymna Sumish\\n| image           = \\n|\n        image_size      = \\n| landscape       = \\n| alt             = \\n| caption         =\n        \\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| alias           = \\n| origin          =\n        [[Chernihiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = [[Psychedelic rock]], [[post-grunge]],\n        [[hardcore punk]]\\n| years_active    = {{start date|1998}}\\u2013{{end date|2012}}\n        (a break)\\n| label           = \\n| associated_acts = \\u00abVkrayst\\u00bb\\n|\n        website         = {{URL|http://dymnasumish.com.ua/}}\\n| current_members =\n        \\n| past_members    = \\n* Oleksandr\n        Chemerov\\n* Serhiy Martynov\\n* Ihor Herzhyna\\n* Oleh Fedosov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Dymna\n        Sumish'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}})\n        - Ukrainian musical band. Founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]]. The\n        group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and [[psychedelic\n        rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00ab[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]]\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb\n        (Moscow), \\u00ab[[Woodstock Festival (Poland)|Woodstock]]\\u00bb (Poland).\n        Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s.\n        They openly express their opinion against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying\n        to convey to the listeners with their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn\n        April 2012 the participants of the group said that the group temporarily stop\n        their activity because of inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine\n        - when a culture isn''t valued, but instead all the power has [[policy]],\n        social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n== Past members ==\\n*\n        Oleksandr Chemerov - vocals, guitar, screaming\\n* Serhiy Martynov - guitar,\n        [[sitar]]\\n* Ihor Herzhyna - bass\\n* Oleh Fedosov - drums\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n*\n        [[Ty zhyvyi]] (2005) (''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439'''')\\n*\n        [[V kraini iliuziy]] (2008) (''''\\u0412 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439'''')\\n* [[Dymna Sumish (album)|Dymna\n        Sumish]] (2009) (''''\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448'''')\\n\\n==Music\n        videos==\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0406\\u043b\\u044e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2007)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041f\\u0441\\u0456\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0412\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044e\\u0439\\u00bb\n        (2008)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u0436\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\u00abR''n''R\\u00bb (2009)\\n* \\u00ab\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433 \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f\\u00bb\n        (2009)\\n* \\\"\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\\" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FvbxH8Vnew(2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://dymnasumish.com.ua/ Official site]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T11:11:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":775695924,\"length\":2529,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dymna_Sumish&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymna_Sumish\"},\"23018655\":{\"pageid\":23018655,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Eney\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-14T17:56:12Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name = Eney
\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439 \\n|image = \\n|caption\n        = \\n|image_size = \\n|background = group_or_band\\n|origin = [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]\\n|genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active = 1960''s\n        \\u2013 1977\\n|label = \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website = \\n|current_members\n        = |\\n|past_members = [[Kyrylo Stetsenko (rock singer)|Kyrylo Stetsenko]][[Taras Petrynenko]]
[[Ihor Shablovsky]]|
[[Mykola Kyrylin]][[Oleksandr Blinov]]
[[Ruslan Horobets]]
[[Kostiantyn Kurko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Eney''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}}) was a [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]]\n        [[rock music|rock]] band that performed its own [[repertoire]]. It was named\n        after the famous character, [[Aeneas]], from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The\n        first modern Ukrainian writer|literal works]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\n==History==\\nDuring\n        the 1960s Students from the Kievan special music school formed a band named\n        after Ukrainian composer [[Mykola Lysenko]]. They initially played unique\n        interpretations of Ukrainian folk songs. Later its members were exposed to\n        the late works of [[The Beatles]] and started to rearrange works of [[Johann\n        Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]]. In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko\n        and Blinov left it to form the new band called ''''Dzvony''''. The band started\n        to experiment in new genres: blues and soul. In 1972 the band and their music\n        where banned in the Soviet Union and labeled \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a\n        result, all existing records and recordings were destroyed. After that the\n        band went underground until 1974. The members then merged with ''''Dzvony''''\n        into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative Trails''''. After\n        the band was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed its name to ''''Hrono''''.\n        In 1977 the ensemble became known as ''''Eney'''' once again. After a period\n        of time, ''''Eney'''' broke up and its members either joined different bands\n        or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own band [[Hrono]].\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://kmstudio.com.ua/index.php?nma=cherem&fla=stat&nm=eney Brief\n        overview]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:43:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":734486313,\"length\":2207,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eney&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eney\"},\"6882426\":{\"pageid\":6882426,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Esthetic\n        Education\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-26T05:44:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{third-party|date=January 2013}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=November 2013}}\\n}}\\n\\n\n        \\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image                 =\\n| caption            =\\n|\n        name                = Esthetic Education\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n|\n        origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Indie\n        rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[progressive rock]].\\n| website                 =\n        [http://www.estheticeducation.com/ EstheticEducation.com]}}\\n\\n''''''Esthetic\n        Education'''''' is a [[Rock music|rock]] band based in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its present members are Louis Franck (vocals), Dmytro Shurov (keyboards),\n        Yuriy Khustochka (bass), Illya Halushko (guitars), and Andriy Nadolsky (drums).\n        It was formed in 2004 after Shurov and Khustochka left the successful Ukrainian\n        band [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\n==History==\\nIn December 2004, Esthetic Education\n        played at the Bars en Trans Festival in the La Scene club in [[Paris]]. They\n        also played at the Dublin Castle and the Spitz in [[London]]. The Spitz chose\n        the song \\u201cHorrible Disaster\\u201d for inclusion in their limited edition\n        CD ''''Spitz Live 2''''.\\n\\nThe band was extremely active in 2005-2006; they\n        shot three video clips and released a [[maxi single]] on the Ukrainian record\n        label [[Lavina Records]].\\n\\nDuring 2005 and a half of 2006, Esthetic Education\n        played in front of more than 170,000 people. They opened for Moby in the [[Palace\n        of Sports, Kiev]] (the hall where the [[Eurovision song contest]] was held)\n        and had bottles, lighters and other objects hurled at them while playing at\n        the Mega House Festival in [[Moscow]]. They played an epic concert at [[Exit\n        Festival]] in Yugoslavia, toured Ukraine\\u2019s largest cities and played\n        in Moscow\\u2019s best clubs and festivals. They also did a series of intimate\n        acoustic concerts in small exclusive Moscow and Ukrainian venues.\\n\\nIn 2006\n        they released a live album ''''Live at Ring'''', which featured songs both\n        from ''''Face Reading'''' and ''''Werewolf'''', which at the time, was their\n        upcoming album. On [[Russia|Russia''s]] biggest label, [[w:ru:\\u0421\\u041e\\u042e\\u0417\n        (\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d)|Soyuz]], the band is featured\n        with \\u201cStereolab\\u201d, \\u201cBe Your Own Pet\\u201d, \\u201cThe Young Gods\\u201d,\n        \\u201cI Am Kloot\\u201d, and \\u201cNatasha Atlas\\u201d. Their video clip \\u201cLeave\n        us Alone\\u201d was featured on [[MTV]] Russia and their song \\u201cMachine\\u201d\n        was number one on the hit parade of Ukraine\\u2019s leading music channel [[M1\n        (Ukraine)|M1]], and number 2 on Radio Maximum, Russia\\u2019s most popular\n        radio station. They have been voted Ukraine\\u2019s best new band and discovery\n        of the year by several magazines.\\n\\nEsthetic Education has been invited on\n        numerous TV and radio shows. Highlights include live shooting for Russia\\u2019s\n        third national channel TVC in Studio 5 at [[Mosfilm]] studios, a New Year''s\n        TV show for Ukraine\\u2019s national television channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]]\n        (complete with fireworks, flames, and confetti), a live performance for [[Novyi\n        Kanal]] (the equivalent of the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom''s]] [[channel\n        4]]) during the morning news program, and Prosto Radio''s \\u201cGolden Best\\u201d\n        program, Radio Maximum.\\n\\nPhotos of Esthetic Education have appeared in ''''[[Elle\n        (magazine)|Elle]]'''', ''''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'''', ''''[[Rolling\n        Stone]]'''', ''''Ego'''', ''''Max'''', ''''Afisha'''' (cover shot), ''''Moloko''''\n        (cover shot), ''''Time Out'''', ''''Shtushka'''', ''''Pink'''', ''''TV Week'''',\n        and others.\\n\\nIn 2007 the band released ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education\n        album)|Werewolf]]''''. They have opened their own production company in Kiev,\n        Esthetic Music.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio albums===\\n* ''''[[Face Reading]]''''\n        (2004)\\n* ''''[[Werewolf (Esthetic Education)|Werewolf]]'''' (2007)\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        \\\"[[Leave Us Alone / Machine]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Happy New Year (Esthetic Education)|Happy\n        New Year]]\\\" (2005)\\n* \\\"[[Vasil Vasiltsiv]]\\\" (2006)\\n\\n===Live albums===\\n*\n        ''''[[Live at Ring]]'''' (2006)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.estheticeducation.com\n        Official Web-site]\\n* [http://myspace.com/estheticeducation Official Esthetic\n        Education Myspace]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T18:07:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":664071779,\"length\":4106,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esthetic_Education&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetic_Education\"},\"17208231\":{\"pageid\":17208231,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Flit\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-18T02:30:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Flit \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| image               = FLIT\n        danieluk 2005.jpg\\n| image_size          = \\n| caption             = Fleet\n        at the concert in Warsaw\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], {{UKR}}\\n| genre               = [[punk rock]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| instrument          = \\n| years_active        = 2001 - present\\n| label               =\n        \\u00abUKRmusic\\u00bb\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website             = http://www.flit.net.ua\n        \\n| current_members     = Andriy Markiv
Oleksandr Ivanchuk
Anatoliy\n        Blyednyh
Volodymyr Korchak\\n| past_members        = Volodymyr Novikov
Ihor\n        Ozarko
Mykhaylo Kopievskyi
Yuriy Popov
Yuliy Honskyy\\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Flit'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        [[punk rock]] band that was formed in 2001 in [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\\n\\nMembers\n        are:\\n*Andriy Markiv - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (since 2001)\\n*Stanislav Bondarchuk\n        - [[guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (since 2012)\\n*Volodymyr Korchak - [[drums]]\n        (since 2012)\\n*Anatoliy Blyednyh - [[bass guitar]] (since 2012)\\n\\n== Past\n        Members ==\\n*Volodymyr Novikov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2001-2011)\\n*Yuriy\n        Popov - [[guitar]], [[vocals]] (2011)\\n*O. Snihur - [[guitar]] (2011-2012)\\n*Ihor\n        Ozarko - [[drums]] (2003-2010)\\n*Yuriy Chornyi - [[drums]], founder of the\n        group (2001-2003)\\n*Vitaliy Belyakov - [[backing vocals]] (2001)\\n*Mykhaylo\n        Kopievskiy - [[bass guitar]], [[backing vocals]] (2001-2012)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n* 2004 - \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\u2026\n        / [[Svit takyi\\u2026 (album)|Svit takyi\\u2026]] (The world is such\\u2026)\\n*\n        2006 - Z\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439 / [[Zanykay (album)|Zanykay]]\n        (Hide it)\\n* 2009 - \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        / [[Odnoznachno (album)|Odnoznachno]] (Simply)\\n* 2013 - \\u0412\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0454! / [[Vykhid Ye! (album)|Vykhid Ye!]] (Solution exists! [Literally:\n        Way out exists!])\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 2008 - \\u041b\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\n        / [[Layu sebe (album)|Layu sebe]] (Abusing Myself)\\n* 2010 - \\u0428\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0438 / [[Shukay i znaydy (album)|Shukay\n        i znaydy]] (Search and find)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*[http://www.flit.net.ua\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Flit}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{ukraine-stub}}\\n{{Europe-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T21:20:08Z\",\"lastrevid\":791090995,\"length\":2326,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flit_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flit_(band)\"},\"29524555\":{\"pageid\":29524555,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Gorgisheli\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2014-06-20T18:13:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Gorgisheli
\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\n|image              =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size         = \\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[rock music|Rock]],  [[art\n        rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n|years_active     = 1997 \\u2013 present\\n|label            =\n        \\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\\n|current_members  =\n        [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] 
 [[Oleg Sook]] 
\n        [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] 
[[Marian Kozovyy]]|\\n|past_members     = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Gorgisheli''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0490\\u043e\\u0440\\u0491\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456}}; {{lang-ka|\\u10d2\\u10dd\\u10e0\\u10d2\\u10d8\\u10e8\\u10d4\\u10da\\u10d8}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band. The band''s songs are\n        sung in the [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]]\n        languages. Their music combines elements of art rock, Georgian and Ukrainian\n        folk music with a modern sound.\\n\\nThe project was known from 1997 year as\n        Black September ( Chornyy Veresen''). A new sound emerged when the well-known\n        bass player [[Oleg Sook|John]] (Project \\\"Is\\\" in 1995 and 2002, Tea Fan Club,\n        Oh, [[Dead Rooster]]) joined the group.\\n\\nThe group has participated in many\n        festivals, including Melody, Black Sea Games, Red Rue ([[Chervona Ruta]]),\n        Pearls of the Season, Pok-existence, Europe Center, Taras Bulba, the festival\n        of Ukrainian culture in [[Sopot]], [[Poland]]. The members of the band participated\n        in the TV show Fresh Blood (Svizha Krov) on M1 channel, where they scored\n        the largest number of points of all participants. Gorgisheli''s performance\n        during the [[Orange Revolution]] issue hit [[Euronews]]. \\n\\nIn summer 2006\n        the band signed a long-term contract with Comp Music/[[EMI]], in cooperation\n        with which their debut album entitled Amore was released on November 20 of\n        that year.\\n\\n== Band members ==\\n* [[Tamara Gorgisheli]] - main vocals, acoustic\n        guitar\\n* [[Eteri Gorgisheli]] -  back vocals, bass guitar\\n* [[Oleg Sook]]\n        - keyboard\\n* [[Oleksiy Slobodian]] - drums\\n* [[Marian Kozovyy]] - electric\n        guitar\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n*2006 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0410\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435''''''\n        (Amore)\\n*2009 \\u2014 ''''''Live'''''' (Live)\\n*2010 \\u2014 ''''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u043c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440''''''\n        (Rombambar/Rhubarb)\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.gorgisheli.org.ua/\n        Official Gorgisheli website]\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Gorgisheli\n        - ne dyvysj na mene tak demo.ogg|title=\\\"\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a (Ne dyvysj na mene\n        tak, Don''t look at me like this)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1997]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-04T08:52:15Z\",\"lastrevid\":613716380,\"length\":2653,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorgisheli&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgisheli\"},\"25700628\":{\"pageid\":25700628,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Hapochka\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-30T06:02:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Notability|Music|date=January\n        2010}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Hapochka\\n| image                 =\n        4 heads in one.jpg\\n| caption            = Hapochka\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[pop\n        rock]]\\n| years_active        = Since 2007\\n| website                 = [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka]\\n|\n        current_members     = Kate Hapochka ([[vocal]]) 
 Ihor Havrilenko ([[bass\n        guitar|bass]]) 
 Alexandr  Zbrocky ([[guitar]])
 Artem Uhodnykov  ([[drums]])\\n|\n        background=group_or_band\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Hapochka'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is young Ukrainian rock-group, created in 2007, winner of \\\"The Global Battle\n        of the Bands 2009\\\" in Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was organized in\n        2007, the year when vocalist - Kate Hapochka, arrived from [[Khmelnytskyi,\n        Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]] to study at the [[Kiev Conservatory]], and decided\n        to form the group.\\n[[File:Kate Hapocka.jpg|thumb|150px|Katya Hapochka]]\\n\\nThe\n        first composition of group was created within two days, created by Kate and\n        the percussionist Artem Ugodnikov \\u2013 who arrived to study in Kiev from\n        [[Kirovohrad]].\\n\\nThe group initially was named ''''Group Kate Hapochky''''.\n        In the process searching for new names they were known as ''''Exactly There''''\n        for more than a month, but later a group went back to the initial concept,\n        but more short name \\u2013 ''''''''''Hapochka''''''''''\\n\\nAt this time Ihor\n        Havrilencko ([[bass guitar]]) and Alexandr Zbrocky ([[guitar]]) joined in\n        with a group\\n\\nThe style which the group uses include [[Britpop]], [[funk]],\n        [[Folk music|folk]], fate, [[Rock music|rock]], [[pop rock]].\\n\\n===The GBOB===\\n[[File:GBOB3.jpg|thumb|Finale\n        of The Global Battle Of The Bands UA 2009]]\\n\\nOn 25 September within the\n        framework of competition \\\"The Global Battle of the Bands UA 2008\\\" a group\n        got the greatest result among the Kiev commands-participants.\\n\\nIn October\n        of this year \\u00abHapochka\\u00bb got to the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\n        A group was marked the special reward \\u2013 surveys of the first video clip\n        with a rotary press on television.\\n\\nIn 2009 group won 1-\\u0435 place in\n        the national finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\" \\u2013 and in 2010 it will be represent\n        Ukraine on the world  finale of \\\"The GBOB\\\".\\n\\nA finale will take place\n        in [[London]] on one of grounds of concerts of prestiges. There and the best\n        new group of the world, which will take Main bun, will be chosen.\\n\\n==Interesting\n        facts==\\n*The official date of birth of group is considered 11 March 2008,\n        when a group appeared on the stage of Centre of modern art [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]], but his participants consider a year the date of\n        appearance of group 2007.\\n*There was a saxophone player in the first composition\n        of group\\n*Kate Hapochka took the 1st place in a competition \\u00abChervona\n        Ruta (festival)\\u00bb in a nomination \\u00abAcoustic music\\u00bb is in 2005\n        a year\\n*All present members of group have musical education (unfinished yet)\\n*Vocalist\n        - Kate Hapochka - professionally plays on [[Bandura]]\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n*\n        2012 - Etap (\\u0415\\u0442\\u0430\\u043f, 2012) LP\\n* 2012 - Mozhe Ya Divchyna?\n        (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435 \\u042f \\u0414\\u0456\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430?,\n        2012) \\u0415\\u0420  \\n* 2014 - Elektroakustyka (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430,\n        2014)\\n\\n== Links ==\\n* [http://hapochka.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/gapo4ka\n        MySpace]\\n\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-05T10:24:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":757359056,\"length\":3396,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapochka&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapochka\"},\"49327315\":{\"pageid\":49327315,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Hardkiss\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = The Hardkiss\\n| image               =\n        OIFF 2014-07-11 172650 - Val Bebko & Julia Sanina.jpg\\n| image_size          =\n        \\n| caption             = Val Bebko and Julia Sanina at the [[Odessa International\n        Film Festival]], 2014\\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| origin              =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active        = 2011 \\u2013 present \\n| genre               =\n        {{flatlist|\\n* [[Progressive pop]] \\n* [[alternative rock]]\\n* [[synthpop]]\\n}}\\n|\n        current_members     = Yulia Sanina
 Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko
 Kreechy
\n        Roman Skorobahatko
 Klim Lysyuk\\n| past_members        = Pol Solonar
\n        Vitaliy Oniskevich\\n| website             = {{URL|http://thehardkiss.com}}\\n}}\\n''''''The\n        Hardkiss'''''' (stylised as ''''''The HARDKISS'''''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        progressive-pop band. They are known for their original sound and unique fashion\n        style.Official website, [http://www.thehardkiss.com/about.html#about\n        \\\"About\\\"]\\n\\nThe Hardkiss participated in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national selection]]Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=participants_in_ukrainian_national_selection_revealed\n        \\\"Participants in Ukrainian national selection revealed\\\"], eurovision.tv,\n        26 January 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. for the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 2016]] with the song \\\"Helpless\\\".Rodr\\u00edguez, Tony.\n        [http://www.esc-plus.com/the-hardkiss-the-main-message-of-helpless-is-that-rebirth-always-hurts-ukrainian-semifinalists-exclusive-interview/\n        \\\"The Hardkiss: \\u201cThe main message of Helpless is that rebirth always\n        hurts\\u201d (Ukrainian semifinalists \\u2013 Exclusive Interview)\\\"], esc-plus.com,\n        4 February 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. The band placed 2nd in\n        the national final.Omelyanchuk, Olena. [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=jamala_will_represent_ukraine_in_stockholm\n        \\\"Jamala will represent Ukraine in Stockholm!\\\"], eurovision.tv, 21 February\n        2016. Retrieved on 21 February 2016.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThe Hardkiss\n        were formed in 2011 by lead singer Yulia Sanina and guitarist Valeriy Bebko.\n        In September the band presented their debut video \\\"Babylon\\\". They were the\n        opening act for [[Hurts]] on October 20[http://www.last.fm/event/1978467+Hurts+at+\\u0414\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446+\\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430+on+20+October+2011\n        \\\"Hurts With The Hardkiss at the Palace of Sports\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on\n        5 February 2016. and [[Solange Knowles]] on November 18 in Kyiv.\\n\\nIn\n        2012, The Hardkiss were nominated for the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best\n        Ukrainian Act]].[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1397547-nazvano-nominantiv-na-zvannya-najkrashchogo-ukrayinskogo-artista-mtv-ema-2012\n        \\\"\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        MTV EMA-2012\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, korrespondent.net, 20 September 2012. Retrieved\n        on 5 February 2016. The band performed at [[Midem|MIDEM festival]] on\n        January 29.[https://www.patreon.com/posts/1272626 \\\"THE HARDKISS at MIDEM\n        2012 (29th of January, 22.00 - Sparkling)\\\"], patreon.com. Retrieved on 6\n        February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2013, The Hardkiss won two awards \\u2013 \\\"Best\n        New Act\\\" and \\\"Best Music Video\\\" (to producer Valeriy Bebko for clip ''''Make-Up'''')\n        \\u2013 of the national music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]].[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2013/10--ceremoniya-yuna-15032014.html\n        \\\"\\u0406\\u0406 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna\n        (15.03.2013)\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. On\n        May 18 the band presented their first show in the Green Theatre in Kyiv.\\u041c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 [http://bestin.ua/event/4596/ \\\"\\u041f\\u0415\\u0420\\u0412\\u042b\\u0419\n        \\u0421\\u041e\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042b\\u0419 \\u041a\\u041e\\u041d\\u0426\\u0415\\u0420\\u0422\n        THE HARDKISS\\\"] {{ref-ru}}, bestin.ua. Retrieved on 6 February 2016\n        They opened the [[Muz-TV]] Music Awards on June 7.[http://premia.muz-tv.ru/history/107/\n        \\\"\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438.\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437-\\u0422\\u0412 2013.\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0430\\\"]\n        {{ref-ru}}, premia.muz-tv.ru. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. That year\n        The Hardkiss became \\\"voice and face\\\" of the [[Pepsi]] in Ukraine. The band\n        took part in a tour [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtSILe8bsCarnrE6D4mbI-AvYaZlXBkJt\n        Pepsi Stars of Now] (16 cities).\\n\\nIn 2014 The Hardkiss performed at [[Park\n        Live Festival]], and shared the stage with [[The Prodigy]], [[Deftones]],\n        and [[Skillet (band)|Skillet]].[http://www.last.fm/festival/3762967+Park+Live+Festival+2014\n        \\\"Park Live Festival 2014\\\"], last.fm. Retrieved on 5 February 2016\\n\\nIn\n        2015, the band was nominated for the music award [[:uk:YUNA (\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u044f)|YUNA]] again, having won in two nominations\n        \\u2014 \\\"The best music album\\\" (album ''''Stones and Honey'''') and \\\"The\n        best song\\\" (single ''''Stones'''').[http://yuna.ua/galereya/yuna-2015/\n        \\\"IV \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f Yuna (25.03.2015)\\\"]\n        {{ref-uk}}, yuna.ua. Retrieved on 5 February 2016.\\n\\nIn 2016, they\n        took part in the [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016|Ukrainian national\n        selection]] for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2016]].\\n\\nYulia Sanina is one\n        of four judges on the current seventh series of [[X-Factor (Ukrainian TV series)|The\n        X Factor Ukraine]].[http://xfactor.stb.ua/ua/2016/07/13/stali-izvestny-imena-novyh-sudej-i-vtorogo-vedushhego-h-faktor-7/\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0434\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0443\\u0447\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u00ab\\u0425-\\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440-7\\u00bb\\\"] {{ref-uk}}, xfactor.stb.ua.\n        Retrieved on 5 September 2016\\n\\n==Members==\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n;\n        Current members\\n* Yulia Sanina \\u2013 vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Valeriy \\\"Val\\\" Bebko \\u2013  guitar (2011\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Kreechy \\u2013 drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Roman Skorobahatko\n        \\u2013 guitar (2013\\u2013present)\\n* Klim Lysiuk \\u2013 bass\n        guitar (2016\\u2013present)\\n\\n{{col-2}}\\n\\n; Former members\\n*\n        Pol Solonar \\u2013 keyboards (2011\\u20132013)\\n* Vitaliy Oniskevich\n        \\u2013 keyboards (2013\\u20132016)\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\nThe authorship\n        of songs of the band belongs to Yulia Sanina and Valeriy Bebko. Also Valeriy\n        Bebko is the creative producer of The Hardkiss and video director.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Albums===\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 ''''Stones and Honey''''Album [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/stones-and-honey-2014\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], SoundCloudAlbum [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/stones-and-honey/id920371507\n        \\\"Stones and Honey\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n* 2017 \\u2014 ''''Perfection\n        is a Lie''''Album [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/perfection-is-a-lie/id1223486657\n        \\\"Perfection Is a Lie\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===EPs===\\n* 2015 \\u2014\n        ''''Cold Altair''''EP [https://soundcloud.com/the_hardkiss/sets/cold-altair-ep-2015\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], SoundCloudEP [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cold-altair/id1064951161\n        \\\"Cold Altair\\\"], US iTunes Store\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2011 \\u2014 \\\"Babylon\\\"\\n*\n        2011 \\u2014 \\\"Dance With Me\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"Make-Up\\\"\\n* 2012 \\u2014 \\\"October\\\"\\n*\n        2013 \\u2014 \\\"Part Of Me\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"In Love\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Under\n        The Sun\\\"\\n* 2013 \\u2014 \\\"Shadows Of Time\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Tell Me Brother\\\"\\n*\n        2014 \\u2014 \\\"Hurricane\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Stones\\\"\\n* 2014 \\u2014 \\\"Strange\n        Moves\\\" feat. [[Kazaky|KAZAKY]]\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"PiBiP\\\"\\n* 2015 \\u2014 \\\"Organ\\\"\\n*\n        2015 \\u2014 \\\"Tony, Talk!\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Helpless\\\"\\n* 2016 \\u2014 \\\"Perfection!\\\"\\n*\n        2016 \\u2014 \\\"Rain\\\"\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest\n        2016]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n* {{Official\n        website |http://www.thehardkiss.com|Official site}}\\n* {{YouTube|u = THEHARDKISS}}\n        \\n* {{Facebook|THEHARDKISS|The HARDKISS}}\\n* {{Instagram|the_hardkiss}}\\n*\n        {{VK user|thehardkiss|The HARDKISS}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardkiss, The}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:2011 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2011]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian pop music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T14:42:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":797668854,\"length\":7873,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hardkiss&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardkiss\"},\"3523986\":{\"pageid\":3523986,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Haydamaky\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The Haydamaky on ethnic festival [[Sheshory]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. 2005]]\\n\\n''''''Haydamaky'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk rock]] band formed in 1991. The music of\n        Haydamaky is inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially\n        from various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe\n        Haydamaky began their career in 1991, shortly after [[Ukraine]] declared its\n        independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. Then the band was known as Aktus,\n        and played mostly local gigs in the underground [[Kyiv]] music scene. Without\n        a fertile, popular local music scene, Aktus turned to the sounds of [[reggae]],\n        [[ska]], and [[punk music]] for a fresh alternative. Members of the band were\n        also attracted to the political impact that these genres had on their society.\n        The idea was that through music significant social change could be possible.\n        This gave a greater purpose to the performance of such musical styles. The\n        discovery of these musical genres later became the key to their own realization\n        of a specifically Ukrainian musical style. Haydamaky''s hope is to forge an\n        inherently [[Music of Ukraine|Ukrainian popular music]] style, which looks\n        back to its own heritage and traditions as a source for inspiration.\\n\\nWith\n        the addition of [[sopilka]]-[[vocal]]ist [[Oleksandr Yarmola]] and [[accordion]]ists\n        [[Ivan Lenyo]], both known and respected in folk circles, the band increasingly\n        incorporated elements of Ukrainian [[folk music]] into their compositions.\\n\\nDuring\n        the early 1990s Aktus has engaged in constant touring of Europe. Unlike most\n        popular Ukrainian music groups who propagate Soviet style [[Estrada]], Aktus\n        sought to introduce elements of Ukrainian folk music through a cross-cultural\n        mix including Reggae and Ska.\\n\\n[[EMI|EMI international records]] of London\n        discovered the group in [[Kyiv]] in early 2001. Akta signed  immediately to\n        their label. At that time the band realized it was time to establish a stronger\n        tie to their own culture. They changed their name to ''''Haydamaky'''', in\n        honor of the eighteenth-century [[Haydamak rebellion]] against the Polish\n        [[szlachta]].\\n\\nDuring the last years the band has participated in various\n        festivals such as:          \\n* TFF Rudolstadt \\u2013 2003 ([[Germany]]) \\n*\n        \\\"Litom\\u011b\\u0159ick\\u00fd ko\\u0159en\\\" \\u2013 2002, 2003 ([[Czech Republic]])\\n*\n        \\\"[[Viljandi Folk Festival|Viljandi Folk]]\\\" \\u2013 2003 ([[Estonia]])\\n*\n        \\\"Sziget\\\" festival \\u2013 2009 in [[Budapest]] ([[Hungary]]) \\n* \\\"Pohoda\\\"\n        festival \\u2013 2001, 2002 in [[Tren\\u010d\\u00edn]] \\n* \\\"Huntenpop\\\" \\u2013\n        2008 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Tilburg Mundial\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n*\n        \\\"Amsterdamm Roots\\\" \\u2013 2007 ([[Netherlands]])\\n* \\\"Volt Festival\\\" \\u2013\n        2010 ([[Hungary]]), just to name a few.\\n\\nHaydamaky have recently performed\n        at many club venues across Europe, including as a special guest at a concert\n        of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in Bratislava, Slovakia. Other club appearances\n        this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n \\nIn April 2004 the band released their second\n        album \\\"[[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\\\". This time the group searched even\n        deeper into Ukrainian folk music for material, ideas, and textures. The ensemble\n        has invited [[violin]]ist [[Vasyl Hekker]], perhaps the foremost authority\n        on authentic Ukrainian folk [[violin]] style, to collaborate on the project.\n        [[Banduryst]]-Guitarist [[Jurij Fedynskyj]], of [[New York City]] has relocated\n        to [[Kyiv]] to join the ensemble. Also Ukrainian freestyle banduryst [[Roman\n        Hrynkiv]] participated. And the band invited two young ladies from authentic\n        Ukrainian choir \\\"[[Bozhychi]]\\\": Natalia Serbina and Masha Firsova, to do\n        the back \\u2013 vocals on the most of songs of the album. The \\\"Bohuslav\\\"\n        promo is just on. In June Haydamaky are off on a  huge concert tour, which\n        starts by their concert in \\\"Mazepa Fest\\\" ([[Poltava]], Ukraine) and will\n        continue through the summer in [[Estonia]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]],\n        [[Slovakia]] and [[Romania]].\\n\\nIn October 2006 at the [http://www.womex.com/\n        WOMEX] World Music Expo held in Seville Spain, Haydamaky''s release of their\n        CD entitled ''''[[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine Calling]]'''' released by\n        [http://www.eastblokmusic.com Eastblok Music] earlier that year broke into\n        the [http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php/2006090522290671 top twenty]\n        of the World Music Charts Europe.\\n\\nLess than a year and a half later the\n        follow-up CD ''''[[Kobzar (album)|Kobzar]]'''' once again on EMI/Eastblok\n        Music, made headway on in the World Music Charts Europe when it made to [http://www.wmce.de/_/wmce/index_jsp/key=657919.html\n        seventh place in March 2008]. In 2008 albom \\\"Voo Voo i Haydamaky\\\" recorded\n        in collaboration with Polish veteran rock band Voo Voo gained \\\"golden\\\" status\n        in Poland. \\nSince then the group are constantly touring. In 2012 Haydamaky\n        are recording a new album.\\n\\nBand members at present:\\n\\n* [[Oleksander Iarmola]]\n        - vocals,  lyrics\\n* [[Andrij Slepcow]] - guitar\\n* [[Dmytro Kirichok]] -\n        bass\\n* [[Dmytro Kushnir]] - drums\\n* [[Roman Dubonos]] - trumpet\\n* [[Maksym\n        Boyko]] - trombone\\n\\nPast members:\\n\\n* [[Ruslan Ovras]] - drums (2001-2009)\\n*\n        [[Ruslan Troshchynsky]]- trombone(2001-2004)\\n* [[Ivan Leno]] - accordion,\n        cymbals,  vocals (2001-2012)\\n* [[Volodymyr Sherstiuk]] - bass, Jew''s harp\n        (2001-2012)\\n* [[Wlad Pawlow]] \\u2013 guitar (2001-2002)\\n* [[Wlad Grymalskyj]]\n        \\u2013 midi (2001-2004)\\n* [[Oleksandr Demyanenko]] - guitar, mandolin (2002-2012)\\n*\n        [[Eugene Didyk]] - trumpet (2004-2009)\\n* [[Sergij Brawarniuk]] \\u2013 percussion\n        (2004-2006)\\n* [[Charkin Oleksandr|Oleksandr Charkin]] - trombone (2008-2012)\\n*\n        [[Soloviy Sergii|Sergii Soloviy]] - trumpet (2009-2012)\\n* [[Sergii Borysenko]]\n        - drums (2009-2012)\\n\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (2).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (7).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\nFile:Haydamaky (UKR) - Sziget 2015.08.15 (3).JPG|Haydamaky\n        at Sziget Festival 2015\\n\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\u2212\\t* 2002 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky\n        (album)|Haydamaky]] (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438,\n        [[EMI|COMP Music/EMI]])\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2004 \\u2013 [[Bohuslav (album)|Bohuslav]]\n        (\\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432, COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t\n        \\n\\u2212\\t* 2005 \\u2013 [[Perverziya (album)|Perverziya]] (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0437\\u0456\\u044f,\n        COMP Music/EMI)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2006 \\u2013 [[Ukraine Calling (album)|Ukraine\n        Calling]] (Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Kobzar\n        (album)|Kobzar]] (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0431\\u0437\\u0430\\u0440, Eastblok Music, Germany)\\n\\t\n        \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2008 \\u2013 [[Haydamaky Kobzar-Prolog]] (AntenaKrzyku/Lou&RockedBoys,\n        Poland)\\n\\t \\t \\n\\u2212\\t* 2009 \\u2013 [[Voo Voo i Haydamaky (album)|Voo Voo\n        i Haydamaky]] (AGORA/KitonArt, Poland\\n\\n\\u2212\\t* 2012 \\u2013 [[No More Peace\n        (album)|No More Peace]](Lou & Rocked Boys, Poland)\\n\\n==Compilations==\\n*\n        1996 \\u2013 Guitars, hearts and garnets (HARBA, Ukraine)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 No\n        One Comprehends ([[KOKA]], Poland)\\n* 1998 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 1997 (ART-VELES,\n        Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 Rock-Existence 2000 (ART-VELES, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013\n        The Legends of the Chimerical Land (JRC, Ukraine)\\n* 2000 \\u2013 United Colours\n        of SKA ([[Pork Pie/Vielklang]], Germany)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Pohoda Festival 1997-2001\n        (Agent\\u00fara Pohoda, Slovakia)\\n* 2002 \\u2013 Dobryi vechir, tobi (Christmas\n        compilation) (COMP Music/EMI)\\n* 2004 \\u2013 TFFRudolstadt 2003\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* {{Official website|http://www.haydamaky.com/en}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-29T15:06:00Z\",\"lastrevid\":797851966,\"length\":7742,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haydamaky_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamaky_(band)\"},\"24108554\":{\"pageid\":24108554,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"JetRockers\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-19T03:33:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{orphan|date=August\n        2009}}\\n\\n''''''JetRockers'''''' is an [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[hard rock]]\n        and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The\n        band was founded in 2007. Best known JetRockers'' performance is a first [[open-air\n        concert]] in 2007, second in 2008 and third in 2009, all in [[Lviv]].\\n\\n==History==\\nJetRockers\n        were founded by Vasyl Mylko and Serhiy Otroshchenko. The very beginnings start\n        out in 2007 in [[Lviv]], at [[software]] company [[SoftServe]], when Vasyl\n        Mylko, Strategic Business Unit (SBU) Manager of JetLab, was interviewing Serhiy\n        Otroshchenko. Serhiy was a [[SoftServe]] University graduate, while JetLab\n        lacked resources. So during the interview Vasyl asked if Serhiy played some\n        instruments or at least painted. Serhiy answered affirmative. It happened\n        that Vasyl had an [[electric guitar]] and an [[amplifier]] in the office,\n        so they were given to the interviewee for some performance. Serhiy played\n        something from [[Kreator]] and [[Malmsteen]] and thus was hired to JetLab.\n        The band name was invented to be JetRockers. There was an idea that all JetRockers\n        members had to be from the same JetLab team. It was so till 2008.\\n\\nBass\n        guitar, Roman Bilusiak, joined the band soon, he is from musicians family.\n        Vitaliy Topolnytskyy joined as a drummer. In Summer 2007 JetLab team went\n        to [[Shatsky ozera]] for [[barbecue]], JetRockers took all the gear. There\n        was first big sound check and the casting for vocals. Khrystyna Kosyk succeeded\n        as a singer of [[Rock music|rock]] compositions, Vyacheslav Dyak was selected\n        for [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[punk rock]] songs. It is supposed\n        that band played successfully, which was confirmed by the random listeners\n        from the recreation area [[Shatsky ozera]]. [[Rehearsal]] delayed till the\n        late night. Then new drummer was invited, Ivan Lutsyk. Interesting fact is\n        that Vasyl Mylko got references to him from Roman Figel from JetLab, and found\n        Ivan in the corporate gym, training [[judo]]. Ivan agreed to join JetRockers\n        if Vasyl buys the drums. Vasyl bought [[Sonor]] drums, Ivan joined instantly.\n        Then Galyna Stasiuk joined the band for vocals. This staff performed in 2007\n        and had big success locally.\\n\\nLater in 2007 drummer Ivan Lutsyk decided\n        to leave the band as he wanted to develop as a guitar player. Vyacheslav Dyak\n        proposed his colleague drummer Mykola Glibovych. Vasyl interviewed Mykola\n        in summer 2007 with intention to hire to JetLab SBU. Of course, Mykola had\n        to play the drums right in the office just after the interview, and most of\n        present people were surprised that Mykola played so loud. But it was negotiated\n        that Mykola would be ready after the training in [[SoftServe]] University,\n        so he joined the band in February 2008.\\n\\nThen was a time of vocals rotations.\n        Olena Strelchenko used to sing for a while. Eventually JetRockers welcomed\n        Olga Didukh (then she changed her last name to Moroz after her husband). Oleksandr\n        Sukholeyster joined JetRockers as keyboards player. This staff played in 2008\n        and achieved even better appreciation because of higher quality of both sound\n        and performance.\\n\\nJetRockers plays on [[SoftServe]] Company Day. It is annual\n        celebration that takes place in Buhta Vikingiv resort, ~20 kilometers from\n        [[Lviv]]. In 2007 JetRockers played as the opener for the famous [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\n        band [[Tartak]] in front of more than 1000 people. In 2008 JetRockers played\n        as the opener for another [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] headliner [[Skryabin (band)|Skryabin]].\n        JetRockers did not play in 2009 due to the different place of company day\n        celebration, hence unavailability of the big scene for the planned performance.\n        There are opinions that it was linked to the [[Economic crisis of 2008]].\\n\\nRecent\n        considerable performance took place at Millennium night club in [[Lviv]] on\n        December 26, 2009. Current line-up includes new drummer Rustam Iskandarov\n        (he also plays in Black Jack) and bass player Andriy Savchyn (he also plays\n        in Fayno).\\n\\n==Discography==\\n2007 - AoJaJeNA 
\\n2008 - Punk Rock over\n        Alcohol 
\\n2009 - 16 Years\\n\\n==Band members==\\n* Vasyl Mylko - [[rhythm\n        guitar]], [[lead guitar]], vocals (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Serhiy Otroshchenko\n        - [[lead guitar]], [[rhythm guitar]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Andriy Savchyn\n        - [[Bass (guitar)|bass]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Sukholeyster - [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Olga Moroz (Olga Didukh) - vocals\n        (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Rustam Iskandarov - [[drums]] (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n===Former\n        members===\\n* Vitaliy Topolnytskyy - [[drums]] (2007)\\n* Ivan Lutsyk - [[drums]]\n        (2007)\\n* Olena Strelchenko - vocals (2008)\\n* Galyna Stasiuk - vocals (2007)\\n*\n        Khrystyna Kosyk - vocals (2007)\\n* Vyacheslav Dyak - vocals (2007\\u20132009)\\n*\n        Mykola Hlibovych - [[drums]] (2008\\u20132009)\\n* Roman Bilusyak - [[Bass guitar|bass]]\n        (2007\\u20132009)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/aojajena#grid/all\n        JetRockers on YouTube]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157622982112707/show/\n        JetRockers 2009 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157606116655696/show/\n        JetRockers 2008 on Flickr]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/foxflickr/sets/72157601169043120/show/\n        JetRockers 2007 on Flickr]\\n* [http://www.blackjack.com.ua/ Black Jack Homepage]\\n*\n        [[:uk:\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e (\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442)|Fayno Wiki\n        in Ukrainian]]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Jetrockers}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2007]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-16T08:58:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":760797871,\"length\":5437,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JetRockers&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRockers\"},\"24607731\":{\"pageid\":24607731,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Komu\n        Vnyz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T10:17:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Komu Vnyz
\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\n|image              =Komu Vnyz v TERNOPOLI.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Komu Vnyz\\n|image_size         = 300\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Gothic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1988 \\u2013 present\\n|label            = [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.komuvnyz.com\\n|current_members  = [[Andriy Sereda]] 
 [[Volodyslav\n        Maliuhin]] 
 [[Serhiy Stepanenko]] 
 [[Volodyslav Makarov]] 
[[Yevhen\n        Razin]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Komu Vnyz'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band founded in 1988.\n        Komu Vnyz''s music is a blend of gothic and industrial styles, combined with\n        the lyrics of ancient Ukrainian legends. As of 2011, the last ten years Komu\n        Vnyz have released two albums, have been recognized{{Who|date=July 2011}}\n        as the cult Ukrainian band and, got the status of \\\"the Fathers of the Ukrainian\n        [[Gothic rock|Gothic]]\\\".{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\nKomu Vnyz got its start in the year 1988. Unknown young actor [[Andriy\n        Sereda]] and educator [[Volodyslav Makarov]] worked together in the same theater.\n        Sereda and Makarov joined with three more artists ([[Serhiy Stepanenko]],\n        [[Yevhen Razin]], [[Volodyslav Maliuhin]]) to make Komu Vnyz. They wound up\n        at their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event. They received second place.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}}\\n\\nAfter releasing their first album \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\\"Falling Up\\\"), Komu Vnyz and the rest of the\n        Chervona Ruta winners toured in [[Canada]], [[Poland]], and many Ukrainian\n        cities. After their tour, Komu Vnyz started work on their next album. All\n        of the band members quit their day jobs to focus more of their time on music.\\n\\nFrom\n        1996 onward, Komu Vnyz came out from the precipice of financial difficulties.\n        Playbills started to appear railings and fences in [[Kiev]] for their 1997\n        concert, In Kastus, named for one of their [[In Kastus (album)|albums]].\\n\\nIn\n        2000 the band played at Ivan Franko theater, performing a concert dedicated\n        to the memory of 300 young students killed under [[Kruty]]. They also headlined\n        at the first Ukrainian gothic festival, \\\"[[Dity Nochi]]\\\" (\\\"Children of\n        the Night\\\"), organized by [[Ukrainian Gothic Portal]], and started to work\n        with UGP. In 2002 the band played on the biggest{{Citation needed|date=July\n        2011}} European gothic festival, [[Wave Gotik Treffen]].http://www.wave-gotik-treffen.de/english/past.php?reqYear=2002\\n\\nIn\n        2004 the musicians were invited to perform at Wave Gotik Treffen once again.\n        More than 1500 people attended{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}.\\n\\nToday\n        Komu Vnyz is well known not only in Ukraine but abroad as well.{{Citation\n        needed|date=July 2011}} Some{{Who|date=July 2011}} consider the band to be\n        founders of a new musical style in Ukraine: the Ukrainian Gothic.\\n\\nAs of\n        2011, Komu Vnyz is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]]\n        in order to re-release their albums in Europe. Their new album \\\"[[IDEM]]\\\"\n        is awaiting release on \\\"[[Tridens Records]]\\\", label of [[Ukrainian Gothic\n        Portal]].\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n=== Albums ===\\n* 1989 - \\\"[[Padaya Vverkh\n        (album)|Padaya Vverkh]]\\\" (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u044f \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445)\\n*\n        1990 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz (album)|Komu Vnyz]]\\\" (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437)\\n*\n        1996 - \\\"[[In Kastus (album)|In Kastus]]\\\" \\n* 2014 - \\\"4\\\" (EP)\\n* ''''TBD''''\n        - \\\"[[IDEM (album)|IDEM]]\\\" (upcoming album)\\n\\n=== Live albums ===\\n* 1999\n        - \\\"[[In Kastus In Vivo (album)|In Kastus In Vivo]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n*\n        2007 - \\\"[[Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala (album)|Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Compilations\n        ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Rock legends of Ukraine]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n*\n        2006 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. MP3 collection]]\\\"\\n* 2009 - \\\"[[Komu Vnyz. Reformatsiya:\n        25 punktiv]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Ya Vernuvsia Domiv]]\\\"\n        (Tribute to Braty Hadiukiny)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.komuvnyz.com Official Komu Vnyz website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups from Kiev]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-13T09:18:35Z\",\"lastrevid\":780327004,\"length\":4465,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komu_Vnyz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komu_Vnyz\"},\"47861874\":{\"pageid\":47861874,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Kryk\n        Dushi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-12-20T16:07:21Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Orphan|date=December 2015}}\\n{{notability|Music|date=October 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Kryk Dushi
\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456\\n|image              = \\n|logo=\\n|caption         =\n        \\n|image_size         =\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]
 [[Alternative\n        rock]]
 [[Christian rock]]\\n|years_active     = 2007\\u2013present\\n|label            =\n        Kara Studios\\n|associated_acts  = \\n|website              = \\n|current_members  =\n        Ivan Luk''yanchuk 
 Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko 
 Kostyantyn Kavylin
\n        Svyatoslav Rohashko\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Kryk Dushi'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u0414\\u0443\\u0448\\u0456''''''}}, translation: ''''Scream of the soul'''')\n        is one of the most successful and popular [[Ukrainian rock]] bands of \\\"New\n        generation\\\". It was formed in 2007 in [[Rivne]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n== Current\n        members ==\\n{{BLP unsourced section|date=October 2015}}\\n# Ivan Luk''yanchuk\n        \\u2014 vocal (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Vasyl\\u02b9 Petrenko \\u2014 guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n#\n        Kostyantyn Kavylin \\u2014 bass (2007\\u2013present)\\n# Svyatoslav Rohashko\n        \\u2014 piano, synthesizers (2007\\u2013present)\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n# 2009 - \\\"[[Nenarodzhenyy]]\\\" (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        - Unborn)\\n# 2011 - \\\"[[People]]\\\" (\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 - People)\\n#\n        2012 - \\\"[[A svit tak i ne navchyvsya lyubyty...]]\\\" (\\u0410 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u0456 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438...)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com\n        Official Okean Elzy website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/KrykDushi YouTube]\\n*\n        [https://twitter.com/krykdushi Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 2007]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-13T20:48:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":696050589,\"length\":1770,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kryk_Dushi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryk_Dushi\"},\"12725712\":{\"pageid\":12725712,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-19T18:29:02Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = Krykhitka Tsakhes\\n| image           =\\n|\n        background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|\n        genre           = [[Rock music|rock]], [[trip hop]]\\n| years_active    =  \\t1997\\n|\n        website         = www.kryhitka.com.ua\\n| current_members = [[Oleksandra Koltsova]][[Mykola Matkovsky]]
[[Yevhen Matkovsky]]
[[Yuriy Yurchenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Krykhitka\n        Tsakhes'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0426\\u0430\\u0445\\u0435\\u0441}}) is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band formed in 1999\n        in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band is considered to perform rock and [[trip\n        hop]] music styles. In 2007 the band changed it name to Krykhitka.\\n\\n== Members\n        ==\\n\\n* Oleksandra \\\"Kasha Saltsova\\\" Koltsova - vocal, lyrics (1999\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Zlenko - drums (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Mykola Matkovsky - guitar\n        (2007\\u2013present), bass (1999\\u20132007)\\n\\n== Former members ==\\n\\n* Dmytro\n        \\\"Bass\\\" Mrachkovsky - bass (1997-1999, 2007)\\n* Mykhailo \\\"Mihon\\\" Hichan\n        - guitar (1999\\u20132007)\\n* Yevhen \\\"Jack\\\" Matkovsky - drums (1999\\u20132007)\\n*\n        Yuriy Yurchenko - sax, clarinet (1999)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n\\n* 2005 - ''''Na pershomu\n        mistsi'''' (''''\\u041d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0446\\u0456'''')\n        // COMP music/EMI.\\n* 2009 - ''''Rezept'''' (''''\\u0420\\u0435\\u0446\\u0435\\u043f\\u0442'''')\n        // Fast Perfect\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.kryhitka.com.ua Official\n        website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T01:46:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":663123877,\"length\":1433,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krykhitka_Tsakhes&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krykhitka_Tsakhes\"},\"23239721\":{\"pageid\":23239721,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Los\n        Colorados\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T01:28:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        Ukrainian band|the Argentinian formation|Los Colorados Formation|other uses|Colorado\n        (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = Los Colorados\\n| image               = Los Colorados-hotncold.jpg\\n|\n        caption             = ''''''''''Los Colorados'''''''''' performing their cover\n        of [[Katy Perry]]''s \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\"\\n| image_size          = 150px\\n|\n        background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = The Colorados\\n|\n        origin              = [[Ternopil]], {{flag|Ukraine}}\\n| instrument          =\n        [[guitar]], [[accordion]], [[bass guitar]], [[drums]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Polka music|polka]], [[Folk music|folk]]\\n| occupation          =\n        \\n| years_active        = 2006 - Present\\n| label               = \\n| associated_acts     =\n        \\n| website             = \\n| current_members     = \\nRuslan \\u201cPrystupnic\\u201d\n        Prystupa \\u2013 lead vocals, [[bayan (accordion)]]
\\nRostyslav \\u201cRoslyk\\u201d\n        Fook \\u2013 electric guitar, acoustic guitar, kazoo, backing vocals
\\nSerhiy\n        \\u201cMasyanya\\u201d Masyk \\u2013 bass guitar, upright bass, backing vocals\\nOleksandr\n        \\u201cLesyk\\u201d Drachuk \\u2013 drums, bass drum, percussion, backing vocals\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = [[guitar]], [[accordion]],\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[percussion]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''Los Colorados''''''''''\n        (from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''''The [[colorado potato beetle]]s'''',\n        also known as ''''The Colorados'''') is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band formed\n        in 2006 in [[Ternopil]]. The band play their own songs, but have also covered\n        several popular and folk songs. ''''Los Colorados'''' increased in prominence\n        after their cover of [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot n Cold]]\\\" grew popular\n        via online video websites. The band plays [[guitar]], [[bayan (accordion)|bayan]],\n        [[bass guitar]] and [[drums]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was formed in the\n        city of [[Ternopil]] in 2006 and originally performed their own songs. However,\n        their popularity came when they were invited to a local TV station to perform\n        live, where they played several songs, among them [[Katy Perry]]''s song \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\". The lead singer didn''t speak any English and learned the song\n        from a text transliterated into Ukrainian letters.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/entertainment/story/2009/06/090618_los_colorados_sp.shtml\n        BBC Ukrainian: Ternopil conquers the Internet] (Ukrainian)\\n\\nThe peak\n        of popularity occurred when their version of ''''Hot n Cold'''' was aired\n        on [[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]. The video posted on [[YouTube]] was viewed\n        more than 3 and a half million times and received generally positive reviews\n        because of its comic value and unusual interpretation. Katy Perry herself\n        described this version of her song as \\\"inspiring.\\\"[http://katyperryblog.tumblr.com/post/88968953/inspiring\n        Katy Perry''s blog]\\n\\nDuring their performances members of the group\n        present themselves as the \\\"boys from the village of Tetylkivtsi\\\", a real\n        village (population \\u2014 636), however, in reality most of the performers\n        come from the city of Ternopil.\\n\\n== Songs by ''''Los\n        Colorados'''' ==\\n*''''Haryachyi i kholodnyi'''' (\\u0413\\u0430\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439; cover of \\\"[[Hot\n        n Cold]]\\\" by [[Katy Perry]])\\n*''''Du Hast'''' (cover of \\\"[[Du Hast]]\\\"\n        by [[Rammstein]])\\n*''''Bayan, bayan'''' (\\u0411\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d, \\u0431\\u0430\\u044f\\u043d;\n        cover of ''''Gitar'''' by Peter Nalitch)\\n*''''Pamidory'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438)\\n*''''Kokhana''''\n        (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0445\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Korova zdokhla'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*''''Paskuda'''' (\\u041f\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430)\\n*''''Nenavyzhu\n        pianino'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0436\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e)\\n*''''Tyotya\n        Lyuba'''' (\\u0422\\u044c\\u043e\\u0442\\u044f \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0430)\\n*''''Rillya\n        v ilyuminatori'''' (\\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f \\u0432 \\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456)\\n*''''Rover\n        Ukrayina'''' (\\u0420\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430)\\n*''''Chorna\n        lyubov'''' (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432)\\n*''''Fihurka''''\n        (\\u0424\\u0456\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430)\\n*''''Ranetki'''' (\\u0420\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u043a\\u0438)\\n*''''Chempioni\n        lyubvi'''' (\\u0427\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0432\\u0438)\\n\\n==Move\n        It==\\n{{Infobox album \\n| Name       =\n        Move It\\n| Type       = studio\\n| Artist     = Los Colorados\\n| Cover      =\n        \\n| Alt        = \\n| Released   = {{Start date|2012|06|01|df=yes}}\\n| Recorded   =\n        Berlin, Germany\\n| Genre      = [[Polka]]\\n| Length     = {{Duration|m=37|s=58}}\\n|\n        Label      = [[Motor Music]]\\n| Producer   = \\n| Chronology = \\n| Last album\n        = \\n| This album = ''''''''''Move It'''''''''' 
(2012)\\n| Next album =\\n}}\\n\\n===Track\n        listing===\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       = \\n| headline        = \\n|\n        extra_column    = \\n| total_length    = 37:58\\n\\n| all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      =\n        \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   =\\n\\n|\n        title1          = [[Hot n Cold]]\\n| note1           = covering single by [[Katy\n        Perry]]\\n| length1         = 3:41\\n\\n| title2          = [[I Like to Move\n        It]]\\n| note2           = covering single by [[Reel 2 Real]]\\n| length2         =\n        2:46\\n\\n| title3          = [[Du hast]]\\n| note3           = covering single\n        by [[Rammstein]]\\n| length3         = 3:50\\n\\n| title4          = Indie Boy\\n|\n        length4         = 2:52\\n\\n| title5          = [[Be My Lover]]\\n| note5           =\n        covering single by [[La Bouche]]\\n| length5         = 3:47\\n\\n| title6          =\n        [[Tik Tok]]\\n| note6           = covering single by [[Kesha]]\\n| length6         =\n        2:49\\n\\n| title7          = [[Let It Be (song)|Let It Be]]\\n| note7           =\n        covering single by [[The Beatles]]\\n| length7         = 3:40\\n\\n| title8          =\n        Besame\\n| note8           = \\n| length8         = 3:15\\n\\n| title9          =\n        [[U Can''t Touch This]]\\n| note9           = covering single by [[MC Hammer]]\\n|\n        length9         = 2:37\\n\\n| title10         = [[I Love Rock ''n'' Roll]]\\n|\n        note10          = covering single by [[Joan Jett]]\\n| length10        = 2:40\\n\\n|\n        title11         = My Sweet Mila\\n| length11        = 3:00\\n\\n| title12         =\n        [[The Passenger (song)|The Passenger]]\\n| note12          = covering single\n        by [[Iggy Pop]]\\n| length12        = 3:01\\n}}\\n{{Track listing\\n| collapsed       =\n        yes\\n| headline        = iTunes bonus tracks\\n| extra_column    = \\n| total_length    =\\n\\n|\n        all_writing     = \\n| all_lyrics      = \\n| all_music       =\\n\\n| writing_credits\n        = \\n| lyrics_credits  = \\n| music_credits   = \\n| title13         = [[Sex\n        on Fire]]\\n| note13          = covering single by [[Kings of Leon]]\\n| length13        =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Los\n        Colorados}}\\n*[http://www.myspace.com/loscoloradosofficial Los Colorados on\n        myspace]\\n*[http://dp.tj/opinions/interview/391-los-colorados.html Los Colorados\n        interview]\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Los-Colorados/201074798688 Los\n        Colorados on facebook]\\n* {{Official website|http://www.loscolorados.info/}}\n        (Ukrainian, support English, German and Polish translation)\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1upZz3a-7iM\n        Hot & Cold music video]\\n*[http://twitter.com/LosColorados Los Colorados Twitter]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T06:13:29Z\",\"lastrevid\":751491687,\"length\":6907,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Colorados&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Colorados\"},\"43223123\":{\"pageid\":43223123,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Luk\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-09-20T11:16:48Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Luk\\n| image                = L\\u044ek - Ukrainian musical group1.jpg\\n| caption           =\n        Luk performs in Lviv, 2009\\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[acid jazz]],\n        [[Lounge music|lounge]], [[rock music|rock]]\\n| origin             = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u20132011\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| website                = [http://www.luk.com.ua/en\n        Luk]\\n| associated_acts    = [[Younnat]], [[5''Nizza]], [[SunSay]], [[Orkestr\n        Che]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       = Olha Gerasimova (vocal)
\n        Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)
 Serhiy Belmas (bass)
 Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)
\n        Oleksandr Kratinov\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Luk'''''' (stylised as ''''''L\\u044ek'''''')\n        was a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music band from [[Kharkiv]]. The band''s style\n        joins [[acid jazz]], [[Lounge music|lounge]] and [[rock music|rock]]. In their\n        texts musicians used mostly Ukrainian, Russian and French. \\n\\nLuk was formed\n        in 1999. The name was given accidentally without special meaning (''''\\u043b\\u044e\\u043a''''\n        means ''''manhole''''). After released four studio albums Luk declared its\n        break up in 2011.\\n\\nLuk collaborated with Kharkiv-based Ukrainian writer\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]]. Most of their Ukrainian-language songs were witten in lyrics\n        of Zhadan (in particular the first album ''''Tourist zone'''' is based on\n        Zhadan''s play \\\"Merry Christmas, Jesus Christ\\\"). Also Luk recorded a lot\n        of songs with [[5''Nizza]] member [[Andriy Zaporozhets]] (in particular the\n        second album is a result of collaboration with Zaporozhets). Their third album\n        contains two songs recorded with other 5''Nizza musician [[Serhiy Babkin]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Olha Gerasimova (vocal)\\n* Oleh Serdyuk (keyboards)\\n* Serhiy\n        Belmas (bass)\\n* Velentyn Panyuta (guitar)\\n* Oleksandr Kratinov (drums)\\n\\n==\n        Discography ==\\n;Albums\\n* ''''Tourist zone'''' (2002)\\n* ''''Lemon'''' (2004)\\n*\n        ''''Sex'''' (2005)\\n* ''''\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u044e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c''''\n        (Mamina Yunost, 2009)\\n\\n;Compilation\\n* ''''The Best of Luk'''' (2008)\\n\\n==\n        Links ==\\n* [http://www.luk.com.ua/en Official page] {{ru icon}} {{en icon}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1999\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Acid jazz ensembles]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-08T14:59:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":681919383,\"length\":2424,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luk_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(band)\"},\"12313611\":{\"pageid\":12313611,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mad\n        Heads XL\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-08-23T05:05:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{unreferenced|date=October 2012}}\\n{{advert|date=March 2014}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name                =\n        Mad Heads XL\\n| image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               = [[Ska]][[Punk rock|Punk]]
[[Folk music|Folk]]\\n| occupation          = \\n|\n        years_active        = [[2003 in music|2003]]\\n| label               = Comp\n        Music EMI\\n| associated_acts     = \\n| website                 = [http://www.madheads.kiev.ua\n        madheads.kiev.ua]\\n| current_members     = Vadym Krasnooky
Maxym Krasnooky
Vadym\n        Nikitan
Valeriy Chesnokov
Volodymyr Zyumchenko
Bohdan Humenyuk\\n|\n        past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mad Heads XL''''''\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] band from [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n\\n== History ==\\n\\n===Mad\n        Heads===\\nBand called [[Mad Heads]] was formed in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] by\n        Vadym Krasnooky. In Ukraine they enjoyed the status of a rock legend for many\n        years, with 4 studio albums, good press, frequent TV appearances and constant\n        live touring. They have also been acknowledged internationally, as a well-known\n        band in the [[psychobilly]] scene across the world and #1 of the genre in\n        the whole Eastern Europe.\\n\\nIt took time and a few line up changes before\n        Mad Heads became a band able to succeed with such a hard task, but since they\n        were ready there was nothing to stop them. Their debut album \\u201c''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\u201d\n        was out in 1996 on Crazy Love Records in Germany, while in [[Ukraine]] they\n        were already a well known band: seen on TV, heard on radio, talked about in\n        major press. They filmed a video to support their album, and it was actually\n        rotated on the channel of national importance.\\n\\nSoon after, Mad Heads started\n        to tour abroad. They appeared 4 times at Rock\\u2019n\\u2019Roll Jamboree in\n        [[Finland]], 3 times at [[Calella Psychobilly Meeting]] in Spain, they rocked\n        the halls of many festivals and clubs in Russia, Germany, United Kingdom,\n        [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]] and Italy. They\\u2019ve been invited to the United\n        States and only couldn\\u2019t make it because of some visa problems. They\n        played the same stage with the most of their favorite bands of the scene while\n        becoming  the heroes for many younger acts.\\n\\nThe debut album was followed\n        by \\u201c''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\u201d in 1998 and \\u201c''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\u201d\n        in 2002 (both out on Crazy Love Records) which brought the acknowledgment\n        for Mad Heads of being #1 band of the scene in Eastern Europe and with no\n        doubt an outstanding act of the 90s psychobilly generation. In [[Ukraine]],\n        they simply become a rock\\u2019n\\u2019roll legend, so they decided to do even\n        more for their local fans and in 2003 was released the album \\u201c''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]''\\u201d with all the songs in the mother languages\n        (the first 3 albums were in English). This record was out on local EMI licensee\n        Comp Music.\\n\\nIn 2004 the guys felt that their mission was complete. Their\n        music was changing throughout the years, and now they had to face the fact\n        that it didn\\u2019t fit psychobilly scene anymore. So they took it even further,\n        doubled the line up with 3-piece brass section and mixed up their older sounds\n        with [[ska]] [[Punk rock|punk]] and some Ukrainian folk. The new project called\n        ''''''Mad Heads XL'''''' became a smashing success in [[Ukraine]], so it was\n        decided to quit as a trio for an indeterminate period.\\n\\n===Mad Heads XL===\\nIn\n        the beginning of 2004, the new project Mad Heads XL was born. The line up\n        was doubled with the powerful brass section (trumpet, trombone, saxophone)\n        and the music drifted in the direction of [[ska]] with a touch of swing and\n        Ukrainian folk, becoming something that might come out of [[Manu Chao]], [[Brian\n        Setzer]] and [[Emir Kusturica]] jam session.\\n\\nIn March 2004 it was tested\n        in the best live music clubs of Kiev, in April it appeared on top Ukrainian\n        TV channels and in May the band came up the stage of the main Ukrainian music\n        festival Tavria Games to perform for some 75,000 people (there was also a\n        live broadcast on M1 \\u2013 the main Ukrainian music TV channel).  That show\n        brought the band to 9 more big open air stages in the next few months, with\n        the audience varied from 5,000 to 100,000 (Day of Youth on the main Kiev''s\n        square, [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]), proving that Mad Heads XL could really\n        entertain a huge audience. In September 2004 the band was invited to take\n        part in Djuice-Drive tour (sport palaces in the 6 biggest cities of Ukraine).\n        They were the only Ukrainian act on the bill with artists from Western Europe.\n        They also got busy playing in the clubs.\\n\\nThey were among the first bands\n        to support the people of Ukraine in the protest action, when the [[Orange\n        Revolution]] started. They canceled any commercial gigs and performed for\n        the people on now famous central square of Kiev Maidan Nezalezhnosti, giving\n        away their new song for the compilation \\\"Orange Songs of Ukrainian Revolution\\\"\n        which featured some of the best Ukrainian acts and artists, and the profit\n        of which had been transferred to the inhabitants of the protest camping. The\n        band never thought of any promotion back then, but there probably was: their\n        performance on Maidan was seen on CNN as well as on several European news\n        channels.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band was on the road again and played plenty open\n        air stages all over Ukraine. Mad Heads XL also appeared abroad, with a lot\n        of success, at Rock for People 2005 festival in Czech Republic, not to mention\n        a club tour of Russia.\\nIn September 2005 ZYX Music released maxi-CD \\u201cNadiya\n        Yea\\u201d in Germany, but the main events with this song were happening in\n        the homeland. The album \\u201cNadiya Yea\\u201d was released in the end of\n        October on Comp Music/EMI, so far in Ukraine only, soon proving to be among\n        the bestselling local releases of the year 2005. During 2004\\u20132005 years\n        the band had several line-up changes.\\n\\nBeyond Europe, Mad Heads XL have\n        performed at Ukrainian festivals in [[Toronto]], Canada in 2010, and [[Dauphin,\n        Manitoba]], in 2011.  Commanding a strong fan base in the [[Ukrainian-Canadian]]\n        community, they returned to Toronto again in January 2012 performing material\n        from their new album ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA'''' at a\n        zabava on one night and the \\\"Royal [[Malanka]]\\\" the following night. For\n        both events, Mad Heads XL were joined onstage by Ukrainian violinist Vasyl\n        Popadiuk (aka \\\"Papa Duke\\\"). Local Ukrainian-Canadian music groups, \\\"Zapovid\\\"\n        and \\\"Hudi a Mocni\\\" opened their shows.\\n\\n==Current members==\\n* Vadym Krasnooky\n        - vocal, guitar, songwriting (1991\\u2013present)\\n* Maxym Krasnooky - bass\n        (1996\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Nikitan - trumpet (2004\\u2013present)\\n* Valeriy\n        Chesnokov - trombone (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Volodymyr Zyumchenko - drums (2005\\u2013present)\\n\\n==\n        Former members ==\\n*Bohdan Ocheretyany - drums (1994\\u20132005)\\n*Maksym Kochetov\n        \\u2013 saxophone (2004\\u20132006)\\n*Anton Buryko \\u2013 trumpet (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Volodymyr\n        Pushkar \\u2013 trombone (2004\\u20132005)\\n*Bohdan Humenyuk - saxophone, flute\n        (2006\\u20132008)\\n\\n== Albums ==\\n''''''[[Mad Heads]]''''''\\n\\n*1996 - ''''[[Psycholula]]''''\\n*1998\n        - ''''[[Mad In Ukraine]]''''\\n*2002 - ''''[[Naked Flame]]''''\\n*2003 - ''''[[Contact\n        (Mad Heads album)|Contact]]'''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442)\\n\\n''''''Mad\n        Heads XL''''''\\n*2005 - ''''[[Nadiya Yea]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0404/The Hope Is Here)\\n*2007 - ''''[[Naykrascha Myt]]'''' - compilation  (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c/The Best Moment)\\n*2008 - ''''[[Forever (Mad Heads\n        XL album)|Forever]]''''\\n*2011 - ''''\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043dSKA''''\\n*2015\n        - ''''8''''\\n\\n==External links==\\n*{{official website|http://www.madheads.kiev.ua/}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-30T21:31:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":735799012,\"length\":7789,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Heads_XL&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Heads_XL\"},\"11223560\":{\"pageid\":11223560,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Mandry\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{Tone|date=December 2007}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name                = Mandry |\\n| image                 =\n        Mandry-2008.jpg|\\n| caption            = Mandry at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]],
[[Kiev]],\n        [[Ukraine]] August 24, 2008.|\\n| landscape           = yes|\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre               =\n        [[folk-rock]]\\n| years_active        = 1997–present |\\n| website                 =\n        http://www.mandrymusic.com\\n| current_members     = [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]]
[[Leonid Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]]
[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]]
[[Andriy Zanko]]
[[Salman\n        Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Mandry'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438}})\n        is a popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[blues]], [[ska]] band;\n        the band formed in 1998 in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. The band''s vocalist and\n        most recognizable member is [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]].\\n\\n==\n        Activity ==\\n{{Original research|section|date=February 2016}}Mandry were officially\n        formed in 1997 by the already well known singer-songwriter [[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]], who had made a name for himself in the Kyiv underground\n        music scene for his creative work with the group Den'' Vmyraye Rano (Day Dies\n        Early). At first they performed as a three-piece acoustic band, but after\n        a few band member change-overs a new sound was created which made Mandry the\n        spearheads of what is now known as \\\"folk music of the cities\\\". They performed\n        their first concert with this unique sound on 24 December 1997.\\n{{Advert|section|date=February\n        2016}}\\nIn contemporary Ukrainian youth culture the group hold an original\n        musical niche. Owing to the stylish diversity of their music and their unique\n        combination of traditional Ukrainian [[folk music]] with modern rhythms, elements\n        of city romance and French chansons with a good dose of [[reggae]], [[blues]],\n        [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Punk rock|punk]], they manage to captivate a varied\n        audience representing all age groups. The music of Mandry, in spite of being\n        a combination of various genres, is well crafted and artistically unique.\n        Their songs are full of imagery and have emotionally charged melodic patterns\n        making poetic lyrics understandable to people from all walks of life. Mandry''s\n        repertoire is still growing, expanding not only due to new songs being written\n        by the band members, but also by giving traditional folk songs a new interpretation.\\n\\nIn\n        October 1997 accordion player [[Leonid Bieley]] appeared on the scene and\n        his contribution to Foma''s songs enriched the melodies, as did a change in\n        percussionist. Salman joined the contingent of ''''mandrivnyky'''' (wanderers)\n        with a complete set of percussion instruments. At this time Mandry possibly\n        were the only Ukrainian band with a percussionist.\\n\\nIn the same month the\n        new line-up played a concert, but it wasn''t a very successful performance,\n        and as they were dissatisfied doubts arose as to whether the band should split\n        up. The director of Asteroid records came to the band''s rescue and offered\n        them their first contract and with his help the group continued.\\n\\nThe last\n        alteration in the group''s line-up occurred when Mandry invited drummer [[Andriy\n        Zanko]] and [[Serhiy Chehodayev]], who replaced [[Oleksandr Kokhanivsky]]\n        on bass, to join the band. As a result, the sound of the band changed quite\n        radically. Their music was enriched with contemporary rhythms and started\n        to include [[France|French]] melodic influences.\\n\\nIn the months that followed\n        the group recorded and released their first MC on the Asteroid label. It was\n        recorded in a hurry, and thus the quality of the album suffered. Over the\n        next year and a half, the material was being constantly reworked.\\n\\nIn August\n        1998 the band produced their first video for the song \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu\n        korolevu\\\", which quickly won the audience''s approval. In September 1998,\n        during the First All-Ukrainian Music Video Contest Mandry''s video was in\n        the top three, and director Anton Trofimov was also nominated for an award.\\n\\nThe\n        first EP of the group, which, apart from seven songs also contained the video\n        clip \\\"Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu\\\", the MC in [[MP3]] format, text information\n        in html and a photo gallery, was released in December 1998.\\n\\nThe same year\n        Mandry played in [[Lviv]], [[Dnipropetrivsk]], [[Kherson]], [[Donetsk]], [[Minsk]]\n        and their hometown Kyiv.\\n\\nIn January 1999 they filmed their second video\n        to their song \\\"Kartata Sorochka\\\" in Lviv, which was broadcast on the national\n        TV channel [[1+1 (channel)|1+1]].\\n\\nAll in all 1999 was a very busy year\n        for them with many concerts. In springtime they visited [[Budapest]], the\n        capital of [[Hungary]], to take part in a festival commemorating the 50th\n        anniversary of the [[European Union|EU]]. In summer they performed at \\\"[[Rock-Kyiv]]\\\",\n        \\\"PEPSI-SZIGET\\\" ([[Budapest]]) and \\\"[[Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk]]\\\" ([[Vitebsk]])\n        festivals. At the end of summer they started working on their video to the\n        song \\\"Rusalky\\\" ([[Mermaid]]s).\\n\\nIn April 2000 they released their first\n        full-length album ''''Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu'''' on Karavan Records\n        and their video to the song \\\"Rusalky\\\".\\n\\nIn June 2000 Mandry took part\n        in the International Festival of Ukrainian Culture which takes place in [[Sopot]],\n        [[Poland]]. In September they participated at Rock-Existence festival in Kyiv.\n        In November they released their EP ''''Rusalky'''' on Karavan Records.\\n\\nFrom\n        14 to 26 May 2001 Mandry had a tour across Poland. In two weeks'' time they\n        played 11 concerts in [[Wroc\\u0142aw]], [[Warsaw]], [[Krak\\u00f3w]], [[Szczecin]],\n        [[Gliwice]], [[Bia\\u0142ystok]], [[Olsztyn]], [[Sopot]] and [[Lublin]]. At\n        the beginning of November 2001 Creon Music, a [[France|French]] record label,\n        released a compilation called ''''Ukrainian Rock'''', which included a few\n        songs by Mandry.''''Eastern Folk, Poland Folk Encyclopedia, in Polish''''\\nIn\n        March 2002 the video to \\\"Dochka melnyka\\\" (Miller''s daughter) was shown\n        on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 19 May 2002 Mandry, together with other Ukrainian\n        groups and artists, played a concert at the Hippodrome, in [[London]]. The\n        show was part of the Festival of Ukrainian Culture in [[Great Britain]].\\n\\nAt\n        the end of September 2002 their first animated video to the song \\\"Orysya\\\"\n        was shown on Ukrainian television.\\n\\nOn 17 October 2002, their second album,\n        ''''Legenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku'''', was released in Ukraine on the [[Lavina\n        Music]] record label.\\n\\nOn 17 May 2003, the band took part in the International\n        festival \\\"The Day of United Europe\\\" in Kyiv. At the end of August 2003 Mandry\n        started shooting the video for \\\"Vitre Tsyhane\\\" (Gypsy Wind), which was the\n        first one to be shown on the all-Ukrainian [[M1 music channel]] that October.\\n\\n2004\n        saw Mandry tour extensively in [[Ukraine]] to support [[Viktor Yushchenko]]''s\n        campaign to become the next president of Ukraine. They played to a varied\n        audience and in parts of Ukraine where they were completely unknown to their\n        audience.\\n\\nDuring the protests that followed after the disputed election\n        results at the end of 2004, Mandry were one of many bands who appeared on\n        stage in [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] (Independence Square) in Kyiv to keep the\n        [[Orange Revolution]] protesters entertained.\\n\\nIn 2005 the band recorded\n        their latest album ''''Doroha'''', which was released in February 2006. At\n        that time they often took part in folk festivals and concerts in Ukraine and\n        neighbouring countries.''''Kulturalna Warszawa'''' (Cultural Warsaw),\n        2005, in Polish\\n\\nIn March 2006 they filmed a new video to their song\n        \\\"Ne spy moya ridna zemlya\\\" (Don''t sleep my native land), a clip with imagery\n        depicting Ukraine''s history and its heroes, bringing it right up to date\n        with the Orange Revolution.\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n*[[Serhiy Fomenko|Serhiy\n        \\\"Foma\\\" Fomenko]] - main vocals, guitar, sopilka (tin whistle)\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bieley|Leonid \\\"Lyonya\\\" Bieley]] - accordion, synthesizer, backing vocals\\n*[[Serhiy\n        Chehodayev|Serhiy \\\"Chizh\\\" Chehodayev]] - bass, backing vocals\\n*[[Andriy\n        Zanko]] - drums, backing vocals\\n*[[Salman Salmanov Mamed-Ohly]] - percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1998 - \\u00ab[[Mandry\n        (album)|Mandry]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438)\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Rusalky\n        (album)|Rusalky]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u043a\\u0438)\\n\\n===\n        Albums ===\\n* 2000 - \\u00ab[[Romansero pro nizhnu korolevu (album)|Romansero\n        pro nizhnu korolevu]]\\u00bb (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0432\\u0443)\n        (re-released in 2002)\\n* 2002 - \\u00ab[[Lehenda pro Ivanka ta Odarku (album)|Lehenda\n        pro Ivanka ta Odarku]]\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0443)\\n*\n        2006 - \\u00ab[[Doroha (album)|Doroha]]\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430)\\n\\n===\n        Live albums ===\\n* 2007 - \\u00ab[[Mandry u Krayini Mriy (album)|Mandry u Krayini\n        Mriy]]\\u00bb (\\u041c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0443 \\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.mandrymusic.com/\n        Official Mandry website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T16:39:50Z\",\"lastrevid\":798927015,\"length\":9059,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandry&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandry\"},\"35030786\":{\"pageid\":35030786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Marakesh\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name               = Marakesh\\n|image=Marakesh.jpg\\n|caption=Marakesh\n        live in 2011\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| alias              =\n        \\n| origin             = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]]
[[Indie rock]]
[[Electronic rock]]\\n| years_active       =\n        {{Start date|2006}}\\u2013present\\n| label              = \\n| website            =\n        {{URL|www.marakeshmusic.com/}}\\n| current_members    = Mark Gritsenko
Christoph\n        Hadl Hassel
Rich Millin
Daria Chepel\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Marakesh''''''\n        ({{lang-ua|\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0448}}) are a rock band from\n        [[Kiev]], Ukraine, formed in 2006. Their music is influenced by 90s [[alternative\n        rock]], combining rock with electronica and charismatic vocals.\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        song Jdat ({{lang-ru|\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c}}) appeared in the [[GTA\n        4|Grand Theft Auto IV]] video-game soundtrack, resulting in hundreds of thousands\n        official views of its music video on YouTube.[http://www.rockstargames.com/IV/#?page=music&content=vladivostok\n        - Vladivostok FM track listing on GTA 4 official website][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9253G7_Ct8 - Jdat music video\n        on YouTube] The band is currently based in Berlin.[http://marakeshmusic.com/]\\n\\n==History==\\nMarakesh\\u2019s\n        debut album ''''Androgyny'''' was released in 2006. It represented fully electronic\n        sound due to being recorded by lead singer Mark Gritsenko alone, before the\n        band\\u2019s line up was formed.[http://www.zvuki.ru/R/P/15785\n        - Zvuki.ru album review]\\n \\nIn 2007 after releasing several successful\n        music videos, Marakesh went on an extensive tour from March to December that\n        year.[http://marakeshband.eu/tour - Tour archive]\n        {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203015814/http://marakeshband.eu/tour\n        |date=2012-02-03 }} They performed mainly in Russia, where they were\n        supported by alternative TV channels[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5UJRAxaNuA\n        - A-One TV interview] and press such as Billboard,[http://billboard.ru.msn.com/reviews/review.aspx?cp-documentid=155402713\n        - Billboard review]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }}[http://petrovka.ua/product.php?code=68620\n        - Billboard issue including Marakesh interview] while only relying on\n        a word of mouth in their homeland. However numbers of shows in Ukraine grew\n        in the next years.\\n\\nTheir second full-length album ''''M'''' was released\n        in December 2008 after being postponed for more than a year because of a dispute\n        with their then-label.[http://www.farfrommoscow.com/articles/marakesh-m.html\n        - Far From Moscow album review]\\n\\nIn 2009 Marakesh extended to open\n        air festivals and came to Europe for the first time. In the summer they appeared\n        at Ukrainian selection for MTV EMA,[http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        - MTV EMA gallery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503005144/http://fadiez.com.ua/gallery/a-berlin-my-taky-muzanuly-mtv-ema-2009-1/\n        |date=2010-05-03 }} Russian festival Okna Otkroy[[:ru:\\u041e\\u043a\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439!|-\n        Okna Otkroy line up]] and Hungarian ICWiP.[http://www.lastfm.ru/festival/1140651+ICWiP+-+International+Culure+Week+in+P\\u00e9cs\n        - ICWiP line up]\\n\\nThe band went on their first European tour for 1\n        month in April\\u2013May 2010, playing in Baltics, Poland, Germany and Hungary.\n        Later that year the band was chosen by Placebo as an opening act for their\n        show in Kiev.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suZxAl30PLU\n        - Enter TV interview] In December 2010 Marakesh released their first\n        fully English-speaking EP \\u201cTaste Me\\u201d, recorded in Budapest. Taste\n        Me Tour saw a number of shows in Ukraine, Russia, Hungary and Germany.\\n\\nIn\n        2011 the band started composing their third LP, which was planned to be released\n        later in 2012.\\n\\nIn spring 2012, the band moved to Berlin. In September 2012,\n        Marakesh announced they have started a new band Four Phonica, which comprises\n        all Marakesh members and the lead singer of side project Sexinspace, Daria.\n        In January 2013, Four Phonica released the first single Divine, available\n        for download on the band''s official website.[https://archive.is/20130213070907/http://marakeshband.eu/news/marakesh-sexinspace-four-phonica-2\n        - Marakesh + Sexinspace = Four Phonica] Single was followed up by a\n        music video in March 2013. In February 2014, Four Phonica released their second\n        music video Sabotage.[tube.com/watch?v=rdOFcDHs91U\n        - Four Phonica - Sabotage music video] Their debut self-titled EP was\n        released on February 28, 2014.[http://fourphonica.com/news/ep-release/\n        - Four Phonica announce the debut EP]\\n\\nIn summer 2014, Four Phonica\n        revealed that they are composing their debut LP and that the news about the\n        album and single releases are awaited this year.[http://fourphonica.com/news/four-phonica-composing-debut-lp/ -\n        Four Phonica composing debut LP]\\n\\nIn August 2014, Four Phonica were\n        chosen from over 350 applicants as one of 9 bands to participate in Berliner\n        Pilsner Music Award.[http://fourphonica.com/news/berliner-pilsner-music-award/\n        - Berliner Pilsner Music Award 2014]\\n\\nIn September 2014, Marakesh''s\n        first EP Den Svyatogo Valentina (2007) and a second full length M (2008),\n        which were previously released only in Ukraine and Russia, became available\n        worldwide on iTunes[https://itunes.apple.com/artist/marakesh/id279455367\n        - Marakesh on iTunes] and Bandcamp,[https://marakesh.bandcamp.com\n        - Marakesh on Bandcamp] including one of their most well known songs\n        Jdat from the Grand Theft Auto IV video-game soundtrack.\\n\\nIn November 2014,\n        Four Phonica launched a musical crowdsourcing campaign #Songblitz. In one\n        month time, the band created and released a cover of The Smiths'' There Is\n        a Light That Never Goes Out entirely made of musical, vocal and video contributions\n        from fans.[http://www.songblitz.com - Songblitz]{{dead\n        link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\nIn\n        autumn of 2015 Marakesh have returned with new single Run. Run was followed\n        up by another single Cold Call released on 12 February 2016. On November 1st\n        2016, Marakesh premiered an official music video for Cold Call on their YouTube\n        channel. Directed by Alex Barsuk and art directed by Daria Chepel, it was\n        shot at Turmwerk Studios, former headquarters of [[IAMX]] and a working space\n        for such artists as Noblesse Oblige and producer [[Jim Abbiss]] among others.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJuOM_nicP8\n        - Marakesh - Cold Call (Official Video)]\\n\\nIn December 2016, Marakesh announced they will release 3 new\n        singles throughout winter starting with Hand Grenade on 8 December 2016. It\n        was followed by Mr. Correspondent in January 2017, along with a new EP 199X\n        available only on band''s Patreon page for one month before an official release.\n        The 6-track EP was released on all other platforms on 22 February 2017 in\n        Standard and Deluxe versions.\\n\\nIn March 2017, Marakesh premiered a lyric\n        video for their first single in Russian in 7 years, Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t\n        Love).\\n\\n==Band members==\\nCurrent members\\n*Mark Gritsenko \\u2013 vocals,\n        guitars, keyboards\\n*Alexander Petrovsky \\u2013 bass, keyboards\\n*Valery Derevyansky\n        \\u2013 drums\\n*Christoph Hadl Hassel \\u2013 bass, mixing, production\\nLive\n        members\\n*Herman Gritsenko - keyboards\\n*Rich Millin \\u2013 drums\\n*Daria\n        Chepel \\u2013 art direction\\nFormer members\\n*Valery Popovich \\u2013\n        guitars\\n*Dmitry Kvyatkovsky \\u2013 guitars\\n*Igor Kievets \\u2013\n        bass\\n\\n==Discography==\\nas Marakesh:\\n*''''Androgyny'''' (LP) (2006)\\n*''''Den\n        Svyatogo Valentina (English: Saint Valentine''s Day)'''' (EP) (2007)\\n*''''M''''\n        (LP) (2008)\\n*''''Taste Me'''' (EP) (2010)\\n*''''My Favorite Song'''' (single)\n        (2011)\\n*''''199X'''' (EP) (2017)\\n*''''Ne Lyubi (English: Don''t Love)''''\n        (single) (2017)\\nas Four Phonica:\\n*''''Divine'''' (single) (2013)\\n*''''Sabotage''''\n        (single) (2014)\\n*''''Four Phonica'''' (EP) (2014)\\n*''''There Is a Light\n        That Never Goes Out'''' (single) (2014)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{Official website|www.marakeshband.eu|Marakesh}}\\n* {{Official\n        website|www.fourphonica.com|Four Phonica}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:26:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":797218590,\"length\":8933,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marakesh_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakesh_(band)\"},\"48048659\":{\"pageid\":48048659,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"O.Torvald\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-14T17:58:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name            = O.Torvald
\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434\\n|\n        image           = O.Torvald. Eurovision Song Contest 2017, Semi Final 2 Rehearsals.\n        Photo 294.jpg\\n| logo            =\\n| caption         = \\n| image_size      =\\n|\n        landscape       = Yes\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n| origin          =\n        [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre           = {{Hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[alternative\n        rock]]|[[alternative metal]]|[[nu metal]]}}\\n| years_active    = 2005\\u2013present\\n|\n        label           =  [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n| associated_acts\n        = \\n| website         = [http://o-torvald.com/ o-torvald.com]\\n| current_members\n        = [[Yevhen Halych]]
Denys Myzyuk
Mykola Rayda
Oleksandr Solokha
Mykyta\n        Vasyl\\u02b9yev\\n| past_members    = Oleksandr Nechyporenko
Andriy Lytvynok
Ihor\n        Odaryuk
Volodymyr Yakovlev\\n}}\\n\\n''''''O.Torvald'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0434''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian rock band. It was formed in 2005 in [[Poltava]], [[Ukraine]].\n        Its debut album O.Torvald was recorded in 2008. O.Torvald took part in festivals\n        such as GBOB, [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]], Tavria games, Prosto\n        Rock (with [[Linkin Park]] and [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]]), [[Zakhid]], Krashche\n        Misto UA (with [[Evanescence]] and [[The Rasmus]]), Ekolomyja and Global Gathering.\n        They represented [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017|Ukraine]] in\n        the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] with the song \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\n        finishing in 24th place.{{cite web|url=http://wiwibloggs.com/2017/02/25/ukraine-will-sing-eurovision-2017/177369/|title=UKRAINE:\n        O.Torvald will sing \\\"Time\\\" at Eurovision 2017|date=25 February 2017|publisher=Wiwibloggs|website=wiwibloggs.com|last=Vasilyev|first=Mikhail}}\\n\\n==Members==\\n*\n        [[Yevhen Halych]] \\u2013 vocals, guitar (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Denys Myzyuk\n        \\u2013 guitar, backing vocals (2005\\u2013present)\\n* Oleksandr Solokha \\u2013\n        drums (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Mykyta Vasyl\\u02b9yev \\u2013 bass (2014\\u2013present)\\n*\n        Mykola Rayda \\u2013 piano, DJ (2008\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n===Studio\n        albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:10em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:O.Torvald (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|O.Torvald]]''''\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2008\\n* Label: Yenisey Group\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456|\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456]]''''
(''''In you'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2011\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442 (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442]]''''
(''''Primate'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404|\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404]]''
(''''You are'''')\\n| \\n* Released: November\n        2014\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] \\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''[[:uk:\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438|#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438]]''''
(''''#ourpeopleareeverywhere'''')\\n| \\n* Released:\n        1 September 2016\\n* Label: Mickey Sound\\n* Format: Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Extended\n        plays===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"|\n        Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0412\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441''''
(''''Use Us'''')\\n|\n        \\n* Released: 2012\\n* Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format:\n        Digital download, CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Other albums===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:11em;\\\"| Title\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width:16em;\\\"| Details\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| ''''\\u0410\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''
(''''Acoustic'''')\\n| \\n* Released: 2012\\n*\n        Label: [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* Format: Digital download,\n        CD\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n===Singles===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:14em;\\\"| Title\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width:1em;\\\"| Year\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\"| Peak\n        chart positions\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| Album\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        style=\\\"width:3em;font-size:85%;\\\"| [[Tophit|RUS]]
{{cite\n        web|url=https://tophit.ru/ru/search?str=O.Torvald|title=Search > O.Torvald|publisher=tophit.ru|work=[[Tophit]]}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\\\"\\n| 2008\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"3\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0435\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438|\\u041d\\u0435 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438]]\\\"\\n|\n        2009\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0423\\u0419\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2010\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[:uk:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439|\\u041a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439]]\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0412 \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454|\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454]]\\\"\\n|\n        2011\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\\"\\n|\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2012\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mr. DJ\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2014\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''\\u0422\\u0438 \\u0404''''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"|\n        \\\"\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438 \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e\\\"\\n| rowspan=\\\"5\\\"|\n        2016\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 \\u0414\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0438\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0447\\u044c\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\\"\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| ''''#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"#\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448i\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\\"\\n|\n        189\\n|-\\n! scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"\\u0422\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0443\\u0445 \\u2014\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0438\\u0435\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e \\u0431\\u043e\\u044e OST''''\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"Mama\\\"\\n| \\u2014\\n| rowspan=\\\"2\\\" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}\\n|-\\n!\n        scope=\\\"row\\\"| \\\"[[Time (O.Torvald song)|Time]]\\\"\\n| 2017\\n| 188\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"20\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center; font-size:85%;\\\"| \\\"\\u2014\\\" denotes a single that\n        did not chart or was not released.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://o-torvald.com/ O.Torvald website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/OTORVALDband/featured\n        YouTube]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/OTorvald/ Facebook]\\n\\n{{S-start}}\\n{{s-ach}}\\n{{Succession\n        box|\\n| before=[[Jamala]]
with \\\"[[1944 (song)|1944]]\\\"\\n| title=[[Ukraine\n        in the Eurovision Song Contest]]\\n| years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 2017|2017]]\\n|\n        after=''''Incumbent''''\\n}}\\n{{S-end}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine in the Eurovision Song\n        Contest |state=autocollapse}}\\n{{Eurovision Song Contest 2017 |state=autocollapse}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 2005]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:English-language singers of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Eurovision Song Contest entrants]]\\n[[Category:Eurovision\n        Song Contest entrants of 2017]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T19:39:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":780377284,\"length\":6581,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O.Torvald&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Torvald\"},\"26307708\":{\"pageid\":26307708,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Obiymy\n        Doshchu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-26T06:43:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Obiymy Doshchu
\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\\n|image              = Obiymy_doschu-2006.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Obiymy Doshchu (in 2006 lineup)\\n|image_size         = 300 \\n|landscape        =\n        Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[symphonic rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        2004\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Nash Format]] (Ukraine)\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://rain.in.ua\\n|current_members  = Volodymyr\n        Agafonkin 
 Oleksiy Katruk 
 Mykola Kryvonos 
 Serhiy Dumler 
\n        Maria Kurbatova 
 Olena Nesterovska\\n|past_members = Andriy Demyanenko|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Obiymy\n        Doshchu'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Rain''s Embrace'''') is a [[Ukrainian rock]] band that describes\n        its [[music genre]] as a [[Lyric poetry|lyrical]], autumnal [[rock music]]\n        with [[progressive rock]], [[Neoclassical (New Age)|neoclassic]] and [[doom\n        metal]] influences. \\n\\nThey have released their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]]\n        in Autumn 2009 which reviewers called \\u201c''''an outstanding result in the\n        genre''''\\u201d but also \\u201c''''monotonous, with intentionally limited\n        emotional palette''''\\u201d,[http://www.nneformat.ru/reviews/?id=5459\n        Nash Neformat music magazine] (in Russian) \\u201c''''expressing the\n        same mood in every track''''\\u201d but \\u201c''''nevertheless one of the most\n        impressive and inspired releases in a long time''''\\u201d,[http://www.darkside.ru/album/21523/\n        Darkside webzine reviews] (in Russian) \\u201c''''a new approach to creative\n        work in many ways''''\\u201d[http://rock.kiev.ua/arhiv/2009/287/ Kiev\n        Rock Club webzine] (in Ukrainian) and \\u201c''''a phenomenon worth attention\n        of all fans of twilight lyricism''''\\u201d.[http://umka.com.ua/eng/catalogue/gothic/obiymy-doschu-elehia.html\n        Umka CD-store]\\n\\n== Biography ==\\n=== 2004\\u20142006 ===\\n''''''(band\n        formation, first recordings)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu was started as a one-man\n        project in 2004 as a result of Volodymyr''s interest in writing music, singing\n        and playing an [[acoustic guitar]]. His friend Oleksiy became involved in\n        the project and helped Volodymyr record his first [[Demo (music)|demo]], and\n        the demo in turn inspired his university mate Mykola to make a [[music video|video]]\n        for one of the songs (''''Mertve Derevo I Viter'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyI5xzROaB8\n        Mertve Derevo I Viter video on YouTube] \\n\\nIn spring 2006 Volodymyr\n        forms the [[Band (music)|band]] with Oleksiy on the [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        and Mykola on the [[bass guitar]]. In this lineup the band makes its first\n        live performance in [[Kiev]]. \\n\\nIn Autumn, Oleksiy replaces [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        with [[electric guitar]] and Andriy Demyanenko joins the band as a [[Keyboard\n        instrument|keyboards]] player. The band continues to create new songs and\n        occasionally perform live. During this time, Oleksiy finishes the second video\n        of the band (for the song ''''Zorenko Moya'''').[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eKRMg76vGg\n        Zorenko Moya video on YouTube] At the end of the year, Obiymy Doshchu\n        record their second demo with 6 songs.\\n\\n=== 2007\\u20142008 ===\\n''''''(line-up\n        complete, live activities)''''''\\n\\nIn 2007, the band finally finds a [[drums|drummer]]\n        - Serhiy Dumler. The same year Maria joins the band as a [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]\n        player to replace Andriy Demyanenko. \\n\\nHaving a complete line-up, the bands\n        starts to actively perform live in 2008, plays at many [[music festival|festivals]]\n        and other places among [[Ukraine]]. It also makes its third recording in the\n        [[recording studio|studio]], ''''Pid Khmaramy'''', to prepare itself for the\n        upcoming recording of an ambitions debut album.\\n\\n=== 2009 ===\\n''''''(debut\n        album, first solo concert, present)''''''\\n\\nObiymy Doshchu have finally released\n        their debut album [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] on August 29, 2009 as a free download\n        on their website.[http://rain.in.ua/en.html Elehia album download page\n        on the official website] The album contains 8 songs and represents a\n        certain summary of the band''s activities since its formation. It is a [[concept\n        album|conceptual]] album with a single story. It also has rich [[String section|string\n        arrangements]] and contains many contributions from guest musicians.\\n\\nThe\n        band played its first big solo concert in [[Kyiv]] on October 22, 2009. This day can also\n        be considered as the official day of violist Olena Nesterovska joining the\n        band as a permanent member.\\n\\nOn December 10, the band released a new 2-song\n        single ''''Svitanok'''' and a video for one of the songs directed by Mykola\n        Kryvonos.[http://rain.in.ua/svitanok/en.html Svitanok single and video\n        download]\\n\\nCurrently the band is writing the material for its second\n        album expected to come in Spring 2012 and performing live around [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n=== Current members ===\\n* Volodymyr Agafonkin \\u2014 [[vocals]],\n        [[acoustic guitar]] (2004\\u2014present)\\n* Oleksiy Katruk \\u2014 [[electric\n        guitar]] (2006\\u2014present), [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2005\\u20142006)\\n*\n        Mykola Kryvonos \\u2014 [[bass guitar]], [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]\n        (2006\\u2014present)\\n* Serhiy Dumler \\u2014 [[drums]], [[percussion]] (2006\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Maria Kurbatova \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2007\\u2014present)\\n*\n        Olena Nesterovska \\u2014 [[viola]] (2009\\u2014present)\\n\\n=== Guest members\n        ===\\n* Hanna Kryvonos \\u2014 [[backing vocals]]\\n* Yana Shakirzhanova \\u2014\n        [[violin]]\\n\\nGuest members occasionally perform live with the band and take\n        part in studio recordings.\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Andriy Demyanenko\n        \\u2014 [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] (2006\\u20142007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n=== Studio albums ===\\n# 2009 \\u2014 [[Elehia (album)|Elehia]] (\\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f)\\n\\n===\n        Singles ===\\n# 2010 \\u2014 [[Svitanok (single)|Svitanok]] (\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a)\\n\\n==\n        Videos ==\\n# 2005 \\u2014 Mertve Derevo I Viter (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n#\n        2006 \\u2014 Zorenko Moya (director: Oleksiy Katruk)\\n# 2010 \\u2014 Svitanok\n        (director: Mykola Kryvonos)\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* [http://rain.in.ua/en.html Official Elehia album download page]\\n*\n        [http://myspace.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on MySpace]\\n* [http://facebook.com/pages/Obiymy-Doschu/308519798211\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Facebook]\\n* [http://last.fm/music/\\u041e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0439\\u043c\\u0438+\\u0414\\u043e\\u0449\\u0443\n        Obiymy Doshchu on Last.fm]\\n* {{Official website|http://rain.in.ua/index.php}}\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n* [http://twitter.com/obiymydoschu Obiymy Doshchu on Twitter]\n        (in Ukrainian)\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T16:30:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":751521445,\"length\":6706,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obiymy_Doshchu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiymy_Doshchu\"},\"2004786\":{\"pageid\":2004786,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Okean\n        Elzy\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name             = Okean Elzy
\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\n|image              = Okean elzy moscow 11-02-2012\n        nazipov1.jpg\\n|logo=PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png\\n|caption         =\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 - Okean Elzy\\n|image_size         =\n        300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       = group_or_band\\n|origin           =\n        [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            = [[Rock music|Rock]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]
[[COMP\n        music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[Lavina Music]] 
 [[Nova records]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.okeanelzy.com\\n|current_members  = [[Svyatoslav\n        Vakarchuk]] 
 [[Vladimir Opsenica]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c][http://tabloid.pravda.com.ua/news/5166b4f834649/\n        \\u0417 \\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0448\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442]\n        
 [[Denys Dudko]] 
 [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] 
[[Denys Hlinin]]|\\n|past_members\n        = [[Pavlo Gudimov]] 
 [[Yuriy Khustochka]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Shurov]] 
 [[Petro Cherniavsky]][http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/13358\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u0433\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c]|\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Okean\n        Elzy'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] bands. It was formed in 1994 in [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]].\n        The band''s vocalist and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]].[http://dzyga.com.ua/E/interv_01/vakarchu.htm  \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u0404\\u00bb \\u2014 \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u0412\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a\n        (\\u00ab\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\u00bb),\n        \\u0432\\u0436\\u0435 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u043b\\u0430\\u0448\\u0442\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] Okean\n        Elzy is one of the best-loved Ukrainian rock bands not only in Ukraine but\n        also in most [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April\n        2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ Magazine music awards for \\\"Best rock act\\\".[http://ua.korrespondent.net/showbiz/music/1542312-okean-elzi-ogolosili-nazvu-i-datu-relizu-novogo-albomu\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442:]\n        \\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438 \\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u0443\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\n\\n=== 1994\\u20131999 ===\\nThe band Okean Elzy was founded in 1994\n        by four young men from [[Lviv]]; who were former members of the band Klan\n        Tyshi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0442\\u0438\\u0448\\u0456}}, translation:\n        ''''Clan of Silence'''') which was founded in 1991.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013) The original line-up featured a lead vocal, lead guitar, bass\n        guitar and drums. Throughout 1994 the band spent their time rehearsing.\\n\\nTheir\n        first concert took place in front of the [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet|Lviv\n        Opera Theatre]] on 14 January 1995. Shortly after that appearance they released\n        a demo tape called ''DEMO 94-95''. In 1995 they also  participated for the\n        first time in the two biggest (at the time) Ukrainian music festivals - [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] and [[Melodiya (festival)|Melodiya]], also\n        participated in ''''Is'''', a personal project of Lviv musician [[Oleg Sook]],\n        performed the song Long time ago.[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/people/pavlo-gudimov-talks-about-life-away-from-okean-elzy-319326.html\n        Pavlo Gudimov talks about life away from Okean Elzy], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 January\n        2013)\\n\\nIn 1996 the band establish themselves on the festival circuit\n        in Ukraine and beyond. Okean Elzy participated at Sribna Pidkova Festival,\n        Alternative 2, Perlyny Sezonu, Tavriyski Ihry, Trust Open Air Gernsbach (Germany),\n        Trash 96, and R.F.I. 96 (France).\\n\\nIn 1996 Okean Elzy also held their first\n        concert outside Lviv. Their first appearance in the capital [[Kiev]] took\n        place in 1996 where they supported [[Deep Purple]]. In November\\u2013December\n        of that year they recorded and released the group''s first maxi-single ''''Budynok\n        zi skla'''' (\\\"House of glass\\\"). Shortly afterwards the first movie about\n        the group was made by TV Channel [[TET (TV channel)|TET]] and was broadcast\n        nationally.\\n\\n1997 saw tours in the south of France and in the west of Germany.\n        Back to Ukraine they held a concert in their hometown of Lviv, drawing massive\n        crowds.\\n\\nThe band''s big break came in 1998, when they made the decision\n        to move to Kiev. There they started working on their first album ''''[[Tam,\n        de nas nema]]'''' (\\\"There, where we are not\\\"). The group''s first music\n        video was recorded for the song \\\"Tam, de nas nema\\\". This video was the first\n        piece of modern [[Ukrainian music]] to make its mark on [[MTV Russia]], as\n        well as France''s [[MCM (TV channel)|MCM]] Channel.\\n\\nAt the very beginning\n        of 1999, Okean Elzy started working on their second album ''''Ya na nebi buv''''\n        (\\\"I was in the sky\\\"). In May the group decided to try to expand their fan\n        base into Russia. Their first concert was at the festival [[Maxidrom]]. There\n        were thousands of people there who already knew their songs, with many singing\n        along.\\n\\nOn 16 September they played a solo concert at the MCM Cafe in [[Paris]].\\n\\n===\n        2000\\u20132004 ===\\nIn 2000 exactly one year after they started working on\n        ''''Ya na nebi buv'''' the album was released.\\n\\nOn 5 February Okean Elzy\n        held a solo concert at legendary [[London Astoria|Astoria Club]] ([[London]]).\n        In March the keyboard player joined the band.\\n\\nIn 2001 Okean Elzy became\n        new face of [[Pepsi Cola]] in Ukraine as the new millennium dawned. They have\n        released their third album ''''Model''''. They started a big tour around Ukraine\n        called \\\"Ask For More\\\". In August they started working on their fourth album\n        - ''''[[Supersymetriya]]'''' (\\\"Supersymmetry\\\"). The album was eventually\n        released in 2003 and immediately the group embarked on their biggest tour\n        ever.\\n\\nAt the end of 2003 [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] as the frontman of the\n        band became an official Ambassador of Ukrainian Culture.\\n\\nIn 2004 [[Denys\n        Dudko]] (one of the best [[jazz]] bass players in Ukraine) and [[Milo\\u0161\n        Jeli\\u0107]] (composer from [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]]) joined the band.\\n\\nDuring\n        the \\\"[[Orange Revolution]]\\\" Okean Elzy actively supported the democratic\n        changes which the population were demanding, with Slava emerging as a figurehead\n        of the revolution.\\n\\n=== 2005\\u2013present ===\\n[[File:PNG OE 2013 \\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044b\\u0439.png|thumbnail|Logo\n        of the band]]\\nIn 2005 [[Petro Cherniavsky]]  joined the band.\\n\\nOn September\n        22, 2005, Okean Elzy released their new album ''''[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|GLORIA]]''''.\n        After that the band went on tour (30 cities in Ukraine and 10 in Russia) with\n        audio crew Sergey Kamenev, Alexandr Kostin, [[Yurii Barybin]] and Vyacheslav\n        Lavrinenko.\\n\\nIn September 2005, Vakarchuk became UN''s [[Goodwill Ambassador|Ambassador\n        of Good Will]]. Also, in September Okean Elzy started joint campaign with\n        [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]] and [[MTV Europe Foundation]]\n        \\u2013 fighting human trafficking. Svyatoslav Vakarchuk as UN''s Ambassador\n        of Goodwill during 2006 year had different meetings with students at Ukrainian\n        and Poland universities. Now Vakarchuk provides a huge social project running\n        to propagate reading as a natural process. The general idea of this project\n        is to draw the attention of young people to books and help fight illiteracy.\\n\\nIn\n        November 2006, Okean Elzy visited [[Kosovo]], where musicians had a concert\n        for [[peace makers]] from Ukraine, [[Poland]], Germany, United States and\n        other countries, which include international contingent of peace makers.\\n\\nDuring\n        the Football World Cup 2006 in Germany Okean Elzy actively supported the Ukrainian\n        national team and cheered the fans with their songs. The last song of the\n        band called ''''Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly...'''' (\\\"Oh, brother, merry\n        times came...\\\") as always made a huge splash in Ukraine. The song and the\n        video were released as a single and all money profited would be donated to\n        the child care center treating [[AIDS]]. Charity activities play a major role\n        in OE''s life.\\n\\nIn April 2006 OE went on tour, which includes [[Chicago]],\n        [[New York City]] and [[Toronto]], where thousands sang along their songs.\\n\\nOn\n        April 25, 2007, Okean Elzy released a new album ''''Mira'''' (\\\"Measure\\\").\n        After that the band went on a huge nationwide tour. During the month they\n        held tremendous concerts in 27 Ukrainian cities. The outstanding feature about\n        ''''Mira'''' was that all the concerts were held at large cities, mostly stadiums\n        and sports palaces. The concerts were attended by more than 120,000 fans,\n        which has become a record for the group. For the two Kiev concerts the attendance\n        was about 24,000 total. In the [[history of Ukraine]] only Okean Elzy \\\"for\n        the second time (after round of ''''GLORIA'''') brought so many people in\n        one place in such a short time.\\n\\nIn 2010 Okean Elzy went on their Dolce\n        Vita Tour, in support of their latest album ''''Dolce Vita'''', which included\n        over one hundred concerts in Russia, Ukraine, [[Belarus]], Europe and North\n        America.\\n\\nIn December 2013 the band performed during [[Euromaidan]]-protests.[http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/ukraine-suspends-mayor-security-official-over-protest-crackdown_896844.html\n        Ukraine suspends mayor, security official over protest crackdown], [[Zee News]]\n        (14 December 2013)\\n\\n== 2013 Tour ==\\nIn 2013, Okean Elzy announced\n        in their website a new album and new tour through Ukraine.\\n\\n== 2014 ==\\nJune\n        21, 2014. For their 20th anniversary Okean Elzy performed in front of 70,\n        000 fans in Kyiv at NSC Olimpiyskiy.{{cite web | url = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757\n        | title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e}}\n        This concert was the most massive in Ukrainian history.{{Cite\n        web|title = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043a \\u0431\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456.\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\\"\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438\\\" \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456. \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e. \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e\n        {{!}} \\u0416\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430-\\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u041a\\u0410|url\n        = http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/3757|website = ukrainka.org.ua|access-date =\n        2016-02-09}}[http://www.okeanelzy.com/ru/news/135/ \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u00ab\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\\u00bb]\\n\\n==\n        Current members ==\\n# [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] \\u2014 vocal (1994\\u2013present)\\n#\n        [[Vladimir Opsenitsa]] \\u2014 guitar (2013-present)\\n# [[Denys Dudko]] \\u2014\n        bass (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Milo\\u0161 Jeli\\u0107]] \\u2014 piano, synthesizers\n        (2004\\u2013present)\\n# [[Denys Hlinin]] \\u2014 drums (1994\\u2013present)\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n# 1998 -\n        \\\"[[Tam, de nas nema]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043c, \\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 - There, Where We Aren''t)\\n# 2000 - \\\"[[Ya Na Nebi\n        Buv]]\\\" (\\u042f \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0456 \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 -\n        I Was In Heaven)\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[Model (Okean Elzy album)|Model]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Supersymetriya]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        - Supersymmetry)\\n# 2005 - \\\"[[Gloria (Okean Elzy album)|Gloria]]\\\"\\n# 2007\n        - \\\"Mira\\\" (\\u041c\\u0456\\u0440\\u0430 - Measure)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Dolce Vita (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Dolce Vita]]\\\"\\n# 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Zemlya (album)|Zemlya]]\\\" (\\u0417\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f\n        - The Land)\\n# 2014 - \\\"[[\\u041d\\u0410\\u0419\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0429\\u0415]]\\\"\\n#\n        2016 - \\\"[[Bez mezh]]\\\" (\\u0411\\u0435\\u0437 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 - Without limits)\\n\\n===\n        Acoustic albums ===\\n* 2003 - \\\"[[Tviy format (Okean Elzy album)|Tviy format]]\\\"\n        (Your format)\\n\\n=== Singles ===\\n* 1996 - \\\"[[Budynok zi skla (Okean Elzy\n        album)|Budynok zi skla]]\\\" (House of glass)\\n* 2002 - \\\"[[Kholodno (Okean\n        Elzy album)|Kholodno]]\\\" (It is cold)\\n* 2004 - \\\"[[Dyakuyu! (Okean Elzy album)|Dyakuyu!]]\\\"\n        (Thank You!)\\n* 2006 - \\\"[[Veseli, brate, chasy nastaly... (Okean Elzy album)|Veseli,\n        brate, chasy nastaly...]]\\\" (Oh, brother, merry times came...)\\n* 2009 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Ya tak khochu...]]\\\" (I want so much to...)\\n* 2013 \\u2013 \\\"[[Obiymy]]\\\"\n        (Embrace)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Ne tvoya viyna]]\\\" (Not your war)\\n* 2015 - \\\"[[Zhyttya\n        pochynayet''sya znov]]\\\" (Life begins again)\\n\\n=== Compilations ===\\n* 2006\n        - \\\"[[1221 (Okean Elzy album)|1221]]\\\" (\\\"Best of\\\" collection)\\n* 2010 -\n        \\\"[[The Best Of (Okean Elzy album)|The Best Of]]\\\"\\n\\n=== Solo projects ===\\n*\n        2008 - \\\"[[Vnochi (music album)|Vnochi]]\\\" (At night) - album released under\n        the name of ideological mastermind [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]\\n* 2011 - \\\"[[Brussel'']]\\\"\n        (Brussels)\\n\\n==Multimedia==\\n{{listen|filename=Okean elzy - Dyakuyu tobi.ogg|title=\\\"Dyakuyu\n        tobi (\\u0414\\u044f\\u043a\\u0443\\u044e \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456)\\\"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.okeanelzy.com Official Okean Elzy website]\\n\\n{{commons\n        category|Okean Elzy}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups\n        established in 1994]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T06:03:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":799027679,\"length\":12806,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okean_Elzy&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Elzy\"},\"47328535\":{\"pageid\":47328535,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Opalnyi\n        Prynz\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-06T16:35:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Over-quotation|date=August 2015}}\\n''''''Opalnyi\n        Prynz'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446''''''}})\n        was an influential.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        and popular [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[folk-rock]], [[Ukrainian rock]] band;\n        the band which came out of musical project called ''''''Strus Mozku''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0443''''''}}),\n        or ''Brain Concussion'', in English, which started in 1987 when [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]''s younger brother [[Yuriy Shtyn]] relocated to [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]\n        after completing his studies at the conservatory in [[Rivne]].\\n\\nThe ''''''Strus\n        Mozku'''''' project included the following individuals: both Shtyn brothers,\n        Roman Brytsky, Boris Rosenthul and a young actress from the [[Maria Zankovetska\n        Theatre|Zankovetska Theatre]] in [[Lviv]], by the name of Lyudmila Razik.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        This project eventually morphed into ''''Opalnyi Prynz'''' with Yuriy Shtyn\n        composing all of the material both musically and lyrically, singing and play\n        keyboards, his older brother [[Rostyslav Shtyn]], played guitar and provided\n        vocals. Roman Brytsky stayed on as a second keyboardistTwenty years old\n        and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with Rostyslav\n        Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\nIt\n        was with this composition of the group with which ''''Opalnyi Prinz'''' recorded\n        their first singles which included: ''''Mandry'''' \\u2013 ''''Wanderings''''\n        in 1987, ''''Pozychayesh pamyat'''' \\u2013 ''''You Borrow memory'''', ''''Chorna\n        Dira'''' \\u2013 ''''Black Hole'''', ''''Leonid Brezhnev'''', which received\n        airplay on [[Radio Liberty]], and ''''Paskuda'''' \\u2013 ''''Hussy''''. All\n        these compositions were very socially and musically \\\"different\\\" singlesTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 (Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and made up their first album also entitled ''''Mandry'''' after their first\n        recorded single.\\n\\nA few more singles would be released from their first\n        album ''''Mandry'''': ''''Shantrapa'''' \\u2013 ''''Riff-raff'''' 1987; other\n        singles included ''''Kombi u L\\u2019vovi'''' \\u2013 ''''Kombi in L''viv''''\n        \\u2013 1988, a satirical song about the groups meeting with the Polish group\n        [[Kombi (band)|Kombi]] during their performance in Lviv; ''''Tankova attaka''''\n        \\u2013 ''''Tank attack''''(in Russian) which included saxophonist Zenon Kovpak,\n        in 1989 which was politically oriented at what the USSR''s role was in [[Afghanistan]];Interviews\n        with Yurok and Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 Twenty years old and still fresh today\n        \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        and, ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' \\u2013 ''''Hey Ukraine!'''', which would become\n        the opening track of their second album ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' ''''New\n        revolution'''' 1991.\\n\\nTheir second album, ''''Nova Revolyutsia'''', released\n        in 1991 was filled out with Toomas Vanem on lead guitar.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        Authorities didn''t like what they heard on the new album (cassette) with\n        a release of 30,000 copies. Many of the songs were not appreciated by Soviet\n        authorities, songs like ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''',Twenty years old and\n        still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRINZ \\u2013 translation of lyrics of ''''Nova\n        revolutsia'''' -http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\n        as well as the lead song ''''Hey Ukraino!'''' and probably the others were\n        just a little pro-Ukrainian, and as a result, within weeks of the album''s\n        release, no copies could be found at the regular state run music storesPersonal\n        discussion with Yuriy and Rostyslav Shtyn, 2010\\n\\n\\nThis is what\n        Ukrainian music critic and journalist Oleksandr Yevtushenko wrote in one of\n        his compilations on contemporary Ukrainian music:\\n
\\n\\\"I first\n        heard the group OPALNYI PRYNZ on the broadcasts of the Ukrainian service of\n        [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]. The songs ''''Hey Ukraino!'''',\n        ''''Nash Prapor'''' were played every day. That was at the end of the 1980s.\n        But to find out anything about the group was only possible after the release\n        of their first album ''''Mandry''''. And after that as music of the \\\"secretive\n        inhabitants of Lviv\\\" Ukrainian Radio started to play them and the became\n        radio-hits. [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] and company came out into the information\n        field. But they did not try to conquer it, because first and foremost they\n        were concerned with the creation of a European level of musical infrastructure\n        with their own agency, recording studio. What we are talking about here is\n        a well equipped national factory of stars. The idea didn''t leave Rostyslav\n        alone. Thank God, that he gathered his organizational skills and musical talent.\n        First of all there was his musical education \\u2013 Rostyslav''s education\n        is as a violinist. There was the persistent work with stars of multifarious\n        stages. At the end of the 1980s the main matter became his group OPALNYI PRYNZ.\n        It was created by: Yuri Shtyn (his younger brother), who plays keyboards,\n        sings, and writes the music and lyrics, Toomas Vanem \\u2013 lead guitar and\n        still one other keyboardist Roman Brytsky and singer and guitarist [[Rostyslav\n        Shtyn]]. The path of OPALNYI PRYNZ cardinally is different from generally\n        accepted schemes. Because for they had the idea of technical and financial\n        independence and perfect quality of how they sounded. The group signed a contract\n        with one German producers centre and received the possibility of publishing\n        its materials on both sides of the [[Iron Curtain]]. At the end of 1990 OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ realizes its next project \\u2013 the album ''''Nova Revolyutsiya''''.\n        Indisputably, all the tracks of the album are woven with the tectonic changes\n        in the life of Ukrainian society. It''s impregnated with movement towards\n        freedom, the feeling of change. Concurrently it is beautifully recorded. And\n        the video clip to the song ''''Nash Prapor'''' was shown on Ukrainian television\n        all the way through to the year 2000. Some people confirm, that this clip\n        was shown on [[MTV]] in honor of [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukraine''s\n        declaration of independence]] in 1991. ''''Nova Revolyutsiya'''' \\u2013 these\n        are very strong and unique compositions ''''Khlib po vodi'''' (Bread upon\n        the water), ''''Rozmyti dorohy'''' (Washed out roads), ''''Ty na viyni''''\n        (You are at war), ''''Simnadtsyate veresnya'''' (1939 The Seventeenth of September),\n        ''''Braty po zbroyii'''' (Brothers in Arms). These are songs that one does\n        not forget. Regardless of their primarily studio plane of existence, OPALNYI\n        PRYNZ had a considerable influence on the formation of Ukrainian rock-music,\n        certain models in their sound in particular, we are talking about the synthesis\n        of ethnic music with rock. It is possible that they were the first that did\n        it delicately and convincingly. It''s incredible, but OPALNYI PRYNZ even today\n        sounds fresh and real.\\\"\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.htmlTwenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Translation of\n        Oleksandr Yevthushenko''s commentary on Opalnyi Prynz from his book mentioned\n        elswhere.) http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalni-prinz/\\n
\\n\\nOne\n        of the most important principles which was espoused by ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''\n        and [[Rostyslav Shtyn]] was the importance of financial and technical independence\n        from government structures. It was under the new developments of ''''Perebudova''''\n        that in 1987 that the elder Shtyn set up the ''''Holos'''' Studio as a cooperative\n        which eventually developed into the studio of ''''Rostyslav-show''''.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 Online version \\u2013 http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\n\\n''''Opalniy\n        Prinz'''' was very much a studio band and seldom appeared live.Twenty\n        years old and still fresh today \\u2013 OPALNIY PRYNZ \\u2013 Interview with\n        Rostyslav Shtyn \\u2013 http://wpawlowsky.com/2010/08/23/twenty-years-old-and-still-fresh-today-opalniy-prynz/\\n\\nIn\n        1991 one of ''''Opalnyi Prynz''''''s videos to their song ''''Nash prapor''''\n        from their ''''Nova revolyutsiya'''' album received broadcast time on [[MTV]]\n        in honour of Ukraine''s newly gained independence.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440, \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044fhttp://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0428\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u044c \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0443. \\u0412 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        80-\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u043d \\u0437\\u0430\\u0439\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0406\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0411\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a \\u0456\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\\",  \\u0411\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e, http://h.ua/story/52588/\\n\\nWithin\n        the first years of Ukraine''s independence ''''Opalniy Prynz'''' ceased an\n        active existence, though it was  not completely inactive. In 1992 it played\n        an active role in a project entitled ''''Vernsiage-92. Nova Ukrainiinska Khvylia\n        \\u2013 Vernisage-92. A New Ukrainian Wave.'''' After this production Vika\n        Vradiy together with ''''Opalniy Prynz\\\" were to embark on a European tour,\n        however, something didn''t work out and the tour was canceled.http://www.rock-oko.com/knizhki/legendi-ximernogo-krayu/festival-akcz-mprezi/vern.html\\n\\nWhat\n        followed was an interesting and progressive cooperation between [[Yuriy Shtyn]]\n        and Vlad Dobriansky, in Looney Pelen.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:1987 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-26T10:04:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":774155229,\"length\":11006,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opalnyi_Prynz&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalnyi_Prynz\"},\"35351678\":{\"pageid\":35351678,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"PanKe\n        Shava\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2013}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name            =\n        PanKe Shava\\n| image           =\\n| image_size      =\\n| landscape       =\n        \\n| alt             =\\n|\n        caption         = PanKe Shava, 2013\\n| background      = group_or_band\\n|\n        alias           =\\n| origin          = [[Kiev]], Ukraine\\n| genre           =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[funk rock]], [[blues rock]], [[folk rock]]\\n| years_active    =\n        {{start date|2008}}\\u2013present\\n| label           = Independent\\n| associated_acts\n        = Lost Wanderer\\n| website         = [http://www.panke-shava.com www.panke-shava.com]\\n|\n        current_members = [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]]
Katia Perekopska
Pavlo\n        Gvozdetskyi
Vadym Poltorak
Andriy Vashchenko
Nikita Perekopskyi\\n|\n        past_members    = Roman Antipov
Sviatoslav Babii
Serb SvirskyiOleksiy Dibrova
Vitaliy Vialyi
Sashka Chech
Bohdan ShkurynskyiAlex Popel
Ivan Sopelniak
Pavel Molukevich
Taras MelnychenkoMax Kortes\\n}}\\n\\n''''''PanKe Shava'''''' is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock\n        band founded by [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]]. PanKe Shava plays\n        music that can be described as \\\"rock''n''love\\\" with the elements of ethno\n        music. The band uses such instrumental highlights as a violin, trumpet and\n        [[xylophone]].\\n\\n== History ==\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 2.jpg|thumb|PanKe Shava\n        on the largest TV music marathon that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]]]]\\nThe\n        band PanKe Shava is founded by the Kite ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439}}) frontman [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] in 2008 in [[Lviv]].\n        The band has changed its staff and location few times, moving from [[Lviv]]\n        to [[Poltava]] and is based in [[Kiev]] now.\\n\\nThe artists popularize Ukrainian\n        culture in Poland and other countries in an acceptable for modern youth form.\\n\\nSince\n        its founding, PanKe Shava has performed and headlined at the various music\n        festivals throughout the world: Austin City Limits Music Festival (USA), [[The\n        night of culture|Noc Kultury]] (Poland), Fluhery Lvova (Ukraine), [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (Ukraine), Columbus Arts Festival (USA), [[:pl:Rzesz\\u00f3w#Europejski\n        Stadion Kultury|Europejski Stadion Kultury]] (Poland), Bitwa Narodow (Poland),\n        The Festival of British Rock (Ukraine), Gipper Tattoo Fest (Ukraine), Otrokiv\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u041c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f|Mlynomania]]\n        (Ukraine), [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430|Studrespublika]]\n        (Ukraine), Battle of the Nations (Ukraine), Vyo Kobelyaky (Ukraine).\\n\\nMoreover,\n        in 2012 the band participated in the largest TV music marathon on [[:uk:\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439|The\n        First National Channel of Ukraine]] that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]].\\n\\nIn\n        2013 PanKe Shava performed at such big festivals as [[:uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0421\\u0456\\u0447|Rock''n''Sich]] (Ukraine), Bataille des Nations (France),\n        The Best City.UA (Ukraine), [[:uk:Woodstock \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|Woodstock\n        Ukraine]], [[Przystanek Woodstock]] (Poland), [[:uk:\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442|Bandershtat]]\n        (Ukraine), and participated in a number of gala concerts on the central square\n        of [[Ukraine]] \\u2013 [[Maydan Nezalezhnosti]].[http://panke-shava.com/?m0prm=6\n        Concert schedule on the official web-site]\\n\\nSince 2010, every winter\n        PanKe Shava has been touring in Ukraine with P.S.Love Tour,[http://eradio.net.ua/806-gurt-panke-shava-virushiv-u-p-s-love-tour.html\n        PanKe Shava is on P.S.Love Tour] and in 2013 Ukrainian music program\n        Kvadrat U shot a movie about the day of the band''s life during this tour.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANepIn4msiI\n        Day In Life Of Musician \\u2013 PanKe Shava]\\n\\nTha band is involved\n        in social projects and plays music programs in higher educational establishments,\n        organizes charity concerts as a voluntary contribution to the cultural development\n        of the young people, participates in the programs aimed to promote healthy\n        lifestyle among the youth, to train cultural and moral values, to prevent\n        such negative phenomena in society as drug addiction and alcoholism.\\n\\nIn\n        2013 the band PanKe Shava cooperated actively with funds [[Great Orchestra\n        of Christmas Charity]] (the concert on 13 January during WO\\u015aP Grand Finale\n        in Warsaw)[http://sercedoserca.com.ua/ua/novini/panke-shava--vistupili-na-finali--21-blagodiinoi-akcii-naividomishogo-polskogo-fondu-velikii-orkestr-svjatkovoi-dopomogi-vosp-u-varshavi.htm\n        PanKe Shava has performed  in the final of XXI charity action of the most\n        well-known Polish fund Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity in Warsaw!]\n        and [[:uk:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u044f|Heart\n        to heart (Ukraine)]] (the concert for the Hear the world! action).[http://honchar.org.ua/events/velykodnij-yarmarok-ta-vidkryttya-vystavky-konkursnyh-pysanok/\n        Charity concert Easter hearts]\\n\\n[[File:PanKe Shava 7.JPG|thumb|P.S.\n        LOVE TOUR 2012]]\\n\\n[[File:2013 Woodstock 042 Panke Shava.jpg|thumb|PanKe\n        Shava at [[Przystanek Woodstock]]]]\\n\\n== Members ==\\n\\n=== Current members\n        ===\\n* [[Tymofiy Morokhovets]] \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n* Katia Perekopska \\u2013\n        violin\\n* Pavlo Gvozdetskyi \\u2013 keyboard, vocals\\n* Vadym Poltorak \\u2013\n        bass guitar, backing vocals\\n* Andriy Vashchenko \\u2013 drums\\n* Nikita Perekopskyi\n        \\u2013 trumpet\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* Roman Antipov \\u2013 percussion\n        (2008)\\n* Sviatoslav Babii \\u2013 percussion (till 2009)\\n* Serb Svirskyi\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (till 2009)\\n* Oleksiy Dibrova \\u2013 drums (2010)\\n* Vitaliy\n        Vialyi \\u2013 drums (2008 \\u2013 2009, 2011)\\n* Sashka Chech \\u2013 violin\n        (till 2011)\\n* Bohdan Shkurynskyi \\u2013 [[accordion]] (till 2012)\\n* Alex\n        Popel \\u2013 drums (till 2012)\\n* Ivan Sopelniak \\u2013 bass guitar (till\n        2012)\\n* Pavel Molukevich \\u2013 bass guitar (2012)\\n* Taras Melnychenko \\u2013\n        drums (2012\\u20132013)\\n* Max Kortes \\u2013 guitar (2011, 2013)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Strange World|Strange World]]'''''' (EP, 2010)\\n* ''''''[[:uk:Maydan\n        Birthday limited edition|Maydan Birthday limited edition]]'''''' (2013)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.panke-shava.com/ Official website]\\n* [http://www.facebook.com/panke.shava\n        PanKe Shava on Facebook]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava\n        on Myspace]\\n* [https://soundcloud.com/pankeshava PanKe Shava on Soundcloud]\\n*\n        [https://www.youtube.com/user/PanKeShavaTV PanKe Shava YouTube official channel]\\n*\n        [http://pankeshava.livejournal.com/ PanKe Shava LiveJournal]\\n{{Commons category|PanKe\n        Shava}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2008]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-05-20T08:34:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":781287396,\"length\":6455,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PanKe_Shava&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanKe_Shava\"},\"34975852\":{\"pageid\":34975852,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Quest\n        Pistols Show\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-03T15:41:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=March\n        2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name        = Quest Pistols Show\\n| image            =\n        File:Quest Pistols Show.jpeg\\n| caption          = Quest Pistols Show in 2015\\n|\n        background       = group_or_band\\n| years_active     = 2007-present\\n| origin           =\n        [[Ukraine]], [[Kiev]]\\n| genre            = Pop, rock, electronic, house\\n|\n        language         = Russian; English\\n| label            = Kruzheva Music\\n|\n        website =        http://questpistols.com\\n| current_members     = Daniel MatseychukWashington Salles
Ivan Krishtoforenko
Mariam Turkmenbaeva\\n| past_members     =  Anton\n        Savlepov
Nikita Goruk
Konstantin Borovsky \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Quest Pistols\n        Show'''''' (before 2014, ''''''Quest Pistols'''''') are a Ukrainian pop-rock\n        band formed in 2007, originally consisting of Anton Savlepov (vocals, guitar),\n        Nikita Goruk (vocals, bass), and Konstantin ''Kostya'' Borovsky (vocals, keyboard).\n        In 2012 Kostya left the band and was replaced by Daniel Joy. The band began\n        as a group of dancers in a show called \\\"Quest Ballet\\\". On April 1, 2007\n        they took part as singers during the show \\\"Chance\\\" as an April Fools joke\n        with the song \\\"\\u042f \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\\" and received over\n        60,000 positive votes. After their success, the group decided to become a\n        band.\\\"[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/citylife/detail/30194/ Kiev\n        Post]\\\" Since their formation, the band has released the studio albums:\n        Dlja tebja, in 2007 and Superklass in 2009; and one EP \\\"\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\\"\n        in 2008, and now the single ''Forget Everything'' in 2013 (later added to\n        the album ''Shards of Ice''). This song marks the start of ''a new stage''\n        of the band,http://www.intermedia.ru/news/242394?page=1 completely\n        different from the usual image. The press team commented; ''With this release,\n        they start the next level in their musical career, it''s changed not only\n        the style of sound, but the pitch, perception, positioning, and also the choice\n        of material.'' Most recently, the band released ''Shards of Ice'', which takes\n        the band in a more electronic and synthpop direction.\\n\\nIn 2008 the band\n        won the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Ukrainian Act|MTV Europe Music Awards\n        2008 as best Ukrainian Act of the year]]. The same year, the band created\n        \\\"\\u041c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\\" for the soundtrack of Vladivostok FM; the fictitious\n        radio station in [[Grand Theft Auto IV]].\\\"[[Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack#Vladivostok\n        FM|Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack]]\\\"\\n\\nIn 2009 the band had been touring\n        across Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia and\n        Germany. Tour live audio design was created by [[Yurii Barybin]].\\n\\nIn 2009\n        Quest Pistols won ''''''[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]'''''' as the best band.\\n\\nIn\n        January 2016, Anton Savlepov and Nikita Goruk left the band and joined former\n        Quest Pistols member Konstantin Borovsky in a new band called ''''''\\u0410\\u0433\\u043e\\u043d\\u044c''''''.http://m.vk.com/yo_agon{{dead\n        link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===In\n        studio===\\n*2007 - [[Dlja tebja]]\\n*2009 - [[Superklass]]\\n* 2013 - Forget\n        Everything\\n* 2013 - Shards of Ice\\n\\n===EP===\\n*2008 - [[\\u0412\\u043e\\u043b\\u0448\\u0435\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 + ROCK\\u2019N''ROLL \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430]]\\n\\n===Songs\n        not included in albums===\\n*2010 - \\u042f \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\n*2010\n        - \\u0420\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\n*2011 - \\u0416\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u044b\\n*2011 - \\u0422\\u044b \\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\n*\n        2012 - [[\\u0423\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435]]\n        (feat. Lena Katina; t.A.T.u.)\\n* 2016 - \\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0447\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u0445\n        (feat. [[Open Kids]])\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.questpistols.com\n        Official site]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Pistols, Quest}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        pop music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-03T01:12:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":793729088,\"length\":3819,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quest_Pistols_Show&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Pistols_Show\"},\"2654668\":{\"pageid\":2654668,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Plach\n        Yeremiyi\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-05-12T11:08:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''Plach\n        Yeremiyi'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rock band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. The band\n        was actually formed in February 1990, but the two most  constant\n        musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod Dyachyshyn have played together\n        since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon'''''' (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach\n        Yeremiyi songs are usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead\n        man [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org\n        Website show that the words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n==Albums==\\n*Dveri\n        k\\u043etri naspravdi ye... (''''\\u0414\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456, \\u043a\\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0456 \\u0454'''', ''''The\n        doors, which indeed exist'''') (1993)\\n*Nay bude vse yak ye (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435 \\u044f\\u043a \\u0454...'''', ''''Leave\n        it all as it is'''') (1995)\\n*Khata moya (''''\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043c\\u043e\\u044f'''',\n        ''''My house'''') (1997)\\n*Dobre (''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435'''',\n        ''''It''s good'''') (1998)\\n*Ya pidu v daleki hory (''''\\u042f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438, I will\n        go to the distant hills'''') (1999)\\n*Yak ya spala na seni (''''\\u042f\\u043a\n        \\u044f \\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456'''',\n        ''''As I slept on hay'''') (2000)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n*[[Rock legends of\n        Ukraine]] (''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438'''')\\n\\n===Taras Chubay with friends===\\n*Nashe\n        rizdvo (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 \\u0440\\u0456\\u0437\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e,\n        Our Christmas'''')\\n*Nashi partyzany (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438,\n        Our partisans'''')\\n*Nash Ivasyuk (''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0448 \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a,\n        Our Ivasyuk'''') (2003)\\n\\n===Taras Chubay===\\n*Svitlo i spovid''. (''''\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044c, Light and Confession'''')\n        (2003)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=144\n        Plach Jeremiji CDs on www.umka.com.ua internet store]\\n*[http://ukrcenter.com/gallery/ImagesList.asp?PidrozdilID=57\n        Photo gallery on ukrcenter.com]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-15T05:14:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":719885374,\"length\":2302,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plach_Yeremiyi&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plach_Yeremiyi\"},\"42993558\":{\"pageid\":42993558,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Polynove\n        Pole\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-01-20T20:20:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{notability|Music|date=January\n        2017}}\\n{{more footnotes|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist  \\n| name                = Polynove\n        Pole\\n| image               = Polynove Pole 2007.jpg\\n| caption             =\n        Polynove Pole in 2007.\\n| landscape           = yes\\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Lviv]], Ukraine\\n| years_active        =\n        {{start date|2005}}\\u20132012\\n| label               =\\n| genre               =\n        [[Gothic metal]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Polynove Pole'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435}}, \\\"The Wormwood Field\\\") is a [[gothic metal]]\n        [[band (music)|band]] from [[Ukraine]]. It was formed in 2004 in [[Lviv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]. The music style of the band can be described as melodic [[gothic\n        metal]], with several songs referring to [[symphonic metal]] and [[doom metal]].\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\nHaving created their first material, in the early 2005 the musicians\n        recorded a demo, which included four songs. In a couple of months \\\"Polynove\n        Pole\\\" already started to participate in concerts and rock festivals in Lviv\n        and other cities. After the considerable changes in the cast at the beginning\n        of 2007 their music changed in a way. It has become tangibly heavier, more\n        melodic and closer to the formerly chosen gothic metal style. New members\n        joined the band (amond them \\u2013 the soloist of  Lviv Philharmonic [[Marianna\n        Laba]]). That enabled he band to develop a new quality of composing music\n        and onstage performance.\\n\\nSince autumn of 2008 the musicians have got down\n        to work on studio records, where they create their first official release\n        \\u2013 a short-lasting album \\\"Pure souls\\\". The second official release,\n        a complete album ''''On Seven Winds'''' was brought out in spring 2009, combining\n        the best of the band from all the previous years. Throughout the year 2009\n        they carry on with concerts and a new musical material. In September, 2009\n        Polynove Pole performed on the biggest in Eastern Europe gothic festival \\\"Children\n        Of  The  Night:  The Black Council\\\". In October they started working on the\n        third short-lasting album, ''''Under The Cold Stone'''', released in December\n        2009.\\nDuring their stage activity, the band has plated on the same stage\n        with such famous Ukrainian and European bands as \\\"Inferno\\\", \\\"Komu Vnyz\\\"\n        ([[Ukraine]]), [[Lake of Tears]] ([[Sweden]]), \\\"Torhaus\\\", \\\"Cemetery of\n        Scream\\\" ([[Poland]]).\\n\\nBeginning from 2010 the band stopped their activity\n        due to members discordance about creative approaches.\\n\\nOn July 3, 2012 the\n        demise of the band was officially declared.{{cite web |url=http://rock.lviv.ua/band/321/\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\n        |website=Rock.lviv.ua |language= uk |accessdate= 17 May 2015}}\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\n* [[Marianna Laba]] \\u2014 female vocals (2007\\u20132012)\\n*\n        Andrew Kindratovych \\u2014 bass, growl vocals (2004\\u20132009)\\n* Mykola\n        Maksymenko \\u2014 guitar (2004\\u20132012)\\n* Oleg Rubanov \\u2014\n        keyboards (2007\\u20132012)\\n* Sergiy Krasutsky \\u2014 drums (2007\\u20132012)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===\n        Demo ===\\n* \\\"Polynove Pole\\\" (2005\\u20132006)\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n* ''''Pure\n        Souls'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2008)\\n* ''''On Seven Winds'''' (LP) (2009)\\n* ''''Under\n        The Cold Stone'''' (\\u0415\\u0420) (2010)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [https://myspace.com/polynovepole Polynove Pole] at [[MySpace]]\n        \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Gothic metal musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-06T20:10:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":761087075,\"length\":3435,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynove_Pole&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynove_Pole\"},\"35117382\":{\"pageid\":35117382,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Qarpa\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-30T09:54:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove\n        |date=March 2012}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n|name            = Qarpa\\n|image           = Qarpa-Huliaypole.jpg\\n|caption         =\n        Performance on Maxno-Fest\\n|image_size      = 250px\\n|landscape       = yes\\n|background      =\n        group_or_band\\n|genre           = [[industrial music]], [[punk rock]], [[hardcore\n        punk]], [[trip hop]]\\n|origin          = [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], later [[Kyiv]]\n        ([[Ukraine]])\\n|years_active    = 1992\\u2013present\\n|label           =\\n|website         =\n        [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/ Qarpa]\\n|associated_acts\n        =\\n|current_members = [[Irena Karpa]]
 Oleh Artym
 Artur Danijeljan Jevhenija Smoljanynova
 Andrij Kohut\\n|past_members    =\\n}}\\n''''''Qarpa''''''\n        (before 2007 called ''''''Faktychno Sami'''''', {{lang-uk|\\u0424\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456}} /f\\u0251k''t\\u026at\\u0361\\u0283n\\u0254 s\\u0251''mi/)\n        is an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] industrial band originally from [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].\n        The band''s frontwoman is [[Irena Karpa]]\\u2014Ukrainian singer and writer.\n        The band released eight studio albums.\\n\\nThe band took part in many festivals\n        and was a laureate of \\\"Alternative\\\", \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\" and \\\"Majbutnje Ukrajiny\\\"\n        festivals. In 2004 the members of \\\"Faktychno Sami\\\" shot the film \\\"Kyiv.\n        Limited Edition\\\", which was later presented in [[Molodist]] film festival.\\n\\nAlso\n        the band is famous of their antiglamour parties like \\u00abSecond-hand of\n        the Stars\\u00bb or \\u00abLucifer wants go home\\u00bb.\\n\\nThe band''s old name,\n        Faktychno Sami, in Ukrainian means \\\"actually alone\\\".\\n\\n==Current members==\\n*\n        [[Irena Karpa]] ''''(\\u0406\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430)''''\n        \\u2013 vocal (since 1999)\\n* Oleh Artym ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433 \\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c)''''\n        \\u2013 guitar, programming (since 1992)\\n* Artur Danijeljan ''''(\\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\n        \\u0414\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0454\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d)'''' \\u2013 bass, programming\n        (since 1999)\\n* Jevhenija Smoljanynova ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430)'''' \\u2013\n        cello (since 2003)\\n* Andrij Kohut ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0443\\u0442)'''' \\u2013 drums (2005\\u20132010), soundman\n        (since 2010)\\n\\n==Albums==\\n* ''''[[D.dkova hra|D.\\u0434\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0430]]'''' (Didjkova hra, 1999)\\n* ''''[[B.P.P.|\\u0411.\\u041f.\\u041f.]]''''\n        (B.P.P, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kosmichnyi Vakuum|\\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0443\\u043c]]'''' (Kosmichnyj vakuum, 2001)\\n* ''''[[Kurva\n        Cum Back]]'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Fuck\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u0456\n        (Best Of 1995\\u20132004)'''' (2004)\\n* ''''[[Lo-Fi TRavmy|Lo-Fi TR\\u0430\\u0432\\u043c\\u0438]]''''\n        (Lo-Fi Travmy, 2005)\\n* ''''[[IN ZHYR|IN \\u0416\\u0418\\u0420]]'''' (Inzhyr,\n        2007)\\n* ''''[[& I Made A Man]]'''' (2011)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [https://archive.is/20130104175755/http://qarpa.com/\n        Official page] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/fs2021 Official\n        YouTube]\\n* [http://www.myspace.com/qarpa Official MySpace]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist.htm?id=38\n        Lyrics] {{uk icon}}\\n* [http://www.meridiancz.com/en/participants-2012/musical-poetical-program-by-irena-karpa-and-band-qarpa/\n        About the band on meridiancz.com]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/klub/fs.php Information\n        about the band on rock.kiev.ua] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211163039/http://irenakarpa.com/en/\n        Official page of Irena Karpa] \\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        industrial music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian punk rock groups]]\\n[[Category:Hardcore\n        punk groups]]\\n[[Category:Trip hop groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music\n        groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-27T02:20:19Z\",\"lastrevid\":772947733,\"length\":3199,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qarpa&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarpa\"},\"19305276\":{\"pageid\":19305276,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"SKAI\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-02T11:35:47Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = SKAI
\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419\\n|image           =\n        Skay-2008.jpg\\n|caption         = SKAY at Maidan Nezalezhnosti,
Kyiv on\n        August 24, 2008\\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Pop rock]]\\n|years_active    =\n        2001 \\u2013 present\\n|label           = [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts\n        = \\n|website         = {{URL|skay.com.ua}}\\n|current_members = Oleh Sobchuk
Oleksandr\n        Hryshchuk
Yuriy Rudnytskyi
Serhiy Nedashkovskyi
Yuriy Mozil\\n}}\\n\\n''''''SKAI''''''\n        (formerly named ''''''SKAY'''''', {{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421\\u041a\\u0410\\u0419''''''}})\n        is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[pop rock]] band. It was formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]],\n        Ukraine.\\n\\n==History==\\nAfter the band was formed in 2001, it started to\n        tour the country and performed at several festivals like Perlyny sezonu, Tavriyski\n        ihry and Chervona ruta. They became more known to a broader audience after\n        their appearance on the programme ''''Fresh Blood'''' on the Ukrainian TV\n        channel M1. The general director Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and\n        signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn 2006 their first album, ''''Te, shcho treba'''',\n        was released. They released their second album ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.''''  in\n        2007.\\n\\nIn 2008,  frontman Oleh Sobchuk was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for\n        his participation in the rock-tour with the same name.\\\"His Beatitude\n        Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church Awards to Priests and Musicians Who\n        Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated to 1020th Years of the Baptism\n        of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), 2008.\\n\\nIn\n        October-November 2013 the group took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are\n        united\\\" along with popular Ukrainian and Russian bands (Chaif, Bratya Karamazovy\n        etc.). After concerts part of Ukrainian media wrote that the band supports\n        pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]], which probably could be one\n        of unofficial organizers of the tour. However, since other singers disclaimed\n        their support to Putin''s politics, Oleh Sobchuk and other members of the\n        band cancelled all cooperation with them and with any other events that could\n        be related with politics. Later on the official website musicians explained\n        their negative position to any politic forces. http://skay.com.ua/history/\\n\\n==Current\n        members==\\n*Oleh Sobchuk \\u2014 vocals, guitar\\n*Oleksandr Hryshchuk \\u2013\n        lead guitar\\n*Alexander Drucker \\u2013 bass guitar\\n*Eugen Kebelew \\u2013\n        drums\\n*Yuriy Mozil \\u2013 keyboards\\n\\n==Discography==\\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''Te,\n        shcho treba'''' (''''\\u0422\\u0435, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n*\n        2007 \\u2013 ''''Planeta S.K.A.Y.'''' (''''\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.'''')\\n* 2010 \\u2014 ''''!''''\\n* 2014 \\u2014\n        ''''Kray neba'''' (''''\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043d\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430'''')\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.skay.com.ua/ SKAY''s official website]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T16:43:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":768200355,\"length\":3001,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SKAI&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAI\"},\"51080119\":{\"pageid\":51080119,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skinhate\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-01T03:59:27Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=July 2016}}\\n{{unsourced|date=August 2017}}\\n{{Infobox musical\n        artist \\n| name               =\n        Skinhate\\n| image              = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size         =\n        250px\\n| landscape          = yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n|\n        genre              = [[nu metal]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Pokrov, Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1999\\u2013present\\n| label              =\n        [[Moon Records Ukraine]]\\n| website            = [http://www.skinhate.com/\n        Skinhate]\\n| associated_acts    = \\n| current_members    = Dmytro Kustikov Oleksandr Stepanenko
 Vitaliy Kuznetsov
 Oleksandr Kukhtin\\n|\n        past_members       = Andriy Diadiura (R.I.P.)
 Oleksandr Yefymenko (R.I.P.)Yevhen Lashko
 Serhiy Maryshev
 Oleksa Fisiuk
 Anton Yelisin\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skinhate''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0445\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore\n        punk|hardcore]] band from [[Pokrov, Ukraine]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nIn fact,\n        the history of the band began in the summer of 1994, when Oleksandr Kukhtin,\n        Oleksandr Stepanenko, Andriy Diadiura, Vitaliy Kuznetsov and Oleksandr Yefymenko,\n        changing the names (\\\"Nekropedofil\\\", \\\"Godless\\\", \\\"Virgin Cunt\\\") began\n        to give concerts in small towns of Ukraine. In this period it was created\n        a number of songs that have become mega hit in the era immediately \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nIn\n        1998, the band took the name \\\"Hate\\\", which was later changed to \\\"SkinHate\\\".\\n\\nThe\n        first concert took place in [[Kyiv]] in 1999. By this time the group has managed\n        to record their own album called \\\"Skinhate\\\", after rewriting Moon Records\n        called \\\"War in heads\\\". The album is dedicated to the memory of one of Andriy\n        ''Yuryk'' Diadiura, one of band founders who was killed in 2000.\\n\\nIn 2002\n        SkinHate recorded the second album \\u2013 \\\"Ticket to paradise.\\\"\\n\\nIn 2006\n        the band released their 3rd album \\\"All around\\\".\\n\\n==Members==\\n;Active\n        members\\n* Dmytro Kustikov ''Kust'' ''''(\\u0414\\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n* Oleksandr Stepanenko ''Stepan'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 guitar\\n* Vitaliy Kuznetsov ''Kuzma'' ''''(\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432 ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar\\n* Oleksandr Kukhtin ''KuxXxtia'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d ''\\u041a\\u0443\\u0445\\u0425\\u0445\\u0442\\u044f'')''''\n        \\u2013 drums\\n\\n;Former members\\n* Andriy Diadiura ''Yuryk'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u044f\\u0434\\u044e\\u0440\\u0430 ''\\u042e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a'')'''' \\u2013\n        vocal, guitar (1999\\u20132001)\\n* Yevhen Lashko ''Zh.K.'' ''''(\\u0404\\u0432\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0448\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0416. \\u041a.'')'''' \\u2013 vocal (1999\\u20132006;\n        2008\\u20132009)\\n* Serhiy Maryshev ''Banan'' ''''(\\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u0432 ''\\u0411\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d'')''''\n        \\u2013 bass guitar (2004\\u20132008)\\n* Oleksa Fisiuk ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\n        \\u0424\\u0456\\u0441\\u044e\\u043a)'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2008\\u20132010)\\n*\n        Anton Yelisin ''Kalyna'' ''''(\\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d \\u0404\\u043b\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\n        ''\\u041a\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430'')'''' \\u2013 bass guitar (2000\\u20132002)\\n*\n        Oleksandr Yefymenko ''Yefym'' ''''(\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e ''\\u0404\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c'')''''\n        \\u2013 vocal\\n\\n==Discography==\\n;Studio albums\\n* 2001 \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445'''' (Viyna v holovakh, ''''War\n        in heads'''')\\n* 2002 \\u2013 ''''\\u041a\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a \\u0434\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u044e'''' (Kvytok do raiu, ''''Ticket to paradise'''')\\n* 2003\n        \\u2013 ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445\n        + bonus'''' (Viyna v holovakh + bonus, ''''War in heads + bonus''''; re-released)\\n*\n        2004 \\u2013 ''''Hatemix'''' \\n* 2006 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0432\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438''''\n        (Navkruhy, ''''All around'''')\\n* 2016 \\u2013 ''''\\u041d\\u0435\\u042f\\u043a\\u0423\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (NeYakUsi, ''''Not like everyone else'''')\\n\\n;Singles\\n* 2010 \\u2013 ''''ZDATEN''''\n        (''''Able'''')\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''Bull-Dozer''''\\n* 2011 \\u2013 ''''\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c''''\n        (Hran, ''''Edge'''')\\n* 2015 \\u2013 ''''\\u042f\\u043a \\u0443\\u0441\\u0456''''\n        (YakUsi, ''''Like everyone else'''')\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* \\\"\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044c\\\"\n        / \\\"Hran\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhM0AnO-jCY]\\n* \\\"32\\\" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8XPLrizXs8]\\n\\n==\n        Interesting facts ==\\n* Despite the name, guys have no relation to the movement\n        of [[skinhead]]s and [[neo-Nazi]]s, but such name has become an obstacle to\n        the publication of their albums in Russia.\\n* Skinhate''s musical style was\n        influenced by such bands: [[Slayer]], [[Korn]], [[Sepultura]], [[Slipknot\n        (band)|Slipknot]], [[Soulfly]], [[Biohazard]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine\n        Head]] and more.\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.skinhate.com/ Skinhate]\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1999]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:1999 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T17:53:53Z\",\"lastrevid\":793338375,\"length\":4364,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skinhate&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhate\"},\"28143525\":{\"pageid\":28143525,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Skryabin\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-30T13:28:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist \\n| name               =\n        Skryabin\\n| image                = \\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d.jpg\\n|\n        caption           = \\n| image_size           = 250px\\n| landscape          =\n        yes\\n| background         = group_or_band\\n| genre              = [[Alternative\n        rock]], [[New wave music|new wave]], [[synthpop]]\\n| origin             =\n        [[Novoyavorivsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n| years_active       = 1989-present\\n| label              =\n        \\n| website                = \\n| associated_acts    = [[Yulia Lord]], [[Iryna\n        Bilyk]], [[Druha Rika]], [[Dazzle Dreams]]\\n| current_members    = \\n| past_members       =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Skryabin'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043a\\u0440\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u043d}},\n        also transliterated as ''''Scriabin'''' or ''''Skriabin'''') is a famous Ukrainian\n        rock, pop band formed in 1989 in Novoyarivsk, Ukraine. Prominent Ukrainian\n        musician [[Andriy Kuzmenko|Andriy \\\"Kuzma\\\" Kuzmenko]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0410\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0443\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e}}) was the band''s\n        lead singer until his death in 2015.[https://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/12483/\n        No end to small town boy''s long and winding road] ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''',\n        19 September 2002\\n\\nDuring its existence Skryabin has gone from synthpop\n        to rock and pop music. As it progressed the band has been divided into \\\"the\n        classic Skryabin\\\" and \\\"the new Skryabin\\\". The border between these two\n        runs between 2000-2003.\\n\\nOne of the group''s 2005 songs, ''''Lyudy Yak Korabli''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438 \\u042f\\u043a \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456}}),\n        spent a record 39 continuous weeks (as of the end of 2007) on FDR Radiocenter''s\n        Top 40, which began tracking Ukrainian radioplay in May 2002. In February\n        2006 ''''Stari Fotohrafiyi'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456 \\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        debuted at #1 on the chart and ''''Padai'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439}})\n        similarly entered in the top slot three months later.[http://www.fdr.com.ua/news_item/22583/\n        \\u0424\\u0414\\u0420 \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u043f 40 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438]\n        28 December 2007\\n\\nThe group was named \\\"Best Pop Band\\\" in 2006 at\n        the \\\"ShowBiz Awards\\u201d held in Kyiv''s [[National Opera House of Ukraine|National\n        Opera House]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/24391/\n        Pop Notes]''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', 3 May 2006\\n\\n\\n== Discography ==\\nThis\n        list contains only full albums excluding singles, compilations, remixes, lives\n        and other projects.\\n* 1989 \\u2014 ''''\\u0427\\u0443\\u0454\\u0448 \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c''''\n        (Feel The Pain)\\n* 1992 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''''\n        (Fishes Language)\\n* 1993 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442''''\n        (Technofight)\\n* 1995 \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0442\\u0430\\u0445\\u0438'''' (Birds)\\n*\n        1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431'''' (Fishes Language,\n        re-release)\\n* 1997 \\u2014 ''''\\u041a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438'''' (Fairytales)\\n*\n        1999 \\u2014 ''''\\u0425\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u043a'''' (Worm)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0415\\u0443\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430'''' (Euterpa)\\n* 1999 \\u2014\n        ''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u043e\\u0444\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 1999'''' (Technofight\n        1999)\\n* 2000 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (Fashionable Country)\\n* 2001 \\u2014 ''''\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0437''''\n        (Striptease)\\n* 2002 \\u2014 ''''\\u041e\\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u0456 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438''''\n        (Winter People)\\n* 2003 \\u2014 ''''\\u041d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430''''\n        (Nature)\\n* 2005 \\u2014 ''''\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e'''' (Tango)\\n*\n        2006 \\u2014 ''''\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440'''' (Glamour)\\n* 2007\n        \\u2014 ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432?'''' (About Love?)\\n*\n        2009 \\u2014 ''''\\u041c\\u043e\\u044f \\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f''''\n        (My Evolution)\\n* 2012 \\u2014 ''''\\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''''\n        (Radio Love)\\n* 2013 \\u2014 ''''\\u0414\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f\\u043a'''' (Kind\n        Soul)\\n* 2014 \\u2014 ''''25''''\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Skriabin}}\\n*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Skryabin-Skrabin/107357035485\n        Skryabin on Facebook]\\n*{{youtube|eLsn7g_wHP4|Music video for \\\"\\u041f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\"\n        (''''Fall'''')}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Skryabin (Band)}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        electronic musicians]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-stub}}\\n{{rock-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-11T14:46:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":788267839,\"length\":3778,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skryabin_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryabin_(band)\"},\"7041972\":{\"pageid\":7041972,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Tartak\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-14T21:17:19Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Other\n        uses}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = Tartak
\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\n|image              =\n        \\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg\\n|caption         = Tartak performing\n        \\n|image_size         = 300\\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Alternative rock]], [[rap-rock]], [[punk rock]], [[rapcore]], [[pop punk]],\n        [[funk]]\\n|years_active     = 1994\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[Moon\n        Records Ukraine|Moon Records]] 
 [[Lavina Music]]\\n|associated_acts  =\\n|website              =\n        http://www.tartak.com.ua\\n|current_members  = [[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi]] 
\n        [[Vitaliy Pavlyshyn]] 
 [[Andriy Blahun]] 
 [[Eduard Kosorapov]] 
[[Dmytro\n        Chuyev]]| 
 [[Anton Yehorov]]\\n|past_members     =\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Tartak''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}} {{IPA-uk|t\\u0251r\\u02c8t\\u0251k|}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from [[Ukraine]]. They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics. \\\"Tartak\\\" means\n        ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought that tartak\n        symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate for a\n        band name.\\n\\n==History==\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]]\n        founded the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nThe group\n        has released five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums]  Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Studio Albums===\\n*\n        2001 - ''''''[[Demohrafichnyi vybukh]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0445)\\n* 2003 - ''''''[[Systema nerviv]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0456\\u0432)\\n* 2004 - ''''''[[Muzychnyi lyst shchastia]]''''''\n        (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u0449\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f)\\n* 2005 - ''''''[[Huliai-Horod]]'''''' (\\u0413\\u0443\\u043b\\u044f\\u0439\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434)\\n*\n        2006 - ''''''[[Slozy ta sopli]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456)\\n* 2010 - ''''''[[Opir materialiv]]''''''\n        (\\u041e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0440 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432)\\n*\n        2012 - ''''''[[Simka]]'''''' (\\u0421\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2015 - ''''''[[Vvichnist]]''''''\n        (\\u0412\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c)\\n\\n===Remix Albums===\\n*\n        2005 - ''''''[[Pershyi komertsiynyi]]'''''' (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439))\\n* 2007\n        - ''''''[[Kofein (album)|Kofein]]'''''' (\\u041a\\u043e\\u0444\\u0435\\u0457\\u043d)\\n*\n        2010 - ''''''[[Nazbyralosia na 2010]]'''''' (\\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2010) - remixes, remakes, unreleased\\n\\n===Singles===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Ukrayino, zabyvai!]]'''''' (\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0439!)\\n\\n===Compilations===\\n* 2006\n        - ''''''[[Zaklipani pisni abo bachyly ochi shcho kupuvaly]]'''''' (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043b\\u0456\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u0431\\u0430\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043e\\u0447\\u0456 \\u0449\\u043e \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438)\\n*\n        2007 - ''''''[[Dlia tiekh kto v puti]]'''''' (\\u0414\\u043b\\u044f \\u0442\\u0454\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u0442\\u043e \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0456)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{refbegin}}\\n:''''''Inline''''''\\n{{refend}}\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://tartak.com.ua/ Official web site]\\n* {{uk icon}}\n        [http://tartak.com.ua/istorija/ Official biography by band''s front-man Sashko\n        Polozhynskyi]\\n* {{uk icon}} [http://uaformat.com/content/view/1384/39/ 10th\n        Anniversary interview]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical\n        groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-05T18:26:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":749536824,\"length\":4244,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tartak&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartak\"},\"38783870\":{\"pageid\":38783870,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Telnyuk Sisters\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-28T12:14:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2013}}{{peacock|date=March 2013}}{{notability|Music|date=March\n        2013}}}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n|name             = The Telnyuk Sisters
\\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a:\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\n|image              = Telnyuk sisters_4.JPG\\n|caption         =\n        \\u0422\\u0415\\u041b\\u042c\\u041d\\u042e\\u041a: \\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438  -\n        The Telnyuk Sisters\\n|image_size         = \\n|landscape        = Yes\\n|background       =\n        group_or_band\\n|origin           = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre            =\n        [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Art_rock|Art Rock]], [[Crossover_(music)|Crossover]]\\n|years_active     =\n        1986\\u2013present\\n|label            = [[COMP music]] / [[EMI]] 
 [[KOMORA]]\\n|associated_acts  =\n        \\n|website              = http://www.telnyuk.info\\n|current_members  = [[Lesya\n        Telnyuk]] 
 [[Halya Telnyuk]] 
 [[Sviatoslav Borovyk]] 
 [[Ihor\n        Patsovskyi]] 
[[Maksym Rymar]]|\\n|past_members = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''The\n        Telnyuk Sisters'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\\u0421\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438''''''}})\n        is a Ukrainian vocal [[Duet|duo]], Merited Artist of Ukraine Lesya and Halya\n        Telnyuk.\\n\\nAmong achievements - studio albums, theatrical performances, [[Vasyl\n        Stus Prize]] for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\nThe\n        repertoire the duo`s songs based on poems by [[Taras Shevchenko|T.Shevchenko]],\n        [[Pavlo Tychyna|P.Tychyna]], [[Yevgene Malaniuk|Ye.Malanuik]], [[Bohdan-Ihor\n        Antonych|B.-I.Antonych]], [[Vasyl Stus|V.Stus]], [[Lina Kostenko|L.Kostenko]],\n        [[Oksana_Zabuzhko|O.Zabuzhko]] and others.\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe duo, as a\n        professional team formed in 1986 year. Criticism qualifies creative artists\n        as a \\\"breath of fresh air\\\", \\\"cure for despair\\\", \\\"mystery words and music\\\",\n        rightly considering the duo as \\\"the last bastion of high poetry and music\n        in the space of modern Ukrainian song.\\\" In fact, Sisters not only among local\n        artists use genuine poetry and act only \\\"live\\\" (both in acoustics and in\n        electronics), adhering to the highest professional requirements.\\n\\n=== Prehistory\n        ===\\nFrom the early childhood, Lesya and Halya surrounded by poetry, music,\n        painting - both Ukrainian and the best world samples. Their father [[Stanislav\n        Telnyuk]] - is Ukrainian writer, literary critic, poet, translator, and their\n        mother Nelly Kopylova - is linguist, translator of Oriental Languages, editor.\n        The atmosphere of the poetic word, with its rhythms, colors, melodies - has\n        become an integral and organic in shaping the ideological position of artist`s\n        future.\\n\\nThe first musical compositions Sisters began creating in the 13-year-old\n        age: rock ballads, sketches, pastels, elegies, songs for choral performance\n        on the verses of poets-classics of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\nLesya and Halya\n        entrusted first serious attempt to arranging their own songs to talented composer\n        - Alexander Melnyk. This was the beginning of creative collaboration (\\\"I\n        stand on the cliff ...\\\" \\\"Do not look so friendly ...\\\" \\\"By psalteries ...\\\").\\n\\n==\n        Timeline, professional contacts ==\\nA year from start of professional activity\n        Sisters became the laureates of national competition \\\"New Names\\\" (1987).\\n\\nAwarded\n        diplomas at the first and second festival[[Chervona Ruta (festival)|\\\"Chervona\n        Ruta\\\"]] (1989, 1991). The first songs were created in verse [[Pavlo Tychyna]],\n        whose work Stanislav Telnyuk explored.\\n\\nThe first festival \\\"Chervona Ruta\\\"\n        - 1989. The song \\\"Summer has flew\\\" - lyrics by Tamara Mezentseva, music\n        by Alexander Melnyk, performed by The Telnyuk Sisters - was the best festival\n        song. Albums: \\\"Moment\\\"(\\\"Myt`\\\"), \\\"Lesya and Halya\\\" and nearly a dozen\n        songs off collections continued this creative collaboration. In those 90''s,\n        the duo`s songs and arrangements were created by the young, brilliant composer\n        Andryj Shust (\\\"Falcon\\\"(\\\"Sokil\\\"), \\\"Belles Summer has passed ...\\\").\\n\\nInteresting\n        songs with a new sound appeared with the advent of the creative pianist and\n        composer Ivan Davydenko (\\\"Take offense\\\", \\\"Under the rain\\\", \\\"Ophelia\\\",\n        \\\"Next to you\\\"). Gradually, this work with John Davydenko, joined by such\n        talented musicians as Eugene Bortnychuk, Oleg Putyatin, Igor Sereda. The album\n        \\\"Silence and Thunder\\\" started to set up with such members.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sisters\n        together with guitarist Mick Taylor (ex \\\"[[Rolling Stones]]\\\") recorded blues\n        song \\\"My futile love\\\" (Love in vain). Interestingly, this [[blues]] sounds\n        like Ukrainian with colorful sound of bandura.\\n\\nIn the late 90s, to the\n        60 anniversary of the birth of the Ukrainian poet Vasyl Stus, the program\n        \\\"Swinging evening broken even ...\\\" was created; it is a series of unique\n        performances by Raisa Nedashkivska in cooperation with the son of the poet\n        Dmytro Stus and actress Halyna Stefanova, bard, composer Sergyi Moroz. Also,\n        the program \\\"On the Edge\\\" was dedicated to the memory of the poet, was seen\n        and heard by Canadian students. Sisters was awarded to [[Vasyl Stus Prize]]-(1998)\n        for the preservation and promotion of Ukrainian culture.\\n\\n2000-2001. A first\n        attempt of creative collaboration with the theater. The controversial play\n        \\\"UBN\\\"([[Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist]]) was staged in [[Skarbek Theatre|Lviv\n        Drama Zankovetska Theatre]], led by [[Strygun Fedir Mykholajovych|Fedir Mykholajovych\n        Strygun]], Theatre Art Director, People''s Artist of Ukraine, Laureate of\n        the [[National Prize of Ukraine Taras Shevchenko|Shevchenko Prize]]. Director\n        - Myroslav Hrynyshyn, screenwriter - Halyna Telnyuk, author of music songs\n        to play - Lesya Telnyuk. Drama \\\"UBN\\\" has become a cultural and political\n        phenomenon, successfully passed the cities of Ukraine. Interesting and original\n        version of \\\"UBN\\\" is staged Lutsk Drama Theater.\\n\\nFor many years creative\n        work and friendship combine the duo \\\"Sisters Telnyuk\\\" with the teacher in\n        bandura Odessa State Conservatory - Nina Morozevich, who is the leader of\n        Trio \\u00abMallows\\\" - Odessa State Philharmonic. This team has a repertoire\n        of several Telnyuk Sisters songs, which successfully performs on their concerts\n        at home and abroad.\\n\\nNew, original ideas connect Halya and Lesya with Ukrainian\n        minstrel, modern master at making banduras - [[Hrynkiw Roman D.|Roman Hrynkiv]].\\n\\nSisters\n        communicate with many people during their foreign concert tours. These are\n        professional meetings, common performances and projects with various musicians,\n        artists such as Americans, Canadians, and Ukrainians. Among them, the brightest\n        are: Vasyl Popadiuk - violinist (Canada, Ukraine), [[Julian Kytasty]] - bandura\n        (USA).\\n\\nIn Canada, the Telnyuk Sisters became acquainted with the artist\n        Igor Polishchuk and within a few years there was a modern project \\\"Above\n        us the sky.\\\" Original, unique fusion of music, poetry and painting. A multimedia\n        show which included pictures, songs, videos. Ten cities in America and Canada\n        were able to see and hear this groundbreaking event.\\n\\nThe duo participated\n        in many joint projects. This release audio CDs:\\n* \\\"Ukrainian lullabies\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Kruty. Concert for the Angels \\\"\\n* \\\"Festival in Montreal\\\"\\n* \\\"Live Voice\n        of Vasyl Stus\\\"\\n* \\\"Kobzar\\\".\\n\\nIn autumn 2008 Telnyuk Sisters together\n        with Dmitro Stus and Roman Semysal created the project \\\"Stusove circle\\\"\n        about a landmark figure in Ukrainian history, a live legend, poet, translator\n        Vasyl Stus. It was directed by Sergyi Proskurnia.\\n\\n8\\u201317 December 2008\n        The Telnyuk Sisters shared with the legendary [[Komu Vnyz]] the concert tour.\n        Program \\\"Wind of centuries\\\" was seen and heard in: [[Odesa]], [[Kherson]],\n        [[Krivyj Rig]], [[Kirovograd]], [[Sumy]], [[Kharkiv]] [[Dnipropetrovsk]].\\n\\nIn\n        2009, the Sisters joined the \\\"[[AntonychFest]]\\\" - the celebration of the\n        centenary from the birth of [[Bohdan-Ihor Antonych|B.-I. Antonych]], held\n        by artists and youth organizations on a voluntary basis (without the support\n        of government support and businessmen). In addition to performances on the\n        concert stage festival, October 7, 2009 '''' CD \\\"Forever. Bohdan-Ihor Antonych\n        \\\"'''' was presented. These are 5 song interpretations on Antonych poetry\n        '''' ''Forever'','''' Ukrainian and French tracks, written with bands [[Dead\n        Rooster]], \\\"Ab\\u044bMS\\\" and Olexandr Melnyk.\\n\\nJanuary 22, 2010 in KinoPalats\n        was a premiere of musical film \\\"Telnyuk: Rehearsal\\u00bb. Known in the West\n        the format rehearsal (rehearsal video) was first in Ukraine involved by director\n        Alexander Antennae in the concert program of the Sisters'' Yellow Dandelion.\n        \\\"August 13, 2009 at a recording studio Komora Ukrainian musicians let the\n        film crew to shoot the program \\\"on the first take\\\".\\n\\nIn March, 2010, presentation\n        of the new Sisters album \\\"SONMO\\\" was held. In spring there was tour in several\n        cities of the country, it completed a grand concert in [[Kyiv Operetta]].\n        Concert of the presented program took place in the city for the second time,\n        viewers welcomed the artists while standing. Among the audience was, in particular,\n        the President of Ukraine [[Viktor Yushchenko]].\\n\\nThe Sisters have also created\n        a number of sketches of songs based on poems by Oksana Zabuzhko.\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n\\n=== Albums ===\\n\\n# 1991 - \\\"[[Myt`]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c)\\n#\n        1994 - \\\"[[Halya i Lesya]]\\\" (\\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f \\u0456 \\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f)\\n#\n        1998 - \\\"[[Tysha i Hrim]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c)\\n#\n        2000 - \\\"[[Live in Canada]]\\\"\\n# 2001 - \\\"[[U.B.N.: pisni z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0423.\\u0411.\\u041d.:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2003 - \\\"[[Zhar-ptytsi]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u0430\\u0440-\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456)\\n#\n        2005 - \\\"[[Vybrane 1CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435 1CD)\\n#\n        2005 \\u2013 \\\"[[Vybrane 2CD]]\\\" (\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\n        2CD)\\n# 2007 - \\\"[[Zhovta Kulbaba]]\\\" (\\u0416\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430)\\n#\n        2008 - \\\"[[Telnyuk: Nazavzhdy]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a:\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0436\\u0434\\u0438)\\n# 2009 \\u2013 \\\"[[Telnyuk:\n        Live]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Live)\\n# 2010 \\u2013\n        \\\"[[Telnyuk: Rehearsal]]\\\" (\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044e\\u043a: Rehearsal)\\n#\n        2010 - \\\"[[SONMO]]\\\" (\\u0421\\u041e\\u041d\\u041c\\u041e)\\n# 2010 - \\\"[[Moje sertse\n        v Verchovyni]]\\\" (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435 \\u0432\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0456)\\n# 2011 \\u2013 \\\"[[Incrustatsiji:pisni\n        z vystavy]]\\\" (\\u0406\\u043d\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457:\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438)\\n#\n        2011 - \\\"[[Doroha zi skla]]\\\" (\\u0414\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n* [http://www.telnyuk.info\n        Official project site]\\n* [http://twitter.com/telnyuk_sisters Official twitter\n        account]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/thetelnyuksisters Official page on YouTube]\\n*\n        [http://www.umka.com.ua/ukr/singer/?id=184 Albums on www.umka.com.ua]\\n* [http://www.lvivpost.net/content/view/4218/527\n        Dissidents today. Interview(ukr)]\\n* [http://www.ut.net.ua/Publication/7437\n        Just be yourself (Interview)// Ukrainian weekly, \\u211651, 17.12.2010]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Telnyuk\n        Sisters}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock\n        music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Sibling\n        musical duos]]\\n[[Category:People from Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Musical groups established\n        in 1986]]\\n[[Category:1986 establishments in the Soviet Union]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-25T00:33:58Z\",\"lastrevid\":751902074,\"length\":10562,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Telnyuk_Sisters&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telnyuk_Sisters\"},\"53020565\":{\"pageid\":53020565,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Teoriia\n        Gvaltu\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-25T20:42:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=January\n        2017}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| name                = Teoriia Gvaltu
\\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443\\n| image               = \\n| background          =\n        group_or_band\\n| origin              = [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n|\n        genre               = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Street punk]]\\n* [[ska]]\\n* [[post-rock]]\\n*\n        [[folk punk]]\\n}}\\n| years_active      = 2007\\u2013present\\n| label             =\n        Underground Rec\\n| website           = \\n| current_members   = Oleksii KalashnykSashko Baranov
Pankrat Cios
Vadym Kanchalaba\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Teoriia\n        Gvaltu'''''' ({{lang-uk|'''''' \\u0422\\u0435\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0490\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0442\\u0443''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Ruckus Theory'''') \\u2013 an [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] music\n        band that plays in the genres of street punk, ska and folk punk.\\n\\n==Biography==\\nFormed\n        in 2007, the band originally, in all respects, consisted of Les` (vocals,\n        flute, trombone), Sashko (guitar, vocals) and Ivan (bass). Laptop samples\n        had performed feature of drummer. By the time the guys listened to a variety\n        of music and tried to play all heard in these compositions. The group combines\n        [[Contemporary folk music|folk]], old-school-[[hardcore punk|hardcore]], ska\n        and [[nu-metal]].\\n\\nDmytro (drums) and Nadia (accordion) joined the group\n        in 2007. After charismatic accordionista went to Odessa study medicine, Roman\n        joined the band (keyboards, accordion, backing vocals). The band sent toward\n        the style of ska, [[ska punk]] and [[reggae]]. When Ivan left the group, another\n        Roman went to replace the bass.{{cite web|url=http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/2713.html|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=pisni.org.ua}} In 2011, Pancrate, the former leader\n        of the Russian group \\\"Keine Engel\\\" (c. Perm), began to perform role of the\n        bassist.\\n\\nAt the moment diverse musical style of the group can be described\n        as [[punk rock]] ([[street punk]], [[oi!]]) interspersed [[Rock music in Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-[[Rock\n        music in Ireland|Irish]] [[Folk rock|folk]] and ska punk.{{cite web|url=http://uk.likefm.org/artist/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D2%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83|title=Teoriia\n        Gvaltu |publisher=likefm.org}}\\n\\n== Current members ==\\n* Oleksii Kalashnyk\n        \\u2014 vocal, trombone, sopilka, keyboard (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Sashko Baranov\n        \\u2014 vocal, guitar (2007\\u2013present)\\n* Pankrat Cios \\u2014 bass, backing\n        vocals (2011\\u2013present)\\n* Vadym Kanchalaba \\u2014 drums (2009\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Discography==\\n*\n        ''''Three Arrows'''' EP (2011)\\n* ''''Karm\\u0430liuk'''' (2016)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[https://ruckustheory.bandcamp.com/ Ruckus Theory on bandcamp.com]\\n*[https://myspace.com/teoriyagvaltu\n        Teoriia Gvaltu on myspace.com]\\n*[https://vk.com/club3658062 Teoriia Gvaltu\n        on vk.com]\\n*[https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83\n        Discography of Teoriia Gvaltu]\\n\\n[[Category:Musical groups established in\n        2007]]\\n[[Category:People from Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-09T12:30:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":772186845,\"length\":3044,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teoriia_Gvaltu&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriia_Gvaltu\"},\"2778651\":{\"pageid\":2778651,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"TNMK\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n| name = TNMK\\n| Img = \\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e.jpg\\n|\n        Img_capt = \\n| background = group_or_band\\n| alias = \\n| origin = [[Kharkiv]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Alternative hip hop]],\n        [[Rap rock]], [[Jazz]], [[Funk]], [[Rapcore]]\\n| years_active = 1989\\u2013present\\n|\n        label = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Moon Records Ukraine|Moon Records]]\\n* [[Lavina Music]]\\n*\n        [[Nova Records]]\\n* [[Astra Rekords]]\\n* [[Volya Records]]\\n}}\\n| associated_acts\n        = {{flatlist|\\n* [[Apollo 440]][http://www.apollo440.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=96\n        Apollo 440 finish new 5th album - \\u2018The Future\\u2019s What It Used To\n        Be\\u2019. Guest vocal appearances by Mary Byker and Oleg Mykhailuta (TNMK).]\\n*\n        [[Albina Dzhanabaeva]]\\n* [[Nu Virgos]]\\n* [[Ivan Dorn]]\\n* [[Vakhtang Kikabidze]]\\n*\n        [[Mgzavrebi]]\\n}}\\n| website = {{url|http://www.tnmk.com/}}\\n| current_members\n        = Fahot
Fozzi
Kotya
Yarik
Oleksandr Shymans\\u02b9kyy
Vitol\\u02b9d
TonIk\\n|\n        past_members = Dilya\\n}}\\n\\n''''''TNMK'''''' or ''''''Tanok na Maidani Kongo''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0491\\u043e}}; literally ''''Dance at the Congo Square'''')\n        - is the most successful [[Ukrainian hip hop|Ukrainian hip-hop]] group.[http://myradio.ua/group/310\n        \\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\u0422\\u041d\\u041c\\u041a \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\\u0456 myradio.ua:\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434 1989 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f]\n        They are known for clever, yet often tongue-in-cheek, lyrics; mixing hip-hop\n        with [[Rock music|rock]], [[funk]] and [[jazz]] music and playing real instruments\n        on their albums and live shows, rather than using [[Sampling (music)|samples]]\n        and [[drum machine]]s. TNMK performed at many festivals as: [[Sziget Festival|Sziget\n        Fest]],[http://www.unian.info/society/59438-esthetic-education-and-tnmk-showed-themselves-in-sziget-rock-festival.html\n        Esthetic Education and TNMK showed themselves in \\u201cSziget\\u201d rock-festival]\n        [[Zakhid]], [[Tavria Games]], [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]],\n        [[Faine Misto]] and [[Bandershtat]].\\n\\n==History==\\nThe group was formed\n        at a labor camp on 14 June 1989 by Oleksandr \\\"Fozzi\\\" Sydorenko and Kostiantyn\n        \\\"Kotia\\\" Zhuikov and was originally called ''''''Novye Doma'''''' ({{lang-ru|''''\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430''''}}) after one of the [[Kharkiv]] city neighborhoods\n        where members of the band lived. They performed at the camp graduation ceremony,\n        after which it was decided to gather the full band on 1 September 1989 at\n        the school No. 11 where they studied. In September of the same year during\n        [[subbotnik]], the band guitarist Ivan Rykov, instead of painting a goal post,\n        drew at the school shooting range a phrase \\\"''''\\u041d\\u041e\\u0412\\u042b\\u0415\n        \\u0414\\u041e\\u041c\\u0410 \\u0413\\u0420''''\\\", while for the rest ''''\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410''''\n        he ran out of paint (\\u0413\\u0420\\u0423\\u041f\\u041f\\u0410 in Russian means\n        a band). The phrase survived for over 20 years, but faded away over a time.\n        Originally Novye Doma played near the local Palace of Pioneers (southeastern\n        portion of the city), but later managed to secure a studio at the Palace of\n        Pioneers in the west side of the city where they performed in 1990-1994. Coincidentally\n        just over the fence from the Palace of Culture was located a boarding music\n        school where at the same time the future band member Oleh Mykhailyuta was\n        learning to play [[bassoon]] ({{lang-it|fagotto}}). The palace administration\n        allowed the band to perform under one condition that they would play one of\n        the popular songs once a week. Among the composition that they had to learn\n        was [[I''ve Been Thinking About You]] by [[Londonbeat]], [[Don''t Cry]] by\n        [[Guns''N''Roses]], as well as Soviet pop songs.\\n\\nOn suggestion of the band''s\n        [[wind instrument]]s performer Maksym Lytvynenko, the band changed its name\n        to ''''''Tanets na ploschadi Kongo'''''' after the [[Congo Square]] in [[New\n        Orleans]], which is considers to be a place where [[jazz]] was born.\\n\\nSometime\n        in 1997 the band changed its name to the current Ukrainian version which was\n        adopted for the 1997 Chervona Ruta festival.\\n\\nTNMK released its first album,\n        ''''Zroby meni hip-hop'''', in 1998. The title track became an underground\n        hit in [[Ukraine]], but it was only with the release of ''''''Neformat''''''\n        in 2001 that they rose to mainstream popularity. ''''Pozhezhi mista Vavilon'''',\n        released in 2004, had a harder sound, while ''''Jazzy'''', released in the\n        same year, was a [[live album]] recorded with a Ukrainian jazz band, Skhid-Side,\n        and featured TNMK songs re-arranged in a jazz and funk  style. In the same\n        year, the group toured [[France]] and recorded French versions of some of\n        their songs. Their album ''''Syla'''' was voted the best album of 2005 by\n        the most popular Ukrainian music portal [http://music.com.ua music.com.ua].\n        Their 2008 album, ''''ReFormatTsia vol.2'''', is a compilation of remixes\n        of their songs sung by them and other singers such as [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Mariya\n        Burmaka]] and GreatFruit. The album also includes a remix of the song \\\"[[Chervona\n        Ruta (song)|Chervona Ruta]]\\\" featuring [[Sofia Rotaru]]. In 2014 they realised\n        their last album - ''''Dzerkalo''''.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n* 1998 ''''[[:uk:\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f|Zroby meni\n        hip-hop (Make me hip hop)]]'''' (\\u0417\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0445\\u0456\\u043f-\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f)\\n* 2001 ''''[[:uk:\\u041d\\u0454\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442|Neformat\n        (Curiosities)]]'''' (\\u041d\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n*\n        2002 ''''[[:uk:Re\\u0424\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0426\\u0456\\u044f|Reformatsiya\n        (Reformation)]]'''' (\\u0420\\u0435\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)\n        (remix album)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d|Pozhezhi mista Vavilon (Fires of\n        the City Babylon)]]'''' (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0436\\u0435\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d)\\n* 2004 ''''[[:uk:Jazzy. Live\n        in 44|Jazzy]]'''' (live album)''''\\n* 2005 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Syla (The Power)]]'''' (\\u0421\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430)\\n*\n        2008 ''''[[ReFormatTsia vol.2 (TNMK album)|ReFormatTsia vol.2]]'''' (ReFormation\n        vol.2) (remix album)\\n* 2010 ''''[[:uk:\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c. (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|S.P.A.M.]]''''\n        (\\u0421.\\u041f.\\u0410.\\u041c.)\\n* 2014 ''''[[:uk:\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        (\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c)|Dzerkalo (The Mirror)]]'''' (\\u0414\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.tnmk.com/ Official website]\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Soviet\n        musical groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T23:10:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":797746921,\"length\":6072,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNMK&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNMK\"},\"42831309\":{\"pageid\":42831309,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Trystavisim\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=July\n        2014}}\\n\\n{{Infobox musical artist\\n| image =Zaxidfest 2016.jpg \\n| image_size\n        = 260px\\n| background = group_or_band\\n| origin = [[Uzhgorod]], {{nowrap|[[Ukraine]]}}\\n|\n        genre = [[folk rock]], [[ska punk]]\\n| years_active = 2010\\u2013present\\n|\n        website = [http://www.trystavisim.com/ www.trystavisim.com]\\n| current_members\n        =\\n* Pavlo Genov\\n* Andriy Shapovalov\\n* Igor Magada\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\\n*\n        Stanislav Mykultsya\\n* Serhiy Yelahin\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\\n}}\\n[[File:Trystavisim\n        in phantom.jpg|265px|thumb|Presentation of \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb]]\\n[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434-2013.jpg|right|265px|thumb|Zaxidfest-2013]]\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0431\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430 \\\"\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430\\\".jpg|right|265px|thumb|Presentation\n        EP \\u00abPercha\\u00bb]]\\n\\n''''''Trystavisim'''''' (ukr. \\u0422\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c)\n        - is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Rock music|rock]] band from [[Uzhgorod]] ([[Zakarpattia\n        Oblast|Transcarpathia]]).\\n\\n== Description ==\\nThe music played by a [[rock\n        band]] is built on the basis of elements of [[folk-rock]], [[punk rock|punk]],\n        [[ska]] and is decorated with a colorful addition of forceful melodies. In\n        general the style of the band can be described as [[folk punk]].\\n\\n== History==\\nThe\n        first performance of the group was held in November 23, [[2010 in music|2010]]\n        in [[Lviv]] in Nabutky Etnoclub and Lviv Art association Dzyga.[http://dzyga.com/content/view/793/334/lang,ua\n        dzyga.com]\\n\\nOver the next two years, the band toured with performances\n        in almost every major city in Western Ukraine, having played more than 50\n        concerts (including the performance in one of the largest Ukrainian festivals\n        of music and art, which is festival \\\"Zahid\\\").\\n\\nOn March 26, 2013 the band\n        presented their debut mini-album ([[Extended play|EP]]) called \\\"Percha\\\",[http://zaholovok.com.ua/dlya-obkladinki-debyutnogo-albomu-gurt-trista8isim-vikoristav-vlasni-shkarpetki\n        zaholovok.com.ua] which included 5 songs.\\n\\nOn March 31, 2013 the band\n        took part in a [[radio]] project Tysa FM Live, doing online tracks live from\n        the debut [[album]].\\n\\nLater \\\"Trystavisim\\\" was invited to take part in\n        the filming of television programs on the [[Pershyi Natsionalnyi (Ukraine)|first\n        national]] TV channel (Folk-music) and [[TVi (channel)|TVI]] (Music for Adult\n        with [[Maria Burmaka]]).\\n\\nOn August 13, 2013 was presented a debut [[video\n        clip]] for the song called \\\"Dyslocatsiya\\\" which received approving reviews\n        from music critics.\\n\\nDuring the summer of 2013 the band performed on the\n        vast majority of [[festival]]s in [[Ukraine]], they received an unofficial\n        status of \\\"a discovery of summer festivals 2013 in Ukrainian music\\\".[http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/7184\n        molode.com.ua]\\n\\nIn spring 2014 the band announced the release of their\n        debut full-length album, and subsequently announced his name. The record was\n        called \\\"LATCHO\\\". In support of the album as part of the announced tour \\\"Latcho\n        Tour 2014 / Round 1\\\" band played many concerts in [[Ukraine]] and abroad,\n        visiting the festivals [[Kraina Mriy]][http://www.krainamriy.com/news.php?category=175\n        krainamriy.com] in [[Kiev]], which was founded by known Ukrainian musician\n        [[Oleh Skrypka]], [[Lemkowska watra]] in [[Zdynia]] ([[Poland]]),[http://www.watrazdynia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=105\n        watrazdynia.pl] and Zahid.\\n\\nJanuary 27, 2015 the album \\\"LATCHO\\\"\n        was officially released. February 12, 2015, the group published the official\n        music video for one of the main songs from the album, the song [[Varosh banda]].[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/tristavisim-pro-novij-albom-klip-ta-koncerti#.VQwd7o6sWSo\n        varosh] Then, in support of the album, band played two great concerts\n        in [[Uzhgorod]] and [[Kyiv]], February 27 and March 13, respectively.[http://prozak.info/Kul-tura/Muzika/Tristavisim-Lacho-v-masi\n        prozak]\\n\\nIn May, the group published an original animated video for\n        the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Loa6NUKJUbQ  Nasha faita] and played\n        many concerts in Ukraine and abroad during the festival season.\\n\\n2016 announcement\n        on the band''s new EP and the release of two singles with videos. In March,\n        a video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers] was released,\n        and already on April 22 the band presented his new program \\\"Varoshska Tusa\\\"\n        via big concert in [[Uzhgorod]]. Subsequently, on June 7, was published scandalous\n        video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska Tusa], which\n        has caused mixed reactions.\\n\\nCurrently band working on second album.\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\n* Pavlo Genov - [[Singing|lead vocals]]\\n* Andriy Shapovalov -\n        [[Bass guitar|bass]]\\n* Igor Magada - [[Drum kit|drums]]\\n* Volodymyr Shchobak\n        - [[trumpet]], backing vocals\\n* Stanislav Mykultsya - [[accordion]], backing\n        vocals\\n* Serhiy Yelahin - [[guitar]],  backing vocals\\n* Oleh Orieshnikov\n        - [[Audio engineer|sound director]]\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n===Singles===\\n*\n        December 2012 \\u2014 \\u00abDyslokatsiya\\u00bb (\\u0414\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f)[https://soundcloud.com/trysta8isim/8-2012\n        soundcloud.com][http://molode.com.ua/?q=node/5875 molode.com.ua]\\n*\n        January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abTranscarpathia\\u00bb (\\u0422\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f)[http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/novinyshow/tristavisim-prezentuvali-pershij-singl-z-albomu-lacho--transkarpatiya#.VQw7k46sWSo\n        varosh]\\n\\n===Albums===\\n* March 2013 \\u2014 \\u00abPercha\\u00bb (\\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430)\n        [EP]\\n* January 2015 \\u2014 \\u00abLatcho\\u00bb (\\u041b\\u0430\\u0447\\u043e)\n        [http://musicukraine.com/main/889-recenziya-tristavsm-lacho-2015.html\n        musicukraine.com]\\n\\n==Videography==\\n* August, 2013 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNbpRYdbTEs  Dyslocatsiya][http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-dyslokatsiya\n        notatky.com.ua]\\n* February, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Varosh\n        banda][http://zaholovok.com.ua/gurt-tristavisim-vipustiv-klip-na-pisnyu-varosh-banda-video\n        zaholovok.com.ua]\\n* May, 2015 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqjUE5sPYYU  Nasha\n        faita] \\n* March, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvAm4tg2pmE  Rangers][http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/v-ukrayini-zapisali-versiyu-gimnu-nacionalnoyi-policiyi\n        cultprostir.ua] \\n* June, 2016 \\u2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUXU4Uxx7w  Varoshska\n        tusa] [http://cultprostir.ua/uk/news-single/gurt-iz-uzhgoroda-poglumivsya-nad-ukrayinskimi-talant-shou\n        cultprostir.ua]\\n\\n== Festivals ==\\n* Music Bike Ukraine\\n* Goral Music\n        Avia Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2012\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2012[http://bokeh.com.ua/live/3axid/443_vistup_gurtu_trista8isim\n        bokeh.com.ua]\\n* Rurysko \\u2014 2013\\n* Music Bike Ukraine \\u2014 2013\\n*\n        Pidkamin'' \\u2014 2013\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2013\\n* Franko-mission \\u2014\n        2013\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2013\\n* Cheremosh \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]]\n        - 2014\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2014\\n* [[Lemkowska watra]], [[Zdynia]] - 2014\\n*\n        Zaxidfest \\u2014 2014\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2015\\n* Ole Dovbush \\u2014\n        2015\\n* [[Kraina Mriy]] \\u2014 2015\\n* Faine misto \\u2014 2016\\n* [[Woodstock\n        Ukraine]]\\u2014 2016\\n* Zaxidfest \\u2014 2016\\n* Obnova \\u2014 2016\\n*\n        Dnister-fest \\u2014 2016\\n* Wild wild fest \\u2014 2016\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n* [http://www.trystavisim.com trystavisim.com]\\n* [http://facebook.com/trystavisim\n        Facebook]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/c/TRYSTAVISIMBAND YouTube]\\n* [http://www.twitter.com/trystavisim\n        Twitter]\\n\\n== Sources ==\\n* [http://varosh.com.ua/all/post/ludyshow/unvarskij-folkpankrok-gurt-trista8isim-yak-govorimo-tak-i-spivamo\n        varosh.com.ua]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/article/2013/61/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://umka.com/ukr/catalogue/folk-rock/trysta8isim-percha-ep-digi-pack.html\n        umka.com]\\n* [http://notatky.com.ua/trysta8isim-percha/ notatky.com.ua]\\n*\n        [http://www.mukachevo.net/ua/News/view/71834-%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B08%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC-%D0%B7-%D0%A3%D0%B6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%9E-%D0%92%D0%86%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9E\n        www.mukachevo.net]\\n* [http://zakarpattya.net.ua/News/84872-KHloptsi-z-hurtu-Trysta8isim-znaiut-shcho-i-dlia-koho-vony-hraiut\n        zakarpattya.net.ua]\\n* [http://nashe.com.ua/artist/1043 nashe.com.ua]\\n* [http://fdr.com.ua/news_item/28787/\n        fdr.com.ua]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n[[Category:Folk punk musicians]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian ska groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T23:12:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":795241582,\"length\":8466,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trystavisim&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trystavisim\"},\"1471716\":{\"pageid\":1471716,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Rock\n        music in Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-25T10:28:01Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[Image:Okean-elzy-2008.jpg|right|thumb|300\n        px|[[Okean Elzy]] - one of the most popular Ukrainian rock bands]]\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        rock'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a}}) is [[rock music]] from [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nWhile it is rock\n        it is important for those who follow Ukrainian contemporary music to understand\n        the [[VIA music]] scene of the 1970s and 1980s. This controlled form of music,\n        was a response to the [[Rock and roll]] infiltrating from the outside of the\n        [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], to understand the development of\n        Ukrainian rock one has to understand its background.\\n\\nThe most popular bands\n        include [[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]], [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Druha Rika]], [[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]], [[Komu Vnyz]], [[Lama (Ukrainian\n        band)|Lama]], [[Mad Heads XL]], [[Mandry]], [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]],\n        [[Okean Elzy]], [[Plach Yeremiyi]], [[S.K.A.Y.]], [[Taras Petrynenko]], [[Tartak]],\n        [[TNMK]], [[Viy (band)|Viy]], [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]] and others. [[Opalnyi\n        Prynz]] was, perhaps, the most influential rock band in the late 1980s and\n        early 1990s, followed by its predecessor Loony Pelen.\\u0404\\u0432\\u0442\\u0443\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440. \\\"\\u041b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e\\\".\\n\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f.\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432-2004, \\\"\\u0410\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\\"\n        - Online version - http://rock-oko.com/knizhki/oblichchya-muziki/tvorch-portreti/opalnij-princz.html\n        [[Okean Elzy]], featuring [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] has long been among the\n        most popular bands of Ukrainian pop-rock, and has had some success abroad.  The\n        band [[Mandry]] is known for fusing traditional Ukrainian music with rock,\n        [[blues]], [[reggae]] and [[chanson]]s. The pop-singer [[Ruslana]] also uses\n        some elements of rock in her work.\\n\\nThe [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona\n        Ruta]] was a very important Ukrainian rock [[music festival]].\\n\\n\\\"\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0430\\u0436\\\" - ''''''New Ukrainian Wave\n        92'''''' - \\nFestival of the best Ukrainian folk/pop/rock bands (Producer-\n        [[Rostyslav Shtyn|Rostyslav-show]], 1992)\\n\\nFamous Ukrainian [[Heavy metal\n        music|heavy metal]] bands include [[Fleshgore]], Firelake, [[Nokturnal Mortum]],\n        [[Astrofaes]], [[Drudkh]], and [[Hate Forest]].\\n\\nMetal Heads Mission is\n        the biggest metal festival in Ukraine and ex-USSR countries.\\n\\nUkrainian\n        rock songs are commonly sung in either Ukrainian or Russian. Some performers\n        pronounce Russian with a Ukrainian accent, as can be heard in some [[Vopli\n        Vidopliassova]] songs. Elements include pronouncing all instances of the [[O\n        (Cyrillic)|o]] as /o/ (despite being unstressed) and [[Ye (cyrillic)|ye]]\n        as /e/. The [[Ge (Cyrillic)|ge]] is also pronounced as /h/ or /x/.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===1960s-1970s===\\nSuch\n        bands as [[Eney]] and [[Hutsuly (band)|Hutsuly]] were created in the 1960s\n        during [[Khrushchev Thaw]].\\n\\n''''''[[Eney]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439''''''}})\n        was the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]] [[rock music|rock]] band that performed\n        its own [[repertoire]]. It was named after the famous character, [[Aeneas]],\n        from one of the [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky#The first modern Ukrainian writer|literal\n        work]] of [[Ivan Kotlyarevsky]].\\n\\nDuring 1960''s students from a special\n        music school in Kiev formed this group. The group was named after [[Mykola\n        Lysenko]]. They initially played unique interpretations of Ukrainian folk\n        songs. Later, after members were exposed to  the late works of [[The Beatles]],\n        they started to rearrange works of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] and [[Khachaturian]].\n        In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko and Blinov left it to form the new group\n        ''''Dzvony''''. The band started to experiment in new genres: blues and soul.\n        In 1972 the band and their music were banned in the Soviet Union and labeled\n        \\\"bourgeois-national\\\". As a result, all existing records/recordings were\n        destroyed. After that the band went underground until 1974. The members then\n        merged with ''''Dzvony'''' into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble ''''Decorative\n        Trails''''. After the group was accepted to the ''''Ukr-kontsert'''' it changed\n        its name to ''''Hrono''''. In 1977 the ensemble became ''''Eney'''' once again.\n        After a period of time, the group broke up and members either joined different\n        bands or went solo. [[Taras Petrynenko|Petrynenko]] later created his own\n        group [[Hrono]].\\n\\n===1980s===\\nThe rise of rock music in the middle of 1980s\n        was inspired by [[Gorbachev]]s [[perestroika]] with its [[doctrinal]]s of\n        [[glasnost]] and [[uskoreniye]].\\n\\nSeveral rock bands were formed in Kiev\n        in rock club \\\"Kuznia\\\". Among them [[Adem (band)|Adem]] (1985), [[Vopli Vidopliasova]]\n        (1986), [[Komu Vnyz]] (1988).\\n\\nThe most promoinent event was [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] [[music festival]] held for the first time\n        in [[Chernivtsi]] in 1989.\\n\\nSuch bands as [[Braty Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]],\n        [[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]], [[Opalnyi Prynz]], [[Skryabin (band)|Skriabin]]\n        and [[The Telnyuk Sisters|Sestry Telniuk]] were formed in the late 1980s\\n\\n''''''[[Braty\n        Hadyukiny|Braty Hadiukiny]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u0434\\u044e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0438}}) is a rock band from [[Lviv]],\n        one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times.\n        The band music style combines different genres such as rock''n''roll, blues,\n        punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironical song lyrics contain a lot of local vernacularisms,\n        slang and [[surzhyk]]. The name translates as \\\"Hadyukin Brothers\\\", where\n        the fictional surname Hadyukin is derived from the word ''''hadiuka'''', or\n        \\\"[[viper]]\\\". The abbreviation literally means \\\"[[snake]]s\\\" (In Ukrainian\n        the two words are [[cognate]]s.)\\n\\nThe band was active mainly between 1988\n        and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in [[Kiev]] which was\n        a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by lot of famous people\n        (including that time prime minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]). After band''s leader\n        Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 the big tribute concert was held in 2011, joined\n        by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as Komu Vnyz, Vopli Vidoplyasova,\n        Okean Elzy and others. In 2014 rest of band members released new album (the\n        first one since 1996).\\n\\n[[File:Mertvyi_Piven.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]].]]\\n\\n''''''[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi Piven]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}}) is a [[rock music|rock]] band that\n        formed in 1989. The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival.\n        Their debut album ''''Eto'''' recorded in 1991, at the end of the [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] festival ([[Chervona Ruta]]), where the group\n        took first prize in the category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began\n        as an acoustic band. During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into\n        a grunge/art-rock band, though their music can''t be described by one particular\n        style. Dead Rooster has changed personnel several times.\\n\\nMany songs of\n        the band were written in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like [[Yuri Andrukhovych]],\n        [[Maksym Rylsky]], [[Oleksandr Irvanets]], [[Viktor Neborak]], [[Yurko Pozayak]],\n        [[Serhiy Zhadan]], [[Natalka Bilotserkivets]], [[Ihor Kalynets]] and [[Taras\n        Shevchenko]]. The album ''''Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya'''' is based on the Andrukhovych''s\n        poetry collection of the same name.\\n\\nIn 2009 their song \\\"Kiss\\\" (\\\"Potsilunok\\\")\n        was featured in the a soundtrack of ''''[[Cold Souls]]'''', an American film\n        directed by [[Sophie Barthes]].\\n\\n''''''[[Vopli Vidopliasova]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430}}) was\n        formed in 1986 in [[Kiev]]. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs,\n        punk, hard rock, heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir\n        song ''''Den Narodzhennia'''' is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]''''\n        movies by director [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also\n        produced several solo albums.\\n\\n''''''[[Komu Vnyz]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0412\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437}}) was founded in 1988 in Kiev. They wound up at\n        their first festival [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] completely\n        by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of\n        judges for the tryout, but [[Taras Petrynenko]], after listening to their\n        work, insisted that they participated in the event.\\n\\nAs of 2011, Komu Vnyz\n        is translating their lyrics into [[English language|English]] in order to\n        re-release their albums in Europe.\\n\\n===Early 1990s===\\n[[File:Haydamaky\n        in Sheshory 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]] on\n        Sheshory Festival 2005.]]\\n\\n''''''[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438}})\n        is a [[folk rock]] band formed in Kiev in 1991. The music of Haydamaky is\n        inspired by various [[ethnic music]] from around the world, especially from\n        various regions of Ukraine, such as [[Polesia]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Carpathian\n        Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]. Other influences include the Romanian folklore,\n        [[punk rock|punk music]] sound of [[Shane MacGowan]] and by the [[reggae]]\n        of such bands like [[Burning Spear]] and [[Black Uhuru]].\\n\\nHaydamaky have\n        recently performed at many club venues across Europe, including as a special\n        guest at a concert of [[Asian Dub Foundation]] in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]].\n        Other club appearances this year were held in [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Moscow]].\\n\\n''''''[[Okean Elzy]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u041e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0430\\u043d \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0437\\u0438''''''}},\n        translation: ''''Elza''s Ocean'''') is one of the most successful and popular\n        Ukrainian bands. It was formed in 1994 in Lviv, Ukraine. The band''s vocalist\n        and [[frontman]] is [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]]. Okean Elzy is one of the best-loved\n        Ukrainian rock band not only in Ukraine but also in most [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States|CIS]] countries. In April 2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ\n        Magazine music awards for \\u201cBest rock act\\u201d.\\n\\n''''''[[Plach Yeremiyi]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447 \\u0404\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0457}})\n        is a rock band from Lviv, Ukraine. The band was actually formed in February\n        1990, but the two most constant musicians - [[Taras Chubay]] and Vsevolod\n        Dyachyshyn have played together since 1984 in the band ''''''Tsyklon''''''\n        (''''\\u0426\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d'''').\\n\\nPlach Yeremiyi songs are\n        usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead man [[Taras Chubay|Taras\n        Chubay''s]] fatherMany entries at the Pisni.org Website show that the\n        words were written by Taras Chubay''s father - http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/76.html\n        ''''Hryhoriy Chubay'''' and given a contemporary rock sound. The group''s\n        name comes from [[Taras Chubay|Taras Chubay''s]] father''s [[Masterpiece|Magnum\n        opus]] ''''Plach Yeremiyi'''' posthumously published in 1999.  The music in\n        the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes,\n        overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific \\\"[[Lviv]]\\\" colouring.\\n\\n===Late\n        1990s===\\n\\n''''''[[Dymna Sumish]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0438\\u043c\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0456\\u0448}}) was founded on 3 December 1998 in [[Chernihiv]].\n        The group plays a mix of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock|punk]] and\n        [[psychedelic rock]]. Winners of the festivals \\u00abChervona Ruta\\u00bb (Ukraine),\n        \\u00abPearls of the Season\\u00bb (Ukraine), \\u00abBoards\\u00bb ([[Moscow]]),\n        \\u00abWoodstock\\u00bb ([[Poland]]). Its name means ''''Smoking Mix''''.\\n\\nAll\n        members of the group are [[vegetarian]]s. They openly express their opinion\n        against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying to convey to the listeners with\n        their music and lyrics the value of life.\\n\\nIn April 2012 the participants\n        of the group said that the group temporarily stop their activity because of\n        inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine - when a culture isn''t valued,\n        but instead all the power has [[policy]], social experiments and  \\\"[[totalitarianism]]\\\".\\n\\n''''''[[Druha\n        Rika]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430}})\n        is a rock band from [[Zhytomyr]]. The band''s style determined as [[Brit Pop]].\n        Druha Rika released five studio albums and two compilations. The name of the\n        band means ''''Second river''''.\\n\\n[[File:\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0422\\u0430\\u043a.jpg|thumb|right|300\n        px|[[Tartak]].]]\\n''''''[[Tartak]]'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043a}})\n        is a popular [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]]/[[rapcore]]/[[alternative hip hop|alternative]]\n        crossover band from Ukraine.  They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and\n        dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics.\\n\\n\\\"Tartak\\\"\n        means ''''woodsaw'''' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. Sashko thought\n        that tartak symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate\n        for a band name.\\n\\n[[Oleksandr Polozhynskyi|Sashko Polozhynskyi]] founded\n        the group in the Fall of 1996 in [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]. The group has released\n        five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos.[http://www.umka.com.ua/eng/singer/?id=155\n        List of Tartak albums] Tartak''s songs \\\"Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav\\\" and \\\"Stilnykove\n        Kohannia\\\" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively.[http://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=6467\n        Top40-Charts]  Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the\n        events of the [[Orange Revolution]] as seen in the adjacent picture.\\n\\nThe\n        true founder of Tartak was [[Vasyl Zinkevytch jr.]], a friend of Sashko. [[Bohdan\n        Zinkevych]] came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together\n        the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer\n        he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they\n        were struggling because their lyrics weren''t a success and the soloist (Vasyl\n        Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because\n        for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business.\n        In the late 90''s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts,\n        parades, and other musical events! when his fame actually came to him he claimed\n        that the idea of Tartak was his idea.\\n\\n''''''[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0422\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c \\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u044f}}, sometimes\n        literal translation ''''''Sun Shadow'''''' is used) is a [[folk metal]] band\n        from Kiev. Primarily the band''s style was close to alternative rock, but\n        in 2003 they have come to so called [[Cossacks|Cossack]] rock. Almost all\n        of the lyrics are in Ukrainian except couple of Belarusian songs.\\n\\nThe band\n        has taken part in number of festivals the biggest of which are [[Basovi\\u0161\\u010da]]\n        and [[Zakhid]].\\n\\n===2000s-2010s===\\n''''''[[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]''''''\n        (also: \\u0411\\u0443\\u043c\\u0411\\u043e\\u043a\\u0441, Bumboks) is a Ukrainian\n        [[funky]] [[Groove (music)|groove]] [[Musical ensemble|band]], which was founded\n        in 2004 by singer [[Andriy Khlyvniuk]] and  [[Andriy \\u201cMukha\\u201d Samoilo]]\n        on [[guitar]]. In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only\n        took 19 hours to record.http://lavinamusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=97&lang=ua\\n\\nTheir\n        songs are in predominantly in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], but songs\n        in [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]] also appear\n        on their albums and singles.\\n\\n[[File:Skay-2008.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|S.K.A.Y.\n        at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]], Kiev on August 24, 2008.]]\\n\\n''''''[[S.K.A.Y.]]''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|''''''\\u0421.\\u041a.\\u0410.\\u0419.''''''}}) is a [[Pop rock]] band\n        formed in 2001 in [[Ternopil]], [[Ukraine]].\\n\\nAfter the band had been formed\n        in 2001 it started to tour the country and performed at several festivals\n        like ''''Perlyny sezonu'''', ''''Tavriyski ihry'''' and ''''Chervona ruta''''.\n        They became more known for a broader audience after their appearance on the\n        programme \\\"Fresh Blood\\\" on the Ukrainian TV channel M1. The general director\n        Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and signed them to his label.\\n\\nIn\n        2006 their first album \\\"Te, shcho treba\\\" was released. They released their\n        second album \\\"Planeta S.K.A.Y.\\\" already in 2007.\\n\\nThe frontman Oleh Sobchuk\n        in 2008 was awarded the medal of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]]\n        \\\"1020 Years of Baptism of Rus\\\" for his participation in the rock-tour with\n        the same name.''''\\\"His Beatitude Metropolitan Volodymyr Handed Out Church\n        Awards to Priests and Musicians Who Took Part in All-Ukraine Rock Tour Dedicated\n        to 1020th Years of the Baptism of Rus\\\", Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow\n        Patriarchate), 2008.''''\\n\\nIn October\\u2013November 2013 the group\n        took part in agitational concerts \\\"We are united\\\", which were organized\n        by pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Medvedchuk]] in Ukrainian cities.\\n\\n==Notable\n        festivals==\\n* [[Bandershtat]] ([[Volyn Oblast]], 2007\\u2013present)\\n* [[Chervona\n        Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] (different cities of Ukraine, 1989\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Taras Bulba (festival)|Taras Bulba]] ([[Dubno]], [[Rivne Oblast]], 1991\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Tavria Games]] ([[Kakhovka]], [[Kherson Oblast]], 1992\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Rock-Existence]] ([[Kiev]], 1996\\u20132005)\\n* [[Rock-Sich]] ([[Kiev]],\n        2006\\u20132013)\\n* [[Stare Misto (Festival)|Stare Misto]] ([[Lviv]], 2007\\u20132013)\\n*\n        [[Trypilske kolo]] ([[Rzhyshchiv]], [[Kiev Oblast]], 2008\\u2013present)\\n*\n        [[Zakhid]] ([[Lviv Oblast]], 2009\\u2013present)\\n* [[Respublica (festival)|Respublica]]\n        ([[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], 2011\\u2013present)\\n\\n==List\n        of notable Ukrainian rock bands==\\n[[File:Basowiszcza-2007-TinSoncia-3.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Tin\n        Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]] at Basowiszcza 2007 festival.]]\\n[[File:FLIT danieluk\n        2005.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Volodymyr Novikov of [[Flit (band)|Flit]].]]\\n\\n{{div\n        col|3}}\\n\\n''''''[[Art rock]]''''''\\n*[[Eney]]\\n*[[Gorgisheli]]\\n* [[The Telnyuk\n        Sisters|The Telniuk Sisters]]\\n\\n''''''[[Black metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Astrofaes]]\n        \\n*[[Blood of Kingu]] \\n*[[Drudkh]] \\n*[[Hate Forest]] \\n*[[Khors (band)|Khors]]\n        \\n*[[Nokturnal Mortum]]\\n\\n''''''[[Death metal]]:''''''\\n*Firelake\\n*[[Fleshgore]]\\n\\n''''''[[Indie\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Brunettes Shoot Blondes]]\\n*[[Esthetic Education]]\\n*[[Marakesh\n        (band)|Marakesh]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Holy Blood (band)|Holy\n        Blood]]\\n*[[Kroda]]\\n*[[Tin Sontsya|Tin Sontsia]]\\n\\n''''''[[Folk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Atmasfera]]\\n*[[Los\n        Colorados (music group)|Los Colorados]]\\n*[[Haydamaky (band)|Haydamaky]]\\n*[[Mandry]]\\n*[[PanKe\n        Shava]]\\n*[[TIK (band)|TIK]]\\n*[[Vopli Vidopliasova]] (VV)\\n*[[Yurcash]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        metal]]:''''''\\n*[[Polynove Pole]] \\n*[[Obiymy Doshchu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Gothic\n        rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Komu Vnyz]]\\n*[[Viy (band)|Viy]]\\n\\n''''''[[Metalcore]]'''''':\\n*[[Make\n        Me Famous]]\\n*[[Morphine Suffering]]\\n\\n''''''[[Pop rock]]:''''''\\n*[[BoomBox\n        (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]\\n*[[Druha Rika]]\\n*[[Hapochka]]\\n*[[Krykhitka Tsakhes|Krykhitka]]\n        (ex-Krykhitka Tsakhes) \\n*[[Lama (Ukrainian band)|Lama]]\\n*[[Dead Rooster|Mertvyi\n        Piven]]\\n*[[Okean Elzy]]\\n*[[Opalnyi Prynz]]\\n*[[Plach Yeremiyi]]\\n*[[S.K.A.Y.]]\\n*[[Skryabin\n        (band)|Skriabin]]\\n*[[Trystavisim]]\\n\\n''''''[[Punk rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Braty\n        Hadiukiny]]\\n*[[Dymna Sumish]]\\n*[[Flit (band)|Flit]]\\n*[[Mad Heads XL]] (ex-Mad\n        Heads)\\n*[[O.Torvald]]\\n*[[Perkalaba]]\\n*[[Qarpa]] (ex-Faktychno Sami)\\n*[[Robots\n        Don''t Cry]]\\n*[[Sobaky v Kosmosi]]\\n*[[Teoriia Gvaltu]]\\n\\n''''''[[Rap rock]]:''''''\\n*[[Tartak]]\\n*[[TNMK]]\\n{{div\n        col end}}\\n\\n==Outside Ukraine==\\n* [[The Ukes]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n*\n        [[The Ukrainians]] ([[Leeds]], [[England]])\\n* [[Klooch]] ([[Toronto]], [[Ontario]],\n        Canada)\\n* [[Enej]] ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Berkut (band)|Berkut]]\n        ([[Olsztyn]], [[Poland]])\\n* [[Svoboda (band)|Svoboda]] ([[Saint Petersburg]],\n        [[Russia]])\\n* [[Sontse-Khmary]] ([[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]])\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[Ukrainian metal]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== Web\n        Resources ==\\n* [http://rok.kiev.ua/ Rok.Kiev.UA]\\n* [http://rock.lviv.ua/\n        rock.lviv.ua]\\n* [http://www.alt-m.te.ua/ Multimedia Database \\\"Modern Ukrainian\n        independent music\\\"]\\n* [http://rock.kiev.ua/ rock.kiev.ua]\\n* [http://www.mhm-fest.com/\n        Metal Heads Mission Festival]\\n* [http://www.ssve.ru.rock-oko.com/ Rock-oko.com]\\n\\n{{World\n        rock}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Rock}}\\n[[Category:Rock music by country]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        music|Rock]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T14:43:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":792239485,\"length\":19427,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Ukraine&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine\"},\"5260094\":{\"pageid\":5260094,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"The\n        Ukrainians\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-06-28T02:06:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        people|Ukrainians}}\\n{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June\n        2016}}\\n{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}\\n{{Infobox musical artist \\n| name                = The Ukrainians\\n|\n        image                 = \\n| caption            = \\n| image_size            =\n        \\n| background          = group_or_band\\n| alias               = \\n| origin              =\n        [[Leeds]], [[England]]\\n| instrument          = \\n| genre               =\n        [[Folk rock]]\\n| occupation          = \\n| years_active        = 1991–present\\n|\n        label               = \\n| associated_acts     = [[The Wedding Present]]\\n|\n        website                 = [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ the-ukrainians.com]\\n|\n        current_members     = [[Peter Solowka]]
Len Liggins
Steve Tymruk
Paul\n        Weatherhead
James Howe
Woody\\n| past_members        = \\n| notable_instruments\n        = \\n}}\\n\\n''''''The Ukrainians'''''' are a [[United Kingdom|British]] band,\n        which plays traditional [[Ukrainian music]], heavily influenced by western\n        [[post-punk]].\\n\\n==Career==\\nThe Ukrainians were formed in 1990 by [[The\n        Wedding Present|Wedding Present]] guitarist [[Peter Solowka]], with singer/violinist\n        [[Len Liggins]] and [[mandolin]] player Roman Remeynes, after all three had\n        played on the Wedding Present''s [[Ukrainian John Peel Sessions]] recordings\n        (''''Ukrayinski Vystupy v Johna Peela'''', released 1989).  Following the\n        success of that release, the trio began composing and recording in Ukrainian\n        as a separate band.\\n\\nIn 1991, their first [[Extended Play|EP]], Oi Divchino,\n        was awarded [[Single (music)|Single]] of the Week by British music weekly,\n        [[New Musical Express|NME]].{{Cite web | title = The Ukrainians history  |\n        url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}   Notably,\n        the video for this release was filmed in pre-revolution [[Kiev]] making them\n        the first western band to produce a video entirely in [[Eastern Europe]].{{Cite\n        web | title = The Ukrainians history  | url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nIn the same year, Solowka left\n        the Wedding Present, later claiming that he had been kicked out, the success\n        of the Ukrainian project making him the scapegoat for the band''s lack of\n        mainstream success.{{Cite web | title = Interview with Peter Solowka\n        | publisher = Something and Nothing  | url=http://www.somethingandnothing.net/petersolowka.html\n        | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}\\n\\nSince 1991, the band have released\n        five studio albums as well as various [[live albums]] and EPs, all without\n        chart success in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. They continue to tour regularly,\n        especially in [[Poland]] and [[England]].  They celebrated 20 years of the\n        band in 2011 with a tour of British [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] clubs.\\n\\n==Band\n        members==\\nBesides Solowka, Liggins and Remeynes, band members have included:\\n*Dave\n        Lee - drums\\n*Woody - drums, percussion\\n*Chris Harrop - bass guitar\\n*Paul\n        ''Dino'' Briggs - bass guitar\\n*Allan Martin - bass guitar\\n*Alan Dawson-\n        Bass guitar\\n*James Howe - bass guitar\\n*[[Stepan Pasicznyk|Stepan \\\"Ludwig\\\"\n        Pasicznyk]] - accordion, backing vocals, guitar\\n*Steve Tymruk - accordion,\n        melodion, backing vocals\\n*Paul Weatherhead - electric mandolin, sopilka,\n        theremin\\n*Michael L.B. West - mandolin, guitar, piano, trumpet, duda, oud,\n        ''cello, euphonium\\n\\nThe current line-up comprises Liggins, Solowka, Tymruk,\n        Wood, Weatherhead and Howe.\\n\\n== Discography ==\\n\\nAlbums and EPs and singles\n        include:\\n\\n* ''''Oi Divchino'''' (1991)\\n* ''''[[The Ukrainians (album)|The\n        Ukrainians]]'''' (1991)\\n* ''''Pisni iz The Smiths'''' (EP) (1992) (four songs\n        originally by [[The Smiths]] translated into [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]).\\n*\n        ''''Vorony'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Live in Germany'''' (1993)\\n* ''''Kultura''''\n        (1994)\\n* ''''Radioactivity'''' (Single) (1996), a cover of the [[Kraftwerk]]\n        song, in order to raise money for the Children of Chernobyl charity and to\n        mark the 10th anniversary of the [[Chernobyl]] nuclear disaster.\\n* ''''Drink\n        to my Horse! The Ukrainians Live'''' (2001)\\n* ''''Anarchy In The UK'''' (EP)\n        (2002) (three songs originally by the [[Sex Pistols]] translated into [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]]).\\n* ''''[[Respublika (Ukrainians album)|Respublika]]''''\n        (2002)\\n* ''''Istoriya: The Best of the Ukrainians'''' (2004)\\n* ''''Live\n        in Czeremcha'''' (2008)\\n* ''''Diaspora'''' (2009)\\n* ''''20 Years'''' (Best\n        of) (2011)\\n*  A History of Rock Music in Ukrainian (2015)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ The Ukrainians] official site\\n\\n{{The\n        Wedding Present}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainians, The}}\\n[[Category:English\n        folk musical groups]]\\n[[Category:English rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]\\n[[Category:1991\n        establishments in England]]\\n\\n\\n{{UK-band-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-20T16:05:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":727300117,\"length\":4918,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ukrainians&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainians\"},\"22096876\":{\"pageid\":22096876,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Viy\n        (band)\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-08-24T09:54:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name            = Viy / \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439  \\n|image           =\n        \\n|caption         = \\n|image_size      = \\n|background      = group_or_band\\n|origin          =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre           = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Traditional\n        music|Ethnic]]\\n|years_active    = 1991 \\u2013 present\\n|label           =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website         = http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com\\n|current_members\n        = Dmytro Dobryi-Vechir, Lesya Roy, Oleksandr Hrosman, Dmytro Kruzov, Mykola\n        Rodionov, Anastasiya Klymova\\n|past_members    = \\n|}}\\n\\n''''''Viy''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0456\\u0439}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Traditional\n        music|ethnic]]-[[Rock music|rock]] band originating from the capital [[Kyiv]]\n        in 1991.\\n\\n==Discography==\\n\\n* Chorna Rillia (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f, 2001)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2003)\\n* Chorna Rillia\n        Collector''s Edition (\\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0456\\u043b\\u043b\\u044f,\n        2004)\\n* Rock Legends of Ukraine - Viy (\\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439, 2004)\\n*\n        Viy Multimedia Encyclopedia (2005)\\n* Khata Skraiu Sela (\\u0425\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044e \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430, 2006)\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://viyfromkiev.livejournal.com Viy official website]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Viy}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        musical groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-language\n        singers]]\\n\\n\\n{{europe-band-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-13T06:26:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":677599371,\"length\":1330,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viy_(band)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(band)\"},\"2450968\":{\"pageid\":2450968,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Vopli\n        Vidopliassova\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T21:31:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        musical artist\\n|name      = Vopli Vidopliassova
\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\n|image       =\\n|caption    =\n        \\n|image_size    = \\n|landscape    = Yes\\n|background   = group_or_band\\n|origin     =\n        [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]\\n|genre      = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[punk rock]], [[folk-rock]],\n        [[psychedelic rock|psychedelic]]\\n|years_active  = 1986\\u2013present\\n|label      =\n        \\n|associated_acts = \\n|website       = {{URL|http://www.vopli.com.ua}}\\n|current_members\n        = [[Oleh Skrypka]]
[[Oleksiy Melchenko]]
[[Eugeniy Rogachevskyi]][[Serhiy Sakhno]]|\\n|past_members  = [[Oleksandr Pipa]]
[[Yuri Zdorenko]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Vopli\n        Vidopliassova'''''' (also ''''''VV'''''') ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430, \\u0412\\u0412}},\n        {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8v\\u0254pli vid\\u0254\\u02c8plj\\u0251sov\\u0251|}}) is a popular\n        [[Ukrainian rock]] band. It was created in 1986 in [[Kyiv]], in the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (present-day [[Ukraine]]). The leader of the\n        band is singer Oleg Skrypka. Vopli Vidopliasova are the founders of Ukrainian\n        rock-n-roll style and neo-ethnic rock. They first sang Ukrainian rock outside\n        Ukraine. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs, punk, hard rock,\n        heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.\\n\\nTheir song ''''Den Narodzhennya''''\n        is featured in both ''''[[Brother (Russian)|Brother]]'''' movies by director\n        [[Aleksei Balabanov]]. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also produced several\n        solo albums.\\n\\nIn 2009, their record label, [[Kraina Mriy]], released all\n        their albums for free as a Christmas present.{{cite web|url=http://krainamriy.com/mp3.php#20\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0410 \\u041c\\u0420\\u0406\\u0419: \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c & \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e |publisher=Krainamriy.com\n        |date=1997-07-26 |accessdate=2012-08-29}}''\\n\\nA lot of their early\n        material (1986-1996) is in [[Drop C tuning]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe band was\n        formed in 1986 by guitarist Yuri Zdorenko and bassist Oleksandr Pipa, who\n        had played in the band SOS since 1984. It took its name from Vidopliassov,\n        a character from ''''[[The Village of Stepanchikovo]]''''. The band had their\n        first performance at the Kiev rock club on 30 October 1987, with vocalist\n        and accordionist Oleh Skrypka and drummer Serhiy Sakhno.\\n\\nIn 1988, the band\n        played its first concert in Russia at the Rok-Artel festival. The concert\n        was taped and released as ''''[[Pershyy koncert v Moskvi]]''''.\\n\\nIn 1989,\n        the band recorded a session at the Faberge Hall of Culture in Kiev, and released\n        it as ''''[[Tantsi]]''''. That same year, they appeared on the French compilation\n        ''''[[De Lenine a Lennon]]'''', the soundtrack to a French documentary on\n        Soviet rock.\\n\\nIn 1990, they released the album ''''[[Hey, O.K]]'''' on Kobza\n        International and appeared on the Canadian compilation ''''This Ain''t No\n        Polka'''' (a recording of the 1989 [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]])\n        with the song \\\"Tantsi\\\". The following year, they played at the Eurockeennes\n        festival in France, and the recording was released as ''''[[Abo abo]]''''\n        on BSA Records a year later. In 1991, Skripka and Pipa moved to France and\n        would divide their time between it and Ukraine, using Phillip Mozha (guitar)\n        and Stefan Muflie (drums) as replacements for Zdorenko and Sakhno when touring\n        in France.\\n\\nIn 1992, Skripka, Zdorenko, Pipa and Sakhno entered Komora Studio\n        in Kiev to begin recording what would become their debut album, ''''[[Kraina\n        Mriy]]'''', released two years later.\\n\\nIn 1996, Skrypka and Pipa, who had\n        just returned from France (having lived there since 1990), moved back to Ukraine\n        and began recording the album ''''[[Muzika]]'''', released in 1997. A single\n        was released in 1996 with 4 tracks from the album. Skrypka sang, programmed\n        the drums and played accordion, traditional Ukrainian folk instruments and\n        some guitar, while Pipa played bass. Zdorenko played guitar on the track \\\"Gei,\n        liubo!\\\". On the album, \\\"Hei! Liubo!\\\" is crossfaded with \\\"Bogi\\\", but on\n        the single, it wasn''t crossfaded and its natural ending rang out, however\n        on recent compilations, it just cuts off at the part of the end where \\\"Bogi\\\"\n        is expected to begin.\\n\\nIn 1997, Sakhno rejoined the band and Evhen Rohachevsky\n        joined as guitarist. With this new lineup, they began recording their third\n        album, ''''[[Khvyli Amura]]'''', released in 2000. Around that time, Skrypka\n        became interested in Indian music, and the album reflects that, particularly\n        in the song \\\"[[Den narodjennya]]\\\".\\n\\nIn 2000, the band contributed tracks\n        to tribute albums to [[Grazhdanskaya Oborona]] (\\\"Pops\\\") and [[Kino (band)|Kino]]\n        (\\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" and \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\"), and appeared on the Sprite Driver\n        2 compilation in 2001 with the song \\\"Osen\\\". The latter three songs were\n        translated into Ukrainian and appeared as B-sides to the single \\\"[[Mamay\n        (song)|Mamay]]\\\" that year. In 2002, the album ''''[[Fayno]]'''' was finally\n        released, featuring \\\"Solnechnye dni\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Sonyachni dni\\\"),\n        \\\"Osen\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Zoryana osin\\\"), a remixed version of \\\"Mamay\\\",\n        a partially re-recorded version of \\\"Pachka sigaret\\\" (by then renamed \\\"Pachka\n        tsyharok\\\") and a censored version of \\\"Pops\\\". The original presses on Lavina\n        Music and Misteria Zvuka contained three bonus tracks: the original Russian\n        version of \\\"Osen\\\", \\\"The Pack of Cigarettes\\\" (an English version of \\\"Pachka\n        sigaret\\\") and \\\"Les jours de soleil\\\" (a French version of \\\"Solnechnie dni\\\"),\n        demonstrating Oleh Skrypka''s multilingualism.\\n\\nIn 2006, Oleksandr Pipa\n        left the band and was replaced by Oleksiy Melchenko. They then recorded the\n        album ''''[[Buly denky]]'''', a compilation of old songs from the late 80s\n        and early 90s which had never got the studio treatment before, but which had\n        been played live. That year, they played the first \\\"Rok-Sich\\\" festival,\n        a festival started by Skrypka with the intent to foster local talent. The\n        rules for the Rock Sich are that any genre other than pop is acceptable and\n        that all bands must sing in Ukrainian, however VV broke their own rule and\n        played \\\"Pops\\\" at the concert in the original Russian and with the original\n        uncensored lyrics. The performance was released on CD in 2008, DVD in 2011\n        and double LP in 2012. The standard one-CD version of the Rock Sich album\n        had two tracks cut due to space constraints, but a two-CD version was available\n        with the missing tracks restored. The missing tracks were also on the vinyl\n        and DVD.\\n\\nThey released the singles \\\"Lado\\\" and \\\"Chio San\\\" in 2009 and\n        \\\"Vidpustka\\\" (a reworking of a track from 1987) in 2010.\\n\\nTheir next album,\n        \\\"[[Chudovy svit]]\\\", was released on 18 October 2013. \\\"Lado\\\", \\\"Chio San\\\"\n        and \\\"Vidpustka\\\" were included on the album.\\n\\nThe group have been carrying\n        out a vinyl rerelease campaign, with ''''[[Kraina Mriy]]'''', ''''Muzika''''\n        and ''''Xvyli Amura'''' being the first to be released in 2013. ''''[[Fayno]]''''\n        and ''''[[Chudovy svit]]'''' followed in 2016. ''''Buly denky'''' had already\n        been released on vinyl in 2008.\\n\\n==Members==\\n\\n===Current members===\\n*\n        [[Oleh Skrypka|Oleg Skrypka]] - lead vocals, accordion, guitars, saxophone,\n        trumpet, programming, keyboards\\n* [[Yevhen Rohachevsky]] - guitar, backing\n        vocals\\n* [[Oleksiy Melchenko]] - bass\\n* [[Serhiy Sakhno]] - drums, percussion,\n        backing vocals\\n\\n=== Former members ===\\n* [[Yuri Zdorenko]] - guitar, co-lead\n        vocals (1986-1997)\\n* [[Oleksandr Pipa]] - bass (1986-2007)\\n\\n== Discography\n        ==\\n{{main|Vopli Vidopliassova discography}}\\n* 1992 - [[Abo abo]] (\\u0410\\u0431\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e)\\n* 1993 - [[Zakustyka]] (\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430)\n        \\n* 1994 - [[Kraina Mriy]] (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041c\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439)\\n*\n        1997 - [[Muzika]] (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)\\n* 2000 - [[Khvyli\n        Amura]] (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)\\n*\n        2002 - [[Fayno]] (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)\\n* 2006 - [[Buly Denky]]\n        (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)\\n* 2008 -\n        [[VV na sceni festivalju \\\"ROK-SICH\\\"]] (\\u0412\\u0412 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e \\u0420\\u043e\\u043a-\\u0421\\u0456\\u0447)\\n*\n        2013 - [[Chudovy svit]] (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)\\n\\n===\n        Video clips ===\\nIn video clips traces the love of Ukrainian car industry.\n        So in the video for the song Musika can be seen ZAZ-1105 Dana, and in the\n        video for the song Polonyna except car LuAZ Volyn-1302 also tractor HTZ T-150\n        and T-64B. In a recent video clip Vacation attended two convertibles based\n        on ZAZ-965 and ZAZ-968\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! Year !! Name of Song !!\n        Producer (s) !! Album\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1989 ||\\u00abDance\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u00bb)||\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|''''[[Tantsi|Dance (\\u0422\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1996\n        ||\\u00abMusika\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb) ||\n        || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Muzika|Musika (\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSpring\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb) || Aleksander Solokha\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1997\n        ||\\u00abBurned Pine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0413\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Yevhen Mytrofanov\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|1998 ||\\u00abLove\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u00bb) || || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Khvyli\n        Amura|Waves of Amur (\\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456 \\u0410\\u043c\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|1999\n        ||\\u00abBirthday\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb)\n        || Olga Stolpovska & Dmytro Troitskyi\\n|-\\n|\\u00abWere in the countryside\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2000\n        ||\\u00abSecret spheres\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u0454\\u043c\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u00bb)\n        ||\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2001 ||\\u00abBirthday (remix)\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (remix)\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\u00bb1\\\"|''''[[Den naroDJennia|Birthday (\\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2002\n        ||\\u00abWorld\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhaylo\n        Shelepov ta Oleh Lebid || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|''''[[Faino|Fayno (\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e)]]''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2003\n        ||\\u00abPolonyna\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Mykhailo Shelepov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abSunny Days\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0421\\u043e\\u043d\\u044f\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u00bb) || rowspan=1\\\"|Andriy Lebedev\\n|-\\n|\\u00abStar Autumn\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0417\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u00bb)\n        || Ulyana Shyshkina\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|2006 || \\u00abSong\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041f\\u0456\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || || rowspan=\\\"3\\\"|''''[[Buly denky|Buly denky (\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abLull\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Oleg Tsurikov\\n|-\\n|\\u00abKatherine\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u041a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u00bb)\n        || Roman Bondarchuk & Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"|2009 || \\u00abLado\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u041b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|Oleg Skrypka & Viktor\n        Skuratovskiy || rowspan=\\\"6\\\"|''''[[Chudovy svit|Chudovy svit (\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442)]]''''\\n|-\\n|\\u00abCio Cio San\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0456\\u043e\n        \\u0427\\u0456\\u043e \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u00bb) || rowspan=\\\"4\\\"|Oleg Skrypka\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2010\n        ||\\u00abVacation\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2012\n        ||\\u00abShchedryk\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0429\\u0435\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2013\n        ||\\u00abChudovy svit\\u00bb (\\u00ab\\u0427\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u00bb)\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"1\\\"|2015 ||\\u00abTalalai\\u00bb\n        (\\u00ab\\u0422\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u00bb)|| Volodymyr Yakymenko\\n|}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.vopli.com.ua\n        Official VV website]\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/user/VopliVidopliassova Official\n        YouTube channel]\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/vopli Official Facebook page]\\n*\n        [https://www.twitter.com/vopli Official Twitter feed]\\n\\n{{Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Vopli Vidopliassova}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian 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\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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See [[terra]], [[thirst]].\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{en-noun}}\\n\\n#\n        A [[challenge#Noun|challenge]], [[trial]].\\n#* {{quote-magazine|year=2012|month=March-April\\n|author=Colin\n        Allen\\n|title=Do I See What You See?\\n|volume=100|issue=2|page=168\\n|magazine={{w|American\n        Scientist}}\\n|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/do-i-see-what-you-see\\n|passage=Numerous\n        experimental ''''''tests'''''' and other observations have been offered in\n        favor of animal mind reading, and although many scientists are skeptical,\n        others assert that humans are not the only species capable of representing\n        what others do and don\\u2019t perceive and know.}}\\n#: {{syn|en|challenge|trial}}\\n#:\n        {{ant|en|breeze|cakewalk}}\\n# A [[cupel]] or cupelling hearth in which precious\n        metals are melted for trial and refinement.\\n# {{lb|en|academia}} An [[examination]],\n        given often during the academic [[term]].\\n#: {{syn|en|quiz|examination}}\\n#:\n        {{ant|en|recess}}\\n# A [[session]] in which a product or piece of equipment\n        is [[examine]]d under everyday or extreme conditions to [[evaluate]] its [[durability]],\n        etc.\\n# {{lb|en|cricket|normally \\u201c[[Test]]\\u201d}} A [[Test match]].\\n#\n        {{lb|en|marine biology}} The external [[calciferous]] shell, or [[endoskeleton]],\n        of an [[echinoderm]], e.g. [[sand dollar|sand dollars]] and [[sea urchin|sea\n        urchins]].[[Image:Sea urchin tests.jpg|thumb|right|Two sea urchin tests]]\\n#\n        {{lb|en|botany}} [[testa|Testa]]; [[seed coat]].\\n# {{lb|en|obsolete}} Judgment;\n        distinction; discrimination.\\n#* Dryden\\n#*: Who would excel, when few can\n        make a ''''''test'''''' / Betwixt indifferent writing and the best?\\n\\n=====Hyponyms=====\\n{{checksense|en}}\\n{{hyp3|lang=en|title=Hyponyms\n        of ''''test''''\\n|{{l|en|acid test}}\\n|{{l|en|babysitter test}}\\n|{{l|en|blood\n        test}}\\n|{{l|en|duck test}}\\n|{{l|en|field test}}\\n|{{l|en|flame test}}\\n|{{l|en|inkblot\n        test}}\\n|{{l|en|litmus test}}\\n|{{l|en|multiple-choice test}}\\n|{{l|en|nose\n        test}}\\n|{{l|en|Rorschach test}}\\n|{{l|en|single-choice test}}\\n|{{l|en|smell\n        test}}\\n|{{l|en|smoke test}}\\n|{{l|en|sniff test}}\\n|{{l|en|stress test}}\\n}}\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der3|lang=en|{{l|en|test case}}\\n|{{l|en|test drive}}\\n|{{l|en|tester}}\\n|{{l|en|test\n        flight}}\\n|{{l|en|test run}}\\n|{{l|en|test tube}}\\n}}\\n\\n=====Descendants=====\\n*\n        German: {{l|de|Test}}\\n* Dutch: {{l|nl|test}}\\n\\n=====Translations=====\\n{{trans-top|challenge,\n        trial}}\\n* Albanian: {{t+|sq|prov\\u00eb}} {{qualifier|indefinite}}, {{t|sq|prova}}\n        {{qualifier|definite}}\\n* Arabic: {{t|ar|\\u0627\\u0650\\u062e\\u0652\\u062a\\u0650\\u0628\\u064e\\u0627\\u0631|m}}\\n*\n        Asturian: {{t|ast|prueba|f}}\\n* Catalan: {{t+|ca|prova|f}}, {{t+|ca|test|m}}\\n*\n        Chinese:\\n*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|\\u8a66\\u9a57|sc=Hani}}, {{t+|cmn|\\u8bd5\\u9a8c|tr=sh\\u00ecy\\u00e0n|sc=Hani}}\\n*\n        Czech: {{t+|cs|test|m}}, {{t+|cs|zkou\\u0161ka|f}}\\n* Dutch: {{t+|nl|test|m}},\n        {{t+|nl|proef|m}}\\n* Esperanto: {{t|eo|provi}}\\n* Finnish: {{t+|fi|koe}},\n        {{t+|fi|koetus}}\\n* French: {{t+|fr|\\u00e9preuve|f}}\\n* Friulian: {{t|fur|prove|f}}\\n*\n        German: {{t+|de|Probe|f}}\\n* Greek: {{t+|el|\\u03b4\\u03bf\\u03ba\\u03b9\\u03bc\\u03b1\\u03c3\\u03af\\u03b1|f}},\n        {{t+|el|\\u03b4\\u03bf\\u03ba\\u03b9\\u03bc\\u03ae|f}}\\n* Hebrew: {{t+|he|\\u05de\\u05b4\\u05d1\\u05b0\\u05d7\\u05b8\\u05df|m|tr=mivkh\\u00e1n|sc=Hebr}}\\n*\n        Hindi: {{t+|hi|\\u091a\\u0941\\u0928\\u094c\\u0924\\u0940|f|sc=Deva}}\\n* Hungarian:\n        {{t+|hu|pr\\u00f3ba}}\\n* Italian: {{t+|it|prova}}, {{t+|it|verifica}}\\n* Japanese:\n        {{t+|ja|\\u5b9f\\u9a13|tr=\\u3058\\u3063\\u3051\\u3093, jikken}}, {{t|ja|\\u8a66\\u7df4|tr=\\u3057\\u308c\\u3093,\n        shiren|sc=Jpan}}\\n* Korean: {{t+|ko|\\uac80\\uc0ac}}\\n* Ladin: {{t|lld|proa|f}}\\n{{trans-mid}}\\n*\n        Luxembourgish: {{t|lb|Prouf|f}}\\n* Malay: {{t|ms|ujian}}\\n* Persian: {{t+|fa|\\u0622\\u0632\\u0645\\u0627\\u06cc\\u0634|tr=\\u00e2zm\\u00e2ye\\u0161}}\\n*\n        Portuguese: {{t+|pt|prova|f}}, {{t+|pt|teste}}\\n* Romanian: {{t+|ro|prob\\u0103|f}}\\n*\n        Russian: {{t+|ru|\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0301\\u0431\\u0430|f}}, {{t+|ru|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442|m|tr=t\\u025bst}},\n        {{t+|ru|\\u0438\\u0441\\u043f\\u044b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0301\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435|n}}\\n*\n        Sardinian: {{t|sc|proa|f}}, {{t|sc|proba}}, {{t|sc|prova}}\\n* Scottish Gaelic:\n        {{t|gd|dearbhadh|m}}, {{t|gd|feuchainn|f}}\\n* Serbo-Croatian:\\n*: Cyrillic:\n        {{t|sh|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442|m|sc=Cyrl}}\\n*: Roman: {{t+|sh|test|m}}\\n*\n        Sicilian: {{t|scn|prova|f}}\\n* Slovene: {{t|sl|preizkus|m}}, {{t|sl|preizku\\u0161nja|f}}\\n*\n        Spanish: {{t+|es|prueba|f}}\\n* Swahili: {{t+|sw|jaribio}}\\n* Swedish: {{t+|sv|prov|n}},\n        {{t+|sv|pr\\u00f6vning|c}}\\n* Turkish: {{t+|tr|test}}, {{t+|tr|deneme}}\\n*\n        Ukrainian: {{t|uk|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442}}, {{t|uk|\\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f}}\\n*\n        Venetian: {{t|vec|prova|f}}\\n* Vietnamese: {{t|vi|th\\u1eed th\\u00e1ch|alt=s\\u1ef1\n        th\\u1eed th\\u00e1ch}}\\n* Zazaki: {{t|zza|cerbnayen}}, {{t|zza|test kerden}}\\n*\n        Zulu: {{t-needed|zu}}\\n{{trans-bottom}}\\n\\n{{trans-top|academics: examination}}\\n*\n        Albanian: {{t+|sq|provim}} {{qualifier|indefinite}}, {{t|sq|provimi}} {{qualifier|definite}}\\n*\n        Arabic: {{t+|ar|\\u0627\\u0650\\u0645\\u0652\\u062a\\u0650\\u062d\\u064e\\u0627\\u0646|m}},\n        {{t|ar|\\u0627\\u0650\\u062e\\u0652\\u062a\\u0650\\u0628\\u064e\\u0627\\u0631|m}}\\n*\n        Catalan: {{t+|ca|examen|m}}, {{t+|ca|prova|f}}, {{t+|ca|test|m}}\\n* Chinese:\\n*:\n        Cantonese: {{t|yue|\\u8003\\u8a66|sc=Hani}}, {{t|yue|\\u8003\\u8bd5|tr=haau2 si5|sc=Hani}}\\n*:\n        Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|\\u8003\\u8a66|sc=Hani}}, {{t+|cmn|\\u8003\\u8bd5|tr=k\\u01ceosh\\u00ec|sc=Hani}}\\n*\n        Czech: {{t+|cs|zkou\\u0161ka|f}}\\n* Dutch: {{t+|nl|examen|n}}, {{t+|nl|test|m}}\\n*\n        Esperanto: {{t|eo|ekzameno}}\\n* Finnish: {{t+|fi|koe}}, {{t+|fi|tentti}}\\n*\n        French: {{t+|fr|test|m}}, {{t+|fr|examen|m}}\\n* German: {{t+|de|Examen|n}},\n        {{t+|de|Pr\\u00fcfung|f}}\\n* Greek: {{t+|el|\\u03b4\\u03b9\\u03b1\\u03b3\\u03ce\\u03bd\\u03b9\\u03c3\\u03bc\\u03b1|n}}\\n*\n        Hebrew: {{t+|he|\\u05de\\u05b4\\u05d1\\u05b0\\u05d7\\u05b8\\u05df|m|tr=mivkh\\u00e1n|sc=Hebr}}\\n*\n        Hindi: {{t+|hi|\\u092a\\u0930\\u0940\\u0915\\u094d\\u0937\\u093e|m}}\\n* Hungarian:\n        {{t+|hu|vizsga}}\\n* Irish: {{t|ga|scr\\u00fad\\u00fa|m}}\\n* Italian: {{t+|it|esame|m}}\\n*\n        Japanese: {{t+|ja|\\u8a66\\u9a13|tr=\\u3057\\u3051\\u3093, shiken}}, {{t+|ja|\\u30c6\\u30b9\\u30c8|tr=tesuto|sc=Jpan}}\\n*\n        Korean: {{t+|ko|\\uc2dc\\ud5d8}} ({{t+|ko|\\u8a66\\u9a57|sc=Hani}}), {{t+|ko|\\ud14c\\uc2a4\\ud2b8}}\\n*\n        Kurdish:\\n*: Sorani: {{t|ckb|\\u062a\\u0627\\u0642\\u06cc\\u06a9\\u0631\\u062f\\u0646\\u0647\\u200c\\u0648\\u0647\\u200c|sc=ku-Arab}}\\n{{trans-mid}}\\n*\n        Malay: {{t|ms|ujian}}\\n* Persian: {{t+|fa|\\u0622\\u0632\\u0645\\u0627\\u06cc\\u0634|tr=\\u00e2zm\\u00e2ye\\u0161}},\n        {{t+|fa|\\u062a\\u0633\\u062a|tr=test|sc=fa-Arab}}\\n* Polish: {{t+|pl|sprawdzian|m}}\\n*\n        Portuguese: {{t+|pt|exame|m}}, {{t+|pt|teste|m}}\\n* Romanian: {{t+|ro|examen|n}}\\n*\n        Russian: {{t+|ru|\\u044d\\u043a\\u0437\\u0430\\u0301\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d|m}}, {{t+|ru|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442|m|tr=t\\u025bst}},\n        {{t|ru|\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0301\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0431\\u043e\\u0301\\u0442\\u0430|f}} {{qualifier|control work}}\\n*\n        Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|feuchainn|f}}\\n* Serbo-Croatian:\\n*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442|m|sc=Cyrl}}\\n*:\n        Roman: {{t+|sh|test|m}}\\n* Sicilian: {{t+|scn|esami|f}}\\n* Slovene: {{t|sl|test|m}}\\n*\n        Spanish: {{t+|es|examen|m}}, {{t+|es|test|m}}\\n* Swahili: {{t+|sw|jaribio}}\\n*\n        Swedish: {{t+|sv|prov|n}}, {{t+|sv|tentamen|c}}, {{t+|sv|tenta|c}}, {{t+|sv|dugga|c}}\\n*\n        Tagalog: {{t|tl|pagsusulit}}, {{t|tl|subok}}\\n* Telugu: {{t+|te|\\u0c2a\\u0c30\\u0c40\\u0c15\\u0c4d\\u0c37|sc=Telu}}\\n*\n        Thai: {{t+|th|\\u0e2a\\u0e2d\\u0e1a}}\\n* Turkish: {{t+|tr|s\\u0131nav}}, {{t+|tr|test}}\\n*\n        Ukrainian: {{t|uk|\\u0435\\u043a\\u0437\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d}}, {{t|uk|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442}}\\n*\n        Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|thi|alt=b\\u00e0i thi}}\\n{{trans-bottom}}\\n\\n{{trans-top|product\n        examination}}\\n* Catalan: {{t+|ca|test|m}}\\n* Chinese:\\n*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|\\u6e2c\\u8a66|sc=Hani}},\n        {{t+|cmn|\\u6d4b\\u8bd5|tr=c\\u00e8sh\\u00ec|sc=Hani}}, {{t+|cmn|\\u6aa2\\u67e5|sc=Hani}},\n        {{t+|cmn|\\u68c0\\u67e5|tr=ji\\u01cench\\u00e1|sc=Hani}}\\n* Czech: {{t+|cs|test|m}}\\n*\n        Dutch: {{t+|nl|test|m}}\\n* Finnish: {{t+|fi|testi}}, {{t|fi|k\\u00e4ytt\\u00f6koe}}\\n*\n        French: {{t+|fr|test|m}}\\n* German: {{t+|de|Test}}, {{t+|de|Pr\\u00fcfung|f}}\\n*\n        Greek: {{t+|el|\\u03b5\\u03be\\u03ad\\u03c4\\u03b1\\u03c3\\u03b7|f}}\\n* Hungarian:\n        {{t+|hu|teszt}}, {{t+|hu|vizsg\\u00e1lat}}\\n* Irish: {{t|ga|t\\u00e1st\\u00e1il|f}}\\n*\n        Japanese: {{t+|ja|\\u691c\\u67fb|tr=\\u3051\\u3093\\u3055, kensa|sc=Jpan}}, {{t+|ja|\\u30c6\\u30b9\\u30c8|tr=tesuto|sc=Jpan}}\\n*\n        Korean: {{t+|ko|\\ud14c\\uc2a4\\ud2b8}}\\n* Malay: {{t|ms|ujian}}\\n{{trans-mid}}\\n*\n        Polish: {{t+|pl|sprawdzian|m}}, {{t+|pl|test|m}}\\n* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|teste|m}}\\n*\n        Romanian: {{t+|ro|prob\\u0103|f}}, {{t+|ro|test|n}}\\n* Russian: {{t+|ru|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442|m|tr=t\\u025bst}},\n        {{t+|ru|\\u0438\\u0441\\u043f\\u044b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0301\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435|n}}\\n*\n        Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|dearbhadh|m}}, {{t|gd|feuchainn|f}}\\n* Serbo-Croatian:\\n*:\n        Cyrillic: {{t|sh|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442|m|sc=Cyrl}}\\n*: Roman: {{t+|sh|test|m}}\\n*\n        Slovene: {{t|sl|test|m}}\\n* Spanish: {{t+|es|prueba|f}}, {{t+|es|test|m}}\\n*\n        Swahili: {{t+|sw|jaribio}}\\n* Swedish: {{t+|sv|test|n}}, {{t|sv|provning|c}},\n        {{t+|sv|prov|c}}\\n* Telugu: {{t+|te|\\u0c2a\\u0c30\\u0c40\\u0c15\\u0c4d\\u0c37|sc=Telu}}\\n*\n        Vietnamese: {{t|vi|ki\\u1ec3m th\\u1eed|alt=ph\\u00e9p ki\\u1ec3m th\\u1eed}},\n        {{t|vi|ki\\u1ec3m tra|alt=ph\\u00e9p ki\\u1ec3m tra}}\\n{{trans-bottom}}\\n\\n{{trans-top|cricket:\n        test game}}\\n* Swahili: {{t+|sw|jaribio}}, {{t+|sw|majaribio}}\\n{{trans-mid}}\\n*\n        Vietnamese: {{t|vi|thi \\u0111\\u1ea5u|alt=cu\\u1ed9c thi \\u0111\\u1ea5u}}\\n{{trans-bottom}}\\n\\n{{trans-top|external\n        calciferous shell}}\\n* Finnish: {{t+|fi|kuori}}\\n{{trans-mid}}\\n* Swahili:\n        {{t+|sw|majaribio}}\\n{{trans-bottom}}\\n\\n====Verb====\\n{{en-verb}}\\n\\n# To\n        [[challenge#Verb|challenge]].\\n#: ''''Climbing the mountain ''''''tested''''''\n        our stamina.''''\\n# To [[refine]] (gold, silver, etc.) in a [[test]] or [[cupel]];\n        to subject to [[cupellation]].\\n# To put to the proof; to prove the truth,\n        genuineness, or quality of by experiment, or by some principle or standard;\n        to try.\\n#: ''''to ''''''test'''''' the soundness of a principle; to ''''''test''''''\n        the validity of an argument''''\\n#* Washington\\n#*: Experience is the surest\n        standard by which to ''''''test'''''' the real tendency of the existing constitution.\\n#\n        {{lb|en|academics}} To administer or assign an examination, often given during\n        the academic term, to (somebody).\\n# To place a product or piece of equipment\n        under everyday and/or extreme conditions and examine it for its durability,\n        etc.\\n#* {{quote-magazine|year=2013|month=May-June|author=[http://www.americanscientist.org/authors/detail/charles-t-ambrose\n        Charles T. Ambrose]\\n|title=[http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2013/3/alzheimerrsquos-disease-the-great-morbidity-of-the-21st-century\n        Alzheimer\\u2019s Disease]\\n|volume=101|issue=3|page=200|magazine={{w|American\n        Scientist}}\\n|passage=Similar studies of rats have employed four different\n        intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […].\n        Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on\n        the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and ''''''tested'''''' in persons\n        with senile dementia in long term studies.}}\\n# {{lb|en|copulative}} To be\n        shown to be by test.\\n#: {{ux|en|He ''''''tested'''''' positive for cancer.}}\\n#*\n        ''''''2015'''''', Leta Stetter Hollingworth, \\u200eHarry Levi Hollingworth,\n        ''''Children Above 180 IQ Stanford-Binet: Origin and Development''''\\n#*:\n        It is probable that children who ''''''test'''''' above 180 IQ are actually\n        present in our juvenile population in greater frequency than at the rate of\n        one in a million.\\n# {{lb|en|chemistry}} To examine or try, as by the use\n        of some [[reagent]].\\n#: ''''to ''''''test'''''' a solution by litmus paper''''\\n\\n=====Descendants=====\\n*\n        German: {{l|de|testen}}\\n\\n=====Translations=====\\n{{trans-top|to challenge}}\\n*\n        Chinese:\\n*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|\\u6e2c\\u8a66|sc=Hani}}, {{t+|cmn|\\u6d4b\\u8bd5|tr=c\\u00e8sh\\u00ec|sc=Hani}}\\n*\n        Finnish: {{t+|fi|testata}}, {{t|fi|koestaa}}, {{t+|fi|haastaa}}\\n* French:\n        {{t+|fr|tester}}, {{t+|fr|mettre \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9preuve}}\\n* Greek: {{t+|el|\\u03b4\\u03bf\\u03ba\\u03b9\\u03bc\\u03ac\\u03b6\\u03c9}}\\n*\n        Hungarian: {{t+|hu|kih\\u00edv}}\\n* Italian: {{t+|it|testare}}, {{t|it|mettere\n        alla prova}}\\n* Japanese: {{t+|ja|\\u8a66\\u3059|tr=\\u305f\\u3081\\u3059, tamesu|sc=Jpan}}\\n{{trans-mid}}\\n*\n        Malay: {{t|ms|menguji}}\\n* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|testar}}\\n* Russian: {{t+|ru|\\u0438\\u0441\\u043f\\u044b\\u0301\\u0442\\u044b\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c|impf}},\n        {{t+|ru|\\u0438\\u0441\\u043f\\u044b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u044c|pf}}, {{t+|ru|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0301\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c|impf|tr=t\\u025bst\\u00edrovat\\u02b9}},\n        {{t+|ru|\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0301\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c|pf|tr=prot\\u025bst\\u00edrovat\\u02b9}}\\n*\n        Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|feuch}}\\n* Slovene: {{t|sl|preizkusiti}}\\n* Spanish:\n        {{t+|es|probar}}, {{t+|es|testear}}\\n* Swahili: {{t+|sw|majaribio}}\\n* Ukrainian:\n        {{t|uk|\\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438}},\n        {{t|uk|\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438}}\\n* Vietnamese:\n        {{t+|vi|th\\u1eed}}, {{t+|vi|th\\u1eed 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Total del pa\\u00eds.\n        A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas\n        2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos\n        |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Argentina}}{{UN_Population|ref}}\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] nation. It is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}} The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]]. Argentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]].\\n\\nThe earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has been found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}{{linkrot|date=December 2017}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait\n        of the General,|Portrait of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|People\n        gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May Revolution]]|alt=]]\\nOverpowering\n        Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]], [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured\n        Buenos Aires predominance and was elected as the first president of the reunified\n        country. He was followed by [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies set up the bases of the modern Argentine\n        State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General\n        de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910 Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos\n        Aires, la Infanta Isabel de Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The\n        [[Argentina Centennial]] was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting\n        with [[Julio Argentino Roca]] in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments\n        emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal economic policies]]. The [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive wave of European immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second\n        only to the United States''\\u2014led to a near-reinvention of Argentine society\n        and economy that by 1908 had placed the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} developed nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the\n        world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]] wave and decreasing mortality, the\n        Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}}\n        from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]]|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Cristina\n        con baston de mando.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]] occupied the presidency of Argentina\n        for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from 2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1983|1983 elections]]\n        campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for [[human rights]]\n        violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of the Juntas]] and other\n        martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but, under military pressure,\n        he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and [[Law of Due Obedience|Due\n        Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29 December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June 1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions\n        further down the [[chain of command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]]\n        reduced his popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine\n        general election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]] \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Polar climate|polar]] in the far south.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]]]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]]]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]].]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans-title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]]]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]]Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.{{cite web|url=http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209|title=Gaceta\n        Marinera - Portal Oficial de Noticias de la Armada Argentina|first=Armada|last=Argentina|website=www.gacetamarinera.com.ar}}\n        In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved in [[Humanitarian response by\n        national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]] and [[Humanitarian\n        response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian responses after\n        their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy of Argentina}}\\n{{see\n        also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large\n        city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the second largest city in South America.\n        It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\" cities in Latin America.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |title=GaWC - The World\n        According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]]]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 95th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2016 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], an\n        improvement of 12 positions over its 2014 rankings.{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016#table|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2016|publisher=Transparency International|year=2016|accessdate=25\n        September 2017}} Argentina settled its long-standing debt default crisis\n        in 2016 with the so-called [[Vulture funds]] after the election of Mauricio\n        Macri, allowing Argentina to enter capital markets for the first time in a\n        decade.{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina\n        Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|publisher=|via=www.bloomberg.com}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main\n        article|Industry in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha\n        I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power\n        plant in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n[[File:Passanger Railways in Argentina.png|thumb|200px|
Argentina\n        rail passenger services {{nowrap|([[ShareMap:public/Railways in Argentina|interactive\n        map]])}}
]]\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry is\n        highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011.]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock[http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf|title=Wayback\n        Machine|date=10 June 2007|publisher=}}{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor+and+Immigration+in+LA-2005.pdf|title=Wayback\n        Machine|date=14 August 2011|publisher=}}\\n\\nStrikingly, at those times,\n        the national population doubled every two decades. This belief is endured\n        in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|pmid=20059473|volume=74|issue=1|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376|year=2010|last1=Corach|first1=Daniel|last2=Lao|first2=Oscar|last3=Bobillo|first3=Cecilia|last4=Van\n        Der Gaag|first4=Kristiaan|last5=Zuniga|first5=Sofia|last6=Vermeulen|first6=Mark|last7=Van\n        Duijn|first7=Kate|last8=Goedbloed|first8=Miriam|last9=Vallone|first9=Peter\n        M|last10=Parson|first10=Walther|last11=De Knijff|first11=Peter|last12=Kayser|first12=Manfred}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guarani\n        language|Guarani]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} mostly\n        in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite\n        Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n* [[Catalan language|Catalan]],\n        by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n* [[French language|French]],\n        including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua language|Quechua]],\n        by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]; he is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3%\n        of people over age 20 had graduated from university. The\n        public universities of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad\n        Nacional de C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La\n        Plata]], [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross (music critic)}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in\n        the 1930s from dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the\n        entirety of [[Latin American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa\n        Yupanqui]] and [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic\n        ballad]] genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de\n        Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine rock]] developed as a distinct musical style\n        in the mid-1960s, when Buenos Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring\n        musicians.\\nFounding bands like [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra\n        (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]] were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos\n        de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]] and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]],\n        with prominent artists including [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]]\n        and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor saxophone|Tenor\n        saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]] and composer and\n        [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most internationally\n        successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main article|Theatre\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theatre capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|Andr\\u00e9s Muschietti.jpg|157|Marcelo\n        Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|142|
[[Andy Muschietti]], director of ''''[[It\n        (2017 film)|It]]'''', the highest-grossing horror film of all-time.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/sep/29/stephen-king-it-the-exorcist-highest-grossing-horror-film-ever|title=Stephen\n        King''s It scares off The Exorcist to become highest-grossing horror ever|last=Mumford\n        |first=Gwilym|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 29, 2017|accessdate=October\n        5, 2017}}{{Cite web |url=http://deadline.com/2017/10/blade-runner-2049-it-movie-horror-record-despicable-me-3-kingsman-never-say-die-weekend-results-international-box-office-1202184382/|title=\\u2018Blade\n        Runner 2049\\u2019 Launches With $50M Overseas; \\u2018It\\u2019 Tops $600M WW;\n        \\u2018Despicable 3\\u2019 Hops Past \\u2018Zootopia\\u2019 \\u2013 Intl Box Office\n        |accessdate=October 8, 2017}}
|
The art director of [[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]] won the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine\n        films have achieved worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy\n        Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]''''\n        (1985) and ''''[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The\n        Truce (1974 film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]]\n        (''''Camila'''') in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''')\n        in 1985\\n*[[Tango (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the\n        Bride]] (''''El hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]\n        (''''El Secreto de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]\n        (''''Relatos Salvajes'''') in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis\n        Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy\n        Award for Best Original Score]] in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo''''\n        and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone'''' have been honored with [[Academy Award\n        for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015. Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine\n        French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice Bejo]] received a nomination for the\n        [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar\n        Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best\n        Actress]] award in the [[Cannes Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The\n        Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]]]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Cabildo de Buenos Aires, calle\n        Bolivar.jpg|thumb|270px|View of Bol\\u00edvar Street facing the [[Buenos Aires\n        Cabildo|Cabildo]] and [[Avenida Roque S\\u00e1enz Pe\\u00f1a|Diagonal Norte]],\n        on Buenos Aires'' historical center. The city''s characteristic convergence\n        of diverse architectural styles can be seen, including [[Spanish Colonial\n        architecture|Spanish Colonial]], [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]], and\n        [[modernist architecture]].]]\\nThe colonization brought the [[Spanish Baroque\n        architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler ''''Rioplatense''''\n        style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San Ignacio Min\\u00ed]],\n        the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and\n        the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences increased at the\n        beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]], one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Players of the 20th\n        Century]]]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[Brazilian national football team|Brazil]] and [[French national\n        football team|France]], the [[Argentina national football team|men''s national\n        team]] is the only one to have won the most important international triplet:\n        [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]],\n        and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]]. It has also won\n        14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football at the Pan American\n        Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Rus-Arg\n        2017 (16).jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon\n        d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of the [[Argentina national football\n        team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another popular sport in Argentina.\n        {{As of|2017}} the [[Argentina national rugby union team|men''s national team]],\n        known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it\n        has been held, achieving their highest ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]]\n        when they came third. Since [[2012 Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas\n        have competed against [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New\n        Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national\n        rugby union team|South Africa]] in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier\n        international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the\n        [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares''\n        has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]] & [[Canada A national rugby union\n        team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay national rugby union team|Uruguay]]\n        in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]], The Los Jaguares have won every year\n        the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina has produced some of the most\n        formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the\n        best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\\n|Southwest\n        = \\n|West      = {{Flag|Chile}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|title=International\n        membership\\n|list=\\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\\n{{G15 nations}}\\n{{G20}}\\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul\n        (Southern Common Market)}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of\n        South American Nations}}\\n{{World Trade Organization}}\\n{{Founding member\n        states of the United Nations}}\\n}}\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Federal\n        constitutional republics]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:G15\n        nations]]\\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of Mercosur]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American\n        Nations]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking\n        countries and territories]]\\n[[Category:States and territories established\n        in 1816]]\\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":799647522,\"length\":206395,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\"},\"31750\":{\"pageid\":31750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:15:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        country}}\\n{{pp-pc1}}\\n{{pp-move-indef}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}\\n{{EngvarB|date=October\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox country\\n| conventional_long_name =Ukraine\\n| common_name\n        = Ukraine\\n| native_name = {{native name|uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|italics=off}}''''{{small|Ukrayina}}''''\\n| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\\n| image_coat\n        = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\\n| national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\\\"''''[[Shche\n        ne vmerla Ukraina|Shche ne vmerly Ukrainy ni slava ni volya]]''''\\\"}}
\\\"The\n        glory and the will of Ukraine has not yet died\\\" (also \\u2013 \\\"Ukraine has\n        not yet perished)\\\"
[[File:Anthem-of-Ukraine Chorus Veryovka.ogg]]
\\n|\n        image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\\n| map_caption ={{unbulleted\n        list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green}}|Claimed,\n        but not controlled ({{small|light green}})}}\\n| capital = [[Kiev]]\\n| coordinates\n        = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:city}}\\n| largest_city = capital\\n\\n| official_languages =\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| regional_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]],\n        [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]],\n        [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]],\n        [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]],\n        [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]],\n        [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]],\n        [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]],\n        [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]{{cite web |\n        url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17\n        | archivedate=14 February 2014 | title=Law of Ukraine \\\"On Principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\" (Current version \\u2014 Revision from 1 February 2014) |\n        publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional\n        or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30\n        April 2014}}\\n| ethnic_groups =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\\n  |\n        17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\\n\n        }}\\n| ethnic_groups_year = 2001\\n| demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\\n| government_type\n        = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}}\n        [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n|\n        leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of\n        Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n| leader_name2 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\\n| leader_title3\n        = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\\n| leader_name3\n        = [[Andriy Parubiy]]\\n| legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus'']]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 882\\n| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia|Kingdom\n        of
Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]}}\\n| established_date2 = 1199\\n| established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\\n| established_date3 =\n        17 August 1649\\n| established_event4 = Independence from [[Russian Republic]];\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date4 = 7 November 1917\\n|\n        established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date5\n        = 1 November 1918\\n| established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian\n        SSR]]\\n| established_date6 = 10 March 1919\\n| established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\\n|\n        established_date7 = 8 October 1938\\n| established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet\n        annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviet annexation
of Western\n        Ukraine]]}}\\n| established_date8 = 15 November 1939\\n| established_event9\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration ofUkrainian Independence]]}}\\n| established_date9 = 30 June 1941\\n| established_event10\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the\n        Soviet Union]]}}\\n| established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\\n| area_km2\n        = 603,628\\n| area_rank = 45th \\n| area_sq_mi = or 233,013/ 223,013\\n| percent_water = 7\\n| population_estimate =42,541,633\n        {{decrease}}{{cite web|url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |title=Population (by estimate) as of 1 April, 2016. |publisher=State Statistics\n        Service of Ukraine |accessdate=1 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |archivedate=8 August 2016 |df= }}\\n| population_census = 48,457,102\\n|\n        population_estimate_year = 2016\\n| population_estimate_rank = 32nd\\n| population_census_year\n        = 2001\\n| population_density_km2 = 73.8\\n| population_density_sq_mi = 191\n        \\n| population_density_rank = 115th\\n|\n        GDP_PPP = $353 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=10&sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report\n        for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=World Economic Outlook Database,\n        April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 2017|accessdate=12\n        August 2016}} \\n| GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n| GDP_PPP_rank =\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,305 \\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal\n        = $93.263 billion \\n|\n        GDP_nominal_year = 2016\\n| GDP_nominal_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita =\n        $2,194 \\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        =\\n| Gini = 24.1 \\n| Gini_year = 2014\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n|\n        Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UA\n        |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 9 November 2016}}\\n|\n        Gini_rank =\\n| HDI = 0.747 \\n| HDI_year = 2014 \\n| HDI_change\n        = increase\\n| HDI_ref = {{cite\n        web|format=PDF|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf|title=Human\n        Development Report 2015 Statistical Annex|date=14 December 2015|accessdate=15\n        December 2015}}\\n| HDI_rank = 81st\\n| currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\\n|\n        currency_code = UAH\\n| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\\n| utc_offset\n        = +2{{cite web|url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 30 \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441|trans-title=Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter\n        time on 30 October|language=uk|publisher=korrespondent.net|date=18 October\n        2011|accessdate=31 October 2011}}\\n| utc_offset_DST = +3\\n| time_zone_DST\n        = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\\n| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand\n        traffic|right]]\\n| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\\n|\n        cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440]]}}\\n| footnote_a\n        = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was\n        held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26\n        December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted\n        on 28 June 1996.\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| country_code = UKR\\n}}\\n{{Contains\n        Cyrillic text}}\\n\\n''''''Ukraine'''''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|ju\\u02d0|\\u02c8|k|r|e\\u026a|n}};\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430}}, [[Romanization\n        of Ukrainian|tr.]] {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Ukrayina''''}} {{IPA-uk|ukr\\u0250\\u02c8jin\\u0250|}}),\n        [[Name of Ukraine#\\\"Ukraine\\\" versus \\\"the Ukraine\\\"|sometimes called ''''''the\n        Ukraine'''''']],{{cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844|publisher=BBC|title=Ukraine\n        or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have ''the''?|last1= Geoghegan|first1=Tom|work=BBC\n        News Magazine|date=7 June 2012}} is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Eastern\n        Europe]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=The\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine| publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=7\n        January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014}} [[State Border of Ukraine|bordered]]\n        by [[Russia]] to the east, northeast, and south, [[Belarus]] to the northwest,\n        [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]]\n        to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and\n        southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in [[territorial dispute]] with\n        Russia over the [[Crimean Peninsula]] which [[Annexation of Crimea by the\n        Russian Federation|Russia annexed in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082|title=Russia''s\n        Crimea plan detailed, secret and successful|first=John|last=Simpson|date=19\n        March 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}} but which Ukraine and most of\n        the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine\n        has an area of {{convert|603628|km\\u00b2|0|abbr=on}},{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Ukraine|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 United Nations Statistics Division|work=United Nations|date=2016|accessdate=6\n        September 2016}} making it the largest country entirely within [[Europe]]\n        and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|46th]] largest country\n        in the world. It has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the [[List\n        of countries and dependencies by population|32nd]] most populous country in\n        the world.\\n\\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000\n        BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture,\n        with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus'']] forming the basis of Ukrainian\n        identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was\n        contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Grand Duchy\n        of Lithuania|Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]],\n        and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered\n        during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split\n        between Poland and the [[Russian Empire]], and later merged fully into Russia.\\n\\nDuring\n        the 20th century three periods of independence occurred.  The first of these\n        periods occurred briefly during and immediately after the German occupation\n        near the end of [[World War I]] and the second occurred, also briefly, and\n        also during German occupation, during [[World War II]]. However, both of these\n        first two earlier periods would eventually see Ukraine''s territories consolidated\n        back into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] within\n        the [[USSR]].  The third period of independence began in 1991, when Ukraine\n        gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of [[dissolution\n        of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].  Ukraine\n        has maintained its independence as a sovereign state ever since.  Before its\n        independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as \\\"The Ukraine\\\",\n        but sources since then have moved to drop \\\"the\\\" from the name of Ukraine\n        in all uses.\\n\\nFollowing its independence, Ukraine\n        declared itself a [[neutral state]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=27\n        September 2007|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} Nonetheless it formed\n        a limited military partnership with the Russian Federation and other [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States|CIS countries]] and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership\n        with NATO]] in 1994. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO,\n        and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action\n        Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO\n        should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient,{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|title=NATO\n        confirms readiness for Ukraine''s joining organization|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=13\n        April 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416153024/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|archive-date=16\n        April 2010}} and was against Ukraine joining NATO.{{cite\n        news|author=Richard Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107|title=Yanukovich\n        vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=7 January 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}} In 2013, after the government of President Yanukovych\n        had decided to suspend the [[Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement]]\n        and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations\n        and protests known as the [[Euromaidan]] began, which later escalated into\n        the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] that led to the overthrow of President Yanukovych\n        and his cabinet and the establishment of a new government. These events formed\n        the background for the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] in March 2014, and the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014.\n        On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the [[Deep and Comprehensive\n        Free Trade Area]] with the European Union.\\n\\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because\n        of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the world''s largest [[Grain\n        trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister|title=Ukraine\n        becomes world''s third biggest grain exporter in 2011 \\u2013 minister|publisher=Black\n        Sea Grain|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=31 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister\n        |archivedate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm|title=World\n        Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation|date=2013|accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large\n        [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]],\n        [[executive branch|executive]] and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and\n        largest city is [[Kiev]]. Taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel,[[#IISS2010|IISS\n        2010]], pp. 195\\u2013197 Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military\n        of Ukraine|military]] in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home\n        to 42.5 million people (excluding [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]), 77.8 percent of whom are [[Ukrainians]] \\\"by ethnicity\\\",\n        followed by a sizeable minority of [[Russians]] (17.3 percent) as well as\n        [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Bulgarians]]\n        and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]]\n        and its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion\n        in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has\n        strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]]\n        and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].  It is a member of the [[United Nations]]\n        since its founding, the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization for Security\n        and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic\n        Development|GUAM]], and one of the founding states of the [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States]] (CIS).\\n{{TOC limit}}\\n\\n== Etymology ==\\n{{Main|Name\n        of Ukraine}}\\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name\n        of Ukraine|name ''''Ukraine'''']]. According to the older and most widespread\n        hypothesis, it means \\\"borderland\\\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed\n        today and every day|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides|title=Linguistic\n        divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine?|publisher=The Economist|date=5\n        February 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014|subscription=y}} while more recently\n        some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \\\"homeland\\\" or \\\"region,\n        country\\\".{{cite web|author=Hryhoriy Pivtorak|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u043d,\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=The origin of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians\n        and their languages|language=uk|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\n\\\"The\n        Ukraine\\\" was once the usual form in English,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine \\u2013\n        Definition|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}}\n        but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \\\"the Ukraine\\\"\n        has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides\n        largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml|title=The\n        \\\"the\\\" is gone|publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIX, No. 49|date=8\n        December 1991|accessdate=21 October 2015}}{{cite web|author=Adam\n        Taylor|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12|title=Why\n        Ukraine Isn''t ''The Ukraine,'' And Why That Matters Now|publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]]|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=21 October 2015}} \\\"The Ukraine\\\"\n        now implies disregard for the country''s sovereignty, according to U.S. ambassador\n        [[William B. Taylor, Jr.|William Taylor]].{{cite news|title=\\u2018Ukraine\\u2019\n        or \\u2018the Ukraine\\u2019? It\\u2019s more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|accessdate=11\n        August 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Early history ===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n\n        pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Pokrov, Ukraine|Pokrov]],\n        dated to the 4th century BC]]\\n\\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is\n        seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000\\u201345,000 BC) which include\n        a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html|title=Neanderthals\n        built homes with mammoth bones|publisher=Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=18\n        December 2011|author=Richard Gray|accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova\n        I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is\n        also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of\n        the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm\n        | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories\n        reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge)\n        | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''''Shaping\n        World History'''' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize \\u2013 When and Where Did\n        Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum\n        of the Horse }}{{cite news|title=Horsey-aeology,\n        Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man,\n        Fact or Fiction|url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|archivedate=7\n        October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald|publisher=CBC\n        Radio|date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\\n\\nModern human\n        settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence\n        of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020834|title=The\n        Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating,\n        Culture and Behavior|author1=Sandrine Prat|author2=St\\u00e9phane C. P\\u00e9an|author3=Laurent\n        Cr\\u00e9pin|author4=Doroth\\u00e9e G. Drucker|author5=Simon J. Puaud|author6=H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne\n        Valladas|author7=Martina L\\u00e1zni\\u010dkov\\u00e1-Galetov\\u00e1|author8=Johannes\n        van der Plicht|author9=Alexander Yanevich|date=17 June 2011|publisher=plosone|accessdate=21\n        June 2011}}{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262|title=Early\n        human fossils unearthed in Ukraine|author=Jennifer Carpenter|date=20 June\n        2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]]\n        [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in\n        a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]]\n        and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the\n        land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian|title=Scythian|accessdate=21\n        October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} Between 700 BC\n        and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the sixth century BC, colonies\n        of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such\n        as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded on\n        the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]]. These colonies thrived well into\n        the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the\n        sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory\n        of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of\n        the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions,\n        and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n=== Golden Age of Kiev ===\\n\\n{{Main|Kievan\n        Rus''}}\\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The baptism\n        of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']].]]\\n\\nKievan Rus'' was founded by the [[Rus'' people]], who came from\n        Scandinavia across [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and settled in Kiev around 880\n        AD. Kievan Rus'' included the central, western and northern part of modern\n        Ukraine, [[Belarus]], far eastern strip of Poland and the western part of\n        present-day Russia. According to the ''''[[Primary Chronicle]]'''' the Rus''\n        elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it\n        became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It\n        laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia\n        |edition=6 |year=2001\\u20132007 |article=Kievan Rus |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |archivedate=19 August 2000 }} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine,\n        became the most important city of the Rus''.\\n\\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan\n        Rus'' (1054-1132).jpg|thumb|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus'']], 1054\\u20131132]]\\n\\nThe\n        Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of\n        the first Rus'' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus'' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled\n        by the interrelated Rurikid ''''[[knyaz]]es'''' (\\\"princes\\\"), who often fought\n        each other for possession of Kiev.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        Golden Age of Kievan Rus'' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]]\n        (980\\u20131015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus''|turned Rus'' toward\n        Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]]\n        (1019\\u20131054), Kievan Rus'' reached the zenith of its cultural development\n        and military power. The state soon fragmented as\n        the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence\n        under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113\\u20131125) and his son [[Mstislav\n        I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125\\u20131132), Kievan Rus'' finally disintegrated\n        into separate principalities following Mstislav''s death.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]] devastated\n        Kievan Rus''. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 April 2011 |title=The Destruction of Kiev |accessdate=3\n        January 2008 |work=University of Toronto''s Research Repository }} On\n        today''s Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]]\n        and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state\n        of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm|title=Roman\n        Mstyslavych|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}\\n\\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo\n        Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the\n        Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus'', including\n        Volhynia, Galicia and Rus'' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by\n        the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the\n        first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus''. Under Danylo''s reign, the Kingdom of\n        Galicia\\u2013Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central\n        Europe.[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Romanovich \\\"Daniel\n        Romanovich\\\"].Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.\n        23 August 2007\\n\\n=== Foreign domination ===\\n\\n{{See\n        also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman\n        Empire|Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|Following\n        the [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled\n        by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and after the [[Union of Lublin]]\n        (1569) was included in the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]], illustrated\n        here in 1619.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Boles\\u0142aw\n        Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns\n        (1340\\u20131366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile, the heartland of Rus'',\n        including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled\n        by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen'' River]].\n        Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland\n        and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly\n        Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.\n        By 1392 the so-called [[Galicia\\u2013Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers\n        of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or re-founded\n        many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially\n        Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded\n        the Crimean Khanate.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bohdan\n        Khmelnytsky]], [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine, established\n        an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising in 1648]]\n        against [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\\n\\nIn 1569 the [[Union\n        of Lublin]] established the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much\n        Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural\n        and political pressure of [[Polonisation]], which began in the late 14th century,\n        many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus)\n        converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny,\n        pp. 92\\u201393 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the\n        commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging\n        [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against\n        those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local\n        representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Poland |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]] (fee required) |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nFormed from [[Golden\n        Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol\n        invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern\n        Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured\n        and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The\n        Sultan''s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman\n        Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |year=2013 |page=16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df= }} The borderlands suffered annual\n        [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning\n        of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave\n        raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html\n        Halil Inalcik. \\\"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\\\"] in A. Ascher, B.\n        K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and\n        Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979,\n        pp. 25\\u201343. exported about two million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz\n        Ko\\u0142odziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves,\n        Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives\n        in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate\n        |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to\n        [[Orest Subtelny]], \\\"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar\n        raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\\\"Subtelny, Orest\n        (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record\n        number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''''\\\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. {{ISBN|0-87436-885-5}}\n        The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly\n        regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer. The last\n        remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire\n        in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the\n        Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish\n        Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources\n        |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to\n        govern this territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Location\n        of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as\n        a direct ancestor of today''s Ukraine.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-17th century,\n        a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper\n        Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\Z\\\\A\\\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia,\n        The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population,\n        but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]\n        and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were\n        allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\\\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf\n        The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\\\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki,\n        ''''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'''' However\n        the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and\n        especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 The Cossacks|accessdate=21 October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}}\\n\\nThe\n        Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition\n        of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack\n        Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the\n        Sejm.{{cite web|title=Poland \\u2013 The Cossacks|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Cossacks|publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n=== Cossack Hetmanate ===\\n[[File:Marten''s Poltava.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]],\n        1726]]\\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky\n        Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the\n        Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123\\u2013124 After\n        Khmelnytsky made an entry into Kiev in 1648, where he was hailed liberator\n        of the people from Polish captivity, he founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]\n        which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).\\n\\n[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Khmelnytsky]],\n        deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat\n        at Berestechko]] in 1651, and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654,\n        Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political\n        alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian tsar.\\n\\nIn\n        1657\\u20131686 came \\\"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\\\", a devastating\n        30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine,\n        which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of\n        Poland. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths.\n        Defeat came in 1686 as the \\\"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\\\"\n        between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\\n\\nIn\n        1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639\\u20131709) defected to [[Sweden]]\n        against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700\\u20131721). Eventually\n        Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia''s political and\n        economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]]\n        and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after\n        fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their\n        Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\\n\\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The\n        first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This\n        copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original\n        is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\\n\\nThe [[Constitution of\n        Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian\n        Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]],\n        a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082709/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/\n        \\\"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk\n        being celebrated\\\"], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', (5 April 2010) It established\n        a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative,\n        executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]''s\n        [[The Spirit of the Laws|''''Spirit of the Laws'''']]. The Constitution limited\n        the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected\n        [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk''s [[Constitution]]\n        was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions\n        in Europe.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe hetmanate was abolished\n        in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia\n        centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning\n        of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper\n        were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into\n        the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone\n        of Russian foreign policy.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Kirill\n        Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman\n        of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750\\u20131764 and the first person to declare\n        Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\\n\\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast\n        estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from\n        [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically\n        tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other\n        using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics\n        and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596,\n        they set up the \\\"Greek-Catholic\\\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate\n        Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation\n        left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to\n        follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27\\u201330\\n\\nCossacks\n        led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian\n        borderlands of the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity\n        was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of\n        Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious\n        warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between\n        Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border\n        on the [[Dnieper River]] in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine\n        II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become\n        more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence\n        on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing\n        Polish and Russian political allegiances.{{cite journal | last1 = Skinner\n        | first1 = Barbara | year = 2005 | title = Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering\n        the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy | url = | journal = Slavic Review | volume\n        = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 88\\u2013116 | doi=10.2307/3650068}}\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]]\n        was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421073907/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule\n        Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''''Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica.''''\n        Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the\n        Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting.\n        However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later\n        period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing\n        the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite\n        journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship\n        of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863\\u20131876): Intention\n        and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=March\\u2013June 2007|volume=47|pages=87\\u2013110|jstor=40871165|publisher=Canadian\n        Association of Slavists}}\\n\\n=== 19th century, World War I and revolution\n        ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\\n{{Further information|Ukraine\n        during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\\n[[File:1904\n        Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing administrative\n        units of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia within the Russian Empire\n        prior to Ukrainian independence 1917\\u20131921.]]\\n[[File:Mapa from Ukraine\n        postcard 1919.jpg|thumbnail|Ukraine according to an old postal stamp from\n        1919 that was reprinted in 2008.]]\\n\\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural\n        area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and\n        modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian\n        [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged.\n        The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814\\u20131861) and the\n        political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841\\u20131895) led the growing\n        nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nAfter the [[Russo-Turkish\n        War (1768\\u20131774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors\n        encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into\n        Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage agriculture.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was migration\n        from Ukraine to distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897\n        census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in\n        [[Central Asia]].Rainer M\\u00fcnz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor]''''\\\".\n        Routledge. p. 164. {{ISBN|0-7146-5232-6}} An additional 1.6 million\n        emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian\n        Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}\n        [[Russian Far East|Far Eastern]] areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population\n        became known as [[Green Ukraine]].Jonathan D. Smele (2015). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476\n        Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916\\u20131926]''''. Rowman\n        & Littlefield. p.476. {{ISBN|1-4422-5281-2}}\\n\\nNationalist and socialist\n        parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]],\n        under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the centre\n        of the nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nUkrainians\n        entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under\n        Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians\n        fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]],\n        while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340\\u2013344}}\n        [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian\n        Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This became the [[Ukrainian Galician\n        Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War\n        I period (1919\\u201323). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria\n        were treated harshly.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof\n        |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The\n        world academy of Rusyn culture}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|left|Ukraine\n        in 1918]]\\n\\nWorld War I destroyed both empires. The [[Russian Revolution\n        of 1917]] led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s,\n        and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for\n        self-determination re-emerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence.\n        Several Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the internationally recognized [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (''''''UNR'''''', the predecessor of modern Ukraine,\n        was declared on 23 June 1917 proclaimed at first as a part of the Russian\n        Republic; after the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the Ukrainian People''s Republic\n        proclaimed its independence on 25 January 1918), the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]],\n        the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories\n        in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the Ukrainian lands of former\n        Austro-Hungarian territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[Act\n        Zluky]] (Unification Act) was an agreement signed on January 22, 1919 by the\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] and the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        on the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia Square]] in [[Kiev]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThis led to civil war, and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        movement called the [[Black Guards|Black Army]] or later [[The Revolutionary\n        Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]] developed in Southern Ukraine under the\n        command of the anarchist [[Nestor Makhno]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\M\\\\A\\\\MakhnoNestor.htm\n        |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}} They protected the operation of \\\"[[Soviet (council)|free\n        soviets]]\\\" and [[libertarian socialism|libertarian]] [[communes]] in the\n        [[Free Territory]], an attempt to form a [[Stateless society|stateless]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        society from 1918 to 1921 during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian\n        Revolution]], fighting both the tsarist [[Armed Forces of South Russia|White\n        Army]] under [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and later the [[Red Army]] under [[Leon\n        Trotsky|Trotsky]], before being defeated by the latter in August 1921.\\n\\nPoland\n        defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against\n        the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According\n        to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was incorporated into Poland, which\n        in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919.\n        With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory\n        to Poland, Belarus and Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River\n        was created Moldavian autonomy.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Ukraine\n        became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in\n        December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=2008-04-18|title=Interwar\n        Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]\n        (fee required)}}\\n\\n=== Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina\n        ===\\n{{See also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918\\u20131938)}}\\n[[File:Huculy\n        1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]],\n        c. 1930]]\\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however,\n        most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and\n        Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]]\n        was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First\n        Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:1930 in Ukraine.png|thumb|left|A map showing Ukraine''s territory,\n        circa 1930.]]\\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose\n        in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s because of Polish national policies, which\n        was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement\n        attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish\n        state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of\n        fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented.\n        A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press,\n        and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the\n        1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\\n{{See also|Holodomor}}\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0423\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u0432\n        1925.gif|thumb|Urban population of Ukraine in 1925 {{colbegin}} {{legend|#006400|Ukrainian}}\n        {{legend|#FAD6A5|Russian}} {{legend|#000000|Jewish}} {{legend|#CCFCCC|Polish}}\n        {{colend}}]]\\n\\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated\n        the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people\n        dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory.\n        Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting\n        the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine\n        of 1920\\u20131924\\n|work=The Norka \\u2013 a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4\n        March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine\n        of 1921\\u20133|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}\n        During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy\n        pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet\n        leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part\n        of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''''indigenisation''''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health\n        care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work\n        and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}}\n        [[Women''s rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp.\n        138\\u201339 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early\n        1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''''de facto'''' communist party\n        leader.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source|date=September\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]\n        under construction circa 1930.]]\\n\\nStarting from the late 1920s with a [[First\n        five-year plan (Soviet Union)|centrally planned economy]], Ukraine was involved\n        in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic''s\n        industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The\n        peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]]\n        of agriculture which began during and was part of the [[First five-year plan\n        (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and\n        [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity\n        greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed\n        to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to\n        death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]]\n        known as the [[Holodomor]] or the \\\"Great Famine\\\".\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm\n        Ukraine remembers famine horror]\\\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\\n\\nScholars\n        are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]],\n        but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and the governments of other countries have\n        acknowledged it as such.{{Ref label|B|b|none}}\\n\\nThe Communist leadership\n        perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment\n        tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \\\"The Role\n        of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931\\u20131934.\\\"\n        ''''Europe-Asia Studies'''' 2005 57(6): 823\\u2013841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext\n        in [[Ebsco]]\\n\\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two\n        future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        (an engineer from [[Kamianske]]) depicted together.]]\\n\\nLargely the same\n        groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war,\n        collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were\n        associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891\\u20131939) and operated in the\n        Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration\n        ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929\\u201331. Evdokimov transferred\n        into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary\n        for [[North Caucasus Krai]]. He appears to have continued advising Joseph\n        Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on\n        Evdokimov''s former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that\n        are known as the Great Terror in 1937\\u201338.Stephen G. Wheatcroft,\n        \\\"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin''s Great Terror.\\\"\n        ''''Australian Journal of Politics and History'''' 2007 53(1): 20\\u201343.\n        {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''''The Harvest\n        of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'''' (1986). Mark\n        B. Tauger, \\\"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\\\" ''''Slavic Review'''',\n        Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70\\u201389, notes the harvest was unusually\n        poor. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600 online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]],\n        [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \\\"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine\n        of 1932\\u20131933,\\\" ''''Slavic Review,'''' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995),\n        pp. 642\\u2013657 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740 online in JSTOR]; Michael\n        Ellman. \\\"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333 Revisited\\\", ''''Europe-Asia\n        Studies'''', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663\\u201393.\\n\\nOn\n        13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against\n        Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html\n        Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\\n\\n=== World War II ===\\n\\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\\n\\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]]\n        in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops\n        divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]\n        and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the\n        rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson,\n        p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\\n\\nIn 1940, the Soviets annexed [[Bessarabia]]\n        and northern [[Bukovina]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and\n        southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]].\n        But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist\n        Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. These\n        territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the [[Paris\n        Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u043b \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        1940 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko]] (born\n        in the [[Budjak]] region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including\n        the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] east of Kiev\n        in 1941]]\\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the\n        Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of [[total war]].\n        The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful\n        efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle\n        of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \\\"[[Hero City]]\\\", because of its fierce\n        [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or\n        one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or taken captive\n        there, with many suffering [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|severe\n        mistreatment]].Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\\n\\nAlthough\n        the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet\n        partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\W\\\\O\\\\Worldwars.htm|title=World\n        wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western\n        Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942).\n        Created as forces of the [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government\n        in exile]],Subtelny, Orest (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 410 it fell under the influence of the\n        underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed\n        in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski\n        and the \\\"Volhynia Experiment\\\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]].\n        Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent\n        Ukrainian state]] on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although\n        this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Atanasovych\n        Melnyk|Melnyk]] wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions\n        also carried out [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres\n        of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/\n        A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010\n        which brought reprisals.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf\n        Polska reakcja na dzia\\u0142ania UPA \\u2013 skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych].\n        After the war, the UPA continued to fight the USSR until the 1950s.Piotrowski\n        pp. 352\\u201354Weiner pp. 127\\u2013237 At the same time,\n        the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside\n        the Nazis.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in\n        WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19\n        September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\\n\\nIn total, the number of ethnic\n        Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|C|c|1}} The\n        [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is\n        estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its\n        peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476\n        Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army''s figures are unreliable, with figures\n        ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi,\n        p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMost\n        of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]],\n        with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement.\n        Some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939, hailed\n        the Germans as liberators.  Brutal German rule eventually turned their supporters\n        against the Nazi administrators, who made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction\n        with Stalinist policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227142736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archivedate=2010-02-27|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system,\n        carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against\n        [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions\n        of people to work in Germany]], and began a depopulation program to prepare\n        for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food\n        on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''''Harvest\n        of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'''', Harvard University\n        Press: April 2004. p. 164\\n\\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World\n        War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg,\n        p. 264 By some estimates, 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov,\n        Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \\\"Who won World\n        War II?\\\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5\n        July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population\n        during the war are estimated at [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between\n        5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |archivedate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Kulchytsky, Stalislav,\n        ''''\\\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\\\"'''', [[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]], 2\\u20138 October 2004. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Ukrainian]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one\n        and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding\n        Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local\n        collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in\n        battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Overy, p. 518\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0413. \\u0424., ''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f \\u0438 \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420\n        \\u0432 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430: \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b.\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435''''\n        (Krivosheev G. F., ''''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century:\n        losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'''') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million\n        were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|C|c|2}}{{Ref label|D|d|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory\n        Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20\n        April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of\n        Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Post-World War II ===\\n{{Further\n        information|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union\n        (1953\\u20131964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964\\u20131982)|History of the\n        Soviet Union (1982\\u20131991)}}\\n\\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the\n        war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities\n        and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=29 September 2007 |title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath\n        |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]] (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]]\n        in 1946\\u201347, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction\n        of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest\n        estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation|last=\\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        [Kulchytsky] |first=\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        [Stanislav] |title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 |trans_title=Demographic losses in Ukraine\n        in the twentieth century |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=2\\u20138 October\n        2004 |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php |language=Russian\n        |publisher=[Demoscope] |place=[[Russia|RU]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914100418/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php\n        |archivedate=14 September 2012 |df= }}{{cite web | title =\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine\n        in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21\n        July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Demographic\n        losses in Ukraine twentieth century|language=uk|url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archivedate=2007-03-13|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014}}\\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became\n        one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities\n        of the Member States \\u2013 Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher=\n        United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite\n        web| url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United\n        Nations | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm\n        | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote=\n        Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security\n        Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt\n        and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security\n        Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia\n        while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes\n        for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:Sergey\n        Korolyov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]],\n        the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during\n        the [[Space Race]]]]\\n\\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly\n        expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to\n        Russians among adult \\\"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\\\",\n        comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web|url=http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |title=Migration and migration policy in Ukraine |first=Olena |last=Malynovska\n        |date=14 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061703/http://niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |df= }} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic\n        [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from\n        Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\\n\\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the\n        [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]]\n        in 1938\\u201349, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after\n        taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize \\\"the friendship\\\" between\n        the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty\n        of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954\n        transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The\n        Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International\n        Committee for Crimea}}\\n\\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed\n        pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 The last years of Stalin''s\n        rule |accessdate=28 December 2007 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} During the 1946\\u20131950 [[Five-Year\n        Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested\n        in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from pre-war plans. As a result, the Ukrainian\n        workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times\n        in that same period.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nSoviet Ukraine\n        soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644\n        and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research.\n        Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many\n        members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964\n        to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came\n        from Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nOn 26 April 1986, a\n        reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the\n        [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite\n        news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220746/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=''Sombre anniversary'' of\n        worst nuclear disaster in history \\u2013 Chernobyl: 10th anniversary |accessdate=16\n        December 2007 |author=Remy, Johannes |year=1996 |publisher=Find articles |work=[[UN\n        Chronicle]] }} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible\n        rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \\\"major\n        accident\\\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale\n        | title=''Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale''}} At the\n        time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories,\n        including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title\n        = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2\n        | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|\n        accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources\n        | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\\n\\nAfter the accident, the new city of\n        [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the\n        employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared\n        by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]]\n        attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have\n        been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA\n        Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl}}\\n\\n===\n        Independence ===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate\n        the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian\n        President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris\n        Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving\n        the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament\n        adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|title=Declaration\n        of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July\n        1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} This established the principles\n        of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian\n        law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty\n        of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]]\n        was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period\n        of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a faction\n        among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted\n        a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party''s\n        power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted\n        the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30|title=Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12\n        September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}\\n\\nA\n        [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1\n        December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for\n        the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament,\n        [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha\n        Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma\n        Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine\n        formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall ''Inevitable''\n        Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8\n        December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\\n\\nUkraine was initially\n        viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other\n        regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced\n        deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]].\n        During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian\n        GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October\n        2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12\n        July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December\n        2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation\n        rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The\n        IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31\n        August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International\n        Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well\n        as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested\n        and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn\n        1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine''s Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]\n        |issue=100|pages=125\\u2013143|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the\n        [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country\n        enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent\n        annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm\n        |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher=[[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm\n        |archivedate=21 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607053509/http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-07|title=Ukraine.\n        Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}\n        A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]]\n        and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised\n        by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech\n        and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader''s\n        Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/01/world/leader-s-party-seems-to-slip-in-ukraine.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine\n        also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear\n        weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers\n        on its territory in exchange for various assurances (main article: [[Nuclear\n        weapons and Ukraine]]).{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Country Profiles \\u2013 NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\\n\\n===\n        Orange Revolution ===\\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion\n        Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence\n        Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\\n\\nIn 2004, [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely\n        rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The\n        Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3\n        December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry\n        in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged\n        the outcome. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, candidate Yushchenko\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko#Dioxin poisoning|suddenly became gravely ill]], and was\n        soon found by multiple independent physician groups, to have been poisoned\n        by [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|TCDD dioxin]].{{cite news | title = Yushchenko: ''Live And Carry On''\n        | publisher = CBS News | date = 2005-01-30 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/28/60minutes/main670103.shtml\n        }}[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hW1QRD4tlRX2-UW9yc_oDcwrzMgwD99SBRO80\n        Associated Press: Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab] {{dead\n        link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}  Yushchenko strongly\n        suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49610 |title= Yushchenko to Russia:\n        Hand over witnesses |publisher= [[Kyiv Post]] |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2010-02-11}}  All\n        of this eventually resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing\n        Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor\n        Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |accessdate=14\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }}\\n\\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained\n        in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western\n        pollsters{{Clarify|date=July 2015}} and professional consultants{{Who|date=July\n        2015}} who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies\n        but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]]\n        and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000\n        out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures\n        The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel\n        Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page\n        30-44) According to ''''[[The Guardian]]'''', the foreign donors included\n        the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United\n        States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National\n        Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican\n        Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and\n        [[George Soros]]''s [[Open Society Institute]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004)\n        The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building\n        efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \\\"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html\n        In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\\\" ''''Washington Post'''', 4 December 2004.\n        URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent\n        struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of\n        the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine\n        Russia, the US, \\\"the Others\\\" and the \\\"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\\\":\n        Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October\n        2011)\\n\\nRussian authorities provided support through advisers such\n        as [[Gleb Pavlovsky]], consulting on blackening the image of Yushchenko through\n        the state media, pressuring state-dependent voters to vote for Yanukovych\n        and on vote-rigging techniques such as multiple ''[[carousel voting]]'' and\n        ''dead souls'' voting.\\n\\nYanukovych returned to power\n        in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm\n        Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until\n        [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]]\n        made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm\n        Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid\n        the [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged\n        by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine\n        towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3\n        March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}}\n        [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped\n        all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages\n        in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia\n        shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm\n        Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President\n        in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and\n        Cooperation in Europe said that the election \\\"met most requirements\\\" for\n        fairness and that the election process was \\\"transparent.\\\"{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/67844?download=true|title=Ukraine:\n        Presidential Election 17 January and 7 February 2010: OSCE/ODIHR Election\n        Observation Mission Final Report|work=OSCE|location=Warsaw|date=28 April 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}}\\n\\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\\n{{Main|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\n{{Details|topic=the ongoing protests|Timeline of the\n        Euromaidan}}\\n[[File:Euromaidan 01.JPG|thumb|Pro-EU demonstration in Kiev,\n        27 November 2013, during [[Euromaidan]]]]\\n\\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0404\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d}},\n        literally \\\"Eurosquare\\\") protests started in November 2013 after the president,\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began moving away from an association agreement that\n        had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish\n        closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823\n        Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December\n        2013){{Cite journal|title=Frustrated Leadership: Russia''s Economic\n        Alternative to the West|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12301/abstract|author1-first=Juliet|author1-last=Johnson|author2-first=Se\\u00e7kin|author2-last=K\\u00f6stem|journal=[[Global\n        Policy]]|publisher=[[Wiley Online Library]]|volume=7|issue=2|date=May 2016|p=212|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12301|quote=In\n        fact, the Ukrainian crisis broke out in November 2013 when former President\n        Viktor Yanukovych announced under Russian pressure that he would no longer\n        pursue an EU Association Agreement.}} Some Ukrainians took to the streets\n        to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine\n        Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows\n        |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the\n        predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed\n        the ''''Euromaidan'''' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view:\n        Ukraine ''other half'' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC\n        News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''''Euromaidan'''' came to describe\n        a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to\n        include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov\n        Government|his government]].{{cite news|author=Richard\n        Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212|title=Kiev\n        protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=12 December\n        2013|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nViolence escalated after 16 January\n        2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest\n        Laws]]. Violent anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre\n        of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with\n        approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite\n        web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=\\u0417\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0437\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u0445 \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        1,5 \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0431, 100 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|author=\\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724070743/http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archivedate=24\n        July 2014|script-title=uk:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u041e\\u0417 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|trans-title=Information\n        about the victims of clashes: Press Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine|language=uk|publisher=moz.gov.ua|date=22\n        February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=\\u041c\\u0412\\u0421\n        \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418|work=\\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\\\"\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456\\\" \\u2014 tsn.ua|work=\\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua}}\n        from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency|title=Ukraine\n        threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry|publisher=The\n        Guardian|date=27 January 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska\n        |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706094102/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archivedate=2014-07-06 |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation\n        urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to\n        the violent protests, Members of Parliament voted on 22 February to remove\n        the president and set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]]\n        for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave\n        |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/\n        |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com\n        |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]],\n        running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the\n        vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''''The\n        New York Times'''', \\\"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\\\",\n        By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election\n        of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David\n        M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff.\n        Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would\n        be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with\n        the Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7\n        June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key\n        ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square\n        (the centre of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |author=Adam Taylor |title=Why Ukraine Is So Important |publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]] |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |archivedate=14 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archivedate=29\n        May 2014|title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June\n        7|author=Lukas Alpert|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29\n        May 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |title=Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603165249/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |archivedate= 3 June 2014 |df= }} In October 2014 [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014|Parliament elections]], [[Petro Poroshenko Bloc \\\"Solidarity\\\"]]\n        won 132 of the 423 contested seats.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and\n        Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=27 October\n        2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}\\n\\n===\n        Civil unrest and Russian intervention ===\\n{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|War in Donbass|Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n\\n{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center\\n\n        | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 220\\n | header =\\n |\n        image1 = 2014-03-09. \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b \\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043a\\u0435 022.jpg\\n | alt1 =\\n | caption1\n        = Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014\\n | image2 = 2014 Russo-ukrainian-conflict\n        map.svg\\n | alt2 =\\n | caption2 = [[Crimea]], which is under Russian control,\n        is shown in pink. Pink in the [[Donbass]] area represents areas held by the\n        [[Donetsk People''s Republic|DPR]]/[[Lugansk People''s Republic|LPR]] separatists\n        in September 2014 (cities in red)\\n}}\\n\\nThe ousting[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26304842\n        Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych] bbc.co.uk, 22 February 2014,\n        accessed 1 January 2016 of Yanukovych prompted Vladimir Putin to begin\n        preparations to annex Crimea on 23 February 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/vladimir-putin-describes-secret-meeting-when-russia-decided-to-seize-crimea|title=Vladimir\n        Putin describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea|publisher=The\n        Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/11458426/Putin-reveals-the-moment-he-gave-the-secret-order-for-Russias-annexation-of-Crimea.html|title=Putin\n        reveals the moment he gave the secret order for Russia''s annexation of Crimea|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}} Using the Russian naval base\n        at Sevastopol as cover, Putin directed Russian troops and intelligence agents\n        to disarm Ukrainian forces and take control of Crimea.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|title=Putin:\n        Russia Prepared Raising Nuclear Readiness Over Crimea|publisher=New York Times|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=15 March 2015|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620143551/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|archive-date=20\n        June 2015}}{{cite news|author=Neil MacFarquhar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/16/world/europe/putin-says-he-weighed-nuclear-alert-over-crimea.html|title=Putin\n        Says He Weighed Nuclear Alert Over Crimea|publisher=nytimes.com|date=16 March\n        2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/russia-pressure-ukraine-troops-disarm|title=Russians\n        pressure Ukrainian forces in Crimea to disarm|publisher=The Guardian|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author1=Olena\n        Goncharova|author2=Kyiv Post staff|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/a-year-after-referendum-putin-talks-about-yanukovych-rescue-nuclear-readiness-over-crimea-383567.html|title=A\n        year after referendum, Putin talks about Yanukovych rescue, nuclear readiness\n        over Crimea|publisher=kyivpost.com|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}} After the troops entered Crimea,{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|title=Russian\n        Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch One)|publisher=vicenews.com|date=5\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} a controversial [[Crimean referendum,\n        2014|referendum]] was held on 16 March 2014 and the official result was that\n        97 percent wished to join with Russia.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/official-results-97-of-crimea-voters-back-joining-russia/|title=Official\n        results: 97 percent of Crimea voters back joining Russia|publisher=cbsnews.com|date=17\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} On 18 March 2014, Russia and\n        the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by\n        the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession\n        of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation. The\n        UN general assembly responded by passing [[United Nations General Assembly\n        Resolution 68/262|resolution 68/262]] that the referendum was invalid and\n        supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine.{{cite news|author1=Alex\n        Felton|author2=Marie-Louise Gumuchian|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=U.N.\n        General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid|publisher=cnn.com|date=27\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nSeparately, in the [[Donetsk]]\n        and [[Luhansk]] regions, armed men declaring themselves as local militia seized\n        government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities\n        and held unrecognised [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia\n        Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12\n        May 2014}} The insurgency was led by Russian emissaries [[Igor Girkin]]{{cite\n        web|author=Anna Dolgov|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine/511584.html|title=Russia''s\n        Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine|work=The Moscow\n        Times|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} and [[Alexander\n        Borodai]]{{cite news|author=Roman Olearchyk|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html|title=Rebel\n        leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|publisher=Financial Times|subscription=y|date=7\n        August 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} as well as militants from [[Russia]],\n        such as [[Arseny Pavlov]].{{cite news|author1=Sabrian Tavernise|author2=Noah\n        Sneider|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/first-self-declared-wedding-in-donetsk-peoples-republic-ukraine-rebels-make-love-not-war.html?_r=1|title=For\n        a Weekend, Ukraine Rebels Make Love, Not War|publisher=New York Times|date=13\n        July 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\nTalks in [[Geneva]] between\n        the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred\n        to as the [[2014 Geneva Pact]][https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html\n        Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York\n        Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that\n        all unlawful militias lay down their arms and vacate seized government buildings,\n        and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for\n        Ukraine''s regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election\n        held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian\n        government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |title=Poroshenko promises calm ''in hours'' amid battle to control Donetsk\n        airport |publisher=The Guardian |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |archivedate=26 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} More than 9,000 people\n        have been killed in the military campaign.{{Cite web|url=http://112.international/conflict-in-eastern-ukraine/un-9449-dead-21843-wounded-in-donbas-conflict-6487.html|title=UN:\n        9,449 dead, 21,843 wounded in Donbas conflict|website=112.international|access-date=2016-06-29}}\\n\\n[[File:OSCE\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumb|left|[[OSCE]]\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March\n        2015]]\\n\\nIn August 2014, a bilateral commission of leading scholars from\n        the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step\n        plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.{{cite\n        news|author=Uri Friedman|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/a-24-step-plan-to-resolve-the-ukraine-crisis/379121/|title=A\n        24-Step Plan|publisher=The Atlantic|date=26 August 2014|accessdate=21 October\n        2015}} The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories\n        for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements\n        of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and\n        Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine''s \\\"first\n        but most decisive step\\\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as the target for [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        relations|EU membership application]].\\n\\nIn\n        February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire\n        with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal\n        of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions\n        by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as Ukrainian control\n        of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops\n        from Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015.\n        Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure\n        that the agreement is respected.{{cite\n        web|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work|title=Ukraine\n        ceasefire: European leaders sceptical peace plan will work|publisher=The Guardian|date=13\n        February 2015|accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\nOn 1 January 2016, Ukraine\n        joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]] with European Union, which aims to modernize and\n        develop Ukraine''s economy, governance and rule of law to EU standards and\n        gradually increase integration with the EU [[Internal market]].[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150981.pdf<\n        EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]. trade.ec.europa.eu.\\n\\n==\n        Historical maps of states ==\\nSeveral states have existed on the territory\n        of present-day Ukraine since its foundation. Most of these territories have\n        been located within [[Eastern Europe]]. However, as depicted in the maps here,\n        they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].\n        At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories\n        having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\\n
\\n\\nFile:001\n        Kievan Rus'' Kyivan Rus'' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan\n        Rus'', last 20 years of the state (1220\\u20131240).\\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia\n        Volhynia Rus'' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]\n        or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245\\u20131349).\\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania\n        Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]],\n        Rus'' and Samogitia until 1434.\\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth\n        1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\\u2013Ruthenian Commonwealth]]\n        or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate\n        and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\\n\\n
\\n\\n==\n        Geography ==\\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\\n\\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}}\n        and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world''s [[List\n        of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after\n        [[South Sudan]] and before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European\n        country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second-largest country]]\n        in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref\n        label|E|e|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel\n        north|44\\u00b0]] and [[53rd parallel north|53\\u00b0 N]], and longitudes [[22nd\n        meridian east|22\\u00b0]] and [[41st meridian east|41\\u00b0 E]].\\n\\nThe landscape\n        of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus,\n        crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''Dnipro''''}}),\n        [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug]] as they flow south\n        into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest,\n        the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania.\n        Ukraine''s various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the\n        highlands to the lowlands. The country''s only mountains are the [[Carpathian\n        Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}},\n        and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine\n        |archivedate= 15 January 2008 |title= Ukraine \\u2013 Relief |accessdate= 27\n        December 2007 |work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=\n        yes |df= }} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such\n        as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and\n        the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are\n        the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs\n        the border with the [[Russian Federation]]. Near the [[Sea of Azov]] can be\n        found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the\n        mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form sudden drops\n        in elevation and give rise to [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0413\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0437 \\u041a\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian\n        mountains|Carpathian National Park]] and [[Hoverla]] at {{convert|2,061|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        the highest mountain in Ukraine\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443.jpg|\n        Dawn on South Demerdji, [[Alushta]], [[Crimea]]\\nFile:Flag colors.jpg|Typical\n        agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0422\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u043010.jpg|View of \\\"Tykhaya Bay\\\" near [[Koktebel]]\n        on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]''s [[Black Sea]] coast\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438.jpg|[[Kinburn\n        Spit|Kinburn sandbar]], [[Ochakiv]] Raion, [[Mykolaiv Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0428\\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|\n        Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\\n\\n
\\n\\nSignificant\n        natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas,\n        oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury,\n        timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a\n        number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable\n        water; air- and water-pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination\n        in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl\n        Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household\n        waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.{{cite news|author= Oksana\n        Grytsenko|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|title= Environment\n        suffers from lack of recycling|publisher= [[Kyiv Post]]|date= 9 December 2011|dead-url=\n        y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012539/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|archive-date=\n        5 January 2012}}\\n\\n=== Soil ===\\nFrom northwest to southeast the soils\n        of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title= Ukraine|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n* a zone of sandy podzolized soils\\n* a central belt\n        consisting of the black, extremely fertile Ukrainian ([[Chornozem|chernozems]])\\n*\n        a zone of chestnut and salinized soils\\n\\nAs much as two-thirds of the country''s\n        surface land consists of the so-called black earth ([[chornozem]]), a resource\n        that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well\n        known as a \\\"breadbasket\\\".Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The\n        land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010. These ([[chornozem]])\n        soils may be divided into three broad groups:\\n\\n* in the north a belt of\n        the so-called deep chernozems, about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off}} thick and\n        rich in humus\\n* south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary,\n        chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}\n        thick\\n* the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus\\n\\nInterspersed\n        in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep\n        chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils,\n        which together occupy much of Ukraine''s remaining area. All these soils are\n        very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive\n        cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion\n        and gullying.\\n\\nThe smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the\n        chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly\n        salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.\\n\\n=== Biodiversity ===\\n{{further information|Wildlife of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, microorganisms and plants.\\n\\n====\n        Animals ====\\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black\n        Sea}}\\n{{multiple image\\n   | align = right\\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\\n   |\n        width1 = 184\\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native\n        of the east Ukrainian steppes\\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\\n  | image2\n        = \\u0411\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e. \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u0437\\u044c.jpg\\n   |\n        width2 = 185\\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western\n        and north-western Ukraine\\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\\n}}\\nUkraine is\n        divided{{by whom|date=August 2017}} into two main zoological areas. One of\n        these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of\n        Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located\n        in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested\n        areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar\n        and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals\n        make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine''s\n        lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst in the waters\n        carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the\n        central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers\n        are found in large numbers.\\n\\n==== Fungi ====\\nMore than 6,600 [[species]]\n        of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded\n        from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \\\"Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 a\n        preliminary checklist\\\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm|title= Cybertruffle''s\n        Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated organisms|publisher=\n        cybertruffle.org.uk|accessdate= 13 July 2011}} but this number is far\n        from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine,\n        including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the\n        generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have\n        so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers,\n        J. \\\"Dictionary of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount\n        of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made\n        to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such\n        species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url= http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title= Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher= cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate= 13 July 2011}}\\n\\n=== Climate ===\\n{{further information|Climate\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Ukraine\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate\n        climate]], with the exception of the southern coast of Crimea which has a\n        [[subtropical climate]].\\n{{cite web\\n|url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm\n        \\n|title= Ukraine|work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles\\n|publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization\\n|accessdate= 8 August 2016\\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        climate is influenced by moderately warm, humid air coming from the Atlantic\n        Ocean.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title=\n        Ukraine \\u2013 Climate|accessdate= 20 October 2015|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|\\u2013|7|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}}\n        in the north, to {{convert|11|\\u2013|13|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}} in the south. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately\n        distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and\n        southeast. Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian\n        Mountains, receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually,\n        while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}.\\n\\n== Politics ==\\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government\n        of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\\n{{Further information|2014 Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\n        float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;\\\"\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Petro Poroshenko 2014-06-26.jpg|139px]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Volodymyr Groisman.jpg|125px]]\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]
[[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Volodymyr\n        Groysman]]
[[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n|}\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]],\n        and [[judicial branch]]es.\\n\\n=== Constitution of Ukraine ===\\n{{Main|Constitution\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|In\n        the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false\n        Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design]\n        by [[Paul D''Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1811-5}} (p.\n        63)[https://euobserver.com/foreign/29431 EU endorses Ukraine election\n        result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (9 February 2010)[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014322/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\\n\\nWith the proclamation\n        of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28\n        June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004,\n        deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance\n        of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy\n        of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the\n        Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly\n        Portnykov. \\\"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination\n        of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former\n        Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to\n        the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control,\n        but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\\\". 1 October\n        2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite\n        this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments\n        were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution\n        and again making Ukraine''s political system more presidential in character.\\n\\nThe\n        ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political\n        discourse. Much of the concern was based on the fact that neither the Constitution\n        of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \\\"undo the Constitution\\\",\n        as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the\n        2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for\n        constitutional amendments (articles 154\\u2013159). In any case, the current\n        Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|title=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko: October 1 marks the end of Ukraine''s democracy and beginning\n        of dictatorship|publisher=Tymoshenko.ua|date=1 October 2010|accessdate=31\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009163812/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|archivedate=9\n        October 2011}}{{cite news|first=Serhiy|last=Hrabovsky|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u0441\\u0443\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0454\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f|trans-title=Judicial\n        absurdities, or Kotliarevsky is laughing again|language=uk|publisher=radiosvoboda.org|date=1\n        October 2010|accessdate=6 April 2016|quote=(Translation) These words handed\n        down on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (CCU) regarding\n        cancelling the political reforms of 2004 are worthy of being inscribed in\n        the annals of world jurisprudence. It turns out that \\\"the stability of the\n        constitutional order\\\" will not be changed by the will of the voters, or even\n        by Parliament, but by the decision of 18 persons.}}{{clarify|date=October\n        2011}}\\n\\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych\n        and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The\n        historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests\n        that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes\n        in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country\n        to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition\n        government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime\n        Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite\n        news|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|date=21\n        February 2014|work=europesun.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228115026/http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament\n        dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as\n        interim president{{cite news|title=Ukraine:\n        Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26312008|work=BBC\n        News|location=Kiev|date=23 February 2014|accessdate=6 April 2016}} and\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{cite news|first=Harriet|last=Salem|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov|title=Who\n        exactly is governing Ukraine?|publisher=The Guardian|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=6\n        April 2016}}\\n\\n=== President, parliament and government ===\\n[[File:Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|thumb|Presidential\n        administration building]]\\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|thumb|Cabinet\n        of Ministers building]]\\n\\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected\n        by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672|title=General\n        Articles about Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\\nUkraine''s\n        legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]].{{cite web |url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/ |title=Verkhovna Rada\n        of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine\n        Official Web-site |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190549/http://portal.rada.gov.ua/\n        |archivedate=23 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }} The parliament is primarily\n        responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of\n        Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister\n        of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine,_2004\n        |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}}\n        However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers\n        of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well\n        as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]]\n        and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\\n\\nLaws,\n        acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of\n        the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the\n        [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found\n        to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial\n        review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in\n        the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\\nLocal self-government is officially\n        guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise\n        control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations\n        are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime\n        Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President\n        and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when\n        President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called\n        ''temporarily acting'' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders,\n        thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice\n        was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships\n        and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\n        Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the\n        purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\\n\\n=== Courts and law\n        enforcement ===\\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Klov\n        Palace. Listed ID 80-382-0462. - 8 Pylypa Orlyka Street, Pechersk Raion, Kiev.\n        - Pechersk 28 09 13 396.jpg|thumb|[[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]], home to\n        the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]]]\\n\\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and\n        constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are\n        largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct).\n        Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period\n        of five years, after which Ukraine''s Supreme Council confirms their positions\n        for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have\n        been much improved since Ukraine''s independence in 1991. The Supreme Court\n        is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions\n        ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks\n        Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of\n        Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c \\u043a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Police\n        of Ukraine]] was formed on 3 July 2015, as part of the post-Euromaidan reforms.]]\\n[[Prosecutor]]s\n        in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according\n        to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] ''the role and functions\n        of the Prosecutor''s Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]]\n        standards\\\".[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/\n        Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March\n        2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction\n        rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0436\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukrainian courts almost can\n        not stand the acquittals''''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013)\n        equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193916/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/\n        Moskal: ''Rotten to the core''], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects\n        often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145022/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564\n        Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych\n        formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \\\"clean up the current\n        mess and adopt a law on court organization\\\". One day later,\n        he stated \\\"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\\\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine\n        remain quite punitive.\\n\\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to\n        hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens\n        unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their\n        native language or the services of a translator.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216010621/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/\n        \\\"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian\n        courts]\\\". ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/\n        \\\"\\u0417 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456 \\\"\\u0420\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\\"\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445]\\\".\n        ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''''. 23 June 2009.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111061236/http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{cite\n        web|url=http://for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court\n        proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\\n\\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine\n        are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of\n        Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national\n        police force ''''([[Militsiya|\\u041ci\\u043bi\\u0446i\\u044f]])'''' and various\n        specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of\n        Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services.\n        Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their\n        heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police\n        officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters\n        from challenging the state''s authority but also to provide a quick reaction\n        force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers,\n        [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2DE1238F934A25752C0A9639C8B63\n        BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation''s\n        Path], ''''[[The New York Times]]'''', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was\n        only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues'' calls\n        to withdraw.\\n\\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the\n        maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]];\n        Ukraine''s domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused\n        of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country''s\n        political elite from media criticism. On the other hand, however, it is widely\n        accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government\n        plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the\n        movement.\\n\\n=== Foreign relations ===\\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International\n        membership of Ukraine|Ukraine\\u2013European Union relations|The World Bank\n        in Ukraine}}\\nIn 1999\\u20132001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member\n        of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United\n        Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise\n        with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics.\n        Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes.\n        It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova\n        and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of\n        Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]]\n        operations since 1992.\\n\\n[[File:Normandy format talks in Minsk (February\n        2015) 03 cropped.jpeg|thumb|Leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[France]], and Ukraine at [[Minsk II]] summit, 2015.]]\\n[[File:EU DCFTA EFTA.svg|thumb|In\n        January 2016, Ukraine joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]\n        (green) with the EU (blue), established by the [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        Association Agreement]].]]\\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration\n        its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html\n        Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Ukraine\n        has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html\n        Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status \\u2013 law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/\n        Ukraine''s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December\n        2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1\n        Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226\n        Ukraine Ends ''Nonaligned'' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The\n        Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always\n        balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with\n        strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]''s [[Partnership and Cooperation\n        Agreement]] (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European\n        Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions\n        begin on an association agreement, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999\n        in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine''s long-term aspirations but does not\n        discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference\n        on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security\n        and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member\n        of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\n        are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government''s foreign\n        policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in\n        2010. But after February 2014''s [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership\n        for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual\n        integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU\n        was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the\n        process was suspended by 2012 because of the political developments of that\n        time.{{cite web | url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html\n        | title=Teixeira: Ukraine''s EU integration suspended, association agreement\n        unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6\n        September 2012}} The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European\n        Union was signed in 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html|title=EU,\n        Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 \\u2013\n        European Council|access-date=2016-06-25}}\\n\\nUkraine long had close\n        ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine relations]] became\n        difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\\n\\nUkraine is included\n        in the European Union''s [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims\n        at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\\n\\n=== Administrative divisions\n        ===\\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\\nThe\n        system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country''s status as a [[unitary\n        state]] (as stated in the country''s constitution) with unified legal and\n        [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\\n\\nUkraine consists\n        of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous\n        republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''avtonomna respublika''''}}), [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and\n        [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea\n        are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[raion]]s''''}} (districts) and\n        city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative\n        units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}};\n        the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231154652/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archivedate=2007-12-31|title=Regions\n        of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] of Ukraine Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n[[Populated\n        places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban\n        populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s\n        (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist\n        of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain\n        degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance\n        (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each\n        oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities).\n        City''s significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic\n        and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\\n\\nFollowing the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]]\n        became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They\n        are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international\n        community.\\n{{Further information|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n
{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px;\n        max-width:460px;}}
\\n\\n{| style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{| class=\\\"navbox\\\" style=\\\"width:100%;\n        background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts\n        of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\\n|-\\n|\\n* [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\\n* [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]\\n* [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\\n* [[Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n* [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\\n|\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n* [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\\n* [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\\n*\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n* [[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\\n|\\n* [[Kirovohrad\n        Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\\n* [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\\n* [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\\n* [[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\\n|\\n* [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\\n*\n        [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\\n* [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\\n*\n        [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\\n| valign=\\\"top\\\"|\\n* [[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\\n*\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\\n* [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\\n*\n        [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\\n|-\\n!colspan=2|
''''''[[Autonomous republic]]''''''
\\n!colspan=3|
''''''[[Cities\n        with special status]]''''''
\\n|-\\n|colspan=2|\\n* [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea]]\\n| colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:top;\\\"|\\n* [[Kiev|City\n        of Kiev]]\\n* [[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\\n|}\\n|}\\n|-\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n=== Armed\n        forces ===\\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Kissing the flag.jpg|thumb|left|Commander\n        of the Ukrainian contingent in [[Multi-National Force \\u2013 Iraq]], kisses\n        his country''s flag.]]\\n\\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine\n        inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the\n        third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the\n        world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html\n        |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}}\n        In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed\n        to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified\n        the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history\n        |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=\n        [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\\n\\nUkraine took consistent steps\n        toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional\n        Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery,\n        and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans\n        to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer\n        military]].{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archivedate=8\n        November 2007|title=White Book 2006|accessdate=24 December 2007|publisher=Ministry\n        of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu\n        mori 2012-07-17.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian frigate [[Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)|''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''' (U130)]]]]\\n\\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger\n        role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate\n        ''''Hetman Sagaidachniy'''' joined the European Union''s counter piracy [[Operation\n        Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]]\n        for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/\n        |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter\n        Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of\n        the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite\n        web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo\n        |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December\n        2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was\n        deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN\n        Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also\n        a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003\\u201305,\n        a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]]\n        under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the\n        world is 562 servicemen.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en|title=Peacekeeping|accessdate=2\n        May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMilitary units\n        of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian\n        forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094\n        \\\"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine\n        for exercises\\\". ''''Kyiv Post''''. 18 May 2010]\\n\\nFollowing independence,\n        Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.\n        The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation,\n        other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]]\n        since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper\n        cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed\n        in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered\n        by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining\n        NATO. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO\n        declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets\n        the criteria for the accession.\\n\\n== Economy ==\\n{{Main|Economy\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:GNI per capita\n        (Ukraine) in 2016.png|thumb|GNI per capita in 2016]]\\nIn Soviet times, the\n        economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important\n        industrial and agricultural component of the country''s [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from\n        a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult\n        for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty\n        soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukraine''s economy contracted severely following the\n        years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person\n        living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural\n        Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs\n        and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]}}\\n\\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to\n        combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the\n        problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run\n        industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary\n        policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels.\n        For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar\n        year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future\n        of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25\n        June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural\n        reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for\n        [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government\n        and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts.\n        A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation\n        process.\\n\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[National Bank of Ukraine]] [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]]]]\\n\\nIn\n        the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002\n        |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It\n        recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach\n        the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s,\n        the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial\n        production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}}\n        Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the\n        IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/3243.html\n        \\\"Head of IMF''s Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\\\"].\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010\n        GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked\n        [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in\n        PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S.\n        dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List\n        of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]].\n        By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias\n        per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120529144539/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=Average Wage Income in 2008\n        by Region |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of\n        Ukraine }} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European\n        countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\\n\\nAs of 2016,  Ukraine had average wealth per adult, at [[USD|$]]1,254.{{Cite\n        book |url = https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html?WT.i_short-url=%2Fgwr&WT.i_target-url=%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-institute%2Fglobal-wealth-report.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fnews-and-expertise%2Fthe-global-wealth-report-2016-201611.html\n        |title=Global Wealth Report 2016 |publisher=Credit Suisse |year=2016}}\\n\\n[[File:An-225\n        Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft\n        in operational service.]]\\n\\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation\n        vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes\n        and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian\n        exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220750/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Structure export and import,\n        2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine\n        }} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency,\n        the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active\n        participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between\n        1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch\n        vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics\n        of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space\n        Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232043/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archivedate=2008-11-21|title=Missile\n        defence, NATO: Ukraine''s tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business\n        Ukraine}}{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\\n\\nThe\n        country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to\n        a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the\n        natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia\n        and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia\n        controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western\n        Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine''s\n        Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford\n        Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in\n        the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|Trends in the Human Development\n        Index of Ukraine, 1970\\u20132010]]\\n[[File:Ukraine salary by region 2016.svg|thumb|left|Ukrainian\n        administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by\n        salary|monthly salary]]. All figures are in the Ukrainian hryvnia.]]\\n\\nGrowing\n        sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market,\n        which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries\n        in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104074538/http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archivedate=2009-01-04|title=Microsoft\n        CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20\n        May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}}\n        In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information\n        technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/society/768725-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044e\n        \\u0406\\u0422-\\u0444\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukraine\n        in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''''], [[UNIAN]]\n        (27 March 2013)\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World\n        Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP \\u2013 around $163 billion,\n        2012 \\u2013 $176.6 billion, 2013 \\u2013 $177.4 billion.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP\n        (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency\n        was the world''s worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its\n        value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply\n        raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March\n        2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest\n        rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What\n        are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTMIDINCCOUN/0,,contentMDK:21453301~menuPK:5006209~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:4434098,00.html|publisher=[[The\n        World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include\n        underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.\n        The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated\n        in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych''s\n        regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archivedate=2014-03-25|publisher=Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} However, according\n        to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Ukraine is still the most corrupt country\n        in Europe being ranked 142nd out of 175 countries on the world, in the latest\n        CPI report from 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results/\n        |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014: Full table and rankings |publisher=Transparency\n        International |accessdate=3 December 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine\n        Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth\n        in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine\n        macroeconomic situation \\u2013 February 2008|url=http://www.unian.info/society/99662-ukraine-macroeconomic-situation-feb-2008.html|publisher=UNIAN\n        news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006\n        the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\\n\\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing\n        absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving\n        maternal health and reducing child mortality.\\nThe poverty rate according\n        to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption\n        is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent\n        in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of\n        the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time\n        from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About\n        Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe economy of Ukraine overcame the heavy crisis caused\n        by [[War in Donbass|armed conflict in southeast]] part of country. AT the\n        same time, 200% devaluation of Ukrainian hryvnia (national currency) in 2014\\u20132015\n        made Ukrainian goods and services cheaper and more \\u0441ompetitive.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/management-and-legal-support-for-business-activity-in-ukraine/|title=The\n        economy of Ukraine|last=Thor|first=Anatoliy|date=|website=|access-date=}}\n        In 2016, for the first time since 2010, the economy grew more than 2%. According\n        to [[World Bank]] statement growth is projected at 2% in 2017 and 3.5% in\n        2018.\\n\\n=== Corporations ===\\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch\n        of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'''']]\\nUkraine\n        has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of\n        metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231025730/http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archivedate=2010-12-31\n        |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December\n        2010}} However, the country is also well known for its production of\n        high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft\n        and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://sputniknews.com/business/20100720/159879889.html\n        |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine''s Antonov |work=RIA\n        Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country''s\n        largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded\n        on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\\n\\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include\n        [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]],\n        [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]]\n        and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=https://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012/\n        |title=Brand \\\"Ukraine\\\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com\n        |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine is regarded\n        as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such\n        a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and\n        legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf\n        |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the \\\"Miracle\\\" Meant\n        to Last?| author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}}\n        Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong\n        since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country\n        has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current\n        corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation\n        of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]],\n        the enduring failure to broaden the nation''s economic base and a lack of\n        effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114072151/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520\n        |archivedate= 2010-11-14 |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on\n        list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10\n        November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine''s\n        economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20110208144113/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/\n        |archivedate= 2011-02-08 |title=Ukraine''s economic growth to resume in 2010,\n        unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Transport ===\\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}\\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|thumb|The Kharkiv\\u2013Dnipro\n        motorway (M18)]]\\n\\nIn total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. Major routes, marked with the letter ''M'' for ''International''\n        ''''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''),\n        extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border\n        routes to the country''s neighbours. There are only two true [[motorway]]\n        standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} stretch\n        of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipro]] and a section of the M03 which\n        extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where\n        the city''s [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 \\\"\\u0425\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2\n        multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n[[Rail transport in Ukraine]] connects all major urban areas,\n        port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries.\n        The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is the [[Donbas]] region of\n        Ukraine. Although [[rail freight transport]] fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison\n        with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world''s\n        highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation\n        in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}}\n        The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}},\n        of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently\n        the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and\n        all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on\n        international routes, are operated by its company ''[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]''.\\n\\nTransport\n        by air is developing quickly, with a visa-free programme for EU nationals\n        and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm\n        |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} the nation''s aviation sector is handling a significantly\n        increased number of travellers. The [[Euro 2012]] football tournament, held\n        in Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts, prompted the government to invest heavily\n        in transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=1520657.html\n        |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August\n        2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The Donetsk airport, completed for\n        [[Euro 2012]], was destroyed by the end of 2014 because of the ongoing war\n        between the government and the separatist movement.{{cite web|author=Alan\n        Taylor |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/02/a-year-of-war-completely-destroyed-the-donetsk-airport/386204/\n        |title=A Year of War Completely Destroyed the Donetsk Airport |publisher=The\n        Atlantic |date=26 February 2015 |accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\n[[Boryspil\n        International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county''s largest international\n        airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for the country''s\n        flag carrier, [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. Other large airports in\n        the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv\n        International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]]\n        (now destroyed), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades\n        in the near future. In addition to its flag carrier, Ukraine has a number\n        of airlines including [[Windrose Airlines]], [[Dniproavia]], [[Azur Air Ukraine]],\n        and [[AtlasGlobal Ukraine]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov\n        Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world''s largest fixed\n        wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\\n\\nInternational maritime travel is mainly\n        provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly\n        to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently\n        operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0443\\u0440\\u0446\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439 |publisher=Ukrferry.com\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Energy ===\\n{{Main|Energy in Ukraine}}\\nIn\n        2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security\n        Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute,\n        which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth\n        and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine\n        | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and\n        Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8\n        January 2014}}\\n\\n==== Fuel resources ====\\nUkraine produces and processes\n        its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities\n        are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported,\n        mainly from [[Russia]].{{cite book|author1=Axel Siedenberg|author2=Lutz\n        Hoffmann|title=Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International\n        Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393|accessdate=20\n        October 2015|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7908-1189-6|page=393}}\\n\\nNatural\n        gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel\n        industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country,\n        as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]\n        started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine\\u2014a project aimed\n        at the nation''s total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in\n        electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n==== Power generation\n        ====\\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear\n        Power Plant]], the largest nuclear power plant in Europe]]\\nUkraine has been\n        a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011,\n        3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/minugol/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216629&cat_id=35081\n        \\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0442\\u0430 2011\n        \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe''s largest [[Electricity|energy]]\n        consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319085724/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archivedate=2014-03-19|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22\n        December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US\n        government}} {{As of|2011}}, 47.6% of total electricity generation was\n        from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear\n        power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located\n        in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June\n        2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract\n        selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite\n        web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/westinghouse-wins-contract-to-provide-fuel-supplies-to-ukraine-57318317.html|work=30\n        March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press\n        release}}\\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine,\n        which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia\n        says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15\n        April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation\n        of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of\n        Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries\n        through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine''s Energoatom\n        Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archivedate=2014-04-11|work=11\n        April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}\\n\\n[[Coal]]\n        and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]]\n        are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation\n        needed|date=April 2014}}\\n\\n==== Renewable energy use ====\\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo\n        Solar Park]]]]\\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total\n        energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity\n        of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and {{As of|2012|lc=y}}\n        stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/\n        |title=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u043e \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454,\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 | \\u0417\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012\n        |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar\n        power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe''s largest solar\n        park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-29/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-\n        | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe''s Biggest Solar\n        Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}} Ukrainian\n        State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined\n        installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase\n        by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative\n        energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108232254/http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archivedate=2014-01-08|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research,\n        by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with\n        a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear\n        reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257\n        |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12\n        June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction\n        and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential:\n        the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small\n        hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy\n        at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only\n        starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9\n        May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine''s [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy\n        Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative\n        and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total\n        electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114035724/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archivedate=2012-11-14\n        |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua\n        |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\n=== Internet ===\\n{{Main|Internet\n        in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has a large and steadily\n        growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis\n        of 2007\\u201308]]. As of June, 2014, there were 18.2 million desktop Internet\n        users, which is 56% of the adult population. The core of the audience is the\n        25 to 34-year-old age bracket, representing 29% of the population.{{cite\n        web|title = \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u0446\\u0438\\u0444\\u0440\\u044b \\u043e digital-\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|url = http://www.imena.ua/blog/digital-in-ukraine/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-20}} Ukraine ranks 8th among the world''s top ten countries\n        with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203080726/http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study|publisher=Pandonetworks.com|date=22\n        September 2011|accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\n=== Tourism ===\\n{{Main|Tourism\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[Image:St.MichaelsGoldenDomedCathedral.JPG|thumb|225px|[[St.\n        Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nUkraine occupies 8th\n        place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World\n        Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191518/http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf\n        UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6], [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) because\n        of its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]],\n        hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination;\n        [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosystem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins\n        and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points.\n        [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] are Ukraine''s\n        principal tourist centres each offering many historical landmarks as well\n        as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure. Tourism used to be the mainstay\n        of Crimea''s economy but there has been a major fall in visitor numbers following\n        the Russian annexation in 2014.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28688478\n        Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea] bbc.co.uk, accessed 29 December 2015\\n\\nThe\n        [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are\n        the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general\n        public through an Internet-based vote.\\n\\n== Demographics ==\\n{{Main|Demographics\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|width = 220px\\n|float = right\\n|title = Composition\n        of Ukraine by nationality\\n|titlebar = #ddd\\n|bars =\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\\n|caption = Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian\n        raions (2001)]]\\n\\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census\n        of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant\n        groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]]\n        (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]]\n        (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%),\n        [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%)\n        and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year |work=ukrcensus.gov.ua\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics |accessdate=17 April 2010 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |archivedate=17 December 2011 |df= }} The industrial regions in the\n        east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the\n        population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United\n        Nations Children''s Fund]] (UNICEF)}}\\n\\nUkraine has one of the most\n        equal income distribution as measured by [[Gini index]] and [[Income inequality\n        metrics|Palma ratio]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/datablog/2017/apr/26/inequality-index-where-are-the-worlds-most-unequal-countries|title=Inequality\n        index: where are the world''s most unequal countries?|last=Barr|first=Caelainn|date=2017-04-26|work=The\n        Guardian|access-date=2017-04-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}\\n\\n===\n        Population decline ===\\n\\nUkraine''s population (excluding Crimea) in 2016\n        was estimated at 48,457,102. The country''s population has been declining\n        since the 1990s because of its high death rate and low birth rate. The population\n        has been shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has\n        recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable\n        to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to\n        stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nIn 2007, the country''s rate of population decline was the fourth\n        highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field\n        Listing \\u2013 Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World\n        Factbook}}\\n\\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high\n        [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking,\n        extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna\n        H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm\n        \\\"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process\n        in Ukraine\\\"], ''''Uktraine Magazine'''' No. 2, 1998.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720122016/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archivedate=2009-07-20|title=What\n        Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The\n        World Bank Group}}\\n\\nDuring the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million\n        children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999\\u20132001.\n        In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence.\n        Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000\n        children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up\n        |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January\n        2014}}\\n\\n=== Fertility and natalist policies ===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (1950-2012).svg|thumb|Population\n        of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[https://archive.is/20120805214701/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html\n        State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php\n        Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\\n\\nThe current birth rate in\n        Ukraine, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death\n        rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine\n        demographic tables]]).\\n\\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined\n        as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed\n        by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where\n        total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world''s lowest,\n        shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although\n        Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during\n        1991\\u20132004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal\n        childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive\n        Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition\n        to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest\n        explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence\n        of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns\n        about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between\n        early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris\n        | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility\n        in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages\n        = 55\\u201370 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid\n        = 15764134 }}\\n\\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government\n        continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments\n        of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and\n        50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154\n        hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912\n        |title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry |accessdate=1 February 2008\n        |work=Economic Ministry}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |title=President meets with business bosses |accessdate=1 February 2008 |work=Press\n        office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The demographic trend\n        is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing\n        since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip\n        The demographic situation in Ukraine in January\\u2013September 2009]{{dead\n        link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net\n        population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five\n        provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing\n        signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the\n        western oblasts.[http://www.unian.info/society/69133-ukraines-birth-rate-shows-first-positive-signs-in-decade.html\n        \\\"Ukraine''s birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\\\"]. [[Ukrainian\n        Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July\n        2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward\n        trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 because of the\n        economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\\n\\n===\n        Urbanisation ===\\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\\nIn total, Ukraine has\n        457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''''raion''''}}-class\n        cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type\n        settlements and 28,552 villages.\\n{{Largest cities\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n=== Language ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian\n        language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision\n        according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Russian.svg|thumb|Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision\n        according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}]]\\n\\nAccording\n        to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is\n        Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially\n        in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to\n        the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population\n        declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared\n        Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=1\n        November 2004|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27\n        January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}} Most native\n        Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''''de facto'''' official language of the Soviet Union\n        but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com\n        |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy\n        Yekelchyk]] ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''', [[Oxford University\n        Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}} Effective in August 2012,\n        [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles\n        any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared\n        official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html\n        |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8\n        August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared\n        as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html\n        |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be\n        used in these cities''/oblasts'' administrative office work and documents.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html|title=Romanian\n        becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|author=Michael Schwirtz|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html|title=Ukraine|date=5\n        July 2012|work=The New York Times}} On 23 February 2014, following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal\n        the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at\n        all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President\n        Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\\"|trans-title=Draft Law on\n        the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \\\"On the basic principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12\n        March 2015}}{{cite news|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia|title=Western\n        nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis|date=24 February 2014|work=The\n        Guardian}}{{cite news|author=Andrew Kramer|title=Ukraine Turns\n        to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2\n        March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\\n\\nUkrainian\n        is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such\n        as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used\n        in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}}\n        while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern\n        and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is\n        used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across\n        different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches\n        responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\\n\\nFor a large\n        part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation\n        to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in\n        public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159\\u2013168\n        Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image\n        and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004\n        as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (National Archives of Ukraine)}}\n        Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled\n        or dubbed in Ukrainian.\\n\\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous\n        Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic.\n        However, the republic''s constitution specifically recognises Russian as the\n        language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage ''in all\n        spheres of public life''. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language\n        of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2007-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204020421/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2007 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as\n        the ''languages of other ethnicities''. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming\n        majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers\n        11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2006-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227002737/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |archivedate=27 February 2008 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars\n        and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive\n        account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \\\"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html\n        The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context\n        of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\\\" International Committee\n        for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\\n\\n=== Religion ===\\n{{Main|Religion\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|title=Religion in Ukraine as of 2016 (Razumkov Center){{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches (sample of 2,018 people)|pages = 22, 29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n|float=right\\n|bars=\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|Orchid|65.4}}\\n{{Bar percent|Do\n        not believe in one of the listed religions|Chartreuse|16.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|Simply\n        [[Christianity]]|Turquoise|7.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Greek Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|6.5}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|DodgerBlue|1.9}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Islam in Ukraine|Islam]]|Green|1.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism\n        in Ukraine|Roman Catholicism]]|Indigo|1.0}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[History of the\n        Jews in Ukraine|Judaism]]|Blue|0.2}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism in Ukraine|Hinduism]]|Orange|0.2}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other religions|Chartreuse|0.2}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w - Sob\\u00f3r\n        M\\u0105dro\\u015bci Bo\\u017cej 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in\n        Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev\n        Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational,\n        Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one\n        of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine]]\\n[[File:St. Nicholas Roman Catholic\n        Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St.\n        Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]]]\\n\\nA 2016 survey conducted by\n        the [[Razumkov Centre]] found that 70% of Ukrainians declared themselves believers\n        in any religion, while 10.1% were uncertain whether they believed or not,\n        7.2% were uninterested in beliefs, 6.3% were unbelievers, 2.7% were [[atheists]],\n        and a further 3.9% found it difficult to answer the question.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\n        The level of religiosity in Ukraine is greatest in [[Western Ukraine]] (91%),\n        and lowest in [[Eastern Ukraine]] (56%) and the [[Donbass]] (57%).\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\\\"\\n|-valign=top\\n! colspan\n        = 12| Changes over time and region in the proportions of people in Ukraine\n        identifying themselves as believers, etc.\\n|-valign=top\\n!\n        rowspan=2 | ''''Whether you attend church or not, who do you think you are?''''\\n!\n        colspan = 5| Ukraine\\n| rowspan=8 width=2|\\n! colspan = 5| 2016 survey split\n        by region\\n|-valign=top\\n! | 2000\\n! | 2010\\n! | 2013\\n! | 2014\\n! | 2016\\n!\n        | West\\n! | Centre\\n! | South\\n! | East\\n!| Donbass\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Believers\\n|align=right|\n        57.8%\\n|align=right| 71.4%\\n|align=right| 67.0%\\n|align=right| 76.0%\\n|align=right|\n        70.4%\\n|align=right| 91.0%\\n|align=right| 73.5%\\n|align=right| 65.7%\\n|align=right|\n        55.6%\\n|align=right| 57.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Those who hesitate between belief\n        and disbelief\\n|align=right| 22.5%\\n|align=right| 11.5%\\n|align=right| 14.7%\\n|align=right|\n        7.9%\\n|align=right| 10.1%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        8.3%\\n|align=right| 14.2%\\n|align=right| 19.5%\\n|-valign=top\\n| Not a believer\\n|align=right|\n        11.9%\\n|align=right| 7.9%\\n|align=right| 5.5%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right|\n        6.3%\\n|align=right| 0.9%\\n|align=right| 4.8%\\n|align=right| 7.4%\\n|align=right|\n        13.4%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Atheist beliefs\\n|align=right|\n        3.2%\\n|align=right| 1.4%\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right| 2.5%\\n|align=right|\n        2.7%\\n|align=right| 0.2%\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right| 3.2%\\n|align=right|\n        3.5%\\n|align=right| 5.0%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Do not care\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right|\n        4.4%\\n|align=right| 5.1%\\n|align=right| 4.9%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|align=right|\n        1.2%\\n|align=right| 8.0%\\n|align=right| 13.0%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        9.4%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Difficult to answer\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right|\n        3.3%\\n|align=right| 5.7%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.9%\\n|align=right| 3.8%\\n|align=right| 2.3%\\n|align=right| 5.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.6%\\n|}\\n\\nOf the Ukrainian population, 81.9% were Christians, comprising\n        a 65.4% who declared to be [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], 7.1% simply\n        [[Christian]]s, 6.5% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Rite Catholics]],\n        and 1.9% [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. A further 1.1% were [[Muslim]]s and\n        1.0% [[Latin Church|Latin Rite Catholics]]. [[Judaism]] and [[Hinduism]] were\n        the religions of 0.2% of the population each. A further 16.3% of the population\n        did not identify in one of those listed hitherto. According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s,\n        such numbers have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade.\\n\\nA 2006 survey of the same Razumkov Centre, found\n        that: 62.5% of all respondents were [[irreligion|not religious, not believers]]\n        or not affiliated to any religious body, 33.6% were Christians (26.8% Orthodox,\n        5.9% Catholics, and 0.9% Protestants), 0.1% were Jewish, and 3.8% were members\n        of other religions.{{cite web|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?|trans-title=Sociological\n        poll: Believers, which churches and denominations do you consider yourself\n        to be adherents of? (sample of 11,216 people)|language=uk|work=[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]|date=2006|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}\\n\\nAmong those Ukrainians\n        who declared to believe in Orthodoxy, 38.1% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kiev Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Kievan Patriarchate]] (a body that is not canonically recognized by\n        the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]), while 23.0% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Moscovian Patriarchate]] (which is an [[autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]]\n        Orthodox church under the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]). A further 2.7% were\n        members of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], which, like the\n        Kievan Patriarchate, is not recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2004 |title=State Department of Ukraine on Religious\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=2003 Statistical report |deadurl=yes |df=\n        }} Among the remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 32.3% declared to be \\\"simply\n        Orthodox\\\", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 3.1%\n        declared that they \\\"did not know\\\" which patriarchate or Orthodox church\n        they belonged to.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n\\nThe\n        second largest Christian group in Ukraine, [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]],\n        is predominantly represented by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], an\n        [[Eastern Catholic]] Church in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy\n        See]] of the Roman Catholic Church. It recognizes the primacy of the [[Pope]]\n        as head of the Church while still maintaining a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]]\n        and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archivedate=26 February 2008 |title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Additionally, there\n        are a small number of [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities (1.0%). The church consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who\n        live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in\n        Ukraine]] make up 1.9% of the population as of 2016. A further 7.1% of the population declares to be simply Christian.\\n\\n=== Famines and migration ===\\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]],\n        followed by the devastation of World War II, created a demographic disaster.\n        Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and\n        seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males\n        in the period 1941\\u201344.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 =\n        Jacques | last2 = Mesl\\u00e9 | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3\n        = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A\n        New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages\n        = 249\\u2013264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 | pmid=12553326}}\n        According to ''''The Oxford companion to World War II'''', \\\"Over 7 million\n        inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were\n        killed during the Second World War.\\\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell\n        Foot (2001). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Oxford companion to World War II]''''. Oxford University Press. p. 909.\n        {{ISBN|0-19-860446-7}}\\n\\nSignificant migration took place in the first\n        years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into\n        Ukraine in 1991\\u201392, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In\n        total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among\n        them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and\n        2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved\n        to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska,\n        Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy/\n        \\\"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\\\"].\n        National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3\n        July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the\n        total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries\n        by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web\n        |url= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls\n        |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United\n        Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were\n        an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000\n        \\\"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories \\u2013\n        20% sample data\\\"]. ''''Statistics Canada.'''' giving Canada the world''s\n        third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There\n        are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\\n\\n=== Health ===\\n{{Main|Health\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a)\n        - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children''s hospital in [[Kremenchuk]],\n        [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established\n        in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners\n        of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens.\n        At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists.\n        Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3,200 qualified nurses. The organization takes\n        part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly\n        funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates,\n        the Society annually provides services to more than 105,000 lonely, elderly\n        people, about 23,000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25,000 war veterans, and more than 8,000 adults handicapped\n        since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian\n        citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated\n        in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist\n        nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com\n        |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209112933/http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |archivedate=9 December 2010 }} The public sector employs most healthcare\n        professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also\n        retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public\n        health facilities on a regular basis.\\n\\nAll of the country''s medical service\n        providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides\n        oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible\n        for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this,\n        standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine\n        |url=http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in\n        Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same\n        lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure;\n        as a result most towns have their own hospital ''''(\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)'''' and many also have district\n        hospitals ''''(\\u0420\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\n        Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major\n        cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital,\n        [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have\n        their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost\n        all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres;\n        such hospitals are called ''regional hospitals'' ''''(\\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\\n\\nUkraine currently faces\n        a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic\n        crisis because of its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian\n        birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000\n        population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality\n        rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]]\n        and smoking. In 2008, the country''s population\n        was one of the fastest declining in the world at \\u22125% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915155109/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=15 September 2002 |title=State Statistics Committee\n        of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014 }}\n        The UN warned that Ukraine''s population could fall by as much as 10 million\n        by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects:\n        The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archivedate=2014-03-20|publisher=United\n        Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high\n        blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian\n        healthcare system.\\n\\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming\n        the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family\n        doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency\n        services]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/11044.html National\n        network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister],\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime\n        Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to\n        start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in\n        the spring of 2010.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/|title=Ukraine\n        to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=24 November 2009|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065454/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-to-start-introducing-insurance-based-healt-53483.html|archivedate=23\n        October 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Education ===\\n{{Main|Education in Ukraine|List\n        of universities in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The\n        [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine''s most important educational institutions]]\\n[[File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\n        building by [[Josef Hl\\u00e1vka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\\nAccording\n        to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free\n        education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education\n        is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority.\n        Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is\n        provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archivedate=1997-04-15|title=Constitution\n        of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited\n        private secondary and higher education institutions.\\n\\nBecause of the Soviet\n        Union''s emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues\n        today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since\n        2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year\n        one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six),\n        middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary\n        then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |title=General secondary education |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |archivedate=16 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} In the 12th grade,\n        students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving\n        exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\\n\\nThe first\n        higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th\n        and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution\n        was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin\n        Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the\n        time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium\n        was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern\n        Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and\n        in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as\n        a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]],\n        founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th\n        century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805),\n        [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi\n        University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education\n        institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and\n        Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher\n        Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical\n        Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic\n        Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School\n        (1899) in [[Dnipro|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education\n        institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf\n        |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are\n        those owned by private organisations.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian higher education system\n        comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]]\n        facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing\n        bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007\n        |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |archivedate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The organisation\n        of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure\n        of education of the world''s higher [[developed countries]], as is defined\n        by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |title=System of the Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nUkraine has more\n        than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates\n        reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/\n        |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14\n        October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine produces the fourth\n        largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe,\n        while being ranked seventh in population. [[Higher education in Ukraine|Higher\n        education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state\n        expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term\n        exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some\n        universities. For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%. For\n        most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic\n        living expenses. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city\n        students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all\n        registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor''s\n        degree (4 years) and the master''s degree (5\\u20136th year), in\n        accordance with the [[Bologna process]]. Historically, [[Specialist degree]]\n        (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by\n        universities in the Soviet times.\\n\\nThe Law of Ukraine ''''On Higher Education''''\n        came into force on 6 September 2014. It was approved in Ukrainian Parliament\n        on 1 July 2014. The main changes in the system of higher education:{{cite\n        web|title = 16 \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d \\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456: \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438|url = http://osvita.ua/vnz/reform/42795/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-22}} a separate collegiate body to monitor the quality of\n        education was established (Ukrainian: \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438);\n        each higher education institution has the right to implement its own educational\n        and research programs; role of the student government was increased; higher\n        education institution has the right freely administer own revenues; 5 following\n        types of higher education qualifications were established: Junior Bachelor,\n        Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Science; load on\n        lecturers and students was reduced; academic mobility for faculty and students\n        etc.\\n\\n=== Regional differences ===\\n{{See also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional\n        differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukr\n        elections 2012 multimandate okruhs.png|thumb|Results of the [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2012|2012 parliamentary election]]. Yanukovych''s [[Party of Regions]]\n        in blue. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]] in purple.]]\\n[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in\n        [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language\n        in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently\n        in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer\n        classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009\n        | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic\n        Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html\n        | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]]\n        | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\\n\\nOn the [[Russian language\n        in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]],\n        opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite\n        of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics\n        tend be less extreme.{{cite web|url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/yazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html|title=The\n        language question, the results of recent research in 2012|publisher=[[Sociological\n        group \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]]|date=25 May 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/|title=Who''s\n        Afraid of Ukrainian History?|author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy D.\n        Snyder|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 September 2010}}{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html\n        |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian\n        language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0419\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|trans-title=Attitude of the Ukrainian\n        population to the figure of Joseph Stalin|publisher=[[Kyiv International Institute\n        of Sociology]]|date=1 March 2013|language=uk}}\\n\\nSimilar historical\n        cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification.\n        Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]],\n        differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]]\n        and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], and [[Donetsk]], predominantly\n        Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central\n        and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important\n        and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the\n        [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of\n        the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that\n        the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url=\n        http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all\n        were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic\n        difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture\n        and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation\n        | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all\n        | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine\n        | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3\n        | pages = 345\\u201368 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}}\n        Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging\n        to a \\\"Soviet identity\\\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the\n        Crimea (about 30%).{{cite web|format=PDF |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |title=Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding\n        Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region |work=taraskuzio.net |author=Taras\n        Kuzio |author-link=Taras Kuzio |date=23 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205435/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 May 2014 |df= }}\\n\\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]]\n        voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces)\n        vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc|Our\n        Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|script-title=uk:\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2012|trans-title=The Elections\n        of People''s Deputies of Ukraine 2012|language=uk|date=28 November 2012}}{{cite\n        web|date=30 August 2012|title=CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting\n        papers|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233711/http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archivedate=13\n        August 2014|deadurl=y|accessdate=6 November 2015}} and presidential\n        candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]]\n        and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern\n        and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]],\n        [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]])\n        with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation\n        | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc\n        | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe |\n        last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau\n        | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] |\n        year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation\n        | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle\n        | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher\n        = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url\n        = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981\n        | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine''s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012\n        Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher\n        = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation|url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |title=UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again |first=Taras |last=Kuzio\n        |author-link=Taras Kuzio |publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]] |date=5 October 2007\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515074305/http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df= }} However, this geographical division\n        is decreasing.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217083456/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/\n        \\\"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\\\"]. ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 11\n        February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine''s\n        Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv \\u2013 EU News & policy\n        debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine\n        vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\\n\\n== Culture\n        ==\\n{{Main|Ukrainian culture}}\\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection\n        of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs \\u2013 [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design\n        motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\\n[[File:Rushnyk -\n        Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian\n        embroidery]]]]\\n\\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by [[Orthodox Christianity]],\n        the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles\n        also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in\n        bringing up children, than in the West.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\n        The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western\n        neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music\n        and art.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\\n\\nThe Communist era had quite\n        a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite\n        was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin\n        made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated\n        the decree \\\"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\\\". This\n        greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced\n        and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as\n        they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archivedate=18 December 2007 |title=Gorbachev, Mikhail |accessdate=30 July\n        2008 |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |quote=Under his\n        new policy of glasnost (\\\"openness\\\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms\n        of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and\n        broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism;\n        and the country''s legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely\n        repudiated by the government |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nThe tradition of\n        the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These\n        eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied\n        to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously\n        wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed\n        leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old,\n        and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University\n        of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which\n        won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven\n        Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\\n\\n=== Weaving and embroidery ===\\nArtisan [[textile\n        arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes\n        |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]].\n        [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional\n        [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies\n        depending on the region of origin''''\\\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\\\",\n        Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine''''\n        and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours\n        and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian\n        Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of colour is very important\n        and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different\n        parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\\n\\nNational\n        dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still\n        practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village\n        is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts\n        fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u2013 \\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Rivne\n        Regional State Administration \\u2013 The Regional Centre for Folk Art|language=uk|publisher=Rv.gov.ua|accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0406\\u0421\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0422\\u0410 \\u0412\\u0418\\u0428\\u0418\\u0412\\u041a\\u0418\n        \\u0423\\u041b\\u042f\\u041d\\u0418 \\u041a\\u041e\\u0422 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve\n        this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving\n        centre, a museum and weaving school.\\n\\n=== Literature ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        literature}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|total_width=350\\n|width1=1517|height1=2006|image1=Taras\n        Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|caption1=[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.\\n|width2=560|height2=800|image2=\\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430.1888.jpg|caption2=[[Lesya\n        Ukrainka]], one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers.\\n}}\\nThe history\n        of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the\n        Christianisation of the Kievan Rus''.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Cultural Life \\u2013 The Arts \\u2013 Literature|accessdate=8 January\n        2014|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time\n        were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical\n        accounts of the time were referred to as ''''[[chronicle]]s'''', the most\n        significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archivedate= 6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Literature |accessdate=3\n        July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|G|g|none}}\n        Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'']].\\n\\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century,\n        and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction\n        of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both\n        Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an\n        independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s,\n        which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries,\n        when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless,\n        by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\\n\\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in\n        Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]''s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Eneyida''''}},\n        the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian\n        [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation''s most renowned cultural\n        figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan\n        Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian\n        vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\\\L\\\\I\\\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Danylo\n        Husar Sruk|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThen,\n        in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]]\n        by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary\n        activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish\n        their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central\n        Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete\n        after the revolution and the Bolsheviks'' coming to power.\\n\\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years,\n        when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literary\n        figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola\n        Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep\n        decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others\n        were killed by [[NKVD]] as part of the [[Great Purge]]. In general around\n        223 writers were repressed by what was known as the [[Executed Renaissance]].{{cite\n        web|author=Yuriy Lavrinenko|url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f\n        1917\\u20131933|trans-title=The Executed Renaissance: Anthology 1917\\u20131933|language=uk|location=Kiev|publisher=Smoloskyl|date=2004|archivedate=13\n        December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}}\n        These repressions were part of Stalin''s implemented policy of [[socialist\n        realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian\n        language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works.\\n\\nIn\n        post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited\n        under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet\n        literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk (poet)]],\n        [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\\n\\nLiterary\n        freedom appeared in late 1980s \\u2014 early 1990s with the process of\n        collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are\n        [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Oleksandr\n        Irvanets|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Yuriy\n        Izdryk|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a \\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy\n        Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov writes\n        in Russian, he is predominantly considered a representative of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\n===\n        Architecture ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque\n        Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]]\n        in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, which has a large [[Ukrainian diaspora.]]]]\\nUkrainian\n        architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built\n        in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\\nThese include initial\n        roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']]. Since the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'']] for several\n        ages Ukrainian architecture was influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture]].\n        After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural\n        history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During\n        the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was\n        developed under the western influences of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\n        After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger\n        eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]]\n        of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was\n        developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]].\n        Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\\n\\nThe great [[Architecture of\n        Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus'']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption\n        of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture\n        in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was\n        strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church\n        becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores\n        of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication\n        of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples\n        of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries,\n        many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below).\n        Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of\n        Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid,\n        [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125 and\n        [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], circa 12th-century. All can\n        still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\n        Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']]\n        has survived.\\n\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian\n        Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects\n        in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered.\n        [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]],\n        is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top\n        of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally\n        notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was\n        built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]].\n        During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea,\n        and renamed them as [[New Russia]]. New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]],\n        [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain\n        notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan\n        Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\\nFile:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] \\u2013 one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\\nFile:Kyiv, St Andrew\n        church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew''s Church, Kiev|St Andrew''s Church]] in [[Kiev]]\n        an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\\nFile:\\u041b\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0458\\u0430.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv''s\n        Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its\n        history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\nFile:\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434 \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|[[Vorontsov''s Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov\n        Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic\n        Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\\nFile:Monasterio\n        de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]],\n        an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\\nFile:ArcLviv.JPG|Example of early 20th\n        century architecture in [[Lviv]].\\nFile:LvivArchitecture.JPG|Lviv. The Bernardine\n        church in the style of Italian and Dutch mannerism\\nFile:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430) 02.JPG|[[Poltava]] museum, [[Ukrainian\n        Modern architecture]] example. 1908.\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\n        38 \\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u044c 2 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 2012 01.JPG|Central\n        Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f.JPG|Modern residential architecture\n        in [[Kharkiv]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446 \\u0428\\u0435\\u043d\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438.jpg|Sch\\u00f6nborn Palace. 1895\\n\\n
\\n\\nIn\n        1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously,\n        the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention.\n        All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist\n        architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy,\n        a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired\n        examples such as the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed.\n        Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War\n        contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction\n        of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example\n        of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture\n        once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\\n\\nThe task for\n        modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central\n        Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers\n        were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space\n        for a new shopping centre.\\n\\nA major project, which may take up most of the\n        21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi\n        Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid\n        the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml |script-title=ru:\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020\\u0433., \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u043c, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432, \\u043e\\u0431\\u044a\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u044b, \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0444\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0440.\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u044b\\u0431\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435, \\u041f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d. |trans-title=Architects of Kiev \\u2013 Development\n        rationale for changes in the general development plan of Kiev up to 2020 relating\n        to the construction of residential and office buildings with underground parking,\n        hospitality-office complexes, shopping centres, social and cultural facilities,\n        multi-functional entertainment complexes, etc. on Rybalsky island, Podolsky\n        district. |work=archunion.com.ua |date=7 December 2005 |accessdate=8 January\n        2014 |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510032158/http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml\n        |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Music ===\\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Cossack\n        Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumb|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing a [[kobza]]]]\\n\\nMusic\n        is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences.\n        From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern\n        rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians\n        including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from\n        traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even\n        into modern [[jazz]].\\n\\n[[File:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]]\n        is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}]]\\n\\nUkrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing\n        mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general\n        characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of\n        minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\\n\\nDuring the\n        Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received\n        a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in\n        the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well\n        versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy,\n        Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]]\n        or [[torban]].\\n\\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv,\n        Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura\n        from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers\n        within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated\n        in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\\nSee: [[Dmytro\n        Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\\n\\n[[File:Rapid\n        Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian dance ''''[[hopak]]''''.]]\\n\\nUkrainian\n        classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the\n        composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian\n        ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic\n        Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The\n        music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for\n        whom they cater.\\n\\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has\n        been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana\n        Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international\n        popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]],\n        [[Dakha Brakha]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\nModern musical culture\n        of Ukraine is presented both with academic and entertainment music. Ukraine\n        has five conservatories, 6 opera houses, five houses of Chamber Music, Philharmony\n        in all regional centers.\\n\\nUkraine hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]]\n        and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]].\\n\\n=== Cinema ===\\n{{Main|Cinema\n        of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian\n        directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important\n        early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]],\n        [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director\n        and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian\n        cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which\n        was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\\n\\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira\n        Muratova]]]]\\n\\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa\n        Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid\n        Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and\n        [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and\n        critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla\n        Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\\n\\nDespite a history of important\n        and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a\n        debate about its identity and the level of European and Russian influence.\n        Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian\n        actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films.\n        Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events,\n        including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything\n        Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]].\\n\\nUkrainian State Film\n        Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory\n        and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]],\n        and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival\n        held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and\n        first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\\n\\n===\n        Media ===\\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine\n        |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} was founded by [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum).\n        Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated\n        to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics\n        of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the\n        freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\\n[[Freedom\n        House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \\\"free\\\" and the press as \\\"partly\n        free\\\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution\n        of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \\\"negative trends in Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Kiev]]\n        dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine''s leading\n        English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]]\n        [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such\n        as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian),\n        and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also\n        a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine,\n        [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including\n        books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media,\n        newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing\n        Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts\n        in 1992.\\n\\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]]\n        or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half\n        hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\\n\\n===\n        Sport ===\\n{{Main|Sport in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration\n        Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates\n        a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet\n        emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds\n        of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Sports and recreation |accessdate=12\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]].\n        The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]]\n        (\\\"premier league\\\").\\n\\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national\n        football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners\n        of the prestigious [[Ballon d''Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only\n        presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy\n        Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]],\n        and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy\n        national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]],\n        where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]]\n        have held world heavyweight championships.\\n\\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record\n        in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic\n        abilities, he was voted the world''s best athlete on several occasions.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka | accessdate =27 May 2010\n        | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work\n        = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world''s\n        best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archivedate=2011-05-11\n        |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com\n        |accessdate=30 January 2011}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular\n        in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket\n        2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished\n        6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA\n        World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant\n        [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball\n        club in Ukraine.\\n\\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]]\n        is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]]\n        and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\\n\\nUkraine made its Olympic\n        debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]]\n        has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances)\n        than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number\n        of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every\n        country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March\n        2014}}\\n\\n\\n=== Cuisine ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        cuisine}}\\n\\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef,\n        fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains,\n        fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[varenyky]]''''}}\n        (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries\n        or berries), [[nalysnyky]] (pancakes with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms,\n        caviar or meat), [[kapu\\u015bniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots,\n        onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borscht]]\n        (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[Go\\u0142\\u0105bki|holubtsy]]''''}}\n        (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and\n        [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian\n        specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev cake]]. Ukrainians drink\n        [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese\n        from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional\n        Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:Wareniki.JPG|
[[Varenyky]] topped with fried onion
\\nFile:Borscht served.jpg|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|sour\n        cream]]
\\nFile:Martiniouk Paska.JPG|
[[Paska\n        (bread)|Paska]], Ukrainian [[Easter]] bread
\\n\\n
\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of cultural icons\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] \\u2013\n        the first official Ukrainian currency\\n* [[Ukrainian oligarchs]]\\n\\n== Notes\n        ==\\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\\n''''''a.''''''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians\n        that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]],\n        [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who\n        greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen\n        Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\\n\\n''''''b.''''''{{Note\n        label|B|b|none}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data\n        is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the\n        famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting\n        various statements from different branches of different governments as to\n        whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide\n        by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm\n        on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according\n        to ''''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'''': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0491\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\"}}]),\n        16 (according to ''''[[Korrespondent]]'''', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002\n        {{lang|ru|\\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0439\\u043c \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\\"}}]),\n        \\\"more than 10\\\" (according to ''''Korrespondent'''', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780-latviya-viznala-golodomor-1932-33-rr-genocidom-ukrayinciv\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 1932\\u201333 \\u0440\\u0440.\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\\\"}}])\n        Retrieved 27 January 2008.\\n\\n''''''c.''''''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}}\n        These figures are likely to be much higher, as they ''''''do not'''''' include\n        Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians,\n        from the Ukrainian SSR.\\n\\n''''''d.''''''{{Note label|D|d|none}} This figure\n        excludes [[POW]] deaths.\\n\\n''''''e.''''''{{Note label|E|e|none}} Russia and\n        Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include\n        European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European\n        territories larger than Ukraine.\\n\\n''''''f.''''''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note\n        label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census\n        (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number\n        and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census''2001\n        data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite\n        web|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 About number and composition population of Kiev\n        on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}})\n        about 75 percent of Kiev''s population responded ''Ukrainian'' to the\n        native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent\n        responded ''Russian''. On the other hand, when the question ''What language\n        do you use in everyday life?'' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey,\n        the Kievans'' answers were distributed as follows: ''mostly Russian'': 52 percent,\n        ''both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure'': 32 percent, ''mostly\n        Ukrainian'': 14 percent, ''exclusively Ukrainian'': 4.3 percent.{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What\n        language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February\n        2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\\n\\n''''''g.''''''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such\n        writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\\n{{Refend}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681\n        Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published\n        16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth\n        and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925\n        Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]].\n        Published on 25 September 2014.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Trade \\u2013 European Commission|publisher=}}}}\\n\\n== Print sources\n        ==\\n=== Reference books ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* ''''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''''\n        (University of Toronto Press, 1984\\u201393) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\\n* ''''[https://www.questia.com/read/58069636/ukraine-a-concise-encyclopedia\n        Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'''' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University\n        of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''''Ukraine'''' (Culture\n        Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\\n* Evans, Andrew. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T\n        online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== Recent (since 1991)\n        ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''''Revolution in\n        Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''' (2006)\\n* Birch,\n        Sarah. ''''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'''' Macmillan, 2000 [https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* Edwards Mike: \\\"Ukraine \\u2013 Running on empty\\\"\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''''Cleft\n        Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        and Moldova'''', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89821-558-9}}\\n* Kuzio,\n        Taras: ''''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'''',\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7656-0224-5}}\\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''''Ukraine: State\n        and Nation Building'''' Routledge, 1998 [https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building\n        online edition]\\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''''Multilingual education\n        as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'''', in ''''Language\n        Education for Intercultural Communication'''', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens,\n        Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, {{ISBN|1-85359-204-8}}\\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine''s\n        Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\\n*\n        Whitmore, Sarah. ''''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament,\n        1990\\u20132003'''' Routledge, 2004 [https://www.questia.com/read/108557869/state-building-in-ukraine-the-ukrainian-parliament\n        online edition]\\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''''Ukraine''s\n        Orange Revolution'''' (2005)\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected\n        Nation,'''' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L\n        online excerpts at Amazon]\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''Ukrainian Nationalism in\n        the 1990s: A Minority Faith'''', [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-57457-9}}\\n*\n        Zon, Hans van. ''''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'''' 2000\n        [https://www.questia.com/read/98833788/the-political-economy-of-independent-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== History ===\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* [https://www.academia.edu/10220788/UKRAINIAN_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_BETWEEN_40_10.000_BP\n        UKRAINIAN UPPER PALAEOLITHIC BETWEEN 40/10.000 BP]\\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''''The\n        Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'''' (Rutgers UP, 1964)\n        [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world\n        online]\\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''''A History of Ukraine'''' (1986)\\n* Katchanovski\n        Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''''Historical\n        Dictionary of Ukraine.'''' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\\n*\n        Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations\n        between Ukraine and Russia, 1654\\u20131917'''' (Marquette University Press\n        1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations\n        online]\\n* Luckyj, George S. ''''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine:\n        An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'''' (1996)\\n* [[Magocsi,\n        Paul Robert]], ''''A History of Ukraine''''. [[University of Toronto Press]],\n        1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-7820-6}}\\n* Reid, Anna. ''''Borderland: A Journey Through\n        the History of Ukraine'''' (2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/96969196/borderland-a-journey-through-the-history-of-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''''Ukraine: A History'''',\n        1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}.\\n*\n        Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''' (Oxford University\n        Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation\n        online]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==== World War II ====\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian\n        Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\\n* Berkhoff, Karel C.\n        ''''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'''' Harvard\n        U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle\n        and Women''s Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\\n*\n        Gross, Jan T. ''''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland''s\n        Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'''' (1988).\\n* Lower, Wendy. ''''Nazi\n        Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'''' U. of North Carolina Press,\n        2005. 307 pp.\\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''''Poland''s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife,\n        Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918\\u20131947'''',\n        McFarland & Company, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}\\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''''Together\n        and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919\\u20131945.'''' Indiana\n        U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''''Holocaust In The Ukraine'''',\n        Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Sister\n        project links|voy=Ukraine}}\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx\n        Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121072359/https://en.ukrainecityguide.com/\n        Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\\n* [https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine]\n        information from the [[United States Department of State]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416140456/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html\n        Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm\n        Ukraine] at ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\\n*\n        [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\\n*\n        {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development\n        Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62\n        EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/\n        EU Neighbourhood Library]\\n; Government\\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/\n        The President of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government\n        Portal of Ukraine]\\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\\n*\n        [http://escher.com.ua/main.php Ukrainian art. 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Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\\n|Southwest\n        = \\n|West      = {{Flag|Chile}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|title=International\n        membership\\n|list=\\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\\n{{G15 nations}}\\n{{G20}}\\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul\n        (Southern Common Market)}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of\n        South American Nations}}\\n{{World Trade Organization}}\\n{{Founding member\n        states of the United Nations}}\\n}}\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Federal\n        constitutional republics]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:G15\n        nations]]\\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of Mercosur]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American\n        Nations]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking\n        countries and territories]]\\n[[Category:States and territories established\n        in 1816]]\\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":799647522,\"length\":206395,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\"},\"31750\":{\"pageid\":31750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:15:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        country}}\\n{{pp-pc1}}\\n{{pp-move-indef}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}\\n{{EngvarB|date=October\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox country\\n| conventional_long_name =Ukraine\\n| common_name\n        = Ukraine\\n| native_name = {{native name|uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|italics=off}}''''{{small|Ukrayina}}''''\\n| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\\n| image_coat\n        = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\\n| national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\\\"''''[[Shche\n        ne vmerla Ukraina|Shche ne vmerly Ukrainy ni slava ni volya]]''''\\\"}}
\\\"The\n        glory and the will of Ukraine has not yet died\\\" (also \\u2013 \\\"Ukraine has\n        not yet perished)\\\"
[[File:Anthem-of-Ukraine Chorus Veryovka.ogg]]
\\n|\n        image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\\n| map_caption ={{unbulleted\n        list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green}}|Claimed,\n        but not controlled ({{small|light green}})}}\\n| capital = [[Kiev]]\\n| coordinates\n        = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:city}}\\n| largest_city = capital\\n\\n| official_languages =\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| regional_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]],\n        [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]],\n        [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]],\n        [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]],\n        [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]],\n        [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]],\n        [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]],\n        [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]{{cite web |\n        url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17\n        | archivedate=14 February 2014 | title=Law of Ukraine \\\"On Principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\" (Current version \\u2014 Revision from 1 February 2014) |\n        publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional\n        or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30\n        April 2014}}\\n| ethnic_groups =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\\n  |\n        17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\\n\n        }}\\n| ethnic_groups_year = 2001\\n| demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\\n| government_type\n        = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}}\n        [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n|\n        leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of\n        Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n| leader_name2 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\\n| leader_title3\n        = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\\n| leader_name3\n        = [[Andriy Parubiy]]\\n| legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus'']]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 882\\n| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia|Kingdom\n        of
Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]}}\\n| established_date2 = 1199\\n| established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\\n| established_date3 =\n        17 August 1649\\n| established_event4 = Independence from [[Russian Republic]];\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date4 = 7 November 1917\\n|\n        established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date5\n        = 1 November 1918\\n| established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian\n        SSR]]\\n| established_date6 = 10 March 1919\\n| established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\\n|\n        established_date7 = 8 October 1938\\n| established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet\n        annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviet annexation
of Western\n        Ukraine]]}}\\n| established_date8 = 15 November 1939\\n| established_event9\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration ofUkrainian Independence]]}}\\n| established_date9 = 30 June 1941\\n| established_event10\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the\n        Soviet Union]]}}\\n| established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\\n| area_km2\n        = 603,628\\n| area_rank = 45th \\n| area_sq_mi = or 233,013/ 223,013\\n| percent_water = 7\\n| population_estimate =42,541,633\n        {{decrease}}{{cite web|url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |title=Population (by estimate) as of 1 April, 2016. |publisher=State Statistics\n        Service of Ukraine |accessdate=1 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |archivedate=8 August 2016 |df= }}\\n| population_census = 48,457,102\\n|\n        population_estimate_year = 2016\\n| population_estimate_rank = 32nd\\n| population_census_year\n        = 2001\\n| population_density_km2 = 73.8\\n| population_density_sq_mi = 191\n        \\n| population_density_rank = 115th\\n|\n        GDP_PPP = $353 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=10&sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report\n        for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=World Economic Outlook Database,\n        April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 2017|accessdate=12\n        August 2016}} \\n| GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n| GDP_PPP_rank =\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,305 \\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal\n        = $93.263 billion \\n|\n        GDP_nominal_year = 2016\\n| GDP_nominal_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita =\n        $2,194 \\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        =\\n| Gini = 24.1 \\n| Gini_year = 2014\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n|\n        Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UA\n        |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 9 November 2016}}\\n|\n        Gini_rank =\\n| HDI = 0.747 \\n| HDI_year = 2014 \\n| HDI_change\n        = increase\\n| HDI_ref = {{cite\n        web|format=PDF|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf|title=Human\n        Development Report 2015 Statistical Annex|date=14 December 2015|accessdate=15\n        December 2015}}\\n| HDI_rank = 81st\\n| currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\\n|\n        currency_code = UAH\\n| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\\n| utc_offset\n        = +2{{cite web|url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 30 \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441|trans-title=Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter\n        time on 30 October|language=uk|publisher=korrespondent.net|date=18 October\n        2011|accessdate=31 October 2011}}\\n| utc_offset_DST = +3\\n| time_zone_DST\n        = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\\n| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand\n        traffic|right]]\\n| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\\n|\n        cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440]]}}\\n| footnote_a\n        = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was\n        held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26\n        December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted\n        on 28 June 1996.\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| country_code = UKR\\n}}\\n{{Contains\n        Cyrillic text}}\\n\\n''''''Ukraine'''''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|ju\\u02d0|\\u02c8|k|r|e\\u026a|n}};\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430}}, [[Romanization\n        of Ukrainian|tr.]] {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Ukrayina''''}} {{IPA-uk|ukr\\u0250\\u02c8jin\\u0250|}}),\n        [[Name of Ukraine#\\\"Ukraine\\\" versus \\\"the Ukraine\\\"|sometimes called ''''''the\n        Ukraine'''''']],{{cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844|publisher=BBC|title=Ukraine\n        or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have ''the''?|last1= Geoghegan|first1=Tom|work=BBC\n        News Magazine|date=7 June 2012}} is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Eastern\n        Europe]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=The\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine| publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=7\n        January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014}} [[State Border of Ukraine|bordered]]\n        by [[Russia]] to the east, northeast, and south, [[Belarus]] to the northwest,\n        [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]]\n        to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and\n        southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in [[territorial dispute]] with\n        Russia over the [[Crimean Peninsula]] which [[Annexation of Crimea by the\n        Russian Federation|Russia annexed in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082|title=Russia''s\n        Crimea plan detailed, secret and successful|first=John|last=Simpson|date=19\n        March 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}} but which Ukraine and most of\n        the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine\n        has an area of {{convert|603628|km\\u00b2|0|abbr=on}},{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Ukraine|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 United Nations Statistics Division|work=United Nations|date=2016|accessdate=6\n        September 2016}} making it the largest country entirely within [[Europe]]\n        and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|46th]] largest country\n        in the world. It has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the [[List\n        of countries and dependencies by population|32nd]] most populous country in\n        the world.\\n\\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000\n        BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture,\n        with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus'']] forming the basis of Ukrainian\n        identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was\n        contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Grand Duchy\n        of Lithuania|Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]],\n        and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered\n        during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split\n        between Poland and the [[Russian Empire]], and later merged fully into Russia.\\n\\nDuring\n        the 20th century three periods of independence occurred.  The first of these\n        periods occurred briefly during and immediately after the German occupation\n        near the end of [[World War I]] and the second occurred, also briefly, and\n        also during German occupation, during [[World War II]]. However, both of these\n        first two earlier periods would eventually see Ukraine''s territories consolidated\n        back into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] within\n        the [[USSR]].  The third period of independence began in 1991, when Ukraine\n        gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of [[dissolution\n        of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].  Ukraine\n        has maintained its independence as a sovereign state ever since.  Before its\n        independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as \\\"The Ukraine\\\",\n        but sources since then have moved to drop \\\"the\\\" from the name of Ukraine\n        in all uses.\\n\\nFollowing its independence, Ukraine\n        declared itself a [[neutral state]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=27\n        September 2007|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} Nonetheless it formed\n        a limited military partnership with the Russian Federation and other [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States|CIS countries]] and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership\n        with NATO]] in 1994. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO,\n        and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action\n        Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO\n        should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient,{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|title=NATO\n        confirms readiness for Ukraine''s joining organization|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=13\n        April 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416153024/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|archive-date=16\n        April 2010}} and was against Ukraine joining NATO.{{cite\n        news|author=Richard Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107|title=Yanukovich\n        vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=7 January 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}} In 2013, after the government of President Yanukovych\n        had decided to suspend the [[Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement]]\n        and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations\n        and protests known as the [[Euromaidan]] began, which later escalated into\n        the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] that led to the overthrow of President Yanukovych\n        and his cabinet and the establishment of a new government. These events formed\n        the background for the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] in March 2014, and the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014.\n        On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the [[Deep and Comprehensive\n        Free Trade Area]] with the European Union.\\n\\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because\n        of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the world''s largest [[Grain\n        trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister|title=Ukraine\n        becomes world''s third biggest grain exporter in 2011 \\u2013 minister|publisher=Black\n        Sea Grain|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=31 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister\n        |archivedate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm|title=World\n        Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation|date=2013|accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large\n        [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]],\n        [[executive branch|executive]] and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and\n        largest city is [[Kiev]]. Taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel,[[#IISS2010|IISS\n        2010]], pp. 195\\u2013197 Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military\n        of Ukraine|military]] in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home\n        to 42.5 million people (excluding [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]), 77.8 percent of whom are [[Ukrainians]] \\\"by ethnicity\\\",\n        followed by a sizeable minority of [[Russians]] (17.3 percent) as well as\n        [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Bulgarians]]\n        and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]]\n        and its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion\n        in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has\n        strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]]\n        and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].  It is a member of the [[United Nations]]\n        since its founding, the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization for Security\n        and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic\n        Development|GUAM]], and one of the founding states of the [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States]] (CIS).\\n{{TOC limit}}\\n\\n== Etymology ==\\n{{Main|Name\n        of Ukraine}}\\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name\n        of Ukraine|name ''''Ukraine'''']]. According to the older and most widespread\n        hypothesis, it means \\\"borderland\\\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed\n        today and every day|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides|title=Linguistic\n        divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine?|publisher=The Economist|date=5\n        February 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014|subscription=y}} while more recently\n        some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \\\"homeland\\\" or \\\"region,\n        country\\\".{{cite web|author=Hryhoriy Pivtorak|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u043d,\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=The origin of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians\n        and their languages|language=uk|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\n\\\"The\n        Ukraine\\\" was once the usual form in English,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine \\u2013\n        Definition|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}}\n        but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \\\"the Ukraine\\\"\n        has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides\n        largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml|title=The\n        \\\"the\\\" is gone|publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIX, No. 49|date=8\n        December 1991|accessdate=21 October 2015}}{{cite web|author=Adam\n        Taylor|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12|title=Why\n        Ukraine Isn''t ''The Ukraine,'' And Why That Matters Now|publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]]|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=21 October 2015}} \\\"The Ukraine\\\"\n        now implies disregard for the country''s sovereignty, according to U.S. ambassador\n        [[William B. Taylor, Jr.|William Taylor]].{{cite news|title=\\u2018Ukraine\\u2019\n        or \\u2018the Ukraine\\u2019? It\\u2019s more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|accessdate=11\n        August 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Early history ===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n\n        pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Pokrov, Ukraine|Pokrov]],\n        dated to the 4th century BC]]\\n\\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is\n        seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000\\u201345,000 BC) which include\n        a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html|title=Neanderthals\n        built homes with mammoth bones|publisher=Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=18\n        December 2011|author=Richard Gray|accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova\n        I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is\n        also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of\n        the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm\n        | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories\n        reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge)\n        | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''''Shaping\n        World History'''' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize \\u2013 When and Where Did\n        Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum\n        of the Horse }}{{cite news|title=Horsey-aeology,\n        Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man,\n        Fact or Fiction|url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|archivedate=7\n        October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald|publisher=CBC\n        Radio|date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\\n\\nModern human\n        settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence\n        of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020834|title=The\n        Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating,\n        Culture and Behavior|author1=Sandrine Prat|author2=St\\u00e9phane C. P\\u00e9an|author3=Laurent\n        Cr\\u00e9pin|author4=Doroth\\u00e9e G. Drucker|author5=Simon J. Puaud|author6=H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne\n        Valladas|author7=Martina L\\u00e1zni\\u010dkov\\u00e1-Galetov\\u00e1|author8=Johannes\n        van der Plicht|author9=Alexander Yanevich|date=17 June 2011|publisher=plosone|accessdate=21\n        June 2011}}{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262|title=Early\n        human fossils unearthed in Ukraine|author=Jennifer Carpenter|date=20 June\n        2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]]\n        [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in\n        a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]]\n        and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the\n        land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian|title=Scythian|accessdate=21\n        October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} Between 700 BC\n        and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the sixth century BC, colonies\n        of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such\n        as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded on\n        the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]]. These colonies thrived well into\n        the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the\n        sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory\n        of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of\n        the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions,\n        and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n=== Golden Age of Kiev ===\\n\\n{{Main|Kievan\n        Rus''}}\\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The baptism\n        of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']].]]\\n\\nKievan Rus'' was founded by the [[Rus'' people]], who came from\n        Scandinavia across [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and settled in Kiev around 880\n        AD. Kievan Rus'' included the central, western and northern part of modern\n        Ukraine, [[Belarus]], far eastern strip of Poland and the western part of\n        present-day Russia. According to the ''''[[Primary Chronicle]]'''' the Rus''\n        elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it\n        became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It\n        laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia\n        |edition=6 |year=2001\\u20132007 |article=Kievan Rus |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |archivedate=19 August 2000 }} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine,\n        became the most important city of the Rus''.\\n\\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan\n        Rus'' (1054-1132).jpg|thumb|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus'']], 1054\\u20131132]]\\n\\nThe\n        Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of\n        the first Rus'' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus'' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled\n        by the interrelated Rurikid ''''[[knyaz]]es'''' (\\\"princes\\\"), who often fought\n        each other for possession of Kiev.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        Golden Age of Kievan Rus'' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]]\n        (980\\u20131015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus''|turned Rus'' toward\n        Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]]\n        (1019\\u20131054), Kievan Rus'' reached the zenith of its cultural development\n        and military power. The state soon fragmented as\n        the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence\n        under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113\\u20131125) and his son [[Mstislav\n        I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125\\u20131132), Kievan Rus'' finally disintegrated\n        into separate principalities following Mstislav''s death.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]] devastated\n        Kievan Rus''. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 April 2011 |title=The Destruction of Kiev |accessdate=3\n        January 2008 |work=University of Toronto''s Research Repository }} On\n        today''s Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]]\n        and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state\n        of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm|title=Roman\n        Mstyslavych|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}\\n\\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo\n        Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the\n        Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus'', including\n        Volhynia, Galicia and Rus'' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by\n        the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the\n        first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus''. Under Danylo''s reign, the Kingdom of\n        Galicia\\u2013Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central\n        Europe.[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Romanovich \\\"Daniel\n        Romanovich\\\"].Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.\n        23 August 2007\\n\\n=== Foreign domination ===\\n\\n{{See\n        also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman\n        Empire|Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|Following\n        the [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled\n        by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and after the [[Union of Lublin]]\n        (1569) was included in the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]], illustrated\n        here in 1619.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Boles\\u0142aw\n        Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns\n        (1340\\u20131366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile, the heartland of Rus'',\n        including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled\n        by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen'' River]].\n        Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland\n        and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly\n        Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.\n        By 1392 the so-called [[Galicia\\u2013Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers\n        of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or re-founded\n        many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially\n        Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded\n        the Crimean Khanate.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bohdan\n        Khmelnytsky]], [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine, established\n        an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising in 1648]]\n        against [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\\n\\nIn 1569 the [[Union\n        of Lublin]] established the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much\n        Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural\n        and political pressure of [[Polonisation]], which began in the late 14th century,\n        many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus)\n        converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny,\n        pp. 92\\u201393 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the\n        commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging\n        [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against\n        those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local\n        representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Poland |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]] (fee required) |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nFormed from [[Golden\n        Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol\n        invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern\n        Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured\n        and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The\n        Sultan''s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman\n        Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |year=2013 |page=16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df= }} The borderlands suffered annual\n        [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning\n        of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave\n        raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html\n        Halil Inalcik. \\\"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\\\"] in A. Ascher, B.\n        K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and\n        Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979,\n        pp. 25\\u201343. exported about two million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz\n        Ko\\u0142odziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves,\n        Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives\n        in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate\n        |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to\n        [[Orest Subtelny]], \\\"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar\n        raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\\\"Subtelny, Orest\n        (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record\n        number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''''\\\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. {{ISBN|0-87436-885-5}}\n        The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly\n        regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer. The last\n        remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire\n        in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the\n        Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish\n        Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources\n        |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to\n        govern this territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Location\n        of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as\n        a direct ancestor of today''s Ukraine.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-17th century,\n        a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper\n        Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\Z\\\\A\\\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia,\n        The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population,\n        but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]\n        and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were\n        allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\\\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf\n        The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\\\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki,\n        ''''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'''' However\n        the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and\n        especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 The Cossacks|accessdate=21 October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}}\\n\\nThe\n        Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition\n        of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack\n        Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the\n        Sejm.{{cite web|title=Poland \\u2013 The Cossacks|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Cossacks|publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n=== Cossack Hetmanate ===\\n[[File:Marten''s Poltava.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]],\n        1726]]\\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky\n        Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the\n        Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123\\u2013124 After\n        Khmelnytsky made an entry into Kiev in 1648, where he was hailed liberator\n        of the people from Polish captivity, he founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]\n        which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).\\n\\n[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Khmelnytsky]],\n        deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat\n        at Berestechko]] in 1651, and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654,\n        Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political\n        alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian tsar.\\n\\nIn\n        1657\\u20131686 came \\\"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\\\", a devastating\n        30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine,\n        which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of\n        Poland. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths.\n        Defeat came in 1686 as the \\\"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\\\"\n        between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\\n\\nIn\n        1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639\\u20131709) defected to [[Sweden]]\n        against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700\\u20131721). Eventually\n        Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia''s political and\n        economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]]\n        and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after\n        fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their\n        Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\\n\\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The\n        first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This\n        copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original\n        is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\\n\\nThe [[Constitution of\n        Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian\n        Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]],\n        a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082709/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/\n        \\\"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk\n        being celebrated\\\"], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', (5 April 2010) It established\n        a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative,\n        executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]''s\n        [[The Spirit of the Laws|''''Spirit of the Laws'''']]. The Constitution limited\n        the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected\n        [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk''s [[Constitution]]\n        was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions\n        in Europe.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe hetmanate was abolished\n        in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia\n        centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning\n        of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper\n        were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into\n        the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone\n        of Russian foreign policy.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Kirill\n        Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman\n        of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750\\u20131764 and the first person to declare\n        Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\\n\\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast\n        estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from\n        [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically\n        tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other\n        using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics\n        and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596,\n        they set up the \\\"Greek-Catholic\\\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate\n        Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation\n        left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to\n        follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27\\u201330\\n\\nCossacks\n        led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian\n        borderlands of the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity\n        was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of\n        Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious\n        warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between\n        Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border\n        on the [[Dnieper River]] in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine\n        II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become\n        more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence\n        on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing\n        Polish and Russian political allegiances.{{cite journal | last1 = Skinner\n        | first1 = Barbara | year = 2005 | title = Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering\n        the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy | url = | journal = Slavic Review | volume\n        = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 88\\u2013116 | doi=10.2307/3650068}}\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]]\n        was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421073907/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule\n        Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''''Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica.''''\n        Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the\n        Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting.\n        However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later\n        period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing\n        the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite\n        journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship\n        of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863\\u20131876): Intention\n        and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=March\\u2013June 2007|volume=47|pages=87\\u2013110|jstor=40871165|publisher=Canadian\n        Association of Slavists}}\\n\\n=== 19th century, World War I and revolution\n        ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\\n{{Further information|Ukraine\n        during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\\n[[File:1904\n        Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing administrative\n        units of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia within the Russian Empire\n        prior to Ukrainian independence 1917\\u20131921.]]\\n[[File:Mapa from Ukraine\n        postcard 1919.jpg|thumbnail|Ukraine according to an old postal stamp from\n        1919 that was reprinted in 2008.]]\\n\\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural\n        area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and\n        modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian\n        [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged.\n        The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814\\u20131861) and the\n        political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841\\u20131895) led the growing\n        nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nAfter the [[Russo-Turkish\n        War (1768\\u20131774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors\n        encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into\n        Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage agriculture.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was migration\n        from Ukraine to distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897\n        census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in\n        [[Central Asia]].Rainer M\\u00fcnz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor]''''\\\".\n        Routledge. p. 164. {{ISBN|0-7146-5232-6}} An additional 1.6 million\n        emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian\n        Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}\n        [[Russian Far East|Far Eastern]] areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population\n        became known as [[Green Ukraine]].Jonathan D. Smele (2015). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476\n        Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916\\u20131926]''''. Rowman\n        & Littlefield. p.476. {{ISBN|1-4422-5281-2}}\\n\\nNationalist and socialist\n        parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]],\n        under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the centre\n        of the nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nUkrainians\n        entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under\n        Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians\n        fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]],\n        while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340\\u2013344}}\n        [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian\n        Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This became the [[Ukrainian Galician\n        Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War\n        I period (1919\\u201323). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria\n        were treated harshly.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof\n        |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The\n        world academy of Rusyn culture}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|left|Ukraine\n        in 1918]]\\n\\nWorld War I destroyed both empires. The [[Russian Revolution\n        of 1917]] led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s,\n        and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for\n        self-determination re-emerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence.\n        Several Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the internationally recognized [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (''''''UNR'''''', the predecessor of modern Ukraine,\n        was declared on 23 June 1917 proclaimed at first as a part of the Russian\n        Republic; after the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the Ukrainian People''s Republic\n        proclaimed its independence on 25 January 1918), the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]],\n        the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories\n        in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the Ukrainian lands of former\n        Austro-Hungarian territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[Act\n        Zluky]] (Unification Act) was an agreement signed on January 22, 1919 by the\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] and the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        on the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia Square]] in [[Kiev]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThis led to civil war, and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        movement called the [[Black Guards|Black Army]] or later [[The Revolutionary\n        Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]] developed in Southern Ukraine under the\n        command of the anarchist [[Nestor Makhno]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\M\\\\A\\\\MakhnoNestor.htm\n        |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}} They protected the operation of \\\"[[Soviet (council)|free\n        soviets]]\\\" and [[libertarian socialism|libertarian]] [[communes]] in the\n        [[Free Territory]], an attempt to form a [[Stateless society|stateless]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        society from 1918 to 1921 during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian\n        Revolution]], fighting both the tsarist [[Armed Forces of South Russia|White\n        Army]] under [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and later the [[Red Army]] under [[Leon\n        Trotsky|Trotsky]], before being defeated by the latter in August 1921.\\n\\nPoland\n        defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against\n        the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According\n        to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was incorporated into Poland, which\n        in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919.\n        With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory\n        to Poland, Belarus and Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River\n        was created Moldavian autonomy.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Ukraine\n        became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in\n        December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=2008-04-18|title=Interwar\n        Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]\n        (fee required)}}\\n\\n=== Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina\n        ===\\n{{See also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918\\u20131938)}}\\n[[File:Huculy\n        1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]],\n        c. 1930]]\\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however,\n        most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and\n        Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]]\n        was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First\n        Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:1930 in Ukraine.png|thumb|left|A map showing Ukraine''s territory,\n        circa 1930.]]\\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose\n        in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s because of Polish national policies, which\n        was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement\n        attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish\n        state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of\n        fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented.\n        A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press,\n        and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the\n        1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\\n{{See also|Holodomor}}\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0423\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u0432\n        1925.gif|thumb|Urban population of Ukraine in 1925 {{colbegin}} {{legend|#006400|Ukrainian}}\n        {{legend|#FAD6A5|Russian}} {{legend|#000000|Jewish}} {{legend|#CCFCCC|Polish}}\n        {{colend}}]]\\n\\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated\n        the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people\n        dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory.\n        Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting\n        the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine\n        of 1920\\u20131924\\n|work=The Norka \\u2013 a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4\n        March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine\n        of 1921\\u20133|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}\n        During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy\n        pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet\n        leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part\n        of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''''indigenisation''''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health\n        care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work\n        and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}}\n        [[Women''s rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp.\n        138\\u201339 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early\n        1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''''de facto'''' communist party\n        leader.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source|date=September\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]\n        under construction circa 1930.]]\\n\\nStarting from the late 1920s with a [[First\n        five-year plan (Soviet Union)|centrally planned economy]], Ukraine was involved\n        in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic''s\n        industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The\n        peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]]\n        of agriculture which began during and was part of the [[First five-year plan\n        (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and\n        [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity\n        greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed\n        to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to\n        death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]]\n        known as the [[Holodomor]] or the \\\"Great Famine\\\".\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm\n        Ukraine remembers famine horror]\\\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\\n\\nScholars\n        are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]],\n        but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and the governments of other countries have\n        acknowledged it as such.{{Ref label|B|b|none}}\\n\\nThe Communist leadership\n        perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment\n        tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \\\"The Role\n        of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931\\u20131934.\\\"\n        ''''Europe-Asia Studies'''' 2005 57(6): 823\\u2013841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext\n        in [[Ebsco]]\\n\\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two\n        future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        (an engineer from [[Kamianske]]) depicted together.]]\\n\\nLargely the same\n        groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war,\n        collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were\n        associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891\\u20131939) and operated in the\n        Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration\n        ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929\\u201331. Evdokimov transferred\n        into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary\n        for [[North Caucasus Krai]]. He appears to have continued advising Joseph\n        Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on\n        Evdokimov''s former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that\n        are known as the Great Terror in 1937\\u201338.Stephen G. Wheatcroft,\n        \\\"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin''s Great Terror.\\\"\n        ''''Australian Journal of Politics and History'''' 2007 53(1): 20\\u201343.\n        {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''''The Harvest\n        of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'''' (1986). Mark\n        B. Tauger, \\\"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\\\" ''''Slavic Review'''',\n        Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70\\u201389, notes the harvest was unusually\n        poor. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600 online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]],\n        [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \\\"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine\n        of 1932\\u20131933,\\\" ''''Slavic Review,'''' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995),\n        pp. 642\\u2013657 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740 online in JSTOR]; Michael\n        Ellman. \\\"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333 Revisited\\\", ''''Europe-Asia\n        Studies'''', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663\\u201393.\\n\\nOn\n        13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against\n        Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html\n        Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\\n\\n=== World War II ===\\n\\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\\n\\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]]\n        in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops\n        divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]\n        and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the\n        rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson,\n        p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\\n\\nIn 1940, the Soviets annexed [[Bessarabia]]\n        and northern [[Bukovina]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and\n        southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]].\n        But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist\n        Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. These\n        territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the [[Paris\n        Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u043b \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        1940 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko]] (born\n        in the [[Budjak]] region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including\n        the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] east of Kiev\n        in 1941]]\\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the\n        Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of [[total war]].\n        The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful\n        efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle\n        of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \\\"[[Hero City]]\\\", because of its fierce\n        [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or\n        one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or taken captive\n        there, with many suffering [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|severe\n        mistreatment]].Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\\n\\nAlthough\n        the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet\n        partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\W\\\\O\\\\Worldwars.htm|title=World\n        wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western\n        Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942).\n        Created as forces of the [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government\n        in exile]],Subtelny, Orest (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 410 it fell under the influence of the\n        underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed\n        in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski\n        and the \\\"Volhynia Experiment\\\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]].\n        Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent\n        Ukrainian state]] on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although\n        this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Atanasovych\n        Melnyk|Melnyk]] wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions\n        also carried out [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres\n        of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/\n        A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010\n        which brought reprisals.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf\n        Polska reakcja na dzia\\u0142ania UPA \\u2013 skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych].\n        After the war, the UPA continued to fight the USSR until the 1950s.Piotrowski\n        pp. 352\\u201354Weiner pp. 127\\u2013237 At the same time,\n        the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside\n        the Nazis.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in\n        WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19\n        September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\\n\\nIn total, the number of ethnic\n        Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|C|c|1}} The\n        [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is\n        estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its\n        peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476\n        Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army''s figures are unreliable, with figures\n        ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi,\n        p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMost\n        of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]],\n        with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement.\n        Some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939, hailed\n        the Germans as liberators.  Brutal German rule eventually turned their supporters\n        against the Nazi administrators, who made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction\n        with Stalinist policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227142736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archivedate=2010-02-27|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system,\n        carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against\n        [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions\n        of people to work in Germany]], and began a depopulation program to prepare\n        for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food\n        on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''''Harvest\n        of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'''', Harvard University\n        Press: April 2004. p. 164\\n\\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World\n        War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg,\n        p. 264 By some estimates, 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov,\n        Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \\\"Who won World\n        War II?\\\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5\n        July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population\n        during the war are estimated at [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between\n        5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |archivedate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Kulchytsky, Stalislav,\n        ''''\\\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\\\"'''', [[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]], 2\\u20138 October 2004. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Ukrainian]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one\n        and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding\n        Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local\n        collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in\n        battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Overy, p. 518\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0413. \\u0424., ''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f \\u0438 \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420\n        \\u0432 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430: \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b.\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435''''\n        (Krivosheev G. F., ''''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century:\n        losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'''') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million\n        were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|C|c|2}}{{Ref label|D|d|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory\n        Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20\n        April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of\n        Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Post-World War II ===\\n{{Further\n        information|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union\n        (1953\\u20131964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964\\u20131982)|History of the\n        Soviet Union (1982\\u20131991)}}\\n\\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the\n        war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities\n        and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=29 September 2007 |title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath\n        |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]] (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]]\n        in 1946\\u201347, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction\n        of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest\n        estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation|last=\\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        [Kulchytsky] |first=\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        [Stanislav] |title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 |trans_title=Demographic losses in Ukraine\n        in the twentieth century |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=2\\u20138 October\n        2004 |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php |language=Russian\n        |publisher=[Demoscope] |place=[[Russia|RU]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914100418/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php\n        |archivedate=14 September 2012 |df= }}{{cite web | title =\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine\n        in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21\n        July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Demographic\n        losses in Ukraine twentieth century|language=uk|url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archivedate=2007-03-13|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014}}\\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became\n        one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities\n        of the Member States \\u2013 Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher=\n        United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite\n        web| url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United\n        Nations | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm\n        | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote=\n        Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security\n        Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt\n        and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security\n        Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia\n        while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes\n        for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:Sergey\n        Korolyov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]],\n        the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during\n        the [[Space Race]]]]\\n\\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly\n        expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to\n        Russians among adult \\\"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\\\",\n        comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web|url=http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |title=Migration and migration policy in Ukraine |first=Olena |last=Malynovska\n        |date=14 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061703/http://niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |df= }} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic\n        [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from\n        Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\\n\\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the\n        [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]]\n        in 1938\\u201349, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after\n        taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize \\\"the friendship\\\" between\n        the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty\n        of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954\n        transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The\n        Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International\n        Committee for Crimea}}\\n\\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed\n        pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 The last years of Stalin''s\n        rule |accessdate=28 December 2007 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} During the 1946\\u20131950 [[Five-Year\n        Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested\n        in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from pre-war plans. As a result, the Ukrainian\n        workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times\n        in that same period.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nSoviet Ukraine\n        soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644\n        and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research.\n        Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many\n        members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964\n        to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came\n        from Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nOn 26 April 1986, a\n        reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the\n        [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite\n        news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220746/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=''Sombre anniversary'' of\n        worst nuclear disaster in history \\u2013 Chernobyl: 10th anniversary |accessdate=16\n        December 2007 |author=Remy, Johannes |year=1996 |publisher=Find articles |work=[[UN\n        Chronicle]] }} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible\n        rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \\\"major\n        accident\\\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale\n        | title=''Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale''}} At the\n        time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories,\n        including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title\n        = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2\n        | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|\n        accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources\n        | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\\n\\nAfter the accident, the new city of\n        [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the\n        employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared\n        by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]]\n        attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have\n        been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA\n        Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl}}\\n\\n===\n        Independence ===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate\n        the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian\n        President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris\n        Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving\n        the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament\n        adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|title=Declaration\n        of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July\n        1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} This established the principles\n        of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian\n        law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty\n        of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]]\n        was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period\n        of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a faction\n        among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted\n        a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party''s\n        power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted\n        the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30|title=Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12\n        September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}\\n\\nA\n        [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1\n        December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for\n        the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament,\n        [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha\n        Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma\n        Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine\n        formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall ''Inevitable''\n        Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8\n        December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\\n\\nUkraine was initially\n        viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other\n        regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced\n        deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]].\n        During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian\n        GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October\n        2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12\n        July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December\n        2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation\n        rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The\n        IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31\n        August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International\n        Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well\n        as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested\n        and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn\n        1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine''s Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]\n        |issue=100|pages=125\\u2013143|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the\n        [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country\n        enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent\n        annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm\n        |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher=[[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm\n        |archivedate=21 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607053509/http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-07|title=Ukraine.\n        Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}\n        A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]]\n        and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised\n        by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech\n        and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader''s\n        Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/01/world/leader-s-party-seems-to-slip-in-ukraine.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine\n        also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear\n        weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers\n        on its territory in exchange for various assurances (main article: [[Nuclear\n        weapons and Ukraine]]).{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Country Profiles \\u2013 NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\\n\\n===\n        Orange Revolution ===\\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion\n        Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence\n        Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\\n\\nIn 2004, [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely\n        rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The\n        Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3\n        December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry\n        in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged\n        the outcome. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, candidate Yushchenko\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko#Dioxin poisoning|suddenly became gravely ill]], and was\n        soon found by multiple independent physician groups, to have been poisoned\n        by [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|TCDD dioxin]].{{cite news | title = Yushchenko: ''Live And Carry On''\n        | publisher = CBS News | date = 2005-01-30 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/28/60minutes/main670103.shtml\n        }}[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hW1QRD4tlRX2-UW9yc_oDcwrzMgwD99SBRO80\n        Associated Press: Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab] {{dead\n        link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}  Yushchenko strongly\n        suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49610 |title= Yushchenko to Russia:\n        Hand over witnesses |publisher= [[Kyiv Post]] |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2010-02-11}}  All\n        of this eventually resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing\n        Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor\n        Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |accessdate=14\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }}\\n\\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained\n        in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western\n        pollsters{{Clarify|date=July 2015}} and professional consultants{{Who|date=July\n        2015}} who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies\n        but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]]\n        and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000\n        out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures\n        The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel\n        Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page\n        30-44) According to ''''[[The Guardian]]'''', the foreign donors included\n        the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United\n        States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National\n        Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican\n        Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and\n        [[George Soros]]''s [[Open Society Institute]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004)\n        The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building\n        efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \\\"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html\n        In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\\\" ''''Washington Post'''', 4 December 2004.\n        URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent\n        struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of\n        the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine\n        Russia, the US, \\\"the Others\\\" and the \\\"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\\\":\n        Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October\n        2011)\\n\\nRussian authorities provided support through advisers such\n        as [[Gleb Pavlovsky]], consulting on blackening the image of Yushchenko through\n        the state media, pressuring state-dependent voters to vote for Yanukovych\n        and on vote-rigging techniques such as multiple ''[[carousel voting]]'' and\n        ''dead souls'' voting.\\n\\nYanukovych returned to power\n        in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm\n        Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until\n        [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]]\n        made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm\n        Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid\n        the [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged\n        by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine\n        towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3\n        March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}}\n        [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped\n        all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages\n        in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia\n        shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm\n        Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President\n        in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and\n        Cooperation in Europe said that the election \\\"met most requirements\\\" for\n        fairness and that the election process was \\\"transparent.\\\"{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/67844?download=true|title=Ukraine:\n        Presidential Election 17 January and 7 February 2010: OSCE/ODIHR Election\n        Observation Mission Final Report|work=OSCE|location=Warsaw|date=28 April 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}}\\n\\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\\n{{Main|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\n{{Details|topic=the ongoing protests|Timeline of the\n        Euromaidan}}\\n[[File:Euromaidan 01.JPG|thumb|Pro-EU demonstration in Kiev,\n        27 November 2013, during [[Euromaidan]]]]\\n\\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0404\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d}},\n        literally \\\"Eurosquare\\\") protests started in November 2013 after the president,\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began moving away from an association agreement that\n        had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish\n        closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823\n        Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December\n        2013){{Cite journal|title=Frustrated Leadership: Russia''s Economic\n        Alternative to the West|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12301/abstract|author1-first=Juliet|author1-last=Johnson|author2-first=Se\\u00e7kin|author2-last=K\\u00f6stem|journal=[[Global\n        Policy]]|publisher=[[Wiley Online Library]]|volume=7|issue=2|date=May 2016|p=212|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12301|quote=In\n        fact, the Ukrainian crisis broke out in November 2013 when former President\n        Viktor Yanukovych announced under Russian pressure that he would no longer\n        pursue an EU Association Agreement.}} Some Ukrainians took to the streets\n        to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine\n        Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows\n        |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the\n        predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed\n        the ''''Euromaidan'''' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view:\n        Ukraine ''other half'' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC\n        News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''''Euromaidan'''' came to describe\n        a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to\n        include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov\n        Government|his government]].{{cite news|author=Richard\n        Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212|title=Kiev\n        protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=12 December\n        2013|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nViolence escalated after 16 January\n        2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest\n        Laws]]. Violent anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre\n        of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with\n        approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite\n        web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=\\u0417\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0437\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u0445 \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        1,5 \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0431, 100 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|author=\\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724070743/http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archivedate=24\n        July 2014|script-title=uk:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u041e\\u0417 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|trans-title=Information\n        about the victims of clashes: Press Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine|language=uk|publisher=moz.gov.ua|date=22\n        February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=\\u041c\\u0412\\u0421\n        \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418|work=\\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\\\"\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456\\\" \\u2014 tsn.ua|work=\\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua}}\n        from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency|title=Ukraine\n        threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry|publisher=The\n        Guardian|date=27 January 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska\n        |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706094102/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archivedate=2014-07-06 |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation\n        urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to\n        the violent protests, Members of Parliament voted on 22 February to remove\n        the president and set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]]\n        for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave\n        |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/\n        |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com\n        |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]],\n        running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the\n        vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''''The\n        New York Times'''', \\\"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\\\",\n        By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election\n        of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David\n        M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff.\n        Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would\n        be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with\n        the Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7\n        June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key\n        ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square\n        (the centre of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |author=Adam Taylor |title=Why Ukraine Is So Important |publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]] |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |archivedate=14 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archivedate=29\n        May 2014|title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June\n        7|author=Lukas Alpert|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29\n        May 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |title=Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603165249/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |archivedate= 3 June 2014 |df= }} In October 2014 [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014|Parliament elections]], [[Petro Poroshenko Bloc \\\"Solidarity\\\"]]\n        won 132 of the 423 contested seats.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and\n        Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=27 October\n        2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}\\n\\n===\n        Civil unrest and Russian intervention ===\\n{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|War in Donbass|Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n\\n{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center\\n\n        | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 220\\n | header =\\n |\n        image1 = 2014-03-09. \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b \\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043a\\u0435 022.jpg\\n | alt1 =\\n | caption1\n        = Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014\\n | image2 = 2014 Russo-ukrainian-conflict\n        map.svg\\n | alt2 =\\n | caption2 = [[Crimea]], which is under Russian control,\n        is shown in pink. Pink in the [[Donbass]] area represents areas held by the\n        [[Donetsk People''s Republic|DPR]]/[[Lugansk People''s Republic|LPR]] separatists\n        in September 2014 (cities in red)\\n}}\\n\\nThe ousting[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26304842\n        Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych] bbc.co.uk, 22 February 2014,\n        accessed 1 January 2016 of Yanukovych prompted Vladimir Putin to begin\n        preparations to annex Crimea on 23 February 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/vladimir-putin-describes-secret-meeting-when-russia-decided-to-seize-crimea|title=Vladimir\n        Putin describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea|publisher=The\n        Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/11458426/Putin-reveals-the-moment-he-gave-the-secret-order-for-Russias-annexation-of-Crimea.html|title=Putin\n        reveals the moment he gave the secret order for Russia''s annexation of Crimea|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}} Using the Russian naval base\n        at Sevastopol as cover, Putin directed Russian troops and intelligence agents\n        to disarm Ukrainian forces and take control of Crimea.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|title=Putin:\n        Russia Prepared Raising Nuclear Readiness Over Crimea|publisher=New York Times|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=15 March 2015|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620143551/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|archive-date=20\n        June 2015}}{{cite news|author=Neil MacFarquhar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/16/world/europe/putin-says-he-weighed-nuclear-alert-over-crimea.html|title=Putin\n        Says He Weighed Nuclear Alert Over Crimea|publisher=nytimes.com|date=16 March\n        2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/russia-pressure-ukraine-troops-disarm|title=Russians\n        pressure Ukrainian forces in Crimea to disarm|publisher=The Guardian|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author1=Olena\n        Goncharova|author2=Kyiv Post staff|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/a-year-after-referendum-putin-talks-about-yanukovych-rescue-nuclear-readiness-over-crimea-383567.html|title=A\n        year after referendum, Putin talks about Yanukovych rescue, nuclear readiness\n        over Crimea|publisher=kyivpost.com|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}} After the troops entered Crimea,{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|title=Russian\n        Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch One)|publisher=vicenews.com|date=5\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} a controversial [[Crimean referendum,\n        2014|referendum]] was held on 16 March 2014 and the official result was that\n        97 percent wished to join with Russia.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/official-results-97-of-crimea-voters-back-joining-russia/|title=Official\n        results: 97 percent of Crimea voters back joining Russia|publisher=cbsnews.com|date=17\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} On 18 March 2014, Russia and\n        the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by\n        the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession\n        of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation. The\n        UN general assembly responded by passing [[United Nations General Assembly\n        Resolution 68/262|resolution 68/262]] that the referendum was invalid and\n        supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine.{{cite news|author1=Alex\n        Felton|author2=Marie-Louise Gumuchian|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=U.N.\n        General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid|publisher=cnn.com|date=27\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nSeparately, in the [[Donetsk]]\n        and [[Luhansk]] regions, armed men declaring themselves as local militia seized\n        government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities\n        and held unrecognised [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia\n        Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12\n        May 2014}} The insurgency was led by Russian emissaries [[Igor Girkin]]{{cite\n        web|author=Anna Dolgov|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine/511584.html|title=Russia''s\n        Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine|work=The Moscow\n        Times|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} and [[Alexander\n        Borodai]]{{cite news|author=Roman Olearchyk|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html|title=Rebel\n        leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|publisher=Financial Times|subscription=y|date=7\n        August 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} as well as militants from [[Russia]],\n        such as [[Arseny Pavlov]].{{cite news|author1=Sabrian Tavernise|author2=Noah\n        Sneider|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/first-self-declared-wedding-in-donetsk-peoples-republic-ukraine-rebels-make-love-not-war.html?_r=1|title=For\n        a Weekend, Ukraine Rebels Make Love, Not War|publisher=New York Times|date=13\n        July 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\nTalks in [[Geneva]] between\n        the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred\n        to as the [[2014 Geneva Pact]][https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html\n        Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York\n        Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that\n        all unlawful militias lay down their arms and vacate seized government buildings,\n        and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for\n        Ukraine''s regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election\n        held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian\n        government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |title=Poroshenko promises calm ''in hours'' amid battle to control Donetsk\n        airport |publisher=The Guardian |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |archivedate=26 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} More than 9,000 people\n        have been killed in the military campaign.{{Cite web|url=http://112.international/conflict-in-eastern-ukraine/un-9449-dead-21843-wounded-in-donbas-conflict-6487.html|title=UN:\n        9,449 dead, 21,843 wounded in Donbas conflict|website=112.international|access-date=2016-06-29}}\\n\\n[[File:OSCE\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumb|left|[[OSCE]]\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March\n        2015]]\\n\\nIn August 2014, a bilateral commission of leading scholars from\n        the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step\n        plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.{{cite\n        news|author=Uri Friedman|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/a-24-step-plan-to-resolve-the-ukraine-crisis/379121/|title=A\n        24-Step Plan|publisher=The Atlantic|date=26 August 2014|accessdate=21 October\n        2015}} The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories\n        for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements\n        of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and\n        Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine''s \\\"first\n        but most decisive step\\\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as the target for [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        relations|EU membership application]].\\n\\nIn\n        February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire\n        with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal\n        of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions\n        by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as Ukrainian control\n        of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops\n        from Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015.\n        Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure\n        that the agreement is respected.{{cite\n        web|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work|title=Ukraine\n        ceasefire: European leaders sceptical peace plan will work|publisher=The Guardian|date=13\n        February 2015|accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\nOn 1 January 2016, Ukraine\n        joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]] with European Union, which aims to modernize and\n        develop Ukraine''s economy, governance and rule of law to EU standards and\n        gradually increase integration with the EU [[Internal market]].[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150981.pdf<\n        EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]. trade.ec.europa.eu.\\n\\n==\n        Historical maps of states ==\\nSeveral states have existed on the territory\n        of present-day Ukraine since its foundation. Most of these territories have\n        been located within [[Eastern Europe]]. However, as depicted in the maps here,\n        they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].\n        At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories\n        having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\\n
\\n\\nFile:001\n        Kievan Rus'' Kyivan Rus'' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan\n        Rus'', last 20 years of the state (1220\\u20131240).\\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia\n        Volhynia Rus'' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]\n        or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245\\u20131349).\\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania\n        Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]],\n        Rus'' and Samogitia until 1434.\\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth\n        1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\\u2013Ruthenian Commonwealth]]\n        or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate\n        and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\\n\\n
\\n\\n==\n        Geography ==\\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\\n\\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}}\n        and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world''s [[List\n        of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after\n        [[South Sudan]] and before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European\n        country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second-largest country]]\n        in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref\n        label|E|e|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel\n        north|44\\u00b0]] and [[53rd parallel north|53\\u00b0 N]], and longitudes [[22nd\n        meridian east|22\\u00b0]] and [[41st meridian east|41\\u00b0 E]].\\n\\nThe landscape\n        of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus,\n        crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''Dnipro''''}}),\n        [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug]] as they flow south\n        into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest,\n        the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania.\n        Ukraine''s various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the\n        highlands to the lowlands. The country''s only mountains are the [[Carpathian\n        Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}},\n        and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine\n        |archivedate= 15 January 2008 |title= Ukraine \\u2013 Relief |accessdate= 27\n        December 2007 |work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=\n        yes |df= }} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such\n        as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and\n        the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are\n        the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs\n        the border with the [[Russian Federation]]. Near the [[Sea of Azov]] can be\n        found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the\n        mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form sudden drops\n        in elevation and give rise to [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0413\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0437 \\u041a\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian\n        mountains|Carpathian National Park]] and [[Hoverla]] at {{convert|2,061|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        the highest mountain in Ukraine\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443.jpg|\n        Dawn on South Demerdji, [[Alushta]], [[Crimea]]\\nFile:Flag colors.jpg|Typical\n        agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0422\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u043010.jpg|View of \\\"Tykhaya Bay\\\" near [[Koktebel]]\n        on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]''s [[Black Sea]] coast\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438.jpg|[[Kinburn\n        Spit|Kinburn sandbar]], [[Ochakiv]] Raion, [[Mykolaiv Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0428\\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|\n        Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\\n\\n
\\n\\nSignificant\n        natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas,\n        oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury,\n        timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a\n        number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable\n        water; air- and water-pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination\n        in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl\n        Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household\n        waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.{{cite news|author= Oksana\n        Grytsenko|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|title= Environment\n        suffers from lack of recycling|publisher= [[Kyiv Post]]|date= 9 December 2011|dead-url=\n        y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012539/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|archive-date=\n        5 January 2012}}\\n\\n=== Soil ===\\nFrom northwest to southeast the soils\n        of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title= Ukraine|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n* a zone of sandy podzolized soils\\n* a central belt\n        consisting of the black, extremely fertile Ukrainian ([[Chornozem|chernozems]])\\n*\n        a zone of chestnut and salinized soils\\n\\nAs much as two-thirds of the country''s\n        surface land consists of the so-called black earth ([[chornozem]]), a resource\n        that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well\n        known as a \\\"breadbasket\\\".Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The\n        land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010. These ([[chornozem]])\n        soils may be divided into three broad groups:\\n\\n* in the north a belt of\n        the so-called deep chernozems, about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off}} thick and\n        rich in humus\\n* south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary,\n        chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}\n        thick\\n* the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus\\n\\nInterspersed\n        in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep\n        chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils,\n        which together occupy much of Ukraine''s remaining area. All these soils are\n        very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive\n        cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion\n        and gullying.\\n\\nThe smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the\n        chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly\n        salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.\\n\\n=== Biodiversity ===\\n{{further information|Wildlife of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, microorganisms and plants.\\n\\n====\n        Animals ====\\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black\n        Sea}}\\n{{multiple image\\n   | align = right\\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\\n   |\n        width1 = 184\\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native\n        of the east Ukrainian steppes\\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\\n  | image2\n        = \\u0411\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e. \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u0437\\u044c.jpg\\n   |\n        width2 = 185\\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western\n        and north-western Ukraine\\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\\n}}\\nUkraine is\n        divided{{by whom|date=August 2017}} into two main zoological areas. One of\n        these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of\n        Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located\n        in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested\n        areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar\n        and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals\n        make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine''s\n        lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst in the waters\n        carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the\n        central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers\n        are found in large numbers.\\n\\n==== Fungi ====\\nMore than 6,600 [[species]]\n        of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded\n        from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \\\"Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 a\n        preliminary checklist\\\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm|title= Cybertruffle''s\n        Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated organisms|publisher=\n        cybertruffle.org.uk|accessdate= 13 July 2011}} but this number is far\n        from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine,\n        including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the\n        generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have\n        so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers,\n        J. \\\"Dictionary of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount\n        of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made\n        to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such\n        species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url= http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title= Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher= cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate= 13 July 2011}}\\n\\n=== Climate ===\\n{{further information|Climate\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Ukraine\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate\n        climate]], with the exception of the southern coast of Crimea which has a\n        [[subtropical climate]].\\n{{cite web\\n|url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm\n        \\n|title= Ukraine|work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles\\n|publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization\\n|accessdate= 8 August 2016\\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        climate is influenced by moderately warm, humid air coming from the Atlantic\n        Ocean.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title=\n        Ukraine \\u2013 Climate|accessdate= 20 October 2015|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|\\u2013|7|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}}\n        in the north, to {{convert|11|\\u2013|13|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}} in the south. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately\n        distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and\n        southeast. Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian\n        Mountains, receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually,\n        while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}.\\n\\n== Politics ==\\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government\n        of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\\n{{Further information|2014 Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\n        float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;\\\"\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Petro Poroshenko 2014-06-26.jpg|139px]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Volodymyr Groisman.jpg|125px]]\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]
[[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Volodymyr\n        Groysman]]
[[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n|}\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]],\n        and [[judicial branch]]es.\\n\\n=== Constitution of Ukraine ===\\n{{Main|Constitution\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|In\n        the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false\n        Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design]\n        by [[Paul D''Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1811-5}} (p.\n        63)[https://euobserver.com/foreign/29431 EU endorses Ukraine election\n        result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (9 February 2010)[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014322/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\\n\\nWith the proclamation\n        of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28\n        June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004,\n        deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance\n        of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy\n        of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the\n        Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly\n        Portnykov. \\\"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination\n        of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former\n        Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to\n        the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control,\n        but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\\\". 1 October\n        2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite\n        this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments\n        were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution\n        and again making Ukraine''s political system more presidential in character.\\n\\nThe\n        ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political\n        discourse. Much of the concern was based on the fact that neither the Constitution\n        of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \\\"undo the Constitution\\\",\n        as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the\n        2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for\n        constitutional amendments (articles 154\\u2013159). In any case, the current\n        Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|title=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko: October 1 marks the end of Ukraine''s democracy and beginning\n        of dictatorship|publisher=Tymoshenko.ua|date=1 October 2010|accessdate=31\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009163812/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|archivedate=9\n        October 2011}}{{cite news|first=Serhiy|last=Hrabovsky|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u0441\\u0443\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0454\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f|trans-title=Judicial\n        absurdities, or Kotliarevsky is laughing again|language=uk|publisher=radiosvoboda.org|date=1\n        October 2010|accessdate=6 April 2016|quote=(Translation) These words handed\n        down on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (CCU) regarding\n        cancelling the political reforms of 2004 are worthy of being inscribed in\n        the annals of world jurisprudence. It turns out that \\\"the stability of the\n        constitutional order\\\" will not be changed by the will of the voters, or even\n        by Parliament, but by the decision of 18 persons.}}{{clarify|date=October\n        2011}}\\n\\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych\n        and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The\n        historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests\n        that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes\n        in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country\n        to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition\n        government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime\n        Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite\n        news|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|date=21\n        February 2014|work=europesun.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228115026/http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament\n        dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as\n        interim president{{cite news|title=Ukraine:\n        Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26312008|work=BBC\n        News|location=Kiev|date=23 February 2014|accessdate=6 April 2016}} and\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{cite news|first=Harriet|last=Salem|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov|title=Who\n        exactly is governing Ukraine?|publisher=The Guardian|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=6\n        April 2016}}\\n\\n=== President, parliament and government ===\\n[[File:Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|thumb|Presidential\n        administration building]]\\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|thumb|Cabinet\n        of Ministers building]]\\n\\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected\n        by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672|title=General\n        Articles about Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\\nUkraine''s\n        legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]].{{cite web |url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/ |title=Verkhovna Rada\n        of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine\n        Official Web-site |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190549/http://portal.rada.gov.ua/\n        |archivedate=23 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }} The parliament is primarily\n        responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of\n        Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister\n        of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine,_2004\n        |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}}\n        However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers\n        of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well\n        as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]]\n        and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\\n\\nLaws,\n        acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of\n        the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the\n        [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found\n        to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial\n        review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in\n        the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\\nLocal self-government is officially\n        guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise\n        control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations\n        are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime\n        Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President\n        and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when\n        President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called\n        ''temporarily acting'' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders,\n        thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice\n        was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships\n        and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\n        Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the\n        purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\\n\\n=== Courts and law\n        enforcement ===\\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Klov\n        Palace. Listed ID 80-382-0462. - 8 Pylypa Orlyka Street, Pechersk Raion, Kiev.\n        - Pechersk 28 09 13 396.jpg|thumb|[[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]], home to\n        the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]]]\\n\\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and\n        constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are\n        largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct).\n        Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period\n        of five years, after which Ukraine''s Supreme Council confirms their positions\n        for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have\n        been much improved since Ukraine''s independence in 1991. The Supreme Court\n        is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions\n        ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks\n        Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of\n        Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c \\u043a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Police\n        of Ukraine]] was formed on 3 July 2015, as part of the post-Euromaidan reforms.]]\\n[[Prosecutor]]s\n        in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according\n        to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] ''the role and functions\n        of the Prosecutor''s Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]]\n        standards\\\".[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/\n        Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March\n        2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction\n        rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0436\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukrainian courts almost can\n        not stand the acquittals''''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013)\n        equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193916/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/\n        Moskal: ''Rotten to the core''], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects\n        often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145022/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564\n        Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych\n        formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \\\"clean up the current\n        mess and adopt a law on court organization\\\". One day later,\n        he stated \\\"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\\\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine\n        remain quite punitive.\\n\\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to\n        hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens\n        unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their\n        native language or the services of a translator.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216010621/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/\n        \\\"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian\n        courts]\\\". ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/\n        \\\"\\u0417 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456 \\\"\\u0420\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\\"\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445]\\\".\n        ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''''. 23 June 2009.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111061236/http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{cite\n        web|url=http://for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court\n        proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\\n\\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine\n        are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of\n        Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national\n        police force ''''([[Militsiya|\\u041ci\\u043bi\\u0446i\\u044f]])'''' and various\n        specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of\n        Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services.\n        Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their\n        heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police\n        officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters\n        from challenging the state''s authority but also to provide a quick reaction\n        force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers,\n        [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2DE1238F934A25752C0A9639C8B63\n        BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation''s\n        Path], ''''[[The New York Times]]'''', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was\n        only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues'' calls\n        to withdraw.\\n\\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the\n        maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]];\n        Ukraine''s domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused\n        of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country''s\n        political elite from media criticism. On the other hand, however, it is widely\n        accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government\n        plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the\n        movement.\\n\\n=== Foreign relations ===\\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International\n        membership of Ukraine|Ukraine\\u2013European Union relations|The World Bank\n        in Ukraine}}\\nIn 1999\\u20132001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member\n        of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United\n        Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise\n        with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics.\n        Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes.\n        It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova\n        and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of\n        Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]]\n        operations since 1992.\\n\\n[[File:Normandy format talks in Minsk (February\n        2015) 03 cropped.jpeg|thumb|Leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[France]], and Ukraine at [[Minsk II]] summit, 2015.]]\\n[[File:EU DCFTA EFTA.svg|thumb|In\n        January 2016, Ukraine joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]\n        (green) with the EU (blue), established by the [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        Association Agreement]].]]\\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration\n        its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html\n        Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Ukraine\n        has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html\n        Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status \\u2013 law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/\n        Ukraine''s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December\n        2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1\n        Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226\n        Ukraine Ends ''Nonaligned'' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The\n        Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always\n        balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with\n        strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]''s [[Partnership and Cooperation\n        Agreement]] (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European\n        Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions\n        begin on an association agreement, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999\n        in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine''s long-term aspirations but does not\n        discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference\n        on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security\n        and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member\n        of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\n        are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government''s foreign\n        policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in\n        2010. But after February 2014''s [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership\n        for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual\n        integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU\n        was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the\n        process was suspended by 2012 because of the political developments of that\n        time.{{cite web | url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html\n        | title=Teixeira: Ukraine''s EU integration suspended, association agreement\n        unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6\n        September 2012}} The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European\n        Union was signed in 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html|title=EU,\n        Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 \\u2013\n        European Council|access-date=2016-06-25}}\\n\\nUkraine long had close\n        ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine relations]] became\n        difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\\n\\nUkraine is included\n        in the European Union''s [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims\n        at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\\n\\n=== Administrative divisions\n        ===\\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\\nThe\n        system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country''s status as a [[unitary\n        state]] (as stated in the country''s constitution) with unified legal and\n        [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\\n\\nUkraine consists\n        of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous\n        republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''avtonomna respublika''''}}), [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and\n        [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea\n        are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[raion]]s''''}} (districts) and\n        city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative\n        units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}};\n        the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231154652/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archivedate=2007-12-31|title=Regions\n        of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] of Ukraine Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n[[Populated\n        places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban\n        populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s\n        (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist\n        of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain\n        degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance\n        (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each\n        oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities).\n        City''s significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic\n        and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\\n\\nFollowing the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]]\n        became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They\n        are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international\n        community.\\n{{Further information|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n
{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px;\n        max-width:460px;}}
\\n\\n{| style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{| class=\\\"navbox\\\" style=\\\"width:100%;\n        background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts\n        of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\\n|-\\n|\\n* [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\\n* [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]\\n* [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\\n* [[Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n* [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\\n|\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n* [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\\n* [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\\n*\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n* [[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\\n|\\n* [[Kirovohrad\n        Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\\n* [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\\n* [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\\n* [[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\\n|\\n* [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\\n*\n        [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\\n* [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\\n*\n        [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\\n| valign=\\\"top\\\"|\\n* [[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\\n*\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\\n* [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\\n*\n        [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\\n|-\\n!colspan=2|
''''''[[Autonomous republic]]''''''
\\n!colspan=3|
''''''[[Cities\n        with special status]]''''''
\\n|-\\n|colspan=2|\\n* [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea]]\\n| colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:top;\\\"|\\n* [[Kiev|City\n        of Kiev]]\\n* [[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\\n|}\\n|}\\n|-\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n=== Armed\n        forces ===\\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Kissing the flag.jpg|thumb|left|Commander\n        of the Ukrainian contingent in [[Multi-National Force \\u2013 Iraq]], kisses\n        his country''s flag.]]\\n\\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine\n        inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the\n        third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the\n        world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html\n        |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}}\n        In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed\n        to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified\n        the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history\n        |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=\n        [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\\n\\nUkraine took consistent steps\n        toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional\n        Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery,\n        and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans\n        to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer\n        military]].{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archivedate=8\n        November 2007|title=White Book 2006|accessdate=24 December 2007|publisher=Ministry\n        of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu\n        mori 2012-07-17.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian frigate [[Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)|''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''' (U130)]]]]\\n\\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger\n        role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate\n        ''''Hetman Sagaidachniy'''' joined the European Union''s counter piracy [[Operation\n        Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]]\n        for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/\n        |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter\n        Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of\n        the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite\n        web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo\n        |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December\n        2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was\n        deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN\n        Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also\n        a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003\\u201305,\n        a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]]\n        under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the\n        world is 562 servicemen.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en|title=Peacekeeping|accessdate=2\n        May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMilitary units\n        of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian\n        forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094\n        \\\"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine\n        for exercises\\\". ''''Kyiv Post''''. 18 May 2010]\\n\\nFollowing independence,\n        Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.\n        The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation,\n        other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]]\n        since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper\n        cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed\n        in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered\n        by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining\n        NATO. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO\n        declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets\n        the criteria for the accession.\\n\\n== Economy ==\\n{{Main|Economy\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:GNI per capita\n        (Ukraine) in 2016.png|thumb|GNI per capita in 2016]]\\nIn Soviet times, the\n        economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important\n        industrial and agricultural component of the country''s [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from\n        a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult\n        for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty\n        soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukraine''s economy contracted severely following the\n        years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person\n        living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural\n        Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs\n        and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]}}\\n\\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to\n        combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the\n        problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run\n        industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary\n        policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels.\n        For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar\n        year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future\n        of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25\n        June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural\n        reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for\n        [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government\n        and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts.\n        A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation\n        process.\\n\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[National Bank of Ukraine]] [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]]]]\\n\\nIn\n        the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002\n        |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It\n        recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach\n        the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s,\n        the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial\n        production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}}\n        Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the\n        IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/3243.html\n        \\\"Head of IMF''s Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\\\"].\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010\n        GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked\n        [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in\n        PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S.\n        dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List\n        of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]].\n        By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias\n        per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120529144539/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=Average Wage Income in 2008\n        by Region |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of\n        Ukraine }} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European\n        countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\\n\\nAs of 2016,  Ukraine had average wealth per adult, at [[USD|$]]1,254.{{Cite\n        book |url = https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html?WT.i_short-url=%2Fgwr&WT.i_target-url=%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-institute%2Fglobal-wealth-report.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fnews-and-expertise%2Fthe-global-wealth-report-2016-201611.html\n        |title=Global Wealth Report 2016 |publisher=Credit Suisse |year=2016}}\\n\\n[[File:An-225\n        Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft\n        in operational service.]]\\n\\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation\n        vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes\n        and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian\n        exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220750/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Structure export and import,\n        2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine\n        }} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency,\n        the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active\n        participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between\n        1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch\n        vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics\n        of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space\n        Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232043/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archivedate=2008-11-21|title=Missile\n        defence, NATO: Ukraine''s tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business\n        Ukraine}}{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\\n\\nThe\n        country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to\n        a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the\n        natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia\n        and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia\n        controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western\n        Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine''s\n        Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford\n        Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in\n        the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|Trends in the Human Development\n        Index of Ukraine, 1970\\u20132010]]\\n[[File:Ukraine salary by region 2016.svg|thumb|left|Ukrainian\n        administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by\n        salary|monthly salary]]. All figures are in the Ukrainian hryvnia.]]\\n\\nGrowing\n        sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market,\n        which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries\n        in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104074538/http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archivedate=2009-01-04|title=Microsoft\n        CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20\n        May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}}\n        In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information\n        technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/society/768725-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044e\n        \\u0406\\u0422-\\u0444\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukraine\n        in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''''], [[UNIAN]]\n        (27 March 2013)\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World\n        Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP \\u2013 around $163 billion,\n        2012 \\u2013 $176.6 billion, 2013 \\u2013 $177.4 billion.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP\n        (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency\n        was the world''s worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its\n        value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply\n        raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March\n        2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest\n        rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What\n        are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTMIDINCCOUN/0,,contentMDK:21453301~menuPK:5006209~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:4434098,00.html|publisher=[[The\n        World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include\n        underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.\n        The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated\n        in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych''s\n        regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archivedate=2014-03-25|publisher=Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} However, according\n        to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Ukraine is still the most corrupt country\n        in Europe being ranked 142nd out of 175 countries on the world, in the latest\n        CPI report from 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results/\n        |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014: Full table and rankings |publisher=Transparency\n        International |accessdate=3 December 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine\n        Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth\n        in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine\n        macroeconomic situation \\u2013 February 2008|url=http://www.unian.info/society/99662-ukraine-macroeconomic-situation-feb-2008.html|publisher=UNIAN\n        news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006\n        the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\\n\\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing\n        absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving\n        maternal health and reducing child mortality.\\nThe poverty rate according\n        to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption\n        is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent\n        in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of\n        the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time\n        from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About\n        Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe economy of Ukraine overcame the heavy crisis caused\n        by [[War in Donbass|armed conflict in southeast]] part of country. AT the\n        same time, 200% devaluation of Ukrainian hryvnia (national currency) in 2014\\u20132015\n        made Ukrainian goods and services cheaper and more \\u0441ompetitive.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/management-and-legal-support-for-business-activity-in-ukraine/|title=The\n        economy of Ukraine|last=Thor|first=Anatoliy|date=|website=|access-date=}}\n        In 2016, for the first time since 2010, the economy grew more than 2%. According\n        to [[World Bank]] statement growth is projected at 2% in 2017 and 3.5% in\n        2018.\\n\\n=== Corporations ===\\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch\n        of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'''']]\\nUkraine\n        has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of\n        metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231025730/http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archivedate=2010-12-31\n        |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December\n        2010}} However, the country is also well known for its production of\n        high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft\n        and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://sputniknews.com/business/20100720/159879889.html\n        |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine''s Antonov |work=RIA\n        Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country''s\n        largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded\n        on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\\n\\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include\n        [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]],\n        [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]]\n        and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=https://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012/\n        |title=Brand \\\"Ukraine\\\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com\n        |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine is regarded\n        as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such\n        a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and\n        legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf\n        |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the \\\"Miracle\\\" Meant\n        to Last?| author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}}\n        Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong\n        since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country\n        has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current\n        corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation\n        of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]],\n        the enduring failure to broaden the nation''s economic base and a lack of\n        effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114072151/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520\n        |archivedate= 2010-11-14 |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on\n        list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10\n        November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine''s\n        economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20110208144113/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/\n        |archivedate= 2011-02-08 |title=Ukraine''s economic growth to resume in 2010,\n        unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Transport ===\\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}\\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|thumb|The Kharkiv\\u2013Dnipro\n        motorway (M18)]]\\n\\nIn total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. Major routes, marked with the letter ''M'' for ''International''\n        ''''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''),\n        extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border\n        routes to the country''s neighbours. There are only two true [[motorway]]\n        standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} stretch\n        of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipro]] and a section of the M03 which\n        extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where\n        the city''s [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 \\\"\\u0425\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2\n        multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n[[Rail transport in Ukraine]] connects all major urban areas,\n        port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries.\n        The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is the [[Donbas]] region of\n        Ukraine. Although [[rail freight transport]] fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison\n        with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world''s\n        highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation\n        in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}}\n        The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}},\n        of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently\n        the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and\n        all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on\n        international routes, are operated by its company ''[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]''.\\n\\nTransport\n        by air is developing quickly, with a visa-free programme for EU nationals\n        and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm\n        |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} the nation''s aviation sector is handling a significantly\n        increased number of travellers. The [[Euro 2012]] football tournament, held\n        in Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts, prompted the government to invest heavily\n        in transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=1520657.html\n        |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August\n        2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The Donetsk airport, completed for\n        [[Euro 2012]], was destroyed by the end of 2014 because of the ongoing war\n        between the government and the separatist movement.{{cite web|author=Alan\n        Taylor |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/02/a-year-of-war-completely-destroyed-the-donetsk-airport/386204/\n        |title=A Year of War Completely Destroyed the Donetsk Airport |publisher=The\n        Atlantic |date=26 February 2015 |accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\n[[Boryspil\n        International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county''s largest international\n        airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for the country''s\n        flag carrier, [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. Other large airports in\n        the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv\n        International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]]\n        (now destroyed), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades\n        in the near future. In addition to its flag carrier, Ukraine has a number\n        of airlines including [[Windrose Airlines]], [[Dniproavia]], [[Azur Air Ukraine]],\n        and [[AtlasGlobal Ukraine]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov\n        Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world''s largest fixed\n        wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\\n\\nInternational maritime travel is mainly\n        provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly\n        to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently\n        operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0443\\u0440\\u0446\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439 |publisher=Ukrferry.com\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Energy ===\\n{{Main|Energy in Ukraine}}\\nIn\n        2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security\n        Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute,\n        which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth\n        and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine\n        | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and\n        Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8\n        January 2014}}\\n\\n==== Fuel resources ====\\nUkraine produces and processes\n        its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities\n        are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported,\n        mainly from [[Russia]].{{cite book|author1=Axel Siedenberg|author2=Lutz\n        Hoffmann|title=Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International\n        Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393|accessdate=20\n        October 2015|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7908-1189-6|page=393}}\\n\\nNatural\n        gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel\n        industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country,\n        as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]\n        started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine\\u2014a project aimed\n        at the nation''s total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in\n        electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n==== Power generation\n        ====\\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear\n        Power Plant]], the largest nuclear power plant in Europe]]\\nUkraine has been\n        a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011,\n        3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/minugol/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216629&cat_id=35081\n        \\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0442\\u0430 2011\n        \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe''s largest [[Electricity|energy]]\n        consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319085724/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archivedate=2014-03-19|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22\n        December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US\n        government}} {{As of|2011}}, 47.6% of total electricity generation was\n        from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear\n        power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located\n        in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June\n        2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract\n        selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite\n        web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/westinghouse-wins-contract-to-provide-fuel-supplies-to-ukraine-57318317.html|work=30\n        March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press\n        release}}\\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine,\n        which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia\n        says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15\n        April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation\n        of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of\n        Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries\n        through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine''s Energoatom\n        Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archivedate=2014-04-11|work=11\n        April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}\\n\\n[[Coal]]\n        and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]]\n        are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation\n        needed|date=April 2014}}\\n\\n==== Renewable energy use ====\\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo\n        Solar Park]]]]\\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total\n        energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity\n        of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and {{As of|2012|lc=y}}\n        stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/\n        |title=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u043e \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454,\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 | \\u0417\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012\n        |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar\n        power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe''s largest solar\n        park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-29/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-\n        | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe''s Biggest Solar\n        Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}} Ukrainian\n        State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined\n        installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase\n        by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative\n        energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108232254/http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archivedate=2014-01-08|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research,\n        by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with\n        a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear\n        reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257\n        |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12\n        June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction\n        and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential:\n        the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small\n        hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy\n        at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only\n        starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9\n        May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine''s [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy\n        Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative\n        and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total\n        electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114035724/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archivedate=2012-11-14\n        |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua\n        |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\n=== Internet ===\\n{{Main|Internet\n        in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has a large and steadily\n        growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis\n        of 2007\\u201308]]. As of June, 2014, there were 18.2 million desktop Internet\n        users, which is 56% of the adult population. The core of the audience is the\n        25 to 34-year-old age bracket, representing 29% of the population.{{cite\n        web|title = \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u0446\\u0438\\u0444\\u0440\\u044b \\u043e digital-\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|url = http://www.imena.ua/blog/digital-in-ukraine/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-20}} Ukraine ranks 8th among the world''s top ten countries\n        with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203080726/http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study|publisher=Pandonetworks.com|date=22\n        September 2011|accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\n=== Tourism ===\\n{{Main|Tourism\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[Image:St.MichaelsGoldenDomedCathedral.JPG|thumb|225px|[[St.\n        Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nUkraine occupies 8th\n        place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World\n        Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191518/http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf\n        UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6], [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) because\n        of its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]],\n        hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination;\n        [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosystem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins\n        and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points.\n        [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] are Ukraine''s\n        principal tourist centres each offering many historical landmarks as well\n        as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure. Tourism used to be the mainstay\n        of Crimea''s economy but there has been a major fall in visitor numbers following\n        the Russian annexation in 2014.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28688478\n        Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea] bbc.co.uk, accessed 29 December 2015\\n\\nThe\n        [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are\n        the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general\n        public through an Internet-based vote.\\n\\n== Demographics ==\\n{{Main|Demographics\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|width = 220px\\n|float = right\\n|title = Composition\n        of Ukraine by nationality\\n|titlebar = #ddd\\n|bars =\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\\n|caption = Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian\n        raions (2001)]]\\n\\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census\n        of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant\n        groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]]\n        (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]]\n        (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%),\n        [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%)\n        and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year |work=ukrcensus.gov.ua\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics |accessdate=17 April 2010 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |archivedate=17 December 2011 |df= }} The industrial regions in the\n        east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the\n        population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United\n        Nations Children''s Fund]] (UNICEF)}}\\n\\nUkraine has one of the most\n        equal income distribution as measured by [[Gini index]] and [[Income inequality\n        metrics|Palma ratio]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/datablog/2017/apr/26/inequality-index-where-are-the-worlds-most-unequal-countries|title=Inequality\n        index: where are the world''s most unequal countries?|last=Barr|first=Caelainn|date=2017-04-26|work=The\n        Guardian|access-date=2017-04-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}\\n\\n===\n        Population decline ===\\n\\nUkraine''s population (excluding Crimea) in 2016\n        was estimated at 48,457,102. The country''s population has been declining\n        since the 1990s because of its high death rate and low birth rate. The population\n        has been shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has\n        recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable\n        to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to\n        stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nIn 2007, the country''s rate of population decline was the fourth\n        highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field\n        Listing \\u2013 Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World\n        Factbook}}\\n\\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high\n        [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking,\n        extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna\n        H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm\n        \\\"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process\n        in Ukraine\\\"], ''''Uktraine Magazine'''' No. 2, 1998.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720122016/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archivedate=2009-07-20|title=What\n        Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The\n        World Bank Group}}\\n\\nDuring the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million\n        children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999\\u20132001.\n        In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence.\n        Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000\n        children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up\n        |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January\n        2014}}\\n\\n=== Fertility and natalist policies ===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (1950-2012).svg|thumb|Population\n        of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[https://archive.is/20120805214701/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html\n        State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php\n        Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\\n\\nThe current birth rate in\n        Ukraine, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death\n        rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine\n        demographic tables]]).\\n\\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined\n        as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed\n        by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where\n        total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world''s lowest,\n        shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although\n        Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during\n        1991\\u20132004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal\n        childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive\n        Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition\n        to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest\n        explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence\n        of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns\n        about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between\n        early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris\n        | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility\n        in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages\n        = 55\\u201370 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid\n        = 15764134 }}\\n\\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government\n        continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments\n        of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and\n        50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154\n        hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912\n        |title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry |accessdate=1 February 2008\n        |work=Economic Ministry}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |title=President meets with business bosses |accessdate=1 February 2008 |work=Press\n        office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The demographic trend\n        is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing\n        since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip\n        The demographic situation in Ukraine in January\\u2013September 2009]{{dead\n        link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net\n        population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five\n        provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing\n        signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the\n        western oblasts.[http://www.unian.info/society/69133-ukraines-birth-rate-shows-first-positive-signs-in-decade.html\n        \\\"Ukraine''s birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\\\"]. [[Ukrainian\n        Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July\n        2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward\n        trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 because of the\n        economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\\n\\n===\n        Urbanisation ===\\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\\nIn total, Ukraine has\n        457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''''raion''''}}-class\n        cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type\n        settlements and 28,552 villages.\\n{{Largest cities\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n=== Language ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian\n        language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision\n        according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Russian.svg|thumb|Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision\n        according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}]]\\n\\nAccording\n        to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is\n        Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially\n        in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to\n        the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population\n        declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared\n        Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=1\n        November 2004|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27\n        January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}} Most native\n        Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''''de facto'''' official language of the Soviet Union\n        but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com\n        |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy\n        Yekelchyk]] ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''', [[Oxford University\n        Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}} Effective in August 2012,\n        [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles\n        any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared\n        official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html\n        |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8\n        August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared\n        as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html\n        |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be\n        used in these cities''/oblasts'' administrative office work and documents.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html|title=Romanian\n        becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|author=Michael Schwirtz|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html|title=Ukraine|date=5\n        July 2012|work=The New York Times}} On 23 February 2014, following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal\n        the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at\n        all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President\n        Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\\"|trans-title=Draft Law on\n        the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \\\"On the basic principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12\n        March 2015}}{{cite news|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia|title=Western\n        nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis|date=24 February 2014|work=The\n        Guardian}}{{cite news|author=Andrew Kramer|title=Ukraine Turns\n        to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2\n        March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\\n\\nUkrainian\n        is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such\n        as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used\n        in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}}\n        while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern\n        and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is\n        used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across\n        different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches\n        responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\\n\\nFor a large\n        part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation\n        to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in\n        public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159\\u2013168\n        Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image\n        and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004\n        as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (National Archives of Ukraine)}}\n        Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled\n        or dubbed in Ukrainian.\\n\\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous\n        Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic.\n        However, the republic''s constitution specifically recognises Russian as the\n        language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage ''in all\n        spheres of public life''. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language\n        of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2007-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204020421/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2007 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as\n        the ''languages of other ethnicities''. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming\n        majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers\n        11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2006-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227002737/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |archivedate=27 February 2008 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars\n        and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive\n        account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \\\"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html\n        The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context\n        of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\\\" International Committee\n        for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\\n\\n=== Religion ===\\n{{Main|Religion\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|title=Religion in Ukraine as of 2016 (Razumkov Center){{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches (sample of 2,018 people)|pages = 22, 29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n|float=right\\n|bars=\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|Orchid|65.4}}\\n{{Bar percent|Do\n        not believe in one of the listed religions|Chartreuse|16.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|Simply\n        [[Christianity]]|Turquoise|7.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Greek Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|6.5}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|DodgerBlue|1.9}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Islam in Ukraine|Islam]]|Green|1.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism\n        in Ukraine|Roman Catholicism]]|Indigo|1.0}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[History of the\n        Jews in Ukraine|Judaism]]|Blue|0.2}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism in Ukraine|Hinduism]]|Orange|0.2}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other religions|Chartreuse|0.2}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w - Sob\\u00f3r\n        M\\u0105dro\\u015bci Bo\\u017cej 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in\n        Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev\n        Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational,\n        Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one\n        of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine]]\\n[[File:St. Nicholas Roman Catholic\n        Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St.\n        Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]]]\\n\\nA 2016 survey conducted by\n        the [[Razumkov Centre]] found that 70% of Ukrainians declared themselves believers\n        in any religion, while 10.1% were uncertain whether they believed or not,\n        7.2% were uninterested in beliefs, 6.3% were unbelievers, 2.7% were [[atheists]],\n        and a further 3.9% found it difficult to answer the question.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\n        The level of religiosity in Ukraine is greatest in [[Western Ukraine]] (91%),\n        and lowest in [[Eastern Ukraine]] (56%) and the [[Donbass]] (57%).\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\\\"\\n|-valign=top\\n! colspan\n        = 12| Changes over time and region in the proportions of people in Ukraine\n        identifying themselves as believers, etc.\\n|-valign=top\\n!\n        rowspan=2 | ''''Whether you attend church or not, who do you think you are?''''\\n!\n        colspan = 5| Ukraine\\n| rowspan=8 width=2|\\n! colspan = 5| 2016 survey split\n        by region\\n|-valign=top\\n! | 2000\\n! | 2010\\n! | 2013\\n! | 2014\\n! | 2016\\n!\n        | West\\n! | Centre\\n! | South\\n! | East\\n!| Donbass\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Believers\\n|align=right|\n        57.8%\\n|align=right| 71.4%\\n|align=right| 67.0%\\n|align=right| 76.0%\\n|align=right|\n        70.4%\\n|align=right| 91.0%\\n|align=right| 73.5%\\n|align=right| 65.7%\\n|align=right|\n        55.6%\\n|align=right| 57.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Those who hesitate between belief\n        and disbelief\\n|align=right| 22.5%\\n|align=right| 11.5%\\n|align=right| 14.7%\\n|align=right|\n        7.9%\\n|align=right| 10.1%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        8.3%\\n|align=right| 14.2%\\n|align=right| 19.5%\\n|-valign=top\\n| Not a believer\\n|align=right|\n        11.9%\\n|align=right| 7.9%\\n|align=right| 5.5%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right|\n        6.3%\\n|align=right| 0.9%\\n|align=right| 4.8%\\n|align=right| 7.4%\\n|align=right|\n        13.4%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Atheist beliefs\\n|align=right|\n        3.2%\\n|align=right| 1.4%\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right| 2.5%\\n|align=right|\n        2.7%\\n|align=right| 0.2%\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right| 3.2%\\n|align=right|\n        3.5%\\n|align=right| 5.0%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Do not care\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right|\n        4.4%\\n|align=right| 5.1%\\n|align=right| 4.9%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|align=right|\n        1.2%\\n|align=right| 8.0%\\n|align=right| 13.0%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        9.4%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Difficult to answer\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right|\n        3.3%\\n|align=right| 5.7%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.9%\\n|align=right| 3.8%\\n|align=right| 2.3%\\n|align=right| 5.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.6%\\n|}\\n\\nOf the Ukrainian population, 81.9% were Christians, comprising\n        a 65.4% who declared to be [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], 7.1% simply\n        [[Christian]]s, 6.5% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Rite Catholics]],\n        and 1.9% [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. A further 1.1% were [[Muslim]]s and\n        1.0% [[Latin Church|Latin Rite Catholics]]. [[Judaism]] and [[Hinduism]] were\n        the religions of 0.2% of the population each. A further 16.3% of the population\n        did not identify in one of those listed hitherto. According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s,\n        such numbers have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade.\\n\\nA 2006 survey of the same Razumkov Centre, found\n        that: 62.5% of all respondents were [[irreligion|not religious, not believers]]\n        or not affiliated to any religious body, 33.6% were Christians (26.8% Orthodox,\n        5.9% Catholics, and 0.9% Protestants), 0.1% were Jewish, and 3.8% were members\n        of other religions.{{cite web|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?|trans-title=Sociological\n        poll: Believers, which churches and denominations do you consider yourself\n        to be adherents of? (sample of 11,216 people)|language=uk|work=[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]|date=2006|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}\\n\\nAmong those Ukrainians\n        who declared to believe in Orthodoxy, 38.1% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kiev Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Kievan Patriarchate]] (a body that is not canonically recognized by\n        the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]), while 23.0% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Moscovian Patriarchate]] (which is an [[autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]]\n        Orthodox church under the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]). A further 2.7% were\n        members of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], which, like the\n        Kievan Patriarchate, is not recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2004 |title=State Department of Ukraine on Religious\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=2003 Statistical report |deadurl=yes |df=\n        }} Among the remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 32.3% declared to be \\\"simply\n        Orthodox\\\", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 3.1%\n        declared that they \\\"did not know\\\" which patriarchate or Orthodox church\n        they belonged to.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n\\nThe\n        second largest Christian group in Ukraine, [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]],\n        is predominantly represented by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], an\n        [[Eastern Catholic]] Church in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy\n        See]] of the Roman Catholic Church. It recognizes the primacy of the [[Pope]]\n        as head of the Church while still maintaining a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]]\n        and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archivedate=26 February 2008 |title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Additionally, there\n        are a small number of [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities (1.0%). The church consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who\n        live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in\n        Ukraine]] make up 1.9% of the population as of 2016. A further 7.1% of the population declares to be simply Christian.\\n\\n=== Famines and migration ===\\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]],\n        followed by the devastation of World War II, created a demographic disaster.\n        Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and\n        seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males\n        in the period 1941\\u201344.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 =\n        Jacques | last2 = Mesl\\u00e9 | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3\n        = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A\n        New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages\n        = 249\\u2013264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 | pmid=12553326}}\n        According to ''''The Oxford companion to World War II'''', \\\"Over 7 million\n        inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were\n        killed during the Second World War.\\\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell\n        Foot (2001). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Oxford companion to World War II]''''. Oxford University Press. p. 909.\n        {{ISBN|0-19-860446-7}}\\n\\nSignificant migration took place in the first\n        years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into\n        Ukraine in 1991\\u201392, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In\n        total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among\n        them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and\n        2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved\n        to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska,\n        Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy/\n        \\\"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\\\"].\n        National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3\n        July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the\n        total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries\n        by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web\n        |url= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls\n        |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United\n        Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were\n        an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000\n        \\\"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories \\u2013\n        20% sample data\\\"]. ''''Statistics Canada.'''' giving Canada the world''s\n        third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There\n        are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\\n\\n=== Health ===\\n{{Main|Health\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a)\n        - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children''s hospital in [[Kremenchuk]],\n        [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established\n        in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners\n        of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens.\n        At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists.\n        Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3,200 qualified nurses. The organization takes\n        part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly\n        funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates,\n        the Society annually provides services to more than 105,000 lonely, elderly\n        people, about 23,000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25,000 war veterans, and more than 8,000 adults handicapped\n        since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian\n        citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated\n        in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist\n        nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com\n        |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209112933/http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |archivedate=9 December 2010 }} The public sector employs most healthcare\n        professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also\n        retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public\n        health facilities on a regular basis.\\n\\nAll of the country''s medical service\n        providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides\n        oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible\n        for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this,\n        standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine\n        |url=http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in\n        Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same\n        lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure;\n        as a result most towns have their own hospital ''''(\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)'''' and many also have district\n        hospitals ''''(\\u0420\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\n        Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major\n        cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital,\n        [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have\n        their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost\n        all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres;\n        such hospitals are called ''regional hospitals'' ''''(\\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\\n\\nUkraine currently faces\n        a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic\n        crisis because of its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian\n        birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000\n        population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality\n        rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]]\n        and smoking. In 2008, the country''s population\n        was one of the fastest declining in the world at \\u22125% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915155109/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=15 September 2002 |title=State Statistics Committee\n        of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014 }}\n        The UN warned that Ukraine''s population could fall by as much as 10 million\n        by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects:\n        The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archivedate=2014-03-20|publisher=United\n        Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high\n        blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian\n        healthcare system.\\n\\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming\n        the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family\n        doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency\n        services]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/11044.html National\n        network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister],\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime\n        Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to\n        start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in\n        the spring of 2010.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/|title=Ukraine\n        to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=24 November 2009|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065454/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-to-start-introducing-insurance-based-healt-53483.html|archivedate=23\n        October 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Education ===\\n{{Main|Education in Ukraine|List\n        of universities in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The\n        [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine''s most important educational institutions]]\\n[[File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\n        building by [[Josef Hl\\u00e1vka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\\nAccording\n        to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free\n        education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education\n        is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority.\n        Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is\n        provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archivedate=1997-04-15|title=Constitution\n        of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited\n        private secondary and higher education institutions.\\n\\nBecause of the Soviet\n        Union''s emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues\n        today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since\n        2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year\n        one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six),\n        middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary\n        then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |title=General secondary education |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |archivedate=16 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} In the 12th grade,\n        students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving\n        exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\\n\\nThe first\n        higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th\n        and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution\n        was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin\n        Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the\n        time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium\n        was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern\n        Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and\n        in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as\n        a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]],\n        founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th\n        century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805),\n        [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi\n        University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education\n        institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and\n        Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher\n        Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical\n        Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic\n        Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School\n        (1899) in [[Dnipro|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education\n        institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf\n        |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are\n        those owned by private organisations.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian higher education system\n        comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]]\n        facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing\n        bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007\n        |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |archivedate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The organisation\n        of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure\n        of education of the world''s higher [[developed countries]], as is defined\n        by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |title=System of the Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nUkraine has more\n        than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates\n        reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/\n        |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14\n        October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine produces the fourth\n        largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe,\n        while being ranked seventh in population. [[Higher education in Ukraine|Higher\n        education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state\n        expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term\n        exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some\n        universities. For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%. For\n        most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic\n        living expenses. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city\n        students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all\n        registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor''s\n        degree (4 years) and the master''s degree (5\\u20136th year), in\n        accordance with the [[Bologna process]]. Historically, [[Specialist degree]]\n        (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by\n        universities in the Soviet times.\\n\\nThe Law of Ukraine ''''On Higher Education''''\n        came into force on 6 September 2014. It was approved in Ukrainian Parliament\n        on 1 July 2014. The main changes in the system of higher education:{{cite\n        web|title = 16 \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d \\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456: \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438|url = http://osvita.ua/vnz/reform/42795/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-22}} a separate collegiate body to monitor the quality of\n        education was established (Ukrainian: \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438);\n        each higher education institution has the right to implement its own educational\n        and research programs; role of the student government was increased; higher\n        education institution has the right freely administer own revenues; 5 following\n        types of higher education qualifications were established: Junior Bachelor,\n        Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Science; load on\n        lecturers and students was reduced; academic mobility for faculty and students\n        etc.\\n\\n=== Regional differences ===\\n{{See also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional\n        differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukr\n        elections 2012 multimandate okruhs.png|thumb|Results of the [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2012|2012 parliamentary election]]. Yanukovych''s [[Party of Regions]]\n        in blue. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]] in purple.]]\\n[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in\n        [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language\n        in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently\n        in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer\n        classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009\n        | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic\n        Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html\n        | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]]\n        | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\\n\\nOn the [[Russian language\n        in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]],\n        opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite\n        of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics\n        tend be less extreme.{{cite web|url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/yazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html|title=The\n        language question, the results of recent research in 2012|publisher=[[Sociological\n        group \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]]|date=25 May 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/|title=Who''s\n        Afraid of Ukrainian History?|author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy D.\n        Snyder|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 September 2010}}{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html\n        |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian\n        language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0419\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|trans-title=Attitude of the Ukrainian\n        population to the figure of Joseph Stalin|publisher=[[Kyiv International Institute\n        of Sociology]]|date=1 March 2013|language=uk}}\\n\\nSimilar historical\n        cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification.\n        Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]],\n        differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]]\n        and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], and [[Donetsk]], predominantly\n        Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central\n        and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important\n        and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the\n        [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of\n        the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that\n        the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url=\n        http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all\n        were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic\n        difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture\n        and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation\n        | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all\n        | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine\n        | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3\n        | pages = 345\\u201368 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}}\n        Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging\n        to a \\\"Soviet identity\\\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the\n        Crimea (about 30%).{{cite web|format=PDF |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |title=Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding\n        Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region |work=taraskuzio.net |author=Taras\n        Kuzio |author-link=Taras Kuzio |date=23 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205435/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 May 2014 |df= }}\\n\\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]]\n        voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces)\n        vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc|Our\n        Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|script-title=uk:\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2012|trans-title=The Elections\n        of People''s Deputies of Ukraine 2012|language=uk|date=28 November 2012}}{{cite\n        web|date=30 August 2012|title=CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting\n        papers|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233711/http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archivedate=13\n        August 2014|deadurl=y|accessdate=6 November 2015}} and presidential\n        candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]]\n        and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern\n        and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]],\n        [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]])\n        with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation\n        | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc\n        | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe |\n        last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau\n        | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] |\n        year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation\n        | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle\n        | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher\n        = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url\n        = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981\n        | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine''s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012\n        Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher\n        = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation|url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |title=UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again |first=Taras |last=Kuzio\n        |author-link=Taras Kuzio |publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]] |date=5 October 2007\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515074305/http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df= }} However, this geographical division\n        is decreasing.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217083456/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/\n        \\\"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\\\"]. ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 11\n        February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine''s\n        Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv \\u2013 EU News & policy\n        debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine\n        vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\\n\\n== Culture\n        ==\\n{{Main|Ukrainian culture}}\\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection\n        of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs \\u2013 [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design\n        motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\\n[[File:Rushnyk -\n        Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian\n        embroidery]]]]\\n\\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by [[Orthodox Christianity]],\n        the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles\n        also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in\n        bringing up children, than in the West.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\n        The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western\n        neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music\n        and art.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\\n\\nThe Communist era had quite\n        a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite\n        was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin\n        made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated\n        the decree \\\"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\\\". This\n        greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced\n        and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as\n        they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archivedate=18 December 2007 |title=Gorbachev, Mikhail |accessdate=30 July\n        2008 |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |quote=Under his\n        new policy of glasnost (\\\"openness\\\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms\n        of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and\n        broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism;\n        and the country''s legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely\n        repudiated by the government |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nThe tradition of\n        the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These\n        eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied\n        to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously\n        wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed\n        leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old,\n        and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University\n        of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which\n        won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven\n        Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\\n\\n=== Weaving and embroidery ===\\nArtisan [[textile\n        arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes\n        |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]].\n        [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional\n        [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies\n        depending on the region of origin''''\\\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\\\",\n        Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine''''\n        and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours\n        and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian\n        Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of colour is very important\n        and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different\n        parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\\n\\nNational\n        dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still\n        practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village\n        is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts\n        fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u2013 \\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Rivne\n        Regional State Administration \\u2013 The Regional Centre for Folk Art|language=uk|publisher=Rv.gov.ua|accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0406\\u0421\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0422\\u0410 \\u0412\\u0418\\u0428\\u0418\\u0412\\u041a\\u0418\n        \\u0423\\u041b\\u042f\\u041d\\u0418 \\u041a\\u041e\\u0422 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve\n        this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving\n        centre, a museum and weaving school.\\n\\n=== Literature ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        literature}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|total_width=350\\n|width1=1517|height1=2006|image1=Taras\n        Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|caption1=[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.\\n|width2=560|height2=800|image2=\\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430.1888.jpg|caption2=[[Lesya\n        Ukrainka]], one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers.\\n}}\\nThe history\n        of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the\n        Christianisation of the Kievan Rus''.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Cultural Life \\u2013 The Arts \\u2013 Literature|accessdate=8 January\n        2014|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time\n        were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical\n        accounts of the time were referred to as ''''[[chronicle]]s'''', the most\n        significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archivedate= 6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Literature |accessdate=3\n        July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|G|g|none}}\n        Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'']].\\n\\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century,\n        and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction\n        of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both\n        Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an\n        independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s,\n        which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries,\n        when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless,\n        by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\\n\\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in\n        Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]''s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Eneyida''''}},\n        the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian\n        [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation''s most renowned cultural\n        figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan\n        Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian\n        vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\\\L\\\\I\\\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Danylo\n        Husar Sruk|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThen,\n        in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]]\n        by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary\n        activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish\n        their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central\n        Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete\n        after the revolution and the Bolsheviks'' coming to power.\\n\\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years,\n        when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literary\n        figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola\n        Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep\n        decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others\n        were killed by [[NKVD]] as part of the [[Great Purge]]. In general around\n        223 writers were repressed by what was known as the [[Executed Renaissance]].{{cite\n        web|author=Yuriy Lavrinenko|url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f\n        1917\\u20131933|trans-title=The Executed Renaissance: Anthology 1917\\u20131933|language=uk|location=Kiev|publisher=Smoloskyl|date=2004|archivedate=13\n        December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}}\n        These repressions were part of Stalin''s implemented policy of [[socialist\n        realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian\n        language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works.\\n\\nIn\n        post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited\n        under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet\n        literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk (poet)]],\n        [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\\n\\nLiterary\n        freedom appeared in late 1980s \\u2014 early 1990s with the process of\n        collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are\n        [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Oleksandr\n        Irvanets|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Yuriy\n        Izdryk|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a \\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy\n        Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov writes\n        in Russian, he is predominantly considered a representative of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\n===\n        Architecture ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque\n        Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]]\n        in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, which has a large [[Ukrainian diaspora.]]]]\\nUkrainian\n        architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built\n        in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\\nThese include initial\n        roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']]. Since the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'']] for several\n        ages Ukrainian architecture was influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture]].\n        After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural\n        history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During\n        the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was\n        developed under the western influences of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\n        After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger\n        eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]]\n        of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was\n        developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]].\n        Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\\n\\nThe great [[Architecture of\n        Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus'']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption\n        of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture\n        in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was\n        strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church\n        becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores\n        of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication\n        of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples\n        of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries,\n        many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below).\n        Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of\n        Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid,\n        [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125 and\n        [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], circa 12th-century. All can\n        still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\n        Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']]\n        has survived.\\n\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian\n        Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects\n        in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered.\n        [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]],\n        is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top\n        of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally\n        notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was\n        built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]].\n        During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea,\n        and renamed them as [[New Russia]]. New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]],\n        [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain\n        notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan\n        Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\\nFile:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] \\u2013 one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\\nFile:Kyiv, St Andrew\n        church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew''s Church, Kiev|St Andrew''s Church]] in [[Kiev]]\n        an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\\nFile:\\u041b\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0458\\u0430.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv''s\n        Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its\n        history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\nFile:\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434 \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|[[Vorontsov''s Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov\n        Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic\n        Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\\nFile:Monasterio\n        de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]],\n        an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\\nFile:ArcLviv.JPG|Example of early 20th\n        century architecture in [[Lviv]].\\nFile:LvivArchitecture.JPG|Lviv. The Bernardine\n        church in the style of Italian and Dutch mannerism\\nFile:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430) 02.JPG|[[Poltava]] museum, [[Ukrainian\n        Modern architecture]] example. 1908.\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\n        38 \\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u044c 2 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 2012 01.JPG|Central\n        Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f.JPG|Modern residential architecture\n        in [[Kharkiv]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446 \\u0428\\u0435\\u043d\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438.jpg|Sch\\u00f6nborn Palace. 1895\\n\\n
\\n\\nIn\n        1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously,\n        the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention.\n        All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist\n        architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy,\n        a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired\n        examples such as the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed.\n        Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War\n        contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction\n        of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example\n        of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture\n        once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\\n\\nThe task for\n        modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central\n        Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers\n        were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space\n        for a new shopping centre.\\n\\nA major project, which may take up most of the\n        21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi\n        Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid\n        the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml |script-title=ru:\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020\\u0433., \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u043c, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432, \\u043e\\u0431\\u044a\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u044b, \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0444\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0440.\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u044b\\u0431\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435, \\u041f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d. |trans-title=Architects of Kiev \\u2013 Development\n        rationale for changes in the general development plan of Kiev up to 2020 relating\n        to the construction of residential and office buildings with underground parking,\n        hospitality-office complexes, shopping centres, social and cultural facilities,\n        multi-functional entertainment complexes, etc. on Rybalsky island, Podolsky\n        district. |work=archunion.com.ua |date=7 December 2005 |accessdate=8 January\n        2014 |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510032158/http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml\n        |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Music ===\\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Cossack\n        Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumb|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing a [[kobza]]]]\\n\\nMusic\n        is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences.\n        From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern\n        rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians\n        including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from\n        traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even\n        into modern [[jazz]].\\n\\n[[File:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]]\n        is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}]]\\n\\nUkrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing\n        mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general\n        characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of\n        minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\\n\\nDuring the\n        Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received\n        a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in\n        the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well\n        versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy,\n        Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]]\n        or [[torban]].\\n\\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv,\n        Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura\n        from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers\n        within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated\n        in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\\nSee: [[Dmytro\n        Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\\n\\n[[File:Rapid\n        Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian dance ''''[[hopak]]''''.]]\\n\\nUkrainian\n        classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the\n        composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian\n        ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic\n        Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The\n        music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for\n        whom they cater.\\n\\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has\n        been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana\n        Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international\n        popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]],\n        [[Dakha Brakha]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\nModern musical culture\n        of Ukraine is presented both with academic and entertainment music. Ukraine\n        has five conservatories, 6 opera houses, five houses of Chamber Music, Philharmony\n        in all regional centers.\\n\\nUkraine hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]]\n        and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]].\\n\\n=== Cinema ===\\n{{Main|Cinema\n        of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian\n        directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important\n        early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]],\n        [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director\n        and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian\n        cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which\n        was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\\n\\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira\n        Muratova]]]]\\n\\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa\n        Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid\n        Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and\n        [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and\n        critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla\n        Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\\n\\nDespite a history of important\n        and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a\n        debate about its identity and the level of European and Russian influence.\n        Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian\n        actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films.\n        Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events,\n        including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything\n        Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]].\\n\\nUkrainian State Film\n        Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory\n        and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]],\n        and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival\n        held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and\n        first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\\n\\n===\n        Media ===\\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine\n        |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} was founded by [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum).\n        Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated\n        to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics\n        of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the\n        freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\\n[[Freedom\n        House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \\\"free\\\" and the press as \\\"partly\n        free\\\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution\n        of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \\\"negative trends in Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Kiev]]\n        dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine''s leading\n        English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]]\n        [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such\n        as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian),\n        and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also\n        a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine,\n        [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including\n        books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media,\n        newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing\n        Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts\n        in 1992.\\n\\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]]\n        or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half\n        hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\\n\\n===\n        Sport ===\\n{{Main|Sport in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration\n        Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates\n        a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet\n        emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds\n        of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Sports and recreation |accessdate=12\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]].\n        The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]]\n        (\\\"premier league\\\").\\n\\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national\n        football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners\n        of the prestigious [[Ballon d''Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only\n        presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy\n        Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]],\n        and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy\n        national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]],\n        where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]]\n        have held world heavyweight championships.\\n\\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record\n        in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic\n        abilities, he was voted the world''s best athlete on several occasions.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka | accessdate =27 May 2010\n        | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work\n        = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world''s\n        best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archivedate=2011-05-11\n        |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com\n        |accessdate=30 January 2011}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular\n        in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket\n        2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished\n        6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA\n        World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant\n        [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball\n        club in Ukraine.\\n\\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]]\n        is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]]\n        and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\\n\\nUkraine made its Olympic\n        debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]]\n        has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances)\n        than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number\n        of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every\n        country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March\n        2014}}\\n\\n\\n=== Cuisine ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        cuisine}}\\n\\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef,\n        fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains,\n        fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[varenyky]]''''}}\n        (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries\n        or berries), [[nalysnyky]] (pancakes with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms,\n        caviar or meat), [[kapu\\u015bniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots,\n        onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borscht]]\n        (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[Go\\u0142\\u0105bki|holubtsy]]''''}}\n        (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and\n        [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian\n        specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev cake]]. Ukrainians drink\n        [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese\n        from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional\n        Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:Wareniki.JPG|
[[Varenyky]] topped with fried onion
\\nFile:Borscht served.jpg|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|sour\n        cream]]\\nFile:Martiniouk Paska.JPG|
[[Paska\n        (bread)|Paska]], Ukrainian [[Easter]] bread
\\n\\n
\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of cultural icons\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] \\u2013\n        the first official Ukrainian currency\\n* [[Ukrainian oligarchs]]\\n\\n== Notes\n        ==\\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\\n''''''a.''''''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians\n        that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]],\n        [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who\n        greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen\n        Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\\n\\n''''''b.''''''{{Note\n        label|B|b|none}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data\n        is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the\n        famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting\n        various statements from different branches of different governments as to\n        whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide\n        by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm\n        on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according\n        to ''''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'''': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0491\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\"}}]),\n        16 (according to ''''[[Korrespondent]]'''', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002\n        {{lang|ru|\\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0439\\u043c \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\\"}}]),\n        \\\"more than 10\\\" (according to ''''Korrespondent'''', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780-latviya-viznala-golodomor-1932-33-rr-genocidom-ukrayinciv\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 1932\\u201333 \\u0440\\u0440.\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\\\"}}])\n        Retrieved 27 January 2008.\\n\\n''''''c.''''''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}}\n        These figures are likely to be much higher, as they ''''''do not'''''' include\n        Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians,\n        from the Ukrainian SSR.\\n\\n''''''d.''''''{{Note label|D|d|none}} This figure\n        excludes [[POW]] deaths.\\n\\n''''''e.''''''{{Note label|E|e|none}} Russia and\n        Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include\n        European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European\n        territories larger than Ukraine.\\n\\n''''''f.''''''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note\n        label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census\n        (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number\n        and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census''2001\n        data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite\n        web|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 About number and composition population of Kiev\n        on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}})\n        about 75 percent of Kiev''s population responded ''Ukrainian'' to the\n        native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent\n        responded ''Russian''. On the other hand, when the question ''What language\n        do you use in everyday life?'' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey,\n        the Kievans'' answers were distributed as follows: ''mostly Russian'': 52 percent,\n        ''both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure'': 32 percent, ''mostly\n        Ukrainian'': 14 percent, ''exclusively Ukrainian'': 4.3 percent.{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What\n        language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February\n        2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\\n\\n''''''g.''''''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such\n        writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\\n{{Refend}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681\n        Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published\n        16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth\n        and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925\n        Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]].\n        Published on 25 September 2014.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Trade \\u2013 European Commission|publisher=}}}}\\n\\n== Print sources\n        ==\\n=== Reference books ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* ''''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''''\n        (University of Toronto Press, 1984\\u201393) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\\n* ''''[https://www.questia.com/read/58069636/ukraine-a-concise-encyclopedia\n        Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'''' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University\n        of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''''Ukraine'''' (Culture\n        Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\\n* Evans, Andrew. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T\n        online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== Recent (since 1991)\n        ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''''Revolution in\n        Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''' (2006)\\n* Birch,\n        Sarah. ''''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'''' Macmillan, 2000 [https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* Edwards Mike: \\\"Ukraine \\u2013 Running on empty\\\"\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''''Cleft\n        Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        and Moldova'''', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89821-558-9}}\\n* Kuzio,\n        Taras: ''''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'''',\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7656-0224-5}}\\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''''Ukraine: State\n        and Nation Building'''' Routledge, 1998 [https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building\n        online edition]\\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''''Multilingual education\n        as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'''', in ''''Language\n        Education for Intercultural Communication'''', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens,\n        Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, {{ISBN|1-85359-204-8}}\\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine''s\n        Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\\n*\n        Whitmore, Sarah. ''''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament,\n        1990\\u20132003'''' Routledge, 2004 [https://www.questia.com/read/108557869/state-building-in-ukraine-the-ukrainian-parliament\n        online edition]\\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''''Ukraine''s\n        Orange Revolution'''' (2005)\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected\n        Nation,'''' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L\n        online excerpts at Amazon]\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''Ukrainian Nationalism in\n        the 1990s: A Minority Faith'''', [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-57457-9}}\\n*\n        Zon, Hans van. ''''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'''' 2000\n        [https://www.questia.com/read/98833788/the-political-economy-of-independent-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== History ===\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* [https://www.academia.edu/10220788/UKRAINIAN_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_BETWEEN_40_10.000_BP\n        UKRAINIAN UPPER PALAEOLITHIC BETWEEN 40/10.000 BP]\\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''''The\n        Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'''' (Rutgers UP, 1964)\n        [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world\n        online]\\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''''A History of Ukraine'''' (1986)\\n* Katchanovski\n        Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''''Historical\n        Dictionary of Ukraine.'''' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\\n*\n        Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations\n        between Ukraine and Russia, 1654\\u20131917'''' (Marquette University Press\n        1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations\n        online]\\n* Luckyj, George S. ''''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine:\n        An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'''' (1996)\\n* [[Magocsi,\n        Paul Robert]], ''''A History of Ukraine''''. [[University of Toronto Press]],\n        1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-7820-6}}\\n* Reid, Anna. ''''Borderland: A Journey Through\n        the History of Ukraine'''' (2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/96969196/borderland-a-journey-through-the-history-of-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''''Ukraine: A History'''',\n        1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}.\\n*\n        Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''' (Oxford University\n        Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation\n        online]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==== World War II ====\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian\n        Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\\n* Berkhoff, Karel C.\n        ''''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'''' Harvard\n        U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle\n        and Women''s Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\\n*\n        Gross, Jan T. ''''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland''s\n        Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'''' (1988).\\n* Lower, Wendy. ''''Nazi\n        Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'''' U. of North Carolina Press,\n        2005. 307 pp.\\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''''Poland''s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife,\n        Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918\\u20131947'''',\n        McFarland & Company, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}\\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''''Together\n        and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919\\u20131945.'''' Indiana\n        U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''''Holocaust In The Ukraine'''',\n        Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Sister\n        project links|voy=Ukraine}}\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx\n        Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121072359/https://en.ukrainecityguide.com/\n        Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\\n* [https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine]\n        information from the [[United States Department of State]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416140456/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html\n        Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm\n        Ukraine] at ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\\n*\n        [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\\n*\n        {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development\n        Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62\n        EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/\n        EU Neighbourhood Library]\\n; Government\\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/\n        The President of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government\n        Portal of Ukraine]\\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\\n*\n        [http://escher.com.ua/main.php Ukrainian art. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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Make me unsee it\",\"missing\":\"\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTF_I_just_read%3F_Make_me_unsee_it\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WTF_I_just_read%3F_Make_me_unsee_it&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTF_I_just_read%3F_Make_me_unsee_it\"},\"18951905\":{\"pageid\":18951905,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Argentina\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T00:24:09Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{other\n        uses}}\\n{{pp-semi|small=yes}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}\\n{{Coord|34|S|64|W|display=title}}\\n{{Infobox\n        country\\n|coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}}\\n|conventional_long_name\n        = Argentine Republic{{efn-ua|name=altnames|Article 35 of the [[Argentine Constitution]]\n        gives equal recognition to the names \\\"United Provinces of the River Plate\\\",\n        \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" and \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" and using \\\"Argentine\n        Nation\\\" in the making and enactment of laws.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        35}}}}\\n|native_name = {{native name|es|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}\\n|image_flag\n        = Flag of Argentina.svg\\n|image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg\\n|common_name\n        = Argentina\\n|national_motto = {{unbulleted list\\n   |list_style=line-height:125%;\\n   |\n        {{native phrase|es|\\\"[[En uni\\u00f3n y libertad]]\\\"|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\\n   |\n        {{small|(\\\"In Unity and Freedom\\\")}}\\n }}\\n|national_anthem = {{unbulleted\n        list\\n   |item1_style=line-height:125%;\\n   |item2_style=line-height:125%;\\n   |item3_style=margin-top:4px;\\n   |\n        {{native phrase|es|[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\\n   |\n        {{small|(\\\"Argentine National Anthem\\\")}}\\n   | 
[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\\n|Southwest\n        = \\n|West      = {{Flag|Chile}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|title=International\n        membership\\n|list=\\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\\n{{G15 nations}}\\n{{G20}}\\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul\n        (Southern Common Market)}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of\n        South American Nations}}\\n{{World Trade Organization}}\\n{{Founding member\n        states of the United Nations}}\\n}}\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Federal\n        constitutional republics]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:G15\n        nations]]\\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of Mercosur]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American\n        Nations]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking\n        countries and territories]]\\n[[Category:States and territories established\n        in 1816]]\\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":799647522,\"length\":206395,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\"},\"31750\":{\"pageid\":31750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:15:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        country}}\\n{{pp-pc1}}\\n{{pp-move-indef}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}\\n{{EngvarB|date=October\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox country\\n| conventional_long_name =Ukraine\\n| common_name\n        = Ukraine\\n| native_name = {{native name|uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|italics=off}}''''{{small|Ukrayina}}''''\\n| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\\n| image_coat\n        = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\\n| national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\\\"''''[[Shche\n        ne vmerla Ukraina|Shche ne vmerly Ukrainy ni slava ni volya]]''''\\\"}}
\\\"The\n        glory and the will of Ukraine has not yet died\\\" (also \\u2013 \\\"Ukraine has\n        not yet perished)\\\"
[[File:Anthem-of-Ukraine Chorus Veryovka.ogg]]
\\n|\n        image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\\n| map_caption ={{unbulleted\n        list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green}}|Claimed,\n        but not controlled ({{small|light green}})}}\\n| capital = [[Kiev]]\\n| coordinates\n        = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:city}}\\n| largest_city = capital\\n\\n| official_languages =\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| regional_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]],\n        [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]],\n        [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]],\n        [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]],\n        [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]],\n        [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]],\n        [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]],\n        [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]{{cite web |\n        url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17\n        | archivedate=14 February 2014 | title=Law of Ukraine \\\"On Principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\" (Current version \\u2014 Revision from 1 February 2014) |\n        publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional\n        or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30\n        April 2014}}\\n| ethnic_groups =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\\n  |\n        17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\\n\n        }}\\n| ethnic_groups_year = 2001\\n| demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\\n| government_type\n        = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}}\n        [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n|\n        leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of\n        Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n| leader_name2 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\\n| leader_title3\n        = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\\n| leader_name3\n        = [[Andriy Parubiy]]\\n| legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus'']]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 882\\n| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia|Kingdom\n        of
Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]}}\\n| established_date2 = 1199\\n| established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\\n| established_date3 =\n        17 August 1649\\n| established_event4 = Independence from [[Russian Republic]];\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date4 = 7 November 1917\\n|\n        established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date5\n        = 1 November 1918\\n| established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian\n        SSR]]\\n| established_date6 = 10 March 1919\\n| established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\\n|\n        established_date7 = 8 October 1938\\n| established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet\n        annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviet annexation
of Western\n        Ukraine]]}}\\n| established_date8 = 15 November 1939\\n| established_event9\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration ofUkrainian Independence]]}}\\n| established_date9 = 30 June 1941\\n| established_event10\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the\n        Soviet Union]]}}\\n| established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\\n| area_km2\n        = 603,628\\n| area_rank = 45th \\n| area_sq_mi = or 233,013/ 223,013\\n| percent_water = 7\\n| population_estimate =42,541,633\n        {{decrease}}{{cite web|url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |title=Population (by estimate) as of 1 April, 2016. |publisher=State Statistics\n        Service of Ukraine |accessdate=1 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |archivedate=8 August 2016 |df= }}\\n| population_census = 48,457,102\\n|\n        population_estimate_year = 2016\\n| population_estimate_rank = 32nd\\n| population_census_year\n        = 2001\\n| population_density_km2 = 73.8\\n| population_density_sq_mi = 191\n        \\n| population_density_rank = 115th\\n|\n        GDP_PPP = $353 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=10&sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report\n        for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=World Economic Outlook Database,\n        April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 2017|accessdate=12\n        August 2016}} \\n| GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n| GDP_PPP_rank =\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,305 \\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal\n        = $93.263 billion \\n|\n        GDP_nominal_year = 2016\\n| GDP_nominal_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita =\n        $2,194 \\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        =\\n| Gini = 24.1 \\n| Gini_year = 2014\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n|\n        Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UA\n        |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 9 November 2016}}\\n|\n        Gini_rank =\\n| HDI = 0.747 \\n| HDI_year = 2014 \\n| HDI_change\n        = increase\\n| HDI_ref = {{cite\n        web|format=PDF|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf|title=Human\n        Development Report 2015 Statistical Annex|date=14 December 2015|accessdate=15\n        December 2015}}\\n| HDI_rank = 81st\\n| currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\\n|\n        currency_code = UAH\\n| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\\n| utc_offset\n        = +2{{cite web|url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 30 \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441|trans-title=Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter\n        time on 30 October|language=uk|publisher=korrespondent.net|date=18 October\n        2011|accessdate=31 October 2011}}\\n| utc_offset_DST = +3\\n| time_zone_DST\n        = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\\n| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand\n        traffic|right]]\\n| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\\n|\n        cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440]]}}\\n| footnote_a\n        = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was\n        held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26\n        December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted\n        on 28 June 1996.\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| country_code = UKR\\n}}\\n{{Contains\n        Cyrillic text}}\\n\\n''''''Ukraine'''''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|ju\\u02d0|\\u02c8|k|r|e\\u026a|n}};\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430}}, [[Romanization\n        of Ukrainian|tr.]] {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Ukrayina''''}} {{IPA-uk|ukr\\u0250\\u02c8jin\\u0250|}}),\n        [[Name of Ukraine#\\\"Ukraine\\\" versus \\\"the Ukraine\\\"|sometimes called ''''''the\n        Ukraine'''''']],{{cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844|publisher=BBC|title=Ukraine\n        or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have ''the''?|last1= Geoghegan|first1=Tom|work=BBC\n        News Magazine|date=7 June 2012}} is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Eastern\n        Europe]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=The\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine| publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=7\n        January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014}} [[State Border of Ukraine|bordered]]\n        by [[Russia]] to the east, northeast, and south, [[Belarus]] to the northwest,\n        [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]]\n        to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and\n        southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in [[territorial dispute]] with\n        Russia over the [[Crimean Peninsula]] which [[Annexation of Crimea by the\n        Russian Federation|Russia annexed in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082|title=Russia''s\n        Crimea plan detailed, secret and successful|first=John|last=Simpson|date=19\n        March 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}} but which Ukraine and most of\n        the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine\n        has an area of {{convert|603628|km\\u00b2|0|abbr=on}},{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Ukraine|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 United Nations Statistics Division|work=United Nations|date=2016|accessdate=6\n        September 2016}} making it the largest country entirely within [[Europe]]\n        and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|46th]] largest country\n        in the world. It has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the [[List\n        of countries and dependencies by population|32nd]] most populous country in\n        the world.\\n\\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000\n        BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture,\n        with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus'']] forming the basis of Ukrainian\n        identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was\n        contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Grand Duchy\n        of Lithuania|Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]],\n        and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered\n        during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split\n        between Poland and the [[Russian Empire]], and later merged fully into Russia.\\n\\nDuring\n        the 20th century three periods of independence occurred.  The first of these\n        periods occurred briefly during and immediately after the German occupation\n        near the end of [[World War I]] and the second occurred, also briefly, and\n        also during German occupation, during [[World War II]]. However, both of these\n        first two earlier periods would eventually see Ukraine''s territories consolidated\n        back into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] within\n        the [[USSR]].  The third period of independence began in 1991, when Ukraine\n        gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of [[dissolution\n        of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].  Ukraine\n        has maintained its independence as a sovereign state ever since.  Before its\n        independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as \\\"The Ukraine\\\",\n        but sources since then have moved to drop \\\"the\\\" from the name of Ukraine\n        in all uses.\\n\\nFollowing its independence, Ukraine\n        declared itself a [[neutral state]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=27\n        September 2007|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} Nonetheless it formed\n        a limited military partnership with the Russian Federation and other [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States|CIS countries]] and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership\n        with NATO]] in 1994. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO,\n        and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action\n        Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO\n        should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient,{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|title=NATO\n        confirms readiness for Ukraine''s joining organization|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=13\n        April 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416153024/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|archive-date=16\n        April 2010}} and was against Ukraine joining NATO.{{cite\n        news|author=Richard Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107|title=Yanukovich\n        vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=7 January 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}} In 2013, after the government of President Yanukovych\n        had decided to suspend the [[Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement]]\n        and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations\n        and protests known as the [[Euromaidan]] began, which later escalated into\n        the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] that led to the overthrow of President Yanukovych\n        and his cabinet and the establishment of a new government. These events formed\n        the background for the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] in March 2014, and the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014.\n        On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the [[Deep and Comprehensive\n        Free Trade Area]] with the European Union.\\n\\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because\n        of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the world''s largest [[Grain\n        trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister|title=Ukraine\n        becomes world''s third biggest grain exporter in 2011 \\u2013 minister|publisher=Black\n        Sea Grain|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=31 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister\n        |archivedate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm|title=World\n        Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation|date=2013|accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large\n        [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]],\n        [[executive branch|executive]] and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and\n        largest city is [[Kiev]]. Taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel,[[#IISS2010|IISS\n        2010]], pp. 195\\u2013197 Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military\n        of Ukraine|military]] in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home\n        to 42.5 million people (excluding [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]), 77.8 percent of whom are [[Ukrainians]] \\\"by ethnicity\\\",\n        followed by a sizeable minority of [[Russians]] (17.3 percent) as well as\n        [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Bulgarians]]\n        and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]]\n        and its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion\n        in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has\n        strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]]\n        and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].  It is a member of the [[United Nations]]\n        since its founding, the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization for Security\n        and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic\n        Development|GUAM]], and one of the founding states of the [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States]] (CIS).\\n{{TOC limit}}\\n\\n== Etymology ==\\n{{Main|Name\n        of Ukraine}}\\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name\n        of Ukraine|name ''''Ukraine'''']]. According to the older and most widespread\n        hypothesis, it means \\\"borderland\\\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed\n        today and every day|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides|title=Linguistic\n        divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine?|publisher=The Economist|date=5\n        February 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014|subscription=y}} while more recently\n        some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \\\"homeland\\\" or \\\"region,\n        country\\\".{{cite web|author=Hryhoriy Pivtorak|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u043d,\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=The origin of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians\n        and their languages|language=uk|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\n\\\"The\n        Ukraine\\\" was once the usual form in English,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine \\u2013\n        Definition|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}}\n        but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \\\"the Ukraine\\\"\n        has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides\n        largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml|title=The\n        \\\"the\\\" is gone|publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIX, No. 49|date=8\n        December 1991|accessdate=21 October 2015}}{{cite web|author=Adam\n        Taylor|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12|title=Why\n        Ukraine Isn''t ''The Ukraine,'' And Why That Matters Now|publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]]|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=21 October 2015}} \\\"The Ukraine\\\"\n        now implies disregard for the country''s sovereignty, according to U.S. ambassador\n        [[William B. Taylor, Jr.|William Taylor]].{{cite news|title=\\u2018Ukraine\\u2019\n        or \\u2018the Ukraine\\u2019? It\\u2019s more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|accessdate=11\n        August 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Early history ===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n\n        pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Pokrov, Ukraine|Pokrov]],\n        dated to the 4th century BC]]\\n\\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is\n        seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000\\u201345,000 BC) which include\n        a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html|title=Neanderthals\n        built homes with mammoth bones|publisher=Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=18\n        December 2011|author=Richard Gray|accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova\n        I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is\n        also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of\n        the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm\n        | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories\n        reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge)\n        | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''''Shaping\n        World History'''' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize \\u2013 When and Where Did\n        Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum\n        of the Horse }}{{cite news|title=Horsey-aeology,\n        Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man,\n        Fact or Fiction|url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|archivedate=7\n        October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald|publisher=CBC\n        Radio|date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\\n\\nModern human\n        settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence\n        of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020834|title=The\n        Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating,\n        Culture and Behavior|author1=Sandrine Prat|author2=St\\u00e9phane C. P\\u00e9an|author3=Laurent\n        Cr\\u00e9pin|author4=Doroth\\u00e9e G. Drucker|author5=Simon J. Puaud|author6=H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne\n        Valladas|author7=Martina L\\u00e1zni\\u010dkov\\u00e1-Galetov\\u00e1|author8=Johannes\n        van der Plicht|author9=Alexander Yanevich|date=17 June 2011|publisher=plosone|accessdate=21\n        June 2011}}{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262|title=Early\n        human fossils unearthed in Ukraine|author=Jennifer Carpenter|date=20 June\n        2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]]\n        [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in\n        a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]]\n        and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the\n        land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian|title=Scythian|accessdate=21\n        October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} Between 700 BC\n        and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the sixth century BC, colonies\n        of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such\n        as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded on\n        the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]]. These colonies thrived well into\n        the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the\n        sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory\n        of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of\n        the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions,\n        and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n=== Golden Age of Kiev ===\\n\\n{{Main|Kievan\n        Rus''}}\\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The baptism\n        of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']].]]\\n\\nKievan Rus'' was founded by the [[Rus'' people]], who came from\n        Scandinavia across [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and settled in Kiev around 880\n        AD. Kievan Rus'' included the central, western and northern part of modern\n        Ukraine, [[Belarus]], far eastern strip of Poland and the western part of\n        present-day Russia. According to the ''''[[Primary Chronicle]]'''' the Rus''\n        elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it\n        became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It\n        laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia\n        |edition=6 |year=2001\\u20132007 |article=Kievan Rus |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |archivedate=19 August 2000 }} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine,\n        became the most important city of the Rus''.\\n\\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan\n        Rus'' (1054-1132).jpg|thumb|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus'']], 1054\\u20131132]]\\n\\nThe\n        Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of\n        the first Rus'' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus'' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled\n        by the interrelated Rurikid ''''[[knyaz]]es'''' (\\\"princes\\\"), who often fought\n        each other for possession of Kiev.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        Golden Age of Kievan Rus'' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]]\n        (980\\u20131015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus''|turned Rus'' toward\n        Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]]\n        (1019\\u20131054), Kievan Rus'' reached the zenith of its cultural development\n        and military power. The state soon fragmented as\n        the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence\n        under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113\\u20131125) and his son [[Mstislav\n        I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125\\u20131132), Kievan Rus'' finally disintegrated\n        into separate principalities following Mstislav''s death.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]] devastated\n        Kievan Rus''. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 April 2011 |title=The Destruction of Kiev |accessdate=3\n        January 2008 |work=University of Toronto''s Research Repository }} On\n        today''s Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]]\n        and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state\n        of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm|title=Roman\n        Mstyslavych|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}\\n\\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo\n        Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the\n        Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus'', including\n        Volhynia, Galicia and Rus'' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by\n        the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the\n        first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus''. Under Danylo''s reign, the Kingdom of\n        Galicia\\u2013Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central\n        Europe.[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Romanovich \\\"Daniel\n        Romanovich\\\"].Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.\n        23 August 2007\\n\\n=== Foreign domination ===\\n\\n{{See\n        also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman\n        Empire|Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|Following\n        the [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled\n        by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and after the [[Union of Lublin]]\n        (1569) was included in the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]], illustrated\n        here in 1619.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Boles\\u0142aw\n        Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns\n        (1340\\u20131366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile, the heartland of Rus'',\n        including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled\n        by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen'' River]].\n        Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland\n        and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly\n        Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.\n        By 1392 the so-called [[Galicia\\u2013Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers\n        of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or re-founded\n        many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially\n        Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded\n        the Crimean Khanate.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bohdan\n        Khmelnytsky]], [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine, established\n        an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising in 1648]]\n        against [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\\n\\nIn 1569 the [[Union\n        of Lublin]] established the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much\n        Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural\n        and political pressure of [[Polonisation]], which began in the late 14th century,\n        many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus)\n        converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny,\n        pp. 92\\u201393 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the\n        commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging\n        [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against\n        those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local\n        representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Poland |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]] (fee required) |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nFormed from [[Golden\n        Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol\n        invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern\n        Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured\n        and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The\n        Sultan''s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman\n        Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |year=2013 |page=16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df= }} The borderlands suffered annual\n        [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning\n        of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave\n        raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html\n        Halil Inalcik. \\\"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\\\"] in A. Ascher, B.\n        K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and\n        Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979,\n        pp. 25\\u201343. exported about two million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz\n        Ko\\u0142odziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves,\n        Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives\n        in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate\n        |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to\n        [[Orest Subtelny]], \\\"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar\n        raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\\\"Subtelny, Orest\n        (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record\n        number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''''\\\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. {{ISBN|0-87436-885-5}}\n        The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly\n        regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer. The last\n        remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire\n        in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the\n        Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish\n        Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources\n        |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to\n        govern this territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Location\n        of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as\n        a direct ancestor of today''s Ukraine.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-17th century,\n        a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper\n        Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\Z\\\\A\\\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia,\n        The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population,\n        but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]\n        and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were\n        allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\\\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf\n        The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\\\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki,\n        ''''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'''' However\n        the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and\n        especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 The Cossacks|accessdate=21 October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}}\\n\\nThe\n        Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition\n        of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack\n        Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the\n        Sejm.{{cite web|title=Poland \\u2013 The Cossacks|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Cossacks|publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n=== Cossack Hetmanate ===\\n[[File:Marten''s Poltava.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]],\n        1726]]\\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky\n        Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the\n        Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123\\u2013124 After\n        Khmelnytsky made an entry into Kiev in 1648, where he was hailed liberator\n        of the people from Polish captivity, he founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]\n        which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).\\n\\n[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Khmelnytsky]],\n        deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat\n        at Berestechko]] in 1651, and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654,\n        Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political\n        alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian tsar.\\n\\nIn\n        1657\\u20131686 came \\\"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\\\", a devastating\n        30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine,\n        which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of\n        Poland. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths.\n        Defeat came in 1686 as the \\\"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\\\"\n        between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\\n\\nIn\n        1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639\\u20131709) defected to [[Sweden]]\n        against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700\\u20131721). Eventually\n        Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia''s political and\n        economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]]\n        and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after\n        fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their\n        Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\\n\\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The\n        first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This\n        copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original\n        is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\\n\\nThe [[Constitution of\n        Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian\n        Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]],\n        a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082709/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/\n        \\\"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk\n        being celebrated\\\"], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', (5 April 2010) It established\n        a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative,\n        executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]''s\n        [[The Spirit of the Laws|''''Spirit of the Laws'''']]. The Constitution limited\n        the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected\n        [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk''s [[Constitution]]\n        was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions\n        in Europe.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe hetmanate was abolished\n        in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia\n        centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning\n        of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper\n        were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into\n        the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone\n        of Russian foreign policy.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Kirill\n        Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman\n        of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750\\u20131764 and the first person to declare\n        Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\\n\\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast\n        estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from\n        [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically\n        tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other\n        using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics\n        and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596,\n        they set up the \\\"Greek-Catholic\\\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate\n        Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation\n        left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to\n        follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27\\u201330\\n\\nCossacks\n        led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian\n        borderlands of the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity\n        was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of\n        Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious\n        warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between\n        Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border\n        on the [[Dnieper River]] in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine\n        II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become\n        more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence\n        on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing\n        Polish and Russian political allegiances.{{cite journal | last1 = Skinner\n        | first1 = Barbara | year = 2005 | title = Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering\n        the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy | url = | journal = Slavic Review | volume\n        = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 88\\u2013116 | doi=10.2307/3650068}}\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]]\n        was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421073907/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule\n        Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''''Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica.''''\n        Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the\n        Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting.\n        However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later\n        period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing\n        the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite\n        journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship\n        of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863\\u20131876): Intention\n        and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=March\\u2013June 2007|volume=47|pages=87\\u2013110|jstor=40871165|publisher=Canadian\n        Association of Slavists}}\\n\\n=== 19th century, World War I and revolution\n        ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\\n{{Further information|Ukraine\n        during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\\n[[File:1904\n        Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing administrative\n        units of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia within the Russian Empire\n        prior to Ukrainian independence 1917\\u20131921.]]\\n[[File:Mapa from Ukraine\n        postcard 1919.jpg|thumbnail|Ukraine according to an old postal stamp from\n        1919 that was reprinted in 2008.]]\\n\\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural\n        area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and\n        modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian\n        [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged.\n        The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814\\u20131861) and the\n        political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841\\u20131895) led the growing\n        nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nAfter the [[Russo-Turkish\n        War (1768\\u20131774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors\n        encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into\n        Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage agriculture.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was migration\n        from Ukraine to distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897\n        census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in\n        [[Central Asia]].Rainer M\\u00fcnz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor]''''\\\".\n        Routledge. p. 164. {{ISBN|0-7146-5232-6}} An additional 1.6 million\n        emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian\n        Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}\n        [[Russian Far East|Far Eastern]] areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population\n        became known as [[Green Ukraine]].Jonathan D. Smele (2015). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476\n        Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916\\u20131926]''''. Rowman\n        & Littlefield. p.476. {{ISBN|1-4422-5281-2}}\\n\\nNationalist and socialist\n        parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]],\n        under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the centre\n        of the nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nUkrainians\n        entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under\n        Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians\n        fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]],\n        while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340\\u2013344}}\n        [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian\n        Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This became the [[Ukrainian Galician\n        Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War\n        I period (1919\\u201323). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria\n        were treated harshly.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof\n        |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The\n        world academy of Rusyn culture}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|left|Ukraine\n        in 1918]]\\n\\nWorld War I destroyed both empires. The [[Russian Revolution\n        of 1917]] led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s,\n        and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for\n        self-determination re-emerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence.\n        Several Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the internationally recognized [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (''''''UNR'''''', the predecessor of modern Ukraine,\n        was declared on 23 June 1917 proclaimed at first as a part of the Russian\n        Republic; after the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the Ukrainian People''s Republic\n        proclaimed its independence on 25 January 1918), the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]],\n        the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories\n        in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the Ukrainian lands of former\n        Austro-Hungarian territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[Act\n        Zluky]] (Unification Act) was an agreement signed on January 22, 1919 by the\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] and the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        on the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia Square]] in [[Kiev]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThis led to civil war, and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        movement called the [[Black Guards|Black Army]] or later [[The Revolutionary\n        Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]] developed in Southern Ukraine under the\n        command of the anarchist [[Nestor Makhno]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\M\\\\A\\\\MakhnoNestor.htm\n        |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}} They protected the operation of \\\"[[Soviet (council)|free\n        soviets]]\\\" and [[libertarian socialism|libertarian]] [[communes]] in the\n        [[Free Territory]], an attempt to form a [[Stateless society|stateless]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        society from 1918 to 1921 during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian\n        Revolution]], fighting both the tsarist [[Armed Forces of South Russia|White\n        Army]] under [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and later the [[Red Army]] under [[Leon\n        Trotsky|Trotsky]], before being defeated by the latter in August 1921.\\n\\nPoland\n        defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against\n        the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According\n        to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was incorporated into Poland, which\n        in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919.\n        With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory\n        to Poland, Belarus and Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River\n        was created Moldavian autonomy.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Ukraine\n        became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in\n        December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=2008-04-18|title=Interwar\n        Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]\n        (fee required)}}\\n\\n=== Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina\n        ===\\n{{See also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918\\u20131938)}}\\n[[File:Huculy\n        1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]],\n        c. 1930]]\\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however,\n        most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and\n        Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]]\n        was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First\n        Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:1930 in Ukraine.png|thumb|left|A map showing Ukraine''s territory,\n        circa 1930.]]\\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose\n        in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s because of Polish national policies, which\n        was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement\n        attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish\n        state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of\n        fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented.\n        A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press,\n        and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the\n        1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\\n{{See also|Holodomor}}\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0423\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u0432\n        1925.gif|thumb|Urban population of Ukraine in 1925 {{colbegin}} {{legend|#006400|Ukrainian}}\n        {{legend|#FAD6A5|Russian}} {{legend|#000000|Jewish}} {{legend|#CCFCCC|Polish}}\n        {{colend}}]]\\n\\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated\n        the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people\n        dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory.\n        Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting\n        the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine\n        of 1920\\u20131924\\n|work=The Norka \\u2013 a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4\n        March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine\n        of 1921\\u20133|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}\n        During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy\n        pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet\n        leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part\n        of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''''indigenisation''''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health\n        care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work\n        and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}}\n        [[Women''s rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp.\n        138\\u201339 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early\n        1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''''de facto'''' communist party\n        leader.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source|date=September\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]\n        under construction circa 1930.]]\\n\\nStarting from the late 1920s with a [[First\n        five-year plan (Soviet Union)|centrally planned economy]], Ukraine was involved\n        in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic''s\n        industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The\n        peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]]\n        of agriculture which began during and was part of the [[First five-year plan\n        (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and\n        [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity\n        greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed\n        to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to\n        death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]]\n        known as the [[Holodomor]] or the \\\"Great Famine\\\".\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm\n        Ukraine remembers famine horror]\\\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\\n\\nScholars\n        are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]],\n        but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and the governments of other countries have\n        acknowledged it as such.{{Ref label|B|b|none}}\\n\\nThe Communist leadership\n        perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment\n        tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \\\"The Role\n        of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931\\u20131934.\\\"\n        ''''Europe-Asia Studies'''' 2005 57(6): 823\\u2013841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext\n        in [[Ebsco]]\\n\\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two\n        future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        (an engineer from [[Kamianske]]) depicted together.]]\\n\\nLargely the same\n        groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war,\n        collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were\n        associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891\\u20131939) and operated in the\n        Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration\n        ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929\\u201331. Evdokimov transferred\n        into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary\n        for [[North Caucasus Krai]]. He appears to have continued advising Joseph\n        Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on\n        Evdokimov''s former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that\n        are known as the Great Terror in 1937\\u201338.Stephen G. Wheatcroft,\n        \\\"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin''s Great Terror.\\\"\n        ''''Australian Journal of Politics and History'''' 2007 53(1): 20\\u201343.\n        {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''''The Harvest\n        of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'''' (1986). Mark\n        B. Tauger, \\\"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\\\" ''''Slavic Review'''',\n        Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70\\u201389, notes the harvest was unusually\n        poor. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600 online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]],\n        [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \\\"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine\n        of 1932\\u20131933,\\\" ''''Slavic Review,'''' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995),\n        pp. 642\\u2013657 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740 online in JSTOR]; Michael\n        Ellman. \\\"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333 Revisited\\\", ''''Europe-Asia\n        Studies'''', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663\\u201393.\\n\\nOn\n        13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against\n        Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html\n        Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\\n\\n=== World War II ===\\n\\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\\n\\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]]\n        in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops\n        divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]\n        and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the\n        rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson,\n        p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\\n\\nIn 1940, the Soviets annexed [[Bessarabia]]\n        and northern [[Bukovina]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and\n        southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]].\n        But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist\n        Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. These\n        territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the [[Paris\n        Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u043b \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        1940 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko]] (born\n        in the [[Budjak]] region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including\n        the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] east of Kiev\n        in 1941]]\\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the\n        Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of [[total war]].\n        The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful\n        efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle\n        of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \\\"[[Hero City]]\\\", because of its fierce\n        [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or\n        one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or taken captive\n        there, with many suffering [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|severe\n        mistreatment]].Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\\n\\nAlthough\n        the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet\n        partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\W\\\\O\\\\Worldwars.htm|title=World\n        wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western\n        Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942).\n        Created as forces of the [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government\n        in exile]],Subtelny, Orest (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 410 it fell under the influence of the\n        underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed\n        in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski\n        and the \\\"Volhynia Experiment\\\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]].\n        Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent\n        Ukrainian state]] on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although\n        this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Atanasovych\n        Melnyk|Melnyk]] wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions\n        also carried out [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres\n        of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/\n        A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010\n        which brought reprisals.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf\n        Polska reakcja na dzia\\u0142ania UPA \\u2013 skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych].\n        After the war, the UPA continued to fight the USSR until the 1950s.Piotrowski\n        pp. 352\\u201354Weiner pp. 127\\u2013237 At the same time,\n        the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside\n        the Nazis.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in\n        WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19\n        September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\\n\\nIn total, the number of ethnic\n        Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|C|c|1}} The\n        [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is\n        estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its\n        peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476\n        Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army''s figures are unreliable, with figures\n        ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi,\n        p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMost\n        of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]],\n        with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement.\n        Some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939, hailed\n        the Germans as liberators.  Brutal German rule eventually turned their supporters\n        against the Nazi administrators, who made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction\n        with Stalinist policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227142736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archivedate=2010-02-27|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system,\n        carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against\n        [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions\n        of people to work in Germany]], and began a depopulation program to prepare\n        for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food\n        on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''''Harvest\n        of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'''', Harvard University\n        Press: April 2004. p. 164\\n\\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World\n        War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg,\n        p. 264 By some estimates, 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov,\n        Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \\\"Who won World\n        War II?\\\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5\n        July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population\n        during the war are estimated at [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between\n        5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |archivedate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Kulchytsky, Stalislav,\n        ''''\\\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\\\"'''', [[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]], 2\\u20138 October 2004. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Ukrainian]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one\n        and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding\n        Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local\n        collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in\n        battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Overy, p. 518\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0413. \\u0424., ''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f \\u0438 \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420\n        \\u0432 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430: \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b.\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435''''\n        (Krivosheev G. F., ''''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century:\n        losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'''') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million\n        were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|C|c|2}}{{Ref label|D|d|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory\n        Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20\n        April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of\n        Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Post-World War II ===\\n{{Further\n        information|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union\n        (1953\\u20131964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964\\u20131982)|History of the\n        Soviet Union (1982\\u20131991)}}\\n\\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the\n        war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities\n        and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=29 September 2007 |title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath\n        |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]] (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]]\n        in 1946\\u201347, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction\n        of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest\n        estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation|last=\\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        [Kulchytsky] |first=\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        [Stanislav] |title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 |trans_title=Demographic losses in Ukraine\n        in the twentieth century |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=2\\u20138 October\n        2004 |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php |language=Russian\n        |publisher=[Demoscope] |place=[[Russia|RU]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914100418/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php\n        |archivedate=14 September 2012 |df= }}{{cite web | title =\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine\n        in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21\n        July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Demographic\n        losses in Ukraine twentieth century|language=uk|url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archivedate=2007-03-13|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014}}\\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became\n        one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities\n        of the Member States \\u2013 Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher=\n        United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite\n        web| url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United\n        Nations | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm\n        | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote=\n        Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security\n        Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt\n        and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security\n        Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia\n        while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes\n        for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:Sergey\n        Korolyov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]],\n        the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during\n        the [[Space Race]]]]\\n\\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly\n        expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to\n        Russians among adult \\\"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\\\",\n        comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web|url=http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |title=Migration and migration policy in Ukraine |first=Olena |last=Malynovska\n        |date=14 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061703/http://niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |df= }} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic\n        [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from\n        Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\\n\\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the\n        [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]]\n        in 1938\\u201349, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after\n        taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize \\\"the friendship\\\" between\n        the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty\n        of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954\n        transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The\n        Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International\n        Committee for Crimea}}\\n\\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed\n        pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 The last years of Stalin''s\n        rule |accessdate=28 December 2007 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} During the 1946\\u20131950 [[Five-Year\n        Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested\n        in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from pre-war plans. As a result, the Ukrainian\n        workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times\n        in that same period.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nSoviet Ukraine\n        soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644\n        and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research.\n        Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many\n        members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964\n        to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came\n        from Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nOn 26 April 1986, a\n        reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the\n        [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite\n        news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220746/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=''Sombre anniversary'' of\n        worst nuclear disaster in history \\u2013 Chernobyl: 10th anniversary |accessdate=16\n        December 2007 |author=Remy, Johannes |year=1996 |publisher=Find articles |work=[[UN\n        Chronicle]] }} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible\n        rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \\\"major\n        accident\\\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale\n        | title=''Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale''}} At the\n        time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories,\n        including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title\n        = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2\n        | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|\n        accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources\n        | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\\n\\nAfter the accident, the new city of\n        [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the\n        employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared\n        by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]]\n        attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have\n        been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA\n        Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl}}\\n\\n===\n        Independence ===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate\n        the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian\n        President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris\n        Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving\n        the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament\n        adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|title=Declaration\n        of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July\n        1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} This established the principles\n        of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian\n        law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty\n        of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]]\n        was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period\n        of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a faction\n        among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted\n        a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party''s\n        power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted\n        the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30|title=Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12\n        September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}\\n\\nA\n        [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1\n        December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for\n        the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament,\n        [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha\n        Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma\n        Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine\n        formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall ''Inevitable''\n        Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8\n        December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\\n\\nUkraine was initially\n        viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other\n        regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced\n        deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]].\n        During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian\n        GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October\n        2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12\n        July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December\n        2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation\n        rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The\n        IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31\n        August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International\n        Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well\n        as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested\n        and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn\n        1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine''s Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]\n        |issue=100|pages=125\\u2013143|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the\n        [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country\n        enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent\n        annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm\n        |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher=[[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm\n        |archivedate=21 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607053509/http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-07|title=Ukraine.\n        Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}\n        A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]]\n        and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised\n        by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech\n        and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader''s\n        Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/01/world/leader-s-party-seems-to-slip-in-ukraine.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine\n        also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear\n        weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers\n        on its territory in exchange for various assurances (main article: [[Nuclear\n        weapons and Ukraine]]).{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Country Profiles \\u2013 NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\\n\\n===\n        Orange Revolution ===\\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion\n        Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence\n        Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\\n\\nIn 2004, [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely\n        rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The\n        Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3\n        December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry\n        in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged\n        the outcome. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, candidate Yushchenko\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko#Dioxin poisoning|suddenly became gravely ill]], and was\n        soon found by multiple independent physician groups, to have been poisoned\n        by [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|TCDD dioxin]].{{cite news | title = Yushchenko: ''Live And Carry On''\n        | publisher = CBS News | date = 2005-01-30 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/28/60minutes/main670103.shtml\n        }}[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hW1QRD4tlRX2-UW9yc_oDcwrzMgwD99SBRO80\n        Associated Press: Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab] {{dead\n        link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}  Yushchenko strongly\n        suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49610 |title= Yushchenko to Russia:\n        Hand over witnesses |publisher= [[Kyiv Post]] |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2010-02-11}}  All\n        of this eventually resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing\n        Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor\n        Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |accessdate=14\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }}\\n\\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained\n        in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western\n        pollsters{{Clarify|date=July 2015}} and professional consultants{{Who|date=July\n        2015}} who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies\n        but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]]\n        and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000\n        out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures\n        The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel\n        Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page\n        30-44) According to ''''[[The Guardian]]'''', the foreign donors included\n        the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United\n        States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National\n        Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican\n        Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and\n        [[George Soros]]''s [[Open Society Institute]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004)\n        The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building\n        efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \\\"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html\n        In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\\\" ''''Washington Post'''', 4 December 2004.\n        URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent\n        struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of\n        the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine\n        Russia, the US, \\\"the Others\\\" and the \\\"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\\\":\n        Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October\n        2011)\\n\\nRussian authorities provided support through advisers such\n        as [[Gleb Pavlovsky]], consulting on blackening the image of Yushchenko through\n        the state media, pressuring state-dependent voters to vote for Yanukovych\n        and on vote-rigging techniques such as multiple ''[[carousel voting]]'' and\n        ''dead souls'' voting.\\n\\nYanukovych returned to power\n        in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm\n        Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until\n        [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]]\n        made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm\n        Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid\n        the [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged\n        by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine\n        towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3\n        March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}}\n        [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped\n        all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages\n        in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia\n        shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm\n        Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President\n        in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and\n        Cooperation in Europe said that the election \\\"met most requirements\\\" for\n        fairness and that the election process was \\\"transparent.\\\"{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/67844?download=true|title=Ukraine:\n        Presidential Election 17 January and 7 February 2010: OSCE/ODIHR Election\n        Observation Mission Final Report|work=OSCE|location=Warsaw|date=28 April 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}}\\n\\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\\n{{Main|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\n{{Details|topic=the ongoing protests|Timeline of the\n        Euromaidan}}\\n[[File:Euromaidan 01.JPG|thumb|Pro-EU demonstration in Kiev,\n        27 November 2013, during [[Euromaidan]]]]\\n\\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0404\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d}},\n        literally \\\"Eurosquare\\\") protests started in November 2013 after the president,\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began moving away from an association agreement that\n        had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish\n        closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823\n        Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December\n        2013){{Cite journal|title=Frustrated Leadership: Russia''s Economic\n        Alternative to the West|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12301/abstract|author1-first=Juliet|author1-last=Johnson|author2-first=Se\\u00e7kin|author2-last=K\\u00f6stem|journal=[[Global\n        Policy]]|publisher=[[Wiley Online Library]]|volume=7|issue=2|date=May 2016|p=212|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12301|quote=In\n        fact, the Ukrainian crisis broke out in November 2013 when former President\n        Viktor Yanukovych announced under Russian pressure that he would no longer\n        pursue an EU Association Agreement.}} Some Ukrainians took to the streets\n        to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine\n        Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows\n        |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the\n        predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed\n        the ''''Euromaidan'''' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view:\n        Ukraine ''other half'' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC\n        News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''''Euromaidan'''' came to describe\n        a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to\n        include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov\n        Government|his government]].{{cite news|author=Richard\n        Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212|title=Kiev\n        protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=12 December\n        2013|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nViolence escalated after 16 January\n        2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest\n        Laws]]. Violent anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre\n        of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with\n        approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite\n        web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=\\u0417\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0437\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u0445 \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        1,5 \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0431, 100 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|author=\\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724070743/http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archivedate=24\n        July 2014|script-title=uk:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u041e\\u0417 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|trans-title=Information\n        about the victims of clashes: Press Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine|language=uk|publisher=moz.gov.ua|date=22\n        February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=\\u041c\\u0412\\u0421\n        \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418|work=\\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\\\"\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456\\\" \\u2014 tsn.ua|work=\\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua}}\n        from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency|title=Ukraine\n        threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry|publisher=The\n        Guardian|date=27 January 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska\n        |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706094102/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archivedate=2014-07-06 |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation\n        urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to\n        the violent protests, Members of Parliament voted on 22 February to remove\n        the president and set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]]\n        for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave\n        |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/\n        |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com\n        |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]],\n        running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the\n        vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''''The\n        New York Times'''', \\\"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\\\",\n        By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election\n        of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David\n        M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff.\n        Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would\n        be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with\n        the Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7\n        June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key\n        ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square\n        (the centre of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |author=Adam Taylor |title=Why Ukraine Is So Important |publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]] |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |archivedate=14 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archivedate=29\n        May 2014|title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June\n        7|author=Lukas Alpert|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29\n        May 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |title=Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603165249/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |archivedate= 3 June 2014 |df= }} In October 2014 [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014|Parliament elections]], [[Petro Poroshenko Bloc \\\"Solidarity\\\"]]\n        won 132 of the 423 contested seats.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and\n        Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=27 October\n        2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}\\n\\n===\n        Civil unrest and Russian intervention ===\\n{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|War in Donbass|Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n\\n{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center\\n\n        | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 220\\n | header =\\n |\n        image1 = 2014-03-09. \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b \\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043a\\u0435 022.jpg\\n | alt1 =\\n | caption1\n        = Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014\\n | image2 = 2014 Russo-ukrainian-conflict\n        map.svg\\n | alt2 =\\n | caption2 = [[Crimea]], which is under Russian control,\n        is shown in pink. Pink in the [[Donbass]] area represents areas held by the\n        [[Donetsk People''s Republic|DPR]]/[[Lugansk People''s Republic|LPR]] separatists\n        in September 2014 (cities in red)\\n}}\\n\\nThe ousting[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26304842\n        Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych] bbc.co.uk, 22 February 2014,\n        accessed 1 January 2016 of Yanukovych prompted Vladimir Putin to begin\n        preparations to annex Crimea on 23 February 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/vladimir-putin-describes-secret-meeting-when-russia-decided-to-seize-crimea|title=Vladimir\n        Putin describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea|publisher=The\n        Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/11458426/Putin-reveals-the-moment-he-gave-the-secret-order-for-Russias-annexation-of-Crimea.html|title=Putin\n        reveals the moment he gave the secret order for Russia''s annexation of Crimea|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}} Using the Russian naval base\n        at Sevastopol as cover, Putin directed Russian troops and intelligence agents\n        to disarm Ukrainian forces and take control of Crimea.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|title=Putin:\n        Russia Prepared Raising Nuclear Readiness Over Crimea|publisher=New York Times|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=15 March 2015|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620143551/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|archive-date=20\n        June 2015}}{{cite news|author=Neil MacFarquhar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/16/world/europe/putin-says-he-weighed-nuclear-alert-over-crimea.html|title=Putin\n        Says He Weighed Nuclear Alert Over Crimea|publisher=nytimes.com|date=16 March\n        2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/russia-pressure-ukraine-troops-disarm|title=Russians\n        pressure Ukrainian forces in Crimea to disarm|publisher=The Guardian|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author1=Olena\n        Goncharova|author2=Kyiv Post staff|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/a-year-after-referendum-putin-talks-about-yanukovych-rescue-nuclear-readiness-over-crimea-383567.html|title=A\n        year after referendum, Putin talks about Yanukovych rescue, nuclear readiness\n        over Crimea|publisher=kyivpost.com|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}} After the troops entered Crimea,{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|title=Russian\n        Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch One)|publisher=vicenews.com|date=5\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} a controversial [[Crimean referendum,\n        2014|referendum]] was held on 16 March 2014 and the official result was that\n        97 percent wished to join with Russia.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/official-results-97-of-crimea-voters-back-joining-russia/|title=Official\n        results: 97 percent of Crimea voters back joining Russia|publisher=cbsnews.com|date=17\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} On 18 March 2014, Russia and\n        the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by\n        the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession\n        of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation. The\n        UN general assembly responded by passing [[United Nations General Assembly\n        Resolution 68/262|resolution 68/262]] that the referendum was invalid and\n        supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine.{{cite news|author1=Alex\n        Felton|author2=Marie-Louise Gumuchian|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=U.N.\n        General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid|publisher=cnn.com|date=27\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nSeparately, in the [[Donetsk]]\n        and [[Luhansk]] regions, armed men declaring themselves as local militia seized\n        government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities\n        and held unrecognised [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia\n        Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12\n        May 2014}} The insurgency was led by Russian emissaries [[Igor Girkin]]{{cite\n        web|author=Anna Dolgov|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine/511584.html|title=Russia''s\n        Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine|work=The Moscow\n        Times|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} and [[Alexander\n        Borodai]]{{cite news|author=Roman Olearchyk|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html|title=Rebel\n        leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|publisher=Financial Times|subscription=y|date=7\n        August 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} as well as militants from [[Russia]],\n        such as [[Arseny Pavlov]].{{cite news|author1=Sabrian Tavernise|author2=Noah\n        Sneider|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/first-self-declared-wedding-in-donetsk-peoples-republic-ukraine-rebels-make-love-not-war.html?_r=1|title=For\n        a Weekend, Ukraine Rebels Make Love, Not War|publisher=New York Times|date=13\n        July 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\nTalks in [[Geneva]] between\n        the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred\n        to as the [[2014 Geneva Pact]][https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html\n        Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York\n        Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that\n        all unlawful militias lay down their arms and vacate seized government buildings,\n        and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for\n        Ukraine''s regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election\n        held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian\n        government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |title=Poroshenko promises calm ''in hours'' amid battle to control Donetsk\n        airport |publisher=The Guardian |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |archivedate=26 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} More than 9,000 people\n        have been killed in the military campaign.{{Cite web|url=http://112.international/conflict-in-eastern-ukraine/un-9449-dead-21843-wounded-in-donbas-conflict-6487.html|title=UN:\n        9,449 dead, 21,843 wounded in Donbas conflict|website=112.international|access-date=2016-06-29}}\\n\\n[[File:OSCE\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumb|left|[[OSCE]]\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March\n        2015]]\\n\\nIn August 2014, a bilateral commission of leading scholars from\n        the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step\n        plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.{{cite\n        news|author=Uri Friedman|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/a-24-step-plan-to-resolve-the-ukraine-crisis/379121/|title=A\n        24-Step Plan|publisher=The Atlantic|date=26 August 2014|accessdate=21 October\n        2015}} The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories\n        for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements\n        of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and\n        Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine''s \\\"first\n        but most decisive step\\\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as the target for [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        relations|EU membership application]].\\n\\nIn\n        February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire\n        with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal\n        of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions\n        by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as Ukrainian control\n        of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops\n        from Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015.\n        Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure\n        that the agreement is respected.{{cite\n        web|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work|title=Ukraine\n        ceasefire: European leaders sceptical peace plan will work|publisher=The Guardian|date=13\n        February 2015|accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\nOn 1 January 2016, Ukraine\n        joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]] with European Union, which aims to modernize and\n        develop Ukraine''s economy, governance and rule of law to EU standards and\n        gradually increase integration with the EU [[Internal market]].[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150981.pdf<\n        EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]. trade.ec.europa.eu.\\n\\n==\n        Historical maps of states ==\\nSeveral states have existed on the territory\n        of present-day Ukraine since its foundation. Most of these territories have\n        been located within [[Eastern Europe]]. However, as depicted in the maps here,\n        they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].\n        At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories\n        having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\\n
\\n\\nFile:001\n        Kievan Rus'' Kyivan Rus'' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan\n        Rus'', last 20 years of the state (1220\\u20131240).\\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia\n        Volhynia Rus'' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]\n        or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245\\u20131349).\\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania\n        Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]],\n        Rus'' and Samogitia until 1434.\\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth\n        1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\\u2013Ruthenian Commonwealth]]\n        or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate\n        and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\\n\\n
\\n\\n==\n        Geography ==\\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\\n\\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}}\n        and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world''s [[List\n        of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after\n        [[South Sudan]] and before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European\n        country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second-largest country]]\n        in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref\n        label|E|e|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel\n        north|44\\u00b0]] and [[53rd parallel north|53\\u00b0 N]], and longitudes [[22nd\n        meridian east|22\\u00b0]] and [[41st meridian east|41\\u00b0 E]].\\n\\nThe landscape\n        of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus,\n        crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''Dnipro''''}}),\n        [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug]] as they flow south\n        into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest,\n        the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania.\n        Ukraine''s various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the\n        highlands to the lowlands. The country''s only mountains are the [[Carpathian\n        Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}},\n        and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine\n        |archivedate= 15 January 2008 |title= Ukraine \\u2013 Relief |accessdate= 27\n        December 2007 |work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=\n        yes |df= }} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such\n        as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and\n        the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are\n        the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs\n        the border with the [[Russian Federation]]. Near the [[Sea of Azov]] can be\n        found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the\n        mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form sudden drops\n        in elevation and give rise to [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0413\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0437 \\u041a\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian\n        mountains|Carpathian National Park]] and [[Hoverla]] at {{convert|2,061|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        the highest mountain in Ukraine\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443.jpg|\n        Dawn on South Demerdji, [[Alushta]], [[Crimea]]\\nFile:Flag colors.jpg|Typical\n        agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0422\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u043010.jpg|View of \\\"Tykhaya Bay\\\" near [[Koktebel]]\n        on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]''s [[Black Sea]] coast\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438.jpg|[[Kinburn\n        Spit|Kinburn sandbar]], [[Ochakiv]] Raion, [[Mykolaiv Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0428\\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|\n        Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\\n\\n
\\n\\nSignificant\n        natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas,\n        oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury,\n        timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a\n        number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable\n        water; air- and water-pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination\n        in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl\n        Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household\n        waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.{{cite news|author= Oksana\n        Grytsenko|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|title= Environment\n        suffers from lack of recycling|publisher= [[Kyiv Post]]|date= 9 December 2011|dead-url=\n        y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012539/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|archive-date=\n        5 January 2012}}\\n\\n=== Soil ===\\nFrom northwest to southeast the soils\n        of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title= Ukraine|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n* a zone of sandy podzolized soils\\n* a central belt\n        consisting of the black, extremely fertile Ukrainian ([[Chornozem|chernozems]])\\n*\n        a zone of chestnut and salinized soils\\n\\nAs much as two-thirds of the country''s\n        surface land consists of the so-called black earth ([[chornozem]]), a resource\n        that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well\n        known as a \\\"breadbasket\\\".Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The\n        land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010. These ([[chornozem]])\n        soils may be divided into three broad groups:\\n\\n* in the north a belt of\n        the so-called deep chernozems, about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off}} thick and\n        rich in humus\\n* south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary,\n        chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}\n        thick\\n* the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus\\n\\nInterspersed\n        in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep\n        chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils,\n        which together occupy much of Ukraine''s remaining area. All these soils are\n        very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive\n        cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion\n        and gullying.\\n\\nThe smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the\n        chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly\n        salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.\\n\\n=== Biodiversity ===\\n{{further information|Wildlife of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, microorganisms and plants.\\n\\n====\n        Animals ====\\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black\n        Sea}}\\n{{multiple image\\n   | align = right\\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\\n   |\n        width1 = 184\\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native\n        of the east Ukrainian steppes\\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\\n  | image2\n        = \\u0411\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e. \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u0437\\u044c.jpg\\n   |\n        width2 = 185\\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western\n        and north-western Ukraine\\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\\n}}\\nUkraine is\n        divided{{by whom|date=August 2017}} into two main zoological areas. One of\n        these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of\n        Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located\n        in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested\n        areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar\n        and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals\n        make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine''s\n        lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst in the waters\n        carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the\n        central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers\n        are found in large numbers.\\n\\n==== Fungi ====\\nMore than 6,600 [[species]]\n        of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded\n        from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \\\"Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 a\n        preliminary checklist\\\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm|title= Cybertruffle''s\n        Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated organisms|publisher=\n        cybertruffle.org.uk|accessdate= 13 July 2011}} but this number is far\n        from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine,\n        including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the\n        generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have\n        so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers,\n        J. \\\"Dictionary of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount\n        of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made\n        to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such\n        species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url= http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title= Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher= cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate= 13 July 2011}}\\n\\n=== Climate ===\\n{{further information|Climate\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Ukraine\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate\n        climate]], with the exception of the southern coast of Crimea which has a\n        [[subtropical climate]].\\n{{cite web\\n|url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm\n        \\n|title= Ukraine|work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles\\n|publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization\\n|accessdate= 8 August 2016\\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        climate is influenced by moderately warm, humid air coming from the Atlantic\n        Ocean.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title=\n        Ukraine \\u2013 Climate|accessdate= 20 October 2015|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|\\u2013|7|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}}\n        in the north, to {{convert|11|\\u2013|13|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}} in the south. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately\n        distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and\n        southeast. Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian\n        Mountains, receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually,\n        while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}.\\n\\n== Politics ==\\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government\n        of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\\n{{Further information|2014 Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\n        float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;\\\"\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Petro Poroshenko 2014-06-26.jpg|139px]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Volodymyr Groisman.jpg|125px]]\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]
[[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Volodymyr\n        Groysman]]
[[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n|}\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]],\n        and [[judicial branch]]es.\\n\\n=== Constitution of Ukraine ===\\n{{Main|Constitution\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|In\n        the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false\n        Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design]\n        by [[Paul D''Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1811-5}} (p.\n        63)[https://euobserver.com/foreign/29431 EU endorses Ukraine election\n        result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (9 February 2010)[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014322/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\\n\\nWith the proclamation\n        of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28\n        June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004,\n        deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance\n        of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy\n        of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the\n        Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly\n        Portnykov. \\\"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination\n        of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former\n        Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to\n        the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control,\n        but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\\\". 1 October\n        2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite\n        this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments\n        were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution\n        and again making Ukraine''s political system more presidential in character.\\n\\nThe\n        ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political\n        discourse. Much of the concern was based on the fact that neither the Constitution\n        of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \\\"undo the Constitution\\\",\n        as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the\n        2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for\n        constitutional amendments (articles 154\\u2013159). In any case, the current\n        Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|title=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko: October 1 marks the end of Ukraine''s democracy and beginning\n        of dictatorship|publisher=Tymoshenko.ua|date=1 October 2010|accessdate=31\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009163812/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|archivedate=9\n        October 2011}}{{cite news|first=Serhiy|last=Hrabovsky|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u0441\\u0443\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0454\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f|trans-title=Judicial\n        absurdities, or Kotliarevsky is laughing again|language=uk|publisher=radiosvoboda.org|date=1\n        October 2010|accessdate=6 April 2016|quote=(Translation) These words handed\n        down on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (CCU) regarding\n        cancelling the political reforms of 2004 are worthy of being inscribed in\n        the annals of world jurisprudence. It turns out that \\\"the stability of the\n        constitutional order\\\" will not be changed by the will of the voters, or even\n        by Parliament, but by the decision of 18 persons.}}{{clarify|date=October\n        2011}}\\n\\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych\n        and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The\n        historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests\n        that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes\n        in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country\n        to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition\n        government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime\n        Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite\n        news|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|date=21\n        February 2014|work=europesun.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228115026/http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament\n        dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as\n        interim president{{cite news|title=Ukraine:\n        Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26312008|work=BBC\n        News|location=Kiev|date=23 February 2014|accessdate=6 April 2016}} and\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{cite news|first=Harriet|last=Salem|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov|title=Who\n        exactly is governing Ukraine?|publisher=The Guardian|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=6\n        April 2016}}\\n\\n=== President, parliament and government ===\\n[[File:Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|thumb|Presidential\n        administration building]]\\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|thumb|Cabinet\n        of Ministers building]]\\n\\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected\n        by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672|title=General\n        Articles about Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\\nUkraine''s\n        legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]].{{cite web |url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/ |title=Verkhovna Rada\n        of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine\n        Official Web-site |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190549/http://portal.rada.gov.ua/\n        |archivedate=23 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }} The parliament is primarily\n        responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of\n        Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister\n        of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine,_2004\n        |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}}\n        However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers\n        of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well\n        as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]]\n        and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\\n\\nLaws,\n        acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of\n        the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the\n        [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found\n        to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial\n        review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in\n        the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\\nLocal self-government is officially\n        guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise\n        control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations\n        are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime\n        Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President\n        and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when\n        President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called\n        ''temporarily acting'' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders,\n        thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice\n        was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships\n        and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\n        Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the\n        purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\\n\\n=== Courts and law\n        enforcement ===\\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Klov\n        Palace. Listed ID 80-382-0462. - 8 Pylypa Orlyka Street, Pechersk Raion, Kiev.\n        - Pechersk 28 09 13 396.jpg|thumb|[[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]], home to\n        the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]]]\\n\\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and\n        constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are\n        largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct).\n        Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period\n        of five years, after which Ukraine''s Supreme Council confirms their positions\n        for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have\n        been much improved since Ukraine''s independence in 1991. The Supreme Court\n        is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions\n        ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks\n        Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of\n        Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c \\u043a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Police\n        of Ukraine]] was formed on 3 July 2015, as part of the post-Euromaidan reforms.]]\\n[[Prosecutor]]s\n        in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according\n        to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] ''the role and functions\n        of the Prosecutor''s Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]]\n        standards\\\".[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/\n        Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March\n        2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction\n        rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0436\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukrainian courts almost can\n        not stand the acquittals''''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013)\n        equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193916/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/\n        Moskal: ''Rotten to the core''], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects\n        often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145022/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564\n        Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych\n        formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \\\"clean up the current\n        mess and adopt a law on court organization\\\". One day later,\n        he stated \\\"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\\\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine\n        remain quite punitive.\\n\\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to\n        hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens\n        unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their\n        native language or the services of a translator.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216010621/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/\n        \\\"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian\n        courts]\\\". ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/\n        \\\"\\u0417 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456 \\\"\\u0420\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\\"\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445]\\\".\n        ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''''. 23 June 2009.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111061236/http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{cite\n        web|url=http://for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court\n        proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\\n\\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine\n        are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of\n        Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national\n        police force ''''([[Militsiya|\\u041ci\\u043bi\\u0446i\\u044f]])'''' and various\n        specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of\n        Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services.\n        Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their\n        heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police\n        officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters\n        from challenging the state''s authority but also to provide a quick reaction\n        force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers,\n        [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2DE1238F934A25752C0A9639C8B63\n        BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation''s\n        Path], ''''[[The New York Times]]'''', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was\n        only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues'' calls\n        to withdraw.\\n\\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the\n        maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]];\n        Ukraine''s domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused\n        of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country''s\n        political elite from media criticism. On the other hand, however, it is widely\n        accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government\n        plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the\n        movement.\\n\\n=== Foreign relations ===\\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International\n        membership of Ukraine|Ukraine\\u2013European Union relations|The World Bank\n        in Ukraine}}\\nIn 1999\\u20132001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member\n        of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United\n        Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise\n        with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics.\n        Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes.\n        It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova\n        and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of\n        Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]]\n        operations since 1992.\\n\\n[[File:Normandy format talks in Minsk (February\n        2015) 03 cropped.jpeg|thumb|Leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[France]], and Ukraine at [[Minsk II]] summit, 2015.]]\\n[[File:EU DCFTA EFTA.svg|thumb|In\n        January 2016, Ukraine joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]\n        (green) with the EU (blue), established by the [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        Association Agreement]].]]\\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration\n        its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html\n        Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Ukraine\n        has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html\n        Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status \\u2013 law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/\n        Ukraine''s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December\n        2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1\n        Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226\n        Ukraine Ends ''Nonaligned'' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The\n        Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always\n        balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with\n        strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]''s [[Partnership and Cooperation\n        Agreement]] (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European\n        Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions\n        begin on an association agreement, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999\n        in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine''s long-term aspirations but does not\n        discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference\n        on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security\n        and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member\n        of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\n        are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government''s foreign\n        policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in\n        2010. But after February 2014''s [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership\n        for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual\n        integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU\n        was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the\n        process was suspended by 2012 because of the political developments of that\n        time.{{cite web | url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html\n        | title=Teixeira: Ukraine''s EU integration suspended, association agreement\n        unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6\n        September 2012}} The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European\n        Union was signed in 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html|title=EU,\n        Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 \\u2013\n        European Council|access-date=2016-06-25}}\\n\\nUkraine long had close\n        ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine relations]] became\n        difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\\n\\nUkraine is included\n        in the European Union''s [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims\n        at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\\n\\n=== Administrative divisions\n        ===\\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\\nThe\n        system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country''s status as a [[unitary\n        state]] (as stated in the country''s constitution) with unified legal and\n        [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\\n\\nUkraine consists\n        of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous\n        republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''avtonomna respublika''''}}), [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and\n        [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea\n        are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[raion]]s''''}} (districts) and\n        city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative\n        units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}};\n        the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231154652/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archivedate=2007-12-31|title=Regions\n        of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] of Ukraine Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n[[Populated\n        places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban\n        populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s\n        (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist\n        of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain\n        degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance\n        (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each\n        oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities).\n        City''s significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic\n        and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\\n\\nFollowing the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]]\n        became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They\n        are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international\n        community.\\n{{Further information|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n
{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px;\n        max-width:460px;}}
\\n\\n{| style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{| class=\\\"navbox\\\" style=\\\"width:100%;\n        background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts\n        of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\\n|-\\n|\\n* [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\\n* [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]\\n* [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\\n* [[Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n* [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\\n|\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n* [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\\n* [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\\n*\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n* [[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\\n|\\n* [[Kirovohrad\n        Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\\n* [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\\n* [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\\n* [[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\\n|\\n* [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\\n*\n        [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\\n* [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\\n*\n        [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\\n| valign=\\\"top\\\"|\\n* [[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\\n*\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\\n* [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\\n*\n        [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\\n|-\\n!colspan=2|
''''''[[Autonomous republic]]''''''
\\n!colspan=3|
''''''[[Cities\n        with special status]]''''''
\\n|-\\n|colspan=2|\\n* [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea]]\\n| colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:top;\\\"|\\n* [[Kiev|City\n        of Kiev]]\\n* [[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\\n|}\\n|}\\n|-\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n=== Armed\n        forces ===\\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Kissing the flag.jpg|thumb|left|Commander\n        of the Ukrainian contingent in [[Multi-National Force \\u2013 Iraq]], kisses\n        his country''s flag.]]\\n\\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine\n        inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the\n        third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the\n        world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html\n        |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}}\n        In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed\n        to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified\n        the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history\n        |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=\n        [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\\n\\nUkraine took consistent steps\n        toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional\n        Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery,\n        and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans\n        to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer\n        military]].{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archivedate=8\n        November 2007|title=White Book 2006|accessdate=24 December 2007|publisher=Ministry\n        of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu\n        mori 2012-07-17.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian frigate [[Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)|''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''' (U130)]]]]\\n\\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger\n        role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate\n        ''''Hetman Sagaidachniy'''' joined the European Union''s counter piracy [[Operation\n        Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]]\n        for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/\n        |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter\n        Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of\n        the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite\n        web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo\n        |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December\n        2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was\n        deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN\n        Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also\n        a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003\\u201305,\n        a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]]\n        under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the\n        world is 562 servicemen.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en|title=Peacekeeping|accessdate=2\n        May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMilitary units\n        of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian\n        forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094\n        \\\"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine\n        for exercises\\\". ''''Kyiv Post''''. 18 May 2010]\\n\\nFollowing independence,\n        Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.\n        The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation,\n        other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]]\n        since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper\n        cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed\n        in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered\n        by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining\n        NATO. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO\n        declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets\n        the criteria for the accession.\\n\\n== Economy ==\\n{{Main|Economy\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:GNI per capita\n        (Ukraine) in 2016.png|thumb|GNI per capita in 2016]]\\nIn Soviet times, the\n        economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important\n        industrial and agricultural component of the country''s [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from\n        a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult\n        for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty\n        soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukraine''s economy contracted severely following the\n        years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person\n        living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural\n        Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs\n        and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]}}\\n\\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to\n        combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the\n        problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run\n        industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary\n        policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels.\n        For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar\n        year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future\n        of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25\n        June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural\n        reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for\n        [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government\n        and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts.\n        A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation\n        process.\\n\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[National Bank of Ukraine]] [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]]]]\\n\\nIn\n        the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002\n        |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It\n        recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach\n        the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s,\n        the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial\n        production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}}\n        Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the\n        IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/3243.html\n        \\\"Head of IMF''s Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\\\"].\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010\n        GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked\n        [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in\n        PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S.\n        dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List\n        of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]].\n        By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias\n        per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120529144539/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=Average Wage Income in 2008\n        by Region |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of\n        Ukraine }} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European\n        countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\\n\\nAs of 2016,  Ukraine had average wealth per adult, at [[USD|$]]1,254.{{Cite\n        book |url = https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html?WT.i_short-url=%2Fgwr&WT.i_target-url=%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-institute%2Fglobal-wealth-report.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fnews-and-expertise%2Fthe-global-wealth-report-2016-201611.html\n        |title=Global Wealth Report 2016 |publisher=Credit Suisse |year=2016}}\\n\\n[[File:An-225\n        Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft\n        in operational service.]]\\n\\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation\n        vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes\n        and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian\n        exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220750/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Structure export and import,\n        2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine\n        }} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency,\n        the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active\n        participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between\n        1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch\n        vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics\n        of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space\n        Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232043/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archivedate=2008-11-21|title=Missile\n        defence, NATO: Ukraine''s tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business\n        Ukraine}}{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\\n\\nThe\n        country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to\n        a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the\n        natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia\n        and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia\n        controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western\n        Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine''s\n        Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford\n        Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in\n        the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|Trends in the Human Development\n        Index of Ukraine, 1970\\u20132010]]\\n[[File:Ukraine salary by region 2016.svg|thumb|left|Ukrainian\n        administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by\n        salary|monthly salary]]. All figures are in the Ukrainian hryvnia.]]\\n\\nGrowing\n        sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market,\n        which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries\n        in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104074538/http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archivedate=2009-01-04|title=Microsoft\n        CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20\n        May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}}\n        In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information\n        technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/society/768725-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044e\n        \\u0406\\u0422-\\u0444\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukraine\n        in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''''], [[UNIAN]]\n        (27 March 2013)\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World\n        Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP \\u2013 around $163 billion,\n        2012 \\u2013 $176.6 billion, 2013 \\u2013 $177.4 billion.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP\n        (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency\n        was the world''s worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its\n        value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply\n        raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March\n        2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest\n        rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What\n        are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTMIDINCCOUN/0,,contentMDK:21453301~menuPK:5006209~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:4434098,00.html|publisher=[[The\n        World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include\n        underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.\n        The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated\n        in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych''s\n        regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archivedate=2014-03-25|publisher=Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} However, according\n        to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Ukraine is still the most corrupt country\n        in Europe being ranked 142nd out of 175 countries on the world, in the latest\n        CPI report from 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results/\n        |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014: Full table and rankings |publisher=Transparency\n        International |accessdate=3 December 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine\n        Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth\n        in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine\n        macroeconomic situation \\u2013 February 2008|url=http://www.unian.info/society/99662-ukraine-macroeconomic-situation-feb-2008.html|publisher=UNIAN\n        news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006\n        the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\\n\\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing\n        absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving\n        maternal health and reducing child mortality.\\nThe poverty rate according\n        to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption\n        is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent\n        in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of\n        the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time\n        from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About\n        Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe economy of Ukraine overcame the heavy crisis caused\n        by [[War in Donbass|armed conflict in southeast]] part of country. AT the\n        same time, 200% devaluation of Ukrainian hryvnia (national currency) in 2014\\u20132015\n        made Ukrainian goods and services cheaper and more \\u0441ompetitive.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/management-and-legal-support-for-business-activity-in-ukraine/|title=The\n        economy of Ukraine|last=Thor|first=Anatoliy|date=|website=|access-date=}}\n        In 2016, for the first time since 2010, the economy grew more than 2%. According\n        to [[World Bank]] statement growth is projected at 2% in 2017 and 3.5% in\n        2018.\\n\\n=== Corporations ===\\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch\n        of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'''']]\\nUkraine\n        has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of\n        metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231025730/http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archivedate=2010-12-31\n        |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December\n        2010}} However, the country is also well known for its production of\n        high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft\n        and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://sputniknews.com/business/20100720/159879889.html\n        |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine''s Antonov |work=RIA\n        Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country''s\n        largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded\n        on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\\n\\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include\n        [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]],\n        [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]]\n        and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=https://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012/\n        |title=Brand \\\"Ukraine\\\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com\n        |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine is regarded\n        as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such\n        a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and\n        legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf\n        |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the \\\"Miracle\\\" Meant\n        to Last?| author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}}\n        Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong\n        since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country\n        has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current\n        corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation\n        of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]],\n        the enduring failure to broaden the nation''s economic base and a lack of\n        effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114072151/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520\n        |archivedate= 2010-11-14 |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on\n        list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10\n        November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine''s\n        economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20110208144113/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/\n        |archivedate= 2011-02-08 |title=Ukraine''s economic growth to resume in 2010,\n        unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Transport ===\\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}\\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|thumb|The Kharkiv\\u2013Dnipro\n        motorway (M18)]]\\n\\nIn total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. Major routes, marked with the letter ''M'' for ''International''\n        ''''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''),\n        extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border\n        routes to the country''s neighbours. There are only two true [[motorway]]\n        standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} stretch\n        of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipro]] and a section of the M03 which\n        extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where\n        the city''s [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 \\\"\\u0425\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2\n        multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n[[Rail transport in Ukraine]] connects all major urban areas,\n        port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries.\n        The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is the [[Donbas]] region of\n        Ukraine. Although [[rail freight transport]] fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison\n        with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world''s\n        highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation\n        in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}}\n        The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}},\n        of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently\n        the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and\n        all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on\n        international routes, are operated by its company ''[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]''.\\n\\nTransport\n        by air is developing quickly, with a visa-free programme for EU nationals\n        and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm\n        |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} the nation''s aviation sector is handling a significantly\n        increased number of travellers. The [[Euro 2012]] football tournament, held\n        in Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts, prompted the government to invest heavily\n        in transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=1520657.html\n        |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August\n        2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The Donetsk airport, completed for\n        [[Euro 2012]], was destroyed by the end of 2014 because of the ongoing war\n        between the government and the separatist movement.{{cite web|author=Alan\n        Taylor |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/02/a-year-of-war-completely-destroyed-the-donetsk-airport/386204/\n        |title=A Year of War Completely Destroyed the Donetsk Airport |publisher=The\n        Atlantic |date=26 February 2015 |accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\n[[Boryspil\n        International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county''s largest international\n        airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for the country''s\n        flag carrier, [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. Other large airports in\n        the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv\n        International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]]\n        (now destroyed), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades\n        in the near future. In addition to its flag carrier, Ukraine has a number\n        of airlines including [[Windrose Airlines]], [[Dniproavia]], [[Azur Air Ukraine]],\n        and [[AtlasGlobal Ukraine]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov\n        Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world''s largest fixed\n        wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\\n\\nInternational maritime travel is mainly\n        provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly\n        to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently\n        operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0443\\u0440\\u0446\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439 |publisher=Ukrferry.com\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Energy ===\\n{{Main|Energy in Ukraine}}\\nIn\n        2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security\n        Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute,\n        which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth\n        and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine\n        | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and\n        Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8\n        January 2014}}\\n\\n==== Fuel resources ====\\nUkraine produces and processes\n        its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities\n        are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported,\n        mainly from [[Russia]].{{cite book|author1=Axel Siedenberg|author2=Lutz\n        Hoffmann|title=Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International\n        Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393|accessdate=20\n        October 2015|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7908-1189-6|page=393}}\\n\\nNatural\n        gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel\n        industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country,\n        as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]\n        started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine\\u2014a project aimed\n        at the nation''s total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in\n        electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n==== Power generation\n        ====\\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear\n        Power Plant]], the largest nuclear power plant in Europe]]\\nUkraine has been\n        a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011,\n        3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/minugol/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216629&cat_id=35081\n        \\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0442\\u0430 2011\n        \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe''s largest [[Electricity|energy]]\n        consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319085724/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archivedate=2014-03-19|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22\n        December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US\n        government}} {{As of|2011}}, 47.6% of total electricity generation was\n        from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear\n        power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located\n        in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June\n        2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract\n        selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite\n        web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/westinghouse-wins-contract-to-provide-fuel-supplies-to-ukraine-57318317.html|work=30\n        March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press\n        release}}\\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine,\n        which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia\n        says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15\n        April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation\n        of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of\n        Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries\n        through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine''s Energoatom\n        Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archivedate=2014-04-11|work=11\n        April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}\\n\\n[[Coal]]\n        and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]]\n        are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation\n        needed|date=April 2014}}\\n\\n==== Renewable energy use ====\\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo\n        Solar Park]]]]\\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total\n        energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity\n        of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and {{As of|2012|lc=y}}\n        stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/\n        |title=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u043e \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454,\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 | \\u0417\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012\n        |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar\n        power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe''s largest solar\n        park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-29/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-\n        | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe''s Biggest Solar\n        Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}} Ukrainian\n        State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined\n        installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase\n        by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative\n        energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108232254/http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archivedate=2014-01-08|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research,\n        by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with\n        a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear\n        reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257\n        |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12\n        June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction\n        and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential:\n        the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small\n        hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy\n        at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only\n        starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9\n        May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine''s [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy\n        Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative\n        and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total\n        electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114035724/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archivedate=2012-11-14\n        |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua\n        |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\n=== Internet ===\\n{{Main|Internet\n        in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has a large and steadily\n        growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis\n        of 2007\\u201308]]. As of June, 2014, there were 18.2 million desktop Internet\n        users, which is 56% of the adult population. The core of the audience is the\n        25 to 34-year-old age bracket, representing 29% of the population.{{cite\n        web|title = \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u0446\\u0438\\u0444\\u0440\\u044b \\u043e digital-\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|url = http://www.imena.ua/blog/digital-in-ukraine/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-20}} Ukraine ranks 8th among the world''s top ten countries\n        with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203080726/http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study|publisher=Pandonetworks.com|date=22\n        September 2011|accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\n=== Tourism ===\\n{{Main|Tourism\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[Image:St.MichaelsGoldenDomedCathedral.JPG|thumb|225px|[[St.\n        Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nUkraine occupies 8th\n        place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World\n        Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191518/http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf\n        UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6], [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) because\n        of its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]],\n        hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination;\n        [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosystem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins\n        and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points.\n        [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] are Ukraine''s\n        principal tourist centres each offering many historical landmarks as well\n        as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure. Tourism used to be the mainstay\n        of Crimea''s economy but there has been a major fall in visitor numbers following\n        the Russian annexation in 2014.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28688478\n        Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea] bbc.co.uk, accessed 29 December 2015\\n\\nThe\n        [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are\n        the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general\n        public through an Internet-based vote.\\n\\n== Demographics ==\\n{{Main|Demographics\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|width = 220px\\n|float = right\\n|title = Composition\n        of Ukraine by nationality\\n|titlebar = #ddd\\n|bars =\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\\n|caption = Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian\n        raions (2001)]]\\n\\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census\n        of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant\n        groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]]\n        (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]]\n        (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%),\n        [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%)\n        and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year |work=ukrcensus.gov.ua\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics |accessdate=17 April 2010 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |archivedate=17 December 2011 |df= }} The industrial regions in the\n        east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the\n        population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United\n        Nations Children''s Fund]] (UNICEF)}}\\n\\nUkraine has one of the most\n        equal income distribution as measured by [[Gini index]] and [[Income inequality\n        metrics|Palma ratio]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/datablog/2017/apr/26/inequality-index-where-are-the-worlds-most-unequal-countries|title=Inequality\n        index: where are the world''s most unequal countries?|last=Barr|first=Caelainn|date=2017-04-26|work=The\n        Guardian|access-date=2017-04-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}\\n\\n===\n        Population decline ===\\n\\nUkraine''s population (excluding Crimea) in 2016\n        was estimated at 48,457,102. The country''s population has been declining\n        since the 1990s because of its high death rate and low birth rate. The population\n        has been shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has\n        recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable\n        to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to\n        stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nIn 2007, the country''s rate of population decline was the fourth\n        highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field\n        Listing \\u2013 Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World\n        Factbook}}\\n\\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high\n        [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking,\n        extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna\n        H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm\n        \\\"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process\n        in Ukraine\\\"], ''''Uktraine Magazine'''' No. 2, 1998.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720122016/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archivedate=2009-07-20|title=What\n        Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The\n        World Bank Group}}\\n\\nDuring the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million\n        children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999\\u20132001.\n        In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence.\n        Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000\n        children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up\n        |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January\n        2014}}\\n\\n=== Fertility and natalist policies ===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (1950-2012).svg|thumb|Population\n        of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[https://archive.is/20120805214701/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html\n        State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php\n        Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\\n\\nThe current birth rate in\n        Ukraine, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death\n        rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine\n        demographic tables]]).\\n\\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined\n        as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed\n        by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where\n        total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world''s lowest,\n        shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although\n        Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during\n        1991\\u20132004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal\n        childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive\n        Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition\n        to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest\n        explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence\n        of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns\n        about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between\n        early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris\n        | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility\n        in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages\n        = 55\\u201370 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid\n        = 15764134 }}\\n\\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government\n        continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments\n        of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and\n        50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154\n        hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912\n        |title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry |accessdate=1 February 2008\n        |work=Economic Ministry}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |title=President meets with business bosses |accessdate=1 February 2008 |work=Press\n        office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The demographic trend\n        is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing\n        since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip\n        The demographic situation in Ukraine in January\\u2013September 2009]{{dead\n        link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net\n        population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five\n        provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing\n        signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the\n        western oblasts.[http://www.unian.info/society/69133-ukraines-birth-rate-shows-first-positive-signs-in-decade.html\n        \\\"Ukraine''s birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\\\"]. [[Ukrainian\n        Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July\n        2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward\n        trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 because of the\n        economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\\n\\n===\n        Urbanisation ===\\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\\nIn total, Ukraine has\n        457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''''raion''''}}-class\n        cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type\n        settlements and 28,552 villages.\\n{{Largest cities\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n=== Language ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian\n        language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision\n        according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Russian.svg|thumb|Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision\n        according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}]]\\n\\nAccording\n        to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is\n        Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially\n        in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to\n        the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population\n        declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared\n        Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=1\n        November 2004|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27\n        January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}} Most native\n        Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''''de facto'''' official language of the Soviet Union\n        but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com\n        |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy\n        Yekelchyk]] ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''', [[Oxford University\n        Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}} Effective in August 2012,\n        [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles\n        any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared\n        official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html\n        |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8\n        August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared\n        as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html\n        |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be\n        used in these cities''/oblasts'' administrative office work and documents.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html|title=Romanian\n        becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|author=Michael Schwirtz|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html|title=Ukraine|date=5\n        July 2012|work=The New York Times}} On 23 February 2014, following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal\n        the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at\n        all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President\n        Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\\"|trans-title=Draft Law on\n        the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \\\"On the basic principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12\n        March 2015}}{{cite news|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia|title=Western\n        nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis|date=24 February 2014|work=The\n        Guardian}}{{cite news|author=Andrew Kramer|title=Ukraine Turns\n        to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2\n        March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\\n\\nUkrainian\n        is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such\n        as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used\n        in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}}\n        while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern\n        and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is\n        used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across\n        different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches\n        responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\\n\\nFor a large\n        part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation\n        to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in\n        public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159\\u2013168\n        Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image\n        and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004\n        as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (National Archives of Ukraine)}}\n        Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled\n        or dubbed in Ukrainian.\\n\\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous\n        Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic.\n        However, the republic''s constitution specifically recognises Russian as the\n        language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage ''in all\n        spheres of public life''. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language\n        of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2007-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204020421/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2007 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as\n        the ''languages of other ethnicities''. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming\n        majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers\n        11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2006-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227002737/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |archivedate=27 February 2008 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars\n        and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive\n        account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \\\"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html\n        The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context\n        of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\\\" International Committee\n        for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\\n\\n=== Religion ===\\n{{Main|Religion\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|title=Religion in Ukraine as of 2016 (Razumkov Center){{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches (sample of 2,018 people)|pages = 22, 29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n|float=right\\n|bars=\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|Orchid|65.4}}\\n{{Bar percent|Do\n        not believe in one of the listed religions|Chartreuse|16.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|Simply\n        [[Christianity]]|Turquoise|7.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Greek Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|6.5}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|DodgerBlue|1.9}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Islam in Ukraine|Islam]]|Green|1.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism\n        in Ukraine|Roman Catholicism]]|Indigo|1.0}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[History of the\n        Jews in Ukraine|Judaism]]|Blue|0.2}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism in Ukraine|Hinduism]]|Orange|0.2}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other religions|Chartreuse|0.2}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w - Sob\\u00f3r\n        M\\u0105dro\\u015bci Bo\\u017cej 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in\n        Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev\n        Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational,\n        Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one\n        of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine]]\\n[[File:St. Nicholas Roman Catholic\n        Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St.\n        Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]]]\\n\\nA 2016 survey conducted by\n        the [[Razumkov Centre]] found that 70% of Ukrainians declared themselves believers\n        in any religion, while 10.1% were uncertain whether they believed or not,\n        7.2% were uninterested in beliefs, 6.3% were unbelievers, 2.7% were [[atheists]],\n        and a further 3.9% found it difficult to answer the question.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\n        The level of religiosity in Ukraine is greatest in [[Western Ukraine]] (91%),\n        and lowest in [[Eastern Ukraine]] (56%) and the [[Donbass]] (57%).\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\\\"\\n|-valign=top\\n! colspan\n        = 12| Changes over time and region in the proportions of people in Ukraine\n        identifying themselves as believers, etc.\\n|-valign=top\\n!\n        rowspan=2 | ''''Whether you attend church or not, who do you think you are?''''\\n!\n        colspan = 5| Ukraine\\n| rowspan=8 width=2|\\n! colspan = 5| 2016 survey split\n        by region\\n|-valign=top\\n! | 2000\\n! | 2010\\n! | 2013\\n! | 2014\\n! | 2016\\n!\n        | West\\n! | Centre\\n! | South\\n! | East\\n!| Donbass\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Believers\\n|align=right|\n        57.8%\\n|align=right| 71.4%\\n|align=right| 67.0%\\n|align=right| 76.0%\\n|align=right|\n        70.4%\\n|align=right| 91.0%\\n|align=right| 73.5%\\n|align=right| 65.7%\\n|align=right|\n        55.6%\\n|align=right| 57.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Those who hesitate between belief\n        and disbelief\\n|align=right| 22.5%\\n|align=right| 11.5%\\n|align=right| 14.7%\\n|align=right|\n        7.9%\\n|align=right| 10.1%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        8.3%\\n|align=right| 14.2%\\n|align=right| 19.5%\\n|-valign=top\\n| Not a believer\\n|align=right|\n        11.9%\\n|align=right| 7.9%\\n|align=right| 5.5%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right|\n        6.3%\\n|align=right| 0.9%\\n|align=right| 4.8%\\n|align=right| 7.4%\\n|align=right|\n        13.4%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Atheist beliefs\\n|align=right|\n        3.2%\\n|align=right| 1.4%\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right| 2.5%\\n|align=right|\n        2.7%\\n|align=right| 0.2%\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right| 3.2%\\n|align=right|\n        3.5%\\n|align=right| 5.0%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Do not care\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right|\n        4.4%\\n|align=right| 5.1%\\n|align=right| 4.9%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|align=right|\n        1.2%\\n|align=right| 8.0%\\n|align=right| 13.0%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        9.4%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Difficult to answer\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right|\n        3.3%\\n|align=right| 5.7%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.9%\\n|align=right| 3.8%\\n|align=right| 2.3%\\n|align=right| 5.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.6%\\n|}\\n\\nOf the Ukrainian population, 81.9% were Christians, comprising\n        a 65.4% who declared to be [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], 7.1% simply\n        [[Christian]]s, 6.5% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Rite Catholics]],\n        and 1.9% [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. A further 1.1% were [[Muslim]]s and\n        1.0% [[Latin Church|Latin Rite Catholics]]. [[Judaism]] and [[Hinduism]] were\n        the religions of 0.2% of the population each. A further 16.3% of the population\n        did not identify in one of those listed hitherto. According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s,\n        such numbers have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade.\\n\\nA 2006 survey of the same Razumkov Centre, found\n        that: 62.5% of all respondents were [[irreligion|not religious, not believers]]\n        or not affiliated to any religious body, 33.6% were Christians (26.8% Orthodox,\n        5.9% Catholics, and 0.9% Protestants), 0.1% were Jewish, and 3.8% were members\n        of other religions.{{cite web|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?|trans-title=Sociological\n        poll: Believers, which churches and denominations do you consider yourself\n        to be adherents of? (sample of 11,216 people)|language=uk|work=[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]|date=2006|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}\\n\\nAmong those Ukrainians\n        who declared to believe in Orthodoxy, 38.1% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kiev Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Kievan Patriarchate]] (a body that is not canonically recognized by\n        the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]), while 23.0% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Moscovian Patriarchate]] (which is an [[autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]]\n        Orthodox church under the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]). A further 2.7% were\n        members of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], which, like the\n        Kievan Patriarchate, is not recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2004 |title=State Department of Ukraine on Religious\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=2003 Statistical report |deadurl=yes |df=\n        }} Among the remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 32.3% declared to be \\\"simply\n        Orthodox\\\", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 3.1%\n        declared that they \\\"did not know\\\" which patriarchate or Orthodox church\n        they belonged to.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n\\nThe\n        second largest Christian group in Ukraine, [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]],\n        is predominantly represented by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], an\n        [[Eastern Catholic]] Church in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy\n        See]] of the Roman Catholic Church. It recognizes the primacy of the [[Pope]]\n        as head of the Church while still maintaining a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]]\n        and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archivedate=26 February 2008 |title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Additionally, there\n        are a small number of [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities (1.0%). The church consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who\n        live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in\n        Ukraine]] make up 1.9% of the population as of 2016. A further 7.1% of the population declares to be simply Christian.\\n\\n=== Famines and migration ===\\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]],\n        followed by the devastation of World War II, created a demographic disaster.\n        Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and\n        seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males\n        in the period 1941\\u201344.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 =\n        Jacques | last2 = Mesl\\u00e9 | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3\n        = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A\n        New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages\n        = 249\\u2013264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 | pmid=12553326}}\n        According to ''''The Oxford companion to World War II'''', \\\"Over 7 million\n        inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were\n        killed during the Second World War.\\\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell\n        Foot (2001). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Oxford companion to World War II]''''. Oxford University Press. p. 909.\n        {{ISBN|0-19-860446-7}}\\n\\nSignificant migration took place in the first\n        years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into\n        Ukraine in 1991\\u201392, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In\n        total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among\n        them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and\n        2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved\n        to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska,\n        Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy/\n        \\\"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\\\"].\n        National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3\n        July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the\n        total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries\n        by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web\n        |url= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls\n        |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United\n        Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were\n        an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000\n        \\\"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories \\u2013\n        20% sample data\\\"]. ''''Statistics Canada.'''' giving Canada the world''s\n        third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There\n        are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\\n\\n=== Health ===\\n{{Main|Health\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a)\n        - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children''s hospital in [[Kremenchuk]],\n        [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established\n        in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners\n        of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens.\n        At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists.\n        Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3,200 qualified nurses. The organization takes\n        part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly\n        funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates,\n        the Society annually provides services to more than 105,000 lonely, elderly\n        people, about 23,000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25,000 war veterans, and more than 8,000 adults handicapped\n        since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian\n        citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated\n        in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist\n        nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com\n        |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209112933/http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |archivedate=9 December 2010 }} The public sector employs most healthcare\n        professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also\n        retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public\n        health facilities on a regular basis.\\n\\nAll of the country''s medical service\n        providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides\n        oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible\n        for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this,\n        standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine\n        |url=http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in\n        Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same\n        lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure;\n        as a result most towns have their own hospital ''''(\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)'''' and many also have district\n        hospitals ''''(\\u0420\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\n        Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major\n        cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital,\n        [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have\n        their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost\n        all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres;\n        such hospitals are called ''regional hospitals'' ''''(\\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\\n\\nUkraine currently faces\n        a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic\n        crisis because of its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian\n        birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000\n        population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality\n        rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]]\n        and smoking. In 2008, the country''s population\n        was one of the fastest declining in the world at \\u22125% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915155109/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=15 September 2002 |title=State Statistics Committee\n        of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014 }}\n        The UN warned that Ukraine''s population could fall by as much as 10 million\n        by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects:\n        The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archivedate=2014-03-20|publisher=United\n        Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high\n        blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian\n        healthcare system.\\n\\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming\n        the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family\n        doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency\n        services]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/11044.html National\n        network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister],\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime\n        Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to\n        start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in\n        the spring of 2010.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/|title=Ukraine\n        to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=24 November 2009|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065454/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-to-start-introducing-insurance-based-healt-53483.html|archivedate=23\n        October 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Education ===\\n{{Main|Education in Ukraine|List\n        of universities in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The\n        [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine''s most important educational institutions]]\\n[[File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\n        building by [[Josef Hl\\u00e1vka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\\nAccording\n        to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free\n        education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education\n        is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority.\n        Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is\n        provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archivedate=1997-04-15|title=Constitution\n        of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited\n        private secondary and higher education institutions.\\n\\nBecause of the Soviet\n        Union''s emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues\n        today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since\n        2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year\n        one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six),\n        middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary\n        then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |title=General secondary education |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |archivedate=16 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} In the 12th grade,\n        students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving\n        exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\\n\\nThe first\n        higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th\n        and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution\n        was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin\n        Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the\n        time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium\n        was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern\n        Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and\n        in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as\n        a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]],\n        founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th\n        century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805),\n        [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi\n        University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education\n        institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and\n        Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher\n        Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical\n        Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic\n        Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School\n        (1899) in [[Dnipro|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education\n        institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf\n        |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are\n        those owned by private organisations.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian higher education system\n        comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]]\n        facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing\n        bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007\n        |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |archivedate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The organisation\n        of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure\n        of education of the world''s higher [[developed countries]], as is defined\n        by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |title=System of the Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nUkraine has more\n        than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates\n        reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/\n        |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14\n        October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine produces the fourth\n        largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe,\n        while being ranked seventh in population. [[Higher education in Ukraine|Higher\n        education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state\n        expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term\n        exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some\n        universities. For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%. For\n        most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic\n        living expenses. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city\n        students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all\n        registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor''s\n        degree (4 years) and the master''s degree (5\\u20136th year), in\n        accordance with the [[Bologna process]]. Historically, [[Specialist degree]]\n        (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by\n        universities in the Soviet times.\\n\\nThe Law of Ukraine ''''On Higher Education''''\n        came into force on 6 September 2014. It was approved in Ukrainian Parliament\n        on 1 July 2014. The main changes in the system of higher education:{{cite\n        web|title = 16 \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d \\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456: \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438|url = http://osvita.ua/vnz/reform/42795/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-22}} a separate collegiate body to monitor the quality of\n        education was established (Ukrainian: \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438);\n        each higher education institution has the right to implement its own educational\n        and research programs; role of the student government was increased; higher\n        education institution has the right freely administer own revenues; 5 following\n        types of higher education qualifications were established: Junior Bachelor,\n        Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Science; load on\n        lecturers and students was reduced; academic mobility for faculty and students\n        etc.\\n\\n=== Regional differences ===\\n{{See also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional\n        differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukr\n        elections 2012 multimandate okruhs.png|thumb|Results of the [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2012|2012 parliamentary election]]. Yanukovych''s [[Party of Regions]]\n        in blue. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]] in purple.]]\\n[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in\n        [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language\n        in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently\n        in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer\n        classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009\n        | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic\n        Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html\n        | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]]\n        | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\\n\\nOn the [[Russian language\n        in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]],\n        opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite\n        of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics\n        tend be less extreme.{{cite web|url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/yazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html|title=The\n        language question, the results of recent research in 2012|publisher=[[Sociological\n        group \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]]|date=25 May 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/|title=Who''s\n        Afraid of Ukrainian History?|author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy D.\n        Snyder|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 September 2010}}{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html\n        |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian\n        language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0419\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|trans-title=Attitude of the Ukrainian\n        population to the figure of Joseph Stalin|publisher=[[Kyiv International Institute\n        of Sociology]]|date=1 March 2013|language=uk}}\\n\\nSimilar historical\n        cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification.\n        Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]],\n        differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]]\n        and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], and [[Donetsk]], predominantly\n        Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central\n        and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important\n        and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the\n        [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of\n        the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that\n        the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url=\n        http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all\n        were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic\n        difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture\n        and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation\n        | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all\n        | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine\n        | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3\n        | pages = 345\\u201368 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}}\n        Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging\n        to a \\\"Soviet identity\\\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the\n        Crimea (about 30%).{{cite web|format=PDF |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |title=Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding\n        Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region |work=taraskuzio.net |author=Taras\n        Kuzio |author-link=Taras Kuzio |date=23 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205435/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 May 2014 |df= }}\\n\\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]]\n        voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces)\n        vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc|Our\n        Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|script-title=uk:\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2012|trans-title=The Elections\n        of People''s Deputies of Ukraine 2012|language=uk|date=28 November 2012}}{{cite\n        web|date=30 August 2012|title=CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting\n        papers|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233711/http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archivedate=13\n        August 2014|deadurl=y|accessdate=6 November 2015}} and presidential\n        candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]]\n        and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern\n        and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]],\n        [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]])\n        with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation\n        | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc\n        | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe |\n        last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau\n        | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] |\n        year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation\n        | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle\n        | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher\n        = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url\n        = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981\n        | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine''s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012\n        Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher\n        = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation|url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |title=UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again |first=Taras |last=Kuzio\n        |author-link=Taras Kuzio |publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]] |date=5 October 2007\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515074305/http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df= }} However, this geographical division\n        is decreasing.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217083456/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/\n        \\\"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\\\"]. ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 11\n        February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine''s\n        Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv \\u2013 EU News & policy\n        debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine\n        vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\\n\\n== Culture\n        ==\\n{{Main|Ukrainian culture}}\\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection\n        of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs \\u2013 [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design\n        motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\\n[[File:Rushnyk -\n        Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian\n        embroidery]]]]\\n\\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by [[Orthodox Christianity]],\n        the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles\n        also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in\n        bringing up children, than in the West.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\n        The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western\n        neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music\n        and art.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\\n\\nThe Communist era had quite\n        a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite\n        was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin\n        made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated\n        the decree \\\"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\\\". This\n        greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced\n        and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as\n        they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archivedate=18 December 2007 |title=Gorbachev, Mikhail |accessdate=30 July\n        2008 |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |quote=Under his\n        new policy of glasnost (\\\"openness\\\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms\n        of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and\n        broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism;\n        and the country''s legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely\n        repudiated by the government |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nThe tradition of\n        the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These\n        eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied\n        to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously\n        wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed\n        leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old,\n        and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University\n        of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which\n        won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven\n        Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\\n\\n=== Weaving and embroidery ===\\nArtisan [[textile\n        arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes\n        |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]].\n        [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional\n        [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies\n        depending on the region of origin''''\\\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\\\",\n        Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine''''\n        and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours\n        and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian\n        Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of colour is very important\n        and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different\n        parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\\n\\nNational\n        dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still\n        practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village\n        is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts\n        fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u2013 \\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Rivne\n        Regional State Administration \\u2013 The Regional Centre for Folk Art|language=uk|publisher=Rv.gov.ua|accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0406\\u0421\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0422\\u0410 \\u0412\\u0418\\u0428\\u0418\\u0412\\u041a\\u0418\n        \\u0423\\u041b\\u042f\\u041d\\u0418 \\u041a\\u041e\\u0422 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve\n        this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving\n        centre, a museum and weaving school.\\n\\n=== Literature ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        literature}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|total_width=350\\n|width1=1517|height1=2006|image1=Taras\n        Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|caption1=[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.\\n|width2=560|height2=800|image2=\\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430.1888.jpg|caption2=[[Lesya\n        Ukrainka]], one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers.\\n}}\\nThe history\n        of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the\n        Christianisation of the Kievan Rus''.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Cultural Life \\u2013 The Arts \\u2013 Literature|accessdate=8 January\n        2014|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time\n        were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical\n        accounts of the time were referred to as ''''[[chronicle]]s'''', the most\n        significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archivedate= 6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Literature |accessdate=3\n        July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|G|g|none}}\n        Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'']].\\n\\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century,\n        and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction\n        of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both\n        Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an\n        independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s,\n        which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries,\n        when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless,\n        by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\\n\\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in\n        Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]''s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Eneyida''''}},\n        the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian\n        [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation''s most renowned cultural\n        figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan\n        Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian\n        vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\\\L\\\\I\\\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Danylo\n        Husar Sruk|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThen,\n        in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]]\n        by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary\n        activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish\n        their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central\n        Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete\n        after the revolution and the Bolsheviks'' coming to power.\\n\\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years,\n        when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literary\n        figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola\n        Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep\n        decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others\n        were killed by [[NKVD]] as part of the [[Great Purge]]. In general around\n        223 writers were repressed by what was known as the [[Executed Renaissance]].{{cite\n        web|author=Yuriy Lavrinenko|url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f\n        1917\\u20131933|trans-title=The Executed Renaissance: Anthology 1917\\u20131933|language=uk|location=Kiev|publisher=Smoloskyl|date=2004|archivedate=13\n        December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}}\n        These repressions were part of Stalin''s implemented policy of [[socialist\n        realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian\n        language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works.\\n\\nIn\n        post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited\n        under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet\n        literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk (poet)]],\n        [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\\n\\nLiterary\n        freedom appeared in late 1980s \\u2014 early 1990s with the process of\n        collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are\n        [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Oleksandr\n        Irvanets|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Yuriy\n        Izdryk|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a \\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy\n        Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov writes\n        in Russian, he is predominantly considered a representative of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\n===\n        Architecture ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque\n        Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]]\n        in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, which has a large [[Ukrainian diaspora.]]]]\\nUkrainian\n        architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built\n        in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\\nThese include initial\n        roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']]. Since the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'']] for several\n        ages Ukrainian architecture was influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture]].\n        After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural\n        history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During\n        the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was\n        developed under the western influences of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\n        After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger\n        eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]]\n        of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was\n        developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]].\n        Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\\n\\nThe great [[Architecture of\n        Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus'']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption\n        of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture\n        in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was\n        strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church\n        becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores\n        of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication\n        of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples\n        of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries,\n        many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below).\n        Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of\n        Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid,\n        [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125 and\n        [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], circa 12th-century. All can\n        still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\n        Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']]\n        has survived.\\n\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian\n        Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects\n        in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered.\n        [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]],\n        is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top\n        of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally\n        notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was\n        built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]].\n        During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea,\n        and renamed them as [[New Russia]]. New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]],\n        [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain\n        notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan\n        Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\\nFile:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] \\u2013 one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\\nFile:Kyiv, St Andrew\n        church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew''s Church, Kiev|St Andrew''s Church]] in [[Kiev]]\n        an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\\nFile:\\u041b\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0458\\u0430.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv''s\n        Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its\n        history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\nFile:\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434 \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|[[Vorontsov''s Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov\n        Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic\n        Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\\nFile:Monasterio\n        de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]],\n        an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\\nFile:ArcLviv.JPG|Example of early 20th\n        century architecture in [[Lviv]].\\nFile:LvivArchitecture.JPG|Lviv. The Bernardine\n        church in the style of Italian and Dutch mannerism\\nFile:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430) 02.JPG|[[Poltava]] museum, [[Ukrainian\n        Modern architecture]] example. 1908.\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\n        38 \\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u044c 2 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 2012 01.JPG|Central\n        Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f.JPG|Modern residential architecture\n        in [[Kharkiv]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446 \\u0428\\u0435\\u043d\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438.jpg|Sch\\u00f6nborn Palace. 1895\\n\\n
\\n\\nIn\n        1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously,\n        the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention.\n        All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist\n        architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy,\n        a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired\n        examples such as the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed.\n        Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War\n        contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction\n        of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example\n        of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture\n        once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\\n\\nThe task for\n        modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central\n        Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers\n        were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space\n        for a new shopping centre.\\n\\nA major project, which may take up most of the\n        21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi\n        Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid\n        the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml |script-title=ru:\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020\\u0433., \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u043c, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432, \\u043e\\u0431\\u044a\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u044b, \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0444\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0440.\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u044b\\u0431\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435, \\u041f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d. |trans-title=Architects of Kiev \\u2013 Development\n        rationale for changes in the general development plan of Kiev up to 2020 relating\n        to the construction of residential and office buildings with underground parking,\n        hospitality-office complexes, shopping centres, social and cultural facilities,\n        multi-functional entertainment complexes, etc. on Rybalsky island, Podolsky\n        district. |work=archunion.com.ua |date=7 December 2005 |accessdate=8 January\n        2014 |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510032158/http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml\n        |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Music ===\\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Cossack\n        Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumb|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing a [[kobza]]]]\\n\\nMusic\n        is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences.\n        From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern\n        rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians\n        including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from\n        traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even\n        into modern [[jazz]].\\n\\n[[File:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]]\n        is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}]]\\n\\nUkrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing\n        mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general\n        characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of\n        minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\\n\\nDuring the\n        Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received\n        a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in\n        the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well\n        versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy,\n        Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]]\n        or [[torban]].\\n\\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv,\n        Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura\n        from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers\n        within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated\n        in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\\nSee: [[Dmytro\n        Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\\n\\n[[File:Rapid\n        Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian dance ''''[[hopak]]''''.]]\\n\\nUkrainian\n        classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the\n        composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian\n        ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic\n        Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The\n        music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for\n        whom they cater.\\n\\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has\n        been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana\n        Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international\n        popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]],\n        [[Dakha Brakha]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\nModern musical culture\n        of Ukraine is presented both with academic and entertainment music. Ukraine\n        has five conservatories, 6 opera houses, five houses of Chamber Music, Philharmony\n        in all regional centers.\\n\\nUkraine hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]]\n        and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]].\\n\\n=== Cinema ===\\n{{Main|Cinema\n        of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian\n        directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important\n        early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]],\n        [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director\n        and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian\n        cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which\n        was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\\n\\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira\n        Muratova]]]]\\n\\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa\n        Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid\n        Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and\n        [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and\n        critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla\n        Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\\n\\nDespite a history of important\n        and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a\n        debate about its identity and the level of European and Russian influence.\n        Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian\n        actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films.\n        Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events,\n        including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything\n        Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]].\\n\\nUkrainian State Film\n        Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory\n        and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]],\n        and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival\n        held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and\n        first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\\n\\n===\n        Media ===\\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine\n        |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} was founded by [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum).\n        Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated\n        to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics\n        of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the\n        freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\\n[[Freedom\n        House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \\\"free\\\" and the press as \\\"partly\n        free\\\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution\n        of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \\\"negative trends in Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Kiev]]\n        dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine''s leading\n        English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]]\n        [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such\n        as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian),\n        and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also\n        a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine,\n        [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including\n        books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media,\n        newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing\n        Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts\n        in 1992.\\n\\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]]\n        or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half\n        hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\\n\\n===\n        Sport ===\\n{{Main|Sport in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration\n        Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates\n        a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet\n        emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds\n        of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Sports and recreation |accessdate=12\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]].\n        The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]]\n        (\\\"premier league\\\").\\n\\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national\n        football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners\n        of the prestigious [[Ballon d''Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only\n        presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy\n        Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]],\n        and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy\n        national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]],\n        where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]]\n        have held world heavyweight championships.\\n\\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record\n        in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic\n        abilities, he was voted the world''s best athlete on several occasions.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka | accessdate =27 May 2010\n        | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work\n        = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world''s\n        best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archivedate=2011-05-11\n        |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com\n        |accessdate=30 January 2011}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular\n        in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket\n        2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished\n        6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA\n        World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant\n        [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball\n        club in Ukraine.\\n\\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]]\n        is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]]\n        and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\\n\\nUkraine made its Olympic\n        debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]]\n        has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances)\n        than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number\n        of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every\n        country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March\n        2014}}\\n\\n\\n=== Cuisine ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        cuisine}}\\n\\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef,\n        fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains,\n        fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[varenyky]]''''}}\n        (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries\n        or berries), [[nalysnyky]] (pancakes with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms,\n        caviar or meat), [[kapu\\u015bniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots,\n        onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borscht]]\n        (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[Go\\u0142\\u0105bki|holubtsy]]''''}}\n        (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and\n        [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian\n        specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev cake]]. Ukrainians drink\n        [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese\n        from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional\n        Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:Wareniki.JPG|
[[Varenyky]] topped with fried onion
\\nFile:Borscht served.jpg|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|sour\n        cream]]\\nFile:Martiniouk Paska.JPG|
[[Paska\n        (bread)|Paska]], Ukrainian [[Easter]] bread
\\n\\n
\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of cultural icons\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] \\u2013\n        the first official Ukrainian currency\\n* [[Ukrainian oligarchs]]\\n\\n== Notes\n        ==\\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\\n''''''a.''''''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians\n        that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]],\n        [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who\n        greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen\n        Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\\n\\n''''''b.''''''{{Note\n        label|B|b|none}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data\n        is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the\n        famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting\n        various statements from different branches of different governments as to\n        whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide\n        by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm\n        on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according\n        to ''''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'''': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0491\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\"}}]),\n        16 (according to ''''[[Korrespondent]]'''', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002\n        {{lang|ru|\\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0439\\u043c \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\\"}}]),\n        \\\"more than 10\\\" (according to ''''Korrespondent'''', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780-latviya-viznala-golodomor-1932-33-rr-genocidom-ukrayinciv\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 1932\\u201333 \\u0440\\u0440.\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\\\"}}])\n        Retrieved 27 January 2008.\\n\\n''''''c.''''''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}}\n        These figures are likely to be much higher, as they ''''''do not'''''' include\n        Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians,\n        from the Ukrainian SSR.\\n\\n''''''d.''''''{{Note label|D|d|none}} This figure\n        excludes [[POW]] deaths.\\n\\n''''''e.''''''{{Note label|E|e|none}} Russia and\n        Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include\n        European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European\n        territories larger than Ukraine.\\n\\n''''''f.''''''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note\n        label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census\n        (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number\n        and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census''2001\n        data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite\n        web|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 About number and composition population of Kiev\n        on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}})\n        about 75 percent of Kiev''s population responded ''Ukrainian'' to the\n        native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent\n        responded ''Russian''. On the other hand, when the question ''What language\n        do you use in everyday life?'' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey,\n        the Kievans'' answers were distributed as follows: ''mostly Russian'': 52 percent,\n        ''both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure'': 32 percent, ''mostly\n        Ukrainian'': 14 percent, ''exclusively Ukrainian'': 4.3 percent.{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What\n        language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February\n        2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\\n\\n''''''g.''''''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such\n        writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\\n{{Refend}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681\n        Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published\n        16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth\n        and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925\n        Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]].\n        Published on 25 September 2014.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Trade \\u2013 European Commission|publisher=}}}}\\n\\n== Print sources\n        ==\\n=== Reference books ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* ''''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''''\n        (University of Toronto Press, 1984\\u201393) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\\n* ''''[https://www.questia.com/read/58069636/ukraine-a-concise-encyclopedia\n        Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'''' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University\n        of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''''Ukraine'''' (Culture\n        Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\\n* Evans, Andrew. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T\n        online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== Recent (since 1991)\n        ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''''Revolution in\n        Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''' (2006)\\n* Birch,\n        Sarah. ''''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'''' Macmillan, 2000 [https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* Edwards Mike: \\\"Ukraine \\u2013 Running on empty\\\"\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''''Cleft\n        Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        and Moldova'''', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89821-558-9}}\\n* Kuzio,\n        Taras: ''''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'''',\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7656-0224-5}}\\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''''Ukraine: State\n        and Nation Building'''' Routledge, 1998 [https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building\n        online edition]\\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''''Multilingual education\n        as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'''', in ''''Language\n        Education for Intercultural Communication'''', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens,\n        Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, {{ISBN|1-85359-204-8}}\\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine''s\n        Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\\n*\n        Whitmore, Sarah. ''''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament,\n        1990\\u20132003'''' Routledge, 2004 [https://www.questia.com/read/108557869/state-building-in-ukraine-the-ukrainian-parliament\n        online edition]\\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''''Ukraine''s\n        Orange Revolution'''' (2005)\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected\n        Nation,'''' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L\n        online excerpts at Amazon]\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''Ukrainian Nationalism in\n        the 1990s: A Minority Faith'''', [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-57457-9}}\\n*\n        Zon, Hans van. ''''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'''' 2000\n        [https://www.questia.com/read/98833788/the-political-economy-of-independent-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== History ===\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* [https://www.academia.edu/10220788/UKRAINIAN_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_BETWEEN_40_10.000_BP\n        UKRAINIAN UPPER PALAEOLITHIC BETWEEN 40/10.000 BP]\\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''''The\n        Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'''' (Rutgers UP, 1964)\n        [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world\n        online]\\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''''A History of Ukraine'''' (1986)\\n* Katchanovski\n        Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''''Historical\n        Dictionary of Ukraine.'''' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\\n*\n        Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations\n        between Ukraine and Russia, 1654\\u20131917'''' (Marquette University Press\n        1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations\n        online]\\n* Luckyj, George S. ''''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine:\n        An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'''' (1996)\\n* [[Magocsi,\n        Paul Robert]], ''''A History of Ukraine''''. [[University of Toronto Press]],\n        1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-7820-6}}\\n* Reid, Anna. ''''Borderland: A Journey Through\n        the History of Ukraine'''' (2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/96969196/borderland-a-journey-through-the-history-of-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''''Ukraine: A History'''',\n        1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}.\\n*\n        Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''' (Oxford University\n        Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation\n        online]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==== World War II ====\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian\n        Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\\n* Berkhoff, Karel C.\n        ''''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'''' Harvard\n        U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle\n        and Women''s Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\\n*\n        Gross, Jan T. ''''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland''s\n        Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'''' (1988).\\n* Lower, Wendy. ''''Nazi\n        Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'''' U. of North Carolina Press,\n        2005. 307 pp.\\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''''Poland''s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife,\n        Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918\\u20131947'''',\n        McFarland & Company, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}\\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''''Together\n        and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919\\u20131945.'''' Indiana\n        U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''''Holocaust In The Ukraine'''',\n        Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Sister\n        project links|voy=Ukraine}}\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx\n        Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121072359/https://en.ukrainecityguide.com/\n        Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\\n* [https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine]\n        information from the [[United States Department of State]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416140456/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html\n        Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm\n        Ukraine] at ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\\n*\n        [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\\n*\n        {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development\n        Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62\n        EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/\n        EU Neighbourhood Library]\\n; Government\\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/\n        The President of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government\n        Portal of Ukraine]\\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\\n*\n        [http://escher.com.ua/main.php Ukrainian art. 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Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\\n|Southwest\n        = \\n|West      = {{Flag|Chile}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|title=International\n        membership\\n|list=\\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\\n{{G15 nations}}\\n{{G20}}\\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul\n        (Southern Common Market)}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of\n        South American Nations}}\\n{{World Trade Organization}}\\n{{Founding member\n        states of the United Nations}}\\n}}\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Federal\n        constitutional republics]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:G15\n        nations]]\\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of Mercosur]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American\n        Nations]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking\n        countries and territories]]\\n[[Category:States and territories established\n        in 1816]]\\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":799647522,\"length\":206395,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\"},\"31750\":{\"pageid\":31750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:15:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        country}}\\n{{pp-pc1}}\\n{{pp-move-indef}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}\\n{{EngvarB|date=October\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox country\\n| conventional_long_name =Ukraine\\n| common_name\n        = Ukraine\\n| native_name = {{native name|uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|italics=off}}''''{{small|Ukrayina}}''''\\n| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\\n| image_coat\n        = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\\n| national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\\\"''''[[Shche\n        ne vmerla Ukraina|Shche ne vmerly Ukrainy ni slava ni volya]]''''\\\"}}
\\\"The\n        glory and the will of Ukraine has not yet died\\\" (also \\u2013 \\\"Ukraine has\n        not yet perished)\\\"
[[File:Anthem-of-Ukraine Chorus Veryovka.ogg]]
\\n|\n        image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\\n| map_caption ={{unbulleted\n        list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green}}|Claimed,\n        but not controlled ({{small|light green}})}}\\n| capital = [[Kiev]]\\n| coordinates\n        = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:city}}\\n| largest_city = capital\\n\\n| official_languages =\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| regional_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]],\n        [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]],\n        [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]],\n        [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]],\n        [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]],\n        [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]],\n        [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]],\n        [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]{{cite web |\n        url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17\n        | archivedate=14 February 2014 | title=Law of Ukraine \\\"On Principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\" (Current version \\u2014 Revision from 1 February 2014) |\n        publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional\n        or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30\n        April 2014}}\\n| ethnic_groups =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\\n  |\n        17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\\n\n        }}\\n| ethnic_groups_year = 2001\\n| demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\\n| government_type\n        = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}}\n        [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n|\n        leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of\n        Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n| leader_name2 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\\n| leader_title3\n        = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\\n| leader_name3\n        = [[Andriy Parubiy]]\\n| legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus'']]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 882\\n| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia|Kingdom\n        of
Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]}}\\n| established_date2 = 1199\\n| established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\\n| established_date3 =\n        17 August 1649\\n| established_event4 = Independence from [[Russian Republic]];\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date4 = 7 November 1917\\n|\n        established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date5\n        = 1 November 1918\\n| established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian\n        SSR]]\\n| established_date6 = 10 March 1919\\n| established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\\n|\n        established_date7 = 8 October 1938\\n| established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet\n        annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviet annexation
of Western\n        Ukraine]]}}\\n| established_date8 = 15 November 1939\\n| established_event9\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration ofUkrainian Independence]]}}\\n| established_date9 = 30 June 1941\\n| established_event10\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the\n        Soviet Union]]}}\\n| established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\\n| area_km2\n        = 603,628\\n| area_rank = 45th \\n| area_sq_mi = or 233,013/ 223,013\\n| percent_water = 7\\n| population_estimate =42,541,633\n        {{decrease}}{{cite web|url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |title=Population (by estimate) as of 1 April, 2016. |publisher=State Statistics\n        Service of Ukraine |accessdate=1 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |archivedate=8 August 2016 |df= }}\\n| population_census = 48,457,102\\n|\n        population_estimate_year = 2016\\n| population_estimate_rank = 32nd\\n| population_census_year\n        = 2001\\n| population_density_km2 = 73.8\\n| population_density_sq_mi = 191\n        \\n| population_density_rank = 115th\\n|\n        GDP_PPP = $353 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=10&sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report\n        for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=World Economic Outlook Database,\n        April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 2017|accessdate=12\n        August 2016}} \\n| GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n| GDP_PPP_rank =\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,305 \\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal\n        = $93.263 billion \\n|\n        GDP_nominal_year = 2016\\n| GDP_nominal_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita =\n        $2,194 \\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        =\\n| Gini = 24.1 \\n| Gini_year = 2014\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n|\n        Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UA\n        |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 9 November 2016}}\\n|\n        Gini_rank =\\n| HDI = 0.747 \\n| HDI_year = 2014 \\n| HDI_change\n        = increase\\n| HDI_ref = {{cite\n        web|format=PDF|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf|title=Human\n        Development Report 2015 Statistical Annex|date=14 December 2015|accessdate=15\n        December 2015}}\\n| HDI_rank = 81st\\n| currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\\n|\n        currency_code = UAH\\n| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\\n| utc_offset\n        = +2{{cite web|url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 30 \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441|trans-title=Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter\n        time on 30 October|language=uk|publisher=korrespondent.net|date=18 October\n        2011|accessdate=31 October 2011}}\\n| utc_offset_DST = +3\\n| time_zone_DST\n        = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\\n| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand\n        traffic|right]]\\n| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\\n|\n        cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440]]}}\\n| footnote_a\n        = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was\n        held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26\n        December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted\n        on 28 June 1996.\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| country_code = UKR\\n}}\\n{{Contains\n        Cyrillic text}}\\n\\n''''''Ukraine'''''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|ju\\u02d0|\\u02c8|k|r|e\\u026a|n}};\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430}}, [[Romanization\n        of Ukrainian|tr.]] {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Ukrayina''''}} {{IPA-uk|ukr\\u0250\\u02c8jin\\u0250|}}),\n        [[Name of Ukraine#\\\"Ukraine\\\" versus \\\"the Ukraine\\\"|sometimes called ''''''the\n        Ukraine'''''']],{{cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844|publisher=BBC|title=Ukraine\n        or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have ''the''?|last1= Geoghegan|first1=Tom|work=BBC\n        News Magazine|date=7 June 2012}} is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Eastern\n        Europe]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=The\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine| publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=7\n        January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014}} [[State Border of Ukraine|bordered]]\n        by [[Russia]] to the east, northeast, and south, [[Belarus]] to the northwest,\n        [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]]\n        to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and\n        southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in [[territorial dispute]] with\n        Russia over the [[Crimean Peninsula]] which [[Annexation of Crimea by the\n        Russian Federation|Russia annexed in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082|title=Russia''s\n        Crimea plan detailed, secret and successful|first=John|last=Simpson|date=19\n        March 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}} but which Ukraine and most of\n        the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine\n        has an area of {{convert|603628|km\\u00b2|0|abbr=on}},{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Ukraine|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 United Nations Statistics Division|work=United Nations|date=2016|accessdate=6\n        September 2016}} making it the largest country entirely within [[Europe]]\n        and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|46th]] largest country\n        in the world. It has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the [[List\n        of countries and dependencies by population|32nd]] most populous country in\n        the world.\\n\\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000\n        BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture,\n        with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus'']] forming the basis of Ukrainian\n        identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was\n        contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Grand Duchy\n        of Lithuania|Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]],\n        and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered\n        during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split\n        between Poland and the [[Russian Empire]], and later merged fully into Russia.\\n\\nDuring\n        the 20th century three periods of independence occurred.  The first of these\n        periods occurred briefly during and immediately after the German occupation\n        near the end of [[World War I]] and the second occurred, also briefly, and\n        also during German occupation, during [[World War II]]. However, both of these\n        first two earlier periods would eventually see Ukraine''s territories consolidated\n        back into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] within\n        the [[USSR]].  The third period of independence began in 1991, when Ukraine\n        gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of [[dissolution\n        of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].  Ukraine\n        has maintained its independence as a sovereign state ever since.  Before its\n        independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as \\\"The Ukraine\\\",\n        but sources since then have moved to drop \\\"the\\\" from the name of Ukraine\n        in all uses.\\n\\nFollowing its independence, Ukraine\n        declared itself a [[neutral state]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=27\n        September 2007|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} Nonetheless it formed\n        a limited military partnership with the Russian Federation and other [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States|CIS countries]] and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership\n        with NATO]] in 1994. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO,\n        and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action\n        Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO\n        should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient,{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|title=NATO\n        confirms readiness for Ukraine''s joining organization|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=13\n        April 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416153024/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|archive-date=16\n        April 2010}} and was against Ukraine joining NATO.{{cite\n        news|author=Richard Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107|title=Yanukovich\n        vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=7 January 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}} In 2013, after the government of President Yanukovych\n        had decided to suspend the [[Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement]]\n        and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations\n        and protests known as the [[Euromaidan]] began, which later escalated into\n        the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] that led to the overthrow of President Yanukovych\n        and his cabinet and the establishment of a new government. These events formed\n        the background for the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] in March 2014, and the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014.\n        On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the [[Deep and Comprehensive\n        Free Trade Area]] with the European Union.\\n\\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because\n        of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the world''s largest [[Grain\n        trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister|title=Ukraine\n        becomes world''s third biggest grain exporter in 2011 \\u2013 minister|publisher=Black\n        Sea Grain|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=31 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister\n        |archivedate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm|title=World\n        Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation|date=2013|accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large\n        [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]],\n        [[executive branch|executive]] and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and\n        largest city is [[Kiev]]. Taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel,[[#IISS2010|IISS\n        2010]], pp. 195\\u2013197 Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military\n        of Ukraine|military]] in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home\n        to 42.5 million people (excluding [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]), 77.8 percent of whom are [[Ukrainians]] \\\"by ethnicity\\\",\n        followed by a sizeable minority of [[Russians]] (17.3 percent) as well as\n        [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Bulgarians]]\n        and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]]\n        and its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion\n        in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has\n        strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]]\n        and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].  It is a member of the [[United Nations]]\n        since its founding, the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization for Security\n        and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic\n        Development|GUAM]], and one of the founding states of the [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States]] (CIS).\\n{{TOC limit}}\\n\\n== Etymology ==\\n{{Main|Name\n        of Ukraine}}\\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name\n        of Ukraine|name ''''Ukraine'''']]. According to the older and most widespread\n        hypothesis, it means \\\"borderland\\\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed\n        today and every day|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides|title=Linguistic\n        divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine?|publisher=The Economist|date=5\n        February 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014|subscription=y}} while more recently\n        some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \\\"homeland\\\" or \\\"region,\n        country\\\".{{cite web|author=Hryhoriy Pivtorak|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u043d,\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=The origin of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians\n        and their languages|language=uk|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\n\\\"The\n        Ukraine\\\" was once the usual form in English,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine \\u2013\n        Definition|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}}\n        but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \\\"the Ukraine\\\"\n        has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides\n        largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml|title=The\n        \\\"the\\\" is gone|publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIX, No. 49|date=8\n        December 1991|accessdate=21 October 2015}}{{cite web|author=Adam\n        Taylor|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12|title=Why\n        Ukraine Isn''t ''The Ukraine,'' And Why That Matters Now|publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]]|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=21 October 2015}} \\\"The Ukraine\\\"\n        now implies disregard for the country''s sovereignty, according to U.S. ambassador\n        [[William B. Taylor, Jr.|William Taylor]].{{cite news|title=\\u2018Ukraine\\u2019\n        or \\u2018the Ukraine\\u2019? It\\u2019s more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|accessdate=11\n        August 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Early history ===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n\n        pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Pokrov, Ukraine|Pokrov]],\n        dated to the 4th century BC]]\\n\\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is\n        seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000\\u201345,000 BC) which include\n        a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html|title=Neanderthals\n        built homes with mammoth bones|publisher=Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=18\n        December 2011|author=Richard Gray|accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova\n        I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is\n        also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of\n        the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm\n        | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories\n        reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge)\n        | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''''Shaping\n        World History'''' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize \\u2013 When and Where Did\n        Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum\n        of the Horse }}{{cite news|title=Horsey-aeology,\n        Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man,\n        Fact or Fiction|url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|archivedate=7\n        October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald|publisher=CBC\n        Radio|date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\\n\\nModern human\n        settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence\n        of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020834|title=The\n        Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating,\n        Culture and Behavior|author1=Sandrine Prat|author2=St\\u00e9phane C. P\\u00e9an|author3=Laurent\n        Cr\\u00e9pin|author4=Doroth\\u00e9e G. Drucker|author5=Simon J. Puaud|author6=H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne\n        Valladas|author7=Martina L\\u00e1zni\\u010dkov\\u00e1-Galetov\\u00e1|author8=Johannes\n        van der Plicht|author9=Alexander Yanevich|date=17 June 2011|publisher=plosone|accessdate=21\n        June 2011}}{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262|title=Early\n        human fossils unearthed in Ukraine|author=Jennifer Carpenter|date=20 June\n        2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]]\n        [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in\n        a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]]\n        and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the\n        land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian|title=Scythian|accessdate=21\n        October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} Between 700 BC\n        and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the sixth century BC, colonies\n        of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such\n        as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded on\n        the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]]. These colonies thrived well into\n        the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the\n        sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory\n        of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of\n        the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions,\n        and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n=== Golden Age of Kiev ===\\n\\n{{Main|Kievan\n        Rus''}}\\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The baptism\n        of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']].]]\\n\\nKievan Rus'' was founded by the [[Rus'' people]], who came from\n        Scandinavia across [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and settled in Kiev around 880\n        AD. Kievan Rus'' included the central, western and northern part of modern\n        Ukraine, [[Belarus]], far eastern strip of Poland and the western part of\n        present-day Russia. According to the ''''[[Primary Chronicle]]'''' the Rus''\n        elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it\n        became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It\n        laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia\n        |edition=6 |year=2001\\u20132007 |article=Kievan Rus |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |archivedate=19 August 2000 }} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine,\n        became the most important city of the Rus''.\\n\\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan\n        Rus'' (1054-1132).jpg|thumb|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus'']], 1054\\u20131132]]\\n\\nThe\n        Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of\n        the first Rus'' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus'' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled\n        by the interrelated Rurikid ''''[[knyaz]]es'''' (\\\"princes\\\"), who often fought\n        each other for possession of Kiev.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        Golden Age of Kievan Rus'' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]]\n        (980\\u20131015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus''|turned Rus'' toward\n        Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]]\n        (1019\\u20131054), Kievan Rus'' reached the zenith of its cultural development\n        and military power. The state soon fragmented as\n        the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence\n        under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113\\u20131125) and his son [[Mstislav\n        I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125\\u20131132), Kievan Rus'' finally disintegrated\n        into separate principalities following Mstislav''s death.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]] devastated\n        Kievan Rus''. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 April 2011 |title=The Destruction of Kiev |accessdate=3\n        January 2008 |work=University of Toronto''s Research Repository }} On\n        today''s Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]]\n        and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state\n        of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm|title=Roman\n        Mstyslavych|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}\\n\\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo\n        Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the\n        Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus'', including\n        Volhynia, Galicia and Rus'' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by\n        the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the\n        first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus''. Under Danylo''s reign, the Kingdom of\n        Galicia\\u2013Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central\n        Europe.[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Romanovich \\\"Daniel\n        Romanovich\\\"].Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.\n        23 August 2007\\n\\n=== Foreign domination ===\\n\\n{{See\n        also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman\n        Empire|Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|Following\n        the [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled\n        by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and after the [[Union of Lublin]]\n        (1569) was included in the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]], illustrated\n        here in 1619.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Boles\\u0142aw\n        Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns\n        (1340\\u20131366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile, the heartland of Rus'',\n        including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled\n        by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen'' River]].\n        Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland\n        and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly\n        Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.\n        By 1392 the so-called [[Galicia\\u2013Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers\n        of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or re-founded\n        many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially\n        Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded\n        the Crimean Khanate.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bohdan\n        Khmelnytsky]], [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine, established\n        an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising in 1648]]\n        against [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\\n\\nIn 1569 the [[Union\n        of Lublin]] established the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much\n        Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural\n        and political pressure of [[Polonisation]], which began in the late 14th century,\n        many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus)\n        converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny,\n        pp. 92\\u201393 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the\n        commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging\n        [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against\n        those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local\n        representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Poland |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]] (fee required) |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nFormed from [[Golden\n        Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol\n        invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern\n        Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured\n        and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The\n        Sultan''s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman\n        Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |year=2013 |page=16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df= }} The borderlands suffered annual\n        [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning\n        of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave\n        raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html\n        Halil Inalcik. \\\"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\\\"] in A. Ascher, B.\n        K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and\n        Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979,\n        pp. 25\\u201343. exported about two million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz\n        Ko\\u0142odziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves,\n        Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives\n        in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate\n        |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to\n        [[Orest Subtelny]], \\\"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar\n        raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\\\"Subtelny, Orest\n        (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record\n        number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''''\\\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. {{ISBN|0-87436-885-5}}\n        The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly\n        regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer. The last\n        remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire\n        in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the\n        Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish\n        Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources\n        |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to\n        govern this territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Location\n        of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as\n        a direct ancestor of today''s Ukraine.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-17th century,\n        a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper\n        Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\Z\\\\A\\\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia,\n        The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population,\n        but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]\n        and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were\n        allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\\\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf\n        The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\\\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki,\n        ''''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'''' However\n        the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and\n        especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 The Cossacks|accessdate=21 October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}}\\n\\nThe\n        Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition\n        of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack\n        Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the\n        Sejm.{{cite web|title=Poland \\u2013 The Cossacks|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Cossacks|publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n=== Cossack Hetmanate ===\\n[[File:Marten''s Poltava.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]],\n        1726]]\\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky\n        Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the\n        Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123\\u2013124 After\n        Khmelnytsky made an entry into Kiev in 1648, where he was hailed liberator\n        of the people from Polish captivity, he founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]\n        which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).\\n\\n[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Khmelnytsky]],\n        deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat\n        at Berestechko]] in 1651, and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654,\n        Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political\n        alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian tsar.\\n\\nIn\n        1657\\u20131686 came \\\"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\\\", a devastating\n        30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine,\n        which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of\n        Poland. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths.\n        Defeat came in 1686 as the \\\"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\\\"\n        between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\\n\\nIn\n        1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639\\u20131709) defected to [[Sweden]]\n        against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700\\u20131721). Eventually\n        Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia''s political and\n        economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]]\n        and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after\n        fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their\n        Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\\n\\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The\n        first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This\n        copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original\n        is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\\n\\nThe [[Constitution of\n        Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian\n        Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]],\n        a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082709/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/\n        \\\"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk\n        being celebrated\\\"], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', (5 April 2010) It established\n        a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative,\n        executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]''s\n        [[The Spirit of the Laws|''''Spirit of the Laws'''']]. The Constitution limited\n        the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected\n        [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk''s [[Constitution]]\n        was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions\n        in Europe.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe hetmanate was abolished\n        in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia\n        centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning\n        of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper\n        were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into\n        the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone\n        of Russian foreign policy.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Kirill\n        Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman\n        of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750\\u20131764 and the first person to declare\n        Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\\n\\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast\n        estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from\n        [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically\n        tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other\n        using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics\n        and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596,\n        they set up the \\\"Greek-Catholic\\\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate\n        Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation\n        left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to\n        follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27\\u201330\\n\\nCossacks\n        led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian\n        borderlands of the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity\n        was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of\n        Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious\n        warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between\n        Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border\n        on the [[Dnieper River]] in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine\n        II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become\n        more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence\n        on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing\n        Polish and Russian political allegiances.{{cite journal | last1 = Skinner\n        | first1 = Barbara | year = 2005 | title = Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering\n        the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy | url = | journal = Slavic Review | volume\n        = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 88\\u2013116 | doi=10.2307/3650068}}\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]]\n        was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421073907/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule\n        Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''''Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica.''''\n        Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the\n        Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting.\n        However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later\n        period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing\n        the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite\n        journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship\n        of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863\\u20131876): Intention\n        and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=March\\u2013June 2007|volume=47|pages=87\\u2013110|jstor=40871165|publisher=Canadian\n        Association of Slavists}}\\n\\n=== 19th century, World War I and revolution\n        ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\\n{{Further information|Ukraine\n        during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\\n[[File:1904\n        Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing administrative\n        units of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia within the Russian Empire\n        prior to Ukrainian independence 1917\\u20131921.]]\\n[[File:Mapa from Ukraine\n        postcard 1919.jpg|thumbnail|Ukraine according to an old postal stamp from\n        1919 that was reprinted in 2008.]]\\n\\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural\n        area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and\n        modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian\n        [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged.\n        The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814\\u20131861) and the\n        political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841\\u20131895) led the growing\n        nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nAfter the [[Russo-Turkish\n        War (1768\\u20131774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors\n        encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into\n        Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage agriculture.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was migration\n        from Ukraine to distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897\n        census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in\n        [[Central Asia]].Rainer M\\u00fcnz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor]''''\\\".\n        Routledge. p. 164. {{ISBN|0-7146-5232-6}} An additional 1.6 million\n        emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian\n        Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}\n        [[Russian Far East|Far Eastern]] areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population\n        became known as [[Green Ukraine]].Jonathan D. Smele (2015). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476\n        Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916\\u20131926]''''. Rowman\n        & Littlefield. p.476. {{ISBN|1-4422-5281-2}}\\n\\nNationalist and socialist\n        parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]],\n        under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the centre\n        of the nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nUkrainians\n        entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under\n        Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians\n        fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]],\n        while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340\\u2013344}}\n        [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian\n        Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This became the [[Ukrainian Galician\n        Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War\n        I period (1919\\u201323). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria\n        were treated harshly.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof\n        |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The\n        world academy of Rusyn culture}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|left|Ukraine\n        in 1918]]\\n\\nWorld War I destroyed both empires. The [[Russian Revolution\n        of 1917]] led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s,\n        and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for\n        self-determination re-emerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence.\n        Several Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the internationally recognized [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (''''''UNR'''''', the predecessor of modern Ukraine,\n        was declared on 23 June 1917 proclaimed at first as a part of the Russian\n        Republic; after the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the Ukrainian People''s Republic\n        proclaimed its independence on 25 January 1918), the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]],\n        the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories\n        in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the Ukrainian lands of former\n        Austro-Hungarian territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[Act\n        Zluky]] (Unification Act) was an agreement signed on January 22, 1919 by the\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] and the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        on the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia Square]] in [[Kiev]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThis led to civil war, and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        movement called the [[Black Guards|Black Army]] or later [[The Revolutionary\n        Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]] developed in Southern Ukraine under the\n        command of the anarchist [[Nestor Makhno]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\M\\\\A\\\\MakhnoNestor.htm\n        |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}} They protected the operation of \\\"[[Soviet (council)|free\n        soviets]]\\\" and [[libertarian socialism|libertarian]] [[communes]] in the\n        [[Free Territory]], an attempt to form a [[Stateless society|stateless]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        society from 1918 to 1921 during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian\n        Revolution]], fighting both the tsarist [[Armed Forces of South Russia|White\n        Army]] under [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and later the [[Red Army]] under [[Leon\n        Trotsky|Trotsky]], before being defeated by the latter in August 1921.\\n\\nPoland\n        defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against\n        the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According\n        to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was incorporated into Poland, which\n        in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919.\n        With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory\n        to Poland, Belarus and Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River\n        was created Moldavian autonomy.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Ukraine\n        became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in\n        December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=2008-04-18|title=Interwar\n        Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]\n        (fee required)}}\\n\\n=== Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina\n        ===\\n{{See also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918\\u20131938)}}\\n[[File:Huculy\n        1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]],\n        c. 1930]]\\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however,\n        most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and\n        Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]]\n        was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First\n        Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:1930 in Ukraine.png|thumb|left|A map showing Ukraine''s territory,\n        circa 1930.]]\\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose\n        in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s because of Polish national policies, which\n        was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement\n        attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish\n        state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of\n        fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented.\n        A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press,\n        and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the\n        1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\\n{{See also|Holodomor}}\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0423\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u0432\n        1925.gif|thumb|Urban population of Ukraine in 1925 {{colbegin}} {{legend|#006400|Ukrainian}}\n        {{legend|#FAD6A5|Russian}} {{legend|#000000|Jewish}} {{legend|#CCFCCC|Polish}}\n        {{colend}}]]\\n\\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated\n        the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people\n        dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory.\n        Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting\n        the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine\n        of 1920\\u20131924\\n|work=The Norka \\u2013 a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4\n        March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine\n        of 1921\\u20133|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}\n        During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy\n        pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet\n        leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part\n        of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''''indigenisation''''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health\n        care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work\n        and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}}\n        [[Women''s rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp.\n        138\\u201339 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early\n        1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''''de facto'''' communist party\n        leader.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source|date=September\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]\n        under construction circa 1930.]]\\n\\nStarting from the late 1920s with a [[First\n        five-year plan (Soviet Union)|centrally planned economy]], Ukraine was involved\n        in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic''s\n        industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The\n        peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]]\n        of agriculture which began during and was part of the [[First five-year plan\n        (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and\n        [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity\n        greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed\n        to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to\n        death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]]\n        known as the [[Holodomor]] or the \\\"Great Famine\\\".\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm\n        Ukraine remembers famine horror]\\\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\\n\\nScholars\n        are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]],\n        but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and the governments of other countries have\n        acknowledged it as such.{{Ref label|B|b|none}}\\n\\nThe Communist leadership\n        perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment\n        tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \\\"The Role\n        of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931\\u20131934.\\\"\n        ''''Europe-Asia Studies'''' 2005 57(6): 823\\u2013841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext\n        in [[Ebsco]]\\n\\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two\n        future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        (an engineer from [[Kamianske]]) depicted together.]]\\n\\nLargely the same\n        groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war,\n        collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were\n        associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891\\u20131939) and operated in the\n        Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration\n        ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929\\u201331. Evdokimov transferred\n        into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary\n        for [[North Caucasus Krai]]. He appears to have continued advising Joseph\n        Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on\n        Evdokimov''s former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that\n        are known as the Great Terror in 1937\\u201338.Stephen G. Wheatcroft,\n        \\\"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin''s Great Terror.\\\"\n        ''''Australian Journal of Politics and History'''' 2007 53(1): 20\\u201343.\n        {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''''The Harvest\n        of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'''' (1986). Mark\n        B. Tauger, \\\"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\\\" ''''Slavic Review'''',\n        Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70\\u201389, notes the harvest was unusually\n        poor. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600 online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]],\n        [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \\\"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine\n        of 1932\\u20131933,\\\" ''''Slavic Review,'''' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995),\n        pp. 642\\u2013657 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740 online in JSTOR]; Michael\n        Ellman. \\\"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333 Revisited\\\", ''''Europe-Asia\n        Studies'''', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663\\u201393.\\n\\nOn\n        13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against\n        Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html\n        Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\\n\\n=== World War II ===\\n\\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\\n\\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]]\n        in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops\n        divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]\n        and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the\n        rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson,\n        p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\\n\\nIn 1940, the Soviets annexed [[Bessarabia]]\n        and northern [[Bukovina]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and\n        southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]].\n        But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist\n        Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. These\n        territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the [[Paris\n        Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u043b \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        1940 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko]] (born\n        in the [[Budjak]] region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including\n        the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] east of Kiev\n        in 1941]]\\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the\n        Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of [[total war]].\n        The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful\n        efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle\n        of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \\\"[[Hero City]]\\\", because of its fierce\n        [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or\n        one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or taken captive\n        there, with many suffering [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|severe\n        mistreatment]].Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\\n\\nAlthough\n        the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet\n        partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\W\\\\O\\\\Worldwars.htm|title=World\n        wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western\n        Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942).\n        Created as forces of the [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government\n        in exile]],Subtelny, Orest (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 410 it fell under the influence of the\n        underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed\n        in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski\n        and the \\\"Volhynia Experiment\\\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]].\n        Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent\n        Ukrainian state]] on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although\n        this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Atanasovych\n        Melnyk|Melnyk]] wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions\n        also carried out [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres\n        of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/\n        A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010\n        which brought reprisals.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf\n        Polska reakcja na dzia\\u0142ania UPA \\u2013 skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych].\n        After the war, the UPA continued to fight the USSR until the 1950s.Piotrowski\n        pp. 352\\u201354Weiner pp. 127\\u2013237 At the same time,\n        the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside\n        the Nazis.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in\n        WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19\n        September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\\n\\nIn total, the number of ethnic\n        Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|C|c|1}} The\n        [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is\n        estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its\n        peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476\n        Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army''s figures are unreliable, with figures\n        ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi,\n        p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMost\n        of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]],\n        with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement.\n        Some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939, hailed\n        the Germans as liberators.  Brutal German rule eventually turned their supporters\n        against the Nazi administrators, who made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction\n        with Stalinist policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227142736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archivedate=2010-02-27|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system,\n        carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against\n        [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions\n        of people to work in Germany]], and began a depopulation program to prepare\n        for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food\n        on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''''Harvest\n        of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'''', Harvard University\n        Press: April 2004. p. 164\\n\\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World\n        War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg,\n        p. 264 By some estimates, 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov,\n        Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \\\"Who won World\n        War II?\\\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5\n        July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population\n        during the war are estimated at [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between\n        5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |archivedate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Kulchytsky, Stalislav,\n        ''''\\\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\\\"'''', [[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]], 2\\u20138 October 2004. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Ukrainian]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one\n        and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding\n        Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local\n        collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in\n        battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Overy, p. 518\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0413. \\u0424., ''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f \\u0438 \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420\n        \\u0432 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430: \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b.\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435''''\n        (Krivosheev G. F., ''''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century:\n        losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'''') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million\n        were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|C|c|2}}{{Ref label|D|d|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory\n        Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20\n        April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of\n        Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Post-World War II ===\\n{{Further\n        information|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union\n        (1953\\u20131964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964\\u20131982)|History of the\n        Soviet Union (1982\\u20131991)}}\\n\\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the\n        war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities\n        and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=29 September 2007 |title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath\n        |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]] (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]]\n        in 1946\\u201347, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction\n        of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest\n        estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation|last=\\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        [Kulchytsky] |first=\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        [Stanislav] |title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 |trans_title=Demographic losses in Ukraine\n        in the twentieth century |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=2\\u20138 October\n        2004 |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php |language=Russian\n        |publisher=[Demoscope] |place=[[Russia|RU]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914100418/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php\n        |archivedate=14 September 2012 |df= }}{{cite web | title =\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine\n        in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21\n        July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Demographic\n        losses in Ukraine twentieth century|language=uk|url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archivedate=2007-03-13|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014}}\\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became\n        one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities\n        of the Member States \\u2013 Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher=\n        United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite\n        web| url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United\n        Nations | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm\n        | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote=\n        Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security\n        Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt\n        and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security\n        Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia\n        while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes\n        for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:Sergey\n        Korolyov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]],\n        the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during\n        the [[Space Race]]]]\\n\\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly\n        expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to\n        Russians among adult \\\"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\\\",\n        comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web|url=http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |title=Migration and migration policy in Ukraine |first=Olena |last=Malynovska\n        |date=14 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061703/http://niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |df= }} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic\n        [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from\n        Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\\n\\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the\n        [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]]\n        in 1938\\u201349, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after\n        taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize \\\"the friendship\\\" between\n        the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty\n        of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954\n        transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The\n        Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International\n        Committee for Crimea}}\\n\\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed\n        pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 The last years of Stalin''s\n        rule |accessdate=28 December 2007 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} During the 1946\\u20131950 [[Five-Year\n        Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested\n        in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from pre-war plans. As a result, the Ukrainian\n        workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times\n        in that same period.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nSoviet Ukraine\n        soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644\n        and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research.\n        Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many\n        members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964\n        to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came\n        from Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nOn 26 April 1986, a\n        reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the\n        [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite\n        news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220746/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=''Sombre anniversary'' of\n        worst nuclear disaster in history \\u2013 Chernobyl: 10th anniversary |accessdate=16\n        December 2007 |author=Remy, Johannes |year=1996 |publisher=Find articles |work=[[UN\n        Chronicle]] }} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible\n        rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \\\"major\n        accident\\\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale\n        | title=''Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale''}} At the\n        time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories,\n        including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title\n        = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2\n        | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|\n        accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources\n        | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\\n\\nAfter the accident, the new city of\n        [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the\n        employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared\n        by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]]\n        attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have\n        been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA\n        Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl}}\\n\\n===\n        Independence ===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate\n        the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian\n        President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris\n        Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving\n        the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament\n        adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|title=Declaration\n        of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July\n        1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} This established the principles\n        of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian\n        law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty\n        of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]]\n        was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period\n        of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a faction\n        among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted\n        a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party''s\n        power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted\n        the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30|title=Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12\n        September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}\\n\\nA\n        [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1\n        December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for\n        the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament,\n        [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha\n        Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma\n        Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine\n        formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall ''Inevitable''\n        Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8\n        December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\\n\\nUkraine was initially\n        viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other\n        regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced\n        deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]].\n        During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian\n        GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October\n        2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12\n        July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December\n        2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation\n        rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The\n        IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31\n        August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International\n        Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well\n        as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested\n        and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn\n        1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine''s Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]\n        |issue=100|pages=125\\u2013143|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the\n        [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country\n        enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent\n        annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm\n        |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher=[[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm\n        |archivedate=21 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607053509/http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-07|title=Ukraine.\n        Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}\n        A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]]\n        and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised\n        by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech\n        and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader''s\n        Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/01/world/leader-s-party-seems-to-slip-in-ukraine.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine\n        also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear\n        weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers\n        on its territory in exchange for various assurances (main article: [[Nuclear\n        weapons and Ukraine]]).{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Country Profiles \\u2013 NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\\n\\n===\n        Orange Revolution ===\\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion\n        Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence\n        Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\\n\\nIn 2004, [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely\n        rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The\n        Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3\n        December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry\n        in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged\n        the outcome. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, candidate Yushchenko\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko#Dioxin poisoning|suddenly became gravely ill]], and was\n        soon found by multiple independent physician groups, to have been poisoned\n        by [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|TCDD dioxin]].{{cite news | title = Yushchenko: ''Live And Carry On''\n        | publisher = CBS News | date = 2005-01-30 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/28/60minutes/main670103.shtml\n        }}[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hW1QRD4tlRX2-UW9yc_oDcwrzMgwD99SBRO80\n        Associated Press: Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab] {{dead\n        link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}  Yushchenko strongly\n        suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49610 |title= Yushchenko to Russia:\n        Hand over witnesses |publisher= [[Kyiv Post]] |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2010-02-11}}  All\n        of this eventually resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing\n        Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor\n        Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |accessdate=14\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }}\\n\\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained\n        in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western\n        pollsters{{Clarify|date=July 2015}} and professional consultants{{Who|date=July\n        2015}} who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies\n        but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]]\n        and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000\n        out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures\n        The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel\n        Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page\n        30-44) According to ''''[[The Guardian]]'''', the foreign donors included\n        the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United\n        States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National\n        Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican\n        Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and\n        [[George Soros]]''s [[Open Society Institute]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004)\n        The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building\n        efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \\\"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html\n        In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\\\" ''''Washington Post'''', 4 December 2004.\n        URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent\n        struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of\n        the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine\n        Russia, the US, \\\"the Others\\\" and the \\\"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\\\":\n        Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October\n        2011)\\n\\nRussian authorities provided support through advisers such\n        as [[Gleb Pavlovsky]], consulting on blackening the image of Yushchenko through\n        the state media, pressuring state-dependent voters to vote for Yanukovych\n        and on vote-rigging techniques such as multiple ''[[carousel voting]]'' and\n        ''dead souls'' voting.\\n\\nYanukovych returned to power\n        in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm\n        Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until\n        [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]]\n        made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm\n        Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid\n        the [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged\n        by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine\n        towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3\n        March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}}\n        [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped\n        all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages\n        in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia\n        shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm\n        Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President\n        in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and\n        Cooperation in Europe said that the election \\\"met most requirements\\\" for\n        fairness and that the election process was \\\"transparent.\\\"{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/67844?download=true|title=Ukraine:\n        Presidential Election 17 January and 7 February 2010: OSCE/ODIHR Election\n        Observation Mission Final Report|work=OSCE|location=Warsaw|date=28 April 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}}\\n\\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\\n{{Main|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\n{{Details|topic=the ongoing protests|Timeline of the\n        Euromaidan}}\\n[[File:Euromaidan 01.JPG|thumb|Pro-EU demonstration in Kiev,\n        27 November 2013, during [[Euromaidan]]]]\\n\\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0404\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d}},\n        literally \\\"Eurosquare\\\") protests started in November 2013 after the president,\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began moving away from an association agreement that\n        had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish\n        closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823\n        Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December\n        2013){{Cite journal|title=Frustrated Leadership: Russia''s Economic\n        Alternative to the West|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12301/abstract|author1-first=Juliet|author1-last=Johnson|author2-first=Se\\u00e7kin|author2-last=K\\u00f6stem|journal=[[Global\n        Policy]]|publisher=[[Wiley Online Library]]|volume=7|issue=2|date=May 2016|p=212|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12301|quote=In\n        fact, the Ukrainian crisis broke out in November 2013 when former President\n        Viktor Yanukovych announced under Russian pressure that he would no longer\n        pursue an EU Association Agreement.}} Some Ukrainians took to the streets\n        to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine\n        Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows\n        |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the\n        predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed\n        the ''''Euromaidan'''' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view:\n        Ukraine ''other half'' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC\n        News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''''Euromaidan'''' came to describe\n        a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to\n        include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov\n        Government|his government]].{{cite news|author=Richard\n        Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212|title=Kiev\n        protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=12 December\n        2013|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nViolence escalated after 16 January\n        2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest\n        Laws]]. Violent anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre\n        of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with\n        approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite\n        web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=\\u0417\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0437\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u0445 \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        1,5 \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0431, 100 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|author=\\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724070743/http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archivedate=24\n        July 2014|script-title=uk:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u041e\\u0417 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|trans-title=Information\n        about the victims of clashes: Press Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine|language=uk|publisher=moz.gov.ua|date=22\n        February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=\\u041c\\u0412\\u0421\n        \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418|work=\\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\\\"\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456\\\" \\u2014 tsn.ua|work=\\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua}}\n        from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency|title=Ukraine\n        threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry|publisher=The\n        Guardian|date=27 January 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska\n        |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706094102/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archivedate=2014-07-06 |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation\n        urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to\n        the violent protests, Members of Parliament voted on 22 February to remove\n        the president and set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]]\n        for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave\n        |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/\n        |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com\n        |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]],\n        running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the\n        vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''''The\n        New York Times'''', \\\"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\\\",\n        By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election\n        of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David\n        M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff.\n        Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would\n        be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with\n        the Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7\n        June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key\n        ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square\n        (the centre of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |author=Adam Taylor |title=Why Ukraine Is So Important |publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]] |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |archivedate=14 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archivedate=29\n        May 2014|title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June\n        7|author=Lukas Alpert|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29\n        May 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |title=Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603165249/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |archivedate= 3 June 2014 |df= }} In October 2014 [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014|Parliament elections]], [[Petro Poroshenko Bloc \\\"Solidarity\\\"]]\n        won 132 of the 423 contested seats.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and\n        Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=27 October\n        2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}\\n\\n===\n        Civil unrest and Russian intervention ===\\n{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|War in Donbass|Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n\\n{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center\\n\n        | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 220\\n | header =\\n |\n        image1 = 2014-03-09. \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b \\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043a\\u0435 022.jpg\\n | alt1 =\\n | caption1\n        = Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014\\n | image2 = 2014 Russo-ukrainian-conflict\n        map.svg\\n | alt2 =\\n | caption2 = [[Crimea]], which is under Russian control,\n        is shown in pink. Pink in the [[Donbass]] area represents areas held by the\n        [[Donetsk People''s Republic|DPR]]/[[Lugansk People''s Republic|LPR]] separatists\n        in September 2014 (cities in red)\\n}}\\n\\nThe ousting[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26304842\n        Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych] bbc.co.uk, 22 February 2014,\n        accessed 1 January 2016 of Yanukovych prompted Vladimir Putin to begin\n        preparations to annex Crimea on 23 February 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/vladimir-putin-describes-secret-meeting-when-russia-decided-to-seize-crimea|title=Vladimir\n        Putin describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea|publisher=The\n        Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/11458426/Putin-reveals-the-moment-he-gave-the-secret-order-for-Russias-annexation-of-Crimea.html|title=Putin\n        reveals the moment he gave the secret order for Russia''s annexation of Crimea|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}} Using the Russian naval base\n        at Sevastopol as cover, Putin directed Russian troops and intelligence agents\n        to disarm Ukrainian forces and take control of Crimea.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|title=Putin:\n        Russia Prepared Raising Nuclear Readiness Over Crimea|publisher=New York Times|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=15 March 2015|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620143551/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|archive-date=20\n        June 2015}}{{cite news|author=Neil MacFarquhar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/16/world/europe/putin-says-he-weighed-nuclear-alert-over-crimea.html|title=Putin\n        Says He Weighed Nuclear Alert Over Crimea|publisher=nytimes.com|date=16 March\n        2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/russia-pressure-ukraine-troops-disarm|title=Russians\n        pressure Ukrainian forces in Crimea to disarm|publisher=The Guardian|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author1=Olena\n        Goncharova|author2=Kyiv Post staff|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/a-year-after-referendum-putin-talks-about-yanukovych-rescue-nuclear-readiness-over-crimea-383567.html|title=A\n        year after referendum, Putin talks about Yanukovych rescue, nuclear readiness\n        over Crimea|publisher=kyivpost.com|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}} After the troops entered Crimea,{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|title=Russian\n        Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch One)|publisher=vicenews.com|date=5\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} a controversial [[Crimean referendum,\n        2014|referendum]] was held on 16 March 2014 and the official result was that\n        97 percent wished to join with Russia.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/official-results-97-of-crimea-voters-back-joining-russia/|title=Official\n        results: 97 percent of Crimea voters back joining Russia|publisher=cbsnews.com|date=17\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} On 18 March 2014, Russia and\n        the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by\n        the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession\n        of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation. The\n        UN general assembly responded by passing [[United Nations General Assembly\n        Resolution 68/262|resolution 68/262]] that the referendum was invalid and\n        supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine.{{cite news|author1=Alex\n        Felton|author2=Marie-Louise Gumuchian|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=U.N.\n        General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid|publisher=cnn.com|date=27\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nSeparately, in the [[Donetsk]]\n        and [[Luhansk]] regions, armed men declaring themselves as local militia seized\n        government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities\n        and held unrecognised [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia\n        Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12\n        May 2014}} The insurgency was led by Russian emissaries [[Igor Girkin]]{{cite\n        web|author=Anna Dolgov|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine/511584.html|title=Russia''s\n        Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine|work=The Moscow\n        Times|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} and [[Alexander\n        Borodai]]{{cite news|author=Roman Olearchyk|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html|title=Rebel\n        leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|publisher=Financial Times|subscription=y|date=7\n        August 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} as well as militants from [[Russia]],\n        such as [[Arseny Pavlov]].{{cite news|author1=Sabrian Tavernise|author2=Noah\n        Sneider|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/first-self-declared-wedding-in-donetsk-peoples-republic-ukraine-rebels-make-love-not-war.html?_r=1|title=For\n        a Weekend, Ukraine Rebels Make Love, Not War|publisher=New York Times|date=13\n        July 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\nTalks in [[Geneva]] between\n        the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred\n        to as the [[2014 Geneva Pact]][https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html\n        Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York\n        Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that\n        all unlawful militias lay down their arms and vacate seized government buildings,\n        and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for\n        Ukraine''s regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election\n        held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian\n        government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |title=Poroshenko promises calm ''in hours'' amid battle to control Donetsk\n        airport |publisher=The Guardian |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |archivedate=26 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} More than 9,000 people\n        have been killed in the military campaign.{{Cite web|url=http://112.international/conflict-in-eastern-ukraine/un-9449-dead-21843-wounded-in-donbas-conflict-6487.html|title=UN:\n        9,449 dead, 21,843 wounded in Donbas conflict|website=112.international|access-date=2016-06-29}}\\n\\n[[File:OSCE\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumb|left|[[OSCE]]\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March\n        2015]]\\n\\nIn August 2014, a bilateral commission of leading scholars from\n        the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step\n        plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.{{cite\n        news|author=Uri Friedman|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/a-24-step-plan-to-resolve-the-ukraine-crisis/379121/|title=A\n        24-Step Plan|publisher=The Atlantic|date=26 August 2014|accessdate=21 October\n        2015}} The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories\n        for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements\n        of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and\n        Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine''s \\\"first\n        but most decisive step\\\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as the target for [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        relations|EU membership application]].\\n\\nIn\n        February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire\n        with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal\n        of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions\n        by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as Ukrainian control\n        of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops\n        from Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015.\n        Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure\n        that the agreement is respected.{{cite\n        web|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work|title=Ukraine\n        ceasefire: European leaders sceptical peace plan will work|publisher=The Guardian|date=13\n        February 2015|accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\nOn 1 January 2016, Ukraine\n        joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]] with European Union, which aims to modernize and\n        develop Ukraine''s economy, governance and rule of law to EU standards and\n        gradually increase integration with the EU [[Internal market]].[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150981.pdf<\n        EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]. trade.ec.europa.eu.\\n\\n==\n        Historical maps of states ==\\nSeveral states have existed on the territory\n        of present-day Ukraine since its foundation. Most of these territories have\n        been located within [[Eastern Europe]]. However, as depicted in the maps here,\n        they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].\n        At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories\n        having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\\n
\\n\\nFile:001\n        Kievan Rus'' Kyivan Rus'' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan\n        Rus'', last 20 years of the state (1220\\u20131240).\\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia\n        Volhynia Rus'' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]\n        or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245\\u20131349).\\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania\n        Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]],\n        Rus'' and Samogitia until 1434.\\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth\n        1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\\u2013Ruthenian Commonwealth]]\n        or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate\n        and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\\n\\n
\\n\\n==\n        Geography ==\\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\\n\\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}}\n        and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world''s [[List\n        of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after\n        [[South Sudan]] and before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European\n        country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second-largest country]]\n        in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref\n        label|E|e|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel\n        north|44\\u00b0]] and [[53rd parallel north|53\\u00b0 N]], and longitudes [[22nd\n        meridian east|22\\u00b0]] and [[41st meridian east|41\\u00b0 E]].\\n\\nThe landscape\n        of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus,\n        crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''Dnipro''''}}),\n        [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug]] as they flow south\n        into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest,\n        the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania.\n        Ukraine''s various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the\n        highlands to the lowlands. The country''s only mountains are the [[Carpathian\n        Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}},\n        and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine\n        |archivedate= 15 January 2008 |title= Ukraine \\u2013 Relief |accessdate= 27\n        December 2007 |work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=\n        yes |df= }} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such\n        as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and\n        the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are\n        the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs\n        the border with the [[Russian Federation]]. Near the [[Sea of Azov]] can be\n        found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the\n        mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form sudden drops\n        in elevation and give rise to [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0413\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0437 \\u041a\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian\n        mountains|Carpathian National Park]] and [[Hoverla]] at {{convert|2,061|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        the highest mountain in Ukraine\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443.jpg|\n        Dawn on South Demerdji, [[Alushta]], [[Crimea]]\\nFile:Flag colors.jpg|Typical\n        agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0422\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u043010.jpg|View of \\\"Tykhaya Bay\\\" near [[Koktebel]]\n        on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]''s [[Black Sea]] coast\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438.jpg|[[Kinburn\n        Spit|Kinburn sandbar]], [[Ochakiv]] Raion, [[Mykolaiv Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0428\\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|\n        Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\\n\\n
\\n\\nSignificant\n        natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas,\n        oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury,\n        timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a\n        number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable\n        water; air- and water-pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination\n        in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl\n        Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household\n        waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.{{cite news|author= Oksana\n        Grytsenko|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|title= Environment\n        suffers from lack of recycling|publisher= [[Kyiv Post]]|date= 9 December 2011|dead-url=\n        y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012539/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|archive-date=\n        5 January 2012}}\\n\\n=== Soil ===\\nFrom northwest to southeast the soils\n        of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title= Ukraine|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n* a zone of sandy podzolized soils\\n* a central belt\n        consisting of the black, extremely fertile Ukrainian ([[Chornozem|chernozems]])\\n*\n        a zone of chestnut and salinized soils\\n\\nAs much as two-thirds of the country''s\n        surface land consists of the so-called black earth ([[chornozem]]), a resource\n        that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well\n        known as a \\\"breadbasket\\\".Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The\n        land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010. These ([[chornozem]])\n        soils may be divided into three broad groups:\\n\\n* in the north a belt of\n        the so-called deep chernozems, about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off}} thick and\n        rich in humus\\n* south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary,\n        chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}\n        thick\\n* the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus\\n\\nInterspersed\n        in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep\n        chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils,\n        which together occupy much of Ukraine''s remaining area. All these soils are\n        very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive\n        cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion\n        and gullying.\\n\\nThe smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the\n        chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly\n        salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.\\n\\n=== Biodiversity ===\\n{{further information|Wildlife of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, microorganisms and plants.\\n\\n====\n        Animals ====\\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black\n        Sea}}\\n{{multiple image\\n   | align = right\\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\\n   |\n        width1 = 184\\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native\n        of the east Ukrainian steppes\\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\\n  | image2\n        = \\u0411\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e. \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u0437\\u044c.jpg\\n   |\n        width2 = 185\\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western\n        and north-western Ukraine\\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\\n}}\\nUkraine is\n        divided{{by whom|date=August 2017}} into two main zoological areas. One of\n        these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of\n        Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located\n        in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested\n        areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar\n        and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals\n        make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine''s\n        lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst in the waters\n        carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the\n        central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers\n        are found in large numbers.\\n\\n==== Fungi ====\\nMore than 6,600 [[species]]\n        of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded\n        from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \\\"Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 a\n        preliminary checklist\\\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm|title= Cybertruffle''s\n        Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated organisms|publisher=\n        cybertruffle.org.uk|accessdate= 13 July 2011}} but this number is far\n        from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine,\n        including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the\n        generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have\n        so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers,\n        J. \\\"Dictionary of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount\n        of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made\n        to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such\n        species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url= http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title= Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher= cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate= 13 July 2011}}\\n\\n=== Climate ===\\n{{further information|Climate\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Ukraine\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate\n        climate]], with the exception of the southern coast of Crimea which has a\n        [[subtropical climate]].\\n{{cite web\\n|url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm\n        \\n|title= Ukraine|work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles\\n|publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization\\n|accessdate= 8 August 2016\\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        climate is influenced by moderately warm, humid air coming from the Atlantic\n        Ocean.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title=\n        Ukraine \\u2013 Climate|accessdate= 20 October 2015|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|\\u2013|7|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}}\n        in the north, to {{convert|11|\\u2013|13|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}} in the south. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately\n        distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and\n        southeast. Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian\n        Mountains, receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually,\n        while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}.\\n\\n== Politics ==\\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government\n        of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\\n{{Further information|2014 Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\n        float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;\\\"\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Petro Poroshenko 2014-06-26.jpg|139px]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Volodymyr Groisman.jpg|125px]]\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]
[[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Volodymyr\n        Groysman]]
[[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n|}\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]],\n        and [[judicial branch]]es.\\n\\n=== Constitution of Ukraine ===\\n{{Main|Constitution\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|In\n        the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false\n        Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design]\n        by [[Paul D''Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1811-5}} (p.\n        63)[https://euobserver.com/foreign/29431 EU endorses Ukraine election\n        result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (9 February 2010)[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014322/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\\n\\nWith the proclamation\n        of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28\n        June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004,\n        deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance\n        of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy\n        of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the\n        Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly\n        Portnykov. \\\"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination\n        of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former\n        Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to\n        the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control,\n        but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\\\". 1 October\n        2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite\n        this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments\n        were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution\n        and again making Ukraine''s political system more presidential in character.\\n\\nThe\n        ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political\n        discourse. Much of the concern was based on the fact that neither the Constitution\n        of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \\\"undo the Constitution\\\",\n        as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the\n        2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for\n        constitutional amendments (articles 154\\u2013159). In any case, the current\n        Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|title=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko: October 1 marks the end of Ukraine''s democracy and beginning\n        of dictatorship|publisher=Tymoshenko.ua|date=1 October 2010|accessdate=31\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009163812/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|archivedate=9\n        October 2011}}{{cite news|first=Serhiy|last=Hrabovsky|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u0441\\u0443\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0454\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f|trans-title=Judicial\n        absurdities, or Kotliarevsky is laughing again|language=uk|publisher=radiosvoboda.org|date=1\n        October 2010|accessdate=6 April 2016|quote=(Translation) These words handed\n        down on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (CCU) regarding\n        cancelling the political reforms of 2004 are worthy of being inscribed in\n        the annals of world jurisprudence. It turns out that \\\"the stability of the\n        constitutional order\\\" will not be changed by the will of the voters, or even\n        by Parliament, but by the decision of 18 persons.}}{{clarify|date=October\n        2011}}\\n\\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych\n        and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The\n        historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests\n        that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes\n        in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country\n        to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition\n        government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime\n        Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite\n        news|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|date=21\n        February 2014|work=europesun.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228115026/http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament\n        dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as\n        interim president{{cite news|title=Ukraine:\n        Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26312008|work=BBC\n        News|location=Kiev|date=23 February 2014|accessdate=6 April 2016}} and\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{cite news|first=Harriet|last=Salem|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov|title=Who\n        exactly is governing Ukraine?|publisher=The Guardian|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=6\n        April 2016}}\\n\\n=== President, parliament and government ===\\n[[File:Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|thumb|Presidential\n        administration building]]\\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|thumb|Cabinet\n        of Ministers building]]\\n\\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected\n        by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672|title=General\n        Articles about Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\\nUkraine''s\n        legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]].{{cite web |url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/ |title=Verkhovna Rada\n        of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine\n        Official Web-site |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190549/http://portal.rada.gov.ua/\n        |archivedate=23 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }} The parliament is primarily\n        responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of\n        Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister\n        of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine,_2004\n        |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}}\n        However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers\n        of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well\n        as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]]\n        and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\\n\\nLaws,\n        acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of\n        the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the\n        [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found\n        to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial\n        review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in\n        the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\\nLocal self-government is officially\n        guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise\n        control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations\n        are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime\n        Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President\n        and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when\n        President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called\n        ''temporarily acting'' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders,\n        thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice\n        was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships\n        and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\n        Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the\n        purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\\n\\n=== Courts and law\n        enforcement ===\\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Klov\n        Palace. Listed ID 80-382-0462. - 8 Pylypa Orlyka Street, Pechersk Raion, Kiev.\n        - Pechersk 28 09 13 396.jpg|thumb|[[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]], home to\n        the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]]]\\n\\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and\n        constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are\n        largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct).\n        Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period\n        of five years, after which Ukraine''s Supreme Council confirms their positions\n        for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have\n        been much improved since Ukraine''s independence in 1991. The Supreme Court\n        is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions\n        ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks\n        Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of\n        Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c \\u043a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Police\n        of Ukraine]] was formed on 3 July 2015, as part of the post-Euromaidan reforms.]]\\n[[Prosecutor]]s\n        in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according\n        to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] ''the role and functions\n        of the Prosecutor''s Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]]\n        standards\\\".[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/\n        Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March\n        2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction\n        rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0436\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukrainian courts almost can\n        not stand the acquittals''''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013)\n        equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193916/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/\n        Moskal: ''Rotten to the core''], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects\n        often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145022/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564\n        Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych\n        formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \\\"clean up the current\n        mess and adopt a law on court organization\\\". One day later,\n        he stated \\\"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\\\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine\n        remain quite punitive.\\n\\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to\n        hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens\n        unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their\n        native language or the services of a translator.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216010621/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/\n        \\\"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian\n        courts]\\\". ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/\n        \\\"\\u0417 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456 \\\"\\u0420\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\\"\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445]\\\".\n        ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''''. 23 June 2009.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111061236/http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{cite\n        web|url=http://for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court\n        proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\\n\\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine\n        are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of\n        Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national\n        police force ''''([[Militsiya|\\u041ci\\u043bi\\u0446i\\u044f]])'''' and various\n        specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of\n        Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services.\n        Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their\n        heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police\n        officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters\n        from challenging the state''s authority but also to provide a quick reaction\n        force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers,\n        [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2DE1238F934A25752C0A9639C8B63\n        BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation''s\n        Path], ''''[[The New York Times]]'''', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was\n        only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues'' calls\n        to withdraw.\\n\\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the\n        maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]];\n        Ukraine''s domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused\n        of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country''s\n        political elite from media criticism. On the other hand, however, it is widely\n        accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government\n        plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the\n        movement.\\n\\n=== Foreign relations ===\\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International\n        membership of Ukraine|Ukraine\\u2013European Union relations|The World Bank\n        in Ukraine}}\\nIn 1999\\u20132001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member\n        of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United\n        Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise\n        with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics.\n        Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes.\n        It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova\n        and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of\n        Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]]\n        operations since 1992.\\n\\n[[File:Normandy format talks in Minsk (February\n        2015) 03 cropped.jpeg|thumb|Leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[France]], and Ukraine at [[Minsk II]] summit, 2015.]]\\n[[File:EU DCFTA EFTA.svg|thumb|In\n        January 2016, Ukraine joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]\n        (green) with the EU (blue), established by the [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        Association Agreement]].]]\\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration\n        its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html\n        Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Ukraine\n        has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html\n        Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status \\u2013 law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/\n        Ukraine''s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December\n        2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1\n        Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226\n        Ukraine Ends ''Nonaligned'' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The\n        Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always\n        balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with\n        strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]''s [[Partnership and Cooperation\n        Agreement]] (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European\n        Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions\n        begin on an association agreement, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999\n        in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine''s long-term aspirations but does not\n        discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference\n        on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security\n        and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member\n        of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\n        are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government''s foreign\n        policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in\n        2010. But after February 2014''s [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership\n        for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual\n        integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU\n        was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the\n        process was suspended by 2012 because of the political developments of that\n        time.{{cite web | url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html\n        | title=Teixeira: Ukraine''s EU integration suspended, association agreement\n        unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6\n        September 2012}} The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European\n        Union was signed in 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html|title=EU,\n        Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 \\u2013\n        European Council|access-date=2016-06-25}}\\n\\nUkraine long had close\n        ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine relations]] became\n        difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\\n\\nUkraine is included\n        in the European Union''s [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims\n        at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\\n\\n=== Administrative divisions\n        ===\\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\\nThe\n        system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country''s status as a [[unitary\n        state]] (as stated in the country''s constitution) with unified legal and\n        [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\\n\\nUkraine consists\n        of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous\n        republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''avtonomna respublika''''}}), [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and\n        [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea\n        are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[raion]]s''''}} (districts) and\n        city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative\n        units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}};\n        the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231154652/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archivedate=2007-12-31|title=Regions\n        of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] of Ukraine Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n[[Populated\n        places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban\n        populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s\n        (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist\n        of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain\n        degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance\n        (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each\n        oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities).\n        City''s significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic\n        and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\\n\\nFollowing the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]]\n        became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They\n        are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international\n        community.\\n{{Further information|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n
{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px;\n        max-width:460px;}}
\\n\\n{| style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{| class=\\\"navbox\\\" style=\\\"width:100%;\n        background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts\n        of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\\n|-\\n|\\n* [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\\n* [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]\\n* [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\\n* [[Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n* [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\\n|\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n* [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\\n* [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\\n*\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n* [[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\\n|\\n* [[Kirovohrad\n        Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\\n* [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\\n* [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\\n* [[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\\n|\\n* [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\\n*\n        [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\\n* [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\\n*\n        [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\\n| valign=\\\"top\\\"|\\n* [[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\\n*\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\\n* [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\\n*\n        [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\\n|-\\n!colspan=2|
''''''[[Autonomous republic]]''''''
\\n!colspan=3|
''''''[[Cities\n        with special status]]''''''
\\n|-\\n|colspan=2|\\n* [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea]]\\n| colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:top;\\\"|\\n* [[Kiev|City\n        of Kiev]]\\n* [[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\\n|}\\n|}\\n|-\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n=== Armed\n        forces ===\\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Kissing the flag.jpg|thumb|left|Commander\n        of the Ukrainian contingent in [[Multi-National Force \\u2013 Iraq]], kisses\n        his country''s flag.]]\\n\\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine\n        inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the\n        third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the\n        world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html\n        |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}}\n        In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed\n        to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified\n        the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history\n        |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=\n        [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\\n\\nUkraine took consistent steps\n        toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional\n        Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery,\n        and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans\n        to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer\n        military]].{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archivedate=8\n        November 2007|title=White Book 2006|accessdate=24 December 2007|publisher=Ministry\n        of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu\n        mori 2012-07-17.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian frigate [[Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)|''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''' (U130)]]]]\\n\\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger\n        role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate\n        ''''Hetman Sagaidachniy'''' joined the European Union''s counter piracy [[Operation\n        Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]]\n        for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/\n        |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter\n        Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of\n        the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite\n        web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo\n        |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December\n        2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was\n        deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN\n        Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also\n        a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003\\u201305,\n        a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]]\n        under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the\n        world is 562 servicemen.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en|title=Peacekeeping|accessdate=2\n        May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMilitary units\n        of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian\n        forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094\n        \\\"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine\n        for exercises\\\". ''''Kyiv Post''''. 18 May 2010]\\n\\nFollowing independence,\n        Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.\n        The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation,\n        other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]]\n        since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper\n        cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed\n        in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered\n        by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining\n        NATO. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO\n        declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets\n        the criteria for the accession.\\n\\n== Economy ==\\n{{Main|Economy\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:GNI per capita\n        (Ukraine) in 2016.png|thumb|GNI per capita in 2016]]\\nIn Soviet times, the\n        economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important\n        industrial and agricultural component of the country''s [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from\n        a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult\n        for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty\n        soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukraine''s economy contracted severely following the\n        years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person\n        living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural\n        Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs\n        and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]}}\\n\\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to\n        combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the\n        problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run\n        industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary\n        policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels.\n        For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar\n        year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future\n        of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25\n        June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural\n        reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for\n        [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government\n        and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts.\n        A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation\n        process.\\n\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[National Bank of Ukraine]] [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]]]]\\n\\nIn\n        the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002\n        |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It\n        recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach\n        the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s,\n        the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial\n        production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}}\n        Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the\n        IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/3243.html\n        \\\"Head of IMF''s Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\\\"].\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010\n        GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked\n        [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in\n        PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S.\n        dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List\n        of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]].\n        By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias\n        per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120529144539/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=Average Wage Income in 2008\n        by Region |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of\n        Ukraine }} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European\n        countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\\n\\nAs of 2016,  Ukraine had average wealth per adult, at [[USD|$]]1,254.{{Cite\n        book |url = https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html?WT.i_short-url=%2Fgwr&WT.i_target-url=%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-institute%2Fglobal-wealth-report.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fnews-and-expertise%2Fthe-global-wealth-report-2016-201611.html\n        |title=Global Wealth Report 2016 |publisher=Credit Suisse |year=2016}}\\n\\n[[File:An-225\n        Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft\n        in operational service.]]\\n\\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation\n        vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes\n        and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian\n        exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220750/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Structure export and import,\n        2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine\n        }} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency,\n        the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active\n        participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between\n        1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch\n        vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics\n        of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space\n        Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232043/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archivedate=2008-11-21|title=Missile\n        defence, NATO: Ukraine''s tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business\n        Ukraine}}{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\\n\\nThe\n        country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to\n        a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the\n        natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia\n        and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia\n        controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western\n        Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine''s\n        Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford\n        Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in\n        the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|Trends in the Human Development\n        Index of Ukraine, 1970\\u20132010]]\\n[[File:Ukraine salary by region 2016.svg|thumb|left|Ukrainian\n        administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by\n        salary|monthly salary]]. All figures are in the Ukrainian hryvnia.]]\\n\\nGrowing\n        sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market,\n        which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries\n        in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104074538/http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archivedate=2009-01-04|title=Microsoft\n        CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20\n        May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}}\n        In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information\n        technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/society/768725-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044e\n        \\u0406\\u0422-\\u0444\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukraine\n        in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''''], [[UNIAN]]\n        (27 March 2013)\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World\n        Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP \\u2013 around $163 billion,\n        2012 \\u2013 $176.6 billion, 2013 \\u2013 $177.4 billion.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP\n        (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency\n        was the world''s worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its\n        value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply\n        raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March\n        2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest\n        rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What\n        are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTMIDINCCOUN/0,,contentMDK:21453301~menuPK:5006209~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:4434098,00.html|publisher=[[The\n        World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include\n        underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.\n        The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated\n        in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych''s\n        regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archivedate=2014-03-25|publisher=Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} However, according\n        to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Ukraine is still the most corrupt country\n        in Europe being ranked 142nd out of 175 countries on the world, in the latest\n        CPI report from 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results/\n        |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014: Full table and rankings |publisher=Transparency\n        International |accessdate=3 December 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine\n        Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth\n        in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine\n        macroeconomic situation \\u2013 February 2008|url=http://www.unian.info/society/99662-ukraine-macroeconomic-situation-feb-2008.html|publisher=UNIAN\n        news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006\n        the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\\n\\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing\n        absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving\n        maternal health and reducing child mortality.\\nThe poverty rate according\n        to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption\n        is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent\n        in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of\n        the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time\n        from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About\n        Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe economy of Ukraine overcame the heavy crisis caused\n        by [[War in Donbass|armed conflict in southeast]] part of country. AT the\n        same time, 200% devaluation of Ukrainian hryvnia (national currency) in 2014\\u20132015\n        made Ukrainian goods and services cheaper and more \\u0441ompetitive.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/management-and-legal-support-for-business-activity-in-ukraine/|title=The\n        economy of Ukraine|last=Thor|first=Anatoliy|date=|website=|access-date=}}\n        In 2016, for the first time since 2010, the economy grew more than 2%. According\n        to [[World Bank]] statement growth is projected at 2% in 2017 and 3.5% in\n        2018.\\n\\n=== Corporations ===\\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch\n        of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'''']]\\nUkraine\n        has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of\n        metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231025730/http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archivedate=2010-12-31\n        |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December\n        2010}} However, the country is also well known for its production of\n        high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft\n        and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://sputniknews.com/business/20100720/159879889.html\n        |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine''s Antonov |work=RIA\n        Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country''s\n        largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded\n        on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\\n\\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include\n        [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]],\n        [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]]\n        and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=https://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012/\n        |title=Brand \\\"Ukraine\\\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com\n        |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine is regarded\n        as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such\n        a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and\n        legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf\n        |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the \\\"Miracle\\\" Meant\n        to Last?| author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}}\n        Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong\n        since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country\n        has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current\n        corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation\n        of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]],\n        the enduring failure to broaden the nation''s economic base and a lack of\n        effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114072151/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520\n        |archivedate= 2010-11-14 |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on\n        list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10\n        November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine''s\n        economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20110208144113/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/\n        |archivedate= 2011-02-08 |title=Ukraine''s economic growth to resume in 2010,\n        unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Transport ===\\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}\\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|thumb|The Kharkiv\\u2013Dnipro\n        motorway (M18)]]\\n\\nIn total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. Major routes, marked with the letter ''M'' for ''International''\n        ''''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''),\n        extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border\n        routes to the country''s neighbours. There are only two true [[motorway]]\n        standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} stretch\n        of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipro]] and a section of the M03 which\n        extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where\n        the city''s [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 \\\"\\u0425\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2\n        multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n[[Rail transport in Ukraine]] connects all major urban areas,\n        port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries.\n        The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is the [[Donbas]] region of\n        Ukraine. Although [[rail freight transport]] fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison\n        with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world''s\n        highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation\n        in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}}\n        The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}},\n        of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently\n        the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and\n        all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on\n        international routes, are operated by its company ''[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]''.\\n\\nTransport\n        by air is developing quickly, with a visa-free programme for EU nationals\n        and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm\n        |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} the nation''s aviation sector is handling a significantly\n        increased number of travellers. The [[Euro 2012]] football tournament, held\n        in Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts, prompted the government to invest heavily\n        in transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=1520657.html\n        |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August\n        2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The Donetsk airport, completed for\n        [[Euro 2012]], was destroyed by the end of 2014 because of the ongoing war\n        between the government and the separatist movement.{{cite web|author=Alan\n        Taylor |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/02/a-year-of-war-completely-destroyed-the-donetsk-airport/386204/\n        |title=A Year of War Completely Destroyed the Donetsk Airport |publisher=The\n        Atlantic |date=26 February 2015 |accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\n[[Boryspil\n        International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county''s largest international\n        airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for the country''s\n        flag carrier, [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. Other large airports in\n        the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv\n        International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]]\n        (now destroyed), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades\n        in the near future. In addition to its flag carrier, Ukraine has a number\n        of airlines including [[Windrose Airlines]], [[Dniproavia]], [[Azur Air Ukraine]],\n        and [[AtlasGlobal Ukraine]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov\n        Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world''s largest fixed\n        wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\\n\\nInternational maritime travel is mainly\n        provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly\n        to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently\n        operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0443\\u0440\\u0446\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439 |publisher=Ukrferry.com\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Energy ===\\n{{Main|Energy in Ukraine}}\\nIn\n        2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security\n        Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute,\n        which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth\n        and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine\n        | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and\n        Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8\n        January 2014}}\\n\\n==== Fuel resources ====\\nUkraine produces and processes\n        its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities\n        are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported,\n        mainly from [[Russia]].{{cite book|author1=Axel Siedenberg|author2=Lutz\n        Hoffmann|title=Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International\n        Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393|accessdate=20\n        October 2015|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7908-1189-6|page=393}}\\n\\nNatural\n        gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel\n        industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country,\n        as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]\n        started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine\\u2014a project aimed\n        at the nation''s total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in\n        electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n==== Power generation\n        ====\\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear\n        Power Plant]], the largest nuclear power plant in Europe]]\\nUkraine has been\n        a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011,\n        3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/minugol/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216629&cat_id=35081\n        \\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0442\\u0430 2011\n        \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe''s largest [[Electricity|energy]]\n        consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319085724/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archivedate=2014-03-19|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22\n        December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US\n        government}} {{As of|2011}}, 47.6% of total electricity generation was\n        from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear\n        power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located\n        in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June\n        2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract\n        selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite\n        web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/westinghouse-wins-contract-to-provide-fuel-supplies-to-ukraine-57318317.html|work=30\n        March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press\n        release}}\\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine,\n        which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia\n        says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15\n        April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation\n        of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of\n        Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries\n        through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine''s Energoatom\n        Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archivedate=2014-04-11|work=11\n        April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}\\n\\n[[Coal]]\n        and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]]\n        are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation\n        needed|date=April 2014}}\\n\\n==== Renewable energy use ====\\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo\n        Solar Park]]]]\\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total\n        energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity\n        of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and {{As of|2012|lc=y}}\n        stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/\n        |title=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u043e \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454,\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 | \\u0417\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012\n        |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar\n        power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe''s largest solar\n        park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-29/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-\n        | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe''s Biggest Solar\n        Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}} Ukrainian\n        State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined\n        installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase\n        by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative\n        energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108232254/http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archivedate=2014-01-08|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research,\n        by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with\n        a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear\n        reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257\n        |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12\n        June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction\n        and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential:\n        the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small\n        hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy\n        at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only\n        starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9\n        May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine''s [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy\n        Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative\n        and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total\n        electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114035724/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archivedate=2012-11-14\n        |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua\n        |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\n=== Internet ===\\n{{Main|Internet\n        in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has a large and steadily\n        growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis\n        of 2007\\u201308]]. As of June, 2014, there were 18.2 million desktop Internet\n        users, which is 56% of the adult population. The core of the audience is the\n        25 to 34-year-old age bracket, representing 29% of the population.{{cite\n        web|title = \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u0446\\u0438\\u0444\\u0440\\u044b \\u043e digital-\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|url = http://www.imena.ua/blog/digital-in-ukraine/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-20}} Ukraine ranks 8th among the world''s top ten countries\n        with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203080726/http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study|publisher=Pandonetworks.com|date=22\n        September 2011|accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\n=== Tourism ===\\n{{Main|Tourism\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[Image:St.MichaelsGoldenDomedCathedral.JPG|thumb|225px|[[St.\n        Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nUkraine occupies 8th\n        place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World\n        Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191518/http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf\n        UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6], [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) because\n        of its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]],\n        hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination;\n        [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosystem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins\n        and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points.\n        [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] are Ukraine''s\n        principal tourist centres each offering many historical landmarks as well\n        as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure. Tourism used to be the mainstay\n        of Crimea''s economy but there has been a major fall in visitor numbers following\n        the Russian annexation in 2014.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28688478\n        Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea] bbc.co.uk, accessed 29 December 2015\\n\\nThe\n        [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are\n        the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general\n        public through an Internet-based vote.\\n\\n== Demographics ==\\n{{Main|Demographics\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|width = 220px\\n|float = right\\n|title = Composition\n        of Ukraine by nationality\\n|titlebar = #ddd\\n|bars =\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\\n|caption = Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian\n        raions (2001)]]\\n\\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census\n        of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant\n        groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]]\n        (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]]\n        (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%),\n        [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%)\n        and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year |work=ukrcensus.gov.ua\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics |accessdate=17 April 2010 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |archivedate=17 December 2011 |df= }} The industrial regions in the\n        east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the\n        population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United\n        Nations Children''s Fund]] (UNICEF)}}\\n\\nUkraine has one of the most\n        equal income distribution as measured by [[Gini index]] and [[Income inequality\n        metrics|Palma ratio]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/datablog/2017/apr/26/inequality-index-where-are-the-worlds-most-unequal-countries|title=Inequality\n        index: where are the world''s most unequal countries?|last=Barr|first=Caelainn|date=2017-04-26|work=The\n        Guardian|access-date=2017-04-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}\\n\\n===\n        Population decline ===\\n\\nUkraine''s population (excluding Crimea) in 2016\n        was estimated at 48,457,102. The country''s population has been declining\n        since the 1990s because of its high death rate and low birth rate. The population\n        has been shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has\n        recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable\n        to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to\n        stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nIn 2007, the country''s rate of population decline was the fourth\n        highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field\n        Listing \\u2013 Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World\n        Factbook}}\\n\\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high\n        [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking,\n        extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna\n        H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm\n        \\\"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process\n        in Ukraine\\\"], ''''Uktraine Magazine'''' No. 2, 1998.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720122016/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archivedate=2009-07-20|title=What\n        Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The\n        World Bank Group}}\\n\\nDuring the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million\n        children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999\\u20132001.\n        In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence.\n        Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000\n        children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up\n        |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January\n        2014}}\\n\\n=== Fertility and natalist policies ===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (1950-2012).svg|thumb|Population\n        of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[https://archive.is/20120805214701/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html\n        State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php\n        Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\\n\\nThe current birth rate in\n        Ukraine, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death\n        rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine\n        demographic tables]]).\\n\\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined\n        as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed\n        by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where\n        total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world''s lowest,\n        shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although\n        Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during\n        1991\\u20132004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal\n        childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive\n        Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition\n        to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest\n        explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence\n        of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns\n        about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between\n        early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris\n        | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility\n        in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages\n        = 55\\u201370 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid\n        = 15764134 }}\\n\\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government\n        continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments\n        of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and\n        50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154\n        hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912\n        |title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry |accessdate=1 February 2008\n        |work=Economic Ministry}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |title=President meets with business bosses |accessdate=1 February 2008 |work=Press\n        office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The demographic trend\n        is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing\n        since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip\n        The demographic situation in Ukraine in January\\u2013September 2009]{{dead\n        link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net\n        population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five\n        provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing\n        signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the\n        western oblasts.[http://www.unian.info/society/69133-ukraines-birth-rate-shows-first-positive-signs-in-decade.html\n        \\\"Ukraine''s birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\\\"]. [[Ukrainian\n        Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July\n        2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward\n        trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 because of the\n        economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\\n\\n===\n        Urbanisation ===\\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\\nIn total, Ukraine has\n        457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''''raion''''}}-class\n        cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type\n        settlements and 28,552 villages.\\n{{Largest cities\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n=== Language ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian\n        language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision\n        according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Russian.svg|thumb|Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision\n        according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}]]\\n\\nAccording\n        to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is\n        Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially\n        in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to\n        the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population\n        declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared\n        Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=1\n        November 2004|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27\n        January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}} Most native\n        Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''''de facto'''' official language of the Soviet Union\n        but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com\n        |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy\n        Yekelchyk]] ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''', [[Oxford University\n        Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}} Effective in August 2012,\n        [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles\n        any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared\n        official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html\n        |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8\n        August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared\n        as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html\n        |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be\n        used in these cities''/oblasts'' administrative office work and documents.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html|title=Romanian\n        becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|author=Michael Schwirtz|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html|title=Ukraine|date=5\n        July 2012|work=The New York Times}} On 23 February 2014, following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal\n        the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at\n        all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President\n        Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\\"|trans-title=Draft Law on\n        the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \\\"On the basic principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12\n        March 2015}}{{cite news|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia|title=Western\n        nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis|date=24 February 2014|work=The\n        Guardian}}{{cite news|author=Andrew Kramer|title=Ukraine Turns\n        to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2\n        March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\\n\\nUkrainian\n        is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such\n        as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used\n        in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}}\n        while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern\n        and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is\n        used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across\n        different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches\n        responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\\n\\nFor a large\n        part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation\n        to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in\n        public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159\\u2013168\n        Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image\n        and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004\n        as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (National Archives of Ukraine)}}\n        Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled\n        or dubbed in Ukrainian.\\n\\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous\n        Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic.\n        However, the republic''s constitution specifically recognises Russian as the\n        language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage ''in all\n        spheres of public life''. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language\n        of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2007-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204020421/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2007 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as\n        the ''languages of other ethnicities''. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming\n        majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers\n        11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2006-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227002737/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |archivedate=27 February 2008 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars\n        and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive\n        account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \\\"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html\n        The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context\n        of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\\\" International Committee\n        for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\\n\\n=== Religion ===\\n{{Main|Religion\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|title=Religion in Ukraine as of 2016 (Razumkov Center){{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches (sample of 2,018 people)|pages = 22, 29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n|float=right\\n|bars=\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|Orchid|65.4}}\\n{{Bar percent|Do\n        not believe in one of the listed religions|Chartreuse|16.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|Simply\n        [[Christianity]]|Turquoise|7.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Greek Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|6.5}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|DodgerBlue|1.9}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Islam in Ukraine|Islam]]|Green|1.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism\n        in Ukraine|Roman Catholicism]]|Indigo|1.0}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[History of the\n        Jews in Ukraine|Judaism]]|Blue|0.2}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism in Ukraine|Hinduism]]|Orange|0.2}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other religions|Chartreuse|0.2}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w - Sob\\u00f3r\n        M\\u0105dro\\u015bci Bo\\u017cej 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in\n        Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev\n        Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational,\n        Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one\n        of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine]]\\n[[File:St. Nicholas Roman Catholic\n        Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St.\n        Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]]]\\n\\nA 2016 survey conducted by\n        the [[Razumkov Centre]] found that 70% of Ukrainians declared themselves believers\n        in any religion, while 10.1% were uncertain whether they believed or not,\n        7.2% were uninterested in beliefs, 6.3% were unbelievers, 2.7% were [[atheists]],\n        and a further 3.9% found it difficult to answer the question.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\n        The level of religiosity in Ukraine is greatest in [[Western Ukraine]] (91%),\n        and lowest in [[Eastern Ukraine]] (56%) and the [[Donbass]] (57%).\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\\\"\\n|-valign=top\\n! colspan\n        = 12| Changes over time and region in the proportions of people in Ukraine\n        identifying themselves as believers, etc.\\n|-valign=top\\n!\n        rowspan=2 | ''''Whether you attend church or not, who do you think you are?''''\\n!\n        colspan = 5| Ukraine\\n| rowspan=8 width=2|\\n! colspan = 5| 2016 survey split\n        by region\\n|-valign=top\\n! | 2000\\n! | 2010\\n! | 2013\\n! | 2014\\n! | 2016\\n!\n        | West\\n! | Centre\\n! | South\\n! | East\\n!| Donbass\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Believers\\n|align=right|\n        57.8%\\n|align=right| 71.4%\\n|align=right| 67.0%\\n|align=right| 76.0%\\n|align=right|\n        70.4%\\n|align=right| 91.0%\\n|align=right| 73.5%\\n|align=right| 65.7%\\n|align=right|\n        55.6%\\n|align=right| 57.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Those who hesitate between belief\n        and disbelief\\n|align=right| 22.5%\\n|align=right| 11.5%\\n|align=right| 14.7%\\n|align=right|\n        7.9%\\n|align=right| 10.1%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        8.3%\\n|align=right| 14.2%\\n|align=right| 19.5%\\n|-valign=top\\n| Not a believer\\n|align=right|\n        11.9%\\n|align=right| 7.9%\\n|align=right| 5.5%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right|\n        6.3%\\n|align=right| 0.9%\\n|align=right| 4.8%\\n|align=right| 7.4%\\n|align=right|\n        13.4%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Atheist beliefs\\n|align=right|\n        3.2%\\n|align=right| 1.4%\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right| 2.5%\\n|align=right|\n        2.7%\\n|align=right| 0.2%\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right| 3.2%\\n|align=right|\n        3.5%\\n|align=right| 5.0%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Do not care\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right|\n        4.4%\\n|align=right| 5.1%\\n|align=right| 4.9%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|align=right|\n        1.2%\\n|align=right| 8.0%\\n|align=right| 13.0%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        9.4%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Difficult to answer\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right|\n        3.3%\\n|align=right| 5.7%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.9%\\n|align=right| 3.8%\\n|align=right| 2.3%\\n|align=right| 5.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.6%\\n|}\\n\\nOf the Ukrainian population, 81.9% were Christians, comprising\n        a 65.4% who declared to be [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], 7.1% simply\n        [[Christian]]s, 6.5% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Rite Catholics]],\n        and 1.9% [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. A further 1.1% were [[Muslim]]s and\n        1.0% [[Latin Church|Latin Rite Catholics]]. [[Judaism]] and [[Hinduism]] were\n        the religions of 0.2% of the population each. A further 16.3% of the population\n        did not identify in one of those listed hitherto. According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s,\n        such numbers have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade.\\n\\nA 2006 survey of the same Razumkov Centre, found\n        that: 62.5% of all respondents were [[irreligion|not religious, not believers]]\n        or not affiliated to any religious body, 33.6% were Christians (26.8% Orthodox,\n        5.9% Catholics, and 0.9% Protestants), 0.1% were Jewish, and 3.8% were members\n        of other religions.{{cite web|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?|trans-title=Sociological\n        poll: Believers, which churches and denominations do you consider yourself\n        to be adherents of? (sample of 11,216 people)|language=uk|work=[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]|date=2006|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}\\n\\nAmong those Ukrainians\n        who declared to believe in Orthodoxy, 38.1% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kiev Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Kievan Patriarchate]] (a body that is not canonically recognized by\n        the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]), while 23.0% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Moscovian Patriarchate]] (which is an [[autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]]\n        Orthodox church under the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]). A further 2.7% were\n        members of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], which, like the\n        Kievan Patriarchate, is not recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2004 |title=State Department of Ukraine on Religious\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=2003 Statistical report |deadurl=yes |df=\n        }} Among the remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 32.3% declared to be \\\"simply\n        Orthodox\\\", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 3.1%\n        declared that they \\\"did not know\\\" which patriarchate or Orthodox church\n        they belonged to.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n\\nThe\n        second largest Christian group in Ukraine, [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]],\n        is predominantly represented by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], an\n        [[Eastern Catholic]] Church in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy\n        See]] of the Roman Catholic Church. It recognizes the primacy of the [[Pope]]\n        as head of the Church while still maintaining a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]]\n        and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archivedate=26 February 2008 |title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Additionally, there\n        are a small number of [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities (1.0%). The church consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who\n        live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in\n        Ukraine]] make up 1.9% of the population as of 2016. A further 7.1% of the population declares to be simply Christian.\\n\\n=== Famines and migration ===\\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]],\n        followed by the devastation of World War II, created a demographic disaster.\n        Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and\n        seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males\n        in the period 1941\\u201344.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 =\n        Jacques | last2 = Mesl\\u00e9 | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3\n        = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A\n        New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages\n        = 249\\u2013264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 | pmid=12553326}}\n        According to ''''The Oxford companion to World War II'''', \\\"Over 7 million\n        inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were\n        killed during the Second World War.\\\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell\n        Foot (2001). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Oxford companion to World War II]''''. Oxford University Press. p. 909.\n        {{ISBN|0-19-860446-7}}\\n\\nSignificant migration took place in the first\n        years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into\n        Ukraine in 1991\\u201392, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In\n        total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among\n        them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and\n        2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved\n        to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska,\n        Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy/\n        \\\"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\\\"].\n        National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3\n        July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the\n        total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries\n        by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web\n        |url= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls\n        |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United\n        Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were\n        an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000\n        \\\"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories \\u2013\n        20% sample data\\\"]. ''''Statistics Canada.'''' giving Canada the world''s\n        third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There\n        are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\\n\\n=== Health ===\\n{{Main|Health\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a)\n        - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children''s hospital in [[Kremenchuk]],\n        [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established\n        in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners\n        of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens.\n        At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists.\n        Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3,200 qualified nurses. The organization takes\n        part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly\n        funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates,\n        the Society annually provides services to more than 105,000 lonely, elderly\n        people, about 23,000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25,000 war veterans, and more than 8,000 adults handicapped\n        since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian\n        citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated\n        in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist\n        nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com\n        |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209112933/http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |archivedate=9 December 2010 }} The public sector employs most healthcare\n        professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also\n        retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public\n        health facilities on a regular basis.\\n\\nAll of the country''s medical service\n        providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides\n        oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible\n        for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this,\n        standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine\n        |url=http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in\n        Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same\n        lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure;\n        as a result most towns have their own hospital ''''(\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)'''' and many also have district\n        hospitals ''''(\\u0420\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\n        Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major\n        cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital,\n        [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have\n        their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost\n        all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres;\n        such hospitals are called ''regional hospitals'' ''''(\\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\\n\\nUkraine currently faces\n        a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic\n        crisis because of its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian\n        birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000\n        population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality\n        rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]]\n        and smoking. In 2008, the country''s population\n        was one of the fastest declining in the world at \\u22125% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915155109/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=15 September 2002 |title=State Statistics Committee\n        of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014 }}\n        The UN warned that Ukraine''s population could fall by as much as 10 million\n        by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects:\n        The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archivedate=2014-03-20|publisher=United\n        Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high\n        blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian\n        healthcare system.\\n\\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming\n        the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family\n        doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency\n        services]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/11044.html National\n        network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister],\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime\n        Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to\n        start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in\n        the spring of 2010.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/|title=Ukraine\n        to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=24 November 2009|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065454/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-to-start-introducing-insurance-based-healt-53483.html|archivedate=23\n        October 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Education ===\\n{{Main|Education in Ukraine|List\n        of universities in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The\n        [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine''s most important educational institutions]]\\n[[File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\n        building by [[Josef Hl\\u00e1vka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\\nAccording\n        to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free\n        education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education\n        is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority.\n        Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is\n        provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archivedate=1997-04-15|title=Constitution\n        of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited\n        private secondary and higher education institutions.\\n\\nBecause of the Soviet\n        Union''s emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues\n        today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since\n        2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year\n        one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six),\n        middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary\n        then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |title=General secondary education |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |archivedate=16 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} In the 12th grade,\n        students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving\n        exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\\n\\nThe first\n        higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th\n        and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution\n        was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin\n        Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the\n        time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium\n        was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern\n        Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and\n        in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as\n        a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]],\n        founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th\n        century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805),\n        [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi\n        University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education\n        institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and\n        Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher\n        Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical\n        Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic\n        Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School\n        (1899) in [[Dnipro|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education\n        institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf\n        |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are\n        those owned by private organisations.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian higher education system\n        comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]]\n        facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing\n        bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007\n        |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |archivedate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The organisation\n        of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure\n        of education of the world''s higher [[developed countries]], as is defined\n        by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |title=System of the Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nUkraine has more\n        than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates\n        reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/\n        |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14\n        October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine produces the fourth\n        largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe,\n        while being ranked seventh in population. [[Higher education in Ukraine|Higher\n        education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state\n        expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term\n        exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some\n        universities. For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%. For\n        most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic\n        living expenses. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city\n        students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all\n        registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor''s\n        degree (4 years) and the master''s degree (5\\u20136th year), in\n        accordance with the [[Bologna process]]. Historically, [[Specialist degree]]\n        (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by\n        universities in the Soviet times.\\n\\nThe Law of Ukraine ''''On Higher Education''''\n        came into force on 6 September 2014. It was approved in Ukrainian Parliament\n        on 1 July 2014. The main changes in the system of higher education:{{cite\n        web|title = 16 \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d \\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456: \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438|url = http://osvita.ua/vnz/reform/42795/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-22}} a separate collegiate body to monitor the quality of\n        education was established (Ukrainian: \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438);\n        each higher education institution has the right to implement its own educational\n        and research programs; role of the student government was increased; higher\n        education institution has the right freely administer own revenues; 5 following\n        types of higher education qualifications were established: Junior Bachelor,\n        Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Science; load on\n        lecturers and students was reduced; academic mobility for faculty and students\n        etc.\\n\\n=== Regional differences ===\\n{{See also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional\n        differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukr\n        elections 2012 multimandate okruhs.png|thumb|Results of the [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2012|2012 parliamentary election]]. Yanukovych''s [[Party of Regions]]\n        in blue. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]] in purple.]]\\n[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in\n        [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language\n        in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently\n        in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer\n        classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009\n        | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic\n        Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html\n        | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]]\n        | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\\n\\nOn the [[Russian language\n        in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]],\n        opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite\n        of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics\n        tend be less extreme.{{cite web|url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/yazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html|title=The\n        language question, the results of recent research in 2012|publisher=[[Sociological\n        group \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]]|date=25 May 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/|title=Who''s\n        Afraid of Ukrainian History?|author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy D.\n        Snyder|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 September 2010}}{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html\n        |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian\n        language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0419\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|trans-title=Attitude of the Ukrainian\n        population to the figure of Joseph Stalin|publisher=[[Kyiv International Institute\n        of Sociology]]|date=1 March 2013|language=uk}}\\n\\nSimilar historical\n        cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification.\n        Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]],\n        differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]]\n        and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], and [[Donetsk]], predominantly\n        Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central\n        and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important\n        and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the\n        [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of\n        the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that\n        the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url=\n        http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all\n        were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic\n        difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture\n        and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation\n        | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all\n        | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine\n        | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3\n        | pages = 345\\u201368 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}}\n        Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging\n        to a \\\"Soviet identity\\\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the\n        Crimea (about 30%).{{cite web|format=PDF |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |title=Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding\n        Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region |work=taraskuzio.net |author=Taras\n        Kuzio |author-link=Taras Kuzio |date=23 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205435/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 May 2014 |df= }}\\n\\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]]\n        voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces)\n        vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc|Our\n        Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|script-title=uk:\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2012|trans-title=The Elections\n        of People''s Deputies of Ukraine 2012|language=uk|date=28 November 2012}}{{cite\n        web|date=30 August 2012|title=CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting\n        papers|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233711/http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archivedate=13\n        August 2014|deadurl=y|accessdate=6 November 2015}} and presidential\n        candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]]\n        and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern\n        and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]],\n        [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]])\n        with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation\n        | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc\n        | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe |\n        last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau\n        | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] |\n        year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation\n        | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle\n        | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher\n        = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url\n        = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981\n        | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine''s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012\n        Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher\n        = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation|url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |title=UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again |first=Taras |last=Kuzio\n        |author-link=Taras Kuzio |publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]] |date=5 October 2007\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515074305/http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df= }} However, this geographical division\n        is decreasing.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217083456/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/\n        \\\"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\\\"]. ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 11\n        February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine''s\n        Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv \\u2013 EU News & policy\n        debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine\n        vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\\n\\n== Culture\n        ==\\n{{Main|Ukrainian culture}}\\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection\n        of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs \\u2013 [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design\n        motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\\n[[File:Rushnyk -\n        Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian\n        embroidery]]]]\\n\\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by [[Orthodox Christianity]],\n        the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles\n        also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in\n        bringing up children, than in the West.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\n        The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western\n        neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music\n        and art.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\\n\\nThe Communist era had quite\n        a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite\n        was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin\n        made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated\n        the decree \\\"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\\\". This\n        greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced\n        and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as\n        they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archivedate=18 December 2007 |title=Gorbachev, Mikhail |accessdate=30 July\n        2008 |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |quote=Under his\n        new policy of glasnost (\\\"openness\\\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms\n        of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and\n        broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism;\n        and the country''s legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely\n        repudiated by the government |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nThe tradition of\n        the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These\n        eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied\n        to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously\n        wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed\n        leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old,\n        and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University\n        of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which\n        won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven\n        Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\\n\\n=== Weaving and embroidery ===\\nArtisan [[textile\n        arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes\n        |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]].\n        [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional\n        [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies\n        depending on the region of origin''''\\\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\\\",\n        Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine''''\n        and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours\n        and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian\n        Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of colour is very important\n        and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different\n        parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\\n\\nNational\n        dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still\n        practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village\n        is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts\n        fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u2013 \\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Rivne\n        Regional State Administration \\u2013 The Regional Centre for Folk Art|language=uk|publisher=Rv.gov.ua|accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0406\\u0421\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0422\\u0410 \\u0412\\u0418\\u0428\\u0418\\u0412\\u041a\\u0418\n        \\u0423\\u041b\\u042f\\u041d\\u0418 \\u041a\\u041e\\u0422 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve\n        this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving\n        centre, a museum and weaving school.\\n\\n=== Literature ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        literature}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|total_width=350\\n|width1=1517|height1=2006|image1=Taras\n        Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|caption1=[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.\\n|width2=560|height2=800|image2=\\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430.1888.jpg|caption2=[[Lesya\n        Ukrainka]], one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers.\\n}}\\nThe history\n        of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the\n        Christianisation of the Kievan Rus''.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Cultural Life \\u2013 The Arts \\u2013 Literature|accessdate=8 January\n        2014|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time\n        were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical\n        accounts of the time were referred to as ''''[[chronicle]]s'''', the most\n        significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archivedate= 6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Literature |accessdate=3\n        July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|G|g|none}}\n        Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'']].\\n\\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century,\n        and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction\n        of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both\n        Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an\n        independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s,\n        which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries,\n        when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless,\n        by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\\n\\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in\n        Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]''s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Eneyida''''}},\n        the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian\n        [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation''s most renowned cultural\n        figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan\n        Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian\n        vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\\\L\\\\I\\\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Danylo\n        Husar Sruk|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThen,\n        in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]]\n        by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary\n        activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish\n        their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central\n        Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete\n        after the revolution and the Bolsheviks'' coming to power.\\n\\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years,\n        when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literary\n        figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola\n        Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep\n        decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others\n        were killed by [[NKVD]] as part of the [[Great Purge]]. In general around\n        223 writers were repressed by what was known as the [[Executed Renaissance]].{{cite\n        web|author=Yuriy Lavrinenko|url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f\n        1917\\u20131933|trans-title=The Executed Renaissance: Anthology 1917\\u20131933|language=uk|location=Kiev|publisher=Smoloskyl|date=2004|archivedate=13\n        December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}}\n        These repressions were part of Stalin''s implemented policy of [[socialist\n        realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian\n        language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works.\\n\\nIn\n        post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited\n        under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet\n        literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk (poet)]],\n        [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\\n\\nLiterary\n        freedom appeared in late 1980s \\u2014 early 1990s with the process of\n        collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are\n        [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Oleksandr\n        Irvanets|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Yuriy\n        Izdryk|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a \\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy\n        Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov writes\n        in Russian, he is predominantly considered a representative of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\n===\n        Architecture ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque\n        Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]]\n        in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, which has a large [[Ukrainian diaspora.]]]]\\nUkrainian\n        architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built\n        in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\\nThese include initial\n        roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']]. Since the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'']] for several\n        ages Ukrainian architecture was influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture]].\n        After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural\n        history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During\n        the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was\n        developed under the western influences of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\n        After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger\n        eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]]\n        of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was\n        developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]].\n        Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\\n\\nThe great [[Architecture of\n        Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus'']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption\n        of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture\n        in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was\n        strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church\n        becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores\n        of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication\n        of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples\n        of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries,\n        many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below).\n        Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of\n        Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid,\n        [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125 and\n        [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], circa 12th-century. All can\n        still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\n        Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']]\n        has survived.\\n\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian\n        Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects\n        in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered.\n        [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]],\n        is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top\n        of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally\n        notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was\n        built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]].\n        During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea,\n        and renamed them as [[New Russia]]. New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]],\n        [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain\n        notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan\n        Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\\nFile:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] \\u2013 one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\\nFile:Kyiv, St Andrew\n        church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew''s Church, Kiev|St Andrew''s Church]] in [[Kiev]]\n        an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\\nFile:\\u041b\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0458\\u0430.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv''s\n        Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its\n        history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\nFile:\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434 \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|[[Vorontsov''s Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov\n        Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic\n        Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\\nFile:Monasterio\n        de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]],\n        an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\\nFile:ArcLviv.JPG|Example of early 20th\n        century architecture in [[Lviv]].\\nFile:LvivArchitecture.JPG|Lviv. The Bernardine\n        church in the style of Italian and Dutch mannerism\\nFile:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430) 02.JPG|[[Poltava]] museum, [[Ukrainian\n        Modern architecture]] example. 1908.\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\n        38 \\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u044c 2 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 2012 01.JPG|Central\n        Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f.JPG|Modern residential architecture\n        in [[Kharkiv]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446 \\u0428\\u0435\\u043d\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438.jpg|Sch\\u00f6nborn Palace. 1895\\n\\n
\\n\\nIn\n        1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously,\n        the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention.\n        All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist\n        architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy,\n        a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired\n        examples such as the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed.\n        Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War\n        contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction\n        of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example\n        of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture\n        once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\\n\\nThe task for\n        modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central\n        Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers\n        were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space\n        for a new shopping centre.\\n\\nA major project, which may take up most of the\n        21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi\n        Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid\n        the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml |script-title=ru:\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020\\u0433., \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u043c, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432, \\u043e\\u0431\\u044a\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u044b, \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0444\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0440.\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u044b\\u0431\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435, \\u041f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d. |trans-title=Architects of Kiev \\u2013 Development\n        rationale for changes in the general development plan of Kiev up to 2020 relating\n        to the construction of residential and office buildings with underground parking,\n        hospitality-office complexes, shopping centres, social and cultural facilities,\n        multi-functional entertainment complexes, etc. on Rybalsky island, Podolsky\n        district. |work=archunion.com.ua |date=7 December 2005 |accessdate=8 January\n        2014 |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510032158/http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml\n        |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Music ===\\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Cossack\n        Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumb|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing a [[kobza]]]]\\n\\nMusic\n        is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences.\n        From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern\n        rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians\n        including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from\n        traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even\n        into modern [[jazz]].\\n\\n[[File:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]]\n        is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}]]\\n\\nUkrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing\n        mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general\n        characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of\n        minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\\n\\nDuring the\n        Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received\n        a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in\n        the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well\n        versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy,\n        Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]]\n        or [[torban]].\\n\\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv,\n        Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura\n        from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers\n        within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated\n        in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\\nSee: [[Dmytro\n        Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\\n\\n[[File:Rapid\n        Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian dance ''''[[hopak]]''''.]]\\n\\nUkrainian\n        classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the\n        composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian\n        ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic\n        Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The\n        music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for\n        whom they cater.\\n\\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has\n        been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana\n        Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international\n        popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]],\n        [[Dakha Brakha]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\nModern musical culture\n        of Ukraine is presented both with academic and entertainment music. Ukraine\n        has five conservatories, 6 opera houses, five houses of Chamber Music, Philharmony\n        in all regional centers.\\n\\nUkraine hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]]\n        and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]].\\n\\n=== Cinema ===\\n{{Main|Cinema\n        of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian\n        directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important\n        early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]],\n        [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director\n        and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian\n        cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which\n        was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\\n\\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira\n        Muratova]]]]\\n\\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa\n        Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid\n        Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and\n        [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and\n        critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla\n        Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\\n\\nDespite a history of important\n        and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a\n        debate about its identity and the level of European and Russian influence.\n        Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian\n        actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films.\n        Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events,\n        including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything\n        Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]].\\n\\nUkrainian State Film\n        Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory\n        and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]],\n        and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival\n        held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and\n        first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\\n\\n===\n        Media ===\\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine\n        |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} was founded by [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum).\n        Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated\n        to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics\n        of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the\n        freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\\n[[Freedom\n        House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \\\"free\\\" and the press as \\\"partly\n        free\\\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution\n        of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \\\"negative trends in Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Kiev]]\n        dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine''s leading\n        English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]]\n        [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such\n        as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian),\n        and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also\n        a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine,\n        [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including\n        books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media,\n        newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing\n        Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts\n        in 1992.\\n\\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]]\n        or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half\n        hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\\n\\n===\n        Sport ===\\n{{Main|Sport in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration\n        Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates\n        a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet\n        emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds\n        of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Sports and recreation |accessdate=12\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]].\n        The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]]\n        (\\\"premier league\\\").\\n\\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national\n        football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners\n        of the prestigious [[Ballon d''Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only\n        presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy\n        Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]],\n        and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy\n        national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]],\n        where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]]\n        have held world heavyweight championships.\\n\\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record\n        in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic\n        abilities, he was voted the world''s best athlete on several occasions.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka | accessdate =27 May 2010\n        | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work\n        = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world''s\n        best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archivedate=2011-05-11\n        |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com\n        |accessdate=30 January 2011}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular\n        in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket\n        2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished\n        6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA\n        World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant\n        [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball\n        club in Ukraine.\\n\\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]]\n        is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]]\n        and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\\n\\nUkraine made its Olympic\n        debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]]\n        has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances)\n        than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number\n        of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every\n        country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March\n        2014}}\\n\\n\\n=== Cuisine ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        cuisine}}\\n\\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef,\n        fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains,\n        fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[varenyky]]''''}}\n        (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries\n        or berries), [[nalysnyky]] (pancakes with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms,\n        caviar or meat), [[kapu\\u015bniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots,\n        onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borscht]]\n        (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[Go\\u0142\\u0105bki|holubtsy]]''''}}\n        (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and\n        [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian\n        specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev cake]]. Ukrainians drink\n        [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese\n        from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional\n        Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:Wareniki.JPG|
[[Varenyky]] topped with fried onion
\\nFile:Borscht served.jpg|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|sour\n        cream]]\\nFile:Martiniouk Paska.JPG|
[[Paska\n        (bread)|Paska]], Ukrainian [[Easter]] bread
\\n\\n
\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of cultural icons\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] \\u2013\n        the first official Ukrainian currency\\n* [[Ukrainian oligarchs]]\\n\\n== Notes\n        ==\\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\\n''''''a.''''''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians\n        that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]],\n        [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who\n        greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen\n        Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\\n\\n''''''b.''''''{{Note\n        label|B|b|none}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data\n        is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the\n        famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting\n        various statements from different branches of different governments as to\n        whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide\n        by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm\n        on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according\n        to ''''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'''': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0491\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\"}}]),\n        16 (according to ''''[[Korrespondent]]'''', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002\n        {{lang|ru|\\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0439\\u043c \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\\"}}]),\n        \\\"more than 10\\\" (according to ''''Korrespondent'''', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780-latviya-viznala-golodomor-1932-33-rr-genocidom-ukrayinciv\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 1932\\u201333 \\u0440\\u0440.\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\\\"}}])\n        Retrieved 27 January 2008.\\n\\n''''''c.''''''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}}\n        These figures are likely to be much higher, as they ''''''do not'''''' include\n        Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians,\n        from the Ukrainian SSR.\\n\\n''''''d.''''''{{Note label|D|d|none}} This figure\n        excludes [[POW]] deaths.\\n\\n''''''e.''''''{{Note label|E|e|none}} Russia and\n        Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include\n        European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European\n        territories larger than Ukraine.\\n\\n''''''f.''''''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note\n        label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census\n        (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number\n        and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census''2001\n        data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite\n        web|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 About number and composition population of Kiev\n        on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}})\n        about 75 percent of Kiev''s population responded ''Ukrainian'' to the\n        native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent\n        responded ''Russian''. On the other hand, when the question ''What language\n        do you use in everyday life?'' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey,\n        the Kievans'' answers were distributed as follows: ''mostly Russian'': 52 percent,\n        ''both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure'': 32 percent, ''mostly\n        Ukrainian'': 14 percent, ''exclusively Ukrainian'': 4.3 percent.{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What\n        language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February\n        2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\\n\\n''''''g.''''''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such\n        writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\\n{{Refend}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681\n        Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published\n        16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth\n        and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925\n        Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]].\n        Published on 25 September 2014.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Trade \\u2013 European Commission|publisher=}}}}\\n\\n== Print sources\n        ==\\n=== Reference books ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* ''''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''''\n        (University of Toronto Press, 1984\\u201393) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\\n* ''''[https://www.questia.com/read/58069636/ukraine-a-concise-encyclopedia\n        Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'''' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University\n        of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''''Ukraine'''' (Culture\n        Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\\n* Evans, Andrew. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T\n        online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== Recent (since 1991)\n        ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''''Revolution in\n        Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''' (2006)\\n* Birch,\n        Sarah. ''''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'''' Macmillan, 2000 [https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* Edwards Mike: \\\"Ukraine \\u2013 Running on empty\\\"\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''''Cleft\n        Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        and Moldova'''', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89821-558-9}}\\n* Kuzio,\n        Taras: ''''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'''',\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7656-0224-5}}\\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''''Ukraine: State\n        and Nation Building'''' Routledge, 1998 [https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building\n        online edition]\\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''''Multilingual education\n        as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'''', in ''''Language\n        Education for Intercultural Communication'''', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens,\n        Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, {{ISBN|1-85359-204-8}}\\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine''s\n        Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\\n*\n        Whitmore, Sarah. ''''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament,\n        1990\\u20132003'''' Routledge, 2004 [https://www.questia.com/read/108557869/state-building-in-ukraine-the-ukrainian-parliament\n        online edition]\\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''''Ukraine''s\n        Orange Revolution'''' (2005)\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected\n        Nation,'''' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L\n        online excerpts at Amazon]\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''Ukrainian Nationalism in\n        the 1990s: A Minority Faith'''', [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-57457-9}}\\n*\n        Zon, Hans van. ''''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'''' 2000\n        [https://www.questia.com/read/98833788/the-political-economy-of-independent-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== History ===\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* [https://www.academia.edu/10220788/UKRAINIAN_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_BETWEEN_40_10.000_BP\n        UKRAINIAN UPPER PALAEOLITHIC BETWEEN 40/10.000 BP]\\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''''The\n        Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'''' (Rutgers UP, 1964)\n        [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world\n        online]\\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''''A History of Ukraine'''' (1986)\\n* Katchanovski\n        Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''''Historical\n        Dictionary of Ukraine.'''' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\\n*\n        Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations\n        between Ukraine and Russia, 1654\\u20131917'''' (Marquette University Press\n        1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations\n        online]\\n* Luckyj, George S. ''''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine:\n        An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'''' (1996)\\n* [[Magocsi,\n        Paul Robert]], ''''A History of Ukraine''''. [[University of Toronto Press]],\n        1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-7820-6}}\\n* Reid, Anna. ''''Borderland: A Journey Through\n        the History of Ukraine'''' (2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/96969196/borderland-a-journey-through-the-history-of-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''''Ukraine: A History'''',\n        1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}.\\n*\n        Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''' (Oxford University\n        Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation\n        online]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==== World War II ====\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian\n        Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\\n* Berkhoff, Karel C.\n        ''''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'''' Harvard\n        U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle\n        and Women''s Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\\n*\n        Gross, Jan T. ''''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland''s\n        Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'''' (1988).\\n* Lower, Wendy. ''''Nazi\n        Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'''' U. of North Carolina Press,\n        2005. 307 pp.\\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''''Poland''s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife,\n        Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918\\u20131947'''',\n        McFarland & Company, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}\\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''''Together\n        and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919\\u20131945.'''' Indiana\n        U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''''Holocaust In The Ukraine'''',\n        Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Sister\n        project links|voy=Ukraine}}\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx\n        Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121072359/https://en.ukrainecityguide.com/\n        Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\\n* [https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine]\n        information from the [[United States Department of State]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416140456/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html\n        Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm\n        Ukraine] at ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\\n*\n        [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\\n*\n        {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development\n        Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62\n        EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/\n        EU Neighbourhood Library]\\n; Government\\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/\n        The President of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government\n        Portal of Ukraine]\\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\\n*\n        [http://escher.com.ua/main.php Ukrainian art. 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Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\\n|Southwest\n        = \\n|West      = {{Flag|Chile}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|title=International\n        membership\\n|list=\\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\\n{{G15 nations}}\\n{{G20}}\\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul\n        (Southern Common Market)}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of\n        South American Nations}}\\n{{World Trade Organization}}\\n{{Founding member\n        states of the United Nations}}\\n}}\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Federal\n        constitutional republics]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:G15\n        nations]]\\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of Mercosur]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American\n        Nations]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking\n        countries and territories]]\\n[[Category:States and territories established\n        in 1816]]\\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":799647522,\"length\":206395,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\"},\"31750\":{\"pageid\":31750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:15:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        country}}\\n{{pp-pc1}}\\n{{pp-move-indef}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}\\n{{EngvarB|date=October\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox country\\n| conventional_long_name =Ukraine\\n| common_name\n        = Ukraine\\n| native_name = {{native name|uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|italics=off}}''''{{small|Ukrayina}}''''\\n| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\\n| image_coat\n        = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\\n| national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\\\"''''[[Shche\n        ne vmerla Ukraina|Shche ne vmerly Ukrainy ni slava ni volya]]''''\\\"}}
\\\"The\n        glory and the will of Ukraine has not yet died\\\" (also \\u2013 \\\"Ukraine has\n        not yet perished)\\\"
[[File:Anthem-of-Ukraine Chorus Veryovka.ogg]]
\\n|\n        image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\\n| map_caption ={{unbulleted\n        list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green}}|Claimed,\n        but not controlled ({{small|light green}})}}\\n| capital = [[Kiev]]\\n| coordinates\n        = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:city}}\\n| largest_city = capital\\n\\n| official_languages =\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| regional_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]],\n        [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]],\n        [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]],\n        [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]],\n        [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]],\n        [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]],\n        [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]],\n        [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]{{cite web |\n        url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17\n        | archivedate=14 February 2014 | title=Law of Ukraine \\\"On Principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\" (Current version \\u2014 Revision from 1 February 2014) |\n        publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional\n        or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30\n        April 2014}}\\n| ethnic_groups =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\\n  |\n        17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\\n\n        }}\\n| ethnic_groups_year = 2001\\n| demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\\n| government_type\n        = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}}\n        [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n|\n        leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of\n        Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n| leader_name2 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\\n| leader_title3\n        = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\\n| leader_name3\n        = [[Andriy Parubiy]]\\n| legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus'']]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 882\\n| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia|Kingdom\n        of
Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]}}\\n| established_date2 = 1199\\n| established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\\n| established_date3 =\n        17 August 1649\\n| established_event4 = Independence from [[Russian Republic]];\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date4 = 7 November 1917\\n|\n        established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date5\n        = 1 November 1918\\n| established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian\n        SSR]]\\n| established_date6 = 10 March 1919\\n| established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\\n|\n        established_date7 = 8 October 1938\\n| established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet\n        annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviet annexation
of Western\n        Ukraine]]}}\\n| established_date8 = 15 November 1939\\n| established_event9\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration ofUkrainian Independence]]}}\\n| established_date9 = 30 June 1941\\n| established_event10\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the\n        Soviet Union]]}}\\n| established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\\n| area_km2\n        = 603,628\\n| area_rank = 45th \\n| area_sq_mi = or 233,013/ 223,013\\n| percent_water = 7\\n| population_estimate =42,541,633\n        {{decrease}}{{cite web|url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |title=Population (by estimate) as of 1 April, 2016. |publisher=State Statistics\n        Service of Ukraine |accessdate=1 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |archivedate=8 August 2016 |df= }}\\n| population_census = 48,457,102\\n|\n        population_estimate_year = 2016\\n| population_estimate_rank = 32nd\\n| population_census_year\n        = 2001\\n| population_density_km2 = 73.8\\n| population_density_sq_mi = 191\n        \\n| population_density_rank = 115th\\n|\n        GDP_PPP = $353 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=10&sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report\n        for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=World Economic Outlook Database,\n        April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 2017|accessdate=12\n        August 2016}} \\n| GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n| GDP_PPP_rank =\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,305 \\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal\n        = $93.263 billion \\n|\n        GDP_nominal_year = 2016\\n| GDP_nominal_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita =\n        $2,194 \\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        =\\n| Gini = 24.1 \\n| Gini_year = 2014\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n|\n        Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UA\n        |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 9 November 2016}}\\n|\n        Gini_rank =\\n| HDI = 0.747 \\n| HDI_year = 2014 \\n| HDI_change\n        = increase\\n| HDI_ref = {{cite\n        web|format=PDF|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf|title=Human\n        Development Report 2015 Statistical Annex|date=14 December 2015|accessdate=15\n        December 2015}}\\n| HDI_rank = 81st\\n| currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\\n|\n        currency_code = UAH\\n| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\\n| utc_offset\n        = +2{{cite web|url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 30 \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441|trans-title=Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter\n        time on 30 October|language=uk|publisher=korrespondent.net|date=18 October\n        2011|accessdate=31 October 2011}}\\n| utc_offset_DST = +3\\n| time_zone_DST\n        = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\\n| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand\n        traffic|right]]\\n| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\\n|\n        cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440]]}}\\n| footnote_a\n        = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was\n        held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26\n        December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted\n        on 28 June 1996.\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| country_code = UKR\\n}}\\n{{Contains\n        Cyrillic text}}\\n\\n''''''Ukraine'''''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|ju\\u02d0|\\u02c8|k|r|e\\u026a|n}};\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430}}, [[Romanization\n        of Ukrainian|tr.]] {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Ukrayina''''}} {{IPA-uk|ukr\\u0250\\u02c8jin\\u0250|}}),\n        [[Name of Ukraine#\\\"Ukraine\\\" versus \\\"the Ukraine\\\"|sometimes called ''''''the\n        Ukraine'''''']],{{cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844|publisher=BBC|title=Ukraine\n        or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have ''the''?|last1= Geoghegan|first1=Tom|work=BBC\n        News Magazine|date=7 June 2012}} is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Eastern\n        Europe]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=The\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine| publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=7\n        January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014}} [[State Border of Ukraine|bordered]]\n        by [[Russia]] to the east, northeast, and south, [[Belarus]] to the northwest,\n        [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]]\n        to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and\n        southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in [[territorial dispute]] with\n        Russia over the [[Crimean Peninsula]] which [[Annexation of Crimea by the\n        Russian Federation|Russia annexed in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082|title=Russia''s\n        Crimea plan detailed, secret and successful|first=John|last=Simpson|date=19\n        March 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}} but which Ukraine and most of\n        the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine\n        has an area of {{convert|603628|km\\u00b2|0|abbr=on}},{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Ukraine|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 United Nations Statistics Division|work=United Nations|date=2016|accessdate=6\n        September 2016}} making it the largest country entirely within [[Europe]]\n        and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|46th]] largest country\n        in the world. It has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the [[List\n        of countries and dependencies by population|32nd]] most populous country in\n        the world.\\n\\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000\n        BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture,\n        with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus'']] forming the basis of Ukrainian\n        identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was\n        contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Grand Duchy\n        of Lithuania|Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]],\n        and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered\n        during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split\n        between Poland and the [[Russian Empire]], and later merged fully into Russia.\\n\\nDuring\n        the 20th century three periods of independence occurred.  The first of these\n        periods occurred briefly during and immediately after the German occupation\n        near the end of [[World War I]] and the second occurred, also briefly, and\n        also during German occupation, during [[World War II]]. However, both of these\n        first two earlier periods would eventually see Ukraine''s territories consolidated\n        back into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] within\n        the [[USSR]].  The third period of independence began in 1991, when Ukraine\n        gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of [[dissolution\n        of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].  Ukraine\n        has maintained its independence as a sovereign state ever since.  Before its\n        independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as \\\"The Ukraine\\\",\n        but sources since then have moved to drop \\\"the\\\" from the name of Ukraine\n        in all uses.\\n\\nFollowing its independence, Ukraine\n        declared itself a [[neutral state]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=27\n        September 2007|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} Nonetheless it formed\n        a limited military partnership with the Russian Federation and other [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States|CIS countries]] and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership\n        with NATO]] in 1994. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO,\n        and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action\n        Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO\n        should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient,{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|title=NATO\n        confirms readiness for Ukraine''s joining organization|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=13\n        April 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416153024/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|archive-date=16\n        April 2010}} and was against Ukraine joining NATO.{{cite\n        news|author=Richard Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107|title=Yanukovich\n        vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=7 January 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}} In 2013, after the government of President Yanukovych\n        had decided to suspend the [[Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement]]\n        and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations\n        and protests known as the [[Euromaidan]] began, which later escalated into\n        the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] that led to the overthrow of President Yanukovych\n        and his cabinet and the establishment of a new government. These events formed\n        the background for the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] in March 2014, and the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014.\n        On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the [[Deep and Comprehensive\n        Free Trade Area]] with the European Union.\\n\\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because\n        of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the world''s largest [[Grain\n        trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister|title=Ukraine\n        becomes world''s third biggest grain exporter in 2011 \\u2013 minister|publisher=Black\n        Sea Grain|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=31 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister\n        |archivedate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm|title=World\n        Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation|date=2013|accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large\n        [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]],\n        [[executive branch|executive]] and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and\n        largest city is [[Kiev]]. Taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel,[[#IISS2010|IISS\n        2010]], pp. 195\\u2013197 Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military\n        of Ukraine|military]] in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home\n        to 42.5 million people (excluding [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]), 77.8 percent of whom are [[Ukrainians]] \\\"by ethnicity\\\",\n        followed by a sizeable minority of [[Russians]] (17.3 percent) as well as\n        [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Bulgarians]]\n        and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]]\n        and its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion\n        in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has\n        strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]]\n        and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].  It is a member of the [[United Nations]]\n        since its founding, the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization for Security\n        and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic\n        Development|GUAM]], and one of the founding states of the [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States]] (CIS).\\n{{TOC limit}}\\n\\n== Etymology ==\\n{{Main|Name\n        of Ukraine}}\\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name\n        of Ukraine|name ''''Ukraine'''']]. According to the older and most widespread\n        hypothesis, it means \\\"borderland\\\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed\n        today and every day|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides|title=Linguistic\n        divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine?|publisher=The Economist|date=5\n        February 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014|subscription=y}} while more recently\n        some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \\\"homeland\\\" or \\\"region,\n        country\\\".{{cite web|author=Hryhoriy Pivtorak|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u043d,\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=The origin of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians\n        and their languages|language=uk|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\n\\\"The\n        Ukraine\\\" was once the usual form in English,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine \\u2013\n        Definition|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}}\n        but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \\\"the Ukraine\\\"\n        has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides\n        largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml|title=The\n        \\\"the\\\" is gone|publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIX, No. 49|date=8\n        December 1991|accessdate=21 October 2015}}{{cite web|author=Adam\n        Taylor|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12|title=Why\n        Ukraine Isn''t ''The Ukraine,'' And Why That Matters Now|publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]]|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=21 October 2015}} \\\"The Ukraine\\\"\n        now implies disregard for the country''s sovereignty, according to U.S. ambassador\n        [[William B. Taylor, Jr.|William Taylor]].{{cite news|title=\\u2018Ukraine\\u2019\n        or \\u2018the Ukraine\\u2019? It\\u2019s more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|accessdate=11\n        August 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Early history ===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n\n        pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Pokrov, Ukraine|Pokrov]],\n        dated to the 4th century BC]]\\n\\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is\n        seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000\\u201345,000 BC) which include\n        a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html|title=Neanderthals\n        built homes with mammoth bones|publisher=Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=18\n        December 2011|author=Richard Gray|accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova\n        I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is\n        also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of\n        the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm\n        | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories\n        reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge)\n        | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''''Shaping\n        World History'''' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize \\u2013 When and Where Did\n        Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum\n        of the Horse }}{{cite news|title=Horsey-aeology,\n        Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man,\n        Fact or Fiction|url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|archivedate=7\n        October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald|publisher=CBC\n        Radio|date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\\n\\nModern human\n        settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence\n        of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020834|title=The\n        Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating,\n        Culture and Behavior|author1=Sandrine Prat|author2=St\\u00e9phane C. P\\u00e9an|author3=Laurent\n        Cr\\u00e9pin|author4=Doroth\\u00e9e G. Drucker|author5=Simon J. Puaud|author6=H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne\n        Valladas|author7=Martina L\\u00e1zni\\u010dkov\\u00e1-Galetov\\u00e1|author8=Johannes\n        van der Plicht|author9=Alexander Yanevich|date=17 June 2011|publisher=plosone|accessdate=21\n        June 2011}}{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262|title=Early\n        human fossils unearthed in Ukraine|author=Jennifer Carpenter|date=20 June\n        2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]]\n        [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in\n        a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]]\n        and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the\n        land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian|title=Scythian|accessdate=21\n        October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} Between 700 BC\n        and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the sixth century BC, colonies\n        of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such\n        as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded on\n        the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]]. These colonies thrived well into\n        the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the\n        sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory\n        of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of\n        the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions,\n        and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n=== Golden Age of Kiev ===\\n\\n{{Main|Kievan\n        Rus''}}\\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The baptism\n        of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']].]]\\n\\nKievan Rus'' was founded by the [[Rus'' people]], who came from\n        Scandinavia across [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and settled in Kiev around 880\n        AD. Kievan Rus'' included the central, western and northern part of modern\n        Ukraine, [[Belarus]], far eastern strip of Poland and the western part of\n        present-day Russia. According to the ''''[[Primary Chronicle]]'''' the Rus''\n        elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it\n        became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It\n        laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia\n        |edition=6 |year=2001\\u20132007 |article=Kievan Rus |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |archivedate=19 August 2000 }} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine,\n        became the most important city of the Rus''.\\n\\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan\n        Rus'' (1054-1132).jpg|thumb|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus'']], 1054\\u20131132]]\\n\\nThe\n        Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of\n        the first Rus'' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus'' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled\n        by the interrelated Rurikid ''''[[knyaz]]es'''' (\\\"princes\\\"), who often fought\n        each other for possession of Kiev.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        Golden Age of Kievan Rus'' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]]\n        (980\\u20131015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus''|turned Rus'' toward\n        Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]]\n        (1019\\u20131054), Kievan Rus'' reached the zenith of its cultural development\n        and military power. The state soon fragmented as\n        the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence\n        under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113\\u20131125) and his son [[Mstislav\n        I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125\\u20131132), Kievan Rus'' finally disintegrated\n        into separate principalities following Mstislav''s death.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]] devastated\n        Kievan Rus''. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 April 2011 |title=The Destruction of Kiev |accessdate=3\n        January 2008 |work=University of Toronto''s Research Repository }} On\n        today''s Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]]\n        and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state\n        of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm|title=Roman\n        Mstyslavych|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}\\n\\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo\n        Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the\n        Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus'', including\n        Volhynia, Galicia and Rus'' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by\n        the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the\n        first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus''. Under Danylo''s reign, the Kingdom of\n        Galicia\\u2013Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central\n        Europe.[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Romanovich \\\"Daniel\n        Romanovich\\\"].Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.\n        23 August 2007\\n\\n=== Foreign domination ===\\n\\n{{See\n        also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman\n        Empire|Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|Following\n        the [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled\n        by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and after the [[Union of Lublin]]\n        (1569) was included in the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]], illustrated\n        here in 1619.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Boles\\u0142aw\n        Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns\n        (1340\\u20131366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile, the heartland of Rus'',\n        including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled\n        by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen'' River]].\n        Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland\n        and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly\n        Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.\n        By 1392 the so-called [[Galicia\\u2013Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers\n        of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or re-founded\n        many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially\n        Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded\n        the Crimean Khanate.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bohdan\n        Khmelnytsky]], [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine, established\n        an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising in 1648]]\n        against [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\\n\\nIn 1569 the [[Union\n        of Lublin]] established the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much\n        Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural\n        and political pressure of [[Polonisation]], which began in the late 14th century,\n        many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus)\n        converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny,\n        pp. 92\\u201393 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the\n        commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging\n        [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against\n        those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local\n        representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Poland |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]] (fee required) |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nFormed from [[Golden\n        Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol\n        invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern\n        Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured\n        and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The\n        Sultan''s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman\n        Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |year=2013 |page=16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df= }} The borderlands suffered annual\n        [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning\n        of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave\n        raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html\n        Halil Inalcik. \\\"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\\\"] in A. Ascher, B.\n        K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and\n        Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979,\n        pp. 25\\u201343. exported about two million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz\n        Ko\\u0142odziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves,\n        Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives\n        in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate\n        |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to\n        [[Orest Subtelny]], \\\"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar\n        raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\\\"Subtelny, Orest\n        (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record\n        number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''''\\\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. {{ISBN|0-87436-885-5}}\n        The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly\n        regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer. The last\n        remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire\n        in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the\n        Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish\n        Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources\n        |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to\n        govern this territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Location\n        of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as\n        a direct ancestor of today''s Ukraine.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-17th century,\n        a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper\n        Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\Z\\\\A\\\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia,\n        The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population,\n        but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]\n        and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were\n        allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\\\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf\n        The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\\\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki,\n        ''''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'''' However\n        the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and\n        especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 The Cossacks|accessdate=21 October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}}\\n\\nThe\n        Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition\n        of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack\n        Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the\n        Sejm.{{cite web|title=Poland \\u2013 The Cossacks|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Cossacks|publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n=== Cossack Hetmanate ===\\n[[File:Marten''s Poltava.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]],\n        1726]]\\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky\n        Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the\n        Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123\\u2013124 After\n        Khmelnytsky made an entry into Kiev in 1648, where he was hailed liberator\n        of the people from Polish captivity, he founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]\n        which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).\\n\\n[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Khmelnytsky]],\n        deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat\n        at Berestechko]] in 1651, and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654,\n        Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political\n        alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian tsar.\\n\\nIn\n        1657\\u20131686 came \\\"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\\\", a devastating\n        30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine,\n        which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of\n        Poland. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths.\n        Defeat came in 1686 as the \\\"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\\\"\n        between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\\n\\nIn\n        1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639\\u20131709) defected to [[Sweden]]\n        against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700\\u20131721). Eventually\n        Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia''s political and\n        economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]]\n        and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after\n        fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their\n        Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\\n\\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The\n        first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This\n        copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original\n        is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\\n\\nThe [[Constitution of\n        Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian\n        Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]],\n        a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082709/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/\n        \\\"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk\n        being celebrated\\\"], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', (5 April 2010) It established\n        a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative,\n        executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]''s\n        [[The Spirit of the Laws|''''Spirit of the Laws'''']]. The Constitution limited\n        the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected\n        [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk''s [[Constitution]]\n        was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions\n        in Europe.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe hetmanate was abolished\n        in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia\n        centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning\n        of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper\n        were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into\n        the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone\n        of Russian foreign policy.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Kirill\n        Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman\n        of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750\\u20131764 and the first person to declare\n        Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\\n\\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast\n        estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from\n        [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically\n        tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other\n        using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics\n        and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596,\n        they set up the \\\"Greek-Catholic\\\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate\n        Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation\n        left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to\n        follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27\\u201330\\n\\nCossacks\n        led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian\n        borderlands of the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity\n        was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of\n        Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious\n        warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between\n        Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border\n        on the [[Dnieper River]] in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine\n        II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become\n        more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence\n        on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing\n        Polish and Russian political allegiances.{{cite journal | last1 = Skinner\n        | first1 = Barbara | year = 2005 | title = Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering\n        the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy | url = | journal = Slavic Review | volume\n        = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 88\\u2013116 | doi=10.2307/3650068}}\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]]\n        was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421073907/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule\n        Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''''Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica.''''\n        Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the\n        Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting.\n        However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later\n        period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing\n        the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite\n        journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship\n        of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863\\u20131876): Intention\n        and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=March\\u2013June 2007|volume=47|pages=87\\u2013110|jstor=40871165|publisher=Canadian\n        Association of Slavists}}\\n\\n=== 19th century, World War I and revolution\n        ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\\n{{Further information|Ukraine\n        during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\\n[[File:1904\n        Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing administrative\n        units of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia within the Russian Empire\n        prior to Ukrainian independence 1917\\u20131921.]]\\n[[File:Mapa from Ukraine\n        postcard 1919.jpg|thumbnail|Ukraine according to an old postal stamp from\n        1919 that was reprinted in 2008.]]\\n\\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural\n        area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and\n        modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian\n        [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged.\n        The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814\\u20131861) and the\n        political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841\\u20131895) led the growing\n        nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nAfter the [[Russo-Turkish\n        War (1768\\u20131774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors\n        encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into\n        Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage agriculture.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was migration\n        from Ukraine to distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897\n        census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in\n        [[Central Asia]].Rainer M\\u00fcnz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor]''''\\\".\n        Routledge. p. 164. {{ISBN|0-7146-5232-6}} An additional 1.6 million\n        emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian\n        Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}\n        [[Russian Far East|Far Eastern]] areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population\n        became known as [[Green Ukraine]].Jonathan D. Smele (2015). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476\n        Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916\\u20131926]''''. Rowman\n        & Littlefield. p.476. {{ISBN|1-4422-5281-2}}\\n\\nNationalist and socialist\n        parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]],\n        under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the centre\n        of the nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nUkrainians\n        entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under\n        Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians\n        fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]],\n        while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340\\u2013344}}\n        [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian\n        Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This became the [[Ukrainian Galician\n        Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War\n        I period (1919\\u201323). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria\n        were treated harshly.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof\n        |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The\n        world academy of Rusyn culture}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|left|Ukraine\n        in 1918]]\\n\\nWorld War I destroyed both empires. The [[Russian Revolution\n        of 1917]] led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s,\n        and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for\n        self-determination re-emerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence.\n        Several Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the internationally recognized [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (''''''UNR'''''', the predecessor of modern Ukraine,\n        was declared on 23 June 1917 proclaimed at first as a part of the Russian\n        Republic; after the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the Ukrainian People''s Republic\n        proclaimed its independence on 25 January 1918), the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]],\n        the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories\n        in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the Ukrainian lands of former\n        Austro-Hungarian territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[Act\n        Zluky]] (Unification Act) was an agreement signed on January 22, 1919 by the\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] and the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        on the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia Square]] in [[Kiev]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThis led to civil war, and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        movement called the [[Black Guards|Black Army]] or later [[The Revolutionary\n        Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]] developed in Southern Ukraine under the\n        command of the anarchist [[Nestor Makhno]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\M\\\\A\\\\MakhnoNestor.htm\n        |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}} They protected the operation of \\\"[[Soviet (council)|free\n        soviets]]\\\" and [[libertarian socialism|libertarian]] [[communes]] in the\n        [[Free Territory]], an attempt to form a [[Stateless society|stateless]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        society from 1918 to 1921 during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian\n        Revolution]], fighting both the tsarist [[Armed Forces of South Russia|White\n        Army]] under [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and later the [[Red Army]] under [[Leon\n        Trotsky|Trotsky]], before being defeated by the latter in August 1921.\\n\\nPoland\n        defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against\n        the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According\n        to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was incorporated into Poland, which\n        in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919.\n        With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory\n        to Poland, Belarus and Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River\n        was created Moldavian autonomy.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Ukraine\n        became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in\n        December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=2008-04-18|title=Interwar\n        Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]\n        (fee required)}}\\n\\n=== Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina\n        ===\\n{{See also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918\\u20131938)}}\\n[[File:Huculy\n        1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]],\n        c. 1930]]\\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however,\n        most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and\n        Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]]\n        was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First\n        Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:1930 in Ukraine.png|thumb|left|A map showing Ukraine''s territory,\n        circa 1930.]]\\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose\n        in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s because of Polish national policies, which\n        was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement\n        attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish\n        state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of\n        fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented.\n        A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press,\n        and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the\n        1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\\n{{See also|Holodomor}}\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0423\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u0432\n        1925.gif|thumb|Urban population of Ukraine in 1925 {{colbegin}} {{legend|#006400|Ukrainian}}\n        {{legend|#FAD6A5|Russian}} {{legend|#000000|Jewish}} {{legend|#CCFCCC|Polish}}\n        {{colend}}]]\\n\\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated\n        the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people\n        dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory.\n        Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting\n        the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine\n        of 1920\\u20131924\\n|work=The Norka \\u2013 a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4\n        March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine\n        of 1921\\u20133|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}\n        During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy\n        pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet\n        leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part\n        of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''''indigenisation''''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health\n        care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work\n        and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}}\n        [[Women''s rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp.\n        138\\u201339 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early\n        1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''''de facto'''' communist party\n        leader.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source|date=September\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]\n        under construction circa 1930.]]\\n\\nStarting from the late 1920s with a [[First\n        five-year plan (Soviet Union)|centrally planned economy]], Ukraine was involved\n        in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic''s\n        industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The\n        peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]]\n        of agriculture which began during and was part of the [[First five-year plan\n        (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and\n        [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity\n        greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed\n        to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to\n        death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]]\n        known as the [[Holodomor]] or the \\\"Great Famine\\\".\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm\n        Ukraine remembers famine horror]\\\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\\n\\nScholars\n        are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]],\n        but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and the governments of other countries have\n        acknowledged it as such.{{Ref label|B|b|none}}\\n\\nThe Communist leadership\n        perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment\n        tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \\\"The Role\n        of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931\\u20131934.\\\"\n        ''''Europe-Asia Studies'''' 2005 57(6): 823\\u2013841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext\n        in [[Ebsco]]\\n\\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two\n        future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        (an engineer from [[Kamianske]]) depicted together.]]\\n\\nLargely the same\n        groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war,\n        collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were\n        associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891\\u20131939) and operated in the\n        Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration\n        ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929\\u201331. Evdokimov transferred\n        into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary\n        for [[North Caucasus Krai]]. He appears to have continued advising Joseph\n        Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on\n        Evdokimov''s former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that\n        are known as the Great Terror in 1937\\u201338.Stephen G. Wheatcroft,\n        \\\"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin''s Great Terror.\\\"\n        ''''Australian Journal of Politics and History'''' 2007 53(1): 20\\u201343.\n        {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''''The Harvest\n        of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'''' (1986). Mark\n        B. Tauger, \\\"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\\\" ''''Slavic Review'''',\n        Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70\\u201389, notes the harvest was unusually\n        poor. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600 online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]],\n        [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \\\"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine\n        of 1932\\u20131933,\\\" ''''Slavic Review,'''' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995),\n        pp. 642\\u2013657 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740 online in JSTOR]; Michael\n        Ellman. \\\"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333 Revisited\\\", ''''Europe-Asia\n        Studies'''', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663\\u201393.\\n\\nOn\n        13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against\n        Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html\n        Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\\n\\n=== World War II ===\\n\\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\\n\\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]]\n        in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops\n        divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]\n        and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the\n        rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson,\n        p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\\n\\nIn 1940, the Soviets annexed [[Bessarabia]]\n        and northern [[Bukovina]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and\n        southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]].\n        But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist\n        Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. These\n        territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the [[Paris\n        Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u043b \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        1940 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko]] (born\n        in the [[Budjak]] region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including\n        the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] east of Kiev\n        in 1941]]\\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the\n        Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of [[total war]].\n        The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful\n        efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle\n        of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \\\"[[Hero City]]\\\", because of its fierce\n        [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or\n        one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or taken captive\n        there, with many suffering [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|severe\n        mistreatment]].Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\\n\\nAlthough\n        the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet\n        partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\W\\\\O\\\\Worldwars.htm|title=World\n        wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western\n        Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942).\n        Created as forces of the [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government\n        in exile]],Subtelny, Orest (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 410 it fell under the influence of the\n        underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed\n        in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski\n        and the \\\"Volhynia Experiment\\\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]].\n        Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent\n        Ukrainian state]] on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although\n        this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Atanasovych\n        Melnyk|Melnyk]] wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions\n        also carried out [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres\n        of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/\n        A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010\n        which brought reprisals.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf\n        Polska reakcja na dzia\\u0142ania UPA \\u2013 skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych].\n        After the war, the UPA continued to fight the USSR until the 1950s.Piotrowski\n        pp. 352\\u201354Weiner pp. 127\\u2013237 At the same time,\n        the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside\n        the Nazis.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in\n        WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19\n        September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\\n\\nIn total, the number of ethnic\n        Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|C|c|1}} The\n        [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is\n        estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its\n        peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476\n        Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army''s figures are unreliable, with figures\n        ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi,\n        p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMost\n        of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]],\n        with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement.\n        Some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939, hailed\n        the Germans as liberators.  Brutal German rule eventually turned their supporters\n        against the Nazi administrators, who made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction\n        with Stalinist policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227142736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archivedate=2010-02-27|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system,\n        carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against\n        [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions\n        of people to work in Germany]], and began a depopulation program to prepare\n        for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food\n        on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''''Harvest\n        of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'''', Harvard University\n        Press: April 2004. p. 164\\n\\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World\n        War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg,\n        p. 264 By some estimates, 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov,\n        Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \\\"Who won World\n        War II?\\\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5\n        July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population\n        during the war are estimated at [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between\n        5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |archivedate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Kulchytsky, Stalislav,\n        ''''\\\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\\\"'''', [[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]], 2\\u20138 October 2004. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Ukrainian]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one\n        and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding\n        Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local\n        collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in\n        battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Overy, p. 518\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0413. \\u0424., ''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f \\u0438 \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420\n        \\u0432 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430: \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b.\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435''''\n        (Krivosheev G. F., ''''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century:\n        losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'''') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million\n        were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|C|c|2}}{{Ref label|D|d|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory\n        Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20\n        April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of\n        Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Post-World War II ===\\n{{Further\n        information|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union\n        (1953\\u20131964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964\\u20131982)|History of the\n        Soviet Union (1982\\u20131991)}}\\n\\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the\n        war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities\n        and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=29 September 2007 |title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath\n        |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]] (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]]\n        in 1946\\u201347, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction\n        of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest\n        estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation|last=\\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        [Kulchytsky] |first=\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        [Stanislav] |title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 |trans_title=Demographic losses in Ukraine\n        in the twentieth century |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=2\\u20138 October\n        2004 |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php |language=Russian\n        |publisher=[Demoscope] |place=[[Russia|RU]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914100418/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php\n        |archivedate=14 September 2012 |df= }}{{cite web | title =\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine\n        in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21\n        July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Demographic\n        losses in Ukraine twentieth century|language=uk|url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archivedate=2007-03-13|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014}}\\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became\n        one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities\n        of the Member States \\u2013 Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher=\n        United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite\n        web| url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United\n        Nations | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm\n        | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote=\n        Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security\n        Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt\n        and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security\n        Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia\n        while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes\n        for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:Sergey\n        Korolyov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]],\n        the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during\n        the [[Space Race]]]]\\n\\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly\n        expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to\n        Russians among adult \\\"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\\\",\n        comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web|url=http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |title=Migration and migration policy in Ukraine |first=Olena |last=Malynovska\n        |date=14 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061703/http://niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |df= }} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic\n        [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from\n        Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\\n\\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the\n        [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]]\n        in 1938\\u201349, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after\n        taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize \\\"the friendship\\\" between\n        the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty\n        of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954\n        transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The\n        Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International\n        Committee for Crimea}}\\n\\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed\n        pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 The last years of Stalin''s\n        rule |accessdate=28 December 2007 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} During the 1946\\u20131950 [[Five-Year\n        Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested\n        in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from pre-war plans. As a result, the Ukrainian\n        workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times\n        in that same period.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nSoviet Ukraine\n        soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644\n        and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research.\n        Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many\n        members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964\n        to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came\n        from Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nOn 26 April 1986, a\n        reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the\n        [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite\n        news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220746/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=''Sombre anniversary'' of\n        worst nuclear disaster in history \\u2013 Chernobyl: 10th anniversary |accessdate=16\n        December 2007 |author=Remy, Johannes |year=1996 |publisher=Find articles |work=[[UN\n        Chronicle]] }} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible\n        rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \\\"major\n        accident\\\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale\n        | title=''Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale''}} At the\n        time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories,\n        including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title\n        = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2\n        | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|\n        accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources\n        | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\\n\\nAfter the accident, the new city of\n        [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the\n        employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared\n        by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]]\n        attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have\n        been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA\n        Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl}}\\n\\n===\n        Independence ===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate\n        the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian\n        President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris\n        Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving\n        the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament\n        adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|title=Declaration\n        of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July\n        1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} This established the principles\n        of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian\n        law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty\n        of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]]\n        was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period\n        of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a faction\n        among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted\n        a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party''s\n        power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted\n        the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30|title=Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12\n        September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}\\n\\nA\n        [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1\n        December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for\n        the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament,\n        [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha\n        Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma\n        Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine\n        formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall ''Inevitable''\n        Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8\n        December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\\n\\nUkraine was initially\n        viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other\n        regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced\n        deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]].\n        During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian\n        GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October\n        2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12\n        July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December\n        2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation\n        rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The\n        IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31\n        August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International\n        Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well\n        as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested\n        and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn\n        1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine''s Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]\n        |issue=100|pages=125\\u2013143|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the\n        [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country\n        enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent\n        annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm\n        |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher=[[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm\n        |archivedate=21 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607053509/http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-07|title=Ukraine.\n        Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}\n        A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]]\n        and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised\n        by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech\n        and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader''s\n        Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/01/world/leader-s-party-seems-to-slip-in-ukraine.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine\n        also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear\n        weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers\n        on its territory in exchange for various assurances (main article: [[Nuclear\n        weapons and Ukraine]]).{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Country Profiles \\u2013 NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\\n\\n===\n        Orange Revolution ===\\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion\n        Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence\n        Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\\n\\nIn 2004, [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely\n        rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The\n        Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3\n        December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry\n        in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged\n        the outcome. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, candidate Yushchenko\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko#Dioxin poisoning|suddenly became gravely ill]], and was\n        soon found by multiple independent physician groups, to have been poisoned\n        by [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|TCDD dioxin]].{{cite news | title = Yushchenko: ''Live And Carry On''\n        | publisher = CBS News | date = 2005-01-30 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/28/60minutes/main670103.shtml\n        }}[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hW1QRD4tlRX2-UW9yc_oDcwrzMgwD99SBRO80\n        Associated Press: Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab] {{dead\n        link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}  Yushchenko strongly\n        suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49610 |title= Yushchenko to Russia:\n        Hand over witnesses |publisher= [[Kyiv Post]] |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2010-02-11}}  All\n        of this eventually resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing\n        Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor\n        Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |accessdate=14\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }}\\n\\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained\n        in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western\n        pollsters{{Clarify|date=July 2015}} and professional consultants{{Who|date=July\n        2015}} who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies\n        but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]]\n        and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000\n        out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures\n        The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel\n        Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page\n        30-44) According to ''''[[The Guardian]]'''', the foreign donors included\n        the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United\n        States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National\n        Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican\n        Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and\n        [[George Soros]]''s [[Open Society Institute]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004)\n        The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building\n        efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \\\"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html\n        In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\\\" ''''Washington Post'''', 4 December 2004.\n        URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent\n        struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of\n        the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine\n        Russia, the US, \\\"the Others\\\" and the \\\"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\\\":\n        Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October\n        2011)\\n\\nRussian authorities provided support through advisers such\n        as [[Gleb Pavlovsky]], consulting on blackening the image of Yushchenko through\n        the state media, pressuring state-dependent voters to vote for Yanukovych\n        and on vote-rigging techniques such as multiple ''[[carousel voting]]'' and\n        ''dead souls'' voting.\\n\\nYanukovych returned to power\n        in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm\n        Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until\n        [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]]\n        made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm\n        Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid\n        the [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged\n        by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine\n        towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3\n        March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}}\n        [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped\n        all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages\n        in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia\n        shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm\n        Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President\n        in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and\n        Cooperation in Europe said that the election \\\"met most requirements\\\" for\n        fairness and that the election process was \\\"transparent.\\\"{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/67844?download=true|title=Ukraine:\n        Presidential Election 17 January and 7 February 2010: OSCE/ODIHR Election\n        Observation Mission Final Report|work=OSCE|location=Warsaw|date=28 April 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}}\\n\\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\\n{{Main|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\n{{Details|topic=the ongoing protests|Timeline of the\n        Euromaidan}}\\n[[File:Euromaidan 01.JPG|thumb|Pro-EU demonstration in Kiev,\n        27 November 2013, during [[Euromaidan]]]]\\n\\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0404\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d}},\n        literally \\\"Eurosquare\\\") protests started in November 2013 after the president,\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began moving away from an association agreement that\n        had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish\n        closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823\n        Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December\n        2013){{Cite journal|title=Frustrated Leadership: Russia''s Economic\n        Alternative to the West|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12301/abstract|author1-first=Juliet|author1-last=Johnson|author2-first=Se\\u00e7kin|author2-last=K\\u00f6stem|journal=[[Global\n        Policy]]|publisher=[[Wiley Online Library]]|volume=7|issue=2|date=May 2016|p=212|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12301|quote=In\n        fact, the Ukrainian crisis broke out in November 2013 when former President\n        Viktor Yanukovych announced under Russian pressure that he would no longer\n        pursue an EU Association Agreement.}} Some Ukrainians took to the streets\n        to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine\n        Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows\n        |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the\n        predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed\n        the ''''Euromaidan'''' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view:\n        Ukraine ''other half'' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC\n        News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''''Euromaidan'''' came to describe\n        a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to\n        include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov\n        Government|his government]].{{cite news|author=Richard\n        Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212|title=Kiev\n        protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=12 December\n        2013|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nViolence escalated after 16 January\n        2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest\n        Laws]]. Violent anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre\n        of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with\n        approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite\n        web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=\\u0417\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0437\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u0445 \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        1,5 \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0431, 100 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|author=\\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724070743/http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archivedate=24\n        July 2014|script-title=uk:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u041e\\u0417 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|trans-title=Information\n        about the victims of clashes: Press Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine|language=uk|publisher=moz.gov.ua|date=22\n        February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=\\u041c\\u0412\\u0421\n        \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418|work=\\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\\\"\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456\\\" \\u2014 tsn.ua|work=\\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua}}\n        from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency|title=Ukraine\n        threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry|publisher=The\n        Guardian|date=27 January 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska\n        |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706094102/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archivedate=2014-07-06 |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation\n        urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to\n        the violent protests, Members of Parliament voted on 22 February to remove\n        the president and set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]]\n        for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave\n        |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/\n        |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com\n        |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]],\n        running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the\n        vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''''The\n        New York Times'''', \\\"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\\\",\n        By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election\n        of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David\n        M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff.\n        Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would\n        be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with\n        the Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7\n        June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key\n        ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square\n        (the centre of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |author=Adam Taylor |title=Why Ukraine Is So Important |publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]] |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |archivedate=14 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archivedate=29\n        May 2014|title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June\n        7|author=Lukas Alpert|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29\n        May 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |title=Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603165249/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |archivedate= 3 June 2014 |df= }} In October 2014 [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014|Parliament elections]], [[Petro Poroshenko Bloc \\\"Solidarity\\\"]]\n        won 132 of the 423 contested seats.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and\n        Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=27 October\n        2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}\\n\\n===\n        Civil unrest and Russian intervention ===\\n{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|War in Donbass|Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n\\n{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center\\n\n        | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 220\\n | header =\\n |\n        image1 = 2014-03-09. \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b \\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043a\\u0435 022.jpg\\n | alt1 =\\n | caption1\n        = Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014\\n | image2 = 2014 Russo-ukrainian-conflict\n        map.svg\\n | alt2 =\\n | caption2 = [[Crimea]], which is under Russian control,\n        is shown in pink. Pink in the [[Donbass]] area represents areas held by the\n        [[Donetsk People''s Republic|DPR]]/[[Lugansk People''s Republic|LPR]] separatists\n        in September 2014 (cities in red)\\n}}\\n\\nThe ousting[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26304842\n        Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych] bbc.co.uk, 22 February 2014,\n        accessed 1 January 2016 of Yanukovych prompted Vladimir Putin to begin\n        preparations to annex Crimea on 23 February 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/vladimir-putin-describes-secret-meeting-when-russia-decided-to-seize-crimea|title=Vladimir\n        Putin describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea|publisher=The\n        Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/11458426/Putin-reveals-the-moment-he-gave-the-secret-order-for-Russias-annexation-of-Crimea.html|title=Putin\n        reveals the moment he gave the secret order for Russia''s annexation of Crimea|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}} Using the Russian naval base\n        at Sevastopol as cover, Putin directed Russian troops and intelligence agents\n        to disarm Ukrainian forces and take control of Crimea.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|title=Putin:\n        Russia Prepared Raising Nuclear Readiness Over Crimea|publisher=New York Times|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=15 March 2015|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620143551/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|archive-date=20\n        June 2015}}{{cite news|author=Neil MacFarquhar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/16/world/europe/putin-says-he-weighed-nuclear-alert-over-crimea.html|title=Putin\n        Says He Weighed Nuclear Alert Over Crimea|publisher=nytimes.com|date=16 March\n        2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/russia-pressure-ukraine-troops-disarm|title=Russians\n        pressure Ukrainian forces in Crimea to disarm|publisher=The Guardian|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author1=Olena\n        Goncharova|author2=Kyiv Post staff|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/a-year-after-referendum-putin-talks-about-yanukovych-rescue-nuclear-readiness-over-crimea-383567.html|title=A\n        year after referendum, Putin talks about Yanukovych rescue, nuclear readiness\n        over Crimea|publisher=kyivpost.com|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}} After the troops entered Crimea,{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|title=Russian\n        Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch One)|publisher=vicenews.com|date=5\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} a controversial [[Crimean referendum,\n        2014|referendum]] was held on 16 March 2014 and the official result was that\n        97 percent wished to join with Russia.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/official-results-97-of-crimea-voters-back-joining-russia/|title=Official\n        results: 97 percent of Crimea voters back joining Russia|publisher=cbsnews.com|date=17\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} On 18 March 2014, Russia and\n        the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by\n        the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession\n        of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation. The\n        UN general assembly responded by passing [[United Nations General Assembly\n        Resolution 68/262|resolution 68/262]] that the referendum was invalid and\n        supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine.{{cite news|author1=Alex\n        Felton|author2=Marie-Louise Gumuchian|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=U.N.\n        General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid|publisher=cnn.com|date=27\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nSeparately, in the [[Donetsk]]\n        and [[Luhansk]] regions, armed men declaring themselves as local militia seized\n        government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities\n        and held unrecognised [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia\n        Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12\n        May 2014}} The insurgency was led by Russian emissaries [[Igor Girkin]]{{cite\n        web|author=Anna Dolgov|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine/511584.html|title=Russia''s\n        Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine|work=The Moscow\n        Times|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} and [[Alexander\n        Borodai]]{{cite news|author=Roman Olearchyk|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html|title=Rebel\n        leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|publisher=Financial Times|subscription=y|date=7\n        August 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} as well as militants from [[Russia]],\n        such as [[Arseny Pavlov]].{{cite news|author1=Sabrian Tavernise|author2=Noah\n        Sneider|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/first-self-declared-wedding-in-donetsk-peoples-republic-ukraine-rebels-make-love-not-war.html?_r=1|title=For\n        a Weekend, Ukraine Rebels Make Love, Not War|publisher=New York Times|date=13\n        July 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\nTalks in [[Geneva]] between\n        the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred\n        to as the [[2014 Geneva Pact]][https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html\n        Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York\n        Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that\n        all unlawful militias lay down their arms and vacate seized government buildings,\n        and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for\n        Ukraine''s regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election\n        held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian\n        government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |title=Poroshenko promises calm ''in hours'' amid battle to control Donetsk\n        airport |publisher=The Guardian |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |archivedate=26 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} More than 9,000 people\n        have been killed in the military campaign.{{Cite web|url=http://112.international/conflict-in-eastern-ukraine/un-9449-dead-21843-wounded-in-donbas-conflict-6487.html|title=UN:\n        9,449 dead, 21,843 wounded in Donbas conflict|website=112.international|access-date=2016-06-29}}\\n\\n[[File:OSCE\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumb|left|[[OSCE]]\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March\n        2015]]\\n\\nIn August 2014, a bilateral commission of leading scholars from\n        the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step\n        plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.{{cite\n        news|author=Uri Friedman|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/a-24-step-plan-to-resolve-the-ukraine-crisis/379121/|title=A\n        24-Step Plan|publisher=The Atlantic|date=26 August 2014|accessdate=21 October\n        2015}} The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories\n        for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements\n        of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and\n        Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine''s \\\"first\n        but most decisive step\\\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as the target for [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        relations|EU membership application]].\\n\\nIn\n        February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire\n        with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal\n        of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions\n        by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as Ukrainian control\n        of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops\n        from Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015.\n        Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure\n        that the agreement is respected.{{cite\n        web|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work|title=Ukraine\n        ceasefire: European leaders sceptical peace plan will work|publisher=The Guardian|date=13\n        February 2015|accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\nOn 1 January 2016, Ukraine\n        joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]] with European Union, which aims to modernize and\n        develop Ukraine''s economy, governance and rule of law to EU standards and\n        gradually increase integration with the EU [[Internal market]].[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150981.pdf<\n        EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]. trade.ec.europa.eu.\\n\\n==\n        Historical maps of states ==\\nSeveral states have existed on the territory\n        of present-day Ukraine since its foundation. Most of these territories have\n        been located within [[Eastern Europe]]. However, as depicted in the maps here,\n        they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].\n        At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories\n        having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\\n
\\n\\nFile:001\n        Kievan Rus'' Kyivan Rus'' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan\n        Rus'', last 20 years of the state (1220\\u20131240).\\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia\n        Volhynia Rus'' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]\n        or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245\\u20131349).\\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania\n        Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]],\n        Rus'' and Samogitia until 1434.\\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth\n        1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\\u2013Ruthenian Commonwealth]]\n        or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate\n        and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\\n\\n
\\n\\n==\n        Geography ==\\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\\n\\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}}\n        and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world''s [[List\n        of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after\n        [[South Sudan]] and before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European\n        country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second-largest country]]\n        in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref\n        label|E|e|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel\n        north|44\\u00b0]] and [[53rd parallel north|53\\u00b0 N]], and longitudes [[22nd\n        meridian east|22\\u00b0]] and [[41st meridian east|41\\u00b0 E]].\\n\\nThe landscape\n        of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus,\n        crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''Dnipro''''}}),\n        [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug]] as they flow south\n        into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest,\n        the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania.\n        Ukraine''s various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the\n        highlands to the lowlands. The country''s only mountains are the [[Carpathian\n        Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}},\n        and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine\n        |archivedate= 15 January 2008 |title= Ukraine \\u2013 Relief |accessdate= 27\n        December 2007 |work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=\n        yes |df= }} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such\n        as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and\n        the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are\n        the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs\n        the border with the [[Russian Federation]]. Near the [[Sea of Azov]] can be\n        found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the\n        mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form sudden drops\n        in elevation and give rise to [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0413\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0437 \\u041a\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian\n        mountains|Carpathian National Park]] and [[Hoverla]] at {{convert|2,061|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        the highest mountain in Ukraine\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443.jpg|\n        Dawn on South Demerdji, [[Alushta]], [[Crimea]]\\nFile:Flag colors.jpg|Typical\n        agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0422\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u043010.jpg|View of \\\"Tykhaya Bay\\\" near [[Koktebel]]\n        on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]''s [[Black Sea]] coast\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438.jpg|[[Kinburn\n        Spit|Kinburn sandbar]], [[Ochakiv]] Raion, [[Mykolaiv Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0428\\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|\n        Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\\n\\n
\\n\\nSignificant\n        natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas,\n        oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury,\n        timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a\n        number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable\n        water; air- and water-pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination\n        in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl\n        Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household\n        waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.{{cite news|author= Oksana\n        Grytsenko|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|title= Environment\n        suffers from lack of recycling|publisher= [[Kyiv Post]]|date= 9 December 2011|dead-url=\n        y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012539/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|archive-date=\n        5 January 2012}}\\n\\n=== Soil ===\\nFrom northwest to southeast the soils\n        of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title= Ukraine|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n* a zone of sandy podzolized soils\\n* a central belt\n        consisting of the black, extremely fertile Ukrainian ([[Chornozem|chernozems]])\\n*\n        a zone of chestnut and salinized soils\\n\\nAs much as two-thirds of the country''s\n        surface land consists of the so-called black earth ([[chornozem]]), a resource\n        that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well\n        known as a \\\"breadbasket\\\".Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The\n        land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010. These ([[chornozem]])\n        soils may be divided into three broad groups:\\n\\n* in the north a belt of\n        the so-called deep chernozems, about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off}} thick and\n        rich in humus\\n* south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary,\n        chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}\n        thick\\n* the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus\\n\\nInterspersed\n        in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep\n        chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils,\n        which together occupy much of Ukraine''s remaining area. All these soils are\n        very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive\n        cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion\n        and gullying.\\n\\nThe smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the\n        chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly\n        salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.\\n\\n=== Biodiversity ===\\n{{further information|Wildlife of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, microorganisms and plants.\\n\\n====\n        Animals ====\\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black\n        Sea}}\\n{{multiple image\\n   | align = right\\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\\n   |\n        width1 = 184\\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native\n        of the east Ukrainian steppes\\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\\n  | image2\n        = \\u0411\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e. \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u0437\\u044c.jpg\\n   |\n        width2 = 185\\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western\n        and north-western Ukraine\\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\\n}}\\nUkraine is\n        divided{{by whom|date=August 2017}} into two main zoological areas. One of\n        these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of\n        Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located\n        in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested\n        areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar\n        and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals\n        make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine''s\n        lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst in the waters\n        carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the\n        central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers\n        are found in large numbers.\\n\\n==== Fungi ====\\nMore than 6,600 [[species]]\n        of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded\n        from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \\\"Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 a\n        preliminary checklist\\\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm|title= Cybertruffle''s\n        Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated organisms|publisher=\n        cybertruffle.org.uk|accessdate= 13 July 2011}} but this number is far\n        from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine,\n        including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the\n        generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have\n        so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers,\n        J. \\\"Dictionary of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount\n        of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made\n        to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such\n        species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url= http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title= Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher= cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate= 13 July 2011}}\\n\\n=== Climate ===\\n{{further information|Climate\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Ukraine\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate\n        climate]], with the exception of the southern coast of Crimea which has a\n        [[subtropical climate]].\\n{{cite web\\n|url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm\n        \\n|title= Ukraine|work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles\\n|publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization\\n|accessdate= 8 August 2016\\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        climate is influenced by moderately warm, humid air coming from the Atlantic\n        Ocean.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title=\n        Ukraine \\u2013 Climate|accessdate= 20 October 2015|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|\\u2013|7|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}}\n        in the north, to {{convert|11|\\u2013|13|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}} in the south. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately\n        distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and\n        southeast. Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian\n        Mountains, receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually,\n        while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}.\\n\\n== Politics ==\\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government\n        of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\\n{{Further information|2014 Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\n        float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;\\\"\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Petro Poroshenko 2014-06-26.jpg|139px]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Volodymyr Groisman.jpg|125px]]\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]
[[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Volodymyr\n        Groysman]]
[[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n|}\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]],\n        and [[judicial branch]]es.\\n\\n=== Constitution of Ukraine ===\\n{{Main|Constitution\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|In\n        the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false\n        Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design]\n        by [[Paul D''Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1811-5}} (p.\n        63)[https://euobserver.com/foreign/29431 EU endorses Ukraine election\n        result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (9 February 2010)[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014322/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\\n\\nWith the proclamation\n        of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28\n        June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004,\n        deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance\n        of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy\n        of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the\n        Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly\n        Portnykov. \\\"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination\n        of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former\n        Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to\n        the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control,\n        but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\\\". 1 October\n        2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite\n        this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments\n        were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution\n        and again making Ukraine''s political system more presidential in character.\\n\\nThe\n        ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political\n        discourse. Much of the concern was based on the fact that neither the Constitution\n        of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \\\"undo the Constitution\\\",\n        as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the\n        2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for\n        constitutional amendments (articles 154\\u2013159). In any case, the current\n        Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|title=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko: October 1 marks the end of Ukraine''s democracy and beginning\n        of dictatorship|publisher=Tymoshenko.ua|date=1 October 2010|accessdate=31\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009163812/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|archivedate=9\n        October 2011}}{{cite news|first=Serhiy|last=Hrabovsky|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u0441\\u0443\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0454\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f|trans-title=Judicial\n        absurdities, or Kotliarevsky is laughing again|language=uk|publisher=radiosvoboda.org|date=1\n        October 2010|accessdate=6 April 2016|quote=(Translation) These words handed\n        down on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (CCU) regarding\n        cancelling the political reforms of 2004 are worthy of being inscribed in\n        the annals of world jurisprudence. It turns out that \\\"the stability of the\n        constitutional order\\\" will not be changed by the will of the voters, or even\n        by Parliament, but by the decision of 18 persons.}}{{clarify|date=October\n        2011}}\\n\\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych\n        and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The\n        historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests\n        that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes\n        in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country\n        to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition\n        government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime\n        Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite\n        news|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|date=21\n        February 2014|work=europesun.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228115026/http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament\n        dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as\n        interim president{{cite news|title=Ukraine:\n        Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26312008|work=BBC\n        News|location=Kiev|date=23 February 2014|accessdate=6 April 2016}} and\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{cite news|first=Harriet|last=Salem|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov|title=Who\n        exactly is governing Ukraine?|publisher=The Guardian|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=6\n        April 2016}}\\n\\n=== President, parliament and government ===\\n[[File:Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|thumb|Presidential\n        administration building]]\\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|thumb|Cabinet\n        of Ministers building]]\\n\\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected\n        by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672|title=General\n        Articles about Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\\nUkraine''s\n        legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]].{{cite web |url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/ |title=Verkhovna Rada\n        of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine\n        Official Web-site |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190549/http://portal.rada.gov.ua/\n        |archivedate=23 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }} The parliament is primarily\n        responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of\n        Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister\n        of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine,_2004\n        |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}}\n        However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers\n        of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well\n        as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]]\n        and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\\n\\nLaws,\n        acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of\n        the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the\n        [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found\n        to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial\n        review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in\n        the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\\nLocal self-government is officially\n        guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise\n        control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations\n        are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime\n        Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President\n        and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when\n        President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called\n        ''temporarily acting'' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders,\n        thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice\n        was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships\n        and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\n        Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the\n        purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\\n\\n=== Courts and law\n        enforcement ===\\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Klov\n        Palace. Listed ID 80-382-0462. - 8 Pylypa Orlyka Street, Pechersk Raion, Kiev.\n        - Pechersk 28 09 13 396.jpg|thumb|[[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]], home to\n        the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]]]\\n\\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and\n        constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are\n        largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct).\n        Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period\n        of five years, after which Ukraine''s Supreme Council confirms their positions\n        for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have\n        been much improved since Ukraine''s independence in 1991. The Supreme Court\n        is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions\n        ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks\n        Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of\n        Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c \\u043a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Police\n        of Ukraine]] was formed on 3 July 2015, as part of the post-Euromaidan reforms.]]\\n[[Prosecutor]]s\n        in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according\n        to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] ''the role and functions\n        of the Prosecutor''s Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]]\n        standards\\\".[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/\n        Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March\n        2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction\n        rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0436\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukrainian courts almost can\n        not stand the acquittals''''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013)\n        equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193916/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/\n        Moskal: ''Rotten to the core''], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects\n        often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145022/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564\n        Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych\n        formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \\\"clean up the current\n        mess and adopt a law on court organization\\\". One day later,\n        he stated \\\"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\\\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine\n        remain quite punitive.\\n\\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to\n        hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens\n        unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their\n        native language or the services of a translator.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216010621/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/\n        \\\"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian\n        courts]\\\". ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/\n        \\\"\\u0417 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456 \\\"\\u0420\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\\"\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445]\\\".\n        ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''''. 23 June 2009.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111061236/http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{cite\n        web|url=http://for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court\n        proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\\n\\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine\n        are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of\n        Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national\n        police force ''''([[Militsiya|\\u041ci\\u043bi\\u0446i\\u044f]])'''' and various\n        specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of\n        Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services.\n        Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their\n        heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police\n        officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters\n        from challenging the state''s authority but also to provide a quick reaction\n        force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers,\n        [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2DE1238F934A25752C0A9639C8B63\n        BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation''s\n        Path], ''''[[The New York Times]]'''', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was\n        only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues'' calls\n        to withdraw.\\n\\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the\n        maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]];\n        Ukraine''s domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused\n        of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country''s\n        political elite from media criticism. On the other hand, however, it is widely\n        accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government\n        plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the\n        movement.\\n\\n=== Foreign relations ===\\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International\n        membership of Ukraine|Ukraine\\u2013European Union relations|The World Bank\n        in Ukraine}}\\nIn 1999\\u20132001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member\n        of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United\n        Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise\n        with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics.\n        Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes.\n        It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova\n        and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of\n        Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]]\n        operations since 1992.\\n\\n[[File:Normandy format talks in Minsk (February\n        2015) 03 cropped.jpeg|thumb|Leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[France]], and Ukraine at [[Minsk II]] summit, 2015.]]\\n[[File:EU DCFTA EFTA.svg|thumb|In\n        January 2016, Ukraine joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]\n        (green) with the EU (blue), established by the [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        Association Agreement]].]]\\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration\n        its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html\n        Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Ukraine\n        has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html\n        Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status \\u2013 law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/\n        Ukraine''s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December\n        2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1\n        Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226\n        Ukraine Ends ''Nonaligned'' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The\n        Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always\n        balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with\n        strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]''s [[Partnership and Cooperation\n        Agreement]] (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European\n        Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions\n        begin on an association agreement, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999\n        in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine''s long-term aspirations but does not\n        discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference\n        on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security\n        and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member\n        of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\n        are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government''s foreign\n        policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in\n        2010. But after February 2014''s [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership\n        for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual\n        integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU\n        was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the\n        process was suspended by 2012 because of the political developments of that\n        time.{{cite web | url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html\n        | title=Teixeira: Ukraine''s EU integration suspended, association agreement\n        unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6\n        September 2012}} The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European\n        Union was signed in 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html|title=EU,\n        Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 \\u2013\n        European Council|access-date=2016-06-25}}\\n\\nUkraine long had close\n        ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine relations]] became\n        difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\\n\\nUkraine is included\n        in the European Union''s [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims\n        at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\\n\\n=== Administrative divisions\n        ===\\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\\nThe\n        system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country''s status as a [[unitary\n        state]] (as stated in the country''s constitution) with unified legal and\n        [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\\n\\nUkraine consists\n        of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous\n        republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''avtonomna respublika''''}}), [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and\n        [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea\n        are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[raion]]s''''}} (districts) and\n        city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative\n        units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}};\n        the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231154652/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archivedate=2007-12-31|title=Regions\n        of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] of Ukraine Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n[[Populated\n        places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban\n        populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s\n        (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist\n        of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain\n        degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance\n        (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each\n        oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities).\n        City''s significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic\n        and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\\n\\nFollowing the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]]\n        became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They\n        are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international\n        community.\\n{{Further information|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n
{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px;\n        max-width:460px;}}
\\n\\n{| style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{| class=\\\"navbox\\\" style=\\\"width:100%;\n        background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts\n        of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\\n|-\\n|\\n* [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\\n* [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]\\n* [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\\n* [[Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n* [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\\n|\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n* [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\\n* [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\\n*\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n* [[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\\n|\\n* [[Kirovohrad\n        Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\\n* [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\\n* [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\\n* [[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\\n|\\n* [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\\n*\n        [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\\n* [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\\n*\n        [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\\n| valign=\\\"top\\\"|\\n* [[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\\n*\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\\n* [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\\n*\n        [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\\n|-\\n!colspan=2|
''''''[[Autonomous republic]]''''''
\\n!colspan=3|
''''''[[Cities\n        with special status]]''''''
\\n|-\\n|colspan=2|\\n* [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea]]\\n| colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:top;\\\"|\\n* [[Kiev|City\n        of Kiev]]\\n* [[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\\n|}\\n|}\\n|-\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n=== Armed\n        forces ===\\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Kissing the flag.jpg|thumb|left|Commander\n        of the Ukrainian contingent in [[Multi-National Force \\u2013 Iraq]], kisses\n        his country''s flag.]]\\n\\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine\n        inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the\n        third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the\n        world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html\n        |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}}\n        In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed\n        to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified\n        the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history\n        |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=\n        [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\\n\\nUkraine took consistent steps\n        toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional\n        Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery,\n        and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans\n        to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer\n        military]].{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archivedate=8\n        November 2007|title=White Book 2006|accessdate=24 December 2007|publisher=Ministry\n        of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu\n        mori 2012-07-17.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian frigate [[Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)|''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''' (U130)]]]]\\n\\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger\n        role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate\n        ''''Hetman Sagaidachniy'''' joined the European Union''s counter piracy [[Operation\n        Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]]\n        for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/\n        |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter\n        Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of\n        the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite\n        web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo\n        |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December\n        2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was\n        deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN\n        Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also\n        a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003\\u201305,\n        a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]]\n        under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the\n        world is 562 servicemen.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en|title=Peacekeeping|accessdate=2\n        May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMilitary units\n        of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian\n        forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094\n        \\\"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine\n        for exercises\\\". ''''Kyiv Post''''. 18 May 2010]\\n\\nFollowing independence,\n        Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.\n        The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation,\n        other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]]\n        since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper\n        cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed\n        in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered\n        by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining\n        NATO. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO\n        declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets\n        the criteria for the accession.\\n\\n== Economy ==\\n{{Main|Economy\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:GNI per capita\n        (Ukraine) in 2016.png|thumb|GNI per capita in 2016]]\\nIn Soviet times, the\n        economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important\n        industrial and agricultural component of the country''s [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from\n        a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult\n        for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty\n        soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukraine''s economy contracted severely following the\n        years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person\n        living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural\n        Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs\n        and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]}}\\n\\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to\n        combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the\n        problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run\n        industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary\n        policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels.\n        For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar\n        year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future\n        of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25\n        June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural\n        reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for\n        [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government\n        and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts.\n        A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation\n        process.\\n\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[National Bank of Ukraine]] [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]]]]\\n\\nIn\n        the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002\n        |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It\n        recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach\n        the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s,\n        the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial\n        production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}}\n        Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the\n        IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/3243.html\n        \\\"Head of IMF''s Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\\\"].\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010\n        GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked\n        [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in\n        PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S.\n        dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List\n        of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]].\n        By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias\n        per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120529144539/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=Average Wage Income in 2008\n        by Region |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of\n        Ukraine }} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European\n        countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\\n\\nAs of 2016,  Ukraine had average wealth per adult, at [[USD|$]]1,254.{{Cite\n        book |url = https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html?WT.i_short-url=%2Fgwr&WT.i_target-url=%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-institute%2Fglobal-wealth-report.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fnews-and-expertise%2Fthe-global-wealth-report-2016-201611.html\n        |title=Global Wealth Report 2016 |publisher=Credit Suisse |year=2016}}\\n\\n[[File:An-225\n        Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft\n        in operational service.]]\\n\\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation\n        vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes\n        and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian\n        exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220750/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Structure export and import,\n        2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine\n        }} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency,\n        the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active\n        participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between\n        1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch\n        vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics\n        of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space\n        Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232043/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archivedate=2008-11-21|title=Missile\n        defence, NATO: Ukraine''s tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business\n        Ukraine}}{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\\n\\nThe\n        country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to\n        a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the\n        natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia\n        and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia\n        controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western\n        Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine''s\n        Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford\n        Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in\n        the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|Trends in the Human Development\n        Index of Ukraine, 1970\\u20132010]]\\n[[File:Ukraine salary by region 2016.svg|thumb|left|Ukrainian\n        administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by\n        salary|monthly salary]]. All figures are in the Ukrainian hryvnia.]]\\n\\nGrowing\n        sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market,\n        which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries\n        in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104074538/http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archivedate=2009-01-04|title=Microsoft\n        CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20\n        May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}}\n        In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information\n        technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/society/768725-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044e\n        \\u0406\\u0422-\\u0444\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukraine\n        in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''''], [[UNIAN]]\n        (27 March 2013)\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World\n        Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP \\u2013 around $163 billion,\n        2012 \\u2013 $176.6 billion, 2013 \\u2013 $177.4 billion.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP\n        (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency\n        was the world''s worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its\n        value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply\n        raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March\n        2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest\n        rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What\n        are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTMIDINCCOUN/0,,contentMDK:21453301~menuPK:5006209~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:4434098,00.html|publisher=[[The\n        World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include\n        underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.\n        The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated\n        in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych''s\n        regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archivedate=2014-03-25|publisher=Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} However, according\n        to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Ukraine is still the most corrupt country\n        in Europe being ranked 142nd out of 175 countries on the world, in the latest\n        CPI report from 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results/\n        |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014: Full table and rankings |publisher=Transparency\n        International |accessdate=3 December 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine\n        Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth\n        in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine\n        macroeconomic situation \\u2013 February 2008|url=http://www.unian.info/society/99662-ukraine-macroeconomic-situation-feb-2008.html|publisher=UNIAN\n        news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006\n        the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\\n\\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing\n        absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving\n        maternal health and reducing child mortality.\\nThe poverty rate according\n        to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption\n        is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent\n        in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of\n        the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time\n        from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About\n        Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe economy of Ukraine overcame the heavy crisis caused\n        by [[War in Donbass|armed conflict in southeast]] part of country. AT the\n        same time, 200% devaluation of Ukrainian hryvnia (national currency) in 2014\\u20132015\n        made Ukrainian goods and services cheaper and more \\u0441ompetitive.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/management-and-legal-support-for-business-activity-in-ukraine/|title=The\n        economy of Ukraine|last=Thor|first=Anatoliy|date=|website=|access-date=}}\n        In 2016, for the first time since 2010, the economy grew more than 2%. According\n        to [[World Bank]] statement growth is projected at 2% in 2017 and 3.5% in\n        2018.\\n\\n=== Corporations ===\\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch\n        of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'''']]\\nUkraine\n        has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of\n        metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231025730/http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archivedate=2010-12-31\n        |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December\n        2010}} However, the country is also well known for its production of\n        high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft\n        and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://sputniknews.com/business/20100720/159879889.html\n        |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine''s Antonov |work=RIA\n        Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country''s\n        largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded\n        on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\\n\\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include\n        [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]],\n        [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]]\n        and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=https://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012/\n        |title=Brand \\\"Ukraine\\\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com\n        |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine is regarded\n        as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such\n        a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and\n        legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf\n        |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the \\\"Miracle\\\" Meant\n        to Last?| author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}}\n        Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong\n        since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country\n        has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current\n        corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation\n        of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]],\n        the enduring failure to broaden the nation''s economic base and a lack of\n        effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114072151/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520\n        |archivedate= 2010-11-14 |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on\n        list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10\n        November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine''s\n        economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20110208144113/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/\n        |archivedate= 2011-02-08 |title=Ukraine''s economic growth to resume in 2010,\n        unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Transport ===\\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}\\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|thumb|The Kharkiv\\u2013Dnipro\n        motorway (M18)]]\\n\\nIn total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. Major routes, marked with the letter ''M'' for ''International''\n        ''''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''),\n        extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border\n        routes to the country''s neighbours. There are only two true [[motorway]]\n        standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} stretch\n        of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipro]] and a section of the M03 which\n        extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where\n        the city''s [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 \\\"\\u0425\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2\n        multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n[[Rail transport in Ukraine]] connects all major urban areas,\n        port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries.\n        The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is the [[Donbas]] region of\n        Ukraine. Although [[rail freight transport]] fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison\n        with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world''s\n        highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation\n        in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}}\n        The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}},\n        of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently\n        the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and\n        all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on\n        international routes, are operated by its company ''[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]''.\\n\\nTransport\n        by air is developing quickly, with a visa-free programme for EU nationals\n        and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm\n        |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} the nation''s aviation sector is handling a significantly\n        increased number of travellers. The [[Euro 2012]] football tournament, held\n        in Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts, prompted the government to invest heavily\n        in transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=1520657.html\n        |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August\n        2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The Donetsk airport, completed for\n        [[Euro 2012]], was destroyed by the end of 2014 because of the ongoing war\n        between the government and the separatist movement.{{cite web|author=Alan\n        Taylor |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/02/a-year-of-war-completely-destroyed-the-donetsk-airport/386204/\n        |title=A Year of War Completely Destroyed the Donetsk Airport |publisher=The\n        Atlantic |date=26 February 2015 |accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\n[[Boryspil\n        International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county''s largest international\n        airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for the country''s\n        flag carrier, [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. Other large airports in\n        the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv\n        International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]]\n        (now destroyed), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades\n        in the near future. In addition to its flag carrier, Ukraine has a number\n        of airlines including [[Windrose Airlines]], [[Dniproavia]], [[Azur Air Ukraine]],\n        and [[AtlasGlobal Ukraine]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov\n        Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world''s largest fixed\n        wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\\n\\nInternational maritime travel is mainly\n        provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly\n        to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently\n        operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0443\\u0440\\u0446\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439 |publisher=Ukrferry.com\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Energy ===\\n{{Main|Energy in Ukraine}}\\nIn\n        2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security\n        Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute,\n        which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth\n        and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine\n        | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and\n        Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8\n        January 2014}}\\n\\n==== Fuel resources ====\\nUkraine produces and processes\n        its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities\n        are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported,\n        mainly from [[Russia]].{{cite book|author1=Axel Siedenberg|author2=Lutz\n        Hoffmann|title=Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International\n        Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393|accessdate=20\n        October 2015|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7908-1189-6|page=393}}\\n\\nNatural\n        gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel\n        industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country,\n        as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]\n        started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine\\u2014a project aimed\n        at the nation''s total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in\n        electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n==== Power generation\n        ====\\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear\n        Power Plant]], the largest nuclear power plant in Europe]]\\nUkraine has been\n        a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011,\n        3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/minugol/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216629&cat_id=35081\n        \\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0442\\u0430 2011\n        \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe''s largest [[Electricity|energy]]\n        consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319085724/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archivedate=2014-03-19|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22\n        December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US\n        government}} {{As of|2011}}, 47.6% of total electricity generation was\n        from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear\n        power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located\n        in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June\n        2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract\n        selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite\n        web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/westinghouse-wins-contract-to-provide-fuel-supplies-to-ukraine-57318317.html|work=30\n        March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press\n        release}}\\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine,\n        which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia\n        says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15\n        April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation\n        of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of\n        Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries\n        through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine''s Energoatom\n        Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archivedate=2014-04-11|work=11\n        April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}\\n\\n[[Coal]]\n        and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]]\n        are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation\n        needed|date=April 2014}}\\n\\n==== Renewable energy use ====\\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo\n        Solar Park]]]]\\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total\n        energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity\n        of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and {{As of|2012|lc=y}}\n        stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/\n        |title=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u043e \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454,\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 | \\u0417\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012\n        |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar\n        power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe''s largest solar\n        park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-29/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-\n        | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe''s Biggest Solar\n        Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}} Ukrainian\n        State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined\n        installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase\n        by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative\n        energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108232254/http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archivedate=2014-01-08|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research,\n        by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with\n        a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear\n        reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257\n        |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12\n        June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction\n        and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential:\n        the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small\n        hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy\n        at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only\n        starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9\n        May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine''s [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy\n        Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative\n        and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total\n        electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114035724/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archivedate=2012-11-14\n        |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua\n        |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\n=== Internet ===\\n{{Main|Internet\n        in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has a large and steadily\n        growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis\n        of 2007\\u201308]]. As of June, 2014, there were 18.2 million desktop Internet\n        users, which is 56% of the adult population. The core of the audience is the\n        25 to 34-year-old age bracket, representing 29% of the population.{{cite\n        web|title = \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u0446\\u0438\\u0444\\u0440\\u044b \\u043e digital-\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|url = http://www.imena.ua/blog/digital-in-ukraine/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-20}} Ukraine ranks 8th among the world''s top ten countries\n        with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203080726/http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study|publisher=Pandonetworks.com|date=22\n        September 2011|accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\n=== Tourism ===\\n{{Main|Tourism\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[Image:St.MichaelsGoldenDomedCathedral.JPG|thumb|225px|[[St.\n        Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nUkraine occupies 8th\n        place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World\n        Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191518/http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf\n        UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6], [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) because\n        of its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]],\n        hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination;\n        [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosystem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins\n        and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points.\n        [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] are Ukraine''s\n        principal tourist centres each offering many historical landmarks as well\n        as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure. Tourism used to be the mainstay\n        of Crimea''s economy but there has been a major fall in visitor numbers following\n        the Russian annexation in 2014.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28688478\n        Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea] bbc.co.uk, accessed 29 December 2015\\n\\nThe\n        [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are\n        the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general\n        public through an Internet-based vote.\\n\\n== Demographics ==\\n{{Main|Demographics\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|width = 220px\\n|float = right\\n|title = Composition\n        of Ukraine by nationality\\n|titlebar = #ddd\\n|bars =\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\\n|caption = Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian\n        raions (2001)]]\\n\\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census\n        of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant\n        groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]]\n        (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]]\n        (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%),\n        [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%)\n        and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year |work=ukrcensus.gov.ua\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics |accessdate=17 April 2010 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |archivedate=17 December 2011 |df= }} The industrial regions in the\n        east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the\n        population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United\n        Nations Children''s Fund]] (UNICEF)}}\\n\\nUkraine has one of the most\n        equal income distribution as measured by [[Gini index]] and [[Income inequality\n        metrics|Palma ratio]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/datablog/2017/apr/26/inequality-index-where-are-the-worlds-most-unequal-countries|title=Inequality\n        index: where are the world''s most unequal countries?|last=Barr|first=Caelainn|date=2017-04-26|work=The\n        Guardian|access-date=2017-04-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}\\n\\n===\n        Population decline ===\\n\\nUkraine''s population (excluding Crimea) in 2016\n        was estimated at 48,457,102. The country''s population has been declining\n        since the 1990s because of its high death rate and low birth rate. The population\n        has been shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has\n        recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable\n        to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to\n        stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nIn 2007, the country''s rate of population decline was the fourth\n        highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field\n        Listing \\u2013 Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World\n        Factbook}}\\n\\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high\n        [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking,\n        extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna\n        H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm\n        \\\"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process\n        in Ukraine\\\"], ''''Uktraine Magazine'''' No. 2, 1998.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720122016/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archivedate=2009-07-20|title=What\n        Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The\n        World Bank Group}}\\n\\nDuring the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million\n        children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999\\u20132001.\n        In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence.\n        Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000\n        children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up\n        |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January\n        2014}}\\n\\n=== Fertility and natalist policies ===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (1950-2012).svg|thumb|Population\n        of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[https://archive.is/20120805214701/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html\n        State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php\n        Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\\n\\nThe current birth rate in\n        Ukraine, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death\n        rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine\n        demographic tables]]).\\n\\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined\n        as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed\n        by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where\n        total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world''s lowest,\n        shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although\n        Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during\n        1991\\u20132004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal\n        childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive\n        Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition\n        to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest\n        explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence\n        of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns\n        about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between\n        early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris\n        | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility\n        in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages\n        = 55\\u201370 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid\n        = 15764134 }}\\n\\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government\n        continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments\n        of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and\n        50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154\n        hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912\n        |title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry |accessdate=1 February 2008\n        |work=Economic Ministry}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |title=President meets with business bosses |accessdate=1 February 2008 |work=Press\n        office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The demographic trend\n        is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing\n        since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip\n        The demographic situation in Ukraine in January\\u2013September 2009]{{dead\n        link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net\n        population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five\n        provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing\n        signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the\n        western oblasts.[http://www.unian.info/society/69133-ukraines-birth-rate-shows-first-positive-signs-in-decade.html\n        \\\"Ukraine''s birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\\\"]. [[Ukrainian\n        Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July\n        2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward\n        trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 because of the\n        economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\\n\\n===\n        Urbanisation ===\\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\\nIn total, Ukraine has\n        457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''''raion''''}}-class\n        cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type\n        settlements and 28,552 villages.\\n{{Largest cities\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n=== Language ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian\n        language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision\n        according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Russian.svg|thumb|Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision\n        according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}]]\\n\\nAccording\n        to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is\n        Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially\n        in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to\n        the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population\n        declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared\n        Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=1\n        November 2004|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27\n        January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}} Most native\n        Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''''de facto'''' official language of the Soviet Union\n        but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com\n        |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy\n        Yekelchyk]] ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''', [[Oxford University\n        Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}} Effective in August 2012,\n        [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles\n        any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared\n        official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html\n        |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8\n        August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared\n        as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html\n        |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be\n        used in these cities''/oblasts'' administrative office work and documents.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html|title=Romanian\n        becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|author=Michael Schwirtz|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html|title=Ukraine|date=5\n        July 2012|work=The New York Times}} On 23 February 2014, following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal\n        the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at\n        all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President\n        Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\\"|trans-title=Draft Law on\n        the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \\\"On the basic principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12\n        March 2015}}{{cite news|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia|title=Western\n        nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis|date=24 February 2014|work=The\n        Guardian}}{{cite news|author=Andrew Kramer|title=Ukraine Turns\n        to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2\n        March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\\n\\nUkrainian\n        is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such\n        as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used\n        in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}}\n        while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern\n        and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is\n        used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across\n        different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches\n        responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\\n\\nFor a large\n        part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation\n        to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in\n        public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159\\u2013168\n        Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image\n        and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004\n        as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (National Archives of Ukraine)}}\n        Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled\n        or dubbed in Ukrainian.\\n\\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous\n        Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic.\n        However, the republic''s constitution specifically recognises Russian as the\n        language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage ''in all\n        spheres of public life''. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language\n        of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2007-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204020421/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2007 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as\n        the ''languages of other ethnicities''. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming\n        majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers\n        11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2006-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227002737/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |archivedate=27 February 2008 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars\n        and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive\n        account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \\\"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html\n        The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context\n        of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\\\" International Committee\n        for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\\n\\n=== Religion ===\\n{{Main|Religion\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|title=Religion in Ukraine as of 2016 (Razumkov Center){{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches (sample of 2,018 people)|pages = 22, 29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n|float=right\\n|bars=\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|Orchid|65.4}}\\n{{Bar percent|Do\n        not believe in one of the listed religions|Chartreuse|16.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|Simply\n        [[Christianity]]|Turquoise|7.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Greek Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|6.5}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|DodgerBlue|1.9}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Islam in Ukraine|Islam]]|Green|1.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism\n        in Ukraine|Roman Catholicism]]|Indigo|1.0}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[History of the\n        Jews in Ukraine|Judaism]]|Blue|0.2}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism in Ukraine|Hinduism]]|Orange|0.2}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other religions|Chartreuse|0.2}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w - Sob\\u00f3r\n        M\\u0105dro\\u015bci Bo\\u017cej 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in\n        Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev\n        Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational,\n        Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one\n        of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine]]\\n[[File:St. Nicholas Roman Catholic\n        Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St.\n        Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]]]\\n\\nA 2016 survey conducted by\n        the [[Razumkov Centre]] found that 70% of Ukrainians declared themselves believers\n        in any religion, while 10.1% were uncertain whether they believed or not,\n        7.2% were uninterested in beliefs, 6.3% were unbelievers, 2.7% were [[atheists]],\n        and a further 3.9% found it difficult to answer the question.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\n        The level of religiosity in Ukraine is greatest in [[Western Ukraine]] (91%),\n        and lowest in [[Eastern Ukraine]] (56%) and the [[Donbass]] (57%).\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\\\"\\n|-valign=top\\n! colspan\n        = 12| Changes over time and region in the proportions of people in Ukraine\n        identifying themselves as believers, etc.\\n|-valign=top\\n!\n        rowspan=2 | ''''Whether you attend church or not, who do you think you are?''''\\n!\n        colspan = 5| Ukraine\\n| rowspan=8 width=2|\\n! colspan = 5| 2016 survey split\n        by region\\n|-valign=top\\n! | 2000\\n! | 2010\\n! | 2013\\n! | 2014\\n! | 2016\\n!\n        | West\\n! | Centre\\n! | South\\n! | East\\n!| Donbass\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Believers\\n|align=right|\n        57.8%\\n|align=right| 71.4%\\n|align=right| 67.0%\\n|align=right| 76.0%\\n|align=right|\n        70.4%\\n|align=right| 91.0%\\n|align=right| 73.5%\\n|align=right| 65.7%\\n|align=right|\n        55.6%\\n|align=right| 57.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Those who hesitate between belief\n        and disbelief\\n|align=right| 22.5%\\n|align=right| 11.5%\\n|align=right| 14.7%\\n|align=right|\n        7.9%\\n|align=right| 10.1%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        8.3%\\n|align=right| 14.2%\\n|align=right| 19.5%\\n|-valign=top\\n| Not a believer\\n|align=right|\n        11.9%\\n|align=right| 7.9%\\n|align=right| 5.5%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right|\n        6.3%\\n|align=right| 0.9%\\n|align=right| 4.8%\\n|align=right| 7.4%\\n|align=right|\n        13.4%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Atheist beliefs\\n|align=right|\n        3.2%\\n|align=right| 1.4%\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right| 2.5%\\n|align=right|\n        2.7%\\n|align=right| 0.2%\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right| 3.2%\\n|align=right|\n        3.5%\\n|align=right| 5.0%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Do not care\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right|\n        4.4%\\n|align=right| 5.1%\\n|align=right| 4.9%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|align=right|\n        1.2%\\n|align=right| 8.0%\\n|align=right| 13.0%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        9.4%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Difficult to answer\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right|\n        3.3%\\n|align=right| 5.7%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.9%\\n|align=right| 3.8%\\n|align=right| 2.3%\\n|align=right| 5.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.6%\\n|}\\n\\nOf the Ukrainian population, 81.9% were Christians, comprising\n        a 65.4% who declared to be [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], 7.1% simply\n        [[Christian]]s, 6.5% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Rite Catholics]],\n        and 1.9% [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. A further 1.1% were [[Muslim]]s and\n        1.0% [[Latin Church|Latin Rite Catholics]]. [[Judaism]] and [[Hinduism]] were\n        the religions of 0.2% of the population each. A further 16.3% of the population\n        did not identify in one of those listed hitherto. According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s,\n        such numbers have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade.\\n\\nA 2006 survey of the same Razumkov Centre, found\n        that: 62.5% of all respondents were [[irreligion|not religious, not believers]]\n        or not affiliated to any religious body, 33.6% were Christians (26.8% Orthodox,\n        5.9% Catholics, and 0.9% Protestants), 0.1% were Jewish, and 3.8% were members\n        of other religions.{{cite web|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?|trans-title=Sociological\n        poll: Believers, which churches and denominations do you consider yourself\n        to be adherents of? (sample of 11,216 people)|language=uk|work=[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]|date=2006|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}\\n\\nAmong those Ukrainians\n        who declared to believe in Orthodoxy, 38.1% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kiev Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Kievan Patriarchate]] (a body that is not canonically recognized by\n        the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]), while 23.0% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Moscovian Patriarchate]] (which is an [[autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]]\n        Orthodox church under the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]). A further 2.7% were\n        members of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], which, like the\n        Kievan Patriarchate, is not recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2004 |title=State Department of Ukraine on Religious\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=2003 Statistical report |deadurl=yes |df=\n        }} Among the remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 32.3% declared to be \\\"simply\n        Orthodox\\\", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 3.1%\n        declared that they \\\"did not know\\\" which patriarchate or Orthodox church\n        they belonged to.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n\\nThe\n        second largest Christian group in Ukraine, [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]],\n        is predominantly represented by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], an\n        [[Eastern Catholic]] Church in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy\n        See]] of the Roman Catholic Church. It recognizes the primacy of the [[Pope]]\n        as head of the Church while still maintaining a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]]\n        and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archivedate=26 February 2008 |title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Additionally, there\n        are a small number of [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities (1.0%). The church consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who\n        live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in\n        Ukraine]] make up 1.9% of the population as of 2016. A further 7.1% of the population declares to be simply Christian.\\n\\n=== Famines and migration ===\\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]],\n        followed by the devastation of World War II, created a demographic disaster.\n        Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and\n        seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males\n        in the period 1941\\u201344.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 =\n        Jacques | last2 = Mesl\\u00e9 | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3\n        = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A\n        New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages\n        = 249\\u2013264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 | pmid=12553326}}\n        According to ''''The Oxford companion to World War II'''', \\\"Over 7 million\n        inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were\n        killed during the Second World War.\\\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell\n        Foot (2001). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Oxford companion to World War II]''''. Oxford University Press. p. 909.\n        {{ISBN|0-19-860446-7}}\\n\\nSignificant migration took place in the first\n        years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into\n        Ukraine in 1991\\u201392, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In\n        total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among\n        them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and\n        2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved\n        to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska,\n        Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy/\n        \\\"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\\\"].\n        National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3\n        July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the\n        total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries\n        by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web\n        |url= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls\n        |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United\n        Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were\n        an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000\n        \\\"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories \\u2013\n        20% sample data\\\"]. ''''Statistics Canada.'''' giving Canada the world''s\n        third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There\n        are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\\n\\n=== Health ===\\n{{Main|Health\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a)\n        - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children''s hospital in [[Kremenchuk]],\n        [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established\n        in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners\n        of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens.\n        At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists.\n        Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3,200 qualified nurses. The organization takes\n        part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly\n        funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates,\n        the Society annually provides services to more than 105,000 lonely, elderly\n        people, about 23,000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25,000 war veterans, and more than 8,000 adults handicapped\n        since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian\n        citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated\n        in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist\n        nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com\n        |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209112933/http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |archivedate=9 December 2010 }} The public sector employs most healthcare\n        professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also\n        retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public\n        health facilities on a regular basis.\\n\\nAll of the country''s medical service\n        providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides\n        oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible\n        for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this,\n        standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine\n        |url=http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in\n        Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same\n        lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure;\n        as a result most towns have their own hospital ''''(\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)'''' and many also have district\n        hospitals ''''(\\u0420\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\n        Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major\n        cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital,\n        [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have\n        their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost\n        all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres;\n        such hospitals are called ''regional hospitals'' ''''(\\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\\n\\nUkraine currently faces\n        a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic\n        crisis because of its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian\n        birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000\n        population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality\n        rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]]\n        and smoking. In 2008, the country''s population\n        was one of the fastest declining in the world at \\u22125% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915155109/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=15 September 2002 |title=State Statistics Committee\n        of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014 }}\n        The UN warned that Ukraine''s population could fall by as much as 10 million\n        by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects:\n        The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archivedate=2014-03-20|publisher=United\n        Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high\n        blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian\n        healthcare system.\\n\\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming\n        the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family\n        doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency\n        services]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/11044.html National\n        network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister],\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime\n        Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to\n        start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in\n        the spring of 2010.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/|title=Ukraine\n        to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=24 November 2009|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065454/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-to-start-introducing-insurance-based-healt-53483.html|archivedate=23\n        October 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Education ===\\n{{Main|Education in Ukraine|List\n        of universities in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The\n        [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine''s most important educational institutions]]\\n[[File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\n        building by [[Josef Hl\\u00e1vka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\\nAccording\n        to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free\n        education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education\n        is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority.\n        Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is\n        provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archivedate=1997-04-15|title=Constitution\n        of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited\n        private secondary and higher education institutions.\\n\\nBecause of the Soviet\n        Union''s emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues\n        today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since\n        2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year\n        one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six),\n        middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary\n        then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |title=General secondary education |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |archivedate=16 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} In the 12th grade,\n        students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving\n        exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\\n\\nThe first\n        higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th\n        and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution\n        was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin\n        Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the\n        time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium\n        was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern\n        Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and\n        in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as\n        a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]],\n        founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th\n        century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805),\n        [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi\n        University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education\n        institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and\n        Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher\n        Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical\n        Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic\n        Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School\n        (1899) in [[Dnipro|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education\n        institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf\n        |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are\n        those owned by private organisations.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian higher education system\n        comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]]\n        facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing\n        bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007\n        |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |archivedate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The organisation\n        of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure\n        of education of the world''s higher [[developed countries]], as is defined\n        by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |title=System of the Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nUkraine has more\n        than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates\n        reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/\n        |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14\n        October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine produces the fourth\n        largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe,\n        while being ranked seventh in population. [[Higher education in Ukraine|Higher\n        education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state\n        expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term\n        exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some\n        universities. For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%. For\n        most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic\n        living expenses. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city\n        students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all\n        registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor''s\n        degree (4 years) and the master''s degree (5\\u20136th year), in\n        accordance with the [[Bologna process]]. Historically, [[Specialist degree]]\n        (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by\n        universities in the Soviet times.\\n\\nThe Law of Ukraine ''''On Higher Education''''\n        came into force on 6 September 2014. It was approved in Ukrainian Parliament\n        on 1 July 2014. The main changes in the system of higher education:{{cite\n        web|title = 16 \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d \\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456: \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438|url = http://osvita.ua/vnz/reform/42795/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-22}} a separate collegiate body to monitor the quality of\n        education was established (Ukrainian: \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438);\n        each higher education institution has the right to implement its own educational\n        and research programs; role of the student government was increased; higher\n        education institution has the right freely administer own revenues; 5 following\n        types of higher education qualifications were established: Junior Bachelor,\n        Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Science; load on\n        lecturers and students was reduced; academic mobility for faculty and students\n        etc.\\n\\n=== Regional differences ===\\n{{See also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional\n        differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukr\n        elections 2012 multimandate okruhs.png|thumb|Results of the [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2012|2012 parliamentary election]]. Yanukovych''s [[Party of Regions]]\n        in blue. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]] in purple.]]\\n[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in\n        [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language\n        in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently\n        in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer\n        classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009\n        | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic\n        Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html\n        | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]]\n        | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\\n\\nOn the [[Russian language\n        in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]],\n        opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite\n        of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics\n        tend be less extreme.{{cite web|url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/yazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html|title=The\n        language question, the results of recent research in 2012|publisher=[[Sociological\n        group \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]]|date=25 May 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/|title=Who''s\n        Afraid of Ukrainian History?|author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy D.\n        Snyder|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 September 2010}}{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html\n        |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian\n        language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0419\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|trans-title=Attitude of the Ukrainian\n        population to the figure of Joseph Stalin|publisher=[[Kyiv International Institute\n        of Sociology]]|date=1 March 2013|language=uk}}\\n\\nSimilar historical\n        cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification.\n        Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]],\n        differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]]\n        and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], and [[Donetsk]], predominantly\n        Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central\n        and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important\n        and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the\n        [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of\n        the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that\n        the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url=\n        http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all\n        were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic\n        difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture\n        and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation\n        | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all\n        | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine\n        | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3\n        | pages = 345\\u201368 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}}\n        Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging\n        to a \\\"Soviet identity\\\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the\n        Crimea (about 30%).{{cite web|format=PDF |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |title=Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding\n        Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region |work=taraskuzio.net |author=Taras\n        Kuzio |author-link=Taras Kuzio |date=23 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205435/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 May 2014 |df= }}\\n\\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]]\n        voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces)\n        vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc|Our\n        Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|script-title=uk:\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2012|trans-title=The Elections\n        of People''s Deputies of Ukraine 2012|language=uk|date=28 November 2012}}{{cite\n        web|date=30 August 2012|title=CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting\n        papers|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233711/http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archivedate=13\n        August 2014|deadurl=y|accessdate=6 November 2015}} and presidential\n        candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]]\n        and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern\n        and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]],\n        [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]])\n        with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation\n        | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc\n        | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe |\n        last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau\n        | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] |\n        year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation\n        | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle\n        | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher\n        = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url\n        = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981\n        | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine''s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012\n        Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher\n        = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation|url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |title=UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again |first=Taras |last=Kuzio\n        |author-link=Taras Kuzio |publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]] |date=5 October 2007\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515074305/http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df= }} However, this geographical division\n        is decreasing.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217083456/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/\n        \\\"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\\\"]. ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 11\n        February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine''s\n        Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv \\u2013 EU News & policy\n        debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine\n        vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\\n\\n== Culture\n        ==\\n{{Main|Ukrainian culture}}\\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection\n        of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs \\u2013 [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design\n        motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\\n[[File:Rushnyk -\n        Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian\n        embroidery]]]]\\n\\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by [[Orthodox Christianity]],\n        the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles\n        also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in\n        bringing up children, than in the West.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\n        The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western\n        neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music\n        and art.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\\n\\nThe Communist era had quite\n        a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite\n        was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin\n        made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated\n        the decree \\\"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\\\". This\n        greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced\n        and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as\n        they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archivedate=18 December 2007 |title=Gorbachev, Mikhail |accessdate=30 July\n        2008 |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |quote=Under his\n        new policy of glasnost (\\\"openness\\\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms\n        of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and\n        broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism;\n        and the country''s legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely\n        repudiated by the government |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nThe tradition of\n        the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These\n        eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied\n        to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously\n        wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed\n        leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old,\n        and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University\n        of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which\n        won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven\n        Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\\n\\n=== Weaving and embroidery ===\\nArtisan [[textile\n        arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes\n        |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]].\n        [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional\n        [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies\n        depending on the region of origin''''\\\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\\\",\n        Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine''''\n        and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours\n        and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian\n        Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of colour is very important\n        and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different\n        parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\\n\\nNational\n        dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still\n        practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village\n        is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts\n        fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u2013 \\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Rivne\n        Regional State Administration \\u2013 The Regional Centre for Folk Art|language=uk|publisher=Rv.gov.ua|accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0406\\u0421\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0422\\u0410 \\u0412\\u0418\\u0428\\u0418\\u0412\\u041a\\u0418\n        \\u0423\\u041b\\u042f\\u041d\\u0418 \\u041a\\u041e\\u0422 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve\n        this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving\n        centre, a museum and weaving school.\\n\\n=== Literature ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        literature}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|total_width=350\\n|width1=1517|height1=2006|image1=Taras\n        Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|caption1=[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.\\n|width2=560|height2=800|image2=\\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430.1888.jpg|caption2=[[Lesya\n        Ukrainka]], one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers.\\n}}\\nThe history\n        of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the\n        Christianisation of the Kievan Rus''.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Cultural Life \\u2013 The Arts \\u2013 Literature|accessdate=8 January\n        2014|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time\n        were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical\n        accounts of the time were referred to as ''''[[chronicle]]s'''', the most\n        significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archivedate= 6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Literature |accessdate=3\n        July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|G|g|none}}\n        Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'']].\\n\\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century,\n        and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction\n        of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both\n        Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an\n        independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s,\n        which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries,\n        when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless,\n        by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\\n\\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in\n        Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]''s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Eneyida''''}},\n        the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian\n        [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation''s most renowned cultural\n        figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan\n        Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian\n        vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\\\L\\\\I\\\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Danylo\n        Husar Sruk|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThen,\n        in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]]\n        by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary\n        activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish\n        their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central\n        Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete\n        after the revolution and the Bolsheviks'' coming to power.\\n\\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years,\n        when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literary\n        figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola\n        Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep\n        decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others\n        were killed by [[NKVD]] as part of the [[Great Purge]]. In general around\n        223 writers were repressed by what was known as the [[Executed Renaissance]].{{cite\n        web|author=Yuriy Lavrinenko|url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f\n        1917\\u20131933|trans-title=The Executed Renaissance: Anthology 1917\\u20131933|language=uk|location=Kiev|publisher=Smoloskyl|date=2004|archivedate=13\n        December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}}\n        These repressions were part of Stalin''s implemented policy of [[socialist\n        realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian\n        language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works.\\n\\nIn\n        post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited\n        under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet\n        literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk (poet)]],\n        [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\\n\\nLiterary\n        freedom appeared in late 1980s \\u2014 early 1990s with the process of\n        collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are\n        [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Oleksandr\n        Irvanets|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Yuriy\n        Izdryk|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a \\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy\n        Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov writes\n        in Russian, he is predominantly considered a representative of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\n===\n        Architecture ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque\n        Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]]\n        in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, which has a large [[Ukrainian diaspora.]]]]\\nUkrainian\n        architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built\n        in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\\nThese include initial\n        roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']]. Since the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'']] for several\n        ages Ukrainian architecture was influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture]].\n        After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural\n        history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During\n        the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was\n        developed under the western influences of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\n        After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger\n        eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]]\n        of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was\n        developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]].\n        Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\\n\\nThe great [[Architecture of\n        Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus'']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption\n        of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture\n        in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was\n        strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church\n        becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores\n        of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication\n        of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples\n        of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries,\n        many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below).\n        Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of\n        Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid,\n        [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125 and\n        [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], circa 12th-century. All can\n        still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\n        Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']]\n        has survived.\\n\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian\n        Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects\n        in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered.\n        [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]],\n        is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top\n        of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally\n        notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was\n        built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]].\n        During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea,\n        and renamed them as [[New Russia]]. New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]],\n        [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain\n        notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan\n        Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\\nFile:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] \\u2013 one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\\nFile:Kyiv, St Andrew\n        church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew''s Church, Kiev|St Andrew''s Church]] in [[Kiev]]\n        an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\\nFile:\\u041b\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0458\\u0430.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv''s\n        Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its\n        history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\nFile:\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434 \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|[[Vorontsov''s Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov\n        Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic\n        Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\\nFile:Monasterio\n        de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]],\n        an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\\nFile:ArcLviv.JPG|Example of early 20th\n        century architecture in [[Lviv]].\\nFile:LvivArchitecture.JPG|Lviv. The Bernardine\n        church in the style of Italian and Dutch mannerism\\nFile:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430) 02.JPG|[[Poltava]] museum, [[Ukrainian\n        Modern architecture]] example. 1908.\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\n        38 \\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u044c 2 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 2012 01.JPG|Central\n        Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f.JPG|Modern residential architecture\n        in [[Kharkiv]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446 \\u0428\\u0435\\u043d\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438.jpg|Sch\\u00f6nborn Palace. 1895\\n\\n
\\n\\nIn\n        1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously,\n        the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention.\n        All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist\n        architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy,\n        a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired\n        examples such as the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed.\n        Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War\n        contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction\n        of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example\n        of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture\n        once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\\n\\nThe task for\n        modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central\n        Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers\n        were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space\n        for a new shopping centre.\\n\\nA major project, which may take up most of the\n        21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi\n        Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid\n        the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml |script-title=ru:\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020\\u0433., \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u043c, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432, \\u043e\\u0431\\u044a\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u044b, \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0444\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0440.\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u044b\\u0431\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435, \\u041f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d. |trans-title=Architects of Kiev \\u2013 Development\n        rationale for changes in the general development plan of Kiev up to 2020 relating\n        to the construction of residential and office buildings with underground parking,\n        hospitality-office complexes, shopping centres, social and cultural facilities,\n        multi-functional entertainment complexes, etc. on Rybalsky island, Podolsky\n        district. |work=archunion.com.ua |date=7 December 2005 |accessdate=8 January\n        2014 |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510032158/http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml\n        |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Music ===\\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Cossack\n        Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumb|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing a [[kobza]]]]\\n\\nMusic\n        is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences.\n        From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern\n        rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians\n        including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from\n        traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even\n        into modern [[jazz]].\\n\\n[[File:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]]\n        is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}]]\\n\\nUkrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing\n        mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general\n        characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of\n        minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\\n\\nDuring the\n        Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received\n        a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in\n        the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well\n        versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy,\n        Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]]\n        or [[torban]].\\n\\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv,\n        Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura\n        from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers\n        within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated\n        in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\\nSee: [[Dmytro\n        Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\\n\\n[[File:Rapid\n        Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian dance ''''[[hopak]]''''.]]\\n\\nUkrainian\n        classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the\n        composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian\n        ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic\n        Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The\n        music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for\n        whom they cater.\\n\\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has\n        been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana\n        Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international\n        popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]],\n        [[Dakha Brakha]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\nModern musical culture\n        of Ukraine is presented both with academic and entertainment music. Ukraine\n        has five conservatories, 6 opera houses, five houses of Chamber Music, Philharmony\n        in all regional centers.\\n\\nUkraine hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]]\n        and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]].\\n\\n=== Cinema ===\\n{{Main|Cinema\n        of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian\n        directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important\n        early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]],\n        [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director\n        and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian\n        cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which\n        was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\\n\\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira\n        Muratova]]]]\\n\\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa\n        Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid\n        Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and\n        [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and\n        critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla\n        Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\\n\\nDespite a history of important\n        and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a\n        debate about its identity and the level of European and Russian influence.\n        Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian\n        actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films.\n        Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events,\n        including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything\n        Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]].\\n\\nUkrainian State Film\n        Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory\n        and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]],\n        and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival\n        held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and\n        first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\\n\\n===\n        Media ===\\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine\n        |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} was founded by [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum).\n        Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated\n        to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics\n        of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the\n        freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\\n[[Freedom\n        House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \\\"free\\\" and the press as \\\"partly\n        free\\\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution\n        of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \\\"negative trends in Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Kiev]]\n        dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine''s leading\n        English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]]\n        [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such\n        as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian),\n        and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also\n        a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine,\n        [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including\n        books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media,\n        newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing\n        Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts\n        in 1992.\\n\\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]]\n        or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half\n        hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\\n\\n===\n        Sport ===\\n{{Main|Sport in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration\n        Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates\n        a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet\n        emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds\n        of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Sports and recreation |accessdate=12\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]].\n        The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]]\n        (\\\"premier league\\\").\\n\\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national\n        football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners\n        of the prestigious [[Ballon d''Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only\n        presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy\n        Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]],\n        and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy\n        national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]],\n        where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]]\n        have held world heavyweight championships.\\n\\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record\n        in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic\n        abilities, he was voted the world''s best athlete on several occasions.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka | accessdate =27 May 2010\n        | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work\n        = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world''s\n        best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archivedate=2011-05-11\n        |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com\n        |accessdate=30 January 2011}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular\n        in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket\n        2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished\n        6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA\n        World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant\n        [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball\n        club in Ukraine.\\n\\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]]\n        is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]]\n        and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\\n\\nUkraine made its Olympic\n        debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]]\n        has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances)\n        than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number\n        of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every\n        country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March\n        2014}}\\n\\n\\n=== Cuisine ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        cuisine}}\\n\\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef,\n        fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains,\n        fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[varenyky]]''''}}\n        (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries\n        or berries), [[nalysnyky]] (pancakes with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms,\n        caviar or meat), [[kapu\\u015bniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots,\n        onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borscht]]\n        (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[Go\\u0142\\u0105bki|holubtsy]]''''}}\n        (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and\n        [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian\n        specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev cake]]. Ukrainians drink\n        [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese\n        from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional\n        Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:Wareniki.JPG|
[[Varenyky]] topped with fried onion
\\nFile:Borscht served.jpg|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|sour\n        cream]]\\nFile:Martiniouk Paska.JPG|
[[Paska\n        (bread)|Paska]], Ukrainian [[Easter]] bread
\\n\\n
\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of cultural icons\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] \\u2013\n        the first official Ukrainian currency\\n* [[Ukrainian oligarchs]]\\n\\n== Notes\n        ==\\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\\n''''''a.''''''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians\n        that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]],\n        [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who\n        greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen\n        Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\\n\\n''''''b.''''''{{Note\n        label|B|b|none}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data\n        is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the\n        famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting\n        various statements from different branches of different governments as to\n        whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide\n        by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm\n        on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according\n        to ''''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'''': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0491\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\"}}]),\n        16 (according to ''''[[Korrespondent]]'''', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002\n        {{lang|ru|\\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0439\\u043c \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\\"}}]),\n        \\\"more than 10\\\" (according to ''''Korrespondent'''', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780-latviya-viznala-golodomor-1932-33-rr-genocidom-ukrayinciv\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 1932\\u201333 \\u0440\\u0440.\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\\\"}}])\n        Retrieved 27 January 2008.\\n\\n''''''c.''''''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}}\n        These figures are likely to be much higher, as they ''''''do not'''''' include\n        Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians,\n        from the Ukrainian SSR.\\n\\n''''''d.''''''{{Note label|D|d|none}} This figure\n        excludes [[POW]] deaths.\\n\\n''''''e.''''''{{Note label|E|e|none}} Russia and\n        Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include\n        European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European\n        territories larger than Ukraine.\\n\\n''''''f.''''''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note\n        label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census\n        (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number\n        and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census''2001\n        data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite\n        web|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 About number and composition population of Kiev\n        on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}})\n        about 75 percent of Kiev''s population responded ''Ukrainian'' to the\n        native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent\n        responded ''Russian''. On the other hand, when the question ''What language\n        do you use in everyday life?'' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey,\n        the Kievans'' answers were distributed as follows: ''mostly Russian'': 52 percent,\n        ''both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure'': 32 percent, ''mostly\n        Ukrainian'': 14 percent, ''exclusively Ukrainian'': 4.3 percent.{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What\n        language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February\n        2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\\n\\n''''''g.''''''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such\n        writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\\n{{Refend}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681\n        Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published\n        16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth\n        and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925\n        Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]].\n        Published on 25 September 2014.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Trade \\u2013 European Commission|publisher=}}}}\\n\\n== Print sources\n        ==\\n=== Reference books ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* ''''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''''\n        (University of Toronto Press, 1984\\u201393) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\\n* ''''[https://www.questia.com/read/58069636/ukraine-a-concise-encyclopedia\n        Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'''' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University\n        of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''''Ukraine'''' (Culture\n        Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\\n* Evans, Andrew. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T\n        online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== Recent (since 1991)\n        ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''''Revolution in\n        Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''' (2006)\\n* Birch,\n        Sarah. ''''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'''' Macmillan, 2000 [https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* Edwards Mike: \\\"Ukraine \\u2013 Running on empty\\\"\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''''Cleft\n        Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        and Moldova'''', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89821-558-9}}\\n* Kuzio,\n        Taras: ''''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'''',\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7656-0224-5}}\\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''''Ukraine: State\n        and Nation Building'''' Routledge, 1998 [https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building\n        online edition]\\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''''Multilingual education\n        as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'''', in ''''Language\n        Education for Intercultural Communication'''', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens,\n        Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, {{ISBN|1-85359-204-8}}\\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine''s\n        Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\\n*\n        Whitmore, Sarah. ''''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament,\n        1990\\u20132003'''' Routledge, 2004 [https://www.questia.com/read/108557869/state-building-in-ukraine-the-ukrainian-parliament\n        online edition]\\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''''Ukraine''s\n        Orange Revolution'''' (2005)\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected\n        Nation,'''' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L\n        online excerpts at Amazon]\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''Ukrainian Nationalism in\n        the 1990s: A Minority Faith'''', [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-57457-9}}\\n*\n        Zon, Hans van. ''''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'''' 2000\n        [https://www.questia.com/read/98833788/the-political-economy-of-independent-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== History ===\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* [https://www.academia.edu/10220788/UKRAINIAN_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_BETWEEN_40_10.000_BP\n        UKRAINIAN UPPER PALAEOLITHIC BETWEEN 40/10.000 BP]\\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''''The\n        Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'''' (Rutgers UP, 1964)\n        [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world\n        online]\\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''''A History of Ukraine'''' (1986)\\n* Katchanovski\n        Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''''Historical\n        Dictionary of Ukraine.'''' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\\n*\n        Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations\n        between Ukraine and Russia, 1654\\u20131917'''' (Marquette University Press\n        1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations\n        online]\\n* Luckyj, George S. ''''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine:\n        An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'''' (1996)\\n* [[Magocsi,\n        Paul Robert]], ''''A History of Ukraine''''. [[University of Toronto Press]],\n        1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-7820-6}}\\n* Reid, Anna. ''''Borderland: A Journey Through\n        the History of Ukraine'''' (2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/96969196/borderland-a-journey-through-the-history-of-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''''Ukraine: A History'''',\n        1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}.\\n*\n        Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''' (Oxford University\n        Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation\n        online]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==== World War II ====\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian\n        Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\\n* Berkhoff, Karel C.\n        ''''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'''' Harvard\n        U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle\n        and Women''s Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\\n*\n        Gross, Jan T. ''''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland''s\n        Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'''' (1988).\\n* Lower, Wendy. ''''Nazi\n        Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'''' U. of North Carolina Press,\n        2005. 307 pp.\\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''''Poland''s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife,\n        Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918\\u20131947'''',\n        McFarland & Company, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}\\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''''Together\n        and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919\\u20131945.'''' Indiana\n        U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''''Holocaust In The Ukraine'''',\n        Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Sister\n        project links|voy=Ukraine}}\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx\n        Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121072359/https://en.ukrainecityguide.com/\n        Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\\n* [https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine]\n        information from the [[United States Department of State]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416140456/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html\n        Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm\n        Ukraine] at ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\\n*\n        [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\\n*\n        {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development\n        Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62\n        EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/\n        EU Neighbourhood Library]\\n; Government\\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/\n        The President of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government\n        Portal of Ukraine]\\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\\n*\n        [http://escher.com.ua/main.php Ukrainian art. 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[http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economics/1480141-kurchenko_to_finance_kharkivs_preparations_for_eurobasket_2015_301524.html\n        FC Metalist President Kurchenko to invest in Kharkiv\\u2019s preparations for\n        EuroBasket 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 April 2013)\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[People''s Deputy of Ukraine|MPs]]:\\n|leader_name2 = [[Oleksandr Feldman]]\n        
Anatoliy Denisenko
 Volodymyr Mysyk
 [[Vitaliy Khomutynnik]] [[Dmytro Svyatash]]
 Oleksandr Kirsch ([[People''s Front (Ukraine)|PF]]) Valery Pisarenko\\n|established_title     = Founded\\n|established_date      =\n        1654[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123906 What Makes\n        Kharkiv Ukrainian], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (23 November 2014)\\n|established_title2    =\\n|established_date2     =\n        \\n|parts_type        = [[#Government and administrative divisions|Districts]]\\n|parts_style       =\n        \\n|parts             =\n        List of 9\\n|p1                = Shevchenkivskyi Raion\\n|p2                =\n        Novobavarskyi Raion\\n|p3                = Kyivskyi Raion\\n|p4                =\n        Slobidskyi Raion\\n|p5                = Holodnohirskyi Raion\\n|p6                =\n        Moskovskyi Raion\\n|p7                = Nemyshlianskyi Raion\\n|p8                =\n        Industrialnyi Raion\\n|p9                = Osnovianskyi Raion\\n|area_total_km2         =\n        350\\n|population_as_of       = 2014\\n|population_total       = 1,439,036 {{decrease}}\\n|population_metro       =\n        1,732,400\\n|population_density_km2 = 4500\\n|timezone               = EET\\n|utc_offset             =\n        +2\\n|timezone_DST           = EEST\\n|utc_offset_DST         = +3\\n|coordinates            =\n        {{coord|50|0|16|N|36|13|53|E|type:city_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|elevation_m            =\n        152\\n|population_demonym     = Kharkivite[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1998/099820.shtml\n        Ukraine''s second Winter Olympics: one medal, some good performances], [[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]] (1 March 1998)\\n|postal_code_type       = Postal\n        code\\n|postal_code            = 61001\\u201461499\\n|blank_name             =\n        [[Licence plate]]\\n|blank_info             = \\u0425\\u0410, 21 (old)\\n|blank1_name            =\n        [[Town twinning|Sister cities]]\\n|blank1_info            = [[Belgorod]],\n        [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]],\n        [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Pozna\\u0144]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]],\n        [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]\\n|website                =\n        {{URL|city.kharkov.ua/en/}}\\n|footnotes              =\\n}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|City\n        of Kharkiv State of Ukraine Recorded by Viktor O Ledenyov.ogg|2016-01-07}}\\n''''''Kharkiv''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432}}, {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8x\\u0251rkiu\\u032f|pron}}{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine\n        |title= Kharkiv on Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica - current edition |publisher=\n        Britannica.com |date= |accessdate= 20 April 2012}}, Russian: \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        Kharkov) is the second-largest city in [[Ukraine]].[http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/23/kharkiv-never-had-eastern-western-conflicts/\n        Kharkiv \\\"never had eastern-western conflicts\\\"], ''''[[Euronews]]'''' (23\n        October 2014) In the northeast of the country, it is the largest city\n        of the [[Sloboda Ukraine|Slobozhanshchyna]] historical region. Kharkiv is\n        the [[administrative centre]] of [[Kharkiv Oblast]] and of the surrounding\n        [[Kharkiv Raion]], though administratively it is incorporated as a [[city\n        of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and does\n        not belong to the raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2017|1, 439,036}}\\n\\nThe\n        city was founded in 1654 and after a humble beginning as a small fortress\n        grew to be a major centre of Ukrainian industry, trade and culture in the\n        [[Russian Empire]].\\n\\nKharkiv was the first capital of the [[Ukrainian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]], from December 1919 to January 1934, after which the\n        capital relocated to [[Kiev]].{{cite book|first=George|last=Liber|title=Soviet\n        Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR,\n        1923-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&pg=PA160|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press}}\\n\\nPresently, Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific,\n        educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 6 museums, 7\n        theatres and 80 libraries.\\n\\nIts industry specializes primarily in [[machinery]]\n        and in [[electronics]]. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the\n        city, including the [[Morozov Design Bureau]] and the [[Malyshev Tank Factory]]\n        (leaders in world [[tank]] production from the 1930s to the 1980s); [[Khartron]]\n        ([[aerospace]] and [[nuclear power plant]]s automation [[electronics]]); the\n        [[Turboatom]] ([[turbine]]s for the hydro-, thermal- and nuclear-power plants),\n        and [[Antonov]] (the multipurpose aircraft manufacturing plant).\\n\\n==Name==\\nSome\n        sources indicate that the city may have been named after the Hunnic name for\n        ''swan'': ''''kharka''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.rtm.ua/en/aboutcompany/rtminukrainemap/kharkivregion|title=Etymology\n        of the name Kharkiv|work=rtm.ua|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{Better\n        source|reason=Russian and Ukrainian Wikipedia cite more than 15 theories,\n        and this one doesn''t feature. The source is an advertising company.|date=May\n        2015}} Other sources offer that the city was named after its near-legendary\n        founder, ''''Kharko'''' (a [[diminutive]] form of the name [[Chariton (name)|Chariton]],\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d}},\n        or [[Zechariah (given name)|Zechariah]], {{lang-uk|\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439}}).{{cite web|url=https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F._1798.pdf/175|publisher=uk.wikisource.org|title=\\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u044a \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0457\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f.\n        1798.pdf/175 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{see also|Timeline of Kharkiv}}\\n[[File:Charkow.jpg|thumb|150px|19th-century\n        view of Kharkiv, with the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]]\n        belltower dominating the skyline.]]\\n[[File:Sumskayaa street,Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sumska\n        Street]] is the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv]]\\nCultural artifacts date back\n        to the [[Bronze Age]], as well as those of later [[Scythians|Scythian]] and\n        [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] settlers. There is also evidence that the [[Chernyakhov\n        culture]] flourished in the area from the second to the sixth centuries. {{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2017}}\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nThe city was founded by re-settlers\n        who were running away from the war that engulfed [[Right-bank Ukraine]] in\n        1654 (see [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]]). The years before\n        the region was a sparsely populated part of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]].{{cite book|author=Roman Solchanyk|title=Ukraine and\n        Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNvTSDQXFXgC&pg=PA6|accessdate=31\n        March 2015|date=January 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1018-0|page=6}}\n        The group of people came onto the banks of [[Lopan River|Lopan]] and [[Kharkiv\n        River|Kharkiv]] rivers where an abandoned settlement stood.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/06/9/88316/ \\u0416\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432. \\u041d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c-\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\n        (Living Kharkiv. Nightly excursion through the host-city)] [[Ukrayinska Pravda]].\n        June 9, 2012 According to archive documents, the leader of the re-settlers\n        was [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk.\\n\\nAt first the settlement\n        was self-governed under the jurisdiction of a [[voivode]] from [[Chuhuiv]]\n        that is {{convert|40|km|mi}} to the east. The\n        first appointed voivode from [[Moscow]] was Voyin Selifontov in 1656 who started\n        to build a local [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] (fort).\n        At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were\n        local cossacks, while Selifontov brought along a Moscow garrison of another\n        70 servicemen. The first Kharkiv voivode was\n        replaced in two years after constantly complaining that locals refused to\n        cooperate in building the fort. Kharkiv also\n        became the centre of the local Sloboda cossack regiment as the area surrounding\n        the [[Belgorod]] fortress was being heavily militarized. With the resettlement\n        of the area by Ukrainians it came to be known as [[Sloboda Ukraine]], most\n        of which was included under the jurisdiction of the Razryad [[Prikaz]] (Military\n        Appointment) headed by a [[okolnichy|district official]] from [[Belgorod]].\n        By 1657 the Kharkiv settlement had a fortress\n        with underground passageways.\\n\\nIn 1658 Ivan Ofrosimov was appointed as the\n        new voivode, who worked on forcing locals to kiss the cross to show loyalty\n        to the Moscow tsar. The locals led by their\n        [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk refused. However,\n        with the election of the new otaman Tymish Lavrynov the community (hromada)\n        sent a request to the tsar to establish a local Assumption market, signed\n        by [[Dean (Christianity)|deans]] of Kharkiv churches (the [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity). Relationships with the neighboring [[Chuhuiv]] sometimes\n        were non-friendly and often their arguments were pacified by force.\n        With the appointment of the third voivode Vasiliy Sukhotin was completely\n        finished the construction of the city fort.\\n\\nMeanwhile,\n        Kharkiv had become the centre of [[Sloboda Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Kharkiv\n        Fortress===\\n[[File:(29) ST ASSUMPTION ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL IN CITY OF KHARKIV\n        STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View\n        of [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkov|Holy Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] in\n        Kharkiv]]\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432. \\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0438 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c.jpg|thumb|150px|Intercession Cathedral with bell tower\n        and Ozeryanskaya church (right) built in Kharkiv in 1689]]\\n[[File:(30) VIEW\n        ON PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE OVER KHARKIV RIVER IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE\n        PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View of modern pedestrian\n        bridge over Kharkiv River in Kharkiv]]\\nThe Kharkiv Fortress was erected around\n        the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and its castle\n        was at [[University Hill, Kharkiv|University Hill]].\n        It was between today''s streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution\n        Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent. The fortress had 10 towers: Chuhuivska Tower, Moskovska\n        Tower, Vestovska Tower, Tainytska Tower, Lopanska Corner Tower, Kharkivska\n        Corner Tower and others. The tallest was Vestovska,\n        some {{convert|16|m|ft}} tall, while the shortest\n        one was Tainytska which had a secret well {{convert|35|m|ft}} deep.\n        The fortress had the Lopanski Gates.\\n\\nIn 1689\n        the fortress was expanded and included the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral and Monastery\n        which was baptized and became the center of\n        local eparchy. Coincidentally in the same year in the vicinity of Kharkiv\n        in [[Kolomak]], [[Ivan Mazepa]] was announced the [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]. Next to the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral\n        was located the Kharkiv Collegiate that was transferred from [[Belgorod]]\n        to Kharkiv in 1726.\\n\\n===In the Russian Empire===\\nIn\n        the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708\\u20131710|administrative\n        reform]] carried out in 1708 by [[Peter the Great]], the area was included\n        into [[Kiev Governorate]]. Kharkiv is specifically mentioned as one of the\n        towns making a part of the governorate.{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/|script-title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\n        \\u043e\\u0431 \\u0443\\u0447\\u0440\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0438 \\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043a \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432, 1708\n        \\u0433., \\u0434\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f 18 |trans-title=Decree\n        on the establishment of Provinces and cities assigned to them, December 18,\n        1708|language=ru|website=constitution.garant.ru|accessdate=31 March 2015}}\n        In 1727, [[Belgorod Governorate]] was split off, and Kharkiv moved to Belgoro\n        Governorate. It was the center of a separate administrative unit, [[Kharkiv\n        Sloboda Cossack regiment]]. The regiment at some point was detached from Belgorod\n        Governorate, then attached to it again, until in 1765, [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        was established with the seat in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525173851/http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archivedate=25\n        May 2013|script-title=ru:\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f. 2. \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|trans-title=History of the\n        Administrative-Territorial Division of the Voronezh Region. 2. Voronezh Province.|publisher=Archive\n        service of Voronezh Oblast|language=Russian|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n\\n[[Kharkiv\n        University]] was established in 1805 in the Palace of [[Governorate-General]].\\n[[Aleksander Mickiewicz|Alexander Mikolajewicz\n        Mickiewicz]], brother of [[Adam Mickiewicz]] was a professor of law in the\n        university, another celebrity [[Goethe]] searched for instructors for the\n        school. In 1906 [[Ivan Franko]] received a doctorate\n        in Russian linguistics here.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2011/08/23/53238/|script-title=uk:\\u0423\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0448\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443|trans-title=A\n        memorial plaque to Ivan Franko was unveiled in Kharkiv|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=23\n        August 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe streets were first cobbled\n        in the city centre in 1830.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/01/24/17847/|script-title=uk:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438 XIX-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044f|trans-title=Kharkiv and Kharkiv\n        denizens in 19th century photos|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=24\n        January 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}} In 1844 the {{convert|90|m|ft}}\n        tall Alexander Bell Tower was built next to the first Assumption Cathedral,\n        which on November 16, 1924 was transformed into a [[radio tower]].\n        A system of running water was established in 1870. The Cathedral Descent at\n        one time carried the name of another local trader Vasyl Ivanovych Pashchenko-Tryapkin\n        as Pashchenko Descent. Pashchenko even leased\n        a space to the city council (duma) and was the owner of the city \\\"Old Passage\\\",\n        the city''s biggest trade center. After his\n        death in 1894 Pashchenko donated all his possessions to the city.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1812, the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}} One of the first [[Prosvita]]s in Eastern Ukraine was also established\n        in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established\n        there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by\n        the lawyer [[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] in 1900.\\n\\nSoon after the [[Crimean War]],\n        in 1860\\u201361 number of [[hromada (secret society)|hromada]] societies sprung\n        up across the Ukrainian cities including Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHromadas.htm|title=Hromadas|publisher=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]|accessdate=14 January 2016}} Among the most prominent hromada\n        members in Kharkiv was [[Alexander Potebnja|Oleksandr Potebnia]], a native\n        of [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. Beside the old hromada, in Kharkiv\n        also existed several student hromadas members of which were future political\n        leaders of Ukraine such as [[Borys Martos]], [[Dmytro Antonovych]] and many\n        others. One of the [[University of Kharkiv]] graduates\n        [[Oleksandr Kovalenko (soldier)|Oleksandr Kovalenko]] was one of initiators\n        of the mutiny on [[Russian battleship Potemkin]] being the only officer who\n        supported the in-rank sailors.\\n\\n===Soviet period===\\n[[File:(42) DERZHPROM\n        BUILDING IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV\n        20160621.jpg|thumb|150px| View of renovated [[Derzhprom]] building]]\\n[[File:Piatykhatky.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial\n        to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the [[NKVD]] in 1937\\u201338]]\\nWhen\n        the [[Tsentralna Rada]] announced the establishment of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]] in November 1917 it envisioned the [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        to be part of it. In December 1917 Kharkiv became the\n        first city in Ukraine occupied by the [[Soviet power|Soviet]] [[Group of forces\n        in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|troops]] of [[Vladimir\n        Antonov-Ovseyenko]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA713&dq=kharkiv+antonov+1917&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-8a2jl9LJAhVEeA8KHfjwDuY4ChDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=kharkiv%20antonov%201917&f=false\n        Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe)] by [[Ivan\n        Katchanovski]], [[Scarecrow Press]] (Publication date: July 11, 2013), {{ISBN|0810878453}}\n        (page 713) The [[Bolsheviks]] in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv\n        shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13\n        December 1917.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLpivm5lDsC&pg=PA7&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=7N6JVOz0OIbyUr22g-AP&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917\\u20131934]. Durham and London:\n        Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-1099-6}} (page 7) By February 1918\n        Bolshevik forces had [[Russian Civil War|captured much of Ukraine]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1195&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv+soviet+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ouGJVNi7D4Ou7gbjr4HoBA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv%20soviet%20Ukraine&f=false\n        World War I: A Student Encyclopedia]. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 1195. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-879-8}}\n        In February 1918 Kharkiv became the capital of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet\n        Republic]]; but this entity was disbanded six weeks later.[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/22/ukraine-phony-war/\n        Ukraine: The Phony War?], [[The New York Review of Books]] (27 April 2014)\n        In April 1918 the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]] occupied Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYbw25xe-FwC&pg=PP121&dq=Central+Rada+Kharkiv+German&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=NcuIVKDcCMfkarOKgiA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Central%20Rada%20Kharkiv%20German&f=false\n        Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution]. PublicAffairs.\n        {{ISBN|1-61039-140-3}}. And according to the February 1918 [[Treaty\n        of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine\\u2013Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] between\n        the Ukrainian People''s Republic and the [[Central Powers]] it became part\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pt03BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205&dq=Kharkiv+German+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=s86IVIMtlNhqvIGB6AQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%201918&f=false\n        Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. 98) (Volume 98)], [[Ibidem\n        Verlag]], 2010, {{ISBN|383820042X}} (page 24) Early January 1919 Bolshevik\n        forces captured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT338&dq=Kharkiv+German+November+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=N9KIVOT5MYfvapr4gagG&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%20November%201918&f=false\n        Ukraine: A History 4th Edition] by [[Orest Subtelny]], [[University of Toronto\n        Press]], 2009, {{ISBN|1442609915}} Mid-June 1919 [[Anton Denikin]]''s\n        [[White movement]] [[Volunteer Army]] captured the city.[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA97&dq=Denikin+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=t9OIVOfkBtPSaKnwgtgL&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression], [[Harvard University\n        Press]], 858 pages, {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}, page 97 In December 1919\n        the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] recaptured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1h0_iMrE4C&pg=PA101&dq=Denikin+December+1919+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ytWIVKrdMYOBUcnFg9AF&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20December%201919%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War]. [[Scarecrow Press Inc]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6841-0}}\n        (page 101)\\n\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Bolshevik]]s\n        established Kharkiv as the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition\n        to the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] with its capital of [[Kiev]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/01/25/69897/ |title=\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u0456 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 (\\u0437 \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438\n        1917\\u201318 \\u0440\\u0440.) (Donbas and Ukraine. (From articles and declarations\n        of Mykola Skrypnyk)) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July\n        2012}}\\n[[File:Pamiatnyk.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Monument to the [[persecuted\n        bandurists|persecuted kobzars]] in Kharkiv]]\\nAccording to linguist [[George\n        Shevelov]], in the early 1920s the share of [[secondary schools]] teaching\n        in the [[Ukrainian language]] was lower than the share of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]]s\n        ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] population,[http://balticworlds.com/games-from-the-past/\n        Games from the Past: The continuity and change of the identity dynamic in\n        Donbas from a historical perspective ], [[S\\u00f6dert\\u00f6rn University]]\n        (May 19, 2014) even though the [[Soviet Union]] had ordered that all\n        schools in the [[Ukrainian SSR]] should be Ukrainian speaking (as part of\n        its [[Ukrainization]] policy).[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by [[Lenore Grenoble]], [[Springer Science+Business\n        Media]], 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-1298-3}} (page 84)\\n\\nAs the country''s\n        capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings\n        to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration.\n        [[Derzhprom]] was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in\n        the Soviet Union at the time with a height of {{convert|63|m|ft}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html |title=Derzhprom statistics\n        |publisher=Kharkov.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}} In the 1920s,\n        a {{convert|150|m|ft}} wooden radio tower was built on top of the building.\n        The Roentgen Institute was established in 1931.{{cite news|last1=Khwaja|first1=Barbara|title=Health Reform\n        in Revolutionary Russia|url=https://www.sochealth.co.uk/2017/05/26/health-reform-revolutionary-russia/|accessdate=26\n        May 2017|publisher=Socialist Health Association|date=26 May 2017}} During\n        the interwar period the city saw the spread of architectural [[Constructivism\n        (art)|constructivism]]. One of the best representatives\n        of it was the already mentioned Derzhprom, the Building of the Red Army, the\n        Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council\n        building, with its massive asymmetric tower, the central department store\n        that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. The same year on November 7, 1932 the building of\n        Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of [[Central Executive\n        Committee of Ukraine|All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2012/04/28/82906/#10 |title=Picture\n        of the building in the Vsesvit magazine |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date=2012-04-30\n        |accessdate=21 July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2010/11/7/3319/#13\n        |title=Photos of the newspaper \\\"Proletarian\\\" for 1932-33 |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua\n        |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nIn 1928, the SVU ([[Union for the\n        Freedom of Ukraine process|Union for the Freedom of Ukraine]]) process was\n        initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia)\n        building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.\\n\\nIn\n        the early 1930s, the [[Holodomor]] famine drove many people off the land into\n        the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died\n        and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the\n        city.\\n[[File:Kharkiv-Katyn2.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial to the thousands of\n        Polish officers executed by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the [[Katyn massacre|Katyn]]\n        massacre]]\\nIn 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and\n        cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all\n        vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938.\n        Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered\n        by the NKVD.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CFqB2_OX_oQC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Stalin+Ukrainian+minstrels+Kharkiv&source=bl&ots=Ry-gE1y5zI&sig=_0anaLEThATAiaaa4OwwPp7Wh9w&hl=nl&ei=TVr0SsOxNs3G4QaD8b3pAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Stalin%20Ukrainian%20minstrels%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing] by Natalie Kononenko, M.E.\n        Sharp, {{ISBN|0-7656-0144-3}}/{{ISBN|978-0-7656-0144-5}}, page 116\\nIn\n        January 1934 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.\\n\\nDuring April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish\n        prisoners of [[Starobelsk]] camp were executed in the Kharkiv [[NKVD]] building,\n        later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in [[Piatykhatky,\n        Kharkiv|Pyatykhatky]] forest (part of the [[Katyn massacre]]) on the outskirts\n        of Kharkiv.[[Benjamin B. Fischer|Fischer, Benjamin B.]],\n        \\\"[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816221054/http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html\n        The Katyn Controversy: Stalin''s Killing Field]\\\", ''''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'''',\n        Winter 1999\\u20132000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005 The site\n        also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested\n        and shot in the 1937\\u201338 Stalinist purges.\\n\\n===German occupation===\\n[[File:23\n        August Lane Kharkov.JPG|thumb|150px|Memorial to 23 August 1943, the end of\n        German occupation during World War II]]\\nDuring [[World War II]], Kharkiv\n        was the site of several military engagements (see below). The city was captured\n        and recaptured by [[Nazi Germany]] on 24 October 1941;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/04/3/34315/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\\"\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\\" \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e (Kharkiv at times of \\\"matured\n        childhood\\\" of Lyudmila Gurchenko) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.andersval.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6267&Itemid=190\n        |title=Kharkiv through the eyes of Lyudmila Gurchenko |publisher=Andersval.nl\n        |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=15 July 2012}} there was a disastrous [[Red\n        Army]] offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;The Red\n        Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties\n        (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924\n        guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., ''''Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military\n        disaster through Soviet eyes'''', pub Ian Allan, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7110-2562-2}}\n        page 218.per [[Robert M. Citino]], author of \\\"Death of the Wehrmacht\\\",\n        and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14\n        May 1942 by Soviet forces under [[Semyon Timoshenko|Marshal Timoshenko]] before\n        being driven back by German forces under Field Marshal [[Fedor von Bock]],\n        p. 100 the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February\n        1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943 and then\n        finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed\n        and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}}\\nKharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most\n        populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years\n        preceding World War II, [[Kiev]] was by population the smaller of the two.\\n\\nThe\n        significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv''s Jewish community prided\n        itself with the second largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during\n        the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried\n        in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named [[Drobytsky\n        Yar]].\\n\\nDuring [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], four battles\n        took place for control of the city:\\n* [[First Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Second\n        Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Fourth Battle of Kharkov]]\n        (''''see also'''' [[Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev]])\\n\\nBefore the occupation,\n        Kharkiv''s [[Malyshev Factory|tank industries]] were evacuated to the [[Urals]]\n        with all their equipment, and became the heart of [[Red Army]]''s tank programs\n        (particularly, producing the [[T-34]] tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These\n        enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce tanks.\\n\\nOf\n        the population of 700,000 that Kharkiv had before the start of World War II,\n        120,000 became [[Ost-Arbeiter]] ([[slave]] worker) in Germany, 30,000 were\n        executed and 80,000 starved to death during the war.\\n\\n===Post-World\n        War II===\\nIn the post-World War II period many of the destroyed homes and\n        factories were rebuilt. From the [[constructivism (art)|constructivism]] the\n        city was planned to be rebuilt in the style of [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        Classicism]].\\n\\nAn airport was built in 1954.\n        Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre\n        in the former USSR (after Moscow and [[Leningrad]]).\\n\\n===In independent\n        Ukraine===\\n[[File:IMG 2428 zerk.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zerkal\\u02b9naya struya|Mirror\n        Stream]] fountain]]\\n\\nBy its territorial expansion on September 6, 2012 the\n        city increased its area from about {{convert|310|to|350|km2|abbr=out}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T125215.html |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432,\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 |publisher=Search.ligazakon.ua\n        |date=2012-09-18 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\nA well-known landmark\n        of Kharkiv is the [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]] (''''Ploshcha\n        Svobody'''' formerly known as ''''Dzerzhinsky Square''''), which is the sixth\n        largest city square in Europe, and the [[List of city squares by size|12th\n        largest square in the world]].\\n\\nThere is an underground [[Kharkiv Metro|rapid-transit\n        system]] (metro) with about {{convert|38.1|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of track and\n        29 stations. The new \\\"Victory\\\" underground station (no. 30) was opened\n        in Kharkiv on 19 August 2016. All the underground stations have very special\n        distinctive architectures.\\n\\nKharkiv was a host city for the [[UEFA Euro\n        2012]], and hosted three group soccer matches at the reconstructed [[Metalist\n        Stadium]].\\n\\nA large number of the Orthodox cathedrals were built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1990s and 2000s. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}For example, the\n        Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox cathedral, the St. Vladimir Orthodox cathedral,\n        St. Tamara Orthodox cathedral, etc.\\n\\nIn 2007, the Vietnamese minority in\n        Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with\n        a monument to [[Ho Chi Minh]].In\\u2191  \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb,21\n        December 2007.\\n\\nThe Gor''ky park was fully renovated in Kharkiv in\n        the 2000s, having a big number of modern attractions, a lake with lilies and\n        the sport facilities to play tennis, football, beach volleyball, and basketball.\\n\\nThe\n        Feldman park was created in Kharkiv in recent years, containing a big collection\n        of animals, horses, etc.\\n\\n==Geography==\\n[[File:Kharkiv, Ukraine, city and\n        vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Kharkiv\n        and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is located at the banks of the [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan]],\n        and [[Udy River|Udy]] rivers, where they flow into the [[Seversky Donets]]\n        watershed in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine.\\n\\nHistorically, Kharkiv\n        lies in the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region (''''Slobozhanshchyna'''' also known\n        as ''''Slobidshchyna'''') in Ukraine, in which it is considered as a main\n        city.\\n\\nThe approximate dimensions of City of Kharkiv are:\\nfrom the North\n        to the South - 24.3 km;\\nfrom the West to the East \\u2014 25.2 km.\\n\\nBased\n        on Kharkiv''s topography, the city can be conditionally divided on the four\n        lower districts and the four higher districts.\\n\\nThe highest point over the\n        sea level in Pyatikhatky in Kharkiv is 202m, the lowest point over the sea\n        level in Novoselivka in Kharkiv is 94m. {{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv\n        lies in the large valley of rivers of [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan'']],\n        [[Udy River|Udy]], and Nemyshlya. This valley lies from the North West to\n        the South East between the Mid Russian highland and Donetsk lowland. All the\n        rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river of [[Seversky Donets|Northern\n        Donets]]. A special system of the concrete and metal dams was designed and\n        built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv. {{Citation\n        needed|date=March 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv has a large number of the green city parks\n        with the long history of more than 100 years with very old oak trees and many\n        flowers. {{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===Climate===\\nKharkiv''s\n        climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[K\\u00f6ppen\n        climate classification]] ''''Dfb'''') with cold and snowy winters as well\n        as the dry and hot summers.\\n\\nKharkiv has rather sunny warm summers which,\n        however, are relatively mild compared to temperatures in South European regions,\n        due to the region''s lower elevation, proximity to the Black Sea, and the\n        city''s [[latitude]]. In other words, Kharkiv experiences the warm summers,\n        interrupted by only occasional, brief intervals of stormy rain conditions.\n        {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}\\n\\nKharkiv has relatively long and cold\n        winters.\\n\\nThe average rainfall totals {{convert|513|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per\n        year, with the most in June and July.\\n\\n{{Weather box\\n|location=Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine (1981\\u22122010)\\n|metric first=yes\\n|single line=yes\\n| Jan record\n        high C = 11.0\\n| Feb record high C = 14.6\\n| Mar record high C = 21.8\\n| Apr\n        record high C = 30.5\\n| May record high C = 34.5\\n| Jun record high C = 36.8\\n|\n        Jul record high C = 37.6\\n| Aug record high C = 39.8\\n| Sep record high C\n        = 33.7\\n| Oct record high C = 29.3\\n| Nov record high C = 20.3\\n| Dec record\n        high C = 13.4\\n|year record high C = 39.8\\n| Jan high C = -2.2\\n| Feb high\n        C = -1.6\\n| Mar high C = 4.3\\n| Apr high C = 14.0\\n| May high C = 20.8\\n|\n        Jun high C = 24.3\\n| Jul high C = 26.4\\n| Aug high C = 25.7\\n| Sep high C\n        = 19.4\\n| Oct high C = 12.0\\n| Nov high C = 3.6\\n| Dec high C = -1.1\\n|year\n        high C = 12.1\\n| Jan mean C = -4.6\\n| Feb mean C = -4.5\\n| Mar mean C = 0.7\\n|\n        Apr mean C = 9.2\\n| May mean C = 15.6\\n| Jun mean C = 19.3\\n| Jul mean C =\n        21.3\\n| Aug mean C = 20.3\\n| Sep mean C = 14.4\\n| Oct mean C = 7.9\\n| Nov\n        mean C = 0.9\\n| Dec mean C = -3.5\\n|year mean C = 8.1\\n| Jan low C = -7.0\\n|\n        Feb low C = -7.3\\n| Mar low C = -2.4\\n| Apr low C = 4.6\\n| May low C = 10.3\\n|\n        Jun low C = 14.2\\n| Jul low C = 16.2\\n| Aug low C = 14.9\\n| Sep low C = 9.8\\n|\n        Oct low C = 4.3\\n| Nov low C = -1.5\\n| Dec low C = -5.9\\n|year low C = 4.2\\n|\n        Jan record low C = -35.6\\n| Feb record low C = -29.8\\n| Mar record low C =\n        -32.2\\n| Apr record low C = -11.4\\n| May record low C = -1.9\\n| Jun record\n        low C = 2.2\\n| Jul record low C = 5.7\\n| Aug record low C = 2.2\\n| Sep record\n        low C = -2.9\\n| Oct record low C = -9.1\\n| Nov record low C = -20.9\\n| Dec\n        record low C = -30.8\\n|year record low C = -35.6\\n|precipitation colour =\n        green\\n| Jan precipitation mm = 36\\n| Feb precipitation mm = 33\\n| Mar precipitation\n        mm = 33\\n| Apr precipitation mm = 34\\n| May precipitation mm = 50\\n| Jun precipitation\n        mm = 61\\n| Jul precipitation mm = 61\\n| Aug precipitation mm = 43\\n| Sep precipitation\n        mm = 45\\n| Oct precipitation mm = 45\\n| Nov precipitation mm = 40\\n| Dec precipitation\n        mm = 36\\n|year precipitation mm = 517\\n| Jan rain days = 10\\n| Feb rain days\n        = 8\\n| Mar rain days = 10\\n| Apr rain days = 13\\n| May rain days = 14\\n| Jun\n        rain days = 15\\n| Jul rain days = 13\\n| Aug rain days = 10\\n| Sep rain days\n        = 12\\n| Oct rain days = 13\\n| Nov rain days = 13\\n| Dec rain days = 12\\n|year\n        rain days = 143\\n| Jan snow days = 19\\n| Feb snow days = 18\\n| Mar snow days\n        = 12\\n| Apr snow days = 2\\n| May snow days = 0.1\\n| Jun snow days = 0\\n| Jul\n        snow days = 0\\n| Aug snow days = 0\\n| Sep snow days = 0.03\\n| Oct snow days\n        = 2\\n| Nov snow days = 9\\n| Dec snow days = 18\\n|year snow days = 80\\n| Jan\n        humidity = 86\\n| Feb humidity = 83\\n| Mar humidity = 77\\n| Apr humidity =\n        66\\n| May humidity = 61\\n| Jun humidity = 65\\n| Jul humidity = 65\\n| Aug humidity\n        = 63\\n| Sep humidity = 70\\n| Oct humidity = 78\\n| Nov humidity = 86\\n| Dec\n        humidity = 87\\n|year humidity = 74\\n| Jan sun = 51\\n| Feb sun = 65\\n| Mar\n        sun = 108\\n| Apr sun = 162\\n| May sun = 238\\n| Jun sun = 263\\n| Jul sun =\n        273\\n| Aug sun = 247\\n| Sep sun = 185\\n| Oct sun = 124\\n| Nov sun = 47\\n|\n        Dec sun = 31\\n|year sun = 1794\\n|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite\n        web\\n| url =  http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34300.htm\\n| title = Weather\n        and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv\\n| publisher = Weather and Climate (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n| accessdate = 3 December 2013\\n|\n        language = Russian}}\\n|source 2= NOAA (sun only 1961\\u20131990){{cite web\\n| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/34300.TXT\\n|\n        title = Har''Kov (Kharkiv) Climate Normals 1961\\u20131990\\n| publisher = [[National\n        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]\\n| accessdate = 13 October 2015}}\n        \\n|date=August 2010\\n}}\\n\\n===Cityscape===\\n{{wide image|(43)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Northern building of V. N. Karazin National University, Kharkiv\n        Palace hotel building, and Kharkiv hotel buildings.}}\\n\\n{{wide image|(44)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Derzhprom building, multiple apartment buildings, and Northern\n        building of V. N. Karazin National University}}\\n\\n==Governance==\\n\\n===Legal\n        status and local government===\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv and the City Council\n        govern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe\n        Mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative\n        powers as far as the government issues is concerned.\\n\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv\n        is elected by the direct public election in Kharkiv every four years.\\n\\nThe\n        City Council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject\n        the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues\n        in Kharkiv. The representatives to the City Council are elected every four\n        years.\\n\\nThe mayor and city council hold their regular meetings in the City\n        Hall in Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Politics===\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine#Kharkiv Oblast}}\\n\\nThe [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\n        affected Kharkiv but to a lesser extent than in neighbouring [[Donbass]],\n        where tensions would lead to [[War in Donbass|armed conflict]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine\n        crisis: Timeline|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        On 2 March 2014, a Russian \\\"tourist\\\" from Moscow replaced the [[Ukrainian\n        flag]] with a [[Russian flag]] on the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/russias-hand-can-be-seen-in-the-protests.html\n        | title = From Russia, ''Tourists'' Stir the Protests | first = Andrew | last\n        = Roth | work = The New York Times | date = 4 March 2014}}
{{cite news\n        | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-26435333 | title = Russian\n        site recruits ''volunteers'' for Ukraine | work = BBC News | date = 4 March\n        2014 }} Five days later, pro-Russian protestors occupied the building\n        and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the \\\"Kharkov People''s\n        Republic\\\".{{cite web | url=http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2014/04/07/332351/pro-russia-activists-declare-establishment-of-kharkiv-peoples-republic.html\n        | title=Pro-Russia activists declare establishment of ''Kharkiv people''s\n        republic'' | work=Focus Information Agency | date=7 April 2014 | accessdate=13\n        April 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9bd_1396967425\n        |title=Pro-Russian Protesters Declare ''People''s Republic'' In Kharkiv |work=LiveLeak.com\n        |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408202650/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26910210\n        |archivedate= 8 April 2015 |df= }} The next day, the building was retaken\n        by Ukrainian special forces.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-settles-down-while-pro-russian-separatists-still-hold-buildings-in-luhansk-donetsk-342517.html\n        | title=Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings\n        in Luhansk, Donetsk | work=Kyiv Post | date=8 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April\n        2014}} Doubts arose about the local origin of the protestors after they\n        initially stormed an opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall.{{cite news |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/protesters-storm-kharkiv-theater-thinking-it-was-city-hall/497709.html\n        |title= Protesters Storm Kharkiv Theater Thinking It Was City Hall |work=\n        [[The Moscow Times]] |date= 8 April 2014 }} On 13 April, some pro-Russian\n        protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/pro-russian-militants-attack-pro-ukrainian-demonstrators-in-kharkiv-including-at-least-three-severely-343292.html\n        | title=Kharkiv city government building infiltrated by pro-Russian protesters\n        | work=Kyiv Post | date=13 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April 2014}} Later\n        on 13 April the building returned permanently to full Ukrainian control.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/13/7022301/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0446\\u044f\\u0432\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}[http://www.dw.com/en/kharkiv-torn-between-europe-and-russia/a-17478397\n        Kharkiv torn between Europe and Russia], [[Deutsche Welle]] (6 March 2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/907771-posle-napadeniya-antimaydanovtsev-na-miting-evromaydana-v-harkove-postradalo-50-chelovek.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        50 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d |publisher=Unian.net |date=14 April 2014 |accessdate=28\n        April 2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174445/http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archivedate=16 April 2014 | title=Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission\n        in Ukraine | work=Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=14\n        April 2014 | accessdate=16 April 2014}} Violent clashes resulted in\n        the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian\n        protesters.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        returned to relative calm by 30 April.{{cite press\n        release | url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/118186 | title=Latest from the\n        Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine \\u2013 based on information received\n        up until 29 April 2014 | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation\n        in Europe | date=30 April 2014 | accessdate=1 May 2014}} Relatively\n        peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with \\\"pro-Russian\\\" rallies\n        gradually diminishing and \\\"pro-Ukrainian unity\\\" demonstrations growing in\n        numbers.{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received\n        until 23 June 2014|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in\n        Europe|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122133303/http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|archivedate=22\n        November 2015}}{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/121790|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information\n        received until 18:00 hrs, 23 July|publisher=Organization for Security and\n        Co-operation in Europe|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}{{uk icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/17.08.2014/na_ploschadi_svobody_proshli_dva_mitinga/\n        Two liberty square rally], Status quo (17 August 2014) On 28 September,\n        activists dismantled Ukraine''s largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian\n        rally in the central square.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/katyasoldak/2014/09/28/ukrainian-crowds-topple-lenin-statue-again/\n        Ukrainian Crowds Topple Lenin Statue (Again)]. Retrieved 29 September 2014.\n        Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv\n        for joining Russia.{{r|Navalny140923}}{{r|DT150103}}\\n\\nFrom early November\n        until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets\n        of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian\n        forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and\n        a [[National Guard of Ukraine|National Guard]] base.[http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-ukraine-russia-kharkiv-bombs-20141210-story.html\n        Seven recent blasts in Ukraine city stir fear of new Russian menace], [[Los\n        Angeles Times]] (11 December 2014)
[https://news.yahoo.com/mysterious-spate-bombings-hit-ukraine-military-hub-114452090.html#\n        Mysterious spate of bombings hit Ukraine military hub], [[Agence France-Presse]]\n        (10 December 2014) According to [[Security Service of Ukraine|SBU]]\n        investigator [[Vasyliy Vovk]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Russian\n        covert forces]] were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the\n        otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.[http://www.unian.info/society/1020077-sbu-russian-special-services-target-kharkiv-odesa-situation-difficult-to-control.html\n        SBU: Russian special services target Kharkiv, Odesa, situation difficult to\n        control], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (10 December 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        8 January 2015 five men wearing [[Balaclava (clothing)|balaclava]]s broke\n        into an office of (the volunteer group aiding refugees from [[Donbass]]) ''''Station\n        Kharkiv''''. Simultaneously with physical threats the\n        men demanded to hear the political position of ''''Station Kharkiv''''. After being given an answer the men apologized and left.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-iac/1801796-militsiya_zyasovue__hto_napav_na_volontersku_stantsiyu_harkiv_2008697.html|script-title=uk:\\u041c\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0454, \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u044e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\\"|trans-title=Police\n        finds out who attacked the volunteer-run \\\"Station Kharkiv\\\"|language=uk|publisher=ukrinform.ua|date=9\n        January 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/ru/stantsiya_harkov__perviy_punkt_pomoshhi_pereselentsam_iz_zoni_ato_n500974|script-title=ru:\\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\\" \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0449\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c\n        \\u0438\\u0437 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u0410\\u0422\\u041e|trans-title=\\\"Station\n        Kharkiv\\\" - the first point of assistance for displaced persons from the Donbass\n        zone|language=ru|publisher=24tv.ua|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\nOn Sunday 22 February 2015, there was a terrorist bomb attack\n        on a march to commemorate people who died in the Euromaidan protests in 2014.\n        The bomb killed two, and wounded nine. The authorities have launched an anti-terrorist\n        operation.[http://www.unian.info/politics/1047081-anti-terrorist-operation-launched-in-kharkiv-due-to-fatal-blast-on-sunday-turchynov.html\n        UNIAN] ''''Anti-terrorist operation launched in Kharkiv due to fatal blast\n        on Sunday \\u2013 Turchynov'''', 22 February 2015. 
[http://en.censor.net.ua/news/325751/antiterrorist_operation_started_in_kharkiv_four_participants_on_the_explosion_detained\n        En.Censor.Net], ''''Anti-terrorist operation started in Kharkiv: four participants\n        on the explosion detained'''', 22 February 2015.
[http://novorossia.today/turchinov-announced-start-of-the-ato-in-kharkov-the-highest-level-of-terrorist-threat-had-been-introduced-in-the-city/  Novorossia.Today],\n        Turchinov announced start of the ATO in Kharkov. The highest level of terrorist\n        threat had been introduced in the city'''', 23 February 2015. The terrorists\n        claim that it was a false flag attack.{{cite web|author=Lada Ray|url=https://futuristrendcast.wordpress.com/2015/02/23/urgent-statement-of-the-kharkov-partizans-re-false-flag-terrorist-act/|title=Urgent\n        Statement of the Kharkov Partizans re. False Flag Terrorist Act|work=Futurist\n        Trendcast|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}} Kharkiv experienced\n        more non-lethal small bombings since 22 February 2015 targeting army fuel\n        tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a [[Ukrainian flag]] in the city\n        centre.[http://www.npr.org/2015/04/06/397774803/despite-tenuous-truce-in-eastern-ukraine-bomb-attacks-increase-in-kharkiv\n        Bomb Attacks Increase In Ukraine''s Second-Largest City, Kharkiv], [[NPR]]\n        (6 April 2015)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/kharkiv-explosion-targets-ukrainian-flag-419957.html\n        Kharkiv explosion targeting Ukrainian flag classified as \\u2018terrorist act''],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (7 April 2015)
[http://www.rferl.org/content/explosion-in-ukraine-kharkiv-targets-national-flag-memorial/26942551.html\n        Explosion In Ukraine''s Kharkiv Targets National Flag Memorial], [[Radio Free\n        Europe/Radio Liberty]] (7 April 2015)\\n\\nOn 23 September 2015, 200 people\n        in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]], and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their\n        way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The\n        rioters asked the mayor, [[Hennadiy Kernes]], to come out.[http://www.unian.info/society/1131951-over-200-men-in-balaclavas-brawls-in-kharkiv-town-hall-clash-with-police.html\n        Unian], ''''Over 200 men in balaclavas brawl at Kharkiv town hall, clash with\n        police'''', 23 September 2015, 14:10.[http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/3567072-poiavylos-vydeo-stolknovenyi-u-horsoveta-kharkova\n        Korrespondent], ''''\\u041f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043a\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        [Video of riot at Kharkov City Council]'''', 23 September 2015 17:40\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\nWhile Kharkiv is the [[Capital (political)|administrative centre]]\n        of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]] ([[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|province]]),\n        the city affairs are managed by the [[Kharkiv City Municipality|Kharkiv Municipality]].\n        Kharkiv is a [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast subordinance]].\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430.svg|thumb|150px|Administrative\n        divisions of Kharkiv]]\\nThe territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative\n        [[raion]]s ([[districts]]), till February 2016 they were named for people,\n        places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet\n        Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply with [[Decommunization\n        in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/3/7097721/\n        Another 48 streets and 5 districts \\\"decommunized\\\" in Kharkiv], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (3 February 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_tri_rajona/\n        Three districts renamed in Kharkiv], SQ (3 February 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://ua.korrespondent.net/city/kharkov/3624201-u-kharkovi-vyrishyly-ne-pereimenovuvaty-zhovtnevyi-i-frunzenskyi-raiony\n        It was decided not to rename the Zhovtnevyi and the Frunzenskyi districts\n        in Kharkiv], [[Korrespondent.net]] (3 February 2015) Also, owing to\n        this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November\n        2015.{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/20.11.2015/gorsovet_pereimenoval_170_ulic/\n        List of 170 renamed streets], SQ (20 November 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/harkovskiy-gorsovet-pereimenoval-173-ulitsy-1448020126.html\n        Kharkiv city council renamed 173 streets,  4 parks and a metro station], [[RBC\n        Ukraine]] (20 November 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_esche_50_ulic_spisok/\n        50 streets renamed in Kharkiv: list], SQ (3 February 2015)\\n\\nThe raions\n        are named:\\n# Kholodnohirskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}, ''''Cold Mountain''''; namesake: the historic\n        name of the neighbourhood{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.02.2016/rajony_harkova_istoriya_s_geografiej/\n        Districts Of Kharkiv. History with geography], SQ (23 February 2015))\n        (formerly Leninskyi; namesake: [[Vladimir Lenin]])\\n# Shevchenkivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Taras Shevchenko]] (formerly\n        Dzerzhynskyi; namesake [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]])\\n# Kyivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Kyiv]]\\n# Moskovskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Moscow]]\\n# Nemyshlianskyi\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0448\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Industrialnyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0406\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}) (formerly Ordzhonikidzevskyi; namesake:\n        [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]])\\n# Slobidskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Osnovianskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Novobavarskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}})\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Historical populations\\n|percentages\n        = off\\n|1660\\u041b.\\u0418. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d.\n        Mysteries of the underground Kharkov. \\u2014 \\u0425.: 2005. {{ISBN|966-8768-00-0}}\n        {{ru icon}}\\n |1000\\n|1788Kharkov:\n        Architecture, monuments, renovations: Travel guide. Ed. [[:ru:\\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434,\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u042e\\u0440\\u044c\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|\\u0410.\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434]], \\u0412. \\u0420\\u0435\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0410. \\u0422\\u0438\\u0446. \\u2014 \\u0425.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        1987{{ru icon}}\\n |10742\\n|1850{{cite web|author=N.\n        T. Dyachenko|url=http://dalizovut.narod.ru/ulizy/ulizy.htm|script-title=ru:\\u0423\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u043b\\u043e\\u0449\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|trans-title=Streets\n        and squares of Kharkov|language=ru|year=1977|website=dalizovut.narod.ru|accessdate=31\n        March 2015}}\\n |41861\\n|1861\\n |50301\\n|1901\\n |198273\\n|1916\\u0410.\\u0412.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432.\n        Kharkov in times of German occupation (1941\\u20131943). \\u2013 X.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        2006. {{ISBN|966-7880-79-6}}{{uk icon}}\\n |352300\\n|1917[[Oleksandr\n        Leibfreid]], Yu. Poliakova. Kharkov. From fortress to capital. \\u2013 \\u0425.:\n        \\u0424\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043e, 2004{{ru icon}}\\n |382000\\n|1920\\n |285000\\n|1926\\n |417000\\n|1939State archives of Kharkov Oblast. \\u0424. \\u0420-2982,\n        \\u043e\\u043f. 2, file 16, pp 53\\u201354\\n |833000\\n|1941\\n\n        |902312\\n|1941Colonel ''''\\u041d. \\u0418. \\u0420\\u0443\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b.{{ru\n        icon}}\\n |1400000\\n|1941In reference\n        to the German census of December 1941; without children and teenagers no older\n        16 years of age; numerous city-dwellers evaded the registration{{ru icon}}\\n\n        |456639\\n|1943''''[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]''''. Report to [[\\u0426\\u041a \\u0412\\u041a\\u041f(\\u0431)]] of\n        August 30, 1943. History: without \\u00abwhite spots\\u00bb. ''''[[Kharkiv izvestia]]'''',\n        No. 100\\u2013101, August 23, 2008, page 6{{ru icon}}\\n |170000\\n|1959\\n |930000\\n|1962\\n |1000000\\n|1976\\n |1384000\\n|1982\\n |1500000\\n|1989\\n\n        |1593970\\n|1999\\n |1510200\\n|2001[[Ukrainian Census (2001)]]\\n |1470900\\n|2014{{cite web|title=Major Cities in Ukraine by Population (2014)|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ukraine-population/major-cities-in-ukraine/|publisher=World\n        Population Review|accessdate=2014-04-14}}\\n |1430885\\n}}\\n\\nAccording\n        to the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Soviet Union Census]], the population of\n        the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including\n        1,494,200 permanent city residents.{{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822193837/http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archivedate=22\n        August 2006 |title= Kharkiv today |accessdate=4 May 2007 |work=Our Kharkiv\n        |language=Russian}} Kharkiv is the second-largest city in Ukraine after\n        the capital, [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archivedate=9\n        January 2006 |title= Results / General results of the census / Number of cities\n        |accessdate=28 August 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian\n        Census]] }} The first independent all-Ukrainian population census was\n        conducted in December 2001, and the next all-Ukrainian population census is\n        decreed to be conduced in 2020. As of 2001, the population of the Kharkiv\n        region is as follows: 78.5% living in urban areas, and 21.5% living in rural\n        areas.{{Cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/urban-rural/|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 {{!}} English version {{!}} Results {{!}} General results of the census\n        {{!}} Urban and rural population:|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|accessdate=11\n        January 2017}}\\n\\n===Ethnicity===\\n{| class=\\\"standard\\\"\\n! Ethnic group||\n        1897[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1604 \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0418\\u043c\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 1897 \\u0433. \\u0420\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0438 \\u0443\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\n        50 \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438] \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f||1926||1939||1959\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0425 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f,  \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        2004, \\u0440. 456||1989||2001{{cite\n        web|url=http://vharkov.ru/description/about.html|publisher=vharkov.ru|title=\\u041e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430 vharkov|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/estimated/kharkiv/|publisher=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u2013 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u2013\n        \\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c:|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Ukrainians]]|| 25.9%||38.6% || 48.5% || 48.4% || 50.4% || 52.8%\\n|-\\n| [[Russians]]||\n        63.2%||37.2%||32.9%||40.4%||43.6%||43.2%\\n|-\\n| [[Jews]]|| 5.7%||19.5%||15.6%||8.7%||3.0%||0.7%\\n|}\\n\\n====Notes====\\n\\n*\n        1660 year \\u2013 approximated estimation\\n* 1788 year \\u2013 without the account\n        of children\\n* 1920 year \\u2013 times of the [[Russian Civil War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 estimation on May 1, right before [[German-Soviet War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000\\n*\n        1941 year \\u2013 another estimation in December during the occupation without\n        the account of children\\n* 1943 year \\u2013 August 23, liberation of the city;\n        estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000\\n* 1976 year \\u2013 estimation on June\n        1\\n* 1982 year \\u2013 estimation in March\\n\\n\\n==Religion==\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|The\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world, which was built in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is an important religious center in Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nThere are many old\n        and new cathedrals, associated with various churches in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe [[Assumption\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1680s and re-built in 1820s-1830s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/33|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Pokrovsky Orthodox Monastery Cathedral was created\n        in Kharkiv in 1689\\u20131729.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/7|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua/|publisher=pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e-\\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world. It was completed in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/5|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Trinity Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1758\\u20131764 and re-built in 1857\\u20131861.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/37|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Valentine Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 2010s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/52|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Tamara Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/readnews/932|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c \\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b \\u0422\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        St. Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox Cathedral was built in green park near [[Zerkal\\u02b9naya\n        struya|Mirror Stream]] fountain in August, 2015.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/367|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Roman Catholic St. Mary Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1887\\u20131892.\\n\\nThere is the old [[Kharkiv Choral Synagogue]], which\n        was fully renovated in Kharkiv in 1991\\u20132016. The Jewish population is\n        around 8000 people in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishkharkov.org/|publisher=jewishkharkov.org|title=Kharkov\n        Jewish Community|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n==Economy==\\n\\nThe 2016\\u20132020\n        economic development strategy: \\\"Kharkiv Success Strategy\\\", is created in\n        Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.strategy.kharkov.ua/|publisher=strategy.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2016-2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438 \\u00ab\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u2013 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u0443\\u00bb|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ua/general/univer_today/announce?news_id=5793|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043b \\u00ab\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u00bb >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/v-universiteti-karazina-obgovoryat-perspektivi-rozvitku-osviti-32374.html|author=Hulu\n        LLC|publisher=city.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0412 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===International\n        Economic Forum===\\nThe International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments.\n        Kharkiv Innitiatives! is being conducted in Kharkiv every year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.led.org.ua/en/|publisher=led.org.ua|title=www.led.org.ua/en/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nIn 2015, the International Economic Forum: Innovations.\n        Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! was attended by the diplomatic corps representatives\n        from 17 world countries, working in Ukraine together with top-management of\n        trans-national corporations and investment funds; plus Ukrainian People\\u2019s\n        Deputies; plus Ukrainian Central government officials, who determine the national\n        economic development strategy; plus local government managers, who perform\n        practical steps in implementing that strategy; plus managers of technical\n        assistance to Ukraine; plus business and NGO\\u2019s representatives; plus\n        media people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/announcements/4500-vii-international-economic-forum-innovations-investments-kharkiv-initiatives|publisher=usa.mfa.gov.ua|title=VII\n        International economic forum \\\"INNOVATIONS. INVESTMENTS. KHARKIV INITIATIVES!\\\"\n        - Announcements - Embassy of Ukraine in the United States of America|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|publisher=kmu.gov.ua|title=www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015.html|publisher=ukraine.usembassy.gov|title=statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://usembassykyiv.wordpress.com/tag/kharkiv/|publisher=usembassykyiv.wordpress.com|title=Kharkiv\n        – U.S. Embassy Kyiv Blog|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe key\n        topics of the plenary sessions and panel discussions of the International\n        Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! are the implementation\n        of Strategy for Sustainable Development \\u201cUkraine \\u2013 2020\\u201d, the\n        results achieved and plan of further actions to reform the local government\n        and territorial organization of power in Ukraine, export promotion and attraction\n        of investments in Ukraine, new opportunities for public-private partnerships,\n        practical steps to create \\u201celectronic government\\u201d, issues of energy\n        conservation and development of oil and gas industry in the Kharkiv Region,\n        creating an effective system of production and processing of agricultural\n        products, investment projects that will receive funding from the State Fund\n        for Regional Development, development of international integration, preparation\n        for privatization of state enterprises.\\n\\n===International\n        Industrial Exhibitions===\\nThe international industrial exhibitions are usually\n        conducted at the Radmir Expohall exhibition center in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://radmir-expohall.com.ua/|publisher=radmir-expohall.com.ua|title=Radmir\n        Expohall | Radmir Expohall|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Industrial\n        corporations===\\nDuring the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial\n        production in Ukraine and the third largest {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}centre\n        of industry and commerce in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. After the [[history\n        of the Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|collapse of the\n        Soviet Union]] the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production\n        of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s, the industry started\n        to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial\n        enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000\n        employees. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} The enterprises form machine-building,\n        electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.\\n\\nState-owned\n        industrial giants, such as [[Turboatom]] and [[Elektrotyazhmash]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928224657/http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2008 |title=spetm.com.ua |publisher=spetm.com.ua |date= |accessdate=20\n        April 2012}} occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g.,\n        turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the [[Antonov]]\n        aircraft manufacturing plant. The [[Malyshev factory]] produces not only [[armoured\n        fighting vehicle]]s, but also harvesters. [[Khartron]]{{cite web|url=http://www.hartron.com.ua/en/content/forms-cooperation|title=Hartron:\n        Forms of cooperation|publisher=hartron.com.ua|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine\n        and the former [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].\\n\\n===IT industry===\\nThe\n        IT industry is represented by a few hundred small IT [[startup company|start\n        ups]], which form a cluster of IT companies in Kharkiv{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|publisher=economist.com|title=www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://it-kharkiv.com.ua/|publisher=it-kharkiv.com.ua|title=it-kharkiv.com.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkivglobal.com/en/service|publisher=kharkivglobal.com|title=kharkivglobal.com/en/service|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.triolan.com/|publisher=triolan.com|title=\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Finance industry===\\nKharkiv is also the headquarters\n        of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, [[UkrSibbank]], which has been part\n        of the [[BNP Paribas]] group since December 2005.\\n\\n===Trade industry===\\nThere\n        are many large modern shopping malls in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere are a large number\n        of markets:\\n* [[Barabashovo market]] is the largest market in Ukraine and\n        one of the largest markets in Europe.\\n* [[Blagoveshinskiy]] market.\\n* [[Konniy]]\n        \\\"horse\\\" market.\\n* [[Sumskoi]] market {{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.info/place/31899|publisher=kharkov.info|title=\\u0422\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\\"\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\\\" \\u043f\\u043e \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d, \\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b,\n        8|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n* [[Raiskiy]] book market.\\n\\n==Science\n        and education==\\n{{multiple image\\n | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n\n        | image1 = (39)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_MAIN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\\n\n        | width1 = 160\\n | caption1 = Main building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image2 = (40)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_NORTHERN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width2 = 160\\n | caption2 = Northern building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image3 = (41)_MECHNIKOV_LANDAU_KUZNETS_MONUMENTS_AT_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width3 = 160\\n | caption3 = Il''ya I. Mechnikov, Lev D. Landau, Simon\n        A. Kuznets Nobel Laureates Monuments at [[University of Kharkiv|V. N. Karazin\n        Kharkiv National University]].\\n}}\\n\\n===Higher education===\\nThe [[Kharkiv\n        National University|Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]] is the\n        most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the\n        efforts by [[Vasily Karazin]] in Kharkiv in 1804\\u20131805.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/school/37|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} On {{OldStyleDate|29 January|1805|17 January}}, the Decree\n        on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force.\\n\\nThe\n        Roentgen Institute opened in 1931. It was a specialist cancer treatment facility\n        with 87 research workers, 20 professors, and specialist medical staff. The\n        facilities included chemical, physiology, and bacteriology experimental treatment\n        laboratories. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.\\n\\nThe city has 13 national universities and numerous\n        professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering\n        its students a wide range of disciplines. [[Kharkiv National University]]\n        (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute|National Technical\n        University \\\"KhPI\\\"]] (20,000 students), [[Kharkiv National University\n        of Radioelectronics]] (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv National Aerospace\n        University \\\"KhAI\\\"]], [[Ukrainian Academy of Pharmacy|Kharkiv National University\n        of Pharmacy]], [[Kharkiv National Medical University]] are the leading {{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} universities in Ukraine.\\n\\nMore than 17,000 faculty\n        and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in\n        Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Scientific research===\\nThe city has a high concentration of\n        research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the\n        universities. Among them are three national science centres: [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], Institute of Meteorology, Institute for Experimental\n        and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions\n        of the [[National Academy of Science of Ukraine]], such as the [[B Verkin\n        Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering]], [[Institute for Problems\n        of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine]], State Scientific Institution \\\"Institute\n        for Single Crystals\\\", Usikov Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE),\n        Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA), and others. A total number of 26,000 scientists\n        are working in research and development.\\n\\nA number of world-renowned scientific\n        schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the [[Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School|theoretical\n        physics school]] and the [[Kharkiv Mathematical School|mathematical school]].\\n\\nThere\n        is the Kharkiv Scientists House in the city, which was built by A. N. Beketov,\n        architect in Kharkiv in 1900. All the scientists like to meet and discuss\n        various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.khdu.org/house.php|publisher=khdu.org|title=house|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Public libraries===\\nIn addition to the libraries\n        affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv\n        State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library.\\n\\n===Secondary\n        schools===\\nKharkiv has 212 ([[secondary education]]) schools, including 10\n        [[lyceum]]s and 20 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]].{{citation needed|date=October\n        2016}}\\n\\n===Education centers===\\nThere is the educational \\\"Landau Center\\\",\n        which is named after Prof. L.D. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://landaucentre.org/about/|publisher=landaucentre.org|title=\\u041f\\u0420\\u041e\n        \\\"\\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\u0414\\u0410\\u0423\\u0426\\u0415\\u041d\\u0422\\u0420\\\" ||accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==Culture==\\nKharkiv is one of the main cultural centres\n        in Ukraine. It is home to 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of art\n        galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every\n        year.\\n\\n===Theaters===\\nThe Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater\n        named after N. V. Lysenko is a biggest theater in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/ukr/|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        - \\u0425\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0425\\u041d\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/eng|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=Home|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv State Academic Drama Theater named after\n        T. G. Shevchenko is popular among Ukrainian speaking people {{cite\n        web|url=http://www.theatre-shevchenko.com.ua/|publisher=theatre-shevchenko.com.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0410\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0422\\u0435\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u0456\\u043c. \\u0422.\\u0413.\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv Academic Russian Drama Theater named after\n        A.S. Pushkin was recently renovated, and it is quite popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://rusdrama.kh.ua/|publisher=rusdrama.kh.ua|title=rusdrama.kh.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nIn the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to\n        as a Literary [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}\n        It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: [[Les Kurbas]],\n        [[Mykola Kulish]], [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Mykola Zerov]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]],\n        Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers\n        were repressed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event\n        in Ukrainian history is called the \\\"Executed Renaissance\\\" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).\n        Today a literary museum located on Frunze Street marks their work and achievements.\\n\\nToday,\n        Kharkiv is often referred to as the \\\"capital city\\\" of Ukrainian [[Science\n        fiction]] and [[Fantasy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=934426.html|title=Kharkiv\n        city guide|date=25 January 2010|work=uefa.com|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrainetravel.co/kharkiv|title=Ukraine Travel Guide: Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine|work=ukrainetravel.co|accessdate=22 March 2015}} It is the home\n        to a number of popular writers, such as [[H. L. Oldie]], [[Alexander Zorich]],\n        [[Andrey Dashkov]], [[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] and [[Andrey Valentinov]];\n        most of them [[Russian language in Ukraine|write in Russian]] and are popular\n        in both Russia and Ukraine. The annual [[science fiction convention]] \\\"Star\n        Bridge\\\" (\\u0417\\u0432\\u0451\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442)\n        has been held in Kharkiv since 1999.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/en/general/univer_today/news?news_id=63|title=Kharkiv\n        International Festival of Science Fiction \\\"Star Bridge - 2011\\\"|work=V. N.\n        Karazin Kharkiv National University|date=September 2011|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Music===\\nThere is the [[Kharkiv Philharmonic Society]]\n        in the city.\\n\\nThere is the Organ Music Hall in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/filarmonia/dom-organnoj-i-kamernoj-muzyki/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b, \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u2013 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} The Organ Music Hall is situated at the [[Dormition Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] presently. The [[Rieger\\u2013Kloss]] organ\n        was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. The new\n        Organ Music Hall will be opened at the extensively renovated building of [[Kharkiv\n        Philharmonic Society]] in Kharkiv in November, 2016.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv Conservatory]]\n        is in the city.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts|Kharkiv\n        National University of Arts named after I.P. Kotlyarevsky]] is situated in\n        the city.{{cite web|url=http://dum.kharkov.ua/|publisher=dum.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432 \\u0456\\u043c \\u0406.\\u041f.\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv sponsors the prestigious [[Hnat Khotkevych]]\n        International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments,\n        which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions\n        have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry\n        of Culture two days before its opening.{{cite web|url=http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228232703/http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archivedate=28\n        December 2013 |title=\\u041c\\u0438\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\n        \\u0438\\u043c. \\u0413\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        - \\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 |publisher=Proua.com\n        |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=15 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe music festival: \\\"Kharkiv\n        - City of Kind Hopes\\\" is conducted in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/festival-harkiv-misto-dobrih-nadij-informatsiya-dlya-uchastnikov/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\\\". \\u0418\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Movies festival===\\nThe \\\"Kharkiv Lilacs\\\" international\n        movie festival is very popular among the movie stars, makers, producers in\n        Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America.{{cite\n        web|url=http://sirenfest.net.ua/en/|publisher=sirenfest.net.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c - \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|publisher=times.kh.ua|title=times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe festival is usually conducted in May every year.\\n\\nThere\n        is a special alley with the metal hand prints by the popular movies actors\n        at Shevchenko park in Kharkiv.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://kharkov.dozor.ua/news/obwestvo/kultura/1174449.html|publisher=kharkov.dozor.ua|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\\":\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 (\\u0424\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e) | \\u0412\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0437\\u043e\\u0440|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Visual\n        arts===\\nKharkiv was/is a home for many famous painters [[Ilya Repin]], [[Zinaida\n        Serebryakova]], [[Henryk Siemiradzki]], [[Vasyl Yermilov]], {{citation needed|date=February\n        2017}} etc. There are many modern arts galleries in the city. For example:\n        the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal\n        Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, fthe Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK\n        Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery.\\n\\n===Museums===\\nThere is the\n        Kharkiv History Museum named after M. F. Sumtsov in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museum.kh.ua/eng.html|publisher=museum.kh.ua|title=Information\n        in English - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c.\\u0424.\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Natural History Museum at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National\n        University was founded in Kharkiv on April 2, 1807. The museum is visited\n        by 40000 visitors every year.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/nature|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/79|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University History\n        Museum was established in Kharkiv in 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 -\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/historical|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/78|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Archeology\n        Museum was founded in Kharkiv on March 20, 1998.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.maesu.org/|publisher=maesu.org|title=www.maesu.org/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/77|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Technical University \\\"Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute\\\" Museum was\n        created in Kharkiv on December 29, 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|publisher=kpi.kharkov.ua|title=www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/arhiv-sobytij/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439 | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423\n        "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/kontakti/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u044f\n        | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/115|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\\"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Aerospace University \\\"Kharkiv Aviation Institute\\\" Museum was founded\n        on May 29, 1992.{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/2|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\\"\\u0425\\u0410\\u0406\\\"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe \\\"National University of Pharmacy\\\" Museum was founded\n        in Kharkiv on September 15, 2010.{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/muzejj-istorii-farmacii-ukrainy/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 -\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/e-kspozitsionny-e-zaly-muzeya/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u042d\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044b \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u044f - \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/51|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThere\n        are around 147 museums in the Kharkiv''s region.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museums.kh.ua/|publisher=museums.kh.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0457\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Landmarks===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0435\\u0439\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a.jpg|thumb|150px|right|National\n        holiday''s fireworks on [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]]]]\\n\\nOf\n        the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral]], [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation\n        Cathedral]], [[Derzhprom]] building, [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]],\n        [[Taras Shevchenko]] Monument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, [[Kharkov\n        Choral Synagogue|Choral Synagogue]], T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children''s\n        narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more.\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] the monument to [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\n        in [[Sevastopol]] was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.08.2014/v_harkove_poyavitsya_pamyatnik_sagajdachnomu/\n        A monument to Sahaidachny in Kharkov], Status quo (23 August 2014)\\n\\n==Media==\\nThere\n        are a large number of broadcast and internet TV channels, AM/FM/PM/internet\n        radio-stations, and paper/internet newspapers in Kharkiv. Some are listed\n        below.\\n\\n===Newspapers===\\n* \\\"Vremya\\\"\\n* \\\"Vecherniy Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Segodnya\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Vesti\\\"\\n* \\\"Khar''kovskie Izvestiya\\\"\\n\\n===Magazines===\\n* ''''Guberniya''''\n        {{cite web|url=http://www.guberniya.net/|publisher=guberniya.net|title=\\u0413\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        - \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0436\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===TV\n        stations===\\n* \\\"Pershyi\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Ukraine\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Inter\\\" channel\\n*\n        \\\"Oblastne Telebachennya\\\" channel\\n\\n===Radio stations===\\n* \\\"Promin''\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Ukrains''ke Radio\\\"\\n* \\\"Radio Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Kharkiv Oblastne Radio\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Russkoe Radio Ukraina\\\"\\n* \\\"Shanson\\\" {{cite web|url=http://kharkivmarathon.com/en/|publisher=kharkivmarathon.com|title=Main\n        | 5th Kharkiv International Marathon|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marathonrunnersdiary.com/races/europe-marathons/kharkiv-international-marathon.php|publisher=marathonrunnersdiary.com|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2017 - Race Details - Marathon Runners Diary|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://sportevent.com.ua/events/kharkivmarathon2016/|publisher=sportevent.com.ua|title=Ukraine\n        Sport Events - \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua/v2/rmv/2016/04/09/kharkiv-international-marathon-2016/|publisher=blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2016 « \\u0421\\u041e\\u0412\\u0415\\u0422 \\u041c\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0414\\u042b\\u0425\n        \\u0423\\u0427\\u0401\\u041d\\u042b\\u0425|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Football\n        (soccer)===\\nThe most popular sport is [[football (soccer)|football]]. The\n        city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions.\n        The most successful is ''''[[FC Dynamo Kharkiv]]'''' that won eight national\n        titles back in 1920s-1930s.\\n\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Metalist Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]], which plays at\n        the [[Dynamo Stadium (Kharkiv)|Dynamo Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Helios]], which plays\n        at the [[Arsenal-Bavariya Stadium|Helios Arena]]\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Arsenal-Spartak Stadium]] (participates in regional competitions)\\n\\nThere\n        is also a female football club [[WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv]], which represented\n        Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender\n        for the national title.\\n\\n[[Metalist Stadium]] hosted three group matches\n        at [[UEFA Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===Other sports===\\nKharkiv also has an [[Ice hockey|Ice\n        Hockey]] club, HC Vityaz Kharkiv who compete in the Ukrainian Vyscha Liga.\\n\\n[[Avangard\n        Budy]] is a [[bandy]] club from Kharkiv, which won the Ukrainian championship\n        in 2013.\\n\\nThere is a men''s volleyball team [[Lokomotiv Kharkiv Volleyball|Lokomotiv\n        Kharkiv]] which performs in Ukraine and in the European competitions.\\n\\n[[RC\n        Olymp|RC Olimp'']] is the city''s [[rugby union]] club. They provide many\n        players for the [[Ukraine national rugby union team|national team]].\\n\\nTennis\n        is a very popular sport in Kharkiv. There are many professional tennis courts\n        in the city. [[Elina Svitolina]] is a tennis player from Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere\n        is a golf club in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.superiorresort.com|publisher=superiorresort.com|title=\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444-\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\n        Superior Golf & Spa Resort \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nHorseriding as a sport is very popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|publisher=zabytki.in.ua|title=zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/publ/kharkovskij_ippodrom/28-1-0-2|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u043f\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://konezavod.com/|publisher=konezavod.com|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0448\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There are large stable and the horse riding facilities at\n        Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|publisher=feldman-ecopark.com|title=feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThere is a growing interest to the cycling among the\n        locals.{{cite web|url=http://vesti-ukr.com/harkov/100881-v-harkove-ustanovili-velosipednyj-rekord|publisher=vesti-ukr.com|title=\\u0412\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434.\n        \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u0445\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u0443\\u044e \\u0444\\u0438\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.nezabarom.ua/Muzei-Vystavki-Galerei/blogs/entry/3128/|publisher=kharkov.nezabarom.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There is a large bicycles producing plant in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://usi.ua/velo/index.php?st=38|publisher=usi.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0438\\u043c.\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        - \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043a\\u0438,\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u0434\\u044b\\u0445\\u0430.|accessdate=18 June 2017}} Presently,\n        the modern bicycle highway is under the construction at \\\"Leso park\\\" district\n        in Kharkiv.\\n\\n==Sister cities==\\n{{See also|List of twin towns and sister\n        cities in Ukraine}}\\n\\nKharkiv is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]]\n        with:{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm |title=Sister\n        cities of Kharkiv|accessdate=4 May 2007|language=Russian}}\\n\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}}\n        [[Belgorod]], [[Russia]] (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024152249/http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/city/index/\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]],\n        Italy (1966)\\n*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic\n        (2005){{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825100926/http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archivedate=25\n        August 2009|title=Brno \\u2013 Partnersk\\u00e1 m\\u011bsta|publisher=\\u00a9\n        2006\\u20132009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=17\n        July 2009}}\\n*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Cetinje]], Montenegro (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/chornogorske-misto-tsetinye-stalo-partnerom-harkova-7507.html\n        \\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States (1989)[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812023826/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/usa/ua/1608.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0428\\u0410] {{uk icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/|title=OKI\n        Sister City Coalition}}\\n*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Daugavpils]], Latvia (2006)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015194903/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/latvia/ua/26040.htm\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|TUR}}\n        [[Gaziantep]], Turkey (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/harkiv-i-gaziantep-mista-pobratimi-7505.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\n        - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jinan]], China (2004)\\n*{{flagicon|LTU}}\n        [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008174029/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/lithuania/ua/publication/content/41348.htm\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Kutaisi]], Georgia (2005){{cite web|url=http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |title=Kutaisi City - International Relations - Sister Cities |publisher=Kutaisi\n        City Local Government |date=4 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003215934/http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |archivedate= 3 October 2011 |df= }}\\n*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], France\n        (1978)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234404/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/france/fr/publication/content/10806.htm\n        Partenariat et amiti\\u00e9 existants\\u0435ntre villes et r\\u00e9gions de France\n        et d\\u2018Ukraine] {{fr icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]],\n        Slovenia (2012)[http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx?id=1162\n        Mestna ob\\u010dina Maribor] {{sl icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]],\n        Russia (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia\n        (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1990)[https://web.archive.org/web/20061230212248/http://www.kiew.diplo.de/Vertretung/kiew/uk/06/Staedtepartnerschaften/Liste.html\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland (1998){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234642/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archivedate=8\n        October 2012 |title=\\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0449\\u0456 |publisher=Mfa.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=15\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |title=Pozna\\u0144 - Miasta partnerskie |accessdate=11 December 2013 |work=1998\\u20132013\n        Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania |publisher=City of Pozna\\u0144 |language=Polish\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062530/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl|title=Pozna\\u0144\n        Official Website \\u2013 Twin Towns|accessdate=29 November 2008|publisher=\\u00a9\n        1998\\u20132008 Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania|language=Polish}}''''\\n*{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel (2008)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint\n        Petersburg]], Russia (2003)[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216184933/http://gov.spb.ru/day/inter\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0438 || \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b \\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442-\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430]\n        {{ru icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tianjin]], China (1993)\\n*{{flagicon|BUL}}\n        [[Varna]], Bulgaria (1995)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008044032/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/bulgaria/ua/publication/content/38988.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f] {{uk icon}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183506/http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archivedate=28\n        September 2011 |title=\\u0410\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0456\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u044e\n        |publisher=Kmv.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=20 April 2012}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Warsaw]], Poland (2011)[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328121853/http://news.dt.ua/SOCIETY/harkiv_i_varshava_stali_mistami-pobratimami-74667.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Sulaymaniyah]], Iraqi Kurdistan (2015)\\n\\n==Nobel\n        and Fields prize winners==\\n\\n*[[Lev Landau]] \\u2013 (originally from Baku)\n        a head of the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], a head of the department of experimental physics\n        and a lecturer at the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv State\n        University]], a head of the department of theoretical physics at the at [[Kharkiv\n        Polytechnic Institute]] 1932\\u201337, Nobel Prize for Physics 1962\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] (economics)\\n*[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov|Ilya Mechnikov]] (medicine)\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Drinfeld]] (mathematics)\\n\\n==Notable people==\\nThe following people have\n        been born or have lived in Kharkiv:\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n*[[Boris Amromin]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli ice hockey player\\n*[[Nikolai P. Barabashov]] \\u2014 astronomer,\n        co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the moon\\n*[[Pavel Batitsky]]\n        \\u2014 executed [[Lavrentiy Beria]] after Khrushchevs'' coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        in 1953, and commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Defense Forces from 1966\n        to 1978\\n*[[Vladimir Bobri]] \\u2014 illustrator, author, composer, educator\n        and guitar historian\\n*[[Inna Bohoslovska]] \\u2014 lawyer, politician and\n        leader of the Ukrainian public organization [[Viche]]\\n*[[Sergei Bortkiewicz]]\n        \\u2014 Russian [[Romantic music|Romantic]] [[composer]] and [[pianist]]\\n*[[Maria\n        Burmaka]] \\u2013 Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter\\n*[[Leonid Buryak]]\n        - football coach and former Olympic bronze-medal-winning player\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bykov]] \\u2013 Soviet actor, film director, and script writer\\n*[[Adolphe\n        Mouron Cassandre]] \\u2014 Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist,\n        and [[typeface]] designer\\n*[[Valentina Chepiga]] \\u2013 [[Female bodybuilding|female\n        bodybuilder]] and 2000 [[Ms. Olympia]] champion\\n*[[Juliya Chernetsky]] (Mistress\n        Juliya) \\u2014 television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the\n        United States\\n*[[Olga Danilov]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic speed skater\\n* [[Alexander\n        Davidovich (wrestler)|Alexander Davidovich]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic wrestler\\n*[[Andrey\n        Denisov]] \\u2014 Russian diplomat\\n*[[Vladimir Drinfeld]] \\u2014 mathematician,\n        awarded Fields Medal in 1990\\n*[[Isaak Dunayevsky]] \\u2014 Soviet composer\n        and conductor\\n*[[Konstanty Gorski]] \\u2014 Polish composer, violist, organist,\n        and music teacher\\n*[[Valentina Grizodubova]] \\u2014 One of the first female\n        pilots in the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lyudmila Gurchenko]] (Hurchenko) \\u2013 Soviet\n        and Russian actress, singer and entertainer\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft\n        designer)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014 (originally from Rubanshchina) Soviet\n        aircraft designer, a partner (with [[Artem Mikoyan]]) of the [[MiG]] military\n        aviation bureau\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (chess player)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] chess player\\n*[[Diana Harkusha]] \\u2014 Miss Ukraine\n        Universe 2014 and [[Miss Universe 2014]]''s 2nd Runner-up\\n*[[Leonid Haydamaka]]\n        \\u2014 [[bandurist]], conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk\n        instruments\\n*[[Maksym Kalynychenko]] \\u2013 Ukrainian [[football (soccer)|football]]\n        player\\n*[[Vasily Karazin]] \\u2014 founder of Kharkiv University, which now\n        bears his name\\n*[[Hnat Khotkevych]] \\u2014 Ukrainian writer, ethnographer,\n        composer, bandurist\\n*[[Mikhail Koshkin]] \\u2014 (originally from Brynchagi),\n        chief designer of Soviet tank [[T-34]]\\n*[[Olga Krasko]] \\u2014 Russian actress\\n*[[Mykola\n        Kulish]] \\u2014 Ukrainian playwright\\n*[[Les Kurbas]] \\u2014 Ukrainian dramatist\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] \\u2014 [[Russian American]] [[economist]]\\n*[[Alexander Voevodin]]\n        \\u2014 biomedical scientist and educator\\n{{col-break}}\\n*[[Evgeny Lifshitz]]\n        \\u2014 Soviet [[physicist]]\\n*[[Eduard Limonov]] \\u2014 writer, poet and controversial\n        politician\\n*[[Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy]] \\u2014 lead developer of Soviet Shuttle\n        [[Buran program]]\\n*[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]] \\u2014 Russian mathematician, mechanician\n        and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory\\n*[[Boris Mikhailov (photographer)|Boris\n        Mikhailov]] \\u2014 photographer / artist\\n*[[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] \\u2014 Ukrainian\n        political leader and activist\\n*[[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] \\u2014\n        fantasy and science fiction writer\\n*[[Henry Lion Oldie]] (Dmitry Gromov and\n        Oleg Ladyzhensky) \\u2014 science fiction and fantasy writers\\n*[[Igor Olshanetskyi]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli Olympic weightlifter\\n*[[Justine Pasek]] \\u2014 [[Miss Universe\n        2002]]\\n*[[Valerian Pidmohylny]] \\u2014 Ukrainian poet\\n*[[Irina Press]] \\u2014\n        athlete who won two Olympic [[gold medal]]s\\n*[[Tamara Press]] \\u2014 Soviet\n        [[shot put]]ter and [[discus throw]]er\\n*[[Olga Rapay-Markish]] \\u2014 [[Ceramics|ceramicist]]\\n*[[Igor\n        Rybak]] \\u2014 Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter\\n*[[Eugen Schauman]]\n        \\u2013 Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general [[Nikolay Ivanovich\n        Bobrikov]] in 1904\\n*[[Alexander Shchetynsky]] \\u2014 composer\\n*[[George\n        Shevelov]] \\u2013 Ukrainian and Slavic linguist, philologist, essayist, literary\n        historian, and literary critic\\n*[[Elena Sheynina]] \\u2014 children''s author\\n*[[Klavdiya\n        Shulzhenko]] \\u2014 singer of the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lev Shubnikov]] \\u2014\n        Soviet experimental [[physicist]] who worked in the Netherlands and USSR\\n*[[Alexander\n        Siloti]] \\u2014 Russian pianist, [[Conducting|conductor]] and [[composer]]\\n*[[Hryhorii\n        Skovoroda]] \\u2013 poet, philosopher and composer\\n*[[Karina Smirnoff]] \\u2013\n        professional world champion dancer, starring on ''''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''''\\n*[[Jura\n        Soyfer]] \\u2014 Austrian political journalist and [[cabaret]] writer\\n*[[Otto\n        Struve]] \\u2014 Russian-American [[astronomer]]\\n*[[Serafina Schachova]] \\u2013\n        [[Nephrologist]]\\n*[[Sergei Sviatchenko]] \\u2013 artist\\n*[[Mark Taimanov]]\n        \\u2014 chess player and [[concert]] pianist\\n*[[Ievgeniia Tetelbaum]] \\u2014\n        Israeli Olympic synchronized swimmer\\n*[[Nikolai Tikhonov]] \\u2014 [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union]]\\n*[[Yevgeniy Timoshenko]] \\u2014 professional poker\n        player\\n*[[Anna Tsybuleva]] \\u2014 pianist, winner of the [[Leeds International\n        Piano Competition]]\\n*[[Anna Ushenina]] \\u2014 women''s world chess champion\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Vasyutin]] \\u2014 Soviet [[cosmonaut]] of Ukrainian descent\\n*[[Yury Vengerovsky]]\n        \\u2014 Olympic gold medal winning volleyball player\\n*[[Vitali Vitaliev]]\n        - journalist and author\\n*[[Igor Vovchanchyn]] \\u2013 Mixed martial artist\\n*[[Vasyl\n        Yermylov]] \\u2013 painter and [[design]]er\\n*[[Serhiy Zhadan]] \\u2014 poet,\n        novelist, and translator\\n*[[Oleksandr Zhdanov]] - professional Ukrainian-Israeli\n        football defender\\n*[[Irina Zhurina]] \\u2013 opera singer, [[People''s Artist\n        of Russia]]\\n*[[Alexander Zorich]] (Dmitry Gordevsky and Yana Botsman), science\n        fiction writers.\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==Transport==\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e - \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Pushkinska\n        (Kharkiv Metro)|Pushkinska station]] of [[Kharkiv Metro]]]]\\n[[File:Kh Rail.JPG|thumb|150px|Kharkiv\n        Railway Station Main Entrance, August 2011]]\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c21.jpg|thumb|150px|Historical\n        building of [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv Airport]]]]\\nThe city\n        of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centers in Ukraine, which\n        is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic.\n        The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis,\n        railways, and air traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city.{{cite\n        web|author=Andrew Rybka |url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/news/6542/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439.\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438. \\u041e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c. \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0435\\u0436\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445.\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Gortransport.kharkov.ua |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\n===Local\n        transport===\\nBeing an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different\n        means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. [[Kharkiv Metro|Kharkiv''s\n        Metro]] is the city''s rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes\n        three different lines with 30 stations in total.{{cite web|url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/subway/index.html\n        |title=Metro. Basic facts|accessdate=1 March 2011 |work=City transportation\n        Kharkiv |language=Ukrainian}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/364779.html\n        Poroshenko opens new subway station in Kharkiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19\n        August 2016) The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers\n        annually. {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Trolleybuses, trams (which\n        celebrated its 100 years of service in 2006), and ''''[[marshrutka]]s''''\n        (private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.\\n\\n===Railways===\\nThe\n        first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to\n        arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869,\n        traffic was opened on the Kursk\\u2013Kharkiv\\u2013Azov line. Kharkiv''s passenger\n        railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed\n        in the [[Second World War]]. A new [[Kharkiv railway station]] was built in\n        1952.{{cite web|url=http://uz.gov.ua/en/euro2012/stations/|publisher=uz.gov.ua|title=Railway\n        Stations :: Euro-2012 :: \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine\n        and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as [[elektrichka]]s\n        connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.\\n\\n===Air===\\nKharkiv is served\n        by [[Kharkiv International Airport]] has been granted international status.\n        Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv\n        Airport \\u2014 Aeromost-Kharkiv \\u2014 is not serving any regular destinations\n        {{As of|2007|lc=y}}. 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Zoo\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439.JPG|Dolphinarium\n        in Kharkiv\\n\\n\\n==Footnotes==\\n{{Notelist|2}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em|refs=\\n{{cite news |url= https://navalny.com/p/3836/ |script-title=ru:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0424\\u0411\\u041a \\u043f\\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c.\n        \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0430, \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f,\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f |language= Russian\n        |trans_title= Survey of Kharkov and Odessa Oblasts |first= Alexei |last= Navalny\n        |publisher= navalny.com |date= 23 September 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140923121221/https://navalny.com/p/3836/\n        |archivedate= 23 September 2014 |deadurl= no }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html\n        |script-title=uk:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 3% \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0457\\u0445 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region\n        to become part of Russia |work= [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |date= 3 January 2015\n        }}\\n}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{See also|Timeline of Kharkiv#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography\n        of the history of Kharkiv}}\\n\\n==External 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[http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economics/1480141-kurchenko_to_finance_kharkivs_preparations_for_eurobasket_2015_301524.html\n        FC Metalist President Kurchenko to invest in Kharkiv\\u2019s preparations for\n        EuroBasket 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 April 2013)\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[People''s Deputy of Ukraine|MPs]]:\\n|leader_name2 = [[Oleksandr Feldman]]\n        
Anatoliy Denisenko
 Volodymyr Mysyk
 [[Vitaliy Khomutynnik]] [[Dmytro Svyatash]]
 Oleksandr Kirsch ([[People''s Front (Ukraine)|PF]]) Valery Pisarenko\\n|established_title     = Founded\\n|established_date      =\n        1654[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123906 What Makes\n        Kharkiv Ukrainian], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (23 November 2014)\\n|established_title2    =\\n|established_date2     =\n        \\n|parts_type        = [[#Government and administrative divisions|Districts]]\\n|parts_style       =\n        \\n|parts             =\n        List of 9\\n|p1                = Shevchenkivskyi Raion\\n|p2                =\n        Novobavarskyi Raion\\n|p3                = Kyivskyi Raion\\n|p4                =\n        Slobidskyi Raion\\n|p5                = Holodnohirskyi Raion\\n|p6                =\n        Moskovskyi Raion\\n|p7                = Nemyshlianskyi Raion\\n|p8                =\n        Industrialnyi Raion\\n|p9                = Osnovianskyi Raion\\n|area_total_km2         =\n        350\\n|population_as_of       = 2014\\n|population_total       = 1,439,036 {{decrease}}\\n|population_metro       =\n        1,732,400\\n|population_density_km2 = 4500\\n|timezone               = EET\\n|utc_offset             =\n        +2\\n|timezone_DST           = EEST\\n|utc_offset_DST         = +3\\n|coordinates            =\n        {{coord|50|0|16|N|36|13|53|E|type:city_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|elevation_m            =\n        152\\n|population_demonym     = Kharkivite[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1998/099820.shtml\n        Ukraine''s second Winter Olympics: one medal, some good performances], [[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]] (1 March 1998)\\n|postal_code_type       = Postal\n        code\\n|postal_code            = 61001\\u201461499\\n|blank_name             =\n        [[Licence plate]]\\n|blank_info             = \\u0425\\u0410, 21 (old)\\n|blank1_name            =\n        [[Town twinning|Sister cities]]\\n|blank1_info            = [[Belgorod]],\n        [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]],\n        [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Pozna\\u0144]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]],\n        [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]\\n|website                =\n        {{URL|city.kharkov.ua/en/}}\\n|footnotes              =\\n}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|City\n        of Kharkiv State of Ukraine Recorded by Viktor O Ledenyov.ogg|2016-01-07}}\\n''''''Kharkiv''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432}}, {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8x\\u0251rkiu\\u032f|pron}}{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine\n        |title= Kharkiv on Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica - current edition |publisher=\n        Britannica.com |date= |accessdate= 20 April 2012}}, Russian: \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        Kharkov) is the second-largest city in [[Ukraine]].[http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/23/kharkiv-never-had-eastern-western-conflicts/\n        Kharkiv \\\"never had eastern-western conflicts\\\"], ''''[[Euronews]]'''' (23\n        October 2014) In the northeast of the country, it is the largest city\n        of the [[Sloboda Ukraine|Slobozhanshchyna]] historical region. Kharkiv is\n        the [[administrative centre]] of [[Kharkiv Oblast]] and of the surrounding\n        [[Kharkiv Raion]], though administratively it is incorporated as a [[city\n        of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and does\n        not belong to the raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2017|1, 439,036}}\\n\\nThe\n        city was founded in 1654 and after a humble beginning as a small fortress\n        grew to be a major centre of Ukrainian industry, trade and culture in the\n        [[Russian Empire]].\\n\\nKharkiv was the first capital of the [[Ukrainian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]], from December 1919 to January 1934, after which the\n        capital relocated to [[Kiev]].{{cite book|first=George|last=Liber|title=Soviet\n        Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR,\n        1923-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&pg=PA160|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press}}\\n\\nPresently, Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific,\n        educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 6 museums, 7\n        theatres and 80 libraries.\\n\\nIts industry specializes primarily in [[machinery]]\n        and in [[electronics]]. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the\n        city, including the [[Morozov Design Bureau]] and the [[Malyshev Tank Factory]]\n        (leaders in world [[tank]] production from the 1930s to the 1980s); [[Khartron]]\n        ([[aerospace]] and [[nuclear power plant]]s automation [[electronics]]); the\n        [[Turboatom]] ([[turbine]]s for the hydro-, thermal- and nuclear-power plants),\n        and [[Antonov]] (the multipurpose aircraft manufacturing plant).\\n\\n==Name==\\nSome\n        sources indicate that the city may have been named after the Hunnic name for\n        ''swan'': ''''kharka''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.rtm.ua/en/aboutcompany/rtminukrainemap/kharkivregion|title=Etymology\n        of the name Kharkiv|work=rtm.ua|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{Better\n        source|reason=Russian and Ukrainian Wikipedia cite more than 15 theories,\n        and this one doesn''t feature. The source is an advertising company.|date=May\n        2015}} Other sources offer that the city was named after its near-legendary\n        founder, ''''Kharko'''' (a [[diminutive]] form of the name [[Chariton (name)|Chariton]],\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d}},\n        or [[Zechariah (given name)|Zechariah]], {{lang-uk|\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439}}).{{cite web|url=https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F._1798.pdf/175|publisher=uk.wikisource.org|title=\\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u044a \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0457\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f.\n        1798.pdf/175 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{see also|Timeline of Kharkiv}}\\n[[File:Charkow.jpg|thumb|150px|19th-century\n        view of Kharkiv, with the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]]\n        belltower dominating the skyline.]]\\n[[File:Sumskayaa street,Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sumska\n        Street]] is the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv]]\\nCultural artifacts date back\n        to the [[Bronze Age]], as well as those of later [[Scythians|Scythian]] and\n        [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] settlers. There is also evidence that the [[Chernyakhov\n        culture]] flourished in the area from the second to the sixth centuries. {{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2017}}\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nThe city was founded by re-settlers\n        who were running away from the war that engulfed [[Right-bank Ukraine]] in\n        1654 (see [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]]). The years before\n        the region was a sparsely populated part of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]].{{cite book|author=Roman Solchanyk|title=Ukraine and\n        Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNvTSDQXFXgC&pg=PA6|accessdate=31\n        March 2015|date=January 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1018-0|page=6}}\n        The group of people came onto the banks of [[Lopan River|Lopan]] and [[Kharkiv\n        River|Kharkiv]] rivers where an abandoned settlement stood.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/06/9/88316/ \\u0416\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432. \\u041d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c-\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\n        (Living Kharkiv. Nightly excursion through the host-city)] [[Ukrayinska Pravda]].\n        June 9, 2012 According to archive documents, the leader of the re-settlers\n        was [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk.\\n\\nAt first the settlement\n        was self-governed under the jurisdiction of a [[voivode]] from [[Chuhuiv]]\n        that is {{convert|40|km|mi}} to the east. The\n        first appointed voivode from [[Moscow]] was Voyin Selifontov in 1656 who started\n        to build a local [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] (fort).\n        At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were\n        local cossacks, while Selifontov brought along a Moscow garrison of another\n        70 servicemen. The first Kharkiv voivode was\n        replaced in two years after constantly complaining that locals refused to\n        cooperate in building the fort. Kharkiv also\n        became the centre of the local Sloboda cossack regiment as the area surrounding\n        the [[Belgorod]] fortress was being heavily militarized. With the resettlement\n        of the area by Ukrainians it came to be known as [[Sloboda Ukraine]], most\n        of which was included under the jurisdiction of the Razryad [[Prikaz]] (Military\n        Appointment) headed by a [[okolnichy|district official]] from [[Belgorod]].\n        By 1657 the Kharkiv settlement had a fortress\n        with underground passageways.\\n\\nIn 1658 Ivan Ofrosimov was appointed as the\n        new voivode, who worked on forcing locals to kiss the cross to show loyalty\n        to the Moscow tsar. The locals led by their\n        [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk refused. However,\n        with the election of the new otaman Tymish Lavrynov the community (hromada)\n        sent a request to the tsar to establish a local Assumption market, signed\n        by [[Dean (Christianity)|deans]] of Kharkiv churches (the [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity). Relationships with the neighboring [[Chuhuiv]] sometimes\n        were non-friendly and often their arguments were pacified by force.\n        With the appointment of the third voivode Vasiliy Sukhotin was completely\n        finished the construction of the city fort.\\n\\nMeanwhile,\n        Kharkiv had become the centre of [[Sloboda Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Kharkiv\n        Fortress===\\n[[File:(29) ST ASSUMPTION ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL IN CITY OF KHARKIV\n        STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View\n        of [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkov|Holy Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] in\n        Kharkiv]]\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432. \\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0438 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c.jpg|thumb|150px|Intercession Cathedral with bell tower\n        and Ozeryanskaya church (right) built in Kharkiv in 1689]]\\n[[File:(30) VIEW\n        ON PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE OVER KHARKIV RIVER IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE\n        PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View of modern pedestrian\n        bridge over Kharkiv River in Kharkiv]]\\nThe Kharkiv Fortress was erected around\n        the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and its castle\n        was at [[University Hill, Kharkiv|University Hill]].\n        It was between today''s streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution\n        Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent. The fortress had 10 towers: Chuhuivska Tower, Moskovska\n        Tower, Vestovska Tower, Tainytska Tower, Lopanska Corner Tower, Kharkivska\n        Corner Tower and others. The tallest was Vestovska,\n        some {{convert|16|m|ft}} tall, while the shortest\n        one was Tainytska which had a secret well {{convert|35|m|ft}} deep.\n        The fortress had the Lopanski Gates.\\n\\nIn 1689\n        the fortress was expanded and included the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral and Monastery\n        which was baptized and became the center of\n        local eparchy. Coincidentally in the same year in the vicinity of Kharkiv\n        in [[Kolomak]], [[Ivan Mazepa]] was announced the [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]. Next to the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral\n        was located the Kharkiv Collegiate that was transferred from [[Belgorod]]\n        to Kharkiv in 1726.\\n\\n===In the Russian Empire===\\nIn\n        the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708\\u20131710|administrative\n        reform]] carried out in 1708 by [[Peter the Great]], the area was included\n        into [[Kiev Governorate]]. Kharkiv is specifically mentioned as one of the\n        towns making a part of the governorate.{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/|script-title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\n        \\u043e\\u0431 \\u0443\\u0447\\u0440\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0438 \\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043a \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432, 1708\n        \\u0433., \\u0434\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f 18 |trans-title=Decree\n        on the establishment of Provinces and cities assigned to them, December 18,\n        1708|language=ru|website=constitution.garant.ru|accessdate=31 March 2015}}\n        In 1727, [[Belgorod Governorate]] was split off, and Kharkiv moved to Belgoro\n        Governorate. It was the center of a separate administrative unit, [[Kharkiv\n        Sloboda Cossack regiment]]. The regiment at some point was detached from Belgorod\n        Governorate, then attached to it again, until in 1765, [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        was established with the seat in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525173851/http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archivedate=25\n        May 2013|script-title=ru:\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f. 2. \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|trans-title=History of the\n        Administrative-Territorial Division of the Voronezh Region. 2. Voronezh Province.|publisher=Archive\n        service of Voronezh Oblast|language=Russian|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n\\n[[Kharkiv\n        University]] was established in 1805 in the Palace of [[Governorate-General]].\\n[[Aleksander Mickiewicz|Alexander Mikolajewicz\n        Mickiewicz]], brother of [[Adam Mickiewicz]] was a professor of law in the\n        university, another celebrity [[Goethe]] searched for instructors for the\n        school. In 1906 [[Ivan Franko]] received a doctorate\n        in Russian linguistics here.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2011/08/23/53238/|script-title=uk:\\u0423\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0448\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443|trans-title=A\n        memorial plaque to Ivan Franko was unveiled in Kharkiv|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=23\n        August 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe streets were first cobbled\n        in the city centre in 1830.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/01/24/17847/|script-title=uk:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438 XIX-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044f|trans-title=Kharkiv and Kharkiv\n        denizens in 19th century photos|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=24\n        January 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}} In 1844 the {{convert|90|m|ft}}\n        tall Alexander Bell Tower was built next to the first Assumption Cathedral,\n        which on November 16, 1924 was transformed into a [[radio tower]].\n        A system of running water was established in 1870. The Cathedral Descent at\n        one time carried the name of another local trader Vasyl Ivanovych Pashchenko-Tryapkin\n        as Pashchenko Descent. Pashchenko even leased\n        a space to the city council (duma) and was the owner of the city \\\"Old Passage\\\",\n        the city''s biggest trade center. After his\n        death in 1894 Pashchenko donated all his possessions to the city.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1812, the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}} One of the first [[Prosvita]]s in Eastern Ukraine was also established\n        in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established\n        there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by\n        the lawyer [[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] in 1900.\\n\\nSoon after the [[Crimean War]],\n        in 1860\\u201361 number of [[hromada (secret society)|hromada]] societies sprung\n        up across the Ukrainian cities including Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHromadas.htm|title=Hromadas|publisher=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]|accessdate=14 January 2016}} Among the most prominent hromada\n        members in Kharkiv was [[Alexander Potebnja|Oleksandr Potebnia]], a native\n        of [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. Beside the old hromada, in Kharkiv\n        also existed several student hromadas members of which were future political\n        leaders of Ukraine such as [[Borys Martos]], [[Dmytro Antonovych]] and many\n        others. One of the [[University of Kharkiv]] graduates\n        [[Oleksandr Kovalenko (soldier)|Oleksandr Kovalenko]] was one of initiators\n        of the mutiny on [[Russian battleship Potemkin]] being the only officer who\n        supported the in-rank sailors.\\n\\n===Soviet period===\\n[[File:(42) DERZHPROM\n        BUILDING IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV\n        20160621.jpg|thumb|150px| View of renovated [[Derzhprom]] building]]\\n[[File:Piatykhatky.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial\n        to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the [[NKVD]] in 1937\\u201338]]\\nWhen\n        the [[Tsentralna Rada]] announced the establishment of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]] in November 1917 it envisioned the [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        to be part of it. In December 1917 Kharkiv became the\n        first city in Ukraine occupied by the [[Soviet power|Soviet]] [[Group of forces\n        in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|troops]] of [[Vladimir\n        Antonov-Ovseyenko]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA713&dq=kharkiv+antonov+1917&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-8a2jl9LJAhVEeA8KHfjwDuY4ChDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=kharkiv%20antonov%201917&f=false\n        Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe)] by [[Ivan\n        Katchanovski]], [[Scarecrow Press]] (Publication date: July 11, 2013), {{ISBN|0810878453}}\n        (page 713) The [[Bolsheviks]] in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv\n        shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13\n        December 1917.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLpivm5lDsC&pg=PA7&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=7N6JVOz0OIbyUr22g-AP&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917\\u20131934]. Durham and London:\n        Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-1099-6}} (page 7) By February 1918\n        Bolshevik forces had [[Russian Civil War|captured much of Ukraine]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1195&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv+soviet+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ouGJVNi7D4Ou7gbjr4HoBA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv%20soviet%20Ukraine&f=false\n        World War I: A Student Encyclopedia]. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 1195. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-879-8}}\n        In February 1918 Kharkiv became the capital of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet\n        Republic]]; but this entity was disbanded six weeks later.[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/22/ukraine-phony-war/\n        Ukraine: The Phony War?], [[The New York Review of Books]] (27 April 2014)\n        In April 1918 the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]] occupied Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYbw25xe-FwC&pg=PP121&dq=Central+Rada+Kharkiv+German&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=NcuIVKDcCMfkarOKgiA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Central%20Rada%20Kharkiv%20German&f=false\n        Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution]. PublicAffairs.\n        {{ISBN|1-61039-140-3}}. And according to the February 1918 [[Treaty\n        of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine\\u2013Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] between\n        the Ukrainian People''s Republic and the [[Central Powers]] it became part\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pt03BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205&dq=Kharkiv+German+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=s86IVIMtlNhqvIGB6AQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%201918&f=false\n        Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. 98) (Volume 98)], [[Ibidem\n        Verlag]], 2010, {{ISBN|383820042X}} (page 24) Early January 1919 Bolshevik\n        forces captured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT338&dq=Kharkiv+German+November+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=N9KIVOT5MYfvapr4gagG&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%20November%201918&f=false\n        Ukraine: A History 4th Edition] by [[Orest Subtelny]], [[University of Toronto\n        Press]], 2009, {{ISBN|1442609915}} Mid-June 1919 [[Anton Denikin]]''s\n        [[White movement]] [[Volunteer Army]] captured the city.[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA97&dq=Denikin+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=t9OIVOfkBtPSaKnwgtgL&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression], [[Harvard University\n        Press]], 858 pages, {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}, page 97 In December 1919\n        the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] recaptured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1h0_iMrE4C&pg=PA101&dq=Denikin+December+1919+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ytWIVKrdMYOBUcnFg9AF&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20December%201919%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War]. [[Scarecrow Press Inc]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6841-0}}\n        (page 101)\\n\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Bolshevik]]s\n        established Kharkiv as the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition\n        to the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] with its capital of [[Kiev]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/01/25/69897/ |title=\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u0456 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 (\\u0437 \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438\n        1917\\u201318 \\u0440\\u0440.) (Donbas and Ukraine. (From articles and declarations\n        of Mykola Skrypnyk)) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July\n        2012}}\\n[[File:Pamiatnyk.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Monument to the [[persecuted\n        bandurists|persecuted kobzars]] in Kharkiv]]\\nAccording to linguist [[George\n        Shevelov]], in the early 1920s the share of [[secondary schools]] teaching\n        in the [[Ukrainian language]] was lower than the share of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]]s\n        ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] population,[http://balticworlds.com/games-from-the-past/\n        Games from the Past: The continuity and change of the identity dynamic in\n        Donbas from a historical perspective ], [[S\\u00f6dert\\u00f6rn University]]\n        (May 19, 2014) even though the [[Soviet Union]] had ordered that all\n        schools in the [[Ukrainian SSR]] should be Ukrainian speaking (as part of\n        its [[Ukrainization]] policy).[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by [[Lenore Grenoble]], [[Springer Science+Business\n        Media]], 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-1298-3}} (page 84)\\n\\nAs the country''s\n        capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings\n        to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration.\n        [[Derzhprom]] was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in\n        the Soviet Union at the time with a height of {{convert|63|m|ft}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html |title=Derzhprom statistics\n        |publisher=Kharkov.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}} In the 1920s,\n        a {{convert|150|m|ft}} wooden radio tower was built on top of the building.\n        The Roentgen Institute was established in 1931.{{cite news|last1=Khwaja|first1=Barbara|title=Health Reform\n        in Revolutionary Russia|url=https://www.sochealth.co.uk/2017/05/26/health-reform-revolutionary-russia/|accessdate=26\n        May 2017|publisher=Socialist Health Association|date=26 May 2017}} During\n        the interwar period the city saw the spread of architectural [[Constructivism\n        (art)|constructivism]]. One of the best representatives\n        of it was the already mentioned Derzhprom, the Building of the Red Army, the\n        Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council\n        building, with its massive asymmetric tower, the central department store\n        that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. The same year on November 7, 1932 the building of\n        Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of [[Central Executive\n        Committee of Ukraine|All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2012/04/28/82906/#10 |title=Picture\n        of the building in the Vsesvit magazine |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date=2012-04-30\n        |accessdate=21 July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2010/11/7/3319/#13\n        |title=Photos of the newspaper \\\"Proletarian\\\" for 1932-33 |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua\n        |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nIn 1928, the SVU ([[Union for the\n        Freedom of Ukraine process|Union for the Freedom of Ukraine]]) process was\n        initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia)\n        building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.\\n\\nIn\n        the early 1930s, the [[Holodomor]] famine drove many people off the land into\n        the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died\n        and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the\n        city.\\n[[File:Kharkiv-Katyn2.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial to the thousands of\n        Polish officers executed by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the [[Katyn massacre|Katyn]]\n        massacre]]\\nIn 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and\n        cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all\n        vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938.\n        Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered\n        by the NKVD.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CFqB2_OX_oQC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Stalin+Ukrainian+minstrels+Kharkiv&source=bl&ots=Ry-gE1y5zI&sig=_0anaLEThATAiaaa4OwwPp7Wh9w&hl=nl&ei=TVr0SsOxNs3G4QaD8b3pAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Stalin%20Ukrainian%20minstrels%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing] by Natalie Kononenko, M.E.\n        Sharp, {{ISBN|0-7656-0144-3}}/{{ISBN|978-0-7656-0144-5}}, page 116\\nIn\n        January 1934 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.\\n\\nDuring April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish\n        prisoners of [[Starobelsk]] camp were executed in the Kharkiv [[NKVD]] building,\n        later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in [[Piatykhatky,\n        Kharkiv|Pyatykhatky]] forest (part of the [[Katyn massacre]]) on the outskirts\n        of Kharkiv.[[Benjamin B. Fischer|Fischer, Benjamin B.]],\n        \\\"[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816221054/http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html\n        The Katyn Controversy: Stalin''s Killing Field]\\\", ''''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'''',\n        Winter 1999\\u20132000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005 The site\n        also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested\n        and shot in the 1937\\u201338 Stalinist purges.\\n\\n===German occupation===\\n[[File:23\n        August Lane Kharkov.JPG|thumb|150px|Memorial to 23 August 1943, the end of\n        German occupation during World War II]]\\nDuring [[World War II]], Kharkiv\n        was the site of several military engagements (see below). The city was captured\n        and recaptured by [[Nazi Germany]] on 24 October 1941;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/04/3/34315/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\\"\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\\" \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e (Kharkiv at times of \\\"matured\n        childhood\\\" of Lyudmila Gurchenko) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.andersval.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6267&Itemid=190\n        |title=Kharkiv through the eyes of Lyudmila Gurchenko |publisher=Andersval.nl\n        |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=15 July 2012}} there was a disastrous [[Red\n        Army]] offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;The Red\n        Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties\n        (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924\n        guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., ''''Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military\n        disaster through Soviet eyes'''', pub Ian Allan, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7110-2562-2}}\n        page 218.per [[Robert M. Citino]], author of \\\"Death of the Wehrmacht\\\",\n        and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14\n        May 1942 by Soviet forces under [[Semyon Timoshenko|Marshal Timoshenko]] before\n        being driven back by German forces under Field Marshal [[Fedor von Bock]],\n        p. 100 the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February\n        1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943 and then\n        finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed\n        and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}}\\nKharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most\n        populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years\n        preceding World War II, [[Kiev]] was by population the smaller of the two.\\n\\nThe\n        significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv''s Jewish community prided\n        itself with the second largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during\n        the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried\n        in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named [[Drobytsky\n        Yar]].\\n\\nDuring [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], four battles\n        took place for control of the city:\\n* [[First Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Second\n        Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Fourth Battle of Kharkov]]\n        (''''see also'''' [[Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev]])\\n\\nBefore the occupation,\n        Kharkiv''s [[Malyshev Factory|tank industries]] were evacuated to the [[Urals]]\n        with all their equipment, and became the heart of [[Red Army]]''s tank programs\n        (particularly, producing the [[T-34]] tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These\n        enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce tanks.\\n\\nOf\n        the population of 700,000 that Kharkiv had before the start of World War II,\n        120,000 became [[Ost-Arbeiter]] ([[slave]] worker) in Germany, 30,000 were\n        executed and 80,000 starved to death during the war.\\n\\n===Post-World\n        War II===\\nIn the post-World War II period many of the destroyed homes and\n        factories were rebuilt. From the [[constructivism (art)|constructivism]] the\n        city was planned to be rebuilt in the style of [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        Classicism]].\\n\\nAn airport was built in 1954.\n        Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre\n        in the former USSR (after Moscow and [[Leningrad]]).\\n\\n===In independent\n        Ukraine===\\n[[File:IMG 2428 zerk.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zerkal\\u02b9naya struya|Mirror\n        Stream]] fountain]]\\n\\nBy its territorial expansion on September 6, 2012 the\n        city increased its area from about {{convert|310|to|350|km2|abbr=out}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T125215.html |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432,\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 |publisher=Search.ligazakon.ua\n        |date=2012-09-18 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\nA well-known landmark\n        of Kharkiv is the [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]] (''''Ploshcha\n        Svobody'''' formerly known as ''''Dzerzhinsky Square''''), which is the sixth\n        largest city square in Europe, and the [[List of city squares by size|12th\n        largest square in the world]].\\n\\nThere is an underground [[Kharkiv Metro|rapid-transit\n        system]] (metro) with about {{convert|38.1|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of track and\n        29 stations. The new \\\"Victory\\\" underground station (no. 30) was opened\n        in Kharkiv on 19 August 2016. All the underground stations have very special\n        distinctive architectures.\\n\\nKharkiv was a host city for the [[UEFA Euro\n        2012]], and hosted three group soccer matches at the reconstructed [[Metalist\n        Stadium]].\\n\\nA large number of the Orthodox cathedrals were built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1990s and 2000s. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}For example, the\n        Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox cathedral, the St. Vladimir Orthodox cathedral,\n        St. Tamara Orthodox cathedral, etc.\\n\\nIn 2007, the Vietnamese minority in\n        Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with\n        a monument to [[Ho Chi Minh]].In\\u2191  \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb,21\n        December 2007.\\n\\nThe Gor''ky park was fully renovated in Kharkiv in\n        the 2000s, having a big number of modern attractions, a lake with lilies and\n        the sport facilities to play tennis, football, beach volleyball, and basketball.\\n\\nThe\n        Feldman park was created in Kharkiv in recent years, containing a big collection\n        of animals, horses, etc.\\n\\n==Geography==\\n[[File:Kharkiv, Ukraine, city and\n        vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Kharkiv\n        and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is located at the banks of the [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan]],\n        and [[Udy River|Udy]] rivers, where they flow into the [[Seversky Donets]]\n        watershed in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine.\\n\\nHistorically, Kharkiv\n        lies in the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region (''''Slobozhanshchyna'''' also known\n        as ''''Slobidshchyna'''') in Ukraine, in which it is considered as a main\n        city.\\n\\nThe approximate dimensions of City of Kharkiv are:\\nfrom the North\n        to the South - 24.3 km;\\nfrom the West to the East \\u2014 25.2 km.\\n\\nBased\n        on Kharkiv''s topography, the city can be conditionally divided on the four\n        lower districts and the four higher districts.\\n\\nThe highest point over the\n        sea level in Pyatikhatky in Kharkiv is 202m, the lowest point over the sea\n        level in Novoselivka in Kharkiv is 94m. {{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv\n        lies in the large valley of rivers of [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan'']],\n        [[Udy River|Udy]], and Nemyshlya. This valley lies from the North West to\n        the South East between the Mid Russian highland and Donetsk lowland. All the\n        rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river of [[Seversky Donets|Northern\n        Donets]]. A special system of the concrete and metal dams was designed and\n        built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv. {{Citation\n        needed|date=March 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv has a large number of the green city parks\n        with the long history of more than 100 years with very old oak trees and many\n        flowers. {{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===Climate===\\nKharkiv''s\n        climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[K\\u00f6ppen\n        climate classification]] ''''Dfb'''') with cold and snowy winters as well\n        as the dry and hot summers.\\n\\nKharkiv has rather sunny warm summers which,\n        however, are relatively mild compared to temperatures in South European regions,\n        due to the region''s lower elevation, proximity to the Black Sea, and the\n        city''s [[latitude]]. In other words, Kharkiv experiences the warm summers,\n        interrupted by only occasional, brief intervals of stormy rain conditions.\n        {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}\\n\\nKharkiv has relatively long and cold\n        winters.\\n\\nThe average rainfall totals {{convert|513|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per\n        year, with the most in June and July.\\n\\n{{Weather box\\n|location=Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine (1981\\u22122010)\\n|metric first=yes\\n|single line=yes\\n| Jan record\n        high C = 11.0\\n| Feb record high C = 14.6\\n| Mar record high C = 21.8\\n| Apr\n        record high C = 30.5\\n| May record high C = 34.5\\n| Jun record high C = 36.8\\n|\n        Jul record high C = 37.6\\n| Aug record high C = 39.8\\n| Sep record high C\n        = 33.7\\n| Oct record high C = 29.3\\n| Nov record high C = 20.3\\n| Dec record\n        high C = 13.4\\n|year record high C = 39.8\\n| Jan high C = -2.2\\n| Feb high\n        C = -1.6\\n| Mar high C = 4.3\\n| Apr high C = 14.0\\n| May high C = 20.8\\n|\n        Jun high C = 24.3\\n| Jul high C = 26.4\\n| Aug high C = 25.7\\n| Sep high C\n        = 19.4\\n| Oct high C = 12.0\\n| Nov high C = 3.6\\n| Dec high C = -1.1\\n|year\n        high C = 12.1\\n| Jan mean C = -4.6\\n| Feb mean C = -4.5\\n| Mar mean C = 0.7\\n|\n        Apr mean C = 9.2\\n| May mean C = 15.6\\n| Jun mean C = 19.3\\n| Jul mean C =\n        21.3\\n| Aug mean C = 20.3\\n| Sep mean C = 14.4\\n| Oct mean C = 7.9\\n| Nov\n        mean C = 0.9\\n| Dec mean C = -3.5\\n|year mean C = 8.1\\n| Jan low C = -7.0\\n|\n        Feb low C = -7.3\\n| Mar low C = -2.4\\n| Apr low C = 4.6\\n| May low C = 10.3\\n|\n        Jun low C = 14.2\\n| Jul low C = 16.2\\n| Aug low C = 14.9\\n| Sep low C = 9.8\\n|\n        Oct low C = 4.3\\n| Nov low C = -1.5\\n| Dec low C = -5.9\\n|year low C = 4.2\\n|\n        Jan record low C = -35.6\\n| Feb record low C = -29.8\\n| Mar record low C =\n        -32.2\\n| Apr record low C = -11.4\\n| May record low C = -1.9\\n| Jun record\n        low C = 2.2\\n| Jul record low C = 5.7\\n| Aug record low C = 2.2\\n| Sep record\n        low C = -2.9\\n| Oct record low C = -9.1\\n| Nov record low C = -20.9\\n| Dec\n        record low C = -30.8\\n|year record low C = -35.6\\n|precipitation colour =\n        green\\n| Jan precipitation mm = 36\\n| Feb precipitation mm = 33\\n| Mar precipitation\n        mm = 33\\n| Apr precipitation mm = 34\\n| May precipitation mm = 50\\n| Jun precipitation\n        mm = 61\\n| Jul precipitation mm = 61\\n| Aug precipitation mm = 43\\n| Sep precipitation\n        mm = 45\\n| Oct precipitation mm = 45\\n| Nov precipitation mm = 40\\n| Dec precipitation\n        mm = 36\\n|year precipitation mm = 517\\n| Jan rain days = 10\\n| Feb rain days\n        = 8\\n| Mar rain days = 10\\n| Apr rain days = 13\\n| May rain days = 14\\n| Jun\n        rain days = 15\\n| Jul rain days = 13\\n| Aug rain days = 10\\n| Sep rain days\n        = 12\\n| Oct rain days = 13\\n| Nov rain days = 13\\n| Dec rain days = 12\\n|year\n        rain days = 143\\n| Jan snow days = 19\\n| Feb snow days = 18\\n| Mar snow days\n        = 12\\n| Apr snow days = 2\\n| May snow days = 0.1\\n| Jun snow days = 0\\n| Jul\n        snow days = 0\\n| Aug snow days = 0\\n| Sep snow days = 0.03\\n| Oct snow days\n        = 2\\n| Nov snow days = 9\\n| Dec snow days = 18\\n|year snow days = 80\\n| Jan\n        humidity = 86\\n| Feb humidity = 83\\n| Mar humidity = 77\\n| Apr humidity =\n        66\\n| May humidity = 61\\n| Jun humidity = 65\\n| Jul humidity = 65\\n| Aug humidity\n        = 63\\n| Sep humidity = 70\\n| Oct humidity = 78\\n| Nov humidity = 86\\n| Dec\n        humidity = 87\\n|year humidity = 74\\n| Jan sun = 51\\n| Feb sun = 65\\n| Mar\n        sun = 108\\n| Apr sun = 162\\n| May sun = 238\\n| Jun sun = 263\\n| Jul sun =\n        273\\n| Aug sun = 247\\n| Sep sun = 185\\n| Oct sun = 124\\n| Nov sun = 47\\n|\n        Dec sun = 31\\n|year sun = 1794\\n|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite\n        web\\n| url =  http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34300.htm\\n| title = Weather\n        and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv\\n| publisher = Weather and Climate (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n| accessdate = 3 December 2013\\n|\n        language = Russian}}\\n|source 2= NOAA (sun only 1961\\u20131990){{cite web\\n| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/34300.TXT\\n|\n        title = Har''Kov (Kharkiv) Climate Normals 1961\\u20131990\\n| publisher = [[National\n        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]\\n| accessdate = 13 October 2015}}\n        \\n|date=August 2010\\n}}\\n\\n===Cityscape===\\n{{wide image|(43)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Northern building of V. N. Karazin National University, Kharkiv\n        Palace hotel building, and Kharkiv hotel buildings.}}\\n\\n{{wide image|(44)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Derzhprom building, multiple apartment buildings, and Northern\n        building of V. N. Karazin National University}}\\n\\n==Governance==\\n\\n===Legal\n        status and local government===\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv and the City Council\n        govern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe\n        Mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative\n        powers as far as the government issues is concerned.\\n\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv\n        is elected by the direct public election in Kharkiv every four years.\\n\\nThe\n        City Council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject\n        the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues\n        in Kharkiv. The representatives to the City Council are elected every four\n        years.\\n\\nThe mayor and city council hold their regular meetings in the City\n        Hall in Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Politics===\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine#Kharkiv Oblast}}\\n\\nThe [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\n        affected Kharkiv but to a lesser extent than in neighbouring [[Donbass]],\n        where tensions would lead to [[War in Donbass|armed conflict]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine\n        crisis: Timeline|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        On 2 March 2014, a Russian \\\"tourist\\\" from Moscow replaced the [[Ukrainian\n        flag]] with a [[Russian flag]] on the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/russias-hand-can-be-seen-in-the-protests.html\n        | title = From Russia, ''Tourists'' Stir the Protests | first = Andrew | last\n        = Roth | work = The New York Times | date = 4 March 2014}}
{{cite news\n        | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-26435333 | title = Russian\n        site recruits ''volunteers'' for Ukraine | work = BBC News | date = 4 March\n        2014 }} Five days later, pro-Russian protestors occupied the building\n        and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the \\\"Kharkov People''s\n        Republic\\\".{{cite web | url=http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2014/04/07/332351/pro-russia-activists-declare-establishment-of-kharkiv-peoples-republic.html\n        | title=Pro-Russia activists declare establishment of ''Kharkiv people''s\n        republic'' | work=Focus Information Agency | date=7 April 2014 | accessdate=13\n        April 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9bd_1396967425\n        |title=Pro-Russian Protesters Declare ''People''s Republic'' In Kharkiv |work=LiveLeak.com\n        |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408202650/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26910210\n        |archivedate= 8 April 2015 |df= }} The next day, the building was retaken\n        by Ukrainian special forces.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-settles-down-while-pro-russian-separatists-still-hold-buildings-in-luhansk-donetsk-342517.html\n        | title=Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings\n        in Luhansk, Donetsk | work=Kyiv Post | date=8 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April\n        2014}} Doubts arose about the local origin of the protestors after they\n        initially stormed an opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall.{{cite news |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/protesters-storm-kharkiv-theater-thinking-it-was-city-hall/497709.html\n        |title= Protesters Storm Kharkiv Theater Thinking It Was City Hall |work=\n        [[The Moscow Times]] |date= 8 April 2014 }} On 13 April, some pro-Russian\n        protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/pro-russian-militants-attack-pro-ukrainian-demonstrators-in-kharkiv-including-at-least-three-severely-343292.html\n        | title=Kharkiv city government building infiltrated by pro-Russian protesters\n        | work=Kyiv Post | date=13 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April 2014}} Later\n        on 13 April the building returned permanently to full Ukrainian control.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/13/7022301/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0446\\u044f\\u0432\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}[http://www.dw.com/en/kharkiv-torn-between-europe-and-russia/a-17478397\n        Kharkiv torn between Europe and Russia], [[Deutsche Welle]] (6 March 2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/907771-posle-napadeniya-antimaydanovtsev-na-miting-evromaydana-v-harkove-postradalo-50-chelovek.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        50 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d |publisher=Unian.net |date=14 April 2014 |accessdate=28\n        April 2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174445/http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archivedate=16 April 2014 | title=Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission\n        in Ukraine | work=Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=14\n        April 2014 | accessdate=16 April 2014}} Violent clashes resulted in\n        the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian\n        protesters.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        returned to relative calm by 30 April.{{cite press\n        release | url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/118186 | title=Latest from the\n        Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine \\u2013 based on information received\n        up until 29 April 2014 | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation\n        in Europe | date=30 April 2014 | accessdate=1 May 2014}} Relatively\n        peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with \\\"pro-Russian\\\" rallies\n        gradually diminishing and \\\"pro-Ukrainian unity\\\" demonstrations growing in\n        numbers.{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received\n        until 23 June 2014|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in\n        Europe|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122133303/http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|archivedate=22\n        November 2015}}{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/121790|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information\n        received until 18:00 hrs, 23 July|publisher=Organization for Security and\n        Co-operation in Europe|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}{{uk icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/17.08.2014/na_ploschadi_svobody_proshli_dva_mitinga/\n        Two liberty square rally], Status quo (17 August 2014) On 28 September,\n        activists dismantled Ukraine''s largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian\n        rally in the central square.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/katyasoldak/2014/09/28/ukrainian-crowds-topple-lenin-statue-again/\n        Ukrainian Crowds Topple Lenin Statue (Again)]. Retrieved 29 September 2014.\n        Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv\n        for joining Russia.{{r|Navalny140923}}{{r|DT150103}}\\n\\nFrom early November\n        until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets\n        of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian\n        forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and\n        a [[National Guard of Ukraine|National Guard]] base.[http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-ukraine-russia-kharkiv-bombs-20141210-story.html\n        Seven recent blasts in Ukraine city stir fear of new Russian menace], [[Los\n        Angeles Times]] (11 December 2014)
[https://news.yahoo.com/mysterious-spate-bombings-hit-ukraine-military-hub-114452090.html#\n        Mysterious spate of bombings hit Ukraine military hub], [[Agence France-Presse]]\n        (10 December 2014) According to [[Security Service of Ukraine|SBU]]\n        investigator [[Vasyliy Vovk]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Russian\n        covert forces]] were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the\n        otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.[http://www.unian.info/society/1020077-sbu-russian-special-services-target-kharkiv-odesa-situation-difficult-to-control.html\n        SBU: Russian special services target Kharkiv, Odesa, situation difficult to\n        control], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (10 December 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        8 January 2015 five men wearing [[Balaclava (clothing)|balaclava]]s broke\n        into an office of (the volunteer group aiding refugees from [[Donbass]]) ''''Station\n        Kharkiv''''. Simultaneously with physical threats the\n        men demanded to hear the political position of ''''Station Kharkiv''''. After being given an answer the men apologized and left.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-iac/1801796-militsiya_zyasovue__hto_napav_na_volontersku_stantsiyu_harkiv_2008697.html|script-title=uk:\\u041c\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0454, \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u044e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\\"|trans-title=Police\n        finds out who attacked the volunteer-run \\\"Station Kharkiv\\\"|language=uk|publisher=ukrinform.ua|date=9\n        January 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/ru/stantsiya_harkov__perviy_punkt_pomoshhi_pereselentsam_iz_zoni_ato_n500974|script-title=ru:\\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\\" \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0449\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c\n        \\u0438\\u0437 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u0410\\u0422\\u041e|trans-title=\\\"Station\n        Kharkiv\\\" - the first point of assistance for displaced persons from the Donbass\n        zone|language=ru|publisher=24tv.ua|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\nOn Sunday 22 February 2015, there was a terrorist bomb attack\n        on a march to commemorate people who died in the Euromaidan protests in 2014.\n        The bomb killed two, and wounded nine. The authorities have launched an anti-terrorist\n        operation.[http://www.unian.info/politics/1047081-anti-terrorist-operation-launched-in-kharkiv-due-to-fatal-blast-on-sunday-turchynov.html\n        UNIAN] ''''Anti-terrorist operation launched in Kharkiv due to fatal blast\n        on Sunday \\u2013 Turchynov'''', 22 February 2015. 
[http://en.censor.net.ua/news/325751/antiterrorist_operation_started_in_kharkiv_four_participants_on_the_explosion_detained\n        En.Censor.Net], ''''Anti-terrorist operation started in Kharkiv: four participants\n        on the explosion detained'''', 22 February 2015.
[http://novorossia.today/turchinov-announced-start-of-the-ato-in-kharkov-the-highest-level-of-terrorist-threat-had-been-introduced-in-the-city/  Novorossia.Today],\n        Turchinov announced start of the ATO in Kharkov. The highest level of terrorist\n        threat had been introduced in the city'''', 23 February 2015. The terrorists\n        claim that it was a false flag attack.{{cite web|author=Lada Ray|url=https://futuristrendcast.wordpress.com/2015/02/23/urgent-statement-of-the-kharkov-partizans-re-false-flag-terrorist-act/|title=Urgent\n        Statement of the Kharkov Partizans re. False Flag Terrorist Act|work=Futurist\n        Trendcast|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}} Kharkiv experienced\n        more non-lethal small bombings since 22 February 2015 targeting army fuel\n        tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a [[Ukrainian flag]] in the city\n        centre.[http://www.npr.org/2015/04/06/397774803/despite-tenuous-truce-in-eastern-ukraine-bomb-attacks-increase-in-kharkiv\n        Bomb Attacks Increase In Ukraine''s Second-Largest City, Kharkiv], [[NPR]]\n        (6 April 2015)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/kharkiv-explosion-targets-ukrainian-flag-419957.html\n        Kharkiv explosion targeting Ukrainian flag classified as \\u2018terrorist act''],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (7 April 2015)
[http://www.rferl.org/content/explosion-in-ukraine-kharkiv-targets-national-flag-memorial/26942551.html\n        Explosion In Ukraine''s Kharkiv Targets National Flag Memorial], [[Radio Free\n        Europe/Radio Liberty]] (7 April 2015)\\n\\nOn 23 September 2015, 200 people\n        in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]], and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their\n        way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The\n        rioters asked the mayor, [[Hennadiy Kernes]], to come out.[http://www.unian.info/society/1131951-over-200-men-in-balaclavas-brawls-in-kharkiv-town-hall-clash-with-police.html\n        Unian], ''''Over 200 men in balaclavas brawl at Kharkiv town hall, clash with\n        police'''', 23 September 2015, 14:10.[http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/3567072-poiavylos-vydeo-stolknovenyi-u-horsoveta-kharkova\n        Korrespondent], ''''\\u041f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043a\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        [Video of riot at Kharkov City Council]'''', 23 September 2015 17:40\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\nWhile Kharkiv is the [[Capital (political)|administrative centre]]\n        of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]] ([[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|province]]),\n        the city affairs are managed by the [[Kharkiv City Municipality|Kharkiv Municipality]].\n        Kharkiv is a [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast subordinance]].\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430.svg|thumb|150px|Administrative\n        divisions of Kharkiv]]\\nThe territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative\n        [[raion]]s ([[districts]]), till February 2016 they were named for people,\n        places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet\n        Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply with [[Decommunization\n        in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/3/7097721/\n        Another 48 streets and 5 districts \\\"decommunized\\\" in Kharkiv], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (3 February 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_tri_rajona/\n        Three districts renamed in Kharkiv], SQ (3 February 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://ua.korrespondent.net/city/kharkov/3624201-u-kharkovi-vyrishyly-ne-pereimenovuvaty-zhovtnevyi-i-frunzenskyi-raiony\n        It was decided not to rename the Zhovtnevyi and the Frunzenskyi districts\n        in Kharkiv], [[Korrespondent.net]] (3 February 2015) Also, owing to\n        this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November\n        2015.{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/20.11.2015/gorsovet_pereimenoval_170_ulic/\n        List of 170 renamed streets], SQ (20 November 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/harkovskiy-gorsovet-pereimenoval-173-ulitsy-1448020126.html\n        Kharkiv city council renamed 173 streets,  4 parks and a metro station], [[RBC\n        Ukraine]] (20 November 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_esche_50_ulic_spisok/\n        50 streets renamed in Kharkiv: list], SQ (3 February 2015)\\n\\nThe raions\n        are named:\\n# Kholodnohirskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}, ''''Cold Mountain''''; namesake: the historic\n        name of the neighbourhood{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.02.2016/rajony_harkova_istoriya_s_geografiej/\n        Districts Of Kharkiv. History with geography], SQ (23 February 2015))\n        (formerly Leninskyi; namesake: [[Vladimir Lenin]])\\n# Shevchenkivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Taras Shevchenko]] (formerly\n        Dzerzhynskyi; namesake [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]])\\n# Kyivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Kyiv]]\\n# Moskovskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Moscow]]\\n# Nemyshlianskyi\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0448\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Industrialnyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0406\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}) (formerly Ordzhonikidzevskyi; namesake:\n        [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]])\\n# Slobidskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Osnovianskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Novobavarskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}})\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Historical populations\\n|percentages\n        = off\\n|1660\\u041b.\\u0418. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d.\n        Mysteries of the underground Kharkov. \\u2014 \\u0425.: 2005. {{ISBN|966-8768-00-0}}\n        {{ru icon}}\\n |1000\\n|1788Kharkov:\n        Architecture, monuments, renovations: Travel guide. Ed. [[:ru:\\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434,\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u042e\\u0440\\u044c\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|\\u0410.\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434]], \\u0412. \\u0420\\u0435\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0410. \\u0422\\u0438\\u0446. \\u2014 \\u0425.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        1987{{ru icon}}\\n |10742\\n|1850{{cite web|author=N.\n        T. Dyachenko|url=http://dalizovut.narod.ru/ulizy/ulizy.htm|script-title=ru:\\u0423\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u043b\\u043e\\u0449\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|trans-title=Streets\n        and squares of Kharkov|language=ru|year=1977|website=dalizovut.narod.ru|accessdate=31\n        March 2015}}\\n |41861\\n|1861\\n |50301\\n|1901\\n |198273\\n|1916\\u0410.\\u0412.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432.\n        Kharkov in times of German occupation (1941\\u20131943). \\u2013 X.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        2006. {{ISBN|966-7880-79-6}}{{uk icon}}\\n |352300\\n|1917[[Oleksandr\n        Leibfreid]], Yu. Poliakova. Kharkov. From fortress to capital. \\u2013 \\u0425.:\n        \\u0424\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043e, 2004{{ru icon}}\\n |382000\\n|1920\\n |285000\\n|1926\\n |417000\\n|1939State archives of Kharkov Oblast. \\u0424. \\u0420-2982,\n        \\u043e\\u043f. 2, file 16, pp 53\\u201354\\n |833000\\n|1941\\n\n        |902312\\n|1941Colonel ''''\\u041d. \\u0418. \\u0420\\u0443\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b.{{ru\n        icon}}\\n |1400000\\n|1941In reference\n        to the German census of December 1941; without children and teenagers no older\n        16 years of age; numerous city-dwellers evaded the registration{{ru icon}}\\n\n        |456639\\n|1943''''[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]''''. Report to [[\\u0426\\u041a \\u0412\\u041a\\u041f(\\u0431)]] of\n        August 30, 1943. History: without \\u00abwhite spots\\u00bb. ''''[[Kharkiv izvestia]]'''',\n        No. 100\\u2013101, August 23, 2008, page 6{{ru icon}}\\n |170000\\n|1959\\n |930000\\n|1962\\n |1000000\\n|1976\\n |1384000\\n|1982\\n |1500000\\n|1989\\n\n        |1593970\\n|1999\\n |1510200\\n|2001[[Ukrainian Census (2001)]]\\n |1470900\\n|2014{{cite web|title=Major Cities in Ukraine by Population (2014)|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ukraine-population/major-cities-in-ukraine/|publisher=World\n        Population Review|accessdate=2014-04-14}}\\n |1430885\\n}}\\n\\nAccording\n        to the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Soviet Union Census]], the population of\n        the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including\n        1,494,200 permanent city residents.{{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822193837/http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archivedate=22\n        August 2006 |title= Kharkiv today |accessdate=4 May 2007 |work=Our Kharkiv\n        |language=Russian}} Kharkiv is the second-largest city in Ukraine after\n        the capital, [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archivedate=9\n        January 2006 |title= Results / General results of the census / Number of cities\n        |accessdate=28 August 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian\n        Census]] }} The first independent all-Ukrainian population census was\n        conducted in December 2001, and the next all-Ukrainian population census is\n        decreed to be conduced in 2020. As of 2001, the population of the Kharkiv\n        region is as follows: 78.5% living in urban areas, and 21.5% living in rural\n        areas.{{Cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/urban-rural/|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 {{!}} English version {{!}} Results {{!}} General results of the census\n        {{!}} Urban and rural population:|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|accessdate=11\n        January 2017}}\\n\\n===Ethnicity===\\n{| class=\\\"standard\\\"\\n! Ethnic group||\n        1897[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1604 \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0418\\u043c\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 1897 \\u0433. \\u0420\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0438 \\u0443\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\n        50 \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438] \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f||1926||1939||1959\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0425 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f,  \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        2004, \\u0440. 456||1989||2001{{cite\n        web|url=http://vharkov.ru/description/about.html|publisher=vharkov.ru|title=\\u041e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430 vharkov|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/estimated/kharkiv/|publisher=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u2013 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u2013\n        \\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c:|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Ukrainians]]|| 25.9%||38.6% || 48.5% || 48.4% || 50.4% || 52.8%\\n|-\\n| [[Russians]]||\n        63.2%||37.2%||32.9%||40.4%||43.6%||43.2%\\n|-\\n| [[Jews]]|| 5.7%||19.5%||15.6%||8.7%||3.0%||0.7%\\n|}\\n\\n====Notes====\\n\\n*\n        1660 year \\u2013 approximated estimation\\n* 1788 year \\u2013 without the account\n        of children\\n* 1920 year \\u2013 times of the [[Russian Civil War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 estimation on May 1, right before [[German-Soviet War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000\\n*\n        1941 year \\u2013 another estimation in December during the occupation without\n        the account of children\\n* 1943 year \\u2013 August 23, liberation of the city;\n        estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000\\n* 1976 year \\u2013 estimation on June\n        1\\n* 1982 year \\u2013 estimation in March\\n\\n\\n==Religion==\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|The\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world, which was built in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is an important religious center in Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nThere are many old\n        and new cathedrals, associated with various churches in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe [[Assumption\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1680s and re-built in 1820s-1830s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/33|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Pokrovsky Orthodox Monastery Cathedral was created\n        in Kharkiv in 1689\\u20131729.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/7|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua/|publisher=pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e-\\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world. It was completed in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/5|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Trinity Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1758\\u20131764 and re-built in 1857\\u20131861.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/37|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Valentine Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 2010s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/52|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Tamara Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/readnews/932|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c \\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b \\u0422\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        St. Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox Cathedral was built in green park near [[Zerkal\\u02b9naya\n        struya|Mirror Stream]] fountain in August, 2015.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/367|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Roman Catholic St. Mary Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1887\\u20131892.\\n\\nThere is the old [[Kharkiv Choral Synagogue]], which\n        was fully renovated in Kharkiv in 1991\\u20132016. The Jewish population is\n        around 8000 people in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishkharkov.org/|publisher=jewishkharkov.org|title=Kharkov\n        Jewish Community|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n==Economy==\\n\\nThe 2016\\u20132020\n        economic development strategy: \\\"Kharkiv Success Strategy\\\", is created in\n        Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.strategy.kharkov.ua/|publisher=strategy.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2016-2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438 \\u00ab\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u2013 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u0443\\u00bb|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ua/general/univer_today/announce?news_id=5793|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043b \\u00ab\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u00bb >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/v-universiteti-karazina-obgovoryat-perspektivi-rozvitku-osviti-32374.html|author=Hulu\n        LLC|publisher=city.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0412 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===International\n        Economic Forum===\\nThe International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments.\n        Kharkiv Innitiatives! is being conducted in Kharkiv every year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.led.org.ua/en/|publisher=led.org.ua|title=www.led.org.ua/en/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nIn 2015, the International Economic Forum: Innovations.\n        Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! was attended by the diplomatic corps representatives\n        from 17 world countries, working in Ukraine together with top-management of\n        trans-national corporations and investment funds; plus Ukrainian People\\u2019s\n        Deputies; plus Ukrainian Central government officials, who determine the national\n        economic development strategy; plus local government managers, who perform\n        practical steps in implementing that strategy; plus managers of technical\n        assistance to Ukraine; plus business and NGO\\u2019s representatives; plus\n        media people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/announcements/4500-vii-international-economic-forum-innovations-investments-kharkiv-initiatives|publisher=usa.mfa.gov.ua|title=VII\n        International economic forum \\\"INNOVATIONS. INVESTMENTS. KHARKIV INITIATIVES!\\\"\n        - Announcements - Embassy of Ukraine in the United States of America|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|publisher=kmu.gov.ua|title=www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015.html|publisher=ukraine.usembassy.gov|title=statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://usembassykyiv.wordpress.com/tag/kharkiv/|publisher=usembassykyiv.wordpress.com|title=Kharkiv\n        – U.S. Embassy Kyiv Blog|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe key\n        topics of the plenary sessions and panel discussions of the International\n        Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! are the implementation\n        of Strategy for Sustainable Development \\u201cUkraine \\u2013 2020\\u201d, the\n        results achieved and plan of further actions to reform the local government\n        and territorial organization of power in Ukraine, export promotion and attraction\n        of investments in Ukraine, new opportunities for public-private partnerships,\n        practical steps to create \\u201celectronic government\\u201d, issues of energy\n        conservation and development of oil and gas industry in the Kharkiv Region,\n        creating an effective system of production and processing of agricultural\n        products, investment projects that will receive funding from the State Fund\n        for Regional Development, development of international integration, preparation\n        for privatization of state enterprises.\\n\\n===International\n        Industrial Exhibitions===\\nThe international industrial exhibitions are usually\n        conducted at the Radmir Expohall exhibition center in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://radmir-expohall.com.ua/|publisher=radmir-expohall.com.ua|title=Radmir\n        Expohall | Radmir Expohall|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Industrial\n        corporations===\\nDuring the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial\n        production in Ukraine and the third largest {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}centre\n        of industry and commerce in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. After the [[history\n        of the Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|collapse of the\n        Soviet Union]] the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production\n        of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s, the industry started\n        to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial\n        enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000\n        employees. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} The enterprises form machine-building,\n        electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.\\n\\nState-owned\n        industrial giants, such as [[Turboatom]] and [[Elektrotyazhmash]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928224657/http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2008 |title=spetm.com.ua |publisher=spetm.com.ua |date= |accessdate=20\n        April 2012}} occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g.,\n        turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the [[Antonov]]\n        aircraft manufacturing plant. The [[Malyshev factory]] produces not only [[armoured\n        fighting vehicle]]s, but also harvesters. [[Khartron]]{{cite web|url=http://www.hartron.com.ua/en/content/forms-cooperation|title=Hartron:\n        Forms of cooperation|publisher=hartron.com.ua|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine\n        and the former [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].\\n\\n===IT industry===\\nThe\n        IT industry is represented by a few hundred small IT [[startup company|start\n        ups]], which form a cluster of IT companies in Kharkiv{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|publisher=economist.com|title=www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://it-kharkiv.com.ua/|publisher=it-kharkiv.com.ua|title=it-kharkiv.com.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkivglobal.com/en/service|publisher=kharkivglobal.com|title=kharkivglobal.com/en/service|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.triolan.com/|publisher=triolan.com|title=\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Finance industry===\\nKharkiv is also the headquarters\n        of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, [[UkrSibbank]], which has been part\n        of the [[BNP Paribas]] group since December 2005.\\n\\n===Trade industry===\\nThere\n        are many large modern shopping malls in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere are a large number\n        of markets:\\n* [[Barabashovo market]] is the largest market in Ukraine and\n        one of the largest markets in Europe.\\n* [[Blagoveshinskiy]] market.\\n* [[Konniy]]\n        \\\"horse\\\" market.\\n* [[Sumskoi]] market {{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.info/place/31899|publisher=kharkov.info|title=\\u0422\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\\"\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\\\" \\u043f\\u043e \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d, \\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b,\n        8|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n* [[Raiskiy]] book market.\\n\\n==Science\n        and education==\\n{{multiple image\\n | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n\n        | image1 = (39)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_MAIN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\\n\n        | width1 = 160\\n | caption1 = Main building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image2 = (40)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_NORTHERN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width2 = 160\\n | caption2 = Northern building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image3 = (41)_MECHNIKOV_LANDAU_KUZNETS_MONUMENTS_AT_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width3 = 160\\n | caption3 = Il''ya I. Mechnikov, Lev D. Landau, Simon\n        A. Kuznets Nobel Laureates Monuments at [[University of Kharkiv|V. N. Karazin\n        Kharkiv National University]].\\n}}\\n\\n===Higher education===\\nThe [[Kharkiv\n        National University|Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]] is the\n        most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the\n        efforts by [[Vasily Karazin]] in Kharkiv in 1804\\u20131805.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/school/37|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} On {{OldStyleDate|29 January|1805|17 January}}, the Decree\n        on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force.\\n\\nThe\n        Roentgen Institute opened in 1931. It was a specialist cancer treatment facility\n        with 87 research workers, 20 professors, and specialist medical staff. The\n        facilities included chemical, physiology, and bacteriology experimental treatment\n        laboratories. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.\\n\\nThe city has 13 national universities and numerous\n        professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering\n        its students a wide range of disciplines. [[Kharkiv National University]]\n        (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute|National Technical\n        University \\\"KhPI\\\"]] (20,000 students), [[Kharkiv National University\n        of Radioelectronics]] (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv National Aerospace\n        University \\\"KhAI\\\"]], [[Ukrainian Academy of Pharmacy|Kharkiv National University\n        of Pharmacy]], [[Kharkiv National Medical University]] are the leading {{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} universities in Ukraine.\\n\\nMore than 17,000 faculty\n        and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in\n        Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Scientific research===\\nThe city has a high concentration of\n        research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the\n        universities. Among them are three national science centres: [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], Institute of Meteorology, Institute for Experimental\n        and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions\n        of the [[National Academy of Science of Ukraine]], such as the [[B Verkin\n        Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering]], [[Institute for Problems\n        of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine]], State Scientific Institution \\\"Institute\n        for Single Crystals\\\", Usikov Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE),\n        Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA), and others. A total number of 26,000 scientists\n        are working in research and development.\\n\\nA number of world-renowned scientific\n        schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the [[Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School|theoretical\n        physics school]] and the [[Kharkiv Mathematical School|mathematical school]].\\n\\nThere\n        is the Kharkiv Scientists House in the city, which was built by A. N. Beketov,\n        architect in Kharkiv in 1900. All the scientists like to meet and discuss\n        various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.khdu.org/house.php|publisher=khdu.org|title=house|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Public libraries===\\nIn addition to the libraries\n        affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv\n        State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library.\\n\\n===Secondary\n        schools===\\nKharkiv has 212 ([[secondary education]]) schools, including 10\n        [[lyceum]]s and 20 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]].{{citation needed|date=October\n        2016}}\\n\\n===Education centers===\\nThere is the educational \\\"Landau Center\\\",\n        which is named after Prof. L.D. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://landaucentre.org/about/|publisher=landaucentre.org|title=\\u041f\\u0420\\u041e\n        \\\"\\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\u0414\\u0410\\u0423\\u0426\\u0415\\u041d\\u0422\\u0420\\\" ||accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==Culture==\\nKharkiv is one of the main cultural centres\n        in Ukraine. It is home to 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of art\n        galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every\n        year.\\n\\n===Theaters===\\nThe Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater\n        named after N. V. Lysenko is a biggest theater in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/ukr/|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        - \\u0425\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0425\\u041d\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/eng|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=Home|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv State Academic Drama Theater named after\n        T. G. Shevchenko is popular among Ukrainian speaking people {{cite\n        web|url=http://www.theatre-shevchenko.com.ua/|publisher=theatre-shevchenko.com.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0410\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0422\\u0435\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u0456\\u043c. \\u0422.\\u0413.\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv Academic Russian Drama Theater named after\n        A.S. Pushkin was recently renovated, and it is quite popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://rusdrama.kh.ua/|publisher=rusdrama.kh.ua|title=rusdrama.kh.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nIn the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to\n        as a Literary [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}\n        It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: [[Les Kurbas]],\n        [[Mykola Kulish]], [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Mykola Zerov]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]],\n        Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers\n        were repressed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event\n        in Ukrainian history is called the \\\"Executed Renaissance\\\" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).\n        Today a literary museum located on Frunze Street marks their work and achievements.\\n\\nToday,\n        Kharkiv is often referred to as the \\\"capital city\\\" of Ukrainian [[Science\n        fiction]] and [[Fantasy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=934426.html|title=Kharkiv\n        city guide|date=25 January 2010|work=uefa.com|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrainetravel.co/kharkiv|title=Ukraine Travel Guide: Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine|work=ukrainetravel.co|accessdate=22 March 2015}} It is the home\n        to a number of popular writers, such as [[H. L. Oldie]], [[Alexander Zorich]],\n        [[Andrey Dashkov]], [[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] and [[Andrey Valentinov]];\n        most of them [[Russian language in Ukraine|write in Russian]] and are popular\n        in both Russia and Ukraine. The annual [[science fiction convention]] \\\"Star\n        Bridge\\\" (\\u0417\\u0432\\u0451\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442)\n        has been held in Kharkiv since 1999.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/en/general/univer_today/news?news_id=63|title=Kharkiv\n        International Festival of Science Fiction \\\"Star Bridge - 2011\\\"|work=V. N.\n        Karazin Kharkiv National University|date=September 2011|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Music===\\nThere is the [[Kharkiv Philharmonic Society]]\n        in the city.\\n\\nThere is the Organ Music Hall in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/filarmonia/dom-organnoj-i-kamernoj-muzyki/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b, \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u2013 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} The Organ Music Hall is situated at the [[Dormition Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] presently. The [[Rieger\\u2013Kloss]] organ\n        was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. The new\n        Organ Music Hall will be opened at the extensively renovated building of [[Kharkiv\n        Philharmonic Society]] in Kharkiv in November, 2016.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv Conservatory]]\n        is in the city.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts|Kharkiv\n        National University of Arts named after I.P. Kotlyarevsky]] is situated in\n        the city.{{cite web|url=http://dum.kharkov.ua/|publisher=dum.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432 \\u0456\\u043c \\u0406.\\u041f.\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv sponsors the prestigious [[Hnat Khotkevych]]\n        International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments,\n        which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions\n        have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry\n        of Culture two days before its opening.{{cite web|url=http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228232703/http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archivedate=28\n        December 2013 |title=\\u041c\\u0438\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\n        \\u0438\\u043c. \\u0413\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        - \\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 |publisher=Proua.com\n        |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=15 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe music festival: \\\"Kharkiv\n        - City of Kind Hopes\\\" is conducted in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/festival-harkiv-misto-dobrih-nadij-informatsiya-dlya-uchastnikov/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\\\". \\u0418\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Movies festival===\\nThe \\\"Kharkiv Lilacs\\\" international\n        movie festival is very popular among the movie stars, makers, producers in\n        Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America.{{cite\n        web|url=http://sirenfest.net.ua/en/|publisher=sirenfest.net.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c - \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|publisher=times.kh.ua|title=times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe festival is usually conducted in May every year.\\n\\nThere\n        is a special alley with the metal hand prints by the popular movies actors\n        at Shevchenko park in Kharkiv.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://kharkov.dozor.ua/news/obwestvo/kultura/1174449.html|publisher=kharkov.dozor.ua|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\\":\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 (\\u0424\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e) | \\u0412\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0437\\u043e\\u0440|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Visual\n        arts===\\nKharkiv was/is a home for many famous painters [[Ilya Repin]], [[Zinaida\n        Serebryakova]], [[Henryk Siemiradzki]], [[Vasyl Yermilov]], {{citation needed|date=February\n        2017}} etc. There are many modern arts galleries in the city. For example:\n        the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal\n        Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, fthe Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK\n        Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery.\\n\\n===Museums===\\nThere is the\n        Kharkiv History Museum named after M. F. Sumtsov in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museum.kh.ua/eng.html|publisher=museum.kh.ua|title=Information\n        in English - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c.\\u0424.\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Natural History Museum at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National\n        University was founded in Kharkiv on April 2, 1807. The museum is visited\n        by 40000 visitors every year.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/nature|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/79|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University History\n        Museum was established in Kharkiv in 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 -\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/historical|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/78|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Archeology\n        Museum was founded in Kharkiv on March 20, 1998.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.maesu.org/|publisher=maesu.org|title=www.maesu.org/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/77|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Technical University \\\"Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute\\\" Museum was\n        created in Kharkiv on December 29, 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|publisher=kpi.kharkov.ua|title=www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/arhiv-sobytij/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439 | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423\n        "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/kontakti/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u044f\n        | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/115|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\\"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Aerospace University \\\"Kharkiv Aviation Institute\\\" Museum was founded\n        on May 29, 1992.{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/2|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\\"\\u0425\\u0410\\u0406\\\"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe \\\"National University of Pharmacy\\\" Museum was founded\n        in Kharkiv on September 15, 2010.{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/muzejj-istorii-farmacii-ukrainy/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 -\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/e-kspozitsionny-e-zaly-muzeya/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u042d\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044b \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u044f - \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/51|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThere\n        are around 147 museums in the Kharkiv''s region.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museums.kh.ua/|publisher=museums.kh.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0457\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Landmarks===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0435\\u0439\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a.jpg|thumb|150px|right|National\n        holiday''s fireworks on [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]]]]\\n\\nOf\n        the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral]], [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation\n        Cathedral]], [[Derzhprom]] building, [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]],\n        [[Taras Shevchenko]] Monument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, [[Kharkov\n        Choral Synagogue|Choral Synagogue]], T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children''s\n        narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more.\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] the monument to [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\n        in [[Sevastopol]] was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.08.2014/v_harkove_poyavitsya_pamyatnik_sagajdachnomu/\n        A monument to Sahaidachny in Kharkov], Status quo (23 August 2014)\\n\\n==Media==\\nThere\n        are a large number of broadcast and internet TV channels, AM/FM/PM/internet\n        radio-stations, and paper/internet newspapers in Kharkiv. Some are listed\n        below.\\n\\n===Newspapers===\\n* \\\"Vremya\\\"\\n* \\\"Vecherniy Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Segodnya\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Vesti\\\"\\n* \\\"Khar''kovskie Izvestiya\\\"\\n\\n===Magazines===\\n* ''''Guberniya''''\n        {{cite web|url=http://www.guberniya.net/|publisher=guberniya.net|title=\\u0413\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        - \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0436\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===TV\n        stations===\\n* \\\"Pershyi\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Ukraine\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Inter\\\" channel\\n*\n        \\\"Oblastne Telebachennya\\\" channel\\n\\n===Radio stations===\\n* \\\"Promin''\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Ukrains''ke Radio\\\"\\n* \\\"Radio Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Kharkiv Oblastne Radio\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Russkoe Radio Ukraina\\\"\\n* \\\"Shanson\\\" {{cite web|url=http://kharkivmarathon.com/en/|publisher=kharkivmarathon.com|title=Main\n        | 5th Kharkiv International Marathon|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marathonrunnersdiary.com/races/europe-marathons/kharkiv-international-marathon.php|publisher=marathonrunnersdiary.com|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2017 - Race Details - Marathon Runners Diary|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://sportevent.com.ua/events/kharkivmarathon2016/|publisher=sportevent.com.ua|title=Ukraine\n        Sport Events - \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua/v2/rmv/2016/04/09/kharkiv-international-marathon-2016/|publisher=blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2016 « \\u0421\\u041e\\u0412\\u0415\\u0422 \\u041c\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0414\\u042b\\u0425\n        \\u0423\\u0427\\u0401\\u041d\\u042b\\u0425|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Football\n        (soccer)===\\nThe most popular sport is [[football (soccer)|football]]. The\n        city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions.\n        The most successful is ''''[[FC Dynamo Kharkiv]]'''' that won eight national\n        titles back in 1920s-1930s.\\n\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Metalist Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]], which plays at\n        the [[Dynamo Stadium (Kharkiv)|Dynamo Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Helios]], which plays\n        at the [[Arsenal-Bavariya Stadium|Helios Arena]]\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Arsenal-Spartak Stadium]] (participates in regional competitions)\\n\\nThere\n        is also a female football club [[WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv]], which represented\n        Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender\n        for the national title.\\n\\n[[Metalist Stadium]] hosted three group matches\n        at [[UEFA Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===Other sports===\\nKharkiv also has an [[Ice hockey|Ice\n        Hockey]] club, HC Vityaz Kharkiv who compete in the Ukrainian Vyscha Liga.\\n\\n[[Avangard\n        Budy]] is a [[bandy]] club from Kharkiv, which won the Ukrainian championship\n        in 2013.\\n\\nThere is a men''s volleyball team [[Lokomotiv Kharkiv Volleyball|Lokomotiv\n        Kharkiv]] which performs in Ukraine and in the European competitions.\\n\\n[[RC\n        Olymp|RC Olimp'']] is the city''s [[rugby union]] club. They provide many\n        players for the [[Ukraine national rugby union team|national team]].\\n\\nTennis\n        is a very popular sport in Kharkiv. There are many professional tennis courts\n        in the city. [[Elina Svitolina]] is a tennis player from Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere\n        is a golf club in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.superiorresort.com|publisher=superiorresort.com|title=\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444-\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\n        Superior Golf & Spa Resort \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nHorseriding as a sport is very popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|publisher=zabytki.in.ua|title=zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/publ/kharkovskij_ippodrom/28-1-0-2|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u043f\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://konezavod.com/|publisher=konezavod.com|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0448\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There are large stable and the horse riding facilities at\n        Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|publisher=feldman-ecopark.com|title=feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThere is a growing interest to the cycling among the\n        locals.{{cite web|url=http://vesti-ukr.com/harkov/100881-v-harkove-ustanovili-velosipednyj-rekord|publisher=vesti-ukr.com|title=\\u0412\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434.\n        \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u0445\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u0443\\u044e \\u0444\\u0438\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.nezabarom.ua/Muzei-Vystavki-Galerei/blogs/entry/3128/|publisher=kharkov.nezabarom.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There is a large bicycles producing plant in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://usi.ua/velo/index.php?st=38|publisher=usi.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0438\\u043c.\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        - \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043a\\u0438,\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u0434\\u044b\\u0445\\u0430.|accessdate=18 June 2017}} Presently,\n        the modern bicycle highway is under the construction at \\\"Leso park\\\" district\n        in Kharkiv.\\n\\n==Sister cities==\\n{{See also|List of twin towns and sister\n        cities in Ukraine}}\\n\\nKharkiv is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]]\n        with:{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm |title=Sister\n        cities of Kharkiv|accessdate=4 May 2007|language=Russian}}\\n\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}}\n        [[Belgorod]], [[Russia]] (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024152249/http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/city/index/\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]],\n        Italy (1966)\\n*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic\n        (2005){{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825100926/http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archivedate=25\n        August 2009|title=Brno \\u2013 Partnersk\\u00e1 m\\u011bsta|publisher=\\u00a9\n        2006\\u20132009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=17\n        July 2009}}\\n*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Cetinje]], Montenegro (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/chornogorske-misto-tsetinye-stalo-partnerom-harkova-7507.html\n        \\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States (1989)[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812023826/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/usa/ua/1608.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0428\\u0410] {{uk icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/|title=OKI\n        Sister City Coalition}}\\n*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Daugavpils]], Latvia (2006)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015194903/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/latvia/ua/26040.htm\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|TUR}}\n        [[Gaziantep]], Turkey (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/harkiv-i-gaziantep-mista-pobratimi-7505.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\n        - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jinan]], China (2004)\\n*{{flagicon|LTU}}\n        [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008174029/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/lithuania/ua/publication/content/41348.htm\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Kutaisi]], Georgia (2005){{cite web|url=http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |title=Kutaisi City - International Relations - Sister Cities |publisher=Kutaisi\n        City Local Government |date=4 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003215934/http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |archivedate= 3 October 2011 |df= }}\\n*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], France\n        (1978)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234404/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/france/fr/publication/content/10806.htm\n        Partenariat et amiti\\u00e9 existants\\u0435ntre villes et r\\u00e9gions de France\n        et d\\u2018Ukraine] {{fr icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]],\n        Slovenia (2012)[http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx?id=1162\n        Mestna ob\\u010dina Maribor] {{sl icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]],\n        Russia (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia\n        (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1990)[https://web.archive.org/web/20061230212248/http://www.kiew.diplo.de/Vertretung/kiew/uk/06/Staedtepartnerschaften/Liste.html\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland (1998){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234642/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archivedate=8\n        October 2012 |title=\\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0449\\u0456 |publisher=Mfa.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=15\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |title=Pozna\\u0144 - Miasta partnerskie |accessdate=11 December 2013 |work=1998\\u20132013\n        Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania |publisher=City of Pozna\\u0144 |language=Polish\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062530/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl|title=Pozna\\u0144\n        Official Website \\u2013 Twin Towns|accessdate=29 November 2008|publisher=\\u00a9\n        1998\\u20132008 Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania|language=Polish}}''''\\n*{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel (2008)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint\n        Petersburg]], Russia (2003)[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216184933/http://gov.spb.ru/day/inter\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0438 || \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b \\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442-\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430]\n        {{ru icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tianjin]], China (1993)\\n*{{flagicon|BUL}}\n        [[Varna]], Bulgaria (1995)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008044032/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/bulgaria/ua/publication/content/38988.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f] {{uk icon}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183506/http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archivedate=28\n        September 2011 |title=\\u0410\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0456\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u044e\n        |publisher=Kmv.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=20 April 2012}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Warsaw]], Poland (2011)[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328121853/http://news.dt.ua/SOCIETY/harkiv_i_varshava_stali_mistami-pobratimami-74667.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Sulaymaniyah]], Iraqi Kurdistan (2015)\\n\\n==Nobel\n        and Fields prize winners==\\n\\n*[[Lev Landau]] \\u2013 (originally from Baku)\n        a head of the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], a head of the department of experimental physics\n        and a lecturer at the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv State\n        University]], a head of the department of theoretical physics at the at [[Kharkiv\n        Polytechnic Institute]] 1932\\u201337, Nobel Prize for Physics 1962\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] (economics)\\n*[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov|Ilya Mechnikov]] (medicine)\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Drinfeld]] (mathematics)\\n\\n==Notable people==\\nThe following people have\n        been born or have lived in Kharkiv:\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n*[[Boris Amromin]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli ice hockey player\\n*[[Nikolai P. Barabashov]] \\u2014 astronomer,\n        co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the moon\\n*[[Pavel Batitsky]]\n        \\u2014 executed [[Lavrentiy Beria]] after Khrushchevs'' coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        in 1953, and commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Defense Forces from 1966\n        to 1978\\n*[[Vladimir Bobri]] \\u2014 illustrator, author, composer, educator\n        and guitar historian\\n*[[Inna Bohoslovska]] \\u2014 lawyer, politician and\n        leader of the Ukrainian public organization [[Viche]]\\n*[[Sergei Bortkiewicz]]\n        \\u2014 Russian [[Romantic music|Romantic]] [[composer]] and [[pianist]]\\n*[[Maria\n        Burmaka]] \\u2013 Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter\\n*[[Leonid Buryak]]\n        - football coach and former Olympic bronze-medal-winning player\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bykov]] \\u2013 Soviet actor, film director, and script writer\\n*[[Adolphe\n        Mouron Cassandre]] \\u2014 Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist,\n        and [[typeface]] designer\\n*[[Valentina Chepiga]] \\u2013 [[Female bodybuilding|female\n        bodybuilder]] and 2000 [[Ms. Olympia]] champion\\n*[[Juliya Chernetsky]] (Mistress\n        Juliya) \\u2014 television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the\n        United States\\n*[[Olga Danilov]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic speed skater\\n* [[Alexander\n        Davidovich (wrestler)|Alexander Davidovich]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic wrestler\\n*[[Andrey\n        Denisov]] \\u2014 Russian diplomat\\n*[[Vladimir Drinfeld]] \\u2014 mathematician,\n        awarded Fields Medal in 1990\\n*[[Isaak Dunayevsky]] \\u2014 Soviet composer\n        and conductor\\n*[[Konstanty Gorski]] \\u2014 Polish composer, violist, organist,\n        and music teacher\\n*[[Valentina Grizodubova]] \\u2014 One of the first female\n        pilots in the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lyudmila Gurchenko]] (Hurchenko) \\u2013 Soviet\n        and Russian actress, singer and entertainer\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft\n        designer)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014 (originally from Rubanshchina) Soviet\n        aircraft designer, a partner (with [[Artem Mikoyan]]) of the [[MiG]] military\n        aviation bureau\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (chess player)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] chess player\\n*[[Diana Harkusha]] \\u2014 Miss Ukraine\n        Universe 2014 and [[Miss Universe 2014]]''s 2nd Runner-up\\n*[[Leonid Haydamaka]]\n        \\u2014 [[bandurist]], conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk\n        instruments\\n*[[Maksym Kalynychenko]] \\u2013 Ukrainian [[football (soccer)|football]]\n        player\\n*[[Vasily Karazin]] \\u2014 founder of Kharkiv University, which now\n        bears his name\\n*[[Hnat Khotkevych]] \\u2014 Ukrainian writer, ethnographer,\n        composer, bandurist\\n*[[Mikhail Koshkin]] \\u2014 (originally from Brynchagi),\n        chief designer of Soviet tank [[T-34]]\\n*[[Olga Krasko]] \\u2014 Russian actress\\n*[[Mykola\n        Kulish]] \\u2014 Ukrainian playwright\\n*[[Les Kurbas]] \\u2014 Ukrainian dramatist\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] \\u2014 [[Russian American]] [[economist]]\\n*[[Alexander Voevodin]]\n        \\u2014 biomedical scientist and educator\\n{{col-break}}\\n*[[Evgeny Lifshitz]]\n        \\u2014 Soviet [[physicist]]\\n*[[Eduard Limonov]] \\u2014 writer, poet and controversial\n        politician\\n*[[Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy]] \\u2014 lead developer of Soviet Shuttle\n        [[Buran program]]\\n*[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]] \\u2014 Russian mathematician, mechanician\n        and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory\\n*[[Boris Mikhailov (photographer)|Boris\n        Mikhailov]] \\u2014 photographer / artist\\n*[[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] \\u2014 Ukrainian\n        political leader and activist\\n*[[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] \\u2014\n        fantasy and science fiction writer\\n*[[Henry Lion Oldie]] (Dmitry Gromov and\n        Oleg Ladyzhensky) \\u2014 science fiction and fantasy writers\\n*[[Igor Olshanetskyi]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli Olympic weightlifter\\n*[[Justine Pasek]] \\u2014 [[Miss Universe\n        2002]]\\n*[[Valerian Pidmohylny]] \\u2014 Ukrainian poet\\n*[[Irina Press]] \\u2014\n        athlete who won two Olympic [[gold medal]]s\\n*[[Tamara Press]] \\u2014 Soviet\n        [[shot put]]ter and [[discus throw]]er\\n*[[Olga Rapay-Markish]] \\u2014 [[Ceramics|ceramicist]]\\n*[[Igor\n        Rybak]] \\u2014 Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter\\n*[[Eugen Schauman]]\n        \\u2013 Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general [[Nikolay Ivanovich\n        Bobrikov]] in 1904\\n*[[Alexander Shchetynsky]] \\u2014 composer\\n*[[George\n        Shevelov]] \\u2013 Ukrainian and Slavic linguist, philologist, essayist, literary\n        historian, and literary critic\\n*[[Elena Sheynina]] \\u2014 children''s author\\n*[[Klavdiya\n        Shulzhenko]] \\u2014 singer of the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lev Shubnikov]] \\u2014\n        Soviet experimental [[physicist]] who worked in the Netherlands and USSR\\n*[[Alexander\n        Siloti]] \\u2014 Russian pianist, [[Conducting|conductor]] and [[composer]]\\n*[[Hryhorii\n        Skovoroda]] \\u2013 poet, philosopher and composer\\n*[[Karina Smirnoff]] \\u2013\n        professional world champion dancer, starring on ''''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''''\\n*[[Jura\n        Soyfer]] \\u2014 Austrian political journalist and [[cabaret]] writer\\n*[[Otto\n        Struve]] \\u2014 Russian-American [[astronomer]]\\n*[[Serafina Schachova]] \\u2013\n        [[Nephrologist]]\\n*[[Sergei Sviatchenko]] \\u2013 artist\\n*[[Mark Taimanov]]\n        \\u2014 chess player and [[concert]] pianist\\n*[[Ievgeniia Tetelbaum]] \\u2014\n        Israeli Olympic synchronized swimmer\\n*[[Nikolai Tikhonov]] \\u2014 [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union]]\\n*[[Yevgeniy Timoshenko]] \\u2014 professional poker\n        player\\n*[[Anna Tsybuleva]] \\u2014 pianist, winner of the [[Leeds International\n        Piano Competition]]\\n*[[Anna Ushenina]] \\u2014 women''s world chess champion\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Vasyutin]] \\u2014 Soviet [[cosmonaut]] of Ukrainian descent\\n*[[Yury Vengerovsky]]\n        \\u2014 Olympic gold medal winning volleyball player\\n*[[Vitali Vitaliev]]\n        - journalist and author\\n*[[Igor Vovchanchyn]] \\u2013 Mixed martial artist\\n*[[Vasyl\n        Yermylov]] \\u2013 painter and [[design]]er\\n*[[Serhiy Zhadan]] \\u2014 poet,\n        novelist, and translator\\n*[[Oleksandr Zhdanov]] - professional Ukrainian-Israeli\n        football defender\\n*[[Irina Zhurina]] \\u2013 opera singer, [[People''s Artist\n        of Russia]]\\n*[[Alexander Zorich]] (Dmitry Gordevsky and Yana Botsman), science\n        fiction writers.\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==Transport==\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e - \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Pushkinska\n        (Kharkiv Metro)|Pushkinska station]] of [[Kharkiv Metro]]]]\\n[[File:Kh Rail.JPG|thumb|150px|Kharkiv\n        Railway Station Main Entrance, August 2011]]\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c21.jpg|thumb|150px|Historical\n        building of [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv Airport]]]]\\nThe city\n        of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centers in Ukraine, which\n        is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic.\n        The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis,\n        railways, and air traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city.{{cite\n        web|author=Andrew Rybka |url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/news/6542/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439.\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438. \\u041e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c. \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0435\\u0436\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445.\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Gortransport.kharkov.ua |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\n===Local\n        transport===\\nBeing an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different\n        means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. [[Kharkiv Metro|Kharkiv''s\n        Metro]] is the city''s rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes\n        three different lines with 30 stations in total.{{cite web|url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/subway/index.html\n        |title=Metro. Basic facts|accessdate=1 March 2011 |work=City transportation\n        Kharkiv |language=Ukrainian}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/364779.html\n        Poroshenko opens new subway station in Kharkiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19\n        August 2016) The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers\n        annually. {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Trolleybuses, trams (which\n        celebrated its 100 years of service in 2006), and ''''[[marshrutka]]s''''\n        (private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.\\n\\n===Railways===\\nThe\n        first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to\n        arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869,\n        traffic was opened on the Kursk\\u2013Kharkiv\\u2013Azov line. Kharkiv''s passenger\n        railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed\n        in the [[Second World War]]. A new [[Kharkiv railway station]] was built in\n        1952.{{cite web|url=http://uz.gov.ua/en/euro2012/stations/|publisher=uz.gov.ua|title=Railway\n        Stations :: Euro-2012 :: \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine\n        and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as [[elektrichka]]s\n        connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.\\n\\n===Air===\\nKharkiv is served\n        by [[Kharkiv International Airport]] has been granted international status.\n        Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv\n        Airport \\u2014 Aeromost-Kharkiv \\u2014 is not serving any regular destinations\n        {{As of|2007|lc=y}}. 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Zoo\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439.JPG|Dolphinarium\n        in Kharkiv\\n\\n\\n==Footnotes==\\n{{Notelist|2}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em|refs=\\n{{cite news |url= https://navalny.com/p/3836/ |script-title=ru:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0424\\u0411\\u041a \\u043f\\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c.\n        \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0430, \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f,\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f |language= Russian\n        |trans_title= Survey of Kharkov and Odessa Oblasts |first= Alexei |last= Navalny\n        |publisher= navalny.com |date= 23 September 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140923121221/https://navalny.com/p/3836/\n        |archivedate= 23 September 2014 |deadurl= no }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html\n        |script-title=uk:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 3% \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0457\\u0445 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region\n        to become part of Russia |work= [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |date= 3 January 2015\n        }}\\n}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{See also|Timeline of Kharkiv#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography\n        of the history of Kharkiv}}\\n\\n==External 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[http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economics/1480141-kurchenko_to_finance_kharkivs_preparations_for_eurobasket_2015_301524.html\n        FC Metalist President Kurchenko to invest in Kharkiv\\u2019s preparations for\n        EuroBasket 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 April 2013)\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[People''s Deputy of Ukraine|MPs]]:\\n|leader_name2 = [[Oleksandr Feldman]]\n        
Anatoliy Denisenko
 Volodymyr Mysyk
 [[Vitaliy Khomutynnik]] [[Dmytro Svyatash]]
 Oleksandr Kirsch ([[People''s Front (Ukraine)|PF]]) Valery Pisarenko\\n|established_title     = Founded\\n|established_date      =\n        1654[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123906 What Makes\n        Kharkiv Ukrainian], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (23 November 2014)\\n|established_title2    =\\n|established_date2     =\n        \\n|parts_type        = [[#Government and administrative divisions|Districts]]\\n|parts_style       =\n        \\n|parts             =\n        List of 9\\n|p1                = Shevchenkivskyi Raion\\n|p2                =\n        Novobavarskyi Raion\\n|p3                = Kyivskyi Raion\\n|p4                =\n        Slobidskyi Raion\\n|p5                = Holodnohirskyi Raion\\n|p6                =\n        Moskovskyi Raion\\n|p7                = Nemyshlianskyi Raion\\n|p8                =\n        Industrialnyi Raion\\n|p9                = Osnovianskyi Raion\\n|area_total_km2         =\n        350\\n|population_as_of       = 2014\\n|population_total       = 1,439,036 {{decrease}}\\n|population_metro       =\n        1,732,400\\n|population_density_km2 = 4500\\n|timezone               = EET\\n|utc_offset             =\n        +2\\n|timezone_DST           = EEST\\n|utc_offset_DST         = +3\\n|coordinates            =\n        {{coord|50|0|16|N|36|13|53|E|type:city_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|elevation_m            =\n        152\\n|population_demonym     = Kharkivite[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1998/099820.shtml\n        Ukraine''s second Winter Olympics: one medal, some good performances], [[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]] (1 March 1998)\\n|postal_code_type       = Postal\n        code\\n|postal_code            = 61001\\u201461499\\n|blank_name             =\n        [[Licence plate]]\\n|blank_info             = \\u0425\\u0410, 21 (old)\\n|blank1_name            =\n        [[Town twinning|Sister cities]]\\n|blank1_info            = [[Belgorod]],\n        [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]],\n        [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Pozna\\u0144]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]],\n        [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]\\n|website                =\n        {{URL|city.kharkov.ua/en/}}\\n|footnotes              =\\n}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|City\n        of Kharkiv State of Ukraine Recorded by Viktor O Ledenyov.ogg|2016-01-07}}\\n''''''Kharkiv''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432}}, {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8x\\u0251rkiu\\u032f|pron}}{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine\n        |title= Kharkiv on Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica - current edition |publisher=\n        Britannica.com |date= |accessdate= 20 April 2012}}, Russian: \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        Kharkov) is the second-largest city in [[Ukraine]].[http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/23/kharkiv-never-had-eastern-western-conflicts/\n        Kharkiv \\\"never had eastern-western conflicts\\\"], ''''[[Euronews]]'''' (23\n        October 2014) In the northeast of the country, it is the largest city\n        of the [[Sloboda Ukraine|Slobozhanshchyna]] historical region. Kharkiv is\n        the [[administrative centre]] of [[Kharkiv Oblast]] and of the surrounding\n        [[Kharkiv Raion]], though administratively it is incorporated as a [[city\n        of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and does\n        not belong to the raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2017|1, 439,036}}\\n\\nThe\n        city was founded in 1654 and after a humble beginning as a small fortress\n        grew to be a major centre of Ukrainian industry, trade and culture in the\n        [[Russian Empire]].\\n\\nKharkiv was the first capital of the [[Ukrainian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]], from December 1919 to January 1934, after which the\n        capital relocated to [[Kiev]].{{cite book|first=George|last=Liber|title=Soviet\n        Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR,\n        1923-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&pg=PA160|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press}}\\n\\nPresently, Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific,\n        educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 6 museums, 7\n        theatres and 80 libraries.\\n\\nIts industry specializes primarily in [[machinery]]\n        and in [[electronics]]. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the\n        city, including the [[Morozov Design Bureau]] and the [[Malyshev Tank Factory]]\n        (leaders in world [[tank]] production from the 1930s to the 1980s); [[Khartron]]\n        ([[aerospace]] and [[nuclear power plant]]s automation [[electronics]]); the\n        [[Turboatom]] ([[turbine]]s for the hydro-, thermal- and nuclear-power plants),\n        and [[Antonov]] (the multipurpose aircraft manufacturing plant).\\n\\n==Name==\\nSome\n        sources indicate that the city may have been named after the Hunnic name for\n        ''swan'': ''''kharka''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.rtm.ua/en/aboutcompany/rtminukrainemap/kharkivregion|title=Etymology\n        of the name Kharkiv|work=rtm.ua|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{Better\n        source|reason=Russian and Ukrainian Wikipedia cite more than 15 theories,\n        and this one doesn''t feature. The source is an advertising company.|date=May\n        2015}} Other sources offer that the city was named after its near-legendary\n        founder, ''''Kharko'''' (a [[diminutive]] form of the name [[Chariton (name)|Chariton]],\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d}},\n        or [[Zechariah (given name)|Zechariah]], {{lang-uk|\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439}}).{{cite web|url=https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F._1798.pdf/175|publisher=uk.wikisource.org|title=\\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u044a \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0457\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f.\n        1798.pdf/175 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{see also|Timeline of Kharkiv}}\\n[[File:Charkow.jpg|thumb|150px|19th-century\n        view of Kharkiv, with the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]]\n        belltower dominating the skyline.]]\\n[[File:Sumskayaa street,Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sumska\n        Street]] is the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv]]\\nCultural artifacts date back\n        to the [[Bronze Age]], as well as those of later [[Scythians|Scythian]] and\n        [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] settlers. There is also evidence that the [[Chernyakhov\n        culture]] flourished in the area from the second to the sixth centuries. {{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2017}}\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nThe city was founded by re-settlers\n        who were running away from the war that engulfed [[Right-bank Ukraine]] in\n        1654 (see [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]]). The years before\n        the region was a sparsely populated part of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]].{{cite book|author=Roman Solchanyk|title=Ukraine and\n        Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNvTSDQXFXgC&pg=PA6|accessdate=31\n        March 2015|date=January 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1018-0|page=6}}\n        The group of people came onto the banks of [[Lopan River|Lopan]] and [[Kharkiv\n        River|Kharkiv]] rivers where an abandoned settlement stood.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/06/9/88316/ \\u0416\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432. \\u041d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c-\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\n        (Living Kharkiv. Nightly excursion through the host-city)] [[Ukrayinska Pravda]].\n        June 9, 2012 According to archive documents, the leader of the re-settlers\n        was [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk.\\n\\nAt first the settlement\n        was self-governed under the jurisdiction of a [[voivode]] from [[Chuhuiv]]\n        that is {{convert|40|km|mi}} to the east. The\n        first appointed voivode from [[Moscow]] was Voyin Selifontov in 1656 who started\n        to build a local [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] (fort).\n        At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were\n        local cossacks, while Selifontov brought along a Moscow garrison of another\n        70 servicemen. The first Kharkiv voivode was\n        replaced in two years after constantly complaining that locals refused to\n        cooperate in building the fort. Kharkiv also\n        became the centre of the local Sloboda cossack regiment as the area surrounding\n        the [[Belgorod]] fortress was being heavily militarized. With the resettlement\n        of the area by Ukrainians it came to be known as [[Sloboda Ukraine]], most\n        of which was included under the jurisdiction of the Razryad [[Prikaz]] (Military\n        Appointment) headed by a [[okolnichy|district official]] from [[Belgorod]].\n        By 1657 the Kharkiv settlement had a fortress\n        with underground passageways.\\n\\nIn 1658 Ivan Ofrosimov was appointed as the\n        new voivode, who worked on forcing locals to kiss the cross to show loyalty\n        to the Moscow tsar. The locals led by their\n        [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk refused. However,\n        with the election of the new otaman Tymish Lavrynov the community (hromada)\n        sent a request to the tsar to establish a local Assumption market, signed\n        by [[Dean (Christianity)|deans]] of Kharkiv churches (the [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity). Relationships with the neighboring [[Chuhuiv]] sometimes\n        were non-friendly and often their arguments were pacified by force.\n        With the appointment of the third voivode Vasiliy Sukhotin was completely\n        finished the construction of the city fort.\\n\\nMeanwhile,\n        Kharkiv had become the centre of [[Sloboda Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Kharkiv\n        Fortress===\\n[[File:(29) ST ASSUMPTION ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL IN CITY OF KHARKIV\n        STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View\n        of [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkov|Holy Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] in\n        Kharkiv]]\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432. \\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0438 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c.jpg|thumb|150px|Intercession Cathedral with bell tower\n        and Ozeryanskaya church (right) built in Kharkiv in 1689]]\\n[[File:(30) VIEW\n        ON PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE OVER KHARKIV RIVER IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE\n        PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View of modern pedestrian\n        bridge over Kharkiv River in Kharkiv]]\\nThe Kharkiv Fortress was erected around\n        the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and its castle\n        was at [[University Hill, Kharkiv|University Hill]].\n        It was between today''s streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution\n        Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent. The fortress had 10 towers: Chuhuivska Tower, Moskovska\n        Tower, Vestovska Tower, Tainytska Tower, Lopanska Corner Tower, Kharkivska\n        Corner Tower and others. The tallest was Vestovska,\n        some {{convert|16|m|ft}} tall, while the shortest\n        one was Tainytska which had a secret well {{convert|35|m|ft}} deep.\n        The fortress had the Lopanski Gates.\\n\\nIn 1689\n        the fortress was expanded and included the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral and Monastery\n        which was baptized and became the center of\n        local eparchy. Coincidentally in the same year in the vicinity of Kharkiv\n        in [[Kolomak]], [[Ivan Mazepa]] was announced the [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]. Next to the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral\n        was located the Kharkiv Collegiate that was transferred from [[Belgorod]]\n        to Kharkiv in 1726.\\n\\n===In the Russian Empire===\\nIn\n        the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708\\u20131710|administrative\n        reform]] carried out in 1708 by [[Peter the Great]], the area was included\n        into [[Kiev Governorate]]. Kharkiv is specifically mentioned as one of the\n        towns making a part of the governorate.{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/|script-title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\n        \\u043e\\u0431 \\u0443\\u0447\\u0440\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0438 \\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043a \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432, 1708\n        \\u0433., \\u0434\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f 18 |trans-title=Decree\n        on the establishment of Provinces and cities assigned to them, December 18,\n        1708|language=ru|website=constitution.garant.ru|accessdate=31 March 2015}}\n        In 1727, [[Belgorod Governorate]] was split off, and Kharkiv moved to Belgoro\n        Governorate. It was the center of a separate administrative unit, [[Kharkiv\n        Sloboda Cossack regiment]]. The regiment at some point was detached from Belgorod\n        Governorate, then attached to it again, until in 1765, [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        was established with the seat in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525173851/http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archivedate=25\n        May 2013|script-title=ru:\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f. 2. \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|trans-title=History of the\n        Administrative-Territorial Division of the Voronezh Region. 2. Voronezh Province.|publisher=Archive\n        service of Voronezh Oblast|language=Russian|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n\\n[[Kharkiv\n        University]] was established in 1805 in the Palace of [[Governorate-General]].\\n[[Aleksander Mickiewicz|Alexander Mikolajewicz\n        Mickiewicz]], brother of [[Adam Mickiewicz]] was a professor of law in the\n        university, another celebrity [[Goethe]] searched for instructors for the\n        school. In 1906 [[Ivan Franko]] received a doctorate\n        in Russian linguistics here.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2011/08/23/53238/|script-title=uk:\\u0423\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0448\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443|trans-title=A\n        memorial plaque to Ivan Franko was unveiled in Kharkiv|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=23\n        August 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe streets were first cobbled\n        in the city centre in 1830.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/01/24/17847/|script-title=uk:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438 XIX-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044f|trans-title=Kharkiv and Kharkiv\n        denizens in 19th century photos|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=24\n        January 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}} In 1844 the {{convert|90|m|ft}}\n        tall Alexander Bell Tower was built next to the first Assumption Cathedral,\n        which on November 16, 1924 was transformed into a [[radio tower]].\n        A system of running water was established in 1870. The Cathedral Descent at\n        one time carried the name of another local trader Vasyl Ivanovych Pashchenko-Tryapkin\n        as Pashchenko Descent. Pashchenko even leased\n        a space to the city council (duma) and was the owner of the city \\\"Old Passage\\\",\n        the city''s biggest trade center. After his\n        death in 1894 Pashchenko donated all his possessions to the city.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1812, the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}} One of the first [[Prosvita]]s in Eastern Ukraine was also established\n        in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established\n        there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by\n        the lawyer [[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] in 1900.\\n\\nSoon after the [[Crimean War]],\n        in 1860\\u201361 number of [[hromada (secret society)|hromada]] societies sprung\n        up across the Ukrainian cities including Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHromadas.htm|title=Hromadas|publisher=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]|accessdate=14 January 2016}} Among the most prominent hromada\n        members in Kharkiv was [[Alexander Potebnja|Oleksandr Potebnia]], a native\n        of [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. Beside the old hromada, in Kharkiv\n        also existed several student hromadas members of which were future political\n        leaders of Ukraine such as [[Borys Martos]], [[Dmytro Antonovych]] and many\n        others. One of the [[University of Kharkiv]] graduates\n        [[Oleksandr Kovalenko (soldier)|Oleksandr Kovalenko]] was one of initiators\n        of the mutiny on [[Russian battleship Potemkin]] being the only officer who\n        supported the in-rank sailors.\\n\\n===Soviet period===\\n[[File:(42) DERZHPROM\n        BUILDING IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV\n        20160621.jpg|thumb|150px| View of renovated [[Derzhprom]] building]]\\n[[File:Piatykhatky.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial\n        to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the [[NKVD]] in 1937\\u201338]]\\nWhen\n        the [[Tsentralna Rada]] announced the establishment of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]] in November 1917 it envisioned the [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        to be part of it. In December 1917 Kharkiv became the\n        first city in Ukraine occupied by the [[Soviet power|Soviet]] [[Group of forces\n        in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|troops]] of [[Vladimir\n        Antonov-Ovseyenko]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA713&dq=kharkiv+antonov+1917&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-8a2jl9LJAhVEeA8KHfjwDuY4ChDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=kharkiv%20antonov%201917&f=false\n        Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe)] by [[Ivan\n        Katchanovski]], [[Scarecrow Press]] (Publication date: July 11, 2013), {{ISBN|0810878453}}\n        (page 713) The [[Bolsheviks]] in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv\n        shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13\n        December 1917.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLpivm5lDsC&pg=PA7&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=7N6JVOz0OIbyUr22g-AP&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917\\u20131934]. Durham and London:\n        Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-1099-6}} (page 7) By February 1918\n        Bolshevik forces had [[Russian Civil War|captured much of Ukraine]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1195&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv+soviet+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ouGJVNi7D4Ou7gbjr4HoBA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv%20soviet%20Ukraine&f=false\n        World War I: A Student Encyclopedia]. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 1195. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-879-8}}\n        In February 1918 Kharkiv became the capital of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet\n        Republic]]; but this entity was disbanded six weeks later.[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/22/ukraine-phony-war/\n        Ukraine: The Phony War?], [[The New York Review of Books]] (27 April 2014)\n        In April 1918 the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]] occupied Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYbw25xe-FwC&pg=PP121&dq=Central+Rada+Kharkiv+German&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=NcuIVKDcCMfkarOKgiA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Central%20Rada%20Kharkiv%20German&f=false\n        Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution]. PublicAffairs.\n        {{ISBN|1-61039-140-3}}. And according to the February 1918 [[Treaty\n        of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine\\u2013Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] between\n        the Ukrainian People''s Republic and the [[Central Powers]] it became part\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pt03BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205&dq=Kharkiv+German+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=s86IVIMtlNhqvIGB6AQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%201918&f=false\n        Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. 98) (Volume 98)], [[Ibidem\n        Verlag]], 2010, {{ISBN|383820042X}} (page 24) Early January 1919 Bolshevik\n        forces captured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT338&dq=Kharkiv+German+November+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=N9KIVOT5MYfvapr4gagG&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%20November%201918&f=false\n        Ukraine: A History 4th Edition] by [[Orest Subtelny]], [[University of Toronto\n        Press]], 2009, {{ISBN|1442609915}} Mid-June 1919 [[Anton Denikin]]''s\n        [[White movement]] [[Volunteer Army]] captured the city.[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA97&dq=Denikin+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=t9OIVOfkBtPSaKnwgtgL&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression], [[Harvard University\n        Press]], 858 pages, {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}, page 97 In December 1919\n        the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] recaptured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1h0_iMrE4C&pg=PA101&dq=Denikin+December+1919+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ytWIVKrdMYOBUcnFg9AF&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20December%201919%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War]. [[Scarecrow Press Inc]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6841-0}}\n        (page 101)\\n\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Bolshevik]]s\n        established Kharkiv as the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition\n        to the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] with its capital of [[Kiev]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/01/25/69897/ |title=\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u0456 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 (\\u0437 \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438\n        1917\\u201318 \\u0440\\u0440.) (Donbas and Ukraine. (From articles and declarations\n        of Mykola Skrypnyk)) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July\n        2012}}\\n[[File:Pamiatnyk.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Monument to the [[persecuted\n        bandurists|persecuted kobzars]] in Kharkiv]]\\nAccording to linguist [[George\n        Shevelov]], in the early 1920s the share of [[secondary schools]] teaching\n        in the [[Ukrainian language]] was lower than the share of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]]s\n        ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] population,[http://balticworlds.com/games-from-the-past/\n        Games from the Past: The continuity and change of the identity dynamic in\n        Donbas from a historical perspective ], [[S\\u00f6dert\\u00f6rn University]]\n        (May 19, 2014) even though the [[Soviet Union]] had ordered that all\n        schools in the [[Ukrainian SSR]] should be Ukrainian speaking (as part of\n        its [[Ukrainization]] policy).[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by [[Lenore Grenoble]], [[Springer Science+Business\n        Media]], 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-1298-3}} (page 84)\\n\\nAs the country''s\n        capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings\n        to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration.\n        [[Derzhprom]] was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in\n        the Soviet Union at the time with a height of {{convert|63|m|ft}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html |title=Derzhprom statistics\n        |publisher=Kharkov.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}} In the 1920s,\n        a {{convert|150|m|ft}} wooden radio tower was built on top of the building.\n        The Roentgen Institute was established in 1931.{{cite news|last1=Khwaja|first1=Barbara|title=Health Reform\n        in Revolutionary Russia|url=https://www.sochealth.co.uk/2017/05/26/health-reform-revolutionary-russia/|accessdate=26\n        May 2017|publisher=Socialist Health Association|date=26 May 2017}} During\n        the interwar period the city saw the spread of architectural [[Constructivism\n        (art)|constructivism]]. One of the best representatives\n        of it was the already mentioned Derzhprom, the Building of the Red Army, the\n        Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council\n        building, with its massive asymmetric tower, the central department store\n        that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. The same year on November 7, 1932 the building of\n        Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of [[Central Executive\n        Committee of Ukraine|All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2012/04/28/82906/#10 |title=Picture\n        of the building in the Vsesvit magazine |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date=2012-04-30\n        |accessdate=21 July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2010/11/7/3319/#13\n        |title=Photos of the newspaper \\\"Proletarian\\\" for 1932-33 |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua\n        |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nIn 1928, the SVU ([[Union for the\n        Freedom of Ukraine process|Union for the Freedom of Ukraine]]) process was\n        initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia)\n        building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.\\n\\nIn\n        the early 1930s, the [[Holodomor]] famine drove many people off the land into\n        the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died\n        and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the\n        city.\\n[[File:Kharkiv-Katyn2.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial to the thousands of\n        Polish officers executed by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the [[Katyn massacre|Katyn]]\n        massacre]]\\nIn 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and\n        cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all\n        vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938.\n        Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered\n        by the NKVD.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CFqB2_OX_oQC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Stalin+Ukrainian+minstrels+Kharkiv&source=bl&ots=Ry-gE1y5zI&sig=_0anaLEThATAiaaa4OwwPp7Wh9w&hl=nl&ei=TVr0SsOxNs3G4QaD8b3pAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Stalin%20Ukrainian%20minstrels%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing] by Natalie Kononenko, M.E.\n        Sharp, {{ISBN|0-7656-0144-3}}/{{ISBN|978-0-7656-0144-5}}, page 116\\nIn\n        January 1934 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.\\n\\nDuring April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish\n        prisoners of [[Starobelsk]] camp were executed in the Kharkiv [[NKVD]] building,\n        later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in [[Piatykhatky,\n        Kharkiv|Pyatykhatky]] forest (part of the [[Katyn massacre]]) on the outskirts\n        of Kharkiv.[[Benjamin B. Fischer|Fischer, Benjamin B.]],\n        \\\"[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816221054/http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html\n        The Katyn Controversy: Stalin''s Killing Field]\\\", ''''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'''',\n        Winter 1999\\u20132000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005 The site\n        also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested\n        and shot in the 1937\\u201338 Stalinist purges.\\n\\n===German occupation===\\n[[File:23\n        August Lane Kharkov.JPG|thumb|150px|Memorial to 23 August 1943, the end of\n        German occupation during World War II]]\\nDuring [[World War II]], Kharkiv\n        was the site of several military engagements (see below). The city was captured\n        and recaptured by [[Nazi Germany]] on 24 October 1941;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/04/3/34315/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\\"\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\\" \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e (Kharkiv at times of \\\"matured\n        childhood\\\" of Lyudmila Gurchenko) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.andersval.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6267&Itemid=190\n        |title=Kharkiv through the eyes of Lyudmila Gurchenko |publisher=Andersval.nl\n        |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=15 July 2012}} there was a disastrous [[Red\n        Army]] offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;The Red\n        Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties\n        (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924\n        guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., ''''Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military\n        disaster through Soviet eyes'''', pub Ian Allan, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7110-2562-2}}\n        page 218.per [[Robert M. Citino]], author of \\\"Death of the Wehrmacht\\\",\n        and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14\n        May 1942 by Soviet forces under [[Semyon Timoshenko|Marshal Timoshenko]] before\n        being driven back by German forces under Field Marshal [[Fedor von Bock]],\n        p. 100 the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February\n        1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943 and then\n        finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed\n        and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}}\\nKharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most\n        populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years\n        preceding World War II, [[Kiev]] was by population the smaller of the two.\\n\\nThe\n        significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv''s Jewish community prided\n        itself with the second largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during\n        the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried\n        in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named [[Drobytsky\n        Yar]].\\n\\nDuring [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], four battles\n        took place for control of the city:\\n* [[First Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Second\n        Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Fourth Battle of Kharkov]]\n        (''''see also'''' [[Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev]])\\n\\nBefore the occupation,\n        Kharkiv''s [[Malyshev Factory|tank industries]] were evacuated to the [[Urals]]\n        with all their equipment, and became the heart of [[Red Army]]''s tank programs\n        (particularly, producing the [[T-34]] tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These\n        enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce tanks.\\n\\nOf\n        the population of 700,000 that Kharkiv had before the start of World War II,\n        120,000 became [[Ost-Arbeiter]] ([[slave]] worker) in Germany, 30,000 were\n        executed and 80,000 starved to death during the war.\\n\\n===Post-World\n        War II===\\nIn the post-World War II period many of the destroyed homes and\n        factories were rebuilt. From the [[constructivism (art)|constructivism]] the\n        city was planned to be rebuilt in the style of [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        Classicism]].\\n\\nAn airport was built in 1954.\n        Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre\n        in the former USSR (after Moscow and [[Leningrad]]).\\n\\n===In independent\n        Ukraine===\\n[[File:IMG 2428 zerk.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zerkal\\u02b9naya struya|Mirror\n        Stream]] fountain]]\\n\\nBy its territorial expansion on September 6, 2012 the\n        city increased its area from about {{convert|310|to|350|km2|abbr=out}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T125215.html |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432,\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 |publisher=Search.ligazakon.ua\n        |date=2012-09-18 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\nA well-known landmark\n        of Kharkiv is the [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]] (''''Ploshcha\n        Svobody'''' formerly known as ''''Dzerzhinsky Square''''), which is the sixth\n        largest city square in Europe, and the [[List of city squares by size|12th\n        largest square in the world]].\\n\\nThere is an underground [[Kharkiv Metro|rapid-transit\n        system]] (metro) with about {{convert|38.1|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of track and\n        29 stations. The new \\\"Victory\\\" underground station (no. 30) was opened\n        in Kharkiv on 19 August 2016. All the underground stations have very special\n        distinctive architectures.\\n\\nKharkiv was a host city for the [[UEFA Euro\n        2012]], and hosted three group soccer matches at the reconstructed [[Metalist\n        Stadium]].\\n\\nA large number of the Orthodox cathedrals were built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1990s and 2000s. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}For example, the\n        Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox cathedral, the St. Vladimir Orthodox cathedral,\n        St. Tamara Orthodox cathedral, etc.\\n\\nIn 2007, the Vietnamese minority in\n        Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with\n        a monument to [[Ho Chi Minh]].In\\u2191  \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb,21\n        December 2007.\\n\\nThe Gor''ky park was fully renovated in Kharkiv in\n        the 2000s, having a big number of modern attractions, a lake with lilies and\n        the sport facilities to play tennis, football, beach volleyball, and basketball.\\n\\nThe\n        Feldman park was created in Kharkiv in recent years, containing a big collection\n        of animals, horses, etc.\\n\\n==Geography==\\n[[File:Kharkiv, Ukraine, city and\n        vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Kharkiv\n        and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is located at the banks of the [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan]],\n        and [[Udy River|Udy]] rivers, where they flow into the [[Seversky Donets]]\n        watershed in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine.\\n\\nHistorically, Kharkiv\n        lies in the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region (''''Slobozhanshchyna'''' also known\n        as ''''Slobidshchyna'''') in Ukraine, in which it is considered as a main\n        city.\\n\\nThe approximate dimensions of City of Kharkiv are:\\nfrom the North\n        to the South - 24.3 km;\\nfrom the West to the East \\u2014 25.2 km.\\n\\nBased\n        on Kharkiv''s topography, the city can be conditionally divided on the four\n        lower districts and the four higher districts.\\n\\nThe highest point over the\n        sea level in Pyatikhatky in Kharkiv is 202m, the lowest point over the sea\n        level in Novoselivka in Kharkiv is 94m. {{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv\n        lies in the large valley of rivers of [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan'']],\n        [[Udy River|Udy]], and Nemyshlya. This valley lies from the North West to\n        the South East between the Mid Russian highland and Donetsk lowland. All the\n        rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river of [[Seversky Donets|Northern\n        Donets]]. A special system of the concrete and metal dams was designed and\n        built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv. {{Citation\n        needed|date=March 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv has a large number of the green city parks\n        with the long history of more than 100 years with very old oak trees and many\n        flowers. {{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===Climate===\\nKharkiv''s\n        climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[K\\u00f6ppen\n        climate classification]] ''''Dfb'''') with cold and snowy winters as well\n        as the dry and hot summers.\\n\\nKharkiv has rather sunny warm summers which,\n        however, are relatively mild compared to temperatures in South European regions,\n        due to the region''s lower elevation, proximity to the Black Sea, and the\n        city''s [[latitude]]. In other words, Kharkiv experiences the warm summers,\n        interrupted by only occasional, brief intervals of stormy rain conditions.\n        {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}\\n\\nKharkiv has relatively long and cold\n        winters.\\n\\nThe average rainfall totals {{convert|513|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per\n        year, with the most in June and July.\\n\\n{{Weather box\\n|location=Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine (1981\\u22122010)\\n|metric first=yes\\n|single line=yes\\n| Jan record\n        high C = 11.0\\n| Feb record high C = 14.6\\n| Mar record high C = 21.8\\n| Apr\n        record high C = 30.5\\n| May record high C = 34.5\\n| Jun record high C = 36.8\\n|\n        Jul record high C = 37.6\\n| Aug record high C = 39.8\\n| Sep record high C\n        = 33.7\\n| Oct record high C = 29.3\\n| Nov record high C = 20.3\\n| Dec record\n        high C = 13.4\\n|year record high C = 39.8\\n| Jan high C = -2.2\\n| Feb high\n        C = -1.6\\n| Mar high C = 4.3\\n| Apr high C = 14.0\\n| May high C = 20.8\\n|\n        Jun high C = 24.3\\n| Jul high C = 26.4\\n| Aug high C = 25.7\\n| Sep high C\n        = 19.4\\n| Oct high C = 12.0\\n| Nov high C = 3.6\\n| Dec high C = -1.1\\n|year\n        high C = 12.1\\n| Jan mean C = -4.6\\n| Feb mean C = -4.5\\n| Mar mean C = 0.7\\n|\n        Apr mean C = 9.2\\n| May mean C = 15.6\\n| Jun mean C = 19.3\\n| Jul mean C =\n        21.3\\n| Aug mean C = 20.3\\n| Sep mean C = 14.4\\n| Oct mean C = 7.9\\n| Nov\n        mean C = 0.9\\n| Dec mean C = -3.5\\n|year mean C = 8.1\\n| Jan low C = -7.0\\n|\n        Feb low C = -7.3\\n| Mar low C = -2.4\\n| Apr low C = 4.6\\n| May low C = 10.3\\n|\n        Jun low C = 14.2\\n| Jul low C = 16.2\\n| Aug low C = 14.9\\n| Sep low C = 9.8\\n|\n        Oct low C = 4.3\\n| Nov low C = -1.5\\n| Dec low C = -5.9\\n|year low C = 4.2\\n|\n        Jan record low C = -35.6\\n| Feb record low C = -29.8\\n| Mar record low C =\n        -32.2\\n| Apr record low C = -11.4\\n| May record low C = -1.9\\n| Jun record\n        low C = 2.2\\n| Jul record low C = 5.7\\n| Aug record low C = 2.2\\n| Sep record\n        low C = -2.9\\n| Oct record low C = -9.1\\n| Nov record low C = -20.9\\n| Dec\n        record low C = -30.8\\n|year record low C = -35.6\\n|precipitation colour =\n        green\\n| Jan precipitation mm = 36\\n| Feb precipitation mm = 33\\n| Mar precipitation\n        mm = 33\\n| Apr precipitation mm = 34\\n| May precipitation mm = 50\\n| Jun precipitation\n        mm = 61\\n| Jul precipitation mm = 61\\n| Aug precipitation mm = 43\\n| Sep precipitation\n        mm = 45\\n| Oct precipitation mm = 45\\n| Nov precipitation mm = 40\\n| Dec precipitation\n        mm = 36\\n|year precipitation mm = 517\\n| Jan rain days = 10\\n| Feb rain days\n        = 8\\n| Mar rain days = 10\\n| Apr rain days = 13\\n| May rain days = 14\\n| Jun\n        rain days = 15\\n| Jul rain days = 13\\n| Aug rain days = 10\\n| Sep rain days\n        = 12\\n| Oct rain days = 13\\n| Nov rain days = 13\\n| Dec rain days = 12\\n|year\n        rain days = 143\\n| Jan snow days = 19\\n| Feb snow days = 18\\n| Mar snow days\n        = 12\\n| Apr snow days = 2\\n| May snow days = 0.1\\n| Jun snow days = 0\\n| Jul\n        snow days = 0\\n| Aug snow days = 0\\n| Sep snow days = 0.03\\n| Oct snow days\n        = 2\\n| Nov snow days = 9\\n| Dec snow days = 18\\n|year snow days = 80\\n| Jan\n        humidity = 86\\n| Feb humidity = 83\\n| Mar humidity = 77\\n| Apr humidity =\n        66\\n| May humidity = 61\\n| Jun humidity = 65\\n| Jul humidity = 65\\n| Aug humidity\n        = 63\\n| Sep humidity = 70\\n| Oct humidity = 78\\n| Nov humidity = 86\\n| Dec\n        humidity = 87\\n|year humidity = 74\\n| Jan sun = 51\\n| Feb sun = 65\\n| Mar\n        sun = 108\\n| Apr sun = 162\\n| May sun = 238\\n| Jun sun = 263\\n| Jul sun =\n        273\\n| Aug sun = 247\\n| Sep sun = 185\\n| Oct sun = 124\\n| Nov sun = 47\\n|\n        Dec sun = 31\\n|year sun = 1794\\n|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite\n        web\\n| url =  http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34300.htm\\n| title = Weather\n        and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv\\n| publisher = Weather and Climate (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n| accessdate = 3 December 2013\\n|\n        language = Russian}}\\n|source 2= NOAA (sun only 1961\\u20131990){{cite web\\n| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/34300.TXT\\n|\n        title = Har''Kov (Kharkiv) Climate Normals 1961\\u20131990\\n| publisher = [[National\n        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]\\n| accessdate = 13 October 2015}}\n        \\n|date=August 2010\\n}}\\n\\n===Cityscape===\\n{{wide image|(43)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Northern building of V. N. Karazin National University, Kharkiv\n        Palace hotel building, and Kharkiv hotel buildings.}}\\n\\n{{wide image|(44)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Derzhprom building, multiple apartment buildings, and Northern\n        building of V. N. Karazin National University}}\\n\\n==Governance==\\n\\n===Legal\n        status and local government===\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv and the City Council\n        govern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe\n        Mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative\n        powers as far as the government issues is concerned.\\n\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv\n        is elected by the direct public election in Kharkiv every four years.\\n\\nThe\n        City Council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject\n        the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues\n        in Kharkiv. The representatives to the City Council are elected every four\n        years.\\n\\nThe mayor and city council hold their regular meetings in the City\n        Hall in Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Politics===\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine#Kharkiv Oblast}}\\n\\nThe [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\n        affected Kharkiv but to a lesser extent than in neighbouring [[Donbass]],\n        where tensions would lead to [[War in Donbass|armed conflict]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine\n        crisis: Timeline|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        On 2 March 2014, a Russian \\\"tourist\\\" from Moscow replaced the [[Ukrainian\n        flag]] with a [[Russian flag]] on the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/russias-hand-can-be-seen-in-the-protests.html\n        | title = From Russia, ''Tourists'' Stir the Protests | first = Andrew | last\n        = Roth | work = The New York Times | date = 4 March 2014}}
{{cite news\n        | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-26435333 | title = Russian\n        site recruits ''volunteers'' for Ukraine | work = BBC News | date = 4 March\n        2014 }} Five days later, pro-Russian protestors occupied the building\n        and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the \\\"Kharkov People''s\n        Republic\\\".{{cite web | url=http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2014/04/07/332351/pro-russia-activists-declare-establishment-of-kharkiv-peoples-republic.html\n        | title=Pro-Russia activists declare establishment of ''Kharkiv people''s\n        republic'' | work=Focus Information Agency | date=7 April 2014 | accessdate=13\n        April 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9bd_1396967425\n        |title=Pro-Russian Protesters Declare ''People''s Republic'' In Kharkiv |work=LiveLeak.com\n        |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408202650/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26910210\n        |archivedate= 8 April 2015 |df= }} The next day, the building was retaken\n        by Ukrainian special forces.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-settles-down-while-pro-russian-separatists-still-hold-buildings-in-luhansk-donetsk-342517.html\n        | title=Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings\n        in Luhansk, Donetsk | work=Kyiv Post | date=8 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April\n        2014}} Doubts arose about the local origin of the protestors after they\n        initially stormed an opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall.{{cite news |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/protesters-storm-kharkiv-theater-thinking-it-was-city-hall/497709.html\n        |title= Protesters Storm Kharkiv Theater Thinking It Was City Hall |work=\n        [[The Moscow Times]] |date= 8 April 2014 }} On 13 April, some pro-Russian\n        protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/pro-russian-militants-attack-pro-ukrainian-demonstrators-in-kharkiv-including-at-least-three-severely-343292.html\n        | title=Kharkiv city government building infiltrated by pro-Russian protesters\n        | work=Kyiv Post | date=13 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April 2014}} Later\n        on 13 April the building returned permanently to full Ukrainian control.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/13/7022301/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0446\\u044f\\u0432\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}[http://www.dw.com/en/kharkiv-torn-between-europe-and-russia/a-17478397\n        Kharkiv torn between Europe and Russia], [[Deutsche Welle]] (6 March 2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/907771-posle-napadeniya-antimaydanovtsev-na-miting-evromaydana-v-harkove-postradalo-50-chelovek.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        50 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d |publisher=Unian.net |date=14 April 2014 |accessdate=28\n        April 2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174445/http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archivedate=16 April 2014 | title=Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission\n        in Ukraine | work=Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=14\n        April 2014 | accessdate=16 April 2014}} Violent clashes resulted in\n        the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian\n        protesters.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        returned to relative calm by 30 April.{{cite press\n        release | url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/118186 | title=Latest from the\n        Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine \\u2013 based on information received\n        up until 29 April 2014 | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation\n        in Europe | date=30 April 2014 | accessdate=1 May 2014}} Relatively\n        peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with \\\"pro-Russian\\\" rallies\n        gradually diminishing and \\\"pro-Ukrainian unity\\\" demonstrations growing in\n        numbers.{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received\n        until 23 June 2014|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in\n        Europe|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122133303/http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|archivedate=22\n        November 2015}}{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/121790|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information\n        received until 18:00 hrs, 23 July|publisher=Organization for Security and\n        Co-operation in Europe|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}{{uk icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/17.08.2014/na_ploschadi_svobody_proshli_dva_mitinga/\n        Two liberty square rally], Status quo (17 August 2014) On 28 September,\n        activists dismantled Ukraine''s largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian\n        rally in the central square.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/katyasoldak/2014/09/28/ukrainian-crowds-topple-lenin-statue-again/\n        Ukrainian Crowds Topple Lenin Statue (Again)]. Retrieved 29 September 2014.\n        Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv\n        for joining Russia.{{r|Navalny140923}}{{r|DT150103}}\\n\\nFrom early November\n        until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets\n        of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian\n        forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and\n        a [[National Guard of Ukraine|National Guard]] base.[http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-ukraine-russia-kharkiv-bombs-20141210-story.html\n        Seven recent blasts in Ukraine city stir fear of new Russian menace], [[Los\n        Angeles Times]] (11 December 2014)
[https://news.yahoo.com/mysterious-spate-bombings-hit-ukraine-military-hub-114452090.html#\n        Mysterious spate of bombings hit Ukraine military hub], [[Agence France-Presse]]\n        (10 December 2014) According to [[Security Service of Ukraine|SBU]]\n        investigator [[Vasyliy Vovk]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Russian\n        covert forces]] were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the\n        otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.[http://www.unian.info/society/1020077-sbu-russian-special-services-target-kharkiv-odesa-situation-difficult-to-control.html\n        SBU: Russian special services target Kharkiv, Odesa, situation difficult to\n        control], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (10 December 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        8 January 2015 five men wearing [[Balaclava (clothing)|balaclava]]s broke\n        into an office of (the volunteer group aiding refugees from [[Donbass]]) ''''Station\n        Kharkiv''''. Simultaneously with physical threats the\n        men demanded to hear the political position of ''''Station Kharkiv''''. After being given an answer the men apologized and left.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-iac/1801796-militsiya_zyasovue__hto_napav_na_volontersku_stantsiyu_harkiv_2008697.html|script-title=uk:\\u041c\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0454, \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u044e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\\"|trans-title=Police\n        finds out who attacked the volunteer-run \\\"Station Kharkiv\\\"|language=uk|publisher=ukrinform.ua|date=9\n        January 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/ru/stantsiya_harkov__perviy_punkt_pomoshhi_pereselentsam_iz_zoni_ato_n500974|script-title=ru:\\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\\" \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0449\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c\n        \\u0438\\u0437 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u0410\\u0422\\u041e|trans-title=\\\"Station\n        Kharkiv\\\" - the first point of assistance for displaced persons from the Donbass\n        zone|language=ru|publisher=24tv.ua|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\nOn Sunday 22 February 2015, there was a terrorist bomb attack\n        on a march to commemorate people who died in the Euromaidan protests in 2014.\n        The bomb killed two, and wounded nine. The authorities have launched an anti-terrorist\n        operation.[http://www.unian.info/politics/1047081-anti-terrorist-operation-launched-in-kharkiv-due-to-fatal-blast-on-sunday-turchynov.html\n        UNIAN] ''''Anti-terrorist operation launched in Kharkiv due to fatal blast\n        on Sunday \\u2013 Turchynov'''', 22 February 2015. 
[http://en.censor.net.ua/news/325751/antiterrorist_operation_started_in_kharkiv_four_participants_on_the_explosion_detained\n        En.Censor.Net], ''''Anti-terrorist operation started in Kharkiv: four participants\n        on the explosion detained'''', 22 February 2015.
[http://novorossia.today/turchinov-announced-start-of-the-ato-in-kharkov-the-highest-level-of-terrorist-threat-had-been-introduced-in-the-city/  Novorossia.Today],\n        Turchinov announced start of the ATO in Kharkov. The highest level of terrorist\n        threat had been introduced in the city'''', 23 February 2015. The terrorists\n        claim that it was a false flag attack.{{cite web|author=Lada Ray|url=https://futuristrendcast.wordpress.com/2015/02/23/urgent-statement-of-the-kharkov-partizans-re-false-flag-terrorist-act/|title=Urgent\n        Statement of the Kharkov Partizans re. False Flag Terrorist Act|work=Futurist\n        Trendcast|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}} Kharkiv experienced\n        more non-lethal small bombings since 22 February 2015 targeting army fuel\n        tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a [[Ukrainian flag]] in the city\n        centre.[http://www.npr.org/2015/04/06/397774803/despite-tenuous-truce-in-eastern-ukraine-bomb-attacks-increase-in-kharkiv\n        Bomb Attacks Increase In Ukraine''s Second-Largest City, Kharkiv], [[NPR]]\n        (6 April 2015)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/kharkiv-explosion-targets-ukrainian-flag-419957.html\n        Kharkiv explosion targeting Ukrainian flag classified as \\u2018terrorist act''],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (7 April 2015)
[http://www.rferl.org/content/explosion-in-ukraine-kharkiv-targets-national-flag-memorial/26942551.html\n        Explosion In Ukraine''s Kharkiv Targets National Flag Memorial], [[Radio Free\n        Europe/Radio Liberty]] (7 April 2015)\\n\\nOn 23 September 2015, 200 people\n        in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]], and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their\n        way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The\n        rioters asked the mayor, [[Hennadiy Kernes]], to come out.[http://www.unian.info/society/1131951-over-200-men-in-balaclavas-brawls-in-kharkiv-town-hall-clash-with-police.html\n        Unian], ''''Over 200 men in balaclavas brawl at Kharkiv town hall, clash with\n        police'''', 23 September 2015, 14:10.[http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/3567072-poiavylos-vydeo-stolknovenyi-u-horsoveta-kharkova\n        Korrespondent], ''''\\u041f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043a\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        [Video of riot at Kharkov City Council]'''', 23 September 2015 17:40\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\nWhile Kharkiv is the [[Capital (political)|administrative centre]]\n        of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]] ([[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|province]]),\n        the city affairs are managed by the [[Kharkiv City Municipality|Kharkiv Municipality]].\n        Kharkiv is a [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast subordinance]].\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430.svg|thumb|150px|Administrative\n        divisions of Kharkiv]]\\nThe territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative\n        [[raion]]s ([[districts]]), till February 2016 they were named for people,\n        places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet\n        Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply with [[Decommunization\n        in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/3/7097721/\n        Another 48 streets and 5 districts \\\"decommunized\\\" in Kharkiv], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (3 February 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_tri_rajona/\n        Three districts renamed in Kharkiv], SQ (3 February 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://ua.korrespondent.net/city/kharkov/3624201-u-kharkovi-vyrishyly-ne-pereimenovuvaty-zhovtnevyi-i-frunzenskyi-raiony\n        It was decided not to rename the Zhovtnevyi and the Frunzenskyi districts\n        in Kharkiv], [[Korrespondent.net]] (3 February 2015) Also, owing to\n        this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November\n        2015.{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/20.11.2015/gorsovet_pereimenoval_170_ulic/\n        List of 170 renamed streets], SQ (20 November 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/harkovskiy-gorsovet-pereimenoval-173-ulitsy-1448020126.html\n        Kharkiv city council renamed 173 streets,  4 parks and a metro station], [[RBC\n        Ukraine]] (20 November 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_esche_50_ulic_spisok/\n        50 streets renamed in Kharkiv: list], SQ (3 February 2015)\\n\\nThe raions\n        are named:\\n# Kholodnohirskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}, ''''Cold Mountain''''; namesake: the historic\n        name of the neighbourhood{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.02.2016/rajony_harkova_istoriya_s_geografiej/\n        Districts Of Kharkiv. History with geography], SQ (23 February 2015))\n        (formerly Leninskyi; namesake: [[Vladimir Lenin]])\\n# Shevchenkivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Taras Shevchenko]] (formerly\n        Dzerzhynskyi; namesake [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]])\\n# Kyivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Kyiv]]\\n# Moskovskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Moscow]]\\n# Nemyshlianskyi\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0448\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Industrialnyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0406\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}) (formerly Ordzhonikidzevskyi; namesake:\n        [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]])\\n# Slobidskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Osnovianskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Novobavarskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}})\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Historical populations\\n|percentages\n        = off\\n|1660\\u041b.\\u0418. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d.\n        Mysteries of the underground Kharkov. \\u2014 \\u0425.: 2005. {{ISBN|966-8768-00-0}}\n        {{ru icon}}\\n |1000\\n|1788Kharkov:\n        Architecture, monuments, renovations: Travel guide. Ed. [[:ru:\\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434,\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u042e\\u0440\\u044c\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|\\u0410.\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434]], \\u0412. \\u0420\\u0435\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0410. \\u0422\\u0438\\u0446. \\u2014 \\u0425.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        1987{{ru icon}}\\n |10742\\n|1850{{cite web|author=N.\n        T. Dyachenko|url=http://dalizovut.narod.ru/ulizy/ulizy.htm|script-title=ru:\\u0423\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u043b\\u043e\\u0449\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|trans-title=Streets\n        and squares of Kharkov|language=ru|year=1977|website=dalizovut.narod.ru|accessdate=31\n        March 2015}}\\n |41861\\n|1861\\n |50301\\n|1901\\n |198273\\n|1916\\u0410.\\u0412.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432.\n        Kharkov in times of German occupation (1941\\u20131943). \\u2013 X.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        2006. {{ISBN|966-7880-79-6}}{{uk icon}}\\n |352300\\n|1917[[Oleksandr\n        Leibfreid]], Yu. Poliakova. Kharkov. From fortress to capital. \\u2013 \\u0425.:\n        \\u0424\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043e, 2004{{ru icon}}\\n |382000\\n|1920\\n |285000\\n|1926\\n |417000\\n|1939State archives of Kharkov Oblast. \\u0424. \\u0420-2982,\n        \\u043e\\u043f. 2, file 16, pp 53\\u201354\\n |833000\\n|1941\\n\n        |902312\\n|1941Colonel ''''\\u041d. \\u0418. \\u0420\\u0443\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b.{{ru\n        icon}}\\n |1400000\\n|1941In reference\n        to the German census of December 1941; without children and teenagers no older\n        16 years of age; numerous city-dwellers evaded the registration{{ru icon}}\\n\n        |456639\\n|1943''''[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]''''. Report to [[\\u0426\\u041a \\u0412\\u041a\\u041f(\\u0431)]] of\n        August 30, 1943. History: without \\u00abwhite spots\\u00bb. ''''[[Kharkiv izvestia]]'''',\n        No. 100\\u2013101, August 23, 2008, page 6{{ru icon}}\\n |170000\\n|1959\\n |930000\\n|1962\\n |1000000\\n|1976\\n |1384000\\n|1982\\n |1500000\\n|1989\\n\n        |1593970\\n|1999\\n |1510200\\n|2001[[Ukrainian Census (2001)]]\\n |1470900\\n|2014{{cite web|title=Major Cities in Ukraine by Population (2014)|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ukraine-population/major-cities-in-ukraine/|publisher=World\n        Population Review|accessdate=2014-04-14}}\\n |1430885\\n}}\\n\\nAccording\n        to the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Soviet Union Census]], the population of\n        the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including\n        1,494,200 permanent city residents.{{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822193837/http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archivedate=22\n        August 2006 |title= Kharkiv today |accessdate=4 May 2007 |work=Our Kharkiv\n        |language=Russian}} Kharkiv is the second-largest city in Ukraine after\n        the capital, [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archivedate=9\n        January 2006 |title= Results / General results of the census / Number of cities\n        |accessdate=28 August 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian\n        Census]] }} The first independent all-Ukrainian population census was\n        conducted in December 2001, and the next all-Ukrainian population census is\n        decreed to be conduced in 2020. As of 2001, the population of the Kharkiv\n        region is as follows: 78.5% living in urban areas, and 21.5% living in rural\n        areas.{{Cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/urban-rural/|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 {{!}} English version {{!}} Results {{!}} General results of the census\n        {{!}} Urban and rural population:|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|accessdate=11\n        January 2017}}\\n\\n===Ethnicity===\\n{| class=\\\"standard\\\"\\n! Ethnic group||\n        1897[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1604 \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0418\\u043c\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 1897 \\u0433. \\u0420\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0438 \\u0443\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\n        50 \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438] \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f||1926||1939||1959\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0425 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f,  \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        2004, \\u0440. 456||1989||2001{{cite\n        web|url=http://vharkov.ru/description/about.html|publisher=vharkov.ru|title=\\u041e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430 vharkov|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/estimated/kharkiv/|publisher=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u2013 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u2013\n        \\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c:|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Ukrainians]]|| 25.9%||38.6% || 48.5% || 48.4% || 50.4% || 52.8%\\n|-\\n| [[Russians]]||\n        63.2%||37.2%||32.9%||40.4%||43.6%||43.2%\\n|-\\n| [[Jews]]|| 5.7%||19.5%||15.6%||8.7%||3.0%||0.7%\\n|}\\n\\n====Notes====\\n\\n*\n        1660 year \\u2013 approximated estimation\\n* 1788 year \\u2013 without the account\n        of children\\n* 1920 year \\u2013 times of the [[Russian Civil War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 estimation on May 1, right before [[German-Soviet War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000\\n*\n        1941 year \\u2013 another estimation in December during the occupation without\n        the account of children\\n* 1943 year \\u2013 August 23, liberation of the city;\n        estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000\\n* 1976 year \\u2013 estimation on June\n        1\\n* 1982 year \\u2013 estimation in March\\n\\n\\n==Religion==\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|The\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world, which was built in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is an important religious center in Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nThere are many old\n        and new cathedrals, associated with various churches in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe [[Assumption\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1680s and re-built in 1820s-1830s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/33|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Pokrovsky Orthodox Monastery Cathedral was created\n        in Kharkiv in 1689\\u20131729.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/7|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua/|publisher=pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e-\\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world. It was completed in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/5|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Trinity Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1758\\u20131764 and re-built in 1857\\u20131861.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/37|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Valentine Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 2010s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/52|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Tamara Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/readnews/932|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c \\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b \\u0422\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        St. Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox Cathedral was built in green park near [[Zerkal\\u02b9naya\n        struya|Mirror Stream]] fountain in August, 2015.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/367|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Roman Catholic St. Mary Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1887\\u20131892.\\n\\nThere is the old [[Kharkiv Choral Synagogue]], which\n        was fully renovated in Kharkiv in 1991\\u20132016. The Jewish population is\n        around 8000 people in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishkharkov.org/|publisher=jewishkharkov.org|title=Kharkov\n        Jewish Community|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n==Economy==\\n\\nThe 2016\\u20132020\n        economic development strategy: \\\"Kharkiv Success Strategy\\\", is created in\n        Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.strategy.kharkov.ua/|publisher=strategy.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2016-2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438 \\u00ab\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u2013 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u0443\\u00bb|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ua/general/univer_today/announce?news_id=5793|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043b \\u00ab\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u00bb >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/v-universiteti-karazina-obgovoryat-perspektivi-rozvitku-osviti-32374.html|author=Hulu\n        LLC|publisher=city.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0412 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===International\n        Economic Forum===\\nThe International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments.\n        Kharkiv Innitiatives! is being conducted in Kharkiv every year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.led.org.ua/en/|publisher=led.org.ua|title=www.led.org.ua/en/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nIn 2015, the International Economic Forum: Innovations.\n        Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! was attended by the diplomatic corps representatives\n        from 17 world countries, working in Ukraine together with top-management of\n        trans-national corporations and investment funds; plus Ukrainian People\\u2019s\n        Deputies; plus Ukrainian Central government officials, who determine the national\n        economic development strategy; plus local government managers, who perform\n        practical steps in implementing that strategy; plus managers of technical\n        assistance to Ukraine; plus business and NGO\\u2019s representatives; plus\n        media people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/announcements/4500-vii-international-economic-forum-innovations-investments-kharkiv-initiatives|publisher=usa.mfa.gov.ua|title=VII\n        International economic forum \\\"INNOVATIONS. INVESTMENTS. KHARKIV INITIATIVES!\\\"\n        - Announcements - Embassy of Ukraine in the United States of America|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|publisher=kmu.gov.ua|title=www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015.html|publisher=ukraine.usembassy.gov|title=statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://usembassykyiv.wordpress.com/tag/kharkiv/|publisher=usembassykyiv.wordpress.com|title=Kharkiv\n        – U.S. Embassy Kyiv Blog|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe key\n        topics of the plenary sessions and panel discussions of the International\n        Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! are the implementation\n        of Strategy for Sustainable Development \\u201cUkraine \\u2013 2020\\u201d, the\n        results achieved and plan of further actions to reform the local government\n        and territorial organization of power in Ukraine, export promotion and attraction\n        of investments in Ukraine, new opportunities for public-private partnerships,\n        practical steps to create \\u201celectronic government\\u201d, issues of energy\n        conservation and development of oil and gas industry in the Kharkiv Region,\n        creating an effective system of production and processing of agricultural\n        products, investment projects that will receive funding from the State Fund\n        for Regional Development, development of international integration, preparation\n        for privatization of state enterprises.\\n\\n===International\n        Industrial Exhibitions===\\nThe international industrial exhibitions are usually\n        conducted at the Radmir Expohall exhibition center in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://radmir-expohall.com.ua/|publisher=radmir-expohall.com.ua|title=Radmir\n        Expohall | Radmir Expohall|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Industrial\n        corporations===\\nDuring the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial\n        production in Ukraine and the third largest {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}centre\n        of industry and commerce in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. After the [[history\n        of the Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|collapse of the\n        Soviet Union]] the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production\n        of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s, the industry started\n        to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial\n        enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000\n        employees. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} The enterprises form machine-building,\n        electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.\\n\\nState-owned\n        industrial giants, such as [[Turboatom]] and [[Elektrotyazhmash]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928224657/http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2008 |title=spetm.com.ua |publisher=spetm.com.ua |date= |accessdate=20\n        April 2012}} occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g.,\n        turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the [[Antonov]]\n        aircraft manufacturing plant. The [[Malyshev factory]] produces not only [[armoured\n        fighting vehicle]]s, but also harvesters. [[Khartron]]{{cite web|url=http://www.hartron.com.ua/en/content/forms-cooperation|title=Hartron:\n        Forms of cooperation|publisher=hartron.com.ua|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine\n        and the former [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].\\n\\n===IT industry===\\nThe\n        IT industry is represented by a few hundred small IT [[startup company|start\n        ups]], which form a cluster of IT companies in Kharkiv{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|publisher=economist.com|title=www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://it-kharkiv.com.ua/|publisher=it-kharkiv.com.ua|title=it-kharkiv.com.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkivglobal.com/en/service|publisher=kharkivglobal.com|title=kharkivglobal.com/en/service|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.triolan.com/|publisher=triolan.com|title=\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Finance industry===\\nKharkiv is also the headquarters\n        of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, [[UkrSibbank]], which has been part\n        of the [[BNP Paribas]] group since December 2005.\\n\\n===Trade industry===\\nThere\n        are many large modern shopping malls in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere are a large number\n        of markets:\\n* [[Barabashovo market]] is the largest market in Ukraine and\n        one of the largest markets in Europe.\\n* [[Blagoveshinskiy]] market.\\n* [[Konniy]]\n        \\\"horse\\\" market.\\n* [[Sumskoi]] market {{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.info/place/31899|publisher=kharkov.info|title=\\u0422\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\\"\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\\\" \\u043f\\u043e \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d, \\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b,\n        8|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n* [[Raiskiy]] book market.\\n\\n==Science\n        and education==\\n{{multiple image\\n | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n\n        | image1 = (39)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_MAIN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\\n\n        | width1 = 160\\n | caption1 = Main building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image2 = (40)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_NORTHERN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width2 = 160\\n | caption2 = Northern building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image3 = (41)_MECHNIKOV_LANDAU_KUZNETS_MONUMENTS_AT_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width3 = 160\\n | caption3 = Il''ya I. Mechnikov, Lev D. Landau, Simon\n        A. Kuznets Nobel Laureates Monuments at [[University of Kharkiv|V. N. Karazin\n        Kharkiv National University]].\\n}}\\n\\n===Higher education===\\nThe [[Kharkiv\n        National University|Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]] is the\n        most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the\n        efforts by [[Vasily Karazin]] in Kharkiv in 1804\\u20131805.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/school/37|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} On {{OldStyleDate|29 January|1805|17 January}}, the Decree\n        on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force.\\n\\nThe\n        Roentgen Institute opened in 1931. It was a specialist cancer treatment facility\n        with 87 research workers, 20 professors, and specialist medical staff. The\n        facilities included chemical, physiology, and bacteriology experimental treatment\n        laboratories. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.\\n\\nThe city has 13 national universities and numerous\n        professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering\n        its students a wide range of disciplines. [[Kharkiv National University]]\n        (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute|National Technical\n        University \\\"KhPI\\\"]] (20,000 students), [[Kharkiv National University\n        of Radioelectronics]] (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv National Aerospace\n        University \\\"KhAI\\\"]], [[Ukrainian Academy of Pharmacy|Kharkiv National University\n        of Pharmacy]], [[Kharkiv National Medical University]] are the leading {{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} universities in Ukraine.\\n\\nMore than 17,000 faculty\n        and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in\n        Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Scientific research===\\nThe city has a high concentration of\n        research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the\n        universities. Among them are three national science centres: [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], Institute of Meteorology, Institute for Experimental\n        and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions\n        of the [[National Academy of Science of Ukraine]], such as the [[B Verkin\n        Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering]], [[Institute for Problems\n        of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine]], State Scientific Institution \\\"Institute\n        for Single Crystals\\\", Usikov Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE),\n        Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA), and others. A total number of 26,000 scientists\n        are working in research and development.\\n\\nA number of world-renowned scientific\n        schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the [[Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School|theoretical\n        physics school]] and the [[Kharkiv Mathematical School|mathematical school]].\\n\\nThere\n        is the Kharkiv Scientists House in the city, which was built by A. N. Beketov,\n        architect in Kharkiv in 1900. All the scientists like to meet and discuss\n        various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.khdu.org/house.php|publisher=khdu.org|title=house|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Public libraries===\\nIn addition to the libraries\n        affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv\n        State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library.\\n\\n===Secondary\n        schools===\\nKharkiv has 212 ([[secondary education]]) schools, including 10\n        [[lyceum]]s and 20 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]].{{citation needed|date=October\n        2016}}\\n\\n===Education centers===\\nThere is the educational \\\"Landau Center\\\",\n        which is named after Prof. L.D. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://landaucentre.org/about/|publisher=landaucentre.org|title=\\u041f\\u0420\\u041e\n        \\\"\\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\u0414\\u0410\\u0423\\u0426\\u0415\\u041d\\u0422\\u0420\\\" ||accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==Culture==\\nKharkiv is one of the main cultural centres\n        in Ukraine. It is home to 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of art\n        galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every\n        year.\\n\\n===Theaters===\\nThe Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater\n        named after N. V. Lysenko is a biggest theater in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/ukr/|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        - \\u0425\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0425\\u041d\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/eng|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=Home|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv State Academic Drama Theater named after\n        T. G. Shevchenko is popular among Ukrainian speaking people {{cite\n        web|url=http://www.theatre-shevchenko.com.ua/|publisher=theatre-shevchenko.com.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0410\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0422\\u0435\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u0456\\u043c. \\u0422.\\u0413.\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv Academic Russian Drama Theater named after\n        A.S. Pushkin was recently renovated, and it is quite popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://rusdrama.kh.ua/|publisher=rusdrama.kh.ua|title=rusdrama.kh.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nIn the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to\n        as a Literary [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}\n        It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: [[Les Kurbas]],\n        [[Mykola Kulish]], [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Mykola Zerov]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]],\n        Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers\n        were repressed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event\n        in Ukrainian history is called the \\\"Executed Renaissance\\\" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).\n        Today a literary museum located on Frunze Street marks their work and achievements.\\n\\nToday,\n        Kharkiv is often referred to as the \\\"capital city\\\" of Ukrainian [[Science\n        fiction]] and [[Fantasy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=934426.html|title=Kharkiv\n        city guide|date=25 January 2010|work=uefa.com|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrainetravel.co/kharkiv|title=Ukraine Travel Guide: Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine|work=ukrainetravel.co|accessdate=22 March 2015}} It is the home\n        to a number of popular writers, such as [[H. L. Oldie]], [[Alexander Zorich]],\n        [[Andrey Dashkov]], [[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] and [[Andrey Valentinov]];\n        most of them [[Russian language in Ukraine|write in Russian]] and are popular\n        in both Russia and Ukraine. The annual [[science fiction convention]] \\\"Star\n        Bridge\\\" (\\u0417\\u0432\\u0451\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442)\n        has been held in Kharkiv since 1999.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/en/general/univer_today/news?news_id=63|title=Kharkiv\n        International Festival of Science Fiction \\\"Star Bridge - 2011\\\"|work=V. N.\n        Karazin Kharkiv National University|date=September 2011|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Music===\\nThere is the [[Kharkiv Philharmonic Society]]\n        in the city.\\n\\nThere is the Organ Music Hall in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/filarmonia/dom-organnoj-i-kamernoj-muzyki/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b, \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u2013 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} The Organ Music Hall is situated at the [[Dormition Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] presently. The [[Rieger\\u2013Kloss]] organ\n        was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. The new\n        Organ Music Hall will be opened at the extensively renovated building of [[Kharkiv\n        Philharmonic Society]] in Kharkiv in November, 2016.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv Conservatory]]\n        is in the city.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts|Kharkiv\n        National University of Arts named after I.P. Kotlyarevsky]] is situated in\n        the city.{{cite web|url=http://dum.kharkov.ua/|publisher=dum.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432 \\u0456\\u043c \\u0406.\\u041f.\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv sponsors the prestigious [[Hnat Khotkevych]]\n        International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments,\n        which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions\n        have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry\n        of Culture two days before its opening.{{cite web|url=http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228232703/http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archivedate=28\n        December 2013 |title=\\u041c\\u0438\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\n        \\u0438\\u043c. \\u0413\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        - \\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 |publisher=Proua.com\n        |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=15 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe music festival: \\\"Kharkiv\n        - City of Kind Hopes\\\" is conducted in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/festival-harkiv-misto-dobrih-nadij-informatsiya-dlya-uchastnikov/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\\\". \\u0418\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Movies festival===\\nThe \\\"Kharkiv Lilacs\\\" international\n        movie festival is very popular among the movie stars, makers, producers in\n        Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America.{{cite\n        web|url=http://sirenfest.net.ua/en/|publisher=sirenfest.net.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c - \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|publisher=times.kh.ua|title=times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe festival is usually conducted in May every year.\\n\\nThere\n        is a special alley with the metal hand prints by the popular movies actors\n        at Shevchenko park in Kharkiv.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://kharkov.dozor.ua/news/obwestvo/kultura/1174449.html|publisher=kharkov.dozor.ua|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\\":\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 (\\u0424\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e) | \\u0412\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0437\\u043e\\u0440|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Visual\n        arts===\\nKharkiv was/is a home for many famous painters [[Ilya Repin]], [[Zinaida\n        Serebryakova]], [[Henryk Siemiradzki]], [[Vasyl Yermilov]], {{citation needed|date=February\n        2017}} etc. There are many modern arts galleries in the city. For example:\n        the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal\n        Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, fthe Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK\n        Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery.\\n\\n===Museums===\\nThere is the\n        Kharkiv History Museum named after M. F. Sumtsov in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museum.kh.ua/eng.html|publisher=museum.kh.ua|title=Information\n        in English - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c.\\u0424.\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Natural History Museum at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National\n        University was founded in Kharkiv on April 2, 1807. The museum is visited\n        by 40000 visitors every year.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/nature|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/79|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University History\n        Museum was established in Kharkiv in 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 -\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/historical|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/78|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Archeology\n        Museum was founded in Kharkiv on March 20, 1998.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.maesu.org/|publisher=maesu.org|title=www.maesu.org/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/77|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Technical University \\\"Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute\\\" Museum was\n        created in Kharkiv on December 29, 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|publisher=kpi.kharkov.ua|title=www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/arhiv-sobytij/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439 | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423\n        "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/kontakti/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u044f\n        | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/115|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\\"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Aerospace University \\\"Kharkiv Aviation Institute\\\" Museum was founded\n        on May 29, 1992.{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/2|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\\"\\u0425\\u0410\\u0406\\\"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe \\\"National University of Pharmacy\\\" Museum was founded\n        in Kharkiv on September 15, 2010.{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/muzejj-istorii-farmacii-ukrainy/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 -\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/e-kspozitsionny-e-zaly-muzeya/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u042d\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044b \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u044f - \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/51|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThere\n        are around 147 museums in the Kharkiv''s region.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museums.kh.ua/|publisher=museums.kh.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0457\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Landmarks===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0435\\u0439\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a.jpg|thumb|150px|right|National\n        holiday''s fireworks on [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]]]]\\n\\nOf\n        the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral]], [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation\n        Cathedral]], [[Derzhprom]] building, [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]],\n        [[Taras Shevchenko]] Monument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, [[Kharkov\n        Choral Synagogue|Choral Synagogue]], T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children''s\n        narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more.\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] the monument to [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\n        in [[Sevastopol]] was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.08.2014/v_harkove_poyavitsya_pamyatnik_sagajdachnomu/\n        A monument to Sahaidachny in Kharkov], Status quo (23 August 2014)\\n\\n==Media==\\nThere\n        are a large number of broadcast and internet TV channels, AM/FM/PM/internet\n        radio-stations, and paper/internet newspapers in Kharkiv. Some are listed\n        below.\\n\\n===Newspapers===\\n* \\\"Vremya\\\"\\n* \\\"Vecherniy Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Segodnya\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Vesti\\\"\\n* \\\"Khar''kovskie Izvestiya\\\"\\n\\n===Magazines===\\n* ''''Guberniya''''\n        {{cite web|url=http://www.guberniya.net/|publisher=guberniya.net|title=\\u0413\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        - \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0436\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===TV\n        stations===\\n* \\\"Pershyi\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Ukraine\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Inter\\\" channel\\n*\n        \\\"Oblastne Telebachennya\\\" channel\\n\\n===Radio stations===\\n* \\\"Promin''\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Ukrains''ke Radio\\\"\\n* \\\"Radio Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Kharkiv Oblastne Radio\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Russkoe Radio Ukraina\\\"\\n* \\\"Shanson\\\" {{cite web|url=http://kharkivmarathon.com/en/|publisher=kharkivmarathon.com|title=Main\n        | 5th Kharkiv International Marathon|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marathonrunnersdiary.com/races/europe-marathons/kharkiv-international-marathon.php|publisher=marathonrunnersdiary.com|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2017 - Race Details - Marathon Runners Diary|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://sportevent.com.ua/events/kharkivmarathon2016/|publisher=sportevent.com.ua|title=Ukraine\n        Sport Events - \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua/v2/rmv/2016/04/09/kharkiv-international-marathon-2016/|publisher=blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2016 « \\u0421\\u041e\\u0412\\u0415\\u0422 \\u041c\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0414\\u042b\\u0425\n        \\u0423\\u0427\\u0401\\u041d\\u042b\\u0425|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Football\n        (soccer)===\\nThe most popular sport is [[football (soccer)|football]]. The\n        city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions.\n        The most successful is ''''[[FC Dynamo Kharkiv]]'''' that won eight national\n        titles back in 1920s-1930s.\\n\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Metalist Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]], which plays at\n        the [[Dynamo Stadium (Kharkiv)|Dynamo Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Helios]], which plays\n        at the [[Arsenal-Bavariya Stadium|Helios Arena]]\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Arsenal-Spartak Stadium]] (participates in regional competitions)\\n\\nThere\n        is also a female football club [[WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv]], which represented\n        Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender\n        for the national title.\\n\\n[[Metalist Stadium]] hosted three group matches\n        at [[UEFA Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===Other sports===\\nKharkiv also has an [[Ice hockey|Ice\n        Hockey]] club, HC Vityaz Kharkiv who compete in the Ukrainian Vyscha Liga.\\n\\n[[Avangard\n        Budy]] is a [[bandy]] club from Kharkiv, which won the Ukrainian championship\n        in 2013.\\n\\nThere is a men''s volleyball team [[Lokomotiv Kharkiv Volleyball|Lokomotiv\n        Kharkiv]] which performs in Ukraine and in the European competitions.\\n\\n[[RC\n        Olymp|RC Olimp'']] is the city''s [[rugby union]] club. They provide many\n        players for the [[Ukraine national rugby union team|national team]].\\n\\nTennis\n        is a very popular sport in Kharkiv. There are many professional tennis courts\n        in the city. [[Elina Svitolina]] is a tennis player from Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere\n        is a golf club in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.superiorresort.com|publisher=superiorresort.com|title=\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444-\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\n        Superior Golf & Spa Resort \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nHorseriding as a sport is very popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|publisher=zabytki.in.ua|title=zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/publ/kharkovskij_ippodrom/28-1-0-2|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u043f\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://konezavod.com/|publisher=konezavod.com|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0448\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There are large stable and the horse riding facilities at\n        Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|publisher=feldman-ecopark.com|title=feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThere is a growing interest to the cycling among the\n        locals.{{cite web|url=http://vesti-ukr.com/harkov/100881-v-harkove-ustanovili-velosipednyj-rekord|publisher=vesti-ukr.com|title=\\u0412\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434.\n        \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u0445\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u0443\\u044e \\u0444\\u0438\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.nezabarom.ua/Muzei-Vystavki-Galerei/blogs/entry/3128/|publisher=kharkov.nezabarom.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There is a large bicycles producing plant in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://usi.ua/velo/index.php?st=38|publisher=usi.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0438\\u043c.\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        - \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043a\\u0438,\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u0434\\u044b\\u0445\\u0430.|accessdate=18 June 2017}} Presently,\n        the modern bicycle highway is under the construction at \\\"Leso park\\\" district\n        in Kharkiv.\\n\\n==Sister cities==\\n{{See also|List of twin towns and sister\n        cities in Ukraine}}\\n\\nKharkiv is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]]\n        with:{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm |title=Sister\n        cities of Kharkiv|accessdate=4 May 2007|language=Russian}}\\n\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}}\n        [[Belgorod]], [[Russia]] (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024152249/http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/city/index/\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]],\n        Italy (1966)\\n*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic\n        (2005){{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825100926/http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archivedate=25\n        August 2009|title=Brno \\u2013 Partnersk\\u00e1 m\\u011bsta|publisher=\\u00a9\n        2006\\u20132009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=17\n        July 2009}}\\n*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Cetinje]], Montenegro (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/chornogorske-misto-tsetinye-stalo-partnerom-harkova-7507.html\n        \\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States (1989)[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812023826/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/usa/ua/1608.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0428\\u0410] {{uk icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/|title=OKI\n        Sister City Coalition}}\\n*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Daugavpils]], Latvia (2006)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015194903/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/latvia/ua/26040.htm\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|TUR}}\n        [[Gaziantep]], Turkey (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/harkiv-i-gaziantep-mista-pobratimi-7505.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\n        - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jinan]], China (2004)\\n*{{flagicon|LTU}}\n        [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008174029/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/lithuania/ua/publication/content/41348.htm\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Kutaisi]], Georgia (2005){{cite web|url=http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |title=Kutaisi City - International Relations - Sister Cities |publisher=Kutaisi\n        City Local Government |date=4 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003215934/http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |archivedate= 3 October 2011 |df= }}\\n*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], France\n        (1978)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234404/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/france/fr/publication/content/10806.htm\n        Partenariat et amiti\\u00e9 existants\\u0435ntre villes et r\\u00e9gions de France\n        et d\\u2018Ukraine] {{fr icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]],\n        Slovenia (2012)[http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx?id=1162\n        Mestna ob\\u010dina Maribor] {{sl icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]],\n        Russia (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia\n        (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1990)[https://web.archive.org/web/20061230212248/http://www.kiew.diplo.de/Vertretung/kiew/uk/06/Staedtepartnerschaften/Liste.html\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland (1998){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234642/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archivedate=8\n        October 2012 |title=\\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0449\\u0456 |publisher=Mfa.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=15\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |title=Pozna\\u0144 - Miasta partnerskie |accessdate=11 December 2013 |work=1998\\u20132013\n        Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania |publisher=City of Pozna\\u0144 |language=Polish\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062530/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl|title=Pozna\\u0144\n        Official Website \\u2013 Twin Towns|accessdate=29 November 2008|publisher=\\u00a9\n        1998\\u20132008 Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania|language=Polish}}''''\\n*{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel (2008)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint\n        Petersburg]], Russia (2003)[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216184933/http://gov.spb.ru/day/inter\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0438 || \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b \\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442-\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430]\n        {{ru icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tianjin]], China (1993)\\n*{{flagicon|BUL}}\n        [[Varna]], Bulgaria (1995)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008044032/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/bulgaria/ua/publication/content/38988.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f] {{uk icon}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183506/http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archivedate=28\n        September 2011 |title=\\u0410\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0456\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u044e\n        |publisher=Kmv.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=20 April 2012}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Warsaw]], Poland (2011)[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328121853/http://news.dt.ua/SOCIETY/harkiv_i_varshava_stali_mistami-pobratimami-74667.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Sulaymaniyah]], Iraqi Kurdistan (2015)\\n\\n==Nobel\n        and Fields prize winners==\\n\\n*[[Lev Landau]] \\u2013 (originally from Baku)\n        a head of the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], a head of the department of experimental physics\n        and a lecturer at the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv State\n        University]], a head of the department of theoretical physics at the at [[Kharkiv\n        Polytechnic Institute]] 1932\\u201337, Nobel Prize for Physics 1962\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] (economics)\\n*[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov|Ilya Mechnikov]] (medicine)\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Drinfeld]] (mathematics)\\n\\n==Notable people==\\nThe following people have\n        been born or have lived in Kharkiv:\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n*[[Boris Amromin]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli ice hockey player\\n*[[Nikolai P. Barabashov]] \\u2014 astronomer,\n        co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the moon\\n*[[Pavel Batitsky]]\n        \\u2014 executed [[Lavrentiy Beria]] after Khrushchevs'' coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        in 1953, and commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Defense Forces from 1966\n        to 1978\\n*[[Vladimir Bobri]] \\u2014 illustrator, author, composer, educator\n        and guitar historian\\n*[[Inna Bohoslovska]] \\u2014 lawyer, politician and\n        leader of the Ukrainian public organization [[Viche]]\\n*[[Sergei Bortkiewicz]]\n        \\u2014 Russian [[Romantic music|Romantic]] [[composer]] and [[pianist]]\\n*[[Maria\n        Burmaka]] \\u2013 Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter\\n*[[Leonid Buryak]]\n        - football coach and former Olympic bronze-medal-winning player\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bykov]] \\u2013 Soviet actor, film director, and script writer\\n*[[Adolphe\n        Mouron Cassandre]] \\u2014 Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist,\n        and [[typeface]] designer\\n*[[Valentina Chepiga]] \\u2013 [[Female bodybuilding|female\n        bodybuilder]] and 2000 [[Ms. Olympia]] champion\\n*[[Juliya Chernetsky]] (Mistress\n        Juliya) \\u2014 television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the\n        United States\\n*[[Olga Danilov]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic speed skater\\n* [[Alexander\n        Davidovich (wrestler)|Alexander Davidovich]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic wrestler\\n*[[Andrey\n        Denisov]] \\u2014 Russian diplomat\\n*[[Vladimir Drinfeld]] \\u2014 mathematician,\n        awarded Fields Medal in 1990\\n*[[Isaak Dunayevsky]] \\u2014 Soviet composer\n        and conductor\\n*[[Konstanty Gorski]] \\u2014 Polish composer, violist, organist,\n        and music teacher\\n*[[Valentina Grizodubova]] \\u2014 One of the first female\n        pilots in the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lyudmila Gurchenko]] (Hurchenko) \\u2013 Soviet\n        and Russian actress, singer and entertainer\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft\n        designer)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014 (originally from Rubanshchina) Soviet\n        aircraft designer, a partner (with [[Artem Mikoyan]]) of the [[MiG]] military\n        aviation bureau\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (chess player)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] chess player\\n*[[Diana Harkusha]] \\u2014 Miss Ukraine\n        Universe 2014 and [[Miss Universe 2014]]''s 2nd Runner-up\\n*[[Leonid Haydamaka]]\n        \\u2014 [[bandurist]], conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk\n        instruments\\n*[[Maksym Kalynychenko]] \\u2013 Ukrainian [[football (soccer)|football]]\n        player\\n*[[Vasily Karazin]] \\u2014 founder of Kharkiv University, which now\n        bears his name\\n*[[Hnat Khotkevych]] \\u2014 Ukrainian writer, ethnographer,\n        composer, bandurist\\n*[[Mikhail Koshkin]] \\u2014 (originally from Brynchagi),\n        chief designer of Soviet tank [[T-34]]\\n*[[Olga Krasko]] \\u2014 Russian actress\\n*[[Mykola\n        Kulish]] \\u2014 Ukrainian playwright\\n*[[Les Kurbas]] \\u2014 Ukrainian dramatist\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] \\u2014 [[Russian American]] [[economist]]\\n*[[Alexander Voevodin]]\n        \\u2014 biomedical scientist and educator\\n{{col-break}}\\n*[[Evgeny Lifshitz]]\n        \\u2014 Soviet [[physicist]]\\n*[[Eduard Limonov]] \\u2014 writer, poet and controversial\n        politician\\n*[[Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy]] \\u2014 lead developer of Soviet Shuttle\n        [[Buran program]]\\n*[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]] \\u2014 Russian mathematician, mechanician\n        and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory\\n*[[Boris Mikhailov (photographer)|Boris\n        Mikhailov]] \\u2014 photographer / artist\\n*[[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] \\u2014 Ukrainian\n        political leader and activist\\n*[[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] \\u2014\n        fantasy and science fiction writer\\n*[[Henry Lion Oldie]] (Dmitry Gromov and\n        Oleg Ladyzhensky) \\u2014 science fiction and fantasy writers\\n*[[Igor Olshanetskyi]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli Olympic weightlifter\\n*[[Justine Pasek]] \\u2014 [[Miss Universe\n        2002]]\\n*[[Valerian Pidmohylny]] \\u2014 Ukrainian poet\\n*[[Irina Press]] \\u2014\n        athlete who won two Olympic [[gold medal]]s\\n*[[Tamara Press]] \\u2014 Soviet\n        [[shot put]]ter and [[discus throw]]er\\n*[[Olga Rapay-Markish]] \\u2014 [[Ceramics|ceramicist]]\\n*[[Igor\n        Rybak]] \\u2014 Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter\\n*[[Eugen Schauman]]\n        \\u2013 Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general [[Nikolay Ivanovich\n        Bobrikov]] in 1904\\n*[[Alexander Shchetynsky]] \\u2014 composer\\n*[[George\n        Shevelov]] \\u2013 Ukrainian and Slavic linguist, philologist, essayist, literary\n        historian, and literary critic\\n*[[Elena Sheynina]] \\u2014 children''s author\\n*[[Klavdiya\n        Shulzhenko]] \\u2014 singer of the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lev Shubnikov]] \\u2014\n        Soviet experimental [[physicist]] who worked in the Netherlands and USSR\\n*[[Alexander\n        Siloti]] \\u2014 Russian pianist, [[Conducting|conductor]] and [[composer]]\\n*[[Hryhorii\n        Skovoroda]] \\u2013 poet, philosopher and composer\\n*[[Karina Smirnoff]] \\u2013\n        professional world champion dancer, starring on ''''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''''\\n*[[Jura\n        Soyfer]] \\u2014 Austrian political journalist and [[cabaret]] writer\\n*[[Otto\n        Struve]] \\u2014 Russian-American [[astronomer]]\\n*[[Serafina Schachova]] \\u2013\n        [[Nephrologist]]\\n*[[Sergei Sviatchenko]] \\u2013 artist\\n*[[Mark Taimanov]]\n        \\u2014 chess player and [[concert]] pianist\\n*[[Ievgeniia Tetelbaum]] \\u2014\n        Israeli Olympic synchronized swimmer\\n*[[Nikolai Tikhonov]] \\u2014 [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union]]\\n*[[Yevgeniy Timoshenko]] \\u2014 professional poker\n        player\\n*[[Anna Tsybuleva]] \\u2014 pianist, winner of the [[Leeds International\n        Piano Competition]]\\n*[[Anna Ushenina]] \\u2014 women''s world chess champion\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Vasyutin]] \\u2014 Soviet [[cosmonaut]] of Ukrainian descent\\n*[[Yury Vengerovsky]]\n        \\u2014 Olympic gold medal winning volleyball player\\n*[[Vitali Vitaliev]]\n        - journalist and author\\n*[[Igor Vovchanchyn]] \\u2013 Mixed martial artist\\n*[[Vasyl\n        Yermylov]] \\u2013 painter and [[design]]er\\n*[[Serhiy Zhadan]] \\u2014 poet,\n        novelist, and translator\\n*[[Oleksandr Zhdanov]] - professional Ukrainian-Israeli\n        football defender\\n*[[Irina Zhurina]] \\u2013 opera singer, [[People''s Artist\n        of Russia]]\\n*[[Alexander Zorich]] (Dmitry Gordevsky and Yana Botsman), science\n        fiction writers.\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==Transport==\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e - \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Pushkinska\n        (Kharkiv Metro)|Pushkinska station]] of [[Kharkiv Metro]]]]\\n[[File:Kh Rail.JPG|thumb|150px|Kharkiv\n        Railway Station Main Entrance, August 2011]]\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c21.jpg|thumb|150px|Historical\n        building of [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv Airport]]]]\\nThe city\n        of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centers in Ukraine, which\n        is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic.\n        The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis,\n        railways, and air traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city.{{cite\n        web|author=Andrew Rybka |url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/news/6542/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439.\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438. \\u041e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c. \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0435\\u0436\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445.\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Gortransport.kharkov.ua |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\n===Local\n        transport===\\nBeing an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different\n        means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. [[Kharkiv Metro|Kharkiv''s\n        Metro]] is the city''s rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes\n        three different lines with 30 stations in total.{{cite web|url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/subway/index.html\n        |title=Metro. Basic facts|accessdate=1 March 2011 |work=City transportation\n        Kharkiv |language=Ukrainian}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/364779.html\n        Poroshenko opens new subway station in Kharkiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19\n        August 2016) The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers\n        annually. {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Trolleybuses, trams (which\n        celebrated its 100 years of service in 2006), and ''''[[marshrutka]]s''''\n        (private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.\\n\\n===Railways===\\nThe\n        first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to\n        arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869,\n        traffic was opened on the Kursk\\u2013Kharkiv\\u2013Azov line. Kharkiv''s passenger\n        railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed\n        in the [[Second World War]]. A new [[Kharkiv railway station]] was built in\n        1952.{{cite web|url=http://uz.gov.ua/en/euro2012/stations/|publisher=uz.gov.ua|title=Railway\n        Stations :: Euro-2012 :: \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine\n        and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as [[elektrichka]]s\n        connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.\\n\\n===Air===\\nKharkiv is served\n        by [[Kharkiv International Airport]] has been granted international status.\n        Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv\n        Airport \\u2014 Aeromost-Kharkiv \\u2014 is not serving any regular destinations\n        {{As of|2007|lc=y}}. 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Karazin National University. 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Zoo\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439.JPG|Dolphinarium\n        in Kharkiv\\n\\n\\n==Footnotes==\\n{{Notelist|2}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em|refs=\\n{{cite news |url= https://navalny.com/p/3836/ |script-title=ru:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0424\\u0411\\u041a \\u043f\\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c.\n        \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0430, \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f,\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f |language= Russian\n        |trans_title= Survey of Kharkov and Odessa Oblasts |first= Alexei |last= Navalny\n        |publisher= navalny.com |date= 23 September 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140923121221/https://navalny.com/p/3836/\n        |archivedate= 23 September 2014 |deadurl= no }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html\n        |script-title=uk:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 3% \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0457\\u0445 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region\n        to become part of Russia |work= [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |date= 3 January 2015\n        }}\\n}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{See also|Timeline of Kharkiv#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography\n        of the history of Kharkiv}}\\n\\n==External 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[http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economics/1480141-kurchenko_to_finance_kharkivs_preparations_for_eurobasket_2015_301524.html\n        FC Metalist President Kurchenko to invest in Kharkiv\\u2019s preparations for\n        EuroBasket 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 April 2013)\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[People''s Deputy of Ukraine|MPs]]:\\n|leader_name2 = [[Oleksandr Feldman]]\n        
Anatoliy Denisenko
 Volodymyr Mysyk
 [[Vitaliy Khomutynnik]] [[Dmytro Svyatash]]
 Oleksandr Kirsch ([[People''s Front (Ukraine)|PF]]) Valery Pisarenko\\n|established_title     = Founded\\n|established_date      =\n        1654[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123906 What Makes\n        Kharkiv Ukrainian], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (23 November 2014)\\n|established_title2    =\\n|established_date2     =\n        \\n|parts_type        = [[#Government and administrative divisions|Districts]]\\n|parts_style       =\n        \\n|parts             =\n        List of 9\\n|p1                = Shevchenkivskyi Raion\\n|p2                =\n        Novobavarskyi Raion\\n|p3                = Kyivskyi Raion\\n|p4                =\n        Slobidskyi Raion\\n|p5                = Holodnohirskyi Raion\\n|p6                =\n        Moskovskyi Raion\\n|p7                = Nemyshlianskyi Raion\\n|p8                =\n        Industrialnyi Raion\\n|p9                = Osnovianskyi Raion\\n|area_total_km2         =\n        350\\n|population_as_of       = 2014\\n|population_total       = 1,439,036 {{decrease}}\\n|population_metro       =\n        1,732,400\\n|population_density_km2 = 4500\\n|timezone               = EET\\n|utc_offset             =\n        +2\\n|timezone_DST           = EEST\\n|utc_offset_DST         = +3\\n|coordinates            =\n        {{coord|50|0|16|N|36|13|53|E|type:city_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|elevation_m            =\n        152\\n|population_demonym     = Kharkivite[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1998/099820.shtml\n        Ukraine''s second Winter Olympics: one medal, some good performances], [[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]] (1 March 1998)\\n|postal_code_type       = Postal\n        code\\n|postal_code            = 61001\\u201461499\\n|blank_name             =\n        [[Licence plate]]\\n|blank_info             = \\u0425\\u0410, 21 (old)\\n|blank1_name            =\n        [[Town twinning|Sister cities]]\\n|blank1_info            = [[Belgorod]],\n        [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]],\n        [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Pozna\\u0144]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]],\n        [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]\\n|website                =\n        {{URL|city.kharkov.ua/en/}}\\n|footnotes              =\\n}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|City\n        of Kharkiv State of Ukraine Recorded by Viktor O Ledenyov.ogg|2016-01-07}}\\n''''''Kharkiv''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432}}, {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8x\\u0251rkiu\\u032f|pron}}{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine\n        |title= Kharkiv on Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica - current edition |publisher=\n        Britannica.com |date= |accessdate= 20 April 2012}}, Russian: \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        Kharkov) is the second-largest city in [[Ukraine]].[http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/23/kharkiv-never-had-eastern-western-conflicts/\n        Kharkiv \\\"never had eastern-western conflicts\\\"], ''''[[Euronews]]'''' (23\n        October 2014) In the northeast of the country, it is the largest city\n        of the [[Sloboda Ukraine|Slobozhanshchyna]] historical region. Kharkiv is\n        the [[administrative centre]] of [[Kharkiv Oblast]] and of the surrounding\n        [[Kharkiv Raion]], though administratively it is incorporated as a [[city\n        of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and does\n        not belong to the raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2017|1, 439,036}}\\n\\nThe\n        city was founded in 1654 and after a humble beginning as a small fortress\n        grew to be a major centre of Ukrainian industry, trade and culture in the\n        [[Russian Empire]].\\n\\nKharkiv was the first capital of the [[Ukrainian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]], from December 1919 to January 1934, after which the\n        capital relocated to [[Kiev]].{{cite book|first=George|last=Liber|title=Soviet\n        Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR,\n        1923-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&pg=PA160|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press}}\\n\\nPresently, Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific,\n        educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 6 museums, 7\n        theatres and 80 libraries.\\n\\nIts industry specializes primarily in [[machinery]]\n        and in [[electronics]]. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the\n        city, including the [[Morozov Design Bureau]] and the [[Malyshev Tank Factory]]\n        (leaders in world [[tank]] production from the 1930s to the 1980s); [[Khartron]]\n        ([[aerospace]] and [[nuclear power plant]]s automation [[electronics]]); the\n        [[Turboatom]] ([[turbine]]s for the hydro-, thermal- and nuclear-power plants),\n        and [[Antonov]] (the multipurpose aircraft manufacturing plant).\\n\\n==Name==\\nSome\n        sources indicate that the city may have been named after the Hunnic name for\n        ''swan'': ''''kharka''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.rtm.ua/en/aboutcompany/rtminukrainemap/kharkivregion|title=Etymology\n        of the name Kharkiv|work=rtm.ua|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{Better\n        source|reason=Russian and Ukrainian Wikipedia cite more than 15 theories,\n        and this one doesn''t feature. The source is an advertising company.|date=May\n        2015}} Other sources offer that the city was named after its near-legendary\n        founder, ''''Kharko'''' (a [[diminutive]] form of the name [[Chariton (name)|Chariton]],\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d}},\n        or [[Zechariah (given name)|Zechariah]], {{lang-uk|\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439}}).{{cite web|url=https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F._1798.pdf/175|publisher=uk.wikisource.org|title=\\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u044a \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0457\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f.\n        1798.pdf/175 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{see also|Timeline of Kharkiv}}\\n[[File:Charkow.jpg|thumb|150px|19th-century\n        view of Kharkiv, with the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]]\n        belltower dominating the skyline.]]\\n[[File:Sumskayaa street,Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sumska\n        Street]] is the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv]]\\nCultural artifacts date back\n        to the [[Bronze Age]], as well as those of later [[Scythians|Scythian]] and\n        [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] settlers. There is also evidence that the [[Chernyakhov\n        culture]] flourished in the area from the second to the sixth centuries. {{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2017}}\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nThe city was founded by re-settlers\n        who were running away from the war that engulfed [[Right-bank Ukraine]] in\n        1654 (see [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]]). The years before\n        the region was a sparsely populated part of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]].{{cite book|author=Roman Solchanyk|title=Ukraine and\n        Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNvTSDQXFXgC&pg=PA6|accessdate=31\n        March 2015|date=January 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1018-0|page=6}}\n        The group of people came onto the banks of [[Lopan River|Lopan]] and [[Kharkiv\n        River|Kharkiv]] rivers where an abandoned settlement stood.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/06/9/88316/ \\u0416\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432. \\u041d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c-\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\n        (Living Kharkiv. Nightly excursion through the host-city)] [[Ukrayinska Pravda]].\n        June 9, 2012 According to archive documents, the leader of the re-settlers\n        was [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk.\\n\\nAt first the settlement\n        was self-governed under the jurisdiction of a [[voivode]] from [[Chuhuiv]]\n        that is {{convert|40|km|mi}} to the east. The\n        first appointed voivode from [[Moscow]] was Voyin Selifontov in 1656 who started\n        to build a local [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] (fort).\n        At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were\n        local cossacks, while Selifontov brought along a Moscow garrison of another\n        70 servicemen. The first Kharkiv voivode was\n        replaced in two years after constantly complaining that locals refused to\n        cooperate in building the fort. Kharkiv also\n        became the centre of the local Sloboda cossack regiment as the area surrounding\n        the [[Belgorod]] fortress was being heavily militarized. With the resettlement\n        of the area by Ukrainians it came to be known as [[Sloboda Ukraine]], most\n        of which was included under the jurisdiction of the Razryad [[Prikaz]] (Military\n        Appointment) headed by a [[okolnichy|district official]] from [[Belgorod]].\n        By 1657 the Kharkiv settlement had a fortress\n        with underground passageways.\\n\\nIn 1658 Ivan Ofrosimov was appointed as the\n        new voivode, who worked on forcing locals to kiss the cross to show loyalty\n        to the Moscow tsar. The locals led by their\n        [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk refused. However,\n        with the election of the new otaman Tymish Lavrynov the community (hromada)\n        sent a request to the tsar to establish a local Assumption market, signed\n        by [[Dean (Christianity)|deans]] of Kharkiv churches (the [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity). Relationships with the neighboring [[Chuhuiv]] sometimes\n        were non-friendly and often their arguments were pacified by force.\n        With the appointment of the third voivode Vasiliy Sukhotin was completely\n        finished the construction of the city fort.\\n\\nMeanwhile,\n        Kharkiv had become the centre of [[Sloboda Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Kharkiv\n        Fortress===\\n[[File:(29) ST ASSUMPTION ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL IN CITY OF KHARKIV\n        STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View\n        of [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkov|Holy Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] in\n        Kharkiv]]\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432. \\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0438 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c.jpg|thumb|150px|Intercession Cathedral with bell tower\n        and Ozeryanskaya church (right) built in Kharkiv in 1689]]\\n[[File:(30) VIEW\n        ON PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE OVER KHARKIV RIVER IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE\n        PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View of modern pedestrian\n        bridge over Kharkiv River in Kharkiv]]\\nThe Kharkiv Fortress was erected around\n        the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and its castle\n        was at [[University Hill, Kharkiv|University Hill]].\n        It was between today''s streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution\n        Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent. The fortress had 10 towers: Chuhuivska Tower, Moskovska\n        Tower, Vestovska Tower, Tainytska Tower, Lopanska Corner Tower, Kharkivska\n        Corner Tower and others. The tallest was Vestovska,\n        some {{convert|16|m|ft}} tall, while the shortest\n        one was Tainytska which had a secret well {{convert|35|m|ft}} deep.\n        The fortress had the Lopanski Gates.\\n\\nIn 1689\n        the fortress was expanded and included the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral and Monastery\n        which was baptized and became the center of\n        local eparchy. Coincidentally in the same year in the vicinity of Kharkiv\n        in [[Kolomak]], [[Ivan Mazepa]] was announced the [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]. Next to the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral\n        was located the Kharkiv Collegiate that was transferred from [[Belgorod]]\n        to Kharkiv in 1726.\\n\\n===In the Russian Empire===\\nIn\n        the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708\\u20131710|administrative\n        reform]] carried out in 1708 by [[Peter the Great]], the area was included\n        into [[Kiev Governorate]]. Kharkiv is specifically mentioned as one of the\n        towns making a part of the governorate.{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/|script-title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\n        \\u043e\\u0431 \\u0443\\u0447\\u0440\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0438 \\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043a \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432, 1708\n        \\u0433., \\u0434\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f 18 |trans-title=Decree\n        on the establishment of Provinces and cities assigned to them, December 18,\n        1708|language=ru|website=constitution.garant.ru|accessdate=31 March 2015}}\n        In 1727, [[Belgorod Governorate]] was split off, and Kharkiv moved to Belgoro\n        Governorate. It was the center of a separate administrative unit, [[Kharkiv\n        Sloboda Cossack regiment]]. The regiment at some point was detached from Belgorod\n        Governorate, then attached to it again, until in 1765, [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        was established with the seat in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525173851/http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archivedate=25\n        May 2013|script-title=ru:\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f. 2. \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|trans-title=History of the\n        Administrative-Territorial Division of the Voronezh Region. 2. Voronezh Province.|publisher=Archive\n        service of Voronezh Oblast|language=Russian|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n\\n[[Kharkiv\n        University]] was established in 1805 in the Palace of [[Governorate-General]].\\n[[Aleksander Mickiewicz|Alexander Mikolajewicz\n        Mickiewicz]], brother of [[Adam Mickiewicz]] was a professor of law in the\n        university, another celebrity [[Goethe]] searched for instructors for the\n        school. In 1906 [[Ivan Franko]] received a doctorate\n        in Russian linguistics here.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2011/08/23/53238/|script-title=uk:\\u0423\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0448\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443|trans-title=A\n        memorial plaque to Ivan Franko was unveiled in Kharkiv|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=23\n        August 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe streets were first cobbled\n        in the city centre in 1830.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/01/24/17847/|script-title=uk:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438 XIX-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044f|trans-title=Kharkiv and Kharkiv\n        denizens in 19th century photos|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=24\n        January 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}} In 1844 the {{convert|90|m|ft}}\n        tall Alexander Bell Tower was built next to the first Assumption Cathedral,\n        which on November 16, 1924 was transformed into a [[radio tower]].\n        A system of running water was established in 1870. The Cathedral Descent at\n        one time carried the name of another local trader Vasyl Ivanovych Pashchenko-Tryapkin\n        as Pashchenko Descent. Pashchenko even leased\n        a space to the city council (duma) and was the owner of the city \\\"Old Passage\\\",\n        the city''s biggest trade center. After his\n        death in 1894 Pashchenko donated all his possessions to the city.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1812, the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}} One of the first [[Prosvita]]s in Eastern Ukraine was also established\n        in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established\n        there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by\n        the lawyer [[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] in 1900.\\n\\nSoon after the [[Crimean War]],\n        in 1860\\u201361 number of [[hromada (secret society)|hromada]] societies sprung\n        up across the Ukrainian cities including Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHromadas.htm|title=Hromadas|publisher=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]|accessdate=14 January 2016}} Among the most prominent hromada\n        members in Kharkiv was [[Alexander Potebnja|Oleksandr Potebnia]], a native\n        of [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. Beside the old hromada, in Kharkiv\n        also existed several student hromadas members of which were future political\n        leaders of Ukraine such as [[Borys Martos]], [[Dmytro Antonovych]] and many\n        others. One of the [[University of Kharkiv]] graduates\n        [[Oleksandr Kovalenko (soldier)|Oleksandr Kovalenko]] was one of initiators\n        of the mutiny on [[Russian battleship Potemkin]] being the only officer who\n        supported the in-rank sailors.\\n\\n===Soviet period===\\n[[File:(42) DERZHPROM\n        BUILDING IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV\n        20160621.jpg|thumb|150px| View of renovated [[Derzhprom]] building]]\\n[[File:Piatykhatky.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial\n        to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the [[NKVD]] in 1937\\u201338]]\\nWhen\n        the [[Tsentralna Rada]] announced the establishment of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]] in November 1917 it envisioned the [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        to be part of it. In December 1917 Kharkiv became the\n        first city in Ukraine occupied by the [[Soviet power|Soviet]] [[Group of forces\n        in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|troops]] of [[Vladimir\n        Antonov-Ovseyenko]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA713&dq=kharkiv+antonov+1917&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-8a2jl9LJAhVEeA8KHfjwDuY4ChDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=kharkiv%20antonov%201917&f=false\n        Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe)] by [[Ivan\n        Katchanovski]], [[Scarecrow Press]] (Publication date: July 11, 2013), {{ISBN|0810878453}}\n        (page 713) The [[Bolsheviks]] in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv\n        shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13\n        December 1917.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLpivm5lDsC&pg=PA7&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=7N6JVOz0OIbyUr22g-AP&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917\\u20131934]. Durham and London:\n        Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-1099-6}} (page 7) By February 1918\n        Bolshevik forces had [[Russian Civil War|captured much of Ukraine]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1195&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv+soviet+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ouGJVNi7D4Ou7gbjr4HoBA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv%20soviet%20Ukraine&f=false\n        World War I: A Student Encyclopedia]. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 1195. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-879-8}}\n        In February 1918 Kharkiv became the capital of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet\n        Republic]]; but this entity was disbanded six weeks later.[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/22/ukraine-phony-war/\n        Ukraine: The Phony War?], [[The New York Review of Books]] (27 April 2014)\n        In April 1918 the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]] occupied Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYbw25xe-FwC&pg=PP121&dq=Central+Rada+Kharkiv+German&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=NcuIVKDcCMfkarOKgiA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Central%20Rada%20Kharkiv%20German&f=false\n        Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution]. PublicAffairs.\n        {{ISBN|1-61039-140-3}}. And according to the February 1918 [[Treaty\n        of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine\\u2013Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] between\n        the Ukrainian People''s Republic and the [[Central Powers]] it became part\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pt03BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205&dq=Kharkiv+German+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=s86IVIMtlNhqvIGB6AQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%201918&f=false\n        Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. 98) (Volume 98)], [[Ibidem\n        Verlag]], 2010, {{ISBN|383820042X}} (page 24) Early January 1919 Bolshevik\n        forces captured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT338&dq=Kharkiv+German+November+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=N9KIVOT5MYfvapr4gagG&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%20November%201918&f=false\n        Ukraine: A History 4th Edition] by [[Orest Subtelny]], [[University of Toronto\n        Press]], 2009, {{ISBN|1442609915}} Mid-June 1919 [[Anton Denikin]]''s\n        [[White movement]] [[Volunteer Army]] captured the city.[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA97&dq=Denikin+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=t9OIVOfkBtPSaKnwgtgL&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression], [[Harvard University\n        Press]], 858 pages, {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}, page 97 In December 1919\n        the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] recaptured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1h0_iMrE4C&pg=PA101&dq=Denikin+December+1919+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ytWIVKrdMYOBUcnFg9AF&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20December%201919%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War]. [[Scarecrow Press Inc]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6841-0}}\n        (page 101)\\n\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Bolshevik]]s\n        established Kharkiv as the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition\n        to the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] with its capital of [[Kiev]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/01/25/69897/ |title=\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u0456 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 (\\u0437 \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438\n        1917\\u201318 \\u0440\\u0440.) (Donbas and Ukraine. (From articles and declarations\n        of Mykola Skrypnyk)) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July\n        2012}}\\n[[File:Pamiatnyk.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Monument to the [[persecuted\n        bandurists|persecuted kobzars]] in Kharkiv]]\\nAccording to linguist [[George\n        Shevelov]], in the early 1920s the share of [[secondary schools]] teaching\n        in the [[Ukrainian language]] was lower than the share of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]]s\n        ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] population,[http://balticworlds.com/games-from-the-past/\n        Games from the Past: The continuity and change of the identity dynamic in\n        Donbas from a historical perspective ], [[S\\u00f6dert\\u00f6rn University]]\n        (May 19, 2014) even though the [[Soviet Union]] had ordered that all\n        schools in the [[Ukrainian SSR]] should be Ukrainian speaking (as part of\n        its [[Ukrainization]] policy).[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by [[Lenore Grenoble]], [[Springer Science+Business\n        Media]], 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-1298-3}} (page 84)\\n\\nAs the country''s\n        capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings\n        to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration.\n        [[Derzhprom]] was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in\n        the Soviet Union at the time with a height of {{convert|63|m|ft}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html |title=Derzhprom statistics\n        |publisher=Kharkov.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}} In the 1920s,\n        a {{convert|150|m|ft}} wooden radio tower was built on top of the building.\n        The Roentgen Institute was established in 1931.{{cite news|last1=Khwaja|first1=Barbara|title=Health Reform\n        in Revolutionary Russia|url=https://www.sochealth.co.uk/2017/05/26/health-reform-revolutionary-russia/|accessdate=26\n        May 2017|publisher=Socialist Health Association|date=26 May 2017}} During\n        the interwar period the city saw the spread of architectural [[Constructivism\n        (art)|constructivism]]. One of the best representatives\n        of it was the already mentioned Derzhprom, the Building of the Red Army, the\n        Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council\n        building, with its massive asymmetric tower, the central department store\n        that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. The same year on November 7, 1932 the building of\n        Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of [[Central Executive\n        Committee of Ukraine|All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2012/04/28/82906/#10 |title=Picture\n        of the building in the Vsesvit magazine |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date=2012-04-30\n        |accessdate=21 July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2010/11/7/3319/#13\n        |title=Photos of the newspaper \\\"Proletarian\\\" for 1932-33 |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua\n        |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nIn 1928, the SVU ([[Union for the\n        Freedom of Ukraine process|Union for the Freedom of Ukraine]]) process was\n        initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia)\n        building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.\\n\\nIn\n        the early 1930s, the [[Holodomor]] famine drove many people off the land into\n        the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died\n        and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the\n        city.\\n[[File:Kharkiv-Katyn2.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial to the thousands of\n        Polish officers executed by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the [[Katyn massacre|Katyn]]\n        massacre]]\\nIn 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and\n        cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all\n        vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938.\n        Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered\n        by the NKVD.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CFqB2_OX_oQC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Stalin+Ukrainian+minstrels+Kharkiv&source=bl&ots=Ry-gE1y5zI&sig=_0anaLEThATAiaaa4OwwPp7Wh9w&hl=nl&ei=TVr0SsOxNs3G4QaD8b3pAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Stalin%20Ukrainian%20minstrels%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing] by Natalie Kononenko, M.E.\n        Sharp, {{ISBN|0-7656-0144-3}}/{{ISBN|978-0-7656-0144-5}}, page 116\\nIn\n        January 1934 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.\\n\\nDuring April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish\n        prisoners of [[Starobelsk]] camp were executed in the Kharkiv [[NKVD]] building,\n        later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in [[Piatykhatky,\n        Kharkiv|Pyatykhatky]] forest (part of the [[Katyn massacre]]) on the outskirts\n        of Kharkiv.[[Benjamin B. Fischer|Fischer, Benjamin B.]],\n        \\\"[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816221054/http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html\n        The Katyn Controversy: Stalin''s Killing Field]\\\", ''''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'''',\n        Winter 1999\\u20132000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005 The site\n        also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested\n        and shot in the 1937\\u201338 Stalinist purges.\\n\\n===German occupation===\\n[[File:23\n        August Lane Kharkov.JPG|thumb|150px|Memorial to 23 August 1943, the end of\n        German occupation during World War II]]\\nDuring [[World War II]], Kharkiv\n        was the site of several military engagements (see below). The city was captured\n        and recaptured by [[Nazi Germany]] on 24 October 1941;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/04/3/34315/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\\"\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\\" \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e (Kharkiv at times of \\\"matured\n        childhood\\\" of Lyudmila Gurchenko) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.andersval.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6267&Itemid=190\n        |title=Kharkiv through the eyes of Lyudmila Gurchenko |publisher=Andersval.nl\n        |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=15 July 2012}} there was a disastrous [[Red\n        Army]] offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;The Red\n        Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties\n        (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924\n        guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., ''''Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military\n        disaster through Soviet eyes'''', pub Ian Allan, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7110-2562-2}}\n        page 218.per [[Robert M. Citino]], author of \\\"Death of the Wehrmacht\\\",\n        and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14\n        May 1942 by Soviet forces under [[Semyon Timoshenko|Marshal Timoshenko]] before\n        being driven back by German forces under Field Marshal [[Fedor von Bock]],\n        p. 100 the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February\n        1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943 and then\n        finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed\n        and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}}\\nKharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most\n        populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years\n        preceding World War II, [[Kiev]] was by population the smaller of the two.\\n\\nThe\n        significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv''s Jewish community prided\n        itself with the second largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during\n        the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried\n        in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named [[Drobytsky\n        Yar]].\\n\\nDuring [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], four battles\n        took place for control of the city:\\n* [[First Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Second\n        Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Fourth Battle of Kharkov]]\n        (''''see also'''' [[Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev]])\\n\\nBefore the occupation,\n        Kharkiv''s [[Malyshev Factory|tank industries]] were evacuated to the [[Urals]]\n        with all their equipment, and became the heart of [[Red Army]]''s tank programs\n        (particularly, producing the [[T-34]] tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These\n        enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce tanks.\\n\\nOf\n        the population of 700,000 that Kharkiv had before the start of World War II,\n        120,000 became [[Ost-Arbeiter]] ([[slave]] worker) in Germany, 30,000 were\n        executed and 80,000 starved to death during the war.\\n\\n===Post-World\n        War II===\\nIn the post-World War II period many of the destroyed homes and\n        factories were rebuilt. From the [[constructivism (art)|constructivism]] the\n        city was planned to be rebuilt in the style of [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        Classicism]].\\n\\nAn airport was built in 1954.\n        Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre\n        in the former USSR (after Moscow and [[Leningrad]]).\\n\\n===In independent\n        Ukraine===\\n[[File:IMG 2428 zerk.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zerkal\\u02b9naya struya|Mirror\n        Stream]] fountain]]\\n\\nBy its territorial expansion on September 6, 2012 the\n        city increased its area from about {{convert|310|to|350|km2|abbr=out}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T125215.html |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432,\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 |publisher=Search.ligazakon.ua\n        |date=2012-09-18 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\nA well-known landmark\n        of Kharkiv is the [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]] (''''Ploshcha\n        Svobody'''' formerly known as ''''Dzerzhinsky Square''''), which is the sixth\n        largest city square in Europe, and the [[List of city squares by size|12th\n        largest square in the world]].\\n\\nThere is an underground [[Kharkiv Metro|rapid-transit\n        system]] (metro) with about {{convert|38.1|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of track and\n        29 stations. The new \\\"Victory\\\" underground station (no. 30) was opened\n        in Kharkiv on 19 August 2016. All the underground stations have very special\n        distinctive architectures.\\n\\nKharkiv was a host city for the [[UEFA Euro\n        2012]], and hosted three group soccer matches at the reconstructed [[Metalist\n        Stadium]].\\n\\nA large number of the Orthodox cathedrals were built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1990s and 2000s. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}For example, the\n        Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox cathedral, the St. Vladimir Orthodox cathedral,\n        St. Tamara Orthodox cathedral, etc.\\n\\nIn 2007, the Vietnamese minority in\n        Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with\n        a monument to [[Ho Chi Minh]].In\\u2191  \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb,21\n        December 2007.\\n\\nThe Gor''ky park was fully renovated in Kharkiv in\n        the 2000s, having a big number of modern attractions, a lake with lilies and\n        the sport facilities to play tennis, football, beach volleyball, and basketball.\\n\\nThe\n        Feldman park was created in Kharkiv in recent years, containing a big collection\n        of animals, horses, etc.\\n\\n==Geography==\\n[[File:Kharkiv, Ukraine, city and\n        vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Kharkiv\n        and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is located at the banks of the [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan]],\n        and [[Udy River|Udy]] rivers, where they flow into the [[Seversky Donets]]\n        watershed in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine.\\n\\nHistorically, Kharkiv\n        lies in the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region (''''Slobozhanshchyna'''' also known\n        as ''''Slobidshchyna'''') in Ukraine, in which it is considered as a main\n        city.\\n\\nThe approximate dimensions of City of Kharkiv are:\\nfrom the North\n        to the South - 24.3 km;\\nfrom the West to the East \\u2014 25.2 km.\\n\\nBased\n        on Kharkiv''s topography, the city can be conditionally divided on the four\n        lower districts and the four higher districts.\\n\\nThe highest point over the\n        sea level in Pyatikhatky in Kharkiv is 202m, the lowest point over the sea\n        level in Novoselivka in Kharkiv is 94m. {{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv\n        lies in the large valley of rivers of [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan'']],\n        [[Udy River|Udy]], and Nemyshlya. This valley lies from the North West to\n        the South East between the Mid Russian highland and Donetsk lowland. All the\n        rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river of [[Seversky Donets|Northern\n        Donets]]. A special system of the concrete and metal dams was designed and\n        built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv. {{Citation\n        needed|date=March 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv has a large number of the green city parks\n        with the long history of more than 100 years with very old oak trees and many\n        flowers. {{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===Climate===\\nKharkiv''s\n        climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[K\\u00f6ppen\n        climate classification]] ''''Dfb'''') with cold and snowy winters as well\n        as the dry and hot summers.\\n\\nKharkiv has rather sunny warm summers which,\n        however, are relatively mild compared to temperatures in South European regions,\n        due to the region''s lower elevation, proximity to the Black Sea, and the\n        city''s [[latitude]]. In other words, Kharkiv experiences the warm summers,\n        interrupted by only occasional, brief intervals of stormy rain conditions.\n        {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}\\n\\nKharkiv has relatively long and cold\n        winters.\\n\\nThe average rainfall totals {{convert|513|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per\n        year, with the most in June and July.\\n\\n{{Weather box\\n|location=Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine (1981\\u22122010)\\n|metric first=yes\\n|single line=yes\\n| Jan record\n        high C = 11.0\\n| Feb record high C = 14.6\\n| Mar record high C = 21.8\\n| Apr\n        record high C = 30.5\\n| May record high C = 34.5\\n| Jun record high C = 36.8\\n|\n        Jul record high C = 37.6\\n| Aug record high C = 39.8\\n| Sep record high C\n        = 33.7\\n| Oct record high C = 29.3\\n| Nov record high C = 20.3\\n| Dec record\n        high C = 13.4\\n|year record high C = 39.8\\n| Jan high C = -2.2\\n| Feb high\n        C = -1.6\\n| Mar high C = 4.3\\n| Apr high C = 14.0\\n| May high C = 20.8\\n|\n        Jun high C = 24.3\\n| Jul high C = 26.4\\n| Aug high C = 25.7\\n| Sep high C\n        = 19.4\\n| Oct high C = 12.0\\n| Nov high C = 3.6\\n| Dec high C = -1.1\\n|year\n        high C = 12.1\\n| Jan mean C = -4.6\\n| Feb mean C = -4.5\\n| Mar mean C = 0.7\\n|\n        Apr mean C = 9.2\\n| May mean C = 15.6\\n| Jun mean C = 19.3\\n| Jul mean C =\n        21.3\\n| Aug mean C = 20.3\\n| Sep mean C = 14.4\\n| Oct mean C = 7.9\\n| Nov\n        mean C = 0.9\\n| Dec mean C = -3.5\\n|year mean C = 8.1\\n| Jan low C = -7.0\\n|\n        Feb low C = -7.3\\n| Mar low C = -2.4\\n| Apr low C = 4.6\\n| May low C = 10.3\\n|\n        Jun low C = 14.2\\n| Jul low C = 16.2\\n| Aug low C = 14.9\\n| Sep low C = 9.8\\n|\n        Oct low C = 4.3\\n| Nov low C = -1.5\\n| Dec low C = -5.9\\n|year low C = 4.2\\n|\n        Jan record low C = -35.6\\n| Feb record low C = -29.8\\n| Mar record low C =\n        -32.2\\n| Apr record low C = -11.4\\n| May record low C = -1.9\\n| Jun record\n        low C = 2.2\\n| Jul record low C = 5.7\\n| Aug record low C = 2.2\\n| Sep record\n        low C = -2.9\\n| Oct record low C = -9.1\\n| Nov record low C = -20.9\\n| Dec\n        record low C = -30.8\\n|year record low C = -35.6\\n|precipitation colour =\n        green\\n| Jan precipitation mm = 36\\n| Feb precipitation mm = 33\\n| Mar precipitation\n        mm = 33\\n| Apr precipitation mm = 34\\n| May precipitation mm = 50\\n| Jun precipitation\n        mm = 61\\n| Jul precipitation mm = 61\\n| Aug precipitation mm = 43\\n| Sep precipitation\n        mm = 45\\n| Oct precipitation mm = 45\\n| Nov precipitation mm = 40\\n| Dec precipitation\n        mm = 36\\n|year precipitation mm = 517\\n| Jan rain days = 10\\n| Feb rain days\n        = 8\\n| Mar rain days = 10\\n| Apr rain days = 13\\n| May rain days = 14\\n| Jun\n        rain days = 15\\n| Jul rain days = 13\\n| Aug rain days = 10\\n| Sep rain days\n        = 12\\n| Oct rain days = 13\\n| Nov rain days = 13\\n| Dec rain days = 12\\n|year\n        rain days = 143\\n| Jan snow days = 19\\n| Feb snow days = 18\\n| Mar snow days\n        = 12\\n| Apr snow days = 2\\n| May snow days = 0.1\\n| Jun snow days = 0\\n| Jul\n        snow days = 0\\n| Aug snow days = 0\\n| Sep snow days = 0.03\\n| Oct snow days\n        = 2\\n| Nov snow days = 9\\n| Dec snow days = 18\\n|year snow days = 80\\n| Jan\n        humidity = 86\\n| Feb humidity = 83\\n| Mar humidity = 77\\n| Apr humidity =\n        66\\n| May humidity = 61\\n| Jun humidity = 65\\n| Jul humidity = 65\\n| Aug humidity\n        = 63\\n| Sep humidity = 70\\n| Oct humidity = 78\\n| Nov humidity = 86\\n| Dec\n        humidity = 87\\n|year humidity = 74\\n| Jan sun = 51\\n| Feb sun = 65\\n| Mar\n        sun = 108\\n| Apr sun = 162\\n| May sun = 238\\n| Jun sun = 263\\n| Jul sun =\n        273\\n| Aug sun = 247\\n| Sep sun = 185\\n| Oct sun = 124\\n| Nov sun = 47\\n|\n        Dec sun = 31\\n|year sun = 1794\\n|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite\n        web\\n| url =  http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34300.htm\\n| title = Weather\n        and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv\\n| publisher = Weather and Climate (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n| accessdate = 3 December 2013\\n|\n        language = Russian}}\\n|source 2= NOAA (sun only 1961\\u20131990){{cite web\\n| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/34300.TXT\\n|\n        title = Har''Kov (Kharkiv) Climate Normals 1961\\u20131990\\n| publisher = [[National\n        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]\\n| accessdate = 13 October 2015}}\n        \\n|date=August 2010\\n}}\\n\\n===Cityscape===\\n{{wide image|(43)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Northern building of V. N. Karazin National University, Kharkiv\n        Palace hotel building, and Kharkiv hotel buildings.}}\\n\\n{{wide image|(44)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Derzhprom building, multiple apartment buildings, and Northern\n        building of V. N. Karazin National University}}\\n\\n==Governance==\\n\\n===Legal\n        status and local government===\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv and the City Council\n        govern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe\n        Mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative\n        powers as far as the government issues is concerned.\\n\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv\n        is elected by the direct public election in Kharkiv every four years.\\n\\nThe\n        City Council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject\n        the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues\n        in Kharkiv. The representatives to the City Council are elected every four\n        years.\\n\\nThe mayor and city council hold their regular meetings in the City\n        Hall in Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Politics===\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine#Kharkiv Oblast}}\\n\\nThe [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\n        affected Kharkiv but to a lesser extent than in neighbouring [[Donbass]],\n        where tensions would lead to [[War in Donbass|armed conflict]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine\n        crisis: Timeline|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        On 2 March 2014, a Russian \\\"tourist\\\" from Moscow replaced the [[Ukrainian\n        flag]] with a [[Russian flag]] on the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/russias-hand-can-be-seen-in-the-protests.html\n        | title = From Russia, ''Tourists'' Stir the Protests | first = Andrew | last\n        = Roth | work = The New York Times | date = 4 March 2014}}
{{cite news\n        | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-26435333 | title = Russian\n        site recruits ''volunteers'' for Ukraine | work = BBC News | date = 4 March\n        2014 }} Five days later, pro-Russian protestors occupied the building\n        and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the \\\"Kharkov People''s\n        Republic\\\".{{cite web | url=http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2014/04/07/332351/pro-russia-activists-declare-establishment-of-kharkiv-peoples-republic.html\n        | title=Pro-Russia activists declare establishment of ''Kharkiv people''s\n        republic'' | work=Focus Information Agency | date=7 April 2014 | accessdate=13\n        April 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9bd_1396967425\n        |title=Pro-Russian Protesters Declare ''People''s Republic'' In Kharkiv |work=LiveLeak.com\n        |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408202650/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26910210\n        |archivedate= 8 April 2015 |df= }} The next day, the building was retaken\n        by Ukrainian special forces.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-settles-down-while-pro-russian-separatists-still-hold-buildings-in-luhansk-donetsk-342517.html\n        | title=Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings\n        in Luhansk, Donetsk | work=Kyiv Post | date=8 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April\n        2014}} Doubts arose about the local origin of the protestors after they\n        initially stormed an opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall.{{cite news |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/protesters-storm-kharkiv-theater-thinking-it-was-city-hall/497709.html\n        |title= Protesters Storm Kharkiv Theater Thinking It Was City Hall |work=\n        [[The Moscow Times]] |date= 8 April 2014 }} On 13 April, some pro-Russian\n        protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/pro-russian-militants-attack-pro-ukrainian-demonstrators-in-kharkiv-including-at-least-three-severely-343292.html\n        | title=Kharkiv city government building infiltrated by pro-Russian protesters\n        | work=Kyiv Post | date=13 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April 2014}} Later\n        on 13 April the building returned permanently to full Ukrainian control.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/13/7022301/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0446\\u044f\\u0432\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}[http://www.dw.com/en/kharkiv-torn-between-europe-and-russia/a-17478397\n        Kharkiv torn between Europe and Russia], [[Deutsche Welle]] (6 March 2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/907771-posle-napadeniya-antimaydanovtsev-na-miting-evromaydana-v-harkove-postradalo-50-chelovek.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        50 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d |publisher=Unian.net |date=14 April 2014 |accessdate=28\n        April 2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174445/http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archivedate=16 April 2014 | title=Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission\n        in Ukraine | work=Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=14\n        April 2014 | accessdate=16 April 2014}} Violent clashes resulted in\n        the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian\n        protesters.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        returned to relative calm by 30 April.{{cite press\n        release | url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/118186 | title=Latest from the\n        Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine \\u2013 based on information received\n        up until 29 April 2014 | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation\n        in Europe | date=30 April 2014 | accessdate=1 May 2014}} Relatively\n        peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with \\\"pro-Russian\\\" rallies\n        gradually diminishing and \\\"pro-Ukrainian unity\\\" demonstrations growing in\n        numbers.{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received\n        until 23 June 2014|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in\n        Europe|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122133303/http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|archivedate=22\n        November 2015}}{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/121790|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information\n        received until 18:00 hrs, 23 July|publisher=Organization for Security and\n        Co-operation in Europe|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}{{uk icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/17.08.2014/na_ploschadi_svobody_proshli_dva_mitinga/\n        Two liberty square rally], Status quo (17 August 2014) On 28 September,\n        activists dismantled Ukraine''s largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian\n        rally in the central square.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/katyasoldak/2014/09/28/ukrainian-crowds-topple-lenin-statue-again/\n        Ukrainian Crowds Topple Lenin Statue (Again)]. Retrieved 29 September 2014.\n        Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv\n        for joining Russia.{{r|Navalny140923}}{{r|DT150103}}\\n\\nFrom early November\n        until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets\n        of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian\n        forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and\n        a [[National Guard of Ukraine|National Guard]] base.[http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-ukraine-russia-kharkiv-bombs-20141210-story.html\n        Seven recent blasts in Ukraine city stir fear of new Russian menace], [[Los\n        Angeles Times]] (11 December 2014)
[https://news.yahoo.com/mysterious-spate-bombings-hit-ukraine-military-hub-114452090.html#\n        Mysterious spate of bombings hit Ukraine military hub], [[Agence France-Presse]]\n        (10 December 2014) According to [[Security Service of Ukraine|SBU]]\n        investigator [[Vasyliy Vovk]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Russian\n        covert forces]] were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the\n        otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.[http://www.unian.info/society/1020077-sbu-russian-special-services-target-kharkiv-odesa-situation-difficult-to-control.html\n        SBU: Russian special services target Kharkiv, Odesa, situation difficult to\n        control], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (10 December 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        8 January 2015 five men wearing [[Balaclava (clothing)|balaclava]]s broke\n        into an office of (the volunteer group aiding refugees from [[Donbass]]) ''''Station\n        Kharkiv''''. Simultaneously with physical threats the\n        men demanded to hear the political position of ''''Station Kharkiv''''. After being given an answer the men apologized and left.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-iac/1801796-militsiya_zyasovue__hto_napav_na_volontersku_stantsiyu_harkiv_2008697.html|script-title=uk:\\u041c\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0454, \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u044e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\\"|trans-title=Police\n        finds out who attacked the volunteer-run \\\"Station Kharkiv\\\"|language=uk|publisher=ukrinform.ua|date=9\n        January 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/ru/stantsiya_harkov__perviy_punkt_pomoshhi_pereselentsam_iz_zoni_ato_n500974|script-title=ru:\\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\\" \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0449\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c\n        \\u0438\\u0437 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u0410\\u0422\\u041e|trans-title=\\\"Station\n        Kharkiv\\\" - the first point of assistance for displaced persons from the Donbass\n        zone|language=ru|publisher=24tv.ua|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\nOn Sunday 22 February 2015, there was a terrorist bomb attack\n        on a march to commemorate people who died in the Euromaidan protests in 2014.\n        The bomb killed two, and wounded nine. The authorities have launched an anti-terrorist\n        operation.[http://www.unian.info/politics/1047081-anti-terrorist-operation-launched-in-kharkiv-due-to-fatal-blast-on-sunday-turchynov.html\n        UNIAN] ''''Anti-terrorist operation launched in Kharkiv due to fatal blast\n        on Sunday \\u2013 Turchynov'''', 22 February 2015. 
[http://en.censor.net.ua/news/325751/antiterrorist_operation_started_in_kharkiv_four_participants_on_the_explosion_detained\n        En.Censor.Net], ''''Anti-terrorist operation started in Kharkiv: four participants\n        on the explosion detained'''', 22 February 2015.
[http://novorossia.today/turchinov-announced-start-of-the-ato-in-kharkov-the-highest-level-of-terrorist-threat-had-been-introduced-in-the-city/  Novorossia.Today],\n        Turchinov announced start of the ATO in Kharkov. The highest level of terrorist\n        threat had been introduced in the city'''', 23 February 2015. The terrorists\n        claim that it was a false flag attack.{{cite web|author=Lada Ray|url=https://futuristrendcast.wordpress.com/2015/02/23/urgent-statement-of-the-kharkov-partizans-re-false-flag-terrorist-act/|title=Urgent\n        Statement of the Kharkov Partizans re. False Flag Terrorist Act|work=Futurist\n        Trendcast|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}} Kharkiv experienced\n        more non-lethal small bombings since 22 February 2015 targeting army fuel\n        tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a [[Ukrainian flag]] in the city\n        centre.[http://www.npr.org/2015/04/06/397774803/despite-tenuous-truce-in-eastern-ukraine-bomb-attacks-increase-in-kharkiv\n        Bomb Attacks Increase In Ukraine''s Second-Largest City, Kharkiv], [[NPR]]\n        (6 April 2015)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/kharkiv-explosion-targets-ukrainian-flag-419957.html\n        Kharkiv explosion targeting Ukrainian flag classified as \\u2018terrorist act''],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (7 April 2015)
[http://www.rferl.org/content/explosion-in-ukraine-kharkiv-targets-national-flag-memorial/26942551.html\n        Explosion In Ukraine''s Kharkiv Targets National Flag Memorial], [[Radio Free\n        Europe/Radio Liberty]] (7 April 2015)\\n\\nOn 23 September 2015, 200 people\n        in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]], and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their\n        way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The\n        rioters asked the mayor, [[Hennadiy Kernes]], to come out.[http://www.unian.info/society/1131951-over-200-men-in-balaclavas-brawls-in-kharkiv-town-hall-clash-with-police.html\n        Unian], ''''Over 200 men in balaclavas brawl at Kharkiv town hall, clash with\n        police'''', 23 September 2015, 14:10.[http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/3567072-poiavylos-vydeo-stolknovenyi-u-horsoveta-kharkova\n        Korrespondent], ''''\\u041f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043a\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        [Video of riot at Kharkov City Council]'''', 23 September 2015 17:40\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\nWhile Kharkiv is the [[Capital (political)|administrative centre]]\n        of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]] ([[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|province]]),\n        the city affairs are managed by the [[Kharkiv City Municipality|Kharkiv Municipality]].\n        Kharkiv is a [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast subordinance]].\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430.svg|thumb|150px|Administrative\n        divisions of Kharkiv]]\\nThe territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative\n        [[raion]]s ([[districts]]), till February 2016 they were named for people,\n        places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet\n        Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply with [[Decommunization\n        in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/3/7097721/\n        Another 48 streets and 5 districts \\\"decommunized\\\" in Kharkiv], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (3 February 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_tri_rajona/\n        Three districts renamed in Kharkiv], SQ (3 February 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://ua.korrespondent.net/city/kharkov/3624201-u-kharkovi-vyrishyly-ne-pereimenovuvaty-zhovtnevyi-i-frunzenskyi-raiony\n        It was decided not to rename the Zhovtnevyi and the Frunzenskyi districts\n        in Kharkiv], [[Korrespondent.net]] (3 February 2015) Also, owing to\n        this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November\n        2015.{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/20.11.2015/gorsovet_pereimenoval_170_ulic/\n        List of 170 renamed streets], SQ (20 November 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/harkovskiy-gorsovet-pereimenoval-173-ulitsy-1448020126.html\n        Kharkiv city council renamed 173 streets,  4 parks and a metro station], [[RBC\n        Ukraine]] (20 November 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_esche_50_ulic_spisok/\n        50 streets renamed in Kharkiv: list], SQ (3 February 2015)\\n\\nThe raions\n        are named:\\n# Kholodnohirskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}, ''''Cold Mountain''''; namesake: the historic\n        name of the neighbourhood{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.02.2016/rajony_harkova_istoriya_s_geografiej/\n        Districts Of Kharkiv. History with geography], SQ (23 February 2015))\n        (formerly Leninskyi; namesake: [[Vladimir Lenin]])\\n# Shevchenkivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Taras Shevchenko]] (formerly\n        Dzerzhynskyi; namesake [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]])\\n# Kyivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Kyiv]]\\n# Moskovskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Moscow]]\\n# Nemyshlianskyi\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0448\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Industrialnyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0406\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}) (formerly Ordzhonikidzevskyi; namesake:\n        [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]])\\n# Slobidskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Osnovianskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Novobavarskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}})\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Historical populations\\n|percentages\n        = off\\n|1660\\u041b.\\u0418. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d.\n        Mysteries of the underground Kharkov. \\u2014 \\u0425.: 2005. {{ISBN|966-8768-00-0}}\n        {{ru icon}}\\n |1000\\n|1788Kharkov:\n        Architecture, monuments, renovations: Travel guide. Ed. [[:ru:\\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434,\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u042e\\u0440\\u044c\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|\\u0410.\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434]], \\u0412. \\u0420\\u0435\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0410. \\u0422\\u0438\\u0446. \\u2014 \\u0425.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        1987{{ru icon}}\\n |10742\\n|1850{{cite web|author=N.\n        T. Dyachenko|url=http://dalizovut.narod.ru/ulizy/ulizy.htm|script-title=ru:\\u0423\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u043b\\u043e\\u0449\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|trans-title=Streets\n        and squares of Kharkov|language=ru|year=1977|website=dalizovut.narod.ru|accessdate=31\n        March 2015}}\\n |41861\\n|1861\\n |50301\\n|1901\\n |198273\\n|1916\\u0410.\\u0412.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432.\n        Kharkov in times of German occupation (1941\\u20131943). \\u2013 X.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        2006. {{ISBN|966-7880-79-6}}{{uk icon}}\\n |352300\\n|1917[[Oleksandr\n        Leibfreid]], Yu. Poliakova. Kharkov. From fortress to capital. \\u2013 \\u0425.:\n        \\u0424\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043e, 2004{{ru icon}}\\n |382000\\n|1920\\n |285000\\n|1926\\n |417000\\n|1939State archives of Kharkov Oblast. \\u0424. \\u0420-2982,\n        \\u043e\\u043f. 2, file 16, pp 53\\u201354\\n |833000\\n|1941\\n\n        |902312\\n|1941Colonel ''''\\u041d. \\u0418. \\u0420\\u0443\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b.{{ru\n        icon}}\\n |1400000\\n|1941In reference\n        to the German census of December 1941; without children and teenagers no older\n        16 years of age; numerous city-dwellers evaded the registration{{ru icon}}\\n\n        |456639\\n|1943''''[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]''''. Report to [[\\u0426\\u041a \\u0412\\u041a\\u041f(\\u0431)]] of\n        August 30, 1943. History: without \\u00abwhite spots\\u00bb. ''''[[Kharkiv izvestia]]'''',\n        No. 100\\u2013101, August 23, 2008, page 6{{ru icon}}\\n |170000\\n|1959\\n |930000\\n|1962\\n |1000000\\n|1976\\n |1384000\\n|1982\\n |1500000\\n|1989\\n\n        |1593970\\n|1999\\n |1510200\\n|2001[[Ukrainian Census (2001)]]\\n |1470900\\n|2014{{cite web|title=Major Cities in Ukraine by Population (2014)|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ukraine-population/major-cities-in-ukraine/|publisher=World\n        Population Review|accessdate=2014-04-14}}\\n |1430885\\n}}\\n\\nAccording\n        to the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Soviet Union Census]], the population of\n        the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including\n        1,494,200 permanent city residents.{{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822193837/http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archivedate=22\n        August 2006 |title= Kharkiv today |accessdate=4 May 2007 |work=Our Kharkiv\n        |language=Russian}} Kharkiv is the second-largest city in Ukraine after\n        the capital, [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archivedate=9\n        January 2006 |title= Results / General results of the census / Number of cities\n        |accessdate=28 August 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian\n        Census]] }} The first independent all-Ukrainian population census was\n        conducted in December 2001, and the next all-Ukrainian population census is\n        decreed to be conduced in 2020. As of 2001, the population of the Kharkiv\n        region is as follows: 78.5% living in urban areas, and 21.5% living in rural\n        areas.{{Cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/urban-rural/|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 {{!}} English version {{!}} Results {{!}} General results of the census\n        {{!}} Urban and rural population:|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|accessdate=11\n        January 2017}}\\n\\n===Ethnicity===\\n{| class=\\\"standard\\\"\\n! Ethnic group||\n        1897[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1604 \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0418\\u043c\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 1897 \\u0433. \\u0420\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0438 \\u0443\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\n        50 \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438] \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f||1926||1939||1959\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0425 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f,  \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        2004, \\u0440. 456||1989||2001{{cite\n        web|url=http://vharkov.ru/description/about.html|publisher=vharkov.ru|title=\\u041e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430 vharkov|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/estimated/kharkiv/|publisher=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u2013 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u2013\n        \\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c:|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Ukrainians]]|| 25.9%||38.6% || 48.5% || 48.4% || 50.4% || 52.8%\\n|-\\n| [[Russians]]||\n        63.2%||37.2%||32.9%||40.4%||43.6%||43.2%\\n|-\\n| [[Jews]]|| 5.7%||19.5%||15.6%||8.7%||3.0%||0.7%\\n|}\\n\\n====Notes====\\n\\n*\n        1660 year \\u2013 approximated estimation\\n* 1788 year \\u2013 without the account\n        of children\\n* 1920 year \\u2013 times of the [[Russian Civil War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 estimation on May 1, right before [[German-Soviet War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000\\n*\n        1941 year \\u2013 another estimation in December during the occupation without\n        the account of children\\n* 1943 year \\u2013 August 23, liberation of the city;\n        estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000\\n* 1976 year \\u2013 estimation on June\n        1\\n* 1982 year \\u2013 estimation in March\\n\\n\\n==Religion==\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|The\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world, which was built in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is an important religious center in Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nThere are many old\n        and new cathedrals, associated with various churches in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe [[Assumption\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1680s and re-built in 1820s-1830s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/33|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Pokrovsky Orthodox Monastery Cathedral was created\n        in Kharkiv in 1689\\u20131729.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/7|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua/|publisher=pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e-\\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world. It was completed in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/5|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Trinity Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1758\\u20131764 and re-built in 1857\\u20131861.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/37|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Valentine Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 2010s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/52|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Tamara Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/readnews/932|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c \\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b \\u0422\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        St. Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox Cathedral was built in green park near [[Zerkal\\u02b9naya\n        struya|Mirror Stream]] fountain in August, 2015.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/367|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Roman Catholic St. Mary Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1887\\u20131892.\\n\\nThere is the old [[Kharkiv Choral Synagogue]], which\n        was fully renovated in Kharkiv in 1991\\u20132016. The Jewish population is\n        around 8000 people in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishkharkov.org/|publisher=jewishkharkov.org|title=Kharkov\n        Jewish Community|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n==Economy==\\n\\nThe 2016\\u20132020\n        economic development strategy: \\\"Kharkiv Success Strategy\\\", is created in\n        Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.strategy.kharkov.ua/|publisher=strategy.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2016-2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438 \\u00ab\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u2013 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u0443\\u00bb|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ua/general/univer_today/announce?news_id=5793|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043b \\u00ab\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u00bb >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/v-universiteti-karazina-obgovoryat-perspektivi-rozvitku-osviti-32374.html|author=Hulu\n        LLC|publisher=city.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0412 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===International\n        Economic Forum===\\nThe International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments.\n        Kharkiv Innitiatives! is being conducted in Kharkiv every year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.led.org.ua/en/|publisher=led.org.ua|title=www.led.org.ua/en/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nIn 2015, the International Economic Forum: Innovations.\n        Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! was attended by the diplomatic corps representatives\n        from 17 world countries, working in Ukraine together with top-management of\n        trans-national corporations and investment funds; plus Ukrainian People\\u2019s\n        Deputies; plus Ukrainian Central government officials, who determine the national\n        economic development strategy; plus local government managers, who perform\n        practical steps in implementing that strategy; plus managers of technical\n        assistance to Ukraine; plus business and NGO\\u2019s representatives; plus\n        media people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/announcements/4500-vii-international-economic-forum-innovations-investments-kharkiv-initiatives|publisher=usa.mfa.gov.ua|title=VII\n        International economic forum \\\"INNOVATIONS. INVESTMENTS. KHARKIV INITIATIVES!\\\"\n        - Announcements - Embassy of Ukraine in the United States of America|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|publisher=kmu.gov.ua|title=www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015.html|publisher=ukraine.usembassy.gov|title=statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://usembassykyiv.wordpress.com/tag/kharkiv/|publisher=usembassykyiv.wordpress.com|title=Kharkiv\n        – U.S. Embassy Kyiv Blog|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe key\n        topics of the plenary sessions and panel discussions of the International\n        Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! are the implementation\n        of Strategy for Sustainable Development \\u201cUkraine \\u2013 2020\\u201d, the\n        results achieved and plan of further actions to reform the local government\n        and territorial organization of power in Ukraine, export promotion and attraction\n        of investments in Ukraine, new opportunities for public-private partnerships,\n        practical steps to create \\u201celectronic government\\u201d, issues of energy\n        conservation and development of oil and gas industry in the Kharkiv Region,\n        creating an effective system of production and processing of agricultural\n        products, investment projects that will receive funding from the State Fund\n        for Regional Development, development of international integration, preparation\n        for privatization of state enterprises.\\n\\n===International\n        Industrial Exhibitions===\\nThe international industrial exhibitions are usually\n        conducted at the Radmir Expohall exhibition center in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://radmir-expohall.com.ua/|publisher=radmir-expohall.com.ua|title=Radmir\n        Expohall | Radmir Expohall|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Industrial\n        corporations===\\nDuring the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial\n        production in Ukraine and the third largest {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}centre\n        of industry and commerce in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. After the [[history\n        of the Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|collapse of the\n        Soviet Union]] the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production\n        of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s, the industry started\n        to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial\n        enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000\n        employees. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} The enterprises form machine-building,\n        electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.\\n\\nState-owned\n        industrial giants, such as [[Turboatom]] and [[Elektrotyazhmash]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928224657/http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2008 |title=spetm.com.ua |publisher=spetm.com.ua |date= |accessdate=20\n        April 2012}} occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g.,\n        turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the [[Antonov]]\n        aircraft manufacturing plant. The [[Malyshev factory]] produces not only [[armoured\n        fighting vehicle]]s, but also harvesters. [[Khartron]]{{cite web|url=http://www.hartron.com.ua/en/content/forms-cooperation|title=Hartron:\n        Forms of cooperation|publisher=hartron.com.ua|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine\n        and the former [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].\\n\\n===IT industry===\\nThe\n        IT industry is represented by a few hundred small IT [[startup company|start\n        ups]], which form a cluster of IT companies in Kharkiv{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|publisher=economist.com|title=www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://it-kharkiv.com.ua/|publisher=it-kharkiv.com.ua|title=it-kharkiv.com.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkivglobal.com/en/service|publisher=kharkivglobal.com|title=kharkivglobal.com/en/service|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.triolan.com/|publisher=triolan.com|title=\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Finance industry===\\nKharkiv is also the headquarters\n        of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, [[UkrSibbank]], which has been part\n        of the [[BNP Paribas]] group since December 2005.\\n\\n===Trade industry===\\nThere\n        are many large modern shopping malls in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere are a large number\n        of markets:\\n* [[Barabashovo market]] is the largest market in Ukraine and\n        one of the largest markets in Europe.\\n* [[Blagoveshinskiy]] market.\\n* [[Konniy]]\n        \\\"horse\\\" market.\\n* [[Sumskoi]] market {{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.info/place/31899|publisher=kharkov.info|title=\\u0422\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\\"\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\\\" \\u043f\\u043e \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d, \\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b,\n        8|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n* [[Raiskiy]] book market.\\n\\n==Science\n        and education==\\n{{multiple image\\n | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n\n        | image1 = (39)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_MAIN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\\n\n        | width1 = 160\\n | caption1 = Main building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image2 = (40)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_NORTHERN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width2 = 160\\n | caption2 = Northern building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image3 = (41)_MECHNIKOV_LANDAU_KUZNETS_MONUMENTS_AT_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width3 = 160\\n | caption3 = Il''ya I. Mechnikov, Lev D. Landau, Simon\n        A. Kuznets Nobel Laureates Monuments at [[University of Kharkiv|V. N. Karazin\n        Kharkiv National University]].\\n}}\\n\\n===Higher education===\\nThe [[Kharkiv\n        National University|Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]] is the\n        most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the\n        efforts by [[Vasily Karazin]] in Kharkiv in 1804\\u20131805.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/school/37|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} On {{OldStyleDate|29 January|1805|17 January}}, the Decree\n        on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force.\\n\\nThe\n        Roentgen Institute opened in 1931. It was a specialist cancer treatment facility\n        with 87 research workers, 20 professors, and specialist medical staff. The\n        facilities included chemical, physiology, and bacteriology experimental treatment\n        laboratories. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.\\n\\nThe city has 13 national universities and numerous\n        professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering\n        its students a wide range of disciplines. [[Kharkiv National University]]\n        (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute|National Technical\n        University \\\"KhPI\\\"]] (20,000 students), [[Kharkiv National University\n        of Radioelectronics]] (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv National Aerospace\n        University \\\"KhAI\\\"]], [[Ukrainian Academy of Pharmacy|Kharkiv National University\n        of Pharmacy]], [[Kharkiv National Medical University]] are the leading {{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} universities in Ukraine.\\n\\nMore than 17,000 faculty\n        and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in\n        Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Scientific research===\\nThe city has a high concentration of\n        research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the\n        universities. Among them are three national science centres: [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], Institute of Meteorology, Institute for Experimental\n        and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions\n        of the [[National Academy of Science of Ukraine]], such as the [[B Verkin\n        Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering]], [[Institute for Problems\n        of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine]], State Scientific Institution \\\"Institute\n        for Single Crystals\\\", Usikov Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE),\n        Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA), and others. A total number of 26,000 scientists\n        are working in research and development.\\n\\nA number of world-renowned scientific\n        schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the [[Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School|theoretical\n        physics school]] and the [[Kharkiv Mathematical School|mathematical school]].\\n\\nThere\n        is the Kharkiv Scientists House in the city, which was built by A. N. Beketov,\n        architect in Kharkiv in 1900. All the scientists like to meet and discuss\n        various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.khdu.org/house.php|publisher=khdu.org|title=house|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Public libraries===\\nIn addition to the libraries\n        affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv\n        State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library.\\n\\n===Secondary\n        schools===\\nKharkiv has 212 ([[secondary education]]) schools, including 10\n        [[lyceum]]s and 20 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]].{{citation needed|date=October\n        2016}}\\n\\n===Education centers===\\nThere is the educational \\\"Landau Center\\\",\n        which is named after Prof. L.D. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://landaucentre.org/about/|publisher=landaucentre.org|title=\\u041f\\u0420\\u041e\n        \\\"\\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\u0414\\u0410\\u0423\\u0426\\u0415\\u041d\\u0422\\u0420\\\" ||accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==Culture==\\nKharkiv is one of the main cultural centres\n        in Ukraine. It is home to 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of art\n        galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every\n        year.\\n\\n===Theaters===\\nThe Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater\n        named after N. V. Lysenko is a biggest theater in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/ukr/|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        - \\u0425\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0425\\u041d\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/eng|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=Home|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv State Academic Drama Theater named after\n        T. G. Shevchenko is popular among Ukrainian speaking people {{cite\n        web|url=http://www.theatre-shevchenko.com.ua/|publisher=theatre-shevchenko.com.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0410\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0422\\u0435\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u0456\\u043c. \\u0422.\\u0413.\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv Academic Russian Drama Theater named after\n        A.S. Pushkin was recently renovated, and it is quite popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://rusdrama.kh.ua/|publisher=rusdrama.kh.ua|title=rusdrama.kh.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nIn the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to\n        as a Literary [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}\n        It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: [[Les Kurbas]],\n        [[Mykola Kulish]], [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Mykola Zerov]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]],\n        Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers\n        were repressed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event\n        in Ukrainian history is called the \\\"Executed Renaissance\\\" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).\n        Today a literary museum located on Frunze Street marks their work and achievements.\\n\\nToday,\n        Kharkiv is often referred to as the \\\"capital city\\\" of Ukrainian [[Science\n        fiction]] and [[Fantasy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=934426.html|title=Kharkiv\n        city guide|date=25 January 2010|work=uefa.com|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrainetravel.co/kharkiv|title=Ukraine Travel Guide: Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine|work=ukrainetravel.co|accessdate=22 March 2015}} It is the home\n        to a number of popular writers, such as [[H. L. Oldie]], [[Alexander Zorich]],\n        [[Andrey Dashkov]], [[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] and [[Andrey Valentinov]];\n        most of them [[Russian language in Ukraine|write in Russian]] and are popular\n        in both Russia and Ukraine. The annual [[science fiction convention]] \\\"Star\n        Bridge\\\" (\\u0417\\u0432\\u0451\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442)\n        has been held in Kharkiv since 1999.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/en/general/univer_today/news?news_id=63|title=Kharkiv\n        International Festival of Science Fiction \\\"Star Bridge - 2011\\\"|work=V. N.\n        Karazin Kharkiv National University|date=September 2011|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Music===\\nThere is the [[Kharkiv Philharmonic Society]]\n        in the city.\\n\\nThere is the Organ Music Hall in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/filarmonia/dom-organnoj-i-kamernoj-muzyki/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b, \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u2013 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} The Organ Music Hall is situated at the [[Dormition Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] presently. The [[Rieger\\u2013Kloss]] organ\n        was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. The new\n        Organ Music Hall will be opened at the extensively renovated building of [[Kharkiv\n        Philharmonic Society]] in Kharkiv in November, 2016.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv Conservatory]]\n        is in the city.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts|Kharkiv\n        National University of Arts named after I.P. Kotlyarevsky]] is situated in\n        the city.{{cite web|url=http://dum.kharkov.ua/|publisher=dum.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432 \\u0456\\u043c \\u0406.\\u041f.\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv sponsors the prestigious [[Hnat Khotkevych]]\n        International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments,\n        which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions\n        have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry\n        of Culture two days before its opening.{{cite web|url=http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228232703/http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archivedate=28\n        December 2013 |title=\\u041c\\u0438\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\n        \\u0438\\u043c. \\u0413\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        - \\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 |publisher=Proua.com\n        |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=15 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe music festival: \\\"Kharkiv\n        - City of Kind Hopes\\\" is conducted in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/festival-harkiv-misto-dobrih-nadij-informatsiya-dlya-uchastnikov/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\\\". \\u0418\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Movies festival===\\nThe \\\"Kharkiv Lilacs\\\" international\n        movie festival is very popular among the movie stars, makers, producers in\n        Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America.{{cite\n        web|url=http://sirenfest.net.ua/en/|publisher=sirenfest.net.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c - \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|publisher=times.kh.ua|title=times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe festival is usually conducted in May every year.\\n\\nThere\n        is a special alley with the metal hand prints by the popular movies actors\n        at Shevchenko park in Kharkiv.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://kharkov.dozor.ua/news/obwestvo/kultura/1174449.html|publisher=kharkov.dozor.ua|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\\":\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 (\\u0424\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e) | \\u0412\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0437\\u043e\\u0440|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Visual\n        arts===\\nKharkiv was/is a home for many famous painters [[Ilya Repin]], [[Zinaida\n        Serebryakova]], [[Henryk Siemiradzki]], [[Vasyl Yermilov]], {{citation needed|date=February\n        2017}} etc. There are many modern arts galleries in the city. For example:\n        the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal\n        Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, fthe Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK\n        Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery.\\n\\n===Museums===\\nThere is the\n        Kharkiv History Museum named after M. F. Sumtsov in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museum.kh.ua/eng.html|publisher=museum.kh.ua|title=Information\n        in English - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c.\\u0424.\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Natural History Museum at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National\n        University was founded in Kharkiv on April 2, 1807. The museum is visited\n        by 40000 visitors every year.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/nature|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/79|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University History\n        Museum was established in Kharkiv in 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 -\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/historical|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/78|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Archeology\n        Museum was founded in Kharkiv on March 20, 1998.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.maesu.org/|publisher=maesu.org|title=www.maesu.org/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/77|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Technical University \\\"Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute\\\" Museum was\n        created in Kharkiv on December 29, 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|publisher=kpi.kharkov.ua|title=www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/arhiv-sobytij/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439 | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423\n        "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/kontakti/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u044f\n        | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/115|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\\"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Aerospace University \\\"Kharkiv Aviation Institute\\\" Museum was founded\n        on May 29, 1992.{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/2|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\\"\\u0425\\u0410\\u0406\\\"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe \\\"National University of Pharmacy\\\" Museum was founded\n        in Kharkiv on September 15, 2010.{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/muzejj-istorii-farmacii-ukrainy/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 -\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/e-kspozitsionny-e-zaly-muzeya/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u042d\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044b \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u044f - \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/51|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThere\n        are around 147 museums in the Kharkiv''s region.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museums.kh.ua/|publisher=museums.kh.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0457\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Landmarks===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0435\\u0439\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a.jpg|thumb|150px|right|National\n        holiday''s fireworks on [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]]]]\\n\\nOf\n        the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral]], [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation\n        Cathedral]], [[Derzhprom]] building, [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]],\n        [[Taras Shevchenko]] Monument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, [[Kharkov\n        Choral Synagogue|Choral Synagogue]], T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children''s\n        narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more.\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] the monument to [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\n        in [[Sevastopol]] was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.08.2014/v_harkove_poyavitsya_pamyatnik_sagajdachnomu/\n        A monument to Sahaidachny in Kharkov], Status quo (23 August 2014)\\n\\n==Media==\\nThere\n        are a large number of broadcast and internet TV channels, AM/FM/PM/internet\n        radio-stations, and paper/internet newspapers in Kharkiv. Some are listed\n        below.\\n\\n===Newspapers===\\n* \\\"Vremya\\\"\\n* \\\"Vecherniy Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Segodnya\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Vesti\\\"\\n* \\\"Khar''kovskie Izvestiya\\\"\\n\\n===Magazines===\\n* ''''Guberniya''''\n        {{cite web|url=http://www.guberniya.net/|publisher=guberniya.net|title=\\u0413\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        - \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0436\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===TV\n        stations===\\n* \\\"Pershyi\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Ukraine\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Inter\\\" channel\\n*\n        \\\"Oblastne Telebachennya\\\" channel\\n\\n===Radio stations===\\n* \\\"Promin''\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Ukrains''ke Radio\\\"\\n* \\\"Radio Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Kharkiv Oblastne Radio\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Russkoe Radio Ukraina\\\"\\n* \\\"Shanson\\\" {{cite web|url=http://kharkivmarathon.com/en/|publisher=kharkivmarathon.com|title=Main\n        | 5th Kharkiv International Marathon|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marathonrunnersdiary.com/races/europe-marathons/kharkiv-international-marathon.php|publisher=marathonrunnersdiary.com|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2017 - Race Details - Marathon Runners Diary|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://sportevent.com.ua/events/kharkivmarathon2016/|publisher=sportevent.com.ua|title=Ukraine\n        Sport Events - \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua/v2/rmv/2016/04/09/kharkiv-international-marathon-2016/|publisher=blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2016 « \\u0421\\u041e\\u0412\\u0415\\u0422 \\u041c\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0414\\u042b\\u0425\n        \\u0423\\u0427\\u0401\\u041d\\u042b\\u0425|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Football\n        (soccer)===\\nThe most popular sport is [[football (soccer)|football]]. The\n        city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions.\n        The most successful is ''''[[FC Dynamo Kharkiv]]'''' that won eight national\n        titles back in 1920s-1930s.\\n\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Metalist Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]], which plays at\n        the [[Dynamo Stadium (Kharkiv)|Dynamo Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Helios]], which plays\n        at the [[Arsenal-Bavariya Stadium|Helios Arena]]\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Arsenal-Spartak Stadium]] (participates in regional competitions)\\n\\nThere\n        is also a female football club [[WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv]], which represented\n        Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender\n        for the national title.\\n\\n[[Metalist Stadium]] hosted three group matches\n        at [[UEFA Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===Other sports===\\nKharkiv also has an [[Ice hockey|Ice\n        Hockey]] club, HC Vityaz Kharkiv who compete in the Ukrainian Vyscha Liga.\\n\\n[[Avangard\n        Budy]] is a [[bandy]] club from Kharkiv, which won the Ukrainian championship\n        in 2013.\\n\\nThere is a men''s volleyball team [[Lokomotiv Kharkiv Volleyball|Lokomotiv\n        Kharkiv]] which performs in Ukraine and in the European competitions.\\n\\n[[RC\n        Olymp|RC Olimp'']] is the city''s [[rugby union]] club. They provide many\n        players for the [[Ukraine national rugby union team|national team]].\\n\\nTennis\n        is a very popular sport in Kharkiv. There are many professional tennis courts\n        in the city. [[Elina Svitolina]] is a tennis player from Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere\n        is a golf club in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.superiorresort.com|publisher=superiorresort.com|title=\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444-\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\n        Superior Golf & Spa Resort \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nHorseriding as a sport is very popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|publisher=zabytki.in.ua|title=zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/publ/kharkovskij_ippodrom/28-1-0-2|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u043f\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://konezavod.com/|publisher=konezavod.com|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0448\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There are large stable and the horse riding facilities at\n        Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|publisher=feldman-ecopark.com|title=feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThere is a growing interest to the cycling among the\n        locals.{{cite web|url=http://vesti-ukr.com/harkov/100881-v-harkove-ustanovili-velosipednyj-rekord|publisher=vesti-ukr.com|title=\\u0412\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434.\n        \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u0445\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u0443\\u044e \\u0444\\u0438\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.nezabarom.ua/Muzei-Vystavki-Galerei/blogs/entry/3128/|publisher=kharkov.nezabarom.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There is a large bicycles producing plant in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://usi.ua/velo/index.php?st=38|publisher=usi.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0438\\u043c.\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        - \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043a\\u0438,\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u0434\\u044b\\u0445\\u0430.|accessdate=18 June 2017}} Presently,\n        the modern bicycle highway is under the construction at \\\"Leso park\\\" district\n        in Kharkiv.\\n\\n==Sister cities==\\n{{See also|List of twin towns and sister\n        cities in Ukraine}}\\n\\nKharkiv is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]]\n        with:{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm |title=Sister\n        cities of Kharkiv|accessdate=4 May 2007|language=Russian}}\\n\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}}\n        [[Belgorod]], [[Russia]] (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024152249/http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/city/index/\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]],\n        Italy (1966)\\n*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic\n        (2005){{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825100926/http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archivedate=25\n        August 2009|title=Brno \\u2013 Partnersk\\u00e1 m\\u011bsta|publisher=\\u00a9\n        2006\\u20132009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=17\n        July 2009}}\\n*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Cetinje]], Montenegro (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/chornogorske-misto-tsetinye-stalo-partnerom-harkova-7507.html\n        \\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States (1989)[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812023826/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/usa/ua/1608.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0428\\u0410] {{uk icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/|title=OKI\n        Sister City Coalition}}\\n*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Daugavpils]], Latvia (2006)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015194903/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/latvia/ua/26040.htm\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|TUR}}\n        [[Gaziantep]], Turkey (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/harkiv-i-gaziantep-mista-pobratimi-7505.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\n        - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jinan]], China (2004)\\n*{{flagicon|LTU}}\n        [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008174029/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/lithuania/ua/publication/content/41348.htm\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Kutaisi]], Georgia (2005){{cite web|url=http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |title=Kutaisi City - International Relations - Sister Cities |publisher=Kutaisi\n        City Local Government |date=4 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003215934/http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |archivedate= 3 October 2011 |df= }}\\n*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], France\n        (1978)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234404/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/france/fr/publication/content/10806.htm\n        Partenariat et amiti\\u00e9 existants\\u0435ntre villes et r\\u00e9gions de France\n        et d\\u2018Ukraine] {{fr icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]],\n        Slovenia (2012)[http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx?id=1162\n        Mestna ob\\u010dina Maribor] {{sl icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]],\n        Russia (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia\n        (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1990)[https://web.archive.org/web/20061230212248/http://www.kiew.diplo.de/Vertretung/kiew/uk/06/Staedtepartnerschaften/Liste.html\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland (1998){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234642/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archivedate=8\n        October 2012 |title=\\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0449\\u0456 |publisher=Mfa.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=15\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |title=Pozna\\u0144 - Miasta partnerskie |accessdate=11 December 2013 |work=1998\\u20132013\n        Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania |publisher=City of Pozna\\u0144 |language=Polish\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062530/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl|title=Pozna\\u0144\n        Official Website \\u2013 Twin Towns|accessdate=29 November 2008|publisher=\\u00a9\n        1998\\u20132008 Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania|language=Polish}}''''\\n*{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel (2008)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint\n        Petersburg]], Russia (2003)[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216184933/http://gov.spb.ru/day/inter\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0438 || \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b \\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442-\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430]\n        {{ru icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tianjin]], China (1993)\\n*{{flagicon|BUL}}\n        [[Varna]], Bulgaria (1995)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008044032/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/bulgaria/ua/publication/content/38988.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f] {{uk icon}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183506/http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archivedate=28\n        September 2011 |title=\\u0410\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0456\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u044e\n        |publisher=Kmv.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=20 April 2012}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Warsaw]], Poland (2011)[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328121853/http://news.dt.ua/SOCIETY/harkiv_i_varshava_stali_mistami-pobratimami-74667.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Sulaymaniyah]], Iraqi Kurdistan (2015)\\n\\n==Nobel\n        and Fields prize winners==\\n\\n*[[Lev Landau]] \\u2013 (originally from Baku)\n        a head of the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], a head of the department of experimental physics\n        and a lecturer at the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv State\n        University]], a head of the department of theoretical physics at the at [[Kharkiv\n        Polytechnic Institute]] 1932\\u201337, Nobel Prize for Physics 1962\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] (economics)\\n*[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov|Ilya Mechnikov]] (medicine)\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Drinfeld]] (mathematics)\\n\\n==Notable people==\\nThe following people have\n        been born or have lived in Kharkiv:\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n*[[Boris Amromin]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli ice hockey player\\n*[[Nikolai P. Barabashov]] \\u2014 astronomer,\n        co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the moon\\n*[[Pavel Batitsky]]\n        \\u2014 executed [[Lavrentiy Beria]] after Khrushchevs'' coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        in 1953, and commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Defense Forces from 1966\n        to 1978\\n*[[Vladimir Bobri]] \\u2014 illustrator, author, composer, educator\n        and guitar historian\\n*[[Inna Bohoslovska]] \\u2014 lawyer, politician and\n        leader of the Ukrainian public organization [[Viche]]\\n*[[Sergei Bortkiewicz]]\n        \\u2014 Russian [[Romantic music|Romantic]] [[composer]] and [[pianist]]\\n*[[Maria\n        Burmaka]] \\u2013 Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter\\n*[[Leonid Buryak]]\n        - football coach and former Olympic bronze-medal-winning player\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bykov]] \\u2013 Soviet actor, film director, and script writer\\n*[[Adolphe\n        Mouron Cassandre]] \\u2014 Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist,\n        and [[typeface]] designer\\n*[[Valentina Chepiga]] \\u2013 [[Female bodybuilding|female\n        bodybuilder]] and 2000 [[Ms. Olympia]] champion\\n*[[Juliya Chernetsky]] (Mistress\n        Juliya) \\u2014 television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the\n        United States\\n*[[Olga Danilov]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic speed skater\\n* [[Alexander\n        Davidovich (wrestler)|Alexander Davidovich]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic wrestler\\n*[[Andrey\n        Denisov]] \\u2014 Russian diplomat\\n*[[Vladimir Drinfeld]] \\u2014 mathematician,\n        awarded Fields Medal in 1990\\n*[[Isaak Dunayevsky]] \\u2014 Soviet composer\n        and conductor\\n*[[Konstanty Gorski]] \\u2014 Polish composer, violist, organist,\n        and music teacher\\n*[[Valentina Grizodubova]] \\u2014 One of the first female\n        pilots in the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lyudmila Gurchenko]] (Hurchenko) \\u2013 Soviet\n        and Russian actress, singer and entertainer\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft\n        designer)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014 (originally from Rubanshchina) Soviet\n        aircraft designer, a partner (with [[Artem Mikoyan]]) of the [[MiG]] military\n        aviation bureau\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (chess player)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] chess player\\n*[[Diana Harkusha]] \\u2014 Miss Ukraine\n        Universe 2014 and [[Miss Universe 2014]]''s 2nd Runner-up\\n*[[Leonid Haydamaka]]\n        \\u2014 [[bandurist]], conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk\n        instruments\\n*[[Maksym Kalynychenko]] \\u2013 Ukrainian [[football (soccer)|football]]\n        player\\n*[[Vasily Karazin]] \\u2014 founder of Kharkiv University, which now\n        bears his name\\n*[[Hnat Khotkevych]] \\u2014 Ukrainian writer, ethnographer,\n        composer, bandurist\\n*[[Mikhail Koshkin]] \\u2014 (originally from Brynchagi),\n        chief designer of Soviet tank [[T-34]]\\n*[[Olga Krasko]] \\u2014 Russian actress\\n*[[Mykola\n        Kulish]] \\u2014 Ukrainian playwright\\n*[[Les Kurbas]] \\u2014 Ukrainian dramatist\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] \\u2014 [[Russian American]] [[economist]]\\n*[[Alexander Voevodin]]\n        \\u2014 biomedical scientist and educator\\n{{col-break}}\\n*[[Evgeny Lifshitz]]\n        \\u2014 Soviet [[physicist]]\\n*[[Eduard Limonov]] \\u2014 writer, poet and controversial\n        politician\\n*[[Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy]] \\u2014 lead developer of Soviet Shuttle\n        [[Buran program]]\\n*[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]] \\u2014 Russian mathematician, mechanician\n        and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory\\n*[[Boris Mikhailov (photographer)|Boris\n        Mikhailov]] \\u2014 photographer / artist\\n*[[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] \\u2014 Ukrainian\n        political leader and activist\\n*[[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] \\u2014\n        fantasy and science fiction writer\\n*[[Henry Lion Oldie]] (Dmitry Gromov and\n        Oleg Ladyzhensky) \\u2014 science fiction and fantasy writers\\n*[[Igor Olshanetskyi]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli Olympic weightlifter\\n*[[Justine Pasek]] \\u2014 [[Miss Universe\n        2002]]\\n*[[Valerian Pidmohylny]] \\u2014 Ukrainian poet\\n*[[Irina Press]] \\u2014\n        athlete who won two Olympic [[gold medal]]s\\n*[[Tamara Press]] \\u2014 Soviet\n        [[shot put]]ter and [[discus throw]]er\\n*[[Olga Rapay-Markish]] \\u2014 [[Ceramics|ceramicist]]\\n*[[Igor\n        Rybak]] \\u2014 Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter\\n*[[Eugen Schauman]]\n        \\u2013 Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general [[Nikolay Ivanovich\n        Bobrikov]] in 1904\\n*[[Alexander Shchetynsky]] \\u2014 composer\\n*[[George\n        Shevelov]] \\u2013 Ukrainian and Slavic linguist, philologist, essayist, literary\n        historian, and literary critic\\n*[[Elena Sheynina]] \\u2014 children''s author\\n*[[Klavdiya\n        Shulzhenko]] \\u2014 singer of the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lev Shubnikov]] \\u2014\n        Soviet experimental [[physicist]] who worked in the Netherlands and USSR\\n*[[Alexander\n        Siloti]] \\u2014 Russian pianist, [[Conducting|conductor]] and [[composer]]\\n*[[Hryhorii\n        Skovoroda]] \\u2013 poet, philosopher and composer\\n*[[Karina Smirnoff]] \\u2013\n        professional world champion dancer, starring on ''''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''''\\n*[[Jura\n        Soyfer]] \\u2014 Austrian political journalist and [[cabaret]] writer\\n*[[Otto\n        Struve]] \\u2014 Russian-American [[astronomer]]\\n*[[Serafina Schachova]] \\u2013\n        [[Nephrologist]]\\n*[[Sergei Sviatchenko]] \\u2013 artist\\n*[[Mark Taimanov]]\n        \\u2014 chess player and [[concert]] pianist\\n*[[Ievgeniia Tetelbaum]] \\u2014\n        Israeli Olympic synchronized swimmer\\n*[[Nikolai Tikhonov]] \\u2014 [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union]]\\n*[[Yevgeniy Timoshenko]] \\u2014 professional poker\n        player\\n*[[Anna Tsybuleva]] \\u2014 pianist, winner of the [[Leeds International\n        Piano Competition]]\\n*[[Anna Ushenina]] \\u2014 women''s world chess champion\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Vasyutin]] \\u2014 Soviet [[cosmonaut]] of Ukrainian descent\\n*[[Yury Vengerovsky]]\n        \\u2014 Olympic gold medal winning volleyball player\\n*[[Vitali Vitaliev]]\n        - journalist and author\\n*[[Igor Vovchanchyn]] \\u2013 Mixed martial artist\\n*[[Vasyl\n        Yermylov]] \\u2013 painter and [[design]]er\\n*[[Serhiy Zhadan]] \\u2014 poet,\n        novelist, and translator\\n*[[Oleksandr Zhdanov]] - professional Ukrainian-Israeli\n        football defender\\n*[[Irina Zhurina]] \\u2013 opera singer, [[People''s Artist\n        of Russia]]\\n*[[Alexander Zorich]] (Dmitry Gordevsky and Yana Botsman), science\n        fiction writers.\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==Transport==\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e - \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Pushkinska\n        (Kharkiv Metro)|Pushkinska station]] of [[Kharkiv Metro]]]]\\n[[File:Kh Rail.JPG|thumb|150px|Kharkiv\n        Railway Station Main Entrance, August 2011]]\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c21.jpg|thumb|150px|Historical\n        building of [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv Airport]]]]\\nThe city\n        of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centers in Ukraine, which\n        is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic.\n        The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis,\n        railways, and air traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city.{{cite\n        web|author=Andrew Rybka |url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/news/6542/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439.\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438. \\u041e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c. \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0435\\u0436\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445.\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Gortransport.kharkov.ua |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\n===Local\n        transport===\\nBeing an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different\n        means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. [[Kharkiv Metro|Kharkiv''s\n        Metro]] is the city''s rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes\n        three different lines with 30 stations in total.{{cite web|url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/subway/index.html\n        |title=Metro. Basic facts|accessdate=1 March 2011 |work=City transportation\n        Kharkiv |language=Ukrainian}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/364779.html\n        Poroshenko opens new subway station in Kharkiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19\n        August 2016) The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers\n        annually. {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Trolleybuses, trams (which\n        celebrated its 100 years of service in 2006), and ''''[[marshrutka]]s''''\n        (private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.\\n\\n===Railways===\\nThe\n        first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to\n        arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869,\n        traffic was opened on the Kursk\\u2013Kharkiv\\u2013Azov line. Kharkiv''s passenger\n        railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed\n        in the [[Second World War]]. A new [[Kharkiv railway station]] was built in\n        1952.{{cite web|url=http://uz.gov.ua/en/euro2012/stations/|publisher=uz.gov.ua|title=Railway\n        Stations :: Euro-2012 :: \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine\n        and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as [[elektrichka]]s\n        connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.\\n\\n===Air===\\nKharkiv is served\n        by [[Kharkiv International Airport]] has been granted international status.\n        Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv\n        Airport \\u2014 Aeromost-Kharkiv \\u2014 is not serving any regular destinations\n        {{As of|2007|lc=y}}. 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Arts Museum, Kharkiv\\nFile:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks (sketch,\n        1893, Kharkiv).jpg|Ilya Repin''s [[Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks]] painting\n        stored at the Kharkiv Art Museum\\nFile:\\u0426\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u044f \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430.JPG|[[Park of\n        Maxim Gorky]]\\nFile:\\u0421\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430.JPG|Family entertainment area of the [[Park of Maxim\n        Gorky|Park]]\\nFile:\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f \\u041f\\u0430\\u043c\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u043c\\u044f\\u0447\\u0443.jpg|Soccer ball monument\\nFile:Drobitskiy_menora.jpg|[[Drobytsky\n        Yar|Drobitskiy Menora]]\\nFile:Kharkiv_zoo.jpg|Lord [[Ganesha]] in Kharkiv\n        Zoo\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439.JPG|Dolphinarium\n        in Kharkiv\\n\\n\\n==Footnotes==\\n{{Notelist|2}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em|refs=\\n{{cite news |url= https://navalny.com/p/3836/ |script-title=ru:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0424\\u0411\\u041a \\u043f\\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c.\n        \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0430, \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f,\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f |language= Russian\n        |trans_title= Survey of Kharkov and Odessa Oblasts |first= Alexei |last= Navalny\n        |publisher= navalny.com |date= 23 September 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140923121221/https://navalny.com/p/3836/\n        |archivedate= 23 September 2014 |deadurl= no }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html\n        |script-title=uk:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 3% \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0457\\u0445 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region\n        to become part of Russia |work= [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |date= 3 January 2015\n        }}\\n}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{See also|Timeline of Kharkiv#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography\n        of the history of Kharkiv}}\\n\\n==External 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[http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economics/1480141-kurchenko_to_finance_kharkivs_preparations_for_eurobasket_2015_301524.html\n        FC Metalist President Kurchenko to invest in Kharkiv\\u2019s preparations for\n        EuroBasket 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 April 2013)\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[People''s Deputy of Ukraine|MPs]]:\\n|leader_name2 = [[Oleksandr Feldman]]\n        
Anatoliy Denisenko
 Volodymyr Mysyk
 [[Vitaliy Khomutynnik]] [[Dmytro Svyatash]]
 Oleksandr Kirsch ([[People''s Front (Ukraine)|PF]]) Valery Pisarenko\\n|established_title     = Founded\\n|established_date      =\n        1654[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123906 What Makes\n        Kharkiv Ukrainian], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (23 November 2014)\\n|established_title2    =\\n|established_date2     =\n        \\n|parts_type        = [[#Government and administrative divisions|Districts]]\\n|parts_style       =\n        \\n|parts             =\n        List of 9\\n|p1                = Shevchenkivskyi Raion\\n|p2                =\n        Novobavarskyi Raion\\n|p3                = Kyivskyi Raion\\n|p4                =\n        Slobidskyi Raion\\n|p5                = Holodnohirskyi Raion\\n|p6                =\n        Moskovskyi Raion\\n|p7                = Nemyshlianskyi Raion\\n|p8                =\n        Industrialnyi Raion\\n|p9                = Osnovianskyi Raion\\n|area_total_km2         =\n        350\\n|population_as_of       = 2014\\n|population_total       = 1,439,036 {{decrease}}\\n|population_metro       =\n        1,732,400\\n|population_density_km2 = 4500\\n|timezone               = EET\\n|utc_offset             =\n        +2\\n|timezone_DST           = EEST\\n|utc_offset_DST         = +3\\n|coordinates            =\n        {{coord|50|0|16|N|36|13|53|E|type:city_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|elevation_m            =\n        152\\n|population_demonym     = Kharkivite[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1998/099820.shtml\n        Ukraine''s second Winter Olympics: one medal, some good performances], [[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]] (1 March 1998)\\n|postal_code_type       = Postal\n        code\\n|postal_code            = 61001\\u201461499\\n|blank_name             =\n        [[Licence plate]]\\n|blank_info             = \\u0425\\u0410, 21 (old)\\n|blank1_name            =\n        [[Town twinning|Sister cities]]\\n|blank1_info            = [[Belgorod]],\n        [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]],\n        [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Pozna\\u0144]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]],\n        [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]\\n|website                =\n        {{URL|city.kharkov.ua/en/}}\\n|footnotes              =\\n}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|City\n        of Kharkiv State of Ukraine Recorded by Viktor O Ledenyov.ogg|2016-01-07}}\\n''''''Kharkiv''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432}}, {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8x\\u0251rkiu\\u032f|pron}}{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine\n        |title= Kharkiv on Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica - current edition |publisher=\n        Britannica.com |date= |accessdate= 20 April 2012}}, Russian: \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        Kharkov) is the second-largest city in [[Ukraine]].[http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/23/kharkiv-never-had-eastern-western-conflicts/\n        Kharkiv \\\"never had eastern-western conflicts\\\"], ''''[[Euronews]]'''' (23\n        October 2014) In the northeast of the country, it is the largest city\n        of the [[Sloboda Ukraine|Slobozhanshchyna]] historical region. Kharkiv is\n        the [[administrative centre]] of [[Kharkiv Oblast]] and of the surrounding\n        [[Kharkiv Raion]], though administratively it is incorporated as a [[city\n        of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and does\n        not belong to the raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2017|1, 439,036}}\\n\\nThe\n        city was founded in 1654 and after a humble beginning as a small fortress\n        grew to be a major centre of Ukrainian industry, trade and culture in the\n        [[Russian Empire]].\\n\\nKharkiv was the first capital of the [[Ukrainian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]], from December 1919 to January 1934, after which the\n        capital relocated to [[Kiev]].{{cite book|first=George|last=Liber|title=Soviet\n        Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR,\n        1923-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&pg=PA160|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press}}\\n\\nPresently, Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific,\n        educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 6 museums, 7\n        theatres and 80 libraries.\\n\\nIts industry specializes primarily in [[machinery]]\n        and in [[electronics]]. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the\n        city, including the [[Morozov Design Bureau]] and the [[Malyshev Tank Factory]]\n        (leaders in world [[tank]] production from the 1930s to the 1980s); [[Khartron]]\n        ([[aerospace]] and [[nuclear power plant]]s automation [[electronics]]); the\n        [[Turboatom]] ([[turbine]]s for the hydro-, thermal- and nuclear-power plants),\n        and [[Antonov]] (the multipurpose aircraft manufacturing plant).\\n\\n==Name==\\nSome\n        sources indicate that the city may have been named after the Hunnic name for\n        ''swan'': ''''kharka''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.rtm.ua/en/aboutcompany/rtminukrainemap/kharkivregion|title=Etymology\n        of the name Kharkiv|work=rtm.ua|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{Better\n        source|reason=Russian and Ukrainian Wikipedia cite more than 15 theories,\n        and this one doesn''t feature. The source is an advertising company.|date=May\n        2015}} Other sources offer that the city was named after its near-legendary\n        founder, ''''Kharko'''' (a [[diminutive]] form of the name [[Chariton (name)|Chariton]],\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d}},\n        or [[Zechariah (given name)|Zechariah]], {{lang-uk|\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439}}).{{cite web|url=https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F._1798.pdf/175|publisher=uk.wikisource.org|title=\\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u044a \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0457\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f.\n        1798.pdf/175 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{see also|Timeline of Kharkiv}}\\n[[File:Charkow.jpg|thumb|150px|19th-century\n        view of Kharkiv, with the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]]\n        belltower dominating the skyline.]]\\n[[File:Sumskayaa street,Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sumska\n        Street]] is the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv]]\\nCultural artifacts date back\n        to the [[Bronze Age]], as well as those of later [[Scythians|Scythian]] and\n        [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] settlers. There is also evidence that the [[Chernyakhov\n        culture]] flourished in the area from the second to the sixth centuries. {{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2017}}\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nThe city was founded by re-settlers\n        who were running away from the war that engulfed [[Right-bank Ukraine]] in\n        1654 (see [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]]). The years before\n        the region was a sparsely populated part of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]].{{cite book|author=Roman Solchanyk|title=Ukraine and\n        Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNvTSDQXFXgC&pg=PA6|accessdate=31\n        March 2015|date=January 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1018-0|page=6}}\n        The group of people came onto the banks of [[Lopan River|Lopan]] and [[Kharkiv\n        River|Kharkiv]] rivers where an abandoned settlement stood.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/06/9/88316/ \\u0416\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432. \\u041d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c-\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\n        (Living Kharkiv. Nightly excursion through the host-city)] [[Ukrayinska Pravda]].\n        June 9, 2012 According to archive documents, the leader of the re-settlers\n        was [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk.\\n\\nAt first the settlement\n        was self-governed under the jurisdiction of a [[voivode]] from [[Chuhuiv]]\n        that is {{convert|40|km|mi}} to the east. The\n        first appointed voivode from [[Moscow]] was Voyin Selifontov in 1656 who started\n        to build a local [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] (fort).\n        At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were\n        local cossacks, while Selifontov brought along a Moscow garrison of another\n        70 servicemen. The first Kharkiv voivode was\n        replaced in two years after constantly complaining that locals refused to\n        cooperate in building the fort. Kharkiv also\n        became the centre of the local Sloboda cossack regiment as the area surrounding\n        the [[Belgorod]] fortress was being heavily militarized. With the resettlement\n        of the area by Ukrainians it came to be known as [[Sloboda Ukraine]], most\n        of which was included under the jurisdiction of the Razryad [[Prikaz]] (Military\n        Appointment) headed by a [[okolnichy|district official]] from [[Belgorod]].\n        By 1657 the Kharkiv settlement had a fortress\n        with underground passageways.\\n\\nIn 1658 Ivan Ofrosimov was appointed as the\n        new voivode, who worked on forcing locals to kiss the cross to show loyalty\n        to the Moscow tsar. The locals led by their\n        [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk refused. However,\n        with the election of the new otaman Tymish Lavrynov the community (hromada)\n        sent a request to the tsar to establish a local Assumption market, signed\n        by [[Dean (Christianity)|deans]] of Kharkiv churches (the [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity). Relationships with the neighboring [[Chuhuiv]] sometimes\n        were non-friendly and often their arguments were pacified by force.\n        With the appointment of the third voivode Vasiliy Sukhotin was completely\n        finished the construction of the city fort.\\n\\nMeanwhile,\n        Kharkiv had become the centre of [[Sloboda Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Kharkiv\n        Fortress===\\n[[File:(29) ST ASSUMPTION ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL IN CITY OF KHARKIV\n        STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View\n        of [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkov|Holy Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] in\n        Kharkiv]]\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432. \\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0438 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c.jpg|thumb|150px|Intercession Cathedral with bell tower\n        and Ozeryanskaya church (right) built in Kharkiv in 1689]]\\n[[File:(30) VIEW\n        ON PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE OVER KHARKIV RIVER IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE\n        PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View of modern pedestrian\n        bridge over Kharkiv River in Kharkiv]]\\nThe Kharkiv Fortress was erected around\n        the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and its castle\n        was at [[University Hill, Kharkiv|University Hill]].\n        It was between today''s streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution\n        Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent. The fortress had 10 towers: Chuhuivska Tower, Moskovska\n        Tower, Vestovska Tower, Tainytska Tower, Lopanska Corner Tower, Kharkivska\n        Corner Tower and others. The tallest was Vestovska,\n        some {{convert|16|m|ft}} tall, while the shortest\n        one was Tainytska which had a secret well {{convert|35|m|ft}} deep.\n        The fortress had the Lopanski Gates.\\n\\nIn 1689\n        the fortress was expanded and included the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral and Monastery\n        which was baptized and became the center of\n        local eparchy. Coincidentally in the same year in the vicinity of Kharkiv\n        in [[Kolomak]], [[Ivan Mazepa]] was announced the [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]. Next to the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral\n        was located the Kharkiv Collegiate that was transferred from [[Belgorod]]\n        to Kharkiv in 1726.\\n\\n===In the Russian Empire===\\nIn\n        the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708\\u20131710|administrative\n        reform]] carried out in 1708 by [[Peter the Great]], the area was included\n        into [[Kiev Governorate]]. Kharkiv is specifically mentioned as one of the\n        towns making a part of the governorate.{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/|script-title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\n        \\u043e\\u0431 \\u0443\\u0447\\u0440\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0438 \\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043a \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432, 1708\n        \\u0433., \\u0434\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f 18 |trans-title=Decree\n        on the establishment of Provinces and cities assigned to them, December 18,\n        1708|language=ru|website=constitution.garant.ru|accessdate=31 March 2015}}\n        In 1727, [[Belgorod Governorate]] was split off, and Kharkiv moved to Belgoro\n        Governorate. It was the center of a separate administrative unit, [[Kharkiv\n        Sloboda Cossack regiment]]. The regiment at some point was detached from Belgorod\n        Governorate, then attached to it again, until in 1765, [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        was established with the seat in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525173851/http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archivedate=25\n        May 2013|script-title=ru:\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f. 2. \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|trans-title=History of the\n        Administrative-Territorial Division of the Voronezh Region. 2. Voronezh Province.|publisher=Archive\n        service of Voronezh Oblast|language=Russian|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n\\n[[Kharkiv\n        University]] was established in 1805 in the Palace of [[Governorate-General]].\\n[[Aleksander Mickiewicz|Alexander Mikolajewicz\n        Mickiewicz]], brother of [[Adam Mickiewicz]] was a professor of law in the\n        university, another celebrity [[Goethe]] searched for instructors for the\n        school. In 1906 [[Ivan Franko]] received a doctorate\n        in Russian linguistics here.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2011/08/23/53238/|script-title=uk:\\u0423\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0448\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443|trans-title=A\n        memorial plaque to Ivan Franko was unveiled in Kharkiv|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=23\n        August 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe streets were first cobbled\n        in the city centre in 1830.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/01/24/17847/|script-title=uk:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438 XIX-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044f|trans-title=Kharkiv and Kharkiv\n        denizens in 19th century photos|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=24\n        January 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}} In 1844 the {{convert|90|m|ft}}\n        tall Alexander Bell Tower was built next to the first Assumption Cathedral,\n        which on November 16, 1924 was transformed into a [[radio tower]].\n        A system of running water was established in 1870. The Cathedral Descent at\n        one time carried the name of another local trader Vasyl Ivanovych Pashchenko-Tryapkin\n        as Pashchenko Descent. Pashchenko even leased\n        a space to the city council (duma) and was the owner of the city \\\"Old Passage\\\",\n        the city''s biggest trade center. After his\n        death in 1894 Pashchenko donated all his possessions to the city.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1812, the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}} One of the first [[Prosvita]]s in Eastern Ukraine was also established\n        in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established\n        there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by\n        the lawyer [[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] in 1900.\\n\\nSoon after the [[Crimean War]],\n        in 1860\\u201361 number of [[hromada (secret society)|hromada]] societies sprung\n        up across the Ukrainian cities including Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHromadas.htm|title=Hromadas|publisher=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]|accessdate=14 January 2016}} Among the most prominent hromada\n        members in Kharkiv was [[Alexander Potebnja|Oleksandr Potebnia]], a native\n        of [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. Beside the old hromada, in Kharkiv\n        also existed several student hromadas members of which were future political\n        leaders of Ukraine such as [[Borys Martos]], [[Dmytro Antonovych]] and many\n        others. One of the [[University of Kharkiv]] graduates\n        [[Oleksandr Kovalenko (soldier)|Oleksandr Kovalenko]] was one of initiators\n        of the mutiny on [[Russian battleship Potemkin]] being the only officer who\n        supported the in-rank sailors.\\n\\n===Soviet period===\\n[[File:(42) DERZHPROM\n        BUILDING IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV\n        20160621.jpg|thumb|150px| View of renovated [[Derzhprom]] building]]\\n[[File:Piatykhatky.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial\n        to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the [[NKVD]] in 1937\\u201338]]\\nWhen\n        the [[Tsentralna Rada]] announced the establishment of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]] in November 1917 it envisioned the [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        to be part of it. In December 1917 Kharkiv became the\n        first city in Ukraine occupied by the [[Soviet power|Soviet]] [[Group of forces\n        in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|troops]] of [[Vladimir\n        Antonov-Ovseyenko]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA713&dq=kharkiv+antonov+1917&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-8a2jl9LJAhVEeA8KHfjwDuY4ChDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=kharkiv%20antonov%201917&f=false\n        Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe)] by [[Ivan\n        Katchanovski]], [[Scarecrow Press]] (Publication date: July 11, 2013), {{ISBN|0810878453}}\n        (page 713) The [[Bolsheviks]] in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv\n        shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13\n        December 1917.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLpivm5lDsC&pg=PA7&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=7N6JVOz0OIbyUr22g-AP&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917\\u20131934]. Durham and London:\n        Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-1099-6}} (page 7) By February 1918\n        Bolshevik forces had [[Russian Civil War|captured much of Ukraine]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1195&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv+soviet+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ouGJVNi7D4Ou7gbjr4HoBA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv%20soviet%20Ukraine&f=false\n        World War I: A Student Encyclopedia]. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 1195. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-879-8}}\n        In February 1918 Kharkiv became the capital of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet\n        Republic]]; but this entity was disbanded six weeks later.[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/22/ukraine-phony-war/\n        Ukraine: The Phony War?], [[The New York Review of Books]] (27 April 2014)\n        In April 1918 the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]] occupied Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYbw25xe-FwC&pg=PP121&dq=Central+Rada+Kharkiv+German&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=NcuIVKDcCMfkarOKgiA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Central%20Rada%20Kharkiv%20German&f=false\n        Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution]. PublicAffairs.\n        {{ISBN|1-61039-140-3}}. And according to the February 1918 [[Treaty\n        of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine\\u2013Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] between\n        the Ukrainian People''s Republic and the [[Central Powers]] it became part\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pt03BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205&dq=Kharkiv+German+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=s86IVIMtlNhqvIGB6AQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%201918&f=false\n        Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. 98) (Volume 98)], [[Ibidem\n        Verlag]], 2010, {{ISBN|383820042X}} (page 24) Early January 1919 Bolshevik\n        forces captured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT338&dq=Kharkiv+German+November+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=N9KIVOT5MYfvapr4gagG&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%20November%201918&f=false\n        Ukraine: A History 4th Edition] by [[Orest Subtelny]], [[University of Toronto\n        Press]], 2009, {{ISBN|1442609915}} Mid-June 1919 [[Anton Denikin]]''s\n        [[White movement]] [[Volunteer Army]] captured the city.[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA97&dq=Denikin+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=t9OIVOfkBtPSaKnwgtgL&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression], [[Harvard University\n        Press]], 858 pages, {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}, page 97 In December 1919\n        the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] recaptured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1h0_iMrE4C&pg=PA101&dq=Denikin+December+1919+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ytWIVKrdMYOBUcnFg9AF&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20December%201919%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War]. [[Scarecrow Press Inc]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6841-0}}\n        (page 101)\\n\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Bolshevik]]s\n        established Kharkiv as the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition\n        to the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] with its capital of [[Kiev]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/01/25/69897/ |title=\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u0456 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 (\\u0437 \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438\n        1917\\u201318 \\u0440\\u0440.) (Donbas and Ukraine. (From articles and declarations\n        of Mykola Skrypnyk)) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July\n        2012}}\\n[[File:Pamiatnyk.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Monument to the [[persecuted\n        bandurists|persecuted kobzars]] in Kharkiv]]\\nAccording to linguist [[George\n        Shevelov]], in the early 1920s the share of [[secondary schools]] teaching\n        in the [[Ukrainian language]] was lower than the share of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]]s\n        ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] population,[http://balticworlds.com/games-from-the-past/\n        Games from the Past: The continuity and change of the identity dynamic in\n        Donbas from a historical perspective ], [[S\\u00f6dert\\u00f6rn University]]\n        (May 19, 2014) even though the [[Soviet Union]] had ordered that all\n        schools in the [[Ukrainian SSR]] should be Ukrainian speaking (as part of\n        its [[Ukrainization]] policy).[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by [[Lenore Grenoble]], [[Springer Science+Business\n        Media]], 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-1298-3}} (page 84)\\n\\nAs the country''s\n        capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings\n        to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration.\n        [[Derzhprom]] was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in\n        the Soviet Union at the time with a height of {{convert|63|m|ft}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html |title=Derzhprom statistics\n        |publisher=Kharkov.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}} In the 1920s,\n        a {{convert|150|m|ft}} wooden radio tower was built on top of the building.\n        The Roentgen Institute was established in 1931.{{cite news|last1=Khwaja|first1=Barbara|title=Health Reform\n        in Revolutionary Russia|url=https://www.sochealth.co.uk/2017/05/26/health-reform-revolutionary-russia/|accessdate=26\n        May 2017|publisher=Socialist Health Association|date=26 May 2017}} During\n        the interwar period the city saw the spread of architectural [[Constructivism\n        (art)|constructivism]]. One of the best representatives\n        of it was the already mentioned Derzhprom, the Building of the Red Army, the\n        Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council\n        building, with its massive asymmetric tower, the central department store\n        that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. The same year on November 7, 1932 the building of\n        Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of [[Central Executive\n        Committee of Ukraine|All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2012/04/28/82906/#10 |title=Picture\n        of the building in the Vsesvit magazine |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date=2012-04-30\n        |accessdate=21 July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2010/11/7/3319/#13\n        |title=Photos of the newspaper \\\"Proletarian\\\" for 1932-33 |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua\n        |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nIn 1928, the SVU ([[Union for the\n        Freedom of Ukraine process|Union for the Freedom of Ukraine]]) process was\n        initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia)\n        building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.\\n\\nIn\n        the early 1930s, the [[Holodomor]] famine drove many people off the land into\n        the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died\n        and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the\n        city.\\n[[File:Kharkiv-Katyn2.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial to the thousands of\n        Polish officers executed by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the [[Katyn massacre|Katyn]]\n        massacre]]\\nIn 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and\n        cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all\n        vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938.\n        Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered\n        by the NKVD.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CFqB2_OX_oQC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Stalin+Ukrainian+minstrels+Kharkiv&source=bl&ots=Ry-gE1y5zI&sig=_0anaLEThATAiaaa4OwwPp7Wh9w&hl=nl&ei=TVr0SsOxNs3G4QaD8b3pAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Stalin%20Ukrainian%20minstrels%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing] by Natalie Kononenko, M.E.\n        Sharp, {{ISBN|0-7656-0144-3}}/{{ISBN|978-0-7656-0144-5}}, page 116\\nIn\n        January 1934 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.\\n\\nDuring April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish\n        prisoners of [[Starobelsk]] camp were executed in the Kharkiv [[NKVD]] building,\n        later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in [[Piatykhatky,\n        Kharkiv|Pyatykhatky]] forest (part of the [[Katyn massacre]]) on the outskirts\n        of Kharkiv.[[Benjamin B. Fischer|Fischer, Benjamin B.]],\n        \\\"[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816221054/http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html\n        The Katyn Controversy: Stalin''s Killing Field]\\\", ''''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'''',\n        Winter 1999\\u20132000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005 The site\n        also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested\n        and shot in the 1937\\u201338 Stalinist purges.\\n\\n===German occupation===\\n[[File:23\n        August Lane Kharkov.JPG|thumb|150px|Memorial to 23 August 1943, the end of\n        German occupation during World War II]]\\nDuring [[World War II]], Kharkiv\n        was the site of several military engagements (see below). The city was captured\n        and recaptured by [[Nazi Germany]] on 24 October 1941;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/04/3/34315/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\\"\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\\" \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e (Kharkiv at times of \\\"matured\n        childhood\\\" of Lyudmila Gurchenko) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.andersval.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6267&Itemid=190\n        |title=Kharkiv through the eyes of Lyudmila Gurchenko |publisher=Andersval.nl\n        |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=15 July 2012}} there was a disastrous [[Red\n        Army]] offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;The Red\n        Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties\n        (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924\n        guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., ''''Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military\n        disaster through Soviet eyes'''', pub Ian Allan, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7110-2562-2}}\n        page 218.per [[Robert M. Citino]], author of \\\"Death of the Wehrmacht\\\",\n        and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14\n        May 1942 by Soviet forces under [[Semyon Timoshenko|Marshal Timoshenko]] before\n        being driven back by German forces under Field Marshal [[Fedor von Bock]],\n        p. 100 the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February\n        1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943 and then\n        finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed\n        and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}}\\nKharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most\n        populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years\n        preceding World War II, [[Kiev]] was by population the smaller of the two.\\n\\nThe\n        significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv''s Jewish community prided\n        itself with the second largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during\n        the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried\n        in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named [[Drobytsky\n        Yar]].\\n\\nDuring [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], four battles\n        took place for control of the city:\\n* [[First Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Second\n        Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Fourth Battle of Kharkov]]\n        (''''see also'''' [[Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev]])\\n\\nBefore the occupation,\n        Kharkiv''s [[Malyshev Factory|tank industries]] were evacuated to the [[Urals]]\n        with all their equipment, and became the heart of [[Red Army]]''s tank programs\n        (particularly, producing the [[T-34]] tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These\n        enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce tanks.\\n\\nOf\n        the population of 700,000 that Kharkiv had before the start of World War II,\n        120,000 became [[Ost-Arbeiter]] ([[slave]] worker) in Germany, 30,000 were\n        executed and 80,000 starved to death during the war.\\n\\n===Post-World\n        War II===\\nIn the post-World War II period many of the destroyed homes and\n        factories were rebuilt. From the [[constructivism (art)|constructivism]] the\n        city was planned to be rebuilt in the style of [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        Classicism]].\\n\\nAn airport was built in 1954.\n        Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre\n        in the former USSR (after Moscow and [[Leningrad]]).\\n\\n===In independent\n        Ukraine===\\n[[File:IMG 2428 zerk.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zerkal\\u02b9naya struya|Mirror\n        Stream]] fountain]]\\n\\nBy its territorial expansion on September 6, 2012 the\n        city increased its area from about {{convert|310|to|350|km2|abbr=out}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T125215.html |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432,\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 |publisher=Search.ligazakon.ua\n        |date=2012-09-18 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\nA well-known landmark\n        of Kharkiv is the [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]] (''''Ploshcha\n        Svobody'''' formerly known as ''''Dzerzhinsky Square''''), which is the sixth\n        largest city square in Europe, and the [[List of city squares by size|12th\n        largest square in the world]].\\n\\nThere is an underground [[Kharkiv Metro|rapid-transit\n        system]] (metro) with about {{convert|38.1|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of track and\n        29 stations. The new \\\"Victory\\\" underground station (no. 30) was opened\n        in Kharkiv on 19 August 2016. All the underground stations have very special\n        distinctive architectures.\\n\\nKharkiv was a host city for the [[UEFA Euro\n        2012]], and hosted three group soccer matches at the reconstructed [[Metalist\n        Stadium]].\\n\\nA large number of the Orthodox cathedrals were built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1990s and 2000s. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}For example, the\n        Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox cathedral, the St. Vladimir Orthodox cathedral,\n        St. Tamara Orthodox cathedral, etc.\\n\\nIn 2007, the Vietnamese minority in\n        Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with\n        a monument to [[Ho Chi Minh]].In\\u2191  \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb,21\n        December 2007.\\n\\nThe Gor''ky park was fully renovated in Kharkiv in\n        the 2000s, having a big number of modern attractions, a lake with lilies and\n        the sport facilities to play tennis, football, beach volleyball, and basketball.\\n\\nThe\n        Feldman park was created in Kharkiv in recent years, containing a big collection\n        of animals, horses, etc.\\n\\n==Geography==\\n[[File:Kharkiv, Ukraine, city and\n        vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Kharkiv\n        and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is located at the banks of the [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan]],\n        and [[Udy River|Udy]] rivers, where they flow into the [[Seversky Donets]]\n        watershed in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine.\\n\\nHistorically, Kharkiv\n        lies in the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region (''''Slobozhanshchyna'''' also known\n        as ''''Slobidshchyna'''') in Ukraine, in which it is considered as a main\n        city.\\n\\nThe approximate dimensions of City of Kharkiv are:\\nfrom the North\n        to the South - 24.3 km;\\nfrom the West to the East \\u2014 25.2 km.\\n\\nBased\n        on Kharkiv''s topography, the city can be conditionally divided on the four\n        lower districts and the four higher districts.\\n\\nThe highest point over the\n        sea level in Pyatikhatky in Kharkiv is 202m, the lowest point over the sea\n        level in Novoselivka in Kharkiv is 94m. {{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv\n        lies in the large valley of rivers of [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan'']],\n        [[Udy River|Udy]], and Nemyshlya. This valley lies from the North West to\n        the South East between the Mid Russian highland and Donetsk lowland. All the\n        rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river of [[Seversky Donets|Northern\n        Donets]]. A special system of the concrete and metal dams was designed and\n        built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv. {{Citation\n        needed|date=March 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv has a large number of the green city parks\n        with the long history of more than 100 years with very old oak trees and many\n        flowers. {{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===Climate===\\nKharkiv''s\n        climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[K\\u00f6ppen\n        climate classification]] ''''Dfb'''') with cold and snowy winters as well\n        as the dry and hot summers.\\n\\nKharkiv has rather sunny warm summers which,\n        however, are relatively mild compared to temperatures in South European regions,\n        due to the region''s lower elevation, proximity to the Black Sea, and the\n        city''s [[latitude]]. In other words, Kharkiv experiences the warm summers,\n        interrupted by only occasional, brief intervals of stormy rain conditions.\n        {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}\\n\\nKharkiv has relatively long and cold\n        winters.\\n\\nThe average rainfall totals {{convert|513|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per\n        year, with the most in June and July.\\n\\n{{Weather box\\n|location=Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine (1981\\u22122010)\\n|metric first=yes\\n|single line=yes\\n| Jan record\n        high C = 11.0\\n| Feb record high C = 14.6\\n| Mar record high C = 21.8\\n| Apr\n        record high C = 30.5\\n| May record high C = 34.5\\n| Jun record high C = 36.8\\n|\n        Jul record high C = 37.6\\n| Aug record high C = 39.8\\n| Sep record high C\n        = 33.7\\n| Oct record high C = 29.3\\n| Nov record high C = 20.3\\n| Dec record\n        high C = 13.4\\n|year record high C = 39.8\\n| Jan high C = -2.2\\n| Feb high\n        C = -1.6\\n| Mar high C = 4.3\\n| Apr high C = 14.0\\n| May high C = 20.8\\n|\n        Jun high C = 24.3\\n| Jul high C = 26.4\\n| Aug high C = 25.7\\n| Sep high C\n        = 19.4\\n| Oct high C = 12.0\\n| Nov high C = 3.6\\n| Dec high C = -1.1\\n|year\n        high C = 12.1\\n| Jan mean C = -4.6\\n| Feb mean C = -4.5\\n| Mar mean C = 0.7\\n|\n        Apr mean C = 9.2\\n| May mean C = 15.6\\n| Jun mean C = 19.3\\n| Jul mean C =\n        21.3\\n| Aug mean C = 20.3\\n| Sep mean C = 14.4\\n| Oct mean C = 7.9\\n| Nov\n        mean C = 0.9\\n| Dec mean C = -3.5\\n|year mean C = 8.1\\n| Jan low C = -7.0\\n|\n        Feb low C = -7.3\\n| Mar low C = -2.4\\n| Apr low C = 4.6\\n| May low C = 10.3\\n|\n        Jun low C = 14.2\\n| Jul low C = 16.2\\n| Aug low C = 14.9\\n| Sep low C = 9.8\\n|\n        Oct low C = 4.3\\n| Nov low C = -1.5\\n| Dec low C = -5.9\\n|year low C = 4.2\\n|\n        Jan record low C = -35.6\\n| Feb record low C = -29.8\\n| Mar record low C =\n        -32.2\\n| Apr record low C = -11.4\\n| May record low C = -1.9\\n| Jun record\n        low C = 2.2\\n| Jul record low C = 5.7\\n| Aug record low C = 2.2\\n| Sep record\n        low C = -2.9\\n| Oct record low C = -9.1\\n| Nov record low C = -20.9\\n| Dec\n        record low C = -30.8\\n|year record low C = -35.6\\n|precipitation colour =\n        green\\n| Jan precipitation mm = 36\\n| Feb precipitation mm = 33\\n| Mar precipitation\n        mm = 33\\n| Apr precipitation mm = 34\\n| May precipitation mm = 50\\n| Jun precipitation\n        mm = 61\\n| Jul precipitation mm = 61\\n| Aug precipitation mm = 43\\n| Sep precipitation\n        mm = 45\\n| Oct precipitation mm = 45\\n| Nov precipitation mm = 40\\n| Dec precipitation\n        mm = 36\\n|year precipitation mm = 517\\n| Jan rain days = 10\\n| Feb rain days\n        = 8\\n| Mar rain days = 10\\n| Apr rain days = 13\\n| May rain days = 14\\n| Jun\n        rain days = 15\\n| Jul rain days = 13\\n| Aug rain days = 10\\n| Sep rain days\n        = 12\\n| Oct rain days = 13\\n| Nov rain days = 13\\n| Dec rain days = 12\\n|year\n        rain days = 143\\n| Jan snow days = 19\\n| Feb snow days = 18\\n| Mar snow days\n        = 12\\n| Apr snow days = 2\\n| May snow days = 0.1\\n| Jun snow days = 0\\n| Jul\n        snow days = 0\\n| Aug snow days = 0\\n| Sep snow days = 0.03\\n| Oct snow days\n        = 2\\n| Nov snow days = 9\\n| Dec snow days = 18\\n|year snow days = 80\\n| Jan\n        humidity = 86\\n| Feb humidity = 83\\n| Mar humidity = 77\\n| Apr humidity =\n        66\\n| May humidity = 61\\n| Jun humidity = 65\\n| Jul humidity = 65\\n| Aug humidity\n        = 63\\n| Sep humidity = 70\\n| Oct humidity = 78\\n| Nov humidity = 86\\n| Dec\n        humidity = 87\\n|year humidity = 74\\n| Jan sun = 51\\n| Feb sun = 65\\n| Mar\n        sun = 108\\n| Apr sun = 162\\n| May sun = 238\\n| Jun sun = 263\\n| Jul sun =\n        273\\n| Aug sun = 247\\n| Sep sun = 185\\n| Oct sun = 124\\n| Nov sun = 47\\n|\n        Dec sun = 31\\n|year sun = 1794\\n|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite\n        web\\n| url =  http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34300.htm\\n| title = Weather\n        and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv\\n| publisher = Weather and Climate (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n| accessdate = 3 December 2013\\n|\n        language = Russian}}\\n|source 2= NOAA (sun only 1961\\u20131990){{cite web\\n| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/34300.TXT\\n|\n        title = Har''Kov (Kharkiv) Climate Normals 1961\\u20131990\\n| publisher = [[National\n        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]\\n| accessdate = 13 October 2015}}\n        \\n|date=August 2010\\n}}\\n\\n===Cityscape===\\n{{wide image|(43)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Northern building of V. N. Karazin National University, Kharkiv\n        Palace hotel building, and Kharkiv hotel buildings.}}\\n\\n{{wide image|(44)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Derzhprom building, multiple apartment buildings, and Northern\n        building of V. N. Karazin National University}}\\n\\n==Governance==\\n\\n===Legal\n        status and local government===\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv and the City Council\n        govern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe\n        Mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative\n        powers as far as the government issues is concerned.\\n\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv\n        is elected by the direct public election in Kharkiv every four years.\\n\\nThe\n        City Council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject\n        the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues\n        in Kharkiv. The representatives to the City Council are elected every four\n        years.\\n\\nThe mayor and city council hold their regular meetings in the City\n        Hall in Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Politics===\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine#Kharkiv Oblast}}\\n\\nThe [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\n        affected Kharkiv but to a lesser extent than in neighbouring [[Donbass]],\n        where tensions would lead to [[War in Donbass|armed conflict]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine\n        crisis: Timeline|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        On 2 March 2014, a Russian \\\"tourist\\\" from Moscow replaced the [[Ukrainian\n        flag]] with a [[Russian flag]] on the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/russias-hand-can-be-seen-in-the-protests.html\n        | title = From Russia, ''Tourists'' Stir the Protests | first = Andrew | last\n        = Roth | work = The New York Times | date = 4 March 2014}}
{{cite news\n        | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-26435333 | title = Russian\n        site recruits ''volunteers'' for Ukraine | work = BBC News | date = 4 March\n        2014 }} Five days later, pro-Russian protestors occupied the building\n        and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the \\\"Kharkov People''s\n        Republic\\\".{{cite web | url=http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2014/04/07/332351/pro-russia-activists-declare-establishment-of-kharkiv-peoples-republic.html\n        | title=Pro-Russia activists declare establishment of ''Kharkiv people''s\n        republic'' | work=Focus Information Agency | date=7 April 2014 | accessdate=13\n        April 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9bd_1396967425\n        |title=Pro-Russian Protesters Declare ''People''s Republic'' In Kharkiv |work=LiveLeak.com\n        |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408202650/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26910210\n        |archivedate= 8 April 2015 |df= }} The next day, the building was retaken\n        by Ukrainian special forces.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-settles-down-while-pro-russian-separatists-still-hold-buildings-in-luhansk-donetsk-342517.html\n        | title=Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings\n        in Luhansk, Donetsk | work=Kyiv Post | date=8 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April\n        2014}} Doubts arose about the local origin of the protestors after they\n        initially stormed an opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall.{{cite news |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/protesters-storm-kharkiv-theater-thinking-it-was-city-hall/497709.html\n        |title= Protesters Storm Kharkiv Theater Thinking It Was City Hall |work=\n        [[The Moscow Times]] |date= 8 April 2014 }} On 13 April, some pro-Russian\n        protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/pro-russian-militants-attack-pro-ukrainian-demonstrators-in-kharkiv-including-at-least-three-severely-343292.html\n        | title=Kharkiv city government building infiltrated by pro-Russian protesters\n        | work=Kyiv Post | date=13 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April 2014}} Later\n        on 13 April the building returned permanently to full Ukrainian control.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/13/7022301/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0446\\u044f\\u0432\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}[http://www.dw.com/en/kharkiv-torn-between-europe-and-russia/a-17478397\n        Kharkiv torn between Europe and Russia], [[Deutsche Welle]] (6 March 2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/907771-posle-napadeniya-antimaydanovtsev-na-miting-evromaydana-v-harkove-postradalo-50-chelovek.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        50 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d |publisher=Unian.net |date=14 April 2014 |accessdate=28\n        April 2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174445/http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archivedate=16 April 2014 | title=Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission\n        in Ukraine | work=Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=14\n        April 2014 | accessdate=16 April 2014}} Violent clashes resulted in\n        the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian\n        protesters.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        returned to relative calm by 30 April.{{cite press\n        release | url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/118186 | title=Latest from the\n        Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine \\u2013 based on information received\n        up until 29 April 2014 | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation\n        in Europe | date=30 April 2014 | accessdate=1 May 2014}} Relatively\n        peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with \\\"pro-Russian\\\" rallies\n        gradually diminishing and \\\"pro-Ukrainian unity\\\" demonstrations growing in\n        numbers.{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received\n        until 23 June 2014|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in\n        Europe|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122133303/http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|archivedate=22\n        November 2015}}{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/121790|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information\n        received until 18:00 hrs, 23 July|publisher=Organization for Security and\n        Co-operation in Europe|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}{{uk icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/17.08.2014/na_ploschadi_svobody_proshli_dva_mitinga/\n        Two liberty square rally], Status quo (17 August 2014) On 28 September,\n        activists dismantled Ukraine''s largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian\n        rally in the central square.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/katyasoldak/2014/09/28/ukrainian-crowds-topple-lenin-statue-again/\n        Ukrainian Crowds Topple Lenin Statue (Again)]. Retrieved 29 September 2014.\n        Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv\n        for joining Russia.{{r|Navalny140923}}{{r|DT150103}}\\n\\nFrom early November\n        until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets\n        of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian\n        forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and\n        a [[National Guard of Ukraine|National Guard]] base.[http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-ukraine-russia-kharkiv-bombs-20141210-story.html\n        Seven recent blasts in Ukraine city stir fear of new Russian menace], [[Los\n        Angeles Times]] (11 December 2014)
[https://news.yahoo.com/mysterious-spate-bombings-hit-ukraine-military-hub-114452090.html#\n        Mysterious spate of bombings hit Ukraine military hub], [[Agence France-Presse]]\n        (10 December 2014) According to [[Security Service of Ukraine|SBU]]\n        investigator [[Vasyliy Vovk]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Russian\n        covert forces]] were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the\n        otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.[http://www.unian.info/society/1020077-sbu-russian-special-services-target-kharkiv-odesa-situation-difficult-to-control.html\n        SBU: Russian special services target Kharkiv, Odesa, situation difficult to\n        control], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (10 December 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        8 January 2015 five men wearing [[Balaclava (clothing)|balaclava]]s broke\n        into an office of (the volunteer group aiding refugees from [[Donbass]]) ''''Station\n        Kharkiv''''. Simultaneously with physical threats the\n        men demanded to hear the political position of ''''Station Kharkiv''''. After being given an answer the men apologized and left.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-iac/1801796-militsiya_zyasovue__hto_napav_na_volontersku_stantsiyu_harkiv_2008697.html|script-title=uk:\\u041c\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0454, \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u044e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\\"|trans-title=Police\n        finds out who attacked the volunteer-run \\\"Station Kharkiv\\\"|language=uk|publisher=ukrinform.ua|date=9\n        January 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/ru/stantsiya_harkov__perviy_punkt_pomoshhi_pereselentsam_iz_zoni_ato_n500974|script-title=ru:\\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\\" \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0449\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c\n        \\u0438\\u0437 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u0410\\u0422\\u041e|trans-title=\\\"Station\n        Kharkiv\\\" - the first point of assistance for displaced persons from the Donbass\n        zone|language=ru|publisher=24tv.ua|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\nOn Sunday 22 February 2015, there was a terrorist bomb attack\n        on a march to commemorate people who died in the Euromaidan protests in 2014.\n        The bomb killed two, and wounded nine. The authorities have launched an anti-terrorist\n        operation.[http://www.unian.info/politics/1047081-anti-terrorist-operation-launched-in-kharkiv-due-to-fatal-blast-on-sunday-turchynov.html\n        UNIAN] ''''Anti-terrorist operation launched in Kharkiv due to fatal blast\n        on Sunday \\u2013 Turchynov'''', 22 February 2015. 
[http://en.censor.net.ua/news/325751/antiterrorist_operation_started_in_kharkiv_four_participants_on_the_explosion_detained\n        En.Censor.Net], ''''Anti-terrorist operation started in Kharkiv: four participants\n        on the explosion detained'''', 22 February 2015.
[http://novorossia.today/turchinov-announced-start-of-the-ato-in-kharkov-the-highest-level-of-terrorist-threat-had-been-introduced-in-the-city/  Novorossia.Today],\n        Turchinov announced start of the ATO in Kharkov. The highest level of terrorist\n        threat had been introduced in the city'''', 23 February 2015. The terrorists\n        claim that it was a false flag attack.{{cite web|author=Lada Ray|url=https://futuristrendcast.wordpress.com/2015/02/23/urgent-statement-of-the-kharkov-partizans-re-false-flag-terrorist-act/|title=Urgent\n        Statement of the Kharkov Partizans re. False Flag Terrorist Act|work=Futurist\n        Trendcast|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}} Kharkiv experienced\n        more non-lethal small bombings since 22 February 2015 targeting army fuel\n        tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a [[Ukrainian flag]] in the city\n        centre.[http://www.npr.org/2015/04/06/397774803/despite-tenuous-truce-in-eastern-ukraine-bomb-attacks-increase-in-kharkiv\n        Bomb Attacks Increase In Ukraine''s Second-Largest City, Kharkiv], [[NPR]]\n        (6 April 2015)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/kharkiv-explosion-targets-ukrainian-flag-419957.html\n        Kharkiv explosion targeting Ukrainian flag classified as \\u2018terrorist act''],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (7 April 2015)
[http://www.rferl.org/content/explosion-in-ukraine-kharkiv-targets-national-flag-memorial/26942551.html\n        Explosion In Ukraine''s Kharkiv Targets National Flag Memorial], [[Radio Free\n        Europe/Radio Liberty]] (7 April 2015)\\n\\nOn 23 September 2015, 200 people\n        in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]], and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their\n        way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The\n        rioters asked the mayor, [[Hennadiy Kernes]], to come out.[http://www.unian.info/society/1131951-over-200-men-in-balaclavas-brawls-in-kharkiv-town-hall-clash-with-police.html\n        Unian], ''''Over 200 men in balaclavas brawl at Kharkiv town hall, clash with\n        police'''', 23 September 2015, 14:10.[http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/3567072-poiavylos-vydeo-stolknovenyi-u-horsoveta-kharkova\n        Korrespondent], ''''\\u041f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043a\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        [Video of riot at Kharkov City Council]'''', 23 September 2015 17:40\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\nWhile Kharkiv is the [[Capital (political)|administrative centre]]\n        of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]] ([[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|province]]),\n        the city affairs are managed by the [[Kharkiv City Municipality|Kharkiv Municipality]].\n        Kharkiv is a [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast subordinance]].\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430.svg|thumb|150px|Administrative\n        divisions of Kharkiv]]\\nThe territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative\n        [[raion]]s ([[districts]]), till February 2016 they were named for people,\n        places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet\n        Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply with [[Decommunization\n        in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/3/7097721/\n        Another 48 streets and 5 districts \\\"decommunized\\\" in Kharkiv], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (3 February 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_tri_rajona/\n        Three districts renamed in Kharkiv], SQ (3 February 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://ua.korrespondent.net/city/kharkov/3624201-u-kharkovi-vyrishyly-ne-pereimenovuvaty-zhovtnevyi-i-frunzenskyi-raiony\n        It was decided not to rename the Zhovtnevyi and the Frunzenskyi districts\n        in Kharkiv], [[Korrespondent.net]] (3 February 2015) Also, owing to\n        this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November\n        2015.{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/20.11.2015/gorsovet_pereimenoval_170_ulic/\n        List of 170 renamed streets], SQ (20 November 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/harkovskiy-gorsovet-pereimenoval-173-ulitsy-1448020126.html\n        Kharkiv city council renamed 173 streets,  4 parks and a metro station], [[RBC\n        Ukraine]] (20 November 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_esche_50_ulic_spisok/\n        50 streets renamed in Kharkiv: list], SQ (3 February 2015)\\n\\nThe raions\n        are named:\\n# Kholodnohirskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}, ''''Cold Mountain''''; namesake: the historic\n        name of the neighbourhood{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.02.2016/rajony_harkova_istoriya_s_geografiej/\n        Districts Of Kharkiv. History with geography], SQ (23 February 2015))\n        (formerly Leninskyi; namesake: [[Vladimir Lenin]])\\n# Shevchenkivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Taras Shevchenko]] (formerly\n        Dzerzhynskyi; namesake [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]])\\n# Kyivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Kyiv]]\\n# Moskovskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Moscow]]\\n# Nemyshlianskyi\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0448\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Industrialnyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0406\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}) (formerly Ordzhonikidzevskyi; namesake:\n        [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]])\\n# Slobidskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Osnovianskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Novobavarskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}})\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Historical populations\\n|percentages\n        = off\\n|1660\\u041b.\\u0418. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d.\n        Mysteries of the underground Kharkov. \\u2014 \\u0425.: 2005. {{ISBN|966-8768-00-0}}\n        {{ru icon}}\\n |1000\\n|1788Kharkov:\n        Architecture, monuments, renovations: Travel guide. Ed. [[:ru:\\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434,\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u042e\\u0440\\u044c\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|\\u0410.\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434]], \\u0412. \\u0420\\u0435\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0410. \\u0422\\u0438\\u0446. \\u2014 \\u0425.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        1987{{ru icon}}\\n |10742\\n|1850{{cite web|author=N.\n        T. Dyachenko|url=http://dalizovut.narod.ru/ulizy/ulizy.htm|script-title=ru:\\u0423\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u043b\\u043e\\u0449\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|trans-title=Streets\n        and squares of Kharkov|language=ru|year=1977|website=dalizovut.narod.ru|accessdate=31\n        March 2015}}\\n |41861\\n|1861\\n |50301\\n|1901\\n |198273\\n|1916\\u0410.\\u0412.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432.\n        Kharkov in times of German occupation (1941\\u20131943). \\u2013 X.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        2006. {{ISBN|966-7880-79-6}}{{uk icon}}\\n |352300\\n|1917[[Oleksandr\n        Leibfreid]], Yu. Poliakova. Kharkov. From fortress to capital. \\u2013 \\u0425.:\n        \\u0424\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043e, 2004{{ru icon}}\\n |382000\\n|1920\\n |285000\\n|1926\\n |417000\\n|1939State archives of Kharkov Oblast. \\u0424. \\u0420-2982,\n        \\u043e\\u043f. 2, file 16, pp 53\\u201354\\n |833000\\n|1941\\n\n        |902312\\n|1941Colonel ''''\\u041d. \\u0418. \\u0420\\u0443\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b.{{ru\n        icon}}\\n |1400000\\n|1941In reference\n        to the German census of December 1941; without children and teenagers no older\n        16 years of age; numerous city-dwellers evaded the registration{{ru icon}}\\n\n        |456639\\n|1943''''[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]''''. Report to [[\\u0426\\u041a \\u0412\\u041a\\u041f(\\u0431)]] of\n        August 30, 1943. History: without \\u00abwhite spots\\u00bb. ''''[[Kharkiv izvestia]]'''',\n        No. 100\\u2013101, August 23, 2008, page 6{{ru icon}}\\n |170000\\n|1959\\n |930000\\n|1962\\n |1000000\\n|1976\\n |1384000\\n|1982\\n |1500000\\n|1989\\n\n        |1593970\\n|1999\\n |1510200\\n|2001[[Ukrainian Census (2001)]]\\n |1470900\\n|2014{{cite web|title=Major Cities in Ukraine by Population (2014)|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ukraine-population/major-cities-in-ukraine/|publisher=World\n        Population Review|accessdate=2014-04-14}}\\n |1430885\\n}}\\n\\nAccording\n        to the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Soviet Union Census]], the population of\n        the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including\n        1,494,200 permanent city residents.{{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822193837/http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archivedate=22\n        August 2006 |title= Kharkiv today |accessdate=4 May 2007 |work=Our Kharkiv\n        |language=Russian}} Kharkiv is the second-largest city in Ukraine after\n        the capital, [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archivedate=9\n        January 2006 |title= Results / General results of the census / Number of cities\n        |accessdate=28 August 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian\n        Census]] }} The first independent all-Ukrainian population census was\n        conducted in December 2001, and the next all-Ukrainian population census is\n        decreed to be conduced in 2020. As of 2001, the population of the Kharkiv\n        region is as follows: 78.5% living in urban areas, and 21.5% living in rural\n        areas.{{Cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/urban-rural/|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 {{!}} English version {{!}} Results {{!}} General results of the census\n        {{!}} Urban and rural population:|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|accessdate=11\n        January 2017}}\\n\\n===Ethnicity===\\n{| class=\\\"standard\\\"\\n! Ethnic group||\n        1897[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1604 \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0418\\u043c\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 1897 \\u0433. \\u0420\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0438 \\u0443\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\n        50 \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438] \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f||1926||1939||1959\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0425 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f,  \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        2004, \\u0440. 456||1989||2001{{cite\n        web|url=http://vharkov.ru/description/about.html|publisher=vharkov.ru|title=\\u041e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430 vharkov|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/estimated/kharkiv/|publisher=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u2013 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u2013\n        \\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c:|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Ukrainians]]|| 25.9%||38.6% || 48.5% || 48.4% || 50.4% || 52.8%\\n|-\\n| [[Russians]]||\n        63.2%||37.2%||32.9%||40.4%||43.6%||43.2%\\n|-\\n| [[Jews]]|| 5.7%||19.5%||15.6%||8.7%||3.0%||0.7%\\n|}\\n\\n====Notes====\\n\\n*\n        1660 year \\u2013 approximated estimation\\n* 1788 year \\u2013 without the account\n        of children\\n* 1920 year \\u2013 times of the [[Russian Civil War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 estimation on May 1, right before [[German-Soviet War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000\\n*\n        1941 year \\u2013 another estimation in December during the occupation without\n        the account of children\\n* 1943 year \\u2013 August 23, liberation of the city;\n        estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000\\n* 1976 year \\u2013 estimation on June\n        1\\n* 1982 year \\u2013 estimation in March\\n\\n\\n==Religion==\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|The\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world, which was built in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is an important religious center in Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nThere are many old\n        and new cathedrals, associated with various churches in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe [[Assumption\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1680s and re-built in 1820s-1830s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/33|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Pokrovsky Orthodox Monastery Cathedral was created\n        in Kharkiv in 1689\\u20131729.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/7|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua/|publisher=pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e-\\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world. It was completed in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/5|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Trinity Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1758\\u20131764 and re-built in 1857\\u20131861.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/37|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Valentine Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 2010s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/52|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Tamara Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/readnews/932|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c \\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b \\u0422\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        St. Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox Cathedral was built in green park near [[Zerkal\\u02b9naya\n        struya|Mirror Stream]] fountain in August, 2015.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/367|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Roman Catholic St. Mary Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1887\\u20131892.\\n\\nThere is the old [[Kharkiv Choral Synagogue]], which\n        was fully renovated in Kharkiv in 1991\\u20132016. The Jewish population is\n        around 8000 people in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishkharkov.org/|publisher=jewishkharkov.org|title=Kharkov\n        Jewish Community|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n==Economy==\\n\\nThe 2016\\u20132020\n        economic development strategy: \\\"Kharkiv Success Strategy\\\", is created in\n        Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.strategy.kharkov.ua/|publisher=strategy.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2016-2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438 \\u00ab\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u2013 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u0443\\u00bb|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ua/general/univer_today/announce?news_id=5793|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043b \\u00ab\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u00bb >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/v-universiteti-karazina-obgovoryat-perspektivi-rozvitku-osviti-32374.html|author=Hulu\n        LLC|publisher=city.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0412 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===International\n        Economic Forum===\\nThe International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments.\n        Kharkiv Innitiatives! is being conducted in Kharkiv every year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.led.org.ua/en/|publisher=led.org.ua|title=www.led.org.ua/en/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nIn 2015, the International Economic Forum: Innovations.\n        Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! was attended by the diplomatic corps representatives\n        from 17 world countries, working in Ukraine together with top-management of\n        trans-national corporations and investment funds; plus Ukrainian People\\u2019s\n        Deputies; plus Ukrainian Central government officials, who determine the national\n        economic development strategy; plus local government managers, who perform\n        practical steps in implementing that strategy; plus managers of technical\n        assistance to Ukraine; plus business and NGO\\u2019s representatives; plus\n        media people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/announcements/4500-vii-international-economic-forum-innovations-investments-kharkiv-initiatives|publisher=usa.mfa.gov.ua|title=VII\n        International economic forum \\\"INNOVATIONS. INVESTMENTS. KHARKIV INITIATIVES!\\\"\n        - Announcements - Embassy of Ukraine in the United States of America|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|publisher=kmu.gov.ua|title=www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015.html|publisher=ukraine.usembassy.gov|title=statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://usembassykyiv.wordpress.com/tag/kharkiv/|publisher=usembassykyiv.wordpress.com|title=Kharkiv\n        – U.S. Embassy Kyiv Blog|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe key\n        topics of the plenary sessions and panel discussions of the International\n        Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! are the implementation\n        of Strategy for Sustainable Development \\u201cUkraine \\u2013 2020\\u201d, the\n        results achieved and plan of further actions to reform the local government\n        and territorial organization of power in Ukraine, export promotion and attraction\n        of investments in Ukraine, new opportunities for public-private partnerships,\n        practical steps to create \\u201celectronic government\\u201d, issues of energy\n        conservation and development of oil and gas industry in the Kharkiv Region,\n        creating an effective system of production and processing of agricultural\n        products, investment projects that will receive funding from the State Fund\n        for Regional Development, development of international integration, preparation\n        for privatization of state enterprises.\\n\\n===International\n        Industrial Exhibitions===\\nThe international industrial exhibitions are usually\n        conducted at the Radmir Expohall exhibition center in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://radmir-expohall.com.ua/|publisher=radmir-expohall.com.ua|title=Radmir\n        Expohall | Radmir Expohall|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Industrial\n        corporations===\\nDuring the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial\n        production in Ukraine and the third largest {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}centre\n        of industry and commerce in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. After the [[history\n        of the Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|collapse of the\n        Soviet Union]] the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production\n        of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s, the industry started\n        to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial\n        enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000\n        employees. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} The enterprises form machine-building,\n        electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.\\n\\nState-owned\n        industrial giants, such as [[Turboatom]] and [[Elektrotyazhmash]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928224657/http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2008 |title=spetm.com.ua |publisher=spetm.com.ua |date= |accessdate=20\n        April 2012}} occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g.,\n        turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the [[Antonov]]\n        aircraft manufacturing plant. The [[Malyshev factory]] produces not only [[armoured\n        fighting vehicle]]s, but also harvesters. [[Khartron]]{{cite web|url=http://www.hartron.com.ua/en/content/forms-cooperation|title=Hartron:\n        Forms of cooperation|publisher=hartron.com.ua|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine\n        and the former [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].\\n\\n===IT industry===\\nThe\n        IT industry is represented by a few hundred small IT [[startup company|start\n        ups]], which form a cluster of IT companies in Kharkiv{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|publisher=economist.com|title=www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://it-kharkiv.com.ua/|publisher=it-kharkiv.com.ua|title=it-kharkiv.com.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkivglobal.com/en/service|publisher=kharkivglobal.com|title=kharkivglobal.com/en/service|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.triolan.com/|publisher=triolan.com|title=\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Finance industry===\\nKharkiv is also the headquarters\n        of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, [[UkrSibbank]], which has been part\n        of the [[BNP Paribas]] group since December 2005.\\n\\n===Trade industry===\\nThere\n        are many large modern shopping malls in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere are a large number\n        of markets:\\n* [[Barabashovo market]] is the largest market in Ukraine and\n        one of the largest markets in Europe.\\n* [[Blagoveshinskiy]] market.\\n* [[Konniy]]\n        \\\"horse\\\" market.\\n* [[Sumskoi]] market {{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.info/place/31899|publisher=kharkov.info|title=\\u0422\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\\"\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\\\" \\u043f\\u043e \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d, \\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b,\n        8|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n* [[Raiskiy]] book market.\\n\\n==Science\n        and education==\\n{{multiple image\\n | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n\n        | image1 = (39)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_MAIN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\\n\n        | width1 = 160\\n | caption1 = Main building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image2 = (40)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_NORTHERN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width2 = 160\\n | caption2 = Northern building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image3 = (41)_MECHNIKOV_LANDAU_KUZNETS_MONUMENTS_AT_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width3 = 160\\n | caption3 = Il''ya I. Mechnikov, Lev D. Landau, Simon\n        A. Kuznets Nobel Laureates Monuments at [[University of Kharkiv|V. N. Karazin\n        Kharkiv National University]].\\n}}\\n\\n===Higher education===\\nThe [[Kharkiv\n        National University|Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]] is the\n        most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the\n        efforts by [[Vasily Karazin]] in Kharkiv in 1804\\u20131805.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/school/37|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} On {{OldStyleDate|29 January|1805|17 January}}, the Decree\n        on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force.\\n\\nThe\n        Roentgen Institute opened in 1931. It was a specialist cancer treatment facility\n        with 87 research workers, 20 professors, and specialist medical staff. The\n        facilities included chemical, physiology, and bacteriology experimental treatment\n        laboratories. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.\\n\\nThe city has 13 national universities and numerous\n        professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering\n        its students a wide range of disciplines. [[Kharkiv National University]]\n        (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute|National Technical\n        University \\\"KhPI\\\"]] (20,000 students), [[Kharkiv National University\n        of Radioelectronics]] (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv National Aerospace\n        University \\\"KhAI\\\"]], [[Ukrainian Academy of Pharmacy|Kharkiv National University\n        of Pharmacy]], [[Kharkiv National Medical University]] are the leading {{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} universities in Ukraine.\\n\\nMore than 17,000 faculty\n        and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in\n        Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Scientific research===\\nThe city has a high concentration of\n        research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the\n        universities. Among them are three national science centres: [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], Institute of Meteorology, Institute for Experimental\n        and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions\n        of the [[National Academy of Science of Ukraine]], such as the [[B Verkin\n        Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering]], [[Institute for Problems\n        of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine]], State Scientific Institution \\\"Institute\n        for Single Crystals\\\", Usikov Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE),\n        Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA), and others. A total number of 26,000 scientists\n        are working in research and development.\\n\\nA number of world-renowned scientific\n        schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the [[Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School|theoretical\n        physics school]] and the [[Kharkiv Mathematical School|mathematical school]].\\n\\nThere\n        is the Kharkiv Scientists House in the city, which was built by A. N. Beketov,\n        architect in Kharkiv in 1900. All the scientists like to meet and discuss\n        various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.khdu.org/house.php|publisher=khdu.org|title=house|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Public libraries===\\nIn addition to the libraries\n        affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv\n        State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library.\\n\\n===Secondary\n        schools===\\nKharkiv has 212 ([[secondary education]]) schools, including 10\n        [[lyceum]]s and 20 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]].{{citation needed|date=October\n        2016}}\\n\\n===Education centers===\\nThere is the educational \\\"Landau Center\\\",\n        which is named after Prof. L.D. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://landaucentre.org/about/|publisher=landaucentre.org|title=\\u041f\\u0420\\u041e\n        \\\"\\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\u0414\\u0410\\u0423\\u0426\\u0415\\u041d\\u0422\\u0420\\\" ||accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==Culture==\\nKharkiv is one of the main cultural centres\n        in Ukraine. It is home to 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of art\n        galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every\n        year.\\n\\n===Theaters===\\nThe Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater\n        named after N. V. Lysenko is a biggest theater in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/ukr/|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        - \\u0425\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0425\\u041d\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/eng|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=Home|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv State Academic Drama Theater named after\n        T. G. Shevchenko is popular among Ukrainian speaking people {{cite\n        web|url=http://www.theatre-shevchenko.com.ua/|publisher=theatre-shevchenko.com.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0410\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0422\\u0435\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u0456\\u043c. \\u0422.\\u0413.\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv Academic Russian Drama Theater named after\n        A.S. Pushkin was recently renovated, and it is quite popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://rusdrama.kh.ua/|publisher=rusdrama.kh.ua|title=rusdrama.kh.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nIn the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to\n        as a Literary [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}\n        It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: [[Les Kurbas]],\n        [[Mykola Kulish]], [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Mykola Zerov]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]],\n        Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers\n        were repressed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event\n        in Ukrainian history is called the \\\"Executed Renaissance\\\" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).\n        Today a literary museum located on Frunze Street marks their work and achievements.\\n\\nToday,\n        Kharkiv is often referred to as the \\\"capital city\\\" of Ukrainian [[Science\n        fiction]] and [[Fantasy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=934426.html|title=Kharkiv\n        city guide|date=25 January 2010|work=uefa.com|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrainetravel.co/kharkiv|title=Ukraine Travel Guide: Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine|work=ukrainetravel.co|accessdate=22 March 2015}} It is the home\n        to a number of popular writers, such as [[H. L. Oldie]], [[Alexander Zorich]],\n        [[Andrey Dashkov]], [[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] and [[Andrey Valentinov]];\n        most of them [[Russian language in Ukraine|write in Russian]] and are popular\n        in both Russia and Ukraine. The annual [[science fiction convention]] \\\"Star\n        Bridge\\\" (\\u0417\\u0432\\u0451\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442)\n        has been held in Kharkiv since 1999.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/en/general/univer_today/news?news_id=63|title=Kharkiv\n        International Festival of Science Fiction \\\"Star Bridge - 2011\\\"|work=V. N.\n        Karazin Kharkiv National University|date=September 2011|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Music===\\nThere is the [[Kharkiv Philharmonic Society]]\n        in the city.\\n\\nThere is the Organ Music Hall in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/filarmonia/dom-organnoj-i-kamernoj-muzyki/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b, \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u2013 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} The Organ Music Hall is situated at the [[Dormition Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] presently. The [[Rieger\\u2013Kloss]] organ\n        was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. The new\n        Organ Music Hall will be opened at the extensively renovated building of [[Kharkiv\n        Philharmonic Society]] in Kharkiv in November, 2016.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv Conservatory]]\n        is in the city.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts|Kharkiv\n        National University of Arts named after I.P. Kotlyarevsky]] is situated in\n        the city.{{cite web|url=http://dum.kharkov.ua/|publisher=dum.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432 \\u0456\\u043c \\u0406.\\u041f.\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv sponsors the prestigious [[Hnat Khotkevych]]\n        International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments,\n        which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions\n        have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry\n        of Culture two days before its opening.{{cite web|url=http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228232703/http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archivedate=28\n        December 2013 |title=\\u041c\\u0438\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\n        \\u0438\\u043c. \\u0413\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        - \\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 |publisher=Proua.com\n        |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=15 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe music festival: \\\"Kharkiv\n        - City of Kind Hopes\\\" is conducted in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/festival-harkiv-misto-dobrih-nadij-informatsiya-dlya-uchastnikov/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\\\". \\u0418\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Movies festival===\\nThe \\\"Kharkiv Lilacs\\\" international\n        movie festival is very popular among the movie stars, makers, producers in\n        Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America.{{cite\n        web|url=http://sirenfest.net.ua/en/|publisher=sirenfest.net.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c - \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|publisher=times.kh.ua|title=times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe festival is usually conducted in May every year.\\n\\nThere\n        is a special alley with the metal hand prints by the popular movies actors\n        at Shevchenko park in Kharkiv.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://kharkov.dozor.ua/news/obwestvo/kultura/1174449.html|publisher=kharkov.dozor.ua|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\\":\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 (\\u0424\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e) | \\u0412\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0437\\u043e\\u0440|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Visual\n        arts===\\nKharkiv was/is a home for many famous painters [[Ilya Repin]], [[Zinaida\n        Serebryakova]], [[Henryk Siemiradzki]], [[Vasyl Yermilov]], {{citation needed|date=February\n        2017}} etc. There are many modern arts galleries in the city. For example:\n        the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal\n        Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, fthe Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK\n        Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery.\\n\\n===Museums===\\nThere is the\n        Kharkiv History Museum named after M. F. Sumtsov in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museum.kh.ua/eng.html|publisher=museum.kh.ua|title=Information\n        in English - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c.\\u0424.\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Natural History Museum at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National\n        University was founded in Kharkiv on April 2, 1807. The museum is visited\n        by 40000 visitors every year.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/nature|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/79|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University History\n        Museum was established in Kharkiv in 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 -\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/historical|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/78|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Archeology\n        Museum was founded in Kharkiv on March 20, 1998.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.maesu.org/|publisher=maesu.org|title=www.maesu.org/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/77|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Technical University \\\"Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute\\\" Museum was\n        created in Kharkiv on December 29, 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|publisher=kpi.kharkov.ua|title=www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/arhiv-sobytij/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439 | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423\n        "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/kontakti/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u044f\n        | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/115|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\\"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Aerospace University \\\"Kharkiv Aviation Institute\\\" Museum was founded\n        on May 29, 1992.{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/2|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\\"\\u0425\\u0410\\u0406\\\"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe \\\"National University of Pharmacy\\\" Museum was founded\n        in Kharkiv on September 15, 2010.{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/muzejj-istorii-farmacii-ukrainy/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 -\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/e-kspozitsionny-e-zaly-muzeya/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u042d\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044b \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u044f - \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/51|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThere\n        are around 147 museums in the Kharkiv''s region.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museums.kh.ua/|publisher=museums.kh.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0457\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Landmarks===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0435\\u0439\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a.jpg|thumb|150px|right|National\n        holiday''s fireworks on [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]]]]\\n\\nOf\n        the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral]], [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation\n        Cathedral]], [[Derzhprom]] building, [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]],\n        [[Taras Shevchenko]] Monument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, [[Kharkov\n        Choral Synagogue|Choral Synagogue]], T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children''s\n        narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more.\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] the monument to [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\n        in [[Sevastopol]] was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.08.2014/v_harkove_poyavitsya_pamyatnik_sagajdachnomu/\n        A monument to Sahaidachny in Kharkov], Status quo (23 August 2014)\\n\\n==Media==\\nThere\n        are a large number of broadcast and internet TV channels, AM/FM/PM/internet\n        radio-stations, and paper/internet newspapers in Kharkiv. Some are listed\n        below.\\n\\n===Newspapers===\\n* \\\"Vremya\\\"\\n* \\\"Vecherniy Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Segodnya\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Vesti\\\"\\n* \\\"Khar''kovskie Izvestiya\\\"\\n\\n===Magazines===\\n* ''''Guberniya''''\n        {{cite web|url=http://www.guberniya.net/|publisher=guberniya.net|title=\\u0413\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        - \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0436\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===TV\n        stations===\\n* \\\"Pershyi\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Ukraine\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Inter\\\" channel\\n*\n        \\\"Oblastne Telebachennya\\\" channel\\n\\n===Radio stations===\\n* \\\"Promin''\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Ukrains''ke Radio\\\"\\n* \\\"Radio Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Kharkiv Oblastne Radio\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Russkoe Radio Ukraina\\\"\\n* \\\"Shanson\\\" {{cite web|url=http://kharkivmarathon.com/en/|publisher=kharkivmarathon.com|title=Main\n        | 5th Kharkiv International Marathon|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marathonrunnersdiary.com/races/europe-marathons/kharkiv-international-marathon.php|publisher=marathonrunnersdiary.com|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2017 - Race Details - Marathon Runners Diary|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://sportevent.com.ua/events/kharkivmarathon2016/|publisher=sportevent.com.ua|title=Ukraine\n        Sport Events - \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua/v2/rmv/2016/04/09/kharkiv-international-marathon-2016/|publisher=blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2016 « \\u0421\\u041e\\u0412\\u0415\\u0422 \\u041c\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0414\\u042b\\u0425\n        \\u0423\\u0427\\u0401\\u041d\\u042b\\u0425|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Football\n        (soccer)===\\nThe most popular sport is [[football (soccer)|football]]. The\n        city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions.\n        The most successful is ''''[[FC Dynamo Kharkiv]]'''' that won eight national\n        titles back in 1920s-1930s.\\n\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Metalist Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]], which plays at\n        the [[Dynamo Stadium (Kharkiv)|Dynamo Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Helios]], which plays\n        at the [[Arsenal-Bavariya Stadium|Helios Arena]]\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Arsenal-Spartak Stadium]] (participates in regional competitions)\\n\\nThere\n        is also a female football club [[WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv]], which represented\n        Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender\n        for the national title.\\n\\n[[Metalist Stadium]] hosted three group matches\n        at [[UEFA Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===Other sports===\\nKharkiv also has an [[Ice hockey|Ice\n        Hockey]] club, HC Vityaz Kharkiv who compete in the Ukrainian Vyscha Liga.\\n\\n[[Avangard\n        Budy]] is a [[bandy]] club from Kharkiv, which won the Ukrainian championship\n        in 2013.\\n\\nThere is a men''s volleyball team [[Lokomotiv Kharkiv Volleyball|Lokomotiv\n        Kharkiv]] which performs in Ukraine and in the European competitions.\\n\\n[[RC\n        Olymp|RC Olimp'']] is the city''s [[rugby union]] club. They provide many\n        players for the [[Ukraine national rugby union team|national team]].\\n\\nTennis\n        is a very popular sport in Kharkiv. There are many professional tennis courts\n        in the city. [[Elina Svitolina]] is a tennis player from Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere\n        is a golf club in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.superiorresort.com|publisher=superiorresort.com|title=\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444-\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\n        Superior Golf & Spa Resort \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nHorseriding as a sport is very popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|publisher=zabytki.in.ua|title=zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/publ/kharkovskij_ippodrom/28-1-0-2|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u043f\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://konezavod.com/|publisher=konezavod.com|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0448\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There are large stable and the horse riding facilities at\n        Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|publisher=feldman-ecopark.com|title=feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThere is a growing interest to the cycling among the\n        locals.{{cite web|url=http://vesti-ukr.com/harkov/100881-v-harkove-ustanovili-velosipednyj-rekord|publisher=vesti-ukr.com|title=\\u0412\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434.\n        \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u0445\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u0443\\u044e \\u0444\\u0438\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.nezabarom.ua/Muzei-Vystavki-Galerei/blogs/entry/3128/|publisher=kharkov.nezabarom.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There is a large bicycles producing plant in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://usi.ua/velo/index.php?st=38|publisher=usi.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0438\\u043c.\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        - \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043a\\u0438,\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u0434\\u044b\\u0445\\u0430.|accessdate=18 June 2017}} Presently,\n        the modern bicycle highway is under the construction at \\\"Leso park\\\" district\n        in Kharkiv.\\n\\n==Sister cities==\\n{{See also|List of twin towns and sister\n        cities in Ukraine}}\\n\\nKharkiv is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]]\n        with:{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm |title=Sister\n        cities of Kharkiv|accessdate=4 May 2007|language=Russian}}\\n\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}}\n        [[Belgorod]], [[Russia]] (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024152249/http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/city/index/\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]],\n        Italy (1966)\\n*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic\n        (2005){{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825100926/http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archivedate=25\n        August 2009|title=Brno \\u2013 Partnersk\\u00e1 m\\u011bsta|publisher=\\u00a9\n        2006\\u20132009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=17\n        July 2009}}\\n*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Cetinje]], Montenegro (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/chornogorske-misto-tsetinye-stalo-partnerom-harkova-7507.html\n        \\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States (1989)[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812023826/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/usa/ua/1608.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0428\\u0410] {{uk icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/|title=OKI\n        Sister City Coalition}}\\n*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Daugavpils]], Latvia (2006)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015194903/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/latvia/ua/26040.htm\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|TUR}}\n        [[Gaziantep]], Turkey (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/harkiv-i-gaziantep-mista-pobratimi-7505.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\n        - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jinan]], China (2004)\\n*{{flagicon|LTU}}\n        [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008174029/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/lithuania/ua/publication/content/41348.htm\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Kutaisi]], Georgia (2005){{cite web|url=http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |title=Kutaisi City - International Relations - Sister Cities |publisher=Kutaisi\n        City Local Government |date=4 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003215934/http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |archivedate= 3 October 2011 |df= }}\\n*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], France\n        (1978)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234404/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/france/fr/publication/content/10806.htm\n        Partenariat et amiti\\u00e9 existants\\u0435ntre villes et r\\u00e9gions de France\n        et d\\u2018Ukraine] {{fr icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]],\n        Slovenia (2012)[http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx?id=1162\n        Mestna ob\\u010dina Maribor] {{sl icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]],\n        Russia (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia\n        (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1990)[https://web.archive.org/web/20061230212248/http://www.kiew.diplo.de/Vertretung/kiew/uk/06/Staedtepartnerschaften/Liste.html\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland (1998){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234642/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archivedate=8\n        October 2012 |title=\\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0449\\u0456 |publisher=Mfa.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=15\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |title=Pozna\\u0144 - Miasta partnerskie |accessdate=11 December 2013 |work=1998\\u20132013\n        Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania |publisher=City of Pozna\\u0144 |language=Polish\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062530/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl|title=Pozna\\u0144\n        Official Website \\u2013 Twin Towns|accessdate=29 November 2008|publisher=\\u00a9\n        1998\\u20132008 Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania|language=Polish}}''''\\n*{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel (2008)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint\n        Petersburg]], Russia (2003)[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216184933/http://gov.spb.ru/day/inter\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0438 || \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b \\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442-\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430]\n        {{ru icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tianjin]], China (1993)\\n*{{flagicon|BUL}}\n        [[Varna]], Bulgaria (1995)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008044032/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/bulgaria/ua/publication/content/38988.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f] {{uk icon}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183506/http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archivedate=28\n        September 2011 |title=\\u0410\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0456\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u044e\n        |publisher=Kmv.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=20 April 2012}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Warsaw]], Poland (2011)[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328121853/http://news.dt.ua/SOCIETY/harkiv_i_varshava_stali_mistami-pobratimami-74667.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Sulaymaniyah]], Iraqi Kurdistan (2015)\\n\\n==Nobel\n        and Fields prize winners==\\n\\n*[[Lev Landau]] \\u2013 (originally from Baku)\n        a head of the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], a head of the department of experimental physics\n        and a lecturer at the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv State\n        University]], a head of the department of theoretical physics at the at [[Kharkiv\n        Polytechnic Institute]] 1932\\u201337, Nobel Prize for Physics 1962\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] (economics)\\n*[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov|Ilya Mechnikov]] (medicine)\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Drinfeld]] (mathematics)\\n\\n==Notable people==\\nThe following people have\n        been born or have lived in Kharkiv:\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n*[[Boris Amromin]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli ice hockey player\\n*[[Nikolai P. Barabashov]] \\u2014 astronomer,\n        co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the moon\\n*[[Pavel Batitsky]]\n        \\u2014 executed [[Lavrentiy Beria]] after Khrushchevs'' coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        in 1953, and commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Defense Forces from 1966\n        to 1978\\n*[[Vladimir Bobri]] \\u2014 illustrator, author, composer, educator\n        and guitar historian\\n*[[Inna Bohoslovska]] \\u2014 lawyer, politician and\n        leader of the Ukrainian public organization [[Viche]]\\n*[[Sergei Bortkiewicz]]\n        \\u2014 Russian [[Romantic music|Romantic]] [[composer]] and [[pianist]]\\n*[[Maria\n        Burmaka]] \\u2013 Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter\\n*[[Leonid Buryak]]\n        - football coach and former Olympic bronze-medal-winning player\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bykov]] \\u2013 Soviet actor, film director, and script writer\\n*[[Adolphe\n        Mouron Cassandre]] \\u2014 Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist,\n        and [[typeface]] designer\\n*[[Valentina Chepiga]] \\u2013 [[Female bodybuilding|female\n        bodybuilder]] and 2000 [[Ms. Olympia]] champion\\n*[[Juliya Chernetsky]] (Mistress\n        Juliya) \\u2014 television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the\n        United States\\n*[[Olga Danilov]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic speed skater\\n* [[Alexander\n        Davidovich (wrestler)|Alexander Davidovich]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic wrestler\\n*[[Andrey\n        Denisov]] \\u2014 Russian diplomat\\n*[[Vladimir Drinfeld]] \\u2014 mathematician,\n        awarded Fields Medal in 1990\\n*[[Isaak Dunayevsky]] \\u2014 Soviet composer\n        and conductor\\n*[[Konstanty Gorski]] \\u2014 Polish composer, violist, organist,\n        and music teacher\\n*[[Valentina Grizodubova]] \\u2014 One of the first female\n        pilots in the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lyudmila Gurchenko]] (Hurchenko) \\u2013 Soviet\n        and Russian actress, singer and entertainer\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft\n        designer)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014 (originally from Rubanshchina) Soviet\n        aircraft designer, a partner (with [[Artem Mikoyan]]) of the [[MiG]] military\n        aviation bureau\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (chess player)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] chess player\\n*[[Diana Harkusha]] \\u2014 Miss Ukraine\n        Universe 2014 and [[Miss Universe 2014]]''s 2nd Runner-up\\n*[[Leonid Haydamaka]]\n        \\u2014 [[bandurist]], conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk\n        instruments\\n*[[Maksym Kalynychenko]] \\u2013 Ukrainian [[football (soccer)|football]]\n        player\\n*[[Vasily Karazin]] \\u2014 founder of Kharkiv University, which now\n        bears his name\\n*[[Hnat Khotkevych]] \\u2014 Ukrainian writer, ethnographer,\n        composer, bandurist\\n*[[Mikhail Koshkin]] \\u2014 (originally from Brynchagi),\n        chief designer of Soviet tank [[T-34]]\\n*[[Olga Krasko]] \\u2014 Russian actress\\n*[[Mykola\n        Kulish]] \\u2014 Ukrainian playwright\\n*[[Les Kurbas]] \\u2014 Ukrainian dramatist\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] \\u2014 [[Russian American]] [[economist]]\\n*[[Alexander Voevodin]]\n        \\u2014 biomedical scientist and educator\\n{{col-break}}\\n*[[Evgeny Lifshitz]]\n        \\u2014 Soviet [[physicist]]\\n*[[Eduard Limonov]] \\u2014 writer, poet and controversial\n        politician\\n*[[Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy]] \\u2014 lead developer of Soviet Shuttle\n        [[Buran program]]\\n*[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]] \\u2014 Russian mathematician, mechanician\n        and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory\\n*[[Boris Mikhailov (photographer)|Boris\n        Mikhailov]] \\u2014 photographer / artist\\n*[[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] \\u2014 Ukrainian\n        political leader and activist\\n*[[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] \\u2014\n        fantasy and science fiction writer\\n*[[Henry Lion Oldie]] (Dmitry Gromov and\n        Oleg Ladyzhensky) \\u2014 science fiction and fantasy writers\\n*[[Igor Olshanetskyi]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli Olympic weightlifter\\n*[[Justine Pasek]] \\u2014 [[Miss Universe\n        2002]]\\n*[[Valerian Pidmohylny]] \\u2014 Ukrainian poet\\n*[[Irina Press]] \\u2014\n        athlete who won two Olympic [[gold medal]]s\\n*[[Tamara Press]] \\u2014 Soviet\n        [[shot put]]ter and [[discus throw]]er\\n*[[Olga Rapay-Markish]] \\u2014 [[Ceramics|ceramicist]]\\n*[[Igor\n        Rybak]] \\u2014 Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter\\n*[[Eugen Schauman]]\n        \\u2013 Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general [[Nikolay Ivanovich\n        Bobrikov]] in 1904\\n*[[Alexander Shchetynsky]] \\u2014 composer\\n*[[George\n        Shevelov]] \\u2013 Ukrainian and Slavic linguist, philologist, essayist, literary\n        historian, and literary critic\\n*[[Elena Sheynina]] \\u2014 children''s author\\n*[[Klavdiya\n        Shulzhenko]] \\u2014 singer of the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lev Shubnikov]] \\u2014\n        Soviet experimental [[physicist]] who worked in the Netherlands and USSR\\n*[[Alexander\n        Siloti]] \\u2014 Russian pianist, [[Conducting|conductor]] and [[composer]]\\n*[[Hryhorii\n        Skovoroda]] \\u2013 poet, philosopher and composer\\n*[[Karina Smirnoff]] \\u2013\n        professional world champion dancer, starring on ''''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''''\\n*[[Jura\n        Soyfer]] \\u2014 Austrian political journalist and [[cabaret]] writer\\n*[[Otto\n        Struve]] \\u2014 Russian-American [[astronomer]]\\n*[[Serafina Schachova]] \\u2013\n        [[Nephrologist]]\\n*[[Sergei Sviatchenko]] \\u2013 artist\\n*[[Mark Taimanov]]\n        \\u2014 chess player and [[concert]] pianist\\n*[[Ievgeniia Tetelbaum]] \\u2014\n        Israeli Olympic synchronized swimmer\\n*[[Nikolai Tikhonov]] \\u2014 [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union]]\\n*[[Yevgeniy Timoshenko]] \\u2014 professional poker\n        player\\n*[[Anna Tsybuleva]] \\u2014 pianist, winner of the [[Leeds International\n        Piano Competition]]\\n*[[Anna Ushenina]] \\u2014 women''s world chess champion\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Vasyutin]] \\u2014 Soviet [[cosmonaut]] of Ukrainian descent\\n*[[Yury Vengerovsky]]\n        \\u2014 Olympic gold medal winning volleyball player\\n*[[Vitali Vitaliev]]\n        - journalist and author\\n*[[Igor Vovchanchyn]] \\u2013 Mixed martial artist\\n*[[Vasyl\n        Yermylov]] \\u2013 painter and [[design]]er\\n*[[Serhiy Zhadan]] \\u2014 poet,\n        novelist, and translator\\n*[[Oleksandr Zhdanov]] - professional Ukrainian-Israeli\n        football defender\\n*[[Irina Zhurina]] \\u2013 opera singer, [[People''s Artist\n        of Russia]]\\n*[[Alexander Zorich]] (Dmitry Gordevsky and Yana Botsman), science\n        fiction writers.\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==Transport==\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e - \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Pushkinska\n        (Kharkiv Metro)|Pushkinska station]] of [[Kharkiv Metro]]]]\\n[[File:Kh Rail.JPG|thumb|150px|Kharkiv\n        Railway Station Main Entrance, August 2011]]\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c21.jpg|thumb|150px|Historical\n        building of [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv Airport]]]]\\nThe city\n        of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centers in Ukraine, which\n        is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic.\n        The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis,\n        railways, and air traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city.{{cite\n        web|author=Andrew Rybka |url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/news/6542/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439.\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438. \\u041e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c. \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0435\\u0436\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445.\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Gortransport.kharkov.ua |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\n===Local\n        transport===\\nBeing an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different\n        means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. [[Kharkiv Metro|Kharkiv''s\n        Metro]] is the city''s rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes\n        three different lines with 30 stations in total.{{cite web|url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/subway/index.html\n        |title=Metro. Basic facts|accessdate=1 March 2011 |work=City transportation\n        Kharkiv |language=Ukrainian}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/364779.html\n        Poroshenko opens new subway station in Kharkiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19\n        August 2016) The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers\n        annually. {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Trolleybuses, trams (which\n        celebrated its 100 years of service in 2006), and ''''[[marshrutka]]s''''\n        (private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.\\n\\n===Railways===\\nThe\n        first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to\n        arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869,\n        traffic was opened on the Kursk\\u2013Kharkiv\\u2013Azov line. Kharkiv''s passenger\n        railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed\n        in the [[Second World War]]. A new [[Kharkiv railway station]] was built in\n        1952.{{cite web|url=http://uz.gov.ua/en/euro2012/stations/|publisher=uz.gov.ua|title=Railway\n        Stations :: Euro-2012 :: \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine\n        and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as [[elektrichka]]s\n        connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.\\n\\n===Air===\\nKharkiv is served\n        by [[Kharkiv International Airport]] has been granted international status.\n        Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv\n        Airport \\u2014 Aeromost-Kharkiv \\u2014 is not serving any regular destinations\n        {{As of|2007|lc=y}}. 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Zoo\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439.JPG|Dolphinarium\n        in Kharkiv\\n\\n\\n==Footnotes==\\n{{Notelist|2}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em|refs=\\n{{cite news |url= https://navalny.com/p/3836/ |script-title=ru:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0424\\u0411\\u041a \\u043f\\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c.\n        \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0430, \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f,\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f |language= Russian\n        |trans_title= Survey of Kharkov and Odessa Oblasts |first= Alexei |last= Navalny\n        |publisher= navalny.com |date= 23 September 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140923121221/https://navalny.com/p/3836/\n        |archivedate= 23 September 2014 |deadurl= no }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html\n        |script-title=uk:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 3% \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0457\\u0445 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region\n        to become part of Russia |work= [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |date= 3 January 2015\n        }}\\n}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{See also|Timeline of Kharkiv#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography\n        of the history of Kharkiv}}\\n\\n==External 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[http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economics/1480141-kurchenko_to_finance_kharkivs_preparations_for_eurobasket_2015_301524.html\n        FC Metalist President Kurchenko to invest in Kharkiv\\u2019s preparations for\n        EuroBasket 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 April 2013)\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[People''s Deputy of Ukraine|MPs]]:\\n|leader_name2 = [[Oleksandr Feldman]]\n        
Anatoliy Denisenko
 Volodymyr Mysyk
 [[Vitaliy Khomutynnik]] [[Dmytro Svyatash]]
 Oleksandr Kirsch ([[People''s Front (Ukraine)|PF]]) Valery Pisarenko\\n|established_title     = Founded\\n|established_date      =\n        1654[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123906 What Makes\n        Kharkiv Ukrainian], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (23 November 2014)\\n|established_title2    =\\n|established_date2     =\n        \\n|parts_type        = [[#Government and administrative divisions|Districts]]\\n|parts_style       =\n        \\n|parts             =\n        List of 9\\n|p1                = Shevchenkivskyi Raion\\n|p2                =\n        Novobavarskyi Raion\\n|p3                = Kyivskyi Raion\\n|p4                =\n        Slobidskyi Raion\\n|p5                = Holodnohirskyi Raion\\n|p6                =\n        Moskovskyi Raion\\n|p7                = Nemyshlianskyi Raion\\n|p8                =\n        Industrialnyi Raion\\n|p9                = Osnovianskyi Raion\\n|area_total_km2         =\n        350\\n|population_as_of       = 2014\\n|population_total       = 1,439,036 {{decrease}}\\n|population_metro       =\n        1,732,400\\n|population_density_km2 = 4500\\n|timezone               = EET\\n|utc_offset             =\n        +2\\n|timezone_DST           = EEST\\n|utc_offset_DST         = +3\\n|coordinates            =\n        {{coord|50|0|16|N|36|13|53|E|type:city_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|elevation_m            =\n        152\\n|population_demonym     = Kharkivite[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1998/099820.shtml\n        Ukraine''s second Winter Olympics: one medal, some good performances], [[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]] (1 March 1998)\\n|postal_code_type       = Postal\n        code\\n|postal_code            = 61001\\u201461499\\n|blank_name             =\n        [[Licence plate]]\\n|blank_info             = \\u0425\\u0410, 21 (old)\\n|blank1_name            =\n        [[Town twinning|Sister cities]]\\n|blank1_info            = [[Belgorod]],\n        [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]],\n        [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Pozna\\u0144]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]],\n        [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]\\n|website                =\n        {{URL|city.kharkov.ua/en/}}\\n|footnotes              =\\n}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|City\n        of Kharkiv State of Ukraine Recorded by Viktor O Ledenyov.ogg|2016-01-07}}\\n''''''Kharkiv''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432}}, {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8x\\u0251rkiu\\u032f|pron}}{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine\n        |title= Kharkiv on Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica - current edition |publisher=\n        Britannica.com |date= |accessdate= 20 April 2012}}, Russian: \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        Kharkov) is the second-largest city in [[Ukraine]].[http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/23/kharkiv-never-had-eastern-western-conflicts/\n        Kharkiv \\\"never had eastern-western conflicts\\\"], ''''[[Euronews]]'''' (23\n        October 2014) In the northeast of the country, it is the largest city\n        of the [[Sloboda Ukraine|Slobozhanshchyna]] historical region. Kharkiv is\n        the [[administrative centre]] of [[Kharkiv Oblast]] and of the surrounding\n        [[Kharkiv Raion]], though administratively it is incorporated as a [[city\n        of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and does\n        not belong to the raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2017|1, 439,036}}\\n\\nThe\n        city was founded in 1654 and after a humble beginning as a small fortress\n        grew to be a major centre of Ukrainian industry, trade and culture in the\n        [[Russian Empire]].\\n\\nKharkiv was the first capital of the [[Ukrainian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]], from December 1919 to January 1934, after which the\n        capital relocated to [[Kiev]].{{cite book|first=George|last=Liber|title=Soviet\n        Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR,\n        1923-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&pg=PA160|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press}}\\n\\nPresently, Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific,\n        educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 6 museums, 7\n        theatres and 80 libraries.\\n\\nIts industry specializes primarily in [[machinery]]\n        and in [[electronics]]. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the\n        city, including the [[Morozov Design Bureau]] and the [[Malyshev Tank Factory]]\n        (leaders in world [[tank]] production from the 1930s to the 1980s); [[Khartron]]\n        ([[aerospace]] and [[nuclear power plant]]s automation [[electronics]]); the\n        [[Turboatom]] ([[turbine]]s for the hydro-, thermal- and nuclear-power plants),\n        and [[Antonov]] (the multipurpose aircraft manufacturing plant).\\n\\n==Name==\\nSome\n        sources indicate that the city may have been named after the Hunnic name for\n        ''swan'': ''''kharka''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.rtm.ua/en/aboutcompany/rtminukrainemap/kharkivregion|title=Etymology\n        of the name Kharkiv|work=rtm.ua|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{Better\n        source|reason=Russian and Ukrainian Wikipedia cite more than 15 theories,\n        and this one doesn''t feature. The source is an advertising company.|date=May\n        2015}} Other sources offer that the city was named after its near-legendary\n        founder, ''''Kharko'''' (a [[diminutive]] form of the name [[Chariton (name)|Chariton]],\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d}},\n        or [[Zechariah (given name)|Zechariah]], {{lang-uk|\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439}}).{{cite web|url=https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F._1798.pdf/175|publisher=uk.wikisource.org|title=\\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u044a \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0457\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f.\n        1798.pdf/175 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{see also|Timeline of Kharkiv}}\\n[[File:Charkow.jpg|thumb|150px|19th-century\n        view of Kharkiv, with the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]]\n        belltower dominating the skyline.]]\\n[[File:Sumskayaa street,Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sumska\n        Street]] is the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv]]\\nCultural artifacts date back\n        to the [[Bronze Age]], as well as those of later [[Scythians|Scythian]] and\n        [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] settlers. There is also evidence that the [[Chernyakhov\n        culture]] flourished in the area from the second to the sixth centuries. {{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2017}}\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nThe city was founded by re-settlers\n        who were running away from the war that engulfed [[Right-bank Ukraine]] in\n        1654 (see [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]]). The years before\n        the region was a sparsely populated part of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]].{{cite book|author=Roman Solchanyk|title=Ukraine and\n        Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNvTSDQXFXgC&pg=PA6|accessdate=31\n        March 2015|date=January 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1018-0|page=6}}\n        The group of people came onto the banks of [[Lopan River|Lopan]] and [[Kharkiv\n        River|Kharkiv]] rivers where an abandoned settlement stood.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/06/9/88316/ \\u0416\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432. \\u041d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c-\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\n        (Living Kharkiv. Nightly excursion through the host-city)] [[Ukrayinska Pravda]].\n        June 9, 2012 According to archive documents, the leader of the re-settlers\n        was [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk.\\n\\nAt first the settlement\n        was self-governed under the jurisdiction of a [[voivode]] from [[Chuhuiv]]\n        that is {{convert|40|km|mi}} to the east. The\n        first appointed voivode from [[Moscow]] was Voyin Selifontov in 1656 who started\n        to build a local [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] (fort).\n        At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were\n        local cossacks, while Selifontov brought along a Moscow garrison of another\n        70 servicemen. The first Kharkiv voivode was\n        replaced in two years after constantly complaining that locals refused to\n        cooperate in building the fort. Kharkiv also\n        became the centre of the local Sloboda cossack regiment as the area surrounding\n        the [[Belgorod]] fortress was being heavily militarized. With the resettlement\n        of the area by Ukrainians it came to be known as [[Sloboda Ukraine]], most\n        of which was included under the jurisdiction of the Razryad [[Prikaz]] (Military\n        Appointment) headed by a [[okolnichy|district official]] from [[Belgorod]].\n        By 1657 the Kharkiv settlement had a fortress\n        with underground passageways.\\n\\nIn 1658 Ivan Ofrosimov was appointed as the\n        new voivode, who worked on forcing locals to kiss the cross to show loyalty\n        to the Moscow tsar. The locals led by their\n        [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk refused. However,\n        with the election of the new otaman Tymish Lavrynov the community (hromada)\n        sent a request to the tsar to establish a local Assumption market, signed\n        by [[Dean (Christianity)|deans]] of Kharkiv churches (the [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity). Relationships with the neighboring [[Chuhuiv]] sometimes\n        were non-friendly and often their arguments were pacified by force.\n        With the appointment of the third voivode Vasiliy Sukhotin was completely\n        finished the construction of the city fort.\\n\\nMeanwhile,\n        Kharkiv had become the centre of [[Sloboda Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Kharkiv\n        Fortress===\\n[[File:(29) ST ASSUMPTION ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL IN CITY OF KHARKIV\n        STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View\n        of [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkov|Holy Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] in\n        Kharkiv]]\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432. \\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0438 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c.jpg|thumb|150px|Intercession Cathedral with bell tower\n        and Ozeryanskaya church (right) built in Kharkiv in 1689]]\\n[[File:(30) VIEW\n        ON PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE OVER KHARKIV RIVER IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE\n        PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View of modern pedestrian\n        bridge over Kharkiv River in Kharkiv]]\\nThe Kharkiv Fortress was erected around\n        the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and its castle\n        was at [[University Hill, Kharkiv|University Hill]].\n        It was between today''s streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution\n        Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent. The fortress had 10 towers: Chuhuivska Tower, Moskovska\n        Tower, Vestovska Tower, Tainytska Tower, Lopanska Corner Tower, Kharkivska\n        Corner Tower and others. The tallest was Vestovska,\n        some {{convert|16|m|ft}} tall, while the shortest\n        one was Tainytska which had a secret well {{convert|35|m|ft}} deep.\n        The fortress had the Lopanski Gates.\\n\\nIn 1689\n        the fortress was expanded and included the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral and Monastery\n        which was baptized and became the center of\n        local eparchy. Coincidentally in the same year in the vicinity of Kharkiv\n        in [[Kolomak]], [[Ivan Mazepa]] was announced the [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]. Next to the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral\n        was located the Kharkiv Collegiate that was transferred from [[Belgorod]]\n        to Kharkiv in 1726.\\n\\n===In the Russian Empire===\\nIn\n        the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708\\u20131710|administrative\n        reform]] carried out in 1708 by [[Peter the Great]], the area was included\n        into [[Kiev Governorate]]. Kharkiv is specifically mentioned as one of the\n        towns making a part of the governorate.{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/|script-title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\n        \\u043e\\u0431 \\u0443\\u0447\\u0440\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0438 \\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043a \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432, 1708\n        \\u0433., \\u0434\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f 18 |trans-title=Decree\n        on the establishment of Provinces and cities assigned to them, December 18,\n        1708|language=ru|website=constitution.garant.ru|accessdate=31 March 2015}}\n        In 1727, [[Belgorod Governorate]] was split off, and Kharkiv moved to Belgoro\n        Governorate. It was the center of a separate administrative unit, [[Kharkiv\n        Sloboda Cossack regiment]]. The regiment at some point was detached from Belgorod\n        Governorate, then attached to it again, until in 1765, [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        was established with the seat in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525173851/http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archivedate=25\n        May 2013|script-title=ru:\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f. 2. \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|trans-title=History of the\n        Administrative-Territorial Division of the Voronezh Region. 2. Voronezh Province.|publisher=Archive\n        service of Voronezh Oblast|language=Russian|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n\\n[[Kharkiv\n        University]] was established in 1805 in the Palace of [[Governorate-General]].\\n[[Aleksander Mickiewicz|Alexander Mikolajewicz\n        Mickiewicz]], brother of [[Adam Mickiewicz]] was a professor of law in the\n        university, another celebrity [[Goethe]] searched for instructors for the\n        school. In 1906 [[Ivan Franko]] received a doctorate\n        in Russian linguistics here.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2011/08/23/53238/|script-title=uk:\\u0423\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0448\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443|trans-title=A\n        memorial plaque to Ivan Franko was unveiled in Kharkiv|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=23\n        August 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe streets were first cobbled\n        in the city centre in 1830.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/01/24/17847/|script-title=uk:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438 XIX-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044f|trans-title=Kharkiv and Kharkiv\n        denizens in 19th century photos|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=24\n        January 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}} In 1844 the {{convert|90|m|ft}}\n        tall Alexander Bell Tower was built next to the first Assumption Cathedral,\n        which on November 16, 1924 was transformed into a [[radio tower]].\n        A system of running water was established in 1870. The Cathedral Descent at\n        one time carried the name of another local trader Vasyl Ivanovych Pashchenko-Tryapkin\n        as Pashchenko Descent. Pashchenko even leased\n        a space to the city council (duma) and was the owner of the city \\\"Old Passage\\\",\n        the city''s biggest trade center. After his\n        death in 1894 Pashchenko donated all his possessions to the city.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1812, the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}} One of the first [[Prosvita]]s in Eastern Ukraine was also established\n        in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established\n        there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by\n        the lawyer [[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] in 1900.\\n\\nSoon after the [[Crimean War]],\n        in 1860\\u201361 number of [[hromada (secret society)|hromada]] societies sprung\n        up across the Ukrainian cities including Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHromadas.htm|title=Hromadas|publisher=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]|accessdate=14 January 2016}} Among the most prominent hromada\n        members in Kharkiv was [[Alexander Potebnja|Oleksandr Potebnia]], a native\n        of [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. Beside the old hromada, in Kharkiv\n        also existed several student hromadas members of which were future political\n        leaders of Ukraine such as [[Borys Martos]], [[Dmytro Antonovych]] and many\n        others. One of the [[University of Kharkiv]] graduates\n        [[Oleksandr Kovalenko (soldier)|Oleksandr Kovalenko]] was one of initiators\n        of the mutiny on [[Russian battleship Potemkin]] being the only officer who\n        supported the in-rank sailors.\\n\\n===Soviet period===\\n[[File:(42) DERZHPROM\n        BUILDING IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV\n        20160621.jpg|thumb|150px| View of renovated [[Derzhprom]] building]]\\n[[File:Piatykhatky.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial\n        to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the [[NKVD]] in 1937\\u201338]]\\nWhen\n        the [[Tsentralna Rada]] announced the establishment of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]] in November 1917 it envisioned the [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        to be part of it. In December 1917 Kharkiv became the\n        first city in Ukraine occupied by the [[Soviet power|Soviet]] [[Group of forces\n        in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|troops]] of [[Vladimir\n        Antonov-Ovseyenko]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA713&dq=kharkiv+antonov+1917&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-8a2jl9LJAhVEeA8KHfjwDuY4ChDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=kharkiv%20antonov%201917&f=false\n        Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe)] by [[Ivan\n        Katchanovski]], [[Scarecrow Press]] (Publication date: July 11, 2013), {{ISBN|0810878453}}\n        (page 713) The [[Bolsheviks]] in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv\n        shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13\n        December 1917.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLpivm5lDsC&pg=PA7&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=7N6JVOz0OIbyUr22g-AP&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917\\u20131934]. Durham and London:\n        Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-1099-6}} (page 7) By February 1918\n        Bolshevik forces had [[Russian Civil War|captured much of Ukraine]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1195&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv+soviet+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ouGJVNi7D4Ou7gbjr4HoBA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv%20soviet%20Ukraine&f=false\n        World War I: A Student Encyclopedia]. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 1195. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-879-8}}\n        In February 1918 Kharkiv became the capital of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet\n        Republic]]; but this entity was disbanded six weeks later.[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/22/ukraine-phony-war/\n        Ukraine: The Phony War?], [[The New York Review of Books]] (27 April 2014)\n        In April 1918 the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]] occupied Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYbw25xe-FwC&pg=PP121&dq=Central+Rada+Kharkiv+German&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=NcuIVKDcCMfkarOKgiA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Central%20Rada%20Kharkiv%20German&f=false\n        Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution]. PublicAffairs.\n        {{ISBN|1-61039-140-3}}. And according to the February 1918 [[Treaty\n        of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine\\u2013Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] between\n        the Ukrainian People''s Republic and the [[Central Powers]] it became part\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pt03BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205&dq=Kharkiv+German+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=s86IVIMtlNhqvIGB6AQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%201918&f=false\n        Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. 98) (Volume 98)], [[Ibidem\n        Verlag]], 2010, {{ISBN|383820042X}} (page 24) Early January 1919 Bolshevik\n        forces captured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT338&dq=Kharkiv+German+November+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=N9KIVOT5MYfvapr4gagG&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%20November%201918&f=false\n        Ukraine: A History 4th Edition] by [[Orest Subtelny]], [[University of Toronto\n        Press]], 2009, {{ISBN|1442609915}} Mid-June 1919 [[Anton Denikin]]''s\n        [[White movement]] [[Volunteer Army]] captured the city.[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA97&dq=Denikin+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=t9OIVOfkBtPSaKnwgtgL&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression], [[Harvard University\n        Press]], 858 pages, {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}, page 97 In December 1919\n        the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] recaptured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1h0_iMrE4C&pg=PA101&dq=Denikin+December+1919+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ytWIVKrdMYOBUcnFg9AF&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20December%201919%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War]. [[Scarecrow Press Inc]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6841-0}}\n        (page 101)\\n\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Bolshevik]]s\n        established Kharkiv as the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition\n        to the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] with its capital of [[Kiev]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/01/25/69897/ |title=\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u0456 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 (\\u0437 \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438\n        1917\\u201318 \\u0440\\u0440.) (Donbas and Ukraine. (From articles and declarations\n        of Mykola Skrypnyk)) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July\n        2012}}\\n[[File:Pamiatnyk.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Monument to the [[persecuted\n        bandurists|persecuted kobzars]] in Kharkiv]]\\nAccording to linguist [[George\n        Shevelov]], in the early 1920s the share of [[secondary schools]] teaching\n        in the [[Ukrainian language]] was lower than the share of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]]s\n        ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] population,[http://balticworlds.com/games-from-the-past/\n        Games from the Past: The continuity and change of the identity dynamic in\n        Donbas from a historical perspective ], [[S\\u00f6dert\\u00f6rn University]]\n        (May 19, 2014) even though the [[Soviet Union]] had ordered that all\n        schools in the [[Ukrainian SSR]] should be Ukrainian speaking (as part of\n        its [[Ukrainization]] policy).[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by [[Lenore Grenoble]], [[Springer Science+Business\n        Media]], 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-1298-3}} (page 84)\\n\\nAs the country''s\n        capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings\n        to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration.\n        [[Derzhprom]] was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in\n        the Soviet Union at the time with a height of {{convert|63|m|ft}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html |title=Derzhprom statistics\n        |publisher=Kharkov.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}} In the 1920s,\n        a {{convert|150|m|ft}} wooden radio tower was built on top of the building.\n        The Roentgen Institute was established in 1931.{{cite news|last1=Khwaja|first1=Barbara|title=Health Reform\n        in Revolutionary Russia|url=https://www.sochealth.co.uk/2017/05/26/health-reform-revolutionary-russia/|accessdate=26\n        May 2017|publisher=Socialist Health Association|date=26 May 2017}} During\n        the interwar period the city saw the spread of architectural [[Constructivism\n        (art)|constructivism]]. One of the best representatives\n        of it was the already mentioned Derzhprom, the Building of the Red Army, the\n        Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council\n        building, with its massive asymmetric tower, the central department store\n        that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. The same year on November 7, 1932 the building of\n        Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of [[Central Executive\n        Committee of Ukraine|All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2012/04/28/82906/#10 |title=Picture\n        of the building in the Vsesvit magazine |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date=2012-04-30\n        |accessdate=21 July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2010/11/7/3319/#13\n        |title=Photos of the newspaper \\\"Proletarian\\\" for 1932-33 |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua\n        |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nIn 1928, the SVU ([[Union for the\n        Freedom of Ukraine process|Union for the Freedom of Ukraine]]) process was\n        initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia)\n        building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.\\n\\nIn\n        the early 1930s, the [[Holodomor]] famine drove many people off the land into\n        the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died\n        and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the\n        city.\\n[[File:Kharkiv-Katyn2.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial to the thousands of\n        Polish officers executed by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the [[Katyn massacre|Katyn]]\n        massacre]]\\nIn 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and\n        cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all\n        vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938.\n        Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered\n        by the NKVD.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CFqB2_OX_oQC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Stalin+Ukrainian+minstrels+Kharkiv&source=bl&ots=Ry-gE1y5zI&sig=_0anaLEThATAiaaa4OwwPp7Wh9w&hl=nl&ei=TVr0SsOxNs3G4QaD8b3pAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Stalin%20Ukrainian%20minstrels%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing] by Natalie Kononenko, M.E.\n        Sharp, {{ISBN|0-7656-0144-3}}/{{ISBN|978-0-7656-0144-5}}, page 116\\nIn\n        January 1934 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.\\n\\nDuring April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish\n        prisoners of [[Starobelsk]] camp were executed in the Kharkiv [[NKVD]] building,\n        later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in [[Piatykhatky,\n        Kharkiv|Pyatykhatky]] forest (part of the [[Katyn massacre]]) on the outskirts\n        of Kharkiv.[[Benjamin B. Fischer|Fischer, Benjamin B.]],\n        \\\"[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816221054/http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html\n        The Katyn Controversy: Stalin''s Killing Field]\\\", ''''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'''',\n        Winter 1999\\u20132000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005 The site\n        also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested\n        and shot in the 1937\\u201338 Stalinist purges.\\n\\n===German occupation===\\n[[File:23\n        August Lane Kharkov.JPG|thumb|150px|Memorial to 23 August 1943, the end of\n        German occupation during World War II]]\\nDuring [[World War II]], Kharkiv\n        was the site of several military engagements (see below). The city was captured\n        and recaptured by [[Nazi Germany]] on 24 October 1941;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/04/3/34315/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\\"\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\\" \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e (Kharkiv at times of \\\"matured\n        childhood\\\" of Lyudmila Gurchenko) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.andersval.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6267&Itemid=190\n        |title=Kharkiv through the eyes of Lyudmila Gurchenko |publisher=Andersval.nl\n        |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=15 July 2012}} there was a disastrous [[Red\n        Army]] offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;The Red\n        Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties\n        (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924\n        guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., ''''Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military\n        disaster through Soviet eyes'''', pub Ian Allan, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7110-2562-2}}\n        page 218.per [[Robert M. Citino]], author of \\\"Death of the Wehrmacht\\\",\n        and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14\n        May 1942 by Soviet forces under [[Semyon Timoshenko|Marshal Timoshenko]] before\n        being driven back by German forces under Field Marshal [[Fedor von Bock]],\n        p. 100 the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February\n        1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943 and then\n        finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed\n        and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}}\\nKharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most\n        populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years\n        preceding World War II, [[Kiev]] was by population the smaller of the two.\\n\\nThe\n        significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv''s Jewish community prided\n        itself with the second largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during\n        the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried\n        in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named [[Drobytsky\n        Yar]].\\n\\nDuring [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], four battles\n        took place for control of the city:\\n* [[First Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Second\n        Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Fourth Battle of Kharkov]]\n        (''''see also'''' [[Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev]])\\n\\nBefore the occupation,\n        Kharkiv''s [[Malyshev Factory|tank industries]] were evacuated to the [[Urals]]\n        with all their equipment, and became the heart of [[Red Army]]''s tank programs\n        (particularly, producing the [[T-34]] tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These\n        enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce tanks.\\n\\nOf\n        the population of 700,000 that Kharkiv had before the start of World War II,\n        120,000 became [[Ost-Arbeiter]] ([[slave]] worker) in Germany, 30,000 were\n        executed and 80,000 starved to death during the war.\\n\\n===Post-World\n        War II===\\nIn the post-World War II period many of the destroyed homes and\n        factories were rebuilt. From the [[constructivism (art)|constructivism]] the\n        city was planned to be rebuilt in the style of [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        Classicism]].\\n\\nAn airport was built in 1954.\n        Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre\n        in the former USSR (after Moscow and [[Leningrad]]).\\n\\n===In independent\n        Ukraine===\\n[[File:IMG 2428 zerk.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zerkal\\u02b9naya struya|Mirror\n        Stream]] fountain]]\\n\\nBy its territorial expansion on September 6, 2012 the\n        city increased its area from about {{convert|310|to|350|km2|abbr=out}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T125215.html |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432,\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 |publisher=Search.ligazakon.ua\n        |date=2012-09-18 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\nA well-known landmark\n        of Kharkiv is the [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]] (''''Ploshcha\n        Svobody'''' formerly known as ''''Dzerzhinsky Square''''), which is the sixth\n        largest city square in Europe, and the [[List of city squares by size|12th\n        largest square in the world]].\\n\\nThere is an underground [[Kharkiv Metro|rapid-transit\n        system]] (metro) with about {{convert|38.1|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of track and\n        29 stations. The new \\\"Victory\\\" underground station (no. 30) was opened\n        in Kharkiv on 19 August 2016. All the underground stations have very special\n        distinctive architectures.\\n\\nKharkiv was a host city for the [[UEFA Euro\n        2012]], and hosted three group soccer matches at the reconstructed [[Metalist\n        Stadium]].\\n\\nA large number of the Orthodox cathedrals were built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1990s and 2000s. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}For example, the\n        Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox cathedral, the St. Vladimir Orthodox cathedral,\n        St. Tamara Orthodox cathedral, etc.\\n\\nIn 2007, the Vietnamese minority in\n        Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with\n        a monument to [[Ho Chi Minh]].In\\u2191  \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb,21\n        December 2007.\\n\\nThe Gor''ky park was fully renovated in Kharkiv in\n        the 2000s, having a big number of modern attractions, a lake with lilies and\n        the sport facilities to play tennis, football, beach volleyball, and basketball.\\n\\nThe\n        Feldman park was created in Kharkiv in recent years, containing a big collection\n        of animals, horses, etc.\\n\\n==Geography==\\n[[File:Kharkiv, Ukraine, city and\n        vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Kharkiv\n        and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is located at the banks of the [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan]],\n        and [[Udy River|Udy]] rivers, where they flow into the [[Seversky Donets]]\n        watershed in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine.\\n\\nHistorically, Kharkiv\n        lies in the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region (''''Slobozhanshchyna'''' also known\n        as ''''Slobidshchyna'''') in Ukraine, in which it is considered as a main\n        city.\\n\\nThe approximate dimensions of City of Kharkiv are:\\nfrom the North\n        to the South - 24.3 km;\\nfrom the West to the East \\u2014 25.2 km.\\n\\nBased\n        on Kharkiv''s topography, the city can be conditionally divided on the four\n        lower districts and the four higher districts.\\n\\nThe highest point over the\n        sea level in Pyatikhatky in Kharkiv is 202m, the lowest point over the sea\n        level in Novoselivka in Kharkiv is 94m. {{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv\n        lies in the large valley of rivers of [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan'']],\n        [[Udy River|Udy]], and Nemyshlya. This valley lies from the North West to\n        the South East between the Mid Russian highland and Donetsk lowland. All the\n        rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river of [[Seversky Donets|Northern\n        Donets]]. A special system of the concrete and metal dams was designed and\n        built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv. {{Citation\n        needed|date=March 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv has a large number of the green city parks\n        with the long history of more than 100 years with very old oak trees and many\n        flowers. {{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===Climate===\\nKharkiv''s\n        climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[K\\u00f6ppen\n        climate classification]] ''''Dfb'''') with cold and snowy winters as well\n        as the dry and hot summers.\\n\\nKharkiv has rather sunny warm summers which,\n        however, are relatively mild compared to temperatures in South European regions,\n        due to the region''s lower elevation, proximity to the Black Sea, and the\n        city''s [[latitude]]. In other words, Kharkiv experiences the warm summers,\n        interrupted by only occasional, brief intervals of stormy rain conditions.\n        {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}\\n\\nKharkiv has relatively long and cold\n        winters.\\n\\nThe average rainfall totals {{convert|513|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per\n        year, with the most in June and July.\\n\\n{{Weather box\\n|location=Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine (1981\\u22122010)\\n|metric first=yes\\n|single line=yes\\n| Jan record\n        high C = 11.0\\n| Feb record high C = 14.6\\n| Mar record high C = 21.8\\n| Apr\n        record high C = 30.5\\n| May record high C = 34.5\\n| Jun record high C = 36.8\\n|\n        Jul record high C = 37.6\\n| Aug record high C = 39.8\\n| Sep record high C\n        = 33.7\\n| Oct record high C = 29.3\\n| Nov record high C = 20.3\\n| Dec record\n        high C = 13.4\\n|year record high C = 39.8\\n| Jan high C = -2.2\\n| Feb high\n        C = -1.6\\n| Mar high C = 4.3\\n| Apr high C = 14.0\\n| May high C = 20.8\\n|\n        Jun high C = 24.3\\n| Jul high C = 26.4\\n| Aug high C = 25.7\\n| Sep high C\n        = 19.4\\n| Oct high C = 12.0\\n| Nov high C = 3.6\\n| Dec high C = -1.1\\n|year\n        high C = 12.1\\n| Jan mean C = -4.6\\n| Feb mean C = -4.5\\n| Mar mean C = 0.7\\n|\n        Apr mean C = 9.2\\n| May mean C = 15.6\\n| Jun mean C = 19.3\\n| Jul mean C =\n        21.3\\n| Aug mean C = 20.3\\n| Sep mean C = 14.4\\n| Oct mean C = 7.9\\n| Nov\n        mean C = 0.9\\n| Dec mean C = -3.5\\n|year mean C = 8.1\\n| Jan low C = -7.0\\n|\n        Feb low C = -7.3\\n| Mar low C = -2.4\\n| Apr low C = 4.6\\n| May low C = 10.3\\n|\n        Jun low C = 14.2\\n| Jul low C = 16.2\\n| Aug low C = 14.9\\n| Sep low C = 9.8\\n|\n        Oct low C = 4.3\\n| Nov low C = -1.5\\n| Dec low C = -5.9\\n|year low C = 4.2\\n|\n        Jan record low C = -35.6\\n| Feb record low C = -29.8\\n| Mar record low C =\n        -32.2\\n| Apr record low C = -11.4\\n| May record low C = -1.9\\n| Jun record\n        low C = 2.2\\n| Jul record low C = 5.7\\n| Aug record low C = 2.2\\n| Sep record\n        low C = -2.9\\n| Oct record low C = -9.1\\n| Nov record low C = -20.9\\n| Dec\n        record low C = -30.8\\n|year record low C = -35.6\\n|precipitation colour =\n        green\\n| Jan precipitation mm = 36\\n| Feb precipitation mm = 33\\n| Mar precipitation\n        mm = 33\\n| Apr precipitation mm = 34\\n| May precipitation mm = 50\\n| Jun precipitation\n        mm = 61\\n| Jul precipitation mm = 61\\n| Aug precipitation mm = 43\\n| Sep precipitation\n        mm = 45\\n| Oct precipitation mm = 45\\n| Nov precipitation mm = 40\\n| Dec precipitation\n        mm = 36\\n|year precipitation mm = 517\\n| Jan rain days = 10\\n| Feb rain days\n        = 8\\n| Mar rain days = 10\\n| Apr rain days = 13\\n| May rain days = 14\\n| Jun\n        rain days = 15\\n| Jul rain days = 13\\n| Aug rain days = 10\\n| Sep rain days\n        = 12\\n| Oct rain days = 13\\n| Nov rain days = 13\\n| Dec rain days = 12\\n|year\n        rain days = 143\\n| Jan snow days = 19\\n| Feb snow days = 18\\n| Mar snow days\n        = 12\\n| Apr snow days = 2\\n| May snow days = 0.1\\n| Jun snow days = 0\\n| Jul\n        snow days = 0\\n| Aug snow days = 0\\n| Sep snow days = 0.03\\n| Oct snow days\n        = 2\\n| Nov snow days = 9\\n| Dec snow days = 18\\n|year snow days = 80\\n| Jan\n        humidity = 86\\n| Feb humidity = 83\\n| Mar humidity = 77\\n| Apr humidity =\n        66\\n| May humidity = 61\\n| Jun humidity = 65\\n| Jul humidity = 65\\n| Aug humidity\n        = 63\\n| Sep humidity = 70\\n| Oct humidity = 78\\n| Nov humidity = 86\\n| Dec\n        humidity = 87\\n|year humidity = 74\\n| Jan sun = 51\\n| Feb sun = 65\\n| Mar\n        sun = 108\\n| Apr sun = 162\\n| May sun = 238\\n| Jun sun = 263\\n| Jul sun =\n        273\\n| Aug sun = 247\\n| Sep sun = 185\\n| Oct sun = 124\\n| Nov sun = 47\\n|\n        Dec sun = 31\\n|year sun = 1794\\n|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite\n        web\\n| url =  http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34300.htm\\n| title = Weather\n        and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv\\n| publisher = Weather and Climate (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n| accessdate = 3 December 2013\\n|\n        language = Russian}}\\n|source 2= NOAA (sun only 1961\\u20131990){{cite web\\n| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/34300.TXT\\n|\n        title = Har''Kov (Kharkiv) Climate Normals 1961\\u20131990\\n| publisher = [[National\n        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]\\n| accessdate = 13 October 2015}}\n        \\n|date=August 2010\\n}}\\n\\n===Cityscape===\\n{{wide image|(43)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Northern building of V. N. Karazin National University, Kharkiv\n        Palace hotel building, and Kharkiv hotel buildings.}}\\n\\n{{wide image|(44)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Derzhprom building, multiple apartment buildings, and Northern\n        building of V. N. Karazin National University}}\\n\\n==Governance==\\n\\n===Legal\n        status and local government===\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv and the City Council\n        govern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe\n        Mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative\n        powers as far as the government issues is concerned.\\n\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv\n        is elected by the direct public election in Kharkiv every four years.\\n\\nThe\n        City Council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject\n        the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues\n        in Kharkiv. The representatives to the City Council are elected every four\n        years.\\n\\nThe mayor and city council hold their regular meetings in the City\n        Hall in Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Politics===\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine#Kharkiv Oblast}}\\n\\nThe [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\n        affected Kharkiv but to a lesser extent than in neighbouring [[Donbass]],\n        where tensions would lead to [[War in Donbass|armed conflict]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine\n        crisis: Timeline|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        On 2 March 2014, a Russian \\\"tourist\\\" from Moscow replaced the [[Ukrainian\n        flag]] with a [[Russian flag]] on the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/russias-hand-can-be-seen-in-the-protests.html\n        | title = From Russia, ''Tourists'' Stir the Protests | first = Andrew | last\n        = Roth | work = The New York Times | date = 4 March 2014}}
{{cite news\n        | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-26435333 | title = Russian\n        site recruits ''volunteers'' for Ukraine | work = BBC News | date = 4 March\n        2014 }} Five days later, pro-Russian protestors occupied the building\n        and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the \\\"Kharkov People''s\n        Republic\\\".{{cite web | url=http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2014/04/07/332351/pro-russia-activists-declare-establishment-of-kharkiv-peoples-republic.html\n        | title=Pro-Russia activists declare establishment of ''Kharkiv people''s\n        republic'' | work=Focus Information Agency | date=7 April 2014 | accessdate=13\n        April 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9bd_1396967425\n        |title=Pro-Russian Protesters Declare ''People''s Republic'' In Kharkiv |work=LiveLeak.com\n        |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408202650/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26910210\n        |archivedate= 8 April 2015 |df= }} The next day, the building was retaken\n        by Ukrainian special forces.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-settles-down-while-pro-russian-separatists-still-hold-buildings-in-luhansk-donetsk-342517.html\n        | title=Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings\n        in Luhansk, Donetsk | work=Kyiv Post | date=8 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April\n        2014}} Doubts arose about the local origin of the protestors after they\n        initially stormed an opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall.{{cite news |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/protesters-storm-kharkiv-theater-thinking-it-was-city-hall/497709.html\n        |title= Protesters Storm Kharkiv Theater Thinking It Was City Hall |work=\n        [[The Moscow Times]] |date= 8 April 2014 }} On 13 April, some pro-Russian\n        protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/pro-russian-militants-attack-pro-ukrainian-demonstrators-in-kharkiv-including-at-least-three-severely-343292.html\n        | title=Kharkiv city government building infiltrated by pro-Russian protesters\n        | work=Kyiv Post | date=13 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April 2014}} Later\n        on 13 April the building returned permanently to full Ukrainian control.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/13/7022301/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0446\\u044f\\u0432\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}[http://www.dw.com/en/kharkiv-torn-between-europe-and-russia/a-17478397\n        Kharkiv torn between Europe and Russia], [[Deutsche Welle]] (6 March 2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/907771-posle-napadeniya-antimaydanovtsev-na-miting-evromaydana-v-harkove-postradalo-50-chelovek.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        50 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d |publisher=Unian.net |date=14 April 2014 |accessdate=28\n        April 2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174445/http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archivedate=16 April 2014 | title=Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission\n        in Ukraine | work=Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=14\n        April 2014 | accessdate=16 April 2014}} Violent clashes resulted in\n        the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian\n        protesters.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        returned to relative calm by 30 April.{{cite press\n        release | url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/118186 | title=Latest from the\n        Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine \\u2013 based on information received\n        up until 29 April 2014 | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation\n        in Europe | date=30 April 2014 | accessdate=1 May 2014}} Relatively\n        peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with \\\"pro-Russian\\\" rallies\n        gradually diminishing and \\\"pro-Ukrainian unity\\\" demonstrations growing in\n        numbers.{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received\n        until 23 June 2014|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in\n        Europe|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122133303/http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|archivedate=22\n        November 2015}}{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/121790|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information\n        received until 18:00 hrs, 23 July|publisher=Organization for Security and\n        Co-operation in Europe|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}{{uk icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/17.08.2014/na_ploschadi_svobody_proshli_dva_mitinga/\n        Two liberty square rally], Status quo (17 August 2014) On 28 September,\n        activists dismantled Ukraine''s largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian\n        rally in the central square.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/katyasoldak/2014/09/28/ukrainian-crowds-topple-lenin-statue-again/\n        Ukrainian Crowds Topple Lenin Statue (Again)]. Retrieved 29 September 2014.\n        Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv\n        for joining Russia.{{r|Navalny140923}}{{r|DT150103}}\\n\\nFrom early November\n        until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets\n        of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian\n        forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and\n        a [[National Guard of Ukraine|National Guard]] base.[http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-ukraine-russia-kharkiv-bombs-20141210-story.html\n        Seven recent blasts in Ukraine city stir fear of new Russian menace], [[Los\n        Angeles Times]] (11 December 2014)
[https://news.yahoo.com/mysterious-spate-bombings-hit-ukraine-military-hub-114452090.html#\n        Mysterious spate of bombings hit Ukraine military hub], [[Agence France-Presse]]\n        (10 December 2014) According to [[Security Service of Ukraine|SBU]]\n        investigator [[Vasyliy Vovk]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Russian\n        covert forces]] were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the\n        otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.[http://www.unian.info/society/1020077-sbu-russian-special-services-target-kharkiv-odesa-situation-difficult-to-control.html\n        SBU: Russian special services target Kharkiv, Odesa, situation difficult to\n        control], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (10 December 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        8 January 2015 five men wearing [[Balaclava (clothing)|balaclava]]s broke\n        into an office of (the volunteer group aiding refugees from [[Donbass]]) ''''Station\n        Kharkiv''''. Simultaneously with physical threats the\n        men demanded to hear the political position of ''''Station Kharkiv''''. After being given an answer the men apologized and left.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-iac/1801796-militsiya_zyasovue__hto_napav_na_volontersku_stantsiyu_harkiv_2008697.html|script-title=uk:\\u041c\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0454, \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u044e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\\"|trans-title=Police\n        finds out who attacked the volunteer-run \\\"Station Kharkiv\\\"|language=uk|publisher=ukrinform.ua|date=9\n        January 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/ru/stantsiya_harkov__perviy_punkt_pomoshhi_pereselentsam_iz_zoni_ato_n500974|script-title=ru:\\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\\" \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0449\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c\n        \\u0438\\u0437 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u0410\\u0422\\u041e|trans-title=\\\"Station\n        Kharkiv\\\" - the first point of assistance for displaced persons from the Donbass\n        zone|language=ru|publisher=24tv.ua|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\nOn Sunday 22 February 2015, there was a terrorist bomb attack\n        on a march to commemorate people who died in the Euromaidan protests in 2014.\n        The bomb killed two, and wounded nine. The authorities have launched an anti-terrorist\n        operation.[http://www.unian.info/politics/1047081-anti-terrorist-operation-launched-in-kharkiv-due-to-fatal-blast-on-sunday-turchynov.html\n        UNIAN] ''''Anti-terrorist operation launched in Kharkiv due to fatal blast\n        on Sunday \\u2013 Turchynov'''', 22 February 2015. 
[http://en.censor.net.ua/news/325751/antiterrorist_operation_started_in_kharkiv_four_participants_on_the_explosion_detained\n        En.Censor.Net], ''''Anti-terrorist operation started in Kharkiv: four participants\n        on the explosion detained'''', 22 February 2015.
[http://novorossia.today/turchinov-announced-start-of-the-ato-in-kharkov-the-highest-level-of-terrorist-threat-had-been-introduced-in-the-city/  Novorossia.Today],\n        Turchinov announced start of the ATO in Kharkov. The highest level of terrorist\n        threat had been introduced in the city'''', 23 February 2015. The terrorists\n        claim that it was a false flag attack.{{cite web|author=Lada Ray|url=https://futuristrendcast.wordpress.com/2015/02/23/urgent-statement-of-the-kharkov-partizans-re-false-flag-terrorist-act/|title=Urgent\n        Statement of the Kharkov Partizans re. False Flag Terrorist Act|work=Futurist\n        Trendcast|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}} Kharkiv experienced\n        more non-lethal small bombings since 22 February 2015 targeting army fuel\n        tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a [[Ukrainian flag]] in the city\n        centre.[http://www.npr.org/2015/04/06/397774803/despite-tenuous-truce-in-eastern-ukraine-bomb-attacks-increase-in-kharkiv\n        Bomb Attacks Increase In Ukraine''s Second-Largest City, Kharkiv], [[NPR]]\n        (6 April 2015)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/kharkiv-explosion-targets-ukrainian-flag-419957.html\n        Kharkiv explosion targeting Ukrainian flag classified as \\u2018terrorist act''],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (7 April 2015)
[http://www.rferl.org/content/explosion-in-ukraine-kharkiv-targets-national-flag-memorial/26942551.html\n        Explosion In Ukraine''s Kharkiv Targets National Flag Memorial], [[Radio Free\n        Europe/Radio Liberty]] (7 April 2015)\\n\\nOn 23 September 2015, 200 people\n        in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]], and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their\n        way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The\n        rioters asked the mayor, [[Hennadiy Kernes]], to come out.[http://www.unian.info/society/1131951-over-200-men-in-balaclavas-brawls-in-kharkiv-town-hall-clash-with-police.html\n        Unian], ''''Over 200 men in balaclavas brawl at Kharkiv town hall, clash with\n        police'''', 23 September 2015, 14:10.[http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/3567072-poiavylos-vydeo-stolknovenyi-u-horsoveta-kharkova\n        Korrespondent], ''''\\u041f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043a\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        [Video of riot at Kharkov City Council]'''', 23 September 2015 17:40\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\nWhile Kharkiv is the [[Capital (political)|administrative centre]]\n        of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]] ([[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|province]]),\n        the city affairs are managed by the [[Kharkiv City Municipality|Kharkiv Municipality]].\n        Kharkiv is a [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast subordinance]].\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430.svg|thumb|150px|Administrative\n        divisions of Kharkiv]]\\nThe territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative\n        [[raion]]s ([[districts]]), till February 2016 they were named for people,\n        places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet\n        Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply with [[Decommunization\n        in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/3/7097721/\n        Another 48 streets and 5 districts \\\"decommunized\\\" in Kharkiv], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (3 February 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_tri_rajona/\n        Three districts renamed in Kharkiv], SQ (3 February 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://ua.korrespondent.net/city/kharkov/3624201-u-kharkovi-vyrishyly-ne-pereimenovuvaty-zhovtnevyi-i-frunzenskyi-raiony\n        It was decided not to rename the Zhovtnevyi and the Frunzenskyi districts\n        in Kharkiv], [[Korrespondent.net]] (3 February 2015) Also, owing to\n        this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November\n        2015.{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/20.11.2015/gorsovet_pereimenoval_170_ulic/\n        List of 170 renamed streets], SQ (20 November 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/harkovskiy-gorsovet-pereimenoval-173-ulitsy-1448020126.html\n        Kharkiv city council renamed 173 streets,  4 parks and a metro station], [[RBC\n        Ukraine]] (20 November 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_esche_50_ulic_spisok/\n        50 streets renamed in Kharkiv: list], SQ (3 February 2015)\\n\\nThe raions\n        are named:\\n# Kholodnohirskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}, ''''Cold Mountain''''; namesake: the historic\n        name of the neighbourhood{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.02.2016/rajony_harkova_istoriya_s_geografiej/\n        Districts Of Kharkiv. History with geography], SQ (23 February 2015))\n        (formerly Leninskyi; namesake: [[Vladimir Lenin]])\\n# Shevchenkivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Taras Shevchenko]] (formerly\n        Dzerzhynskyi; namesake [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]])\\n# Kyivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Kyiv]]\\n# Moskovskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Moscow]]\\n# Nemyshlianskyi\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0448\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Industrialnyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0406\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}) (formerly Ordzhonikidzevskyi; namesake:\n        [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]])\\n# Slobidskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Osnovianskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Novobavarskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}})\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Historical populations\\n|percentages\n        = off\\n|1660\\u041b.\\u0418. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d.\n        Mysteries of the underground Kharkov. \\u2014 \\u0425.: 2005. {{ISBN|966-8768-00-0}}\n        {{ru icon}}\\n |1000\\n|1788Kharkov:\n        Architecture, monuments, renovations: Travel guide. Ed. [[:ru:\\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434,\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u042e\\u0440\\u044c\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|\\u0410.\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434]], \\u0412. \\u0420\\u0435\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0410. \\u0422\\u0438\\u0446. \\u2014 \\u0425.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        1987{{ru icon}}\\n |10742\\n|1850{{cite web|author=N.\n        T. Dyachenko|url=http://dalizovut.narod.ru/ulizy/ulizy.htm|script-title=ru:\\u0423\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u043b\\u043e\\u0449\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|trans-title=Streets\n        and squares of Kharkov|language=ru|year=1977|website=dalizovut.narod.ru|accessdate=31\n        March 2015}}\\n |41861\\n|1861\\n |50301\\n|1901\\n |198273\\n|1916\\u0410.\\u0412.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432.\n        Kharkov in times of German occupation (1941\\u20131943). \\u2013 X.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        2006. {{ISBN|966-7880-79-6}}{{uk icon}}\\n |352300\\n|1917[[Oleksandr\n        Leibfreid]], Yu. Poliakova. Kharkov. From fortress to capital. \\u2013 \\u0425.:\n        \\u0424\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043e, 2004{{ru icon}}\\n |382000\\n|1920\\n |285000\\n|1926\\n |417000\\n|1939State archives of Kharkov Oblast. \\u0424. \\u0420-2982,\n        \\u043e\\u043f. 2, file 16, pp 53\\u201354\\n |833000\\n|1941\\n\n        |902312\\n|1941Colonel ''''\\u041d. \\u0418. \\u0420\\u0443\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b.{{ru\n        icon}}\\n |1400000\\n|1941In reference\n        to the German census of December 1941; without children and teenagers no older\n        16 years of age; numerous city-dwellers evaded the registration{{ru icon}}\\n\n        |456639\\n|1943''''[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]''''. Report to [[\\u0426\\u041a \\u0412\\u041a\\u041f(\\u0431)]] of\n        August 30, 1943. History: without \\u00abwhite spots\\u00bb. ''''[[Kharkiv izvestia]]'''',\n        No. 100\\u2013101, August 23, 2008, page 6{{ru icon}}\\n |170000\\n|1959\\n |930000\\n|1962\\n |1000000\\n|1976\\n |1384000\\n|1982\\n |1500000\\n|1989\\n\n        |1593970\\n|1999\\n |1510200\\n|2001[[Ukrainian Census (2001)]]\\n |1470900\\n|2014{{cite web|title=Major Cities in Ukraine by Population (2014)|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ukraine-population/major-cities-in-ukraine/|publisher=World\n        Population Review|accessdate=2014-04-14}}\\n |1430885\\n}}\\n\\nAccording\n        to the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Soviet Union Census]], the population of\n        the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including\n        1,494,200 permanent city residents.{{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822193837/http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archivedate=22\n        August 2006 |title= Kharkiv today |accessdate=4 May 2007 |work=Our Kharkiv\n        |language=Russian}} Kharkiv is the second-largest city in Ukraine after\n        the capital, [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archivedate=9\n        January 2006 |title= Results / General results of the census / Number of cities\n        |accessdate=28 August 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian\n        Census]] }} The first independent all-Ukrainian population census was\n        conducted in December 2001, and the next all-Ukrainian population census is\n        decreed to be conduced in 2020. As of 2001, the population of the Kharkiv\n        region is as follows: 78.5% living in urban areas, and 21.5% living in rural\n        areas.{{Cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/urban-rural/|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 {{!}} English version {{!}} Results {{!}} General results of the census\n        {{!}} Urban and rural population:|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|accessdate=11\n        January 2017}}\\n\\n===Ethnicity===\\n{| class=\\\"standard\\\"\\n! Ethnic group||\n        1897[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1604 \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0418\\u043c\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 1897 \\u0433. \\u0420\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0438 \\u0443\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\n        50 \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438] \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f||1926||1939||1959\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0425 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f,  \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        2004, \\u0440. 456||1989||2001{{cite\n        web|url=http://vharkov.ru/description/about.html|publisher=vharkov.ru|title=\\u041e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430 vharkov|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/estimated/kharkiv/|publisher=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u2013 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u2013\n        \\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c:|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Ukrainians]]|| 25.9%||38.6% || 48.5% || 48.4% || 50.4% || 52.8%\\n|-\\n| [[Russians]]||\n        63.2%||37.2%||32.9%||40.4%||43.6%||43.2%\\n|-\\n| [[Jews]]|| 5.7%||19.5%||15.6%||8.7%||3.0%||0.7%\\n|}\\n\\n====Notes====\\n\\n*\n        1660 year \\u2013 approximated estimation\\n* 1788 year \\u2013 without the account\n        of children\\n* 1920 year \\u2013 times of the [[Russian Civil War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 estimation on May 1, right before [[German-Soviet War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000\\n*\n        1941 year \\u2013 another estimation in December during the occupation without\n        the account of children\\n* 1943 year \\u2013 August 23, liberation of the city;\n        estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000\\n* 1976 year \\u2013 estimation on June\n        1\\n* 1982 year \\u2013 estimation in March\\n\\n\\n==Religion==\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|The\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world, which was built in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is an important religious center in Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nThere are many old\n        and new cathedrals, associated with various churches in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe [[Assumption\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1680s and re-built in 1820s-1830s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/33|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Pokrovsky Orthodox Monastery Cathedral was created\n        in Kharkiv in 1689\\u20131729.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/7|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua/|publisher=pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e-\\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world. It was completed in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/5|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Trinity Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1758\\u20131764 and re-built in 1857\\u20131861.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/37|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Valentine Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 2010s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/52|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Tamara Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/readnews/932|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c \\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b \\u0422\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        St. Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox Cathedral was built in green park near [[Zerkal\\u02b9naya\n        struya|Mirror Stream]] fountain in August, 2015.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/367|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Roman Catholic St. Mary Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1887\\u20131892.\\n\\nThere is the old [[Kharkiv Choral Synagogue]], which\n        was fully renovated in Kharkiv in 1991\\u20132016. The Jewish population is\n        around 8000 people in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishkharkov.org/|publisher=jewishkharkov.org|title=Kharkov\n        Jewish Community|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n==Economy==\\n\\nThe 2016\\u20132020\n        economic development strategy: \\\"Kharkiv Success Strategy\\\", is created in\n        Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.strategy.kharkov.ua/|publisher=strategy.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2016-2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438 \\u00ab\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u2013 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u0443\\u00bb|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ua/general/univer_today/announce?news_id=5793|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043b \\u00ab\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u00bb >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/v-universiteti-karazina-obgovoryat-perspektivi-rozvitku-osviti-32374.html|author=Hulu\n        LLC|publisher=city.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0412 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===International\n        Economic Forum===\\nThe International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments.\n        Kharkiv Innitiatives! is being conducted in Kharkiv every year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.led.org.ua/en/|publisher=led.org.ua|title=www.led.org.ua/en/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nIn 2015, the International Economic Forum: Innovations.\n        Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! was attended by the diplomatic corps representatives\n        from 17 world countries, working in Ukraine together with top-management of\n        trans-national corporations and investment funds; plus Ukrainian People\\u2019s\n        Deputies; plus Ukrainian Central government officials, who determine the national\n        economic development strategy; plus local government managers, who perform\n        practical steps in implementing that strategy; plus managers of technical\n        assistance to Ukraine; plus business and NGO\\u2019s representatives; plus\n        media people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/announcements/4500-vii-international-economic-forum-innovations-investments-kharkiv-initiatives|publisher=usa.mfa.gov.ua|title=VII\n        International economic forum \\\"INNOVATIONS. INVESTMENTS. KHARKIV INITIATIVES!\\\"\n        - Announcements - Embassy of Ukraine in the United States of America|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|publisher=kmu.gov.ua|title=www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015.html|publisher=ukraine.usembassy.gov|title=statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://usembassykyiv.wordpress.com/tag/kharkiv/|publisher=usembassykyiv.wordpress.com|title=Kharkiv\n        – U.S. Embassy Kyiv Blog|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe key\n        topics of the plenary sessions and panel discussions of the International\n        Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! are the implementation\n        of Strategy for Sustainable Development \\u201cUkraine \\u2013 2020\\u201d, the\n        results achieved and plan of further actions to reform the local government\n        and territorial organization of power in Ukraine, export promotion and attraction\n        of investments in Ukraine, new opportunities for public-private partnerships,\n        practical steps to create \\u201celectronic government\\u201d, issues of energy\n        conservation and development of oil and gas industry in the Kharkiv Region,\n        creating an effective system of production and processing of agricultural\n        products, investment projects that will receive funding from the State Fund\n        for Regional Development, development of international integration, preparation\n        for privatization of state enterprises.\\n\\n===International\n        Industrial Exhibitions===\\nThe international industrial exhibitions are usually\n        conducted at the Radmir Expohall exhibition center in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://radmir-expohall.com.ua/|publisher=radmir-expohall.com.ua|title=Radmir\n        Expohall | Radmir Expohall|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Industrial\n        corporations===\\nDuring the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial\n        production in Ukraine and the third largest {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}centre\n        of industry and commerce in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. After the [[history\n        of the Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|collapse of the\n        Soviet Union]] the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production\n        of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s, the industry started\n        to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial\n        enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000\n        employees. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} The enterprises form machine-building,\n        electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.\\n\\nState-owned\n        industrial giants, such as [[Turboatom]] and [[Elektrotyazhmash]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928224657/http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2008 |title=spetm.com.ua |publisher=spetm.com.ua |date= |accessdate=20\n        April 2012}} occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g.,\n        turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the [[Antonov]]\n        aircraft manufacturing plant. The [[Malyshev factory]] produces not only [[armoured\n        fighting vehicle]]s, but also harvesters. [[Khartron]]{{cite web|url=http://www.hartron.com.ua/en/content/forms-cooperation|title=Hartron:\n        Forms of cooperation|publisher=hartron.com.ua|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine\n        and the former [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].\\n\\n===IT industry===\\nThe\n        IT industry is represented by a few hundred small IT [[startup company|start\n        ups]], which form a cluster of IT companies in Kharkiv{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|publisher=economist.com|title=www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://it-kharkiv.com.ua/|publisher=it-kharkiv.com.ua|title=it-kharkiv.com.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkivglobal.com/en/service|publisher=kharkivglobal.com|title=kharkivglobal.com/en/service|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.triolan.com/|publisher=triolan.com|title=\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Finance industry===\\nKharkiv is also the headquarters\n        of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, [[UkrSibbank]], which has been part\n        of the [[BNP Paribas]] group since December 2005.\\n\\n===Trade industry===\\nThere\n        are many large modern shopping malls in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere are a large number\n        of markets:\\n* [[Barabashovo market]] is the largest market in Ukraine and\n        one of the largest markets in Europe.\\n* [[Blagoveshinskiy]] market.\\n* [[Konniy]]\n        \\\"horse\\\" market.\\n* [[Sumskoi]] market {{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.info/place/31899|publisher=kharkov.info|title=\\u0422\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\\"\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\\\" \\u043f\\u043e \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d, \\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b,\n        8|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n* [[Raiskiy]] book market.\\n\\n==Science\n        and education==\\n{{multiple image\\n | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n\n        | image1 = (39)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_MAIN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\\n\n        | width1 = 160\\n | caption1 = Main building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image2 = (40)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_NORTHERN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width2 = 160\\n | caption2 = Northern building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image3 = (41)_MECHNIKOV_LANDAU_KUZNETS_MONUMENTS_AT_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width3 = 160\\n | caption3 = Il''ya I. Mechnikov, Lev D. Landau, Simon\n        A. Kuznets Nobel Laureates Monuments at [[University of Kharkiv|V. N. Karazin\n        Kharkiv National University]].\\n}}\\n\\n===Higher education===\\nThe [[Kharkiv\n        National University|Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]] is the\n        most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the\n        efforts by [[Vasily Karazin]] in Kharkiv in 1804\\u20131805.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/school/37|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} On {{OldStyleDate|29 January|1805|17 January}}, the Decree\n        on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force.\\n\\nThe\n        Roentgen Institute opened in 1931. It was a specialist cancer treatment facility\n        with 87 research workers, 20 professors, and specialist medical staff. The\n        facilities included chemical, physiology, and bacteriology experimental treatment\n        laboratories. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.\\n\\nThe city has 13 national universities and numerous\n        professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering\n        its students a wide range of disciplines. [[Kharkiv National University]]\n        (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute|National Technical\n        University \\\"KhPI\\\"]] (20,000 students), [[Kharkiv National University\n        of Radioelectronics]] (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv National Aerospace\n        University \\\"KhAI\\\"]], [[Ukrainian Academy of Pharmacy|Kharkiv National University\n        of Pharmacy]], [[Kharkiv National Medical University]] are the leading {{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} universities in Ukraine.\\n\\nMore than 17,000 faculty\n        and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in\n        Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Scientific research===\\nThe city has a high concentration of\n        research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the\n        universities. Among them are three national science centres: [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], Institute of Meteorology, Institute for Experimental\n        and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions\n        of the [[National Academy of Science of Ukraine]], such as the [[B Verkin\n        Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering]], [[Institute for Problems\n        of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine]], State Scientific Institution \\\"Institute\n        for Single Crystals\\\", Usikov Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE),\n        Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA), and others. A total number of 26,000 scientists\n        are working in research and development.\\n\\nA number of world-renowned scientific\n        schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the [[Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School|theoretical\n        physics school]] and the [[Kharkiv Mathematical School|mathematical school]].\\n\\nThere\n        is the Kharkiv Scientists House in the city, which was built by A. N. Beketov,\n        architect in Kharkiv in 1900. All the scientists like to meet and discuss\n        various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.khdu.org/house.php|publisher=khdu.org|title=house|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Public libraries===\\nIn addition to the libraries\n        affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv\n        State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library.\\n\\n===Secondary\n        schools===\\nKharkiv has 212 ([[secondary education]]) schools, including 10\n        [[lyceum]]s and 20 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]].{{citation needed|date=October\n        2016}}\\n\\n===Education centers===\\nThere is the educational \\\"Landau Center\\\",\n        which is named after Prof. L.D. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://landaucentre.org/about/|publisher=landaucentre.org|title=\\u041f\\u0420\\u041e\n        \\\"\\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\u0414\\u0410\\u0423\\u0426\\u0415\\u041d\\u0422\\u0420\\\" ||accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==Culture==\\nKharkiv is one of the main cultural centres\n        in Ukraine. It is home to 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of art\n        galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every\n        year.\\n\\n===Theaters===\\nThe Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater\n        named after N. V. Lysenko is a biggest theater in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/ukr/|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        - \\u0425\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0425\\u041d\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/eng|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=Home|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv State Academic Drama Theater named after\n        T. G. Shevchenko is popular among Ukrainian speaking people {{cite\n        web|url=http://www.theatre-shevchenko.com.ua/|publisher=theatre-shevchenko.com.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0410\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0422\\u0435\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u0456\\u043c. \\u0422.\\u0413.\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv Academic Russian Drama Theater named after\n        A.S. Pushkin was recently renovated, and it is quite popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://rusdrama.kh.ua/|publisher=rusdrama.kh.ua|title=rusdrama.kh.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nIn the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to\n        as a Literary [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}\n        It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: [[Les Kurbas]],\n        [[Mykola Kulish]], [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Mykola Zerov]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]],\n        Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers\n        were repressed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event\n        in Ukrainian history is called the \\\"Executed Renaissance\\\" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).\n        Today a literary museum located on Frunze Street marks their work and achievements.\\n\\nToday,\n        Kharkiv is often referred to as the \\\"capital city\\\" of Ukrainian [[Science\n        fiction]] and [[Fantasy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=934426.html|title=Kharkiv\n        city guide|date=25 January 2010|work=uefa.com|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrainetravel.co/kharkiv|title=Ukraine Travel Guide: Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine|work=ukrainetravel.co|accessdate=22 March 2015}} It is the home\n        to a number of popular writers, such as [[H. L. Oldie]], [[Alexander Zorich]],\n        [[Andrey Dashkov]], [[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] and [[Andrey Valentinov]];\n        most of them [[Russian language in Ukraine|write in Russian]] and are popular\n        in both Russia and Ukraine. The annual [[science fiction convention]] \\\"Star\n        Bridge\\\" (\\u0417\\u0432\\u0451\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442)\n        has been held in Kharkiv since 1999.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/en/general/univer_today/news?news_id=63|title=Kharkiv\n        International Festival of Science Fiction \\\"Star Bridge - 2011\\\"|work=V. N.\n        Karazin Kharkiv National University|date=September 2011|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Music===\\nThere is the [[Kharkiv Philharmonic Society]]\n        in the city.\\n\\nThere is the Organ Music Hall in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/filarmonia/dom-organnoj-i-kamernoj-muzyki/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b, \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u2013 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} The Organ Music Hall is situated at the [[Dormition Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] presently. The [[Rieger\\u2013Kloss]] organ\n        was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. The new\n        Organ Music Hall will be opened at the extensively renovated building of [[Kharkiv\n        Philharmonic Society]] in Kharkiv in November, 2016.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv Conservatory]]\n        is in the city.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts|Kharkiv\n        National University of Arts named after I.P. Kotlyarevsky]] is situated in\n        the city.{{cite web|url=http://dum.kharkov.ua/|publisher=dum.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432 \\u0456\\u043c \\u0406.\\u041f.\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv sponsors the prestigious [[Hnat Khotkevych]]\n        International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments,\n        which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions\n        have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry\n        of Culture two days before its opening.{{cite web|url=http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228232703/http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archivedate=28\n        December 2013 |title=\\u041c\\u0438\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\n        \\u0438\\u043c. \\u0413\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        - \\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 |publisher=Proua.com\n        |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=15 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe music festival: \\\"Kharkiv\n        - City of Kind Hopes\\\" is conducted in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/festival-harkiv-misto-dobrih-nadij-informatsiya-dlya-uchastnikov/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\\\". \\u0418\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Movies festival===\\nThe \\\"Kharkiv Lilacs\\\" international\n        movie festival is very popular among the movie stars, makers, producers in\n        Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America.{{cite\n        web|url=http://sirenfest.net.ua/en/|publisher=sirenfest.net.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c - \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|publisher=times.kh.ua|title=times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe festival is usually conducted in May every year.\\n\\nThere\n        is a special alley with the metal hand prints by the popular movies actors\n        at Shevchenko park in Kharkiv.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://kharkov.dozor.ua/news/obwestvo/kultura/1174449.html|publisher=kharkov.dozor.ua|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\\":\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 (\\u0424\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e) | \\u0412\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0437\\u043e\\u0440|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Visual\n        arts===\\nKharkiv was/is a home for many famous painters [[Ilya Repin]], [[Zinaida\n        Serebryakova]], [[Henryk Siemiradzki]], [[Vasyl Yermilov]], {{citation needed|date=February\n        2017}} etc. There are many modern arts galleries in the city. For example:\n        the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal\n        Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, fthe Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK\n        Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery.\\n\\n===Museums===\\nThere is the\n        Kharkiv History Museum named after M. F. Sumtsov in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museum.kh.ua/eng.html|publisher=museum.kh.ua|title=Information\n        in English - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c.\\u0424.\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Natural History Museum at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National\n        University was founded in Kharkiv on April 2, 1807. The museum is visited\n        by 40000 visitors every year.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/nature|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/79|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University History\n        Museum was established in Kharkiv in 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 -\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/historical|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/78|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Archeology\n        Museum was founded in Kharkiv on March 20, 1998.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.maesu.org/|publisher=maesu.org|title=www.maesu.org/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/77|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Technical University \\\"Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute\\\" Museum was\n        created in Kharkiv on December 29, 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|publisher=kpi.kharkov.ua|title=www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/arhiv-sobytij/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439 | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423\n        "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/kontakti/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u044f\n        | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/115|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\\"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Aerospace University \\\"Kharkiv Aviation Institute\\\" Museum was founded\n        on May 29, 1992.{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/2|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\\"\\u0425\\u0410\\u0406\\\"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe \\\"National University of Pharmacy\\\" Museum was founded\n        in Kharkiv on September 15, 2010.{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/muzejj-istorii-farmacii-ukrainy/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 -\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/e-kspozitsionny-e-zaly-muzeya/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u042d\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044b \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u044f - \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/51|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThere\n        are around 147 museums in the Kharkiv''s region.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museums.kh.ua/|publisher=museums.kh.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0457\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Landmarks===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0435\\u0439\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a.jpg|thumb|150px|right|National\n        holiday''s fireworks on [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]]]]\\n\\nOf\n        the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral]], [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation\n        Cathedral]], [[Derzhprom]] building, [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]],\n        [[Taras Shevchenko]] Monument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, [[Kharkov\n        Choral Synagogue|Choral Synagogue]], T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children''s\n        narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more.\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] the monument to [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\n        in [[Sevastopol]] was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.08.2014/v_harkove_poyavitsya_pamyatnik_sagajdachnomu/\n        A monument to Sahaidachny in Kharkov], Status quo (23 August 2014)\\n\\n==Media==\\nThere\n        are a large number of broadcast and internet TV channels, AM/FM/PM/internet\n        radio-stations, and paper/internet newspapers in Kharkiv. Some are listed\n        below.\\n\\n===Newspapers===\\n* \\\"Vremya\\\"\\n* \\\"Vecherniy Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Segodnya\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Vesti\\\"\\n* \\\"Khar''kovskie Izvestiya\\\"\\n\\n===Magazines===\\n* ''''Guberniya''''\n        {{cite web|url=http://www.guberniya.net/|publisher=guberniya.net|title=\\u0413\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        - \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0436\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===TV\n        stations===\\n* \\\"Pershyi\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Ukraine\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Inter\\\" channel\\n*\n        \\\"Oblastne Telebachennya\\\" channel\\n\\n===Radio stations===\\n* \\\"Promin''\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Ukrains''ke Radio\\\"\\n* \\\"Radio Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Kharkiv Oblastne Radio\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Russkoe Radio Ukraina\\\"\\n* \\\"Shanson\\\" {{cite web|url=http://kharkivmarathon.com/en/|publisher=kharkivmarathon.com|title=Main\n        | 5th Kharkiv International Marathon|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marathonrunnersdiary.com/races/europe-marathons/kharkiv-international-marathon.php|publisher=marathonrunnersdiary.com|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2017 - Race Details - Marathon Runners Diary|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://sportevent.com.ua/events/kharkivmarathon2016/|publisher=sportevent.com.ua|title=Ukraine\n        Sport Events - \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua/v2/rmv/2016/04/09/kharkiv-international-marathon-2016/|publisher=blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2016 « \\u0421\\u041e\\u0412\\u0415\\u0422 \\u041c\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0414\\u042b\\u0425\n        \\u0423\\u0427\\u0401\\u041d\\u042b\\u0425|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Football\n        (soccer)===\\nThe most popular sport is [[football (soccer)|football]]. The\n        city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions.\n        The most successful is ''''[[FC Dynamo Kharkiv]]'''' that won eight national\n        titles back in 1920s-1930s.\\n\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Metalist Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]], which plays at\n        the [[Dynamo Stadium (Kharkiv)|Dynamo Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Helios]], which plays\n        at the [[Arsenal-Bavariya Stadium|Helios Arena]]\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Arsenal-Spartak Stadium]] (participates in regional competitions)\\n\\nThere\n        is also a female football club [[WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv]], which represented\n        Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender\n        for the national title.\\n\\n[[Metalist Stadium]] hosted three group matches\n        at [[UEFA Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===Other sports===\\nKharkiv also has an [[Ice hockey|Ice\n        Hockey]] club, HC Vityaz Kharkiv who compete in the Ukrainian Vyscha Liga.\\n\\n[[Avangard\n        Budy]] is a [[bandy]] club from Kharkiv, which won the Ukrainian championship\n        in 2013.\\n\\nThere is a men''s volleyball team [[Lokomotiv Kharkiv Volleyball|Lokomotiv\n        Kharkiv]] which performs in Ukraine and in the European competitions.\\n\\n[[RC\n        Olymp|RC Olimp'']] is the city''s [[rugby union]] club. They provide many\n        players for the [[Ukraine national rugby union team|national team]].\\n\\nTennis\n        is a very popular sport in Kharkiv. There are many professional tennis courts\n        in the city. [[Elina Svitolina]] is a tennis player from Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere\n        is a golf club in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.superiorresort.com|publisher=superiorresort.com|title=\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444-\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\n        Superior Golf & Spa Resort \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nHorseriding as a sport is very popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|publisher=zabytki.in.ua|title=zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/publ/kharkovskij_ippodrom/28-1-0-2|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u043f\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://konezavod.com/|publisher=konezavod.com|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0448\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There are large stable and the horse riding facilities at\n        Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|publisher=feldman-ecopark.com|title=feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThere is a growing interest to the cycling among the\n        locals.{{cite web|url=http://vesti-ukr.com/harkov/100881-v-harkove-ustanovili-velosipednyj-rekord|publisher=vesti-ukr.com|title=\\u0412\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434.\n        \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u0445\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u0443\\u044e \\u0444\\u0438\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.nezabarom.ua/Muzei-Vystavki-Galerei/blogs/entry/3128/|publisher=kharkov.nezabarom.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There is a large bicycles producing plant in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://usi.ua/velo/index.php?st=38|publisher=usi.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0438\\u043c.\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        - \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043a\\u0438,\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u0434\\u044b\\u0445\\u0430.|accessdate=18 June 2017}} Presently,\n        the modern bicycle highway is under the construction at \\\"Leso park\\\" district\n        in Kharkiv.\\n\\n==Sister cities==\\n{{See also|List of twin towns and sister\n        cities in Ukraine}}\\n\\nKharkiv is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]]\n        with:{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm |title=Sister\n        cities of Kharkiv|accessdate=4 May 2007|language=Russian}}\\n\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}}\n        [[Belgorod]], [[Russia]] (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024152249/http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/city/index/\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]],\n        Italy (1966)\\n*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic\n        (2005){{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825100926/http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archivedate=25\n        August 2009|title=Brno \\u2013 Partnersk\\u00e1 m\\u011bsta|publisher=\\u00a9\n        2006\\u20132009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=17\n        July 2009}}\\n*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Cetinje]], Montenegro (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/chornogorske-misto-tsetinye-stalo-partnerom-harkova-7507.html\n        \\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States (1989)[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812023826/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/usa/ua/1608.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0428\\u0410] {{uk icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/|title=OKI\n        Sister City Coalition}}\\n*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Daugavpils]], Latvia (2006)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015194903/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/latvia/ua/26040.htm\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|TUR}}\n        [[Gaziantep]], Turkey (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/harkiv-i-gaziantep-mista-pobratimi-7505.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\n        - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jinan]], China (2004)\\n*{{flagicon|LTU}}\n        [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008174029/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/lithuania/ua/publication/content/41348.htm\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Kutaisi]], Georgia (2005){{cite web|url=http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |title=Kutaisi City - International Relations - Sister Cities |publisher=Kutaisi\n        City Local Government |date=4 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003215934/http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |archivedate= 3 October 2011 |df= }}\\n*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], France\n        (1978)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234404/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/france/fr/publication/content/10806.htm\n        Partenariat et amiti\\u00e9 existants\\u0435ntre villes et r\\u00e9gions de France\n        et d\\u2018Ukraine] {{fr icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]],\n        Slovenia (2012)[http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx?id=1162\n        Mestna ob\\u010dina Maribor] {{sl icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]],\n        Russia (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia\n        (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1990)[https://web.archive.org/web/20061230212248/http://www.kiew.diplo.de/Vertretung/kiew/uk/06/Staedtepartnerschaften/Liste.html\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland (1998){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234642/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archivedate=8\n        October 2012 |title=\\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0449\\u0456 |publisher=Mfa.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=15\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |title=Pozna\\u0144 - Miasta partnerskie |accessdate=11 December 2013 |work=1998\\u20132013\n        Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania |publisher=City of Pozna\\u0144 |language=Polish\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062530/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl|title=Pozna\\u0144\n        Official Website \\u2013 Twin Towns|accessdate=29 November 2008|publisher=\\u00a9\n        1998\\u20132008 Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania|language=Polish}}''''\\n*{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel (2008)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint\n        Petersburg]], Russia (2003)[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216184933/http://gov.spb.ru/day/inter\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0438 || \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b \\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442-\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430]\n        {{ru icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tianjin]], China (1993)\\n*{{flagicon|BUL}}\n        [[Varna]], Bulgaria (1995)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008044032/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/bulgaria/ua/publication/content/38988.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f] {{uk icon}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183506/http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archivedate=28\n        September 2011 |title=\\u0410\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0456\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u044e\n        |publisher=Kmv.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=20 April 2012}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Warsaw]], Poland (2011)[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328121853/http://news.dt.ua/SOCIETY/harkiv_i_varshava_stali_mistami-pobratimami-74667.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Sulaymaniyah]], Iraqi Kurdistan (2015)\\n\\n==Nobel\n        and Fields prize winners==\\n\\n*[[Lev Landau]] \\u2013 (originally from Baku)\n        a head of the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], a head of the department of experimental physics\n        and a lecturer at the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv State\n        University]], a head of the department of theoretical physics at the at [[Kharkiv\n        Polytechnic Institute]] 1932\\u201337, Nobel Prize for Physics 1962\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] (economics)\\n*[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov|Ilya Mechnikov]] (medicine)\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Drinfeld]] (mathematics)\\n\\n==Notable people==\\nThe following people have\n        been born or have lived in Kharkiv:\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n*[[Boris Amromin]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli ice hockey player\\n*[[Nikolai P. Barabashov]] \\u2014 astronomer,\n        co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the moon\\n*[[Pavel Batitsky]]\n        \\u2014 executed [[Lavrentiy Beria]] after Khrushchevs'' coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        in 1953, and commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Defense Forces from 1966\n        to 1978\\n*[[Vladimir Bobri]] \\u2014 illustrator, author, composer, educator\n        and guitar historian\\n*[[Inna Bohoslovska]] \\u2014 lawyer, politician and\n        leader of the Ukrainian public organization [[Viche]]\\n*[[Sergei Bortkiewicz]]\n        \\u2014 Russian [[Romantic music|Romantic]] [[composer]] and [[pianist]]\\n*[[Maria\n        Burmaka]] \\u2013 Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter\\n*[[Leonid Buryak]]\n        - football coach and former Olympic bronze-medal-winning player\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bykov]] \\u2013 Soviet actor, film director, and script writer\\n*[[Adolphe\n        Mouron Cassandre]] \\u2014 Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist,\n        and [[typeface]] designer\\n*[[Valentina Chepiga]] \\u2013 [[Female bodybuilding|female\n        bodybuilder]] and 2000 [[Ms. Olympia]] champion\\n*[[Juliya Chernetsky]] (Mistress\n        Juliya) \\u2014 television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the\n        United States\\n*[[Olga Danilov]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic speed skater\\n* [[Alexander\n        Davidovich (wrestler)|Alexander Davidovich]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic wrestler\\n*[[Andrey\n        Denisov]] \\u2014 Russian diplomat\\n*[[Vladimir Drinfeld]] \\u2014 mathematician,\n        awarded Fields Medal in 1990\\n*[[Isaak Dunayevsky]] \\u2014 Soviet composer\n        and conductor\\n*[[Konstanty Gorski]] \\u2014 Polish composer, violist, organist,\n        and music teacher\\n*[[Valentina Grizodubova]] \\u2014 One of the first female\n        pilots in the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lyudmila Gurchenko]] (Hurchenko) \\u2013 Soviet\n        and Russian actress, singer and entertainer\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft\n        designer)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014 (originally from Rubanshchina) Soviet\n        aircraft designer, a partner (with [[Artem Mikoyan]]) of the [[MiG]] military\n        aviation bureau\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (chess player)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] chess player\\n*[[Diana Harkusha]] \\u2014 Miss Ukraine\n        Universe 2014 and [[Miss Universe 2014]]''s 2nd Runner-up\\n*[[Leonid Haydamaka]]\n        \\u2014 [[bandurist]], conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk\n        instruments\\n*[[Maksym Kalynychenko]] \\u2013 Ukrainian [[football (soccer)|football]]\n        player\\n*[[Vasily Karazin]] \\u2014 founder of Kharkiv University, which now\n        bears his name\\n*[[Hnat Khotkevych]] \\u2014 Ukrainian writer, ethnographer,\n        composer, bandurist\\n*[[Mikhail Koshkin]] \\u2014 (originally from Brynchagi),\n        chief designer of Soviet tank [[T-34]]\\n*[[Olga Krasko]] \\u2014 Russian actress\\n*[[Mykola\n        Kulish]] \\u2014 Ukrainian playwright\\n*[[Les Kurbas]] \\u2014 Ukrainian dramatist\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] \\u2014 [[Russian American]] [[economist]]\\n*[[Alexander Voevodin]]\n        \\u2014 biomedical scientist and educator\\n{{col-break}}\\n*[[Evgeny Lifshitz]]\n        \\u2014 Soviet [[physicist]]\\n*[[Eduard Limonov]] \\u2014 writer, poet and controversial\n        politician\\n*[[Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy]] \\u2014 lead developer of Soviet Shuttle\n        [[Buran program]]\\n*[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]] \\u2014 Russian mathematician, mechanician\n        and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory\\n*[[Boris Mikhailov (photographer)|Boris\n        Mikhailov]] \\u2014 photographer / artist\\n*[[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] \\u2014 Ukrainian\n        political leader and activist\\n*[[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] \\u2014\n        fantasy and science fiction writer\\n*[[Henry Lion Oldie]] (Dmitry Gromov and\n        Oleg Ladyzhensky) \\u2014 science fiction and fantasy writers\\n*[[Igor Olshanetskyi]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli Olympic weightlifter\\n*[[Justine Pasek]] \\u2014 [[Miss Universe\n        2002]]\\n*[[Valerian Pidmohylny]] \\u2014 Ukrainian poet\\n*[[Irina Press]] \\u2014\n        athlete who won two Olympic [[gold medal]]s\\n*[[Tamara Press]] \\u2014 Soviet\n        [[shot put]]ter and [[discus throw]]er\\n*[[Olga Rapay-Markish]] \\u2014 [[Ceramics|ceramicist]]\\n*[[Igor\n        Rybak]] \\u2014 Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter\\n*[[Eugen Schauman]]\n        \\u2013 Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general [[Nikolay Ivanovich\n        Bobrikov]] in 1904\\n*[[Alexander Shchetynsky]] \\u2014 composer\\n*[[George\n        Shevelov]] \\u2013 Ukrainian and Slavic linguist, philologist, essayist, literary\n        historian, and literary critic\\n*[[Elena Sheynina]] \\u2014 children''s author\\n*[[Klavdiya\n        Shulzhenko]] \\u2014 singer of the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lev Shubnikov]] \\u2014\n        Soviet experimental [[physicist]] who worked in the Netherlands and USSR\\n*[[Alexander\n        Siloti]] \\u2014 Russian pianist, [[Conducting|conductor]] and [[composer]]\\n*[[Hryhorii\n        Skovoroda]] \\u2013 poet, philosopher and composer\\n*[[Karina Smirnoff]] \\u2013\n        professional world champion dancer, starring on ''''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''''\\n*[[Jura\n        Soyfer]] \\u2014 Austrian political journalist and [[cabaret]] writer\\n*[[Otto\n        Struve]] \\u2014 Russian-American [[astronomer]]\\n*[[Serafina Schachova]] \\u2013\n        [[Nephrologist]]\\n*[[Sergei Sviatchenko]] \\u2013 artist\\n*[[Mark Taimanov]]\n        \\u2014 chess player and [[concert]] pianist\\n*[[Ievgeniia Tetelbaum]] \\u2014\n        Israeli Olympic synchronized swimmer\\n*[[Nikolai Tikhonov]] \\u2014 [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union]]\\n*[[Yevgeniy Timoshenko]] \\u2014 professional poker\n        player\\n*[[Anna Tsybuleva]] \\u2014 pianist, winner of the [[Leeds International\n        Piano Competition]]\\n*[[Anna Ushenina]] \\u2014 women''s world chess champion\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Vasyutin]] \\u2014 Soviet [[cosmonaut]] of Ukrainian descent\\n*[[Yury Vengerovsky]]\n        \\u2014 Olympic gold medal winning volleyball player\\n*[[Vitali Vitaliev]]\n        - journalist and author\\n*[[Igor Vovchanchyn]] \\u2013 Mixed martial artist\\n*[[Vasyl\n        Yermylov]] \\u2013 painter and [[design]]er\\n*[[Serhiy Zhadan]] \\u2014 poet,\n        novelist, and translator\\n*[[Oleksandr Zhdanov]] - professional Ukrainian-Israeli\n        football defender\\n*[[Irina Zhurina]] \\u2013 opera singer, [[People''s Artist\n        of Russia]]\\n*[[Alexander Zorich]] (Dmitry Gordevsky and Yana Botsman), science\n        fiction writers.\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==Transport==\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e - \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Pushkinska\n        (Kharkiv Metro)|Pushkinska station]] of [[Kharkiv Metro]]]]\\n[[File:Kh Rail.JPG|thumb|150px|Kharkiv\n        Railway Station Main Entrance, August 2011]]\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c21.jpg|thumb|150px|Historical\n        building of [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv Airport]]]]\\nThe city\n        of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centers in Ukraine, which\n        is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic.\n        The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis,\n        railways, and air traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city.{{cite\n        web|author=Andrew Rybka |url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/news/6542/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439.\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438. \\u041e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c. \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0435\\u0436\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445.\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Gortransport.kharkov.ua |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\n===Local\n        transport===\\nBeing an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different\n        means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. [[Kharkiv Metro|Kharkiv''s\n        Metro]] is the city''s rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes\n        three different lines with 30 stations in total.{{cite web|url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/subway/index.html\n        |title=Metro. Basic facts|accessdate=1 March 2011 |work=City transportation\n        Kharkiv |language=Ukrainian}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/364779.html\n        Poroshenko opens new subway station in Kharkiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19\n        August 2016) The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers\n        annually. {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Trolleybuses, trams (which\n        celebrated its 100 years of service in 2006), and ''''[[marshrutka]]s''''\n        (private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.\\n\\n===Railways===\\nThe\n        first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to\n        arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869,\n        traffic was opened on the Kursk\\u2013Kharkiv\\u2013Azov line. Kharkiv''s passenger\n        railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed\n        in the [[Second World War]]. A new [[Kharkiv railway station]] was built in\n        1952.{{cite web|url=http://uz.gov.ua/en/euro2012/stations/|publisher=uz.gov.ua|title=Railway\n        Stations :: Euro-2012 :: \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine\n        and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as [[elektrichka]]s\n        connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.\\n\\n===Air===\\nKharkiv is served\n        by [[Kharkiv International Airport]] has been granted international status.\n        Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv\n        Airport \\u2014 Aeromost-Kharkiv \\u2014 is not serving any regular destinations\n        {{As of|2007|lc=y}}. 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Arts Museum, Kharkiv\\nFile:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks (sketch,\n        1893, Kharkiv).jpg|Ilya Repin''s [[Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks]] painting\n        stored at the Kharkiv Art Museum\\nFile:\\u0426\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u044f \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0430.JPG|[[Park of\n        Maxim Gorky]]\\nFile:\\u0421\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430.JPG|Family entertainment area of the [[Park of Maxim\n        Gorky|Park]]\\nFile:\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f \\u041f\\u0430\\u043c\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\n        \\u043c\\u044f\\u0447\\u0443.jpg|Soccer ball monument\\nFile:Drobitskiy_menora.jpg|[[Drobytsky\n        Yar|Drobitskiy Menora]]\\nFile:Kharkiv_zoo.jpg|Lord [[Ganesha]] in Kharkiv\n        Zoo\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439.JPG|Dolphinarium\n        in Kharkiv\\n\\n\\n==Footnotes==\\n{{Notelist|2}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em|refs=\\n{{cite news |url= https://navalny.com/p/3836/ |script-title=ru:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0424\\u0411\\u041a \\u043f\\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c.\n        \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0430, \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f,\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f |language= Russian\n        |trans_title= Survey of Kharkov and Odessa Oblasts |first= Alexei |last= Navalny\n        |publisher= navalny.com |date= 23 September 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140923121221/https://navalny.com/p/3836/\n        |archivedate= 23 September 2014 |deadurl= no }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html\n        |script-title=uk:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 3% \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0457\\u0445 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region\n        to become part of Russia |work= [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |date= 3 January 2015\n        }}\\n}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{See also|Timeline of Kharkiv#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography\n        of the history of Kharkiv}}\\n\\n==External 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[http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economics/1480141-kurchenko_to_finance_kharkivs_preparations_for_eurobasket_2015_301524.html\n        FC Metalist President Kurchenko to invest in Kharkiv\\u2019s preparations for\n        EuroBasket 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 April 2013)\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[People''s Deputy of Ukraine|MPs]]:\\n|leader_name2 = [[Oleksandr Feldman]]\n        
Anatoliy Denisenko
 Volodymyr Mysyk
 [[Vitaliy Khomutynnik]] [[Dmytro Svyatash]]
 Oleksandr Kirsch ([[People''s Front (Ukraine)|PF]]) Valery Pisarenko\\n|established_title     = Founded\\n|established_date      =\n        1654[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123906 What Makes\n        Kharkiv Ukrainian], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (23 November 2014)\\n|established_title2    =\\n|established_date2     =\n        \\n|parts_type        = [[#Government and administrative divisions|Districts]]\\n|parts_style       =\n        \\n|parts             =\n        List of 9\\n|p1                = Shevchenkivskyi Raion\\n|p2                =\n        Novobavarskyi Raion\\n|p3                = Kyivskyi Raion\\n|p4                =\n        Slobidskyi Raion\\n|p5                = Holodnohirskyi Raion\\n|p6                =\n        Moskovskyi Raion\\n|p7                = Nemyshlianskyi Raion\\n|p8                =\n        Industrialnyi Raion\\n|p9                = Osnovianskyi Raion\\n|area_total_km2         =\n        350\\n|population_as_of       = 2014\\n|population_total       = 1,439,036 {{decrease}}\\n|population_metro       =\n        1,732,400\\n|population_density_km2 = 4500\\n|timezone               = EET\\n|utc_offset             =\n        +2\\n|timezone_DST           = EEST\\n|utc_offset_DST         = +3\\n|coordinates            =\n        {{coord|50|0|16|N|36|13|53|E|type:city_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|elevation_m            =\n        152\\n|population_demonym     = Kharkivite[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1998/099820.shtml\n        Ukraine''s second Winter Olympics: one medal, some good performances], [[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]] (1 March 1998)\\n|postal_code_type       = Postal\n        code\\n|postal_code            = 61001\\u201461499\\n|blank_name             =\n        [[Licence plate]]\\n|blank_info             = \\u0425\\u0410, 21 (old)\\n|blank1_name            =\n        [[Town twinning|Sister cities]]\\n|blank1_info            = [[Belgorod]],\n        [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]],\n        [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Pozna\\u0144]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]],\n        [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]\\n|website                =\n        {{URL|city.kharkov.ua/en/}}\\n|footnotes              =\\n}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|City\n        of Kharkiv State of Ukraine Recorded by Viktor O Ledenyov.ogg|2016-01-07}}\\n''''''Kharkiv''''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432}}, {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8x\\u0251rkiu\\u032f|pron}}{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine\n        |title= Kharkiv on Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica - current edition |publisher=\n        Britannica.com |date= |accessdate= 20 April 2012}}, Russian: \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        Kharkov) is the second-largest city in [[Ukraine]].[http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/23/kharkiv-never-had-eastern-western-conflicts/\n        Kharkiv \\\"never had eastern-western conflicts\\\"], ''''[[Euronews]]'''' (23\n        October 2014) In the northeast of the country, it is the largest city\n        of the [[Sloboda Ukraine|Slobozhanshchyna]] historical region. Kharkiv is\n        the [[administrative centre]] of [[Kharkiv Oblast]] and of the surrounding\n        [[Kharkiv Raion]], though administratively it is incorporated as a [[city\n        of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and does\n        not belong to the raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2017|1, 439,036}}\\n\\nThe\n        city was founded in 1654 and after a humble beginning as a small fortress\n        grew to be a major centre of Ukrainian industry, trade and culture in the\n        [[Russian Empire]].\\n\\nKharkiv was the first capital of the [[Ukrainian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]], from December 1919 to January 1934, after which the\n        capital relocated to [[Kiev]].{{cite book|first=George|last=Liber|title=Soviet\n        Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR,\n        1923-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&pg=PA160|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press}}\\n\\nPresently, Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific,\n        educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 6 museums, 7\n        theatres and 80 libraries.\\n\\nIts industry specializes primarily in [[machinery]]\n        and in [[electronics]]. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the\n        city, including the [[Morozov Design Bureau]] and the [[Malyshev Tank Factory]]\n        (leaders in world [[tank]] production from the 1930s to the 1980s); [[Khartron]]\n        ([[aerospace]] and [[nuclear power plant]]s automation [[electronics]]); the\n        [[Turboatom]] ([[turbine]]s for the hydro-, thermal- and nuclear-power plants),\n        and [[Antonov]] (the multipurpose aircraft manufacturing plant).\\n\\n==Name==\\nSome\n        sources indicate that the city may have been named after the Hunnic name for\n        ''swan'': ''''kharka''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.rtm.ua/en/aboutcompany/rtminukrainemap/kharkivregion|title=Etymology\n        of the name Kharkiv|work=rtm.ua|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{Better\n        source|reason=Russian and Ukrainian Wikipedia cite more than 15 theories,\n        and this one doesn''t feature. The source is an advertising company.|date=May\n        2015}} Other sources offer that the city was named after its near-legendary\n        founder, ''''Kharko'''' (a [[diminutive]] form of the name [[Chariton (name)|Chariton]],\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d}},\n        or [[Zechariah (given name)|Zechariah]], {{lang-uk|\\u0417\\u0430\\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439}}).{{cite web|url=https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F._1798.pdf/175|publisher=uk.wikisource.org|title=\\u0421\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        \\u0415\\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u044a \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0457\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f.\n        1798.pdf/175 \\u2014 \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{see also|Timeline of Kharkiv}}\\n[[File:Charkow.jpg|thumb|150px|19th-century\n        view of Kharkiv, with the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]]\n        belltower dominating the skyline.]]\\n[[File:Sumskayaa street,Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sumska\n        Street]] is the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv]]\\nCultural artifacts date back\n        to the [[Bronze Age]], as well as those of later [[Scythians|Scythian]] and\n        [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] settlers. There is also evidence that the [[Chernyakhov\n        culture]] flourished in the area from the second to the sixth centuries. {{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2017}}\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nThe city was founded by re-settlers\n        who were running away from the war that engulfed [[Right-bank Ukraine]] in\n        1654 (see [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]]). The years before\n        the region was a sparsely populated part of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]].{{cite book|author=Roman Solchanyk|title=Ukraine and\n        Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNvTSDQXFXgC&pg=PA6|accessdate=31\n        March 2015|date=January 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1018-0|page=6}}\n        The group of people came onto the banks of [[Lopan River|Lopan]] and [[Kharkiv\n        River|Kharkiv]] rivers where an abandoned settlement stood.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/06/9/88316/ \\u0416\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432. \\u041d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c-\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\n        (Living Kharkiv. Nightly excursion through the host-city)] [[Ukrayinska Pravda]].\n        June 9, 2012 According to archive documents, the leader of the re-settlers\n        was [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk.\\n\\nAt first the settlement\n        was self-governed under the jurisdiction of a [[voivode]] from [[Chuhuiv]]\n        that is {{convert|40|km|mi}} to the east. The\n        first appointed voivode from [[Moscow]] was Voyin Selifontov in 1656 who started\n        to build a local [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] (fort).\n        At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were\n        local cossacks, while Selifontov brought along a Moscow garrison of another\n        70 servicemen. The first Kharkiv voivode was\n        replaced in two years after constantly complaining that locals refused to\n        cooperate in building the fort. Kharkiv also\n        became the centre of the local Sloboda cossack regiment as the area surrounding\n        the [[Belgorod]] fortress was being heavily militarized. With the resettlement\n        of the area by Ukrainians it came to be known as [[Sloboda Ukraine]], most\n        of which was included under the jurisdiction of the Razryad [[Prikaz]] (Military\n        Appointment) headed by a [[okolnichy|district official]] from [[Belgorod]].\n        By 1657 the Kharkiv settlement had a fortress\n        with underground passageways.\\n\\nIn 1658 Ivan Ofrosimov was appointed as the\n        new voivode, who worked on forcing locals to kiss the cross to show loyalty\n        to the Moscow tsar. The locals led by their\n        [[otaman]] Ivan Kryvoshlyk refused. However,\n        with the election of the new otaman Tymish Lavrynov the community (hromada)\n        sent a request to the tsar to establish a local Assumption market, signed\n        by [[Dean (Christianity)|deans]] of Kharkiv churches (the [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity). Relationships with the neighboring [[Chuhuiv]] sometimes\n        were non-friendly and often their arguments were pacified by force.\n        With the appointment of the third voivode Vasiliy Sukhotin was completely\n        finished the construction of the city fort.\\n\\nMeanwhile,\n        Kharkiv had become the centre of [[Sloboda Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Kharkiv\n        Fortress===\\n[[File:(29) ST ASSUMPTION ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL IN CITY OF KHARKIV\n        STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View\n        of [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkov|Holy Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] in\n        Kharkiv]]\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432. \\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0438 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c.jpg|thumb|150px|Intercession Cathedral with bell tower\n        and Ozeryanskaya church (right) built in Kharkiv in 1689]]\\n[[File:(30) VIEW\n        ON PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE OVER KHARKIV RIVER IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE\n        PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV 20160616.jpg|thumb|150px|View of modern pedestrian\n        bridge over Kharkiv River in Kharkiv]]\\nThe Kharkiv Fortress was erected around\n        the [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] and its castle\n        was at [[University Hill, Kharkiv|University Hill]].\n        It was between today''s streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution\n        Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent. The fortress had 10 towers: Chuhuivska Tower, Moskovska\n        Tower, Vestovska Tower, Tainytska Tower, Lopanska Corner Tower, Kharkivska\n        Corner Tower and others. The tallest was Vestovska,\n        some {{convert|16|m|ft}} tall, while the shortest\n        one was Tainytska which had a secret well {{convert|35|m|ft}} deep.\n        The fortress had the Lopanski Gates.\\n\\nIn 1689\n        the fortress was expanded and included the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral and Monastery\n        which was baptized and became the center of\n        local eparchy. Coincidentally in the same year in the vicinity of Kharkiv\n        in [[Kolomak]], [[Ivan Mazepa]] was announced the [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]. Next to the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral\n        was located the Kharkiv Collegiate that was transferred from [[Belgorod]]\n        to Kharkiv in 1726.\\n\\n===In the Russian Empire===\\nIn\n        the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708\\u20131710|administrative\n        reform]] carried out in 1708 by [[Peter the Great]], the area was included\n        into [[Kiev Governorate]]. Kharkiv is specifically mentioned as one of the\n        towns making a part of the governorate.{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/|script-title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\n        \\u043e\\u0431 \\u0443\\u0447\\u0440\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0438 \\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043a \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432, 1708\n        \\u0433., \\u0434\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f 18 |trans-title=Decree\n        on the establishment of Provinces and cities assigned to them, December 18,\n        1708|language=ru|website=constitution.garant.ru|accessdate=31 March 2015}}\n        In 1727, [[Belgorod Governorate]] was split off, and Kharkiv moved to Belgoro\n        Governorate. It was the center of a separate administrative unit, [[Kharkiv\n        Sloboda Cossack regiment]]. The regiment at some point was detached from Belgorod\n        Governorate, then attached to it again, until in 1765, [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        was established with the seat in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525173851/http://arsvo.ru/arkhivnaya-sluzhba/istoriya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-voronezhskogo-kraya-2-voronezhs|archivedate=25\n        May 2013|script-title=ru:\\u0418\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u044f. 2. \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|trans-title=History of the\n        Administrative-Territorial Division of the Voronezh Region. 2. Voronezh Province.|publisher=Archive\n        service of Voronezh Oblast|language=Russian|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n\\n[[Kharkiv\n        University]] was established in 1805 in the Palace of [[Governorate-General]].\\n[[Aleksander Mickiewicz|Alexander Mikolajewicz\n        Mickiewicz]], brother of [[Adam Mickiewicz]] was a professor of law in the\n        university, another celebrity [[Goethe]] searched for instructors for the\n        school. In 1906 [[Ivan Franko]] received a doctorate\n        in Russian linguistics here.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2011/08/23/53238/|script-title=uk:\\u0423\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0448\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443|trans-title=A\n        memorial plaque to Ivan Franko was unveiled in Kharkiv|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=23\n        August 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe streets were first cobbled\n        in the city centre in 1830.{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/01/24/17847/|script-title=uk:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0456 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438 XIX-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044f|trans-title=Kharkiv and Kharkiv\n        denizens in 19th century photos|language=uk|publisher=Istpravda.com.ua|date=24\n        January 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}} In 1844 the {{convert|90|m|ft}}\n        tall Alexander Bell Tower was built next to the first Assumption Cathedral,\n        which on November 16, 1924 was transformed into a [[radio tower]].\n        A system of running water was established in 1870. The Cathedral Descent at\n        one time carried the name of another local trader Vasyl Ivanovych Pashchenko-Tryapkin\n        as Pashchenko Descent. Pashchenko even leased\n        a space to the city council (duma) and was the owner of the city \\\"Old Passage\\\",\n        the city''s biggest trade center. After his\n        death in 1894 Pashchenko donated all his possessions to the city.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1812, the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}} One of the first [[Prosvita]]s in Eastern Ukraine was also established\n        in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established\n        there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by\n        the lawyer [[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] in 1900.\\n\\nSoon after the [[Crimean War]],\n        in 1860\\u201361 number of [[hromada (secret society)|hromada]] societies sprung\n        up across the Ukrainian cities including Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHromadas.htm|title=Hromadas|publisher=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]|accessdate=14 January 2016}} Among the most prominent hromada\n        members in Kharkiv was [[Alexander Potebnja|Oleksandr Potebnia]], a native\n        of [[Sloboda Ukraine]]. Beside the old hromada, in Kharkiv\n        also existed several student hromadas members of which were future political\n        leaders of Ukraine such as [[Borys Martos]], [[Dmytro Antonovych]] and many\n        others. One of the [[University of Kharkiv]] graduates\n        [[Oleksandr Kovalenko (soldier)|Oleksandr Kovalenko]] was one of initiators\n        of the mutiny on [[Russian battleship Potemkin]] being the only officer who\n        supported the in-rank sailors.\\n\\n===Soviet period===\\n[[File:(42) DERZHPROM\n        BUILDING IN CITY OF KHARKIV STATE OF UKRAINE PHOTOGRAPH BY VIKTOR O LEDENYOV\n        20160621.jpg|thumb|150px| View of renovated [[Derzhprom]] building]]\\n[[File:Piatykhatky.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial\n        to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the [[NKVD]] in 1937\\u201338]]\\nWhen\n        the [[Tsentralna Rada]] announced the establishment of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]] in November 1917 it envisioned the [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]]\n        to be part of it. In December 1917 Kharkiv became the\n        first city in Ukraine occupied by the [[Soviet power|Soviet]] [[Group of forces\n        in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|troops]] of [[Vladimir\n        Antonov-Ovseyenko]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA713&dq=kharkiv+antonov+1917&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-8a2jl9LJAhVEeA8KHfjwDuY4ChDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=kharkiv%20antonov%201917&f=false\n        Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe)] by [[Ivan\n        Katchanovski]], [[Scarecrow Press]] (Publication date: July 11, 2013), {{ISBN|0810878453}}\n        (page 713) The [[Bolsheviks]] in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv\n        shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13\n        December 1917.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLpivm5lDsC&pg=PA7&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=7N6JVOz0OIbyUr22g-AP&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917\\u20131934]. Durham and London:\n        Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-1099-6}} (page 7) By February 1918\n        Bolshevik forces had [[Russian Civil War|captured much of Ukraine]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1195&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv+soviet+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ouGJVNi7D4Ou7gbjr4HoBA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv%20soviet%20Ukraine&f=false\n        World War I: A Student Encyclopedia]. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 1195. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-879-8}}\n        In February 1918 Kharkiv became the capital of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet\n        Republic]]; but this entity was disbanded six weeks later.[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/22/ukraine-phony-war/\n        Ukraine: The Phony War?], [[The New York Review of Books]] (27 April 2014)\n        In April 1918 the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]] occupied Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYbw25xe-FwC&pg=PP121&dq=Central+Rada+Kharkiv+German&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=NcuIVKDcCMfkarOKgiA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Central%20Rada%20Kharkiv%20German&f=false\n        Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution]. PublicAffairs.\n        {{ISBN|1-61039-140-3}}. And according to the February 1918 [[Treaty\n        of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine\\u2013Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] between\n        the Ukrainian People''s Republic and the [[Central Powers]] it became part\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pt03BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205&dq=Kharkiv+German+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=s86IVIMtlNhqvIGB6AQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%201918&f=false\n        Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. 98) (Volume 98)], [[Ibidem\n        Verlag]], 2010, {{ISBN|383820042X}} (page 24) Early January 1919 Bolshevik\n        forces captured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT338&dq=Kharkiv+German+November+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=N9KIVOT5MYfvapr4gagG&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%20November%201918&f=false\n        Ukraine: A History 4th Edition] by [[Orest Subtelny]], [[University of Toronto\n        Press]], 2009, {{ISBN|1442609915}} Mid-June 1919 [[Anton Denikin]]''s\n        [[White movement]] [[Volunteer Army]] captured the city.[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA97&dq=Denikin+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=t9OIVOfkBtPSaKnwgtgL&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression], [[Harvard University\n        Press]], 858 pages, {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}, page 97 In December 1919\n        the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] recaptured Kharkiv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1h0_iMrE4C&pg=PA101&dq=Denikin+December+1919+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ytWIVKrdMYOBUcnFg9AF&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20December%201919%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War]. [[Scarecrow Press Inc]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6841-0}}\n        (page 101)\\n\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Bolshevik]]s\n        established Kharkiv as the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition\n        to the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] with its capital of [[Kiev]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/01/25/69897/ |title=\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u0456 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 (\\u0437 \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438\n        1917\\u201318 \\u0440\\u0440.) (Donbas and Ukraine. (From articles and declarations\n        of Mykola Skrypnyk)) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July\n        2012}}\\n[[File:Pamiatnyk.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Monument to the [[persecuted\n        bandurists|persecuted kobzars]] in Kharkiv]]\\nAccording to linguist [[George\n        Shevelov]], in the early 1920s the share of [[secondary schools]] teaching\n        in the [[Ukrainian language]] was lower than the share of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]]s\n        ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] population,[http://balticworlds.com/games-from-the-past/\n        Games from the Past: The continuity and change of the identity dynamic in\n        Donbas from a historical perspective ], [[S\\u00f6dert\\u00f6rn University]]\n        (May 19, 2014) even though the [[Soviet Union]] had ordered that all\n        schools in the [[Ukrainian SSR]] should be Ukrainian speaking (as part of\n        its [[Ukrainization]] policy).[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by [[Lenore Grenoble]], [[Springer Science+Business\n        Media]], 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-1298-3}} (page 84)\\n\\nAs the country''s\n        capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings\n        to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration.\n        [[Derzhprom]] was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in\n        the Soviet Union at the time with a height of {{convert|63|m|ft}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html |title=Derzhprom statistics\n        |publisher=Kharkov.ua |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}} In the 1920s,\n        a {{convert|150|m|ft}} wooden radio tower was built on top of the building.\n        The Roentgen Institute was established in 1931.{{cite news|last1=Khwaja|first1=Barbara|title=Health Reform\n        in Revolutionary Russia|url=https://www.sochealth.co.uk/2017/05/26/health-reform-revolutionary-russia/|accessdate=26\n        May 2017|publisher=Socialist Health Association|date=26 May 2017}} During\n        the interwar period the city saw the spread of architectural [[Constructivism\n        (art)|constructivism]]. One of the best representatives\n        of it was the already mentioned Derzhprom, the Building of the Red Army, the\n        Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council\n        building, with its massive asymmetric tower, the central department store\n        that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. The same year on November 7, 1932 the building of\n        Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of [[Central Executive\n        Committee of Ukraine|All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2012/04/28/82906/#10 |title=Picture\n        of the building in the Vsesvit magazine |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date=2012-04-30\n        |accessdate=21 July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2010/11/7/3319/#13\n        |title=Photos of the newspaper \\\"Proletarian\\\" for 1932-33 |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua\n        |date= |accessdate=21 July 2012}}\\n\\nIn 1928, the SVU ([[Union for the\n        Freedom of Ukraine process|Union for the Freedom of Ukraine]]) process was\n        initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia)\n        building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.\\n\\nIn\n        the early 1930s, the [[Holodomor]] famine drove many people off the land into\n        the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died\n        and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the\n        city.\\n[[File:Kharkiv-Katyn2.jpg|thumb|150px|Memorial to the thousands of\n        Polish officers executed by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the [[Katyn massacre|Katyn]]\n        massacre]]\\nIn 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and\n        cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all\n        vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938.\n        Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered\n        by the NKVD.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CFqB2_OX_oQC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Stalin+Ukrainian+minstrels+Kharkiv&source=bl&ots=Ry-gE1y5zI&sig=_0anaLEThATAiaaa4OwwPp7Wh9w&hl=nl&ei=TVr0SsOxNs3G4QaD8b3pAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Stalin%20Ukrainian%20minstrels%20Kharkiv&f=false\n        Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing] by Natalie Kononenko, M.E.\n        Sharp, {{ISBN|0-7656-0144-3}}/{{ISBN|978-0-7656-0144-5}}, page 116\\nIn\n        January 1934 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.\\n\\nDuring April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish\n        prisoners of [[Starobelsk]] camp were executed in the Kharkiv [[NKVD]] building,\n        later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in [[Piatykhatky,\n        Kharkiv|Pyatykhatky]] forest (part of the [[Katyn massacre]]) on the outskirts\n        of Kharkiv.[[Benjamin B. Fischer|Fischer, Benjamin B.]],\n        \\\"[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816221054/http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html\n        The Katyn Controversy: Stalin''s Killing Field]\\\", ''''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'''',\n        Winter 1999\\u20132000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005 The site\n        also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested\n        and shot in the 1937\\u201338 Stalinist purges.\\n\\n===German occupation===\\n[[File:23\n        August Lane Kharkov.JPG|thumb|150px|Memorial to 23 August 1943, the end of\n        German occupation during World War II]]\\nDuring [[World War II]], Kharkiv\n        was the site of several military engagements (see below). The city was captured\n        and recaptured by [[Nazi Germany]] on 24 October 1941;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/2011/04/3/34315/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\\"\\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\\" \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0413\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e (Kharkiv at times of \\\"matured\n        childhood\\\" of Lyudmila Gurchenko) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=21\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.andersval.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6267&Itemid=190\n        |title=Kharkiv through the eyes of Lyudmila Gurchenko |publisher=Andersval.nl\n        |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=15 July 2012}} there was a disastrous [[Red\n        Army]] offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;The Red\n        Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties\n        (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924\n        guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., ''''Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military\n        disaster through Soviet eyes'''', pub Ian Allan, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7110-2562-2}}\n        page 218.per [[Robert M. Citino]], author of \\\"Death of the Wehrmacht\\\",\n        and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14\n        May 1942 by Soviet forces under [[Semyon Timoshenko|Marshal Timoshenko]] before\n        being driven back by German forces under Field Marshal [[Fedor von Bock]],\n        p. 100 the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February\n        1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943 and then\n        finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed\n        and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. {{Citation needed|date=July\n        2016}}\\nKharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most\n        populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years\n        preceding World War II, [[Kiev]] was by population the smaller of the two.\\n\\nThe\n        significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv''s Jewish community prided\n        itself with the second largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during\n        the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried\n        in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named [[Drobytsky\n        Yar]].\\n\\nDuring [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], four battles\n        took place for control of the city:\\n* [[First Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Second\n        Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]\\n* [[Fourth Battle of Kharkov]]\n        (''''see also'''' [[Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev]])\\n\\nBefore the occupation,\n        Kharkiv''s [[Malyshev Factory|tank industries]] were evacuated to the [[Urals]]\n        with all their equipment, and became the heart of [[Red Army]]''s tank programs\n        (particularly, producing the [[T-34]] tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These\n        enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce tanks.\\n\\nOf\n        the population of 700,000 that Kharkiv had before the start of World War II,\n        120,000 became [[Ost-Arbeiter]] ([[slave]] worker) in Germany, 30,000 were\n        executed and 80,000 starved to death during the war.\\n\\n===Post-World\n        War II===\\nIn the post-World War II period many of the destroyed homes and\n        factories were rebuilt. From the [[constructivism (art)|constructivism]] the\n        city was planned to be rebuilt in the style of [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        Classicism]].\\n\\nAn airport was built in 1954.\n        Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre\n        in the former USSR (after Moscow and [[Leningrad]]).\\n\\n===In independent\n        Ukraine===\\n[[File:IMG 2428 zerk.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zerkal\\u02b9naya struya|Mirror\n        Stream]] fountain]]\\n\\nBy its territorial expansion on September 6, 2012 the\n        city increased its area from about {{convert|310|to|350|km2|abbr=out}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T125215.html |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0443 \\u0456 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432,\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0456 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 |publisher=Search.ligazakon.ua\n        |date=2012-09-18 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\nA well-known landmark\n        of Kharkiv is the [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]] (''''Ploshcha\n        Svobody'''' formerly known as ''''Dzerzhinsky Square''''), which is the sixth\n        largest city square in Europe, and the [[List of city squares by size|12th\n        largest square in the world]].\\n\\nThere is an underground [[Kharkiv Metro|rapid-transit\n        system]] (metro) with about {{convert|38.1|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of track and\n        29 stations. The new \\\"Victory\\\" underground station (no. 30) was opened\n        in Kharkiv on 19 August 2016. All the underground stations have very special\n        distinctive architectures.\\n\\nKharkiv was a host city for the [[UEFA Euro\n        2012]], and hosted three group soccer matches at the reconstructed [[Metalist\n        Stadium]].\\n\\nA large number of the Orthodox cathedrals were built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1990s and 2000s. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}For example, the\n        Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox cathedral, the St. Vladimir Orthodox cathedral,\n        St. Tamara Orthodox cathedral, etc.\\n\\nIn 2007, the Vietnamese minority in\n        Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with\n        a monument to [[Ho Chi Minh]].In\\u2191  \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\u00bb,21\n        December 2007.\\n\\nThe Gor''ky park was fully renovated in Kharkiv in\n        the 2000s, having a big number of modern attractions, a lake with lilies and\n        the sport facilities to play tennis, football, beach volleyball, and basketball.\\n\\nThe\n        Feldman park was created in Kharkiv in recent years, containing a big collection\n        of animals, horses, etc.\\n\\n==Geography==\\n[[File:Kharkiv, Ukraine, city and\n        vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Kharkiv\n        and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is located at the banks of the [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan]],\n        and [[Udy River|Udy]] rivers, where they flow into the [[Seversky Donets]]\n        watershed in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine.\\n\\nHistorically, Kharkiv\n        lies in the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region (''''Slobozhanshchyna'''' also known\n        as ''''Slobidshchyna'''') in Ukraine, in which it is considered as a main\n        city.\\n\\nThe approximate dimensions of City of Kharkiv are:\\nfrom the North\n        to the South - 24.3 km;\\nfrom the West to the East \\u2014 25.2 km.\\n\\nBased\n        on Kharkiv''s topography, the city can be conditionally divided on the four\n        lower districts and the four higher districts.\\n\\nThe highest point over the\n        sea level in Pyatikhatky in Kharkiv is 202m, the lowest point over the sea\n        level in Novoselivka in Kharkiv is 94m. {{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv\n        lies in the large valley of rivers of [[Kharkiv River|Kharkiv]], [[Lopan River|Lopan'']],\n        [[Udy River|Udy]], and Nemyshlya. This valley lies from the North West to\n        the South East between the Mid Russian highland and Donetsk lowland. All the\n        rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river of [[Seversky Donets|Northern\n        Donets]]. A special system of the concrete and metal dams was designed and\n        built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv. {{Citation\n        needed|date=March 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv has a large number of the green city parks\n        with the long history of more than 100 years with very old oak trees and many\n        flowers. {{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===Climate===\\nKharkiv''s\n        climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[K\\u00f6ppen\n        climate classification]] ''''Dfb'''') with cold and snowy winters as well\n        as the dry and hot summers.\\n\\nKharkiv has rather sunny warm summers which,\n        however, are relatively mild compared to temperatures in South European regions,\n        due to the region''s lower elevation, proximity to the Black Sea, and the\n        city''s [[latitude]]. In other words, Kharkiv experiences the warm summers,\n        interrupted by only occasional, brief intervals of stormy rain conditions.\n        {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}\\n\\nKharkiv has relatively long and cold\n        winters.\\n\\nThe average rainfall totals {{convert|513|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per\n        year, with the most in June and July.\\n\\n{{Weather box\\n|location=Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine (1981\\u22122010)\\n|metric first=yes\\n|single line=yes\\n| Jan record\n        high C = 11.0\\n| Feb record high C = 14.6\\n| Mar record high C = 21.8\\n| Apr\n        record high C = 30.5\\n| May record high C = 34.5\\n| Jun record high C = 36.8\\n|\n        Jul record high C = 37.6\\n| Aug record high C = 39.8\\n| Sep record high C\n        = 33.7\\n| Oct record high C = 29.3\\n| Nov record high C = 20.3\\n| Dec record\n        high C = 13.4\\n|year record high C = 39.8\\n| Jan high C = -2.2\\n| Feb high\n        C = -1.6\\n| Mar high C = 4.3\\n| Apr high C = 14.0\\n| May high C = 20.8\\n|\n        Jun high C = 24.3\\n| Jul high C = 26.4\\n| Aug high C = 25.7\\n| Sep high C\n        = 19.4\\n| Oct high C = 12.0\\n| Nov high C = 3.6\\n| Dec high C = -1.1\\n|year\n        high C = 12.1\\n| Jan mean C = -4.6\\n| Feb mean C = -4.5\\n| Mar mean C = 0.7\\n|\n        Apr mean C = 9.2\\n| May mean C = 15.6\\n| Jun mean C = 19.3\\n| Jul mean C =\n        21.3\\n| Aug mean C = 20.3\\n| Sep mean C = 14.4\\n| Oct mean C = 7.9\\n| Nov\n        mean C = 0.9\\n| Dec mean C = -3.5\\n|year mean C = 8.1\\n| Jan low C = -7.0\\n|\n        Feb low C = -7.3\\n| Mar low C = -2.4\\n| Apr low C = 4.6\\n| May low C = 10.3\\n|\n        Jun low C = 14.2\\n| Jul low C = 16.2\\n| Aug low C = 14.9\\n| Sep low C = 9.8\\n|\n        Oct low C = 4.3\\n| Nov low C = -1.5\\n| Dec low C = -5.9\\n|year low C = 4.2\\n|\n        Jan record low C = -35.6\\n| Feb record low C = -29.8\\n| Mar record low C =\n        -32.2\\n| Apr record low C = -11.4\\n| May record low C = -1.9\\n| Jun record\n        low C = 2.2\\n| Jul record low C = 5.7\\n| Aug record low C = 2.2\\n| Sep record\n        low C = -2.9\\n| Oct record low C = -9.1\\n| Nov record low C = -20.9\\n| Dec\n        record low C = -30.8\\n|year record low C = -35.6\\n|precipitation colour =\n        green\\n| Jan precipitation mm = 36\\n| Feb precipitation mm = 33\\n| Mar precipitation\n        mm = 33\\n| Apr precipitation mm = 34\\n| May precipitation mm = 50\\n| Jun precipitation\n        mm = 61\\n| Jul precipitation mm = 61\\n| Aug precipitation mm = 43\\n| Sep precipitation\n        mm = 45\\n| Oct precipitation mm = 45\\n| Nov precipitation mm = 40\\n| Dec precipitation\n        mm = 36\\n|year precipitation mm = 517\\n| Jan rain days = 10\\n| Feb rain days\n        = 8\\n| Mar rain days = 10\\n| Apr rain days = 13\\n| May rain days = 14\\n| Jun\n        rain days = 15\\n| Jul rain days = 13\\n| Aug rain days = 10\\n| Sep rain days\n        = 12\\n| Oct rain days = 13\\n| Nov rain days = 13\\n| Dec rain days = 12\\n|year\n        rain days = 143\\n| Jan snow days = 19\\n| Feb snow days = 18\\n| Mar snow days\n        = 12\\n| Apr snow days = 2\\n| May snow days = 0.1\\n| Jun snow days = 0\\n| Jul\n        snow days = 0\\n| Aug snow days = 0\\n| Sep snow days = 0.03\\n| Oct snow days\n        = 2\\n| Nov snow days = 9\\n| Dec snow days = 18\\n|year snow days = 80\\n| Jan\n        humidity = 86\\n| Feb humidity = 83\\n| Mar humidity = 77\\n| Apr humidity =\n        66\\n| May humidity = 61\\n| Jun humidity = 65\\n| Jul humidity = 65\\n| Aug humidity\n        = 63\\n| Sep humidity = 70\\n| Oct humidity = 78\\n| Nov humidity = 86\\n| Dec\n        humidity = 87\\n|year humidity = 74\\n| Jan sun = 51\\n| Feb sun = 65\\n| Mar\n        sun = 108\\n| Apr sun = 162\\n| May sun = 238\\n| Jun sun = 263\\n| Jul sun =\n        273\\n| Aug sun = 247\\n| Sep sun = 185\\n| Oct sun = 124\\n| Nov sun = 47\\n|\n        Dec sun = 31\\n|year sun = 1794\\n|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite\n        web\\n| url =  http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34300.htm\\n| title = Weather\n        and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv\\n| publisher = Weather and Climate (\\u041f\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442)\\n| accessdate = 3 December 2013\\n|\n        language = Russian}}\\n|source 2= NOAA (sun only 1961\\u20131990){{cite web\\n| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/34300.TXT\\n|\n        title = Har''Kov (Kharkiv) Climate Normals 1961\\u20131990\\n| publisher = [[National\n        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]\\n| accessdate = 13 October 2015}}\n        \\n|date=August 2010\\n}}\\n\\n===Cityscape===\\n{{wide image|(43)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Northern building of V. N. Karazin National University, Kharkiv\n        Palace hotel building, and Kharkiv hotel buildings.}}\\n\\n{{wide image|(44)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_CENTRAL_DISTRICT_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg|1300px|''''|Panoramic view of central district in Kharkiv,\n        showing the Derzhprom building, multiple apartment buildings, and Northern\n        building of V. N. Karazin National University}}\\n\\n==Governance==\\n\\n===Legal\n        status and local government===\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv and the City Council\n        govern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe\n        Mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative\n        powers as far as the government issues is concerned.\\n\\nThe Mayor of Kharkiv\n        is elected by the direct public election in Kharkiv every four years.\\n\\nThe\n        City Council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject\n        the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues\n        in Kharkiv. The representatives to the City Council are elected every four\n        years.\\n\\nThe mayor and city council hold their regular meetings in the City\n        Hall in Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Politics===\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine#Kharkiv Oblast}}\\n\\nThe [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\n        affected Kharkiv but to a lesser extent than in neighbouring [[Donbass]],\n        where tensions would lead to [[War in Donbass|armed conflict]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine\n        crisis: Timeline|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        On 2 March 2014, a Russian \\\"tourist\\\" from Moscow replaced the [[Ukrainian\n        flag]] with a [[Russian flag]] on the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/russias-hand-can-be-seen-in-the-protests.html\n        | title = From Russia, ''Tourists'' Stir the Protests | first = Andrew | last\n        = Roth | work = The New York Times | date = 4 March 2014}}
{{cite news\n        | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-26435333 | title = Russian\n        site recruits ''volunteers'' for Ukraine | work = BBC News | date = 4 March\n        2014 }} Five days later, pro-Russian protestors occupied the building\n        and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the \\\"Kharkov People''s\n        Republic\\\".{{cite web | url=http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2014/04/07/332351/pro-russia-activists-declare-establishment-of-kharkiv-peoples-republic.html\n        | title=Pro-Russia activists declare establishment of ''Kharkiv people''s\n        republic'' | work=Focus Information Agency | date=7 April 2014 | accessdate=13\n        April 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9bd_1396967425\n        |title=Pro-Russian Protesters Declare ''People''s Republic'' In Kharkiv |work=LiveLeak.com\n        |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408202650/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26910210\n        |archivedate= 8 April 2015 |df= }} The next day, the building was retaken\n        by Ukrainian special forces.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-settles-down-while-pro-russian-separatists-still-hold-buildings-in-luhansk-donetsk-342517.html\n        | title=Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings\n        in Luhansk, Donetsk | work=Kyiv Post | date=8 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April\n        2014}} Doubts arose about the local origin of the protestors after they\n        initially stormed an opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall.{{cite news |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/protesters-storm-kharkiv-theater-thinking-it-was-city-hall/497709.html\n        |title= Protesters Storm Kharkiv Theater Thinking It Was City Hall |work=\n        [[The Moscow Times]] |date= 8 April 2014 }} On 13 April, some pro-Russian\n        protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration\n        building.{{cite news | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/pro-russian-militants-attack-pro-ukrainian-demonstrators-in-kharkiv-including-at-least-three-severely-343292.html\n        | title=Kharkiv city government building infiltrated by pro-Russian protesters\n        | work=Kyiv Post | date=13 April 2014 | accessdate=13 April 2014}} Later\n        on 13 April the building returned permanently to full Ukrainian control.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/13/7022301/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0446\\u044f\\u0432\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}[http://www.dw.com/en/kharkiv-torn-between-europe-and-russia/a-17478397\n        Kharkiv torn between Europe and Russia], [[Deutsche Welle]] (6 March 2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/907771-posle-napadeniya-antimaydanovtsev-na-miting-evromaydana-v-harkove-postradalo-50-chelovek.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        50 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d |publisher=Unian.net |date=14 April 2014 |accessdate=28\n        April 2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174445/http://www.osce.org/ukrainemonitoring/117777\n        | archivedate=16 April 2014 | title=Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission\n        in Ukraine | work=Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=14\n        April 2014 | accessdate=16 April 2014}} Violent clashes resulted in\n        the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian\n        protesters.\\n\\nKharkiv\n        returned to relative calm by 30 April.{{cite press\n        release | url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/118186 | title=Latest from the\n        Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine \\u2013 based on information received\n        up until 29 April 2014 | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation\n        in Europe | date=30 April 2014 | accessdate=1 May 2014}} Relatively\n        peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with \\\"pro-Russian\\\" rallies\n        gradually diminishing and \\\"pro-Ukrainian unity\\\" demonstrations growing in\n        numbers.{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received\n        until 23 June 2014|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in\n        Europe|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122133303/http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113|archivedate=22\n        November 2015}}{{cite press release|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/121790|title=Latest\n        from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information\n        received until 18:00 hrs, 23 July|publisher=Organization for Security and\n        Co-operation in Europe|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}{{uk icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/17.08.2014/na_ploschadi_svobody_proshli_dva_mitinga/\n        Two liberty square rally], Status quo (17 August 2014) On 28 September,\n        activists dismantled Ukraine''s largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian\n        rally in the central square.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/katyasoldak/2014/09/28/ukrainian-crowds-topple-lenin-statue-again/\n        Ukrainian Crowds Topple Lenin Statue (Again)]. Retrieved 29 September 2014.\n        Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv\n        for joining Russia.{{r|Navalny140923}}{{r|DT150103}}\\n\\nFrom early November\n        until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets\n        of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian\n        forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and\n        a [[National Guard of Ukraine|National Guard]] base.[http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-ukraine-russia-kharkiv-bombs-20141210-story.html\n        Seven recent blasts in Ukraine city stir fear of new Russian menace], [[Los\n        Angeles Times]] (11 December 2014)
[https://news.yahoo.com/mysterious-spate-bombings-hit-ukraine-military-hub-114452090.html#\n        Mysterious spate of bombings hit Ukraine military hub], [[Agence France-Presse]]\n        (10 December 2014) According to [[Security Service of Ukraine|SBU]]\n        investigator [[Vasyliy Vovk]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Russian\n        covert forces]] were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the\n        otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.[http://www.unian.info/society/1020077-sbu-russian-special-services-target-kharkiv-odesa-situation-difficult-to-control.html\n        SBU: Russian special services target Kharkiv, Odesa, situation difficult to\n        control], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (10 December 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        8 January 2015 five men wearing [[Balaclava (clothing)|balaclava]]s broke\n        into an office of (the volunteer group aiding refugees from [[Donbass]]) ''''Station\n        Kharkiv''''. Simultaneously with physical threats the\n        men demanded to hear the political position of ''''Station Kharkiv''''. After being given an answer the men apologized and left.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-iac/1801796-militsiya_zyasovue__hto_napav_na_volontersku_stantsiyu_harkiv_2008697.html|script-title=uk:\\u041c\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0437 \\u044f\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\\u0454, \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u044e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\\"|trans-title=Police\n        finds out who attacked the volunteer-run \\\"Station Kharkiv\\\"|language=uk|publisher=ukrinform.ua|date=9\n        January 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/ru/stantsiya_harkov__perviy_punkt_pomoshhi_pereselentsam_iz_zoni_ato_n500974|script-title=ru:\\\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\\" \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0449\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c\n        \\u0438\\u0437 \\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u044b \\u0410\\u0422\\u041e|trans-title=\\\"Station\n        Kharkiv\\\" - the first point of assistance for displaced persons from the Donbass\n        zone|language=ru|publisher=24tv.ua|date=25 October 2014|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\nOn Sunday 22 February 2015, there was a terrorist bomb attack\n        on a march to commemorate people who died in the Euromaidan protests in 2014.\n        The bomb killed two, and wounded nine. The authorities have launched an anti-terrorist\n        operation.[http://www.unian.info/politics/1047081-anti-terrorist-operation-launched-in-kharkiv-due-to-fatal-blast-on-sunday-turchynov.html\n        UNIAN] ''''Anti-terrorist operation launched in Kharkiv due to fatal blast\n        on Sunday \\u2013 Turchynov'''', 22 February 2015. 
[http://en.censor.net.ua/news/325751/antiterrorist_operation_started_in_kharkiv_four_participants_on_the_explosion_detained\n        En.Censor.Net], ''''Anti-terrorist operation started in Kharkiv: four participants\n        on the explosion detained'''', 22 February 2015.
[http://novorossia.today/turchinov-announced-start-of-the-ato-in-kharkov-the-highest-level-of-terrorist-threat-had-been-introduced-in-the-city/  Novorossia.Today],\n        Turchinov announced start of the ATO in Kharkov. The highest level of terrorist\n        threat had been introduced in the city'''', 23 February 2015. The terrorists\n        claim that it was a false flag attack.{{cite web|author=Lada Ray|url=https://futuristrendcast.wordpress.com/2015/02/23/urgent-statement-of-the-kharkov-partizans-re-false-flag-terrorist-act/|title=Urgent\n        Statement of the Kharkov Partizans re. False Flag Terrorist Act|work=Futurist\n        Trendcast|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}} Kharkiv experienced\n        more non-lethal small bombings since 22 February 2015 targeting army fuel\n        tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a [[Ukrainian flag]] in the city\n        centre.[http://www.npr.org/2015/04/06/397774803/despite-tenuous-truce-in-eastern-ukraine-bomb-attacks-increase-in-kharkiv\n        Bomb Attacks Increase In Ukraine''s Second-Largest City, Kharkiv], [[NPR]]\n        (6 April 2015)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/kharkiv-explosion-targets-ukrainian-flag-419957.html\n        Kharkiv explosion targeting Ukrainian flag classified as \\u2018terrorist act''],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (7 April 2015)
[http://www.rferl.org/content/explosion-in-ukraine-kharkiv-targets-national-flag-memorial/26942551.html\n        Explosion In Ukraine''s Kharkiv Targets National Flag Memorial], [[Radio Free\n        Europe/Radio Liberty]] (7 April 2015)\\n\\nOn 23 September 2015, 200 people\n        in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]], and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their\n        way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The\n        rioters asked the mayor, [[Hennadiy Kernes]], to come out.[http://www.unian.info/society/1131951-over-200-men-in-balaclavas-brawls-in-kharkiv-town-hall-clash-with-police.html\n        Unian], ''''Over 200 men in balaclavas brawl at Kharkiv town hall, clash with\n        police'''', 23 September 2015, 14:10.[http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/3567072-poiavylos-vydeo-stolknovenyi-u-horsoveta-kharkova\n        Korrespondent], ''''\\u041f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043a\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        [Video of riot at Kharkov City Council]'''', 23 September 2015 17:40\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\nWhile Kharkiv is the [[Capital (political)|administrative centre]]\n        of the [[Kharkiv Oblast]] ([[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|province]]),\n        the city affairs are managed by the [[Kharkiv City Municipality|Kharkiv Municipality]].\n        Kharkiv is a [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast subordinance]].\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430.svg|thumb|150px|Administrative\n        divisions of Kharkiv]]\\nThe territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative\n        [[raion]]s ([[districts]]), till February 2016 they were named for people,\n        places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet\n        Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply with [[Decommunization\n        in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/3/7097721/\n        Another 48 streets and 5 districts \\\"decommunized\\\" in Kharkiv], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (3 February 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_tri_rajona/\n        Three districts renamed in Kharkiv], SQ (3 February 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://ua.korrespondent.net/city/kharkov/3624201-u-kharkovi-vyrishyly-ne-pereimenovuvaty-zhovtnevyi-i-frunzenskyi-raiony\n        It was decided not to rename the Zhovtnevyi and the Frunzenskyi districts\n        in Kharkiv], [[Korrespondent.net]] (3 February 2015) Also, owing to\n        this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November\n        2015.{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/20.11.2015/gorsovet_pereimenoval_170_ulic/\n        List of 170 renamed streets], SQ (20 November 2015)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/harkovskiy-gorsovet-pereimenoval-173-ulitsy-1448020126.html\n        Kharkiv city council renamed 173 streets,  4 parks and a metro station], [[RBC\n        Ukraine]] (20 November 2015)
{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/03.02.2016/v_harkove_pereimenovali_esche_50_ulic_spisok/\n        50 streets renamed in Kharkiv: list], SQ (3 February 2015)\\n\\nThe raions\n        are named:\\n# Kholodnohirskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0425\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}, ''''Cold Mountain''''; namesake: the historic\n        name of the neighbourhood{{ru icon}} [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.02.2016/rajony_harkova_istoriya_s_geografiej/\n        Districts Of Kharkiv. History with geography], SQ (23 February 2015))\n        (formerly Leninskyi; namesake: [[Vladimir Lenin]])\\n# Shevchenkivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Taras Shevchenko]] (formerly\n        Dzerzhynskyi; namesake [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]])\\n# Kyivskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Kyiv]]\\n# Moskovskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}); namesake: [[Moscow]]\\n# Nemyshlianskyi\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0448\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Industrialnyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0406\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}}) (formerly Ordzhonikidzevskyi; namesake:\n        [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]])\\n# Slobidskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Osnovianskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}});\\n# Novobavarskyi ({{lang-uk|\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d}})\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Historical populations\\n|percentages\n        = off\\n|1660\\u041b.\\u0418. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d.\n        Mysteries of the underground Kharkov. \\u2014 \\u0425.: 2005. {{ISBN|966-8768-00-0}}\n        {{ru icon}}\\n |1000\\n|1788Kharkov:\n        Architecture, monuments, renovations: Travel guide. Ed. [[:ru:\\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434,\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u042e\\u0440\\u044c\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|\\u0410.\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0439\\u0431\\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434]], \\u0412. \\u0420\\u0435\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0410. \\u0422\\u0438\\u0446. \\u2014 \\u0425.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        1987{{ru icon}}\\n |10742\\n|1850{{cite web|author=N.\n        T. Dyachenko|url=http://dalizovut.narod.ru/ulizy/ulizy.htm|script-title=ru:\\u0423\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u043b\\u043e\\u0449\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|trans-title=Streets\n        and squares of Kharkov|language=ru|year=1977|website=dalizovut.narod.ru|accessdate=31\n        March 2015}}\\n |41861\\n|1861\\n |50301\\n|1901\\n |198273\\n|1916\\u0410.\\u0412.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432.\n        Kharkov in times of German occupation (1941\\u20131943). \\u2013 X.: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440,\n        2006. {{ISBN|966-7880-79-6}}{{uk icon}}\\n |352300\\n|1917[[Oleksandr\n        Leibfreid]], Yu. Poliakova. Kharkov. From fortress to capital. \\u2013 \\u0425.:\n        \\u0424\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043e, 2004{{ru icon}}\\n |382000\\n|1920\\n |285000\\n|1926\\n |417000\\n|1939State archives of Kharkov Oblast. \\u0424. \\u0420-2982,\n        \\u043e\\u043f. 2, file 16, pp 53\\u201354\\n |833000\\n|1941\\n\n        |902312\\n|1941Colonel ''''\\u041d. \\u0418. \\u0420\\u0443\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b.{{ru\n        icon}}\\n |1400000\\n|1941In reference\n        to the German census of December 1941; without children and teenagers no older\n        16 years of age; numerous city-dwellers evaded the registration{{ru icon}}\\n\n        |456639\\n|1943''''[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]''''. Report to [[\\u0426\\u041a \\u0412\\u041a\\u041f(\\u0431)]] of\n        August 30, 1943. History: without \\u00abwhite spots\\u00bb. ''''[[Kharkiv izvestia]]'''',\n        No. 100\\u2013101, August 23, 2008, page 6{{ru icon}}\\n |170000\\n|1959\\n |930000\\n|1962\\n |1000000\\n|1976\\n |1384000\\n|1982\\n |1500000\\n|1989\\n\n        |1593970\\n|1999\\n |1510200\\n|2001[[Ukrainian Census (2001)]]\\n |1470900\\n|2014{{cite web|title=Major Cities in Ukraine by Population (2014)|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ukraine-population/major-cities-in-ukraine/|publisher=World\n        Population Review|accessdate=2014-04-14}}\\n |1430885\\n}}\\n\\nAccording\n        to the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Soviet Union Census]], the population of\n        the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including\n        1,494,200 permanent city residents.{{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822193837/http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25|archivedate=22\n        August 2006 |title= Kharkiv today |accessdate=4 May 2007 |work=Our Kharkiv\n        |language=Russian}} Kharkiv is the second-largest city in Ukraine after\n        the capital, [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|archivedate=9\n        January 2006 |title= Results / General results of the census / Number of cities\n        |accessdate=28 August 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian\n        Census]] }} The first independent all-Ukrainian population census was\n        conducted in December 2001, and the next all-Ukrainian population census is\n        decreed to be conduced in 2020. As of 2001, the population of the Kharkiv\n        region is as follows: 78.5% living in urban areas, and 21.5% living in rural\n        areas.{{Cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/urban-rural/|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 {{!}} English version {{!}} Results {{!}} General results of the census\n        {{!}} Urban and rural population:|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|accessdate=11\n        January 2017}}\\n\\n===Ethnicity===\\n{| class=\\\"standard\\\"\\n! Ethnic group||\n        1897[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1604 \\u041f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0418\\u043c\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 1897 \\u0433. \\u0420\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u044f\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0438 \\u0443\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\n        50 \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438] \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f||1926||1939||1959\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0425 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f,  \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        2004, \\u0440. 456||1989||2001{{cite\n        web|url=http://vharkov.ru/description/about.html|publisher=vharkov.ru|title=\\u041e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\n        \\u043d\\u0430 vharkov|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/estimated/kharkiv/|publisher=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u2013 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u2013\n        \\u041e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c:|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Ukrainians]]|| 25.9%||38.6% || 48.5% || 48.4% || 50.4% || 52.8%\\n|-\\n| [[Russians]]||\n        63.2%||37.2%||32.9%||40.4%||43.6%||43.2%\\n|-\\n| [[Jews]]|| 5.7%||19.5%||15.6%||8.7%||3.0%||0.7%\\n|}\\n\\n====Notes====\\n\\n*\n        1660 year \\u2013 approximated estimation\\n* 1788 year \\u2013 without the account\n        of children\\n* 1920 year \\u2013 times of the [[Russian Civil War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 estimation on May 1, right before [[German-Soviet War]]\\n* 1941\n        year \\u2013 next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000\\n*\n        1941 year \\u2013 another estimation in December during the occupation without\n        the account of children\\n* 1943 year \\u2013 August 23, liberation of the city;\n        estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000\\n* 1976 year \\u2013 estimation on June\n        1\\n* 1982 year \\u2013 estimation in March\\n\\n\\n==Religion==\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|The\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world, which was built in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.]]\\n\\nKharkiv\n        is an important religious center in Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nThere are many old\n        and new cathedrals, associated with various churches in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThe [[Assumption\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Assumption Orthodox Cathedral]] was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 1680s and re-built in 1820s-1830s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/33|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Pokrovsky Orthodox Monastery Cathedral was created\n        in Kharkiv in 1689\\u20131729.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/7|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua/|publisher=pokrovsky-monastyr.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e-\\u041f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0436\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral]] is\n        one of the [[List of tallest Orthodox churches|tallest Orthodox churches]]\n        in the world. It was completed in Kharkiv on October 2, 1888.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/5|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Trinity Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1758\\u20131764 and re-built in 1857\\u20131861.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/37|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Valentine Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in the 2010s.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/52|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe St. Tamara Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/readnews/932|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c \\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b \\u0422\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        St. Peace Bringing Wives Orthodox Cathedral was built in green park near [[Zerkal\\u02b9naya\n        struya|Mirror Stream]] fountain in August, 2015.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.eparchia.kharkov.ua/churchinfo/367|publisher=eparchia.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Roman Catholic St. Mary Cathedral was built in Kharkiv\n        in 1887\\u20131892.\\n\\nThere is the old [[Kharkiv Choral Synagogue]], which\n        was fully renovated in Kharkiv in 1991\\u20132016. The Jewish population is\n        around 8000 people in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishkharkov.org/|publisher=jewishkharkov.org|title=Kharkov\n        Jewish Community|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n==Economy==\\n\\nThe 2016\\u20132020\n        economic development strategy: \\\"Kharkiv Success Strategy\\\", is created in\n        Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.strategy.kharkov.ua/|publisher=strategy.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 2016-2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438 \\u00ab\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u2013 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f \\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u0443\\u00bb|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ua/general/univer_today/announce?news_id=5793|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u043b \\u00ab\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u00bb >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/v-universiteti-karazina-obgovoryat-perspektivi-rozvitku-osviti-32374.html|author=Hulu\n        LLC|publisher=city.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0412 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===International\n        Economic Forum===\\nThe International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments.\n        Kharkiv Innitiatives! is being conducted in Kharkiv every year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.led.org.ua/en/|publisher=led.org.ua|title=www.led.org.ua/en/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nIn 2015, the International Economic Forum: Innovations.\n        Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! was attended by the diplomatic corps representatives\n        from 17 world countries, working in Ukraine together with top-management of\n        trans-national corporations and investment funds; plus Ukrainian People\\u2019s\n        Deputies; plus Ukrainian Central government officials, who determine the national\n        economic development strategy; plus local government managers, who perform\n        practical steps in implementing that strategy; plus managers of technical\n        assistance to Ukraine; plus business and NGO\\u2019s representatives; plus\n        media people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/announcements/4500-vii-international-economic-forum-innovations-investments-kharkiv-initiatives|publisher=usa.mfa.gov.ua|title=VII\n        International economic forum \\\"INNOVATIONS. INVESTMENTS. KHARKIV INITIATIVES!\\\"\n        - Announcements - Embassy of Ukraine in the United States of America|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|publisher=kmu.gov.ua|title=www.kmu.gov.ua/control/publish/article?art_id=247530844|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015.html|publisher=ukraine.usembassy.gov|title=statements/amb-kharkiv-econ-forum-09042015|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://usembassykyiv.wordpress.com/tag/kharkiv/|publisher=usembassykyiv.wordpress.com|title=Kharkiv\n        – U.S. Embassy Kyiv Blog|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe key\n        topics of the plenary sessions and panel discussions of the International\n        Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! are the implementation\n        of Strategy for Sustainable Development \\u201cUkraine \\u2013 2020\\u201d, the\n        results achieved and plan of further actions to reform the local government\n        and territorial organization of power in Ukraine, export promotion and attraction\n        of investments in Ukraine, new opportunities for public-private partnerships,\n        practical steps to create \\u201celectronic government\\u201d, issues of energy\n        conservation and development of oil and gas industry in the Kharkiv Region,\n        creating an effective system of production and processing of agricultural\n        products, investment projects that will receive funding from the State Fund\n        for Regional Development, development of international integration, preparation\n        for privatization of state enterprises.\\n\\n===International\n        Industrial Exhibitions===\\nThe international industrial exhibitions are usually\n        conducted at the Radmir Expohall exhibition center in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://radmir-expohall.com.ua/|publisher=radmir-expohall.com.ua|title=Radmir\n        Expohall | Radmir Expohall|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Industrial\n        corporations===\\nDuring the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial\n        production in Ukraine and the third largest {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}centre\n        of industry and commerce in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. After the [[history\n        of the Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|collapse of the\n        Soviet Union]] the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production\n        of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s, the industry started\n        to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial\n        enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000\n        employees. {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} The enterprises form machine-building,\n        electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.\\n\\nState-owned\n        industrial giants, such as [[Turboatom]] and [[Elektrotyazhmash]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928224657/http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2008 |title=spetm.com.ua |publisher=spetm.com.ua |date= |accessdate=20\n        April 2012}} occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g.,\n        turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the [[Antonov]]\n        aircraft manufacturing plant. The [[Malyshev factory]] produces not only [[armoured\n        fighting vehicle]]s, but also harvesters. [[Khartron]]{{cite web|url=http://www.hartron.com.ua/en/content/forms-cooperation|title=Hartron:\n        Forms of cooperation|publisher=hartron.com.ua|accessdate=22 March 2015}}\n        is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine\n        and the former [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].\\n\\n===IT industry===\\nThe\n        IT industry is represented by a few hundred small IT [[startup company|start\n        ups]], which form a cluster of IT companies in Kharkiv{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|publisher=economist.com|title=www.economist.com/news/europe/21699545-russian-speaking-kharkiv-it-industry-one-few-things-thriving-city|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://it-kharkiv.com.ua/|publisher=it-kharkiv.com.ua|title=it-kharkiv.com.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkivglobal.com/en/service|publisher=kharkivglobal.com|title=kharkivglobal.com/en/service|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.triolan.com/|publisher=triolan.com|title=\\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Finance industry===\\nKharkiv is also the headquarters\n        of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, [[UkrSibbank]], which has been part\n        of the [[BNP Paribas]] group since December 2005.\\n\\n===Trade industry===\\nThere\n        are many large modern shopping malls in Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere are a large number\n        of markets:\\n* [[Barabashovo market]] is the largest market in Ukraine and\n        one of the largest markets in Europe.\\n* [[Blagoveshinskiy]] market.\\n* [[Konniy]]\n        \\\"horse\\\" market.\\n* [[Sumskoi]] market {{cite web|url=http://www.kharkov.info/place/31899|publisher=kharkov.info|title=\\u0422\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\\"\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\\\" \\u043f\\u043e \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d, \\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b,\n        8|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n* [[Raiskiy]] book market.\\n\\n==Science\n        and education==\\n{{multiple image\\n | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n\n        | image1 = (39)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_MAIN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\\n\n        | width1 = 160\\n | caption1 = Main building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image2 = (40)_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_NORTHERN_BUILDING_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width2 = 160\\n | caption2 = Northern building of [[University of Kharkiv|V.\n        N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]].\\n  | image3 = (41)_MECHNIKOV_LANDAU_KUZNETS_MONUMENTS_AT_V_N_KARAZIN_KHARKIV_NATIONAL_UNIVERSITY_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg\n        \\n | width3 = 160\\n | caption3 = Il''ya I. Mechnikov, Lev D. Landau, Simon\n        A. Kuznets Nobel Laureates Monuments at [[University of Kharkiv|V. N. Karazin\n        Kharkiv National University]].\\n}}\\n\\n===Higher education===\\nThe [[Kharkiv\n        National University|Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University]] is the\n        most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the\n        efforts by [[Vasily Karazin]] in Kharkiv in 1804\\u20131805.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/school/37|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} On {{OldStyleDate|29 January|1805|17 January}}, the Decree\n        on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force.\\n\\nThe\n        Roentgen Institute opened in 1931. It was a specialist cancer treatment facility\n        with 87 research workers, 20 professors, and specialist medical staff. The\n        facilities included chemical, physiology, and bacteriology experimental treatment\n        laboratories. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.\\n\\nThe city has 13 national universities and numerous\n        professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering\n        its students a wide range of disciplines. [[Kharkiv National University]]\n        (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute|National Technical\n        University \\\"KhPI\\\"]] (20,000 students), [[Kharkiv National University\n        of Radioelectronics]] (12,000 students), [[Kharkiv National Aerospace\n        University \\\"KhAI\\\"]], [[Ukrainian Academy of Pharmacy|Kharkiv National University\n        of Pharmacy]], [[Kharkiv National Medical University]] are the leading {{citation\n        needed|date=July 2016}} universities in Ukraine.\\n\\nMore than 17,000 faculty\n        and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in\n        Kharkiv.\\n\\n===Scientific research===\\nThe city has a high concentration of\n        research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the\n        universities. Among them are three national science centres: [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], Institute of Meteorology, Institute for Experimental\n        and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions\n        of the [[National Academy of Science of Ukraine]], such as the [[B Verkin\n        Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering]], [[Institute for Problems\n        of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine]], State Scientific Institution \\\"Institute\n        for Single Crystals\\\", Usikov Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE),\n        Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA), and others. A total number of 26,000 scientists\n        are working in research and development.\\n\\nA number of world-renowned scientific\n        schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the [[Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School|theoretical\n        physics school]] and the [[Kharkiv Mathematical School|mathematical school]].\\n\\nThere\n        is the Kharkiv Scientists House in the city, which was built by A. N. Beketov,\n        architect in Kharkiv in 1900. All the scientists like to meet and discuss\n        various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.khdu.org/house.php|publisher=khdu.org|title=house|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Public libraries===\\nIn addition to the libraries\n        affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv\n        State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library.\\n\\n===Secondary\n        schools===\\nKharkiv has 212 ([[secondary education]]) schools, including 10\n        [[lyceum]]s and 20 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]].{{citation needed|date=October\n        2016}}\\n\\n===Education centers===\\nThere is the educational \\\"Landau Center\\\",\n        which is named after Prof. L.D. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://landaucentre.org/about/|publisher=landaucentre.org|title=\\u041f\\u0420\\u041e\n        \\\"\\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\u0414\\u0410\\u0423\\u0426\\u0415\\u041d\\u0422\\u0420\\\" ||accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n==Culture==\\nKharkiv is one of the main cultural centres\n        in Ukraine. It is home to 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of art\n        galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every\n        year.\\n\\n===Theaters===\\nThe Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater\n        named after N. V. Lysenko is a biggest theater in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/ukr/|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        - \\u0425\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0425\\u041d\\u0410\\u0422\\u041e\\u0411, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 2017, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442, \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430 \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\n        \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\n        \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430, \\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0431 \\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0448\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hatob.com.ua/eng|publisher=hatob.com.ua|title=Home|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv State Academic Drama Theater named after\n        T. G. Shevchenko is popular among Ukrainian speaking people {{cite\n        web|url=http://www.theatre-shevchenko.com.ua/|publisher=theatre-shevchenko.com.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0410\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0422\\u0435\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u0456\\u043c. \\u0422.\\u0413.\\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Kharkiv Academic Russian Drama Theater named after\n        A.S. Pushkin was recently renovated, and it is quite popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://rusdrama.kh.ua/|publisher=rusdrama.kh.ua|title=rusdrama.kh.ua/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nIn the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to\n        as a Literary [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}\n        It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: [[Les Kurbas]],\n        [[Mykola Kulish]], [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Mykola Zerov]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]],\n        Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers\n        were repressed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event\n        in Ukrainian history is called the \\\"Executed Renaissance\\\" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).\n        Today a literary museum located on Frunze Street marks their work and achievements.\\n\\nToday,\n        Kharkiv is often referred to as the \\\"capital city\\\" of Ukrainian [[Science\n        fiction]] and [[Fantasy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=934426.html|title=Kharkiv\n        city guide|date=25 January 2010|work=uefa.com|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrainetravel.co/kharkiv|title=Ukraine Travel Guide: Kharkiv,\n        Ukraine|work=ukrainetravel.co|accessdate=22 March 2015}} It is the home\n        to a number of popular writers, such as [[H. L. Oldie]], [[Alexander Zorich]],\n        [[Andrey Dashkov]], [[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] and [[Andrey Valentinov]];\n        most of them [[Russian language in Ukraine|write in Russian]] and are popular\n        in both Russia and Ukraine. The annual [[science fiction convention]] \\\"Star\n        Bridge\\\" (\\u0417\\u0432\\u0451\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442)\n        has been held in Kharkiv since 1999.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/en/general/univer_today/news?news_id=63|title=Kharkiv\n        International Festival of Science Fiction \\\"Star Bridge - 2011\\\"|work=V. N.\n        Karazin Kharkiv National University|date=September 2011|accessdate=22 March\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Music===\\nThere is the [[Kharkiv Philharmonic Society]]\n        in the city.\\n\\nThere is the Organ Music Hall in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/filarmonia/dom-organnoj-i-kamernoj-muzyki/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u041e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b, \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u2013 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b,\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} The Organ Music Hall is situated at the [[Dormition Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]] presently. The [[Rieger\\u2013Kloss]] organ\n        was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. The new\n        Organ Music Hall will be opened at the extensively renovated building of [[Kharkiv\n        Philharmonic Society]] in Kharkiv in November, 2016.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv Conservatory]]\n        is in the city.\\n\\nThe [[Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts|Kharkiv\n        National University of Arts named after I.P. Kotlyarevsky]] is situated in\n        the city.{{cite web|url=http://dum.kharkov.ua/|publisher=dum.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432 \\u0456\\u043c \\u0406.\\u041f.\\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv sponsors the prestigious [[Hnat Khotkevych]]\n        International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments,\n        which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions\n        have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry\n        of Culture two days before its opening.{{cite web|url=http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228232703/http://comments.ua/life/183366-Minkulturi-zapretil-Harkovu.html|archivedate=28\n        December 2013 |title=\\u041c\\u0438\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0441\n        \\u0438\\u043c. \\u0413\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0425\\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        - \\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 |publisher=Proua.com\n        |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=15 July 2012}}\\n\\nThe music festival: \\\"Kharkiv\n        - City of Kind Hopes\\\" is conducted in Kharkiv.{{cite\n        web|url=http://filarmonia.kh.ua/festival-harkiv-misto-dobrih-nadij-informatsiya-dlya-uchastnikov/|publisher=filarmonia.kh.ua|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\\\". \\u0418\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Movies festival===\\nThe \\\"Kharkiv Lilacs\\\" international\n        movie festival is very popular among the movie stars, makers, producers in\n        Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America.{{cite\n        web|url=http://sirenfest.net.ua/en/|publisher=sirenfest.net.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c - \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|publisher=times.kh.ua|title=times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe festival is usually conducted in May every year.\\n\\nThere\n        is a special alley with the metal hand prints by the popular movies actors\n        at Shevchenko park in Kharkiv.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://kharkov.dozor.ua/news/obwestvo/kultura/1174449.html|publisher=kharkov.dozor.ua|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\\":\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 (\\u0424\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e) | \\u0412\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0437\\u043e\\u0440|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Visual\n        arts===\\nKharkiv was/is a home for many famous painters [[Ilya Repin]], [[Zinaida\n        Serebryakova]], [[Henryk Siemiradzki]], [[Vasyl Yermilov]], {{citation needed|date=February\n        2017}} etc. There are many modern arts galleries in the city. For example:\n        the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal\n        Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, fthe Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK\n        Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery.\\n\\n===Museums===\\nThere is the\n        Kharkiv History Museum named after M. F. Sumtsov in the city.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museum.kh.ua/eng.html|publisher=museum.kh.ua|title=Information\n        in English - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 \\u041c.\\u0424.\\u0421\\u0443\\u043c\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe Natural History Museum at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National\n        University was founded in Kharkiv on April 2, 1807. The museum is visited\n        by 40000 visitors every year.{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/nature|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u044b >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/79|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University History\n        Museum was established in Kharkiv in 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua/|publisher=www-museum.univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 -\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univer.kharkov.ua/ru/structure/scientific_institutions/museums/historical|publisher=univer.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\n        >> \\u0425\\u041d\\u0423 \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0412. \\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/78|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412.\\u041d. \\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Archeology\n        Museum was founded in Kharkiv on March 20, 1998.\\n{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.maesu.org/|publisher=maesu.org|title=www.maesu.org/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/77|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0421\\u043b\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Technical University \\\"Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute\\\" Museum was\n        created in Kharkiv on December 29, 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|publisher=kpi.kharkov.ua|title=www.kpi.kharkov.ua/ru/home/muzeum/|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/arhiv-sobytij/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439 | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423\n        "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://web.kpi.kharkov.ua/museum/kontakti/|publisher=web.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u044f\n        | \\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0422\\u0423 "\\u0425\\u041fI"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/115|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\\"\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\\"|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThe\n        National Aerospace University \\\"Kharkiv Aviation Institute\\\" Museum was founded\n        on May 29, 1992.{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/2|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\\"\\u0425\\u0410\\u0406\\\"|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThe \\\"National University of Pharmacy\\\" Museum was founded\n        in Kharkiv on September 15, 2010.{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/muzejj-istorii-farmacii-ukrainy/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430 -\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://nuph.edu.ua/ru/e-kspozitsionny-e-zaly-muzeya/|publisher=nuph.edu.ua|title=\\u042d\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044b \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u044f - \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0443\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442 (\\u041d\\u0424\\u0430\\u0423)|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vnz.univ.kiev.ua/content/museums/view/51|publisher=vnz.univ.kiev.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\nThere\n        are around 147 museums in the Kharkiv''s region.{{cite\n        web|url=http://museums.kh.ua/|publisher=museums.kh.ua|title=\\u041c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0457\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\n===Landmarks===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0435\\u0439\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a.jpg|thumb|150px|right|National\n        holiday''s fireworks on [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]]]]\\n\\nOf\n        the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: [[Assumption Cathedral,\n        Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral]], [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation\n        Cathedral]], [[Derzhprom]] building, [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]],\n        [[Taras Shevchenko]] Monument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, [[Kharkov\n        Choral Synagogue|Choral Synagogue]], T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children''s\n        narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more.\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] the monument to [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\n        in [[Sevastopol]] was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.08.2014/v_harkove_poyavitsya_pamyatnik_sagajdachnomu/\n        A monument to Sahaidachny in Kharkov], Status quo (23 August 2014)\\n\\n==Media==\\nThere\n        are a large number of broadcast and internet TV channels, AM/FM/PM/internet\n        radio-stations, and paper/internet newspapers in Kharkiv. Some are listed\n        below.\\n\\n===Newspapers===\\n* \\\"Vremya\\\"\\n* \\\"Vecherniy Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Segodnya\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Vesti\\\"\\n* \\\"Khar''kovskie Izvestiya\\\"\\n\\n===Magazines===\\n* ''''Guberniya''''\n        {{cite web|url=http://www.guberniya.net/|publisher=guberniya.net|title=\\u0413\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        - \\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0436\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===TV\n        stations===\\n* \\\"Pershyi\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Ukraine\\\" channel\\n* \\\"Inter\\\" channel\\n*\n        \\\"Oblastne Telebachennya\\\" channel\\n\\n===Radio stations===\\n* \\\"Promin''\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Ukrains''ke Radio\\\"\\n* \\\"Radio Kharkiv\\\"\\n* \\\"Kharkiv Oblastne Radio\\\"\\n*\n        \\\"Russkoe Radio Ukraina\\\"\\n* \\\"Shanson\\\" {{cite web|url=http://kharkivmarathon.com/en/|publisher=kharkivmarathon.com|title=Main\n        | 5th Kharkiv International Marathon|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marathonrunnersdiary.com/races/europe-marathons/kharkiv-international-marathon.php|publisher=marathonrunnersdiary.com|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2017 - Race Details - Marathon Runners Diary|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://sportevent.com.ua/events/kharkivmarathon2016/|publisher=sportevent.com.ua|title=Ukraine\n        Sport Events - \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua/v2/rmv/2016/04/09/kharkiv-international-marathon-2016/|publisher=blogs.kpi.kharkov.ua|title=Kharkiv\n        International Marathon 2016 « \\u0421\\u041e\\u0412\\u0415\\u0422 \\u041c\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0414\\u042b\\u0425\n        \\u0423\\u0427\\u0401\\u041d\\u042b\\u0425|accessdate=18 June 2017}}\\n\\n===Football\n        (soccer)===\\nThe most popular sport is [[football (soccer)|football]]. The\n        city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions.\n        The most successful is ''''[[FC Dynamo Kharkiv]]'''' that won eight national\n        titles back in 1920s-1930s.\\n\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Metalist Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]], which plays at\n        the [[Dynamo Stadium (Kharkiv)|Dynamo Stadium]]\\n* [[FC Helios]], which plays\n        at the [[Arsenal-Bavariya Stadium|Helios Arena]]\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kharkiv]],\n        which plays at the [[Arsenal-Spartak Stadium]] (participates in regional competitions)\\n\\nThere\n        is also a female football club [[WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv]], which represented\n        Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender\n        for the national title.\\n\\n[[Metalist Stadium]] hosted three group matches\n        at [[UEFA Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===Other sports===\\nKharkiv also has an [[Ice hockey|Ice\n        Hockey]] club, HC Vityaz Kharkiv who compete in the Ukrainian Vyscha Liga.\\n\\n[[Avangard\n        Budy]] is a [[bandy]] club from Kharkiv, which won the Ukrainian championship\n        in 2013.\\n\\nThere is a men''s volleyball team [[Lokomotiv Kharkiv Volleyball|Lokomotiv\n        Kharkiv]] which performs in Ukraine and in the European competitions.\\n\\n[[RC\n        Olymp|RC Olimp'']] is the city''s [[rugby union]] club. They provide many\n        players for the [[Ukraine national rugby union team|national team]].\\n\\nTennis\n        is a very popular sport in Kharkiv. There are many professional tennis courts\n        in the city. [[Elina Svitolina]] is a tennis player from Kharkiv.\\n\\nThere\n        is a golf club in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.superiorresort.com|publisher=superiorresort.com|title=\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444-\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\n        Superior Golf & Spa Resort \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nHorseriding as a sport is very popular among the locals.{{cite web|url=http://zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|publisher=zabytki.in.ua|title=zabytki.in.ua/ru/430/kharkovskii-ippodrom|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/publ/kharkovskij_ippodrom/28-1-0-2|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0438\\u043f\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://ippodrom.pp.ua/|publisher=ippodrom.pp.ua|title=\\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://konezavod.com/|publisher=konezavod.com|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0448\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There are large stable and the horse riding facilities at\n        Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|publisher=feldman-ecopark.com|title=feldman-ecopark.com/en.html#|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nThere is a growing interest to the cycling among the\n        locals.{{cite web|url=http://vesti-ukr.com/harkov/100881-v-harkove-ustanovili-velosipednyj-rekord|publisher=vesti-ukr.com|title=\\u0412\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434.\n        \\u041b\\u044e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u0445\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u0443\\u044e \\u0444\\u0438\\u0433\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430 | \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        | \\u0412\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|accessdate=18 June 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.nezabarom.ua/Muzei-Vystavki-Galerei/blogs/entry/3128/|publisher=kharkov.nezabarom.ua|title=\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435 - \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}} There is a large bicycles producing plant in Kharkiv.{{cite web|url=http://usi.ua/velo/index.php?st=38|publisher=usi.ua|title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0417\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0438\\u043c.\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        - \\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0435\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043a\\u0438,\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u0434\\u044b\\u0445\\u0430.|accessdate=18 June 2017}} Presently,\n        the modern bicycle highway is under the construction at \\\"Leso park\\\" district\n        in Kharkiv.\\n\\n==Sister cities==\\n{{See also|List of twin towns and sister\n        cities in Ukraine}}\\n\\nKharkiv is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]]\n        with:{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm |title=Sister\n        cities of Kharkiv|accessdate=4 May 2007|language=Russian}}\\n\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}}\n        [[Belgorod]], [[Russia]] (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024152249/http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/city/index/\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]],\n        Italy (1966)\\n*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic\n        (2005){{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825100926/http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|archivedate=25\n        August 2009|title=Brno \\u2013 Partnersk\\u00e1 m\\u011bsta|publisher=\\u00a9\n        2006\\u20132009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=17\n        July 2009}}\\n*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Cetinje]], Montenegro (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/chornogorske-misto-tsetinye-stalo-partnerom-harkova-7507.html\n        \\u0427\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u0454 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States (1989)[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812023826/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/usa/ua/1608.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0428\\u0410] {{uk icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/|title=OKI\n        Sister City Coalition}}\\n*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Daugavpils]], Latvia (2006)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015194903/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/latvia/ua/26040.htm\n        \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|TUR}}\n        [[Gaziantep]], Turkey (2011)[http://www.city.kharkov.ua/uk/news/harkiv-i-gaziantep-mista-pobratimi-7505.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0413\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u043f\n        - \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438]{{uk\n        icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jinan]], China (2004)\\n*{{flagicon|LTU}}\n        [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (2001)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008174029/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/lithuania/ua/publication/content/41348.htm\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Kutaisi]], Georgia (2005){{cite web|url=http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |title=Kutaisi City - International Relations - Sister Cities |publisher=Kutaisi\n        City Local Government |date=4 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003215934/http://kutaisi.gov.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=81&Itemid=140\n        |archivedate= 3 October 2011 |df= }}\\n*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], France\n        (1978)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234404/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/france/fr/publication/content/10806.htm\n        Partenariat et amiti\\u00e9 existants\\u0435ntre villes et r\\u00e9gions de France\n        et d\\u2018Ukraine] {{fr icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]],\n        Slovenia (2012)[http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx?id=1162\n        Mestna ob\\u010dina Maribor] {{sl icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]],\n        Russia (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia\n        (2001)\\n*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1990)[https://web.archive.org/web/20061230212248/http://www.kiew.diplo.de/Vertretung/kiew/uk/06/Staedtepartnerschaften/Liste.html\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438] {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland (1998){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008234642/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/poland/ua/publication/content/32034.htm|archivedate=8\n        October 2012 |title=\\u0421\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0449\\u0456 |publisher=Mfa.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=15\n        July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |title=Pozna\\u0144 - Miasta partnerskie |accessdate=11 December 2013 |work=1998\\u20132013\n        Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania |publisher=City of Pozna\\u0144 |language=Polish\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062530/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl|title=Pozna\\u0144\n        Official Website \\u2013 Twin Towns|accessdate=29 November 2008|publisher=\\u00a9\n        1998\\u20132008 Urz\\u0105d Miasta Poznania|language=Polish}}''''\\n*{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel (2008)\\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint\n        Petersburg]], Russia (2003)[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216184933/http://gov.spb.ru/day/inter\n        \\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0438 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0438 || \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b \\u0410\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0442-\\u041f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u0433\\u0430]\n        {{ru icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tianjin]], China (1993)\\n*{{flagicon|BUL}}\n        [[Varna]], Bulgaria (1995)[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008044032/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/bulgaria/ua/publication/content/38988.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f] {{uk icon}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183506/http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789|archivedate=28\n        September 2011 |title=\\u0410\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0456\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u044e\n        |publisher=Kmv.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=20 April 2012}}\\n*{{flagicon|POL}}\n        [[Warsaw]], Poland (2011)[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328121853/http://news.dt.ua/SOCIETY/harkiv_i_varshava_stali_mistami-pobratimami-74667.html\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0456 \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Sulaymaniyah]], Iraqi Kurdistan (2015)\\n\\n==Nobel\n        and Fields prize winners==\\n\\n*[[Lev Landau]] \\u2013 (originally from Baku)\n        a head of the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv Institute\n        of Physics and Technology]], a head of the department of experimental physics\n        and a lecturer at the department of theoretical physics at the [[Kharkiv State\n        University]], a head of the department of theoretical physics at the at [[Kharkiv\n        Polytechnic Institute]] 1932\\u201337, Nobel Prize for Physics 1962\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] (economics)\\n*[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov|Ilya Mechnikov]] (medicine)\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Drinfeld]] (mathematics)\\n\\n==Notable people==\\nThe following people have\n        been born or have lived in Kharkiv:\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-2}}\\n*[[Boris Amromin]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli ice hockey player\\n*[[Nikolai P. Barabashov]] \\u2014 astronomer,\n        co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the moon\\n*[[Pavel Batitsky]]\n        \\u2014 executed [[Lavrentiy Beria]] after Khrushchevs'' coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        in 1953, and commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Defense Forces from 1966\n        to 1978\\n*[[Vladimir Bobri]] \\u2014 illustrator, author, composer, educator\n        and guitar historian\\n*[[Inna Bohoslovska]] \\u2014 lawyer, politician and\n        leader of the Ukrainian public organization [[Viche]]\\n*[[Sergei Bortkiewicz]]\n        \\u2014 Russian [[Romantic music|Romantic]] [[composer]] and [[pianist]]\\n*[[Maria\n        Burmaka]] \\u2013 Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter\\n*[[Leonid Buryak]]\n        - football coach and former Olympic bronze-medal-winning player\\n*[[Leonid\n        Bykov]] \\u2013 Soviet actor, film director, and script writer\\n*[[Adolphe\n        Mouron Cassandre]] \\u2014 Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist,\n        and [[typeface]] designer\\n*[[Valentina Chepiga]] \\u2013 [[Female bodybuilding|female\n        bodybuilder]] and 2000 [[Ms. Olympia]] champion\\n*[[Juliya Chernetsky]] (Mistress\n        Juliya) \\u2014 television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the\n        United States\\n*[[Olga Danilov]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic speed skater\\n* [[Alexander\n        Davidovich (wrestler)|Alexander Davidovich]] \\u2014 Israeli Olympic wrestler\\n*[[Andrey\n        Denisov]] \\u2014 Russian diplomat\\n*[[Vladimir Drinfeld]] \\u2014 mathematician,\n        awarded Fields Medal in 1990\\n*[[Isaak Dunayevsky]] \\u2014 Soviet composer\n        and conductor\\n*[[Konstanty Gorski]] \\u2014 Polish composer, violist, organist,\n        and music teacher\\n*[[Valentina Grizodubova]] \\u2014 One of the first female\n        pilots in the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lyudmila Gurchenko]] (Hurchenko) \\u2013 Soviet\n        and Russian actress, singer and entertainer\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft\n        designer)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014 (originally from Rubanshchina) Soviet\n        aircraft designer, a partner (with [[Artem Mikoyan]]) of the [[MiG]] military\n        aviation bureau\\n*[[Mikhail Gurevich (chess player)|Mikhail Gurevich]] \\u2014\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] chess player\\n*[[Diana Harkusha]] \\u2014 Miss Ukraine\n        Universe 2014 and [[Miss Universe 2014]]''s 2nd Runner-up\\n*[[Leonid Haydamaka]]\n        \\u2014 [[bandurist]], conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk\n        instruments\\n*[[Maksym Kalynychenko]] \\u2013 Ukrainian [[football (soccer)|football]]\n        player\\n*[[Vasily Karazin]] \\u2014 founder of Kharkiv University, which now\n        bears his name\\n*[[Hnat Khotkevych]] \\u2014 Ukrainian writer, ethnographer,\n        composer, bandurist\\n*[[Mikhail Koshkin]] \\u2014 (originally from Brynchagi),\n        chief designer of Soviet tank [[T-34]]\\n*[[Olga Krasko]] \\u2014 Russian actress\\n*[[Mykola\n        Kulish]] \\u2014 Ukrainian playwright\\n*[[Les Kurbas]] \\u2014 Ukrainian dramatist\\n*[[Simon\n        Kuznets]] \\u2014 [[Russian American]] [[economist]]\\n*[[Alexander Voevodin]]\n        \\u2014 biomedical scientist and educator\\n{{col-break}}\\n*[[Evgeny Lifshitz]]\n        \\u2014 Soviet [[physicist]]\\n*[[Eduard Limonov]] \\u2014 writer, poet and controversial\n        politician\\n*[[Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy]] \\u2014 lead developer of Soviet Shuttle\n        [[Buran program]]\\n*[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]] \\u2014 Russian mathematician, mechanician\n        and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory\\n*[[Boris Mikhailov (photographer)|Boris\n        Mikhailov]] \\u2014 photographer / artist\\n*[[Mykola Mikhnovsky]] \\u2014 Ukrainian\n        political leader and activist\\n*[[Yuri Nikitin (author)|Yuri Nikitin]] \\u2014\n        fantasy and science fiction writer\\n*[[Henry Lion Oldie]] (Dmitry Gromov and\n        Oleg Ladyzhensky) \\u2014 science fiction and fantasy writers\\n*[[Igor Olshanetskyi]]\n        \\u2014 Israeli Olympic weightlifter\\n*[[Justine Pasek]] \\u2014 [[Miss Universe\n        2002]]\\n*[[Valerian Pidmohylny]] \\u2014 Ukrainian poet\\n*[[Irina Press]] \\u2014\n        athlete who won two Olympic [[gold medal]]s\\n*[[Tamara Press]] \\u2014 Soviet\n        [[shot put]]ter and [[discus throw]]er\\n*[[Olga Rapay-Markish]] \\u2014 [[Ceramics|ceramicist]]\\n*[[Igor\n        Rybak]] \\u2014 Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter\\n*[[Eugen Schauman]]\n        \\u2013 Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general [[Nikolay Ivanovich\n        Bobrikov]] in 1904\\n*[[Alexander Shchetynsky]] \\u2014 composer\\n*[[George\n        Shevelov]] \\u2013 Ukrainian and Slavic linguist, philologist, essayist, literary\n        historian, and literary critic\\n*[[Elena Sheynina]] \\u2014 children''s author\\n*[[Klavdiya\n        Shulzhenko]] \\u2014 singer of the Soviet Union\\n*[[Lev Shubnikov]] \\u2014\n        Soviet experimental [[physicist]] who worked in the Netherlands and USSR\\n*[[Alexander\n        Siloti]] \\u2014 Russian pianist, [[Conducting|conductor]] and [[composer]]\\n*[[Hryhorii\n        Skovoroda]] \\u2013 poet, philosopher and composer\\n*[[Karina Smirnoff]] \\u2013\n        professional world champion dancer, starring on ''''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''''\\n*[[Jura\n        Soyfer]] \\u2014 Austrian political journalist and [[cabaret]] writer\\n*[[Otto\n        Struve]] \\u2014 Russian-American [[astronomer]]\\n*[[Serafina Schachova]] \\u2013\n        [[Nephrologist]]\\n*[[Sergei Sviatchenko]] \\u2013 artist\\n*[[Mark Taimanov]]\n        \\u2014 chess player and [[concert]] pianist\\n*[[Ievgeniia Tetelbaum]] \\u2014\n        Israeli Olympic synchronized swimmer\\n*[[Nikolai Tikhonov]] \\u2014 [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union]]\\n*[[Yevgeniy Timoshenko]] \\u2014 professional poker\n        player\\n*[[Anna Tsybuleva]] \\u2014 pianist, winner of the [[Leeds International\n        Piano Competition]]\\n*[[Anna Ushenina]] \\u2014 women''s world chess champion\\n*[[Vladimir\n        Vasyutin]] \\u2014 Soviet [[cosmonaut]] of Ukrainian descent\\n*[[Yury Vengerovsky]]\n        \\u2014 Olympic gold medal winning volleyball player\\n*[[Vitali Vitaliev]]\n        - journalist and author\\n*[[Igor Vovchanchyn]] \\u2013 Mixed martial artist\\n*[[Vasyl\n        Yermylov]] \\u2013 painter and [[design]]er\\n*[[Serhiy Zhadan]] \\u2014 poet,\n        novelist, and translator\\n*[[Oleksandr Zhdanov]] - professional Ukrainian-Israeli\n        football defender\\n*[[Irina Zhurina]] \\u2013 opera singer, [[People''s Artist\n        of Russia]]\\n*[[Alexander Zorich]] (Dmitry Gordevsky and Yana Botsman), science\n        fiction writers.\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==Transport==\\n[[File:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e - \\u041f\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Pushkinska\n        (Kharkiv Metro)|Pushkinska station]] of [[Kharkiv Metro]]]]\\n[[File:Kh Rail.JPG|thumb|150px|Kharkiv\n        Railway Station Main Entrance, August 2011]]\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440 \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c21.jpg|thumb|150px|Historical\n        building of [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv Airport]]]]\\nThe city\n        of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centers in Ukraine, which\n        is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic.\n        The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis,\n        railways, and air traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city.{{cite\n        web|author=Andrew Rybka |url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/news/6542/ |title=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439.\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438. \\u041e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c. \\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043c\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0435\\u0436\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445.\n        \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Gortransport.kharkov.ua |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}\\n\\n===Local\n        transport===\\nBeing an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different\n        means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. [[Kharkiv Metro|Kharkiv''s\n        Metro]] is the city''s rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes\n        three different lines with 30 stations in total.{{cite web|url=http://gortransport.kharkov.ua/subway/index.html\n        |title=Metro. Basic facts|accessdate=1 March 2011 |work=City transportation\n        Kharkiv |language=Ukrainian}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/364779.html\n        Poroshenko opens new subway station in Kharkiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19\n        August 2016) The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers\n        annually. {{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Trolleybuses, trams (which\n        celebrated its 100 years of service in 2006), and ''''[[marshrutka]]s''''\n        (private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.\\n\\n===Railways===\\nThe\n        first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to\n        arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869,\n        traffic was opened on the Kursk\\u2013Kharkiv\\u2013Azov line. Kharkiv''s passenger\n        railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed\n        in the [[Second World War]]. A new [[Kharkiv railway station]] was built in\n        1952.{{cite web|url=http://uz.gov.ua/en/euro2012/stations/|publisher=uz.gov.ua|title=Railway\n        Stations :: Euro-2012 :: \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456|accessdate=18\n        June 2017}}\\n\\nKharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine\n        and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as [[elektrichka]]s\n        connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.\\n\\n===Air===\\nKharkiv is served\n        by [[Kharkiv International Airport]] has been granted international status.\n        Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv\n        Airport \\u2014 Aeromost-Kharkiv \\u2014 is not serving any regular destinations\n        {{As of|2007|lc=y}}. 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Zoo\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0444\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439.JPG|Dolphinarium\n        in Kharkiv\\n\\n\\n==Footnotes==\\n{{Notelist|2}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em|refs=\\n{{cite news |url= https://navalny.com/p/3836/ |script-title=ru:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0424\\u0411\\u041a \\u043f\\u043e \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c.\n        \\u0415\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0430, \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f,\n        \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f |language= Russian\n        |trans_title= Survey of Kharkov and Odessa Oblasts |first= Alexei |last= Navalny\n        |publisher= navalny.com |date= 23 September 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140923121221/https://navalny.com/p/3836/\n        |archivedate= 23 September 2014 |deadurl= no }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html\n        |script-title=uk:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 3% \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u0447\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0457\\u0445 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region\n        to become part of Russia |work= [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |date= 3 January 2015\n        }}\\n}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{See also|Timeline of Kharkiv#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography\n        of the history of Kharkiv}}\\n\\n==External 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''''Ucraniano-argentinos''''\\n|poptime  =  300,000-500,000[http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx,\n        Ucrania.com] {{es icon}}\\n\\n0.75-1% of Argentina''s population\\n| image     =\n        [[Image:Ukrainianobera2.JPG|270px]]
Ukrainian Argentines in parade\n        in [[Misiones Province]]\\n|popplace = Buenos Aires Province, La Pampa\n        Province, Misiones Province, Chaco province, C\\u00f3rdoba Province and Chubut\n        Province\\n|langs    = [[Rioplatense Spanish]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Russian\n        language|Russian]]\\n|rels     = [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian\n        Catholicism]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian Orthodox Church]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Judaism]]\\n|related  =\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian people]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainians\n        in Paraguay|Ukrainian Paraguayans]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Russians in Argentina|Russian\n        Argentines]]\\n}}\\n''''''Ukrainian Argentines'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438}}, ''''Ukrajintsi Arhentyny'''',\n        {{lang-es|Ucranio-argentinos|links=no}}) are [[Argentines|Argentine citizens]]\n        of Ukrainian descent or [[Ukraine]]-born people who reside in [[Argentina]].\n        Ukrainian Argentines are an ethnic minority in [[Argentina]]; although the\n        Argentine census does not provide data on ethnic origins, estimates of the\n        Ukrainian population range from 305,000  to 500,000 people (the latter figure\n        making Ukrainians up to 1% of the total Argentine population).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69|title=Article\\n|accessdate=2007-08-05|work=Ucrania.com|language=Spanish\n        |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928092248/http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69\n         |archivedate = 2007-09-28}} Currently,\n        the main concentrations of Ukrainians in Argentina are in the [[Greater Buenos\n        Aires|Greater]] [[Buenos Aires]] area, with at least 100,000 people of Ukrainian\n        descent, the province of [[Misiones Province|Misiones]]\n        (the historical heartland of Ukrainian immigration to Argentina), with at\n        least 55,000 Ukrainians, and the province of [[Chaco Province|Chaco]] with\n        at least 30,000 Ukrainians.Wasylyk, Mykola (1994). ''''Ukrainians\n        in Argentina'''' (Chapter), in ''''Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World'''',\n        edited by Ann Lencyk Pawliczko, University of Toronto Press: Toronto, pp.\n        420-443{{cite web|url=\\nhttp://www.ualogos.kiev.ua/text.html?id=83&number=55&category=10\n        |title=Argentine-Ukrainians or Ukrainian-Argentines: about two homelands |accessdate=March\n        22, 2007 |author= |last=Hadamer |first=Hans Georg |date=January 25, 2007 |format=\n        |work=Instytut Ukrainoznavstva |language=Ukrainian}}  In [[Misiones\n        Province]] Ukrainians constitute approximately 9% of the province''s total\n        population.  In comparison to Ukrainians in North America,\n        the Ukrainian community in Argentina (as well as in [[Ukrainians of Brazil|Brazil]])\n        tends to be more descended from earlier waves of immigration, is poorer, more\n        rural, has less organizational strength, and is more focused on the Church\n        as the center of cultural identity.Subtelny, Orest. (1988).  ''''Ukraine:\n        a History.'''' University of Toronto Press: Toronto. pg. 566 {{ISBN|0-8020-5808-6}}\n        Most Ukrainian Argentines do not speak the Ukrainian language and have switched\n        to Spanish, although they continue to maintain their ethnic identity.[http://www.homin.ca/news_view.php?category=diaspora&news=4092&lang=ua\n        Ukrainian Echo] From the Life of the Ukrainian Diaspora in Misiones. Ihor\n        Vasylyk. November 6, 2008. (in Ukrainian)\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThere were\n        four waves of Ukrainian [[immigration to Argentina]]: pre-World War I, with\n        about 10,000 to 14,000 immigrants, post-World War I to World War II, including\n        approximately 50,000, post-World War II, with 5,000 immigrants, and the post-[[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] immigration, which is estimated to number approximately 4,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2000/220015.shtml\n        |title=Hola Argentina! |accessdate=March 22, 2007 |author= |last=Kuropas |first=Myron\n        B. |date=May 28, 2000 |work=Ukrainian Weekly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111064900/http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2000/220015.shtml\n        |archivedate=January 11, 2005 }}\\n\\n[[File:Ucranians cropping yerba\n        mate in Tres Capones.jpg|thumb|left| Ukrainians harvesting [[yerba mate]]\n        in Misiones province, 1920]]\\n\\nThe first wave of [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] immigration\n        to Argentina included 12-14 families from [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Eastern\n        Galicia]] (at the time part of [[Austria-Hungary]]) in 1897.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/ukr/library/interview5/hazuda/\n        |title= Interiew with Joseph Hazuda, about the UGCC in Argentina |accessdate=March\n        22, 2007 |author= |last=Yatsiv |first=Ihor |format= |work=[[Ukrainian Greek\n        Catholic Church]] |language=Ukrainian }} When the immigrants arrived\n        in the country, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] sent\n        them to the Misiones Province, where they settled in [[Ap\\u00f3stoles]].  Their settlement here was part of the local governor''s strategy\n        of building up European immigration in his province as a way of preventing\n        neighboring Brazil''s claims on the region.Michael\n        Soltys.  [http://www.casahistoria.net/easteurope.htm#Ukrainian_Immigrants_to_Argentina\n        A different kind of multinational: Immigrants to Argentina from Eastern Europe]\n        Originally published in the [[Buenos Aires Herald]], 1998.   The settlers\n        were granted land allotments of 123.6 acres, or {{convert|50|hectare|m2}}\n        in two identical lots, with one lot being used for agriculture and the other\n        for cattle breeding.  Initially, they struggled with adapting to climatic\n        conditions quite different from those of their native Ukraine, and eventually\n        largely switched to tending crops that were appropriate to their new homes,\n        such as sugar cane, rice, tobacco, and especially [[yerba mate]] - South American\n        tea.  Indeed, the first person to grow tea in the province of Misiones was\n        Volodymyr Hnatiuk, a Ukrainian immigrant.  Ultimately,\n        at least 10,000 Ukrainians from Galicia settled in Misiones before the onset\n        of World War I.  At this time, an estimated 4,000 Ukrainians also settled\n        in Buenos Aires.\\n[[File:Casa Ucraniana en Ober\\u00e1.JPG|thumb|The\n        \\\"Ukrainian House\\\" in [[Ober\\u00e1]], [[Misiones Province|Misiones]]. This\n        province was one of the largest recipients of Ukrainian immigrants in the\n        country.]]\\nThe largest number of Ukrainians migrated to Argentina between\n        the two world wars.  This wave of emigrants, whose number is estimated at\n        between 50,000 and 70,000 people,\n        was much more geographically diverse, and included many people from Orthodox\n        areas of Ukraine such as [[Volhynia]] and [[Bukovina]].  It also included\n        more educated or politically oriented people who had been involved in Ukraine''s\n        struggle for independence.  Approximately half of this wave of immigrants\n        settled in Buenos Aires, while the remainder strengthened the Ukrainian population\n        in [[Misiones Province]] or created new Ukrainian settlements in other agricultural\n        regions such as in [[Chaco Province]].\\n\\nApproximately 5,000-6,000 Ukrainians\n        fleeing Communism entered Argentina between 1946 and 1950.  Many of them were\n        university professors, military personnel, skilled workers, or technicians.\n        Some of these educated immigrants contributed to the Argentine government''s\n        industrialization policies.\\n[[File:Parte del ballet\n        ucraniano barvinok de obera misiones.jpg|thumb|Ober\\u00e1''s Ukrainian Barvinok\n        ballet cast.]]\\nAn estimated 3,000 highly educated Ukrainians, many from the\n        third wave, left Argentina for the United States or Canada in the 1950s due\n        to greater economic opportunities.  Another 3,000 Ukrainians left Argentina\n        for the Soviet Union during the late 1950s, after having been promised a \\\"prosperous\n        life in the homeland.\\\"  Only a third of the latter group were able to return\n        to Argentina.  These demographic losses were compensated for by small numbers\n        of Ukrainians moving to Argentina from [[Ukrainians in Paraguay|Paraguay]]\n        and Uruguay.\\n\\nFollowing the fall of the Soviet Union,\n        since the 1990s approximately 4,000 Ukrainians have moved to Argentina from\n        Ukraine. Although not as numerous as in the past, the Ukrainian immigration\n        is still present.\\n\\n==Society==\\n[[Image:Fiestadelinmigrante1.JPG|thumb|right|270px|Ukrainian\n        performers during [[Immigrant''s Festival]] in Misiones province]]\\n\\n===Religion===\\n\\n====Ukrainian\n        Catholics====\\n\\nThe first Ukrainians to Argentina who settled in Misiones\n        came from a predominantly Catholic region of Ukraine, [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]].  However,\n        the local Argentine (Latin Rite) Roman Catholic Church opposed the creation\n        of a separate Ukrainian Catholic Church.  As a result, for the first ten years\n        of their settlement, Argentine Ukrainians Catholics did not have their own\n        [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Eastern-rite Catholic priests]], and were\n        subject to intense missionary activities by Polish Roman Catholics.  In response,\n        many of them converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], whose\n        rituals are virtually identical to those of Ukrainian Catholicism.  Without\n        the help of their Mother Church in Galicia, local Ukrainians built their own\n        churches, chapels, and homes for priests, and petitioned church authorities\n        in Galicia to send priests to them.  Finally, in 1908, Father K. Bzhukhovsky\n        was sent to Misiones from Brazil.  He was succeeded in the province of Misiones\n        by several more priests from Ukraine.  In 1922, the Ukrainian parishes in\n        Misiones were visited by the head of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, [[Metropolitan\n        bishop|Metropolitan]] [[Andrey Sheptytsky]] of [[Lviv]].  The first Ukrainian\n        Catholic Church in Buenos Aires region was built in 1940 and in the city in\n        1948.  In 1978, the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Argentina was granted its\n        own [[Eparchy]] (Eastern-rite equivalent of a diocese).  Andriy Sapeliak was\n        the first Ukrainian Bishop in Argentina.\\n\\nCurrently,\n        over 120,000 of Ukrainians in Argentina are [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian\n        Catholics]],{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrarcheparchy.us/index.php?categoryid=19&p2_articleid=267\n        |title=Session of Permanent Synod to be held in Argentina |accessdate=March\n        22, 2007 |date=January 25, 2007 |format= |work=Ukrainian Catholic Archdiocese\n        of Philadelphia }} comprising approximately 50% of Ukrainian Argentines.  [[Misiones\n        Province]], the heartland of Ukrainian immigration to Argentina, has 60 Ukrainian\n        Catholic Churches and chapels.  In April 1987 Pope\n        John Paul II visited the Ukrainian Catholic community in Buenos Aires.[http://articles.widbox.com/39-immigration_in_argentina.html\n        Immigration in Argentina, accessed April 7, 2008]\\n\\n====Orthodox====\\n\\nThe\n        first Orthodox Ukrainians in Argentina were converts from the Ukrainian Catholic\n        Church and came under the jurisdiction of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].  Many\n        Orthodox immigrants who came to Argentina from Ukraine between the World Wars,\n        among whom were several priests, who created parishes in Buenos Aires and\n        surrounding areas.  The newcomers generally belonged to the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous\n        Orthodox Church]].\\n\\nApproximately 30% of Ukrainian\n        Argentines are currently Orthodox.\\n\\n====Others====\\n\\nThe first Protestant\n        Ukrainians were Baptists who emigrated to Argentina from Volyn in the 1920s.  During\n        the period when there was no Ukrainian Church in Argentina, many Ukrainians\n        became accustomed to not being involved in any Church and did not return to\n        their ancestral religion when the parishes were established.\\n\\nCurrently,\n        20% of Argentine Ukrainians are Protestant or indifferent to religion.\\n\\n===Education===\\n[[File:Fiestadelinmigrante2.JPG|thumb|A\n        group of Ukrainian Argentine girls dancing.]]\\nUkrainian all-day elementary\n        and secondary schools, in which classes are taught in Spanish and follow the\n        Argentine curriculum but also have Ukrainian subjects several times per week,\n        exist in the cities of [[Ap\\u00f3stoles]], [[Posadas, Misiones|Posadas]],\n        and Buenos Aires.  Ukrainian all-day elementary schools exist in [[Berisso]]\n        and [[San Vicente, Buenos Aires|San Vicente]] (both towns in the Buenos Aires\n        region).  These schools are all run by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian\n        Catholic Church]].  In addition, Argentina''s branch\n        of the [[Prosvita]] operates Ukrainian Saturday schools.\\n\\nArgentina''s Ukrainian\n        community also has several folk dancing ensembles, as well as the Ukrainian\n        scouting organization [[Plast]].\\n\\n==Notable Ukrainian Argentines==\\n[[Image:Chango\n        spasiuk Warszawa7mar2009.jpg|thumb|150px|Ukrainian Argentine musician Chango\n        Spasiuk performing in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] in March 2009.]]\\n* [[H\\u00e9ctor\n        Babenco]] (film director)\\n* [[Gustavo Blanco Leschuk]] (football player)\\n*\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Chatruc]] (football player)\\n* [[Adabel Guerrero]] (dancer, actress)\\n*\n        [[Denis Margalik]] (figure skater)\\n* [[Jos\\u00e9 P\\u00e9kerman]] (football\n        player, coach)\\n* [[Sim\\u00f3n Radowitzky]] (anarchist)\\n* [[Noel Schajris]]\n        (singer-songwriter and pianist)\\n* [[Chango Spasiuk|Horacio Spasiuk]] (musician)\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n{{Portal|Argentina|Ukraine}}\\n* [[Eparchy of Santa Mar\\u00eda del\n        Patrocinio en Buenos Aires]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Brazilian]]\\n* [[Ukrainians in\n        Paraguay]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Canadian]]\\n* [[Ukrainian American]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.plast.org.ar/ Plast, Ukrainian Scouting Organization,\n        of Argentina]\\n\\n{{European Argentine}}\\n{{Immigration to Argentina}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        diaspora}}\\n\\n[[Category:European Argentine]]\\n[[Category:Argentine people\n        of Ukrainian descent| ]]\\n[[Category:Immigration to Argentina]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        diaspora in Argentina|Argentina]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-15T14:13:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":788538204,\"length\":14153,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentines\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Argentines&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentines\"},\"15339252\":{\"pageid\":15339252,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces branch insignia\",\"index\":45,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-18T06:49:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=April\n        2014}}\\n\\n''''''Branch insignia of the Ukrainian Armed Forces'''''' refers\n        to one of several military emblems that may be worn on the uniform of the\n        [[Military of Ukraine|Ukrainian Armed Forces]] to denote membership in a particular\n        area of [[expertise]].\\n\\n==History==\\nMost insignia have been in use since\n        independence in 1991. Many of these insignia are direct copies of their equivalents\n        in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] of the late 1980s to early 1990s. In July 2016,\n        the Ukrainian Armed Forces introduced new insignia.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/2016/07/new-uniform.html|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432 \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438 \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0417\\u0431\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0421\\u0438\\u043b \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|website=www.ukrmilitary.com|access-date=2017-02-17}}\\n\\n==Branch\n        of Service Insignia ==\\n\\n=== 2016-present ===\\nThe following are the branch\n        insignia emblems of the Ukrainian Armed Forces used from 2016 to the present:\\n{|\n        style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%;\n        float: left; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n|-\\n! Branch\\n! Insignia\\n! Description\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Air Force|Air Defense Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043f\\u043f\\u043e \\u0441\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0440\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0441 1 (2016).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Airmobile Forces|Airmobile Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u0434\\u0432 1 (2016).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Armored\n        Force (Ukraine)|Armored Force]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a 2 (2016).png|100px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Rocket\n        Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)|Rocket Forces and Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u043a \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\n        1 (2016).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Air Force|Aviation]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b 1 (2016).png|100px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Chemical Corps \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0440\\u0445\\u0431\\u0437 1 (2016).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Engineer\n        \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0456\\u043d\\u0436 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        1 (2016).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Legal Services \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u044e\\u0440 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436 1 (2016).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Logistics\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0447\\u043f \\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\n        1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Military of Ukraine|General\n        Armed Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0441\\u0443\\u0445 1 (2016).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0445 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Mechanized\n        Infantry (Ukraine)|Mechanized Infantry]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a 1 (2016).png|100px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Medical Corps\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0434 \\u0441\\u043b 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces Military Band Service|Military Band Service]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0440 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Military Police|Military Police]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b 1 (2016).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Radio Technical Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0440\\u0442\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0441 1 (2016).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Signal\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0432 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Supply Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\n        1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Transport Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n=== 2007-2016 ===\\nThe following\n        are the branch insignia emblems of the Ukrainian Armed Forces used from 2007\n        to 2016:\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;\n        padding:5px; font-size:95%; float: left; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        Branch\\n! Insignia\\n! Description\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Air Force|Air\n        Defense Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Airmobile Forces|Airmobile Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Armored\n        Force (Ukraine)|Armored Force]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        (2007).png|100px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)|Rocket\n        Forces and Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 (2007).png|100px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Air Force|Aviation]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457 (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Chemical\n        Corps \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0420\\u0425\\u0411\\u0417 (2007).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Electronic\n        Warfare Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Engineer\n        \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 \\u0456\\u043d\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Legal\n        Services \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u044e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438\n        (2007).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Logistics Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Military\n        of Ukraine|General Armed Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Mechanized Infantry (Ukraine)|Mechanized\n        Infantry]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0437\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Medical\n        Corps\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0434\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Military Orchestra|Military\n        Orchestra]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Military Police|Military\n        Police]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0434\\u043a\\u0443 (2002).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Radio Technical Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Signal\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0443\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Supply Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Topographical\n        service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine|Topographical]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e-\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Transport\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0436\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=insignia&lang=ua Branch Insignia]\\n\\n{{Military\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Military of Ukraine|Branch Insignia]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T17:42:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":770890071,\"length\":7247,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces_branch_insignia\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Armed_Forces_branch_insignia&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces_branch_insignia\"},\"51120903\":{\"pageid\":51120903,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Armor\",\"index\":44,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-21T09:27:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{unreferenced|date=July 2016}}\\n{{notability|Companies|date=July\n        2016}}\\n{{third-party|date=July 2016}}\\n{{Orphan|date=July 2016}}\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        company\\n| name              = Ukrainian Armor\\n| logo              = Logo\n        uarm.png\\n| type              = [[Limited liability company]]\\n| slogan            =\n        \\\"Ukraine is protected!\\\"\\n| founded           = 2014\\n| location          =\n        94A, Povitroflotskyi Av., [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] [[Ukraine|UKR]]\\n| industry          =\n        production of personal protection equipment\\n| products          = [[bulletproof\n        vest]]s, [[helmet]]s, [[ammunition]], soft ballistic protection, bulletproof\n        plates\\n| website = http://uarm.co\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian Armor'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0411\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u044f}}) is a Ukrainian manufacturer of [[Personal\n        protective equipment|personal protection equipment]].\\n\\n== History ==\\n\\nUkrainian\n        Armor was built on 19 February 2014 during [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|Ukraine''s\n        Revolution of Dignity]]. The founders realized that [[Euromaidan]] self-defence\n        forces catastrophically lacked [[bulletproof vests]]. Within a few days, they\n        produced 40 vests.\\n\\nDuring the confrontation in Eastern Ukraine, the demand\n        for [[ammunition]] grew and construction workers, engineers and designers\n        joined the company. The team began to investigate foreign expertise.\\n\\nIn\n        2015, production capacities expanded to the operating department of Aircraft\n        development plant No 20. Production of bulletproof helmets was set up.\\n\\n==\n        Products ==\\n\\nUkrainian Armor currently produces:\\n\\n* Military [[bulletproof\n        vest]]s of 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th DSTU (State technical standard of Ukraine)\n        protection levels.\\n* [[Bulletproof vest]]s of concealable and semi-concealable\n        types of 1st, 1st A and 2nd DSTU protection levels and \\\"Special\\\" DSTU level\n        (cold arms protection).\\n* Bulletproof [[helmet]]s of 2nd A DSTU protection\n        level (NIJ III A), V50 720 m/s.\\n* Bulletproof ceramic plates, light\n        pressed made of [[Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene|UHMWPE]] and aramid,\n        tempered steel and titan.\\n* Soft ballistic fragments protection of 1st, 1st\n        A and 2nd DSTU protection level, cold arms protection.\\n* [[Bulletproof vest]]s\n        for hunters.\\n* [[Bulletproof vest]]s for military officers and police officers.\\n*\n        Tactic [[ammunition]]: load bearing equipment, web gears, magazine carriers.\\n*\n        [[Bulletproof vest]]s for hunting dogs so they can survive Shivermageddon\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n\\n* {{Official website|https://www.uarm.co}}\\n* {{youtube\n        channel|UC8nNhLE7Ff68uzVcLfDhl6Q/featured }}\\n* [http://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/business/private-body-armor-manufacturer-born-on-kyivs-barricades-412089.html\n        Article \\u00ab\\u0420rivate bodyarmor manufacturer born on Kyiv''s barricades\\u00bb]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        brands]]\\n[[Category:Defence companies of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Economy of\n        Kiev]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-company-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-03T08:51:38Z\",\"lastrevid\":791603465,\"length\":2842,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armor\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Armor&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armor\"},\"38369316\":{\"pageid\":38369316,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Braille\",\"index\":41,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-30T10:02:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        writing system\\n| name = Ukrainian Braille\\n| altname = \\n| type = alphabet\\n|\n        typedesc = \\n| time = \\n| languages = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n|\n        fam1 = [[Braille]]\\n| fam2 = [[Russian Braille]]\\n| print = [[Ukrainian alphabet]]\\n|\n        creator = \\n| sample = \\n| imagesize = \\n| note = none\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Braille'''''' is the [[braille]] alphabet of the [[Ukrainian language]]. It\n        is based on [[Russian Braille]], with a few additional letters found in the\n        print [[Ukrainian alphabet]].\\n\\n== Alphabet ==\\nUkrainian does not use all\n        the letters of the Russian alphabet, and it has the additional letters ''''\\u0454,\n        \\u0491, \\u0456, \\u0457.''''\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        ''''''Print'''''' || [[\\u0430 (Cyrillic)|\\u0430]] ''''a || [[\\u0431]] ''''b\n        || [[\\u0432]] ''''v|| [[\\u0433]] ''''h|| [[\\u0491]] ''''g''''(?)||\n        [[\\u0434]] ''''d|| [[\\u0435 (Cyrillic)|\\u0435]] ''''e|| [[\\u0454]] ''''je||\n        [[\\u0436]] ''''zh|| [[\\u0437]] ''''z|| [[\\u0438]] ''''y\\n|-\\n| ''''''Braille''''''\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|a}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|b}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|w}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|g}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|12456}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|d}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|e}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|345}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|j}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|z}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|i}}\\n|-\\n! ''''''Print'''''' || [[i (Cyrillic)|\\u0456]]\n        ''''i|| [[\\u00ef (Cyrillic)|\\u0457]] ''''yi|| [[\\u0439]] ''''j|| [[\\u043a]]\n        ''''k|| [[\\u043b]] ''''l|| [[\\u043c]] ''''m|| [[\\u043d]] ''''n|| [[\\u043e\n        (Cyrillic)|\\u043e]] ''''o|| [[\\u043f]] ''''p|| [[\\u0440]] ''''r|| [[\\u0441]]\n        ''''s\\n|-\\n| ''''''Braille'''''' || {{Braille cell|type=image|y}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|1456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|k}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|l}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|m}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|n}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|o}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|p}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|r}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|s}}\\n|-\\n! ''''''Print''''''\n        || [[\\u0442]] ''''t|| [[\\u0443]] ''''u|| [[\\u0444]] ''''f || [[\\u0445]] ''''kh||\n        [[\\u0446]] ''''ts|| [[\\u0447]] ''''ch|| [[\\u0448]] ''''sh|| [[\\u0449]] ''''shch||\n        [[\\u044c]] ''''\\u2018|| [[\\u044e]] ''''ju|| [[\\u044f]] ''''ja\\n|-\\n| ''''''Braille''''''\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|t}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|u}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|f}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|h}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|c}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|q}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|156}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|x}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|42536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1256}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426}}\\n|}\\n\\nThe letter {{bc|y}} ''''\\u0456''''\n        was once found in Russian Braille, but has been dropped.  {{bc|345}} ''''\\u0454''''\n        is the mirror image of a reported archaic form of Russian ''''\\u044d''''.\n        (See [[Russian Braille#Obsolete letters|obsolete letters of Russian Braille]].)\\n\\n{{bc|12456}}\n        ''''g'''' was reported in Unesco (1990), but could not be confirmed by Unesco\n        (2013).  It is not repeated by Leksika.com.[http://leksika.com.ua/19340319/ure/braylya_shrift\n        \\u0411\\u0420\\u0410\\u0419\\u041b\\u042f \\u0428\\u0420\\u0418\\u0424\\u0422], Leksika.com.ua\\n\\n==Punctuation==\\n{{single\n        source|text=This section ''''''is based on a single source which has proven\n        to be unreliable. It needs additional [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Inline citations|citations]]\n        for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verification]]''''''. Please help improve this\n        article by adding citations other than UNESCO (1990, 2013).| date  = October\n        2013}}\\nPunctuation is from Unesco (1990) and has not been confirmed.\\n\\nSingle\n        punctuation:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"line-height: 1.2\\\"\\n|- align=center\\n!Print\\n!\n        ,|| .|| ?|| !|| ;|| :|| -|| '' \\n|- align=center\\n!Braille\\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|2}}\n        \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|256}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|26}} \\n|{{Braille\n        cell|type=image|235}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|23}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|25}}\n        \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|36}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|3}} \\n|}\\n\\nPaired\n        punctuation:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"line-height: 1.2\\\"\\n|- align=center\\n!Print\\n|\n        \\u00ab ...... \\u00bb\\n| ( ...... )\\n|- align=center\\n!Braille\\n|{{Braille\n        cell|type=image|236|0|356}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|gg|0|gg}} \\n|}\\n\\n==Formatting==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"line-height: 1.2\\\"\\n|- align=center\\n!  [[italics]]\n        || capital || number\\n|- align=center\\n| {{Braille cell|type=image|456}} ||{{Braille\n        cell|type=image|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|3456}}\\n|}\\n\\n==Numbers==\\nNumbers\n        are the letters ''''a\\u2013j'''' introduced with {{bc|#}}, as in other braille\n        alphabets.\\n\\n== See also ==\\n*[[Belarusian Braille]]\\n\\n== References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*\n        UNESCO (2013) [http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064\n        World Braille Usage], 3rd edition.\\n* [http://braille.algoholic.in.ua Ukrainian\n        Braille decoder].\\n\\n{{Braille}}\\n{{Ukrainian language}}\\n\\n[[Category:French-ordered\n        braille alphabets]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian language]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-27T08:06:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":777960731,\"length\":4665,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Braille&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille\"},\"16825937\":{\"pageid\":16825937,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Brazilians\",\"index\":15,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-14T06:00:29Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        American English|date=January 2017}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ethnic group\\n| group     =  Ukrainian Brazilians \\n| native_name = ''''{{hlist|Ucraino-brasileiros\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0456}}''''\\n|\n        flag      = \\n| image     = [[File:Cerimonia de bencao dos alimentos.jpg|160px]]
Brazilians\n        of Ukrainian descent in Paran\\u00e1\\n| pop   = ''''''{{circa|500,000}}''''''{{cite web|url=http://www.parana.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=7|title=Etnias:\n        Ucranianos||trans-title=Ethnicities: Ukrainians|language=pt|website=Portal\n        of Services and Information of the Government of Paran\\u00e1|date=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312095332/http://www.parana.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=7|archivedate=March\n        12, 2007}}
(0.25% of Brazil''s population)\\n| popplace  =\n        [[Paran\\u00e1 (state)|State of Paran\\u00e1]]\n        (and in minor degree, [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] and [[S\\u00e3o Paulo state|S\\u00e3o\n        Paulo]])\\n| langs     = Predominantly [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] in\n        the countryside and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] in urban areas.\\n|\n        rels      = 85% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]{{cn|date=December 2015}}{{\\u00b7}}minority\n        [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and [[Judaism]]{{\\u00b7}}other Christians\\n|related=\n        other [[Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[White Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian\n        Canadians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Russian Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Polish Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Lithuanian\n        Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Greek Brazilians]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian Brazilians''''''\n        ({{lang-pt|Ucraino-brasileiro, Ucraniano-brasileiro}}; {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0456}}, ''''Ukrayins''ki\n        Brazyl''tsi'''') are Brazilian citizens born in [[Ukraine]], or Brazilians\n        of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately\n        350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately {{convert|1930|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}\n        in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of [[Rhode Island]]), in\n        the hilly south central part of [[Paran\\u00e1 (state)|State of Paran\\u00e1]]\n        in southern Brazil.Oksana Boruszenko and Rev. Danyil\n        Kozlinsky (1994). ''''Ukrainians in Brazil'''' (Chapter), in ''''Ukraine and\n        Ukrainians Throughout the World'''', edited by Ann Lencyk Pawliczko, University\n        of Toronto Press: Toronto, pp. 443-454 They refer to this region as\n        \\\"Brazilian Ukraine.\\\"[http://rius.kiev.ua/Diaspora/bond\n        Ukrainian Diaspora in Brazil] by Marina Bondarenko Smaller numbers of\n        Ukrainians have settled in [[State of S\\u00e3o Paulo|S\\u00e3o Paulo]], [[Santa\n        Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]],  [[Pernambuco]],\n        and [[Paraiba]]. The cities with the largest number\n        of Ukrainians are [[Prudent\\u00f3polis]] (approximately 38,000 Ukrainians,\n        or 75% of the city''s population), [[Curitiba]] (33,000 Ukrainians), and [[Uni\\u00e3o\n        da Vit\\u00f3ria]] (approximately 26,400 Ukrainians or 50% of the city''s population).[http://observer.sd.org.ua/news.php?id=4082\n        Ukrainian Observer], \\\"Ukrainian Community of Brazil\\\" June 23, 2004\n        In 2009 the Ukrainian population in Brazil was estimated to be 500,000 people.Press Release. [http://www.ualberta.ca/CIUS/announce/media/Media%202009/2009-06-29_Ukrainian%20Life%20in%20Brazil%20(eng).pdf\n        Scholars Impressed with Ukrainian Life in Brazil.] Canadian Institute of Ukrainian\n        Studies, University of Alberta. 2009\\n\\nBrazil has the third largest\n        Ukrainian community in the Americas, and the\n        third largest Ukrainian population outside of the former Soviet Union; only\n        Canada and the United States have larger Ukrainian populations. In comparison\n        to Ukrainians in North America, the Ukrainian community in Brazil (as well\n        as in neighboring [[Ukrainians of Argentina|Argentina]]) tends to be more\n        descended from earlier waves of immigration, is poorer, more rural, has less\n        organizational strength, and is more focused on the Church as the center of\n        cultural identity.{{cite book|title=Ukraine: A History|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|authorlink=Orest\n        Subtelny|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=566}}\\n\n        Seventy percent of Brazil''s Ukrainians live in agricultural communities known\n        as \\\"colonies\\\" where they tend crops such as wheat, rye, buckwheat, rice,\n        black beans, and [[Yerba mate|''''erva mate'''']], a local type of tea. These colonies are isolated from modern areas of Brazil''s\n        economy and from non-Ukrainians, and in many respects closely resemble Galician\n        (Western Ukrainian) villages of the 19th century.{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|authorlink=Orest Subtelny|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=546}}\\n\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:Brazil\n        State Parana.svg|right|200px|thumb|Location of the State of Paran\\u00e1 in\n        Brazil.]]\\n\\n===Background===\\nMost Ukrainians in Brazil have roots in the\n        Ukrainian region of eastern [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]].\n        In the 19th century Galicia was an impoverished, economically underdeveloped\n        agrarian region of the [[Austria\\u2013Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Empire. Most\n        ethnic Ukrainians were [[peasant]]s occupying small plots of land. As the\n        population increased, the peasant families had less land to support themselves;\n        by 1890 a peasant farm averaged only {{convert|6|acre|ha}} in size. This situation\n        created tremendous incentive to emigrate.[[Paul Robert\n        Magocsi]], ''''A History of Ukraine'''', University of Toronto Press: Toronto\n        1996, {{ISBN|0-8020-0830-5}} The Ukrainians of Galicia belonged to the\n        [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]. The [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|married\n        priests]], who had formal higher education (studying in seminaries in [[Vienna]]\n        and [[Lviv]]), formed the Ukrainian community''s educated social elite and\n        dominated Ukrainian Galician social, political and cultural life.Himka,\n        John Paul. (1999). Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine. McGill-Queen''s\n        University Press: Montreal and Kingston. The aristocracy in Galicia\n        were largely ethnically Polish, and in the course of struggling against them\n        the ethnic Ukrainian priests and peasants developed a very strong sense of\n        Ukrainian patriotism and tendency to resist assimilation.\\n\\n===Ukrainian\n        Immigration Prior to 1914: the First Wave===\\nThe majority of Ukrainians in\n        Brazil are descended from immigrants who arrived in the country prior to World\n        War I. Although the first settler from [[Ukraine]] arrived in 1872,\n        large waves of settlers from [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] controlled\n        [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] began coming to Brazil in 1895, mostly\n        arriving through the port city of [[Paranagu\\u00e1]].   During\n        a period of time known as the \\\"Brazilian fever\\\", between 1895–1897\n        more than 20,000 small farmers and landless peasants from Galicia, a region\n        now in western Ukraine, came to Brazil after having been lured by promises\n        of cheap land with good black soil. Some Ukrainian\n        peasants were also encouraged by rumors that [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]],\n        had not died but had moved to Brazil and that he would welcome Ukrainian immigrants\n        to that country (Ukrainians were traditionally loyal to the Austrian monarchy).{{cite\n        book|last=Hryniuk|first=Stella M.|title=Peasants with promise: Ukrainians\n        in southeastern Galicia, 1880-1900|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian\n        Studies Press, University of Alberta|location=Edmonton|year=1991|isbn=0-920862-74-8|page=205}}\n        The Brazilian government was interested in increasing European settlement,\n        often paid for travel (thus enabling the poorest members of society to emigrate),\n        and even promised to provide clothing and food to the settlers. Soon after\n        arriving, however, the settlers found that the promises were not kept. They\n        were given plots of uncleared land far away from civilization and weren''t\n        given any assistance. The settlers were unfamiliar with the strange climate\n        and how to cultivate it, succumbed to diseases without any medical help, and\n        experienced many deaths. Their suffering became known in Ukraine and even\n        became the subject of a series of poems, \\\"To Brazil\\\", by the well-known\n        Ukrainian poet [[Ivan Franko]]. After news of their\n        misfortune spread throughout western Ukraine, the flow of Ukrainian emigrants\n        to Brazil decreased considerably, and Canada replaced Brazil as the main destination\n        for Ukrainians leaving for the New World.  Until 1907, only several hundred\n        to one thousand Ukrainians came to Brazil from western Ukraine every year.\n        From that year until 1914, approximately 15,000 to 20,000 Ukrainians were\n        brought to Brazil by the Brazilian government in order to help build a railroad\n        from the [[State of S\\u00e3o Paulo]] to [[Rio Grande do Sul]] through [[Paran\\u00e1\n        (state)|Paran\\u00e1]].\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainians in Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ukrainian\n        immigrants to Brazil in the late 19th century]]\\n\\n===The second and third\n        waves of Ukrainian immigration===\\nBetween the two [[world wars]], approximately\n        9,000 more Ukrainians immigrated to Brazil. This group was more diverse, coming\n        not only from the Galicia region in Ukraine but also from [[Volhynia]], [[Polesia]],\n        as well as in smaller numbers from [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]],\n        [[Bukovina]] and from Ukrainian settlements in [[Yugoslavia]].\n        Among its members were some with a higher level of education and greater level\n        of political activity. In 1922, under the initiative of a representative of\n        the [[West Ukrainian National Republic]], the \\\"Ukrainian Union of Brazil\\\"\n        was formed. It took a leadership role in the Ukrainian community''s political,\n        economic and cultural-educational life. At this time, [[Ukrainian cooperative\n        movement|Ukrainian cooperatives]] made their appearance in Brazil.\\n\\nThe\n        last group of Ukrainians came to Brazil between 1947–1951. These were\n        mostly seeking asylum from Soviet persecution having played an active part\n        in Ukraine''s independence movement. This group, numbering approximately 7,000 was for the most part more educated and highly skilled\n        compared to previous immigrants, and included many intellectuals. Many of\n        them later emigrated to other countries, especially the United States and\n        Canada, in pursuit of better economic opportunities.\n        The new arrivals helped create the Brazilian chapter of the Ukrainian scouting\n        organization [[Plast]] which continues to function in Brazil today.\\n\\n==Ukrainian\n        Brazilian society==\\n\\n===Religion===\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque Tingui.jpg|thumb|A\n        [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] church in Ting\\u00fci Park, Paran\\u00e1.]]\\n\\nThe [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church]] has a strong hold on Ukrainian society in Brazil,\n        where it is wealthy and has massive landholdings[http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/south_america/brazil/about_destin/southcentralparana.html\n        Pacific Island Travel web-site, accessed 4.8.08], taken from: ''''Brazil:\n        the Rough Guide'''', by David Cleary, Dilwyn Jenkins, Oliver Marshall, Jim\n        Hine. {{ISBN|1-85828-223-3}} including 230 churches and five monasteries\n        run by the [[Order of Saint Basil the Great]].{{cite news|last=Gudzyk|first=Klara|url=https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/cuspilstvo/pyate-pokolinnya|script-title=\\u041f''\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0437\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0433\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457|trans-title=Fifth\n        generation: Ukrainians of Brazil preserve their traditions|language=uk|newspaper=[[The\n        Day (newspaper)|The Day]]|date=August 23, 2002|accessdate=January 7, 2017}}\n        Approximately 85% of Brazil''s Ukrainians belong to this Church.\n        Lavish onion-domed churches proliferate throughout the villages in the Ukrainian\n        part of Brazil, despite the modest economic means of the farmers. The Church\n        has been accused of blocking measures to improve the plight of the rural population,\n        for fear that modernization will lessen the population''s dependence on it. In some respects rural Brazilian-Ukrainian society resembles\n        that of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] in the 19th century, where the\n        influence of the [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|Church and its priests]] was so\n        great that it has been referred to as [[Theocracy|theocratic]].Himka,\n        John Paul. (1999). ''''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'''' McGill-Queen''s\n        University Press: Montreal and Kingston. Pg. 10 In [[Prudent\\u00f3polis]],\n        the regional center in Parana whose population is 75% Ukrainian, the Ukrainian\n        Catholic Cathedral of S\\u00e3o Josafat overlooks the city center. There is\n        also a seminary, and Ukrainian printing press run by the Church\n        and a Ukrainian cultural museum.[http://www.rivnepost.rv.ua/showarticle.php?art=018403\n        ''''Rivne Vechirne''''] (Evening Rivne). 2003. Issue No. 41 (Ukrainian). Article\n        written by Dmytro Yatsuk.\\n\\nIt should be also noticed that some Ukrainians\n        were also Protestant, belonging to the [[Baptists in Ukraine|Baptist]] and\n        [[Protestantism in Ukraine#Pentecostals|Pentecostals]] branch of Christianity.  Originally\n        coming from [[Volhynia|Volyn Region]], they brought their Ukrainian traditions\n        of worshipping God. The biggest church was the Russian Assembly of God (90%\n        were Ukrainians and the rest Russians, Poles, Bielo Russians and few Lithuanians)\n        based in S\\u00e3o Paulo. It was founded around 1930 and led by Pr. Szymon\n        Misiuk with branches in Arapongas -PR, Apucarana - PR, Curitiba - PR, Erexin\n        and Santa Rosa - RS. S\\u00e3o Caetano do Sul, in S\\u00e3o Paulo State had\n        a big concentration of Ukrainians as well and the First Ukrainian Baptist\n        Church was established there by Rev. Dmitro Bucky. Many other churches were\n        also based in S\\u00e3o Paulo. The Ukrainian Protestants were not able to maintain\n        their ethnic identity and with the oldtimers passing away, the new generation\n        did not keep the tradition of services in Ukrainian language, churches disappeared\n        or were turned into Brazilian churches, and Slavic connections disappeared.\\n\\n===Language\n        and culture===\\n[[File:Casa t\\u00edpica de imigrantes da Ucr\\u00e2nia no Brasil\n        Medium Size.jpg|thumb|left|Ukrainian village architecture in [[Curitiba]].]]\\n\\nAlthough\n        most Brazilian Ukrainians have lived in Brazil for 4-5 generations and few\n        have ever seen Ukraine, they have preserved their [[Ukrainian\n        language|language]] and culture to a large degree in rural Paran\\u00e1 state. This has largely been due to the colossal efforts of\n        the Ukrainian Churches. In contrast, among the [[Ukrainian\n        Argentine|Ukrainians in Argentina]] where the Church was not as strong as\n        in Brazil, the Ukrainian language has largely disappeared.\n        Among those who live in the colonies, or agricultural settlements, Ukrainian\n        is widely spoken at home, in church, and in the community, and today it is\n        not uncommon for Ukrainian children to be unable to speak the Portuguese language\n        until they begin school. Despite the Ukrainian language''s widespread use\n        in everyday speech, the ability to read and write is more limited, with over\n        50% of the Ukrainian population being unable to write in the Ukrainian language.[http://rius.kiev.ua/Diaspora/boru\n        ''''Brazilian Ukraine and Globalization.''''] Borushenko, O.P. Professor,\n        Federal University of Paran\\u00e1. Text of his presentation \\\"Diaspora as\n        a Leader in Support for the Ukrainian State in International Relations. June\n        18\\u201320, 2008. Due to isolation from Ukraine, the Ukrainians of Brazil\n        speak a 100-year-old form of the language''s [[Ukrainian dialects|Galician\n        or \\\"Upper Dniestrian\\\" dialect]]. Ninety percent of\n        Church services are conducted in the Ukrainian language (in contrast, among\n        the 700,000 [[Polish Brazilian|ethnic Poles in Brazil]] only two churches\n        use the Polish language). The Portuguese language has only\n        come into wide use in the youngest generation - those who are younger than\n        fifteen years old. Paran\\u00e1 boasts five Ukrainian-language\n        radio stations, including \\\"Zabava\\\" which broadcasts news,\n        Ukrainian folk and pop music, and the [[Divine Liturgy]].\n        In addition, Brazil has 23 Ukrainian dance troupes.\n        In the rural areas, Ukrainians rarely marry non-Ukrainians, and mixed marriages\n        generally adopt the Ukrainian culture. The Ukrainians''\n        neighbors - [[Caboclo]]s, Poles, Germans, Italians, and some Dutch - at times\n        accuse the Ukrainians and their priests of maintaining an exclusiveness that\n        sometimes borders on racism, although non-Brazilians who visit the local Ukrainians\n        are treated with the utmost civility. Ukrainians in\n        Brazil commonly refer to themselves and to Ukrainians from other countries\n        as \\\"our people\\\" (''''Nashi Liudy'''') and to non-Ukrainians of any nationality\n        as \\\"blacks\\\" (''''Chorni'''').\\n\\nThe situation in urban\n        areas is quite different. In the cities, Ukrainians tend to become assimilated\n        into Brazilian culture and to adopt the Portuguese\n        language.\\n\\n[[File:Parque Tingui Curitiba Brasil.jpg|thumb|left|A\n        Ukrainian church in [[Curitiba]].]]\\n\\n===Education===\\nThe Sister Servants\n        of Mary Immaculate operate 30 Ukrainian elementary schools, 17 kindergartens,\n        and two secondary schools. They also operate a boarding school in Prudentopolis,\n        as well as teach instructions in the Ukrainian language on Saturdays. Only\n        Ukrainian is spoken in the boarding school.\\n\\nAs\n        a result of an amendment to the constitution of the state of Paran\\u00e1 initiated\n        by Ukrainian-Brazilian Deputy Vira Vichymyshyn Azhibert, the Ukrainian language\n        is now taught in state schools as well. In March 1991, it was taught in 4\n        state schools with 600 students; the number of public schools adopting the\n        Ukrainian language was expected to grow. The [[Universidade Federal do Paran\\u00e1|Federal\n        University of Paran\\u00e1]] in [[Curitiba]] has organized a pedagogical course\n        for Ukrainian-language instructors. Ukrainian Saturday schools operate in\n        [[Curitiba]].\\n\\n==Notable Brazilian nationals of\n        Ukrainian ethnicity==\\n* [[Maria Berushko]] - teacher, may become the first\n        [[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]] saint in South America (of Orthodox Ukrainian\n        descent).[http://www.ukraine.be/belgium \\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0432 \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f - \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438]\\n* [[H\\u00e9ctor Babenco]] - film director,\n        screenwriter, producer, actor (Naturalized Brazilian, born in Argentina to\n        Ukrainian father and Polish-Jewish mother).[http://www.danielpiza.com.br/interna.asp?texto=1555\n        Daniel Piza]\\n* [[Oxana Narozniak]] - sculptor\n        (born in Germany of Ukrainian descent, living in [[Curitiba]])[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/320023.shtml\n        The Ukrainian Weekly, August 6, 2000, No. 32, Vol. LXVIII]\\n* [[Vira\n        Vovk]] - poet (born in Ukraine and emigrated to Brazil after World War II)[http://www.day.kiev.ua/267666/\n        Ukrainian Lady from Brazil] ''''The Day'''', Ukrainian newspaper, Tuesday\n        June 19, 2001\\n* [[Rafael S\\u00f3bis]] - soccer striker\\n* [[Dmytro\n        Zajciw]] - entomologist, discoverer of many [[beetle]] species\\n\\n==Notable\n        Brazilians with Ukrainian born ancestors==\\n\\n* [[Eliana Michaelichen Bezerra]]\n        (Russian-Ukrainian descent on maternal side) Popular television hostess.[http://www.google.com.br/search?hl=pt-BR&q=eliana+m%C3%A3e+descendente+ucranianos&meta=\n        google.com.br]\\n* [[Clarice Lispector]] - Jewish writer born in Ukraine\n        whose family immigrated to Brazil before she was two. Became widely known\n        as an influential writer in the Portuguese Language. Never identified as Ukrainian\n        or Ukrainian Brazilian (\\\"''''Eu, enfim, sou brasileira, pronto e pronto.''''\\\"\n        - \\\"To sum it up, I am Brazilian, and that is it\\\".)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.prudentopolis.pr.gov.br/ Website for Prudentopolis,\n        Center of Brazil''s Ukrainian community] {{pt icon}}\\n* [http://www.curitiba-parana.net/parques/memorial-ucraniano.htm\n        Memorial to Ukrainians in Curitiba] {{pt icon}}\\n\\n{{Ancestry and ethnicity\n        in Brazil}}\\n{{Brazil topics}}\\n{{Ukrainian diaspora}}\\n\\n[[Category:European\n        Brazilian]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil|Brazil]]\\n[[Category:Brazilian\n        people of Ukrainian descent| ]]\\n[[Category:Brazil\\u2013Ukraine relations]]\\n\\n[[pt:Imigra\\u00e7\\u00e3o\n        ucraniana no Brasil]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-31T04:23:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":795434382,\"length\":20939,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Brazilians&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians\"},\"41791090\":{\"pageid\":41791090,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Christian Democratic Party\",\"index\":43,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-16T16:44:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{see\n        also|Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine|Christian Democratic Union (Ukraine)|Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group}}\\n{{Infobox political party\\n|country=[[Ukrainian SSR]]
[[Ukraine]]\\n|name\n        = Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party\\n|native_name = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e-\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f\\n|logo = \\n|leader = Vasyl Sichko\\n|foundation\n        = 13 January 1989\\n|ideology = [[Christian democracy]]\\n|position = \\n|international\n        = \\n|european = \\n|colours = \\n|headquarters = \\n|website = \\n|colorcode =\n        \\n}}\\n''''''Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e-\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f}}, ''''Ukrayinska Khrystyianska Demokratychna\n        Partiya''''; UKhDP) is a small political party of [[Ukrainian SSR]] and [[Ukraine]].\n        It became a progenitor of the two other parties of [[christian democracy]]\n        such [[Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine]] and [[Christian Democratic\n        Union (Ukraine)|Christian Democratic Union]]. The party became a powerful\n        force in Ukraine during the [[revolutions of 1989|1989 revolutionary wave]]\n        in [[Europe]] and contributed greatly to the revival of such Ukrainian cultural\n        organizations as [[Prosvita]], Association of the Ukrainian Language, Plast\n        as well as the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]].\\n\\nIn 1992 most of the\n        party was transformed into the [[Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine]] of\n        [[Vitaliy Zhuravsky]], while the remnants existed until 2002 and according\n        to some sources were merged with the [[Ukrainian Republican Party Sobor]].[http://urp1990.com.ua/content/istorichna-dovidka-0\n        Party''s history]. [[Ukrainian Republican Party]] website.\\n\\n==Historical\n        outlook==\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nIn November 1988 in [[Dolyna]] was conducted\n        assembly where former political prisoners Vasyl Sichko and Petro Sichko, members\n        of the [[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]], who adapted the first program and statute\n        of the ''''''Ukrainian Christian Democratic Front''''''. On November 14, 1988\n        Vasylko Sichko submitted the statute and program of the party to the [[Supreme\n        Council of the Soviet Union]] for registration. On January 13, 1989 in [[Lviv]]\n        took place the constituent congress of the Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Front, head of which was elected Vasylko Sichko.\\n\\nOn April 21\\u201322, 1990\n        in [[Lviv]] took place the second congress of the Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Front where it was officially renamed in the ''''''Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Party''''''. The number of members in 1990 accounted for around 2,000 people,\n        while the party''s cells were mostly located in the [[Western Ukraine]]. By\n        1991 there were legally established and well organized party organizations\n        of [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] and [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]], [[Lviv Oblast]], Ternopil\n        region and city. Much smaller offices (under 15 members) were also located\n        in [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], [[Cherkasy]], [[Kiev]], [[Odessa]],\n        and [[Vinnytsia]]. During that period sessions of the main governing council\n        were not conducted that would provide a single monolith political strategy\n        of the party and regional organizations acted on its own initiative. In June\n        1991 on official invitation of the [[Political Academy of the Austrian People''s\n        Party|Austrian political academy]] to the head of Lviv Oblast organization\n        Mykola Boiko, several members of the UKhDP along with [[Viktor Pynzenyk]]\n        (instructor at the [[Lviv University]]) were sent to [[Vienna]] for study.\n        It was the first international recognition of the Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Party, yet it also created a drift between the party leader Sichko and the\n        Lviv Oblast party leader Boiko. Eventually, in retaliation Sichko excluded\n        Boiko from the party.\\n\\n===Split===\\nOn November 16, 1991 took place the\n        third report-electoral conference of the Lviv Oblast organization of UKhDP,\n        at which Boiko has officially resigned. While visiting the conference, Sichko\n        protested and pointed to the fact that Boiko was already excluded from the\n        party. The conference without addressing the Sichko''s protest continued on\n        and elected its new governing body. The new chairman of the Lviv oblast organization\n        was elected former political prisoner Mykhailo Viter. Another former political\n        prisoner [[Ivan Hel]] spoke very critical about Sichko actions. He pointed\n        to the fact that Sichko denied in membership such people like [[Stepan Khmara]]\n        (later the leader of the [[Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party]]), [[Mykhailo\n        Horyn]] and many others. Ivan Hel said that in July 1991 he received an invitation\n        from the Secretary General of the [[Christian Democratic International]],\n        Andre Louis, where for the purpose of establish relationship he asked to have\n        the delegation not to include mister Vasyl Sichka. Negatively to the family\n        of Sichko referred also His Beatitude [[Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky]].\\n\\nRejection\n        of the 3rd report-electoral conference of the UKhDP Lviv regional organization\n        by head of UKhDP Vasyl Sichko led to the split in the organization. On December\n        10, 1991 the UKhDP Ternopil regional organization conducted its general council\n        which recognized the legitimacy of the Lviv regional organization and the\n        election of Mykhailo Viter, the head of the UKhDP Lviv regional organization\n        and it also approved that cooperation and inter-relationship will only occur\n        with the UKhDP Lviv regional organization headed by Mykhailo Viter.\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n* [[Prosvita]]\\n* [[Plast]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* Hutor, M. ''''[http://sd.net.ua/2009/02/12/geneza_rozkolu.html\n        Genesis of split in christian democratic parties]''''. Agency of strategic\n        research.\\n* [http://www.history.vn.ua/book/novitnya/101.html Modern history\n        of Ukraine]\\n* Biletsky, M., Pohrebynsky, M. ''''[http://www.analitik.org.ua/publications/joint/3dd12dea/\n        Establishment of government bodies in Ukraine 1991-1996]''''. Kiev: \\\"Ukrainian\n        press-group\\\", 1997.\\n* Harin, B. ''''[http://pidruchniki.ws/10990214/istoriya/pochatok_formuvannya_bagatopartiynosti_ukrayini\n        Beginning of formation of multi-party system in Ukraine]''''. \\\"History of\n        Ukraine\\\".\\n* Kolodiy, A. ''''[http://www.political-studies.com/society/society8.html\n        Development of civil society]''''.\\n* [http://archive.is/JfzE Minister of\n        Justice signed orders on removal of another 5 parties from the Register of\n        associations of citizens]. Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.\\n* Holobutsky,\n        O., Kulyk, V. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160404153549/http://golob.narod.ru/glvtpravi.html\n        Chapter 2. Party-political spectrum of modern Ukraine. 2. Right-wing parties]''''.\n        Political Parties of Ukraine. Oleksiy Holobutsky website.\\n\\n[[Category:Organizations\n        established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Political parties established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:1989\n        establishments in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:1989 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Pro-independence\n        parties in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Organizations based in the Soviet\n        Union]]\\n[[Category:Christian political parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Christian\n        democratic parties in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-04T01:49:43Z\",\"lastrevid\":765818084,\"length\":7001,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Christian_Democratic_Party\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Christian_Democratic_Party&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Christian_Democratic_Party\"},\"6593542\":{\"pageid\":6593542,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Free University\",\"index\":32,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-09T10:11:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{unreferenced|date=April\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox University \\n|name           = Ukrainian Free University\n        \\n|native_name    = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0423\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        Ukrainische Freie Universit\\u00e4t\\n|latin_name     = Universitas Libera Ukrainensis\\n|image          =\n        [[Image:ULUlogo.jpg|200px]]\\n|tagline        = \\n|established    = 1921\\n|type           =\n        [[Private university|Private]]\\n|rector         = Prof. Maria Pryshlak\\n|faculty        =\n        65 Assistant, Associate, Full, Visiting  and Honorary\\n|students       = graduate  students\n        primarily  from  Ukraine,registered  in MA and  doctoral  programs\\n|alumni         =\n        \\n|colors         = blue and  yellow\\n|city           = [[Munich]] \\n|country        =\n        [[Germany]] \\n|coor           = {{coord|48.16366|11.50938|region:DE-BY_type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}\\n|campus         =\n        [[urban area|Urban]]\\n|affiliations   = \\n|website        = {{URL|http://www.ufu-muenchen.de/}}\\n|publictransit  =\n        \\n}}\\n\\nThe  ''''''Ukrainian Free University'''''' ({{lang-ua|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0423\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442}},\n        {{lang-de|Ukrainische Freie Universit\\u00e4t}}, {{lang-la|Universitas Libera\n        Ukrainensis}}) is a private graduate university located in [[Munich]], [[Germany]].\\n\\n==History==\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Free University (UFU) was established in [[Vienna]], January 17,\n        1921. The  idea to organize  a Ukrainian university-in-exile came from Ukrainian\n        academics, some of  whom had held chairs at universities in the Russian and\n        Austro-Hungarian Empires. UFU was  transferred in the  fall of 1921 to Prague,\n        Czechoslovakia. The host government granted UFU full academic accreditation\n        and provided the University with financial support. UFU received wide recognition\n        during its Prague period for significant and productive teaching, research  and\n        publications.\\n\\nAfter the  Second  World War, UFU established its seat in\n        Munich, Germany. The  September 16, 1950 Free State of Bavaria [[Ministerial\n        decree]] guaranteed degree granting privileges. In the ensuing period various\n        Bavarian university laws  and ministerial decrees reaffirmed  this academic  privilege.\n        Federal German and Bavarian governmental financial support contributed towards\n        worthwhile research, publishing and  teaching activities. The University became\n        a recognized Western European scholarly  centre, specializing in the  study\n        of Ukraine within the USSR and of Ukrainians in the diaspora. Emphasis  was  placed\n        on the study of Ukrainian history, literature, culture, law and politics.\n        German and  Bavarian financial aid ceased in the  years following Ukrainian\n        independence, as it  was  assumed that patronage of the  University  would\n        be assured by Ukraine.The Ukrainian Ministry of Education  recognized UFU\n        doctoral  decrees in November 1992. To date, Ukrainian governmental funding\n        have not materialized. Thus, since 2009, the Ukrainian Free  University relies\n        entirely on its own resources.\\n\\nOver the years, the University has evolved\n        from a \\\"university-in-exile\\\" to a full-fledged, though highly specialized,\n        European Union graduate school. Nevertheless, UFU has retained much of its\n        remarkableness and  singularity. In its research and publishing  activities\n        the University focuses primarily on Ukraine and things Ukrainian.\\n\\n== Academic\n        structures ==\\nThe University has three academic structures. The Faculty of\n        Ukrainian Studies concentrates on interdisciplinary Ukrainian studies . Culture,\n        literature and history constitute the core of  Ukrainian studies.  The  Faculty\n        of Philosophy houses the remaining humanitarian disciplines, such as philosophy,\n        fine arts, music, teacher training and  religion.  The Faculty of Government\n        and  Political Economy unites such social science disciplines as political\n        science, economics and business, sociology, psychology and legal studies.\\n\\n==\n        Academic programs ==\\nUFU is the only private university in the world which,\n        while located outside of Ukraine, offers graduate programs of study in the\n        social sciences and the humanities, primarily in Ukrainian language.  In fact,\n        in order to be able to matriculate at UFU one must demonstrate fluency in\n        Ukrainian.  Masters programs require two to three semesters of  course work,\n        an MA  thesis and  an oral thesis  defense.  Doctoral programs stipulate three\n        semesters of course work, a doctoral dissertation,  philosophy commprehensives\n        and  an oral thesis  defense.Dissertations are normally written in Ukrainian.  In\n        exceptional cases permission may be granted to  write in another language.  Winter\n        Semester teaching period runs from early November to mid December and from\n        the end of January until early March.  Summer Semester teaching period is\n        from early May until the end of July.\\n\\nMost UFU faculty members also hold\n        simultaneously permanent academic positions at European Union, American, Canadian\n        and Ukrainian institutions of higher learning.\\n\\n==Notable alumni and faculty==\\n*\n        [[Viktor Petrov]]\\n* [[Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko]]\\n* [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]]\\n*\n        [[Ivan Horbachevsky]]\\n* [[George Yurii Shevelov]]\\n* [[Igor Kaczurowskyj]]\\n*\n        [[Emma Andijewska]]\\n* [[Liubomyr Vynar]]\\n* [[Serhiy Kvit]]\\n* [[Leonid Rudnytzky]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*\n        \\\"Universitas Libera Ucrainensis: 1921-2006\\\", Mykola Szafowal and Roman Yaremko\n        (eds.), ( Munich: Ukrainische Freie Universit\\u00e4t, 2006) Series: Varia\n        \\u2116 52.  {{ISBN|3-928687-61-1}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* {{de icon}}/{{en\n        icon}}/{{uk icon}} [http://www.ufu-muenchen.de/ Ukrainian Free University\n        official website]\\n* [[Volodymyr Yaniv]], [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianFreeUniversity.htm\n        Ukrainian Free University in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n\\n{{Universities\n        in Germany}}\\n{{Munich universities}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:1921\n        establishments in Austria]]\\n[[Category:Universities and colleges in Munich]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        diaspora in Germany]]\\n[[Category:Educational institutions established in\n        1921]]\\n[[Category:Universities and colleges in Vienna]]\\n[[Category:Education\n        in Prague]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian language]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian studies]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Free University| ]]\\n[[Category:Minority schools]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-14T05:34:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":789754109,\"length\":6151,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Free_University\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Free_University&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Free_University\"},\"461856\":{\"pageid\":461856,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church\",\"index\":5,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T15:10:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Christian denomination\\n|name = Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church\\n|caption_background\n        =\\n|image = [[File:Bras\\u00e3o da Igreja Greco-Cat\\u00f3lica Ucraniana.jpg|200px]]\\n|imagewidth\n        =250px\\n|alt =\\n|caption = \\n|main_classification = [[Catholic]]\\n|orientation\n        = [[Eastern Catholic]], [[Byzantine Rite]]\\n|theology =   \\n|polity = [[Episcopal\n        polity|Episcopal]]\\n|leader = [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] (Major Archbishop)\\n|director\n        =\\n|fellowships =\\n|associations =\\n|area =\\n|founder =[[Grand Prince]] [[Volodymyr\n        the Great]]\\n|founded_date = 988\\n|founded_place = [[Kiev]], [[Ruthenia]]\\n|separated_from\n        = [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\\n|parent =\\n|merger = 1596\n        [[Union of Brest]] ([[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]])\\n|liturgy\n        = [[Church Slavonic]] (official),{{cn|date=May 2017}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n|separations\n        = [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]\\n|hospitals =\\n|nursing_homes =\\n|aid\n        =\\n|congregations =\\n|members = 4,636,958\\n|ministers =\\n|missionaries =\\n|temples\n        =\\n|primary_schools =\\n|secondary_schools =\\n|tax_status =\\n|tertiary =\\n|other_names\n        = Ukrainian Catholic Church, [[Uniate]] Church\\n|website = {{official URL}}\\n|footnotes\n        =\\n}}\\n{{about|the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church which was historically\n        called \\\"Ruthenian\\\"|the Eastern Catholic Church presently called \\\"Ruthenian\\\"|Ruthenian\n        Greek Catholic Church}}\\n{{Eastern Catholicism}}\\n{{History of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church'''''' (UGCC)\n        ({{lang-uk|}}\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430 (\\u0423\\u0413\\u041a\\u0426), ''''Ukrains''ka\n        Hreko-Katolyts''ka Tserkva'''') is a [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Byzantine\n        Rite Eastern Catholic Church]] in [[full communion]] with the [[Holy See]].\n        It appeared in 1596 with signing of the Union of Brest between the Ruthenian\n        Orthodox Church ([[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]) and the Holy See.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChurchUnionofBerestia.htm\n        Church Union of Berestia]. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] It is the second-largest\n        [[particular church]] (''''[[sui juris]]'''') in the Catholic Church (after\n        the Latin, or Roman, Church). It traces its origin to the ''''''Ruthenian\n        Uniate Church'''''' ({{lang-la|Ecclesia Ruthena unita}}) also known as ''''''Ruthenian\n        Catholic Church''''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160613120934/http://www.stsophiaukrainian.cc/resources/ugccname/\n        The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\\u2019s Name]. St Sophia Church website[https://web.archive.org/web/20160613121615/https://books.google.com/books?id=REVEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1095&lpg=PT1095&dq=Ecclesia+Ruthena+unita&source=bl&ots=u3tUIoYfJZ&sig=qWQQVwKx3F2z8aWNfyq5osUTWKc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj795v1-6TNAhVFdR4KHcONAeEQ6AEITjAH#v=onepage&q=Ecclesia%20Ruthena%20unita&f=false\n        Canonical aspects]. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] that existed before\n        the [[partitions of Poland|partition of Poland]].\\n\\nThe [[Ordinary (officer)|ordinary]]\n        (or [[hierarch]]) of the church holds the title of [[Major archbishop]] of\n        [[Kiev]]-[[Halych]] and All Ruthenia, though the [[hierarch]]s and faithful\n        of the church have acclaimed their ordinary as \\\"[[Patriarch]]\\\" and have\n        requested Papal recognition of, and elevation to, this title. Major archbishop\n        is a unique title within the Catholic Church that was introduced in 1963 as\n        part of political compromise. Since March 2011 the head of the church is Major\n        Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]].\\n\\nThe church is one of the successor\n        [[Church body|churches]] to the [[Baptism of Kiev|acceptance of Christianity]]\n        by [[Grand Prince]] [[Vladimir the Great]] of [[Kiev]], in 988. The church\n        has followed the spread of the [[Ukrainian diaspora]] and now has some 40\n        hierarchs in over a dozen countries on four continents, including three other\n        [[metropolitan bishop]]s in [[Poland]], the [[United States]], and [[Canada]].\\n\\nWithin\n        [[Ukraine]] itself, the UGCC is a minority of the religious population, being\n        a distant second to the majority [[Eastern Orthodox]] faith. The Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church is the second largest religious organization in Ukraine\n        in terms of number of communities. In terms of number of members, the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church ranks third in allegiance among the population of Ukraine\n        after the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate]]. Currently, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church predominates in three western [[oblast]]s of Ukraine, including about\n        half the population of [[Lviv]], but constitutes a small minority elsewhere\n        in the country.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===Ruthenian Orthodox Church and previous\n        attempts of Catholisation===\\n{{Main|History of Christianity in Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ruthenian Uniate Church was created with the [[Union of Brest]] in 1595/1596,\n        yet its roots go back to the very beginning of [[Christianization of Kievan\n        Rus''|Christianity in the Mediaeval Slavic state]] of [[Ruthenia]]. [[Byzantine]]\n        [[missionaries]] exercised decisive influence in the area. The 9th-century\n        mission of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in [[Great Moravia]] had particular\n        importance as their work allowed the spread of worship in the [[Old Church\n        Slavonic language]]. The Byzantine-Greek influence continued, particularly\n        with the official adoption of Byzantine rites by Prince [[Vladimir I of Kiev]]\n        in 988 when there was established the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]]\n        [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev|Metropolis of Kiev and all\n        Ruthenia]]. Later at the time of the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]] (ca\n        1054) the [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] ([[Rusyns|Rusyn]]) Church took sides and\n        remained [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]].\\n\\nFollowing the [[Mongol invasion\n        of Russia|devastating Mongol invasion]] of [[Ruthenia]] and sack of Kiev in\n        1240, [[Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus|Metropolitan Maximus of Kiev]] moved\n        to the town of [[Vladimir-on-Klyazma]] in 1299. In 1303 on petition of Ruthenia\n        kings from the [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]] ([[Kingdom of Ruthenia|Ruthenia]]),\n        Patriarch [[Athanasius I of Constantinople]] created a separate [[Metropolis\n        of Halych]] that included western parishes of the original Metropolis of Kiev\n        and all Ruthenia. The new metropolis did not last for long (inconsistently\n        throughout most of the 14th century) and its new Metropolitan [[Peter of Moscow]]\n        was consecrated as the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ruthenia instead of Metropolitan\n        of Halych. Just before his death Peter moved his episcopal see from Vladimir\n        to [[Moscow]]. During his reign there was established [[Metropolitanate of\n        Lithuania]] in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], while after his death Metropolis\n        of Halych was reestablished as well. In 1445 the Metropolitan [[Isidore of\n        Kiev|Isidore]] with his see in Moscow joined the [[Council of Florence]] and\n        became a [[papal legate]] of all Ruthenia and Lithuania. After Isidore suffered\n        prosecutions by local bishops and royalty of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]],\n        he was banned away from Muscovy, while the Muscovite princes appointed own\n        Metropolitan [[Jonah of Moscow]] without consent of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch\n        of Constantinople]]. \\n\\nBecause of that Patriarch [[Gregory III of Constantinople]]\n        reorganized the Ruthenian Church in the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]\n        (until 1569 the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]) and its new primates were titled\n        as Metropolitans of Kiev, Halych and all Ruthenia. He appointed [[Gregory\n        II Bulgarian]] as the new Uniate primate who in 1470 rejoined the [[Ecumenical\n        Patriarch of Constantinople]] under [[Dionysius I of Constantinople]].\\n\\n===Foundation:\n        the Union of Brest===\\n{{Main|Union of Brest}}\\n[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej\n        1573.svg|166px|thumb|right|Religions in [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]\n        in 1573:
{{Color box|#fffce1|Catholic|border=darkgray}}
{{Color box|#93c789|Orthodox|border=darkgray}}
{{Color\n        box|#b279b2|Calvinist|border=darkgray}}]]\\n[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej 1750.svg|166px|thumb|Religions\n        in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1750:
{{Color box|#fffce1|Latin Catholic|border=darkgray}}
{{Color\n        box|orange|Greek Catholic||border=darkgray}}]]\\n\\nThis situation continued\n        for some time, and in the intervening years what is now Western and Central\n        Ukraine came under the rule of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The\n        Polish king [[Sigismund III Vasa]] was heavily influenced by the ideals of\n        the [[Counter-Reformation]] and wanted to increase the Catholic presence in\n        Ukraine. Meanwhile, the clergy of the Ruthenian lands were ruled from distant\n        Constantinople, and much of the population was loyal to Ruthenian Orthodoxy\n        rather than to the Polish Catholic monarch. Persecution of the Orthodox population\n        grew, and under pressure of Polish authorities the clergy of the Ruthenian\n        Church agreed by the Union of Brest in 1595 to break from the Patriarchate\n        of Constantinopole and unite with the [[Catholic Church]] under the authority\n        of the ruler of the Commonwealth, [[Sigismund III Vasa]], in exchange for\n        ending the persecution. In an effort to stop further [[Polonization]] processes\n        and recent recognition of the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] by [[Jeremias II of\n        Constantinople]], in 1596 the Ruthenian Orthodox Church signed the agreement\n        with the Holy See. The union was not accepted by all the members\n        of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in these lands, and marked the creation of\n        Uniate Church and separate eparchies that continued to stay Orthodox among\n        which were Lviv eparchy, Peremyshel eparchy, Mukachevo eparchy and Lutsk eparchy\n        that at first accepted the union but later oscillated back and forth.\\n\\n===Russian\n        occupation of Poland and liquidation of the Uniate church===\\n[[Image:Univ\n        lavra.jpg|thumb|The [[Univ Lavra]] was established in 1400 by the ruler [[Lubart]]''s\n        son [[Feodor Lubartovich|Theodore]] and remains the holiest monastery of the\n        Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.]]\\n[[File:Sielec 007.JPG|thumb|Small wooden\n        church and belfry in the village of [[Sielec, Drohobych Raion]] from the 17th\n        century, in the typical architectural style of that region]]\\nThe final step\n        of the full particularity of the Ruthenian Uniate Church was then effected\n        by the development of the middle [[Ruthenian language]] into separate [[Rusyn\n        language|Rusyn]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusian language]]s\n        around 1600 to 1800. With Orthodoxy being largely suppressed during the two\n        centuries of Polish rule, the [[Greek-Catholic]] influence on the Ukrainian\n        population was so great that in several oblasts hardly anyone remained  Orthodox.{{Citation\n        needed|date=January 2010}}\\n\\nAfter the partition of Poland, the formerly\n        Greek-Catholic territory was mostly divided between [[Russian Empire|Russia]]\n        and [[Austria-Hungary|Austria]]. The portion which came under Russian rule,\n        included [[Right-bank Ukraine]] and modern [[Belarus]], while dioceses of\n        [[Lviv]], [[Che\\u0142m|Kholm]], and [[Przemy\\u015bl|Peremyshl]] ([[Eastern\n        Galicia]]) came under Austrian rule. In the easternmost areas of Podolia the\n        population mainly reverted to Orthodoxy. Initially, the Russian authorities\n        were extremely tolerant of the Greek-Catholic church and allowed it to function\n        without restraint (calling adherents [[Basilian monk|Basilians]]). However  the\n        clergy soon split into pro-Catholic and pro-Russian, with the former tending\n        to convert to Latin Rite Catholicism, whilst the latter group, led by Bishop\n        [[Iosif Semashko]] (1798\\u20131868){{cite web|url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631232032_chunk_g978063123203213_ss1-16\n        |title=Iosif Semashko : The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity :\n        Blackwell Reference Online |publisher=Blackwellreference.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-11}}\n        and firmly rejected by the ruling Greek-Catholic synod remained largely controlled\n        by the pro-Polish clergy with the Russian authorities largely refusing to\n        interfere{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. The situation changed abruptly\n        following Russia''s successful suppression of the [[November Uprising|1831\n        Polish uprising]], aimed at overthrowing Russian control of the Polish territories.\n        As the uprising was actively supported by the Greek-Catholic church, a crackdown\n        on the Church occurred immediately. The pro-Latin members of the Synod were\n        removed; and the Church began to disintegrate, with its parishes in Volhynia\n        reverting to Orthodoxy, including the 1833 transfer of the famous [[Pochaiv\n        Lavra]]. In 1839 the Synod of Polotsk (in modern-day Belarus), under the leadership\n        of Bishop Semashko, dissolved the Greek-Catholic church in the [[Russian Empire]],\n        and all its property was transferred to the Orthodox state church. The 1913\n        Catholic Encyclopedia says that in what was then known as ''Little Russia''\n        (now [[Ukraine]]), the pressure of the Russian Government \\\"utterly wiped\n        out\\\" Greek Catholicism, and \\\"some 7,000,000 of the Uniats there were compelled,\n        partly by force and partly by deception, to become part of the Greek Orthodox\n        Church\\\".{{CathEncy|wstitle=Ruthenians}}\\n\\nThe dissolution of\n        the Greek-Catholic Church in Russia was completed in 1875 with the [[Conversion\n        of Che\\u0142m Eparchy|abolition of the Eparchy of Kholm]].''''St. Nicholas\n        Ukrainian Catholic Parish in Winnipeg, Historical Timeline\\nof the Basilian\n        Order of St. Josaphat''''\\n\\n===Preservation and revival by the Habsburg\n        Monarchy===\\n\\n{{Further|Western Ukrainian Clergy}}\\nElimination of Ruthenian\n        Catholicism within the [[Russian Empire]] began early in the 19th century.\n        In 1803 the Pope of Rome granted the transfer of the quasi-patriarchal powers\n        of the Major-Archiepiscopate of Kiev/Halych and all Rus to the Metropolitan\n        of [[Lviv]] (Lemberg) in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].  Suffragan sees\n        included [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] (then called Stanislav) and Przemy\\u015bl. By\n        the end of the century, those remaining faithful to this church began emigrating\n        to the U.S., Canada, and Brazil.\\n\\nThe territory received by Austria-Hungary\n        in the partition of Poland included [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Halychyna]]\n        (modern Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and parts of Ternopil oblasts). Here the Greek-Catholic\n        Ruthenian (Ukrainian) peasantry had been largely under Polish Roman Catholic\n        domination. The Austrians granted equal freedom of worship to the Greek-Catholic\n        Church and removed Polish influence. They also mandated that Uniate seminarians\n        receive a formal higher education (previously, priests had been educated informally\n        by their fathers), and organized institutions in [[Vienna]] and [[Lviv]] that\n        would serve this function. This led to the appearance, for the first time,\n        of a large, educated class within the Ukrainian population in Halychyna.Himka,\n        John Paul.  (1999). ''''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'''' McGill-Queen''s\n        University Press: Montreal and Kingston.  Pg. 6. It also engendered\n        a fierce sense of loyalty to the Habsburg dynasty. When Polish rebels briefly\n        took control of Lviv in 1809, they demanded that the head of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church, Anton Anhelovych, substitute [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]''s\n        name in the [[Divine Liturgy]] for that of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Austrian\n        Emperor Francis II]]. Anhelovych refused, and was imprisoned. When the Austrians\n        retook control over Lviv, Anhelovych was awarded the cross of Leopold by the\n        Emperor.John-Paul Himka. (1986). ''''The Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian\n        Society in Austrian Galicia.'''' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\\n\\nAs\n        a result of the reforms, over the next century the Greek-Catholic Church in\n        Austrian Halychnya ceased being a puppet of foreign interests and became the\n        primary cultural force within the Ukrainian community. Most independent native\n        Ukrainian cultural and political trends (such as Rusynophilia, [[Russophilia]]\n        and later [[Ukrainophilia]]) emerged from within the ranks of the Greek-Catholic\n        Church [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|clergy]]. The participation of Greek Catholic\n        priests or their children in western Ukrainian cultural and political life\n        was so great that western Ukrainians were accused of wanting to create a theocracy\n        in western Ukraine by their Polish rivals.Himka, John Paul.  (1999).\n        ''''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'''' McGill-Queen''s University\n        Press: Montreal and Kingston.  Pg. 10 Among the political trends that\n        emerged, the [[Christian Social Movement in Ukraine|Christian social movement]]\n        was particularly linked to the Ukrainian Catholic Church. Many people saw\n        the Austrians as having saved the Ukrainians and their Church from the Poles,\n        though it was the Poles who set into motion the [[Greek-Catholic]] cast of\n        their church.\\n[[Image:St Georges.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Cathedral of St.\n        George (Saskatoon)|St George''s Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] built by\n        architect The Very Reverend Philip Ruh, O.M.I. in 1923.  [[Pleasant Hill,\n        Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Protected Heritage site]], [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]][http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/Saskatchewan/ethnic/PhilipRuh.html\n        The Very Reverend Philip Ruh, O.M.I. Priest, Architect and Builder of about\n        40 Ukrainian Catholic Churches] URL accessed February 9, 2007]]\\n\\n===Liquidation\n        of the rest of Catholic Church of Byzantine rite in the Soviet Union===\\n{{Main|The\n        Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the USSR}}\\n[[File:Biskupi greckokatoliccy\n        1927 Lw\\u00f3w.jpg|300px|thumb|Bishops of Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.\n        [[St. George''s Cathedral, Lviv]], Lviv  12.1927.  Sitting: bp.[[Hryhory Khomyshyn]],  [[Metropolitan\n        Archbishop]] [[Andrey Sheptytsky]], bp. [[Nykyta Budka]], bp. [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]].]]\\n[[File:The\n        relics of the blessed of Josaphat Kotsylovsky.JPG|thumbnail|Stryi. The relics\n        of the blessed of Josaphat Kotsylovsky.JPG]]\\n[[File:Greckokatolicka metropolia\n        lwowska 1939.png|right|250px|thumb|Map of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in\n        the province of Lviv in 1939]]\\nAfter [[World War I]], Ukrainian Greek Catholics\n        found themselves under the governance of the nations of [[Poland]], [[Hungary]],\n        [[Romania]] and [[Czechoslovakia]]. Under the previous century of Austrian\n        rule, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church attained such a strong Ukrainian\n        national character that in interwar Poland, the Greek Catholics of Galicia\n        were seen by the nationalist Polish and Catholic state as even less patriotic\n        than the Orthodox Volhynians. Extending its [[Polonisation]] policies to its\n        [[Kresy|Eastern Territories]], the Polish authorities sought to weaken the\n        UGCC. In 1924, following a visit with Ukrainian Catholic believers in [[North\n        America]] and [[western Europe]], the head of the UGCC was initially denied\n        reentry to Lw\\u00f3w (the Polish name at the time for Lviv), only being allowed\n        back after a considerable delay. Polish Roman Catholic priests, led by their\n        Latin bishops, began missionary work among Greek Catholics; and administrative\n        restrictions were placed on the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.{{cite\n        book| author=Magosci, P. | title=Morality and Reality: the Life and Times\n        of Andrei Sheptytsky| location= Edmonton, Alberta | publisher= Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta | year = 1989 }}\\n\\nAfter\n        [[World War II]] Ukrainian Catholics came under the rule of [[Communist Poland]]\n        and the hegemony of the [[Soviet Union]]. With only a few clergy invited to\n        attend, a synod was convened in Lviv (Lvov), which revoked the Union of Brest.  Officially\n        all of the church property was transferred to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]\n        under the [[Moscow Patriarchate]],[http://www.rferl.org/content/SovietEra_Documents_Shed_Light_On_Suppression_Of_Ukrainian_Catholic_Church/1795023.html\n        Soviet-Era Documents Shed Light On Suppression Of Ukrainian Catholic Church\n        Soviet-Era Documents Shed Light On Suppression Of Ukrainian Catholic Church],\n        ''''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]'''', August 7, 2009 Most of\n        the Ukrainian Greek Catholic clergy went underground. This catacomb church\n        was strongly supported by its [[diaspora]] in the Western Hemisphere. Emigration\n        to the U.S. and Canada, which had begun in the 1870s, increased after World\n        War II.\\n\\nIn the winter of 1944-45, Ukrainian Greek Catholic clergy were\n        summoned to ''reeducation'' sessions conducted by the [[NKVD]].  Near the\n        end of the war in Europe, the state media began an anti-Ukrainian-Catholic\n        campaign.\\\"Soviet repression\n        of the Ukrainian Catholic Church.\\\" Department of State Bulletin 87 (1987)\n        The creation of the community in 1596 was discredited in publications, which\n        went to great pains to try to prove  the Church was conducting activities\n        directed against Ukrainians in the first half of the 20th century.\\n\\nIn 1945 Soviet authorities arrested, deported,\n        and sentenced to forced-labor camps in [[Siberia]] and elsewhere the church''s\n        metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] and nine other Greek Catholic bishops,\n        as well as hundreds of clergy and leading lay activists. In Lviv alone, 800\n        priests were imprisoned. All\n        the above-mentioned bishops and significant numbers of clergymen died in prisons,\n        concentration camps, internal exile, or soon after their release during the\n        post-Stalin thaw.''''\\\"The Ukrainian Greek Catholics: A\n        Historical Survey\\\", by Religious Information Service of Ukraine''''\n        The exception was metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] who, after 18\n        years of imprisonment and persecution, was released thanks to the intervention\n        of [[Pope John XXIII]], Slipyi took refuge in Rome, where he received the\n        title of Major Archbishop of Lviv, and became a cardinal in 1965.\\n[[Image:St\n        Joseph the Betrothed 080202.jpg|thumb|250px|The center dome of [[St. Joseph\n        the Betrothed Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]][http://www.stjosephucc.org/\n        St Joseph Ukrainian Catholic Church Homepage]]]\\n\\nThe clergy who joined\n        the Russian Orthodox Church were spared the large-scale persecution of religion\n        that occurred elsewhere in the country (see [[Religion in the Soviet Union]]).\n        In the city of Lviv, only one church was closed (at a time when many cities\n        in the rest of Ukraine did not have a working church). Moreover, the western\n        dioceses of Lviv-Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk were the largest in the USSR\n        and contained the majority of the Russian Orthodox Church''s cloisters (particularly\n        convents, of which there were seven in Ukrainian SSR but none in Russia).\n        Orthodox canon law was also relaxed on the clergy allowing them to shave beards\n        (a practice uncommon to Orthodoxy) and conduct liturgy in Ukrainian as opposed\n        to [[Church Slavonic]].\\n\\nThe Ukrainian Catholics continued to exist underground\n        for decades and were the subject of vigorous attacks in the state media. The\n        clergy gave up public exercise of their clerical duties, but secretly provided\n        services for many lay people.\n        Many priests took up civilian professions and celebrated the sacraments in\n        private. The identities of former priests could have been known to the Soviet\n        police who regularly watched them, interrogated them and put fines on them,\n        but stopped short of arrest unless their activities went beyond a small circle\n        of people. New secretly ordained\n        priests were often treated more harshly.\\n\\nThe church even grew during this time, and this was acknowledged\n        by Soviet sources. The first secretary of the Lvov Komsomol, Oleksiy Babiychuk,\n        claimed:\\n\\n
 in this oblast, particularly in the rural areas,\n        a large number of the population adheres to religious practices, among them\n        a large proportion of youth. In the last few years, the activity of the Uniates\n        [Ukrainian Catholics] has grown, that of representatives of the Uniates as\n        well as former Uniate priests; there are even reverberations to renew the\n        overt activity of this Church.
\\n\\nAfter\n        Stalin died, Ukrainian Catholics hoped this would lead to better conditions\n        for themselves, but such hopes were dashed in the late 1950s when the authorities\n        arrested even more priests and unleashed a new wave of anti-Catholic propaganda. Secret ordinations occurred in exile.\n        Secret theological seminaries in Ternopol and Kolomyia were reported in the\n        Soviet press in the 1960s when their organizers were arrested. In 1974 a clandestine convent was uncovered in Lviv.\\n\\nDuring the Soviet era, the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church did flourish throughout the Ukrainian diaspora. Cardinal\n        [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] was jailed as a dissident but named ''''[[in\n        pectore]]'''' (in secret) a cardinal in 1949; he was freed in 1963 and was\n        the subject of an extensive campaign to have him named as a [[patriarch]],\n        which met with strong support as well as controversy. [[Pope Paul VI]] demurred,\n        but compromised with the creation of a new title of [[major archbishop]] (assigned\n        to Yosyf Slipyi on 23 December 1963{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bslipiy|Josyf\n        Ivanovyc\\u00e8 Cardinal Slipyj (Slipiy)|21 January 2015}}\\n), with a\n        jurisdiction roughly equivalent to that of a [[patriarch]] in an Eastern church.  This\n        title has since passed to [[Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky]] in 1984 and thereafter\n        to [[Lubomyr Husar]] in 2000 and [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] in 2011; this title\n        has also been granted to the heads of three other [[Eastern Catholic Churches]].\\n\\nIn\n        1968, when the Ukrainian Catholic Church was legalized in [[Czechoslovakia]],\n        a large scale campaign was launched to harass recalcitrant clergy who remained\n        illegal. These clergy were subject\n        to interrogations, fines and beatings. In January 1969 the [[KGB]] arrested\n        an underground Catholic bishop named Vasyl Velychkovsky and two Catholic priests,\n        and sentenced them to three years of imprisonment for breaking anti-religious\n        legislation.\\n\\nActivities that\n        could lead to arrest included holding religious services, educating children\n        as Catholics, performing baptisms, conducting weddings or funerals, hearing\n        confessions or giving the last rites, copying religious materials, possessing\n        prayer books, possessing icons, possessing church calendars, possessing religious\n        books or other sacred objects.\n        Conferences were held to discuss how to perfect the methodology in combatting\n        Ukrainian Catholicism in the West Ukraine.\\n\\nAt times the Ukrainian Catholics attempted to employ legal channels\n        to have their community recognized by the state. In 1956–1957 there\n        were petitions to the proper authorities to request for churches to be opened.\n        More petitions were sent in the 60s and 70s, all of which were refused. In\n        1976, a priest named Volodymyr Prokipov was arrested for presenting such a\n        petition to Moscow. The response\n        to these petitions by the state had been to sharpen attacks against the community.\\n\\nIn\n        1984 a [[samizdat]] ''''Chronicle of the Catholic Church'''' began to be published\n        by Ukrainian Catholics. The founder of the group behind this publication,\n        Yosef Terelya, was arrested in 1985 and sentenced to seven years imprisonment\n        and five years of exile. His\n        successor, Vasely Kobryn, was arrested and sentenced to three years of exile.\\n\\nThe [[Solidarity movement]] in\n        Poland and Pope [[John Paul II]] supported the Ukrainian Catholics. The state\n        media attacked John Paul II. The antireligious journal ''''Liudyna i Svit''''\n        (Man and the World) published in Kiev wrote:\\n\\n
 Proof that the\n        Church is persistently striving to strengthen its political influence in socialist\n        countries is witnessed by the fact that Pope John Paul II gives his support\n        to the emigre hierarchy of the so-called Ukrainian Catholic Church . . ..\n        The current tactic of Pope John Paul II and the Roman Curia lies in the attempts\n        to strengthen the position of the Church in all socialist countries as they\n        have done in Poland, where the Vatican tried to raise the status of the Catholic\n        Church to a state within a state. In the last few years, the Vatican has paid\n        particular attention to the question of Catholicism of the Slavonic nations.\n        This is poignantly underscored by the Pope when he states that he is not only\n        a Pope of Polish origin, but the first Slavic Pope, and he will pay particular\n        attention to the Christianization of all Slavic nations.\\n
\\n\\nBy the late 1980s there was a shift\n        in the Soviet government''s attitude towards religion. At the height of [[Mikhail\n        Gorbachev]]''s [[Glastnost|liberalization reforms]] the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church was allowed again to function officially in December 1989.\n        But then it found itself largely in disarray with the nearly all of its pre-1946\n        parishes and property lost to the Orthodox faith. The church, actively supported\n        by nationalist organisations such as [[People''s Movement of Ukraine|Rukh]]\n        and later the [[UNA-UNSO]], took an uncompromising stance towards the return\n        of its lost property and parishes. According to a Greek-Catholic priest, \\\"even\n        if the whole village is now Orthodox and one person is Greek Catholic, the\n        church [building] belongs to that Catholic because the church was built by\n        his grandparents and great-grandparents.\\\"[[Andrew Wilson\n        (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation'''', p.\n        246, [[Yale University Press]], 2002, {{ISBN|0-300-09309-8}} The weakened\n        Soviet authorities were unable to pacify the situation, and most of the parishes\n        in Halychyna came under the control of the Greek-Catholics during the events\n        of a large scale inter-confessional rivalry that was often accompanied by\n        violent clashes of the faithful provoked by their religious and political\n        leadership.Nathaniel Davis, ''''A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary\n        History of Russian Orthodoxy'''', p. 75, Westview Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8133-4067-5}}\n        These tensions led to a rupture of relations between the [[Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        and the [[Holy See|Vatican]].\\n\\n===Current situation===\\n[[File:Chomnycky\n        london cathedral.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Bishop [[Paul Patrick Chomnycky]] in\n        [[London]].]]\\n\\nCurrently the church has between 3 and 5 million supporters\n        in Ukraine. Numerous surveys conducted since the late 1990s consistently show\n        that between 6% and 8% of Ukraine''s total population, or 9.4% to 12.6% of\n        the country''s religious believers, identify themselves as belonging to this\n        Church.{{cite web|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b2964|title=70\n        Percent of Ukrainians Religious, Survey Shows|publisher=|date=17 June 2004|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210320/http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3B2964|archive-date=21\n        July 2011|df=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;13940|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120908021914/http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;13940|archivedate=2012-09-08|df=}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine:\n        People and Society: Religions|work=CIA World Factbook|date=2013|accessdate=23\n        October 2015}} Worldwide, the faithful now number some 6 to 10 million,\n        forming the largest [[particular church|particular]] [[Catholic Church]],\n        after the majority [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite Church]]. The [[demographics\n        of Ukraine]] show that the Greek Catholic Church is increasing at the expense\n        of the majority Orthodox Church, due to higher birth rates and lower death\n        rates among its members.\\n\\nAccording to a 2015 survey, followers of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church make up 8.1% of the total population (excluding Crimea)\n        and form the majority in 3 oblasts:[http://infolight.org.ua/content/religiyni-vpodobannya-naselennya-ukrayiny\n        \\\"Religious preferences of the population of Ukraine\\\". Sociology poll by]\n        [[Razumkov Centre]], [[SOCIS]], [[Sociological group\n        \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]] and [[Kiev International Institute of Sociology|KIIS]]\n        about the religious situation in Ukraine (2015)The survey sample\n        was 25000 people, excluded Crimea, so 1000 people for oblast.\\n\\n* [[Lviv\n        Oblast]] \\u2014 59% of the population\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] \\u2014\n        57%\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast]] \\u2014 52%\\n\\nToday, most Ukrainian Catholic Churches\n        have moved away from Church Slavonic and use Ukrainian. Many churches also\n        offer liturgies in the official language of the country the Church is in,\n        for example, German in Germany or English in Canada; however, some parishes\n        continue to celebrate the liturgy in Slavonic even today, and services in\n        a mix of languages are not unusual.\\n\\nIn the early first decade of the 21st\n        century, the major see of the Ukrainian Catholic Church was transferred to\n        the Ukrainian capital of [[Kiev]]. The enthronement of the new head of the\n        church Major Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] took place there on 27 March\n        2011 at the cathedral under construction on the left bank. On 18 August 2013,\n        the [[Patriarchal Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ]] was dedicated\n        and solemnly opened.\\n\\n==De-Latinization and protest==\\n{{Unreferenced section|date=July\n        2013}}\\nThe Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church previously embarked on a campaign\n        of [[Liturgical latinisation|de-Latinization]] reforms.  These include the\n        removal of the [[stations of the cross]], the [[rosary]] and the monstrance\n        from their liturgy and parishes. \\nIn 2001 a priest, Vasyl Kovpak, and a small\n        group of followers opposed to certain policies (such as [[Liturgical latinisation|de-latinisation]])\n        and [[ecumenism]] of the UGCC hierarchy, organized themselves as the [[Priestly\n        Society of Saint Josaphat]]. The PSSJ possesses close ties with the [[Latin\n        Rite]] [[Traditionalist Catholic]] [[Society of Saint Pius X]], which rejects\n        and condemns certain actions and policies of both Husar and the Pope. On November\n        21, 2007 the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] excommunicated\n        Kovpak.Catholic World News, November 21, 2007.  [http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=54919\n        Ukrainian priest excommunicated]\\n\\nCritics claim that the SSJK''s liturgical\n        practice favours severely abbreviated services and imported Roman Catholic\n        devotions over the traditional and authentic practices of the Ukrainian Greek\n        Catholic Church. Proponents counter that these symbols and rituals, influenced\n        long ago by their [[Roman Catholicism in Poland|Polish Roman Catholic]] neighbors,\n        have been practiced by Ukrainian Greek Catholics for centuries.  To deny them\n        today is to deprive the people of a part of sacred heritage which they have\n        learned to regard as their own.\\n\\nIn 2008, a group of [[Order of Saint Basil\n        the Great|Basilian]] priests at the [[Pidhirtsi]] monastery declared that\n        four of them had been consecrated bishops without permission of the Pope or\n        the Major Archbishop.  The \\\"Pidhirtsi fathers\\\" had opposed de-latinisation,\n        liberal theology, and the ecumenical approach of the hierarchy.  Excommunicated\n        in 2008, in 2009 they constituted themselves as the ''''[[Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Greek Catholic Church]]''''.\\n\\n==Administration==\\n{{also|List of Leaders\n        of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}\\n[[File:Administrative divisions\n        of the Greek Catholic Church in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772.PNG|thumb|Administrative\n        divisions of the Ruthenian Uniate (Greek-Catholic) Church in 1772 (before\n        partition of Poland)]]\\n;Ruthenian Uniate Church \\n(governing title Metropolitan\n        of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia)\\n* 1609-1746 [[Cathedral of the Theotokos,\n        Vilnius]] by [[Hypatius Pociej]]\\n* 1746-1809 [[Radomyshl]]\\n;Ukrainian Greek\n        Catholic Church \\n(governing title Metropolitan of Galicia, since 2005 –\n        Major Archbishop of Kiev-Galicia)\\n* 1816-1946 [[St. George''s Cathedral,\n        Lviv]]\\n* 1946-1989 Church liquidated by Soviet authorities (preserved on\n        efforts of [[Josyf Slipyj]] at [[Santa Sofia a Via Boccea]])\\n* 1989-2011\n        [[St. George''s Cathedral, Lviv]]\\n* 2011-present [[Patriarchal Cathedral\n        of the Resurrection of Christ]], [[Kiev]]\\n===18th century dioceses (eparchies)===\\n{{History\n        of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}\\n* Kiev archeparchy (Vilno)\\n* [[Ruthenian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Polotsk\\u2013Vitebsk|Polotsk archeparchy]] (Polotsk)\\n*\n        Volodymyr-Brest eparchy (Volodymyr)\\n* Turow-Pinsk eparchy (Pinsk)\\n* Chelm-Belz\n        eparchy (Chelm)\\n* [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Lutsk\\u2013Ostroh|Lutsk-Ostroh\n        eparchy]] (Lutsk)\\n* Halych-Kamianets eparchy (Lviv)\\n* Przemysl-Sanok eparchy\n        (Przemysl)\\n* Smolensk archeparchy (Smolensk)\\n\\n===Current administrative\n        division===\\n{{Image label begin|image=Ukraine eparchies.png|width=600|float=center}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-220|y=-160.0|scale=-1|text=''''''[[Archeparchy of Kyiv]]''''''}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-100|y=-150.0|scale=-1|text=''''''[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy\n        of Lviv|1]]''''''}}\\n{{Image label|x=-105|y=-195.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Ivano-Frankivsk|2]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-145|y=-165.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Ternopil \\u2013 Zboriv|3]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-70 |y=-170.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych|4]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-110|y=-130.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sokal \\u2013 Zhovkva|5]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-102|y=-168.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Stryi|6]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-130|y=-230.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Kolomyia \\u2013 Chernivtsi|7]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-150|y=-195.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Buchach|8]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-430|y=-200.0|scale=-1|text=''''[[Exarchate\n        of Donetsk]]''''}}\\n{{Image label|x=-350|y=-120.0|scale=-1|text=''''[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Kharkiv|Exarchate of Kharkiv]]''''}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-300|y=-270.0|scale=-1|text=''''[[Exarchate of Odessa-Crimea|Exarchate\n        of Odessa]]''''}}\\n{{Image label|x=-120|y=-80.0 |scale=-1|text=''''[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Lutsk|Exarchate
 of Lutsk]]''''}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-30 |y=-225.0|scale=-1|text=[[Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve|Eparchy\n        of
 Mukachevo*]]}}\\n{{Image label end}}\\n{{Clear}}\\nNote: The Eparchy\n        of Mukachevo belongs to the [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian Catholic\n        Church]] rather than the Ukrainian Greek church.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church moved its administrative center from Western Ukrainian [[Lviv]] to\n        a new cathedral in [[Kiev]] on 21 August 2005. The title of the head of the\n        UGCC was changed from ''''The Major Archbishop of Lviv'''' to ''''The Major\n        Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych''''.\\n\\nThe Patriarchal Curia of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church is an organ of Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the head of the\n        UGCC, Major Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych, which coordinates and promotes\n        the common activity of the UGCC in Ukraine to make influence on society in\n        different spheres: education, policy, culture, etc. The Curia develops action\n        of the Church''s structures, enables relations and cooperation with other\n        Churches and major public institutions in religious and social areas for implementation\n        of the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church through everyday life.\\n\\nThe\n        current eparchies and other territorial jurisdictions of the church are:\\n[[File:\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f, \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430 (4).jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church in [[Vinnytsia]]]]\\n*[[Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv-Halych|Ukrainian\n        Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv\\u2013Halych]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy\n        of Kyiv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Crimea]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Donetsk]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal\n        Exarchate of Kharkiv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of\n        Lutsk]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Odessa]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stryi]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sambir\\u2013Drohobych]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sokal \\u2013 Zhovkva|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sokal\\u2013Zhovkva]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Ternopil\\u2013Zboriv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy\n        of Buchach]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kamyanets-Podilskyi]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy\n        of Kolomyia \\u2013 Chernivtsi|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kolomyia\\u2013Chernivtsi]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Przemy\\u015bl\\u2013Warsaw]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic\n        Eparchy of Wroc\\u0142aw-Gda\\u0144sk]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy\n        of Winnipeg]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic\n        Eparchy of Saskatoon]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of\n        Chicago]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stamford]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic\n        Eparchy of Parma]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of S\\u00e3o Jo\\u00e3o\n        Batista em Curitiba|Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Curitiba]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic  Eparchy of the Imaculada Concei\\u00e7\\u00e3o in Prudent\\u00f3polis|Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Prudent\\u00f3polis]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of\n        Argentina]] (under the ecclesiastical province of Buenos Aires)\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Eparchy of Ss Peter and Paul|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in Australia, New\n        Zealand and Oceania]] (under the ecclesiastical province of Melbourne)\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in\n        Great Britain]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Wladimir-Le-Grand\n        de Paris|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in France]]\\n**[[Apostolic Exarchate in\n        Germany and Scandinavia for the Ukrainians]]*\\n\\n*\n        Directly subject to the [[Holy See]]\\n\\nAs of 2014, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church is estimated to have 4,468,630 faithful, 39 bishops, 3993 parishes,\n        3008 diocesan priests, 399 religious-order priests, 818 men religious, 1459\n        women religious, 101 deacons, and 671 seminarians.{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat14.pdf\\n|author=Ronald\n        Roberson\\n|title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2014\\n|publisher=Catholic Near\n        East Welfare Association\\n|accessdate=January 10, 2015}} Information sourced\n        from ''''Annuario Pontificio'''' 2014 edition.\\n\\n==Prison Ministry\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church==\\nIn contemporary [[Ukraine prison\n        ministry]] of chaplains does not exist ''''de jure''''. The prison pastoral\n        care was at the very heart of the spirituality of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church throughout her history. Prison Pastoral of the UGCC, though it is still\n        very young, is taking successive steps to integrity. It was restored in 1990\n        after the Church, formerly forbidden, emerged from the underground. Pastoral\n        care has grown steadily from several establishments in the Western Part of\n        Ukraine to more than 40 penal institutions in every region of the country.\n        Since 2001 the UGCC is the co-founder of the Ukrainian Interdenominational\n        Christian Mission \\\"Spiritual and Charitable Care in Prisons\\\" including twelve\n        Churches and Denominations. This Mission is a part of the World Association\n        of Prison Ministry. The most active prison chaplains are the Redemptorist\n        Fathers.\\n\\nIn the year 2006 Lubomyr Husar established in the Patriarchal\n        Curia of the UGCC [http://www.kapelanstvo.org.ua/ the Department for Pastoral\n        Care in the Armed Forces and in the Penitentiary System of Ukraine]. This\n        structure implements a general management of Prison Ministry. The chief of\n        the Department is Most Rev. Michael Koltun, Bishop of Sokal and Zhovkva. The\n        head of the Unit for penitentiary pastoral care is Rev. Constantin Panteley,\n        who is directly responsible for coordination of activity in this realm. He\n        is in direct contact with 37 priests in 12 eparchies who have been assigned\n        responsibility for prison pastoral care. Those pastors ensure regular attendance\n        of penitentiary facilities, investigatory isolators and prisons.\\n\\n[[File:Capelany.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Prison\n        chaplains of the UGCC - Ukraine - 2008]]\\nDepartment of the UGCC for Pastoral\n        Care in the Armed Forces and in the Penitentiary System of Ukraine is provisory\n        structure till both chaplaincies will be quite ripe. Prison Pastoral Care\n        is appealed to facilitate transition from the punitive system neglecting human\n        dignity to correctional system cherishing penitentiary idea. Our mission is\n        to serve the inmates in the national penitentiaries with Christian charity\n        and reconciliation through extensive ministry to the spiritual and physical\n        needs of prisoners of any creed, sex, age, religious faith, or nationality.\n        The priority directions of the ministry are sermon, catechetics, administration\n        of the sacraments for inmates, assistance and support of communication with\n        family, spiritual support of the prison stuff, engagement of lay people in\n        ministry.\\n\\nThe Sunday of the [[Prodigal Son]], which every  year falls up\n        to date two weeks before the [[Great Lent]], Synod of Bishops of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church has defined as a Day of special attention to [[Catholic\n        Prison Ministry]]. The Gospel Reading on this Sunday (Luke 15:11-32) lays\n        out one of the most important themes of the Lenten season: the history of\n        falling into a sin, realization of one''s sinfulness, the road to repentance,\n        and finally reconciliation, each of which is illustrated in the course of\n        the parable. The UGCC Synod invokes to remember in prayers workers of the\n        Penitentiary system of Ukraine, who perform difficult tasks, because every\n        day they are near of broken human destinies. This Sunday declared as a day\n        to remember in prayers and support chaplains and volunteers, who work with\n        great dedication to provide spiritual support for prisoners, helping them\n        to step on the right path.\\n\\nThe UGCC Prison Ministry has many directions\n        of development in compatibility with other missions of the Church. It is currently\n        carrying out on the base of \\\"The Agreement for cooperation of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church with the State Penal Department of Ukraine\\\", which\n        offers many possibilities. Today pastoral ministry is regularly carried out\n        in penitentiary facilities # 3, 13, 27, 30, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 50, 55, 57,\n        63, 110, 112, 120, 124, in correctional centres # 118, 128, 135 in seven investigatory\n        isolators and in three juvenile prisons of Ukraine. In 6 prisons our pastors\n        are able to attend only irregularly.\\n\\n==See also==\\n[[File:St. George''s\n        Krystynopol.jpg|thumb|The interior of St. George''s Church in [[Chervonohrad]].]]\\n*\n        [[History of Christianity in Ukraine|Major events]]: [[Christianization of\n        Kievan Rus'']], [[Ruthenia]], [[Conversion of Chelm Eparchy|Conversion of\n        Kholm Eparchy]]\\n* [[Western Ukrainian Clergy]]: [[List of Major Archbishops\n        of Kiev-Galicia]] and [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev]], [[Andrey\n        Sheptytsky]], [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]], [[Hryhory Khomyshyn|Hryhorij\n        Chomyszyn]], [[Josaphata Hordashevska]]\\n* [[Dzhublyk]]\\n* Supporting organizations:\n        [[Ukrainian Catholic University]], [[Ukraine prison ministry]], [[Priestly\n        Society of Saint Josaphat]]\\n* Related organizations: [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Ruthenian Catholic Church]] ([[Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo]]),\n        [[Belarusian Greek Catholic Church]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n*Articles in [[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (Mirror Weekly): \\\"Moscow, Vatican\n        and an unpredictable weather in Ukraine\\\", March 2004,[http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/483/45674/\n        in Ukrainian]{{dead link|date=April 2011}} and [http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/483/45674/\n        in Russian]{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\\n*\\\"Account\n        of the history of the Unia and its disestablishment in 19th Century Russia\\\"\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221333/http://www.pravoslavie.ru/arhiv/050513111111/\n        in Russian]\\n* ''''Orientales Omnes Ecclesias'''', Encyclical on the Reunion\n        of the Ruthenian Church with Rome His Holiness Pope Pius XII, Promulgated\n        on December 23, 1945''''.\\n* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Greek Catholics in America}}\\n*Gudziak,\n        Borys A. (2001). ''''Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, The Patriarchate\n        of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest.'''' Harvard University\n        Press. Cambridge, MA.\\n*Rev. Chirovsky, A. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160612230209/http://www.ukrweekly.com/uwwp/as-pope-and-russian-patriarch-meet-ukraine-fears-a-shaky-vatican/\n        As pope and Russian patriarch meet, Ukraine fears a \\u201cshaky\\u201d Vatican]''''.\n        [[The Ukrainian Weekly]]. 19 February 2016.\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{commons}}\\n*{{Official\n        website|http://www.ugcc.org.ua/index.php?L=2}}\\n*[http://www.stmichaelsri.org/Video.php\n        Live video broadcasts of Ukrainian Catholic Divine Liturgy (and recordings)]\\n*[http://www.kyiv.ugcc.org.ua/\n        Official website] of the Kyiv Archeparchy]\\n*[http://www.stjosephucc.org/\n        St Joseph Ukrainian Catholic Church]\\n*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110421051422/http://www.saintelias.com/ca/home/\n        St. Elias Ukrainian Catholic Church]\\n*[http://www.stjohnbrantford.com/  St.\n        John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic Church]\\n*[http://unici.pl/content/view/67.html\n        At the Service of Church Unity]\\n*[http://risu.org.ua/en/index Information\n        website] of the Religious Information Service of Ukraine\\n*[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=69&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1\n        Article on the UGCC by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site]\\n*[http://www.damian-hungs.de/geistliches/ostkirchen/ukrainische-griechisch-katholische-kirche/\n        www.damian-hungs.de (in German)]\\n\\n{{All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and\n        Religious Organizations}}\\n{{Eastern Rite Christian Churches in Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church}}\\n{{Hierarchs (ordinaries) of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church}}\\n{{Catholicism}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church| ]]\\n[[Category:Conversion\n        to the Catholic Church]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T15:10:05Z\",\"lastrevid\":798914010,\"length\":50556,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church\"},\"42780592\":{\"pageid\":42780592,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church in the USSR\",\"index\":16,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-27T16:34:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues| \\n{{underlinked|date=December 2014}}\\n{{no footnotes|date=December\n        2014}} \\n}}The [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] in the USSR refers to the\n        period in its history between 1939 and 1991, when [[Western Ukraine]] was\n        under [[Soviet Union|Soviet rule]].\\n\\n==Tensions in the pre-Soviet period==\\n\\nSoviet\n        policy toward the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church cannot be understood simply\n        in terms of [[Marxism\\u2013Leninism|Marxist\\u2013Leninist ideology]]. The\n        precedent for Stalinist church policy in Western Ukraine can be found in the\n        treatment of the Greek-Catholic Church during centuries of [[Tsarist autocracy|tsarist\n        rule]] and the pattern of relations between the [[Russia|Russian state]] and\n        the Orthodox Church.\\n\\nHostility toward the so-called \\\"Uniate Church\\\" dates\n        back to the [[Union of Brest]] in 1596, when the majority of Orthodox bishops\n        in [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]] (then part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]])\n        recognized the primacy of the Holy See.  In return, papal guarantees recognized\n        that the Uniates retained their [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine (Eastern) rite]],\n        the [[Church Slavonic language|Church-Slavonic liturgical language]], Eastern\n        canon law, a married clergy and administrative autonomy.\\n\\nComing only seven\n        years after the establishment of the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        (which claimed jurisdiction over the Orthodox in the Commonwealth), this union\n        was viewed by Muscovy not only as an ecclesiastical obstacle to its claim\n        as the \\\"Third Rome,\\\" but also as an attempt to permanently separate Ukraine\n        and Belarus from Muscovy.\\n\\nThis opposition continued after the second and\n        third [[Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|partitions of Poland]]\n        at the end of the 18th century, when the [[Russian Empire]] systematically\n        carried out attempts to liquidate the Union of Brest.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church''s incompatibility with Soviet Russian policy and social order stems\n        from the church''s title. As a \\\"Ukrainian\\\" church, the UGCC not only managed\n        to maintain its ethnic individuality under foreign domination but also helped\n        forge a modern national self-identity. As a \\\"Catholic\\\" church, the UGCC\n        was closely tied to Rome and to other Catholic Churches.\\n\\n==Attempts to\n        liquidate the church in 1939-41==\\n\\nWithout any efforts to conceal its intentions,\n        the Soviet regime renewed earlier attempts to liquidate the Union of Brest\n        following its [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|occupation\n        of Western Ukrainian lands in September 1939]], prior to which they had belonged\n        to [[Poland]].\\n\\nA propaganda campaign against the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church was initiated by the magazine \\\"Communist\\\", which, in its 9 October\n        1939 issue, accused the church''s infrastructure of Anti-Soviet agitation\n        and collaboration with the \\\"Polish Bourgeoisie.\\\" At this same time, 20 Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic publications were shut down by Soviet authorities who subsequently\n        began confiscating religious literature from libraries and bookstores. Seminaries\n        and monastic novitiates also witnessed the forced closure of their institutions.\n        On 22 October 1939, the Peoples'' Committees of Ukraine voted on and passed\n        a decree calling for the nationalization of all Greek-Catholic property, including\n        churches and monasteries. The day-to-day operations of all Greek-Catholic\n        organizations were prohibited. Priests were deemed \\\"unfit for society\\\" and\n        levied with exorbitant taxes, amounting up to 15,000 roubles per year. [[Andrey\n        Sheptytsky|Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky]] personally met with [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        regarding the tax burdens, and managed to secure a slight mitigation.\\n\\nOn\n        9 October 9, 1939, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky issued a pastoral letter\n        in which he underscored the difficulty of the new situation for the church\n        and emphasized the necessity of rearing children and youth in the spirit of\n        the Greek-Catholic faith. A few months later, the metropolitan addressed the\n        priests of the UGCC, requesting that they refrain from openly endorsing any\n        political power to avoid further repressions. But, unsatisfied with the rate\n        at which atheism was being implemented, the regime increased its anti-religious\n        campaign by supplementing the budgets of the media and such organizations\n        as the [[Komsomol]] and Association of Military Non-Believers. Schools became\n        targets of increased pressure to introduce curricula featuring subjects on\n        atheism, while traditional religious holidays were officially declared work\n        days.\\n\\nThe atheism campaign was augmented by the simultaneous attempt to\n        introduce and embed the influence and authority of the Russian Orthodox Church\n        on the territory of Galicia. On 17 October 1939, Panteleymon Rozhnovsky was\n        appointed bishop of Grodno and authorized to conduct missionary work in Western\n        Belarus and Ukraine. In the middle of the following year, Mykola Yarushevych\n        became the exarch of Volhynia. On 28 October 1940, despite disapproval even\n        from Orthodox hierarchs, who warned of possible difficulties stemming from\n        planned religious conversions, the Moscow Patriarchate openly declared its\n        desire to liquidate Greek-Catholicism.\\n\\nThe expansion of the Russian Orthodox\n        Church and the process of implementing atheism throughout the Ukrainian territories\n        were interrupted by the outbreak of the [[Nazi-Soviet War]] of 22 June 1941.\n        From the summer of 1941 until the summer of 1944, Western Ukraine was under\n        Nazi occupation.\\n\\n==Renewed pressure on the UGCC in 1944-1945==\\n\\nPhoto:\n        Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky\\n\\nIn the summer and fall of 1944, the Soviet\n        [[Red Army]] re-occupied [[Eastern Galicia]], as well as [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]],\n        the seat of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhorod. In time,\n        Communist forces extended their rule on all neighboring territories settled\n        by ethnic Ukrainians-Uniates, including the Riashiv, Lemko and Priashiv regions\n        of present-day Poland and Slovakia. In his letter to Cardinal Tisserant (March\n        1944), Sheptytsky expressed his deep concern over the return of Soviet occupying\n        forces. At first, the Soviet regime did not openly concern itself with the\n        question of implementing atheism in Western Ukraine. In fact, Sheptytsky,\n        who died on 1 November 1944, was granted a solemn yet momentous funeral, the\n        ceremony of which was attended by members of the new regime.\\n\\nAt the close\n        of World War II, the Greek-Catholic Church in the Ukrainian S.S.R. consisted\n        of 4 eparchies with 2,326 parishes, over 4,000 structures and approximately\n        3.5 \\u2013 4 million faithful. Pastoral duties were being fulfilled by 8 bishops\n        and close 2,400 priests. The 4 eparchies administered theological academies,\n        4 seminaries with 565 seminarians, as well as 35 monasteries with 155 montks\n        and 347 brotherhoods, and 123 convents with 979 nuns.\\n\\nBy April 1945, Iosyf\n        Stalin approved a 10-point plan \\u2013 developed by leaders of the Ukrainian\n        Communist Party \\u2013 which called for the liquidation of the Greek-Catholic\n        Church and the augmentation of Orthodox infrastructures in Ukraine. The Soviet\n        press began to slander the priesthood and unleashed an entire campaign attacking\n        the Greek-Catholic Church''s history. In addition, the press renewed its accusations\n        of Nationalism vis-\\u00e0-vis the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and organizing\n        anti-Soviet resistance. The pro-Soviet articles of the Galician journalist\n        Yaroslav Halan, a correspondent for the daily newspaper Vil''na Ukraina (A\n        Free Ukraine), were particularly effective in harming the church''s reputation.\\n\\nOn\n        11 April 1945, the NKGB arrested Metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj]], Sheptytsky''s\n        successor, as well as 4 Galician bishops: [[Hryhory Khomyshyn]], Ivan Liatyshevsky,\n        [[Nykyta Budka|Nikita Budka]] and [[Nicholas Charnetsky|Mykola Charnetsky]].\n        At a time when bishops and other members of the religious community who refused\n        to \\\"convert\\\" to Orthodoxy were accused of fabricated political crimes and\n        deported to concentration camps (where, of all the eventually arrested UGCC\n        hierarchs, only Metropolitan Slipyj, and Bishops Charnetsky and Liatyshevsky,\n        survived), the NKVD created a \\\"voluntary\\\" movement for the \\\"reunion\\\" (Rus.\n        vossoiedyneniia) with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. This movement, in addition\n        to the support of those priests who voluntarily strived for reunion, also\n        relied on the official support of priests who were forced into such a position,\n        often by torture. Almost immediately following the wave of arrests of the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hierarchs, the Russian Orthodox Church appointed\n        Mykhailo Oksiiuk bishop of Lviv and Ternopil, expressly advising him to coordinate\n        his actions with the \\\"people''s movement for the union of the Church.\\\"\\n\\n==\\\"The\n        Initiative Group\\\"==\\n\\nThe so-called \\\"Initiative Group for the Reunion of\n        the Greek-Catholic Church with the Orthodox Church\\\" was created on 28 May\n        1945, with the Rev. Havryil Kostelnyk at its helm. In relation to this event,\n        two official letters were written on this day. The first letter was addressed\n        to the government of Soviet Ukraine, requesting the Initiative Group''s formal\n        recognition as well as its authorization for the right to carry out the \\\"reunion\\\"\n        campaign. The second letter informed the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy that\n        the group was created \\\"by the will of the people\\\" and that the group does\n        not recognize any other administrative leadership of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church. On 18 June 1945, Pavlo Khodchenko, the republican plenipotentiary\n        of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church (CAROC), replied\n        on behalf of the government of the Ukrainian S.S.R., recognizing the \\\"Initiative\n        Group\\\" as the sole provisional organ of church administration, authorized\n        to conduct all affairs of the Greek-Catholic parishes situated on the territory\n        of Western Ukraine. In addition, the reply paved the way for proceeding in\n        all matters concerning the reunion with the Russian Orthodox Church.\\n\\nThe\n        Initiative Group was authorized to \\\"coordinate and comply with the government\n        on all legal affairs pertaining to the administration of Greek-Catholic parishes.\\\"\n        The letter of reply also instructed the Initiative Group to dispatch to Khodchenko\n        \\\"lists of all deans, parish priests and hegumens [superiors] of monasteries\n        who refused to recognize the jurisdiction of the Initiative Group.\\\" Khodchenko''s\n        letter is the only officially publicized document confirming the government''s\n        direct participation in the process of destroying the Uniate Church.\\n\\nA\n        group of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hierarchs who were not yet incarcerated\n        \\u2013 under the leadership of Archimandrite Klymentiy Sheptytsky \\u2013 issued\n        a formal protest against Khodchenko''s directives. In their letter to Vyacheslav\n        Molotov, the hierarchs referred to specific clauses in Soviet law which guaranteed\n        the freedom of religion and conscience. In addition, the letter of protest\n        denoted the manipulative nature of the \\\"Initiative Group\\\" in its attempt\n        to falsify the history of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Furthermore,\n        the hierarchs demanded the release of Metropolitan Slipyj and other imprisoned\n        clergy, while at the same time offering their assurance that Greek-Catholics\n        have no intention to engage in anti-Soviet activity. However, none of these\n        acts of protest were able to garner any positive results. In fact, the NKGB\n        proceeded to arrest priests, particularly focusing its attention on members\n        of the Order of St. Basil the Great. By the end of June 1945, the number of\n        those incarcerated exceeded 200 individuals.\\n\\nThe \\\"Initiative Group\\\" also\n        began to engage in the so-called \\\"political re-education\\\" of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics.\n        In August 1945, the group distributed 5,000 copies of Kostelnyk''s anti-papal\n        brochure which condemned the Union of Brest and appealed for the conversion\n        to Orthodoxy. During his many private meetings with members of the priesthood,\n        Kostelnyk asserted that the issue of \\\"reunion\\\" would be limited only to\n        a formal subordination to the Russian Orthodox Church; the ability to observe\n        holy days and conduct religious services would be retained without any changes\n        and only such an arrangement, given the circumstances, would be in the best\n        interest of the faithful. At the same time, representatives of the \\\"Initiative\n        Group\\\" were systematically informing the government of recalcitrant priests.\n        As a result, those priests who refused to sign the document certifying their\n        conversion to Orthodoxy, were not only automatically relieved of their pastoral\n        responsibilities, but very often arrested as well. The \\\"Initiative Group\\\"\n        considered the combination of various forms of pressure, to be effective \\u2013\n        in October 1945 Kostelnyk estimated that by year''s end only a hundred priests\n        would be negatively inclined towards \\\"reunification.\\\" Yet, he admitted that\n        among those individuals who agreed to the conversion, there were many who\n        committed this act out of fear or the desire to continue their pastoral activity\n        under the pretext of subordinating to the regime.\\n\\nThe activities of the\n        \\\"Initiative Group\\\" were personally supervised by the then head of the Communist\n        Party of Ukraine (CPU), Nikita Khrushchev, who informed Stalin on 17 December\n        1945 of the activities taken by the group under the supervision of the NKGB.\\n\\n==The\n        Synod of Lviv and its consequences==\\n\\nThe culmination of the \\\"unification\\\"\n        campaign took place at the so-called Lviv Synod (Sobor) in March 1946, when\n        an assembly of appointed hierarchs \\\"annulled\\\" the Union of Brest (although\n        this 1946 congregation was not convened in accordance with canon law). Apart\n        from the fact that the Stalinist regime never formally liquidated the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church, by 1949 the Russian Orthodox Church had forcibly absorbed\n        the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in Transcarpathia as well, and an analogous\n        \\\"union\\\" had also occurred on the territory of the Greek-Catholic Eparchy\n        of Priashiv in Eastern Slovakia. In 1948, the Union of Brest was abolished\n        in Romania and Orthodoxy was also instituted in 10 Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        parishes in those regions neighboring Transcarpathia. The Greek-Catholic Church\n        was also de facto disbanded in Poland in 1947-1949.\\n\\nThe forced \\\"unification\\\"\n        did not eradicate the existence of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. The\n        church survived within the formal infrastructure of the Orthodox Church as\n        an \\\"underground\\\" Uniate Church, in the GULags, in exile, and clandestinely\n        on the territory of Western Ukraine. However, the church received its formal\n        legal right to exist only on the cusp of 1989-1990.\\n\\n==The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church after Stalin''s death==\\n\\nStalin''s death in March 1953, the internal\n        struggle for power following his demise, and the so-called de-Stalinization\n        campaign initiated by Nikita Khrushchev all had a significant impact on the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. A few months following the dictator''s death,\n        Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj \\u2013 whose 8-year sentence officially ended in\n        April 1953 \\u2013 by Beria''s order, was transferred from a camp in Mordova\n        to Moscow. As he sought out allies during his struggle for power in Ukraine\n        and the other non-Russian republics, Beria began to oppose the russification\n        of Western Ukraine. His subordinates began secret negotiations with Josyf\n        Slipyj regarding the normalization of relations with the Vatican and the legalization\n        of the Greek-Catholic Church in Western Ukraine. Discussions with the metropolitan\n        were abruptly discontinued after Beria''s arrest. Slipyj did not accept the\n        KGB''s proposal of renouncing his loyalty to the Pope of Rome in exchange\n        for freedom and a high position in the Russian Orthodox Church.  As a result,\n        the metropolitan was sentenced into exile to the Krasnoyarsk region of Russia,\n        where he remained under the obscure status of a semi-prisoner until his subsequent\n        arrest in 1958. In 1955-1956 following Khrushchev''s dissolution of the GULag\n        system, a few hundred Greek-Catholic priests and monks were released from\n        the camps and permitted to return to Western Ukraine.\\n\\nAmong those released\n        were two bishops: Mykola Charnetsky, who returned to Lviv, and Ivan Liatyshevsky,\n        the auxiliary bishop of the Stanislaviv Eparchy, who returned to Stanislaviv\n        (today Ivano-Frankivsk). Although they were forbidden to engage in pastoral\n        activities, both bishops continued to fulfill their episcopal obligations\n        and ordained a number of priests. Due to the fact that many Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        priests \\u2013 now formally serving as Orthodox priests \\u2013 appealed to\n        the bishops by requesting absolution and their re-acceptance into the Greek-Catholic\n        faith, in 1956 Bishop Charnetsky came to the conclusion that the priests should\n        continue to provide pastoral care to the faithful in the Orthodox Church,\n        while secretly belonging to the Greek-Catholic Church. Thus, the banned Greek-Catholic\n        Church \\u2013 without any possibility of legally serving its faithful \\u2013\n        managed to formally maintain its presence in the Orthodox Church in the form\n        of a \\\"clandestine\\\" Greek-Catholic clergy. Furthermore, the Greek-Catholic\n        Church was able to supplement, to some degree, the ranks of its priesthood\n        through the \\\"underground\\\" Greek-Catholic seminaries.\\n\\n==New tensions regarding\n        the status of and policies towards the UGCC==\\n\\nDe-Stalinization, just like\n        the transformation of the Greek-Catholic Church in Poland in 1956-1957, brought\n        hope for yet another legalization of the Greek-Catholic Church in Western\n        Ukraine. A large number of appeals regarding legalization were produced by\n        the faithful, while a few parishes even rejected Orthodoxy. The publication\n        in December 1957 of a resolution adopted in October of that year by the deans\n        of the Lviv Eparchy during a conference held at the Pochaiv Monastery, quashed\n        these aspirations. The resolution distinctly underscored the fact that the\n        Soviet government''s stance regarding the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        had not changed and that it [the church] will continue to be interpreted as\n        an instrument in the hands of \\\"enemies of the state.\\\"\\n\\nMoreover, a clear\n        signal of the regime''s hard-line attitude towards the Greek-Catholic Church,\n        was the arrest, in the spring of 1958, of exiled Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj\n        under the premise of illegal contacts with members of the clergy and the smuggling\n        abroad of the metropolitan''s pastoral letters and other correspondence. Following\n        lengthy hearings in June 1959, during a closed trial in Kyiv, the metropolitan\n        was sentenced to an additional 7 years of imprisonment.\\n\\nIt was only as\n        a result of ongoing discussions between Pope John XXIII, Nikita Khrushchev\n        and President John F. Kennedy between 1961 and 1963, that the metropolitan\n        was finally released from imprisonment in late January 1963. On 4 February\n        1963, after secretly appointing Vasyl Velychkovsky as bishop-exarch of Lviv,\n        Slipyj departed Moscow en route to Rome. However, improved relations between\n        the Vatican and Moscow did not benefit the status of the Greek-Catholic Church\n        in Ukraine \\u2013 repressions against active, underground Uniate bishops and\n        clergy commenced once again.\\n\\nThe relative amelioration of Moscow-Vatican\n        relations coincided with the final phase of Krushchev''s \\\"de-Stalinization\\\"\n        period, which nevertheless consisted of an ongoing Soviet anti-religious policy,\n        the main target of which, since the late 1950s, was the Russian Orthodox Church.\n        Prior to Khrushchev''s ouster at the end of 1964, a large number of Orthodox\n        churches, monasteries and seminaries were closed.\\n\\nSeeking to establish\n        amicable relations with the Kremlin, the Moscow Patriarchate renewed its function\n        as a supporter and defender of Soviet foreign policy. In 1960, the Russian\n        Orthodox Church joined the World Council of Churches and initiated contact\n        with the Vatican. The illegal status of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        in the USSR became the key point of contention between the Vatican and the\n        Moscow Patriarchate. In this respect, Moscow''s greatest wish was for the\n        pope to renounce the Uniates. At a minimum, the task was to maintain the status\n        quo and keep the Vatican from legalizing the Greek-Catholic Church worldwide.\\n\\nThe\n        Moscow Patriarchate hoped that closer relations with the pope would neutralize\n        the pressure induced by Uniate \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 circles upon the Vatican,\n        as well as demoralize the underground church in Ukraine. In both cases, the\n        Moscow Patriarchate achieved a certain amount of success during the papacy\n        of Paul VI, which coincided with the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev.\\n\\n==The\n        Brezhnev Period==\\n\\nPhoto: Monument of Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj in Ternopil\\n\\nThe\n        Greek-Catholic clergy \\u2013 undaunted by disciplinary sanctions in 1965-1966\n        \\u2013 in mid-1966 began celebrating liturgies on Sundays and religious holidays\n        in officially non-functioning churches in Western Ukraine. The clergy''s actions\n        served as a test to monitor the regime''s potential reaction to such activity.\n        Thus, by August 1967, close to 200 churches were once again meeting the spiritual\n        needs of Ukrainian Catholics in Galicia, while a large number of those priests\n        who had been \\\"accepted\\\" into the Orthodox Church, were secretly seeking\n        the opportunity to return to the Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nCountless appeals\n        for the legal registration of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic parishes were rejected\n        by the regime.\\n\\nDespite the regime''s warnings, the majority of the active\n        clergy openly continued its pastoral activity. The restored legal status of\n        the Greek-Catholic Church in neighboring Czechoslovakia in June 1968 (which\n        was not rescinded following the Soviet invasion in August of that year) and\n        the subsequent return of the majority of the parishes, which had been transferred\n        in 1950 to the government-supported Orthodox Church, galvanized the Uniates\n        in Galicia and inclined Cardinal Josyf Slipyj, that same year, to relay a\n        memorandum to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine calling for the\n        legalization of the Church. The meeting between the head of the Presidium\n        of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Mykola Pidhornyi and Pope Paul VI on June\n        30, 1969, produced equally futile, as it were, aspirations for a swift breakthrough\n        in Vatican-Soviet negotiations regarding the legalization of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nHowever, just as in 1957, prospects for the UGCC''s\n        resurgence from the underground compelled the Russian Orthodox Church in 1968\n        to demand from the Soviet regime an assurance that this would never happen.\n        In October 1968, a new wave of repressions was initiated against the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church. The arrest of Bishop Velychkovsky and two underground\n        priests was the culmination of this last crackdown on the cusp of 1968-1969.\n        Empty churches throughout the countryside which at one time had been frequented\n        by Greek Catholics, were now being either destroyed by the local authorities\n        or utilized for various secular purposes; a number of churches were transformed\n        into museums of atheism. In some locales the situation came to a head between\n        the militia and faithful, including incidents of violence where the faithful\n        were brutally beaten or temporarily detained by the militia. Moreover, priests\n        who were caught celebrating liturgical services were issued monetary fines.\\n\\nThis\n        renewed wave of repressions coincided with Moscow''s crackdown on political\n        demonstrations in Ukraine which manifested themselves in the form of Ukrainian\n        dissidents'' support for the renewal of the Greek-Catholic Church. The beginning\n        of the 1970s was also characterized by a significant increase in defamatory\n        and intimidating publications in the press.\\n\\nThese new attacks divided the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy vis-\\u00e0-vis the prospects for the legalization\n        of their church. Many representatives of the clergy fell under the assumption\n        that the regime will never recognize the Church and therefore a \\\"compromise\\\"\n        \\u2013 as was often proposed by KGB operatives during interrogations \\u2013\n        would serve as a possible solution. Others, on the other hand, sought some\n        kind modus vivendi and hoped for some sort of Vatican-Moscow outcome which\n        would benefit the status and further the recognition process of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nThroughout 1972-1973, Ukrainian Catholics submitted\n        to the [Soviet] government many declarations calling for the legalization\n        of the Church. However, fear of repressions hindered the collecting of signatures.\n        A petition relayed to Moscow in February 1973 via a delegation headed by Rev.\n        Volodymyr Prokopiv garnered 1200 signatures. The initiative spearheaded by\n        Rev. Prokopiv \\u2013 who attempted to secure the Church''s registration under\n        the hope of a compromise \\u2013 did not enjoy broad support amongst the clergy.\n        Rev. Prokopiv''s proposal appeared to be yet another attempt to implode the\n        Church from within.\\n\\nThe Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation\n        in Europe (OSCE) in Helsinki in August 1975 served as an important step towards\n        the implementation of international monitoring of Human Rights in the USSR,\n        particularly the freedom of religion. For the underground Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church \\u2013 the largest banned religious organization in the Soviet Union\n        \\u2013 the Helsinki Accords initiated the practice of regularly held observational\n        conferences. In addition, the engagement of foreign, independent monitoring\n        organizations as well as unofficial Helsinki Groups in the USSR (the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group was formed in November 1976), paved the way for the internationalization\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Beginning with the Belgrade conference\n        in late 1977, the issue of the violation of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics''\n        religious freedom would now be formally raised on a constant basis. This took\n        place directly or indirectly in the form of various presentations and documents\n        issued by American, Canadian and Vatican delegations as well as by other Western\n        powers, thus exerting considerable pressure on the Soviet government.\\n\\nIn\n        late spring 1978, yet another initiative was undertaken \\u2013 most likely\n        under the impetus of the Soviet Ukrainian government \\u2013 to resolve the\n        legalization issue of the UGCC in the form of a \\\"Roman Catholic Church of\n        the Eastern Rite.\\\" The initiative group drafted a statute of such a church\n        and proposed that its head be a Roman Catholic bishop from Lithuania to be\n        appointed by the Pope. In so doing, the clergy''s activities would be limited\n        to celebrating liturgies and performing other religious ceremonial functions.\n        Finances and the administering of parochial affairs would be fulfilled by\n        lay parish councils, as guaranteed by Soviet legislation under the category\n        \\\"religious beliefs.\\\"\\n\\nOn 5 June 1978, the draft statute was submitted\n        to the Council for Religious Affairs in Moscow. The overall initiative, however,\n        failed to receive further attention and development. Even if the authorities\n        had chosen to provide a formal response, the uncertainty regarding the future\n        course of the Vatican''s \\\"Ost-Politik\\\" could have possibly decided the endeavour''s\n        ultimate fate. Following the death of Pope Paul VI on 6 August 1978, and the\n        unexpected passing of the pontiff''s immediate successor on 29 September of\n        that year, John Paul II became pope on 16 October 1978.\\n\\n==Pope John Paul\n        II and tensions vis-\\u00e0-vis the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church==\\n\\nPhoto:\n        Pope John Paul II\\n\\nJohn Paul II''s ascension to the Holy See ushered in\n        the Vatican''s policy of support for the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church.\n        The Soviet authorities'' concerns regarding the new pope''s intentions were\n        confirmed by the publication of a letter (dated 19 March 1979) addressed to\n        Cardinal Josyf Slipyj regarding the Millennium of Ukraine''s Christianity,\n        scheduled to be commemorated in 1988. In his letter, John Paul II underscored\n        the importance of preserving the Union of Brest, by expressing his respect\n        for the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic episcopate, clergy, and faithful who bore\n        witness to injustice and persecution in the name of Christ and professed their\n        faith in God and their Church. Simultaneously directing his address at the\n        Soviet government, the pope invoked the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\n        by appealing to the authorities to allow each believer to profess his/her\n        own faith and to participate in the communal life of the Church to which he/she\n        belongs.\\n\\nThe pope''s letter to Slipyj not only sent shock waves and anxiety\n        throughout the Vatican''s Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity (headed\n        at that time by Cardinal Johannes Willebrands), but also spurred a harsh reaction\n        from Moscow. As a result, the Moscow Patriarchate immediately postponed a\n        scheduled theological meeting with Roman Catholic hierarchs in Odesa. In addition,\n        on 4 September 1979, the patriarchate''s representative in charge of external\n        ecclesiastical affairs, Metropolitan Yuvenaliy, wrote a letter to Cardinal\n        Willebrands in which he threatened the latter with \\\"public criticism,\\\" if\n        Willebrands did not immediately explain the \\\"exact meaning\\\" behind the papal\n        missive to Slipyj.\\n\\nUnsatisfied with Willebrands''s diplomatic response,\n        Moscow once again expressed outrage when in March 1980 John Paul II convened\n        an extraordinary synod of all the Ukrainian bishops. It was during this synod\n        that the pope confirmed the selection of Archbishop Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky\n        as coadjutor \\u2013 with the right of succession \\u2013 to Archbishop of Lviv,\n        Josyf Slipyj, thereby guaranteeing the continuity of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Metropolitanate''s leadership in Galicia. The already strained relations between\n        Moscow and the Vatican were exacerbated even further, when later that same\n        year the synod of Ukrainian bishops was once again summoned to Rome where,\n        on 2 December 1980, it adopted a resolution which unanimously declared the\n        Lviv Sobor of 1946 as uncanonical and void.\\n\\nThe Russian patriarch''s protest\n        initiated a broad discussion within the Roman curia regarding the priorities\n        of Vatican-Moscow political and ecumenical relations, and the effect of Moscow''s\n        dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church''s position in the Soviet bloc.\n        The pope''s response to Moscow was issued on 24 January 1981, and was considered\n        a compromise, which could satisfy neither the Russian Patriarchate nor the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholics: the Apostolic See \\u2013 by expressing its unwavering\n        position in support of the rights of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church \\u2013\n        nevertheless wanted the resolution (of the 1946 Sobor) to initially be disseminated\n        throughout the press and for the documents to be accessible for review. As\n        a result, Rome immediately informed all of the papal nuncios in those countries\n        where Ukrainian Catholics dwelled that the texts of the resolution did not\n        receive formal approval and were therefore not considered official documents.\\n\\nIn\n        the spring of 1980, the Soviet press left no doubt that John Paul II was perceived\n        as a serious threat. As a result, an anti-papal and anti-Uniate campaign was\n        initiated, which in Ukraine was spearheaded by Leonid Kravchuk. He informed\n        a conference of Orthodox bishops that authorities in Ukraine had embarked\n        on a massive propaganda initiative and had taken certain administrative steps\n        to counteract the \\\"nationalist and religious subversive deeds\\\" supported\n        by the Vatican.\\n\\n==The Period of Transition==\\n\\nThe final years of the\n        Brezhnev regime and the transitional rule of Yuri Andropov and Kostyantin\n        Chernenko were characterized in terms of an increase in political control.\n        This included attacks against any manifestation of ideological deviation as\n        well as an escalation of propaganda against such influences from abroad as:\n        nationalism, Catholicism, religious fundamentalism, Zionism and American imperialism.\n        At a time when a \\\"patriotic\\\" rapprochement between the Kremlin and the Russian\n        Orthodox Church was becoming more and more evident, the banned Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church was subjected to yet another wave of repressions. During the first\n        half of 1980, three Uniate priests were murdered, while in early 1981 three\n        additional priests were imprisoned. At this same time, Soviet Secret Service\n        officials began using new, advanced methods of infiltration and internal manipulation\n        with the intent of destabilizing the underground Church and undermining its\n        status abroad.\\n\\nFurthermore, during the early 1980s, several priests and\n        proactive lay youth groups situated outside Ukraine took the initiative to\n        distribute information worldwide about the dramatic situation of the Uniates\n        and their struggle for the legalization of their Church. Domestically, in\n        September 1982, under the leadership of Iosyp Terelia, \\\"The Initiative Group\n        for the Defence of the Rights of Believers and the Church\\\" was organized.\n        Following Terelia''s arrest and sentencing to a one-year term of incarceration\n        in December 1982, the group''s leadership was assumed by another lay activist,\n        Vasyl Kobryn, who in turn was arrested and sentenced to a three-year term\n        of hard labour in November 1984. Beginning in 1984, on an irregular basis,\n        the group began issuing a bulletin titled \\\"The Chronicle of the Catholic\n        Church in Ukraine,\\\" edited for the most part Iosyp Terelia.\\n\\nIn addition\n        to the overall grim situation surrounding the movement for the legalization\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, one of the reasons behind the publication\n        of the bulletin had to do with the fact that the underground Church was facing\n        an ever-deepening crisis. The source of this crisis was a clergy consisting\n        of a majority of elderly and dying priests, who were trained under \\\"normal\\\"\n        circumstances (prior to the Church''s destruction), and whose quantity could\n        not be replaced by equally well-trained young clergymen. Another factor to\n        contend with was the phenomenon of so-called \\\"crypto-Catholics\\\" who had\n        evolved and increased in size over the course of the previous four decades\n        by attending Orthodox services. Among them now functioned a new generation\n        of Orthodox priests who had not undergone formation in the Uniate tradition\n        and were thus increasingly distancing themselves from the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church. Given such circumstances, the concern was that this new generation\n        of clergymen might not return to their original Church as long as it remained\n        underground and was not officially recognized by the regime.\\n\\nCardinal Josyf\n        Slipyj died on 7 September 1984 in Rome. He was succeeded, as planned, by\n        Archbishop Myroslav Lubachivsky, whom Pope John Paul II appointed cardinal\n        on 25 May 1985.\\n\\n==The status of the UGCC at the outset of the Gorbachev\n        era==\\n\\nMikhail Gorbachev''s ascension to the leadership of the Communist\n        Party and the introduction of \\\"Perestroika\\\" paved the way for a number of\n        political concessions. In 1986-1987 almost all Ukrainian prisoners of conscience\n        were released. Their freedom became the basis for a revitalized movement in\n        support of human, national and religious rights in Ukraine.\\n\\nAs the fear\n        of massive political repressions began to wane, the underground Church was\n        becoming more assertive and visible. In the wake of Gorbachev''s reforms,\n        \\\"The Initiative Group for the Defense of the Rights of Believers and the\n        Church\\\" renewed its activities. In late 1987 \\u2013 following Iosyp Terelia''s\n        relocation to Canada \\u2013 the Initiative Group''s title was changed to the\n        \\\"Committee for the Defense of the Ukrainian Catholic Church\\\" and its leadership\n        was now assumed by the recently released political dissident [[Ivan Gel]].\\n\\nThe\n        Committee began to publish an uncensored journal titled \\\"The Christian Voice,\\\"\n        which replaced \\\"The Chronicle.\\\" With the arrival of \\\"Glasnost,\\\" Ukrainian\n        Catholic activists organized a campaign for the return of the Church''s pre-war\n        status. As a result, the clergy began to celebrate liturgies in public for\n        large congregations of Greek-Catholics, particularly at pilgrimage sites.\n        In addition, activists began organizing petitions demanding the reopening\n        of Greek-Catholic churches as well as the full rehabilitation and legalization\n        of the Church. Furthermore, the faithful were being encouraged to publicly\n        confront the authorities on the issue of the constitutional rights of Ukrainian\n        Catholics'' religious freedom. Through the intervention of non-Ukrainian dissident\n        movements in the Soviet Union, the Committee also began to distribute to the\n        Western media not only various printed as well as audio-visual materials attesting\n        to the massive support for the renewal of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church,\n        but also evidence of the ongoing repressions by Soviet authorities.\\n\\nIn\n        early August 1987, a group consisting of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic priests,\n        monks and lay people, including bishops [[Pavlo Vasylyk]] and [[Ivan Semedi]],\n        announced that it is \\\"leaving the underground,\\\" and called upon the pope\n        to \\\"support the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in the\n        USSR in every possible way.\\\" Soon afterwards, additional Ukrainian Catholic\n        bishops, namely Metropolitan [[Volodymyr Sterniuk]] of Lviv and bishop [[Sofron\n        Dmyterko]] of Ivano-Frankivsk, joined the group of activists demanding legalization.\n        Pope [[John Paul II]] was now, on many an occasion, taking up the plight of\n        Ukrainian Catholics in the USSR, and high expectations were being held in\n        regards to the upcoming commemoration of the Millennium of Ukrainian Christianity.\\n\\nThe\n        Pope celebrated the Millennium together with the hierarchs of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church in Rome in 1988, subject to the condition that he could\n        make a pastoral visit to a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic church, to serve as a\n        symbolic gesture of gratitude to the pontiff for approving a high-ranking\n        delegation''s participation in Millennium festivities in Moscow and Kyiv.\n        This led to a planned meeting in Moscow scheduled for 10 June 1988 between\n        cardinals Agostino Casaroli and Johannes Willebrands and a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church delegation headed by bishops [[Fylymon Kurchaba]] and [[Pavlo Vasylyk]].\\n\\nOn\n        17 September 1988, bishop [[Pavlo Vasylyk]] was invited to Moscow to take\n        part in a roundtable discussion regarding the UGCC''s situation in the Soviet\n        Union. Additional discussants at the meeting also included four US senators\n        and members of the USSR''s Supreme Soviet (Parliament).\\n\\nNevertheless, Soviet\n        authorities in Moscow and Ukraine, who consistently denied the UGCC''s existence,\n        rejected the latest initiatives for the Church''s legalization. The Soviet\n        press secretary argued that legalization is an internal matter of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church, which itself is against any changes to the status quo in\n        Western Ukraine. Furthermore, the authorities declared that the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church is not a religious organization but rather a \\\"strictly\n        political,\\\" \\\"nationalist,\\\" and \\\"separatist\\\" entity and therefore does\n        not qualify for registration as a religious denomination. In addition, the\n        Uniate Church continued to be viewed as a supporter of nationalist leaders\n        in Ukraine and abroad.\\n\\nThe Russian Orthodox Church \\u2013 whose official\n        status began to improve considerably starting in 1987 \\u2013 was now beginning\n        to voice its protest, both domestically and abroad, against the possible repeal\n        of the Stalinist-era prohibition officially forbidding activities of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church. In addition, Russian church hierarchs were displeased\n        with the ever-increasing threat by the Uniate eparchies and parishes in Galicia\n        and Transcarpathia to leave the Moscow Patriarchate to which they had been\n        forcibly annexed.\\n\\nIn the summer of 1988, the authorities initiated new\n        repressive measures regarding \\\"unsanctioned\\\" public gatherings and demonstrations.\n        Such actions, taken against the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy and lay people,\n        included substantial monetary fines and administrative penalties in the form\n        short-term arrests. At the end of 1988, Soviet authorities reacted to the\n        now continuous efforts for the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church by transferring more than 700 soon-to-be-reopened provincial Uniate\n        churches to hastily organized Orthodox so-called \\\"Twentiers\\\" (Ukr. dvadtsiatky)\n        primarily in locations where Greek-Catholics constituted a majority. According\n        to a Soviet ordinance of that time, 20 religious faithful constituted a sufficient\n        number of believers to secure registration as a religious community.\\n\\nOn\n        7 February 1989, a UGCC delegation headed by bishop [[Pavlo Vasylyk]] departed\n        for Moscow to engage in negotiations at which it demanded the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church''s recognition by the USSR''s central authorities.\\n\\nExpectations\n        were high that the new legislation on the freedom of conscience, which was\n        about to go into effect, would help pave the way for the legalization of the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. However, in May 1989, Kyivan Metropolitan\n        Filaret''s actions at that time hindered such possibilities. During a press\n        conference in Lviv \\u2013 in the presence of the head of the Council for Religious\n        Affairs in Ukraine (M. Kolesnyk) \\u2013 the metropolitan announced that the\n        new law did \\\"not legitimize\\\" the Uniates. Furthermore, the Orthodox hierarch\n        suggested that Ukrainian Greek-Catholics should attend services at functioning\n        Roman Catholic churches, while those who felt a close affinity to the Eastern\n        Byzantine Rite should attend Orthodox churches. Finally, Metropolitan Filaret\n        remarked that the legalization of the Uniate Church could provoke clashes\n        between the Orthodox and Greek-Catholics.\\n\\n==Intensification for the legalization\n        of the UGCC==\\n\\nPhoto: St. George''s Cathedral in Lviv\\n\\nIn response to\n        Metropolitan Filaret''s assertion that the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        will never attain legal status, on 16 May 1989, 4 bishops and 10 priests of\n        the UGCC submitted a formal appeal to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.\n        In their declaration, the church officials refuted 160 political accusations\n        aimed at the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, voiced their support for Gorbachev''s\n        reforms and demanded the legalization of the UGCC.\\n\\nThus, on 16 May 1989,\n        prior to the congress of USSR deputies, another delegation arrived in Moscow\n        composed of bishops Pavlo Vasylyk, Sofron Dmyterko, Fylymon Kurchaba and Rev.\n        H. Simkailo, Rev. V. Viytyshyn (currently archbishop of Ivano-Frankivsk),\n        Rev. T. Senkiw (at present the apostolic administrator of the Stryi Eparchy)\n        and Rev. Ihor Vozniak (currently archbishop of Lviv), as well as a number\n        of religious faithful to meet with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of\n        the USSR.\\n\\nOn 17 May, after government officials did not appear for a scheduled\n        meeting with the delegation, the UGCC bishops and priests began a hunger strike\n        which caught the attention of the international broadcasting media and also\n        appeared on the first pages of the press. On 18 May, the delegation was met\n        by a representative of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR who\n        received another formal appeal intended for Mikhail Gorbachev. Following the\n        delegation''s departure from Moscow, various groups of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        took turns participating in hunger strikes over the course of the next 4 months\n        in Moscow. Such hunger strikes occurred simultaneously with public prayer\n        services and efforts to entice the Ukrainian delegates of the congress of\n        people''s deputies of the USSR, 4 of which, unsuccessfully, attempted to raise\n        the issue of the legalization of the UGCC during the congress''s sessions.\n        The Moscow activities of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics received not only the\n        recognition of the international community but also the support of Russian\n        Orthodox dissidents and various democratic circles. However, the hunger strikers''\n        most significant achievement occurred when the reforms-oriented newspaper\n        Moskovskie Novosti (Moscow News) began to publish objective and favorable\n        reports on the ongoing events. For the first time ever, the newspaper raised\n        doubts about the official Soviet version regarding the \\\"unification of the\n        Uniates\\\" and accused the Russian Orthodox Church of condoning the repressive\n        Stalinist methods being used against supporters of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church.\\n\\nThe legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church posed a\n        serious threat to the status of the Russian Orthodox Church in Western Ukraine.\n        As a result, the Moscow Patriarchate and Volodymyr Scherbytsky''s party apparatchiks\n        took decisive measures to prevent legalization. In May\\u2013June 1989, the\n        question of the Uniate Church caused a schism amongst the ranks of Soviet\n        politicians, which in turn delayed the legislative passage of the long-awaited\n        \\\"Law on the Freedom of Conscience.\\\" Furthermore, the issue of the UGCC also\n        led to the replacement of K. Kharchev by Y. Khrystoradnov as head of the Council\n        for Religious Affairs of the USSR. In addition, Y. Kashliev, as head of the\n        delegation at the Vienna conference, stated that every religious denomination\n        has the right to be registered. The discussion surrounding the UGCC \\u2013\n        which hitherto was considered an internal issue of the Russian Orthodox Church\n        \\u2013 now became the responsibility of the state. Kashliev also underscored\n        the fact that the Uniate question should be settled as quickly as possible.\\n\\nA\n        key event which had the potential to weaken opposition to the legalization\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church occurred on 17 September 1989, when,\n        according to official accounts, close to 100,000 UGCC supporters took part\n        in an unprecedented demonstration in Lviv. Large demonstrations began to take\n        place in other cities of Western Ukraine at this time as well. The movement\n        for legalization, headed by Ivan Hel, was now being augmented by the Ukrainian\n        urban intelligentsia which began organizing itself into various informal associations,\n        including The Popular Movement of Ukraine for Restructuring (Rukh).\\n\\nOn\n        20 September 1989, Scherbytsky and Viktor Chebrykov were ousted from the Politburo\n        of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. One week\n        later (28 September) Volodymyr Ivashko replaced Shcerbytsky as 1st Secretary\n        of the Communist Party of Ukraine. As a result, those officials in favor of\n        a more conservative line regarding the UGCC were no longer in the top positions\n        of the Ukrainian Communist Party. The plenary session of the Central Committee\n        of the Communist Party of Ukraine (18 October 1989) reflected the Central\n        Committee''s deepening indecisiveness regarding the future status of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nOn the heels of the increasingly tense atmosphere,\n        the parish of Sts. Peter and Paul of the Russian Orthodox Church in Lviv had\n        announced its allegiance to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC)\n        on 19 August 1989. Two additional Lviv parishes soon followed suit and subsequently\n        the same steps were taken by a few hundred parishes throughout Galicia. At\n        first, the authorities placed administrative sanctions on the parishes but\n        then cancelled such directives hoping to avoid confrontations with parishioners\n        and the local RUKH affiliates, which had already managed to spread their influence\n        on the UAOC. It cannot be ruled out that Soviet authorities considered the\n        supporters of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church as the \\\"lesser\n        of two evils\\\" when taking into account the Uniates. It is quite possible\n        that Soviet government officials were hoping for an open conflict between\n        the Uniates and supporters of Ukrainian Autocephaly which in turn would cause\n        a division within the Ukrainian national movement.\\n\\nOn 22 October 1989,\n        bishop Ivan Bodnarchuk of the Russian Orthodox Church (a native Galician)\n        \\u2013 who had very recently relinquished his episcopal duties in Zhytomyr\n        \\u2013 had accepted leadership of the Autocephalous Church in Ukraine.\\n\\nOn\n        29 October, Ukrainian Greek-Catholics under the guidance of a young priest,\n        Fr. Yaroslav Chukhniy, peacefully took over one of the largest ecclesiastical\n        structures in Lviv, namely the Church of the Transfiguration of Our Lord.\n        Until the transfer of St. George''s Cathedral to the faithful of the UGCC\n        in August 1990, the parish of the Transfiguration served as the spiritual\n        centre of Ukrainian Greek-Catholicism in Galicia.\\n\\nOn 26 November \\u2013\n        one week prior to Gorbachev''s meeting with Pope John Paul II in Rome \\u2013\n        over 100,000 UGCC faithful took part in a demonstration demanding the return\n        of St. George''s Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics.\\n\\n==Partial\n        recognition of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church==\\n\\nThe Apostolic See\n        consistently raised the issue of the rights of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics during\n        its numerous negotiations with the Kremlin \\u2013 despite minimal reciprocity\n        \\u2013 ever since Soviet-Vatican relations experienced a thaw beginning in\n        the early 1960s. In June 1988, the Vatican once again expressed its desire\n        for the UGCC''s legalization when a delegation to Moscow headed by Cardinals\n        Casaroli and Willebrands took part in the festivities commemorating the Millennium\n        of the Baptism of Kyivan Rus''.\\n\\nGorbachev replied to the pope''s proposal\n        only in August 1989. Official correspondence had been established between\n        the Kremlin and the Moscow Patriarchate on one side and the Apostolic See\n        on the other side. Gorbachev maintained that it was both the Vatican''s and\n        the Moscow Patriarchate''s obligation to reach a consensus regarding the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic question. Shortly afterwards, in a letter addressed to Pope\n        John Paul II on 16 August 1989, Patriarch Pimen put forth a proposal which\n        was unacceptable to the Vatican. In his missive, the Russian Orthodox hierarch\n        recommended the de facto liquidation of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        by way of adjoining the Uniates who place the Eastern Rite above Catholic\n        dogma \\u2013 to the Orthodox Church, and those Uniates who favor Catholicism\n        \\u2013 to the Roman Catholic Church.\\n\\nMoscow based its strategy on the hope\n        of benefiting from the disparity within the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        in the form of its \\\"Eastern\\\" and \\\"Roman\\\" orientations. Furthermore, the\n        Russian Orthodox Church banked on taking advantage of the decades-long discord\n        between the Vatican and the UGCC''s \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 activists who were demanding\n        the appointment of a separate patriarch for Ukrainian Greek-Catholics outside\n        Ukraine. A potential settlement in the form of a compromise had been discussed\n        when Archbishop Angelo Sodano (the Vatican''s Secretary of State) visited\n        Moscow on 19\\u201321 October 1989, and met with M. Gorbachev, Soviet Foreign\n        Affairs Minister Eduard Shevarnadze, and the head of the Council for Religious\n        Affairs, Y. Khrystoradnov. As a result of the meeting, the Vatican was assured\n        that the new law on the freedom of conscience and religious organizations\n        in essence will legalize the UGCC. Nevertheless, the Soviet authorities insisted\n        that specific aspects of the legalization process be coordinated between the\n        Vatican, the Kremlin and the Moscow Patriarchate based on the principles of\n        genuine ecumenical dialogue between the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox\n        Churches.\\n\\nThe pope''s expectations for the legalization of the UGCC in\n        the Soviet Union were once again put forward in his response to Patriarch\n        Pimen''s August letter which in turn was presented to the Holy Synod on 1\n        November 1989, by Cardinal Willebrands and his successor as head of the Pontifical\n        Council for Promoting Christian Unity, Cardinal Edward Cassidy. The Moscow\n        Partriarchate had agreed only on the legal right of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        to practice their faith. The issue of permitting the UGCC clergy to obtain\n        actual pastoral appointments, and other unresolved questions were to be set\n        aside for future negotiations between the Vatican and the Moscow Patriarchate.\n        This position was presented to the Pope in the form of a letter from Patriarch\n        Pimen, delivered to Rome by Metropolitan Yuvenaliy on 27 November.\\n\\nMikhail\n        Gorbachev''s meeting with Pope John Paul II on 1 December 1989, marked a rapprochement\n        between the Vatican and the Kremlin. The Roman Pontiff once again expressed\n        his will for Roman Catholics and Greek-Catholics to have the possibility of\n        freely practicing their faith, while Gorbachev assured John Paul II that the\n        future law on freedom of conscience would provide religious freedom to everyone\n        in the USSR. The meeting laid the foundation for establishing bilateral diplomatic\n        relations, and the pope accepted Gorbachev''s invitation to visit the Soviet\n        Union. Realizing that the outright legalization of the Uniate Church would\n        cause religious unrest in Western Ukraine and would lead to conflict with\n        the Moscow Patriarchate, Gorbachev refused to delegate direct responsibility\n        to the government regarding the settlement of the UGCC question. Instead,\n        the Soviet leader decided that these issues should be settled according to\n        the principles of ecumenical dialogue between the Moscow Patriarchate and\n        the Vatican.\\n\\nOn 1 December 1989, the Soviet news agency  Novosti (News)\n        and news services in Western Ukraine outlined the key points of \\\"The Declaration\n        of the Council for Religious Affairs Addressed to the Council of Ministers\n        of the Ukrainian S.S.R.,\\\" dated 20 November. The Lviv municipal press labeled\n        the \\\"Declaration\\\" a de facto recognition of the long-banned Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church. At the same time though, the Declaration asserted that Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        will be able to enjoy all the rights guaranteed by the law on registration\n        of associations in the Ukrainian S.S.R., as long as they [the UGCC faithful]\n        uphold the principles of the Constitution of the Ukrainian S.S.R. and the\n        latter''s legislation on religious beliefs. All religious structures arbitrarily\n        appropriated by the UGCC faithful were to be returned to local administrative\n        authorities. The transfer of such property to religious communities would\n        take place according to the will of the faithful themselves. If necessary,\n        the \\\"Declaration\\\" called for holding local referendums to be monitored by\n        independent observers, and cautioned against undue influence on the faithful,\n        to guarantee an objective and unbiased vote.\\n\\nAt the same time, the head\n        of the Council for Religious Affairs of the Ukrainian S.S.R., M. P. Kolesnyk,\n        underscored that the council had not considered the canonical status of the\n        infrastructure and hierarchies of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Instead,\n        it had only taken into account the rights of a \\\"community of believers\\\"\n        to apply for state registration (recognition) and the possibility for the\n        denationalization (privatization) of inactive church structures. Furthermore,\n        there was no talk of returning ecclesiastical structures and property \\u2013\n        nationalized by the state \\u2013 to the UGCC, nor of annulling the Lviv pseudo-Sobor\n        of 1946, nor of a formal rehabilitation of the Church or even any kind of\n        compensation for losses incurred over the decades.\\n\\nIn response to the promise\n        for legalization, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics reappropriated their former\n        churches from the Russian Orthodox Church. By January 1990, over 120 churches\n        in Galicia had been returned to the UGCC. By the end of the month, this number\n        had increased to 230 churches on the territory of the Lviv and Ternopil eparchies,\n        and to 140 on the territory of the Ivano-Frankivsk eparchy.\\n\\nBy June 1990,\n        803 churches had been returned to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics in newly established\n        (albeit for the most part unregistered) Uniate parishes in the Lviv eparchy,\n        including approximately 500 churches in the Ivano-Frankivsk eparchy and 12\n        in Transcarpathia. Close to 370 Orthodox priests had converted to the UGCC\n        in Galicia. This increased the overall quantity of Greek-Catholic priests\n        to 767 (including 186 monks). In general, 1,592 Greek-Catholic parishes had\n        been established and 1,303 churches were taken over in Galicia by early summer\n        1990. In addition, newly established seminaries accepted 485 students, while\n        approximately 700 nuns were active in the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        throughout Western Ukraine. At the same time, close to 500 Orthodox parishes\n        converted to the UAOC.\\n\\nThe massive reappropriation by the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        of their former churches spurred a wave of protests on the part of the Moscow\n        Patriarchate. Supporters of the Russian Orthodox Church accused the Uniates\n        of illegally taking over churches, threatening the Orthodox faithful and persecuting\n        the clergy.\\n\\nThe change in the party and governmental leadership of the\n        Ukrainian S.S.R. impacted the Russian Orthodox Church as well. In 1989, the\n        leadership of the exarchate found it necessary to make a number of concessions\n        regarding the Ukrainian language. In January 1990, the Ukrainian Exarchate\n        of the Russian Orthodox Church was retitled the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.\n        Shortly after June 1990, the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church expressed\n        its concern regarding the liquidation of its Church for the benefit of the\n        Uniates and the autocephalous \\\"schismatics\\\" in Western Ukraine. As a result,\n        a special commission of the Holy Synod visited Ukraine, headed by the newly\n        appointed Moscow Patriarch, Aleksei II.\\n\\nIn response to the Declaration\n        of the State Sovereignty of Ukraine on 16 July 1990, in October the Russian\n        Orthodox Church bestowed the right for \\\"self-government\\\" to the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church, which, nevertheless, was to remain an integral component\n        of the Moscow Patriarchate. The creation of the UAOC \\u2013 although limited\n        at that time to the territory of Galicia \\u2013 posed a much greater, long-term\n        threat to the ROC than the revival of the UGCC, because the autocephalous\n        church boasted supporters in traditional Orthodox territories of Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nOn\n        19 August 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church received possession of\n        the historic Cathedral of St. George in Lviv. In September 1990, 250 students\n        began their studies at the archeparchial seminary in Rudno, while 47 seminarians\n        initiated their studies at the seminary in Drohobych. In addition, approximately\n        300 students were attending improvised lectures on theology in Ivano-Frankivsk.\n        Similarly, the Basilians opened a minor seminary for 70 students and a novitiate\n        at their monastery in Krekhiv.\\n\\nIn a state of increasing tension between\n        the Orthodox and Ukrainian Greek-Catholics, a Vatican delegation once again\n        met with its counterparts from the Moscow Patriarchate on 10 September 1990,\n        in Moscow. These delegations, in turn, were soon joined by three Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic bishops and their Orthodox counterparts. However, on 14 September,\n        the Russian Orthodox delegates exited the negotiations after the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic delegation unanimously rejected the demands of the Orthodox\n        to return the reappropriated Uniate churches in Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk.\n        Soon afterwards, the trilateral, inter-denominational Lviv regional commission\n        fell apart when representatives of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Ukrainian\n        Autocephalous Orthodox Church resigned their positions in the negotiating\n        body after accusing the local authorities of favoring the UGCC in the settlement\n        of church property ownership.\\n\\nIn the fall of 1990, the head of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church, Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, declared his intention\n        to visit the faithful in Ukraine in the spring of 1991.\\n\\n==See also==\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church]]\\n* [[History\n        of Christianity in Ukraine]]\\n* [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]\\n\\n==References==\\n*\n        Bohdan R. Bociurkiw, ''''[http://www.ciuspress.com/catalogue/religion-and-theology/120/the-ukrainian-greek-catholic-church-and-the-soviet-state-%281939-1950%29\n        The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Soviet State (1939\\u20131950)]''''.\n        Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. 1996.\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-27T16:34:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":792622780,\"length\":59596,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_USSR\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_USSR&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_USSR\"},\"7433327\":{\"pageid\":7433327,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces\",\"index\":4,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-26T22:49:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Dablink|\\\"Ukrainian\n        Army\\\" redirects here.  For historical armies of Ukraine, see [[Ukrainian\n        Army (disambiguation)]]}}\\n{{Infobox military unit\\n|unit_name=Ukrainian Ground\n        Forces
\\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\\n|image=[[File:Emblem of the Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces.svg|centre|150px]]\\n|caption=Emblem of the Ukrainian Ground\n        Forces\\n|dates= 1919\\u20131922\\n12 December 1991\\u2013present\\n|size=260,000\n        Active personnel (2016){{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/05/02/ukraine-draft-dodgers-in-fight-against-separatists/26462801/|title=Thousands\n        dodge Ukraine army in fight with rebels|author=Olga Rudenko|work=USA Today|date=6\n        May 2014|accessdate=19 March 2016}}
80,000 Reserve (2016)\\n|command_structure=\\n|garrison=[[Kiev]]\\n|garrison_label=Headquarters\\n|disbanded=\\n|battles=[[Kosovo\n        Force]] (KFOR)
[[Iraq War]]
[[War in Afghanistan (2001\\u2013present)]][[2014 Russian invasion of Crimea ]]
[[War in Donbass]]\\n\\n|commander1=[[Lieutenant General]] [[Serhiy Popko]][http://www.unian.info/society/1302299-poroshenko-appoints-ato-chief-commander-of-land-forces.html\n        Poroshenko appoints ATO chief Commander of Land Forces], [[UNIAN]] (28 March\n        2016)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/333690.html Poroshenko appoints\n        ATO chief Popko as commander of ground forces], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (28 March\n        2016)\\n|commander1_label=\\n|commander2=\\n|commander2_label=\\n|identification_symbol=[[File:Ensign\n        of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.svg|150px|Ensign of Ukrainian Ground Forces]]\\n|identification_symbol_label=Ground\n        Forces Ensign\\n|identification_symbol_2=[[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|150px|Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces]]\\n|identification_symbol_2_label=Flag of Ukraine\\n|anniversaries=[[Army\n        Day#Ukraine|Army Day]] (12 December, anniversary of the 1991 formation of\n        the Ground Forces).Culture Smart! Ukraine by [[Anna Shevchenko]],\n        Kuperard, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-85733-327-5}}\\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0417\\u0421\\u0423, ''''Sukhoputni\n        Viys\\u2019ka ZSU''''}}) are the land force component of the [[Armed Forces\n        of Ukraine]]. They were formed from [[Soviet Ground Forces]] formations, units,\n        and establishments, including three [[military district]]s (the [[Kiev Military\n        District|Kiev]], [[Carpathian Military District|Carpathian]], and [[Odessa\n        Military District]]s), that were on Ukrainian soil when the [[History of the\n        Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|Soviet Union collapsed]]\n        in 1990\\u201392.\\n\\nSince [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukraine''s\n        independence from the Soviet Union in 1991]] Ukraine retained its Soviet-era\n        army equipment and have not replaced nor upgraded it.[http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/115444\n        In the Army Now: Answering Many Why''s], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (8 July 2014)\n        Also the Armed Forces have been systematically downsized since 1991 and as\n        a result it was largely dilapidated in July 2014.\n        Since the start of the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014 in [[eastern Ukraine]]\n        Ukraine is upgrading its Armed Forces.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/365354.html Poroshenko\n        says military hardware will bring Ukraine''s victory closer], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 August 2016) Its size of 129,950 in March 2014{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/03/03/ukraines-military-is-far-smaller-than-russias-but-theres-3-reasons-it-might-not-be-so-easy-to-crush/|title=Ukraine''s\n        military is far smaller than Russia''s, but there are 3 reasons it might not\n        be so easy to crush|author=Adam Taylor|work=The Washington Post|date=3 March\n        2014|accessdate=19 March 2016}} had grown to 204,000 active personnel\n        in May 2015. In 2016 75% of the army consisted of contract\n        servicemen.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/365479.html\n        Ukrainian army composed of 75% contract servicemen - president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 August 2016)\\n\\n==History==\\nPrior to the [[October Revolution]]\n        of 1917, three separate self-governing Ukrainian states existed on what is\n        Ukraine today. Each of these states possessed armed forces. The largest of\n        these, the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]], itself comprised three separate\n        regimes. The [[Ukrainian People''s Army]] is an example of one of the early\n        national armed forces. Other armed independence movements existed in the wake\n        of both the [[First World War]] and the [[Second World War]], and these armies\n        each had distinct organisation and uniforms. These armed forces, and the independent\n        Ukrainian homeland for which they fought, were eventually incorporated into\n        the neighboring states of [[Poland]], [[Soviet Union]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]]\n        and [[Czechoslovakia]].Abbott, P. & E. Pinak ''''Ukrainian Armies 1914\\u201355''''\n        (Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2004), {{ISBN|1780964013}}, 9781780964010\\n\\n===Collapse\n        of the USSR===\\nThe Armed Forces of Ukraine included approximately 780,000\n        personnel, 7,000 [[armored vehicles]], 6,500 tanks, and 2,500 [[tactical nuclear\n        missile]]s when they were established. However, the problem that Ukraine face\n        was that while it had vast armed forces, it lacked a proper command structure.\n        Therefore, on 24 August 1991, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] of [[Ukraine]] ratified\n        the resolution of taking under its control, all military units of former Soviet\n        Armed Forces, situated on the territory of Ukraine; and in turn the establishment\n        of the [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Creation of the Ground Forces===\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Armed forces}}\\nFollowing the declaration of Ukrainian independence in 1991,\n        Ukraine inherited the [[1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards Army]],\n        [[13th Army (Soviet Union)|13th Army]], [[38th Army (Soviet Union)|38th Army]],\n        two tank armies (the [[6th Guards Tank Army]] and the 8th Tank Army), and\n        the [[32nd Army Corps]] (32-\\u0439 \\u041a\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0433\\u0441\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043f\\u0443\\u0441)\n        at [[Simferopol]]. In addition, the [[28th Guards Mechanised Brigade|28th\n        Guards Motor Rifle Division]] (MRD) and the 180th MRD were left in Ukraine,\n        having been previously under the [[14th Guards Army]] headquartered at [[Tiraspol]]\n        in the [[Moldovan SSR]]. The post of commander of ground troops was designated\n        in early 1992. By the end of 1992, the [[Kiev Military District]] disbanded,\n        and Ukraine used its structures as the basis for the Ministry of Defence and\n        the [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces|General Staff]].[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/099704.shtml\n        ANALYSIS: Ukraine adopts program for military reform], 03/02/1997 Between\n        June and August 1993, the first redesignation of armies to army corps appears\n        to have taken place.See references at [[6th Guards Tank Army]] and [[6th\n        Army Corps (Ukraine)]]. On 1 December 1993, 8th Guards Tank Army became 8th\n        Army Corps. While the chief of ground forces post had been created in\n        early 1992, it was over two years before the first holder, Colonel General\n        [[Vasily Sobkov]], was appointed on 7 April 1994.Jane''s Sentinel: Ukraine,\n        1994 The legal framework for the Ground Forces was defined in Article\n        4 of the law ''On the Armed Forces of Ukraine.'' At that time, the Ground\n        Forces had no separate command body, and were directly subordinate to the\n        Ukrainian General Staff.\\n\\nThe creation of the Ground Forces as a separate\n        armed service was legally only put in train by Presidential Decree 368/96\n        of 23 May 1996, ''On the Ground Forces of Ukraine.''Yuriy Yurchnya, ''The\n        Armed Forces of Ukraine,'' DCAF, 2010, 89.\\nThat year both the Ground\n        Forces Command was formed and the 1st Army Corps was reorganised as the Northern\n        Territorial Operational Command (which became the Northern Operational Command\n        in 1998). In 1997 the Carpathian Military District was reorganised as the\n        [[Western Operational Command]].\\n\\nFrom 1992 to 1997, the forces of the Kiev\n        MD were transferred to the Odessa MD, and the Odessa MD''s headquarters moved\n        to [[Donetsk]].Andrew Duncan, ''Ukraine''s forces find that change is\n        good,'' [[Jane''s Intelligence Review]], April 1997, 162\\u20133. A new\n        2nd Army Corps was formed in the Odessa MD. Armies were converted to army\n        corps, and motor rifle divisions converted into mechanised divisions or brigades.\n        Pairs of attack helicopter regiments were combined to form army aviation brigades.\\n\\nPresident\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]] revealed in a December 1996 speech that as many as 191 mechanised\n        infantry and tank battalions were rated not ready, adding,\\\"This is especially\n        dangerous in the forward-based units securing the nation''s borders.\\\"Stephen\n        D. Olynyk, [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/18_15.pdf Ukraine as\n        a Post-Cold War Military Power], [[Joint Force Quarterly]], Spring 1997, 93.\\n\\n===Reform===\\nAccording\n        to a plan promulgated in 2000 the Ground Forces were to reduce the number\n        of troops from the then 300,000 to 240,000 by 2015, and an ultimate change\n        from a partial [[conscript]]-based force to a fully professional military.http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine_Eng-2005.pdf\n        , page 4 of 136 Even though the Armed Forces received little more than\n        half of the [[Ukrainian hryvnia|Hr]] 68 million it was promised for reform\n        in 2001, officials were able to disband nine [[regiment]]s and close 21 local\n        military bases.{{#tag:ref|According to the State Program of the Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces reform and development to 2005, the ground forces were to have\n        the biggest ratio of personnel of all services (up to 54%). This ratio was\n        to be based on the missions assigned to the armed forces, and also on the\n        fact that the [[economy of Ukraine]] could not support any larger troop numbers.\n        However, the ground forces still has priority in the number of personnel,\n        weapons, military equipment development priorities and the development of\n        their future systems, which were to correspond to [[modern warfare]] requirements.\n        The ground forces were planned to closely coordinate their assignments with\n        other army branches, engaging appropriate military arts and equipment. They\n        were to also be involved in law enforcement activities during emergencies,\n        dealing with consequences of technological and [[natural disasters]], providing\n        military assistance to other countries, engaging in international military\n        cooperation activities ([[UN]]), and participating in international peacekeeping\n        operations according to international agreements.|group=nb}}\\n\\nIn 2005\\u201306,\n        the Northern Operational Command was reorganised as [[Territorial Directorate\n        \\\"North\\\"]]. It was tasked with territorial defence, mobilisation training,\n        and preparation of reserves.Yurchnya, 2010, 91.{{#tag:ref|It was\n        reported on 27 July 2005 that ''..[o]ver 70 per cent of planned work on [the]\n        disbandment of the Ukrainian armed forces'' Northern Operational Command has\n        been completed,'' according to the Defence Ministry''s press service.[[Interfax-AVN]],\n        [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-134585162/ukrainian-army-northern-operational.html\n        ''Ukrainian army''s Northern Operational Command being disbanded,''] Interfax-AVN\n        military news agency web site, Moscow, in English 1152 gmt 27 Jul 05 via [[BBC\n        Monitoring]].|group=nb}}\\n\\nFrom 1991 the Ukrainian Ground Forces bought\n        its military equipment only from [[Russia]] and other [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]] states, as well as locally producing some of their own equipment.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240543.html\n        Ukraine must stop importing Russian weapons, switch to NATO standards], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (18 December 2014) The [[Ukrainian Defense Industry (company)|defence\n        industry in Ukraine]] produced equipment was not used to equip the Armed Forces\n        prior to the [[War in Donbass]] (that started in April 2014[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275\n        Ukraine crisis timeline], [[BBC News]]) but it produced only for export.\\n\\n===Loss of Crimea===\\nIn the aftermath of the [[2014\n        Ukrainian Revolution]], Russian special forces in unmarked uniforms began\n        surrounding Ukrainian military bases on the Crimea before capturing them individually\n        using a mixture of attrition and threats.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/19/ukraine-plans-troop-withdrawal-from-crimea|title=Kiev\n        announces plans to withdraw Ukrainian troops from Crimea|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=31\n        January 2015}} Over the following weeks the [[Russian Armed Forces]]\n        consolidated control of the peninsula and established road blocks to cut off\n        the possibility of Ukraine sending reinforcements from the mainland.{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/russia-has-sent-troops-to-crimea-1339313-Mar2014/|title=Russia\n        has sent 6,000 troops to Crimea says Ukraine|work=www.thejournal.ie|accessdate=31\n        January 2015}} By the end of March, all remaining Ukrainian troops were\n        ordered to pull out of Crimea.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-orders-all-troops-out-of-crimea/|title=Ukraine\n        orders all troops out of Crimea|work=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=31 January 2015}}\n        The Ukrainian Army was considered to be in a poor state during and after the\n        annexation with only 6,000 of its troops ready for combat and many of its\n        vehicles lacking batteries.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579457591983371478|title=Ukraine\n        Battles to Rebuild a Depleted Military|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=31\n        January 2015}} (According to February 2016 official Ukrainian figures)\n        after [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russia''s annexation]]\n        6.000 of the pre-annexation 20.300 people strong Ukrainian army personnel\n        left Crimea.{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/8/7098237/\n        After the annexation of Crimea left only 10% of staff SBU], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]\n        (February 8, 2016)\\n\\n===War in Donbass===\\n{{main article|War in Donbass}}\\n{{empty\n        section|date=February 2016}}\\n\\n==Military Training and Education Centers==\\n{{See\n        also|Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations}}\\n[[File:Training Special Operations Forces\n        (26678129310).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian special forces soldier during\n        a exercise.]]\\n\\n[[File:A Canadian Army combat engineer, right, talks to a\n        Ukrainian military observer-controller during a situational training exercise\n        as part of Rapid Trident 2014 in Yavoriv, Ukraine, Sept 140917-A-DO615-006.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian\n        and Canadian soldiers converse with each other during the 2014 Rapid Trident\n        exercise in Yavoriv, Ukraine.]]\\n\\nTraining in 2006 was aimed at developing\n        mobility and combat readiness of the forces.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf\n        Ukrainian Armed Forces 2006 White Book p.25] The Ukrainian armed forces\n        took advantage of the opportunities provided by [[UN]] exercises and exercises\n        where Ukraine and [[NATO]] nations and other partners participated.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf\n        Ukrainian Armed Forces 2006 White Book p.26]\\n\\nTraining resulted in\n        6,000 combat-ready troops in the spring of 2014 of Ukraine''s (then) 129,950\n        active military personnel.[http://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-armies-compare/25287910.html\n        Explainer: How Do Russia''s And Ukraine''s Armies Compare?], [[Radio Free\n        Europe]] (6 March 2014) In 2016 the Ukrainian army had more than 200,000\n        combat-ready soldiers of its 260,000 active personnel.[https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/war-against-ukraine/ukrainian-army-struggling-with-its-training-system-422870.html\n        Ukrainian army struggling with its training system], [[Kyiv Post]] (14 September\n        2016)\\n\\nIn 2015 Ukraine, the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]]\n        and [[Canada]] established the Joint Multinational Training Group \\u2013 Ukraine\n        (JMTG-U) and they set up three new training sites, in [[Khmelnytskyi]], [[Yavoriv]]\n        and [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]].\\n\\n===Education Centers===\\nIn\n        2007 the system of exercise/training ranges was optimized, decreasing their\n        number and providing a specialized role.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book/white_book_en2007.pdf\n        Ukrainian Armed Forces 2007 White Book p.42]\\n\\nSchooling Occurs at:\\n*\n        [[169th Training Centre (Ukraine)|169th Training Center]] - (Desna / 50\\u00b055''35\\\"N\n        30\\u00b045''27\\\"E) - Home to army initial training, for all personnel entering\n        the Army, it is also houses the 169th Teaching Brigade which homes in the\n        tactics and skills of tankers and mechanized/motorized infantrymen.\\n* Hetman\n        Petro Sahaidachny Ground Forces Academy - (Lviv / 49\\u00b049''28\\\"N 24\\u00b01''2\\\"E)\n        - It is an academy for all officer cadets seeking a commission, an equivalent\n        of the American West Point and British Sandhurst.\\n* [[National Defense University\n        of Ukraine \\\"Ivan Chernyakhovsky\\\"]] - (Kiev / 50\\u00b025''57\\\"N 30\\u00b027''52\\\"E)\n        - Teaches specialization like foreign languages, book keeping, cryptology,\n        study of armaments, logistics, etc.\\n* [[Ivan Bohun Military High School]]\n        - (Kiev / 50\\u00b025''24\\\"N 30\\u00b032''43\\\"E) - A [[Junior Reserve Officers''\n        Training Corps|JROTC]] style [[boarding school]] which has curriculum identical\n        to Ukraine''s public schools with added focus on military teachings and discipline.\\n*\n        Korolev Signals Institute - (Zhytomyr / 50\\u00b017''6\\\"N 28\\u00b036''54\\\"E)\n        - Teaches theory and practice of electromagnetic waves and their uses in communication,\n        radio location, eavesdropping, and jamming.\\n* [[Military Institute of Telecommunications\n        and Information Technologies]] - (Kiev / 50\\u00b025''18\\\"N 30\\u00b033''25\\\"E)\n        - Teaches subjects of: Computer Science, Systems engineering, Telecommunications,\n        Security Information and Communication Systems, Systems of technical protection\n        of information, Electronic military administration.[http://www.dut.edu.ua/ua/pages/477]\\n*\n        Odessa Artillery Academy\\n\\nWhile Training Ranges are:\\n{|\\n|-\\n|\\n* Uzhgorod\n        Military Training Center (48\\u00b039''44\\\"N 22\\u00b026''27\\\"E)\\n* Storozhynets\n        Military Training Center (48\\u00b08''5\\\"N 25\\u00b050''24\\\"E)\\n* Yavoriv Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b02''44\\\"N 23\\u00b036''21\\\"E)\\n* Rivne Military Training\n        Center (50\\u00b048''22\\\"N 26\\u00b033''12\\\"E)\\n* Novohrad-Volynskyi Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b040''3\\\"N 27\\u00b032''33\\\"E)\\n* Zhytomyr Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b09''59\\\"N 28\\u00b031''9\\\"E)\\n|\\n* Soshnikovskyi Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b01''19\\\"N 31\\u00b010''29\\\"E)\\n* Maloye Ozero Military\n        Training Center (51\\u00b016''19\\\"N 32\\u00b052''41\\\"E)\\n* Poltava Military\n        Training Center (49\\u00b037''27\\\"N 34\\u00b036''35\\\"E)\\n* Chuhuiv Military\n        Training Center (49\\u00b049''11\\\"N 36\\u00b047''31\\\"E)\\n* Chervona Polyana\n        Military Training Center (47\\u00b050''28\\\"N 33\\u00b010''40\\\"E)\\n* Samarskyi\n        Bor Military Training Center (48\\u00b042''34\\\"N 35\\u00b027''27\\\"E)\\n|\\n* Mykolaiv\n        Military Training Center (47\\u00b05''16\\\"N 32\\u00b00''32\\\"E)\\n* Shyrokiy Lan\n        Military Training Center (47\\u00b04''4\\\"N 31\\u00b032''40\\\"E)\\n* Chornomorske\n        Military Training Center (46\\u00b036''44\\\"N 30\\u00b055''54\\\"E)\\n* Bolhrad\n        Military Training Center (45\\u00b041''11\\\"N 28\\u00b043''36\\\"E)\\n* Shirokyi\n        Ovrag Military Training Center (46\\u00b051''48\\\"N 36\\u00b058''9\\\"E)\\n|}\\n\\n==Branches\n        of the Ground Forces==\\n\\n===Armoured and mechanised forces===\\n{{Main article|Mechanized\n        Infantry (Ukraine)}}\\n{{Main article|Armoured Forces (Ukraine)}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Army in Mariupol, May 2014.png|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian Army soldiers and\n        [[BMP-2]] in [[Battle of Mariupol (May\\u2013June 2014)|Mariupol]] during a\n        confrontation with civilians on 9 May 2014.]]\\n[[File:13510997 552410288265013\n        5918396253241991410 n (27400723644).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian Army  [[T-64|T-64BM]]\n        during a training.]]\\nMechanised Infantry and armoured forces are the primary\n        components of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. Their primary objectives in case\n        of war are capturing and holding targets, maintaining positions, defending\n        against attack, penetrating enemy lines and defeating enemy forces.\\n\\nThe\n        mechanised and armoured forces are equipped with [[T-64]]{{uk icon}}\n        [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=ua&part=news&sub=read&id=8568 Minister\n        of Defence visits 1st Armored Brigade] and [[T-64|T-64BM \\\"Bulat\\\"]]{{uk\n        icon}} [http://uamedia.visti.net/army/ People''s Army Magazine] main\n        battle tanks; [[BTR-4]], [[BTR-60]], [[BTR-70]] and [[BTR-80]], wheeled armored\n        personnel carriers and [[BMP-1]], [[BMP-2]] and [[BMD-2]] infantry combat\n        vehicles.\\n\\nSince the fall of the Soviet Union, a large number of the previous\n        Soviet mechanised formations on Ukrainian soil have been disbanded \\u2013\n        the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies|IISS]] says totals have\n        dropped from 14 divisions, in 1992, to two divisions, six brigades, and one\n        independent regiment in 2008.IISS ''''Military Balance 1992/3'''', p\n        86, and ''''Military Balance 2008'''', p 188 Today, all mechanised and\n        armoured formations are called [[brigade]]s. However, some former [[division\n        (military)|division]]s remain near division strength.\\n\\nCurrent formations\n        include:\\n*[[1st Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|1st Armored Brigade]] \\u2013 [[Honcharivske]]{{uk icon}} [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=ua&part=news&sub=read&id=10268\n        Brigade in Honcharivske receives new tanks] [[Chernihiv Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]\\n*[[17th\n        Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Armored Brigade]] \\u2013 [[Kryvyi Rih]]{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=ua&part=news&sub=read&id=10294\n        Training in the 17th Armored Brigade] [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]\\n*[[30th\n        Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Mechanised Brigade]] - [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]  [[Zhytomyr\n        Oblast]]\\n\\nDisbanded armoured formations include:\\n*[[17th Armored Brigade\n        (Ukraine)|17th Guards Tank Division]]Lenskiy\n        \\u2013 [[17th Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Armored Brigade]] \\u2013 reformed\n        into brigade by 2003\\n*[[23rd Tank Division|23rd Training Tank Division]]\n        \\u2013 6065th Storage Base since 1987Feskov, p.106\\n*[[30th\n        Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Guards Tank Division]]\n        \\u2013 [[30th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Tank Brigade]] \\u2013 July\n        30, 2004 reformed into [[30th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Mechanised\n        Brigade]]\\n*[[41st Guards Tank Division]] \\u2013 5193rd Storage Base since\n        1989\\n*[[42nd Guards Tank Division]] \\u2013\n        5359th Storage Base since 1990\\n*[[48th\n        Guards Training Tank Division]] \\u2013 [[169th Training Centre (Ukraine)|169th\n        District Training Centre]]\\n*[[117th Guards\n        Tank Division]] \\u2013 119th District Training Centre\\n\\n===Mountain\n        infantry Brigade===\\nThe Ukrainian Ground Forces also include two mountain\n        infantry brigades.\\n* [[10th Mountain Brigade (Ukraine)|10th Mountain Brigade]]\\n*\n        [[128th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|128th Mountain Brigade]]\\n\\n===Airmobile\n        Forces and Army Aviation===\\n{{Main article|Ukrainian Airmobile Forces}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Airmobile Forces Flag.svg|200px|thumb|right|Ukrainian Airmobile Forces flag.]]\\n[[File:Defense.gov\n        News Photo 000717-A-4074B-014.jpg|thumb|Paratroopers from the 80th Airmobile\n        Regiment]]\\n[[Army aviation|Army Aviation]], having to cover troop movements,\n        is by far the most maneuverable branch of the army, intended to conduct the\n        operations under all sorts conditions of combat arms procedures. Among the\n        priorities of the Ukrainian army aviation''s units is to provide [[reconnaissance]],\n        attack enemy weapon systems, provide equipment and human resources, give tactical\n        fire support during an offensive or counterattack, land airmobile troops,\n        and to deliver combat weapons and personnel at the specified areas and execute\n        other main tasks. There are two units: the [[3rd Army Aviation Regiment (Ukraine)|3rd\n        Army Aviation Regiment]] and [[7th Army Aviation Regiment (Ukraine)|7th Army\n        Aviation Regiment]]. They are equipped with [[Mil Mi-8]] and [[Mi-24]] helicopters,\n        and their variants.See [http://www.miasnl.com/bestanden/ukraa.html Ukrainian\n        Army Aviation]\\n\\nThe [[Ukrainian Airmobile Forces]] serve as the quick\n        response units of the army. Airmobile forces'' structure consists of formations\n        and elements of the army and the army aviation. These units are well trained\n        for offensive activities behind enemy lines. The airmobile forces are in constant\n        combat readiness and base their battle plan on high mobility.{{cite web|url=http://elvisti.com/2007/08/02/mil.shtml|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u044b\\u0448\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441 - \\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|publisher=|accessdate=30 October 2014}}\n        The airmobile forces consist of four airmobile brigades and an airborne brigade. The 25th Airborne and 45th Airmobile Brigades were previously\n        grouped into the [[1st Airmobile Division (Ukraine)|1st Airmobile Division]]\n        but the division was disbanded in 2003.\\n\\nHeadquarters of the Airmobile Command\n        is located in [[Zhytomyr]]. It includes the following units:\\n* [[25th Airborne Brigade (Ukraine)]] \\n* [[45th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]{{Cite\n        news|url=http://www.unian.info/society/1580432-new-airborne-brigade-created-in-ukrainian-army.html|title=New\n        Airborne Brigade created in Ukrainian Army|last=|first=|date=19 October 2016|work=UNIAN|access-date=20\n        October 2016|via=}}\\n* [[79th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]\\n* [[80th\n        Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]\\n* [[81st Airmobile Brigade|81st Airmobile Brigade\n        (Ukraine)]]\\n* [[95th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]\\n\\n===Rocket and Artillery\n        Troops===\\n[[File:Ukrainian BM-30 Smerch launchers 2014 IMG 7662 02.JPG|thumb|Ukrainian\n        [[BM-30 Smerch]] heavy [[multiple rocket launcher]]s on parade in Kiev]]\\n{{Main\n        article|Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)}}\\nRocket Forces and Artillery\n        troops of the army consist of formations of  tactical missiles, [[self-propelled\n        artillery]], howitzers, jet-propelled and [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]]\n        artillery, artillery [[reconnaissance]] units, of [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]\n        units and of units of anti-tank missiles. These forces operate as support\n        for other army formations, and are therefore obliged to destroy enemy human\n        resources, tanks, artillery, anti-tanks weapons, aircraft, air defence equipment,\n        and other important objects during the combat arms operations. Rocket and\n        artillery troops are equipped with: missile complexes of operational-tactical\n        and tactical missiles; [[Multiple rocket launcher]] rocket systems, such as\n        the [[BM-30|Smerch]], [[BM-27|Uragan]], [[BM-21|Grad]]; also, [[2S5 Giatsint-S|Giatsint]],\n        [[2S7 Pion|Pion]], [[2S3 Akatsiya|Akatsiya]], [[2S1|Gvozdika]] [[howitzer]]s;\n        and, [[9M113 Konkurs|Konkurs]], [[T-12 antitank gun]] anti-tank weapons.\\n\\nPreviously\n        the 1st Rocket Division was active at \\u0425\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439,\n        formed on the basis of the former Soviet [[43rd Rocket Army]]. It had two\n        to three rocket brigades (19-\\u0425\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439,\n        46 \\u0438\\u043b\\u0438 199- Gchovka, 107-\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u0433)\n        with 54\\u201356 \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434/[[Scud]]. It was active in 2003,{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=3179462\n        |title=London, UK-based Institute for Strategic Studies appraises Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces'' personnel as 295,500-strong |author=Ukrinform |date=2003-10-25\n        |work= |publisher=Ukrainian Government |accessdate=21 November 2012}}\n        but disbanded in 2004.http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/sng/ukraine/ukraine_grand_force-dislokazia.htm,\n        accessed November 2012. In addition, previously the 461st Rocket Brigade\n        (\\u0440\\u0431\\u0440) \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430, 13 \\u0410\\u041a\n        \\u0417\\u041e\\u041a, the 459th Rocket Brigade (\\u0440\\u0431\\u0440) at \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u044c-8 \\u0410\\u041a,\\u0421\\u041e\\u041a-\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430- \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 2004, 123 \\u0440\\u0431\\u0440- \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f-\\u0421\\u041e\\u041a,\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430, 107 \\u0440\\u0431\\u0440 ([[Kremenchug]]) ([[Tochka]]),\n        and the 159th Rocket Brigade (\\u0440\\u0431\\u0440) (\\u041a\\u0456\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434)\n        were active.\\n\\n===Army Air Defence===\\nThe Army Air Defence\n        units are responsible for covering troops against enemy air attacks anywhere\n        on the battlefield, and while in combat. The Ukrainian Ground Forces army\n        air defence branch is equipped with a variety of effective [[surface-to-air]]\n        missile systems of division level and [[anti-aircraft]] missile and [[artillery]]\n        complexes of [[regiment]] level. Regiment level units are characterized by\n        their high rate of fire, vitality, maneuverability, and capability of action\n        under all conditions of modern combat arms operations. Surface-to-air missile\n        systems and complexes of division level are characterized by their long range\n        and firepower and are equipped with surface-to-air missile complexes;S-300V,Osa,\n        Buk, Buk-M1 and Tor. While anti-aircraft missile and artillery complexes that\n        are of regiment level are equipped with the Tunguska-M1, Igla [[MANPADS]]\n        system, Strela, and Shilka anti-aircraft missile systems.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=structure&sub=army\n        Structure of Ukrainian Armed Forces] While\n        the army''s only separate radar system, meaning it isn''t a part of any anti-aircraft\n        system, is the Ukrainian [[Kolchuga passive sensor|Kolchuga-M]]. It was designed\n        sometime between the years 1993\\u20131997, the system is said to be one of\n        the most (if not the most) advanced passive sensors in the world, as it was\n        claimed to be able to detect stealth aircraft.http://thereliant.blogspot.com/2006/09/in-focus-kolchuga-esm-system.html\\n\\n==Structure==\\n2015\n        structure of the Ukrainian Ground Forces after the reorganization caused by\n        the [[Donbass War]]. It built and expanded on the 2011 structure.{{cite\n        journal | title=Ukrainian Armed Forces White Book 2011| url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book/WB_Eng_final_2011.pdf|\n        accessdate  = April 10, 2013}}\\n\\n{{Location map+ | Ukraine\\n| width\n        = 1000\\n| caption = 
''''''
Location of Ukraine Ground Forces combat\n        brigades''''''
Red \\u2013 Airborne, Green \\u2013 infantry, Blue - helicopter
Gold\n        \\u2013 armoured, Brown \\u2013 artillery, Pink \\u2013 rocket
\\n| relief\n        = 1\\n| places =\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Honcharivske|1st\n        Armoured]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Gold pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 51  | lat_min = 18 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 30  | lon_min = 56 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Novyi Kalyniv|7th Aviation]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min\n        = 33 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 23  | lon_min = 19 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Chernivtsi|10th Mountain]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 17 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 25  | lon_min\n        = 57 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kherson|11th\n        Aviation]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 41 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 32  | lon_min = 30 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi|14th Mech.]]\\n    | position\n        = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg\n        = 50  | lat_min = 51 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 24  | lon_min = 19 | lon_dir\n        = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Brody|16th Aviation]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 07 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 25  | lon_min\n        = 10 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kryvyi\n        Rih|17th Armoured]]\\n    | position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Gold pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 47  | lat_min = 55 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 33  | lon_min = 15 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Poltava|18th Aviation]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min\n        = 37 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 34  | lon_min = 30 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|19th Rocket]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Pink pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 25 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 27  | lon_min\n        = 00 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Yavoriv|24th\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = bottom\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 57 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 23  | lon_min = 23 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk Raion|25th Airborne]]\\n    |\n        position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Red pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 44 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 35 | lon_min =\n        19 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Berdychiv|26th\n        Artillery]]\\n    | position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 54 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 28  | lon_min = 34 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Sumy|27th Artillery]]\\n    | position = left\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min\n        = 52 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 34  | lon_min = 47 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Chornomorske (Odessa Oblast)|28th Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = top\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 35 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min\n        = 56 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Novohrad-Volynskyi|30th\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark\n        = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 35 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg\n        = 27  | lon_min = 38 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|40th Artillery]]\\n    |\n        position = top\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 01 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min\n        = 51 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi|43th\n        Artillery]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 02 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 31  | lon_min = 15 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Ternopil|44th Artillery]]\\n    | position = bottom\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min\n        = 34 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 25  | lon_min = 36 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Sievierodonetsk|53th Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 57 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 38  | lon_min\n        = 35 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Artemivsk,\n        Donetsk Oblast|54th Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background\n        = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 35 |\n        lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 37  | lon_min = 58 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Zaporizhia|55th Artillery]]\\n    |\n        position = bottom\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 47  | lat_min = 50 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 35  | lon_min\n        = 10 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Melitopol|56th\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark\n        = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 56 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg\n        = 35  | lon_min = 25 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Kropyvnytskyi|57th Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 48  | lat_min\n        = 30 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 32  | lon_min = 15 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Konotop|58th Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 51  | lat_min = 15 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 33  | lon_min\n        = 11 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kotovsk,\n        Odessa Oblast|59th Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background\n        = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 47  | lat_min = 46 |\n        lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 29  | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Bila Tserkva|72nd Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 48 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min\n        = 07 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Mykolaiv|79th\n        Airmobile]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Red pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 58 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 32  | lon_min = 00 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Lviv|80th Airborne]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Red pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49 | lat_min\n        = 49 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 24 | lon_min = 00 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kostiantynivka|81st Airborne]]\\n    |\n        position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Red pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 30 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 37 | lon_min =\n        43 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Chuhuiv|92nd\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark\n        = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 50 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg\n        = 36  | lon_min = 41 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|93rd Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 42 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 35 | lon_min =\n        23 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Zhytomyr|95th\n        Airmobile]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Red pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 15 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 28  | lon_min = 40 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Kiev|101st Security.]]\\n    | position = bottom\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min\n        = 25 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min = 41 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Mukachevo|128th Mountain]]\\n    |\n        position = bottom\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 27 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 22  | lon_min\n        = 45 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:OC_All_UGF.svg|thumb|right|500px|Combatant\n        Commands of Ukrainian Ground Forces[http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/ukrainian-ground-forces.html\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043a\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0417\\u0421 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438]\\n{{legend\n        |#544546|''''Operation Command West''''}}\\n{{legend |#404F1D|''''Operation\n        Command North''''}}\\n{{legend |#A66431|''''Operation Command East''''}}\\n{{legend\n        |#5469A7|''''Operation Command South''''}}\\n{{legend |#A7300C|''''Crimea''''}}]]\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces.png|thumb|right|400px|Incomplete structure of the Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces (some units show their pre-2004 structure)]]\\n\\n* ''''''Land\n        Forces Command'''''', [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://mildonik.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_99.html|title=National\n        defense|author= Dovbaka Nicholas Ihorovych |language=Ukrainian |accessdate=1\n        February 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/ukrainian-ground-forces.html|title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430|language=Ukrainian|accessdate=4\n        July 2016}}\\n** 15th Guards Rocket Artillery Regiment, [[Drogobych]]\\n** 27th Artillery\n        Brigade, [[Sumy]]\\n** 43rd Artillery Brigade, [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]]\\n** 19th Missile Brigade, [[Khmelnytskyi,\n        Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n** [[7th Army Aviation Regiment (Ukraine)|12th Army Aviation Brigade]],\n        [[Novyi Kalyniv]]\\n** 11th Army Aviation Brigade, [[Kherson]]\\n** 16th Army Aviation Brigade,\n        [[Brody]]\\n** 18th Army Aviation Brigade, [[Poltava]]\\n** 48th Separate Engineer Brigade, [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]]{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/guoz.html|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f|language=Ukrainian\n        |accessdate=1 February 2016}}\\n** [[101st Brigade for the Protection\n        of the General Staff|101st General Staff Security Brigade]], [[Kiev]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://censor.net.ua/photo_news/340882/na_territorii_101yi_brigady_ohrany_genshtaba_otkryli_alleyu_slavy_v_chest_pogibshih_voinov_fotoreportajvideo|title=\n        \\u041d\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438\n        101-\\u0439 \\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u044b \\u043e\\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u044b\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\\"\\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u044e \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u044b\\\" \\u0432 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432|language=Russian\n        |accessdate=1 February 2016}}\\n** [[169th Training Centre (Ukraine)]],\n        [[Desna, Kozelets Raion|Desna]]\\n*** 300th Guards Tank Training Regiment\\n*** 354th Guards Motor Rifle Training Regiment\\n*** 507th Equipment Repair Training Regiment\\n*** 708th Supply Training Regiment\\n*** 718th Separate Automobile Training\n        Battalion\\n*** 1121th Anti-aircraft\n        Artillery Teaching Regiment\\n**\n        6th Artillery Training Regiment, [[Divychky]]\\n** 1st President Guard Regiment, [[Kiev]]\\n** 3rd Special Forces Regiment,\n        [[Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n** 8th Special Forces Regiment, [[Khmelnytskyi]]\\n** 704th Separate Regiment of [[CBRN\n        defense]], [[Sambir]]\\n** 808th Pontoon Bridge Regiment, [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi]]\\n** ''''''[[Operation Command West|Operational Command \\\"West\\\"]]'''''',\n        [[Rivne]]\\n***\n        [[10th Mountain Brigade (Ukraine)|10th Mountain Brigade]], [[Chernivtsi]]\\n*** [[14th\n        Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|14th Mechanized Brigade]], [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]]\\n*** [[24th\n        Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine)|24th Mechanized Brigade]], [[Yavoriv]]\\n*** [[80th Airmobile\n        Brigade (Ukraine)|80th Airmobile Brigade]], [[Lviv]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/ukrainian-airmobile-forces.html|title=\\u0412\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430|language=Ukrainian\n        |accessdate=1 February 2016}}\\n*** [[128th Mountain Brigade (Ukraine)|128th\n        Mountain Brigade]], [[Mukacheve]]\\n*** 44th Artillery Brigade, [[Ternopil]]\\n*** 55th Signals Brigade, [[Rivne]]\\n*** 703rd\n        Engineer Regiment, [[Sambir]]\\n*** 136th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Rivne]]\\n** ''''''[[Operational\n        Command \\\"North\\\"]]'''''', [[Chernihiv]]\\n*** [[1st Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|1st\n        Tank Brigade]], [[Honcharivske]]\\n*** [[30th Mechanized\n        Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Mechanized Brigade]], [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]\\n*** [[58th Motorized\n        Infantry Brigade|58th Mechanized Brigade,]] [[Konotop]]\\n*** [[72nd Guards Mechanized Brigade|72nd\n        Mechanized Brigade]], [[Bila Tserkva]]\\n*** [[95th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)|95th\n        Airmobile Brigade]], [[Zhytomyr]]\\n*** 26th Artillery\n        Brigade, [[Berdychiv]]\\n*** 12th Engineer Regiment, [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]\\n*** 20th Electronic Warfare Regiment,\n        [[Zhytomyr]]\\n***\n        93rd Signal Regiment, [[Zhytomyr]]\\n*** 1129th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment,\n        [[Bila Tserkva]]\\n*** 54th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]\\n** ''''''[[Operational\n        Command \\\"South\\\"]]'''''', [[Odessa]]\\n*** [[28th Guards Mechanised Brigade|28th\n        Mechanized Brigade]], [[Chornomorske (Odessa Oblast)|Chornomorske]]\\n*** 56th Mechanized\n        Brigade, [[Melitopol]]\\n*** [[57th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|57th Mechanized Brigade]],\n        [[Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n*** [[59th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|59th Mechanized Brigade]],\n        [[Podilsk]]\\n***\n        [[79th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)|79th Airmobile Brigade]], [[Mykolaiv]]\\n*** 40th Artillery Brigade, [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|Pervomaisk]]\\n*** 1039th\n        Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, [[Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk Raion|Hvardiiske]]\\n*** 130th\n        Reconnaissance Battalion, ?\\n** ''''''[[Operation Command East|Operational Command\n        \\\"East\\\"]]'''''', [[Dnipro]] 
(as the result of War in Donbass, a split from the\n        OC \\\"South\\\")\\n*** [[17th Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Tank Brigade]], [[Kryvyi\n        Rih]]\\n***\n        [[25 Airborne Brigade (Ukraine)|25th Airborne Brigade]], [[Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk\n        Raion|Hvardiiske]]\\n*** [[53rd Mechanized Brigade\n        (Ukraine)|53rd Mechanized Brigade]], [[Sievierodonetsk]]\\n*** [[54rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|54th\n        Mechanized Brigade]], [[Bakhmut]]\\n*** [[81st Airmobile Brigade]], [[Kostiantynivka]]\\n*** [[92nd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|92nd Mechanized\n        Brigade]], [[Chuhuiv]]\\n*** [[93rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|93rd Mechanized Brigade]],\n        [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n*** 55th Artillery Brigade, [[Zaporizhia]]\\n*** 121st\n        Signal Brigade, [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n*** [[107th Rocket\n        Artillery Regiment]], [[Kremenchuk]]http://poltava.to/news/25634/\\n***\n        91st Engineer Regiment, [[Okhtyrka]]\\n*** 74th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Cherkaske\n        (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n*** 129th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Volodarske]]\\n*** 131st\n        Reconnaissance Battalion, ?\\n*** 502nd Electronic Warfare Battalion, [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n**[[4th Army Corps Reserve]]{{Cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/news/2015/12/28/novostvorena-tankova-brigada-sklala-ispit-na-poligoni-shirokij-lan--/|title=\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0456\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456 \\\"\\u0428\\u0418\\u0420\\u041e\\u041a\\u0418\\u0419\n        \\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\\"|date=28 December 2015|website=Ministry of Defence of\n        Ukraine|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=New Tank Brigade passess test at training\n        ground \\\"Shyrokyi Lan\\\"|access-date=2016-03-22}}\\n***14th Separate Tank\n        Brigade\\n***60th Separate Mechanized Brigade\\n***61st Separate Mechanized\n        Brigade\\n***62nd Separate Mountain Brigade\\n\\n== List of Commanders ==\\n*\n        Vasily Sobkov (1994-1998) \\n* [[Peter Shulyak]] (1998-2001) \\n* [[Alexander\n        Zatiniko]] (2001-2002) \\n* [[Nikolai Petruk]] (2004-2006) \\n* [[Valeri Frolov|Valery\n        Frolov]] (2006-2007) \\n* [[Ivan Svyda]] (2007-2009) \\n* [[Gennady Vorobiev]]\n        (2009-2014) \\n* Anatoliy Pusnyakov (2014-2016) \\n* [[Sergey Popko]] (2016-Present)\\n\\n==Military\n        ranks==\\n; As a non-member state, NATO rank codes are not used in Ukraine,\n        they are presented here for reference purposes only:\\n\\n{{main\n        article|Military ranks of Ukraine}}\\nIn the new uniforms the Ukrainian Army\n        unveiled in August 2016 the stars that traditionally adorn shoulder straps\n        have been replaced by diamonds. A new set of insignia are\n        being adopted.\\n\\n=== General and officer ranks ===\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px\n        solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:\n        0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|rowspan=2|\n        {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
2009 Army\\n|[[File:UA OF10-GenArmy 2009.jpg|50px]]\n        \\n|[[File:UA OF9-ColGen 1991-GF.png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA OF8-LtGen 1991-GF.png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA\n        OF7-MajGen-1991-GF.png|50px]]\\n|rowspan=2|''''''''''No equivalent''''''''''\\n|[[File:UA-Polkovnyk.gif|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-Pidpolkovnyk.gif|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-Major.gif|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-Kapitan.gif|50px]]\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"background-color:#f7f8ff;\\\"\\n| [[File:UA-Star.Leitenant.gif|50px]]\n        || [[File:UA-Leitenant.gif|50px]]\\n|}\\n|[[File:UA-Molod.Leitenant.gif|50px]]\\n|rowspan=2|''''''''''No\n        equivalent''''''''''\\n|[[File:None.svg|50px|ru: \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0438\\u0437\\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0443 !]]\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|General of\n        the Army of Ukraine\\n|Colonel general\\n|Lieutenant general \\n|Major general\\n|Colonel\\n|Lieutenant\n        colonel\\n|Major\\n|Captain\\n|\\n{| style=\\\"background-color:#f7f8ff;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|\n        Senior lieutenant ||Lieutenant \\n|}\\n|Junior lieutenant\\n|Officer kursant\\n|}\\n\\n\\n;Rank insignia of the armed forces of\n        Ukraine - shoulder boards on dress uniform (being adopted from 2016 - Ground\n        Forces variant)\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;\n        padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia\n        of NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|rowspan=2| {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}2016 Army\\n|[[File:UA-OF10-ARMY-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]] \\n|[[File:UA-OF9-COL-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF8-LT-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF7-MAJ-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF6-BG-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF5-COL-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF4-LTCOL-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF3-MAJ-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF2-CPT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF1-SLT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF1b-LT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF(D)-HOR-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:None.svg|50px|ru:\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0438\\u0437\\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0443 !]]\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|[[General\n        of the army of Ukraine|General of the Army of Ukraine]]\\n|Colonel general\\n|Lieutenant\n        general \\n|Major general\\n|[[Brigadier general]]\\n|[[Colonel]]\\n|Lieutenant\n        colonel\\n|Major\\n|Captain\\n|First lieutenant\\n|Lieutenant\\n| [[Chor\\u0105\\u017cy|Khorunzhy]]\n        \\n| Officer cadet ([[Kursant]])\\n|}\\n\\n=== NCO ranks and enlisted men ===\\n{|\n        style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%;\n        margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|''''''{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}''''''1991 Army (abolished 2009, replaced with new ranks)\\n\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[File:Star.praporsthik ukraine-army 07.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[File:Praporshchyk.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:Starshuna.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[File:Star. Serzhant.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[File:Serzhant.png|50px]]\\n!align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6 rowspan=2| ''''Noequivalent\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:Molod. Serzhant.png|50px]]\\n!align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=6 rowspan=2| ''''No
equivalent\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2|\n        [[File:Star. Soldat.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1| [[File:Soldat\n        Ukrainian army.png|50px]]\\n\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| Senior praporshchik\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[Praporshchik]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[Starshina]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[Starshy sershant|Starshy serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[Sergeant|Serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| Junior serzhant\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| Senior soldat\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Soldat\\n|}\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px\n        solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:\n        0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|''''''{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}''''''2016 Army (in adoption stage)\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=3| [[File:UA-OR9-MSGTM-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| [[File:UA-OR9b-SGTM-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1|\n        [[File:UA-OR8-MSSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1| [[File:UA-OR8b-SSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[File:UA-OR7-MSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=4|\n        [[File:UA-OR6-S\\u0422\\u041aSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[File:UA-OR5-SGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:UA-OR4-CPL-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[File:UA-OR3-PFC-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[File:UA-OR2-PVT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:UA-OR1-REC-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| [[Chief master sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=3| [[Master\n        sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1| [[Sergeant First Class]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=1| [[Staff sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=4|  [[Chief sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[Starshy sershant|Starshy serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[Sergeant|Serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[Corporal]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| Senior soldat\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|[[Soldat (rank)|Soldat]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[Rekrut]]\\n|-align=\\\"center\\\"\\n| \\n|colspan=\\\"34\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\n        style=\\\"background:#cfcfcf;\\\"|\\n|-align=\\\"center\\\"\\n| {{lang-uk| }}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439
\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=1| \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=1| \\u0428\\u0442\\u0430\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4|\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=6| \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| \\u041a\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\\u0421\\u043e\\u043b\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| \\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0442\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==Equipment==\\n\\n===Hardware===\\n{|\n        class=\\\"toccolours\\\" border=\\\"2\\\" cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"2\\\"\\n|-\\n|[[File:T-64BM_pre_parade.jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:BTR-4E_in_Kyiv.jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_(16730571432).jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:Ukrainian_Humvees_IMG_7649.JPG|200px]]\\n|[[File:KrAZ-6322_during_the_Independence_parade_in_Kiev,_2008.jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:9K22_Tunguska_during_the_Independence_Day_parade_in_Kiev.JPG|200px]]\\n|[[File:Mi24ukraine.JPG|200px]]\\n|-\\n|[[T-64]]\\n|
[[BTR-4]]
\\n|[[2S3 Akatsiya]]\\n|[[Humvee]]\\n|
[[KrAZ-6322]]
\\n|[[2K22 Tunguska]]\\n|[[Mil Mi-24]]\\n|}\\n\\n
\\n{{main\n        article|Equipment of the Ukrainian Ground Forces}}\\n\\n===Uniforms===\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Army unveiled its new uniforms on 24 August 2016 ([[Independence\n        Day of Ukraine]]). The new uniforms are modeled on British\n        military styles. They also incorporate details from the\n        uniforms worn by the [[Ukrainian People''s Army]].[http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/aug/25/fashion-statement-ukrainian-troops-debut-post-sovi/\n        Fashion statement: Ukrainian troops debut post-Soviet uniforms], [[The Washington\n        Times]] (25 August 2016) The new cap includes an insignia of a [[Ukrainian\n        Cossack]] grasping a cross.\\n\\n==Deployment outside of Ukraine==\\n\\n===Iraq===\\n\\n[[File:Kissing\n        the flag.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Henadii Lachkov, commander of the Ukrainian\n        contingent in Iraq, kisses his country''s flag]]Ukraine deployed a sizable\n        contingent of troops to the [[Iraq War]], these were stationed near [[Kut]].\n        Ukraine''s troop deployment was the second largest of all former Soviet states\n        besides [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and they deployed more soldiers to the\n        nation then many members of [[NATO]] such as Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.\n        Ukraine also suffered the fifth highest casualty toll during the war, with\n        only Polish, Italian, UK, and US forces suffering heavier losses.{{cite\n        news|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/ukraine-withdraws-last-troops-iraq|title=Ukraine\n        withdraws last troops from Iraq|publisher=Reliefweb|date=2005-12-05}}\\n\\nFrom\n        2003-2005 over 1,700 Ukrainian soldiers were deployed to Iraq, the third largest\n        contingent at the time, they were designated to the [[5th Mechanized Brigade\n        (Ukraine)]], as in Ukraine''s mission to Kosovo the troops deployed were contract\n        soldiers and not conscripts. Ukraine began to severely draw down its troop\n        levels in Iraq in 2005 due to mounting casualties and the political toxicity\n        of the conflict. By 2005 only 876 soldiers, roughly half of the original contingent\n        were deployed, by years end troop levels dropped to below 100. In 2008, one\n        year before the official end of the US military mission President Viktor Yushchenko\n        ordered all remaining troops deployed to Iraq returned home and Ukraine''s\n        mission to the nation officially over.{{cite news|url=http://www.army.mil/article/15056/ukrainians-complete-mission-in-iraq/|title=Ukrainians\n        complete mission in Iraq|publisher=Army Times|date=2008-11-08}}\\n\\n===Afghanistan===\\n\\nSince\n        2001 Ukraine allowed United States military cargo planes to fly over and refuel\n        on Ukrainian soil on their way to Afghanistan. In 2007 Ukraine deployed  a\n        detachment of the 143rd De-mining Center of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]\n        to Afghanistan. Ukraine has kept a team of soldiers deployed to Afghanistan\n        as part of ISAF since 2007, these mostly consisted of pilots, medical officers,\n        and bomb disposal experts. Ukrainian pilots were responsible for training\n        the pilots of the Afghan Air Force on the operation of several air craft as\n        Afghanistan''s forces consisted of many Soviet designed aircraft such as the\n        [[Mi-17]] with which Ukrainian troops were very familiar with. In 2013 the\n        contingent of troops in Afghanistan totaled 26 troops. As of 2014 the Ukrainian\n        contingent was further drawn down and the team included 8 bomb disposal experts\n        and several medical officers.{{cite news|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/news/2014/09/17/rozpochato-chergovu-%E2%80%93-8-rotacziyu-%E2%80%93-ukrainskogo-kontingentu/|title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0443 \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0432 \\u0410\\u0444\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456|publisher=Ukraine\n        Ministry of Defense|date=2014-09-18}}\\n\\n===Kosovo===\\n\\nUkrainian forces have also been deployed to [[Kosovo]] since 2000\n        as part of the 600 man [[Polish\\u2013Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion]]. In\n        August 2014 Ukraine ended its mission to Kosovo due to the [[2014 Russian\n        invasion of Ukraine]].{{cite news|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/ukraina_vozvrashchaet_iz_kosovo_eshche_100_mirotvortsev_1658150|title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442 \\u0438\\u0437\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e \\u0435\\u0449\\u0435 100 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432|publisher=Ukrinform|date=2014-08-15}}\\n\\n===Africa===\\n\\nUkrainian\n        peacekeeping forces have been deployed to the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]],\n        [[Liberia]], [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan]] and [[Cote d''Ivoire]]. Ukrainian\n        forces have also been requested to take a more active role in the [[Northern\n        Mali Conflict]] of 2012 in battling Islamic forces. One of the largest deployments\n        is the 18th Separate Helicopter Unit of the Armed Forces of Ukraine which\n        consisted of 160 servicemen and four [[Mi-24]]P helicopters  and was deployed\n        to the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2011.{{cite news|url=http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/ukrainskie-mirotvorcy-na-afrikanskom-kontinente/|title=Ukraine\n        and Africa. Ukrainian Peacekeepers in Africa.|publisher=Borysfen Intel|date=2014-08-15}}\\n\\n==Military\n        Decorations==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\" border=\\\"2\\\" cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"2\\\"\\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukrainian_Goldenstar.jpg|center|85px]]\\n|[[File:Zasluhy-1.jpg|center|150px]]\\n|[[File:Hmel-1.jpg|center|150px]]\\n|[[File:Mugnist-1.jpg|center|150px]]\\n|[[File:Orden-danilo-galitsky.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Order_of_Ivan_Mazepa.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Vijs-slug.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Bezdog-1.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine-Defender_of_the_Motherland_Medal.PNG|center|105px]]\\n|-\\n|[[Hero of Ukraine]]\\n|[[Order of Merit (Ukraine)|Order of Merit]]\\n|[[Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]\\n|[[Order For Courage]]\\n|[[Order of Danylo Halytsky]]\\n|[[Cross of Ivan Mazepa]]\\n|[[Medal For Military Service to Ukraine]]\\n|[[Medal \\\"For Irreproachable Service\\\"]]\\n|[[Defender of the Motherland Medal]]\\n|}\\n\\n
\\n{{main\n        article|Orders, decorations, and medals of Ukraine|Awards and decorations\n        of the Ukrainian Armed Forces}}\\n\\n==Veterans==\\n\\nUkraine provides combat\n        veterans with various benefits. Ukrainians who have served in World War II,\n        [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]], or as liquidators at the [[Chernobyl disaster]]\n        are eligible for benefits such as; a monthly allowance, discount on medical\n        and pharmacy services, free use of public transportation, additional vacation\n        days from work, having priority for retention in case of work layoffs, easier\n        loan access and approval process, preference when applying for security related\n        positions, priority when applying to vocation school or trade school, and\n        electricity, gas, and housing subsidies. Veterans are also eligible to stay\n        at military sanatoriums permitting there is space. Since gaining independence\n        Ukraine has deployed troops to Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan gaining a new\n        generation of veterans separate from those who have served in the Soviet forces.\n        Most recently the government passed a law extending veteran benefits to Ukrainian\n        troops participating in the [[2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. Moreover,\n        veterans from other nations who move to or reside in Ukraine may be eligible\n        for some of the listed benefits, this provision was likely made to ensure\n        World War II, Chernobyl, and Afghanistan veterans from other Soviet states\n        who moved to Ukraine received similar benefits, however as Ukraine has participated\n        in numerous NATO led conflicts since its independence it is unclear if NATO\n        veterans would be extended these benefits.{{cite news|url=http://timlawyer.com.ua/lgoti-voenoslugashim-uchastnikam-ato/|title=Benefits\n        for the servicemen of the ATO|publisher=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432|date=2014-09-08}}\\n\\nVeteran\n        groups are not as developed as in the United States which has numerous well\n        known national organizations such as the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]]. World\n        War II veterans, and even persons who have lived through the war are generally\n        treated with the highest respect. Other veterans are not as well known. Ukrainian\n        veterans from the Soviet War of Afghanistan are strikingly similar to the\n        Vietnam veterans of the United States. The Soviet Union generally kept the\n        public in the dark through the war, unlike in Vietnam where coverage was very\n        high, Afghanistan is often labeled as a mistake by the Soviet Union and its\n        successor states, the lack of media coverage and censorship through the war\n        also ensured that many still remain unaware of their nations involvement in\n        the conflict.{{cite web|url=http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=61&print=yes|title=Vietnam\n        Veterans Against the War: THE VETERAN: Afghanistan Veteran Once Removed|publisher=|accessdate=30\n        October 2014}} Despite Ukraine having the 3rd largest contingent of\n        troops in Iraq in 2004 few also realize that their nation has many veterans\n        of the Iraq war.\\n\\nSoldiers that took part in the [[War in Donbass]] can\n        receive free land plots.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240194.html\n        Soldiers participating in ATO get 863 land plots of 394 ha, 45% of petitions\n        satisfied \\u2013 land agency], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (16 December 2014)\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Military ranks of Ukraine]]\\n*[[Ukrspetsexport]]\\n*[[Kharkiv Morozov\n        Machine Building Design Bureau|KMDB]]\\n*[[Malyshev Factory]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{Reflist|group=nb}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n\\n=== Citations ===\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n=== Sources ===\\n*\n        [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]], The Military Balance 2006.\\n*\n        Yuriy Yurchnya, ''The Armed Forces of Ukraine,'' Geneva Centre for DCAF, 2010.\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n*Andrew Duncan, ''Ukraine''s forces find that change is good,''\n        [[Jane''s Intelligence Review]], April 1997, 162\\u2013165.\\n* Ben Lombardi,\n        Ukrainian armed forces: Defence expenditure and military reform, [[Journal\n        of Slavic Military Studies]], Vol. 14, No. 3, version of record date 18 Dec\n        2007.\\n* James Sherr, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2002/G112.pdf#search=%22ukrainian%20strategic%20reserve%20forces%22\n        Ukraine''s Defence Reform: An Update], Conflict Studies Research Centre, 2002\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=structure&sub=army\n        The Army of the Armed Forces of Ukraine] at the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine\\n*\n        [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=armament&lang=en  Armament of Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces] at the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine\\n* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/groundforces-equipment.htm\n        Ukraine: Ground Forces Equipment]\\n* [http://world.guns.ru/assault/as68-e.htm\n        Vepr Assault Rifle]\\n* [http://www.uarmy.iatp.org.ua/ The Ukrainian Army \\u2013\n        uarmy.iatp.org.ua]\\n* [http://www.icps.com.ua/doc/Ukrainian%20Security%20Policy%20E.pdf\n        Analysis of the Ukrainian Security Policy]\\n* [http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine_Eng-2004.pdf\n        Ukraine''s strategic Defence bulletin]\\n*[https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/channel-5-how-powerful-are-ukraines-armed-forces-414296.html\n        May 2016 analysis by Glen Grant, a former colonel in the British Army and\n        lecturer at Riga Business School about powerfulness of Ukraine\\u2019s armed\n        forces], produced by [[5 Kanal (Ukraine)|5 Kanal]]\\n\\n{{Military of Ukraine|state=expanded}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces}}\\n{{Ukraine topics|state=collapsed}}\\n{{Armies in Europe}}\\n{{2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n{{2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Military\n        of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Armies by country]]\\n[[Category:Ground Forces of\n        Ukraine|*]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T17:42:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":797415774,\"length\":70087,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Ground_Forces&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces\"},\"14727774\":{\"pageid\":14727774,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group\",\"index\":26,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-28T10:48:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{see\n        also|Moscow Helsinki Group|Lithuanian Helsinki Group}}\\n{{Infobox organization\\n|\n        name                = Ukrainian Helsinki Group 
 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430\\n|\n        native_name         = \\n| native_name_lang    = Ukrainian\\n| named_after         =\n        \\n| image               = File:UAHELG.jpg\\n| image_size          = 250px\\n|\n        alt                 = \\n| caption             = \\n| map                 =\n        \\n| map_size            = \\n| map_alt             = \\n| map_caption         =\n        \\n| map2                = \\n| map2_size           = \\n| map2_alt            =\n        \\n| map2_caption        = \\n| abbreviation        = \\n| motto               =\n        \\n| predecessor         = \\n| merged              = \\n| successor           =\n        \\n| formation           = {{start date and age|1976|11|09|df=y}}\\n| founder             =\n        [[Mykola Rudenko]] and others\\n| founding_location   = \\n| extinction          =\n        \\n| merger              = \\n|\n        type                = [[Non-profit organization|Non-profit]] [[NGO]]\\n| tax_id              =\n        \\n| registration_id     =\n        \\n| status              = \\n| purpose             =\n        \\n| headquarters        = {{UKR}}, [[Kiev]]\\n| location            = \\n| coords              =\n        \\n| region              = \\n|\n        services            = \\n| products            = \\n| methods             =\n        \\n| fields              = [[human rights]] monitoring\\n| membership          =\n        \\n| membership_year     = \\n| language            = \\n| owner               =\n        \\n| sec_gen             = \\n| leader_title        =\n        \\n| leader_name         = \\n| leader_title2       = \\n| leader_name2        =\n        \\n| leader_title3       = \\n| leader_name3        =\\n| leader_title4       =\n        \\n| leader_name4        = \\n| board_of_directors  = \\n| key_people          =\n        \\n| main_organ          = \\n| publication         = ''''[[A Chronicle of Current\n        Events|A Chronicle of 
 Current Events]]''''\\n| parent_organization = [[Helsinki\n        Committee for Human Rights|Helsinki Committee 
 for Human Rights]]\\n| subsidiaries        =\n        \\n| secessions          = \\n| affiliations        = \\n| budget              =\n        \\n| budget_year         = \\n| revenue             = \\n| revenue_year        =\n        \\n| disbursements       = \\n| expenses            = \\n| expenses_year       =\n        \\n| endowment           = \\n| staff               = \\n| staff_year          =\n        \\n| volunteers          = \\n| volunteers_year     = \\n| slogan              =\n        \\n| mission             = \\n| website             = {{URL|http://helsinki.org.ua/}}\\n}}\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian Helsinki Group'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430}})\n        was founded on November 9, 1976 as the \\u201cUkrainian Public Group to Promote\n        the Implementation of the Helsinki Accords on Human Rights\\u201d ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044e\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434,\n        ''''Ukrayins\\u2019ka hromads\\u2019ka hrupa spryyannya vykonannyu hel\\u2019sins\\u2019kykh\n        uhod''''}}) to monitor [[human rights]] in [[Ukraine]].''''History of\n        dissent in Ukraine, by Yevhen Zakharov, Museum of dissident movement in Ukraine.''''\n        The group was active until 1981 when all members were jailed.\\n\\nThe group''s\n        goal was to monitor the Soviet Government''s compliance with the [[Helsinki\n        Accords]], which ensure [[human rights]]. The members of the group based the\n        group''s legal viability on the provision in the [[Helsinki Accords|Helsinki\n        Final Act]], Principle VII, which established the rights of individuals to\n        know and act upon their rights and duties.\\n\\n==Details==\\nSince 1977 the\n        Ukrainian Helsinki Group foreign affiliate began its activities with the participation\n        of [[Pyotr Grigorenko|Petro Hryhorenko]], [[Nadiya Svitlychna]], [[Leonid\n        Plyushch]] and later  Nina Strokata-Karavanska Nadiya Svitlichna began to\n        host the human rights themed radio programs on [[Radio Svoboda|Svoboda]] radio.\\n\\nFrom\n        the very early days the group endured the repressions of Soviet authorities.\n        In February 1977 the authorities began to arrest members of the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group, and within two years all the founding members were tried and\n        sentenced to exile or imprisonment for 7 to 10 years.{{cite\n        book|author=Zinkevych, Osyp|chapter=Ukrainian Helsinki Group|editor1=Kubi\\u012dovych,\n        Volodymyr |editor2=Struk, Danylo |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|date=1993|volume=Vol. 5|pages=387\\u2013388|isbn=0802030106|chapter-url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianHelsinkiGroup.htm}}\\n\\nAt\n        the end of 1979, six members of the group were forced to emigrate, while other\n        Ukrainian dissidents were not allowed to do so. Soviet authorities used [[Political\n        abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union|punitive medicine]]: some Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group members (Oksana Meshko, [[Vasyl Stus]], Petro Sichko and his\n        son Vasyl) were threatened with committal. Hanna Mykhailenko, who was a sympathizer\n        of the Group, was detained in a psychiatric hospital in 1980. Bad conditions\n        in Soviet camps and prisons caused the deaths of UHG members Oleksiy Tykhy\n        and Vasyl Stus later on.\\n\\nIn 1982 the Initiative Group for the Defense of\n        Believers and the Church was established, which considered itself a part of\n        the Helsinki movement in Ukraine.{{cite news|author=Strokata, Nina|title=10th\n        anniversary of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. The Ukrainian Helsinki Group:\n        10 years of relentless repressions|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1986/458609.shtml|work=[[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIV|issue=45|date=9 November 1986}} Its organizers,\n        Yosyp Terelia and Vasyl Kobryn, were both sentenced in 1985.\\n\\nSome political\n        prisoners from outside of Ukraine (an Estonian Mart Niklus and a Lithuanian\n        Viktoras Petkus) announced their symbolical membership in the Group in 1983.\\n\\nBy\n        1983 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members, of whom 22 were in prison\n        camps, 5 were in exile, 6 emigrated to the West, 3 were released and were\n        living in Ukraine, 1 ([[Mykhailo Melnyk]]) committed suicide.\\n\\nOn July 7, 1988 members of group established and officially registered\n        the Ukrainian Helsinki Association which in 1990 transformed itself into the\n        [[Ukrainian Republican Party]]. In 2004, the [[Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights\n        Union]] was established as association of public human rights organizations.\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\nBy the estimations of Vasyl Ovsyenko, the Group involved 41 persons\n        in total. About 27 of them were sentenced by Soviet authorities to prisons\n        and camps directly for their membership in the association. They spent altogether\n        about 170 years in prisons, mental hospitals and in exile.\\n\\n===UHG abroad===\\n*\n        [[Pyotr Grigorenko]]\\n* [[Leonid Plyushch]]\\n* Nina Strokata\\n\\nIn 1980 for\n        UHG abroad [[Nadiya Svitlychna]] became an editor of the \\\"Herald of Repressions\n        in Ukraine\\\" publication.\\n\\n=== Arrested members ===\\nBy 1982, most members\n        of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had been arrested:{{cite\n        book|url=http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=436|title=Implementation\n        of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe:\n        findings and recommendations seven years after Helsinki. Report submitted\n        to the Congress of the United States by the Commission on Security and Cooperation\n        in Europe. November 1982|date=1982|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington,\n        D.C.|pages=250\\u2013251|chapter=Appendix B. Imprisoned members of the Helsinki\n        monitoring groups in the USSR and Lithuania|format=PDF, immediate download|dead-url=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222203813/http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=436|archivedate=22\n        December 2015}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n!Name\\n!Sentenced\n        on\\n!Sentence\\n|-\\n|[[Mykola Rudenko]]\\n|1 July 1977\\n|Seven years in strict\n        regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"[[Anti-Soviet agitation|anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda]]\\\";\\n|-\\n|Oleksy Tykhy\\n|1 July 1977\\n|Ten years\n        in special regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\" and illegal possession of firearms (Article 222,\n        Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|[[Myroslav Marynovych]] \\n|29 March 1978\\n|Seven years\n        in strict regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Mykola Matusevych \\n|29 March 1978\\n|Seven\n        years in strict regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|[[Levko Lukyanenko]] \\n|20 July 1978\\n|Ten\n        years in special regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Oles Berdnyk\\n|24 December 1979\\n|Six years\n        in strict regimen camp and three years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Mykola Horbal\\n|21 January 1980\\n|Five years\n        of camp for \\\"resisting a representative of authority\\\" and attempted rape\n        (Article 117, Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|Zinovy Krasivsky \\n|\\n|Arrested on 12\n        March 1980, and transferred directly into labor camp to serve the eight months\n        in camp and five years of internal exile remaining under a 1967 sentence for\n        \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\" and \\\"treason\\\";\\n|-\\n|Vitaly Kalynychenko\n        \\n|18 May 1980\\n|Ten years in special regimen camp and five years of internal\n        exile for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|[[Vyacheslav Chornovil]]\\n|6\n        June 1980\\n|Five years in strict regimen camp for attempted rape (Arrested\n        before completion of previous term of six years camp and three years exile);\\n|-\\n|Olha\n        Heyko\\n|26 August 1980\\n|Three years general regimen camp for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        slander\\\" (Article 187, Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|[[Vasyl Stus]] \\n|14 October\n        1980\\n|Ten years in special regimen camp and 5 years of internal exile for\n        \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\" (Article 62, Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|Oksana\n        Meshko\\n|6 January 1981\\n|Six months in strict regimen camp and five years\n        of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Ivan\n        Sokulsky\\n|13 January 1981\\n|Five years in prison, five years in camp, plus\n        five years of exile for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|[[Ivan\n        Kandyba]]\\n|24 July 1981\\n|10 years special regimen camp plus five years exile\n        for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Petro Rozumny \\n|\\n|Conditionally\n        released from camp early in Fall 1981, but was working on a compulsory labor\n        brigade;\\n|-\\n|Vasyl Striltsiv \\n|October 1981\\n|Six years in camp on unknown\n        charges (In 1979, he was given a two-year term for \\\"violation of internal\n        passport laws\\\");\\n|-\\n|[[Yaroslav Lesiv]] \\n|15 November 1981\\n|Five years\n        of strict regimen camp for \\\"possession of narcotics\\\" (In 1980, he got a\n        two-year term for \\\"possession of narcotics\\\");\\n|-\\n|Vasyl Sichko\\n|4 January\n        1982\\n|Three years strict regimen camp for \\\"possession of narcotics\\\" (In\n        1979, he got a three-year term for \\\"anti-Soviet slander\\\");\\n|-\\n|Yuri Lytvyn\\n|April\n        1982\\n|Ten years of special regimen camp plus five years of exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\" (In 1979, he got three year-term for \\\"resisting\n        a representative of authority\\\");\\n|-\\n|Petro Sichko\\n|June 1982\\n|three years\n        in strict regimen camp for \\\"anti-Soviet slander\\\" (In 1979, he got three-year\n        term for \\\"anti-Soviet slander\\\")\\n|}\\n\\n===In Mordovia prisons===\\n*  [[Levko\n        Lukyanenko]]\\n*  [[Mykola Rudenko]]\\n*  [[Oleksiy Tykhyi]]\\n*  [[Svyatoslav\n        Karavansky]]\\n*  [[Patriarch Volodomyr (Romaniuk)|Volodymyr Romanyuk]]\\n*  [[Iryna\n        Senyk]]\\n*  [[Danylo Shumuk]]\\n*  [[Yuriy Shukhevych]]\\n*  [[Oksana Popovych]]\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Moscow Helsinki Group]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party]]\\n*\n        [[Human rights movement in the Soviet Union]]\\n* [[:Category:Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group|List of members]], known members\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php Ukrainian Helsinki Human\n        rights Union]\\n*[http://olexa.org.ua/ukr/helsinki/index.htm Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group] - Documents, Members, Chronology {{uk icon}}\\n*{{cite journal|author=Haynes,\n        Victor|title=The Ukrainian Helsinki Group: a postmortem|journal=Journal of\n        Ukrainian Studies|date=Winter 1983|volume=8|issue=2|pages=103\\u2013113|url=http://search.proquest.com/openview/fb8e21136329487ef428e5e4ce901ca7/1?}}\\n*{{cite\n        book|author=Zinkevych, Osyp|chapter=Ukrainian Helsinki Group|editor1=Kubi\\u012dovych,\n        Volodymyr |editor2=Struk, Danylo |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|date=1993|volume=Vol. 5|pages=387\\u2013388|isbn=0802030106|chapter-url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianHelsinkiGroup.htm}}\\n*{{cite\n        book|title=The persecution of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group|date=1980|publisher=Human\n        Rights Commission, World Congress of Free Ukrainians|location=Toronto, Canada|asin=B0000EED4K|url=http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/10575/file.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318101211/http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/10575/file.pdf|archivedate=18\n        March 2016|dead-url=no}}\\n*{{cite book|title=The persecution of the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group|date=1985|publisher=Human Rights Commission, World Congress\n        of Free Ukrainians|location=Toronto, Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjFpnQEACAAJ}}\\n*{{cite\n        book|title=The human rights movement in Ukraine: documents of the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group, 1976\\u20131980|date=1980|publisher=Smoloskyp Publishers|isbn=0914834444}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group}}\\n{{portal bar|Soviet Union|Ukraine|Society|Politics|Freedom\n        of speech|Human rights}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Helsinki Group| ]]\\n[[Category:Organizations\n        established in 1976]]\\n[[Category:1976 establishments in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:1976\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Soviet opposition groups]]\\n[[Category:Political\n        organisations in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Human rights organizations based in\n        the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Organizations based in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Non-profit\n        organizations based in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Human rights organisations\n        based in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Organisations based in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T23:00:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":772620189,\"length\":14169,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group\"},\"12289269\":{\"pageid\":12289269,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Human Rights Union\",\"index\":21,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-17T00:27:03Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        organization\\n|name=Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union (UHHRU)\\n|logo=[[Image:UHHRU\n        symbol.jpg|150px|UHHRU symbol]]\\n|type=\\n|founded_date=April 2004\\n|founder=\\n|location=Kyiv,\n        Ukraine\\n|origins=\\n|key_people=[[Yevgen Zakharov]][http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/71727/\n        Detention of German foundation head seen as blow to free speech], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (July 2, 2010) and [[Volodymyr Yavorskyy]]\\n|area_served=Ukraine\\n|focus=Protecting\n        human rights\\n|method=\\n|revenue=\\n|endowment=\\n|num_volunteers=\\n|owner=\\n|Non-profit_slogan=\\n|homepage=[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/  helsinki.org.ua]\\n|tax_exempt=yes\\n|dissolved=\\n|footnotes=\\n}}\\nAll-Ukrainian\n        Association of Public Organizations ''''''Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights\n        Union (UHHRU)'''''' was founded by 15 public human rights organizations on\n        1 April 2004. UHHRU is a non-profit and non-partisan organization.\\n\\n==Statutory\n        mission==\\nRealization and protection of rights and freedoms by promoting\n        practical implementation of humanitarian articles of the [[Helsinki Final\n        Act]] ([[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]) adopted in\n        1975, other international laws based on it and all other obligations accepted\n        by Ukraine in human rights and freedoms sphere.\\n\\n==Supervisory Board of\n        the Union==\\nOn the Supervisory Board are prominent members of the [[Ukrainian\n        Helsinki group]] of 1960-80s:\\n\\n*Zynoviy Antonyuk [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142693924]\\n*Mykola\n        Horbal [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142689225]\\n*Vasyl\n        Lisovyi [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1165240036]\\n*Vasyl\n        Ovsiyenko [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142680282]\\n*Yevgen\n        Pronyuk [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142679588]\\n*Yevgen\n        Sverstyuk [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1113995602]\\n*[[Yosyf\n        Zisels]] [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142495318]\\n\\n==Members\n        ==\\n*All-Ukrainian Society of Political Prisoners and Victims of Repression\\n*Association\n        \\u201cCivic Initiative\\u201d (Kirovohrad) [http://www.monitoring.kr.ua]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*Center for Legal and Political Research \\u201cSIM\\u201d\n        (Lviv)\\n*Center for Research into Regional Policy (Sumy)\\n*Chernigiv Committee\n        for the Protection of Citizens''s Constitutional Rights [http://www.protection.org.ua]\\n*Civic\n        Committee for the Protection of Constitutional Rights and Civil Liberties\n        (Lugansk) \\n*Civic Organization M\\u2019ART (Youth Alternative) (Chernigiv)\n        \\n*Congress of National Communities of Ukraine [http://www.kngu.org]\\n*Environmental\n        Club \\u201cEOL\\u201d (Yuzhny, Odessa Region) [http://eol.org.ua]\\n*Institute\n        of Socio-Economic Issues \\u201cRespublica\\u201d (Kyiv)\\n*[[Kharkiv Human Rights\n        Protection Group]]\\n*Kherson Regional Organization of the Committee of Voters\n        of Ukraine\\n*Konotop Society of Consumers and Taxpayers \\u201cDignity\\u201d\n        (Sumy Region)\\n*Kryvy Rih City Association of the All-Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko\n        Society \\u201cProsvita\\u201d (Enlightenment)\\n*Lugansk Regional Branch of\n        the Committee of Voters of Ukraine\\n*Odessa Human Rights Group \\u201cVeritas\\u201d\n        [http://www.veritas.org.ua] {{ru icon}}\\n*Sevastopol Human Rights\n        Protection Group\\n*Sumy City Association Civic Office \\\"Pravozakhyst\\\" (Human\n        rights protection)\\n\\n== Alliances ==\\nUkrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union\n        is a member of the [[Coalition \\\"Justice for Peace at Donbas\\\"|Coalition \\\"Justice\n        for Peace in Donbas\\\"]].\\n\\n==Major activities==\\n*Constant monitoring of\n        human rights and fundamental freedoms in Ukraine\\n*Protection of human rights\n        and fundamental freedoms in courts and state bodies\\n*Conducting researches\n        in human rights field, also drafting the laws and by-laws \\n*Conducting educational\n        seminars, trainings and conferences\\n*Promoting human rights organizations\n        network in Ukraine\\n\\n==Recent projects==\\n*Developing a network of human\n        rights lawyers through training and carrying out strategic litigation (December\n        2006 \\u2013 December 2007)\\n*Influencing the program activities of political\n        parties through a monitoring of law-drafting activities and analysis of political\n        parties\\u2019 pre-election programs as to their coverage of human rights issues\n        (February 2006 \\u2013 March 2007)\\n*Developing a network of human rights organizations\n        in order to increase their influence on the authorities and society with the\n        aim of active protection of human rights (October 2004 \\u2013 December 2005)\\n\\n==Annual\n        reports \\\"Human rights in Ukraine\\\"==\\nSince 2005, UHHRU in cooperation with\n        the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group and other human rights organizations\n        publishes a yearbook ''''Human Rights in Ukraine: Report by Human Rights Organisations''''\n        (in Ukrainian and English). These reports analyze the observation of fundamental\n        rights; social, economic and cultural rights; human rights in \\\"closed\\\" communities;\n        collective and environmental rights and offer recommendations for corrective\n        actions in each area of human rights. To date, two yearbooks (2004 and 2006)\n        have been published. Their English versions are freely accessible from UHHRU''s\n        web-site.[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php?r=27]\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]]\\n\\n==Footnotes and references==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php Ukrainian Helsinki Human\n        rights Union]\\n*[http://olexa.org.ua/ukr/helsinki/index.htm Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group] - Documents, Members, Chronology {{uk icon}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Human Rights Union| ]]\\n[[Category:Organizations established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:2004\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Human rights organisations based in\n        Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Organisations based in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Non-profit\n        organisations based in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T12:51:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":765890594,\"length\":5732,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union\"},\"16277728\":{\"pageid\":16277728,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Hockey Championship\",\"index\":25,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-16T12:21:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{\n        infobox football tournament\\n| name                 = Ukrainian Championship\\n|\n        logo                 = [[Image:UkrainianSupremeLeagueLOGO.png|200px]]\\n| caption              =\n        UHC emblem, 2009-12\\n| founded              = 1992\\n| region               =\n        {{flag|Ukraine}}\\n| number of teams      = 6\\n| current champions    = [[HC\n        Donbass]]\\n| most successful team = [[Sokil Kiev]] (12)\\n| broadcasters         =\n        \\n| motto                =\\n| website              = [http://www.fhu.com.ua\n        www.FHU.com.ua]\\n| current              = [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Hockey\n        League season]]\\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Hockey Championship'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0427\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437 \\u0425\\u043e\\u043a\\u0435\\u044e,\n        ''''Chempionat Ukrayiny z Khokeyu''''}}) is an annual [[ice hockey]] award\n        and [[national championships|national title]], bestowed to the ice hockey\n        organization judged to have the best performing team in [[Ukraine]], founded\n        in 1992. Prior to the 2015-16 season, the league playing for the title took\n        the name [[Ukrainian Hockey Extra League]].{{cite web |url=http://www.eliteprospects.com/league_home.php?leagueid=213\n        |title=Ukrainian Hockey Extra League, 2015-16 season, eliteprospects |accessdate=20\n        March 2016}}\\n\\n==History==\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Professional\n        Hockey League]] (PHL), the [[Ice Hockey Federation of Ukraine]] (FHU) administered\n        and handed out the award, allowing both amateur and professional teams to\n        compete in an annual [[regular season]], then [[playoff]] for the title. On\n        July 25, 2011, the FHU transferred the rights of the event to the PHL.{{cite web|title=\\u041f\\u0425\\u041b \\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442|url=http://www.hcdonbass.com/home/news/club/5490?lang=ru|work=\\u041f\\u0425\\u041b\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442|publisher=HCDonbass.com|accessdate=15\n        September 2011}} \\n\\nIn 2011\\u201312, the championship was awarded in\n        the PHL following a 4-team playoff at the end of the 41-game regular season.\n        The finals were determined though a [[best-of-seven playoff]].{{cite\n        web|title=\\u0418\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0439-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0444|url=http://isport.ua/hockey/ukraine/news/167761.html|publisher=iSport.ua|accessdate=21\n        September 2011}} Teams that miss the finals participate in a [[best-of-five\n        playoff]] to determine final positioning. In addition to the title, winning\n        team was given a cash prize by the league, US$1,000,000, shared by all of\n        the players.{{cite web|title=15 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0447\\u0435\\u043c \\\"\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\\"\\u0421\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\\" \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0438|url=http://fhu.com.ua/ua/news/top/ukraine_leage/2574/|publisher=FHU|accessdate=15\n        September 2011}}\\nNational finalists receive silver and bronze medals.\\n\\n==Winners==\\n*[[1992\\u201393 UkHL season|1992\\u201393]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1993\\u201394 UkHL season|1993\\u201394]]: [[ShVSM Kyiv]]\\n*[[1994\\u201395\n        UkHL season|1994\\u201395]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*1995\\u201396: ''''not contested''''\\n*[[1996\\u201397\n        UkHL season|1996\\u201397]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1997\\u201398 UkHL season|1997\\u201398]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1998\\u201399 UkHL season|1998\\u201399]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1999\\u20132000\n        UkHL season|1999\\u201300]]: [[HC Berkut-Kyiv]]\\n*[[2000\\u201301 UkHL season|2000\\u201301]]:\n        [[HC Berkut-Kyiv]]\\n*[[2001\\u201302 UkHL season|2001\\u201302]]: [[HC Berkut-Kyiv]]\\n*[[2002\\u201303\n        UkHL season|2002\\u201303]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2003\\u201304 UkHL season|2003\\u201304]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2004\\u201305 UkHL season|2004\\u201305]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2005\\u201306\n        UkHL season|2005\\u201306]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2006\\u201307 UkHL season|2006\\u201307]]:\n        [[ATEK Kyiv]]\\n*[[2007\\u201308 UkHL season|2007\\u201308]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2008\\u201309\n        UkHL season|2008\\u201309]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2009\\u201310 UkHL season|2009\\u201310]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2010\\u201311 UkHL season|2010\\u201311]]: [[HC Donbass]]\\n*[[2011\\u201312\n        Professional Hockey League season|2011\\u201312]]: [[HC Donbass-2]]\\n*[[2012\\u201313\n        Professional Hockey League season|2012\\u201313]]: [[HC Donbass-2]]\\n*[[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Hockey Championship|2013\\u201314]]: [[HC Kompanion-Naftogaz]]\\n*[[2014\\u201315\n        Ukrainian Hockey Championship|2014\\u201315]]: [[ATEK Kyiv]]\\n*[[2015\\u201316\n        Ukrainian Hockey Extra League season|2015\\u201316]]: [[HC Donbass]]\\n*[[2016\\u201317\n        Ukrainian Hockey League season|2016\\u201317]]: [[HC Donbass]]\\n\\n==Awards==\\n\\n===Ukraine\n        Player of the Year===\\n* 2002: [[Vasili Bobrovnikov]]\\n* 2003: [[Borys Protsenko]]\\n*\n        2004: [[Ruslan Fedotenko]]\\n* 2005: [[Kostiantyn Simchuk]]http://www.eliteprospects.com/hockey/awards.php?award=Ukrainian%20Player%20of%20the%20Year\\n*\n        2006: [[Serhiy Klymentiev]]\\n* 2007: [[Vyacheslav Zavalnyuk]]\\n* 2009: [[Ruslan\n        Fedotenko]]{{cite web|url=http://www.championat.com/hockey/article-47036.html?rucom=1|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u2013 \\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0445\\u043e\\u043a\\u043a\\u0435\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b 2009 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430|publisher=|accessdate=8\n        February 2017}}\\n* 2010: [[Kostiantyn Kasianchuk]]\\n*\n        2011: [[Oleksandr Materukhin]]{{cite web|last=Tuniz|first=Davide|title=Aleksandr\n        Materukhin voted Player of the Year in Ukraine|url=http://eurohockey.com/article/1111-aleksandr-materukhin-voted-player-of-the-year-in-ukraine.html|accessdate=8\n        May 2012}}\\n* 2012: [[Ruslan Fedotenko]]{{cite web|url=http://hcdonbass.com/news/donbass_1/ruslan_fedotenko_priznan_luchshim_khokkeistom_ukrainy_2012_goda/?lang=en&year=2013&month=01|title=\\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0424\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c \\u0445\\u043e\\u043a\\u043a\\u0435\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b 2012 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430|publisher=|accessdate=8\n        February 2017}}\\n* 2013: [[Konstantin Kasyanchuk]]{{cite web|url=http://www.eurohockey.com/article/3142-konstantin-kasyanchuk-named-ukrainian-player-of-the-year.html|title=Konstantin\n        Kasyanchuk named Ukrainian player of the year - Eurohockey.com|first=Project:\n        Martin|last=Form\\u00e1nek|publisher=|accessdate=8 February 2017}}\\n\\n===All\n        Star Team===\\n
''''''2011''''''
\\n
[[Kostiantyn\n        Kasianchuk]] \\u2022 [[Serhiy Varlamov]] \\u2022 [[Oleksandr Materukhin]]
\\n
[[Oleksandr\n        Pobedonostsev]] \\u2022 [[Serhiy Klymentiev]]
\\n
[[Kostiantyn\n        Simchuk]]
\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[Professional Hockey League]]\\n* [[Ice\n        Hockey Federation of Ukraine]]\\n* [[2012 Professional Hockey League All-Star\n        Game]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n* [http://www.fhu.com.ua/\n        Ice Hockey Federation of Ukraine] {{language icon|uk}}\\n* {{facebook|phlua}}\\n\\n{{UkHL\n        seasons}}\\n{{European Ice Hockey Leagues}}\\n{{Ice hockey in Ukraine}}\\n{{Top\n        sport leagues in Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ice hockey competitions in Ukraine|Championship]]\\n[[Category:1992\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T18:03:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":780654343,\"length\":6612,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Hockey_Championship\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Hockey_Championship&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Hockey_Championship\"},\"9746977\":{\"pageid\":9746977,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        House\",\"index\":29,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-13T23:00:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Distinguish|Palace\n        \\\"Ukrayina\\\"}}\\n\\n{{Infobox convention center\\n| name             = Ukrainian\n        House\\n| image            = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c - panoramio.jpg\\n| image_caption    = \\n| address          =\n        \\u2116 2 [[Khreshchatyk Street]], [[European Square, Kiev|European Square]]\\n|\n        location         = [[Shevchenko Raion, Kiev|Shevchenko Raion]], [[Kiev]] (Kyiv),\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| coordinates      = {{coord|50|27|11|N|30|31|37|E|type:landmark_scale:10000_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|\n        owner            = [[State Management of Affairs (Ukraine)|State Management\n        of Affairs]]\\n| operator         = National center of business and cultural\n        cooperation\\n| built            = 1978\\u20131982\\n| opened           = 1982\\n|\n        renovated        =\\n| expanded         =\\n| closed           =\\n| demolished       =\\n|\n        construction_cost=\\n| former_names     = All-Union Lenin Museum (1982\\u20131993)\\n|\n        banquets         = 50\\u20133000\\n| meeting_cap      = 50\\u2013500 (8 rooms)\\n|\n        theatre          = 500 (concert hall)\\n| total_space      = {{convert|8850|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}\\n|\n        exhibit          = {{convert|3000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}\\n| breakout         =\\n|\n        ballroom         = {{convert|782|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}\\n| website          = [http://www.icc-kiev.gov.ua/\n        www.icc-kiev.gov.ua]\\n}}\\n\\nThe ''''''International Convention Center \\\"Ukrainian\n        House\\\"'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c. \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440}})\n        is the largest {{Citation needed|reason=Really? What about the \\u041c\\u0412\\u0426?|date=June\n        2017}} international exhibition and [[convention center]] in [[Kiev]] (Kyiv),\n        [[Ukraine]]. Popularly referred to as just ''''''\\\"Ukrainian House\\\"'''''',\n        this five-storey building is the host venue for a variety of events from exhibitions,\n        trade fairs and conferences to international association meetings, product\n        launches, banquets, TV-ceremonies, sporting events, etc.\\n\\n== Location ==\\n\\nUkrainian\n        House is situated on 2 [[Khreshchatyk Street]], overlooking [[European Square,\n        Kiev|European Square]] in the heart of the Ukrainian capital. The rear of\n        the center adjoins the southern outskirts of the [[Volodymyrska Hill]] Park.\n        The building is not far from the main square of the country - [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Maidan\n        (Independence Square)]], as well as Dnipro Hotel, Khreschatyk Hotel and [[Hotel\n        Ukrayina|Hotel Ukraine]].\\n\\nVisitors can easily reach Ukrainian House by\n        any public transport including the [[Kiev Metro]]. On-site parking space is\n        also available. All major attractions of the city are within a walking distance\n        from the center such as [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence Square]], [[Sophia\n        Cathedral|St.Sophia\\u2019s Cathedral]], [[Golden Domed Saint Michael\\u00b4s\n        monastery|Michael\\u2019s Golden Dome Monastery]], [[Andriyivskyy Descent|Andrew\\u2019s\n        Street (Uzviz)]] with souvenirs, and numerous shopping centers, fine restaurants\n        and hotels.\\n\\n== History and use ==\\n\\nBuilt in 1978\\u20131982, this [[Monumental\n        sculpture|monumental]] building was originally erected as a Kiev affiliate\n        of the All-Union Lenin Museum, displaying materials documenting [[Lenin]]''s\n        life. The building was designed and built by the \\\"Chief Kyiv Project\\\" architects\n        group led by Vadym Hopkalo, with assistance by Vadym Hrechyna, Volodymyr Kolomiyets,\n        and Leonid Filenko. In 1985 the authors of the project received the [[Shevchenko\n        National Prize|Shevchenko State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR]].\\n\\nSince 1938\n        the Kiev city exhibition of the All-Union Lenin Museum was located in [[Building\n        of Pedagogical Museum|Teacher House]] at 57 Volodymyr Street. The museum was\n        moved to the Ukrainian House building when it was opened in 1982, where it\n        remained until after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]]. On April 2,\n        1993 the building was renamed and converted to a conference and exhibition\n        hall. The Lenin museum exhibition was dismounted and placed into storage funds.\\n\\nIn\n        2004 the entire collection of the Museum of the History of Kyiv was moved\n        from its location at the [[Klov Palace]] to the fourth and fifth floor of\n        Ukrainian House, where much of the collection remains to this day.\\n\\n== Operations\n        today ==\\n\\n[[File:Doll salon kyivska kazka-ukraine.jpg|thumb|Internal view\n        of the building during the \\\"Kyiv Kazka\\\" doll [[trade fair]].]]\\nToday, the\n        Government company ''''National Center of Business and Cultural Cooperation\n        \\\"Ukrainian House\\\"'''' (part of the [[State Management of Affairs (Ukraine)|State\n        Management of Affairs]] agency) owns the structure and arranges concerts,\n        cultural festivals,{{cite web | url=http://www.dus.gov.ua/cult_edu.phtml?ai=cult_edu2a\n        | script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\\"\\u0426\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\u0434\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\\"\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c\\\"\n        | publisher=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0423\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 | accessdate=26 June 2014|language=uk}}\n        local [[exhibition]]s, [[Business conference|conference]]s, [[Convention (meeting)|conventions]],\n        [[trade fair]]s, [[Academic conference|symposiums]] etc.\\n\\nUkrainian House\n        has 5 storeys with fully flexible spaces and halls to fit any needs from small\n        private meetings to large-scale gatherings for up to 3,500 participants. It\n        has all the necessary facilities from conference halls, exhibition spaces\n        and auditoriums to an on-site restaurant and outdoor terraces.\\n\\nIn August\n        2016 the [[Soviet]]-era [[bas-relief]]s was removed from the building to comply\n        with [[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/\n        Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 15\n        May 2015
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html Poroshenko\n        signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]. 15\n        May 20
[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075 Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine\n        moves to ban communist symbols], [[BBC News]] (14 April 2015)
[http://www.unian.info/multimedia/photo/37311-demontaj-sovetskih-barelefov-s-fasada-ukrainskogo-doma.html\n        Soviet bas-reliefs being dismantled from Ukrainian House fa\\u00e7ade], [[UNIAN]]\n        (18 August 2016)\\n\\n== Euromaidan protests ==\\n\\nUkrainian House was\n        taken over in December 2013 by the [[Berkut (special police force)|Berkut\n        special police forces]] during the [[Euromaidan]] protests. There were claims\n        that the Berkut unit ransacked the building and possibly pilfered some of\n        the museum collection.{{cite web | url=http://tyzhden.ua/News/100082\n        | script-title=uk:\\u0410\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443:\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0454\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435\n        | publisher=Tyzhden (Ukrainian Week) | date=2014-01-26 | accessdate=26 June\n        2014|language=uk}}\\n\\nOn the 25th of January 2014 the House was besieged\n        by [[Euromaidan]] protesters. After a long confrontation the police launched\n        a counterattack on the main barricades and many retreated in order to secure\n        the barricades but a number stayed. At around 11pm GMT a truce was called\n        where no side attacked each other.https://twitter.com/EuromaidanPR/status/427216713382256640[http://rt.com/news/opposition-ukraine-rejects-proposal-203/\n        Ukrainian opposition calls for snap elections, talks with govt continue] RT.com.\n        January 26, 2014 A long bout of negotiation followed. The final result\n        being the 200 police officers still inside leaving through a side window.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25906240\n        Ukraine crisis: Mourning in Kiev while protests spread] BBC News. 26 January\n        2014. Accessed 27 January 2014.\\n\\nWhen the Euromaidan protestors gained\n        control over Ukrainian House, it provided a community shelter for fellow civilians\n        and protestors who were engaging in the revolution. The Ukraine House center\n        provides free legal advice, a place to sleep, medical care, travel information,\n        and psychiatric help. With all the chaos that was happening during this struggle,\n        one couple, Viktor Bisovetskyi and his wife, Inna, joined the occupants of\n        the building and opened a library during this anti-government movement known\n        as Euromaidan. Since most of the space was occupied, the couple found room\n        in the corner of the basement. There, countless librarians, friends, and civilians\n        donated books, travel guides, magazines and philosophy texts to this library.{{cite web | url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-globe-in-kiev-ukrainian-opposition-movement-has-its-own-library/article16599200/\n        | title=The Globe in Kiev: Ukrainian opposition movement has its own library\n        | publisher=The Globe and Mail | date=2014-01-29 | accessdate=26 June 2014\n        | author=Waldie, Paul}}\\n\\nAs of late March 2014 and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|Crimean crisis]] and [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|masked\n        Russian invasion of eastern Ukraine]], Ukrainian House is acting as a base\n        for the \\\"Self-defense of the Maidan\\\", one of the major [[Euromaidan#Self-defense\n        groups|Euromaidan]] militias. It is also currently an assembly area and [[public\n        relations]] coordination site for the [[National Guard of Ukraine]].{{cite\n        news|last=Langston|first=Henry|title=A Look Inside Ukraine''s Volunteer National\n        Guard|url=https://news.vice.com/articles/a-look-inside-ukraine-s-volunteer-national-guard|accessdate=26\n        March 2014|work=Vice News/Vice UK|date=19 March 2014}}\\n\\n== See also\n        ==\\n{{Commons category|Ukrainian House (Kyiv)}}\\n\\n* [[Euromaidan]]\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n\\n* [http://www.icc-kiev.gov.ua/\n        Official page of \\\"Ukrainian House\\\"] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/ukrdim\n        Official Facebook site of \\\"Ukrainian House\\\"] {{uk icon}}\\n\\n{{Khreschatyk}}\\n{{State\n        Management of Affairs (Ukraine)}}\\n{{Euromaidan}}\\n\\n[[Category:Monuments\n        and memorials in Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Convention centers in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Buildings\n        and structures completed in 1982]]\\n[[Category:Monuments and memorials built\n        in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Museums in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Shevchenkivskyi\n        District (Kiev)]]\\n[[Category:Places of the Euromaidan]]\\n[[Category:1982\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T07:54:51Z\",\"lastrevid\":785509521,\"length\":10065,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_House\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_House&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_House\"},\"41957494\":{\"pageid\":41957494,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Humanities Lyceum\",\"index\":34,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-31T05:18:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=May 2014}}\\n{{Infobox university\\n |name              = Ukrainian\n        Humanitarian Lyceum\\n |logo              = \\n |image_name        = [[File:Ukrainian\n        Humanitarian Lyceum Logo, Feb 2014.png]]\\n |image_size        = \\n |caption           =\n        \\n |motto             = \\n |mottoeng          = \\n |established       = 1991\\n\n        |closed            = \\n |type              = [[Government school|Government]]\\n\n        |affiliation       = [[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv]]\\n |president         =\n        Sazonenko Galina Stefanovna\\n |students          = 325\\n |city              =\n        [[Kyiv, Ukraine|Kyiv]]\\n |state             = \\n |country           = [[Ukraine]]\\n\n        |coor              = \\n |campus            = \\n |former_names      = \\n |affiliations      =\n        \\n |website           = http://www.uhl-edu.kiev.ua\\n |footnotes         =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian Humanities Lyceum'''''' (UHL) \\u2013 high school educational\n        institution in the Pechersk district of the city [[Kyiv]]. Founded in 1991\n        year. Ukrainian Humanitarian Lyceum is a subdivision of [[Taras Shevchenko\n        National University of Kyiv]].{{ cite web| url=http://ukrafoto.com/reportages.php?id=10861&photo=188599&lng=english\n        | title=Ukrainian Humanitarian Lyceum at Shevchenko Kyiv National University\n        Marks 20th Anniversary/  | year=2014}} Admission is done on a competitive\n        basis. Profile areas of training: philological, historical, economic and law.\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\n1991 \\u2014 year of foundation;
\\n1994 \\u2014 reorganization\n        of the Lyceum in subdivisions of Kyiv Taras Shevchenko University;
\\n2000\n        \\u2013 to the three main fields of study added another \\u2013 philosophical;
\\n2007\\u20132013\n        \\u2014 first in Ukraine by results of  [[External independent testing]].{{\n        cite web| url=http://www.useti.org.ua/en/news/1181/best-schools-in-kyiv-named.html\n        | title=BEST SCHOOLS IN KYIV NAMED  | year=2012}}{{ cite web| url=http://testportal.gov.ua/\n        | title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043d\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438  |\n        year=2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.segodnya.ua/specprojects/ranks/Reyting-Segodnya-luchshie-i-hudshie-shkoly-Kieva-po-rezultatam-testov-infografika.html  |\n        title=\\u0420\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\\"\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\\":\n        \\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438 \\u0445\\u0443\\u0434\\u0448\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0448\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044b \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c \\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432  |\n        year=2012 }}\\n\\n== Material and technical base ==\\n* 21 classrooms equipped\n        with modern technical facilities;\\n* 2 PC audience, 10 multimedia systems;\\n*\n        Dance and fitness facilities, tennis court;\\n* Library, equipped with modern\n        literature\\n* Center \\\"Health\\\" ( methodical study, juice bar, lounge psychological\n        relief, mechanical massage);\\n* Cafeteria;\\n* Historical and Arts Center,\n        which includes an art gallery of contemporary Ukrainian art, awarded a diploma\n        \\\"Model Museum\\\" Museum \\\"Cultural Heritage of Ukraine\\\", Museum of the History\n        of the Lyceum;\\n* Methodical room, assembly hall, winter garden.\\n\\n== Famous\n        graduates ==\\nAmong the graduates of the Lyceum of different years, many influential\n        Ukrainian journalists, including Lidia Taran, Maxim Drabok, Natalie Fitsych,\n        Alex Ananov, Tatiana Chur, Alex Berdnick, Godovanets Olga, Natalia Ivchenko\n        ( Turchak ), Anna Berezetska, Bogdan Nasal, Natalia Nedilko, Maxim Butkevych,\n        politicians and diplomats [[Yuriy Pavlenko]], Alexander Kravchenko, [[Lesya\n        Orobets]].\\n\\nGraduates is a popular singer [[Katya Chilly|Kate Chile]], director\n        and actor Philip Illyenko, stsenarystka Natalie Kononchuk, lawyer of [[European\n        Court of Human Rights]] Olga Dmitrenco .\\n\\n== Awards ==\\n* Diploma of the\n        Ministry of Science and Science of Ukraine, 1995.\\n* Diploma of the Cabinet\n        of Ministers of Ukraine, 2000.\\n* The letter of the [[President of Ukraine]]\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]] in 2001.\\n* Diploma in International Open Rating of Popularity\n        and Quality \\\"Golden Fortune\\\" of the Order \\\"For development of Ukraine\\\"\n        named Hrushevsky fourth degree, 2001.\\n* [[Order of Saint Vladimir]] second\n        degree, 2001.\\n* Diploma of the National Commission of Ukraine for UNESCO,\n        2001.\\n* Congratulations to the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine,\n        2006.\\n* Diploma of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, 2006.\\n*\n        Honorary title of \\\"Leader of Modern Education\\\", 2007, 2009, 2010.\\n\\n==\n        Other ==\\nAsteroid 318794 Ugliya discovered in 2005 by [[Andrushivka Astronomical\n        Observatory]], named after the Lyceum.{{ cite web| url=http://astro.com/swisseph/astlist.htm\n        | title=Astrodienst Asteroid list | year=2014}}{{ cite web| url=http://univernews.com/knu/2013/12/06/4195.html\n        | title=\\\"\\u0417\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0441\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\\"\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u041d\\u0423: \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d \\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0434\n        | year=2013}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{coord missing|Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Schools\n        in Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Secondary schools in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-24T18:53:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":664815337,\"length\":4803,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Humanities_Lyceum\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Humanities_Lyceum&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Humanities_Lyceum\"},\"2013727\":{\"pageid\":2013727,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\",\"index\":9,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-18T13:34:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{other\n        uses|Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox Christian church\n        body\\n| name            = Ukrainian Orthodox Church\\n| image           = 2005-08-15\n        Pechersk Lavra seen from river Dnepr Kiev 311.JPG\\n| caption         = The\n        11th century [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]] in [[Kiev]]\\n| founded         = 1685\n        ''''(autonomy)''''; 1770 ''''(autonomy stripped)'''';\n        1921 ''''(exarchate)''''; 1990 ''''(self-rule)''''\\n|\n        founder         = [[Gedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky)|Gedeon]] ''''(united\n        with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]])''''\\n| independence    = \\n|\n        reunion         = \\n| recognition     = 1990\\n| firsthead       = \\n| supremegovernor\n        = [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow|Patriarch Kirill]]\\n| primate         = Metropolitan\n        [[Onuphrius (Berezovsky)|Onuphrius]]\\n| polity          = [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]]\\n| headquarters    = [[Refectory Church (Pechersk Lavra)|Refectory\n        Church]] ''''([[Kiev Cave Monastery]])''''
Cathedral of\n        the Resurrection of Christ[http://orthodox-church.kiev.ua/page226/news4382.html\n        Cathedral of Resurrection of Christ and Spiritual-Enlightning Center of the\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church] ''''(being built since 2007)''''\\n|\n        territory       = Ukraine\\n| possessions     = \\n| language        = [[Church\n        Slavonic]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]]\\n|\n        liturgy         = \\n| population      = 17.4% of religious population (by\n        [[Razumkov Center]], January 2015)[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainians-shun-moscow-patriarchate-as-russias-war-intensifies-in-donbas-378168.html]
20.85\n        of religious population (by [[Ukrainian Sociology Service]] and Kucheriv democratic\n        initiatives fund, December 2014 \\u2013 January 2015)[http://dif.org.ua/ua/publications/press-relizy/bilshist-naselgo-patriarhatu.htm\n        Most of population of Ukraine considers itself predominantly of the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Kiev Patriarchate)].\\n| bishops         = 85 (53 governing)\\n|\n        priests         = 10,963\\n| parishes        = 11,393\\n| monastics       =\n        1,320\\n| monasteries     = 219\\n| nuns            = 2,312 \\n| scriptures      =\n        \\n| website         = [http://church.ua/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church] \\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w\n        zabytkowy (307).JPG|200px|thumb|[[Refectory Church (Pechersk Lavra)|Refectory\n        Church]], a mother cathedral of the church (since 1992)]]\\n[[File:St.\n        Volodymyr''s Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|200px|thumb|[[St Volodymyr''s Cathedral]],\n        former mother cathedral of the church (1944-1992)]]\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Annunciation\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation Cathedral]] in Kharkiv, a former mother cathedral\n        of the church (1929-1934)]]\\n[[File:L''viv Orthodox Church\n        of Moscow Patriarchate.JPG|235px|thumb|The non-cathedral temple of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church in [[Lviv]] - St. George Church]]\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church'''''' (''''''UOC'''''') ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430}};\n        {{lang-ru|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u044c}}) is a [[self-governing]] church\n        of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in [[Ukraine]]. The current Statute of\n        the ROC defines it as a \\\"self-governing church with the rights of wide autonomy\\\".[https://mospat.ru/ru/documents/ustav/xi-2/\n        \\u043f. 18 \\u0413\\u043b. XI \\u0423\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0420\\u041f\\u0426]:\n        \\u00ab\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u044c \\u044f\\u0432\\u043b\\u044f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u044f\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0448\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438.\\u00bb Officially\n        such status has no recognition outside of the Russian Orthodox Church.\\n\\nRussia''s\n        [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation]] of [[Crimea]]\n        in 2014 notwithstanding, the UOC [[Eparchy|eparchies]] in Crimea continue\n        under the administration of the UOC.[http://newsru.com/religy/10mar2015/krim_upcmp.html\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0441 \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0440\\u044b\\u043c\\u0443 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c, \\u0437\\u0430\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u041f\\u0426 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430] [[NEWSru]],\n        10 March 2015. While being a part of the Moscow Patriarchate, the current\n        status of the UOC means its virtually full administrative independence from\n        the ROC [[Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church|Holy Synod]], whereas\n        the [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev#Metropolitans of Kiev and\n        All Ukraine|UOC Primate]] is the seniormost[http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/3609112.html\n        \\u0416\\u0423\\u0420\\u041d\\u0410\\u041b\\u042b \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0421\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0442 19 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 2014 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430]\n        // \\u0416\\u0423\\u0420\\u041d\\u0410\\u041b \\u2116 1: \\u00ab2. \\u0412\\u043a\\u043b\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0447\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041e\\u043d\\u0443\\u0444\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f, <\\u2026> \\u0441 \\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0411\\u043b\\u0430\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u043c \\u0441\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432 \\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438.\\u00bb\n        permanent member thereof and thus has a say in the decision-making in respect\n        of the rest of the ROC, including its business in the Russian Federation.\\n\\n==History==\\n{{See\n        also|History of Christianity in Ukraine}}\\n\\n===Ecumenical Patriarchate of\n        Constantinople===\\n\\n====Moscow, Lithuania, Halych metropolia====\\nThe Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church considers itself the sole descendant in modern Ukraine of\n        the Ruthenian (Kyivan) metropolis within the jurisdiction of the [[Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate of Constantinople]] [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|established]] in\n        Kiev in the 10th century. Due to [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|invasion of the\n        Mongols]] in the 13th century the metropolitan seat was moved to [[Vladimir,\n        Russia|Vladimir]] and later to [[Moscow]], while in the Duchy of Halych and\n        Volhynia was created a separate Metropolis of Halych with own Metropolitan.\n        In the 14th century the Grand Duke of Lithuania [[Algirdas]] who established\n        his control over the former territories of [[Kievan Rus]] attempted to move\n        the metropolitan seat back to Kiev.\\n\\n====Revival====\\nIn 1596 the Metropolitan\n        of Kiev, Halych and all Russia [[Michael Rohoza]] accepted the [[Union of\n        Brest]] transforming dioceses of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\n        into the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] under the [[Holy See]]''s jurisdiction.\n        In 1620 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] reestablished its dioceses\n        in Ukraine under the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Russia as the exarch\n        of Ukraine [[Job Boretsky]].\\n\\n===Merger into the Russian Orthodox Church===\\nIn\n        1685 the Ukrainian Orthodox Church came under the jurisdiction of the [[Russian\n        Orthodox Church]] when Gedeon Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky was elected the Metropolitan\n        of Kyiv, Galicia and all Russia with the help of the [[Hetman of Zaporizhian\n        Host]] [[Ivan Samoylovych]]. At that time all six eparchies ([[diocese]]s)\n        of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] in Ukraine were transferred\n        to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. The original eparchies included Kiev,\n        Chernihiv, Mstislav-Mogilev (Belorusian) on the left bank of Dnieper and Lviv,\n        Lutsk, Peremyshl on the right bank of Dnieper. Since his election Gedeon lost\n        practically all his eparchies. Due to the conflilct with [[Lazar Baranovich]],\n        Metropolitan of Kiev ceded the Chernihiv eparchy under direct jurisdiction\n        of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1686, while the Belorusia eparchy was already\n        de facto administered from Moscow by that time. On 27 January 1688 the Russian\n        Orthodox Church changed the title of Gedeon to Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych\n        and Little Russia. Already the Gedeon''s successor [[Metropolitan Varlaam\n        (Yasinski)|Metropolitan Varlaam]] during 1692 to 1702 lost the rest of his\n        eparchies in Lviv, Peremyshl and Lutsk that were transferred to the [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church]]. Due to the reduction in number of eparchies, the\n        eparchy of Pereyaslav was revived, commemorating the [[council of Pereyaslav]].\n        In 1728-72 the Belorusian eparchy became the only Eastern Orthodox eparchy\n        in Poland and was directly governed by the Patriarch of Moscow.\\n\\nBefore\n        the [[Battle of Poltava (1708)|Battle of Poltava]] when [[Ivan Mazepa]] sided\n        with [[Carl XII]], the new [[Metlopolitan Ioasaf (Krokovsky)|Metropolitan\n        Ioasaf]] along with bishops of Chernihiv and Pereyaslav was summoned by [[Peter\n        the Great]] to [[Hlukhiv]] where they were ordered to declare an [[anathema]]\n        onto Mazepa. After the battle of Poltava, in 1709 Metropolitan Ioasaf was\n        exiled to [[Tver]] and in 1710 a church censorship was introduced to the Kiev\n        metropolia. In 1718 Metropolitan Ioasaf was arrested and exiled to [[Saint\n        Petersburg]] for interrogation where he died. In 1720 an edict is issued,\n        according to which all Ukrainian publishers are required to change to the\n        Russian language. During that time in 1718 to 1722 the Metropolitan seat in\n        Kiev was vacant and ruled by the Kiev Spiritual Consistory (under the authority\n        of the [[Most Holy Synod]]), since 1722 it was occupied by Archbishop Varlaam,\n        thus being downgraded to a regular eparchy. Also since 1721 the Russian Orthodox\n        Church itself was governed by the Most Holy Synod rather than Patriarch.\\n\\n===Synod\n        period===\\nIn 1730 the new Archbishop Varlaam with all members of the Kiev\n        Spiritual Consistory were put on trial by the Privy Chancellery. After being\n        convicted, Varlaam as a simple monk was exiled to the [[Kirillo-Belozersky\n        Monastery]] in Vologda region where he served a sentence of imprisonment of\n        10 years. After the death of the Russian Empress [[Anna of Russia|Anna]] in\n        1740, Varlaam was allowed to return and recovered all his [[Archiereus]] titles.\n        He however refused to except back those titles and, after asked to be left\n        in peace, moved to the [[Tikhvin Assumption Monastery]]. In 1750 Varlaam accepted\n        the [[Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism#Great Schema|Great Schema]]\n        under the name of Vasili and soon died in 1751.\\n\\nThe newly appointed archbishop\n        of Kiev [[Raphael Zaborovsky]] (in 1730) after some 25 years had revived the\n        metropolitan rank for the [[Eparchy of Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)|Kiev eparchy]]\n        in 1743 as the Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych and Little Russia.\\n\\nOn 2 April\n        1767 the Empress of Russia [[Catherine the Great]] issued an edict stripping\n        the title of the Metropolitan of Kiev of the words \\\"and all Little Russia\\\".[http://web.archive.org/web/20150416145158/http://www.pravenc.ru/text/76238.html\n        Arseniy] at the Orthodox Encyclopedia\\n\\nIn 1803 for the first onto\n        the metropolitan seat in Kiev was placed [[Metropolitan Serapion (Aleksandrovsky)|Metropolitan\n        Serapion]], a bishop from Russia (from the Vladimir region). Since 1803 and\n        until 1930 the heads of [[Eparchy of Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)|Kiev eparchy]]\n        were exclusively from Russia.\\n\\n===Fall of monarchy in Russia and Exarchate===\\n{{see\n        also|Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church}}\\n[[File:Highest authority of\n        Russian Orthodox Church in 1917.jpg|thumb|300px|Participants of the 1917 Local\n        Council (Metropolitan Antony is to the right of Patriarch Tikhon)]]\\nDuring\n        the advance of the Soviet troops on Kiev (see [[Ukrainian\\u2013Soviet War]]),\n        in January 1918 was killed the Metropolitan of Kiev [[Vladimir Bogoyavlensky]]\n        by unknown people. Metropolitan Bogoyavlensky chaired the All-Ukrainian Church\n        Council that took a break between its sessions on 18 January 1918 and was\n        to be resumed in May 1918. On 23\\u201324 January 1918 the Red Guards of [[Reinholds\n        B\\u0113rzi\\u0146\\u0161]] occupied the city of Kiev. In the evening of 25 January\n        1918 Metropolitan Vladimir was found dead between walls of the Old Pechersk\n        Fortress beyond the Gates of All Saints.\\n\\nIn May 1918 to the [[Eparchy of\n        Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)|Kiev eparchy]] was appointed Metropolitan of Kiev\n        and Halych [[Antony (Khrapovitsky)|Antony]], a former candidate to become\n        the [[Patriarch of Moscow]] at the [[1917\\u201318 Local Council of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church|Russian Local Council]] of 1917 and losing it to the [[Patriarch\n        Tikhon of Moscow|Patriarch Tikhon]]. In July 1918 Metropolitan Antony became\n        the head of the All-Ukrainian Church Council. Eventually he sided with the\n        Russian [[White movement]] supporting the Denikin''s forces of [[South Russia\n        (1919\\u20131920)|South Russia]], while keeping the title of Metropolitan of\n        Kiev and Halych. After the defeat of the Whites and the exile of Antony, in\n        1919-21 the metropolitan seat was temporarily held by the bishop of Cherkasy\n        Nazariy (also the native of [[Kazan]]). After the arrest of Nazariy by the\n        Soviet authorities in 1921, the seat was provisionally held by the bishop\n        of Grodno and newly elected Exarch of Ukraine Mikhail, a member of the Russian\n        [[Black Hundreds]] nationalistic movement. After his arrest in 1923, the Kiev\n        eparchy was provisionally headed by various bishops of neighboring eparchies\n        until 1927. After his return in 1927 Mikhail became the Metropolitan of Kiev\n        and Exarch of Ukraine until his death in 1929.\\n\\nIn 1945, after the integration\n        of [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] into [[USSR]], eastern parts of the [[Eparchy of\n        Muka\\u010devo and Pre\\u0161ov]] were transferred from the supreme jurisdiction\n        of [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] to the jurisdiction of the Exarchate of Russian\n        Orthodox Church in Ukraine, and new [[Eparchy of Muka\\u010devo and U\\u017egorod]]\n        was formed.\\n\\n===Dissolution of the Soviet Union and self rule===\\nOn 28\n        October 1990,[http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1302845.html \\u041a 20-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u044e\n        \\u0411\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0442\\u044b \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439\\u0448\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u044f \\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0438 \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f\n        II \\u043e \\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438]: \\u2033\\u041e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u0443 \\u0443\\u0436\\u0435 28 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0442\\u044f\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f\n        1990 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 (\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445 \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0440\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b \\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\\u0448\\u0435\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u044e\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u0444\\u0435\\u0434\\u0440\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\u0424\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043e\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0443\\u044e\\u0449\\u0443\\u044e\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0442\\u0443)\\u2033 it was granted a status\n        of a self\\u2013governing church under the jurisdiction of the ROC (but ''''not''''\n        the full [[Autonomy#Religion|autonomy]] as is understood in the ROC legal\n        terminology).\\n\\nMetropolitan [[Volodymyr Sabodan|Vladimir (Sabodan)]], who\n        succeeded [[Filaret (Denysenko)]], was enthroned in 1992 as the Primate of\n        the UOC under the title [[Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine]], with the\n        official residency in the [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]], which also houses all of\n        the Church''s administration.\\n\\nThe church is currently the only Ukrainian\n        church to have full [[canon law|canonical standing]] in Eastern Orthodoxy,\n        and operates in [[full communion]] with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church organization|other\n        Eastern Orthodox Churches]]. The UOC (MP) claims to be the largest religious\n        body in Ukraine with the greatest number of parishes churches and communities\n        counting up to half of the total in Ukraine and totaling over 10,000. The\n        UOC also claims to have up to 75 percent of the Ukrainian population.Pravoslvieye\n        v Ukraine [http://orthodox.org.ua/uk/node/197 Retrieved on 10 February 2007]\n        Independent surveys show significant variance. According to [[Stratfor]],\n        in 2008, more than 50 percent of Ukrainian population belong to the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarch.[http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20081118_part_3_outside_intervention  Countries\n        in Crisis: Ukraine Part 3] [[Razumkov Centre]] survey results, however,\n        tend to show greater adherence to the rival [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of\n        the Kyivan Patriarchate|Kiev Patriarchate]].[http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300\n        \\\"What religious group do you belong to?\\\". Sociology poll by [[Razumkov Centre]]\n        about the religious situation in Ukraine (2006)] Many Orthodox Ukrainians\n        do not clearly identify with a particular denomination and, sometimes, are\n        even unaware of the affiliation of the church they attend as well as of the\n        controversy itself, which indicates the difficulty of using survey numbers\n        as an indicator of a relative strength of the church. Also, the geographical\n        factor plays a major role in the number of adherents, as the Ukrainian population\n        tends to be more churchgoing in the western part of the country rather than\n        in the UOC (MP)''s heartland in southern and eastern Ukraine. Many in Ukraine\n        see the UOC-MP as merely a tool of the Putin Government.\\n\\nThe number of\n        parishes statistics seems to be more reliable and consistent even though it\n        may not necessarily directly translate into the numbers of adherents. By number\n        of parishes and quantity of church buildings, the UOC (MP)''s strong base\n        is central and northernwestern Ukraine. However, percentage wise (with respect\n        to rival Orthodox Churches) its share of parishes there varies from 60 to\n        70 percent. At the same time, by percentage alone (with respect to rival Orthodox\n        Churches) the urban [[russophone]] southern and eastern Ukrainian provinces\n        peak with up to 90 percent of church buildings. The same can be said about\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]], although there the UOC''s main rival\n        is the Greek Catholic Church and thus in all its share is only 40 percent.\n        The capital [[Kiev]] is where the greatest Orthodox rivalry takes place, there\n        the UOC (MP) has only half of the Orthodox communities. The only place where\n        the UOC (MP) is a true minority, in both quantity, percentage and support\n        are the former Galician provinces of Western Ukraine. There the total share\n        of parishes does not exceed more than five percent. The UOC (MP) does not\n        have any parishes abroad, as its followers identify themselves under the same\n        umbrella as those of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].\\n\\nAs of 2006 the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church had the allegiance of 10,875 registered religious communities\n        in Ukraine (approximately 68 percent of all Orthodox Christian communities\n        in the country), located mostly in central, eastern and southern regions and\n        claims to be the largest religious body in terms of church property in Ukraine.\\n\\nSince\n        2014 the church has come under attack for perceived [[anti-Ukrainian]] and\n        [[pro-Russian]] actions by its clergymen.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainians-shun-moscow-patriarchate-as-russias-war-intensifies-in-donbas-378168.html\n        Ukrainians shun Moscow Patriarchate as Russia\\u2019s war intensifies in Donbas],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (23 Januari 2015)
[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43548&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=682793e78f089ffd50641d8a8195eff0#.VVkDVpB1FJ-\n        The War and the Orthodox Churches in Ukraine], [[The Jamestown Foundation]]\n        (18 February 2014) On 14 September 2015 it urged the [[pro-Russian]]\n        separatists of the [[War in Donbass]] to lay down their arms and take advantage\n        of the amnesty promised to them in the [[Minsk II]] agreement.{{uk icon}}\n        [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7081371/ UOC MP called on militants to lay\n        down arms], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (14 September 2015)\\n\\n==Name==\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church (MP) insists on its name being just the ''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church'''',[http://archiv.orthodox.org.ua/page-1690.html\n        The interview] given by [[Metropolitan Volodymyr (Viktor Sabodan)]] to [[Associated\n        Press]] stating that it is the sole canonic body of Orthodox Christians\n        in the country, a Ukrainian ''''\\\"[[local church]]\\\"''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430}}),\n        a claim fiercely contested by her non-canonic rivals. \\nIt is also the name\n        that it is registered under in the State Committee of Ukraine in Religious\n        Affairs.{{cite web |url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html|title=On\n        the state and tendencies of expansion of the religious situation in government-church\n        relations in Ukraine|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=State Committee of Ukraine\n        in Religious Affairs|language=Ukrainian|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html|archivedate=2004-12-04}}\\n\\nIn\n        mass media and in academic literature it is often referred to, as the ''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)'''' or UOC (MP){{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUyyY5KLX_AC&pg=PA75&dq=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+MP&hl=uk|title=Politics\n        and Society in Ukraine |accessdate=2008-10-24|work=Paul J. D''Anieri, [[Robert\n        Kravchuk|Robert S. Kravchuk]], Taras Kuzio}}{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEiUVsa7Gx8C&pg=PA85&dq=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+MP&hl=uk|title=Post-Soviet\n        Political Order |accessdate=2008-10-24|work=Barnett R. Rubin, Jack L. Snyder}}{{cite\n        web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&pg=PA370&dq=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+MP&hl=uk|title=The\n        Orthodox Church in the History of Russia |accessdate=2008-10-24|work=Dimitry\n        Pospielovsky}} in order to distinguish between the two rival churches\n        contesting the name of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.\\n\\n==Administrative\n        division==\\n[[File:\\u0404\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0423\\u041f\\u0426(\\u041c\\u041f).png|thumb|right|Eparchies\n        of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) in 2011]]\\nIn October\n        2014 the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine was subdivided into 53 [[eparchy|eparchies]]\n        ([[diocese]]s) led by bishops. Also there were 25 [[vicar]]s ([[suffragan\n        bishop]]s).\\n\\nIn 2008 the Church had 42 eparchies, with 58 bishops (eparchial\n        - 42; vicar - 12; retired - 4; with them being classified as: [[Metropolitan\n        bishop|metropolitan]]s - 10; [[archbishop]]s - 21; or [[bishops]] - 26). There\n        were also 8,516 [[priest]]s, and 443 [[deacon]]s.{{cite web|url=http://orthodox.org.ua/eng/node/227|title=Statistical\n        data|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=Ukrainian Orthodox Church|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n{{Eparchies\n        of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)}}\\n\\n== List of Primates\n        ==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable floatright\\\"\\n|{{image array|perrow=4|width=80|height=100|\\n|\n        image1 = Gedeon Mitropolit.jpg| caption1 = Metropolitan [[Gedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky)|Gedeon]]\\n|\n        image2 = \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\\u0430\\u043c \\u042f\\u0441\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.jpg|\n        caption2 = Metropolitan Varlaam\\n| image3 = \\u0418\\u043e\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0444\n        \\u041a\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.jpg| caption3\n        = Metropolitan Joasaph\\n| image4 = \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\\u0430\\u043c\n        (\\u0412\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447).jpg| caption4 = Archbishop\n        Varlaam\\n| image5 = ImageNA.svg| caption5 = Metropolitan [[Raphael Zaborovsky|Raphael]]\\n|\n        image6 = ImageNA.svg| caption6 = Metropolitan Timothy\\n| image7 = \\u0410\\u0440\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439).jpg|\n        caption7 = Metropolitan Arseniy\\n| image8 = \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        (\\u0425\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e).jpg|\n        caption8 = Metropolitan [[Antony (Khrapovitsky)|Antony]]\\n| image9 = \\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0438\\u043b\n        (\\u0415\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432).jpg| caption9 = Metropolitan\n        Michael\\n| image10= \\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d (\\u0414\\u044c\\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432).jpg|\n        caption10= Metropolitan Constantine\\n| image11= ImageNA.svg| caption11= Metropolitan\n        [[Nicholas (Yarushevich)|Nicholas]]\\n| image12= ImageNA.svg| caption12= Metropolitan\n        [[Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church|Alexis]]\\n| image13= \\u0421\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432-\\u0420\\u041f\\u0426.jpg|\n        caption13= Metropolitan John\\n| image14= Joasaph (Lelyukhin).jpg| caption14=\n        Metropolitan [[Ioasaph Leliukhin|Ioasaph]]\\n| image15= 1995-fil intr.JPG|\n        caption15= Metropolitan [[Filaret (Denysenko)|Philaret]]\\n| image17= Onuphrius\n        Berezovsky.jpg| caption17= Metropolitan [[Onufriy (Berezovsky)|Onuphrius]]\\n}}\\n|}\\n{{See\n        also|List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev}}\\n\\n===Metropolitan of\n        Kiev, Halych and all Little Russia===\\n* Metropolitan [[Gedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky)|Gedeon]]\n        1685\\u20131690, the first Metropolitan of Kiev of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]],\n        until 1688 was titled as the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia\\n*\n        Metropolitan [[Varlaam (Yasynsky)|Varlaam]] 1690\\u20131707\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Ioasaph (Krokovsky)|Ioasaph]] 1707\\u20131718\\n* ''''none'''' 1718\\u20131722\\n*\n        Archbishop [[Varlaam (Vanatovych)|Varlaam]] 1722\\u20131730\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Raphael Zaborovsky|Raphael]] 1731\\u20131747, until 1743 as Archbishop\\n*\n        Metropolitan [[Timothy (Shcherbatsky)|Timothy]] 1748\\u20131757\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Arseniy (Mohylyansky)|Arseniy]] 1757\\u20131770, in 1767 Metropolitan Arseniy\n        became Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych\\n\\nNote: in 1770 the office''s jurisdiction\n        was reduced to a diocese''s administration as Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia.\n        The autonomy was liquidated and the church was merged to the [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]].\\n\\n===Exarch of Ukraine===\\nDue to emigration of Metropolitan [[Antony\n        (Khrapovitsky)|Antony]] in 1919, until [[World War II]] Kiev eparchy was often\n        administered by provisional bishops. Also because of political situation in\n        Ukraine, the Russian Orthodox Church introduced a new title in its history\n        as the Exarch of Ukraine that until 1941 was not necessary associated with\n        the title of Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych.\\n* Metropolitan Mikhail (Yermakov)\n        1921\\u20131929 (Bishop of Grodno and Brest, 1905\\u20131921; Archbishop of\n        Tobolsk, 1925; and Metropolitan of Kiev, 1927\\u20131929)\\n* Metropolitan Konstantin\n        (Dyakov) 1929\\u20131937 (Metropolitan of Kharkiv and Okhtyrka, 1927\\u20131934\n        and Metropolitan of Kiev 1934\\u20131937)\\n* ''''none'''' 1937\\u20131941, exarch\n        was not appointed\\n\\n===Metropolitan of Volyn and Lutsk, Exarch of West Ukraine\n        and Belarus===\\n* Metropolitan [[Nicholas (Yarushevich)]] 1940\\u20131941\\n\\n===Metropolitan\n        of Kiev and Halych, Exarch of Ukraine===\\n* Metropolitan [[Nicholas (Yarushevich)]]\n        1941\\u20131944\\n** During [[World War II]] on the occupied by Nazi Germany\n        territories of Ukraine, there was organized the [[Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox\n        Church]] by Metropolitan Aleksiy and considered itself part of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church.\\n* Metropolitan John (Sokolov) 1944\\u20131964\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Ioasaph Leliukhin|Ioasaph]] 1964\\u20131966\\n* Metropolitan [[Patriarch Filaret\n        (Denysenko)|Filaret (Denysenko)]] 1966\\u20131990\\n\\n===Metropolitan of Kiev\n        and all Ukraine===\\n* [[Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko)|Metropolitan Filaret\n        (Denysenko)]] 1990\\u20131992\\n* [[Volodymyr Sabodan|Metropolitan Volodymyr\n        (Sabodan)]] 1992\\u20132014\\n* [[Onuphrius (Berezovsky)|Metropolitan Onuphrius]]\n        2014[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/218253.html\n        Metropolitan Onufriy of Chernivtsi and Bukovyna elected head of Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (13 August 2014)\\u2013''''present''''\\n\\n== See also ==\\n* [[Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church - Kiev Patriarchate]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|33em}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n* {{cite web|url=http://church.ua/en/|title=Official network\n        of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|accessdate=2016-11-05|work=church.ua/en/|language=English,\n        Ukrainian, Russian}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://orthodox.org.ua/eng/node|title=Official\n        English site of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=orthodox.org.ua/eng/node|language=English,\n        Ukrainian, Russian}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://orthodoxy.org.ua/|title=Open\n        Orthodox University/Orthodoxy in Ukraine: site of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=Pravoslavie\n        v Ukraini|language=Ukrainian, Russian}}\\n\\n{{All-Ukrainian Council of Churches\n        and Religious Organizations}}\\n{{Orthodox Churches in Ukraine}}\\n{{Orthodoxy}}\\n\\n{{coord\n        missing}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)| ]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church\n        bodies and patriarchates in Europe]]\\n[[Category:Former exarchates of the\n        Russian Orthodox Church]]\\n[[Category:Former autonomous churches of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church]]\\n[[Category:1990 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-22T13:58:30Z\",\"lastrevid\":786287242,\"length\":27913,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)\"},\"699779\":{\"pageid\":699779,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of Canada\",\"index\":22,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-10T18:02:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Refimprove|date=September\n        2013}}\\n\\n{{Infobox Christian denomination\\n|name = Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of Canada\\n|image =\\n|imagewidth =\\n|caption =\\n|main_classification = [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]]\\n|orientation = \\n|polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]\\n|leader\n        = [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan Yurij (Kalistchuk) of Winnipeg]]\\n|founder\n        = \\n|founded_date = 1918\\n|founded_place = [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]]\\n|separated_from\n        =\\n|parent = [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\\n|merger =\\n|separations\n        =\\n|associations =\\n|area = [[Canada]]\\n|congregations = \\n|members = 85,725\\n|footnotes\n        = \\n}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada (UOCC)'''''' is an\n        [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in [[Canada]], primarily consisting of Orthodox\n        [[Ukrainian Canadian]]s.  Its former name was the ''''''Ukrainian Greek Orthodox\n        Church of Canada (UGOCC)''''''.  The Church, currently a Metropolis of the\n        [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], is part of the wider [[Eastern\n        Orthodox communion]], however was created independently in 1918.\\n\\nIt has\n        [[cathedral]]s in many Canadian cities including [[Holy Trinity Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral|Winnipeg]], [[Holy Trinity Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Cathedral (Saskatoon)|Saskatoon]], [[Holy Trinity Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral\n        (Vancouver)|Vancouver]], [[St. John''s Cathedral, Edmonton|Edmonton]], [[St.\n        Volodymyr''s Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral (Toronto)|Toronto]], and [[St. Sophie''s\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral (Montreal)|Montreal]].  The [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]\n        Cathedral, seminary ([[St. Andrew''s College (Winnipeg)|St. Andrew''s College]]),\n        and central administrative office are all based in Winnipeg.  Also the Church\n        is affiliated with four residences for university students: [[St. Vladimir''s\n        Institute (Toronto)|St. Vladimir''s]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]; [[St. Petro\n        Mohyla Institute]] in [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]]; [[St. John''s Institute\n        (Edmonton)|St. John''s Institute]] in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]]; and one operating\n        at St. Andrew''s College.  The Church''s membership is about ten thousand.\n        The current [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of the Church is [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan\n        Yurij (Kalistchuk)]].\\n\\n==Early history ==\\nMost ethnic [[Ukrainians]] moving\n        to [[Canada]] from [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] ([[Western Ukraine]])\n        in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were [[Greek Catholic]]s,\n        and were tended early on by the local [[Roman Catholic]] hierarchy until the\n        creation of the [[Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Ukrainian Greek Catholic Exarchate]]\n        in 1912.  This was because the North American Roman Catholic bishops believed\n        that the presence of married Eastern Catholic priests would create a scandal\n        at the time.  The other major group of Ukrainians which were coming to Canada\n        were from [[Bukovina]], and they were mostly Orthodox.  At first these Orthodox\n        Christians were served by the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Orthodox\n        Mission in North America]] (which at that time was part of the [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]]), but these services were not conducted in their native [[Ukrainian\n        language]].  Catholics and the Orthodox who wanted to establish their own\n        church met in the summer of 1918 in the city of [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]]\n        and established the ''''''Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church in Canada''''''.  Also\n        at these meetings, the delegates (mostly from [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]]\n        and [[Manitoba]]) had established a Brotherhood to try to help the young church.\\n\\nThe\n        settlers had just created a new Church, but they were very conscious of Church\n        Canon Law that states that a Church cannot exist without a bishop. The Church''s\n        Brotherhood tried to have Archbishop Alexander of the [[Orthodox Church in\n        America|Russian Orthodox Mission]] to take the Church under his temporary\n        care as [[Bishop]].  At first Archbishop Alexander agreed, but later declined;\n        however, the UGOC''s First Sobor (Church Council) still took place as planned\n        on December 28, 1918 in Saskatoon.  This Sobor led to the establishment of\n        the Church''s first [[seminary]] in Saskatoon.  The Brotherhood still searched\n        for a temporary Bishop, and eventually found one: Metropolitan [[Germanos\n        (Shehadi)]], who was the Metropolitan of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian\n        Archdiocese of North America]].  He led the Church for the next 5 years (1919-1924).  Under\n        his supervision, Sobor II took place in Saskatoon on November 27, 1919.\\n\\n==\n        Archbishop John (Theodorovich) ==\\nFollowing Metropolitan Germanos'' leadership,\n        Archbishop [[John (Theodorovich)]] became the Church''s [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]].\n        Archbishop John had just arrived in the [[United States]] from the non-canonical\n        [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], and he began to serve the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA]] to become their Primate and Metropolitan. The\n        young Church had chosen the Ukrainian [[bishop]] as their bishop, hoping that\n        the Church would further grow under his leadership. During the summers from\n        1924 to 1946 Archbishop John would make an annual trip to [[Canada]] to visit\n        the parishes throughout the country.  When Archbishop John was in the USA\n        during the winter months, a Fr. [[Semen Sawchuk]] would act as an administrator\n        at the Consistory in Canada.\\n\\nAfter a few years as acting Primate of the\n        UOCC, certain controversies laid around Archbishop John, due to his uncanonical\n        ordination to bishop.  Archbishop John was \\\"ordained\\\" by the \\\"bishops\\\"\n        of [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], who were not ordained according\n        to the canon laws and traditions of the Orthodox Church, but were ordained\n        by priests and lay people.  The 1st Canon of the Holy Apostles states that\n        new bishops should be ordained by at least 2 or 3 bishops.  As a result of\n        this, Archbishop John resigned his position as ruling bishop in 1946.\\n\\nAt\n        a special Sobor in 1947, Bishop [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]] was accepted as the\n        new ''''Archbishop of Winnipeg and all Canada''''.  However, due to some misunderstandings,\n        and arguments about how the Church should be governed (mostly between himself\n        and Semen Sawchuk), he resigned as Primate in 1950 at X Sobor in [[Winnipeg]].\n        In response the UOCC contacted Metropolitan [[Polycarp (Sikorski)]] (who was\n        the head of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|Ukrainian Autocephalous\n        Orthodox Church Abroad]], composed of refugee bishops formerly affiliated\n        with the Polish Orthodox Church in German-occupied Ukraine) for assistance,\n        and he agreed to send some bishops over to help the faithful in Canada.\\n\\n==Formation\n        of the Metropolia==\\nAt a special sobor in 1947 the UGOCC accepted Bishop\n        [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]] of Pereyaslav of the UAOC, consecrated during World\n        War II with the blessing of Metropolitan [[Dionysius (Waledy\\u0144ski)]] of\n        Warsaw, as its ruling bishop with the title \\\"Archbishop of Winnipeg and All\n        Canada\\\".http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/about/history/ Due to conflicts\n        between Archbishop Mstyslav and members of the UGOCC Consistory, however,\n        the former resigned as diocesan bishop at the tenth sobor of the Church in\n        1950, once again leaving the UGOCC without a bishop.\\n\\nAfter the resignation\n        of Archbishop Mstyslav the Consistory appealed to Metropolitan Polycarp of\n        the UAOC for assistance in finding bishops for the UGOCC. By the time another\n        special sobor was called in 1951 four potential bishops, all consecrated in\n        German-occupied Ukraine during World War II, had been found. One, Metropolitan\n        [[Hilarion (Ohienko)]] of Kholm, had been resident in Winnipeg since 1947.\n        Two others, Archbishop [[Michael (Khoroshy)]] and Bishop [[Platon (Artemiuk)]],\n        came to Canada at the invitation of the Consistory and with the blessing of\n        Metropolitan Polycarp.\\n\\nAt the 1951 sobor it was decided that the UGOCC,\n        which had grown to include some 300 parishes, would be organized as a [[metropolitanate|metropolia]].\n        Metropolitan Ilarion was elected Metropolitan of Winnipeg and All Canada and\n        primate of the UGOCC, while Archbishop Michael was elected [[Archbishop of\n        Toronto and Eastern Canada]]. (Bishop Platon had died shortly after his arrival\n        in Canada.) The size of the UGOCC necessitated the appointment of more bishops,\n        and so in 1959 [[Archimandrite]] [[Andrew (Metiuk)]] was elected [[Archbishop\n        of Toronto and Eastern Canada|Bishop of Edmonton and Western Canada]] and\n        in 1963 Archimandrite [[Boris (Yakovkevych)]] was elected Bishop of Saskatoon\n        and auxiliary or assistant bishop of the Central Eparchy under Metropolitan\n        Ilarion.\\n\\nAfter 21 years as primate of the UGOCC, Metropolitan Ilarion died\n        on March 29, 1972, and was succeeded by Archbishop Michael of Toronto as Metropolitan\n        of Winnipeg and All Canada. After Metropolitan Michael\\u2019s retirement in\n        1975 Archbishop Andrew (Metiuk) was elected metropolitan, serving until his\n        death on February 2, 1985. Under Metropolitan Andrew new bishops, Bishops\n        [[Mikolaj (Debryn)]], [[Basil (Fedak)]], and [[John (Stinka)]], were elected\n        to serve the UGOCC, and after Metropolitan Andrew\\u2019s death Bishop Wasyly\n        was elected Metropolitan of Winnipeg and All Canada. Four years after his\n        enthronement as primate of the UGOCC Metropolitan Wasyly consecrated Archimandrite\n        Yurij (Kalistchuk) as Bishop of Saskatoon.\\n\\n==Recent history==\\nAfter dialoguing\n        with the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Church of Constantinople]]\n        the UGOCC was received into its jurisdiction as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of Canada in 1990, bringing it into the full communion of the canonical [[Orthodox\n        Christianity|Orthodox Church]] [http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/about/history/].\n        (Several years later its sister church, the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of\n        the USA|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Diaspora]], also joined the Patriarchate\n        of Constantinople.) The decree of [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical\n        Patriarch]] [[Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople|Demetrius (Papadopoulos)]]\n        uniting the UOCC with the Church of Constantinople recognized the Church\\u2019s\n        internal autonomy under its metropolitan, justifying the reception of the\n        UOCC into the Patriarchate\\u2019s jurisdiction on the basis of the historic\n        jurisdiction of the Church of Constantinople in Ukraine.\\n\\nFollowing the\n        death of Metropolitan Wasyly in early 2005 the twenty-first sobor of the UOCC\n        elected Archbishop John as Metropolitan of Winnipeg and Canada. In August\n        2008 an extraordinary sobor was held in Saskatoon to elect new bishops, amend\n        the UOCC\\u2019s bylaws, and mark the 90th anniversary of the founding of the\n        UOCC in the city [http://www.uocc.ca/pdf/sobor/Sobor%20Communique%20Day%2022-08-08.pdf].\n        The sobor elected Bishops [[Ilarion (Rudnyk)]] of Telmessos as Bishop of Edmonton\n        and [[Andriy (Peshko)]] of Krateia as auxiliary Bishop of Saskatoon.\\n\\nIn\n        July 2010 another special sobor of the UOCC was held to nominate a successor\n        to the newly retired Metropolitan John. The sobor nominated Archbishop [[Yurij\n        (Kalistchuk)]] of Toronto for the metropolitanate, and consequently on August\n        30, 2010, the Holy Synod in Constantinople elected Archbishop Yurij as Archbishop\n        of Winnipeg and Metropolitan of Canada.\\n\\n==Structure==\\nThe UOCC is divided\n        into three eparchies or dioceses, the [[Archbishop of Toronto and Eastern\n        Canada|Eastern Eparchy]], with its cathedral in Toronto, Ontario; the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Eparchy of Central Canada|Central Eparchy]], with its cathedral in\n        Winnipeg, Manitoba; and the [[Archbishop of Edmonton and Western Canada|Western\n        Eparchy]], with its cathedral in Edmonton, Alberta. According to the custom\n        of the UOCC the Church''s primate is the titled the \\\"Archbishop of Winnipeg\n        and Metropolitan of Canada\\\" and serves as the diocesan or ruling bishop of\n        the Central Eparchy.\\n\\nThe Eastern Eparchy currently does not have a ruling\n        bishop, but is administered by Bishop [[Andriy (Peshko)]] of Krateia. The\n        Western Eparchy is led by Bishop [[Ilarion (Rudnyk)]] of Edmonton and Western\n        Canada. All of the UOCC''s dioceses may have auxiliary bishops (titled ''Bishop\n        of Vancouver'' in the Western Eparchy, ''Bishop of Saskatoon'' in the Central\n        Eparchy and ''Bishop of Montreal'' in the Eastern Eparchy), but none of the\n        Eparchies have an auxiliary bishop at this time.{{when|date=May 2013}}\\n\\n==Current\n        hierarchy==\\n*Central Eparchy\\n**[[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan Yurij (Kalistchuk)\n        of Winnipeg and Canada]] (2010\\u2013Present)\\n*Eastern Eparchy\\n**[[Andriy\n        (Peshko)|Bishop Andriy (Peshko) of Krateia, Acting Bishop of Toronto and Eastern\n        Canada]] (2008\\u2013Present)\\n*Western Eparchy\\n**[[Ilarion (Rudnyk)|Bishop\n        Ilarion (Rudnyk) of Edmonton and Western Canada]] (2008\\u2013Present)\\n\\n==Past\n        bishops==\\nList of bishops who have served in the UOCC historically, and the\n        years served:\\n* [[Germanos (Shehadi)|Metropolitan Germanos (Shehadi)]] of\n        the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] - (1919-1924)\\n*\n        [[John (Theodorovych)|Metropolitan John (Theodorovych)]] - (1924-1948)\\n*\n        [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)|Archbishop Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]] - (1949-1950)\\n* [[Hilarion\n        (Ohienko)|Metropolitan Ilarion (Ohienko)]] - (1951-1972)\\n* [[Michael (Khoroshy)|Metropolitan\n        Michael (Khoroshy)]] - (1951-1977)\\n* [[Andrew (Metiuk)|Metropolitan Andrew\n        (Metiuk)]] - (1959-1985)\\n* [[Boris (Yakovkevych)|Archbishop Boris (Yakovkevych)]]\n        - (1963-1984)\\n* [[Mykolaj (Debryn)|Archbishop Mykolaj (Debryn)]] - (1975-1981)\\n*\n        [[Metropolitan Wasyly|Metropolitan Wasyly (Fedak)]] - (1978-2005)\\n* [[John\n        (Stinka)|Metropolitan John (Stinka)]]  - (1983-2010)\\n* [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan\n        Yurij (Kalistchuk)]] - (1989\\u2013Present)\\n* [[Ilarion (Rudnyk)|Bishop Ilarion\n        (Rudnyk)]] - (2008\\u2013Present)\\n* [[Andriy (Peshko)|Bishop Andriy (Peshko)]]\n        - (2008\\u2013Present)\\n\\n===Metropolitans/Primates===\\nList of primates, and\n        years of primatial rule:\\n* [[Hilarion (Ohienko)|Metropolitan Ilarion (Ohienko)]]\n        - (1951-1972)\\n* [[Michael (Khoroshy)|Metropolitan Michael (Khoroshy)]] -\n        (1972-1975) - Resigned as Metropolitan in 1975\\n* [[Andrew (Metiuk)|Metropolitan\n        Andrew (Metiuk)]] - (1975-1985)\\n* [[Basil (Fedak)|Metropolitan Wasyly (Fedak)]]\n        - (1985-2005)\\n* [[John (Stinka)|Metropolitan John (Stinka)]] - (2005-2010)\n        - Resigned as Metropolitan in 2010\\n* [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan Yurij\n        (Kalistchuk)]] - (2010\\u2013Present)\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[History of Christianity\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons\n        category|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada}}\\n* {{Official website|http://www.uocc.ca}}\\n*\n        [http://www.uocceast.ca/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada: Eastern Eparchy]\\n*\n        [http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/about/history/ History of the UOCC]\\n* [http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/church_history/oleh_krawchenko_yesterday.htm\n        History of the UOCC]\\n* [http://orthodoxwiki.org/UOCC OrthodoxWiki Article]\\n*\n        [http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=46&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1\n        Article on the UOCC by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website]\\n* [http://www.pastyr.ca/\n        Liturgical texts and music in Ukrainian and English as practised in the Eastern\n        Eparchy, UOCC (Kyivan chant)]\\n* [http://albertacantors.ca/ Liturgical texts\n        and music in Ukrainian and English as practised in the Western Eparchy, UOCC\n        (Galician chant)]\\n\\n{{Orthodox Churches in Ukraine}}\\n{{Portal bar|Canada|Eastern\n        Christianity|Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Canadian religion]]\\n[[Category:Religious\n        organizations established in 1918]]\\n[[Category:Ecumenical Patriarchate of\n        Constantinople]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Canada]]\\n[[Category:Christian\n        denominations established in the 20th century]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox\n        organizations established in the 20th century]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T18:02:36Z\",\"lastrevid\":794895528,\"length\":15615,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada\"},\"1578073\":{\"pageid\":1578073,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate\",\"index\":13,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-22T23:32:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{other\n        uses|Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox Orthodox Church\\n  |\n        show_name = Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate \\n  | image\n        = [[Image:St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|center|250px]]\\n  | caption\n        = [[St Volodymyr''s Cathedral|St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]].\\n  |\n        founder = Patriarch [[Filaret (Denysenko)]]\\n  | independence = Established\n        in 1992\\n  | recognition = Unrecognized by canonical Orthodox churches\\n  |\n        primate= Patriarch [[Filaret (Denysenko)]]\\n  | headquarters=[[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n  |\n        territory=Ukraine\\n  | possessions=[[Western Europe]], [[United States]]\\n  |language=[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]], [[Church Slavonic]]\\n  | population= See [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate#Adherents|adherents]]\\n  | website=[http://www.cerkva.info\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church]\\n}}\\n\\n:''''This article should [[Wikipedia:Duplicate\n        articles|include]] the material from [[Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)]].''''\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kyiv Patriarchate'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440i\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443}},\n        ''''Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, UOC-KP'''') is one\n        of the three major [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] [[Christian denomination|church]]es\n        in [[Ukraine]], alongside the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]],\n        and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]]. The church\n        is currently unrecognized by canonical Eastern Orthodox churches, although\n        now the Ecumenical Patriarchate who is the Mother Church, and alone can only\n        grant canonical status and autocephaly is examining the request and petition\n        of the Ukrainian Government and its people to be officially recognised.\\n\\nThe UOC-KP''s [[Mother Church]] is in the [[St Volodymyr''s\n        Cathedral|St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]], the capital of Ukraine.\n        The head of the church is [[Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko)]], who was enthroned\n        in 1995. [[Filaret (Denysenko)|Patriarch Filaret]] was excommunicated by the\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in 1997, but the Synod and\n        Sobor of the UOC-KP do not recognize this action.\\n\\n==Formation==\\nThe church\n        originated in 1992 as a result of a schism between the [[Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        and its former [[locum tenens]], Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine Filaret,\n        when Filaret chose to convert his former see (of which he was head for more\n        than two decades) into a Ukrainian [[autocephalous church]], initially within\n        the legal framework of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. The majority of the\n        Pro-Russian bishops refused to support him, and forced him to resign his position.\n        Undeterred, Filaret, with support of the President of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk,\n        initiated a merger with the  [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]].\n        With the support of nationalist groups such as [[UNA-UNSO]], the church fought\n        for control over property. In response, almost all Pro-Russian bishops called\n        a [[Synod#Orthodox usage|sobor]] in [[Kharkiv]], where they refused to follow\n        Filaret, and ruled to [[defrock]] and [[anathema|anathemise]] him. However\n        the union between the Western Ukrainian and diaspora clergy of the former\n        UAOC and the now ''defrocked'' Russian Orthodox clergy who followed Filaret,\n        became very fragile. After the death of [[Patriarch Mstyslav (Stepan Skrypnyk)|Patriarch\n        Mstyslav]] in the summer of 1993, the union reached a breaking point causing\n        the UAOC to terminate the union. After a brief leadership of [[Patriarch Volodomyr\n        (Romaniuk)]], Filaret assumed the Patriarchal throne in autumn 1995.\\n[[File:1\n        \\u041e\\u0442\\u0447\\u0435 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0448.JPG|thumb|\\\"Our Father\\\" prayer\n        in Ukrainian in Israel]]\\n\\n==History==\\nOrthodoxy (and Christianity in general)\n        in Ukraine date to the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus]] by [[Volodymyr the\n        Great]] as a [[Metropolitanate]] of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The sacking\n        of Kiev itself in December 1240 during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|Mongol\n        Invasion]] led to the ultimate collapse of the Rus'' state. For many of its\n        residents, the brutality of Mongol attacks sealed the fate of many choosing\n        to find safe haven in the North East. In 1299, the Kievan [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]\n        Chair was moved to [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] by Metropolitan [[Maximus,\n        Metropolitan of all Rus|Maximus]], keeping the title ''''of Kiev''''. As Vladimir-Suzdal,\n        and later the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] continued to grow unhindered, the\n        Orthodox religious link between them and Kiev remained strong. The fall of\n        Constantinople in 1453 allowed the once daughter church of North East to become\n        autocephalous with Kiev remaining part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. From\n        that moment on, the Churches of Ukraine and Russia went their own separate\n        ways. The latter became central in the growing [[Russian Tsardom]], attaining\n        patriarchal status in 1589, whilst the former became subject to repression\n        and Polonization efforts, particularly after the [[Union of Brest]] in 1596.\n        Eventually the persecution of Orthodox Ukrainians led to a massive rebellion\n        under [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and united the Ukrainian [[Cossack Hetmanate|Hetmanate]]\n        with the Russian Tsardom, and in 1686, the Kievan Metropolia came under the\n        Moscow Patriarchate. Ukrainian clergy, for their Greek training, held key\n        roles in the Russian Orthodox Church until the end of the 18th century. Examples\n        include [[Epifany Slavinetsky]], one of the architects of the [[Patriarch\n        Nikon]]''s church reforms in the 17th century. [[Epifany Slavinetsky]], [[locum\n        tenens]] after [[Patriarch Adrian]]''s death in 1700 and Metropolitan of Moscow,\n        and his successor [[Feofan Prokopovich]], a reformer of Russian Orthodox Church\n        in early 18th century.\\n\\nOrthodoxy in Ukraine greatly expanded in the 18th\n        and 19th centuries, particularly as the boundaries of Russian Empire incorporated\n        the Crimean Khanate, Bessarabia and Right-Bank Ukraine. Only the Western province\n        of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] remained outside the Russian Orthodox\n        Church (though it was claimed as canonical territory, as it was in the official\n        Kievan Metropolitan title ''''of Kiev and Galich''''). During the 20th century,\n        Orthodoxy was brutally persecuted by the Soviet authorities in Soviet Ukraine,\n        and, to lesser extent, by the authorities of the Second Polish Republic in\n        Volhynia.\\n\\nWhat historians now see as the reason for the following events\n        was the decision of the head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Metropolitan\n        of Kiev and all Ukraine [[Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)|Filaret]]\n        to achieve total [[autocephaly]] (independence) of his [[metropolitan see]]\n        with or without the approval of the [[mother church]] as required by [[canon\n        law]]. These events followed Filaret''s own unsuccessful attempt to gain a\n        seat in the [[Moscow Patriarch]] for himself (1990) and Ukrainian independence\n        after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in August, 1991. In November\n        1991, Metropolitan Filaret requested that the hierarchy of the [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]] grant the Ukrainian Orthodox Church autocephalous status. The skeptical\n        hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church called for a full Synodical council\n        (Sobor) where this issue would have been discussed at length. Filaret, using\n        support from old friendship ties with the then newly elected [[President of\n        Ukraine]] ([[Leonid Kravchuk]]), convinced him that a new independent government\n        should have its own independent church. Although the UAOC lacked any significant\n        following outside [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], Filaret was able to\n        organise a covert communion with the UAOC in case the [[Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        refused.\\n\\nAt the synod in March\\u2013April 1992, however, most of the clergy\n        of the UOC-Russian who initially supported Filaret, openly criticised this\n        move, and put most of the other bishops against him. He was asked to resign.\\n\\nUpon\n        returning to Kyiv, Filaret carried out his reserve option claiming that the\n        retirement swore was given under pressure and that he is not resigning. The\n        Ukrainian president [[Leonid Kravchuk]] gave Filaret his support as did the\n        [[UNA-UNSO|nationalist Paramilitaries]], in retaining his rank. In a crisis\n        moment the Hierarchical Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church agreed to\n        another [[synod]] which met in May 1992. The council was conducted in the\n        eastern city of [[Kharkiv]] where the majority of the Russian bishops voted\n        to suspend Filaret from his clerical functioning. Simultaneously they elected\n        a new leader [[Metropolitan Volodymyr (Viktor Sabodan)]], a native of the\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] and a former Patriarchal Exarch to [[Western Europe]].\\n\\nWith\n        only three bishops remaining at his support Filaret initiated the unification\n        with the UAOC, and in June 1992 created a new Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013\n        Kyivan Patriarchate (UOC-KP) with 94-year-old [[Patriarch Mstyslav]] as the\n        leader. While chosen as his assistant, Filaret was de facto ruling the Church.\n        A few of the Autocephalous [[bishop]]s and clergy who opposed this situation\n        refused to join the new Church following the death of Mstyslav a year later.\n        The church was once again ripped apart by a schism and most of the UAOC parishes\n        were regained when the churches re-separated in July 1993.\\n\\n==Canonical\n        status==\\nSince his election as a Patriarch in 1995, Filaret remains very\n        active in both church and state politics. His goal is to gather around his\n        Church all groups with a national{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} orientation\n        and all church organizations which did not have [https://sites.google.com/site/canonsoc/\n        canonical] recognition. He expressed repentance for\n        his past support of prosecution of Ukrainian national churches, the Autocephalous\n        and the Greek Catholic.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} He is leading the\n        drive for his church to become a single Orthodox Ukrainian national church.\n        His attempts to gain ''canonical'' recognition for his church remain unsuccessful\n        to this day (although the Ecumenical Patriarchate is now looking into the\n        request of the Ukrainian Parliament and its people to grant canonical status\n        to the church) and the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church]] canonically linked to the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] remains\n        at this point the only body whose canonical standing is officially recognised.\\n\\nUOC-KP\n        activity was also focused on attracting Ukrainians with ethnic-oriented rhetoric.\\nFor\n        example, in 1998, four parishes of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA|UOC\n        of USA]] moved under Filaret''s omophorion without canonical release from\n        UOC of USA (a jurisdiction of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate]]). The Permanent Conference of Ukrainian Orthodox Bishops Beyond\n        the Borders of Ukraine expressed its protest against the divisive activity\n        of UOC-KP in diaspora with Open Letter, from 14 June 1998. In its turn, the\n        Hierarchical Sobor of UOC-KP decided on 14 May 1999:\\n\\n[...] 11. To appeal\n        for peace and the spiritual unity of the Ukrainian community, which in foreign\n        countries during the last decades struggled for Ukrainian statehood and autocephalous\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church, so therefore the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kyivan\n        Patriarchate does not have the moral right to leave without spiritual care\n        those Ukrainian Orthodox parishes in the diaspora which, from the time of\n        His Holiness Patriarch of Kyiv and All Ukraine Mstyslav of blessed memory,\n        remain under the omofor of the Kyivan Patriarch and further do not desire\n        to change their canonical position. We categorically reject the accusations\n        addressed to our Church as supporting division in the Ukrainian diaspora,\n        expressed, in particular, in the \\\"Open Letter\\\" of the Permanent Conference\n        of Ukrainian Orthodox Bishops Beyond the Borders of Ukraine, from 14 June\n        1998.[...]\\n\\nThen, while addressing UOC of USA in November\n        1999, Patriarch Filaret continued as follows:\\n\\\"The question is not about\n        uniting with the Kyiv Patriarchate, you already are part of the Kyiv Patriarchate.\n        The question is that you simply need to confirm this now that the bishops\n        in Bound Brook are trying to divide us, [to confirm] that you are part of\n        the Kyiv Patriarchate - and not ''go over'' to something to which you have\n        always belonged.\\\"\\n\\nUOC-KP received at least two\n        former clerics of the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]]: bishop [[Christopher Tsamalaidze|Christopher\n        (Tsamalaidze)]] and archpriest [[Basil Kobakhidze|Basil (Kobakhidze)]]. On\n        21 January 2006, bishop Christopher (Tsamalaidze) and archpriest Basil (Kobakhidze)\n        participated in celebrations of the national Ukrainian holiday \\u2013 [[Act\n        Zluky|the Day of Unity]] and concelebrated with Patriarch Filaret. At the\n        same time, one Nikolai (Inasaridze), who had been ordained by Filaret to priesthood\n        in October 2005, was appointed rector of the newly established \\\"Georgian\\\"\n        parish of the [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity of Christ]].{{Cite web|url=http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/790/161/28740/|title=\\u0423\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c \\u0454 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442,\n        \\u0430 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445|website=Club-tourist|access-date=2016-11-24}}{{Cite\n        news|url=https://www.interesniy.kiev.ua/v-kieve-v-hrame-rozhdestva-hristova-otk/|title=\\u0412\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435 \\u0420\\u043e\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u044b\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u0418\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432|date=2006-02-21|newspaper=\\u0418\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432|language=ru-RU|access-date=2016-11-24}} And\n        Ukrainian media immediately started to spread UOC-KP leader''s statements\n        about the recognition of Kievan Patriarchate by the Georgian Orthodox Church\n        and His Holiness Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia II.\\n\\nIn its turn, the Patriarchate\n        of Georgia denied incongruous rumors with an official letter on 23 January\n        2006:\\n\\n\\\"On January 21, the delegation for participation in the celebrations\n        of the national Ukrainian holiday \\u2013 the Day of Unity visited Kiev. The\n        Georgian Orthodox Church entirely shares the joy of fraternal Ukrainian people\n        and wishes it and its government further success.\\n\\nThe Georgian mass media\n        reported that Bishop Christopher (Tsamalaidze) and Archpriest Vasily Kobakhidze\n        also arrived in Kiev to participate in celebrations and act on behalf of the\n        Georgian Orthodox Church. In this connection, the Patriarchate of Georgia\n        states that in compliance with the decision of the Holy Synod of the Georgian\n        Orthodox Church, Bishop Christopher (Tsamalaidze) and Archpriest Vasily Kobakhidze\n        are unfrocked for gross and repeated violations. Their actions are unauthorized\n        and non-canonical.\\n\\nThe Patriarchate of Georgia informs the Georgian community\n        that the Georgian parish, opened in Kiev, belongs to the jurisdiction of the\n        \\u2018Kievan Patriarchate\\u2019 that no one of the Autonomous Orthodox Church\n        recognizes. It bears no relation to the Georgian Orthodox Church .As far as\n        newly ordained \\u2018priest\\u2019 of this church Nikolai Inasaridze is concerned,\n        the services conducted by him are also non-canonical\\\"\\n\\nUOC-KP\n        also have  Diocese of Falesti and Eastern Moldova led by former ROC bishop\n        [http://eparhia.md/?page_id=2 Filaret (Pancu)], [http://www.metropole-orthodoxe-de-france.com\n        \\\"Orthodox Diocese of Paris and All France\\\"] led by  [[:fr:Michel Laroche|Metropolitan\n        Michael (Philippe) Laroche]].\\n{{Eastern Orthodox sidebar}}\\n\\n==Patriarchs\n        of Kiev and All  Rus''-Ukraine==\\n* Patriarch [[Patriarch Mstyslav (Stepan\n        Skrypnyk)|Mstyslav]] (1991\\u20131993)\\n* Patriarch [[Patriarch Volodomyr (Romaniuk)|Volodymyr]]\n        (1993\\u20131995)\\n* Patriarch [[Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko)|Filaret]] (1995\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Important\n        institutions==\\n* Holy Synod of UOC-KP\\n**The Synod consists of the Patriarch\n        and its six permanent members, the representatives of Galicia, Volyn, Kiev,\n        Southern Ukraine, Eastern Ukraine, and the Russian bordering region of Bilhorod\n        (locally as [[Belgorod]]). The Synod also has three temporary members that\n        are represented by Eparchial Archbishops. The permanent members are elected\n        by the Archbishop Assembly to which the Synod is responsible. The three temporary\n        members are called upon the Patriarch and the Synod.\\n* Archbishop Assembly\n        ([[Synod#Orthodox usage|Sobor]])\\n** The assembly takes place at least once\n        in two years and is initiated by the Patriarch and the Holy Synod. The members\n        of assembly consists of all archbishops as well as the members of the Supreme\n        Church Council. An extraordinary session of the assembly can be called upon\n        by either the Patriarch or the 1/3 of all archbishops of UOC-KP. To selected\n        sessions of the assembly may be invited some guests without any voting rights,\n        however. All the declarations obtain their power upon the signatures of the\n        head of assembly, its presidium, and secretary. The official website contains\n        brief overviews of all the twelve assemblies that took place.\\n* The Local\n        Assembly (Pomisny Sobor)\\n** The highest institution of the Church administration.\n        All of the Church legislative, executive, and legal powers belong to that\n        assembly. The assembly is much bigger than its Archbishop''s counterpart and\n        involves various religious representatives as well as some secular.\\n\\n==\n        Adherents ==\\nIn 2000, 21.8%, out of 41.2% who clearly defined their church\n        allegiance, adhered to the UOC-KP. According to a\n        poll conducted by the [[Razumkov Centre]] in 2006, 14.9% of the Ukrainian\n        population declared that they belonged to the UOC-KP.\\nIn\n        2013, 18.3% of Ukrainians adhered to UOC-KP, growing to 22.4% in April 2014. The ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' reported that the Moscow Patriarchate''s\n        decisions during the [[2014\\u201315 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]\n        had led some Ukrainians to join the UOC-KP.\\n\\nUOC-KP\n        adherents in Ukraine, excluding Crimea and militant-controlled parts of Donbas:\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date\\n! Proportion\\n! Ref\\n|-\\n| May\\u2013June\n        2016\\n| 33%\\n| \\n|-\\n| June-July 2017\\n| 44%\\n| {{cite web |url= http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf\n        |title= Public Opinion Survey of Residents of Ukraine June 9 \\u2013 July 7,\n        2017 |publisher= iri.org |page= 77 |date= 22 August 2017 }}\\n|}\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n* [[List of Orthodox Churches (disambiguation)|List of Orthodox Churches]]\\n*\n        The [[Macedonian Orthodox Church|Macedonian Orthodox]] and [[Montenegrin Orthodox\n        Church]]es, which face a similar kind of non-recognition;\\n* [[Orthodox Church\n        in Italy]], which is in full communion with Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv\n        Patriarchy).\\n* [[Bulgarian Alternative Synod]], which is in full communion\n        with Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchy).\\n* [[Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|33em|refs=\\n\\n{{cite news |url= http://www.razumkov.org.ua/article.php?news_id=95\n        |title= \\u041d\\u0410\\u0420\\u041e\\u0414 \\u0417\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e\\u0407\n        \\u0421\\u0415\\u0420\\u0415\\u0414\\u0418\\u041d\\u0418-2: \\u042f\\u041a \\u041c\\u0418\n        \\u0412\\u0406\\u0420\\u0418\\u041c\\u041e |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= People\n        of the Golden Center-2: How We Believe |first= Lyudmila |last= Shangina |work=\n        [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Dzerkalo Tyzhnya]] |publisher= [[Razumkov Centre]] |date=\n        23 September 2000 |accessdate= 2008-01-13 }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html\n        |title= Ukraine |publisher= The CIA World Factbook }} According to the CIA\n        World Factbook, 19% of the Ukrainian population associated themselves with\n        the Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kyiv Patriarchate (cf. Orthodox (no particular\n        jurisdiction) 16%, Ukrainian Orthodox \\u2013 Moscow Patriarchate 9%, Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic 6%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 1.7%).\\n\\n{{cite\n        web |url= http://risu.org.ua/content.php?page_id=48&l=en |title= Patriarch\n        of Kyiv and all Rus-Ukraine Filaret |work= Religious Information Service of\n        Ukraine |accessdate= 2008-01-13 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030916003900/http://risu.org.ua/content.php?page_id=48&l=en\n        |archivedate= 16 September 2003 }}\\n\\n{{cite web |url=\n        http://www.risu.org.ua/ukr/major.religions/uoc_kp/ |script-title= \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\n        |language=Ukrainian |title= Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate\n        |work= Religious Information Service of Ukraine |accessdate= 2008-01-13 |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20101103235114/http://old.risu.org.ua/ukr/major.religions/uoc_kp\n        |archivedate= 3 November 2010 |deadurl= yes }}\\n\\n[http://www.sobor2008.ru/417804/index.html]\\n\\n{{cite web |url= http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300\n        |title= \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= What religious group do you belong to?\n        |publisher= [[Razumkov Centre]] |year= 2006 }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainians-shun-moscow-patriarchate-as-russias-war-intensifies-in-donbas-378168.html\n        |title= Ukrainians shun Moscow Patriarchate as Russia\\u2019s war intensifies\n        in Donbas |first= Nataliya |last= Trach |work= [[Kyiv Post]] |date= 23 January\n        2015 }}\\n\\n{{cite web |url= http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2016-07-08_ukraine_poll_shows_skepticism_glimmer_of_hope.pdf\n        |title= Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Ukraine May 28\\u2013June 14, 2016\n        |page= 62 |publisher=International Republican Institute |date= 8 July 2016\n        }}\\n\\n{{cite web|title=Resolutions of the Hierarchical\n        Sobor of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kyivan Patriarchate|url=http://www.brama.com/news/press/990609orthodox.html|website=BRAMA|publisher=BRAMA,\n        Inc.|accessdate=23 November 2016}}\\n\\n{{cite\n        web|title=UOC-U.S.A. responds to patriarch''s visit|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/030016.shtml|website=The\n        Ukrainian Weekly|accessdate=23 November 2016}}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= https://mospat.ru/archive/en/2006/01/29302/ |title= \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044e \\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\\"\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\\"\n        \\u0438 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u043e\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |language= Russian|trans_title= The Patriarchate of Georgia denied rumors\n        about recognition of \\\"Kievan patriatchate\\\" and exposed its ows schismatics|work=\n        Press service of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church |publisher= Department for\n        External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church |date= 2006-01-25\n        |accessdate= 2016-11-24}}\\n\\n{{cite news |url= http://ukrainian-church.de/entstehung-des-dekanats/\n        |title= Entstehung des Dekanats - Ukrainische Orthodoxe Kirche Patriarchat\n        Kiew in K\\u00f6ln |language= Deutsch|trans_title= Origin of the Deanery -\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kievan Patriarchate in Cologne|publisher= Ukrainische\n        Orthodoxe Kirche Patriarchat Kiew in K\\u00f6ln|accessdate= 2016-11-24 }}\\n}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{cite web|url=http://www.cerkva.info|title=Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|work=www.cerkva.info|language=Ukrainian,\n        Russian, English}}\\n* {{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/canonsoc/|title=The\n        Canons of the Eastern Orthodox Church|language=English}}\\n\\n{{All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches and Religious Organizations}}\\n{{Orthodox Churches in\n        Ukraine}}\\n{{Orthodox Christianity in Europe}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church Of The Kyivan Patriarchate}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|*]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox church\n        bodies]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church bodies and patriarchates in Europe]]\\n[[Category:Eastern\n        Orthodox noncanonical church bodies]]\\n[[Category:1992 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Religious\n        organizations established in 1992]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-22T23:32:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":796768887,\"length\":24059,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate\"},\"6006274\":{\"pageid\":6006274,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA\",\"index\":24,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-18T20:07:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{update|date=March\n        2013}}\\n\\n[[File:Orthodox Cathedral of St. Andrew in South Bound Brook.jpg|thumb|[[St.\n        Andrew Memorial Church (South Bound Brook, New Jersey)|St. Andrew Memorial\n        Church]] in [[South Bound Brook, New Jersey]] \\u2014 headquarters of the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA.]]\\n{{Orthodoxyinamerica}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA'''''' (''''UOC of USA'''') is a jurisdiction of\n        the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] (Greek Orthodox Patriarchate) in the [[United\n        States]]. It consists of two eparchies ([[diocese]]s), ruled by two bishops,\n        including about 85 active parishes and missions.  The Church''s current leader\n        is Metropolitan Antony. The Church''s head offices and Consistory are based\n        in [[South Bound Brook]], [[New Jersey]].\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===Autocephalous\n        Church===\\n\\nSeraphim Surrency writes:\\n\\n:''''Bishop Bohdan, with what backing\n        the Greeks could give him, which was mostly moral and very little financial,\n        continued to give some competition to the organization of Teodorovich, now\n        commonly called the \\\"Ukrainian Metropolia\\\", but it was a losing battle.\n        In addition to the administrative ineptitude of Spylka, his very moderation\n        in matters Ukrainian seemed to work against him. Spylka succeeded in attracting\n        some Americans who were interested in Orthodoxy and most in ordination. Spylka\n        ordained over a dozen native converts to the Orthodox priesthood without requiring\n        any theological education and as might be expected the results were disastrous\n        (an exception was Fr. [[Dimitry Royster]] who later transferred his allegiance\n        to the Russian Metropolia and was consecrated Bishop in 1969) (p. 113).''''\\n\\nIn\n        1942, when persecution of the Church in Ukraine eased under the German occupation,\n        a number of bishops were consecrated for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church there.\n        One of these bishops, Archbishop [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]], emigrated to Canada\n        in 1948 to head the jurisdiction of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]].\n        In 1949, however, he moved to the U.S. and joined Spylkas'' group. After Archbishop\n        Mstyslav''s departure from Canada (after a disagreement with the Canadian\n        Church''s governance), the Canadian Church was headed by Metropolitan [[Hilarion\n        Ohienko]]. Mstyslav desired the unity of the two jurisdictions and worked\n        to reconcile the two churches and convince Teodorovych to accept re-consecration\n        as a condition for union.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\nIn 1950, the\n        two rival jurisdictions held [[synod]]s (in the same cathedral in New York)\n        at which unification was approved by both, and on October 13, a combined unification\n        synod was held, with both groups signing onto union. A number of clergy and\n        parishes under Spylka were unconvinced of the sincerity of the \\\"UOC of USA\\\"\n        group, however, and convinced him to reject the union. Union was proclaimed,\n        but it was not complete, lacking the support of Spylka and those who had convinced\n        him to remain separate. Archbishop Mstyslav joined the new united church -\n        the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA, along with a number of Spylkas''\n        parishes, and the union was celebrated on October 14 by those who participated.{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\nMstyslav died three years after his election as\n        Patriarch, His death was followed by an [[History of Christianity in Ukraine|enormous\n        division of the UOC in Ukraine]], and in the United States. He was buried\n        in a crypt under St. Andrew''s Memorial church in South Bound Brook, USA.\n        After the death of Patriarch Mstyslav, on October 20, 1993 [[Volodymr (Romaniuk)]],\n        at that time was the Metropolitan of Chernigov was elected Patriarch of Kyiv\n        and all Rus-Ukraine. Archbishop Antony was also present at the local council\n        as he was a candidate for the position of Patriarch as well.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Renouncing Autocephaly and joining the Metropolia of Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate===\\n\\nFollowing the death of Patriarch Mstyslav in 1993, Archbishop\n        Antony [an Archbishop within the UOC-USA] was a candidate at the \\u201cSobor\\u201d\n        [conclave] of the Mother Church in Kyiv, Ukraine, to succeed him as Patriarch\n        of the UOC-Ukraine. Archbishop Antony subsequently was unsuccessful in his\n        candidacy, and shortly thereafter, together with his followers within the\n        UOC-USA, despite Patriarch Mstyslav\\u2019s decree to remain independent, clandestinely\n        entered into contracts, and understandings with the Greek Patriarchate Church\n        of Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey). Archbishop Antony and his followers\n        eventually became hierarchs of the Greek Patriarchate Church and assumed Greek\n        Bishop Titles.  The Greek Orthodox Church in Istanbul now claims that the\n        UOC-USA is under its jurisdiction and that the diocese is no longer Autocephalous\n        [i.e. independent] and all parish properties belong to the bishops. 1994 the\n        Hierarchs of the UOC-USA met with the Ecumenical Patriarch in Istanbul, at\n        the Patriarch''s invitation, and came to an agreement recognizing the canonicity\n        of the Church and accepting the UOC-USA and the entire Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church in the Diaspora into Ecumenical Patriarchate.  Part of the agreement\n        also included Protocol 937 between Patriarch Bartholomew of the Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate and Patriarch Alexei of the Russian Orthodox Church which detailed\n        that the terms of the Russian Church accepting the EP''s absorption of the\n        UOCUSA under her omophoron was that the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA\n        must renounce their autocephaly and not aid the church in Ukraine.[http://www.bruoc.ca/documents/EasternChurchesJournal-v2-n3%20Protocol%20937.pdf]\\n\\nIn\n        November 1996, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the USA and the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church in America (under Constantinople since 1937) were united under\n        Metropolitan Constantine, who also headed the Central Eparchy of the Church.\n        Bishop Vsevolod was elevated to Archbishop and headed the Western Eparchy\n        of the Church. Archbishop Antony heads the Eastern Eparchy.  Archbishop Antony\n        also served as President of the Consistory. {{citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\nOn\n        October 6, 2007, the 18th Regular Sobor of the UOC-USA nominated Hieromonk\n        Daniel as Bishop-Elect for the UOC of the USA.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ec-patr.org/hierarchs/show.php?lang=en&id=175|title=Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}} On January 9, 2008,\n        Patriarch Bartholomew and the Great and Holy Synod of Constantinople formally\n        elected and ritually included Archimandrite Daniel in the Diptychs of Holy\n        Orthodoxy as titular Bishop of Pamphilon.  Bishop\n        Daniel was consecrated as Bishop in May, 2008, at St. Vladimir Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Cathedral, Parma, OH  and then named the new ruling\n        bishop of the Western Eparchy of the UOC-USA.\\n\\nOn 21 May 2012 Metropolitan\n        Constantine reposed and was buried in Pittsburgh, his place of birth.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/region/orthodox-bishops-from-near-and-far-remember-metropolitan-constantine-637683/|title=Orthodox\n        bishops from near and far remember Metropolitan Constantine|date=26 May 2012|accessdate=7\n        June 2012|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|last=Rodgers|first=Ann}}\n        At a Special Sobor of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA in October\n        2012, Archbishop Antony was selected Metropolitan-elect {{cite web|url=http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=1579&tla=en|title=Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}} and successor to Metropolitan\n        Constantine as Metropolitan of the Church. After formal election by the Great\n        and Holy Synod of Constantinople, on January 26, 2013 Metropolitan Antony\n        was formally enthroned as the Metropolitan of Hierapolis and of the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA.  At the same Special Sobor of 2012, Bishop Daniel\n        was elected as President of the Consistory of the Church.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Schism===\\n\\nThe act of renouncing autocephaly and entering the\n        [[omophorion]]  of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, which left the UOC-USA with\n        no direct tie to any of the Orthodox churches in Ukraine, led to several parishes\n        leaving the UOC-USA to enter under the omophorion of the Kyiv Patriarchate\n        in [[Ukraine]], although some supporters of these parishes argue that it is\n        they who remain in the same church and that it is the hierarchy of the UOC-USA\n        which is now in a different church.{{cite web|url=http://cliftonorthodoxcathedral.org/saveouruoc.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Cathedral|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}}\\n\\nA lengthy\n        lawsuit which in 1999 the UOC-USA began against one such parish, the Church\n        of the Holy Ascension in Clifton, NJ, discouraged some other parishes from\n        taking similar action.  Although New Jersey''s Appellate Division eventually\n        sided with the parishioners of Holy Ascension against the UOC-USA and the\n        New Jersey Supreme Court denied certification of the issue, in 2007, the Consistory\n        of the UOC-USA filed a fresh suit against the Church of the Holy Ascension.  After\n        this suit was dismissed with prejudice by the Superior Court of New Jersey\n        in June 2008, the UOC-USA filed an appeal, but on August 19, 2009 the Appellate\n        Division affirmed the dismissal, holding \\\"that Holy Ascension, and not the\n        UOC-USA, has title to the property\\\".{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/appellate-division-unpublished/2009/a5893-07-opn.html|title=UKRAINIAN\n        ORTHODOX CHURCH OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. JOHN LUCHEJKO|publisher=|accessdate=21\n        June 2016}} The UOC-USA again appealed to the New Jersey Supreme Court,\n        which, on December 9, 2009, again denied certification.[http://cliftonorthodoxcathedral.org/images/SupremeCourtDENIED.pdf]\\n\\nDespite\n        the court ruling, the UOC-USA website until 2014 continued to list the Church\n        of the Holy Ascension and several other parishes which were legally part of\n        the UOC-KP as parishes of the UOC-USA.{{cite web|url=http://www.uocofusa.org/directories_parishes.html|title=Directory\n        of Parishes|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cerkva.info/en/websites/site-uoc-kp.html|title=\\u0421\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041f\\u0426 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 - Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP)|first=\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0456\\u0454\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440|last=\\u0422\\u0440\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c\\u043b\\u044e\\u043a|publisher=|accessdate=21\n        June 2016}}\\n\\n==Structure==\\n\\n{{As of|2013}} the Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church in the USA was divided into three eparchies (dioceses):{{citation needed|date=June\n        2015}}\\n\\n* ''''''Central Eparchy'''''' ([[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]],\n        [[Ohio]], [[Upstate New York]], [[Western Pennsylvania]]), headed by: Vacant\\n*\n        ''''''Eastern Eparchy'''''' ([[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Massachusetts]],\n        [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York metropolitan area|New York City]],\n        Eastern [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Virginia]]), headed by Metropolitan\n        Antony ([[New York City]], New York-[[Washington D.C.]])\\n* ''''''Western\n        Eparchy'''''' ([[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Michigan]],\n        [[Minnesota]], [[Nebraska]], [[New Mexico]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (U.S.\n        state)|Washington]], [[Wisconsin]]), headed by Archbishop Daniel ([[Chicago]],\n        Illinois)\\n\\nIn total, there are about 80 parishes and one seminary - [[St.\n        Sophia Ukrainian Orthodox Theological Seminary]] in South Bound Brook, New\n        Jersey. Many parishes have been closing despite moves over the past few years\n        to conduct the liturgy in English and appoint convert priests to appeal to\n        the masses. Besides the two hierarchs, the clergy consist of 106 priests and\n        15 deacons. 15 of the parishes currently have either no pastor or are served\n        by clergy in their deanery.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of Canada]]\\n*[[History of Christianity in Ukraine]]\\n*[[St.\n        Andrew Cathedral (Silver Spring, Maryland)|St. Andrew Cathedral, Silver Spring]]\\n\\n==\n        Notes ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==References==\\n* Text originally taken from [[Orthodoxwiki:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church in the USA]]\\n* Hewlett, Dn. Edward. The Formation of the\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada\\n* Surrency, Archim. Serafim. The Quest\n        for Orthodox Church Unity in America: A History of the Orthodox Church in\n        North America in the Twentieth Century. New York: Saints Boris and Gleb Press,\n        1973.\\n* Eastern Christian Churches: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the\n        USA and Diaspora, by Ronald Roberson, a Roman Catholic priest and scholar\\n*\n        An Outline of the History of the Metropolia Center of the Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church of the USA (official website)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.uocofusa.org\n        official website]\\n* [http://www.uaocamerica.org old website]\\n* [http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_1293.asp\n        Profile of the UOC-USA on the Association of Religion Data Archives website]\\n*\n        [http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=42&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1\n        Article on the UOC-USA by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website]\\n\\n{{Orthodox\n        Churches in Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\\n[[Category:Religious organizations established\n        in 1915]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church bodies in North America]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-American\n        history]]\\n[[Category:Christian denominations established in the 20th century]]\\n[[Category:Eastern\n        Orthodox organizations established in the 20th century]]\\n[[Category:Members\n        of the National Council of Churches]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodoxy in the\n        United States]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA|*]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-25T15:18:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":791205576,\"length\":13624,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_USA\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_USA&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_USA\"},\"27160490\":{\"pageid\":27160490,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\",\"index\":17,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-06T13:41:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        ''''''Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church'''''' (UOGCC) is an [[Eastern\n        Christianity|Eastern Christian]] religious movement  established in 2009 and\n        based in [[Pidhirtsi]] in Ukraine. Its seven founding bishops were formerly\n        priests of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and members of the [[Order\n        of Saint Basil the Great]], from which they separated.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===Movement\n        within the Basilian order===\\nAnthony Elias Dohnal, born 1946, was ordained\n        as a priest for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Litom\\u011b\\u0159ice]] in\n        [[Czechoslovakia]] circa 1971.   After military service, he served as a parochial\n        vicar in Slu\\u0161ovice and Budi\\u0161ov, promoting spiritual revival.  Active\n        in the [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal]] since 1981, he fought against the\n        tolerance of [[occultism]] and promoted prayer groups.  In 1986 he was assigned\n        to a \\\"prison for nuns\\\" and kept as a virtual prisoner.  From 1987 to 1990\n        he served at [[Dvorce]], continuing with [[samizdat]] writings against liberal\n        theology and occultism.  In 1991, together with students R. Spirik and J.\n        Spirik, he resolved to join the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Greek-Catholic]]\n        [[Order of Saint Basil the Great]] (OSBM) and entered the [[novitiate]] in\n        [[Warsaw]].  In 1992, he transferred to the monastery in [[Trebi\\u0161ov]].  Spirik\n        and two other former students were ordained priests during 1996-1997.  Shortly\n        after, Dohnal applied for permission to found a \\\"contemplative\\\" branch of\n        the OSBM community.\\n\\nIn 1997, Fr. Dionysius Lachovicz\n        OSBM (born in [[Brazil]] in 1946), the General Superior\n        of the Basilian order, granted the group permission to be designated as an\n        \\\"experimental community\\\" within the order under his direct supervision.\n        He appointed the group''s leader, Elias Dohnal, OSBM, to direct the formation\n        of the novices in the group, men who had been rejected by the order''s novitiate\n        in Poland.  In May 1998, after complaints and a canonical visitation, he withdrew\n        permission for the community''s special status.  The group appealed to the\n        [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]] for permission to establish an\n        autonomous monastery within the territory of the [[Archeparchy of Pre\\u0161ov]]\n        ([[Slovakia]]) against the will of its bishop, Ivan Hirka.  Lachovicz confirmed\n        the suppression in December 1998 and the community members were dispersed\n        to other assignments.\\n\\n[[Image:True\n        Greek Catholic.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Demonstration outside the Lviv regional\n        council, August 2009]]\\nIn late 1999, at the request of the Greek-Catholic\n        [[Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic|Apostolic Exarch in the Czech\n        Republic]] Ivan Ljavinec for a Basilian community, and with the agreement\n        of the Roman Catholic [[List of bishops and archbishops of Prague|Archbishop\n        of Prague]], [[Miloslav Vlk|Cardinal Vlk]], Lachovicz founded a Basilian community\n        in [[Prague]], assigning to it Fr. Cyril \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk, his brother\n        Fr. Metod\\u011bj R. \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk and their former classmate Fr. Markian\n        Hitiuk from Ukraine, to serve at the cathedral parish in [[Prague]].   In\n        2003, the Basilians and their supporters protested against the appointment\n        of a new Greek-Catholic exarch in the Czech Republic, Ladislav Hu\\u010dko,\n        a non-Ukrainian, by blockading the Greek-Catholic cathedral.   As a result,\n        the event was relocated to be held in a Roman Catholic church.  In 2004, Lachovicz\n        was not re-elected.  His successor closed the Order''s community in the Czech\n        Republic, transferring the members to the monastery in [[Pidhirtsi]], Ukraine.\\n\\n===Conflict with the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church===\\n[[Image:Wp\n        upgkc.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nuns calling for formal registration of the UOGCC,\n        August 2009]]\\nOn March 3, 2008, Dohnal announced to [[Pope Benedict XVI]]\n        that he and three other Basilian Fathers had been consecrated as bishops in\n        order to \\\"save\\\" the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) from heresy and\n        apostasy. Dohnal did not identify the bishop or bishops who had performed\n        the consecration.  In justification for the act, he wrote that the bishops\n        of the UGCC supported influences of syncretism and occultism, approval of\n        homosexuality, and erroneous ecumenism.  As an example of the latter,  he\n        cited the [[Balamand declaration]] of 1993, which had [[Eastern Christianity#Rejection_of_uniatism|rejected\n        \\\"uniatism\\\"]] as a method of seeking Christian unity between Catholics and\n        Orthodox.  In his letter, Dohnal denounced statements from Cardinal Husar''s\n        book \\\"Conversations with Cardinal Lubomyr Husar: On post-confessional Christianity\\\"\n        as schismatic and apostate.{{cite web\\n|url=http://kyivweekly.com.ua/pulse/society/2011/04/07/181201.html\\n|publisher=Kyiv\n        Weekly\\n|author=Oleh Polishchuk|title=Svyatoslav to seek backing in Rome and\n        Kyiv (commentary)\\n|date=April 7, 2011\\n}}\\n\\nAccording to a 2008 article\n        on ''''kreuz.net'''', the conflict was \\\"foreseeable\\\" and arose from tensions\n        between the Studite and Basilian orders of monks in the UGCC: that the Studites,\n        including the [[List of Major Archbishops of Kiev\\u2013Galicia|Major Archbishop\n        of Kiev\\u2013Galicia]], [[Lubomyr Husar|Lubomyr Cardinal Husar]], favored\n        closer relations with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, while the Basilians favored\n        the preservation of influences from the Latin Church ([[Liturgical latinisation]]).\\n\\nOn\n        Easter Sunday, March 23, 2008, the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] released\n        a statement from Cardinal Husar warning that any consecration that had taken\n        place was not recognized by the Church.\\n\\nIn June\n        2008 the [[Ecclesiastical court|tribunal]] of the [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy\n        of Sokal|Eparchy of Sokal-Zhovkva]] held an ecclesiastical trial for the four\n        priests. They were convicted of illegal assumption of authority and illegal\n        administration of ministry (violation of can. 1462 of the [[Code of Canons\n        of the Eastern Churches]] (CCEO)), inciting rebellion against the local hierarchy,\n        including Bishop Mykhail Koltun, [[Redemptorists|C.SS.R.]], Major Archbishop\n        [[Lubomyr Husar|Lubomyr Cardinal Husar]] (violation of can. 1447 \\u00a71 CCEO),\n        and causing injustice and serious harm to the good reputation of the above-mentioned\n        persons and to other hierarchs of the UGCC through slander (violation of can.\n        1452 CCEO).  The penalty imposed was major [[excommunication]].  After an\n        appeal, the sentence was upheld by the tribunal of the major archeparchy and\n        announced on September 17, 2008.\\n\\nOn August 15,\n        2008, Pidhirtsi supporters attempted unsuccessfully to occupy a church administration\n        building in [[Stryi]], Ukraine.  Fr. Taras Poshyvak, chancellor of the [[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Stryi|Stryi eparchy]], said that the \\\"regional leadership\n        of the police\\\" was interfering and preventing normal police protection of\n        the building.{{cite web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3B24109\\n|title=Schismatic\n        Priests Try to Take Buildings of Greek Catholic Stryi Eparchy\\n|publisher=RISU:\n        Religious Information Service of Ukraine\\n}}\\n\\n===Founding of new church===\\nOn\n        August 11, 2009, the bishops of the Pidhirtsi movement declared the founding\n        of the irregular ''''Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church'''' as  a \\\"new\n        Church structure for the orthodox faithful of the UGCC.\\\" In their declaration\n        they professed the Catholic faith, including the primacy of the Roman Pontiff\n        and disassociated themselves from \\\"contemporary heresies which destroy both\n        the Eastern and the Western Church.\\\"\\n\\nThe name\n        of the church includes the description ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (\\\"true-believing\\\").  Although the Church''s English-language website translates\n        this word as \\\"Orthodox\\\", it is not the same term as that used by the existing\n        [[History of Christianity in Ukraine#Eastern_Orthodox|Orthodox Churches]]\n        present in Ukraine, whose names use the term ''''\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (\\\"true-worshiping\\\").\\n\\nIn November 2010, a group of about 70 UOGCC supporters,\n        including leaders Metod\\u011bj Richard \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk and Markian Vasyl\n        Hitiuk, clashed with parishioners at the UGCC Church  of the Transfiguration\n        in Chortkiv in an apparent attempt to occupy the church.{{cite news |publisher=RISU\n        - Religious Information Service of Ukraine |url=http://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/community/scandals/38964\\n|title=Sectarians\n        Attempt to Seize Church in Ternopil Region |date=November 15, 2010 }}\\n\\nOn\n        April 7, 2011, the UOGCC bishops declared the establishment of a [[Byzantine\n        Catholic Patriarchate]],  offering to provide an episcopal authority to like-minded\n        believers elsewhere in the world.{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4469\\n|title=Announcement\n        of establishment of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate\\n|date=April 7, 2011\\n|publisher=UOGCC\\n}}\n        Archbishop Elias Dohnal was selected as the first Patriarch of the new body.\\n\\n==Conflict\n        with the Catholic Church==\\nOn October 7, 2008, the [[Apostolic Signatura]],\n        the highest appeals court of the [[Catholic Church]], including the [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church|UGCC]] from which the UOGCC separated, refused the appeal\n        of the \\\"Pidhirtsi fathers\\\", and left the sentence of major excommunication\n        imposed on June 2008 by the UGCC major-archiepiscopal tribunal intact.\\n\\nIn 2010, the UOGCC declared an excommunication upon\n        265 professors of the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]],\n        and declared that over 2200 bishops worldwide had excommunicated themselves\n        by failing to respond to demands of the UOGCC.  The declaration asserted that\n        the bishops affected would thenceforth be unable to validly ordain priests.  It also called for [[Pope Benedict XVI]] to purge the hierarchy,\n        institute reforms, and resign. On April 7, 2011 the\n        bishops of the UOGCC declared an excommunication against Pope Benedict XVI\n        on May 1, 2011.{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4554\n        |title=Declaration of an excommunication upon Pope Benedict XVI and John Paul\n        II |date=May 1, 2011 |publisher=UOGCC }}\\n\\nOn March 29, 2012 the Vatican\n        [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] (CDF) published a declaration,{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-confirms-condemnation-of-breakaway-ukrainian-clergy/\\n|title=Vatican\n        confirms condemnation of breakaway Ukrainian clergy |date=March 29, 2012 |publisher=Catholic\n        News Agency}} urged by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and dated\n        February 22, 2012, concerning the main bishops of the UOGCC. It stated that\n        CDF would not recognize the [[episcopal consecration]]s of the UOGCC''s bishops\n        as valid, and that the bishops of the UOGCC had been excommunicated.{{cite\n        web |url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/28994.php?index=28994&lang=en\n        |title=Dichiarazione della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede sullo\n        status canonico dei \\\"Sedicenti Vescovi Greco-Cattolici di Pidhirci\\\" |date=March\n        29, 2012 |publisher=Holy See Press Office }} The UOGCC bishops wrote\n        a reply.{{cite web |url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=6611\n        |title=Excommunication, anathema, curse /An open letter to Card. W.J. Levada/\n        |date=April 1, 2012 |publisher=UOGCC}}\\n\\n==Founders==\\n\\n''''''Patriarch\n        Elijah Anthony Dohnal [[Order of Saint Basil the Great|OSBMr]]'''''' (born\n        1946 in [[Hluk (Uhersk\\u00e9 Hradi\\u0161t\\u011b District)|Hluk]]{{cite\n        web|title=Memorandum of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate (BCP)|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=4486|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church|accessdate=19 April 2011}}) was elected\n        as first Patriarch of the [[Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate in Ukraine|Byzantine\n        Catholic Patriarchate]].{{cite web|title=Announcement and warning to\n        the Catholic and Orthodox Patriarchs|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4494|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church|accessdate=19 April 2011}}  He was elected\n        by the Bishops\\u2019 Synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\n        in an extraordinary assembly of 5 April 2011, on the day of establishment\n        of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate.\\n\\nOn June 22, 2014, the New York\n        Times reported  that Ekspres, a Lviv-based newspaper,\n        conducted a lengthy investigation of Dohnal''s church, and concluded that\n        it had discovered an important clue to the group\\u2019s pro-Moscow allegiances\n        and advocacy on the side of Moscow during the 2014 pro-European anti-Moscow\n        revolution in Ukraine: Before the 1989 collapse of Communism in his homeland,\n        then still Czechoslovakia, Dohnal worked as an informer for Soviet intelligence\n        services (the infamous KGB). The Ekspress newspaper published what it said\n        was a document from former Czechoslovak archives that identified him as a\n        mole for Soviet intelligence with the code name \\u201cTonek.\\u201d The New\n        York Times reported that, as of 2014, Mr. Dohnal, who as a Czech national\n        has gone into hiding to avoid expulsion from Ukraine for visa violations,\n        and his lieutenants never attracted a large number of followers, but  made\n        headlines in the local Ukrainian news media for their pro-Russia''s views\n        and their brainwashing of vulnerable young recruits.\\n\\nElijah was ordained\n        priest in 1972 in the Czech Republic and joined the OSBM Order and changed\n        rite in 1991. He has a doctorate in theology from [[Charles University in\n        Prague|Charles University]], [[Prague]] and lectured [[Systematic theology|dogmatics]]\n        in [[Pre\\u0161ov]], [[Slovakia]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.\\n\\nHe\n        was consecrated archbishop in 2009 and held the title of ''''Vicar''''.  He\n        was appointed Byzantine Catholic Patriarch through election and the imposition\n        of hands by the Bishops\\u2019 Synod headed by Archbishop Michael Osidach on\n        5 April 2011.\\n\\n''''''Other bishops:''''''\\n* ''''Head of the Church:''''\n        Mychajlo Osidach, Ukrainian: Osidach, a former Russian Orthodox priest, has\n        claimed to have been consecrated as a Catholic bishop clandestinely in September\n        1989, during the era of Communist rule of Ukraine, by Archbishop Volodymyr\n        Sterniuk (1907-1997) and Bishop Filemon Kurchaba (1913-1995).   As of 2014, he is not listed in the ''''[[Annuario Pontificio]]''''\n        as a bishop recognized by the Holy See.\\n* ''''Secretary:'''' Markian V. Hitiuk,\n        OSBM: Ukrainian, born 1970\\n* ''''Members of the Synod:''''\\n** Metod\\u011bj\n        R. \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk, OSBM: Czech, born 1968\\n** Timotej Sojka, OSBM\\n**\n        Bazil Kolodi, OSBM\\n** Samuel Robert Oberhauser, priest of the eparchy of\n        Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine), Slovak, born 1969\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|refs=\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://www.stnicholaschurch.ca/content_pages/osbm/art_osbm.service.009.htm\\n|title=In\n        Service to the Church\\n|publisher=St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic Church\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b26027\\n|title=Vatican\n        Says Excommunication of \\\"Pidhirtsi Fathers\\\" Final\\n|publisher=RISU: Religious\n        Information Service of Ukraine\\n|date=2008-11-22\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b21444\\n|title=Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Head Denounces \\\"Pseudo-Bishops\\\"\\n|publisher=RISU: Religious\n        Information Service of Ukraine\\n|date=2008-03-26\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b24914\\n|title=Trial of\n        \\\"Pidhirtsi Fathers\\\" Finished\\n|date=2008-09-30\\n|publisher=RISU: Religious\n        Information Service of Ukraine\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=986\\n|title=Brief\n        information about the new bishops\\n|publisher=Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic\n        Church\\n|accessdate=2010-04-29\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=783\\n|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|title=Decree of establishment of the UOGCC\\n|date=2009-08-11\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|title=Who Laid the Easter Egg?\\n|url=http://blog.ancient-future.net/2008/03/28/per-christum-english-language-exclusive-schism-the-real-easter-egg-in-the-ukranian-greek-catholic-church/\\n|publisher=Per\n        Christum (blog)\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://www.apostolische-nachfolge.de/Ukraine%20%28English%29.htm\\n|title=Die\n        apostolische Nachfolge\\n|author=Martin Wolters\\n|accessdate=2010-04-29\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=791\\n|title=History\n        of the Pidhirsti reform\\n|publisher=Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-01-11\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/letters/article/?article=2545\\n|title=Promulgation\n        of excommunication upon 265 theologians of the Gregorian University (5.4.2010)\\n|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-04-05\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=2814\\n|title=Promulgation\n        of an anathema against 2271 bishops of the Catholic Church\\n|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-05-24\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/res/download/penal_procedure-offences_against__faith_and_morals-2.doc\\n|title=II\n        Penal procedure in the matter of offences against the faith and morals (15.4.2010)\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-04-16\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/world/europe/ukrainian-church-faces-obscure-pro-russia-revolt-in-its-own-ranks.html?_r=0\\n|title=Ukrainian\n        Church Faces Obscure Pro-Russia Revolt in Its Own Ranks\\n|publisher=The New\n        York Times\\n|date=2014-06-22\\n}}\\n}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.uogcc.org.ua/en\n        Official website]\\n\\n[[Category:Religious organizations established in 2009]]\\n[[Category:Christian\n        denominations in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Independent Catholic denominations]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-06T13:41:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":774131304,\"length\":18018,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic_Church\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic_Church&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic_Church\"},\"2322171\":{\"pageid\":2322171,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Premier League\",\"index\":3,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T21:44:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=June\n        2014}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}\\n{{Infobox football league\\n| name        =\n        Ukrainian Premier League\\n| image       = \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c''\\u0454\\u0440-\\u041b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0438.png\\n|\n        pixels      = 150px\\n| country     = Ukraine\\n| confed      = [[UEFA]]\\n|\n        founded     = 1991 (Vyshcha Liha)
 2008 (Premier League)\\n| teams       =\n        12\\n| relegation  = [[Ukrainian First League]]\\n| levels      = 1\\n| domest_cup  =\n        [[Ukrainian Cup]]
[[Ukrainian Super Cup]]\\n| confed_cup  = [[UEFA Champions\n        League]]
[[UEFA Europa League]]\\n| champions   = {{nowrap|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] (10th title)}}\\n| season      = [[2016\\u201317\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n| most_champs = [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] (15 titles)\\n| website     = [http://www.fpl.ua/eng/ Official website]\\n|\n        current     = [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier League]]\\n}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        Premier League'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c''\\u0454\\u0440-\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0430\\\"}})\n        or ''''''UPL'''''' is the highest division of Ukrainian annual [[Association\n        football|football]] [[championship]]. As the ''''''Vyshcha Liha'''''' (''''Top\n        League'''') it was formed in 1991 as part of the 1992Hunchenko,\n        O., Kazakov, V., Kulikovska, O. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117002051/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/old_jrn/natural/Nzvdpu_geogr/2007_14/PART1/istoruko-geografichni%20osobluvosti%20rozvutky%20fytboly.pdf\n        Historic and geographic characteristics of football development in Ukraine\n        (\\u0406\\u0421\\u0422\\u041e\\u0420\\u0418\\u041a\\u041e-\\u0413\\u0415\\u041e\\u0413\\u0420\\u0410\\u0424\\u0406\\u0427\\u041d\\u0406\n        \\u041e\\u0421\\u041e\\u0411\\u041b\\u0418\\u0412\\u041e\\u0421\\u0422\\u0406 \\u0420\\u041e\\u0417\\u0412\\u0418\\u0422\\u041a\\u0423\n        \\u0424\\u0423\\u0422\\u0411\\u041e\\u041b\\u0423 \\u0412 \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0406)]''''\n        Ukrainian football championship upon discontinuation of the 1991 Soviet football\n        championship and included the Ukraine-based clubs that competed previously\n        in the Soviet competitions. In 1996 along with other the professional football\n        leagues of Ukraine, the Top League became a member of the [[Professional Football\n        League of Ukraine]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117003003/http://pfl.ua/pfl_title.php\n        Historic profile]. [[Professional Football League of Ukraine]]\\n\\nIn\n        2008[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117004012/http://uateka.com/uk/article/years/2007/1056\n        There was adopted a decision on creation of the football Premier League of\n        Ukraine (\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\\u043d\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e \\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0443\\u0442\\u0431\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c''\\u0454\\u0440-\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438)]. Electronic Library of Ukraine.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117004633/http://www.champion.com.ua/football/2008/05/27/117531/\n        In Ukraine was created Premier League (\\u0412 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u2019\\u0454\\u0440-\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0443)].\n        Champion ([[Ukrayinska Pravda]]). 27 May 2008 it was withdrawn from\n        Professional Football League of Ukraine and reformed into a self governed\n        entity of the [[Football Federation of Ukraine]], officially changing its\n        name to the current one. Its rank was [[UEFA coefficient#Current ranking|8th\n        highest in Europe]] as rated by [[UEFA]] as of 2017.\\n\\nAmong Ukrainian fans\n        the most popular Ukrainian clubs are [[Dynamo Kyiv]] and [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]. Other popular clubs include [[FC Dnipro]], [[Karpaty Lviv]]\n        and [[Chornomorets Odesa]].[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/poll-40-of-ukrainians-consider-themselves-football-supporters-most-against-idea-of-cis-league/\n        Poll: 40% of Ukrainians consider themselves football supporters, most against\n        idea of CIS league], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 August 2013)\\n\\n==General\n        overview and format==\\nThe [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier League|2017\\u201318]]\n        season is the league''s tenth after the restructuring of professional club\n        football in 2008 and the 27th season since establishing of professional club''s\n        competition independent from the [[Soviet Union]]. As of 2017, [[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] is the reigning Ukrainian Premier League champion.\n        To summarise, [[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] won the first championship,\n        while all the subsequent titles have gone to either [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] or [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]. Only 3 teams, [[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] and [[FC Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]] have participated in all previous 26\n        Ukrainian Top League competitions. The central feature of the league is a\n        game between Dynamo and Shakhtar which is developed into the [[Klasychne derby|Klasychne]]\n        (''''Classic'''').\\n\\nOn 15 April 2008 the new Premier-Liha (''''Premier League'''')\n        was formed. The new sports organization consists of 12 football club organizations\n        that take control of the league''s operations under the statues of [[Football\n        Federation of Ukraine]], [[UEFA]], and [[FIFA]]. With the new reorganization\n        the format of the League was preserved, while the changes that were made were\n        exclusively administrative. Competitions continued to be conducted in a [[double\n        round robin]] format among 16 clubs. There were couple seasons when the 14-clubs\n        league''s composition was experimented. Since the 2014 Russian aggression,\n        the league was reduced to 12 members, while its format also has changed. The\n        season is still being played in a double round robin in the first half of\n        a season, after which the league splits in half into two groups of six (6)\n        teams. Both the top six and the bottom six play another a double round robin\n        tournament with the clubs of own group.\\n\\nThe teams that reach the top ranks\n        of the competition table at the end of each season as always gain the chance\n        to represent [[Ukraine]] internationally in several prestigious tournaments\n        (continental club tournaments). Also at the end of the season, the bottom\n        clubs (usually two) are relegated to the [[Ukrainian First League|First League]]\n        (part of the lower [[Professional Football League of Ukraine|Professional\n        Football League]]) and replaced by the top clubs from that league. All the\n        participants of the Premier League enter the [[Ukrainian Cup|National Cup]]\n        competition and enter it at the round of 32 (1/16th of the final) or Round\n        of 16 stage. Also the winner of the League at the beginning of every next\n        season plays against the winner of the National Cup for the [[Ukrainian Super\n        Cup]] (under administration of the Premier League).\\n\\n===Emblem===\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Premier League.png|thumb|150px|Old emblem]]\\nThe old emblem depicts a [[Football\n        (association football)|football]] that is wrapped around by the blue-yellow\n        stripe (the national colors of [[Ukraine]]) on the blue background. Across\n        the top and around the ball there are 16 stars that represent the league''s\n        participants (although in 2014 the league was shortened up to 14 teams the\n        emblem was not changed). On the bottom the script says \\\"Premier-League -\n        Union of Professional Football Clubs of Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n===Season regulations===\\nSeason\n        regulations is one of the two most important documents (other being the competition\n        calendar) that are adopted by the Premier League prior to each season.\\n\\nPremier\n        League directly organizes and conducts competitions among member clubs. Competitions\n        are conducted on principle of \\\"Fair play\\\" and according to competitions\n        calendar which is approved by the Premier League General Assembly and the\n        FFU Executive Committee 30 days before start of competitions. Until 2019 all\n        advertisement, commercial rights and rights on TV and radio broadcasting of\n        games of championship and cup belong to the club that hosts them (except for\n        the [[Ukrainian Cup]] final, the Super Cup of Ukraine, and the \\\"Gold game\\\").\n        All advertisement, commercial rights and rights on TV and radio broadcasting\n        of the Ukrainian Cup final belong to the [[Football Federation of Ukraine]],\n        while the game of Super Cup and the \\\"Gold game\\\" - to the Premier League.\\n\\nThere\n        are currently 12 club members of the league. All participants get approved\n        by the Premier League General Assembly. Each club fields each team for senior\n        competitions, and competitions for under 21 and under 19 teams (three teams).\n        A club is required to have a stadium (registered with FFU) and an education\n        and training facility (or center). A club is also obligated to finance its\n        own youth sports institution and a complex scientific-methodical group as\n        well as to own and finance a number of youth teams. A Premier League club\n        needs to ensure participation of at least four youth teams (ages groups between\n        14 and 17) in the Youth Football League of Ukraine. A club cannot field more\n        than one team for a certain competition.\\n\\nAll club''s staff members (coaches,\n        physicians, massage specialists) have to be contracted and be UEFA licensed.\n        All coaches should have A-diploma, while head coaches - PRO-diploma. Football\n        players are listed in \\\"A\\\" and \\\"B\\\" rosters. \\\"A\\\" roster contains no more\n        than 25 players, while \\\"B\\\" roster has unlimited number of players no older\n        than 21 who have professional contracts or agreements for sports training.\n        The 25-players \\\"A\\\" roster includes the number of slots allotted for players\n        developed by the club.\\n\\nDuring breaks in competitions in summer and winter\n        there are two periods for registering players.\\n\\nA championship is conducted\n        after the [[Round-robin tournament|round robin]] system in two cycles \\\"fall-spring\\\"\n        with one game at home and another at opponent''s field with each participant.\n        A competition calendar is formed after a draw that is conducted based on the\n        Premier League club rankings. The calendar of the second cycle repeats the\n        first, while hosting teams are switched. There should be no less than two\n        calendar days between official games of a club. All games take place between\n        12:00 and 22:00 local time. Any game postponement is allowed only in emergencies\n        and on decision of the Premier League Administration (Dyrektsiya). Game forfeitures\n        are controlled by technical win/loss nominations and fines, followed by additional\n        sanctions of the FFU Control-Disciplinary Committee, and possible elimination\n        from the league.\\n\\n===Competition calendar===\\nClubs play each other twice\n        (once at home and once away) in the 26-match season. The league begins in\n        mid-July and ends in mid-June. After 13 rounds of fixtures, there is a winter\n        break that lasts for three months (from early December to early March). Thus,\n        the winter break is significantly longer than the interval between seasons.\n        This schedule accounts for climatic conditions and matches that of most European\n        leagues in terms of the beginning and the end of the season.\\n\\nThe [[1992\n        Ukrainian Premier League|first season]] of the League in 1992 was an exception,\n        as it lasted only half a year. This was because the last [[Soviet Top League|Soviet\n        league]] season ended in the autumn of 1991, and the [[Football Federation\n        of Ukraine]] decided to shift the calendar from \\u201cspring-fall\\u201d to\n        \\u201cfall-spring\\u201d football seasons. In the inaugural season, 20 clubs\n        were divided into two 10-team groups. In both groups, each club played each\n        other twice, and the championship was decided by a play-off match between\n        the group winners, in which [[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] surprised\n        the pre-season favorite [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]].\\n\\nAfter the first\n        season, in each of the following seasons each team played each other team\n        in the League twice. The number of participating teams fluctuated between\n        14 and 18, stabilizing since [[2002\\u201303 Ukrainian Premier League|2002\\u201303\n        season]] at 16.\\n\\nAs of the [[2005\\u201306 Ukrainian Premier League|2005\\u201306\n        season]], the golden match rule was introduced. According to the rule, if\n        the first two teams obtain the same number of points, the championship is\n        to be decided by an additional \\\"golden\\\" match between the two teams. In\n        fact, in that season [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] and [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] had earned the same number of points and Shakhtar won the championship\n        by winning the golden match (2–1 after extra time).\\n\\n==History==\\n{{See\n        also|Football in Ukraine|Soviet Top League|Championship of the Ukrainian SSR|Football\n        Federation of the Ukrainian SSR}}\\n\\n===The first decade (1992\\u20132000)===\\nSince\n        the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], the inaugural independent championship took\n        place hastily at the start of spring 1992 after the creation of the Ukrainian\n        Supreme League ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0438\\u0449\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0430}},\n        Vyshcha Liha). The League was created out of the six teams that took part\n        in the [[Soviet Top League]], two teams from the [[Soviet First League]],\n        and nine out of the eleven Ukrainian teams from the [[Soviet Second League]].\n        The other two of that eleven were placed in the [[Ukrainian First League]]\n        as they were to be relegated anyway. The two best teams of the [[Soviet Second\n        League B]] of the ''''Ukrainian Zone'''' were also placed in the Supreme League\n        along with the winner of the 1991 Ukrainian Cup which finished ninth in the\n        same group (Soviet Second League B).\\n\\nThe 20 participants were split into\n        two groups with the winners playing for the championship title and the runners-up\n        playing for third place. Three teams from each group were to be relegated.\n        As expected, the five favorites, ''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]'''', ''''[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]'''', ''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]'''', ''''[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]'''', and ''''[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]'''' finished at the top of each group.\n        In the championship play-off game in [[Lviv]], a sensation took place as [[SC\n        Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] beat [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\n        1\\u20130. The Crimeans earned the first Ukrainian title (thus far their only\n        one), losing only once to [[FC Temp Shepetivka|Temp Shepetivka]].\\n\\nAfter\n        being stunned in the first championship by the ''''tragedy'''' in [[Lviv]],\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] were anxious to earn their first title at the\n        second opportunity. In the second Ukrainian championship, which had a regular\n        League format of 16 teams, the main rivals of the Kyivians were [[FC Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]], who were top after the first half\n        of the season. By the end of the season both teams were neck and neck and\n        at the end they finished with the same number of points. The championship\n        title was awarded to [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] as they had a better goal\n        difference. Neither the ''''Golden match'''', nor the fact that [[FC Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]] had a better head-to-head record was\n        considered.\\n\\nThe next seven years were known as the total domination of\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]. During this period ''the main Soviet protagonists''\n        had changed as some of the best teams were facing a crisis. After the [[1993\\u201394\n        Ukrainian Premier League|1993\\u201394]] season [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] were surprisingly relegated to the [[Ukrainian First League|First\n        League]]. In the [[1995\\u201396 Ukrainian Premier League|1995\\u201396]] season\n        [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] had the worst year in the club''s\n        history, coming tenth. [[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]] were relegated\n        twice during that first decade after which manager [[Leonid Buryak]] was sacked.\n        A few newly created teams have since emerged such as [[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal\n        Kyiv]] and [[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], as well as [[FC Vorskla\n        Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]], who surprisingly came third in the club''s first\n        season at the Top Level in the [[1996\\u201397 Ukrainian Premier League|1997]].\\n\\n===The\n        second decade (2001\\u20132010)===\\n{{see also|Ukrainian derby}}\\nThe next\n        decade was marked by fierce competition between [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\n        and [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]. Since 2000, [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] has proved to be the real challengers to Kiev''s dominance. In 2000\n        Shakhtar earned their first qualification to the Champions League earning\n        a place in the Group stage. Nonetheless, [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] is\n        still considered to be the benchmark of excellence in the country and the\n        primary feeder to the Ukrainian national football team. 2002 became the real\n        cornerstone in the ''''miners'''' history when they earned their first national\n        title under the management of the newly appointed Italian specialist, [[Nevio\n        Scala]], who managed to secure the [[Ukrainian Cup]] title as well. Since\n        that time the issue of foreign players has become particularly acute and brought\n        a series of court cases. The [[Football Federation of Ukraine|FFU]] and [[Professional\n        Football League of Ukraine|PFL]] worked together to solve that issue, coming\n        up with a plan to force the ''''transitional'''' limitation of foreign players\n        over time.\\n\\nThe clubs such as [[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]], who were recent contenders\n        for the title, had to put up a fierce fight against the newly established\n        contenders [[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]] and [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] to qualify for the European competitions. [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] shone brightly in the late 2000s (decade) by consistently finishing\n        right behind [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] and [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] in third place. Their most remarkable feat was their participation\n        in the 2009 European season when they had to face [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] to earn a place in the quarter-finals of the [[2008\\u201309 UEFA Cup]],\n        but lost on the away goals rule. That same [[2009 UEFA Cup Final|2008\\u201309\n        UEFA Cup]] competition was won for the first time by [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], the first club of independent Ukraine to win the title. It was\n        also the last UEFA cup title before it changed its name to the Europa league.\\n\\nIn\n        the 2008\\u20132009 season the league earned the highest [[UEFA coefficient#Current\n        ranking|UEFA league coefficient]] in Europe for that season.\\nOn the political\n        side of the League it was transformed on 15 April 2008 into an autonomous\n        entity, parting away from the PFL. The Premier League has been split since\n        the moment it was created in regards to its president. The dispute went as\n        far as even canceling the 13th round of [[2009\\u201310 Ukrainian Premier League|2009\\u201310\n        season]] and moving it to the spring half, while having the 14th round still\n        playing in the fall. The representatives of five clubs: [[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal\n        Kyiv]], [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]], [[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]], and [[FC Metalist\n        Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]] have been boycotting most of the League meetings,\n        not complying with its financial obligations and giving the broadcasting rights\n        to TV-channels other than the League official supplier. They justified their\n        actions due to what they deem to be the illegal election of the Premier League\n        president. The representatives of the above-mentioned clubs did not recognize\n        the election in 2008 of [[Vitaliy Danilov]] as the president and believed\n        that the elections should have been won by [[Vadim Rabinovich]].\\n\\nTo resolve\n        this conflict [[Vitaliy Danilov]] instigated the re-election of the Premier\n        League president in September 2009, and on 1 December 2009 won the election\n        again with 11 clubs voting for his candidature, 3 were against, 1 abstained,\n        and 1 was absent. This time most club presidents of the Premier League of\n        Ukraine acknowledged [[Vitaliy Danilov]] legality. In the subsequent elections\n        on 9 December 2011 [[Vitaliy Danilov]] was challenged by Andriy Kurhanskyi\n        (through the proposal of [[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]). The other available\n        candidates, Miletiy Balchos (president of the Professional Football League\n        of Ukraine) and Yuriy Kindzerskyi, were not picked by any members of the Premier\n        League. [[Vitaliy Danilov]] managed to retain his seat with nine votes for\n        him.\\n\\n===The third decade (2011\\u2013present) ===\\nBecause of the [[Ukrainian\n        crisis]] in the oblasts of [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\n        the number of teams participating in the league was cut from 16 in the [[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2013\\u201314 season]] to 14 in the [[2014\\u201315\n        Ukrainian Premier League|following seasons]].[http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/06/19/ukraine-revives-crimean-champion-football-club/28970971/\n        Ukraine trying to revive Crimean champion football club], [[USA Today]] (19\n        June 2015) With the continuation of the military conflict in the eastern\n        oblasts (regions) of [[Ukrainian crisis|Ukraine]] since 2014, the league was\n        forced to change its format again and will now be contested by 12 teams after\n        being cut from 14 in the [[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316\n        season]].\\n\\n==Officials==\\n\\n===Presidents===\\n*[[Vitaliy Danilov]] (president\n        of [[FC Kharkiv]]), 27 May 2008 \\u2013 1 July 2009 (temporary acting president)\\n*[[Vitaliy\n        Danilov]] (president of [[FC Kharkiv]]), 1 July 2009 \\u2013 9 December 2011[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54107/\n        Danilov re-elected as president of Ukrainian football premier league]\\n*[[Vitaliy\n        Danilov]], 9 December 2011 \\u2013 29 February 2015[http://www.fpl.ua/ukr/news/news_fpl/3565/\n        Vitaliy Danilov is re-elected as the president of PL]\\n*[[Volodymyr\n        Heninson]], 29 February 2015 \\u2013 present[http://isport.ua/football/ukraine/344827-vybory-prezidenta-upl-live.html\n        \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e. \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043e\\u043d \\u2014 \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442 \\u0423\\u041f\\u041b]\\n\\n===Directors===\\n*General\n        director: Olexandr Efremov\\n*Executive  director: Maksym Bondarev\\n*Sport\n        director: Petro Ivanov\\n*Development director: Vadym Halahan\\n\\n==Clubs==\\n===\n        Current clubs ===\\nThe following teams are competing in the [[2017\\u201318\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2017\\u201318]] season:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align: left;\\\"\\n! Team\\n! Home city\\n! Stadium\\n! Capacity\\n!\n        Position in
[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n!\n        Position in
[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316]]\\n!\n        Position in
[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian Premier League|2014\\u201315]]\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n| [[Odesa]]\\n| [[Chornomorets Stadium]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |34,164\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |6th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |11th\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |11th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n| [[Kiev]]\\n|\n        [[Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |70,050\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |2nd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |1st\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |1st\\n|-\\n|[[FC Karpaty\n        Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n| [[Lviv]]\\n| [[Ukraina Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |28,051\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |10th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |7th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |13th\\n|-\\n| [[FC Mariupol|Mariupol]]\\n| [[Mariupol]]\\n| [[Illichivets Stadium]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |12,680\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian First\n        League|FL]]:1st\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:4th\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |14th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Oleksandriya]]\\n| [[Oleksandria]]\\n| [[CSC\n        Nika Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |7,000\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |5th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |6th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:1st\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n| [[Donetsk]]\\n| [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi\n        Dynamo Stadium|Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |16,873\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |4th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |9th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |8th\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n| [[Donetsk]]\\n| [[Metalist Oblast Sports\n        Complex|Metalist Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |40,003\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |1st\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |2nd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |2nd\\n|-\\n|[[FC Stal Kamianske]]\\n|\n        [[Kamianske]]\\n| [[Meteor Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |24,381\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |8th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |8th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian\n        First League|FL]]:2nd\\n|-\\n|[[NK Veres Rivne|Veres Rivne]]\\n| [[Rivne]]\\n|\n        [[Arena Lviv]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |34,915\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2016\\u201317\n        Ukrainian First League|FL]]:3rd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian\n        Second League|SL]]:2nd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |\\u2014\\n|-\\n|[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla\n        Poltava]]\\n| [[Poltava]]\\n| [[Oleksiy Butovsky Vorskla Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |24,795\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |7th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |5th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |5th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n| [[Luhansk]]\\n| [[Slavutych-Arena]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |12,000\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |3rd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |4th\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |4th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi|Zirka Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n|\n        [[Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n| [[Zirka Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |13,667\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |9th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:1st\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:4th\\n|}\\n\\n===Clubs\n        established after fall of the Soviet Union===\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kyiv]]\\n* [[FC\n        Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n* [[FC Borysfen Boryspil]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]]\\n* [[FC Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[FC Obolon-Brovar Kyiv|FC Obolon Kyiv]]\\n* [[FC Oleksandriya]] (based on\n        the Soviet club FC Polihraftekhnika)\\n* [[FC Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n* [[FC Sevastopol]]\n        (based on the Soviet club FC Chaika)\\n* [[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi]] (inherited\n        record of the original Soviet club FC Zirka)\\n\\n==Broadcasting==\\n[[Free-to-air]]\n        live matches from the Ukrainian Premier League will be broadcast on Saturdays\n        and Sundays on [[Satellite television|satellite channel]] [[2+2 (TV channel)|2+2]]\n        (Sirius 5E).\\nThis is a list of [[Television station|television broadcasters]]\n        which provide coverage of the Ukrainian Premier League, which is Ukrainian\n        [[Association football|football''s]] top level of competition.\\n\\n=== International\n        broadcasters ===\\n\\n==== Europe (UEFA) ====\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        Country\\n! Language\\n! Broadcasters\\n|-\\n| ''''''Andorra'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Armenia''''''\\n| [[Armenian\n        language|Armenian]]\\n| 12 TV\\n|-\\n| ''''''Azerbaijan''''''\\n| [[Azerbaijani\n        language|Azerbaijani]]\\n| CBC Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Belgium'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Bosnia and Herzegovina''''''\n        \\n| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n| ''''''Croatia'''''' \\n|\n        [[Croatian language|Croatia]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n\\n| ''''''France'''''' \\n|\n        [[French language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n|''''''Greece''''''\\n|\n        [[Greek language|Greek]]\\n| Action 24\\n|-\\n| ''''''Luxembourg'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Macedonia'''''' \\n| [[Macedonian\n        language|Macedonian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n| ''''''Monaco'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Montenegro'''''' \\n| [[Serbian\n        language|Serbian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n| ''''''Poland''''''\\n| [[Polish language|Polish]]\\n|\n        Polsat Futbol\\n|-\\n| ''''''Romania'''''' \\n| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]\\n|\n        Dolce Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Russia'''''' \\n| [[Russian language|Russian]]\\n|\n        Futbol\\n|-\\n| ''''''Serbia'''''' \\n| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Slovenia'''''' \\n| [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Switzerland'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Turkey'''''' \\n| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]\\n| -\\n|-\\n| ''''''Ukraine''''''\n        \\n| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| Kanal Futbol,2+2 \\n|}\\n\\n==== Africa\n        (CAF) ====\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n! Country\\n! Language\\n!\n        Broadcasters\\n|-\\n| ''''''Algeria'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n|\n        Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Morocco'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n|\n        Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Tunisia'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n|\n        Ma Chaine Sport\\n|}\\n\\n==UEFA ranking and European competitions==\\n{{also|Ukrainian\n        football clubs in European competitions}}\\nUkrainian clubs being part of the\n        [[Soviet Union]] competed in European competitions since 1960s when the Soviet\n        clubs started to participate in continental competitions. In fact the very\n        first Soviet club that took part in European competitions was Ukrainian club,\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]], that took in the [[1965\\u201366 European Cup Winners''\n        Cup]]. Before the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], the following Ukrainian clubs\n        participated in European competitions: [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] (1965), [[FC Karpaty\n        Lviv]] (1970), [[FC Zorya Luhansk]] (1973), [[FC Chornomorets Odessa]] (1975),\n        [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] (1977), [[FC Dnipro]] (1984), and [[FC Metalist Kharkiv]]\n        (1988). \\n\\nAt least four clubs participated in top continental competitions\n        the [[European Cup]] and the [[UEFA Champions League]] among which are [[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Dnipro]], [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]], and [[FC Metalist Kharkiv]].\\n\\nTwo\n        teams (Dynamo and Shakhtar) were able to obtain trophies of European competitions\n        including two [[Cup Winners'' Cup]], one [[UEFA Supercup]], and one [[UEFA\n        Cup]]. One more team (Dnipro) came just short to join their company losing\n        in the [[2015 UEFA Europa League Final]].\\n\\n===Club seeding===\\n''''''[[UEFA\n        coefficient#Club coefficient|UEFA Club Ranking]] for club seeding in 2017\\u201318\n        European football season''''''.\\n
\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        cellpadding=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"text-align: center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Current
ranking\\n!Movement\\n!Last\n        season
ranking\\n!Teams\\n!Coefficient\\n|-\\n|15\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(17)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|66.000\\n|-\\n|24\\n|{{steady}}\\n|(24)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|51.500\\n|-\\n|38\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(35)\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|34.000\\n|-\\n|119\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(108)\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|9.000\\n|-\\n|141\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(136)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]''''''\\n|7.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(164)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Oleksandriya|Oleksandriya]]''''''\\n|2.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(153)\\n|[[FC\n        Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|2.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(98)\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|2.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(153)\\n|[[FC\n        Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|1.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|''''(new)''''\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]''''''\\n|1.000\\n|}\\n\\n
\\n''''Note'''':\n        Since 1999 the country index (coefficient) indicates the lowest possible value\n        any team of that country will get in the ranking. Currently it''s 6.866 for\n        Ukraine. Teams ranked below their country''s ranking are positioned by the\n        ranking of their country rather its own. Teams in bold will be participating\n        in the 2017\\u201318 European football season.[http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/data/method4/trank2017.html\n        UEFA Team Ranking 2017 ''''(24 November 2016)'''']Last Updated:27\n        July 2017.{{clear}}\\n\\n===Country ranking===\\n''''''[[UEFA coefficient#League\n        coefficient|UEFA Country Ranking]] for league participation in 2017\\u201318\n        European football season''''''  \\n
\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        cellpadding=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"text-align: center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Current
ranking\\n!Movement\\n!Last\n        season
ranking\\n!League\\n!Coefficient\\n|-\\n|6\\n|{{subon}}\\n|''''(7)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Russia}}\n        [[Russian Premier League]] \\n|50.532\\t\\n|-\\n|7\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|''''(5)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Portugal}}\n        [[Primeira Liga]]\\n|49.332\\t \\t\\n|-\\n|8\\n|{{steady}}\\n|''''(8)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        Ukrainian Premier League\\n|42.633\\n|-\\n|9\\n|{{steady}}\\n|''''(9)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Belgium}}\n        [[Belgian Pro League]]\\n|42.400\\t\\n|-\\n|10\\n|{{subon}}\\n|''''(11)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Turkey}}\n        [[S\\u00fcper Lig]] \\n|39.200\\n|}\\n
\\nLast Updated: 27 July 2017.[http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/data/method4/crank2017.html\n        UEFA Country Ranking 2017]{{clear}}\\n\\n==International relations==\\nIn\n        2009 The Ukrainian Premier League joined the [[European Professional Football\n        Leagues]].[http://www.epfl-europeanleagues.com/profile_upfcu.htm Profile\n        of the Ukrainian Premier League at EPFL website] Also in 2009 the league\n        signed a partnership with [[IMG (company)|IMG]] of which during the first\n        month of cooperation sold broadcasting rights for the [[Ukrainian Cup]] to\n        Poland and Armenia. On its own initiative the Ukrainian Premier League sold\n        broadcasting rights to Romania and Russia as well.\\n\\n==Champions and top\n        goalscorers==\\n{{main article|List of Ukrainian football champions}}\\n\\n===Top\n        League (Vyshcha Liha)===\\n*[[Professional Football League of Ukraine]] was\n        the governing body of the Top League (Vyshcha Liha) since 1996 till 2008.\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third Place\\n!Top Goalscorer\\n![[UEFA\n        coefficient#League coefficient|Rank]]\\n|-\\n|[[1992 Vyshcha Liha|1992]]\\n|[[SC\n        Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yuriy\n        Hudymenko]] ([[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]], 12 goals)\\n|N/Apart\n        of [[Soviet Union]]\\n|-\\n|[[1992\\u201393 Vyshcha Liha|1992\\u201393]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Serhiy Husyev]]\n        ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]], 17 goals)\\n|28/39\\n|-\\n|[[1993\\u201394\n        Vyshcha Liha|1993\\u201394]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|''''[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]''''\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Tymerlan Huseynov|Tymerlan Huseinov]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets\n        Odesa]], 18 goals)\\n|24/44\\n|-\\n|[[1994\\u201395 Vyshcha Liha|1994\\u201395]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Arsen\n        Avakov (footballer)|Arsen Avakov]] ([[FC Torpedo Zaporizhya|Torpedo Zaporizhya]],\n        21 goals)\\n|24/47\\n|-\\n|[[1995\\u201396 Vyshcha Liha|1995\\u201396]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Tymerlan\n        Huseynov|Tymerlan Huseinov]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]],\n        20 goals)\\n|19/48\\n|-\\n|[[1996\\u201397 Vyshcha Liha|1996\\u201397]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC\n        Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleh Matveyev]]\n        ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 21 goals)\\n|22/48\\n|-\\n|[[1997\\u201398\n        Vyshcha Liha|1997\\u201398]]\\n|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Serhiy Rebrov]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 22 goals)\\n|17/49\\n|-\\n|[[1998\\u201399\n        Vyshcha Liha|1998\\u201399]]\\n|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi\n        Rih]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Shevchenko]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]], 18 goals)\\n|15/50\\n|-\\n|[[1999\\u20132000 Vyshcha Liha|1999\\u201300]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Maksim\n        Shatskikh]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 20 goals)\\n|12/50\\n|-\\n|[[2000\\u201301\n        Vyshcha Liha|2000\\u201301]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Andriy Vorobey]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 21 goals)\\n|13/51\\n|-\\n|[[2001\\u201302\n        Vyshcha Liha|2001\\u201302]]\\n|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Serhiy Shyshchenko]] ([[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], 12 goals)\\n|13/51\\n|-\\n|[[2002\\u201303\n        Vyshcha Liha|2002\\u201303]]\\n|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}}\n        [[Maksim Shatskikh]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 22 goals)\\n|14/52\\n|-\\n|[[2003\\u201304\n        Vyshcha Liha|2003\\u201304]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Georgia}}\n        [[Giorgi Demetradze]] ([[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], 18 goals)\\n|14/52\\n|-\\n|[[2004\\u201305\n        Vyshcha Liha|2004\\u201305]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''\\n|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Kosyrin]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]], 14 goals)\\n|15/52\\n|-\\n|[[2005\\u201306\n        Vyshcha Liha|2005\\u201306]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''\\n|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|Brazil}}\n        [[Brand\\u00e3o (footballer born 1980)|Brand\\u00e3o]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 15 goals)
{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Emmanuel Okoduwa]] ([[FC Arsenal\n        Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]], 15 goals)\\n|13/52\\n|-\\n|[[2006\\u201307 Vyshcha Liha|2006\\u201307]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr Hladkyi]]\n        ([[FC Kharkiv]], 13 goals)\\n|11/52\\n|-\\n|[[2007\\u201308 Vyshcha Liha|2007\\u201308]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''Bronze\n        stripped'''' *\\n|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Marko Devi\\u0107]]* ([[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]], 19 goals)\\n|12/53\\n|}\\n\\n===Premier League===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third Place\\n!Top Goalscorer\\n![[UEFA\n        coefficient#League coefficient|Rank]]\\n|-\\n|[[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian Premier\n        League|2008\\u201309]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Kovpak]] ([[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]], 17 goals)\\n|7/53\\n|-\\n|[[2009\\u201310\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2009\\u201310]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Artem Milevskiy|Artem Milevsky]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 17 goals)\\n|7/53\n        \\n|-\\n|[[2010\\u201311 Ukrainian Premier League|2010\\u201311]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Seleznyov]]\n        ([[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]], 17 goals)\\n|8/53 \\n|-\\n|[[2011\\u201312\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2011\\u201312]]\\n|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Seleznyov]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 14 goals)
{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Maicon Pereira de Oliveira|Maicon]]\n        ([[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]], 14 goals)\\n|9/53 \\n|-\\n|[[2012\\u201313 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2012\\u201313]]\\n|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|ARM}}\n        [[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 25 goals)\\n|7/53\\n|-\\n|[[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2013\\u201314]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luiz Adriano]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 20 goals)\\n|9/53\\n|-\\n|[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian Premier League|2014\\u201315]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Alex\n        Teixeira]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 17 goals)
{{flagicon|Romania}}\n        [[Eric Bicfalvi]] ([[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]], 17 goals)\\n|8/54\\n|-\\n|[[2015\\u201316\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Alex Teixeira]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 22 goals)
\\n|8/54\\n|-\\n|[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Yarmolenko]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 15 goals)\\n|8/55\\n|}\\n''''''''''Notes'''''''''':\n        \\n* ''''Rank'''' column shows the [[UEFA coefficient|ranking of the league]]\n        amongst members of [[UEFA]].\\n* In ''''''bold'''''' are the league winners\n        that also won the [[Ukrainian Cup]] (season [[Double (association football)|double]]).\\n*\n        In ''''italics'''' are the league runner-up that also won the [[Ukrainian\n        Cup|Cup]] competition.\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]] had been\n        stripped of their bronze award for [[2007\\u201308 Ukrainian Premier League|2007\\u201308]]\n        season after the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] in [[Lausanne]] ruled\n        against the game Karpaty \\u2013 Metalist (April 19, 2008).[http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/high/51fbb5ce.html\n        Lausanne announced a verdict on the game Karpaty - Metalist (\\u041b\\u043e\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u043e \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0447\\u0443 \\\"\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b\\\"\n        - \\\"\\u041c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\\")]. ua-football.com.\n        August 2, 2013.[http://www.tas-cas.org/d2wfiles/document/6999/5048/0/Media20Release20_English_20Metalist.pdf\n        Football - Match Fixing]. Court of Arbitration of Sport. Lausanne August 2,\n        2013. \\n* A citizen of [[Serbia]], [[Marko Devich]] was granted the\n        [[Ukrainian citizenship]] after the [[2007\\u201308 Ukrainian Premier League|2007\\u201308]]\n        season.\\n\\n===Performance by club===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! style=\\\"width:15%;\\\"\n        |Club\\n! style=\\\"width:9%;\\\"  |Winners\\n! style=\\\"width:9%;\\\"  |Runners-up\\n!\n        style=\\\"width:9%;\\\"  |Third place\\n! style=\\\"width:80%;\\\" |Winning years \\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|align=center|15\\n|align=center|9\\n|align=center|1\\n|[[1992\\u201393\n        Vyshcha Liha|1992\\u201393]], [[1993\\u201394 Vyshcha Liha|1993\\u201394]], [[1994\\u201395\n        Ukrainian Premier League|1994\\u201395]], [[1995\\u201396 Vyshcha Liha|1995\\u201396]],\n        [[1996\\u201397 Ukrainian Premier League|1996\\u201397]], [[1997\\u201398 Vyshcha\n        Liha|1997\\u201398]], [[1998\\u201399 Ukrainian Premier League|1998\\u201399]],\n        [[1999\\u20132000 Vyshcha Liha|1999\\u20132000]], [[2000\\u201301 Vyshcha Liha|2000\\u201301]],\n        [[2002\\u201303 Ukrainian Premier League|2002\\u201303]], [[2003\\u201304 Vyshcha\n        Liha|2003\\u201304]], [[2006\\u201307 Ukrainian Premier League|2006\\u201307]],\n        [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian Premier League|2008\\u201309]], [[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2014\\u201315]], [[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316]]\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|align=center|10\\n|align=center|12\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|[[2001\\u201302\n        Vyshcha Liha|2001\\u201302]], [[2004\\u201305 Vyshcha Liha|2004\\u201305]], [[2005\\u201306\n        Vyshcha Liha|2005\\u201306]], [[2007\\u201308 Vyshcha Liha|2007\\u201308]], [[2009\\u201310\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2009\\u201310]], [[2010\\u201311 Ukrainian Premier\n        League|2010\\u201311]], [[2011\\u201312 Ukrainian Premier League|2011\\u201312]],\n        [[2012\\u201313 Ukrainian Premier League|2012\\u201313]], [[2013\\u201314 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2013\\u201314]], [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n|-\\n|[[SC\n        Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|[[1992\n        Vyshcha Liha|1992]]\\n|-\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|7\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|3\\n|\\n|-\n        \\n|''''[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]''''\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|6\\n|\\n|-\n        \\n|''''[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]''''\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|3\\n|\\n|-\n        \\n|''''[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]''''\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|2\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|\\n|-\\n!Total\\n!26\\n!26\\n!25\\n!\\n|}\\n\\n;Notes\\n*\n        Italics identifies either defunct or teams that lost professional status.\\n\\n===Post-season\n        play-offs===\\n\\n====Golden matches====\\n*[[1992 Vyshcha Liha final|1992]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ukraina Stadium]] ([[Lviv]]), 21 June 1992\\n*[[2005\\u201306 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2006]] \\u2013 [[Metalurh Stadium (Kryvyi Rih)|Metalurh Stadium]]\n        ([[Kryvyi Rih]]), 14 May 2006\\n\\n====Third place matches====\\n*[[1992 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|1992]] \\u2013 [[Slavutych-Arena|Metalurh Central Stadium]]\n        ([[Zaporizhia]]), 20 June 1992\\n\\n====Relegation play-offs====\\n*[[1998\\u201399\n        Ukrainian Premier League|1999]] \\u2013 [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium|Dynamo\n        Stadium]] ([[Kiev]]), 4 July 1999\\n*[[2001\\u201302 Ukrainian Premier League|2002]]\n        \\u2013 [[CSK ZSU Stadium]] ([[Kiev]]), 16 June 2002\\n\\n===Honored teams===\\nA\n        representative star is placed above the team''s badge to indicate 10 league\n        titles.[http://prosport.tsn.ua/sport/chi-stane-dinamo-dvozirkovim.html\n        Will Dynamo have two stars?] Television Service of News (TSN). 12 June 2007\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] became the first Ukrainian team to achieve\n        the prestigious honor of winning the [[Soviet Top League]] for the 10th time\n        in 1981. [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] after having entered the Ukrainian\n        championship has become the same dominant leader as during the Soviet times\n        by earning its 20th national title at the top level in 1999. The two stars,\n        however, were only added to the club''s logo in 2007.[http://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/72912.html\n        FC Dynamo Kyiv has a new emblem]. [[Interfax Ukraine]]. 4 July 2011\n        No other club in [[Ukraine]] has come close to such an honour yet.\\n\\nThe\n        current (as of 2017) officially sanctioned Premier League stars are:\\n*[[File:Crystal\n        Clear action bookmark.png|20px]] [[File:Crystal Clear action bookmark.png|20px]]\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] (28, the second received in 1999).\\n*[[File:Crystal\n        Clear action bookmark.png|20px]] [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\n        (10, all Ukrainian titles)\\n* [[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        (2, all Soviet titles)\\n* [[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]] (1, Soviet Union)\\n*\n        [[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] (1, Ukraine)\\n\\n==Premier League\n        players==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        Premier League appearance leaders''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Player''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Shovkovskiy]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|426\\n|-\\n|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleh Shelayev]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|412\\n|-\\n| 3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Chizhevskiy]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 400\\n|-\\n| 4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Horyainov]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 391\\n|-\\n| 5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        ''''''[[Vyacheslav Checher]]''''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 390\\n|- \\n| 6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Nazarenko]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 373\\n|-\\n| 7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ruslan Rotan]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 365\\n|-\\n| 8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Shyshchenko]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 363\\n|- \\n| 9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ruslan Kostyshyn]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 359\\n|-\\n| 10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Zakarlyuka]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 356\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Players\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still playing in Premier League
Data\n        as of 30 August 2017[http://www.allplayers.in.ua/ru/top_players\n        All players]\\n|}\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        Premier League scorers''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Player''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Goals''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Rebrov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|123\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|261\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UZB}}\n        [[Maksim Shatskikh]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|123{{efn|On 22 July 2017 Ukrainian\n        Premier League announced that Maksim Shatskikh might have scored 123 goals\n        instead of 124 due to one of autogoals (own goals) were counted towards his\n        tally.[http://www.upl.ua/news/view/1097 ...And on the horizon\n        – Yarmolenko (\\u2026\\u0410 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u2014 \\u042f\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)]. [[Ukrainian\n        Premier League]]. 22 July 2017}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|341\\n|-\\n|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Yevhen Seleznyov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|111\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|230\\n|-\\n|4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Andriy Vorobey]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|105\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|315\\n|-\\n|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Andriy Yarmolenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|99\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|228\\n|-\\n|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Haydash]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|95{{efn|Haidash who is recorded with\n        95 goals in reality did score 96, but the game in which he scored was cancelled\n        along with his record.}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|258\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Marko Devi\\u0107]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|90\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|219\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Mizin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|90\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|342\\n|-\\n|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Tymerlan Huseynov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|85\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|215\\n|-\\n|10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Kosyrin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|84\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|240\\n|-\\n\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Players\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still playing in Premier League
Data\n        as of 30 August 2017[http://allplayers.in.ua/ru/top_scorers Allplayers.in.ua]\\n|}\\n\\n{{further\n        information|Football records in Ukraine}}\\nEx-[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\n        strikers [[Maksim Shatskikh]] and [[Serhiy Rebrov]] hold the record for most\n        Ukrainian Premier League goals with 123, with Shatskikh winning the top single\n        season scorer title twice in 1999\\u20132000 and 2002\\u201303, Rebrov once\n        in 1997-98.\\nSince the first Ukrainian Premier League season in 1992, 22 different\n        players have won or shared the top scorer''s title. \\nOnly four players have\n        won the title more than once, [[Tymerlan Huseynov]], [[Maksim Shatskikh]],\n        [[Yevhen Seleznyov]] and [[Alex Teixeira]]. \\n[[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]] holds\n        the record for most goals in a season (25), [[Serhiy Rebrov]] and [[Maksim\n        Shatskikh]] are the only two players to score at least 20 goals twice. The\n        most prolific all-time scorers are [[Ivan Hetsko]] and [[Viktor Leonenko]],\n        respectively attaining 0.59 and 0.56 goals per game.\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Top\n        10 most expensive transfers===\\nList[https://sportarena.com/football/upl/samye-dorogie-prodazhi-igrokov-v-istorii-upl/\n        The most expansive player sales in the history of UPL (\\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0438\n        \\u0438\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0432 \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041f\\u041b)]. Sport Arena. 28 August 2017\\n* 50 mln Euro (2016)\n        [[Alex Teixeira]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[Jiangsu Suning F.C.]])\\n*\n        40 mln Euro (2013) [[Fernandinho (footballer)|Fernandinho]] ([[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[Manchester City F.C.]])\\n* 35 mln Euro (2013) [[Willian\n        (footballer)|Willian]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala]])\\n*\n        30 mln Euro (2015) [[Douglas Costa]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[FC\n        Bayern Munich]])\\n* 27.5 mln Euro (2013) [[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]] ([[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[Borussia Dortmund]])\\n* 25 mln Euro (2017) [[Andriy Yarmolenko]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] \\u2192 [[Borussia Dortmund]])\\n* 25 mln Euro (2009) [[Dmytro\n        Chyhrynskyi]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[FC Barcelona]])\\n* 21 mln\n        Euro (1999) [[Andriy Shevchenko]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] \\u2192 [[A.C. Milan]])\\n*\n        18 mln Euro (2016) [[Aleksandar Dragovi\\u0107]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] \\u2192\n        [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen]])\\n* 18 mln Euro (1999) [[Serhiy Rebrov]] ([[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] \\u2192 [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]])\\n\\n==Premier League managers==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        League games''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Coach''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Myron Markevych]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|620\\n|-\\n|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykola Pavlov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|546\\n|-\\n|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Romania}}\n        [[Mircea Lucescu]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|355\\n|-\\n|4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Vitaliy Kvartsyanyi]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|340\\n|-\\n|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Valeriy Yaremchenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|297\\n|-\\n|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykhailo Fomenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|294\\n|-\\n|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleh Taran]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|273\\n|-\\n|8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Semen Altman]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|249\\n|-\\n|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Vyacheslav Hrozny]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|214\\n|-\\n|10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Ishchenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|204\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Coaches\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still active in the League
Data\n        as of 31 May 2017[http://www.uafootball.net.ua/trenery_all.htm All coaches]\\n|}\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        style=\\\"font-size:90%; text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''Winning\n        managers''''''\\n!Rank\\n!Name\\n!Club(s)\\n![[File:Gold medal icon.svg|15px]]\\n![[File:Silver\n        medal icon.svg|15px]]\\n![[File:Bronze medal icon.svg|15px]]\\n|-\\n|align=center|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Romania}}\n        [[Mircea Lucescu]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]\\n|align=center|8\\n|align=center|4\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Valery Lobanovsky]]\\u2020\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|5\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        align=center|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yozhef\n        Sabo]]\\n|[[Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Serhiy Rebrov]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksiy Mykhailychenko]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Russia}}\n        [[Yuri Semin]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|3\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykola Pavlov]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]](1)
[[Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|1\\n|-\\n|align=center|8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Anatoliy Demyanenko]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\n        align=center|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Anatoliy\n        Zayaev]]\\u2020\\n|[[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavria]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykhailo Fomenko]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Italy}}\n        [[Nevio Scala]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|POR}}\n        ''''''[[Paulo Fonseca]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"6\\\"|Data\n        as of 31 May 2017\\n|}\\n\\nThe league''s record holder for winnings\n        is [[Mircea Lucescu]].\\n\\nThe league''s record holder for games that the coach\n        led a team in the league is [[Myron Markevych]]. Among other coaches who stayed\n        in the league the longest, there are [[Volodymyr Bezsonov]] (197), [[Anatoliy\n        Zayaev]]\\u2020 (191), [[Ihor Nadein]]\\u2020 (184), [[Leonid\n        Buryak]] (180), and [[Yevhen Kucherevsky]]\\u2020 (176).\\n\\n\\u2020\n        \\u2013 Managers that have retired out of sport. In ''''''bold'''''' are managers\n        that are still active in the current season. {{clear}}\\n\\n==Premier League\n        referees==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:50%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        League games''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Coach''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''City''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Serhiy\n        Shebek]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|226\\n|-\\n|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Vitaliy\n        Hodulian]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Odessa\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|202\\n|-\\n|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Vasyl\n        Melnychuk]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Simferopol\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|190\\n|-\\n|4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[:uk:\\u0406\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0406\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|Ihor\n        Ishchenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Khmelnytskyi / Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|186\\n|-\\n|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Ihor\n        Yarmenchuk]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|168\\n|-\\n|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Andriy\n        Shandor]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Lviv\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|149\\n|-\\n|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Valeriy\n        Onufer]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Uzhhorod\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|141\\n|-\\n|8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Serhiy\n        Tatulian]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|137\\n|-\\n|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Serhiy\n        Dzyuba]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|136\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Anatoliy\n        Zhosan]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kherson\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" rowspan=2|134\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Ihor\n        Khiblin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Khmelnytskyi\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Referees\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still active in the League
Data\n        as of 19 May 2014[http://www.uafootball.net.ua/arb_all.htm All referees]\\n|}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==All-time\n        participants==\\nThe table lists the place each team took in each of the seasons.\\n\\nTeams\n        marking: green \\u2013 member of the Premier League, blue \\u2013 member of\n        the First League, gray \\u2013 member of the Second League, pink \\u2013 no\n        longer member of UPL or [[Professional Football League of Ukraine|PFL]]. \\n{|border=1\n        bordercolor=\\\"#CCCCCC\\\" class=wikitable style=\\\"font-size:80%;\\\"\\n|-align=LEFT\n        valign=CENTER\\n! !!1992!!92/93!!93/94!!94/95!!95/96!!96/97!!97/98!!98/99!!99/00!!00/01!!01/02!!02/03!!03/04!!04/05!!05/06!!06/07!!07/08!!08/09!!09/10!!10/11!!11/12!!12/13!!13/14!!14/15!!15/16!!16/17\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|''''''Teams''''''\\n|''''''20''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''18''''''\\n|''''''18''''''\\n|''''''18''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''12''''''\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]][[FC Arsenal\n        Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]] was renamed from [[FC CSKA Kyiv|CSKA Kyiv]] in 2001, the\n        original [[FC CSKA Kyiv|CSKA Kyiv]] was recreated in the [[Ukrainian First\n        League|First League]] in place of CSCA-2 Kyiv.\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|4\\n|11\\n|10\\n|7\\n|10\\n|6\\n|12\\n|5\\n|9\\n|9\\n|12\\n|14\\n|6\\n|11\\n|7\\n|9\\n|5\\n|8\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Borysfen Boryspil|Borysfen Boryspil]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi|Bukovyna Chernivtsi]]\\n|10\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets\n        Odesa]]\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|5\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|6\\n|7\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|9\\n|6\\n|5\\n|11\\n|11\\n|6\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|{{nowrap|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]}}\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|4\\n|12\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|6\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|6\\n|4\\n|4\\n|6\\n|4\\n|4\\n|4\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|11\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Hoverla Uzhhorod|Hoverla Uzhhorod]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n|15\\n|12\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|13\\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|13\\n|6\\n|5\\n|8\\n|8\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|9\\n|10\\n|8\\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|10\\n|9\\n|5\\n|5\\n|14\\n|14\\n|11\\n|13\\n|7\\n|10\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|13\\n|12\\n|14\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Kremin Kremenchuk|Kremin Kremenchuk]]\\n|14\\n|9\\n|15\\n|10\\n|9\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas\n        Kryvyi Rih]]\\n| \\n|8\\n|6\\n|6\\n|14\\n|12\\n|8\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|11\\n|9\\n|12\\n|10\\n|13\\n|14\\n|10\\n|13\\n|12\\n|14\\n|13\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|7\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Lviv|Lviv]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#D0F0C0\\\"|[[FC Mariupol|Mariupol]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|14\\n|5\\n|8\\n|4\\n|10\\n|10\\n|8\\n|5\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|14\\n|12\\n|14\\n|11\\n|9\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|6\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|5\\n|9\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|11\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|(3)*\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|10\\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh\n        Donetsk]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|7\\n|14\\n|7\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|9\\n|9\\n|12\\n|4\\n|8\\n|8\\n|7\\n|5\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|10\\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Metalurh Zaporizhya|Metalurh\n        Zaporizhya]]\\n|11\\n|7\\n|16\\n|9\\n|5\\n|8\\n|9\\n|8\\n|6\\n|8\\n|4\\n|15\\n|11\\n|10\\n|8\\n|7\\n|9\\n|7\\n|9\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|16\\n|14\\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#C1DDFD\\\"|[[MFC Mykolaiv|Mykolaiv]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n|13\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#C1DDFD\\\"|[[FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka|Naftovyk-Ukrnafta\n        Okhtyrka]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Nyva Ternopil|Nyva Ternopil]]\\n|7\\n|14\\n|7\\n|12\\n|13\\n|9\\n|6\\n|13\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=lightgray|[[PFC Nyva Vinnytsia|Nyva Vinnytsia]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|10\\n|14\\n|15\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Obolon Kyiv|Obolon Kyiv]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|14\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[SC Odesa|Odesa]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|20\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[PFC Oleksandriya|Oleksandriya]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|13\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|13\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|5\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|9\\n|5\\n|4\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk|Prykarpattya\n        Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|11\\n|13\\n|13\\n|15\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Sevastopol|Sevastopol]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|9\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|4\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|4\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Stal Alchevsk|Stal Alchevsk]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|13\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Stal Dniprodzerzhynsk|Stal\n        Kamianske]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|8\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya\n        Simferopol]]\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|10\\n|8\\n|5\\n|12\\n|6\\n|12\\n|9\\n|13\\n|7\\n|7\\n|9\\n|12\\n|7\\n|7\\n|5\\n|5\\n|8\\n|6\\n|7\\n|6\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Temp Shepetivka|Temp Shepetivka]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|19\\n| \\n|9\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Torpedo Zaporizhya|Torpedo\n        Zaporizhya]]\\n|8\\n|13\\n|13\\n|7\\n|7\\n|14\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#D0F0C0\\\"|[[FC Veres Rivne|Veres Rivne]]\\n| \\n|16\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]]\\n|9\\n|11\\n|12\\n|15\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|13\\n|8\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|12\\n|13\\n|13\\n|9\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|12\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|5\\n|10\\n|4\\n|12\\n|11\\n|11\\n|14\\n|14\\n|10\\n|13\\n|8\\n|5\\n|10\\n|6\\n|8\\n|12\\n|8\\n|5\\n|5\\n|7\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi|Zirka\n        Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|10\\n|11\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|9\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|12\\n|15\\n|14\\n|16\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|11\\n|13\\n|13\\n|12\\n|13\\n|10\\n|7\\n|4\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|}\\n\\n==All-time\n        table==\\nAll figures are correct through the [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier\n        League|2016\\u201317]] season.[http://ukr-football.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=7&Itemid=8\n        Grand tournament table of the Ukrainian Championship (1992-2015)]. ukr-football.org[http://uafootball.net.ua/statistika.htm\n        Summarized table of championships]. Ukrainskiy Futbol ot Dmitriya Troshchiya\n        (Ukrainian Football from Dmitriy Troshchiy).\\n{|border=1 bordercolor=\\\"#CCCCCC\\\"\n        class=wikitable style=\\\"font-size:100%;\\\"\\n|-align=LEFT valign=CENTER\\n!Rank\\n!Team\\n!Seasons\\n!P\\n!W\\n!D\\n!L\\n!GF\\n!GA\\n!Pts\\n!Achievement\\n!Other\n        names used\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|1\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|26\\n|766\\n|566\\n|127\\n|73\\n|1661\\n|494\\n|1825\\n| bgcolor=gold|champions\n        (15)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|2\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|26\\n|766\\n|527\\n|135\\n|104\\n|1603\\n|574\\n|1716\\n| bgcolor=gold|champions\n        (10)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|3\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|FC Dnipro]]\\n|26\\n|765\\n|379\\n|199\\n|187\\n|1127\\n|718\\n|1336\\n|\n        bgcolor=silver|runners-up (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|4\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|22\\n|651\\n|252\\n|160\\n|239\\n|738\\n|737\\n|916\\n|\n        bgcolor=silver|runners-up (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|5\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC\n        Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|24\\n|704\\n|237\\n|196\\n|271\\n|781\\n|857\\n|907\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|6\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|20\\n|573\\n|254\\n|144\\n|175\\n|755\\n|664\\n|906\\n|\n        bgcolor=silver|runners-up (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|7\\n|align=LEFT|[[SC Tavriya\n        Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|23\\n|681\\n|237\\n|170\\n|274\\n|795\\n|873\\n|881\\n|\n        bgcolor=gold|champions (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|8\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC\n        Metalurh Zaporizhya|Metalurh Zaporizhya]]\\n|24\\n|702\\n|206\\n|173\\n|323\\n|699\\n|949\\n|791\\n|5th\n        (2){{efn|name=fn2|In [[2001\\u201302 Vyshcha Liha|2001-02]] Metalurh Zaporizhia\n        placed fifth in the competition according to the season''s regulations, however\n        the FFU Executive Committee after reviewing granted the club the fourth place\n        to allow Metalurh to participate in continental competitions.}}\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|9\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|21\\n|614\\n|205\\n|170\\n|239\\n|663\\n|715\\n|785\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (1)\\n|Vorskla-Naftogaz\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|10\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|21\\n|634\\n|201\\n|173\\n|260\\n|633\\n|786\\n|776\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|11\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|18\\n|526\\n|203\\n|142\\n|181\\n|655\\n|623\\n|751\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (3)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|12\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC\n        Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]]\\n|18\\n|536\\n|184\\n|151\\n|201\\n|628\\n|619\\n|703\\n|4th\n        (1){{efn|name=fn1|Arsenal Kyiv''s record includes the record of its predecessor\n        CSKA Kyiv (when the club was sponsored by the [[Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)|Ministry\n        of Defence]]). It does not include the 14 games that it played in 2013-14.}}\\n|CSKA\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|13\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Mariupol]]\\n|17\\n|496\\n|154\\n|118\\n|224\\n|551\\n|711\\n|580\\n|4th\n        (2)\\n|Illichivets\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|14\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|16\\n|472\\n|150\\n|100\\n|222\\n|488\\n|702\\n|550\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (1)\\n|Zorya-MALS\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|15\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC\n        Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]]\\n|16\\n|472\\n|140\\n|102\\n|230\\n|473\\n|710\\n|519\\n|6th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|16\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Nyva Ternopil|Nyva\n        Ternopil]]\\n|10\\n|296\\n|93\\n|62\\n|141\\n|319\\n|388\\n|341\\n|7th (3)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|17\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Torpedo Zaporizhya|Torpedo\n        Zaporizhya]]\\n|7\\n|210\\n|64\\n|42\\n|104\\n|214\\n|315\\n|234\\n|7th (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|18\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk|Prykarpattya\n        Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n|7\\n|206\\n|55\\n|52\\n|99\\n|215\\n|315\\n|217\\n|10th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|19\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi|Zirka Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n|7\\n|216\\n|55\\n|48\\n|113\\n|187\\n|328\\n|213\\n|6th\n        (1)\\n|Zirka-NIBAS\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|20\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Kremin Kremenchuk|Kremin\n        Kremenchuk]]\\n|6\\n|180\\n|54\\n|40\\n|86\\n|182\\n|269\\n|202\\n|9th (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|21\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Hoverla Uzhhorod|Hoverla\n        Uzhhorod]]\\n|9\\n|256\\n|41\\n|64\\n|151\\n|186\\n|421\\n|187\\n|12th (3)\\n|Zakarpattia\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|22\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Obolon Kyiv|Obolon Kyiv]]\\n|6\\n|180\\n|44\\n|44\\n|92\\n|153\\n|253\\n|176\\n|6th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|23\\n|align=LEFT|[[PFC Nyva Vinnytsia|Nyva\n        Vinnytsia]]\\n|5\\n|150\\n|42\\n|32\\n|76\\n|140\\n|213\\n|158\\n|10th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|24\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Oleksandriya]]\\n|5\\n|144\\n|36\\n|43\\n|65\\n|142\\n|212\\n|151\\n|5th\n        (1)\\n|Polihraftekhnika, PFC Oleksandriya\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|25\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kharkiv]]\\n|4\\n|120\\n|25\\n|33\\n|62\\n|94\\n|156\\n|108\\n|12th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|26\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Veres Rivne|Veres\n        Rivne]]\\n|3\\n|98\\n|27\\n|25\\n|46\\n|89\\n|141\\n|106\\n|12th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|27\\n|align=LEFT|[[MFC Mykolaiv|SC Mykolaiv]]\\n|4\\n|116\\n|26\\n|23\\n|67\\n|100\\n|208\\n|101\\n|13th\n        (1)\\n|Evis\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|28\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Olimpik\n        Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n|3\\n|84\\n|24\\n|23\\n|37\\n|80\\n|143\\n|95\\n|4th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|29\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Temp Shepetivka|Temp\n        Shepetivka]]\\n|3\\n|86\\n|24\\n|16\\n|46\\n|79\\n|113\\n|88\\n|9th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|30\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi|Bukovyna Chernivtsi]]\\n|3\\n|82\\n|23\\n|18\\n|41\\n|69\\n|99\\n|87\\n|11th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|31\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC\n        Stal Alchevsk|Stal Alchevsk]]\\n|3\\n|86\\n|17\\n|21\\n|48\\n|67\\n|126\\n|72\\n|11th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|32\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Stal Kamianske|Stal\n        Kamianske]]\\n|2\\n|58\\n|18\\n|16\\n|24\\n|49\\n|62\\n|70\\n|8th (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|33\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Sevastopol]]\\n|2\\n|58\\n|17\\n|11\\n|30\\n|58\\n|91\\n|62\\n|9th\n        (1)\\n|PFC Sevastopol\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|32\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC\n        Borysfen Boryspil|Borysfen Boryspil]]\\n|2\\n|60\\n|14\\n|19\\n|27\\n|40\\n|60\\n|61\\n|7th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|34\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta\n        Okhtyrka|Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka]]\\n|2\\n|48\\n|11\\n|11\\n|26\\n|30\\n|66\\n|44\\n|15th\n        (1)\\n|Naftovyk\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|36\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Lviv]]\\n|1\\n|30\\n|6\\n|8\\n|16\\n|24\\n|39\\n|26\\n|15th\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|37\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[SC Odesa]]\\n|1\\n|18\\n|3\\n|1\\n|14\\n|15\\n|32\\n|10\\n|10th\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n==Rivalries\n        and city derbies==\\n===Klasychne and the championship contenders===\\n{{also|Klasychne\n        derby}}\\nThe central feature of the league is a rivalry between Shakhtar Donetsk\n        and Dynamo Kyiv which has adopted its name as Klasychne. The rivalry started\n        ever since the end of 1990s when both teams started consistently to place\n        the top two places from season to season. The rivalry became really established\n        when Shakhtar obtained its first national title in 2002. \\n\\nThe surprising\n        win of the first season by [[SC Tavriya Simferopol]] has never turned the\n        club into a real contender for another title and the club was not always successful\n        to secure a place among the top five. In the beginning of 1990s [[FC Chornomorets\n        Odessa]] and the Soviet champions [[FC Dnipro]] were also among the main contenders.\n        The Soviet 1972 champions [[FC Zorya Luhansk]] until 2013 really struggled\n        to stay in the top league. Among other contenders there were [[FC Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] that were the league''s runners-up in 2012-13 and [[FC Metalurh\n        Donetsk]] that showed some consistent form in the early 2000s.\\n\\n===Other\n        rivalries===\\nThere are few smaller regional rivalries such between Karpaty\n        and Volyn, Metalist and Dnipro, Zorya and Shakhtar.\\n\\nAmong city derbies,\n        there are no running city derbies in the league for the 2017-18 season. Among\n        the most notable previously there were Zaporizhian derby between Metalurh\n        and Torpedo, Kyivan derby – Dynamo and Arsenal (CSKA), Donetsk derby\n        – Shakhtar and Metalurh. Other derbies existed in Lviv, Odesa, Kharkiv,\n        others.\\n\\n==Stadiums==\\n{{more|List of football stadiums in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        has several big stadiums with capacity of 30,000+ spectators and at least\n        two stadiums with capacity of over 50,000 which also are considered to be\n        by UEFA the elite stadiums. Since the 2014 Russian invasion and partial occupation\n        of Ukraine, the access to some stadiums was restricted. Many stadiums in Ukraine\n        and their surrounding infrastructure were renovated in preparation to the\n        [[Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===UEFA Elite Stadiums===\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n!#!!Stadium!!Capacity!!City!!Club!!Opened\\n|-\\n|-\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|1||[[Olimpiysky National Sports Complex]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|70,050||[[Kiev]]||[[Ukraine\n        national football team|Ukraine]], [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|\n        1923, 2011\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|2||[[Donbass Arena]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|52,518||[[Donetsk]]||[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|2009\\n|}\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n{{portal|Association football|Ukraine}}\\n*[[Ukrainian First League]]\\n*[[Ukrainian\n        Second League]]\\n*[[Ukrainian derby]]\\n*[[Football records in Ukraine]]\\n*[[List\n        of foreign Ukrainian Premier League players]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{Notelist}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{commons category}}\\n*[http://www.fpl.ua/ Official website]\\n*[http://www.soccerway.com/national/ukraine/premier-league/20122013/regular-season/\n        Soccerway]\\n*[http://www.rsssf.com/tableso/oekrchamp.html Ukraine - List of\n        Champions], RSSSF.com\\n\\n{{Ukrainian Premier League Seasons}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Premier League teamlist}}\\n{{Ukrainian Premier League managers}}\\n{{Football\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{UEFA leagues}}\\n{{Top sport leagues in Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Premier League top scorers}}\\n{{Ukrainian Footballer of the Year}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Premier League| ]]\\n[[Category:Football leagues in Ukraine|1]]\\n[[Category:Top\n        level football leagues in Europe|Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Sports leagues established\n        in 1991]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Football\n        governing bodies in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T09:46:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":798969835,\"length\":79355,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Premier_League&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League\"},\"18750338\":{\"pageid\":18750338,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves and Under 19\",\"index\":33,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-10T13:51:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        football league\\n| logo       =\\n| pixels     = 150\\n| country    = {{UKR}}\\n|\n        founded    = 2004\\n| teams      = \\n| promotion  = \\n| relegation = \\n| levels     =\n        \\n| domest_cup = \\n| confed_cup =\\n|most_champs    = 6 – [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|top_goalscorer\n        = \\n|most_caps      = \\n|tv             = \\n|sponsor        = \\n| champions  =\n        [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n| season     = [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League Under-21\n        and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n| current    = [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Under-21 and Under-19]]\\n| website    = \\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Premier\n        League Under-21 and Under-19'''''' is the league for the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        [[football (soccer)|football]] [[reserve team]], the parent clubs of which\n        compete in the [[Ukrainian Premier League]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe League\n        was established in 2004 for the 2004\\u201305 season. It is a development league\n        and therefore its participants'' performance does not result in the team''s\n        relegation from the Ukrainian Premier Reserve League. The relegation occurs\n        only based on their final league position of their respective senior teams\n        in the [[Ukrainian Premier League]]. If the senior team is relegated from\n        the Ukrainian Premier League, then its reserve team is relegated from the\n        Premier Reserve League and replaced by a reserve team of another newly promoted\n        club from the [[Ukrainian First League]].\\n\\nPremier League junior (U19) championship\n        already existed in 2002–2006.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708204924/https://www.footboom.com/ukrainian/tournament-u-19/1474527587-v-ukraini-startuvav-chempionat-yunioriv-u-19-z-komandamy-pfl.html\n        In Ukraine started Junior Championship U-19 with PFL teams (\\u0412 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u044e\\u043d\\u0456\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432 U-19 \\u0437 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041f\\u0424\\u041b )]. Footboom. 22 September 2016 In 2012 as part of\n        the [[Ukrainian Premier League]] under-19 competitions were revived and included\n        teams predominantly from the Premier League.\\n\\n== Under-21 winners ==\\n===Top\n        League reserve''s championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third\n        place\\n!Top goalscorer\\n|-\\n|[[2004\\u201305 Vyshcha Liha Reserves|2004\\u201305]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Illichivets Mariupol|Illichivets Mariupol]]\\n|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Roberto Nanni]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 9 goals)
{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Sergei\n        Kornilenko|Syarhey Karnilenka]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 9 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2005\\u201306\n        Vyshcha Liha Reserves|2005\\u201306]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Illichivets Mariupol|Illichivets\n        Mariupol]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Serhiy Davydov]] ([[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]], 21 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2006\\u201307 Vyshcha Liha Reserves|2006\\u201307]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr\n        Aliyev]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 21 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2007\\u201308 Vyshcha\n        Liha Reserves|2007\\u201308]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalurh\n        Zaporizhya|Metalurh Zaporizhya]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Aliyev]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 18 goals)\\n|}\\n\\n===Premier\n        League youth''s (U-21) championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third\n        place\\n!Top goalscorer\\n|-\\n|[[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2008\\u201309]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Roman Zozulya\n        (footballer)|Roman Zozulya]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 19 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2009\\u201310\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2009\\u201310]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty\n        Lviv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuriy Furta]] ([[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]],\n        15 goals)
{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Artem Hromov]] ([[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla\n        Poltava]], 15 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2010\\u201311 Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2010\\u201311]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Yevhen Budnik]] ([[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]], 13 goals)
{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleh Barannik]] ([[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]], 13 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2011\\u201312\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2011\\u201312]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|[[FC Obolon Kyiv|Obolon Kyiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Vladyslav Kulach]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 14\n        goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2012\\u201313 Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2012\\u201313]]\\n|[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yevhen Troyanovskyi]]\n        ([[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], 16 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2013\\u201314]]\\n|[[FC Illichivets\n        Mariupol|Illichivets Mariupol]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleh Barannik]]\n        ([[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]], 18 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2014\\u201315]]\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla\n        Poltava]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Artur Zahorulko]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk\n        (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 17 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Reserves and Under 19|2015\\u201316]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Boryachuk]] ([[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 20 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Under-21 and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty\n        Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Stanislav Bilenkyi]] ([[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik\n        Donetsk]], 16 goals)\\n|}\\n\\n== Under-19 winners ==\\n{{Infobox football league\\n|\n        logo       =\\n| pixels     = 150\\n| country    = {{UKR}}\\n| founded    = 2012\\n|\n        teams      = \\n| promotion  = \\n| relegation = [[Professional Football League\n        of Ukraine Under 19|Ukrainian First League]] (U-19)\\n| levels     = \\n| domest_cup\n        = \\n| confed_cup =\\n|most_champs    = 3 – [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|top_goalscorer\n        = \\n|most_caps      = \\n|tv             = \\n|sponsor        = \\n| champions  =\n        [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n| season     = [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League Under-21\n        and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n| current    = [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Under-21 and Under-19]]\\n| website    = \\n}}\\n\\n===Professional Football\n        League junior (U-19) championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third\n        place\\n!Most valuable player\\n|-\\n|2002-03\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|[[SC Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|2003-04\\n|[[SC Tavriya\n        Simferopol]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[MFC Oleksandriya]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|2004-05\\n|[[MFC\n        Oleksandriya]]\\n|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|[[FC Lokomotyv Odessa]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|2005-06\\n|[[FC\n        Elektrometalurh-NZF Nikopol|FC Horyzont Nikopol]]\\n|[[FC Lokomotyv Odessa]]\\n|[[FC\n        Luzhany]]\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n===Premier League junior (U-19) championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third place\\n!Top goalscorer\\n|-\\n|[[2012\\u201313\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2012\\u201313]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Illichivets Mariupol|Illichivets Mariupol]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Roman Yaremchuk]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 14 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2013\\u201314 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2013\\u201314]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty\n        Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Artur Miranyan]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk\n        (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 12 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Reserves and Under 19|2014\\u201315]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ihor Karpenko]] ([[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]], 16 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2015\\u201316\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2015\\u201316]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Khomutov]]\n        ([[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]], 15 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Under-21 and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Oleksandriya|Oleksandriya]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mykhailo Plokhotnyuk]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets\n        Odesa]], 19 goals)\\n|}\\n\\n== See also ==\\n*[[Ukrainian Premier League]]\\n*[[Football\n        in Ukraine]]\\n*[[Ukrainian football league system]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.fpl.ua/ukr/tournaments/m/ Official website]\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves}}\\n{{Football in Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian Premier League\n        youth championship top scorers}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Premier Reserve League|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Football leagues in Ukraine|Res]]\\n[[Category:Reserve football\n        leagues in Europe]]\\n[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:2004\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Youth football in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Youth\n        football leagues in Europe|Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T01:00:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":789922336,\"length\":9632,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League_Reserves_and_Under_19\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Premier_League_Reserves_and_Under_19&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League_Reserves_and_Under_19\"},\"32713305\":{\"pageid\":32713305,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Processing Center\",\"index\":30,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2013-12-20T21:01:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=April\n        2012}}\\n{{Infobox company\\n|name             = Ukrainian Processing Center\\n|type                  =\n        Private [[Joint-stock company]]\\n|foundation = 1997\\n|location =  [[Kiev]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n|key_people  = Anton Romanchuk ([[Chairman]] of the Board)\\n|industry\n        = [[Business process|Processing]], [[Payment card industry]], [[Acquirer]],\n        [[Electronic commerce]],  [[Fraud]] Monitoring , [[SMS banking]], System of\n        [[payment card]] [[issuing]], [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] Channel Management,\n        United ATM network \\\"ATMosphere\\\"\\n|homepage  = [http://upc.ua/en.htm www.upc.ua]}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Processing Center'''''' (UPC, {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0446\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] company founded\n        in 1997 which provides processing services and software for banks.[https://upc.ua/download/documents/UPC_registered.pdf  Statement\n        from state company register about UPC`s registration] UPC was the first\n        Ukrainian company within the sphere of [[Business process|processing]] that\n        received MSP and TPP status in [[VISA]] and [[MasterCard]]. In April 1997\n        UPC processed the first ATM EC/MC card transaction. Since 2005 UPC has become\n        part of the [[Raiffeisen Zentralbank|Raiffeisen Bank International]].\\nThe\n        head office of UPC is based in [[Kiev]].Yellow Pages. Kiev [http://www.yellowpages.ua/ru/uk/index.php?extend&ip=&vp=&cr=752998&mx=3047310].\n        Ukrainian Processing Center provides services to banks in [[Central Europe|Central]]\n        and [[East Europe]] in the sphere of processing [[payment card]]s[http://www.business.ua/articles/bank_market/Nakartkali-2934/?sphrase_id=109294\n        BUSINESS \\u211635 (918), August 30, 2010] (salary cards, [[debit card]]s,\n        [[credit card]]s, pre-paid cards, [[magnetic stripe card]]s, [[smart card]]s,\n        [[EMV]] cards and also [[contactless smart card]]s like  MasterCard [[PayPass]]\n        and VISA [[payWave]]\\\"Ukrainian Processing Center is on the last stage\n        of project to provide contactless payment\\\". ''''Economicheskie Izvestiya''''\n        \\u211684 (1544), May 24, 2011 [http://eizvestia.com/finance/full/polnyj-kontakt]),\n        merchant  acquiring and ATM channel management.Companion-online June\n        23, 2011: \\\"UPC provides the service of ATM network management to Raiffeisen\n        Bank Aval, Alfa-Bank, Delta-Bank and Bank Forum\\\". [http://www.companion.ua/Articles/Content?Id=152569]\n        UPC also offers integrated IT systems for [[electronic commerce]],[http://www.business.ua/articles/trends/Interny-6081/?sphrase_id=109294\n        BUSINESS \\u211644(927) November 1, 2010] [[Financial transaction|card\n        transactions]] monitoring systems of [[fraud]] prevention, card issuing system\n        and [[SMS banking]] service. Moreover, UPC was the initiator of the establishment\n        of the united ATM network \\\"ATMoSphere\\\", which consists of payment cards\n        [[issuing bank]]s.[http://ubr.ua/finances/banking-sector/banki-vynujdeny-obediniat-bankomatnye-seti-59410  UBR\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Business Resource September 10, 2010] Annually UPC\n        processes more than 400 million of [[Financial transaction|payment card transactions]].[http://www.carteblanche-online.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=571&Itemid=99  Magazine  \\\"CarteBlanch\\\"\n        10''2010]\\n\\n==History==\\nIn 1997, UPC was established as a [[systems\n        engineering|processing center]] providing processing services of debit and\n        credit cards for banks. UPC was the first Ukrainian company that received\n        the status of Member Service Provider [[MasterCard]]Official document\n        of international payment system [[MasterCard]] about status Member Service\n        Provider [http://www.mastercard.com/au/merchant/en/acquirers/communications/msp_rules.html]Official\n        confirmation of status Member Service Provider, that UPC received in 1997\n        [https://upc.ua/download/documents/UPC_MSP_TPP.pdf] \\u0438 Third Party\n        Processor [[VISA]], and processed first ATM transaction on Eurocard MasterCard\n        on 23 April 1997Chek of the first card operation [[MasterCard]] in Ukraine\n        [https://upc.ua/download/documents/First_check.jpg] in 1997. UPC is\n        a member of Ukrainian Interbank Payment Systems Member Association EMA.[http://www.ema.com.ua/ema/ema.nsf/all/p023?OpenDocument\n        Official list of EMA Association`s members] UPC''s client base consists\n        of largest Ukrainian banks and bank organizations which are [[issuer]]s or\n        [[acquirer]]s of payment cards. In 2005, UPC became a part of [[Raiffeisen\n        Zentralbank|Raiffeisen Bank International]].[http://investor.rbinternational.com/index.php?id=544&L=1&tx_ttnews%5BpS%5D=1311195275&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1780&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=542&cHash=b27a6aa622607b91589533c88a9c3a0b\n        Raiffeisen International acquires Ukrainian Processing Center] In 2007,\n        UPC started to provide services on the international market. Now UPC processes\n        payment cards, provides ATM and POS acquiring services in [[Hungary]], [[Albania]]\n        and [[Kosovo]], and supports [[electronic commerce]] in [[Croatia]]. Since\n        2011, UPC processes contactless payments for an [[Austria]]n acquiring company.[http://www.nfc.cc/archives/703  Contactless\n        payments in Austria]\\n\\n==Work standards==\\nUPC was the first among\n        Ukrainian processing centers that received a [[PCI DSS]] certificate, in January\n        2009.[https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/ Official website about PCI\n        Data Security Standard DSS]Official document [[VISA]] about PCI\n        Standard DSS [http://usa.visa.com/download/merchants/cardholder-data-security-best-practices-for-visanet-processors.pdf]\n        Since that time, UPC is certified every year by international auditors to\n        confirm the complete correspondence to PCI DSS requirements.PCI DSS Compliant\n        certificate received from German audit firm SRC (Security Research & Consulting\n        GmbH) [https://upc.ua/download/documents/pcidss.pdf]\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* [http://upc.ua/en.htm Ukrainian Processing Center official website\n        (English version)]\\n* [http://atmosphere.net.ua ATMoSphere, united ATM network]\\n*\n        [http://ecommerce.upc.ua/site/index.html?lang=uk UPC''s eCommerce (in Ukrainian)]\\n*\n        [http://ema.com.ua Ukrainian Interbank Payment Systems Association EMA (in\n        Ukrainian)]\\n* [http://www.rbinternational.com Raiffeisen Bank International\n        AG]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n[[Category:Companies of Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-31T12:48:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":587006768,\"length\":6317,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Processing_Center\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Processing_Center&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Processing_Center\"},\"20965184\":{\"pageid\":20965184,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Radical Party\",\"index\":42,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-22T20:01:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about||the\n        party that was called the Ukrainian Radical Party in 1904 and 1905|Ukrainian\n        Democratic Party (1904)|the party that is called the Radical Party of Oleh\n        Lyashko since 2011|Radical Party (Ukraine)}}\\n\\n{{Infobox political party\\n|\n        country=Austria-Hungary\\n|name = Ukrainian Radical Party\\n|native_name = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f\\n|logo\n        = \\n|founder =  [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]]\\n|founded = {{Start date|1890|10|}}\\n|\n        ideology = [[Socialism]],
[[Agrarianism]],
[[Anti-clericalism]],
[[Ukrainian\n        nationalism]]\\n| international = [[Labour and Socialist International]]\\n|\n        colorcode = \\n| colours = \\n| headquarters = [[Lviv]]\\n| website = \\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian Radical Party, (URP)'''''', (Ukrainian: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f,\n        \\u0423P\\u041f, ''''Ukrainska Radikalna Partiya'''')  founded in October 1890\n        and based on the [[Radicalism (historical)|radical movement]] in [[western\n        Ukraine]] dating from the 1870s, was the first modern Ukrainian political\n        party with a defined program, [[mass politics|mass following]], and registered\n        membership.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianRadicalparty.htm\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Ukrainian Radical Party]. vol. 5, 1993.  Article\n        written by Jean Paul Himka and Ivan Lysiak Rudnytsky\\n It advocated\n        [[socialism]], increased rights for Ukrainian [[peasants]], and [[secularism]].\\n\\n==Programme\n        and Ideology==\\n\\n[[Image:Drahomanov mykhajlo.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Mykhailo\n        Drahomanov, whose political ideas formed the basis of the Ukrainian Radical\n        Party''s ideology]]\\n\\nThe Radical Party ideology was based on the political\n        thought of [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]], an eastern Ukrainian thinker who spent\n        part of the nineteenth century in western Ukraine.  Although the Radical party\n        advocated socialism in its ideology, it considered itself different from western\n        socialists who were beholden to the ideas of [[Karl Marx]] because western\n        socialism was based on the industrial [[proletariat]] while the Radical party\n        was focused on the peasantry.  Accordingly, its socialism was [[agrarian socialism|agrarian\n        and peasant-based]].  The Ukrainian Radical party claimed kinship and affinity\n        with the similarly peasant-based socialist [[People''s Radical Party|Serbian\n        Radical Party]] of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\R\\\\A\\\\Radicalism.htm\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine, \\\"Radicalism\\\"] written by John-Paul Himka\n        It actively opposed the influence of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]\n        and [[Western Ukrainian clergy|its priests]] in Ukrainian society. It was\n        also opposed to the [[Cisleithania|Austria]]n government, to mainstream Ukrainophiles\n        who were loyal to Austria, and to Ukrainian attempts to cooperate with Polish\n        authorities.  At the same time, the URP cooperated with Polish workers and\n        peasants.[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988). ''''Ukraine: A History''''. Toronto:\n        University of Toronto Press, pg. 328 The URP supported Ukrainian independence\n        at a party congress in 1895, the first time that the goal of an independent\n        Ukrainian state had been expressed anywhere.[[Paul Robert Magocsi]].\n        (1996). ''''A History of Ukraine''''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,\n        pg. 446 Involved with the plight of the Ukrainian peasants, the URP\n        also called for and organized [[strike action|strike]]s of Ukrainian agricultural\n        workers.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThe Radical Party was founded in [[Lviv]] on October\n        4, 1890 by a group of Ukrainian activists including the poet [[Ivan Franko]],\n        the publisher Mykhailo Pavlyk, and others. It was involved in founding reading\n        rooms and cooperatives, organizing women''s groups, and training and politicizing\n        Ukrainian peasants.  In 1895, the party passed a resolution calling for Ukrainian\n        independence.  That same year, it sent three representatives to the Galician\n        [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] and in 1897 two representatives to the [[Austria\\u2013Hungary|Austrian]]\n        [[Reichsrat (Austria)|parliament]].\\n\\nIn\n        the mid-1890s three competing groups emerged within the URP.  One maintained\n        its allegiance to the traditional ideology of the URP.  Another faction turned\n        more to western European [[socialism]] and [[Marxism]].  A third faction which\n        included most of the Radical Party''s most prominent members such as [[Ivan\n        Franko]] became increasingly disenchanted with socialist ideas and more focussed\n        on national concerns.  In 1899 the latter two groups left the Radical Party.  The\n        socialist-learning faction splitt of to form the [[Ukrainian Social Democratic\n        Party (1899)|Ukrainian Social Democratic Party]].  The nationalist-leading\n        faction merged with mainstream Ukrainiphiles to create the National Democratic\n        Party, which was the largest Ukrainian political party in Austrian-ruled Ukraine\n        before and during the [[World War I|first world war]].  The National Democratic\n        party, renamed the [[Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance]], would continue\n        to dominate western Ukrainian political life until the Second World War.\\n\\nAfter\n        the exodus of the Ukrainian Social Democrats and the National Democrats, the\n        remaining Ukrainian Radical Party, having become a definitively peasant-oriented\n        party, was the second largest political party among ethnic Ukrainians in western\n        Ukraine. In 1911, it sent five members to\n        the Austrian parliament and in 1913 six members to the Galician Diet. On the\n        eve of World War I, the Radical party established sporting societies and paramilitary\n        groups that would serve as the basis for the [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen]],\n        an all-Ukrainian unit within the Austrian army.\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Radical Party was one of the founding parties of the [[West Ukrainian\n        National Republic]], and its members occupied the posts of defence minister\n        ([[Dmytro Vitovsky]]) and interior secretary within the West Ukrainian government.   Following the war, when western Ukraine became\n        part of the [[Second Polish Republic|Polish state]], at a party congress in\n        1925 the Radical Party passed a resolution simultaneously opposing cooperation\n        with Ukrainian \\\"bourgeois parties\\\" and condemning [[Ukrainian Bolsheviks|Bolsheviks]]\n        policies in [[Soviet Ukraine]]. A year later, it merged with a socialist party\n        and renamed itself the ''''''Ukrainian Socialist Radical Party'''''' (USRP).  In\n        the [[1928 Polish elections]], the party received 280,000 votes, the second\n        most among western Ukrainian parties following the [[Ukrainian National Democratic\n        Alliance]]''s 600,000 votes.[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988).\n        ''''Ukraine: a History.'''' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 434-441\n        This enabled the USRP to send 11 representatives into the [[Polish parliament|parliament]]\n        and 3 into the [[Polish senate|senate]]. In the [[1931 Polish elections|1931\n        elections]] it ran in a coalition with the [[Ukrainian National Democratic\n        Alliance]] and obtained 1/4 of the coalition''s seats. The USRP boycotted\n        all subsequent Polish elections.\\n\\nThe party\n        was a member of the [[Labour and Socialist International]] between 1931 and\n        1940.Kowalski, Werner. ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=83QdPwAACAAJ\n        Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19]''''. Berlin:\n        Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 319\\n\\nAfter the [[Soviet annexation\n        of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviets annexed western Ukrainian territory]]\n        in 1939, the USRP like all other western Ukrainian political parties was forced\n        by the Soviet authorities to disband.\\n\\n==Elections==\\n===Austria-Hungary===\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\"\\n|+ House of Deputies\\n!
''''''Year\\n!
''''''Popular\n        vote''''''\\n!
''''''%''''''\\n!
''''''Seats /total''''''\\n!
''''''Seat\n        change\\n! ''''''Government\\n|-\\n! [[Cisleithanian legislative election, 1911|1911]]\\n|\n        54,701\\n| 1.2%\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|}\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukrainian National Democratic\n        Alliance]]\\n\\n==References==\\n;''''''Inline:''''''\\n\\n{{Politics\n        in (current) Ukraine between 1917 and 1920}}\\n{{Polish political parties}}\\n[[Category:1890\n        establishments in Austria-Hungary]]\\n[[Category:Agrarian parties in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Agrarian\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Anti-clericalism]]\\n[[Category:Defunct agrarian\n        political parties]]\\n[[Category:Defunct political parties in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Defunct\n        political parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Defunct socialist parties]]\\n[[Category:History\n        of socialism]]\\n[[Category:Left-wing nationalist parties]]\\n[[Category:Members\n        of the Labour and Socialist International]]\\n[[Category:Nationalist parties\n        in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Nationalist parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political\n        parties established in 1890]]\\n[[Category:Political parties of the Russian\n        Revolution]]\\n[[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]\\n[[Category:Radical\n        parties]]\\n[[Category:Socialist parties in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Socialist\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        political parties in Austria-Hungary]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian political parties\n        in Poland]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-30T13:39:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":796742649,\"length\":9277,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Radical_Party&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party\"},\"3149341\":{\"pageid\":3149341,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Railways\",\"index\":10,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-21T03:19:01Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2016}}\\n{{update|date=October 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Infobox company\\n| name   = ''''{{lang|uk-Latn|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}''''
 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f\\n|\n        logo   = UkrZal logo.png\\n| type   = [[State-owned enterprise]]\\n| slogan\n        = \\n| predecessor      = State Administration of Rail Transport \\\"Ukrzaliznytsia\\\"\n        (1991-2015)\\n| foundation     = 2015 (reorganization)\\n| location       =\n        5, Tvirska street, 
[[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], 03680 {{cite web\\n| url\n        = http://uz.gov.ua/en/contacts_feedback/contacts/\\n| title = Official website.\n        Address (bottom of the page) \\n| date = Mar 2017\\n}}\\n| locations      =\n        1,700 stations and halts\\n| key_people     = [[Yevhen Kravtsov]] (acting [[CEO]])\\n| num_employees  = 403,000 (2011)\\n| industry       =\n        Railway transportation, 
 [[intermodal freight transport]]\\n| area_served      =\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| gauge    = {{RailGauge|1520mm}}\\n| parent           = [[Ministry\n        of Infrastructure (Ukraine)|Ministry of Infrastructure]]\\n| owner = [[Ukraine]]\n        (100%)\\n| products       = Rail transport services (passenger & cargo)\\n|\n        divisions        = 6 branches ([[Kiev]], [[Donetsk]], [[Lviv]], [[Odesa]],\n        [[Kharkiv]], [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]])\\n| revenue        = [[File:Green Arrow\n        Up.svg|12px]] [[\\u20b4]]1.76 billion (2005)\\n| net_income     = \\n| subsid         =\\n|\n        homepage       = [http://www.uz.gov.ua/en/ Official website]\\n}}\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Railways'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f,\n        ''''Ukrzaliznytsia''''}}) is a state owned enterprise of [[rail transport\n        in Ukraine]], a monopoly that controls vast majority of the railroad transportation\n        in the countryExcept for intra-company [[industrial railway]]s, local\n        [[military railway]]s and municipal [[Rapid transit|Metro]] systems.\n        with a combined total tracks length of over 23,000 km, making it the\n        [[List of countries by rail transport network size|14th largest in the world]].\n        Ukrainian Railways is also [[Rail usage statistics by country|the world''s\n        6th largest rail passenger transporter and world''s 7th largest freight transporter]].\\n\\nIn\n        2015 the company transformed out of a state agency into a state-owned public\n        joint stock company.\\n\\n==Main information==\\nState Administration of Railroad\n        Transportation is subordinated to the Ministry of Infrastructure,Previously,\n        before December 2010 [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine|cabinet]] reform \\u2013\n        to the Ministry of Transportation and Communication. administering the\n        railways through the six territorial railway companies, which immediately\n        control and provide of all aspects of the railroad transportation and maintenance\n        in a unified way under the common Ukrzaliznytsia [[brand name|brand]]. The\n        general director of the administration is appointed by the [[Cabinet of Ministers\n        of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=262-96-%EF|title=\\u041a\\u0410\\u0411\\u0406\\u041d\\u0415\\u0422\n        \\u041c\\u0406\\u041d\\u0406\\u0421\\u0422\\u0420\\u0406\\u0412 \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418\n        \\u041f \\u041e \\u0421 \\u0422 \\u0410 \\u041d \\u041e \\u0412 \\u0410 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 29 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e 1996 \\u0440. N\n        262|date=21 November 2008|publisher=\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438}}\\n\\nThe administration employs\n        more than 403,000 people through all regions of the country.\\n\\n==Administrative\n        structure==\\n[[File:Ukrainian Railways (subdivisions).png|thumb|270px|Subdivisions\n        of Ukrainian Railways]]\\nThe railways are split into six territorial railway\n        companies: Donetsk, [[Lviv Railways|Lviv]], Odesa, [[Southern Railways (Ukraine)|Southern]],\n        [[Southwestern Railways|South-Western]] and Near-Dnipro. The subdivision is\n        purely administrative as it doesn''t correspond to the particular railway\n        lines or branches. The names of regional railways are purely historic, inherited\n        from the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]s. For\n        instance, the ''South-Western Railway'' actually operates the ''north-central''\n        part of Ukraine''s rail network. The ''Southern Railway'' actually operates\n        in the east of the country, whilst the Near-Dnipro Railways are the southernmost.\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        Hyundai train.JPG|right|thumb|270px|A UZ Intercity+ service operated by a\n        [[HRCS2 multiple unit]] awaits departure at [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]''s main\n        station.]]\\nThe six separate territorial railways each have their own directorates,\n        located in the following cities:\\n\\n# [[Donetsk Railway]] \\u2013 [[Lyman,\n        Ukraine|Lyman]]\\n# [[Lviv Railways|Lviv Railway]] \\u2013 [[Lviv]]\\n# [[Odessa\n        Railways|Odesa Railways]] \\u2013 [[Odesa]]\\n# [[Southern Railways (Ukraine)|Southern\n        Railway]] \\u2013 [[Kharkiv]]\\n# [[Southwestern Railways|Southwestern Railway]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kiev]]\\n# [[Near-Dnipro Railway]] \\u2013 [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\\n\\nThe\n        territorial railways are further divided into several territorial administrations,\n        usually four or five. Such division helps in assignment of commuter railway\n        lines depending on location.\\n\\n===Financial situation===\\nIn 2008 the Ukrainian\n        State Railways transported around 498.5 million tonnes of domestic freight\n        and 69.8 million tonnes of international freight in transit through Ukrainian\n        territory; freight transport figures were particularly high on transport Routes\n        3, 5 and 9, which saw a combined total of 105 million tonnes carried in 2008.\n        Further to this, Ukrzaliznytsia served around 518.8 million passengers\n        over the course of the year. The state railways ran with an annual consolidated\n        budget of a little more than 40 billion \\u20b4 (US$5 billion) in\n        2008.\\n\\nBy the end of 2005 the railways had produced a profit equivalent\n        to 1.76 billion \\u20b4 (US$220 million) from all their operations\n        including freight, passenger service, associated services and the operation\n        of subsidiaries. The total capital invested in fixed assets of the State Railways\n        is thought to be equivalent to around 22 billion \\u20b4 (US$4.4 billion),\n        however, depreciation of these fixed assets is estimated to be around 57%,\n        or in terms of rolling stock, closer to 66.7%.\\n\\n===Ranks===\\n{|  style=\\\"width:75%;\n        border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#fff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0\n        12px 12px 0; text-align:center; \\\"\\n|- style=\\\"background:#ccc;\\\"\\n!\\n! Private\\n!\n        Junior chief\\n! colspan=\\\"4\\\" | Medium chief\\n! colspan=\\\"3\\\" | Senior chief\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"3\\\" | Higher chief\\n! colspan=\\\"1\\\" | Deputy Director\\n! colspan=\\\"1\\\"\n        | First Deputy Director\\n! colspan=\\\"1\\\" | Director\\n|-  style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|\n        Shoulder insignia
for every day uniform\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks\n        10.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 11.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian\n        Railways Ranks 08.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 07.jpg|46px]]\\n|\n        [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 09.jpg|44px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways\n        Ranks 12.jpg|44px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 13.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian\n        Railways Ranks 02.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 01.jpg|45px]]\\n|\n        [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 03.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways\n        Ranks 04.jpg|48px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 14.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian\n        Railways Ranks 05.jpg|46px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 06.jpg|45px]]\\n|\n        [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 15.jpg|45px]]\\n|}\\n\\n==Infrastructure==\\n{{see\n        also|Narrow-gauge railways in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Europe rail electrification\n        en.svg|thumb|Electrification systems in Europe:\\n{{legend|#cdcfd0|non-electrified}}\\n{{legend|#eea631|[[750\n        V DC railway elctrification|750 V DC]]}}\\n{{legend|#eda1a0|[[1.5 kV DC\n        railway electrification|1.5 kV DC]]}}\\n{{legend|#f5f0bb|[[3 kV DC railway\n        electrification|3 kV DC]]}}\\n{{legend|#a3a5ce|[[15 kV AC]]}}\\n{{legend|#94af2e|[[25 kV\n        AC]]}}\\n1) High-speed lines in France, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, the Netherlands,\n        Belgium and Turkey operate under 25 kV, as high power lines in the former\n        Soviet Union as well.]]\\n\\nThe full extent of the railway system in Ukraine\n        administrated by Ukrzaliznytsia is currently put at around 22,300 km,\n        of which 9,752 km (44.3%) is fully [[railway electrification|electrified]]\n        with the use of the [[overhead wire]]. The network is fully [[Centralized\n        traffic control|interconnected, central-dispatched]] and consists of 1,648\n        stations of all sizes spread throughout the country. The largest stations\n        are Nyzhnodniprovsk-Vuzol (in the city of [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]) and [[Darnytsia\n        Railway Station|Darnytsia]] (in the capital [[Kiev]]) \\u2013 both freight.\\n\\n===Types\n        of stations===\\n* Intermediate\\n* Sorting\\n* Freight\\n* Sectional\\n* Passenger\\n\\nRailway\n        stations also have five classes depending on their general performance. Some\n        stations may be named as railway stop, platform number, passing loop ({{lang-uk|''''\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437''\\u0457\\u0437\\u0434''''}})\n        or simply kilometer post.\\n\\n===Upgrading and expansions===\\n{{Expand section|date=March\n        2011}}\\nThe Ukrainian railway network is permanently undergoing large scale\n        reconstruction, mainly in order to reduce operating costs, inherited from\n        the Soviet economy, and to implement higher speeds of passenger services.\n        Particularly, around 4000 track [[railroad switch|switches]] have already\n        been upgraded.\\n\\n==Rolling stock==\\n[[File:CHS2-426.jpg|right|thumb|A typical\n        Ukrainian CHS2K locomotive, hauling a long-distance passenger service.]]\\n[[File:\\u042d\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\n        \\u0414\\u042d1-033.jpg|thumb|Electric locomotive [[DE1]], built in Ukraine\n        after [[fall of the Soviet Union]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0415\\u041a\\u0440-1.jpg|thumb|Train\n        of Kriukiv Railcar Engineering]]\\nUkrzaliznytsia has several repair factories\n        capable of producing own locomotives and railcars. In addition there is a\n        separate [[KVBZ|Kryukiv Railcar Engineering Factory]] and [[DniproVahonMash|Dnieper\n        Railcar Engineering]] that also produce railroad rolling stock for Ukrzaliznytsia\n        and other companies for public transportation (i.e. subway).\\n\\nDue to the\n        [[2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], some factories that were producing locomotives\n        and railcars were lost (i.e. [[Luhanskteplovoz]] (Luhansk Diesel Locomotive)\n        and [[Stakhanov Railway Car Building Works|Stakhanov Railcar Engineering]]).\\n\\n===Brief\n        statistics===\\n*Number of freight cars \\u2013 174,939\\n*Number of passenger\n        cars \\u2013 8,429\\n*Number of locomotives \\u2013 2,718\\n*Number of electric\n        locomotives \\u2013 1,796\\n*Number of electric multiple units \\u2013 1,443\\n*Number\n        of diesel multiple units \\u2013 186\\n*Number of employees \\u2013 375,900\\n*Number\n        of specially branded passenger trains \\u2013 62\\n\\n===Recent developments===\\nIn\n        November 2010, UZ agreed to buy 10 high-speed [[HRCS2 multiple unit]] interurban\n        trainsets from [[Hyundai Rotem]], with the prospect of a much larger order\n        or joint venture for local production.{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/uz-to-order-korean-trainsets.html|date=17\n        November 2010|title=UZ to order Korean trainsets|publisher=[[Railway Gazette\n        International|Railway Gazette]]}} The first two trains would be delivered\n        in February 2012, two other in April and other two in May, when they will\n        start operating.{{cite web|title=Six high-speed Hyundai trains to come\n        to Ukraine by 10 May|url=http://ukraine2012.gov.ua/en/news/191/51569/|publisher=Information\n        \\u0441entre \\\"Ukraine-2012\\\"|date=7 February 2012}}{{Update after|2012|05||Rail\n        transport articles in need of updating}} They will be rated as Inter City+\n        and will be connecting [[Kiev]] with [[Kharkiv]], [[Donetsk]] and [[Lviv]],\n        and at a later stage with [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]] and [[Odesa]].{{cite\n        web|title=4 Hyundai Rotem trains to serve on the route Kyiv \\u2013 Dnipropetrovsk,\n        Kyiv \\u2013 Odesa after EURO 2012|url=http://en.prichernomorie.com.ua/odesa/news/Transport/2012-02-07/6082.php|publisher=Context-Prichernomorie|date=7\n        February 2012}}{{Update after|2012|05||Rail transport articles in need\n        of updating}}\\n\\nIn July 2011, UZ announced plans to buy 433 electric freight\n        locomotives; 292 [[2EL4]]s from [[Transmashholding]], and 141 locomotives\n        (including class VL11M/6) from [[Elmavalmshenebeli]].{{cite news|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/ukrainian-railways-agrees-locomotive-orders-worth-EUR146bn.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Railways agrees locomotive orders worth \\u20ac1\\u00b746bn|date=3 August 2011|publisher=Railway\n        Gazette}}\\n\\n==Stations==\\n{{main|Category:Railway stations in Ukraine}}\\n\\n==Classification\n        of passenger trains (railway lines)==\\nRailway lines are classified into commuter,\n        regional, intercity and eurocity. They also distinct one from another if they\n        operate during day or night time. Intercity lines are coded with single, double\n        and triple digits. while commuter lines are coded with quadruple digits.\\n\\nOn\n        27 April 2011 in accordance with order \\u2116 504/2011 rail industry specialists\n        developed a new classification system of passenger trains for Ukrainian Railways.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.uz.gov.ua/index.php?f=Doc.View&p=news_6417.0.news|title=\\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u0444\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456 \\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0436\\u0438\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0457\\u0437\\u0434\\u0456\\u0432|publisher=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456}}\\n\\nThe\n        development of a new classification system for passenger trains in Ukraine\n        was made necessary by the need to inform customers (passengers) about the\n        level of service quality they could expect to find in various passenger trains.\n        The new system is based on the class of train and carriages.\\n\\nGiven the\n        quality of the service provided UZ asked the following classes of passenger\n        trains:\\n\\n*Daytime passenger lines:\\n**''''''Euro City (EC)'''''' \\u2013\n        Express (min. 90 km/h) daytime services on international routes which\n        should offer a very high level of service and comfort. First and standard\n        classes.\\n**''''''Inter City+ (IC+)'''''' \\u2013 Express (min. 90 km/h)\n        daytime services on domestic routes which should offer a very high level of\n        service and comfort. First and standard classes. These services are currently\n        operated by [[Hyundai Rotem]] [[HRCS2 multiple unit]] trains on routes between\n        [[Kiev]] and [[Kharkiv]], [[Lviv]], [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]] and [[Donetsk]].\\n**''''''Inter\n        City (IC)'''''' \\u2013 (max. 70 km/h \\u2013 90 km/h) daytime services\n        on domestic routes which should offer a heightened level of service and comfort.\n        First, standard and economy classes. These services are currently operated\n        by [[\\u0160koda Works|\\u0160koda]] [[\\u010cD Class 471|UZ class 675]] trains\n        on routes between [[Kharkiv]], [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]] and [[Donetsk]].\\n**''''''Regional\n        Express (\\u0420\\u0415)'''''' \\u2013 (max. 70 km/h \\u2013 90 km/h)\n        daytime services on domestic routes which should offer a standard level of\n        service and comfort. First, standard and economy classes.\\n**''''''Regional\n        train (\\u0420\\u041f)'''''' \\u2013 (max. 70 km/h) daytime services on\n        domestic routes which should offer a standard level of service and comfort.\n        Standard and economy classes.\\n*Nighttime passenger trains:\\n**''''''Euro\n        Night (EN)'''''' \\u2013 Express (min. 90 km/h) nighttime services on\n        international routes which should offer a very high level of service and comfort.\n        [[Sleeping car|2 berth coupe]] and 4 berth coupe classes.\\n**''''''Night Express\n        (\\u041d\\u0415)'''''' (max. 70 km/h \\u2013 90 km/h) nighttime services\n        on international and domestic routes which should offer a heightened level\n        of service and comfort.  [[Sleeping car|2 berth coupe]], 4 berth coupe and\n        [[Couchette car|platskarta]] classes.\\n**''''''Night fast (\\u041d\\u0428)''''''\n        \\u2013 (max. 50 km/h \\u2013 70 km/h) nighttime services on international\n        and domestic routes which should offer a heightened level of service and comfort.\n        [[Sleeping car|2 berth coupe]], 4 berth coupe and [[Couchette car|platskarta]]\n        classes.\\n**''''''Night passenger (\\u041d\\u041f)'''''' (max. 50 km/h)\n        nighttime services on international and domestic routes which should offer\n        a heightened level of service and comfort. [[Sleeping car|4 berth coupe]]\n        and [[Couchette car|platskarta]] classes.\\n\\nThe advantages of the new classification\n        system include: full compliance with the classification of the European Union,\n        compliance with Ukrainian and English names and abbreviations, clarity for\n        customers, linguistic and semantic consistency and clarity for customers in\n        Ukraine and compatibility with existing and future tariff policy. The system\n        is also not far displaced from the previous classification system used for\n        passenger trains on the territory of Ukraine and therefore should not cause\n        major problems when introduced.\\n\\n==Gallery==\\n
\\n\\nImage:4kvr-40u-odessa.jpg|[[ChS4]]\n        and [[VL40U (locomotive)]] electric locomotives in [[Odesa]]\\n\\nImage:Locomotive\n        DS3-012 2012 G1.jpg|Electric locomotive [[DS3 (locomotive)|DS3-012]] in [[Vinnytsia]]\n        railway station.\\nImage:D1-608-02 Ukraine.jpg|A [[D1 multiple unit|D1]] diesel\n        multiple unit near [[Khust]].\\nImage:Chs8-14.jpg|The ''Capital Express'' branded\n        train, en- route [[Kiev]] \\u2013 [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\\nImage:EPL2T-031\n        Lviv 1.jpg|An [[EPL2T multiple unit]] electric multiple unit arrives in [[Lviv]]\\nImage:TrainD1-801.jpeg|A\n        D1 in [[Vorokhta]].\\nImage:Electric locomotive ChS2.jpg| Electric locomotive\n        \\u0427\\u04212-366 in [[Simferopol]].\\nImage:Ukrzalinytsia maintenance cars\n        in Kiev -2012 1.JPG|Ukrzalinytsia service cars in [[Kiev]].\\n\\n
\\n\\n==Ukrzaliznytsia\n        subsidiaries and partners==\\n\\n===Factories===\\n* [[Darnytsia Railway Station|Darnytsia\n        railcar maintenance shop]]\\n* Popasna railcar maintenance shop\\n* Stryi railcar\n        maintenance shop\\n* Hnivan factory of special reinforced concrete\\n* Korosten\n        factory of reinforced concrete railroad ties\\n* Kremechuk factory of reinforced\n        concrete railroad ties\\n* Starokostyantyniv factory of reinforced concrete\n        railroad ties\\n\\n===Producing companies===\\n* State company \\\"Ukrzaliznychpostach\\\"\\n*\n        State company \\\"Vinnytsiatransprylad\\\"\\n* Ukrainian state center of railroad\n        refrigerated transportation\\n* Ukrainian state center in exploitation of specialized\n        [[rolling stock]] \\\"Ukrspecrailcar\\\"\\n\\n===Others===\\n* Central station of\n        communication\\n* Donbasshlyakhpostach\\n* Main information-calculation center\\n*\n        Ukrainian state accounting center of international transportations\\n* State\n        company \\\"Ukrainian center of track works mechanization\\\"\\n* \\\"Lisky\\\"\\n*\n        Ukrainian center of passenger service (UTsOP)\\n* \\\"Ukrtransfarmatsia\\\"\\n\\n==Rail\n        links with adjacent countries==\\n* Same gauge:\\n** [[Belarusian Railway|Belarus]]\\n**\n        [[Rail transport in Russia|Russia]]\\n** [[Rail transport in Moldova|Moldova]]\\n*\n        [[break-of-gauge]]: {{track gauge|1520mm}}/{{track gauge|sg}}\\n** [[Rail transport\n        in Romania|Romania]]\\n** [[Rail transport in Hungary|Hungary]]\\n** [[Rail\n        transport in Poland|Poland]] (plus a broad gauge cross-border cargo line,\n        the [[Hrubiesz\\u00f3w\\u2013S\\u0142awk\\u00f3w Po\\u0142udniowy LHS railway|Linia\n        Hutnicza Szerokotorowa]])\\n** [[Rail transport in Slovakia|Slovakia]] (plus\n        a broad gauge cross-border cargo line, the [[Uzhhorod\\u2013Ko\\u0161ice broad-gauge\n        track]])\\n\\n==Education==\\nThe National Railway University in [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\n        currently has 10 faculties as well as a technical school, a business school\n        and branches in [[Odesa]] and [[Lviv]], 450 professors and 39 separate fields\n        of study related to Railway transport.\\n\\n==Directors==\\n;President\\n* 1991-1993\n        [[Borys Oliynyk (Ukrzaliznytsia)|Borys Oliynyk]]\\n;General director\\n* 1993-1997\n        [[Leonid Zheleznyak]]\\n* 1997-2000 [[Anatoliy Slobodyan]]\\n* 2000-2004 [[Heorhiy\n        Kirpa]]\\n* 2005-2005 [[Volodymyr Korniyenko]]\\n* 2005-2005 [[Zenko Aftanaziv]]\\n*\n        2005-2006 [[Vasyl Hladkikh]]\\n* 2006-2007 [[Volodymyr Kozak]]\\n* 2007-2007\n        [[Petro Naumenko]]\\n* 2007-2008 [[Vasyl Melnychuk (Ukrzaliznytsia)|Vasyl Melnychuk]]\\n*\n        2008-2011 [[Mykhailo Kostiuk]]\\n* 2011-2012 [[Volodymyr Kozak]]\\n* 2013-2014\n        [[Serhiy Bolobolin]]\\n* 2014-2014 [[Borys Ostapyuk]]\\n* 2014-2015 [[Maksym\n        Blank]] (acting)\\n* 2015-2015 [[Oleksandr Zavhorodniy]] (acting)\\n;Board director\\n*\n        2015-2016 [[Oleksandr Zavhorodniy]] (acting)\\n* 2016-2016 [[Yevhen Kravtsov]]\n        (acting)\\n* 2016-2016 [[Vitaliy Zhurakovskyi]] (acting)\\n* 2016-2017  [[Wojciech\n        Balczun]][http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/338838.html Cabinet\n        appoints Polish citizen Wojciech Balczun head of Ukrzaliznytsia], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (20 April 2016)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/one-of-poland-s-most-successful-transport-managers-to-chair-ukrainian-railways-629528.html\n        One of Poland''s most successful transport managers to chair Ukrainian Railways],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (12 April 2016)\\n* 2017-''''present''''\n        [[Yevhen Kravtsov]] (acting)[https://www.unian.info/economics/2073764-polands-balczun-sums-up-his-work-as-ukrzaliznytsia-ceo.html\n        Poland''s Balczun sums up his work as Ukrzaliznytsia CEO], [[UNIAN]] (9 August\n        2017)\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Transport in Ukraine#Railways|Transport in\n        Ukraine]]\\n* [[Railway electrification system]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Rail transport in Ukraine}}\\n* {{official\n        website|uz.gov.ua/en}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://booking.uz.gov.ua/|website=booking.uz.gov.ua|title=Online\n        ticket purchases|language=en}}\\n\\n{{Railways of Ukrzaliznytsia}}\\n{{Transportation\n        state administrations in Ukraine}}\\n{{National railway companies of Europe}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Railways| ]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Railway\n        companies established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Government agencies established\n        in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Government agencies disestablished in 2015]]\\n[[Category:Railway\n        companies of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Government-owned companies of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        brands]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T10:20:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":796477942,\"length\":21342,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Railways&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways\"},\"16369168\":{\"pageid\":16369168,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Red Cross Society\",\"index\":46,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-07T22:21:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Organization\\n|name         = Ukrainian Red Cross Society\\n|image        =\n        Ukrainian red cross symbol.png\\n|image_border =\\n|size         = 200px\\n|caption      =\\n|motto        =\\n|formation    =\n        October 28, 1992\\n|type         |status       = Foundation\\n|purpose      =\n        [[Humanitarian aid]]\\n|headquarters = [[Kiev]]\\n|region_served= Ukraine\\n|leader_title\n        = President\\n|leader_name  = Ivan Usichenko\\n|main_organ   = Board of Governors\\n|budget       =\n        US$12 million (2014)\\n|website      = [http://www.redcross.org.ua/ www.redcross.org.ua]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''Ukrainian\n        Red Cross Society'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430}}) is a [[non-profit]] humanitarian and\n        charitable association of [[Ukraine]]. It operates in disaster management,\n        health and care, [[Restoring Family Links|tracing]] service,''''Searching\n        for Lost Relatives, General information, Consulate General of Ukraine in San\n        Francisco'''' youth activities/volunteers, protection of human dignity.\\n\\nAmong\n        the main declared principles:\\n* [[Humanitarianism|Humanity]], preventing\n        and alleviating human suffering wherever it may be found,\\n* [[Impartiality]],\n        without discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or\n        political opinions,\\n* [[Neutrality (international relations)|Neutrality]],\\n*\n        [[Independence]],\\n* [[Volunteering|Voluntary]] Service,\\n* [[wikt:unity|Unity]],\n        there can be only one Red Cross or Red Crescent Society in any one country,\\n*\n        [[universality (philosophy)|Universality]], working worldwide.\\n\\n==Early\n        history==\\nThe Ukrainian Red Cross Society was established in April, 1918\n        in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help [[refugees]] and prisoners of\n        war, care of handicapped people, [[orphan]]ed children, fighting famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, [[hospital]]s and public canteens.\\n\\nFrom\n        the 1920s, when Ukrainian territory was integrated part of the Soviet Union,\n        and until 1992, the Ukrainian Red Cross functioned as a part of the Soviet\n        Red Cross.\\n\\n==During World War II==\\n\\nWhen the structure of the [[Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|UPA]] was unified in 1943, the Ukrainian Red Cross was re-established\n        as a separate body from the Soviet Red Cross. The service provided care for\n        the sick and wounded UPA soldiers, attracted well-qualified doctors, prepared\n        the supply and manufacture of medicine, equipped underground hospitals and\n        conducted training classes for new physicians and soldiers of the UPA and\n        prepared special medical manuals. Doctors worked in regional military hospitals\n        which treated the wounded who had suffered from the attacks of German, Soviet\n        or Polish punitive groups.\\n\\n==Present time==\\n[[File:Ukrainian Red Cross\n        Society volunteers administering first aid to a wounded Euromaidan protester.\n        Events of Jan 19, 2014-5.jpg|thumb|Volunteers administering first aid to a\n        wounded [[Euromaidan]] protester.]]\\nThe Red Cross law was passed by the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] in 1999.\\n\\nAt present, the Ukrainian Red Cross\n        involves more than 6.3 million of supporters and activists. Its Visiting Nurses\n        Service has 3200 qualified [[nurse]]s. The organization takes part in more\n        than 40 humanitarian programmes all over [[Ukraine]], which are mostly funded\n        by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimations, the\n        Society annually provides services to more than 105 000 of lonely elderly\n        people, about 23 000 of people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25 000 of war veterans, and more than 8 000 of adults handicapped\n        since childhood. The assistance for [[orphan]]ed and disabled children is\n        also rendered.''''\\\"\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0433\n        \\u0434\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c-\\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\\",\n        by Zoryan Onyshkevych, Ukrainewstand, February 2001, in Ukrainian''''\\n\\nUkrainian\n        Red Cross Society (since 1999) is a member of the [[International Red Cross\n        and Red Crescent Movement|International Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent\n        Societies]].\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.redcross.org.ua/index.php?idsdr=114\n        Ukrainian Red Cross Society]\\n\\n{{Red Cross Red Crescent Movement}}\\n\\n{{Commons\n        category|Ukrainian Red Cross}}\\n\\n[[Category:Red Cross and Red Crescent national\n        societies]]\\n[[Category:1918 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Organizations\n        established in 1918]]\\n[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in\n        Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Volunteering in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-06T17:40:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":789528606,\"length\":4523,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Red_Cross_Society\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Red_Cross_Society&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Red_Cross_Society\"},\"13799905\":{\"pageid\":13799905,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Republic Capella\",\"index\":50,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2013-05-28T04:03:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=February\n        2013}}\\n{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Republic\n        Capella'''''' (later known as the ''''''Ukrainian National Chorus'''''') was\n        a musical company during and after World War I which toured Europe and North\n        America with the intent to promote Ukrainian culture abroad. The main sponsor\n        of the Capella was [[Symon Petlura]].\\n\\n==Background==\\nDuring [[World War\n        I]], many events shook [[Eastern Europe]]. In [[Ukraine]], a new chance to\n        create an independent state presented itself. One of the key figures in this\n        period was [[Symon Petlura]]. Petlura thought that many people may want to\n        contribute to the promotion of [[Ukrainian culture]], and realized that not\n        everybody would be a good soldier. In order to include the greatest number\n        of people into the process of statehood, Petlura organized a series of cultural\n        programs, funded by the central [[Directorate of Ukraine]], to actively promote\n        Ukrainian culture abroad. One such initiative was the Ukrainian Republic Capella.\\n\\n==Beginning==\\nIn\n        January 1919, Petlura held a meeting with [[Oleksander Koshetz]] and [[Kyrylo\n        Stetsenko]] and presented the idea. Soon after this meeting, Oleksa Prykhodko\n        also joined the Capella as assistant director.\\n\\nThe situation of the Capella\n        was difficult in that the political situation in [[Kiev]] was unstable. Although\n        Koshetz and Stetsenko began work almost immediately, on January 26, 1919,\n        Koshetz was forced to leave Kiev before it was overrun by the [[bolsheviks]].\\n\\nThe\n        Capella eventually reunited in [[Kamyanets-Podilsky]], where the final preparations\n        were made.\\n\\n==First European Tour==\\nThe first tour of the Ukrainian Republic\n        Capella started on April 26, 1919 in [[Czechoslovakia]]. The first concert\n        was performed  on May 20, 1919. \\n\\nThe tour continued from Czechoslovakia\n        to [[Switzerland]], [[France]], [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[England]].\\n\\n==Second\n        European Tour==\\nEven though the Capella as a choir was receiving triumphant\n        reviews, personality conflicts between Koshetz and Prykhodko led to a split.\n        In the fall of 1920, Prykhodko and 20 members of the Capella returned to Czechoslovakia.\\nHowever,\n        Koshetz received further funding from Petlura, and Koshetz recruited [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland|Ukrainians]] living in [[Second Polish\n        Republic|Poland]] to the Capella.\\n\\nThe new Capella toured France, [[Spain]],\n        and Belgium.\\n\\n==Dissolution==\\nIn May 1921, Oleksander Koshetz announced\n        the dissolution of the Ukrainian Republic Capella.\\n\\nLater that year, Koshetz\n        and some other members of the Capella created the Ukrainian National Chorus.\n        \\n\\n==Legacy==\\nThe Ukrainian National Chorus, which toured the United States\n        and Canada between 1922 and 1926 is credited with introducing the Ukrainian\n        Christmas Carol \\\"Shchedryk\\\" - known as the \\\"[[Carol of the Bells]]\\\" in\n        English.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n*Klymkiw,\n        Walter, \\\"''''Olexander Koshetz Ukraine''s Great Choral Conductor''''\\\", [[Forum\n        (news website)|Forum]], Winter, 1986, pp 15-21\\n\\n[[Category:National choirs]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1919]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-30T10:27:50Z\",\"lastrevid\":557118554,\"length\":3315,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republic_Capella\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Republic_Capella&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republic_Capella\"},\"2016412\":{\"pageid\":2016412,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Republican Party\",\"index\":39,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T11:06:51Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Distinguish|Ukrainian\n        Republican Party (registered in 2006)|Ukrainian Republican Party \\\"Sobor\\\"}}\\n{{Expand\n        Ukrainian|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f|date=March 2017}}\\n{{Politics of Ukraine}}\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian Republican Party'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f}}; ''''Ukrajinska Respublikanska Partija'''')\n        was the first registered [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]] created on November\n        5, 1990{{uk icon}} [http://www.da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/805.htm\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f \\u201e\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u201c],\n        Database DATA by the Ministry of Justice of [[UkrSSR]].[http://www.minjust.gov.ua/0/499\n        List of registered parties in Ukraine] {{uk icon}} URP was founded earlier\n        that year in place of the [[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]] in April 1990. In April\n        2002 the party merged with the Ukrainian People''s Party \\\"Sobor\\\" as the\n        [[Ukrainian Republican Party \\\"Sobor\\\"]].\\n\\n==History==\\nNovember\n        1976 - Ukrainian community groups was established to promote the implementation\n        of the Helsinki agreements. Almost all members of this [[Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group]] where subsequently repressed, four of them ([[Vasyl Stus|V. Stus]],\n        Yu. Lytvyn, O. Tykhyi, V. Marchenko) died in Soviet camps.\\n\\nMarch 1988 -\n        Ukrainian Helsinki Union (UKhS) was formed. Since 1989, UKhS has moved to\n        open propaganda activity of promoting the independence of Ukraine.\\n\\nApril\n        29\\u201330, 1990 - Ukrainian Republican Party (URP) was established in the\n        place of the UKhS. The party was registered on November 5, 1990 by the Ministry\n        of Justice of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] as the first political party in Ukraine.\\n\\nA\n        1992 split in the party resulted in the creation of the rival [[Ukrainian\n        Conservative Republican Party]] (UKRP) led by [[Stepan Khmara]].Virtual\n        Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew\n        Wilson]], [[Yale University Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-09545-7}} (page 31)\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1994|1994 parliamentary elections]]\n        the URP core party obtained nine seats initially adding three more by the\n        end of the year.\\n\\nDuring the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1998]]\n        the party was part (together with [[Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists]] &\n        [[Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party]]) of the Election Bloc \\\"National\n        Front\\\" ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 \\u00ab\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u00bb}}) which won 2,71% of the national votes and 6 ([[Single-member district plurality|single-mandate]] [[constituency]])\n        seats.[https://books.google.com/books?id=LzChTG9xYJcC&pg=PA353\n        State-Building: A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, and Russia]\n        by [[Verena Fritz]], [[Central European University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|9637326995}}\n        (page 353){{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vd2002/webproc0v?kodvib=1&rejim=0\n        Results in consistencies], [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (1998)\n        In January 2001 the \\\"National Front\\\" parliamentary faction had grown to\n        17 deputies.\\n\\nAfter being part of the [[National Salvation\n        Committee]][http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/page/about About Tymoshenko],\n        Official website of [[Yulia Tymoshenko]][https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA4295\n        Europa World Year Book 2], [[Routledge]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-85743-255-8}},\n        page 4295 the party became part of the [[Yulia Tymoshenko Electoral\n        Bloc]] alliance during the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2002|Ukrainian\n        2002 parliamentary elections]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vd2002/webproc0v\n        \\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\\"],\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (December 22, 2001){{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2002/01/25/2986569/ \\u0412\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a \\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (January 25, 2002) On April 21, 2002 the party\n        merged with the Ukrainian People''s Party \\\"Sobor\\\" as the [[Ukrainian Republican\n        Party \\\"Sobor\\\"]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2002/04/21/2988348/\n        \\u0417\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f \\u0423\\u0420\\u041f \\u0456 \\\"\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\\":\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e - \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0457, \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        - \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\\u0448\\u0438\\u043d],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (April 21, 2002)\\n\\nIn May 2006 [[Levko Lukyanenko]]\n        tried to reestablish URP after URP Sobor switched to [[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s\n        Self-Defense Bloc]] from the [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]]; the new party became\n        to be known as the [[Ukrainian Republican Party (registered in 2006)|URP of\n        Lukyanenko]] and registered in 2006.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/91233/\n        Lukyanenko was elected leader of Ukrainian Republican Party], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 25, 2010){{Uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2010/11/25/5611959/\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044e],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (November 25, 2010){{uk icon}} [http://da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/938.htm\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f], Database DATA\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{People''s\n        Movement of Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian political parties}}\\n\\n[[Category:1990\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:2002 disestablishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Defunct\n        political parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political parties disestablished\n        in 2002]]\\n[[Category:Political parties established in 1990]]\\n[[Category:Pro-independence\n        parties in the Soviet Union]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T11:06:51Z\",\"lastrevid\":799057303,\"length\":5730,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Republican_Party&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party\"},\"29753355\":{\"pageid\":29753355,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Republican Party (registered in 2006)\",\"index\":49,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-16T16:44:53Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        now defunct party of the same name|Ukrainian Republican Party}}\\n{{Infobox\n        political party\\n| country       = Ukraine\\n|name = Ukrainian Republican Party\n        \\n|native_name = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f\\n|logo = [[Image:Ukrainian Republican\n        Party.jpg]]\\n| leader        = [[Levko Lukyanenko]]\\n| foundation    =\n        {{start date|2006|12|21|df=y}}\\n| ideology      = [[National\n        conservatism]]\\n| position      = [[Centre-right]]\\n| international = ''''None''''\n        \\n| european      = \\n| colours       = Blue\\n| colorcode     = Blue\\n| headquarters  =\n        [[Kiev]]\\n| seats1_title       = \\n| seats1             = \\n| website       =\n        [http://urp1990.com.ua/ urp1990.com.ua]\\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Republican\n        Party'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f}}; ''''Ukrajinska Respublikanska Partija'''')\n        is a [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]] registered in December 2006{{uk\n        icon}} [http://da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/938.htm \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f], Database DATA as Ukrainian Republican Party Lukyanenko ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430}}). The party is led by political veteran [[Levko Lukyanenko]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/91233/ Lukyanenko\n        was elected leader of Ukrainian Republican Party], [[Kyiv Post]] (November\n        25, 2010){{Uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2010/11/25/5611959/\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044e],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (November 25, 2010) The party did not participate\n        in the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|2007 parliamentary election]] as well as the [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] nationwide\n        proportional party-list system;{{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/wp400?PT001F01=900\n        Information on the registration of electoral lists of candidates], [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine]] instead three members of the party\n        tried to win a seat in three of the 225 local single-member districts.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?odnomandatniy_viborchiy_okrug_115&objectId=1263651\n        \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\n        \\u2116115], [[Zaxid.net]] (29 August 2012)
{{uk icon}} [http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?odnomandatniy_viborchiy_okrug_123&objectId=1263695\n        \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\n        \\u2116123], [[Zaxid.net]] (29 August 2012)
{{uk icon}} [http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?odnomandatniy_viborchiy_okrug_125&objectId=1263700\n        \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\n        \\u2116125], [[Zaxid.net]] (29 August 2012) None of the parties candidates\n        did win.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/results-of-the-vote-count-continuously-updated-315153.html\n        Results of the vote count], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 November 2012)\\n\\nThe party\n        did participate in the [[2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] in 5 single-member\n        districts; but again did not win seats.[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2014/wp501e?PT001F01=910\n        Alphabetical Index of parties in 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election], [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine]]\\n\\nThe party occupies a few seats in\n        local and [[Oblasts of Ukraine|provincial]] councils.{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2010/11/8/5552584/\n        Results of the 2010 local elections preliminary data on interactive maps]\n        by [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (November 8, 2010)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/01/28/6982356/\n        \\u041d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445 \\u0432\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\\"\\u0411\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\\" \\u0456\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\\"], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (28\n        January 2013)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*{{ua\n        icon}} [http://urp1990.com.ua/ Official website]\\n{{Ukrainian Political Parties}}\\n\\n[[Category:Conservative\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political parties established in 2006]]\\n[[Category:Nationalist\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-party-stub}}\\n\\n[[uk:\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f (2009)]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T14:57:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":765818160,\"length\":4315,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party_(registered_in_2006)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Republican_Party_(registered_in_2006)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party_(registered_in_2006)\"},\"29262070\":{\"pageid\":29262070,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Records Management\",\"index\":27,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-03T22:13:09Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=October\n        2010}}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\" cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" style=\\\"width:\n        250px; font-size: 90%; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float: right;\\\"\\n|+ style=\\\"margin-left:\n        inherit; font-size: large;\\\" |''''''URIAARK'''''' \\n|-\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" bgcolor=\\\"#efefef\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"|  \\n|-\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[Address (geography)|Address]]:||[[Street.\n        Solomianska|vul. Solomianska]],  24\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[Telephone]]s:||+38\n        (044) 275-13-74\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align:\n        top;\\\"\\n|[[Fax]]:||+38 (044) 275-13-74\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[E-mail]]:||undiasd@archives.gov.ua\\n|-\n        style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[Transport]]:||trolleybus \\u2116 3, 40 (stop\n        of trolleybus. \\\"Vulitsja Andrija Golovka\\\") \\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align:\n        top;\\\"\\n|[[Burn-time]]:||From Monday to Friday 9:00-18:00\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align:\n        top;\\\"\\n|Director:||Oleksandr Garanin \\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|}\\n\\n''''''The\n        Ukrainian Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Record Keeping (URIAARK)''''''\\n\\n==\n        Address ==\\n03110 \\u0433.[[\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432]],  [[Street. Solomianska|vul.\n        Solomianska]], 24\\n\\n== History of URIAARK ==\\n[http://www.archives.gov.ua/Archives/IASD/#Structure\n        The Ukrainian Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Record Keeping] is\n        a government budget research agency in a system of state archives of Ukraine\n        and is subordinated to the State Archival Service of Ukraine.\\n\\nThe main\n        objective of the institute is setting and solving scientific, theoretical,\n        normative and methodological problems connected with the development of Archival\n        Affairs and Record Keeping.\\n\\nInstitute began to function under orders from\n        Chief of Archival Administration under the Cabinet of Minister of Ukraine  November\n        1, 1994 number 45 an the basis of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of 24 December\n        1993 \\u2116 3815-XII \\u201cOn the Order of bringing into force the Law of\n        Ukraine \\u201cOn National Archival Fond and Archival Institutions\\u201d and\n        Resolution of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on 16 May 1994 \\u2116 311 \\u201cOn\n        founding in Kyiv the Ukrainian State Research Institute of Archival Affairs\n        and Record Keeping\\u201d. As in the institute were: department of archives\n        studies with archival history and theory of archives sectors, conservation\n        of documents, National archive fund formation, research and reference system\n        and accounting documents; records department; research and information department.\n        In 1998 to improve management institute and rational frame the  structure\n        has been reorganized as follows: department of history and theory of archives,\n        department of physical and chemical research, repartment of theory and technology\n        of national archive fund, department of scientific and help staff and accounting\n        documents, the department documentation, scientific information department\n        with  scientific and technical information sector. Since January 2002 the\n        current structure of the institute was established. In 2001 because of the\n        reorganization the name of the Institute the term \\\"State\\\" was removed.\\n\\nThe\n        first  appointed  director of  URIAARK was  V.P. Lyahotsky (candidate of historical\n        sciences). During 2001-2009 Matyash I.B.(professor, doctor of historical sciences);and\n        now Garanin O.Y. (candidate of historical sciences) holds the position of\n        director.\\n\\nIn April 2003, according to the order of Certifying Board of\n        the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine from 02.28.2003, the (protocol\n        number 112) in the institute is open department of postgraduate distance learning,\n        specialty 07.00.06 - historiography, and special historical disciplines, and\n        in November 2004 at the graduate specialty was opened 07.00.01 - History of\n        Ukraine (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine from 01.11.2004, \\u2116\n        834).For both specialties graduated seven students and continues to study\n        five graduate students.\\n\\nIn May 2003 under the Ministry of Education and\n        Science of Ukraine of May 22, 2003 \\u2116 265, according to the resolution\n        of the Presidium of the Supreme Attestation Commission of Ukraine on May 21,\n        2003 \\u2116 3-11/5 the Institute established a specialized academic council\n        K 26.864 .01 with the right of consideration and protection of theses for\n        the degree of candidate of historical sciences specialties: 07.00.06 - historiography,\n        and special historical disciplines, 27.00.02 - Documents and Archives. During\n        this period, Specialized Academic Council defended 44 thesis for the degree\n        of candidate of historical sciences.\\nThe Institute researchers conducted\n        more than 170 scientific and teaching materials including the manuals, guides,\n        industry and government standards, rules, orders, regulations, industry standards,\n        guidelines, analytical reviews and so forth.\\nTogether with the State Committee\n        on Archives of Ukraine, archival institutions, academic institutions and other\n        organizations 26 scientific conferences, readings, seminars, round tables\n        were conducted. Among them, the international scientific conference \\\"Ukrainian\n        Archives: Current Status and Perspectives,\\\" Archival and library science\n        in Ukraine struggle for liberation era (1917-1921 biennium), \\\"Archives -\n        part of information resources\\\", \\\"Archives and Area Studies: Ways of integration\\\",\n        \\\"Current state and prospects of Documentation\\\", \\\"Arhives Studies as science\\\"\n        and scientific and practical seminar on \\\"Archival ucrainica: search, registration\n        and acquisition of archives\\\".\\nInstitute launched Issue 5 periodicals and\n        publications, 2 of which (the annual \\\"Studies of Archives and Records\\\" and\n        archeographic annual \\\"Interests\\\") are included to scientific professional\n        publications in Ukraine, which can  publish results of dissertations for the\n        degree doctoral degrees.\\nAmong the Institute staff - 3 doctors and 16 candidates.\n        2 employees with academic rank of professor, 5 - Senior Scientist, 3 - Associate\n        Professor.\\n\\nThe staff of the Institute is noted by the Cabinet Council of\n        Ukraine and the Ukrainian Union of ethnographers Gratitude (2004). Employees\n        of the institute were awarded with certificates of honor and gratitude of\n        the State Committee on Archives of Ukraine, Ministry of Education and Science\n        of Ukraine, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine, Kyiv city and\n        Solomensky district administrations.\\n\\n== Structure of URIAARK ==\\n\\n* ''''''Department\n        of Archives Studies''''''\\n* ''''Sector of reference and accounting documents''''\\n*\n        ''''''Department of physical, chemical and biological researches''''''\\n*\n        ''''''Records management department''''''\\n* ''''''Research and information\n        department''''''\\n* ''''Sector of scientific and technical information''''\\n\\n==\n        Principal activities of URIAARK ==\\n\\n* development of theoretical and applied\n        problems of Archival Studies;\\n* regulatory, organizational, methodological\n        and information-analytical support of state archival institutions of the State\n        Committee on Archives of Ukraine;\\n* coordination of scientific activities\n        of the state archival institutions in Ukraine;\\n* international cooperation\n        with relevant institutions and organizations;\\n* training of scientific personnel\n        for the archival field;\\n* preparation of materials for production of periodic\n        and aperiodic publications of archive science and other special historical\n        science;\\n* conferences, symposia, seminars, including international;\\n* participation\n        in the formation and content of training and expertise of training professionals\n        in the field of archives, records and record keeping.\\n\\n== URIAARK Postgraduate\n        program ==\\n\\nSince February 28, 2003 in the Ukrainian Research Institute\n        Archives and Records opened postgraduate specialty 07.00.06 - historiography,\n        and special historical disciplines, and from November 1, 2004 opened a specialty\n        07.00.01 - History of Ukraine. Opening of the graduate program provides a\n        complete system of multilevel training of scientific personnel for the archival\n        field, qualitative growth of archival education in universities of different\n        levels of accreditation,supporting the state archival institutions with highly\n        qualified scientific personnel.\\nActivities are regulated by Regulations of\n        the postgraduate training of scientific and pedagogical staff (Cabinet Resolution\n        on 01.03.1999 \\u2116 309)\\nThe Institute has two departments - Archival Studies\n        and Documentation, Research is closely linked to sectors of the Postgraduate\n        program.\\n\\nScientific support training graduate students - are 6 Doctors\n        of History and 11 Candidates of Historical Sciences.\\nFor information on specialties\n        of postgraduate studies in the system of the State Committee of Ukraine there\n        are central, regional and city archives, which store important documents;\n        substantial assistance in the research provides a scientific reference library\n        CSA (Central State Archives) sector of Ukraine and Scientific and Technical\n        Information Institute, which serves as the Scientific Services Branch Technical\n        Information (SSBTI) for Archives and Records, the main task of which  is to\n        provide scientific and technical information of archival institutions in Ukraine.\\nTraining\n        graduate students at the graduate institute are: - the state order - at the\n        expense of the entities and individuals under contract - based on agreements\n        between the institute and archives.\\nCurrently (beginning of 2011) in graduate\n        study there are five graduate students: 2 - first year, 2 - third and 1 -\n        fourth year of study.\\nOf these, specialty 07.00.06 - historiography, and\n        special historical disciplines - 4 graduate and specialty 07.00.01 - History\n        of Ukraine - 1 graduate student.\\n\\n== International Relations of URIAARK\n        ==\\n\\nThe last decade of the Institute is marked with strengthening of creative\n        contacts with foreign colleagues: [http://www.vniidad.ru/news1/example.php#Structure\n        All-Russian Research Institute of Documentation and Archives], [http://belniidad.by#Structure\n        Belarusian Research Institute of Documentation and Archives].\\n\\nTrilateral\n        Ukrainian-Russian-Belarusian agreement on cooperation in the field of Archival\n        and Records was signed November 2, 1999 It became the subject of a full-scale\n        cooperation in the implementation of joint research projects, publishing collections\n        of documents and scientific publications, conducting scientific and practical\n        conferences, seminars, symposiums, mutual review of research works and theses,\n        information on routine work and activities (conferences, seminars, etc.),\n        exchange of bibliographic and reference information in the field of documentation\n        and archives, and also scientific and methodological developments in all areas.\\nThe\n        result of fruitful cooperation of The Institute with the Institute of History\n        and Archives of the Russian State Humanitarian University was the publication\n        in 2008, \\\"Ukrainian archival Encyclopedia (Ukrainian archival Encyclopedia\n        / State Committee of Ukraine. URIAR; Editorial: IB Matias (chairman) and others.,\n        K. , 2008. - c. 680). Its importance lies in the consolidation of achievements\n        of national archival science and determine its place among other branches\n        of historical science and related subjects, representing the historical experience\n        of Ukrainian archives and their prominent representatives clarify the role\n        of Ukraine in the world Archival space. This goal allows for release in the\n        last decade, science humanities from \\\"classic Soviet ideologies\\\", \\\"return\\\"\n        and the names of prominent Ukrainian archivists and promotes increased access\n        to archival information.\\nTogether with the Gomel State University named after\n        F. Skoryna under an agreement signed in 1999, prepared a collection of articles\n        and documents about the famous historian, archivists, teacher-MV Dovnar Zapolskiy\n        (\\u0414\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u0447\\u044b\\u043a \\u0433\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\\u0456\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0445 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u045e: \\u041c.\n        \\u0412. \\u0414\\u043e\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440-\\u0417\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456:\n        \\u0417\\u0431. \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u043a. \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430\\u045e\n        \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u045e / \\u0413\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436. \\u0443\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f \\u0424.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u044b; \\u0411\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436. \\u043f\\u0435\\u0434. \\u0456\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f\n        \\u0406. \\u041f\\u044f\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u045e\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430;\n        \\u0423\\u0414\\u041d\\u0414\\u0406\\u0410\\u0421\\u0414, \\u0420\\u0435\\u0447\\u044b\\u0446\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0432\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c;\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0434 \\u0440\\u044d\\u0434. \\u0412.\\u041c. \\u041b\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0439.\n        - \\u0413\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c; \\u0420\\u044d\\u0447\\u044b\\u0446\\u0430,\n        2000. - 293 \\u0441.); signed a bibliography and a register of archival collections\n        that contain documents about the life and career of MV-Zapolskogo Dovnar (\\u041c\\u0456\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447 \\u0414\\u043e\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440-\\u0417\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456:\n        \\u0411\\u0456\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f\\u0433\\u0440. \\u043f\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\\u043a\n        / \\u0413\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436.\n        \\u0443\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f \\u0424. \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u044b;\n        \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430-\\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u0447\\u044b\n        \\u0456\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u045e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u044b;\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u044b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u045e\n        \\u0420\\u044d\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u044c;\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436.\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430-\\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u0447\\u044b\n        \\u0456\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u044b\n        \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u045e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430;\n        \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436.\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0434. \\u0443\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f \\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u044d\\u043c\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0406. \\u0413. \\u041f\\u044f\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u045e\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430;\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434.: \\u0412. \\u041c. \\u041b\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u043a\\u0456\\u0440\\u0430\\u045e\\u043d\\u0456\\u043a), \\u0412. \\u0423. \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u043d,\n        \\u0422. \\u041c. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0447, \\u0406. \\u0411. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044f\\u0448,\n        \\u0420. \\u0423. \\u0420\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456,\n        \\u0421. \\u0421. \\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0456\\u043d. - \\u0412\\u044b\\u0434. 2-\\u0435, \\u0434\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432.\n        - \\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a, 2007. - 168 \\u0441.). Employees of the Institute\n        took part in Dovnarivsk Readings (Rechytsia, Belarus), and teachers of the\n        university - in scientific conferences held at the URIAR.\\n\\nIn order to further\n        development of Ukrainian-Canadian scientific and cultural relations in 2007\n        the Institute has signed a cooperation agreement with the Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. One of the articles of the agreement\n        provides for detection of archival documents in Canadian archives ukrainika\n        and preparation of joint publications in Ukrainian and English \\u201cArchive\n        Ukrainika in Canada. Guide\\u201d. In pursuance of that article of the contract\n        director of the Institute Professor. I. Matias monograph was prepared (Matias\n        I. Archival Ukrainika in Canada: Historiography, typology, content / Iryna\n        Matyas, State Committee of Ukraine, URIAR, NAS (National Academy of Sciences)\n        of Ukraine, Institute of Ukrainian Archeology and Source Studiesnamed after\n        M.S. Grushevsky, Canadian Institute for Ukrainian Studies at the University\n        of Alberta - K.: Horobets, 2008. - 152 p.: ill.).\\n2010 was published a comprehensive\n        guide about documents of Ukrainian cultural heritage and documents of foreign\n        origin connected with history of Ukraine and Ukrainians (archival Ukrainika);\n        the heritage had place in the archives, museums-archives and libraries of\n        Canada (state, private and public) (Archival Ukrainika in Canada: guide/ Eds.:\n        I. Matias (leader), R. Romanovsky, M. Kovtun etc.; State Committee of Ukraine,\n        Russian scientific-research Institute for Archives and Records, Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian  Studies in Alberta University. - K., 2010. - 882 p.).\\nThe guide\n        is the result of fruitful cooperation between scientists of the Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian Studies and the Ukrainian Research Institute Archives and Records\n        of the National Archives of Ukraine. The publication contains information\n        about the structure and contents of archival documents of Ukrainika, stored\n        in 57 archival institutions in Canada.\\nGuide also includes a bibliography\n        of archival Ukrainika of Canada, reference tools are index names and index\n        of institutions, organizations, churches. Launch will be held April 19, 2010\n        the Canadian Embassy in Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine). In the near future editions\n        will also be presented at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University\n        of Alberta (Edmonton, Canada).\\nEffectiveness of scientific cooperation URIAR\n        with foreign archival evidence and publishing institute. To spread scientific\n        ideas in the field of archives, the publication of research results in the\n        theory and methodology of Archival Studies, documentation, and special historical\n        disciplines, the publication of archival documents was established in 1996\n        academic edition UNDIASD \\\"Studies of Archives and Records, 1998 - archeographic\n        Yearbook \\\"Monuments\\\", 1999 - The interdepartmental scientific collection\n        of \\\"Archives Studies. Archeology. Chronology. \\\" Members of the editorial\n        boards of these publications are M.V. Larin, E.V. Starostin (Russian Federation),\n        A.E. Rybakov, S. Zhumar, M.F. Shumeyko (Belarus). In the yearbook, \\\"Studies\n        of Archives and Records\\\" special section devoted to the development of archives\n        in foreign countries, on the pages of periodicals Institute regularly publishes\n        articles by Russian, Belarusian, Polish, German, Canadian authors.\\n\\n== Print\n        media of URIAARK ==\\n\\n* Scientific annual of \\\"Studio from the archived business\n        and documentation\\\" (original name \\u2013 \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0437 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\u00bb)\\n*\n        Archaeography annual \\\"Sights\\\" (original name \\u2013 \\u00ab\\u041f\\u0430\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u0438\\u00bb)\\n*\n        Interdepartmental scientific collection \\\"Archives. Archaeography. Sources\\\"\n        (original name \\u2013 \\u00ab\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e.\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u044f. \\u0414\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u00bb)\\n*  Serial\n        edition \\\"Archived and bibliographic sources of the Ukrainian historical idea\\\"\n        (original name \\u2013 \\\"\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\\\")\\n*\n        Serial edition \\\"History of the archived business : remembrances, researches,\n        sources\\\" (original name \\u2013 \\\"\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438:\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f,\n        \\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\\")\\n* Bulletin of Branch service\n        of scientific and technical information from the archived business and documents\n        (original name \\u2013 \\u0411\\u044e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0437 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430)\\n\\n==\n        URIAARK communications with Mass Media ==\\n* The announcement of admission\n        to URIAARK graduate school was published in the newspaper \\\"Osvita Ukrainy\\\"\n        \\u2116 45-46 of 20.06.2011.\\n* During the V International conference of young\n        scientists \\\"History science at the beginning of 21st century: problems, past,\n        present and perspectives\\\" (Kherson, June 2\\u20133, 2011) director of the\n        Institute O. Garanin, taking part in the conference, gave an interview with\n        local television station \\\"Skifia\\\", which was issued on \\\"Tavria news,\\\"\n        June 9, 2011.\\n* Up to the Day of Science, May 21, 2011,  the interview of\n        O. Garanin, URIAARK director, entitled \\\"Reflection of the State\\\" was published\n        in the newspaper \\\"Osvita Ukrainy\\\" \\u2116 37-38 of 23.05.2011.\\n* The notice\n        about the signing of trilateral agreement on cooperation between the Belorussian\n        Research Institute of Records Management and Archival Affairs, the All-Russian\n        Research Institute of Records Management and Archival Affairs and the Ukrainian\n        Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Record Keeping within the framework\n        of the XVII International Scientific Conference \\\"Documentation in an Information\n        Society : International Experience in Documents Managing\\\". Posted on the\n        site \\\"Archivist Bulletin\\\" 5.5.2011.\\n* The announcement of the presentation\n        of methodical manual \\\"Examination of the value of administrative documents:\n        history, theory, methodology\\\" was issued on the pages of \\\"\\u0406storychna\n        Pravda\\\", 04.27.2011.\\n* April 21, 2011 O. Garanin, URIAARM director, took\n        part in a program \\\"The Evening Meetings\\\" on \\\"Culture\\\" radio channel.\\n\\n==\n        Leaders of URIAARK in the chronological order ==\\n\\n* ''''''Volodymyr Lyahockyy''''''\\n*\n        ''''''Iryna Matyash''''''\\n* ''''''Iryna Maga''''''\\n* ''''''Oleksandr Garanin''''''\\n\\n==\n        Reference to the sources ==\\n* \\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438:\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a. \\u0422.1. \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438/\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438. \\u0423\\u041d\\u0414\\u0406\\u0410\\u0421\\u0414;\\u0420\\u0435\\u0434\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b.:\\u0413.\\u0412.\\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u043a\n        (\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430), \\u0406.\\u0411.\\u041c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044f\\u0448,\n        \\u0413.\\u0412.,\\u0413.\\u0412.\\u041f\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d.-2-\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434.,\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f.-\\u041a.,2005.-692\\u0441.-(\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0437\\u0456\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438.\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0435\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438).\n        {{ISBN|966-625-029-2}}.\\n* [http://www.archives.gov.ua/Archives/IASD/#Structure\n        URIAARK]\\n\\n{{coord missing|Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Libraries in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Archives\n        in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:State Archive Service of Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-03T22:13:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":788856978,\"length\":19995,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Research_Institute_of_Archival_Affairs_and_Records_Management\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Research_Institute_of_Archival_Affairs_and_Records_Management&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Research_Institute_of_Archival_Affairs_and_Records_Management\"},\"13533457\":{\"pageid\":13533457,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        architecture\",\"index\":14,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-16T06:55:20Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Cleanup|date=March\n        2009}}\\n\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        architecture'''''' has initial roots in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]]\n        state of [[Kievan Rus'']]. After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]],\n        the distinct [[architectural history]] continued in the principalities of\n        [[Galicia-Volhynia]] and later in [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand Duchy of\n        Lithuania, Ruthenia and \\u017demaitia]]. During the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks]], a new style unique to [[Ukraine]] was developed under the western\n        influences of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\\n\\nAfter the union with\n        the [[Tsardom of Russia]], architecture in Ukraine began to develop in different\n        directions, with many structures in the larger eastern, Russian-ruled area\n        built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]] of that period, whilst the\n        western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was developed under [[Architecture\n        of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]]. In both cases producing\n        fine examples. Ukrainian\n        national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet Union]]\n        and in modern independent [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n== Medieval Rus'' (988\\u20131230)\n        ==\\n{{main|Architecture of Kievan Rus}}\\n[[Image:Maket Sofii.JPG|thumb|left|A\n        model of what the original [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev]] might have looked\n        like.]]\\n[[Image:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|thumb|right|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to 1030 (left), whilst the\n        nearby Cathedral of Boris and Gleb to 1123 (right).]]\\nThe medieval state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']] was the predecessor of modern states of [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]],\n        and [[Belarus]] and their respective cultures, including architecture.\\n\\nThe\n        great [[Architecture of Kievan Rus''|Church architecture]], built after the\n        [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption of Christianity]] in 988, were the first\n        examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural\n        style of the Kievan state, which quickly established itself, was strongly\n        influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern Orthodox]]\n        churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church becoming\n        known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small\n        domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of the\n        appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples of these\n        churches survive to this day. However, in the course of the 16th\\u201318th\n        centuries, many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style\n        (see below). Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St.\n        Sophia of Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation\n        laid, [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125,\n        and the [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], c. 12th century. All\n        can still be found in the Ukrainian capital.\\n\\nSeveral buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late 19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:Image:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        dismissed by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\\n\\nLittle\n        secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']] has survived.\\n\\n==\n        Cossack epoch ==\\n[[Image:\\u0422\\u0440\\u043e\\u0457\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Trinity\n        Cathedral of the [[Trinity Monastery (Chernihiv)]] built in 1679]]\\n[[Image:Hansaray1.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Bakhchisaray\n        Palace]]]]\\n{{Expand section|date=March 2008}}\\n=== Early Ukrainian Baroque\n        ===\\n\\n[[Ukrainian Baroque]] emerged during the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Hetmanate]]\n        era of the 17th-18th centuries. Ukrainian  Baroque architecture, representative\n        of [[cossack]] aristocracy,[http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Ukraine.html\n        Culture of Ukraine - History and ethnic relations, Urbanism, architecture,\n        and the use of space] is distinct from [[Western\n        Europe]]an [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] in that its designs were more\n        constructivist, had more moderate ornamentation, and were simpler in form.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/B/A/Baroque.htm\n        Baroque]\\n\\nDuring the 17th-18th centuries,\n        most medieval Rus'' churches were significantly redesigned and expanded. Additional\n        church domes and elaborate exterior and interior ornamentation were added.\\n\\nFamous\n        examples of Ukrainian Baroque architecture include the [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]]\n        complex, the [[Vydubychi Monastery]], and the [[Pochayiv Monastery]].\\n\\n*\n        Small Cossack churches\\n\\n=== Crimean Tatar architecture ===\\n\\nWhen [[Crimea]]\n        was ruled by the [[Crimean Khanate]], the period left several constructions\n        inspired by [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] motifs. The most famous was the\n        [[Bakhchisaray Palace]], designed by a combined effort of Persian, Turkish,\n        and Italian architects.\\n\\n=== Late Ukrainian Baroque ===\\n\\n* [[Saint Sophia\n        Cathedral in Kiev|Sophia Cathedral]] reconstruction\\n* [[Kiev Passenger Railway\n        Station]]\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n== Imperial period ==\\n[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434 \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mariyinsky Palace]]]]\\n[[Image:St.\n        Andriy''s Church in Kyiv.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Andrew''s Church of Kiev|St. Andrew''s\n        Church]], a famous 18th-century example of [[Baroque]] architecture.]]\\n{{Expand\n        section|date=March 2008}}\\n=== Russian Empire ===\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly\n        integrated into the [[Russian Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity\n        to realize their projects in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian\n        cities and regions offered. [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754),\n        built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]], is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture,\n        and its location on top of the Kievan mountain made it a recognizable monument\n        of the city. An equally notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky\n        Palace]], which was built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth\n        of Russia|Elizabeth]].\\n\\nDuring the reign of the last [[Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        the appointed ''''architect of [[Little Russia]],'''' [[Andrey Kvasov]].\\n\\nRussia,\n        winning successive wars over the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its vassal [[Crimean\n        Khanate]], eventually annexed the whole south of Ukraine and Crimea. Renamed\n        [[New Russia]], these lands were to be colonized, and new cities such as the\n        [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]], [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded.\n        These would contain notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        Vernacular Architecture ==\\nThe term ''''[[vernacular architecture]]'''' can\n        been used interchangeably with the terms ''''folk'''', ''''common'''', ''''native'''',\n        ''''traditional'''' and is usually placed at the other end of the spectrum\n        from professionally designed building by architects. The building knowledge\n        in vernacular architecture is based on local traditions and is thus based\n        largely upon knowledge handed down through the generations. Different regions\n        in Ukraine had their own distinctive style of vernacular architecture. For\n        example, in the [[Carpathian Mountains]] and the surrounding [[foothills]],\n        wood and clay are the primary traditional building materials.\\n\\nThe Museum\n        of Folk Architecture and Way of Life of Central [[Naddnipryanshchyna]] is\n        located in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]]. The open-air museum contains 13 theme\n        museums, 122 examples of national architecture, and over 30,000 historical\n        cultural objects. The Museum of Decorative Finishes is one of the featured\n        museums that preserves the handiwork of decorative architectural applications\n        in Ukrainian architecture.\\n{{Gallery\\n|title=\\n|width=200 | height=210 |\n        lines=4\\n|align=center\\n|File:\\u0416\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435_\\u0425\\u0406_\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430.jpg|House\n        from the 11th century\\n|File:\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f.jpg|Taras'' hut at [[Taras\n        Hill]]\\n|File:IMG 2622-1.JPG|Museum of Decorative Finishes in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]]\\n|File:2005-08-13\n        Pirogiv 228.JPG|[[Windmill]]\\n|File:\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|[[Hutsul]]\n        House\\n|File:Museum_of_Folk_Architecture_and_Ethnography_in_Pyrohiv_-_old_house_-_2388.jpg|[[Log\n        cabin]]\\n}}\\n\\n=== Galicia ===\\n\\n=== Carpathian wooden churches ===\\n{{further|Vernacular\n        architecture of the Carpathians}}\\n{{Gallery\\n|title=\\n|width=200 | height=210\n        | lines=4\\n|align=center\\n|File:Museum of Folk Architecture and Ethnography\n        in Pyrohiv 2310-1.jpg|Friday Church\\n|File:\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432\\u043a\\u0430,\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432. \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\n        2010 (5764).jpg|St. Paraskeva Church,, Zakarpattia Oblast\\n|File:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0410\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c.jpg|St.\n        Anna Kostel, [[Kovel]]\\n|File:St.Jura(002).jpg|[[St. George''s Church, Drohobych]]\\n|File:Zolkiew\n        Cerkiew Pr Trojce 02.jpg|[[Holy Trinity Church, Zhovkva]]\\n|File:Borochyche\n        Gorokhivskyi Volynska-Mykolaivska church-general view.jpg|Saint Nicholas Church\n        in Borochyche\\n}}\\n\\n== Architecture of late 19th and early 20th centuries\n        ==\\n\\n=== Eastern Ukraine ===\\n\\n* Ginzburg House\\n* [[House with Chimaeras]]\\n*\n        Russo-Byzantium in Ukraine ([[St Volodymyr''s Cathedral]])\\n=== Western Ukraine\n        ===\\n\\n* [[Old Town (Lviv)|Historic Centre of Lviv]] - UNESCO World Heritage\n        Site\\n* [[Chernivtsi University]] - UNESCO World Heritage Site\\n* [[Lviv Rail\n        Terminal]]\\n\\n{{Gallery\\n|title=\\n|width=200 | height=210 | lines=4\\n|align=center\\n|File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\\n|File:Massandra\n        Back.JPG|Massandra Palace\\n|File:St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|[[St\n        Volodymyr''s Cathedral]]\\n|File:Operniy-11.jpg|[[Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater]]\\n|File:\\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0433\\u0438 \\u0456 \\u0404\\u043b\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\n        5.jpg|[[Church of Sts. Olha and Elizabeth, Lviv]]\\n|File:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-2.JPG|[[House\n        with Chimaeras]]\\n|File:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0443\\u043b., 9-\\u0430 03.JPG|[[National Bank of Ukraine (building)|The\n        building of the National Bank of Ukraine]]\\n}}\\n\\n== Soviet Union ==\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[October Revolution]] and the [[Russian Civil War]] that [[Ukraine after\n        Russian Revolution|Ukraine was also involved in]], most of the Ukrainian territory\n        was incorporated into the new Communist [[Ukrainian SSR]]. For the first time,\n        Ukrainians, as a nation became a recognized nationality, and as a result great\n        efforts were undertaken to develop a separate Ukrainian architectural style.\\n\\n===\n        Capital: Kharkiv (1917\\u20131934) ===\\n\\n[[Image:Kharkov Freedom Square.jpg|thumb|225px|The\n        massive [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom square in Kharkiv]] 1925\\u20131953\n        blends early constructivist and latter [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        features]]. It was the first major architectural project of [[Soviet Ukraine]].]]\\n\\nDuring\n        the early years of the Soviet rule, the [[Ukrainization]] policies, meant\n        that many Ukrainian architects were encouraged to use national motives unique\n        to Ukraine. At the same time, architecture became standardised, all cities\n        received general development plans to which they would be built. The national\n        motives were, however, not taken up as the new architectural fashion for the\n        new government became [[Constructivist architecture|Constructivism]].\\n\\nIn\n        Soviet Ukraine, for the first 15 years, the capital was the eastern city of\n        [[Kharkiv]]. Immediately a major project was developed to \\\"destroy\\\" its\n        burgious-capitalist face and create a new Socialist one. A talented young\n        architect [[Viktor Trotsenko]], proposed a large central square with large\n        modern buildings to become the central hub of the capital. Thus the [[Freedom\n        Square, Kharkiv|Dzerzhinsky Square]] (now Freedom Square) was born, which\n        would become the most brilliant example of constructivist architecture in\n        the USSR and abroad. Enclosing a total of 11.6 [[hectares|ha]],{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25 \\\"Our Kharkiv\\\"] unofficial website\n        it is currently the third largest square in the world to date.\\n\\nOf all,\n        the most famous was the massive [[Gosprom]] building (1925\\u20131928), which\n        would become a symbol of not only Kharkiv, but Constructivism in general.\n        Built by architects Sergei Serafimov, S. Kravets and M. Felger, and only in\n        three years it would become the highest structure in Europe, and its unique\n        feature lies in the symmetry which can only be felt at one point, in the centre\n        of the square. As a tribute to the engineering design by Kharkiv''s Technical\n        University, none of the attempts to blow the building during the [[World War\n        II|Second World War]] were successful, and it still remains the symbol of\n        Kharkiv today.\\n\\nOther examples on the square, however, were less fortunate.\n        Such was the fate of the House of Projects (presently the [[Kharkiv University]]),\n        which again was designed by Serafimov, built to symmetrise the Gosprom on\n        the square''s curvature, it too was a monumental achievement of constructivism.\n        However, during the war it was seriously damaged and was rebuilt in a semi-Stalinist\n        style that left little of the original building intact.[http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]\\n\\n=== Capital: Kiev (1934\\u20131991) ===\\n\\n[[Image:Foreign\n        Ministery.jpg|thumb|225px|The current Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,\n        built as part of a government complex, to be located on the territory of the\n        former [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]]. Only one of the buildings\n        was constructed (''''pictured'''').]]\\n\\nIn 1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine\n        moved to [[Kiev]]. During the preceding years, the city was seen as only a\n        regional centre, and hence received little attention. All of that was to change,\n        but at a great price. By this point, the first examples of [[Stalinist architecture]]\n        were already showing and in light of the official policy, a new city was to\n        be built on top of the old one. This meant that priceless examples such as\n        the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed. Even the St.\n        Sophia Cathedral was under threat.\\n\\nHowever, the [[World War II|Second World\n        War]] did not see the project realised. The surviving pre-war Kievan constructions\n        include the Building of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of\n        Ukraine]] (presently occupied by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Built by\n        architect, only the northern wing was completed, the identical and symmetrical\n        southern wing to be built on the place of the destroyed monastery to house\n        the Rada of Ministers was never completed.{{cite book | first=Titus D.\n        | last=Hewryk | year=1982 | title=The Lost Architecture of Kiev | publisher=The\n        Ukrainian Museum | location=New York | id=ASIN: B0006E9KPQ |pages=15}} (''''Out\n        of print'''') The other example is the [[Verkhovna Rada building]] built\n        in 1936-38 by architect Volodymyr Zabolotny.\\n\\nFollowing the heavy destruction\n        of the Second World War, a new project for the reconstruction of central Kiev\n        was unveiled. This transformed the [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into one of the\n        finest examples of [[Stalinist Architecture|Stalinism in Architecture]]. A\n        total of individual 22 projects were drawn up, when the initial competition\n        began in 1944, none of which was realised due to extensive critique and finally\n        in 1948 ''''KyivProekt'''' institute submitted its final version, headed by\n        architects A. Vlasov and from 1949 [[Anatoly Dobrovolsky]]. For the next two\n        decades, this figure would dominate all of the major projects in the capital.\\n\\n{{Gallery|title=Central\n        Kiev Reconstruction Projects|width=180|height=120|lines=1|align=center\\n|File:Kievplan2.jpg|Rejected\n        project\\n|File:Kievplan1.jpg|Another rejected project\\n|File:Kievfinalised\n        plan.jpg|Final project\\n}}\\n\\nDespite an enthusiastic start which saw most\n        of the buildings such as the Post Office, [[Kyivrada|City Council]], the elegant\n        white portico [[Kiev Conservatory|Conservatory]], and the first buildings\n        of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Kalinina Square]], which were completed by 1955,\n        the new politics of architecture once again promptly stopped the project from\n        fully being realised. None of the examples, however, share the fate of [[Hotel\n        Ukrayina]] that was to top the square as an elegant  high-rise built similar\n        to the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Moscow''s Seven Sisters]] buildings, was stripped\n        of all decorative features and completed in what could only be described as\n        an ''''ugly'''' style.\\n\\n=== Other examples in Soviet Ukraine ===\\n\\n[http://www.interesniy.kiev.ua/old/history/sovetskiy_kiev/8991]\\n\\n*\n        Reconstruction of Kharkiv\\n* Capital move to Kiev\\n* [[DnieproGES]]\\n\\n===\n        Stalinist period ===\\n\\n* Reconstruction of central Kiev\\n\\n=== Post-Stalinist\n        period ===\\n\\n* Urban General plans\\n* [[Palace of Sports (Kiev)|Kiev Palace\n        of Sports]], [[Palace \\\"Ukrayina\\\"]]\\n\\n== Modern Ukraine ==\\n[[File:1201044\n        original (1).jpg|thumb|Residential buildings in [[Dnipropetrovsk]]]]\\nThe\n        language of modern architecture becomes more global and pluralistic in its\n        artistic direction. At the same time, a significant role play new creative\n        quests of progressive leanings, principles and approaches to solve the composition\n        of the architectural form and style.\\n\\nIn the works of the Kiev school of\n        Ukrainian architects, [[Postmodern architecture|postmodernism]] and [[High-tech\n        architecture|high-tech]] tendencies can be increasingly found. This is a reflection\n        of the globalization''s reach across the world of architecture.\\n\\nThe task\n        for modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment.\\n\\nGood examples of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        include the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in\n        central Kiev, despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the\n        engineers were able to blend together the uneven landscape and also use underground\n        space to set a new shopping centre.\\n\\nThe major project that will take up\n        most of the 21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the\n        [[Rybalskyi Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense [[skyscraper]]\n        park amid the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/gradsovet_05_12_07.html|title=Project of reconstruction\n        of the Rybalskyi Peninsula|work=archunion.com.ua|date=December 5, 2005|language=Russian}}\\n\\n==\n        Specific examples ==\\n\\n=== Metro ===\\n[[File:Zoloti Vorota metro station\n        Kiev 2010 01.jpg|thumb|[[Zoloti Vorota (Kiev Metro)]]]]\\nDuring the Soviet\n        Period, [[Rapid transit|Metro]] stations were decorated with particularly\n        vivid designs. The first three stations that were built by Ukrainian architects,\n        were not actually located in Ukraine. Nonetheless, all three of them are considered\n        to be the most iconic constructions ever achieved in history of underground\n        construction. They are all known under one name Kievskaya, and are located\n        on the [[Moscow Metro]] under the [[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]].\\n\\nIn 1949 construction\n        began on the first stage of the [[Kiev Metro]], which opened in 1960. All\n        of the stations there are considered as monuments of architecture, due to\n        their unique authentic character, that latter stations of the 1960s would\n        lose in face of changing policy towards utilitarianism.\\n\\n\\nIn 1967 construction began on the first stage\n        of the [[Kharkiv Metro]], which opened in 1975, this was soon joined by the\n        semi-Metro [[Kryvyi Rih Metrotram]] in 1986 and the [[Dnipropetrovsk Metro]]\n        in 1995. Stations built in these systems, like most others in the former Soviet\n        Union, have.\\n\\n== Seven wonders of Ukraine ==\\n{{main|Seven Wonders of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044f.jpg|thumb|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] - one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine]]\\nOn August 24, 2007, the\n        seven wonders of Ukraine were announced. The initiator of this project is\n        the people''s representative to Supreme Council, [[Mykola Tomenko]]. The main\n        goal of this enterprise is to direct the attention of the mass media and the\n        citizens of the country to the most popular historical and cultural memorials\n        of Ukraine.\\n\\nThe ''''seven wonders of Ukraine'''' is a logical extension\n        of the set of projects under the motto ''''Discover Ukraine!'''' that have\n        taken place with the purpose to help discover Ukraine with its irreplaceable\n        scenic sights, an interesting history, and rich recreational opportunities.\\n\\nIn\n        2008, another project took place under the name ''''Seven natural wonders\n        of Ukraine''''. It is a second stage of the main project ''''Seven wonders\n        of Ukraine'''' which was primarily aimed at historical, cultural, and architectural\n        sightings of the country. The second stage will identify the main geological\n        objects such as rocks, mountain ridges, caves, lakes, rivers, natural woodlands.\\n\\nThis\n        project as its predecessor also has three stages. First, after each Oblast\n        introduces its nominees, 100 of those will move to the next stage. In the\n        next three months, 21 winners of those hundred will be chosen for the final\n        stage. And by the Independence Day, August 24, the final seven will be introduced\n        to the public. The project is organized by the following institutions: the\n        National Touristic Service of Ukraine, the Congressional Committee of youth\n        policies, sport, and tourism, the national radio company of Ukraine, the ICTV\n        telecompany, magazine ''''Mandry'''', and many others.\\n\\n== See also ==\\n\\n*\n        [[Architecture of Kievan Rus]]\\n* [[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in\n        Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of historic reserves in Ukraine]]\\n* [[Vernacular architecture\n        of the Carpathians]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links\n        ==\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/28981265@N08/galleries/72157622618646833/\n        Ukrainian Architecture Gallery] {{en icon}}\\n* [http://litopys.org.ua/cultur/cult17.htm\n        Sichynskyi''s \\\"Ukrainian Architecture\\\"] {{uk icon}}\\n* [http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/ua/publication/content/297.htm\n        Ministry of Foreign Affairs \\\"Ukrainian Architecture] {{uk icon}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine\n        topics}}\\n{{Architecture of Europe}}\\n{{Archhistory}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Architecture}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian architecture| 01]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        design|Architecture]]\\n[[Category:European architecture|Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        art|Architecture]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T06:55:20Z\",\"lastrevid\":795751112,\"length\":23023,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_architecture&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture\"},\"44146526\":{\"pageid\":44146526,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        crisis\",\"index\":8,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-02T23:24:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{EngvarB|date=December\n        2014}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Ukrainian crisis}}\\n{{Campaignbox\n        Ukrainian crisis}}\\n\\nA prolonged ''''''crisis in [[Ukraine]]'''''' began\n        on 21 November 2013, when then-president [[Viktor Yanukovych]] suspended preparations\n        for the implementation of [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union Association Agreement|an\n        association agreement]] with the [[European Union]]. This decision resulted\n        in mass protests by its proponents, known as the \\\"[[Euromaidan]]\\\". After\n        months of such protests, Yanukovych [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|was ousted]]\n        by the protesters on 22 February 2014, when he fled the Ukrainian capital\n        city of [[Kiev]]. Following his ousting, [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|unrest\n        enveloped]] the largely [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russophone]] [[Eastern\n        Ukraine|eastern]] and [[Southern Ukraine|southern]] regions of Ukraine, from\n        where he had drawn most of his support. An ensuing political crisis and [[Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)|Russian military intervention]]\n        in the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Ukrainian autonomous region]] of [[Crimea]]\n        resulted in the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] on 18 March 2014. Subsequently, unrest in [[Donetsk\n        Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]] oblasts of Ukraine evolved\n        into a [[war in Donbass]] between the post-revolutionary Ukrainian government\n        and pro-Russian insurgents, supported and often assisted by the Russian military\n        and special forces.\\n\\n==Euromaidan and revolution==\\n{{main article|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\nUkraine became gripped by unrest when [[President\n        of Ukraine|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] refused to sign [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement|an association agreement with the European Union]]\n        on 21 November 2013.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} An organised political movement\n        known as ''[[Euromaidan]]'' demanded closer ties with the [[European Union]],\n        and the ousting of Yanukovych.{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        | archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140420012605/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        | archivedate=2014-04-20 | title=Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise\n        | agency=Reuters | date=12 December 2013 | accessdate=10 April 2014 | author=Balmforth,\n        Richard}} This movement was ultimately successful, culminating in the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|February 2014 revolution]], which removed Yanukovych\n        and [[Second Azarov Government|his government]].{{cite\n        news | url=http://www.rferl.org/content/protesters-police-tense-standoff-ukraine/25241945.html\n        | title=Ukraine Opposition Vows To Continue Struggle After Yanukovych Offer\n        |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=25 January 2014 | accessdate=10\n        April 2014}}\\n\\n==Post-revolution unrest==\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian\n        unrest in Ukraine}}\\nFollowing flight of President Yanukovych on 23 February\n        2014, protests by pro-Russian and anti-revolution activists began in the largely\n        [[Russophone]] region of [[Crimea]].{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-secession-russian-crimea|title=Ukraine\n        crisis fuels secession calls in pro-Russian south|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=24\n        February 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-secession-russian-crimea|archivedate=24\n        February 2014}} These were followed by demonstrations in cities across\n        [[Eastern Ukraine|eastern]] and [[Southern Ukraine|southern]] Ukraine, including\n        [[Donetsk]], [[Luhansk]], [[Kharkiv]], and [[Odessa]].\\n\\n===Russian annexation\n        of Crimea===\\n{{main article|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation}}\\nStarting\n        on 26 February 2014, pro-Russian armed men gradually began to take over the\n        peninsula, provoking protests.{{cite news| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/world/europe/crimea-ukraine.html\n        |title=Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea|work=The New York Times|date=\n        27 February 2014|accessdate= 1 March 2014 |quote = Masked men with guns seized\n        government buildings in the capital of Ukraine''s Crimea region on Thursday,\n        barricading themselves inside and raising the Russian flag after mysterious\n        overnight raids that appeared to be the work of militant Russian nationalists\n        who want this volatile Black Sea region ruled from Moscow.}} Russia\n        initially said that these uniformed militants, termed \\\"[[Little green men\n        (GRU)|little green men]]\\\" in Ukraine, were \\\"local self-defence forces\\\".{{cite news | url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2014/02/01/5-things-you-should-know-about-crisis-in-ukraine/\n        | title=A Look Back At How The Ukraine Crisis Erupted And What To Expect In\n        2015 | work=Forbes | date=13 December 2014 | accessdate=13 December 2014}}\n        However, they later admitted that these were in fact Russian soldiers without\n        insignias, confirming on-the-ground reports of a Russian incursion into Ukraine.{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/04/17/vladimir-putin-admits-for-first-time-russian-troops-took-over-crimea-refuses-to-rule-out-intervention-in-donetsk/|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140419062027/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/04/17/vladimir-putin-admits-for-first-time-russian-troops-took-over-crimea-refuses-to-rule-out-intervention-in-donetsk/|archivedate=2014-04-19|title=Vladimir\n        Putin admits for first time Russian troops took over Crimea, refuses to rule\n        out intervention in Donetsk|last=Karmanau|first=Yuras|author2=Vladimir Isachenkov|date=17\n        April 2014|work=National Post|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=10 May 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/warning-shots-end-osce-crimea-entry-bid-20143815135639790.html\n        |title=Warning shots end OSCE Crimea entry bid \\u2013 Europe |publisher=Al\n        Jazeera |accessdate=11 March 2014}}{{cite web|last=Jones\n        |first=Sam |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a701f3e8-a527-11e3-8988-00144feab7de.html\n        |title=US scorns Russia''s version of Crimean intervention |work=Financial\n        Times |date=21 February 2014}}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/12/us-ukraine-crisis-osce-idUSBREA2B1C120140312|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140312184949/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/12/us-ukraine-crisis-osce-idUSBREA2B1C120140312|archivedate=2014-03-12\n        |title=OSCE team say Crimea roadblock gunmen threatened to shoot at them |agency=Reuters\n        |accessdate=14 March 2014}}{{cite news|first1=Alissa|last1=de\n        Carbonnel|author2=Alessandra Prentice|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/28/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140228|title=Armed\n        men seize two airports in Ukraine''s Crimea, Yanukovich reappears|agency=Reuters|date=28\n        February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228160327/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/28/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140228|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}}{{cite news|first1=Lidia|last1=Kelly|author2=Pavel\n        Polityuk|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/01/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140301|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140616051350/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/01/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140301|archivedate=2014-06-16|title=Putin\n        ready to invade Ukraine; Kiev warns of war|agency=Reuters|date=1 March 2014|accessdate=8\n        September 2016}}{{cite news|last=Finley|first=J.\n        C.|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2014/02/28/Telecom-services-sabotaged-in-Ukraines-Crimea-region/7611393621345/|title=Telecom\n        services sabotaged in Ukraine''s Crimea region|agency=United Press International|date=28\n        February 2014|accessdate=8 September 2016}} By 27 February, the [[Building\n        of the Supreme Council of Crimea|Crimean parliament building]] had been seized\n        by Russian forces. Russian flags were raised over these buildings, and a self-declared\n        pro-Russian government said that it would hold [[Crimean status referendum,\n        2014|a referendum]] on independence from Ukraine.{{cite\n        news | url = http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-crimea-referendum-date-20140301,0,2305350.story\n        | archiveurl = https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140301134552/http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-crimea-referendum-date-20140301,0,2305350.story\n        | archivedate = 2014-03-01 | title = New Crimea leaders move up referendum\n        date |work= The [[Los Angeles Times]]| first =Sergei L | last = Loiko| date=1\n        March 2014 |accessdate= 3 March 2014| quote= Kiev, Ukraine \\u2013 Crimea''s\n        new pro-Moscow premier, Sergei Aksenov, moved the date of the peninsula''s\n        status referendum to March 30. On Thursday, the Crimean parliament, which\n        appointed Aksenov, had called for a referendum on May 25, the date also set\n        for the urgent presidential election in Ukraine.}} Following that internationally\n        unrecognised referendum, which was held on 16 March 2014, Russia [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] Crimea on 18 March 2014.\\n\\n===War\n        in Donbass===\\n{{main article|War in Donbass|Russian military intervention\n        in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n[[File:Lysychansk 16.jpg|thumb|Damaged building\n        in [[Lysychansk]], 4 August 2014]]\\nFrom the beginning of March 2014, demonstrations\n        by [[Russophilia|pro-Russian]] and anti-government groups took place in the\n        [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]] oblasts of Ukraine,\n        together commonly called the \\\"Donbass\\\", in the aftermath of the [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution]] and the [[Euromaidan]] movement. These demonstrations, which\n        followed the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]], and which\n        were part of a wider group of [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|concurrent\n        pro-Russian protests across southern and eastern Ukraine]], escalated into\n        an [[War|armed conflict]] between the [[Separatism|separatist forces]] of\n        the self-declared [[Donetsk People''s Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People''s\n        Republic|Luhansk]] People''s Republics (DPR and LPR respectively), and the\n        [[Government of Ukraine|Ukrainian government]].{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html|title=Armed\n        pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=12 April 2014|last=Grytsenko|first=Oksana|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140412131249/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html|archivedate=12\n        April 2014}}{{cite news|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-special-forces-sent-eastern-city-retake-buildings-082049113.html|title=Ukraine\n        to deploy troops to quash pro-Russian insurgency in the east|work=Yahoo News\n        Canada|date=14 April 2014|agency=Associated Press|last=Leonard|first=Peter|accessdate=26\n        October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414125950/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-special-forces-sent-eastern-city-retake-buildings-082049113.html|archivedate=14\n        April 2014}} Prior to a change of the top leadership in August 2014,[http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42756&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=27&cHash=d9a2b36398fb823841ea5b668577feca#.U-8Yxdr3-yw\n        Strelkov/Girkin Demoted, Transnistrian Siloviki Strengthened in ''Donetsk\n        People''s Republic''], [[Vladimir Socor]], [[Jamestown Foundation]], 15 August\n        2014 the separatists were largely led by Russian citizens.{{cite\n        news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/27/us-ukraine-crisis-rebels-insight-idUSKBN0FW07020140727\n        |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140728013327/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/27/us-ukraine-crisis-rebels-insight-idUSKBN0FW07020140727\n        |archivedate=2014-07-28 |title=Pushing locals aside, Russians take top rebel\n        posts in east Ukraine |agency=Reuters |date=27 July 2014 |accessdate=27 July\n        2014}} Russian paramilitaries are reported to make up from 15% to 80%\n        of the combatants.{{cite web|url=http://rumedia.biz/item/3037|script-title=ru:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\u0414\\u041d\\u0420 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0432 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438|trans-title=DPR\n        representative revealed the percentage of Russian volunteers in the local\n        army|language=ru|publisher=rumedia.biz|date=27 June 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015164343/http://rumedia.biz/item/3037|archivedate=15\n        October 2014}}{{cite web|url=https://m.censor.net.ua/resonance/295448/rossiyiskiyi_naemnik_polovina_opolchentsev_iz_rossii_mne_pomogayut_sponsory_my_vozmem_lvov\n        |title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a:\n        \\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        - \\u0418\\u0437 \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043d\\u0435 \\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b. \\u041c\\u044b \\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u041b\\u044c\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\\" |publisher=M.censor.net.ua |date=26 July\n        2014 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}{{cite web|title=Interview: I\n        Was A Separatist Fighter In Ukraine|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-i-was-a-separatist-fighter/25455466.html|accessdate=29\n        August 2014|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}{{cite news|title=Whisked\n        Away for Tea With a Rebel in Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/world/europe/whisked-away-for-tea-with-a-rebel-in-ukraine.html?_r=1|accessdate=29\n        August 2014|work=The New York Times}}\\n\\nBetween 22 and 25 August 2014,\n        Russian artillery, personnel, and what Russia called a \\\"humanitarian convoy\\\"\n        were reported to have crossed the border into Ukrainian territory without\n        the permission of the Ukrainian government. Crossings were reported to have\n        occurred both in areas under the control of pro-Russian forces and areas that\n        were not under their control, such as the south-eastern part of [[Donetsk\n        Oblast]], near [[Novoazovsk]]. These events followed the reported shelling\n        of Ukrainian positions from the Russian side of the border over the course\n        of the preceding month.{{cite\n        news|first=Michael R.|last=Gordon|author-link=Michael R. Gordon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/world/europe/russia-moves-artillery-units-into-ukraine-nato-says.html|title=Russia\n        Moves Artillery Units Into Ukraine, NATO Says|publisher=New York Times|date=22\n        August 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20141015060355/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/world/europe/russia-moves-artillery-units-into-ukraine-nato-says.html|archivedate=15\n        October 2014}}{{cite\n        news|first=Denver|last=Nicks|url=http://time.com/3160900/nato-russia-artillery-ukraine/|title=NATO:\n        Russia Artillery Fires on Ukraine Forces|publisher=Time|date=22 August 2014|accessdate=8\n        September 2016}}{{cite\n        news|last=Heintz|first=Jim|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-plans-billion-boost-defense-spending-25102664|title=Ukraine:\n        Russian Tank Column Enters Southeast|publisher=ABC News|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=25 August 2014|accessdate=26 August 2014|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140825144115/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-plans-billion-boost-defense-spending-25102664|archivedate=25\n        August 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28924945\n        |title=Ukraine crisis: ''Column from Russia'' crosses border |publisher=BBC\n        |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}{{cite\n        news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/europe/ukraine-russia-novoazovsk-crimea.html\n        | title=Ukraine Reports Russian Invasion on a New Front | work=The New York\n        Times | date=27 August 2014 | accessdate=27 August 2014}} [[Head of\n        the Security Service of Ukraine]] [[Valentyn Nalyvaichenko]] said that the\n        events of 22 August were a \\\"direct invasion by Russia of Ukraine\\\".{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/22/us-ukraine-crisis-aid-convoy-idUSKBN0GM0IS20140822|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140822150641/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/22/us-ukraine-crisis-aid-convoy-idUSKBN0GM0IS20140822|archivedate=2014-08-22|title=Ukraine\n        accuses Russia of invasion after aid convoy crosses border|agency=Reuters|date=22\n        August 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014}} Western and Ukrainian officials\n        described these events as a \\\"stealth invasion\\\" of Ukraine by Russia. As a result of this, DPR and LPR insurgents regained\n        much of the territory they had lost during the preceding government military\n        offensive. A deal to establish a ceasefire, called the [[Minsk Protocol]],\n        was signed on 5 September 2014.{{cite news | url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29082574\n        | title= Ukraine and pro-Russia rebels sign ceasefire deal | publisher= BBC\n        News | date= 5 September 2014 | accessdate= 5 September 2014}}\\n Violations\n        of the ceasefire were common. Amidst the solidification of the line between\n        insurgent and Ukrainian territory during the ceasefire, [[warlord]]s took\n        control of swathes of land on the insurgent side, leading to further destabilisation.{{cite\n        news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraine-rebels-disunited-front-run-warlords-124041693.html?ref=gs|title=Ukraine\n        rebels a disunited front run by warlords|agency=Associated Press |date=10\n        November 2014  |accessdate=10 November 2014}} The ceasefire completely\n        collapsed in January 2015. Heavy fighting resumed across the conflict zone,\n        including at [[Second Battle of Donetsk Airport|Donetsk International Airport]]\n        and [[Battle of Debaltseve|Debaltseve]].{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/ukraine-peace-talks-collapse-over-ceasefire-as-fighting-rages/news-story/e6a2f46450084cf19c1e5fea4e99b89a\n        | title=Ukraine peace talks collapse over ceasefire as fighting rages | work=The\n        Australian | date=1 February 2015 | agency=Agence France-Presse | accessdate=10\n        February 2015}} A new ceasefire agreement, called [[Minsk II]], was\n        signed on 12 February 2015.{{cite news | url=http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21643245-russia-ukraine-germany-and-france-agree-halt-shooting-deeper-issues-are-left-untouched\n        | title=Ukraine: A tentative ceasefire | work=The Economist | date=12 February\n        2015 | accessdate=12 February 2015}}\\n\\n===Elections in Ukraine===\\n{{main\n        article|Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|Ukrainian parliamentary election,\n        2014|Donbass general elections, 2014|Ukrainian local elections, 2015}}\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u0412-\\u0414\\u041d\\u0420-250.\n        \\u0412\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b \\u0432 \\u0414\\u041d\\u0420.ogv|thumb|{{ru\n        icon}} Internationally unrecognised [[Donbass general elections, 2014|Donbass\n        general elections]], 2 November 2014]]\\nAmidst the prolonged crisis, multiple\n        elections were held across Ukraine. The first election held since the ousting\n        of President Yanukovych was the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|25\n        May presidential election]], which resulted in the election of [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n        as president of Ukraine. In the [[Donbass]] region, only 20% of polling stations\n        were open due to threats of violence by [[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|pro-Russian\n        separatist insurgents]]. Of the 2,430 planned polling stations\n        in the region, only 426 remained open for polling.[https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304811904579583413180447156\n        \\\"Poroshenko Declares Victory in Ukraine Presidential Election\\\"], [[The Wall\n        Street Journal]] (25 May 2014)\\n\\nAs the war in Donbass continued, the\n        first post-revolutionary [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2014|parliamentary\n        elections]] in Ukraine were held on 26 October 2014.[https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140825232937/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-25/ukraine-president-poroshenko-calls-snap-general-election.html\n        Ukraine President Poroshenko Calls Snap General Election], [[Bloomberg News]]\n        (25 August 2014) Once again, separatists stymied voting in the areas\n        that they controlled. They held their [[Donbass general elections, 2014|own\n        elections]], internationally unrecognised and in violation of the [[Minsk\n        Protocol]] peace process, on 2 November 2014.{{cite\n        news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/03/germany-urges-russia-respect-unity-ukraine-donetsk-elections\n        | archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20141208123906/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/03/germany-urges-russia-respect-unity-ukraine-donetsk-elections\n        | archivedate=2014-12-08 | title=Russia calls for talks with Kiev after separatist\n        elections | work=The Guardian | date=3 November 2014 | accessdate=3 November\n        2014}}\\n\\n==Effects of the crisis==\\n{{main article|International sanctions\n        during the Ukrainian crisis|Economy of Ukraine#2014 to present day|Russian\n        financial crisis (2014\\u2013present)}}\\nThe crisis has had many effects, both\n        domestic{{cite news | url=http://112.international/russia/Ukraine-announced-sanctions-against-Russian-airlines-939.html|\n        title=Ukraine announced sanctions against Russian airlines | work=112.international\n        | date=28 September 2015 | accessdate=30 September 2015}} and international.{{cite journal|format=PDF|url=http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=802090099084098028104127102002064077034006049004090060007080005125110028072006083093036054102063060023041091079022110008111067056058059054003110103018120085022088079061002053103098027104111007029102094095001117123081074107123021074099109118088025088008&EXT=pdf|last=Mamlyuk|first=Boris\n        N.|title=The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law|publisher=The\n        German Law Journal|volume=16|issue=3|date=6 July 2015|accessdate=12 September\n        2016}} According to an October 2014 estimate by the [[World Bank]],\n        the economy of Ukraine contracted by 8% during the year 2014 as a result of\n        the crisis.{{cite news | url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraine-economy-contract-8-2014-world-bank-090334656.html?ref=gs\n        | title=Ukraine economy to contract by 8% in 2014: World Bank | work=Yahoo\n        News | date=2 October 2014 | agency=Agence France-Presse | accessdate=13 January\n        2015}} [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|Economic\n        sanctions]] imposed on Russia by western nations contributed to the collapse\n        in value of the [[Russian rouble]], and the resulting [[2014 Russian financial\n        crisis|Russian financial crisis]].{{cite news | url=http://business.financialpost.com/2015/01/01/we-are-hardly-surviving-as-oil-and-the-ruble-drop-ordinary-russians-face-growing-list-of-problems/\n        | archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20150102100509/http://business.financialpost.com/2015/01/01/we-are-hardly-surviving-as-oil-and-the-ruble-drop-ordinary-russians-face-growing-list-of-problems/\n        | archivedate=2015-01-02 | title=\\u2018We are hardly surviving'': As oil and\n        the ruble drop, ordinary Russians face growing list of problems | work=Financial\n        Post | date=1 January 2015 | agency=Reuters | accessdate=13 January 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        war in Donbass caused [[Coal in Ukraine#Coal production|a coal shortage in\n        Ukraine]], as the Donbass region had been the chief source of coal for power\n        stations across the country. Furthermore, [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Station]]\n        was forced to close down one of its reactors after an accident. The combination\n        of these two problems led to [[rolling blackouts]] across Ukraine during December\n        2014.[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-turns-off-reactor-at-nuclear-plant-after-accident-9947540.html\n        Ukraine turns off reactor at its most powerful nuclear plant after ''accident''],\n        [[The Independent]] (28 December 2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/world/europe/ukraine-briefly-cuts-power-to-crimea-amid-dispute-with-russia-over-nato.html?_r=0\n        Ukraine Briefly Cuts Power to Crimea Amid Feud With Russia Over NATO], [[New\n        York Times]] (24 December 2014)
[http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/770172\n        Coal import to help avoid rolling blackouts in Ukraine \\u2014 energy minister]\n        {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108051631/http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/770172\n        |date=8 January 2015 }}, [[ITAR-TASS]] (31 December 2014)
[http://mashable.com/2014/12/03/ukraine-nuclear-plant-accident/\n        Rolling blackouts in Ukraine after nuclear plant accident], br>[[Mashable]]\n        (3 December 2014)
[https://wayback.archive.org/web/20150104004745/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-31/ukraine-to-import-coal-from-far-away-as-war-curtails-mines.html\n        Ukraine to Import Coal From \\u2018Far Away\\u2019 as War Curtails Mines], [[Bloomberg\n        News]] (31 December 2014)\\n\\nAdditionally, due to the Ukrainian crisis,\n        a new pipeline in [[Turkey]] was proposed with an annual capacity around 63\n        billion cubic metres ([[Billion cubic metres of natural gas|bcm]]), so as\n        to carry [[Russia in the European energy sector|natural gas to Europe]] while\n        completely bypassing Ukraine as a traditional transit hub for Russian gas.{{cite\n        web|title=Russia to Shift Ukraine Gas Transit to Turkey as EU Cries Foul |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-14/russia-to-shift-ukraine-gas-transit-to-turkey-as-eu-cries-foul.html\n        |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20150115014453/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-14/russia-to-shift-ukraine-gas-transit-to-turkey-as-eu-cries-foul.html\n        |archivedate=2015-01-15 |website=Bloomberg |date=14 January 2015 |accessdate=15\n        January 2015}}\\n\\nProgress on implementing reforms in post-revolutionary\n        Ukraine has been said to be slow. According to a [[British Broadcasting Company|BBC]]\n        report in February 2016, Ukraine remained gripped by corruption, and little\n        progress had been made in improving the economy. Low-level fighting continued\n        in the Donbass. The report also said that there was talk of a \\\"Third Maidan\\\"\n        to force the government to take action to remedy the crisis.{{cite\n        news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35483171 | title=Ukraine teeters\n        a few steps from chaos | work=BBC News | date=5 February 2016 | accessdate=6\n        February 2016 | author=David Stern}}\\n\\nAn [[International Monetary\n        Fund|IMF]] four-year loan program worth about $17.5 billion was agreed in\n        eight tranches over 2015 and 2016, subject to conditions regarding economic\n        reforms.{{cite news |url=http://uatoday.tv/politics/ukraine-may-get-1-7-bln-from-imf-by-mid-year-moody-s-647646.html\n        |title=Ukraine may get USD 1.7 bln from IMF by mid-year - Moody''s |publisher=Ukraine\n        Today |date=13 May 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2016}} Analysts disputed\n        that the $17.5 billion represented a ''new'' bailout, noting that the IMF''s\n        announcement amounted to making good on \\\"old promises, rather than offering\n        any new cash.\\\" However, due to lack of progress\n        on reforms, only two tranches worth $6.7 billion were paid in 2015. A third\n        tranche of $1.7 billion may be paid in June 2016 subject to the bringing into\n        law of 19 further reform measures.{{cite news |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/what-ukraine-must-do-to-get-another-17-413635.html\n        |title=What Ukraine must do to get another $1.7 billion IMF loan |publisher=Kyiv\n        Post |date=14 May 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2016}}{{cite\n        news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-imf-idUKKCN0Y92JB\n        |title=Ukraine, IMF agree terms to resume financial support - IMF |author=Alessandra\n        Prentice |publisher=Reuters |date=18 May 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2016}}\n        In May 2016 the IMF mission chief for Ukraine stated that the [[Corruption\n        in Ukraine|reduction of corruption]] was a key test for continued international\n        support.\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union relations]]\\n*[[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\\n*[[Cold War II]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        crisis navbox}}\\n{{Euromaidan}}\\n{{2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{{Ukraine topics}}\\n{{Political\n        scandals in Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Crisis}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        crisis| ]]\\n[[Category:Conflicts in Ukraine|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:Ongoing conflicts]]\\n[[Category:2010s\n        in Ukraine|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:2010s conflicts]]\\n[[Category:Political history\n        of Ukraine|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:Post-Soviet conflicts]]\\n[[Category:Russia\\u2013Ukraine\n        relations|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:Cold War II]]\\n[[Category:Articles containing\n        video clips]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T02:50:03Z\",\"lastrevid\":788696047,\"length\":29205,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_crisis\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_crisis&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_crisis\"},\"27077251\":{\"pageid\":27077251,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        cruiser Ukrayina\",\"index\":31,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-11T15:38:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{|{{Infobox\n        ship begin}}\\n{{Infobox ship image\\n|Ship image=[[Image:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430.JPG|300px]]\\n|Ship caption=\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ship career\\n|Hide header=\\n|Ship country=\\n|Ship flag={{flag|Ukraine|naval}}\\n|Ship\n        name=''''Ukrayina'''', formerly ''''Admiral Flota Lobov''''\\n|Ship namesake=\\n|Ship\n        ordered=\\n|Ship builder=[[61 Kommunara Shipbuilding Plant]] (SY 445), [[Mykolaiv]]\\n|Ship\n        laid down=1983\\n|Ship launched=1990\\n|Ship acquired=\\n|Ship commissioned=\\n|Ship\n        decommissioned=\\n|Ship in service=\\n|Ship out of service=\\n|Ship struck=\\n|Ship\n        reinstated=\\n|Ship honours=\\n|Ship fate=\\n|Ship status=Unfinished, docked\n        in [[Mykolaiv]].\\n|Ship notes=\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship characteristics\\n|Hide\n        header=\\n|Header caption=\\n|Ship class={{sclass|Slava|cruiser}}\\n|Ship displacement=11,490\n        tons\\n|Ship length={{convert|186.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship beam={{convert|20.8|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        draught=\\n|Ship draft={{convert|8.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship propulsion=4 [[COGOG]]\n        [[gas turbine]]s, 2 shafts 121,000 shp\\n|Ship speed={{convert|32|kn}}\\n|Ship\n        range= {{convert|7000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|16|kn}}\\n|Ship complement=480\\n|Ship\n        sensors=*Voskhod MR-800 (Top Pair) 3D search radar\\n*Fregat MR-710 (Top Steer)\n        3D search radar\\n*Palm Frond navigation radar\\n*Pop group SA-N-4 fire control\n        radar\\n*Top Dome SA-N-6 fire control radar\\n*Bass Tilt AK-360 CIWS System\n        fire control radar\\n*Bull horn MF hull mounted sonar\\n|Ship EW=*Rum Tub and\n        Side Globe EW antennas\\n*2 \\u00d7 PK-2 DL (140mm chaff / flare)\\n|Ship armament=*16\n        \\u00d7 [[P-500 Bazalt]] (SS-N-12 Sandbox) [[anti-ship missile]]s\\n*8 \\u00d7\n        8 (64) [[S-300 (missile)|S-300PMU]] ''''Favorit'''' (SA-N-6 Grumble) long-range\n        [[surface-to-air missile]]s\\n*2 \\u00d7 20 (40) [[9K33 Osa|OSA-MA]] ([[SA-N-4\n        Gecko]]) SR SAM\\n*1 \\u00d7 twin [[AK-130]] 130mm/L70 [[dual purpose gun]]s\\n*6\n        \\u00d7 [[AK-630]] [[close-in weapons system]]s possibly replaced by [[Kashtan]]\n        (CADS-N-1)\\n*2 \\u00d7 [[RBU-6000]] [[anti-submarine mortar]]s\\n*10 \\u00d7\n        (2 quin) 533mm [[torpedo]] tubes\\n|Ship armour=\\n|Ship armor=Splinter plating\\n|Ship\n        aircraft=1 [[Ka-25]] or [[Ka-27]] Helicopter\\n|Ship notes=\\n}}\\n|}\\n[[File:Cruiser\n        Ukraine.png|150px|thumb|left]]\\nThe Ukrainian [[cruiser]] ''''''''''Ukrayina''''''''''\n        is a {{sclass|Slava|cruiser}} ordered by the [[Soviet Union]] in the early\n        1980s. In 2010 the [[Ukrainian parliament]] stripped the ship of its name.Hardus,\n        M. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160704011200/http://apostrophe.com.ua/article/society/2016-01-29/surovaya-realnost-gotova-li-ukraina-voevat-na-more/3135\n        The harsh reality: is Ukraine ready to fight at sea (\\u0421\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c: \\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435)]''''. \\\"Apostrof\\\". 29 January 2016.\\n\\n==History==\\nThe\n        ship was laid down in 1983 and launched in 1990 just before the fall of the\n        Soviet Union. Due to budget constraints work on the cruiser stopped in the\n        early 1990s and the ship was left unfinished. In 1993 the cruiser was withdrawn\n        from the [[Russian Navy]] and passed to [[Ukraine]]. In 1997 Ukraine stated\n        that it had no need for the cruiser and was willing to sell it. Russia was\n        unwilling to buy the cruiser, China and India were then approached but showed\n        no interest at the time.{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-10051/r_500/missile_cruiser_sell_/|title=Russia,\n        Ukraine to Sell Soviet Missile Cruiser  - Kommersant Moscow|work=kommersant.com|accessdate=27\n        November 2015}} According to Ukrainian sources the Cruiser needs 30\n        million dollars to be finished.{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-9977/r_500/cruiser_sale/|title=Kiev\n        Eager to Sell Missile Cruiser - Kommersant Moscow|work=kommersant.com|accessdate=27\n        November 2015}}\\n\\n==Status==\\nThe cruiser sits docked and unfinished\n        at the harbor of [[Mykolaiv]] in southern Ukraine.\\n\\nIn April 2010, sources\n        from the Russian defense committee claimed that Russia had plans to buy the\n        unfinished cruiser from Ukraine and in May 2010, after talks with Russian\n        president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in [[Kiev]], Ukrainian president [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        stated that they had come to an agreement to finish the ship together.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20100517/159052017.html |title=Russia\n        to help Ukraine finish construction of missile cruiser |publisher=RIA NOVOSTI\n        |date=17 May 2010 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=9264\n        |title=Russia''s ready to bring back cruiser Ukraina |publisher=rusnavy.com\n        |date=23 April 2010 |accessdate=6 October 2014}} On 21 January 2011,\n        Russian navy sources stated that Russia was only interested in obtaining the\n        cruiser if they can have it free of charge. By early March 2011, Russian defence\n        minister Anatoly Serdiukov stated that Russia was still waiting for an acceptable\n        offer from Ukraine, regarding potential procurement of the missile cruiser.\n        His Ukrainian counterpart Mikhail Yezhel responded that he would not scrap\n        a 95% complete warship, and that the issue would be resolved in the near future.{{cite\n        web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11281 |title=Russia\n        won''t buy uncompleted cruiser from Ukraine |publisher=rusnavy.com |date=21\n        January 2011 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11595\n        |title=Russia waits for Kiev''s acceptable decision on the missile cruiser\n        sale |publisher=rusnavy.com |date=28 February 2011 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}\\n\\nIt\n        was reported that the Ukrainian government invested 6.08 million UAH into\n        the ship''s maintenance in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/othernavies/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=14824\n        |title=Ukraine Invested UAH 6 mln in Maintenance of Ukraina Cruiser |publisher=rusnavy.com\n        |date=9 April 2012 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}\\n\\nOn March 26, 2017,\n        it was announced that the Ukrainian Government will be scrapping the vessel\n        which has been laid up, incomplete, for nearly 30 years in Mykolaiv. Maintenance\n        and construction was costing the country $225,000 USD per month. This marked\n        the end of a major symbol of the Soviet Era in Eastern Europe.https://sputniknews.com/europe/201703261051973997-ukraine-cruiser-scrapped/https://sputniknews.com/europe/201703281052033285-ukraine-missile-cruiser/\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{Slava class cruiser}}\\n{{Ukrainian Naval Forces}}\\n{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=February 2011}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrayina}}\\n[[Category:Cold\n        War cruisers of the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Slava-class cruisers of the\n        Ukrainian Navy]]\\n[[Category:Ships built at Shipyard named after 61 Communards]]\\n[[Category:1990\n        ships]]\\n\\n{{USSR-mil-ship-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-mil-ship-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-20T13:41:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":790094599,\"length\":6656,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_cruiser_Ukrayina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_cruiser_Ukrayina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_cruiser_Ukrayina\"},\"34017878\":{\"pageid\":34017878,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        frigate Dnipropetrovsk\",\"index\":38,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-01T23:44:14Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{|{{Infobox\n        ship begin}}\\n{{Infobox ship image\\n|Ship image=[[File:Bezzavetnyy&Zhdanov&Magomed\n        Gadzhiev.jpg|300px]]\\n|Ship caption=''''Bezzavetnyy'''' is closest to the\n        camera, the cruiser ''''Zhdanov'''' in the middle and the submarine tender\n        ''''Magomed Gadzhiev'''' in the rear\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship career\\n|Hide header=\\n|Ship\n        country=[[Soviet Union]]\\n|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Soviet Union|naval}}\\n|Ship\n        name=''''Bezzavetnyy''''\\n|Ship namesake=\\n|Ship ordered= 4 July 1973\\n|Ship\n        awarded=\\n|Ship builder= [[Zaliv Shipbuilding yard]] ([[Kerch]])\\n|Ship original\n        cost=\\n|Ship yard number= 14\\n|Ship way number=\\n|Ship laid down=\\n|Ship launched=7\n        May 1977\\n|Ship sponsor=\\n|Ship christened=\\n|Ship completed=\\n|Ship acquired=\\n|Ship\n        commissioned=17 February 1978\\n|Ship recommissioned=\\n|Ship decommissioned=8\n        September 1997\\n|Ship maiden voyage=\\n|Ship in service=\\n|Ship out of service=\\n|Ship\n        renamed=\\n|Ship reclassified=\\n|Ship refit=\\n|Ship struck=\\n|Ship reinstated=\\n|Ship\n        homeport=\\n|Ship identification=\\n|Ship motto=\\n|Ship nickname=\\n|Ship honours=\\n|Ship\n        honors=\\n|Ship captured=\\n|Ship fate= Transferred to Ukraine on 1 August 1997\\n|Ship\n        status=\\n|Ship notes=\\n|Ship badge=\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship career\\n|Hide header=title\\n|\n        Ship country             = Ukraine\\n| Ship flag                = {{shipboxflag|Ukraine|naval}}\\n|\n        Ship name                = ''''Dnipropetrovsk''''\\n| Ship renamed             =\n        1997\\n| Ship acquired            = 1 August 1997\\n| Ship decommissioned      =\n        October 2002\\n|Ship identification= U134\\n| Ship reclassified        = \\\"Technical\n        property\\\" (2002)\\n| Ship fate                = Scuttled on 12 May 2005\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ship characteristics\\n|Hide header=\\n|Header caption=\\n|Ship class={{sclass2-|Burevestnik|frigate}}\\n|Ship\n        displacement=3,300 tons standard, 3,575 tons full load\\n|Ship length={{convert|405.3|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        beam={{convert|46.3|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship draft={{convert|15.1|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        power=\\n|Ship propulsion=*2 shaft; [[COGAG]]\\n* 2 x M-8k gas-turbines, {{convert|40,000|shp|kW|abbr=on}}\\n*\n        2 x M-62 gas-turbines (cruise), {{convert|14,950|shp|kW|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship speed={{convert|32|kn|lk=in}}\\n|Ship\n        range={{convert|4995|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|14|kn}}\\n|Ship complement=200\\n|Ship\n        crew=\\n|Ship time to activate=\\n|Ship sensors=*''''''Radar:'''''' 1 MR-755\n        Fregat-M/Half Plate air/surface search\\n*''''''Sonar:'''''' Zvezda-2 suite\n        with MGK-345 Bronza/Ox Yoke bow mounted LF, Ox Tail LF VDS\\n*''''''Fire Control:''''''\n        Purga ASW combat system, 2 Drakon/Eye Bowl SSM targeting, 2 MPZ-301 Baza/Pop\n        Group\\n|Ship EW=Start suite with Bell Shroud intercept, Bell Squat jammer,\n        4 PK-16 decoy RL, 8 PK-10 decoy RL, 2 towed decoys\\n|Ship armament=*1 \\u00d7\n        4 URK-5 ([[SS-N-14|SS-N-14 ''Silex'']]) SSM/ASW missiles\\n*2 \\u00d7 Osa-MA\n        ([[SA-8 Gecko|SA-N-4''Gecko'']]) SAM (40 missiles)\\n*4 \\u00d7 76 mm guns (2\\u00d72)\\n*2\n        \\u00d7 quad 533 mm [[torpedo tube]]s\\n|Ship armour=\\n|Ship armor=\\n|Ship notes=\\n}}\\n|}\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian frigate ''''Dnipropetrovsk'''''''''' is a former ''''''Soviet\n        frigate ([[guard ship]]) ''''Bezzavetnyy'''''''''' of the  {{sclass2-|Burevestnik|frigate|0}}\n        (NATO codename: Krivak I) ship built for the [[Soviet Navy]] in the late 1970s.\\n\\n==Service\n        history==\\n===Black Sea incident===\\n{{main|1988 Black Sea bumping incident}}\\nOn\n        12 February 1988 the ship intentionally{{uk icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/videos/2011/02/12/24092/\n        1988: The Soviet frigate attacks American cruiser near Yalta]{{en\n        icon}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SME4w037FgA&feature=player_embedded#at=95\n        1988 Soviet ramming USS ''''Yorktown'''' CG 48 in black sea (video)]\n        rammed the American missile cruiser {{USS|Yorktown|CG-48|6}} in Soviet [[territorial\n        waters]] while ''''Yorktown'''' was claiming [[innocent passage]].\\n\\n[[File:USS\n        Yorktown collision.jpg|thumb|none|''''Bezzavetnyy'''' shown colliding with\n        ''''Yorktown'''']]\\n\\n===Ukrainian service===\\nIn summer of 1997 during the\n        division of the Black Sea fleet she was transferred to the [[Ukrainian Navy]],\n        receiving the name of ''''Dnipropetrovsk''''.\\n\\n===Fate===\\n''''Dnipropetrovsk''''\n        was decommissioned in 2002 and was scuttled in the [[Black Sea]] in the spring\n        of 2005.\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n* {{cite book|last1=Gardiner|first1=Robert|last2=Chumbley|first2=Stephen|last3=Budzbon|first3=Przemys\\u0142aw|title=Conway''s\n        All the World''s Fighting Ships 1947-1995|year=1995|publisher=Naval Institute\n        Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-132-7}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        {{ru icon}} [http://navycollection.narod.ru/battles/Cold_war/foros/history.html\n        Navy operation in Foros region]\\n\\n{{Burevestnik-class frigate}}\\n{{1988 shipwrecks}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Naval Forces}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Dnipropetrovsk}}\\n[[Category:Krivak-class\n        frigates of the Ukrainian Navy]]\\n[[Category:1977 ships]]\\n[[Category:Ships\n        built at the Zalyv Shipbuilding yard]]\\n[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1988]]\\n\\n{{USSR-mil-ship-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-mil-ship-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T17:18:18Z\",\"lastrevid\":752562335,\"length\":4865,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk\"},\"12899571\":{\"pageid\":12899571,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)\",\"index\":28,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-24T19:53:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{|{{Infobox\n        ship begin}}\\n{{Infobox ship image\\n|Ship image   = [[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi\n        ide na chornomu mori 2012-07-17.jpg|300px]]\\n|Ship caption = ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''',\n        2011.\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship career\\n|Hide header   =\\n|Ship country  = [[Ukraine]]\\n|Ship\n        flag     = {{shipboxflag|Ukraine|naval}}\\n|Ship name     = ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy''''\\n|Ship\n        namesake = [[Cossack]] [[Hetman]] [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\\n|Ship\n        owner    =\\n|Ship operator = [[Ukrainian Navy]]\\n|Ship ordered  = 1991\\n|Ship\n        awarded  =\\n|Ship builder  = [[Zalyv Shipbuilding yard]]\\n|Ship yard number  =\\n|Ship\n        laid down    =\\n|Ship launched     = 29 March 1992\\n|Ship sponsor      =\\n|Ship\n        christened   =\\n|Ship completed    =\\n|Ship acquired     =\\n|Ship commissioned\n        = 2 April 1993\\n|Ship recommissioned =\\n|Ship decommissioned =\\n|Ship in service     =\\n|Ship\n        out of service =\\n|Ship renamed        =\\n|Ship reclassified   =\\n|Ship refit          =\\n|Ship\n        struck         =\\n|Ship reinstated     =\\n|Ship identification =  U130\\n|Ship\n        homeport       = [[Sevastopol]] until 2014\\n|Ship motto          =\\n|Ship\n        nickname       =\\n|Ship honours        =\\n|Ship captured       =\\n|Ship fate           =\\n|Ship\n        status         = {{Ship in active service |2017}}\\n|Ship notes          =\\n|Ship\n        badge          =\\n[[File:Chevron-frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy-(U130)-1.svg|150px]]\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ship characteristics\\n|Hide header         =\\n|Header caption      =\\n|Ship\n        class          = [[Krivak-class frigate|Nerei / Menzhinskiy-class]] [[frigate]]\\n|Ship\n        tonnage        =\\n|Ship displacement   =*{{Convert|3100|LT|t|0|lk=on}} standard\\n*{{Convert|3510\n        |LT|t|0}} full load{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcopter.narod.ru/ukrbat/U130.html\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439(\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        1135.1 ) |publisher=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f |language=Russian |accessdate=8 February 2015}}\n        \\n|Ship length              = {{Convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship beam                =\n        {{Convert|14.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship height              =\\n|Ship draught             =\n        {{Convert|4.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship depth               =\\n|Ship hold depth          =\\n|Ship\n        ice class           =\\n|Ship power               =\\n|Ship propulsion          =\\n|Ship\n        speed               = {{Convert|32|kn|lk=in}} \\n|Ship range               =*{{Convert|3500|nmi|abbr=on}}\n        at {{Convert|14|kn|abbr=on}}\\n*{{Convert|900|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{Convert|30|kn|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        endurance           =\\n|Ship boats               =\\n|Ship capacity            =\\n|Ship\n        complement          =\\n|Ship crew                = 180\\n|Ship time to activate    =\\n|Ship\n        troops              =\\n|Ship sensors             =\\n|Ship EW                  =\\n|Ship\n        armament            =* 1 \\u00d7 twin [[9K33 Osa]] SAM missile launcher (20\n        \\u00d7 9M-33 missiles)\\n* 1 \\u00d7 single {{Convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}}  AK-100\n        gun\\n* 2 \\u00d7 sextuple {{Convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[AK-630]] [[Close-in\n        weapon system|CIWS]]\\n* 2 \\u00d7 quad {{Convert|533|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo\n        tube]]s\\n* 2 \\u00d7 [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine rocket launchers\\n\\n|Ship\n        armor               = Iron\\n|Ship aircraft            = 1 \\u00d7 [[Kamov Ka-27|Ka-27]]\n        helicopter (2 max)\\n|Ship aircraft facilities =\\n|Ship notes               =\\n}}\\n|}\\n\\n''''''''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439}}) is a\n        [[frigate]] of the [[Ukrainian Navy]] that was originally built as a patrol\n        ship of [[Krivak-class frigate|Nerei / Menzhinskiy-class]]. Homeported at\n        [[Odessa]] (since March 2014), she is the [[flagship]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        Navy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/kozhara-hetman-sahaidachny-frigate-to-join-natos-anti-piracy-operation/\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130917123531/http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/kozhara-hetman-sahaidachny-frigate-to-join-natos-anti-piracy-operation/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=17 September 2013 |title=Kozhara: Hetman Sahaidachny\n        frigate to join NATO\\u2019s anti-piracy operation |work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=17 September 2013}} \\n\\n==Service history==\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130).jpg|thumb|300px|Ukrainian frigate ''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''']]\\n\\nBuilt at the [[Zalyv Shipbuilding yard]], the ship was\n        intended to be used by the [[Soviet Border Troops]] as ''''Kirov''''. However,\n        on 4 July 1993, the newly named (after [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]])\n        ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' raised the flag of the [[Ukrainian Navy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.svitlytsia.crimea.ua/index.php?section=article&artID=4052\n        |publisher=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0432i\\u0442\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f\n        |last= Armashevska |first=Alain |script-title=uk:\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439: \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 |date=11 August 2006 |accessdate=8\n        February 2015|language=Ukrainian }} She was given the identification\n        number of U130.\\n\\nIn 1994, ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' set sail for [[France]]\n        to take part in the 50th anniversary commemorations of the [[Normandy landings|Allied\n        invasion of Normandy]].\\n\\nIn 1995, ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' visited [[Abu\n        Dhabi]] during the \\\"[[International Defence Exhibition|Idex-95]]\\\" exhibitions.\n        With ''''Kostiantyn Olshansky'''', the frigate visited [[Norfolk, Virginia]]\n        in the United States.\\n\\nThe vessel has also visited ports in [[Algeria]],\n        [[Bulgaria]], [[Egypt]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Israel]],\n        [[Portugal]], [[Russia]] and [[Turkey]].\\n\\nBetween November 2006 and November\n        2007, she underwent major repairs in [[Mykolaiv]] at a cost of 15 million\n        [[hryvnia]].{{cite web|url=http://novosti-n.mk.ua/news/read/?id=3192\n        |script-title=ru:\\u041e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442 \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb \\u043e\\u0442\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c.\n        \\u0415\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c \\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u044b |publisher=Novosti-n.org\n        |language=Russian |date=16 November 2007 |accessdate=8 February 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://sevastopol.su/news.php?id=692 |script-title=ru:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u043b \\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u044f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\n        |publisher=ForPost |language=Russian |date=16 November 2007 |accessdate=8\n        February 2015}}\\n\\nIn 2008, ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' took part in\n        \\\"[[Operation Active Endeavour]]\\\" in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].\\n\\nIn February\n        2013, it was announced that she would be taking part in [[NATO]]''s \\\"[[Operation\n        Ocean Shield]]\\\", an anti-piracy campaign off the [[Horn of Africa]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://en.rian.ru/military_news/20130222/179631923.html|title=Ukraine\n        Joins NATO''s Counter-Piracy Operation|first=John|last=Thys|work=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=22\n        February 2013|accessdate=8 February 2015}}\\n\\n''''Hetman Sahaydachniy''''\n        joined the Naval Force of the European Union ([[EUNAVFOR]]) in early January\n        2014 for anti-piracy operations. As she refueled in [[Greece]], while Russian\n        forces seized control of [[Crimea]], Russian Senator [[Igor Morozov (politician)|Igor\n        Morozov]] claimed on 1 March 2014 that the ship''s crew had defected to Russia\n        and raised the Russian flag.{{cite web |url=http://rt.com/news/ukraine-navy-flaghsip-protest-389/|title=Ukrainian\n        Navy flagship takes Russia\\u2019s side|work=RT|date=1 March 2014|accessdate=8\n        February 2015}} Shortly afterwards, independent news organizations reported\n        that the ship was still flying the Ukrainian flag in port in [[Crete]].{{cite\n        web |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304815004579415310363248616?KEYWORDS=Ukraine&mg=reno64-wsj|title=Ukraine\n        Ousts Top Naval Officer After He Joins Separatists|first=Alexander|last=Kolyandr|work=Wall\n        Street Journal |date=2 March 2014|accessdate=8 February 2015}} {{subscription\n        required}} The commander of the ship confirmed that the crew had never\n        defected to the Russians.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=news&sub=read&id=32772|title=News|publisher=Mil.gov.ua|date=2014-03-02|accessdate=2014-03-08}}\n        It arrived in [[Odessa]] under the Ukrainian flag on March 5.{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0424\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\\"\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\\"\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 \\u0434\\u043e \\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        |url=http://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/194440.html |work=Interfax-Ukraine\n        |language=Ukrainian |date=5 March 2014 |accessdate=8 February 2015}}\n        On 14 March, the ship encountered a Russian naval group in Ukrainian territorial\n        waters. As ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' approached the group, they withdrew\n        into international waters.{{cite web|title=Frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy\n        forces Russian ships to leave Ukrainian waters |url=http://charter97.org/en/news/2014/3/20/91258/\n        |work=Chapter97.org |date=20 March 2014 |accessdate=8 February 2015}}\n        In September, the frigate entered Odessa to undergo repairs.{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/regions/odessa/v-odesse-nachali-remont-getmana-sagaydachnogo--568633.html\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0412 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442 \\\"\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\\"\n        |language=Russian |publisher=segodnya.ua |date=12 November 2014 |accessdate=8\n        February 2015}} In May 2017 it suffered an engine failure shortly after\n        repairs, current status unclear.\\n\\n==Command team==\\n* [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]\n        Denis Ivanin[http://www.mykolayiv-oda.gov.ua/ua/news/detail/3681.html\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        - \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438] {{webarchive\n        |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230221/http://www.mykolayiv-oda.gov.ua/ua/news/detail/3681.html\n        |date=September 27, 2007 }}\\n* [[Lieutenant Commander]] Volodumur Shevchenko\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Commons category|Hetman Sahaidachnyi (ship, 1992)}}\\n* {{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.from-ua.com/technology/40e8f4929eaf8/ Characteristics]\\n* {{ru\n        icon}} [http://flot.sevastopol.info/photos/photo_vmsu/sagayd_00.htm Photogallery\n        of Hetman Sahaydachniy]\\n\\n{{Burevestnik-class frigate}}\\n{{Ukrainian Naval\n        Forces}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)}}\\n[[Category:1992 ships]]\\n[[Category:Krivak-class\n        frigates of the Ukrainian Navy]]\\n[[Category:Ships built at the Zalyv Shipbuilding\n        yard]]\\n\\n{{Ukraine-mil-ship-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-frigate-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T17:18:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":792151733,\"length\":10179,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)\"},\"6635979\":{\"pageid\":6635979,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        grammar\",\"index\":12,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-08T13:02:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        ''''''grammar of the [[Ukrainian language]]'''''' describes the phonological,\n        morphological, and syntactical rules of the Ukrainian language. Ukrainian\n        contains 7 cases and 2 numbers for its nominal declension and 2 aspects, 3\n        tenses, 3 moods, and 2 voices for its verbal conjugation. Adjectives must\n        agree in number, gender, and case with their nouns.\\n\\nIn order to understand\n        Ukrainian grammar, it is necessary to understand the various phonological\n        rules that occur due to the collision of two or more sounds. Doing so markedly\n        decreases the number of exceptions and makes understanding the rules better.\n        The origin of some of these phonological rules can be traced all the way back\n        to Indo-European gradation ([[Indo-European ablaut|ablaut]]). This is especially\n        common in explaining the differences between the infinitive and present stem\n        of many verbs.\\n\\nThis article will present the grammar of the literary language,\n        which is in the main followed by most dialects. The main differences in the\n        dialects are vocabulary with occasional differences in phonology and morphology.\n        Further information can be found in the article [[Ukrainian dialects]].\\n\\n==Phonology==\\nThe\n        following points of Ukrainian phonology need to be considered in order to\n        properly understand the grammar of Ukrainian.\\n\\n===Classification of vowels===\\nTwo\n        different classifications of [[vowel]]s can be made: a historical perspective\n        and a modern perspective. From a historical perspective, the Ukrainian vowels\n        can be divided into two categories:\\n# Hard vowels (in Cyrillic: \\u0430, \\u0438\n        (from Common Slavic *\\u044b), \\u043e, and \\u0443 or transliterated as ''''a,\n        y (from Common Slavic *y), o,'''' and ''''u''''; )\\n# Soft vowels (in Cyrillic:\n        \\u0435, \\u0456 and \\u0438 (from Common Slavic *\\u0438) or transliterated as\n        ''''e, i'''' and ''''y (from Common Slavic *i)'''').  The [[iotified vowel]]s\n        are considered to be soft vowels\\nFrom a modern perspective, the Ukrainian\n        vowels can be divided into two categories:\\n# Hard Vowels (In Cyrillic: \\u0430,\n        \\u0435, \\u0438, \\u0456, \\u043e, and \\u0443 or transliterated as ''''a, e,\n        y, i, o,'''' and ''''u''''). This category as can be seen from the table is\n        different from the historical hard category\\n# Iotified Vowel (In Cyrillic:\n        \\u044f, \\u0454, \\u0457, and \\u044e or transliterated as ''''ja, je, ji,''''\n        and ''''ju''''). To this category can also be added the combination of letters\n        \\u0439\\u043e/\\u044c\\u043e (transliterated as ''''jo'''')\\n\\n===Classification\n        of consonants===\\nIn Ukrainian, [[consonant]]s can be categorised as follows:\\n*\n        ''''''Labials'''''' (in Cyrillic: \\u0431, \\u0432, \\u043c, \\u043f, and \\u0444\n        or transliterated as ''''b, v, m, p,'''' and ''''f''''): These letters are\n        almost always hard in Ukrainian (there are orthographic exceptions), can never\n        be doubled, nor can they in general be followed by an [[iotified vowel]] (exception:\n        in combinations ''''CL'''' where ''''C'''' is a [[dental consonant|dental]]\n        and ''''L'''' is a [[labial consonant|labial]], a soft vowel can follow, e.g.,\n        svjato/\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e).\\n* ''''''Post-alveolar sibilants''''''\n        (in Cyrillic: \\u0436, \\u0447, and \\u0448 or transliterated as ''''\\u017e,\n        \\u010d,'''' and ''''\\u0161''''. The digraph \\u0449 (''''\\u0161\\u010d'''')\n        should also be included). These letters were in Common Slavic all [[palatal]]\n        (soft). In Ukrainian, these harden, leading to the creation of the mixed [[declension]]\n        of nouns. None of them can be followed by a soft sign (in Cyrillic: \\u044c;\n        transliterated as apostrophe (\\u2019)) or any iotified vowel. All but the\n        digraph can be doubled, in which case they can be followed by a soft vowel,\n        e.g., ''''zbi\\u017e\\u017eja''''/\\u0437\\u0431\\u0456\\u0436\\u0436\\u044f.\\n* ''''''Dentals''''''\n        (in Cyrillic: \\u0434, \\u0437, \\u043b, \\u043d, \\u0441, \\u0442 and \\u0446 or\n        transliterated as ''''d, z, l, n, s, t,'''' and ''''c''''): In Ukrainian,\n        as in Common Slavic, these letters can be both hard and soft. These letters  can\n        never (unless they are the last letter in a prefix) be followed by an apostrophe.\n        Furthermore, these letters can be doubled.\\n* ''''''Alveolar'''''' (in Cyrillic:\n        \\u0440 or transliterated as ''''r''''): This letter can be either hard or\n        soft. It is always hard at the end of a syllable. Therefore, ''''r'''' is\n        always hard at the end of a word and is never followed by a soft sign. ''''r''''\n        can never be doubled, except in foreign words (such as \\u0441\\u044e\\u0440\\u0440\\u0435\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043c).\\n*\n        ''''''Velars'''''' (in Cyrillic: \\u0433, \\u0491, \\u043a, and \\u0445 or transliterated\n        as ''''h, g, k,'''' and ''''x''''): In both Ukrainian and Common Slavic, these\n        letters are always hard. Should they ever be followed by an iotified or soft\n        vowel, then they undergo the first and second palatalisations. Hence, these\n        letters can never be doubled or followed by an apostrophe.\\n\\n===Historical\n        changes===\\nIn the Ukrainian language, the following sound changes have occurred\n        between the [[Proto-Slavic|Common Slavic]] period and current Ukrainian:\\n\\n#\n        In a newly closed [[syllable]], that is, a syllable that ends in a [[consonant]],\n        Common Slavic ''''o'''' and ''''e'''' mutate into ''''i'''' if the next [[vowel]]\n        in Common Slavic was one of the [[yer]]s (''''\\u01d0'''' (\\u044c) or ''''\\u01d4''''\n        (\\u044a)).\\n# [[Pleophony]]: The Common Slavic combinations, ''''ToRT''''\n        and ''''TeRT'''', where ''''T'''' is any consonant and ''''R'''' is either\n        ''''r'''' or ''''l'''' become in Ukrainian\\n## ''''TorT'''' gives ''''ToroT''''\n        (Common Slavic ''''*borda'''' gives Ukrainian ''''boroda'''')\\n## ''''TolT''''\n        gives ''''ToloT'''' (Common Slavic ''''*bolto'''' gives Ukrainian ''''boloto'''')\\n##\n        ''''TerT'''' gives ''''TereT'''' (Common Slavic ''''*berza'''' gives Ukrainian\n        ''''bereza'''')\\n## ''''TelT'''' gives ''''ToloT'''' (Common Slavic ''''*melko''''\n        gives Ukrainian ''''moloko'''')\\n# The Common Slavic nasal vowel ''''\\u0119''''\n        is reflected as ''''ja'''' except after a single [[labial consonant|labial]]\n        where it is reflected as ''''\\u2033ja'''' (\\u2019\\u044f), or after a [[post-alveolar]]\n        sibilant where it is reflected as ''''a.'''' Examples: Common Slavic ''''*p\\u0119t\\u012d''''\n        gives in Ukrainian ''''p\\u2033jat'''''' (\\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c);\n        Common Slavic ''''*tel\\u0119'''' gives in Ukrainian ''''telja''''; and Common\n        Slavic ''''kur\\u010d\\u0119'''' gives in Ukrainian ''''kur\\u010da.'''' This\n        Common Slavic nasal vowel is derived from an Indo-European ''''*-en'''', ''''*-em'''',\n        or one of the [[sonant]]s ''''n'''' and ''''m''''.\\n# The Common Slavic letter,\n        ''''\\u011b'''' (\\u0463), is reflected in Ukrainian generally as ''''i''''\n        except:\\n## word-initially, where it is reflected as ''''ji'''': Common Slavic\n        ''''*\\u011bsti'''' gives the Ukrainian ''''jisty''''\\n## after the post-alveolar\n        sibilants where it is reflected as ''''a'''': Common Slavic ''''*le\\u017e\\u011bti''''\n        gives the Ukrainian ''''le\\u017eaty''''\\n# Common Slavic ''''i'''' and ''''y''''\n        are both reflected in Ukrainian as ''''y''''\\n# The Common Slavic combination\n        ''''-C\\u01d0jV'''', where ''''C'''' is any consonant and ''''V'''' is any\n        vowel, becomes in Ukrainian the following combination ''''-CCjV'''', except\\n##\n        if ''''C'''' is labial or ''r'' where it becomes ''''-C\\\"jV''''\\n## if ''''V''''\n        is the Common Slavic ''''e'''', then the vowel in Ukrainian mutates to ''''a'''',\n        e.g., Common Slavic ''''*\\u017eit\\u012dje'''' gives the Ukrainian ''''\\u017eyttja''''\\n##\n        if ''''V'''' is the Common Slavic ''''\\u012d'''', then the combination becomes\n        ''''ej'''', e.g., genitive plural in Common Slavic ''''*my\\u0161\\u012dj\\u012d''''\n        give in Ukrainian ''''my\\u0161ej''''\\n## if one or more consonants precede\n        the ''C'' then there is no doubling of the consonants in Ukrainian\\n# Common\n        Slavic combinations ''''dl'''' and ''''tl'''' are simplified to ''''l'''',\n        for example, Common Slavic ''''*mydlo'''' gives Ukrainian ''''mylo''''\\n#\n        Common Slavic ''''\\u01d4l'''' ([[voiced]] ''''l\\u0325'''') and ''''\\u01d0l''''\n        (voiced ''''\\u013a\\u0325'''') became ''''ov'''', while word final ''''*l\\u01d4''''\n        became ''''v''''. For example, Common Slavic ''''*v\\u013a\\u0325k\\u01d4''''\n        becomes ''''vovk'''' in Ukrainian\\n\\n===Current changes===\\n# The first [[Palatalization\n        (phonetics)|palatalisation]] concerns the [[velars]] and the following vowels:\n        ''''e,'''' ''''y'''' from Common Slavic ''''i'''', ''''a/i'''' from Common\n        Slavic ''''\\u011b'''', that is derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]]\n        ''''\\u0113'''':\\n## ''''h''''/''''g'''' before these vowels mutates into ''''\\u017e''''\\n##\n        ''''k'''' before these vowels mutates into ''''\\u010d''''\\n## ''''x'''' before\n        these vowels mutates into ''''\\u0161''''\\n# The second palatalisation concerns\n        the velars and the following vowels: ''''y'''' from Common Slavic ''''i''''\n        that is derived from an Indo-European diphthong and ''''a/i'''' from Common\n        Slavic ''''\\u011b'''' that is derived from an Indo-European diphthong:\\n##\n        ''''h''''/''''g'''' before these vowels mutates into ''''z''''\\n## ''''k''''\n        before these vowels mutates into ''''c''''\\n## ''''x'''' before these vowels\n        mutates into ''''s''''\\n# The [[iotification]] concerns all consonants and\n        the semi-vowel ''''j'''' (\\u0439). The following changes occur:\\n## The [[labial\n        consonant|labials]] insert an ''''l'''' between the labial and the [[semivowel]]:\n        Common Slavic ''''*zemja'''' give Ukrainian ''''zemlja''''.\\n## The velars\n        followed by a semivowel mutate as in the first palatalisation. The semivowel\n        is dropped. This change can be traced back to Common Slavic.\\n## ''''ktj''''\n        becomes ''''\\u010d''''\\n## ''''tj'''' becomes ''''\\u010d''''\\n## ''''dj''''\n        becomes ''''\\u017e'''', except in verbs where it becomes ''''d\\u017e''''\\n##\n        ''''sj'''' becomes ''''\\u0161''''\\n## ''''stj'''' and ''''skj'''' become ''''\\u0161\\u010d''''\n        (\\u0449)\\n## ''''zdj'''' and ''''zhj'''' become ''''\\u017ed\\u017e''''\\n##\n        ''''zkj'''' becomes ''''\\u017e\\u010d''''\\n## ''''lj, nj, rj'''' becomes ''''l,\n        n, r'''' (that is, ''''\\u043b\\u044c, \\u043d\\u044c, \\u0440\\u044c'''')\\n# In\n        Ukrainian, when two or more consonants occur word-finally, then a float vowel\n        is inserted under the following conditions.{{cite book|title = A Guide\n        to the Declension of Nouns in Ukrainian |first= T. R. |last=Carlton\\n|publisher\n        = University of Alberta Press|location= Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |year =\n        1972}} Given a consonantal grouping ''''C1(\\u044c)C2(\\u044c)'''',\n        where ''''C'''' is any Ukrainian consonant. The fill vowel is inserted between\n        the two consonants and after the ''''\\u044c''''. A fill vowel is only inserted\n        if ''''C2'''' is one of the following consonants: ''''k, v, l,\n        m, r, n,'''' and ''''c''''. In this case:\\n## If ''''C1'''' is\n        one of the following ''''h, k,'''' or ''''x'''', then the fill vowel is always\n        ''''o''''\\n## If ''''C2'''' is ''''k'''' or ''''v'''', then the\n        fill vowel is ''''o''''. No fill vowel is inserted if the ''''v'''' is derived\n        from a [[voiced]] ''''l'''', for example, ''''vovk''''\\n## If ''''C2''''\n        is ''''l, m, r,'''' or ''''c'''', then the fill vowel is ''''e''''\\n## The\n        only known exception is ''''vid\\u2032om'''', which should take ''''e'''' as\n        the fill vowel, but instead adds an ''''o''''.\\n## The combinations, ''''-stv''''\n        and ''''-s\\u2032k'''' are not broken up\\n## If the ''''C1'''' is\n        ''''j'''' (\\u0439), then the above rules can apply. However, both forms (with\n        and without the fill vowel) often exist\\n\\n===Assimilation===\\nThe following\n        [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilations]] occur:\\n*Before the \\u0441 of\n        a suffix (-\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 or -\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e)\\n**If\n        the root ends in \\u0433(\\u0491), \\u0436, or \\u0437, then it mutates to \\u0437\n        and the \\u0441 of the suffix is lost.\\n**If the root ends in \\u043a, \\u0447,\n        or \\u0446, then it mutates to \\u0446 and the \\u0441 of the suffix is lost.\\n**If\n        the root ends in \\u0445, \\u0441, or \\u0448, then it mutates to \\u0441 and\n        the \\u0441 of the suffix is lost (or the last letter of the root drops out).\\n*The\n        following combinations of letters are changes:\\n**{\\u0436, \\u0437} + \\u0434\\u043d\n        is contracted to {\\u0436, \\u0437} + \\u043d.\\n**\\u0441\\u0442 + {\\u043b, \\u043d}\n        is contracted to \\u0441 + {\\u043b, \\u043d}.\\n**{\\u043f, \\u0440} + \\u0442\\u043d\n        is contracted to {\\u043f, \\u0440} + \\u043d.\\n**{\\u0441, \\u043a} + \\u043a\\u043d\n        is contracted to {\\u0441, \\u043a} + \\u043d.\\n\\n===Dissimilation===\\nThe most\n        common [[dissimilation]] is encountered in the infinitive of verbs, where\n        {\\u0434, \\u0442} + \\u0442 dissimilates to \\u0441\\u0442, for example, \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\n        + \\u0442\\u0438 gives \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 and \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\n        + \\u0442\\u0438 gives \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438.\\n\\n==Morphology==\\n\\n===Nominal===\\n\\n====Nouns====\\nThe\n        nominal [[declension]] has seven [[declension|cases]] ([[nominative]], [[genitive]],\n        [[Dative case|dative]], [[Accusative case|accusative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]],\n        [[locative case|locative]], and [[vocative]]), in two numbers ([[Grammatical\n        number|singular]] and [[plural]]), and absolutely obeying [[grammatical gender]]\n        (masculine, feminine and neuter). Adjectives, pronouns, and the first two\n        cardinal numbers have gender specific forms.\\n\\nA third number, the [[Dual\n        grammatical number|dual]], also existed in [[Old Ruthenian|Old East Slavic]],\n        but except for its use in the nominative and accusative cases with the numbers\n        two, three and four, e.g. ''''''dvi hryvni''''''/''''''\\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456'''''' vs. ''''''dvoje hryven'' ''''''/''''''\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c'''''' (recategorised today as a\n        nominative plural), it has been lost. Other traces of the dual can be found\n        when referring to objects of which there are commonly two: eyes, shoulders,\n        ears, ''''e.g.'''' ''''ple\\u010dyma''''. Occasionally, dual forms can distinguish\n        between meanings.\\n\\nIn Ukrainian, there are 4 declension types. The first\n        declension is used for most feminine nouns. The second declension is used\n        for most masculine and neuter nouns. The third declension is used for feminine\n        nouns ending in ''''''\\u044c'''''' or a post-alveolar sibilant. The fourth\n        declension is used for neuter nouns ending in ''''''\\u044f/\\u0430'''''' (Common\n        Slavic ''''*\\u0119'''').\\n\\nMost of the types consist of 3 different subgroups:\n        hard, mixed, and soft. The soft subgroup consists of nouns whose roots end\n        in a soft letter (followed by iotified vowel or soft vowel). The mixed subgroup\n        consists of the nouns whose roots end in a post-alveolar sibilant or occasionally\n        ''''r''''. The hard group consists of all other nouns.\\n\\nIf the hard group\n        endings are taken as the basis, then the following rules can be used to derive\n        the corresponding mixed and soft endings:\\n*Mixed subgroup\\n*# All o following\n        a post-alveolar sibilant change to e.\\n*# All \\u0438 following a post-alveolar\n        sibilant change to i.\\n*Soft subgroup: Whenever a soft sign or the semi-vowel\n        encounters the vowel of the ending, the following changes occur (These are\n        mainly orthographic changes, but same can be traced to similar changes in\n        Common Slavic):\\n*# \\u044c\\u0430 and \\u0439\\u0430 gives \\u044f\\n*# \\u044c\\u043e\n        gives \\u0435\\n*# \\u0439\\u0435 gives \\u0454\\n*# \\u044c\\u0438 gives \\u0456\\n*#\n        \\u0439\\u0438 gives \\u0457\\n*# \\u044c\\u0443 and \\u0439\\u0443 gives \\u044e\\n*#\n        \\u044c\\u0456  gives \\u0456\\n*# \\u0439\\u0456 gives \\u0457\\n\\nNouns ending in\n        a consonant are marked in the following tables with \\u2205 (thus no ending).\\n\\n=====First\n        declension=====\\n\\nThis declension consists of nouns that end in \\u0430 or\n        \\u044f. It consists primarily of feminine nouns, but a few nouns with these\n        ending referring to professions can be either masculine or feminine. In these\n        cases, the genitive plural is often formed by adding -\\u0456\\u0432. Nouns\n        referring to people can also take this ending.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n|+\n        ''''''First declension: Feminine nouns''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || -\\u0430  || -\\u0430 || -\\u044f  || -\\u044f \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || -\\u0438  ||  -\\u0456 || -\\u0456  || -\\u0457 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        (1) || -\\u0456  || -\\u0456  || -\\u0456   || -\\u0457 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative''''''\n        || -\\u0443  || -\\u0443  || -\\u044e  || -\\u044e\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental''''''\n        || -\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0435\\u044e || -\\u0435\\u044e ||   -\\u0454\\u044e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (1) || -\\u0456  || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0457\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative''''''  || -\\u043e  || -\\u0435 || -\\u0435 || -\\u0454 \\n|-\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n! \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed\n        \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0438  || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456  || -\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' (2)\n        || \\u2205   || \\u2205   || -\\u044c  || -\\u0439\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0430\\u043c  || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c ||-\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative''''''\n        (3) || -\\u0438 /\\u2205   ||    -\\u0456 / \\u2205  ||   -\\u0456 /-\\u044c  ||     -\\u0457\n        / -\\u0439\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative''''''\n        || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative'''''' || -\\u0438  ||   -\\u0456 ||  -\\u0456 || -\\u0457\\n|}\\n\\n*(1)\n        A velar consonant undergoes the appropriate second palatalisation changes\\n*(2)\n        If two or more consonants are left at the end of the word, then a fill vowel\n        may be inserted.\\n*(3) The genitive form is used for all animate nouns, while\n        inanimate nouns take the nominative form.\\n\\n\\n=====Second declension=====\\nThe second\n        declension consists of masculine and neuter nouns.\\n\\n''''''Masculine nouns'''''':\n        This group consists primarily of nouns, which end in a consonant, a soft sign,\n        \\u044c, or \\u0439. In the masculine declension, nouns that end in \\u0440 can\n        belong to any of the three declension subgroups: hard, mixed, and soft. There\n        is no way of knowing from the nominative form, to which group the noun belongs.\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Second declension: Masculine nouns''''''\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n! \\n! Hard\\n!\n        Mixed \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' ||\n        \\u2205 || \\u2205  || -\\u044c /\\u2205 (1) || -\\u0439 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        (2) || -\\u0430 / -\\u0443 || -\\u0430 / -\\u0443 || -\\u044f / -\\u044e || -\\u044f\n        / -\\u044e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' (3) || -\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u0443 ||\n        -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u0443 ||  -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u044e ||  -\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u044e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' (4) || \\u2205 / -\\u0430  || \\u2205 /-\\u0430 || -\\u044c\n        / -\\u044f || -\\u0439 / -\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u043e\\u043c\n        || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u0454\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative''''''\n        (5) || -\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0456/ -\\u0443 || -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0456\n        || -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0456 ||   -\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        (6) || -\\u0443/-\\u0435 || -\\u0435/ -\\u0443 || -\\u044e || -\\u044e\\n|-\\n| ||\n        colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n! \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed\n        \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0438 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0457 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0456\\u0432\n        || -\\u0456\\u0432 || -\\u0456\\u0432 / -\\u0435\\u0439 (7) || -\\u0457\\u0432 \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u0430\\u043c  || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c ||-\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' (8) || -\\u0438/ -\\u0456\\u0432    ||   -\\u0456 / -\\u0456\\u0432   ||  -\\u0456\n        / -\\u0456\\u0432  ||     -\\u0457 / -\\u0457\\u0432\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental''''''\n        || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445 ||\n        -\\u044f\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative'''''' || -\\u0438  ||   -\\u0456 ||  -\\u0456\n        || -\\u0457\\n|}\\n                   \\nNotes:\\n*(1) Only with soft nouns ending\n        in \\u0440.\\n*(2) The ending to be used depends on the nature of the noun.\n        The following rules are given in ''''''Ukrainian Orthography'''''':{{cite\n        book|title = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\n|edition = 4th|publisher\n        = \\u041d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\n        (Naukova Dumka)|location= Kiev, Ukraine|year = 1993}}\\n**Use the ending\n        -\\u0430 with\\n**# Names of professions, people\\u2019s names (first and last)\\n**#\n        Names of plants and animals\\n**# Names of objects\\n**# Names of settlements\n        and geographic places\\n**# Names of measuring units\\n**# Names of machines\\n**#\n        Words of foreign origin, which describe geometric parts, concrete objects.\\n**Use\n        the ending -\\u0443 with\\n**# Chemical elements, materials (note a few exceptions)\\n**#\n        Collective nouns\\n**# Names of buildings and their parts\\n**# Names of organisations\n        and their places\\n**# Natural phenomena\\n**# Feelings\\n**# Names of processes,\n        states, phenomena of social life (both concrete and abstract)\\n**# Names of\n        foreign origin that denote physical or chemical processes\\n**# Names of games\n        and dances\\n*(3) The ending in -\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 is preferred.\\n*(4) The\n        accusative case for animate nouns is identical to the genitive case; for inanimate\n        nouns, it is identical to the nominative.\\n*(5) In order to avoid the palatalisation,\n        velar root nouns take the -\\u0443 ending. The other forms are all acceptable.\n        Nouns that take the -\\u0456 ending undergo the first palatalisation.\\n*(6)\n        If the ending -\\u0435 is used, then the first palatalisation occurs. However,\n        it can be avoided by using the -\\u0443 form.\\n*(7) The second ending occurs\n        is a small group of nouns.\\n*(8) The genitive form is used with animate objects,\n        while inanimate objects take the nominative forms.\\n\\n''''''Neuter nouns''''''\\nIn\n        this category belong neuter nouns ending in \\u043e, \\u0435, and those substantives\n        ending in \\u044f, preceded by either a double consonant, apostrophe, or two\n        consonants, which primarily are derived from verbs. This last category once\n        did end in ''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''', but due to the sound change given above\n        developed an \\u044f ending.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n|+ ''''''Second\n        declension: Neuter nouns''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed \\n! Soft\\n! Soft (''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''')\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || -\\u043e || -\\u0435  || -\\u0435 || -\\u044f \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430 || -\\u044f || -\\u044f \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0443 || -\\u0443 || -\\u044e || -\\u044e\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' ||\n        -\\u043e || -\\u0435 || -\\u0435 || -\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u043e\\u043c || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative\n        (1)'''''' || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        || -\\u043e || -\\u0435 || -\\u0435 ||-\\u044f\\n|-\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed \\n! Soft\\n! Soft (''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''')\\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430  || -\\u044f || -\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' ||\n        \\u2205 || \\u2205 || -\\u044c || -\\u044c / \\u2205 (2) \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c|| -\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430  || -\\u044f || -\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 ||\n        -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430  || -\\u044f || -\\u044f\\n|}\\n\\n*(1) As necessary, the\n        second palatalisation occurs, except for the ''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''' nouns.\\n*(2)\n        The double consonant is made single if the \\u044c is used. However, if a post-alveolar\n        sibilant is the last consonant, then no \\u044c is used, but a single consonant\n        is also written. For a labial final consonant, the ending is -\\u2019\\u0457\\u0432.\n        Finally, monosyllabic nouns take the ending -\\u0456\\u0432. If two or more\n        consonants appear word finally, then it is possible that a fill vowel must\n        be inserted.\\n\\n=====Third declension=====\\nThis declension consists solely\n        of feminine nouns that end in a consonant. This declension has only 2 subgroups:\n        a mixed and soft group.\\n\\n{| align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Third\n        declension''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n!\n        Soft\\n! Mixed\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u044c || \\u2205 \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0456    ||     -\\u0456 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        ||  -\\u0456    ||     -\\u0456 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' || -\\u044c ||\n        \\u2205 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' (1) || -\\u044e  ||  -\\u044e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative'''''' ||  -e\n        || -e\\n|-\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n!\n        Soft\\n! Mixed\\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0435\\u0439     ||    -\\u0435\\u0439 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        || -\\u044f\\u043c|| -\\u0430\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' ||  -\\u0456\n        || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || -\\u044f\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        ||  -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|}\\n\\n*(1) Since this ending is derived from the Common\n        Slavic ending ''''*-\\u012dj\\u01eb'''', doubling of the consonant occurs as\n        per the rules outlined above. Furthermore, if in the nominative form the noun\n        has an -\\u0456 for an -\\u043e, then so will the instrumental form, for example,\n        \\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044e (instrumental singular) and \\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\n        (nominative singular)\\n\\n=====Fourth declension=====\\nThis declension consists\n        of solely neuter nouns that are derived from Common Slavic ''''*\\u0119''''.\n        There are two subgroups: those with an \\u043d insert, and those with a \\u0442\n        insert.\\n\\n{| align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Fourth declension''''''\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! (''''''\\u043d'''''')\\n!\n        (''''''\\u0442'''''')\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\n        || \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456    ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456   ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f   ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Instrumental'''''' (1) || \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456  ||  \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative'''''' ||  \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f    ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! (''''''\\u043d'''''')\\n!\n        (''''''\\u0442'''''')\\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430   ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d     ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' ||  \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430  ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\n        (\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442)\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438  ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445  ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430   ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\n|}\\n\\n====Adjectives====\\nUkrainian\n        adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.\\n\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, there exist a small number of adjectives, primarily possessives,\n        which exist in the masculine in the so-called ''''short'''' form. This \\\"short\\\"\n        form is a relic of the indefinite declension of adjectives in Common Slavic.\n        Common examples of this anomalous declension are ''''\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d''''\n        (masculine) compared to ''''\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430'''' (feminine);\n        ''''\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432'''' (masculine) compared to ''''\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430''''\n        (feminine); and ''''\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d'''' (masculine)\n        compared to ''''\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430''''. This ''''short''''\n        form only exists in the masculine nominative form. All other forms are regular.\\n\\n=====Declension=====\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, there are 2 different declension types: hard and soft. The soft\n        type can be further subdivided into two types. Unlike for the nouns, the post-alveolar\n        sibilants are counted as hard. There also exists a special mixed declension\n        for adjectives ending in -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439. These adjectives\n        are derived from the noun \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435, describing types of faces,\n        for example, \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439.\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Hard Declension (-\\u0438\\u0439)\n        of Adjectives''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''||\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! Masculine\\n!\n        Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0438\\u0439        ||    -\\u0435        ||   -\\u0430\n        || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u0438\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u0438\\u0439 / -\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u0435\n        ||    -\\u0443 || -\\u0456 / -\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u0438\\u043c      ||      -\\u0438\\u043c ||       -\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u0456\\u043c / -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u0456\\u043c\n        / -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u0456\\u0439 || -\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n{| align=center\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Soft Declension (-\\u0456\\u0439) of Adjectives''''''\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''|| rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n!\n        Masculine\\n! Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0456\\u0439        ||    -\\u0454        ||   -\\u044f\n        || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u0456\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u0456\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u0456\\u0439 / -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u0454\n        ||    -\\u044e || -\\u0456 / -\\u0456\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u0456\\u043c      ||      -\\u0456\\u043c ||       -\\u044c\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0456\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u0456\\u043c / -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u0456\\u043c\n        / -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u0456\\u0439 || -\\u0456\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Soft Declension (-\\u0457\\u0439)\n        of Adjectives''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''||\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! Masculine\\n!\n        Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0457\\u0439        ||    -\\u0454        ||   -\\u044f\n        || -\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u0457\\u0439\n        || -\\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u0457\\u0439 / -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u0454\n        ||    -\\u044e || -\\u0457 / -\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u0457\\u043c      ||      -\\u0457\\u043c ||       -\\u0439\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u0457\\u043c / -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u0457\\u043c\n        / -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u0457\\u0439 || -\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Mixed Declension (-\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439)\n        of Adjectives''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''||\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! Masculine\\n!\n        Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439        ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435        ||   -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\n        / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435\n        ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044e || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456 / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c      ||      -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\n        ||       -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u043c / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\n        / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\nNote about the declensions:\\n\\n*(1)\n        In the accusative case (except the feminine singular), a difference is made\n        between animate (=genitive) and inanimate (=nominative) adjectives.\\n*(2)\n        The ending in ''''-\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443'''' is more often encountered. The other\n        form is a relic of the indefinite declension of adjectives in Common Slavic.\\n\\n=====Other\n        forms of the adjective=====\\nIn Ukrainian adjectives also have a comparative\n        and superlative forms.\\n\\nThe [[Comparison (grammar)|comparative]] form is\n        created by dropping ''''\\u0438\\u0439'''' and adding the ending ''''-(\\u0456)\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        The resulting form is declined like a regular hard stem adjective. As usual,\n        some adjectives have irregular forms.\\n\\nThe [[superlative]] form is created\n        by prefixing ''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439-'''' to the comparative form. Words associated\n        with religion often prefix ''''\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435-'''' (very) to the comparative\n        form. As usual, some adjectives have irregular forms.\\n\\n====Adverbs====\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, [[adverbs]] are formed by taking the stem of the adjective (that\n        is dropping the ''''\\u2212\\u0430'''' from the feminine nominative singular\n        form; forms ending in \\u2212\\u044f are replaced by ''''\\u2212\\u044c\\u0430''''\n        (after consonants) or ''''\\u2212\\u0439\\u0430'''' (after vowels), before dropping\n        the ''''\\u2212\\u0430''''.) and adding the ending\\n* ''''-\\u043e'''', is the\n        general ending,\\n* ''''-\\u0435'''', can be used for some stems that are hard\n        (no \\u044c or \\u0439 at the end), for example, ''''\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435''''\n        from ''''\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439''''. This is very common for\n        the comparative form of the adjective.\\n\\nFor example, ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''\n        gives ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e''''. The comparative and superlative\n        forms of an adverb are formed by taking the corresponding form of the adjective\n        and replacing ''''\\u2212\\u0438\\u0439'''' by ''''-\\u0435'''', for example,\n        ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435'''' from ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\nAdverbs\n        can also be derived from the locative or instrumental singular of a noun,\n        for example, ''''\\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456'''' (from \\u0432\n        plus the locative of \\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430), ''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456''''\n        (from \\u043d\\u0430 plus the locative of \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430).\\n\\n====Pronouns====\\n\\n=====Personal\n        pronouns=====\\nThe personal pronouns are declined as follows.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=center\\n!\\n! 1st sing\\n! 2nd sing\\n! 3rd sing masc\\n! 3rd sing fem\\n!\n        3rd sing neut\\n! 1st pl\\n! 2nd pl\\n! 3rd pl\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || \\u044f || \\u0442\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u043d || \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\n        || \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e || \\u043c\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\n        || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e / \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0457\\u0457\n        / \\u043d\\u0435\\u0457 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e / \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u0457\\u0445 / \\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\n        || \\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0457\\u0439 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0432\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative''''''\n        || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0457\\u0457 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\n        || \\u0457\\u0445 / \\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u044e || \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c || \\u043d\\u0435\\u044e\n        || \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c || \\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        || \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456||\n        \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456 || \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 / \\u043d\\u0456\\u043c\n        || \\u043d\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 / \\u043d\\u0456\\u043c\n        || \\u043d\\u0430c || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\n=====Demonstrative\n        pronouns=====\\nThe demonstrative pronoun, ''''''\\u0442\\u043e\\u0439'''''',\n        is declined as follows.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n!\\n! masculine\\n!\n        neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0430 || \\u0442\\u0456 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0454\\u0457\n        || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or G'''' || \\u0442\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0443 ||\n        ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\n        || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative''''''\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 / \\u0442\\u0456\\u043c || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        / \\u0442\\u0456\\u043c  || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\n=====Possessive\n        pronouns=====\\nThe first (''''''\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439'''''') and second person\n        (''''''\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439'''''') singular possessive pronouns are declined\n        similarly as can be seen from the table below.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n!\\n!\n        masculine\\n! neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n!width=32px |\\n! masculine\\n! neuter\\n!\n        feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u043c\\u0456\\u0439 ||\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u044f || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457 ||  || \\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u044f || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u0457 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445 ||  || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u0457 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c ||  || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or\n        G'''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u044e || ''''N or G'''' || ||\n        ''''N or G'''' || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u044e ||\n        ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u044e || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\n        || || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c ||\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u044e || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445 || || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439\n        || \\u043e \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\nThe first (''''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448'''''')\n        and second (''''''\\u0432\\u0430\\u0448'''''') person plural possessive pronouns\n        are declined as below. The masculine nominative forms are the ''''short''''\n        forms.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n!\\n! masculine\\n! neuter\\n!\n        feminine\\n! plural\\n!width=32px |\\n! masculine\\n! neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 ||\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0430 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456 || || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0430 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0457 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 || ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0457 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c || ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or G'''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0443\n        || ''''N or G'''' || || ''''N or G'''' || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0443\n        || ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u044e || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        || || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u044e || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 || ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        third person plural possessive pronoun, ''''''\\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0439'''''',\n        is declined as a normal soft adjective.\\n\\n=====Interrogative pronouns=====\\nThe\n        interrogative pronouns, ''''''\\u0445\\u0442\\u043e'''''' and ''''''\\u0449\\u043e'''''',\n        are declined as follows.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n! Nom.\\n!\n        Gen.\\n! Dat.\\n! Acc.\\n! Inst.\\n! Loc.\\n|-\\n| \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e || \\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043a\\u0438\\u043c\n        || \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n|-\\n| \\u0449\\u043e || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0449\\u043e || \\u0447\\u0438\\u043c || \\u0447\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        interrogative pronoun, ''''''\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439'''''', is declined as given\n        in the table below.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n! \\n! masculine\\n!\n        neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u044f || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u0457 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0439\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or G''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u044e || ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental''''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u044e\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0439 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\n====Numbers====\\n(The\n        \\\"Counting\\\" column corresponds to English once, twice, thrice, four times,\n        etc.)\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n! Symbol\\n! Cardinal\\n! Ordinal\\n!\n        Counting\\n|-\\n| 0 || \\u043d\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c || \\u043d\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        ||  --\\n|-\\n| 1 || \\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d, \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430, \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435  ||\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\n|-\\n| 2 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456  || \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447\\u0456\n        \\n|-\\n| 3 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438  || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 ||\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u0456\\n|-\\n| 4|| \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438  ||\n        \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\n|-\\n| 5 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c  || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 6\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c  || \\u0448\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 7  ||\n        \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c || \\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432  \\n|-\\n| 8 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\n        ||\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439|| \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 9 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        ||\\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 10 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| teens (1) || cardinal+\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || cardinal+\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || cardinal+\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n| 20 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 21 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437   \\n|-\\n| 30 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 40 ||\\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\n        || \\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 50 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        ||  \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 ||  \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 60 || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 70 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 80 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n|\n        90 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n|\n        100 || \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e || \\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432  \\n|-\\n| 200 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\n        || \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0445\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n| 300 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        || \\u0442\\u0440\\u044c\\u043e\\u0445\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n| 400 || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u044c\\u043e\\u0445\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 500 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 600 || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0448\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 700 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0441\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n|\n        800 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 900 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 1000 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|}\\n\\nComments:\\n*(1)\n        Any soft signs are dropped if they occur word finally in the original cardinal\n        number.\\n*(2) This is a dual construction.\\n*(3) This is a plural nominative\n        construction.\\n*(4) This is the genitive plural construction (All hundreds\n        after 500 are so created.).\\n\\nIn general, the following rules are used to\n        determine agreement between the cardinal number and a noun. In the nominative\n        case, the nouns agree with the last number in any compound number. Nouns that\n        must agree with a number ending in 2, 3, or 4 are in the nominative plural,\n        but retain the stress of the dual, that is the genitive singular. Nouns, which\n        must agree with a number ending in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, and all the teens are\n        in the genitive plural. In any other case, the nouns and numbers are in the\n        same case.\\n\\n===Verbs===\\n[[Grammatical conjugation]] is subject to three\n        [[Grammatical person|persons]] in two numbers and three simple [[Grammatical\n        tense|tenses]] (present/future, future, and past), with [[periphrasis|periphrastic]]\n        forms for the future and [[Conditional mood|Conditional]], as well as [[Imperative\n        mood|imperative]] forms and present/past [[participle]]s, distinguished by\n        [[adjective|adjectival]] and [[adverb]]ial usage.  There are two [[grammatical\n        voice|voices]], [[active voice|active]] and [[middle voice|middle]]/[[passive\n        voice|passive]], which is constructed by the addition of a reflexive [[suffix]]\n        ''''''-\\u0441\\u044f/\\u0441\\u044c'''''' to the active form.  An interesting\n        feature is that the past tense is actually made to agree in gender with the\n        [[Subject (grammar)|subject]], for it is the [[participle]] in an originally\n        periphrastic [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]] formed with the present of ''''''\\u0431\\u044b\\u0442\\u044c''''''\n        (modern: ''''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''''') {{IPA|/b\\u0268t\\u02b2/}},\\\"to\n        be.\\\" Verbal inflection today is considerably simpler than in Common Slavic.\n        The ancient [[aorist]], [[imperfect]], and (periphrastic) [[pluperfect]] have\n        been lost. The loss of three of the former six tenses has been offset by the\n        reliance, as in other Slavic languages, on verbal [[grammatical aspect|aspect]].  Most\n        verbs come in pairs, one with [[imperfective aspect|imperfective]] or continuous\n        connotation, the other with [[perfective aspect|perfective]] or completed,\n        usually formed with a (prepositional) prefix, but occasionally using a different\n        root.\\n\\nThe present tense of the verb ''''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''''',\n        \\\"[[copula (linguistics)|to be]]\\\", today normally has the form, ''''\\u0454''''\n        used for all persons and numbers. Previously (before 1500) and occasionally\n        in liturgical settings, aspects of the full conjugation, can be found. The\n        paradigm shows as well as anything else the Indo-European affinity of Ukrainian:\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!English\\n!Ukrainian\\n!IPA\\n!Latin\\n![[Proto-Indo-European\n        language|PIE]]\\n|-\\n|\\\"I am\\\"||\\u044f \\u0454\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u0438*||{{IPA|/(je)sm\\u026a/}}||sum||''''\\u00e9\\u01f5h\\u2082om\n        H\\u2081\\u00e9smi''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"you are\\\" (sing.)||\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0454\\u0441\\u0438\n        ||{{IPA|/(je)s\\u026a/}}|| es||''''t\\u00fah\\u2082 H\\u2081\\u00e9si''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"he,\n        she, it is\\\"||\\u0432\\u0456\\u043d, \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430, \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0454||{{IPA|/jest\\u02b2, je/}}||est||''''kh\\u012b\n        H\\u2081\\u00e9sti''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"we are\\\"||\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0454\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u043e*||{{IPA|/jesm\\u0268/}}||sumus||''''w\\u00e9y\n        H\\u2081sm\\u00e9s''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"you are\\\" (plur.)||\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0454\\u0441\\u044c\\u0442\\u0435*||{{IPA|/jeste/}}||estis||''''ju\n        H\\u2081ste''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"they are\\\"||\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c*\n        ||{{IPA|/sut\\u02b2/}}||sunt||''''t\\u014d H\\u2081s\\u00f3nti''''\\n|}\\n\\nNote:\n        Ukrainian forms followed by * are considered archaic in Standard Ukrainian\n        (albeit those are still used in dialects) and are replaced by \\u0454. In the\n        present tense, the verb ''''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''''' is often omitted\n        (or replaced by a dash \\\"\\u2014\\\" in writing), for example, \\u042f \\u2014\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442.\\n\\n====Classification of verbs====\\nThere\n        exist two different classification of verbs: traditional and historical/linguistic.\\n\\nThe\n        traditional classification of verbs subdivides the verbs into two categories\n        based on the form of the 3rd person singular present indicative form of the\n        verb.\\n# The ''''\\u0435'''' stems, which have the ending ''''-\\u0435'''' or\n        ''''-\\u0454'''' in the 3rd person singular.\\n# The ''''\\u0438'''' stems, which\n        have the ending ''''-\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c'''' in the 3rd person singular.\\n\\nThe\n        historical/linguistic classification of verbs subdivides the verbs into 5\n        categories. Classes 1,2 and 3 correspond to the ''''\\u0435'''' stems of the\n        traditional classification, while class 4 corresponds to the ''''\\u0438''''\n        stems. Class 5 consists of the athematic verbs.\\n{{cite book|title =\n        Introduction to Slavonic Languages |first=R. G. A. |last= De Bray |location=\n        London|year = 1951}}\\n\\n# Class 1: Stems in ''''-\\u0435''''\\n#* The\n        same stem in the Present and the Infinitive\\n#** The same consonantal stem\n        (the last three examples do not quite resemble the first example or the classification\n        name due to various sound changes (palatalisation) in Ukrainian):\\n#**** \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\n#**** \\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\n#****\n        \\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0443\\u043c\\u0440\\u0435\\n#**** \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\\n#** The same vowel stem\\n#**** \\u043f\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u043f\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\n#* Infinitive in ''''-\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438''''\\n#**\n        Consonantal stem\\n#*** \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\n#**\n        Vowel stems\\n#*** \\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\n# Class\n        2: \\\"n\\\" verbs (mostly perfective verbs)\\n#* \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0435\\n# Class 3: Presents in ''''\\u0454''''\n        (undergo changes associated with iotification)\\n#* Primary verbs\\n#** Same\n        stem in the Present and Infinitive\\n#*** Same vowel stem\\n#**** \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0454\\n#*** Same consonantal stem (these stem often have\n        a pleophonic form for the infinitive)\\n#**** \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        (Common Slavic ''''*melti'''') / \\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435 (\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044e)\\n#****\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 (Common Slavic ''''*polti'''') / \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\n        (\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e)\\n#** Infinitive in ''''-\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438''''\\n#***\n        Same vowel stem (-\\u044f)\\n#**** \\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0441\\u0456\\u0454\\n#***\n        Same consonantal stem\\n#**** \\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        (\\u043e\\u0440\\u044e)\\n#*** Stems that undergo the changes associated with\n        the doubling of the consonants (the result is slightly regularised in that\n        ''''-\\u012dje'''' does not mutate into ''''-\\u044f'''' as would be expected)\\n#****\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438: \\u0431\\u2019\\u044e, \\u0431\\u2019\\u0454\\u0448 ...\n        (Common Slavic: ''''*biti: b\\u012dj\\u01eb, b\\u012dje\\u0161\\u012d ...'''')\\n#****\n        \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n#**** \\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438: \\u043b\\u043b\\u044e,\n        \\u043b\\u043b\\u0454\\u0448 ...\\n#* Derived Verbs (all vowel stems)\\n#** ''''a''''-stems\\n#***\n        \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0454\\n#**\n        ''''\\u011b''''-stems\\n#*** \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0456\\u0454\\n#**\n        ''''uva''''-stems\\n#*** \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 /\n        \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0454\\n# Class 4: ''''i''''-stems in the Present\n        (undergo changes associated with iotification)\\n#* ''''i''''-stems in both\n        the Present and Infinitive\\n#** \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\\n#* ''''\\u011b''''-stems\\n#***\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\\n#***\n        \\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\\n#\n        Class 5: Athematic Verbs (''''-m'''' presents)\\n#* \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n#*\n        \\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n#* -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n#* \\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\n\\n====Voices====\\nUkrainian\n        had 2 voices: (1) [[active voice]] and (2) [[passive voice]]. The active voice\n        is the only voice with a complete set of conjugations. The active voice, in\n        general, shows a direct effect of the verb on its subject.\\n\\n====Indicative\n        active mood====\\nThe [[indicative mood]] is used to describe events, which\n        have occurred, are occurring, or will occur. In Ukrainian, the indicative\n        mood contains the present, future, and past tenses.\\n\\n=====Present tense=====\\nHistorically,\n        this is derived from the Indo-European present tense. In Common Slavic and\n        later Ukrainian, it retained its present meaning only for imperfective verbs\n        and developed a future meaning for perfective verbs.\\n\\nFor the ''''\\u0435''''\n        stems (Classes 1, 2, and 3), the endings are:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+\n        ''''''\\u0435 stem endings''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First\n        Person'''''' || -\\u0443 / -\\u044e || -\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0454\\u043c\\u043e\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u0435\\u0448 / -\\u0454\\u0448 ||-\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\n        / -\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u0435 / -\\u0454\n        || -\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c / -\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\nAll verbs whose roots\n        end in a velar undergo the first palatalisation in all forms of the present\n        (even though historically speaking the first person singular should not).\n        The endings in ''''\\u0454'''' are used for roots whose stem ends in a vowel.\n        All verbs in Class 3 and those that end in a vowel use ''''-\\u044e'''' and\n        ''''-\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c''''. Furthermore, Class 3 verbs undergo iotification\n        in those forms that use ''''-\\u044e-''''. For reflexive verbs, in the third\n        person singular, the ending has its historical ''''-\\u0442\\u044c'''' restored\n        before the participle ''''-\\u0441\\u044f / -\\u0441\\u044c'''' is affixed. Thus,\n        the ending becomes ''''-\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f''''.\\n\\nFor the ''''\\u0438''''\n        stems (Class 4), the endings are:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+\n        ''''''\\u0438 stem endings''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First\n        Person'''''' ||  -\\u044e / (-\\u0443) || -\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0457\\u043c\\u043e\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u0438\\u0448 / -\\u0457\\u0448 ||-\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\n        / -\\u0457\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        / -\\u0457\\u0442\\u044c || -\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c / -\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\nAll\n        Class 4 verbs undergo iotification in the first person singular. Thus, there\n        is really only one ending, which due to orthographic reasons is given 2 different\n        forms. Verbs ending in a vowel take the endings in the second column. In the\n        third person plural, verbs ending in a labial insert an ''''\\u043b'''' before\n        the ending, ''''-\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c''''. The ending ''''-\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c''''\n        is used after the sibilants ''''\\u0436, \\u0448, \\u0449'''', or ''''\\u0447''''.\\n\\n======Examples======\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (stem: \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441-) (Class 1 verb)''''''\\n''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443 ||\n        I am carrying || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e || We are carrying \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u0448 || You (sing.)\n        are carrying || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 || You (pl.)  are carrying\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435 || He/She/It\n        is carrying || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c || They are carrying\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (stem: \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d-) (Class 2 verb)''''''\\n''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        || I will return || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e || We will\n        return \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0448\n        || You (sing.) will return || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 ||\n        You (pl.) will return \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\n        || He/She/It will return || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c ||\n        They will return\\n|}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (stem: \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430-) (Class 3 verb)'''''' \\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u044e\n        || I read || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454\\u043c\\u043e || We read\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454\\u0448 || You (sing.)\n        read || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435 || You (pl.) read\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454 || He/She/It reads\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c || They read\\n|}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        - (stem: \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440-) (Class 4 verb)''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044e\n        || I talk || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e || We talk\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0448 ||\n        You (sing.) talk || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435 || You\n        (pl.) talk\\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        || He/She/It talks || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c ||\n        They talk\\n|}\\n\\n======[[Athematic verb]]s======\\nUkrainian inherited from\n        Indo-European through Common Slavic, the following 3 athematic verbs. These\n        verbs have their own conjugation in the present. Everywhere else they are\n        regular.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        - to give (perfective)''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First\n        Person'''''' || \\u0434\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second\n        Person'''''' || \\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438 ||\\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c || \\u0434\\u0430\\u0434\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 -\n        to eat (imperfective)''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person''''''\n        || \\u0457\\u043c || \\u0457\\u043c\\u043e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' ||\n        \\u0457\\u0441\\u0438 ||\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person''''''\n        || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c || \\u0457\\u0434\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Compounds ending in -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438''''''\\n!\n        \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u043c\n        || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u043c\\u043e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0438\n        ||-\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\n=====Past active tense=====\\nThe\n        past tense in Ukrainian has the peculiarity of being originally an adjective,\n        since it derives from the original compound perfect (corresponding to, for\n        example, the [[Latin grammar|Latin]] first conjugation participle ending ''''-atus'''').\n        Thus, the past tense agrees in number and gender with the subject of the verb.\n        The following endings are added to the infinitive with the ending ''''-\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        removed (Most root final ''''\\u0434'''' and ''''\\u0442'''' are dropped):\\n\\n*masculine\n        singular: ''''-\\u0432''''\\n**Note: It is lost after ''''\\u0441, \\u0437, \\u043a,\n        \\u0433, \\u0431, \\u0440''''.\\n**Note 2: Stems ending in ''''\\u0435'''' or ''''\\u043e''''\n        plus a consonant convert them to ''''\\u0456'''', for example, ''''\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441''''\n        but ''''\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430'''' and ''''\\u043c\\u0456\\u0433''''\n        but ''''\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043b\\u0430''''. Stems in ''''\\u044f'''' plus a\n        consonant can also undergo this change.\\n*feminine singular: ''''-\\u043b\\u0430''''\\n*neuter\n        singular: ''''-\\u043b\\u043e''''\\n*plural: ''''-\\u043b\\u0438''''\\n\\nClass 2\n        verbs can have forms without the \\u2212\\u043d\\u0443, for example, ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        has the forms ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431'''', ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430'''',\n        ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u043e'''', and ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438''''.\n        Not all Class 2 verbs undergo this change.\\n\\nThese forms are often called\n        the active past participle I. The masculine singular evolved from an earlier\n        *-\\u043b\\u044a that delingualized (cf. [[Polish language|Polish]] ''''-\\u0142'''').\\n\\n=====Future\n        active tense=====\\nIn Ukrainian, there are 2 different future tenses for imperfective\n        verbs. The first form, called ''''simple'''' (''''\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430''''), formed by adding to the infinitive of\n        the verb the following endings, which are derived from the Common Slavic verb\n        ''''*j\\u0119ti'''' (Present stem: j\\u012dm\\u2212):\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ '''''' Future Tense: First Form''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ending || Example || Ending ||\n        Example\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  -\\u043c\\u0443 ||\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0443||\n        -\\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u043c\\u0435\\u0448 || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0448\n        ||-\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u043c\\u0435 || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\n        ||  -\\u043c\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        second form, called ''''compound'''' (''''\\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430''''), is to take the present tense conjugation\n        of the verb ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''' and use it with the infinitive\n        of the verb. Thus,\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Future\n        Tense: Second Form''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person''''''\n        ||  \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|| \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\n        \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u0448\n        \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n|}\\n\\nThis\n        will translate as ''''will eat'''' with the appropriate personal pronoun.\\n\\n====Imperative\n        active mood====\\nThe [[imperative mood]] is used to give commands. It exists\n        in only the present tense in Ukrainian. There are no forms for the 1st person\n        singular. \\nIn Ukrainian, the imperative mood is formed from the present stem\n        of the verb plus the following endings (The example is based on Ukrainian\n        ''''\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438''''):\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+\n        ''''''Imperative Mood in Ukrainian''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''First Person'''''' || ''''none'''' || -\\u044c\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0439\\u043c\\u043e\n        / -\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0456\\u043c\\u043e (\\u043f\\u0438\\u0439\\u043c\\u043e)\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u044c / -\\u0439 / \\u2205 / -\\u0438 (\\u043f\\u0438\\u0439)\n        ||-\\u044c\\u0442\\u0435 / -\\u0439\\u0442\\u0435 / -\\u0442\\u0435 / -\\u0456\\u0442\\u044c\n        (\\u043f\\u0438\\u0439\\u0442\\u0435) \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 + 3rd person present singular (\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u043f''\\u0454 or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043f''\\u0454)  ||\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 + 3rd person present plural (\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u043f''\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043f''\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c)\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        first set of endings is to be used for stems that end in a dentals (''''\\u0437,\n        \\u0434, \\u0442, \\u0441, \\u043d,'''' and ''''\\u043b''''). The second set of\n        ending is used for stems that end in a vowel. The third set of endings is\n        used for stems that end in labials or post-alveolar sibilants (''''\\u0431,\n        \\u0432, \\u043c, \\u043f, \\u0444, \\u0448, \\u0449, \\u0447, \\u0436,'''' and ''''\\u0440'''').\n        The fourth set of endings is used with verbs whose unaffixed form (no prefixes\n        or suffixes) have the stress on the ending in the first person singular of\n        the present tense. As well, most Class 2 verbs and those verb roots ending\n        in a consonant plus ''''\\u043b'''' or ''''\\u0440'''' take these endings.  Thus\n        for example, ''''\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438'''' and ''''\\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438''''.\n        Class 5 verbs take the first set of endings, but undergo an archaic form of\n        iotation, so that ''''\\u0434\\u044c'''' becomes ''''\\u0436'''' (rather than\n        ''''\\u0434\\u0436''''), for example, ''''\\u0457\\u0436\\u0442\\u0435'''' < ''''\\u0457\\u0434+\\u044c\\u0442\\u0435''''.\n        This does not apply to ''''\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438'''', which is treated\n        as a regular verb with a stem in ''''\\u0434\\u0430-''''.\\n\\nFinally note that\n        all verbs with stems that end in ''''\\u043a'''' and ''''\\u0433'''' undergo\n        the first palatalisation. Class 3 verbs with stems in ''''\\u043a'''', ''''\\u0433'''',\n        and ''''\\u0441'''' undergo iotification (as do their present conjugation).\\n\\n====Conditional\n        active mood====\\nThe [[Grammatical mood#Conditional|conditional mood]] is\n        used to state hypothetical states, wishes, and desires. It has 2 tenses in\n        Ukrainian: a present and a past.\\n\\n=====Present tense=====\\nThe present conditional\n        is formed in Ukrainian from the participle ''''\\u0431\\u0438'''' or the short\n        form ''''\\u0431'''', which is derived from the archaic aorist conjugation\n        of the verb, ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''', and the active past participle\n        I, which is the same as the past indicative participle. Thus, there is agreement\n        between the subject and the participle. An example of this construction would\n        be ''''\\u044f \\u0431\\u0438 \\u0445\\u043e\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432  ...'''' (I would\n        like...).\\n\\n=====Past tense=====\\nThe past conditional is formed in Ukrainian\n        from the participle ''''\\u0431\\u0438'''' or the short form ''''\\u0431''''\n        followed by the active past participle I form of the verb ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        (''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432, \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430, \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e,\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438'''') and then the active past participle I of the\n        verb. Both participles must agree with the subject. An example of this construction\n        would be ''''\\u044f\\u043a \\u044f \\u0431\\u0438 \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432...''''\n        (had I  (had) known...). Alternatively, the past conditional can be formed\n        by using the form ''''\\u044f\\u043a\\u0431\\u0438'''' and the active past participle\n        I form of the verb, for example, ''''\\u044f\\u043a\\u0431\\u0438 \\u044f \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u2026''''.\\n\\n====Passive\n        voice====\\nThe [[passive voice]] has 2 different functions. It shows either\n        that the subject has had something done to itself or that something indeterminate\n        has occurred to the subject.\\nIn Ukrainian, the passive voice is formed as\n        follows:\\n# Use of a reflexive verb: ''''\\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f''''\n        (to wash oneself or in French ''''se laver'''')\\n# Use of the verb ''''to\n        be'''' and the past passive participle: ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u043d \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''' (He was killed).\\n# An impersonal\n        use of the third person plural past active participle I: ''''\\u0419\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438'''' (He was killed).\\n# The following construction:\n        ''''\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e'''' + neuter singular of past passive participle,\n        the \\\"-\\u043d\\u043e/-\\u0442\\u043e\\\" form: ''''\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435''''\n        (The town was captured.).\\n\\n====Participles and verbal nouns====\\n\\nIn Ukrainian,\n        there exist traces of all five Common Slavic participles.\\n\\n=====Present\n        active participle=====\\n\\nThis participle is formed by taking the third person\n        plural form, dropping the ''''\\u0442\\u044c'''', and adding ''''\\u0447\\u0438(\\u0439)''''.\n        Most commonly this participle is used as gerund with the form ''''\\u0447\\u0438''''\n        with a meaning approaching the equivalent English construction with ''''-ing''''.\n        Occasionally, it is used as an adjective. In this case its form is ''''\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        Examples of this participle are ''''\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438'''',\n        ''''\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438'''', and ''''\\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438''''.\\n\\n=====Present\n        passive participle=====\\n\\nThis participle does not exist in Ukrainian as\n        a separate form. However, it is commonly encountered as an adjective in ''''-\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        Common examples of this participle are ''''\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439''''\n        and ''''\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\n=====Past\n        active participle I=====\\n\\nThis participle is encountered in forming the\n        past tense in Ukrainian. Occasionally, it is found as an adjective for intransitive\n        verbs. It is formed by taking the infinitive stem and adding the ending ''''-\\u0432,\n        -\\u043b\\u0430, -\\u043b\\u043e,'''' and ''''-\\u043b\\u0438'''' to form the past\n        tense participle (in reality the indefinite form of the adjective) and the\n        ending ''''-\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439'''' to form the regular adjective. An example\n        of the adjectival form is ''''\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\n=====Past\n        active participle II=====\\n\\nThis participle is most commonly encountered\n        as a gerund, while it is only used occasionally as an adjective. It is formed\n        by taking the masculine past participle I and adding the ending ''''-\\u0448\\u0438(\\u0439)''''.\n        An example of the gerund is ''''\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438'''',\n        while a common (dialectical) adjective would be the word ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\n=====Past\n        passive participle=====\\n\\nThe past passive participle is the only participle\n        used commonly as an adjective. There are two parallel forms with no difference\n        in meaning: in ''''-\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''' or in ''''-\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        This participle is formed from the infinitive stem for most verbs. Class 2\n        verbs can as for other participles drop the suffix ''''\\u043d\\u0443'''' or\n        only the ''''\\u0443'''', for example, \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        from \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438. Verbs in ''''-\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        or ''''-\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u0438'''' (those whose ending is stressed)\n        will replace the ''''\\u0443''''  by ''''\\u043e'''' and ''''\\u044e'''' by ''''\\u044c/\\u0439\\u043e''''\n        (''''\\u044c'''' if a consonant precedes or ''''\\u0439'''' if a vowel), for\n        example, \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0301\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        from \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u0438. Finally, Class\n        3 stems with full voicing have two possible stems: the first is simply obtained\n        by dropping the \\u2212\\u0442\\u0438 from the infinitive, while the second is\n        obtained by dropping the last three letters (which in effect means using the\n        present form). The first form will take the \\u2212\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 ending,\n        while the second form will take the \\u2212\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 ending, for example\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 has \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        and \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439. Note that the verb \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        has the second form \\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, since it derives\n        from *melti in Common Slavonic). The ending is determined as follows:\\n*If\n        the stem ends in a vowel or ''''\\u0435\\u0440'''' or ''''\\u043e\\u0440'''' (derived\n        from a sonant r in Common Slavonic), then\\n**If the vowel is ''''\\u0438, \\u0443,\n        \\u044f'''' a sibilant plus ''''\\u0430'''', ''''\\u0435\\u0440,'''' or ''''\\u043e\\u0440''''\n        then add ''''-\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''', for example, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439, or \\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439.\\n**For\n        class 3 verbs with full voicing ending in ''''\\u043e'''', then add ''''-\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''',\n        for example, \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439.\\n**For all Class\n        4 verbs, the ending is ''''-\\u0454\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439'''', for example, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0454\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439.\\n**Otherwise,\n        the ending is ''''-\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n*If the stem ends in a consonant,\n        then add ''''-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''. Class 1 verbs undergo the first\n        palatalisation, while Class 2, 4, and 5 verbs undergo iotation, for example,\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, \\u043b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, and \\u0457\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439.\\n\\n=====Verbal\n        noun=====\\n\\nThe verbal noun is created by taking the past passive participle,\n        dropping ''''\\u0438\\u0439'''', doubling the consonant if permitted by the\n        rules under ''''-\\u012djV'''', and adding a ''''\\u044f''''. This will be a\n        neuter noun declined like all neuter nouns in ''''*\\u012dj\\u0435''''. It should\n        be noted that if the ''''-\\u0435-'''' of the past passive participle is stressed\n        then the ''''\\u0435'''' will mutate into an ''''\\u0456''''. Examples include\n        ''''\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f'''' from ''''\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        and ''''\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f'''' from ''''\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438''''.\n        Note that any Class 3 verbs in -\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 or -\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        will restore the ''''\\u0443'''' or ''''\\u044e'''' \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        from \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438)\\n\\nThe\n        verbal noun in Ukrainian is derived from the Common Slavic verbal noun, where\n        it was formed by adding ''''*-\\u012dj\\u0435'''' to the past passive participle\n        without the ''''*\\u016d'''' ending. Thus, in Ukrainian, the consonant is doubled\n        if possible.\\n\\n===Word formation===\\nUkrainian has a rich set of [[Prefix\n        (linguistics)|prefixes]], both [[preposition]]al and [[adverb]]ial in nature,\n        as well as [[diminutive]], [[augmentative]], and [[frequentative]] [[suffix]]es.\n        All of these can be stacked one upon the other, to produce multiple derivatives\n        of a given word.  Participles and other inflexional forms may also have a\n        special [[connotation]]. For example, the word ''''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439''''''\n        can be split into the following prefixes and suffixes:\\n
\\u043d\\u0430\n        + \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432 + \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 + \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438 (root) + \\u0442\\u0438\\u0439.\n        
\\n\\n====Prefixes====\\nIn Ukrainian, prefixes can be added to a root\n        and stacked on top of each as in the above example. The most common prefixes\n        are given in the table below. Although the prefixes have the given meaning,\n        when attached to a root, it is possible that the resulting new word will have\n        a unique meaning that is distantly related to the original meaning of the\n        prefix. If possible the example is given using the verbal root ''''''\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438''''''\n        or the nominal root ''''''\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434''''''.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Common Ukrainian Prefixes''''''\\n! Prefix\\n! English\n        Translation\\n! Example\\n|-\\n| \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435- || again, re- || \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0432-/\\u0443-, \\u0432\\u043e- || into, in, en- || \\u0432\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0432\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 \\n|-\\n| \\u0432\\u0438- || out, ex- || \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434,\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u0437-, \\u0441-,\n        (\\u0437\\u0456-, \\u0437\\u0443-, \\u0441\\u043e-, \\u0441\\u0443-, \\u0456\\u0437-,\n        \\u0456\\u0441-) (1) || together (with), con- || \\u0441\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0437\\u0430- || beyond, trans- || \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432- || co- || \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432- || half, mid- || \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434- || under-, sub- || \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434-/\\u043e\\u0434- || away from || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438- || against, contra- || \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043d\\u0435- || not, un-, non-, in- || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043e\\u0431-, \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e- || circum-, around ||\\u043e\\u0431\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e- || through|| \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438- || closer,\n        near, cis- || \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438, \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435- || more than || \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437- || without || \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0434\\u043e- || to, ad- || \\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u043d\\u0430- || on || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437- || across || \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e-,\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e- || first- || \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430- || before, pre-, fore- || \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434- || on, above, extra- ||\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\n|-\\n| \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436- || between, inter- || \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|}\\n\\n(1)\n        The multitude of forms in Ukrainian for the Common Slavic *s\\u016d(n) (*\\u0441\\u044a(\\u043d))\n        is a result of the fact that the initial ''''s'''' could assimilate (or dissimilate)\n        with the root''s initial consonants. As well, since a ''''\\u044c'''' followed\n        there was the potential for further sound changes. Finally, words entered\n        Ukrainian from different Slavic languages with their own peculiarities or\n        that the original origin of the word was lost. The following are examples\n        of all the given possibilities:{{cite book|title = \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        |first = \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440 | last\n        = \\u041f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439\\u043a\\u043e|location= Augsburg|year = 1950}}\\n*\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n*\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\n*\\u0437\\u0456\\u043f\\u0440\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n*\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\n*\\u0456\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\n        < \\u0441\\u044a\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044a\\n*\\u0437\\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0442 <\n        *\\u0441\\u044a\\u0448\\u0438\\u0442\\u044a = bound/sown together \\n*\\u0437\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0463\\u0447\\u044c \\n*\\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0434\n        < *\\u0441\\u046b\\u0441\\u0463\\u0434\\u044a < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u043d\\u0441\\u0463\\u0434\\u044a\n        = sit together\\n*\\u0441\\u043e\\u044e\\u0437 < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u044e\\u0437\\u044c\n        = yoke together\\n\\nIn Ukrainian, the normal form is ''''\\u0437'''' except\n        before \\u043a, \\u043f, \\u0442, \\u0444 and \\u0445 where the normal form is\n        ''''\\u0441''''.\\n\\nThe following rules are followed\n        when adding a prefix to the root:\\n# If the prefix ends in a consonant and\n        the root starts with an iotified vowel, then an apostrophe is added between\n        the prefix and the root, for example, \\u0437''\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438.\\n#\n        If a prefix ends in a consonant and the root starts with two or more consonants,\n        then the vowel ''''\\u0456'''' is inserted between the prefix and the root,\n        for example, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438. This\n        does not apply to the prefix \\u0432, for example, \\u0432\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438.\\n\\n====Suffixes====\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, suffixes can be added to a root and stacked on top of each to produce\n        a family of words. The most common suffixes are given in the table below.\n        The curly brackets {} denote the various possible different suffixes with\n        a similar meaning\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Common\n        Ukrainian Suffixes''''''\\n! Root Type + Suffix = Resulting Word Type\\n! English\n        Translation\\n! Example\\n|-\\n| Noun + {-\\u0430\\u0440(\\u044c), -\\u0430\\u0447,\n        -\\u0446\\u044c, -\\u0430\\u043a, -\\u0438\\u043a, -\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c, -\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        (from Latin -ist), -\\u0443\\u0445} = Noun || one who does, -er, often male\n        || \\u0448\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440, \\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447, \\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c,\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442, \\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun + {-\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f, -\\u0438\\u043d\\u044f, -(\\u0430)\\u0445\\u0430, -\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f,\n        -\\u043a\\u0430} = Noun || female version of a noun || \\u043a\\u043d\\u044f\\u0433\\u0438\\u043d\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        Adjective + {-\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c, -\\u0430\\u043a, -\\u0438\\u043a, -\\u043a\\u043e,\n        -\\u0443\\u043d} = Noun || a male with the given attribute of the adjective\n        || \\u0433\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\n|-\\n| Noun of a city/nation\n        + {-\\u0438\\u043d(\\u044f), -\\u044f\\u043a(\\u0430), -\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c/-\\u0446\\u044f}\n        = Noun || citizen/inhabitant of the city/nation (male/female) || \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun + {-\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e, -\\u0438\\u0447, -\\u044e\\u043a, -\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a,\n        -\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430} = Noun || descendant of, son/daughter of || \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        (from \\u0448\\u0432\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c), \\u0422\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a\n        (from \\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447)\\n|-\\n| Noun + -\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430 || often\n        a negative female noun (female pejoratives) || \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun + -\\u043d\\u044f || place where noun can be done/found || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044f,\n        \\u043a\\u043d\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\n|-\\n| Adjective + -\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\n        || being in the state described by the noun || \\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun/Verb Stem + -\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e || abstract form of the noun, -dom,\n        -ship, -edness || \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e,\n        \\u0436\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\n|-\\n| Adjective + -\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        || possessing the qualities expressed by the adjective, -ness || \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c,\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\\n|-\\n| Any Word + {-\\u043e\\u043a/-\\u043a\\u0430/-\\u043a\\u043e,\n        -\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e, -\\u0446\\u044c/-\\u0446\\u044f/-\\u0446\\u0435,\n        -\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e (< Common Slavic *-\\u0119tko/*-\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e)}\n        = Noun || diminutive, of various shades of positive meaning (masculine/feminine/neuter\n        forms given) ||  \\u043c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043a, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\n|-\\n| Any word + {-\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430,\n        -\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e, -\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435, -\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430, -\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430,\n        -\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430} = Noun || augmentative with a negative connotation ||\n        \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e, \\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435\\n|-\\n|\n        Masculine Noun + -\\u0456\\u0432 = Possessive Adjective || Possessive adjective\n        || \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| Feminine Noun + -\\u0438\\u043d\n        = Possessive Adjective || Possessive adjective || \\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d\\n|-\\n|\n        Nouns + {-\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439/-\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439} = Adjective\n        || belonging to, containing the noun || \\u0434\\u0443\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n| Nouns + -\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        (< Common Slavic *-\\u0119tj\\u012d) = Adjective || belonging to || \\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n| Nouns + -\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (< Common Slavic *-\\u0119nj\\u012d/-) = Adjective || made of, consisting of\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u0447\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        Nouns + -\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 = Adjective || made of || \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        Adjective + -\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a-/-\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a-\n        = Adjective || ''absolutely, most highly, extremely'' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439/\\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        Adjective + -\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 = Adjectival Noun || diminutive\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n| Adjective\n        in -\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 + -\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 (drop -\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        = Noun || The noun refers to the region || \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        (Foreign) Word + -\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 = Verb || creates a verb\n        from any other word || \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|}\\n\\n====Adjectives====\\nTwo\n        or more adjectives can be combined into a single word using an ''''''\\u043e''''''\n        as the linking vowel, for example, \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439,\n        which consists of the adjectives \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        and \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        If the second adjective starts with a vowel, then a dash can be used to separate\n        the linking vowel and the second adjective, for example, \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044c\\u043e-\\u0454\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\\n\\n====Verbs====\\nIn\n        addition to the suffixes and prefixes that can be added to verbs, Ukrainian\n        verbs have inherited occasional traces of the Indo-European [[ablaut]]. The\n        primary ablaut is the difference between long and short Indo-European vowels.\n        In Ukrainian, due to the fact that the long and short vowels experienced different\n        reflexes, this ablaut is reflected as a change in vowels. The resulting verbs\n        are often imperfect-perfect pairs. For example, we have \\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        and \\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (simplified Indo-European *skoki-\n        and *sk\\u014dka-).\\n\\n===Fundamental sentence structure===\\n\\n====Coordination====\\nThe\n        common Ukrainian [[coordination (conjunction)|coordination]]s are:\\n* \\u0456\n        / \\u0439 / \\u0442\\u0430(and)\\n* \\u0430 (and, but)\\n* \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 (but)\\n\\n====Subordination====\\nCommon\n        Ukrainian [[complementizer|subordinations]] are:\\n\\n* \\u044f\\u043a (how, if)\\n*\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438 (when)\\n* \\u044f\\u043a\\u0449\\u043e (if)\\n\\n==Syntax==\\nThe\n        basic [[word order]], both in conversation and the written language, is [[subject\\u2013verb\\u2013object]].  However,\n        because the relations are marked by [[inflexion]], considerable latitude in\n        word order is allowed, and all the permutations can be used.  The word order\n        expresses the [[logical stress]], and the degree of [[definiteness]].\\n\\n===\n        Negation ===\\nUnlike English, Latin, and various other languages, Ukrainian\n        allows [[double negative|multiple negatives]], as in \\u201cnixto nikoly nikomu\n        ni\\u010doho ne pro\\u0161\\u010daje\\u201d (\\u2018no-one ever forgives anyone\n        anything\\u2019, literally \\u2018no-one never to no-one nothing does not forgive\\u2019).\n        Single negatives are often grammatically incorrect because when negation is\n        used in complex sentences every part that could be grammatically negated should\n        be negative.\\n\\nObjects of a negated verb are placed in the genitive case,\n        where they would be accusative if the verb were not negated.\\n\\n===Inflectional\n        usage===\\n\\n====Case====\\nThe use of [[Grammatical case|cases]] in Ukrainian\n        can be very complicated. In general, the [[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[accusative]],\n        and [[vocative]] cases can be used without a [[preposition]]. On the other\n        hand, the [[locative]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]] cases are used\n        primarily with a preposition. Furthermore, and much like in [[Latin]], different\n        prepositions can be followed by nouns in different cases, resulting in different\n        meanings.\\n\\n====Aspect====\\nUkrainian verbs can have one of two [[Grammatical\n        aspect|aspects]]: [[imperfective]] and [[perfective]]. The imperfective form\n        denotes an action that is taking place in the present, is ongoing, is repetitive,\n        or is habitual. The perfective form indicates an action that is completed,\n        is the result of an action, is the beginning of an action, or is shorter or\n        longer than usual. For example, ''''spaty'''' (\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438)\n        is imperfective, while ''''pospaty'''' (\\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438)\n        is perfective.\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[Ukrainian language]]\\n\\n==Translation\n        of words==\\nNote: All Common Slavic words quoted are translated faithfully\n        by their Ukrainian forms.\\nAbbreviations used: \\n* m: masculine noun\\n* f:\n        feminine noun\\n* nt: neuter noun\\n* n: noun declined like an adjective, with\n        different forms for each gender\\n* v: verb\\n* adj: adjective\\n* adv: adverb\\n*\n        ger: gerund\\n* pr: pronoun\\n* co: conjunction\\n\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-break|width=50%}}\\n*\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d (babyn): (adj) belonging to a grandmother (masculine\n        nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 (babyna): (adj) belonging\n        to a grandmother (feminine nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        (banduryst): (m) a [[bandura]] player\\n* \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (bezrobitnyj): (m) unemployed, someone without work\\n* \\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\n        (bereza): (f) birch\\n* \\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (byty): (v) to hit\\n* \\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\n        (bidnota): (f) poverty\\n* \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439\n        (bilolycyj): (adj) white-faced\\n* \\u0431\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e (boloto):\n        (nt) mud, swamp\\n* \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 (boroda): (f) beard\\n*\n        \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (braty): (nt) to take\\n* \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        (brativ): (adj) belonging to a brother (masculine nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        (bratova): (adj) belong to a brother (feminine nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        (buv\\u0161yj): (adj) (dialectical) former, ex- (that which once was)\\n* \\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (buty): (v) to be\\n* \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448 (va\\u0161): (adj) yours (pl)\\n* \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vernuty): (v) to return something\\n* \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vertity): (v) to turn about repeatedly\\n* \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\n        (vve\\u010deri): (adv.) during the evening\\n* \\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\n        (ve\\u010dera): (f) evening\\n* \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (vybraty):\n        (v) to choose, elect\\n* \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 (vyxid): (m) exit\\n*\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439 (vidomyj): (adj) well-known\\n*\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c (vid\\u2032om): (f) witches (genitive\n        plural)\\n* \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (vidxodyty):\n        (v) to go further away (imperfective)\\n* \\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\n        (viterec\\u2032): (m) a light wind\\n* \\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u043a (vovk): (m)\n        wolf\\n* \\u0432\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 (vxid): (m) entrance\\n* \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vyxodyty): (v) to be in the process of exiting, leaving\\n* \\u0432\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vxodyty): (v) to enter, go in\\n* \\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (harnyj):\n        (adj) nice\\n* \\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e (harno): (adv) nicely\\n* \\u0433\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\n        (hri\\u0161nyk): (m) sinner\\n* \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (hovoryty): (v) to speak\\n* \\u0433\\u043e\\u0454\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (hojenyj):\n        (adj) healed\\n* \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430 (hora): (f) mountain\\n* \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u0447\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (hre\\u010danyj): (adj) made of buckwheat\\n* \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f\n        ([[hryvnia]]): (f) Ukrainian currency\\n* \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (dvyhnuty): (v) to exert\\n* \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (derev\\u2033janyj): (adj) made of wood\\n* \\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435\n        (didy\\u0161\\u010de): (nt) grandfathers (collective pejorative)\\n* \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\n        (dobryj): (adj) good\\n* \\u0434\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (dodaty): (v)\n        to add\\n* \\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (doxodyty): (v)\n        to approach, get nearer\\n* \\u0434\\u0443\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 (dubovyj):\n        (adj) made of oak\\n* \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (dumaty): (v) to\n        think\\n* \\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u017eatyj): (adj) harvested\\n* \\u0436\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        (\\u017einoctvo): (nt) womanhood\\n* \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        (\\u017eovtity): (v) to turn yellow\\n* \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\n        (Zakarpattja): (nt) Transcarpathia\\n* \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (zaslabnuty): (v) to fall/become sick\\n* \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 (zaxid):\n        (m) sunset\\n* \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (zaxodyty):\n        (v) to set (literally, to go beyond the horizon)\\n* \\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (zbyraty): (v) to gather\\n* \\u0437\\u0431\\u0456\\u0436\\u0436\\u044f (zbi\\u017e\\u017eja):\n        (nt) bread, grain\\n* \\u0437''\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 (z\\u2033jisty): (v)\n        to eat (perfective)\\n* \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f (zemlja): (f) earth\\n*\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (znaty): (v) to know\\n* \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439\n        (znajomyj): (adj) friendly (known); (n) friend\\n* \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\n        (znav\\u0161y): (ger) having known\\n* \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\n        (znaju\\u010dy): (ger) knowing\\n* \\u0437\\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0442 (zo\\u0161yt):\n        (m) notebook\\n* \\u0437\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447 (zustri\\u010d):\n        (f) meeting\\n* \\u0456\\u043c''\\u044f (im\\u2033ja): (nt) name\\n* \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (jisty): (v) to eat\\n* \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0439 (jixnij): (adj) theirs\\n*\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 (Kyjiv\\u0161\\u010dyna): (f)\n        the region around [[Kiev]], [[Kiev oblast]].\\n* \\u043a\\u043d\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\n        (knyharnja): (f) bookstore\\n* \\u043a\\u043d\\u044f\\u0433\\u0438\\u043d\\u044f (knjahynja):\n        (m) queen, grand duchess, female counterpart to a [[knjaz]]\\n* \\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        (koval\\u2032): (m) blacksmith\\n* \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 (krasty):\n        (v) to steal\\n* \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (kupuvaty):\n        (v) to buy\\n* \\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430 (kur\\u010da): (nt) baby chicken\\n*\n        \\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 (kurja\\u010dyj): (adj) made of\n        a chicken\\n* \\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (le\\u017eaty): (v) to lie\n        in some given place\\n* \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435 (lyce): (nt) face\\n* \\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (lyty): (v) to pour\\n* \\u043b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (ly\\u0161enyj):\n        (adj) left\\n* \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (ljublenyj):\n        (adj) (be)loved, favourite\\n* \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (maljuvaty): (v) to paint\\n* \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (maty): (v) to have\\n*\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e (mylo): (nt) soap\\n* \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (mi\\u017enarodnyj): (adj) international\\n* \\u043c\\u0456\\u0439 (mij): (adj)\n        mine\\n* \\u043c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043a (mlyno\\u010dok):\n        (m) a little mill\\n* \\u043c\\u0456\\u0433 (mih), \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043b\\u0430\n        (mohla): (adj) past active participle I for the verb \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438,\n        to be able to.\\n* \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e (moloko): (nt) milk\\n*\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 (moloty): (v) to grind\\n* \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (molo\\u010dnyj): (adj) made/containing of milk\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\n        (nahori): (adv) on top\\n{{col-break|width=50%}}\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (nadaty): (v) to send mail\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (nadzvy\\u010dajnyj): (adj.) extraordinary\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        (navpivvidkrytyj): (adj.) in a half-open state\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448 (na\\u0161):\n        (adj) ours\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (nasinnja) (nt) grain\\n*\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 (necty): (v) to carry\\n* \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438(\\u0439)\n        (nesu\\u010dy(j)): (ger) carrying; (adj) that which is being carried\\n* \\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\n        (ni\\u010d): (f) night\\n* \\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (nosyty): (v)\n        to carry\\n* \\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (nosinnja): (nt) act\n        of carrying\\n* \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (nexodyty):\n        (v) to not walk\\n* \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        (obov\\u2033jazkovyj): (adj) obligatory\\n* \\u043e\\u0431\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (obxodyty): (v) to walk around, circumambulate\\n* \\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (oraty): (v) to plow\\n* \\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0445 (pastux): (m)\n        shepherd\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438 (pekty): (v) to bake\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (pervonarod\\u017eenyj): (adj) first-born\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (perexodyty): (v) to check, go over\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (pe\\u010denyj): (adj) baked\\n* \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (pytaty):\n        (v) to ask\\n* \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (pytannja): (nt)\n        question\\n* \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (pyty): (v) to drink\\n* \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        (pivden\\u2032): (m) midday, south\\n* \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (pidxodyty): (v) to come closer (imperfective)\\n* \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (plesty): (v) to weave\\n* \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430 (ple\\u010dyma):\n        (nt) shoulders (instrumental plural form)\\n* \\u043f\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (plysty): (v) to float\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d (povynen):\n        (adj) required to be done (often translated using the verb, should) (masculine\n        nominative form)\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 (povynna):\n        (adj) required to be done (feminine nominative form)\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        (poloty): (v) to weed\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (poslanyj): (adj) sent\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (poprosyty): (v) to ask for something\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (pospaty): (v) to nap\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (po\\u010daty):\n        (v) to start\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        (po\\u010dornilyj): (adj) having been blackened\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\n        (pradid): (m) forefathers, ancestors (literally fore-grandfathers)\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (pryxodyty): (v) to come closer\\n* \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\n        (Pridnistrov\\u2033ja): (nt) [[Transnistria]], which from the Ukrainian prospective\n        is on ''''''this side of the Dnister''''''.\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (prodaty): (v) to sell\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (protyle\\u017enyj): (adj) laying opposite\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (proxodyty): (v) to cross something (ocean)\\n* \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        (radist''): (f) happiness\\n* \\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (rvaty): (v) to\n        rip\\n* \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 (ryb\\u2033ja\\u010dyj):\n        (adj) made of fish\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (rozdaty):\n        (v) to give out\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (rozibraty): (v) to take apart\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        (rozp\\u2033jatyj): (adj) crucified\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (rozxodyty): (v) to wear out\\n* \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e (svjato): (nt)\n        holiday\\n* \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044c\\u043e-\\u0454\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (serednjo-jevropejs\\u2032kyj): (adj) central European\\n* \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (sil\\u2032s\\u2032kyj): (adj) of a village\\n* \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (sil\\u2032s\\u2032kohospodars\\u2032kyj): (adj) agricultural\\n* \\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\n        (sijaty): (v) to plant / seed\\n* \\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (skakaty): (v) to jump repeatedly (imperfective)\\n* \\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (sko\\u010dyty): (v) to jump once (perfective)\\n* \\u0441\\u043e\\u044e\\u0437\n        (sojuz): (n) union\\n* \\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (spaty): (v) to sleep\\n*\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438 (spekty): (v) to bake\\n* \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\n        (spivrobitnyk): (m) coworker\\n* \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        (starist\\u2032): (f) old age\\n* \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        (storo\\u017eyxa): (f) a rude guard\\n* \\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\n        (student): (m/f) student\\n* \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0434 (susid): (m) neighbour\\n*\n        \\u0441\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438 (sxody): (m) stairs (nominative plural)\\n*\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439 (tvij): (adj) yours (sing.)\\n* \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\n        (telja): (nt) calf\\n* \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e (teljatko):\n        (nt) calf (diminutive)\\n* \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 (tertyj): (adj)\n        ground (past passive participle)\\n* \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (tysnenyj): (adj) pressed\\n* \\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447 (tka\\u010d): (m) weaver\\n*\n        \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e (tovarystvo):\n        (nt) friendship\\n* \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\n        (ukrajinec\\u2032): (m) a male Ukrainian person\\n* \\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\n        (umerty): (v) to die (animate)\\n* \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (xvalyty): (v) to praise\\n* \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438 (xvalja\\u010dy):\n        (ger) praising\\n* \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        (xlop\\u010dys\\u2032ko): (nt) guy (pejorative)\\n* \\u0445\\u043e\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        (xotity): (v) to want, desire\\n* \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e (xto): (pr) who\\n* \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        (carstvo): (nt) empire/kingdom\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u010dyj): (adj) whose\\n*\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u010dystesen\\u2032kyj):\n        (adj) extremely clean\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (\\u010dystisin\\u2032kyj): (adj) extremely clean\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044f\n        (\\u010dytal\\u2032nja): (f) reading room\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (\\u010dytaty): (v) to read\\n* \\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (\\u010dornen''kyj): (n) black one (diminutive)\\n* \\u0448\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\n        (\\u0161koljar): (m) scholar\\n* \\u0449\\u043e (\\u0161\\u010do): (pr) what\\n*\n        \\u044f\\u043a (jak): (co) how\\n* \\u044f\\u043a\\u0449\\u043e (jak\\u0161\\u010do):\n        (co) if\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        Ukrainian Grammar http://ukrainiangrammar.com/\\n* Rules of Ukrainian grammar\n        (with friendly search-engine)  http://www.pravopys.net\\n* Guide to Ukrainian\n        grammar (not always on line)  http://ulif.org.ua/ulp/dict_all/index.php?key_reestr=53915&dict=paradigm\\n*\n        Guide to Ukrainian orthography http://rozum.org.ua/index.php?a=srch&d=21&id_srch=4370e04265734957b6001b0b7608d9cd&il=ru&p=1\\n*\n        Verb Conjugator http://www.verbix.com/languages/ukrainian.shtml\\n* Ukrainian\n        Grammar (1946) by P. Kovaliv http://www.mova.club/ukrainian\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        language}}\\n{{Slavic grammars}}\\n\\n[[Category:Grammars of specific languages]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        language]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian grammar|*]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-06T06:23:21Z\",\"lastrevid\":784461787,\"length\":80215,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_grammar&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar\"},\"1886068\":{\"pageid\":1886068,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        hip hop\",\"index\":18,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-14T19:37:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''Ukrainian\n        hip hop'''''', also known as ''''''Ukra-hop'''''' or ''''''Ukr-hop'''''' is\n        a major part of the [[music of Ukraine|Ukrainian music]] scene. Refers to\n        all genres of [[hip hop music]] in the [[Ukrainian language]]. The term ''''''Ukr-hop''''''\n        is also sometimes used to refer to any [[hip hop music]] made by [[Ukrainians]],\n        including instrumental hip hop, as well as rap songs by members of the [[Ukrainian\n        diaspora]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nIn [[Ukraine]] hip hop began to develop in 1990s.\n        In 1989 started their activities two biggiest hip hop groups at that time\n        - [[TNMK]] and V.U.Z.V. The pioneers of Ukrainian hip hop were [[TNMK]] ([[Kharkiv]]),\n        V.U.Z.V ([[Kiev]]), Osnovnyy Pokaznyk ([[Luts''k]]), [[Tartak]] ([[Lviv]])\n        and [[GreenJolly]] ([[Ivano-Frankivs''k]]). At the end of the 1990s and beginning\n        of the 2000s audience considered [[Kharkiv]] and [[Lviv]] as the main center\n        of the Ukra.hop subculture. Many groups successfully performed at festivals\n        such as [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] and Tavriyski Ihry. At\n        the mid-2000s a lot of underground bands and artists from another [[cities\n        in Ukraine]] began to appear and became popular: [[DaHok]] ([[Drohobych]]),\n        Z\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041a\\u043e\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        ([[Stryi]]), [[w:uk:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0436\\u0438\\u043a|Kryzhyk]] ([[Uman]]),\n        [[w:uk:Sheksta|Sheksta]] ([[Stryi]]),  [[w:uk:Sirius MC|Sirius MC]] ([[Kalush,\n        Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Kalush]]) and [[w:uk:Freel|Freel]]  ([[Kiev]]).\\n\\nIn\n        2005, Ukraine''s entrant in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], [[GreenJolly]]''s\n        \\\"[[Together We Are Many]]\\\", was also the unofficial anthem of the [[Orange\n        Revolution]]. Eurovision demanded the lyrics to be changed for the contest\n        (because it did not correspond to contests rules due to political content).\n        Also this song was remade by [[Polish hip hop]] artists.\\n\\nIn 2008 hip hop\n        group [[LEZO (rap group)|LEZO]] released their fourth studio album, Gostroslovy\n        ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: \\u0413\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438).\n        Many critics consider it one of the best in Ukrainian hip-hop industry. The\n        same year KyL\\u042f and RYLEZ created group [[Tulym]] - one of the most successful\n        Ukrainian [[boom bap]] group.\\n\\nMarch 11, 2011, Ukrainian rapper [[w:uk:\\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0411\\u0443\\u044f\\u043d \\u0411\\u0427|Ivan Buyan]] presented his first music\n        video filmed in [[New York City]].\\n\\nJune 19, 2014, [[w:uk:PVNCH|PVNCH]]\n        presented their new album - Golodnyy ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        translation: Hungry). According to voting results Golodnyy was named the best\n        hip-hop album of 2014. April 18, 2015, [[Tulym]] from [[Kiev]] had a concert\n        with legendary hip-hop band from [[New York City]] - [[Onyx (group)|Onyx]]\n        in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]].\\n\\nA rising new star of Ukrainian origin self\n        proclaimed \\\"Nazaren tha Prophet\\\" (Nazar Kotovych) has been rewriting Ukrainian\n        rap history in the United States. Writing and rapping since 1997 the artist\n        performs and records in four different languages mixing them together. Debut\n        Album \\\"Birth Of The Nazaren\\\" came out in 2012. He is due to release a very\n        politically charged album in 2016 titled \\\"Partec Mendacii\\\" and another one\n        in the beginning of 2017. This artist is thought to make a real buzz the rap\n        critics say \\\"in the up coming years he will put Ukrainian hip-hop on the\n        level of its predecessors and in the public view of the world\\\".\\n\\n== Style\n        ==\\nMusically, Ukrainian hip hop is heavily influenced by [[Reggae|Jamaican\n        reggae]] and [[Ukrainian folk music]], resulting a very tuneful and mellow\n        sound, which makes it quite different from both Russian and American counterparts.\\n\\n==\n        Famous rappers ==\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Name !! Site !! SoundCloud\n        !! YouTube !! Facebook\\n|-\\n| [[TNMK]] || [http://www.tnmk.com/ www.tnmk.com]\n        || No || [https://www.youtube.com/user/tnmkmusic TNMKYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/TNMKband\n        TNMKFacebook]\\n|-\\n| [[Tulym]] || [http://tylum.bandcamp.com/ TulymBandcamp]\n        || [https://soundcloud.com/tulym_kyiv TulymSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/TulimKyiv\n        TulymYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/tulymkyiv TulymFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Glava 94]] || [http://glava94.com.ua/ glava94.com.ua] || [https://soundcloud.com/glava94\n        Glava94SoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChC0-DWHSWUMbK-P1HzEs3Q\n        Glava94YouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/Glava94 Glava94Facebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        KicKit || [http://kickit.in.ua/blog/ www.kickit.in.ua] || [https://soundcloud.com/kickitrecords\n        KickitSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQVXy5vPFF8-oHjmuvBHNSg\n        KickitYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/kickitcrew KickitFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[VovaZIL\\u2019Vova]] || [http://www.vovazilvova.net/ www.vovazilvova.net]\n        || [https://soundcloud.com/supaheromusic VZLSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZTzjNW5SAM5o8bl9hZ22wQ\n        VZLYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/VovaZiLvov VZLFacebook]\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:\\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0411\\u0443\\u044f\\u043d \\u0411\\u0427|Ivan Buyan]] || [http://buyan.kiev.ua/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97,29.html\n        buyan.kyiv.ua] || [https://soundcloud.com/ivan-buyan BuyanSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/IvanBuyan/videos\n        BuyanYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/ivan.buyan.3?fref=ts BuyanFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[w:uk:Freel|Freel]] || No || [https://soundcloud.com/me-freel FreelSoundCloud]\n        || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1DVML2ifM1W2b8WzW6XTXQ FreelYouTube]\n        || [https://www.facebook.com/me.freel FreelFacebook]\\n|-\\n| Dee the Conscious\n        One || No || [https://soundcloud.com/dee_the_conscious_one DeeSoundCloud]\n        || [https://www.youtube.com/user/daebonyconscience/videos DeeYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/deetheconsciousone\n        DeeFacebook]\\n|-\\n| BUK || No || [https://soundcloud.com/bukrap BUKSoundCloud]\n        || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl5gURNhJgSp7NBmDnQrwkA BUKYouTube] ||\n        [https://www.facebook.com/BUKraine?fref=ts BUKFacebook]\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:PVNCH|PVNCH]]\n        || No || [https://soundcloud.com/pvnchxpundah PVNCHSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy6WLJdCU9qwiNbrEqQ2eDw\n        PVNCHYouTube] || No\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:Sirius MC|Sirius MC]] || No || [https://soundcloud.com/serious-emsee_beats\n        SiriusMCSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/SeriouseMseebeats/videos\n        SiriusMCYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/vitaliy.siriusmc SiriusMCFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        AsQuette || No || [https://soundcloud.com/asquette AsQuetteSoundCloud] ||\n        No || [https://www.facebook.com/asquette AsQuetteFacebook]\\n|-\\n| Crazy Lazy\n        || No || [https://soundcloud.com/crazylazysnigk CrazyLazySoundCloud] || No\n        || No\\n|-\\n| 5 ESHELON || No || [https://soundcloud.com/5-eshelon 5 ESHELONSoundCloud]\n        || No || No\\n|-\\n| OPRYSHKY || No || [https://soundcloud.com/opryshky OPRYSHKYSoundCloud]\n        || No || No\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:ALCO Brothers|ALCO Brothers]] || No || [https://soundcloud.com/mc-tasya\n        ALCO BrothersSoundCloud] || No || \\n|-\\n| Nazar || No || No || [https://www.youtube.com/user/nazarinua/videos\n        NazarYouTube] || No\\n|-\\n| [[Yarmak]] || [http://yarmakmusic.com Yarmak Music]\n        || [https://soundcloud.com/yarmak Yarmak] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/yarmakmusic\n        Yarmak Music]|| [https://www.facebook.com/yarmakmusic/?fref=ts Yarmakmusic]\\n|-\\n|\n        Griby || No || [https://soundcloud.com/grebz-978226984 Grebz-978226984] ||\n        No || No\\n|-\\n| NazareN || No || [https://soundcloud.com/nazdaprofyt Nazdaprofyt]  ||\n        [https://www.youtube.com/user/ukiprince Ukiprince] || No\\n|-\\n| VladHQ ||\n        [http://vladhq.com/ vladhq.com] || [https://soundcloud.com/vladhq VladHQSoundCloud]  ||\n        No || [https://www.facebook.com/vladhq Vladhq]\\n|}\\n\\n== Biggest rap battles\n        ==\\n* Banderstadt Battle (VERSUS) - [[Lviv]]\\n* Red Bull Battle - [[Kiev]]\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://radio.pidbit.com/eng.html PidBit Radio \\u2013 Ukrainian\n        hip hop radio]\\n\\n{{hiphop}}\\n\\n[[Category:Hip hop by country]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        music|Hip hop]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-17T07:57:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":795522260,\"length\":7625,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_hip_hop&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop\"},\"220475\":{\"pageid\":220475,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        historical regions\",\"index\":40,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-02T00:24:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about||the\n        modern subdivision of Ukraine|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|a modern\n        political party in Ukraine and its parliamentary faction called \\\"Regions\n        of Ukraine\\\"|Party of Regions}}\\n\\n{{History of Ukraine|width=275}}\\n[[Image:Ukraine-Historical\n        regions.png|thumb|275px|Traditional regions]]\\n\\nA list of the various ''''''regions\n        of [[Ukraine]]'''''' and/or inhabited by [[Ukrainians]] and their ancestors\n        throughout history.\\n\\n== Traditional regions ==\\nThe traditional names of\n        the regions of Ukraine are important geographic, historical, and ethnographic\n        identifiers.\\n* [[File:Herb Viyska Zaporozkogo (Alex K).svg|35px]] [[Dnipro\n        Ukraine|Over-Dnieper]] Ukraine, [[Great Ukraine]]\\n** [[File:Alex K Kyiv Michael\n        2.svg|35px]] Land of Kiev\\n*** [[Right-bank Ukraine]] (east of Zhytomyr Oblast,\n        Kiev Oblast, Cherkasy Oblast), Central Ukraine\\n*** [[Polesia]], Land of Turov\n        (north of Kiev Oblast, east of Brest Oblast, west of Gomel Oblast), Northern\n        Ukraine\\n** Land of Pereyaslav (predominantly Poltava Oblast and east of Kiev\n        Oblast), southern part of [[Left-bank Ukraine]], Little Russia, Central Ukraine\\n**\n        [[File:Alex Chernigiv.svg|35px]] Land of Chernihiv (predominantly Chernihiv\n        Oblast, west of Bryansk Oblast, east of Gomel Oblast), northern part of [[Left-bank\n        Ukraine]], Little Russia, Northern Ukraine\\n** [[Severia]] (Sumy Oblast, Kharkiv\n        Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast)\\n** [[Sloboda Ukraine]] (mostly Kharkiv\n        Oblast)\\n* [[File:Alex K Halych-Volhynia.svg|35px]] Ruthenia, Kingdom of Rus,\n        Western Ukraine, Western Oblast, Liitle Poland\\n** [[File:Alex Volhynia.svg|35px]]\n        [[Volhynia]] (Volyn Oblast, Rivne Oblast, west of Zhytomyr Oblast, north of\n        Ternopil Oblast, north of Khmelnytsky Oblast), former principality\\n** [[Che\\u0142m]],\n        [[Belz]], [[San River]], [[Przemy\\u015bl]] (east of Podkarpackie Voivodeship\n        and Lublin Voivodeship), former principality and a constituent land of Ruthenia\\n**\n        Berestia (west of Brest Oblast, south of Podlaskie Voivodeship)\\n** [[File:Alex\n        K Halych.svg|35px]] [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast, Ternopil Oblast)\\n*** [[Prykarpattia]] ([[Boiko]]s and [[Lemko]]s,\n        collectively [[Rusyns]])\\n*** [[Pokuttia]] ([[Hutsul]]s)\\n* [[File:Alex K\n        Podolia.svg|35px]] [[Podolia]] (Khmelnytsky Oblast, Vinnytsia Oblast, north\n        of Odessa Oblast, west of Kirovohrad Oblast), Little Poland\\n* [[File:Herb\n        Viyska Zaporozkogo Nyzovoho (Alex K).svg|35px]] [[Zaporizhzhia (region)|Zaporizhzhia]]\n        (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, east of Kirovohrad Oblast), New Serbia, Central Ukraine\\n*\n        Pontic steppe, Wild Fields, New Russia\\n** [[Donbass]] (\\\"Donets Basin\\\")\n        (Donetsk Oblast, Luhanks Oblast), also known as Cuman Land, Slavo-Serbia,\n        Eastern Ukraine\\n** Azov Littoral (Zaporizhia Oblast, south of Donetsk Oblast,\n        southwest of Rostov Oblast)\\n** [[Black Sea Littoral]], Southern Ukraine\\n***\n        Over-Buh, Yedisan, Transnistria (Odessa Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast)\\n*** [[Bugeac]]\n        (Budzhak) (southwest of Odessa Oblast)\\n*** Tavria (Kherson Oblast)\\n* [[Crimea]]\n        (''''Krym''''), also known as Tavria, Taurida\\n* [[File:Karpatska Ukraina-2\n        COA.svg|35px]] [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia / Carpathian Ruthenia]],\n        Subcarpathian Rus, [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] and many others\\n** [[Maramure\\u0219]]\\n*\n        Northern [[Bukovina]] (Chernivtsi Oblast)\\n\\nRegions historically inhabited\n        by Ukrainians (mostly with other nations), which are partly or wholly outside\n        modern Ukraine:\\n* [[Kuban]] granted to Black Sea Cossacks colonization from\n        the Russian government during the Russian-Circassian War\\n* [[Northern Caucasus]]\n        (also called [[Ukrainians in Kuban|Pink Ukraine]])\\n* [[Volga Region]] (around\n        Saratov, called [[Yellow Ukraine]])\\n* [[Siberia]] (city of Omsk, [[Grey Ukraine]])\\n*\n        [[Russian Far East]] (see [[Green Ukraine]])\\n{{further|Ukrainian diaspora}}\\n\\n==Regions\n        of Ukraine==\\n[[File:Ukraine KIIS-Regional-division.png|thumb|Sometimes more\n        Oblasts can be referred to as \\\"Eastern Ukraine\\\":
{{legend|Orange|Orange\n        - [[West Ukraine]]}}{{legend|Yellow|Yellow - [[Central Ukraine]]}}{{legend|Blue|Blue\n        - [[East Ukraine]]}}]]\\n\\nGeopolitical, historical, and cultural factors play\n        a role in assigning different areas of Ukraine to semi-official regions. The\n        map on the right shows the approximate locations of some broad-brush regions.\n        The terms \\\"West Ukraine\\\", \\\"East Ukraine\\\", \\\"South Ukraine\\\" and \\\"Central\n        Ukraine\\\" occur in common usage. There is no clear definition of the boundaries\n        of such regions, but rather a general reference. Lists of what may constitute\n        such regions might include:\\n\\n*[[Western Ukraine]] may mean either the historic\n        region of Galicia, or may also include Volhynia, Podolia, Transcarpathia,\n        and/or Bukovina.\\n*[[Eastern Ukraine]] may mean either the Don basin, Sloboda\n        Ukraine, continental Taurida regions etc.\\n*[[South Ukraine]] often includes\n        the whole Taurida, the Kryvyi Rih basin, and the regions of Mykolayiv and\n        Odessa oblasts. Alternatively it may include the Don basin, in particularly\n        the adjacent land to the Azov Sea.\\n*[[Central Ukraine]], a more vague term,\n        often denotes what is not included in Western or South-Eastern definitions.\\n\\nOther\n        terms are rarely used - such as \\\"South-West Ukraine\\\", which can denote either\n        [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]], or [[Budjak]]. Sometimes the term\n        \\\"[[South-Eastern Ukraine]]\\\" is used to define both regions of the Southern\n        and Eastern Ukraine. Due to the shape of the country, in narrow definition,\n        term \\\"Northern Ukraine\\\" is often used to denote either the bulge of [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]/[[Sumy Oblast]]s or, in broader terms, the whole of [[Polesia]].\n        \\\"North-western Ukraine\\\" almost exclusively refers to the historic region\n        of [[Volhynia]]. This makes the term \\\"North-Eastern Ukraine\\\" rarest of them\n        all - it is either used as synonym for the narrow definition of Northern Ukraine,\n        or as synonym for Sloboda Ukraine (particularly the [[Sumy Oblast]]).\\n\\n\\nImage:Western\n        Ukr.png|Western Ukraine\\nImage:Eastern Ukr.png|Eastern Ukraine\\nImage:Central\n        Ukr.png|Central Ukraine\\nImage:Southern Ukr.png|Southern Ukraine\\nImage:Northern\n        Ukr.png|Northern Ukraine\\nImage:Ukraine-Historical regions.png|The historical\n        regions\\n\\n\\n== Historical Ukrainian states ==\\n{{main |History\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n* [[Kievan Rus'']] (a state of [[Early East Slavs]], (880s\\u20131240)\\n*\n        [[Galicia-Volhynia]] (1199\\u20131349)\\n* [[Cossack Hetmanate]] (1649\\u20131764)\\n*\n        [[Central Rada]] of the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] (1917\\u20131918)\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]] of the Ukrainian State (1918)\\n* [[West Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (1918\\u20131919)\\n* [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]]\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic (1918\\u20131920)\\n* [[Galician Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]] (1920)\\n* [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1919\\u20131991)\\n*\n        [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] (1939)\\n\\n== References ==\\n* Paul Robert Magosci, ''''Ukraine:\n        A Historical Atlas'''', 1985.  [[University of Toronto]] Press, Toronto.  {{ISBN|0-8020-3428-4}}\\n{{Ukraine\n        topics}}\\n{{Ukrainian historical regions}}\\n\\n\\n[[Category:Historical\n        regions in Ukraine| ]]\\n[[Category:Lists of country subdivisions|Ukraine,\n        Regions of]]\\n[[Category:Ukraine geography-related lists|Historical regions]]\\n[[Category:Lists\n        of historical regions|Ukrai]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian genealogy]]\\n[[Category:Ukraine\n        history-related lists|Historical regions]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T12:57:23Z\",\"lastrevid\":788538261,\"length\":7273,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_historical_regions\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_historical_regions&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_historical_regions\"},\"722696\":{\"pageid\":722696,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        hryvnia\",\"index\":1,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-30T03:41:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Currency\\n|currency_name_in_local = \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f {{uk icon}}\\n|image_1\n        = 100 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c, 2015 01.jpg\\n|image_title_1\n        = [[Ukrainian one hundred-hryvnia note|100 hryven'' (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c)]]\\n|image_2\n        = \\n|image_title_2 = 1 hryvnia (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f)\\n|inflation_rate\n        = 6.9% (06.2016 y-o-y){{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/en/index|title=National\n        Bank of Ukraine|publisher=|accessdate=11 February 2017}}\\n|inflation_source_date\n        = NBU, 2016, June http://www.bank.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=30350021\\n|using_countries\n        = {{flag|Ukraine}} (except [[Crimea]]) \\n|unofficial_users = \\n| inflation_method\n        = [[Consumer Price Index|CPI]]\\n|subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100\\n|subunit_name_1\n        = kopiyka (\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043a\\u0430)\\n|symbol = [[Hryvnia\n        sign|\\u20b4]] \\n|plural_slavic\n        = Y\\n| frequently_used_coins = 5, 10, 25, 50 kopiykas, \\u20b41\\n| rarely_used_coins\n        = 1, 2 kopiykas\\n|used_banknotes = \\u20b41, \\u20b42, [[Ukrainian five-hryvnia\n        note|\\u20b45]], \\u20b410, \\u20b420, \\u20b450, [[Ukrainian one hundred-hryvnia\n        note|\\u20b4100]], \\u20b4200, \\u20b4500\\n|issuing_authority = [[National Bank\n        of Ukraine]]\\n|issuing_authority_website = [http://www.bank.gov.ua www.bank.gov.ua]\\n|printer\n        = [[National Bank of Ukraine]]\\n|mint = [[National Bank of Ukraine]]\\n|iso_code=UAH|iso_number=}}\\n\\nThe\n        ''''''hryvnia'''''', sometimes ''''''hryvnya'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f}},\n        {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8\\u0266r\\u026au\\u032f\\u0272\\u0251|pron}}, abbr.: \\u0433\\u0440\\u043d\n        (''''hrn'''' in the Latin alphabet)); [[currency sign|sign]]: ''''''\\u20b4'''''',\n        [[ISO 4217|code]]: ''''''UAH''''''), has been the national [[currency]] of\n        [[Ukraine]] since 2 September 1996. The hryvnia is subdivided into 100 ''''kopiyky''''.\n        It is named after [[Grzywna (unit)|a measure of weight]] used in medieval\n        [[Kievan Rus'']].\\n\\n==Name==\\n\\n===Etymology===\\n{{see also|Grzywna (unit)}}\\nThe\n        [[currency]] of [[Kievan Rus'']] in the eleventh century was called ''''grivna''''.\n        The word is thought to derive from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ''''griva'''';\n        c.f. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], Russian, [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]],\n        and [[Serbo-Croatian]] ''''\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430 / griva'''', meaning\n        \\\"mane\\\". It might have indicated something valuable worn around the neck,\n        usually made of [[silver]] or [[gold]]; c.f. Bulgarian and Serbian ''''grivna''''\n        (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430, \\\"bracelet\\\"). Later, the word was\n        used to describe silver or gold ingots of a certain weight; c.f. [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] ''''hryvenyk'''' (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a),\n        Russian ''''grivennik'''' (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a,\n        \\\"10-kopek piece\\\").\\n\\nThe modern Ukrainian hryvnia is sometimes [[transliteration|transliterated]]\n        as ''''hryvna'''', ''''hrivna'''', ''''gryvna'''' or ''''grivna'''', due to\n        its [[Russian language]] counterpart, \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0301\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430,\n        pronounced ''''gr\\u00edvna''''. However, the standard English name for the\n        currency is ''''hryvnia''''.[http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_widely_used_standards/widely_used_standards_other/currency_codes/currency_codes_list-1.htm\n        ISO 4217 currency names and code elements]\\n\\nThe [[National Bank of\n        Ukraine]] has recommended that a distinction be made between ''''hryvnia''''\n        and ''''gr\\u00edvna'''' in both historical and practical means.{{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2007}}\\n\\n===Plural===\\nThe [[nominative case|nominative]]\n        plural of hryvnia is ''''hryvni'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456}}),\n        while the [[genitive case|genitive]] plural is ''''hryven\\u2032'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}}).\n        In Ukrainian, the nominative plural form is used for numbers ending with 2,\n        3, or 4, as in ''''dvi hryvni'''' (\\u0434\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456,\n        \\\"2 hryvni\\\"), and the genitive plural is used for numbers ending with 5 to\n        9 and 0, for example ''''sto hryven\\u2019'''' (\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        \\\"100 hryven\\u2019\\\"); for numbers ending with 1 the nominative singular form\n        is used, for example ''''dvadtsiat\\u2019 odna hryvnia'''' (\\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f, \\\"21 hryvnia\\\").\n        An exception for this rule is numbers ending in 11, 12, 13 and 14 for which\n        the genitive plural is also used, for example, ''''dvanadtsiat\\u2019 hryven\\u2019''''\n        (\\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        \\\"12 hryven\\u2019\\\"). The singular for the subdivision is \\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043a\\u0430\n        (''''kopiyka''''), the nominative plural is \\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043a\\u0438\n        (''''kopiyky'''') and the genitive is \\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043e\\u043a\n        (''''kopiyok'''').\\n\\n==Currency sign==\\n[[Image:Hryvnia symbol.svg|50px|left|Hryvnia\n        currency sign]]\\n{{main article|Hryvnia sign}}\\nThe hryvnia sign is a [[cursive]]\n        [[Ukrainian alphabet|Ukrainian letter]] [[Ge (Cyrillic)|He]] (''''\\u0433''''),\n        with a double horizontal stroke (\\u20b4), symbolizing stability, similar to\n        that used in other currency symbols such as \\u00a5 or \\u20ac. The sign was\n        encoded as U+20B4 in [[Unicode]] 4.1 and released in 2005.* [[Michael\n        Everson]]''s {{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2743.pdf|title=Proposal\n        to encode the HYRVNIA SIGN and CEDI SIGN in the UCS|date=23 April 2004|accessdate=23\n        April 2004}} It is now supported by the latest computer systems. In\n        Ukraine, if the hryvnia sign is unavailable, the abbreviation \\\"\\u0433\\u0440\\u043d.\\\"\n        is used.\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:100karbovantsevUNR_R.jpg|thumb|right|1917.\n        100 karbovanets the Ukrainian National Republic. Revers. 3 languages: Ukrainian,\n        Polish and [[Yiddish]].]]\\nA currency called ''''hryvna'''' was used in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']]. In 1917, after the [[Ukrainian National Republic]] declared independence\n        from the [[Russian Empire]], the name of the new Ukrainian [[currency]] became\n        ''''hryvnia'''', a revised version of the Kievan Rus'' ''''hryvna''''. The\n        designer was [[Heorhiy Narbut]].\\n\\nThe hryvnia replaced the [[Ukrainian karbovanets|karbovanets]]\n        during the period 2\\u201316 September 1996, at a rate of 1 hryvnia = 100,000\n        karbovantsiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article;jsessionid=15111854B1ABFB8B3B2073ED5CB1BD7F?art_id=37482&showTitle=true|title=National\n        Bank of Ukraine|publisher=|accessdate=11 February 2017}} The karbovanets\n        was subject to [[hyperinflation]] in the early 1990s following the [[collapse\n        of the USSR]].\\n\\nTo a large extent, the introduction of hryvnia was secretive.{{cite web|url=http://www.obriy.pib.com.ua/2002/04_02/01.htm\n        |title=Volodymyr Matvienko. Autograph on Hryvnia |language=uk |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231072715/http://www.obriy.pib.com.ua/2002/04_02/01.htm\n        |archivedate=December 31, 2008 }} Hryvnia was introduced according to\n        [[President of Ukraine|President]]''s Decree dated 26 August 1996, published\n        on August 29. During the transition period, September 2\\u201316, both hryvnia\n        and karbovanets were used in circulation, but merchants were required to give\n        change only in hryvnias. All bank accounts were converted to hryvnia automatically.\n        During the transition period, 97% of karbovanets were taken out of circulation,\n        including 56% in the first 5 days of the currency reform.\n        After 16 September 1996, the remaining karbovanets were allowed to be exchanged\n        to hryvnias in banks.\\n\\nThe hryvnia was introduced during the period when\n        [[Victor Yushchenko]] was the chairman of [[National Bank of Ukraine]]. However,\n        the first banknotes issued bore the signature of the previous National Bank\n        chairman, [[Vadym Hetman]], who resigned back in 1993, because the first notes\n        had been printed as early as 1992 by the [[Canadian Bank Note Company]], but\n        it was decided to delay their circulation until the [[hyperinflation]] in\n        Ukraine was brought under control.\\n\\nOn 18 March 2014, following [[2014 Russian\n        annexation of Crimea|its annexation by Russia]], the new [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        announced that the Ukrainian hryvina was to be dropped as the region''s currency\n        in April 2014.{{cite news|date=18 March 2014|accessdate=18 March 2014|url=\n        http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20140318/104543.shtml|title=Ukrainian\n        hryvnia to be dropped in April: Crimean gov''t official|work=[[CCTV News]]\n        America|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140423034008/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20140318/104543.shtml|archivedate=23\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} The [[Russian rouble]] became an official currency\n        in Crimea on 21 March 2014. Until 1 June 2014, the hryvnia\n        could also be used for cash payments only.[http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/734204\n        Crimea enters the rouble zone], [[ITAR-TASS]] (1 June 2014)\\n\\nBy contrast,\n        the hryvnia remains the predominant currency in the conflicted [[raion]]s\n        of [[Donbass]], i. e. in the secessionist areas of [[Donetsk People''s Republic|Donetsk]]\n        and [[Lugansk People''s Republic|Lugansk]].\\\"In theory, it is possible\n        to pay with Ukrainian hryvnias, Russian rubles, US dollars, and euros in the\n        DPR and the LPR. However, only the two former currencies are in common use.\n        Their exchange rate has been fixed by the governments, and is 1:2 (one hryvnia\n        is the equivalent of two rubles). However, there is a shortage of low denomination\n        rubles, so the Ukrainian hryvnia is still the most popular means of payment.\\\"\n        http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-06-17/war-republics-donbas-one-year-after-outbreak-conflict\\n\\n==Coins==\\n{{main\n        article|Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia}}\\nNo coins were issued for the first\n        hryvnia.\\n\\nCoins were first struck in 1992 for the new currency but were\n        not introduced until September 1996. Initially coins valued between 1 and\n        50 kopecks were issued. In March 1997, 1 hryvnia coins were added; they are\n        however rarely seen in circulation. The note of the same value is far more\n        commonly used. Since 2004 several commemorative 1 hryvnia coins have been\n        struck.\\n\\nIn October 2012 the National Bank of Ukraine announced that it\n        is examining the possibility of withdrawing the 1- and 2-kopeck coins from\n        circulation.RBK Ukraina (4 October 2012). Available at:http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/rubric/nbu-v-blizhayshie-mesyatsy-rassmotrit-vopros-o-tselesoobraznosti-04102012121300\n        The coins had become too expensive to produce compared to their nominal value.\n        Due to actual reports 1- and 2-kopek coins are not produced anymore since\n        2013, but will remain in circulation.\\n\\nAlso, on 26 October 2012, the National\n        Bank of Ukraine announced it is considering the introduction of a 2-hryvnia\n        coin.{{cite web|publisher=RBK Ukraina|date=26 October 2012|url= http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/economic/nbu-rassmotrit-vopros-vvedeniya-v-obrashchenie-2-grivnevoy-26102012163200|script-title=ru:\\u041d\\u0411\\u0423\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0441\\u043c\\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        2-\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b|trans_title=RBK\n        will consider the issuance of 2-hryvnia coin|archivedate=23 April 2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140221012600/http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/economic/nbu-rassmotrit-vopros-vvedeniya-v-obrashchenie-2-grivnevoy-26102012163200|deadurl=no|language=ru}}\\n\\nPer\n        July 1, 2016, officially 12.4 thousand million coins with a face value of\n        1.4 thousand million UAH were in circulation.http://www.bank.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=23692554\\n\\n==Banknotes==\\n{{main\n        article|Banknotes of the Ukrainian hryvnia}}\\nIn 1996, the first series of\n        hryvnia banknotes was introduced into circulation by the [[National Bank of\n        Ukraine]]. They were dated 1992 and were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and\n        20 hryven''. The design of the banknotes was developed by Ukrainian artists\n        Vasyl Lopata and Borys Maksymov.{{cite web|url=http://www.podrobnosti.ua/economy/2006/09/04/344955.html|script-title=ru:\\u041a\\u0430\\u043a\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u044c \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|trans_title=How\n        hryvnia was born|publisher=[[Podrobnosti]]|language=ru|date=4 September 2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140313212510/http://www.podrobnosti.ua/economy/2006/09/04/344955.html|archivedate=13\n        March 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/22377/ |title=The\n        man who designed Hryvnia |language=ru |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423230315/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/22377/\n        |archivedate=April 23, 2008 }} One hryvnya banknotes were printed by\n        the [[Canadian Bank Note Company]] in 1992. Two, five and ten hryvnya banknotes\n        were printed two years later. Until introduction into circulation the banknotes\n        were kept in Canada.\\n\\nBanknotes of the\n        first series in denominations of 50 and 100 hryven also existed but were not\n        introduced because this nominations were not needed in the economical crisis\n        during the monetary reform of the mid-1990s.\\n\\nAlso in 1996, the 1, 50, and\n        100 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced, with 1 hryvnia dated\n        1994. The banknotes were designed and printed by British [[De La Rue]].{{cite web |url=http://www.dt.ua/2000/2040/54365/|title=Hryvnia-Immigrant|newspaper=[[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]]|language=uk}} Since the opening of the Mint of the National\n        Bank of Ukraine in cooperation with De La Rue in March 1994 all banknotes\n        have been printed in Ukraine.\\n\\nLater, highest denominations\n        were added. The 200 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced in\n        2001, followed by the 500 hryvnia notes of the third series in 2006.\\n\\nAll\n        hryvnia banknotes issued by the National Bank continue to be a [[legal tender]].\n        As of 2008, the banknotes of early series can rarely be found in circulation.\n        Also, despite the devaluing of the currency since its introduction, all kopeck\n        coins remain in circulation, as well as all low-value hryvnia bills, including\n        1 hryvnia.\\n\\nAs with the U.S. dollar, the 1 hryvnia bill is commonly used,\n        and the 1 hryvnia coin is rarely seen. The 100 hryvnia denomination is quite\n        common due to its moderately high value. Also common is the 200 hryvnia, as\n        most Ukrainian ATMs dispense currency in this denomination, much as with the\n        US$20 bill.\\n\\nIn 2016 the NBU paper factory started to produce banknote-paper\n        with flax instead of cotton.{{cite web|url=http://n-auditor.com.ua/en/novini-2/item/36966-nbu-starts-printing-money-from-flax.html|title=NBU\n        Starts Printing Money from Flax \\u2013 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u0423\\u0414\\u0418\\u0422\\u041e\\u0420|publisher=|accessdate=11 February\n        2017}}\\n\\n===Current series===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"font-size:\n        90%\\\"\\n|-\\n!Denomination [http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Banknoty/banknoty.htm]\n        and dimensions\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\" | Image\\n!Main colour\\n!Obverse\\n!Reverse\\n!Date\n        of issue\\n|-\\n|\\u20b41
 118 x 63 mm\\n| [[File:1 hryvnia 2006 front.jpg|166px|frameless|1\n        hryvnia obverse]]\\n| [[File:1 hryvnia 2006 back.jpg|166px|frameless|1 hryvnia\n        reverse]]\\n|Yellow-blue\\n|[[Vladimir I of Kiev|Volodymyr the Great]] (c. 958\n        \\u2013 1015), [[Prince of Novgorod]] and [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] 
 Ruler\n        of [[Kyivan Rus]] in (980\\u20131015)\\n|The Volodymyr I''s Fortress Wall in\n        [[Kiev]]\\n|22 May 2006\\n|-\\n|\\u20b42
 118 x 63 mm\\n| [[File:2 hryvnia\n        2005 front.jpg|166px|frameless|2 hryvni obverse]]\\n| [[File:2 hryvnia 2005\n        back.jpg|166px|frameless|2 hryvni reverse]]\\n  |Orange\\n\\n|[[Yaroslav the\n        Wise]] (c. 978 \\u2013 1054), [[Prince of Novgorod]] and [[Grand Prince of\n        Kiev]] 
 Ruler of [[Kyivan Rus]] in (1019\\u20131054)\\n|The [[Saint Sophia''s\n        Cathedral, Kiev|Saint Sophia''s Cathedral]] in Kiev\\n|24 September 2004\\n|-\\n|[[Ukrainian\n        five-hryvnia note|\\u20b45]] 
 118 x 63 mm\\n| [[File:5-Hryvnia-2005-front.jpg|166px|frameless|5\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:5 hryvnia 2005 back.jpg|166px|frameless|5 hryven''\n        reverse]]\\n|Blue\\n|[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] (c. 1595 \\u2013 1657), [[Hetmans\n        of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]]\\n|A church in the village of [[Subotiv]]\n        \\n|14 June 2004\\n|-\\n|\\u20b410
 124 x 66 mm\\n| [[File:10 hryvnia 2006\n        front.jpg|174px|frameless|10 hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:10 hryvnia 2006\n        back.jpg|174px|frameless|10 hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Crimson\\n|[[Ivan Mazepa]]\n        (1639\\u20131709), [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]]\\n|The\n        Holy Dormition Cathedral of the [[Kyiv Pechersk Lavra]]\\n|1 November 2004\\n|-\\n|\\u20b420
\n        130 x 69 mm\\n| [[File:20 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c 2016\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0430.jpg|182px|frameless|20\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:20 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        2016 \\u0430\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0430.jpg|182px|frameless|20\n        hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Green\\n|[[Ivan Franko]] (1856\\u20131916), poet and writer\\n|The\n        [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet]]\\n| 2016\\n|-\\n|\\u20b450
 136 x 72 mm\\n|\n        [[File:50 hryvnia 2004 front.jpg|190px|frameless|50 hryven'' obverse]]\\n|\n        [[File:50 hryvnia 2004 back.jpg|190px|frameless|50 hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Violet\\n|[[Mykhailo\n        Hrushevskyi]] (1866\\u20131934), historian and politician.\\n|The [[Tsentralna\n        Rada]] building (\\\"Teachers'' House\\\" in Kiev).\\n|29 March 2004\\n|-\\n|[[Ukraine\n        one hundred-hryvnia bill|\\u20b4100]] 
 142 x 75 mm\\n| [[File:100 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        2015 01.jpg|200px|frameless|100 hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:100 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        2015 02.jpg|200px|frameless|100 hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Olive\\n|[[Taras Shevchenko]]\n        (1814\\u20131861), poet and artist\\n|[[Kyiv National University]]\\n|9 March\n        2015\\n|-\\n|\\u20b4200
 148 x 75 mm\\n| [[File:200 hryvnia 2007 front.jpg|208px|frameless|200\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:200 hryvnia 2007 back.jpg|208px|frameless|200\n        hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Pink\\n|[[Lesia Ukrainka]] (1871\\u20131913), poet and\n        writer\\n|The Entrance Tower of [[Lutsk Castle]].\\n|28 May 2007\\n|-\\n| \\u20b4500
\n        154 x 75 mm\\n| [[File:500 hryvnia 2015 obverse.jpg|216px|frameless|500\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:500 hryvnia 2015 back.jpg|216px|frameless|500\n        hryven'' reverse]]\\n| Brown \\n| [[Hryhorii Skovoroda]] (1722\\u20131794), writer\n        and composer\\n| The [[Kyiv Mohyla Academy]] buildings.\\n| 11 April 2016\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n[[Image:Biatlon\n        UA.png|thumb|125px|right|A commemorative 1 hryvnia coin to [[biathlon]] of\n        the [[1998 Winter Olympics]], held in [[Nagano]], [[Japan]].]]\\n\\n==Exchange\n        rates==\\n\\nOfficial [[National Bank of Ukraine|NBU]] exchange rate at moment\n        of introduction: UAH 1.76/USD 1.{{cite web|url=http://bank.gov.ua/control/uk/curmetal/currency/search?formType=searchFormDate&time_step=daily&date=17.09.1996&execute=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8|title=\\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0448\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443|publisher=|accessdate=11 February 2017}}\\n\\nFollowing\n        the [[1997 East Asian financial crisis|Asian financial crisis]] in 1998 the\n        currency devaluated to UAH 5.6 = USD 1.00 in February 2000. Later, the exchange\n        rate remained relatively stable at around 5.4 hryvnias for 1 US dollar and\n        was fixed to 5.05 hryvnias for 1 US dollar from 21 April 2005 until 21 May\n        2008. In mid-October 2008 rapid devaluation began, in the course of a [[Financial\n        crisis of 2007\\u201308|global financial crisis]] that [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian\n        financial crisis|hit Ukraine hard]], with the hryvnia dropping 38.4% from\n        UAH 4.85 for USD 1 on 23 September 2008 to UAH 7.88 for USD 1 on 19 December\n        2008.[http://www.bank.gov.ua/Fin_ryn/OF_KURS/Currency/SearchPeriod.aspx\n        National Bank of Ukraine], historical exchange rates{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance?q=USDUAH|title=US Dollar:\n        CURRENCY:USD quotes & news \\u2013 Google Finance|publisher=|accessdate=11\n        February 2017}} After a period of instability, a new peg of 8 hryvnias\n        per US dollar was established, and remained for several years. In 2012, the\n        peg was changed to a managed float (much like that of the [[Chinese yuan]])\n        as the euro and other European countries'' currencies weakened against the\n        dollar due to the [[Greek government-debt crisis|debt crisis in Greece]],\n        and the value in mid-2012 was about 8.14 UAH per dollar.\\n\\nAs from 7 February\n        2014, following [[Ukrainian crisis|political instability in Ukraine]], the\n        National Bank of Ukraine changed the hryvnia into a fluctuating/floating currency\n        in an attempt to meet [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] requirements and\n        to try to enforce a stable price for the currency in the [[Forex market]].{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=5454079&cat_id=55838|title=\n        7 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e 2014 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u201c\\u0412\\u0438\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u041d\\u0456\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0431\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u201d|trans_title=\n        7 February 2014 the National Bank of Ukraine will issue commemorative coins\n        \\\"Nikopol Liberation from the Nazis\\\"|date= 7 February 2014|archivedate =8\n        February 2014|deadurl= no|archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20140221230812/http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=5454079&cat_id=55838}}\n        In 2014 and 2015 the hryvnia lost about 70% of its value against the U.S.\n        dollar.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35483171\n        Ukraine teeters a few steps from chaos], [[BBC News]] (5 February 2016)\n        After stabilization efforts by Ukrainian authorities in March 2015 1 US dollar\n        was worth about 22 hryvnia. Early February 2016\n        1 US dollar was worth about 26 hryvnia.\\n[[File:\\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f19-11.PNG|550px|thumb|center|
1\n        US dollar in UAH (2006\\u20132015)
]]\\n{{Exchange Rate|UAH|RUB}}\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Economy of Ukraine]]\\n*[[List of commemorative coins of Ukraine]]\\n*[[Grzywna\n        (unit)]]\\n\\n\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{refbegin}}\\n*{{Numis\n        cite SCWC|date=1991}}\\n*{{Numis cite SCWPM|date=2006}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{commons category|Money of Ukraine}}\\n{{commons|\\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f}}\\n*[http://www.bank.gov.ua/engl/bank_coin/histor_grn.htm\n        History of Hryvnia]\\n*[http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/arhive_news.php?news_id=431\n        National Bank of Ukraine announcement of Hryvnia Sign] {{uk icon}}\\n*[http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/konkurs.php\n        Proposed symbols for hryvnia during design competition] {{uk icon}}\\n*[http://banknoter.com/s/ukraine\n        Detailed Catalog of Ukrainian paper money]\\n*[http://www.uazone.net/Hryvnia/hryvnia1.html\n        Pictures of hryvnia bills introduced in 1997]\\n*[http://www.museum.com.ua/project/eng/vist/dengi/dengi.html\n        The first Ukrainian Money (1917\\u20131922)] Odessa Numismatics Museum\\n*[http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/NUMBON/1996-8(38).htm\n        Ukraine monetary reform. Numismatics] {{ru icon}}\\n*[http://colnect.com/en/coins/list/country/2504\n        Ukrainian hryvnia coins catalog information]\\n*[http://www.bitip.net/index.php?language=en&mode=kom_rates\n        Actual Ukrainian hryvnia exchange rates]\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=Various}}\\n{{n-currency|location=[[Kyivan\n        Rus'']]|start=11th century|end=15th century}}\\n{{n-after|currency=Various}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=[[Ukrainian\n        karbovanets]]}}\\n{{n-currency|location=[[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]|start=1\n        March 1918|end=April 1918}}\\n{{n-after|currency=[[Ukrainian karbovanets]]|reason=coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat
(on 29 April 1918)}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=[[Ukrainian\n        karbovanets]]|reason=coup d''\\u00e9tat
(on 14 December 1918)}}\\n{{n-currency|location=[[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]|start=December 1918|end=November 1920}}\\n{{n-after|currency=[[Soviet\n        karbovanets]]|reason=Soviet reintegration}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=[[Ukrainian\n        karbovanets]]|ratio=1 hryvnia = 100 000 karbovanets|reason=inflation
(on\n        2 September 1996)}}\\n{{n-currency|rowspan=2|location=[[Ukraine]]|start=2 September\n        1996}}\\n{{n-after|rowspan=2|Current}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine currency and\n        coinage}}\\n{{Ukraine topics}}\\n{{currency signs}}\\n{{Currencies of Europe}}\\n{{Currencies\n        of post-Soviet states}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Hryvnia}}\\n[[Category:Economic history of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Kievan Rus\n        society]]\\n[[Category:Circulating currencies]]\\n[[Category:Currency symbols]]\\n[[Category:Currencies\n        of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Currency introduced in 1996]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        words and phrases]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T22:06:03Z\",\"lastrevid\":797950143,\"length\":23539,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_hryvnia&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia\"},\"6938839\":{\"pageid\":6938839,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1994\",\"index\":36,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-07T13:27:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n| election_name      = Ukrainian presidential election, 1994\\n|\n        country            = Ukraine\\n| type               = presidential\\n| ongoing            =\n        no\\n| previous_election  = Ukrainian presidential election, 1991\\n| previous_year      =\n        1991\\n| next_election      = Ukrainian presidential election, 1999\\n| next_year          =\n        1999\\n| election_date      = 26 June 1994 (first round) 
10 July 1994 (second\n        round)\\n| image1             = [[File:Leonid Kuchma 2002-03-01.jpg|90px|Leonid\n        Kuchma]]\\n| nominee1           = ''''''[[Leonid Kuchma]]''''''\\n| party1             =\n        Independent (politician)\\n| popular_vote1      = ''''''14,016,850''''''\\n|\n        percentage1        = 52.3%\\n| image2             = [[File:Leonid Kravchuk.jpg|91px|Leonid\n        Kravchuk]]\\n| nominee2           = {{nowrap|[[Leonid Kravchuk]]}}\\n| party2             =\n        Independent (politician)\\n| popular_vote2      = 12,111,603\\n| percentage2        =\n        45.2%\\n| map_image          = Ukraine presidential elections 1994, second\n        round.png\\n| map_size           = 300px\\n| map_caption        = \\n| title              =\n        President\\n| before_election    = [[Leonid Kravchuk]]\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| before_party       = Nonpartisan\\n| after_party        =\n        Nonpartisan\\n}}\\n\\nEarly ''''''presidential elections'''''' were held in [[Ukraine]]\n        on 26 June 1994, with a second round on 10 July.[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen,\n        D]] & St\\u00f6ver, P (2010) ''''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'''',\n        p1976 {{ISBN|9783832956097}} They were held ahead of schedule following\n        a compromise between the [[President of Ukraine|President]] and [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]]. Incumbent President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] lost the presidency to his\n        former [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Leonid Kuchma]].\\n\\n==Background==\\n\\n===Strikes\n        and revival of communists===\\nOn June 7, 1993 started a time-unrestricted\n        strike of coal miners of [[Donets basin]] as part of a chronic economical\n        crisis. Coincidentally all the events appeared at the time of resurrection\n        of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]. On this wave of strikes a Constituent\n        Congress of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]] took place on June 19, 1993\n        in [[Donetsk]] (same region) and later it was registered in October of the\n        same year. Its banning was temporary due to suspicion in support of the August\n        coup-d''etat. However the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized that\n        the Communist Party of Ukraine that was registered on July 22, 1991 had nothing\n        to do with the August events in the [[Soviet Union]] and was never a successor\n        of the Communist Party of Soviet Union and the Communist Party of Ukraine\n        in the Communist Party of Soviet Union. However the statute of the Communist\n        Party of Ukraine clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover\n        on December 27, 2001 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized the ban\n        of Communist Party not constitutional.{{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140923003336/http://www.kpu.ua/ru/page/statute\n        The Statute of the Communist Party of Ukraine]. CPU website\\n\\n===Decision\n        on early elections===\\nOn June 17, 1993 the parliament decided to conduct\n        on September 26, 1993 a consultative referendum on no confidence in president\n        and parliament. However on September 24 the referendum was canceled. The [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] decided to conduct an early elections to parliament on March 27, 1994\n        and president on June 26, 1994.\\n\\nThe presidential elections became the first\n        to demonstrate the division of the country on the \\\"East\\\" and \\\"West\\\".\\n\\n==Other==\\nThey\n        were also the first presidential election in the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] where the incumbent head of state, with roots based in the [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]]-time government elite, lost a democratic election and stepped\n        aside.\\n\\n==Results==\\n{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right\\n!rowspan=2|Candidate\\n!rowspan=2|Party\\n!colspan=2|First\n        round\\n!colspan=2|Second round\\n|-\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Leonid\n        Kravchuk]] ||align=left|Non-partisan (Democratic Association \\\"Ukraine\\\" and\n        [[People''s Movement of Ukraine|NRU]]) ||9,977,766||38.4||12,111,603||45.2\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Leonid\n        Kuchma]]||align=left|Non-partisan (Inter-regional Bloc of Reforms)\n        ||8,274,806||31.8||14,016,850||52.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr Moroz]]||align=left|[[Socialist\n        Party of Ukraine]] ([[Socialist Party of Ukraine|SPU]], [[Communist Party\n        of Ukraine|CPU]], [[Peasant Party of Ukraine|SelPU]])as\n        Coalition of Left Parties, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140923004702/http://analitik.org.ua/ukr/publications/joint/3dd12dea/3dd13f15/\n        Political parties of Ukraine in cooperation with structures of power]. Kiev\n        center of political research and conflictology. ||3,466,541||13.3||colspan=2\n        rowspan=5|\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Volodymyr Lanovyi]]||align=left|Independent||2,483,986||9.6\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Valeryi\n        Babych]]||align=left|Independent||644,263||2.5\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Ivan Plyushch]]||align=left|Independent||321,886||1.2\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Petro\n        Talanchuk]]||align=left|Independent||143,361||0.6\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|Against\n        all||697,564||2.7||645,508||2.1\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|Invalid/blank votes||470,498||\\u2013||109,681||\\u2013\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|''''''Total''''''||''''''26,480,671''''''||''''''100''''''||''''''26,883,642''''''||''''''100''''''\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout||37,630,835||70.4||37,531,666||71.6\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=6|Source: Nohlen & St\\u00f6ver\\n|}\\n\\n===Second round===\\n* Kravchuk\\n*\n        Kuchma (supported by [[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]])Baziv, D. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923002907/http://www.day.kiev.ua/uk/article/podrobici/vibori-99-kuchma-i-kpu-znovu-razom\n        Elections-99: Kuchma and CPU – together again!]'''' Den. 15 May 1999\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* Connor, W.M, Krupp, J.W. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923131840/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/ukrbelel.htm\n        THE UKRAINIAN AND BELARUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS: ASSESSMENT AND IMPLICATIONS]''''.\n        Foreign Military Studies Office. August 1994\\n* Erlanger, S. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923132422/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/12/world/ukrainians-elect-a-new-president.html\n        UKRAINIANS ELECT A NEW PRESIDENT]''''. [[New York Times]]. July 12, 1994\\n\\n{{1994\n        presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian elections}}\\n{{Presidency\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:1994 elections in Ukraine|Presidential election]]\\n[[Category:Presidential\n        elections in Ukraine|1994]]\\n[[Category:June 1994 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:July\n        1994 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-07T13:27:58Z\",\"lastrevid\":794350850,\"length\":6611,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1994\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1994&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1994\"},\"7054765\":{\"pageid\":7054765,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1999\",\"index\":23,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-07T13:29:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n| election_name      = Ukrainian presidential election, 1999\\n|\n        country            = Ukraine\\n| type               = presidential\\n| ongoing            =\n        no\\n| previous_election  = Ukrainian presidential election, 1994\\n| previous_year      =\n        1994\\n| next_election      = Ukrainian presidential election, 2004\\n| next_year          =\n        2004\\n| election_date      = 31 October 1999 (first round) 
14 November\n        1999 (second round)\\n| image1             = [[File:Leonid Kuchma 2002-03-01.jpg|90px]]\\n|\n        nominee1           = ''''''[[Leonid Kuchma]]''''''\\n| party1             =\n        Independent (politician)\\n| popular_vote1      = ''''''15,870,722''''''\\n|\n        percentage1        = 57.7%\\n| image2             = [[File:Petro Symonenko.PNG|77px]]\\n|\n        nominee2           = {{nowrap|[[Petro Symonenko]]}}\\n| party2             =\n        Communist Party of Ukraine\\n| popular_vote2      = 10,665,420\\n| percentage2        =\n        38.8%\\n| map_image          = \\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438 1999.png\\n|\n        map_size           = 300px\\n| map_caption        = \\n| title              =\n        President\\n| before_election    = [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| before_party       = Nonpartisan\\n| after_party        =\n        Nonpartisan\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Presidential elections'''''' were held in [[Ukraine]]\n        on 31 October 1999, with a second round on 14 November.[[Dieter\n        Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] & St\\u00f6ver, P (2010) ''''Elections in Europe: A data\n        handbook'''', p1976 {{ISBN|9783832956097}} The result was a victory\n        for [[Leonid Kuchma]], who defeated [[Petro Symonenko]] in the run-off.Nohlen\n        & St\\u00f6ver, p1994\\n\\n==Electoral system==\\nAt the time of election\n        the population in Ukraine was 50,105,600 with 34,017,400 living in cities.{{cn|date=September\n        2014}} The most districts contained the [[Donetsk Oblast]] (23) as the most\n        populous one, the least electoral districts among oblasts were in the [[Chernivtsi\n        Oblast]], only 4. The city of [[Kiev]] had 12 electoral districts and [[Sevastopol]]\n        - 2. There also was a special ''''out-of-country district'''' available for\n        voters who at the moment of elections were not available to vote in Ukraine.\\n\\n==Registration==\\nThere\n        were 32 individuals who submitted their documents for registration as pretenders\n        on candidate to the President of Ukraine. Out of them 19 pretenders were registered\n        with the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] to run for presidential\n        elections, the rest 13 were denied in registration. \\n===Registered pretenders===\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Bazylyuk]], by Slavic Party\\n* [[Hennadiy Balashov]], by group\n        of voters ([[Dnipropetrovsk]])\\n* [[Ivan Bilas]], by [[Congress of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists]]\\n* [[Nataliya Vitrenko]], by [[Progressive Socialist Party\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Mykola Haber]], by Patriotic Party of Ukraine\\n* [[Yuriy\n        Karmazin]], by [[Motherland Defenders Party]]\\n* [[Vitaliy Kononov]], by [[Party\n        of Greens of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Yuriy Kostenko]], by group of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n*\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]], by group of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Yevhen Marchuk]], by\n        Bloc \\\"Our President - Yevhen Marchuk!\\\" (Social-Democratic Union, Christian-People''s\n        Union, [[Ukrainian Republican Party]], [[Ukrainian Peasant Democratic Party]])\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Moroz]], by [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Hryhoriy Novodvorsky]],\n        by group of voters (Dashiv, [[Vinnytsia Oblast]])\\n* [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]],\n        by group of voters ([[Kirovohrad]])\\n* [[Vasyl Onopenko]], by [[Ukrainian\n        Social Democratic Party]]\\n* [[Mykhailo Pavlovsky]], by group of voters ([[Khmelnytskyi]])\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Rzhavsky]], by All-Ukrainian Political Association \\\"One Family\\\"\\n*\n        [[Petro Symonenko]], by [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Tkachenko\n        (politician)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]], by [[Peasant Party of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Hennadiy\n        Udovenko]], by [[People''s Movement of Ukraine|National Movement of Ukraine]]\\n\\n''''''''''Notes:''''''''''\\n*\n        Udovenko and Kostenko initially were denied in registration, but on May 21,\n        1999 both were registered.\\n\\n===Registration denied===\\n* [[Mykola Havrylov]]\\n*\n        [[Borys Holodyuk]], by group of voters (Monastyrets, [[Lviv Oblast]])\\n* [[Volodymyr\n        Ivanovych Huba|Volodymyr Huba]], by group of voter ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Valentyna\n        Datsenko]], by All-Ukrainian Party of Female Initiatives\\n* [[Tetyana Zadorozhna]],\n        by group of voters ([[Shakhtarsk]])\\n* [[Oleh Kalashnikov]], by group of voters\n        ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Valeriy Korotkov]], by Women National Party (united)\\n* [[Dmytro\n        Korchynsky]], by group of voters (Pohoriltsi, [[Chernihiv Oblast]])\\n* [[Pavlo\n        Lazarenko]], by [[Hromada (political party)|Hromada]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Pukhkal]],\n        by group of voters (Mykolaivka, [[Kirovohrad Oblast]])\\n* [[Marian Roketsky]],\n        by group of voters ([[Ivano-Frankivsk]])\\n* [[Andriy Taranenko]], by group\n        of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Volodymyr Yurchenko]], by group of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n\\n===Candidates===\\nAll\n        pretenders were required to collect signatures to become candidates. In the\n        process ten pretenders were not able to gather the required signatures, while\n        six were reinstated on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]. Later\n        another two registered candidates withdrew.\\n* [[Oleksandr Bazylyuk]], initially\n        denied in registration, Bazylyuk was granted candidate status on decision\n        of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 11, 1999\\n* [[Nataliya Vitrenko]]\\n*\n        [[Mykola Haber]], initially denied in registration, Haber was granted candidate\n        status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 9, 1999\\n*\n        [[Yuriy Karmazin]], initially denied in registration, Karmazin was granted\n        candidate status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August\n        16, 1999\\n* [[Vitaliy Kononov]], initially denied in registration, Kononov\n        was granted candidate status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]\n        of August 12, 1999\\n* [[Yuriy Kostenko]]\\n* [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n* [[Yevhen\n        Marchuk]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Moroz]]\\n* [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]]\\n* [[Vasyl Onopenko]],\n        , initially denied in registration, Onopenko was granted candidate status\n        on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 6, 1999\\n* [[Oleksandr\n        Rzhavsky]], , initially denied in registration, Rzhavsky was granted candidate\n        status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 10, 1999\\n*\n        [[Petro Symonenko]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Tkachenko (politician)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]]\\n*\n        [[Hennadiy Udovenko]]\\n\\n''''''''''Notes:''''''''''\\n* On October 27, 1999\n        Oliynyk and Tkachenko withdrew from the election campaign.\\n\\n===Kaniv four===\\nSince\n        the summer of 1999 there was a sharp competition among the candidates. Four\n        candidates [[Yevhen Marchuk]], [[Oleksandr Moroz]], [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]]\n        (mayor of [[Cherkasy]]), and [[Oleksandr Tkachenko (politician)|Oleksandr\n        Tkachenko]] (speaker of [[Verkhovna Rada]]) met in [[Kaniv]] and called on\n        all candidates to just and honest elections. The \\\"Kaniv Four\\\" had intentions\n        to present a single candidate who would have more chances for success. It\n        however failed to do so and no one else joined them neither. [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]]\n        being promoted by [[Kirovohrad]] city residents, on October 27 surrendered\n        his candidacy in favor of [[Yevhen Marchuk]], while [[Oleksandr Tkachenko\n        (politician)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]] favored [[Petro Symonenko]] (leader of\n        [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]).\\n\\n==Results==\\nIn the first round the most\n        oblasts and the out-of-country district were won by Leonid Kuchma. In seven\n        oblasts the top candidate was Petro Symonenko mostly in the centre and south.\n        Oleksandr Moroz managed to become the leader in the more agrarian oriented\n        [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]] and [[Vinnytsia Oblast]]s. Nataliya Vitrenko took\n        the peak of the candidate list in the [[Sumy Oblast]].\\n\\n{| class=wikitable\n        style=text-align:right\\n!rowspan=2|Candidate\\n!rowspan=2|Party\\n!colspan=2|First\n        round\\n!colspan=2|Second round\\n|-\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Leonid\n        Kuchma]]||align=left|Independent{{ref|LeonidKuchma|Kuchma}} ||9.598.672||38.0||15,870,722||57.7\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Petro\n        Symonenko]]||align=left|[[Communist Party of Ukraine]]||5,849,077||23.1||10,665,420||38.8\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr\n        Moroz]]||align=left|[[Socialist Party of Ukraine]]||2,969,896||11.8||colspan=2\n        rowspan=11|\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Nataliya Vitrenko]]||align=left|[[Progressive\n        Socialist Party of Ukraine]]||2,886,972||11.4\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Yevhen Marchuk]]||align=left|Social\n        Democratic Union||2,138,356||8.5\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Yuriy Kostenko]]||align=left|[[Ukrainian\n        People''s Party|People''s Movement of Ukraine (K)]]||570,623||2.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Hennadiy\n        Udovenko]]||align=left|[[People''s Movement of Ukraine|The Movement]]-[[Reforms\n        and Order Party|Reforms and Order]]||319,778||1.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Vasyl\n        Onopenko]]||align=left|[[Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united)|Ukrainian\n        Social Democratic Party]]||124,040||0.5\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr Rzhavskyy]]||align=left|One\n        Family[http://www.edina-rodina.org/ Official website of the One Family]||95,515||0.4\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Yuriy\n        Karmazin]]||align=left|[[Motherland Defenders Party]]||90,793||0.4\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Vitaliy\n        Kononov]]||align=left|[[Party of Greens of Ukraine]]||76,832||0.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr\n        Bazyliuk]]||align=left|[[Slavic Party (Ukraine)|Slavic Party]]||36,012||0.1\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Mykola\n        Haber]]||align=left|Patriotic Party of Ukraine||31,829||0.1\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|Against all||477,019||1.9||970,181||3.5\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|Invalid/blank\n        votes||1,038,749||\\u2013||706,161||\\u2013\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|''''''Total''''''||''''''26,305,198''''''||''''''100''''''||''''''28,212,484''''''||''''''100''''''\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout||37,498,630||70.1||37,680,581||74.9\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=6|Source: Nohlen & St\\u00f6ver\\n|}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{note|LeonidKuchma}}\n        During the election campaign Kuchma was supported by the Bloc \\\"Our Choice\n        – Leonid Kuchma!\\\"[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/zasdannya_naradi_golv_poltichnih_party_bloku_nash_vibr___leond_kuchma_19125\n        Session of the conference of leaders of political parties of the bloc \\\"Our\n        Choice - Leonid Kuchma!\\\"]. [[Ukrinform]]. 19 November 1999Soskin,\n        O. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140914234706/http://uncp.soskin.info/print/news/487/lkuchma-pri-vladi---ukrayina-v-zanepadi.html\n        L.Kuchma at power – Ukraine in decline]. Institute of Society Transformation.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n*\n        Fritz, D.V. ''''\\\"State-Building: A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania,\n        Belarus, and Russia\\\"''''. Central European University Press. Budapest 2008.\n        {{ISBN|9637326995}}\\n* [[Taras Kuzio|Kuzio, T]]. ''''\\\"Ukraine after the elections\\\"''''\n        (manuscript)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp1999/WEBPROC0\n        Ukrainian presidential election, 1999]. [[Central Electoral Commission of\n        Ukraine]] website.\\n* ''''[http://www.history.vn.ua/book/ukrzno/174.html Handbook\n        on preparation to the Foreign Independent Evaluation (ZNO) on history of Ukraine]''''.\n        www.history.vn.ua\\n* Romanyuk, A.S., Skochilias, L.S., and others. [http://www.lnu.edu.ua/faculty/Phil/El_karta_knyzka/el_hystory_ukraine-1999.htm\n        Electoral map of Lviv region in inter regional section]. Lviv: TsPD, 2010.\\n*\n        Tantsiura, V. [http://pidruchniki.ws/12191010/istoriya/vibori_verhovnoyi_radi_1998_r\n        Political history of Ukraine].\\n* [http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/publications/uroki-ta-pidsumki-viborchoii-kampaniii-1999-roku-v-konteksti-viboriv-2004\n        Yulia Tyshchenko, Ukrainian Independent Center of Political Studies].\\n* [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/metod/vydannja/vibory1999.pdf\n        1999 Presidential elections]. Central Electoral Commission. Kiev 2000\\n* [http://svobodaslova.in.ua/news/read/23300\n        1999 Presidential elections: how it was. Part 2]. Freedom of speech in Ukraine.\\n\\n{{1999\n        presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian elections}}\\n{{Presidency\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:1999 elections in Ukraine|Presidential election]]\\n[[Category:Presidential\n        elections in Ukraine|1999]]\\n[[Category:October 1999 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:November\n        1999 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T08:07:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":794350994,\"length\":11849,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1999\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1999&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1999\"},\"1111039\":{\"pageid\":1111039,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004\",\"index\":11,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-15T11:47:03Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n| election_name      = Ukrainian presidential election, 2004\\n|\n        country            = Ukraine\\n| type               = presidential\\n| ongoing            =\n        no\\n| previous_election  = Ukrainian presidential election, 1999\\n| previous_year      =\n        1999\\n| next_election      = Ukrainian presidential election, 2010\\n| next_year          =\n        2010\\n| election_date      = October 31, November 21, December 26, 2004\\n|\n        image1             = [[File:Wiktor Juschtschenko, Pr\\u00e4sident der Ukraine,\n        in der Universit\\u00e4t Z\\u00fcrich.jpg|140px|Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n| nominee1           =\n        ''''''[[Viktor Yushchenko]]''''''\\n| party1             = Independent (politician)\\n|\n        popular_vote1      = ''''''15,115,712''''''\\n| percentage1        = 51.99%\\n|\n        image2             = [[File:Viktor Yanukovych (2011).jpg|120px|Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n|\n        nominee2           = [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n| party2             = Party of\n        Regions\\n| popular_vote2      = 12,848,528\\n| percentage2        = 44.20%\\n|\n        map_image          = Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Highest vote)a.png\\n|\n        map_size           = 275px\\n| map_caption        = Results of the December\n        26, 2004 repeated run-off presidential election. Orange\n        and Blue denotes regions where Yushchenko\n        and Yanukoych respectively were the highest polling candidates.\\n| title              =\n        President\\n| before_election    = [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n| before_party       = Nonpartisan\\n| after_party        =\n        Nonpartisan\\n}}\\n{{Politics of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2004'''''' was held on October 31, November 21 and December 26,\n        2004. The election was the fourth [[President of Ukraine|presidential]] election\n        to take place in [[Ukraine]] following independence from the [[Soviet Union]].\n        The last stages of the election were contested between the [[Our Ukraine (political\n        party)|opposition leader]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]] and the incumbent [[Prime\n        Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] from the [[Party\n        of Regions]]. The election was held in a highly charged political atmosphere,\n        with allegations of media bias, [[voter intimidation]] and a poisoning of\n        candidate Yushchenko with [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxin]].{{en\n        icon}} [http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/51514/ Dead End], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (October 29, 2009)\\n\\nAccording to Ukraine''s electoral law,\n        a [[two-round system]] is used to elect the President in which a candidate\n        must win a majority (50% or more) of all ballots cast. The first round of\n        voting was held on October 31, 2004. As no candidate had 50% or more of the\n        votes cast a run-off ballot between the two-highest polling candidates, Viktor\n        Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych, was held on November 21. According to official\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] results\n        announced on November 23, the run-off election was won by Viktor Yanukovych.\n        The election results were challenged by Viktor Yushchenko and his supporters\n        with many international observers claiming that the election was rigged.[[Anders \\u00c5slund]] and [[Michael McFaul]] (January 2006).\n        ''''Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''',\n        [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], {{ISBN|0-87003-221-6}}Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World,\n        [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], [[Yale University Press]], 2005,\n        {{ISBN|0-300-09545-7}}\\n\\nThe subsequent events led to a political crisis\n        in Ukraine, with widespread peaceful protesters, dubbed the \\\"[[Orange Revolution]],\\\"\n        calling for a re-run second round election. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Supreme Court]] annulled the official run-off results and ordered a repeat\n        of second round ballot.\\n\\nThe final\n        re-run ballot was held on December 26. Viktor Yushchenko was declared the\n        winner with 52 percent of the vote to Yanukovych''s 44 percent.\\n\\nInternational\n        observers reported that the re-run ballot was considered overall fairer than\n        the previous ballots.\\n\\n:''''For a timeline\n        of events that followed the runoff, see [[Post-election developments in Ukraine,\n        2004]].''''\\n\\n==Candidates==\\nAll together 26 candidates had been nominated\n        and participated in presidential elections.{{uk icon}} [http://www2.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/6/22/96993.htm\n        \\u0422\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (June 22, 2009)\\n\\nThe two main contenders in the election\n        were the incumbent Prime Minister and government-supported candidate [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] and opposition leader [[Viktor Yushchenko]]. Viktor Yanukovych,\n        who was the Prime Minister since 2002, was supported by the outgoing President\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]], as well as by the [[Russia]]n government and then president\n        [[Vladimir Putin]].\\n\\nViktor Yushchenko\n        was portrayed as being more [[pro-Western]] and had received support of the\n        [[European Union]] states and the [[United States]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev] by [[Ian Traynor]], [[The Guardian]]\n        (November 26, 2004)\\n\\n==Summary==\\n{{Ukrainian presidential election,\n        2004}}\\n\\n===Electoral Maps===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n|+ Maps showing\n        the top three Candidates support - percentage of total national vote  \\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukraine\n        Presidential Oct 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor Yushchenko\n        (First round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (Second round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (Final round)]]\\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004 Vote\n        (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor Yanukovych (First round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine\n        Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor Yanukovych\n        (Second round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yanukovych (Final round)]]\\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004 Vote\n        (Moroz).png|250px|center|Olexandr Moroz (First round) -]]\\n|}\\n\\n==Preliminary\n        vote==\\n[[Image:Ukrainian election 2004 1 ubt.JPG|250px|thumb|First round\n        voters in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] on October 31, 2004.]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine\n        Presidential Oct 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yushchenko\n        (First round) - percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential\n        Oct 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (First round)\n        - percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004\n        Vote (Moroz).png|250px|thumb|Olexandr Moroz (First round) - percentage of\n        total national vote]]\\n\\nThe preliminary ballot of the 2004 presidential election\n        was held on October 31, 2004. The official results recorded Viktor Yushchenko\n        with 39.87 percent and Victor Yanukovych 39.32 percent of the votes cast.\n        As no candidate had secured 50% or more votes required for outright victory,\n        a [[run-off election]] was scheduled for November 21. Although a 75 percent\n        turnout was recorded in the initial vote, observers reported many irregularities,\n        particularly in the regions where Yushchenko''s support was seen to be strongest. It was unclear how much of an impact this\n        had on the result.\\n\\nA total of 28,035,184 voters participated in the first\n        round of voting. Results of the preliminary vote were as follows:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\n        style=\\\"background:#ddd;\\\"\\n! align=left | candidate\\n! align=left | nominated\n        by\\n! style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | %\\n! style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | votes\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n| Independent\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 39.90\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 11,118,675\\n|-\\n| [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n| [[Party\n        of Regions]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 39.26\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 11,008,731\\n|-\\n| [[Oleksandr Moroz]]\\n| [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]]\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 5.82\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 1,632,098\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Petro Symonenko]]\\n| [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 4.97\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 1,396,135\\n|-\\n| [[Nataliya Vitrenko]]\\n|\n        [[Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 1.53\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 429,794\\n|-\\n| [[Anatoliy Kinakh]]\\n|\n        [[Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.93\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 262,530\\n|-\\n| [[Oleksander Mykolayovych\n        Yakovenko|Oleksandr Yakovenko]]\\n| [[Communist Party of Workers and Peasants]]\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.78\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 219,191\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Oleksandr Omelchenko]]\\n| [[Unity Party (Ukraine)|Unity Party]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.48\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 136,830\\n|-\\n| [[Leonid Chernovetsky]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.45\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 129,066\\n|-\\n| [[Dmytro Korchynskyy]]\\n| self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.17\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 49,961\\n|-\\n| [[Andriy Chornovil]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.12\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 36,278\\n|-\\n| [[Mykola Hrabar]]\\n| self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.07\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 19,657\\n|-\\n| [[Mykhaylo Brodskyy]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.05\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 16,498\\n|-\\n| [[Yuriy Zbitnyev]]\\n| [[New Power Party]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.05\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 16,321\\n|-\\n| [[Serhiy Komisarenko]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.04\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 13,754\\n|-\\n| [[Vasyl Volha]]\\n| non-governmental organization \\\"[[Public\n        Control]]\\\"\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.04\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 12,956\\n|-\\n| [[Bohdan Boyko]]\\n| [[People''s Movement of Ukraine for Unity]]\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.04\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 12,793\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Oleksandr Rzhavskyy]]\\n| [[United Family Party]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 10,714\\n|-\\n| [[Mykola Rohozhynskyy]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 10,289\\n|-\\n| [[Vladyslav Kryvobokov]]\\n| [[People''s Party of Depositors\n        and Social Protection]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 9,340\\n|-\\n| [[Oleksandr Bazylyuk]]\\n| [[Slavic Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 8,963\\n|-\\n| [[Ihor Dushyn]]\\n| [[Liberal\n        Democratic Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 8,623\\n|-\\n| [[Roman Mykolayovych Kozak|Roman Kozak]]\\n| [[Organization\n        of Ukrainian Nationalists]] in Ukraine\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.02\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 8,410\\n|-\\n| [[Volodymyr Nechyporuk]]\\n| self-nominated\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.02\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 6,171\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Hryhoriy Chernysh]]\\n| [[Party of Rehabilitation of Infirm People]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | \\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | withdrew\\n|-\\n| [[Vitaliy Kononov]]\\n|\n        [[Party of Greens of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | \\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | withdrew\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Against All\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |1.98\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |556,962\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Informal\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |2.97\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |834,426\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Total\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |100.00\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |28,035,184\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Participation\n        rate from 37,613,022\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |74.54\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |\\n|}\\n\\n==Run-off==\\n[[File:Ukraine Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|thumb|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (Second round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych\n        (Second round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote]]\\n\\nFollowing the\n        November 21 run-off ballot, Ukraine''s electoral commission declared Prime\n        Minister Viktor Yanukovych with 49.42% of the vote the winner with Viktor\n        Yushchenko receiving 46.69% of the ballots cast.http://www.cvk.gov.ua/postanovy/2004/p1265_2004_d.htm\n        [[Observers for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]]\n        (OSCE) said the run-off vote \\\"did not meet international standards\\\" and\n        U.S. senior election observer, Senator [[Richard Lugar]], called it a \\\"concerted\n        and forceful program of election day fraud\\\".\\n\\nThe geographic distribution\n        of the votes showed a clear east-west division of Ukraine, which is rooted\n        deeply in the [[History of Ukraine|country''s history]]. The western and central\n        parts roughly correspond with the former territories of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\n        Commonwealth]] in the 17th century. They are considered more pro-Western,\n        with the population mostly [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]-speaking and [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic]] (Uniate) in the west or [[Ukrainian Orthodox]] in the center,\n        and have voted predominantly for Yushchenko. The heavy-industrialized eastern\n        part, including the [[Crimea|Autonomous Republic of Crimea]], where the links\n        with [[Russia]] and the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] are much stronger, and\n        which contains many ethnic Russians, is a Yanukovych stronghold.\\n\\nBetween\n        the two rounds of the election, dramatic increases in turnout were recorded\n        in Yanukovych-supporting regions, while Yushchenko-supporting regions recorded\n        the same turnout or lower than recorded in the first round. This effect was\n        most marked in eastern Ukraine and especially in Yanukovych''s stronghold\n        of [[Donetsk Oblast]], where a turnout of 98.5% was reportedly claimed\\u2014more\n        than 40% up from the first round. In\n        some districts, turnout was recorded to be more than 100% than the previous\n        ballot, with one district reported by observers to have recorded a 127% turnout. According to election observers and post-election\n        investigations, pro-Yanukovych activists traveled around the country and voted\n        many times as absentees. Some groups\n        dependent on government assistance, such as students, hospital patients and\n        prisoners, were told to vote for the government candidate.[http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Invisible-ink-how-they-rigged-the-vote/2004/12/02/1101923247133.html\n        Invisible ink: how they rigged the vote], ''''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''''\n        (December 2, 2004)\\n\\nMany other alleged irregularities were reported,\n        including [[ballot stuffing]], intimidation at voting booths and huge numbers\n        of new voters appearing on the electoral rolls\\u2014in [[Donetsk]] alone,\n        half a million more voters were registered for the runoff election. Yanukovych\n        won all but one of the regions where significant increases in turnout were\n        noted. It was later determined by the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Supreme Court]] that this was in fact due to widespread falsification of the\n        results.\\n\\n==International influence\n        and reaction==\\n\\nMany commentators saw the elections as being influenced\n        by outside powers, notably the [[United States]], the [[European Union]] and\n        [[Russia]], with the US and EU backing Yushchenko ([[United States Secretary\n        of State|Secretary of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]], former [[National Security\n        Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]\n        and [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[John McCain]] all visited Kiev, in\n        official or private capacities {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}), and\n        Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] publicly backing Yanukovych. In the media\n        the two candidates were contrasted, with Yushchenko representing both the\n        pro-Western [[Kiev]] residents as well as the rural Ukrainians, whereas Yanukovych\n        representing the Eastern, pro-Russian industrial laborers.\\n\\nMore specifically it was considered that a Yushchenko victory\n        would represent a halt of Ukraine''s integration with the rest of the [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States]], and possibly a cancellation of the [[Eurasian Economic\n        Community#Common Economic Space|Common Economic Space]] between Russia, Ukraine,\n        [[Belarus]] and [[Kazakhstan]] that had already been agreed to by the Ukrainian\n        parliament; he would instead be likely to increase attempts at further integration\n        with Europe and a possible membership in the EU and NATO. Viktor Yanukovych\n        had promised to make Russian an official language for Ukraine, as is also\n        the case in other CIS member states Belarus, Kazakhstan and [[Kyrgyzstan]].\\n\\n===European\n        Union===\\n[[Image:Ukrainian Round Table 2004.jpg|thumb|225px|Round table talks\n        with Ukrainian and foreign representatives during the [[Orange Revolution]]\n        on December 1 in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nThe [[European Union]] made it clear that\n        they would not recognize the results of the election. All 25 member countries\n        of the EU summoned their ambassadors from Ukraine in order to register a sharp\n        protest against what is seen as election fraud.[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do;jsessionid=335ED3B0E938A20E30BDED4B98B2B687.node1?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2004-0046+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN\n        European Parliament resolution on the forthcoming presidential elections in\n        Ukraine], [[The European Parliament]] (October 28, 2004)\\n\\nThe [[European\n        Union]] disputed the election process in Ukraine, with [[European Commission]]\n        [[President of the European Commission|President]] [[Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Barroso]]\n        warning of consequences if there is no review of the election. During a meeting\n        between Putin and EU officials in [[the Hague]], the Russian president opposed\n        the EU reaction by saying that he was \\\"deeply convinced that we have no moral\n        right to push a big European state to any kind of massive disorder.\\\"\\n\\nAmong\n        EU member states, Ukraine''s western neighbors were most concerned. In [[Poland]],\n        Ukraine''s largest western neighbor, politicians, the media and ordinary citizens\n        enthusiastically supported Yushchenko and opposed the election fraud. Polish\n        deputies to the [[European Parliament]] have called for giving Ukraine the\n        prospect of future EU membership provided the country obeyed democratic standards.\n        Western EU members are however more reluctant with the idea of Ukrainian membership\n        in the EU, which results in Polish media accusing them of being more interested\n        in the integration process with [[Turkey]] and maintaining good relations\n        with Russia.\\n\\nOn November 25, former Ukrainian foreign minister and a close\n        collaborator of Yushchenko, [[Borys Tarasyuk]] delivered a speech before the\n        Polish [[Sejm]], urging Poland not to recognize the election result and help\n        solve the political crisis. On the same day former Polish President [[Lech\n        Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]] went to Kiev to publicly express his support for Viktor\n        Yushchenko. He was later followed by a number of Polish MPs from different\n        parties.\\n\\nOn November 26 the [[President of Poland]] [[Aleksander Kwa\\u015bniewski]]\n        arrived in Kiev, followed on the same day by the [[Union Minister for Foreign\n        Affairs|EU Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Javier Solana]] and the Lithuanian\n        president [[Valdas Adamkus]].\\n\\n===United States===\\n\\nThe [[United States\n        government]] also decided not to recognize the election, and expressed dissatisfaction\n        with the results; the outgoing [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary\n        of State]], [[Colin Powell]], quite unequivocally stated that the result announced\n        could not be accepted as legitimate by the [[United States]]. [[President\n        of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] and various members of\n        [[United States Congress|Congress]] made statements disclosing their concern\n        over the legitimacy of the polling. Prominent former [[Cold War]] hawk [[Zbigniew\n        Brzezinski]] cast the election as an opposition to renewed [[Imperial Russia|Russian\n        imperialism]]:\\n\\n{{cquote|Russia is more likely to make a break with its\n        imperial past if the newly independent post-Soviet states are vital and stable.\n        Their vitality will temper any residual Russian imperial temptations. Political\n        and economic support for the new states must be an integral part of a broader\n        strategy for integrating Russia into a cooperative transcontinental system.\n        A [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] Ukraine is a critically important component of\n        such a policy, as is support for such strategically pivotal states as [[Azerbaijan]]\n        and [[Uzbekistan]].[http://www.comw.org/pda/fulltext/9709brzezinski.html\n        A geostrategy for Eurasia by Zbigniew Brzezinski]}}\\n\\nU.S.\n        Senators [[John McCain]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] jointly wrote a letter nominating\n        Victor Yushchenko along with Georgian President [[Mikhail Saakashvili]] for\n        the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. The nomination was unsuccessful.[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-02/McCain-intvu-4Feb2005.cfm?renderforprint=1&textonly=1&&TEXTMODE=1&CFID=325983691&CFTOKEN=32206922&jsessionid=de308c70569d672ad4905073587111252664\n        Senator McCain Tells Ukrainians of Nobel Nomination for Yushchenko], [[Voice\n        of America]] (February 5, 2005)[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2005/\n        The Nobel Peace Prize 2005], [[Nobel Foundation]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential\n        Dec 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yushchenko (Final round)\n        - percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004\n        Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (Final round) - percentage\n        of total national vote]]\\n\\n===Russia and the CIS===\\n\\nRussia''s President,\n        Vladimir Putin congratulated Viktor Yanukovych, which was followed shortly\n        afterward by [[Belarus|Belorussian]] president [[Alexander Lukashenko]], on\n        his victory before election results were officially declared.[http://www.kvali.com/kvali/index.asp?obiektivi=show&n=195\n        Kvali Online Magazine] [[CIS election observation missions|CIS election\n        observers]] praised the second round of the elections as \\\"legitimate and\n        of a nature that reflected democratic standards\\\", a view in direct contradiction\n        to other monitoring organizations such as the [[European Network of Election\n        Monitoring Organizations|ENEMO]], the [[Committee of Voters of Ukraine]] and\n        the [[International Election Observation Mission|IEOM]].[http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=401&issue_id=3151&article_id=2368899\n        The Jamestown Foundation]\\n\\nProminent hardliners\n        in Russia cast the election as opposition to renewed Western [[imperialism]].\n        [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Russian Communist Party]] leader\n        [[Gennady Zyuganov]], for example, blames the West for interfering in the\n        situation in Ukraine in the run-up to the October 31 presidential election:\\n\\n{{cquote|I\n        have been in Kiev for a third day and I see for myself that the numerous actions\n        of local opposition bear the earmarks of those groups that at different times\n        tried to destabilize Prague, Budapest and Bucharest \\u2014 the earmarks of\n        U.S. special services.}}\\n\\nOn November 28, [[Yuriy Luzhkov]], the Mayor of\n        Moscow, gave a speech denouncing the Ukrainian opposition, calling its members\n        a \\\"sabbath of witches\\\" pretending to \\\"represent the whole of the nation.\\\"[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/28/international/europe/28cnd-ukraine.html?ex=1102309200&en=ff2c4369fabe9ed3&ei=5040&partner=MOREOVER\n        The New York Times International > Europe > Supporters of President-Elect\n        in Ukraine Push Back] Russian newspapers\n        have printed increasingly shrill warnings,\n        with the Communist party paper ''''[[Pravda]]'''' claiming: \\\"NATO troops\n        in Hungary and Poland are preparing to move, and Romanian and Slovakian military\n        units have been put on alert. Ukrainian towns are in their sights.\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4061315.stm\n        Press elation and alarm at Ukraine events], [[BBC News]] (December 2, 2004)\\n\\nSeveral\n        other CIS countries lined up with Russia in supporting Yanukovych. [[Belarus]]ian\n        President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] phoned Yanukovych to offer his own congratulations\n        before the results had been officially declared. [[Kazakhstan]]''s President\n        [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] wrote to Yanukovych that \\\"Your victory shows that\n        the Ukrainian people have made a choice in favour of the unity of the nation,\n        of democratic development and economic progress.\\\"\n        The presidents of [[Kyrgyzstan]] ([[Askar Akayev]]) and of [[Uzbekistan]]\n        ([[Islam Karimov]]) likewise sent their congratulations. However, later Karimov\n        criticized Russia''s involvement in the Ukrainian election, saying that \\\"Russia\\u2019s\n        excessive demonstration of its willingness to see a certain outcome in the\n        vote has done more harm than good.\\\"[http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/02/karimov.shtml\n        Mosnews.com]\\n\\nIn contrast, the [[Georgia\n        (country)|Georgian]] president [[Mikhail Saakashvili]] indicated his support\n        for the supporters of Yushchenko, saying that \\\"What is happening in Ukraine\n        today clearly attests to the importance of Georgia''s example for the rest\n        of the world.\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4047661.stm BBC NEWS\n        | Europe | Ex-Soviet bloc states mull election]\n        This was a reference to the [[Rose Revolution]] of late 2003. Indeed, Georgians\n        have been highly visible in the demonstrations in Kiev and the [[flag of Georgia\n        (country)|flag of Georgia]] has been among those on display in the city''s\n        Independence Square, while Yushchenko himself held up a rose in a seeming\n        reference to the Rose Revolution. [[Moldova''s Foreign Ministry]] issued a\n        statement late November 2004 that stated \\\"basic democratic principles were\n        distorted\\\" and expressed regret that the poll \\\"lacked the objective criteria\n        necessary for their recognition by both the citizens of Ukraine and the international\n        community\\\".\\n\\n[[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] kept\n        more cautious positions, supporting neither side but stressing the need for\n        Ukrainian unity.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4047661.stm\n        Ex-Soviet bloc states mull election ], [[BBC News]] (November 27, 2004)\\n\\nOn\n        December 2, one day before the Supreme Court ruled in favor of a repeat runoff\n        ballot, President Kuchma visited Moscow to discuss the crisis with Russia''s\n        President Vladimir Putin. Putin supported Kuchma''s position of desiring wholly\n        new elections, rather than just a repeat of the second round.\\n\\n==Re-run==\\nThe final results of the rerun ballot recorded\n        Viktor Yushchenko receiving 52.00% of the votes, with Viktor Yanukovych on\n        44.19% which represented a change in the vote by +5.39% to Yushchenko and\n        -5.27% from Yanukovych.\\n\\nViktor Yanukovych conceded defeat on December 31,\n        2004 and subsequently resigned as Ukraine''s Prime Minister the same day.\n        Despite Yushchenko''s victory in the second round of voting, the regional\n        voting patterns remained largely unchanged between each round, with many southern\n        and eastern provinces supporting Yanukovych, with the west and central regions\n        favoring Yushchenko.\\n\\nUkraine''s supreme court rejected an appeal lodged\n        by Viktor Yanukovych against the electoral commission''s conduct of the election\n        on January 6.\\n\\nOn January 10 the Ukrainian Electoral Commission officially\n        declared Viktor Yushchenko the winner and on January 11 published the final\n        election results,[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/postanovy/2005/p0015_2005.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0412\\u041a\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 10 \\u0441\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u044f 2005 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u211615] clearing the way for Yushchenko\n        to be inaugurated as Ukraine''s fifth President. The official ceremonies took\n        place on Sunday, January 23 at about noon, when Yushchenko undertook the constitutional\n        oath was sworn in as President.\\n\\nIn November 2009 Yanukovych stated that\n        although his victory in the elections was \\\"taken away\\\" he gave up this victory\n        in order to avoid bloodshed. \\\"I didn''t want mothers to lose their children\n        and wives their husbands. I didn''t want dead bodies from [[Kiev]] to flow\n        down the [[Dnieper River|Dnipro]]. I didn''t want to assume power through\n        bloodshed.\\\"[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/26340/ Yanukovych says\n        presidential election scenario of 2004 won''t be repeated in 2010], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (November 27, 2009)\\n\\n==Aftermath==\\nDespite alleged convincing evidence\n        pointing to high-level involvement in the [[Leonid Kuchma|Kuchma]] administration\n        and the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]][https://books.google.com/books?id=zWAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT20\n        The Orange Revolution] by [[Taras Kuzio]], [[Democracy at Large]], {{ISSN|1552-9606}},\n        volume 1/number 2, 2005 (page 9) no criminal election fraud charges\n        have been filed against any top officials. The prosecutor general did arrest\n        several public figures on charges of election fraud in the first half of 2005,\n        but no high-profile case was brought to court. On 23 September\n        2005 Yushchenko announced a pact with the [[Party of Regions]] in which he\n        promised to look into an amnesty for those convicted of vote rigging during\n        the 2004 Ukrainian presidential elections.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ebjEVjJ-DcAC&pg=PA580\n        Countries at the crossroads: a survey of democratic governance] by Sanja Tatic\n        & Christopher Walker, [[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-5801-4}}\n        (page 580)[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1342327.html Corruption\n        Watch: October 3, 2005], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (October 3, 2005)\n        One of the top election-fraud suspects, former CEC head Serhiy Kivalov, is\n        a [[Party of Regions]] deputy who heads the [[Ukrainian Parliament]]\\u2019s\n        Judiciary Committee.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54839/\n        Nation\\u2019s law enforcers have dismal track record], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        11, 2009)\\n\\nDuring the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010\n        presidential election]]-campaign [[Viktor Yanukovych]] pledged to prevent\n        electoral fraud during those elections: \\\"We will properly respond to all\n        provocations and attempts to fake election results\\\".[http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20091223/157329746.html\n        Opposition leader pledges to prevent fraud at Ukraine election], [[RIA Novosti]]\n        (December 23, 2009)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{Commons|Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004}}\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/postanovy/2005/p0015_2005.htm\n        Central Election Commission of Ukraine] \\u2014 Resolution on official final\n        results {{uk icon}}\\n*[http://vasylchenko.in.ua Serhiy Vasylchenko: Electoral\n        Geography of Ukraine 1991 - 2010]\\n* [http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=4&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2004-0046+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN\n        European Parliament resolution]\\n* [http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1123/p05s01-woeu.html\n        Christian Science Monitor: One election, two Viktors]\\n* [http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=236\n        PINR - Ukrainian Presidential Elections: To East or West?]\\n* [http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/\n        A description of the procedure by an international observer]\\n* [http://www.skrobach.com/ukrel041.htm\n        Complete 2004 Election Results]\\n\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n{{2004 presidential election\n        candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian Elections}}\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Presidential Election, 2004}}\\n[[Category:Presidential elections in Ukraine|2004]]\\n[[Category:2004\n        elections in Ukraine|Presidential election]]\\n[[Category:Corruption in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political\n        corruption]]\\n[[Category:Electoral fraud]]\\n[[Category:Orange Revolution]]\\n[[Category:Annulled\n        elections]]\\n[[Category:November 2004 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:December\n        2004 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T10:53:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":790686352,\"length\":31864,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004\"},\"7688465\":{\"pageid\":7688465,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2010\",\"index\":7,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-08T22:38:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n|election_name = Ukrainian presidential election, 2010\\n|country\n        = Ukraine\\n|type = presidential\\n|ongoing = no\\n|previous_election = Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004\\n|previous_year = 2004\\n|next_election = Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2014\\n|next_year = 2014\\n|election_date = 17 January\n        and 7 February 2010\\n|image1 = [[File:Viktor Yanukovych 2007-01-15.jpg|130px]]\\n|nominee1\n        = ''''''[[Viktor Yanukovych]]''''''\\n|party1 = Party of Regions\\n|popular_vote1\n        = ''''''12,481,266''''''\\n|percentage1 = 48.95%\\n|image2 = [[File:Yulia Tymoshenko\n        (2008).jpg|120px]]\\n|nominee2 = [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]\\n|party2 = All-Ukrainian\n        Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"\\n|popular_vote2 = 11,593,357\\n|percentage2 = 45.47%\\n|map_image\n        = \\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440 2010 \\u043f\\u043e\n        \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\\u0445-en.png\\n|map_size = 300px\\n|map_caption\n        = Results of the February 7 run-off.\\n|title = President\\n|before_election\n        = [[Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n|after_election = [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n|before_party\n        = Our Ukraine (political party)\\n|after_party = Party of Regions\\n}}\\n{{Politics\n        of Ukraine (small)}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian presidential election of 2010''''''\n        was [[Ukraine]]''s fifth presidential election since declaring independence\n        from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991. The first round was held on January 17,\n        2010. The run-off between Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] and opposition\n        leader [[Viktor Yanukovych]] followed on February 7, 2010.\\n\\nOn February\n        14, Viktor Yanukovych, with 48.95% of the popular vote, was declared President-elect\n        and winner of the 2010 Ukrainian Presidential election. According to [[s:Constitution\n        of Ukraine#Article 104|Article 104 of Ukraine''s Constitution]], the President\n        must be sworn into office within 30 days from the official declaration of\n        the poll before the Ukrainian parliament.[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/news/protokol_cvk_07022010.pdf\n        CEC official declaration of the 2010 Presidential election], [[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]] The Ukrainian Parliament scheduled Yanukovych''s\n        inauguration for February 25.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59703/\n        Update: Yanukovych to be sworn in, rival fights on], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''\n        (February 14, 2010)\\n\\nOn February 17, 2010, the Supreme Administrative\n        Court of Ukraine, suspended the results of the election on appeal from Tymoshenko.\n        The court suspended the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] ruling\n        that announced that Viktor Yanukovych won the election, but did not postpone\n        or cancel Yanukovych''s inauguration.https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/world/europe/18ukraine.html\n        High Court in Ukraine Weighs Appeal on Election[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00\n        Ukrainian election results suspended on appeal][http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8519922.stm\n        Ukrainian election result suspended after PM''s appeal] On February\n        20, Tymoshenko withdrew her appeal.[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/world/europe/21ukraine.html\n        Ukraine Prime Minister Drops Election Challenge], ''''[[New York Times]]''''\n        (February 20, 2010)\\n\\n==Summary==\\nEarly-vote returns from the first\n        round of the election held on 17 January showed Yanukovych in first place\n        with 35.8% of the vote.{{cite news|title=Ukrainian Presidential\n        Election Set for Runoff|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704541004575010390901914042?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines|work=The\n        Wall Street Journal|date=18 January 2010|accessdate=2010-01-18|first=James|last=Marson}}\n        He faced a 7 February 2010 runoff against Tymoshenko, who finished second\n        (with 24.7% of the vote).\\n\\nAnalysts predicted a slight advantage for Tymoshenko\n        in the second (and final) round as she was more likely to attract voters from\n        the other 16 candidates who did not proceed to the second round.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/57292/\n        Analysts say exit poll results favor Tymoshenko win on Feb. 7], ''''Kyiv Post''''\n        (18 January 2010) Viktor Yanukovych refused to hold debates with his\n        opponent before the second round of voting, saying Yulia Tymoshenko should\n        either take responsibility for every word as prime minister, or go to the\n        kitchen.[http://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/],\n        [[The Financial]] (1 February 2010) After all ballots were counted,\n        the Ukrainian Central Election Commission declared that Yanukovych won the\n        election with 48.95% of the vote compared with 45.47% for Tymoshenko.{{uk icon}}[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp300pt001f01=701.html\n        Regular elections of the President of Ukraine 17/01/2010], [[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]] members immediately\n        claimed that there was systematic and large-scale vote rigging in this run-off.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59198/\n        Turchynov: vote rigging in favor of Yanukovych was systematic, large-scale],\n        ''''Kyiv Post'''' (10 February 2009)[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/6za4s343\n        Nataliya Korolevska: victory will be ours], Yulia Tymoshenko official website\n        (8 February 2009)[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/37u69796\n        Andriy Shevchenko: whole gamut of fraud in Donbas], Yulia Tymoshenko official\n        website (8 February 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2009)\\n\\nOn 10 February 2010, Yanukovych called on Tymoshenko to abandon\n        her protests and resign as Prime Minister. On 9 February\n        2010, Yanukovych had stated that [[Borys Kolesnykov]] was his preferred next\n        [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]. According to him [[Next Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election|pre-term parliamentary elections]] will be imminent if the [[Ukrainian\n        parliament]] would not work effectively. Yanukovych also stated that, as the\n        largest faction in the parliament at the time, his party was entitled to nominate\n        the premier.[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/02/09/216009 \\\"Yanukovych\n        opts for Borys Kolesnykov to become premier\\\"], Z I K (9 February 2010)\n        On 15 February, Yanukovych stated \\\"I do not rule out the candidature of [[Tigipko]]\n        (as next Prime Minister). Tigipko is on the list which, in my opinion, will\n        be discussed next week in [[Verkhovna Rada|parliament]]\\\".[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59550/\n        Yanukovych does not rule out Tigipko as prime minister], ''''Kyiv Post''''\n        (15 February 2010)\\n\\nOn 16 February 2010, [[Ukraine''s parliament]]\n        had fixed 25 February 2010 for the inauguration of Yanukovych as president.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59629/\n        Update: Ukraine''s Yanukovych to be sworn in on Feb. 25], ''''Kyiv Post''''\n        (16 February 2010) On 17 February 2010, \\\"the Higher Administrative\n        Court of Ukraine\\\", suspended the results of the election on Yulia Tymoshenko''s\n        appeal.[{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00|title=Ukrainian\n        election results suspended on appeal|publisher=Google News|agency=[[Associated\n        Press]]|date=17 February 2010|deadurl=y|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221065939/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00|archivedate=21\n        February 2010}}{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8519922.stm|title=Ukrainian\n        election result suspended after PM''s appeal|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 February\n        2010|accessdate=18 January 2016}}\\nOn 20 February 2010, Tymoshenko withdrew\n        her appeal after \\\"the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine\\\" rejected her\n        petition to scrutinize documents:[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/vu8az6s6\n        Yulia Tymoshenko will not challenge election results in Supreme Court], Official\n        website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2009)
\\n\\u2014 about 300,000\n        voters who voted but were not in the \\\"Register of Voters of Ukraine\\\";\\n\\u2014 about 1.3 million voters who \\\"without right\\\" voted in their homes;\\n\\u2014 about falsification in the election in the eastern regions (Donetsk,\n        Luhansk, Kharkiv region, Crimea, etc.) \\u2014 fixed by law-enforcement officials.
\\nTymoshenko stated, \\\"I and my political party will never\n        recognize Yanukovych as the legitimately elected president of Ukraine\\\", and\n        \\\"an honest court will assess that Yanukovych was not elected President of\n        Ukraine, and that the will of the people had been rigged\\\".{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/uv4w2uwz|title=Yulia Tymoshenko:\n        sooner or later an honest court will assess the fraudulent 2010 elections|work=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko Official website|date=20 February 2010|deadurl=y|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225000534/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/uv4w2uwz|archivedate=25\n        February 2010}}\\n\\n===Public opinion===\\nPublic [[Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2010#Opinion polls|Opinion Polls]] predicted the Party of Regions\n        and Viktor Yanukovych''s win in the 2010 Presidential election. in February\n        2010. According to an article in ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' in November 2009, Yanukovych''s\n        popularity in the [[Donbass]] was fading and Donbass voters voted mainly for\n        Yanukovych to keep Tymoshenko from power.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53727/\n        \\\"Voting for Yanukovych, but unenthusiastically\\\"], ''''Kyiv Post'''' (26\n        November 2009)\\n\\n==Background==\\n{{expand section|reason=The 2004 \\\"[[Orange\n        revolution]]\\\" should be mentioned in the context of these elections|date=November\n        2016}}\\nIn Ukraine, the previous two presidential first round ballots have\n        traditionally occurred in October.\\n\\nAccording to the [[s:Constitution of\n        Ukraine#Article 103|Constitution of Ukraine]], regular elections of the President\n        of Ukraine are held on the last Sunday of the last month of the fifth year\n        of the term of authority of the President of Ukraine. In the event of pre-term\n        termination of authority of the President of Ukraine, elections of the President\n        of Ukraine are held within ninety days from the day of termination of the\n        authority.\\n\\nEarly Presidential elections can be held in case of presidential\n        resignation, ill-health, [[impeachment]] or death.\\n\\nThe President of Ukraine\n        is elected by the citizens of Ukraine for a five-year term, on the basis of\n        universal, equal and direct suffrage, by secret ballot.\\n\\nA candidate seeking\n        election must be a citizen of Ukraine who has attained the age of thirty-five,\n        has the right to vote, has resided in Ukraine for the past ten years prior\n        to the day of elections, and has command of the state language as required\n        by [[s:Constitution of Ukraine#Article 103|Article 103 of Ukraine''s Constitution]].\\n\\nOn\n        April 1, 2009, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] designated October 25, 2009, as the\n        date for the first round of voting. Within a week, President Yushchenko filed\n        an appeal with the Constitutional Court against Verkhovna Rada''s October\n        25 date. The President''s appeal argued that his inauguration on January 23,\n        2005, was the commencement of his five-year term of office and as such the\n        next presidential election must be set for the last Sunday before January\n        23, 2010, in accordance with Article 103.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-310155.html\n        Yushchenko appeals parliament''s decision to call presidential election for\n        Oct. 25], [[UNIAN]] (April 8, 2009)\\n\\nOn May 13, 2009, the court ruled\n        in Yushchenko''s favor, striking out the October 25th date for the elections.[http://www.pr-inside.com/ukraine-court-rules-election-date-unconstitutional-r1251445.htm\n        Ukraine court rules election date unconstitutional], PR-inside.com (May 13,\n        2009) On May 14, 2009, the [[Party of Regions]] leader [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        stated that the presidential elections should now be held on January 17, 2010.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/13852/\n        Yanukovych agrees with Yushchenko on presidential election date], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (May 14, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/13747/ Court\n        declares unconstitutional parliament''s resolution calling presidential polls\n        for October 25, 2009], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (May 13, 2009)[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-315428.html\n        Constitutional Court rules against presidential poll date], [[UNIAN]] (May\n        13, 2009)\\n\\nOn June 23, 2009, the [[Verkhovna Rada|Parliament]] rescheduled\n        the date for the election for Sunday January 17, 2010, with 399 lawmakers\n        out of 442 lawmakers registered in the session hall voted \\\"for\\\" the resolution\n        \\\"On appointing of regular election of President of Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Ministry\n        of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)|Minister of Internal Affairs]] [[Yuriy Lutsenko]]\n        said on September 21, 2009, that he believes that the lists of voters at this\n        Presidential election will be more qualitative and more \\\"clear\\\" than it\n        was at [[Ukrainian Presidential election|previous elections]] because \\\"double\n        names\\\" were removed from the list.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-337162.html\n        All doubles are eliminated \\u2013 Lutsenko], [[UNIAN]] (September 21, 2009)\n        The same day the [[Party of Regions]] complained about a lot of mistakes in\n        that list and that the number of voters fell in the Southern Ukraine and Eastern\n        Ukraine and increased by 0.5\\u20131% in Western Ukraine.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/20606/\n        Regions Party worried about numerous inaccuracies in state register of voters],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (September 21, 2009) It is the first time the state\n        register of voters will be used in a Ukrainian election.\\n\\n==Law\n        on presidential elections==\\nUkraine''s President is elected by a [[two-round\n        system|two-round]] [[first-past-the-post]] voting system. The first round\n        of voting was held on January 17, 2010. As no candidate in the first round\n        ballot had 50% or more votes the two highest polling candidates faced off\n        in a second round ballot[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57219/\n        Presidential election gets under way in Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (January 17,\n        2010) which was held on February 7, 2010. Victor Yanukovych received\n        the highest vote (48.96%) and is expected to be declared the winner.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/metod/kultura/npa/vp_26102009.htm|title=Law\n        on the election of the President of Ukraine article 85 (16)|work=[[Ukrainian\n        legislature]]|publisher=[[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]]|accessdate=2009-08-21}}\n        Under Ukrainian law president elect must take the oath within 30 days\n        of the declaration of the poll which must be made before February 17, 2010.\\n\\nOn\n        July 24, 2009, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] (Ukrainian parliament) amended the Law\n        on Presidential Elections reducing the official presidential campaign from\n        120 to 90 days.[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/metod/kultura/npa/vp.htm Law\n        on Presidential Elections], [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (Ukrainian)[http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2009/CDL-EL%282009%29023-e.asp\n        Law on Presidential Elections], [[Venice Commission]]\\n[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-327957.html\n        VR reduced term of presidential campaign from 120 to 90 days], [[UNIAN]]\n        (July 24, 2009) Outgoing President Viktor Yushchenko refused to sign\n        the new law and lodged an appeal in Ukraine''s Constitutional Court, but failed\n        to outline in detail the grounds for any appeal.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/47329\n        Law on presidential elections will be amended during election campaign, says\n        Yuschenko''s secretariat], [[Kyiv Post]] (August 21, 2009) The speaker\n        of the parliament, Volodymyr Lytvyn, signed the amended law into existence\n        following the President''s refusal to sign it.\\n\\nMaryna Stavniychuk, deputy\n        head of the presidential secretariat and the President''s spokesperson on\n        legal matters stated ''''\\\"It is obvious that there are no serious political\n        or legal grounds to consider the issue of the possible disruption of the presidential\n        elections in Ukraine\\\"\\n'''' [http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49470 Ukraine''s\n        presidential elections will not be disrupted], [[Kyiv Post]] (September 25,\n        2009)\\n\\nThe amended law on the Presidential elections required candidates\n        to pay a 2,500,000 [[hryvnia]]s (~308,000 [[United States dollar|USD]]) nomination\n        deposit which will only be refunded to the two highest polling candidates\n        that progressed to the second round of voting.\\n\\nOn October 19, 2009, the\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] formed the 225 territorial election\n        districts needed for carrying out the election.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-342037.html\n        CEC formed 225 territorial election districts], [[UNIAN]] (October 19, 2009)\\n\\nOctober\n        20, 2009, Ukraine''s Constitutional Court announced its ruling declaring unconstitutional\n        five aspects of the new law of the Presidential election. Voters abroad will\n        no longer have to be registered with the Ukrainian consulate in order to cast\n        a vote. The courts will retain the right to consider without limitations any\n        application or appeal in respect to a candidate''s registration or the conduct\n        of the election. The cancellation of absentee ballots remains as does the\n        90-day election period and the 2.5 million hryvnia deposit. The ruling\n        of the Constitutional Court is not expected to impact seriously on the election\n        as the amended legislation remains in place.[http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-342226.html\n        Constitutional court rules on Law of President elections], [[UNIAN]] (October\n        20, 2009)[http://www.ccu.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=75929 Ruling\n        26/2009 Compliance with the Constitution of Ukraine (constitutionality) of\n        certain provisions of laws of Ukraine \\\"On elections of President of Ukraine\\\"\n        On State Register of Voters, \\\"\\\" On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of\n        Ukraine on the presidential elections in Ukraine and the Code of Administrative\n        Procedure Ukraine], [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] (October 19, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        December 21, 2009, the Central Election Commission of Ukraine formed 113 foreign\n        polling stations.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55701/\n        Ukraine''s CEC forms 113 foreign polling stations for presidential elections],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 22, 2009)\\n\\nVoters are permitted to vote at\n        home during the Presidential election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56445/\n        Tymoshenko to appeal against CEC decision permitting home voting during presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (January 5, 2010)\\n\\n==Costs==\\nThe [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] has estimated\n        the budget of the holding of regular presidential elections in Ukraine at\n        1.5 billion [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnias]][http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/07/29/102946.html\n        Presidential direct election to cost Ukraine over 1.5 billion UAH], For-ua\n        (July 29, 2009) (approximately 200 million [[United States dollar|US\n        dollars]]) with additional costs required by candidates to fund their campaigns.\\n\\nEach\n        candidate is required to pay an election deposit of 2.5 million hryvnias\n        (Approximately 300,000 US dollars) The deposit will be refunded to the two\n        highest polling candidates who progress to the second round of elections.\\n\\nOn\n        November 26 the Central Election Commission stated a total of 1.314 billion\n        hryvnias is required to hold the presidential election, including 192.2 million\n        in 2009 and 1.122 billion in 2010.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53669/\n        Central Election Commission cuts expenditure on presidential election by Hr\n        17.3 million], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 26, 2009)\\n\\nAssessments\n        by political analysts show that each presidential candidate will have to spend\n        at least US $150\\u2013200mn to promote himself; this includes buying story\n        lines in the media, visual advertising, canvassing, printing political material\n        and, work with electoral commissions.[http://en.proua.com/pulse%20of%20the%20week/2009/08/26/181226.html\n        How much for today''s president?], proUa (August 26, 2009)\\n\\nChairman\n        of the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, Oleksandr Chernenko, also commented\n        that Presidential candidates will spend 1 billion US dollars on the election\n        campaign[http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/10/20/175926.html Presidential\n        candidates will spend at least USD 1 billion on election campaign in\n        Ukraine], ForUm (October 20, 2009)\\n\\nThe cost of the run-off ballot\n        is estimated to cost US$119 million[http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=179639\n        Run-off to take UAH 448.581, 119 million \\u2013 CEC ], UkrInform (January\n        28, 2010)\\n\\n==Timetable==\\nUkraine''s Central Electoral Commission\n        (CEC) has set the following timetable for the conduct of the election:[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/acts/getd?id=24265&ptext=\n        Official text (Ukrainian), CEC]\\n* October 19: Official 90-day Election\n        Campaign period commences\\n* October 20 to November 6: Nominations open\\n*\n        November 9: Deadline for nomination document/submissions\\n
CEC\n        has five days to assess and approve or reject nominations
\\n*\n        November 11: Deadline for candidates to submit any corrections to documentation\\n*\n        November 13: CEC to finalize registration of nominations\\n* November 15: CEC\n        to publish nomination lists of candidates\\n
CEC provides certified\n        copies of the voters list to all candidates. Within Three days of registration\n        Candidates must provide a statement of assets and income. Candidates allowed\n        to commence official campaign one day after registration is finalized.
\\n*\n        December 9: Foreign polling stations to be set up.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53281/\n        Foreign polling stations for Ukrainian presidential elections to be set up\n        by Dec. 9], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 20, 2009)\\n* December 15: CEC to\n        approve ballot paper format ready for printing.\\n* December 21: Deadline for\n        withdrawals of candidature.\\n* January 2: Last day for public opinion polls\n        to be published prior to election.\\n* January 9: All ballot papers to be printed\n        and ready for distribution to polling stations/districts.\\n* January 15: Last\n        day of public campaigning before polling day\\n* January 17: Election (First\n        round ballot) Polling commences 8 am and closes 10 pm\\n* January\n        22: Tabulation of overseas and territorial polling place to be completed\\n*\n        January 27: Determination of voting results and declaration of poll\\n\\nAs\n        no single candidate had 50% or more of the total recorded vote the two highest\n        polling candidates faced off in a second round ballot. The candidate with\n        the highest vote in the second round will win the election.\\n* February 7:\n        Final round run-off ballot\\n* February 17: Declaration of the election must\n        be made within 10 days following the ballot or within 3 days of\n        receipt of the official election protocols.\\n\\nAccording to Article 104 of\n        Ukraine''s Constitution the President-elect within 30 days of the declaration\n        of the poll must be sworn into office before Ukraine''s parliament\\n* February\n        25: Viktor Yanukovych is sworn into office.\\n\\n==Nominated candidates==\\nThe\n        following candidates nominated for the Presidential elections (in ballot paper\n        order)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55223 Candidates\n        to be numbered in ballot paper for voting at elections], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        16, 2009) A total of 18 candidates ran for president.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198540.html\n        CEC registers seven more presidential candidates, including Poroshenko, Tymoshenko],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (31 March 2014)\\n* [[Inna Bohoslovska]], member\n        of [[Verkhovna Rada]], unaffiliated (block ''''Party of Regions'''')[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-317447.html\n        MP Bohoslovska quits Party of Regions], [[UNIAN]] (May 25, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51000\n        MP Bohoslovska nominates herself for president], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 20,\n        2009){{cite web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227060.html|title=Bohoslovska\n        Applies CEC For Registering Her President Candidate|work=[[Ukrainian News]]|publisher=[[UkraNews]]|accessdate=2009-10-23}}\\n*\n        [[Mykhaylo Brodskyy]], leader of the [[Party of Free Democrats]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/228249.html|title=Leader Of Free\n        Democrats Party Brodskyi Applies To CEC To Register Him Candidate For President|work=[[Ukrainian\n        News]]|publisher=[[UkraNews]]|accessdate=2009-10-20}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://cvk.gov.ua/news/news_02112009.htm|title=CEC registered two\n        more candidates for the President UKRAINE|work=[[Central Election Commission\n        of Ukraine]]|publisher=Central Election Commission of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-11-02}}\\n*\n        [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]], member of [[Our Ukraine (political party)|Our Ukraine]],\n        former Minister of Defense{{cite web|url=http://en.ura-inform.com/elections/2009/05/28/griz_pres|title=Hrytsenko\n        joins the fight for the presidency|accessdate=2009-06-15|date=May 28, 2009|work=URA-Inform|language=Russian}}On\n        October 16, 2009, Anatoliy Hrytsenko claimed he had collected the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|UAH]] 2.503 million required for him to register as a presidential\n        candidate. Source: [http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/22288/ Hrytsenko collects\n        UAH 2.5 million to register as presidential candidate], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (October 16, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/22639/ Hrytsenko\n        submits documents to register as presidential nominee], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (October 21, 2009)\\n* [[Yuriy Kostenko]], [[Ukrainian People''s Party]]\n        deputy of Verkhovna Rada for [[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc]][http://itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14446384\n        Run-off in Ukraine''s presidential election inevitable \\u2013 analysts], [[ITAR-TASS]]\n        (October 19, 2009)[http://kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51234/\n        Ukrainian People''s Party nominates its leader Kostenko for president], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (October 24, 2009)\\n* [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]], parliamentary speakerhttp://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=984544&lang=eng_news{{cite web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227076.html|title=Lytvyn\n        Requests CEC To Register Him Candidate For President|work=[[Ukrainian News]]|publisher=[[UkraNews]]|accessdate=2009-10-23}}\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Moroz]], [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]], former chairman of the\n        [[Verkhovna Rada]][http://kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51285/\n        http://kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51285/], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 25,\n        2009){{cite web|url=http://cvk.gov.ua/news/news_06112009.htm|title=CEC\n        registered two more candidates for the President UKRAINE|work=[[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]]|publisher=Central Election Commission of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-11-06}}\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Pabat]], [[Peoples'' Salvation Army]][http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/15200\n        http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/15200], [[Ukrainian Independent Information\n        Agency|Unian.net]] (October 31, 2009)\\n* [[Vasily Protyvsih]], Independent\\n* [[Serhiy Ratushniak]][http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/52544/\n        Central Election Commission registers Uzhgorod mayor as presidential candidate],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (November 13, 2009)\\n* [[Oleh Riabokon]], Independent\n        lawyer, Managing Partner in [[Magisters]] law firm from 1997 to 2009[http://ukrfaces.blogspot.com/2009/10/who-is-oleh-riabokon-biography-of.html\n        Who is Oleh Riabokon: The biography of a Presidential Candidate ], [[Who is\n        who in Ukraine]] (October 27, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51024\n        First contender for Ukraine''s presidency submits documents to CEC], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (October 20, 2009)\\n* [[Petro Symonenko]], Leader of the [[Communist\n        Party of Ukraine]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51094|title=Communist leader Symonenko\n        asks Central Election Commission to register him as presidential candidate|work=[[Ukrainian\n        News]]|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|accessdate=2009-10-21}}\\n* [[Liudmyla\n        Suprun]], [[People''s Democratic Party (Ukraine)|People''s Democratic Party]][http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/24082/ CEC registers two more\n        candidates for Ukraine''s president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (November 6, 2009){{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.ndp.org.ua/?pid=8795565&id=626&sid=1230 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0414\\u041f \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\n        \\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0443\\u043d \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b], [[People''s\n        Democratic Party (Ukraine)|People''s Democratic Party]] (November 6, 2009)\\n*\n        [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], Incumbent [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\n        leader of [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/228032.html|title= PM Tymoshenko\n        Applies CEC To Register Her Candidate For President|work=[[Ukrainian News]]|publisher=[[Ukrainian\n        News]]|accessdate=2009-10-27}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://cvk.gov.ua/news/news_31102009.htm|title=CEC registered CANDIDATE\n        PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE Yulia Tymoshenko|work=[[Central Election Commission of\n        Ukraine]]|publisher=Central Election Commission of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-10-31}}\\n*\n        [[Sergei Tigipko]], former CEO of the National Bank of Ukraine endorsed by\n        [[Labour Ukraine]]{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/47149|title=Tihipko\n        may unite with Yatseniuk, Hrytsenko and Bohoslovska to nominate single candidate\n        for presidential election|accessdate=2009-08-19|date=August 19, 2009|work=[[KyivPost]]|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]}}{{cite web|url=http://jerelo.com.ua/ru/president_election_ukr/100346|title=Tigipko\n        at the presidential elections will be supported by the Labour Party|accessdate=2009-06-15|publisher=Persho\n        Dzherelo|language=Russian}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51186|title=Tigipko\n        files documents at Central Election Commission to register as presidential\n        candidate|work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|accessdate=2009-10-23}}[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53855/ Sylna Ukrayina\n        party to support Tihipko in presidential elections], [[Kyiv Post]] (November\n        28, 2009)\\n* [[Oleh Tyahnybok]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Freedom\\\"]],\n        deputy of the Lviv Regional Council{{cite web|url=http://tsn.ua/ua/ukrayina/natsionalisti-visunuli-tyagniboka-v-prezidenti.html|title=Nationalists\n        put Tyahnybok out to become president|accessdate=2009-06-15|date=May 24, 2009|work=TSN.ua|language=Ukrainian}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/51366/|title=Tiahnybok\n        files documents at CEC to register as presidential candidate|accessdate=2009-10-27|date=October\n        27, 2009|work=[[Interfax]]|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|language=Ukrainian}}\\n*\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]], Incumbent President and member of [[Our Ukraine (political\n        party)|Our Ukraine]]{{cite web|url=http://www.nashkrok.org.ua/en/|title=Homepage|accessdate=2009-06-15|work=The\n        Next Big Step|publisher=nashkrok.org.ua}}{{cite web|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/10/27/130321.html|title=Yushchenko\n        registered as a nominee for presidential election|accessdate=2009-10-27|publisher=ForUm}}\\n*\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], [[Party of Regions]] former [[Prime Minister]] and\n        runner-up candidate in the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential\n        election]][http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227204.html Party Of Regions\n        Nominates Yanukovych As Its Presidential Candidate], [[Ukrainian News]] (October\n        23, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/51360/ CEC\n        to consider Yanukovych''s registration as presidential candidate on Wednesday],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 27, 2009)\\n* [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]], former [[Chairman\n        of the Verkhovna Rada]] member of [[Our Ukraine (political party)|Our Ukraine]]\n        and Front for Change party{{cite web|url=http://www.lenta.ru/news/2009/04/06/ya/|title=Arseniy\n        Yatsenyuk will be on the ballot for the President of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-06-15|date=June\n        4, 2009|work=[[Lenta.ru]]|publisher=[[Rambler Media Group]]|language=Russian}}{{cite web|author=Taras Kuzio|authorlink=Taras Kuzio|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/yatsenyuk-a-yushchenko-clone-will-bring-stagnation-36764.html|title=Yatsenyuk,\n        a Yushchenko clone, will bring stagnation|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=4 April\n        2009|accessdate=18 January 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/The_Rise_And_Fall_And_Rise_Of_Arseniy_Yatsenyuk/1854794.html\n        |title=The Rise And Fall (And Rise?) Of Arseniy Yatsenyuk|work=[[Andrew Wilson\n        (historian)|Andrew Wilson]]|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]]|accessdate=2009-09-18}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51059|title=Yatseniuk\n        registers as presidential candidate|work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|accessdate=2009-10-21}}\\n\\n===Excluded candidates===\\nAll together\n        the Central Election Commission had rejected sixteen applications for candidate\n        registration[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51773/ 16 applications\n        have been rejected for registration as presidential candidates], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 13, 2009)\\n\\nThe Central Election Commission refused to register\n        Oleksandr Hordiichuk, Olena Osnach, Oleksandr Luzan, Hanna Kostiv, Oleksandr\n        Vaschenko, Oleksandr Ohorodnikov, Vasyl Handula, Yurii Petlevana, Petro Rekalo,\n        Anatolii Polischuk, Mykhailo Hamaniuk, Oleksandr Vretyk, Artem Polezhaka,\n        Oleh Omelchenko, [[Natalia Vitrenko]], [[Mykola Melnychenko]],\n        Serhii Martyian and Serhiy Schetinin. The reason stated was due to errors\n        in their documentation, qualifications or failure to pay the required 2.5 million\n        hryvnia nomination deposit.[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/228455.html\n        CEC Refuses To Register Kulychenko, Subbotin, Polyschuk, Honcharenko, Melnyk\n        As Presidential Candidates], [[Ukrainian News]] (October 30, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51773/\n        CEC denies registration to four more contenders for Ukraine''s presidency],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (November 3, 2009){{ru icon}} [http://www.vitrenko.org/start.php?lang=1&part_id=1&article_id=9088\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434,\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0438\\u044e.\n        \\u0414\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b \\u2013 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0436\\u043a\\u0430. \\u0417\\u0430\\u044f\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430 \\u041f\\u0421\\u041f\\u0423 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e], Official website of [[Natalia\n        Vitrenko]] (November 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/24591/\n        Eighteen to run for Ukraine''s presidency], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (November\n        12, 2009)\\n\\nNominations closed on November 9, 2009. The Central Election\n        Commission had until November 11 to process nomination documentations and\n        November 13 to finalize the election list.\\n\\n==Electoral campaign==\\n\\nFile:Yatsenyuk tent 2009.jpg|Yatsenyuk promotion (August 2009)\\nFile:\\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e 2010 \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a.jpg|\\\"She\n        Works\\\" billboard (August 2009)\\nFile:Crowd before start 25dec09 3078.JPG|''''\\u041d\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u044e\\u043b\\u0435!'''', anti-Tymoshenko placard,
rally\n        Dnipropetrovsk, 25 Dec 2009\\nFile:2Normal 25Dec09 3288.JPG|Concert and rally\n        for Yanukovych,
Dnipropetrovsk, 25 Dec 2009\\n\\nThe official Presidential\n        campaign commenced on October 19, 2009, with nominations opening on October\n        20 through to November 6. The \\\"unofficial\\\" campaign had already started\n        during the summer of 2009 with tents of [[Yatsenyuk''s Front for Change|Front\n        for Change]] distributing campaign material for [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] Front\n        for Changes and large scale and billboards stating ''''Others make problems.\n        She Works'''' (in the colors and letter type of [[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]]),\n        and photos of [[Sergei Tigipko]] displayed in most Ukrainian towns and TV-adds\n        of [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] and [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] shown on national TV.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www3.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/9/3/100839.htm \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438-\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\\"\\u0444\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\\"], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (September\n        3, 2009)[http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14967&Itemid=132\n        Eurasia Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation\\u2014October 1, 2009\\u2014Volume\n        6, Issue 180], [[The Jamestown Foundation]] (October 01, 2009) According\n        to Tymoshenko the \\\"She Works\\\" billboards were paid for by the [[Fatherland\n        Party (Ukraine)|Fatherland Party]], and therefore they were also \\\"social\\\".\n        [[Party of Regions]] deputy Andry Paruby officially requested that the prosecutor-general''s\n        office investigates the sources of financing of Tymoshenko''s advertisements.\n        He suggested that public money might have been used.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has proven more than once the degree to which the success of an election campaign\n        depends on the level of professionalism and political spin techniques applied\n        in election campaigns.[http://en.proua.com/pulse%20of%20the%20week/2009/09/02/182426.html\n        See how they run], [[proUA]] (September 2, 2009)\\n\\nThe most popular\n        candidates are former [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] and leader\n        of the [[Party of Regions|Opposition party]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and current\n        Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]].\\n\\nIncumbent [[President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko|Viktor\n        Yushchenko''s]] support has slumped from a high of 52% in 2004 to below 3%\n        in Ukrainian public opinion polls. Most political commentators regard him\n        as a heavy underdog who stands little chance of being re-elected to a second\n        term of office.{{Cite web|title=Surviving the Crisis in Ukraine (American\n        Progress Forum Video) |url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/ukraine_event.html|work=[[Center\n        for American Progress]]|date=July 30, 2009|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}} A recent public opinion\n        poll indicated that 83% of Ukrainians will not vote for Yushchenko{{cite\n        news|title=Poll: Ukraine president''s chances of re-election slim|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50997|work=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|date=October 20, 2009|accessdate=2009-09-20}}\\n\\nOn April 5,\n        2009, [[Arseniy Yatseniuk]], former [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada]] announced\n        his intention to run in the election.{{cite news|title=Yatsenyuk will\n        be on the ballot for the office of President of Ukraine|url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/795471|work=[[Korrespondent.net]]|date=April\n        5, 2009|accessdate=2009-04-07}} His popularity has slowly risen to around\n        12\\u201314% and is now in third place behind Yanukovych and Tymoshenko.{{cite\n        news|title=Presidential race: Young candidate so far not candidate of the\n        young|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/46930|work=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=August\n        13, 2009|accessdate=2009-08-13}}\\n\\nAccording to [[Oxford Analytica]]\n        the working relationship between President Yushchenko and his Prime Minister\n        Tymoshenko will be further complicated by the search of Yushchenko for partners\n        other than Tymoshenko''s [[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]] who will ensure his re-election.[http://www.taraskuzio.net/media18_files/Yushchenko_Tymoshenko.pdf\n        Yushchenko plots his premier''s removal], [[Oxford Analytica]] (March 11,\n        2008) Since Yushchenko dismissed Tymoshenko as Prime Minister on September\n        8, 2005, the relations between Tymoshenko and Yushchenko,[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/7403/\n        Tymoshenko accuses Yuschenko of obstructing executive authorities'' teamwork],\n        [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (February 6, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/6784/\n        Yuschenko demands immediate amendments to 2009 budget to save Ukraine''s economy\n        \\u2013 televised address to nation], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (January\n        30, 2009)[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-300192.html Yushchenko,\n        Tymoshenko criticize each other (photo-report)], [[UNIAN]] (February 11, 2009)[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-299984.html\n        Agreement with Russia threatens Ukraine''s security \\u2013 President], [[UNIAN]]\n        (February 10, 2009) including the [[Secretariat of the President of\n        Ukraine]],[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/7322/ Presidential secretariat\n        considers PM''s report \\\"theatrical performance\\\"], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (February 5, 2009) have been hostile.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-320314.html\n        Yushchenko calls on Oblast leaders to work out joint plan of actions], [[UNIAN]]\n        (June 10, 2009) In an interview with the [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]\n        of 11 February 2009 Tymoshenko said her [[Yulia Tymoshenko#2009|recent conflict\n        with the President]] is a political competition and not [[ideological]] [[wikt:antagonism|antagonisms]]\n        and she emphasized that the \\\"election struggle for the next presidential\n        elections has virtually begun.\\\"[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/179917.html\n        Tymoshenko: Political Competition Accounts For Conflict With Yuschenko], [[Ukrainian\n        News Agency]] (February 11, 2009) During a visit to [[Brussels]] on\n        February 10, 2009, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] seconded\n        that.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-300208.html Ukrainian speaker\n        condemns Kyiv''s internal bickering], [[UNIAN]], (February 11, 2009)\n        In late February 2009, President Yushchenko called on all Ukrainian politicians\n        to \\\"stop the presidential election campaign until July 1.\\\"[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/183292.html\n        Yuschenko Called On Politicians To Stop Presidential Election Campaign Until\n        July], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (February 27, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/36253\n        Interview with the president], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 25, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        June 16, 2009, Tymoshenko accused Yushchenko, Yatseniuk and Yanukovych of\n        having the same campaign headquarters financed by (businessman and) [[RosUkrEnergo]]\n        owner [[Dmytro Firtash]].[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-321211.html\n        Tymoshenko: Yushchenko, Yatseniuk, and Yanukovych have one headquarters for\n        three], [[UNIAN]] (June 16, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/15621/\n        Yuschenko and Yatseniuk are ''technical candidates'' for Yanukovych, says\n        Tymoshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (June 16, 2009)[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/203910.html\n        Tymoshenko Says Yuschenko To Be Yatseniuk''s Technical Candidate], [[Ukrainian\n        News Agency]] (June 16, 2009)\\n\\nTymoshenko stated on June 22, 2009:\n        \\\"There is a team work on solving these issues between the President and the\n        Prime Minister. Professional advice and support of the President will help\n        the government during difficult times\\\".[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-322392.html\n        Tymoshenko says \\\"there is team work\\\" between her and President], [[UNIAN]]\n        (June 22, 2009)\\n\\nOn August 11, 2009 [[Russian President]] [[Dmitry\n        Medvedev|Medvedev]] in an open letter [http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/text/docs/2009/08/220759.shtml\n        Address to the President of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko], [[Kremlin.ru]] (August\n        11, 2009) directed at Viktor Yushchenko, raised a number of issues of\n        concern related to the perceived \\\"anti-Russian position of the current Ukrainian\n        authorities\\\". The Russian President''s comments[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/sdocs/vappears.shtml\n        Relations between Russia and Ukraine: a New Era Must Begin], Video \\u2013\n        [[Russian President]] (August 11, 2009) were considered by analysts\n        and others including the President of Ukraine as Russia''s interference in\n        Ukraine''s domestic affairs.[https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSLB59146620090811?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0\n        UPDATE 3-Russia''s Medvedev wades into Ukraine polls], [[Reuters]] (August\n        11, 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8195194.stm Medvedev\n        lambasts Ukraine leader ], [[BBC News]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18365/\n        No hope for normalizing relations with Russia under current leadership, says\n        Ukraine''s opposition leader], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18366/\n        Medvedev''s statement shows Russia wants to impact presidential campaign in\n        Ukraine, says pro-Yuschenko MP], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18417/\n        Yatseniuk says Yuschenko has given grounds to call his policy anti-Russian],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18418/\n        Medvedev''s statement may be ''to Yuschenko''s advantage,'' says Tihipko],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18419/\n        Medvedev''s message to Yuschenko could be used in election campaign to split\n        Ukraine, says speaker], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        September 12, 2009, a tour called \\\"With Ukraine in Heart\\\" in support of\n        Yulia Tymoshenko kick-started on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]. The\n        most popular singers and bands of Ukraine took part in the tour.Artist\n        included [[Ruslana]], [[Oleksandr Ponomaryov]], [[Ani Lorak]], [[Potap]] and\n        [[Nastia Kamenskikh]], [[Tina Karol]], [[Natalia Mogilevska]], [[Iryna Bilyk]],\n        [[TIK (band)|TIK]], [[TNMK]], \\\"[[Druha Rika]]\\\", [[Mad Heads XL]]. See the\n        concert [http://www.videoinfo.com.ua/ here][http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/14524\n        Events by themes: Allukrainian round \\\"With Ukraine in a heart!\\\"]. [[UNIAN]][http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-335608.html\n        Mogilevska went to Tymoshenko], [[UNIAN]] (September 11, 2008)\\n\\nOn\n        September 14, 2009, the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]], the [[Social Democratic\n        Party of Ukraine (united)]], the [[Justice Party (Ukraine)|Justice Party]]\n        and the [[Union of Leftists]] signed an agreement on creating [[Election bloc\n        of left and central left political forces|the bloc of leftists and center-leftists]]\n        and a unitary participation in the presidential election.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/20204/\n        Four parties unite to participate in presidential election], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (September 14, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/21363/\n        Bloc of left and center-left forces to nominate CPU Leader for Ukraine''s\n        president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (October 3, 2009)\\n\\nThe Pechersky\n        district court in Kiev on September 22, 2009, banned \\\"any unfair advertisement\\\"\n        against Tymoshenko in response to a video (allegedly made by the [[Party of\n        Regions]]), which claimed that Tymoshenko does not deliver on her promises.\n        The video reportedly mocked Tymoshenko''s main campaign slogan \\\"She Works,\\\"\n        which is frequently used in her advertisements.\\n\\nIn October\n        2009 representatives of the [[Western Ukrainian]] [[intelligentsia]] called\n        upon the candidates Yushchenko, Yatseniuk, Hrytsenko and \\\"other representatives\n        of national democratic forces\\\" to withdraw in favour of Tymoshenko.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/21256/\n        Western Ukrainian intelligentsia calls on candidates for president to withdraw\n        in favor of Tymoshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (October 1, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        October 6, 2009, the [[incumbent]] President Yushchenko warned that there\n        may be attempts to use [[Television in Ukraine|regional television]] and [[Radio\n        in Ukraine|radio companies]] to create advantages for the [[Second Tymoshenko\n        Government|government]] in the election campaign.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50174\n        Vannykova: Yuschenko warns against attempts to monopolize radio and TV broadcasting],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 6, 2009)\\n\\nOctober 17, 2009, The Social-Democratic\n        Party of Ukraine has backed a decision to create the bloc of left and center-left\n        political forces and supported the leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine\n        Petro Symonenko as a single candidate for the post of the Ukrainian president\n        from left political forces[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50859 Social-Democratic\n        Party supports Symonenko as single candidate for president post from left\n        political forces], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 17, 2009)\\n\\nOctober 19 Official\n        start of the Elections campaign 90-day period.\\n\\nOctober 20 Candidate nomination\n        registration opens. [[Oleh Riabokon]] first candidate to officially nominate.\\n\\nOctober\n        20, Ukrainian Parliament voted to amend Ukraine''s Constitution (390 out of\n        438 in favor) to remove provision related to Parliamentary immunity that prevents\n        a member of parliament from being criminally liable, detained or arrested\n        without the consent of the Verkhovna Rada. An earlier proposal to only remove\n        immunity from the Parliament was defeated. The proposed new provisions also\n        limits presidential immunity. The president can not be detained or arrested\n        without the consent of the parliament however on conviction of an offense\n        the President automatically loses office. The proposed amendments have been\n        forwarded to [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Ukraine''s Constitutional Court]]\n        for review and will need to be reaffirmed by the parliament in February 2010\n        [http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-342192.html Parliament votes to remove\n        Immunity], [[UNIAN]] (October 20, 2009)\\n\\nPolitical Analyst and senior\n        policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Andrew Wilson,\n        has cast doubt on Arseny Yatseniuk, currently Ukraine''s third most popular\n        candidate, ability to maintain his meteoritic rise following a decline in\n        his ratings dropping from a high of 13% in August to 9% in October. ''''\\\"Yatseniuk\n        must look to plan B\\\"''''[http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op_ed/51159\n        Yatseniuk loses fresh-face label, popularity after his financial backers exposed],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 22, 2009)\\n\\nOn November 6 the nominations were\n        closed. The same day a Viktor Yushchenko aide amidst concern over the [[2009\n        flu pandemic in Ukraine|recent flu outbreak]] which claimed 97 lives has proposed\n        the cancellation of the January election until May 2010 which would extend\n        the President''s term of office a further six months.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/52092\n        Flu epidemic in Ukraine may require postponement of elections], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 6, 2009) The [[World Health Organisation]] has stated that\n        they expect a second and third wave of infections to occur in Spring (April\n        to June) [http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/52054 WHO experts\n        forecast three waves of A/H1N1 flu in Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 6,\n        2009) bringing into further doubt Yushchenko''s proposed cancellation.\n        Under Ukraine''s [[s:Constitution of Ukraine|Constitution]] the elections\n        can be canceled if a [[State of Emergency]] is declared. Also on November\n        6. 2009 the Emergencies Ministry stated it saw no grounds to introduce a state\n        of emergency in Ukraine due to the flu epidemic.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/52083/\n        Emergency ministry sees no grounds for state of emergency], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 6, 2009) On November 9 President Yushchenko said the same.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-345792.html\n        Yushchenko: there are no grounds for state of emergency], [[UNIAN]] (November\n        9, 2009)[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-345757.html Ukraine\n        president: no reason to delay vote over flu], [[UNIAN]] (November 9, 2009)\\n\\nSerhy\n        Lutsenko, the deputy head of the People''s Self-Defense party expressed on\n        November 11, 2009, concern that Viktor Yushchenko will support his past rival,\n        Viktor Yanukovych, in a run-off election between Yanukovych and Tymoshenko.[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2009/11/10/204057\n        Yushchenko to back Yanukovych in runoffs], [[ZIK]] (November 11, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        December 3, 2009, the Ukrainian National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting\n        complained that certain [[Television in Ukraine#List of channels|TV channels]]\n        did not give equal conditions to all presidential candidates.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54264/\n        National Council: Ukrainian TV and radio companies not giving equal conditions\n        to presidential candidates], [[Kyiv Post]] (December 3, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        December 11, 2009, the [[European People''s Party]] EPP called on \\\"Ukraine''s\n        democratic forces\\\" to unite around the most democratic candidate who will\n        win through to the presidential run-off. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"]],\n        the [[Our Ukraine People''s Union]], and the [[People''s Movement of Ukraine]]\n        (Rukh) are the EPP''s partners in Ukraine.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27360/\n        EPP calls on Ukraine''s democratic forces to unite around most democratic\n        candidate], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (December 9, 2009)\\n\\nOn December 11,\n        2009, candidate Viktor Yanukovych stated that his Party of Regions possesses\n        information that \\\"government representatives are currently \\\"motivating\\\"\n        the chairmen of election commissions and seeking options for victory in every\n        possible way\\\" and called for his supporters go to the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]\n        in case of [[election fraud]].[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27579/\n        Yanukovych vows to gather people on Maidan if election results are rigged],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (December 11, 2009)\\n\\nBloc Yulia Tymoshenko proposes\n        a referendum on the format of Constitutional reform - [[Parliamentary]] versus\n        [[Presidential]] system of governance[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59573/\n        BYT proposes discussing form of government, constitutional amendments to referendum]\n        [[Kyiv Post]] February 15, 2010\\n\\n==First round ballot==\\nThe first\n        round ballot was held on January 17 and was internationally widely recognized\n        as meeting democratic standards.\\n\\nAs no single candidate had received 50%\n        or more votes in the first round ballot the two highest polling candidates,\n        Viktor Yanukovych (35.32%) and Yulia Tymoshenko (25.05%) progressed to the\n        second final run-off ballot which was held on February 7, 2010.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        incumbent president, Viktor Yushchenko, with 5.45% support, came in fifth\n        place behind Serhiy Tihipko and Arseniy Yatsenyuk who had each respectively\n        received 13.05% and 6.69% of the vote.\\n\\nPeter Simonenko, Volodymyr Lytvyn,\n        Oleh Tyahnybok and Anatoliy Hrytsenko all scored between 4 and 1% of the votes.\n        The remaining nine candidates for the presidency gained less than 1% of the\n        votes.{{uk icon}} [http://gazeta.ua/index.php?id=324402 \\u0426\\u0412\\u041a\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 1-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432], Gazeta.ua\n        (January 25, 2010)\\n\\n==Second round ballot==\\nThe second round of voting\n        between Viktor Yanukovych and Yulia Tymoshenko took place on February 7, 2010.\n        [[Exit poll]]s indicated that Yanukovych had been elected, with the National\n        Election Poll placing him first at 48.7% of the vote to Tymoshenko''s 45.5%.[http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/02/08/4242868.html\n        Ukrainian elections: anything possible]\\n\\nWith 100% of the ballots\n        counted, the tally was 12,481,268 votes for Yanukovich (48.95%) and 11,593,340\n        votes for Tymoshenko (45.47%), giving Yanukovich a lead of 3.48%.http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp300pt001f01=701.html\n        There were 1.19% invalid votes and 4.36% of voters chose to vote \\\"Against\n        all\\\" (candidates). In [[Kiev]], the number of\n        voter choosing \\\"Against all\\\" was close to 8%.[http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Vote+spoils+Ukraine+NATO+hopes/2543742/story.html\n        Vote spoils Ukraine''s EU, NATO hopes], [[Ottawa Citizen]] (February 10, 2010)\n        25.5 million Ukrainians voted in the second round.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/18/is-ukraine-ready-to-vote/\n        Is Ukraine ready to vote?], [[Washington Post]] (18 May 2014)\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Central Election Commission and international observers found no\n        evidence of significant electoral fraud and said that the voting and counting\n        was fair.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8506491.stm\n        Ukraine instability fears as Tymoshenko plans next move] [[BYuT|Tymoshenko''s\n        party]] said that it would challenge the result in 1,000 of the country''s\n        30,000 ballot boxes (as many as 900,000 ballots \\u2013 enough to make a difference\n        in the final outcome), claiming that the counting process\n        was unfair. Violations cited by Tymoshenko''s camp included\n        home voting and the busing of voters to polling stations,[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59339/\n        Tymoshenko cries foul: What''s her case?], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 10, 2010)\n        which was explicitly permitted by law.\\n\\n[[Party of Regions|Yanukovich''s\n        party]] activists rallied outside the buildings of the [[Higher Administrative\n        Court of Ukraine]] and the Kiev Administrative Court of Appeals the days after\n        the second round of the election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/59203/\n        Regions Party puts activists patrol near two courts in Kyiv], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (February 10, 2010)\\n\\nA few days after the election, Yanukovich received\n        congratulations from the leaders of [[Armenia]], [[Austria]], [[Azerbaijan]],\n        [[Belarus]], [[Bulgaria]], [[People''s Republic of China|China]], [[Egypt]],\n        [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Latvia]],\n        [[Libya]], [[Lithuania]], [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], the [[Netherlands]],\n        [[Paraguay]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Russia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]],\n        [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkey]] the [[United Kingdom]],\n        the [[United States]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[NATO]] and the [[European Union]].http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59306/http://www.partyofregions.org.ua/eng/pr-east-west/4b72cc95d7f26/[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59372/\n        NATO, EU follow U.S., welcome Yanukovych], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 12, 2010)[http://unian.net/rus/news/news-362520.html\n        \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0435\\u0449\\u0435 5 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432][http://zadonbass.org/news/all/message_7912\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441 \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430]\n        Still, Tymoshenko refused to concede defeat, and [[BYuT|Tymoshenko''s party]]\n        promised to challenge the result.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Ukraines_Tymoshenko_Slams_Rival_No_Comment_On_Election_Result/1954993.html\n        Ukraine''s Tymoshenko Slams Rival, No Comment On Election Result], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (February 11, 2010) On February 17, 2010\n        the Administrative Court of Ukraine, suspended the results of the election\n        on Yulia Tymoshenko''s appeal. The court suspended the [[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]] ruling that announced that Viktor Yanukovych won the\n        election. Tymoshenko withdrew\n        her appeal on February 20, 2010 after the Higher Administrative Court in [[Kiev]]\n        rejected her petition to scrutinize documents from election districts in [[Crimea]]\n        and also to question election and law-enforcement officials.\n        The same day (February 20) Tymoshenko announced that she will not challenge\n        the results of the second round of the presidential election in the [[Supreme\n        Court of Ukraine]] since she believed there were no legal provisions for such\n        an appeal,[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/vu8az6s6 Yulia Tymoshenko\n        will not challenge election results in Supreme Court], Official website of\n        Yulia Tymoshenko (February 20, 2009) although Tymoshenko also stated\n        \\\"an honest court will assess that Yanukovych wasn''t elected President of\n        Ukraine, and that the will of the people had been rigged\\\".\\n\\nVoting\n        analysis showed that during the election creases started to emerge across\n        the traditional geographical voters patterns. Tymoshenko made inroads in Yanukovych''s\n        traditional [[East Ukraine|east]] and [[south Ukraine]] base of support, whereas\n        Yanukovych did the same in Tymoshenko''s traditional west and [[central Ukraine]]\n        base of support.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/ Election\n        winner lacks strong voter mandate], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 11, 2010)\n        More women voted for Yanukovych than for Tymoshenko.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/editorial/detail/62532/\n        Neanderthal power], [[Kyiv Post]] (March 25, 2010)\\n\\n===Exit Polls===\\nAll\n        [[exit poll]]s conducted during the final round of voting reported a win for\n        Viktor Yanukovych over Yulia Tymoshenko.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/58894/\n        Exit Polls: Yanukovych wins Ukraine election], (February 7, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/58897/\n        Interfax-Ukraine exit poll: Yanukovych leads among voters in Kyiv, regional\n        capitals], (February 7, 2010)[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2010/02/7/4729483/\n        \\u0414\\u0410\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0415\\u041a\\u0417\\u0418\\u0422-\\u041f\\u041e\\u041b\\u0406\\u0412\n        (Summary Exit Polls)], (February 7, 2010)\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Polling\n        Agency''''''\\n!width=\\\"50\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Viktor Yanukovych''''''\\n!width=\\\"50\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Yulia Tymoshenko''''''\\n|-\\n|National Exit Poll\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''48.7''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|45.5\\n|-\\n|TRK\n        Ukraina\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''48.6''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|45.7\\n|-\\n|ICTV\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''49.8''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|45.2\\n|-\\n|\n        SOCIS\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''49.6''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.5\\n|-\\n|FOM\n        Center for Social and Marketing Research\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''49.7''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.6\\n|-\\n|Research\n        & Branding group\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''50.2''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.0\\n|-\\n|Interfax-Ukraine\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''51.0''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.0\\n|}\\n\\n==Issues==\\nThe\n        list of major issues raised in the campaign included\\n* The economy[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50996\n        Ukrainians blame Yuschenko (47%) and Tymoshenko (22%) for creating economic\n        mess], [[Kyiv Post]] (August 20, 2009)\\n* Health\\n* Housing\\n* Ukraine''s\n        membership of [[NATO]] and [[CSTO]][http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53640/\n        Poll: over 40 percent of Ukrainians prefer Collective Security Treaty Organization,\n        12.5 percent favor NATO] (November 26, 2009)\\n* European Integration\\n*\n        [[Ukraine-Russia relations]][http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/text/speeches/2009/08/11/0832_type207221_220745.shtml/\n        Relations between Russia and Ukraine: a New Era Must Begin], [[Dmitry Anatolyevich\n        Medvedev|Demitry Medvedev]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/47194\n        Yushchenko calling on Medvedev to intensify Russian-Ukrainian dialog], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (August 19, 2009)\\n* Constitutional Reform\\n* [[Euro 2012]] Football\n        Tournament\\n* The status of the [[Russian language]]\\n\\nAccording to the Director\n        of the Penta Center for Political Studies Volodymyr Fesenko there were only\n        small differences in the election programs of the various candidates.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53400/\n        Experts: Presidential campaign characterized by poor programs of candidates],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (November 23, 2009)\\n\\n===Fraud suspicions and accusations===\\nAccording\n        to all international organizations observing the election, allegations of\n        electoral fraud in relation to the first round ballot were unfounded, they\n        declared that the conduct of the elections was within internationally recognized\n        democratic standards and a testament to the will of the people of Ukraine.[http://euobserver.com/?aid=29431\n        EU endorses Ukraine election result], [[euobserver]] (February 8, 2010)[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (February 9, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 9, 2010)\\n\\nA December 2009 poll\n        found that 82 percent of Ukrainians expected vote rigging, those fears were\n        shared by some election observers, both international and domestic. The latter\n        also fearing the lack of an independent exit poll; which they see as essential\n        to deterring vote fraud.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54838/\n        Election watchers worried by lack of independent exit poll; survey essential\n        to deterring vote fraud], [[Kyiv Post]] (December 11, 2009)\\n\\nYulia\n        Tymoshenko, Ukraine''s Prime-minister and one of the main candidates who sought\n        election in the poll stated that: \\\"We will not challenge any election returns\n        to avoid tremors, which may bring about instability in this country. If the\n        people elect their president, and this is not Yulia Tymoshenko, I will take\n        this choice easy, for sure\\\"[http://forua.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/tymoshenko-will-not-protest-presidential-election-outcome/\n        Tymoshenko will not protest presidential election outcome], [[ForUm]] (September\n        25, 2009)\\n\\nFormer President Leonid Kuchma also excluded the possibility\n        of a third round ballot. According to Kuchma, \\\"during the election campaign\n        in 2004 the decision about holding the third round was political and it will\n        not be repeated. The 2004 decision was an exclusion from a rule\\\".[http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=100472\n        Ex-president excludes third round of presidential elections], [[National Radio\n        Ukraine]] (September 25, 2009)\\n\\nViktor Baloha, former presidential\n        secretary under Viktor Yushchenko stated:\\n\\n:\\\"Alarming declarations about\n        the likely vote rigging directly point to organizational weaknesses of some\n        candidates as the law allows for reliable barriers against any electoral fraud.\n        For instance, any presidential candidate can send his two representatives\n        to sit on local and regional electoral commissions, appoint observers to keep\n        an eye on voting and counting of ballots. Proxies of candidates who have wide\n        authority can also supervise the course of the voting\\\". \\\"There are more\n        than enough supervisory tools. Other effective barriers to electoral fraud\n        are the Central Election Commission [whose members are appointed by major\n        parliamentary parties on a quota principle] and numerous international observers.\n        Mass media and NGOs, notably, the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, will also\n        be effective in helping to curb fraud. Of great importance for establishing\n        the final tally are also exit polls run by respected polling companies.they\n        will all be used during the campaign.\\\" adding that \\\"All the more so that\n        there are 18 presidential candidates, some having considerable weight. That\n        is why any declarations about the likely fraud are just attempts to justify\n        a defeat of those who make them. Note that those candidates who are selling\n        themselves as strong-willed and tough are most given to such declarations.\n        In fact, such declarations expose them as would-be losers and outsiders\\\"[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2009/11/24/205864\n        Wolf-crying about likely vote rigging presidential candidates try to justify\n        their future defeat], [[ZIK]] (November 24, 2009)\\n\\nCandidates [[Victor\n        Yanukovych]] and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] both accused the other of intending\n        to use [[vote rigging]] to win the election during the [[election campaign]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55333/\n        Yanukovych sure Tymoshenko will try to rig results of presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 17, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55336/\n        Tymoshenko says she will prevent Yanukovych from rigging presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 17, 2009) Early January 2010 [[Ukrainian President]]\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]] warned that there is a real threat of \\\"[[Administrative\n        resource|administrative pressure]]\\\" being applied during the counting of\n        votes at the presidential election. Viktor Yushchenko without providing any\n        details has alleged that the highest threat of falsification in the first\n        round will be applied by [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]]; \\\"because candidate Viktor\n        Yanukovych will enter the second round in any case\\\".[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/29250/\n        Yuschenko warns of significant threat of administrative pressure during counting\n        of votes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (January 5, 2010)\\n\\nAllegations were\n        made that Viktor Yushchenko had made a deal with Viktor Yanukovych in order\n        to secure a number of political positions for members of his team in exchange\n        for supporting Viktor Yanukovych''s campaign [http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/01/08/211289\n        President''s office ex-official blows Yushchenko-Yanukovych secret deal],\n        [[Zik]] (January 8, 2010) Concern has been expressed that Viktor Yushchenko\n        had tried to prevent news of the deal from being published by declaring it\n        a State Secret.[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=35871&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=e9627f75db\n        Yushchenko and Yanukovych Forge an Electoral Alliance \\u2013 [[Taras Kuzio]],\n        [[Jamestown Foundation]] (January 8, 2010)\\n\\nA joint poll conducted\n        by Democratic Initiatives and Ukrainian Sociology Service of January 2010\n        showed that less than 5% of the polled believed that the presidential election\n        would be fair with 41.4% of respondents that believed that the election results\n        could be manipulated and 15.7% being certain that the entire vote would be\n        rigged.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56820/ Poll: Less\n        than 5% Ukrainians believe presidential election will be fair], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (January 12, 2010) According to the same poll 5.8% of those polled stated\n        they were ready to sell their votes if the sum suited them and 1.9% of the\n        respondents were ready to sell their votes for any presidential candidates\n        and for any funds.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56815/\n        Poll: Most Ukrainians not planning to sell their votes in presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (January 12, 2010)\\n\\nA voter casting more than one ballot,\n        or selling her/his vote, could have faced as much as two years jail time.[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/303574,ukraine-presidential-candidates-trade-warnings-promises\\u2014summary.html\n        Ukraine presidential candidates trade warnings, promises \\u2013 Summary],\n        Earth Times (January 13, 2010)\\n\\n==Opinion polls==\\nJanuary 2, 2010,\n        was the beginning of the 15-day media blackout on reporting of election polls\n        before the January 17 first round election.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56318/|title=Public\n        reporting of poll results is prohibited in final 15 days before presidential\n        election|accessdate=2010-01-02|date=January 2, 2010|work=[[Inter-Fax Ukraine]]|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]}}\\n\\nA poll released December 15, 2009, by the [[International\n        Foundation for Electoral Systems]] has indicated that Viktor Yanukovych (31%)\n        as the most likely to win the Presidential election in a contest with Yulia\n        Tymoshenko (19%).{{cite press release|format=PDF|publisher=International\n        Foundation for Electoral Systems|url=http://www.ifes.org/publication/9c648aca6bb32dc209a4384513da12d2/IFES_UkraineSurvey2009_PR.pdf|date=15\n        December 2009|accessdate=16 December 2009}} All other candidates were\n        below 5% with Victor Yushchenko on 3.5% with a negativity rating of 83%. The\n        survey also indicated that Ukrainians are pessimistic about the socio-political\n        situation in the country. Seventy-four percent believe Ukraine is on a path\n        toward instability and more than nine in ten Ukrainians are dissatisfied with\n        the economic (96%) and political situation (92%) in the country.\\n\\nAccording\n        to other recent opinion polls, the [[Party of Regions]] candidate [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] (25.0% to 33.3%) was placed first among viable presidential candidates,\n        with [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] (15.5%\n        to 18.4%) coming in second, and [[Yatsenyuk''s Front for Change|Front for\n        Change]] candidate [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] (6.7% to 14.5%) in third place. Incumbent\n        President, [[Viktor Yushchenko]] (2.0% to 3.8%) following his decline in popularity\n        with the Ukrainian public comes in at a distant sixth place behind leader\n        of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine|Communist Party]] [[Petro Symonenko]]\n        (3.4% to 4.5%) and [[Parliamentary speaker]] [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] (1.4% to\n        5.8%).{{cite news|url=http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/ukrain/ukrain_eo/du090430|title=Yushchenko\n        approval rating|work=[[FOM-Ukraine]]|date=|accessdate=22 May 2009}}{{cite\n        news|author=Taras Kuzio|author-link=Taras Kuzio|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/op-ed/with-or-without-baloha-yushchenkos-unelectable-2-305121.html|title=With\n        or without Baloha, Yushchenko''s unelectable|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=24\n        October 2009|accessdate=1 March 2016}}\\n\\nA survey conducted by U.S.-based\n        International Foundation for Electoral Systems and financed by the United\n        States Agency for International Development (November 21 to 29) lists Viktor\n        Yushchenko as the highest negativity rating (83%) and Viktor Yanukovych with\n        the most positive rating (42%) {{en icon}}[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/55401/\n        \\\"Voters unhappy with choices, want jobs\\\"], (November 21\\u201329) U.S.-based\n        International Foundation for Electoral Systems\\n\\nAn opinion poll conducted\n        by [[FOM-Ukraine]] in September/October 2009 expected the turnout to be at\n        least 85.1%.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50541 Survey: most Ukrainians\n        ready to vote in presidential polls], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 12, 2009)\n        The poll carried out by the Oleksandr Yaremenko Institute for Social Research\n        in December 2009 predicted (at least) a 70% turnout.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55800/\n        Pollster predicts 70% turnout for presidential election], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        23, 2009)\\n\\nMedia were prohibited by [[Ukrainian law]] from reporting\n        the results of public opinion polls for the election (starting) from January\n        2 until election day on January 17, 2010.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56318/\n        Public reporting of poll results is prohibited in final 15 days before\n        presidential election], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (January 3, 2010)\\n\\n===Progressive\n        opinion polls table===\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!width=\\\"550\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|Conducted\n        by\\n----\\nCandidate Party\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2004|2004 Presidential election]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM\n        \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|USS\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[SOCIS]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|Institute\n        of social and political psychology\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[Razumkov Centre]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"| KMIS\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM\n        \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|Ukrainian Project\n        System\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[SOCIS]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research\n        & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[SOCIS]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM\n        \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\n        KIIS\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n|- style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Date\n        from\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|31-Oct-04}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|14-Dec-07}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|25-Jan-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|31-Jan-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|16-Apr-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|30-Aug-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|24-Nov-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|17-Dec-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|1-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|03-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|13-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|17-May-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|12-Jun-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|21-Jul-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|24-Jul-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|4-Aug-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|20-Sep-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|26-Sep-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|12-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|17-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|21-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|22-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|5-Dec-09}}\\n|- style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Date\n        to\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|26-Dec-04}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|23-Dec-07}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|02-Feb-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|05-Feb-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|04-May-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|08-Sep-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|30-Nov-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|24-Dec-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|9-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|12-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|25-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|26-May-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|22-Jun-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|20-Jul-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|04-Aug-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|14-Aug-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|01-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|04-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|31-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|25-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|29-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|30-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|13-Dec-09}}\\n|- style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Reference\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|*\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-228706.html\n        24.4% of Ukrainians ready to support Yanukovych at presidential election],\n        [[UNIAN]] (December 27, 2007)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://rus.newsru.ua/ukraine/31may2008/favorites.html\n        \\u041e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0438\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0448\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044b \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u2013 \\u0443 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e \\u0438\n        \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430 / NEWSru.ua]\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.socis.kiev.ua/en/research-results.html\n        Press release on the results sociological research\\u2014September 2008 SOCIS]\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|{{uk icon}}[http://gazeta.ua/index.php?id=275986 \\u0424\\u043e\\u043d\\u0434\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432], gazeta.ua (December 24, 2008)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|{{uk\n        icon}}[http://www.uceps.org/news.php?news_id=140 \\u0414\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0434\\u044f\\u043d \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438 2008 \\u0440.\n        (\\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f)], [[Razumkov\n        Centre]] (December 26, 2008)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/files/713/file/Press-release_%D0%B0pril_2009.pdf\n        Poll: \\\"CHANGE OF ELECTORAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE \\u2013 April 2009\\\"], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (April 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/39842\n        Poll: Yanukovych, Tymoshenko, Yatseniuk have best chances to be elected president\n        \\u2013 April 18, 2009], KMIS (April 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://pravda.com.ua/news/2009/4/29/94043.htm\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c. 15% \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0456\\u0445\\\"]\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-318868.html Yanukovych\n        tops list of presidential candidates in Ukraine \\u2013 poll], [[UNIAN]] (June\n        2, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/files/779/file/Press-release_june_2009.pdf\n        Poll: \\\"CHANGE OF ELECTORAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE \\u2013 June 2009\\\"], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (June 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18101/\n        Poll: Yanukovych, Tymoshenko still top presidential ratings], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (August 4, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/215119.html\n        Socis Poll: 25% Of Ukrainians Prepared To Support Yanukovych For President,\n        20.5% To Vote For Tymoshenko], [[Ukrainian News]] (August 17, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/politics/research/2009/4367.html\n        Poll: \\\"CHANGE OF ELECTORAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE \\u2013 August 2009\\\"], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (August 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.socis.kiev.ua/en/press/president-of-ukraine-candidates-rating-100-days-before-electi.html\n        Socis Poll: President of Ukraine candidates rating. 100 days before elections],\n        [[SOCIS]] (October 8, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/10/13/150017.html\n        Yanukovych leads polls as a candidate for presidency], [[ForUm]] (October\n        13, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51409/\n        Poll: Yanukovych could beat Tymoshenko in run-off by a wide margin], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (August 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/rus/politics/polls/2009/5558.html\n        Electoral Situation in Ukraine: 50 days to go], [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] (November 27, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/55401/\n        Voters unhappy with choices, want jobs], [[U.S.-based International Foundation\n        for Electoral Systems]] (December 17, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100007539&docId=l:1087929803&isRss=true\n        Yanukovych leads presidential race in Ukraine \\u2013 polls], [[Interfax]]\n        (December 7, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/files/4541/file/Press-release_december_2009.pdf\n        Electoral Situation in Ukraine: 30 days to go], [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] (December 17, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|-\\n|[[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n|[[Party\n        of Regions|PoR]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|39.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|22.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|27.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|34.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|27.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|38.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|21.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|38.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|39.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|40.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|31.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|47.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|31.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|42.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|29.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|33.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|46.7\\n|-\\n|[[Yulia\n        Tymoshenko]]\\n|[[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko|BYuT]]\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|17.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|29.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|18.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|29.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|30.0\\n|-\\n|[[Sergei\n        Tihipko]]\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Arseniy\n        Yatsenyuk]]\\n|[[Yatsenyuk''s Front for Change|Y-Front]]\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Volodymyr\n        Lytvyn]]\\n|[[Lytvyn Bloc|LPB]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Viktor\n        Yushchenko]]\\n|[[Our Ukraine (political party)|OU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|39.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|52.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Petro\n        Symonenko]]\\n|[[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|{{nowrap|[[Inna\n        Bohoslovska]]}}\\n|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Moroz]]\\n|[[Socialist Party of Ukraine|SPU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|<1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Oleh\n        Tyahnybok]]\\n|[[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Freedom\\\"|AUUF]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|{{nowrap|[[Anatoliy\n        Hrytsenko]]}}\\n|[[Our Ukraine (political party)|OU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|<1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Others\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|10.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Against\n        all\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|17\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|18.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.2\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Will\n        Not vote\\n|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.6\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Not\n        sure\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|18.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|33.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|10.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.5\\n|-\n        style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n| sum\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|87.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|97.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|90.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|85.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|67.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|58.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|59.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|96.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|83.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|63.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|59.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|80.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|50.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|85.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|87.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|88.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|77.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|86.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|-\n        style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n| balance\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|40.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|36.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|40.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|49.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|-0.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|22.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|-\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Respondents\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2010\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2040\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2017\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2078\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1984\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2079\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2511\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3011\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|5009\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3118\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3108\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|1502\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3038\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Margin for error\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\u2264 4.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\u2264\n        4.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2.8%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 1.5%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1\n        2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1\n        2.5%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 3.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1\n        1.8%\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"50\\\"|* 2004 presidential election final results.\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"50\\\"|**\n        Notional second round of presidential elections.\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"50\\\"|December\n        18, 2007, Tymoshenko elected as [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{uk icon}}[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2008/3/11/72875.htm\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432:\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        / \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430]\\n|}\\n\\n==International observers==\\nThe [[Ministry\n        of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)|Ukrainian Foreign Ministry]] expected (in November\n        2009) that some 600 international observers will be monitoring the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53402/\n        PACE, OSCE election observers are arriving in Ukraine], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''\n        (November 23, 2009) The [[Organization for Security and Cooperation\n        in Europe]] (OSCE) will send around 60 long-term and 600 short-term observers\n        to Ukraine to monitor the presidential elections, Ukraine had submitted an\n        invitation to the OSCE to monitor the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50613\n        Over 600 OSCE observers to monitor presidential elections in Ukraine], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (October 13, 2009)\\nThis electoral observation mission is\n        headed by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] politician [[Jo\\u00e3o Soares (politician)|Jo\\u00e3o\n        Soares]], President of the [[OSCE Parliamentary Assembly]]. The OSCE/ODIHR\n        long term observation mission was officially opened on November 26, 2009.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53662/\n        OSCE/ODIHR officially opens election observation mission for presidential\n        election in Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 26, 2009) On January 12,\n        2009, the OSCE where not satisfied with the level of funding for salaries\n        and transport services.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56827/\n        OSCE observer: Ukrainian election lacks funding for salaries, transport services],\n        ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (January 12, 2010)\\n\\nThe [[European Union]] member-states\n        will send over 700 observers to monitor the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53040/\n        European Union to send over 700 observers to monitor Ukraine''s presidential\n        elections], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (November 17, 2009) The Canada Ukraine\n        Foundation[http://cufoundation.ca/eom2010/ Election Observer Mission\n        2010], Canada Ukraine Foundation (a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[NGO]][http://www.cufoundation.ca/about\n        About us], Canada Ukraine Foundation) and the [[Parliamentary Assembly\n        of the Council of Europe]] (PACE) will also send observers.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-348265.html\n        PACE delegation to pay visit to Ukraine on November 24\\u201326], [[UNIAN]]\n        (November 23, 2009) The PACE delegation is led by [[Hungary|Hungarian]]\n        politician [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s E\\u00f6rsi]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53713/\n        European lawmakers'' hopes low for Ukraine vote], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (November\n        26, 2009) Late November the PACE delegation was sceptical the elections\n        would meet the organization''s standards. On December 8,\n        2009 [[Renate Wohlwend]], co-rapporteur of PACE stated that PACE might continue\n        to monitor [[Ukrainian politics]] after the country''s presidential election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54575/\n        PACE may keep monitoring Ukraine after presidential poll], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        8, 2009) Wohlwend had also called on the Ukrainian parliament to amend\n        a law on the presidential elections as soon as possible. Wohlwend expressed\n        concern over the inclusion of a provision in Ukraine''s electoral legislation\n        giving the election commission the right to amend the electoral rolls on the\n        day of the ballot. She expressed concern this could allow the [[Electoral\n        fraud|rigging of the election results]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54627/\n        PACE rapporteur calling on Ukraine''s parliament to amend law on presidential\n        elections], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (December 9, 2009)\\n\\nThe [[Poland|Polish]]\n        European Center of Geopolitical Analysis did send 20 observers to monitor\n        [[Racism and discrimination in Ukraine|signs of xenophobia]] during the presidential\n        election campaign.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54385/\n        Polish observers to arrive in Ukraine to monitor signs of xenophobia during\n        election campaign], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (December 4, 2009)\\n\\nOn December\n        9, 2009, candidate [[Victor Yanukovych]] at a meeting with an OSCE election\n        observation mission stated that he is afraid Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]\n        might rig the presidential election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54679/\n        Yanukovych claims to OSCE that Ukrainian government intends to rig presidential\n        election], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (December 9, 2009)\\n\\nA total of 450\n        official observers from the European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations\n        (ENEMO) will monitor the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55130/\n        450 observers from ENEMO international mission to monitor Ukrainian elections],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 15, 2009)\\n\\n[[Pawe\\u0142 Kowal]] lead the delegation\n        of the [[European Parliament]]''s observers; this delegation included ten\n        people, who cooperated closely with the delegations of observers from the\n        [[OSCE Parliamentary Assembly]], the Council of Europe, the [[NATO Parliamentary\n        Assembly]], and the OSCE [[Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights]]\n        (ODIHR).[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55225/ Kowal to\n        head delegation of European Parliament''s observers for elections], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (December 16, 2009)\\n\\nA total of 3,149 international observers\n        did monitor the January 17 presidential election in Ukraine.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/29514/\n        Central Election Commission fails to register over 2,000 official observers\n        from Georgia], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (January 11, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56708/\n        Over 3,000 international observers registered for Ukrainian presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (January 11, 2010)\\n\\nOn January 18, 2010, the OSCE announced\n        it would send same number of observers to monitor Ukraine''s second round\n        of the election as in the first round.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57410/\n        OSCE to send same number of observers to monitor Ukraine''s runoff], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (January 18, 2010) At the same time it called for bringing\n        Ukraine''s election laws in line with international norms[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57399/\n        OSCE observers: Ukraine''s election laws should be brought in line with international\n        norms], [[Kyiv Post]] (January 18, 2010) but nevertheless it endorsed\n        the first round of the Ukrainian presidential poll, saying it was of \\\"high\n        quality\\\" and demonstrated \\\"significant progress\\\".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8466389.stm\n        Ukraine election: And then there were two], [[BBC News]] (January 18, 2010)\\n\\nAfter\n        the second round of the election international observers and the OSCE called\n        the election transparent and honest.\\n\\nAccording\n        to Serhiy Paskhalov, the head of presidential candidate Yulia Tymoshenko''s\n        main campaign office in [[Dnipropetrovsk]], international observers were physically\n        unable to register mass irregularities in the second round of the presidential\n        election. According to Paskhalov six foreign observers had monitored the run-off\n        presidential election at 469 polling stations in six electoral districts in\n        Dnipropetrovsk region.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59297/\n        BYT: International observers were physically unable to record mass irregularities\n        in run-off vote], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (February 11, 2009)\\n\\n==Results==\\n{{incomplete|date=December\n        2010}}\\nNominations by [[Political parties in Ukraine|parties]] and\n        candidates to run in the election closed on November 6, 2009.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49902\n        Ukraine''s presidential candidates to be nominated from Oct. 20 to Nov. 6],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 2, 2009) Eighteen candidates in all have been\n        nominated. The Central Election Committee had until November 11, 2009, to\n        process documentation and finalize the election list.\\n\\nThe first round of\n        the election was held on January 17, 2010. Voter turnout was approximately\n        67 percent, compared to 75 percent at [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|the\n        2004 presidential election]]. Incumbent president [[Viktor Yushchenko]] was\n        defeated having received only 5.45% of the vote.{{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp320pt00_t001f01=700pt001f01=700pplace=1.html\n        Central Election Commission Candidate Results], [[Central Election Commission\n        of Ukraine]] (January 19, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57325/\n        TABLE-Ukraine''s presidential election results], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (January\n        18, 2010)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8464816.stm Ukraine''s\n        Orange leader Yushchenko loses election], [[BBC News]] (January 18, 2010)\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] [http://www.sras.org/russian_journalism_feb_2010\n        Yulia Timoshenko received 45.47 percent, or 11.6 million votes] finished\n        first and second in the first round and faced each other in the second round\n        ballot held on February 7. Voter turnout in the second round was approximately\n        69%. On February 14, with all second round votes counted, Yanukovich was officially\n        declared a winner of the election with 48.95%, compared to Tymoshenko''s 45.47%.\\n\\nThe election has been widely recognized and endorsed\n        as being fair and an accurate reflection of voters'' intentions by all international\n        agencies observing the election including the OSCE and [[Parliamentary Assembly\n        of the Council of Europe|PACE]].[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8505552.stm\n        Ukraine''s Tymoshenko bloc ''contesting election result''], [[BBC News]] (February\n        9, 2010)[http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/NewsManager/EMB_NewsManagerView.asp?ID=5267\n        Run-off confirms that Ukraine''s presidential election meets most international\n        commitments], [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] (February\n        8, 2010)\\n\\n{{Ukrainian presidential election, 2010}}\\n\\n===Electoral\n        maps===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n|+ Maps showing the top five candidates\n        support in the first round of voting- percentage of total national vote\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yanukovych (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (35.33%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Tymoshenko).png|250px|center|Yulia\n        Tymoshenko (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (25.05%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Tihipko).png|250px|center|Sergei\n        Tigipko (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (13.06%)]]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yatseniuk).png|250px|center|Arseniy\n        Yatsenyuk (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (6.96%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (5.46%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (TotalVote).png|250px|center|Total\n        vote distribution (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote]]\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n|+ Maps showing the distribution of voter support\n        in the final round of the election \\u2013 percentage of total national vote\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Feb 2010 Vote (Yanukovych).png|375px|center|Viktor\n        Yanukovych February 7, 2010, results (48.96%)]]\\n| [[Image:Ukraine Presidential\n        Feb 2010 Vote (Tymoshenko).png|375px|center|Yulia Tymoshenko February 7, 2010,\n        results (45.48%)]]\\n|}\\n''''Note: The above maps are based on the percentage\n        of the national vote and as such is an accurate representation of the results\n        of the election as each region is shown in relation to the overall result''''.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Commons|Ukrainian presidential election, 2010}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/|title=Main|accessdate=2009-06-14|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|language=Ukrainian}}\\n* [http://statistika.in.ua\n        Maps of election by polling places]{{ref-uk}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua|title=Parliament|accessdate=2009-09-22|publisher=Official\n        website of the Ukrainian Parliament (Rada)|language=Ukrainian}}\\n* {{cite\n        web|url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/index|title=Parliament|accessdate=2009-09-22|publisher=Official\n        website of the Ukrainian Parliament (Rada)}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57376/\\n|title=Interactive\n        Ukraine election maps|accessdate=2010-01-18|publisher=Kyiv Post}}\\n* [http://vasylchenko.in.ua\n        Serhiy Vasylchenko: Electoral Geography of Ukraine 1991\\u20132010]\\n\\n{{2010\n        presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian Elections}}\\n{{Presidency\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Presidential Election, 2010}}\\n[[Category:2010\n        elections in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Presidential elections in Ukraine|2010]]\\n[[Category:January\n        2010 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:February 2010 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T08:07:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":794597056,\"length\":108972,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2010\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2010&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2010\"},\"30079114\":{\"pageid\":30079114,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2014\",\"index\":6,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-04T23:07:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2014}}\\n{{Infobox Election\\n| election_name = Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2014\\n| time period of Ukraine president is 5 years\\n|\n        country = Ukraine\\n| type = presidential\\n| ongoing = no\\n| previous_election\n        = Ukrainian presidential election, 2010\\n| previous_year = 2010\\n| next_election\n        = Ukrainian presidential election, 2019\\n| next_year     = 2019\\n| election_date\n        = {{start date|2014|05|25|df=y}} \\n| image1        = [[File:President_Poroshenko_Addresses_the_Media_February_2015.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee1      = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| party1        = Independent (politican)\\n|\n        alliance1     = [[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform]]\\n| popular_vote1\n        = 9,857,308\\n| percentage1   = 54.70%{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/566632/\n        |title=Poroshenko wins presidential election with 54.7% of vote - CEC |publisher=[[Radio\n        Ukraine International]] |date=29 May 2014}}
{{ru icon}} [http://telegraf.com.ua/ukraina/politika/1300294-rezultatyi-vyiborov-prezidenta-ukrainyi-2014-tsik-obrabotala-51-99.html\n        Results election of Ukrainian president], \\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\n        (29 May 2014)\\n| image2        = [[File:Yulia Tymoshenko 2011.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee2      = [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]\\n| party2        = All-Ukrainian Union\n        \\\"Fatherland\\\"\\n| popular_vote2 = 2,310,085\\n|\n        percentage2   = 12.81%\\n| image3        =\n        [[File:Maidan_Kiev_2014.04.13_12-09.JPG|160x160px]]\\n| nominee3      = [[Oleh\n        Lyashko]]\\n| party3        = Radical Party of Oleh Lyashko\\n| popular_vote3\n        = 1,500,377\\n| percentage3   = 8.32%\\n| image4        = [[File:Anatoliy_Hrytsenko_2012.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee4      = [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]]\\n| party4        = Civil Position\\n|\n        popular_vote4 = 989,029\\n| percentage4   =\n        5.48%\\n| image5        = [[File:Vice_Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Sergei_Tigipko_(8240397873).jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee5      = [[Serhiy Tihipko]]\\n| party5        = Independent (politician)\\n|\n        alliance5     =  [[Strong Ukraine]]\\n| color5        = 800080\\n| popular_vote5\n        = 943,430\\n| percentage5   = 5.23%\\n| image6        = [[File:Dobkin01.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee6      = [[Mykhailo Dobkin]]\\n| party6        = Party of Regions\\n|\n        popular_vote6 = 546,138\\n| percentage6   =\n        3.03%\\n| image7        = [[File:Vadim_Rabinovich2.jpeg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee7      = [[Vadym Rabynovych]]\\n| party7        = Independent (politican)\\n|\n        color7        = 1034A6\\n| popular_vote7 = 406,301\\n| percentage7   = 2.25%\\n|\n        image8        = [[File:Olga_Bogomolets.jpg|160x160px]]\\n| nominee8      =\n        [[Olha Bohomolets]]\\n| party8        = Independent (politican)\\n| alliance8     =\n        [[Socialist Party of Ukraine|Socialist Party]]\\n| color8        = FF69B4\\n|\n        popular_vote8 = 345,384\\n| percentage8   =\n        1.91%\\n| image9        = [[File:Symonenko_Petr.png|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee9      = [[Petro Symonenko]]\\n| party9        = Communist Party of\n        Ukraine\\n| popular_vote9 = 272,723\\n|\n        percentage9   = 1.51%\\n| map_image     =\n        Ukrainian_Presidential_Election_2014_Map.png\\n| map_size      = \\n| map_caption   =\n        {{legend|#C0C0C0|Electoral districts which voted for [[Petro Poroshenko]]}}\\n{{legend|#0047AB|Electoral\n        districts which voted for [[Mykhailo Dobkin]]}}\\n{{legend|#7d7d7d|Electoral\n        districts in which elections were not held due to the [[War in Donbass]]}}\\n{{legend|fcfcfc|Electoral\n        districts in which elections were not held due to their prior [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation by Russia]]{{cite web|url=http://un.ua/eng/article/506684.html\n        |title=Turchynov Approves Establishing Special Legal Regime, Regulating Citizens''\n        Rights And Freedoms in Temporarily Occupied Territories|publisher=Ukrainian\n        News Agency |date=28 April 2014}}}}\\n| title              = President\\n|\n        before_election    = [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] (acting)\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| before_party       = [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]]\\n|\n        after_party        = Independent (politician)\\n}}\\n\\nPresidential elections\n        were held in [[Ukraine]] on 25 May 2014, resulting in [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n        being elected [[President of Ukraine]].[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989\n        Ukraine elections: Runners and risks], [[BBC News]] (22 May 2014) Originally\n        scheduled to take place on 29 March 2015, the date was changed following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26289318\n        |title=BBC News \\u2013 Ukrainian president and opposition sign early poll\n        deal |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=21 February 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/02/ukrainian-presidency-says-deal-made-at-talks-201422165257342300.html\n        |title=Ukraine president announces early elections \\u2013 Europe |publisher=Al\n        Jazeera English |date=}}{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/ukraine-president-deal-elections-087/\n        |title=Ukraine''s President Yanukovich declares early elections, constitutional\n        reforms \\u2013 RT News |publisher=Rt.com |date=21 February 2014}} Poroshenko\n        won the elections with 54.7% of the votes, enough to win in a single round.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-poroshenko-idINKBN0EI01G20140607|title=Ukraine''s\n        Poroshenko to be sworn in as east seethes with separatist conflict|last=Balmforth|first=Richard|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=6\n        June 2014}} His closest competitor was [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], who emerged\n        with 12.81% of the votes. The [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] reported voter\n        turnout at over 60% excluding those regions not under government control.{{cite web|author=Interfax |url=http://rbth.com/news/2014/05/26/ukrainian_presidential_election_turnout_tops_60_percent_-_chief_election_36931.html\n        |title=Ukrainian presidential election turnout tops 60 percent - chief election\n        official | Russia Beyond The Headlines |publisher=Rbth.com |date=26 May\n        2014 |accessdate=2 June 2014}}{{cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/cec-chair-ukrainian-presidential-election-turnout-tops-60-percent-349393.html\n        |title=CEC chair: Ukrainian presidential election turnout tops 60 percent\n        |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=2 June 2014}}\n        Since Poroshenko obtained an absolute majority in the first round, a [[Two-round\n        system|run-off]] second ballot (on 15 June 2014[http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-talks-set-to-open-without-pro-russian-separatists/2014/05/14/621dbc6a-c7d9-40bc-b2e5-814a4108bbef_story.html\n        Ukraine talks set to open without pro-Russian separatists], [[The Washington\n        Post]] (14 May 2014)) was unnecessary.\\n\\nThe elections were not held throughout Ukraine. During the\n        [[2014 Crimean crisis]], Ukraine lost control over [[Crimea]], which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|was unilaterally annexed]] by Russia in\n        March 2014.[http://eeas.europa.eu/statements/docs/2014/140417_03_en.pdf\n        EU & Ukraine 17 April 2014 FACT SHEET], [[European External Action Service]]\n        (17 April 2014){{#tag:ref|The status of the Crimea and of the city of\n        [[Sevastopol]] is currently [[2014 Crimean crisis|under dispute between Russia\n        and Ukraine]]; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider\n        the Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be\n        one of Ukraine''s [[cities with special status]], while Russia, on the other\n        hand, considers the Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol\n        to be one of Russia''s three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].{{cite web|last=Gutterman\n        |first=Steve |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/18/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140318\n        |title=Putin signs Crimea treaty, will not seize other Ukraine regions |publisher=Reuters.com\n        |date= |accessdate=26 March 2014}}|group=nb}} As a result, elections\n        were not held in Crimea. In the [[Donbass]]\n        region of Ukraine only 20% of the ballot stations were open due to threats\n        and violence by [[War in Donbass|pro-Russia separatists]].\n        Of the 2,430 planned ballot stations (in Donbass) only 426 remained open for\n        polling. The [[self-proclaimed]] [[Donetsk People''s Republic]]\n        and [[Luhansk People''s Republic]], controlling large parts of the Donbass,\n        had vowed to do everything possible to disrupt the elections.\\n\\nPoroshenko\n        will serve a five-year term in office.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html New Ukrainian\n        president will be elected for 5-year term \\u2013 Constitutional Court], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (16 May 2014)\\n\\n==Background==\\n\\n===Prior to the rescheduling of the\n        election===\\nInitially the elections were scheduled for 29 March 2015.[http://gorshenin.eu/media/uploads/088/10/52b96c7f9dae6.pdf\n        Gorshenin Weekly 12/23/2013], [[Gorshenin Institute]] (23 December 2013)\\n\\nOn\n        7 December 2012, [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]] nominated\n        [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] as its presidential candidate.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/united-opposition-nominates-tymoshenko-as-single-presidential-candidate-317296.html\n        United Opposition nominates Tymoshenko as single presidential candidate],\n        ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (7 December 2012)
[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/yatseniuk-tymoshenko-will-be-able-to-run-for-presidency-in-2015-317297.html\n        Yatseniuk: Tymoshenko will be able to run for presidency in 2015], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (7 December 2012) On 14 June 2013, the congress of her party\n        approved the decision to nominate her as its candidate for the presidential\n        election.[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/batkivschyna-to-nominate-tymoshenko-for-presidency-yatseniuk-heads-partys-political-council/\n        Batkivschyna to nominate Tymoshenko for presidency, Yatseniuk heads party\\u2019s\n        political council], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (14 June 2013) On 11 October\n        2011, a Ukrainian court found Tymoshenko guilty of [[abuse of power]], [[Criminal\n        cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010|sentenced her to seven years in\n        jail]] and banned her from seeking elected office for her period of imprisonment.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15250742 Ukraine\n        ex-PM Yulia Tymoshenko jailed over gas deal], BBC News (11 October 2011)[http://zib.com.ua/ua/5728.html\n        The Tymoshenko verdict. Full text of the sentence], ''''Law & Business''''\n        (13 October 2011)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/114528/\n        Tymoshenko convicted, sentenced to 7 years in prison, ordered to pay state\n        ,8 million (update)], ''''Kyiv Post'''' (11 October 2011) Because\n        Tymoshenko was in prison during the [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election]],\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] headed the election list of [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]].[http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/58995\n        They Call Themselves the Opposition], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (31 August\n        2012){{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/11/11/6977259/\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438], ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]'''' (11 November 2012)\n        Tymoshenko remained in prison until 22 February 2014, after parliament voted\n        for her release and removal of her criminal record, allowing her to compete\n        for elected office once again.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275\n        Ukraine crisis timeline], [[BBC News]]\\n\\nIn May 2013, [[All-Ukrainian\n        Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]], [[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform|UDAR]],\n        and [[Svoboda (political party)|Svoboda]] vowed to coordinate their actions\n        during the presidential campaign, and promised \\\"to support the candidate\n        from among these parties who wins a place in the run-off election\\\".[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/batkivschyna-udar-svoboda-to-coordinate-their-actions-at-presidential-election-2/\n        Batkivschyna, UDAR, Svoboda to coordinate their actions at presidential election],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (16 May 2013) If the election format were to change\n        to a single round, the three parties vowed to agree on a single candidate.\\n\\nOn 24 October 2013, the leader[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20031821\n        Q&A:Ukrainian parliamentary election], [[BBC News]] (23 October 2012)\n        of [[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform|UDAR]], [[Vitali Klitschko]],\n        announced he intended to take part in the election.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171819.html\n        Vitali Klitschko says intends to run for president in Ukraine], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171794.html Parliament\n        passes law that could prevent Klitschko from running for president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013) Experts and lawyers argued that it is unclear if Klitschko\n        could take part. Under Ukrainian law a presidential\n        candidate must have had his residence in Ukraine for the past ten years prior\n        to election day. Klitschko has lived for many years in both [[Ukraine]] and\n        Germany, where, according to media reports, he has a residence permit. Klitschko confirmed on 28 February 2014 that he will\n        take part in the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193451.html\n        Klitschko confirms he, Tymoshenko will run for president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (28 February 2014) However, on 29 March, he withdrew from the race for\n        the presidency, simultaneously pledging his support for [[Petro Poroshenko]].[http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/boxing-champion-klitschko-withdraws-ukraine-presidential-race-n66771\n        Boxing Champion Klitschko Withdraws from Ukraine Presidential Race], [[NBC\n        News]] (29 March 2014)\\n\\nFormer [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], prior to his dismissal and subsequent flight from the country\n        (see below), was considered likely to run for his second and final term.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/138644.html Regions Party\n        is hoping for Yanukovych''s reelection as president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (1 February 2013)
[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/analysts-yanukovych-beginning-his-presidential-campaign-alarm-clock-set-for-march-2015/\n        Analysts: Yanukovych beginning his presidential campaign, alarm clock set\n        for March 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (1 March 2013)
[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/no-alternative-to-yanukovych-ukraine-to-be-stable-for-7-more-years-says-azarov/\n        No alternative to Yanukovych, Ukraine to be stable for 7 more years, says\n        Azarov], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (14 June 2013){{#tag:ref|Per [[s:Constitution\n        of Ukraine#Article 103|Chapter V, Article 103]] of the Constitution, the President\n        is allowed to serve a maximum of two full 5-year terms. However, in 2003,\n        the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] permitted then-President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] to run for a third term in the [[Ukrainian presidential election,\n        2004|2004 presidential election]] He chose not to run.{{cite web|url=http://www.ccu.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=12367|title=Summary\n        to the Decision no. 22-rp/2003 of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine as of\n        25 December 2003|accessdate=22 March 2009|date=25 December 2003|publisher=[[Constitutional\n        Court of Ukraine]]|format=[[Microsoft Word]] document}}|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|Yanukovych\n        ran in the [[2010 Ukrainian presidential election]] as a candidate of Party\n        of Regions[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27252/ Lutsenko accuses\n        Yanukovych of giving false data in his income declaration], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (8 December 2009) but suspended his membership in the Party of Regions\n        after the election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/60929/\n        Yanukovych suspends his membership in Party of Regions, hands over party leadership\n        to Azarov], ''''Kyiv Post'''' (3 March 2010)|group=nb}} But, as of 19\n        December 2013, he had made no final decision on this.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/182928.html\n        Yanukovych vows not to run in 2015 presidential elections if his rating is\n        low], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19 December 2013) On 19 December 2013, Yanukovych\n        alluded to not participating when he stated \\\"If, theoretically speaking,\n        my rating is low and has no prospects, I won''t hinder the country''s development\n        and movement ahead\\\".\\n\\n===Early 2014 elections===\\n{{see\n        also|Euromaidan|2014 Ukrainian revolution|Annexation of Crimea by Russia|War\n        in Donbass}}\\n\\n====Scheduling====\\nOn 21 November 2013, the Ukrainian [[Second\n        Azarov Government]] suspended [[Plan on Priority Measures for European Integration\n        of Ukraine|preparations]] for signing an [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union Association\n        Agreement|association agreement]] with the [[European Union]].{{cite news|title=Ukraine drops EU plans and looks\n        to Russia|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/11/ukraine-drops-eu-plans-looks-russia-20131121145417227621.html|publisher=[[Al\n        Jazeera]]|date=21 November 2013|accessdate=22 November 2013}} The decision\n        to postpone the signing of the association agreement led to [[2013 Ukraine\n        protests|massive protests across Ukraine]].{{cite news|url=http://main.omanobserver.om/?p=34172\n        |title=Ukraine still wants historic pact with EU |work=[[Oman Observer]] |date=|accessdate=27\n        November 2013}}
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25307255 Ukraine\n        police dismantle Kiev protest camps], [[BBC News]] (9 December 2013)\n        These led to the removal of President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and his government\n        by the parliament in February, as part of the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]],\n        during which Yanukovych fled the country to Russia.{{cite news |title=Archrival Is Freed\n        as Ukraine Leader Flees |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 February 2014|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/world/europe/ukraine.html?_r=0\n        | accessdate=23 February 2014}} On 22 February 2014, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] voted 328\\u20130{{cite web|author=Kyiv Post |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-feb-21-live-updates-337287.html\n        |title=Parliament votes 328\\u20130 to dismiss Yanukovych on Feb. 22; sets\n        May 25 for new election; Tymoshenko free (LIVE UPDATES, VIDEO) |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 February 2014}} to dismiss Yanukovych as President.{{cite\n        web|title=Ukraine drops EU plans and looks to Russia|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/11/ukraine-drops-eu-plans-looks-russia-20131121145417227621.html|publisher=[[Al\n        Jazeera English|aljazeera.com]]|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/176073.htmlUkrainian\n        government issues decree to suspend preparations for signing of association\n        agreement with EU], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (21 November 2013)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175989.html\n        Rada votes down all bills on allowing Tymoshenko''s medical treatment abroad],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (21 November 2013) [[Oleksandr Turchynov]], deputy\n        chairman of [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]], who had been\n        appointed as [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada]] earlier that day,{{cite\n        news|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_02_22/Alexander-Turchinov-elected-as-spiker-of-Ukrainian-Parliament-5922/|title=Alexander\n        Turchinov elected as speaker of Ukrainian Parliament|publisher=[[Voice of\n        Russia]]|date=22 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_02_22/Alexander-Turchinov-elected-as-spiker-of-Ukrainian-Parliament-5922/|archivedate=1\n        December 2008 }} was named acting [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime\n        Minister]],{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/articles/158429/Ukraine''s+Parliament+to+Appoint+Opposition+Leader+Acting+PM|title=Ukraine''s\n        Parliament Appoints Opposition Leader Acting PM |publisher=Novinite.com|accessdate=22\n        February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.novinite.com/articles/158429/Ukraine''s+Parliament+to+Appoint+Opposition+Leader+Acting+PM|archivedate=1\n        December 2008 }} and, due to Yanukovych''s deposition, acting President,\n        until new elections could be held.\\n\\nIn a press conference in the Russian\n        city of [[Rostov-on-Don]] on 28 February, Yanukovych stated that he would\n        not take part in the elections, stating that \\\"I believe they are unlawful,\n        and I will not take part in them\\\".[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193466.html\n        Yanukovych: Presidential elections slated for May 25 unlawful, I won''t run],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (28 February 2014) It was later speculated that\n        [[Serhiy Tihipko]] would be the Presidential candidate of the [[Party of Regions]],\n        Yanukovych''s former party.{{cite web|author=? \\u041a\\u0430\\u043a \\u043a\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u043c \\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f?\n        |url=http://gazeta.ua/ru/articles/politics/_partiya-regionov-vydvinet-v-prezidenty-tigipko/543685\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442 \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0422\\u0438\\u0433\\u0438\\u043f\\u043a\\u043e? |publisher=Gazeta.ua |date=15\n        May 2014}} The party''s nomination went to [[Mykhailo Dobkin]], however,\n        and Tihipko entered the elections as an independent candidate. Dobkin was amongst the persons wanted by the (then new) [[First Yatsenyuk\n        Government|Yatsenyuk Government]] to be sent for trial at the [[International\n        Criminal Court]].{{cite web|author=Uhr |url=http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/ukraine-der-wahlkampf-hat-begonnen.1046.de.html?dram:article_id=278499\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Der Wahlkampf hat begonnen |publisher=Deutschlandradiokultur.de\n        |date=}}\\n\\nDuring the [[2014 Crimean crisis]] and [[Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)|Russian military intervention]],\n        Ukraine lost control over the [[Crimea]], which was unilaterally [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] by Russia in March 2014. As a result, elections were not held in the Crimea, but Ukrainians\n        who had kept their [[Ukrainian citizenship]] were allowed to vote elsewhere\n        in Ukraine.\\n\\n====Escalation of pro-Russian\n        unrest====\\nIn the [[Donbass]] region of the [[Eastern Ukraine]], [[2014 pro-Russian\n        conflict in Ukraine|pro-Russian protests]] escalated into an armed separatist\n        [[War in Donbass|insurgency]] early in April 2014, when masked gunmen took\n        control of several of the region''s government buildings and towns.[http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/04/30/ukraine-crisis-horlivka-idINKBN0DG0FY20140430\n        Masked gunmen tighten grip on eastern Ukraine], [[Reuters]] (30 April 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        15 April 2014, Ukrainian media reported that the [[General Prosecutor of Ukraine]]\n        had launched criminal proceedings against then-candidate [[Oleh Tsarov]] for\n        allegedly aiding separatists and thus violating Ukraine''s territorial integrity.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/908090-prokuratura-otkryila-ugolovnoe-proizvodstvo-protiv-tsareva-za-separatistskie-idei.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u044b\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0426\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u0438 : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d\n        |publisher=Unian.net |date=15 April 2014}} Tsarov withdrew his candidacy\n        on 29 April.\\n\\n[[Serhiy Taruta]], governor of Donetsk,\n        has suggested a referendum, to be held on 15 June, at the same time as the\n        potential second round of the election. The referendum would address the decentralization\n        of political power, potentially giving regions a greater say in their own\n        affairs, such as greater control over the taxes they levy and the power to\n        make Russian a second official language.\\n\\nOn 16 May 2014,\n        the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] ruled that the candidate elected as\n        a result of the presidential election would serve a full five-year term of\n        office.\\n[[File:Donetsk\n        oblast election 2014 voter turnout - en 2.jpg|thumb|Voter turnout in [[Donetsk\n        Oblast]] in the election]]\\nOn 17 May 2014, the [[Central Election Commission\n        of Ukraine]] (CEC) stated that, due to \\\"illegal actions of unknown people\\\",\n        it could not arrange for the \\\"preparation and conduct of elections\\\" in six\n        constituencies in the [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast]]s.[http://www.euronews.com/2014/05/18/fighting-rages-in-east-ukraine-as-talks-continue/\n        Fighting rages in East Ukraine as talks continue], [[Euronews]] (18 May 2014)
[http://www.voanews.com/content/security-fears-mount-over-ukraine-vote/1916650.html\n        At Ukraine Peace Talks, Eastern Leaders Assail Central Government ], [[VOA]]\n        (17 May 2014)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/17/7025615\n        CEC: Elections in Donetsk and Luhansk region becomes increasingly difficult],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (17 May 2014) According to the CEC, members of\n        district election commissions there had received threats to their own personal\n        safety and to that of their families. The CEC warned\n        that two million people in the two [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces), about 5.6% of Ukraine''s approximately 36 million eligible voters,\n        could be deprived of their right to vote if the situation there did not improve.{{#tag:ref|[[Donetsk Oblast]] houses 3.3 million eligible\n        voters (9.3% of Ukraine''s total eligible electorate); [[Luhansk Oblast]]\n        houses 1.8 million (5% of the total). In\n        [[Crimea]] (1.8 million eligible voters, comprising 5.1% of Ukraine''s total\n        eligible electorate), there was no voting, due to its [[Annexation of Crimea\n        by the Russian Federation|annexation by Russia]].|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|25.5\n        million Ukrainians voted in the second round of the [[Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2010|2010 presidential election]].[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/18/is-ukraine-ready-to-vote/\n        Is Ukraine ready to vote?], [[Washington Post]] (18 May 2014)|group=nb}}\n        On 22 May, the work of eighteen of the thirty-four election commissions in\n        Donetsk{{#tag:ref|In western Donetsk, where paramilitary groups helped to\n        suppress separatist activity, the vote went ahead as normal.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/23/russia-ukraine-vote-vladimir-putin-president\n        Russia will recognise outcome of Ukraine poll, says Vladimir Putin], [[The\n        Guardian]] (23 May 2014)|group=nb}} and Luhansk Oblasts had been stopped\n        fully or partially by representatives of the [[self-proclaimed]] [[Donetsk\n        People''s Republic]] and [[Lugansk People''s Republic]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/206079.html\n        Eighteen of thirty-four district election commissions in Donetsk and Luhansk\n        regions captured \\u2013 CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (22 May 2014) By\n        23 May, this number had increased to twenty of the thirty-four.[http://www.unian.info/politics/921034-20-out-of-34-decs-remain-blocked-by-terrorists-in-donetsk-and-luhansk-oblast-cec.html\n        20 out of 34 DECs remain blocked by terrorists in Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast\n        \\u2013 CEC], [[UNIAN]] (23 May 2014) The Committee of Voters of Ukraine\n        predicted on 23 May that, due to  \\\"ongoing acts of terrorism and armed insurgency\\\",\n        10% of the Ukrainian population would be unable to vote.{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/vybory-2014/vybory-prezidenta/lishe-tretina-viborciv-donbasu-zmozhut-progolosuvati-25-travnya-eksperti-351172.html\n        |title=\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u043e\\u0436\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        25 \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua |publisher=Tsn.ua |date=23 May 2014}}{{#tag:ref|According\n        to the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, \\\"most of the election committees are\n        now meeting underground, and there have been a lot of kidnappings and threats\\\".|group=nb}} On the same day, the leader of the Lugansk\n        People''s Republic advised citizens not to go to the polls to vote, warning\n        of possible provocative \\\"explosions\\\" set by Ukrainian military.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026280/ |title=\\u041b\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432 '''\\u041b\\u041d\\u0420'''\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u0443\\u0454 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=}}\\n\\n===Simultaneous mayoral elections===\\nOn\n        25 May 2014, [[Ukrainian local elections, 2014|27 mayoral elections]] were\n        also held, including those in [[Odessa local election,\n        2014|Odessa]] and [[Kiev local election, 2014|Kiev]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198450.html\n        sushko to compete for post of Odesa mayor], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (29 March\n        2014)[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192688.html\n        Parliament sets elections for Kyiv mayor and Kyiv City Council deputies for\n        May 25], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (25 February 2014)\\n\\n===Russian reaction===\\nInitially\n        Russia opposed rescheduling the election because the Russian government considered\n        the removal of then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] illegal and his temporary\n        successors an \\\"illegitimate [[Military junta|junta]]\\\".[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/07/world/europe/ukraine.html?_r=0\n        As Ukrainian Election Looms, Western Powers and Russia Campaign for Influence],\n        [[New York Times]] (6 May 2014) But on 7 May 2014 [[Russian President]]\n        [[Vladimir Putin]] stated the election would be a step \\\"in the right direction\\\"\n        but that the vote would decide nothing unless the rights of \\\"all citizens\\\"\n        were protected.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27314816 Ukraine\n        crisis: Russia''s Putin ''backs 25 May election''], [[BBC News]] (7 May 2014)\n        At the [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum]] on 23 May 2014, Putin\n        appeared to further move away from Russia''s initial position by announcing\n        that Russia would respect the outcome of the elections in Ukraine and was\n        ready to work with whoever won the presidency.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27542057\n        Russia''s Vladimir Putin ''to respect'' Ukraine vote], [[BBC News]] (23 May)\\n\\nThe\n        US and [[European Union]] vowed early May 2014 that they would impose further\n        [[List of individuals sanctioned during the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|sanctions\n        against Russia]] (sanctions have been in place against Russia since the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]][http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26613567 Ukraine\n        crisis: EU and US impose sanctions over Crimea], [[BBC News]] (17 March 2014))\n        if it disrupted the election. However, unlike previous sanctions which were\n        limited to individuals and companies, the third stage is set to target entire\n        sectors of the Russian economy.[http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/obama-merkel-more-sanctions-if-russia-disrupts-election-n95731\n        Obama, Merkel: More Sanctions If Russia Disrupts Election], [[NBC News]] (2\n        May 2014) Earlier the USA and the EU had accused Russia of destabilising\n        Ukraine by stoking the [[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|2014 pro-Russian\n        rebellion]] in [[Eastern Ukraine]], a charge Russia has denied.\\n[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/05/west-warns-russia-not-disrupt-kiev-polls-201451513460138259.html\n        West warns Russia not to disrupt Kiev polls], [[Al Jazeera English]] (16 May\n        2014)\\n\\n\\n==Electoral system==\\nThe term of office for the Ukrainian\n        president is five years.{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2011/02/2/5870436/\n        \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0443 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (2 February 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/96077/\n        Parliament sets parliamentary elections for October 2012, presidential elections\n        for February 2014], [[Kyiv Post]] (1 February 2011)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/96081/\n        Ukraine sets parliamentary vote for October 2012], [[Kyiv Post]] (1 February\n        2011) If no candidate had obtained an absolute majority in the first\n        round, then the two highest polling candidates would have contested a [[Two-round\n        system|run-off]] second ballot on 15 June 2014.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8460978.stm Q&A: Ukraine presidential\n        election], [[BBC News]] (7 February 2010)\\n\\n===Information technology\n        framework for electoral monitoring -- Elections 2014===\\n[[Arsen Avakov (politician)|Arsen\n        Avakov]]{{who|date=April 2016}} underlined the importance of Elections 2014\n        a new IT elections monitoring system  ({{lang-uk|}}\\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        2014\\\"), that allowed voters to track the progress of the elections in real\n        time, potentially increasing transparency, and avoiding the post-election\n        disturbances seen in prior Ukrainian elections.{{cite web|url=http://www.avakov.com/news/?year=2014&news_id=4715|script-title=ru:\\u0413\\u0435\\u043e\\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 \\u041c\\u0412\\u0414 \\\"\\u0412\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        2014\\\". \\u0410\\u0440\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d \\u0410\\u0432\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=Geoinformation\n        system Ministry of Internal Affairs \\\"Elections 2014\\\". Arsen Avakov|language=ru|date=22\n        May 2014|deadurl=unfit|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525065954/http://www.avakov.com/news/?year=2014&news_id=4715|archivedate=25\n        May 2014}} On 22 May 2014, three days before the election, hacker group\n        [[CyberBerkut]]announced that it had compromised the primary servers of the\n        Central Election Commission and stolen passwords from the servers.{{cite\n        news|title=CyberBerkut announces destruction of electronic system of Ukraine''s\n        Central Election Commission|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_05_23/CyberBerkut-announces-destruction-of-electronic-system-of-Ukraines-Central-Election-Commission-5809/|newspaper=Voice\n        of Russia}}{{cite news|title=Pro-Russian Hackers Attack Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|url=http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/cyberberkut-hackers-attack-central-election-commission-of-ukraine-146180}}{{cite\n        news|title=Ukraine: Electoral committee cyber-virus ''liquidated'' \\u2013\n        SBU chief|url=http://www.frequency.com/video/ukraine-electoral-committee-cyber-virus/170501391/-/5-15954222}}\n        As well, the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] investigated the servers and\n        discovered a that would have destroyed election results.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026217/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0411\\u0423 \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441, \\u0449\\u043e \\u043c\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0449\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=23 May 2014}} On election day, authorities\n        arrested a group of hackers with specialized equipment in Kiev. They had been\n        attempting to rig the election.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/authorities-hackers-foiled-in-bid-to-rig-ukraine-presidential-election-results-349288.html\n        |title=Authorities: Hackers foiled in bid to rig Ukraine presidential election\n        results |publisher= |date= |accessdate=28 May 2014}}\\n\\n==Candidates==\\n21\n        candidates took part in the elections; seven of them had been nominated by\n        [[Political parties in Ukraine|political parties]], 15 were self-nominees.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/199103.html Twenty-three\n        candidates to run for Ukraine''s presidency], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (3 April\n        2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/916897-v-izbiratelnom-byulletene-ostaetsya-21-kandidat-na-post-prezidenta-magera.html\n        |title=\\u0412 \\u0438\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        21 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\n        : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d\n        |publisher=Unian.net |date=}} A total of 18 candidates ran for president\n        in [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010]]. Before\n        7 April 2014, four [[Party of Regions]] members were running for election,\n        but on 7 April 2014 the political council of the party expelled the presidential\n        candidates [[Serhiy Tihipko]], [[Oleg Tsarov|Oleh Tsarov]] and [[Yuriy Boiko]]\n        from the party. On 29 March a Party of Regions convention supported [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]]''s nomination as a presidential candidate.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/199490.html\n        Ukraine''s Party of Regions expels presidential hopefuls Tigipko, Tsariov\n        and Boiko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (7 April 2014)\\n\\nCandidates were able\n        to nominate themselves at the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] from\n        25 February 2014 until 30 March 2014. The last date for registering candidates\n        was 4 April 2014.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198540.html\n        CEC registers seven more presidential candidates, including Poroshenko, Tymoshenko],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (31 March 2014){{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/197738.html|title=President\n        of All-Ukrainian Jewish Congress Rabynovych to register as presidential candidate|publisher=En.interfax.com.ua|date=25\n        March 2014}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192454.html\n        Nomination of presidential candidates in Ukraine to begin on February 25,\n        says CEC head], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (24 February 2014) Candidates needed\n        to submit a full package of documents and a 2.5 million [[hryvnia]] deposit.\\n\\n===Registered candidates===\\n* [[Olha Bohomolets]] ([[Independent\n        (politician)|independent]]) (supported by the [[Socialist\n        Party of Ukraine]])[http://www.spu.in.ua/uk/news2/1/14930 At the presidential\n        elections SPU will support Olha Bohomolets]. [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]].\n        4 April 2014\\n* [[Yuriy Boyko]] (self-nominated)\\n*\n        [[Mykhailo Dobkin]] ([[Party of Regions]])\\n* [[Andriy\n        Hrynenko]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n* [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]] ([[Civil Position]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/1/7021027/ |title=\\u0426\\u0412\\u041a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0422\\u044f\\u0433\\u043d\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0449\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0445 |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=}}\\n* [[Valeriy\n        Konovalyuk]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n*\n        [[Vasyl Kuybida]] ([[People''s Movement of Ukraine]])\\n*\n        [[Renat Kuzmin]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n*\n        [[Oleh Lyashko]] ([[Radical Party (Ukraine)|Radical Party]])\\n*\n        [[Mykola Malomuzh]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n*\n        [[Petro Poroshenko]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\n        (supported by [[UDAR]])\\n* [[Vadym Rabynovych]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n* [[Volodymyr Saranov]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n* [[Serhiy Tihipko]] (self-nominated)\n        (supported by the [[Strong Ukraine]])\\n* [[Oleh Tyahnybok]] ([[Svoboda (political\n        party)|Svoboda]])\\n* [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] ([[All-Ukrainian\n        Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]])\\n* [[Dmytro Yarosh]]\n        ([[Right Sector]], self-nominated)\\n\\n===Withdrawn candidates===\\n\\n====Before\n        deadline====\\n* [[Natalia Korolevska]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]]),\n        withdrew from race on 1 May.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/203141.html\n        Korolevska withdraws her presidential bid \\u2013 CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (1 May 2014)\\n* [[Oleg Tsaryov|Oleh Tsarov]] (self-nominated), withdrew\n        from race on 29 April.[http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraines-pro-russian-candidate-quits-presidential-race/25366951.html\n        Ukraine''s Pro-Russian Candidate Quits Presidential Race ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio\n        Liberty]] (29 April 2014)\\n\\n====After deadline====\\n\\n* [[Zoryan Shkiryak]]\n        ([[Independent (politician)|independent]]), withdrew from race on 10 May.[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/shkiryak_pid_chas_debativ_znyavsya_z_viboriv_1937258\n        Shkiryak during debates withdrew from elections]. [[Ukrinform]]. 10 May 2014\\n*\n        [[Petro Symonenko]] ([[Communist Party of Ukraine]]), withdrew from race on\n        16 May.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/communist-leader-symonenko-withdraws-his-candidacy-from-presidential-race-348211.html\n        Communist leader Symonenko withdraws his candidacy from presidential race],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (16 May 2014){{cite web|url = http://www.unian.net/politics/918888-simonenko-snyalsya-s-vyiborov.html|title\n        = \\u0421\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e \\u0441\\u043d\\u044f\\u043b\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0441 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432|date = |accessdate = |website\n        = \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d|publisher = |last = |first = }}\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Ivanovych Klymenko|Oleksandr Klymenko]] ([[Ukrainian People''s\n        Party]]), withdrew his candidacy on May 18 \\\"to support [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n        as the sole representative of the [[national democratic]] forces\\\".{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/18/7025665/ Out of the presidential\n        race fell out another candidate], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (18 May 2014)\\n*\n        [[Vasyl Tsushko]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]]), withdrew from\n        race on 22 May.{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/cushko-snimaetsya-s-vyborov-522504.html\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u043e \\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0441 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 |publisher=Segodnya.ua |date=}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] was\n        unable to remove from the ballot the names of candidates who withdrew from\n        the race after the deadline of 1 May 2014.{{uk icon}}\n        [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/17/7025648/ Simonenko left the ballot],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (17 May 2014){{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/zoryan-shkiryak-prosit-ne-golosovat-za-nego-519341.html\n        Zoryan Shkiryak withdrew from the presidential race], [[Segodnya]] (10 May\n        2014)\\n\\n===Rejected candidates===\\nThe Central Election Commission\n        rejected some applications for candidate registration early in the process.\n        It refused to register O. Burnashova, V. Marynych, A. Makhlai, A. Kucheryavenko,\n        V. Chopei, L. Rozhnova, L. Maksymenko, D. Myroshnychenko, P. Rekal, T. Onopriyuk,\n        and Z. Abbasov.{{cite web|author=''+ a.html() +'' |url=http://tvi.ua/new/2014/03/04/cvk_vidmovyla_u_reyestraciyi_pershomu_kandydatu_na_posadu_prezydenty\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0412\\u041a \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0443 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430 |publisher=Tvi.ua\n        |date=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/cik-otkazal-v-registracii-dvum-kandidatam-v-prezidenty-ukrainy-503270.html\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b \\u0432\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u043c\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b |publisher=Segodnya.ua |date=}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.day.kiev.ua/ru/news/100314-dvum-licam-otkazano-v-registracii-na-post-prezidenta\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0414\\u0432\\u0443\\u043c \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0432 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        |language=ru |publisher=Day.kiev.ua |date=7 October 2011}}{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e: rada2012 |url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/3340600-tsyk-zarehystryrovala-boiko-kandydatom-v-prezydenty\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u0437\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0439\\u043a\\u043e \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b |publisher=Korrespondent.net\n        |date=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/news/news_28032014.htm\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0412\\u041a \\u0437\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0443\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438 |publisher=Cvk.gov.ua\n        |date=28 March 2014}} On 3 April 2014 the CEC rejected a further three\n        candidates: a man named [[Darth Vader]], Evhen Terekhov, and Yuriy Ivanitsky.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/903794-tsik-ne-pustila-na-prezidentskie-vyiboryi-darta-veydera-i-esche-dvoih-kandidatov.html\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b \\u0414\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0412\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u0435\\u0449\\u0435 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d\n        |publisher=Unian.net |date=}}\\n\\nOn 29 March 2014, [[Vitali Klitschko]]\n        ([[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform|UDAR]]) endorsed [[Petro Poroshenko]],[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198348.html\n        Klitschko believes only presidential candidate from democratic forces should\n        be Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (29 March 2014) and announced he\n        would run for [[Mayor of Kiev]] in the [[Kiev local election, 2014|local election]]\n        taking place alongside the presidential election.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/03/29/7020706/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u043b\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u0438\\u0432.\n        \\u0419\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0443 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198350.html\n        Klitschko will run for mayor of Kyiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (29 March 2014)\\n\\n==Opinion\n        polls==\\n{{main|Opinion polling for the Ukrainian presidential election, 2014}}\\n\\n==International\n        observers==\\nThe [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (CEC) had registered\n        543 international official observers on 2 May 2014.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/203200.html\n        CEC registers 543 international official observers for presidential elections],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (2 May 2014) On 23 May (two days before the election)\n        this number had risen to 3,607 (CEC had completed the registration of observers\n        on 19 May but on 23 May had allowed 823 members of the observer organization\n        European Platform for Democratic Elections).{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026284/\n        In Ukraine will come three thousand observers], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (23\n        May 2014) Among others [[OSCE]]''s [[Office for Democratic Institutions\n        and Human Rights]], OSCE''s [[OSCE Parliamentary Assembly|Parliamentary Assembly]],\n        the [[Ukrainian World Congress]] and the United States sent observers. OSCE deployed 100 long-term observers and 900 short-term\n        observers.[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dde01232-e28f-11e3-ba64-00144feabdc0.html#axzz32eC94qZP\n        Ukraine officials battle \\u2018chaos\\u2019 in east as rebels target election],\n        [[The Financial Times]] (23 May 2014) On 9 May 2014 [[Assistant Secretary\n        of State for European and Eurasian Affairs|U.S. Assistant Secretary for European\n        and Eurasian Affairs]] [[Victoria Nuland]] stated her country would support\n        255 long-term and more than 3,300 short-term observers.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/204188.html\n        US to provide support to several thousands of observers at Ukrainian elections\n        \\u2013 Nuland], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (9 May 2014) Russia did not send\n        observers.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/206185.html Russia\n        will not send its observers to Ukraine election \\u2013 Kremlin official],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (23 May 2014) Other [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] members also did not send observers; because Ukraine had not sent\n        an invitation to the [[Commonwealth of Independent States#Controversial election\n        observation mission|CIS Election Monitoring Organisation]].{{uk icon}}\n        [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026190 Observers from the CIS on\n        elections in Ukraine will not be \\u2013 Executive Committee], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (23 May 2014)\\n\\n==Results==\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0432\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2014 \\u043f\\u043e \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\\u0445.PNG|thumb|Turnout\n        by region]]\\n\\nPetro Poroshenko won the elections with 54.7% of the votes,\n        when excluding the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts that have 6.6 million residents. His closest competitor was [[Yulia Tymoshenko]],\n        who emerged with 12.81% of the votes.\n        The [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]]\n        reported voter turnout at over 60% excluding those regions not under government\n        control. In the [[Donbass]]\n        region of Ukraine only 20% of the ballot stations were open due to threats\n        and violence by [[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|pro-Russia separatists]]. Of the 2,430 planned ballot stations (in Donbass) only 426\n        remained open for polling.[https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304811904579583413180447156\n        Poroshenko Declares Victory in Ukraine Presidential Election], [[The Wall\n        Street Journal]] (25 May 2014)\\n\\nExit polls had also predicted that\n        Poroshenko won the election outright{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27569057\n        | title=Petro Poroshenko claims Ukraine presidency | work=BBC | date=25 May\n        2014| accessdate=26 May 2014}} with over 55.9% of the votes,\\n{{Ukrainian presidential election, 2014}}\\n\\n==Reactions==\\nDespite\n        [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014#Russian reaction|Russia''s earlier\n        protest at rescheduling the election]] and the general tense relation between\n        the countries at the time because of the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian\n        Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and the [[Russian military intervention\n        in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)|Russian military intervention in Ukraine]],\n        [[Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] recognised the vote.{{cite web | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/05/26/u-s-lauds-ukraine-election-amid-hopes-for-easing-standoff/\n        | title=U.S. Lauds Ukraine Election Amid Hopes for Easing Standoff | work=The\n        Wall Street Journal | date=26 May 2014| accessdate=27 May 2014| author=Talley,\n        Ian}}\\n\\nThe leaders of the [[self-proclaimed]] [[Donetsk People''s\n        Republic]] and [[Lugansk People''s Republic]], controlling large parts of\n        the [[Donbass]] region of [[Eastern Ukraine]], declared that the regions had\n        made already their choice shown in the results of the status referendum of\n        11 March.\\n\\n[[US President]] [[Barack Obama]] congratulated\n        Petro Poroshenko with his victory by telephone 2 days after the election.[https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304811904579588171670090480\n        Obama Calls Ukrainian President-Elect Poroshenko With Congratulations], [[The\n        Wall Street Journal]] (27 May 2014) This was also done by [[President\n        of the European Commission]] [[Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Barroso]] and [[President\n        of the European Parliament|European Parliament President]] [[Martin Schulz]]\n        and other [[EU]] leaders such as [[German Chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]] and\n        [[French President]] [[Fran\\u00e7ois Hollande]].[http://enpi-info.eu/maineast.php?id=37402&id_type=1&lang_id=450\n        Ukraine: EU leaders congratulate Poroshenko and praise elections held against\n        the odds], [[European Union Association Agreement|ENPI Info Centre]] (27 May\n        2014)[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine-abroad/wall-street-journal-merkel-congratulates-ukraines-poroshenko-on-election-win-349628.html\n        Wall Street Journal: Merkel congratulates Ukraine''s Poroshenko on election\n        win], [[Kyiv Post]] (27 May 2014)\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{Reflist|group=nb}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{Official website|http://www.cvk.gov.ua/}}\\n\\n{{2014 presidential\n        election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian elections}}\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n{{Euromaidan}}\\n{{2014\n        pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Presidential elections in Ukraine|2014]]\\n[[Category:2014\n        elections in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Euromaidan]]\\n[[Category:Snap elections]]\\n[[Category:2014\n        pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:May 2014 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T08:07:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":793955568,\"length\":53207,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2014\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2014&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2014\"},\"51557631\":{\"pageid\":51557631,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2019\",\"index\":20,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T20:57:18Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{sources|date=August\n        2017}}\\n{{Politics of Ukraine}}\\n\\n''''''Presidential\n        elections'''''' are expected to be held in [[Ukraine]] on 31 March 2019.http://www.president.gov.ua/ua/documents/constitution/konstituciya-ukrayini-rozdil-v[http://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/op-ed/timothy-ash-ukraine-may-not-have-had-its-last-revolution-410998.html\n        Timothy Ash: Ukraine may not have had its last revolution] Kyiv Post, 30 March\n        2016\\n\\n==Electoral system==\\nThe [[President of Ukraine]] is elected\n        every five years using the [[two-round system]] if a candidate can not capture\n        more than 50% of the vote in the first round.{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-talks-set-to-open-without-pro-russian-separatists/2014/05/14/621dbc6a-c7d9-40bc-b2e5-814a4108bbef_story.html|title=Ukraine\n        talks set to open without pro-Russian separatists|newspaper=[[The Washington\n        Post]]|date=14 May 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528213228/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-talks-set-to-open-without-pro-russian-separatists/2014/05/14/621dbc6a-c7d9-40bc-b2e5-814a4108bbef_story.html|archivedate=28\n        May 2014|df=dmy-all}}
{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8460978.stm\n        |title=Q&A: Ukraine presidential election |publisher=BBC News |date=7 February\n        2010 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |deadurl=no |archivedate=29 April 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045939/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8460978.stm\n        |df=dmy }}
{{cite web|publisher=[[Radio Ukraine International]] |accessdate=29\n        May 2014 |url=http://nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/566632/ |title=Poroshenko wins presidential\n        election with 54.7% of vote \\u2013 CEC |date=29 May 2014 |archivedate=29 May\n        2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529212731/http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/566632/\n        |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
{{cite news|publisher=\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\n        |url=http://telegraf.com.ua/ukraina/politika/1300294-rezultatyi-vyiborov-prezidenta-ukrainyi-2014-tsik-obrabotala-51-99.html\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0412\\u043d\\u0435\\u043e\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b |trans_title=Results election of\n        Ukrainian president |date=29 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |language=ru\n        |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529233925/http://telegraf.com.ua/ukraina/politika/1300294-rezultatyi-vyiborov-prezidenta-ukrainyi-2014-tsik-obrabotala-51-99.html\n        |archivedate=29 May 2014 |df=dmy }}{{cite\n        news|date=22 May 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989 |title=Ukraine\n        elections: Runners and risks |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527092109/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989\n        |archivedate=27 May 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html\n        |title=New Ukrainian president will be elected for 5-year term \\u2013 Constitutional\n        Court |date=16 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121006/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html\n        |archivedate=17 May 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} Candidates should be\n        [[Ukrainian citizenship|Ukrainian citizens]] who have residence in Ukraine\n        for the past ten years prior to election day.[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-saakashvili-citizenship-idUSKBN1AB2DG\n        Ukraine president strips one-time ally Saakashvili of citizenship], [[Reuters]]\n        (26 July 2017)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171819.html Vitali\n        Klitschko says intends to run for president in Ukraine], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171794.html Parliament\n        passes law that could prevent Klitschko from running for president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013)
{{cite news|title=Exile in Brooklyn, With an Eye on Georgia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/20/world/europe/mikheil-saakashvili-georgias-ex-president-plots-return-from-williamsburg-brooklyn.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=19 September 2014|accessdate=20 September 2014}}[https://www.rferl.org/a/saakashvili-return-ukraine-gerogia-citizenship/28680481.html\n        Saakashvili Says He Plans To Return To Ukraine Next Month], [[Radio Free Europe]]\n        (August 16, 2017)\\n\\n==Possible candidates==\\n* [[Petro Poroshenko]]:\n        current President of Ukraine, Businessman\\n* [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]: former\n        prime minister of Ukraine (2005; 2007-2010)\\n* [[Andriy Sadovyi]]: Mayor of\n        [[Lviv]]\\n* [[Volodymyr Groysman]]: \\u0441urent prime minister of Ukraine\n        (2016-)\\n* [[Vadim Rabinovich]]: People''s Deputy of Ukraine, Businessman\\n*\n        [[Nadiya Savchenko]]: People''s Deputy of Ukraine, \\u041dero of Ukraine[https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/savchenko-intends-run-president-ukraine.html\n        Savchenko intends to run for president of Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (27 July\n        2017)\\n* [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]]: Minister of Defence of Ukraine (2005-2007)\\n*\n        [[Oleh Tyahnybok]]: Leader of the All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Svoboda\\\"\\n* [[Oleh\n        Lyashko]]: People''s Deputy of Ukraine\\n* [[Yuriy Boyko]]: People''s Deputy\n        of Ukraine\\n* [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]]: former prime minister of Ukraine (2014-2016)\\n\\n==Opinion\n        polls==\\n{{main|Opinion polling for the Ukrainian presidential election, 2019}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/ Central Election Commission]\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        elections}}\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:2019 elections in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Presidential\n        elections in Ukraine|2019]]\\n[[Category:March 2019 events]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T20:57:18Z\",\"lastrevid\":798599813,\"length\":7356,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2019\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2019&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2019\"},\"43829679\":{\"pageid\":43829679,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential inauguration\",\"index\":35,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-02T18:26:33Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        ''''''inauguration of the president of Ukraine'''''' is a ceremony that takes\n        place to mark the start of a new term for a newly elected [[president of Ukraine]].\\n\\n==List\n        of inaugural ceremonies==\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !!\n        President !! Location{{Ref|parliament|Place}} !! Oath Administered\n        by{{Ref|oathadministered|Oath}} !! Document Sworn On !! Notes\\n|-\\n||\n        December 5, 1991 || [[Leonid Kravchuk]] ||[[Verkhovna Rada building|National\n        Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Unknown||Closed [[Act of Independence\n        of Ukraine|Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of the Ukrainian SSR]]{{Ref|constitution|Constitution}} ||\n        \\n|-\\n|| July 19, 1994 || [[Leonid Kuchma]] ||[[Verkhovna Rada building|National\n        Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Unknown||Open [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]\n        || \\n|-\\n|| November 30, 1999 || [[Leonid Kuchma]] ||[[Palace \\\"Ukraine\\\"|Palace\n        of Arts \\\"Ukrayina\\\"]] concert hall
Kiev || Viktor Skomorokha[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/prisyagayu_na_vrnst_ukran_navguratsya_prezidenta_ukrani_leonda_kuchmi_19715\n        Inauguration of the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma]. [[Ukrinform]]. 30\n        November 1999 ||Open [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]] || \\n|-\\n|| January 23, 2005 || [[Viktor Yushchenko]] ||[[Verkhovna\n        Rada building|National Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Mykola Selivon[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2005/01/23/3006380/view_print/\n        Inauguration of Yushchenko]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 23 January 2005\n        ||Closed [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution of Ukraine]]\n        || First time the oath was taken in front of general public[https://web.archive.org/*/http://ukr.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/inauguraciya-prezidentov-ukrainy-torzhestva-kuchmy-eyforiya-yushchenko-i-kazus-yanukovicha-526759.html\n        Inaugurations of presidents of Ukraine]. [[Segodnya]]. 6 June 2014\\n|-\\n||\n        February 25, 2010 || [[Viktor Yanukovych]] ||[[Verkhovna Rada building|National\n        Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Andriy Stryzhak[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/yanukovich_tri_roki_tomu_stav_prezidentom_yak_tse_bulo_video_1800383\n        Three years ago Yanukovych became the President. How it was]. [[Ukrinform]].\n        25 February 2013||Closed [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]] || \\n|-\\n|| June 7, 2014 || [[Petro Poroshenko]] ||[[Verkhovna\n        Rada building|National Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Yuriy Baulin''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140915132045/http://www.unian.ua/politics/926462-vidbulasya-inavguratsiya-pyatogo-prezidenta-ukrajini-kurs-na-es-i-mirniy-plan-dlya-donbasu.html\n        Took place a inauguration of the Fifth President of Ukraine]''''. [[UNIAN]].\n        7 June 2014 ||Closed [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]] || \\n|}\\n\\n==List of historical inaugurations==\\n===[[Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !! Hetman !! Location{{Ref|parliament|Place}}\n        !! Oath Administered by{{Ref|oathadministered|Oath}} !! Document\n        Sworn On !! Notes\\n|-\\n|| April 29, 1918 || [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] ||[[Saint\n        Sophia''s Cathedral, Kiev|Saint Sophia''s Cathedral]]
Kiev || [[Nicodemus\n        (Krotkov)|Nicodemus]]|| Unknown|| \\n|}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n[[File:Peresopnytske\n        Gospel.jpg|thumb|Pages on which took an oath [[Leonid Kuchma]]]]\\n*{{Note|parliament|(Place)}}\n        \\\"at a ceremonial meeting of the [[Supreme Council of Ukraine]]\\\" (Article\n        104, [[Constitution of Ukraine]])\\n*{{Note|oathadministered|(Oath)}}\n        the Chairperson of the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] (Article 104, [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]])\\n*{{Note|constitution|(Constitution)}} marked\n        as Constitution of Ukraine\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{commons category|Ukrainian presidential inaugurations}}\\n* Mykosyanchyk,\n        O. ''''[https://web.archive.org/*/http://vidido.ua/index.php/pogliad/article/jak_prisjagali_narodu_prezidenti_ukraini/\n        How swore to people presidents of Ukraine]''''. Vid i Do. 7 June 2014\\n* [https://web.archive.org/*/http://gazeta.ua/articles/history/_kurjozi-traplyalisya-v-inavguraciyi-prezidentiv-ukrayini-vid-kravchuka-do-anukovicha/562587\n        Videos of Inaugurations]. Gazeta in Ukrainian. 7 June 2014\\n* Removska, O.\n        ''''[https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1967831.html\n        Traditions of inauguration of presidents of Ukraine]''''. [[Radio Liberty]].\n        25 February 2014\\n* Nahorna, N. ''''[http://tsn.ua/politika/pompeznosti-pid-chas-inavguraciyi-pochalisya-z-kuchmi-a-pered-yanukovichem-zachinilisya-dveri-353429.html\n        Inauguration of presidents]''''. Television Service of News (TSN). 7 June\n        2014\\n* Pashchenko, V. ''''[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/inavguratsiya_poroshenka_yakoyu_vona_bude_1944805\n        Inauguration of Poroshenko: which will it be?]'''' [[Ukrinform]]. 5 June 2014\\n*\n        Shafran, T. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140917173256/http://www.sde.org.ua/zmi/zlus/item/2414-pavlo-skoropadskyj-ostannij-getman-ukrajiny.html\n        Pavlo Skoropadsky: the last hetman of Ukraine]''''. [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church]] website. May 2013\\n\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Presidential Inauguration}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian presidential inaugurations|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian presidential succession]]\\n[[Category:Presidency\n        of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ceremonies in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-18T12:47:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":747495917,\"length\":5413,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_inauguration\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_inauguration&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_inauguration\"},\"35492624\":{\"pageid\":35492624,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        records in Olympic weightlifting\",\"index\":47,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-03T13:03:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        following are the national records in [[Olympic weightlifting]] in [[Ukraine]].\n        Records are maintained in each [[weight class]] for the [[snatch (weightlifting)|snatch]]\n        lift, [[clean and jerk]] lift, and the total for both lifts by the [[Ukrainian\n        Weightlifting Federation]].\\n\\n==Men==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=9%|Event\\n!width=6%|Record\\n!width=18%|Athlete\\n!width=14%|Date\\n!width=18%|Meet\\n!width=20%|Place\\n!width=3%|Ref\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-56 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|125 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|21 June 2000\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|153 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Likhvald]]\\n|21\n        June 2000\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|277.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|21 June 2000\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-62 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|135\n        kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Likhvald]]\\n|12 June 2001\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean & Jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|162.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|292.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-69 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|155 kg\\n|[[Yuriy Lavrenyuk]]\\n|September\n        2001\\n|European Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Kalmar]], Sweden\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        & Jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|180 kg\\n|[[Vasyl Kovalchuk (weightlifter)|Vasyl\n        Kovalchuk]]\\n|2002\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|325\n        kg\\n|[[Yuriy Lavrenyuk]]\\n|September 2001\\n|European Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|SWE}}\n        [[Kalmar]], Sweden\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-77 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|165\n        kg\\n|[[Dmytro Hnidenko]]\\n|1999\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|192.5 kg\\n|[[Dmytro Hnidenko]]\\n|25 November\n        1999\\n|[[1999 World Weightlifting Championships \\u2013 Men''s 77 kg|World\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], Greece\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|355\n        kg\\n|[[Dmytro Hnidenko]]\\n|1999\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-85 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|177 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Pielieshenko]]\\n|24 May 2017\\n|Ukrainian Universiade\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mykolaiv]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|211 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Pielieshenko]]\\n|6\n        April 2017\\n|[[2017 European Weightlifting Championships#Men''s 85 kg|European\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split (city)|Split]], Croatia\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Men''s 85kg Results|url=http://www.ewfed.com/2017/Split/Results/85Mkg.pdf|work=[[European\n        Weightlifting Federation|EWF]]|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=8 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|386\n        kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Pielieshenko]]\\n|6 April 2017\\n|[[2017 European Weightlifting\n        Championships#Men''s 85 kg|European Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split\n        (city)|Split]], Croatia\\n|{{cite web|title=Men''s 85kg Results|url=http://www.ewfed.com/2017/Split/Results/85Mkg.pdf|work=[[European\n        Weightlifting Federation|EWF]]|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=8 April 2017}}\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-94 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|190 kg\\n|[[Artem Ivanov\n        (weightlifter)|Artem Ivanov]]\\n|27 April 2012\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|230\n        kg\\n|[[Artem Ivanov (weightlifter)|Artem Ivanov]]\\n|27 April 2012\\n|Ukrainian\n        Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|420\n        kg\\n|[[Artem Ivanov (weightlifter)|Artem Ivanov]]\\n|27 April 2012\\n|Ukrainian\n        Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-105 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|200 kg\\n|[[Ihor Razoronov]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|243 kg\\n|[[Denys\n        Hotfrid]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|440\n        kg\\n|[[Denys Hotfrid]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|+105 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|208 kg\\n|[[Ihor Shymechko]]\\n|12\n        September 2009\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Luhansk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|252.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksiy Kolokoltsev]]\\n|2003\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|447.5 kg\\n|[[Artem\n        Udachyn]]\\n|2003\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n==Women==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=9%|Event\\n!width=6%|Record\\n!width=18%|Athlete\\n!width=14%|Date\\n!width=18%|Meet\\n!width=20%|Place\\n!width=3%|Ref\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|48 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|84 kg\\n|[[Iana Diachenko]]\\n|July\n        2013\\n|U23 Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|99 kg\\n|[[Iana Diachenko]]\\n|July 2013\\n|U23 Ukrainian\n        Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|183\n        kg\\n|[[Iana Diachenko]]\\n|July 2013\\n|U23 Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|53 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|98\n        kg\\n|[[Iulia Paratova]]\\n|17 October 2014\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Horodok, Lviv Oblast|Horodok]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|113\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Trotsenko]]\\n|February 2006\\n|Ukrainian Cup\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Chernihiv]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|211 kg\\n|[[Iulia\n        Paratova]]\\n|17 October 2014\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Horodok, Lviv Oblast|Horodok]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|58\n        kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|106 kg{{ref|1|1}}\\n|[[Yuliya Kalina]]\\n|30\n        July 2012\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics \\u2013 Women''s 58\n        kg|Olympic Games]]\\n|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|129 kg{{ref|1|1}}\\n|[[Yuliya Kalina]]\\n|30 July\n        2012\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics \\u2013 Women''s 58 kg|Olympic\n        Games]]\\n|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|235\n        kg{{ref|1|1}}\\n|[[Yuliya Kalina]]\\n|30 July 2012\\n|[[Weightlifting at the\n        2012 Summer Olympics \\u2013 Women''s 58 kg|Olympic Games]]\\n|{{flagicon|GBR}}\n        [[London]], United Kingdom\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|63 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|110\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Skakun]]\\n|18 November 2003\\n|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships\n        \\u2013 Women''s 63 kg|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]],\n        Canada\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|138 kg\\n|[[Nataliya Skakun]]\\n|18\n        November 2003\\n|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships \\u2013 Women''s 63\n        kg|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], Canada\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|247\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Skakun]]\\n|18 November 2003\\n|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships\n        \\u2013 Women''s 63 kg|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]],\n        Canada\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|69 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|116\n        kg\\n|[[Yuliya Artemova]]\\n|March 2012\\n|Ukrainian Cup\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Chernihiv]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|140 kg\\n|[[Vanda Maslovska]]\\n|27\n        September 2003\\n|Russian Grand Prix\\n|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|255\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Davydova]]\\n|2005\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lutsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|75 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|120 kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|6\n        April 2017\\n|[[2017 European Weightlifting Championships#Women''s 75 kg|European\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split (city)|Split]], Croatia\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 75kg Results|url=http://www.ewfed.com/2017/Split/Results/75Wkg.pdf|work=[[European\n        Weightlifting Federation|EWF]]|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=6 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|141 kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|8 December 2016\\n|European\n        Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Eilat]], Israel\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|260\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|8 December 2016\\n|European Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Eilat]], Israel\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|90 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|111\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|25 August 2017\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2017 Summer\n        Universiade|Universiade]]\\n|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[New Taipei City]], Taiwan\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 90kg Results|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/WL/TP2017_WL_C73_WLW090000.pdf|work=2017.taipei|date=25\n        August 2017|accessdate=26 August 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|135\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|25 August 2017\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2017 Summer\n        Universiade|Universiade]]\\n|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[New Taipei City]], Taiwan\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 90kg Results|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/WL/TP2017_WL_C73_WLW090000.pdf|work=2017.taipei|date=25\n        August 2017|accessdate=26 August 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|246\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|25 August 2017\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2017 Summer\n        Universiade|Universiade]]\\n|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[New Taipei City]], Taiwan\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 90kg Results|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/WL/TP2017_WL_C73_WLW090000.pdf|work=2017.taipei|date=25\n        August 2017|accessdate=26 August 2017}}\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|+90\n        kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|135 kg\\n|[[Olha Korobka]]\\n|14 September\n        2011 \\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|165 kg\\n|[[Olha Korobka]]\\n|14 September 2011\n        \\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|300\n        kg\\n|[[Olha Korobka]]\\n|14 September 2011 \\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n*{{note|1|1}} Kalina failed the competition\n        doping re-test in 2016 and the IOC & IWF canceled the results, the UWF however\n        still lists them as records.\\n\\n==References==\\n*{{Cite web|url=http://uwf.in.ua/competition/records/boys/|title=\n        \\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434 \\u0447\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        [Ukrainian records among men]|accessdate=29 March 2017}} {{uk icon}}\\n*{{Cite\n        web|url=http://uwf.in.ua/competition/records/girls/|title= \\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 C\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434 \\u0436\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        [Ukrainian records among women]|accessdate=29 March 2017}} {{uk icon}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n\\n{{Records in Olympic weightlifting}}\\n\\n[[Category:Weightlifting\n        in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:National records in Olympic weightlifting]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T09:28:19Z\",\"lastrevid\":798726110,\"length\":10534,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting\"},\"41350653\":{\"pageid\":41350653,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        records in track cycling\",\"index\":48,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-15T23:02:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        following are the national records in track cycling in [[Ukraine]] maintained\n        by the [[Ukrainian Cycling Federation]].\\n\\n==Men==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        style=\\\"font-size:95%; width: 95%;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Event\\n!Record\\n!Athlete\\n!Date\\n!Meet\\n!Place\\n!Ref\\n|-\\n|[[Track\n        time trial|Flying 200 m time trial]]\\n|9.822\\n|[[Andriy Vynokurov]]\\n|21 October\n        2016\\n|[[2016 UEC European Track Championships \\u2013 Men''s sprint|European\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[V\\u00e9lodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines|Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]],\n        France\\n|{{cite news|title=Men''s Sprint Qualification Results|url=http://europeantrack2016.veloresults.com/pdf/mspt2.pdf|publisher=veloresults.com|date=21\n        October 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time trial|1\n        km time trial]]\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Individual pursuit|4000m individual\n        pursuit]]\\n|4:31.741\\n|[[Volodymyr Fredyuk]]\\n|22 October 2016\\n|[[2016 UEC\n        European Track Championships \\u2013 Men''s individual pursuit|European Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|FRA}}\n        [[V\\u00e9lodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines|Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]],\n        France\\n|{{cite web|title=Men''s Individual Pursuit Qualifying Results|url=http://europeantrack2016.veloresults.com/pdf/mip2.pdf|publisher=veloresults.com|date=22\n        October 2016|accessdate=29 October 2016}}\\n|-\\n|[[Team pursuit|4000m\n        team pursuit]]\\n|4:08.344\\n|\\n|5 December 2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Men''s Team Pursuit Qualifying Result|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006010463FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Tissot\n        Timing|date=5 December 2013|accessdate=18 December 2013}}\\n|}\\n\\n==Women==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"font-size:95%; width: 95%;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Event\\n!Record\\n!Athlete\\n!Date\\n!Meet\\n!Place\\n!Ref\\n|-\\n|[[Track\n        time trial|Flying 200 m time trial]]\\n|11.044\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|13 April\n        2017\\n|[[2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s sprint|World\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], China\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s\n        Sprint Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021163FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|work=Tissot\n        Timing|date=13 April 2017|accessdate=13 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time\n        trial|250 m time trial]] (standing start)\\n|19.551\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|15\n        April 2017\\n|[[2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s\n        500 m time trial|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Velodrome|Hong\n        Kong]]\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s 500m Time Trial Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021264FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=15\n        April 2017|accessdate=15 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time trial|500 m\n        time trial]]\\n|34.337\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|15 April 2017\\n|[[2017 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s 500 m time trial|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}}\n        [[Hong Kong Velodrome|Hong Kong]]\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s 500m Time\n        Trial Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021264FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=15\n        April 2017|accessdate=15 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time trial|500 m\n        time trial]] (sea level)\\n|34.337\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|15 April 2017\\n|[[2017\n        UCI Track Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s 500 m time trial|World\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Velodrome|Hong Kong]]\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 500m Time Trial Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021264FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=15\n        April 2017|accessdate=15 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Team sprint]]\\n|35.505\\n|[[Hanna\n        Solovey]]
[[Olena Tsyos]]\\n|5 December 2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s Team Sprint Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006021601FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Tissot\n        Timing|date=5 December 2013|accessdate=6 December 2013}}\\n|-\\n|[[Individual\n        pursuit|3000m individual pursuit]]\\n|3:32.755\\n|[[Hanna Solovey]]\\n|6 December\n        2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}}\n        [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s 3000m Individual\n        Pursuit Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006021463FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Tissot\n        Timing|date=6 December 2013|accessdate=28 December 2013}}\\n|-\\n|[[Team\n        pursuit|3000m team pursuit]]\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Team pursuit|4000m\n        team pursuit]]\\n|4:34.011\\n|\\n|5 December 2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s Team Pursuit Qualifying Result|url=http://tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006021563FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=5\n        December 2013|accessdate=9 December 2013}}\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{International\n        cycling}}\\n{{Track cycling}}\\n{{Records in track cycling}}\\n\\n[[Category:Track\n        cycling records]]\\n[[Category:Cycle racing in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-07T05:36:20Z\",\"lastrevid\":775599719,\"length\":5070,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_track_cycling\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_records_in_track_cycling&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_track_cycling\"},\"14637635\":{\"pageid\":14637635,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        wreath\",\"index\":37,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T16:08:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[File:Ukrainian\n        girl by Nikolay Rachkov (2nd half 19 c., Chernigov museum).jpg|thumb|A girl\n        wearing a Ukrainian wreath]]\\n[[File:Ukrainian-wreath.jpg|thumb|A lady wearing\n        a Ukrainian [[vyshyvanka]] with a wreath (a 1916 postcard)]]\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        wreath'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0432\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a}}, ''''vinok'''') is\n        a type of [[Wreath (attire)|wreath]] which, in traditional [[Ukrainian culture]],\n        is worn by girls and young unmarried women.  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From the wreath''s direction, the girl could tell whom she\n        would marry:  if the wreath stayed in one spot and did not float down the\n        water, she would not marry; if it went under, she would die; if the candle\n        went out, misfortune would follow. The young men would dive into the water,\n        trying to retrieve the vinok of the girl each loved. One of the ritual Kupala\n        songs says, \\\"Who will catch the wreath will catch the girl, who will get\n        the wreath will become mine.\\\"  It dates back to pre-Christian\n        times when it was thought that the headdress would protect girls from evil\n        spirits.  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''''Ucraniano-argentinos''''\\n|poptime  =  300,000-500,000[http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx,\n        Ucrania.com] {{es icon}}\\n\\n0.75-1% of Argentina''s population\\n| image     =\n        [[Image:Ukrainianobera2.JPG|270px]]
Ukrainian Argentines in parade\n        in [[Misiones Province]]\\n|popplace = Buenos Aires Province, La Pampa\n        Province, Misiones Province, Chaco province, C\\u00f3rdoba Province and Chubut\n        Province\\n|langs    = [[Rioplatense Spanish]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Russian\n        language|Russian]]\\n|rels     = [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian\n        Catholicism]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian Orthodox Church]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Judaism]]\\n|related  =\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian people]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainians\n        in Paraguay|Ukrainian Paraguayans]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Russians in Argentina|Russian\n        Argentines]]\\n}}\\n''''''Ukrainian Argentines'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438}}, ''''Ukrajintsi Arhentyny'''',\n        {{lang-es|Ucranio-argentinos|links=no}}) are [[Argentines|Argentine citizens]]\n        of Ukrainian descent or [[Ukraine]]-born people who reside in [[Argentina]].\n        Ukrainian Argentines are an ethnic minority in [[Argentina]]; although the\n        Argentine census does not provide data on ethnic origins, estimates of the\n        Ukrainian population range from 305,000  to 500,000 people (the latter figure\n        making Ukrainians up to 1% of the total Argentine population).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69|title=Article\\n|accessdate=2007-08-05|work=Ucrania.com|language=Spanish\n        |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928092248/http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69\n         |archivedate = 2007-09-28}} Currently,\n        the main concentrations of Ukrainians in Argentina are in the [[Greater Buenos\n        Aires|Greater]] [[Buenos Aires]] area, with at least 100,000 people of Ukrainian\n        descent, the province of [[Misiones Province|Misiones]]\n        (the historical heartland of Ukrainian immigration to Argentina), with at\n        least 55,000 Ukrainians, and the province of [[Chaco Province|Chaco]] with\n        at least 30,000 Ukrainians.Wasylyk, Mykola (1994). ''''Ukrainians\n        in Argentina'''' (Chapter), in ''''Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World'''',\n        edited by Ann Lencyk Pawliczko, University of Toronto Press: Toronto, pp.\n        420-443{{cite web|url=\\nhttp://www.ualogos.kiev.ua/text.html?id=83&number=55&category=10\n        |title=Argentine-Ukrainians or Ukrainian-Argentines: about two homelands |accessdate=March\n        22, 2007 |author= |last=Hadamer |first=Hans Georg |date=January 25, 2007 |format=\n        |work=Instytut Ukrainoznavstva |language=Ukrainian}}  In [[Misiones\n        Province]] Ukrainians constitute approximately 9% of the province''s total\n        population.  In comparison to Ukrainians in North America,\n        the Ukrainian community in Argentina (as well as in [[Ukrainians of Brazil|Brazil]])\n        tends to be more descended from earlier waves of immigration, is poorer, more\n        rural, has less organizational strength, and is more focused on the Church\n        as the center of cultural identity.Subtelny, Orest. (1988).  ''''Ukraine:\n        a History.'''' University of Toronto Press: Toronto. pg. 566 {{ISBN|0-8020-5808-6}}\n        Most Ukrainian Argentines do not speak the Ukrainian language and have switched\n        to Spanish, although they continue to maintain their ethnic identity.[http://www.homin.ca/news_view.php?category=diaspora&news=4092&lang=ua\n        Ukrainian Echo] From the Life of the Ukrainian Diaspora in Misiones. Ihor\n        Vasylyk. November 6, 2008. (in Ukrainian)\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThere were\n        four waves of Ukrainian [[immigration to Argentina]]: pre-World War I, with\n        about 10,000 to 14,000 immigrants, post-World War I to World War II, including\n        approximately 50,000, post-World War II, with 5,000 immigrants, and the post-[[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] immigration, which is estimated to number approximately 4,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2000/220015.shtml\n        |title=Hola Argentina! |accessdate=March 22, 2007 |author= |last=Kuropas |first=Myron\n        B. |date=May 28, 2000 |work=Ukrainian Weekly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111064900/http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2000/220015.shtml\n        |archivedate=January 11, 2005 }}\\n\\n[[File:Ucranians cropping yerba\n        mate in Tres Capones.jpg|thumb|left| Ukrainians harvesting [[yerba mate]]\n        in Misiones province, 1920]]\\n\\nThe first wave of [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] immigration\n        to Argentina included 12-14 families from [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Eastern\n        Galicia]] (at the time part of [[Austria-Hungary]]) in 1897.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/ukr/library/interview5/hazuda/\n        |title= Interiew with Joseph Hazuda, about the UGCC in Argentina |accessdate=March\n        22, 2007 |author= |last=Yatsiv |first=Ihor |format= |work=[[Ukrainian Greek\n        Catholic Church]] |language=Ukrainian }} When the immigrants arrived\n        in the country, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] sent\n        them to the Misiones Province, where they settled in [[Ap\\u00f3stoles]].  Their settlement here was part of the local governor''s strategy\n        of building up European immigration in his province as a way of preventing\n        neighboring Brazil''s claims on the region.Michael\n        Soltys.  [http://www.casahistoria.net/easteurope.htm#Ukrainian_Immigrants_to_Argentina\n        A different kind of multinational: Immigrants to Argentina from Eastern Europe]\n        Originally published in the [[Buenos Aires Herald]], 1998.   The settlers\n        were granted land allotments of 123.6 acres, or {{convert|50|hectare|m2}}\n        in two identical lots, with one lot being used for agriculture and the other\n        for cattle breeding.  Initially, they struggled with adapting to climatic\n        conditions quite different from those of their native Ukraine, and eventually\n        largely switched to tending crops that were appropriate to their new homes,\n        such as sugar cane, rice, tobacco, and especially [[yerba mate]] - South American\n        tea.  Indeed, the first person to grow tea in the province of Misiones was\n        Volodymyr Hnatiuk, a Ukrainian immigrant.  Ultimately,\n        at least 10,000 Ukrainians from Galicia settled in Misiones before the onset\n        of World War I.  At this time, an estimated 4,000 Ukrainians also settled\n        in Buenos Aires.\\n[[File:Casa Ucraniana en Ober\\u00e1.JPG|thumb|The\n        \\\"Ukrainian House\\\" in [[Ober\\u00e1]], [[Misiones Province|Misiones]]. This\n        province was one of the largest recipients of Ukrainian immigrants in the\n        country.]]\\nThe largest number of Ukrainians migrated to Argentina between\n        the two world wars.  This wave of emigrants, whose number is estimated at\n        between 50,000 and 70,000 people,\n        was much more geographically diverse, and included many people from Orthodox\n        areas of Ukraine such as [[Volhynia]] and [[Bukovina]].  It also included\n        more educated or politically oriented people who had been involved in Ukraine''s\n        struggle for independence.  Approximately half of this wave of immigrants\n        settled in Buenos Aires, while the remainder strengthened the Ukrainian population\n        in [[Misiones Province]] or created new Ukrainian settlements in other agricultural\n        regions such as in [[Chaco Province]].\\n\\nApproximately 5,000-6,000 Ukrainians\n        fleeing Communism entered Argentina between 1946 and 1950.  Many of them were\n        university professors, military personnel, skilled workers, or technicians.\n        Some of these educated immigrants contributed to the Argentine government''s\n        industrialization policies.\\n[[File:Parte del ballet\n        ucraniano barvinok de obera misiones.jpg|thumb|Ober\\u00e1''s Ukrainian Barvinok\n        ballet cast.]]\\nAn estimated 3,000 highly educated Ukrainians, many from the\n        third wave, left Argentina for the United States or Canada in the 1950s due\n        to greater economic opportunities.  Another 3,000 Ukrainians left Argentina\n        for the Soviet Union during the late 1950s, after having been promised a \\\"prosperous\n        life in the homeland.\\\"  Only a third of the latter group were able to return\n        to Argentina.  These demographic losses were compensated for by small numbers\n        of Ukrainians moving to Argentina from [[Ukrainians in Paraguay|Paraguay]]\n        and Uruguay.\\n\\nFollowing the fall of the Soviet Union,\n        since the 1990s approximately 4,000 Ukrainians have moved to Argentina from\n        Ukraine. Although not as numerous as in the past, the Ukrainian immigration\n        is still present.\\n\\n==Society==\\n[[Image:Fiestadelinmigrante1.JPG|thumb|right|270px|Ukrainian\n        performers during [[Immigrant''s Festival]] in Misiones province]]\\n\\n===Religion===\\n\\n====Ukrainian\n        Catholics====\\n\\nThe first Ukrainians to Argentina who settled in Misiones\n        came from a predominantly Catholic region of Ukraine, [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]].  However,\n        the local Argentine (Latin Rite) Roman Catholic Church opposed the creation\n        of a separate Ukrainian Catholic Church.  As a result, for the first ten years\n        of their settlement, Argentine Ukrainians Catholics did not have their own\n        [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Eastern-rite Catholic priests]], and were\n        subject to intense missionary activities by Polish Roman Catholics.  In response,\n        many of them converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], whose\n        rituals are virtually identical to those of Ukrainian Catholicism.  Without\n        the help of their Mother Church in Galicia, local Ukrainians built their own\n        churches, chapels, and homes for priests, and petitioned church authorities\n        in Galicia to send priests to them.  Finally, in 1908, Father K. Bzhukhovsky\n        was sent to Misiones from Brazil.  He was succeeded in the province of Misiones\n        by several more priests from Ukraine.  In 1922, the Ukrainian parishes in\n        Misiones were visited by the head of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, [[Metropolitan\n        bishop|Metropolitan]] [[Andrey Sheptytsky]] of [[Lviv]].  The first Ukrainian\n        Catholic Church in Buenos Aires region was built in 1940 and in the city in\n        1948.  In 1978, the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Argentina was granted its\n        own [[Eparchy]] (Eastern-rite equivalent of a diocese).  Andriy Sapeliak was\n        the first Ukrainian Bishop in Argentina.\\n\\nCurrently,\n        over 120,000 of Ukrainians in Argentina are [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian\n        Catholics]],{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrarcheparchy.us/index.php?categoryid=19&p2_articleid=267\n        |title=Session of Permanent Synod to be held in Argentina |accessdate=March\n        22, 2007 |date=January 25, 2007 |format= |work=Ukrainian Catholic Archdiocese\n        of Philadelphia }} comprising approximately 50% of Ukrainian Argentines.  [[Misiones\n        Province]], the heartland of Ukrainian immigration to Argentina, has 60 Ukrainian\n        Catholic Churches and chapels.  In April 1987 Pope\n        John Paul II visited the Ukrainian Catholic community in Buenos Aires.[http://articles.widbox.com/39-immigration_in_argentina.html\n        Immigration in Argentina, accessed April 7, 2008]\\n\\n====Orthodox====\\n\\nThe\n        first Orthodox Ukrainians in Argentina were converts from the Ukrainian Catholic\n        Church and came under the jurisdiction of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].  Many\n        Orthodox immigrants who came to Argentina from Ukraine between the World Wars,\n        among whom were several priests, who created parishes in Buenos Aires and\n        surrounding areas.  The newcomers generally belonged to the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous\n        Orthodox Church]].\\n\\nApproximately 30% of Ukrainian\n        Argentines are currently Orthodox.\\n\\n====Others====\\n\\nThe first Protestant\n        Ukrainians were Baptists who emigrated to Argentina from Volyn in the 1920s.  During\n        the period when there was no Ukrainian Church in Argentina, many Ukrainians\n        became accustomed to not being involved in any Church and did not return to\n        their ancestral religion when the parishes were established.\\n\\nCurrently,\n        20% of Argentine Ukrainians are Protestant or indifferent to religion.\\n\\n===Education===\\n[[File:Fiestadelinmigrante2.JPG|thumb|A\n        group of Ukrainian Argentine girls dancing.]]\\nUkrainian all-day elementary\n        and secondary schools, in which classes are taught in Spanish and follow the\n        Argentine curriculum but also have Ukrainian subjects several times per week,\n        exist in the cities of [[Ap\\u00f3stoles]], [[Posadas, Misiones|Posadas]],\n        and Buenos Aires.  Ukrainian all-day elementary schools exist in [[Berisso]]\n        and [[San Vicente, Buenos Aires|San Vicente]] (both towns in the Buenos Aires\n        region).  These schools are all run by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian\n        Catholic Church]].  In addition, Argentina''s branch\n        of the [[Prosvita]] operates Ukrainian Saturday schools.\\n\\nArgentina''s Ukrainian\n        community also has several folk dancing ensembles, as well as the Ukrainian\n        scouting organization [[Plast]].\\n\\n==Notable Ukrainian Argentines==\\n[[Image:Chango\n        spasiuk Warszawa7mar2009.jpg|thumb|150px|Ukrainian Argentine musician Chango\n        Spasiuk performing in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] in March 2009.]]\\n* [[H\\u00e9ctor\n        Babenco]] (film director)\\n* [[Gustavo Blanco Leschuk]] (football player)\\n*\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Chatruc]] (football player)\\n* [[Adabel Guerrero]] (dancer, actress)\\n*\n        [[Denis Margalik]] (figure skater)\\n* [[Jos\\u00e9 P\\u00e9kerman]] (football\n        player, coach)\\n* [[Sim\\u00f3n Radowitzky]] (anarchist)\\n* [[Noel Schajris]]\n        (singer-songwriter and pianist)\\n* [[Chango Spasiuk|Horacio Spasiuk]] (musician)\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n{{Portal|Argentina|Ukraine}}\\n* [[Eparchy of Santa Mar\\u00eda del\n        Patrocinio en Buenos Aires]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Brazilian]]\\n* [[Ukrainians in\n        Paraguay]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Canadian]]\\n* [[Ukrainian American]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.plast.org.ar/ Plast, Ukrainian Scouting Organization,\n        of Argentina]\\n\\n{{European Argentine}}\\n{{Immigration to Argentina}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        diaspora}}\\n\\n[[Category:European Argentine]]\\n[[Category:Argentine people\n        of Ukrainian descent| ]]\\n[[Category:Immigration to Argentina]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        diaspora in Argentina|Argentina]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-15T14:13:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":788538204,\"length\":14153,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentines\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Argentines&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentines\"},\"15339252\":{\"pageid\":15339252,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces branch insignia\",\"index\":45,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-18T06:49:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=April\n        2014}}\\n\\n''''''Branch insignia of the Ukrainian Armed Forces'''''' refers\n        to one of several military emblems that may be worn on the uniform of the\n        [[Military of Ukraine|Ukrainian Armed Forces]] to denote membership in a particular\n        area of [[expertise]].\\n\\n==History==\\nMost insignia have been in use since\n        independence in 1991. Many of these insignia are direct copies of their equivalents\n        in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] of the late 1980s to early 1990s. In July 2016,\n        the Ukrainian Armed Forces introduced new insignia.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/2016/07/new-uniform.html|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432 \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438 \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0417\\u0431\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0421\\u0438\\u043b \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|website=www.ukrmilitary.com|access-date=2017-02-17}}\\n\\n==Branch\n        of Service Insignia ==\\n\\n=== 2016-present ===\\nThe following are the branch\n        insignia emblems of the Ukrainian Armed Forces used from 2016 to the present:\\n{|\n        style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%;\n        float: left; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n|-\\n! Branch\\n! Insignia\\n! Description\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Air Force|Air Defense Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043f\\u043f\\u043e \\u0441\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0440\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0441 1 (2016).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Airmobile Forces|Airmobile Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u0434\\u0432 1 (2016).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Armored\n        Force (Ukraine)|Armored Force]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a 2 (2016).png|100px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Rocket\n        Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)|Rocket Forces and Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u043a \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\n        1 (2016).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Air Force|Aviation]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b 1 (2016).png|100px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Chemical Corps \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0440\\u0445\\u0431\\u0437 1 (2016).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Engineer\n        \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0456\\u043d\\u0436 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        1 (2016).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Legal Services \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u044e\\u0440 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436 1 (2016).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Logistics\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0447\\u043f \\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\n        1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Military of Ukraine|General\n        Armed Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0441\\u0443\\u0445 1 (2016).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0445 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Mechanized\n        Infantry (Ukraine)|Mechanized Infantry]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a 1 (2016).png|100px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Medical Corps\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0434 \\u0441\\u043b 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces Military Band Service|Military Band Service]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0440 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Military Police|Military Police]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b 1 (2016).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Radio Technical Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0440\\u0442\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0441 1 (2016).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Signal\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0432 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Supply Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\n        1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Transport Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n=== 2007-2016 ===\\nThe following\n        are the branch insignia emblems of the Ukrainian Armed Forces used from 2007\n        to 2016:\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;\n        padding:5px; font-size:95%; float: left; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        Branch\\n! Insignia\\n! Description\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Air Force|Air\n        Defense Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Airmobile Forces|Airmobile Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Armored\n        Force (Ukraine)|Armored Force]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        (2007).png|100px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)|Rocket\n        Forces and Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 (2007).png|100px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Air Force|Aviation]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457 (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Chemical\n        Corps \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0420\\u0425\\u0411\\u0417 (2007).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Electronic\n        Warfare Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Engineer\n        \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 \\u0456\\u043d\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Legal\n        Services \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u044e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438\n        (2007).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Logistics Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Military\n        of Ukraine|General Armed Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Mechanized Infantry (Ukraine)|Mechanized\n        Infantry]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0437\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Medical\n        Corps\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0434\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Military Orchestra|Military\n        Orchestra]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Military Police|Military\n        Police]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0434\\u043a\\u0443 (2002).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Radio Technical Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Signal\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0443\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Supply Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Topographical\n        service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine|Topographical]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e-\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Transport\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0436\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=insignia&lang=ua Branch Insignia]\\n\\n{{Military\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Military of Ukraine|Branch Insignia]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T17:42:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":770890071,\"length\":7247,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces_branch_insignia\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Armed_Forces_branch_insignia&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces_branch_insignia\"},\"51120903\":{\"pageid\":51120903,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Armor\",\"index\":44,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-21T09:27:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{unreferenced|date=July 2016}}\\n{{notability|Companies|date=July\n        2016}}\\n{{third-party|date=July 2016}}\\n{{Orphan|date=July 2016}}\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        company\\n| name              = Ukrainian Armor\\n| logo              = Logo\n        uarm.png\\n| type              = [[Limited liability company]]\\n| slogan            =\n        \\\"Ukraine is protected!\\\"\\n| founded           = 2014\\n| location          =\n        94A, Povitroflotskyi Av., [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] [[Ukraine|UKR]]\\n| industry          =\n        production of personal protection equipment\\n| products          = [[bulletproof\n        vest]]s, [[helmet]]s, [[ammunition]], soft ballistic protection, bulletproof\n        plates\\n| website = http://uarm.co\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian Armor'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0411\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u044f}}) is a Ukrainian manufacturer of [[Personal\n        protective equipment|personal protection equipment]].\\n\\n== History ==\\n\\nUkrainian\n        Armor was built on 19 February 2014 during [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|Ukraine''s\n        Revolution of Dignity]]. The founders realized that [[Euromaidan]] self-defence\n        forces catastrophically lacked [[bulletproof vests]]. Within a few days, they\n        produced 40 vests.\\n\\nDuring the confrontation in Eastern Ukraine, the demand\n        for [[ammunition]] grew and construction workers, engineers and designers\n        joined the company. The team began to investigate foreign expertise.\\n\\nIn\n        2015, production capacities expanded to the operating department of Aircraft\n        development plant No 20. Production of bulletproof helmets was set up.\\n\\n==\n        Products ==\\n\\nUkrainian Armor currently produces:\\n\\n* Military [[bulletproof\n        vest]]s of 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th DSTU (State technical standard of Ukraine)\n        protection levels.\\n* [[Bulletproof vest]]s of concealable and semi-concealable\n        types of 1st, 1st A and 2nd DSTU protection levels and \\\"Special\\\" DSTU level\n        (cold arms protection).\\n* Bulletproof [[helmet]]s of 2nd A DSTU protection\n        level (NIJ III A), V50 720 m/s.\\n* Bulletproof ceramic plates, light\n        pressed made of [[Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene|UHMWPE]] and aramid,\n        tempered steel and titan.\\n* Soft ballistic fragments protection of 1st, 1st\n        A and 2nd DSTU protection level, cold arms protection.\\n* [[Bulletproof vest]]s\n        for hunters.\\n* [[Bulletproof vest]]s for military officers and police officers.\\n*\n        Tactic [[ammunition]]: load bearing equipment, web gears, magazine carriers.\\n*\n        [[Bulletproof vest]]s for hunting dogs so they can survive Shivermageddon\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n\\n* {{Official website|https://www.uarm.co}}\\n* {{youtube\n        channel|UC8nNhLE7Ff68uzVcLfDhl6Q/featured }}\\n* [http://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/business/private-body-armor-manufacturer-born-on-kyivs-barricades-412089.html\n        Article \\u00ab\\u0420rivate bodyarmor manufacturer born on Kyiv''s barricades\\u00bb]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        brands]]\\n[[Category:Defence companies of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Economy of\n        Kiev]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-company-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-03T08:51:38Z\",\"lastrevid\":791603465,\"length\":2842,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armor\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Armor&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armor\"},\"38369316\":{\"pageid\":38369316,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Braille\",\"index\":41,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-30T10:02:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        writing system\\n| name = Ukrainian Braille\\n| altname = \\n| type = alphabet\\n|\n        typedesc = \\n| time = \\n| languages = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n|\n        fam1 = [[Braille]]\\n| fam2 = [[Russian Braille]]\\n| print = [[Ukrainian alphabet]]\\n|\n        creator = \\n| sample = \\n| imagesize = \\n| note = none\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Braille'''''' is the [[braille]] alphabet of the [[Ukrainian language]]. It\n        is based on [[Russian Braille]], with a few additional letters found in the\n        print [[Ukrainian alphabet]].\\n\\n== Alphabet ==\\nUkrainian does not use all\n        the letters of the Russian alphabet, and it has the additional letters ''''\\u0454,\n        \\u0491, \\u0456, \\u0457.''''\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        ''''''Print'''''' || [[\\u0430 (Cyrillic)|\\u0430]] ''''a || [[\\u0431]] ''''b\n        || [[\\u0432]] ''''v|| [[\\u0433]] ''''h|| [[\\u0491]] ''''g''''(?)||\n        [[\\u0434]] ''''d|| [[\\u0435 (Cyrillic)|\\u0435]] ''''e|| [[\\u0454]] ''''je||\n        [[\\u0436]] ''''zh|| [[\\u0437]] ''''z|| [[\\u0438]] ''''y\\n|-\\n| ''''''Braille''''''\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|a}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|b}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|w}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|g}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|12456}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|d}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|e}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|345}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|j}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|z}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|i}}\\n|-\\n! ''''''Print'''''' || [[i (Cyrillic)|\\u0456]]\n        ''''i|| [[\\u00ef (Cyrillic)|\\u0457]] ''''yi|| [[\\u0439]] ''''j|| [[\\u043a]]\n        ''''k|| [[\\u043b]] ''''l|| [[\\u043c]] ''''m|| [[\\u043d]] ''''n|| [[\\u043e\n        (Cyrillic)|\\u043e]] ''''o|| [[\\u043f]] ''''p|| [[\\u0440]] ''''r|| [[\\u0441]]\n        ''''s\\n|-\\n| ''''''Braille'''''' || {{Braille cell|type=image|y}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|1456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|k}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|l}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|m}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|n}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|o}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|p}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|r}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|s}}\\n|-\\n! ''''''Print''''''\n        || [[\\u0442]] ''''t|| [[\\u0443]] ''''u|| [[\\u0444]] ''''f || [[\\u0445]] ''''kh||\n        [[\\u0446]] ''''ts|| [[\\u0447]] ''''ch|| [[\\u0448]] ''''sh|| [[\\u0449]] ''''shch||\n        [[\\u044c]] ''''\\u2018|| [[\\u044e]] ''''ju|| [[\\u044f]] ''''ja\\n|-\\n| ''''''Braille''''''\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|t}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|u}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|f}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|h}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|c}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|q}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|156}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|x}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|42536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1256}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426}}\\n|}\\n\\nThe letter {{bc|y}} ''''\\u0456''''\n        was once found in Russian Braille, but has been dropped.  {{bc|345}} ''''\\u0454''''\n        is the mirror image of a reported archaic form of Russian ''''\\u044d''''.\n        (See [[Russian Braille#Obsolete letters|obsolete letters of Russian Braille]].)\\n\\n{{bc|12456}}\n        ''''g'''' was reported in Unesco (1990), but could not be confirmed by Unesco\n        (2013).  It is not repeated by Leksika.com.[http://leksika.com.ua/19340319/ure/braylya_shrift\n        \\u0411\\u0420\\u0410\\u0419\\u041b\\u042f \\u0428\\u0420\\u0418\\u0424\\u0422], Leksika.com.ua\\n\\n==Punctuation==\\n{{single\n        source|text=This section ''''''is based on a single source which has proven\n        to be unreliable. It needs additional [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Inline citations|citations]]\n        for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verification]]''''''. Please help improve this\n        article by adding citations other than UNESCO (1990, 2013).| date  = October\n        2013}}\\nPunctuation is from Unesco (1990) and has not been confirmed.\\n\\nSingle\n        punctuation:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"line-height: 1.2\\\"\\n|- align=center\\n!Print\\n!\n        ,|| .|| ?|| !|| ;|| :|| -|| '' \\n|- align=center\\n!Braille\\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|2}}\n        \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|256}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|26}} \\n|{{Braille\n        cell|type=image|235}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|23}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|25}}\n        \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|36}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|3}} \\n|}\\n\\nPaired\n        punctuation:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"line-height: 1.2\\\"\\n|- align=center\\n!Print\\n|\n        \\u00ab ...... \\u00bb\\n| ( ...... )\\n|- align=center\\n!Braille\\n|{{Braille\n        cell|type=image|236|0|356}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|gg|0|gg}} \\n|}\\n\\n==Formatting==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"line-height: 1.2\\\"\\n|- align=center\\n!  [[italics]]\n        || capital || number\\n|- align=center\\n| {{Braille cell|type=image|456}} ||{{Braille\n        cell|type=image|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|3456}}\\n|}\\n\\n==Numbers==\\nNumbers\n        are the letters ''''a\\u2013j'''' introduced with {{bc|#}}, as in other braille\n        alphabets.\\n\\n== See also ==\\n*[[Belarusian Braille]]\\n\\n== References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*\n        UNESCO (2013) [http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064\n        World Braille Usage], 3rd edition.\\n* [http://braille.algoholic.in.ua Ukrainian\n        Braille decoder].\\n\\n{{Braille}}\\n{{Ukrainian language}}\\n\\n[[Category:French-ordered\n        braille alphabets]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian language]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-27T08:06:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":777960731,\"length\":4665,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Braille&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille\"},\"16825937\":{\"pageid\":16825937,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Brazilians\",\"index\":15,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-14T06:00:29Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        American English|date=January 2017}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ethnic group\\n| group     =  Ukrainian Brazilians \\n| native_name = ''''{{hlist|Ucraino-brasileiros\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0456}}''''\\n|\n        flag      = \\n| image     = [[File:Cerimonia de bencao dos alimentos.jpg|160px]]
Brazilians\n        of Ukrainian descent in Paran\\u00e1\\n| pop   = ''''''{{circa|500,000}}''''''{{cite web|url=http://www.parana.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=7|title=Etnias:\n        Ucranianos||trans-title=Ethnicities: Ukrainians|language=pt|website=Portal\n        of Services and Information of the Government of Paran\\u00e1|date=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312095332/http://www.parana.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=7|archivedate=March\n        12, 2007}}
(0.25% of Brazil''s population)\\n| popplace  =\n        [[Paran\\u00e1 (state)|State of Paran\\u00e1]]\n        (and in minor degree, [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] and [[S\\u00e3o Paulo state|S\\u00e3o\n        Paulo]])\\n| langs     = Predominantly [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] in\n        the countryside and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] in urban areas.\\n|\n        rels      = 85% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]{{cn|date=December 2015}}{{\\u00b7}}minority\n        [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and [[Judaism]]{{\\u00b7}}other Christians\\n|related=\n        other [[Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[White Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian\n        Canadians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Russian Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Polish Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Lithuanian\n        Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Greek Brazilians]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian Brazilians''''''\n        ({{lang-pt|Ucraino-brasileiro, Ucraniano-brasileiro}}; {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0456}}, ''''Ukrayins''ki\n        Brazyl''tsi'''') are Brazilian citizens born in [[Ukraine]], or Brazilians\n        of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately\n        350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately {{convert|1930|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}\n        in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of [[Rhode Island]]), in\n        the hilly south central part of [[Paran\\u00e1 (state)|State of Paran\\u00e1]]\n        in southern Brazil.Oksana Boruszenko and Rev. Danyil\n        Kozlinsky (1994). ''''Ukrainians in Brazil'''' (Chapter), in ''''Ukraine and\n        Ukrainians Throughout the World'''', edited by Ann Lencyk Pawliczko, University\n        of Toronto Press: Toronto, pp. 443-454 They refer to this region as\n        \\\"Brazilian Ukraine.\\\"[http://rius.kiev.ua/Diaspora/bond\n        Ukrainian Diaspora in Brazil] by Marina Bondarenko Smaller numbers of\n        Ukrainians have settled in [[State of S\\u00e3o Paulo|S\\u00e3o Paulo]], [[Santa\n        Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]],  [[Pernambuco]],\n        and [[Paraiba]]. The cities with the largest number\n        of Ukrainians are [[Prudent\\u00f3polis]] (approximately 38,000 Ukrainians,\n        or 75% of the city''s population), [[Curitiba]] (33,000 Ukrainians), and [[Uni\\u00e3o\n        da Vit\\u00f3ria]] (approximately 26,400 Ukrainians or 50% of the city''s population).[http://observer.sd.org.ua/news.php?id=4082\n        Ukrainian Observer], \\\"Ukrainian Community of Brazil\\\" June 23, 2004\n        In 2009 the Ukrainian population in Brazil was estimated to be 500,000 people.Press Release. [http://www.ualberta.ca/CIUS/announce/media/Media%202009/2009-06-29_Ukrainian%20Life%20in%20Brazil%20(eng).pdf\n        Scholars Impressed with Ukrainian Life in Brazil.] Canadian Institute of Ukrainian\n        Studies, University of Alberta. 2009\\n\\nBrazil has the third largest\n        Ukrainian community in the Americas, and the\n        third largest Ukrainian population outside of the former Soviet Union; only\n        Canada and the United States have larger Ukrainian populations. In comparison\n        to Ukrainians in North America, the Ukrainian community in Brazil (as well\n        as in neighboring [[Ukrainians of Argentina|Argentina]]) tends to be more\n        descended from earlier waves of immigration, is poorer, more rural, has less\n        organizational strength, and is more focused on the Church as the center of\n        cultural identity.{{cite book|title=Ukraine: A History|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|authorlink=Orest\n        Subtelny|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=566}}\\n\n        Seventy percent of Brazil''s Ukrainians live in agricultural communities known\n        as \\\"colonies\\\" where they tend crops such as wheat, rye, buckwheat, rice,\n        black beans, and [[Yerba mate|''''erva mate'''']], a local type of tea. These colonies are isolated from modern areas of Brazil''s\n        economy and from non-Ukrainians, and in many respects closely resemble Galician\n        (Western Ukrainian) villages of the 19th century.{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|authorlink=Orest Subtelny|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=546}}\\n\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:Brazil\n        State Parana.svg|right|200px|thumb|Location of the State of Paran\\u00e1 in\n        Brazil.]]\\n\\n===Background===\\nMost Ukrainians in Brazil have roots in the\n        Ukrainian region of eastern [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]].\n        In the 19th century Galicia was an impoverished, economically underdeveloped\n        agrarian region of the [[Austria\\u2013Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Empire. Most\n        ethnic Ukrainians were [[peasant]]s occupying small plots of land. As the\n        population increased, the peasant families had less land to support themselves;\n        by 1890 a peasant farm averaged only {{convert|6|acre|ha}} in size. This situation\n        created tremendous incentive to emigrate.[[Paul Robert\n        Magocsi]], ''''A History of Ukraine'''', University of Toronto Press: Toronto\n        1996, {{ISBN|0-8020-0830-5}} The Ukrainians of Galicia belonged to the\n        [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]. The [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|married\n        priests]], who had formal higher education (studying in seminaries in [[Vienna]]\n        and [[Lviv]]), formed the Ukrainian community''s educated social elite and\n        dominated Ukrainian Galician social, political and cultural life.Himka,\n        John Paul. (1999). Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine. McGill-Queen''s\n        University Press: Montreal and Kingston. The aristocracy in Galicia\n        were largely ethnically Polish, and in the course of struggling against them\n        the ethnic Ukrainian priests and peasants developed a very strong sense of\n        Ukrainian patriotism and tendency to resist assimilation.\\n\\n===Ukrainian\n        Immigration Prior to 1914: the First Wave===\\nThe majority of Ukrainians in\n        Brazil are descended from immigrants who arrived in the country prior to World\n        War I. Although the first settler from [[Ukraine]] arrived in 1872,\n        large waves of settlers from [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] controlled\n        [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] began coming to Brazil in 1895, mostly\n        arriving through the port city of [[Paranagu\\u00e1]].   During\n        a period of time known as the \\\"Brazilian fever\\\", between 1895–1897\n        more than 20,000 small farmers and landless peasants from Galicia, a region\n        now in western Ukraine, came to Brazil after having been lured by promises\n        of cheap land with good black soil. Some Ukrainian\n        peasants were also encouraged by rumors that [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]],\n        had not died but had moved to Brazil and that he would welcome Ukrainian immigrants\n        to that country (Ukrainians were traditionally loyal to the Austrian monarchy).{{cite\n        book|last=Hryniuk|first=Stella M.|title=Peasants with promise: Ukrainians\n        in southeastern Galicia, 1880-1900|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian\n        Studies Press, University of Alberta|location=Edmonton|year=1991|isbn=0-920862-74-8|page=205}}\n        The Brazilian government was interested in increasing European settlement,\n        often paid for travel (thus enabling the poorest members of society to emigrate),\n        and even promised to provide clothing and food to the settlers. Soon after\n        arriving, however, the settlers found that the promises were not kept. They\n        were given plots of uncleared land far away from civilization and weren''t\n        given any assistance. The settlers were unfamiliar with the strange climate\n        and how to cultivate it, succumbed to diseases without any medical help, and\n        experienced many deaths. Their suffering became known in Ukraine and even\n        became the subject of a series of poems, \\\"To Brazil\\\", by the well-known\n        Ukrainian poet [[Ivan Franko]]. After news of their\n        misfortune spread throughout western Ukraine, the flow of Ukrainian emigrants\n        to Brazil decreased considerably, and Canada replaced Brazil as the main destination\n        for Ukrainians leaving for the New World.  Until 1907, only several hundred\n        to one thousand Ukrainians came to Brazil from western Ukraine every year.\n        From that year until 1914, approximately 15,000 to 20,000 Ukrainians were\n        brought to Brazil by the Brazilian government in order to help build a railroad\n        from the [[State of S\\u00e3o Paulo]] to [[Rio Grande do Sul]] through [[Paran\\u00e1\n        (state)|Paran\\u00e1]].\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainians in Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ukrainian\n        immigrants to Brazil in the late 19th century]]\\n\\n===The second and third\n        waves of Ukrainian immigration===\\nBetween the two [[world wars]], approximately\n        9,000 more Ukrainians immigrated to Brazil. This group was more diverse, coming\n        not only from the Galicia region in Ukraine but also from [[Volhynia]], [[Polesia]],\n        as well as in smaller numbers from [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]],\n        [[Bukovina]] and from Ukrainian settlements in [[Yugoslavia]].\n        Among its members were some with a higher level of education and greater level\n        of political activity. In 1922, under the initiative of a representative of\n        the [[West Ukrainian National Republic]], the \\\"Ukrainian Union of Brazil\\\"\n        was formed. It took a leadership role in the Ukrainian community''s political,\n        economic and cultural-educational life. At this time, [[Ukrainian cooperative\n        movement|Ukrainian cooperatives]] made their appearance in Brazil.\\n\\nThe\n        last group of Ukrainians came to Brazil between 1947–1951. These were\n        mostly seeking asylum from Soviet persecution having played an active part\n        in Ukraine''s independence movement. This group, numbering approximately 7,000 was for the most part more educated and highly skilled\n        compared to previous immigrants, and included many intellectuals. Many of\n        them later emigrated to other countries, especially the United States and\n        Canada, in pursuit of better economic opportunities.\n        The new arrivals helped create the Brazilian chapter of the Ukrainian scouting\n        organization [[Plast]] which continues to function in Brazil today.\\n\\n==Ukrainian\n        Brazilian society==\\n\\n===Religion===\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque Tingui.jpg|thumb|A\n        [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] church in Ting\\u00fci Park, Paran\\u00e1.]]\\n\\nThe [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church]] has a strong hold on Ukrainian society in Brazil,\n        where it is wealthy and has massive landholdings[http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/south_america/brazil/about_destin/southcentralparana.html\n        Pacific Island Travel web-site, accessed 4.8.08], taken from: ''''Brazil:\n        the Rough Guide'''', by David Cleary, Dilwyn Jenkins, Oliver Marshall, Jim\n        Hine. {{ISBN|1-85828-223-3}} including 230 churches and five monasteries\n        run by the [[Order of Saint Basil the Great]].{{cite news|last=Gudzyk|first=Klara|url=https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/cuspilstvo/pyate-pokolinnya|script-title=\\u041f''\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0437\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0433\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457|trans-title=Fifth\n        generation: Ukrainians of Brazil preserve their traditions|language=uk|newspaper=[[The\n        Day (newspaper)|The Day]]|date=August 23, 2002|accessdate=January 7, 2017}}\n        Approximately 85% of Brazil''s Ukrainians belong to this Church.\n        Lavish onion-domed churches proliferate throughout the villages in the Ukrainian\n        part of Brazil, despite the modest economic means of the farmers. The Church\n        has been accused of blocking measures to improve the plight of the rural population,\n        for fear that modernization will lessen the population''s dependence on it. In some respects rural Brazilian-Ukrainian society resembles\n        that of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] in the 19th century, where the\n        influence of the [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|Church and its priests]] was so\n        great that it has been referred to as [[Theocracy|theocratic]].Himka,\n        John Paul. (1999). ''''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'''' McGill-Queen''s\n        University Press: Montreal and Kingston. Pg. 10 In [[Prudent\\u00f3polis]],\n        the regional center in Parana whose population is 75% Ukrainian, the Ukrainian\n        Catholic Cathedral of S\\u00e3o Josafat overlooks the city center. There is\n        also a seminary, and Ukrainian printing press run by the Church\n        and a Ukrainian cultural museum.[http://www.rivnepost.rv.ua/showarticle.php?art=018403\n        ''''Rivne Vechirne''''] (Evening Rivne). 2003. Issue No. 41 (Ukrainian). Article\n        written by Dmytro Yatsuk.\\n\\nIt should be also noticed that some Ukrainians\n        were also Protestant, belonging to the [[Baptists in Ukraine|Baptist]] and\n        [[Protestantism in Ukraine#Pentecostals|Pentecostals]] branch of Christianity.  Originally\n        coming from [[Volhynia|Volyn Region]], they brought their Ukrainian traditions\n        of worshipping God. The biggest church was the Russian Assembly of God (90%\n        were Ukrainians and the rest Russians, Poles, Bielo Russians and few Lithuanians)\n        based in S\\u00e3o Paulo. It was founded around 1930 and led by Pr. Szymon\n        Misiuk with branches in Arapongas -PR, Apucarana - PR, Curitiba - PR, Erexin\n        and Santa Rosa - RS. S\\u00e3o Caetano do Sul, in S\\u00e3o Paulo State had\n        a big concentration of Ukrainians as well and the First Ukrainian Baptist\n        Church was established there by Rev. Dmitro Bucky. Many other churches were\n        also based in S\\u00e3o Paulo. The Ukrainian Protestants were not able to maintain\n        their ethnic identity and with the oldtimers passing away, the new generation\n        did not keep the tradition of services in Ukrainian language, churches disappeared\n        or were turned into Brazilian churches, and Slavic connections disappeared.\\n\\n===Language\n        and culture===\\n[[File:Casa t\\u00edpica de imigrantes da Ucr\\u00e2nia no Brasil\n        Medium Size.jpg|thumb|left|Ukrainian village architecture in [[Curitiba]].]]\\n\\nAlthough\n        most Brazilian Ukrainians have lived in Brazil for 4-5 generations and few\n        have ever seen Ukraine, they have preserved their [[Ukrainian\n        language|language]] and culture to a large degree in rural Paran\\u00e1 state. This has largely been due to the colossal efforts of\n        the Ukrainian Churches. In contrast, among the [[Ukrainian\n        Argentine|Ukrainians in Argentina]] where the Church was not as strong as\n        in Brazil, the Ukrainian language has largely disappeared.\n        Among those who live in the colonies, or agricultural settlements, Ukrainian\n        is widely spoken at home, in church, and in the community, and today it is\n        not uncommon for Ukrainian children to be unable to speak the Portuguese language\n        until they begin school. Despite the Ukrainian language''s widespread use\n        in everyday speech, the ability to read and write is more limited, with over\n        50% of the Ukrainian population being unable to write in the Ukrainian language.[http://rius.kiev.ua/Diaspora/boru\n        ''''Brazilian Ukraine and Globalization.''''] Borushenko, O.P. Professor,\n        Federal University of Paran\\u00e1. Text of his presentation \\\"Diaspora as\n        a Leader in Support for the Ukrainian State in International Relations. June\n        18\\u201320, 2008. Due to isolation from Ukraine, the Ukrainians of Brazil\n        speak a 100-year-old form of the language''s [[Ukrainian dialects|Galician\n        or \\\"Upper Dniestrian\\\" dialect]]. Ninety percent of\n        Church services are conducted in the Ukrainian language (in contrast, among\n        the 700,000 [[Polish Brazilian|ethnic Poles in Brazil]] only two churches\n        use the Polish language). The Portuguese language has only\n        come into wide use in the youngest generation - those who are younger than\n        fifteen years old. Paran\\u00e1 boasts five Ukrainian-language\n        radio stations, including \\\"Zabava\\\" which broadcasts news,\n        Ukrainian folk and pop music, and the [[Divine Liturgy]].\n        In addition, Brazil has 23 Ukrainian dance troupes.\n        In the rural areas, Ukrainians rarely marry non-Ukrainians, and mixed marriages\n        generally adopt the Ukrainian culture. The Ukrainians''\n        neighbors - [[Caboclo]]s, Poles, Germans, Italians, and some Dutch - at times\n        accuse the Ukrainians and their priests of maintaining an exclusiveness that\n        sometimes borders on racism, although non-Brazilians who visit the local Ukrainians\n        are treated with the utmost civility. Ukrainians in\n        Brazil commonly refer to themselves and to Ukrainians from other countries\n        as \\\"our people\\\" (''''Nashi Liudy'''') and to non-Ukrainians of any nationality\n        as \\\"blacks\\\" (''''Chorni'''').\\n\\nThe situation in urban\n        areas is quite different. In the cities, Ukrainians tend to become assimilated\n        into Brazilian culture and to adopt the Portuguese\n        language.\\n\\n[[File:Parque Tingui Curitiba Brasil.jpg|thumb|left|A\n        Ukrainian church in [[Curitiba]].]]\\n\\n===Education===\\nThe Sister Servants\n        of Mary Immaculate operate 30 Ukrainian elementary schools, 17 kindergartens,\n        and two secondary schools. They also operate a boarding school in Prudentopolis,\n        as well as teach instructions in the Ukrainian language on Saturdays. Only\n        Ukrainian is spoken in the boarding school.\\n\\nAs\n        a result of an amendment to the constitution of the state of Paran\\u00e1 initiated\n        by Ukrainian-Brazilian Deputy Vira Vichymyshyn Azhibert, the Ukrainian language\n        is now taught in state schools as well. In March 1991, it was taught in 4\n        state schools with 600 students; the number of public schools adopting the\n        Ukrainian language was expected to grow. The [[Universidade Federal do Paran\\u00e1|Federal\n        University of Paran\\u00e1]] in [[Curitiba]] has organized a pedagogical course\n        for Ukrainian-language instructors. Ukrainian Saturday schools operate in\n        [[Curitiba]].\\n\\n==Notable Brazilian nationals of\n        Ukrainian ethnicity==\\n* [[Maria Berushko]] - teacher, may become the first\n        [[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]] saint in South America (of Orthodox Ukrainian\n        descent).[http://www.ukraine.be/belgium \\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0432 \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f - \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438]\\n* [[H\\u00e9ctor Babenco]] - film director,\n        screenwriter, producer, actor (Naturalized Brazilian, born in Argentina to\n        Ukrainian father and Polish-Jewish mother).[http://www.danielpiza.com.br/interna.asp?texto=1555\n        Daniel Piza]\\n* [[Oxana Narozniak]] - sculptor\n        (born in Germany of Ukrainian descent, living in [[Curitiba]])[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/320023.shtml\n        The Ukrainian Weekly, August 6, 2000, No. 32, Vol. LXVIII]\\n* [[Vira\n        Vovk]] - poet (born in Ukraine and emigrated to Brazil after World War II)[http://www.day.kiev.ua/267666/\n        Ukrainian Lady from Brazil] ''''The Day'''', Ukrainian newspaper, Tuesday\n        June 19, 2001\\n* [[Rafael S\\u00f3bis]] - soccer striker\\n* [[Dmytro\n        Zajciw]] - entomologist, discoverer of many [[beetle]] species\\n\\n==Notable\n        Brazilians with Ukrainian born ancestors==\\n\\n* [[Eliana Michaelichen Bezerra]]\n        (Russian-Ukrainian descent on maternal side) Popular television hostess.[http://www.google.com.br/search?hl=pt-BR&q=eliana+m%C3%A3e+descendente+ucranianos&meta=\n        google.com.br]\\n* [[Clarice Lispector]] - Jewish writer born in Ukraine\n        whose family immigrated to Brazil before she was two. Became widely known\n        as an influential writer in the Portuguese Language. Never identified as Ukrainian\n        or Ukrainian Brazilian (\\\"''''Eu, enfim, sou brasileira, pronto e pronto.''''\\\"\n        - \\\"To sum it up, I am Brazilian, and that is it\\\".)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.prudentopolis.pr.gov.br/ Website for Prudentopolis,\n        Center of Brazil''s Ukrainian community] {{pt icon}}\\n* [http://www.curitiba-parana.net/parques/memorial-ucraniano.htm\n        Memorial to Ukrainians in Curitiba] {{pt icon}}\\n\\n{{Ancestry and ethnicity\n        in Brazil}}\\n{{Brazil topics}}\\n{{Ukrainian diaspora}}\\n\\n[[Category:European\n        Brazilian]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil|Brazil]]\\n[[Category:Brazilian\n        people of Ukrainian descent| ]]\\n[[Category:Brazil\\u2013Ukraine relations]]\\n\\n[[pt:Imigra\\u00e7\\u00e3o\n        ucraniana no Brasil]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-31T04:23:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":795434382,\"length\":20939,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Brazilians&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians\"},\"41791090\":{\"pageid\":41791090,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Christian Democratic Party\",\"index\":43,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-16T16:44:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{see\n        also|Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine|Christian Democratic Union (Ukraine)|Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group}}\\n{{Infobox political party\\n|country=[[Ukrainian SSR]]
[[Ukraine]]\\n|name\n        = Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party\\n|native_name = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e-\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f\\n|logo = \\n|leader = Vasyl Sichko\\n|foundation\n        = 13 January 1989\\n|ideology = [[Christian democracy]]\\n|position = \\n|international\n        = \\n|european = \\n|colours = \\n|headquarters = \\n|website = \\n|colorcode =\n        \\n}}\\n''''''Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e-\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f}}, ''''Ukrayinska Khrystyianska Demokratychna\n        Partiya''''; UKhDP) is a small political party of [[Ukrainian SSR]] and [[Ukraine]].\n        It became a progenitor of the two other parties of [[christian democracy]]\n        such [[Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine]] and [[Christian Democratic\n        Union (Ukraine)|Christian Democratic Union]]. The party became a powerful\n        force in Ukraine during the [[revolutions of 1989|1989 revolutionary wave]]\n        in [[Europe]] and contributed greatly to the revival of such Ukrainian cultural\n        organizations as [[Prosvita]], Association of the Ukrainian Language, Plast\n        as well as the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]].\\n\\nIn 1992 most of the\n        party was transformed into the [[Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine]] of\n        [[Vitaliy Zhuravsky]], while the remnants existed until 2002 and according\n        to some sources were merged with the [[Ukrainian Republican Party Sobor]].[http://urp1990.com.ua/content/istorichna-dovidka-0\n        Party''s history]. [[Ukrainian Republican Party]] website.\\n\\n==Historical\n        outlook==\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nIn November 1988 in [[Dolyna]] was conducted\n        assembly where former political prisoners Vasyl Sichko and Petro Sichko, members\n        of the [[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]], who adapted the first program and statute\n        of the ''''''Ukrainian Christian Democratic Front''''''. On November 14, 1988\n        Vasylko Sichko submitted the statute and program of the party to the [[Supreme\n        Council of the Soviet Union]] for registration. On January 13, 1989 in [[Lviv]]\n        took place the constituent congress of the Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Front, head of which was elected Vasylko Sichko.\\n\\nOn April 21\\u201322, 1990\n        in [[Lviv]] took place the second congress of the Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Front where it was officially renamed in the ''''''Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Party''''''. The number of members in 1990 accounted for around 2,000 people,\n        while the party''s cells were mostly located in the [[Western Ukraine]]. By\n        1991 there were legally established and well organized party organizations\n        of [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] and [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]], [[Lviv Oblast]], Ternopil\n        region and city. Much smaller offices (under 15 members) were also located\n        in [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], [[Cherkasy]], [[Kiev]], [[Odessa]],\n        and [[Vinnytsia]]. During that period sessions of the main governing council\n        were not conducted that would provide a single monolith political strategy\n        of the party and regional organizations acted on its own initiative. In June\n        1991 on official invitation of the [[Political Academy of the Austrian People''s\n        Party|Austrian political academy]] to the head of Lviv Oblast organization\n        Mykola Boiko, several members of the UKhDP along with [[Viktor Pynzenyk]]\n        (instructor at the [[Lviv University]]) were sent to [[Vienna]] for study.\n        It was the first international recognition of the Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Party, yet it also created a drift between the party leader Sichko and the\n        Lviv Oblast party leader Boiko. Eventually, in retaliation Sichko excluded\n        Boiko from the party.\\n\\n===Split===\\nOn November 16, 1991 took place the\n        third report-electoral conference of the Lviv Oblast organization of UKhDP,\n        at which Boiko has officially resigned. While visiting the conference, Sichko\n        protested and pointed to the fact that Boiko was already excluded from the\n        party. The conference without addressing the Sichko''s protest continued on\n        and elected its new governing body. The new chairman of the Lviv oblast organization\n        was elected former political prisoner Mykhailo Viter. Another former political\n        prisoner [[Ivan Hel]] spoke very critical about Sichko actions. He pointed\n        to the fact that Sichko denied in membership such people like [[Stepan Khmara]]\n        (later the leader of the [[Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party]]), [[Mykhailo\n        Horyn]] and many others. Ivan Hel said that in July 1991 he received an invitation\n        from the Secretary General of the [[Christian Democratic International]],\n        Andre Louis, where for the purpose of establish relationship he asked to have\n        the delegation not to include mister Vasyl Sichka. Negatively to the family\n        of Sichko referred also His Beatitude [[Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky]].\\n\\nRejection\n        of the 3rd report-electoral conference of the UKhDP Lviv regional organization\n        by head of UKhDP Vasyl Sichko led to the split in the organization. On December\n        10, 1991 the UKhDP Ternopil regional organization conducted its general council\n        which recognized the legitimacy of the Lviv regional organization and the\n        election of Mykhailo Viter, the head of the UKhDP Lviv regional organization\n        and it also approved that cooperation and inter-relationship will only occur\n        with the UKhDP Lviv regional organization headed by Mykhailo Viter.\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n* [[Prosvita]]\\n* [[Plast]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* Hutor, M. ''''[http://sd.net.ua/2009/02/12/geneza_rozkolu.html\n        Genesis of split in christian democratic parties]''''. Agency of strategic\n        research.\\n* [http://www.history.vn.ua/book/novitnya/101.html Modern history\n        of Ukraine]\\n* Biletsky, M., Pohrebynsky, M. ''''[http://www.analitik.org.ua/publications/joint/3dd12dea/\n        Establishment of government bodies in Ukraine 1991-1996]''''. Kiev: \\\"Ukrainian\n        press-group\\\", 1997.\\n* Harin, B. ''''[http://pidruchniki.ws/10990214/istoriya/pochatok_formuvannya_bagatopartiynosti_ukrayini\n        Beginning of formation of multi-party system in Ukraine]''''. \\\"History of\n        Ukraine\\\".\\n* Kolodiy, A. ''''[http://www.political-studies.com/society/society8.html\n        Development of civil society]''''.\\n* [http://archive.is/JfzE Minister of\n        Justice signed orders on removal of another 5 parties from the Register of\n        associations of citizens]. Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.\\n* Holobutsky,\n        O., Kulyk, V. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160404153549/http://golob.narod.ru/glvtpravi.html\n        Chapter 2. Party-political spectrum of modern Ukraine. 2. Right-wing parties]''''.\n        Political Parties of Ukraine. Oleksiy Holobutsky website.\\n\\n[[Category:Organizations\n        established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Political parties established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:1989\n        establishments in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:1989 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Pro-independence\n        parties in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Organizations based in the Soviet\n        Union]]\\n[[Category:Christian political parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Christian\n        democratic parties in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-04T01:49:43Z\",\"lastrevid\":765818084,\"length\":7001,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Christian_Democratic_Party\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Christian_Democratic_Party&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Christian_Democratic_Party\"},\"6593542\":{\"pageid\":6593542,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Free University\",\"index\":32,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-09T10:11:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{unreferenced|date=April\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox University \\n|name           = Ukrainian Free University\n        \\n|native_name    = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0423\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        Ukrainische Freie Universit\\u00e4t\\n|latin_name     = Universitas Libera Ukrainensis\\n|image          =\n        [[Image:ULUlogo.jpg|200px]]\\n|tagline        = \\n|established    = 1921\\n|type           =\n        [[Private university|Private]]\\n|rector         = Prof. Maria Pryshlak\\n|faculty        =\n        65 Assistant, Associate, Full, Visiting  and Honorary\\n|students       = graduate  students\n        primarily  from  Ukraine,registered  in MA and  doctoral  programs\\n|alumni         =\n        \\n|colors         = blue and  yellow\\n|city           = [[Munich]] \\n|country        =\n        [[Germany]] \\n|coor           = {{coord|48.16366|11.50938|region:DE-BY_type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}\\n|campus         =\n        [[urban area|Urban]]\\n|affiliations   = \\n|website        = {{URL|http://www.ufu-muenchen.de/}}\\n|publictransit  =\n        \\n}}\\n\\nThe  ''''''Ukrainian Free University'''''' ({{lang-ua|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0423\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442}},\n        {{lang-de|Ukrainische Freie Universit\\u00e4t}}, {{lang-la|Universitas Libera\n        Ukrainensis}}) is a private graduate university located in [[Munich]], [[Germany]].\\n\\n==History==\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Free University (UFU) was established in [[Vienna]], January 17,\n        1921. The  idea to organize  a Ukrainian university-in-exile came from Ukrainian\n        academics, some of  whom had held chairs at universities in the Russian and\n        Austro-Hungarian Empires. UFU was  transferred in the  fall of 1921 to Prague,\n        Czechoslovakia. The host government granted UFU full academic accreditation\n        and provided the University with financial support. UFU received wide recognition\n        during its Prague period for significant and productive teaching, research  and\n        publications.\\n\\nAfter the  Second  World War, UFU established its seat in\n        Munich, Germany. The  September 16, 1950 Free State of Bavaria [[Ministerial\n        decree]] guaranteed degree granting privileges. In the ensuing period various\n        Bavarian university laws  and ministerial decrees reaffirmed  this academic  privilege.\n        Federal German and Bavarian governmental financial support contributed towards\n        worthwhile research, publishing and  teaching activities. The University became\n        a recognized Western European scholarly  centre, specializing in the  study\n        of Ukraine within the USSR and of Ukrainians in the diaspora. Emphasis  was  placed\n        on the study of Ukrainian history, literature, culture, law and politics.\n        German and  Bavarian financial aid ceased in the  years following Ukrainian\n        independence, as it  was  assumed that patronage of the  University  would\n        be assured by Ukraine.The Ukrainian Ministry of Education  recognized UFU\n        doctoral  decrees in November 1992. To date, Ukrainian governmental funding\n        have not materialized. Thus, since 2009, the Ukrainian Free  University relies\n        entirely on its own resources.\\n\\nOver the years, the University has evolved\n        from a \\\"university-in-exile\\\" to a full-fledged, though highly specialized,\n        European Union graduate school. Nevertheless, UFU has retained much of its\n        remarkableness and  singularity. In its research and publishing  activities\n        the University focuses primarily on Ukraine and things Ukrainian.\\n\\n== Academic\n        structures ==\\nThe University has three academic structures. The Faculty of\n        Ukrainian Studies concentrates on interdisciplinary Ukrainian studies . Culture,\n        literature and history constitute the core of  Ukrainian studies.  The  Faculty\n        of Philosophy houses the remaining humanitarian disciplines, such as philosophy,\n        fine arts, music, teacher training and  religion.  The Faculty of Government\n        and  Political Economy unites such social science disciplines as political\n        science, economics and business, sociology, psychology and legal studies.\\n\\n==\n        Academic programs ==\\nUFU is the only private university in the world which,\n        while located outside of Ukraine, offers graduate programs of study in the\n        social sciences and the humanities, primarily in Ukrainian language.  In fact,\n        in order to be able to matriculate at UFU one must demonstrate fluency in\n        Ukrainian.  Masters programs require two to three semesters of  course work,\n        an MA  thesis and  an oral thesis  defense.  Doctoral programs stipulate three\n        semesters of course work, a doctoral dissertation,  philosophy commprehensives\n        and  an oral thesis  defense.Dissertations are normally written in Ukrainian.  In\n        exceptional cases permission may be granted to  write in another language.  Winter\n        Semester teaching period runs from early November to mid December and from\n        the end of January until early March.  Summer Semester teaching period is\n        from early May until the end of July.\\n\\nMost UFU faculty members also hold\n        simultaneously permanent academic positions at European Union, American, Canadian\n        and Ukrainian institutions of higher learning.\\n\\n==Notable alumni and faculty==\\n*\n        [[Viktor Petrov]]\\n* [[Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko]]\\n* [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]]\\n*\n        [[Ivan Horbachevsky]]\\n* [[George Yurii Shevelov]]\\n* [[Igor Kaczurowskyj]]\\n*\n        [[Emma Andijewska]]\\n* [[Liubomyr Vynar]]\\n* [[Serhiy Kvit]]\\n* [[Leonid Rudnytzky]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*\n        \\\"Universitas Libera Ucrainensis: 1921-2006\\\", Mykola Szafowal and Roman Yaremko\n        (eds.), ( Munich: Ukrainische Freie Universit\\u00e4t, 2006) Series: Varia\n        \\u2116 52.  {{ISBN|3-928687-61-1}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* {{de icon}}/{{en\n        icon}}/{{uk icon}} [http://www.ufu-muenchen.de/ Ukrainian Free University\n        official website]\\n* [[Volodymyr Yaniv]], [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianFreeUniversity.htm\n        Ukrainian Free University in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n\\n{{Universities\n        in Germany}}\\n{{Munich universities}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:1921\n        establishments in Austria]]\\n[[Category:Universities and colleges in Munich]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        diaspora in Germany]]\\n[[Category:Educational institutions established in\n        1921]]\\n[[Category:Universities and colleges in Vienna]]\\n[[Category:Education\n        in Prague]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian language]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian studies]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Free University| ]]\\n[[Category:Minority schools]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-14T05:34:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":789754109,\"length\":6151,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Free_University\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Free_University&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Free_University\"},\"461856\":{\"pageid\":461856,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church\",\"index\":5,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T15:10:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Christian denomination\\n|name = Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church\\n|caption_background\n        =\\n|image = [[File:Bras\\u00e3o da Igreja Greco-Cat\\u00f3lica Ucraniana.jpg|200px]]\\n|imagewidth\n        =250px\\n|alt =\\n|caption = \\n|main_classification = [[Catholic]]\\n|orientation\n        = [[Eastern Catholic]], [[Byzantine Rite]]\\n|theology =   \\n|polity = [[Episcopal\n        polity|Episcopal]]\\n|leader = [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] (Major Archbishop)\\n|director\n        =\\n|fellowships =\\n|associations =\\n|area =\\n|founder =[[Grand Prince]] [[Volodymyr\n        the Great]]\\n|founded_date = 988\\n|founded_place = [[Kiev]], [[Ruthenia]]\\n|separated_from\n        = [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\\n|parent =\\n|merger = 1596\n        [[Union of Brest]] ([[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]])\\n|liturgy\n        = [[Church Slavonic]] (official),{{cn|date=May 2017}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n|separations\n        = [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]\\n|hospitals =\\n|nursing_homes =\\n|aid\n        =\\n|congregations =\\n|members = 4,636,958\\n|ministers =\\n|missionaries =\\n|temples\n        =\\n|primary_schools =\\n|secondary_schools =\\n|tax_status =\\n|tertiary =\\n|other_names\n        = Ukrainian Catholic Church, [[Uniate]] Church\\n|website = {{official URL}}\\n|footnotes\n        =\\n}}\\n{{about|the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church which was historically\n        called \\\"Ruthenian\\\"|the Eastern Catholic Church presently called \\\"Ruthenian\\\"|Ruthenian\n        Greek Catholic Church}}\\n{{Eastern Catholicism}}\\n{{History of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church'''''' (UGCC)\n        ({{lang-uk|}}\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430 (\\u0423\\u0413\\u041a\\u0426), ''''Ukrains''ka\n        Hreko-Katolyts''ka Tserkva'''') is a [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Byzantine\n        Rite Eastern Catholic Church]] in [[full communion]] with the [[Holy See]].\n        It appeared in 1596 with signing of the Union of Brest between the Ruthenian\n        Orthodox Church ([[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]) and the Holy See.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChurchUnionofBerestia.htm\n        Church Union of Berestia]. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] It is the second-largest\n        [[particular church]] (''''[[sui juris]]'''') in the Catholic Church (after\n        the Latin, or Roman, Church). It traces its origin to the ''''''Ruthenian\n        Uniate Church'''''' ({{lang-la|Ecclesia Ruthena unita}}) also known as ''''''Ruthenian\n        Catholic Church''''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160613120934/http://www.stsophiaukrainian.cc/resources/ugccname/\n        The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\\u2019s Name]. St Sophia Church website[https://web.archive.org/web/20160613121615/https://books.google.com/books?id=REVEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1095&lpg=PT1095&dq=Ecclesia+Ruthena+unita&source=bl&ots=u3tUIoYfJZ&sig=qWQQVwKx3F2z8aWNfyq5osUTWKc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj795v1-6TNAhVFdR4KHcONAeEQ6AEITjAH#v=onepage&q=Ecclesia%20Ruthena%20unita&f=false\n        Canonical aspects]. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] that existed before\n        the [[partitions of Poland|partition of Poland]].\\n\\nThe [[Ordinary (officer)|ordinary]]\n        (or [[hierarch]]) of the church holds the title of [[Major archbishop]] of\n        [[Kiev]]-[[Halych]] and All Ruthenia, though the [[hierarch]]s and faithful\n        of the church have acclaimed their ordinary as \\\"[[Patriarch]]\\\" and have\n        requested Papal recognition of, and elevation to, this title. Major archbishop\n        is a unique title within the Catholic Church that was introduced in 1963 as\n        part of political compromise. Since March 2011 the head of the church is Major\n        Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]].\\n\\nThe church is one of the successor\n        [[Church body|churches]] to the [[Baptism of Kiev|acceptance of Christianity]]\n        by [[Grand Prince]] [[Vladimir the Great]] of [[Kiev]], in 988. The church\n        has followed the spread of the [[Ukrainian diaspora]] and now has some 40\n        hierarchs in over a dozen countries on four continents, including three other\n        [[metropolitan bishop]]s in [[Poland]], the [[United States]], and [[Canada]].\\n\\nWithin\n        [[Ukraine]] itself, the UGCC is a minority of the religious population, being\n        a distant second to the majority [[Eastern Orthodox]] faith. The Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church is the second largest religious organization in Ukraine\n        in terms of number of communities. In terms of number of members, the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church ranks third in allegiance among the population of Ukraine\n        after the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate]]. Currently, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church predominates in three western [[oblast]]s of Ukraine, including about\n        half the population of [[Lviv]], but constitutes a small minority elsewhere\n        in the country.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===Ruthenian Orthodox Church and previous\n        attempts of Catholisation===\\n{{Main|History of Christianity in Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ruthenian Uniate Church was created with the [[Union of Brest]] in 1595/1596,\n        yet its roots go back to the very beginning of [[Christianization of Kievan\n        Rus''|Christianity in the Mediaeval Slavic state]] of [[Ruthenia]]. [[Byzantine]]\n        [[missionaries]] exercised decisive influence in the area. The 9th-century\n        mission of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in [[Great Moravia]] had particular\n        importance as their work allowed the spread of worship in the [[Old Church\n        Slavonic language]]. The Byzantine-Greek influence continued, particularly\n        with the official adoption of Byzantine rites by Prince [[Vladimir I of Kiev]]\n        in 988 when there was established the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]]\n        [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev|Metropolis of Kiev and all\n        Ruthenia]]. Later at the time of the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]] (ca\n        1054) the [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] ([[Rusyns|Rusyn]]) Church took sides and\n        remained [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]].\\n\\nFollowing the [[Mongol invasion\n        of Russia|devastating Mongol invasion]] of [[Ruthenia]] and sack of Kiev in\n        1240, [[Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus|Metropolitan Maximus of Kiev]] moved\n        to the town of [[Vladimir-on-Klyazma]] in 1299. In 1303 on petition of Ruthenia\n        kings from the [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]] ([[Kingdom of Ruthenia|Ruthenia]]),\n        Patriarch [[Athanasius I of Constantinople]] created a separate [[Metropolis\n        of Halych]] that included western parishes of the original Metropolis of Kiev\n        and all Ruthenia. The new metropolis did not last for long (inconsistently\n        throughout most of the 14th century) and its new Metropolitan [[Peter of Moscow]]\n        was consecrated as the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ruthenia instead of Metropolitan\n        of Halych. Just before his death Peter moved his episcopal see from Vladimir\n        to [[Moscow]]. During his reign there was established [[Metropolitanate of\n        Lithuania]] in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], while after his death Metropolis\n        of Halych was reestablished as well. In 1445 the Metropolitan [[Isidore of\n        Kiev|Isidore]] with his see in Moscow joined the [[Council of Florence]] and\n        became a [[papal legate]] of all Ruthenia and Lithuania. After Isidore suffered\n        prosecutions by local bishops and royalty of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]],\n        he was banned away from Muscovy, while the Muscovite princes appointed own\n        Metropolitan [[Jonah of Moscow]] without consent of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch\n        of Constantinople]]. \\n\\nBecause of that Patriarch [[Gregory III of Constantinople]]\n        reorganized the Ruthenian Church in the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]\n        (until 1569 the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]) and its new primates were titled\n        as Metropolitans of Kiev, Halych and all Ruthenia. He appointed [[Gregory\n        II Bulgarian]] as the new Uniate primate who in 1470 rejoined the [[Ecumenical\n        Patriarch of Constantinople]] under [[Dionysius I of Constantinople]].\\n\\n===Foundation:\n        the Union of Brest===\\n{{Main|Union of Brest}}\\n[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej\n        1573.svg|166px|thumb|right|Religions in [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]\n        in 1573:
{{Color box|#fffce1|Catholic|border=darkgray}}
{{Color box|#93c789|Orthodox|border=darkgray}}
{{Color\n        box|#b279b2|Calvinist|border=darkgray}}]]\\n[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej 1750.svg|166px|thumb|Religions\n        in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1750:
{{Color box|#fffce1|Latin Catholic|border=darkgray}}
{{Color\n        box|orange|Greek Catholic||border=darkgray}}]]\\n\\nThis situation continued\n        for some time, and in the intervening years what is now Western and Central\n        Ukraine came under the rule of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The\n        Polish king [[Sigismund III Vasa]] was heavily influenced by the ideals of\n        the [[Counter-Reformation]] and wanted to increase the Catholic presence in\n        Ukraine. Meanwhile, the clergy of the Ruthenian lands were ruled from distant\n        Constantinople, and much of the population was loyal to Ruthenian Orthodoxy\n        rather than to the Polish Catholic monarch. Persecution of the Orthodox population\n        grew, and under pressure of Polish authorities the clergy of the Ruthenian\n        Church agreed by the Union of Brest in 1595 to break from the Patriarchate\n        of Constantinopole and unite with the [[Catholic Church]] under the authority\n        of the ruler of the Commonwealth, [[Sigismund III Vasa]], in exchange for\n        ending the persecution. In an effort to stop further [[Polonization]] processes\n        and recent recognition of the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] by [[Jeremias II of\n        Constantinople]], in 1596 the Ruthenian Orthodox Church signed the agreement\n        with the Holy See. The union was not accepted by all the members\n        of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in these lands, and marked the creation of\n        Uniate Church and separate eparchies that continued to stay Orthodox among\n        which were Lviv eparchy, Peremyshel eparchy, Mukachevo eparchy and Lutsk eparchy\n        that at first accepted the union but later oscillated back and forth.\\n\\n===Russian\n        occupation of Poland and liquidation of the Uniate church===\\n[[Image:Univ\n        lavra.jpg|thumb|The [[Univ Lavra]] was established in 1400 by the ruler [[Lubart]]''s\n        son [[Feodor Lubartovich|Theodore]] and remains the holiest monastery of the\n        Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.]]\\n[[File:Sielec 007.JPG|thumb|Small wooden\n        church and belfry in the village of [[Sielec, Drohobych Raion]] from the 17th\n        century, in the typical architectural style of that region]]\\nThe final step\n        of the full particularity of the Ruthenian Uniate Church was then effected\n        by the development of the middle [[Ruthenian language]] into separate [[Rusyn\n        language|Rusyn]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusian language]]s\n        around 1600 to 1800. With Orthodoxy being largely suppressed during the two\n        centuries of Polish rule, the [[Greek-Catholic]] influence on the Ukrainian\n        population was so great that in several oblasts hardly anyone remained  Orthodox.{{Citation\n        needed|date=January 2010}}\\n\\nAfter the partition of Poland, the formerly\n        Greek-Catholic territory was mostly divided between [[Russian Empire|Russia]]\n        and [[Austria-Hungary|Austria]]. The portion which came under Russian rule,\n        included [[Right-bank Ukraine]] and modern [[Belarus]], while dioceses of\n        [[Lviv]], [[Che\\u0142m|Kholm]], and [[Przemy\\u015bl|Peremyshl]] ([[Eastern\n        Galicia]]) came under Austrian rule. In the easternmost areas of Podolia the\n        population mainly reverted to Orthodoxy. Initially, the Russian authorities\n        were extremely tolerant of the Greek-Catholic church and allowed it to function\n        without restraint (calling adherents [[Basilian monk|Basilians]]). However  the\n        clergy soon split into pro-Catholic and pro-Russian, with the former tending\n        to convert to Latin Rite Catholicism, whilst the latter group, led by Bishop\n        [[Iosif Semashko]] (1798\\u20131868){{cite web|url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631232032_chunk_g978063123203213_ss1-16\n        |title=Iosif Semashko : The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity :\n        Blackwell Reference Online |publisher=Blackwellreference.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-11}}\n        and firmly rejected by the ruling Greek-Catholic synod remained largely controlled\n        by the pro-Polish clergy with the Russian authorities largely refusing to\n        interfere{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. The situation changed abruptly\n        following Russia''s successful suppression of the [[November Uprising|1831\n        Polish uprising]], aimed at overthrowing Russian control of the Polish territories.\n        As the uprising was actively supported by the Greek-Catholic church, a crackdown\n        on the Church occurred immediately. The pro-Latin members of the Synod were\n        removed; and the Church began to disintegrate, with its parishes in Volhynia\n        reverting to Orthodoxy, including the 1833 transfer of the famous [[Pochaiv\n        Lavra]]. In 1839 the Synod of Polotsk (in modern-day Belarus), under the leadership\n        of Bishop Semashko, dissolved the Greek-Catholic church in the [[Russian Empire]],\n        and all its property was transferred to the Orthodox state church. The 1913\n        Catholic Encyclopedia says that in what was then known as ''Little Russia''\n        (now [[Ukraine]]), the pressure of the Russian Government \\\"utterly wiped\n        out\\\" Greek Catholicism, and \\\"some 7,000,000 of the Uniats there were compelled,\n        partly by force and partly by deception, to become part of the Greek Orthodox\n        Church\\\".{{CathEncy|wstitle=Ruthenians}}\\n\\nThe dissolution of\n        the Greek-Catholic Church in Russia was completed in 1875 with the [[Conversion\n        of Che\\u0142m Eparchy|abolition of the Eparchy of Kholm]].''''St. Nicholas\n        Ukrainian Catholic Parish in Winnipeg, Historical Timeline\\nof the Basilian\n        Order of St. Josaphat''''\\n\\n===Preservation and revival by the Habsburg\n        Monarchy===\\n\\n{{Further|Western Ukrainian Clergy}}\\nElimination of Ruthenian\n        Catholicism within the [[Russian Empire]] began early in the 19th century.\n        In 1803 the Pope of Rome granted the transfer of the quasi-patriarchal powers\n        of the Major-Archiepiscopate of Kiev/Halych and all Rus to the Metropolitan\n        of [[Lviv]] (Lemberg) in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].  Suffragan sees\n        included [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] (then called Stanislav) and Przemy\\u015bl. By\n        the end of the century, those remaining faithful to this church began emigrating\n        to the U.S., Canada, and Brazil.\\n\\nThe territory received by Austria-Hungary\n        in the partition of Poland included [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Halychyna]]\n        (modern Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and parts of Ternopil oblasts). Here the Greek-Catholic\n        Ruthenian (Ukrainian) peasantry had been largely under Polish Roman Catholic\n        domination. The Austrians granted equal freedom of worship to the Greek-Catholic\n        Church and removed Polish influence. They also mandated that Uniate seminarians\n        receive a formal higher education (previously, priests had been educated informally\n        by their fathers), and organized institutions in [[Vienna]] and [[Lviv]] that\n        would serve this function. This led to the appearance, for the first time,\n        of a large, educated class within the Ukrainian population in Halychyna.Himka,\n        John Paul.  (1999). ''''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'''' McGill-Queen''s\n        University Press: Montreal and Kingston.  Pg. 6. It also engendered\n        a fierce sense of loyalty to the Habsburg dynasty. When Polish rebels briefly\n        took control of Lviv in 1809, they demanded that the head of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church, Anton Anhelovych, substitute [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]''s\n        name in the [[Divine Liturgy]] for that of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Austrian\n        Emperor Francis II]]. Anhelovych refused, and was imprisoned. When the Austrians\n        retook control over Lviv, Anhelovych was awarded the cross of Leopold by the\n        Emperor.John-Paul Himka. (1986). ''''The Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian\n        Society in Austrian Galicia.'''' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\\n\\nAs\n        a result of the reforms, over the next century the Greek-Catholic Church in\n        Austrian Halychnya ceased being a puppet of foreign interests and became the\n        primary cultural force within the Ukrainian community. Most independent native\n        Ukrainian cultural and political trends (such as Rusynophilia, [[Russophilia]]\n        and later [[Ukrainophilia]]) emerged from within the ranks of the Greek-Catholic\n        Church [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|clergy]]. The participation of Greek Catholic\n        priests or their children in western Ukrainian cultural and political life\n        was so great that western Ukrainians were accused of wanting to create a theocracy\n        in western Ukraine by their Polish rivals.Himka, John Paul.  (1999).\n        ''''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'''' McGill-Queen''s University\n        Press: Montreal and Kingston.  Pg. 10 Among the political trends that\n        emerged, the [[Christian Social Movement in Ukraine|Christian social movement]]\n        was particularly linked to the Ukrainian Catholic Church. Many people saw\n        the Austrians as having saved the Ukrainians and their Church from the Poles,\n        though it was the Poles who set into motion the [[Greek-Catholic]] cast of\n        their church.\\n[[Image:St Georges.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Cathedral of St.\n        George (Saskatoon)|St George''s Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] built by\n        architect The Very Reverend Philip Ruh, O.M.I. in 1923.  [[Pleasant Hill,\n        Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Protected Heritage site]], [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]][http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/Saskatchewan/ethnic/PhilipRuh.html\n        The Very Reverend Philip Ruh, O.M.I. Priest, Architect and Builder of about\n        40 Ukrainian Catholic Churches] URL accessed February 9, 2007]]\\n\\n===Liquidation\n        of the rest of Catholic Church of Byzantine rite in the Soviet Union===\\n{{Main|The\n        Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the USSR}}\\n[[File:Biskupi greckokatoliccy\n        1927 Lw\\u00f3w.jpg|300px|thumb|Bishops of Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.\n        [[St. George''s Cathedral, Lviv]], Lviv  12.1927.  Sitting: bp.[[Hryhory Khomyshyn]],  [[Metropolitan\n        Archbishop]] [[Andrey Sheptytsky]], bp. [[Nykyta Budka]], bp. [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]].]]\\n[[File:The\n        relics of the blessed of Josaphat Kotsylovsky.JPG|thumbnail|Stryi. The relics\n        of the blessed of Josaphat Kotsylovsky.JPG]]\\n[[File:Greckokatolicka metropolia\n        lwowska 1939.png|right|250px|thumb|Map of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in\n        the province of Lviv in 1939]]\\nAfter [[World War I]], Ukrainian Greek Catholics\n        found themselves under the governance of the nations of [[Poland]], [[Hungary]],\n        [[Romania]] and [[Czechoslovakia]]. Under the previous century of Austrian\n        rule, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church attained such a strong Ukrainian\n        national character that in interwar Poland, the Greek Catholics of Galicia\n        were seen by the nationalist Polish and Catholic state as even less patriotic\n        than the Orthodox Volhynians. Extending its [[Polonisation]] policies to its\n        [[Kresy|Eastern Territories]], the Polish authorities sought to weaken the\n        UGCC. In 1924, following a visit with Ukrainian Catholic believers in [[North\n        America]] and [[western Europe]], the head of the UGCC was initially denied\n        reentry to Lw\\u00f3w (the Polish name at the time for Lviv), only being allowed\n        back after a considerable delay. Polish Roman Catholic priests, led by their\n        Latin bishops, began missionary work among Greek Catholics; and administrative\n        restrictions were placed on the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.{{cite\n        book| author=Magosci, P. | title=Morality and Reality: the Life and Times\n        of Andrei Sheptytsky| location= Edmonton, Alberta | publisher= Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta | year = 1989 }}\\n\\nAfter\n        [[World War II]] Ukrainian Catholics came under the rule of [[Communist Poland]]\n        and the hegemony of the [[Soviet Union]]. With only a few clergy invited to\n        attend, a synod was convened in Lviv (Lvov), which revoked the Union of Brest.  Officially\n        all of the church property was transferred to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]\n        under the [[Moscow Patriarchate]],[http://www.rferl.org/content/SovietEra_Documents_Shed_Light_On_Suppression_Of_Ukrainian_Catholic_Church/1795023.html\n        Soviet-Era Documents Shed Light On Suppression Of Ukrainian Catholic Church\n        Soviet-Era Documents Shed Light On Suppression Of Ukrainian Catholic Church],\n        ''''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]'''', August 7, 2009 Most of\n        the Ukrainian Greek Catholic clergy went underground. This catacomb church\n        was strongly supported by its [[diaspora]] in the Western Hemisphere. Emigration\n        to the U.S. and Canada, which had begun in the 1870s, increased after World\n        War II.\\n\\nIn the winter of 1944-45, Ukrainian Greek Catholic clergy were\n        summoned to ''reeducation'' sessions conducted by the [[NKVD]].  Near the\n        end of the war in Europe, the state media began an anti-Ukrainian-Catholic\n        campaign.\\\"Soviet repression\n        of the Ukrainian Catholic Church.\\\" Department of State Bulletin 87 (1987)\n        The creation of the community in 1596 was discredited in publications, which\n        went to great pains to try to prove  the Church was conducting activities\n        directed against Ukrainians in the first half of the 20th century.\\n\\nIn 1945 Soviet authorities arrested, deported,\n        and sentenced to forced-labor camps in [[Siberia]] and elsewhere the church''s\n        metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] and nine other Greek Catholic bishops,\n        as well as hundreds of clergy and leading lay activists. In Lviv alone, 800\n        priests were imprisoned. All\n        the above-mentioned bishops and significant numbers of clergymen died in prisons,\n        concentration camps, internal exile, or soon after their release during the\n        post-Stalin thaw.''''\\\"The Ukrainian Greek Catholics: A\n        Historical Survey\\\", by Religious Information Service of Ukraine''''\n        The exception was metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] who, after 18\n        years of imprisonment and persecution, was released thanks to the intervention\n        of [[Pope John XXIII]], Slipyi took refuge in Rome, where he received the\n        title of Major Archbishop of Lviv, and became a cardinal in 1965.\\n[[Image:St\n        Joseph the Betrothed 080202.jpg|thumb|250px|The center dome of [[St. Joseph\n        the Betrothed Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]][http://www.stjosephucc.org/\n        St Joseph Ukrainian Catholic Church Homepage]]]\\n\\nThe clergy who joined\n        the Russian Orthodox Church were spared the large-scale persecution of religion\n        that occurred elsewhere in the country (see [[Religion in the Soviet Union]]).\n        In the city of Lviv, only one church was closed (at a time when many cities\n        in the rest of Ukraine did not have a working church). Moreover, the western\n        dioceses of Lviv-Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk were the largest in the USSR\n        and contained the majority of the Russian Orthodox Church''s cloisters (particularly\n        convents, of which there were seven in Ukrainian SSR but none in Russia).\n        Orthodox canon law was also relaxed on the clergy allowing them to shave beards\n        (a practice uncommon to Orthodoxy) and conduct liturgy in Ukrainian as opposed\n        to [[Church Slavonic]].\\n\\nThe Ukrainian Catholics continued to exist underground\n        for decades and were the subject of vigorous attacks in the state media. The\n        clergy gave up public exercise of their clerical duties, but secretly provided\n        services for many lay people.\n        Many priests took up civilian professions and celebrated the sacraments in\n        private. The identities of former priests could have been known to the Soviet\n        police who regularly watched them, interrogated them and put fines on them,\n        but stopped short of arrest unless their activities went beyond a small circle\n        of people. New secretly ordained\n        priests were often treated more harshly.\\n\\nThe church even grew during this time, and this was acknowledged\n        by Soviet sources. The first secretary of the Lvov Komsomol, Oleksiy Babiychuk,\n        claimed:\\n\\n
 in this oblast, particularly in the rural areas,\n        a large number of the population adheres to religious practices, among them\n        a large proportion of youth. In the last few years, the activity of the Uniates\n        [Ukrainian Catholics] has grown, that of representatives of the Uniates as\n        well as former Uniate priests; there are even reverberations to renew the\n        overt activity of this Church.
\\n\\nAfter\n        Stalin died, Ukrainian Catholics hoped this would lead to better conditions\n        for themselves, but such hopes were dashed in the late 1950s when the authorities\n        arrested even more priests and unleashed a new wave of anti-Catholic propaganda. Secret ordinations occurred in exile.\n        Secret theological seminaries in Ternopol and Kolomyia were reported in the\n        Soviet press in the 1960s when their organizers were arrested. In 1974 a clandestine convent was uncovered in Lviv.\\n\\nDuring the Soviet era, the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church did flourish throughout the Ukrainian diaspora. Cardinal\n        [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] was jailed as a dissident but named ''''[[in\n        pectore]]'''' (in secret) a cardinal in 1949; he was freed in 1963 and was\n        the subject of an extensive campaign to have him named as a [[patriarch]],\n        which met with strong support as well as controversy. [[Pope Paul VI]] demurred,\n        but compromised with the creation of a new title of [[major archbishop]] (assigned\n        to Yosyf Slipyi on 23 December 1963{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bslipiy|Josyf\n        Ivanovyc\\u00e8 Cardinal Slipyj (Slipiy)|21 January 2015}}\\n), with a\n        jurisdiction roughly equivalent to that of a [[patriarch]] in an Eastern church.  This\n        title has since passed to [[Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky]] in 1984 and thereafter\n        to [[Lubomyr Husar]] in 2000 and [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] in 2011; this title\n        has also been granted to the heads of three other [[Eastern Catholic Churches]].\\n\\nIn\n        1968, when the Ukrainian Catholic Church was legalized in [[Czechoslovakia]],\n        a large scale campaign was launched to harass recalcitrant clergy who remained\n        illegal. These clergy were subject\n        to interrogations, fines and beatings. In January 1969 the [[KGB]] arrested\n        an underground Catholic bishop named Vasyl Velychkovsky and two Catholic priests,\n        and sentenced them to three years of imprisonment for breaking anti-religious\n        legislation.\\n\\nActivities that\n        could lead to arrest included holding religious services, educating children\n        as Catholics, performing baptisms, conducting weddings or funerals, hearing\n        confessions or giving the last rites, copying religious materials, possessing\n        prayer books, possessing icons, possessing church calendars, possessing religious\n        books or other sacred objects.\n        Conferences were held to discuss how to perfect the methodology in combatting\n        Ukrainian Catholicism in the West Ukraine.\\n\\nAt times the Ukrainian Catholics attempted to employ legal channels\n        to have their community recognized by the state. In 1956–1957 there\n        were petitions to the proper authorities to request for churches to be opened.\n        More petitions were sent in the 60s and 70s, all of which were refused. In\n        1976, a priest named Volodymyr Prokipov was arrested for presenting such a\n        petition to Moscow. The response\n        to these petitions by the state had been to sharpen attacks against the community.\\n\\nIn\n        1984 a [[samizdat]] ''''Chronicle of the Catholic Church'''' began to be published\n        by Ukrainian Catholics. The founder of the group behind this publication,\n        Yosef Terelya, was arrested in 1985 and sentenced to seven years imprisonment\n        and five years of exile. His\n        successor, Vasely Kobryn, was arrested and sentenced to three years of exile.\\n\\nThe [[Solidarity movement]] in\n        Poland and Pope [[John Paul II]] supported the Ukrainian Catholics. The state\n        media attacked John Paul II. The antireligious journal ''''Liudyna i Svit''''\n        (Man and the World) published in Kiev wrote:\\n\\n
 Proof that the\n        Church is persistently striving to strengthen its political influence in socialist\n        countries is witnessed by the fact that Pope John Paul II gives his support\n        to the emigre hierarchy of the so-called Ukrainian Catholic Church . . ..\n        The current tactic of Pope John Paul II and the Roman Curia lies in the attempts\n        to strengthen the position of the Church in all socialist countries as they\n        have done in Poland, where the Vatican tried to raise the status of the Catholic\n        Church to a state within a state. In the last few years, the Vatican has paid\n        particular attention to the question of Catholicism of the Slavonic nations.\n        This is poignantly underscored by the Pope when he states that he is not only\n        a Pope of Polish origin, but the first Slavic Pope, and he will pay particular\n        attention to the Christianization of all Slavic nations.\\n
\\n\\nBy the late 1980s there was a shift\n        in the Soviet government''s attitude towards religion. At the height of [[Mikhail\n        Gorbachev]]''s [[Glastnost|liberalization reforms]] the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church was allowed again to function officially in December 1989.\n        But then it found itself largely in disarray with the nearly all of its pre-1946\n        parishes and property lost to the Orthodox faith. The church, actively supported\n        by nationalist organisations such as [[People''s Movement of Ukraine|Rukh]]\n        and later the [[UNA-UNSO]], took an uncompromising stance towards the return\n        of its lost property and parishes. According to a Greek-Catholic priest, \\\"even\n        if the whole village is now Orthodox and one person is Greek Catholic, the\n        church [building] belongs to that Catholic because the church was built by\n        his grandparents and great-grandparents.\\\"[[Andrew Wilson\n        (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation'''', p.\n        246, [[Yale University Press]], 2002, {{ISBN|0-300-09309-8}} The weakened\n        Soviet authorities were unable to pacify the situation, and most of the parishes\n        in Halychyna came under the control of the Greek-Catholics during the events\n        of a large scale inter-confessional rivalry that was often accompanied by\n        violent clashes of the faithful provoked by their religious and political\n        leadership.Nathaniel Davis, ''''A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary\n        History of Russian Orthodoxy'''', p. 75, Westview Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8133-4067-5}}\n        These tensions led to a rupture of relations between the [[Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        and the [[Holy See|Vatican]].\\n\\n===Current situation===\\n[[File:Chomnycky\n        london cathedral.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Bishop [[Paul Patrick Chomnycky]] in\n        [[London]].]]\\n\\nCurrently the church has between 3 and 5 million supporters\n        in Ukraine. Numerous surveys conducted since the late 1990s consistently show\n        that between 6% and 8% of Ukraine''s total population, or 9.4% to 12.6% of\n        the country''s religious believers, identify themselves as belonging to this\n        Church.{{cite web|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b2964|title=70\n        Percent of Ukrainians Religious, Survey Shows|publisher=|date=17 June 2004|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210320/http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3B2964|archive-date=21\n        July 2011|df=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;13940|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120908021914/http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;13940|archivedate=2012-09-08|df=}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine:\n        People and Society: Religions|work=CIA World Factbook|date=2013|accessdate=23\n        October 2015}} Worldwide, the faithful now number some 6 to 10 million,\n        forming the largest [[particular church|particular]] [[Catholic Church]],\n        after the majority [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite Church]]. The [[demographics\n        of Ukraine]] show that the Greek Catholic Church is increasing at the expense\n        of the majority Orthodox Church, due to higher birth rates and lower death\n        rates among its members.\\n\\nAccording to a 2015 survey, followers of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church make up 8.1% of the total population (excluding Crimea)\n        and form the majority in 3 oblasts:[http://infolight.org.ua/content/religiyni-vpodobannya-naselennya-ukrayiny\n        \\\"Religious preferences of the population of Ukraine\\\". Sociology poll by]\n        [[Razumkov Centre]], [[SOCIS]], [[Sociological group\n        \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]] and [[Kiev International Institute of Sociology|KIIS]]\n        about the religious situation in Ukraine (2015)The survey sample\n        was 25000 people, excluded Crimea, so 1000 people for oblast.\\n\\n* [[Lviv\n        Oblast]] \\u2014 59% of the population\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] \\u2014\n        57%\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast]] \\u2014 52%\\n\\nToday, most Ukrainian Catholic Churches\n        have moved away from Church Slavonic and use Ukrainian. Many churches also\n        offer liturgies in the official language of the country the Church is in,\n        for example, German in Germany or English in Canada; however, some parishes\n        continue to celebrate the liturgy in Slavonic even today, and services in\n        a mix of languages are not unusual.\\n\\nIn the early first decade of the 21st\n        century, the major see of the Ukrainian Catholic Church was transferred to\n        the Ukrainian capital of [[Kiev]]. The enthronement of the new head of the\n        church Major Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] took place there on 27 March\n        2011 at the cathedral under construction on the left bank. On 18 August 2013,\n        the [[Patriarchal Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ]] was dedicated\n        and solemnly opened.\\n\\n==De-Latinization and protest==\\n{{Unreferenced section|date=July\n        2013}}\\nThe Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church previously embarked on a campaign\n        of [[Liturgical latinisation|de-Latinization]] reforms.  These include the\n        removal of the [[stations of the cross]], the [[rosary]] and the monstrance\n        from their liturgy and parishes. \\nIn 2001 a priest, Vasyl Kovpak, and a small\n        group of followers opposed to certain policies (such as [[Liturgical latinisation|de-latinisation]])\n        and [[ecumenism]] of the UGCC hierarchy, organized themselves as the [[Priestly\n        Society of Saint Josaphat]]. The PSSJ possesses close ties with the [[Latin\n        Rite]] [[Traditionalist Catholic]] [[Society of Saint Pius X]], which rejects\n        and condemns certain actions and policies of both Husar and the Pope. On November\n        21, 2007 the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] excommunicated\n        Kovpak.Catholic World News, November 21, 2007.  [http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=54919\n        Ukrainian priest excommunicated]\\n\\nCritics claim that the SSJK''s liturgical\n        practice favours severely abbreviated services and imported Roman Catholic\n        devotions over the traditional and authentic practices of the Ukrainian Greek\n        Catholic Church. Proponents counter that these symbols and rituals, influenced\n        long ago by their [[Roman Catholicism in Poland|Polish Roman Catholic]] neighbors,\n        have been practiced by Ukrainian Greek Catholics for centuries.  To deny them\n        today is to deprive the people of a part of sacred heritage which they have\n        learned to regard as their own.\\n\\nIn 2008, a group of [[Order of Saint Basil\n        the Great|Basilian]] priests at the [[Pidhirtsi]] monastery declared that\n        four of them had been consecrated bishops without permission of the Pope or\n        the Major Archbishop.  The \\\"Pidhirtsi fathers\\\" had opposed de-latinisation,\n        liberal theology, and the ecumenical approach of the hierarchy.  Excommunicated\n        in 2008, in 2009 they constituted themselves as the ''''[[Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Greek Catholic Church]]''''.\\n\\n==Administration==\\n{{also|List of Leaders\n        of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}\\n[[File:Administrative divisions\n        of the Greek Catholic Church in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772.PNG|thumb|Administrative\n        divisions of the Ruthenian Uniate (Greek-Catholic) Church in 1772 (before\n        partition of Poland)]]\\n;Ruthenian Uniate Church \\n(governing title Metropolitan\n        of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia)\\n* 1609-1746 [[Cathedral of the Theotokos,\n        Vilnius]] by [[Hypatius Pociej]]\\n* 1746-1809 [[Radomyshl]]\\n;Ukrainian Greek\n        Catholic Church \\n(governing title Metropolitan of Galicia, since 2005 –\n        Major Archbishop of Kiev-Galicia)\\n* 1816-1946 [[St. George''s Cathedral,\n        Lviv]]\\n* 1946-1989 Church liquidated by Soviet authorities (preserved on\n        efforts of [[Josyf Slipyj]] at [[Santa Sofia a Via Boccea]])\\n* 1989-2011\n        [[St. George''s Cathedral, Lviv]]\\n* 2011-present [[Patriarchal Cathedral\n        of the Resurrection of Christ]], [[Kiev]]\\n===18th century dioceses (eparchies)===\\n{{History\n        of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}\\n* Kiev archeparchy (Vilno)\\n* [[Ruthenian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Polotsk\\u2013Vitebsk|Polotsk archeparchy]] (Polotsk)\\n*\n        Volodymyr-Brest eparchy (Volodymyr)\\n* Turow-Pinsk eparchy (Pinsk)\\n* Chelm-Belz\n        eparchy (Chelm)\\n* [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Lutsk\\u2013Ostroh|Lutsk-Ostroh\n        eparchy]] (Lutsk)\\n* Halych-Kamianets eparchy (Lviv)\\n* Przemysl-Sanok eparchy\n        (Przemysl)\\n* Smolensk archeparchy (Smolensk)\\n\\n===Current administrative\n        division===\\n{{Image label begin|image=Ukraine eparchies.png|width=600|float=center}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-220|y=-160.0|scale=-1|text=''''''[[Archeparchy of Kyiv]]''''''}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-100|y=-150.0|scale=-1|text=''''''[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy\n        of Lviv|1]]''''''}}\\n{{Image label|x=-105|y=-195.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Ivano-Frankivsk|2]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-145|y=-165.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Ternopil \\u2013 Zboriv|3]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-70 |y=-170.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych|4]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-110|y=-130.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sokal \\u2013 Zhovkva|5]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-102|y=-168.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Stryi|6]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-130|y=-230.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Kolomyia \\u2013 Chernivtsi|7]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-150|y=-195.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Buchach|8]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-430|y=-200.0|scale=-1|text=''''[[Exarchate\n        of Donetsk]]''''}}\\n{{Image label|x=-350|y=-120.0|scale=-1|text=''''[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Kharkiv|Exarchate of Kharkiv]]''''}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-300|y=-270.0|scale=-1|text=''''[[Exarchate of Odessa-Crimea|Exarchate\n        of Odessa]]''''}}\\n{{Image label|x=-120|y=-80.0 |scale=-1|text=''''[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Lutsk|Exarchate
 of Lutsk]]''''}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-30 |y=-225.0|scale=-1|text=[[Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve|Eparchy\n        of
 Mukachevo*]]}}\\n{{Image label end}}\\n{{Clear}}\\nNote: The Eparchy\n        of Mukachevo belongs to the [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian Catholic\n        Church]] rather than the Ukrainian Greek church.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church moved its administrative center from Western Ukrainian [[Lviv]] to\n        a new cathedral in [[Kiev]] on 21 August 2005. The title of the head of the\n        UGCC was changed from ''''The Major Archbishop of Lviv'''' to ''''The Major\n        Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych''''.\\n\\nThe Patriarchal Curia of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church is an organ of Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the head of the\n        UGCC, Major Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych, which coordinates and promotes\n        the common activity of the UGCC in Ukraine to make influence on society in\n        different spheres: education, policy, culture, etc. The Curia develops action\n        of the Church''s structures, enables relations and cooperation with other\n        Churches and major public institutions in religious and social areas for implementation\n        of the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church through everyday life.\\n\\nThe\n        current eparchies and other territorial jurisdictions of the church are:\\n[[File:\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f, \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430 (4).jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church in [[Vinnytsia]]]]\\n*[[Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv-Halych|Ukrainian\n        Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv\\u2013Halych]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy\n        of Kyiv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Crimea]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Donetsk]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal\n        Exarchate of Kharkiv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of\n        Lutsk]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Odessa]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stryi]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sambir\\u2013Drohobych]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sokal \\u2013 Zhovkva|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sokal\\u2013Zhovkva]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Ternopil\\u2013Zboriv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy\n        of Buchach]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kamyanets-Podilskyi]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy\n        of Kolomyia \\u2013 Chernivtsi|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kolomyia\\u2013Chernivtsi]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Przemy\\u015bl\\u2013Warsaw]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic\n        Eparchy of Wroc\\u0142aw-Gda\\u0144sk]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy\n        of Winnipeg]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic\n        Eparchy of Saskatoon]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of\n        Chicago]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stamford]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic\n        Eparchy of Parma]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of S\\u00e3o Jo\\u00e3o\n        Batista em Curitiba|Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Curitiba]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic  Eparchy of the Imaculada Concei\\u00e7\\u00e3o in Prudent\\u00f3polis|Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Prudent\\u00f3polis]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of\n        Argentina]] (under the ecclesiastical province of Buenos Aires)\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Eparchy of Ss Peter and Paul|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in Australia, New\n        Zealand and Oceania]] (under the ecclesiastical province of Melbourne)\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in\n        Great Britain]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Wladimir-Le-Grand\n        de Paris|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in France]]\\n**[[Apostolic Exarchate in\n        Germany and Scandinavia for the Ukrainians]]*\\n\\n*\n        Directly subject to the [[Holy See]]\\n\\nAs of 2014, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church is estimated to have 4,468,630 faithful, 39 bishops, 3993 parishes,\n        3008 diocesan priests, 399 religious-order priests, 818 men religious, 1459\n        women religious, 101 deacons, and 671 seminarians.{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat14.pdf\\n|author=Ronald\n        Roberson\\n|title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2014\\n|publisher=Catholic Near\n        East Welfare Association\\n|accessdate=January 10, 2015}} Information sourced\n        from ''''Annuario Pontificio'''' 2014 edition.\\n\\n==Prison Ministry\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church==\\nIn contemporary [[Ukraine prison\n        ministry]] of chaplains does not exist ''''de jure''''. The prison pastoral\n        care was at the very heart of the spirituality of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church throughout her history. Prison Pastoral of the UGCC, though it is still\n        very young, is taking successive steps to integrity. It was restored in 1990\n        after the Church, formerly forbidden, emerged from the underground. Pastoral\n        care has grown steadily from several establishments in the Western Part of\n        Ukraine to more than 40 penal institutions in every region of the country.\n        Since 2001 the UGCC is the co-founder of the Ukrainian Interdenominational\n        Christian Mission \\\"Spiritual and Charitable Care in Prisons\\\" including twelve\n        Churches and Denominations. This Mission is a part of the World Association\n        of Prison Ministry. The most active prison chaplains are the Redemptorist\n        Fathers.\\n\\nIn the year 2006 Lubomyr Husar established in the Patriarchal\n        Curia of the UGCC [http://www.kapelanstvo.org.ua/ the Department for Pastoral\n        Care in the Armed Forces and in the Penitentiary System of Ukraine]. This\n        structure implements a general management of Prison Ministry. The chief of\n        the Department is Most Rev. Michael Koltun, Bishop of Sokal and Zhovkva. The\n        head of the Unit for penitentiary pastoral care is Rev. Constantin Panteley,\n        who is directly responsible for coordination of activity in this realm. He\n        is in direct contact with 37 priests in 12 eparchies who have been assigned\n        responsibility for prison pastoral care. Those pastors ensure regular attendance\n        of penitentiary facilities, investigatory isolators and prisons.\\n\\n[[File:Capelany.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Prison\n        chaplains of the UGCC - Ukraine - 2008]]\\nDepartment of the UGCC for Pastoral\n        Care in the Armed Forces and in the Penitentiary System of Ukraine is provisory\n        structure till both chaplaincies will be quite ripe. Prison Pastoral Care\n        is appealed to facilitate transition from the punitive system neglecting human\n        dignity to correctional system cherishing penitentiary idea. Our mission is\n        to serve the inmates in the national penitentiaries with Christian charity\n        and reconciliation through extensive ministry to the spiritual and physical\n        needs of prisoners of any creed, sex, age, religious faith, or nationality.\n        The priority directions of the ministry are sermon, catechetics, administration\n        of the sacraments for inmates, assistance and support of communication with\n        family, spiritual support of the prison stuff, engagement of lay people in\n        ministry.\\n\\nThe Sunday of the [[Prodigal Son]], which every  year falls up\n        to date two weeks before the [[Great Lent]], Synod of Bishops of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church has defined as a Day of special attention to [[Catholic\n        Prison Ministry]]. The Gospel Reading on this Sunday (Luke 15:11-32) lays\n        out one of the most important themes of the Lenten season: the history of\n        falling into a sin, realization of one''s sinfulness, the road to repentance,\n        and finally reconciliation, each of which is illustrated in the course of\n        the parable. The UGCC Synod invokes to remember in prayers workers of the\n        Penitentiary system of Ukraine, who perform difficult tasks, because every\n        day they are near of broken human destinies. This Sunday declared as a day\n        to remember in prayers and support chaplains and volunteers, who work with\n        great dedication to provide spiritual support for prisoners, helping them\n        to step on the right path.\\n\\nThe UGCC Prison Ministry has many directions\n        of development in compatibility with other missions of the Church. It is currently\n        carrying out on the base of \\\"The Agreement for cooperation of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church with the State Penal Department of Ukraine\\\", which\n        offers many possibilities. Today pastoral ministry is regularly carried out\n        in penitentiary facilities # 3, 13, 27, 30, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 50, 55, 57,\n        63, 110, 112, 120, 124, in correctional centres # 118, 128, 135 in seven investigatory\n        isolators and in three juvenile prisons of Ukraine. In 6 prisons our pastors\n        are able to attend only irregularly.\\n\\n==See also==\\n[[File:St. George''s\n        Krystynopol.jpg|thumb|The interior of St. George''s Church in [[Chervonohrad]].]]\\n*\n        [[History of Christianity in Ukraine|Major events]]: [[Christianization of\n        Kievan Rus'']], [[Ruthenia]], [[Conversion of Chelm Eparchy|Conversion of\n        Kholm Eparchy]]\\n* [[Western Ukrainian Clergy]]: [[List of Major Archbishops\n        of Kiev-Galicia]] and [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev]], [[Andrey\n        Sheptytsky]], [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]], [[Hryhory Khomyshyn|Hryhorij\n        Chomyszyn]], [[Josaphata Hordashevska]]\\n* [[Dzhublyk]]\\n* Supporting organizations:\n        [[Ukrainian Catholic University]], [[Ukraine prison ministry]], [[Priestly\n        Society of Saint Josaphat]]\\n* Related organizations: [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Ruthenian Catholic Church]] ([[Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo]]),\n        [[Belarusian Greek Catholic Church]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n*Articles in [[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (Mirror Weekly): \\\"Moscow, Vatican\n        and an unpredictable weather in Ukraine\\\", March 2004,[http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/483/45674/\n        in Ukrainian]{{dead link|date=April 2011}} and [http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/483/45674/\n        in Russian]{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\\n*\\\"Account\n        of the history of the Unia and its disestablishment in 19th Century Russia\\\"\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221333/http://www.pravoslavie.ru/arhiv/050513111111/\n        in Russian]\\n* ''''Orientales Omnes Ecclesias'''', Encyclical on the Reunion\n        of the Ruthenian Church with Rome His Holiness Pope Pius XII, Promulgated\n        on December 23, 1945''''.\\n* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Greek Catholics in America}}\\n*Gudziak,\n        Borys A. (2001). ''''Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, The Patriarchate\n        of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest.'''' Harvard University\n        Press. Cambridge, MA.\\n*Rev. Chirovsky, A. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160612230209/http://www.ukrweekly.com/uwwp/as-pope-and-russian-patriarch-meet-ukraine-fears-a-shaky-vatican/\n        As pope and Russian patriarch meet, Ukraine fears a \\u201cshaky\\u201d Vatican]''''.\n        [[The Ukrainian Weekly]]. 19 February 2016.\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{commons}}\\n*{{Official\n        website|http://www.ugcc.org.ua/index.php?L=2}}\\n*[http://www.stmichaelsri.org/Video.php\n        Live video broadcasts of Ukrainian Catholic Divine Liturgy (and recordings)]\\n*[http://www.kyiv.ugcc.org.ua/\n        Official website] of the Kyiv Archeparchy]\\n*[http://www.stjosephucc.org/\n        St Joseph Ukrainian Catholic Church]\\n*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110421051422/http://www.saintelias.com/ca/home/\n        St. Elias Ukrainian Catholic Church]\\n*[http://www.stjohnbrantford.com/  St.\n        John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic Church]\\n*[http://unici.pl/content/view/67.html\n        At the Service of Church Unity]\\n*[http://risu.org.ua/en/index Information\n        website] of the Religious Information Service of Ukraine\\n*[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=69&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1\n        Article on the UGCC by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site]\\n*[http://www.damian-hungs.de/geistliches/ostkirchen/ukrainische-griechisch-katholische-kirche/\n        www.damian-hungs.de (in German)]\\n\\n{{All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and\n        Religious Organizations}}\\n{{Eastern Rite Christian Churches in Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church}}\\n{{Hierarchs (ordinaries) of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church}}\\n{{Catholicism}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church| ]]\\n[[Category:Conversion\n        to the Catholic Church]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T15:10:05Z\",\"lastrevid\":798914010,\"length\":50556,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church\"},\"42780592\":{\"pageid\":42780592,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church in the USSR\",\"index\":16,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-27T16:34:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues| \\n{{underlinked|date=December 2014}}\\n{{no footnotes|date=December\n        2014}} \\n}}The [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] in the USSR refers to the\n        period in its history between 1939 and 1991, when [[Western Ukraine]] was\n        under [[Soviet Union|Soviet rule]].\\n\\n==Tensions in the pre-Soviet period==\\n\\nSoviet\n        policy toward the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church cannot be understood simply\n        in terms of [[Marxism\\u2013Leninism|Marxist\\u2013Leninist ideology]]. The\n        precedent for Stalinist church policy in Western Ukraine can be found in the\n        treatment of the Greek-Catholic Church during centuries of [[Tsarist autocracy|tsarist\n        rule]] and the pattern of relations between the [[Russia|Russian state]] and\n        the Orthodox Church.\\n\\nHostility toward the so-called \\\"Uniate Church\\\" dates\n        back to the [[Union of Brest]] in 1596, when the majority of Orthodox bishops\n        in [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]] (then part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]])\n        recognized the primacy of the Holy See.  In return, papal guarantees recognized\n        that the Uniates retained their [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine (Eastern) rite]],\n        the [[Church Slavonic language|Church-Slavonic liturgical language]], Eastern\n        canon law, a married clergy and administrative autonomy.\\n\\nComing only seven\n        years after the establishment of the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        (which claimed jurisdiction over the Orthodox in the Commonwealth), this union\n        was viewed by Muscovy not only as an ecclesiastical obstacle to its claim\n        as the \\\"Third Rome,\\\" but also as an attempt to permanently separate Ukraine\n        and Belarus from Muscovy.\\n\\nThis opposition continued after the second and\n        third [[Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|partitions of Poland]]\n        at the end of the 18th century, when the [[Russian Empire]] systematically\n        carried out attempts to liquidate the Union of Brest.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church''s incompatibility with Soviet Russian policy and social order stems\n        from the church''s title. As a \\\"Ukrainian\\\" church, the UGCC not only managed\n        to maintain its ethnic individuality under foreign domination but also helped\n        forge a modern national self-identity. As a \\\"Catholic\\\" church, the UGCC\n        was closely tied to Rome and to other Catholic Churches.\\n\\n==Attempts to\n        liquidate the church in 1939-41==\\n\\nWithout any efforts to conceal its intentions,\n        the Soviet regime renewed earlier attempts to liquidate the Union of Brest\n        following its [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|occupation\n        of Western Ukrainian lands in September 1939]], prior to which they had belonged\n        to [[Poland]].\\n\\nA propaganda campaign against the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church was initiated by the magazine \\\"Communist\\\", which, in its 9 October\n        1939 issue, accused the church''s infrastructure of Anti-Soviet agitation\n        and collaboration with the \\\"Polish Bourgeoisie.\\\" At this same time, 20 Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic publications were shut down by Soviet authorities who subsequently\n        began confiscating religious literature from libraries and bookstores. Seminaries\n        and monastic novitiates also witnessed the forced closure of their institutions.\n        On 22 October 1939, the Peoples'' Committees of Ukraine voted on and passed\n        a decree calling for the nationalization of all Greek-Catholic property, including\n        churches and monasteries. The day-to-day operations of all Greek-Catholic\n        organizations were prohibited. Priests were deemed \\\"unfit for society\\\" and\n        levied with exorbitant taxes, amounting up to 15,000 roubles per year. [[Andrey\n        Sheptytsky|Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky]] personally met with [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        regarding the tax burdens, and managed to secure a slight mitigation.\\n\\nOn\n        9 October 9, 1939, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky issued a pastoral letter\n        in which he underscored the difficulty of the new situation for the church\n        and emphasized the necessity of rearing children and youth in the spirit of\n        the Greek-Catholic faith. A few months later, the metropolitan addressed the\n        priests of the UGCC, requesting that they refrain from openly endorsing any\n        political power to avoid further repressions. But, unsatisfied with the rate\n        at which atheism was being implemented, the regime increased its anti-religious\n        campaign by supplementing the budgets of the media and such organizations\n        as the [[Komsomol]] and Association of Military Non-Believers. Schools became\n        targets of increased pressure to introduce curricula featuring subjects on\n        atheism, while traditional religious holidays were officially declared work\n        days.\\n\\nThe atheism campaign was augmented by the simultaneous attempt to\n        introduce and embed the influence and authority of the Russian Orthodox Church\n        on the territory of Galicia. On 17 October 1939, Panteleymon Rozhnovsky was\n        appointed bishop of Grodno and authorized to conduct missionary work in Western\n        Belarus and Ukraine. In the middle of the following year, Mykola Yarushevych\n        became the exarch of Volhynia. On 28 October 1940, despite disapproval even\n        from Orthodox hierarchs, who warned of possible difficulties stemming from\n        planned religious conversions, the Moscow Patriarchate openly declared its\n        desire to liquidate Greek-Catholicism.\\n\\nThe expansion of the Russian Orthodox\n        Church and the process of implementing atheism throughout the Ukrainian territories\n        were interrupted by the outbreak of the [[Nazi-Soviet War]] of 22 June 1941.\n        From the summer of 1941 until the summer of 1944, Western Ukraine was under\n        Nazi occupation.\\n\\n==Renewed pressure on the UGCC in 1944-1945==\\n\\nPhoto:\n        Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky\\n\\nIn the summer and fall of 1944, the Soviet\n        [[Red Army]] re-occupied [[Eastern Galicia]], as well as [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]],\n        the seat of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhorod. In time,\n        Communist forces extended their rule on all neighboring territories settled\n        by ethnic Ukrainians-Uniates, including the Riashiv, Lemko and Priashiv regions\n        of present-day Poland and Slovakia. In his letter to Cardinal Tisserant (March\n        1944), Sheptytsky expressed his deep concern over the return of Soviet occupying\n        forces. At first, the Soviet regime did not openly concern itself with the\n        question of implementing atheism in Western Ukraine. In fact, Sheptytsky,\n        who died on 1 November 1944, was granted a solemn yet momentous funeral, the\n        ceremony of which was attended by members of the new regime.\\n\\nAt the close\n        of World War II, the Greek-Catholic Church in the Ukrainian S.S.R. consisted\n        of 4 eparchies with 2,326 parishes, over 4,000 structures and approximately\n        3.5 \\u2013 4 million faithful. Pastoral duties were being fulfilled by 8 bishops\n        and close 2,400 priests. The 4 eparchies administered theological academies,\n        4 seminaries with 565 seminarians, as well as 35 monasteries with 155 montks\n        and 347 brotherhoods, and 123 convents with 979 nuns.\\n\\nBy April 1945, Iosyf\n        Stalin approved a 10-point plan \\u2013 developed by leaders of the Ukrainian\n        Communist Party \\u2013 which called for the liquidation of the Greek-Catholic\n        Church and the augmentation of Orthodox infrastructures in Ukraine. The Soviet\n        press began to slander the priesthood and unleashed an entire campaign attacking\n        the Greek-Catholic Church''s history. In addition, the press renewed its accusations\n        of Nationalism vis-\\u00e0-vis the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and organizing\n        anti-Soviet resistance. The pro-Soviet articles of the Galician journalist\n        Yaroslav Halan, a correspondent for the daily newspaper Vil''na Ukraina (A\n        Free Ukraine), were particularly effective in harming the church''s reputation.\\n\\nOn\n        11 April 1945, the NKGB arrested Metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj]], Sheptytsky''s\n        successor, as well as 4 Galician bishops: [[Hryhory Khomyshyn]], Ivan Liatyshevsky,\n        [[Nykyta Budka|Nikita Budka]] and [[Nicholas Charnetsky|Mykola Charnetsky]].\n        At a time when bishops and other members of the religious community who refused\n        to \\\"convert\\\" to Orthodoxy were accused of fabricated political crimes and\n        deported to concentration camps (where, of all the eventually arrested UGCC\n        hierarchs, only Metropolitan Slipyj, and Bishops Charnetsky and Liatyshevsky,\n        survived), the NKVD created a \\\"voluntary\\\" movement for the \\\"reunion\\\" (Rus.\n        vossoiedyneniia) with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. This movement, in addition\n        to the support of those priests who voluntarily strived for reunion, also\n        relied on the official support of priests who were forced into such a position,\n        often by torture. Almost immediately following the wave of arrests of the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hierarchs, the Russian Orthodox Church appointed\n        Mykhailo Oksiiuk bishop of Lviv and Ternopil, expressly advising him to coordinate\n        his actions with the \\\"people''s movement for the union of the Church.\\\"\\n\\n==\\\"The\n        Initiative Group\\\"==\\n\\nThe so-called \\\"Initiative Group for the Reunion of\n        the Greek-Catholic Church with the Orthodox Church\\\" was created on 28 May\n        1945, with the Rev. Havryil Kostelnyk at its helm. In relation to this event,\n        two official letters were written on this day. The first letter was addressed\n        to the government of Soviet Ukraine, requesting the Initiative Group''s formal\n        recognition as well as its authorization for the right to carry out the \\\"reunion\\\"\n        campaign. The second letter informed the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy that\n        the group was created \\\"by the will of the people\\\" and that the group does\n        not recognize any other administrative leadership of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church. On 18 June 1945, Pavlo Khodchenko, the republican plenipotentiary\n        of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church (CAROC), replied\n        on behalf of the government of the Ukrainian S.S.R., recognizing the \\\"Initiative\n        Group\\\" as the sole provisional organ of church administration, authorized\n        to conduct all affairs of the Greek-Catholic parishes situated on the territory\n        of Western Ukraine. In addition, the reply paved the way for proceeding in\n        all matters concerning the reunion with the Russian Orthodox Church.\\n\\nThe\n        Initiative Group was authorized to \\\"coordinate and comply with the government\n        on all legal affairs pertaining to the administration of Greek-Catholic parishes.\\\"\n        The letter of reply also instructed the Initiative Group to dispatch to Khodchenko\n        \\\"lists of all deans, parish priests and hegumens [superiors] of monasteries\n        who refused to recognize the jurisdiction of the Initiative Group.\\\" Khodchenko''s\n        letter is the only officially publicized document confirming the government''s\n        direct participation in the process of destroying the Uniate Church.\\n\\nA\n        group of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hierarchs who were not yet incarcerated\n        \\u2013 under the leadership of Archimandrite Klymentiy Sheptytsky \\u2013 issued\n        a formal protest against Khodchenko''s directives. In their letter to Vyacheslav\n        Molotov, the hierarchs referred to specific clauses in Soviet law which guaranteed\n        the freedom of religion and conscience. In addition, the letter of protest\n        denoted the manipulative nature of the \\\"Initiative Group\\\" in its attempt\n        to falsify the history of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Furthermore,\n        the hierarchs demanded the release of Metropolitan Slipyj and other imprisoned\n        clergy, while at the same time offering their assurance that Greek-Catholics\n        have no intention to engage in anti-Soviet activity. However, none of these\n        acts of protest were able to garner any positive results. In fact, the NKGB\n        proceeded to arrest priests, particularly focusing its attention on members\n        of the Order of St. Basil the Great. By the end of June 1945, the number of\n        those incarcerated exceeded 200 individuals.\\n\\nThe \\\"Initiative Group\\\" also\n        began to engage in the so-called \\\"political re-education\\\" of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics.\n        In August 1945, the group distributed 5,000 copies of Kostelnyk''s anti-papal\n        brochure which condemned the Union of Brest and appealed for the conversion\n        to Orthodoxy. During his many private meetings with members of the priesthood,\n        Kostelnyk asserted that the issue of \\\"reunion\\\" would be limited only to\n        a formal subordination to the Russian Orthodox Church; the ability to observe\n        holy days and conduct religious services would be retained without any changes\n        and only such an arrangement, given the circumstances, would be in the best\n        interest of the faithful. At the same time, representatives of the \\\"Initiative\n        Group\\\" were systematically informing the government of recalcitrant priests.\n        As a result, those priests who refused to sign the document certifying their\n        conversion to Orthodoxy, were not only automatically relieved of their pastoral\n        responsibilities, but very often arrested as well. The \\\"Initiative Group\\\"\n        considered the combination of various forms of pressure, to be effective \\u2013\n        in October 1945 Kostelnyk estimated that by year''s end only a hundred priests\n        would be negatively inclined towards \\\"reunification.\\\" Yet, he admitted that\n        among those individuals who agreed to the conversion, there were many who\n        committed this act out of fear or the desire to continue their pastoral activity\n        under the pretext of subordinating to the regime.\\n\\nThe activities of the\n        \\\"Initiative Group\\\" were personally supervised by the then head of the Communist\n        Party of Ukraine (CPU), Nikita Khrushchev, who informed Stalin on 17 December\n        1945 of the activities taken by the group under the supervision of the NKGB.\\n\\n==The\n        Synod of Lviv and its consequences==\\n\\nThe culmination of the \\\"unification\\\"\n        campaign took place at the so-called Lviv Synod (Sobor) in March 1946, when\n        an assembly of appointed hierarchs \\\"annulled\\\" the Union of Brest (although\n        this 1946 congregation was not convened in accordance with canon law). Apart\n        from the fact that the Stalinist regime never formally liquidated the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church, by 1949 the Russian Orthodox Church had forcibly absorbed\n        the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in Transcarpathia as well, and an analogous\n        \\\"union\\\" had also occurred on the territory of the Greek-Catholic Eparchy\n        of Priashiv in Eastern Slovakia. In 1948, the Union of Brest was abolished\n        in Romania and Orthodoxy was also instituted in 10 Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        parishes in those regions neighboring Transcarpathia. The Greek-Catholic Church\n        was also de facto disbanded in Poland in 1947-1949.\\n\\nThe forced \\\"unification\\\"\n        did not eradicate the existence of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. The\n        church survived within the formal infrastructure of the Orthodox Church as\n        an \\\"underground\\\" Uniate Church, in the GULags, in exile, and clandestinely\n        on the territory of Western Ukraine. However, the church received its formal\n        legal right to exist only on the cusp of 1989-1990.\\n\\n==The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church after Stalin''s death==\\n\\nStalin''s death in March 1953, the internal\n        struggle for power following his demise, and the so-called de-Stalinization\n        campaign initiated by Nikita Khrushchev all had a significant impact on the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. A few months following the dictator''s death,\n        Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj \\u2013 whose 8-year sentence officially ended in\n        April 1953 \\u2013 by Beria''s order, was transferred from a camp in Mordova\n        to Moscow. As he sought out allies during his struggle for power in Ukraine\n        and the other non-Russian republics, Beria began to oppose the russification\n        of Western Ukraine. His subordinates began secret negotiations with Josyf\n        Slipyj regarding the normalization of relations with the Vatican and the legalization\n        of the Greek-Catholic Church in Western Ukraine. Discussions with the metropolitan\n        were abruptly discontinued after Beria''s arrest. Slipyj did not accept the\n        KGB''s proposal of renouncing his loyalty to the Pope of Rome in exchange\n        for freedom and a high position in the Russian Orthodox Church.  As a result,\n        the metropolitan was sentenced into exile to the Krasnoyarsk region of Russia,\n        where he remained under the obscure status of a semi-prisoner until his subsequent\n        arrest in 1958. In 1955-1956 following Khrushchev''s dissolution of the GULag\n        system, a few hundred Greek-Catholic priests and monks were released from\n        the camps and permitted to return to Western Ukraine.\\n\\nAmong those released\n        were two bishops: Mykola Charnetsky, who returned to Lviv, and Ivan Liatyshevsky,\n        the auxiliary bishop of the Stanislaviv Eparchy, who returned to Stanislaviv\n        (today Ivano-Frankivsk). Although they were forbidden to engage in pastoral\n        activities, both bishops continued to fulfill their episcopal obligations\n        and ordained a number of priests. Due to the fact that many Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        priests \\u2013 now formally serving as Orthodox priests \\u2013 appealed to\n        the bishops by requesting absolution and their re-acceptance into the Greek-Catholic\n        faith, in 1956 Bishop Charnetsky came to the conclusion that the priests should\n        continue to provide pastoral care to the faithful in the Orthodox Church,\n        while secretly belonging to the Greek-Catholic Church. Thus, the banned Greek-Catholic\n        Church \\u2013 without any possibility of legally serving its faithful \\u2013\n        managed to formally maintain its presence in the Orthodox Church in the form\n        of a \\\"clandestine\\\" Greek-Catholic clergy. Furthermore, the Greek-Catholic\n        Church was able to supplement, to some degree, the ranks of its priesthood\n        through the \\\"underground\\\" Greek-Catholic seminaries.\\n\\n==New tensions regarding\n        the status of and policies towards the UGCC==\\n\\nDe-Stalinization, just like\n        the transformation of the Greek-Catholic Church in Poland in 1956-1957, brought\n        hope for yet another legalization of the Greek-Catholic Church in Western\n        Ukraine. A large number of appeals regarding legalization were produced by\n        the faithful, while a few parishes even rejected Orthodoxy. The publication\n        in December 1957 of a resolution adopted in October of that year by the deans\n        of the Lviv Eparchy during a conference held at the Pochaiv Monastery, quashed\n        these aspirations. The resolution distinctly underscored the fact that the\n        Soviet government''s stance regarding the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        had not changed and that it [the church] will continue to be interpreted as\n        an instrument in the hands of \\\"enemies of the state.\\\"\\n\\nMoreover, a clear\n        signal of the regime''s hard-line attitude towards the Greek-Catholic Church,\n        was the arrest, in the spring of 1958, of exiled Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj\n        under the premise of illegal contacts with members of the clergy and the smuggling\n        abroad of the metropolitan''s pastoral letters and other correspondence. Following\n        lengthy hearings in June 1959, during a closed trial in Kyiv, the metropolitan\n        was sentenced to an additional 7 years of imprisonment.\\n\\nIt was only as\n        a result of ongoing discussions between Pope John XXIII, Nikita Khrushchev\n        and President John F. Kennedy between 1961 and 1963, that the metropolitan\n        was finally released from imprisonment in late January 1963. On 4 February\n        1963, after secretly appointing Vasyl Velychkovsky as bishop-exarch of Lviv,\n        Slipyj departed Moscow en route to Rome. However, improved relations between\n        the Vatican and Moscow did not benefit the status of the Greek-Catholic Church\n        in Ukraine \\u2013 repressions against active, underground Uniate bishops and\n        clergy commenced once again.\\n\\nThe relative amelioration of Moscow-Vatican\n        relations coincided with the final phase of Krushchev''s \\\"de-Stalinization\\\"\n        period, which nevertheless consisted of an ongoing Soviet anti-religious policy,\n        the main target of which, since the late 1950s, was the Russian Orthodox Church.\n        Prior to Khrushchev''s ouster at the end of 1964, a large number of Orthodox\n        churches, monasteries and seminaries were closed.\\n\\nSeeking to establish\n        amicable relations with the Kremlin, the Moscow Patriarchate renewed its function\n        as a supporter and defender of Soviet foreign policy. In 1960, the Russian\n        Orthodox Church joined the World Council of Churches and initiated contact\n        with the Vatican. The illegal status of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        in the USSR became the key point of contention between the Vatican and the\n        Moscow Patriarchate. In this respect, Moscow''s greatest wish was for the\n        pope to renounce the Uniates. At a minimum, the task was to maintain the status\n        quo and keep the Vatican from legalizing the Greek-Catholic Church worldwide.\\n\\nThe\n        Moscow Patriarchate hoped that closer relations with the pope would neutralize\n        the pressure induced by Uniate \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 circles upon the Vatican,\n        as well as demoralize the underground church in Ukraine. In both cases, the\n        Moscow Patriarchate achieved a certain amount of success during the papacy\n        of Paul VI, which coincided with the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev.\\n\\n==The\n        Brezhnev Period==\\n\\nPhoto: Monument of Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj in Ternopil\\n\\nThe\n        Greek-Catholic clergy \\u2013 undaunted by disciplinary sanctions in 1965-1966\n        \\u2013 in mid-1966 began celebrating liturgies on Sundays and religious holidays\n        in officially non-functioning churches in Western Ukraine. The clergy''s actions\n        served as a test to monitor the regime''s potential reaction to such activity.\n        Thus, by August 1967, close to 200 churches were once again meeting the spiritual\n        needs of Ukrainian Catholics in Galicia, while a large number of those priests\n        who had been \\\"accepted\\\" into the Orthodox Church, were secretly seeking\n        the opportunity to return to the Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nCountless appeals\n        for the legal registration of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic parishes were rejected\n        by the regime.\\n\\nDespite the regime''s warnings, the majority of the active\n        clergy openly continued its pastoral activity. The restored legal status of\n        the Greek-Catholic Church in neighboring Czechoslovakia in June 1968 (which\n        was not rescinded following the Soviet invasion in August of that year) and\n        the subsequent return of the majority of the parishes, which had been transferred\n        in 1950 to the government-supported Orthodox Church, galvanized the Uniates\n        in Galicia and inclined Cardinal Josyf Slipyj, that same year, to relay a\n        memorandum to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine calling for the\n        legalization of the Church. The meeting between the head of the Presidium\n        of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Mykola Pidhornyi and Pope Paul VI on June\n        30, 1969, produced equally futile, as it were, aspirations for a swift breakthrough\n        in Vatican-Soviet negotiations regarding the legalization of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nHowever, just as in 1957, prospects for the UGCC''s\n        resurgence from the underground compelled the Russian Orthodox Church in 1968\n        to demand from the Soviet regime an assurance that this would never happen.\n        In October 1968, a new wave of repressions was initiated against the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church. The arrest of Bishop Velychkovsky and two underground\n        priests was the culmination of this last crackdown on the cusp of 1968-1969.\n        Empty churches throughout the countryside which at one time had been frequented\n        by Greek Catholics, were now being either destroyed by the local authorities\n        or utilized for various secular purposes; a number of churches were transformed\n        into museums of atheism. In some locales the situation came to a head between\n        the militia and faithful, including incidents of violence where the faithful\n        were brutally beaten or temporarily detained by the militia. Moreover, priests\n        who were caught celebrating liturgical services were issued monetary fines.\\n\\nThis\n        renewed wave of repressions coincided with Moscow''s crackdown on political\n        demonstrations in Ukraine which manifested themselves in the form of Ukrainian\n        dissidents'' support for the renewal of the Greek-Catholic Church. The beginning\n        of the 1970s was also characterized by a significant increase in defamatory\n        and intimidating publications in the press.\\n\\nThese new attacks divided the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy vis-\\u00e0-vis the prospects for the legalization\n        of their church. Many representatives of the clergy fell under the assumption\n        that the regime will never recognize the Church and therefore a \\\"compromise\\\"\n        \\u2013 as was often proposed by KGB operatives during interrogations \\u2013\n        would serve as a possible solution. Others, on the other hand, sought some\n        kind modus vivendi and hoped for some sort of Vatican-Moscow outcome which\n        would benefit the status and further the recognition process of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nThroughout 1972-1973, Ukrainian Catholics submitted\n        to the [Soviet] government many declarations calling for the legalization\n        of the Church. However, fear of repressions hindered the collecting of signatures.\n        A petition relayed to Moscow in February 1973 via a delegation headed by Rev.\n        Volodymyr Prokopiv garnered 1200 signatures. The initiative spearheaded by\n        Rev. Prokopiv \\u2013 who attempted to secure the Church''s registration under\n        the hope of a compromise \\u2013 did not enjoy broad support amongst the clergy.\n        Rev. Prokopiv''s proposal appeared to be yet another attempt to implode the\n        Church from within.\\n\\nThe Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation\n        in Europe (OSCE) in Helsinki in August 1975 served as an important step towards\n        the implementation of international monitoring of Human Rights in the USSR,\n        particularly the freedom of religion. For the underground Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church \\u2013 the largest banned religious organization in the Soviet Union\n        \\u2013 the Helsinki Accords initiated the practice of regularly held observational\n        conferences. In addition, the engagement of foreign, independent monitoring\n        organizations as well as unofficial Helsinki Groups in the USSR (the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group was formed in November 1976), paved the way for the internationalization\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Beginning with the Belgrade conference\n        in late 1977, the issue of the violation of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics''\n        religious freedom would now be formally raised on a constant basis. This took\n        place directly or indirectly in the form of various presentations and documents\n        issued by American, Canadian and Vatican delegations as well as by other Western\n        powers, thus exerting considerable pressure on the Soviet government.\\n\\nIn\n        late spring 1978, yet another initiative was undertaken \\u2013 most likely\n        under the impetus of the Soviet Ukrainian government \\u2013 to resolve the\n        legalization issue of the UGCC in the form of a \\\"Roman Catholic Church of\n        the Eastern Rite.\\\" The initiative group drafted a statute of such a church\n        and proposed that its head be a Roman Catholic bishop from Lithuania to be\n        appointed by the Pope. In so doing, the clergy''s activities would be limited\n        to celebrating liturgies and performing other religious ceremonial functions.\n        Finances and the administering of parochial affairs would be fulfilled by\n        lay parish councils, as guaranteed by Soviet legislation under the category\n        \\\"religious beliefs.\\\"\\n\\nOn 5 June 1978, the draft statute was submitted\n        to the Council for Religious Affairs in Moscow. The overall initiative, however,\n        failed to receive further attention and development. Even if the authorities\n        had chosen to provide a formal response, the uncertainty regarding the future\n        course of the Vatican''s \\\"Ost-Politik\\\" could have possibly decided the endeavour''s\n        ultimate fate. Following the death of Pope Paul VI on 6 August 1978, and the\n        unexpected passing of the pontiff''s immediate successor on 29 September of\n        that year, John Paul II became pope on 16 October 1978.\\n\\n==Pope John Paul\n        II and tensions vis-\\u00e0-vis the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church==\\n\\nPhoto:\n        Pope John Paul II\\n\\nJohn Paul II''s ascension to the Holy See ushered in\n        the Vatican''s policy of support for the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church.\n        The Soviet authorities'' concerns regarding the new pope''s intentions were\n        confirmed by the publication of a letter (dated 19 March 1979) addressed to\n        Cardinal Josyf Slipyj regarding the Millennium of Ukraine''s Christianity,\n        scheduled to be commemorated in 1988. In his letter, John Paul II underscored\n        the importance of preserving the Union of Brest, by expressing his respect\n        for the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic episcopate, clergy, and faithful who bore\n        witness to injustice and persecution in the name of Christ and professed their\n        faith in God and their Church. Simultaneously directing his address at the\n        Soviet government, the pope invoked the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\n        by appealing to the authorities to allow each believer to profess his/her\n        own faith and to participate in the communal life of the Church to which he/she\n        belongs.\\n\\nThe pope''s letter to Slipyj not only sent shock waves and anxiety\n        throughout the Vatican''s Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity (headed\n        at that time by Cardinal Johannes Willebrands), but also spurred a harsh reaction\n        from Moscow. As a result, the Moscow Patriarchate immediately postponed a\n        scheduled theological meeting with Roman Catholic hierarchs in Odesa. In addition,\n        on 4 September 1979, the patriarchate''s representative in charge of external\n        ecclesiastical affairs, Metropolitan Yuvenaliy, wrote a letter to Cardinal\n        Willebrands in which he threatened the latter with \\\"public criticism,\\\" if\n        Willebrands did not immediately explain the \\\"exact meaning\\\" behind the papal\n        missive to Slipyj.\\n\\nUnsatisfied with Willebrands''s diplomatic response,\n        Moscow once again expressed outrage when in March 1980 John Paul II convened\n        an extraordinary synod of all the Ukrainian bishops. It was during this synod\n        that the pope confirmed the selection of Archbishop Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky\n        as coadjutor \\u2013 with the right of succession \\u2013 to Archbishop of Lviv,\n        Josyf Slipyj, thereby guaranteeing the continuity of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Metropolitanate''s leadership in Galicia. The already strained relations between\n        Moscow and the Vatican were exacerbated even further, when later that same\n        year the synod of Ukrainian bishops was once again summoned to Rome where,\n        on 2 December 1980, it adopted a resolution which unanimously declared the\n        Lviv Sobor of 1946 as uncanonical and void.\\n\\nThe Russian patriarch''s protest\n        initiated a broad discussion within the Roman curia regarding the priorities\n        of Vatican-Moscow political and ecumenical relations, and the effect of Moscow''s\n        dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church''s position in the Soviet bloc.\n        The pope''s response to Moscow was issued on 24 January 1981, and was considered\n        a compromise, which could satisfy neither the Russian Patriarchate nor the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholics: the Apostolic See \\u2013 by expressing its unwavering\n        position in support of the rights of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church \\u2013\n        nevertheless wanted the resolution (of the 1946 Sobor) to initially be disseminated\n        throughout the press and for the documents to be accessible for review. As\n        a result, Rome immediately informed all of the papal nuncios in those countries\n        where Ukrainian Catholics dwelled that the texts of the resolution did not\n        receive formal approval and were therefore not considered official documents.\\n\\nIn\n        the spring of 1980, the Soviet press left no doubt that John Paul II was perceived\n        as a serious threat. As a result, an anti-papal and anti-Uniate campaign was\n        initiated, which in Ukraine was spearheaded by Leonid Kravchuk. He informed\n        a conference of Orthodox bishops that authorities in Ukraine had embarked\n        on a massive propaganda initiative and had taken certain administrative steps\n        to counteract the \\\"nationalist and religious subversive deeds\\\" supported\n        by the Vatican.\\n\\n==The Period of Transition==\\n\\nThe final years of the\n        Brezhnev regime and the transitional rule of Yuri Andropov and Kostyantin\n        Chernenko were characterized in terms of an increase in political control.\n        This included attacks against any manifestation of ideological deviation as\n        well as an escalation of propaganda against such influences from abroad as:\n        nationalism, Catholicism, religious fundamentalism, Zionism and American imperialism.\n        At a time when a \\\"patriotic\\\" rapprochement between the Kremlin and the Russian\n        Orthodox Church was becoming more and more evident, the banned Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church was subjected to yet another wave of repressions. During the first\n        half of 1980, three Uniate priests were murdered, while in early 1981 three\n        additional priests were imprisoned. At this same time, Soviet Secret Service\n        officials began using new, advanced methods of infiltration and internal manipulation\n        with the intent of destabilizing the underground Church and undermining its\n        status abroad.\\n\\nFurthermore, during the early 1980s, several priests and\n        proactive lay youth groups situated outside Ukraine took the initiative to\n        distribute information worldwide about the dramatic situation of the Uniates\n        and their struggle for the legalization of their Church. Domestically, in\n        September 1982, under the leadership of Iosyp Terelia, \\\"The Initiative Group\n        for the Defence of the Rights of Believers and the Church\\\" was organized.\n        Following Terelia''s arrest and sentencing to a one-year term of incarceration\n        in December 1982, the group''s leadership was assumed by another lay activist,\n        Vasyl Kobryn, who in turn was arrested and sentenced to a three-year term\n        of hard labour in November 1984. Beginning in 1984, on an irregular basis,\n        the group began issuing a bulletin titled \\\"The Chronicle of the Catholic\n        Church in Ukraine,\\\" edited for the most part Iosyp Terelia.\\n\\nIn addition\n        to the overall grim situation surrounding the movement for the legalization\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, one of the reasons behind the publication\n        of the bulletin had to do with the fact that the underground Church was facing\n        an ever-deepening crisis. The source of this crisis was a clergy consisting\n        of a majority of elderly and dying priests, who were trained under \\\"normal\\\"\n        circumstances (prior to the Church''s destruction), and whose quantity could\n        not be replaced by equally well-trained young clergymen. Another factor to\n        contend with was the phenomenon of so-called \\\"crypto-Catholics\\\" who had\n        evolved and increased in size over the course of the previous four decades\n        by attending Orthodox services. Among them now functioned a new generation\n        of Orthodox priests who had not undergone formation in the Uniate tradition\n        and were thus increasingly distancing themselves from the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church. Given such circumstances, the concern was that this new generation\n        of clergymen might not return to their original Church as long as it remained\n        underground and was not officially recognized by the regime.\\n\\nCardinal Josyf\n        Slipyj died on 7 September 1984 in Rome. He was succeeded, as planned, by\n        Archbishop Myroslav Lubachivsky, whom Pope John Paul II appointed cardinal\n        on 25 May 1985.\\n\\n==The status of the UGCC at the outset of the Gorbachev\n        era==\\n\\nMikhail Gorbachev''s ascension to the leadership of the Communist\n        Party and the introduction of \\\"Perestroika\\\" paved the way for a number of\n        political concessions. In 1986-1987 almost all Ukrainian prisoners of conscience\n        were released. Their freedom became the basis for a revitalized movement in\n        support of human, national and religious rights in Ukraine.\\n\\nAs the fear\n        of massive political repressions began to wane, the underground Church was\n        becoming more assertive and visible. In the wake of Gorbachev''s reforms,\n        \\\"The Initiative Group for the Defense of the Rights of Believers and the\n        Church\\\" renewed its activities. In late 1987 \\u2013 following Iosyp Terelia''s\n        relocation to Canada \\u2013 the Initiative Group''s title was changed to the\n        \\\"Committee for the Defense of the Ukrainian Catholic Church\\\" and its leadership\n        was now assumed by the recently released political dissident [[Ivan Gel]].\\n\\nThe\n        Committee began to publish an uncensored journal titled \\\"The Christian Voice,\\\"\n        which replaced \\\"The Chronicle.\\\" With the arrival of \\\"Glasnost,\\\" Ukrainian\n        Catholic activists organized a campaign for the return of the Church''s pre-war\n        status. As a result, the clergy began to celebrate liturgies in public for\n        large congregations of Greek-Catholics, particularly at pilgrimage sites.\n        In addition, activists began organizing petitions demanding the reopening\n        of Greek-Catholic churches as well as the full rehabilitation and legalization\n        of the Church. Furthermore, the faithful were being encouraged to publicly\n        confront the authorities on the issue of the constitutional rights of Ukrainian\n        Catholics'' religious freedom. Through the intervention of non-Ukrainian dissident\n        movements in the Soviet Union, the Committee also began to distribute to the\n        Western media not only various printed as well as audio-visual materials attesting\n        to the massive support for the renewal of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church,\n        but also evidence of the ongoing repressions by Soviet authorities.\\n\\nIn\n        early August 1987, a group consisting of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic priests,\n        monks and lay people, including bishops [[Pavlo Vasylyk]] and [[Ivan Semedi]],\n        announced that it is \\\"leaving the underground,\\\" and called upon the pope\n        to \\\"support the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in the\n        USSR in every possible way.\\\" Soon afterwards, additional Ukrainian Catholic\n        bishops, namely Metropolitan [[Volodymyr Sterniuk]] of Lviv and bishop [[Sofron\n        Dmyterko]] of Ivano-Frankivsk, joined the group of activists demanding legalization.\n        Pope [[John Paul II]] was now, on many an occasion, taking up the plight of\n        Ukrainian Catholics in the USSR, and high expectations were being held in\n        regards to the upcoming commemoration of the Millennium of Ukrainian Christianity.\\n\\nThe\n        Pope celebrated the Millennium together with the hierarchs of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church in Rome in 1988, subject to the condition that he could\n        make a pastoral visit to a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic church, to serve as a\n        symbolic gesture of gratitude to the pontiff for approving a high-ranking\n        delegation''s participation in Millennium festivities in Moscow and Kyiv.\n        This led to a planned meeting in Moscow scheduled for 10 June 1988 between\n        cardinals Agostino Casaroli and Johannes Willebrands and a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church delegation headed by bishops [[Fylymon Kurchaba]] and [[Pavlo Vasylyk]].\\n\\nOn\n        17 September 1988, bishop [[Pavlo Vasylyk]] was invited to Moscow to take\n        part in a roundtable discussion regarding the UGCC''s situation in the Soviet\n        Union. Additional discussants at the meeting also included four US senators\n        and members of the USSR''s Supreme Soviet (Parliament).\\n\\nNevertheless, Soviet\n        authorities in Moscow and Ukraine, who consistently denied the UGCC''s existence,\n        rejected the latest initiatives for the Church''s legalization. The Soviet\n        press secretary argued that legalization is an internal matter of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church, which itself is against any changes to the status quo in\n        Western Ukraine. Furthermore, the authorities declared that the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church is not a religious organization but rather a \\\"strictly\n        political,\\\" \\\"nationalist,\\\" and \\\"separatist\\\" entity and therefore does\n        not qualify for registration as a religious denomination. In addition, the\n        Uniate Church continued to be viewed as a supporter of nationalist leaders\n        in Ukraine and abroad.\\n\\nThe Russian Orthodox Church \\u2013 whose official\n        status began to improve considerably starting in 1987 \\u2013 was now beginning\n        to voice its protest, both domestically and abroad, against the possible repeal\n        of the Stalinist-era prohibition officially forbidding activities of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church. In addition, Russian church hierarchs were displeased\n        with the ever-increasing threat by the Uniate eparchies and parishes in Galicia\n        and Transcarpathia to leave the Moscow Patriarchate to which they had been\n        forcibly annexed.\\n\\nIn the summer of 1988, the authorities initiated new\n        repressive measures regarding \\\"unsanctioned\\\" public gatherings and demonstrations.\n        Such actions, taken against the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy and lay people,\n        included substantial monetary fines and administrative penalties in the form\n        short-term arrests. At the end of 1988, Soviet authorities reacted to the\n        now continuous efforts for the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church by transferring more than 700 soon-to-be-reopened provincial Uniate\n        churches to hastily organized Orthodox so-called \\\"Twentiers\\\" (Ukr. dvadtsiatky)\n        primarily in locations where Greek-Catholics constituted a majority. According\n        to a Soviet ordinance of that time, 20 religious faithful constituted a sufficient\n        number of believers to secure registration as a religious community.\\n\\nOn\n        7 February 1989, a UGCC delegation headed by bishop [[Pavlo Vasylyk]] departed\n        for Moscow to engage in negotiations at which it demanded the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church''s recognition by the USSR''s central authorities.\\n\\nExpectations\n        were high that the new legislation on the freedom of conscience, which was\n        about to go into effect, would help pave the way for the legalization of the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. However, in May 1989, Kyivan Metropolitan\n        Filaret''s actions at that time hindered such possibilities. During a press\n        conference in Lviv \\u2013 in the presence of the head of the Council for Religious\n        Affairs in Ukraine (M. Kolesnyk) \\u2013 the metropolitan announced that the\n        new law did \\\"not legitimize\\\" the Uniates. Furthermore, the Orthodox hierarch\n        suggested that Ukrainian Greek-Catholics should attend services at functioning\n        Roman Catholic churches, while those who felt a close affinity to the Eastern\n        Byzantine Rite should attend Orthodox churches. Finally, Metropolitan Filaret\n        remarked that the legalization of the Uniate Church could provoke clashes\n        between the Orthodox and Greek-Catholics.\\n\\n==Intensification for the legalization\n        of the UGCC==\\n\\nPhoto: St. George''s Cathedral in Lviv\\n\\nIn response to\n        Metropolitan Filaret''s assertion that the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        will never attain legal status, on 16 May 1989, 4 bishops and 10 priests of\n        the UGCC submitted a formal appeal to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.\n        In their declaration, the church officials refuted 160 political accusations\n        aimed at the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, voiced their support for Gorbachev''s\n        reforms and demanded the legalization of the UGCC.\\n\\nThus, on 16 May 1989,\n        prior to the congress of USSR deputies, another delegation arrived in Moscow\n        composed of bishops Pavlo Vasylyk, Sofron Dmyterko, Fylymon Kurchaba and Rev.\n        H. Simkailo, Rev. V. Viytyshyn (currently archbishop of Ivano-Frankivsk),\n        Rev. T. Senkiw (at present the apostolic administrator of the Stryi Eparchy)\n        and Rev. Ihor Vozniak (currently archbishop of Lviv), as well as a number\n        of religious faithful to meet with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of\n        the USSR.\\n\\nOn 17 May, after government officials did not appear for a scheduled\n        meeting with the delegation, the UGCC bishops and priests began a hunger strike\n        which caught the attention of the international broadcasting media and also\n        appeared on the first pages of the press. On 18 May, the delegation was met\n        by a representative of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR who\n        received another formal appeal intended for Mikhail Gorbachev. Following the\n        delegation''s departure from Moscow, various groups of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        took turns participating in hunger strikes over the course of the next 4 months\n        in Moscow. Such hunger strikes occurred simultaneously with public prayer\n        services and efforts to entice the Ukrainian delegates of the congress of\n        people''s deputies of the USSR, 4 of which, unsuccessfully, attempted to raise\n        the issue of the legalization of the UGCC during the congress''s sessions.\n        The Moscow activities of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics received not only the\n        recognition of the international community but also the support of Russian\n        Orthodox dissidents and various democratic circles. However, the hunger strikers''\n        most significant achievement occurred when the reforms-oriented newspaper\n        Moskovskie Novosti (Moscow News) began to publish objective and favorable\n        reports on the ongoing events. For the first time ever, the newspaper raised\n        doubts about the official Soviet version regarding the \\\"unification of the\n        Uniates\\\" and accused the Russian Orthodox Church of condoning the repressive\n        Stalinist methods being used against supporters of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church.\\n\\nThe legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church posed a\n        serious threat to the status of the Russian Orthodox Church in Western Ukraine.\n        As a result, the Moscow Patriarchate and Volodymyr Scherbytsky''s party apparatchiks\n        took decisive measures to prevent legalization. In May\\u2013June 1989, the\n        question of the Uniate Church caused a schism amongst the ranks of Soviet\n        politicians, which in turn delayed the legislative passage of the long-awaited\n        \\\"Law on the Freedom of Conscience.\\\" Furthermore, the issue of the UGCC also\n        led to the replacement of K. Kharchev by Y. Khrystoradnov as head of the Council\n        for Religious Affairs of the USSR. In addition, Y. Kashliev, as head of the\n        delegation at the Vienna conference, stated that every religious denomination\n        has the right to be registered. The discussion surrounding the UGCC \\u2013\n        which hitherto was considered an internal issue of the Russian Orthodox Church\n        \\u2013 now became the responsibility of the state. Kashliev also underscored\n        the fact that the Uniate question should be settled as quickly as possible.\\n\\nA\n        key event which had the potential to weaken opposition to the legalization\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church occurred on 17 September 1989, when,\n        according to official accounts, close to 100,000 UGCC supporters took part\n        in an unprecedented demonstration in Lviv. Large demonstrations began to take\n        place in other cities of Western Ukraine at this time as well. The movement\n        for legalization, headed by Ivan Hel, was now being augmented by the Ukrainian\n        urban intelligentsia which began organizing itself into various informal associations,\n        including The Popular Movement of Ukraine for Restructuring (Rukh).\\n\\nOn\n        20 September 1989, Scherbytsky and Viktor Chebrykov were ousted from the Politburo\n        of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. One week\n        later (28 September) Volodymyr Ivashko replaced Shcerbytsky as 1st Secretary\n        of the Communist Party of Ukraine. As a result, those officials in favor of\n        a more conservative line regarding the UGCC were no longer in the top positions\n        of the Ukrainian Communist Party. The plenary session of the Central Committee\n        of the Communist Party of Ukraine (18 October 1989) reflected the Central\n        Committee''s deepening indecisiveness regarding the future status of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nOn the heels of the increasingly tense atmosphere,\n        the parish of Sts. Peter and Paul of the Russian Orthodox Church in Lviv had\n        announced its allegiance to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC)\n        on 19 August 1989. Two additional Lviv parishes soon followed suit and subsequently\n        the same steps were taken by a few hundred parishes throughout Galicia. At\n        first, the authorities placed administrative sanctions on the parishes but\n        then cancelled such directives hoping to avoid confrontations with parishioners\n        and the local RUKH affiliates, which had already managed to spread their influence\n        on the UAOC. It cannot be ruled out that Soviet authorities considered the\n        supporters of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church as the \\\"lesser\n        of two evils\\\" when taking into account the Uniates. It is quite possible\n        that Soviet government officials were hoping for an open conflict between\n        the Uniates and supporters of Ukrainian Autocephaly which in turn would cause\n        a division within the Ukrainian national movement.\\n\\nOn 22 October 1989,\n        bishop Ivan Bodnarchuk of the Russian Orthodox Church (a native Galician)\n        \\u2013 who had very recently relinquished his episcopal duties in Zhytomyr\n        \\u2013 had accepted leadership of the Autocephalous Church in Ukraine.\\n\\nOn\n        29 October, Ukrainian Greek-Catholics under the guidance of a young priest,\n        Fr. Yaroslav Chukhniy, peacefully took over one of the largest ecclesiastical\n        structures in Lviv, namely the Church of the Transfiguration of Our Lord.\n        Until the transfer of St. George''s Cathedral to the faithful of the UGCC\n        in August 1990, the parish of the Transfiguration served as the spiritual\n        centre of Ukrainian Greek-Catholicism in Galicia.\\n\\nOn 26 November \\u2013\n        one week prior to Gorbachev''s meeting with Pope John Paul II in Rome \\u2013\n        over 100,000 UGCC faithful took part in a demonstration demanding the return\n        of St. George''s Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics.\\n\\n==Partial\n        recognition of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church==\\n\\nThe Apostolic See\n        consistently raised the issue of the rights of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics during\n        its numerous negotiations with the Kremlin \\u2013 despite minimal reciprocity\n        \\u2013 ever since Soviet-Vatican relations experienced a thaw beginning in\n        the early 1960s. In June 1988, the Vatican once again expressed its desire\n        for the UGCC''s legalization when a delegation to Moscow headed by Cardinals\n        Casaroli and Willebrands took part in the festivities commemorating the Millennium\n        of the Baptism of Kyivan Rus''.\\n\\nGorbachev replied to the pope''s proposal\n        only in August 1989. Official correspondence had been established between\n        the Kremlin and the Moscow Patriarchate on one side and the Apostolic See\n        on the other side. Gorbachev maintained that it was both the Vatican''s and\n        the Moscow Patriarchate''s obligation to reach a consensus regarding the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic question. Shortly afterwards, in a letter addressed to Pope\n        John Paul II on 16 August 1989, Patriarch Pimen put forth a proposal which\n        was unacceptable to the Vatican. In his missive, the Russian Orthodox hierarch\n        recommended the de facto liquidation of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        by way of adjoining the Uniates who place the Eastern Rite above Catholic\n        dogma \\u2013 to the Orthodox Church, and those Uniates who favor Catholicism\n        \\u2013 to the Roman Catholic Church.\\n\\nMoscow based its strategy on the hope\n        of benefiting from the disparity within the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        in the form of its \\\"Eastern\\\" and \\\"Roman\\\" orientations. Furthermore, the\n        Russian Orthodox Church banked on taking advantage of the decades-long discord\n        between the Vatican and the UGCC''s \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 activists who were demanding\n        the appointment of a separate patriarch for Ukrainian Greek-Catholics outside\n        Ukraine. A potential settlement in the form of a compromise had been discussed\n        when Archbishop Angelo Sodano (the Vatican''s Secretary of State) visited\n        Moscow on 19\\u201321 October 1989, and met with M. Gorbachev, Soviet Foreign\n        Affairs Minister Eduard Shevarnadze, and the head of the Council for Religious\n        Affairs, Y. Khrystoradnov. As a result of the meeting, the Vatican was assured\n        that the new law on the freedom of conscience and religious organizations\n        in essence will legalize the UGCC. Nevertheless, the Soviet authorities insisted\n        that specific aspects of the legalization process be coordinated between the\n        Vatican, the Kremlin and the Moscow Patriarchate based on the principles of\n        genuine ecumenical dialogue between the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox\n        Churches.\\n\\nThe pope''s expectations for the legalization of the UGCC in\n        the Soviet Union were once again put forward in his response to Patriarch\n        Pimen''s August letter which in turn was presented to the Holy Synod on 1\n        November 1989, by Cardinal Willebrands and his successor as head of the Pontifical\n        Council for Promoting Christian Unity, Cardinal Edward Cassidy. The Moscow\n        Partriarchate had agreed only on the legal right of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        to practice their faith. The issue of permitting the UGCC clergy to obtain\n        actual pastoral appointments, and other unresolved questions were to be set\n        aside for future negotiations between the Vatican and the Moscow Patriarchate.\n        This position was presented to the Pope in the form of a letter from Patriarch\n        Pimen, delivered to Rome by Metropolitan Yuvenaliy on 27 November.\\n\\nMikhail\n        Gorbachev''s meeting with Pope John Paul II on 1 December 1989, marked a rapprochement\n        between the Vatican and the Kremlin. The Roman Pontiff once again expressed\n        his will for Roman Catholics and Greek-Catholics to have the possibility of\n        freely practicing their faith, while Gorbachev assured John Paul II that the\n        future law on freedom of conscience would provide religious freedom to everyone\n        in the USSR. The meeting laid the foundation for establishing bilateral diplomatic\n        relations, and the pope accepted Gorbachev''s invitation to visit the Soviet\n        Union. Realizing that the outright legalization of the Uniate Church would\n        cause religious unrest in Western Ukraine and would lead to conflict with\n        the Moscow Patriarchate, Gorbachev refused to delegate direct responsibility\n        to the government regarding the settlement of the UGCC question. Instead,\n        the Soviet leader decided that these issues should be settled according to\n        the principles of ecumenical dialogue between the Moscow Patriarchate and\n        the Vatican.\\n\\nOn 1 December 1989, the Soviet news agency  Novosti (News)\n        and news services in Western Ukraine outlined the key points of \\\"The Declaration\n        of the Council for Religious Affairs Addressed to the Council of Ministers\n        of the Ukrainian S.S.R.,\\\" dated 20 November. The Lviv municipal press labeled\n        the \\\"Declaration\\\" a de facto recognition of the long-banned Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church. At the same time though, the Declaration asserted that Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        will be able to enjoy all the rights guaranteed by the law on registration\n        of associations in the Ukrainian S.S.R., as long as they [the UGCC faithful]\n        uphold the principles of the Constitution of the Ukrainian S.S.R. and the\n        latter''s legislation on religious beliefs. All religious structures arbitrarily\n        appropriated by the UGCC faithful were to be returned to local administrative\n        authorities. The transfer of such property to religious communities would\n        take place according to the will of the faithful themselves. If necessary,\n        the \\\"Declaration\\\" called for holding local referendums to be monitored by\n        independent observers, and cautioned against undue influence on the faithful,\n        to guarantee an objective and unbiased vote.\\n\\nAt the same time, the head\n        of the Council for Religious Affairs of the Ukrainian S.S.R., M. P. Kolesnyk,\n        underscored that the council had not considered the canonical status of the\n        infrastructure and hierarchies of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Instead,\n        it had only taken into account the rights of a \\\"community of believers\\\"\n        to apply for state registration (recognition) and the possibility for the\n        denationalization (privatization) of inactive church structures. Furthermore,\n        there was no talk of returning ecclesiastical structures and property \\u2013\n        nationalized by the state \\u2013 to the UGCC, nor of annulling the Lviv pseudo-Sobor\n        of 1946, nor of a formal rehabilitation of the Church or even any kind of\n        compensation for losses incurred over the decades.\\n\\nIn response to the promise\n        for legalization, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics reappropriated their former\n        churches from the Russian Orthodox Church. By January 1990, over 120 churches\n        in Galicia had been returned to the UGCC. By the end of the month, this number\n        had increased to 230 churches on the territory of the Lviv and Ternopil eparchies,\n        and to 140 on the territory of the Ivano-Frankivsk eparchy.\\n\\nBy June 1990,\n        803 churches had been returned to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics in newly established\n        (albeit for the most part unregistered) Uniate parishes in the Lviv eparchy,\n        including approximately 500 churches in the Ivano-Frankivsk eparchy and 12\n        in Transcarpathia. Close to 370 Orthodox priests had converted to the UGCC\n        in Galicia. This increased the overall quantity of Greek-Catholic priests\n        to 767 (including 186 monks). In general, 1,592 Greek-Catholic parishes had\n        been established and 1,303 churches were taken over in Galicia by early summer\n        1990. In addition, newly established seminaries accepted 485 students, while\n        approximately 700 nuns were active in the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        throughout Western Ukraine. At the same time, close to 500 Orthodox parishes\n        converted to the UAOC.\\n\\nThe massive reappropriation by the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        of their former churches spurred a wave of protests on the part of the Moscow\n        Patriarchate. Supporters of the Russian Orthodox Church accused the Uniates\n        of illegally taking over churches, threatening the Orthodox faithful and persecuting\n        the clergy.\\n\\nThe change in the party and governmental leadership of the\n        Ukrainian S.S.R. impacted the Russian Orthodox Church as well. In 1989, the\n        leadership of the exarchate found it necessary to make a number of concessions\n        regarding the Ukrainian language. In January 1990, the Ukrainian Exarchate\n        of the Russian Orthodox Church was retitled the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.\n        Shortly after June 1990, the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church expressed\n        its concern regarding the liquidation of its Church for the benefit of the\n        Uniates and the autocephalous \\\"schismatics\\\" in Western Ukraine. As a result,\n        a special commission of the Holy Synod visited Ukraine, headed by the newly\n        appointed Moscow Patriarch, Aleksei II.\\n\\nIn response to the Declaration\n        of the State Sovereignty of Ukraine on 16 July 1990, in October the Russian\n        Orthodox Church bestowed the right for \\\"self-government\\\" to the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church, which, nevertheless, was to remain an integral component\n        of the Moscow Patriarchate. The creation of the UAOC \\u2013 although limited\n        at that time to the territory of Galicia \\u2013 posed a much greater, long-term\n        threat to the ROC than the revival of the UGCC, because the autocephalous\n        church boasted supporters in traditional Orthodox territories of Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nOn\n        19 August 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church received possession of\n        the historic Cathedral of St. George in Lviv. In September 1990, 250 students\n        began their studies at the archeparchial seminary in Rudno, while 47 seminarians\n        initiated their studies at the seminary in Drohobych. In addition, approximately\n        300 students were attending improvised lectures on theology in Ivano-Frankivsk.\n        Similarly, the Basilians opened a minor seminary for 70 students and a novitiate\n        at their monastery in Krekhiv.\\n\\nIn a state of increasing tension between\n        the Orthodox and Ukrainian Greek-Catholics, a Vatican delegation once again\n        met with its counterparts from the Moscow Patriarchate on 10 September 1990,\n        in Moscow. These delegations, in turn, were soon joined by three Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic bishops and their Orthodox counterparts. However, on 14 September,\n        the Russian Orthodox delegates exited the negotiations after the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic delegation unanimously rejected the demands of the Orthodox\n        to return the reappropriated Uniate churches in Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk.\n        Soon afterwards, the trilateral, inter-denominational Lviv regional commission\n        fell apart when representatives of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Ukrainian\n        Autocephalous Orthodox Church resigned their positions in the negotiating\n        body after accusing the local authorities of favoring the UGCC in the settlement\n        of church property ownership.\\n\\nIn the fall of 1990, the head of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church, Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, declared his intention\n        to visit the faithful in Ukraine in the spring of 1991.\\n\\n==See also==\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church]]\\n* [[History\n        of Christianity in Ukraine]]\\n* [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]\\n\\n==References==\\n*\n        Bohdan R. Bociurkiw, ''''[http://www.ciuspress.com/catalogue/religion-and-theology/120/the-ukrainian-greek-catholic-church-and-the-soviet-state-%281939-1950%29\n        The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Soviet State (1939\\u20131950)]''''.\n        Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. 1996.\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-27T16:34:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":792622780,\"length\":59596,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_USSR\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_USSR&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_USSR\"},\"7433327\":{\"pageid\":7433327,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces\",\"index\":4,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-26T22:49:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Dablink|\\\"Ukrainian\n        Army\\\" redirects here.  For historical armies of Ukraine, see [[Ukrainian\n        Army (disambiguation)]]}}\\n{{Infobox military unit\\n|unit_name=Ukrainian Ground\n        Forces
\\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\\n|image=[[File:Emblem of the Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces.svg|centre|150px]]\\n|caption=Emblem of the Ukrainian Ground\n        Forces\\n|dates= 1919\\u20131922\\n12 December 1991\\u2013present\\n|size=260,000\n        Active personnel (2016){{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/05/02/ukraine-draft-dodgers-in-fight-against-separatists/26462801/|title=Thousands\n        dodge Ukraine army in fight with rebels|author=Olga Rudenko|work=USA Today|date=6\n        May 2014|accessdate=19 March 2016}}
80,000 Reserve (2016)\\n|command_structure=\\n|garrison=[[Kiev]]\\n|garrison_label=Headquarters\\n|disbanded=\\n|battles=[[Kosovo\n        Force]] (KFOR)
[[Iraq War]]
[[War in Afghanistan (2001\\u2013present)]][[2014 Russian invasion of Crimea ]]
[[War in Donbass]]\\n\\n|commander1=[[Lieutenant General]] [[Serhiy Popko]][http://www.unian.info/society/1302299-poroshenko-appoints-ato-chief-commander-of-land-forces.html\n        Poroshenko appoints ATO chief Commander of Land Forces], [[UNIAN]] (28 March\n        2016)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/333690.html Poroshenko appoints\n        ATO chief Popko as commander of ground forces], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (28 March\n        2016)\\n|commander1_label=\\n|commander2=\\n|commander2_label=\\n|identification_symbol=[[File:Ensign\n        of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.svg|150px|Ensign of Ukrainian Ground Forces]]\\n|identification_symbol_label=Ground\n        Forces Ensign\\n|identification_symbol_2=[[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|150px|Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces]]\\n|identification_symbol_2_label=Flag of Ukraine\\n|anniversaries=[[Army\n        Day#Ukraine|Army Day]] (12 December, anniversary of the 1991 formation of\n        the Ground Forces).Culture Smart! Ukraine by [[Anna Shevchenko]],\n        Kuperard, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-85733-327-5}}\\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0417\\u0421\\u0423, ''''Sukhoputni\n        Viys\\u2019ka ZSU''''}}) are the land force component of the [[Armed Forces\n        of Ukraine]]. They were formed from [[Soviet Ground Forces]] formations, units,\n        and establishments, including three [[military district]]s (the [[Kiev Military\n        District|Kiev]], [[Carpathian Military District|Carpathian]], and [[Odessa\n        Military District]]s), that were on Ukrainian soil when the [[History of the\n        Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|Soviet Union collapsed]]\n        in 1990\\u201392.\\n\\nSince [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukraine''s\n        independence from the Soviet Union in 1991]] Ukraine retained its Soviet-era\n        army equipment and have not replaced nor upgraded it.[http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/115444\n        In the Army Now: Answering Many Why''s], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (8 July 2014)\n        Also the Armed Forces have been systematically downsized since 1991 and as\n        a result it was largely dilapidated in July 2014.\n        Since the start of the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014 in [[eastern Ukraine]]\n        Ukraine is upgrading its Armed Forces.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/365354.html Poroshenko\n        says military hardware will bring Ukraine''s victory closer], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 August 2016) Its size of 129,950 in March 2014{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/03/03/ukraines-military-is-far-smaller-than-russias-but-theres-3-reasons-it-might-not-be-so-easy-to-crush/|title=Ukraine''s\n        military is far smaller than Russia''s, but there are 3 reasons it might not\n        be so easy to crush|author=Adam Taylor|work=The Washington Post|date=3 March\n        2014|accessdate=19 March 2016}} had grown to 204,000 active personnel\n        in May 2015. In 2016 75% of the army consisted of contract\n        servicemen.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/365479.html\n        Ukrainian army composed of 75% contract servicemen - president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 August 2016)\\n\\n==History==\\nPrior to the [[October Revolution]]\n        of 1917, three separate self-governing Ukrainian states existed on what is\n        Ukraine today. Each of these states possessed armed forces. The largest of\n        these, the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]], itself comprised three separate\n        regimes. The [[Ukrainian People''s Army]] is an example of one of the early\n        national armed forces. Other armed independence movements existed in the wake\n        of both the [[First World War]] and the [[Second World War]], and these armies\n        each had distinct organisation and uniforms. These armed forces, and the independent\n        Ukrainian homeland for which they fought, were eventually incorporated into\n        the neighboring states of [[Poland]], [[Soviet Union]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]]\n        and [[Czechoslovakia]].Abbott, P. & E. Pinak ''''Ukrainian Armies 1914\\u201355''''\n        (Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2004), {{ISBN|1780964013}}, 9781780964010\\n\\n===Collapse\n        of the USSR===\\nThe Armed Forces of Ukraine included approximately 780,000\n        personnel, 7,000 [[armored vehicles]], 6,500 tanks, and 2,500 [[tactical nuclear\n        missile]]s when they were established. However, the problem that Ukraine face\n        was that while it had vast armed forces, it lacked a proper command structure.\n        Therefore, on 24 August 1991, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] of [[Ukraine]] ratified\n        the resolution of taking under its control, all military units of former Soviet\n        Armed Forces, situated on the territory of Ukraine; and in turn the establishment\n        of the [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Creation of the Ground Forces===\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Armed forces}}\\nFollowing the declaration of Ukrainian independence in 1991,\n        Ukraine inherited the [[1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards Army]],\n        [[13th Army (Soviet Union)|13th Army]], [[38th Army (Soviet Union)|38th Army]],\n        two tank armies (the [[6th Guards Tank Army]] and the 8th Tank Army), and\n        the [[32nd Army Corps]] (32-\\u0439 \\u041a\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0433\\u0441\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043f\\u0443\\u0441)\n        at [[Simferopol]]. In addition, the [[28th Guards Mechanised Brigade|28th\n        Guards Motor Rifle Division]] (MRD) and the 180th MRD were left in Ukraine,\n        having been previously under the [[14th Guards Army]] headquartered at [[Tiraspol]]\n        in the [[Moldovan SSR]]. The post of commander of ground troops was designated\n        in early 1992. By the end of 1992, the [[Kiev Military District]] disbanded,\n        and Ukraine used its structures as the basis for the Ministry of Defence and\n        the [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces|General Staff]].[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/099704.shtml\n        ANALYSIS: Ukraine adopts program for military reform], 03/02/1997 Between\n        June and August 1993, the first redesignation of armies to army corps appears\n        to have taken place.See references at [[6th Guards Tank Army]] and [[6th\n        Army Corps (Ukraine)]]. On 1 December 1993, 8th Guards Tank Army became 8th\n        Army Corps. While the chief of ground forces post had been created in\n        early 1992, it was over two years before the first holder, Colonel General\n        [[Vasily Sobkov]], was appointed on 7 April 1994.Jane''s Sentinel: Ukraine,\n        1994 The legal framework for the Ground Forces was defined in Article\n        4 of the law ''On the Armed Forces of Ukraine.'' At that time, the Ground\n        Forces had no separate command body, and were directly subordinate to the\n        Ukrainian General Staff.\\n\\nThe creation of the Ground Forces as a separate\n        armed service was legally only put in train by Presidential Decree 368/96\n        of 23 May 1996, ''On the Ground Forces of Ukraine.''Yuriy Yurchnya, ''The\n        Armed Forces of Ukraine,'' DCAF, 2010, 89.\\nThat year both the Ground\n        Forces Command was formed and the 1st Army Corps was reorganised as the Northern\n        Territorial Operational Command (which became the Northern Operational Command\n        in 1998). In 1997 the Carpathian Military District was reorganised as the\n        [[Western Operational Command]].\\n\\nFrom 1992 to 1997, the forces of the Kiev\n        MD were transferred to the Odessa MD, and the Odessa MD''s headquarters moved\n        to [[Donetsk]].Andrew Duncan, ''Ukraine''s forces find that change is\n        good,'' [[Jane''s Intelligence Review]], April 1997, 162\\u20133. A new\n        2nd Army Corps was formed in the Odessa MD. Armies were converted to army\n        corps, and motor rifle divisions converted into mechanised divisions or brigades.\n        Pairs of attack helicopter regiments were combined to form army aviation brigades.\\n\\nPresident\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]] revealed in a December 1996 speech that as many as 191 mechanised\n        infantry and tank battalions were rated not ready, adding,\\\"This is especially\n        dangerous in the forward-based units securing the nation''s borders.\\\"Stephen\n        D. Olynyk, [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/18_15.pdf Ukraine as\n        a Post-Cold War Military Power], [[Joint Force Quarterly]], Spring 1997, 93.\\n\\n===Reform===\\nAccording\n        to a plan promulgated in 2000 the Ground Forces were to reduce the number\n        of troops from the then 300,000 to 240,000 by 2015, and an ultimate change\n        from a partial [[conscript]]-based force to a fully professional military.http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine_Eng-2005.pdf\n        , page 4 of 136 Even though the Armed Forces received little more than\n        half of the [[Ukrainian hryvnia|Hr]] 68 million it was promised for reform\n        in 2001, officials were able to disband nine [[regiment]]s and close 21 local\n        military bases.{{#tag:ref|According to the State Program of the Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces reform and development to 2005, the ground forces were to have\n        the biggest ratio of personnel of all services (up to 54%). This ratio was\n        to be based on the missions assigned to the armed forces, and also on the\n        fact that the [[economy of Ukraine]] could not support any larger troop numbers.\n        However, the ground forces still has priority in the number of personnel,\n        weapons, military equipment development priorities and the development of\n        their future systems, which were to correspond to [[modern warfare]] requirements.\n        The ground forces were planned to closely coordinate their assignments with\n        other army branches, engaging appropriate military arts and equipment. They\n        were to also be involved in law enforcement activities during emergencies,\n        dealing with consequences of technological and [[natural disasters]], providing\n        military assistance to other countries, engaging in international military\n        cooperation activities ([[UN]]), and participating in international peacekeeping\n        operations according to international agreements.|group=nb}}\\n\\nIn 2005\\u201306,\n        the Northern Operational Command was reorganised as [[Territorial Directorate\n        \\\"North\\\"]]. It was tasked with territorial defence, mobilisation training,\n        and preparation of reserves.Yurchnya, 2010, 91.{{#tag:ref|It was\n        reported on 27 July 2005 that ''..[o]ver 70 per cent of planned work on [the]\n        disbandment of the Ukrainian armed forces'' Northern Operational Command has\n        been completed,'' according to the Defence Ministry''s press service.[[Interfax-AVN]],\n        [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-134585162/ukrainian-army-northern-operational.html\n        ''Ukrainian army''s Northern Operational Command being disbanded,''] Interfax-AVN\n        military news agency web site, Moscow, in English 1152 gmt 27 Jul 05 via [[BBC\n        Monitoring]].|group=nb}}\\n\\nFrom 1991 the Ukrainian Ground Forces bought\n        its military equipment only from [[Russia]] and other [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]] states, as well as locally producing some of their own equipment.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240543.html\n        Ukraine must stop importing Russian weapons, switch to NATO standards], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (18 December 2014) The [[Ukrainian Defense Industry (company)|defence\n        industry in Ukraine]] produced equipment was not used to equip the Armed Forces\n        prior to the [[War in Donbass]] (that started in April 2014[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275\n        Ukraine crisis timeline], [[BBC News]]) but it produced only for export.\\n\\n===Loss of Crimea===\\nIn the aftermath of the [[2014\n        Ukrainian Revolution]], Russian special forces in unmarked uniforms began\n        surrounding Ukrainian military bases on the Crimea before capturing them individually\n        using a mixture of attrition and threats.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/19/ukraine-plans-troop-withdrawal-from-crimea|title=Kiev\n        announces plans to withdraw Ukrainian troops from Crimea|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=31\n        January 2015}} Over the following weeks the [[Russian Armed Forces]]\n        consolidated control of the peninsula and established road blocks to cut off\n        the possibility of Ukraine sending reinforcements from the mainland.{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/russia-has-sent-troops-to-crimea-1339313-Mar2014/|title=Russia\n        has sent 6,000 troops to Crimea says Ukraine|work=www.thejournal.ie|accessdate=31\n        January 2015}} By the end of March, all remaining Ukrainian troops were\n        ordered to pull out of Crimea.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-orders-all-troops-out-of-crimea/|title=Ukraine\n        orders all troops out of Crimea|work=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=31 January 2015}}\n        The Ukrainian Army was considered to be in a poor state during and after the\n        annexation with only 6,000 of its troops ready for combat and many of its\n        vehicles lacking batteries.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579457591983371478|title=Ukraine\n        Battles to Rebuild a Depleted Military|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=31\n        January 2015}} (According to February 2016 official Ukrainian figures)\n        after [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russia''s annexation]]\n        6.000 of the pre-annexation 20.300 people strong Ukrainian army personnel\n        left Crimea.{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/8/7098237/\n        After the annexation of Crimea left only 10% of staff SBU], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]\n        (February 8, 2016)\\n\\n===War in Donbass===\\n{{main article|War in Donbass}}\\n{{empty\n        section|date=February 2016}}\\n\\n==Military Training and Education Centers==\\n{{See\n        also|Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations}}\\n[[File:Training Special Operations Forces\n        (26678129310).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian special forces soldier during\n        a exercise.]]\\n\\n[[File:A Canadian Army combat engineer, right, talks to a\n        Ukrainian military observer-controller during a situational training exercise\n        as part of Rapid Trident 2014 in Yavoriv, Ukraine, Sept 140917-A-DO615-006.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian\n        and Canadian soldiers converse with each other during the 2014 Rapid Trident\n        exercise in Yavoriv, Ukraine.]]\\n\\nTraining in 2006 was aimed at developing\n        mobility and combat readiness of the forces.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf\n        Ukrainian Armed Forces 2006 White Book p.25] The Ukrainian armed forces\n        took advantage of the opportunities provided by [[UN]] exercises and exercises\n        where Ukraine and [[NATO]] nations and other partners participated.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf\n        Ukrainian Armed Forces 2006 White Book p.26]\\n\\nTraining resulted in\n        6,000 combat-ready troops in the spring of 2014 of Ukraine''s (then) 129,950\n        active military personnel.[http://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-armies-compare/25287910.html\n        Explainer: How Do Russia''s And Ukraine''s Armies Compare?], [[Radio Free\n        Europe]] (6 March 2014) In 2016 the Ukrainian army had more than 200,000\n        combat-ready soldiers of its 260,000 active personnel.[https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/war-against-ukraine/ukrainian-army-struggling-with-its-training-system-422870.html\n        Ukrainian army struggling with its training system], [[Kyiv Post]] (14 September\n        2016)\\n\\nIn 2015 Ukraine, the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]]\n        and [[Canada]] established the Joint Multinational Training Group \\u2013 Ukraine\n        (JMTG-U) and they set up three new training sites, in [[Khmelnytskyi]], [[Yavoriv]]\n        and [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]].\\n\\n===Education Centers===\\nIn\n        2007 the system of exercise/training ranges was optimized, decreasing their\n        number and providing a specialized role.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book/white_book_en2007.pdf\n        Ukrainian Armed Forces 2007 White Book p.42]\\n\\nSchooling Occurs at:\\n*\n        [[169th Training Centre (Ukraine)|169th Training Center]] - (Desna / 50\\u00b055''35\\\"N\n        30\\u00b045''27\\\"E) - Home to army initial training, for all personnel entering\n        the Army, it is also houses the 169th Teaching Brigade which homes in the\n        tactics and skills of tankers and mechanized/motorized infantrymen.\\n* Hetman\n        Petro Sahaidachny Ground Forces Academy - (Lviv / 49\\u00b049''28\\\"N 24\\u00b01''2\\\"E)\n        - It is an academy for all officer cadets seeking a commission, an equivalent\n        of the American West Point and British Sandhurst.\\n* [[National Defense University\n        of Ukraine \\\"Ivan Chernyakhovsky\\\"]] - (Kiev / 50\\u00b025''57\\\"N 30\\u00b027''52\\\"E)\n        - Teaches specialization like foreign languages, book keeping, cryptology,\n        study of armaments, logistics, etc.\\n* [[Ivan Bohun Military High School]]\n        - (Kiev / 50\\u00b025''24\\\"N 30\\u00b032''43\\\"E) - A [[Junior Reserve Officers''\n        Training Corps|JROTC]] style [[boarding school]] which has curriculum identical\n        to Ukraine''s public schools with added focus on military teachings and discipline.\\n*\n        Korolev Signals Institute - (Zhytomyr / 50\\u00b017''6\\\"N 28\\u00b036''54\\\"E)\n        - Teaches theory and practice of electromagnetic waves and their uses in communication,\n        radio location, eavesdropping, and jamming.\\n* [[Military Institute of Telecommunications\n        and Information Technologies]] - (Kiev / 50\\u00b025''18\\\"N 30\\u00b033''25\\\"E)\n        - Teaches subjects of: Computer Science, Systems engineering, Telecommunications,\n        Security Information and Communication Systems, Systems of technical protection\n        of information, Electronic military administration.[http://www.dut.edu.ua/ua/pages/477]\\n*\n        Odessa Artillery Academy\\n\\nWhile Training Ranges are:\\n{|\\n|-\\n|\\n* Uzhgorod\n        Military Training Center (48\\u00b039''44\\\"N 22\\u00b026''27\\\"E)\\n* Storozhynets\n        Military Training Center (48\\u00b08''5\\\"N 25\\u00b050''24\\\"E)\\n* Yavoriv Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b02''44\\\"N 23\\u00b036''21\\\"E)\\n* Rivne Military Training\n        Center (50\\u00b048''22\\\"N 26\\u00b033''12\\\"E)\\n* Novohrad-Volynskyi Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b040''3\\\"N 27\\u00b032''33\\\"E)\\n* Zhytomyr Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b09''59\\\"N 28\\u00b031''9\\\"E)\\n|\\n* Soshnikovskyi Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b01''19\\\"N 31\\u00b010''29\\\"E)\\n* Maloye Ozero Military\n        Training Center (51\\u00b016''19\\\"N 32\\u00b052''41\\\"E)\\n* Poltava Military\n        Training Center (49\\u00b037''27\\\"N 34\\u00b036''35\\\"E)\\n* Chuhuiv Military\n        Training Center (49\\u00b049''11\\\"N 36\\u00b047''31\\\"E)\\n* Chervona Polyana\n        Military Training Center (47\\u00b050''28\\\"N 33\\u00b010''40\\\"E)\\n* Samarskyi\n        Bor Military Training Center (48\\u00b042''34\\\"N 35\\u00b027''27\\\"E)\\n|\\n* Mykolaiv\n        Military Training Center (47\\u00b05''16\\\"N 32\\u00b00''32\\\"E)\\n* Shyrokiy Lan\n        Military Training Center (47\\u00b04''4\\\"N 31\\u00b032''40\\\"E)\\n* Chornomorske\n        Military Training Center (46\\u00b036''44\\\"N 30\\u00b055''54\\\"E)\\n* Bolhrad\n        Military Training Center (45\\u00b041''11\\\"N 28\\u00b043''36\\\"E)\\n* Shirokyi\n        Ovrag Military Training Center (46\\u00b051''48\\\"N 36\\u00b058''9\\\"E)\\n|}\\n\\n==Branches\n        of the Ground Forces==\\n\\n===Armoured and mechanised forces===\\n{{Main article|Mechanized\n        Infantry (Ukraine)}}\\n{{Main article|Armoured Forces (Ukraine)}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Army in Mariupol, May 2014.png|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian Army soldiers and\n        [[BMP-2]] in [[Battle of Mariupol (May\\u2013June 2014)|Mariupol]] during a\n        confrontation with civilians on 9 May 2014.]]\\n[[File:13510997 552410288265013\n        5918396253241991410 n (27400723644).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian Army  [[T-64|T-64BM]]\n        during a training.]]\\nMechanised Infantry and armoured forces are the primary\n        components of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. Their primary objectives in case\n        of war are capturing and holding targets, maintaining positions, defending\n        against attack, penetrating enemy lines and defeating enemy forces.\\n\\nThe\n        mechanised and armoured forces are equipped with [[T-64]]{{uk icon}}\n        [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=ua&part=news&sub=read&id=8568 Minister\n        of Defence visits 1st Armored Brigade] and [[T-64|T-64BM \\\"Bulat\\\"]]{{uk\n        icon}} [http://uamedia.visti.net/army/ People''s Army Magazine] main\n        battle tanks; [[BTR-4]], [[BTR-60]], [[BTR-70]] and [[BTR-80]], wheeled armored\n        personnel carriers and [[BMP-1]], [[BMP-2]] and [[BMD-2]] infantry combat\n        vehicles.\\n\\nSince the fall of the Soviet Union, a large number of the previous\n        Soviet mechanised formations on Ukrainian soil have been disbanded \\u2013\n        the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies|IISS]] says totals have\n        dropped from 14 divisions, in 1992, to two divisions, six brigades, and one\n        independent regiment in 2008.IISS ''''Military Balance 1992/3'''', p\n        86, and ''''Military Balance 2008'''', p 188 Today, all mechanised and\n        armoured formations are called [[brigade]]s. However, some former [[division\n        (military)|division]]s remain near division strength.\\n\\nCurrent formations\n        include:\\n*[[1st Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|1st Armored Brigade]] \\u2013 [[Honcharivske]]{{uk icon}} [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=ua&part=news&sub=read&id=10268\n        Brigade in Honcharivske receives new tanks] [[Chernihiv Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]\\n*[[17th\n        Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Armored Brigade]] \\u2013 [[Kryvyi Rih]]{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=ua&part=news&sub=read&id=10294\n        Training in the 17th Armored Brigade] [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]\\n*[[30th\n        Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Mechanised Brigade]] - [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]  [[Zhytomyr\n        Oblast]]\\n\\nDisbanded armoured formations include:\\n*[[17th Armored Brigade\n        (Ukraine)|17th Guards Tank Division]]Lenskiy\n        \\u2013 [[17th Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Armored Brigade]] \\u2013 reformed\n        into brigade by 2003\\n*[[23rd Tank Division|23rd Training Tank Division]]\n        \\u2013 6065th Storage Base since 1987Feskov, p.106\\n*[[30th\n        Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Guards Tank Division]]\n        \\u2013 [[30th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Tank Brigade]] \\u2013 July\n        30, 2004 reformed into [[30th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Mechanised\n        Brigade]]\\n*[[41st Guards Tank Division]] \\u2013 5193rd Storage Base since\n        1989\\n*[[42nd Guards Tank Division]] \\u2013\n        5359th Storage Base since 1990\\n*[[48th\n        Guards Training Tank Division]] \\u2013 [[169th Training Centre (Ukraine)|169th\n        District Training Centre]]\\n*[[117th Guards\n        Tank Division]] \\u2013 119th District Training Centre\\n\\n===Mountain\n        infantry Brigade===\\nThe Ukrainian Ground Forces also include two mountain\n        infantry brigades.\\n* [[10th Mountain Brigade (Ukraine)|10th Mountain Brigade]]\\n*\n        [[128th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|128th Mountain Brigade]]\\n\\n===Airmobile\n        Forces and Army Aviation===\\n{{Main article|Ukrainian Airmobile Forces}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Airmobile Forces Flag.svg|200px|thumb|right|Ukrainian Airmobile Forces flag.]]\\n[[File:Defense.gov\n        News Photo 000717-A-4074B-014.jpg|thumb|Paratroopers from the 80th Airmobile\n        Regiment]]\\n[[Army aviation|Army Aviation]], having to cover troop movements,\n        is by far the most maneuverable branch of the army, intended to conduct the\n        operations under all sorts conditions of combat arms procedures. Among the\n        priorities of the Ukrainian army aviation''s units is to provide [[reconnaissance]],\n        attack enemy weapon systems, provide equipment and human resources, give tactical\n        fire support during an offensive or counterattack, land airmobile troops,\n        and to deliver combat weapons and personnel at the specified areas and execute\n        other main tasks. There are two units: the [[3rd Army Aviation Regiment (Ukraine)|3rd\n        Army Aviation Regiment]] and [[7th Army Aviation Regiment (Ukraine)|7th Army\n        Aviation Regiment]]. They are equipped with [[Mil Mi-8]] and [[Mi-24]] helicopters,\n        and their variants.See [http://www.miasnl.com/bestanden/ukraa.html Ukrainian\n        Army Aviation]\\n\\nThe [[Ukrainian Airmobile Forces]] serve as the quick\n        response units of the army. Airmobile forces'' structure consists of formations\n        and elements of the army and the army aviation. These units are well trained\n        for offensive activities behind enemy lines. The airmobile forces are in constant\n        combat readiness and base their battle plan on high mobility.{{cite web|url=http://elvisti.com/2007/08/02/mil.shtml|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u044b\\u0448\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441 - \\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|publisher=|accessdate=30 October 2014}}\n        The airmobile forces consist of four airmobile brigades and an airborne brigade. The 25th Airborne and 45th Airmobile Brigades were previously\n        grouped into the [[1st Airmobile Division (Ukraine)|1st Airmobile Division]]\n        but the division was disbanded in 2003.\\n\\nHeadquarters of the Airmobile Command\n        is located in [[Zhytomyr]]. It includes the following units:\\n* [[25th Airborne Brigade (Ukraine)]] \\n* [[45th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]{{Cite\n        news|url=http://www.unian.info/society/1580432-new-airborne-brigade-created-in-ukrainian-army.html|title=New\n        Airborne Brigade created in Ukrainian Army|last=|first=|date=19 October 2016|work=UNIAN|access-date=20\n        October 2016|via=}}\\n* [[79th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]\\n* [[80th\n        Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]\\n* [[81st Airmobile Brigade|81st Airmobile Brigade\n        (Ukraine)]]\\n* [[95th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]\\n\\n===Rocket and Artillery\n        Troops===\\n[[File:Ukrainian BM-30 Smerch launchers 2014 IMG 7662 02.JPG|thumb|Ukrainian\n        [[BM-30 Smerch]] heavy [[multiple rocket launcher]]s on parade in Kiev]]\\n{{Main\n        article|Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)}}\\nRocket Forces and Artillery\n        troops of the army consist of formations of  tactical missiles, [[self-propelled\n        artillery]], howitzers, jet-propelled and [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]]\n        artillery, artillery [[reconnaissance]] units, of [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]\n        units and of units of anti-tank missiles. These forces operate as support\n        for other army formations, and are therefore obliged to destroy enemy human\n        resources, tanks, artillery, anti-tanks weapons, aircraft, air defence equipment,\n        and other important objects during the combat arms operations. Rocket and\n        artillery troops are equipped with: missile complexes of operational-tactical\n        and tactical missiles; [[Multiple rocket launcher]] rocket systems, such as\n        the [[BM-30|Smerch]], [[BM-27|Uragan]], [[BM-21|Grad]]; also, [[2S5 Giatsint-S|Giatsint]],\n        [[2S7 Pion|Pion]], [[2S3 Akatsiya|Akatsiya]], [[2S1|Gvozdika]] [[howitzer]]s;\n        and, [[9M113 Konkurs|Konkurs]], [[T-12 antitank gun]] anti-tank weapons.\\n\\nPreviously\n        the 1st Rocket Division was active at \\u0425\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439,\n        formed on the basis of the former Soviet [[43rd Rocket Army]]. It had two\n        to three rocket brigades (19-\\u0425\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439,\n        46 \\u0438\\u043b\\u0438 199- Gchovka, 107-\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u0433)\n        with 54\\u201356 \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434/[[Scud]]. It was active in 2003,{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=3179462\n        |title=London, UK-based Institute for Strategic Studies appraises Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces'' personnel as 295,500-strong |author=Ukrinform |date=2003-10-25\n        |work= |publisher=Ukrainian Government |accessdate=21 November 2012}}\n        but disbanded in 2004.http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/sng/ukraine/ukraine_grand_force-dislokazia.htm,\n        accessed November 2012. In addition, previously the 461st Rocket Brigade\n        (\\u0440\\u0431\\u0440) \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430, 13 \\u0410\\u041a\n        \\u0417\\u041e\\u041a, the 459th Rocket Brigade (\\u0440\\u0431\\u0440) at \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u044c-8 \\u0410\\u041a,\\u0421\\u041e\\u041a-\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430- \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 2004, 123 \\u0440\\u0431\\u0440- \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f-\\u0421\\u041e\\u041a,\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430, 107 \\u0440\\u0431\\u0440 ([[Kremenchug]]) ([[Tochka]]),\n        and the 159th Rocket Brigade (\\u0440\\u0431\\u0440) (\\u041a\\u0456\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434)\n        were active.\\n\\n===Army Air Defence===\\nThe Army Air Defence\n        units are responsible for covering troops against enemy air attacks anywhere\n        on the battlefield, and while in combat. The Ukrainian Ground Forces army\n        air defence branch is equipped with a variety of effective [[surface-to-air]]\n        missile systems of division level and [[anti-aircraft]] missile and [[artillery]]\n        complexes of [[regiment]] level. Regiment level units are characterized by\n        their high rate of fire, vitality, maneuverability, and capability of action\n        under all conditions of modern combat arms operations. Surface-to-air missile\n        systems and complexes of division level are characterized by their long range\n        and firepower and are equipped with surface-to-air missile complexes;S-300V,Osa,\n        Buk, Buk-M1 and Tor. While anti-aircraft missile and artillery complexes that\n        are of regiment level are equipped with the Tunguska-M1, Igla [[MANPADS]]\n        system, Strela, and Shilka anti-aircraft missile systems.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=structure&sub=army\n        Structure of Ukrainian Armed Forces] While\n        the army''s only separate radar system, meaning it isn''t a part of any anti-aircraft\n        system, is the Ukrainian [[Kolchuga passive sensor|Kolchuga-M]]. It was designed\n        sometime between the years 1993\\u20131997, the system is said to be one of\n        the most (if not the most) advanced passive sensors in the world, as it was\n        claimed to be able to detect stealth aircraft.http://thereliant.blogspot.com/2006/09/in-focus-kolchuga-esm-system.html\\n\\n==Structure==\\n2015\n        structure of the Ukrainian Ground Forces after the reorganization caused by\n        the [[Donbass War]]. It built and expanded on the 2011 structure.{{cite\n        journal | title=Ukrainian Armed Forces White Book 2011| url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book/WB_Eng_final_2011.pdf|\n        accessdate  = April 10, 2013}}\\n\\n{{Location map+ | Ukraine\\n| width\n        = 1000\\n| caption = 
''''''
Location of Ukraine Ground Forces combat\n        brigades''''''
Red \\u2013 Airborne, Green \\u2013 infantry, Blue - helicopter
Gold\n        \\u2013 armoured, Brown \\u2013 artillery, Pink \\u2013 rocket
\\n| relief\n        = 1\\n| places =\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Honcharivske|1st\n        Armoured]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Gold pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 51  | lat_min = 18 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 30  | lon_min = 56 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Novyi Kalyniv|7th Aviation]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min\n        = 33 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 23  | lon_min = 19 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Chernivtsi|10th Mountain]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 17 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 25  | lon_min\n        = 57 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kherson|11th\n        Aviation]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 41 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 32  | lon_min = 30 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi|14th Mech.]]\\n    | position\n        = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg\n        = 50  | lat_min = 51 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 24  | lon_min = 19 | lon_dir\n        = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Brody|16th Aviation]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 07 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 25  | lon_min\n        = 10 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kryvyi\n        Rih|17th Armoured]]\\n    | position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Gold pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 47  | lat_min = 55 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 33  | lon_min = 15 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Poltava|18th Aviation]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min\n        = 37 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 34  | lon_min = 30 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|19th Rocket]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Pink pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 25 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 27  | lon_min\n        = 00 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Yavoriv|24th\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = bottom\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 57 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 23  | lon_min = 23 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk Raion|25th Airborne]]\\n    |\n        position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Red pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 44 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 35 | lon_min =\n        19 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Berdychiv|26th\n        Artillery]]\\n    | position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 54 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 28  | lon_min = 34 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Sumy|27th Artillery]]\\n    | position = left\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min\n        = 52 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 34  | lon_min = 47 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Chornomorske (Odessa Oblast)|28th Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = top\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 35 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min\n        = 56 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Novohrad-Volynskyi|30th\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark\n        = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 35 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg\n        = 27  | lon_min = 38 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|40th Artillery]]\\n    |\n        position = top\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 01 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min\n        = 51 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi|43th\n        Artillery]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 02 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 31  | lon_min = 15 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Ternopil|44th Artillery]]\\n    | position = bottom\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min\n        = 34 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 25  | lon_min = 36 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Sievierodonetsk|53th Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 57 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 38  | lon_min\n        = 35 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Artemivsk,\n        Donetsk Oblast|54th Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background\n        = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 35 |\n        lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 37  | lon_min = 58 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Zaporizhia|55th Artillery]]\\n    |\n        position = bottom\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 47  | lat_min = 50 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 35  | lon_min\n        = 10 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Melitopol|56th\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark\n        = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 56 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg\n        = 35  | lon_min = 25 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Kropyvnytskyi|57th Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 48  | lat_min\n        = 30 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 32  | lon_min = 15 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Konotop|58th Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 51  | lat_min = 15 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 33  | lon_min\n        = 11 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kotovsk,\n        Odessa Oblast|59th Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background\n        = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 47  | lat_min = 46 |\n        lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 29  | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Bila Tserkva|72nd Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 48 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min\n        = 07 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Mykolaiv|79th\n        Airmobile]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Red pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 58 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 32  | lon_min = 00 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Lviv|80th Airborne]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Red pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49 | lat_min\n        = 49 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 24 | lon_min = 00 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kostiantynivka|81st Airborne]]\\n    |\n        position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Red pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 30 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 37 | lon_min =\n        43 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Chuhuiv|92nd\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark\n        = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 50 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg\n        = 36  | lon_min = 41 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|93rd Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 42 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 35 | lon_min =\n        23 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Zhytomyr|95th\n        Airmobile]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Red pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 15 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 28  | lon_min = 40 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Kiev|101st Security.]]\\n    | position = bottom\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min\n        = 25 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min = 41 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Mukachevo|128th Mountain]]\\n    |\n        position = bottom\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 27 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 22  | lon_min\n        = 45 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:OC_All_UGF.svg|thumb|right|500px|Combatant\n        Commands of Ukrainian Ground Forces[http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/ukrainian-ground-forces.html\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043a\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0417\\u0421 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438]\\n{{legend\n        |#544546|''''Operation Command West''''}}\\n{{legend |#404F1D|''''Operation\n        Command North''''}}\\n{{legend |#A66431|''''Operation Command East''''}}\\n{{legend\n        |#5469A7|''''Operation Command South''''}}\\n{{legend |#A7300C|''''Crimea''''}}]]\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces.png|thumb|right|400px|Incomplete structure of the Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces (some units show their pre-2004 structure)]]\\n\\n* ''''''Land\n        Forces Command'''''', [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://mildonik.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_99.html|title=National\n        defense|author= Dovbaka Nicholas Ihorovych |language=Ukrainian |accessdate=1\n        February 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/ukrainian-ground-forces.html|title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430|language=Ukrainian|accessdate=4\n        July 2016}}\\n** 15th Guards Rocket Artillery Regiment, [[Drogobych]]\\n** 27th Artillery\n        Brigade, [[Sumy]]\\n** 43rd Artillery Brigade, [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]]\\n** 19th Missile Brigade, [[Khmelnytskyi,\n        Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n** [[7th Army Aviation Regiment (Ukraine)|12th Army Aviation Brigade]],\n        [[Novyi Kalyniv]]\\n** 11th Army Aviation Brigade, [[Kherson]]\\n** 16th Army Aviation Brigade,\n        [[Brody]]\\n** 18th Army Aviation Brigade, [[Poltava]]\\n** 48th Separate Engineer Brigade, [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]]{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/guoz.html|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f|language=Ukrainian\n        |accessdate=1 February 2016}}\\n** [[101st Brigade for the Protection\n        of the General Staff|101st General Staff Security Brigade]], [[Kiev]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://censor.net.ua/photo_news/340882/na_territorii_101yi_brigady_ohrany_genshtaba_otkryli_alleyu_slavy_v_chest_pogibshih_voinov_fotoreportajvideo|title=\n        \\u041d\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438\n        101-\\u0439 \\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u044b \\u043e\\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u044b\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\\"\\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u044e \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u044b\\\" \\u0432 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432|language=Russian\n        |accessdate=1 February 2016}}\\n** [[169th Training Centre (Ukraine)]],\n        [[Desna, Kozelets Raion|Desna]]\\n*** 300th Guards Tank Training Regiment\\n*** 354th Guards Motor Rifle Training Regiment\\n*** 507th Equipment Repair Training Regiment\\n*** 708th Supply Training Regiment\\n*** 718th Separate Automobile Training\n        Battalion\\n*** 1121th Anti-aircraft\n        Artillery Teaching Regiment\\n**\n        6th Artillery Training Regiment, [[Divychky]]\\n** 1st President Guard Regiment, [[Kiev]]\\n** 3rd Special Forces Regiment,\n        [[Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n** 8th Special Forces Regiment, [[Khmelnytskyi]]\\n** 704th Separate Regiment of [[CBRN\n        defense]], [[Sambir]]\\n** 808th Pontoon Bridge Regiment, [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi]]\\n** ''''''[[Operation Command West|Operational Command \\\"West\\\"]]'''''',\n        [[Rivne]]\\n***\n        [[10th Mountain Brigade (Ukraine)|10th Mountain Brigade]], [[Chernivtsi]]\\n*** [[14th\n        Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|14th Mechanized Brigade]], [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]]\\n*** [[24th\n        Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine)|24th Mechanized Brigade]], [[Yavoriv]]\\n*** [[80th Airmobile\n        Brigade (Ukraine)|80th Airmobile Brigade]], [[Lviv]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/ukrainian-airmobile-forces.html|title=\\u0412\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430|language=Ukrainian\n        |accessdate=1 February 2016}}\\n*** [[128th Mountain Brigade (Ukraine)|128th\n        Mountain Brigade]], [[Mukacheve]]\\n*** 44th Artillery Brigade, [[Ternopil]]\\n*** 55th Signals Brigade, [[Rivne]]\\n*** 703rd\n        Engineer Regiment, [[Sambir]]\\n*** 136th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Rivne]]\\n** ''''''[[Operational\n        Command \\\"North\\\"]]'''''', [[Chernihiv]]\\n*** [[1st Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|1st\n        Tank Brigade]], [[Honcharivske]]\\n*** [[30th Mechanized\n        Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Mechanized Brigade]], [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]\\n*** [[58th Motorized\n        Infantry Brigade|58th Mechanized Brigade,]] [[Konotop]]\\n*** [[72nd Guards Mechanized Brigade|72nd\n        Mechanized Brigade]], [[Bila Tserkva]]\\n*** [[95th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)|95th\n        Airmobile Brigade]], [[Zhytomyr]]\\n*** 26th Artillery\n        Brigade, [[Berdychiv]]\\n*** 12th Engineer Regiment, [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]\\n*** 20th Electronic Warfare Regiment,\n        [[Zhytomyr]]\\n***\n        93rd Signal Regiment, [[Zhytomyr]]\\n*** 1129th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment,\n        [[Bila Tserkva]]\\n*** 54th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]\\n** ''''''[[Operational\n        Command \\\"South\\\"]]'''''', [[Odessa]]\\n*** [[28th Guards Mechanised Brigade|28th\n        Mechanized Brigade]], [[Chornomorske (Odessa Oblast)|Chornomorske]]\\n*** 56th Mechanized\n        Brigade, [[Melitopol]]\\n*** [[57th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|57th Mechanized Brigade]],\n        [[Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n*** [[59th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|59th Mechanized Brigade]],\n        [[Podilsk]]\\n***\n        [[79th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)|79th Airmobile Brigade]], [[Mykolaiv]]\\n*** 40th Artillery Brigade, [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|Pervomaisk]]\\n*** 1039th\n        Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, [[Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk Raion|Hvardiiske]]\\n*** 130th\n        Reconnaissance Battalion, ?\\n** ''''''[[Operation Command East|Operational Command\n        \\\"East\\\"]]'''''', [[Dnipro]] 
(as the result of War in Donbass, a split from the\n        OC \\\"South\\\")\\n*** [[17th Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Tank Brigade]], [[Kryvyi\n        Rih]]\\n***\n        [[25 Airborne Brigade (Ukraine)|25th Airborne Brigade]], [[Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk\n        Raion|Hvardiiske]]\\n*** [[53rd Mechanized Brigade\n        (Ukraine)|53rd Mechanized Brigade]], [[Sievierodonetsk]]\\n*** [[54rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|54th\n        Mechanized Brigade]], [[Bakhmut]]\\n*** [[81st Airmobile Brigade]], [[Kostiantynivka]]\\n*** [[92nd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|92nd Mechanized\n        Brigade]], [[Chuhuiv]]\\n*** [[93rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|93rd Mechanized Brigade]],\n        [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n*** 55th Artillery Brigade, [[Zaporizhia]]\\n*** 121st\n        Signal Brigade, [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n*** [[107th Rocket\n        Artillery Regiment]], [[Kremenchuk]]http://poltava.to/news/25634/\\n***\n        91st Engineer Regiment, [[Okhtyrka]]\\n*** 74th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Cherkaske\n        (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n*** 129th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Volodarske]]\\n*** 131st\n        Reconnaissance Battalion, ?\\n*** 502nd Electronic Warfare Battalion, [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n**[[4th Army Corps Reserve]]{{Cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/news/2015/12/28/novostvorena-tankova-brigada-sklala-ispit-na-poligoni-shirokij-lan--/|title=\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0456\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456 \\\"\\u0428\\u0418\\u0420\\u041e\\u041a\\u0418\\u0419\n        \\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\\"|date=28 December 2015|website=Ministry of Defence of\n        Ukraine|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=New Tank Brigade passess test at training\n        ground \\\"Shyrokyi Lan\\\"|access-date=2016-03-22}}\\n***14th Separate Tank\n        Brigade\\n***60th Separate Mechanized Brigade\\n***61st Separate Mechanized\n        Brigade\\n***62nd Separate Mountain Brigade\\n\\n== List of Commanders ==\\n*\n        Vasily Sobkov (1994-1998) \\n* [[Peter Shulyak]] (1998-2001) \\n* [[Alexander\n        Zatiniko]] (2001-2002) \\n* [[Nikolai Petruk]] (2004-2006) \\n* [[Valeri Frolov|Valery\n        Frolov]] (2006-2007) \\n* [[Ivan Svyda]] (2007-2009) \\n* [[Gennady Vorobiev]]\n        (2009-2014) \\n* Anatoliy Pusnyakov (2014-2016) \\n* [[Sergey Popko]] (2016-Present)\\n\\n==Military\n        ranks==\\n; As a non-member state, NATO rank codes are not used in Ukraine,\n        they are presented here for reference purposes only:\\n\\n{{main\n        article|Military ranks of Ukraine}}\\nIn the new uniforms the Ukrainian Army\n        unveiled in August 2016 the stars that traditionally adorn shoulder straps\n        have been replaced by diamonds. A new set of insignia are\n        being adopted.\\n\\n=== General and officer ranks ===\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px\n        solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:\n        0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|rowspan=2|\n        {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
2009 Army\\n|[[File:UA OF10-GenArmy 2009.jpg|50px]]\n        \\n|[[File:UA OF9-ColGen 1991-GF.png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA OF8-LtGen 1991-GF.png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA\n        OF7-MajGen-1991-GF.png|50px]]\\n|rowspan=2|''''''''''No equivalent''''''''''\\n|[[File:UA-Polkovnyk.gif|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-Pidpolkovnyk.gif|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-Major.gif|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-Kapitan.gif|50px]]\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"background-color:#f7f8ff;\\\"\\n| [[File:UA-Star.Leitenant.gif|50px]]\n        || [[File:UA-Leitenant.gif|50px]]\\n|}\\n|[[File:UA-Molod.Leitenant.gif|50px]]\\n|rowspan=2|''''''''''No\n        equivalent''''''''''\\n|[[File:None.svg|50px|ru: \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0438\\u0437\\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0443 !]]\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|General of\n        the Army of Ukraine\\n|Colonel general\\n|Lieutenant general \\n|Major general\\n|Colonel\\n|Lieutenant\n        colonel\\n|Major\\n|Captain\\n|\\n{| style=\\\"background-color:#f7f8ff;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|\n        Senior lieutenant ||Lieutenant \\n|}\\n|Junior lieutenant\\n|Officer kursant\\n|}\\n\\n\\n;Rank insignia of the armed forces of\n        Ukraine - shoulder boards on dress uniform (being adopted from 2016 - Ground\n        Forces variant)\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;\n        padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia\n        of NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|rowspan=2| {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}2016 Army\\n|[[File:UA-OF10-ARMY-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]] \\n|[[File:UA-OF9-COL-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF8-LT-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF7-MAJ-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF6-BG-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF5-COL-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF4-LTCOL-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF3-MAJ-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF2-CPT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF1-SLT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF1b-LT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF(D)-HOR-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:None.svg|50px|ru:\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0438\\u0437\\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0443 !]]\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|[[General\n        of the army of Ukraine|General of the Army of Ukraine]]\\n|Colonel general\\n|Lieutenant\n        general \\n|Major general\\n|[[Brigadier general]]\\n|[[Colonel]]\\n|Lieutenant\n        colonel\\n|Major\\n|Captain\\n|First lieutenant\\n|Lieutenant\\n| [[Chor\\u0105\\u017cy|Khorunzhy]]\n        \\n| Officer cadet ([[Kursant]])\\n|}\\n\\n=== NCO ranks and enlisted men ===\\n{|\n        style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%;\n        margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|''''''{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}''''''1991 Army (abolished 2009, replaced with new ranks)\\n\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[File:Star.praporsthik ukraine-army 07.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[File:Praporshchyk.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:Starshuna.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[File:Star. Serzhant.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[File:Serzhant.png|50px]]\\n!align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6 rowspan=2| ''''Noequivalent\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:Molod. Serzhant.png|50px]]\\n!align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=6 rowspan=2| ''''No
equivalent\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2|\n        [[File:Star. Soldat.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1| [[File:Soldat\n        Ukrainian army.png|50px]]\\n\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| Senior praporshchik\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[Praporshchik]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[Starshina]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[Starshy sershant|Starshy serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[Sergeant|Serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| Junior serzhant\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| Senior soldat\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Soldat\\n|}\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px\n        solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:\n        0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|''''''{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}''''''2016 Army (in adoption stage)\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=3| [[File:UA-OR9-MSGTM-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| [[File:UA-OR9b-SGTM-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1|\n        [[File:UA-OR8-MSSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1| [[File:UA-OR8b-SSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[File:UA-OR7-MSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=4|\n        [[File:UA-OR6-S\\u0422\\u041aSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[File:UA-OR5-SGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:UA-OR4-CPL-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[File:UA-OR3-PFC-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[File:UA-OR2-PVT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:UA-OR1-REC-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| [[Chief master sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=3| [[Master\n        sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1| [[Sergeant First Class]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=1| [[Staff sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=4|  [[Chief sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[Starshy sershant|Starshy serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[Sergeant|Serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[Corporal]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| Senior soldat\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|[[Soldat (rank)|Soldat]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[Rekrut]]\\n|-align=\\\"center\\\"\\n| \\n|colspan=\\\"34\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\n        style=\\\"background:#cfcfcf;\\\"|\\n|-align=\\\"center\\\"\\n| {{lang-uk| }}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439
\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=1| \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=1| \\u0428\\u0442\\u0430\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4|\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=6| \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| \\u041a\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\\u0421\\u043e\\u043b\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| \\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0442\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==Equipment==\\n\\n===Hardware===\\n{|\n        class=\\\"toccolours\\\" border=\\\"2\\\" cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"2\\\"\\n|-\\n|[[File:T-64BM_pre_parade.jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:BTR-4E_in_Kyiv.jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_(16730571432).jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:Ukrainian_Humvees_IMG_7649.JPG|200px]]\\n|[[File:KrAZ-6322_during_the_Independence_parade_in_Kiev,_2008.jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:9K22_Tunguska_during_the_Independence_Day_parade_in_Kiev.JPG|200px]]\\n|[[File:Mi24ukraine.JPG|200px]]\\n|-\\n|[[T-64]]\\n|
[[BTR-4]]
\\n|[[2S3 Akatsiya]]\\n|[[Humvee]]\\n|
[[KrAZ-6322]]
\\n|[[2K22 Tunguska]]\\n|[[Mil Mi-24]]\\n|}\\n\\n
\\n{{main\n        article|Equipment of the Ukrainian Ground Forces}}\\n\\n===Uniforms===\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Army unveiled its new uniforms on 24 August 2016 ([[Independence\n        Day of Ukraine]]). The new uniforms are modeled on British\n        military styles. They also incorporate details from the\n        uniforms worn by the [[Ukrainian People''s Army]].[http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/aug/25/fashion-statement-ukrainian-troops-debut-post-sovi/\n        Fashion statement: Ukrainian troops debut post-Soviet uniforms], [[The Washington\n        Times]] (25 August 2016) The new cap includes an insignia of a [[Ukrainian\n        Cossack]] grasping a cross.\\n\\n==Deployment outside of Ukraine==\\n\\n===Iraq===\\n\\n[[File:Kissing\n        the flag.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Henadii Lachkov, commander of the Ukrainian\n        contingent in Iraq, kisses his country''s flag]]Ukraine deployed a sizable\n        contingent of troops to the [[Iraq War]], these were stationed near [[Kut]].\n        Ukraine''s troop deployment was the second largest of all former Soviet states\n        besides [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and they deployed more soldiers to the\n        nation then many members of [[NATO]] such as Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.\n        Ukraine also suffered the fifth highest casualty toll during the war, with\n        only Polish, Italian, UK, and US forces suffering heavier losses.{{cite\n        news|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/ukraine-withdraws-last-troops-iraq|title=Ukraine\n        withdraws last troops from Iraq|publisher=Reliefweb|date=2005-12-05}}\\n\\nFrom\n        2003-2005 over 1,700 Ukrainian soldiers were deployed to Iraq, the third largest\n        contingent at the time, they were designated to the [[5th Mechanized Brigade\n        (Ukraine)]], as in Ukraine''s mission to Kosovo the troops deployed were contract\n        soldiers and not conscripts. Ukraine began to severely draw down its troop\n        levels in Iraq in 2005 due to mounting casualties and the political toxicity\n        of the conflict. By 2005 only 876 soldiers, roughly half of the original contingent\n        were deployed, by years end troop levels dropped to below 100. In 2008, one\n        year before the official end of the US military mission President Viktor Yushchenko\n        ordered all remaining troops deployed to Iraq returned home and Ukraine''s\n        mission to the nation officially over.{{cite news|url=http://www.army.mil/article/15056/ukrainians-complete-mission-in-iraq/|title=Ukrainians\n        complete mission in Iraq|publisher=Army Times|date=2008-11-08}}\\n\\n===Afghanistan===\\n\\nSince\n        2001 Ukraine allowed United States military cargo planes to fly over and refuel\n        on Ukrainian soil on their way to Afghanistan. In 2007 Ukraine deployed  a\n        detachment of the 143rd De-mining Center of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]\n        to Afghanistan. Ukraine has kept a team of soldiers deployed to Afghanistan\n        as part of ISAF since 2007, these mostly consisted of pilots, medical officers,\n        and bomb disposal experts. Ukrainian pilots were responsible for training\n        the pilots of the Afghan Air Force on the operation of several air craft as\n        Afghanistan''s forces consisted of many Soviet designed aircraft such as the\n        [[Mi-17]] with which Ukrainian troops were very familiar with. In 2013 the\n        contingent of troops in Afghanistan totaled 26 troops. As of 2014 the Ukrainian\n        contingent was further drawn down and the team included 8 bomb disposal experts\n        and several medical officers.{{cite news|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/news/2014/09/17/rozpochato-chergovu-%E2%80%93-8-rotacziyu-%E2%80%93-ukrainskogo-kontingentu/|title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0443 \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0432 \\u0410\\u0444\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456|publisher=Ukraine\n        Ministry of Defense|date=2014-09-18}}\\n\\n===Kosovo===\\n\\nUkrainian forces have also been deployed to [[Kosovo]] since 2000\n        as part of the 600 man [[Polish\\u2013Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion]]. In\n        August 2014 Ukraine ended its mission to Kosovo due to the [[2014 Russian\n        invasion of Ukraine]].{{cite news|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/ukraina_vozvrashchaet_iz_kosovo_eshche_100_mirotvortsev_1658150|title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442 \\u0438\\u0437\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e \\u0435\\u0449\\u0435 100 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432|publisher=Ukrinform|date=2014-08-15}}\\n\\n===Africa===\\n\\nUkrainian\n        peacekeeping forces have been deployed to the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]],\n        [[Liberia]], [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan]] and [[Cote d''Ivoire]]. Ukrainian\n        forces have also been requested to take a more active role in the [[Northern\n        Mali Conflict]] of 2012 in battling Islamic forces. One of the largest deployments\n        is the 18th Separate Helicopter Unit of the Armed Forces of Ukraine which\n        consisted of 160 servicemen and four [[Mi-24]]P helicopters  and was deployed\n        to the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2011.{{cite news|url=http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/ukrainskie-mirotvorcy-na-afrikanskom-kontinente/|title=Ukraine\n        and Africa. Ukrainian Peacekeepers in Africa.|publisher=Borysfen Intel|date=2014-08-15}}\\n\\n==Military\n        Decorations==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\" border=\\\"2\\\" cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"2\\\"\\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukrainian_Goldenstar.jpg|center|85px]]\\n|[[File:Zasluhy-1.jpg|center|150px]]\\n|[[File:Hmel-1.jpg|center|150px]]\\n|[[File:Mugnist-1.jpg|center|150px]]\\n|[[File:Orden-danilo-galitsky.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Order_of_Ivan_Mazepa.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Vijs-slug.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Bezdog-1.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine-Defender_of_the_Motherland_Medal.PNG|center|105px]]\\n|-\\n|[[Hero of Ukraine]]\\n|[[Order of Merit (Ukraine)|Order of Merit]]\\n|[[Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]\\n|[[Order For Courage]]\\n|[[Order of Danylo Halytsky]]\\n|[[Cross of Ivan Mazepa]]\\n|[[Medal For Military Service to Ukraine]]\\n|[[Medal \\\"For Irreproachable Service\\\"]]\\n|[[Defender of the Motherland Medal]]\\n|}\\n\\n
\\n{{main\n        article|Orders, decorations, and medals of Ukraine|Awards and decorations\n        of the Ukrainian Armed Forces}}\\n\\n==Veterans==\\n\\nUkraine provides combat\n        veterans with various benefits. Ukrainians who have served in World War II,\n        [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]], or as liquidators at the [[Chernobyl disaster]]\n        are eligible for benefits such as; a monthly allowance, discount on medical\n        and pharmacy services, free use of public transportation, additional vacation\n        days from work, having priority for retention in case of work layoffs, easier\n        loan access and approval process, preference when applying for security related\n        positions, priority when applying to vocation school or trade school, and\n        electricity, gas, and housing subsidies. Veterans are also eligible to stay\n        at military sanatoriums permitting there is space. Since gaining independence\n        Ukraine has deployed troops to Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan gaining a new\n        generation of veterans separate from those who have served in the Soviet forces.\n        Most recently the government passed a law extending veteran benefits to Ukrainian\n        troops participating in the [[2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. Moreover,\n        veterans from other nations who move to or reside in Ukraine may be eligible\n        for some of the listed benefits, this provision was likely made to ensure\n        World War II, Chernobyl, and Afghanistan veterans from other Soviet states\n        who moved to Ukraine received similar benefits, however as Ukraine has participated\n        in numerous NATO led conflicts since its independence it is unclear if NATO\n        veterans would be extended these benefits.{{cite news|url=http://timlawyer.com.ua/lgoti-voenoslugashim-uchastnikam-ato/|title=Benefits\n        for the servicemen of the ATO|publisher=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432|date=2014-09-08}}\\n\\nVeteran\n        groups are not as developed as in the United States which has numerous well\n        known national organizations such as the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]]. World\n        War II veterans, and even persons who have lived through the war are generally\n        treated with the highest respect. Other veterans are not as well known. Ukrainian\n        veterans from the Soviet War of Afghanistan are strikingly similar to the\n        Vietnam veterans of the United States. The Soviet Union generally kept the\n        public in the dark through the war, unlike in Vietnam where coverage was very\n        high, Afghanistan is often labeled as a mistake by the Soviet Union and its\n        successor states, the lack of media coverage and censorship through the war\n        also ensured that many still remain unaware of their nations involvement in\n        the conflict.{{cite web|url=http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=61&print=yes|title=Vietnam\n        Veterans Against the War: THE VETERAN: Afghanistan Veteran Once Removed|publisher=|accessdate=30\n        October 2014}} Despite Ukraine having the 3rd largest contingent of\n        troops in Iraq in 2004 few also realize that their nation has many veterans\n        of the Iraq war.\\n\\nSoldiers that took part in the [[War in Donbass]] can\n        receive free land plots.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240194.html\n        Soldiers participating in ATO get 863 land plots of 394 ha, 45% of petitions\n        satisfied \\u2013 land agency], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (16 December 2014)\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Military ranks of Ukraine]]\\n*[[Ukrspetsexport]]\\n*[[Kharkiv Morozov\n        Machine Building Design Bureau|KMDB]]\\n*[[Malyshev Factory]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{Reflist|group=nb}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n\\n=== Citations ===\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n=== Sources ===\\n*\n        [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]], The Military Balance 2006.\\n*\n        Yuriy Yurchnya, ''The Armed Forces of Ukraine,'' Geneva Centre for DCAF, 2010.\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n*Andrew Duncan, ''Ukraine''s forces find that change is good,''\n        [[Jane''s Intelligence Review]], April 1997, 162\\u2013165.\\n* Ben Lombardi,\n        Ukrainian armed forces: Defence expenditure and military reform, [[Journal\n        of Slavic Military Studies]], Vol. 14, No. 3, version of record date 18 Dec\n        2007.\\n* James Sherr, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2002/G112.pdf#search=%22ukrainian%20strategic%20reserve%20forces%22\n        Ukraine''s Defence Reform: An Update], Conflict Studies Research Centre, 2002\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=structure&sub=army\n        The Army of the Armed Forces of Ukraine] at the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine\\n*\n        [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=armament&lang=en  Armament of Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces] at the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine\\n* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/groundforces-equipment.htm\n        Ukraine: Ground Forces Equipment]\\n* [http://world.guns.ru/assault/as68-e.htm\n        Vepr Assault Rifle]\\n* [http://www.uarmy.iatp.org.ua/ The Ukrainian Army \\u2013\n        uarmy.iatp.org.ua]\\n* [http://www.icps.com.ua/doc/Ukrainian%20Security%20Policy%20E.pdf\n        Analysis of the Ukrainian Security Policy]\\n* [http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine_Eng-2004.pdf\n        Ukraine''s strategic Defence bulletin]\\n*[https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/channel-5-how-powerful-are-ukraines-armed-forces-414296.html\n        May 2016 analysis by Glen Grant, a former colonel in the British Army and\n        lecturer at Riga Business School about powerfulness of Ukraine\\u2019s armed\n        forces], produced by [[5 Kanal (Ukraine)|5 Kanal]]\\n\\n{{Military of Ukraine|state=expanded}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces}}\\n{{Ukraine topics|state=collapsed}}\\n{{Armies in Europe}}\\n{{2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n{{2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Military\n        of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Armies by country]]\\n[[Category:Ground Forces of\n        Ukraine|*]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T17:42:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":797415774,\"length\":70087,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Ground_Forces&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces\"},\"14727774\":{\"pageid\":14727774,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group\",\"index\":26,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-28T10:48:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{see\n        also|Moscow Helsinki Group|Lithuanian Helsinki Group}}\\n{{Infobox organization\\n|\n        name                = Ukrainian Helsinki Group 
 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430\\n|\n        native_name         = \\n| native_name_lang    = Ukrainian\\n| named_after         =\n        \\n| image               = File:UAHELG.jpg\\n| image_size          = 250px\\n|\n        alt                 = \\n| caption             = \\n| map                 =\n        \\n| map_size            = \\n| map_alt             = \\n| map_caption         =\n        \\n| map2                = \\n| map2_size           = \\n| map2_alt            =\n        \\n| map2_caption        = \\n| abbreviation        = \\n| motto               =\n        \\n| predecessor         = \\n| merged              = \\n| successor           =\n        \\n| formation           = {{start date and age|1976|11|09|df=y}}\\n| founder             =\n        [[Mykola Rudenko]] and others\\n| founding_location   = \\n| extinction          =\n        \\n| merger              = \\n|\n        type                = [[Non-profit organization|Non-profit]] [[NGO]]\\n| tax_id              =\n        \\n| registration_id     =\n        \\n| status              = \\n| purpose             =\n        \\n| headquarters        = {{UKR}}, [[Kiev]]\\n| location            = \\n| coords              =\n        \\n| region              = \\n|\n        services            = \\n| products            = \\n| methods             =\n        \\n| fields              = [[human rights]] monitoring\\n| membership          =\n        \\n| membership_year     = \\n| language            = \\n| owner               =\n        \\n| sec_gen             = \\n| leader_title        =\n        \\n| leader_name         = \\n| leader_title2       = \\n| leader_name2        =\n        \\n| leader_title3       = \\n| leader_name3        =\\n| leader_title4       =\n        \\n| leader_name4        = \\n| board_of_directors  = \\n| key_people          =\n        \\n| main_organ          = \\n| publication         = ''''[[A Chronicle of Current\n        Events|A Chronicle of 
 Current Events]]''''\\n| parent_organization = [[Helsinki\n        Committee for Human Rights|Helsinki Committee 
 for Human Rights]]\\n| subsidiaries        =\n        \\n| secessions          = \\n| affiliations        = \\n| budget              =\n        \\n| budget_year         = \\n| revenue             = \\n| revenue_year        =\n        \\n| disbursements       = \\n| expenses            = \\n| expenses_year       =\n        \\n| endowment           = \\n| staff               = \\n| staff_year          =\n        \\n| volunteers          = \\n| volunteers_year     = \\n| slogan              =\n        \\n| mission             = \\n| website             = {{URL|http://helsinki.org.ua/}}\\n}}\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian Helsinki Group'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430}})\n        was founded on November 9, 1976 as the \\u201cUkrainian Public Group to Promote\n        the Implementation of the Helsinki Accords on Human Rights\\u201d ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044e\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434,\n        ''''Ukrayins\\u2019ka hromads\\u2019ka hrupa spryyannya vykonannyu hel\\u2019sins\\u2019kykh\n        uhod''''}}) to monitor [[human rights]] in [[Ukraine]].''''History of\n        dissent in Ukraine, by Yevhen Zakharov, Museum of dissident movement in Ukraine.''''\n        The group was active until 1981 when all members were jailed.\\n\\nThe group''s\n        goal was to monitor the Soviet Government''s compliance with the [[Helsinki\n        Accords]], which ensure [[human rights]]. The members of the group based the\n        group''s legal viability on the provision in the [[Helsinki Accords|Helsinki\n        Final Act]], Principle VII, which established the rights of individuals to\n        know and act upon their rights and duties.\\n\\n==Details==\\nSince 1977 the\n        Ukrainian Helsinki Group foreign affiliate began its activities with the participation\n        of [[Pyotr Grigorenko|Petro Hryhorenko]], [[Nadiya Svitlychna]], [[Leonid\n        Plyushch]] and later  Nina Strokata-Karavanska Nadiya Svitlichna began to\n        host the human rights themed radio programs on [[Radio Svoboda|Svoboda]] radio.\\n\\nFrom\n        the very early days the group endured the repressions of Soviet authorities.\n        In February 1977 the authorities began to arrest members of the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group, and within two years all the founding members were tried and\n        sentenced to exile or imprisonment for 7 to 10 years.{{cite\n        book|author=Zinkevych, Osyp|chapter=Ukrainian Helsinki Group|editor1=Kubi\\u012dovych,\n        Volodymyr |editor2=Struk, Danylo |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|date=1993|volume=Vol. 5|pages=387\\u2013388|isbn=0802030106|chapter-url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianHelsinkiGroup.htm}}\\n\\nAt\n        the end of 1979, six members of the group were forced to emigrate, while other\n        Ukrainian dissidents were not allowed to do so. Soviet authorities used [[Political\n        abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union|punitive medicine]]: some Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group members (Oksana Meshko, [[Vasyl Stus]], Petro Sichko and his\n        son Vasyl) were threatened with committal. Hanna Mykhailenko, who was a sympathizer\n        of the Group, was detained in a psychiatric hospital in 1980. Bad conditions\n        in Soviet camps and prisons caused the deaths of UHG members Oleksiy Tykhy\n        and Vasyl Stus later on.\\n\\nIn 1982 the Initiative Group for the Defense of\n        Believers and the Church was established, which considered itself a part of\n        the Helsinki movement in Ukraine.{{cite news|author=Strokata, Nina|title=10th\n        anniversary of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. The Ukrainian Helsinki Group:\n        10 years of relentless repressions|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1986/458609.shtml|work=[[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIV|issue=45|date=9 November 1986}} Its organizers,\n        Yosyp Terelia and Vasyl Kobryn, were both sentenced in 1985.\\n\\nSome political\n        prisoners from outside of Ukraine (an Estonian Mart Niklus and a Lithuanian\n        Viktoras Petkus) announced their symbolical membership in the Group in 1983.\\n\\nBy\n        1983 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members, of whom 22 were in prison\n        camps, 5 were in exile, 6 emigrated to the West, 3 were released and were\n        living in Ukraine, 1 ([[Mykhailo Melnyk]]) committed suicide.\\n\\nOn July 7, 1988 members of group established and officially registered\n        the Ukrainian Helsinki Association which in 1990 transformed itself into the\n        [[Ukrainian Republican Party]]. In 2004, the [[Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights\n        Union]] was established as association of public human rights organizations.\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\nBy the estimations of Vasyl Ovsyenko, the Group involved 41 persons\n        in total. About 27 of them were sentenced by Soviet authorities to prisons\n        and camps directly for their membership in the association. They spent altogether\n        about 170 years in prisons, mental hospitals and in exile.\\n\\n===UHG abroad===\\n*\n        [[Pyotr Grigorenko]]\\n* [[Leonid Plyushch]]\\n* Nina Strokata\\n\\nIn 1980 for\n        UHG abroad [[Nadiya Svitlychna]] became an editor of the \\\"Herald of Repressions\n        in Ukraine\\\" publication.\\n\\n=== Arrested members ===\\nBy 1982, most members\n        of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had been arrested:{{cite\n        book|url=http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=436|title=Implementation\n        of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe:\n        findings and recommendations seven years after Helsinki. Report submitted\n        to the Congress of the United States by the Commission on Security and Cooperation\n        in Europe. November 1982|date=1982|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington,\n        D.C.|pages=250\\u2013251|chapter=Appendix B. Imprisoned members of the Helsinki\n        monitoring groups in the USSR and Lithuania|format=PDF, immediate download|dead-url=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222203813/http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=436|archivedate=22\n        December 2015}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n!Name\\n!Sentenced\n        on\\n!Sentence\\n|-\\n|[[Mykola Rudenko]]\\n|1 July 1977\\n|Seven years in strict\n        regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"[[Anti-Soviet agitation|anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda]]\\\";\\n|-\\n|Oleksy Tykhy\\n|1 July 1977\\n|Ten years\n        in special regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\" and illegal possession of firearms (Article 222,\n        Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|[[Myroslav Marynovych]] \\n|29 March 1978\\n|Seven years\n        in strict regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Mykola Matusevych \\n|29 March 1978\\n|Seven\n        years in strict regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|[[Levko Lukyanenko]] \\n|20 July 1978\\n|Ten\n        years in special regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Oles Berdnyk\\n|24 December 1979\\n|Six years\n        in strict regimen camp and three years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Mykola Horbal\\n|21 January 1980\\n|Five years\n        of camp for \\\"resisting a representative of authority\\\" and attempted rape\n        (Article 117, Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|Zinovy Krasivsky \\n|\\n|Arrested on 12\n        March 1980, and transferred directly into labor camp to serve the eight months\n        in camp and five years of internal exile remaining under a 1967 sentence for\n        \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\" and \\\"treason\\\";\\n|-\\n|Vitaly Kalynychenko\n        \\n|18 May 1980\\n|Ten years in special regimen camp and five years of internal\n        exile for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|[[Vyacheslav Chornovil]]\\n|6\n        June 1980\\n|Five years in strict regimen camp for attempted rape (Arrested\n        before completion of previous term of six years camp and three years exile);\\n|-\\n|Olha\n        Heyko\\n|26 August 1980\\n|Three years general regimen camp for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        slander\\\" (Article 187, Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|[[Vasyl Stus]] \\n|14 October\n        1980\\n|Ten years in special regimen camp and 5 years of internal exile for\n        \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\" (Article 62, Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|Oksana\n        Meshko\\n|6 January 1981\\n|Six months in strict regimen camp and five years\n        of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Ivan\n        Sokulsky\\n|13 January 1981\\n|Five years in prison, five years in camp, plus\n        five years of exile for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|[[Ivan\n        Kandyba]]\\n|24 July 1981\\n|10 years special regimen camp plus five years exile\n        for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Petro Rozumny \\n|\\n|Conditionally\n        released from camp early in Fall 1981, but was working on a compulsory labor\n        brigade;\\n|-\\n|Vasyl Striltsiv \\n|October 1981\\n|Six years in camp on unknown\n        charges (In 1979, he was given a two-year term for \\\"violation of internal\n        passport laws\\\");\\n|-\\n|[[Yaroslav Lesiv]] \\n|15 November 1981\\n|Five years\n        of strict regimen camp for \\\"possession of narcotics\\\" (In 1980, he got a\n        two-year term for \\\"possession of narcotics\\\");\\n|-\\n|Vasyl Sichko\\n|4 January\n        1982\\n|Three years strict regimen camp for \\\"possession of narcotics\\\" (In\n        1979, he got a three-year term for \\\"anti-Soviet slander\\\");\\n|-\\n|Yuri Lytvyn\\n|April\n        1982\\n|Ten years of special regimen camp plus five years of exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\" (In 1979, he got three year-term for \\\"resisting\n        a representative of authority\\\");\\n|-\\n|Petro Sichko\\n|June 1982\\n|three years\n        in strict regimen camp for \\\"anti-Soviet slander\\\" (In 1979, he got three-year\n        term for \\\"anti-Soviet slander\\\")\\n|}\\n\\n===In Mordovia prisons===\\n*  [[Levko\n        Lukyanenko]]\\n*  [[Mykola Rudenko]]\\n*  [[Oleksiy Tykhyi]]\\n*  [[Svyatoslav\n        Karavansky]]\\n*  [[Patriarch Volodomyr (Romaniuk)|Volodymyr Romanyuk]]\\n*  [[Iryna\n        Senyk]]\\n*  [[Danylo Shumuk]]\\n*  [[Yuriy Shukhevych]]\\n*  [[Oksana Popovych]]\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Moscow Helsinki Group]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party]]\\n*\n        [[Human rights movement in the Soviet Union]]\\n* [[:Category:Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group|List of members]], known members\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php Ukrainian Helsinki Human\n        rights Union]\\n*[http://olexa.org.ua/ukr/helsinki/index.htm Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group] - Documents, Members, Chronology {{uk icon}}\\n*{{cite journal|author=Haynes,\n        Victor|title=The Ukrainian Helsinki Group: a postmortem|journal=Journal of\n        Ukrainian Studies|date=Winter 1983|volume=8|issue=2|pages=103\\u2013113|url=http://search.proquest.com/openview/fb8e21136329487ef428e5e4ce901ca7/1?}}\\n*{{cite\n        book|author=Zinkevych, Osyp|chapter=Ukrainian Helsinki Group|editor1=Kubi\\u012dovych,\n        Volodymyr |editor2=Struk, Danylo |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|date=1993|volume=Vol. 5|pages=387\\u2013388|isbn=0802030106|chapter-url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianHelsinkiGroup.htm}}\\n*{{cite\n        book|title=The persecution of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group|date=1980|publisher=Human\n        Rights Commission, World Congress of Free Ukrainians|location=Toronto, Canada|asin=B0000EED4K|url=http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/10575/file.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318101211/http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/10575/file.pdf|archivedate=18\n        March 2016|dead-url=no}}\\n*{{cite book|title=The persecution of the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group|date=1985|publisher=Human Rights Commission, World Congress\n        of Free Ukrainians|location=Toronto, Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjFpnQEACAAJ}}\\n*{{cite\n        book|title=The human rights movement in Ukraine: documents of the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group, 1976\\u20131980|date=1980|publisher=Smoloskyp Publishers|isbn=0914834444}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group}}\\n{{portal bar|Soviet Union|Ukraine|Society|Politics|Freedom\n        of speech|Human rights}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Helsinki Group| ]]\\n[[Category:Organizations\n        established in 1976]]\\n[[Category:1976 establishments in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:1976\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Soviet opposition groups]]\\n[[Category:Political\n        organisations in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Human rights organizations based in\n        the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Organizations based in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Non-profit\n        organizations based in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Human rights organisations\n        based in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Organisations based in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T23:00:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":772620189,\"length\":14169,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group\"},\"12289269\":{\"pageid\":12289269,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Human Rights Union\",\"index\":21,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-17T00:27:03Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        organization\\n|name=Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union (UHHRU)\\n|logo=[[Image:UHHRU\n        symbol.jpg|150px|UHHRU symbol]]\\n|type=\\n|founded_date=April 2004\\n|founder=\\n|location=Kyiv,\n        Ukraine\\n|origins=\\n|key_people=[[Yevgen Zakharov]][http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/71727/\n        Detention of German foundation head seen as blow to free speech], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (July 2, 2010) and [[Volodymyr Yavorskyy]]\\n|area_served=Ukraine\\n|focus=Protecting\n        human rights\\n|method=\\n|revenue=\\n|endowment=\\n|num_volunteers=\\n|owner=\\n|Non-profit_slogan=\\n|homepage=[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/  helsinki.org.ua]\\n|tax_exempt=yes\\n|dissolved=\\n|footnotes=\\n}}\\nAll-Ukrainian\n        Association of Public Organizations ''''''Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights\n        Union (UHHRU)'''''' was founded by 15 public human rights organizations on\n        1 April 2004. UHHRU is a non-profit and non-partisan organization.\\n\\n==Statutory\n        mission==\\nRealization and protection of rights and freedoms by promoting\n        practical implementation of humanitarian articles of the [[Helsinki Final\n        Act]] ([[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]) adopted in\n        1975, other international laws based on it and all other obligations accepted\n        by Ukraine in human rights and freedoms sphere.\\n\\n==Supervisory Board of\n        the Union==\\nOn the Supervisory Board are prominent members of the [[Ukrainian\n        Helsinki group]] of 1960-80s:\\n\\n*Zynoviy Antonyuk [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142693924]\\n*Mykola\n        Horbal [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142689225]\\n*Vasyl\n        Lisovyi [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1165240036]\\n*Vasyl\n        Ovsiyenko [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142680282]\\n*Yevgen\n        Pronyuk [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142679588]\\n*Yevgen\n        Sverstyuk [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1113995602]\\n*[[Yosyf\n        Zisels]] [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142495318]\\n\\n==Members\n        ==\\n*All-Ukrainian Society of Political Prisoners and Victims of Repression\\n*Association\n        \\u201cCivic Initiative\\u201d (Kirovohrad) [http://www.monitoring.kr.ua]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*Center for Legal and Political Research \\u201cSIM\\u201d\n        (Lviv)\\n*Center for Research into Regional Policy (Sumy)\\n*Chernigiv Committee\n        for the Protection of Citizens''s Constitutional Rights [http://www.protection.org.ua]\\n*Civic\n        Committee for the Protection of Constitutional Rights and Civil Liberties\n        (Lugansk) \\n*Civic Organization M\\u2019ART (Youth Alternative) (Chernigiv)\n        \\n*Congress of National Communities of Ukraine [http://www.kngu.org]\\n*Environmental\n        Club \\u201cEOL\\u201d (Yuzhny, Odessa Region) [http://eol.org.ua]\\n*Institute\n        of Socio-Economic Issues \\u201cRespublica\\u201d (Kyiv)\\n*[[Kharkiv Human Rights\n        Protection Group]]\\n*Kherson Regional Organization of the Committee of Voters\n        of Ukraine\\n*Konotop Society of Consumers and Taxpayers \\u201cDignity\\u201d\n        (Sumy Region)\\n*Kryvy Rih City Association of the All-Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko\n        Society \\u201cProsvita\\u201d (Enlightenment)\\n*Lugansk Regional Branch of\n        the Committee of Voters of Ukraine\\n*Odessa Human Rights Group \\u201cVeritas\\u201d\n        [http://www.veritas.org.ua] {{ru icon}}\\n*Sevastopol Human Rights\n        Protection Group\\n*Sumy City Association Civic Office \\\"Pravozakhyst\\\" (Human\n        rights protection)\\n\\n== Alliances ==\\nUkrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union\n        is a member of the [[Coalition \\\"Justice for Peace at Donbas\\\"|Coalition \\\"Justice\n        for Peace in Donbas\\\"]].\\n\\n==Major activities==\\n*Constant monitoring of\n        human rights and fundamental freedoms in Ukraine\\n*Protection of human rights\n        and fundamental freedoms in courts and state bodies\\n*Conducting researches\n        in human rights field, also drafting the laws and by-laws \\n*Conducting educational\n        seminars, trainings and conferences\\n*Promoting human rights organizations\n        network in Ukraine\\n\\n==Recent projects==\\n*Developing a network of human\n        rights lawyers through training and carrying out strategic litigation (December\n        2006 \\u2013 December 2007)\\n*Influencing the program activities of political\n        parties through a monitoring of law-drafting activities and analysis of political\n        parties\\u2019 pre-election programs as to their coverage of human rights issues\n        (February 2006 \\u2013 March 2007)\\n*Developing a network of human rights organizations\n        in order to increase their influence on the authorities and society with the\n        aim of active protection of human rights (October 2004 \\u2013 December 2005)\\n\\n==Annual\n        reports \\\"Human rights in Ukraine\\\"==\\nSince 2005, UHHRU in cooperation with\n        the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group and other human rights organizations\n        publishes a yearbook ''''Human Rights in Ukraine: Report by Human Rights Organisations''''\n        (in Ukrainian and English). These reports analyze the observation of fundamental\n        rights; social, economic and cultural rights; human rights in \\\"closed\\\" communities;\n        collective and environmental rights and offer recommendations for corrective\n        actions in each area of human rights. To date, two yearbooks (2004 and 2006)\n        have been published. Their English versions are freely accessible from UHHRU''s\n        web-site.[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php?r=27]\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]]\\n\\n==Footnotes and references==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php Ukrainian Helsinki Human\n        rights Union]\\n*[http://olexa.org.ua/ukr/helsinki/index.htm Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group] - Documents, Members, Chronology {{uk icon}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Human Rights Union| ]]\\n[[Category:Organizations established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:2004\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Human rights organisations based in\n        Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Organisations based in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Non-profit\n        organisations based in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T12:51:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":765890594,\"length\":5732,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union\"},\"16277728\":{\"pageid\":16277728,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Hockey Championship\",\"index\":25,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-16T12:21:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{\n        infobox football tournament\\n| name                 = Ukrainian Championship\\n|\n        logo                 = [[Image:UkrainianSupremeLeagueLOGO.png|200px]]\\n| caption              =\n        UHC emblem, 2009-12\\n| founded              = 1992\\n| region               =\n        {{flag|Ukraine}}\\n| number of teams      = 6\\n| current champions    = [[HC\n        Donbass]]\\n| most successful team = [[Sokil Kiev]] (12)\\n| broadcasters         =\n        \\n| motto                =\\n| website              = [http://www.fhu.com.ua\n        www.FHU.com.ua]\\n| current              = [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Hockey\n        League season]]\\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Hockey Championship'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0427\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437 \\u0425\\u043e\\u043a\\u0435\\u044e,\n        ''''Chempionat Ukrayiny z Khokeyu''''}}) is an annual [[ice hockey]] award\n        and [[national championships|national title]], bestowed to the ice hockey\n        organization judged to have the best performing team in [[Ukraine]], founded\n        in 1992. Prior to the 2015-16 season, the league playing for the title took\n        the name [[Ukrainian Hockey Extra League]].{{cite web |url=http://www.eliteprospects.com/league_home.php?leagueid=213\n        |title=Ukrainian Hockey Extra League, 2015-16 season, eliteprospects |accessdate=20\n        March 2016}}\\n\\n==History==\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Professional\n        Hockey League]] (PHL), the [[Ice Hockey Federation of Ukraine]] (FHU) administered\n        and handed out the award, allowing both amateur and professional teams to\n        compete in an annual [[regular season]], then [[playoff]] for the title. On\n        July 25, 2011, the FHU transferred the rights of the event to the PHL.{{cite web|title=\\u041f\\u0425\\u041b \\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442|url=http://www.hcdonbass.com/home/news/club/5490?lang=ru|work=\\u041f\\u0425\\u041b\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442|publisher=HCDonbass.com|accessdate=15\n        September 2011}} \\n\\nIn 2011\\u201312, the championship was awarded in\n        the PHL following a 4-team playoff at the end of the 41-game regular season.\n        The finals were determined though a [[best-of-seven playoff]].{{cite\n        web|title=\\u0418\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0439-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0444|url=http://isport.ua/hockey/ukraine/news/167761.html|publisher=iSport.ua|accessdate=21\n        September 2011}} Teams that miss the finals participate in a [[best-of-five\n        playoff]] to determine final positioning. In addition to the title, winning\n        team was given a cash prize by the league, US$1,000,000, shared by all of\n        the players.{{cite web|title=15 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0447\\u0435\\u043c \\\"\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\\"\\u0421\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\\" \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0438|url=http://fhu.com.ua/ua/news/top/ukraine_leage/2574/|publisher=FHU|accessdate=15\n        September 2011}}\\nNational finalists receive silver and bronze medals.\\n\\n==Winners==\\n*[[1992\\u201393 UkHL season|1992\\u201393]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1993\\u201394 UkHL season|1993\\u201394]]: [[ShVSM Kyiv]]\\n*[[1994\\u201395\n        UkHL season|1994\\u201395]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*1995\\u201396: ''''not contested''''\\n*[[1996\\u201397\n        UkHL season|1996\\u201397]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1997\\u201398 UkHL season|1997\\u201398]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1998\\u201399 UkHL season|1998\\u201399]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1999\\u20132000\n        UkHL season|1999\\u201300]]: [[HC Berkut-Kyiv]]\\n*[[2000\\u201301 UkHL season|2000\\u201301]]:\n        [[HC Berkut-Kyiv]]\\n*[[2001\\u201302 UkHL season|2001\\u201302]]: [[HC Berkut-Kyiv]]\\n*[[2002\\u201303\n        UkHL season|2002\\u201303]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2003\\u201304 UkHL season|2003\\u201304]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2004\\u201305 UkHL season|2004\\u201305]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2005\\u201306\n        UkHL season|2005\\u201306]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2006\\u201307 UkHL season|2006\\u201307]]:\n        [[ATEK Kyiv]]\\n*[[2007\\u201308 UkHL season|2007\\u201308]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2008\\u201309\n        UkHL season|2008\\u201309]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2009\\u201310 UkHL season|2009\\u201310]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2010\\u201311 UkHL season|2010\\u201311]]: [[HC Donbass]]\\n*[[2011\\u201312\n        Professional Hockey League season|2011\\u201312]]: [[HC Donbass-2]]\\n*[[2012\\u201313\n        Professional Hockey League season|2012\\u201313]]: [[HC Donbass-2]]\\n*[[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Hockey Championship|2013\\u201314]]: [[HC Kompanion-Naftogaz]]\\n*[[2014\\u201315\n        Ukrainian Hockey Championship|2014\\u201315]]: [[ATEK Kyiv]]\\n*[[2015\\u201316\n        Ukrainian Hockey Extra League season|2015\\u201316]]: [[HC Donbass]]\\n*[[2016\\u201317\n        Ukrainian Hockey League season|2016\\u201317]]: [[HC Donbass]]\\n\\n==Awards==\\n\\n===Ukraine\n        Player of the Year===\\n* 2002: [[Vasili Bobrovnikov]]\\n* 2003: [[Borys Protsenko]]\\n*\n        2004: [[Ruslan Fedotenko]]\\n* 2005: [[Kostiantyn Simchuk]]http://www.eliteprospects.com/hockey/awards.php?award=Ukrainian%20Player%20of%20the%20Year\\n*\n        2006: [[Serhiy Klymentiev]]\\n* 2007: [[Vyacheslav Zavalnyuk]]\\n* 2009: [[Ruslan\n        Fedotenko]]{{cite web|url=http://www.championat.com/hockey/article-47036.html?rucom=1|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u2013 \\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0445\\u043e\\u043a\\u043a\\u0435\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b 2009 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430|publisher=|accessdate=8\n        February 2017}}\\n* 2010: [[Kostiantyn Kasianchuk]]\\n*\n        2011: [[Oleksandr Materukhin]]{{cite web|last=Tuniz|first=Davide|title=Aleksandr\n        Materukhin voted Player of the Year in Ukraine|url=http://eurohockey.com/article/1111-aleksandr-materukhin-voted-player-of-the-year-in-ukraine.html|accessdate=8\n        May 2012}}\\n* 2012: [[Ruslan Fedotenko]]{{cite web|url=http://hcdonbass.com/news/donbass_1/ruslan_fedotenko_priznan_luchshim_khokkeistom_ukrainy_2012_goda/?lang=en&year=2013&month=01|title=\\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0424\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c \\u0445\\u043e\\u043a\\u043a\\u0435\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b 2012 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430|publisher=|accessdate=8\n        February 2017}}\\n* 2013: [[Konstantin Kasyanchuk]]{{cite web|url=http://www.eurohockey.com/article/3142-konstantin-kasyanchuk-named-ukrainian-player-of-the-year.html|title=Konstantin\n        Kasyanchuk named Ukrainian player of the year - Eurohockey.com|first=Project:\n        Martin|last=Form\\u00e1nek|publisher=|accessdate=8 February 2017}}\\n\\n===All\n        Star Team===\\n
''''''2011''''''
\\n
[[Kostiantyn\n        Kasianchuk]] \\u2022 [[Serhiy Varlamov]] \\u2022 [[Oleksandr Materukhin]]
\\n
[[Oleksandr\n        Pobedonostsev]] \\u2022 [[Serhiy Klymentiev]]
\\n
[[Kostiantyn\n        Simchuk]]
\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[Professional Hockey League]]\\n* [[Ice\n        Hockey Federation of Ukraine]]\\n* [[2012 Professional Hockey League All-Star\n        Game]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n* [http://www.fhu.com.ua/\n        Ice Hockey Federation of Ukraine] {{language icon|uk}}\\n* {{facebook|phlua}}\\n\\n{{UkHL\n        seasons}}\\n{{European Ice Hockey Leagues}}\\n{{Ice hockey in Ukraine}}\\n{{Top\n        sport leagues in Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ice hockey competitions in Ukraine|Championship]]\\n[[Category:1992\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T18:03:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":780654343,\"length\":6612,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Hockey_Championship\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Hockey_Championship&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Hockey_Championship\"},\"9746977\":{\"pageid\":9746977,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        House\",\"index\":29,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-13T23:00:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Distinguish|Palace\n        \\\"Ukrayina\\\"}}\\n\\n{{Infobox convention center\\n| name             = Ukrainian\n        House\\n| image            = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c - panoramio.jpg\\n| image_caption    = \\n| address          =\n        \\u2116 2 [[Khreshchatyk Street]], [[European Square, Kiev|European Square]]\\n|\n        location         = [[Shevchenko Raion, Kiev|Shevchenko Raion]], [[Kiev]] (Kyiv),\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| coordinates      = {{coord|50|27|11|N|30|31|37|E|type:landmark_scale:10000_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|\n        owner            = [[State Management of Affairs (Ukraine)|State Management\n        of Affairs]]\\n| operator         = National center of business and cultural\n        cooperation\\n| built            = 1978\\u20131982\\n| opened           = 1982\\n|\n        renovated        =\\n| expanded         =\\n| closed           =\\n| demolished       =\\n|\n        construction_cost=\\n| former_names     = All-Union Lenin Museum (1982\\u20131993)\\n|\n        banquets         = 50\\u20133000\\n| meeting_cap      = 50\\u2013500 (8 rooms)\\n|\n        theatre          = 500 (concert hall)\\n| total_space      = {{convert|8850|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}\\n|\n        exhibit          = {{convert|3000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}\\n| breakout         =\\n|\n        ballroom         = {{convert|782|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}\\n| website          = [http://www.icc-kiev.gov.ua/\n        www.icc-kiev.gov.ua]\\n}}\\n\\nThe ''''''International Convention Center \\\"Ukrainian\n        House\\\"'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c. \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440}})\n        is the largest {{Citation needed|reason=Really? What about the \\u041c\\u0412\\u0426?|date=June\n        2017}} international exhibition and [[convention center]] in [[Kiev]] (Kyiv),\n        [[Ukraine]]. Popularly referred to as just ''''''\\\"Ukrainian House\\\"'''''',\n        this five-storey building is the host venue for a variety of events from exhibitions,\n        trade fairs and conferences to international association meetings, product\n        launches, banquets, TV-ceremonies, sporting events, etc.\\n\\n== Location ==\\n\\nUkrainian\n        House is situated on 2 [[Khreshchatyk Street]], overlooking [[European Square,\n        Kiev|European Square]] in the heart of the Ukrainian capital. The rear of\n        the center adjoins the southern outskirts of the [[Volodymyrska Hill]] Park.\n        The building is not far from the main square of the country - [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Maidan\n        (Independence Square)]], as well as Dnipro Hotel, Khreschatyk Hotel and [[Hotel\n        Ukrayina|Hotel Ukraine]].\\n\\nVisitors can easily reach Ukrainian House by\n        any public transport including the [[Kiev Metro]]. On-site parking space is\n        also available. All major attractions of the city are within a walking distance\n        from the center such as [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence Square]], [[Sophia\n        Cathedral|St.Sophia\\u2019s Cathedral]], [[Golden Domed Saint Michael\\u00b4s\n        monastery|Michael\\u2019s Golden Dome Monastery]], [[Andriyivskyy Descent|Andrew\\u2019s\n        Street (Uzviz)]] with souvenirs, and numerous shopping centers, fine restaurants\n        and hotels.\\n\\n== History and use ==\\n\\nBuilt in 1978\\u20131982, this [[Monumental\n        sculpture|monumental]] building was originally erected as a Kiev affiliate\n        of the All-Union Lenin Museum, displaying materials documenting [[Lenin]]''s\n        life. The building was designed and built by the \\\"Chief Kyiv Project\\\" architects\n        group led by Vadym Hopkalo, with assistance by Vadym Hrechyna, Volodymyr Kolomiyets,\n        and Leonid Filenko. In 1985 the authors of the project received the [[Shevchenko\n        National Prize|Shevchenko State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR]].\\n\\nSince 1938\n        the Kiev city exhibition of the All-Union Lenin Museum was located in [[Building\n        of Pedagogical Museum|Teacher House]] at 57 Volodymyr Street. The museum was\n        moved to the Ukrainian House building when it was opened in 1982, where it\n        remained until after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]]. On April 2,\n        1993 the building was renamed and converted to a conference and exhibition\n        hall. The Lenin museum exhibition was dismounted and placed into storage funds.\\n\\nIn\n        2004 the entire collection of the Museum of the History of Kyiv was moved\n        from its location at the [[Klov Palace]] to the fourth and fifth floor of\n        Ukrainian House, where much of the collection remains to this day.\\n\\n== Operations\n        today ==\\n\\n[[File:Doll salon kyivska kazka-ukraine.jpg|thumb|Internal view\n        of the building during the \\\"Kyiv Kazka\\\" doll [[trade fair]].]]\\nToday, the\n        Government company ''''National Center of Business and Cultural Cooperation\n        \\\"Ukrainian House\\\"'''' (part of the [[State Management of Affairs (Ukraine)|State\n        Management of Affairs]] agency) owns the structure and arranges concerts,\n        cultural festivals,{{cite web | url=http://www.dus.gov.ua/cult_edu.phtml?ai=cult_edu2a\n        | script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\\"\\u0426\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\u0434\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\\"\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c\\\"\n        | publisher=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0423\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 | accessdate=26 June 2014|language=uk}}\n        local [[exhibition]]s, [[Business conference|conference]]s, [[Convention (meeting)|conventions]],\n        [[trade fair]]s, [[Academic conference|symposiums]] etc.\\n\\nUkrainian House\n        has 5 storeys with fully flexible spaces and halls to fit any needs from small\n        private meetings to large-scale gatherings for up to 3,500 participants. It\n        has all the necessary facilities from conference halls, exhibition spaces\n        and auditoriums to an on-site restaurant and outdoor terraces.\\n\\nIn August\n        2016 the [[Soviet]]-era [[bas-relief]]s was removed from the building to comply\n        with [[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/\n        Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 15\n        May 2015
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html Poroshenko\n        signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]. 15\n        May 20
[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075 Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine\n        moves to ban communist symbols], [[BBC News]] (14 April 2015)
[http://www.unian.info/multimedia/photo/37311-demontaj-sovetskih-barelefov-s-fasada-ukrainskogo-doma.html\n        Soviet bas-reliefs being dismantled from Ukrainian House fa\\u00e7ade], [[UNIAN]]\n        (18 August 2016)\\n\\n== Euromaidan protests ==\\n\\nUkrainian House was\n        taken over in December 2013 by the [[Berkut (special police force)|Berkut\n        special police forces]] during the [[Euromaidan]] protests. There were claims\n        that the Berkut unit ransacked the building and possibly pilfered some of\n        the museum collection.{{cite web | url=http://tyzhden.ua/News/100082\n        | script-title=uk:\\u0410\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443:\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0454\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435\n        | publisher=Tyzhden (Ukrainian Week) | date=2014-01-26 | accessdate=26 June\n        2014|language=uk}}\\n\\nOn the 25th of January 2014 the House was besieged\n        by [[Euromaidan]] protesters. After a long confrontation the police launched\n        a counterattack on the main barricades and many retreated in order to secure\n        the barricades but a number stayed. At around 11pm GMT a truce was called\n        where no side attacked each other.https://twitter.com/EuromaidanPR/status/427216713382256640[http://rt.com/news/opposition-ukraine-rejects-proposal-203/\n        Ukrainian opposition calls for snap elections, talks with govt continue] RT.com.\n        January 26, 2014 A long bout of negotiation followed. The final result\n        being the 200 police officers still inside leaving through a side window.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25906240\n        Ukraine crisis: Mourning in Kiev while protests spread] BBC News. 26 January\n        2014. Accessed 27 January 2014.\\n\\nWhen the Euromaidan protestors gained\n        control over Ukrainian House, it provided a community shelter for fellow civilians\n        and protestors who were engaging in the revolution. The Ukraine House center\n        provides free legal advice, a place to sleep, medical care, travel information,\n        and psychiatric help. With all the chaos that was happening during this struggle,\n        one couple, Viktor Bisovetskyi and his wife, Inna, joined the occupants of\n        the building and opened a library during this anti-government movement known\n        as Euromaidan. Since most of the space was occupied, the couple found room\n        in the corner of the basement. There, countless librarians, friends, and civilians\n        donated books, travel guides, magazines and philosophy texts to this library.{{cite web | url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-globe-in-kiev-ukrainian-opposition-movement-has-its-own-library/article16599200/\n        | title=The Globe in Kiev: Ukrainian opposition movement has its own library\n        | publisher=The Globe and Mail | date=2014-01-29 | accessdate=26 June 2014\n        | author=Waldie, Paul}}\\n\\nAs of late March 2014 and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|Crimean crisis]] and [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|masked\n        Russian invasion of eastern Ukraine]], Ukrainian House is acting as a base\n        for the \\\"Self-defense of the Maidan\\\", one of the major [[Euromaidan#Self-defense\n        groups|Euromaidan]] militias. It is also currently an assembly area and [[public\n        relations]] coordination site for the [[National Guard of Ukraine]].{{cite\n        news|last=Langston|first=Henry|title=A Look Inside Ukraine''s Volunteer National\n        Guard|url=https://news.vice.com/articles/a-look-inside-ukraine-s-volunteer-national-guard|accessdate=26\n        March 2014|work=Vice News/Vice UK|date=19 March 2014}}\\n\\n== See also\n        ==\\n{{Commons category|Ukrainian House (Kyiv)}}\\n\\n* [[Euromaidan]]\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n\\n* [http://www.icc-kiev.gov.ua/\n        Official page of \\\"Ukrainian House\\\"] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/ukrdim\n        Official Facebook site of \\\"Ukrainian House\\\"] {{uk icon}}\\n\\n{{Khreschatyk}}\\n{{State\n        Management of Affairs (Ukraine)}}\\n{{Euromaidan}}\\n\\n[[Category:Monuments\n        and memorials in Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Convention centers in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Buildings\n        and structures completed in 1982]]\\n[[Category:Monuments and memorials built\n        in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Museums in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Shevchenkivskyi\n        District (Kiev)]]\\n[[Category:Places of the Euromaidan]]\\n[[Category:1982\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T07:54:51Z\",\"lastrevid\":785509521,\"length\":10065,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_House\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_House&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_House\"},\"41957494\":{\"pageid\":41957494,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Humanities Lyceum\",\"index\":34,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-31T05:18:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=May 2014}}\\n{{Infobox university\\n |name              = Ukrainian\n        Humanitarian Lyceum\\n |logo              = \\n |image_name        = [[File:Ukrainian\n        Humanitarian Lyceum Logo, Feb 2014.png]]\\n |image_size        = \\n |caption           =\n        \\n |motto             = \\n |mottoeng          = \\n |established       = 1991\\n\n        |closed            = \\n |type              = [[Government school|Government]]\\n\n        |affiliation       = [[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv]]\\n |president         =\n        Sazonenko Galina Stefanovna\\n |students          = 325\\n |city              =\n        [[Kyiv, Ukraine|Kyiv]]\\n |state             = \\n |country           = [[Ukraine]]\\n\n        |coor              = \\n |campus            = \\n |former_names      = \\n |affiliations      =\n        \\n |website           = http://www.uhl-edu.kiev.ua\\n |footnotes         =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian Humanities Lyceum'''''' (UHL) \\u2013 high school educational\n        institution in the Pechersk district of the city [[Kyiv]]. Founded in 1991\n        year. Ukrainian Humanitarian Lyceum is a subdivision of [[Taras Shevchenko\n        National University of Kyiv]].{{ cite web| url=http://ukrafoto.com/reportages.php?id=10861&photo=188599&lng=english\n        | title=Ukrainian Humanitarian Lyceum at Shevchenko Kyiv National University\n        Marks 20th Anniversary/  | year=2014}} Admission is done on a competitive\n        basis. Profile areas of training: philological, historical, economic and law.\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\n1991 \\u2014 year of foundation;
\\n1994 \\u2014 reorganization\n        of the Lyceum in subdivisions of Kyiv Taras Shevchenko University;
\\n2000\n        \\u2013 to the three main fields of study added another \\u2013 philosophical;
\\n2007\\u20132013\n        \\u2014 first in Ukraine by results of  [[External independent testing]].{{\n        cite web| url=http://www.useti.org.ua/en/news/1181/best-schools-in-kyiv-named.html\n        | title=BEST SCHOOLS IN KYIV NAMED  | year=2012}}{{ cite web| url=http://testportal.gov.ua/\n        | title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043d\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438  |\n        year=2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.segodnya.ua/specprojects/ranks/Reyting-Segodnya-luchshie-i-hudshie-shkoly-Kieva-po-rezultatam-testov-infografika.html  |\n        title=\\u0420\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\\"\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\\":\n        \\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438 \\u0445\\u0443\\u0434\\u0448\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0448\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044b \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c \\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432  |\n        year=2012 }}\\n\\n== Material and technical base ==\\n* 21 classrooms equipped\n        with modern technical facilities;\\n* 2 PC audience, 10 multimedia systems;\\n*\n        Dance and fitness facilities, tennis court;\\n* Library, equipped with modern\n        literature\\n* Center \\\"Health\\\" ( methodical study, juice bar, lounge psychological\n        relief, mechanical massage);\\n* Cafeteria;\\n* Historical and Arts Center,\n        which includes an art gallery of contemporary Ukrainian art, awarded a diploma\n        \\\"Model Museum\\\" Museum \\\"Cultural Heritage of Ukraine\\\", Museum of the History\n        of the Lyceum;\\n* Methodical room, assembly hall, winter garden.\\n\\n== Famous\n        graduates ==\\nAmong the graduates of the Lyceum of different years, many influential\n        Ukrainian journalists, including Lidia Taran, Maxim Drabok, Natalie Fitsych,\n        Alex Ananov, Tatiana Chur, Alex Berdnick, Godovanets Olga, Natalia Ivchenko\n        ( Turchak ), Anna Berezetska, Bogdan Nasal, Natalia Nedilko, Maxim Butkevych,\n        politicians and diplomats [[Yuriy Pavlenko]], Alexander Kravchenko, [[Lesya\n        Orobets]].\\n\\nGraduates is a popular singer [[Katya Chilly|Kate Chile]], director\n        and actor Philip Illyenko, stsenarystka Natalie Kononchuk, lawyer of [[European\n        Court of Human Rights]] Olga Dmitrenco .\\n\\n== Awards ==\\n* Diploma of the\n        Ministry of Science and Science of Ukraine, 1995.\\n* Diploma of the Cabinet\n        of Ministers of Ukraine, 2000.\\n* The letter of the [[President of Ukraine]]\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]] in 2001.\\n* Diploma in International Open Rating of Popularity\n        and Quality \\\"Golden Fortune\\\" of the Order \\\"For development of Ukraine\\\"\n        named Hrushevsky fourth degree, 2001.\\n* [[Order of Saint Vladimir]] second\n        degree, 2001.\\n* Diploma of the National Commission of Ukraine for UNESCO,\n        2001.\\n* Congratulations to the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine,\n        2006.\\n* Diploma of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, 2006.\\n*\n        Honorary title of \\\"Leader of Modern Education\\\", 2007, 2009, 2010.\\n\\n==\n        Other ==\\nAsteroid 318794 Ugliya discovered in 2005 by [[Andrushivka Astronomical\n        Observatory]], named after the Lyceum.{{ cite web| url=http://astro.com/swisseph/astlist.htm\n        | title=Astrodienst Asteroid list | year=2014}}{{ cite web| url=http://univernews.com/knu/2013/12/06/4195.html\n        | title=\\\"\\u0417\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0441\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\\"\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u041d\\u0423: \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d \\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0434\n        | year=2013}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{coord missing|Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Schools\n        in Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Secondary schools in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-24T18:53:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":664815337,\"length\":4803,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Humanities_Lyceum\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Humanities_Lyceum&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Humanities_Lyceum\"},\"2013727\":{\"pageid\":2013727,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\",\"index\":9,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-18T13:34:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{other\n        uses|Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox Christian church\n        body\\n| name            = Ukrainian Orthodox Church\\n| image           = 2005-08-15\n        Pechersk Lavra seen from river Dnepr Kiev 311.JPG\\n| caption         = The\n        11th century [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]] in [[Kiev]]\\n| founded         = 1685\n        ''''(autonomy)''''; 1770 ''''(autonomy stripped)'''';\n        1921 ''''(exarchate)''''; 1990 ''''(self-rule)''''\\n|\n        founder         = [[Gedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky)|Gedeon]] ''''(united\n        with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]])''''\\n| independence    = \\n|\n        reunion         = \\n| recognition     = 1990\\n| firsthead       = \\n| supremegovernor\n        = [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow|Patriarch Kirill]]\\n| primate         = Metropolitan\n        [[Onuphrius (Berezovsky)|Onuphrius]]\\n| polity          = [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]]\\n| headquarters    = [[Refectory Church (Pechersk Lavra)|Refectory\n        Church]] ''''([[Kiev Cave Monastery]])''''
Cathedral of\n        the Resurrection of Christ[http://orthodox-church.kiev.ua/page226/news4382.html\n        Cathedral of Resurrection of Christ and Spiritual-Enlightning Center of the\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church] ''''(being built since 2007)''''\\n|\n        territory       = Ukraine\\n| possessions     = \\n| language        = [[Church\n        Slavonic]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]]\\n|\n        liturgy         = \\n| population      = 17.4% of religious population (by\n        [[Razumkov Center]], January 2015)[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainians-shun-moscow-patriarchate-as-russias-war-intensifies-in-donbas-378168.html]
20.85\n        of religious population (by [[Ukrainian Sociology Service]] and Kucheriv democratic\n        initiatives fund, December 2014 \\u2013 January 2015)[http://dif.org.ua/ua/publications/press-relizy/bilshist-naselgo-patriarhatu.htm\n        Most of population of Ukraine considers itself predominantly of the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Kiev Patriarchate)].\\n| bishops         = 85 (53 governing)\\n|\n        priests         = 10,963\\n| parishes        = 11,393\\n| monastics       =\n        1,320\\n| monasteries     = 219\\n| nuns            = 2,312 \\n| scriptures      =\n        \\n| website         = [http://church.ua/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church] \\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w\n        zabytkowy (307).JPG|200px|thumb|[[Refectory Church (Pechersk Lavra)|Refectory\n        Church]], a mother cathedral of the church (since 1992)]]\\n[[File:St.\n        Volodymyr''s Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|200px|thumb|[[St Volodymyr''s Cathedral]],\n        former mother cathedral of the church (1944-1992)]]\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Annunciation\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation Cathedral]] in Kharkiv, a former mother cathedral\n        of the church (1929-1934)]]\\n[[File:L''viv Orthodox Church\n        of Moscow Patriarchate.JPG|235px|thumb|The non-cathedral temple of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church in [[Lviv]] - St. George Church]]\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church'''''' (''''''UOC'''''') ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430}};\n        {{lang-ru|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u044c}}) is a [[self-governing]] church\n        of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in [[Ukraine]]. The current Statute of\n        the ROC defines it as a \\\"self-governing church with the rights of wide autonomy\\\".[https://mospat.ru/ru/documents/ustav/xi-2/\n        \\u043f. 18 \\u0413\\u043b. XI \\u0423\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0420\\u041f\\u0426]:\n        \\u00ab\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u044c \\u044f\\u0432\\u043b\\u044f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u044f\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0448\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438.\\u00bb Officially\n        such status has no recognition outside of the Russian Orthodox Church.\\n\\nRussia''s\n        [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation]] of [[Crimea]]\n        in 2014 notwithstanding, the UOC [[Eparchy|eparchies]] in Crimea continue\n        under the administration of the UOC.[http://newsru.com/religy/10mar2015/krim_upcmp.html\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0441 \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0440\\u044b\\u043c\\u0443 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c, \\u0437\\u0430\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u041f\\u0426 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430] [[NEWSru]],\n        10 March 2015. While being a part of the Moscow Patriarchate, the current\n        status of the UOC means its virtually full administrative independence from\n        the ROC [[Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church|Holy Synod]], whereas\n        the [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev#Metropolitans of Kiev and\n        All Ukraine|UOC Primate]] is the seniormost[http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/3609112.html\n        \\u0416\\u0423\\u0420\\u041d\\u0410\\u041b\\u042b \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0421\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0442 19 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 2014 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430]\n        // \\u0416\\u0423\\u0420\\u041d\\u0410\\u041b \\u2116 1: \\u00ab2. \\u0412\\u043a\\u043b\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0447\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041e\\u043d\\u0443\\u0444\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f, <\\u2026> \\u0441 \\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0411\\u043b\\u0430\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u043c \\u0441\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432 \\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438.\\u00bb\n        permanent member thereof and thus has a say in the decision-making in respect\n        of the rest of the ROC, including its business in the Russian Federation.\\n\\n==History==\\n{{See\n        also|History of Christianity in Ukraine}}\\n\\n===Ecumenical Patriarchate of\n        Constantinople===\\n\\n====Moscow, Lithuania, Halych metropolia====\\nThe Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church considers itself the sole descendant in modern Ukraine of\n        the Ruthenian (Kyivan) metropolis within the jurisdiction of the [[Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate of Constantinople]] [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|established]] in\n        Kiev in the 10th century. Due to [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|invasion of the\n        Mongols]] in the 13th century the metropolitan seat was moved to [[Vladimir,\n        Russia|Vladimir]] and later to [[Moscow]], while in the Duchy of Halych and\n        Volhynia was created a separate Metropolis of Halych with own Metropolitan.\n        In the 14th century the Grand Duke of Lithuania [[Algirdas]] who established\n        his control over the former territories of [[Kievan Rus]] attempted to move\n        the metropolitan seat back to Kiev.\\n\\n====Revival====\\nIn 1596 the Metropolitan\n        of Kiev, Halych and all Russia [[Michael Rohoza]] accepted the [[Union of\n        Brest]] transforming dioceses of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\n        into the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] under the [[Holy See]]''s jurisdiction.\n        In 1620 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] reestablished its dioceses\n        in Ukraine under the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Russia as the exarch\n        of Ukraine [[Job Boretsky]].\\n\\n===Merger into the Russian Orthodox Church===\\nIn\n        1685 the Ukrainian Orthodox Church came under the jurisdiction of the [[Russian\n        Orthodox Church]] when Gedeon Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky was elected the Metropolitan\n        of Kyiv, Galicia and all Russia with the help of the [[Hetman of Zaporizhian\n        Host]] [[Ivan Samoylovych]]. At that time all six eparchies ([[diocese]]s)\n        of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] in Ukraine were transferred\n        to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. The original eparchies included Kiev,\n        Chernihiv, Mstislav-Mogilev (Belorusian) on the left bank of Dnieper and Lviv,\n        Lutsk, Peremyshl on the right bank of Dnieper. Since his election Gedeon lost\n        practically all his eparchies. Due to the conflilct with [[Lazar Baranovich]],\n        Metropolitan of Kiev ceded the Chernihiv eparchy under direct jurisdiction\n        of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1686, while the Belorusia eparchy was already\n        de facto administered from Moscow by that time. On 27 January 1688 the Russian\n        Orthodox Church changed the title of Gedeon to Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych\n        and Little Russia. Already the Gedeon''s successor [[Metropolitan Varlaam\n        (Yasinski)|Metropolitan Varlaam]] during 1692 to 1702 lost the rest of his\n        eparchies in Lviv, Peremyshl and Lutsk that were transferred to the [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church]]. Due to the reduction in number of eparchies, the\n        eparchy of Pereyaslav was revived, commemorating the [[council of Pereyaslav]].\n        In 1728-72 the Belorusian eparchy became the only Eastern Orthodox eparchy\n        in Poland and was directly governed by the Patriarch of Moscow.\\n\\nBefore\n        the [[Battle of Poltava (1708)|Battle of Poltava]] when [[Ivan Mazepa]] sided\n        with [[Carl XII]], the new [[Metlopolitan Ioasaf (Krokovsky)|Metropolitan\n        Ioasaf]] along with bishops of Chernihiv and Pereyaslav was summoned by [[Peter\n        the Great]] to [[Hlukhiv]] where they were ordered to declare an [[anathema]]\n        onto Mazepa. After the battle of Poltava, in 1709 Metropolitan Ioasaf was\n        exiled to [[Tver]] and in 1710 a church censorship was introduced to the Kiev\n        metropolia. In 1718 Metropolitan Ioasaf was arrested and exiled to [[Saint\n        Petersburg]] for interrogation where he died. In 1720 an edict is issued,\n        according to which all Ukrainian publishers are required to change to the\n        Russian language. During that time in 1718 to 1722 the Metropolitan seat in\n        Kiev was vacant and ruled by the Kiev Spiritual Consistory (under the authority\n        of the [[Most Holy Synod]]), since 1722 it was occupied by Archbishop Varlaam,\n        thus being downgraded to a regular eparchy. Also since 1721 the Russian Orthodox\n        Church itself was governed by the Most Holy Synod rather than Patriarch.\\n\\n===Synod\n        period===\\nIn 1730 the new Archbishop Varlaam with all members of the Kiev\n        Spiritual Consistory were put on trial by the Privy Chancellery. After being\n        convicted, Varlaam as a simple monk was exiled to the [[Kirillo-Belozersky\n        Monastery]] in Vologda region where he served a sentence of imprisonment of\n        10 years. After the death of the Russian Empress [[Anna of Russia|Anna]] in\n        1740, Varlaam was allowed to return and recovered all his [[Archiereus]] titles.\n        He however refused to except back those titles and, after asked to be left\n        in peace, moved to the [[Tikhvin Assumption Monastery]]. In 1750 Varlaam accepted\n        the [[Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism#Great Schema|Great Schema]]\n        under the name of Vasili and soon died in 1751.\\n\\nThe newly appointed archbishop\n        of Kiev [[Raphael Zaborovsky]] (in 1730) after some 25 years had revived the\n        metropolitan rank for the [[Eparchy of Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)|Kiev eparchy]]\n        in 1743 as the Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych and Little Russia.\\n\\nOn 2 April\n        1767 the Empress of Russia [[Catherine the Great]] issued an edict stripping\n        the title of the Metropolitan of Kiev of the words \\\"and all Little Russia\\\".[http://web.archive.org/web/20150416145158/http://www.pravenc.ru/text/76238.html\n        Arseniy] at the Orthodox Encyclopedia\\n\\nIn 1803 for the first onto\n        the metropolitan seat in Kiev was placed [[Metropolitan Serapion (Aleksandrovsky)|Metropolitan\n        Serapion]], a bishop from Russia (from the Vladimir region). Since 1803 and\n        until 1930 the heads of [[Eparchy of Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)|Kiev eparchy]]\n        were exclusively from Russia.\\n\\n===Fall of monarchy in Russia and Exarchate===\\n{{see\n        also|Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church}}\\n[[File:Highest authority of\n        Russian Orthodox Church in 1917.jpg|thumb|300px|Participants of the 1917 Local\n        Council (Metropolitan Antony is to the right of Patriarch Tikhon)]]\\nDuring\n        the advance of the Soviet troops on Kiev (see [[Ukrainian\\u2013Soviet War]]),\n        in January 1918 was killed the Metropolitan of Kiev [[Vladimir Bogoyavlensky]]\n        by unknown people. Metropolitan Bogoyavlensky chaired the All-Ukrainian Church\n        Council that took a break between its sessions on 18 January 1918 and was\n        to be resumed in May 1918. On 23\\u201324 January 1918 the Red Guards of [[Reinholds\n        B\\u0113rzi\\u0146\\u0161]] occupied the city of Kiev. In the evening of 25 January\n        1918 Metropolitan Vladimir was found dead between walls of the Old Pechersk\n        Fortress beyond the Gates of All Saints.\\n\\nIn May 1918 to the [[Eparchy of\n        Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)|Kiev eparchy]] was appointed Metropolitan of Kiev\n        and Halych [[Antony (Khrapovitsky)|Antony]], a former candidate to become\n        the [[Patriarch of Moscow]] at the [[1917\\u201318 Local Council of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church|Russian Local Council]] of 1917 and losing it to the [[Patriarch\n        Tikhon of Moscow|Patriarch Tikhon]]. In July 1918 Metropolitan Antony became\n        the head of the All-Ukrainian Church Council. Eventually he sided with the\n        Russian [[White movement]] supporting the Denikin''s forces of [[South Russia\n        (1919\\u20131920)|South Russia]], while keeping the title of Metropolitan of\n        Kiev and Halych. After the defeat of the Whites and the exile of Antony, in\n        1919-21 the metropolitan seat was temporarily held by the bishop of Cherkasy\n        Nazariy (also the native of [[Kazan]]). After the arrest of Nazariy by the\n        Soviet authorities in 1921, the seat was provisionally held by the bishop\n        of Grodno and newly elected Exarch of Ukraine Mikhail, a member of the Russian\n        [[Black Hundreds]] nationalistic movement. After his arrest in 1923, the Kiev\n        eparchy was provisionally headed by various bishops of neighboring eparchies\n        until 1927. After his return in 1927 Mikhail became the Metropolitan of Kiev\n        and Exarch of Ukraine until his death in 1929.\\n\\nIn 1945, after the integration\n        of [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] into [[USSR]], eastern parts of the [[Eparchy of\n        Muka\\u010devo and Pre\\u0161ov]] were transferred from the supreme jurisdiction\n        of [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] to the jurisdiction of the Exarchate of Russian\n        Orthodox Church in Ukraine, and new [[Eparchy of Muka\\u010devo and U\\u017egorod]]\n        was formed.\\n\\n===Dissolution of the Soviet Union and self rule===\\nOn 28\n        October 1990,[http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1302845.html \\u041a 20-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u044e\n        \\u0411\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0442\\u044b \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439\\u0448\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u044f \\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0438 \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f\n        II \\u043e \\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438]: \\u2033\\u041e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u0443 \\u0443\\u0436\\u0435 28 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0442\\u044f\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f\n        1990 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 (\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445 \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0440\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b \\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\\u0448\\u0435\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u044e\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u0444\\u0435\\u0434\\u0440\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\u0424\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043e\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0443\\u044e\\u0449\\u0443\\u044e\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0442\\u0443)\\u2033 it was granted a status\n        of a self\\u2013governing church under the jurisdiction of the ROC (but ''''not''''\n        the full [[Autonomy#Religion|autonomy]] as is understood in the ROC legal\n        terminology).\\n\\nMetropolitan [[Volodymyr Sabodan|Vladimir (Sabodan)]], who\n        succeeded [[Filaret (Denysenko)]], was enthroned in 1992 as the Primate of\n        the UOC under the title [[Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine]], with the\n        official residency in the [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]], which also houses all of\n        the Church''s administration.\\n\\nThe church is currently the only Ukrainian\n        church to have full [[canon law|canonical standing]] in Eastern Orthodoxy,\n        and operates in [[full communion]] with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church organization|other\n        Eastern Orthodox Churches]]. The UOC (MP) claims to be the largest religious\n        body in Ukraine with the greatest number of parishes churches and communities\n        counting up to half of the total in Ukraine and totaling over 10,000. The\n        UOC also claims to have up to 75 percent of the Ukrainian population.Pravoslvieye\n        v Ukraine [http://orthodox.org.ua/uk/node/197 Retrieved on 10 February 2007]\n        Independent surveys show significant variance. According to [[Stratfor]],\n        in 2008, more than 50 percent of Ukrainian population belong to the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarch.[http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20081118_part_3_outside_intervention  Countries\n        in Crisis: Ukraine Part 3] [[Razumkov Centre]] survey results, however,\n        tend to show greater adherence to the rival [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of\n        the Kyivan Patriarchate|Kiev Patriarchate]].[http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300\n        \\\"What religious group do you belong to?\\\". Sociology poll by [[Razumkov Centre]]\n        about the religious situation in Ukraine (2006)] Many Orthodox Ukrainians\n        do not clearly identify with a particular denomination and, sometimes, are\n        even unaware of the affiliation of the church they attend as well as of the\n        controversy itself, which indicates the difficulty of using survey numbers\n        as an indicator of a relative strength of the church. Also, the geographical\n        factor plays a major role in the number of adherents, as the Ukrainian population\n        tends to be more churchgoing in the western part of the country rather than\n        in the UOC (MP)''s heartland in southern and eastern Ukraine. Many in Ukraine\n        see the UOC-MP as merely a tool of the Putin Government.\\n\\nThe number of\n        parishes statistics seems to be more reliable and consistent even though it\n        may not necessarily directly translate into the numbers of adherents. By number\n        of parishes and quantity of church buildings, the UOC (MP)''s strong base\n        is central and northernwestern Ukraine. However, percentage wise (with respect\n        to rival Orthodox Churches) its share of parishes there varies from 60 to\n        70 percent. At the same time, by percentage alone (with respect to rival Orthodox\n        Churches) the urban [[russophone]] southern and eastern Ukrainian provinces\n        peak with up to 90 percent of church buildings. The same can be said about\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]], although there the UOC''s main rival\n        is the Greek Catholic Church and thus in all its share is only 40 percent.\n        The capital [[Kiev]] is where the greatest Orthodox rivalry takes place, there\n        the UOC (MP) has only half of the Orthodox communities. The only place where\n        the UOC (MP) is a true minority, in both quantity, percentage and support\n        are the former Galician provinces of Western Ukraine. There the total share\n        of parishes does not exceed more than five percent. The UOC (MP) does not\n        have any parishes abroad, as its followers identify themselves under the same\n        umbrella as those of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].\\n\\nAs of 2006 the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church had the allegiance of 10,875 registered religious communities\n        in Ukraine (approximately 68 percent of all Orthodox Christian communities\n        in the country), located mostly in central, eastern and southern regions and\n        claims to be the largest religious body in terms of church property in Ukraine.\\n\\nSince\n        2014 the church has come under attack for perceived [[anti-Ukrainian]] and\n        [[pro-Russian]] actions by its clergymen.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainians-shun-moscow-patriarchate-as-russias-war-intensifies-in-donbas-378168.html\n        Ukrainians shun Moscow Patriarchate as Russia\\u2019s war intensifies in Donbas],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (23 Januari 2015)
[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43548&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=682793e78f089ffd50641d8a8195eff0#.VVkDVpB1FJ-\n        The War and the Orthodox Churches in Ukraine], [[The Jamestown Foundation]]\n        (18 February 2014) On 14 September 2015 it urged the [[pro-Russian]]\n        separatists of the [[War in Donbass]] to lay down their arms and take advantage\n        of the amnesty promised to them in the [[Minsk II]] agreement.{{uk icon}}\n        [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7081371/ UOC MP called on militants to lay\n        down arms], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (14 September 2015)\\n\\n==Name==\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church (MP) insists on its name being just the ''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church'''',[http://archiv.orthodox.org.ua/page-1690.html\n        The interview] given by [[Metropolitan Volodymyr (Viktor Sabodan)]] to [[Associated\n        Press]] stating that it is the sole canonic body of Orthodox Christians\n        in the country, a Ukrainian ''''\\\"[[local church]]\\\"''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430}}),\n        a claim fiercely contested by her non-canonic rivals. \\nIt is also the name\n        that it is registered under in the State Committee of Ukraine in Religious\n        Affairs.{{cite web |url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html|title=On\n        the state and tendencies of expansion of the religious situation in government-church\n        relations in Ukraine|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=State Committee of Ukraine\n        in Religious Affairs|language=Ukrainian|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html|archivedate=2004-12-04}}\\n\\nIn\n        mass media and in academic literature it is often referred to, as the ''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)'''' or UOC (MP){{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUyyY5KLX_AC&pg=PA75&dq=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+MP&hl=uk|title=Politics\n        and Society in Ukraine |accessdate=2008-10-24|work=Paul J. D''Anieri, [[Robert\n        Kravchuk|Robert S. Kravchuk]], Taras Kuzio}}{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEiUVsa7Gx8C&pg=PA85&dq=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+MP&hl=uk|title=Post-Soviet\n        Political Order |accessdate=2008-10-24|work=Barnett R. Rubin, Jack L. Snyder}}{{cite\n        web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&pg=PA370&dq=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+MP&hl=uk|title=The\n        Orthodox Church in the History of Russia |accessdate=2008-10-24|work=Dimitry\n        Pospielovsky}} in order to distinguish between the two rival churches\n        contesting the name of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.\\n\\n==Administrative\n        division==\\n[[File:\\u0404\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0423\\u041f\\u0426(\\u041c\\u041f).png|thumb|right|Eparchies\n        of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) in 2011]]\\nIn October\n        2014 the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine was subdivided into 53 [[eparchy|eparchies]]\n        ([[diocese]]s) led by bishops. Also there were 25 [[vicar]]s ([[suffragan\n        bishop]]s).\\n\\nIn 2008 the Church had 42 eparchies, with 58 bishops (eparchial\n        - 42; vicar - 12; retired - 4; with them being classified as: [[Metropolitan\n        bishop|metropolitan]]s - 10; [[archbishop]]s - 21; or [[bishops]] - 26). There\n        were also 8,516 [[priest]]s, and 443 [[deacon]]s.{{cite web|url=http://orthodox.org.ua/eng/node/227|title=Statistical\n        data|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=Ukrainian Orthodox Church|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n{{Eparchies\n        of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)}}\\n\\n== List of Primates\n        ==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable floatright\\\"\\n|{{image array|perrow=4|width=80|height=100|\\n|\n        image1 = Gedeon Mitropolit.jpg| caption1 = Metropolitan [[Gedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky)|Gedeon]]\\n|\n        image2 = \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\\u0430\\u043c \\u042f\\u0441\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.jpg|\n        caption2 = Metropolitan Varlaam\\n| image3 = \\u0418\\u043e\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0444\n        \\u041a\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.jpg| caption3\n        = Metropolitan Joasaph\\n| image4 = \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\\u0430\\u043c\n        (\\u0412\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447).jpg| caption4 = Archbishop\n        Varlaam\\n| image5 = ImageNA.svg| caption5 = Metropolitan [[Raphael Zaborovsky|Raphael]]\\n|\n        image6 = ImageNA.svg| caption6 = Metropolitan Timothy\\n| image7 = \\u0410\\u0440\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439).jpg|\n        caption7 = Metropolitan Arseniy\\n| image8 = \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        (\\u0425\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e).jpg|\n        caption8 = Metropolitan [[Antony (Khrapovitsky)|Antony]]\\n| image9 = \\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0438\\u043b\n        (\\u0415\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432).jpg| caption9 = Metropolitan\n        Michael\\n| image10= \\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d (\\u0414\\u044c\\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432).jpg|\n        caption10= Metropolitan Constantine\\n| image11= ImageNA.svg| caption11= Metropolitan\n        [[Nicholas (Yarushevich)|Nicholas]]\\n| image12= ImageNA.svg| caption12= Metropolitan\n        [[Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church|Alexis]]\\n| image13= \\u0421\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432-\\u0420\\u041f\\u0426.jpg|\n        caption13= Metropolitan John\\n| image14= Joasaph (Lelyukhin).jpg| caption14=\n        Metropolitan [[Ioasaph Leliukhin|Ioasaph]]\\n| image15= 1995-fil intr.JPG|\n        caption15= Metropolitan [[Filaret (Denysenko)|Philaret]]\\n| image17= Onuphrius\n        Berezovsky.jpg| caption17= Metropolitan [[Onufriy (Berezovsky)|Onuphrius]]\\n}}\\n|}\\n{{See\n        also|List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev}}\\n\\n===Metropolitan of\n        Kiev, Halych and all Little Russia===\\n* Metropolitan [[Gedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky)|Gedeon]]\n        1685\\u20131690, the first Metropolitan of Kiev of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]],\n        until 1688 was titled as the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia\\n*\n        Metropolitan [[Varlaam (Yasynsky)|Varlaam]] 1690\\u20131707\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Ioasaph (Krokovsky)|Ioasaph]] 1707\\u20131718\\n* ''''none'''' 1718\\u20131722\\n*\n        Archbishop [[Varlaam (Vanatovych)|Varlaam]] 1722\\u20131730\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Raphael Zaborovsky|Raphael]] 1731\\u20131747, until 1743 as Archbishop\\n*\n        Metropolitan [[Timothy (Shcherbatsky)|Timothy]] 1748\\u20131757\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Arseniy (Mohylyansky)|Arseniy]] 1757\\u20131770, in 1767 Metropolitan Arseniy\n        became Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych\\n\\nNote: in 1770 the office''s jurisdiction\n        was reduced to a diocese''s administration as Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia.\n        The autonomy was liquidated and the church was merged to the [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]].\\n\\n===Exarch of Ukraine===\\nDue to emigration of Metropolitan [[Antony\n        (Khrapovitsky)|Antony]] in 1919, until [[World War II]] Kiev eparchy was often\n        administered by provisional bishops. Also because of political situation in\n        Ukraine, the Russian Orthodox Church introduced a new title in its history\n        as the Exarch of Ukraine that until 1941 was not necessary associated with\n        the title of Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych.\\n* Metropolitan Mikhail (Yermakov)\n        1921\\u20131929 (Bishop of Grodno and Brest, 1905\\u20131921; Archbishop of\n        Tobolsk, 1925; and Metropolitan of Kiev, 1927\\u20131929)\\n* Metropolitan Konstantin\n        (Dyakov) 1929\\u20131937 (Metropolitan of Kharkiv and Okhtyrka, 1927\\u20131934\n        and Metropolitan of Kiev 1934\\u20131937)\\n* ''''none'''' 1937\\u20131941, exarch\n        was not appointed\\n\\n===Metropolitan of Volyn and Lutsk, Exarch of West Ukraine\n        and Belarus===\\n* Metropolitan [[Nicholas (Yarushevich)]] 1940\\u20131941\\n\\n===Metropolitan\n        of Kiev and Halych, Exarch of Ukraine===\\n* Metropolitan [[Nicholas (Yarushevich)]]\n        1941\\u20131944\\n** During [[World War II]] on the occupied by Nazi Germany\n        territories of Ukraine, there was organized the [[Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox\n        Church]] by Metropolitan Aleksiy and considered itself part of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church.\\n* Metropolitan John (Sokolov) 1944\\u20131964\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Ioasaph Leliukhin|Ioasaph]] 1964\\u20131966\\n* Metropolitan [[Patriarch Filaret\n        (Denysenko)|Filaret (Denysenko)]] 1966\\u20131990\\n\\n===Metropolitan of Kiev\n        and all Ukraine===\\n* [[Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko)|Metropolitan Filaret\n        (Denysenko)]] 1990\\u20131992\\n* [[Volodymyr Sabodan|Metropolitan Volodymyr\n        (Sabodan)]] 1992\\u20132014\\n* [[Onuphrius (Berezovsky)|Metropolitan Onuphrius]]\n        2014[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/218253.html\n        Metropolitan Onufriy of Chernivtsi and Bukovyna elected head of Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (13 August 2014)\\u2013''''present''''\\n\\n== See also ==\\n* [[Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church - Kiev Patriarchate]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|33em}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n* {{cite web|url=http://church.ua/en/|title=Official network\n        of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|accessdate=2016-11-05|work=church.ua/en/|language=English,\n        Ukrainian, Russian}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://orthodox.org.ua/eng/node|title=Official\n        English site of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=orthodox.org.ua/eng/node|language=English,\n        Ukrainian, Russian}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://orthodoxy.org.ua/|title=Open\n        Orthodox University/Orthodoxy in Ukraine: site of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=Pravoslavie\n        v Ukraini|language=Ukrainian, Russian}}\\n\\n{{All-Ukrainian Council of Churches\n        and Religious Organizations}}\\n{{Orthodox Churches in Ukraine}}\\n{{Orthodoxy}}\\n\\n{{coord\n        missing}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)| ]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church\n        bodies and patriarchates in Europe]]\\n[[Category:Former exarchates of the\n        Russian Orthodox Church]]\\n[[Category:Former autonomous churches of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church]]\\n[[Category:1990 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-22T13:58:30Z\",\"lastrevid\":786287242,\"length\":27913,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)\"},\"699779\":{\"pageid\":699779,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of Canada\",\"index\":22,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-10T18:02:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Refimprove|date=September\n        2013}}\\n\\n{{Infobox Christian denomination\\n|name = Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of Canada\\n|image =\\n|imagewidth =\\n|caption =\\n|main_classification = [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]]\\n|orientation = \\n|polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]\\n|leader\n        = [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan Yurij (Kalistchuk) of Winnipeg]]\\n|founder\n        = \\n|founded_date = 1918\\n|founded_place = [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]]\\n|separated_from\n        =\\n|parent = [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\\n|merger =\\n|separations\n        =\\n|associations =\\n|area = [[Canada]]\\n|congregations = \\n|members = 85,725\\n|footnotes\n        = \\n}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada (UOCC)'''''' is an\n        [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in [[Canada]], primarily consisting of Orthodox\n        [[Ukrainian Canadian]]s.  Its former name was the ''''''Ukrainian Greek Orthodox\n        Church of Canada (UGOCC)''''''.  The Church, currently a Metropolis of the\n        [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], is part of the wider [[Eastern\n        Orthodox communion]], however was created independently in 1918.\\n\\nIt has\n        [[cathedral]]s in many Canadian cities including [[Holy Trinity Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral|Winnipeg]], [[Holy Trinity Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Cathedral (Saskatoon)|Saskatoon]], [[Holy Trinity Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral\n        (Vancouver)|Vancouver]], [[St. John''s Cathedral, Edmonton|Edmonton]], [[St.\n        Volodymyr''s Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral (Toronto)|Toronto]], and [[St. Sophie''s\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral (Montreal)|Montreal]].  The [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]\n        Cathedral, seminary ([[St. Andrew''s College (Winnipeg)|St. Andrew''s College]]),\n        and central administrative office are all based in Winnipeg.  Also the Church\n        is affiliated with four residences for university students: [[St. Vladimir''s\n        Institute (Toronto)|St. Vladimir''s]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]; [[St. Petro\n        Mohyla Institute]] in [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]]; [[St. John''s Institute\n        (Edmonton)|St. John''s Institute]] in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]]; and one operating\n        at St. Andrew''s College.  The Church''s membership is about ten thousand.\n        The current [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of the Church is [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan\n        Yurij (Kalistchuk)]].\\n\\n==Early history ==\\nMost ethnic [[Ukrainians]] moving\n        to [[Canada]] from [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] ([[Western Ukraine]])\n        in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were [[Greek Catholic]]s,\n        and were tended early on by the local [[Roman Catholic]] hierarchy until the\n        creation of the [[Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Ukrainian Greek Catholic Exarchate]]\n        in 1912.  This was because the North American Roman Catholic bishops believed\n        that the presence of married Eastern Catholic priests would create a scandal\n        at the time.  The other major group of Ukrainians which were coming to Canada\n        were from [[Bukovina]], and they were mostly Orthodox.  At first these Orthodox\n        Christians were served by the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Orthodox\n        Mission in North America]] (which at that time was part of the [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]]), but these services were not conducted in their native [[Ukrainian\n        language]].  Catholics and the Orthodox who wanted to establish their own\n        church met in the summer of 1918 in the city of [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]]\n        and established the ''''''Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church in Canada''''''.  Also\n        at these meetings, the delegates (mostly from [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]]\n        and [[Manitoba]]) had established a Brotherhood to try to help the young church.\\n\\nThe\n        settlers had just created a new Church, but they were very conscious of Church\n        Canon Law that states that a Church cannot exist without a bishop. The Church''s\n        Brotherhood tried to have Archbishop Alexander of the [[Orthodox Church in\n        America|Russian Orthodox Mission]] to take the Church under his temporary\n        care as [[Bishop]].  At first Archbishop Alexander agreed, but later declined;\n        however, the UGOC''s First Sobor (Church Council) still took place as planned\n        on December 28, 1918 in Saskatoon.  This Sobor led to the establishment of\n        the Church''s first [[seminary]] in Saskatoon.  The Brotherhood still searched\n        for a temporary Bishop, and eventually found one: Metropolitan [[Germanos\n        (Shehadi)]], who was the Metropolitan of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian\n        Archdiocese of North America]].  He led the Church for the next 5 years (1919-1924).  Under\n        his supervision, Sobor II took place in Saskatoon on November 27, 1919.\\n\\n==\n        Archbishop John (Theodorovich) ==\\nFollowing Metropolitan Germanos'' leadership,\n        Archbishop [[John (Theodorovich)]] became the Church''s [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]].\n        Archbishop John had just arrived in the [[United States]] from the non-canonical\n        [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], and he began to serve the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA]] to become their Primate and Metropolitan. The\n        young Church had chosen the Ukrainian [[bishop]] as their bishop, hoping that\n        the Church would further grow under his leadership. During the summers from\n        1924 to 1946 Archbishop John would make an annual trip to [[Canada]] to visit\n        the parishes throughout the country.  When Archbishop John was in the USA\n        during the winter months, a Fr. [[Semen Sawchuk]] would act as an administrator\n        at the Consistory in Canada.\\n\\nAfter a few years as acting Primate of the\n        UOCC, certain controversies laid around Archbishop John, due to his uncanonical\n        ordination to bishop.  Archbishop John was \\\"ordained\\\" by the \\\"bishops\\\"\n        of [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], who were not ordained according\n        to the canon laws and traditions of the Orthodox Church, but were ordained\n        by priests and lay people.  The 1st Canon of the Holy Apostles states that\n        new bishops should be ordained by at least 2 or 3 bishops.  As a result of\n        this, Archbishop John resigned his position as ruling bishop in 1946.\\n\\nAt\n        a special Sobor in 1947, Bishop [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]] was accepted as the\n        new ''''Archbishop of Winnipeg and all Canada''''.  However, due to some misunderstandings,\n        and arguments about how the Church should be governed (mostly between himself\n        and Semen Sawchuk), he resigned as Primate in 1950 at X Sobor in [[Winnipeg]].\n        In response the UOCC contacted Metropolitan [[Polycarp (Sikorski)]] (who was\n        the head of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|Ukrainian Autocephalous\n        Orthodox Church Abroad]], composed of refugee bishops formerly affiliated\n        with the Polish Orthodox Church in German-occupied Ukraine) for assistance,\n        and he agreed to send some bishops over to help the faithful in Canada.\\n\\n==Formation\n        of the Metropolia==\\nAt a special sobor in 1947 the UGOCC accepted Bishop\n        [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]] of Pereyaslav of the UAOC, consecrated during World\n        War II with the blessing of Metropolitan [[Dionysius (Waledy\\u0144ski)]] of\n        Warsaw, as its ruling bishop with the title \\\"Archbishop of Winnipeg and All\n        Canada\\\".http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/about/history/ Due to conflicts\n        between Archbishop Mstyslav and members of the UGOCC Consistory, however,\n        the former resigned as diocesan bishop at the tenth sobor of the Church in\n        1950, once again leaving the UGOCC without a bishop.\\n\\nAfter the resignation\n        of Archbishop Mstyslav the Consistory appealed to Metropolitan Polycarp of\n        the UAOC for assistance in finding bishops for the UGOCC. By the time another\n        special sobor was called in 1951 four potential bishops, all consecrated in\n        German-occupied Ukraine during World War II, had been found. One, Metropolitan\n        [[Hilarion (Ohienko)]] of Kholm, had been resident in Winnipeg since 1947.\n        Two others, Archbishop [[Michael (Khoroshy)]] and Bishop [[Platon (Artemiuk)]],\n        came to Canada at the invitation of the Consistory and with the blessing of\n        Metropolitan Polycarp.\\n\\nAt the 1951 sobor it was decided that the UGOCC,\n        which had grown to include some 300 parishes, would be organized as a [[metropolitanate|metropolia]].\n        Metropolitan Ilarion was elected Metropolitan of Winnipeg and All Canada and\n        primate of the UGOCC, while Archbishop Michael was elected [[Archbishop of\n        Toronto and Eastern Canada]]. (Bishop Platon had died shortly after his arrival\n        in Canada.) The size of the UGOCC necessitated the appointment of more bishops,\n        and so in 1959 [[Archimandrite]] [[Andrew (Metiuk)]] was elected [[Archbishop\n        of Toronto and Eastern Canada|Bishop of Edmonton and Western Canada]] and\n        in 1963 Archimandrite [[Boris (Yakovkevych)]] was elected Bishop of Saskatoon\n        and auxiliary or assistant bishop of the Central Eparchy under Metropolitan\n        Ilarion.\\n\\nAfter 21 years as primate of the UGOCC, Metropolitan Ilarion died\n        on March 29, 1972, and was succeeded by Archbishop Michael of Toronto as Metropolitan\n        of Winnipeg and All Canada. After Metropolitan Michael\\u2019s retirement in\n        1975 Archbishop Andrew (Metiuk) was elected metropolitan, serving until his\n        death on February 2, 1985. Under Metropolitan Andrew new bishops, Bishops\n        [[Mikolaj (Debryn)]], [[Basil (Fedak)]], and [[John (Stinka)]], were elected\n        to serve the UGOCC, and after Metropolitan Andrew\\u2019s death Bishop Wasyly\n        was elected Metropolitan of Winnipeg and All Canada. Four years after his\n        enthronement as primate of the UGOCC Metropolitan Wasyly consecrated Archimandrite\n        Yurij (Kalistchuk) as Bishop of Saskatoon.\\n\\n==Recent history==\\nAfter dialoguing\n        with the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Church of Constantinople]]\n        the UGOCC was received into its jurisdiction as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of Canada in 1990, bringing it into the full communion of the canonical [[Orthodox\n        Christianity|Orthodox Church]] [http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/about/history/].\n        (Several years later its sister church, the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of\n        the USA|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Diaspora]], also joined the Patriarchate\n        of Constantinople.) The decree of [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical\n        Patriarch]] [[Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople|Demetrius (Papadopoulos)]]\n        uniting the UOCC with the Church of Constantinople recognized the Church\\u2019s\n        internal autonomy under its metropolitan, justifying the reception of the\n        UOCC into the Patriarchate\\u2019s jurisdiction on the basis of the historic\n        jurisdiction of the Church of Constantinople in Ukraine.\\n\\nFollowing the\n        death of Metropolitan Wasyly in early 2005 the twenty-first sobor of the UOCC\n        elected Archbishop John as Metropolitan of Winnipeg and Canada. In August\n        2008 an extraordinary sobor was held in Saskatoon to elect new bishops, amend\n        the UOCC\\u2019s bylaws, and mark the 90th anniversary of the founding of the\n        UOCC in the city [http://www.uocc.ca/pdf/sobor/Sobor%20Communique%20Day%2022-08-08.pdf].\n        The sobor elected Bishops [[Ilarion (Rudnyk)]] of Telmessos as Bishop of Edmonton\n        and [[Andriy (Peshko)]] of Krateia as auxiliary Bishop of Saskatoon.\\n\\nIn\n        July 2010 another special sobor of the UOCC was held to nominate a successor\n        to the newly retired Metropolitan John. The sobor nominated Archbishop [[Yurij\n        (Kalistchuk)]] of Toronto for the metropolitanate, and consequently on August\n        30, 2010, the Holy Synod in Constantinople elected Archbishop Yurij as Archbishop\n        of Winnipeg and Metropolitan of Canada.\\n\\n==Structure==\\nThe UOCC is divided\n        into three eparchies or dioceses, the [[Archbishop of Toronto and Eastern\n        Canada|Eastern Eparchy]], with its cathedral in Toronto, Ontario; the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Eparchy of Central Canada|Central Eparchy]], with its cathedral in\n        Winnipeg, Manitoba; and the [[Archbishop of Edmonton and Western Canada|Western\n        Eparchy]], with its cathedral in Edmonton, Alberta. According to the custom\n        of the UOCC the Church''s primate is the titled the \\\"Archbishop of Winnipeg\n        and Metropolitan of Canada\\\" and serves as the diocesan or ruling bishop of\n        the Central Eparchy.\\n\\nThe Eastern Eparchy currently does not have a ruling\n        bishop, but is administered by Bishop [[Andriy (Peshko)]] of Krateia. The\n        Western Eparchy is led by Bishop [[Ilarion (Rudnyk)]] of Edmonton and Western\n        Canada. All of the UOCC''s dioceses may have auxiliary bishops (titled ''Bishop\n        of Vancouver'' in the Western Eparchy, ''Bishop of Saskatoon'' in the Central\n        Eparchy and ''Bishop of Montreal'' in the Eastern Eparchy), but none of the\n        Eparchies have an auxiliary bishop at this time.{{when|date=May 2013}}\\n\\n==Current\n        hierarchy==\\n*Central Eparchy\\n**[[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan Yurij (Kalistchuk)\n        of Winnipeg and Canada]] (2010\\u2013Present)\\n*Eastern Eparchy\\n**[[Andriy\n        (Peshko)|Bishop Andriy (Peshko) of Krateia, Acting Bishop of Toronto and Eastern\n        Canada]] (2008\\u2013Present)\\n*Western Eparchy\\n**[[Ilarion (Rudnyk)|Bishop\n        Ilarion (Rudnyk) of Edmonton and Western Canada]] (2008\\u2013Present)\\n\\n==Past\n        bishops==\\nList of bishops who have served in the UOCC historically, and the\n        years served:\\n* [[Germanos (Shehadi)|Metropolitan Germanos (Shehadi)]] of\n        the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] - (1919-1924)\\n*\n        [[John (Theodorovych)|Metropolitan John (Theodorovych)]] - (1924-1948)\\n*\n        [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)|Archbishop Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]] - (1949-1950)\\n* [[Hilarion\n        (Ohienko)|Metropolitan Ilarion (Ohienko)]] - (1951-1972)\\n* [[Michael (Khoroshy)|Metropolitan\n        Michael (Khoroshy)]] - (1951-1977)\\n* [[Andrew (Metiuk)|Metropolitan Andrew\n        (Metiuk)]] - (1959-1985)\\n* [[Boris (Yakovkevych)|Archbishop Boris (Yakovkevych)]]\n        - (1963-1984)\\n* [[Mykolaj (Debryn)|Archbishop Mykolaj (Debryn)]] - (1975-1981)\\n*\n        [[Metropolitan Wasyly|Metropolitan Wasyly (Fedak)]] - (1978-2005)\\n* [[John\n        (Stinka)|Metropolitan John (Stinka)]]  - (1983-2010)\\n* [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan\n        Yurij (Kalistchuk)]] - (1989\\u2013Present)\\n* [[Ilarion (Rudnyk)|Bishop Ilarion\n        (Rudnyk)]] - (2008\\u2013Present)\\n* [[Andriy (Peshko)|Bishop Andriy (Peshko)]]\n        - (2008\\u2013Present)\\n\\n===Metropolitans/Primates===\\nList of primates, and\n        years of primatial rule:\\n* [[Hilarion (Ohienko)|Metropolitan Ilarion (Ohienko)]]\n        - (1951-1972)\\n* [[Michael (Khoroshy)|Metropolitan Michael (Khoroshy)]] -\n        (1972-1975) - Resigned as Metropolitan in 1975\\n* [[Andrew (Metiuk)|Metropolitan\n        Andrew (Metiuk)]] - (1975-1985)\\n* [[Basil (Fedak)|Metropolitan Wasyly (Fedak)]]\n        - (1985-2005)\\n* [[John (Stinka)|Metropolitan John (Stinka)]] - (2005-2010)\n        - Resigned as Metropolitan in 2010\\n* [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan Yurij\n        (Kalistchuk)]] - (2010\\u2013Present)\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[History of Christianity\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons\n        category|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada}}\\n* {{Official website|http://www.uocc.ca}}\\n*\n        [http://www.uocceast.ca/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada: Eastern Eparchy]\\n*\n        [http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/about/history/ History of the UOCC]\\n* [http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/church_history/oleh_krawchenko_yesterday.htm\n        History of the UOCC]\\n* [http://orthodoxwiki.org/UOCC OrthodoxWiki Article]\\n*\n        [http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=46&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1\n        Article on the UOCC by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website]\\n* [http://www.pastyr.ca/\n        Liturgical texts and music in Ukrainian and English as practised in the Eastern\n        Eparchy, UOCC (Kyivan chant)]\\n* [http://albertacantors.ca/ Liturgical texts\n        and music in Ukrainian and English as practised in the Western Eparchy, UOCC\n        (Galician chant)]\\n\\n{{Orthodox Churches in Ukraine}}\\n{{Portal bar|Canada|Eastern\n        Christianity|Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Canadian religion]]\\n[[Category:Religious\n        organizations established in 1918]]\\n[[Category:Ecumenical Patriarchate of\n        Constantinople]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Canada]]\\n[[Category:Christian\n        denominations established in the 20th century]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox\n        organizations established in the 20th century]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T18:02:36Z\",\"lastrevid\":794895528,\"length\":15615,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada\"},\"1578073\":{\"pageid\":1578073,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate\",\"index\":13,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-22T23:32:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{other\n        uses|Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox Orthodox Church\\n  |\n        show_name = Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate \\n  | image\n        = [[Image:St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|center|250px]]\\n  | caption\n        = [[St Volodymyr''s Cathedral|St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]].\\n  |\n        founder = Patriarch [[Filaret (Denysenko)]]\\n  | independence = Established\n        in 1992\\n  | recognition = Unrecognized by canonical Orthodox churches\\n  |\n        primate= Patriarch [[Filaret (Denysenko)]]\\n  | headquarters=[[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n  |\n        territory=Ukraine\\n  | possessions=[[Western Europe]], [[United States]]\\n  |language=[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]], [[Church Slavonic]]\\n  | population= See [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate#Adherents|adherents]]\\n  | website=[http://www.cerkva.info\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church]\\n}}\\n\\n:''''This article should [[Wikipedia:Duplicate\n        articles|include]] the material from [[Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)]].''''\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kyiv Patriarchate'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440i\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443}},\n        ''''Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, UOC-KP'''') is one\n        of the three major [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] [[Christian denomination|church]]es\n        in [[Ukraine]], alongside the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]],\n        and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]]. The church\n        is currently unrecognized by canonical Eastern Orthodox churches, although\n        now the Ecumenical Patriarchate who is the Mother Church, and alone can only\n        grant canonical status and autocephaly is examining the request and petition\n        of the Ukrainian Government and its people to be officially recognised.\\n\\nThe UOC-KP''s [[Mother Church]] is in the [[St Volodymyr''s\n        Cathedral|St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]], the capital of Ukraine.\n        The head of the church is [[Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko)]], who was enthroned\n        in 1995. [[Filaret (Denysenko)|Patriarch Filaret]] was excommunicated by the\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in 1997, but the Synod and\n        Sobor of the UOC-KP do not recognize this action.\\n\\n==Formation==\\nThe church\n        originated in 1992 as a result of a schism between the [[Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        and its former [[locum tenens]], Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine Filaret,\n        when Filaret chose to convert his former see (of which he was head for more\n        than two decades) into a Ukrainian [[autocephalous church]], initially within\n        the legal framework of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. The majority of the\n        Pro-Russian bishops refused to support him, and forced him to resign his position.\n        Undeterred, Filaret, with support of the President of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk,\n        initiated a merger with the  [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]].\n        With the support of nationalist groups such as [[UNA-UNSO]], the church fought\n        for control over property. In response, almost all Pro-Russian bishops called\n        a [[Synod#Orthodox usage|sobor]] in [[Kharkiv]], where they refused to follow\n        Filaret, and ruled to [[defrock]] and [[anathema|anathemise]] him. However\n        the union between the Western Ukrainian and diaspora clergy of the former\n        UAOC and the now ''defrocked'' Russian Orthodox clergy who followed Filaret,\n        became very fragile. After the death of [[Patriarch Mstyslav (Stepan Skrypnyk)|Patriarch\n        Mstyslav]] in the summer of 1993, the union reached a breaking point causing\n        the UAOC to terminate the union. After a brief leadership of [[Patriarch Volodomyr\n        (Romaniuk)]], Filaret assumed the Patriarchal throne in autumn 1995.\\n[[File:1\n        \\u041e\\u0442\\u0447\\u0435 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0448.JPG|thumb|\\\"Our Father\\\" prayer\n        in Ukrainian in Israel]]\\n\\n==History==\\nOrthodoxy (and Christianity in general)\n        in Ukraine date to the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus]] by [[Volodymyr the\n        Great]] as a [[Metropolitanate]] of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The sacking\n        of Kiev itself in December 1240 during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|Mongol\n        Invasion]] led to the ultimate collapse of the Rus'' state. For many of its\n        residents, the brutality of Mongol attacks sealed the fate of many choosing\n        to find safe haven in the North East. In 1299, the Kievan [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]\n        Chair was moved to [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] by Metropolitan [[Maximus,\n        Metropolitan of all Rus|Maximus]], keeping the title ''''of Kiev''''. As Vladimir-Suzdal,\n        and later the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] continued to grow unhindered, the\n        Orthodox religious link between them and Kiev remained strong. The fall of\n        Constantinople in 1453 allowed the once daughter church of North East to become\n        autocephalous with Kiev remaining part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. From\n        that moment on, the Churches of Ukraine and Russia went their own separate\n        ways. The latter became central in the growing [[Russian Tsardom]], attaining\n        patriarchal status in 1589, whilst the former became subject to repression\n        and Polonization efforts, particularly after the [[Union of Brest]] in 1596.\n        Eventually the persecution of Orthodox Ukrainians led to a massive rebellion\n        under [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and united the Ukrainian [[Cossack Hetmanate|Hetmanate]]\n        with the Russian Tsardom, and in 1686, the Kievan Metropolia came under the\n        Moscow Patriarchate. Ukrainian clergy, for their Greek training, held key\n        roles in the Russian Orthodox Church until the end of the 18th century. Examples\n        include [[Epifany Slavinetsky]], one of the architects of the [[Patriarch\n        Nikon]]''s church reforms in the 17th century. [[Epifany Slavinetsky]], [[locum\n        tenens]] after [[Patriarch Adrian]]''s death in 1700 and Metropolitan of Moscow,\n        and his successor [[Feofan Prokopovich]], a reformer of Russian Orthodox Church\n        in early 18th century.\\n\\nOrthodoxy in Ukraine greatly expanded in the 18th\n        and 19th centuries, particularly as the boundaries of Russian Empire incorporated\n        the Crimean Khanate, Bessarabia and Right-Bank Ukraine. Only the Western province\n        of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] remained outside the Russian Orthodox\n        Church (though it was claimed as canonical territory, as it was in the official\n        Kievan Metropolitan title ''''of Kiev and Galich''''). During the 20th century,\n        Orthodoxy was brutally persecuted by the Soviet authorities in Soviet Ukraine,\n        and, to lesser extent, by the authorities of the Second Polish Republic in\n        Volhynia.\\n\\nWhat historians now see as the reason for the following events\n        was the decision of the head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Metropolitan\n        of Kiev and all Ukraine [[Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)|Filaret]]\n        to achieve total [[autocephaly]] (independence) of his [[metropolitan see]]\n        with or without the approval of the [[mother church]] as required by [[canon\n        law]]. These events followed Filaret''s own unsuccessful attempt to gain a\n        seat in the [[Moscow Patriarch]] for himself (1990) and Ukrainian independence\n        after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in August, 1991. In November\n        1991, Metropolitan Filaret requested that the hierarchy of the [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]] grant the Ukrainian Orthodox Church autocephalous status. The skeptical\n        hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church called for a full Synodical council\n        (Sobor) where this issue would have been discussed at length. Filaret, using\n        support from old friendship ties with the then newly elected [[President of\n        Ukraine]] ([[Leonid Kravchuk]]), convinced him that a new independent government\n        should have its own independent church. Although the UAOC lacked any significant\n        following outside [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], Filaret was able to\n        organise a covert communion with the UAOC in case the [[Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        refused.\\n\\nAt the synod in March\\u2013April 1992, however, most of the clergy\n        of the UOC-Russian who initially supported Filaret, openly criticised this\n        move, and put most of the other bishops against him. He was asked to resign.\\n\\nUpon\n        returning to Kyiv, Filaret carried out his reserve option claiming that the\n        retirement swore was given under pressure and that he is not resigning. The\n        Ukrainian president [[Leonid Kravchuk]] gave Filaret his support as did the\n        [[UNA-UNSO|nationalist Paramilitaries]], in retaining his rank. In a crisis\n        moment the Hierarchical Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church agreed to\n        another [[synod]] which met in May 1992. The council was conducted in the\n        eastern city of [[Kharkiv]] where the majority of the Russian bishops voted\n        to suspend Filaret from his clerical functioning. Simultaneously they elected\n        a new leader [[Metropolitan Volodymyr (Viktor Sabodan)]], a native of the\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] and a former Patriarchal Exarch to [[Western Europe]].\\n\\nWith\n        only three bishops remaining at his support Filaret initiated the unification\n        with the UAOC, and in June 1992 created a new Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013\n        Kyivan Patriarchate (UOC-KP) with 94-year-old [[Patriarch Mstyslav]] as the\n        leader. While chosen as his assistant, Filaret was de facto ruling the Church.\n        A few of the Autocephalous [[bishop]]s and clergy who opposed this situation\n        refused to join the new Church following the death of Mstyslav a year later.\n        The church was once again ripped apart by a schism and most of the UAOC parishes\n        were regained when the churches re-separated in July 1993.\\n\\n==Canonical\n        status==\\nSince his election as a Patriarch in 1995, Filaret remains very\n        active in both church and state politics. His goal is to gather around his\n        Church all groups with a national{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} orientation\n        and all church organizations which did not have [https://sites.google.com/site/canonsoc/\n        canonical] recognition. He expressed repentance for\n        his past support of prosecution of Ukrainian national churches, the Autocephalous\n        and the Greek Catholic.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} He is leading the\n        drive for his church to become a single Orthodox Ukrainian national church.\n        His attempts to gain ''canonical'' recognition for his church remain unsuccessful\n        to this day (although the Ecumenical Patriarchate is now looking into the\n        request of the Ukrainian Parliament and its people to grant canonical status\n        to the church) and the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church]] canonically linked to the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] remains\n        at this point the only body whose canonical standing is officially recognised.\\n\\nUOC-KP\n        activity was also focused on attracting Ukrainians with ethnic-oriented rhetoric.\\nFor\n        example, in 1998, four parishes of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA|UOC\n        of USA]] moved under Filaret''s omophorion without canonical release from\n        UOC of USA (a jurisdiction of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate]]). The Permanent Conference of Ukrainian Orthodox Bishops Beyond\n        the Borders of Ukraine expressed its protest against the divisive activity\n        of UOC-KP in diaspora with Open Letter, from 14 June 1998. In its turn, the\n        Hierarchical Sobor of UOC-KP decided on 14 May 1999:\\n\\n[...] 11. To appeal\n        for peace and the spiritual unity of the Ukrainian community, which in foreign\n        countries during the last decades struggled for Ukrainian statehood and autocephalous\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church, so therefore the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kyivan\n        Patriarchate does not have the moral right to leave without spiritual care\n        those Ukrainian Orthodox parishes in the diaspora which, from the time of\n        His Holiness Patriarch of Kyiv and All Ukraine Mstyslav of blessed memory,\n        remain under the omofor of the Kyivan Patriarch and further do not desire\n        to change their canonical position. We categorically reject the accusations\n        addressed to our Church as supporting division in the Ukrainian diaspora,\n        expressed, in particular, in the \\\"Open Letter\\\" of the Permanent Conference\n        of Ukrainian Orthodox Bishops Beyond the Borders of Ukraine, from 14 June\n        1998.[...]\\n\\nThen, while addressing UOC of USA in November\n        1999, Patriarch Filaret continued as follows:\\n\\\"The question is not about\n        uniting with the Kyiv Patriarchate, you already are part of the Kyiv Patriarchate.\n        The question is that you simply need to confirm this now that the bishops\n        in Bound Brook are trying to divide us, [to confirm] that you are part of\n        the Kyiv Patriarchate - and not ''go over'' to something to which you have\n        always belonged.\\\"\\n\\nUOC-KP received at least two\n        former clerics of the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]]: bishop [[Christopher Tsamalaidze|Christopher\n        (Tsamalaidze)]] and archpriest [[Basil Kobakhidze|Basil (Kobakhidze)]]. On\n        21 January 2006, bishop Christopher (Tsamalaidze) and archpriest Basil (Kobakhidze)\n        participated in celebrations of the national Ukrainian holiday \\u2013 [[Act\n        Zluky|the Day of Unity]] and concelebrated with Patriarch Filaret. At the\n        same time, one Nikolai (Inasaridze), who had been ordained by Filaret to priesthood\n        in October 2005, was appointed rector of the newly established \\\"Georgian\\\"\n        parish of the [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity of Christ]].{{Cite web|url=http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/790/161/28740/|title=\\u0423\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c \\u0454 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442,\n        \\u0430 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445|website=Club-tourist|access-date=2016-11-24}}{{Cite\n        news|url=https://www.interesniy.kiev.ua/v-kieve-v-hrame-rozhdestva-hristova-otk/|title=\\u0412\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435 \\u0420\\u043e\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u044b\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u0418\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432|date=2006-02-21|newspaper=\\u0418\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432|language=ru-RU|access-date=2016-11-24}} And\n        Ukrainian media immediately started to spread UOC-KP leader''s statements\n        about the recognition of Kievan Patriarchate by the Georgian Orthodox Church\n        and His Holiness Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia II.\\n\\nIn its turn, the Patriarchate\n        of Georgia denied incongruous rumors with an official letter on 23 January\n        2006:\\n\\n\\\"On January 21, the delegation for participation in the celebrations\n        of the national Ukrainian holiday \\u2013 the Day of Unity visited Kiev. The\n        Georgian Orthodox Church entirely shares the joy of fraternal Ukrainian people\n        and wishes it and its government further success.\\n\\nThe Georgian mass media\n        reported that Bishop Christopher (Tsamalaidze) and Archpriest Vasily Kobakhidze\n        also arrived in Kiev to participate in celebrations and act on behalf of the\n        Georgian Orthodox Church. In this connection, the Patriarchate of Georgia\n        states that in compliance with the decision of the Holy Synod of the Georgian\n        Orthodox Church, Bishop Christopher (Tsamalaidze) and Archpriest Vasily Kobakhidze\n        are unfrocked for gross and repeated violations. Their actions are unauthorized\n        and non-canonical.\\n\\nThe Patriarchate of Georgia informs the Georgian community\n        that the Georgian parish, opened in Kiev, belongs to the jurisdiction of the\n        \\u2018Kievan Patriarchate\\u2019 that no one of the Autonomous Orthodox Church\n        recognizes. It bears no relation to the Georgian Orthodox Church .As far as\n        newly ordained \\u2018priest\\u2019 of this church Nikolai Inasaridze is concerned,\n        the services conducted by him are also non-canonical\\\"\\n\\nUOC-KP\n        also have  Diocese of Falesti and Eastern Moldova led by former ROC bishop\n        [http://eparhia.md/?page_id=2 Filaret (Pancu)], [http://www.metropole-orthodoxe-de-france.com\n        \\\"Orthodox Diocese of Paris and All France\\\"] led by  [[:fr:Michel Laroche|Metropolitan\n        Michael (Philippe) Laroche]].\\n{{Eastern Orthodox sidebar}}\\n\\n==Patriarchs\n        of Kiev and All  Rus''-Ukraine==\\n* Patriarch [[Patriarch Mstyslav (Stepan\n        Skrypnyk)|Mstyslav]] (1991\\u20131993)\\n* Patriarch [[Patriarch Volodomyr (Romaniuk)|Volodymyr]]\n        (1993\\u20131995)\\n* Patriarch [[Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko)|Filaret]] (1995\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Important\n        institutions==\\n* Holy Synod of UOC-KP\\n**The Synod consists of the Patriarch\n        and its six permanent members, the representatives of Galicia, Volyn, Kiev,\n        Southern Ukraine, Eastern Ukraine, and the Russian bordering region of Bilhorod\n        (locally as [[Belgorod]]). The Synod also has three temporary members that\n        are represented by Eparchial Archbishops. The permanent members are elected\n        by the Archbishop Assembly to which the Synod is responsible. The three temporary\n        members are called upon the Patriarch and the Synod.\\n* Archbishop Assembly\n        ([[Synod#Orthodox usage|Sobor]])\\n** The assembly takes place at least once\n        in two years and is initiated by the Patriarch and the Holy Synod. The members\n        of assembly consists of all archbishops as well as the members of the Supreme\n        Church Council. An extraordinary session of the assembly can be called upon\n        by either the Patriarch or the 1/3 of all archbishops of UOC-KP. To selected\n        sessions of the assembly may be invited some guests without any voting rights,\n        however. All the declarations obtain their power upon the signatures of the\n        head of assembly, its presidium, and secretary. The official website contains\n        brief overviews of all the twelve assemblies that took place.\\n* The Local\n        Assembly (Pomisny Sobor)\\n** The highest institution of the Church administration.\n        All of the Church legislative, executive, and legal powers belong to that\n        assembly. The assembly is much bigger than its Archbishop''s counterpart and\n        involves various religious representatives as well as some secular.\\n\\n==\n        Adherents ==\\nIn 2000, 21.8%, out of 41.2% who clearly defined their church\n        allegiance, adhered to the UOC-KP. According to a\n        poll conducted by the [[Razumkov Centre]] in 2006, 14.9% of the Ukrainian\n        population declared that they belonged to the UOC-KP.\\nIn\n        2013, 18.3% of Ukrainians adhered to UOC-KP, growing to 22.4% in April 2014. The ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' reported that the Moscow Patriarchate''s\n        decisions during the [[2014\\u201315 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]\n        had led some Ukrainians to join the UOC-KP.\\n\\nUOC-KP\n        adherents in Ukraine, excluding Crimea and militant-controlled parts of Donbas:\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date\\n! Proportion\\n! Ref\\n|-\\n| May\\u2013June\n        2016\\n| 33%\\n| \\n|-\\n| June-July 2017\\n| 44%\\n| {{cite web |url= http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf\n        |title= Public Opinion Survey of Residents of Ukraine June 9 \\u2013 July 7,\n        2017 |publisher= iri.org |page= 77 |date= 22 August 2017 }}\\n|}\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n* [[List of Orthodox Churches (disambiguation)|List of Orthodox Churches]]\\n*\n        The [[Macedonian Orthodox Church|Macedonian Orthodox]] and [[Montenegrin Orthodox\n        Church]]es, which face a similar kind of non-recognition;\\n* [[Orthodox Church\n        in Italy]], which is in full communion with Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv\n        Patriarchy).\\n* [[Bulgarian Alternative Synod]], which is in full communion\n        with Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchy).\\n* [[Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|33em|refs=\\n\\n{{cite news |url= http://www.razumkov.org.ua/article.php?news_id=95\n        |title= \\u041d\\u0410\\u0420\\u041e\\u0414 \\u0417\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e\\u0407\n        \\u0421\\u0415\\u0420\\u0415\\u0414\\u0418\\u041d\\u0418-2: \\u042f\\u041a \\u041c\\u0418\n        \\u0412\\u0406\\u0420\\u0418\\u041c\\u041e |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= People\n        of the Golden Center-2: How We Believe |first= Lyudmila |last= Shangina |work=\n        [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Dzerkalo Tyzhnya]] |publisher= [[Razumkov Centre]] |date=\n        23 September 2000 |accessdate= 2008-01-13 }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html\n        |title= Ukraine |publisher= The CIA World Factbook }} According to the CIA\n        World Factbook, 19% of the Ukrainian population associated themselves with\n        the Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kyiv Patriarchate (cf. Orthodox (no particular\n        jurisdiction) 16%, Ukrainian Orthodox \\u2013 Moscow Patriarchate 9%, Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic 6%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 1.7%).\\n\\n{{cite\n        web |url= http://risu.org.ua/content.php?page_id=48&l=en |title= Patriarch\n        of Kyiv and all Rus-Ukraine Filaret |work= Religious Information Service of\n        Ukraine |accessdate= 2008-01-13 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030916003900/http://risu.org.ua/content.php?page_id=48&l=en\n        |archivedate= 16 September 2003 }}\\n\\n{{cite web |url=\n        http://www.risu.org.ua/ukr/major.religions/uoc_kp/ |script-title= \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\n        |language=Ukrainian |title= Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate\n        |work= Religious Information Service of Ukraine |accessdate= 2008-01-13 |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20101103235114/http://old.risu.org.ua/ukr/major.religions/uoc_kp\n        |archivedate= 3 November 2010 |deadurl= yes }}\\n\\n[http://www.sobor2008.ru/417804/index.html]\\n\\n{{cite web |url= http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300\n        |title= \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= What religious group do you belong to?\n        |publisher= [[Razumkov Centre]] |year= 2006 }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainians-shun-moscow-patriarchate-as-russias-war-intensifies-in-donbas-378168.html\n        |title= Ukrainians shun Moscow Patriarchate as Russia\\u2019s war intensifies\n        in Donbas |first= Nataliya |last= Trach |work= [[Kyiv Post]] |date= 23 January\n        2015 }}\\n\\n{{cite web |url= http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2016-07-08_ukraine_poll_shows_skepticism_glimmer_of_hope.pdf\n        |title= Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Ukraine May 28\\u2013June 14, 2016\n        |page= 62 |publisher=International Republican Institute |date= 8 July 2016\n        }}\\n\\n{{cite web|title=Resolutions of the Hierarchical\n        Sobor of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kyivan Patriarchate|url=http://www.brama.com/news/press/990609orthodox.html|website=BRAMA|publisher=BRAMA,\n        Inc.|accessdate=23 November 2016}}\\n\\n{{cite\n        web|title=UOC-U.S.A. responds to patriarch''s visit|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/030016.shtml|website=The\n        Ukrainian Weekly|accessdate=23 November 2016}}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= https://mospat.ru/archive/en/2006/01/29302/ |title= \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044e \\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\\"\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\\"\n        \\u0438 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u043e\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |language= Russian|trans_title= The Patriarchate of Georgia denied rumors\n        about recognition of \\\"Kievan patriatchate\\\" and exposed its ows schismatics|work=\n        Press service of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church |publisher= Department for\n        External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church |date= 2006-01-25\n        |accessdate= 2016-11-24}}\\n\\n{{cite news |url= http://ukrainian-church.de/entstehung-des-dekanats/\n        |title= Entstehung des Dekanats - Ukrainische Orthodoxe Kirche Patriarchat\n        Kiew in K\\u00f6ln |language= Deutsch|trans_title= Origin of the Deanery -\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kievan Patriarchate in Cologne|publisher= Ukrainische\n        Orthodoxe Kirche Patriarchat Kiew in K\\u00f6ln|accessdate= 2016-11-24 }}\\n}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{cite web|url=http://www.cerkva.info|title=Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|work=www.cerkva.info|language=Ukrainian,\n        Russian, English}}\\n* {{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/canonsoc/|title=The\n        Canons of the Eastern Orthodox Church|language=English}}\\n\\n{{All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches and Religious Organizations}}\\n{{Orthodox Churches in\n        Ukraine}}\\n{{Orthodox Christianity in Europe}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church Of The Kyivan Patriarchate}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|*]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox church\n        bodies]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church bodies and patriarchates in Europe]]\\n[[Category:Eastern\n        Orthodox noncanonical church bodies]]\\n[[Category:1992 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Religious\n        organizations established in 1992]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-22T23:32:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":796768887,\"length\":24059,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate\"},\"6006274\":{\"pageid\":6006274,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA\",\"index\":24,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-18T20:07:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{update|date=March\n        2013}}\\n\\n[[File:Orthodox Cathedral of St. Andrew in South Bound Brook.jpg|thumb|[[St.\n        Andrew Memorial Church (South Bound Brook, New Jersey)|St. Andrew Memorial\n        Church]] in [[South Bound Brook, New Jersey]] \\u2014 headquarters of the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA.]]\\n{{Orthodoxyinamerica}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA'''''' (''''UOC of USA'''') is a jurisdiction of\n        the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] (Greek Orthodox Patriarchate) in the [[United\n        States]]. It consists of two eparchies ([[diocese]]s), ruled by two bishops,\n        including about 85 active parishes and missions.  The Church''s current leader\n        is Metropolitan Antony. The Church''s head offices and Consistory are based\n        in [[South Bound Brook]], [[New Jersey]].\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===Autocephalous\n        Church===\\n\\nSeraphim Surrency writes:\\n\\n:''''Bishop Bohdan, with what backing\n        the Greeks could give him, which was mostly moral and very little financial,\n        continued to give some competition to the organization of Teodorovich, now\n        commonly called the \\\"Ukrainian Metropolia\\\", but it was a losing battle.\n        In addition to the administrative ineptitude of Spylka, his very moderation\n        in matters Ukrainian seemed to work against him. Spylka succeeded in attracting\n        some Americans who were interested in Orthodoxy and most in ordination. Spylka\n        ordained over a dozen native converts to the Orthodox priesthood without requiring\n        any theological education and as might be expected the results were disastrous\n        (an exception was Fr. [[Dimitry Royster]] who later transferred his allegiance\n        to the Russian Metropolia and was consecrated Bishop in 1969) (p. 113).''''\\n\\nIn\n        1942, when persecution of the Church in Ukraine eased under the German occupation,\n        a number of bishops were consecrated for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church there.\n        One of these bishops, Archbishop [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]], emigrated to Canada\n        in 1948 to head the jurisdiction of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]].\n        In 1949, however, he moved to the U.S. and joined Spylkas'' group. After Archbishop\n        Mstyslav''s departure from Canada (after a disagreement with the Canadian\n        Church''s governance), the Canadian Church was headed by Metropolitan [[Hilarion\n        Ohienko]]. Mstyslav desired the unity of the two jurisdictions and worked\n        to reconcile the two churches and convince Teodorovych to accept re-consecration\n        as a condition for union.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\nIn 1950, the\n        two rival jurisdictions held [[synod]]s (in the same cathedral in New York)\n        at which unification was approved by both, and on October 13, a combined unification\n        synod was held, with both groups signing onto union. A number of clergy and\n        parishes under Spylka were unconvinced of the sincerity of the \\\"UOC of USA\\\"\n        group, however, and convinced him to reject the union. Union was proclaimed,\n        but it was not complete, lacking the support of Spylka and those who had convinced\n        him to remain separate. Archbishop Mstyslav joined the new united church -\n        the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA, along with a number of Spylkas''\n        parishes, and the union was celebrated on October 14 by those who participated.{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\nMstyslav died three years after his election as\n        Patriarch, His death was followed by an [[History of Christianity in Ukraine|enormous\n        division of the UOC in Ukraine]], and in the United States. He was buried\n        in a crypt under St. Andrew''s Memorial church in South Bound Brook, USA.\n        After the death of Patriarch Mstyslav, on October 20, 1993 [[Volodymr (Romaniuk)]],\n        at that time was the Metropolitan of Chernigov was elected Patriarch of Kyiv\n        and all Rus-Ukraine. Archbishop Antony was also present at the local council\n        as he was a candidate for the position of Patriarch as well.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Renouncing Autocephaly and joining the Metropolia of Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate===\\n\\nFollowing the death of Patriarch Mstyslav in 1993, Archbishop\n        Antony [an Archbishop within the UOC-USA] was a candidate at the \\u201cSobor\\u201d\n        [conclave] of the Mother Church in Kyiv, Ukraine, to succeed him as Patriarch\n        of the UOC-Ukraine. Archbishop Antony subsequently was unsuccessful in his\n        candidacy, and shortly thereafter, together with his followers within the\n        UOC-USA, despite Patriarch Mstyslav\\u2019s decree to remain independent, clandestinely\n        entered into contracts, and understandings with the Greek Patriarchate Church\n        of Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey). Archbishop Antony and his followers\n        eventually became hierarchs of the Greek Patriarchate Church and assumed Greek\n        Bishop Titles.  The Greek Orthodox Church in Istanbul now claims that the\n        UOC-USA is under its jurisdiction and that the diocese is no longer Autocephalous\n        [i.e. independent] and all parish properties belong to the bishops. 1994 the\n        Hierarchs of the UOC-USA met with the Ecumenical Patriarch in Istanbul, at\n        the Patriarch''s invitation, and came to an agreement recognizing the canonicity\n        of the Church and accepting the UOC-USA and the entire Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church in the Diaspora into Ecumenical Patriarchate.  Part of the agreement\n        also included Protocol 937 between Patriarch Bartholomew of the Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate and Patriarch Alexei of the Russian Orthodox Church which detailed\n        that the terms of the Russian Church accepting the EP''s absorption of the\n        UOCUSA under her omophoron was that the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA\n        must renounce their autocephaly and not aid the church in Ukraine.[http://www.bruoc.ca/documents/EasternChurchesJournal-v2-n3%20Protocol%20937.pdf]\\n\\nIn\n        November 1996, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the USA and the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church in America (under Constantinople since 1937) were united under\n        Metropolitan Constantine, who also headed the Central Eparchy of the Church.\n        Bishop Vsevolod was elevated to Archbishop and headed the Western Eparchy\n        of the Church. Archbishop Antony heads the Eastern Eparchy.  Archbishop Antony\n        also served as President of the Consistory. {{citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\nOn\n        October 6, 2007, the 18th Regular Sobor of the UOC-USA nominated Hieromonk\n        Daniel as Bishop-Elect for the UOC of the USA.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ec-patr.org/hierarchs/show.php?lang=en&id=175|title=Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}} On January 9, 2008,\n        Patriarch Bartholomew and the Great and Holy Synod of Constantinople formally\n        elected and ritually included Archimandrite Daniel in the Diptychs of Holy\n        Orthodoxy as titular Bishop of Pamphilon.  Bishop\n        Daniel was consecrated as Bishop in May, 2008, at St. Vladimir Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Cathedral, Parma, OH  and then named the new ruling\n        bishop of the Western Eparchy of the UOC-USA.\\n\\nOn 21 May 2012 Metropolitan\n        Constantine reposed and was buried in Pittsburgh, his place of birth.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/region/orthodox-bishops-from-near-and-far-remember-metropolitan-constantine-637683/|title=Orthodox\n        bishops from near and far remember Metropolitan Constantine|date=26 May 2012|accessdate=7\n        June 2012|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|last=Rodgers|first=Ann}}\n        At a Special Sobor of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA in October\n        2012, Archbishop Antony was selected Metropolitan-elect {{cite web|url=http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=1579&tla=en|title=Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}} and successor to Metropolitan\n        Constantine as Metropolitan of the Church. After formal election by the Great\n        and Holy Synod of Constantinople, on January 26, 2013 Metropolitan Antony\n        was formally enthroned as the Metropolitan of Hierapolis and of the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA.  At the same Special Sobor of 2012, Bishop Daniel\n        was elected as President of the Consistory of the Church.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Schism===\\n\\nThe act of renouncing autocephaly and entering the\n        [[omophorion]]  of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, which left the UOC-USA with\n        no direct tie to any of the Orthodox churches in Ukraine, led to several parishes\n        leaving the UOC-USA to enter under the omophorion of the Kyiv Patriarchate\n        in [[Ukraine]], although some supporters of these parishes argue that it is\n        they who remain in the same church and that it is the hierarchy of the UOC-USA\n        which is now in a different church.{{cite web|url=http://cliftonorthodoxcathedral.org/saveouruoc.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Cathedral|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}}\\n\\nA lengthy\n        lawsuit which in 1999 the UOC-USA began against one such parish, the Church\n        of the Holy Ascension in Clifton, NJ, discouraged some other parishes from\n        taking similar action.  Although New Jersey''s Appellate Division eventually\n        sided with the parishioners of Holy Ascension against the UOC-USA and the\n        New Jersey Supreme Court denied certification of the issue, in 2007, the Consistory\n        of the UOC-USA filed a fresh suit against the Church of the Holy Ascension.  After\n        this suit was dismissed with prejudice by the Superior Court of New Jersey\n        in June 2008, the UOC-USA filed an appeal, but on August 19, 2009 the Appellate\n        Division affirmed the dismissal, holding \\\"that Holy Ascension, and not the\n        UOC-USA, has title to the property\\\".{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/appellate-division-unpublished/2009/a5893-07-opn.html|title=UKRAINIAN\n        ORTHODOX CHURCH OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. JOHN LUCHEJKO|publisher=|accessdate=21\n        June 2016}} The UOC-USA again appealed to the New Jersey Supreme Court,\n        which, on December 9, 2009, again denied certification.[http://cliftonorthodoxcathedral.org/images/SupremeCourtDENIED.pdf]\\n\\nDespite\n        the court ruling, the UOC-USA website until 2014 continued to list the Church\n        of the Holy Ascension and several other parishes which were legally part of\n        the UOC-KP as parishes of the UOC-USA.{{cite web|url=http://www.uocofusa.org/directories_parishes.html|title=Directory\n        of Parishes|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cerkva.info/en/websites/site-uoc-kp.html|title=\\u0421\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041f\\u0426 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 - Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP)|first=\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0456\\u0454\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440|last=\\u0422\\u0440\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c\\u043b\\u044e\\u043a|publisher=|accessdate=21\n        June 2016}}\\n\\n==Structure==\\n\\n{{As of|2013}} the Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church in the USA was divided into three eparchies (dioceses):{{citation needed|date=June\n        2015}}\\n\\n* ''''''Central Eparchy'''''' ([[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]],\n        [[Ohio]], [[Upstate New York]], [[Western Pennsylvania]]), headed by: Vacant\\n*\n        ''''''Eastern Eparchy'''''' ([[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Massachusetts]],\n        [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York metropolitan area|New York City]],\n        Eastern [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Virginia]]), headed by Metropolitan\n        Antony ([[New York City]], New York-[[Washington D.C.]])\\n* ''''''Western\n        Eparchy'''''' ([[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Michigan]],\n        [[Minnesota]], [[Nebraska]], [[New Mexico]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (U.S.\n        state)|Washington]], [[Wisconsin]]), headed by Archbishop Daniel ([[Chicago]],\n        Illinois)\\n\\nIn total, there are about 80 parishes and one seminary - [[St.\n        Sophia Ukrainian Orthodox Theological Seminary]] in South Bound Brook, New\n        Jersey. Many parishes have been closing despite moves over the past few years\n        to conduct the liturgy in English and appoint convert priests to appeal to\n        the masses. Besides the two hierarchs, the clergy consist of 106 priests and\n        15 deacons. 15 of the parishes currently have either no pastor or are served\n        by clergy in their deanery.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of Canada]]\\n*[[History of Christianity in Ukraine]]\\n*[[St.\n        Andrew Cathedral (Silver Spring, Maryland)|St. Andrew Cathedral, Silver Spring]]\\n\\n==\n        Notes ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==References==\\n* Text originally taken from [[Orthodoxwiki:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church in the USA]]\\n* Hewlett, Dn. Edward. The Formation of the\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada\\n* Surrency, Archim. Serafim. The Quest\n        for Orthodox Church Unity in America: A History of the Orthodox Church in\n        North America in the Twentieth Century. New York: Saints Boris and Gleb Press,\n        1973.\\n* Eastern Christian Churches: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the\n        USA and Diaspora, by Ronald Roberson, a Roman Catholic priest and scholar\\n*\n        An Outline of the History of the Metropolia Center of the Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church of the USA (official website)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.uocofusa.org\n        official website]\\n* [http://www.uaocamerica.org old website]\\n* [http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_1293.asp\n        Profile of the UOC-USA on the Association of Religion Data Archives website]\\n*\n        [http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=42&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1\n        Article on the UOC-USA by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website]\\n\\n{{Orthodox\n        Churches in Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\\n[[Category:Religious organizations established\n        in 1915]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church bodies in North America]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-American\n        history]]\\n[[Category:Christian denominations established in the 20th century]]\\n[[Category:Eastern\n        Orthodox organizations established in the 20th century]]\\n[[Category:Members\n        of the National Council of Churches]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodoxy in the\n        United States]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA|*]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-25T15:18:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":791205576,\"length\":13624,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_USA\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_USA&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_USA\"},\"27160490\":{\"pageid\":27160490,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\",\"index\":17,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-06T13:41:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        ''''''Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church'''''' (UOGCC) is an [[Eastern\n        Christianity|Eastern Christian]] religious movement  established in 2009 and\n        based in [[Pidhirtsi]] in Ukraine. Its seven founding bishops were formerly\n        priests of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and members of the [[Order\n        of Saint Basil the Great]], from which they separated.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===Movement\n        within the Basilian order===\\nAnthony Elias Dohnal, born 1946, was ordained\n        as a priest for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Litom\\u011b\\u0159ice]] in\n        [[Czechoslovakia]] circa 1971.   After military service, he served as a parochial\n        vicar in Slu\\u0161ovice and Budi\\u0161ov, promoting spiritual revival.  Active\n        in the [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal]] since 1981, he fought against the\n        tolerance of [[occultism]] and promoted prayer groups.  In 1986 he was assigned\n        to a \\\"prison for nuns\\\" and kept as a virtual prisoner.  From 1987 to 1990\n        he served at [[Dvorce]], continuing with [[samizdat]] writings against liberal\n        theology and occultism.  In 1991, together with students R. Spirik and J.\n        Spirik, he resolved to join the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Greek-Catholic]]\n        [[Order of Saint Basil the Great]] (OSBM) and entered the [[novitiate]] in\n        [[Warsaw]].  In 1992, he transferred to the monastery in [[Trebi\\u0161ov]].  Spirik\n        and two other former students were ordained priests during 1996-1997.  Shortly\n        after, Dohnal applied for permission to found a \\\"contemplative\\\" branch of\n        the OSBM community.\\n\\nIn 1997, Fr. Dionysius Lachovicz\n        OSBM (born in [[Brazil]] in 1946), the General Superior\n        of the Basilian order, granted the group permission to be designated as an\n        \\\"experimental community\\\" within the order under his direct supervision.\n        He appointed the group''s leader, Elias Dohnal, OSBM, to direct the formation\n        of the novices in the group, men who had been rejected by the order''s novitiate\n        in Poland.  In May 1998, after complaints and a canonical visitation, he withdrew\n        permission for the community''s special status.  The group appealed to the\n        [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]] for permission to establish an\n        autonomous monastery within the territory of the [[Archeparchy of Pre\\u0161ov]]\n        ([[Slovakia]]) against the will of its bishop, Ivan Hirka.  Lachovicz confirmed\n        the suppression in December 1998 and the community members were dispersed\n        to other assignments.\\n\\n[[Image:True\n        Greek Catholic.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Demonstration outside the Lviv regional\n        council, August 2009]]\\nIn late 1999, at the request of the Greek-Catholic\n        [[Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic|Apostolic Exarch in the Czech\n        Republic]] Ivan Ljavinec for a Basilian community, and with the agreement\n        of the Roman Catholic [[List of bishops and archbishops of Prague|Archbishop\n        of Prague]], [[Miloslav Vlk|Cardinal Vlk]], Lachovicz founded a Basilian community\n        in [[Prague]], assigning to it Fr. Cyril \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk, his brother\n        Fr. Metod\\u011bj R. \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk and their former classmate Fr. Markian\n        Hitiuk from Ukraine, to serve at the cathedral parish in [[Prague]].   In\n        2003, the Basilians and their supporters protested against the appointment\n        of a new Greek-Catholic exarch in the Czech Republic, Ladislav Hu\\u010dko,\n        a non-Ukrainian, by blockading the Greek-Catholic cathedral.   As a result,\n        the event was relocated to be held in a Roman Catholic church.  In 2004, Lachovicz\n        was not re-elected.  His successor closed the Order''s community in the Czech\n        Republic, transferring the members to the monastery in [[Pidhirtsi]], Ukraine.\\n\\n===Conflict with the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church===\\n[[Image:Wp\n        upgkc.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nuns calling for formal registration of the UOGCC,\n        August 2009]]\\nOn March 3, 2008, Dohnal announced to [[Pope Benedict XVI]]\n        that he and three other Basilian Fathers had been consecrated as bishops in\n        order to \\\"save\\\" the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) from heresy and\n        apostasy. Dohnal did not identify the bishop or bishops who had performed\n        the consecration.  In justification for the act, he wrote that the bishops\n        of the UGCC supported influences of syncretism and occultism, approval of\n        homosexuality, and erroneous ecumenism.  As an example of the latter,  he\n        cited the [[Balamand declaration]] of 1993, which had [[Eastern Christianity#Rejection_of_uniatism|rejected\n        \\\"uniatism\\\"]] as a method of seeking Christian unity between Catholics and\n        Orthodox.  In his letter, Dohnal denounced statements from Cardinal Husar''s\n        book \\\"Conversations with Cardinal Lubomyr Husar: On post-confessional Christianity\\\"\n        as schismatic and apostate.{{cite web\\n|url=http://kyivweekly.com.ua/pulse/society/2011/04/07/181201.html\\n|publisher=Kyiv\n        Weekly\\n|author=Oleh Polishchuk|title=Svyatoslav to seek backing in Rome and\n        Kyiv (commentary)\\n|date=April 7, 2011\\n}}\\n\\nAccording to a 2008 article\n        on ''''kreuz.net'''', the conflict was \\\"foreseeable\\\" and arose from tensions\n        between the Studite and Basilian orders of monks in the UGCC: that the Studites,\n        including the [[List of Major Archbishops of Kiev\\u2013Galicia|Major Archbishop\n        of Kiev\\u2013Galicia]], [[Lubomyr Husar|Lubomyr Cardinal Husar]], favored\n        closer relations with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, while the Basilians favored\n        the preservation of influences from the Latin Church ([[Liturgical latinisation]]).\\n\\nOn\n        Easter Sunday, March 23, 2008, the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] released\n        a statement from Cardinal Husar warning that any consecration that had taken\n        place was not recognized by the Church.\\n\\nIn June\n        2008 the [[Ecclesiastical court|tribunal]] of the [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy\n        of Sokal|Eparchy of Sokal-Zhovkva]] held an ecclesiastical trial for the four\n        priests. They were convicted of illegal assumption of authority and illegal\n        administration of ministry (violation of can. 1462 of the [[Code of Canons\n        of the Eastern Churches]] (CCEO)), inciting rebellion against the local hierarchy,\n        including Bishop Mykhail Koltun, [[Redemptorists|C.SS.R.]], Major Archbishop\n        [[Lubomyr Husar|Lubomyr Cardinal Husar]] (violation of can. 1447 \\u00a71 CCEO),\n        and causing injustice and serious harm to the good reputation of the above-mentioned\n        persons and to other hierarchs of the UGCC through slander (violation of can.\n        1452 CCEO).  The penalty imposed was major [[excommunication]].  After an\n        appeal, the sentence was upheld by the tribunal of the major archeparchy and\n        announced on September 17, 2008.\\n\\nOn August 15,\n        2008, Pidhirtsi supporters attempted unsuccessfully to occupy a church administration\n        building in [[Stryi]], Ukraine.  Fr. Taras Poshyvak, chancellor of the [[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Stryi|Stryi eparchy]], said that the \\\"regional leadership\n        of the police\\\" was interfering and preventing normal police protection of\n        the building.{{cite web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3B24109\\n|title=Schismatic\n        Priests Try to Take Buildings of Greek Catholic Stryi Eparchy\\n|publisher=RISU:\n        Religious Information Service of Ukraine\\n}}\\n\\n===Founding of new church===\\nOn\n        August 11, 2009, the bishops of the Pidhirtsi movement declared the founding\n        of the irregular ''''Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church'''' as  a \\\"new\n        Church structure for the orthodox faithful of the UGCC.\\\" In their declaration\n        they professed the Catholic faith, including the primacy of the Roman Pontiff\n        and disassociated themselves from \\\"contemporary heresies which destroy both\n        the Eastern and the Western Church.\\\"\\n\\nThe name\n        of the church includes the description ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (\\\"true-believing\\\").  Although the Church''s English-language website translates\n        this word as \\\"Orthodox\\\", it is not the same term as that used by the existing\n        [[History of Christianity in Ukraine#Eastern_Orthodox|Orthodox Churches]]\n        present in Ukraine, whose names use the term ''''\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (\\\"true-worshiping\\\").\\n\\nIn November 2010, a group of about 70 UOGCC supporters,\n        including leaders Metod\\u011bj Richard \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk and Markian Vasyl\n        Hitiuk, clashed with parishioners at the UGCC Church  of the Transfiguration\n        in Chortkiv in an apparent attempt to occupy the church.{{cite news |publisher=RISU\n        - Religious Information Service of Ukraine |url=http://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/community/scandals/38964\\n|title=Sectarians\n        Attempt to Seize Church in Ternopil Region |date=November 15, 2010 }}\\n\\nOn\n        April 7, 2011, the UOGCC bishops declared the establishment of a [[Byzantine\n        Catholic Patriarchate]],  offering to provide an episcopal authority to like-minded\n        believers elsewhere in the world.{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4469\\n|title=Announcement\n        of establishment of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate\\n|date=April 7, 2011\\n|publisher=UOGCC\\n}}\n        Archbishop Elias Dohnal was selected as the first Patriarch of the new body.\\n\\n==Conflict\n        with the Catholic Church==\\nOn October 7, 2008, the [[Apostolic Signatura]],\n        the highest appeals court of the [[Catholic Church]], including the [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church|UGCC]] from which the UOGCC separated, refused the appeal\n        of the \\\"Pidhirtsi fathers\\\", and left the sentence of major excommunication\n        imposed on June 2008 by the UGCC major-archiepiscopal tribunal intact.\\n\\nIn 2010, the UOGCC declared an excommunication upon\n        265 professors of the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]],\n        and declared that over 2200 bishops worldwide had excommunicated themselves\n        by failing to respond to demands of the UOGCC.  The declaration asserted that\n        the bishops affected would thenceforth be unable to validly ordain priests.  It also called for [[Pope Benedict XVI]] to purge the hierarchy,\n        institute reforms, and resign. On April 7, 2011 the\n        bishops of the UOGCC declared an excommunication against Pope Benedict XVI\n        on May 1, 2011.{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4554\n        |title=Declaration of an excommunication upon Pope Benedict XVI and John Paul\n        II |date=May 1, 2011 |publisher=UOGCC }}\\n\\nOn March 29, 2012 the Vatican\n        [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] (CDF) published a declaration,{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-confirms-condemnation-of-breakaway-ukrainian-clergy/\\n|title=Vatican\n        confirms condemnation of breakaway Ukrainian clergy |date=March 29, 2012 |publisher=Catholic\n        News Agency}} urged by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and dated\n        February 22, 2012, concerning the main bishops of the UOGCC. It stated that\n        CDF would not recognize the [[episcopal consecration]]s of the UOGCC''s bishops\n        as valid, and that the bishops of the UOGCC had been excommunicated.{{cite\n        web |url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/28994.php?index=28994&lang=en\n        |title=Dichiarazione della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede sullo\n        status canonico dei \\\"Sedicenti Vescovi Greco-Cattolici di Pidhirci\\\" |date=March\n        29, 2012 |publisher=Holy See Press Office }} The UOGCC bishops wrote\n        a reply.{{cite web |url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=6611\n        |title=Excommunication, anathema, curse /An open letter to Card. W.J. Levada/\n        |date=April 1, 2012 |publisher=UOGCC}}\\n\\n==Founders==\\n\\n''''''Patriarch\n        Elijah Anthony Dohnal [[Order of Saint Basil the Great|OSBMr]]'''''' (born\n        1946 in [[Hluk (Uhersk\\u00e9 Hradi\\u0161t\\u011b District)|Hluk]]{{cite\n        web|title=Memorandum of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate (BCP)|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=4486|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church|accessdate=19 April 2011}}) was elected\n        as first Patriarch of the [[Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate in Ukraine|Byzantine\n        Catholic Patriarchate]].{{cite web|title=Announcement and warning to\n        the Catholic and Orthodox Patriarchs|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4494|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church|accessdate=19 April 2011}}  He was elected\n        by the Bishops\\u2019 Synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\n        in an extraordinary assembly of 5 April 2011, on the day of establishment\n        of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate.\\n\\nOn June 22, 2014, the New York\n        Times reported  that Ekspres, a Lviv-based newspaper,\n        conducted a lengthy investigation of Dohnal''s church, and concluded that\n        it had discovered an important clue to the group\\u2019s pro-Moscow allegiances\n        and advocacy on the side of Moscow during the 2014 pro-European anti-Moscow\n        revolution in Ukraine: Before the 1989 collapse of Communism in his homeland,\n        then still Czechoslovakia, Dohnal worked as an informer for Soviet intelligence\n        services (the infamous KGB). The Ekspress newspaper published what it said\n        was a document from former Czechoslovak archives that identified him as a\n        mole for Soviet intelligence with the code name \\u201cTonek.\\u201d The New\n        York Times reported that, as of 2014, Mr. Dohnal, who as a Czech national\n        has gone into hiding to avoid expulsion from Ukraine for visa violations,\n        and his lieutenants never attracted a large number of followers, but  made\n        headlines in the local Ukrainian news media for their pro-Russia''s views\n        and their brainwashing of vulnerable young recruits.\\n\\nElijah was ordained\n        priest in 1972 in the Czech Republic and joined the OSBM Order and changed\n        rite in 1991. He has a doctorate in theology from [[Charles University in\n        Prague|Charles University]], [[Prague]] and lectured [[Systematic theology|dogmatics]]\n        in [[Pre\\u0161ov]], [[Slovakia]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.\\n\\nHe\n        was consecrated archbishop in 2009 and held the title of ''''Vicar''''.  He\n        was appointed Byzantine Catholic Patriarch through election and the imposition\n        of hands by the Bishops\\u2019 Synod headed by Archbishop Michael Osidach on\n        5 April 2011.\\n\\n''''''Other bishops:''''''\\n* ''''Head of the Church:''''\n        Mychajlo Osidach, Ukrainian: Osidach, a former Russian Orthodox priest, has\n        claimed to have been consecrated as a Catholic bishop clandestinely in September\n        1989, during the era of Communist rule of Ukraine, by Archbishop Volodymyr\n        Sterniuk (1907-1997) and Bishop Filemon Kurchaba (1913-1995).   As of 2014, he is not listed in the ''''[[Annuario Pontificio]]''''\n        as a bishop recognized by the Holy See.\\n* ''''Secretary:'''' Markian V. Hitiuk,\n        OSBM: Ukrainian, born 1970\\n* ''''Members of the Synod:''''\\n** Metod\\u011bj\n        R. \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk, OSBM: Czech, born 1968\\n** Timotej Sojka, OSBM\\n**\n        Bazil Kolodi, OSBM\\n** Samuel Robert Oberhauser, priest of the eparchy of\n        Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine), Slovak, born 1969\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|refs=\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://www.stnicholaschurch.ca/content_pages/osbm/art_osbm.service.009.htm\\n|title=In\n        Service to the Church\\n|publisher=St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic Church\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b26027\\n|title=Vatican\n        Says Excommunication of \\\"Pidhirtsi Fathers\\\" Final\\n|publisher=RISU: Religious\n        Information Service of Ukraine\\n|date=2008-11-22\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b21444\\n|title=Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Head Denounces \\\"Pseudo-Bishops\\\"\\n|publisher=RISU: Religious\n        Information Service of Ukraine\\n|date=2008-03-26\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b24914\\n|title=Trial of\n        \\\"Pidhirtsi Fathers\\\" Finished\\n|date=2008-09-30\\n|publisher=RISU: Religious\n        Information Service of Ukraine\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=986\\n|title=Brief\n        information about the new bishops\\n|publisher=Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic\n        Church\\n|accessdate=2010-04-29\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=783\\n|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|title=Decree of establishment of the UOGCC\\n|date=2009-08-11\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|title=Who Laid the Easter Egg?\\n|url=http://blog.ancient-future.net/2008/03/28/per-christum-english-language-exclusive-schism-the-real-easter-egg-in-the-ukranian-greek-catholic-church/\\n|publisher=Per\n        Christum (blog)\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://www.apostolische-nachfolge.de/Ukraine%20%28English%29.htm\\n|title=Die\n        apostolische Nachfolge\\n|author=Martin Wolters\\n|accessdate=2010-04-29\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=791\\n|title=History\n        of the Pidhirsti reform\\n|publisher=Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-01-11\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/letters/article/?article=2545\\n|title=Promulgation\n        of excommunication upon 265 theologians of the Gregorian University (5.4.2010)\\n|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-04-05\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=2814\\n|title=Promulgation\n        of an anathema against 2271 bishops of the Catholic Church\\n|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-05-24\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/res/download/penal_procedure-offences_against__faith_and_morals-2.doc\\n|title=II\n        Penal procedure in the matter of offences against the faith and morals (15.4.2010)\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-04-16\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/world/europe/ukrainian-church-faces-obscure-pro-russia-revolt-in-its-own-ranks.html?_r=0\\n|title=Ukrainian\n        Church Faces Obscure Pro-Russia Revolt in Its Own Ranks\\n|publisher=The New\n        York Times\\n|date=2014-06-22\\n}}\\n}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.uogcc.org.ua/en\n        Official website]\\n\\n[[Category:Religious organizations established in 2009]]\\n[[Category:Christian\n        denominations in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Independent Catholic denominations]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-06T13:41:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":774131304,\"length\":18018,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic_Church\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic_Church&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic_Church\"},\"2322171\":{\"pageid\":2322171,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Premier League\",\"index\":3,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T21:44:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=June\n        2014}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}\\n{{Infobox football league\\n| name        =\n        Ukrainian Premier League\\n| image       = \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c''\\u0454\\u0440-\\u041b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0438.png\\n|\n        pixels      = 150px\\n| country     = Ukraine\\n| confed      = [[UEFA]]\\n|\n        founded     = 1991 (Vyshcha Liha)
 2008 (Premier League)\\n| teams       =\n        12\\n| relegation  = [[Ukrainian First League]]\\n| levels      = 1\\n| domest_cup  =\n        [[Ukrainian Cup]]
[[Ukrainian Super Cup]]\\n| confed_cup  = [[UEFA Champions\n        League]]
[[UEFA Europa League]]\\n| champions   = {{nowrap|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] (10th title)}}\\n| season      = [[2016\\u201317\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n| most_champs = [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] (15 titles)\\n| website     = [http://www.fpl.ua/eng/ Official website]\\n|\n        current     = [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier League]]\\n}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        Premier League'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c''\\u0454\\u0440-\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0430\\\"}})\n        or ''''''UPL'''''' is the highest division of Ukrainian annual [[Association\n        football|football]] [[championship]]. As the ''''''Vyshcha Liha'''''' (''''Top\n        League'''') it was formed in 1991 as part of the 1992Hunchenko,\n        O., Kazakov, V., Kulikovska, O. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117002051/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/old_jrn/natural/Nzvdpu_geogr/2007_14/PART1/istoruko-geografichni%20osobluvosti%20rozvutky%20fytboly.pdf\n        Historic and geographic characteristics of football development in Ukraine\n        (\\u0406\\u0421\\u0422\\u041e\\u0420\\u0418\\u041a\\u041e-\\u0413\\u0415\\u041e\\u0413\\u0420\\u0410\\u0424\\u0406\\u0427\\u041d\\u0406\n        \\u041e\\u0421\\u041e\\u0411\\u041b\\u0418\\u0412\\u041e\\u0421\\u0422\\u0406 \\u0420\\u041e\\u0417\\u0412\\u0418\\u0422\\u041a\\u0423\n        \\u0424\\u0423\\u0422\\u0411\\u041e\\u041b\\u0423 \\u0412 \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0406)]''''\n        Ukrainian football championship upon discontinuation of the 1991 Soviet football\n        championship and included the Ukraine-based clubs that competed previously\n        in the Soviet competitions. In 1996 along with other the professional football\n        leagues of Ukraine, the Top League became a member of the [[Professional Football\n        League of Ukraine]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117003003/http://pfl.ua/pfl_title.php\n        Historic profile]. [[Professional Football League of Ukraine]]\\n\\nIn\n        2008[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117004012/http://uateka.com/uk/article/years/2007/1056\n        There was adopted a decision on creation of the football Premier League of\n        Ukraine (\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\\u043d\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e \\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0443\\u0442\\u0431\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c''\\u0454\\u0440-\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438)]. Electronic Library of Ukraine.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117004633/http://www.champion.com.ua/football/2008/05/27/117531/\n        In Ukraine was created Premier League (\\u0412 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u2019\\u0454\\u0440-\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0443)].\n        Champion ([[Ukrayinska Pravda]]). 27 May 2008 it was withdrawn from\n        Professional Football League of Ukraine and reformed into a self governed\n        entity of the [[Football Federation of Ukraine]], officially changing its\n        name to the current one. Its rank was [[UEFA coefficient#Current ranking|8th\n        highest in Europe]] as rated by [[UEFA]] as of 2017.\\n\\nAmong Ukrainian fans\n        the most popular Ukrainian clubs are [[Dynamo Kyiv]] and [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]. Other popular clubs include [[FC Dnipro]], [[Karpaty Lviv]]\n        and [[Chornomorets Odesa]].[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/poll-40-of-ukrainians-consider-themselves-football-supporters-most-against-idea-of-cis-league/\n        Poll: 40% of Ukrainians consider themselves football supporters, most against\n        idea of CIS league], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 August 2013)\\n\\n==General\n        overview and format==\\nThe [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier League|2017\\u201318]]\n        season is the league''s tenth after the restructuring of professional club\n        football in 2008 and the 27th season since establishing of professional club''s\n        competition independent from the [[Soviet Union]]. As of 2017, [[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] is the reigning Ukrainian Premier League champion.\n        To summarise, [[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] won the first championship,\n        while all the subsequent titles have gone to either [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] or [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]. Only 3 teams, [[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] and [[FC Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]] have participated in all previous 26\n        Ukrainian Top League competitions. The central feature of the league is a\n        game between Dynamo and Shakhtar which is developed into the [[Klasychne derby|Klasychne]]\n        (''''Classic'''').\\n\\nOn 15 April 2008 the new Premier-Liha (''''Premier League'''')\n        was formed. The new sports organization consists of 12 football club organizations\n        that take control of the league''s operations under the statues of [[Football\n        Federation of Ukraine]], [[UEFA]], and [[FIFA]]. With the new reorganization\n        the format of the League was preserved, while the changes that were made were\n        exclusively administrative. Competitions continued to be conducted in a [[double\n        round robin]] format among 16 clubs. There were couple seasons when the 14-clubs\n        league''s composition was experimented. Since the 2014 Russian aggression,\n        the league was reduced to 12 members, while its format also has changed. The\n        season is still being played in a double round robin in the first half of\n        a season, after which the league splits in half into two groups of six (6)\n        teams. Both the top six and the bottom six play another a double round robin\n        tournament with the clubs of own group.\\n\\nThe teams that reach the top ranks\n        of the competition table at the end of each season as always gain the chance\n        to represent [[Ukraine]] internationally in several prestigious tournaments\n        (continental club tournaments). Also at the end of the season, the bottom\n        clubs (usually two) are relegated to the [[Ukrainian First League|First League]]\n        (part of the lower [[Professional Football League of Ukraine|Professional\n        Football League]]) and replaced by the top clubs from that league. All the\n        participants of the Premier League enter the [[Ukrainian Cup|National Cup]]\n        competition and enter it at the round of 32 (1/16th of the final) or Round\n        of 16 stage. Also the winner of the League at the beginning of every next\n        season plays against the winner of the National Cup for the [[Ukrainian Super\n        Cup]] (under administration of the Premier League).\\n\\n===Emblem===\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Premier League.png|thumb|150px|Old emblem]]\\nThe old emblem depicts a [[Football\n        (association football)|football]] that is wrapped around by the blue-yellow\n        stripe (the national colors of [[Ukraine]]) on the blue background. Across\n        the top and around the ball there are 16 stars that represent the league''s\n        participants (although in 2014 the league was shortened up to 14 teams the\n        emblem was not changed). On the bottom the script says \\\"Premier-League -\n        Union of Professional Football Clubs of Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n===Season regulations===\\nSeason\n        regulations is one of the two most important documents (other being the competition\n        calendar) that are adopted by the Premier League prior to each season.\\n\\nPremier\n        League directly organizes and conducts competitions among member clubs. Competitions\n        are conducted on principle of \\\"Fair play\\\" and according to competitions\n        calendar which is approved by the Premier League General Assembly and the\n        FFU Executive Committee 30 days before start of competitions. Until 2019 all\n        advertisement, commercial rights and rights on TV and radio broadcasting of\n        games of championship and cup belong to the club that hosts them (except for\n        the [[Ukrainian Cup]] final, the Super Cup of Ukraine, and the \\\"Gold game\\\").\n        All advertisement, commercial rights and rights on TV and radio broadcasting\n        of the Ukrainian Cup final belong to the [[Football Federation of Ukraine]],\n        while the game of Super Cup and the \\\"Gold game\\\" - to the Premier League.\\n\\nThere\n        are currently 12 club members of the league. All participants get approved\n        by the Premier League General Assembly. Each club fields each team for senior\n        competitions, and competitions for under 21 and under 19 teams (three teams).\n        A club is required to have a stadium (registered with FFU) and an education\n        and training facility (or center). A club is also obligated to finance its\n        own youth sports institution and a complex scientific-methodical group as\n        well as to own and finance a number of youth teams. A Premier League club\n        needs to ensure participation of at least four youth teams (ages groups between\n        14 and 17) in the Youth Football League of Ukraine. A club cannot field more\n        than one team for a certain competition.\\n\\nAll club''s staff members (coaches,\n        physicians, massage specialists) have to be contracted and be UEFA licensed.\n        All coaches should have A-diploma, while head coaches - PRO-diploma. Football\n        players are listed in \\\"A\\\" and \\\"B\\\" rosters. \\\"A\\\" roster contains no more\n        than 25 players, while \\\"B\\\" roster has unlimited number of players no older\n        than 21 who have professional contracts or agreements for sports training.\n        The 25-players \\\"A\\\" roster includes the number of slots allotted for players\n        developed by the club.\\n\\nDuring breaks in competitions in summer and winter\n        there are two periods for registering players.\\n\\nA championship is conducted\n        after the [[Round-robin tournament|round robin]] system in two cycles \\\"fall-spring\\\"\n        with one game at home and another at opponent''s field with each participant.\n        A competition calendar is formed after a draw that is conducted based on the\n        Premier League club rankings. The calendar of the second cycle repeats the\n        first, while hosting teams are switched. There should be no less than two\n        calendar days between official games of a club. All games take place between\n        12:00 and 22:00 local time. Any game postponement is allowed only in emergencies\n        and on decision of the Premier League Administration (Dyrektsiya). Game forfeitures\n        are controlled by technical win/loss nominations and fines, followed by additional\n        sanctions of the FFU Control-Disciplinary Committee, and possible elimination\n        from the league.\\n\\n===Competition calendar===\\nClubs play each other twice\n        (once at home and once away) in the 26-match season. The league begins in\n        mid-July and ends in mid-June. After 13 rounds of fixtures, there is a winter\n        break that lasts for three months (from early December to early March). Thus,\n        the winter break is significantly longer than the interval between seasons.\n        This schedule accounts for climatic conditions and matches that of most European\n        leagues in terms of the beginning and the end of the season.\\n\\nThe [[1992\n        Ukrainian Premier League|first season]] of the League in 1992 was an exception,\n        as it lasted only half a year. This was because the last [[Soviet Top League|Soviet\n        league]] season ended in the autumn of 1991, and the [[Football Federation\n        of Ukraine]] decided to shift the calendar from \\u201cspring-fall\\u201d to\n        \\u201cfall-spring\\u201d football seasons. In the inaugural season, 20 clubs\n        were divided into two 10-team groups. In both groups, each club played each\n        other twice, and the championship was decided by a play-off match between\n        the group winners, in which [[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] surprised\n        the pre-season favorite [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]].\\n\\nAfter the first\n        season, in each of the following seasons each team played each other team\n        in the League twice. The number of participating teams fluctuated between\n        14 and 18, stabilizing since [[2002\\u201303 Ukrainian Premier League|2002\\u201303\n        season]] at 16.\\n\\nAs of the [[2005\\u201306 Ukrainian Premier League|2005\\u201306\n        season]], the golden match rule was introduced. According to the rule, if\n        the first two teams obtain the same number of points, the championship is\n        to be decided by an additional \\\"golden\\\" match between the two teams. In\n        fact, in that season [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] and [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] had earned the same number of points and Shakhtar won the championship\n        by winning the golden match (2–1 after extra time).\\n\\n==History==\\n{{See\n        also|Football in Ukraine|Soviet Top League|Championship of the Ukrainian SSR|Football\n        Federation of the Ukrainian SSR}}\\n\\n===The first decade (1992\\u20132000)===\\nSince\n        the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], the inaugural independent championship took\n        place hastily at the start of spring 1992 after the creation of the Ukrainian\n        Supreme League ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0438\\u0449\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0430}},\n        Vyshcha Liha). The League was created out of the six teams that took part\n        in the [[Soviet Top League]], two teams from the [[Soviet First League]],\n        and nine out of the eleven Ukrainian teams from the [[Soviet Second League]].\n        The other two of that eleven were placed in the [[Ukrainian First League]]\n        as they were to be relegated anyway. The two best teams of the [[Soviet Second\n        League B]] of the ''''Ukrainian Zone'''' were also placed in the Supreme League\n        along with the winner of the 1991 Ukrainian Cup which finished ninth in the\n        same group (Soviet Second League B).\\n\\nThe 20 participants were split into\n        two groups with the winners playing for the championship title and the runners-up\n        playing for third place. Three teams from each group were to be relegated.\n        As expected, the five favorites, ''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]'''', ''''[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]'''', ''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]'''', ''''[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]'''', and ''''[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]'''' finished at the top of each group.\n        In the championship play-off game in [[Lviv]], a sensation took place as [[SC\n        Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] beat [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\n        1\\u20130. The Crimeans earned the first Ukrainian title (thus far their only\n        one), losing only once to [[FC Temp Shepetivka|Temp Shepetivka]].\\n\\nAfter\n        being stunned in the first championship by the ''''tragedy'''' in [[Lviv]],\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] were anxious to earn their first title at the\n        second opportunity. In the second Ukrainian championship, which had a regular\n        League format of 16 teams, the main rivals of the Kyivians were [[FC Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]], who were top after the first half\n        of the season. By the end of the season both teams were neck and neck and\n        at the end they finished with the same number of points. The championship\n        title was awarded to [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] as they had a better goal\n        difference. Neither the ''''Golden match'''', nor the fact that [[FC Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]] had a better head-to-head record was\n        considered.\\n\\nThe next seven years were known as the total domination of\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]. During this period ''the main Soviet protagonists''\n        had changed as some of the best teams were facing a crisis. After the [[1993\\u201394\n        Ukrainian Premier League|1993\\u201394]] season [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] were surprisingly relegated to the [[Ukrainian First League|First\n        League]]. In the [[1995\\u201396 Ukrainian Premier League|1995\\u201396]] season\n        [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] had the worst year in the club''s\n        history, coming tenth. [[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]] were relegated\n        twice during that first decade after which manager [[Leonid Buryak]] was sacked.\n        A few newly created teams have since emerged such as [[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal\n        Kyiv]] and [[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], as well as [[FC Vorskla\n        Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]], who surprisingly came third in the club''s first\n        season at the Top Level in the [[1996\\u201397 Ukrainian Premier League|1997]].\\n\\n===The\n        second decade (2001\\u20132010)===\\n{{see also|Ukrainian derby}}\\nThe next\n        decade was marked by fierce competition between [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\n        and [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]. Since 2000, [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] has proved to be the real challengers to Kiev''s dominance. In 2000\n        Shakhtar earned their first qualification to the Champions League earning\n        a place in the Group stage. Nonetheless, [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] is\n        still considered to be the benchmark of excellence in the country and the\n        primary feeder to the Ukrainian national football team. 2002 became the real\n        cornerstone in the ''''miners'''' history when they earned their first national\n        title under the management of the newly appointed Italian specialist, [[Nevio\n        Scala]], who managed to secure the [[Ukrainian Cup]] title as well. Since\n        that time the issue of foreign players has become particularly acute and brought\n        a series of court cases. The [[Football Federation of Ukraine|FFU]] and [[Professional\n        Football League of Ukraine|PFL]] worked together to solve that issue, coming\n        up with a plan to force the ''''transitional'''' limitation of foreign players\n        over time.\\n\\nThe clubs such as [[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]], who were recent contenders\n        for the title, had to put up a fierce fight against the newly established\n        contenders [[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]] and [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] to qualify for the European competitions. [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] shone brightly in the late 2000s (decade) by consistently finishing\n        right behind [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] and [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] in third place. Their most remarkable feat was their participation\n        in the 2009 European season when they had to face [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] to earn a place in the quarter-finals of the [[2008\\u201309 UEFA Cup]],\n        but lost on the away goals rule. That same [[2009 UEFA Cup Final|2008\\u201309\n        UEFA Cup]] competition was won for the first time by [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], the first club of independent Ukraine to win the title. It was\n        also the last UEFA cup title before it changed its name to the Europa league.\\n\\nIn\n        the 2008\\u20132009 season the league earned the highest [[UEFA coefficient#Current\n        ranking|UEFA league coefficient]] in Europe for that season.\\nOn the political\n        side of the League it was transformed on 15 April 2008 into an autonomous\n        entity, parting away from the PFL. The Premier League has been split since\n        the moment it was created in regards to its president. The dispute went as\n        far as even canceling the 13th round of [[2009\\u201310 Ukrainian Premier League|2009\\u201310\n        season]] and moving it to the spring half, while having the 14th round still\n        playing in the fall. The representatives of five clubs: [[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal\n        Kyiv]], [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]], [[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]], and [[FC Metalist\n        Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]] have been boycotting most of the League meetings,\n        not complying with its financial obligations and giving the broadcasting rights\n        to TV-channels other than the League official supplier. They justified their\n        actions due to what they deem to be the illegal election of the Premier League\n        president. The representatives of the above-mentioned clubs did not recognize\n        the election in 2008 of [[Vitaliy Danilov]] as the president and believed\n        that the elections should have been won by [[Vadim Rabinovich]].\\n\\nTo resolve\n        this conflict [[Vitaliy Danilov]] instigated the re-election of the Premier\n        League president in September 2009, and on 1 December 2009 won the election\n        again with 11 clubs voting for his candidature, 3 were against, 1 abstained,\n        and 1 was absent. This time most club presidents of the Premier League of\n        Ukraine acknowledged [[Vitaliy Danilov]] legality. In the subsequent elections\n        on 9 December 2011 [[Vitaliy Danilov]] was challenged by Andriy Kurhanskyi\n        (through the proposal of [[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]). The other available\n        candidates, Miletiy Balchos (president of the Professional Football League\n        of Ukraine) and Yuriy Kindzerskyi, were not picked by any members of the Premier\n        League. [[Vitaliy Danilov]] managed to retain his seat with nine votes for\n        him.\\n\\n===The third decade (2011\\u2013present) ===\\nBecause of the [[Ukrainian\n        crisis]] in the oblasts of [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\n        the number of teams participating in the league was cut from 16 in the [[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2013\\u201314 season]] to 14 in the [[2014\\u201315\n        Ukrainian Premier League|following seasons]].[http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/06/19/ukraine-revives-crimean-champion-football-club/28970971/\n        Ukraine trying to revive Crimean champion football club], [[USA Today]] (19\n        June 2015) With the continuation of the military conflict in the eastern\n        oblasts (regions) of [[Ukrainian crisis|Ukraine]] since 2014, the league was\n        forced to change its format again and will now be contested by 12 teams after\n        being cut from 14 in the [[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316\n        season]].\\n\\n==Officials==\\n\\n===Presidents===\\n*[[Vitaliy Danilov]] (president\n        of [[FC Kharkiv]]), 27 May 2008 \\u2013 1 July 2009 (temporary acting president)\\n*[[Vitaliy\n        Danilov]] (president of [[FC Kharkiv]]), 1 July 2009 \\u2013 9 December 2011[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54107/\n        Danilov re-elected as president of Ukrainian football premier league]\\n*[[Vitaliy\n        Danilov]], 9 December 2011 \\u2013 29 February 2015[http://www.fpl.ua/ukr/news/news_fpl/3565/\n        Vitaliy Danilov is re-elected as the president of PL]\\n*[[Volodymyr\n        Heninson]], 29 February 2015 \\u2013 present[http://isport.ua/football/ukraine/344827-vybory-prezidenta-upl-live.html\n        \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e. \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043e\\u043d \\u2014 \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442 \\u0423\\u041f\\u041b]\\n\\n===Directors===\\n*General\n        director: Olexandr Efremov\\n*Executive  director: Maksym Bondarev\\n*Sport\n        director: Petro Ivanov\\n*Development director: Vadym Halahan\\n\\n==Clubs==\\n===\n        Current clubs ===\\nThe following teams are competing in the [[2017\\u201318\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2017\\u201318]] season:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align: left;\\\"\\n! Team\\n! Home city\\n! Stadium\\n! Capacity\\n!\n        Position in
[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n!\n        Position in
[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316]]\\n!\n        Position in
[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian Premier League|2014\\u201315]]\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n| [[Odesa]]\\n| [[Chornomorets Stadium]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |34,164\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |6th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |11th\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |11th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n| [[Kiev]]\\n|\n        [[Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |70,050\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |2nd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |1st\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |1st\\n|-\\n|[[FC Karpaty\n        Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n| [[Lviv]]\\n| [[Ukraina Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |28,051\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |10th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |7th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |13th\\n|-\\n| [[FC Mariupol|Mariupol]]\\n| [[Mariupol]]\\n| [[Illichivets Stadium]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |12,680\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian First\n        League|FL]]:1st\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:4th\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |14th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Oleksandriya]]\\n| [[Oleksandria]]\\n| [[CSC\n        Nika Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |7,000\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |5th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |6th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:1st\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n| [[Donetsk]]\\n| [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi\n        Dynamo Stadium|Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |16,873\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |4th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |9th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |8th\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n| [[Donetsk]]\\n| [[Metalist Oblast Sports\n        Complex|Metalist Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |40,003\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |1st\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |2nd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |2nd\\n|-\\n|[[FC Stal Kamianske]]\\n|\n        [[Kamianske]]\\n| [[Meteor Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |24,381\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |8th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |8th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian\n        First League|FL]]:2nd\\n|-\\n|[[NK Veres Rivne|Veres Rivne]]\\n| [[Rivne]]\\n|\n        [[Arena Lviv]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |34,915\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2016\\u201317\n        Ukrainian First League|FL]]:3rd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian\n        Second League|SL]]:2nd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |\\u2014\\n|-\\n|[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla\n        Poltava]]\\n| [[Poltava]]\\n| [[Oleksiy Butovsky Vorskla Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |24,795\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |7th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |5th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |5th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n| [[Luhansk]]\\n| [[Slavutych-Arena]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |12,000\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |3rd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |4th\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |4th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi|Zirka Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n|\n        [[Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n| [[Zirka Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |13,667\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |9th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:1st\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:4th\\n|}\\n\\n===Clubs\n        established after fall of the Soviet Union===\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kyiv]]\\n* [[FC\n        Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n* [[FC Borysfen Boryspil]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]]\\n* [[FC Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[FC Obolon-Brovar Kyiv|FC Obolon Kyiv]]\\n* [[FC Oleksandriya]] (based on\n        the Soviet club FC Polihraftekhnika)\\n* [[FC Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n* [[FC Sevastopol]]\n        (based on the Soviet club FC Chaika)\\n* [[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi]] (inherited\n        record of the original Soviet club FC Zirka)\\n\\n==Broadcasting==\\n[[Free-to-air]]\n        live matches from the Ukrainian Premier League will be broadcast on Saturdays\n        and Sundays on [[Satellite television|satellite channel]] [[2+2 (TV channel)|2+2]]\n        (Sirius 5E).\\nThis is a list of [[Television station|television broadcasters]]\n        which provide coverage of the Ukrainian Premier League, which is Ukrainian\n        [[Association football|football''s]] top level of competition.\\n\\n=== International\n        broadcasters ===\\n\\n==== Europe (UEFA) ====\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        Country\\n! Language\\n! Broadcasters\\n|-\\n| ''''''Andorra'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Armenia''''''\\n| [[Armenian\n        language|Armenian]]\\n| 12 TV\\n|-\\n| ''''''Azerbaijan''''''\\n| [[Azerbaijani\n        language|Azerbaijani]]\\n| CBC Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Belgium'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Bosnia and Herzegovina''''''\n        \\n| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n| ''''''Croatia'''''' \\n|\n        [[Croatian language|Croatia]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n\\n| ''''''France'''''' \\n|\n        [[French language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n|''''''Greece''''''\\n|\n        [[Greek language|Greek]]\\n| Action 24\\n|-\\n| ''''''Luxembourg'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Macedonia'''''' \\n| [[Macedonian\n        language|Macedonian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n| ''''''Monaco'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Montenegro'''''' \\n| [[Serbian\n        language|Serbian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n| ''''''Poland''''''\\n| [[Polish language|Polish]]\\n|\n        Polsat Futbol\\n|-\\n| ''''''Romania'''''' \\n| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]\\n|\n        Dolce Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Russia'''''' \\n| [[Russian language|Russian]]\\n|\n        Futbol\\n|-\\n| ''''''Serbia'''''' \\n| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Slovenia'''''' \\n| [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Switzerland'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Turkey'''''' \\n| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]\\n| -\\n|-\\n| ''''''Ukraine''''''\n        \\n| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| Kanal Futbol,2+2 \\n|}\\n\\n==== Africa\n        (CAF) ====\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n! Country\\n! Language\\n!\n        Broadcasters\\n|-\\n| ''''''Algeria'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n|\n        Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Morocco'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n|\n        Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Tunisia'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n|\n        Ma Chaine Sport\\n|}\\n\\n==UEFA ranking and European competitions==\\n{{also|Ukrainian\n        football clubs in European competitions}}\\nUkrainian clubs being part of the\n        [[Soviet Union]] competed in European competitions since 1960s when the Soviet\n        clubs started to participate in continental competitions. In fact the very\n        first Soviet club that took part in European competitions was Ukrainian club,\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]], that took in the [[1965\\u201366 European Cup Winners''\n        Cup]]. Before the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], the following Ukrainian clubs\n        participated in European competitions: [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] (1965), [[FC Karpaty\n        Lviv]] (1970), [[FC Zorya Luhansk]] (1973), [[FC Chornomorets Odessa]] (1975),\n        [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] (1977), [[FC Dnipro]] (1984), and [[FC Metalist Kharkiv]]\n        (1988). \\n\\nAt least four clubs participated in top continental competitions\n        the [[European Cup]] and the [[UEFA Champions League]] among which are [[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Dnipro]], [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]], and [[FC Metalist Kharkiv]].\\n\\nTwo\n        teams (Dynamo and Shakhtar) were able to obtain trophies of European competitions\n        including two [[Cup Winners'' Cup]], one [[UEFA Supercup]], and one [[UEFA\n        Cup]]. One more team (Dnipro) came just short to join their company losing\n        in the [[2015 UEFA Europa League Final]].\\n\\n===Club seeding===\\n''''''[[UEFA\n        coefficient#Club coefficient|UEFA Club Ranking]] for club seeding in 2017\\u201318\n        European football season''''''.\\n
\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        cellpadding=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"text-align: center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Current
ranking\\n!Movement\\n!Last\n        season
ranking\\n!Teams\\n!Coefficient\\n|-\\n|15\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(17)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|66.000\\n|-\\n|24\\n|{{steady}}\\n|(24)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|51.500\\n|-\\n|38\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(35)\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|34.000\\n|-\\n|119\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(108)\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|9.000\\n|-\\n|141\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(136)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]''''''\\n|7.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(164)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Oleksandriya|Oleksandriya]]''''''\\n|2.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(153)\\n|[[FC\n        Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|2.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(98)\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|2.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(153)\\n|[[FC\n        Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|1.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|''''(new)''''\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]''''''\\n|1.000\\n|}\\n\\n
\\n''''Note'''':\n        Since 1999 the country index (coefficient) indicates the lowest possible value\n        any team of that country will get in the ranking. Currently it''s 6.866 for\n        Ukraine. Teams ranked below their country''s ranking are positioned by the\n        ranking of their country rather its own. Teams in bold will be participating\n        in the 2017\\u201318 European football season.[http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/data/method4/trank2017.html\n        UEFA Team Ranking 2017 ''''(24 November 2016)'''']Last Updated:27\n        July 2017.{{clear}}\\n\\n===Country ranking===\\n''''''[[UEFA coefficient#League\n        coefficient|UEFA Country Ranking]] for league participation in 2017\\u201318\n        European football season''''''  \\n
\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        cellpadding=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"text-align: center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Current
ranking\\n!Movement\\n!Last\n        season
ranking\\n!League\\n!Coefficient\\n|-\\n|6\\n|{{subon}}\\n|''''(7)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Russia}}\n        [[Russian Premier League]] \\n|50.532\\t\\n|-\\n|7\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|''''(5)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Portugal}}\n        [[Primeira Liga]]\\n|49.332\\t \\t\\n|-\\n|8\\n|{{steady}}\\n|''''(8)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        Ukrainian Premier League\\n|42.633\\n|-\\n|9\\n|{{steady}}\\n|''''(9)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Belgium}}\n        [[Belgian Pro League]]\\n|42.400\\t\\n|-\\n|10\\n|{{subon}}\\n|''''(11)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Turkey}}\n        [[S\\u00fcper Lig]] \\n|39.200\\n|}\\n
\\nLast Updated: 27 July 2017.[http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/data/method4/crank2017.html\n        UEFA Country Ranking 2017]{{clear}}\\n\\n==International relations==\\nIn\n        2009 The Ukrainian Premier League joined the [[European Professional Football\n        Leagues]].[http://www.epfl-europeanleagues.com/profile_upfcu.htm Profile\n        of the Ukrainian Premier League at EPFL website] Also in 2009 the league\n        signed a partnership with [[IMG (company)|IMG]] of which during the first\n        month of cooperation sold broadcasting rights for the [[Ukrainian Cup]] to\n        Poland and Armenia. On its own initiative the Ukrainian Premier League sold\n        broadcasting rights to Romania and Russia as well.\\n\\n==Champions and top\n        goalscorers==\\n{{main article|List of Ukrainian football champions}}\\n\\n===Top\n        League (Vyshcha Liha)===\\n*[[Professional Football League of Ukraine]] was\n        the governing body of the Top League (Vyshcha Liha) since 1996 till 2008.\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third Place\\n!Top Goalscorer\\n![[UEFA\n        coefficient#League coefficient|Rank]]\\n|-\\n|[[1992 Vyshcha Liha|1992]]\\n|[[SC\n        Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yuriy\n        Hudymenko]] ([[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]], 12 goals)\\n|N/Apart\n        of [[Soviet Union]]\\n|-\\n|[[1992\\u201393 Vyshcha Liha|1992\\u201393]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Serhiy Husyev]]\n        ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]], 17 goals)\\n|28/39\\n|-\\n|[[1993\\u201394\n        Vyshcha Liha|1993\\u201394]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|''''[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]''''\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Tymerlan Huseynov|Tymerlan Huseinov]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets\n        Odesa]], 18 goals)\\n|24/44\\n|-\\n|[[1994\\u201395 Vyshcha Liha|1994\\u201395]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Arsen\n        Avakov (footballer)|Arsen Avakov]] ([[FC Torpedo Zaporizhya|Torpedo Zaporizhya]],\n        21 goals)\\n|24/47\\n|-\\n|[[1995\\u201396 Vyshcha Liha|1995\\u201396]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Tymerlan\n        Huseynov|Tymerlan Huseinov]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]],\n        20 goals)\\n|19/48\\n|-\\n|[[1996\\u201397 Vyshcha Liha|1996\\u201397]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC\n        Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleh Matveyev]]\n        ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 21 goals)\\n|22/48\\n|-\\n|[[1997\\u201398\n        Vyshcha Liha|1997\\u201398]]\\n|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Serhiy Rebrov]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 22 goals)\\n|17/49\\n|-\\n|[[1998\\u201399\n        Vyshcha Liha|1998\\u201399]]\\n|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi\n        Rih]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Shevchenko]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]], 18 goals)\\n|15/50\\n|-\\n|[[1999\\u20132000 Vyshcha Liha|1999\\u201300]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Maksim\n        Shatskikh]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 20 goals)\\n|12/50\\n|-\\n|[[2000\\u201301\n        Vyshcha Liha|2000\\u201301]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Andriy Vorobey]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 21 goals)\\n|13/51\\n|-\\n|[[2001\\u201302\n        Vyshcha Liha|2001\\u201302]]\\n|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Serhiy Shyshchenko]] ([[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], 12 goals)\\n|13/51\\n|-\\n|[[2002\\u201303\n        Vyshcha Liha|2002\\u201303]]\\n|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}}\n        [[Maksim Shatskikh]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 22 goals)\\n|14/52\\n|-\\n|[[2003\\u201304\n        Vyshcha Liha|2003\\u201304]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Georgia}}\n        [[Giorgi Demetradze]] ([[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], 18 goals)\\n|14/52\\n|-\\n|[[2004\\u201305\n        Vyshcha Liha|2004\\u201305]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''\\n|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Kosyrin]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]], 14 goals)\\n|15/52\\n|-\\n|[[2005\\u201306\n        Vyshcha Liha|2005\\u201306]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''\\n|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|Brazil}}\n        [[Brand\\u00e3o (footballer born 1980)|Brand\\u00e3o]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 15 goals)
{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Emmanuel Okoduwa]] ([[FC Arsenal\n        Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]], 15 goals)\\n|13/52\\n|-\\n|[[2006\\u201307 Vyshcha Liha|2006\\u201307]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr Hladkyi]]\n        ([[FC Kharkiv]], 13 goals)\\n|11/52\\n|-\\n|[[2007\\u201308 Vyshcha Liha|2007\\u201308]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''Bronze\n        stripped'''' *\\n|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Marko Devi\\u0107]]* ([[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]], 19 goals)\\n|12/53\\n|}\\n\\n===Premier League===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third Place\\n!Top Goalscorer\\n![[UEFA\n        coefficient#League coefficient|Rank]]\\n|-\\n|[[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian Premier\n        League|2008\\u201309]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Kovpak]] ([[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]], 17 goals)\\n|7/53\\n|-\\n|[[2009\\u201310\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2009\\u201310]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Artem Milevskiy|Artem Milevsky]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 17 goals)\\n|7/53\n        \\n|-\\n|[[2010\\u201311 Ukrainian Premier League|2010\\u201311]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Seleznyov]]\n        ([[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]], 17 goals)\\n|8/53 \\n|-\\n|[[2011\\u201312\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2011\\u201312]]\\n|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Seleznyov]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 14 goals)
{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Maicon Pereira de Oliveira|Maicon]]\n        ([[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]], 14 goals)\\n|9/53 \\n|-\\n|[[2012\\u201313 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2012\\u201313]]\\n|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|ARM}}\n        [[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 25 goals)\\n|7/53\\n|-\\n|[[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2013\\u201314]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luiz Adriano]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 20 goals)\\n|9/53\\n|-\\n|[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian Premier League|2014\\u201315]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Alex\n        Teixeira]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 17 goals)
{{flagicon|Romania}}\n        [[Eric Bicfalvi]] ([[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]], 17 goals)\\n|8/54\\n|-\\n|[[2015\\u201316\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Alex Teixeira]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 22 goals)
\\n|8/54\\n|-\\n|[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Yarmolenko]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 15 goals)\\n|8/55\\n|}\\n''''''''''Notes'''''''''':\n        \\n* ''''Rank'''' column shows the [[UEFA coefficient|ranking of the league]]\n        amongst members of [[UEFA]].\\n* In ''''''bold'''''' are the league winners\n        that also won the [[Ukrainian Cup]] (season [[Double (association football)|double]]).\\n*\n        In ''''italics'''' are the league runner-up that also won the [[Ukrainian\n        Cup|Cup]] competition.\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]] had been\n        stripped of their bronze award for [[2007\\u201308 Ukrainian Premier League|2007\\u201308]]\n        season after the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] in [[Lausanne]] ruled\n        against the game Karpaty \\u2013 Metalist (April 19, 2008).[http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/high/51fbb5ce.html\n        Lausanne announced a verdict on the game Karpaty - Metalist (\\u041b\\u043e\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u043e \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0447\\u0443 \\\"\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b\\\"\n        - \\\"\\u041c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\\")]. ua-football.com.\n        August 2, 2013.[http://www.tas-cas.org/d2wfiles/document/6999/5048/0/Media20Release20_English_20Metalist.pdf\n        Football - Match Fixing]. Court of Arbitration of Sport. Lausanne August 2,\n        2013. \\n* A citizen of [[Serbia]], [[Marko Devich]] was granted the\n        [[Ukrainian citizenship]] after the [[2007\\u201308 Ukrainian Premier League|2007\\u201308]]\n        season.\\n\\n===Performance by club===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! style=\\\"width:15%;\\\"\n        |Club\\n! style=\\\"width:9%;\\\"  |Winners\\n! style=\\\"width:9%;\\\"  |Runners-up\\n!\n        style=\\\"width:9%;\\\"  |Third place\\n! style=\\\"width:80%;\\\" |Winning years \\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|align=center|15\\n|align=center|9\\n|align=center|1\\n|[[1992\\u201393\n        Vyshcha Liha|1992\\u201393]], [[1993\\u201394 Vyshcha Liha|1993\\u201394]], [[1994\\u201395\n        Ukrainian Premier League|1994\\u201395]], [[1995\\u201396 Vyshcha Liha|1995\\u201396]],\n        [[1996\\u201397 Ukrainian Premier League|1996\\u201397]], [[1997\\u201398 Vyshcha\n        Liha|1997\\u201398]], [[1998\\u201399 Ukrainian Premier League|1998\\u201399]],\n        [[1999\\u20132000 Vyshcha Liha|1999\\u20132000]], [[2000\\u201301 Vyshcha Liha|2000\\u201301]],\n        [[2002\\u201303 Ukrainian Premier League|2002\\u201303]], [[2003\\u201304 Vyshcha\n        Liha|2003\\u201304]], [[2006\\u201307 Ukrainian Premier League|2006\\u201307]],\n        [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian Premier League|2008\\u201309]], [[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2014\\u201315]], [[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316]]\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|align=center|10\\n|align=center|12\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|[[2001\\u201302\n        Vyshcha Liha|2001\\u201302]], [[2004\\u201305 Vyshcha Liha|2004\\u201305]], [[2005\\u201306\n        Vyshcha Liha|2005\\u201306]], [[2007\\u201308 Vyshcha Liha|2007\\u201308]], [[2009\\u201310\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2009\\u201310]], [[2010\\u201311 Ukrainian Premier\n        League|2010\\u201311]], [[2011\\u201312 Ukrainian Premier League|2011\\u201312]],\n        [[2012\\u201313 Ukrainian Premier League|2012\\u201313]], [[2013\\u201314 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2013\\u201314]], [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n|-\\n|[[SC\n        Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|[[1992\n        Vyshcha Liha|1992]]\\n|-\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|7\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|3\\n|\\n|-\n        \\n|''''[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]''''\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|6\\n|\\n|-\n        \\n|''''[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]''''\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|3\\n|\\n|-\n        \\n|''''[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]''''\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|2\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|\\n|-\\n!Total\\n!26\\n!26\\n!25\\n!\\n|}\\n\\n;Notes\\n*\n        Italics identifies either defunct or teams that lost professional status.\\n\\n===Post-season\n        play-offs===\\n\\n====Golden matches====\\n*[[1992 Vyshcha Liha final|1992]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ukraina Stadium]] ([[Lviv]]), 21 June 1992\\n*[[2005\\u201306 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2006]] \\u2013 [[Metalurh Stadium (Kryvyi Rih)|Metalurh Stadium]]\n        ([[Kryvyi Rih]]), 14 May 2006\\n\\n====Third place matches====\\n*[[1992 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|1992]] \\u2013 [[Slavutych-Arena|Metalurh Central Stadium]]\n        ([[Zaporizhia]]), 20 June 1992\\n\\n====Relegation play-offs====\\n*[[1998\\u201399\n        Ukrainian Premier League|1999]] \\u2013 [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium|Dynamo\n        Stadium]] ([[Kiev]]), 4 July 1999\\n*[[2001\\u201302 Ukrainian Premier League|2002]]\n        \\u2013 [[CSK ZSU Stadium]] ([[Kiev]]), 16 June 2002\\n\\n===Honored teams===\\nA\n        representative star is placed above the team''s badge to indicate 10 league\n        titles.[http://prosport.tsn.ua/sport/chi-stane-dinamo-dvozirkovim.html\n        Will Dynamo have two stars?] Television Service of News (TSN). 12 June 2007\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] became the first Ukrainian team to achieve\n        the prestigious honor of winning the [[Soviet Top League]] for the 10th time\n        in 1981. [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] after having entered the Ukrainian\n        championship has become the same dominant leader as during the Soviet times\n        by earning its 20th national title at the top level in 1999. The two stars,\n        however, were only added to the club''s logo in 2007.[http://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/72912.html\n        FC Dynamo Kyiv has a new emblem]. [[Interfax Ukraine]]. 4 July 2011\n        No other club in [[Ukraine]] has come close to such an honour yet.\\n\\nThe\n        current (as of 2017) officially sanctioned Premier League stars are:\\n*[[File:Crystal\n        Clear action bookmark.png|20px]] [[File:Crystal Clear action bookmark.png|20px]]\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] (28, the second received in 1999).\\n*[[File:Crystal\n        Clear action bookmark.png|20px]] [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\n        (10, all Ukrainian titles)\\n* [[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        (2, all Soviet titles)\\n* [[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]] (1, Soviet Union)\\n*\n        [[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] (1, Ukraine)\\n\\n==Premier League\n        players==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        Premier League appearance leaders''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Player''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Shovkovskiy]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|426\\n|-\\n|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleh Shelayev]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|412\\n|-\\n| 3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Chizhevskiy]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 400\\n|-\\n| 4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Horyainov]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 391\\n|-\\n| 5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        ''''''[[Vyacheslav Checher]]''''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 390\\n|- \\n| 6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Nazarenko]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 373\\n|-\\n| 7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ruslan Rotan]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 365\\n|-\\n| 8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Shyshchenko]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 363\\n|- \\n| 9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ruslan Kostyshyn]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 359\\n|-\\n| 10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Zakarlyuka]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 356\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Players\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still playing in Premier League
Data\n        as of 30 August 2017[http://www.allplayers.in.ua/ru/top_players\n        All players]\\n|}\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        Premier League scorers''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Player''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Goals''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Rebrov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|123\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|261\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UZB}}\n        [[Maksim Shatskikh]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|123{{efn|On 22 July 2017 Ukrainian\n        Premier League announced that Maksim Shatskikh might have scored 123 goals\n        instead of 124 due to one of autogoals (own goals) were counted towards his\n        tally.[http://www.upl.ua/news/view/1097 ...And on the horizon\n        – Yarmolenko (\\u2026\\u0410 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u2014 \\u042f\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)]. [[Ukrainian\n        Premier League]]. 22 July 2017}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|341\\n|-\\n|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Yevhen Seleznyov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|111\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|230\\n|-\\n|4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Andriy Vorobey]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|105\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|315\\n|-\\n|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Andriy Yarmolenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|99\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|228\\n|-\\n|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Haydash]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|95{{efn|Haidash who is recorded with\n        95 goals in reality did score 96, but the game in which he scored was cancelled\n        along with his record.}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|258\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Marko Devi\\u0107]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|90\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|219\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Mizin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|90\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|342\\n|-\\n|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Tymerlan Huseynov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|85\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|215\\n|-\\n|10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Kosyrin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|84\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|240\\n|-\\n\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Players\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still playing in Premier League
Data\n        as of 30 August 2017[http://allplayers.in.ua/ru/top_scorers Allplayers.in.ua]\\n|}\\n\\n{{further\n        information|Football records in Ukraine}}\\nEx-[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\n        strikers [[Maksim Shatskikh]] and [[Serhiy Rebrov]] hold the record for most\n        Ukrainian Premier League goals with 123, with Shatskikh winning the top single\n        season scorer title twice in 1999\\u20132000 and 2002\\u201303, Rebrov once\n        in 1997-98.\\nSince the first Ukrainian Premier League season in 1992, 22 different\n        players have won or shared the top scorer''s title. \\nOnly four players have\n        won the title more than once, [[Tymerlan Huseynov]], [[Maksim Shatskikh]],\n        [[Yevhen Seleznyov]] and [[Alex Teixeira]]. \\n[[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]] holds\n        the record for most goals in a season (25), [[Serhiy Rebrov]] and [[Maksim\n        Shatskikh]] are the only two players to score at least 20 goals twice. The\n        most prolific all-time scorers are [[Ivan Hetsko]] and [[Viktor Leonenko]],\n        respectively attaining 0.59 and 0.56 goals per game.\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Top\n        10 most expensive transfers===\\nList[https://sportarena.com/football/upl/samye-dorogie-prodazhi-igrokov-v-istorii-upl/\n        The most expansive player sales in the history of UPL (\\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0438\n        \\u0438\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0432 \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041f\\u041b)]. Sport Arena. 28 August 2017\\n* 50 mln Euro (2016)\n        [[Alex Teixeira]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[Jiangsu Suning F.C.]])\\n*\n        40 mln Euro (2013) [[Fernandinho (footballer)|Fernandinho]] ([[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[Manchester City F.C.]])\\n* 35 mln Euro (2013) [[Willian\n        (footballer)|Willian]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala]])\\n*\n        30 mln Euro (2015) [[Douglas Costa]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[FC\n        Bayern Munich]])\\n* 27.5 mln Euro (2013) [[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]] ([[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[Borussia Dortmund]])\\n* 25 mln Euro (2017) [[Andriy Yarmolenko]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] \\u2192 [[Borussia Dortmund]])\\n* 25 mln Euro (2009) [[Dmytro\n        Chyhrynskyi]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[FC Barcelona]])\\n* 21 mln\n        Euro (1999) [[Andriy Shevchenko]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] \\u2192 [[A.C. Milan]])\\n*\n        18 mln Euro (2016) [[Aleksandar Dragovi\\u0107]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] \\u2192\n        [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen]])\\n* 18 mln Euro (1999) [[Serhiy Rebrov]] ([[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] \\u2192 [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]])\\n\\n==Premier League managers==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        League games''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Coach''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Myron Markevych]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|620\\n|-\\n|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykola Pavlov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|546\\n|-\\n|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Romania}}\n        [[Mircea Lucescu]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|355\\n|-\\n|4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Vitaliy Kvartsyanyi]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|340\\n|-\\n|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Valeriy Yaremchenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|297\\n|-\\n|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykhailo Fomenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|294\\n|-\\n|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleh Taran]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|273\\n|-\\n|8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Semen Altman]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|249\\n|-\\n|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Vyacheslav Hrozny]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|214\\n|-\\n|10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Ishchenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|204\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Coaches\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still active in the League
Data\n        as of 31 May 2017[http://www.uafootball.net.ua/trenery_all.htm All coaches]\\n|}\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        style=\\\"font-size:90%; text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''Winning\n        managers''''''\\n!Rank\\n!Name\\n!Club(s)\\n![[File:Gold medal icon.svg|15px]]\\n![[File:Silver\n        medal icon.svg|15px]]\\n![[File:Bronze medal icon.svg|15px]]\\n|-\\n|align=center|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Romania}}\n        [[Mircea Lucescu]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]\\n|align=center|8\\n|align=center|4\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Valery Lobanovsky]]\\u2020\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|5\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        align=center|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yozhef\n        Sabo]]\\n|[[Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Serhiy Rebrov]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksiy Mykhailychenko]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Russia}}\n        [[Yuri Semin]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|3\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykola Pavlov]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]](1)
[[Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|1\\n|-\\n|align=center|8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Anatoliy Demyanenko]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\n        align=center|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Anatoliy\n        Zayaev]]\\u2020\\n|[[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavria]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykhailo Fomenko]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Italy}}\n        [[Nevio Scala]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|POR}}\n        ''''''[[Paulo Fonseca]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"6\\\"|Data\n        as of 31 May 2017\\n|}\\n\\nThe league''s record holder for winnings\n        is [[Mircea Lucescu]].\\n\\nThe league''s record holder for games that the coach\n        led a team in the league is [[Myron Markevych]]. Among other coaches who stayed\n        in the league the longest, there are [[Volodymyr Bezsonov]] (197), [[Anatoliy\n        Zayaev]]\\u2020 (191), [[Ihor Nadein]]\\u2020 (184), [[Leonid\n        Buryak]] (180), and [[Yevhen Kucherevsky]]\\u2020 (176).\\n\\n\\u2020\n        \\u2013 Managers that have retired out of sport. In ''''''bold'''''' are managers\n        that are still active in the current season. {{clear}}\\n\\n==Premier League\n        referees==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:50%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        League games''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Coach''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''City''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Serhiy\n        Shebek]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|226\\n|-\\n|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Vitaliy\n        Hodulian]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Odessa\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|202\\n|-\\n|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Vasyl\n        Melnychuk]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Simferopol\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|190\\n|-\\n|4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[:uk:\\u0406\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0406\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|Ihor\n        Ishchenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Khmelnytskyi / Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|186\\n|-\\n|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Ihor\n        Yarmenchuk]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|168\\n|-\\n|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Andriy\n        Shandor]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Lviv\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|149\\n|-\\n|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Valeriy\n        Onufer]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Uzhhorod\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|141\\n|-\\n|8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Serhiy\n        Tatulian]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|137\\n|-\\n|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Serhiy\n        Dzyuba]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|136\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Anatoliy\n        Zhosan]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kherson\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" rowspan=2|134\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Ihor\n        Khiblin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Khmelnytskyi\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Referees\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still active in the League
Data\n        as of 19 May 2014[http://www.uafootball.net.ua/arb_all.htm All referees]\\n|}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==All-time\n        participants==\\nThe table lists the place each team took in each of the seasons.\\n\\nTeams\n        marking: green \\u2013 member of the Premier League, blue \\u2013 member of\n        the First League, gray \\u2013 member of the Second League, pink \\u2013 no\n        longer member of UPL or [[Professional Football League of Ukraine|PFL]]. \\n{|border=1\n        bordercolor=\\\"#CCCCCC\\\" class=wikitable style=\\\"font-size:80%;\\\"\\n|-align=LEFT\n        valign=CENTER\\n! !!1992!!92/93!!93/94!!94/95!!95/96!!96/97!!97/98!!98/99!!99/00!!00/01!!01/02!!02/03!!03/04!!04/05!!05/06!!06/07!!07/08!!08/09!!09/10!!10/11!!11/12!!12/13!!13/14!!14/15!!15/16!!16/17\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|''''''Teams''''''\\n|''''''20''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''18''''''\\n|''''''18''''''\\n|''''''18''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''12''''''\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]][[FC Arsenal\n        Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]] was renamed from [[FC CSKA Kyiv|CSKA Kyiv]] in 2001, the\n        original [[FC CSKA Kyiv|CSKA Kyiv]] was recreated in the [[Ukrainian First\n        League|First League]] in place of CSCA-2 Kyiv.\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|4\\n|11\\n|10\\n|7\\n|10\\n|6\\n|12\\n|5\\n|9\\n|9\\n|12\\n|14\\n|6\\n|11\\n|7\\n|9\\n|5\\n|8\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Borysfen Boryspil|Borysfen Boryspil]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi|Bukovyna Chernivtsi]]\\n|10\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets\n        Odesa]]\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|5\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|6\\n|7\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|9\\n|6\\n|5\\n|11\\n|11\\n|6\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|{{nowrap|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]}}\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|4\\n|12\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|6\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|6\\n|4\\n|4\\n|6\\n|4\\n|4\\n|4\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|11\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Hoverla Uzhhorod|Hoverla Uzhhorod]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n|15\\n|12\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|13\\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|13\\n|6\\n|5\\n|8\\n|8\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|9\\n|10\\n|8\\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|10\\n|9\\n|5\\n|5\\n|14\\n|14\\n|11\\n|13\\n|7\\n|10\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|13\\n|12\\n|14\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Kremin Kremenchuk|Kremin Kremenchuk]]\\n|14\\n|9\\n|15\\n|10\\n|9\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas\n        Kryvyi Rih]]\\n| \\n|8\\n|6\\n|6\\n|14\\n|12\\n|8\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|11\\n|9\\n|12\\n|10\\n|13\\n|14\\n|10\\n|13\\n|12\\n|14\\n|13\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|7\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Lviv|Lviv]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#D0F0C0\\\"|[[FC Mariupol|Mariupol]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|14\\n|5\\n|8\\n|4\\n|10\\n|10\\n|8\\n|5\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|14\\n|12\\n|14\\n|11\\n|9\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|6\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|5\\n|9\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|11\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|(3)*\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|10\\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh\n        Donetsk]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|7\\n|14\\n|7\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|9\\n|9\\n|12\\n|4\\n|8\\n|8\\n|7\\n|5\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|10\\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Metalurh Zaporizhya|Metalurh\n        Zaporizhya]]\\n|11\\n|7\\n|16\\n|9\\n|5\\n|8\\n|9\\n|8\\n|6\\n|8\\n|4\\n|15\\n|11\\n|10\\n|8\\n|7\\n|9\\n|7\\n|9\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|16\\n|14\\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#C1DDFD\\\"|[[MFC Mykolaiv|Mykolaiv]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n|13\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#C1DDFD\\\"|[[FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka|Naftovyk-Ukrnafta\n        Okhtyrka]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Nyva Ternopil|Nyva Ternopil]]\\n|7\\n|14\\n|7\\n|12\\n|13\\n|9\\n|6\\n|13\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=lightgray|[[PFC Nyva Vinnytsia|Nyva Vinnytsia]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|10\\n|14\\n|15\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Obolon Kyiv|Obolon Kyiv]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|14\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[SC Odesa|Odesa]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|20\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[PFC Oleksandriya|Oleksandriya]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|13\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|13\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|5\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|9\\n|5\\n|4\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk|Prykarpattya\n        Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|11\\n|13\\n|13\\n|15\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Sevastopol|Sevastopol]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|9\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|4\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|4\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Stal Alchevsk|Stal Alchevsk]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|13\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Stal Dniprodzerzhynsk|Stal\n        Kamianske]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|8\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya\n        Simferopol]]\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|10\\n|8\\n|5\\n|12\\n|6\\n|12\\n|9\\n|13\\n|7\\n|7\\n|9\\n|12\\n|7\\n|7\\n|5\\n|5\\n|8\\n|6\\n|7\\n|6\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Temp Shepetivka|Temp Shepetivka]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|19\\n| \\n|9\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Torpedo Zaporizhya|Torpedo\n        Zaporizhya]]\\n|8\\n|13\\n|13\\n|7\\n|7\\n|14\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#D0F0C0\\\"|[[FC Veres Rivne|Veres Rivne]]\\n| \\n|16\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]]\\n|9\\n|11\\n|12\\n|15\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|13\\n|8\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|12\\n|13\\n|13\\n|9\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|12\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|5\\n|10\\n|4\\n|12\\n|11\\n|11\\n|14\\n|14\\n|10\\n|13\\n|8\\n|5\\n|10\\n|6\\n|8\\n|12\\n|8\\n|5\\n|5\\n|7\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi|Zirka\n        Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|10\\n|11\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|9\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|12\\n|15\\n|14\\n|16\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|11\\n|13\\n|13\\n|12\\n|13\\n|10\\n|7\\n|4\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|}\\n\\n==All-time\n        table==\\nAll figures are correct through the [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier\n        League|2016\\u201317]] season.[http://ukr-football.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=7&Itemid=8\n        Grand tournament table of the Ukrainian Championship (1992-2015)]. ukr-football.org[http://uafootball.net.ua/statistika.htm\n        Summarized table of championships]. Ukrainskiy Futbol ot Dmitriya Troshchiya\n        (Ukrainian Football from Dmitriy Troshchiy).\\n{|border=1 bordercolor=\\\"#CCCCCC\\\"\n        class=wikitable style=\\\"font-size:100%;\\\"\\n|-align=LEFT valign=CENTER\\n!Rank\\n!Team\\n!Seasons\\n!P\\n!W\\n!D\\n!L\\n!GF\\n!GA\\n!Pts\\n!Achievement\\n!Other\n        names used\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|1\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|26\\n|766\\n|566\\n|127\\n|73\\n|1661\\n|494\\n|1825\\n| bgcolor=gold|champions\n        (15)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|2\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|26\\n|766\\n|527\\n|135\\n|104\\n|1603\\n|574\\n|1716\\n| bgcolor=gold|champions\n        (10)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|3\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|FC Dnipro]]\\n|26\\n|765\\n|379\\n|199\\n|187\\n|1127\\n|718\\n|1336\\n|\n        bgcolor=silver|runners-up (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|4\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|22\\n|651\\n|252\\n|160\\n|239\\n|738\\n|737\\n|916\\n|\n        bgcolor=silver|runners-up (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|5\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC\n        Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|24\\n|704\\n|237\\n|196\\n|271\\n|781\\n|857\\n|907\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|6\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|20\\n|573\\n|254\\n|144\\n|175\\n|755\\n|664\\n|906\\n|\n        bgcolor=silver|runners-up (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|7\\n|align=LEFT|[[SC Tavriya\n        Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|23\\n|681\\n|237\\n|170\\n|274\\n|795\\n|873\\n|881\\n|\n        bgcolor=gold|champions (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|8\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC\n        Metalurh Zaporizhya|Metalurh Zaporizhya]]\\n|24\\n|702\\n|206\\n|173\\n|323\\n|699\\n|949\\n|791\\n|5th\n        (2){{efn|name=fn2|In [[2001\\u201302 Vyshcha Liha|2001-02]] Metalurh Zaporizhia\n        placed fifth in the competition according to the season''s regulations, however\n        the FFU Executive Committee after reviewing granted the club the fourth place\n        to allow Metalurh to participate in continental competitions.}}\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|9\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|21\\n|614\\n|205\\n|170\\n|239\\n|663\\n|715\\n|785\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (1)\\n|Vorskla-Naftogaz\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|10\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|21\\n|634\\n|201\\n|173\\n|260\\n|633\\n|786\\n|776\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|11\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|18\\n|526\\n|203\\n|142\\n|181\\n|655\\n|623\\n|751\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (3)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|12\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC\n        Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]]\\n|18\\n|536\\n|184\\n|151\\n|201\\n|628\\n|619\\n|703\\n|4th\n        (1){{efn|name=fn1|Arsenal Kyiv''s record includes the record of its predecessor\n        CSKA Kyiv (when the club was sponsored by the [[Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)|Ministry\n        of Defence]]). It does not include the 14 games that it played in 2013-14.}}\\n|CSKA\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|13\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Mariupol]]\\n|17\\n|496\\n|154\\n|118\\n|224\\n|551\\n|711\\n|580\\n|4th\n        (2)\\n|Illichivets\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|14\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|16\\n|472\\n|150\\n|100\\n|222\\n|488\\n|702\\n|550\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (1)\\n|Zorya-MALS\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|15\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC\n        Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]]\\n|16\\n|472\\n|140\\n|102\\n|230\\n|473\\n|710\\n|519\\n|6th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|16\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Nyva Ternopil|Nyva\n        Ternopil]]\\n|10\\n|296\\n|93\\n|62\\n|141\\n|319\\n|388\\n|341\\n|7th (3)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|17\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Torpedo Zaporizhya|Torpedo\n        Zaporizhya]]\\n|7\\n|210\\n|64\\n|42\\n|104\\n|214\\n|315\\n|234\\n|7th (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|18\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk|Prykarpattya\n        Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n|7\\n|206\\n|55\\n|52\\n|99\\n|215\\n|315\\n|217\\n|10th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|19\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi|Zirka Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n|7\\n|216\\n|55\\n|48\\n|113\\n|187\\n|328\\n|213\\n|6th\n        (1)\\n|Zirka-NIBAS\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|20\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Kremin Kremenchuk|Kremin\n        Kremenchuk]]\\n|6\\n|180\\n|54\\n|40\\n|86\\n|182\\n|269\\n|202\\n|9th (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|21\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Hoverla Uzhhorod|Hoverla\n        Uzhhorod]]\\n|9\\n|256\\n|41\\n|64\\n|151\\n|186\\n|421\\n|187\\n|12th (3)\\n|Zakarpattia\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|22\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Obolon Kyiv|Obolon Kyiv]]\\n|6\\n|180\\n|44\\n|44\\n|92\\n|153\\n|253\\n|176\\n|6th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|23\\n|align=LEFT|[[PFC Nyva Vinnytsia|Nyva\n        Vinnytsia]]\\n|5\\n|150\\n|42\\n|32\\n|76\\n|140\\n|213\\n|158\\n|10th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|24\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Oleksandriya]]\\n|5\\n|144\\n|36\\n|43\\n|65\\n|142\\n|212\\n|151\\n|5th\n        (1)\\n|Polihraftekhnika, PFC Oleksandriya\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|25\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kharkiv]]\\n|4\\n|120\\n|25\\n|33\\n|62\\n|94\\n|156\\n|108\\n|12th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|26\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Veres Rivne|Veres\n        Rivne]]\\n|3\\n|98\\n|27\\n|25\\n|46\\n|89\\n|141\\n|106\\n|12th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|27\\n|align=LEFT|[[MFC Mykolaiv|SC Mykolaiv]]\\n|4\\n|116\\n|26\\n|23\\n|67\\n|100\\n|208\\n|101\\n|13th\n        (1)\\n|Evis\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|28\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Olimpik\n        Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n|3\\n|84\\n|24\\n|23\\n|37\\n|80\\n|143\\n|95\\n|4th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|29\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Temp Shepetivka|Temp\n        Shepetivka]]\\n|3\\n|86\\n|24\\n|16\\n|46\\n|79\\n|113\\n|88\\n|9th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|30\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi|Bukovyna Chernivtsi]]\\n|3\\n|82\\n|23\\n|18\\n|41\\n|69\\n|99\\n|87\\n|11th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|31\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC\n        Stal Alchevsk|Stal Alchevsk]]\\n|3\\n|86\\n|17\\n|21\\n|48\\n|67\\n|126\\n|72\\n|11th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|32\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Stal Kamianske|Stal\n        Kamianske]]\\n|2\\n|58\\n|18\\n|16\\n|24\\n|49\\n|62\\n|70\\n|8th (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|33\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Sevastopol]]\\n|2\\n|58\\n|17\\n|11\\n|30\\n|58\\n|91\\n|62\\n|9th\n        (1)\\n|PFC Sevastopol\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|32\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC\n        Borysfen Boryspil|Borysfen Boryspil]]\\n|2\\n|60\\n|14\\n|19\\n|27\\n|40\\n|60\\n|61\\n|7th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|34\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta\n        Okhtyrka|Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka]]\\n|2\\n|48\\n|11\\n|11\\n|26\\n|30\\n|66\\n|44\\n|15th\n        (1)\\n|Naftovyk\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|36\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Lviv]]\\n|1\\n|30\\n|6\\n|8\\n|16\\n|24\\n|39\\n|26\\n|15th\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|37\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[SC Odesa]]\\n|1\\n|18\\n|3\\n|1\\n|14\\n|15\\n|32\\n|10\\n|10th\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n==Rivalries\n        and city derbies==\\n===Klasychne and the championship contenders===\\n{{also|Klasychne\n        derby}}\\nThe central feature of the league is a rivalry between Shakhtar Donetsk\n        and Dynamo Kyiv which has adopted its name as Klasychne. The rivalry started\n        ever since the end of 1990s when both teams started consistently to place\n        the top two places from season to season. The rivalry became really established\n        when Shakhtar obtained its first national title in 2002. \\n\\nThe surprising\n        win of the first season by [[SC Tavriya Simferopol]] has never turned the\n        club into a real contender for another title and the club was not always successful\n        to secure a place among the top five. In the beginning of 1990s [[FC Chornomorets\n        Odessa]] and the Soviet champions [[FC Dnipro]] were also among the main contenders.\n        The Soviet 1972 champions [[FC Zorya Luhansk]] until 2013 really struggled\n        to stay in the top league. Among other contenders there were [[FC Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] that were the league''s runners-up in 2012-13 and [[FC Metalurh\n        Donetsk]] that showed some consistent form in the early 2000s.\\n\\n===Other\n        rivalries===\\nThere are few smaller regional rivalries such between Karpaty\n        and Volyn, Metalist and Dnipro, Zorya and Shakhtar.\\n\\nAmong city derbies,\n        there are no running city derbies in the league for the 2017-18 season. Among\n        the most notable previously there were Zaporizhian derby between Metalurh\n        and Torpedo, Kyivan derby – Dynamo and Arsenal (CSKA), Donetsk derby\n        – Shakhtar and Metalurh. Other derbies existed in Lviv, Odesa, Kharkiv,\n        others.\\n\\n==Stadiums==\\n{{more|List of football stadiums in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        has several big stadiums with capacity of 30,000+ spectators and at least\n        two stadiums with capacity of over 50,000 which also are considered to be\n        by UEFA the elite stadiums. Since the 2014 Russian invasion and partial occupation\n        of Ukraine, the access to some stadiums was restricted. Many stadiums in Ukraine\n        and their surrounding infrastructure were renovated in preparation to the\n        [[Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===UEFA Elite Stadiums===\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n!#!!Stadium!!Capacity!!City!!Club!!Opened\\n|-\\n|-\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|1||[[Olimpiysky National Sports Complex]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|70,050||[[Kiev]]||[[Ukraine\n        national football team|Ukraine]], [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|\n        1923, 2011\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|2||[[Donbass Arena]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|52,518||[[Donetsk]]||[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|2009\\n|}\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n{{portal|Association football|Ukraine}}\\n*[[Ukrainian First League]]\\n*[[Ukrainian\n        Second League]]\\n*[[Ukrainian derby]]\\n*[[Football records in Ukraine]]\\n*[[List\n        of foreign Ukrainian Premier League players]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{Notelist}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{commons category}}\\n*[http://www.fpl.ua/ Official website]\\n*[http://www.soccerway.com/national/ukraine/premier-league/20122013/regular-season/\n        Soccerway]\\n*[http://www.rsssf.com/tableso/oekrchamp.html Ukraine - List of\n        Champions], RSSSF.com\\n\\n{{Ukrainian Premier League Seasons}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Premier League teamlist}}\\n{{Ukrainian Premier League managers}}\\n{{Football\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{UEFA leagues}}\\n{{Top sport leagues in Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Premier League top scorers}}\\n{{Ukrainian Footballer of the Year}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Premier League| ]]\\n[[Category:Football leagues in Ukraine|1]]\\n[[Category:Top\n        level football leagues in Europe|Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Sports leagues established\n        in 1991]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Football\n        governing bodies in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T09:46:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":798969835,\"length\":79355,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Premier_League&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League\"},\"18750338\":{\"pageid\":18750338,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves and Under 19\",\"index\":33,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-10T13:51:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        football league\\n| logo       =\\n| pixels     = 150\\n| country    = {{UKR}}\\n|\n        founded    = 2004\\n| teams      = \\n| promotion  = \\n| relegation = \\n| levels     =\n        \\n| domest_cup = \\n| confed_cup =\\n|most_champs    = 6 – [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|top_goalscorer\n        = \\n|most_caps      = \\n|tv             = \\n|sponsor        = \\n| champions  =\n        [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n| season     = [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League Under-21\n        and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n| current    = [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Under-21 and Under-19]]\\n| website    = \\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Premier\n        League Under-21 and Under-19'''''' is the league for the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        [[football (soccer)|football]] [[reserve team]], the parent clubs of which\n        compete in the [[Ukrainian Premier League]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe League\n        was established in 2004 for the 2004\\u201305 season. It is a development league\n        and therefore its participants'' performance does not result in the team''s\n        relegation from the Ukrainian Premier Reserve League. The relegation occurs\n        only based on their final league position of their respective senior teams\n        in the [[Ukrainian Premier League]]. If the senior team is relegated from\n        the Ukrainian Premier League, then its reserve team is relegated from the\n        Premier Reserve League and replaced by a reserve team of another newly promoted\n        club from the [[Ukrainian First League]].\\n\\nPremier League junior (U19) championship\n        already existed in 2002–2006.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708204924/https://www.footboom.com/ukrainian/tournament-u-19/1474527587-v-ukraini-startuvav-chempionat-yunioriv-u-19-z-komandamy-pfl.html\n        In Ukraine started Junior Championship U-19 with PFL teams (\\u0412 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u044e\\u043d\\u0456\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432 U-19 \\u0437 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041f\\u0424\\u041b )]. Footboom. 22 September 2016 In 2012 as part of\n        the [[Ukrainian Premier League]] under-19 competitions were revived and included\n        teams predominantly from the Premier League.\\n\\n== Under-21 winners ==\\n===Top\n        League reserve''s championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third\n        place\\n!Top goalscorer\\n|-\\n|[[2004\\u201305 Vyshcha Liha Reserves|2004\\u201305]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Illichivets Mariupol|Illichivets Mariupol]]\\n|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Roberto Nanni]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 9 goals)
{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Sergei\n        Kornilenko|Syarhey Karnilenka]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 9 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2005\\u201306\n        Vyshcha Liha Reserves|2005\\u201306]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Illichivets Mariupol|Illichivets\n        Mariupol]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Serhiy Davydov]] ([[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]], 21 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2006\\u201307 Vyshcha Liha Reserves|2006\\u201307]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr\n        Aliyev]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 21 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2007\\u201308 Vyshcha\n        Liha Reserves|2007\\u201308]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalurh\n        Zaporizhya|Metalurh Zaporizhya]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Aliyev]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 18 goals)\\n|}\\n\\n===Premier\n        League youth''s (U-21) championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third\n        place\\n!Top goalscorer\\n|-\\n|[[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2008\\u201309]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Roman Zozulya\n        (footballer)|Roman Zozulya]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 19 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2009\\u201310\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2009\\u201310]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty\n        Lviv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuriy Furta]] ([[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]],\n        15 goals)
{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Artem Hromov]] ([[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla\n        Poltava]], 15 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2010\\u201311 Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2010\\u201311]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Yevhen Budnik]] ([[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]], 13 goals)
{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleh Barannik]] ([[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]], 13 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2011\\u201312\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2011\\u201312]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|[[FC Obolon Kyiv|Obolon Kyiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Vladyslav Kulach]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 14\n        goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2012\\u201313 Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2012\\u201313]]\\n|[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yevhen Troyanovskyi]]\n        ([[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], 16 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2013\\u201314]]\\n|[[FC Illichivets\n        Mariupol|Illichivets Mariupol]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleh Barannik]]\n        ([[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]], 18 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2014\\u201315]]\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla\n        Poltava]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Artur Zahorulko]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk\n        (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 17 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Reserves and Under 19|2015\\u201316]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Boryachuk]] ([[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 20 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Under-21 and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty\n        Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Stanislav Bilenkyi]] ([[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik\n        Donetsk]], 16 goals)\\n|}\\n\\n== Under-19 winners ==\\n{{Infobox football league\\n|\n        logo       =\\n| pixels     = 150\\n| country    = {{UKR}}\\n| founded    = 2012\\n|\n        teams      = \\n| promotion  = \\n| relegation = [[Professional Football League\n        of Ukraine Under 19|Ukrainian First League]] (U-19)\\n| levels     = \\n| domest_cup\n        = \\n| confed_cup =\\n|most_champs    = 3 – [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|top_goalscorer\n        = \\n|most_caps      = \\n|tv             = \\n|sponsor        = \\n| champions  =\n        [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n| season     = [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League Under-21\n        and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n| current    = [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Under-21 and Under-19]]\\n| website    = \\n}}\\n\\n===Professional Football\n        League junior (U-19) championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third\n        place\\n!Most valuable player\\n|-\\n|2002-03\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|[[SC Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|2003-04\\n|[[SC Tavriya\n        Simferopol]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[MFC Oleksandriya]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|2004-05\\n|[[MFC\n        Oleksandriya]]\\n|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|[[FC Lokomotyv Odessa]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|2005-06\\n|[[FC\n        Elektrometalurh-NZF Nikopol|FC Horyzont Nikopol]]\\n|[[FC Lokomotyv Odessa]]\\n|[[FC\n        Luzhany]]\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n===Premier League junior (U-19) championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third place\\n!Top goalscorer\\n|-\\n|[[2012\\u201313\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2012\\u201313]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Illichivets Mariupol|Illichivets Mariupol]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Roman Yaremchuk]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 14 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2013\\u201314 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2013\\u201314]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty\n        Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Artur Miranyan]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk\n        (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 12 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Reserves and Under 19|2014\\u201315]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ihor Karpenko]] ([[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]], 16 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2015\\u201316\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2015\\u201316]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Khomutov]]\n        ([[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]], 15 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Under-21 and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Oleksandriya|Oleksandriya]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mykhailo Plokhotnyuk]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets\n        Odesa]], 19 goals)\\n|}\\n\\n== See also ==\\n*[[Ukrainian Premier League]]\\n*[[Football\n        in Ukraine]]\\n*[[Ukrainian football league system]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.fpl.ua/ukr/tournaments/m/ Official website]\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves}}\\n{{Football in Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian Premier League\n        youth championship top scorers}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Premier Reserve League|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Football leagues in Ukraine|Res]]\\n[[Category:Reserve football\n        leagues in Europe]]\\n[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:2004\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Youth football in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Youth\n        football leagues in Europe|Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T01:00:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":789922336,\"length\":9632,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League_Reserves_and_Under_19\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Premier_League_Reserves_and_Under_19&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League_Reserves_and_Under_19\"},\"32713305\":{\"pageid\":32713305,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Processing Center\",\"index\":30,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2013-12-20T21:01:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=April\n        2012}}\\n{{Infobox company\\n|name             = Ukrainian Processing Center\\n|type                  =\n        Private [[Joint-stock company]]\\n|foundation = 1997\\n|location =  [[Kiev]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n|key_people  = Anton Romanchuk ([[Chairman]] of the Board)\\n|industry\n        = [[Business process|Processing]], [[Payment card industry]], [[Acquirer]],\n        [[Electronic commerce]],  [[Fraud]] Monitoring , [[SMS banking]], System of\n        [[payment card]] [[issuing]], [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] Channel Management,\n        United ATM network \\\"ATMosphere\\\"\\n|homepage  = [http://upc.ua/en.htm www.upc.ua]}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Processing Center'''''' (UPC, {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0446\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] company founded\n        in 1997 which provides processing services and software for banks.[https://upc.ua/download/documents/UPC_registered.pdf  Statement\n        from state company register about UPC`s registration] UPC was the first\n        Ukrainian company within the sphere of [[Business process|processing]] that\n        received MSP and TPP status in [[VISA]] and [[MasterCard]]. In April 1997\n        UPC processed the first ATM EC/MC card transaction. Since 2005 UPC has become\n        part of the [[Raiffeisen Zentralbank|Raiffeisen Bank International]].\\nThe\n        head office of UPC is based in [[Kiev]].Yellow Pages. Kiev [http://www.yellowpages.ua/ru/uk/index.php?extend&ip=&vp=&cr=752998&mx=3047310].\n        Ukrainian Processing Center provides services to banks in [[Central Europe|Central]]\n        and [[East Europe]] in the sphere of processing [[payment card]]s[http://www.business.ua/articles/bank_market/Nakartkali-2934/?sphrase_id=109294\n        BUSINESS \\u211635 (918), August 30, 2010] (salary cards, [[debit card]]s,\n        [[credit card]]s, pre-paid cards, [[magnetic stripe card]]s, [[smart card]]s,\n        [[EMV]] cards and also [[contactless smart card]]s like  MasterCard [[PayPass]]\n        and VISA [[payWave]]\\\"Ukrainian Processing Center is on the last stage\n        of project to provide contactless payment\\\". ''''Economicheskie Izvestiya''''\n        \\u211684 (1544), May 24, 2011 [http://eizvestia.com/finance/full/polnyj-kontakt]),\n        merchant  acquiring and ATM channel management.Companion-online June\n        23, 2011: \\\"UPC provides the service of ATM network management to Raiffeisen\n        Bank Aval, Alfa-Bank, Delta-Bank and Bank Forum\\\". [http://www.companion.ua/Articles/Content?Id=152569]\n        UPC also offers integrated IT systems for [[electronic commerce]],[http://www.business.ua/articles/trends/Interny-6081/?sphrase_id=109294\n        BUSINESS \\u211644(927) November 1, 2010] [[Financial transaction|card\n        transactions]] monitoring systems of [[fraud]] prevention, card issuing system\n        and [[SMS banking]] service. Moreover, UPC was the initiator of the establishment\n        of the united ATM network \\\"ATMoSphere\\\", which consists of payment cards\n        [[issuing bank]]s.[http://ubr.ua/finances/banking-sector/banki-vynujdeny-obediniat-bankomatnye-seti-59410  UBR\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Business Resource September 10, 2010] Annually UPC\n        processes more than 400 million of [[Financial transaction|payment card transactions]].[http://www.carteblanche-online.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=571&Itemid=99  Magazine  \\\"CarteBlanch\\\"\n        10''2010]\\n\\n==History==\\nIn 1997, UPC was established as a [[systems\n        engineering|processing center]] providing processing services of debit and\n        credit cards for banks. UPC was the first Ukrainian company that received\n        the status of Member Service Provider [[MasterCard]]Official document\n        of international payment system [[MasterCard]] about status Member Service\n        Provider [http://www.mastercard.com/au/merchant/en/acquirers/communications/msp_rules.html]Official\n        confirmation of status Member Service Provider, that UPC received in 1997\n        [https://upc.ua/download/documents/UPC_MSP_TPP.pdf] \\u0438 Third Party\n        Processor [[VISA]], and processed first ATM transaction on Eurocard MasterCard\n        on 23 April 1997Chek of the first card operation [[MasterCard]] in Ukraine\n        [https://upc.ua/download/documents/First_check.jpg] in 1997. UPC is\n        a member of Ukrainian Interbank Payment Systems Member Association EMA.[http://www.ema.com.ua/ema/ema.nsf/all/p023?OpenDocument\n        Official list of EMA Association`s members] UPC''s client base consists\n        of largest Ukrainian banks and bank organizations which are [[issuer]]s or\n        [[acquirer]]s of payment cards. In 2005, UPC became a part of [[Raiffeisen\n        Zentralbank|Raiffeisen Bank International]].[http://investor.rbinternational.com/index.php?id=544&L=1&tx_ttnews%5BpS%5D=1311195275&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1780&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=542&cHash=b27a6aa622607b91589533c88a9c3a0b\n        Raiffeisen International acquires Ukrainian Processing Center] In 2007,\n        UPC started to provide services on the international market. Now UPC processes\n        payment cards, provides ATM and POS acquiring services in [[Hungary]], [[Albania]]\n        and [[Kosovo]], and supports [[electronic commerce]] in [[Croatia]]. Since\n        2011, UPC processes contactless payments for an [[Austria]]n acquiring company.[http://www.nfc.cc/archives/703  Contactless\n        payments in Austria]\\n\\n==Work standards==\\nUPC was the first among\n        Ukrainian processing centers that received a [[PCI DSS]] certificate, in January\n        2009.[https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/ Official website about PCI\n        Data Security Standard DSS]Official document [[VISA]] about PCI\n        Standard DSS [http://usa.visa.com/download/merchants/cardholder-data-security-best-practices-for-visanet-processors.pdf]\n        Since that time, UPC is certified every year by international auditors to\n        confirm the complete correspondence to PCI DSS requirements.PCI DSS Compliant\n        certificate received from German audit firm SRC (Security Research & Consulting\n        GmbH) [https://upc.ua/download/documents/pcidss.pdf]\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* [http://upc.ua/en.htm Ukrainian Processing Center official website\n        (English version)]\\n* [http://atmosphere.net.ua ATMoSphere, united ATM network]\\n*\n        [http://ecommerce.upc.ua/site/index.html?lang=uk UPC''s eCommerce (in Ukrainian)]\\n*\n        [http://ema.com.ua Ukrainian Interbank Payment Systems Association EMA (in\n        Ukrainian)]\\n* [http://www.rbinternational.com Raiffeisen Bank International\n        AG]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n[[Category:Companies of Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-31T12:48:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":587006768,\"length\":6317,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Processing_Center\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Processing_Center&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Processing_Center\"},\"20965184\":{\"pageid\":20965184,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Radical Party\",\"index\":42,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-22T20:01:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about||the\n        party that was called the Ukrainian Radical Party in 1904 and 1905|Ukrainian\n        Democratic Party (1904)|the party that is called the Radical Party of Oleh\n        Lyashko since 2011|Radical Party (Ukraine)}}\\n\\n{{Infobox political party\\n|\n        country=Austria-Hungary\\n|name = Ukrainian Radical Party\\n|native_name = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f\\n|logo\n        = \\n|founder =  [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]]\\n|founded = {{Start date|1890|10|}}\\n|\n        ideology = [[Socialism]],
[[Agrarianism]],
[[Anti-clericalism]],
[[Ukrainian\n        nationalism]]\\n| international = [[Labour and Socialist International]]\\n|\n        colorcode = \\n| colours = \\n| headquarters = [[Lviv]]\\n| website = \\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian Radical Party, (URP)'''''', (Ukrainian: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f,\n        \\u0423P\\u041f, ''''Ukrainska Radikalna Partiya'''')  founded in October 1890\n        and based on the [[Radicalism (historical)|radical movement]] in [[western\n        Ukraine]] dating from the 1870s, was the first modern Ukrainian political\n        party with a defined program, [[mass politics|mass following]], and registered\n        membership.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianRadicalparty.htm\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Ukrainian Radical Party]. vol. 5, 1993.  Article\n        written by Jean Paul Himka and Ivan Lysiak Rudnytsky\\n It advocated\n        [[socialism]], increased rights for Ukrainian [[peasants]], and [[secularism]].\\n\\n==Programme\n        and Ideology==\\n\\n[[Image:Drahomanov mykhajlo.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Mykhailo\n        Drahomanov, whose political ideas formed the basis of the Ukrainian Radical\n        Party''s ideology]]\\n\\nThe Radical Party ideology was based on the political\n        thought of [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]], an eastern Ukrainian thinker who spent\n        part of the nineteenth century in western Ukraine.  Although the Radical party\n        advocated socialism in its ideology, it considered itself different from western\n        socialists who were beholden to the ideas of [[Karl Marx]] because western\n        socialism was based on the industrial [[proletariat]] while the Radical party\n        was focused on the peasantry.  Accordingly, its socialism was [[agrarian socialism|agrarian\n        and peasant-based]].  The Ukrainian Radical party claimed kinship and affinity\n        with the similarly peasant-based socialist [[People''s Radical Party|Serbian\n        Radical Party]] of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\R\\\\A\\\\Radicalism.htm\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine, \\\"Radicalism\\\"] written by John-Paul Himka\n        It actively opposed the influence of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]\n        and [[Western Ukrainian clergy|its priests]] in Ukrainian society. It was\n        also opposed to the [[Cisleithania|Austria]]n government, to mainstream Ukrainophiles\n        who were loyal to Austria, and to Ukrainian attempts to cooperate with Polish\n        authorities.  At the same time, the URP cooperated with Polish workers and\n        peasants.[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988). ''''Ukraine: A History''''. Toronto:\n        University of Toronto Press, pg. 328 The URP supported Ukrainian independence\n        at a party congress in 1895, the first time that the goal of an independent\n        Ukrainian state had been expressed anywhere.[[Paul Robert Magocsi]].\n        (1996). ''''A History of Ukraine''''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,\n        pg. 446 Involved with the plight of the Ukrainian peasants, the URP\n        also called for and organized [[strike action|strike]]s of Ukrainian agricultural\n        workers.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThe Radical Party was founded in [[Lviv]] on October\n        4, 1890 by a group of Ukrainian activists including the poet [[Ivan Franko]],\n        the publisher Mykhailo Pavlyk, and others. It was involved in founding reading\n        rooms and cooperatives, organizing women''s groups, and training and politicizing\n        Ukrainian peasants.  In 1895, the party passed a resolution calling for Ukrainian\n        independence.  That same year, it sent three representatives to the Galician\n        [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] and in 1897 two representatives to the [[Austria\\u2013Hungary|Austrian]]\n        [[Reichsrat (Austria)|parliament]].\\n\\nIn\n        the mid-1890s three competing groups emerged within the URP.  One maintained\n        its allegiance to the traditional ideology of the URP.  Another faction turned\n        more to western European [[socialism]] and [[Marxism]].  A third faction which\n        included most of the Radical Party''s most prominent members such as [[Ivan\n        Franko]] became increasingly disenchanted with socialist ideas and more focussed\n        on national concerns.  In 1899 the latter two groups left the Radical Party.  The\n        socialist-learning faction splitt of to form the [[Ukrainian Social Democratic\n        Party (1899)|Ukrainian Social Democratic Party]].  The nationalist-leading\n        faction merged with mainstream Ukrainiphiles to create the National Democratic\n        Party, which was the largest Ukrainian political party in Austrian-ruled Ukraine\n        before and during the [[World War I|first world war]].  The National Democratic\n        party, renamed the [[Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance]], would continue\n        to dominate western Ukrainian political life until the Second World War.\\n\\nAfter\n        the exodus of the Ukrainian Social Democrats and the National Democrats, the\n        remaining Ukrainian Radical Party, having become a definitively peasant-oriented\n        party, was the second largest political party among ethnic Ukrainians in western\n        Ukraine. In 1911, it sent five members to\n        the Austrian parliament and in 1913 six members to the Galician Diet. On the\n        eve of World War I, the Radical party established sporting societies and paramilitary\n        groups that would serve as the basis for the [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen]],\n        an all-Ukrainian unit within the Austrian army.\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Radical Party was one of the founding parties of the [[West Ukrainian\n        National Republic]], and its members occupied the posts of defence minister\n        ([[Dmytro Vitovsky]]) and interior secretary within the West Ukrainian government.   Following the war, when western Ukraine became\n        part of the [[Second Polish Republic|Polish state]], at a party congress in\n        1925 the Radical Party passed a resolution simultaneously opposing cooperation\n        with Ukrainian \\\"bourgeois parties\\\" and condemning [[Ukrainian Bolsheviks|Bolsheviks]]\n        policies in [[Soviet Ukraine]]. A year later, it merged with a socialist party\n        and renamed itself the ''''''Ukrainian Socialist Radical Party'''''' (USRP).  In\n        the [[1928 Polish elections]], the party received 280,000 votes, the second\n        most among western Ukrainian parties following the [[Ukrainian National Democratic\n        Alliance]]''s 600,000 votes.[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988).\n        ''''Ukraine: a History.'''' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 434-441\n        This enabled the USRP to send 11 representatives into the [[Polish parliament|parliament]]\n        and 3 into the [[Polish senate|senate]]. In the [[1931 Polish elections|1931\n        elections]] it ran in a coalition with the [[Ukrainian National Democratic\n        Alliance]] and obtained 1/4 of the coalition''s seats. The USRP boycotted\n        all subsequent Polish elections.\\n\\nThe party\n        was a member of the [[Labour and Socialist International]] between 1931 and\n        1940.Kowalski, Werner. ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=83QdPwAACAAJ\n        Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19]''''. Berlin:\n        Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 319\\n\\nAfter the [[Soviet annexation\n        of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviets annexed western Ukrainian territory]]\n        in 1939, the USRP like all other western Ukrainian political parties was forced\n        by the Soviet authorities to disband.\\n\\n==Elections==\\n===Austria-Hungary===\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\"\\n|+ House of Deputies\\n!
''''''Year\\n!
''''''Popular\n        vote''''''\\n!
''''''%''''''\\n!
''''''Seats /total''''''\\n!
''''''Seat\n        change\\n! ''''''Government\\n|-\\n! [[Cisleithanian legislative election, 1911|1911]]\\n|\n        54,701\\n| 1.2%\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|}\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukrainian National Democratic\n        Alliance]]\\n\\n==References==\\n;''''''Inline:''''''\\n\\n{{Politics\n        in (current) Ukraine between 1917 and 1920}}\\n{{Polish political parties}}\\n[[Category:1890\n        establishments in Austria-Hungary]]\\n[[Category:Agrarian parties in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Agrarian\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Anti-clericalism]]\\n[[Category:Defunct agrarian\n        political parties]]\\n[[Category:Defunct political parties in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Defunct\n        political parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Defunct socialist parties]]\\n[[Category:History\n        of socialism]]\\n[[Category:Left-wing nationalist parties]]\\n[[Category:Members\n        of the Labour and Socialist International]]\\n[[Category:Nationalist parties\n        in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Nationalist parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political\n        parties established in 1890]]\\n[[Category:Political parties of the Russian\n        Revolution]]\\n[[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]\\n[[Category:Radical\n        parties]]\\n[[Category:Socialist parties in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Socialist\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        political parties in Austria-Hungary]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian political parties\n        in Poland]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-30T13:39:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":796742649,\"length\":9277,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Radical_Party&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party\"},\"3149341\":{\"pageid\":3149341,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Railways\",\"index\":10,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-21T03:19:01Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2016}}\\n{{update|date=October 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Infobox company\\n| name   = ''''{{lang|uk-Latn|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}''''
 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f\\n|\n        logo   = UkrZal logo.png\\n| type   = [[State-owned enterprise]]\\n| slogan\n        = \\n| predecessor      = State Administration of Rail Transport \\\"Ukrzaliznytsia\\\"\n        (1991-2015)\\n| foundation     = 2015 (reorganization)\\n| location       =\n        5, Tvirska street, 
[[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], 03680 {{cite web\\n| url\n        = http://uz.gov.ua/en/contacts_feedback/contacts/\\n| title = Official website.\n        Address (bottom of the page) \\n| date = Mar 2017\\n}}\\n| locations      =\n        1,700 stations and halts\\n| key_people     = [[Yevhen Kravtsov]] (acting [[CEO]])\\n| num_employees  = 403,000 (2011)\\n| industry       =\n        Railway transportation, 
 [[intermodal freight transport]]\\n| area_served      =\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| gauge    = {{RailGauge|1520mm}}\\n| parent           = [[Ministry\n        of Infrastructure (Ukraine)|Ministry of Infrastructure]]\\n| owner = [[Ukraine]]\n        (100%)\\n| products       = Rail transport services (passenger & cargo)\\n|\n        divisions        = 6 branches ([[Kiev]], [[Donetsk]], [[Lviv]], [[Odesa]],\n        [[Kharkiv]], [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]])\\n| revenue        = [[File:Green Arrow\n        Up.svg|12px]] [[\\u20b4]]1.76 billion (2005)\\n| net_income     = \\n| subsid         =\\n|\n        homepage       = [http://www.uz.gov.ua/en/ Official website]\\n}}\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Railways'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f,\n        ''''Ukrzaliznytsia''''}}) is a state owned enterprise of [[rail transport\n        in Ukraine]], a monopoly that controls vast majority of the railroad transportation\n        in the countryExcept for intra-company [[industrial railway]]s, local\n        [[military railway]]s and municipal [[Rapid transit|Metro]] systems.\n        with a combined total tracks length of over 23,000 km, making it the\n        [[List of countries by rail transport network size|14th largest in the world]].\n        Ukrainian Railways is also [[Rail usage statistics by country|the world''s\n        6th largest rail passenger transporter and world''s 7th largest freight transporter]].\\n\\nIn\n        2015 the company transformed out of a state agency into a state-owned public\n        joint stock company.\\n\\n==Main information==\\nState Administration of Railroad\n        Transportation is subordinated to the Ministry of Infrastructure,Previously,\n        before December 2010 [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine|cabinet]] reform \\u2013\n        to the Ministry of Transportation and Communication. administering the\n        railways through the six territorial railway companies, which immediately\n        control and provide of all aspects of the railroad transportation and maintenance\n        in a unified way under the common Ukrzaliznytsia [[brand name|brand]]. The\n        general director of the administration is appointed by the [[Cabinet of Ministers\n        of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=262-96-%EF|title=\\u041a\\u0410\\u0411\\u0406\\u041d\\u0415\\u0422\n        \\u041c\\u0406\\u041d\\u0406\\u0421\\u0422\\u0420\\u0406\\u0412 \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418\n        \\u041f \\u041e \\u0421 \\u0422 \\u0410 \\u041d \\u041e \\u0412 \\u0410 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 29 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e 1996 \\u0440. N\n        262|date=21 November 2008|publisher=\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438}}\\n\\nThe administration employs\n        more than 403,000 people through all regions of the country.\\n\\n==Administrative\n        structure==\\n[[File:Ukrainian Railways (subdivisions).png|thumb|270px|Subdivisions\n        of Ukrainian Railways]]\\nThe railways are split into six territorial railway\n        companies: Donetsk, [[Lviv Railways|Lviv]], Odesa, [[Southern Railways (Ukraine)|Southern]],\n        [[Southwestern Railways|South-Western]] and Near-Dnipro. The subdivision is\n        purely administrative as it doesn''t correspond to the particular railway\n        lines or branches. The names of regional railways are purely historic, inherited\n        from the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]s. For\n        instance, the ''South-Western Railway'' actually operates the ''north-central''\n        part of Ukraine''s rail network. The ''Southern Railway'' actually operates\n        in the east of the country, whilst the Near-Dnipro Railways are the southernmost.\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        Hyundai train.JPG|right|thumb|270px|A UZ Intercity+ service operated by a\n        [[HRCS2 multiple unit]] awaits departure at [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]''s main\n        station.]]\\nThe six separate territorial railways each have their own directorates,\n        located in the following cities:\\n\\n# [[Donetsk Railway]] \\u2013 [[Lyman,\n        Ukraine|Lyman]]\\n# [[Lviv Railways|Lviv Railway]] \\u2013 [[Lviv]]\\n# [[Odessa\n        Railways|Odesa Railways]] \\u2013 [[Odesa]]\\n# [[Southern Railways (Ukraine)|Southern\n        Railway]] \\u2013 [[Kharkiv]]\\n# [[Southwestern Railways|Southwestern Railway]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kiev]]\\n# [[Near-Dnipro Railway]] \\u2013 [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\\n\\nThe\n        territorial railways are further divided into several territorial administrations,\n        usually four or five. Such division helps in assignment of commuter railway\n        lines depending on location.\\n\\n===Financial situation===\\nIn 2008 the Ukrainian\n        State Railways transported around 498.5 million tonnes of domestic freight\n        and 69.8 million tonnes of international freight in transit through Ukrainian\n        territory; freight transport figures were particularly high on transport Routes\n        3, 5 and 9, which saw a combined total of 105 million tonnes carried in 2008.\n        Further to this, Ukrzaliznytsia served around 518.8 million passengers\n        over the course of the year. The state railways ran with an annual consolidated\n        budget of a little more than 40 billion \\u20b4 (US$5 billion) in\n        2008.\\n\\nBy the end of 2005 the railways had produced a profit equivalent\n        to 1.76 billion \\u20b4 (US$220 million) from all their operations\n        including freight, passenger service, associated services and the operation\n        of subsidiaries. The total capital invested in fixed assets of the State Railways\n        is thought to be equivalent to around 22 billion \\u20b4 (US$4.4 billion),\n        however, depreciation of these fixed assets is estimated to be around 57%,\n        or in terms of rolling stock, closer to 66.7%.\\n\\n===Ranks===\\n{|  style=\\\"width:75%;\n        border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#fff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0\n        12px 12px 0; text-align:center; \\\"\\n|- style=\\\"background:#ccc;\\\"\\n!\\n! Private\\n!\n        Junior chief\\n! colspan=\\\"4\\\" | Medium chief\\n! colspan=\\\"3\\\" | Senior chief\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"3\\\" | Higher chief\\n! colspan=\\\"1\\\" | Deputy Director\\n! colspan=\\\"1\\\"\n        | First Deputy Director\\n! colspan=\\\"1\\\" | Director\\n|-  style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|\n        Shoulder insignia
for every day uniform\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks\n        10.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 11.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian\n        Railways Ranks 08.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 07.jpg|46px]]\\n|\n        [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 09.jpg|44px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways\n        Ranks 12.jpg|44px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 13.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian\n        Railways Ranks 02.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 01.jpg|45px]]\\n|\n        [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 03.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways\n        Ranks 04.jpg|48px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 14.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian\n        Railways Ranks 05.jpg|46px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 06.jpg|45px]]\\n|\n        [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 15.jpg|45px]]\\n|}\\n\\n==Infrastructure==\\n{{see\n        also|Narrow-gauge railways in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Europe rail electrification\n        en.svg|thumb|Electrification systems in Europe:\\n{{legend|#cdcfd0|non-electrified}}\\n{{legend|#eea631|[[750\n        V DC railway elctrification|750 V DC]]}}\\n{{legend|#eda1a0|[[1.5 kV DC\n        railway electrification|1.5 kV DC]]}}\\n{{legend|#f5f0bb|[[3 kV DC railway\n        electrification|3 kV DC]]}}\\n{{legend|#a3a5ce|[[15 kV AC]]}}\\n{{legend|#94af2e|[[25 kV\n        AC]]}}\\n1) High-speed lines in France, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, the Netherlands,\n        Belgium and Turkey operate under 25 kV, as high power lines in the former\n        Soviet Union as well.]]\\n\\nThe full extent of the railway system in Ukraine\n        administrated by Ukrzaliznytsia is currently put at around 22,300 km,\n        of which 9,752 km (44.3%) is fully [[railway electrification|electrified]]\n        with the use of the [[overhead wire]]. The network is fully [[Centralized\n        traffic control|interconnected, central-dispatched]] and consists of 1,648\n        stations of all sizes spread throughout the country. The largest stations\n        are Nyzhnodniprovsk-Vuzol (in the city of [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]) and [[Darnytsia\n        Railway Station|Darnytsia]] (in the capital [[Kiev]]) \\u2013 both freight.\\n\\n===Types\n        of stations===\\n* Intermediate\\n* Sorting\\n* Freight\\n* Sectional\\n* Passenger\\n\\nRailway\n        stations also have five classes depending on their general performance. Some\n        stations may be named as railway stop, platform number, passing loop ({{lang-uk|''''\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437''\\u0457\\u0437\\u0434''''}})\n        or simply kilometer post.\\n\\n===Upgrading and expansions===\\n{{Expand section|date=March\n        2011}}\\nThe Ukrainian railway network is permanently undergoing large scale\n        reconstruction, mainly in order to reduce operating costs, inherited from\n        the Soviet economy, and to implement higher speeds of passenger services.\n        Particularly, around 4000 track [[railroad switch|switches]] have already\n        been upgraded.\\n\\n==Rolling stock==\\n[[File:CHS2-426.jpg|right|thumb|A typical\n        Ukrainian CHS2K locomotive, hauling a long-distance passenger service.]]\\n[[File:\\u042d\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\n        \\u0414\\u042d1-033.jpg|thumb|Electric locomotive [[DE1]], built in Ukraine\n        after [[fall of the Soviet Union]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0415\\u041a\\u0440-1.jpg|thumb|Train\n        of Kriukiv Railcar Engineering]]\\nUkrzaliznytsia has several repair factories\n        capable of producing own locomotives and railcars. In addition there is a\n        separate [[KVBZ|Kryukiv Railcar Engineering Factory]] and [[DniproVahonMash|Dnieper\n        Railcar Engineering]] that also produce railroad rolling stock for Ukrzaliznytsia\n        and other companies for public transportation (i.e. subway).\\n\\nDue to the\n        [[2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], some factories that were producing locomotives\n        and railcars were lost (i.e. [[Luhanskteplovoz]] (Luhansk Diesel Locomotive)\n        and [[Stakhanov Railway Car Building Works|Stakhanov Railcar Engineering]]).\\n\\n===Brief\n        statistics===\\n*Number of freight cars \\u2013 174,939\\n*Number of passenger\n        cars \\u2013 8,429\\n*Number of locomotives \\u2013 2,718\\n*Number of electric\n        locomotives \\u2013 1,796\\n*Number of electric multiple units \\u2013 1,443\\n*Number\n        of diesel multiple units \\u2013 186\\n*Number of employees \\u2013 375,900\\n*Number\n        of specially branded passenger trains \\u2013 62\\n\\n===Recent developments===\\nIn\n        November 2010, UZ agreed to buy 10 high-speed [[HRCS2 multiple unit]] interurban\n        trainsets from [[Hyundai Rotem]], with the prospect of a much larger order\n        or joint venture for local production.{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/uz-to-order-korean-trainsets.html|date=17\n        November 2010|title=UZ to order Korean trainsets|publisher=[[Railway Gazette\n        International|Railway Gazette]]}} The first two trains would be delivered\n        in February 2012, two other in April and other two in May, when they will\n        start operating.{{cite web|title=Six high-speed Hyundai trains to come\n        to Ukraine by 10 May|url=http://ukraine2012.gov.ua/en/news/191/51569/|publisher=Information\n        \\u0441entre \\\"Ukraine-2012\\\"|date=7 February 2012}}{{Update after|2012|05||Rail\n        transport articles in need of updating}} They will be rated as Inter City+\n        and will be connecting [[Kiev]] with [[Kharkiv]], [[Donetsk]] and [[Lviv]],\n        and at a later stage with [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]] and [[Odesa]].{{cite\n        web|title=4 Hyundai Rotem trains to serve on the route Kyiv \\u2013 Dnipropetrovsk,\n        Kyiv \\u2013 Odesa after EURO 2012|url=http://en.prichernomorie.com.ua/odesa/news/Transport/2012-02-07/6082.php|publisher=Context-Prichernomorie|date=7\n        February 2012}}{{Update after|2012|05||Rail transport articles in need\n        of updating}}\\n\\nIn July 2011, UZ announced plans to buy 433 electric freight\n        locomotives; 292 [[2EL4]]s from [[Transmashholding]], and 141 locomotives\n        (including class VL11M/6) from [[Elmavalmshenebeli]].{{cite news|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/ukrainian-railways-agrees-locomotive-orders-worth-EUR146bn.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Railways agrees locomotive orders worth \\u20ac1\\u00b746bn|date=3 August 2011|publisher=Railway\n        Gazette}}\\n\\n==Stations==\\n{{main|Category:Railway stations in Ukraine}}\\n\\n==Classification\n        of passenger trains (railway lines)==\\nRailway lines are classified into commuter,\n        regional, intercity and eurocity. They also distinct one from another if they\n        operate during day or night time. Intercity lines are coded with single, double\n        and triple digits. while commuter lines are coded with quadruple digits.\\n\\nOn\n        27 April 2011 in accordance with order \\u2116 504/2011 rail industry specialists\n        developed a new classification system of passenger trains for Ukrainian Railways.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.uz.gov.ua/index.php?f=Doc.View&p=news_6417.0.news|title=\\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u0444\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456 \\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0436\\u0438\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0457\\u0437\\u0434\\u0456\\u0432|publisher=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456}}\\n\\nThe\n        development of a new classification system for passenger trains in Ukraine\n        was made necessary by the need to inform customers (passengers) about the\n        level of service quality they could expect to find in various passenger trains.\n        The new system is based on the class of train and carriages.\\n\\nGiven the\n        quality of the service provided UZ asked the following classes of passenger\n        trains:\\n\\n*Daytime passenger lines:\\n**''''''Euro City (EC)'''''' \\u2013\n        Express (min. 90 km/h) daytime services on international routes which\n        should offer a very high level of service and comfort. First and standard\n        classes.\\n**''''''Inter City+ (IC+)'''''' \\u2013 Express (min. 90 km/h)\n        daytime services on domestic routes which should offer a very high level of\n        service and comfort. First and standard classes. These services are currently\n        operated by [[Hyundai Rotem]] [[HRCS2 multiple unit]] trains on routes between\n        [[Kiev]] and [[Kharkiv]], [[Lviv]], [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]] and [[Donetsk]].\\n**''''''Inter\n        City (IC)'''''' \\u2013 (max. 70 km/h \\u2013 90 km/h) daytime services\n        on domestic routes which should offer a heightened level of service and comfort.\n        First, standard and economy classes. These services are currently operated\n        by [[\\u0160koda Works|\\u0160koda]] [[\\u010cD Class 471|UZ class 675]] trains\n        on routes between [[Kharkiv]], [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]] and [[Donetsk]].\\n**''''''Regional\n        Express (\\u0420\\u0415)'''''' \\u2013 (max. 70 km/h \\u2013 90 km/h)\n        daytime services on domestic routes which should offer a standard level of\n        service and comfort. First, standard and economy classes.\\n**''''''Regional\n        train (\\u0420\\u041f)'''''' \\u2013 (max. 70 km/h) daytime services on\n        domestic routes which should offer a standard level of service and comfort.\n        Standard and economy classes.\\n*Nighttime passenger trains:\\n**''''''Euro\n        Night (EN)'''''' \\u2013 Express (min. 90 km/h) nighttime services on\n        international routes which should offer a very high level of service and comfort.\n        [[Sleeping car|2 berth coupe]] and 4 berth coupe classes.\\n**''''''Night Express\n        (\\u041d\\u0415)'''''' (max. 70 km/h \\u2013 90 km/h) nighttime services\n        on international and domestic routes which should offer a heightened level\n        of service and comfort.  [[Sleeping car|2 berth coupe]], 4 berth coupe and\n        [[Couchette car|platskarta]] classes.\\n**''''''Night fast (\\u041d\\u0428)''''''\n        \\u2013 (max. 50 km/h \\u2013 70 km/h) nighttime services on international\n        and domestic routes which should offer a heightened level of service and comfort.\n        [[Sleeping car|2 berth coupe]], 4 berth coupe and [[Couchette car|platskarta]]\n        classes.\\n**''''''Night passenger (\\u041d\\u041f)'''''' (max. 50 km/h)\n        nighttime services on international and domestic routes which should offer\n        a heightened level of service and comfort. [[Sleeping car|4 berth coupe]]\n        and [[Couchette car|platskarta]] classes.\\n\\nThe advantages of the new classification\n        system include: full compliance with the classification of the European Union,\n        compliance with Ukrainian and English names and abbreviations, clarity for\n        customers, linguistic and semantic consistency and clarity for customers in\n        Ukraine and compatibility with existing and future tariff policy. The system\n        is also not far displaced from the previous classification system used for\n        passenger trains on the territory of Ukraine and therefore should not cause\n        major problems when introduced.\\n\\n==Gallery==\\n
\\n\\nImage:4kvr-40u-odessa.jpg|[[ChS4]]\n        and [[VL40U (locomotive)]] electric locomotives in [[Odesa]]\\n\\nImage:Locomotive\n        DS3-012 2012 G1.jpg|Electric locomotive [[DS3 (locomotive)|DS3-012]] in [[Vinnytsia]]\n        railway station.\\nImage:D1-608-02 Ukraine.jpg|A [[D1 multiple unit|D1]] diesel\n        multiple unit near [[Khust]].\\nImage:Chs8-14.jpg|The ''Capital Express'' branded\n        train, en- route [[Kiev]] \\u2013 [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\\nImage:EPL2T-031\n        Lviv 1.jpg|An [[EPL2T multiple unit]] electric multiple unit arrives in [[Lviv]]\\nImage:TrainD1-801.jpeg|A\n        D1 in [[Vorokhta]].\\nImage:Electric locomotive ChS2.jpg| Electric locomotive\n        \\u0427\\u04212-366 in [[Simferopol]].\\nImage:Ukrzalinytsia maintenance cars\n        in Kiev -2012 1.JPG|Ukrzalinytsia service cars in [[Kiev]].\\n\\n
\\n\\n==Ukrzaliznytsia\n        subsidiaries and partners==\\n\\n===Factories===\\n* [[Darnytsia Railway Station|Darnytsia\n        railcar maintenance shop]]\\n* Popasna railcar maintenance shop\\n* Stryi railcar\n        maintenance shop\\n* Hnivan factory of special reinforced concrete\\n* Korosten\n        factory of reinforced concrete railroad ties\\n* Kremechuk factory of reinforced\n        concrete railroad ties\\n* Starokostyantyniv factory of reinforced concrete\n        railroad ties\\n\\n===Producing companies===\\n* State company \\\"Ukrzaliznychpostach\\\"\\n*\n        State company \\\"Vinnytsiatransprylad\\\"\\n* Ukrainian state center of railroad\n        refrigerated transportation\\n* Ukrainian state center in exploitation of specialized\n        [[rolling stock]] \\\"Ukrspecrailcar\\\"\\n\\n===Others===\\n* Central station of\n        communication\\n* Donbasshlyakhpostach\\n* Main information-calculation center\\n*\n        Ukrainian state accounting center of international transportations\\n* State\n        company \\\"Ukrainian center of track works mechanization\\\"\\n* \\\"Lisky\\\"\\n*\n        Ukrainian center of passenger service (UTsOP)\\n* \\\"Ukrtransfarmatsia\\\"\\n\\n==Rail\n        links with adjacent countries==\\n* Same gauge:\\n** [[Belarusian Railway|Belarus]]\\n**\n        [[Rail transport in Russia|Russia]]\\n** [[Rail transport in Moldova|Moldova]]\\n*\n        [[break-of-gauge]]: {{track gauge|1520mm}}/{{track gauge|sg}}\\n** [[Rail transport\n        in Romania|Romania]]\\n** [[Rail transport in Hungary|Hungary]]\\n** [[Rail\n        transport in Poland|Poland]] (plus a broad gauge cross-border cargo line,\n        the [[Hrubiesz\\u00f3w\\u2013S\\u0142awk\\u00f3w Po\\u0142udniowy LHS railway|Linia\n        Hutnicza Szerokotorowa]])\\n** [[Rail transport in Slovakia|Slovakia]] (plus\n        a broad gauge cross-border cargo line, the [[Uzhhorod\\u2013Ko\\u0161ice broad-gauge\n        track]])\\n\\n==Education==\\nThe National Railway University in [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\n        currently has 10 faculties as well as a technical school, a business school\n        and branches in [[Odesa]] and [[Lviv]], 450 professors and 39 separate fields\n        of study related to Railway transport.\\n\\n==Directors==\\n;President\\n* 1991-1993\n        [[Borys Oliynyk (Ukrzaliznytsia)|Borys Oliynyk]]\\n;General director\\n* 1993-1997\n        [[Leonid Zheleznyak]]\\n* 1997-2000 [[Anatoliy Slobodyan]]\\n* 2000-2004 [[Heorhiy\n        Kirpa]]\\n* 2005-2005 [[Volodymyr Korniyenko]]\\n* 2005-2005 [[Zenko Aftanaziv]]\\n*\n        2005-2006 [[Vasyl Hladkikh]]\\n* 2006-2007 [[Volodymyr Kozak]]\\n* 2007-2007\n        [[Petro Naumenko]]\\n* 2007-2008 [[Vasyl Melnychuk (Ukrzaliznytsia)|Vasyl Melnychuk]]\\n*\n        2008-2011 [[Mykhailo Kostiuk]]\\n* 2011-2012 [[Volodymyr Kozak]]\\n* 2013-2014\n        [[Serhiy Bolobolin]]\\n* 2014-2014 [[Borys Ostapyuk]]\\n* 2014-2015 [[Maksym\n        Blank]] (acting)\\n* 2015-2015 [[Oleksandr Zavhorodniy]] (acting)\\n;Board director\\n*\n        2015-2016 [[Oleksandr Zavhorodniy]] (acting)\\n* 2016-2016 [[Yevhen Kravtsov]]\n        (acting)\\n* 2016-2016 [[Vitaliy Zhurakovskyi]] (acting)\\n* 2016-2017  [[Wojciech\n        Balczun]][http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/338838.html Cabinet\n        appoints Polish citizen Wojciech Balczun head of Ukrzaliznytsia], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (20 April 2016)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/one-of-poland-s-most-successful-transport-managers-to-chair-ukrainian-railways-629528.html\n        One of Poland''s most successful transport managers to chair Ukrainian Railways],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (12 April 2016)\\n* 2017-''''present''''\n        [[Yevhen Kravtsov]] (acting)[https://www.unian.info/economics/2073764-polands-balczun-sums-up-his-work-as-ukrzaliznytsia-ceo.html\n        Poland''s Balczun sums up his work as Ukrzaliznytsia CEO], [[UNIAN]] (9 August\n        2017)\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Transport in Ukraine#Railways|Transport in\n        Ukraine]]\\n* [[Railway electrification system]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Rail transport in Ukraine}}\\n* {{official\n        website|uz.gov.ua/en}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://booking.uz.gov.ua/|website=booking.uz.gov.ua|title=Online\n        ticket purchases|language=en}}\\n\\n{{Railways of Ukrzaliznytsia}}\\n{{Transportation\n        state administrations in Ukraine}}\\n{{National railway companies of Europe}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Railways| ]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Railway\n        companies established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Government agencies established\n        in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Government agencies disestablished in 2015]]\\n[[Category:Railway\n        companies of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Government-owned companies of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        brands]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T10:20:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":796477942,\"length\":21342,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Railways&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways\"},\"16369168\":{\"pageid\":16369168,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Red Cross Society\",\"index\":46,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-07T22:21:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Organization\\n|name         = Ukrainian Red Cross Society\\n|image        =\n        Ukrainian red cross symbol.png\\n|image_border =\\n|size         = 200px\\n|caption      =\\n|motto        =\\n|formation    =\n        October 28, 1992\\n|type         |status       = Foundation\\n|purpose      =\n        [[Humanitarian aid]]\\n|headquarters = [[Kiev]]\\n|region_served= Ukraine\\n|leader_title\n        = President\\n|leader_name  = Ivan Usichenko\\n|main_organ   = Board of Governors\\n|budget       =\n        US$12 million (2014)\\n|website      = [http://www.redcross.org.ua/ www.redcross.org.ua]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''Ukrainian\n        Red Cross Society'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430}}) is a [[non-profit]] humanitarian and\n        charitable association of [[Ukraine]]. It operates in disaster management,\n        health and care, [[Restoring Family Links|tracing]] service,''''Searching\n        for Lost Relatives, General information, Consulate General of Ukraine in San\n        Francisco'''' youth activities/volunteers, protection of human dignity.\\n\\nAmong\n        the main declared principles:\\n* [[Humanitarianism|Humanity]], preventing\n        and alleviating human suffering wherever it may be found,\\n* [[Impartiality]],\n        without discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or\n        political opinions,\\n* [[Neutrality (international relations)|Neutrality]],\\n*\n        [[Independence]],\\n* [[Volunteering|Voluntary]] Service,\\n* [[wikt:unity|Unity]],\n        there can be only one Red Cross or Red Crescent Society in any one country,\\n*\n        [[universality (philosophy)|Universality]], working worldwide.\\n\\n==Early\n        history==\\nThe Ukrainian Red Cross Society was established in April, 1918\n        in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help [[refugees]] and prisoners of\n        war, care of handicapped people, [[orphan]]ed children, fighting famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, [[hospital]]s and public canteens.\\n\\nFrom\n        the 1920s, when Ukrainian territory was integrated part of the Soviet Union,\n        and until 1992, the Ukrainian Red Cross functioned as a part of the Soviet\n        Red Cross.\\n\\n==During World War II==\\n\\nWhen the structure of the [[Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|UPA]] was unified in 1943, the Ukrainian Red Cross was re-established\n        as a separate body from the Soviet Red Cross. The service provided care for\n        the sick and wounded UPA soldiers, attracted well-qualified doctors, prepared\n        the supply and manufacture of medicine, equipped underground hospitals and\n        conducted training classes for new physicians and soldiers of the UPA and\n        prepared special medical manuals. Doctors worked in regional military hospitals\n        which treated the wounded who had suffered from the attacks of German, Soviet\n        or Polish punitive groups.\\n\\n==Present time==\\n[[File:Ukrainian Red Cross\n        Society volunteers administering first aid to a wounded Euromaidan protester.\n        Events of Jan 19, 2014-5.jpg|thumb|Volunteers administering first aid to a\n        wounded [[Euromaidan]] protester.]]\\nThe Red Cross law was passed by the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] in 1999.\\n\\nAt present, the Ukrainian Red Cross\n        involves more than 6.3 million of supporters and activists. Its Visiting Nurses\n        Service has 3200 qualified [[nurse]]s. The organization takes part in more\n        than 40 humanitarian programmes all over [[Ukraine]], which are mostly funded\n        by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimations, the\n        Society annually provides services to more than 105 000 of lonely elderly\n        people, about 23 000 of people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25 000 of war veterans, and more than 8 000 of adults handicapped\n        since childhood. The assistance for [[orphan]]ed and disabled children is\n        also rendered.''''\\\"\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0433\n        \\u0434\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c-\\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\\",\n        by Zoryan Onyshkevych, Ukrainewstand, February 2001, in Ukrainian''''\\n\\nUkrainian\n        Red Cross Society (since 1999) is a member of the [[International Red Cross\n        and Red Crescent Movement|International Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent\n        Societies]].\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.redcross.org.ua/index.php?idsdr=114\n        Ukrainian Red Cross Society]\\n\\n{{Red Cross Red Crescent Movement}}\\n\\n{{Commons\n        category|Ukrainian Red Cross}}\\n\\n[[Category:Red Cross and Red Crescent national\n        societies]]\\n[[Category:1918 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Organizations\n        established in 1918]]\\n[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in\n        Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Volunteering in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-06T17:40:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":789528606,\"length\":4523,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Red_Cross_Society\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Red_Cross_Society&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Red_Cross_Society\"},\"13799905\":{\"pageid\":13799905,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Republic Capella\",\"index\":50,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2013-05-28T04:03:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=February\n        2013}}\\n{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Republic\n        Capella'''''' (later known as the ''''''Ukrainian National Chorus'''''') was\n        a musical company during and after World War I which toured Europe and North\n        America with the intent to promote Ukrainian culture abroad. The main sponsor\n        of the Capella was [[Symon Petlura]].\\n\\n==Background==\\nDuring [[World War\n        I]], many events shook [[Eastern Europe]]. In [[Ukraine]], a new chance to\n        create an independent state presented itself. One of the key figures in this\n        period was [[Symon Petlura]]. Petlura thought that many people may want to\n        contribute to the promotion of [[Ukrainian culture]], and realized that not\n        everybody would be a good soldier. In order to include the greatest number\n        of people into the process of statehood, Petlura organized a series of cultural\n        programs, funded by the central [[Directorate of Ukraine]], to actively promote\n        Ukrainian culture abroad. One such initiative was the Ukrainian Republic Capella.\\n\\n==Beginning==\\nIn\n        January 1919, Petlura held a meeting with [[Oleksander Koshetz]] and [[Kyrylo\n        Stetsenko]] and presented the idea. Soon after this meeting, Oleksa Prykhodko\n        also joined the Capella as assistant director.\\n\\nThe situation of the Capella\n        was difficult in that the political situation in [[Kiev]] was unstable. Although\n        Koshetz and Stetsenko began work almost immediately, on January 26, 1919,\n        Koshetz was forced to leave Kiev before it was overrun by the [[bolsheviks]].\\n\\nThe\n        Capella eventually reunited in [[Kamyanets-Podilsky]], where the final preparations\n        were made.\\n\\n==First European Tour==\\nThe first tour of the Ukrainian Republic\n        Capella started on April 26, 1919 in [[Czechoslovakia]]. The first concert\n        was performed  on May 20, 1919. \\n\\nThe tour continued from Czechoslovakia\n        to [[Switzerland]], [[France]], [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[England]].\\n\\n==Second\n        European Tour==\\nEven though the Capella as a choir was receiving triumphant\n        reviews, personality conflicts between Koshetz and Prykhodko led to a split.\n        In the fall of 1920, Prykhodko and 20 members of the Capella returned to Czechoslovakia.\\nHowever,\n        Koshetz received further funding from Petlura, and Koshetz recruited [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland|Ukrainians]] living in [[Second Polish\n        Republic|Poland]] to the Capella.\\n\\nThe new Capella toured France, [[Spain]],\n        and Belgium.\\n\\n==Dissolution==\\nIn May 1921, Oleksander Koshetz announced\n        the dissolution of the Ukrainian Republic Capella.\\n\\nLater that year, Koshetz\n        and some other members of the Capella created the Ukrainian National Chorus.\n        \\n\\n==Legacy==\\nThe Ukrainian National Chorus, which toured the United States\n        and Canada between 1922 and 1926 is credited with introducing the Ukrainian\n        Christmas Carol \\\"Shchedryk\\\" - known as the \\\"[[Carol of the Bells]]\\\" in\n        English.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n*Klymkiw,\n        Walter, \\\"''''Olexander Koshetz Ukraine''s Great Choral Conductor''''\\\", [[Forum\n        (news website)|Forum]], Winter, 1986, pp 15-21\\n\\n[[Category:National choirs]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1919]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-30T10:27:50Z\",\"lastrevid\":557118554,\"length\":3315,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republic_Capella\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Republic_Capella&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republic_Capella\"},\"2016412\":{\"pageid\":2016412,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Republican Party\",\"index\":39,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T11:06:51Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Distinguish|Ukrainian\n        Republican Party (registered in 2006)|Ukrainian Republican Party \\\"Sobor\\\"}}\\n{{Expand\n        Ukrainian|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f|date=March 2017}}\\n{{Politics of Ukraine}}\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian Republican Party'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f}}; ''''Ukrajinska Respublikanska Partija'''')\n        was the first registered [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]] created on November\n        5, 1990{{uk icon}} [http://www.da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/805.htm\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f \\u201e\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u201c],\n        Database DATA by the Ministry of Justice of [[UkrSSR]].[http://www.minjust.gov.ua/0/499\n        List of registered parties in Ukraine] {{uk icon}} URP was founded earlier\n        that year in place of the [[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]] in April 1990. In April\n        2002 the party merged with the Ukrainian People''s Party \\\"Sobor\\\" as the\n        [[Ukrainian Republican Party \\\"Sobor\\\"]].\\n\\n==History==\\nNovember\n        1976 - Ukrainian community groups was established to promote the implementation\n        of the Helsinki agreements. Almost all members of this [[Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group]] where subsequently repressed, four of them ([[Vasyl Stus|V. Stus]],\n        Yu. Lytvyn, O. Tykhyi, V. Marchenko) died in Soviet camps.\\n\\nMarch 1988 -\n        Ukrainian Helsinki Union (UKhS) was formed. Since 1989, UKhS has moved to\n        open propaganda activity of promoting the independence of Ukraine.\\n\\nApril\n        29\\u201330, 1990 - Ukrainian Republican Party (URP) was established in the\n        place of the UKhS. The party was registered on November 5, 1990 by the Ministry\n        of Justice of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] as the first political party in Ukraine.\\n\\nA\n        1992 split in the party resulted in the creation of the rival [[Ukrainian\n        Conservative Republican Party]] (UKRP) led by [[Stepan Khmara]].Virtual\n        Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew\n        Wilson]], [[Yale University Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-09545-7}} (page 31)\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1994|1994 parliamentary elections]]\n        the URP core party obtained nine seats initially adding three more by the\n        end of the year.\\n\\nDuring the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1998]]\n        the party was part (together with [[Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists]] &\n        [[Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party]]) of the Election Bloc \\\"National\n        Front\\\" ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 \\u00ab\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u00bb}}) which won 2,71% of the national votes and 6 ([[Single-member district plurality|single-mandate]] [[constituency]])\n        seats.[https://books.google.com/books?id=LzChTG9xYJcC&pg=PA353\n        State-Building: A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, and Russia]\n        by [[Verena Fritz]], [[Central European University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|9637326995}}\n        (page 353){{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vd2002/webproc0v?kodvib=1&rejim=0\n        Results in consistencies], [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (1998)\n        In January 2001 the \\\"National Front\\\" parliamentary faction had grown to\n        17 deputies.\\n\\nAfter being part of the [[National Salvation\n        Committee]][http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/page/about About Tymoshenko],\n        Official website of [[Yulia Tymoshenko]][https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA4295\n        Europa World Year Book 2], [[Routledge]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-85743-255-8}},\n        page 4295 the party became part of the [[Yulia Tymoshenko Electoral\n        Bloc]] alliance during the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2002|Ukrainian\n        2002 parliamentary elections]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vd2002/webproc0v\n        \\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\\"],\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (December 22, 2001){{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2002/01/25/2986569/ \\u0412\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a \\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (January 25, 2002) On April 21, 2002 the party\n        merged with the Ukrainian People''s Party \\\"Sobor\\\" as the [[Ukrainian Republican\n        Party \\\"Sobor\\\"]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2002/04/21/2988348/\n        \\u0417\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f \\u0423\\u0420\\u041f \\u0456 \\\"\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\\":\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e - \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0457, \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        - \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\\u0448\\u0438\\u043d],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (April 21, 2002)\\n\\nIn May 2006 [[Levko Lukyanenko]]\n        tried to reestablish URP after URP Sobor switched to [[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s\n        Self-Defense Bloc]] from the [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]]; the new party became\n        to be known as the [[Ukrainian Republican Party (registered in 2006)|URP of\n        Lukyanenko]] and registered in 2006.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/91233/\n        Lukyanenko was elected leader of Ukrainian Republican Party], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 25, 2010){{Uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2010/11/25/5611959/\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044e],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (November 25, 2010){{uk icon}} [http://da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/938.htm\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f], Database DATA\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{People''s\n        Movement of Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian political parties}}\\n\\n[[Category:1990\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:2002 disestablishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Defunct\n        political parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political parties disestablished\n        in 2002]]\\n[[Category:Political parties established in 1990]]\\n[[Category:Pro-independence\n        parties in the Soviet Union]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T11:06:51Z\",\"lastrevid\":799057303,\"length\":5730,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Republican_Party&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party\"},\"29753355\":{\"pageid\":29753355,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Republican Party (registered in 2006)\",\"index\":49,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-16T16:44:53Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        now defunct party of the same name|Ukrainian Republican Party}}\\n{{Infobox\n        political party\\n| country       = Ukraine\\n|name = Ukrainian Republican Party\n        \\n|native_name = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f\\n|logo = [[Image:Ukrainian Republican\n        Party.jpg]]\\n| leader        = [[Levko Lukyanenko]]\\n| foundation    =\n        {{start date|2006|12|21|df=y}}\\n| ideology      = [[National\n        conservatism]]\\n| position      = [[Centre-right]]\\n| international = ''''None''''\n        \\n| european      = \\n| colours       = Blue\\n| colorcode     = Blue\\n| headquarters  =\n        [[Kiev]]\\n| seats1_title       = \\n| seats1             = \\n| website       =\n        [http://urp1990.com.ua/ urp1990.com.ua]\\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Republican\n        Party'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f}}; ''''Ukrajinska Respublikanska Partija'''')\n        is a [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]] registered in December 2006{{uk\n        icon}} [http://da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/938.htm \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f], Database DATA as Ukrainian Republican Party Lukyanenko ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430}}). The party is led by political veteran [[Levko Lukyanenko]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/91233/ Lukyanenko\n        was elected leader of Ukrainian Republican Party], [[Kyiv Post]] (November\n        25, 2010){{Uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2010/11/25/5611959/\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044e],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (November 25, 2010) The party did not participate\n        in the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|2007 parliamentary election]] as well as the [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] nationwide\n        proportional party-list system;{{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/wp400?PT001F01=900\n        Information on the registration of electoral lists of candidates], [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine]] instead three members of the party\n        tried to win a seat in three of the 225 local single-member districts.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?odnomandatniy_viborchiy_okrug_115&objectId=1263651\n        \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\n        \\u2116115], [[Zaxid.net]] (29 August 2012)
{{uk icon}} [http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?odnomandatniy_viborchiy_okrug_123&objectId=1263695\n        \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\n        \\u2116123], [[Zaxid.net]] (29 August 2012)
{{uk icon}} [http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?odnomandatniy_viborchiy_okrug_125&objectId=1263700\n        \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\n        \\u2116125], [[Zaxid.net]] (29 August 2012) None of the parties candidates\n        did win.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/results-of-the-vote-count-continuously-updated-315153.html\n        Results of the vote count], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 November 2012)\\n\\nThe party\n        did participate in the [[2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] in 5 single-member\n        districts; but again did not win seats.[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2014/wp501e?PT001F01=910\n        Alphabetical Index of parties in 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election], [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine]]\\n\\nThe party occupies a few seats in\n        local and [[Oblasts of Ukraine|provincial]] councils.{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2010/11/8/5552584/\n        Results of the 2010 local elections preliminary data on interactive maps]\n        by [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (November 8, 2010)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/01/28/6982356/\n        \\u041d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445 \\u0432\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\\"\\u0411\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\\" \\u0456\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\\"], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (28\n        January 2013)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*{{ua\n        icon}} [http://urp1990.com.ua/ Official website]\\n{{Ukrainian Political Parties}}\\n\\n[[Category:Conservative\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political parties established in 2006]]\\n[[Category:Nationalist\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-party-stub}}\\n\\n[[uk:\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f (2009)]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T14:57:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":765818160,\"length\":4315,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party_(registered_in_2006)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Republican_Party_(registered_in_2006)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party_(registered_in_2006)\"},\"29262070\":{\"pageid\":29262070,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Records Management\",\"index\":27,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-03T22:13:09Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=October\n        2010}}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\" cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" style=\\\"width:\n        250px; font-size: 90%; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float: right;\\\"\\n|+ style=\\\"margin-left:\n        inherit; font-size: large;\\\" |''''''URIAARK'''''' \\n|-\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" bgcolor=\\\"#efefef\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"|  \\n|-\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[Address (geography)|Address]]:||[[Street.\n        Solomianska|vul. Solomianska]],  24\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[Telephone]]s:||+38\n        (044) 275-13-74\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align:\n        top;\\\"\\n|[[Fax]]:||+38 (044) 275-13-74\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[E-mail]]:||undiasd@archives.gov.ua\\n|-\n        style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[Transport]]:||trolleybus \\u2116 3, 40 (stop\n        of trolleybus. \\\"Vulitsja Andrija Golovka\\\") \\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align:\n        top;\\\"\\n|[[Burn-time]]:||From Monday to Friday 9:00-18:00\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align:\n        top;\\\"\\n|Director:||Oleksandr Garanin \\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|}\\n\\n''''''The\n        Ukrainian Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Record Keeping (URIAARK)''''''\\n\\n==\n        Address ==\\n03110 \\u0433.[[\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432]],  [[Street. Solomianska|vul.\n        Solomianska]], 24\\n\\n== History of URIAARK ==\\n[http://www.archives.gov.ua/Archives/IASD/#Structure\n        The Ukrainian Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Record Keeping] is\n        a government budget research agency in a system of state archives of Ukraine\n        and is subordinated to the State Archival Service of Ukraine.\\n\\nThe main\n        objective of the institute is setting and solving scientific, theoretical,\n        normative and methodological problems connected with the development of Archival\n        Affairs and Record Keeping.\\n\\nInstitute began to function under orders from\n        Chief of Archival Administration under the Cabinet of Minister of Ukraine  November\n        1, 1994 number 45 an the basis of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of 24 December\n        1993 \\u2116 3815-XII \\u201cOn the Order of bringing into force the Law of\n        Ukraine \\u201cOn National Archival Fond and Archival Institutions\\u201d and\n        Resolution of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on 16 May 1994 \\u2116 311 \\u201cOn\n        founding in Kyiv the Ukrainian State Research Institute of Archival Affairs\n        and Record Keeping\\u201d. As in the institute were: department of archives\n        studies with archival history and theory of archives sectors, conservation\n        of documents, National archive fund formation, research and reference system\n        and accounting documents; records department; research and information department.\n        In 1998 to improve management institute and rational frame the  structure\n        has been reorganized as follows: department of history and theory of archives,\n        department of physical and chemical research, repartment of theory and technology\n        of national archive fund, department of scientific and help staff and accounting\n        documents, the department documentation, scientific information department\n        with  scientific and technical information sector. Since January 2002 the\n        current structure of the institute was established. In 2001 because of the\n        reorganization the name of the Institute the term \\\"State\\\" was removed.\\n\\nThe\n        first  appointed  director of  URIAARK was  V.P. Lyahotsky (candidate of historical\n        sciences). During 2001-2009 Matyash I.B.(professor, doctor of historical sciences);and\n        now Garanin O.Y. (candidate of historical sciences) holds the position of\n        director.\\n\\nIn April 2003, according to the order of Certifying Board of\n        the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine from 02.28.2003, the (protocol\n        number 112) in the institute is open department of postgraduate distance learning,\n        specialty 07.00.06 - historiography, and special historical disciplines, and\n        in November 2004 at the graduate specialty was opened 07.00.01 - History of\n        Ukraine (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine from 01.11.2004, \\u2116\n        834).For both specialties graduated seven students and continues to study\n        five graduate students.\\n\\nIn May 2003 under the Ministry of Education and\n        Science of Ukraine of May 22, 2003 \\u2116 265, according to the resolution\n        of the Presidium of the Supreme Attestation Commission of Ukraine on May 21,\n        2003 \\u2116 3-11/5 the Institute established a specialized academic council\n        K 26.864 .01 with the right of consideration and protection of theses for\n        the degree of candidate of historical sciences specialties: 07.00.06 - historiography,\n        and special historical disciplines, 27.00.02 - Documents and Archives. During\n        this period, Specialized Academic Council defended 44 thesis for the degree\n        of candidate of historical sciences.\\nThe Institute researchers conducted\n        more than 170 scientific and teaching materials including the manuals, guides,\n        industry and government standards, rules, orders, regulations, industry standards,\n        guidelines, analytical reviews and so forth.\\nTogether with the State Committee\n        on Archives of Ukraine, archival institutions, academic institutions and other\n        organizations 26 scientific conferences, readings, seminars, round tables\n        were conducted. Among them, the international scientific conference \\\"Ukrainian\n        Archives: Current Status and Perspectives,\\\" Archival and library science\n        in Ukraine struggle for liberation era (1917-1921 biennium), \\\"Archives -\n        part of information resources\\\", \\\"Archives and Area Studies: Ways of integration\\\",\n        \\\"Current state and prospects of Documentation\\\", \\\"Arhives Studies as science\\\"\n        and scientific and practical seminar on \\\"Archival ucrainica: search, registration\n        and acquisition of archives\\\".\\nInstitute launched Issue 5 periodicals and\n        publications, 2 of which (the annual \\\"Studies of Archives and Records\\\" and\n        archeographic annual \\\"Interests\\\") are included to scientific professional\n        publications in Ukraine, which can  publish results of dissertations for the\n        degree doctoral degrees.\\nAmong the Institute staff - 3 doctors and 16 candidates.\n        2 employees with academic rank of professor, 5 - Senior Scientist, 3 - Associate\n        Professor.\\n\\nThe staff of the Institute is noted by the Cabinet Council of\n        Ukraine and the Ukrainian Union of ethnographers Gratitude (2004). Employees\n        of the institute were awarded with certificates of honor and gratitude of\n        the State Committee on Archives of Ukraine, Ministry of Education and Science\n        of Ukraine, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine, Kyiv city and\n        Solomensky district administrations.\\n\\n== Structure of URIAARK ==\\n\\n* ''''''Department\n        of Archives Studies''''''\\n* ''''Sector of reference and accounting documents''''\\n*\n        ''''''Department of physical, chemical and biological researches''''''\\n*\n        ''''''Records management department''''''\\n* ''''''Research and information\n        department''''''\\n* ''''Sector of scientific and technical information''''\\n\\n==\n        Principal activities of URIAARK ==\\n\\n* development of theoretical and applied\n        problems of Archival Studies;\\n* regulatory, organizational, methodological\n        and information-analytical support of state archival institutions of the State\n        Committee on Archives of Ukraine;\\n* coordination of scientific activities\n        of the state archival institutions in Ukraine;\\n* international cooperation\n        with relevant institutions and organizations;\\n* training of scientific personnel\n        for the archival field;\\n* preparation of materials for production of periodic\n        and aperiodic publications of archive science and other special historical\n        science;\\n* conferences, symposia, seminars, including international;\\n* participation\n        in the formation and content of training and expertise of training professionals\n        in the field of archives, records and record keeping.\\n\\n== URIAARK Postgraduate\n        program ==\\n\\nSince February 28, 2003 in the Ukrainian Research Institute\n        Archives and Records opened postgraduate specialty 07.00.06 - historiography,\n        and special historical disciplines, and from November 1, 2004 opened a specialty\n        07.00.01 - History of Ukraine. Opening of the graduate program provides a\n        complete system of multilevel training of scientific personnel for the archival\n        field, qualitative growth of archival education in universities of different\n        levels of accreditation,supporting the state archival institutions with highly\n        qualified scientific personnel.\\nActivities are regulated by Regulations of\n        the postgraduate training of scientific and pedagogical staff (Cabinet Resolution\n        on 01.03.1999 \\u2116 309)\\nThe Institute has two departments - Archival Studies\n        and Documentation, Research is closely linked to sectors of the Postgraduate\n        program.\\n\\nScientific support training graduate students - are 6 Doctors\n        of History and 11 Candidates of Historical Sciences.\\nFor information on specialties\n        of postgraduate studies in the system of the State Committee of Ukraine there\n        are central, regional and city archives, which store important documents;\n        substantial assistance in the research provides a scientific reference library\n        CSA (Central State Archives) sector of Ukraine and Scientific and Technical\n        Information Institute, which serves as the Scientific Services Branch Technical\n        Information (SSBTI) for Archives and Records, the main task of which  is to\n        provide scientific and technical information of archival institutions in Ukraine.\\nTraining\n        graduate students at the graduate institute are: - the state order - at the\n        expense of the entities and individuals under contract - based on agreements\n        between the institute and archives.\\nCurrently (beginning of 2011) in graduate\n        study there are five graduate students: 2 - first year, 2 - third and 1 -\n        fourth year of study.\\nOf these, specialty 07.00.06 - historiography, and\n        special historical disciplines - 4 graduate and specialty 07.00.01 - History\n        of Ukraine - 1 graduate student.\\n\\n== International Relations of URIAARK\n        ==\\n\\nThe last decade of the Institute is marked with strengthening of creative\n        contacts with foreign colleagues: [http://www.vniidad.ru/news1/example.php#Structure\n        All-Russian Research Institute of Documentation and Archives], [http://belniidad.by#Structure\n        Belarusian Research Institute of Documentation and Archives].\\n\\nTrilateral\n        Ukrainian-Russian-Belarusian agreement on cooperation in the field of Archival\n        and Records was signed November 2, 1999 It became the subject of a full-scale\n        cooperation in the implementation of joint research projects, publishing collections\n        of documents and scientific publications, conducting scientific and practical\n        conferences, seminars, symposiums, mutual review of research works and theses,\n        information on routine work and activities (conferences, seminars, etc.),\n        exchange of bibliographic and reference information in the field of documentation\n        and archives, and also scientific and methodological developments in all areas.\\nThe\n        result of fruitful cooperation of The Institute with the Institute of History\n        and Archives of the Russian State Humanitarian University was the publication\n        in 2008, \\\"Ukrainian archival Encyclopedia (Ukrainian archival Encyclopedia\n        / State Committee of Ukraine. URIAR; Editorial: IB Matias (chairman) and others.,\n        K. , 2008. - c. 680). Its importance lies in the consolidation of achievements\n        of national archival science and determine its place among other branches\n        of historical science and related subjects, representing the historical experience\n        of Ukrainian archives and their prominent representatives clarify the role\n        of Ukraine in the world Archival space. This goal allows for release in the\n        last decade, science humanities from \\\"classic Soviet ideologies\\\", \\\"return\\\"\n        and the names of prominent Ukrainian archivists and promotes increased access\n        to archival information.\\nTogether with the Gomel State University named after\n        F. Skoryna under an agreement signed in 1999, prepared a collection of articles\n        and documents about the famous historian, archivists, teacher-MV Dovnar Zapolskiy\n        (\\u0414\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u0447\\u044b\\u043a \\u0433\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\\u0456\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0445 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u045e: \\u041c.\n        \\u0412. \\u0414\\u043e\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440-\\u0417\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456:\n        \\u0417\\u0431. \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u043a. \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430\\u045e\n        \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u045e / \\u0413\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436. \\u0443\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f \\u0424.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u044b; \\u0411\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436. \\u043f\\u0435\\u0434. \\u0456\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f\n        \\u0406. \\u041f\\u044f\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u045e\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430;\n        \\u0423\\u0414\\u041d\\u0414\\u0406\\u0410\\u0421\\u0414, \\u0420\\u0435\\u0447\\u044b\\u0446\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0432\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c;\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0434 \\u0440\\u044d\\u0434. \\u0412.\\u041c. \\u041b\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0439.\n        - \\u0413\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c; \\u0420\\u044d\\u0447\\u044b\\u0446\\u0430,\n        2000. - 293 \\u0441.); signed a bibliography and a register of archival collections\n        that contain documents about the life and career of MV-Zapolskogo Dovnar (\\u041c\\u0456\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447 \\u0414\\u043e\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440-\\u0417\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456:\n        \\u0411\\u0456\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f\\u0433\\u0440. \\u043f\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\\u043a\n        / \\u0413\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436.\n        \\u0443\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f \\u0424. \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u044b;\n        \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430-\\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u0447\\u044b\n        \\u0456\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u045e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u044b;\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u044b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u045e\n        \\u0420\\u044d\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u044c;\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436.\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430-\\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u0447\\u044b\n        \\u0456\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u044b\n        \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u045e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430;\n        \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436.\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0434. \\u0443\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f \\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u044d\\u043c\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0406. \\u0413. \\u041f\\u044f\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u045e\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430;\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434.: \\u0412. \\u041c. \\u041b\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u043a\\u0456\\u0440\\u0430\\u045e\\u043d\\u0456\\u043a), \\u0412. \\u0423. \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u043d,\n        \\u0422. \\u041c. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0447, \\u0406. \\u0411. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044f\\u0448,\n        \\u0420. \\u0423. \\u0420\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456,\n        \\u0421. \\u0421. \\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0456\\u043d. - \\u0412\\u044b\\u0434. 2-\\u0435, \\u0434\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432.\n        - \\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a, 2007. - 168 \\u0441.). Employees of the Institute\n        took part in Dovnarivsk Readings (Rechytsia, Belarus), and teachers of the\n        university - in scientific conferences held at the URIAR.\\n\\nIn order to further\n        development of Ukrainian-Canadian scientific and cultural relations in 2007\n        the Institute has signed a cooperation agreement with the Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. One of the articles of the agreement\n        provides for detection of archival documents in Canadian archives ukrainika\n        and preparation of joint publications in Ukrainian and English \\u201cArchive\n        Ukrainika in Canada. Guide\\u201d. In pursuance of that article of the contract\n        director of the Institute Professor. I. Matias monograph was prepared (Matias\n        I. Archival Ukrainika in Canada: Historiography, typology, content / Iryna\n        Matyas, State Committee of Ukraine, URIAR, NAS (National Academy of Sciences)\n        of Ukraine, Institute of Ukrainian Archeology and Source Studiesnamed after\n        M.S. Grushevsky, Canadian Institute for Ukrainian Studies at the University\n        of Alberta - K.: Horobets, 2008. - 152 p.: ill.).\\n2010 was published a comprehensive\n        guide about documents of Ukrainian cultural heritage and documents of foreign\n        origin connected with history of Ukraine and Ukrainians (archival Ukrainika);\n        the heritage had place in the archives, museums-archives and libraries of\n        Canada (state, private and public) (Archival Ukrainika in Canada: guide/ Eds.:\n        I. Matias (leader), R. Romanovsky, M. Kovtun etc.; State Committee of Ukraine,\n        Russian scientific-research Institute for Archives and Records, Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian  Studies in Alberta University. - K., 2010. - 882 p.).\\nThe guide\n        is the result of fruitful cooperation between scientists of the Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian Studies and the Ukrainian Research Institute Archives and Records\n        of the National Archives of Ukraine. The publication contains information\n        about the structure and contents of archival documents of Ukrainika, stored\n        in 57 archival institutions in Canada.\\nGuide also includes a bibliography\n        of archival Ukrainika of Canada, reference tools are index names and index\n        of institutions, organizations, churches. Launch will be held April 19, 2010\n        the Canadian Embassy in Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine). In the near future editions\n        will also be presented at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University\n        of Alberta (Edmonton, Canada).\\nEffectiveness of scientific cooperation URIAR\n        with foreign archival evidence and publishing institute. To spread scientific\n        ideas in the field of archives, the publication of research results in the\n        theory and methodology of Archival Studies, documentation, and special historical\n        disciplines, the publication of archival documents was established in 1996\n        academic edition UNDIASD \\\"Studies of Archives and Records, 1998 - archeographic\n        Yearbook \\\"Monuments\\\", 1999 - The interdepartmental scientific collection\n        of \\\"Archives Studies. Archeology. Chronology. \\\" Members of the editorial\n        boards of these publications are M.V. Larin, E.V. Starostin (Russian Federation),\n        A.E. Rybakov, S. Zhumar, M.F. Shumeyko (Belarus). In the yearbook, \\\"Studies\n        of Archives and Records\\\" special section devoted to the development of archives\n        in foreign countries, on the pages of periodicals Institute regularly publishes\n        articles by Russian, Belarusian, Polish, German, Canadian authors.\\n\\n== Print\n        media of URIAARK ==\\n\\n* Scientific annual of \\\"Studio from the archived business\n        and documentation\\\" (original name \\u2013 \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0437 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\u00bb)\\n*\n        Archaeography annual \\\"Sights\\\" (original name \\u2013 \\u00ab\\u041f\\u0430\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u0438\\u00bb)\\n*\n        Interdepartmental scientific collection \\\"Archives. Archaeography. Sources\\\"\n        (original name \\u2013 \\u00ab\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e.\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u044f. \\u0414\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u00bb)\\n*  Serial\n        edition \\\"Archived and bibliographic sources of the Ukrainian historical idea\\\"\n        (original name \\u2013 \\\"\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\\\")\\n*\n        Serial edition \\\"History of the archived business : remembrances, researches,\n        sources\\\" (original name \\u2013 \\\"\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438:\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f,\n        \\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\\")\\n* Bulletin of Branch service\n        of scientific and technical information from the archived business and documents\n        (original name \\u2013 \\u0411\\u044e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0437 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430)\\n\\n==\n        URIAARK communications with Mass Media ==\\n* The announcement of admission\n        to URIAARK graduate school was published in the newspaper \\\"Osvita Ukrainy\\\"\n        \\u2116 45-46 of 20.06.2011.\\n* During the V International conference of young\n        scientists \\\"History science at the beginning of 21st century: problems, past,\n        present and perspectives\\\" (Kherson, June 2\\u20133, 2011) director of the\n        Institute O. Garanin, taking part in the conference, gave an interview with\n        local television station \\\"Skifia\\\", which was issued on \\\"Tavria news,\\\"\n        June 9, 2011.\\n* Up to the Day of Science, May 21, 2011,  the interview of\n        O. Garanin, URIAARK director, entitled \\\"Reflection of the State\\\" was published\n        in the newspaper \\\"Osvita Ukrainy\\\" \\u2116 37-38 of 23.05.2011.\\n* The notice\n        about the signing of trilateral agreement on cooperation between the Belorussian\n        Research Institute of Records Management and Archival Affairs, the All-Russian\n        Research Institute of Records Management and Archival Affairs and the Ukrainian\n        Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Record Keeping within the framework\n        of the XVII International Scientific Conference \\\"Documentation in an Information\n        Society : International Experience in Documents Managing\\\". Posted on the\n        site \\\"Archivist Bulletin\\\" 5.5.2011.\\n* The announcement of the presentation\n        of methodical manual \\\"Examination of the value of administrative documents:\n        history, theory, methodology\\\" was issued on the pages of \\\"\\u0406storychna\n        Pravda\\\", 04.27.2011.\\n* April 21, 2011 O. Garanin, URIAARM director, took\n        part in a program \\\"The Evening Meetings\\\" on \\\"Culture\\\" radio channel.\\n\\n==\n        Leaders of URIAARK in the chronological order ==\\n\\n* ''''''Volodymyr Lyahockyy''''''\\n*\n        ''''''Iryna Matyash''''''\\n* ''''''Iryna Maga''''''\\n* ''''''Oleksandr Garanin''''''\\n\\n==\n        Reference to the sources ==\\n* \\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438:\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a. \\u0422.1. \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438/\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438. \\u0423\\u041d\\u0414\\u0406\\u0410\\u0421\\u0414;\\u0420\\u0435\\u0434\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b.:\\u0413.\\u0412.\\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u043a\n        (\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430), \\u0406.\\u0411.\\u041c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044f\\u0448,\n        \\u0413.\\u0412.,\\u0413.\\u0412.\\u041f\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d.-2-\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434.,\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f.-\\u041a.,2005.-692\\u0441.-(\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0437\\u0456\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438.\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0435\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438).\n        {{ISBN|966-625-029-2}}.\\n* [http://www.archives.gov.ua/Archives/IASD/#Structure\n        URIAARK]\\n\\n{{coord missing|Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Libraries in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Archives\n        in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:State Archive Service of Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-03T22:13:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":788856978,\"length\":19995,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Research_Institute_of_Archival_Affairs_and_Records_Management\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Research_Institute_of_Archival_Affairs_and_Records_Management&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Research_Institute_of_Archival_Affairs_and_Records_Management\"},\"13533457\":{\"pageid\":13533457,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        architecture\",\"index\":14,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-16T06:55:20Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Cleanup|date=March\n        2009}}\\n\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        architecture'''''' has initial roots in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]]\n        state of [[Kievan Rus'']]. After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]],\n        the distinct [[architectural history]] continued in the principalities of\n        [[Galicia-Volhynia]] and later in [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand Duchy of\n        Lithuania, Ruthenia and \\u017demaitia]]. During the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks]], a new style unique to [[Ukraine]] was developed under the western\n        influences of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\\n\\nAfter the union with\n        the [[Tsardom of Russia]], architecture in Ukraine began to develop in different\n        directions, with many structures in the larger eastern, Russian-ruled area\n        built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]] of that period, whilst the\n        western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was developed under [[Architecture\n        of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]]. In both cases producing\n        fine examples. Ukrainian\n        national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet Union]]\n        and in modern independent [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n== Medieval Rus'' (988\\u20131230)\n        ==\\n{{main|Architecture of Kievan Rus}}\\n[[Image:Maket Sofii.JPG|thumb|left|A\n        model of what the original [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev]] might have looked\n        like.]]\\n[[Image:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|thumb|right|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to 1030 (left), whilst the\n        nearby Cathedral of Boris and Gleb to 1123 (right).]]\\nThe medieval state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']] was the predecessor of modern states of [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]],\n        and [[Belarus]] and their respective cultures, including architecture.\\n\\nThe\n        great [[Architecture of Kievan Rus''|Church architecture]], built after the\n        [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption of Christianity]] in 988, were the first\n        examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural\n        style of the Kievan state, which quickly established itself, was strongly\n        influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern Orthodox]]\n        churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church becoming\n        known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small\n        domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of the\n        appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples of these\n        churches survive to this day. However, in the course of the 16th\\u201318th\n        centuries, many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style\n        (see below). Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St.\n        Sophia of Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation\n        laid, [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125,\n        and the [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], c. 12th century. All\n        can still be found in the Ukrainian capital.\\n\\nSeveral buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late 19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:Image:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        dismissed by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\\n\\nLittle\n        secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']] has survived.\\n\\n==\n        Cossack epoch ==\\n[[Image:\\u0422\\u0440\\u043e\\u0457\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Trinity\n        Cathedral of the [[Trinity Monastery (Chernihiv)]] built in 1679]]\\n[[Image:Hansaray1.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Bakhchisaray\n        Palace]]]]\\n{{Expand section|date=March 2008}}\\n=== Early Ukrainian Baroque\n        ===\\n\\n[[Ukrainian Baroque]] emerged during the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Hetmanate]]\n        era of the 17th-18th centuries. Ukrainian  Baroque architecture, representative\n        of [[cossack]] aristocracy,[http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Ukraine.html\n        Culture of Ukraine - History and ethnic relations, Urbanism, architecture,\n        and the use of space] is distinct from [[Western\n        Europe]]an [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] in that its designs were more\n        constructivist, had more moderate ornamentation, and were simpler in form.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/B/A/Baroque.htm\n        Baroque]\\n\\nDuring the 17th-18th centuries,\n        most medieval Rus'' churches were significantly redesigned and expanded. Additional\n        church domes and elaborate exterior and interior ornamentation were added.\\n\\nFamous\n        examples of Ukrainian Baroque architecture include the [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]]\n        complex, the [[Vydubychi Monastery]], and the [[Pochayiv Monastery]].\\n\\n*\n        Small Cossack churches\\n\\n=== Crimean Tatar architecture ===\\n\\nWhen [[Crimea]]\n        was ruled by the [[Crimean Khanate]], the period left several constructions\n        inspired by [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] motifs. The most famous was the\n        [[Bakhchisaray Palace]], designed by a combined effort of Persian, Turkish,\n        and Italian architects.\\n\\n=== Late Ukrainian Baroque ===\\n\\n* [[Saint Sophia\n        Cathedral in Kiev|Sophia Cathedral]] reconstruction\\n* [[Kiev Passenger Railway\n        Station]]\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n== Imperial period ==\\n[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434 \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mariyinsky Palace]]]]\\n[[Image:St.\n        Andriy''s Church in Kyiv.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Andrew''s Church of Kiev|St. Andrew''s\n        Church]], a famous 18th-century example of [[Baroque]] architecture.]]\\n{{Expand\n        section|date=March 2008}}\\n=== Russian Empire ===\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly\n        integrated into the [[Russian Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity\n        to realize their projects in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian\n        cities and regions offered. [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754),\n        built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]], is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture,\n        and its location on top of the Kievan mountain made it a recognizable monument\n        of the city. An equally notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky\n        Palace]], which was built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth\n        of Russia|Elizabeth]].\\n\\nDuring the reign of the last [[Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        the appointed ''''architect of [[Little Russia]],'''' [[Andrey Kvasov]].\\n\\nRussia,\n        winning successive wars over the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its vassal [[Crimean\n        Khanate]], eventually annexed the whole south of Ukraine and Crimea. Renamed\n        [[New Russia]], these lands were to be colonized, and new cities such as the\n        [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]], [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded.\n        These would contain notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        Vernacular Architecture ==\\nThe term ''''[[vernacular architecture]]'''' can\n        been used interchangeably with the terms ''''folk'''', ''''common'''', ''''native'''',\n        ''''traditional'''' and is usually placed at the other end of the spectrum\n        from professionally designed building by architects. The building knowledge\n        in vernacular architecture is based on local traditions and is thus based\n        largely upon knowledge handed down through the generations. Different regions\n        in Ukraine had their own distinctive style of vernacular architecture. For\n        example, in the [[Carpathian Mountains]] and the surrounding [[foothills]],\n        wood and clay are the primary traditional building materials.\\n\\nThe Museum\n        of Folk Architecture and Way of Life of Central [[Naddnipryanshchyna]] is\n        located in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]]. The open-air museum contains 13 theme\n        museums, 122 examples of national architecture, and over 30,000 historical\n        cultural objects. The Museum of Decorative Finishes is one of the featured\n        museums that preserves the handiwork of decorative architectural applications\n        in Ukrainian architecture.\\n{{Gallery\\n|title=\\n|width=200 | height=210 |\n        lines=4\\n|align=center\\n|File:\\u0416\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435_\\u0425\\u0406_\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430.jpg|House\n        from the 11th century\\n|File:\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f.jpg|Taras'' hut at [[Taras\n        Hill]]\\n|File:IMG 2622-1.JPG|Museum of Decorative Finishes in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]]\\n|File:2005-08-13\n        Pirogiv 228.JPG|[[Windmill]]\\n|File:\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|[[Hutsul]]\n        House\\n|File:Museum_of_Folk_Architecture_and_Ethnography_in_Pyrohiv_-_old_house_-_2388.jpg|[[Log\n        cabin]]\\n}}\\n\\n=== Galicia ===\\n\\n=== Carpathian wooden churches ===\\n{{further|Vernacular\n        architecture of the Carpathians}}\\n{{Gallery\\n|title=\\n|width=200 | height=210\n        | lines=4\\n|align=center\\n|File:Museum of Folk Architecture and Ethnography\n        in Pyrohiv 2310-1.jpg|Friday Church\\n|File:\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432\\u043a\\u0430,\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432. \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\n        2010 (5764).jpg|St. Paraskeva Church,, Zakarpattia Oblast\\n|File:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0410\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c.jpg|St.\n        Anna Kostel, [[Kovel]]\\n|File:St.Jura(002).jpg|[[St. George''s Church, Drohobych]]\\n|File:Zolkiew\n        Cerkiew Pr Trojce 02.jpg|[[Holy Trinity Church, Zhovkva]]\\n|File:Borochyche\n        Gorokhivskyi Volynska-Mykolaivska church-general view.jpg|Saint Nicholas Church\n        in Borochyche\\n}}\\n\\n== Architecture of late 19th and early 20th centuries\n        ==\\n\\n=== Eastern Ukraine ===\\n\\n* Ginzburg House\\n* [[House with Chimaeras]]\\n*\n        Russo-Byzantium in Ukraine ([[St Volodymyr''s Cathedral]])\\n=== Western Ukraine\n        ===\\n\\n* [[Old Town (Lviv)|Historic Centre of Lviv]] - UNESCO World Heritage\n        Site\\n* [[Chernivtsi University]] - UNESCO World Heritage Site\\n* [[Lviv Rail\n        Terminal]]\\n\\n{{Gallery\\n|title=\\n|width=200 | height=210 | lines=4\\n|align=center\\n|File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\\n|File:Massandra\n        Back.JPG|Massandra Palace\\n|File:St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|[[St\n        Volodymyr''s Cathedral]]\\n|File:Operniy-11.jpg|[[Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater]]\\n|File:\\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0433\\u0438 \\u0456 \\u0404\\u043b\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\n        5.jpg|[[Church of Sts. Olha and Elizabeth, Lviv]]\\n|File:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-2.JPG|[[House\n        with Chimaeras]]\\n|File:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0443\\u043b., 9-\\u0430 03.JPG|[[National Bank of Ukraine (building)|The\n        building of the National Bank of Ukraine]]\\n}}\\n\\n== Soviet Union ==\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[October Revolution]] and the [[Russian Civil War]] that [[Ukraine after\n        Russian Revolution|Ukraine was also involved in]], most of the Ukrainian territory\n        was incorporated into the new Communist [[Ukrainian SSR]]. For the first time,\n        Ukrainians, as a nation became a recognized nationality, and as a result great\n        efforts were undertaken to develop a separate Ukrainian architectural style.\\n\\n===\n        Capital: Kharkiv (1917\\u20131934) ===\\n\\n[[Image:Kharkov Freedom Square.jpg|thumb|225px|The\n        massive [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom square in Kharkiv]] 1925\\u20131953\n        blends early constructivist and latter [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        features]]. It was the first major architectural project of [[Soviet Ukraine]].]]\\n\\nDuring\n        the early years of the Soviet rule, the [[Ukrainization]] policies, meant\n        that many Ukrainian architects were encouraged to use national motives unique\n        to Ukraine. At the same time, architecture became standardised, all cities\n        received general development plans to which they would be built. The national\n        motives were, however, not taken up as the new architectural fashion for the\n        new government became [[Constructivist architecture|Constructivism]].\\n\\nIn\n        Soviet Ukraine, for the first 15 years, the capital was the eastern city of\n        [[Kharkiv]]. Immediately a major project was developed to \\\"destroy\\\" its\n        burgious-capitalist face and create a new Socialist one. A talented young\n        architect [[Viktor Trotsenko]], proposed a large central square with large\n        modern buildings to become the central hub of the capital. Thus the [[Freedom\n        Square, Kharkiv|Dzerzhinsky Square]] (now Freedom Square) was born, which\n        would become the most brilliant example of constructivist architecture in\n        the USSR and abroad. Enclosing a total of 11.6 [[hectares|ha]],{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25 \\\"Our Kharkiv\\\"] unofficial website\n        it is currently the third largest square in the world to date.\\n\\nOf all,\n        the most famous was the massive [[Gosprom]] building (1925\\u20131928), which\n        would become a symbol of not only Kharkiv, but Constructivism in general.\n        Built by architects Sergei Serafimov, S. Kravets and M. Felger, and only in\n        three years it would become the highest structure in Europe, and its unique\n        feature lies in the symmetry which can only be felt at one point, in the centre\n        of the square. As a tribute to the engineering design by Kharkiv''s Technical\n        University, none of the attempts to blow the building during the [[World War\n        II|Second World War]] were successful, and it still remains the symbol of\n        Kharkiv today.\\n\\nOther examples on the square, however, were less fortunate.\n        Such was the fate of the House of Projects (presently the [[Kharkiv University]]),\n        which again was designed by Serafimov, built to symmetrise the Gosprom on\n        the square''s curvature, it too was a monumental achievement of constructivism.\n        However, during the war it was seriously damaged and was rebuilt in a semi-Stalinist\n        style that left little of the original building intact.[http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]\\n\\n=== Capital: Kiev (1934\\u20131991) ===\\n\\n[[Image:Foreign\n        Ministery.jpg|thumb|225px|The current Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,\n        built as part of a government complex, to be located on the territory of the\n        former [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]]. Only one of the buildings\n        was constructed (''''pictured'''').]]\\n\\nIn 1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine\n        moved to [[Kiev]]. During the preceding years, the city was seen as only a\n        regional centre, and hence received little attention. All of that was to change,\n        but at a great price. By this point, the first examples of [[Stalinist architecture]]\n        were already showing and in light of the official policy, a new city was to\n        be built on top of the old one. This meant that priceless examples such as\n        the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed. Even the St.\n        Sophia Cathedral was under threat.\\n\\nHowever, the [[World War II|Second World\n        War]] did not see the project realised. The surviving pre-war Kievan constructions\n        include the Building of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of\n        Ukraine]] (presently occupied by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Built by\n        architect, only the northern wing was completed, the identical and symmetrical\n        southern wing to be built on the place of the destroyed monastery to house\n        the Rada of Ministers was never completed.{{cite book | first=Titus D.\n        | last=Hewryk | year=1982 | title=The Lost Architecture of Kiev | publisher=The\n        Ukrainian Museum | location=New York | id=ASIN: B0006E9KPQ |pages=15}} (''''Out\n        of print'''') The other example is the [[Verkhovna Rada building]] built\n        in 1936-38 by architect Volodymyr Zabolotny.\\n\\nFollowing the heavy destruction\n        of the Second World War, a new project for the reconstruction of central Kiev\n        was unveiled. This transformed the [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into one of the\n        finest examples of [[Stalinist Architecture|Stalinism in Architecture]]. A\n        total of individual 22 projects were drawn up, when the initial competition\n        began in 1944, none of which was realised due to extensive critique and finally\n        in 1948 ''''KyivProekt'''' institute submitted its final version, headed by\n        architects A. Vlasov and from 1949 [[Anatoly Dobrovolsky]]. For the next two\n        decades, this figure would dominate all of the major projects in the capital.\\n\\n{{Gallery|title=Central\n        Kiev Reconstruction Projects|width=180|height=120|lines=1|align=center\\n|File:Kievplan2.jpg|Rejected\n        project\\n|File:Kievplan1.jpg|Another rejected project\\n|File:Kievfinalised\n        plan.jpg|Final project\\n}}\\n\\nDespite an enthusiastic start which saw most\n        of the buildings such as the Post Office, [[Kyivrada|City Council]], the elegant\n        white portico [[Kiev Conservatory|Conservatory]], and the first buildings\n        of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Kalinina Square]], which were completed by 1955,\n        the new politics of architecture once again promptly stopped the project from\n        fully being realised. None of the examples, however, share the fate of [[Hotel\n        Ukrayina]] that was to top the square as an elegant  high-rise built similar\n        to the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Moscow''s Seven Sisters]] buildings, was stripped\n        of all decorative features and completed in what could only be described as\n        an ''''ugly'''' style.\\n\\n=== Other examples in Soviet Ukraine ===\\n\\n[http://www.interesniy.kiev.ua/old/history/sovetskiy_kiev/8991]\\n\\n*\n        Reconstruction of Kharkiv\\n* Capital move to Kiev\\n* [[DnieproGES]]\\n\\n===\n        Stalinist period ===\\n\\n* Reconstruction of central Kiev\\n\\n=== Post-Stalinist\n        period ===\\n\\n* Urban General plans\\n* [[Palace of Sports (Kiev)|Kiev Palace\n        of Sports]], [[Palace \\\"Ukrayina\\\"]]\\n\\n== Modern Ukraine ==\\n[[File:1201044\n        original (1).jpg|thumb|Residential buildings in [[Dnipropetrovsk]]]]\\nThe\n        language of modern architecture becomes more global and pluralistic in its\n        artistic direction. At the same time, a significant role play new creative\n        quests of progressive leanings, principles and approaches to solve the composition\n        of the architectural form and style.\\n\\nIn the works of the Kiev school of\n        Ukrainian architects, [[Postmodern architecture|postmodernism]] and [[High-tech\n        architecture|high-tech]] tendencies can be increasingly found. This is a reflection\n        of the globalization''s reach across the world of architecture.\\n\\nThe task\n        for modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment.\\n\\nGood examples of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        include the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in\n        central Kiev, despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the\n        engineers were able to blend together the uneven landscape and also use underground\n        space to set a new shopping centre.\\n\\nThe major project that will take up\n        most of the 21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the\n        [[Rybalskyi Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense [[skyscraper]]\n        park amid the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/gradsovet_05_12_07.html|title=Project of reconstruction\n        of the Rybalskyi Peninsula|work=archunion.com.ua|date=December 5, 2005|language=Russian}}\\n\\n==\n        Specific examples ==\\n\\n=== Metro ===\\n[[File:Zoloti Vorota metro station\n        Kiev 2010 01.jpg|thumb|[[Zoloti Vorota (Kiev Metro)]]]]\\nDuring the Soviet\n        Period, [[Rapid transit|Metro]] stations were decorated with particularly\n        vivid designs. The first three stations that were built by Ukrainian architects,\n        were not actually located in Ukraine. Nonetheless, all three of them are considered\n        to be the most iconic constructions ever achieved in history of underground\n        construction. They are all known under one name Kievskaya, and are located\n        on the [[Moscow Metro]] under the [[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]].\\n\\nIn 1949 construction\n        began on the first stage of the [[Kiev Metro]], which opened in 1960. All\n        of the stations there are considered as monuments of architecture, due to\n        their unique authentic character, that latter stations of the 1960s would\n        lose in face of changing policy towards utilitarianism.\\n\\n\\nIn 1967 construction began on the first stage\n        of the [[Kharkiv Metro]], which opened in 1975, this was soon joined by the\n        semi-Metro [[Kryvyi Rih Metrotram]] in 1986 and the [[Dnipropetrovsk Metro]]\n        in 1995. Stations built in these systems, like most others in the former Soviet\n        Union, have.\\n\\n== Seven wonders of Ukraine ==\\n{{main|Seven Wonders of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044f.jpg|thumb|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] - one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine]]\\nOn August 24, 2007, the\n        seven wonders of Ukraine were announced. The initiator of this project is\n        the people''s representative to Supreme Council, [[Mykola Tomenko]]. The main\n        goal of this enterprise is to direct the attention of the mass media and the\n        citizens of the country to the most popular historical and cultural memorials\n        of Ukraine.\\n\\nThe ''''seven wonders of Ukraine'''' is a logical extension\n        of the set of projects under the motto ''''Discover Ukraine!'''' that have\n        taken place with the purpose to help discover Ukraine with its irreplaceable\n        scenic sights, an interesting history, and rich recreational opportunities.\\n\\nIn\n        2008, another project took place under the name ''''Seven natural wonders\n        of Ukraine''''. It is a second stage of the main project ''''Seven wonders\n        of Ukraine'''' which was primarily aimed at historical, cultural, and architectural\n        sightings of the country. The second stage will identify the main geological\n        objects such as rocks, mountain ridges, caves, lakes, rivers, natural woodlands.\\n\\nThis\n        project as its predecessor also has three stages. First, after each Oblast\n        introduces its nominees, 100 of those will move to the next stage. In the\n        next three months, 21 winners of those hundred will be chosen for the final\n        stage. And by the Independence Day, August 24, the final seven will be introduced\n        to the public. The project is organized by the following institutions: the\n        National Touristic Service of Ukraine, the Congressional Committee of youth\n        policies, sport, and tourism, the national radio company of Ukraine, the ICTV\n        telecompany, magazine ''''Mandry'''', and many others.\\n\\n== See also ==\\n\\n*\n        [[Architecture of Kievan Rus]]\\n* [[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in\n        Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of historic reserves in Ukraine]]\\n* [[Vernacular architecture\n        of the Carpathians]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links\n        ==\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/28981265@N08/galleries/72157622618646833/\n        Ukrainian Architecture Gallery] {{en icon}}\\n* [http://litopys.org.ua/cultur/cult17.htm\n        Sichynskyi''s \\\"Ukrainian Architecture\\\"] {{uk icon}}\\n* [http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/ua/publication/content/297.htm\n        Ministry of Foreign Affairs \\\"Ukrainian Architecture] {{uk icon}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine\n        topics}}\\n{{Architecture of Europe}}\\n{{Archhistory}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Architecture}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian architecture| 01]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        design|Architecture]]\\n[[Category:European architecture|Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        art|Architecture]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T06:55:20Z\",\"lastrevid\":795751112,\"length\":23023,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_architecture&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture\"},\"44146526\":{\"pageid\":44146526,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        crisis\",\"index\":8,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-02T23:24:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{EngvarB|date=December\n        2014}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Ukrainian crisis}}\\n{{Campaignbox\n        Ukrainian crisis}}\\n\\nA prolonged ''''''crisis in [[Ukraine]]'''''' began\n        on 21 November 2013, when then-president [[Viktor Yanukovych]] suspended preparations\n        for the implementation of [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union Association Agreement|an\n        association agreement]] with the [[European Union]]. This decision resulted\n        in mass protests by its proponents, known as the \\\"[[Euromaidan]]\\\". After\n        months of such protests, Yanukovych [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|was ousted]]\n        by the protesters on 22 February 2014, when he fled the Ukrainian capital\n        city of [[Kiev]]. Following his ousting, [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|unrest\n        enveloped]] the largely [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russophone]] [[Eastern\n        Ukraine|eastern]] and [[Southern Ukraine|southern]] regions of Ukraine, from\n        where he had drawn most of his support. An ensuing political crisis and [[Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)|Russian military intervention]]\n        in the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Ukrainian autonomous region]] of [[Crimea]]\n        resulted in the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] on 18 March 2014. Subsequently, unrest in [[Donetsk\n        Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]] oblasts of Ukraine evolved\n        into a [[war in Donbass]] between the post-revolutionary Ukrainian government\n        and pro-Russian insurgents, supported and often assisted by the Russian military\n        and special forces.\\n\\n==Euromaidan and revolution==\\n{{main article|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\nUkraine became gripped by unrest when [[President\n        of Ukraine|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] refused to sign [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement|an association agreement with the European Union]]\n        on 21 November 2013.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} An organised political movement\n        known as ''[[Euromaidan]]'' demanded closer ties with the [[European Union]],\n        and the ousting of Yanukovych.{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        | archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140420012605/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        | archivedate=2014-04-20 | title=Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise\n        | agency=Reuters | date=12 December 2013 | accessdate=10 April 2014 | author=Balmforth,\n        Richard}} This movement was ultimately successful, culminating in the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|February 2014 revolution]], which removed Yanukovych\n        and [[Second Azarov Government|his government]].{{cite\n        news | url=http://www.rferl.org/content/protesters-police-tense-standoff-ukraine/25241945.html\n        | title=Ukraine Opposition Vows To Continue Struggle After Yanukovych Offer\n        |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=25 January 2014 | accessdate=10\n        April 2014}}\\n\\n==Post-revolution unrest==\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian\n        unrest in Ukraine}}\\nFollowing flight of President Yanukovych on 23 February\n        2014, protests by pro-Russian and anti-revolution activists began in the largely\n        [[Russophone]] region of [[Crimea]].{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-secession-russian-crimea|title=Ukraine\n        crisis fuels secession calls in pro-Russian south|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=24\n        February 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-secession-russian-crimea|archivedate=24\n        February 2014}} These were followed by demonstrations in cities across\n        [[Eastern Ukraine|eastern]] and [[Southern Ukraine|southern]] Ukraine, including\n        [[Donetsk]], [[Luhansk]], [[Kharkiv]], and [[Odessa]].\\n\\n===Russian annexation\n        of Crimea===\\n{{main article|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation}}\\nStarting\n        on 26 February 2014, pro-Russian armed men gradually began to take over the\n        peninsula, provoking protests.{{cite news| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/world/europe/crimea-ukraine.html\n        |title=Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea|work=The New York Times|date=\n        27 February 2014|accessdate= 1 March 2014 |quote = Masked men with guns seized\n        government buildings in the capital of Ukraine''s Crimea region on Thursday,\n        barricading themselves inside and raising the Russian flag after mysterious\n        overnight raids that appeared to be the work of militant Russian nationalists\n        who want this volatile Black Sea region ruled from Moscow.}} Russia\n        initially said that these uniformed militants, termed \\\"[[Little green men\n        (GRU)|little green men]]\\\" in Ukraine, were \\\"local self-defence forces\\\".{{cite news | url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2014/02/01/5-things-you-should-know-about-crisis-in-ukraine/\n        | title=A Look Back At How The Ukraine Crisis Erupted And What To Expect In\n        2015 | work=Forbes | date=13 December 2014 | accessdate=13 December 2014}}\n        However, they later admitted that these were in fact Russian soldiers without\n        insignias, confirming on-the-ground reports of a Russian incursion into Ukraine.{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/04/17/vladimir-putin-admits-for-first-time-russian-troops-took-over-crimea-refuses-to-rule-out-intervention-in-donetsk/|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140419062027/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/04/17/vladimir-putin-admits-for-first-time-russian-troops-took-over-crimea-refuses-to-rule-out-intervention-in-donetsk/|archivedate=2014-04-19|title=Vladimir\n        Putin admits for first time Russian troops took over Crimea, refuses to rule\n        out intervention in Donetsk|last=Karmanau|first=Yuras|author2=Vladimir Isachenkov|date=17\n        April 2014|work=National Post|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=10 May 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/warning-shots-end-osce-crimea-entry-bid-20143815135639790.html\n        |title=Warning shots end OSCE Crimea entry bid \\u2013 Europe |publisher=Al\n        Jazeera |accessdate=11 March 2014}}{{cite web|last=Jones\n        |first=Sam |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a701f3e8-a527-11e3-8988-00144feab7de.html\n        |title=US scorns Russia''s version of Crimean intervention |work=Financial\n        Times |date=21 February 2014}}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/12/us-ukraine-crisis-osce-idUSBREA2B1C120140312|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140312184949/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/12/us-ukraine-crisis-osce-idUSBREA2B1C120140312|archivedate=2014-03-12\n        |title=OSCE team say Crimea roadblock gunmen threatened to shoot at them |agency=Reuters\n        |accessdate=14 March 2014}}{{cite news|first1=Alissa|last1=de\n        Carbonnel|author2=Alessandra Prentice|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/28/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140228|title=Armed\n        men seize two airports in Ukraine''s Crimea, Yanukovich reappears|agency=Reuters|date=28\n        February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228160327/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/28/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140228|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}}{{cite news|first1=Lidia|last1=Kelly|author2=Pavel\n        Polityuk|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/01/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140301|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140616051350/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/01/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140301|archivedate=2014-06-16|title=Putin\n        ready to invade Ukraine; Kiev warns of war|agency=Reuters|date=1 March 2014|accessdate=8\n        September 2016}}{{cite news|last=Finley|first=J.\n        C.|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2014/02/28/Telecom-services-sabotaged-in-Ukraines-Crimea-region/7611393621345/|title=Telecom\n        services sabotaged in Ukraine''s Crimea region|agency=United Press International|date=28\n        February 2014|accessdate=8 September 2016}} By 27 February, the [[Building\n        of the Supreme Council of Crimea|Crimean parliament building]] had been seized\n        by Russian forces. Russian flags were raised over these buildings, and a self-declared\n        pro-Russian government said that it would hold [[Crimean status referendum,\n        2014|a referendum]] on independence from Ukraine.{{cite\n        news | url = http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-crimea-referendum-date-20140301,0,2305350.story\n        | archiveurl = https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140301134552/http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-crimea-referendum-date-20140301,0,2305350.story\n        | archivedate = 2014-03-01 | title = New Crimea leaders move up referendum\n        date |work= The [[Los Angeles Times]]| first =Sergei L | last = Loiko| date=1\n        March 2014 |accessdate= 3 March 2014| quote= Kiev, Ukraine \\u2013 Crimea''s\n        new pro-Moscow premier, Sergei Aksenov, moved the date of the peninsula''s\n        status referendum to March 30. On Thursday, the Crimean parliament, which\n        appointed Aksenov, had called for a referendum on May 25, the date also set\n        for the urgent presidential election in Ukraine.}} Following that internationally\n        unrecognised referendum, which was held on 16 March 2014, Russia [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] Crimea on 18 March 2014.\\n\\n===War\n        in Donbass===\\n{{main article|War in Donbass|Russian military intervention\n        in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n[[File:Lysychansk 16.jpg|thumb|Damaged building\n        in [[Lysychansk]], 4 August 2014]]\\nFrom the beginning of March 2014, demonstrations\n        by [[Russophilia|pro-Russian]] and anti-government groups took place in the\n        [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]] oblasts of Ukraine,\n        together commonly called the \\\"Donbass\\\", in the aftermath of the [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution]] and the [[Euromaidan]] movement. These demonstrations, which\n        followed the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]], and which\n        were part of a wider group of [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|concurrent\n        pro-Russian protests across southern and eastern Ukraine]], escalated into\n        an [[War|armed conflict]] between the [[Separatism|separatist forces]] of\n        the self-declared [[Donetsk People''s Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People''s\n        Republic|Luhansk]] People''s Republics (DPR and LPR respectively), and the\n        [[Government of Ukraine|Ukrainian government]].{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html|title=Armed\n        pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=12 April 2014|last=Grytsenko|first=Oksana|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140412131249/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html|archivedate=12\n        April 2014}}{{cite news|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-special-forces-sent-eastern-city-retake-buildings-082049113.html|title=Ukraine\n        to deploy troops to quash pro-Russian insurgency in the east|work=Yahoo News\n        Canada|date=14 April 2014|agency=Associated Press|last=Leonard|first=Peter|accessdate=26\n        October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414125950/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-special-forces-sent-eastern-city-retake-buildings-082049113.html|archivedate=14\n        April 2014}} Prior to a change of the top leadership in August 2014,[http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42756&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=27&cHash=d9a2b36398fb823841ea5b668577feca#.U-8Yxdr3-yw\n        Strelkov/Girkin Demoted, Transnistrian Siloviki Strengthened in ''Donetsk\n        People''s Republic''], [[Vladimir Socor]], [[Jamestown Foundation]], 15 August\n        2014 the separatists were largely led by Russian citizens.{{cite\n        news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/27/us-ukraine-crisis-rebels-insight-idUSKBN0FW07020140727\n        |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140728013327/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/27/us-ukraine-crisis-rebels-insight-idUSKBN0FW07020140727\n        |archivedate=2014-07-28 |title=Pushing locals aside, Russians take top rebel\n        posts in east Ukraine |agency=Reuters |date=27 July 2014 |accessdate=27 July\n        2014}} Russian paramilitaries are reported to make up from 15% to 80%\n        of the combatants.{{cite web|url=http://rumedia.biz/item/3037|script-title=ru:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\u0414\\u041d\\u0420 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0432 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438|trans-title=DPR\n        representative revealed the percentage of Russian volunteers in the local\n        army|language=ru|publisher=rumedia.biz|date=27 June 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015164343/http://rumedia.biz/item/3037|archivedate=15\n        October 2014}}{{cite web|url=https://m.censor.net.ua/resonance/295448/rossiyiskiyi_naemnik_polovina_opolchentsev_iz_rossii_mne_pomogayut_sponsory_my_vozmem_lvov\n        |title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a:\n        \\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        - \\u0418\\u0437 \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043d\\u0435 \\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b. \\u041c\\u044b \\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u041b\\u044c\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\\" |publisher=M.censor.net.ua |date=26 July\n        2014 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}{{cite web|title=Interview: I\n        Was A Separatist Fighter In Ukraine|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-i-was-a-separatist-fighter/25455466.html|accessdate=29\n        August 2014|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}{{cite news|title=Whisked\n        Away for Tea With a Rebel in Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/world/europe/whisked-away-for-tea-with-a-rebel-in-ukraine.html?_r=1|accessdate=29\n        August 2014|work=The New York Times}}\\n\\nBetween 22 and 25 August 2014,\n        Russian artillery, personnel, and what Russia called a \\\"humanitarian convoy\\\"\n        were reported to have crossed the border into Ukrainian territory without\n        the permission of the Ukrainian government. Crossings were reported to have\n        occurred both in areas under the control of pro-Russian forces and areas that\n        were not under their control, such as the south-eastern part of [[Donetsk\n        Oblast]], near [[Novoazovsk]]. These events followed the reported shelling\n        of Ukrainian positions from the Russian side of the border over the course\n        of the preceding month.{{cite\n        news|first=Michael R.|last=Gordon|author-link=Michael R. Gordon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/world/europe/russia-moves-artillery-units-into-ukraine-nato-says.html|title=Russia\n        Moves Artillery Units Into Ukraine, NATO Says|publisher=New York Times|date=22\n        August 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20141015060355/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/world/europe/russia-moves-artillery-units-into-ukraine-nato-says.html|archivedate=15\n        October 2014}}{{cite\n        news|first=Denver|last=Nicks|url=http://time.com/3160900/nato-russia-artillery-ukraine/|title=NATO:\n        Russia Artillery Fires on Ukraine Forces|publisher=Time|date=22 August 2014|accessdate=8\n        September 2016}}{{cite\n        news|last=Heintz|first=Jim|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-plans-billion-boost-defense-spending-25102664|title=Ukraine:\n        Russian Tank Column Enters Southeast|publisher=ABC News|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=25 August 2014|accessdate=26 August 2014|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140825144115/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-plans-billion-boost-defense-spending-25102664|archivedate=25\n        August 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28924945\n        |title=Ukraine crisis: ''Column from Russia'' crosses border |publisher=BBC\n        |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}{{cite\n        news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/europe/ukraine-russia-novoazovsk-crimea.html\n        | title=Ukraine Reports Russian Invasion on a New Front | work=The New York\n        Times | date=27 August 2014 | accessdate=27 August 2014}} [[Head of\n        the Security Service of Ukraine]] [[Valentyn Nalyvaichenko]] said that the\n        events of 22 August were a \\\"direct invasion by Russia of Ukraine\\\".{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/22/us-ukraine-crisis-aid-convoy-idUSKBN0GM0IS20140822|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140822150641/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/22/us-ukraine-crisis-aid-convoy-idUSKBN0GM0IS20140822|archivedate=2014-08-22|title=Ukraine\n        accuses Russia of invasion after aid convoy crosses border|agency=Reuters|date=22\n        August 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014}} Western and Ukrainian officials\n        described these events as a \\\"stealth invasion\\\" of Ukraine by Russia. As a result of this, DPR and LPR insurgents regained\n        much of the territory they had lost during the preceding government military\n        offensive. A deal to establish a ceasefire, called the [[Minsk Protocol]],\n        was signed on 5 September 2014.{{cite news | url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29082574\n        | title= Ukraine and pro-Russia rebels sign ceasefire deal | publisher= BBC\n        News | date= 5 September 2014 | accessdate= 5 September 2014}}\\n Violations\n        of the ceasefire were common. Amidst the solidification of the line between\n        insurgent and Ukrainian territory during the ceasefire, [[warlord]]s took\n        control of swathes of land on the insurgent side, leading to further destabilisation.{{cite\n        news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraine-rebels-disunited-front-run-warlords-124041693.html?ref=gs|title=Ukraine\n        rebels a disunited front run by warlords|agency=Associated Press |date=10\n        November 2014  |accessdate=10 November 2014}} The ceasefire completely\n        collapsed in January 2015. Heavy fighting resumed across the conflict zone,\n        including at [[Second Battle of Donetsk Airport|Donetsk International Airport]]\n        and [[Battle of Debaltseve|Debaltseve]].{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/ukraine-peace-talks-collapse-over-ceasefire-as-fighting-rages/news-story/e6a2f46450084cf19c1e5fea4e99b89a\n        | title=Ukraine peace talks collapse over ceasefire as fighting rages | work=The\n        Australian | date=1 February 2015 | agency=Agence France-Presse | accessdate=10\n        February 2015}} A new ceasefire agreement, called [[Minsk II]], was\n        signed on 12 February 2015.{{cite news | url=http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21643245-russia-ukraine-germany-and-france-agree-halt-shooting-deeper-issues-are-left-untouched\n        | title=Ukraine: A tentative ceasefire | work=The Economist | date=12 February\n        2015 | accessdate=12 February 2015}}\\n\\n===Elections in Ukraine===\\n{{main\n        article|Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|Ukrainian parliamentary election,\n        2014|Donbass general elections, 2014|Ukrainian local elections, 2015}}\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u0412-\\u0414\\u041d\\u0420-250.\n        \\u0412\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b \\u0432 \\u0414\\u041d\\u0420.ogv|thumb|{{ru\n        icon}} Internationally unrecognised [[Donbass general elections, 2014|Donbass\n        general elections]], 2 November 2014]]\\nAmidst the prolonged crisis, multiple\n        elections were held across Ukraine. The first election held since the ousting\n        of President Yanukovych was the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|25\n        May presidential election]], which resulted in the election of [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n        as president of Ukraine. In the [[Donbass]] region, only 20% of polling stations\n        were open due to threats of violence by [[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|pro-Russian\n        separatist insurgents]]. Of the 2,430 planned polling stations\n        in the region, only 426 remained open for polling.[https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304811904579583413180447156\n        \\\"Poroshenko Declares Victory in Ukraine Presidential Election\\\"], [[The Wall\n        Street Journal]] (25 May 2014)\\n\\nAs the war in Donbass continued, the\n        first post-revolutionary [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2014|parliamentary\n        elections]] in Ukraine were held on 26 October 2014.[https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140825232937/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-25/ukraine-president-poroshenko-calls-snap-general-election.html\n        Ukraine President Poroshenko Calls Snap General Election], [[Bloomberg News]]\n        (25 August 2014) Once again, separatists stymied voting in the areas\n        that they controlled. They held their [[Donbass general elections, 2014|own\n        elections]], internationally unrecognised and in violation of the [[Minsk\n        Protocol]] peace process, on 2 November 2014.{{cite\n        news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/03/germany-urges-russia-respect-unity-ukraine-donetsk-elections\n        | archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20141208123906/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/03/germany-urges-russia-respect-unity-ukraine-donetsk-elections\n        | archivedate=2014-12-08 | title=Russia calls for talks with Kiev after separatist\n        elections | work=The Guardian | date=3 November 2014 | accessdate=3 November\n        2014}}\\n\\n==Effects of the crisis==\\n{{main article|International sanctions\n        during the Ukrainian crisis|Economy of Ukraine#2014 to present day|Russian\n        financial crisis (2014\\u2013present)}}\\nThe crisis has had many effects, both\n        domestic{{cite news | url=http://112.international/russia/Ukraine-announced-sanctions-against-Russian-airlines-939.html|\n        title=Ukraine announced sanctions against Russian airlines | work=112.international\n        | date=28 September 2015 | accessdate=30 September 2015}} and international.{{cite journal|format=PDF|url=http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=802090099084098028104127102002064077034006049004090060007080005125110028072006083093036054102063060023041091079022110008111067056058059054003110103018120085022088079061002053103098027104111007029102094095001117123081074107123021074099109118088025088008&EXT=pdf|last=Mamlyuk|first=Boris\n        N.|title=The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law|publisher=The\n        German Law Journal|volume=16|issue=3|date=6 July 2015|accessdate=12 September\n        2016}} According to an October 2014 estimate by the [[World Bank]],\n        the economy of Ukraine contracted by 8% during the year 2014 as a result of\n        the crisis.{{cite news | url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraine-economy-contract-8-2014-world-bank-090334656.html?ref=gs\n        | title=Ukraine economy to contract by 8% in 2014: World Bank | work=Yahoo\n        News | date=2 October 2014 | agency=Agence France-Presse | accessdate=13 January\n        2015}} [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|Economic\n        sanctions]] imposed on Russia by western nations contributed to the collapse\n        in value of the [[Russian rouble]], and the resulting [[2014 Russian financial\n        crisis|Russian financial crisis]].{{cite news | url=http://business.financialpost.com/2015/01/01/we-are-hardly-surviving-as-oil-and-the-ruble-drop-ordinary-russians-face-growing-list-of-problems/\n        | archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20150102100509/http://business.financialpost.com/2015/01/01/we-are-hardly-surviving-as-oil-and-the-ruble-drop-ordinary-russians-face-growing-list-of-problems/\n        | archivedate=2015-01-02 | title=\\u2018We are hardly surviving'': As oil and\n        the ruble drop, ordinary Russians face growing list of problems | work=Financial\n        Post | date=1 January 2015 | agency=Reuters | accessdate=13 January 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        war in Donbass caused [[Coal in Ukraine#Coal production|a coal shortage in\n        Ukraine]], as the Donbass region had been the chief source of coal for power\n        stations across the country. Furthermore, [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Station]]\n        was forced to close down one of its reactors after an accident. The combination\n        of these two problems led to [[rolling blackouts]] across Ukraine during December\n        2014.[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-turns-off-reactor-at-nuclear-plant-after-accident-9947540.html\n        Ukraine turns off reactor at its most powerful nuclear plant after ''accident''],\n        [[The Independent]] (28 December 2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/world/europe/ukraine-briefly-cuts-power-to-crimea-amid-dispute-with-russia-over-nato.html?_r=0\n        Ukraine Briefly Cuts Power to Crimea Amid Feud With Russia Over NATO], [[New\n        York Times]] (24 December 2014)
[http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/770172\n        Coal import to help avoid rolling blackouts in Ukraine \\u2014 energy minister]\n        {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108051631/http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/770172\n        |date=8 January 2015 }}, [[ITAR-TASS]] (31 December 2014)
[http://mashable.com/2014/12/03/ukraine-nuclear-plant-accident/\n        Rolling blackouts in Ukraine after nuclear plant accident], br>[[Mashable]]\n        (3 December 2014)
[https://wayback.archive.org/web/20150104004745/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-31/ukraine-to-import-coal-from-far-away-as-war-curtails-mines.html\n        Ukraine to Import Coal From \\u2018Far Away\\u2019 as War Curtails Mines], [[Bloomberg\n        News]] (31 December 2014)\\n\\nAdditionally, due to the Ukrainian crisis,\n        a new pipeline in [[Turkey]] was proposed with an annual capacity around 63\n        billion cubic metres ([[Billion cubic metres of natural gas|bcm]]), so as\n        to carry [[Russia in the European energy sector|natural gas to Europe]] while\n        completely bypassing Ukraine as a traditional transit hub for Russian gas.{{cite\n        web|title=Russia to Shift Ukraine Gas Transit to Turkey as EU Cries Foul |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-14/russia-to-shift-ukraine-gas-transit-to-turkey-as-eu-cries-foul.html\n        |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20150115014453/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-14/russia-to-shift-ukraine-gas-transit-to-turkey-as-eu-cries-foul.html\n        |archivedate=2015-01-15 |website=Bloomberg |date=14 January 2015 |accessdate=15\n        January 2015}}\\n\\nProgress on implementing reforms in post-revolutionary\n        Ukraine has been said to be slow. According to a [[British Broadcasting Company|BBC]]\n        report in February 2016, Ukraine remained gripped by corruption, and little\n        progress had been made in improving the economy. Low-level fighting continued\n        in the Donbass. The report also said that there was talk of a \\\"Third Maidan\\\"\n        to force the government to take action to remedy the crisis.{{cite\n        news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35483171 | title=Ukraine teeters\n        a few steps from chaos | work=BBC News | date=5 February 2016 | accessdate=6\n        February 2016 | author=David Stern}}\\n\\nAn [[International Monetary\n        Fund|IMF]] four-year loan program worth about $17.5 billion was agreed in\n        eight tranches over 2015 and 2016, subject to conditions regarding economic\n        reforms.{{cite news |url=http://uatoday.tv/politics/ukraine-may-get-1-7-bln-from-imf-by-mid-year-moody-s-647646.html\n        |title=Ukraine may get USD 1.7 bln from IMF by mid-year - Moody''s |publisher=Ukraine\n        Today |date=13 May 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2016}} Analysts disputed\n        that the $17.5 billion represented a ''new'' bailout, noting that the IMF''s\n        announcement amounted to making good on \\\"old promises, rather than offering\n        any new cash.\\\" However, due to lack of progress\n        on reforms, only two tranches worth $6.7 billion were paid in 2015. A third\n        tranche of $1.7 billion may be paid in June 2016 subject to the bringing into\n        law of 19 further reform measures.{{cite news |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/what-ukraine-must-do-to-get-another-17-413635.html\n        |title=What Ukraine must do to get another $1.7 billion IMF loan |publisher=Kyiv\n        Post |date=14 May 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2016}}{{cite\n        news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-imf-idUKKCN0Y92JB\n        |title=Ukraine, IMF agree terms to resume financial support - IMF |author=Alessandra\n        Prentice |publisher=Reuters |date=18 May 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2016}}\n        In May 2016 the IMF mission chief for Ukraine stated that the [[Corruption\n        in Ukraine|reduction of corruption]] was a key test for continued international\n        support.\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union relations]]\\n*[[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\\n*[[Cold War II]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        crisis navbox}}\\n{{Euromaidan}}\\n{{2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{{Ukraine topics}}\\n{{Political\n        scandals in Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Crisis}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        crisis| ]]\\n[[Category:Conflicts in Ukraine|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:Ongoing conflicts]]\\n[[Category:2010s\n        in Ukraine|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:2010s conflicts]]\\n[[Category:Political history\n        of Ukraine|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:Post-Soviet conflicts]]\\n[[Category:Russia\\u2013Ukraine\n        relations|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:Cold War II]]\\n[[Category:Articles containing\n        video clips]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T02:50:03Z\",\"lastrevid\":788696047,\"length\":29205,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_crisis\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_crisis&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_crisis\"},\"27077251\":{\"pageid\":27077251,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        cruiser Ukrayina\",\"index\":31,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-11T15:38:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{|{{Infobox\n        ship begin}}\\n{{Infobox ship image\\n|Ship image=[[Image:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430.JPG|300px]]\\n|Ship caption=\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ship career\\n|Hide header=\\n|Ship country=\\n|Ship flag={{flag|Ukraine|naval}}\\n|Ship\n        name=''''Ukrayina'''', formerly ''''Admiral Flota Lobov''''\\n|Ship namesake=\\n|Ship\n        ordered=\\n|Ship builder=[[61 Kommunara Shipbuilding Plant]] (SY 445), [[Mykolaiv]]\\n|Ship\n        laid down=1983\\n|Ship launched=1990\\n|Ship acquired=\\n|Ship commissioned=\\n|Ship\n        decommissioned=\\n|Ship in service=\\n|Ship out of service=\\n|Ship struck=\\n|Ship\n        reinstated=\\n|Ship honours=\\n|Ship fate=\\n|Ship status=Unfinished, docked\n        in [[Mykolaiv]].\\n|Ship notes=\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship characteristics\\n|Hide\n        header=\\n|Header caption=\\n|Ship class={{sclass|Slava|cruiser}}\\n|Ship displacement=11,490\n        tons\\n|Ship length={{convert|186.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship beam={{convert|20.8|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        draught=\\n|Ship draft={{convert|8.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship propulsion=4 [[COGOG]]\n        [[gas turbine]]s, 2 shafts 121,000 shp\\n|Ship speed={{convert|32|kn}}\\n|Ship\n        range= {{convert|7000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|16|kn}}\\n|Ship complement=480\\n|Ship\n        sensors=*Voskhod MR-800 (Top Pair) 3D search radar\\n*Fregat MR-710 (Top Steer)\n        3D search radar\\n*Palm Frond navigation radar\\n*Pop group SA-N-4 fire control\n        radar\\n*Top Dome SA-N-6 fire control radar\\n*Bass Tilt AK-360 CIWS System\n        fire control radar\\n*Bull horn MF hull mounted sonar\\n|Ship EW=*Rum Tub and\n        Side Globe EW antennas\\n*2 \\u00d7 PK-2 DL (140mm chaff / flare)\\n|Ship armament=*16\n        \\u00d7 [[P-500 Bazalt]] (SS-N-12 Sandbox) [[anti-ship missile]]s\\n*8 \\u00d7\n        8 (64) [[S-300 (missile)|S-300PMU]] ''''Favorit'''' (SA-N-6 Grumble) long-range\n        [[surface-to-air missile]]s\\n*2 \\u00d7 20 (40) [[9K33 Osa|OSA-MA]] ([[SA-N-4\n        Gecko]]) SR SAM\\n*1 \\u00d7 twin [[AK-130]] 130mm/L70 [[dual purpose gun]]s\\n*6\n        \\u00d7 [[AK-630]] [[close-in weapons system]]s possibly replaced by [[Kashtan]]\n        (CADS-N-1)\\n*2 \\u00d7 [[RBU-6000]] [[anti-submarine mortar]]s\\n*10 \\u00d7\n        (2 quin) 533mm [[torpedo]] tubes\\n|Ship armour=\\n|Ship armor=Splinter plating\\n|Ship\n        aircraft=1 [[Ka-25]] or [[Ka-27]] Helicopter\\n|Ship notes=\\n}}\\n|}\\n[[File:Cruiser\n        Ukraine.png|150px|thumb|left]]\\nThe Ukrainian [[cruiser]] ''''''''''Ukrayina''''''''''\n        is a {{sclass|Slava|cruiser}} ordered by the [[Soviet Union]] in the early\n        1980s. In 2010 the [[Ukrainian parliament]] stripped the ship of its name.Hardus,\n        M. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160704011200/http://apostrophe.com.ua/article/society/2016-01-29/surovaya-realnost-gotova-li-ukraina-voevat-na-more/3135\n        The harsh reality: is Ukraine ready to fight at sea (\\u0421\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c: \\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435)]''''. \\\"Apostrof\\\". 29 January 2016.\\n\\n==History==\\nThe\n        ship was laid down in 1983 and launched in 1990 just before the fall of the\n        Soviet Union. Due to budget constraints work on the cruiser stopped in the\n        early 1990s and the ship was left unfinished. In 1993 the cruiser was withdrawn\n        from the [[Russian Navy]] and passed to [[Ukraine]]. In 1997 Ukraine stated\n        that it had no need for the cruiser and was willing to sell it. Russia was\n        unwilling to buy the cruiser, China and India were then approached but showed\n        no interest at the time.{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-10051/r_500/missile_cruiser_sell_/|title=Russia,\n        Ukraine to Sell Soviet Missile Cruiser  - Kommersant Moscow|work=kommersant.com|accessdate=27\n        November 2015}} According to Ukrainian sources the Cruiser needs 30\n        million dollars to be finished.{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-9977/r_500/cruiser_sale/|title=Kiev\n        Eager to Sell Missile Cruiser - Kommersant Moscow|work=kommersant.com|accessdate=27\n        November 2015}}\\n\\n==Status==\\nThe cruiser sits docked and unfinished\n        at the harbor of [[Mykolaiv]] in southern Ukraine.\\n\\nIn April 2010, sources\n        from the Russian defense committee claimed that Russia had plans to buy the\n        unfinished cruiser from Ukraine and in May 2010, after talks with Russian\n        president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in [[Kiev]], Ukrainian president [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        stated that they had come to an agreement to finish the ship together.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20100517/159052017.html |title=Russia\n        to help Ukraine finish construction of missile cruiser |publisher=RIA NOVOSTI\n        |date=17 May 2010 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=9264\n        |title=Russia''s ready to bring back cruiser Ukraina |publisher=rusnavy.com\n        |date=23 April 2010 |accessdate=6 October 2014}} On 21 January 2011,\n        Russian navy sources stated that Russia was only interested in obtaining the\n        cruiser if they can have it free of charge. By early March 2011, Russian defence\n        minister Anatoly Serdiukov stated that Russia was still waiting for an acceptable\n        offer from Ukraine, regarding potential procurement of the missile cruiser.\n        His Ukrainian counterpart Mikhail Yezhel responded that he would not scrap\n        a 95% complete warship, and that the issue would be resolved in the near future.{{cite\n        web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11281 |title=Russia\n        won''t buy uncompleted cruiser from Ukraine |publisher=rusnavy.com |date=21\n        January 2011 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11595\n        |title=Russia waits for Kiev''s acceptable decision on the missile cruiser\n        sale |publisher=rusnavy.com |date=28 February 2011 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}\\n\\nIt\n        was reported that the Ukrainian government invested 6.08 million UAH into\n        the ship''s maintenance in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/othernavies/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=14824\n        |title=Ukraine Invested UAH 6 mln in Maintenance of Ukraina Cruiser |publisher=rusnavy.com\n        |date=9 April 2012 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}\\n\\nOn March 26, 2017,\n        it was announced that the Ukrainian Government will be scrapping the vessel\n        which has been laid up, incomplete, for nearly 30 years in Mykolaiv. Maintenance\n        and construction was costing the country $225,000 USD per month. This marked\n        the end of a major symbol of the Soviet Era in Eastern Europe.https://sputniknews.com/europe/201703261051973997-ukraine-cruiser-scrapped/https://sputniknews.com/europe/201703281052033285-ukraine-missile-cruiser/\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{Slava class cruiser}}\\n{{Ukrainian Naval Forces}}\\n{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=February 2011}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrayina}}\\n[[Category:Cold\n        War cruisers of the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Slava-class cruisers of the\n        Ukrainian Navy]]\\n[[Category:Ships built at Shipyard named after 61 Communards]]\\n[[Category:1990\n        ships]]\\n\\n{{USSR-mil-ship-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-mil-ship-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-20T13:41:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":790094599,\"length\":6656,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_cruiser_Ukrayina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_cruiser_Ukrayina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_cruiser_Ukrayina\"},\"34017878\":{\"pageid\":34017878,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        frigate Dnipropetrovsk\",\"index\":38,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-01T23:44:14Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{|{{Infobox\n        ship begin}}\\n{{Infobox ship image\\n|Ship image=[[File:Bezzavetnyy&Zhdanov&Magomed\n        Gadzhiev.jpg|300px]]\\n|Ship caption=''''Bezzavetnyy'''' is closest to the\n        camera, the cruiser ''''Zhdanov'''' in the middle and the submarine tender\n        ''''Magomed Gadzhiev'''' in the rear\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship career\\n|Hide header=\\n|Ship\n        country=[[Soviet Union]]\\n|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Soviet Union|naval}}\\n|Ship\n        name=''''Bezzavetnyy''''\\n|Ship namesake=\\n|Ship ordered= 4 July 1973\\n|Ship\n        awarded=\\n|Ship builder= [[Zaliv Shipbuilding yard]] ([[Kerch]])\\n|Ship original\n        cost=\\n|Ship yard number= 14\\n|Ship way number=\\n|Ship laid down=\\n|Ship launched=7\n        May 1977\\n|Ship sponsor=\\n|Ship christened=\\n|Ship completed=\\n|Ship acquired=\\n|Ship\n        commissioned=17 February 1978\\n|Ship recommissioned=\\n|Ship decommissioned=8\n        September 1997\\n|Ship maiden voyage=\\n|Ship in service=\\n|Ship out of service=\\n|Ship\n        renamed=\\n|Ship reclassified=\\n|Ship refit=\\n|Ship struck=\\n|Ship reinstated=\\n|Ship\n        homeport=\\n|Ship identification=\\n|Ship motto=\\n|Ship nickname=\\n|Ship honours=\\n|Ship\n        honors=\\n|Ship captured=\\n|Ship fate= Transferred to Ukraine on 1 August 1997\\n|Ship\n        status=\\n|Ship notes=\\n|Ship badge=\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship career\\n|Hide header=title\\n|\n        Ship country             = Ukraine\\n| Ship flag                = {{shipboxflag|Ukraine|naval}}\\n|\n        Ship name                = ''''Dnipropetrovsk''''\\n| Ship renamed             =\n        1997\\n| Ship acquired            = 1 August 1997\\n| Ship decommissioned      =\n        October 2002\\n|Ship identification= U134\\n| Ship reclassified        = \\\"Technical\n        property\\\" (2002)\\n| Ship fate                = Scuttled on 12 May 2005\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ship characteristics\\n|Hide header=\\n|Header caption=\\n|Ship class={{sclass2-|Burevestnik|frigate}}\\n|Ship\n        displacement=3,300 tons standard, 3,575 tons full load\\n|Ship length={{convert|405.3|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        beam={{convert|46.3|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship draft={{convert|15.1|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        power=\\n|Ship propulsion=*2 shaft; [[COGAG]]\\n* 2 x M-8k gas-turbines, {{convert|40,000|shp|kW|abbr=on}}\\n*\n        2 x M-62 gas-turbines (cruise), {{convert|14,950|shp|kW|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship speed={{convert|32|kn|lk=in}}\\n|Ship\n        range={{convert|4995|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|14|kn}}\\n|Ship complement=200\\n|Ship\n        crew=\\n|Ship time to activate=\\n|Ship sensors=*''''''Radar:'''''' 1 MR-755\n        Fregat-M/Half Plate air/surface search\\n*''''''Sonar:'''''' Zvezda-2 suite\n        with MGK-345 Bronza/Ox Yoke bow mounted LF, Ox Tail LF VDS\\n*''''''Fire Control:''''''\n        Purga ASW combat system, 2 Drakon/Eye Bowl SSM targeting, 2 MPZ-301 Baza/Pop\n        Group\\n|Ship EW=Start suite with Bell Shroud intercept, Bell Squat jammer,\n        4 PK-16 decoy RL, 8 PK-10 decoy RL, 2 towed decoys\\n|Ship armament=*1 \\u00d7\n        4 URK-5 ([[SS-N-14|SS-N-14 ''Silex'']]) SSM/ASW missiles\\n*2 \\u00d7 Osa-MA\n        ([[SA-8 Gecko|SA-N-4''Gecko'']]) SAM (40 missiles)\\n*4 \\u00d7 76 mm guns (2\\u00d72)\\n*2\n        \\u00d7 quad 533 mm [[torpedo tube]]s\\n|Ship armour=\\n|Ship armor=\\n|Ship notes=\\n}}\\n|}\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian frigate ''''Dnipropetrovsk'''''''''' is a former ''''''Soviet\n        frigate ([[guard ship]]) ''''Bezzavetnyy'''''''''' of the  {{sclass2-|Burevestnik|frigate|0}}\n        (NATO codename: Krivak I) ship built for the [[Soviet Navy]] in the late 1970s.\\n\\n==Service\n        history==\\n===Black Sea incident===\\n{{main|1988 Black Sea bumping incident}}\\nOn\n        12 February 1988 the ship intentionally{{uk icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/videos/2011/02/12/24092/\n        1988: The Soviet frigate attacks American cruiser near Yalta]{{en\n        icon}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SME4w037FgA&feature=player_embedded#at=95\n        1988 Soviet ramming USS ''''Yorktown'''' CG 48 in black sea (video)]\n        rammed the American missile cruiser {{USS|Yorktown|CG-48|6}} in Soviet [[territorial\n        waters]] while ''''Yorktown'''' was claiming [[innocent passage]].\\n\\n[[File:USS\n        Yorktown collision.jpg|thumb|none|''''Bezzavetnyy'''' shown colliding with\n        ''''Yorktown'''']]\\n\\n===Ukrainian service===\\nIn summer of 1997 during the\n        division of the Black Sea fleet she was transferred to the [[Ukrainian Navy]],\n        receiving the name of ''''Dnipropetrovsk''''.\\n\\n===Fate===\\n''''Dnipropetrovsk''''\n        was decommissioned in 2002 and was scuttled in the [[Black Sea]] in the spring\n        of 2005.\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n* {{cite book|last1=Gardiner|first1=Robert|last2=Chumbley|first2=Stephen|last3=Budzbon|first3=Przemys\\u0142aw|title=Conway''s\n        All the World''s Fighting Ships 1947-1995|year=1995|publisher=Naval Institute\n        Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-132-7}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        {{ru icon}} [http://navycollection.narod.ru/battles/Cold_war/foros/history.html\n        Navy operation in Foros region]\\n\\n{{Burevestnik-class frigate}}\\n{{1988 shipwrecks}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Naval Forces}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Dnipropetrovsk}}\\n[[Category:Krivak-class\n        frigates of the Ukrainian Navy]]\\n[[Category:1977 ships]]\\n[[Category:Ships\n        built at the Zalyv Shipbuilding yard]]\\n[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1988]]\\n\\n{{USSR-mil-ship-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-mil-ship-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T17:18:18Z\",\"lastrevid\":752562335,\"length\":4865,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk\"},\"12899571\":{\"pageid\":12899571,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)\",\"index\":28,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-24T19:53:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{|{{Infobox\n        ship begin}}\\n{{Infobox ship image\\n|Ship image   = [[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi\n        ide na chornomu mori 2012-07-17.jpg|300px]]\\n|Ship caption = ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''',\n        2011.\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship career\\n|Hide header   =\\n|Ship country  = [[Ukraine]]\\n|Ship\n        flag     = {{shipboxflag|Ukraine|naval}}\\n|Ship name     = ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy''''\\n|Ship\n        namesake = [[Cossack]] [[Hetman]] [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\\n|Ship\n        owner    =\\n|Ship operator = [[Ukrainian Navy]]\\n|Ship ordered  = 1991\\n|Ship\n        awarded  =\\n|Ship builder  = [[Zalyv Shipbuilding yard]]\\n|Ship yard number  =\\n|Ship\n        laid down    =\\n|Ship launched     = 29 March 1992\\n|Ship sponsor      =\\n|Ship\n        christened   =\\n|Ship completed    =\\n|Ship acquired     =\\n|Ship commissioned\n        = 2 April 1993\\n|Ship recommissioned =\\n|Ship decommissioned =\\n|Ship in service     =\\n|Ship\n        out of service =\\n|Ship renamed        =\\n|Ship reclassified   =\\n|Ship refit          =\\n|Ship\n        struck         =\\n|Ship reinstated     =\\n|Ship identification =  U130\\n|Ship\n        homeport       = [[Sevastopol]] until 2014\\n|Ship motto          =\\n|Ship\n        nickname       =\\n|Ship honours        =\\n|Ship captured       =\\n|Ship fate           =\\n|Ship\n        status         = {{Ship in active service |2017}}\\n|Ship notes          =\\n|Ship\n        badge          =\\n[[File:Chevron-frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy-(U130)-1.svg|150px]]\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ship characteristics\\n|Hide header         =\\n|Header caption      =\\n|Ship\n        class          = [[Krivak-class frigate|Nerei / Menzhinskiy-class]] [[frigate]]\\n|Ship\n        tonnage        =\\n|Ship displacement   =*{{Convert|3100|LT|t|0|lk=on}} standard\\n*{{Convert|3510\n        |LT|t|0}} full load{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcopter.narod.ru/ukrbat/U130.html\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439(\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        1135.1 ) |publisher=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f |language=Russian |accessdate=8 February 2015}}\n        \\n|Ship length              = {{Convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship beam                =\n        {{Convert|14.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship height              =\\n|Ship draught             =\n        {{Convert|4.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship depth               =\\n|Ship hold depth          =\\n|Ship\n        ice class           =\\n|Ship power               =\\n|Ship propulsion          =\\n|Ship\n        speed               = {{Convert|32|kn|lk=in}} \\n|Ship range               =*{{Convert|3500|nmi|abbr=on}}\n        at {{Convert|14|kn|abbr=on}}\\n*{{Convert|900|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{Convert|30|kn|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        endurance           =\\n|Ship boats               =\\n|Ship capacity            =\\n|Ship\n        complement          =\\n|Ship crew                = 180\\n|Ship time to activate    =\\n|Ship\n        troops              =\\n|Ship sensors             =\\n|Ship EW                  =\\n|Ship\n        armament            =* 1 \\u00d7 twin [[9K33 Osa]] SAM missile launcher (20\n        \\u00d7 9M-33 missiles)\\n* 1 \\u00d7 single {{Convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}}  AK-100\n        gun\\n* 2 \\u00d7 sextuple {{Convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[AK-630]] [[Close-in\n        weapon system|CIWS]]\\n* 2 \\u00d7 quad {{Convert|533|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo\n        tube]]s\\n* 2 \\u00d7 [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine rocket launchers\\n\\n|Ship\n        armor               = Iron\\n|Ship aircraft            = 1 \\u00d7 [[Kamov Ka-27|Ka-27]]\n        helicopter (2 max)\\n|Ship aircraft facilities =\\n|Ship notes               =\\n}}\\n|}\\n\\n''''''''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439}}) is a\n        [[frigate]] of the [[Ukrainian Navy]] that was originally built as a patrol\n        ship of [[Krivak-class frigate|Nerei / Menzhinskiy-class]]. Homeported at\n        [[Odessa]] (since March 2014), she is the [[flagship]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        Navy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/kozhara-hetman-sahaidachny-frigate-to-join-natos-anti-piracy-operation/\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130917123531/http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/kozhara-hetman-sahaidachny-frigate-to-join-natos-anti-piracy-operation/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=17 September 2013 |title=Kozhara: Hetman Sahaidachny\n        frigate to join NATO\\u2019s anti-piracy operation |work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=17 September 2013}} \\n\\n==Service history==\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130).jpg|thumb|300px|Ukrainian frigate ''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''']]\\n\\nBuilt at the [[Zalyv Shipbuilding yard]], the ship was\n        intended to be used by the [[Soviet Border Troops]] as ''''Kirov''''. However,\n        on 4 July 1993, the newly named (after [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]])\n        ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' raised the flag of the [[Ukrainian Navy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.svitlytsia.crimea.ua/index.php?section=article&artID=4052\n        |publisher=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0432i\\u0442\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f\n        |last= Armashevska |first=Alain |script-title=uk:\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439: \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 |date=11 August 2006 |accessdate=8\n        February 2015|language=Ukrainian }} She was given the identification\n        number of U130.\\n\\nIn 1994, ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' set sail for [[France]]\n        to take part in the 50th anniversary commemorations of the [[Normandy landings|Allied\n        invasion of Normandy]].\\n\\nIn 1995, ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' visited [[Abu\n        Dhabi]] during the \\\"[[International Defence Exhibition|Idex-95]]\\\" exhibitions.\n        With ''''Kostiantyn Olshansky'''', the frigate visited [[Norfolk, Virginia]]\n        in the United States.\\n\\nThe vessel has also visited ports in [[Algeria]],\n        [[Bulgaria]], [[Egypt]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Israel]],\n        [[Portugal]], [[Russia]] and [[Turkey]].\\n\\nBetween November 2006 and November\n        2007, she underwent major repairs in [[Mykolaiv]] at a cost of 15 million\n        [[hryvnia]].{{cite web|url=http://novosti-n.mk.ua/news/read/?id=3192\n        |script-title=ru:\\u041e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442 \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb \\u043e\\u0442\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c.\n        \\u0415\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c \\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u044b |publisher=Novosti-n.org\n        |language=Russian |date=16 November 2007 |accessdate=8 February 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://sevastopol.su/news.php?id=692 |script-title=ru:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u043b \\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u044f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\n        |publisher=ForPost |language=Russian |date=16 November 2007 |accessdate=8\n        February 2015}}\\n\\nIn 2008, ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' took part in\n        \\\"[[Operation Active Endeavour]]\\\" in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].\\n\\nIn February\n        2013, it was announced that she would be taking part in [[NATO]]''s \\\"[[Operation\n        Ocean Shield]]\\\", an anti-piracy campaign off the [[Horn of Africa]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://en.rian.ru/military_news/20130222/179631923.html|title=Ukraine\n        Joins NATO''s Counter-Piracy Operation|first=John|last=Thys|work=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=22\n        February 2013|accessdate=8 February 2015}}\\n\\n''''Hetman Sahaydachniy''''\n        joined the Naval Force of the European Union ([[EUNAVFOR]]) in early January\n        2014 for anti-piracy operations. As she refueled in [[Greece]], while Russian\n        forces seized control of [[Crimea]], Russian Senator [[Igor Morozov (politician)|Igor\n        Morozov]] claimed on 1 March 2014 that the ship''s crew had defected to Russia\n        and raised the Russian flag.{{cite web |url=http://rt.com/news/ukraine-navy-flaghsip-protest-389/|title=Ukrainian\n        Navy flagship takes Russia\\u2019s side|work=RT|date=1 March 2014|accessdate=8\n        February 2015}} Shortly afterwards, independent news organizations reported\n        that the ship was still flying the Ukrainian flag in port in [[Crete]].{{cite\n        web |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304815004579415310363248616?KEYWORDS=Ukraine&mg=reno64-wsj|title=Ukraine\n        Ousts Top Naval Officer After He Joins Separatists|first=Alexander|last=Kolyandr|work=Wall\n        Street Journal |date=2 March 2014|accessdate=8 February 2015}} {{subscription\n        required}} The commander of the ship confirmed that the crew had never\n        defected to the Russians.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=news&sub=read&id=32772|title=News|publisher=Mil.gov.ua|date=2014-03-02|accessdate=2014-03-08}}\n        It arrived in [[Odessa]] under the Ukrainian flag on March 5.{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0424\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\\"\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\\"\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 \\u0434\\u043e \\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        |url=http://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/194440.html |work=Interfax-Ukraine\n        |language=Ukrainian |date=5 March 2014 |accessdate=8 February 2015}}\n        On 14 March, the ship encountered a Russian naval group in Ukrainian territorial\n        waters. As ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' approached the group, they withdrew\n        into international waters.{{cite web|title=Frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy\n        forces Russian ships to leave Ukrainian waters |url=http://charter97.org/en/news/2014/3/20/91258/\n        |work=Chapter97.org |date=20 March 2014 |accessdate=8 February 2015}}\n        In September, the frigate entered Odessa to undergo repairs.{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/regions/odessa/v-odesse-nachali-remont-getmana-sagaydachnogo--568633.html\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0412 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442 \\\"\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\\"\n        |language=Russian |publisher=segodnya.ua |date=12 November 2014 |accessdate=8\n        February 2015}} In May 2017 it suffered an engine failure shortly after\n        repairs, current status unclear.\\n\\n==Command team==\\n* [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]\n        Denis Ivanin[http://www.mykolayiv-oda.gov.ua/ua/news/detail/3681.html\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        - \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438] {{webarchive\n        |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230221/http://www.mykolayiv-oda.gov.ua/ua/news/detail/3681.html\n        |date=September 27, 2007 }}\\n* [[Lieutenant Commander]] Volodumur Shevchenko\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Commons category|Hetman Sahaidachnyi (ship, 1992)}}\\n* {{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.from-ua.com/technology/40e8f4929eaf8/ Characteristics]\\n* {{ru\n        icon}} [http://flot.sevastopol.info/photos/photo_vmsu/sagayd_00.htm Photogallery\n        of Hetman Sahaydachniy]\\n\\n{{Burevestnik-class frigate}}\\n{{Ukrainian Naval\n        Forces}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)}}\\n[[Category:1992 ships]]\\n[[Category:Krivak-class\n        frigates of the Ukrainian Navy]]\\n[[Category:Ships built at the Zalyv Shipbuilding\n        yard]]\\n\\n{{Ukraine-mil-ship-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-frigate-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T17:18:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":792151733,\"length\":10179,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)\"},\"6635979\":{\"pageid\":6635979,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        grammar\",\"index\":12,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-08T13:02:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        ''''''grammar of the [[Ukrainian language]]'''''' describes the phonological,\n        morphological, and syntactical rules of the Ukrainian language. Ukrainian\n        contains 7 cases and 2 numbers for its nominal declension and 2 aspects, 3\n        tenses, 3 moods, and 2 voices for its verbal conjugation. Adjectives must\n        agree in number, gender, and case with their nouns.\\n\\nIn order to understand\n        Ukrainian grammar, it is necessary to understand the various phonological\n        rules that occur due to the collision of two or more sounds. Doing so markedly\n        decreases the number of exceptions and makes understanding the rules better.\n        The origin of some of these phonological rules can be traced all the way back\n        to Indo-European gradation ([[Indo-European ablaut|ablaut]]). This is especially\n        common in explaining the differences between the infinitive and present stem\n        of many verbs.\\n\\nThis article will present the grammar of the literary language,\n        which is in the main followed by most dialects. The main differences in the\n        dialects are vocabulary with occasional differences in phonology and morphology.\n        Further information can be found in the article [[Ukrainian dialects]].\\n\\n==Phonology==\\nThe\n        following points of Ukrainian phonology need to be considered in order to\n        properly understand the grammar of Ukrainian.\\n\\n===Classification of vowels===\\nTwo\n        different classifications of [[vowel]]s can be made: a historical perspective\n        and a modern perspective. From a historical perspective, the Ukrainian vowels\n        can be divided into two categories:\\n# Hard vowels (in Cyrillic: \\u0430, \\u0438\n        (from Common Slavic *\\u044b), \\u043e, and \\u0443 or transliterated as ''''a,\n        y (from Common Slavic *y), o,'''' and ''''u''''; )\\n# Soft vowels (in Cyrillic:\n        \\u0435, \\u0456 and \\u0438 (from Common Slavic *\\u0438) or transliterated as\n        ''''e, i'''' and ''''y (from Common Slavic *i)'''').  The [[iotified vowel]]s\n        are considered to be soft vowels\\nFrom a modern perspective, the Ukrainian\n        vowels can be divided into two categories:\\n# Hard Vowels (In Cyrillic: \\u0430,\n        \\u0435, \\u0438, \\u0456, \\u043e, and \\u0443 or transliterated as ''''a, e,\n        y, i, o,'''' and ''''u''''). This category as can be seen from the table is\n        different from the historical hard category\\n# Iotified Vowel (In Cyrillic:\n        \\u044f, \\u0454, \\u0457, and \\u044e or transliterated as ''''ja, je, ji,''''\n        and ''''ju''''). To this category can also be added the combination of letters\n        \\u0439\\u043e/\\u044c\\u043e (transliterated as ''''jo'''')\\n\\n===Classification\n        of consonants===\\nIn Ukrainian, [[consonant]]s can be categorised as follows:\\n*\n        ''''''Labials'''''' (in Cyrillic: \\u0431, \\u0432, \\u043c, \\u043f, and \\u0444\n        or transliterated as ''''b, v, m, p,'''' and ''''f''''): These letters are\n        almost always hard in Ukrainian (there are orthographic exceptions), can never\n        be doubled, nor can they in general be followed by an [[iotified vowel]] (exception:\n        in combinations ''''CL'''' where ''''C'''' is a [[dental consonant|dental]]\n        and ''''L'''' is a [[labial consonant|labial]], a soft vowel can follow, e.g.,\n        svjato/\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e).\\n* ''''''Post-alveolar sibilants''''''\n        (in Cyrillic: \\u0436, \\u0447, and \\u0448 or transliterated as ''''\\u017e,\n        \\u010d,'''' and ''''\\u0161''''. The digraph \\u0449 (''''\\u0161\\u010d'''')\n        should also be included). These letters were in Common Slavic all [[palatal]]\n        (soft). In Ukrainian, these harden, leading to the creation of the mixed [[declension]]\n        of nouns. None of them can be followed by a soft sign (in Cyrillic: \\u044c;\n        transliterated as apostrophe (\\u2019)) or any iotified vowel. All but the\n        digraph can be doubled, in which case they can be followed by a soft vowel,\n        e.g., ''''zbi\\u017e\\u017eja''''/\\u0437\\u0431\\u0456\\u0436\\u0436\\u044f.\\n* ''''''Dentals''''''\n        (in Cyrillic: \\u0434, \\u0437, \\u043b, \\u043d, \\u0441, \\u0442 and \\u0446 or\n        transliterated as ''''d, z, l, n, s, t,'''' and ''''c''''): In Ukrainian,\n        as in Common Slavic, these letters can be both hard and soft. These letters  can\n        never (unless they are the last letter in a prefix) be followed by an apostrophe.\n        Furthermore, these letters can be doubled.\\n* ''''''Alveolar'''''' (in Cyrillic:\n        \\u0440 or transliterated as ''''r''''): This letter can be either hard or\n        soft. It is always hard at the end of a syllable. Therefore, ''''r'''' is\n        always hard at the end of a word and is never followed by a soft sign. ''''r''''\n        can never be doubled, except in foreign words (such as \\u0441\\u044e\\u0440\\u0440\\u0435\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043c).\\n*\n        ''''''Velars'''''' (in Cyrillic: \\u0433, \\u0491, \\u043a, and \\u0445 or transliterated\n        as ''''h, g, k,'''' and ''''x''''): In both Ukrainian and Common Slavic, these\n        letters are always hard. Should they ever be followed by an iotified or soft\n        vowel, then they undergo the first and second palatalisations. Hence, these\n        letters can never be doubled or followed by an apostrophe.\\n\\n===Historical\n        changes===\\nIn the Ukrainian language, the following sound changes have occurred\n        between the [[Proto-Slavic|Common Slavic]] period and current Ukrainian:\\n\\n#\n        In a newly closed [[syllable]], that is, a syllable that ends in a [[consonant]],\n        Common Slavic ''''o'''' and ''''e'''' mutate into ''''i'''' if the next [[vowel]]\n        in Common Slavic was one of the [[yer]]s (''''\\u01d0'''' (\\u044c) or ''''\\u01d4''''\n        (\\u044a)).\\n# [[Pleophony]]: The Common Slavic combinations, ''''ToRT''''\n        and ''''TeRT'''', where ''''T'''' is any consonant and ''''R'''' is either\n        ''''r'''' or ''''l'''' become in Ukrainian\\n## ''''TorT'''' gives ''''ToroT''''\n        (Common Slavic ''''*borda'''' gives Ukrainian ''''boroda'''')\\n## ''''TolT''''\n        gives ''''ToloT'''' (Common Slavic ''''*bolto'''' gives Ukrainian ''''boloto'''')\\n##\n        ''''TerT'''' gives ''''TereT'''' (Common Slavic ''''*berza'''' gives Ukrainian\n        ''''bereza'''')\\n## ''''TelT'''' gives ''''ToloT'''' (Common Slavic ''''*melko''''\n        gives Ukrainian ''''moloko'''')\\n# The Common Slavic nasal vowel ''''\\u0119''''\n        is reflected as ''''ja'''' except after a single [[labial consonant|labial]]\n        where it is reflected as ''''\\u2033ja'''' (\\u2019\\u044f), or after a [[post-alveolar]]\n        sibilant where it is reflected as ''''a.'''' Examples: Common Slavic ''''*p\\u0119t\\u012d''''\n        gives in Ukrainian ''''p\\u2033jat'''''' (\\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c);\n        Common Slavic ''''*tel\\u0119'''' gives in Ukrainian ''''telja''''; and Common\n        Slavic ''''kur\\u010d\\u0119'''' gives in Ukrainian ''''kur\\u010da.'''' This\n        Common Slavic nasal vowel is derived from an Indo-European ''''*-en'''', ''''*-em'''',\n        or one of the [[sonant]]s ''''n'''' and ''''m''''.\\n# The Common Slavic letter,\n        ''''\\u011b'''' (\\u0463), is reflected in Ukrainian generally as ''''i''''\n        except:\\n## word-initially, where it is reflected as ''''ji'''': Common Slavic\n        ''''*\\u011bsti'''' gives the Ukrainian ''''jisty''''\\n## after the post-alveolar\n        sibilants where it is reflected as ''''a'''': Common Slavic ''''*le\\u017e\\u011bti''''\n        gives the Ukrainian ''''le\\u017eaty''''\\n# Common Slavic ''''i'''' and ''''y''''\n        are both reflected in Ukrainian as ''''y''''\\n# The Common Slavic combination\n        ''''-C\\u01d0jV'''', where ''''C'''' is any consonant and ''''V'''' is any\n        vowel, becomes in Ukrainian the following combination ''''-CCjV'''', except\\n##\n        if ''''C'''' is labial or ''r'' where it becomes ''''-C\\\"jV''''\\n## if ''''V''''\n        is the Common Slavic ''''e'''', then the vowel in Ukrainian mutates to ''''a'''',\n        e.g., Common Slavic ''''*\\u017eit\\u012dje'''' gives the Ukrainian ''''\\u017eyttja''''\\n##\n        if ''''V'''' is the Common Slavic ''''\\u012d'''', then the combination becomes\n        ''''ej'''', e.g., genitive plural in Common Slavic ''''*my\\u0161\\u012dj\\u012d''''\n        give in Ukrainian ''''my\\u0161ej''''\\n## if one or more consonants precede\n        the ''C'' then there is no doubling of the consonants in Ukrainian\\n# Common\n        Slavic combinations ''''dl'''' and ''''tl'''' are simplified to ''''l'''',\n        for example, Common Slavic ''''*mydlo'''' gives Ukrainian ''''mylo''''\\n#\n        Common Slavic ''''\\u01d4l'''' ([[voiced]] ''''l\\u0325'''') and ''''\\u01d0l''''\n        (voiced ''''\\u013a\\u0325'''') became ''''ov'''', while word final ''''*l\\u01d4''''\n        became ''''v''''. For example, Common Slavic ''''*v\\u013a\\u0325k\\u01d4''''\n        becomes ''''vovk'''' in Ukrainian\\n\\n===Current changes===\\n# The first [[Palatalization\n        (phonetics)|palatalisation]] concerns the [[velars]] and the following vowels:\n        ''''e,'''' ''''y'''' from Common Slavic ''''i'''', ''''a/i'''' from Common\n        Slavic ''''\\u011b'''', that is derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]]\n        ''''\\u0113'''':\\n## ''''h''''/''''g'''' before these vowels mutates into ''''\\u017e''''\\n##\n        ''''k'''' before these vowels mutates into ''''\\u010d''''\\n## ''''x'''' before\n        these vowels mutates into ''''\\u0161''''\\n# The second palatalisation concerns\n        the velars and the following vowels: ''''y'''' from Common Slavic ''''i''''\n        that is derived from an Indo-European diphthong and ''''a/i'''' from Common\n        Slavic ''''\\u011b'''' that is derived from an Indo-European diphthong:\\n##\n        ''''h''''/''''g'''' before these vowels mutates into ''''z''''\\n## ''''k''''\n        before these vowels mutates into ''''c''''\\n## ''''x'''' before these vowels\n        mutates into ''''s''''\\n# The [[iotification]] concerns all consonants and\n        the semi-vowel ''''j'''' (\\u0439). The following changes occur:\\n## The [[labial\n        consonant|labials]] insert an ''''l'''' between the labial and the [[semivowel]]:\n        Common Slavic ''''*zemja'''' give Ukrainian ''''zemlja''''.\\n## The velars\n        followed by a semivowel mutate as in the first palatalisation. The semivowel\n        is dropped. This change can be traced back to Common Slavic.\\n## ''''ktj''''\n        becomes ''''\\u010d''''\\n## ''''tj'''' becomes ''''\\u010d''''\\n## ''''dj''''\n        becomes ''''\\u017e'''', except in verbs where it becomes ''''d\\u017e''''\\n##\n        ''''sj'''' becomes ''''\\u0161''''\\n## ''''stj'''' and ''''skj'''' become ''''\\u0161\\u010d''''\n        (\\u0449)\\n## ''''zdj'''' and ''''zhj'''' become ''''\\u017ed\\u017e''''\\n##\n        ''''zkj'''' becomes ''''\\u017e\\u010d''''\\n## ''''lj, nj, rj'''' becomes ''''l,\n        n, r'''' (that is, ''''\\u043b\\u044c, \\u043d\\u044c, \\u0440\\u044c'''')\\n# In\n        Ukrainian, when two or more consonants occur word-finally, then a float vowel\n        is inserted under the following conditions.{{cite book|title = A Guide\n        to the Declension of Nouns in Ukrainian |first= T. R. |last=Carlton\\n|publisher\n        = University of Alberta Press|location= Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |year =\n        1972}} Given a consonantal grouping ''''C1(\\u044c)C2(\\u044c)'''',\n        where ''''C'''' is any Ukrainian consonant. The fill vowel is inserted between\n        the two consonants and after the ''''\\u044c''''. A fill vowel is only inserted\n        if ''''C2'''' is one of the following consonants: ''''k, v, l,\n        m, r, n,'''' and ''''c''''. In this case:\\n## If ''''C1'''' is\n        one of the following ''''h, k,'''' or ''''x'''', then the fill vowel is always\n        ''''o''''\\n## If ''''C2'''' is ''''k'''' or ''''v'''', then the\n        fill vowel is ''''o''''. No fill vowel is inserted if the ''''v'''' is derived\n        from a [[voiced]] ''''l'''', for example, ''''vovk''''\\n## If ''''C2''''\n        is ''''l, m, r,'''' or ''''c'''', then the fill vowel is ''''e''''\\n## The\n        only known exception is ''''vid\\u2032om'''', which should take ''''e'''' as\n        the fill vowel, but instead adds an ''''o''''.\\n## The combinations, ''''-stv''''\n        and ''''-s\\u2032k'''' are not broken up\\n## If the ''''C1'''' is\n        ''''j'''' (\\u0439), then the above rules can apply. However, both forms (with\n        and without the fill vowel) often exist\\n\\n===Assimilation===\\nThe following\n        [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilations]] occur:\\n*Before the \\u0441 of\n        a suffix (-\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 or -\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e)\\n**If\n        the root ends in \\u0433(\\u0491), \\u0436, or \\u0437, then it mutates to \\u0437\n        and the \\u0441 of the suffix is lost.\\n**If the root ends in \\u043a, \\u0447,\n        or \\u0446, then it mutates to \\u0446 and the \\u0441 of the suffix is lost.\\n**If\n        the root ends in \\u0445, \\u0441, or \\u0448, then it mutates to \\u0441 and\n        the \\u0441 of the suffix is lost (or the last letter of the root drops out).\\n*The\n        following combinations of letters are changes:\\n**{\\u0436, \\u0437} + \\u0434\\u043d\n        is contracted to {\\u0436, \\u0437} + \\u043d.\\n**\\u0441\\u0442 + {\\u043b, \\u043d}\n        is contracted to \\u0441 + {\\u043b, \\u043d}.\\n**{\\u043f, \\u0440} + \\u0442\\u043d\n        is contracted to {\\u043f, \\u0440} + \\u043d.\\n**{\\u0441, \\u043a} + \\u043a\\u043d\n        is contracted to {\\u0441, \\u043a} + \\u043d.\\n\\n===Dissimilation===\\nThe most\n        common [[dissimilation]] is encountered in the infinitive of verbs, where\n        {\\u0434, \\u0442} + \\u0442 dissimilates to \\u0441\\u0442, for example, \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\n        + \\u0442\\u0438 gives \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 and \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\n        + \\u0442\\u0438 gives \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438.\\n\\n==Morphology==\\n\\n===Nominal===\\n\\n====Nouns====\\nThe\n        nominal [[declension]] has seven [[declension|cases]] ([[nominative]], [[genitive]],\n        [[Dative case|dative]], [[Accusative case|accusative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]],\n        [[locative case|locative]], and [[vocative]]), in two numbers ([[Grammatical\n        number|singular]] and [[plural]]), and absolutely obeying [[grammatical gender]]\n        (masculine, feminine and neuter). Adjectives, pronouns, and the first two\n        cardinal numbers have gender specific forms.\\n\\nA third number, the [[Dual\n        grammatical number|dual]], also existed in [[Old Ruthenian|Old East Slavic]],\n        but except for its use in the nominative and accusative cases with the numbers\n        two, three and four, e.g. ''''''dvi hryvni''''''/''''''\\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456'''''' vs. ''''''dvoje hryven'' ''''''/''''''\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c'''''' (recategorised today as a\n        nominative plural), it has been lost. Other traces of the dual can be found\n        when referring to objects of which there are commonly two: eyes, shoulders,\n        ears, ''''e.g.'''' ''''ple\\u010dyma''''. Occasionally, dual forms can distinguish\n        between meanings.\\n\\nIn Ukrainian, there are 4 declension types. The first\n        declension is used for most feminine nouns. The second declension is used\n        for most masculine and neuter nouns. The third declension is used for feminine\n        nouns ending in ''''''\\u044c'''''' or a post-alveolar sibilant. The fourth\n        declension is used for neuter nouns ending in ''''''\\u044f/\\u0430'''''' (Common\n        Slavic ''''*\\u0119'''').\\n\\nMost of the types consist of 3 different subgroups:\n        hard, mixed, and soft. The soft subgroup consists of nouns whose roots end\n        in a soft letter (followed by iotified vowel or soft vowel). The mixed subgroup\n        consists of the nouns whose roots end in a post-alveolar sibilant or occasionally\n        ''''r''''. The hard group consists of all other nouns.\\n\\nIf the hard group\n        endings are taken as the basis, then the following rules can be used to derive\n        the corresponding mixed and soft endings:\\n*Mixed subgroup\\n*# All o following\n        a post-alveolar sibilant change to e.\\n*# All \\u0438 following a post-alveolar\n        sibilant change to i.\\n*Soft subgroup: Whenever a soft sign or the semi-vowel\n        encounters the vowel of the ending, the following changes occur (These are\n        mainly orthographic changes, but same can be traced to similar changes in\n        Common Slavic):\\n*# \\u044c\\u0430 and \\u0439\\u0430 gives \\u044f\\n*# \\u044c\\u043e\n        gives \\u0435\\n*# \\u0439\\u0435 gives \\u0454\\n*# \\u044c\\u0438 gives \\u0456\\n*#\n        \\u0439\\u0438 gives \\u0457\\n*# \\u044c\\u0443 and \\u0439\\u0443 gives \\u044e\\n*#\n        \\u044c\\u0456  gives \\u0456\\n*# \\u0439\\u0456 gives \\u0457\\n\\nNouns ending in\n        a consonant are marked in the following tables with \\u2205 (thus no ending).\\n\\n=====First\n        declension=====\\n\\nThis declension consists of nouns that end in \\u0430 or\n        \\u044f. It consists primarily of feminine nouns, but a few nouns with these\n        ending referring to professions can be either masculine or feminine. In these\n        cases, the genitive plural is often formed by adding -\\u0456\\u0432. Nouns\n        referring to people can also take this ending.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n|+\n        ''''''First declension: Feminine nouns''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || -\\u0430  || -\\u0430 || -\\u044f  || -\\u044f \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || -\\u0438  ||  -\\u0456 || -\\u0456  || -\\u0457 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        (1) || -\\u0456  || -\\u0456  || -\\u0456   || -\\u0457 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative''''''\n        || -\\u0443  || -\\u0443  || -\\u044e  || -\\u044e\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental''''''\n        || -\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0435\\u044e || -\\u0435\\u044e ||   -\\u0454\\u044e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (1) || -\\u0456  || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0457\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative''''''  || -\\u043e  || -\\u0435 || -\\u0435 || -\\u0454 \\n|-\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n! \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed\n        \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0438  || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456  || -\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' (2)\n        || \\u2205   || \\u2205   || -\\u044c  || -\\u0439\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0430\\u043c  || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c ||-\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative''''''\n        (3) || -\\u0438 /\\u2205   ||    -\\u0456 / \\u2205  ||   -\\u0456 /-\\u044c  ||     -\\u0457\n        / -\\u0439\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative''''''\n        || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative'''''' || -\\u0438  ||   -\\u0456 ||  -\\u0456 || -\\u0457\\n|}\\n\\n*(1)\n        A velar consonant undergoes the appropriate second palatalisation changes\\n*(2)\n        If two or more consonants are left at the end of the word, then a fill vowel\n        may be inserted.\\n*(3) The genitive form is used for all animate nouns, while\n        inanimate nouns take the nominative form.\\n\\n\\n=====Second declension=====\\nThe second\n        declension consists of masculine and neuter nouns.\\n\\n''''''Masculine nouns'''''':\n        This group consists primarily of nouns, which end in a consonant, a soft sign,\n        \\u044c, or \\u0439. In the masculine declension, nouns that end in \\u0440 can\n        belong to any of the three declension subgroups: hard, mixed, and soft. There\n        is no way of knowing from the nominative form, to which group the noun belongs.\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Second declension: Masculine nouns''''''\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n! \\n! Hard\\n!\n        Mixed \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' ||\n        \\u2205 || \\u2205  || -\\u044c /\\u2205 (1) || -\\u0439 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        (2) || -\\u0430 / -\\u0443 || -\\u0430 / -\\u0443 || -\\u044f / -\\u044e || -\\u044f\n        / -\\u044e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' (3) || -\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u0443 ||\n        -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u0443 ||  -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u044e ||  -\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u044e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' (4) || \\u2205 / -\\u0430  || \\u2205 /-\\u0430 || -\\u044c\n        / -\\u044f || -\\u0439 / -\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u043e\\u043c\n        || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u0454\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative''''''\n        (5) || -\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0456/ -\\u0443 || -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0456\n        || -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0456 ||   -\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        (6) || -\\u0443/-\\u0435 || -\\u0435/ -\\u0443 || -\\u044e || -\\u044e\\n|-\\n| ||\n        colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n! \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed\n        \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0438 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0457 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0456\\u0432\n        || -\\u0456\\u0432 || -\\u0456\\u0432 / -\\u0435\\u0439 (7) || -\\u0457\\u0432 \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u0430\\u043c  || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c ||-\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' (8) || -\\u0438/ -\\u0456\\u0432    ||   -\\u0456 / -\\u0456\\u0432   ||  -\\u0456\n        / -\\u0456\\u0432  ||     -\\u0457 / -\\u0457\\u0432\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental''''''\n        || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445 ||\n        -\\u044f\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative'''''' || -\\u0438  ||   -\\u0456 ||  -\\u0456\n        || -\\u0457\\n|}\\n                   \\nNotes:\\n*(1) Only with soft nouns ending\n        in \\u0440.\\n*(2) The ending to be used depends on the nature of the noun.\n        The following rules are given in ''''''Ukrainian Orthography'''''':{{cite\n        book|title = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\n|edition = 4th|publisher\n        = \\u041d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\n        (Naukova Dumka)|location= Kiev, Ukraine|year = 1993}}\\n**Use the ending\n        -\\u0430 with\\n**# Names of professions, people\\u2019s names (first and last)\\n**#\n        Names of plants and animals\\n**# Names of objects\\n**# Names of settlements\n        and geographic places\\n**# Names of measuring units\\n**# Names of machines\\n**#\n        Words of foreign origin, which describe geometric parts, concrete objects.\\n**Use\n        the ending -\\u0443 with\\n**# Chemical elements, materials (note a few exceptions)\\n**#\n        Collective nouns\\n**# Names of buildings and their parts\\n**# Names of organisations\n        and their places\\n**# Natural phenomena\\n**# Feelings\\n**# Names of processes,\n        states, phenomena of social life (both concrete and abstract)\\n**# Names of\n        foreign origin that denote physical or chemical processes\\n**# Names of games\n        and dances\\n*(3) The ending in -\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 is preferred.\\n*(4) The\n        accusative case for animate nouns is identical to the genitive case; for inanimate\n        nouns, it is identical to the nominative.\\n*(5) In order to avoid the palatalisation,\n        velar root nouns take the -\\u0443 ending. The other forms are all acceptable.\n        Nouns that take the -\\u0456 ending undergo the first palatalisation.\\n*(6)\n        If the ending -\\u0435 is used, then the first palatalisation occurs. However,\n        it can be avoided by using the -\\u0443 form.\\n*(7) The second ending occurs\n        is a small group of nouns.\\n*(8) The genitive form is used with animate objects,\n        while inanimate objects take the nominative forms.\\n\\n''''''Neuter nouns''''''\\nIn\n        this category belong neuter nouns ending in \\u043e, \\u0435, and those substantives\n        ending in \\u044f, preceded by either a double consonant, apostrophe, or two\n        consonants, which primarily are derived from verbs. This last category once\n        did end in ''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''', but due to the sound change given above\n        developed an \\u044f ending.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n|+ ''''''Second\n        declension: Neuter nouns''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed \\n! Soft\\n! Soft (''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''')\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || -\\u043e || -\\u0435  || -\\u0435 || -\\u044f \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430 || -\\u044f || -\\u044f \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0443 || -\\u0443 || -\\u044e || -\\u044e\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' ||\n        -\\u043e || -\\u0435 || -\\u0435 || -\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u043e\\u043c || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative\n        (1)'''''' || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        || -\\u043e || -\\u0435 || -\\u0435 ||-\\u044f\\n|-\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed \\n! Soft\\n! Soft (''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''')\\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430  || -\\u044f || -\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' ||\n        \\u2205 || \\u2205 || -\\u044c || -\\u044c / \\u2205 (2) \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c|| -\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430  || -\\u044f || -\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 ||\n        -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430  || -\\u044f || -\\u044f\\n|}\\n\\n*(1) As necessary, the\n        second palatalisation occurs, except for the ''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''' nouns.\\n*(2)\n        The double consonant is made single if the \\u044c is used. However, if a post-alveolar\n        sibilant is the last consonant, then no \\u044c is used, but a single consonant\n        is also written. For a labial final consonant, the ending is -\\u2019\\u0457\\u0432.\n        Finally, monosyllabic nouns take the ending -\\u0456\\u0432. If two or more\n        consonants appear word finally, then it is possible that a fill vowel must\n        be inserted.\\n\\n=====Third declension=====\\nThis declension consists solely\n        of feminine nouns that end in a consonant. This declension has only 2 subgroups:\n        a mixed and soft group.\\n\\n{| align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Third\n        declension''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n!\n        Soft\\n! Mixed\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u044c || \\u2205 \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0456    ||     -\\u0456 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        ||  -\\u0456    ||     -\\u0456 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' || -\\u044c ||\n        \\u2205 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' (1) || -\\u044e  ||  -\\u044e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative'''''' ||  -e\n        || -e\\n|-\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n!\n        Soft\\n! Mixed\\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0435\\u0439     ||    -\\u0435\\u0439 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        || -\\u044f\\u043c|| -\\u0430\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' ||  -\\u0456\n        || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || -\\u044f\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        ||  -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|}\\n\\n*(1) Since this ending is derived from the Common\n        Slavic ending ''''*-\\u012dj\\u01eb'''', doubling of the consonant occurs as\n        per the rules outlined above. Furthermore, if in the nominative form the noun\n        has an -\\u0456 for an -\\u043e, then so will the instrumental form, for example,\n        \\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044e (instrumental singular) and \\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\n        (nominative singular)\\n\\n=====Fourth declension=====\\nThis declension consists\n        of solely neuter nouns that are derived from Common Slavic ''''*\\u0119''''.\n        There are two subgroups: those with an \\u043d insert, and those with a \\u0442\n        insert.\\n\\n{| align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Fourth declension''''''\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! (''''''\\u043d'''''')\\n!\n        (''''''\\u0442'''''')\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\n        || \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456    ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456   ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f   ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Instrumental'''''' (1) || \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456  ||  \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative'''''' ||  \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f    ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! (''''''\\u043d'''''')\\n!\n        (''''''\\u0442'''''')\\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430   ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d     ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' ||  \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430  ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\n        (\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442)\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438  ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445  ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430   ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\n|}\\n\\n====Adjectives====\\nUkrainian\n        adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.\\n\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, there exist a small number of adjectives, primarily possessives,\n        which exist in the masculine in the so-called ''''short'''' form. This \\\"short\\\"\n        form is a relic of the indefinite declension of adjectives in Common Slavic.\n        Common examples of this anomalous declension are ''''\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d''''\n        (masculine) compared to ''''\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430'''' (feminine);\n        ''''\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432'''' (masculine) compared to ''''\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430''''\n        (feminine); and ''''\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d'''' (masculine)\n        compared to ''''\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430''''. This ''''short''''\n        form only exists in the masculine nominative form. All other forms are regular.\\n\\n=====Declension=====\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, there are 2 different declension types: hard and soft. The soft\n        type can be further subdivided into two types. Unlike for the nouns, the post-alveolar\n        sibilants are counted as hard. There also exists a special mixed declension\n        for adjectives ending in -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439. These adjectives\n        are derived from the noun \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435, describing types of faces,\n        for example, \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439.\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Hard Declension (-\\u0438\\u0439)\n        of Adjectives''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''||\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! Masculine\\n!\n        Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0438\\u0439        ||    -\\u0435        ||   -\\u0430\n        || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u0438\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u0438\\u0439 / -\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u0435\n        ||    -\\u0443 || -\\u0456 / -\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u0438\\u043c      ||      -\\u0438\\u043c ||       -\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u0456\\u043c / -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u0456\\u043c\n        / -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u0456\\u0439 || -\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n{| align=center\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Soft Declension (-\\u0456\\u0439) of Adjectives''''''\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''|| rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n!\n        Masculine\\n! Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0456\\u0439        ||    -\\u0454        ||   -\\u044f\n        || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u0456\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u0456\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u0456\\u0439 / -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u0454\n        ||    -\\u044e || -\\u0456 / -\\u0456\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u0456\\u043c      ||      -\\u0456\\u043c ||       -\\u044c\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0456\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u0456\\u043c / -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u0456\\u043c\n        / -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u0456\\u0439 || -\\u0456\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Soft Declension (-\\u0457\\u0439)\n        of Adjectives''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''||\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! Masculine\\n!\n        Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0457\\u0439        ||    -\\u0454        ||   -\\u044f\n        || -\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u0457\\u0439\n        || -\\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u0457\\u0439 / -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u0454\n        ||    -\\u044e || -\\u0457 / -\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u0457\\u043c      ||      -\\u0457\\u043c ||       -\\u0439\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u0457\\u043c / -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u0457\\u043c\n        / -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u0457\\u0439 || -\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Mixed Declension (-\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439)\n        of Adjectives''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''||\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! Masculine\\n!\n        Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439        ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435        ||   -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\n        / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435\n        ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044e || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456 / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c      ||      -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\n        ||       -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u043c / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\n        / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\nNote about the declensions:\\n\\n*(1)\n        In the accusative case (except the feminine singular), a difference is made\n        between animate (=genitive) and inanimate (=nominative) adjectives.\\n*(2)\n        The ending in ''''-\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443'''' is more often encountered. The other\n        form is a relic of the indefinite declension of adjectives in Common Slavic.\\n\\n=====Other\n        forms of the adjective=====\\nIn Ukrainian adjectives also have a comparative\n        and superlative forms.\\n\\nThe [[Comparison (grammar)|comparative]] form is\n        created by dropping ''''\\u0438\\u0439'''' and adding the ending ''''-(\\u0456)\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        The resulting form is declined like a regular hard stem adjective. As usual,\n        some adjectives have irregular forms.\\n\\nThe [[superlative]] form is created\n        by prefixing ''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439-'''' to the comparative form. Words associated\n        with religion often prefix ''''\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435-'''' (very) to the comparative\n        form. As usual, some adjectives have irregular forms.\\n\\n====Adverbs====\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, [[adverbs]] are formed by taking the stem of the adjective (that\n        is dropping the ''''\\u2212\\u0430'''' from the feminine nominative singular\n        form; forms ending in \\u2212\\u044f are replaced by ''''\\u2212\\u044c\\u0430''''\n        (after consonants) or ''''\\u2212\\u0439\\u0430'''' (after vowels), before dropping\n        the ''''\\u2212\\u0430''''.) and adding the ending\\n* ''''-\\u043e'''', is the\n        general ending,\\n* ''''-\\u0435'''', can be used for some stems that are hard\n        (no \\u044c or \\u0439 at the end), for example, ''''\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435''''\n        from ''''\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439''''. This is very common for\n        the comparative form of the adjective.\\n\\nFor example, ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''\n        gives ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e''''. The comparative and superlative\n        forms of an adverb are formed by taking the corresponding form of the adjective\n        and replacing ''''\\u2212\\u0438\\u0439'''' by ''''-\\u0435'''', for example,\n        ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435'''' from ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\nAdverbs\n        can also be derived from the locative or instrumental singular of a noun,\n        for example, ''''\\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456'''' (from \\u0432\n        plus the locative of \\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430), ''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456''''\n        (from \\u043d\\u0430 plus the locative of \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430).\\n\\n====Pronouns====\\n\\n=====Personal\n        pronouns=====\\nThe personal pronouns are declined as follows.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=center\\n!\\n! 1st sing\\n! 2nd sing\\n! 3rd sing masc\\n! 3rd sing fem\\n!\n        3rd sing neut\\n! 1st pl\\n! 2nd pl\\n! 3rd pl\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || \\u044f || \\u0442\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u043d || \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\n        || \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e || \\u043c\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\n        || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e / \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0457\\u0457\n        / \\u043d\\u0435\\u0457 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e / \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u0457\\u0445 / \\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\n        || \\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0457\\u0439 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0432\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative''''''\n        || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0457\\u0457 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\n        || \\u0457\\u0445 / \\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u044e || \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c || \\u043d\\u0435\\u044e\n        || \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c || \\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        || \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456||\n        \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456 || \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 / \\u043d\\u0456\\u043c\n        || \\u043d\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 / \\u043d\\u0456\\u043c\n        || \\u043d\\u0430c || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\n=====Demonstrative\n        pronouns=====\\nThe demonstrative pronoun, ''''''\\u0442\\u043e\\u0439'''''',\n        is declined as follows.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n!\\n! masculine\\n!\n        neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0430 || \\u0442\\u0456 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0454\\u0457\n        || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or G'''' || \\u0442\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0443 ||\n        ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\n        || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative''''''\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 / \\u0442\\u0456\\u043c || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        / \\u0442\\u0456\\u043c  || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\n=====Possessive\n        pronouns=====\\nThe first (''''''\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439'''''') and second person\n        (''''''\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439'''''') singular possessive pronouns are declined\n        similarly as can be seen from the table below.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n!\\n!\n        masculine\\n! neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n!width=32px |\\n! masculine\\n! neuter\\n!\n        feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u043c\\u0456\\u0439 ||\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u044f || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457 ||  || \\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u044f || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u0457 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445 ||  || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u0457 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c ||  || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or\n        G'''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u044e || ''''N or G'''' || ||\n        ''''N or G'''' || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u044e ||\n        ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u044e || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\n        || || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c ||\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u044e || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445 || || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439\n        || \\u043e \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\nThe first (''''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448'''''')\n        and second (''''''\\u0432\\u0430\\u0448'''''') person plural possessive pronouns\n        are declined as below. The masculine nominative forms are the ''''short''''\n        forms.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n!\\n! masculine\\n! neuter\\n!\n        feminine\\n! plural\\n!width=32px |\\n! masculine\\n! neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 ||\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0430 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456 || || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0430 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0457 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 || ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0457 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c || ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or G'''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0443\n        || ''''N or G'''' || || ''''N or G'''' || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0443\n        || ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u044e || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        || || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u044e || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 || ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        third person plural possessive pronoun, ''''''\\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0439'''''',\n        is declined as a normal soft adjective.\\n\\n=====Interrogative pronouns=====\\nThe\n        interrogative pronouns, ''''''\\u0445\\u0442\\u043e'''''' and ''''''\\u0449\\u043e'''''',\n        are declined as follows.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n! Nom.\\n!\n        Gen.\\n! Dat.\\n! Acc.\\n! Inst.\\n! Loc.\\n|-\\n| \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e || \\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043a\\u0438\\u043c\n        || \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n|-\\n| \\u0449\\u043e || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0449\\u043e || \\u0447\\u0438\\u043c || \\u0447\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        interrogative pronoun, ''''''\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439'''''', is declined as given\n        in the table below.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n! \\n! masculine\\n!\n        neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u044f || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u0457 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0439\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or G''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u044e || ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental''''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u044e\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0439 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\n====Numbers====\\n(The\n        \\\"Counting\\\" column corresponds to English once, twice, thrice, four times,\n        etc.)\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n! Symbol\\n! Cardinal\\n! Ordinal\\n!\n        Counting\\n|-\\n| 0 || \\u043d\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c || \\u043d\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        ||  --\\n|-\\n| 1 || \\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d, \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430, \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435  ||\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\n|-\\n| 2 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456  || \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447\\u0456\n        \\n|-\\n| 3 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438  || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 ||\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u0456\\n|-\\n| 4|| \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438  ||\n        \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\n|-\\n| 5 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c  || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 6\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c  || \\u0448\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 7  ||\n        \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c || \\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432  \\n|-\\n| 8 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\n        ||\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439|| \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 9 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        ||\\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 10 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| teens (1) || cardinal+\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || cardinal+\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || cardinal+\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n| 20 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 21 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437   \\n|-\\n| 30 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 40 ||\\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\n        || \\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 50 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        ||  \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 ||  \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 60 || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 70 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 80 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n|\n        90 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n|\n        100 || \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e || \\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432  \\n|-\\n| 200 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\n        || \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0445\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n| 300 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        || \\u0442\\u0440\\u044c\\u043e\\u0445\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n| 400 || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u044c\\u043e\\u0445\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 500 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 600 || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0448\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 700 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0441\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n|\n        800 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 900 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 1000 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|}\\n\\nComments:\\n*(1)\n        Any soft signs are dropped if they occur word finally in the original cardinal\n        number.\\n*(2) This is a dual construction.\\n*(3) This is a plural nominative\n        construction.\\n*(4) This is the genitive plural construction (All hundreds\n        after 500 are so created.).\\n\\nIn general, the following rules are used to\n        determine agreement between the cardinal number and a noun. In the nominative\n        case, the nouns agree with the last number in any compound number. Nouns that\n        must agree with a number ending in 2, 3, or 4 are in the nominative plural,\n        but retain the stress of the dual, that is the genitive singular. Nouns, which\n        must agree with a number ending in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, and all the teens are\n        in the genitive plural. In any other case, the nouns and numbers are in the\n        same case.\\n\\n===Verbs===\\n[[Grammatical conjugation]] is subject to three\n        [[Grammatical person|persons]] in two numbers and three simple [[Grammatical\n        tense|tenses]] (present/future, future, and past), with [[periphrasis|periphrastic]]\n        forms for the future and [[Conditional mood|Conditional]], as well as [[Imperative\n        mood|imperative]] forms and present/past [[participle]]s, distinguished by\n        [[adjective|adjectival]] and [[adverb]]ial usage.  There are two [[grammatical\n        voice|voices]], [[active voice|active]] and [[middle voice|middle]]/[[passive\n        voice|passive]], which is constructed by the addition of a reflexive [[suffix]]\n        ''''''-\\u0441\\u044f/\\u0441\\u044c'''''' to the active form.  An interesting\n        feature is that the past tense is actually made to agree in gender with the\n        [[Subject (grammar)|subject]], for it is the [[participle]] in an originally\n        periphrastic [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]] formed with the present of ''''''\\u0431\\u044b\\u0442\\u044c''''''\n        (modern: ''''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''''') {{IPA|/b\\u0268t\\u02b2/}},\\\"to\n        be.\\\" Verbal inflection today is considerably simpler than in Common Slavic.\n        The ancient [[aorist]], [[imperfect]], and (periphrastic) [[pluperfect]] have\n        been lost. The loss of three of the former six tenses has been offset by the\n        reliance, as in other Slavic languages, on verbal [[grammatical aspect|aspect]].  Most\n        verbs come in pairs, one with [[imperfective aspect|imperfective]] or continuous\n        connotation, the other with [[perfective aspect|perfective]] or completed,\n        usually formed with a (prepositional) prefix, but occasionally using a different\n        root.\\n\\nThe present tense of the verb ''''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''''',\n        \\\"[[copula (linguistics)|to be]]\\\", today normally has the form, ''''\\u0454''''\n        used for all persons and numbers. Previously (before 1500) and occasionally\n        in liturgical settings, aspects of the full conjugation, can be found. The\n        paradigm shows as well as anything else the Indo-European affinity of Ukrainian:\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!English\\n!Ukrainian\\n!IPA\\n!Latin\\n![[Proto-Indo-European\n        language|PIE]]\\n|-\\n|\\\"I am\\\"||\\u044f \\u0454\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u0438*||{{IPA|/(je)sm\\u026a/}}||sum||''''\\u00e9\\u01f5h\\u2082om\n        H\\u2081\\u00e9smi''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"you are\\\" (sing.)||\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0454\\u0441\\u0438\n        ||{{IPA|/(je)s\\u026a/}}|| es||''''t\\u00fah\\u2082 H\\u2081\\u00e9si''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"he,\n        she, it is\\\"||\\u0432\\u0456\\u043d, \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430, \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0454||{{IPA|/jest\\u02b2, je/}}||est||''''kh\\u012b\n        H\\u2081\\u00e9sti''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"we are\\\"||\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0454\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u043e*||{{IPA|/jesm\\u0268/}}||sumus||''''w\\u00e9y\n        H\\u2081sm\\u00e9s''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"you are\\\" (plur.)||\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0454\\u0441\\u044c\\u0442\\u0435*||{{IPA|/jeste/}}||estis||''''ju\n        H\\u2081ste''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"they are\\\"||\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c*\n        ||{{IPA|/sut\\u02b2/}}||sunt||''''t\\u014d H\\u2081s\\u00f3nti''''\\n|}\\n\\nNote:\n        Ukrainian forms followed by * are considered archaic in Standard Ukrainian\n        (albeit those are still used in dialects) and are replaced by \\u0454. In the\n        present tense, the verb ''''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''''' is often omitted\n        (or replaced by a dash \\\"\\u2014\\\" in writing), for example, \\u042f \\u2014\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442.\\n\\n====Classification of verbs====\\nThere\n        exist two different classification of verbs: traditional and historical/linguistic.\\n\\nThe\n        traditional classification of verbs subdivides the verbs into two categories\n        based on the form of the 3rd person singular present indicative form of the\n        verb.\\n# The ''''\\u0435'''' stems, which have the ending ''''-\\u0435'''' or\n        ''''-\\u0454'''' in the 3rd person singular.\\n# The ''''\\u0438'''' stems, which\n        have the ending ''''-\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c'''' in the 3rd person singular.\\n\\nThe\n        historical/linguistic classification of verbs subdivides the verbs into 5\n        categories. Classes 1,2 and 3 correspond to the ''''\\u0435'''' stems of the\n        traditional classification, while class 4 corresponds to the ''''\\u0438''''\n        stems. Class 5 consists of the athematic verbs.\\n{{cite book|title =\n        Introduction to Slavonic Languages |first=R. G. A. |last= De Bray |location=\n        London|year = 1951}}\\n\\n# Class 1: Stems in ''''-\\u0435''''\\n#* The\n        same stem in the Present and the Infinitive\\n#** The same consonantal stem\n        (the last three examples do not quite resemble the first example or the classification\n        name due to various sound changes (palatalisation) in Ukrainian):\\n#**** \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\n#**** \\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\n#****\n        \\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0443\\u043c\\u0440\\u0435\\n#**** \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\\n#** The same vowel stem\\n#**** \\u043f\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u043f\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\n#* Infinitive in ''''-\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438''''\\n#**\n        Consonantal stem\\n#*** \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\n#**\n        Vowel stems\\n#*** \\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\n# Class\n        2: \\\"n\\\" verbs (mostly perfective verbs)\\n#* \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0435\\n# Class 3: Presents in ''''\\u0454''''\n        (undergo changes associated with iotification)\\n#* Primary verbs\\n#** Same\n        stem in the Present and Infinitive\\n#*** Same vowel stem\\n#**** \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0454\\n#*** Same consonantal stem (these stem often have\n        a pleophonic form for the infinitive)\\n#**** \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        (Common Slavic ''''*melti'''') / \\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435 (\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044e)\\n#****\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 (Common Slavic ''''*polti'''') / \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\n        (\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e)\\n#** Infinitive in ''''-\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438''''\\n#***\n        Same vowel stem (-\\u044f)\\n#**** \\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0441\\u0456\\u0454\\n#***\n        Same consonantal stem\\n#**** \\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        (\\u043e\\u0440\\u044e)\\n#*** Stems that undergo the changes associated with\n        the doubling of the consonants (the result is slightly regularised in that\n        ''''-\\u012dje'''' does not mutate into ''''-\\u044f'''' as would be expected)\\n#****\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438: \\u0431\\u2019\\u044e, \\u0431\\u2019\\u0454\\u0448 ...\n        (Common Slavic: ''''*biti: b\\u012dj\\u01eb, b\\u012dje\\u0161\\u012d ...'''')\\n#****\n        \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n#**** \\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438: \\u043b\\u043b\\u044e,\n        \\u043b\\u043b\\u0454\\u0448 ...\\n#* Derived Verbs (all vowel stems)\\n#** ''''a''''-stems\\n#***\n        \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0454\\n#**\n        ''''\\u011b''''-stems\\n#*** \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0456\\u0454\\n#**\n        ''''uva''''-stems\\n#*** \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 /\n        \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0454\\n# Class 4: ''''i''''-stems in the Present\n        (undergo changes associated with iotification)\\n#* ''''i''''-stems in both\n        the Present and Infinitive\\n#** \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\\n#* ''''\\u011b''''-stems\\n#***\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\\n#***\n        \\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\\n#\n        Class 5: Athematic Verbs (''''-m'''' presents)\\n#* \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n#*\n        \\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n#* -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n#* \\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\n\\n====Voices====\\nUkrainian\n        had 2 voices: (1) [[active voice]] and (2) [[passive voice]]. The active voice\n        is the only voice with a complete set of conjugations. The active voice, in\n        general, shows a direct effect of the verb on its subject.\\n\\n====Indicative\n        active mood====\\nThe [[indicative mood]] is used to describe events, which\n        have occurred, are occurring, or will occur. In Ukrainian, the indicative\n        mood contains the present, future, and past tenses.\\n\\n=====Present tense=====\\nHistorically,\n        this is derived from the Indo-European present tense. In Common Slavic and\n        later Ukrainian, it retained its present meaning only for imperfective verbs\n        and developed a future meaning for perfective verbs.\\n\\nFor the ''''\\u0435''''\n        stems (Classes 1, 2, and 3), the endings are:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+\n        ''''''\\u0435 stem endings''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First\n        Person'''''' || -\\u0443 / -\\u044e || -\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0454\\u043c\\u043e\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u0435\\u0448 / -\\u0454\\u0448 ||-\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\n        / -\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u0435 / -\\u0454\n        || -\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c / -\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\nAll verbs whose roots\n        end in a velar undergo the first palatalisation in all forms of the present\n        (even though historically speaking the first person singular should not).\n        The endings in ''''\\u0454'''' are used for roots whose stem ends in a vowel.\n        All verbs in Class 3 and those that end in a vowel use ''''-\\u044e'''' and\n        ''''-\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c''''. Furthermore, Class 3 verbs undergo iotification\n        in those forms that use ''''-\\u044e-''''. For reflexive verbs, in the third\n        person singular, the ending has its historical ''''-\\u0442\\u044c'''' restored\n        before the participle ''''-\\u0441\\u044f / -\\u0441\\u044c'''' is affixed. Thus,\n        the ending becomes ''''-\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f''''.\\n\\nFor the ''''\\u0438''''\n        stems (Class 4), the endings are:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+\n        ''''''\\u0438 stem endings''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First\n        Person'''''' ||  -\\u044e / (-\\u0443) || -\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0457\\u043c\\u043e\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u0438\\u0448 / -\\u0457\\u0448 ||-\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\n        / -\\u0457\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        / -\\u0457\\u0442\\u044c || -\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c / -\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\nAll\n        Class 4 verbs undergo iotification in the first person singular. Thus, there\n        is really only one ending, which due to orthographic reasons is given 2 different\n        forms. Verbs ending in a vowel take the endings in the second column. In the\n        third person plural, verbs ending in a labial insert an ''''\\u043b'''' before\n        the ending, ''''-\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c''''. The ending ''''-\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c''''\n        is used after the sibilants ''''\\u0436, \\u0448, \\u0449'''', or ''''\\u0447''''.\\n\\n======Examples======\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (stem: \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441-) (Class 1 verb)''''''\\n''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443 ||\n        I am carrying || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e || We are carrying \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u0448 || You (sing.)\n        are carrying || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 || You (pl.)  are carrying\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435 || He/She/It\n        is carrying || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c || They are carrying\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (stem: \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d-) (Class 2 verb)''''''\\n''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        || I will return || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e || We will\n        return \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0448\n        || You (sing.) will return || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 ||\n        You (pl.) will return \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\n        || He/She/It will return || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c ||\n        They will return\\n|}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (stem: \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430-) (Class 3 verb)'''''' \\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u044e\n        || I read || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454\\u043c\\u043e || We read\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454\\u0448 || You (sing.)\n        read || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435 || You (pl.) read\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454 || He/She/It reads\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c || They read\\n|}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        - (stem: \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440-) (Class 4 verb)''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044e\n        || I talk || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e || We talk\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0448 ||\n        You (sing.) talk || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435 || You\n        (pl.) talk\\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        || He/She/It talks || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c ||\n        They talk\\n|}\\n\\n======[[Athematic verb]]s======\\nUkrainian inherited from\n        Indo-European through Common Slavic, the following 3 athematic verbs. These\n        verbs have their own conjugation in the present. Everywhere else they are\n        regular.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        - to give (perfective)''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First\n        Person'''''' || \\u0434\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second\n        Person'''''' || \\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438 ||\\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c || \\u0434\\u0430\\u0434\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 -\n        to eat (imperfective)''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person''''''\n        || \\u0457\\u043c || \\u0457\\u043c\\u043e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' ||\n        \\u0457\\u0441\\u0438 ||\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person''''''\n        || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c || \\u0457\\u0434\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Compounds ending in -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438''''''\\n!\n        \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u043c\n        || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u043c\\u043e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0438\n        ||-\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\n=====Past active tense=====\\nThe\n        past tense in Ukrainian has the peculiarity of being originally an adjective,\n        since it derives from the original compound perfect (corresponding to, for\n        example, the [[Latin grammar|Latin]] first conjugation participle ending ''''-atus'''').\n        Thus, the past tense agrees in number and gender with the subject of the verb.\n        The following endings are added to the infinitive with the ending ''''-\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        removed (Most root final ''''\\u0434'''' and ''''\\u0442'''' are dropped):\\n\\n*masculine\n        singular: ''''-\\u0432''''\\n**Note: It is lost after ''''\\u0441, \\u0437, \\u043a,\n        \\u0433, \\u0431, \\u0440''''.\\n**Note 2: Stems ending in ''''\\u0435'''' or ''''\\u043e''''\n        plus a consonant convert them to ''''\\u0456'''', for example, ''''\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441''''\n        but ''''\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430'''' and ''''\\u043c\\u0456\\u0433''''\n        but ''''\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043b\\u0430''''. Stems in ''''\\u044f'''' plus a\n        consonant can also undergo this change.\\n*feminine singular: ''''-\\u043b\\u0430''''\\n*neuter\n        singular: ''''-\\u043b\\u043e''''\\n*plural: ''''-\\u043b\\u0438''''\\n\\nClass 2\n        verbs can have forms without the \\u2212\\u043d\\u0443, for example, ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        has the forms ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431'''', ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430'''',\n        ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u043e'''', and ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438''''.\n        Not all Class 2 verbs undergo this change.\\n\\nThese forms are often called\n        the active past participle I. The masculine singular evolved from an earlier\n        *-\\u043b\\u044a that delingualized (cf. [[Polish language|Polish]] ''''-\\u0142'''').\\n\\n=====Future\n        active tense=====\\nIn Ukrainian, there are 2 different future tenses for imperfective\n        verbs. The first form, called ''''simple'''' (''''\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430''''), formed by adding to the infinitive of\n        the verb the following endings, which are derived from the Common Slavic verb\n        ''''*j\\u0119ti'''' (Present stem: j\\u012dm\\u2212):\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ '''''' Future Tense: First Form''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ending || Example || Ending ||\n        Example\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  -\\u043c\\u0443 ||\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0443||\n        -\\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u043c\\u0435\\u0448 || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0448\n        ||-\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u043c\\u0435 || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\n        ||  -\\u043c\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        second form, called ''''compound'''' (''''\\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430''''), is to take the present tense conjugation\n        of the verb ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''' and use it with the infinitive\n        of the verb. Thus,\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Future\n        Tense: Second Form''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person''''''\n        ||  \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|| \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\n        \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u0448\n        \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n|}\\n\\nThis\n        will translate as ''''will eat'''' with the appropriate personal pronoun.\\n\\n====Imperative\n        active mood====\\nThe [[imperative mood]] is used to give commands. It exists\n        in only the present tense in Ukrainian. There are no forms for the 1st person\n        singular. \\nIn Ukrainian, the imperative mood is formed from the present stem\n        of the verb plus the following endings (The example is based on Ukrainian\n        ''''\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438''''):\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+\n        ''''''Imperative Mood in Ukrainian''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''First Person'''''' || ''''none'''' || -\\u044c\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0439\\u043c\\u043e\n        / -\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0456\\u043c\\u043e (\\u043f\\u0438\\u0439\\u043c\\u043e)\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u044c / -\\u0439 / \\u2205 / -\\u0438 (\\u043f\\u0438\\u0439)\n        ||-\\u044c\\u0442\\u0435 / -\\u0439\\u0442\\u0435 / -\\u0442\\u0435 / -\\u0456\\u0442\\u044c\n        (\\u043f\\u0438\\u0439\\u0442\\u0435) \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 + 3rd person present singular (\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u043f''\\u0454 or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043f''\\u0454)  ||\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 + 3rd person present plural (\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u043f''\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043f''\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c)\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        first set of endings is to be used for stems that end in a dentals (''''\\u0437,\n        \\u0434, \\u0442, \\u0441, \\u043d,'''' and ''''\\u043b''''). The second set of\n        ending is used for stems that end in a vowel. The third set of endings is\n        used for stems that end in labials or post-alveolar sibilants (''''\\u0431,\n        \\u0432, \\u043c, \\u043f, \\u0444, \\u0448, \\u0449, \\u0447, \\u0436,'''' and ''''\\u0440'''').\n        The fourth set of endings is used with verbs whose unaffixed form (no prefixes\n        or suffixes) have the stress on the ending in the first person singular of\n        the present tense. As well, most Class 2 verbs and those verb roots ending\n        in a consonant plus ''''\\u043b'''' or ''''\\u0440'''' take these endings.  Thus\n        for example, ''''\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438'''' and ''''\\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438''''.\n        Class 5 verbs take the first set of endings, but undergo an archaic form of\n        iotation, so that ''''\\u0434\\u044c'''' becomes ''''\\u0436'''' (rather than\n        ''''\\u0434\\u0436''''), for example, ''''\\u0457\\u0436\\u0442\\u0435'''' < ''''\\u0457\\u0434+\\u044c\\u0442\\u0435''''.\n        This does not apply to ''''\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438'''', which is treated\n        as a regular verb with a stem in ''''\\u0434\\u0430-''''.\\n\\nFinally note that\n        all verbs with stems that end in ''''\\u043a'''' and ''''\\u0433'''' undergo\n        the first palatalisation. Class 3 verbs with stems in ''''\\u043a'''', ''''\\u0433'''',\n        and ''''\\u0441'''' undergo iotification (as do their present conjugation).\\n\\n====Conditional\n        active mood====\\nThe [[Grammatical mood#Conditional|conditional mood]] is\n        used to state hypothetical states, wishes, and desires. It has 2 tenses in\n        Ukrainian: a present and a past.\\n\\n=====Present tense=====\\nThe present conditional\n        is formed in Ukrainian from the participle ''''\\u0431\\u0438'''' or the short\n        form ''''\\u0431'''', which is derived from the archaic aorist conjugation\n        of the verb, ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''', and the active past participle\n        I, which is the same as the past indicative participle. Thus, there is agreement\n        between the subject and the participle. An example of this construction would\n        be ''''\\u044f \\u0431\\u0438 \\u0445\\u043e\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432  ...'''' (I would\n        like...).\\n\\n=====Past tense=====\\nThe past conditional is formed in Ukrainian\n        from the participle ''''\\u0431\\u0438'''' or the short form ''''\\u0431''''\n        followed by the active past participle I form of the verb ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        (''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432, \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430, \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e,\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438'''') and then the active past participle I of the\n        verb. Both participles must agree with the subject. An example of this construction\n        would be ''''\\u044f\\u043a \\u044f \\u0431\\u0438 \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432...''''\n        (had I  (had) known...). Alternatively, the past conditional can be formed\n        by using the form ''''\\u044f\\u043a\\u0431\\u0438'''' and the active past participle\n        I form of the verb, for example, ''''\\u044f\\u043a\\u0431\\u0438 \\u044f \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u2026''''.\\n\\n====Passive\n        voice====\\nThe [[passive voice]] has 2 different functions. It shows either\n        that the subject has had something done to itself or that something indeterminate\n        has occurred to the subject.\\nIn Ukrainian, the passive voice is formed as\n        follows:\\n# Use of a reflexive verb: ''''\\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f''''\n        (to wash oneself or in French ''''se laver'''')\\n# Use of the verb ''''to\n        be'''' and the past passive participle: ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u043d \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''' (He was killed).\\n# An impersonal\n        use of the third person plural past active participle I: ''''\\u0419\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438'''' (He was killed).\\n# The following construction:\n        ''''\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e'''' + neuter singular of past passive participle,\n        the \\\"-\\u043d\\u043e/-\\u0442\\u043e\\\" form: ''''\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435''''\n        (The town was captured.).\\n\\n====Participles and verbal nouns====\\n\\nIn Ukrainian,\n        there exist traces of all five Common Slavic participles.\\n\\n=====Present\n        active participle=====\\n\\nThis participle is formed by taking the third person\n        plural form, dropping the ''''\\u0442\\u044c'''', and adding ''''\\u0447\\u0438(\\u0439)''''.\n        Most commonly this participle is used as gerund with the form ''''\\u0447\\u0438''''\n        with a meaning approaching the equivalent English construction with ''''-ing''''.\n        Occasionally, it is used as an adjective. In this case its form is ''''\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        Examples of this participle are ''''\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438'''',\n        ''''\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438'''', and ''''\\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438''''.\\n\\n=====Present\n        passive participle=====\\n\\nThis participle does not exist in Ukrainian as\n        a separate form. However, it is commonly encountered as an adjective in ''''-\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        Common examples of this participle are ''''\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439''''\n        and ''''\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\n=====Past\n        active participle I=====\\n\\nThis participle is encountered in forming the\n        past tense in Ukrainian. Occasionally, it is found as an adjective for intransitive\n        verbs. It is formed by taking the infinitive stem and adding the ending ''''-\\u0432,\n        -\\u043b\\u0430, -\\u043b\\u043e,'''' and ''''-\\u043b\\u0438'''' to form the past\n        tense participle (in reality the indefinite form of the adjective) and the\n        ending ''''-\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439'''' to form the regular adjective. An example\n        of the adjectival form is ''''\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\n=====Past\n        active participle II=====\\n\\nThis participle is most commonly encountered\n        as a gerund, while it is only used occasionally as an adjective. It is formed\n        by taking the masculine past participle I and adding the ending ''''-\\u0448\\u0438(\\u0439)''''.\n        An example of the gerund is ''''\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438'''',\n        while a common (dialectical) adjective would be the word ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\n=====Past\n        passive participle=====\\n\\nThe past passive participle is the only participle\n        used commonly as an adjective. There are two parallel forms with no difference\n        in meaning: in ''''-\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''' or in ''''-\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        This participle is formed from the infinitive stem for most verbs. Class 2\n        verbs can as for other participles drop the suffix ''''\\u043d\\u0443'''' or\n        only the ''''\\u0443'''', for example, \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        from \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438. Verbs in ''''-\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        or ''''-\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u0438'''' (those whose ending is stressed)\n        will replace the ''''\\u0443''''  by ''''\\u043e'''' and ''''\\u044e'''' by ''''\\u044c/\\u0439\\u043e''''\n        (''''\\u044c'''' if a consonant precedes or ''''\\u0439'''' if a vowel), for\n        example, \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0301\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        from \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u0438. Finally, Class\n        3 stems with full voicing have two possible stems: the first is simply obtained\n        by dropping the \\u2212\\u0442\\u0438 from the infinitive, while the second is\n        obtained by dropping the last three letters (which in effect means using the\n        present form). The first form will take the \\u2212\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 ending,\n        while the second form will take the \\u2212\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 ending, for example\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 has \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        and \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439. Note that the verb \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        has the second form \\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, since it derives\n        from *melti in Common Slavonic). The ending is determined as follows:\\n*If\n        the stem ends in a vowel or ''''\\u0435\\u0440'''' or ''''\\u043e\\u0440'''' (derived\n        from a sonant r in Common Slavonic), then\\n**If the vowel is ''''\\u0438, \\u0443,\n        \\u044f'''' a sibilant plus ''''\\u0430'''', ''''\\u0435\\u0440,'''' or ''''\\u043e\\u0440''''\n        then add ''''-\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''', for example, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439, or \\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439.\\n**For\n        class 3 verbs with full voicing ending in ''''\\u043e'''', then add ''''-\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''',\n        for example, \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439.\\n**For all Class\n        4 verbs, the ending is ''''-\\u0454\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439'''', for example, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0454\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439.\\n**Otherwise,\n        the ending is ''''-\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n*If the stem ends in a consonant,\n        then add ''''-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''. Class 1 verbs undergo the first\n        palatalisation, while Class 2, 4, and 5 verbs undergo iotation, for example,\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, \\u043b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, and \\u0457\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439.\\n\\n=====Verbal\n        noun=====\\n\\nThe verbal noun is created by taking the past passive participle,\n        dropping ''''\\u0438\\u0439'''', doubling the consonant if permitted by the\n        rules under ''''-\\u012djV'''', and adding a ''''\\u044f''''. This will be a\n        neuter noun declined like all neuter nouns in ''''*\\u012dj\\u0435''''. It should\n        be noted that if the ''''-\\u0435-'''' of the past passive participle is stressed\n        then the ''''\\u0435'''' will mutate into an ''''\\u0456''''. Examples include\n        ''''\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f'''' from ''''\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        and ''''\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f'''' from ''''\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438''''.\n        Note that any Class 3 verbs in -\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 or -\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        will restore the ''''\\u0443'''' or ''''\\u044e'''' \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        from \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438)\\n\\nThe\n        verbal noun in Ukrainian is derived from the Common Slavic verbal noun, where\n        it was formed by adding ''''*-\\u012dj\\u0435'''' to the past passive participle\n        without the ''''*\\u016d'''' ending. Thus, in Ukrainian, the consonant is doubled\n        if possible.\\n\\n===Word formation===\\nUkrainian has a rich set of [[Prefix\n        (linguistics)|prefixes]], both [[preposition]]al and [[adverb]]ial in nature,\n        as well as [[diminutive]], [[augmentative]], and [[frequentative]] [[suffix]]es.\n        All of these can be stacked one upon the other, to produce multiple derivatives\n        of a given word.  Participles and other inflexional forms may also have a\n        special [[connotation]]. For example, the word ''''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439''''''\n        can be split into the following prefixes and suffixes:\\n
\\u043d\\u0430\n        + \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432 + \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 + \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438 (root) + \\u0442\\u0438\\u0439.\n        
\\n\\n====Prefixes====\\nIn Ukrainian, prefixes can be added to a root\n        and stacked on top of each as in the above example. The most common prefixes\n        are given in the table below. Although the prefixes have the given meaning,\n        when attached to a root, it is possible that the resulting new word will have\n        a unique meaning that is distantly related to the original meaning of the\n        prefix. If possible the example is given using the verbal root ''''''\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438''''''\n        or the nominal root ''''''\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434''''''.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Common Ukrainian Prefixes''''''\\n! Prefix\\n! English\n        Translation\\n! Example\\n|-\\n| \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435- || again, re- || \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0432-/\\u0443-, \\u0432\\u043e- || into, in, en- || \\u0432\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0432\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 \\n|-\\n| \\u0432\\u0438- || out, ex- || \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434,\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u0437-, \\u0441-,\n        (\\u0437\\u0456-, \\u0437\\u0443-, \\u0441\\u043e-, \\u0441\\u0443-, \\u0456\\u0437-,\n        \\u0456\\u0441-) (1) || together (with), con- || \\u0441\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0437\\u0430- || beyond, trans- || \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432- || co- || \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432- || half, mid- || \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434- || under-, sub- || \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434-/\\u043e\\u0434- || away from || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438- || against, contra- || \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043d\\u0435- || not, un-, non-, in- || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043e\\u0431-, \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e- || circum-, around ||\\u043e\\u0431\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e- || through|| \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438- || closer,\n        near, cis- || \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438, \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435- || more than || \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437- || without || \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0434\\u043e- || to, ad- || \\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u043d\\u0430- || on || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437- || across || \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e-,\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e- || first- || \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430- || before, pre-, fore- || \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434- || on, above, extra- ||\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\n|-\\n| \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436- || between, inter- || \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|}\\n\\n(1)\n        The multitude of forms in Ukrainian for the Common Slavic *s\\u016d(n) (*\\u0441\\u044a(\\u043d))\n        is a result of the fact that the initial ''''s'''' could assimilate (or dissimilate)\n        with the root''s initial consonants. As well, since a ''''\\u044c'''' followed\n        there was the potential for further sound changes. Finally, words entered\n        Ukrainian from different Slavic languages with their own peculiarities or\n        that the original origin of the word was lost. The following are examples\n        of all the given possibilities:{{cite book|title = \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        |first = \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440 | last\n        = \\u041f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439\\u043a\\u043e|location= Augsburg|year = 1950}}\\n*\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n*\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\n*\\u0437\\u0456\\u043f\\u0440\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n*\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\n*\\u0456\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\n        < \\u0441\\u044a\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044a\\n*\\u0437\\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0442 <\n        *\\u0441\\u044a\\u0448\\u0438\\u0442\\u044a = bound/sown together \\n*\\u0437\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0463\\u0447\\u044c \\n*\\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0434\n        < *\\u0441\\u046b\\u0441\\u0463\\u0434\\u044a < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u043d\\u0441\\u0463\\u0434\\u044a\n        = sit together\\n*\\u0441\\u043e\\u044e\\u0437 < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u044e\\u0437\\u044c\n        = yoke together\\n\\nIn Ukrainian, the normal form is ''''\\u0437'''' except\n        before \\u043a, \\u043f, \\u0442, \\u0444 and \\u0445 where the normal form is\n        ''''\\u0441''''.\\n\\nThe following rules are followed\n        when adding a prefix to the root:\\n# If the prefix ends in a consonant and\n        the root starts with an iotified vowel, then an apostrophe is added between\n        the prefix and the root, for example, \\u0437''\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438.\\n#\n        If a prefix ends in a consonant and the root starts with two or more consonants,\n        then the vowel ''''\\u0456'''' is inserted between the prefix and the root,\n        for example, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438. This\n        does not apply to the prefix \\u0432, for example, \\u0432\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438.\\n\\n====Suffixes====\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, suffixes can be added to a root and stacked on top of each to produce\n        a family of words. The most common suffixes are given in the table below.\n        The curly brackets {} denote the various possible different suffixes with\n        a similar meaning\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Common\n        Ukrainian Suffixes''''''\\n! Root Type + Suffix = Resulting Word Type\\n! English\n        Translation\\n! Example\\n|-\\n| Noun + {-\\u0430\\u0440(\\u044c), -\\u0430\\u0447,\n        -\\u0446\\u044c, -\\u0430\\u043a, -\\u0438\\u043a, -\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c, -\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        (from Latin -ist), -\\u0443\\u0445} = Noun || one who does, -er, often male\n        || \\u0448\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440, \\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447, \\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c,\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442, \\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun + {-\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f, -\\u0438\\u043d\\u044f, -(\\u0430)\\u0445\\u0430, -\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f,\n        -\\u043a\\u0430} = Noun || female version of a noun || \\u043a\\u043d\\u044f\\u0433\\u0438\\u043d\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        Adjective + {-\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c, -\\u0430\\u043a, -\\u0438\\u043a, -\\u043a\\u043e,\n        -\\u0443\\u043d} = Noun || a male with the given attribute of the adjective\n        || \\u0433\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\n|-\\n| Noun of a city/nation\n        + {-\\u0438\\u043d(\\u044f), -\\u044f\\u043a(\\u0430), -\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c/-\\u0446\\u044f}\n        = Noun || citizen/inhabitant of the city/nation (male/female) || \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun + {-\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e, -\\u0438\\u0447, -\\u044e\\u043a, -\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a,\n        -\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430} = Noun || descendant of, son/daughter of || \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        (from \\u0448\\u0432\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c), \\u0422\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a\n        (from \\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447)\\n|-\\n| Noun + -\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430 || often\n        a negative female noun (female pejoratives) || \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun + -\\u043d\\u044f || place where noun can be done/found || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044f,\n        \\u043a\\u043d\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\n|-\\n| Adjective + -\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\n        || being in the state described by the noun || \\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun/Verb Stem + -\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e || abstract form of the noun, -dom,\n        -ship, -edness || \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e,\n        \\u0436\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\n|-\\n| Adjective + -\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        || possessing the qualities expressed by the adjective, -ness || \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c,\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\\n|-\\n| Any Word + {-\\u043e\\u043a/-\\u043a\\u0430/-\\u043a\\u043e,\n        -\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e, -\\u0446\\u044c/-\\u0446\\u044f/-\\u0446\\u0435,\n        -\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e (< Common Slavic *-\\u0119tko/*-\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e)}\n        = Noun || diminutive, of various shades of positive meaning (masculine/feminine/neuter\n        forms given) ||  \\u043c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043a, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\n|-\\n| Any word + {-\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430,\n        -\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e, -\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435, -\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430, -\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430,\n        -\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430} = Noun || augmentative with a negative connotation ||\n        \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e, \\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435\\n|-\\n|\n        Masculine Noun + -\\u0456\\u0432 = Possessive Adjective || Possessive adjective\n        || \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| Feminine Noun + -\\u0438\\u043d\n        = Possessive Adjective || Possessive adjective || \\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d\\n|-\\n|\n        Nouns + {-\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439/-\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439} = Adjective\n        || belonging to, containing the noun || \\u0434\\u0443\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n| Nouns + -\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        (< Common Slavic *-\\u0119tj\\u012d) = Adjective || belonging to || \\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n| Nouns + -\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (< Common Slavic *-\\u0119nj\\u012d/-) = Adjective || made of, consisting of\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u0447\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        Nouns + -\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 = Adjective || made of || \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        Adjective + -\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a-/-\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a-\n        = Adjective || ''absolutely, most highly, extremely'' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439/\\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        Adjective + -\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 = Adjectival Noun || diminutive\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n| Adjective\n        in -\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 + -\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 (drop -\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        = Noun || The noun refers to the region || \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        (Foreign) Word + -\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 = Verb || creates a verb\n        from any other word || \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|}\\n\\n====Adjectives====\\nTwo\n        or more adjectives can be combined into a single word using an ''''''\\u043e''''''\n        as the linking vowel, for example, \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439,\n        which consists of the adjectives \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        and \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        If the second adjective starts with a vowel, then a dash can be used to separate\n        the linking vowel and the second adjective, for example, \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044c\\u043e-\\u0454\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\\n\\n====Verbs====\\nIn\n        addition to the suffixes and prefixes that can be added to verbs, Ukrainian\n        verbs have inherited occasional traces of the Indo-European [[ablaut]]. The\n        primary ablaut is the difference between long and short Indo-European vowels.\n        In Ukrainian, due to the fact that the long and short vowels experienced different\n        reflexes, this ablaut is reflected as a change in vowels. The resulting verbs\n        are often imperfect-perfect pairs. For example, we have \\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        and \\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (simplified Indo-European *skoki-\n        and *sk\\u014dka-).\\n\\n===Fundamental sentence structure===\\n\\n====Coordination====\\nThe\n        common Ukrainian [[coordination (conjunction)|coordination]]s are:\\n* \\u0456\n        / \\u0439 / \\u0442\\u0430(and)\\n* \\u0430 (and, but)\\n* \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 (but)\\n\\n====Subordination====\\nCommon\n        Ukrainian [[complementizer|subordinations]] are:\\n\\n* \\u044f\\u043a (how, if)\\n*\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438 (when)\\n* \\u044f\\u043a\\u0449\\u043e (if)\\n\\n==Syntax==\\nThe\n        basic [[word order]], both in conversation and the written language, is [[subject\\u2013verb\\u2013object]].  However,\n        because the relations are marked by [[inflexion]], considerable latitude in\n        word order is allowed, and all the permutations can be used.  The word order\n        expresses the [[logical stress]], and the degree of [[definiteness]].\\n\\n===\n        Negation ===\\nUnlike English, Latin, and various other languages, Ukrainian\n        allows [[double negative|multiple negatives]], as in \\u201cnixto nikoly nikomu\n        ni\\u010doho ne pro\\u0161\\u010daje\\u201d (\\u2018no-one ever forgives anyone\n        anything\\u2019, literally \\u2018no-one never to no-one nothing does not forgive\\u2019).\n        Single negatives are often grammatically incorrect because when negation is\n        used in complex sentences every part that could be grammatically negated should\n        be negative.\\n\\nObjects of a negated verb are placed in the genitive case,\n        where they would be accusative if the verb were not negated.\\n\\n===Inflectional\n        usage===\\n\\n====Case====\\nThe use of [[Grammatical case|cases]] in Ukrainian\n        can be very complicated. In general, the [[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[accusative]],\n        and [[vocative]] cases can be used without a [[preposition]]. On the other\n        hand, the [[locative]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]] cases are used\n        primarily with a preposition. Furthermore, and much like in [[Latin]], different\n        prepositions can be followed by nouns in different cases, resulting in different\n        meanings.\\n\\n====Aspect====\\nUkrainian verbs can have one of two [[Grammatical\n        aspect|aspects]]: [[imperfective]] and [[perfective]]. The imperfective form\n        denotes an action that is taking place in the present, is ongoing, is repetitive,\n        or is habitual. The perfective form indicates an action that is completed,\n        is the result of an action, is the beginning of an action, or is shorter or\n        longer than usual. For example, ''''spaty'''' (\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438)\n        is imperfective, while ''''pospaty'''' (\\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438)\n        is perfective.\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[Ukrainian language]]\\n\\n==Translation\n        of words==\\nNote: All Common Slavic words quoted are translated faithfully\n        by their Ukrainian forms.\\nAbbreviations used: \\n* m: masculine noun\\n* f:\n        feminine noun\\n* nt: neuter noun\\n* n: noun declined like an adjective, with\n        different forms for each gender\\n* v: verb\\n* adj: adjective\\n* adv: adverb\\n*\n        ger: gerund\\n* pr: pronoun\\n* co: conjunction\\n\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-break|width=50%}}\\n*\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d (babyn): (adj) belonging to a grandmother (masculine\n        nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 (babyna): (adj) belonging\n        to a grandmother (feminine nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        (banduryst): (m) a [[bandura]] player\\n* \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (bezrobitnyj): (m) unemployed, someone without work\\n* \\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\n        (bereza): (f) birch\\n* \\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (byty): (v) to hit\\n* \\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\n        (bidnota): (f) poverty\\n* \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439\n        (bilolycyj): (adj) white-faced\\n* \\u0431\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e (boloto):\n        (nt) mud, swamp\\n* \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 (boroda): (f) beard\\n*\n        \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (braty): (nt) to take\\n* \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        (brativ): (adj) belonging to a brother (masculine nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        (bratova): (adj) belong to a brother (feminine nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        (buv\\u0161yj): (adj) (dialectical) former, ex- (that which once was)\\n* \\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (buty): (v) to be\\n* \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448 (va\\u0161): (adj) yours (pl)\\n* \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vernuty): (v) to return something\\n* \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vertity): (v) to turn about repeatedly\\n* \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\n        (vve\\u010deri): (adv.) during the evening\\n* \\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\n        (ve\\u010dera): (f) evening\\n* \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (vybraty):\n        (v) to choose, elect\\n* \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 (vyxid): (m) exit\\n*\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439 (vidomyj): (adj) well-known\\n*\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c (vid\\u2032om): (f) witches (genitive\n        plural)\\n* \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (vidxodyty):\n        (v) to go further away (imperfective)\\n* \\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\n        (viterec\\u2032): (m) a light wind\\n* \\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u043a (vovk): (m)\n        wolf\\n* \\u0432\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 (vxid): (m) entrance\\n* \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vyxodyty): (v) to be in the process of exiting, leaving\\n* \\u0432\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vxodyty): (v) to enter, go in\\n* \\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (harnyj):\n        (adj) nice\\n* \\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e (harno): (adv) nicely\\n* \\u0433\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\n        (hri\\u0161nyk): (m) sinner\\n* \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (hovoryty): (v) to speak\\n* \\u0433\\u043e\\u0454\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (hojenyj):\n        (adj) healed\\n* \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430 (hora): (f) mountain\\n* \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u0447\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (hre\\u010danyj): (adj) made of buckwheat\\n* \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f\n        ([[hryvnia]]): (f) Ukrainian currency\\n* \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (dvyhnuty): (v) to exert\\n* \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (derev\\u2033janyj): (adj) made of wood\\n* \\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435\n        (didy\\u0161\\u010de): (nt) grandfathers (collective pejorative)\\n* \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\n        (dobryj): (adj) good\\n* \\u0434\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (dodaty): (v)\n        to add\\n* \\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (doxodyty): (v)\n        to approach, get nearer\\n* \\u0434\\u0443\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 (dubovyj):\n        (adj) made of oak\\n* \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (dumaty): (v) to\n        think\\n* \\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u017eatyj): (adj) harvested\\n* \\u0436\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        (\\u017einoctvo): (nt) womanhood\\n* \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        (\\u017eovtity): (v) to turn yellow\\n* \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\n        (Zakarpattja): (nt) Transcarpathia\\n* \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (zaslabnuty): (v) to fall/become sick\\n* \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 (zaxid):\n        (m) sunset\\n* \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (zaxodyty):\n        (v) to set (literally, to go beyond the horizon)\\n* \\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (zbyraty): (v) to gather\\n* \\u0437\\u0431\\u0456\\u0436\\u0436\\u044f (zbi\\u017e\\u017eja):\n        (nt) bread, grain\\n* \\u0437''\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 (z\\u2033jisty): (v)\n        to eat (perfective)\\n* \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f (zemlja): (f) earth\\n*\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (znaty): (v) to know\\n* \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439\n        (znajomyj): (adj) friendly (known); (n) friend\\n* \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\n        (znav\\u0161y): (ger) having known\\n* \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\n        (znaju\\u010dy): (ger) knowing\\n* \\u0437\\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0442 (zo\\u0161yt):\n        (m) notebook\\n* \\u0437\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447 (zustri\\u010d):\n        (f) meeting\\n* \\u0456\\u043c''\\u044f (im\\u2033ja): (nt) name\\n* \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (jisty): (v) to eat\\n* \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0439 (jixnij): (adj) theirs\\n*\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 (Kyjiv\\u0161\\u010dyna): (f)\n        the region around [[Kiev]], [[Kiev oblast]].\\n* \\u043a\\u043d\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\n        (knyharnja): (f) bookstore\\n* \\u043a\\u043d\\u044f\\u0433\\u0438\\u043d\\u044f (knjahynja):\n        (m) queen, grand duchess, female counterpart to a [[knjaz]]\\n* \\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        (koval\\u2032): (m) blacksmith\\n* \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 (krasty):\n        (v) to steal\\n* \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (kupuvaty):\n        (v) to buy\\n* \\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430 (kur\\u010da): (nt) baby chicken\\n*\n        \\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 (kurja\\u010dyj): (adj) made of\n        a chicken\\n* \\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (le\\u017eaty): (v) to lie\n        in some given place\\n* \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435 (lyce): (nt) face\\n* \\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (lyty): (v) to pour\\n* \\u043b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (ly\\u0161enyj):\n        (adj) left\\n* \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (ljublenyj):\n        (adj) (be)loved, favourite\\n* \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (maljuvaty): (v) to paint\\n* \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (maty): (v) to have\\n*\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e (mylo): (nt) soap\\n* \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (mi\\u017enarodnyj): (adj) international\\n* \\u043c\\u0456\\u0439 (mij): (adj)\n        mine\\n* \\u043c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043a (mlyno\\u010dok):\n        (m) a little mill\\n* \\u043c\\u0456\\u0433 (mih), \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043b\\u0430\n        (mohla): (adj) past active participle I for the verb \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438,\n        to be able to.\\n* \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e (moloko): (nt) milk\\n*\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 (moloty): (v) to grind\\n* \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (molo\\u010dnyj): (adj) made/containing of milk\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\n        (nahori): (adv) on top\\n{{col-break|width=50%}}\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (nadaty): (v) to send mail\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (nadzvy\\u010dajnyj): (adj.) extraordinary\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        (navpivvidkrytyj): (adj.) in a half-open state\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448 (na\\u0161):\n        (adj) ours\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (nasinnja) (nt) grain\\n*\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 (necty): (v) to carry\\n* \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438(\\u0439)\n        (nesu\\u010dy(j)): (ger) carrying; (adj) that which is being carried\\n* \\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\n        (ni\\u010d): (f) night\\n* \\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (nosyty): (v)\n        to carry\\n* \\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (nosinnja): (nt) act\n        of carrying\\n* \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (nexodyty):\n        (v) to not walk\\n* \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        (obov\\u2033jazkovyj): (adj) obligatory\\n* \\u043e\\u0431\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (obxodyty): (v) to walk around, circumambulate\\n* \\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (oraty): (v) to plow\\n* \\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0445 (pastux): (m)\n        shepherd\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438 (pekty): (v) to bake\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (pervonarod\\u017eenyj): (adj) first-born\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (perexodyty): (v) to check, go over\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (pe\\u010denyj): (adj) baked\\n* \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (pytaty):\n        (v) to ask\\n* \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (pytannja): (nt)\n        question\\n* \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (pyty): (v) to drink\\n* \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        (pivden\\u2032): (m) midday, south\\n* \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (pidxodyty): (v) to come closer (imperfective)\\n* \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (plesty): (v) to weave\\n* \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430 (ple\\u010dyma):\n        (nt) shoulders (instrumental plural form)\\n* \\u043f\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (plysty): (v) to float\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d (povynen):\n        (adj) required to be done (often translated using the verb, should) (masculine\n        nominative form)\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 (povynna):\n        (adj) required to be done (feminine nominative form)\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        (poloty): (v) to weed\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (poslanyj): (adj) sent\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (poprosyty): (v) to ask for something\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (pospaty): (v) to nap\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (po\\u010daty):\n        (v) to start\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        (po\\u010dornilyj): (adj) having been blackened\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\n        (pradid): (m) forefathers, ancestors (literally fore-grandfathers)\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (pryxodyty): (v) to come closer\\n* \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\n        (Pridnistrov\\u2033ja): (nt) [[Transnistria]], which from the Ukrainian prospective\n        is on ''''''this side of the Dnister''''''.\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (prodaty): (v) to sell\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (protyle\\u017enyj): (adj) laying opposite\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (proxodyty): (v) to cross something (ocean)\\n* \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        (radist''): (f) happiness\\n* \\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (rvaty): (v) to\n        rip\\n* \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 (ryb\\u2033ja\\u010dyj):\n        (adj) made of fish\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (rozdaty):\n        (v) to give out\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (rozibraty): (v) to take apart\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        (rozp\\u2033jatyj): (adj) crucified\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (rozxodyty): (v) to wear out\\n* \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e (svjato): (nt)\n        holiday\\n* \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044c\\u043e-\\u0454\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (serednjo-jevropejs\\u2032kyj): (adj) central European\\n* \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (sil\\u2032s\\u2032kyj): (adj) of a village\\n* \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (sil\\u2032s\\u2032kohospodars\\u2032kyj): (adj) agricultural\\n* \\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\n        (sijaty): (v) to plant / seed\\n* \\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (skakaty): (v) to jump repeatedly (imperfective)\\n* \\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (sko\\u010dyty): (v) to jump once (perfective)\\n* \\u0441\\u043e\\u044e\\u0437\n        (sojuz): (n) union\\n* \\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (spaty): (v) to sleep\\n*\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438 (spekty): (v) to bake\\n* \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\n        (spivrobitnyk): (m) coworker\\n* \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        (starist\\u2032): (f) old age\\n* \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        (storo\\u017eyxa): (f) a rude guard\\n* \\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\n        (student): (m/f) student\\n* \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0434 (susid): (m) neighbour\\n*\n        \\u0441\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438 (sxody): (m) stairs (nominative plural)\\n*\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439 (tvij): (adj) yours (sing.)\\n* \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\n        (telja): (nt) calf\\n* \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e (teljatko):\n        (nt) calf (diminutive)\\n* \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 (tertyj): (adj)\n        ground (past passive participle)\\n* \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (tysnenyj): (adj) pressed\\n* \\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447 (tka\\u010d): (m) weaver\\n*\n        \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e (tovarystvo):\n        (nt) friendship\\n* \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\n        (ukrajinec\\u2032): (m) a male Ukrainian person\\n* \\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\n        (umerty): (v) to die (animate)\\n* \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (xvalyty): (v) to praise\\n* \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438 (xvalja\\u010dy):\n        (ger) praising\\n* \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        (xlop\\u010dys\\u2032ko): (nt) guy (pejorative)\\n* \\u0445\\u043e\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        (xotity): (v) to want, desire\\n* \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e (xto): (pr) who\\n* \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        (carstvo): (nt) empire/kingdom\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u010dyj): (adj) whose\\n*\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u010dystesen\\u2032kyj):\n        (adj) extremely clean\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (\\u010dystisin\\u2032kyj): (adj) extremely clean\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044f\n        (\\u010dytal\\u2032nja): (f) reading room\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (\\u010dytaty): (v) to read\\n* \\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (\\u010dornen''kyj): (n) black one (diminutive)\\n* \\u0448\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\n        (\\u0161koljar): (m) scholar\\n* \\u0449\\u043e (\\u0161\\u010do): (pr) what\\n*\n        \\u044f\\u043a (jak): (co) how\\n* \\u044f\\u043a\\u0449\\u043e (jak\\u0161\\u010do):\n        (co) if\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        Ukrainian Grammar http://ukrainiangrammar.com/\\n* Rules of Ukrainian grammar\n        (with friendly search-engine)  http://www.pravopys.net\\n* Guide to Ukrainian\n        grammar (not always on line)  http://ulif.org.ua/ulp/dict_all/index.php?key_reestr=53915&dict=paradigm\\n*\n        Guide to Ukrainian orthography http://rozum.org.ua/index.php?a=srch&d=21&id_srch=4370e04265734957b6001b0b7608d9cd&il=ru&p=1\\n*\n        Verb Conjugator http://www.verbix.com/languages/ukrainian.shtml\\n* Ukrainian\n        Grammar (1946) by P. Kovaliv http://www.mova.club/ukrainian\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        language}}\\n{{Slavic grammars}}\\n\\n[[Category:Grammars of specific languages]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        language]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian grammar|*]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-06T06:23:21Z\",\"lastrevid\":784461787,\"length\":80215,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_grammar&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar\"},\"1886068\":{\"pageid\":1886068,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        hip hop\",\"index\":18,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-14T19:37:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''Ukrainian\n        hip hop'''''', also known as ''''''Ukra-hop'''''' or ''''''Ukr-hop'''''' is\n        a major part of the [[music of Ukraine|Ukrainian music]] scene. Refers to\n        all genres of [[hip hop music]] in the [[Ukrainian language]]. The term ''''''Ukr-hop''''''\n        is also sometimes used to refer to any [[hip hop music]] made by [[Ukrainians]],\n        including instrumental hip hop, as well as rap songs by members of the [[Ukrainian\n        diaspora]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nIn [[Ukraine]] hip hop began to develop in 1990s.\n        In 1989 started their activities two biggiest hip hop groups at that time\n        - [[TNMK]] and V.U.Z.V. The pioneers of Ukrainian hip hop were [[TNMK]] ([[Kharkiv]]),\n        V.U.Z.V ([[Kiev]]), Osnovnyy Pokaznyk ([[Luts''k]]), [[Tartak]] ([[Lviv]])\n        and [[GreenJolly]] ([[Ivano-Frankivs''k]]). At the end of the 1990s and beginning\n        of the 2000s audience considered [[Kharkiv]] and [[Lviv]] as the main center\n        of the Ukra.hop subculture. Many groups successfully performed at festivals\n        such as [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] and Tavriyski Ihry. At\n        the mid-2000s a lot of underground bands and artists from another [[cities\n        in Ukraine]] began to appear and became popular: [[DaHok]] ([[Drohobych]]),\n        Z\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041a\\u043e\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        ([[Stryi]]), [[w:uk:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0436\\u0438\\u043a|Kryzhyk]] ([[Uman]]),\n        [[w:uk:Sheksta|Sheksta]] ([[Stryi]]),  [[w:uk:Sirius MC|Sirius MC]] ([[Kalush,\n        Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Kalush]]) and [[w:uk:Freel|Freel]]  ([[Kiev]]).\\n\\nIn\n        2005, Ukraine''s entrant in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], [[GreenJolly]]''s\n        \\\"[[Together We Are Many]]\\\", was also the unofficial anthem of the [[Orange\n        Revolution]]. Eurovision demanded the lyrics to be changed for the contest\n        (because it did not correspond to contests rules due to political content).\n        Also this song was remade by [[Polish hip hop]] artists.\\n\\nIn 2008 hip hop\n        group [[LEZO (rap group)|LEZO]] released their fourth studio album, Gostroslovy\n        ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: \\u0413\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438).\n        Many critics consider it one of the best in Ukrainian hip-hop industry. The\n        same year KyL\\u042f and RYLEZ created group [[Tulym]] - one of the most successful\n        Ukrainian [[boom bap]] group.\\n\\nMarch 11, 2011, Ukrainian rapper [[w:uk:\\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0411\\u0443\\u044f\\u043d \\u0411\\u0427|Ivan Buyan]] presented his first music\n        video filmed in [[New York City]].\\n\\nJune 19, 2014, [[w:uk:PVNCH|PVNCH]]\n        presented their new album - Golodnyy ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        translation: Hungry). According to voting results Golodnyy was named the best\n        hip-hop album of 2014. April 18, 2015, [[Tulym]] from [[Kiev]] had a concert\n        with legendary hip-hop band from [[New York City]] - [[Onyx (group)|Onyx]]\n        in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]].\\n\\nA rising new star of Ukrainian origin self\n        proclaimed \\\"Nazaren tha Prophet\\\" (Nazar Kotovych) has been rewriting Ukrainian\n        rap history in the United States. Writing and rapping since 1997 the artist\n        performs and records in four different languages mixing them together. Debut\n        Album \\\"Birth Of The Nazaren\\\" came out in 2012. He is due to release a very\n        politically charged album in 2016 titled \\\"Partec Mendacii\\\" and another one\n        in the beginning of 2017. This artist is thought to make a real buzz the rap\n        critics say \\\"in the up coming years he will put Ukrainian hip-hop on the\n        level of its predecessors and in the public view of the world\\\".\\n\\n== Style\n        ==\\nMusically, Ukrainian hip hop is heavily influenced by [[Reggae|Jamaican\n        reggae]] and [[Ukrainian folk music]], resulting a very tuneful and mellow\n        sound, which makes it quite different from both Russian and American counterparts.\\n\\n==\n        Famous rappers ==\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Name !! Site !! SoundCloud\n        !! YouTube !! Facebook\\n|-\\n| [[TNMK]] || [http://www.tnmk.com/ www.tnmk.com]\n        || No || [https://www.youtube.com/user/tnmkmusic TNMKYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/TNMKband\n        TNMKFacebook]\\n|-\\n| [[Tulym]] || [http://tylum.bandcamp.com/ TulymBandcamp]\n        || [https://soundcloud.com/tulym_kyiv TulymSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/TulimKyiv\n        TulymYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/tulymkyiv TulymFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Glava 94]] || [http://glava94.com.ua/ glava94.com.ua] || [https://soundcloud.com/glava94\n        Glava94SoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChC0-DWHSWUMbK-P1HzEs3Q\n        Glava94YouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/Glava94 Glava94Facebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        KicKit || [http://kickit.in.ua/blog/ www.kickit.in.ua] || [https://soundcloud.com/kickitrecords\n        KickitSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQVXy5vPFF8-oHjmuvBHNSg\n        KickitYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/kickitcrew KickitFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[VovaZIL\\u2019Vova]] || [http://www.vovazilvova.net/ www.vovazilvova.net]\n        || [https://soundcloud.com/supaheromusic VZLSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZTzjNW5SAM5o8bl9hZ22wQ\n        VZLYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/VovaZiLvov VZLFacebook]\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:\\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0411\\u0443\\u044f\\u043d \\u0411\\u0427|Ivan Buyan]] || [http://buyan.kiev.ua/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97,29.html\n        buyan.kyiv.ua] || [https://soundcloud.com/ivan-buyan BuyanSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/IvanBuyan/videos\n        BuyanYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/ivan.buyan.3?fref=ts BuyanFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[w:uk:Freel|Freel]] || No || [https://soundcloud.com/me-freel FreelSoundCloud]\n        || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1DVML2ifM1W2b8WzW6XTXQ FreelYouTube]\n        || [https://www.facebook.com/me.freel FreelFacebook]\\n|-\\n| Dee the Conscious\n        One || No || [https://soundcloud.com/dee_the_conscious_one DeeSoundCloud]\n        || [https://www.youtube.com/user/daebonyconscience/videos DeeYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/deetheconsciousone\n        DeeFacebook]\\n|-\\n| BUK || No || [https://soundcloud.com/bukrap BUKSoundCloud]\n        || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl5gURNhJgSp7NBmDnQrwkA BUKYouTube] ||\n        [https://www.facebook.com/BUKraine?fref=ts BUKFacebook]\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:PVNCH|PVNCH]]\n        || No || [https://soundcloud.com/pvnchxpundah PVNCHSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy6WLJdCU9qwiNbrEqQ2eDw\n        PVNCHYouTube] || No\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:Sirius MC|Sirius MC]] || No || [https://soundcloud.com/serious-emsee_beats\n        SiriusMCSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/SeriouseMseebeats/videos\n        SiriusMCYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/vitaliy.siriusmc SiriusMCFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        AsQuette || No || [https://soundcloud.com/asquette AsQuetteSoundCloud] ||\n        No || [https://www.facebook.com/asquette AsQuetteFacebook]\\n|-\\n| Crazy Lazy\n        || No || [https://soundcloud.com/crazylazysnigk CrazyLazySoundCloud] || No\n        || No\\n|-\\n| 5 ESHELON || No || [https://soundcloud.com/5-eshelon 5 ESHELONSoundCloud]\n        || No || No\\n|-\\n| OPRYSHKY || No || [https://soundcloud.com/opryshky OPRYSHKYSoundCloud]\n        || No || No\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:ALCO Brothers|ALCO Brothers]] || No || [https://soundcloud.com/mc-tasya\n        ALCO BrothersSoundCloud] || No || \\n|-\\n| Nazar || No || No || [https://www.youtube.com/user/nazarinua/videos\n        NazarYouTube] || No\\n|-\\n| [[Yarmak]] || [http://yarmakmusic.com Yarmak Music]\n        || [https://soundcloud.com/yarmak Yarmak] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/yarmakmusic\n        Yarmak Music]|| [https://www.facebook.com/yarmakmusic/?fref=ts Yarmakmusic]\\n|-\\n|\n        Griby || No || [https://soundcloud.com/grebz-978226984 Grebz-978226984] ||\n        No || No\\n|-\\n| NazareN || No || [https://soundcloud.com/nazdaprofyt Nazdaprofyt]  ||\n        [https://www.youtube.com/user/ukiprince Ukiprince] || No\\n|-\\n| VladHQ ||\n        [http://vladhq.com/ vladhq.com] || [https://soundcloud.com/vladhq VladHQSoundCloud]  ||\n        No || [https://www.facebook.com/vladhq Vladhq]\\n|}\\n\\n== Biggest rap battles\n        ==\\n* Banderstadt Battle (VERSUS) - [[Lviv]]\\n* Red Bull Battle - [[Kiev]]\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://radio.pidbit.com/eng.html PidBit Radio \\u2013 Ukrainian\n        hip hop radio]\\n\\n{{hiphop}}\\n\\n[[Category:Hip hop by country]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        music|Hip hop]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-17T07:57:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":795522260,\"length\":7625,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_hip_hop&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop\"},\"220475\":{\"pageid\":220475,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        historical regions\",\"index\":40,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-02T00:24:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about||the\n        modern subdivision of Ukraine|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|a modern\n        political party in Ukraine and its parliamentary faction called \\\"Regions\n        of Ukraine\\\"|Party of Regions}}\\n\\n{{History of Ukraine|width=275}}\\n[[Image:Ukraine-Historical\n        regions.png|thumb|275px|Traditional regions]]\\n\\nA list of the various ''''''regions\n        of [[Ukraine]]'''''' and/or inhabited by [[Ukrainians]] and their ancestors\n        throughout history.\\n\\n== Traditional regions ==\\nThe traditional names of\n        the regions of Ukraine are important geographic, historical, and ethnographic\n        identifiers.\\n* [[File:Herb Viyska Zaporozkogo (Alex K).svg|35px]] [[Dnipro\n        Ukraine|Over-Dnieper]] Ukraine, [[Great Ukraine]]\\n** [[File:Alex K Kyiv Michael\n        2.svg|35px]] Land of Kiev\\n*** [[Right-bank Ukraine]] (east of Zhytomyr Oblast,\n        Kiev Oblast, Cherkasy Oblast), Central Ukraine\\n*** [[Polesia]], Land of Turov\n        (north of Kiev Oblast, east of Brest Oblast, west of Gomel Oblast), Northern\n        Ukraine\\n** Land of Pereyaslav (predominantly Poltava Oblast and east of Kiev\n        Oblast), southern part of [[Left-bank Ukraine]], Little Russia, Central Ukraine\\n**\n        [[File:Alex Chernigiv.svg|35px]] Land of Chernihiv (predominantly Chernihiv\n        Oblast, west of Bryansk Oblast, east of Gomel Oblast), northern part of [[Left-bank\n        Ukraine]], Little Russia, Northern Ukraine\\n** [[Severia]] (Sumy Oblast, Kharkiv\n        Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast)\\n** [[Sloboda Ukraine]] (mostly Kharkiv\n        Oblast)\\n* [[File:Alex K Halych-Volhynia.svg|35px]] Ruthenia, Kingdom of Rus,\n        Western Ukraine, Western Oblast, Liitle Poland\\n** [[File:Alex Volhynia.svg|35px]]\n        [[Volhynia]] (Volyn Oblast, Rivne Oblast, west of Zhytomyr Oblast, north of\n        Ternopil Oblast, north of Khmelnytsky Oblast), former principality\\n** [[Che\\u0142m]],\n        [[Belz]], [[San River]], [[Przemy\\u015bl]] (east of Podkarpackie Voivodeship\n        and Lublin Voivodeship), former principality and a constituent land of Ruthenia\\n**\n        Berestia (west of Brest Oblast, south of Podlaskie Voivodeship)\\n** [[File:Alex\n        K Halych.svg|35px]] [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast, Ternopil Oblast)\\n*** [[Prykarpattia]] ([[Boiko]]s and [[Lemko]]s,\n        collectively [[Rusyns]])\\n*** [[Pokuttia]] ([[Hutsul]]s)\\n* [[File:Alex K\n        Podolia.svg|35px]] [[Podolia]] (Khmelnytsky Oblast, Vinnytsia Oblast, north\n        of Odessa Oblast, west of Kirovohrad Oblast), Little Poland\\n* [[File:Herb\n        Viyska Zaporozkogo Nyzovoho (Alex K).svg|35px]] [[Zaporizhzhia (region)|Zaporizhzhia]]\n        (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, east of Kirovohrad Oblast), New Serbia, Central Ukraine\\n*\n        Pontic steppe, Wild Fields, New Russia\\n** [[Donbass]] (\\\"Donets Basin\\\")\n        (Donetsk Oblast, Luhanks Oblast), also known as Cuman Land, Slavo-Serbia,\n        Eastern Ukraine\\n** Azov Littoral (Zaporizhia Oblast, south of Donetsk Oblast,\n        southwest of Rostov Oblast)\\n** [[Black Sea Littoral]], Southern Ukraine\\n***\n        Over-Buh, Yedisan, Transnistria (Odessa Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast)\\n*** [[Bugeac]]\n        (Budzhak) (southwest of Odessa Oblast)\\n*** Tavria (Kherson Oblast)\\n* [[Crimea]]\n        (''''Krym''''), also known as Tavria, Taurida\\n* [[File:Karpatska Ukraina-2\n        COA.svg|35px]] [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia / Carpathian Ruthenia]],\n        Subcarpathian Rus, [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] and many others\\n** [[Maramure\\u0219]]\\n*\n        Northern [[Bukovina]] (Chernivtsi Oblast)\\n\\nRegions historically inhabited\n        by Ukrainians (mostly with other nations), which are partly or wholly outside\n        modern Ukraine:\\n* [[Kuban]] granted to Black Sea Cossacks colonization from\n        the Russian government during the Russian-Circassian War\\n* [[Northern Caucasus]]\n        (also called [[Ukrainians in Kuban|Pink Ukraine]])\\n* [[Volga Region]] (around\n        Saratov, called [[Yellow Ukraine]])\\n* [[Siberia]] (city of Omsk, [[Grey Ukraine]])\\n*\n        [[Russian Far East]] (see [[Green Ukraine]])\\n{{further|Ukrainian diaspora}}\\n\\n==Regions\n        of Ukraine==\\n[[File:Ukraine KIIS-Regional-division.png|thumb|Sometimes more\n        Oblasts can be referred to as \\\"Eastern Ukraine\\\":
{{legend|Orange|Orange\n        - [[West Ukraine]]}}{{legend|Yellow|Yellow - [[Central Ukraine]]}}{{legend|Blue|Blue\n        - [[East Ukraine]]}}]]\\n\\nGeopolitical, historical, and cultural factors play\n        a role in assigning different areas of Ukraine to semi-official regions. The\n        map on the right shows the approximate locations of some broad-brush regions.\n        The terms \\\"West Ukraine\\\", \\\"East Ukraine\\\", \\\"South Ukraine\\\" and \\\"Central\n        Ukraine\\\" occur in common usage. There is no clear definition of the boundaries\n        of such regions, but rather a general reference. Lists of what may constitute\n        such regions might include:\\n\\n*[[Western Ukraine]] may mean either the historic\n        region of Galicia, or may also include Volhynia, Podolia, Transcarpathia,\n        and/or Bukovina.\\n*[[Eastern Ukraine]] may mean either the Don basin, Sloboda\n        Ukraine, continental Taurida regions etc.\\n*[[South Ukraine]] often includes\n        the whole Taurida, the Kryvyi Rih basin, and the regions of Mykolayiv and\n        Odessa oblasts. Alternatively it may include the Don basin, in particularly\n        the adjacent land to the Azov Sea.\\n*[[Central Ukraine]], a more vague term,\n        often denotes what is not included in Western or South-Eastern definitions.\\n\\nOther\n        terms are rarely used - such as \\\"South-West Ukraine\\\", which can denote either\n        [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]], or [[Budjak]]. Sometimes the term\n        \\\"[[South-Eastern Ukraine]]\\\" is used to define both regions of the Southern\n        and Eastern Ukraine. Due to the shape of the country, in narrow definition,\n        term \\\"Northern Ukraine\\\" is often used to denote either the bulge of [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]/[[Sumy Oblast]]s or, in broader terms, the whole of [[Polesia]].\n        \\\"North-western Ukraine\\\" almost exclusively refers to the historic region\n        of [[Volhynia]]. This makes the term \\\"North-Eastern Ukraine\\\" rarest of them\n        all - it is either used as synonym for the narrow definition of Northern Ukraine,\n        or as synonym for Sloboda Ukraine (particularly the [[Sumy Oblast]]).\\n\\n\\nImage:Western\n        Ukr.png|Western Ukraine\\nImage:Eastern Ukr.png|Eastern Ukraine\\nImage:Central\n        Ukr.png|Central Ukraine\\nImage:Southern Ukr.png|Southern Ukraine\\nImage:Northern\n        Ukr.png|Northern Ukraine\\nImage:Ukraine-Historical regions.png|The historical\n        regions\\n\\n\\n== Historical Ukrainian states ==\\n{{main |History\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n* [[Kievan Rus'']] (a state of [[Early East Slavs]], (880s\\u20131240)\\n*\n        [[Galicia-Volhynia]] (1199\\u20131349)\\n* [[Cossack Hetmanate]] (1649\\u20131764)\\n*\n        [[Central Rada]] of the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] (1917\\u20131918)\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]] of the Ukrainian State (1918)\\n* [[West Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (1918\\u20131919)\\n* [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]]\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic (1918\\u20131920)\\n* [[Galician Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]] (1920)\\n* [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1919\\u20131991)\\n*\n        [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] (1939)\\n\\n== References ==\\n* Paul Robert Magosci, ''''Ukraine:\n        A Historical Atlas'''', 1985.  [[University of Toronto]] Press, Toronto.  {{ISBN|0-8020-3428-4}}\\n{{Ukraine\n        topics}}\\n{{Ukrainian historical regions}}\\n\\n\\n[[Category:Historical\n        regions in Ukraine| ]]\\n[[Category:Lists of country subdivisions|Ukraine,\n        Regions of]]\\n[[Category:Ukraine geography-related lists|Historical regions]]\\n[[Category:Lists\n        of historical regions|Ukrai]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian genealogy]]\\n[[Category:Ukraine\n        history-related lists|Historical regions]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T12:57:23Z\",\"lastrevid\":788538261,\"length\":7273,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_historical_regions\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_historical_regions&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_historical_regions\"},\"722696\":{\"pageid\":722696,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        hryvnia\",\"index\":1,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-30T03:41:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Currency\\n|currency_name_in_local = \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f {{uk icon}}\\n|image_1\n        = 100 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c, 2015 01.jpg\\n|image_title_1\n        = [[Ukrainian one hundred-hryvnia note|100 hryven'' (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c)]]\\n|image_2\n        = \\n|image_title_2 = 1 hryvnia (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f)\\n|inflation_rate\n        = 6.9% (06.2016 y-o-y){{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/en/index|title=National\n        Bank of Ukraine|publisher=|accessdate=11 February 2017}}\\n|inflation_source_date\n        = NBU, 2016, June http://www.bank.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=30350021\\n|using_countries\n        = {{flag|Ukraine}} (except [[Crimea]]) \\n|unofficial_users = \\n| inflation_method\n        = [[Consumer Price Index|CPI]]\\n|subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100\\n|subunit_name_1\n        = kopiyka (\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043a\\u0430)\\n|symbol = [[Hryvnia\n        sign|\\u20b4]] \\n|plural_slavic\n        = Y\\n| frequently_used_coins = 5, 10, 25, 50 kopiykas, \\u20b41\\n| rarely_used_coins\n        = 1, 2 kopiykas\\n|used_banknotes = \\u20b41, \\u20b42, [[Ukrainian five-hryvnia\n        note|\\u20b45]], \\u20b410, \\u20b420, \\u20b450, [[Ukrainian one hundred-hryvnia\n        note|\\u20b4100]], \\u20b4200, \\u20b4500\\n|issuing_authority = [[National Bank\n        of Ukraine]]\\n|issuing_authority_website = [http://www.bank.gov.ua www.bank.gov.ua]\\n|printer\n        = [[National Bank of Ukraine]]\\n|mint = [[National Bank of Ukraine]]\\n|iso_code=UAH|iso_number=}}\\n\\nThe\n        ''''''hryvnia'''''', sometimes ''''''hryvnya'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f}},\n        {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8\\u0266r\\u026au\\u032f\\u0272\\u0251|pron}}, abbr.: \\u0433\\u0440\\u043d\n        (''''hrn'''' in the Latin alphabet)); [[currency sign|sign]]: ''''''\\u20b4'''''',\n        [[ISO 4217|code]]: ''''''UAH''''''), has been the national [[currency]] of\n        [[Ukraine]] since 2 September 1996. The hryvnia is subdivided into 100 ''''kopiyky''''.\n        It is named after [[Grzywna (unit)|a measure of weight]] used in medieval\n        [[Kievan Rus'']].\\n\\n==Name==\\n\\n===Etymology===\\n{{see also|Grzywna (unit)}}\\nThe\n        [[currency]] of [[Kievan Rus'']] in the eleventh century was called ''''grivna''''.\n        The word is thought to derive from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ''''griva'''';\n        c.f. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], Russian, [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]],\n        and [[Serbo-Croatian]] ''''\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430 / griva'''', meaning\n        \\\"mane\\\". It might have indicated something valuable worn around the neck,\n        usually made of [[silver]] or [[gold]]; c.f. Bulgarian and Serbian ''''grivna''''\n        (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430, \\\"bracelet\\\"). Later, the word was\n        used to describe silver or gold ingots of a certain weight; c.f. [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] ''''hryvenyk'''' (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a),\n        Russian ''''grivennik'''' (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a,\n        \\\"10-kopek piece\\\").\\n\\nThe modern Ukrainian hryvnia is sometimes [[transliteration|transliterated]]\n        as ''''hryvna'''', ''''hrivna'''', ''''gryvna'''' or ''''grivna'''', due to\n        its [[Russian language]] counterpart, \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0301\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430,\n        pronounced ''''gr\\u00edvna''''. However, the standard English name for the\n        currency is ''''hryvnia''''.[http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_widely_used_standards/widely_used_standards_other/currency_codes/currency_codes_list-1.htm\n        ISO 4217 currency names and code elements]\\n\\nThe [[National Bank of\n        Ukraine]] has recommended that a distinction be made between ''''hryvnia''''\n        and ''''gr\\u00edvna'''' in both historical and practical means.{{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2007}}\\n\\n===Plural===\\nThe [[nominative case|nominative]]\n        plural of hryvnia is ''''hryvni'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456}}),\n        while the [[genitive case|genitive]] plural is ''''hryven\\u2032'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}}).\n        In Ukrainian, the nominative plural form is used for numbers ending with 2,\n        3, or 4, as in ''''dvi hryvni'''' (\\u0434\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456,\n        \\\"2 hryvni\\\"), and the genitive plural is used for numbers ending with 5 to\n        9 and 0, for example ''''sto hryven\\u2019'''' (\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        \\\"100 hryven\\u2019\\\"); for numbers ending with 1 the nominative singular form\n        is used, for example ''''dvadtsiat\\u2019 odna hryvnia'''' (\\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f, \\\"21 hryvnia\\\").\n        An exception for this rule is numbers ending in 11, 12, 13 and 14 for which\n        the genitive plural is also used, for example, ''''dvanadtsiat\\u2019 hryven\\u2019''''\n        (\\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        \\\"12 hryven\\u2019\\\"). The singular for the subdivision is \\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043a\\u0430\n        (''''kopiyka''''), the nominative plural is \\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043a\\u0438\n        (''''kopiyky'''') and the genitive is \\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043e\\u043a\n        (''''kopiyok'''').\\n\\n==Currency sign==\\n[[Image:Hryvnia symbol.svg|50px|left|Hryvnia\n        currency sign]]\\n{{main article|Hryvnia sign}}\\nThe hryvnia sign is a [[cursive]]\n        [[Ukrainian alphabet|Ukrainian letter]] [[Ge (Cyrillic)|He]] (''''\\u0433''''),\n        with a double horizontal stroke (\\u20b4), symbolizing stability, similar to\n        that used in other currency symbols such as \\u00a5 or \\u20ac. The sign was\n        encoded as U+20B4 in [[Unicode]] 4.1 and released in 2005.* [[Michael\n        Everson]]''s {{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2743.pdf|title=Proposal\n        to encode the HYRVNIA SIGN and CEDI SIGN in the UCS|date=23 April 2004|accessdate=23\n        April 2004}} It is now supported by the latest computer systems. In\n        Ukraine, if the hryvnia sign is unavailable, the abbreviation \\\"\\u0433\\u0440\\u043d.\\\"\n        is used.\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:100karbovantsevUNR_R.jpg|thumb|right|1917.\n        100 karbovanets the Ukrainian National Republic. Revers. 3 languages: Ukrainian,\n        Polish and [[Yiddish]].]]\\nA currency called ''''hryvna'''' was used in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']]. In 1917, after the [[Ukrainian National Republic]] declared independence\n        from the [[Russian Empire]], the name of the new Ukrainian [[currency]] became\n        ''''hryvnia'''', a revised version of the Kievan Rus'' ''''hryvna''''. The\n        designer was [[Heorhiy Narbut]].\\n\\nThe hryvnia replaced the [[Ukrainian karbovanets|karbovanets]]\n        during the period 2\\u201316 September 1996, at a rate of 1 hryvnia = 100,000\n        karbovantsiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article;jsessionid=15111854B1ABFB8B3B2073ED5CB1BD7F?art_id=37482&showTitle=true|title=National\n        Bank of Ukraine|publisher=|accessdate=11 February 2017}} The karbovanets\n        was subject to [[hyperinflation]] in the early 1990s following the [[collapse\n        of the USSR]].\\n\\nTo a large extent, the introduction of hryvnia was secretive.{{cite web|url=http://www.obriy.pib.com.ua/2002/04_02/01.htm\n        |title=Volodymyr Matvienko. Autograph on Hryvnia |language=uk |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231072715/http://www.obriy.pib.com.ua/2002/04_02/01.htm\n        |archivedate=December 31, 2008 }} Hryvnia was introduced according to\n        [[President of Ukraine|President]]''s Decree dated 26 August 1996, published\n        on August 29. During the transition period, September 2\\u201316, both hryvnia\n        and karbovanets were used in circulation, but merchants were required to give\n        change only in hryvnias. All bank accounts were converted to hryvnia automatically.\n        During the transition period, 97% of karbovanets were taken out of circulation,\n        including 56% in the first 5 days of the currency reform.\n        After 16 September 1996, the remaining karbovanets were allowed to be exchanged\n        to hryvnias in banks.\\n\\nThe hryvnia was introduced during the period when\n        [[Victor Yushchenko]] was the chairman of [[National Bank of Ukraine]]. However,\n        the first banknotes issued bore the signature of the previous National Bank\n        chairman, [[Vadym Hetman]], who resigned back in 1993, because the first notes\n        had been printed as early as 1992 by the [[Canadian Bank Note Company]], but\n        it was decided to delay their circulation until the [[hyperinflation]] in\n        Ukraine was brought under control.\\n\\nOn 18 March 2014, following [[2014 Russian\n        annexation of Crimea|its annexation by Russia]], the new [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        announced that the Ukrainian hryvina was to be dropped as the region''s currency\n        in April 2014.{{cite news|date=18 March 2014|accessdate=18 March 2014|url=\n        http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20140318/104543.shtml|title=Ukrainian\n        hryvnia to be dropped in April: Crimean gov''t official|work=[[CCTV News]]\n        America|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140423034008/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20140318/104543.shtml|archivedate=23\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} The [[Russian rouble]] became an official currency\n        in Crimea on 21 March 2014. Until 1 June 2014, the hryvnia\n        could also be used for cash payments only.[http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/734204\n        Crimea enters the rouble zone], [[ITAR-TASS]] (1 June 2014)\\n\\nBy contrast,\n        the hryvnia remains the predominant currency in the conflicted [[raion]]s\n        of [[Donbass]], i. e. in the secessionist areas of [[Donetsk People''s Republic|Donetsk]]\n        and [[Lugansk People''s Republic|Lugansk]].\\\"In theory, it is possible\n        to pay with Ukrainian hryvnias, Russian rubles, US dollars, and euros in the\n        DPR and the LPR. However, only the two former currencies are in common use.\n        Their exchange rate has been fixed by the governments, and is 1:2 (one hryvnia\n        is the equivalent of two rubles). However, there is a shortage of low denomination\n        rubles, so the Ukrainian hryvnia is still the most popular means of payment.\\\"\n        http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-06-17/war-republics-donbas-one-year-after-outbreak-conflict\\n\\n==Coins==\\n{{main\n        article|Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia}}\\nNo coins were issued for the first\n        hryvnia.\\n\\nCoins were first struck in 1992 for the new currency but were\n        not introduced until September 1996. Initially coins valued between 1 and\n        50 kopecks were issued. In March 1997, 1 hryvnia coins were added; they are\n        however rarely seen in circulation. The note of the same value is far more\n        commonly used. Since 2004 several commemorative 1 hryvnia coins have been\n        struck.\\n\\nIn October 2012 the National Bank of Ukraine announced that it\n        is examining the possibility of withdrawing the 1- and 2-kopeck coins from\n        circulation.RBK Ukraina (4 October 2012). Available at:http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/rubric/nbu-v-blizhayshie-mesyatsy-rassmotrit-vopros-o-tselesoobraznosti-04102012121300\n        The coins had become too expensive to produce compared to their nominal value.\n        Due to actual reports 1- and 2-kopek coins are not produced anymore since\n        2013, but will remain in circulation.\\n\\nAlso, on 26 October 2012, the National\n        Bank of Ukraine announced it is considering the introduction of a 2-hryvnia\n        coin.{{cite web|publisher=RBK Ukraina|date=26 October 2012|url= http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/economic/nbu-rassmotrit-vopros-vvedeniya-v-obrashchenie-2-grivnevoy-26102012163200|script-title=ru:\\u041d\\u0411\\u0423\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0441\\u043c\\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        2-\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b|trans_title=RBK\n        will consider the issuance of 2-hryvnia coin|archivedate=23 April 2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140221012600/http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/economic/nbu-rassmotrit-vopros-vvedeniya-v-obrashchenie-2-grivnevoy-26102012163200|deadurl=no|language=ru}}\\n\\nPer\n        July 1, 2016, officially 12.4 thousand million coins with a face value of\n        1.4 thousand million UAH were in circulation.http://www.bank.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=23692554\\n\\n==Banknotes==\\n{{main\n        article|Banknotes of the Ukrainian hryvnia}}\\nIn 1996, the first series of\n        hryvnia banknotes was introduced into circulation by the [[National Bank of\n        Ukraine]]. They were dated 1992 and were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and\n        20 hryven''. The design of the banknotes was developed by Ukrainian artists\n        Vasyl Lopata and Borys Maksymov.{{cite web|url=http://www.podrobnosti.ua/economy/2006/09/04/344955.html|script-title=ru:\\u041a\\u0430\\u043a\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u044c \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|trans_title=How\n        hryvnia was born|publisher=[[Podrobnosti]]|language=ru|date=4 September 2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140313212510/http://www.podrobnosti.ua/economy/2006/09/04/344955.html|archivedate=13\n        March 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/22377/ |title=The\n        man who designed Hryvnia |language=ru |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423230315/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/22377/\n        |archivedate=April 23, 2008 }} One hryvnya banknotes were printed by\n        the [[Canadian Bank Note Company]] in 1992. Two, five and ten hryvnya banknotes\n        were printed two years later. Until introduction into circulation the banknotes\n        were kept in Canada.\\n\\nBanknotes of the\n        first series in denominations of 50 and 100 hryven also existed but were not\n        introduced because this nominations were not needed in the economical crisis\n        during the monetary reform of the mid-1990s.\\n\\nAlso in 1996, the 1, 50, and\n        100 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced, with 1 hryvnia dated\n        1994. The banknotes were designed and printed by British [[De La Rue]].{{cite web |url=http://www.dt.ua/2000/2040/54365/|title=Hryvnia-Immigrant|newspaper=[[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]]|language=uk}} Since the opening of the Mint of the National\n        Bank of Ukraine in cooperation with De La Rue in March 1994 all banknotes\n        have been printed in Ukraine.\\n\\nLater, highest denominations\n        were added. The 200 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced in\n        2001, followed by the 500 hryvnia notes of the third series in 2006.\\n\\nAll\n        hryvnia banknotes issued by the National Bank continue to be a [[legal tender]].\n        As of 2008, the banknotes of early series can rarely be found in circulation.\n        Also, despite the devaluing of the currency since its introduction, all kopeck\n        coins remain in circulation, as well as all low-value hryvnia bills, including\n        1 hryvnia.\\n\\nAs with the U.S. dollar, the 1 hryvnia bill is commonly used,\n        and the 1 hryvnia coin is rarely seen. The 100 hryvnia denomination is quite\n        common due to its moderately high value. Also common is the 200 hryvnia, as\n        most Ukrainian ATMs dispense currency in this denomination, much as with the\n        US$20 bill.\\n\\nIn 2016 the NBU paper factory started to produce banknote-paper\n        with flax instead of cotton.{{cite web|url=http://n-auditor.com.ua/en/novini-2/item/36966-nbu-starts-printing-money-from-flax.html|title=NBU\n        Starts Printing Money from Flax \\u2013 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u0423\\u0414\\u0418\\u0422\\u041e\\u0420|publisher=|accessdate=11 February\n        2017}}\\n\\n===Current series===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"font-size:\n        90%\\\"\\n|-\\n!Denomination [http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Banknoty/banknoty.htm]\n        and dimensions\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\" | Image\\n!Main colour\\n!Obverse\\n!Reverse\\n!Date\n        of issue\\n|-\\n|\\u20b41
 118 x 63 mm\\n| [[File:1 hryvnia 2006 front.jpg|166px|frameless|1\n        hryvnia obverse]]\\n| [[File:1 hryvnia 2006 back.jpg|166px|frameless|1 hryvnia\n        reverse]]\\n|Yellow-blue\\n|[[Vladimir I of Kiev|Volodymyr the Great]] (c. 958\n        \\u2013 1015), [[Prince of Novgorod]] and [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] 
 Ruler\n        of [[Kyivan Rus]] in (980\\u20131015)\\n|The Volodymyr I''s Fortress Wall in\n        [[Kiev]]\\n|22 May 2006\\n|-\\n|\\u20b42
 118 x 63 mm\\n| [[File:2 hryvnia\n        2005 front.jpg|166px|frameless|2 hryvni obverse]]\\n| [[File:2 hryvnia 2005\n        back.jpg|166px|frameless|2 hryvni reverse]]\\n  |Orange\\n\\n|[[Yaroslav the\n        Wise]] (c. 978 \\u2013 1054), [[Prince of Novgorod]] and [[Grand Prince of\n        Kiev]] 
 Ruler of [[Kyivan Rus]] in (1019\\u20131054)\\n|The [[Saint Sophia''s\n        Cathedral, Kiev|Saint Sophia''s Cathedral]] in Kiev\\n|24 September 2004\\n|-\\n|[[Ukrainian\n        five-hryvnia note|\\u20b45]] 
 118 x 63 mm\\n| [[File:5-Hryvnia-2005-front.jpg|166px|frameless|5\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:5 hryvnia 2005 back.jpg|166px|frameless|5 hryven''\n        reverse]]\\n|Blue\\n|[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] (c. 1595 \\u2013 1657), [[Hetmans\n        of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]]\\n|A church in the village of [[Subotiv]]\n        \\n|14 June 2004\\n|-\\n|\\u20b410
 124 x 66 mm\\n| [[File:10 hryvnia 2006\n        front.jpg|174px|frameless|10 hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:10 hryvnia 2006\n        back.jpg|174px|frameless|10 hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Crimson\\n|[[Ivan Mazepa]]\n        (1639\\u20131709), [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]]\\n|The\n        Holy Dormition Cathedral of the [[Kyiv Pechersk Lavra]]\\n|1 November 2004\\n|-\\n|\\u20b420
\n        130 x 69 mm\\n| [[File:20 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c 2016\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0430.jpg|182px|frameless|20\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:20 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        2016 \\u0430\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0430.jpg|182px|frameless|20\n        hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Green\\n|[[Ivan Franko]] (1856\\u20131916), poet and writer\\n|The\n        [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet]]\\n| 2016\\n|-\\n|\\u20b450
 136 x 72 mm\\n|\n        [[File:50 hryvnia 2004 front.jpg|190px|frameless|50 hryven'' obverse]]\\n|\n        [[File:50 hryvnia 2004 back.jpg|190px|frameless|50 hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Violet\\n|[[Mykhailo\n        Hrushevskyi]] (1866\\u20131934), historian and politician.\\n|The [[Tsentralna\n        Rada]] building (\\\"Teachers'' House\\\" in Kiev).\\n|29 March 2004\\n|-\\n|[[Ukraine\n        one hundred-hryvnia bill|\\u20b4100]] 
 142 x 75 mm\\n| [[File:100 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        2015 01.jpg|200px|frameless|100 hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:100 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        2015 02.jpg|200px|frameless|100 hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Olive\\n|[[Taras Shevchenko]]\n        (1814\\u20131861), poet and artist\\n|[[Kyiv National University]]\\n|9 March\n        2015\\n|-\\n|\\u20b4200
 148 x 75 mm\\n| [[File:200 hryvnia 2007 front.jpg|208px|frameless|200\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:200 hryvnia 2007 back.jpg|208px|frameless|200\n        hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Pink\\n|[[Lesia Ukrainka]] (1871\\u20131913), poet and\n        writer\\n|The Entrance Tower of [[Lutsk Castle]].\\n|28 May 2007\\n|-\\n| \\u20b4500
\n        154 x 75 mm\\n| [[File:500 hryvnia 2015 obverse.jpg|216px|frameless|500\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:500 hryvnia 2015 back.jpg|216px|frameless|500\n        hryven'' reverse]]\\n| Brown \\n| [[Hryhorii Skovoroda]] (1722\\u20131794), writer\n        and composer\\n| The [[Kyiv Mohyla Academy]] buildings.\\n| 11 April 2016\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n[[Image:Biatlon\n        UA.png|thumb|125px|right|A commemorative 1 hryvnia coin to [[biathlon]] of\n        the [[1998 Winter Olympics]], held in [[Nagano]], [[Japan]].]]\\n\\n==Exchange\n        rates==\\n\\nOfficial [[National Bank of Ukraine|NBU]] exchange rate at moment\n        of introduction: UAH 1.76/USD 1.{{cite web|url=http://bank.gov.ua/control/uk/curmetal/currency/search?formType=searchFormDate&time_step=daily&date=17.09.1996&execute=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8|title=\\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0448\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443|publisher=|accessdate=11 February 2017}}\\n\\nFollowing\n        the [[1997 East Asian financial crisis|Asian financial crisis]] in 1998 the\n        currency devaluated to UAH 5.6 = USD 1.00 in February 2000. Later, the exchange\n        rate remained relatively stable at around 5.4 hryvnias for 1 US dollar and\n        was fixed to 5.05 hryvnias for 1 US dollar from 21 April 2005 until 21 May\n        2008. In mid-October 2008 rapid devaluation began, in the course of a [[Financial\n        crisis of 2007\\u201308|global financial crisis]] that [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian\n        financial crisis|hit Ukraine hard]], with the hryvnia dropping 38.4% from\n        UAH 4.85 for USD 1 on 23 September 2008 to UAH 7.88 for USD 1 on 19 December\n        2008.[http://www.bank.gov.ua/Fin_ryn/OF_KURS/Currency/SearchPeriod.aspx\n        National Bank of Ukraine], historical exchange rates{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance?q=USDUAH|title=US Dollar:\n        CURRENCY:USD quotes & news \\u2013 Google Finance|publisher=|accessdate=11\n        February 2017}} After a period of instability, a new peg of 8 hryvnias\n        per US dollar was established, and remained for several years. In 2012, the\n        peg was changed to a managed float (much like that of the [[Chinese yuan]])\n        as the euro and other European countries'' currencies weakened against the\n        dollar due to the [[Greek government-debt crisis|debt crisis in Greece]],\n        and the value in mid-2012 was about 8.14 UAH per dollar.\\n\\nAs from 7 February\n        2014, following [[Ukrainian crisis|political instability in Ukraine]], the\n        National Bank of Ukraine changed the hryvnia into a fluctuating/floating currency\n        in an attempt to meet [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] requirements and\n        to try to enforce a stable price for the currency in the [[Forex market]].{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=5454079&cat_id=55838|title=\n        7 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e 2014 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u201c\\u0412\\u0438\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u041d\\u0456\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0431\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u201d|trans_title=\n        7 February 2014 the National Bank of Ukraine will issue commemorative coins\n        \\\"Nikopol Liberation from the Nazis\\\"|date= 7 February 2014|archivedate =8\n        February 2014|deadurl= no|archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20140221230812/http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=5454079&cat_id=55838}}\n        In 2014 and 2015 the hryvnia lost about 70% of its value against the U.S.\n        dollar.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35483171\n        Ukraine teeters a few steps from chaos], [[BBC News]] (5 February 2016)\n        After stabilization efforts by Ukrainian authorities in March 2015 1 US dollar\n        was worth about 22 hryvnia. Early February 2016\n        1 US dollar was worth about 26 hryvnia.\\n[[File:\\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f19-11.PNG|550px|thumb|center|
1\n        US dollar in UAH (2006\\u20132015)
]]\\n{{Exchange Rate|UAH|RUB}}\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Economy of Ukraine]]\\n*[[List of commemorative coins of Ukraine]]\\n*[[Grzywna\n        (unit)]]\\n\\n\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{refbegin}}\\n*{{Numis\n        cite SCWC|date=1991}}\\n*{{Numis cite SCWPM|date=2006}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{commons category|Money of Ukraine}}\\n{{commons|\\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f}}\\n*[http://www.bank.gov.ua/engl/bank_coin/histor_grn.htm\n        History of Hryvnia]\\n*[http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/arhive_news.php?news_id=431\n        National Bank of Ukraine announcement of Hryvnia Sign] {{uk icon}}\\n*[http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/konkurs.php\n        Proposed symbols for hryvnia during design competition] {{uk icon}}\\n*[http://banknoter.com/s/ukraine\n        Detailed Catalog of Ukrainian paper money]\\n*[http://www.uazone.net/Hryvnia/hryvnia1.html\n        Pictures of hryvnia bills introduced in 1997]\\n*[http://www.museum.com.ua/project/eng/vist/dengi/dengi.html\n        The first Ukrainian Money (1917\\u20131922)] Odessa Numismatics Museum\\n*[http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/NUMBON/1996-8(38).htm\n        Ukraine monetary reform. Numismatics] {{ru icon}}\\n*[http://colnect.com/en/coins/list/country/2504\n        Ukrainian hryvnia coins catalog information]\\n*[http://www.bitip.net/index.php?language=en&mode=kom_rates\n        Actual Ukrainian hryvnia exchange rates]\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=Various}}\\n{{n-currency|location=[[Kyivan\n        Rus'']]|start=11th century|end=15th century}}\\n{{n-after|currency=Various}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=[[Ukrainian\n        karbovanets]]}}\\n{{n-currency|location=[[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]|start=1\n        March 1918|end=April 1918}}\\n{{n-after|currency=[[Ukrainian karbovanets]]|reason=coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat
(on 29 April 1918)}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=[[Ukrainian\n        karbovanets]]|reason=coup d''\\u00e9tat
(on 14 December 1918)}}\\n{{n-currency|location=[[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]|start=December 1918|end=November 1920}}\\n{{n-after|currency=[[Soviet\n        karbovanets]]|reason=Soviet reintegration}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=[[Ukrainian\n        karbovanets]]|ratio=1 hryvnia = 100 000 karbovanets|reason=inflation
(on\n        2 September 1996)}}\\n{{n-currency|rowspan=2|location=[[Ukraine]]|start=2 September\n        1996}}\\n{{n-after|rowspan=2|Current}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine currency and\n        coinage}}\\n{{Ukraine topics}}\\n{{currency signs}}\\n{{Currencies of Europe}}\\n{{Currencies\n        of post-Soviet states}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Hryvnia}}\\n[[Category:Economic history of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Kievan Rus\n        society]]\\n[[Category:Circulating currencies]]\\n[[Category:Currency symbols]]\\n[[Category:Currencies\n        of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Currency introduced in 1996]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        words and phrases]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T22:06:03Z\",\"lastrevid\":797950143,\"length\":23539,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_hryvnia&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia\"},\"6938839\":{\"pageid\":6938839,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1994\",\"index\":36,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-07T13:27:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n| election_name      = Ukrainian presidential election, 1994\\n|\n        country            = Ukraine\\n| type               = presidential\\n| ongoing            =\n        no\\n| previous_election  = Ukrainian presidential election, 1991\\n| previous_year      =\n        1991\\n| next_election      = Ukrainian presidential election, 1999\\n| next_year          =\n        1999\\n| election_date      = 26 June 1994 (first round) 
10 July 1994 (second\n        round)\\n| image1             = [[File:Leonid Kuchma 2002-03-01.jpg|90px|Leonid\n        Kuchma]]\\n| nominee1           = ''''''[[Leonid Kuchma]]''''''\\n| party1             =\n        Independent (politician)\\n| popular_vote1      = ''''''14,016,850''''''\\n|\n        percentage1        = 52.3%\\n| image2             = [[File:Leonid Kravchuk.jpg|91px|Leonid\n        Kravchuk]]\\n| nominee2           = {{nowrap|[[Leonid Kravchuk]]}}\\n| party2             =\n        Independent (politician)\\n| popular_vote2      = 12,111,603\\n| percentage2        =\n        45.2%\\n| map_image          = Ukraine presidential elections 1994, second\n        round.png\\n| map_size           = 300px\\n| map_caption        = \\n| title              =\n        President\\n| before_election    = [[Leonid Kravchuk]]\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| before_party       = Nonpartisan\\n| after_party        =\n        Nonpartisan\\n}}\\n\\nEarly ''''''presidential elections'''''' were held in [[Ukraine]]\n        on 26 June 1994, with a second round on 10 July.[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen,\n        D]] & St\\u00f6ver, P (2010) ''''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'''',\n        p1976 {{ISBN|9783832956097}} They were held ahead of schedule following\n        a compromise between the [[President of Ukraine|President]] and [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]]. Incumbent President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] lost the presidency to his\n        former [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Leonid Kuchma]].\\n\\n==Background==\\n\\n===Strikes\n        and revival of communists===\\nOn June 7, 1993 started a time-unrestricted\n        strike of coal miners of [[Donets basin]] as part of a chronic economical\n        crisis. Coincidentally all the events appeared at the time of resurrection\n        of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]. On this wave of strikes a Constituent\n        Congress of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]] took place on June 19, 1993\n        in [[Donetsk]] (same region) and later it was registered in October of the\n        same year. Its banning was temporary due to suspicion in support of the August\n        coup-d''etat. However the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized that\n        the Communist Party of Ukraine that was registered on July 22, 1991 had nothing\n        to do with the August events in the [[Soviet Union]] and was never a successor\n        of the Communist Party of Soviet Union and the Communist Party of Ukraine\n        in the Communist Party of Soviet Union. However the statute of the Communist\n        Party of Ukraine clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover\n        on December 27, 2001 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized the ban\n        of Communist Party not constitutional.{{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140923003336/http://www.kpu.ua/ru/page/statute\n        The Statute of the Communist Party of Ukraine]. CPU website\\n\\n===Decision\n        on early elections===\\nOn June 17, 1993 the parliament decided to conduct\n        on September 26, 1993 a consultative referendum on no confidence in president\n        and parliament. However on September 24 the referendum was canceled. The [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] decided to conduct an early elections to parliament on March 27, 1994\n        and president on June 26, 1994.\\n\\nThe presidential elections became the first\n        to demonstrate the division of the country on the \\\"East\\\" and \\\"West\\\".\\n\\n==Other==\\nThey\n        were also the first presidential election in the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] where the incumbent head of state, with roots based in the [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]]-time government elite, lost a democratic election and stepped\n        aside.\\n\\n==Results==\\n{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right\\n!rowspan=2|Candidate\\n!rowspan=2|Party\\n!colspan=2|First\n        round\\n!colspan=2|Second round\\n|-\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Leonid\n        Kravchuk]] ||align=left|Non-partisan (Democratic Association \\\"Ukraine\\\" and\n        [[People''s Movement of Ukraine|NRU]]) ||9,977,766||38.4||12,111,603||45.2\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Leonid\n        Kuchma]]||align=left|Non-partisan (Inter-regional Bloc of Reforms)\n        ||8,274,806||31.8||14,016,850||52.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr Moroz]]||align=left|[[Socialist\n        Party of Ukraine]] ([[Socialist Party of Ukraine|SPU]], [[Communist Party\n        of Ukraine|CPU]], [[Peasant Party of Ukraine|SelPU]])as\n        Coalition of Left Parties, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140923004702/http://analitik.org.ua/ukr/publications/joint/3dd12dea/3dd13f15/\n        Political parties of Ukraine in cooperation with structures of power]. Kiev\n        center of political research and conflictology. ||3,466,541||13.3||colspan=2\n        rowspan=5|\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Volodymyr Lanovyi]]||align=left|Independent||2,483,986||9.6\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Valeryi\n        Babych]]||align=left|Independent||644,263||2.5\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Ivan Plyushch]]||align=left|Independent||321,886||1.2\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Petro\n        Talanchuk]]||align=left|Independent||143,361||0.6\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|Against\n        all||697,564||2.7||645,508||2.1\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|Invalid/blank votes||470,498||\\u2013||109,681||\\u2013\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|''''''Total''''''||''''''26,480,671''''''||''''''100''''''||''''''26,883,642''''''||''''''100''''''\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout||37,630,835||70.4||37,531,666||71.6\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=6|Source: Nohlen & St\\u00f6ver\\n|}\\n\\n===Second round===\\n* Kravchuk\\n*\n        Kuchma (supported by [[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]])Baziv, D. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923002907/http://www.day.kiev.ua/uk/article/podrobici/vibori-99-kuchma-i-kpu-znovu-razom\n        Elections-99: Kuchma and CPU – together again!]'''' Den. 15 May 1999\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* Connor, W.M, Krupp, J.W. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923131840/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/ukrbelel.htm\n        THE UKRAINIAN AND BELARUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS: ASSESSMENT AND IMPLICATIONS]''''.\n        Foreign Military Studies Office. August 1994\\n* Erlanger, S. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923132422/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/12/world/ukrainians-elect-a-new-president.html\n        UKRAINIANS ELECT A NEW PRESIDENT]''''. [[New York Times]]. July 12, 1994\\n\\n{{1994\n        presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian elections}}\\n{{Presidency\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:1994 elections in Ukraine|Presidential election]]\\n[[Category:Presidential\n        elections in Ukraine|1994]]\\n[[Category:June 1994 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:July\n        1994 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-07T13:27:58Z\",\"lastrevid\":794350850,\"length\":6611,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1994\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1994&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1994\"},\"7054765\":{\"pageid\":7054765,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1999\",\"index\":23,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-07T13:29:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n| election_name      = Ukrainian presidential election, 1999\\n|\n        country            = Ukraine\\n| type               = presidential\\n| ongoing            =\n        no\\n| previous_election  = Ukrainian presidential election, 1994\\n| previous_year      =\n        1994\\n| next_election      = Ukrainian presidential election, 2004\\n| next_year          =\n        2004\\n| election_date      = 31 October 1999 (first round) 
14 November\n        1999 (second round)\\n| image1             = [[File:Leonid Kuchma 2002-03-01.jpg|90px]]\\n|\n        nominee1           = ''''''[[Leonid Kuchma]]''''''\\n| party1             =\n        Independent (politician)\\n| popular_vote1      = ''''''15,870,722''''''\\n|\n        percentage1        = 57.7%\\n| image2             = [[File:Petro Symonenko.PNG|77px]]\\n|\n        nominee2           = {{nowrap|[[Petro Symonenko]]}}\\n| party2             =\n        Communist Party of Ukraine\\n| popular_vote2      = 10,665,420\\n| percentage2        =\n        38.8%\\n| map_image          = \\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438 1999.png\\n|\n        map_size           = 300px\\n| map_caption        = \\n| title              =\n        President\\n| before_election    = [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| before_party       = Nonpartisan\\n| after_party        =\n        Nonpartisan\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Presidential elections'''''' were held in [[Ukraine]]\n        on 31 October 1999, with a second round on 14 November.[[Dieter\n        Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] & St\\u00f6ver, P (2010) ''''Elections in Europe: A data\n        handbook'''', p1976 {{ISBN|9783832956097}} The result was a victory\n        for [[Leonid Kuchma]], who defeated [[Petro Symonenko]] in the run-off.Nohlen\n        & St\\u00f6ver, p1994\\n\\n==Electoral system==\\nAt the time of election\n        the population in Ukraine was 50,105,600 with 34,017,400 living in cities.{{cn|date=September\n        2014}} The most districts contained the [[Donetsk Oblast]] (23) as the most\n        populous one, the least electoral districts among oblasts were in the [[Chernivtsi\n        Oblast]], only 4. The city of [[Kiev]] had 12 electoral districts and [[Sevastopol]]\n        - 2. There also was a special ''''out-of-country district'''' available for\n        voters who at the moment of elections were not available to vote in Ukraine.\\n\\n==Registration==\\nThere\n        were 32 individuals who submitted their documents for registration as pretenders\n        on candidate to the President of Ukraine. Out of them 19 pretenders were registered\n        with the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] to run for presidential\n        elections, the rest 13 were denied in registration. \\n===Registered pretenders===\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Bazylyuk]], by Slavic Party\\n* [[Hennadiy Balashov]], by group\n        of voters ([[Dnipropetrovsk]])\\n* [[Ivan Bilas]], by [[Congress of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists]]\\n* [[Nataliya Vitrenko]], by [[Progressive Socialist Party\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Mykola Haber]], by Patriotic Party of Ukraine\\n* [[Yuriy\n        Karmazin]], by [[Motherland Defenders Party]]\\n* [[Vitaliy Kononov]], by [[Party\n        of Greens of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Yuriy Kostenko]], by group of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n*\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]], by group of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Yevhen Marchuk]], by\n        Bloc \\\"Our President - Yevhen Marchuk!\\\" (Social-Democratic Union, Christian-People''s\n        Union, [[Ukrainian Republican Party]], [[Ukrainian Peasant Democratic Party]])\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Moroz]], by [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Hryhoriy Novodvorsky]],\n        by group of voters (Dashiv, [[Vinnytsia Oblast]])\\n* [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]],\n        by group of voters ([[Kirovohrad]])\\n* [[Vasyl Onopenko]], by [[Ukrainian\n        Social Democratic Party]]\\n* [[Mykhailo Pavlovsky]], by group of voters ([[Khmelnytskyi]])\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Rzhavsky]], by All-Ukrainian Political Association \\\"One Family\\\"\\n*\n        [[Petro Symonenko]], by [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Tkachenko\n        (politician)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]], by [[Peasant Party of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Hennadiy\n        Udovenko]], by [[People''s Movement of Ukraine|National Movement of Ukraine]]\\n\\n''''''''''Notes:''''''''''\\n*\n        Udovenko and Kostenko initially were denied in registration, but on May 21,\n        1999 both were registered.\\n\\n===Registration denied===\\n* [[Mykola Havrylov]]\\n*\n        [[Borys Holodyuk]], by group of voters (Monastyrets, [[Lviv Oblast]])\\n* [[Volodymyr\n        Ivanovych Huba|Volodymyr Huba]], by group of voter ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Valentyna\n        Datsenko]], by All-Ukrainian Party of Female Initiatives\\n* [[Tetyana Zadorozhna]],\n        by group of voters ([[Shakhtarsk]])\\n* [[Oleh Kalashnikov]], by group of voters\n        ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Valeriy Korotkov]], by Women National Party (united)\\n* [[Dmytro\n        Korchynsky]], by group of voters (Pohoriltsi, [[Chernihiv Oblast]])\\n* [[Pavlo\n        Lazarenko]], by [[Hromada (political party)|Hromada]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Pukhkal]],\n        by group of voters (Mykolaivka, [[Kirovohrad Oblast]])\\n* [[Marian Roketsky]],\n        by group of voters ([[Ivano-Frankivsk]])\\n* [[Andriy Taranenko]], by group\n        of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Volodymyr Yurchenko]], by group of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n\\n===Candidates===\\nAll\n        pretenders were required to collect signatures to become candidates. In the\n        process ten pretenders were not able to gather the required signatures, while\n        six were reinstated on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]. Later\n        another two registered candidates withdrew.\\n* [[Oleksandr Bazylyuk]], initially\n        denied in registration, Bazylyuk was granted candidate status on decision\n        of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 11, 1999\\n* [[Nataliya Vitrenko]]\\n*\n        [[Mykola Haber]], initially denied in registration, Haber was granted candidate\n        status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 9, 1999\\n*\n        [[Yuriy Karmazin]], initially denied in registration, Karmazin was granted\n        candidate status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August\n        16, 1999\\n* [[Vitaliy Kononov]], initially denied in registration, Kononov\n        was granted candidate status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]\n        of August 12, 1999\\n* [[Yuriy Kostenko]]\\n* [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n* [[Yevhen\n        Marchuk]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Moroz]]\\n* [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]]\\n* [[Vasyl Onopenko]],\n        , initially denied in registration, Onopenko was granted candidate status\n        on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 6, 1999\\n* [[Oleksandr\n        Rzhavsky]], , initially denied in registration, Rzhavsky was granted candidate\n        status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 10, 1999\\n*\n        [[Petro Symonenko]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Tkachenko (politician)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]]\\n*\n        [[Hennadiy Udovenko]]\\n\\n''''''''''Notes:''''''''''\\n* On October 27, 1999\n        Oliynyk and Tkachenko withdrew from the election campaign.\\n\\n===Kaniv four===\\nSince\n        the summer of 1999 there was a sharp competition among the candidates. Four\n        candidates [[Yevhen Marchuk]], [[Oleksandr Moroz]], [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]]\n        (mayor of [[Cherkasy]]), and [[Oleksandr Tkachenko (politician)|Oleksandr\n        Tkachenko]] (speaker of [[Verkhovna Rada]]) met in [[Kaniv]] and called on\n        all candidates to just and honest elections. The \\\"Kaniv Four\\\" had intentions\n        to present a single candidate who would have more chances for success. It\n        however failed to do so and no one else joined them neither. [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]]\n        being promoted by [[Kirovohrad]] city residents, on October 27 surrendered\n        his candidacy in favor of [[Yevhen Marchuk]], while [[Oleksandr Tkachenko\n        (politician)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]] favored [[Petro Symonenko]] (leader of\n        [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]).\\n\\n==Results==\\nIn the first round the most\n        oblasts and the out-of-country district were won by Leonid Kuchma. In seven\n        oblasts the top candidate was Petro Symonenko mostly in the centre and south.\n        Oleksandr Moroz managed to become the leader in the more agrarian oriented\n        [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]] and [[Vinnytsia Oblast]]s. Nataliya Vitrenko took\n        the peak of the candidate list in the [[Sumy Oblast]].\\n\\n{| class=wikitable\n        style=text-align:right\\n!rowspan=2|Candidate\\n!rowspan=2|Party\\n!colspan=2|First\n        round\\n!colspan=2|Second round\\n|-\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Leonid\n        Kuchma]]||align=left|Independent{{ref|LeonidKuchma|Kuchma}} ||9.598.672||38.0||15,870,722||57.7\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Petro\n        Symonenko]]||align=left|[[Communist Party of Ukraine]]||5,849,077||23.1||10,665,420||38.8\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr\n        Moroz]]||align=left|[[Socialist Party of Ukraine]]||2,969,896||11.8||colspan=2\n        rowspan=11|\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Nataliya Vitrenko]]||align=left|[[Progressive\n        Socialist Party of Ukraine]]||2,886,972||11.4\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Yevhen Marchuk]]||align=left|Social\n        Democratic Union||2,138,356||8.5\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Yuriy Kostenko]]||align=left|[[Ukrainian\n        People''s Party|People''s Movement of Ukraine (K)]]||570,623||2.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Hennadiy\n        Udovenko]]||align=left|[[People''s Movement of Ukraine|The Movement]]-[[Reforms\n        and Order Party|Reforms and Order]]||319,778||1.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Vasyl\n        Onopenko]]||align=left|[[Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united)|Ukrainian\n        Social Democratic Party]]||124,040||0.5\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr Rzhavskyy]]||align=left|One\n        Family[http://www.edina-rodina.org/ Official website of the One Family]||95,515||0.4\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Yuriy\n        Karmazin]]||align=left|[[Motherland Defenders Party]]||90,793||0.4\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Vitaliy\n        Kononov]]||align=left|[[Party of Greens of Ukraine]]||76,832||0.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr\n        Bazyliuk]]||align=left|[[Slavic Party (Ukraine)|Slavic Party]]||36,012||0.1\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Mykola\n        Haber]]||align=left|Patriotic Party of Ukraine||31,829||0.1\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|Against all||477,019||1.9||970,181||3.5\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|Invalid/blank\n        votes||1,038,749||\\u2013||706,161||\\u2013\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|''''''Total''''''||''''''26,305,198''''''||''''''100''''''||''''''28,212,484''''''||''''''100''''''\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout||37,498,630||70.1||37,680,581||74.9\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=6|Source: Nohlen & St\\u00f6ver\\n|}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{note|LeonidKuchma}}\n        During the election campaign Kuchma was supported by the Bloc \\\"Our Choice\n        – Leonid Kuchma!\\\"[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/zasdannya_naradi_golv_poltichnih_party_bloku_nash_vibr___leond_kuchma_19125\n        Session of the conference of leaders of political parties of the bloc \\\"Our\n        Choice - Leonid Kuchma!\\\"]. [[Ukrinform]]. 19 November 1999Soskin,\n        O. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140914234706/http://uncp.soskin.info/print/news/487/lkuchma-pri-vladi---ukrayina-v-zanepadi.html\n        L.Kuchma at power – Ukraine in decline]. Institute of Society Transformation.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n*\n        Fritz, D.V. ''''\\\"State-Building: A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania,\n        Belarus, and Russia\\\"''''. Central European University Press. Budapest 2008.\n        {{ISBN|9637326995}}\\n* [[Taras Kuzio|Kuzio, T]]. ''''\\\"Ukraine after the elections\\\"''''\n        (manuscript)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp1999/WEBPROC0\n        Ukrainian presidential election, 1999]. [[Central Electoral Commission of\n        Ukraine]] website.\\n* ''''[http://www.history.vn.ua/book/ukrzno/174.html Handbook\n        on preparation to the Foreign Independent Evaluation (ZNO) on history of Ukraine]''''.\n        www.history.vn.ua\\n* Romanyuk, A.S., Skochilias, L.S., and others. [http://www.lnu.edu.ua/faculty/Phil/El_karta_knyzka/el_hystory_ukraine-1999.htm\n        Electoral map of Lviv region in inter regional section]. Lviv: TsPD, 2010.\\n*\n        Tantsiura, V. [http://pidruchniki.ws/12191010/istoriya/vibori_verhovnoyi_radi_1998_r\n        Political history of Ukraine].\\n* [http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/publications/uroki-ta-pidsumki-viborchoii-kampaniii-1999-roku-v-konteksti-viboriv-2004\n        Yulia Tyshchenko, Ukrainian Independent Center of Political Studies].\\n* [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/metod/vydannja/vibory1999.pdf\n        1999 Presidential elections]. Central Electoral Commission. Kiev 2000\\n* [http://svobodaslova.in.ua/news/read/23300\n        1999 Presidential elections: how it was. Part 2]. Freedom of speech in Ukraine.\\n\\n{{1999\n        presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian elections}}\\n{{Presidency\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:1999 elections in Ukraine|Presidential election]]\\n[[Category:Presidential\n        elections in Ukraine|1999]]\\n[[Category:October 1999 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:November\n        1999 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T08:07:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":794350994,\"length\":11849,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1999\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1999&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1999\"},\"1111039\":{\"pageid\":1111039,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004\",\"index\":11,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-15T11:47:03Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n| election_name      = Ukrainian presidential election, 2004\\n|\n        country            = Ukraine\\n| type               = presidential\\n| ongoing            =\n        no\\n| previous_election  = Ukrainian presidential election, 1999\\n| previous_year      =\n        1999\\n| next_election      = Ukrainian presidential election, 2010\\n| next_year          =\n        2010\\n| election_date      = October 31, November 21, December 26, 2004\\n|\n        image1             = [[File:Wiktor Juschtschenko, Pr\\u00e4sident der Ukraine,\n        in der Universit\\u00e4t Z\\u00fcrich.jpg|140px|Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n| nominee1           =\n        ''''''[[Viktor Yushchenko]]''''''\\n| party1             = Independent (politician)\\n|\n        popular_vote1      = ''''''15,115,712''''''\\n| percentage1        = 51.99%\\n|\n        image2             = [[File:Viktor Yanukovych (2011).jpg|120px|Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n|\n        nominee2           = [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n| party2             = Party of\n        Regions\\n| popular_vote2      = 12,848,528\\n| percentage2        = 44.20%\\n|\n        map_image          = Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Highest vote)a.png\\n|\n        map_size           = 275px\\n| map_caption        = Results of the December\n        26, 2004 repeated run-off presidential election. Orange\n        and Blue denotes regions where Yushchenko\n        and Yanukoych respectively were the highest polling candidates.\\n| title              =\n        President\\n| before_election    = [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n| before_party       = Nonpartisan\\n| after_party        =\n        Nonpartisan\\n}}\\n{{Politics of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2004'''''' was held on October 31, November 21 and December 26,\n        2004. The election was the fourth [[President of Ukraine|presidential]] election\n        to take place in [[Ukraine]] following independence from the [[Soviet Union]].\n        The last stages of the election were contested between the [[Our Ukraine (political\n        party)|opposition leader]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]] and the incumbent [[Prime\n        Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] from the [[Party\n        of Regions]]. The election was held in a highly charged political atmosphere,\n        with allegations of media bias, [[voter intimidation]] and a poisoning of\n        candidate Yushchenko with [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxin]].{{en\n        icon}} [http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/51514/ Dead End], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (October 29, 2009)\\n\\nAccording to Ukraine''s electoral law,\n        a [[two-round system]] is used to elect the President in which a candidate\n        must win a majority (50% or more) of all ballots cast. The first round of\n        voting was held on October 31, 2004. As no candidate had 50% or more of the\n        votes cast a run-off ballot between the two-highest polling candidates, Viktor\n        Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych, was held on November 21. According to official\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] results\n        announced on November 23, the run-off election was won by Viktor Yanukovych.\n        The election results were challenged by Viktor Yushchenko and his supporters\n        with many international observers claiming that the election was rigged.[[Anders \\u00c5slund]] and [[Michael McFaul]] (January 2006).\n        ''''Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''',\n        [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], {{ISBN|0-87003-221-6}}Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World,\n        [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], [[Yale University Press]], 2005,\n        {{ISBN|0-300-09545-7}}\\n\\nThe subsequent events led to a political crisis\n        in Ukraine, with widespread peaceful protesters, dubbed the \\\"[[Orange Revolution]],\\\"\n        calling for a re-run second round election. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Supreme Court]] annulled the official run-off results and ordered a repeat\n        of second round ballot.\\n\\nThe final\n        re-run ballot was held on December 26. Viktor Yushchenko was declared the\n        winner with 52 percent of the vote to Yanukovych''s 44 percent.\\n\\nInternational\n        observers reported that the re-run ballot was considered overall fairer than\n        the previous ballots.\\n\\n:''''For a timeline\n        of events that followed the runoff, see [[Post-election developments in Ukraine,\n        2004]].''''\\n\\n==Candidates==\\nAll together 26 candidates had been nominated\n        and participated in presidential elections.{{uk icon}} [http://www2.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/6/22/96993.htm\n        \\u0422\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (June 22, 2009)\\n\\nThe two main contenders in the election\n        were the incumbent Prime Minister and government-supported candidate [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] and opposition leader [[Viktor Yushchenko]]. Viktor Yanukovych,\n        who was the Prime Minister since 2002, was supported by the outgoing President\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]], as well as by the [[Russia]]n government and then president\n        [[Vladimir Putin]].\\n\\nViktor Yushchenko\n        was portrayed as being more [[pro-Western]] and had received support of the\n        [[European Union]] states and the [[United States]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev] by [[Ian Traynor]], [[The Guardian]]\n        (November 26, 2004)\\n\\n==Summary==\\n{{Ukrainian presidential election,\n        2004}}\\n\\n===Electoral Maps===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n|+ Maps showing\n        the top three Candidates support - percentage of total national vote  \\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukraine\n        Presidential Oct 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor Yushchenko\n        (First round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (Second round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (Final round)]]\\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004 Vote\n        (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor Yanukovych (First round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine\n        Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor Yanukovych\n        (Second round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yanukovych (Final round)]]\\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004 Vote\n        (Moroz).png|250px|center|Olexandr Moroz (First round) -]]\\n|}\\n\\n==Preliminary\n        vote==\\n[[Image:Ukrainian election 2004 1 ubt.JPG|250px|thumb|First round\n        voters in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] on October 31, 2004.]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine\n        Presidential Oct 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yushchenko\n        (First round) - percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential\n        Oct 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (First round)\n        - percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004\n        Vote (Moroz).png|250px|thumb|Olexandr Moroz (First round) - percentage of\n        total national vote]]\\n\\nThe preliminary ballot of the 2004 presidential election\n        was held on October 31, 2004. The official results recorded Viktor Yushchenko\n        with 39.87 percent and Victor Yanukovych 39.32 percent of the votes cast.\n        As no candidate had secured 50% or more votes required for outright victory,\n        a [[run-off election]] was scheduled for November 21. Although a 75 percent\n        turnout was recorded in the initial vote, observers reported many irregularities,\n        particularly in the regions where Yushchenko''s support was seen to be strongest. It was unclear how much of an impact this\n        had on the result.\\n\\nA total of 28,035,184 voters participated in the first\n        round of voting. Results of the preliminary vote were as follows:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\n        style=\\\"background:#ddd;\\\"\\n! align=left | candidate\\n! align=left | nominated\n        by\\n! style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | %\\n! style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | votes\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n| Independent\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 39.90\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 11,118,675\\n|-\\n| [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n| [[Party\n        of Regions]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 39.26\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 11,008,731\\n|-\\n| [[Oleksandr Moroz]]\\n| [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]]\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 5.82\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 1,632,098\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Petro Symonenko]]\\n| [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 4.97\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 1,396,135\\n|-\\n| [[Nataliya Vitrenko]]\\n|\n        [[Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 1.53\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 429,794\\n|-\\n| [[Anatoliy Kinakh]]\\n|\n        [[Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.93\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 262,530\\n|-\\n| [[Oleksander Mykolayovych\n        Yakovenko|Oleksandr Yakovenko]]\\n| [[Communist Party of Workers and Peasants]]\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.78\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 219,191\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Oleksandr Omelchenko]]\\n| [[Unity Party (Ukraine)|Unity Party]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.48\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 136,830\\n|-\\n| [[Leonid Chernovetsky]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.45\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 129,066\\n|-\\n| [[Dmytro Korchynskyy]]\\n| self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.17\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 49,961\\n|-\\n| [[Andriy Chornovil]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.12\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 36,278\\n|-\\n| [[Mykola Hrabar]]\\n| self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.07\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 19,657\\n|-\\n| [[Mykhaylo Brodskyy]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.05\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 16,498\\n|-\\n| [[Yuriy Zbitnyev]]\\n| [[New Power Party]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.05\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 16,321\\n|-\\n| [[Serhiy Komisarenko]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.04\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 13,754\\n|-\\n| [[Vasyl Volha]]\\n| non-governmental organization \\\"[[Public\n        Control]]\\\"\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.04\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 12,956\\n|-\\n| [[Bohdan Boyko]]\\n| [[People''s Movement of Ukraine for Unity]]\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.04\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 12,793\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Oleksandr Rzhavskyy]]\\n| [[United Family Party]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 10,714\\n|-\\n| [[Mykola Rohozhynskyy]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 10,289\\n|-\\n| [[Vladyslav Kryvobokov]]\\n| [[People''s Party of Depositors\n        and Social Protection]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 9,340\\n|-\\n| [[Oleksandr Bazylyuk]]\\n| [[Slavic Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 8,963\\n|-\\n| [[Ihor Dushyn]]\\n| [[Liberal\n        Democratic Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 8,623\\n|-\\n| [[Roman Mykolayovych Kozak|Roman Kozak]]\\n| [[Organization\n        of Ukrainian Nationalists]] in Ukraine\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.02\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 8,410\\n|-\\n| [[Volodymyr Nechyporuk]]\\n| self-nominated\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.02\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 6,171\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Hryhoriy Chernysh]]\\n| [[Party of Rehabilitation of Infirm People]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | \\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | withdrew\\n|-\\n| [[Vitaliy Kononov]]\\n|\n        [[Party of Greens of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | \\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | withdrew\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Against All\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |1.98\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |556,962\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Informal\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |2.97\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |834,426\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Total\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |100.00\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |28,035,184\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Participation\n        rate from 37,613,022\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |74.54\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |\\n|}\\n\\n==Run-off==\\n[[File:Ukraine Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|thumb|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (Second round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych\n        (Second round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote]]\\n\\nFollowing the\n        November 21 run-off ballot, Ukraine''s electoral commission declared Prime\n        Minister Viktor Yanukovych with 49.42% of the vote the winner with Viktor\n        Yushchenko receiving 46.69% of the ballots cast.http://www.cvk.gov.ua/postanovy/2004/p1265_2004_d.htm\n        [[Observers for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]]\n        (OSCE) said the run-off vote \\\"did not meet international standards\\\" and\n        U.S. senior election observer, Senator [[Richard Lugar]], called it a \\\"concerted\n        and forceful program of election day fraud\\\".\\n\\nThe geographic distribution\n        of the votes showed a clear east-west division of Ukraine, which is rooted\n        deeply in the [[History of Ukraine|country''s history]]. The western and central\n        parts roughly correspond with the former territories of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\n        Commonwealth]] in the 17th century. They are considered more pro-Western,\n        with the population mostly [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]-speaking and [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic]] (Uniate) in the west or [[Ukrainian Orthodox]] in the center,\n        and have voted predominantly for Yushchenko. The heavy-industrialized eastern\n        part, including the [[Crimea|Autonomous Republic of Crimea]], where the links\n        with [[Russia]] and the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] are much stronger, and\n        which contains many ethnic Russians, is a Yanukovych stronghold.\\n\\nBetween\n        the two rounds of the election, dramatic increases in turnout were recorded\n        in Yanukovych-supporting regions, while Yushchenko-supporting regions recorded\n        the same turnout or lower than recorded in the first round. This effect was\n        most marked in eastern Ukraine and especially in Yanukovych''s stronghold\n        of [[Donetsk Oblast]], where a turnout of 98.5% was reportedly claimed\\u2014more\n        than 40% up from the first round. In\n        some districts, turnout was recorded to be more than 100% than the previous\n        ballot, with one district reported by observers to have recorded a 127% turnout. According to election observers and post-election\n        investigations, pro-Yanukovych activists traveled around the country and voted\n        many times as absentees. Some groups\n        dependent on government assistance, such as students, hospital patients and\n        prisoners, were told to vote for the government candidate.[http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Invisible-ink-how-they-rigged-the-vote/2004/12/02/1101923247133.html\n        Invisible ink: how they rigged the vote], ''''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''''\n        (December 2, 2004)\\n\\nMany other alleged irregularities were reported,\n        including [[ballot stuffing]], intimidation at voting booths and huge numbers\n        of new voters appearing on the electoral rolls\\u2014in [[Donetsk]] alone,\n        half a million more voters were registered for the runoff election. Yanukovych\n        won all but one of the regions where significant increases in turnout were\n        noted. It was later determined by the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Supreme Court]] that this was in fact due to widespread falsification of the\n        results.\\n\\n==International influence\n        and reaction==\\n\\nMany commentators saw the elections as being influenced\n        by outside powers, notably the [[United States]], the [[European Union]] and\n        [[Russia]], with the US and EU backing Yushchenko ([[United States Secretary\n        of State|Secretary of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]], former [[National Security\n        Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]\n        and [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[John McCain]] all visited Kiev, in\n        official or private capacities {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}), and\n        Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] publicly backing Yanukovych. In the media\n        the two candidates were contrasted, with Yushchenko representing both the\n        pro-Western [[Kiev]] residents as well as the rural Ukrainians, whereas Yanukovych\n        representing the Eastern, pro-Russian industrial laborers.\\n\\nMore specifically it was considered that a Yushchenko victory\n        would represent a halt of Ukraine''s integration with the rest of the [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States]], and possibly a cancellation of the [[Eurasian Economic\n        Community#Common Economic Space|Common Economic Space]] between Russia, Ukraine,\n        [[Belarus]] and [[Kazakhstan]] that had already been agreed to by the Ukrainian\n        parliament; he would instead be likely to increase attempts at further integration\n        with Europe and a possible membership in the EU and NATO. Viktor Yanukovych\n        had promised to make Russian an official language for Ukraine, as is also\n        the case in other CIS member states Belarus, Kazakhstan and [[Kyrgyzstan]].\\n\\n===European\n        Union===\\n[[Image:Ukrainian Round Table 2004.jpg|thumb|225px|Round table talks\n        with Ukrainian and foreign representatives during the [[Orange Revolution]]\n        on December 1 in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nThe [[European Union]] made it clear that\n        they would not recognize the results of the election. All 25 member countries\n        of the EU summoned their ambassadors from Ukraine in order to register a sharp\n        protest against what is seen as election fraud.[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do;jsessionid=335ED3B0E938A20E30BDED4B98B2B687.node1?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2004-0046+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN\n        European Parliament resolution on the forthcoming presidential elections in\n        Ukraine], [[The European Parliament]] (October 28, 2004)\\n\\nThe [[European\n        Union]] disputed the election process in Ukraine, with [[European Commission]]\n        [[President of the European Commission|President]] [[Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Barroso]]\n        warning of consequences if there is no review of the election. During a meeting\n        between Putin and EU officials in [[the Hague]], the Russian president opposed\n        the EU reaction by saying that he was \\\"deeply convinced that we have no moral\n        right to push a big European state to any kind of massive disorder.\\\"\\n\\nAmong\n        EU member states, Ukraine''s western neighbors were most concerned. In [[Poland]],\n        Ukraine''s largest western neighbor, politicians, the media and ordinary citizens\n        enthusiastically supported Yushchenko and opposed the election fraud. Polish\n        deputies to the [[European Parliament]] have called for giving Ukraine the\n        prospect of future EU membership provided the country obeyed democratic standards.\n        Western EU members are however more reluctant with the idea of Ukrainian membership\n        in the EU, which results in Polish media accusing them of being more interested\n        in the integration process with [[Turkey]] and maintaining good relations\n        with Russia.\\n\\nOn November 25, former Ukrainian foreign minister and a close\n        collaborator of Yushchenko, [[Borys Tarasyuk]] delivered a speech before the\n        Polish [[Sejm]], urging Poland not to recognize the election result and help\n        solve the political crisis. On the same day former Polish President [[Lech\n        Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]] went to Kiev to publicly express his support for Viktor\n        Yushchenko. He was later followed by a number of Polish MPs from different\n        parties.\\n\\nOn November 26 the [[President of Poland]] [[Aleksander Kwa\\u015bniewski]]\n        arrived in Kiev, followed on the same day by the [[Union Minister for Foreign\n        Affairs|EU Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Javier Solana]] and the Lithuanian\n        president [[Valdas Adamkus]].\\n\\n===United States===\\n\\nThe [[United States\n        government]] also decided not to recognize the election, and expressed dissatisfaction\n        with the results; the outgoing [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary\n        of State]], [[Colin Powell]], quite unequivocally stated that the result announced\n        could not be accepted as legitimate by the [[United States]]. [[President\n        of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] and various members of\n        [[United States Congress|Congress]] made statements disclosing their concern\n        over the legitimacy of the polling. Prominent former [[Cold War]] hawk [[Zbigniew\n        Brzezinski]] cast the election as an opposition to renewed [[Imperial Russia|Russian\n        imperialism]]:\\n\\n{{cquote|Russia is more likely to make a break with its\n        imperial past if the newly independent post-Soviet states are vital and stable.\n        Their vitality will temper any residual Russian imperial temptations. Political\n        and economic support for the new states must be an integral part of a broader\n        strategy for integrating Russia into a cooperative transcontinental system.\n        A [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] Ukraine is a critically important component of\n        such a policy, as is support for such strategically pivotal states as [[Azerbaijan]]\n        and [[Uzbekistan]].[http://www.comw.org/pda/fulltext/9709brzezinski.html\n        A geostrategy for Eurasia by Zbigniew Brzezinski]}}\\n\\nU.S.\n        Senators [[John McCain]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] jointly wrote a letter nominating\n        Victor Yushchenko along with Georgian President [[Mikhail Saakashvili]] for\n        the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. The nomination was unsuccessful.[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-02/McCain-intvu-4Feb2005.cfm?renderforprint=1&textonly=1&&TEXTMODE=1&CFID=325983691&CFTOKEN=32206922&jsessionid=de308c70569d672ad4905073587111252664\n        Senator McCain Tells Ukrainians of Nobel Nomination for Yushchenko], [[Voice\n        of America]] (February 5, 2005)[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2005/\n        The Nobel Peace Prize 2005], [[Nobel Foundation]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential\n        Dec 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yushchenko (Final round)\n        - percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004\n        Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (Final round) - percentage\n        of total national vote]]\\n\\n===Russia and the CIS===\\n\\nRussia''s President,\n        Vladimir Putin congratulated Viktor Yanukovych, which was followed shortly\n        afterward by [[Belarus|Belorussian]] president [[Alexander Lukashenko]], on\n        his victory before election results were officially declared.[http://www.kvali.com/kvali/index.asp?obiektivi=show&n=195\n        Kvali Online Magazine] [[CIS election observation missions|CIS election\n        observers]] praised the second round of the elections as \\\"legitimate and\n        of a nature that reflected democratic standards\\\", a view in direct contradiction\n        to other monitoring organizations such as the [[European Network of Election\n        Monitoring Organizations|ENEMO]], the [[Committee of Voters of Ukraine]] and\n        the [[International Election Observation Mission|IEOM]].[http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=401&issue_id=3151&article_id=2368899\n        The Jamestown Foundation]\\n\\nProminent hardliners\n        in Russia cast the election as opposition to renewed Western [[imperialism]].\n        [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Russian Communist Party]] leader\n        [[Gennady Zyuganov]], for example, blames the West for interfering in the\n        situation in Ukraine in the run-up to the October 31 presidential election:\\n\\n{{cquote|I\n        have been in Kiev for a third day and I see for myself that the numerous actions\n        of local opposition bear the earmarks of those groups that at different times\n        tried to destabilize Prague, Budapest and Bucharest \\u2014 the earmarks of\n        U.S. special services.}}\\n\\nOn November 28, [[Yuriy Luzhkov]], the Mayor of\n        Moscow, gave a speech denouncing the Ukrainian opposition, calling its members\n        a \\\"sabbath of witches\\\" pretending to \\\"represent the whole of the nation.\\\"[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/28/international/europe/28cnd-ukraine.html?ex=1102309200&en=ff2c4369fabe9ed3&ei=5040&partner=MOREOVER\n        The New York Times International > Europe > Supporters of President-Elect\n        in Ukraine Push Back] Russian newspapers\n        have printed increasingly shrill warnings,\n        with the Communist party paper ''''[[Pravda]]'''' claiming: \\\"NATO troops\n        in Hungary and Poland are preparing to move, and Romanian and Slovakian military\n        units have been put on alert. Ukrainian towns are in their sights.\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4061315.stm\n        Press elation and alarm at Ukraine events], [[BBC News]] (December 2, 2004)\\n\\nSeveral\n        other CIS countries lined up with Russia in supporting Yanukovych. [[Belarus]]ian\n        President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] phoned Yanukovych to offer his own congratulations\n        before the results had been officially declared. [[Kazakhstan]]''s President\n        [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] wrote to Yanukovych that \\\"Your victory shows that\n        the Ukrainian people have made a choice in favour of the unity of the nation,\n        of democratic development and economic progress.\\\"\n        The presidents of [[Kyrgyzstan]] ([[Askar Akayev]]) and of [[Uzbekistan]]\n        ([[Islam Karimov]]) likewise sent their congratulations. However, later Karimov\n        criticized Russia''s involvement in the Ukrainian election, saying that \\\"Russia\\u2019s\n        excessive demonstration of its willingness to see a certain outcome in the\n        vote has done more harm than good.\\\"[http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/02/karimov.shtml\n        Mosnews.com]\\n\\nIn contrast, the [[Georgia\n        (country)|Georgian]] president [[Mikhail Saakashvili]] indicated his support\n        for the supporters of Yushchenko, saying that \\\"What is happening in Ukraine\n        today clearly attests to the importance of Georgia''s example for the rest\n        of the world.\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4047661.stm BBC NEWS\n        | Europe | Ex-Soviet bloc states mull election]\n        This was a reference to the [[Rose Revolution]] of late 2003. Indeed, Georgians\n        have been highly visible in the demonstrations in Kiev and the [[flag of Georgia\n        (country)|flag of Georgia]] has been among those on display in the city''s\n        Independence Square, while Yushchenko himself held up a rose in a seeming\n        reference to the Rose Revolution. [[Moldova''s Foreign Ministry]] issued a\n        statement late November 2004 that stated \\\"basic democratic principles were\n        distorted\\\" and expressed regret that the poll \\\"lacked the objective criteria\n        necessary for their recognition by both the citizens of Ukraine and the international\n        community\\\".\\n\\n[[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] kept\n        more cautious positions, supporting neither side but stressing the need for\n        Ukrainian unity.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4047661.stm\n        Ex-Soviet bloc states mull election ], [[BBC News]] (November 27, 2004)\\n\\nOn\n        December 2, one day before the Supreme Court ruled in favor of a repeat runoff\n        ballot, President Kuchma visited Moscow to discuss the crisis with Russia''s\n        President Vladimir Putin. Putin supported Kuchma''s position of desiring wholly\n        new elections, rather than just a repeat of the second round.\\n\\n==Re-run==\\nThe final results of the rerun ballot recorded\n        Viktor Yushchenko receiving 52.00% of the votes, with Viktor Yanukovych on\n        44.19% which represented a change in the vote by +5.39% to Yushchenko and\n        -5.27% from Yanukovych.\\n\\nViktor Yanukovych conceded defeat on December 31,\n        2004 and subsequently resigned as Ukraine''s Prime Minister the same day.\n        Despite Yushchenko''s victory in the second round of voting, the regional\n        voting patterns remained largely unchanged between each round, with many southern\n        and eastern provinces supporting Yanukovych, with the west and central regions\n        favoring Yushchenko.\\n\\nUkraine''s supreme court rejected an appeal lodged\n        by Viktor Yanukovych against the electoral commission''s conduct of the election\n        on January 6.\\n\\nOn January 10 the Ukrainian Electoral Commission officially\n        declared Viktor Yushchenko the winner and on January 11 published the final\n        election results,[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/postanovy/2005/p0015_2005.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0412\\u041a\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 10 \\u0441\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u044f 2005 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u211615] clearing the way for Yushchenko\n        to be inaugurated as Ukraine''s fifth President. The official ceremonies took\n        place on Sunday, January 23 at about noon, when Yushchenko undertook the constitutional\n        oath was sworn in as President.\\n\\nIn November 2009 Yanukovych stated that\n        although his victory in the elections was \\\"taken away\\\" he gave up this victory\n        in order to avoid bloodshed. \\\"I didn''t want mothers to lose their children\n        and wives their husbands. I didn''t want dead bodies from [[Kiev]] to flow\n        down the [[Dnieper River|Dnipro]]. I didn''t want to assume power through\n        bloodshed.\\\"[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/26340/ Yanukovych says\n        presidential election scenario of 2004 won''t be repeated in 2010], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (November 27, 2009)\\n\\n==Aftermath==\\nDespite alleged convincing evidence\n        pointing to high-level involvement in the [[Leonid Kuchma|Kuchma]] administration\n        and the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]][https://books.google.com/books?id=zWAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT20\n        The Orange Revolution] by [[Taras Kuzio]], [[Democracy at Large]], {{ISSN|1552-9606}},\n        volume 1/number 2, 2005 (page 9) no criminal election fraud charges\n        have been filed against any top officials. The prosecutor general did arrest\n        several public figures on charges of election fraud in the first half of 2005,\n        but no high-profile case was brought to court. On 23 September\n        2005 Yushchenko announced a pact with the [[Party of Regions]] in which he\n        promised to look into an amnesty for those convicted of vote rigging during\n        the 2004 Ukrainian presidential elections.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ebjEVjJ-DcAC&pg=PA580\n        Countries at the crossroads: a survey of democratic governance] by Sanja Tatic\n        & Christopher Walker, [[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-5801-4}}\n        (page 580)[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1342327.html Corruption\n        Watch: October 3, 2005], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (October 3, 2005)\n        One of the top election-fraud suspects, former CEC head Serhiy Kivalov, is\n        a [[Party of Regions]] deputy who heads the [[Ukrainian Parliament]]\\u2019s\n        Judiciary Committee.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54839/\n        Nation\\u2019s law enforcers have dismal track record], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        11, 2009)\\n\\nDuring the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010\n        presidential election]]-campaign [[Viktor Yanukovych]] pledged to prevent\n        electoral fraud during those elections: \\\"We will properly respond to all\n        provocations and attempts to fake election results\\\".[http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20091223/157329746.html\n        Opposition leader pledges to prevent fraud at Ukraine election], [[RIA Novosti]]\n        (December 23, 2009)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{Commons|Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004}}\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/postanovy/2005/p0015_2005.htm\n        Central Election Commission of Ukraine] \\u2014 Resolution on official final\n        results {{uk icon}}\\n*[http://vasylchenko.in.ua Serhiy Vasylchenko: Electoral\n        Geography of Ukraine 1991 - 2010]\\n* [http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=4&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2004-0046+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN\n        European Parliament resolution]\\n* [http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1123/p05s01-woeu.html\n        Christian Science Monitor: One election, two Viktors]\\n* [http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=236\n        PINR - Ukrainian Presidential Elections: To East or West?]\\n* [http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/\n        A description of the procedure by an international observer]\\n* [http://www.skrobach.com/ukrel041.htm\n        Complete 2004 Election Results]\\n\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n{{2004 presidential election\n        candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian Elections}}\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Presidential Election, 2004}}\\n[[Category:Presidential elections in Ukraine|2004]]\\n[[Category:2004\n        elections in Ukraine|Presidential election]]\\n[[Category:Corruption in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political\n        corruption]]\\n[[Category:Electoral fraud]]\\n[[Category:Orange Revolution]]\\n[[Category:Annulled\n        elections]]\\n[[Category:November 2004 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:December\n        2004 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T10:53:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":790686352,\"length\":31864,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004\"},\"7688465\":{\"pageid\":7688465,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2010\",\"index\":7,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-08T22:38:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n|election_name = Ukrainian presidential election, 2010\\n|country\n        = Ukraine\\n|type = presidential\\n|ongoing = no\\n|previous_election = Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004\\n|previous_year = 2004\\n|next_election = Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2014\\n|next_year = 2014\\n|election_date = 17 January\n        and 7 February 2010\\n|image1 = [[File:Viktor Yanukovych 2007-01-15.jpg|130px]]\\n|nominee1\n        = ''''''[[Viktor Yanukovych]]''''''\\n|party1 = Party of Regions\\n|popular_vote1\n        = ''''''12,481,266''''''\\n|percentage1 = 48.95%\\n|image2 = [[File:Yulia Tymoshenko\n        (2008).jpg|120px]]\\n|nominee2 = [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]\\n|party2 = All-Ukrainian\n        Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"\\n|popular_vote2 = 11,593,357\\n|percentage2 = 45.47%\\n|map_image\n        = \\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440 2010 \\u043f\\u043e\n        \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\\u0445-en.png\\n|map_size = 300px\\n|map_caption\n        = Results of the February 7 run-off.\\n|title = President\\n|before_election\n        = [[Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n|after_election = [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n|before_party\n        = Our Ukraine (political party)\\n|after_party = Party of Regions\\n}}\\n{{Politics\n        of Ukraine (small)}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian presidential election of 2010''''''\n        was [[Ukraine]]''s fifth presidential election since declaring independence\n        from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991. The first round was held on January 17,\n        2010. The run-off between Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] and opposition\n        leader [[Viktor Yanukovych]] followed on February 7, 2010.\\n\\nOn February\n        14, Viktor Yanukovych, with 48.95% of the popular vote, was declared President-elect\n        and winner of the 2010 Ukrainian Presidential election. According to [[s:Constitution\n        of Ukraine#Article 104|Article 104 of Ukraine''s Constitution]], the President\n        must be sworn into office within 30 days from the official declaration of\n        the poll before the Ukrainian parliament.[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/news/protokol_cvk_07022010.pdf\n        CEC official declaration of the 2010 Presidential election], [[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]] The Ukrainian Parliament scheduled Yanukovych''s\n        inauguration for February 25.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59703/\n        Update: Yanukovych to be sworn in, rival fights on], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''\n        (February 14, 2010)\\n\\nOn February 17, 2010, the Supreme Administrative\n        Court of Ukraine, suspended the results of the election on appeal from Tymoshenko.\n        The court suspended the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] ruling\n        that announced that Viktor Yanukovych won the election, but did not postpone\n        or cancel Yanukovych''s inauguration.https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/world/europe/18ukraine.html\n        High Court in Ukraine Weighs Appeal on Election[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00\n        Ukrainian election results suspended on appeal][http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8519922.stm\n        Ukrainian election result suspended after PM''s appeal] On February\n        20, Tymoshenko withdrew her appeal.[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/world/europe/21ukraine.html\n        Ukraine Prime Minister Drops Election Challenge], ''''[[New York Times]]''''\n        (February 20, 2010)\\n\\n==Summary==\\nEarly-vote returns from the first\n        round of the election held on 17 January showed Yanukovych in first place\n        with 35.8% of the vote.{{cite news|title=Ukrainian Presidential\n        Election Set for Runoff|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704541004575010390901914042?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines|work=The\n        Wall Street Journal|date=18 January 2010|accessdate=2010-01-18|first=James|last=Marson}}\n        He faced a 7 February 2010 runoff against Tymoshenko, who finished second\n        (with 24.7% of the vote).\\n\\nAnalysts predicted a slight advantage for Tymoshenko\n        in the second (and final) round as she was more likely to attract voters from\n        the other 16 candidates who did not proceed to the second round.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/57292/\n        Analysts say exit poll results favor Tymoshenko win on Feb. 7], ''''Kyiv Post''''\n        (18 January 2010) Viktor Yanukovych refused to hold debates with his\n        opponent before the second round of voting, saying Yulia Tymoshenko should\n        either take responsibility for every word as prime minister, or go to the\n        kitchen.[http://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/],\n        [[The Financial]] (1 February 2010) After all ballots were counted,\n        the Ukrainian Central Election Commission declared that Yanukovych won the\n        election with 48.95% of the vote compared with 45.47% for Tymoshenko.{{uk icon}}[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp300pt001f01=701.html\n        Regular elections of the President of Ukraine 17/01/2010], [[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]] members immediately\n        claimed that there was systematic and large-scale vote rigging in this run-off.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59198/\n        Turchynov: vote rigging in favor of Yanukovych was systematic, large-scale],\n        ''''Kyiv Post'''' (10 February 2009)[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/6za4s343\n        Nataliya Korolevska: victory will be ours], Yulia Tymoshenko official website\n        (8 February 2009)[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/37u69796\n        Andriy Shevchenko: whole gamut of fraud in Donbas], Yulia Tymoshenko official\n        website (8 February 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2009)\\n\\nOn 10 February 2010, Yanukovych called on Tymoshenko to abandon\n        her protests and resign as Prime Minister. On 9 February\n        2010, Yanukovych had stated that [[Borys Kolesnykov]] was his preferred next\n        [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]. According to him [[Next Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election|pre-term parliamentary elections]] will be imminent if the [[Ukrainian\n        parliament]] would not work effectively. Yanukovych also stated that, as the\n        largest faction in the parliament at the time, his party was entitled to nominate\n        the premier.[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/02/09/216009 \\\"Yanukovych\n        opts for Borys Kolesnykov to become premier\\\"], Z I K (9 February 2010)\n        On 15 February, Yanukovych stated \\\"I do not rule out the candidature of [[Tigipko]]\n        (as next Prime Minister). Tigipko is on the list which, in my opinion, will\n        be discussed next week in [[Verkhovna Rada|parliament]]\\\".[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59550/\n        Yanukovych does not rule out Tigipko as prime minister], ''''Kyiv Post''''\n        (15 February 2010)\\n\\nOn 16 February 2010, [[Ukraine''s parliament]]\n        had fixed 25 February 2010 for the inauguration of Yanukovych as president.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59629/\n        Update: Ukraine''s Yanukovych to be sworn in on Feb. 25], ''''Kyiv Post''''\n        (16 February 2010) On 17 February 2010, \\\"the Higher Administrative\n        Court of Ukraine\\\", suspended the results of the election on Yulia Tymoshenko''s\n        appeal.[{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00|title=Ukrainian\n        election results suspended on appeal|publisher=Google News|agency=[[Associated\n        Press]]|date=17 February 2010|deadurl=y|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221065939/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00|archivedate=21\n        February 2010}}{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8519922.stm|title=Ukrainian\n        election result suspended after PM''s appeal|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 February\n        2010|accessdate=18 January 2016}}\\nOn 20 February 2010, Tymoshenko withdrew\n        her appeal after \\\"the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine\\\" rejected her\n        petition to scrutinize documents:[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/vu8az6s6\n        Yulia Tymoshenko will not challenge election results in Supreme Court], Official\n        website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2009)
\\n\\u2014 about 300,000\n        voters who voted but were not in the \\\"Register of Voters of Ukraine\\\";\\n\\u2014 about 1.3 million voters who \\\"without right\\\" voted in their homes;\\n\\u2014 about falsification in the election in the eastern regions (Donetsk,\n        Luhansk, Kharkiv region, Crimea, etc.) \\u2014 fixed by law-enforcement officials.
\\nTymoshenko stated, \\\"I and my political party will never\n        recognize Yanukovych as the legitimately elected president of Ukraine\\\", and\n        \\\"an honest court will assess that Yanukovych was not elected President of\n        Ukraine, and that the will of the people had been rigged\\\".{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/uv4w2uwz|title=Yulia Tymoshenko:\n        sooner or later an honest court will assess the fraudulent 2010 elections|work=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko Official website|date=20 February 2010|deadurl=y|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225000534/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/uv4w2uwz|archivedate=25\n        February 2010}}\\n\\n===Public opinion===\\nPublic [[Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2010#Opinion polls|Opinion Polls]] predicted the Party of Regions\n        and Viktor Yanukovych''s win in the 2010 Presidential election. in February\n        2010. According to an article in ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' in November 2009, Yanukovych''s\n        popularity in the [[Donbass]] was fading and Donbass voters voted mainly for\n        Yanukovych to keep Tymoshenko from power.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53727/\n        \\\"Voting for Yanukovych, but unenthusiastically\\\"], ''''Kyiv Post'''' (26\n        November 2009)\\n\\n==Background==\\n{{expand section|reason=The 2004 \\\"[[Orange\n        revolution]]\\\" should be mentioned in the context of these elections|date=November\n        2016}}\\nIn Ukraine, the previous two presidential first round ballots have\n        traditionally occurred in October.\\n\\nAccording to the [[s:Constitution of\n        Ukraine#Article 103|Constitution of Ukraine]], regular elections of the President\n        of Ukraine are held on the last Sunday of the last month of the fifth year\n        of the term of authority of the President of Ukraine. In the event of pre-term\n        termination of authority of the President of Ukraine, elections of the President\n        of Ukraine are held within ninety days from the day of termination of the\n        authority.\\n\\nEarly Presidential elections can be held in case of presidential\n        resignation, ill-health, [[impeachment]] or death.\\n\\nThe President of Ukraine\n        is elected by the citizens of Ukraine for a five-year term, on the basis of\n        universal, equal and direct suffrage, by secret ballot.\\n\\nA candidate seeking\n        election must be a citizen of Ukraine who has attained the age of thirty-five,\n        has the right to vote, has resided in Ukraine for the past ten years prior\n        to the day of elections, and has command of the state language as required\n        by [[s:Constitution of Ukraine#Article 103|Article 103 of Ukraine''s Constitution]].\\n\\nOn\n        April 1, 2009, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] designated October 25, 2009, as the\n        date for the first round of voting. Within a week, President Yushchenko filed\n        an appeal with the Constitutional Court against Verkhovna Rada''s October\n        25 date. The President''s appeal argued that his inauguration on January 23,\n        2005, was the commencement of his five-year term of office and as such the\n        next presidential election must be set for the last Sunday before January\n        23, 2010, in accordance with Article 103.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-310155.html\n        Yushchenko appeals parliament''s decision to call presidential election for\n        Oct. 25], [[UNIAN]] (April 8, 2009)\\n\\nOn May 13, 2009, the court ruled\n        in Yushchenko''s favor, striking out the October 25th date for the elections.[http://www.pr-inside.com/ukraine-court-rules-election-date-unconstitutional-r1251445.htm\n        Ukraine court rules election date unconstitutional], PR-inside.com (May 13,\n        2009) On May 14, 2009, the [[Party of Regions]] leader [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        stated that the presidential elections should now be held on January 17, 2010.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/13852/\n        Yanukovych agrees with Yushchenko on presidential election date], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (May 14, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/13747/ Court\n        declares unconstitutional parliament''s resolution calling presidential polls\n        for October 25, 2009], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (May 13, 2009)[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-315428.html\n        Constitutional Court rules against presidential poll date], [[UNIAN]] (May\n        13, 2009)\\n\\nOn June 23, 2009, the [[Verkhovna Rada|Parliament]] rescheduled\n        the date for the election for Sunday January 17, 2010, with 399 lawmakers\n        out of 442 lawmakers registered in the session hall voted \\\"for\\\" the resolution\n        \\\"On appointing of regular election of President of Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Ministry\n        of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)|Minister of Internal Affairs]] [[Yuriy Lutsenko]]\n        said on September 21, 2009, that he believes that the lists of voters at this\n        Presidential election will be more qualitative and more \\\"clear\\\" than it\n        was at [[Ukrainian Presidential election|previous elections]] because \\\"double\n        names\\\" were removed from the list.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-337162.html\n        All doubles are eliminated \\u2013 Lutsenko], [[UNIAN]] (September 21, 2009)\n        The same day the [[Party of Regions]] complained about a lot of mistakes in\n        that list and that the number of voters fell in the Southern Ukraine and Eastern\n        Ukraine and increased by 0.5\\u20131% in Western Ukraine.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/20606/\n        Regions Party worried about numerous inaccuracies in state register of voters],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (September 21, 2009) It is the first time the state\n        register of voters will be used in a Ukrainian election.\\n\\n==Law\n        on presidential elections==\\nUkraine''s President is elected by a [[two-round\n        system|two-round]] [[first-past-the-post]] voting system. The first round\n        of voting was held on January 17, 2010. As no candidate in the first round\n        ballot had 50% or more votes the two highest polling candidates faced off\n        in a second round ballot[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57219/\n        Presidential election gets under way in Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (January 17,\n        2010) which was held on February 7, 2010. Victor Yanukovych received\n        the highest vote (48.96%) and is expected to be declared the winner.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/metod/kultura/npa/vp_26102009.htm|title=Law\n        on the election of the President of Ukraine article 85 (16)|work=[[Ukrainian\n        legislature]]|publisher=[[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]]|accessdate=2009-08-21}}\n        Under Ukrainian law president elect must take the oath within 30 days\n        of the declaration of the poll which must be made before February 17, 2010.\\n\\nOn\n        July 24, 2009, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] (Ukrainian parliament) amended the Law\n        on Presidential Elections reducing the official presidential campaign from\n        120 to 90 days.[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/metod/kultura/npa/vp.htm Law\n        on Presidential Elections], [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (Ukrainian)[http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2009/CDL-EL%282009%29023-e.asp\n        Law on Presidential Elections], [[Venice Commission]]\\n[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-327957.html\n        VR reduced term of presidential campaign from 120 to 90 days], [[UNIAN]]\n        (July 24, 2009) Outgoing President Viktor Yushchenko refused to sign\n        the new law and lodged an appeal in Ukraine''s Constitutional Court, but failed\n        to outline in detail the grounds for any appeal.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/47329\n        Law on presidential elections will be amended during election campaign, says\n        Yuschenko''s secretariat], [[Kyiv Post]] (August 21, 2009) The speaker\n        of the parliament, Volodymyr Lytvyn, signed the amended law into existence\n        following the President''s refusal to sign it.\\n\\nMaryna Stavniychuk, deputy\n        head of the presidential secretariat and the President''s spokesperson on\n        legal matters stated ''''\\\"It is obvious that there are no serious political\n        or legal grounds to consider the issue of the possible disruption of the presidential\n        elections in Ukraine\\\"\\n'''' [http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49470 Ukraine''s\n        presidential elections will not be disrupted], [[Kyiv Post]] (September 25,\n        2009)\\n\\nThe amended law on the Presidential elections required candidates\n        to pay a 2,500,000 [[hryvnia]]s (~308,000 [[United States dollar|USD]]) nomination\n        deposit which will only be refunded to the two highest polling candidates\n        that progressed to the second round of voting.\\n\\nOn October 19, 2009, the\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] formed the 225 territorial election\n        districts needed for carrying out the election.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-342037.html\n        CEC formed 225 territorial election districts], [[UNIAN]] (October 19, 2009)\\n\\nOctober\n        20, 2009, Ukraine''s Constitutional Court announced its ruling declaring unconstitutional\n        five aspects of the new law of the Presidential election. Voters abroad will\n        no longer have to be registered with the Ukrainian consulate in order to cast\n        a vote. The courts will retain the right to consider without limitations any\n        application or appeal in respect to a candidate''s registration or the conduct\n        of the election. The cancellation of absentee ballots remains as does the\n        90-day election period and the 2.5 million hryvnia deposit. The ruling\n        of the Constitutional Court is not expected to impact seriously on the election\n        as the amended legislation remains in place.[http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-342226.html\n        Constitutional court rules on Law of President elections], [[UNIAN]] (October\n        20, 2009)[http://www.ccu.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=75929 Ruling\n        26/2009 Compliance with the Constitution of Ukraine (constitutionality) of\n        certain provisions of laws of Ukraine \\\"On elections of President of Ukraine\\\"\n        On State Register of Voters, \\\"\\\" On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of\n        Ukraine on the presidential elections in Ukraine and the Code of Administrative\n        Procedure Ukraine], [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] (October 19, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        December 21, 2009, the Central Election Commission of Ukraine formed 113 foreign\n        polling stations.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55701/\n        Ukraine''s CEC forms 113 foreign polling stations for presidential elections],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 22, 2009)\\n\\nVoters are permitted to vote at\n        home during the Presidential election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56445/\n        Tymoshenko to appeal against CEC decision permitting home voting during presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (January 5, 2010)\\n\\n==Costs==\\nThe [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] has estimated\n        the budget of the holding of regular presidential elections in Ukraine at\n        1.5 billion [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnias]][http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/07/29/102946.html\n        Presidential direct election to cost Ukraine over 1.5 billion UAH], For-ua\n        (July 29, 2009) (approximately 200 million [[United States dollar|US\n        dollars]]) with additional costs required by candidates to fund their campaigns.\\n\\nEach\n        candidate is required to pay an election deposit of 2.5 million hryvnias\n        (Approximately 300,000 US dollars) The deposit will be refunded to the two\n        highest polling candidates who progress to the second round of elections.\\n\\nOn\n        November 26 the Central Election Commission stated a total of 1.314 billion\n        hryvnias is required to hold the presidential election, including 192.2 million\n        in 2009 and 1.122 billion in 2010.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53669/\n        Central Election Commission cuts expenditure on presidential election by Hr\n        17.3 million], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 26, 2009)\\n\\nAssessments\n        by political analysts show that each presidential candidate will have to spend\n        at least US $150\\u2013200mn to promote himself; this includes buying story\n        lines in the media, visual advertising, canvassing, printing political material\n        and, work with electoral commissions.[http://en.proua.com/pulse%20of%20the%20week/2009/08/26/181226.html\n        How much for today''s president?], proUa (August 26, 2009)\\n\\nChairman\n        of the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, Oleksandr Chernenko, also commented\n        that Presidential candidates will spend 1 billion US dollars on the election\n        campaign[http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/10/20/175926.html Presidential\n        candidates will spend at least USD 1 billion on election campaign in\n        Ukraine], ForUm (October 20, 2009)\\n\\nThe cost of the run-off ballot\n        is estimated to cost US$119 million[http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=179639\n        Run-off to take UAH 448.581, 119 million \\u2013 CEC ], UkrInform (January\n        28, 2010)\\n\\n==Timetable==\\nUkraine''s Central Electoral Commission\n        (CEC) has set the following timetable for the conduct of the election:[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/acts/getd?id=24265&ptext=\n        Official text (Ukrainian), CEC]\\n* October 19: Official 90-day Election\n        Campaign period commences\\n* October 20 to November 6: Nominations open\\n*\n        November 9: Deadline for nomination document/submissions\\n
CEC\n        has five days to assess and approve or reject nominations
\\n*\n        November 11: Deadline for candidates to submit any corrections to documentation\\n*\n        November 13: CEC to finalize registration of nominations\\n* November 15: CEC\n        to publish nomination lists of candidates\\n
CEC provides certified\n        copies of the voters list to all candidates. Within Three days of registration\n        Candidates must provide a statement of assets and income. Candidates allowed\n        to commence official campaign one day after registration is finalized.
\\n*\n        December 9: Foreign polling stations to be set up.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53281/\n        Foreign polling stations for Ukrainian presidential elections to be set up\n        by Dec. 9], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 20, 2009)\\n* December 15: CEC to\n        approve ballot paper format ready for printing.\\n* December 21: Deadline for\n        withdrawals of candidature.\\n* January 2: Last day for public opinion polls\n        to be published prior to election.\\n* January 9: All ballot papers to be printed\n        and ready for distribution to polling stations/districts.\\n* January 15: Last\n        day of public campaigning before polling day\\n* January 17: Election (First\n        round ballot) Polling commences 8 am and closes 10 pm\\n* January\n        22: Tabulation of overseas and territorial polling place to be completed\\n*\n        January 27: Determination of voting results and declaration of poll\\n\\nAs\n        no single candidate had 50% or more of the total recorded vote the two highest\n        polling candidates faced off in a second round ballot. The candidate with\n        the highest vote in the second round will win the election.\\n* February 7:\n        Final round run-off ballot\\n* February 17: Declaration of the election must\n        be made within 10 days following the ballot or within 3 days of\n        receipt of the official election protocols.\\n\\nAccording to Article 104 of\n        Ukraine''s Constitution the President-elect within 30 days of the declaration\n        of the poll must be sworn into office before Ukraine''s parliament\\n* February\n        25: Viktor Yanukovych is sworn into office.\\n\\n==Nominated candidates==\\nThe\n        following candidates nominated for the Presidential elections (in ballot paper\n        order)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55223 Candidates\n        to be numbered in ballot paper for voting at elections], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        16, 2009) A total of 18 candidates ran for president.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198540.html\n        CEC registers seven more presidential candidates, including Poroshenko, Tymoshenko],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (31 March 2014)\\n* [[Inna Bohoslovska]], member\n        of [[Verkhovna Rada]], unaffiliated (block ''''Party of Regions'''')[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-317447.html\n        MP Bohoslovska quits Party of Regions], [[UNIAN]] (May 25, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51000\n        MP Bohoslovska nominates herself for president], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 20,\n        2009){{cite web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227060.html|title=Bohoslovska\n        Applies CEC For Registering Her President Candidate|work=[[Ukrainian News]]|publisher=[[UkraNews]]|accessdate=2009-10-23}}\\n*\n        [[Mykhaylo Brodskyy]], leader of the [[Party of Free Democrats]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/228249.html|title=Leader Of Free\n        Democrats Party Brodskyi Applies To CEC To Register Him Candidate For President|work=[[Ukrainian\n        News]]|publisher=[[UkraNews]]|accessdate=2009-10-20}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://cvk.gov.ua/news/news_02112009.htm|title=CEC registered two\n        more candidates for the President UKRAINE|work=[[Central Election Commission\n        of Ukraine]]|publisher=Central Election Commission of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-11-02}}\\n*\n        [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]], member of [[Our Ukraine (political party)|Our Ukraine]],\n        former Minister of Defense{{cite web|url=http://en.ura-inform.com/elections/2009/05/28/griz_pres|title=Hrytsenko\n        joins the fight for the presidency|accessdate=2009-06-15|date=May 28, 2009|work=URA-Inform|language=Russian}}On\n        October 16, 2009, Anatoliy Hrytsenko claimed he had collected the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|UAH]] 2.503 million required for him to register as a presidential\n        candidate. Source: [http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/22288/ Hrytsenko collects\n        UAH 2.5 million to register as presidential candidate], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (October 16, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/22639/ Hrytsenko\n        submits documents to register as presidential nominee], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (October 21, 2009)\\n* [[Yuriy Kostenko]], [[Ukrainian People''s Party]]\n        deputy of Verkhovna Rada for [[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc]][http://itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14446384\n        Run-off in Ukraine''s presidential election inevitable \\u2013 analysts], [[ITAR-TASS]]\n        (October 19, 2009)[http://kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51234/\n        Ukrainian People''s Party nominates its leader Kostenko for president], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (October 24, 2009)\\n* [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]], parliamentary speakerhttp://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=984544&lang=eng_news{{cite web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227076.html|title=Lytvyn\n        Requests CEC To Register Him Candidate For President|work=[[Ukrainian News]]|publisher=[[UkraNews]]|accessdate=2009-10-23}}\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Moroz]], [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]], former chairman of the\n        [[Verkhovna Rada]][http://kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51285/\n        http://kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51285/], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 25,\n        2009){{cite web|url=http://cvk.gov.ua/news/news_06112009.htm|title=CEC\n        registered two more candidates for the President UKRAINE|work=[[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]]|publisher=Central Election Commission of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-11-06}}\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Pabat]], [[Peoples'' Salvation Army]][http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/15200\n        http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/15200], [[Ukrainian Independent Information\n        Agency|Unian.net]] (October 31, 2009)\\n* [[Vasily Protyvsih]], Independent\\n* [[Serhiy Ratushniak]][http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/52544/\n        Central Election Commission registers Uzhgorod mayor as presidential candidate],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (November 13, 2009)\\n* [[Oleh Riabokon]], Independent\n        lawyer, Managing Partner in [[Magisters]] law firm from 1997 to 2009[http://ukrfaces.blogspot.com/2009/10/who-is-oleh-riabokon-biography-of.html\n        Who is Oleh Riabokon: The biography of a Presidential Candidate ], [[Who is\n        who in Ukraine]] (October 27, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51024\n        First contender for Ukraine''s presidency submits documents to CEC], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (October 20, 2009)\\n* [[Petro Symonenko]], Leader of the [[Communist\n        Party of Ukraine]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51094|title=Communist leader Symonenko\n        asks Central Election Commission to register him as presidential candidate|work=[[Ukrainian\n        News]]|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|accessdate=2009-10-21}}\\n* [[Liudmyla\n        Suprun]], [[People''s Democratic Party (Ukraine)|People''s Democratic Party]][http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/24082/ CEC registers two more\n        candidates for Ukraine''s president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (November 6, 2009){{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.ndp.org.ua/?pid=8795565&id=626&sid=1230 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0414\\u041f \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\n        \\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0443\\u043d \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b], [[People''s\n        Democratic Party (Ukraine)|People''s Democratic Party]] (November 6, 2009)\\n*\n        [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], Incumbent [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\n        leader of [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/228032.html|title= PM Tymoshenko\n        Applies CEC To Register Her Candidate For President|work=[[Ukrainian News]]|publisher=[[Ukrainian\n        News]]|accessdate=2009-10-27}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://cvk.gov.ua/news/news_31102009.htm|title=CEC registered CANDIDATE\n        PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE Yulia Tymoshenko|work=[[Central Election Commission of\n        Ukraine]]|publisher=Central Election Commission of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-10-31}}\\n*\n        [[Sergei Tigipko]], former CEO of the National Bank of Ukraine endorsed by\n        [[Labour Ukraine]]{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/47149|title=Tihipko\n        may unite with Yatseniuk, Hrytsenko and Bohoslovska to nominate single candidate\n        for presidential election|accessdate=2009-08-19|date=August 19, 2009|work=[[KyivPost]]|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]}}{{cite web|url=http://jerelo.com.ua/ru/president_election_ukr/100346|title=Tigipko\n        at the presidential elections will be supported by the Labour Party|accessdate=2009-06-15|publisher=Persho\n        Dzherelo|language=Russian}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51186|title=Tigipko\n        files documents at Central Election Commission to register as presidential\n        candidate|work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|accessdate=2009-10-23}}[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53855/ Sylna Ukrayina\n        party to support Tihipko in presidential elections], [[Kyiv Post]] (November\n        28, 2009)\\n* [[Oleh Tyahnybok]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Freedom\\\"]],\n        deputy of the Lviv Regional Council{{cite web|url=http://tsn.ua/ua/ukrayina/natsionalisti-visunuli-tyagniboka-v-prezidenti.html|title=Nationalists\n        put Tyahnybok out to become president|accessdate=2009-06-15|date=May 24, 2009|work=TSN.ua|language=Ukrainian}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/51366/|title=Tiahnybok\n        files documents at CEC to register as presidential candidate|accessdate=2009-10-27|date=October\n        27, 2009|work=[[Interfax]]|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|language=Ukrainian}}\\n*\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]], Incumbent President and member of [[Our Ukraine (political\n        party)|Our Ukraine]]{{cite web|url=http://www.nashkrok.org.ua/en/|title=Homepage|accessdate=2009-06-15|work=The\n        Next Big Step|publisher=nashkrok.org.ua}}{{cite web|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/10/27/130321.html|title=Yushchenko\n        registered as a nominee for presidential election|accessdate=2009-10-27|publisher=ForUm}}\\n*\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], [[Party of Regions]] former [[Prime Minister]] and\n        runner-up candidate in the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential\n        election]][http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227204.html Party Of Regions\n        Nominates Yanukovych As Its Presidential Candidate], [[Ukrainian News]] (October\n        23, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/51360/ CEC\n        to consider Yanukovych''s registration as presidential candidate on Wednesday],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 27, 2009)\\n* [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]], former [[Chairman\n        of the Verkhovna Rada]] member of [[Our Ukraine (political party)|Our Ukraine]]\n        and Front for Change party{{cite web|url=http://www.lenta.ru/news/2009/04/06/ya/|title=Arseniy\n        Yatsenyuk will be on the ballot for the President of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-06-15|date=June\n        4, 2009|work=[[Lenta.ru]]|publisher=[[Rambler Media Group]]|language=Russian}}{{cite web|author=Taras Kuzio|authorlink=Taras Kuzio|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/yatsenyuk-a-yushchenko-clone-will-bring-stagnation-36764.html|title=Yatsenyuk,\n        a Yushchenko clone, will bring stagnation|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=4 April\n        2009|accessdate=18 January 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/The_Rise_And_Fall_And_Rise_Of_Arseniy_Yatsenyuk/1854794.html\n        |title=The Rise And Fall (And Rise?) Of Arseniy Yatsenyuk|work=[[Andrew Wilson\n        (historian)|Andrew Wilson]]|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]]|accessdate=2009-09-18}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51059|title=Yatseniuk\n        registers as presidential candidate|work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|accessdate=2009-10-21}}\\n\\n===Excluded candidates===\\nAll together\n        the Central Election Commission had rejected sixteen applications for candidate\n        registration[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51773/ 16 applications\n        have been rejected for registration as presidential candidates], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 13, 2009)\\n\\nThe Central Election Commission refused to register\n        Oleksandr Hordiichuk, Olena Osnach, Oleksandr Luzan, Hanna Kostiv, Oleksandr\n        Vaschenko, Oleksandr Ohorodnikov, Vasyl Handula, Yurii Petlevana, Petro Rekalo,\n        Anatolii Polischuk, Mykhailo Hamaniuk, Oleksandr Vretyk, Artem Polezhaka,\n        Oleh Omelchenko, [[Natalia Vitrenko]], [[Mykola Melnychenko]],\n        Serhii Martyian and Serhiy Schetinin. The reason stated was due to errors\n        in their documentation, qualifications or failure to pay the required 2.5 million\n        hryvnia nomination deposit.[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/228455.html\n        CEC Refuses To Register Kulychenko, Subbotin, Polyschuk, Honcharenko, Melnyk\n        As Presidential Candidates], [[Ukrainian News]] (October 30, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51773/\n        CEC denies registration to four more contenders for Ukraine''s presidency],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (November 3, 2009){{ru icon}} [http://www.vitrenko.org/start.php?lang=1&part_id=1&article_id=9088\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434,\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0438\\u044e.\n        \\u0414\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b \\u2013 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0436\\u043a\\u0430. \\u0417\\u0430\\u044f\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430 \\u041f\\u0421\\u041f\\u0423 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e], Official website of [[Natalia\n        Vitrenko]] (November 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/24591/\n        Eighteen to run for Ukraine''s presidency], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (November\n        12, 2009)\\n\\nNominations closed on November 9, 2009. The Central Election\n        Commission had until November 11 to process nomination documentations and\n        November 13 to finalize the election list.\\n\\n==Electoral campaign==\\n\\nFile:Yatsenyuk tent 2009.jpg|Yatsenyuk promotion (August 2009)\\nFile:\\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e 2010 \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a.jpg|\\\"She\n        Works\\\" billboard (August 2009)\\nFile:Crowd before start 25dec09 3078.JPG|''''\\u041d\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u044e\\u043b\\u0435!'''', anti-Tymoshenko placard,
rally\n        Dnipropetrovsk, 25 Dec 2009\\nFile:2Normal 25Dec09 3288.JPG|Concert and rally\n        for Yanukovych,
Dnipropetrovsk, 25 Dec 2009\\n\\nThe official Presidential\n        campaign commenced on October 19, 2009, with nominations opening on October\n        20 through to November 6. The \\\"unofficial\\\" campaign had already started\n        during the summer of 2009 with tents of [[Yatsenyuk''s Front for Change|Front\n        for Change]] distributing campaign material for [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] Front\n        for Changes and large scale and billboards stating ''''Others make problems.\n        She Works'''' (in the colors and letter type of [[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]]),\n        and photos of [[Sergei Tigipko]] displayed in most Ukrainian towns and TV-adds\n        of [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] and [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] shown on national TV.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www3.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/9/3/100839.htm \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438-\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\\"\\u0444\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\\"], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (September\n        3, 2009)[http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14967&Itemid=132\n        Eurasia Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation\\u2014October 1, 2009\\u2014Volume\n        6, Issue 180], [[The Jamestown Foundation]] (October 01, 2009) According\n        to Tymoshenko the \\\"She Works\\\" billboards were paid for by the [[Fatherland\n        Party (Ukraine)|Fatherland Party]], and therefore they were also \\\"social\\\".\n        [[Party of Regions]] deputy Andry Paruby officially requested that the prosecutor-general''s\n        office investigates the sources of financing of Tymoshenko''s advertisements.\n        He suggested that public money might have been used.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has proven more than once the degree to which the success of an election campaign\n        depends on the level of professionalism and political spin techniques applied\n        in election campaigns.[http://en.proua.com/pulse%20of%20the%20week/2009/09/02/182426.html\n        See how they run], [[proUA]] (September 2, 2009)\\n\\nThe most popular\n        candidates are former [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] and leader\n        of the [[Party of Regions|Opposition party]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and current\n        Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]].\\n\\nIncumbent [[President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko|Viktor\n        Yushchenko''s]] support has slumped from a high of 52% in 2004 to below 3%\n        in Ukrainian public opinion polls. Most political commentators regard him\n        as a heavy underdog who stands little chance of being re-elected to a second\n        term of office.{{Cite web|title=Surviving the Crisis in Ukraine (American\n        Progress Forum Video) |url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/ukraine_event.html|work=[[Center\n        for American Progress]]|date=July 30, 2009|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}} A recent public opinion\n        poll indicated that 83% of Ukrainians will not vote for Yushchenko{{cite\n        news|title=Poll: Ukraine president''s chances of re-election slim|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50997|work=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|date=October 20, 2009|accessdate=2009-09-20}}\\n\\nOn April 5,\n        2009, [[Arseniy Yatseniuk]], former [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada]] announced\n        his intention to run in the election.{{cite news|title=Yatsenyuk will\n        be on the ballot for the office of President of Ukraine|url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/795471|work=[[Korrespondent.net]]|date=April\n        5, 2009|accessdate=2009-04-07}} His popularity has slowly risen to around\n        12\\u201314% and is now in third place behind Yanukovych and Tymoshenko.{{cite\n        news|title=Presidential race: Young candidate so far not candidate of the\n        young|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/46930|work=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=August\n        13, 2009|accessdate=2009-08-13}}\\n\\nAccording to [[Oxford Analytica]]\n        the working relationship between President Yushchenko and his Prime Minister\n        Tymoshenko will be further complicated by the search of Yushchenko for partners\n        other than Tymoshenko''s [[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]] who will ensure his re-election.[http://www.taraskuzio.net/media18_files/Yushchenko_Tymoshenko.pdf\n        Yushchenko plots his premier''s removal], [[Oxford Analytica]] (March 11,\n        2008) Since Yushchenko dismissed Tymoshenko as Prime Minister on September\n        8, 2005, the relations between Tymoshenko and Yushchenko,[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/7403/\n        Tymoshenko accuses Yuschenko of obstructing executive authorities'' teamwork],\n        [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (February 6, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/6784/\n        Yuschenko demands immediate amendments to 2009 budget to save Ukraine''s economy\n        \\u2013 televised address to nation], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (January\n        30, 2009)[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-300192.html Yushchenko,\n        Tymoshenko criticize each other (photo-report)], [[UNIAN]] (February 11, 2009)[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-299984.html\n        Agreement with Russia threatens Ukraine''s security \\u2013 President], [[UNIAN]]\n        (February 10, 2009) including the [[Secretariat of the President of\n        Ukraine]],[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/7322/ Presidential secretariat\n        considers PM''s report \\\"theatrical performance\\\"], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (February 5, 2009) have been hostile.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-320314.html\n        Yushchenko calls on Oblast leaders to work out joint plan of actions], [[UNIAN]]\n        (June 10, 2009) In an interview with the [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]\n        of 11 February 2009 Tymoshenko said her [[Yulia Tymoshenko#2009|recent conflict\n        with the President]] is a political competition and not [[ideological]] [[wikt:antagonism|antagonisms]]\n        and she emphasized that the \\\"election struggle for the next presidential\n        elections has virtually begun.\\\"[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/179917.html\n        Tymoshenko: Political Competition Accounts For Conflict With Yuschenko], [[Ukrainian\n        News Agency]] (February 11, 2009) During a visit to [[Brussels]] on\n        February 10, 2009, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] seconded\n        that.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-300208.html Ukrainian speaker\n        condemns Kyiv''s internal bickering], [[UNIAN]], (February 11, 2009)\n        In late February 2009, President Yushchenko called on all Ukrainian politicians\n        to \\\"stop the presidential election campaign until July 1.\\\"[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/183292.html\n        Yuschenko Called On Politicians To Stop Presidential Election Campaign Until\n        July], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (February 27, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/36253\n        Interview with the president], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 25, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        June 16, 2009, Tymoshenko accused Yushchenko, Yatseniuk and Yanukovych of\n        having the same campaign headquarters financed by (businessman and) [[RosUkrEnergo]]\n        owner [[Dmytro Firtash]].[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-321211.html\n        Tymoshenko: Yushchenko, Yatseniuk, and Yanukovych have one headquarters for\n        three], [[UNIAN]] (June 16, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/15621/\n        Yuschenko and Yatseniuk are ''technical candidates'' for Yanukovych, says\n        Tymoshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (June 16, 2009)[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/203910.html\n        Tymoshenko Says Yuschenko To Be Yatseniuk''s Technical Candidate], [[Ukrainian\n        News Agency]] (June 16, 2009)\\n\\nTymoshenko stated on June 22, 2009:\n        \\\"There is a team work on solving these issues between the President and the\n        Prime Minister. Professional advice and support of the President will help\n        the government during difficult times\\\".[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-322392.html\n        Tymoshenko says \\\"there is team work\\\" between her and President], [[UNIAN]]\n        (June 22, 2009)\\n\\nOn August 11, 2009 [[Russian President]] [[Dmitry\n        Medvedev|Medvedev]] in an open letter [http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/text/docs/2009/08/220759.shtml\n        Address to the President of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko], [[Kremlin.ru]] (August\n        11, 2009) directed at Viktor Yushchenko, raised a number of issues of\n        concern related to the perceived \\\"anti-Russian position of the current Ukrainian\n        authorities\\\". The Russian President''s comments[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/sdocs/vappears.shtml\n        Relations between Russia and Ukraine: a New Era Must Begin], Video \\u2013\n        [[Russian President]] (August 11, 2009) were considered by analysts\n        and others including the President of Ukraine as Russia''s interference in\n        Ukraine''s domestic affairs.[https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSLB59146620090811?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0\n        UPDATE 3-Russia''s Medvedev wades into Ukraine polls], [[Reuters]] (August\n        11, 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8195194.stm Medvedev\n        lambasts Ukraine leader ], [[BBC News]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18365/\n        No hope for normalizing relations with Russia under current leadership, says\n        Ukraine''s opposition leader], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18366/\n        Medvedev''s statement shows Russia wants to impact presidential campaign in\n        Ukraine, says pro-Yuschenko MP], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18417/\n        Yatseniuk says Yuschenko has given grounds to call his policy anti-Russian],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18418/\n        Medvedev''s statement may be ''to Yuschenko''s advantage,'' says Tihipko],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18419/\n        Medvedev''s message to Yuschenko could be used in election campaign to split\n        Ukraine, says speaker], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        September 12, 2009, a tour called \\\"With Ukraine in Heart\\\" in support of\n        Yulia Tymoshenko kick-started on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]. The\n        most popular singers and bands of Ukraine took part in the tour.Artist\n        included [[Ruslana]], [[Oleksandr Ponomaryov]], [[Ani Lorak]], [[Potap]] and\n        [[Nastia Kamenskikh]], [[Tina Karol]], [[Natalia Mogilevska]], [[Iryna Bilyk]],\n        [[TIK (band)|TIK]], [[TNMK]], \\\"[[Druha Rika]]\\\", [[Mad Heads XL]]. See the\n        concert [http://www.videoinfo.com.ua/ here][http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/14524\n        Events by themes: Allukrainian round \\\"With Ukraine in a heart!\\\"]. [[UNIAN]][http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-335608.html\n        Mogilevska went to Tymoshenko], [[UNIAN]] (September 11, 2008)\\n\\nOn\n        September 14, 2009, the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]], the [[Social Democratic\n        Party of Ukraine (united)]], the [[Justice Party (Ukraine)|Justice Party]]\n        and the [[Union of Leftists]] signed an agreement on creating [[Election bloc\n        of left and central left political forces|the bloc of leftists and center-leftists]]\n        and a unitary participation in the presidential election.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/20204/\n        Four parties unite to participate in presidential election], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (September 14, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/21363/\n        Bloc of left and center-left forces to nominate CPU Leader for Ukraine''s\n        president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (October 3, 2009)\\n\\nThe Pechersky\n        district court in Kiev on September 22, 2009, banned \\\"any unfair advertisement\\\"\n        against Tymoshenko in response to a video (allegedly made by the [[Party of\n        Regions]]), which claimed that Tymoshenko does not deliver on her promises.\n        The video reportedly mocked Tymoshenko''s main campaign slogan \\\"She Works,\\\"\n        which is frequently used in her advertisements.\\n\\nIn October\n        2009 representatives of the [[Western Ukrainian]] [[intelligentsia]] called\n        upon the candidates Yushchenko, Yatseniuk, Hrytsenko and \\\"other representatives\n        of national democratic forces\\\" to withdraw in favour of Tymoshenko.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/21256/\n        Western Ukrainian intelligentsia calls on candidates for president to withdraw\n        in favor of Tymoshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (October 1, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        October 6, 2009, the [[incumbent]] President Yushchenko warned that there\n        may be attempts to use [[Television in Ukraine|regional television]] and [[Radio\n        in Ukraine|radio companies]] to create advantages for the [[Second Tymoshenko\n        Government|government]] in the election campaign.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50174\n        Vannykova: Yuschenko warns against attempts to monopolize radio and TV broadcasting],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 6, 2009)\\n\\nOctober 17, 2009, The Social-Democratic\n        Party of Ukraine has backed a decision to create the bloc of left and center-left\n        political forces and supported the leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine\n        Petro Symonenko as a single candidate for the post of the Ukrainian president\n        from left political forces[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50859 Social-Democratic\n        Party supports Symonenko as single candidate for president post from left\n        political forces], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 17, 2009)\\n\\nOctober 19 Official\n        start of the Elections campaign 90-day period.\\n\\nOctober 20 Candidate nomination\n        registration opens. [[Oleh Riabokon]] first candidate to officially nominate.\\n\\nOctober\n        20, Ukrainian Parliament voted to amend Ukraine''s Constitution (390 out of\n        438 in favor) to remove provision related to Parliamentary immunity that prevents\n        a member of parliament from being criminally liable, detained or arrested\n        without the consent of the Verkhovna Rada. An earlier proposal to only remove\n        immunity from the Parliament was defeated. The proposed new provisions also\n        limits presidential immunity. The president can not be detained or arrested\n        without the consent of the parliament however on conviction of an offense\n        the President automatically loses office. The proposed amendments have been\n        forwarded to [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Ukraine''s Constitutional Court]]\n        for review and will need to be reaffirmed by the parliament in February 2010\n        [http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-342192.html Parliament votes to remove\n        Immunity], [[UNIAN]] (October 20, 2009)\\n\\nPolitical Analyst and senior\n        policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Andrew Wilson,\n        has cast doubt on Arseny Yatseniuk, currently Ukraine''s third most popular\n        candidate, ability to maintain his meteoritic rise following a decline in\n        his ratings dropping from a high of 13% in August to 9% in October. ''''\\\"Yatseniuk\n        must look to plan B\\\"''''[http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op_ed/51159\n        Yatseniuk loses fresh-face label, popularity after his financial backers exposed],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 22, 2009)\\n\\nOn November 6 the nominations were\n        closed. The same day a Viktor Yushchenko aide amidst concern over the [[2009\n        flu pandemic in Ukraine|recent flu outbreak]] which claimed 97 lives has proposed\n        the cancellation of the January election until May 2010 which would extend\n        the President''s term of office a further six months.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/52092\n        Flu epidemic in Ukraine may require postponement of elections], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 6, 2009) The [[World Health Organisation]] has stated that\n        they expect a second and third wave of infections to occur in Spring (April\n        to June) [http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/52054 WHO experts\n        forecast three waves of A/H1N1 flu in Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 6,\n        2009) bringing into further doubt Yushchenko''s proposed cancellation.\n        Under Ukraine''s [[s:Constitution of Ukraine|Constitution]] the elections\n        can be canceled if a [[State of Emergency]] is declared. Also on November\n        6. 2009 the Emergencies Ministry stated it saw no grounds to introduce a state\n        of emergency in Ukraine due to the flu epidemic.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/52083/\n        Emergency ministry sees no grounds for state of emergency], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 6, 2009) On November 9 President Yushchenko said the same.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-345792.html\n        Yushchenko: there are no grounds for state of emergency], [[UNIAN]] (November\n        9, 2009)[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-345757.html Ukraine\n        president: no reason to delay vote over flu], [[UNIAN]] (November 9, 2009)\\n\\nSerhy\n        Lutsenko, the deputy head of the People''s Self-Defense party expressed on\n        November 11, 2009, concern that Viktor Yushchenko will support his past rival,\n        Viktor Yanukovych, in a run-off election between Yanukovych and Tymoshenko.[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2009/11/10/204057\n        Yushchenko to back Yanukovych in runoffs], [[ZIK]] (November 11, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        December 3, 2009, the Ukrainian National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting\n        complained that certain [[Television in Ukraine#List of channels|TV channels]]\n        did not give equal conditions to all presidential candidates.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54264/\n        National Council: Ukrainian TV and radio companies not giving equal conditions\n        to presidential candidates], [[Kyiv Post]] (December 3, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        December 11, 2009, the [[European People''s Party]] EPP called on \\\"Ukraine''s\n        democratic forces\\\" to unite around the most democratic candidate who will\n        win through to the presidential run-off. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"]],\n        the [[Our Ukraine People''s Union]], and the [[People''s Movement of Ukraine]]\n        (Rukh) are the EPP''s partners in Ukraine.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27360/\n        EPP calls on Ukraine''s democratic forces to unite around most democratic\n        candidate], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (December 9, 2009)\\n\\nOn December 11,\n        2009, candidate Viktor Yanukovych stated that his Party of Regions possesses\n        information that \\\"government representatives are currently \\\"motivating\\\"\n        the chairmen of election commissions and seeking options for victory in every\n        possible way\\\" and called for his supporters go to the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]\n        in case of [[election fraud]].[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27579/\n        Yanukovych vows to gather people on Maidan if election results are rigged],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (December 11, 2009)\\n\\nBloc Yulia Tymoshenko proposes\n        a referendum on the format of Constitutional reform - [[Parliamentary]] versus\n        [[Presidential]] system of governance[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59573/\n        BYT proposes discussing form of government, constitutional amendments to referendum]\n        [[Kyiv Post]] February 15, 2010\\n\\n==First round ballot==\\nThe first\n        round ballot was held on January 17 and was internationally widely recognized\n        as meeting democratic standards.\\n\\nAs no single candidate had received 50%\n        or more votes in the first round ballot the two highest polling candidates,\n        Viktor Yanukovych (35.32%) and Yulia Tymoshenko (25.05%) progressed to the\n        second final run-off ballot which was held on February 7, 2010.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        incumbent president, Viktor Yushchenko, with 5.45% support, came in fifth\n        place behind Serhiy Tihipko and Arseniy Yatsenyuk who had each respectively\n        received 13.05% and 6.69% of the vote.\\n\\nPeter Simonenko, Volodymyr Lytvyn,\n        Oleh Tyahnybok and Anatoliy Hrytsenko all scored between 4 and 1% of the votes.\n        The remaining nine candidates for the presidency gained less than 1% of the\n        votes.{{uk icon}} [http://gazeta.ua/index.php?id=324402 \\u0426\\u0412\\u041a\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 1-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432], Gazeta.ua\n        (January 25, 2010)\\n\\n==Second round ballot==\\nThe second round of voting\n        between Viktor Yanukovych and Yulia Tymoshenko took place on February 7, 2010.\n        [[Exit poll]]s indicated that Yanukovych had been elected, with the National\n        Election Poll placing him first at 48.7% of the vote to Tymoshenko''s 45.5%.[http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/02/08/4242868.html\n        Ukrainian elections: anything possible]\\n\\nWith 100% of the ballots\n        counted, the tally was 12,481,268 votes for Yanukovich (48.95%) and 11,593,340\n        votes for Tymoshenko (45.47%), giving Yanukovich a lead of 3.48%.http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp300pt001f01=701.html\n        There were 1.19% invalid votes and 4.36% of voters chose to vote \\\"Against\n        all\\\" (candidates). In [[Kiev]], the number of\n        voter choosing \\\"Against all\\\" was close to 8%.[http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Vote+spoils+Ukraine+NATO+hopes/2543742/story.html\n        Vote spoils Ukraine''s EU, NATO hopes], [[Ottawa Citizen]] (February 10, 2010)\n        25.5 million Ukrainians voted in the second round.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/18/is-ukraine-ready-to-vote/\n        Is Ukraine ready to vote?], [[Washington Post]] (18 May 2014)\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Central Election Commission and international observers found no\n        evidence of significant electoral fraud and said that the voting and counting\n        was fair.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8506491.stm\n        Ukraine instability fears as Tymoshenko plans next move] [[BYuT|Tymoshenko''s\n        party]] said that it would challenge the result in 1,000 of the country''s\n        30,000 ballot boxes (as many as 900,000 ballots \\u2013 enough to make a difference\n        in the final outcome), claiming that the counting process\n        was unfair. Violations cited by Tymoshenko''s camp included\n        home voting and the busing of voters to polling stations,[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59339/\n        Tymoshenko cries foul: What''s her case?], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 10, 2010)\n        which was explicitly permitted by law.\\n\\n[[Party of Regions|Yanukovich''s\n        party]] activists rallied outside the buildings of the [[Higher Administrative\n        Court of Ukraine]] and the Kiev Administrative Court of Appeals the days after\n        the second round of the election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/59203/\n        Regions Party puts activists patrol near two courts in Kyiv], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (February 10, 2010)\\n\\nA few days after the election, Yanukovich received\n        congratulations from the leaders of [[Armenia]], [[Austria]], [[Azerbaijan]],\n        [[Belarus]], [[Bulgaria]], [[People''s Republic of China|China]], [[Egypt]],\n        [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Latvia]],\n        [[Libya]], [[Lithuania]], [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], the [[Netherlands]],\n        [[Paraguay]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Russia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]],\n        [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkey]] the [[United Kingdom]],\n        the [[United States]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[NATO]] and the [[European Union]].http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59306/http://www.partyofregions.org.ua/eng/pr-east-west/4b72cc95d7f26/[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59372/\n        NATO, EU follow U.S., welcome Yanukovych], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 12, 2010)[http://unian.net/rus/news/news-362520.html\n        \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0435\\u0449\\u0435 5 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432][http://zadonbass.org/news/all/message_7912\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441 \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430]\n        Still, Tymoshenko refused to concede defeat, and [[BYuT|Tymoshenko''s party]]\n        promised to challenge the result.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Ukraines_Tymoshenko_Slams_Rival_No_Comment_On_Election_Result/1954993.html\n        Ukraine''s Tymoshenko Slams Rival, No Comment On Election Result], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (February 11, 2010) On February 17, 2010\n        the Administrative Court of Ukraine, suspended the results of the election\n        on Yulia Tymoshenko''s appeal. The court suspended the [[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]] ruling that announced that Viktor Yanukovych won the\n        election. Tymoshenko withdrew\n        her appeal on February 20, 2010 after the Higher Administrative Court in [[Kiev]]\n        rejected her petition to scrutinize documents from election districts in [[Crimea]]\n        and also to question election and law-enforcement officials.\n        The same day (February 20) Tymoshenko announced that she will not challenge\n        the results of the second round of the presidential election in the [[Supreme\n        Court of Ukraine]] since she believed there were no legal provisions for such\n        an appeal,[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/vu8az6s6 Yulia Tymoshenko\n        will not challenge election results in Supreme Court], Official website of\n        Yulia Tymoshenko (February 20, 2009) although Tymoshenko also stated\n        \\\"an honest court will assess that Yanukovych wasn''t elected President of\n        Ukraine, and that the will of the people had been rigged\\\".\\n\\nVoting\n        analysis showed that during the election creases started to emerge across\n        the traditional geographical voters patterns. Tymoshenko made inroads in Yanukovych''s\n        traditional [[East Ukraine|east]] and [[south Ukraine]] base of support, whereas\n        Yanukovych did the same in Tymoshenko''s traditional west and [[central Ukraine]]\n        base of support.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/ Election\n        winner lacks strong voter mandate], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 11, 2010)\n        More women voted for Yanukovych than for Tymoshenko.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/editorial/detail/62532/\n        Neanderthal power], [[Kyiv Post]] (March 25, 2010)\\n\\n===Exit Polls===\\nAll\n        [[exit poll]]s conducted during the final round of voting reported a win for\n        Viktor Yanukovych over Yulia Tymoshenko.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/58894/\n        Exit Polls: Yanukovych wins Ukraine election], (February 7, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/58897/\n        Interfax-Ukraine exit poll: Yanukovych leads among voters in Kyiv, regional\n        capitals], (February 7, 2010)[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2010/02/7/4729483/\n        \\u0414\\u0410\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0415\\u041a\\u0417\\u0418\\u0422-\\u041f\\u041e\\u041b\\u0406\\u0412\n        (Summary Exit Polls)], (February 7, 2010)\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Polling\n        Agency''''''\\n!width=\\\"50\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Viktor Yanukovych''''''\\n!width=\\\"50\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Yulia Tymoshenko''''''\\n|-\\n|National Exit Poll\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''48.7''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|45.5\\n|-\\n|TRK\n        Ukraina\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''48.6''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|45.7\\n|-\\n|ICTV\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''49.8''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|45.2\\n|-\\n|\n        SOCIS\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''49.6''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.5\\n|-\\n|FOM\n        Center for Social and Marketing Research\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''49.7''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.6\\n|-\\n|Research\n        & Branding group\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''50.2''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.0\\n|-\\n|Interfax-Ukraine\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''51.0''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.0\\n|}\\n\\n==Issues==\\nThe\n        list of major issues raised in the campaign included\\n* The economy[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50996\n        Ukrainians blame Yuschenko (47%) and Tymoshenko (22%) for creating economic\n        mess], [[Kyiv Post]] (August 20, 2009)\\n* Health\\n* Housing\\n* Ukraine''s\n        membership of [[NATO]] and [[CSTO]][http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53640/\n        Poll: over 40 percent of Ukrainians prefer Collective Security Treaty Organization,\n        12.5 percent favor NATO] (November 26, 2009)\\n* European Integration\\n*\n        [[Ukraine-Russia relations]][http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/text/speeches/2009/08/11/0832_type207221_220745.shtml/\n        Relations between Russia and Ukraine: a New Era Must Begin], [[Dmitry Anatolyevich\n        Medvedev|Demitry Medvedev]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/47194\n        Yushchenko calling on Medvedev to intensify Russian-Ukrainian dialog], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (August 19, 2009)\\n* Constitutional Reform\\n* [[Euro 2012]] Football\n        Tournament\\n* The status of the [[Russian language]]\\n\\nAccording to the Director\n        of the Penta Center for Political Studies Volodymyr Fesenko there were only\n        small differences in the election programs of the various candidates.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53400/\n        Experts: Presidential campaign characterized by poor programs of candidates],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (November 23, 2009)\\n\\n===Fraud suspicions and accusations===\\nAccording\n        to all international organizations observing the election, allegations of\n        electoral fraud in relation to the first round ballot were unfounded, they\n        declared that the conduct of the elections was within internationally recognized\n        democratic standards and a testament to the will of the people of Ukraine.[http://euobserver.com/?aid=29431\n        EU endorses Ukraine election result], [[euobserver]] (February 8, 2010)[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (February 9, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 9, 2010)\\n\\nA December 2009 poll\n        found that 82 percent of Ukrainians expected vote rigging, those fears were\n        shared by some election observers, both international and domestic. The latter\n        also fearing the lack of an independent exit poll; which they see as essential\n        to deterring vote fraud.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54838/\n        Election watchers worried by lack of independent exit poll; survey essential\n        to deterring vote fraud], [[Kyiv Post]] (December 11, 2009)\\n\\nYulia\n        Tymoshenko, Ukraine''s Prime-minister and one of the main candidates who sought\n        election in the poll stated that: \\\"We will not challenge any election returns\n        to avoid tremors, which may bring about instability in this country. If the\n        people elect their president, and this is not Yulia Tymoshenko, I will take\n        this choice easy, for sure\\\"[http://forua.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/tymoshenko-will-not-protest-presidential-election-outcome/\n        Tymoshenko will not protest presidential election outcome], [[ForUm]] (September\n        25, 2009)\\n\\nFormer President Leonid Kuchma also excluded the possibility\n        of a third round ballot. According to Kuchma, \\\"during the election campaign\n        in 2004 the decision about holding the third round was political and it will\n        not be repeated. The 2004 decision was an exclusion from a rule\\\".[http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=100472\n        Ex-president excludes third round of presidential elections], [[National Radio\n        Ukraine]] (September 25, 2009)\\n\\nViktor Baloha, former presidential\n        secretary under Viktor Yushchenko stated:\\n\\n:\\\"Alarming declarations about\n        the likely vote rigging directly point to organizational weaknesses of some\n        candidates as the law allows for reliable barriers against any electoral fraud.\n        For instance, any presidential candidate can send his two representatives\n        to sit on local and regional electoral commissions, appoint observers to keep\n        an eye on voting and counting of ballots. Proxies of candidates who have wide\n        authority can also supervise the course of the voting\\\". \\\"There are more\n        than enough supervisory tools. Other effective barriers to electoral fraud\n        are the Central Election Commission [whose members are appointed by major\n        parliamentary parties on a quota principle] and numerous international observers.\n        Mass media and NGOs, notably, the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, will also\n        be effective in helping to curb fraud. Of great importance for establishing\n        the final tally are also exit polls run by respected polling companies.they\n        will all be used during the campaign.\\\" adding that \\\"All the more so that\n        there are 18 presidential candidates, some having considerable weight. That\n        is why any declarations about the likely fraud are just attempts to justify\n        a defeat of those who make them. Note that those candidates who are selling\n        themselves as strong-willed and tough are most given to such declarations.\n        In fact, such declarations expose them as would-be losers and outsiders\\\"[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2009/11/24/205864\n        Wolf-crying about likely vote rigging presidential candidates try to justify\n        their future defeat], [[ZIK]] (November 24, 2009)\\n\\nCandidates [[Victor\n        Yanukovych]] and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] both accused the other of intending\n        to use [[vote rigging]] to win the election during the [[election campaign]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55333/\n        Yanukovych sure Tymoshenko will try to rig results of presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 17, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55336/\n        Tymoshenko says she will prevent Yanukovych from rigging presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 17, 2009) Early January 2010 [[Ukrainian President]]\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]] warned that there is a real threat of \\\"[[Administrative\n        resource|administrative pressure]]\\\" being applied during the counting of\n        votes at the presidential election. Viktor Yushchenko without providing any\n        details has alleged that the highest threat of falsification in the first\n        round will be applied by [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]]; \\\"because candidate Viktor\n        Yanukovych will enter the second round in any case\\\".[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/29250/\n        Yuschenko warns of significant threat of administrative pressure during counting\n        of votes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (January 5, 2010)\\n\\nAllegations were\n        made that Viktor Yushchenko had made a deal with Viktor Yanukovych in order\n        to secure a number of political positions for members of his team in exchange\n        for supporting Viktor Yanukovych''s campaign [http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/01/08/211289\n        President''s office ex-official blows Yushchenko-Yanukovych secret deal],\n        [[Zik]] (January 8, 2010) Concern has been expressed that Viktor Yushchenko\n        had tried to prevent news of the deal from being published by declaring it\n        a State Secret.[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=35871&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=e9627f75db\n        Yushchenko and Yanukovych Forge an Electoral Alliance \\u2013 [[Taras Kuzio]],\n        [[Jamestown Foundation]] (January 8, 2010)\\n\\nA joint poll conducted\n        by Democratic Initiatives and Ukrainian Sociology Service of January 2010\n        showed that less than 5% of the polled believed that the presidential election\n        would be fair with 41.4% of respondents that believed that the election results\n        could be manipulated and 15.7% being certain that the entire vote would be\n        rigged.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56820/ Poll: Less\n        than 5% Ukrainians believe presidential election will be fair], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (January 12, 2010) According to the same poll 5.8% of those polled stated\n        they were ready to sell their votes if the sum suited them and 1.9% of the\n        respondents were ready to sell their votes for any presidential candidates\n        and for any funds.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56815/\n        Poll: Most Ukrainians not planning to sell their votes in presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (January 12, 2010)\\n\\nA voter casting more than one ballot,\n        or selling her/his vote, could have faced as much as two years jail time.[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/303574,ukraine-presidential-candidates-trade-warnings-promises\\u2014summary.html\n        Ukraine presidential candidates trade warnings, promises \\u2013 Summary],\n        Earth Times (January 13, 2010)\\n\\n==Opinion polls==\\nJanuary 2, 2010,\n        was the beginning of the 15-day media blackout on reporting of election polls\n        before the January 17 first round election.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56318/|title=Public\n        reporting of poll results is prohibited in final 15 days before presidential\n        election|accessdate=2010-01-02|date=January 2, 2010|work=[[Inter-Fax Ukraine]]|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]}}\\n\\nA poll released December 15, 2009, by the [[International\n        Foundation for Electoral Systems]] has indicated that Viktor Yanukovych (31%)\n        as the most likely to win the Presidential election in a contest with Yulia\n        Tymoshenko (19%).{{cite press release|format=PDF|publisher=International\n        Foundation for Electoral Systems|url=http://www.ifes.org/publication/9c648aca6bb32dc209a4384513da12d2/IFES_UkraineSurvey2009_PR.pdf|date=15\n        December 2009|accessdate=16 December 2009}} All other candidates were\n        below 5% with Victor Yushchenko on 3.5% with a negativity rating of 83%. The\n        survey also indicated that Ukrainians are pessimistic about the socio-political\n        situation in the country. Seventy-four percent believe Ukraine is on a path\n        toward instability and more than nine in ten Ukrainians are dissatisfied with\n        the economic (96%) and political situation (92%) in the country.\\n\\nAccording\n        to other recent opinion polls, the [[Party of Regions]] candidate [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] (25.0% to 33.3%) was placed first among viable presidential candidates,\n        with [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] (15.5%\n        to 18.4%) coming in second, and [[Yatsenyuk''s Front for Change|Front for\n        Change]] candidate [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] (6.7% to 14.5%) in third place. Incumbent\n        President, [[Viktor Yushchenko]] (2.0% to 3.8%) following his decline in popularity\n        with the Ukrainian public comes in at a distant sixth place behind leader\n        of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine|Communist Party]] [[Petro Symonenko]]\n        (3.4% to 4.5%) and [[Parliamentary speaker]] [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] (1.4% to\n        5.8%).{{cite news|url=http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/ukrain/ukrain_eo/du090430|title=Yushchenko\n        approval rating|work=[[FOM-Ukraine]]|date=|accessdate=22 May 2009}}{{cite\n        news|author=Taras Kuzio|author-link=Taras Kuzio|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/op-ed/with-or-without-baloha-yushchenkos-unelectable-2-305121.html|title=With\n        or without Baloha, Yushchenko''s unelectable|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=24\n        October 2009|accessdate=1 March 2016}}\\n\\nA survey conducted by U.S.-based\n        International Foundation for Electoral Systems and financed by the United\n        States Agency for International Development (November 21 to 29) lists Viktor\n        Yushchenko as the highest negativity rating (83%) and Viktor Yanukovych with\n        the most positive rating (42%) {{en icon}}[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/55401/\n        \\\"Voters unhappy with choices, want jobs\\\"], (November 21\\u201329) U.S.-based\n        International Foundation for Electoral Systems\\n\\nAn opinion poll conducted\n        by [[FOM-Ukraine]] in September/October 2009 expected the turnout to be at\n        least 85.1%.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50541 Survey: most Ukrainians\n        ready to vote in presidential polls], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 12, 2009)\n        The poll carried out by the Oleksandr Yaremenko Institute for Social Research\n        in December 2009 predicted (at least) a 70% turnout.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55800/\n        Pollster predicts 70% turnout for presidential election], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        23, 2009)\\n\\nMedia were prohibited by [[Ukrainian law]] from reporting\n        the results of public opinion polls for the election (starting) from January\n        2 until election day on January 17, 2010.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56318/\n        Public reporting of poll results is prohibited in final 15 days before\n        presidential election], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (January 3, 2010)\\n\\n===Progressive\n        opinion polls table===\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!width=\\\"550\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|Conducted\n        by\\n----\\nCandidate Party\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2004|2004 Presidential election]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM\n        \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|USS\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[SOCIS]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|Institute\n        of social and political psychology\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[Razumkov Centre]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"| KMIS\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM\n        \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|Ukrainian Project\n        System\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[SOCIS]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research\n        & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[SOCIS]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM\n        \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\n        KIIS\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n|- style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Date\n        from\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|31-Oct-04}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|14-Dec-07}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|25-Jan-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|31-Jan-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|16-Apr-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|30-Aug-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|24-Nov-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|17-Dec-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|1-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|03-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|13-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|17-May-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|12-Jun-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|21-Jul-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|24-Jul-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|4-Aug-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|20-Sep-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|26-Sep-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|12-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|17-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|21-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|22-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|5-Dec-09}}\\n|- style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Date\n        to\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|26-Dec-04}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|23-Dec-07}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|02-Feb-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|05-Feb-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|04-May-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|08-Sep-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|30-Nov-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|24-Dec-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|9-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|12-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|25-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|26-May-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|22-Jun-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|20-Jul-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|04-Aug-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|14-Aug-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|01-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|04-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|31-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|25-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|29-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|30-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|13-Dec-09}}\\n|- style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Reference\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|*\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-228706.html\n        24.4% of Ukrainians ready to support Yanukovych at presidential election],\n        [[UNIAN]] (December 27, 2007)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://rus.newsru.ua/ukraine/31may2008/favorites.html\n        \\u041e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0438\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0448\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044b \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u2013 \\u0443 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e \\u0438\n        \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430 / NEWSru.ua]\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.socis.kiev.ua/en/research-results.html\n        Press release on the results sociological research\\u2014September 2008 SOCIS]\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|{{uk icon}}[http://gazeta.ua/index.php?id=275986 \\u0424\\u043e\\u043d\\u0434\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432], gazeta.ua (December 24, 2008)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|{{uk\n        icon}}[http://www.uceps.org/news.php?news_id=140 \\u0414\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0434\\u044f\\u043d \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438 2008 \\u0440.\n        (\\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f)], [[Razumkov\n        Centre]] (December 26, 2008)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/files/713/file/Press-release_%D0%B0pril_2009.pdf\n        Poll: \\\"CHANGE OF ELECTORAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE \\u2013 April 2009\\\"], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (April 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/39842\n        Poll: Yanukovych, Tymoshenko, Yatseniuk have best chances to be elected president\n        \\u2013 April 18, 2009], KMIS (April 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://pravda.com.ua/news/2009/4/29/94043.htm\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c. 15% \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0456\\u0445\\\"]\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-318868.html Yanukovych\n        tops list of presidential candidates in Ukraine \\u2013 poll], [[UNIAN]] (June\n        2, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/files/779/file/Press-release_june_2009.pdf\n        Poll: \\\"CHANGE OF ELECTORAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE \\u2013 June 2009\\\"], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (June 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18101/\n        Poll: Yanukovych, Tymoshenko still top presidential ratings], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (August 4, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/215119.html\n        Socis Poll: 25% Of Ukrainians Prepared To Support Yanukovych For President,\n        20.5% To Vote For Tymoshenko], [[Ukrainian News]] (August 17, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/politics/research/2009/4367.html\n        Poll: \\\"CHANGE OF ELECTORAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE \\u2013 August 2009\\\"], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (August 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.socis.kiev.ua/en/press/president-of-ukraine-candidates-rating-100-days-before-electi.html\n        Socis Poll: President of Ukraine candidates rating. 100 days before elections],\n        [[SOCIS]] (October 8, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/10/13/150017.html\n        Yanukovych leads polls as a candidate for presidency], [[ForUm]] (October\n        13, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51409/\n        Poll: Yanukovych could beat Tymoshenko in run-off by a wide margin], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (August 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/rus/politics/polls/2009/5558.html\n        Electoral Situation in Ukraine: 50 days to go], [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] (November 27, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/55401/\n        Voters unhappy with choices, want jobs], [[U.S.-based International Foundation\n        for Electoral Systems]] (December 17, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100007539&docId=l:1087929803&isRss=true\n        Yanukovych leads presidential race in Ukraine \\u2013 polls], [[Interfax]]\n        (December 7, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/files/4541/file/Press-release_december_2009.pdf\n        Electoral Situation in Ukraine: 30 days to go], [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] (December 17, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|-\\n|[[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n|[[Party\n        of Regions|PoR]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|39.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|22.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|27.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|34.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|27.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|38.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|21.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|38.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|39.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|40.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|31.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|47.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|31.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|42.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|29.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|33.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|46.7\\n|-\\n|[[Yulia\n        Tymoshenko]]\\n|[[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko|BYuT]]\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|17.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|29.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|18.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|29.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|30.0\\n|-\\n|[[Sergei\n        Tihipko]]\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Arseniy\n        Yatsenyuk]]\\n|[[Yatsenyuk''s Front for Change|Y-Front]]\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Volodymyr\n        Lytvyn]]\\n|[[Lytvyn Bloc|LPB]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Viktor\n        Yushchenko]]\\n|[[Our Ukraine (political party)|OU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|39.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|52.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Petro\n        Symonenko]]\\n|[[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|{{nowrap|[[Inna\n        Bohoslovska]]}}\\n|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Moroz]]\\n|[[Socialist Party of Ukraine|SPU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|<1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Oleh\n        Tyahnybok]]\\n|[[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Freedom\\\"|AUUF]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|{{nowrap|[[Anatoliy\n        Hrytsenko]]}}\\n|[[Our Ukraine (political party)|OU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|<1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Others\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|10.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Against\n        all\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|17\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|18.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.2\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Will\n        Not vote\\n|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.6\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Not\n        sure\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|18.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|33.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|10.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.5\\n|-\n        style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n| sum\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|87.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|97.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|90.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|85.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|67.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|58.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|59.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|96.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|83.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|63.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|59.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|80.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|50.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|85.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|87.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|88.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|77.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|86.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|-\n        style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n| balance\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|40.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|36.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|40.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|49.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|-0.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|22.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|-\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Respondents\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2010\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2040\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2017\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2078\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1984\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2079\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2511\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3011\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|5009\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3118\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3108\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|1502\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3038\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Margin for error\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\u2264 4.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\u2264\n        4.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2.8%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 1.5%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1\n        2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1\n        2.5%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 3.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1\n        1.8%\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"50\\\"|* 2004 presidential election final results.\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"50\\\"|**\n        Notional second round of presidential elections.\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"50\\\"|December\n        18, 2007, Tymoshenko elected as [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{uk icon}}[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2008/3/11/72875.htm\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432:\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        / \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430]\\n|}\\n\\n==International observers==\\nThe [[Ministry\n        of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)|Ukrainian Foreign Ministry]] expected (in November\n        2009) that some 600 international observers will be monitoring the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53402/\n        PACE, OSCE election observers are arriving in Ukraine], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''\n        (November 23, 2009) The [[Organization for Security and Cooperation\n        in Europe]] (OSCE) will send around 60 long-term and 600 short-term observers\n        to Ukraine to monitor the presidential elections, Ukraine had submitted an\n        invitation to the OSCE to monitor the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50613\n        Over 600 OSCE observers to monitor presidential elections in Ukraine], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (October 13, 2009)\\nThis electoral observation mission is\n        headed by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] politician [[Jo\\u00e3o Soares (politician)|Jo\\u00e3o\n        Soares]], President of the [[OSCE Parliamentary Assembly]]. The OSCE/ODIHR\n        long term observation mission was officially opened on November 26, 2009.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53662/\n        OSCE/ODIHR officially opens election observation mission for presidential\n        election in Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 26, 2009) On January 12,\n        2009, the OSCE where not satisfied with the level of funding for salaries\n        and transport services.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56827/\n        OSCE observer: Ukrainian election lacks funding for salaries, transport services],\n        ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (January 12, 2010)\\n\\nThe [[European Union]] member-states\n        will send over 700 observers to monitor the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53040/\n        European Union to send over 700 observers to monitor Ukraine''s presidential\n        elections], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (November 17, 2009) The Canada Ukraine\n        Foundation[http://cufoundation.ca/eom2010/ Election Observer Mission\n        2010], Canada Ukraine Foundation (a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[NGO]][http://www.cufoundation.ca/about\n        About us], Canada Ukraine Foundation) and the [[Parliamentary Assembly\n        of the Council of Europe]] (PACE) will also send observers.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-348265.html\n        PACE delegation to pay visit to Ukraine on November 24\\u201326], [[UNIAN]]\n        (November 23, 2009) The PACE delegation is led by [[Hungary|Hungarian]]\n        politician [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s E\\u00f6rsi]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53713/\n        European lawmakers'' hopes low for Ukraine vote], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (November\n        26, 2009) Late November the PACE delegation was sceptical the elections\n        would meet the organization''s standards. On December 8,\n        2009 [[Renate Wohlwend]], co-rapporteur of PACE stated that PACE might continue\n        to monitor [[Ukrainian politics]] after the country''s presidential election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54575/\n        PACE may keep monitoring Ukraine after presidential poll], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        8, 2009) Wohlwend had also called on the Ukrainian parliament to amend\n        a law on the presidential elections as soon as possible. Wohlwend expressed\n        concern over the inclusion of a provision in Ukraine''s electoral legislation\n        giving the election commission the right to amend the electoral rolls on the\n        day of the ballot. She expressed concern this could allow the [[Electoral\n        fraud|rigging of the election results]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54627/\n        PACE rapporteur calling on Ukraine''s parliament to amend law on presidential\n        elections], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (December 9, 2009)\\n\\nThe [[Poland|Polish]]\n        European Center of Geopolitical Analysis did send 20 observers to monitor\n        [[Racism and discrimination in Ukraine|signs of xenophobia]] during the presidential\n        election campaign.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54385/\n        Polish observers to arrive in Ukraine to monitor signs of xenophobia during\n        election campaign], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (December 4, 2009)\\n\\nOn December\n        9, 2009, candidate [[Victor Yanukovych]] at a meeting with an OSCE election\n        observation mission stated that he is afraid Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]\n        might rig the presidential election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54679/\n        Yanukovych claims to OSCE that Ukrainian government intends to rig presidential\n        election], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (December 9, 2009)\\n\\nA total of 450\n        official observers from the European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations\n        (ENEMO) will monitor the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55130/\n        450 observers from ENEMO international mission to monitor Ukrainian elections],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 15, 2009)\\n\\n[[Pawe\\u0142 Kowal]] lead the delegation\n        of the [[European Parliament]]''s observers; this delegation included ten\n        people, who cooperated closely with the delegations of observers from the\n        [[OSCE Parliamentary Assembly]], the Council of Europe, the [[NATO Parliamentary\n        Assembly]], and the OSCE [[Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights]]\n        (ODIHR).[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55225/ Kowal to\n        head delegation of European Parliament''s observers for elections], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (December 16, 2009)\\n\\nA total of 3,149 international observers\n        did monitor the January 17 presidential election in Ukraine.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/29514/\n        Central Election Commission fails to register over 2,000 official observers\n        from Georgia], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (January 11, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56708/\n        Over 3,000 international observers registered for Ukrainian presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (January 11, 2010)\\n\\nOn January 18, 2010, the OSCE announced\n        it would send same number of observers to monitor Ukraine''s second round\n        of the election as in the first round.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57410/\n        OSCE to send same number of observers to monitor Ukraine''s runoff], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (January 18, 2010) At the same time it called for bringing\n        Ukraine''s election laws in line with international norms[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57399/\n        OSCE observers: Ukraine''s election laws should be brought in line with international\n        norms], [[Kyiv Post]] (January 18, 2010) but nevertheless it endorsed\n        the first round of the Ukrainian presidential poll, saying it was of \\\"high\n        quality\\\" and demonstrated \\\"significant progress\\\".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8466389.stm\n        Ukraine election: And then there were two], [[BBC News]] (January 18, 2010)\\n\\nAfter\n        the second round of the election international observers and the OSCE called\n        the election transparent and honest.\\n\\nAccording\n        to Serhiy Paskhalov, the head of presidential candidate Yulia Tymoshenko''s\n        main campaign office in [[Dnipropetrovsk]], international observers were physically\n        unable to register mass irregularities in the second round of the presidential\n        election. According to Paskhalov six foreign observers had monitored the run-off\n        presidential election at 469 polling stations in six electoral districts in\n        Dnipropetrovsk region.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59297/\n        BYT: International observers were physically unable to record mass irregularities\n        in run-off vote], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (February 11, 2009)\\n\\n==Results==\\n{{incomplete|date=December\n        2010}}\\nNominations by [[Political parties in Ukraine|parties]] and\n        candidates to run in the election closed on November 6, 2009.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49902\n        Ukraine''s presidential candidates to be nominated from Oct. 20 to Nov. 6],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 2, 2009) Eighteen candidates in all have been\n        nominated. The Central Election Committee had until November 11, 2009, to\n        process documentation and finalize the election list.\\n\\nThe first round of\n        the election was held on January 17, 2010. Voter turnout was approximately\n        67 percent, compared to 75 percent at [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|the\n        2004 presidential election]]. Incumbent president [[Viktor Yushchenko]] was\n        defeated having received only 5.45% of the vote.{{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp320pt00_t001f01=700pt001f01=700pplace=1.html\n        Central Election Commission Candidate Results], [[Central Election Commission\n        of Ukraine]] (January 19, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57325/\n        TABLE-Ukraine''s presidential election results], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (January\n        18, 2010)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8464816.stm Ukraine''s\n        Orange leader Yushchenko loses election], [[BBC News]] (January 18, 2010)\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] [http://www.sras.org/russian_journalism_feb_2010\n        Yulia Timoshenko received 45.47 percent, or 11.6 million votes] finished\n        first and second in the first round and faced each other in the second round\n        ballot held on February 7. Voter turnout in the second round was approximately\n        69%. On February 14, with all second round votes counted, Yanukovich was officially\n        declared a winner of the election with 48.95%, compared to Tymoshenko''s 45.47%.\\n\\nThe election has been widely recognized and endorsed\n        as being fair and an accurate reflection of voters'' intentions by all international\n        agencies observing the election including the OSCE and [[Parliamentary Assembly\n        of the Council of Europe|PACE]].[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8505552.stm\n        Ukraine''s Tymoshenko bloc ''contesting election result''], [[BBC News]] (February\n        9, 2010)[http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/NewsManager/EMB_NewsManagerView.asp?ID=5267\n        Run-off confirms that Ukraine''s presidential election meets most international\n        commitments], [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] (February\n        8, 2010)\\n\\n{{Ukrainian presidential election, 2010}}\\n\\n===Electoral\n        maps===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n|+ Maps showing the top five candidates\n        support in the first round of voting- percentage of total national vote\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yanukovych (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (35.33%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Tymoshenko).png|250px|center|Yulia\n        Tymoshenko (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (25.05%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Tihipko).png|250px|center|Sergei\n        Tigipko (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (13.06%)]]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yatseniuk).png|250px|center|Arseniy\n        Yatsenyuk (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (6.96%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (5.46%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (TotalVote).png|250px|center|Total\n        vote distribution (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote]]\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n|+ Maps showing the distribution of voter support\n        in the final round of the election \\u2013 percentage of total national vote\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Feb 2010 Vote (Yanukovych).png|375px|center|Viktor\n        Yanukovych February 7, 2010, results (48.96%)]]\\n| [[Image:Ukraine Presidential\n        Feb 2010 Vote (Tymoshenko).png|375px|center|Yulia Tymoshenko February 7, 2010,\n        results (45.48%)]]\\n|}\\n''''Note: The above maps are based on the percentage\n        of the national vote and as such is an accurate representation of the results\n        of the election as each region is shown in relation to the overall result''''.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Commons|Ukrainian presidential election, 2010}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/|title=Main|accessdate=2009-06-14|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|language=Ukrainian}}\\n* [http://statistika.in.ua\n        Maps of election by polling places]{{ref-uk}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua|title=Parliament|accessdate=2009-09-22|publisher=Official\n        website of the Ukrainian Parliament (Rada)|language=Ukrainian}}\\n* {{cite\n        web|url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/index|title=Parliament|accessdate=2009-09-22|publisher=Official\n        website of the Ukrainian Parliament (Rada)}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57376/\\n|title=Interactive\n        Ukraine election maps|accessdate=2010-01-18|publisher=Kyiv Post}}\\n* [http://vasylchenko.in.ua\n        Serhiy Vasylchenko: Electoral Geography of Ukraine 1991\\u20132010]\\n\\n{{2010\n        presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian Elections}}\\n{{Presidency\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Presidential Election, 2010}}\\n[[Category:2010\n        elections in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Presidential elections in Ukraine|2010]]\\n[[Category:January\n        2010 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:February 2010 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T08:07:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":794597056,\"length\":108972,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2010\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2010&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2010\"},\"30079114\":{\"pageid\":30079114,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2014\",\"index\":6,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-04T23:07:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2014}}\\n{{Infobox Election\\n| election_name = Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2014\\n| time period of Ukraine president is 5 years\\n|\n        country = Ukraine\\n| type = presidential\\n| ongoing = no\\n| previous_election\n        = Ukrainian presidential election, 2010\\n| previous_year = 2010\\n| next_election\n        = Ukrainian presidential election, 2019\\n| next_year     = 2019\\n| election_date\n        = {{start date|2014|05|25|df=y}} \\n| image1        = [[File:President_Poroshenko_Addresses_the_Media_February_2015.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee1      = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| party1        = Independent (politican)\\n|\n        alliance1     = [[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform]]\\n| popular_vote1\n        = 9,857,308\\n| percentage1   = 54.70%{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/566632/\n        |title=Poroshenko wins presidential election with 54.7% of vote - CEC |publisher=[[Radio\n        Ukraine International]] |date=29 May 2014}}
{{ru icon}} [http://telegraf.com.ua/ukraina/politika/1300294-rezultatyi-vyiborov-prezidenta-ukrainyi-2014-tsik-obrabotala-51-99.html\n        Results election of Ukrainian president], \\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\n        (29 May 2014)\\n| image2        = [[File:Yulia Tymoshenko 2011.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee2      = [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]\\n| party2        = All-Ukrainian Union\n        \\\"Fatherland\\\"\\n| popular_vote2 = 2,310,085\\n|\n        percentage2   = 12.81%\\n| image3        =\n        [[File:Maidan_Kiev_2014.04.13_12-09.JPG|160x160px]]\\n| nominee3      = [[Oleh\n        Lyashko]]\\n| party3        = Radical Party of Oleh Lyashko\\n| popular_vote3\n        = 1,500,377\\n| percentage3   = 8.32%\\n| image4        = [[File:Anatoliy_Hrytsenko_2012.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee4      = [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]]\\n| party4        = Civil Position\\n|\n        popular_vote4 = 989,029\\n| percentage4   =\n        5.48%\\n| image5        = [[File:Vice_Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Sergei_Tigipko_(8240397873).jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee5      = [[Serhiy Tihipko]]\\n| party5        = Independent (politician)\\n|\n        alliance5     =  [[Strong Ukraine]]\\n| color5        = 800080\\n| popular_vote5\n        = 943,430\\n| percentage5   = 5.23%\\n| image6        = [[File:Dobkin01.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee6      = [[Mykhailo Dobkin]]\\n| party6        = Party of Regions\\n|\n        popular_vote6 = 546,138\\n| percentage6   =\n        3.03%\\n| image7        = [[File:Vadim_Rabinovich2.jpeg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee7      = [[Vadym Rabynovych]]\\n| party7        = Independent (politican)\\n|\n        color7        = 1034A6\\n| popular_vote7 = 406,301\\n| percentage7   = 2.25%\\n|\n        image8        = [[File:Olga_Bogomolets.jpg|160x160px]]\\n| nominee8      =\n        [[Olha Bohomolets]]\\n| party8        = Independent (politican)\\n| alliance8     =\n        [[Socialist Party of Ukraine|Socialist Party]]\\n| color8        = FF69B4\\n|\n        popular_vote8 = 345,384\\n| percentage8   =\n        1.91%\\n| image9        = [[File:Symonenko_Petr.png|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee9      = [[Petro Symonenko]]\\n| party9        = Communist Party of\n        Ukraine\\n| popular_vote9 = 272,723\\n|\n        percentage9   = 1.51%\\n| map_image     =\n        Ukrainian_Presidential_Election_2014_Map.png\\n| map_size      = \\n| map_caption   =\n        {{legend|#C0C0C0|Electoral districts which voted for [[Petro Poroshenko]]}}\\n{{legend|#0047AB|Electoral\n        districts which voted for [[Mykhailo Dobkin]]}}\\n{{legend|#7d7d7d|Electoral\n        districts in which elections were not held due to the [[War in Donbass]]}}\\n{{legend|fcfcfc|Electoral\n        districts in which elections were not held due to their prior [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation by Russia]]{{cite web|url=http://un.ua/eng/article/506684.html\n        |title=Turchynov Approves Establishing Special Legal Regime, Regulating Citizens''\n        Rights And Freedoms in Temporarily Occupied Territories|publisher=Ukrainian\n        News Agency |date=28 April 2014}}}}\\n| title              = President\\n|\n        before_election    = [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] (acting)\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| before_party       = [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]]\\n|\n        after_party        = Independent (politician)\\n}}\\n\\nPresidential elections\n        were held in [[Ukraine]] on 25 May 2014, resulting in [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n        being elected [[President of Ukraine]].[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989\n        Ukraine elections: Runners and risks], [[BBC News]] (22 May 2014) Originally\n        scheduled to take place on 29 March 2015, the date was changed following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26289318\n        |title=BBC News \\u2013 Ukrainian president and opposition sign early poll\n        deal |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=21 February 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/02/ukrainian-presidency-says-deal-made-at-talks-201422165257342300.html\n        |title=Ukraine president announces early elections \\u2013 Europe |publisher=Al\n        Jazeera English |date=}}{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/ukraine-president-deal-elections-087/\n        |title=Ukraine''s President Yanukovich declares early elections, constitutional\n        reforms \\u2013 RT News |publisher=Rt.com |date=21 February 2014}} Poroshenko\n        won the elections with 54.7% of the votes, enough to win in a single round.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-poroshenko-idINKBN0EI01G20140607|title=Ukraine''s\n        Poroshenko to be sworn in as east seethes with separatist conflict|last=Balmforth|first=Richard|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=6\n        June 2014}} His closest competitor was [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], who emerged\n        with 12.81% of the votes. The [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] reported voter\n        turnout at over 60% excluding those regions not under government control.{{cite web|author=Interfax |url=http://rbth.com/news/2014/05/26/ukrainian_presidential_election_turnout_tops_60_percent_-_chief_election_36931.html\n        |title=Ukrainian presidential election turnout tops 60 percent - chief election\n        official | Russia Beyond The Headlines |publisher=Rbth.com |date=26 May\n        2014 |accessdate=2 June 2014}}{{cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/cec-chair-ukrainian-presidential-election-turnout-tops-60-percent-349393.html\n        |title=CEC chair: Ukrainian presidential election turnout tops 60 percent\n        |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=2 June 2014}}\n        Since Poroshenko obtained an absolute majority in the first round, a [[Two-round\n        system|run-off]] second ballot (on 15 June 2014[http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-talks-set-to-open-without-pro-russian-separatists/2014/05/14/621dbc6a-c7d9-40bc-b2e5-814a4108bbef_story.html\n        Ukraine talks set to open without pro-Russian separatists], [[The Washington\n        Post]] (14 May 2014)) was unnecessary.\\n\\nThe elections were not held throughout Ukraine. During the\n        [[2014 Crimean crisis]], Ukraine lost control over [[Crimea]], which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|was unilaterally annexed]] by Russia in\n        March 2014.[http://eeas.europa.eu/statements/docs/2014/140417_03_en.pdf\n        EU & Ukraine 17 April 2014 FACT SHEET], [[European External Action Service]]\n        (17 April 2014){{#tag:ref|The status of the Crimea and of the city of\n        [[Sevastopol]] is currently [[2014 Crimean crisis|under dispute between Russia\n        and Ukraine]]; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider\n        the Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be\n        one of Ukraine''s [[cities with special status]], while Russia, on the other\n        hand, considers the Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol\n        to be one of Russia''s three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].{{cite web|last=Gutterman\n        |first=Steve |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/18/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140318\n        |title=Putin signs Crimea treaty, will not seize other Ukraine regions |publisher=Reuters.com\n        |date= |accessdate=26 March 2014}}|group=nb}} As a result, elections\n        were not held in Crimea. In the [[Donbass]]\n        region of Ukraine only 20% of the ballot stations were open due to threats\n        and violence by [[War in Donbass|pro-Russia separatists]].\n        Of the 2,430 planned ballot stations (in Donbass) only 426 remained open for\n        polling. The [[self-proclaimed]] [[Donetsk People''s Republic]]\n        and [[Luhansk People''s Republic]], controlling large parts of the Donbass,\n        had vowed to do everything possible to disrupt the elections.\\n\\nPoroshenko\n        will serve a five-year term in office.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html New Ukrainian\n        president will be elected for 5-year term \\u2013 Constitutional Court], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (16 May 2014)\\n\\n==Background==\\n\\n===Prior to the rescheduling of the\n        election===\\nInitially the elections were scheduled for 29 March 2015.[http://gorshenin.eu/media/uploads/088/10/52b96c7f9dae6.pdf\n        Gorshenin Weekly 12/23/2013], [[Gorshenin Institute]] (23 December 2013)\\n\\nOn\n        7 December 2012, [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]] nominated\n        [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] as its presidential candidate.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/united-opposition-nominates-tymoshenko-as-single-presidential-candidate-317296.html\n        United Opposition nominates Tymoshenko as single presidential candidate],\n        ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (7 December 2012)
[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/yatseniuk-tymoshenko-will-be-able-to-run-for-presidency-in-2015-317297.html\n        Yatseniuk: Tymoshenko will be able to run for presidency in 2015], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (7 December 2012) On 14 June 2013, the congress of her party\n        approved the decision to nominate her as its candidate for the presidential\n        election.[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/batkivschyna-to-nominate-tymoshenko-for-presidency-yatseniuk-heads-partys-political-council/\n        Batkivschyna to nominate Tymoshenko for presidency, Yatseniuk heads party\\u2019s\n        political council], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (14 June 2013) On 11 October\n        2011, a Ukrainian court found Tymoshenko guilty of [[abuse of power]], [[Criminal\n        cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010|sentenced her to seven years in\n        jail]] and banned her from seeking elected office for her period of imprisonment.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15250742 Ukraine\n        ex-PM Yulia Tymoshenko jailed over gas deal], BBC News (11 October 2011)[http://zib.com.ua/ua/5728.html\n        The Tymoshenko verdict. Full text of the sentence], ''''Law & Business''''\n        (13 October 2011)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/114528/\n        Tymoshenko convicted, sentenced to 7 years in prison, ordered to pay state\n        ,8 million (update)], ''''Kyiv Post'''' (11 October 2011) Because\n        Tymoshenko was in prison during the [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election]],\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] headed the election list of [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]].[http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/58995\n        They Call Themselves the Opposition], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (31 August\n        2012){{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/11/11/6977259/\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438], ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]'''' (11 November 2012)\n        Tymoshenko remained in prison until 22 February 2014, after parliament voted\n        for her release and removal of her criminal record, allowing her to compete\n        for elected office once again.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275\n        Ukraine crisis timeline], [[BBC News]]\\n\\nIn May 2013, [[All-Ukrainian\n        Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]], [[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform|UDAR]],\n        and [[Svoboda (political party)|Svoboda]] vowed to coordinate their actions\n        during the presidential campaign, and promised \\\"to support the candidate\n        from among these parties who wins a place in the run-off election\\\".[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/batkivschyna-udar-svoboda-to-coordinate-their-actions-at-presidential-election-2/\n        Batkivschyna, UDAR, Svoboda to coordinate their actions at presidential election],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (16 May 2013) If the election format were to change\n        to a single round, the three parties vowed to agree on a single candidate.\\n\\nOn 24 October 2013, the leader[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20031821\n        Q&A:Ukrainian parliamentary election], [[BBC News]] (23 October 2012)\n        of [[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform|UDAR]], [[Vitali Klitschko]],\n        announced he intended to take part in the election.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171819.html\n        Vitali Klitschko says intends to run for president in Ukraine], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171794.html Parliament\n        passes law that could prevent Klitschko from running for president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013) Experts and lawyers argued that it is unclear if Klitschko\n        could take part. Under Ukrainian law a presidential\n        candidate must have had his residence in Ukraine for the past ten years prior\n        to election day. Klitschko has lived for many years in both [[Ukraine]] and\n        Germany, where, according to media reports, he has a residence permit. Klitschko confirmed on 28 February 2014 that he will\n        take part in the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193451.html\n        Klitschko confirms he, Tymoshenko will run for president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (28 February 2014) However, on 29 March, he withdrew from the race for\n        the presidency, simultaneously pledging his support for [[Petro Poroshenko]].[http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/boxing-champion-klitschko-withdraws-ukraine-presidential-race-n66771\n        Boxing Champion Klitschko Withdraws from Ukraine Presidential Race], [[NBC\n        News]] (29 March 2014)\\n\\nFormer [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], prior to his dismissal and subsequent flight from the country\n        (see below), was considered likely to run for his second and final term.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/138644.html Regions Party\n        is hoping for Yanukovych''s reelection as president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (1 February 2013)
[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/analysts-yanukovych-beginning-his-presidential-campaign-alarm-clock-set-for-march-2015/\n        Analysts: Yanukovych beginning his presidential campaign, alarm clock set\n        for March 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (1 March 2013)
[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/no-alternative-to-yanukovych-ukraine-to-be-stable-for-7-more-years-says-azarov/\n        No alternative to Yanukovych, Ukraine to be stable for 7 more years, says\n        Azarov], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (14 June 2013){{#tag:ref|Per [[s:Constitution\n        of Ukraine#Article 103|Chapter V, Article 103]] of the Constitution, the President\n        is allowed to serve a maximum of two full 5-year terms. However, in 2003,\n        the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] permitted then-President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] to run for a third term in the [[Ukrainian presidential election,\n        2004|2004 presidential election]] He chose not to run.{{cite web|url=http://www.ccu.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=12367|title=Summary\n        to the Decision no. 22-rp/2003 of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine as of\n        25 December 2003|accessdate=22 March 2009|date=25 December 2003|publisher=[[Constitutional\n        Court of Ukraine]]|format=[[Microsoft Word]] document}}|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|Yanukovych\n        ran in the [[2010 Ukrainian presidential election]] as a candidate of Party\n        of Regions[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27252/ Lutsenko accuses\n        Yanukovych of giving false data in his income declaration], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (8 December 2009) but suspended his membership in the Party of Regions\n        after the election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/60929/\n        Yanukovych suspends his membership in Party of Regions, hands over party leadership\n        to Azarov], ''''Kyiv Post'''' (3 March 2010)|group=nb}} But, as of 19\n        December 2013, he had made no final decision on this.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/182928.html\n        Yanukovych vows not to run in 2015 presidential elections if his rating is\n        low], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19 December 2013) On 19 December 2013, Yanukovych\n        alluded to not participating when he stated \\\"If, theoretically speaking,\n        my rating is low and has no prospects, I won''t hinder the country''s development\n        and movement ahead\\\".\\n\\n===Early 2014 elections===\\n{{see\n        also|Euromaidan|2014 Ukrainian revolution|Annexation of Crimea by Russia|War\n        in Donbass}}\\n\\n====Scheduling====\\nOn 21 November 2013, the Ukrainian [[Second\n        Azarov Government]] suspended [[Plan on Priority Measures for European Integration\n        of Ukraine|preparations]] for signing an [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union Association\n        Agreement|association agreement]] with the [[European Union]].{{cite news|title=Ukraine drops EU plans and looks\n        to Russia|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/11/ukraine-drops-eu-plans-looks-russia-20131121145417227621.html|publisher=[[Al\n        Jazeera]]|date=21 November 2013|accessdate=22 November 2013}} The decision\n        to postpone the signing of the association agreement led to [[2013 Ukraine\n        protests|massive protests across Ukraine]].{{cite news|url=http://main.omanobserver.om/?p=34172\n        |title=Ukraine still wants historic pact with EU |work=[[Oman Observer]] |date=|accessdate=27\n        November 2013}}
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25307255 Ukraine\n        police dismantle Kiev protest camps], [[BBC News]] (9 December 2013)\n        These led to the removal of President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and his government\n        by the parliament in February, as part of the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]],\n        during which Yanukovych fled the country to Russia.{{cite news |title=Archrival Is Freed\n        as Ukraine Leader Flees |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 February 2014|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/world/europe/ukraine.html?_r=0\n        | accessdate=23 February 2014}} On 22 February 2014, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] voted 328\\u20130{{cite web|author=Kyiv Post |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-feb-21-live-updates-337287.html\n        |title=Parliament votes 328\\u20130 to dismiss Yanukovych on Feb. 22; sets\n        May 25 for new election; Tymoshenko free (LIVE UPDATES, VIDEO) |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 February 2014}} to dismiss Yanukovych as President.{{cite\n        web|title=Ukraine drops EU plans and looks to Russia|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/11/ukraine-drops-eu-plans-looks-russia-20131121145417227621.html|publisher=[[Al\n        Jazeera English|aljazeera.com]]|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/176073.htmlUkrainian\n        government issues decree to suspend preparations for signing of association\n        agreement with EU], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (21 November 2013)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175989.html\n        Rada votes down all bills on allowing Tymoshenko''s medical treatment abroad],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (21 November 2013) [[Oleksandr Turchynov]], deputy\n        chairman of [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]], who had been\n        appointed as [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada]] earlier that day,{{cite\n        news|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_02_22/Alexander-Turchinov-elected-as-spiker-of-Ukrainian-Parliament-5922/|title=Alexander\n        Turchinov elected as speaker of Ukrainian Parliament|publisher=[[Voice of\n        Russia]]|date=22 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_02_22/Alexander-Turchinov-elected-as-spiker-of-Ukrainian-Parliament-5922/|archivedate=1\n        December 2008 }} was named acting [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime\n        Minister]],{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/articles/158429/Ukraine''s+Parliament+to+Appoint+Opposition+Leader+Acting+PM|title=Ukraine''s\n        Parliament Appoints Opposition Leader Acting PM |publisher=Novinite.com|accessdate=22\n        February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.novinite.com/articles/158429/Ukraine''s+Parliament+to+Appoint+Opposition+Leader+Acting+PM|archivedate=1\n        December 2008 }} and, due to Yanukovych''s deposition, acting President,\n        until new elections could be held.\\n\\nIn a press conference in the Russian\n        city of [[Rostov-on-Don]] on 28 February, Yanukovych stated that he would\n        not take part in the elections, stating that \\\"I believe they are unlawful,\n        and I will not take part in them\\\".[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193466.html\n        Yanukovych: Presidential elections slated for May 25 unlawful, I won''t run],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (28 February 2014) It was later speculated that\n        [[Serhiy Tihipko]] would be the Presidential candidate of the [[Party of Regions]],\n        Yanukovych''s former party.{{cite web|author=? \\u041a\\u0430\\u043a \\u043a\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u043c \\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f?\n        |url=http://gazeta.ua/ru/articles/politics/_partiya-regionov-vydvinet-v-prezidenty-tigipko/543685\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442 \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0422\\u0438\\u0433\\u0438\\u043f\\u043a\\u043e? |publisher=Gazeta.ua |date=15\n        May 2014}} The party''s nomination went to [[Mykhailo Dobkin]], however,\n        and Tihipko entered the elections as an independent candidate. Dobkin was amongst the persons wanted by the (then new) [[First Yatsenyuk\n        Government|Yatsenyuk Government]] to be sent for trial at the [[International\n        Criminal Court]].{{cite web|author=Uhr |url=http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/ukraine-der-wahlkampf-hat-begonnen.1046.de.html?dram:article_id=278499\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Der Wahlkampf hat begonnen |publisher=Deutschlandradiokultur.de\n        |date=}}\\n\\nDuring the [[2014 Crimean crisis]] and [[Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)|Russian military intervention]],\n        Ukraine lost control over the [[Crimea]], which was unilaterally [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] by Russia in March 2014. As a result, elections were not held in the Crimea, but Ukrainians\n        who had kept their [[Ukrainian citizenship]] were allowed to vote elsewhere\n        in Ukraine.\\n\\n====Escalation of pro-Russian\n        unrest====\\nIn the [[Donbass]] region of the [[Eastern Ukraine]], [[2014 pro-Russian\n        conflict in Ukraine|pro-Russian protests]] escalated into an armed separatist\n        [[War in Donbass|insurgency]] early in April 2014, when masked gunmen took\n        control of several of the region''s government buildings and towns.[http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/04/30/ukraine-crisis-horlivka-idINKBN0DG0FY20140430\n        Masked gunmen tighten grip on eastern Ukraine], [[Reuters]] (30 April 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        15 April 2014, Ukrainian media reported that the [[General Prosecutor of Ukraine]]\n        had launched criminal proceedings against then-candidate [[Oleh Tsarov]] for\n        allegedly aiding separatists and thus violating Ukraine''s territorial integrity.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/908090-prokuratura-otkryila-ugolovnoe-proizvodstvo-protiv-tsareva-za-separatistskie-idei.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u044b\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0426\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u0438 : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d\n        |publisher=Unian.net |date=15 April 2014}} Tsarov withdrew his candidacy\n        on 29 April.\\n\\n[[Serhiy Taruta]], governor of Donetsk,\n        has suggested a referendum, to be held on 15 June, at the same time as the\n        potential second round of the election. The referendum would address the decentralization\n        of political power, potentially giving regions a greater say in their own\n        affairs, such as greater control over the taxes they levy and the power to\n        make Russian a second official language.\\n\\nOn 16 May 2014,\n        the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] ruled that the candidate elected as\n        a result of the presidential election would serve a full five-year term of\n        office.\\n[[File:Donetsk\n        oblast election 2014 voter turnout - en 2.jpg|thumb|Voter turnout in [[Donetsk\n        Oblast]] in the election]]\\nOn 17 May 2014, the [[Central Election Commission\n        of Ukraine]] (CEC) stated that, due to \\\"illegal actions of unknown people\\\",\n        it could not arrange for the \\\"preparation and conduct of elections\\\" in six\n        constituencies in the [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast]]s.[http://www.euronews.com/2014/05/18/fighting-rages-in-east-ukraine-as-talks-continue/\n        Fighting rages in East Ukraine as talks continue], [[Euronews]] (18 May 2014)
[http://www.voanews.com/content/security-fears-mount-over-ukraine-vote/1916650.html\n        At Ukraine Peace Talks, Eastern Leaders Assail Central Government ], [[VOA]]\n        (17 May 2014)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/17/7025615\n        CEC: Elections in Donetsk and Luhansk region becomes increasingly difficult],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (17 May 2014) According to the CEC, members of\n        district election commissions there had received threats to their own personal\n        safety and to that of their families. The CEC warned\n        that two million people in the two [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces), about 5.6% of Ukraine''s approximately 36 million eligible voters,\n        could be deprived of their right to vote if the situation there did not improve.{{#tag:ref|[[Donetsk Oblast]] houses 3.3 million eligible\n        voters (9.3% of Ukraine''s total eligible electorate); [[Luhansk Oblast]]\n        houses 1.8 million (5% of the total). In\n        [[Crimea]] (1.8 million eligible voters, comprising 5.1% of Ukraine''s total\n        eligible electorate), there was no voting, due to its [[Annexation of Crimea\n        by the Russian Federation|annexation by Russia]].|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|25.5\n        million Ukrainians voted in the second round of the [[Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2010|2010 presidential election]].[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/18/is-ukraine-ready-to-vote/\n        Is Ukraine ready to vote?], [[Washington Post]] (18 May 2014)|group=nb}}\n        On 22 May, the work of eighteen of the thirty-four election commissions in\n        Donetsk{{#tag:ref|In western Donetsk, where paramilitary groups helped to\n        suppress separatist activity, the vote went ahead as normal.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/23/russia-ukraine-vote-vladimir-putin-president\n        Russia will recognise outcome of Ukraine poll, says Vladimir Putin], [[The\n        Guardian]] (23 May 2014)|group=nb}} and Luhansk Oblasts had been stopped\n        fully or partially by representatives of the [[self-proclaimed]] [[Donetsk\n        People''s Republic]] and [[Lugansk People''s Republic]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/206079.html\n        Eighteen of thirty-four district election commissions in Donetsk and Luhansk\n        regions captured \\u2013 CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (22 May 2014) By\n        23 May, this number had increased to twenty of the thirty-four.[http://www.unian.info/politics/921034-20-out-of-34-decs-remain-blocked-by-terrorists-in-donetsk-and-luhansk-oblast-cec.html\n        20 out of 34 DECs remain blocked by terrorists in Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast\n        \\u2013 CEC], [[UNIAN]] (23 May 2014) The Committee of Voters of Ukraine\n        predicted on 23 May that, due to  \\\"ongoing acts of terrorism and armed insurgency\\\",\n        10% of the Ukrainian population would be unable to vote.{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/vybory-2014/vybory-prezidenta/lishe-tretina-viborciv-donbasu-zmozhut-progolosuvati-25-travnya-eksperti-351172.html\n        |title=\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u043e\\u0436\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        25 \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua |publisher=Tsn.ua |date=23 May 2014}}{{#tag:ref|According\n        to the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, \\\"most of the election committees are\n        now meeting underground, and there have been a lot of kidnappings and threats\\\".|group=nb}} On the same day, the leader of the Lugansk\n        People''s Republic advised citizens not to go to the polls to vote, warning\n        of possible provocative \\\"explosions\\\" set by Ukrainian military.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026280/ |title=\\u041b\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432 '''\\u041b\\u041d\\u0420'''\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u0443\\u0454 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=}}\\n\\n===Simultaneous mayoral elections===\\nOn\n        25 May 2014, [[Ukrainian local elections, 2014|27 mayoral elections]] were\n        also held, including those in [[Odessa local election,\n        2014|Odessa]] and [[Kiev local election, 2014|Kiev]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198450.html\n        sushko to compete for post of Odesa mayor], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (29 March\n        2014)[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192688.html\n        Parliament sets elections for Kyiv mayor and Kyiv City Council deputies for\n        May 25], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (25 February 2014)\\n\\n===Russian reaction===\\nInitially\n        Russia opposed rescheduling the election because the Russian government considered\n        the removal of then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] illegal and his temporary\n        successors an \\\"illegitimate [[Military junta|junta]]\\\".[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/07/world/europe/ukraine.html?_r=0\n        As Ukrainian Election Looms, Western Powers and Russia Campaign for Influence],\n        [[New York Times]] (6 May 2014) But on 7 May 2014 [[Russian President]]\n        [[Vladimir Putin]] stated the election would be a step \\\"in the right direction\\\"\n        but that the vote would decide nothing unless the rights of \\\"all citizens\\\"\n        were protected.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27314816 Ukraine\n        crisis: Russia''s Putin ''backs 25 May election''], [[BBC News]] (7 May 2014)\n        At the [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum]] on 23 May 2014, Putin\n        appeared to further move away from Russia''s initial position by announcing\n        that Russia would respect the outcome of the elections in Ukraine and was\n        ready to work with whoever won the presidency.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27542057\n        Russia''s Vladimir Putin ''to respect'' Ukraine vote], [[BBC News]] (23 May)\\n\\nThe\n        US and [[European Union]] vowed early May 2014 that they would impose further\n        [[List of individuals sanctioned during the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|sanctions\n        against Russia]] (sanctions have been in place against Russia since the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]][http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26613567 Ukraine\n        crisis: EU and US impose sanctions over Crimea], [[BBC News]] (17 March 2014))\n        if it disrupted the election. However, unlike previous sanctions which were\n        limited to individuals and companies, the third stage is set to target entire\n        sectors of the Russian economy.[http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/obama-merkel-more-sanctions-if-russia-disrupts-election-n95731\n        Obama, Merkel: More Sanctions If Russia Disrupts Election], [[NBC News]] (2\n        May 2014) Earlier the USA and the EU had accused Russia of destabilising\n        Ukraine by stoking the [[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|2014 pro-Russian\n        rebellion]] in [[Eastern Ukraine]], a charge Russia has denied.\\n[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/05/west-warns-russia-not-disrupt-kiev-polls-201451513460138259.html\n        West warns Russia not to disrupt Kiev polls], [[Al Jazeera English]] (16 May\n        2014)\\n\\n\\n==Electoral system==\\nThe term of office for the Ukrainian\n        president is five years.{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2011/02/2/5870436/\n        \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0443 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (2 February 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/96077/\n        Parliament sets parliamentary elections for October 2012, presidential elections\n        for February 2014], [[Kyiv Post]] (1 February 2011)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/96081/\n        Ukraine sets parliamentary vote for October 2012], [[Kyiv Post]] (1 February\n        2011) If no candidate had obtained an absolute majority in the first\n        round, then the two highest polling candidates would have contested a [[Two-round\n        system|run-off]] second ballot on 15 June 2014.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8460978.stm Q&A: Ukraine presidential\n        election], [[BBC News]] (7 February 2010)\\n\\n===Information technology\n        framework for electoral monitoring -- Elections 2014===\\n[[Arsen Avakov (politician)|Arsen\n        Avakov]]{{who|date=April 2016}} underlined the importance of Elections 2014\n        a new IT elections monitoring system  ({{lang-uk|}}\\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        2014\\\"), that allowed voters to track the progress of the elections in real\n        time, potentially increasing transparency, and avoiding the post-election\n        disturbances seen in prior Ukrainian elections.{{cite web|url=http://www.avakov.com/news/?year=2014&news_id=4715|script-title=ru:\\u0413\\u0435\\u043e\\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 \\u041c\\u0412\\u0414 \\\"\\u0412\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        2014\\\". \\u0410\\u0440\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d \\u0410\\u0432\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=Geoinformation\n        system Ministry of Internal Affairs \\\"Elections 2014\\\". Arsen Avakov|language=ru|date=22\n        May 2014|deadurl=unfit|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525065954/http://www.avakov.com/news/?year=2014&news_id=4715|archivedate=25\n        May 2014}} On 22 May 2014, three days before the election, hacker group\n        [[CyberBerkut]]announced that it had compromised the primary servers of the\n        Central Election Commission and stolen passwords from the servers.{{cite\n        news|title=CyberBerkut announces destruction of electronic system of Ukraine''s\n        Central Election Commission|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_05_23/CyberBerkut-announces-destruction-of-electronic-system-of-Ukraines-Central-Election-Commission-5809/|newspaper=Voice\n        of Russia}}{{cite news|title=Pro-Russian Hackers Attack Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|url=http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/cyberberkut-hackers-attack-central-election-commission-of-ukraine-146180}}{{cite\n        news|title=Ukraine: Electoral committee cyber-virus ''liquidated'' \\u2013\n        SBU chief|url=http://www.frequency.com/video/ukraine-electoral-committee-cyber-virus/170501391/-/5-15954222}}\n        As well, the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] investigated the servers and\n        discovered a that would have destroyed election results.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026217/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0411\\u0423 \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441, \\u0449\\u043e \\u043c\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0449\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=23 May 2014}} On election day, authorities\n        arrested a group of hackers with specialized equipment in Kiev. They had been\n        attempting to rig the election.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/authorities-hackers-foiled-in-bid-to-rig-ukraine-presidential-election-results-349288.html\n        |title=Authorities: Hackers foiled in bid to rig Ukraine presidential election\n        results |publisher= |date= |accessdate=28 May 2014}}\\n\\n==Candidates==\\n21\n        candidates took part in the elections; seven of them had been nominated by\n        [[Political parties in Ukraine|political parties]], 15 were self-nominees.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/199103.html Twenty-three\n        candidates to run for Ukraine''s presidency], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (3 April\n        2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/916897-v-izbiratelnom-byulletene-ostaetsya-21-kandidat-na-post-prezidenta-magera.html\n        |title=\\u0412 \\u0438\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        21 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\n        : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d\n        |publisher=Unian.net |date=}} A total of 18 candidates ran for president\n        in [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010]]. Before\n        7 April 2014, four [[Party of Regions]] members were running for election,\n        but on 7 April 2014 the political council of the party expelled the presidential\n        candidates [[Serhiy Tihipko]], [[Oleg Tsarov|Oleh Tsarov]] and [[Yuriy Boiko]]\n        from the party. On 29 March a Party of Regions convention supported [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]]''s nomination as a presidential candidate.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/199490.html\n        Ukraine''s Party of Regions expels presidential hopefuls Tigipko, Tsariov\n        and Boiko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (7 April 2014)\\n\\nCandidates were able\n        to nominate themselves at the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] from\n        25 February 2014 until 30 March 2014. The last date for registering candidates\n        was 4 April 2014.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198540.html\n        CEC registers seven more presidential candidates, including Poroshenko, Tymoshenko],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (31 March 2014){{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/197738.html|title=President\n        of All-Ukrainian Jewish Congress Rabynovych to register as presidential candidate|publisher=En.interfax.com.ua|date=25\n        March 2014}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192454.html\n        Nomination of presidential candidates in Ukraine to begin on February 25,\n        says CEC head], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (24 February 2014) Candidates needed\n        to submit a full package of documents and a 2.5 million [[hryvnia]] deposit.\\n\\n===Registered candidates===\\n* [[Olha Bohomolets]] ([[Independent\n        (politician)|independent]]) (supported by the [[Socialist\n        Party of Ukraine]])[http://www.spu.in.ua/uk/news2/1/14930 At the presidential\n        elections SPU will support Olha Bohomolets]. [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]].\n        4 April 2014\\n* [[Yuriy Boyko]] (self-nominated)\\n*\n        [[Mykhailo Dobkin]] ([[Party of Regions]])\\n* [[Andriy\n        Hrynenko]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n* [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]] ([[Civil Position]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/1/7021027/ |title=\\u0426\\u0412\\u041a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0422\\u044f\\u0433\\u043d\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0449\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0445 |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=}}\\n* [[Valeriy\n        Konovalyuk]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n*\n        [[Vasyl Kuybida]] ([[People''s Movement of Ukraine]])\\n*\n        [[Renat Kuzmin]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n*\n        [[Oleh Lyashko]] ([[Radical Party (Ukraine)|Radical Party]])\\n*\n        [[Mykola Malomuzh]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n*\n        [[Petro Poroshenko]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\n        (supported by [[UDAR]])\\n* [[Vadym Rabynovych]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n* [[Volodymyr Saranov]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n* [[Serhiy Tihipko]] (self-nominated)\n        (supported by the [[Strong Ukraine]])\\n* [[Oleh Tyahnybok]] ([[Svoboda (political\n        party)|Svoboda]])\\n* [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] ([[All-Ukrainian\n        Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]])\\n* [[Dmytro Yarosh]]\n        ([[Right Sector]], self-nominated)\\n\\n===Withdrawn candidates===\\n\\n====Before\n        deadline====\\n* [[Natalia Korolevska]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]]),\n        withdrew from race on 1 May.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/203141.html\n        Korolevska withdraws her presidential bid \\u2013 CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (1 May 2014)\\n* [[Oleg Tsaryov|Oleh Tsarov]] (self-nominated), withdrew\n        from race on 29 April.[http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraines-pro-russian-candidate-quits-presidential-race/25366951.html\n        Ukraine''s Pro-Russian Candidate Quits Presidential Race ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio\n        Liberty]] (29 April 2014)\\n\\n====After deadline====\\n\\n* [[Zoryan Shkiryak]]\n        ([[Independent (politician)|independent]]), withdrew from race on 10 May.[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/shkiryak_pid_chas_debativ_znyavsya_z_viboriv_1937258\n        Shkiryak during debates withdrew from elections]. [[Ukrinform]]. 10 May 2014\\n*\n        [[Petro Symonenko]] ([[Communist Party of Ukraine]]), withdrew from race on\n        16 May.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/communist-leader-symonenko-withdraws-his-candidacy-from-presidential-race-348211.html\n        Communist leader Symonenko withdraws his candidacy from presidential race],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (16 May 2014){{cite web|url = http://www.unian.net/politics/918888-simonenko-snyalsya-s-vyiborov.html|title\n        = \\u0421\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e \\u0441\\u043d\\u044f\\u043b\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0441 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432|date = |accessdate = |website\n        = \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d|publisher = |last = |first = }}\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Ivanovych Klymenko|Oleksandr Klymenko]] ([[Ukrainian People''s\n        Party]]), withdrew his candidacy on May 18 \\\"to support [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n        as the sole representative of the [[national democratic]] forces\\\".{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/18/7025665/ Out of the presidential\n        race fell out another candidate], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (18 May 2014)\\n*\n        [[Vasyl Tsushko]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]]), withdrew from\n        race on 22 May.{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/cushko-snimaetsya-s-vyborov-522504.html\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u043e \\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0441 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 |publisher=Segodnya.ua |date=}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] was\n        unable to remove from the ballot the names of candidates who withdrew from\n        the race after the deadline of 1 May 2014.{{uk icon}}\n        [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/17/7025648/ Simonenko left the ballot],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (17 May 2014){{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/zoryan-shkiryak-prosit-ne-golosovat-za-nego-519341.html\n        Zoryan Shkiryak withdrew from the presidential race], [[Segodnya]] (10 May\n        2014)\\n\\n===Rejected candidates===\\nThe Central Election Commission\n        rejected some applications for candidate registration early in the process.\n        It refused to register O. Burnashova, V. Marynych, A. Makhlai, A. Kucheryavenko,\n        V. Chopei, L. Rozhnova, L. Maksymenko, D. Myroshnychenko, P. Rekal, T. Onopriyuk,\n        and Z. Abbasov.{{cite web|author=''+ a.html() +'' |url=http://tvi.ua/new/2014/03/04/cvk_vidmovyla_u_reyestraciyi_pershomu_kandydatu_na_posadu_prezydenty\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0412\\u041a \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0443 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430 |publisher=Tvi.ua\n        |date=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/cik-otkazal-v-registracii-dvum-kandidatam-v-prezidenty-ukrainy-503270.html\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b \\u0432\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u043c\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b |publisher=Segodnya.ua |date=}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.day.kiev.ua/ru/news/100314-dvum-licam-otkazano-v-registracii-na-post-prezidenta\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0414\\u0432\\u0443\\u043c \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0432 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        |language=ru |publisher=Day.kiev.ua |date=7 October 2011}}{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e: rada2012 |url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/3340600-tsyk-zarehystryrovala-boiko-kandydatom-v-prezydenty\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u0437\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0439\\u043a\\u043e \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b |publisher=Korrespondent.net\n        |date=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/news/news_28032014.htm\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0412\\u041a \\u0437\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0443\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438 |publisher=Cvk.gov.ua\n        |date=28 March 2014}} On 3 April 2014 the CEC rejected a further three\n        candidates: a man named [[Darth Vader]], Evhen Terekhov, and Yuriy Ivanitsky.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/903794-tsik-ne-pustila-na-prezidentskie-vyiboryi-darta-veydera-i-esche-dvoih-kandidatov.html\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b \\u0414\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0412\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u0435\\u0449\\u0435 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d\n        |publisher=Unian.net |date=}}\\n\\nOn 29 March 2014, [[Vitali Klitschko]]\n        ([[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform|UDAR]]) endorsed [[Petro Poroshenko]],[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198348.html\n        Klitschko believes only presidential candidate from democratic forces should\n        be Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (29 March 2014) and announced he\n        would run for [[Mayor of Kiev]] in the [[Kiev local election, 2014|local election]]\n        taking place alongside the presidential election.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/03/29/7020706/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u043b\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u0438\\u0432.\n        \\u0419\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0443 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198350.html\n        Klitschko will run for mayor of Kyiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (29 March 2014)\\n\\n==Opinion\n        polls==\\n{{main|Opinion polling for the Ukrainian presidential election, 2014}}\\n\\n==International\n        observers==\\nThe [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (CEC) had registered\n        543 international official observers on 2 May 2014.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/203200.html\n        CEC registers 543 international official observers for presidential elections],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (2 May 2014) On 23 May (two days before the election)\n        this number had risen to 3,607 (CEC had completed the registration of observers\n        on 19 May but on 23 May had allowed 823 members of the observer organization\n        European Platform for Democratic Elections).{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026284/\n        In Ukraine will come three thousand observers], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (23\n        May 2014) Among others [[OSCE]]''s [[Office for Democratic Institutions\n        and Human Rights]], OSCE''s [[OSCE Parliamentary Assembly|Parliamentary Assembly]],\n        the [[Ukrainian World Congress]] and the United States sent observers. OSCE deployed 100 long-term observers and 900 short-term\n        observers.[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dde01232-e28f-11e3-ba64-00144feabdc0.html#axzz32eC94qZP\n        Ukraine officials battle \\u2018chaos\\u2019 in east as rebels target election],\n        [[The Financial Times]] (23 May 2014) On 9 May 2014 [[Assistant Secretary\n        of State for European and Eurasian Affairs|U.S. Assistant Secretary for European\n        and Eurasian Affairs]] [[Victoria Nuland]] stated her country would support\n        255 long-term and more than 3,300 short-term observers.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/204188.html\n        US to provide support to several thousands of observers at Ukrainian elections\n        \\u2013 Nuland], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (9 May 2014) Russia did not send\n        observers.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/206185.html Russia\n        will not send its observers to Ukraine election \\u2013 Kremlin official],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (23 May 2014) Other [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] members also did not send observers; because Ukraine had not sent\n        an invitation to the [[Commonwealth of Independent States#Controversial election\n        observation mission|CIS Election Monitoring Organisation]].{{uk icon}}\n        [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026190 Observers from the CIS on\n        elections in Ukraine will not be \\u2013 Executive Committee], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (23 May 2014)\\n\\n==Results==\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0432\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2014 \\u043f\\u043e \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\\u0445.PNG|thumb|Turnout\n        by region]]\\n\\nPetro Poroshenko won the elections with 54.7% of the votes,\n        when excluding the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts that have 6.6 million residents. His closest competitor was [[Yulia Tymoshenko]],\n        who emerged with 12.81% of the votes.\n        The [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]]\n        reported voter turnout at over 60% excluding those regions not under government\n        control. In the [[Donbass]]\n        region of Ukraine only 20% of the ballot stations were open due to threats\n        and violence by [[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|pro-Russia separatists]]. Of the 2,430 planned ballot stations (in Donbass) only 426\n        remained open for polling.[https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304811904579583413180447156\n        Poroshenko Declares Victory in Ukraine Presidential Election], [[The Wall\n        Street Journal]] (25 May 2014)\\n\\nExit polls had also predicted that\n        Poroshenko won the election outright{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27569057\n        | title=Petro Poroshenko claims Ukraine presidency | work=BBC | date=25 May\n        2014| accessdate=26 May 2014}} with over 55.9% of the votes,\\n{{Ukrainian presidential election, 2014}}\\n\\n==Reactions==\\nDespite\n        [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014#Russian reaction|Russia''s earlier\n        protest at rescheduling the election]] and the general tense relation between\n        the countries at the time because of the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian\n        Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and the [[Russian military intervention\n        in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)|Russian military intervention in Ukraine]],\n        [[Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] recognised the vote.{{cite web | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/05/26/u-s-lauds-ukraine-election-amid-hopes-for-easing-standoff/\n        | title=U.S. Lauds Ukraine Election Amid Hopes for Easing Standoff | work=The\n        Wall Street Journal | date=26 May 2014| accessdate=27 May 2014| author=Talley,\n        Ian}}\\n\\nThe leaders of the [[self-proclaimed]] [[Donetsk People''s\n        Republic]] and [[Lugansk People''s Republic]], controlling large parts of\n        the [[Donbass]] region of [[Eastern Ukraine]], declared that the regions had\n        made already their choice shown in the results of the status referendum of\n        11 March.\\n\\n[[US President]] [[Barack Obama]] congratulated\n        Petro Poroshenko with his victory by telephone 2 days after the election.[https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304811904579588171670090480\n        Obama Calls Ukrainian President-Elect Poroshenko With Congratulations], [[The\n        Wall Street Journal]] (27 May 2014) This was also done by [[President\n        of the European Commission]] [[Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Barroso]] and [[President\n        of the European Parliament|European Parliament President]] [[Martin Schulz]]\n        and other [[EU]] leaders such as [[German Chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]] and\n        [[French President]] [[Fran\\u00e7ois Hollande]].[http://enpi-info.eu/maineast.php?id=37402&id_type=1&lang_id=450\n        Ukraine: EU leaders congratulate Poroshenko and praise elections held against\n        the odds], [[European Union Association Agreement|ENPI Info Centre]] (27 May\n        2014)[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine-abroad/wall-street-journal-merkel-congratulates-ukraines-poroshenko-on-election-win-349628.html\n        Wall Street Journal: Merkel congratulates Ukraine''s Poroshenko on election\n        win], [[Kyiv Post]] (27 May 2014)\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{Reflist|group=nb}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{Official website|http://www.cvk.gov.ua/}}\\n\\n{{2014 presidential\n        election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian elections}}\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n{{Euromaidan}}\\n{{2014\n        pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Presidential elections in Ukraine|2014]]\\n[[Category:2014\n        elections in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Euromaidan]]\\n[[Category:Snap elections]]\\n[[Category:2014\n        pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:May 2014 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T08:07:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":793955568,\"length\":53207,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2014\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2014&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2014\"},\"51557631\":{\"pageid\":51557631,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2019\",\"index\":20,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T20:57:18Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{sources|date=August\n        2017}}\\n{{Politics of Ukraine}}\\n\\n''''''Presidential\n        elections'''''' are expected to be held in [[Ukraine]] on 31 March 2019.http://www.president.gov.ua/ua/documents/constitution/konstituciya-ukrayini-rozdil-v[http://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/op-ed/timothy-ash-ukraine-may-not-have-had-its-last-revolution-410998.html\n        Timothy Ash: Ukraine may not have had its last revolution] Kyiv Post, 30 March\n        2016\\n\\n==Electoral system==\\nThe [[President of Ukraine]] is elected\n        every five years using the [[two-round system]] if a candidate can not capture\n        more than 50% of the vote in the first round.{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-talks-set-to-open-without-pro-russian-separatists/2014/05/14/621dbc6a-c7d9-40bc-b2e5-814a4108bbef_story.html|title=Ukraine\n        talks set to open without pro-Russian separatists|newspaper=[[The Washington\n        Post]]|date=14 May 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528213228/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-talks-set-to-open-without-pro-russian-separatists/2014/05/14/621dbc6a-c7d9-40bc-b2e5-814a4108bbef_story.html|archivedate=28\n        May 2014|df=dmy-all}}
{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8460978.stm\n        |title=Q&A: Ukraine presidential election |publisher=BBC News |date=7 February\n        2010 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |deadurl=no |archivedate=29 April 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045939/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8460978.stm\n        |df=dmy }}
{{cite web|publisher=[[Radio Ukraine International]] |accessdate=29\n        May 2014 |url=http://nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/566632/ |title=Poroshenko wins presidential\n        election with 54.7% of vote \\u2013 CEC |date=29 May 2014 |archivedate=29 May\n        2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529212731/http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/566632/\n        |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
{{cite news|publisher=\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\n        |url=http://telegraf.com.ua/ukraina/politika/1300294-rezultatyi-vyiborov-prezidenta-ukrainyi-2014-tsik-obrabotala-51-99.html\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0412\\u043d\\u0435\\u043e\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b |trans_title=Results election of\n        Ukrainian president |date=29 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |language=ru\n        |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529233925/http://telegraf.com.ua/ukraina/politika/1300294-rezultatyi-vyiborov-prezidenta-ukrainyi-2014-tsik-obrabotala-51-99.html\n        |archivedate=29 May 2014 |df=dmy }}{{cite\n        news|date=22 May 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989 |title=Ukraine\n        elections: Runners and risks |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527092109/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989\n        |archivedate=27 May 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html\n        |title=New Ukrainian president will be elected for 5-year term \\u2013 Constitutional\n        Court |date=16 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121006/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html\n        |archivedate=17 May 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} Candidates should be\n        [[Ukrainian citizenship|Ukrainian citizens]] who have residence in Ukraine\n        for the past ten years prior to election day.[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-saakashvili-citizenship-idUSKBN1AB2DG\n        Ukraine president strips one-time ally Saakashvili of citizenship], [[Reuters]]\n        (26 July 2017)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171819.html Vitali\n        Klitschko says intends to run for president in Ukraine], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171794.html Parliament\n        passes law that could prevent Klitschko from running for president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013)
{{cite news|title=Exile in Brooklyn, With an Eye on Georgia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/20/world/europe/mikheil-saakashvili-georgias-ex-president-plots-return-from-williamsburg-brooklyn.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=19 September 2014|accessdate=20 September 2014}}[https://www.rferl.org/a/saakashvili-return-ukraine-gerogia-citizenship/28680481.html\n        Saakashvili Says He Plans To Return To Ukraine Next Month], [[Radio Free Europe]]\n        (August 16, 2017)\\n\\n==Possible candidates==\\n* [[Petro Poroshenko]]:\n        current President of Ukraine, Businessman\\n* [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]: former\n        prime minister of Ukraine (2005; 2007-2010)\\n* [[Andriy Sadovyi]]: Mayor of\n        [[Lviv]]\\n* [[Volodymyr Groysman]]: \\u0441urent prime minister of Ukraine\n        (2016-)\\n* [[Vadim Rabinovich]]: People''s Deputy of Ukraine, Businessman\\n*\n        [[Nadiya Savchenko]]: People''s Deputy of Ukraine, \\u041dero of Ukraine[https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/savchenko-intends-run-president-ukraine.html\n        Savchenko intends to run for president of Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (27 July\n        2017)\\n* [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]]: Minister of Defence of Ukraine (2005-2007)\\n*\n        [[Oleh Tyahnybok]]: Leader of the All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Svoboda\\\"\\n* [[Oleh\n        Lyashko]]: People''s Deputy of Ukraine\\n* [[Yuriy Boyko]]: People''s Deputy\n        of Ukraine\\n* [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]]: former prime minister of Ukraine (2014-2016)\\n\\n==Opinion\n        polls==\\n{{main|Opinion polling for the Ukrainian presidential election, 2019}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/ Central Election Commission]\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        elections}}\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:2019 elections in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Presidential\n        elections in Ukraine|2019]]\\n[[Category:March 2019 events]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T20:57:18Z\",\"lastrevid\":798599813,\"length\":7356,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2019\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2019&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2019\"},\"43829679\":{\"pageid\":43829679,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential inauguration\",\"index\":35,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-02T18:26:33Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        ''''''inauguration of the president of Ukraine'''''' is a ceremony that takes\n        place to mark the start of a new term for a newly elected [[president of Ukraine]].\\n\\n==List\n        of inaugural ceremonies==\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !!\n        President !! Location{{Ref|parliament|Place}} !! Oath Administered\n        by{{Ref|oathadministered|Oath}} !! Document Sworn On !! Notes\\n|-\\n||\n        December 5, 1991 || [[Leonid Kravchuk]] ||[[Verkhovna Rada building|National\n        Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Unknown||Closed [[Act of Independence\n        of Ukraine|Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of the Ukrainian SSR]]{{Ref|constitution|Constitution}} ||\n        \\n|-\\n|| July 19, 1994 || [[Leonid Kuchma]] ||[[Verkhovna Rada building|National\n        Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Unknown||Open [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]\n        || \\n|-\\n|| November 30, 1999 || [[Leonid Kuchma]] ||[[Palace \\\"Ukraine\\\"|Palace\n        of Arts \\\"Ukrayina\\\"]] concert hall
Kiev || Viktor Skomorokha[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/prisyagayu_na_vrnst_ukran_navguratsya_prezidenta_ukrani_leonda_kuchmi_19715\n        Inauguration of the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma]. [[Ukrinform]]. 30\n        November 1999 ||Open [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]] || \\n|-\\n|| January 23, 2005 || [[Viktor Yushchenko]] ||[[Verkhovna\n        Rada building|National Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Mykola Selivon[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2005/01/23/3006380/view_print/\n        Inauguration of Yushchenko]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 23 January 2005\n        ||Closed [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution of Ukraine]]\n        || First time the oath was taken in front of general public[https://web.archive.org/*/http://ukr.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/inauguraciya-prezidentov-ukrainy-torzhestva-kuchmy-eyforiya-yushchenko-i-kazus-yanukovicha-526759.html\n        Inaugurations of presidents of Ukraine]. [[Segodnya]]. 6 June 2014\\n|-\\n||\n        February 25, 2010 || [[Viktor Yanukovych]] ||[[Verkhovna Rada building|National\n        Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Andriy Stryzhak[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/yanukovich_tri_roki_tomu_stav_prezidentom_yak_tse_bulo_video_1800383\n        Three years ago Yanukovych became the President. How it was]. [[Ukrinform]].\n        25 February 2013||Closed [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]] || \\n|-\\n|| June 7, 2014 || [[Petro Poroshenko]] ||[[Verkhovna\n        Rada building|National Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Yuriy Baulin''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140915132045/http://www.unian.ua/politics/926462-vidbulasya-inavguratsiya-pyatogo-prezidenta-ukrajini-kurs-na-es-i-mirniy-plan-dlya-donbasu.html\n        Took place a inauguration of the Fifth President of Ukraine]''''. [[UNIAN]].\n        7 June 2014 ||Closed [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]] || \\n|}\\n\\n==List of historical inaugurations==\\n===[[Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !! Hetman !! Location{{Ref|parliament|Place}}\n        !! Oath Administered by{{Ref|oathadministered|Oath}} !! Document\n        Sworn On !! Notes\\n|-\\n|| April 29, 1918 || [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] ||[[Saint\n        Sophia''s Cathedral, Kiev|Saint Sophia''s Cathedral]]
Kiev || [[Nicodemus\n        (Krotkov)|Nicodemus]]|| Unknown|| \\n|}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n[[File:Peresopnytske\n        Gospel.jpg|thumb|Pages on which took an oath [[Leonid Kuchma]]]]\\n*{{Note|parliament|(Place)}}\n        \\\"at a ceremonial meeting of the [[Supreme Council of Ukraine]]\\\" (Article\n        104, [[Constitution of Ukraine]])\\n*{{Note|oathadministered|(Oath)}}\n        the Chairperson of the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] (Article 104, [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]])\\n*{{Note|constitution|(Constitution)}} marked\n        as Constitution of Ukraine\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{commons category|Ukrainian presidential inaugurations}}\\n* Mykosyanchyk,\n        O. ''''[https://web.archive.org/*/http://vidido.ua/index.php/pogliad/article/jak_prisjagali_narodu_prezidenti_ukraini/\n        How swore to people presidents of Ukraine]''''. Vid i Do. 7 June 2014\\n* [https://web.archive.org/*/http://gazeta.ua/articles/history/_kurjozi-traplyalisya-v-inavguraciyi-prezidentiv-ukrayini-vid-kravchuka-do-anukovicha/562587\n        Videos of Inaugurations]. Gazeta in Ukrainian. 7 June 2014\\n* Removska, O.\n        ''''[https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1967831.html\n        Traditions of inauguration of presidents of Ukraine]''''. [[Radio Liberty]].\n        25 February 2014\\n* Nahorna, N. ''''[http://tsn.ua/politika/pompeznosti-pid-chas-inavguraciyi-pochalisya-z-kuchmi-a-pered-yanukovichem-zachinilisya-dveri-353429.html\n        Inauguration of presidents]''''. Television Service of News (TSN). 7 June\n        2014\\n* Pashchenko, V. ''''[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/inavguratsiya_poroshenka_yakoyu_vona_bude_1944805\n        Inauguration of Poroshenko: which will it be?]'''' [[Ukrinform]]. 5 June 2014\\n*\n        Shafran, T. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140917173256/http://www.sde.org.ua/zmi/zlus/item/2414-pavlo-skoropadskyj-ostannij-getman-ukrajiny.html\n        Pavlo Skoropadsky: the last hetman of Ukraine]''''. [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church]] website. May 2013\\n\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Presidential Inauguration}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian presidential inaugurations|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian presidential succession]]\\n[[Category:Presidency\n        of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ceremonies in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-18T12:47:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":747495917,\"length\":5413,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_inauguration\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_inauguration&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_inauguration\"},\"35492624\":{\"pageid\":35492624,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        records in Olympic weightlifting\",\"index\":47,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-03T13:03:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        following are the national records in [[Olympic weightlifting]] in [[Ukraine]].\n        Records are maintained in each [[weight class]] for the [[snatch (weightlifting)|snatch]]\n        lift, [[clean and jerk]] lift, and the total for both lifts by the [[Ukrainian\n        Weightlifting Federation]].\\n\\n==Men==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=9%|Event\\n!width=6%|Record\\n!width=18%|Athlete\\n!width=14%|Date\\n!width=18%|Meet\\n!width=20%|Place\\n!width=3%|Ref\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-56 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|125 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|21 June 2000\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|153 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Likhvald]]\\n|21\n        June 2000\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|277.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|21 June 2000\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-62 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|135\n        kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Likhvald]]\\n|12 June 2001\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean & Jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|162.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|292.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-69 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|155 kg\\n|[[Yuriy Lavrenyuk]]\\n|September\n        2001\\n|European Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Kalmar]], Sweden\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        & Jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|180 kg\\n|[[Vasyl Kovalchuk (weightlifter)|Vasyl\n        Kovalchuk]]\\n|2002\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|325\n        kg\\n|[[Yuriy Lavrenyuk]]\\n|September 2001\\n|European Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|SWE}}\n        [[Kalmar]], Sweden\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-77 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|165\n        kg\\n|[[Dmytro Hnidenko]]\\n|1999\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|192.5 kg\\n|[[Dmytro Hnidenko]]\\n|25 November\n        1999\\n|[[1999 World Weightlifting Championships \\u2013 Men''s 77 kg|World\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], Greece\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|355\n        kg\\n|[[Dmytro Hnidenko]]\\n|1999\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-85 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|177 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Pielieshenko]]\\n|24 May 2017\\n|Ukrainian Universiade\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mykolaiv]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|211 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Pielieshenko]]\\n|6\n        April 2017\\n|[[2017 European Weightlifting Championships#Men''s 85 kg|European\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split (city)|Split]], Croatia\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Men''s 85kg Results|url=http://www.ewfed.com/2017/Split/Results/85Mkg.pdf|work=[[European\n        Weightlifting Federation|EWF]]|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=8 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|386\n        kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Pielieshenko]]\\n|6 April 2017\\n|[[2017 European Weightlifting\n        Championships#Men''s 85 kg|European Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split\n        (city)|Split]], Croatia\\n|{{cite web|title=Men''s 85kg Results|url=http://www.ewfed.com/2017/Split/Results/85Mkg.pdf|work=[[European\n        Weightlifting Federation|EWF]]|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=8 April 2017}}\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-94 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|190 kg\\n|[[Artem Ivanov\n        (weightlifter)|Artem Ivanov]]\\n|27 April 2012\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|230\n        kg\\n|[[Artem Ivanov (weightlifter)|Artem Ivanov]]\\n|27 April 2012\\n|Ukrainian\n        Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|420\n        kg\\n|[[Artem Ivanov (weightlifter)|Artem Ivanov]]\\n|27 April 2012\\n|Ukrainian\n        Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-105 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|200 kg\\n|[[Ihor Razoronov]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|243 kg\\n|[[Denys\n        Hotfrid]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|440\n        kg\\n|[[Denys Hotfrid]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|+105 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|208 kg\\n|[[Ihor Shymechko]]\\n|12\n        September 2009\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Luhansk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|252.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksiy Kolokoltsev]]\\n|2003\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|447.5 kg\\n|[[Artem\n        Udachyn]]\\n|2003\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n==Women==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=9%|Event\\n!width=6%|Record\\n!width=18%|Athlete\\n!width=14%|Date\\n!width=18%|Meet\\n!width=20%|Place\\n!width=3%|Ref\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|48 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|84 kg\\n|[[Iana Diachenko]]\\n|July\n        2013\\n|U23 Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|99 kg\\n|[[Iana Diachenko]]\\n|July 2013\\n|U23 Ukrainian\n        Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|183\n        kg\\n|[[Iana Diachenko]]\\n|July 2013\\n|U23 Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|53 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|98\n        kg\\n|[[Iulia Paratova]]\\n|17 October 2014\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Horodok, Lviv Oblast|Horodok]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|113\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Trotsenko]]\\n|February 2006\\n|Ukrainian Cup\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Chernihiv]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|211 kg\\n|[[Iulia\n        Paratova]]\\n|17 October 2014\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Horodok, Lviv Oblast|Horodok]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|58\n        kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|106 kg{{ref|1|1}}\\n|[[Yuliya Kalina]]\\n|30\n        July 2012\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics \\u2013 Women''s 58\n        kg|Olympic Games]]\\n|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|129 kg{{ref|1|1}}\\n|[[Yuliya Kalina]]\\n|30 July\n        2012\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics \\u2013 Women''s 58 kg|Olympic\n        Games]]\\n|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|235\n        kg{{ref|1|1}}\\n|[[Yuliya Kalina]]\\n|30 July 2012\\n|[[Weightlifting at the\n        2012 Summer Olympics \\u2013 Women''s 58 kg|Olympic Games]]\\n|{{flagicon|GBR}}\n        [[London]], United Kingdom\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|63 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|110\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Skakun]]\\n|18 November 2003\\n|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships\n        \\u2013 Women''s 63 kg|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]],\n        Canada\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|138 kg\\n|[[Nataliya Skakun]]\\n|18\n        November 2003\\n|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships \\u2013 Women''s 63\n        kg|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], Canada\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|247\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Skakun]]\\n|18 November 2003\\n|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships\n        \\u2013 Women''s 63 kg|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]],\n        Canada\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|69 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|116\n        kg\\n|[[Yuliya Artemova]]\\n|March 2012\\n|Ukrainian Cup\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Chernihiv]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|140 kg\\n|[[Vanda Maslovska]]\\n|27\n        September 2003\\n|Russian Grand Prix\\n|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|255\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Davydova]]\\n|2005\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lutsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|75 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|120 kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|6\n        April 2017\\n|[[2017 European Weightlifting Championships#Women''s 75 kg|European\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split (city)|Split]], Croatia\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 75kg Results|url=http://www.ewfed.com/2017/Split/Results/75Wkg.pdf|work=[[European\n        Weightlifting Federation|EWF]]|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=6 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|141 kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|8 December 2016\\n|European\n        Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Eilat]], Israel\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|260\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|8 December 2016\\n|European Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Eilat]], Israel\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|90 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|111\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|25 August 2017\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2017 Summer\n        Universiade|Universiade]]\\n|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[New Taipei City]], Taiwan\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 90kg Results|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/WL/TP2017_WL_C73_WLW090000.pdf|work=2017.taipei|date=25\n        August 2017|accessdate=26 August 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|135\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|25 August 2017\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2017 Summer\n        Universiade|Universiade]]\\n|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[New Taipei City]], Taiwan\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 90kg Results|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/WL/TP2017_WL_C73_WLW090000.pdf|work=2017.taipei|date=25\n        August 2017|accessdate=26 August 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|246\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|25 August 2017\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2017 Summer\n        Universiade|Universiade]]\\n|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[New Taipei City]], Taiwan\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 90kg Results|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/WL/TP2017_WL_C73_WLW090000.pdf|work=2017.taipei|date=25\n        August 2017|accessdate=26 August 2017}}\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|+90\n        kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|135 kg\\n|[[Olha Korobka]]\\n|14 September\n        2011 \\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|165 kg\\n|[[Olha Korobka]]\\n|14 September 2011\n        \\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|300\n        kg\\n|[[Olha Korobka]]\\n|14 September 2011 \\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n*{{note|1|1}} Kalina failed the competition\n        doping re-test in 2016 and the IOC & IWF canceled the results, the UWF however\n        still lists them as records.\\n\\n==References==\\n*{{Cite web|url=http://uwf.in.ua/competition/records/boys/|title=\n        \\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434 \\u0447\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        [Ukrainian records among men]|accessdate=29 March 2017}} {{uk icon}}\\n*{{Cite\n        web|url=http://uwf.in.ua/competition/records/girls/|title= \\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 C\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434 \\u0436\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        [Ukrainian records among women]|accessdate=29 March 2017}} {{uk icon}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n\\n{{Records in Olympic weightlifting}}\\n\\n[[Category:Weightlifting\n        in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:National records in Olympic weightlifting]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T09:28:19Z\",\"lastrevid\":798726110,\"length\":10534,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting\"},\"41350653\":{\"pageid\":41350653,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        records in track cycling\",\"index\":48,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-15T23:02:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        following are the national records in track cycling in [[Ukraine]] maintained\n        by the [[Ukrainian Cycling Federation]].\\n\\n==Men==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        style=\\\"font-size:95%; width: 95%;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Event\\n!Record\\n!Athlete\\n!Date\\n!Meet\\n!Place\\n!Ref\\n|-\\n|[[Track\n        time trial|Flying 200 m time trial]]\\n|9.822\\n|[[Andriy Vynokurov]]\\n|21 October\n        2016\\n|[[2016 UEC European Track Championships \\u2013 Men''s sprint|European\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[V\\u00e9lodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines|Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]],\n        France\\n|{{cite news|title=Men''s Sprint Qualification Results|url=http://europeantrack2016.veloresults.com/pdf/mspt2.pdf|publisher=veloresults.com|date=21\n        October 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time trial|1\n        km time trial]]\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Individual pursuit|4000m individual\n        pursuit]]\\n|4:31.741\\n|[[Volodymyr Fredyuk]]\\n|22 October 2016\\n|[[2016 UEC\n        European Track Championships \\u2013 Men''s individual pursuit|European Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|FRA}}\n        [[V\\u00e9lodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines|Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]],\n        France\\n|{{cite web|title=Men''s Individual Pursuit Qualifying Results|url=http://europeantrack2016.veloresults.com/pdf/mip2.pdf|publisher=veloresults.com|date=22\n        October 2016|accessdate=29 October 2016}}\\n|-\\n|[[Team pursuit|4000m\n        team pursuit]]\\n|4:08.344\\n|\\n|5 December 2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Men''s Team Pursuit Qualifying Result|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006010463FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Tissot\n        Timing|date=5 December 2013|accessdate=18 December 2013}}\\n|}\\n\\n==Women==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"font-size:95%; width: 95%;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Event\\n!Record\\n!Athlete\\n!Date\\n!Meet\\n!Place\\n!Ref\\n|-\\n|[[Track\n        time trial|Flying 200 m time trial]]\\n|11.044\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|13 April\n        2017\\n|[[2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s sprint|World\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], China\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s\n        Sprint Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021163FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|work=Tissot\n        Timing|date=13 April 2017|accessdate=13 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time\n        trial|250 m time trial]] (standing start)\\n|19.551\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|15\n        April 2017\\n|[[2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s\n        500 m time trial|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Velodrome|Hong\n        Kong]]\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s 500m Time Trial Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021264FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=15\n        April 2017|accessdate=15 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time trial|500 m\n        time trial]]\\n|34.337\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|15 April 2017\\n|[[2017 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s 500 m time trial|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}}\n        [[Hong Kong Velodrome|Hong Kong]]\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s 500m Time\n        Trial Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021264FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=15\n        April 2017|accessdate=15 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time trial|500 m\n        time trial]] (sea level)\\n|34.337\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|15 April 2017\\n|[[2017\n        UCI Track Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s 500 m time trial|World\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Velodrome|Hong Kong]]\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 500m Time Trial Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021264FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=15\n        April 2017|accessdate=15 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Team sprint]]\\n|35.505\\n|[[Hanna\n        Solovey]]
[[Olena Tsyos]]\\n|5 December 2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s Team Sprint Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006021601FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Tissot\n        Timing|date=5 December 2013|accessdate=6 December 2013}}\\n|-\\n|[[Individual\n        pursuit|3000m individual pursuit]]\\n|3:32.755\\n|[[Hanna Solovey]]\\n|6 December\n        2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}}\n        [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s 3000m Individual\n        Pursuit Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006021463FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Tissot\n        Timing|date=6 December 2013|accessdate=28 December 2013}}\\n|-\\n|[[Team\n        pursuit|3000m team pursuit]]\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Team pursuit|4000m\n        team pursuit]]\\n|4:34.011\\n|\\n|5 December 2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s Team Pursuit Qualifying Result|url=http://tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006021563FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=5\n        December 2013|accessdate=9 December 2013}}\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{International\n        cycling}}\\n{{Track cycling}}\\n{{Records in track cycling}}\\n\\n[[Category:Track\n        cycling records]]\\n[[Category:Cycle racing in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-07T05:36:20Z\",\"lastrevid\":775599719,\"length\":5070,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_track_cycling\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_records_in_track_cycling&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_track_cycling\"},\"14637635\":{\"pageid\":14637635,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        wreath\",\"index\":37,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T16:08:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[File:Ukrainian\n        girl by Nikolay Rachkov (2nd half 19 c., Chernigov museum).jpg|thumb|A girl\n        wearing a Ukrainian wreath]]\\n[[File:Ukrainian-wreath.jpg|thumb|A lady wearing\n        a Ukrainian [[vyshyvanka]] with a wreath (a 1916 postcard)]]\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        wreath'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0432\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a}}, ''''vinok'''') is\n        a type of [[Wreath (attire)|wreath]] which, in traditional [[Ukrainian culture]],\n        is worn by girls and young unmarried women.  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From the wreath''s direction, the girl could tell whom she\n        would marry:  if the wreath stayed in one spot and did not float down the\n        water, she would not marry; if it went under, she would die; if the candle\n        went out, misfortune would follow. The young men would dive into the water,\n        trying to retrieve the vinok of the girl each loved. One of the ritual Kupala\n        songs says, \\\"Who will catch the wreath will catch the girl, who will get\n        the wreath will become mine.\\\"  It dates back to pre-Christian\n        times when it was thought that the headdress would protect girls from evil\n        spirits.  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''''Ucraniano-argentinos''''\\n|poptime  =  300,000-500,000[http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx,\n        Ucrania.com] {{es icon}}\\n\\n0.75-1% of Argentina''s population\\n| image     =\n        [[Image:Ukrainianobera2.JPG|270px]]
Ukrainian Argentines in parade\n        in [[Misiones Province]]\\n|popplace = Buenos Aires Province, La Pampa\n        Province, Misiones Province, Chaco province, C\\u00f3rdoba Province and Chubut\n        Province\\n|langs    = [[Rioplatense Spanish]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Russian\n        language|Russian]]\\n|rels     = [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian\n        Catholicism]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian Orthodox Church]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Judaism]]\\n|related  =\n        [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian people]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainians\n        in Paraguay|Ukrainian Paraguayans]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Russians in Argentina|Russian\n        Argentines]]\\n}}\\n''''''Ukrainian Argentines'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438}}, ''''Ukrajintsi Arhentyny'''',\n        {{lang-es|Ucranio-argentinos|links=no}}) are [[Argentines|Argentine citizens]]\n        of Ukrainian descent or [[Ukraine]]-born people who reside in [[Argentina]].\n        Ukrainian Argentines are an ethnic minority in [[Argentina]]; although the\n        Argentine census does not provide data on ethnic origins, estimates of the\n        Ukrainian population range from 305,000  to 500,000 people (the latter figure\n        making Ukrainians up to 1% of the total Argentine population).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69|title=Article\\n|accessdate=2007-08-05|work=Ucrania.com|language=Spanish\n        |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928092248/http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69\n         |archivedate = 2007-09-28}} Currently,\n        the main concentrations of Ukrainians in Argentina are in the [[Greater Buenos\n        Aires|Greater]] [[Buenos Aires]] area, with at least 100,000 people of Ukrainian\n        descent, the province of [[Misiones Province|Misiones]]\n        (the historical heartland of Ukrainian immigration to Argentina), with at\n        least 55,000 Ukrainians, and the province of [[Chaco Province|Chaco]] with\n        at least 30,000 Ukrainians.Wasylyk, Mykola (1994). ''''Ukrainians\n        in Argentina'''' (Chapter), in ''''Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World'''',\n        edited by Ann Lencyk Pawliczko, University of Toronto Press: Toronto, pp.\n        420-443{{cite web|url=\\nhttp://www.ualogos.kiev.ua/text.html?id=83&number=55&category=10\n        |title=Argentine-Ukrainians or Ukrainian-Argentines: about two homelands |accessdate=March\n        22, 2007 |author= |last=Hadamer |first=Hans Georg |date=January 25, 2007 |format=\n        |work=Instytut Ukrainoznavstva |language=Ukrainian}}  In [[Misiones\n        Province]] Ukrainians constitute approximately 9% of the province''s total\n        population.  In comparison to Ukrainians in North America,\n        the Ukrainian community in Argentina (as well as in [[Ukrainians of Brazil|Brazil]])\n        tends to be more descended from earlier waves of immigration, is poorer, more\n        rural, has less organizational strength, and is more focused on the Church\n        as the center of cultural identity.Subtelny, Orest. (1988).  ''''Ukraine:\n        a History.'''' University of Toronto Press: Toronto. pg. 566 {{ISBN|0-8020-5808-6}}\n        Most Ukrainian Argentines do not speak the Ukrainian language and have switched\n        to Spanish, although they continue to maintain their ethnic identity.[http://www.homin.ca/news_view.php?category=diaspora&news=4092&lang=ua\n        Ukrainian Echo] From the Life of the Ukrainian Diaspora in Misiones. Ihor\n        Vasylyk. November 6, 2008. (in Ukrainian)\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThere were\n        four waves of Ukrainian [[immigration to Argentina]]: pre-World War I, with\n        about 10,000 to 14,000 immigrants, post-World War I to World War II, including\n        approximately 50,000, post-World War II, with 5,000 immigrants, and the post-[[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] immigration, which is estimated to number approximately 4,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2000/220015.shtml\n        |title=Hola Argentina! |accessdate=March 22, 2007 |author= |last=Kuropas |first=Myron\n        B. |date=May 28, 2000 |work=Ukrainian Weekly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111064900/http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2000/220015.shtml\n        |archivedate=January 11, 2005 }}\\n\\n[[File:Ucranians cropping yerba\n        mate in Tres Capones.jpg|thumb|left| Ukrainians harvesting [[yerba mate]]\n        in Misiones province, 1920]]\\n\\nThe first wave of [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] immigration\n        to Argentina included 12-14 families from [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Eastern\n        Galicia]] (at the time part of [[Austria-Hungary]]) in 1897.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/ukr/library/interview5/hazuda/\n        |title= Interiew with Joseph Hazuda, about the UGCC in Argentina |accessdate=March\n        22, 2007 |author= |last=Yatsiv |first=Ihor |format= |work=[[Ukrainian Greek\n        Catholic Church]] |language=Ukrainian }} When the immigrants arrived\n        in the country, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] sent\n        them to the Misiones Province, where they settled in [[Ap\\u00f3stoles]].  Their settlement here was part of the local governor''s strategy\n        of building up European immigration in his province as a way of preventing\n        neighboring Brazil''s claims on the region.Michael\n        Soltys.  [http://www.casahistoria.net/easteurope.htm#Ukrainian_Immigrants_to_Argentina\n        A different kind of multinational: Immigrants to Argentina from Eastern Europe]\n        Originally published in the [[Buenos Aires Herald]], 1998.   The settlers\n        were granted land allotments of 123.6 acres, or {{convert|50|hectare|m2}}\n        in two identical lots, with one lot being used for agriculture and the other\n        for cattle breeding.  Initially, they struggled with adapting to climatic\n        conditions quite different from those of their native Ukraine, and eventually\n        largely switched to tending crops that were appropriate to their new homes,\n        such as sugar cane, rice, tobacco, and especially [[yerba mate]] - South American\n        tea.  Indeed, the first person to grow tea in the province of Misiones was\n        Volodymyr Hnatiuk, a Ukrainian immigrant.  Ultimately,\n        at least 10,000 Ukrainians from Galicia settled in Misiones before the onset\n        of World War I.  At this time, an estimated 4,000 Ukrainians also settled\n        in Buenos Aires.\\n[[File:Casa Ucraniana en Ober\\u00e1.JPG|thumb|The\n        \\\"Ukrainian House\\\" in [[Ober\\u00e1]], [[Misiones Province|Misiones]]. This\n        province was one of the largest recipients of Ukrainian immigrants in the\n        country.]]\\nThe largest number of Ukrainians migrated to Argentina between\n        the two world wars.  This wave of emigrants, whose number is estimated at\n        between 50,000 and 70,000 people,\n        was much more geographically diverse, and included many people from Orthodox\n        areas of Ukraine such as [[Volhynia]] and [[Bukovina]].  It also included\n        more educated or politically oriented people who had been involved in Ukraine''s\n        struggle for independence.  Approximately half of this wave of immigrants\n        settled in Buenos Aires, while the remainder strengthened the Ukrainian population\n        in [[Misiones Province]] or created new Ukrainian settlements in other agricultural\n        regions such as in [[Chaco Province]].\\n\\nApproximately 5,000-6,000 Ukrainians\n        fleeing Communism entered Argentina between 1946 and 1950.  Many of them were\n        university professors, military personnel, skilled workers, or technicians.\n        Some of these educated immigrants contributed to the Argentine government''s\n        industrialization policies.\\n[[File:Parte del ballet\n        ucraniano barvinok de obera misiones.jpg|thumb|Ober\\u00e1''s Ukrainian Barvinok\n        ballet cast.]]\\nAn estimated 3,000 highly educated Ukrainians, many from the\n        third wave, left Argentina for the United States or Canada in the 1950s due\n        to greater economic opportunities.  Another 3,000 Ukrainians left Argentina\n        for the Soviet Union during the late 1950s, after having been promised a \\\"prosperous\n        life in the homeland.\\\"  Only a third of the latter group were able to return\n        to Argentina.  These demographic losses were compensated for by small numbers\n        of Ukrainians moving to Argentina from [[Ukrainians in Paraguay|Paraguay]]\n        and Uruguay.\\n\\nFollowing the fall of the Soviet Union,\n        since the 1990s approximately 4,000 Ukrainians have moved to Argentina from\n        Ukraine. Although not as numerous as in the past, the Ukrainian immigration\n        is still present.\\n\\n==Society==\\n[[Image:Fiestadelinmigrante1.JPG|thumb|right|270px|Ukrainian\n        performers during [[Immigrant''s Festival]] in Misiones province]]\\n\\n===Religion===\\n\\n====Ukrainian\n        Catholics====\\n\\nThe first Ukrainians to Argentina who settled in Misiones\n        came from a predominantly Catholic region of Ukraine, [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]].  However,\n        the local Argentine (Latin Rite) Roman Catholic Church opposed the creation\n        of a separate Ukrainian Catholic Church.  As a result, for the first ten years\n        of their settlement, Argentine Ukrainians Catholics did not have their own\n        [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Eastern-rite Catholic priests]], and were\n        subject to intense missionary activities by Polish Roman Catholics.  In response,\n        many of them converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], whose\n        rituals are virtually identical to those of Ukrainian Catholicism.  Without\n        the help of their Mother Church in Galicia, local Ukrainians built their own\n        churches, chapels, and homes for priests, and petitioned church authorities\n        in Galicia to send priests to them.  Finally, in 1908, Father K. Bzhukhovsky\n        was sent to Misiones from Brazil.  He was succeeded in the province of Misiones\n        by several more priests from Ukraine.  In 1922, the Ukrainian parishes in\n        Misiones were visited by the head of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, [[Metropolitan\n        bishop|Metropolitan]] [[Andrey Sheptytsky]] of [[Lviv]].  The first Ukrainian\n        Catholic Church in Buenos Aires region was built in 1940 and in the city in\n        1948.  In 1978, the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Argentina was granted its\n        own [[Eparchy]] (Eastern-rite equivalent of a diocese).  Andriy Sapeliak was\n        the first Ukrainian Bishop in Argentina.\\n\\nCurrently,\n        over 120,000 of Ukrainians in Argentina are [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian\n        Catholics]],{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrarcheparchy.us/index.php?categoryid=19&p2_articleid=267\n        |title=Session of Permanent Synod to be held in Argentina |accessdate=March\n        22, 2007 |date=January 25, 2007 |format= |work=Ukrainian Catholic Archdiocese\n        of Philadelphia }} comprising approximately 50% of Ukrainian Argentines.  [[Misiones\n        Province]], the heartland of Ukrainian immigration to Argentina, has 60 Ukrainian\n        Catholic Churches and chapels.  In April 1987 Pope\n        John Paul II visited the Ukrainian Catholic community in Buenos Aires.[http://articles.widbox.com/39-immigration_in_argentina.html\n        Immigration in Argentina, accessed April 7, 2008]\\n\\n====Orthodox====\\n\\nThe\n        first Orthodox Ukrainians in Argentina were converts from the Ukrainian Catholic\n        Church and came under the jurisdiction of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].  Many\n        Orthodox immigrants who came to Argentina from Ukraine between the World Wars,\n        among whom were several priests, who created parishes in Buenos Aires and\n        surrounding areas.  The newcomers generally belonged to the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous\n        Orthodox Church]].\\n\\nApproximately 30% of Ukrainian\n        Argentines are currently Orthodox.\\n\\n====Others====\\n\\nThe first Protestant\n        Ukrainians were Baptists who emigrated to Argentina from Volyn in the 1920s.  During\n        the period when there was no Ukrainian Church in Argentina, many Ukrainians\n        became accustomed to not being involved in any Church and did not return to\n        their ancestral religion when the parishes were established.\\n\\nCurrently,\n        20% of Argentine Ukrainians are Protestant or indifferent to religion.\\n\\n===Education===\\n[[File:Fiestadelinmigrante2.JPG|thumb|A\n        group of Ukrainian Argentine girls dancing.]]\\nUkrainian all-day elementary\n        and secondary schools, in which classes are taught in Spanish and follow the\n        Argentine curriculum but also have Ukrainian subjects several times per week,\n        exist in the cities of [[Ap\\u00f3stoles]], [[Posadas, Misiones|Posadas]],\n        and Buenos Aires.  Ukrainian all-day elementary schools exist in [[Berisso]]\n        and [[San Vicente, Buenos Aires|San Vicente]] (both towns in the Buenos Aires\n        region).  These schools are all run by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian\n        Catholic Church]].  In addition, Argentina''s branch\n        of the [[Prosvita]] operates Ukrainian Saturday schools.\\n\\nArgentina''s Ukrainian\n        community also has several folk dancing ensembles, as well as the Ukrainian\n        scouting organization [[Plast]].\\n\\n==Notable Ukrainian Argentines==\\n[[Image:Chango\n        spasiuk Warszawa7mar2009.jpg|thumb|150px|Ukrainian Argentine musician Chango\n        Spasiuk performing in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] in March 2009.]]\\n* [[H\\u00e9ctor\n        Babenco]] (film director)\\n* [[Gustavo Blanco Leschuk]] (football player)\\n*\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Chatruc]] (football player)\\n* [[Adabel Guerrero]] (dancer, actress)\\n*\n        [[Denis Margalik]] (figure skater)\\n* [[Jos\\u00e9 P\\u00e9kerman]] (football\n        player, coach)\\n* [[Sim\\u00f3n Radowitzky]] (anarchist)\\n* [[Noel Schajris]]\n        (singer-songwriter and pianist)\\n* [[Chango Spasiuk|Horacio Spasiuk]] (musician)\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n{{Portal|Argentina|Ukraine}}\\n* [[Eparchy of Santa Mar\\u00eda del\n        Patrocinio en Buenos Aires]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Brazilian]]\\n* [[Ukrainians in\n        Paraguay]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Canadian]]\\n* [[Ukrainian American]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.plast.org.ar/ Plast, Ukrainian Scouting Organization,\n        of Argentina]\\n\\n{{European Argentine}}\\n{{Immigration to Argentina}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        diaspora}}\\n\\n[[Category:European Argentine]]\\n[[Category:Argentine people\n        of Ukrainian descent| ]]\\n[[Category:Immigration to Argentina]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        diaspora in Argentina|Argentina]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-15T14:13:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":788538204,\"length\":14153,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentines\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Argentines&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentines\"},\"15339252\":{\"pageid\":15339252,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces branch insignia\",\"index\":45,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-18T06:49:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=April\n        2014}}\\n\\n''''''Branch insignia of the Ukrainian Armed Forces'''''' refers\n        to one of several military emblems that may be worn on the uniform of the\n        [[Military of Ukraine|Ukrainian Armed Forces]] to denote membership in a particular\n        area of [[expertise]].\\n\\n==History==\\nMost insignia have been in use since\n        independence in 1991. Many of these insignia are direct copies of their equivalents\n        in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] of the late 1980s to early 1990s. In July 2016,\n        the Ukrainian Armed Forces introduced new insignia.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/2016/07/new-uniform.html|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438\\u0432 \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438 \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0440\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0417\\u0431\\u0440\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0421\\u0438\\u043b \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|website=www.ukrmilitary.com|access-date=2017-02-17}}\\n\\n==Branch\n        of Service Insignia ==\\n\\n=== 2016-present ===\\nThe following are the branch\n        insignia emblems of the Ukrainian Armed Forces used from 2016 to the present:\\n{|\n        style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%;\n        float: left; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n|-\\n! Branch\\n! Insignia\\n! Description\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Air Force|Air Defense Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043f\\u043f\\u043e \\u0441\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0440\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0441 1 (2016).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Airmobile Forces|Airmobile Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u0434\\u0432 1 (2016).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Armored\n        Force (Ukraine)|Armored Force]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a 2 (2016).png|100px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Rocket\n        Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)|Rocket Forces and Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u043a \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\n        1 (2016).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Air Force|Aviation]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b 1 (2016).png|100px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Chemical Corps \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0440\\u0445\\u0431\\u0437 1 (2016).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Engineer\n        \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0456\\u043d\\u0436 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        1 (2016).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Legal Services \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u044e\\u0440 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436 1 (2016).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Logistics\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0447\\u043f \\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\n        1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Military of Ukraine|General\n        Armed Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0441\\u0443\\u0445 1 (2016).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0445 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Mechanized\n        Infantry (Ukraine)|Mechanized Infantry]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a 1 (2016).png|100px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Medical Corps\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0434 \\u0441\\u043b 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces Military Band Service|Military Band Service]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u043c\\u0443\\u0437 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0440 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Military Police|Military Police]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b 1 (2016).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Radio Technical Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0440\\u0442\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0441 1 (2016).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Signal\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0432 1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Supply Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\n        1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Transport Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        1 (2016).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n=== 2007-2016 ===\\nThe following\n        are the branch insignia emblems of the Ukrainian Armed Forces used from 2007\n        to 2016:\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;\n        padding:5px; font-size:95%; float: left; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        Branch\\n! Insignia\\n! Description\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Air Force|Air\n        Defense Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Airmobile Forces|Airmobile Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Armored\n        Force (Ukraine)|Armored Force]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        (2007).png|100px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)|Rocket\n        Forces and Artillery]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457 (2007).png|100px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Air Force|Aviation]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457 (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Chemical\n        Corps \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0420\\u0425\\u0411\\u0417 (2007).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Electronic\n        Warfare Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u044c\\u0431\\u0438 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Engineer\n        \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 \\u0456\\u043d\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Legal\n        Services \\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u044e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438\n        (2007).png|75px]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Logistics Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0456\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Military\n        of Ukraine|General Armed Forces]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian\n        Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0445\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Mechanized Infantry (Ukraine)|Mechanized\n        Infantry]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0437\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Medical\n        Corps\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0434\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Military Orchestra|Military\n        Orchestra]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043c\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Ukrainian Military Police|Military\n        Police]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0434\\u043a\\u0443 (2002).png|75px]]\n        \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Radio Technical Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a (2007).png|100px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Signal\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0437\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u0443\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Supply Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|[[Topographical\n        service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine|Topographical]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e-\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438 (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"left\\\"|Transport\n        Troops\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|[[File:\\u0415\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0436\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\n        (2007).png|75px]] \\n|\\n|}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=insignia&lang=ua Branch Insignia]\\n\\n{{Military\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Military of Ukraine|Branch Insignia]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T17:42:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":770890071,\"length\":7247,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces_branch_insignia\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Armed_Forces_branch_insignia&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces_branch_insignia\"},\"51120903\":{\"pageid\":51120903,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Armor\",\"index\":44,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-21T09:27:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues|\\n{{unreferenced|date=July 2016}}\\n{{notability|Companies|date=July\n        2016}}\\n{{third-party|date=July 2016}}\\n{{Orphan|date=July 2016}}\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        company\\n| name              = Ukrainian Armor\\n| logo              = Logo\n        uarm.png\\n| type              = [[Limited liability company]]\\n| slogan            =\n        \\\"Ukraine is protected!\\\"\\n| founded           = 2014\\n| location          =\n        94A, Povitroflotskyi Av., [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] [[Ukraine|UKR]]\\n| industry          =\n        production of personal protection equipment\\n| products          = [[bulletproof\n        vest]]s, [[helmet]]s, [[ammunition]], soft ballistic protection, bulletproof\n        plates\\n| website = http://uarm.co\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian Armor'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0411\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u044f}}) is a Ukrainian manufacturer of [[Personal\n        protective equipment|personal protection equipment]].\\n\\n== History ==\\n\\nUkrainian\n        Armor was built on 19 February 2014 during [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|Ukraine''s\n        Revolution of Dignity]]. The founders realized that [[Euromaidan]] self-defence\n        forces catastrophically lacked [[bulletproof vests]]. Within a few days, they\n        produced 40 vests.\\n\\nDuring the confrontation in Eastern Ukraine, the demand\n        for [[ammunition]] grew and construction workers, engineers and designers\n        joined the company. The team began to investigate foreign expertise.\\n\\nIn\n        2015, production capacities expanded to the operating department of Aircraft\n        development plant No 20. Production of bulletproof helmets was set up.\\n\\n==\n        Products ==\\n\\nUkrainian Armor currently produces:\\n\\n* Military [[bulletproof\n        vest]]s of 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th DSTU (State technical standard of Ukraine)\n        protection levels.\\n* [[Bulletproof vest]]s of concealable and semi-concealable\n        types of 1st, 1st A and 2nd DSTU protection levels and \\\"Special\\\" DSTU level\n        (cold arms protection).\\n* Bulletproof [[helmet]]s of 2nd A DSTU protection\n        level (NIJ III A), V50 720 m/s.\\n* Bulletproof ceramic plates, light\n        pressed made of [[Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene|UHMWPE]] and aramid,\n        tempered steel and titan.\\n* Soft ballistic fragments protection of 1st, 1st\n        A and 2nd DSTU protection level, cold arms protection.\\n* [[Bulletproof vest]]s\n        for hunters.\\n* [[Bulletproof vest]]s for military officers and police officers.\\n*\n        Tactic [[ammunition]]: load bearing equipment, web gears, magazine carriers.\\n*\n        [[Bulletproof vest]]s for hunting dogs so they can survive Shivermageddon\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n\\n* {{Official website|https://www.uarm.co}}\\n* {{youtube\n        channel|UC8nNhLE7Ff68uzVcLfDhl6Q/featured }}\\n* [http://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/business/private-body-armor-manufacturer-born-on-kyivs-barricades-412089.html\n        Article \\u00ab\\u0420rivate bodyarmor manufacturer born on Kyiv''s barricades\\u00bb]\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        brands]]\\n[[Category:Defence companies of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Economy of\n        Kiev]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-company-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-03T08:51:38Z\",\"lastrevid\":791603465,\"length\":2842,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armor\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Armor&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armor\"},\"38369316\":{\"pageid\":38369316,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Braille\",\"index\":41,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-30T10:02:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        writing system\\n| name = Ukrainian Braille\\n| altname = \\n| type = alphabet\\n|\n        typedesc = \\n| time = \\n| languages = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n|\n        fam1 = [[Braille]]\\n| fam2 = [[Russian Braille]]\\n| print = [[Ukrainian alphabet]]\\n|\n        creator = \\n| sample = \\n| imagesize = \\n| note = none\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Braille'''''' is the [[braille]] alphabet of the [[Ukrainian language]]. It\n        is based on [[Russian Braille]], with a few additional letters found in the\n        print [[Ukrainian alphabet]].\\n\\n== Alphabet ==\\nUkrainian does not use all\n        the letters of the Russian alphabet, and it has the additional letters ''''\\u0454,\n        \\u0491, \\u0456, \\u0457.''''\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        ''''''Print'''''' || [[\\u0430 (Cyrillic)|\\u0430]] ''''a || [[\\u0431]] ''''b\n        || [[\\u0432]] ''''v|| [[\\u0433]] ''''h|| [[\\u0491]] ''''g''''(?)||\n        [[\\u0434]] ''''d|| [[\\u0435 (Cyrillic)|\\u0435]] ''''e|| [[\\u0454]] ''''je||\n        [[\\u0436]] ''''zh|| [[\\u0437]] ''''z|| [[\\u0438]] ''''y\\n|-\\n| ''''''Braille''''''\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|a}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|b}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|w}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|g}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|12456}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|d}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|e}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|345}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|j}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|z}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|i}}\\n|-\\n! ''''''Print'''''' || [[i (Cyrillic)|\\u0456]]\n        ''''i|| [[\\u00ef (Cyrillic)|\\u0457]] ''''yi|| [[\\u0439]] ''''j|| [[\\u043a]]\n        ''''k|| [[\\u043b]] ''''l|| [[\\u043c]] ''''m|| [[\\u043d]] ''''n|| [[\\u043e\n        (Cyrillic)|\\u043e]] ''''o|| [[\\u043f]] ''''p|| [[\\u0440]] ''''r|| [[\\u0441]]\n        ''''s\\n|-\\n| ''''''Braille'''''' || {{Braille cell|type=image|y}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|1456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|k}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|l}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|m}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|n}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|o}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|p}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|r}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|s}}\\n|-\\n! ''''''Print''''''\n        || [[\\u0442]] ''''t|| [[\\u0443]] ''''u|| [[\\u0444]] ''''f || [[\\u0445]] ''''kh||\n        [[\\u0446]] ''''ts|| [[\\u0447]] ''''ch|| [[\\u0448]] ''''sh|| [[\\u0449]] ''''shch||\n        [[\\u044c]] ''''\\u2018|| [[\\u044e]] ''''ju|| [[\\u044f]] ''''ja\\n|-\\n| ''''''Braille''''''\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|t}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|u}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|f}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|h}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|c}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|q}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|156}} || {{Braille\n        cell|type=image|x}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|42536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1256}}\n        || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426}}\\n|}\\n\\nThe letter {{bc|y}} ''''\\u0456''''\n        was once found in Russian Braille, but has been dropped.  {{bc|345}} ''''\\u0454''''\n        is the mirror image of a reported archaic form of Russian ''''\\u044d''''.\n        (See [[Russian Braille#Obsolete letters|obsolete letters of Russian Braille]].)\\n\\n{{bc|12456}}\n        ''''g'''' was reported in Unesco (1990), but could not be confirmed by Unesco\n        (2013).  It is not repeated by Leksika.com.[http://leksika.com.ua/19340319/ure/braylya_shrift\n        \\u0411\\u0420\\u0410\\u0419\\u041b\\u042f \\u0428\\u0420\\u0418\\u0424\\u0422], Leksika.com.ua\\n\\n==Punctuation==\\n{{single\n        source|text=This section ''''''is based on a single source which has proven\n        to be unreliable. It needs additional [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Inline citations|citations]]\n        for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verification]]''''''. Please help improve this\n        article by adding citations other than UNESCO (1990, 2013).| date  = October\n        2013}}\\nPunctuation is from Unesco (1990) and has not been confirmed.\\n\\nSingle\n        punctuation:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"line-height: 1.2\\\"\\n|- align=center\\n!Print\\n!\n        ,|| .|| ?|| !|| ;|| :|| -|| '' \\n|- align=center\\n!Braille\\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|2}}\n        \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|256}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|26}} \\n|{{Braille\n        cell|type=image|235}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|23}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|25}}\n        \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|36}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|3}} \\n|}\\n\\nPaired\n        punctuation:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"line-height: 1.2\\\"\\n|- align=center\\n!Print\\n|\n        \\u00ab ...... \\u00bb\\n| ( ...... )\\n|- align=center\\n!Braille\\n|{{Braille\n        cell|type=image|236|0|356}} \\n|{{Braille cell|type=image|gg|0|gg}} \\n|}\\n\\n==Formatting==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"line-height: 1.2\\\"\\n|- align=center\\n!  [[italics]]\n        || capital || number\\n|- align=center\\n| {{Braille cell|type=image|456}} ||{{Braille\n        cell|type=image|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|3456}}\\n|}\\n\\n==Numbers==\\nNumbers\n        are the letters ''''a\\u2013j'''' introduced with {{bc|#}}, as in other braille\n        alphabets.\\n\\n== See also ==\\n*[[Belarusian Braille]]\\n\\n== References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*\n        UNESCO (2013) [http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064\n        World Braille Usage], 3rd edition.\\n* [http://braille.algoholic.in.ua Ukrainian\n        Braille decoder].\\n\\n{{Braille}}\\n{{Ukrainian language}}\\n\\n[[Category:French-ordered\n        braille alphabets]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian language]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-27T08:06:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":777960731,\"length\":4665,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Braille&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille\"},\"16825937\":{\"pageid\":16825937,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Brazilians\",\"index\":15,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-14T06:00:29Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        American English|date=January 2017}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ethnic group\\n| group     =  Ukrainian Brazilians \\n| native_name = ''''{{hlist|Ucraino-brasileiros\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0456}}''''\\n|\n        flag      = \\n| image     = [[File:Cerimonia de bencao dos alimentos.jpg|160px]]
Brazilians\n        of Ukrainian descent in Paran\\u00e1\\n| pop   = ''''''{{circa|500,000}}''''''{{cite web|url=http://www.parana.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=7|title=Etnias:\n        Ucranianos||trans-title=Ethnicities: Ukrainians|language=pt|website=Portal\n        of Services and Information of the Government of Paran\\u00e1|date=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312095332/http://www.parana.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=7|archivedate=March\n        12, 2007}}
(0.25% of Brazil''s population)\\n| popplace  =\n        [[Paran\\u00e1 (state)|State of Paran\\u00e1]]\n        (and in minor degree, [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] and [[S\\u00e3o Paulo state|S\\u00e3o\n        Paulo]])\\n| langs     = Predominantly [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] in\n        the countryside and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] in urban areas.\\n|\n        rels      = 85% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]{{cn|date=December 2015}}{{\\u00b7}}minority\n        [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and [[Judaism]]{{\\u00b7}}other Christians\\n|related=\n        other [[Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[White Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Ukrainian\n        Canadians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Russian Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Polish Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Lithuanian\n        Brazilians]]{{\\u00b7}}[[Greek Brazilians]]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian Brazilians''''''\n        ({{lang-pt|Ucraino-brasileiro, Ucraniano-brasileiro}}; {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0456}}, ''''Ukrayins''ki\n        Brazyl''tsi'''') are Brazilian citizens born in [[Ukraine]], or Brazilians\n        of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture.\n        In 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately\n        350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately {{convert|1930|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}\n        in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of [[Rhode Island]]), in\n        the hilly south central part of [[Paran\\u00e1 (state)|State of Paran\\u00e1]]\n        in southern Brazil.Oksana Boruszenko and Rev. Danyil\n        Kozlinsky (1994). ''''Ukrainians in Brazil'''' (Chapter), in ''''Ukraine and\n        Ukrainians Throughout the World'''', edited by Ann Lencyk Pawliczko, University\n        of Toronto Press: Toronto, pp. 443-454 They refer to this region as\n        \\\"Brazilian Ukraine.\\\"[http://rius.kiev.ua/Diaspora/bond\n        Ukrainian Diaspora in Brazil] by Marina Bondarenko Smaller numbers of\n        Ukrainians have settled in [[State of S\\u00e3o Paulo|S\\u00e3o Paulo]], [[Santa\n        Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]],  [[Pernambuco]],\n        and [[Paraiba]]. The cities with the largest number\n        of Ukrainians are [[Prudent\\u00f3polis]] (approximately 38,000 Ukrainians,\n        or 75% of the city''s population), [[Curitiba]] (33,000 Ukrainians), and [[Uni\\u00e3o\n        da Vit\\u00f3ria]] (approximately 26,400 Ukrainians or 50% of the city''s population).[http://observer.sd.org.ua/news.php?id=4082\n        Ukrainian Observer], \\\"Ukrainian Community of Brazil\\\" June 23, 2004\n        In 2009 the Ukrainian population in Brazil was estimated to be 500,000 people.Press Release. [http://www.ualberta.ca/CIUS/announce/media/Media%202009/2009-06-29_Ukrainian%20Life%20in%20Brazil%20(eng).pdf\n        Scholars Impressed with Ukrainian Life in Brazil.] Canadian Institute of Ukrainian\n        Studies, University of Alberta. 2009\\n\\nBrazil has the third largest\n        Ukrainian community in the Americas, and the\n        third largest Ukrainian population outside of the former Soviet Union; only\n        Canada and the United States have larger Ukrainian populations. In comparison\n        to Ukrainians in North America, the Ukrainian community in Brazil (as well\n        as in neighboring [[Ukrainians of Argentina|Argentina]]) tends to be more\n        descended from earlier waves of immigration, is poorer, more rural, has less\n        organizational strength, and is more focused on the Church as the center of\n        cultural identity.{{cite book|title=Ukraine: A History|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|authorlink=Orest\n        Subtelny|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=566}}\\n\n        Seventy percent of Brazil''s Ukrainians live in agricultural communities known\n        as \\\"colonies\\\" where they tend crops such as wheat, rye, buckwheat, rice,\n        black beans, and [[Yerba mate|''''erva mate'''']], a local type of tea. These colonies are isolated from modern areas of Brazil''s\n        economy and from non-Ukrainians, and in many respects closely resemble Galician\n        (Western Ukrainian) villages of the 19th century.{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|authorlink=Orest Subtelny|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=546}}\\n\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:Brazil\n        State Parana.svg|right|200px|thumb|Location of the State of Paran\\u00e1 in\n        Brazil.]]\\n\\n===Background===\\nMost Ukrainians in Brazil have roots in the\n        Ukrainian region of eastern [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]].\n        In the 19th century Galicia was an impoverished, economically underdeveloped\n        agrarian region of the [[Austria\\u2013Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Empire. Most\n        ethnic Ukrainians were [[peasant]]s occupying small plots of land. As the\n        population increased, the peasant families had less land to support themselves;\n        by 1890 a peasant farm averaged only {{convert|6|acre|ha}} in size. This situation\n        created tremendous incentive to emigrate.[[Paul Robert\n        Magocsi]], ''''A History of Ukraine'''', University of Toronto Press: Toronto\n        1996, {{ISBN|0-8020-0830-5}} The Ukrainians of Galicia belonged to the\n        [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]. The [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|married\n        priests]], who had formal higher education (studying in seminaries in [[Vienna]]\n        and [[Lviv]]), formed the Ukrainian community''s educated social elite and\n        dominated Ukrainian Galician social, political and cultural life.Himka,\n        John Paul. (1999). Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine. McGill-Queen''s\n        University Press: Montreal and Kingston. The aristocracy in Galicia\n        were largely ethnically Polish, and in the course of struggling against them\n        the ethnic Ukrainian priests and peasants developed a very strong sense of\n        Ukrainian patriotism and tendency to resist assimilation.\\n\\n===Ukrainian\n        Immigration Prior to 1914: the First Wave===\\nThe majority of Ukrainians in\n        Brazil are descended from immigrants who arrived in the country prior to World\n        War I. Although the first settler from [[Ukraine]] arrived in 1872,\n        large waves of settlers from [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] controlled\n        [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] began coming to Brazil in 1895, mostly\n        arriving through the port city of [[Paranagu\\u00e1]].   During\n        a period of time known as the \\\"Brazilian fever\\\", between 1895–1897\n        more than 20,000 small farmers and landless peasants from Galicia, a region\n        now in western Ukraine, came to Brazil after having been lured by promises\n        of cheap land with good black soil. Some Ukrainian\n        peasants were also encouraged by rumors that [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]],\n        had not died but had moved to Brazil and that he would welcome Ukrainian immigrants\n        to that country (Ukrainians were traditionally loyal to the Austrian monarchy).{{cite\n        book|last=Hryniuk|first=Stella M.|title=Peasants with promise: Ukrainians\n        in southeastern Galicia, 1880-1900|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian\n        Studies Press, University of Alberta|location=Edmonton|year=1991|isbn=0-920862-74-8|page=205}}\n        The Brazilian government was interested in increasing European settlement,\n        often paid for travel (thus enabling the poorest members of society to emigrate),\n        and even promised to provide clothing and food to the settlers. Soon after\n        arriving, however, the settlers found that the promises were not kept. They\n        were given plots of uncleared land far away from civilization and weren''t\n        given any assistance. The settlers were unfamiliar with the strange climate\n        and how to cultivate it, succumbed to diseases without any medical help, and\n        experienced many deaths. Their suffering became known in Ukraine and even\n        became the subject of a series of poems, \\\"To Brazil\\\", by the well-known\n        Ukrainian poet [[Ivan Franko]]. After news of their\n        misfortune spread throughout western Ukraine, the flow of Ukrainian emigrants\n        to Brazil decreased considerably, and Canada replaced Brazil as the main destination\n        for Ukrainians leaving for the New World.  Until 1907, only several hundred\n        to one thousand Ukrainians came to Brazil from western Ukraine every year.\n        From that year until 1914, approximately 15,000 to 20,000 Ukrainians were\n        brought to Brazil by the Brazilian government in order to help build a railroad\n        from the [[State of S\\u00e3o Paulo]] to [[Rio Grande do Sul]] through [[Paran\\u00e1\n        (state)|Paran\\u00e1]].\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainians in Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ukrainian\n        immigrants to Brazil in the late 19th century]]\\n\\n===The second and third\n        waves of Ukrainian immigration===\\nBetween the two [[world wars]], approximately\n        9,000 more Ukrainians immigrated to Brazil. This group was more diverse, coming\n        not only from the Galicia region in Ukraine but also from [[Volhynia]], [[Polesia]],\n        as well as in smaller numbers from [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]],\n        [[Bukovina]] and from Ukrainian settlements in [[Yugoslavia]].\n        Among its members were some with a higher level of education and greater level\n        of political activity. In 1922, under the initiative of a representative of\n        the [[West Ukrainian National Republic]], the \\\"Ukrainian Union of Brazil\\\"\n        was formed. It took a leadership role in the Ukrainian community''s political,\n        economic and cultural-educational life. At this time, [[Ukrainian cooperative\n        movement|Ukrainian cooperatives]] made their appearance in Brazil.\\n\\nThe\n        last group of Ukrainians came to Brazil between 1947–1951. These were\n        mostly seeking asylum from Soviet persecution having played an active part\n        in Ukraine''s independence movement. This group, numbering approximately 7,000 was for the most part more educated and highly skilled\n        compared to previous immigrants, and included many intellectuals. Many of\n        them later emigrated to other countries, especially the United States and\n        Canada, in pursuit of better economic opportunities.\n        The new arrivals helped create the Brazilian chapter of the Ukrainian scouting\n        organization [[Plast]] which continues to function in Brazil today.\\n\\n==Ukrainian\n        Brazilian society==\\n\\n===Religion===\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque Tingui.jpg|thumb|A\n        [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] church in Ting\\u00fci Park, Paran\\u00e1.]]\\n\\nThe [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church]] has a strong hold on Ukrainian society in Brazil,\n        where it is wealthy and has massive landholdings[http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/south_america/brazil/about_destin/southcentralparana.html\n        Pacific Island Travel web-site, accessed 4.8.08], taken from: ''''Brazil:\n        the Rough Guide'''', by David Cleary, Dilwyn Jenkins, Oliver Marshall, Jim\n        Hine. {{ISBN|1-85828-223-3}} including 230 churches and five monasteries\n        run by the [[Order of Saint Basil the Great]].{{cite news|last=Gudzyk|first=Klara|url=https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/cuspilstvo/pyate-pokolinnya|script-title=\\u041f''\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\u043b\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0437\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\\u0433\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457|trans-title=Fifth\n        generation: Ukrainians of Brazil preserve their traditions|language=uk|newspaper=[[The\n        Day (newspaper)|The Day]]|date=August 23, 2002|accessdate=January 7, 2017}}\n        Approximately 85% of Brazil''s Ukrainians belong to this Church.\n        Lavish onion-domed churches proliferate throughout the villages in the Ukrainian\n        part of Brazil, despite the modest economic means of the farmers. The Church\n        has been accused of blocking measures to improve the plight of the rural population,\n        for fear that modernization will lessen the population''s dependence on it. In some respects rural Brazilian-Ukrainian society resembles\n        that of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] in the 19th century, where the\n        influence of the [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|Church and its priests]] was so\n        great that it has been referred to as [[Theocracy|theocratic]].Himka,\n        John Paul. (1999). ''''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'''' McGill-Queen''s\n        University Press: Montreal and Kingston. Pg. 10 In [[Prudent\\u00f3polis]],\n        the regional center in Parana whose population is 75% Ukrainian, the Ukrainian\n        Catholic Cathedral of S\\u00e3o Josafat overlooks the city center. There is\n        also a seminary, and Ukrainian printing press run by the Church\n        and a Ukrainian cultural museum.[http://www.rivnepost.rv.ua/showarticle.php?art=018403\n        ''''Rivne Vechirne''''] (Evening Rivne). 2003. Issue No. 41 (Ukrainian). Article\n        written by Dmytro Yatsuk.\\n\\nIt should be also noticed that some Ukrainians\n        were also Protestant, belonging to the [[Baptists in Ukraine|Baptist]] and\n        [[Protestantism in Ukraine#Pentecostals|Pentecostals]] branch of Christianity.  Originally\n        coming from [[Volhynia|Volyn Region]], they brought their Ukrainian traditions\n        of worshipping God. The biggest church was the Russian Assembly of God (90%\n        were Ukrainians and the rest Russians, Poles, Bielo Russians and few Lithuanians)\n        based in S\\u00e3o Paulo. It was founded around 1930 and led by Pr. Szymon\n        Misiuk with branches in Arapongas -PR, Apucarana - PR, Curitiba - PR, Erexin\n        and Santa Rosa - RS. S\\u00e3o Caetano do Sul, in S\\u00e3o Paulo State had\n        a big concentration of Ukrainians as well and the First Ukrainian Baptist\n        Church was established there by Rev. Dmitro Bucky. Many other churches were\n        also based in S\\u00e3o Paulo. The Ukrainian Protestants were not able to maintain\n        their ethnic identity and with the oldtimers passing away, the new generation\n        did not keep the tradition of services in Ukrainian language, churches disappeared\n        or were turned into Brazilian churches, and Slavic connections disappeared.\\n\\n===Language\n        and culture===\\n[[File:Casa t\\u00edpica de imigrantes da Ucr\\u00e2nia no Brasil\n        Medium Size.jpg|thumb|left|Ukrainian village architecture in [[Curitiba]].]]\\n\\nAlthough\n        most Brazilian Ukrainians have lived in Brazil for 4-5 generations and few\n        have ever seen Ukraine, they have preserved their [[Ukrainian\n        language|language]] and culture to a large degree in rural Paran\\u00e1 state. This has largely been due to the colossal efforts of\n        the Ukrainian Churches. In contrast, among the [[Ukrainian\n        Argentine|Ukrainians in Argentina]] where the Church was not as strong as\n        in Brazil, the Ukrainian language has largely disappeared.\n        Among those who live in the colonies, or agricultural settlements, Ukrainian\n        is widely spoken at home, in church, and in the community, and today it is\n        not uncommon for Ukrainian children to be unable to speak the Portuguese language\n        until they begin school. Despite the Ukrainian language''s widespread use\n        in everyday speech, the ability to read and write is more limited, with over\n        50% of the Ukrainian population being unable to write in the Ukrainian language.[http://rius.kiev.ua/Diaspora/boru\n        ''''Brazilian Ukraine and Globalization.''''] Borushenko, O.P. Professor,\n        Federal University of Paran\\u00e1. Text of his presentation \\\"Diaspora as\n        a Leader in Support for the Ukrainian State in International Relations. June\n        18\\u201320, 2008. Due to isolation from Ukraine, the Ukrainians of Brazil\n        speak a 100-year-old form of the language''s [[Ukrainian dialects|Galician\n        or \\\"Upper Dniestrian\\\" dialect]]. Ninety percent of\n        Church services are conducted in the Ukrainian language (in contrast, among\n        the 700,000 [[Polish Brazilian|ethnic Poles in Brazil]] only two churches\n        use the Polish language). The Portuguese language has only\n        come into wide use in the youngest generation - those who are younger than\n        fifteen years old. Paran\\u00e1 boasts five Ukrainian-language\n        radio stations, including \\\"Zabava\\\" which broadcasts news,\n        Ukrainian folk and pop music, and the [[Divine Liturgy]].\n        In addition, Brazil has 23 Ukrainian dance troupes.\n        In the rural areas, Ukrainians rarely marry non-Ukrainians, and mixed marriages\n        generally adopt the Ukrainian culture. The Ukrainians''\n        neighbors - [[Caboclo]]s, Poles, Germans, Italians, and some Dutch - at times\n        accuse the Ukrainians and their priests of maintaining an exclusiveness that\n        sometimes borders on racism, although non-Brazilians who visit the local Ukrainians\n        are treated with the utmost civility. Ukrainians in\n        Brazil commonly refer to themselves and to Ukrainians from other countries\n        as \\\"our people\\\" (''''Nashi Liudy'''') and to non-Ukrainians of any nationality\n        as \\\"blacks\\\" (''''Chorni'''').\\n\\nThe situation in urban\n        areas is quite different. In the cities, Ukrainians tend to become assimilated\n        into Brazilian culture and to adopt the Portuguese\n        language.\\n\\n[[File:Parque Tingui Curitiba Brasil.jpg|thumb|left|A\n        Ukrainian church in [[Curitiba]].]]\\n\\n===Education===\\nThe Sister Servants\n        of Mary Immaculate operate 30 Ukrainian elementary schools, 17 kindergartens,\n        and two secondary schools. They also operate a boarding school in Prudentopolis,\n        as well as teach instructions in the Ukrainian language on Saturdays. Only\n        Ukrainian is spoken in the boarding school.\\n\\nAs\n        a result of an amendment to the constitution of the state of Paran\\u00e1 initiated\n        by Ukrainian-Brazilian Deputy Vira Vichymyshyn Azhibert, the Ukrainian language\n        is now taught in state schools as well. In March 1991, it was taught in 4\n        state schools with 600 students; the number of public schools adopting the\n        Ukrainian language was expected to grow. The [[Universidade Federal do Paran\\u00e1|Federal\n        University of Paran\\u00e1]] in [[Curitiba]] has organized a pedagogical course\n        for Ukrainian-language instructors. Ukrainian Saturday schools operate in\n        [[Curitiba]].\\n\\n==Notable Brazilian nationals of\n        Ukrainian ethnicity==\\n* [[Maria Berushko]] - teacher, may become the first\n        [[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]] saint in South America (of Orthodox Ukrainian\n        descent).[http://www.ukraine.be/belgium \\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0432 \\u041a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f - \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438]\\n* [[H\\u00e9ctor Babenco]] - film director,\n        screenwriter, producer, actor (Naturalized Brazilian, born in Argentina to\n        Ukrainian father and Polish-Jewish mother).[http://www.danielpiza.com.br/interna.asp?texto=1555\n        Daniel Piza]\\n* [[Oxana Narozniak]] - sculptor\n        (born in Germany of Ukrainian descent, living in [[Curitiba]])[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/320023.shtml\n        The Ukrainian Weekly, August 6, 2000, No. 32, Vol. LXVIII]\\n* [[Vira\n        Vovk]] - poet (born in Ukraine and emigrated to Brazil after World War II)[http://www.day.kiev.ua/267666/\n        Ukrainian Lady from Brazil] ''''The Day'''', Ukrainian newspaper, Tuesday\n        June 19, 2001\\n* [[Rafael S\\u00f3bis]] - soccer striker\\n* [[Dmytro\n        Zajciw]] - entomologist, discoverer of many [[beetle]] species\\n\\n==Notable\n        Brazilians with Ukrainian born ancestors==\\n\\n* [[Eliana Michaelichen Bezerra]]\n        (Russian-Ukrainian descent on maternal side) Popular television hostess.[http://www.google.com.br/search?hl=pt-BR&q=eliana+m%C3%A3e+descendente+ucranianos&meta=\n        google.com.br]\\n* [[Clarice Lispector]] - Jewish writer born in Ukraine\n        whose family immigrated to Brazil before she was two. Became widely known\n        as an influential writer in the Portuguese Language. Never identified as Ukrainian\n        or Ukrainian Brazilian (\\\"''''Eu, enfim, sou brasileira, pronto e pronto.''''\\\"\n        - \\\"To sum it up, I am Brazilian, and that is it\\\".)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.prudentopolis.pr.gov.br/ Website for Prudentopolis,\n        Center of Brazil''s Ukrainian community] {{pt icon}}\\n* [http://www.curitiba-parana.net/parques/memorial-ucraniano.htm\n        Memorial to Ukrainians in Curitiba] {{pt icon}}\\n\\n{{Ancestry and ethnicity\n        in Brazil}}\\n{{Brazil topics}}\\n{{Ukrainian diaspora}}\\n\\n[[Category:European\n        Brazilian]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil|Brazil]]\\n[[Category:Brazilian\n        people of Ukrainian descent| ]]\\n[[Category:Brazil\\u2013Ukraine relations]]\\n\\n[[pt:Imigra\\u00e7\\u00e3o\n        ucraniana no Brasil]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-31T04:23:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":795434382,\"length\":20939,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Brazilians&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians\"},\"41791090\":{\"pageid\":41791090,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Christian Democratic Party\",\"index\":43,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-16T16:44:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{see\n        also|Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine|Christian Democratic Union (Ukraine)|Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group}}\\n{{Infobox political party\\n|country=[[Ukrainian SSR]]
[[Ukraine]]\\n|name\n        = Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party\\n|native_name = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e-\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f\\n|logo = \\n|leader = Vasyl Sichko\\n|foundation\n        = 13 January 1989\\n|ideology = [[Christian democracy]]\\n|position = \\n|international\n        = \\n|european = \\n|colours = \\n|headquarters = \\n|website = \\n|colorcode =\n        \\n}}\\n''''''Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0445\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e-\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f}}, ''''Ukrayinska Khrystyianska Demokratychna\n        Partiya''''; UKhDP) is a small political party of [[Ukrainian SSR]] and [[Ukraine]].\n        It became a progenitor of the two other parties of [[christian democracy]]\n        such [[Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine]] and [[Christian Democratic\n        Union (Ukraine)|Christian Democratic Union]]. The party became a powerful\n        force in Ukraine during the [[revolutions of 1989|1989 revolutionary wave]]\n        in [[Europe]] and contributed greatly to the revival of such Ukrainian cultural\n        organizations as [[Prosvita]], Association of the Ukrainian Language, Plast\n        as well as the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]].\\n\\nIn 1992 most of the\n        party was transformed into the [[Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine]] of\n        [[Vitaliy Zhuravsky]], while the remnants existed until 2002 and according\n        to some sources were merged with the [[Ukrainian Republican Party Sobor]].[http://urp1990.com.ua/content/istorichna-dovidka-0\n        Party''s history]. [[Ukrainian Republican Party]] website.\\n\\n==Historical\n        outlook==\\n\\n===Establishment===\\nIn November 1988 in [[Dolyna]] was conducted\n        assembly where former political prisoners Vasyl Sichko and Petro Sichko, members\n        of the [[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]], who adapted the first program and statute\n        of the ''''''Ukrainian Christian Democratic Front''''''. On November 14, 1988\n        Vasylko Sichko submitted the statute and program of the party to the [[Supreme\n        Council of the Soviet Union]] for registration. On January 13, 1989 in [[Lviv]]\n        took place the constituent congress of the Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Front, head of which was elected Vasylko Sichko.\\n\\nOn April 21\\u201322, 1990\n        in [[Lviv]] took place the second congress of the Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Front where it was officially renamed in the ''''''Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Party''''''. The number of members in 1990 accounted for around 2,000 people,\n        while the party''s cells were mostly located in the [[Western Ukraine]]. By\n        1991 there were legally established and well organized party organizations\n        of [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] and [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]], [[Lviv Oblast]], Ternopil\n        region and city. Much smaller offices (under 15 members) were also located\n        in [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], [[Cherkasy]], [[Kiev]], [[Odessa]],\n        and [[Vinnytsia]]. During that period sessions of the main governing council\n        were not conducted that would provide a single monolith political strategy\n        of the party and regional organizations acted on its own initiative. In June\n        1991 on official invitation of the [[Political Academy of the Austrian People''s\n        Party|Austrian political academy]] to the head of Lviv Oblast organization\n        Mykola Boiko, several members of the UKhDP along with [[Viktor Pynzenyk]]\n        (instructor at the [[Lviv University]]) were sent to [[Vienna]] for study.\n        It was the first international recognition of the Ukrainian Christian Democratic\n        Party, yet it also created a drift between the party leader Sichko and the\n        Lviv Oblast party leader Boiko. Eventually, in retaliation Sichko excluded\n        Boiko from the party.\\n\\n===Split===\\nOn November 16, 1991 took place the\n        third report-electoral conference of the Lviv Oblast organization of UKhDP,\n        at which Boiko has officially resigned. While visiting the conference, Sichko\n        protested and pointed to the fact that Boiko was already excluded from the\n        party. The conference without addressing the Sichko''s protest continued on\n        and elected its new governing body. The new chairman of the Lviv oblast organization\n        was elected former political prisoner Mykhailo Viter. Another former political\n        prisoner [[Ivan Hel]] spoke very critical about Sichko actions. He pointed\n        to the fact that Sichko denied in membership such people like [[Stepan Khmara]]\n        (later the leader of the [[Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party]]), [[Mykhailo\n        Horyn]] and many others. Ivan Hel said that in July 1991 he received an invitation\n        from the Secretary General of the [[Christian Democratic International]],\n        Andre Louis, where for the purpose of establish relationship he asked to have\n        the delegation not to include mister Vasyl Sichka. Negatively to the family\n        of Sichko referred also His Beatitude [[Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky]].\\n\\nRejection\n        of the 3rd report-electoral conference of the UKhDP Lviv regional organization\n        by head of UKhDP Vasyl Sichko led to the split in the organization. On December\n        10, 1991 the UKhDP Ternopil regional organization conducted its general council\n        which recognized the legitimacy of the Lviv regional organization and the\n        election of Mykhailo Viter, the head of the UKhDP Lviv regional organization\n        and it also approved that cooperation and inter-relationship will only occur\n        with the UKhDP Lviv regional organization headed by Mykhailo Viter.\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n* [[Prosvita]]\\n* [[Plast]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* Hutor, M. ''''[http://sd.net.ua/2009/02/12/geneza_rozkolu.html\n        Genesis of split in christian democratic parties]''''. Agency of strategic\n        research.\\n* [http://www.history.vn.ua/book/novitnya/101.html Modern history\n        of Ukraine]\\n* Biletsky, M., Pohrebynsky, M. ''''[http://www.analitik.org.ua/publications/joint/3dd12dea/\n        Establishment of government bodies in Ukraine 1991-1996]''''. Kiev: \\\"Ukrainian\n        press-group\\\", 1997.\\n* Harin, B. ''''[http://pidruchniki.ws/10990214/istoriya/pochatok_formuvannya_bagatopartiynosti_ukrayini\n        Beginning of formation of multi-party system in Ukraine]''''. \\\"History of\n        Ukraine\\\".\\n* Kolodiy, A. ''''[http://www.political-studies.com/society/society8.html\n        Development of civil society]''''.\\n* [http://archive.is/JfzE Minister of\n        Justice signed orders on removal of another 5 parties from the Register of\n        associations of citizens]. Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.\\n* Holobutsky,\n        O., Kulyk, V. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160404153549/http://golob.narod.ru/glvtpravi.html\n        Chapter 2. Party-political spectrum of modern Ukraine. 2. Right-wing parties]''''.\n        Political Parties of Ukraine. Oleksiy Holobutsky website.\\n\\n[[Category:Organizations\n        established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:Political parties established in 1989]]\\n[[Category:1989\n        establishments in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:1989 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Pro-independence\n        parties in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Organizations based in the Soviet\n        Union]]\\n[[Category:Christian political parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Christian\n        democratic parties in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-04T01:49:43Z\",\"lastrevid\":765818084,\"length\":7001,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Christian_Democratic_Party\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Christian_Democratic_Party&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Christian_Democratic_Party\"},\"6593542\":{\"pageid\":6593542,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Free University\",\"index\":32,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-09T10:11:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{unreferenced|date=April\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox University \\n|name           = Ukrainian Free University\n        \\n|native_name    = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0423\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442\n        Ukrainische Freie Universit\\u00e4t\\n|latin_name     = Universitas Libera Ukrainensis\\n|image          =\n        [[Image:ULUlogo.jpg|200px]]\\n|tagline        = \\n|established    = 1921\\n|type           =\n        [[Private university|Private]]\\n|rector         = Prof. Maria Pryshlak\\n|faculty        =\n        65 Assistant, Associate, Full, Visiting  and Honorary\\n|students       = graduate  students\n        primarily  from  Ukraine,registered  in MA and  doctoral  programs\\n|alumni         =\n        \\n|colors         = blue and  yellow\\n|city           = [[Munich]] \\n|country        =\n        [[Germany]] \\n|coor           = {{coord|48.16366|11.50938|region:DE-BY_type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}\\n|campus         =\n        [[urban area|Urban]]\\n|affiliations   = \\n|website        = {{URL|http://www.ufu-muenchen.de/}}\\n|publictransit  =\n        \\n}}\\n\\nThe  ''''''Ukrainian Free University'''''' ({{lang-ua|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0423\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u0442}},\n        {{lang-de|Ukrainische Freie Universit\\u00e4t}}, {{lang-la|Universitas Libera\n        Ukrainensis}}) is a private graduate university located in [[Munich]], [[Germany]].\\n\\n==History==\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Free University (UFU) was established in [[Vienna]], January 17,\n        1921. The  idea to organize  a Ukrainian university-in-exile came from Ukrainian\n        academics, some of  whom had held chairs at universities in the Russian and\n        Austro-Hungarian Empires. UFU was  transferred in the  fall of 1921 to Prague,\n        Czechoslovakia. The host government granted UFU full academic accreditation\n        and provided the University with financial support. UFU received wide recognition\n        during its Prague period for significant and productive teaching, research  and\n        publications.\\n\\nAfter the  Second  World War, UFU established its seat in\n        Munich, Germany. The  September 16, 1950 Free State of Bavaria [[Ministerial\n        decree]] guaranteed degree granting privileges. In the ensuing period various\n        Bavarian university laws  and ministerial decrees reaffirmed  this academic  privilege.\n        Federal German and Bavarian governmental financial support contributed towards\n        worthwhile research, publishing and  teaching activities. The University became\n        a recognized Western European scholarly  centre, specializing in the  study\n        of Ukraine within the USSR and of Ukrainians in the diaspora. Emphasis  was  placed\n        on the study of Ukrainian history, literature, culture, law and politics.\n        German and  Bavarian financial aid ceased in the  years following Ukrainian\n        independence, as it  was  assumed that patronage of the  University  would\n        be assured by Ukraine.The Ukrainian Ministry of Education  recognized UFU\n        doctoral  decrees in November 1992. To date, Ukrainian governmental funding\n        have not materialized. Thus, since 2009, the Ukrainian Free  University relies\n        entirely on its own resources.\\n\\nOver the years, the University has evolved\n        from a \\\"university-in-exile\\\" to a full-fledged, though highly specialized,\n        European Union graduate school. Nevertheless, UFU has retained much of its\n        remarkableness and  singularity. In its research and publishing  activities\n        the University focuses primarily on Ukraine and things Ukrainian.\\n\\n== Academic\n        structures ==\\nThe University has three academic structures. The Faculty of\n        Ukrainian Studies concentrates on interdisciplinary Ukrainian studies . Culture,\n        literature and history constitute the core of  Ukrainian studies.  The  Faculty\n        of Philosophy houses the remaining humanitarian disciplines, such as philosophy,\n        fine arts, music, teacher training and  religion.  The Faculty of Government\n        and  Political Economy unites such social science disciplines as political\n        science, economics and business, sociology, psychology and legal studies.\\n\\n==\n        Academic programs ==\\nUFU is the only private university in the world which,\n        while located outside of Ukraine, offers graduate programs of study in the\n        social sciences and the humanities, primarily in Ukrainian language.  In fact,\n        in order to be able to matriculate at UFU one must demonstrate fluency in\n        Ukrainian.  Masters programs require two to three semesters of  course work,\n        an MA  thesis and  an oral thesis  defense.  Doctoral programs stipulate three\n        semesters of course work, a doctoral dissertation,  philosophy commprehensives\n        and  an oral thesis  defense.Dissertations are normally written in Ukrainian.  In\n        exceptional cases permission may be granted to  write in another language.  Winter\n        Semester teaching period runs from early November to mid December and from\n        the end of January until early March.  Summer Semester teaching period is\n        from early May until the end of July.\\n\\nMost UFU faculty members also hold\n        simultaneously permanent academic positions at European Union, American, Canadian\n        and Ukrainian institutions of higher learning.\\n\\n==Notable alumni and faculty==\\n*\n        [[Viktor Petrov]]\\n* [[Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko]]\\n* [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]]\\n*\n        [[Ivan Horbachevsky]]\\n* [[George Yurii Shevelov]]\\n* [[Igor Kaczurowskyj]]\\n*\n        [[Emma Andijewska]]\\n* [[Liubomyr Vynar]]\\n* [[Serhiy Kvit]]\\n* [[Leonid Rudnytzky]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n*\n        \\\"Universitas Libera Ucrainensis: 1921-2006\\\", Mykola Szafowal and Roman Yaremko\n        (eds.), ( Munich: Ukrainische Freie Universit\\u00e4t, 2006) Series: Varia\n        \\u2116 52.  {{ISBN|3-928687-61-1}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* {{de icon}}/{{en\n        icon}}/{{uk icon}} [http://www.ufu-muenchen.de/ Ukrainian Free University\n        official website]\\n* [[Volodymyr Yaniv]], [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianFreeUniversity.htm\n        Ukrainian Free University in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n\\n{{Universities\n        in Germany}}\\n{{Munich universities}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:1921\n        establishments in Austria]]\\n[[Category:Universities and colleges in Munich]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        diaspora in Germany]]\\n[[Category:Educational institutions established in\n        1921]]\\n[[Category:Universities and colleges in Vienna]]\\n[[Category:Education\n        in Prague]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian language]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian studies]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Free University| ]]\\n[[Category:Minority schools]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-14T05:34:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":789754109,\"length\":6151,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Free_University\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Free_University&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Free_University\"},\"461856\":{\"pageid\":461856,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church\",\"index\":5,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T15:10:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Christian denomination\\n|name = Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church\\n|caption_background\n        =\\n|image = [[File:Bras\\u00e3o da Igreja Greco-Cat\\u00f3lica Ucraniana.jpg|200px]]\\n|imagewidth\n        =250px\\n|alt =\\n|caption = \\n|main_classification = [[Catholic]]\\n|orientation\n        = [[Eastern Catholic]], [[Byzantine Rite]]\\n|theology =   \\n|polity = [[Episcopal\n        polity|Episcopal]]\\n|leader = [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] (Major Archbishop)\\n|director\n        =\\n|fellowships =\\n|associations =\\n|area =\\n|founder =[[Grand Prince]] [[Volodymyr\n        the Great]]\\n|founded_date = 988\\n|founded_place = [[Kiev]], [[Ruthenia]]\\n|separated_from\n        = [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\\n|parent =\\n|merger = 1596\n        [[Union of Brest]] ([[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]])\\n|liturgy\n        = [[Church Slavonic]] (official),{{cn|date=May 2017}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n|separations\n        = [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]\\n|hospitals =\\n|nursing_homes =\\n|aid\n        =\\n|congregations =\\n|members = 4,636,958\\n|ministers =\\n|missionaries =\\n|temples\n        =\\n|primary_schools =\\n|secondary_schools =\\n|tax_status =\\n|tertiary =\\n|other_names\n        = Ukrainian Catholic Church, [[Uniate]] Church\\n|website = {{official URL}}\\n|footnotes\n        =\\n}}\\n{{about|the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church which was historically\n        called \\\"Ruthenian\\\"|the Eastern Catholic Church presently called \\\"Ruthenian\\\"|Ruthenian\n        Greek Catholic Church}}\\n{{Eastern Catholicism}}\\n{{History of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church'''''' (UGCC)\n        ({{lang-uk|}}\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430 (\\u0423\\u0413\\u041a\\u0426), ''''Ukrains''ka\n        Hreko-Katolyts''ka Tserkva'''') is a [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Byzantine\n        Rite Eastern Catholic Church]] in [[full communion]] with the [[Holy See]].\n        It appeared in 1596 with signing of the Union of Brest between the Ruthenian\n        Orthodox Church ([[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]) and the Holy See.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChurchUnionofBerestia.htm\n        Church Union of Berestia]. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] It is the second-largest\n        [[particular church]] (''''[[sui juris]]'''') in the Catholic Church (after\n        the Latin, or Roman, Church). It traces its origin to the ''''''Ruthenian\n        Uniate Church'''''' ({{lang-la|Ecclesia Ruthena unita}}) also known as ''''''Ruthenian\n        Catholic Church''''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160613120934/http://www.stsophiaukrainian.cc/resources/ugccname/\n        The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\\u2019s Name]. St Sophia Church website[https://web.archive.org/web/20160613121615/https://books.google.com/books?id=REVEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1095&lpg=PT1095&dq=Ecclesia+Ruthena+unita&source=bl&ots=u3tUIoYfJZ&sig=qWQQVwKx3F2z8aWNfyq5osUTWKc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj795v1-6TNAhVFdR4KHcONAeEQ6AEITjAH#v=onepage&q=Ecclesia%20Ruthena%20unita&f=false\n        Canonical aspects]. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] that existed before\n        the [[partitions of Poland|partition of Poland]].\\n\\nThe [[Ordinary (officer)|ordinary]]\n        (or [[hierarch]]) of the church holds the title of [[Major archbishop]] of\n        [[Kiev]]-[[Halych]] and All Ruthenia, though the [[hierarch]]s and faithful\n        of the church have acclaimed their ordinary as \\\"[[Patriarch]]\\\" and have\n        requested Papal recognition of, and elevation to, this title. Major archbishop\n        is a unique title within the Catholic Church that was introduced in 1963 as\n        part of political compromise. Since March 2011 the head of the church is Major\n        Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]].\\n\\nThe church is one of the successor\n        [[Church body|churches]] to the [[Baptism of Kiev|acceptance of Christianity]]\n        by [[Grand Prince]] [[Vladimir the Great]] of [[Kiev]], in 988. The church\n        has followed the spread of the [[Ukrainian diaspora]] and now has some 40\n        hierarchs in over a dozen countries on four continents, including three other\n        [[metropolitan bishop]]s in [[Poland]], the [[United States]], and [[Canada]].\\n\\nWithin\n        [[Ukraine]] itself, the UGCC is a minority of the religious population, being\n        a distant second to the majority [[Eastern Orthodox]] faith. The Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church is the second largest religious organization in Ukraine\n        in terms of number of communities. In terms of number of members, the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church ranks third in allegiance among the population of Ukraine\n        after the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate]]. Currently, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church predominates in three western [[oblast]]s of Ukraine, including about\n        half the population of [[Lviv]], but constitutes a small minority elsewhere\n        in the country.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===Ruthenian Orthodox Church and previous\n        attempts of Catholisation===\\n{{Main|History of Christianity in Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ruthenian Uniate Church was created with the [[Union of Brest]] in 1595/1596,\n        yet its roots go back to the very beginning of [[Christianization of Kievan\n        Rus''|Christianity in the Mediaeval Slavic state]] of [[Ruthenia]]. [[Byzantine]]\n        [[missionaries]] exercised decisive influence in the area. The 9th-century\n        mission of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in [[Great Moravia]] had particular\n        importance as their work allowed the spread of worship in the [[Old Church\n        Slavonic language]]. The Byzantine-Greek influence continued, particularly\n        with the official adoption of Byzantine rites by Prince [[Vladimir I of Kiev]]\n        in 988 when there was established the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]]\n        [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev|Metropolis of Kiev and all\n        Ruthenia]]. Later at the time of the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]] (ca\n        1054) the [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] ([[Rusyns|Rusyn]]) Church took sides and\n        remained [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]].\\n\\nFollowing the [[Mongol invasion\n        of Russia|devastating Mongol invasion]] of [[Ruthenia]] and sack of Kiev in\n        1240, [[Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus|Metropolitan Maximus of Kiev]] moved\n        to the town of [[Vladimir-on-Klyazma]] in 1299. In 1303 on petition of Ruthenia\n        kings from the [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]] ([[Kingdom of Ruthenia|Ruthenia]]),\n        Patriarch [[Athanasius I of Constantinople]] created a separate [[Metropolis\n        of Halych]] that included western parishes of the original Metropolis of Kiev\n        and all Ruthenia. The new metropolis did not last for long (inconsistently\n        throughout most of the 14th century) and its new Metropolitan [[Peter of Moscow]]\n        was consecrated as the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ruthenia instead of Metropolitan\n        of Halych. Just before his death Peter moved his episcopal see from Vladimir\n        to [[Moscow]]. During his reign there was established [[Metropolitanate of\n        Lithuania]] in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], while after his death Metropolis\n        of Halych was reestablished as well. In 1445 the Metropolitan [[Isidore of\n        Kiev|Isidore]] with his see in Moscow joined the [[Council of Florence]] and\n        became a [[papal legate]] of all Ruthenia and Lithuania. After Isidore suffered\n        prosecutions by local bishops and royalty of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]],\n        he was banned away from Muscovy, while the Muscovite princes appointed own\n        Metropolitan [[Jonah of Moscow]] without consent of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch\n        of Constantinople]]. \\n\\nBecause of that Patriarch [[Gregory III of Constantinople]]\n        reorganized the Ruthenian Church in the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]\n        (until 1569 the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]) and its new primates were titled\n        as Metropolitans of Kiev, Halych and all Ruthenia. He appointed [[Gregory\n        II Bulgarian]] as the new Uniate primate who in 1470 rejoined the [[Ecumenical\n        Patriarch of Constantinople]] under [[Dionysius I of Constantinople]].\\n\\n===Foundation:\n        the Union of Brest===\\n{{Main|Union of Brest}}\\n[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej\n        1573.svg|166px|thumb|right|Religions in [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]\n        in 1573:
{{Color box|#fffce1|Catholic|border=darkgray}}
{{Color box|#93c789|Orthodox|border=darkgray}}
{{Color\n        box|#b279b2|Calvinist|border=darkgray}}]]\\n[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej 1750.svg|166px|thumb|Religions\n        in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1750:
{{Color box|#fffce1|Latin Catholic|border=darkgray}}
{{Color\n        box|orange|Greek Catholic||border=darkgray}}]]\\n\\nThis situation continued\n        for some time, and in the intervening years what is now Western and Central\n        Ukraine came under the rule of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The\n        Polish king [[Sigismund III Vasa]] was heavily influenced by the ideals of\n        the [[Counter-Reformation]] and wanted to increase the Catholic presence in\n        Ukraine. Meanwhile, the clergy of the Ruthenian lands were ruled from distant\n        Constantinople, and much of the population was loyal to Ruthenian Orthodoxy\n        rather than to the Polish Catholic monarch. Persecution of the Orthodox population\n        grew, and under pressure of Polish authorities the clergy of the Ruthenian\n        Church agreed by the Union of Brest in 1595 to break from the Patriarchate\n        of Constantinopole and unite with the [[Catholic Church]] under the authority\n        of the ruler of the Commonwealth, [[Sigismund III Vasa]], in exchange for\n        ending the persecution. In an effort to stop further [[Polonization]] processes\n        and recent recognition of the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] by [[Jeremias II of\n        Constantinople]], in 1596 the Ruthenian Orthodox Church signed the agreement\n        with the Holy See. The union was not accepted by all the members\n        of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in these lands, and marked the creation of\n        Uniate Church and separate eparchies that continued to stay Orthodox among\n        which were Lviv eparchy, Peremyshel eparchy, Mukachevo eparchy and Lutsk eparchy\n        that at first accepted the union but later oscillated back and forth.\\n\\n===Russian\n        occupation of Poland and liquidation of the Uniate church===\\n[[Image:Univ\n        lavra.jpg|thumb|The [[Univ Lavra]] was established in 1400 by the ruler [[Lubart]]''s\n        son [[Feodor Lubartovich|Theodore]] and remains the holiest monastery of the\n        Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.]]\\n[[File:Sielec 007.JPG|thumb|Small wooden\n        church and belfry in the village of [[Sielec, Drohobych Raion]] from the 17th\n        century, in the typical architectural style of that region]]\\nThe final step\n        of the full particularity of the Ruthenian Uniate Church was then effected\n        by the development of the middle [[Ruthenian language]] into separate [[Rusyn\n        language|Rusyn]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusian language]]s\n        around 1600 to 1800. With Orthodoxy being largely suppressed during the two\n        centuries of Polish rule, the [[Greek-Catholic]] influence on the Ukrainian\n        population was so great that in several oblasts hardly anyone remained  Orthodox.{{Citation\n        needed|date=January 2010}}\\n\\nAfter the partition of Poland, the formerly\n        Greek-Catholic territory was mostly divided between [[Russian Empire|Russia]]\n        and [[Austria-Hungary|Austria]]. The portion which came under Russian rule,\n        included [[Right-bank Ukraine]] and modern [[Belarus]], while dioceses of\n        [[Lviv]], [[Che\\u0142m|Kholm]], and [[Przemy\\u015bl|Peremyshl]] ([[Eastern\n        Galicia]]) came under Austrian rule. In the easternmost areas of Podolia the\n        population mainly reverted to Orthodoxy. Initially, the Russian authorities\n        were extremely tolerant of the Greek-Catholic church and allowed it to function\n        without restraint (calling adherents [[Basilian monk|Basilians]]). However  the\n        clergy soon split into pro-Catholic and pro-Russian, with the former tending\n        to convert to Latin Rite Catholicism, whilst the latter group, led by Bishop\n        [[Iosif Semashko]] (1798\\u20131868){{cite web|url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631232032_chunk_g978063123203213_ss1-16\n        |title=Iosif Semashko : The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity :\n        Blackwell Reference Online |publisher=Blackwellreference.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-11}}\n        and firmly rejected by the ruling Greek-Catholic synod remained largely controlled\n        by the pro-Polish clergy with the Russian authorities largely refusing to\n        interfere{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. The situation changed abruptly\n        following Russia''s successful suppression of the [[November Uprising|1831\n        Polish uprising]], aimed at overthrowing Russian control of the Polish territories.\n        As the uprising was actively supported by the Greek-Catholic church, a crackdown\n        on the Church occurred immediately. The pro-Latin members of the Synod were\n        removed; and the Church began to disintegrate, with its parishes in Volhynia\n        reverting to Orthodoxy, including the 1833 transfer of the famous [[Pochaiv\n        Lavra]]. In 1839 the Synod of Polotsk (in modern-day Belarus), under the leadership\n        of Bishop Semashko, dissolved the Greek-Catholic church in the [[Russian Empire]],\n        and all its property was transferred to the Orthodox state church. The 1913\n        Catholic Encyclopedia says that in what was then known as ''Little Russia''\n        (now [[Ukraine]]), the pressure of the Russian Government \\\"utterly wiped\n        out\\\" Greek Catholicism, and \\\"some 7,000,000 of the Uniats there were compelled,\n        partly by force and partly by deception, to become part of the Greek Orthodox\n        Church\\\".{{CathEncy|wstitle=Ruthenians}}\\n\\nThe dissolution of\n        the Greek-Catholic Church in Russia was completed in 1875 with the [[Conversion\n        of Che\\u0142m Eparchy|abolition of the Eparchy of Kholm]].''''St. Nicholas\n        Ukrainian Catholic Parish in Winnipeg, Historical Timeline\\nof the Basilian\n        Order of St. Josaphat''''\\n\\n===Preservation and revival by the Habsburg\n        Monarchy===\\n\\n{{Further|Western Ukrainian Clergy}}\\nElimination of Ruthenian\n        Catholicism within the [[Russian Empire]] began early in the 19th century.\n        In 1803 the Pope of Rome granted the transfer of the quasi-patriarchal powers\n        of the Major-Archiepiscopate of Kiev/Halych and all Rus to the Metropolitan\n        of [[Lviv]] (Lemberg) in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].  Suffragan sees\n        included [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] (then called Stanislav) and Przemy\\u015bl. By\n        the end of the century, those remaining faithful to this church began emigrating\n        to the U.S., Canada, and Brazil.\\n\\nThe territory received by Austria-Hungary\n        in the partition of Poland included [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Halychyna]]\n        (modern Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and parts of Ternopil oblasts). Here the Greek-Catholic\n        Ruthenian (Ukrainian) peasantry had been largely under Polish Roman Catholic\n        domination. The Austrians granted equal freedom of worship to the Greek-Catholic\n        Church and removed Polish influence. They also mandated that Uniate seminarians\n        receive a formal higher education (previously, priests had been educated informally\n        by their fathers), and organized institutions in [[Vienna]] and [[Lviv]] that\n        would serve this function. This led to the appearance, for the first time,\n        of a large, educated class within the Ukrainian population in Halychyna.Himka,\n        John Paul.  (1999). ''''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'''' McGill-Queen''s\n        University Press: Montreal and Kingston.  Pg. 6. It also engendered\n        a fierce sense of loyalty to the Habsburg dynasty. When Polish rebels briefly\n        took control of Lviv in 1809, they demanded that the head of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church, Anton Anhelovych, substitute [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]''s\n        name in the [[Divine Liturgy]] for that of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Austrian\n        Emperor Francis II]]. Anhelovych refused, and was imprisoned. When the Austrians\n        retook control over Lviv, Anhelovych was awarded the cross of Leopold by the\n        Emperor.John-Paul Himka. (1986). ''''The Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian\n        Society in Austrian Galicia.'''' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\\n\\nAs\n        a result of the reforms, over the next century the Greek-Catholic Church in\n        Austrian Halychnya ceased being a puppet of foreign interests and became the\n        primary cultural force within the Ukrainian community. Most independent native\n        Ukrainian cultural and political trends (such as Rusynophilia, [[Russophilia]]\n        and later [[Ukrainophilia]]) emerged from within the ranks of the Greek-Catholic\n        Church [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|clergy]]. The participation of Greek Catholic\n        priests or their children in western Ukrainian cultural and political life\n        was so great that western Ukrainians were accused of wanting to create a theocracy\n        in western Ukraine by their Polish rivals.Himka, John Paul.  (1999).\n        ''''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'''' McGill-Queen''s University\n        Press: Montreal and Kingston.  Pg. 10 Among the political trends that\n        emerged, the [[Christian Social Movement in Ukraine|Christian social movement]]\n        was particularly linked to the Ukrainian Catholic Church. Many people saw\n        the Austrians as having saved the Ukrainians and their Church from the Poles,\n        though it was the Poles who set into motion the [[Greek-Catholic]] cast of\n        their church.\\n[[Image:St Georges.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Cathedral of St.\n        George (Saskatoon)|St George''s Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] built by\n        architect The Very Reverend Philip Ruh, O.M.I. in 1923.  [[Pleasant Hill,\n        Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Protected Heritage site]], [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]][http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/Saskatchewan/ethnic/PhilipRuh.html\n        The Very Reverend Philip Ruh, O.M.I. Priest, Architect and Builder of about\n        40 Ukrainian Catholic Churches] URL accessed February 9, 2007]]\\n\\n===Liquidation\n        of the rest of Catholic Church of Byzantine rite in the Soviet Union===\\n{{Main|The\n        Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the USSR}}\\n[[File:Biskupi greckokatoliccy\n        1927 Lw\\u00f3w.jpg|300px|thumb|Bishops of Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.\n        [[St. George''s Cathedral, Lviv]], Lviv  12.1927.  Sitting: bp.[[Hryhory Khomyshyn]],  [[Metropolitan\n        Archbishop]] [[Andrey Sheptytsky]], bp. [[Nykyta Budka]], bp. [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]].]]\\n[[File:The\n        relics of the blessed of Josaphat Kotsylovsky.JPG|thumbnail|Stryi. The relics\n        of the blessed of Josaphat Kotsylovsky.JPG]]\\n[[File:Greckokatolicka metropolia\n        lwowska 1939.png|right|250px|thumb|Map of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in\n        the province of Lviv in 1939]]\\nAfter [[World War I]], Ukrainian Greek Catholics\n        found themselves under the governance of the nations of [[Poland]], [[Hungary]],\n        [[Romania]] and [[Czechoslovakia]]. Under the previous century of Austrian\n        rule, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church attained such a strong Ukrainian\n        national character that in interwar Poland, the Greek Catholics of Galicia\n        were seen by the nationalist Polish and Catholic state as even less patriotic\n        than the Orthodox Volhynians. Extending its [[Polonisation]] policies to its\n        [[Kresy|Eastern Territories]], the Polish authorities sought to weaken the\n        UGCC. In 1924, following a visit with Ukrainian Catholic believers in [[North\n        America]] and [[western Europe]], the head of the UGCC was initially denied\n        reentry to Lw\\u00f3w (the Polish name at the time for Lviv), only being allowed\n        back after a considerable delay. Polish Roman Catholic priests, led by their\n        Latin bishops, began missionary work among Greek Catholics; and administrative\n        restrictions were placed on the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.{{cite\n        book| author=Magosci, P. | title=Morality and Reality: the Life and Times\n        of Andrei Sheptytsky| location= Edmonton, Alberta | publisher= Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta | year = 1989 }}\\n\\nAfter\n        [[World War II]] Ukrainian Catholics came under the rule of [[Communist Poland]]\n        and the hegemony of the [[Soviet Union]]. With only a few clergy invited to\n        attend, a synod was convened in Lviv (Lvov), which revoked the Union of Brest.  Officially\n        all of the church property was transferred to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]\n        under the [[Moscow Patriarchate]],[http://www.rferl.org/content/SovietEra_Documents_Shed_Light_On_Suppression_Of_Ukrainian_Catholic_Church/1795023.html\n        Soviet-Era Documents Shed Light On Suppression Of Ukrainian Catholic Church\n        Soviet-Era Documents Shed Light On Suppression Of Ukrainian Catholic Church],\n        ''''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]'''', August 7, 2009 Most of\n        the Ukrainian Greek Catholic clergy went underground. This catacomb church\n        was strongly supported by its [[diaspora]] in the Western Hemisphere. Emigration\n        to the U.S. and Canada, which had begun in the 1870s, increased after World\n        War II.\\n\\nIn the winter of 1944-45, Ukrainian Greek Catholic clergy were\n        summoned to ''reeducation'' sessions conducted by the [[NKVD]].  Near the\n        end of the war in Europe, the state media began an anti-Ukrainian-Catholic\n        campaign.\\\"Soviet repression\n        of the Ukrainian Catholic Church.\\\" Department of State Bulletin 87 (1987)\n        The creation of the community in 1596 was discredited in publications, which\n        went to great pains to try to prove  the Church was conducting activities\n        directed against Ukrainians in the first half of the 20th century.\\n\\nIn 1945 Soviet authorities arrested, deported,\n        and sentenced to forced-labor camps in [[Siberia]] and elsewhere the church''s\n        metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] and nine other Greek Catholic bishops,\n        as well as hundreds of clergy and leading lay activists. In Lviv alone, 800\n        priests were imprisoned. All\n        the above-mentioned bishops and significant numbers of clergymen died in prisons,\n        concentration camps, internal exile, or soon after their release during the\n        post-Stalin thaw.''''\\\"The Ukrainian Greek Catholics: A\n        Historical Survey\\\", by Religious Information Service of Ukraine''''\n        The exception was metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] who, after 18\n        years of imprisonment and persecution, was released thanks to the intervention\n        of [[Pope John XXIII]], Slipyi took refuge in Rome, where he received the\n        title of Major Archbishop of Lviv, and became a cardinal in 1965.\\n[[Image:St\n        Joseph the Betrothed 080202.jpg|thumb|250px|The center dome of [[St. Joseph\n        the Betrothed Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]][http://www.stjosephucc.org/\n        St Joseph Ukrainian Catholic Church Homepage]]]\\n\\nThe clergy who joined\n        the Russian Orthodox Church were spared the large-scale persecution of religion\n        that occurred elsewhere in the country (see [[Religion in the Soviet Union]]).\n        In the city of Lviv, only one church was closed (at a time when many cities\n        in the rest of Ukraine did not have a working church). Moreover, the western\n        dioceses of Lviv-Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk were the largest in the USSR\n        and contained the majority of the Russian Orthodox Church''s cloisters (particularly\n        convents, of which there were seven in Ukrainian SSR but none in Russia).\n        Orthodox canon law was also relaxed on the clergy allowing them to shave beards\n        (a practice uncommon to Orthodoxy) and conduct liturgy in Ukrainian as opposed\n        to [[Church Slavonic]].\\n\\nThe Ukrainian Catholics continued to exist underground\n        for decades and were the subject of vigorous attacks in the state media. The\n        clergy gave up public exercise of their clerical duties, but secretly provided\n        services for many lay people.\n        Many priests took up civilian professions and celebrated the sacraments in\n        private. The identities of former priests could have been known to the Soviet\n        police who regularly watched them, interrogated them and put fines on them,\n        but stopped short of arrest unless their activities went beyond a small circle\n        of people. New secretly ordained\n        priests were often treated more harshly.\\n\\nThe church even grew during this time, and this was acknowledged\n        by Soviet sources. The first secretary of the Lvov Komsomol, Oleksiy Babiychuk,\n        claimed:\\n\\n
 in this oblast, particularly in the rural areas,\n        a large number of the population adheres to religious practices, among them\n        a large proportion of youth. In the last few years, the activity of the Uniates\n        [Ukrainian Catholics] has grown, that of representatives of the Uniates as\n        well as former Uniate priests; there are even reverberations to renew the\n        overt activity of this Church.
\\n\\nAfter\n        Stalin died, Ukrainian Catholics hoped this would lead to better conditions\n        for themselves, but such hopes were dashed in the late 1950s when the authorities\n        arrested even more priests and unleashed a new wave of anti-Catholic propaganda. Secret ordinations occurred in exile.\n        Secret theological seminaries in Ternopol and Kolomyia were reported in the\n        Soviet press in the 1960s when their organizers were arrested. In 1974 a clandestine convent was uncovered in Lviv.\\n\\nDuring the Soviet era, the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church did flourish throughout the Ukrainian diaspora. Cardinal\n        [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] was jailed as a dissident but named ''''[[in\n        pectore]]'''' (in secret) a cardinal in 1949; he was freed in 1963 and was\n        the subject of an extensive campaign to have him named as a [[patriarch]],\n        which met with strong support as well as controversy. [[Pope Paul VI]] demurred,\n        but compromised with the creation of a new title of [[major archbishop]] (assigned\n        to Yosyf Slipyi on 23 December 1963{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bslipiy|Josyf\n        Ivanovyc\\u00e8 Cardinal Slipyj (Slipiy)|21 January 2015}}\\n), with a\n        jurisdiction roughly equivalent to that of a [[patriarch]] in an Eastern church.  This\n        title has since passed to [[Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky]] in 1984 and thereafter\n        to [[Lubomyr Husar]] in 2000 and [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] in 2011; this title\n        has also been granted to the heads of three other [[Eastern Catholic Churches]].\\n\\nIn\n        1968, when the Ukrainian Catholic Church was legalized in [[Czechoslovakia]],\n        a large scale campaign was launched to harass recalcitrant clergy who remained\n        illegal. These clergy were subject\n        to interrogations, fines and beatings. In January 1969 the [[KGB]] arrested\n        an underground Catholic bishop named Vasyl Velychkovsky and two Catholic priests,\n        and sentenced them to three years of imprisonment for breaking anti-religious\n        legislation.\\n\\nActivities that\n        could lead to arrest included holding religious services, educating children\n        as Catholics, performing baptisms, conducting weddings or funerals, hearing\n        confessions or giving the last rites, copying religious materials, possessing\n        prayer books, possessing icons, possessing church calendars, possessing religious\n        books or other sacred objects.\n        Conferences were held to discuss how to perfect the methodology in combatting\n        Ukrainian Catholicism in the West Ukraine.\\n\\nAt times the Ukrainian Catholics attempted to employ legal channels\n        to have their community recognized by the state. In 1956–1957 there\n        were petitions to the proper authorities to request for churches to be opened.\n        More petitions were sent in the 60s and 70s, all of which were refused. In\n        1976, a priest named Volodymyr Prokipov was arrested for presenting such a\n        petition to Moscow. The response\n        to these petitions by the state had been to sharpen attacks against the community.\\n\\nIn\n        1984 a [[samizdat]] ''''Chronicle of the Catholic Church'''' began to be published\n        by Ukrainian Catholics. The founder of the group behind this publication,\n        Yosef Terelya, was arrested in 1985 and sentenced to seven years imprisonment\n        and five years of exile. His\n        successor, Vasely Kobryn, was arrested and sentenced to three years of exile.\\n\\nThe [[Solidarity movement]] in\n        Poland and Pope [[John Paul II]] supported the Ukrainian Catholics. The state\n        media attacked John Paul II. The antireligious journal ''''Liudyna i Svit''''\n        (Man and the World) published in Kiev wrote:\\n\\n
 Proof that the\n        Church is persistently striving to strengthen its political influence in socialist\n        countries is witnessed by the fact that Pope John Paul II gives his support\n        to the emigre hierarchy of the so-called Ukrainian Catholic Church . . ..\n        The current tactic of Pope John Paul II and the Roman Curia lies in the attempts\n        to strengthen the position of the Church in all socialist countries as they\n        have done in Poland, where the Vatican tried to raise the status of the Catholic\n        Church to a state within a state. In the last few years, the Vatican has paid\n        particular attention to the question of Catholicism of the Slavonic nations.\n        This is poignantly underscored by the Pope when he states that he is not only\n        a Pope of Polish origin, but the first Slavic Pope, and he will pay particular\n        attention to the Christianization of all Slavic nations.\\n
\\n\\nBy the late 1980s there was a shift\n        in the Soviet government''s attitude towards religion. At the height of [[Mikhail\n        Gorbachev]]''s [[Glastnost|liberalization reforms]] the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church was allowed again to function officially in December 1989.\n        But then it found itself largely in disarray with the nearly all of its pre-1946\n        parishes and property lost to the Orthodox faith. The church, actively supported\n        by nationalist organisations such as [[People''s Movement of Ukraine|Rukh]]\n        and later the [[UNA-UNSO]], took an uncompromising stance towards the return\n        of its lost property and parishes. According to a Greek-Catholic priest, \\\"even\n        if the whole village is now Orthodox and one person is Greek Catholic, the\n        church [building] belongs to that Catholic because the church was built by\n        his grandparents and great-grandparents.\\\"[[Andrew Wilson\n        (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation'''', p.\n        246, [[Yale University Press]], 2002, {{ISBN|0-300-09309-8}} The weakened\n        Soviet authorities were unable to pacify the situation, and most of the parishes\n        in Halychyna came under the control of the Greek-Catholics during the events\n        of a large scale inter-confessional rivalry that was often accompanied by\n        violent clashes of the faithful provoked by their religious and political\n        leadership.Nathaniel Davis, ''''A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary\n        History of Russian Orthodoxy'''', p. 75, Westview Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8133-4067-5}}\n        These tensions led to a rupture of relations between the [[Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        and the [[Holy See|Vatican]].\\n\\n===Current situation===\\n[[File:Chomnycky\n        london cathedral.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Bishop [[Paul Patrick Chomnycky]] in\n        [[London]].]]\\n\\nCurrently the church has between 3 and 5 million supporters\n        in Ukraine. Numerous surveys conducted since the late 1990s consistently show\n        that between 6% and 8% of Ukraine''s total population, or 9.4% to 12.6% of\n        the country''s religious believers, identify themselves as belonging to this\n        Church.{{cite web|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b2964|title=70\n        Percent of Ukrainians Religious, Survey Shows|publisher=|date=17 June 2004|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210320/http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3B2964|archive-date=21\n        July 2011|df=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;13940|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120908021914/http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;13940|archivedate=2012-09-08|df=}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine:\n        People and Society: Religions|work=CIA World Factbook|date=2013|accessdate=23\n        October 2015}} Worldwide, the faithful now number some 6 to 10 million,\n        forming the largest [[particular church|particular]] [[Catholic Church]],\n        after the majority [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite Church]]. The [[demographics\n        of Ukraine]] show that the Greek Catholic Church is increasing at the expense\n        of the majority Orthodox Church, due to higher birth rates and lower death\n        rates among its members.\\n\\nAccording to a 2015 survey, followers of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church make up 8.1% of the total population (excluding Crimea)\n        and form the majority in 3 oblasts:[http://infolight.org.ua/content/religiyni-vpodobannya-naselennya-ukrayiny\n        \\\"Religious preferences of the population of Ukraine\\\". Sociology poll by]\n        [[Razumkov Centre]], [[SOCIS]], [[Sociological group\n        \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]] and [[Kiev International Institute of Sociology|KIIS]]\n        about the religious situation in Ukraine (2015)The survey sample\n        was 25000 people, excluded Crimea, so 1000 people for oblast.\\n\\n* [[Lviv\n        Oblast]] \\u2014 59% of the population\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] \\u2014\n        57%\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast]] \\u2014 52%\\n\\nToday, most Ukrainian Catholic Churches\n        have moved away from Church Slavonic and use Ukrainian. Many churches also\n        offer liturgies in the official language of the country the Church is in,\n        for example, German in Germany or English in Canada; however, some parishes\n        continue to celebrate the liturgy in Slavonic even today, and services in\n        a mix of languages are not unusual.\\n\\nIn the early first decade of the 21st\n        century, the major see of the Ukrainian Catholic Church was transferred to\n        the Ukrainian capital of [[Kiev]]. The enthronement of the new head of the\n        church Major Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] took place there on 27 March\n        2011 at the cathedral under construction on the left bank. On 18 August 2013,\n        the [[Patriarchal Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ]] was dedicated\n        and solemnly opened.\\n\\n==De-Latinization and protest==\\n{{Unreferenced section|date=July\n        2013}}\\nThe Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church previously embarked on a campaign\n        of [[Liturgical latinisation|de-Latinization]] reforms.  These include the\n        removal of the [[stations of the cross]], the [[rosary]] and the monstrance\n        from their liturgy and parishes. \\nIn 2001 a priest, Vasyl Kovpak, and a small\n        group of followers opposed to certain policies (such as [[Liturgical latinisation|de-latinisation]])\n        and [[ecumenism]] of the UGCC hierarchy, organized themselves as the [[Priestly\n        Society of Saint Josaphat]]. The PSSJ possesses close ties with the [[Latin\n        Rite]] [[Traditionalist Catholic]] [[Society of Saint Pius X]], which rejects\n        and condemns certain actions and policies of both Husar and the Pope. On November\n        21, 2007 the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] excommunicated\n        Kovpak.Catholic World News, November 21, 2007.  [http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=54919\n        Ukrainian priest excommunicated]\\n\\nCritics claim that the SSJK''s liturgical\n        practice favours severely abbreviated services and imported Roman Catholic\n        devotions over the traditional and authentic practices of the Ukrainian Greek\n        Catholic Church. Proponents counter that these symbols and rituals, influenced\n        long ago by their [[Roman Catholicism in Poland|Polish Roman Catholic]] neighbors,\n        have been practiced by Ukrainian Greek Catholics for centuries.  To deny them\n        today is to deprive the people of a part of sacred heritage which they have\n        learned to regard as their own.\\n\\nIn 2008, a group of [[Order of Saint Basil\n        the Great|Basilian]] priests at the [[Pidhirtsi]] monastery declared that\n        four of them had been consecrated bishops without permission of the Pope or\n        the Major Archbishop.  The \\\"Pidhirtsi fathers\\\" had opposed de-latinisation,\n        liberal theology, and the ecumenical approach of the hierarchy.  Excommunicated\n        in 2008, in 2009 they constituted themselves as the ''''[[Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Greek Catholic Church]]''''.\\n\\n==Administration==\\n{{also|List of Leaders\n        of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}\\n[[File:Administrative divisions\n        of the Greek Catholic Church in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772.PNG|thumb|Administrative\n        divisions of the Ruthenian Uniate (Greek-Catholic) Church in 1772 (before\n        partition of Poland)]]\\n;Ruthenian Uniate Church \\n(governing title Metropolitan\n        of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia)\\n* 1609-1746 [[Cathedral of the Theotokos,\n        Vilnius]] by [[Hypatius Pociej]]\\n* 1746-1809 [[Radomyshl]]\\n;Ukrainian Greek\n        Catholic Church \\n(governing title Metropolitan of Galicia, since 2005 –\n        Major Archbishop of Kiev-Galicia)\\n* 1816-1946 [[St. George''s Cathedral,\n        Lviv]]\\n* 1946-1989 Church liquidated by Soviet authorities (preserved on\n        efforts of [[Josyf Slipyj]] at [[Santa Sofia a Via Boccea]])\\n* 1989-2011\n        [[St. George''s Cathedral, Lviv]]\\n* 2011-present [[Patriarchal Cathedral\n        of the Resurrection of Christ]], [[Kiev]]\\n===18th century dioceses (eparchies)===\\n{{History\n        of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}\\n* Kiev archeparchy (Vilno)\\n* [[Ruthenian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Polotsk\\u2013Vitebsk|Polotsk archeparchy]] (Polotsk)\\n*\n        Volodymyr-Brest eparchy (Volodymyr)\\n* Turow-Pinsk eparchy (Pinsk)\\n* Chelm-Belz\n        eparchy (Chelm)\\n* [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Lutsk\\u2013Ostroh|Lutsk-Ostroh\n        eparchy]] (Lutsk)\\n* Halych-Kamianets eparchy (Lviv)\\n* Przemysl-Sanok eparchy\n        (Przemysl)\\n* Smolensk archeparchy (Smolensk)\\n\\n===Current administrative\n        division===\\n{{Image label begin|image=Ukraine eparchies.png|width=600|float=center}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-220|y=-160.0|scale=-1|text=''''''[[Archeparchy of Kyiv]]''''''}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-100|y=-150.0|scale=-1|text=''''''[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy\n        of Lviv|1]]''''''}}\\n{{Image label|x=-105|y=-195.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Ivano-Frankivsk|2]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-145|y=-165.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Ternopil \\u2013 Zboriv|3]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-70 |y=-170.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych|4]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-110|y=-130.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sokal \\u2013 Zhovkva|5]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-102|y=-168.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Stryi|6]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-130|y=-230.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Kolomyia \\u2013 Chernivtsi|7]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-150|y=-195.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Buchach|8]]}}\\n{{Image label|x=-430|y=-200.0|scale=-1|text=''''[[Exarchate\n        of Donetsk]]''''}}\\n{{Image label|x=-350|y=-120.0|scale=-1|text=''''[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Kharkiv|Exarchate of Kharkiv]]''''}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-300|y=-270.0|scale=-1|text=''''[[Exarchate of Odessa-Crimea|Exarchate\n        of Odessa]]''''}}\\n{{Image label|x=-120|y=-80.0 |scale=-1|text=''''[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Lutsk|Exarchate
 of Lutsk]]''''}}\\n{{Image\n        label|x=-30 |y=-225.0|scale=-1|text=[[Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve|Eparchy\n        of
 Mukachevo*]]}}\\n{{Image label end}}\\n{{Clear}}\\nNote: The Eparchy\n        of Mukachevo belongs to the [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian Catholic\n        Church]] rather than the Ukrainian Greek church.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church moved its administrative center from Western Ukrainian [[Lviv]] to\n        a new cathedral in [[Kiev]] on 21 August 2005. The title of the head of the\n        UGCC was changed from ''''The Major Archbishop of Lviv'''' to ''''The Major\n        Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych''''.\\n\\nThe Patriarchal Curia of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church is an organ of Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the head of the\n        UGCC, Major Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych, which coordinates and promotes\n        the common activity of the UGCC in Ukraine to make influence on society in\n        different spheres: education, policy, culture, etc. The Curia develops action\n        of the Church''s structures, enables relations and cooperation with other\n        Churches and major public institutions in religious and social areas for implementation\n        of the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church through everyday life.\\n\\nThe\n        current eparchies and other territorial jurisdictions of the church are:\\n[[File:\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f, \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430 (4).jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church in [[Vinnytsia]]]]\\n*[[Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv-Halych|Ukrainian\n        Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv\\u2013Halych]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy\n        of Kyiv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Crimea]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Donetsk]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal\n        Exarchate of Kharkiv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of\n        Lutsk]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Odessa]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stryi]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sambir\\u2013Drohobych]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Sokal \\u2013 Zhovkva|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sokal\\u2013Zhovkva]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Ternopil\\u2013Zboriv]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy\n        of Buchach]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kamyanets-Podilskyi]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy\n        of Kolomyia \\u2013 Chernivtsi|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kolomyia\\u2013Chernivtsi]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Przemy\\u015bl\\u2013Warsaw]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic\n        Eparchy of Wroc\\u0142aw-Gda\\u0144sk]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy\n        of Winnipeg]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic\n        Eparchy of Saskatoon]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster]]\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of\n        Chicago]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stamford]]\\n***[[Ukrainian Catholic\n        Eparchy of Parma]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of S\\u00e3o Jo\\u00e3o\n        Batista em Curitiba|Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Curitiba]]\\n***[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic  Eparchy of the Imaculada Concei\\u00e7\\u00e3o in Prudent\\u00f3polis|Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Prudent\\u00f3polis]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of\n        Argentina]] (under the ecclesiastical province of Buenos Aires)\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Eparchy of Ss Peter and Paul|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in Australia, New\n        Zealand and Oceania]] (under the ecclesiastical province of Melbourne)\\n**[[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in\n        Great Britain]]\\n**[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Wladimir-Le-Grand\n        de Paris|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in France]]\\n**[[Apostolic Exarchate in\n        Germany and Scandinavia for the Ukrainians]]*\\n\\n*\n        Directly subject to the [[Holy See]]\\n\\nAs of 2014, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church is estimated to have 4,468,630 faithful, 39 bishops, 3993 parishes,\n        3008 diocesan priests, 399 religious-order priests, 818 men religious, 1459\n        women religious, 101 deacons, and 671 seminarians.{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat14.pdf\\n|author=Ronald\n        Roberson\\n|title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2014\\n|publisher=Catholic Near\n        East Welfare Association\\n|accessdate=January 10, 2015}} Information sourced\n        from ''''Annuario Pontificio'''' 2014 edition.\\n\\n==Prison Ministry\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church==\\nIn contemporary [[Ukraine prison\n        ministry]] of chaplains does not exist ''''de jure''''. The prison pastoral\n        care was at the very heart of the spirituality of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church throughout her history. Prison Pastoral of the UGCC, though it is still\n        very young, is taking successive steps to integrity. It was restored in 1990\n        after the Church, formerly forbidden, emerged from the underground. Pastoral\n        care has grown steadily from several establishments in the Western Part of\n        Ukraine to more than 40 penal institutions in every region of the country.\n        Since 2001 the UGCC is the co-founder of the Ukrainian Interdenominational\n        Christian Mission \\\"Spiritual and Charitable Care in Prisons\\\" including twelve\n        Churches and Denominations. This Mission is a part of the World Association\n        of Prison Ministry. The most active prison chaplains are the Redemptorist\n        Fathers.\\n\\nIn the year 2006 Lubomyr Husar established in the Patriarchal\n        Curia of the UGCC [http://www.kapelanstvo.org.ua/ the Department for Pastoral\n        Care in the Armed Forces and in the Penitentiary System of Ukraine]. This\n        structure implements a general management of Prison Ministry. The chief of\n        the Department is Most Rev. Michael Koltun, Bishop of Sokal and Zhovkva. The\n        head of the Unit for penitentiary pastoral care is Rev. Constantin Panteley,\n        who is directly responsible for coordination of activity in this realm. He\n        is in direct contact with 37 priests in 12 eparchies who have been assigned\n        responsibility for prison pastoral care. Those pastors ensure regular attendance\n        of penitentiary facilities, investigatory isolators and prisons.\\n\\n[[File:Capelany.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Prison\n        chaplains of the UGCC - Ukraine - 2008]]\\nDepartment of the UGCC for Pastoral\n        Care in the Armed Forces and in the Penitentiary System of Ukraine is provisory\n        structure till both chaplaincies will be quite ripe. Prison Pastoral Care\n        is appealed to facilitate transition from the punitive system neglecting human\n        dignity to correctional system cherishing penitentiary idea. Our mission is\n        to serve the inmates in the national penitentiaries with Christian charity\n        and reconciliation through extensive ministry to the spiritual and physical\n        needs of prisoners of any creed, sex, age, religious faith, or nationality.\n        The priority directions of the ministry are sermon, catechetics, administration\n        of the sacraments for inmates, assistance and support of communication with\n        family, spiritual support of the prison stuff, engagement of lay people in\n        ministry.\\n\\nThe Sunday of the [[Prodigal Son]], which every  year falls up\n        to date two weeks before the [[Great Lent]], Synod of Bishops of the Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church has defined as a Day of special attention to [[Catholic\n        Prison Ministry]]. The Gospel Reading on this Sunday (Luke 15:11-32) lays\n        out one of the most important themes of the Lenten season: the history of\n        falling into a sin, realization of one''s sinfulness, the road to repentance,\n        and finally reconciliation, each of which is illustrated in the course of\n        the parable. The UGCC Synod invokes to remember in prayers workers of the\n        Penitentiary system of Ukraine, who perform difficult tasks, because every\n        day they are near of broken human destinies. This Sunday declared as a day\n        to remember in prayers and support chaplains and volunteers, who work with\n        great dedication to provide spiritual support for prisoners, helping them\n        to step on the right path.\\n\\nThe UGCC Prison Ministry has many directions\n        of development in compatibility with other missions of the Church. It is currently\n        carrying out on the base of \\\"The Agreement for cooperation of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church with the State Penal Department of Ukraine\\\", which\n        offers many possibilities. Today pastoral ministry is regularly carried out\n        in penitentiary facilities # 3, 13, 27, 30, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 50, 55, 57,\n        63, 110, 112, 120, 124, in correctional centres # 118, 128, 135 in seven investigatory\n        isolators and in three juvenile prisons of Ukraine. In 6 prisons our pastors\n        are able to attend only irregularly.\\n\\n==See also==\\n[[File:St. George''s\n        Krystynopol.jpg|thumb|The interior of St. George''s Church in [[Chervonohrad]].]]\\n*\n        [[History of Christianity in Ukraine|Major events]]: [[Christianization of\n        Kievan Rus'']], [[Ruthenia]], [[Conversion of Chelm Eparchy|Conversion of\n        Kholm Eparchy]]\\n* [[Western Ukrainian Clergy]]: [[List of Major Archbishops\n        of Kiev-Galicia]] and [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev]], [[Andrey\n        Sheptytsky]], [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]], [[Hryhory Khomyshyn|Hryhorij\n        Chomyszyn]], [[Josaphata Hordashevska]]\\n* [[Dzhublyk]]\\n* Supporting organizations:\n        [[Ukrainian Catholic University]], [[Ukraine prison ministry]], [[Priestly\n        Society of Saint Josaphat]]\\n* Related organizations: [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Ruthenian Catholic Church]] ([[Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo]]),\n        [[Belarusian Greek Catholic Church]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n*Articles in [[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (Mirror Weekly): \\\"Moscow, Vatican\n        and an unpredictable weather in Ukraine\\\", March 2004,[http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/483/45674/\n        in Ukrainian]{{dead link|date=April 2011}} and [http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/483/45674/\n        in Russian]{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\\n*\\\"Account\n        of the history of the Unia and its disestablishment in 19th Century Russia\\\"\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221333/http://www.pravoslavie.ru/arhiv/050513111111/\n        in Russian]\\n* ''''Orientales Omnes Ecclesias'''', Encyclical on the Reunion\n        of the Ruthenian Church with Rome His Holiness Pope Pius XII, Promulgated\n        on December 23, 1945''''.\\n* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Greek Catholics in America}}\\n*Gudziak,\n        Borys A. (2001). ''''Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, The Patriarchate\n        of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest.'''' Harvard University\n        Press. Cambridge, MA.\\n*Rev. Chirovsky, A. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160612230209/http://www.ukrweekly.com/uwwp/as-pope-and-russian-patriarch-meet-ukraine-fears-a-shaky-vatican/\n        As pope and Russian patriarch meet, Ukraine fears a \\u201cshaky\\u201d Vatican]''''.\n        [[The Ukrainian Weekly]]. 19 February 2016.\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{commons}}\\n*{{Official\n        website|http://www.ugcc.org.ua/index.php?L=2}}\\n*[http://www.stmichaelsri.org/Video.php\n        Live video broadcasts of Ukrainian Catholic Divine Liturgy (and recordings)]\\n*[http://www.kyiv.ugcc.org.ua/\n        Official website] of the Kyiv Archeparchy]\\n*[http://www.stjosephucc.org/\n        St Joseph Ukrainian Catholic Church]\\n*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110421051422/http://www.saintelias.com/ca/home/\n        St. Elias Ukrainian Catholic Church]\\n*[http://www.stjohnbrantford.com/  St.\n        John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic Church]\\n*[http://unici.pl/content/view/67.html\n        At the Service of Church Unity]\\n*[http://risu.org.ua/en/index Information\n        website] of the Religious Information Service of Ukraine\\n*[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=69&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1\n        Article on the UGCC by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site]\\n*[http://www.damian-hungs.de/geistliches/ostkirchen/ukrainische-griechisch-katholische-kirche/\n        www.damian-hungs.de (in German)]\\n\\n{{All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and\n        Religious Organizations}}\\n{{Eastern Rite Christian Churches in Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church}}\\n{{Hierarchs (ordinaries) of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church}}\\n{{Catholicism}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church| ]]\\n[[Category:Conversion\n        to the Catholic Church]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-04T15:10:05Z\",\"lastrevid\":798914010,\"length\":50556,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church\"},\"42780592\":{\"pageid\":42780592,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church in the USSR\",\"index\":16,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-27T16:34:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{multiple\n        issues| \\n{{underlinked|date=December 2014}}\\n{{no footnotes|date=December\n        2014}} \\n}}The [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] in the USSR refers to the\n        period in its history between 1939 and 1991, when [[Western Ukraine]] was\n        under [[Soviet Union|Soviet rule]].\\n\\n==Tensions in the pre-Soviet period==\\n\\nSoviet\n        policy toward the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church cannot be understood simply\n        in terms of [[Marxism\\u2013Leninism|Marxist\\u2013Leninist ideology]]. The\n        precedent for Stalinist church policy in Western Ukraine can be found in the\n        treatment of the Greek-Catholic Church during centuries of [[Tsarist autocracy|tsarist\n        rule]] and the pattern of relations between the [[Russia|Russian state]] and\n        the Orthodox Church.\\n\\nHostility toward the so-called \\\"Uniate Church\\\" dates\n        back to the [[Union of Brest]] in 1596, when the majority of Orthodox bishops\n        in [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]] (then part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]])\n        recognized the primacy of the Holy See.  In return, papal guarantees recognized\n        that the Uniates retained their [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine (Eastern) rite]],\n        the [[Church Slavonic language|Church-Slavonic liturgical language]], Eastern\n        canon law, a married clergy and administrative autonomy.\\n\\nComing only seven\n        years after the establishment of the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        (which claimed jurisdiction over the Orthodox in the Commonwealth), this union\n        was viewed by Muscovy not only as an ecclesiastical obstacle to its claim\n        as the \\\"Third Rome,\\\" but also as an attempt to permanently separate Ukraine\n        and Belarus from Muscovy.\\n\\nThis opposition continued after the second and\n        third [[Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|partitions of Poland]]\n        at the end of the 18th century, when the [[Russian Empire]] systematically\n        carried out attempts to liquidate the Union of Brest.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church''s incompatibility with Soviet Russian policy and social order stems\n        from the church''s title. As a \\\"Ukrainian\\\" church, the UGCC not only managed\n        to maintain its ethnic individuality under foreign domination but also helped\n        forge a modern national self-identity. As a \\\"Catholic\\\" church, the UGCC\n        was closely tied to Rome and to other Catholic Churches.\\n\\n==Attempts to\n        liquidate the church in 1939-41==\\n\\nWithout any efforts to conceal its intentions,\n        the Soviet regime renewed earlier attempts to liquidate the Union of Brest\n        following its [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|occupation\n        of Western Ukrainian lands in September 1939]], prior to which they had belonged\n        to [[Poland]].\\n\\nA propaganda campaign against the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church was initiated by the magazine \\\"Communist\\\", which, in its 9 October\n        1939 issue, accused the church''s infrastructure of Anti-Soviet agitation\n        and collaboration with the \\\"Polish Bourgeoisie.\\\" At this same time, 20 Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic publications were shut down by Soviet authorities who subsequently\n        began confiscating religious literature from libraries and bookstores. Seminaries\n        and monastic novitiates also witnessed the forced closure of their institutions.\n        On 22 October 1939, the Peoples'' Committees of Ukraine voted on and passed\n        a decree calling for the nationalization of all Greek-Catholic property, including\n        churches and monasteries. The day-to-day operations of all Greek-Catholic\n        organizations were prohibited. Priests were deemed \\\"unfit for society\\\" and\n        levied with exorbitant taxes, amounting up to 15,000 roubles per year. [[Andrey\n        Sheptytsky|Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky]] personally met with [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        regarding the tax burdens, and managed to secure a slight mitigation.\\n\\nOn\n        9 October 9, 1939, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky issued a pastoral letter\n        in which he underscored the difficulty of the new situation for the church\n        and emphasized the necessity of rearing children and youth in the spirit of\n        the Greek-Catholic faith. A few months later, the metropolitan addressed the\n        priests of the UGCC, requesting that they refrain from openly endorsing any\n        political power to avoid further repressions. But, unsatisfied with the rate\n        at which atheism was being implemented, the regime increased its anti-religious\n        campaign by supplementing the budgets of the media and such organizations\n        as the [[Komsomol]] and Association of Military Non-Believers. Schools became\n        targets of increased pressure to introduce curricula featuring subjects on\n        atheism, while traditional religious holidays were officially declared work\n        days.\\n\\nThe atheism campaign was augmented by the simultaneous attempt to\n        introduce and embed the influence and authority of the Russian Orthodox Church\n        on the territory of Galicia. On 17 October 1939, Panteleymon Rozhnovsky was\n        appointed bishop of Grodno and authorized to conduct missionary work in Western\n        Belarus and Ukraine. In the middle of the following year, Mykola Yarushevych\n        became the exarch of Volhynia. On 28 October 1940, despite disapproval even\n        from Orthodox hierarchs, who warned of possible difficulties stemming from\n        planned religious conversions, the Moscow Patriarchate openly declared its\n        desire to liquidate Greek-Catholicism.\\n\\nThe expansion of the Russian Orthodox\n        Church and the process of implementing atheism throughout the Ukrainian territories\n        were interrupted by the outbreak of the [[Nazi-Soviet War]] of 22 June 1941.\n        From the summer of 1941 until the summer of 1944, Western Ukraine was under\n        Nazi occupation.\\n\\n==Renewed pressure on the UGCC in 1944-1945==\\n\\nPhoto:\n        Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky\\n\\nIn the summer and fall of 1944, the Soviet\n        [[Red Army]] re-occupied [[Eastern Galicia]], as well as [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]],\n        the seat of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhorod. In time,\n        Communist forces extended their rule on all neighboring territories settled\n        by ethnic Ukrainians-Uniates, including the Riashiv, Lemko and Priashiv regions\n        of present-day Poland and Slovakia. In his letter to Cardinal Tisserant (March\n        1944), Sheptytsky expressed his deep concern over the return of Soviet occupying\n        forces. At first, the Soviet regime did not openly concern itself with the\n        question of implementing atheism in Western Ukraine. In fact, Sheptytsky,\n        who died on 1 November 1944, was granted a solemn yet momentous funeral, the\n        ceremony of which was attended by members of the new regime.\\n\\nAt the close\n        of World War II, the Greek-Catholic Church in the Ukrainian S.S.R. consisted\n        of 4 eparchies with 2,326 parishes, over 4,000 structures and approximately\n        3.5 \\u2013 4 million faithful. Pastoral duties were being fulfilled by 8 bishops\n        and close 2,400 priests. The 4 eparchies administered theological academies,\n        4 seminaries with 565 seminarians, as well as 35 monasteries with 155 montks\n        and 347 brotherhoods, and 123 convents with 979 nuns.\\n\\nBy April 1945, Iosyf\n        Stalin approved a 10-point plan \\u2013 developed by leaders of the Ukrainian\n        Communist Party \\u2013 which called for the liquidation of the Greek-Catholic\n        Church and the augmentation of Orthodox infrastructures in Ukraine. The Soviet\n        press began to slander the priesthood and unleashed an entire campaign attacking\n        the Greek-Catholic Church''s history. In addition, the press renewed its accusations\n        of Nationalism vis-\\u00e0-vis the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and organizing\n        anti-Soviet resistance. The pro-Soviet articles of the Galician journalist\n        Yaroslav Halan, a correspondent for the daily newspaper Vil''na Ukraina (A\n        Free Ukraine), were particularly effective in harming the church''s reputation.\\n\\nOn\n        11 April 1945, the NKGB arrested Metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj]], Sheptytsky''s\n        successor, as well as 4 Galician bishops: [[Hryhory Khomyshyn]], Ivan Liatyshevsky,\n        [[Nykyta Budka|Nikita Budka]] and [[Nicholas Charnetsky|Mykola Charnetsky]].\n        At a time when bishops and other members of the religious community who refused\n        to \\\"convert\\\" to Orthodoxy were accused of fabricated political crimes and\n        deported to concentration camps (where, of all the eventually arrested UGCC\n        hierarchs, only Metropolitan Slipyj, and Bishops Charnetsky and Liatyshevsky,\n        survived), the NKVD created a \\\"voluntary\\\" movement for the \\\"reunion\\\" (Rus.\n        vossoiedyneniia) with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. This movement, in addition\n        to the support of those priests who voluntarily strived for reunion, also\n        relied on the official support of priests who were forced into such a position,\n        often by torture. Almost immediately following the wave of arrests of the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hierarchs, the Russian Orthodox Church appointed\n        Mykhailo Oksiiuk bishop of Lviv and Ternopil, expressly advising him to coordinate\n        his actions with the \\\"people''s movement for the union of the Church.\\\"\\n\\n==\\\"The\n        Initiative Group\\\"==\\n\\nThe so-called \\\"Initiative Group for the Reunion of\n        the Greek-Catholic Church with the Orthodox Church\\\" was created on 28 May\n        1945, with the Rev. Havryil Kostelnyk at its helm. In relation to this event,\n        two official letters were written on this day. The first letter was addressed\n        to the government of Soviet Ukraine, requesting the Initiative Group''s formal\n        recognition as well as its authorization for the right to carry out the \\\"reunion\\\"\n        campaign. The second letter informed the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy that\n        the group was created \\\"by the will of the people\\\" and that the group does\n        not recognize any other administrative leadership of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church. On 18 June 1945, Pavlo Khodchenko, the republican plenipotentiary\n        of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church (CAROC), replied\n        on behalf of the government of the Ukrainian S.S.R., recognizing the \\\"Initiative\n        Group\\\" as the sole provisional organ of church administration, authorized\n        to conduct all affairs of the Greek-Catholic parishes situated on the territory\n        of Western Ukraine. In addition, the reply paved the way for proceeding in\n        all matters concerning the reunion with the Russian Orthodox Church.\\n\\nThe\n        Initiative Group was authorized to \\\"coordinate and comply with the government\n        on all legal affairs pertaining to the administration of Greek-Catholic parishes.\\\"\n        The letter of reply also instructed the Initiative Group to dispatch to Khodchenko\n        \\\"lists of all deans, parish priests and hegumens [superiors] of monasteries\n        who refused to recognize the jurisdiction of the Initiative Group.\\\" Khodchenko''s\n        letter is the only officially publicized document confirming the government''s\n        direct participation in the process of destroying the Uniate Church.\\n\\nA\n        group of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hierarchs who were not yet incarcerated\n        \\u2013 under the leadership of Archimandrite Klymentiy Sheptytsky \\u2013 issued\n        a formal protest against Khodchenko''s directives. In their letter to Vyacheslav\n        Molotov, the hierarchs referred to specific clauses in Soviet law which guaranteed\n        the freedom of religion and conscience. In addition, the letter of protest\n        denoted the manipulative nature of the \\\"Initiative Group\\\" in its attempt\n        to falsify the history of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Furthermore,\n        the hierarchs demanded the release of Metropolitan Slipyj and other imprisoned\n        clergy, while at the same time offering their assurance that Greek-Catholics\n        have no intention to engage in anti-Soviet activity. However, none of these\n        acts of protest were able to garner any positive results. In fact, the NKGB\n        proceeded to arrest priests, particularly focusing its attention on members\n        of the Order of St. Basil the Great. By the end of June 1945, the number of\n        those incarcerated exceeded 200 individuals.\\n\\nThe \\\"Initiative Group\\\" also\n        began to engage in the so-called \\\"political re-education\\\" of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics.\n        In August 1945, the group distributed 5,000 copies of Kostelnyk''s anti-papal\n        brochure which condemned the Union of Brest and appealed for the conversion\n        to Orthodoxy. During his many private meetings with members of the priesthood,\n        Kostelnyk asserted that the issue of \\\"reunion\\\" would be limited only to\n        a formal subordination to the Russian Orthodox Church; the ability to observe\n        holy days and conduct religious services would be retained without any changes\n        and only such an arrangement, given the circumstances, would be in the best\n        interest of the faithful. At the same time, representatives of the \\\"Initiative\n        Group\\\" were systematically informing the government of recalcitrant priests.\n        As a result, those priests who refused to sign the document certifying their\n        conversion to Orthodoxy, were not only automatically relieved of their pastoral\n        responsibilities, but very often arrested as well. The \\\"Initiative Group\\\"\n        considered the combination of various forms of pressure, to be effective \\u2013\n        in October 1945 Kostelnyk estimated that by year''s end only a hundred priests\n        would be negatively inclined towards \\\"reunification.\\\" Yet, he admitted that\n        among those individuals who agreed to the conversion, there were many who\n        committed this act out of fear or the desire to continue their pastoral activity\n        under the pretext of subordinating to the regime.\\n\\nThe activities of the\n        \\\"Initiative Group\\\" were personally supervised by the then head of the Communist\n        Party of Ukraine (CPU), Nikita Khrushchev, who informed Stalin on 17 December\n        1945 of the activities taken by the group under the supervision of the NKGB.\\n\\n==The\n        Synod of Lviv and its consequences==\\n\\nThe culmination of the \\\"unification\\\"\n        campaign took place at the so-called Lviv Synod (Sobor) in March 1946, when\n        an assembly of appointed hierarchs \\\"annulled\\\" the Union of Brest (although\n        this 1946 congregation was not convened in accordance with canon law). Apart\n        from the fact that the Stalinist regime never formally liquidated the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church, by 1949 the Russian Orthodox Church had forcibly absorbed\n        the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in Transcarpathia as well, and an analogous\n        \\\"union\\\" had also occurred on the territory of the Greek-Catholic Eparchy\n        of Priashiv in Eastern Slovakia. In 1948, the Union of Brest was abolished\n        in Romania and Orthodoxy was also instituted in 10 Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        parishes in those regions neighboring Transcarpathia. The Greek-Catholic Church\n        was also de facto disbanded in Poland in 1947-1949.\\n\\nThe forced \\\"unification\\\"\n        did not eradicate the existence of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. The\n        church survived within the formal infrastructure of the Orthodox Church as\n        an \\\"underground\\\" Uniate Church, in the GULags, in exile, and clandestinely\n        on the territory of Western Ukraine. However, the church received its formal\n        legal right to exist only on the cusp of 1989-1990.\\n\\n==The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church after Stalin''s death==\\n\\nStalin''s death in March 1953, the internal\n        struggle for power following his demise, and the so-called de-Stalinization\n        campaign initiated by Nikita Khrushchev all had a significant impact on the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. A few months following the dictator''s death,\n        Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj \\u2013 whose 8-year sentence officially ended in\n        April 1953 \\u2013 by Beria''s order, was transferred from a camp in Mordova\n        to Moscow. As he sought out allies during his struggle for power in Ukraine\n        and the other non-Russian republics, Beria began to oppose the russification\n        of Western Ukraine. His subordinates began secret negotiations with Josyf\n        Slipyj regarding the normalization of relations with the Vatican and the legalization\n        of the Greek-Catholic Church in Western Ukraine. Discussions with the metropolitan\n        were abruptly discontinued after Beria''s arrest. Slipyj did not accept the\n        KGB''s proposal of renouncing his loyalty to the Pope of Rome in exchange\n        for freedom and a high position in the Russian Orthodox Church.  As a result,\n        the metropolitan was sentenced into exile to the Krasnoyarsk region of Russia,\n        where he remained under the obscure status of a semi-prisoner until his subsequent\n        arrest in 1958. In 1955-1956 following Khrushchev''s dissolution of the GULag\n        system, a few hundred Greek-Catholic priests and monks were released from\n        the camps and permitted to return to Western Ukraine.\\n\\nAmong those released\n        were two bishops: Mykola Charnetsky, who returned to Lviv, and Ivan Liatyshevsky,\n        the auxiliary bishop of the Stanislaviv Eparchy, who returned to Stanislaviv\n        (today Ivano-Frankivsk). Although they were forbidden to engage in pastoral\n        activities, both bishops continued to fulfill their episcopal obligations\n        and ordained a number of priests. Due to the fact that many Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        priests \\u2013 now formally serving as Orthodox priests \\u2013 appealed to\n        the bishops by requesting absolution and their re-acceptance into the Greek-Catholic\n        faith, in 1956 Bishop Charnetsky came to the conclusion that the priests should\n        continue to provide pastoral care to the faithful in the Orthodox Church,\n        while secretly belonging to the Greek-Catholic Church. Thus, the banned Greek-Catholic\n        Church \\u2013 without any possibility of legally serving its faithful \\u2013\n        managed to formally maintain its presence in the Orthodox Church in the form\n        of a \\\"clandestine\\\" Greek-Catholic clergy. Furthermore, the Greek-Catholic\n        Church was able to supplement, to some degree, the ranks of its priesthood\n        through the \\\"underground\\\" Greek-Catholic seminaries.\\n\\n==New tensions regarding\n        the status of and policies towards the UGCC==\\n\\nDe-Stalinization, just like\n        the transformation of the Greek-Catholic Church in Poland in 1956-1957, brought\n        hope for yet another legalization of the Greek-Catholic Church in Western\n        Ukraine. A large number of appeals regarding legalization were produced by\n        the faithful, while a few parishes even rejected Orthodoxy. The publication\n        in December 1957 of a resolution adopted in October of that year by the deans\n        of the Lviv Eparchy during a conference held at the Pochaiv Monastery, quashed\n        these aspirations. The resolution distinctly underscored the fact that the\n        Soviet government''s stance regarding the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        had not changed and that it [the church] will continue to be interpreted as\n        an instrument in the hands of \\\"enemies of the state.\\\"\\n\\nMoreover, a clear\n        signal of the regime''s hard-line attitude towards the Greek-Catholic Church,\n        was the arrest, in the spring of 1958, of exiled Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj\n        under the premise of illegal contacts with members of the clergy and the smuggling\n        abroad of the metropolitan''s pastoral letters and other correspondence. Following\n        lengthy hearings in June 1959, during a closed trial in Kyiv, the metropolitan\n        was sentenced to an additional 7 years of imprisonment.\\n\\nIt was only as\n        a result of ongoing discussions between Pope John XXIII, Nikita Khrushchev\n        and President John F. Kennedy between 1961 and 1963, that the metropolitan\n        was finally released from imprisonment in late January 1963. On 4 February\n        1963, after secretly appointing Vasyl Velychkovsky as bishop-exarch of Lviv,\n        Slipyj departed Moscow en route to Rome. However, improved relations between\n        the Vatican and Moscow did not benefit the status of the Greek-Catholic Church\n        in Ukraine \\u2013 repressions against active, underground Uniate bishops and\n        clergy commenced once again.\\n\\nThe relative amelioration of Moscow-Vatican\n        relations coincided with the final phase of Krushchev''s \\\"de-Stalinization\\\"\n        period, which nevertheless consisted of an ongoing Soviet anti-religious policy,\n        the main target of which, since the late 1950s, was the Russian Orthodox Church.\n        Prior to Khrushchev''s ouster at the end of 1964, a large number of Orthodox\n        churches, monasteries and seminaries were closed.\\n\\nSeeking to establish\n        amicable relations with the Kremlin, the Moscow Patriarchate renewed its function\n        as a supporter and defender of Soviet foreign policy. In 1960, the Russian\n        Orthodox Church joined the World Council of Churches and initiated contact\n        with the Vatican. The illegal status of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        in the USSR became the key point of contention between the Vatican and the\n        Moscow Patriarchate. In this respect, Moscow''s greatest wish was for the\n        pope to renounce the Uniates. At a minimum, the task was to maintain the status\n        quo and keep the Vatican from legalizing the Greek-Catholic Church worldwide.\\n\\nThe\n        Moscow Patriarchate hoped that closer relations with the pope would neutralize\n        the pressure induced by Uniate \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 circles upon the Vatican,\n        as well as demoralize the underground church in Ukraine. In both cases, the\n        Moscow Patriarchate achieved a certain amount of success during the papacy\n        of Paul VI, which coincided with the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev.\\n\\n==The\n        Brezhnev Period==\\n\\nPhoto: Monument of Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj in Ternopil\\n\\nThe\n        Greek-Catholic clergy \\u2013 undaunted by disciplinary sanctions in 1965-1966\n        \\u2013 in mid-1966 began celebrating liturgies on Sundays and religious holidays\n        in officially non-functioning churches in Western Ukraine. The clergy''s actions\n        served as a test to monitor the regime''s potential reaction to such activity.\n        Thus, by August 1967, close to 200 churches were once again meeting the spiritual\n        needs of Ukrainian Catholics in Galicia, while a large number of those priests\n        who had been \\\"accepted\\\" into the Orthodox Church, were secretly seeking\n        the opportunity to return to the Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nCountless appeals\n        for the legal registration of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic parishes were rejected\n        by the regime.\\n\\nDespite the regime''s warnings, the majority of the active\n        clergy openly continued its pastoral activity. The restored legal status of\n        the Greek-Catholic Church in neighboring Czechoslovakia in June 1968 (which\n        was not rescinded following the Soviet invasion in August of that year) and\n        the subsequent return of the majority of the parishes, which had been transferred\n        in 1950 to the government-supported Orthodox Church, galvanized the Uniates\n        in Galicia and inclined Cardinal Josyf Slipyj, that same year, to relay a\n        memorandum to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine calling for the\n        legalization of the Church. The meeting between the head of the Presidium\n        of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Mykola Pidhornyi and Pope Paul VI on June\n        30, 1969, produced equally futile, as it were, aspirations for a swift breakthrough\n        in Vatican-Soviet negotiations regarding the legalization of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nHowever, just as in 1957, prospects for the UGCC''s\n        resurgence from the underground compelled the Russian Orthodox Church in 1968\n        to demand from the Soviet regime an assurance that this would never happen.\n        In October 1968, a new wave of repressions was initiated against the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church. The arrest of Bishop Velychkovsky and two underground\n        priests was the culmination of this last crackdown on the cusp of 1968-1969.\n        Empty churches throughout the countryside which at one time had been frequented\n        by Greek Catholics, were now being either destroyed by the local authorities\n        or utilized for various secular purposes; a number of churches were transformed\n        into museums of atheism. In some locales the situation came to a head between\n        the militia and faithful, including incidents of violence where the faithful\n        were brutally beaten or temporarily detained by the militia. Moreover, priests\n        who were caught celebrating liturgical services were issued monetary fines.\\n\\nThis\n        renewed wave of repressions coincided with Moscow''s crackdown on political\n        demonstrations in Ukraine which manifested themselves in the form of Ukrainian\n        dissidents'' support for the renewal of the Greek-Catholic Church. The beginning\n        of the 1970s was also characterized by a significant increase in defamatory\n        and intimidating publications in the press.\\n\\nThese new attacks divided the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy vis-\\u00e0-vis the prospects for the legalization\n        of their church. Many representatives of the clergy fell under the assumption\n        that the regime will never recognize the Church and therefore a \\\"compromise\\\"\n        \\u2013 as was often proposed by KGB operatives during interrogations \\u2013\n        would serve as a possible solution. Others, on the other hand, sought some\n        kind modus vivendi and hoped for some sort of Vatican-Moscow outcome which\n        would benefit the status and further the recognition process of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nThroughout 1972-1973, Ukrainian Catholics submitted\n        to the [Soviet] government many declarations calling for the legalization\n        of the Church. However, fear of repressions hindered the collecting of signatures.\n        A petition relayed to Moscow in February 1973 via a delegation headed by Rev.\n        Volodymyr Prokopiv garnered 1200 signatures. The initiative spearheaded by\n        Rev. Prokopiv \\u2013 who attempted to secure the Church''s registration under\n        the hope of a compromise \\u2013 did not enjoy broad support amongst the clergy.\n        Rev. Prokopiv''s proposal appeared to be yet another attempt to implode the\n        Church from within.\\n\\nThe Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation\n        in Europe (OSCE) in Helsinki in August 1975 served as an important step towards\n        the implementation of international monitoring of Human Rights in the USSR,\n        particularly the freedom of religion. For the underground Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church \\u2013 the largest banned religious organization in the Soviet Union\n        \\u2013 the Helsinki Accords initiated the practice of regularly held observational\n        conferences. In addition, the engagement of foreign, independent monitoring\n        organizations as well as unofficial Helsinki Groups in the USSR (the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group was formed in November 1976), paved the way for the internationalization\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Beginning with the Belgrade conference\n        in late 1977, the issue of the violation of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics''\n        religious freedom would now be formally raised on a constant basis. This took\n        place directly or indirectly in the form of various presentations and documents\n        issued by American, Canadian and Vatican delegations as well as by other Western\n        powers, thus exerting considerable pressure on the Soviet government.\\n\\nIn\n        late spring 1978, yet another initiative was undertaken \\u2013 most likely\n        under the impetus of the Soviet Ukrainian government \\u2013 to resolve the\n        legalization issue of the UGCC in the form of a \\\"Roman Catholic Church of\n        the Eastern Rite.\\\" The initiative group drafted a statute of such a church\n        and proposed that its head be a Roman Catholic bishop from Lithuania to be\n        appointed by the Pope. In so doing, the clergy''s activities would be limited\n        to celebrating liturgies and performing other religious ceremonial functions.\n        Finances and the administering of parochial affairs would be fulfilled by\n        lay parish councils, as guaranteed by Soviet legislation under the category\n        \\\"religious beliefs.\\\"\\n\\nOn 5 June 1978, the draft statute was submitted\n        to the Council for Religious Affairs in Moscow. The overall initiative, however,\n        failed to receive further attention and development. Even if the authorities\n        had chosen to provide a formal response, the uncertainty regarding the future\n        course of the Vatican''s \\\"Ost-Politik\\\" could have possibly decided the endeavour''s\n        ultimate fate. Following the death of Pope Paul VI on 6 August 1978, and the\n        unexpected passing of the pontiff''s immediate successor on 29 September of\n        that year, John Paul II became pope on 16 October 1978.\\n\\n==Pope John Paul\n        II and tensions vis-\\u00e0-vis the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church==\\n\\nPhoto:\n        Pope John Paul II\\n\\nJohn Paul II''s ascension to the Holy See ushered in\n        the Vatican''s policy of support for the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church.\n        The Soviet authorities'' concerns regarding the new pope''s intentions were\n        confirmed by the publication of a letter (dated 19 March 1979) addressed to\n        Cardinal Josyf Slipyj regarding the Millennium of Ukraine''s Christianity,\n        scheduled to be commemorated in 1988. In his letter, John Paul II underscored\n        the importance of preserving the Union of Brest, by expressing his respect\n        for the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic episcopate, clergy, and faithful who bore\n        witness to injustice and persecution in the name of Christ and professed their\n        faith in God and their Church. Simultaneously directing his address at the\n        Soviet government, the pope invoked the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\n        by appealing to the authorities to allow each believer to profess his/her\n        own faith and to participate in the communal life of the Church to which he/she\n        belongs.\\n\\nThe pope''s letter to Slipyj not only sent shock waves and anxiety\n        throughout the Vatican''s Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity (headed\n        at that time by Cardinal Johannes Willebrands), but also spurred a harsh reaction\n        from Moscow. As a result, the Moscow Patriarchate immediately postponed a\n        scheduled theological meeting with Roman Catholic hierarchs in Odesa. In addition,\n        on 4 September 1979, the patriarchate''s representative in charge of external\n        ecclesiastical affairs, Metropolitan Yuvenaliy, wrote a letter to Cardinal\n        Willebrands in which he threatened the latter with \\\"public criticism,\\\" if\n        Willebrands did not immediately explain the \\\"exact meaning\\\" behind the papal\n        missive to Slipyj.\\n\\nUnsatisfied with Willebrands''s diplomatic response,\n        Moscow once again expressed outrage when in March 1980 John Paul II convened\n        an extraordinary synod of all the Ukrainian bishops. It was during this synod\n        that the pope confirmed the selection of Archbishop Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky\n        as coadjutor \\u2013 with the right of succession \\u2013 to Archbishop of Lviv,\n        Josyf Slipyj, thereby guaranteeing the continuity of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Metropolitanate''s leadership in Galicia. The already strained relations between\n        Moscow and the Vatican were exacerbated even further, when later that same\n        year the synod of Ukrainian bishops was once again summoned to Rome where,\n        on 2 December 1980, it adopted a resolution which unanimously declared the\n        Lviv Sobor of 1946 as uncanonical and void.\\n\\nThe Russian patriarch''s protest\n        initiated a broad discussion within the Roman curia regarding the priorities\n        of Vatican-Moscow political and ecumenical relations, and the effect of Moscow''s\n        dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church''s position in the Soviet bloc.\n        The pope''s response to Moscow was issued on 24 January 1981, and was considered\n        a compromise, which could satisfy neither the Russian Patriarchate nor the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholics: the Apostolic See \\u2013 by expressing its unwavering\n        position in support of the rights of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church \\u2013\n        nevertheless wanted the resolution (of the 1946 Sobor) to initially be disseminated\n        throughout the press and for the documents to be accessible for review. As\n        a result, Rome immediately informed all of the papal nuncios in those countries\n        where Ukrainian Catholics dwelled that the texts of the resolution did not\n        receive formal approval and were therefore not considered official documents.\\n\\nIn\n        the spring of 1980, the Soviet press left no doubt that John Paul II was perceived\n        as a serious threat. As a result, an anti-papal and anti-Uniate campaign was\n        initiated, which in Ukraine was spearheaded by Leonid Kravchuk. He informed\n        a conference of Orthodox bishops that authorities in Ukraine had embarked\n        on a massive propaganda initiative and had taken certain administrative steps\n        to counteract the \\\"nationalist and religious subversive deeds\\\" supported\n        by the Vatican.\\n\\n==The Period of Transition==\\n\\nThe final years of the\n        Brezhnev regime and the transitional rule of Yuri Andropov and Kostyantin\n        Chernenko were characterized in terms of an increase in political control.\n        This included attacks against any manifestation of ideological deviation as\n        well as an escalation of propaganda against such influences from abroad as:\n        nationalism, Catholicism, religious fundamentalism, Zionism and American imperialism.\n        At a time when a \\\"patriotic\\\" rapprochement between the Kremlin and the Russian\n        Orthodox Church was becoming more and more evident, the banned Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church was subjected to yet another wave of repressions. During the first\n        half of 1980, three Uniate priests were murdered, while in early 1981 three\n        additional priests were imprisoned. At this same time, Soviet Secret Service\n        officials began using new, advanced methods of infiltration and internal manipulation\n        with the intent of destabilizing the underground Church and undermining its\n        status abroad.\\n\\nFurthermore, during the early 1980s, several priests and\n        proactive lay youth groups situated outside Ukraine took the initiative to\n        distribute information worldwide about the dramatic situation of the Uniates\n        and their struggle for the legalization of their Church. Domestically, in\n        September 1982, under the leadership of Iosyp Terelia, \\\"The Initiative Group\n        for the Defence of the Rights of Believers and the Church\\\" was organized.\n        Following Terelia''s arrest and sentencing to a one-year term of incarceration\n        in December 1982, the group''s leadership was assumed by another lay activist,\n        Vasyl Kobryn, who in turn was arrested and sentenced to a three-year term\n        of hard labour in November 1984. Beginning in 1984, on an irregular basis,\n        the group began issuing a bulletin titled \\\"The Chronicle of the Catholic\n        Church in Ukraine,\\\" edited for the most part Iosyp Terelia.\\n\\nIn addition\n        to the overall grim situation surrounding the movement for the legalization\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, one of the reasons behind the publication\n        of the bulletin had to do with the fact that the underground Church was facing\n        an ever-deepening crisis. The source of this crisis was a clergy consisting\n        of a majority of elderly and dying priests, who were trained under \\\"normal\\\"\n        circumstances (prior to the Church''s destruction), and whose quantity could\n        not be replaced by equally well-trained young clergymen. Another factor to\n        contend with was the phenomenon of so-called \\\"crypto-Catholics\\\" who had\n        evolved and increased in size over the course of the previous four decades\n        by attending Orthodox services. Among them now functioned a new generation\n        of Orthodox priests who had not undergone formation in the Uniate tradition\n        and were thus increasingly distancing themselves from the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church. Given such circumstances, the concern was that this new generation\n        of clergymen might not return to their original Church as long as it remained\n        underground and was not officially recognized by the regime.\\n\\nCardinal Josyf\n        Slipyj died on 7 September 1984 in Rome. He was succeeded, as planned, by\n        Archbishop Myroslav Lubachivsky, whom Pope John Paul II appointed cardinal\n        on 25 May 1985.\\n\\n==The status of the UGCC at the outset of the Gorbachev\n        era==\\n\\nMikhail Gorbachev''s ascension to the leadership of the Communist\n        Party and the introduction of \\\"Perestroika\\\" paved the way for a number of\n        political concessions. In 1986-1987 almost all Ukrainian prisoners of conscience\n        were released. Their freedom became the basis for a revitalized movement in\n        support of human, national and religious rights in Ukraine.\\n\\nAs the fear\n        of massive political repressions began to wane, the underground Church was\n        becoming more assertive and visible. In the wake of Gorbachev''s reforms,\n        \\\"The Initiative Group for the Defense of the Rights of Believers and the\n        Church\\\" renewed its activities. In late 1987 \\u2013 following Iosyp Terelia''s\n        relocation to Canada \\u2013 the Initiative Group''s title was changed to the\n        \\\"Committee for the Defense of the Ukrainian Catholic Church\\\" and its leadership\n        was now assumed by the recently released political dissident [[Ivan Gel]].\\n\\nThe\n        Committee began to publish an uncensored journal titled \\\"The Christian Voice,\\\"\n        which replaced \\\"The Chronicle.\\\" With the arrival of \\\"Glasnost,\\\" Ukrainian\n        Catholic activists organized a campaign for the return of the Church''s pre-war\n        status. As a result, the clergy began to celebrate liturgies in public for\n        large congregations of Greek-Catholics, particularly at pilgrimage sites.\n        In addition, activists began organizing petitions demanding the reopening\n        of Greek-Catholic churches as well as the full rehabilitation and legalization\n        of the Church. Furthermore, the faithful were being encouraged to publicly\n        confront the authorities on the issue of the constitutional rights of Ukrainian\n        Catholics'' religious freedom. Through the intervention of non-Ukrainian dissident\n        movements in the Soviet Union, the Committee also began to distribute to the\n        Western media not only various printed as well as audio-visual materials attesting\n        to the massive support for the renewal of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church,\n        but also evidence of the ongoing repressions by Soviet authorities.\\n\\nIn\n        early August 1987, a group consisting of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic priests,\n        monks and lay people, including bishops [[Pavlo Vasylyk]] and [[Ivan Semedi]],\n        announced that it is \\\"leaving the underground,\\\" and called upon the pope\n        to \\\"support the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in the\n        USSR in every possible way.\\\" Soon afterwards, additional Ukrainian Catholic\n        bishops, namely Metropolitan [[Volodymyr Sterniuk]] of Lviv and bishop [[Sofron\n        Dmyterko]] of Ivano-Frankivsk, joined the group of activists demanding legalization.\n        Pope [[John Paul II]] was now, on many an occasion, taking up the plight of\n        Ukrainian Catholics in the USSR, and high expectations were being held in\n        regards to the upcoming commemoration of the Millennium of Ukrainian Christianity.\\n\\nThe\n        Pope celebrated the Millennium together with the hierarchs of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church in Rome in 1988, subject to the condition that he could\n        make a pastoral visit to a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic church, to serve as a\n        symbolic gesture of gratitude to the pontiff for approving a high-ranking\n        delegation''s participation in Millennium festivities in Moscow and Kyiv.\n        This led to a planned meeting in Moscow scheduled for 10 June 1988 between\n        cardinals Agostino Casaroli and Johannes Willebrands and a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church delegation headed by bishops [[Fylymon Kurchaba]] and [[Pavlo Vasylyk]].\\n\\nOn\n        17 September 1988, bishop [[Pavlo Vasylyk]] was invited to Moscow to take\n        part in a roundtable discussion regarding the UGCC''s situation in the Soviet\n        Union. Additional discussants at the meeting also included four US senators\n        and members of the USSR''s Supreme Soviet (Parliament).\\n\\nNevertheless, Soviet\n        authorities in Moscow and Ukraine, who consistently denied the UGCC''s existence,\n        rejected the latest initiatives for the Church''s legalization. The Soviet\n        press secretary argued that legalization is an internal matter of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church, which itself is against any changes to the status quo in\n        Western Ukraine. Furthermore, the authorities declared that the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church is not a religious organization but rather a \\\"strictly\n        political,\\\" \\\"nationalist,\\\" and \\\"separatist\\\" entity and therefore does\n        not qualify for registration as a religious denomination. In addition, the\n        Uniate Church continued to be viewed as a supporter of nationalist leaders\n        in Ukraine and abroad.\\n\\nThe Russian Orthodox Church \\u2013 whose official\n        status began to improve considerably starting in 1987 \\u2013 was now beginning\n        to voice its protest, both domestically and abroad, against the possible repeal\n        of the Stalinist-era prohibition officially forbidding activities of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church. In addition, Russian church hierarchs were displeased\n        with the ever-increasing threat by the Uniate eparchies and parishes in Galicia\n        and Transcarpathia to leave the Moscow Patriarchate to which they had been\n        forcibly annexed.\\n\\nIn the summer of 1988, the authorities initiated new\n        repressive measures regarding \\\"unsanctioned\\\" public gatherings and demonstrations.\n        Such actions, taken against the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy and lay people,\n        included substantial monetary fines and administrative penalties in the form\n        short-term arrests. At the end of 1988, Soviet authorities reacted to the\n        now continuous efforts for the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church by transferring more than 700 soon-to-be-reopened provincial Uniate\n        churches to hastily organized Orthodox so-called \\\"Twentiers\\\" (Ukr. dvadtsiatky)\n        primarily in locations where Greek-Catholics constituted a majority. According\n        to a Soviet ordinance of that time, 20 religious faithful constituted a sufficient\n        number of believers to secure registration as a religious community.\\n\\nOn\n        7 February 1989, a UGCC delegation headed by bishop [[Pavlo Vasylyk]] departed\n        for Moscow to engage in negotiations at which it demanded the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church''s recognition by the USSR''s central authorities.\\n\\nExpectations\n        were high that the new legislation on the freedom of conscience, which was\n        about to go into effect, would help pave the way for the legalization of the\n        Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. However, in May 1989, Kyivan Metropolitan\n        Filaret''s actions at that time hindered such possibilities. During a press\n        conference in Lviv \\u2013 in the presence of the head of the Council for Religious\n        Affairs in Ukraine (M. Kolesnyk) \\u2013 the metropolitan announced that the\n        new law did \\\"not legitimize\\\" the Uniates. Furthermore, the Orthodox hierarch\n        suggested that Ukrainian Greek-Catholics should attend services at functioning\n        Roman Catholic churches, while those who felt a close affinity to the Eastern\n        Byzantine Rite should attend Orthodox churches. Finally, Metropolitan Filaret\n        remarked that the legalization of the Uniate Church could provoke clashes\n        between the Orthodox and Greek-Catholics.\\n\\n==Intensification for the legalization\n        of the UGCC==\\n\\nPhoto: St. George''s Cathedral in Lviv\\n\\nIn response to\n        Metropolitan Filaret''s assertion that the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        will never attain legal status, on 16 May 1989, 4 bishops and 10 priests of\n        the UGCC submitted a formal appeal to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.\n        In their declaration, the church officials refuted 160 political accusations\n        aimed at the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, voiced their support for Gorbachev''s\n        reforms and demanded the legalization of the UGCC.\\n\\nThus, on 16 May 1989,\n        prior to the congress of USSR deputies, another delegation arrived in Moscow\n        composed of bishops Pavlo Vasylyk, Sofron Dmyterko, Fylymon Kurchaba and Rev.\n        H. Simkailo, Rev. V. Viytyshyn (currently archbishop of Ivano-Frankivsk),\n        Rev. T. Senkiw (at present the apostolic administrator of the Stryi Eparchy)\n        and Rev. Ihor Vozniak (currently archbishop of Lviv), as well as a number\n        of religious faithful to meet with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of\n        the USSR.\\n\\nOn 17 May, after government officials did not appear for a scheduled\n        meeting with the delegation, the UGCC bishops and priests began a hunger strike\n        which caught the attention of the international broadcasting media and also\n        appeared on the first pages of the press. On 18 May, the delegation was met\n        by a representative of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR who\n        received another formal appeal intended for Mikhail Gorbachev. Following the\n        delegation''s departure from Moscow, various groups of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        took turns participating in hunger strikes over the course of the next 4 months\n        in Moscow. Such hunger strikes occurred simultaneously with public prayer\n        services and efforts to entice the Ukrainian delegates of the congress of\n        people''s deputies of the USSR, 4 of which, unsuccessfully, attempted to raise\n        the issue of the legalization of the UGCC during the congress''s sessions.\n        The Moscow activities of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics received not only the\n        recognition of the international community but also the support of Russian\n        Orthodox dissidents and various democratic circles. However, the hunger strikers''\n        most significant achievement occurred when the reforms-oriented newspaper\n        Moskovskie Novosti (Moscow News) began to publish objective and favorable\n        reports on the ongoing events. For the first time ever, the newspaper raised\n        doubts about the official Soviet version regarding the \\\"unification of the\n        Uniates\\\" and accused the Russian Orthodox Church of condoning the repressive\n        Stalinist methods being used against supporters of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church.\\n\\nThe legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church posed a\n        serious threat to the status of the Russian Orthodox Church in Western Ukraine.\n        As a result, the Moscow Patriarchate and Volodymyr Scherbytsky''s party apparatchiks\n        took decisive measures to prevent legalization. In May\\u2013June 1989, the\n        question of the Uniate Church caused a schism amongst the ranks of Soviet\n        politicians, which in turn delayed the legislative passage of the long-awaited\n        \\\"Law on the Freedom of Conscience.\\\" Furthermore, the issue of the UGCC also\n        led to the replacement of K. Kharchev by Y. Khrystoradnov as head of the Council\n        for Religious Affairs of the USSR. In addition, Y. Kashliev, as head of the\n        delegation at the Vienna conference, stated that every religious denomination\n        has the right to be registered. The discussion surrounding the UGCC \\u2013\n        which hitherto was considered an internal issue of the Russian Orthodox Church\n        \\u2013 now became the responsibility of the state. Kashliev also underscored\n        the fact that the Uniate question should be settled as quickly as possible.\\n\\nA\n        key event which had the potential to weaken opposition to the legalization\n        of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church occurred on 17 September 1989, when,\n        according to official accounts, close to 100,000 UGCC supporters took part\n        in an unprecedented demonstration in Lviv. Large demonstrations began to take\n        place in other cities of Western Ukraine at this time as well. The movement\n        for legalization, headed by Ivan Hel, was now being augmented by the Ukrainian\n        urban intelligentsia which began organizing itself into various informal associations,\n        including The Popular Movement of Ukraine for Restructuring (Rukh).\\n\\nOn\n        20 September 1989, Scherbytsky and Viktor Chebrykov were ousted from the Politburo\n        of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. One week\n        later (28 September) Volodymyr Ivashko replaced Shcerbytsky as 1st Secretary\n        of the Communist Party of Ukraine. As a result, those officials in favor of\n        a more conservative line regarding the UGCC were no longer in the top positions\n        of the Ukrainian Communist Party. The plenary session of the Central Committee\n        of the Communist Party of Ukraine (18 October 1989) reflected the Central\n        Committee''s deepening indecisiveness regarding the future status of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church.\\n\\nOn the heels of the increasingly tense atmosphere,\n        the parish of Sts. Peter and Paul of the Russian Orthodox Church in Lviv had\n        announced its allegiance to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC)\n        on 19 August 1989. Two additional Lviv parishes soon followed suit and subsequently\n        the same steps were taken by a few hundred parishes throughout Galicia. At\n        first, the authorities placed administrative sanctions on the parishes but\n        then cancelled such directives hoping to avoid confrontations with parishioners\n        and the local RUKH affiliates, which had already managed to spread their influence\n        on the UAOC. It cannot be ruled out that Soviet authorities considered the\n        supporters of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church as the \\\"lesser\n        of two evils\\\" when taking into account the Uniates. It is quite possible\n        that Soviet government officials were hoping for an open conflict between\n        the Uniates and supporters of Ukrainian Autocephaly which in turn would cause\n        a division within the Ukrainian national movement.\\n\\nOn 22 October 1989,\n        bishop Ivan Bodnarchuk of the Russian Orthodox Church (a native Galician)\n        \\u2013 who had very recently relinquished his episcopal duties in Zhytomyr\n        \\u2013 had accepted leadership of the Autocephalous Church in Ukraine.\\n\\nOn\n        29 October, Ukrainian Greek-Catholics under the guidance of a young priest,\n        Fr. Yaroslav Chukhniy, peacefully took over one of the largest ecclesiastical\n        structures in Lviv, namely the Church of the Transfiguration of Our Lord.\n        Until the transfer of St. George''s Cathedral to the faithful of the UGCC\n        in August 1990, the parish of the Transfiguration served as the spiritual\n        centre of Ukrainian Greek-Catholicism in Galicia.\\n\\nOn 26 November \\u2013\n        one week prior to Gorbachev''s meeting with Pope John Paul II in Rome \\u2013\n        over 100,000 UGCC faithful took part in a demonstration demanding the return\n        of St. George''s Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics.\\n\\n==Partial\n        recognition of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church==\\n\\nThe Apostolic See\n        consistently raised the issue of the rights of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics during\n        its numerous negotiations with the Kremlin \\u2013 despite minimal reciprocity\n        \\u2013 ever since Soviet-Vatican relations experienced a thaw beginning in\n        the early 1960s. In June 1988, the Vatican once again expressed its desire\n        for the UGCC''s legalization when a delegation to Moscow headed by Cardinals\n        Casaroli and Willebrands took part in the festivities commemorating the Millennium\n        of the Baptism of Kyivan Rus''.\\n\\nGorbachev replied to the pope''s proposal\n        only in August 1989. Official correspondence had been established between\n        the Kremlin and the Moscow Patriarchate on one side and the Apostolic See\n        on the other side. Gorbachev maintained that it was both the Vatican''s and\n        the Moscow Patriarchate''s obligation to reach a consensus regarding the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic question. Shortly afterwards, in a letter addressed to Pope\n        John Paul II on 16 August 1989, Patriarch Pimen put forth a proposal which\n        was unacceptable to the Vatican. In his missive, the Russian Orthodox hierarch\n        recommended the de facto liquidation of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        by way of adjoining the Uniates who place the Eastern Rite above Catholic\n        dogma \\u2013 to the Orthodox Church, and those Uniates who favor Catholicism\n        \\u2013 to the Roman Catholic Church.\\n\\nMoscow based its strategy on the hope\n        of benefiting from the disparity within the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        in the form of its \\\"Eastern\\\" and \\\"Roman\\\" orientations. Furthermore, the\n        Russian Orthodox Church banked on taking advantage of the decades-long discord\n        between the Vatican and the UGCC''s \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 activists who were demanding\n        the appointment of a separate patriarch for Ukrainian Greek-Catholics outside\n        Ukraine. A potential settlement in the form of a compromise had been discussed\n        when Archbishop Angelo Sodano (the Vatican''s Secretary of State) visited\n        Moscow on 19\\u201321 October 1989, and met with M. Gorbachev, Soviet Foreign\n        Affairs Minister Eduard Shevarnadze, and the head of the Council for Religious\n        Affairs, Y. Khrystoradnov. As a result of the meeting, the Vatican was assured\n        that the new law on the freedom of conscience and religious organizations\n        in essence will legalize the UGCC. Nevertheless, the Soviet authorities insisted\n        that specific aspects of the legalization process be coordinated between the\n        Vatican, the Kremlin and the Moscow Patriarchate based on the principles of\n        genuine ecumenical dialogue between the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox\n        Churches.\\n\\nThe pope''s expectations for the legalization of the UGCC in\n        the Soviet Union were once again put forward in his response to Patriarch\n        Pimen''s August letter which in turn was presented to the Holy Synod on 1\n        November 1989, by Cardinal Willebrands and his successor as head of the Pontifical\n        Council for Promoting Christian Unity, Cardinal Edward Cassidy. The Moscow\n        Partriarchate had agreed only on the legal right of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        to practice their faith. The issue of permitting the UGCC clergy to obtain\n        actual pastoral appointments, and other unresolved questions were to be set\n        aside for future negotiations between the Vatican and the Moscow Patriarchate.\n        This position was presented to the Pope in the form of a letter from Patriarch\n        Pimen, delivered to Rome by Metropolitan Yuvenaliy on 27 November.\\n\\nMikhail\n        Gorbachev''s meeting with Pope John Paul II on 1 December 1989, marked a rapprochement\n        between the Vatican and the Kremlin. The Roman Pontiff once again expressed\n        his will for Roman Catholics and Greek-Catholics to have the possibility of\n        freely practicing their faith, while Gorbachev assured John Paul II that the\n        future law on freedom of conscience would provide religious freedom to everyone\n        in the USSR. The meeting laid the foundation for establishing bilateral diplomatic\n        relations, and the pope accepted Gorbachev''s invitation to visit the Soviet\n        Union. Realizing that the outright legalization of the Uniate Church would\n        cause religious unrest in Western Ukraine and would lead to conflict with\n        the Moscow Patriarchate, Gorbachev refused to delegate direct responsibility\n        to the government regarding the settlement of the UGCC question. Instead,\n        the Soviet leader decided that these issues should be settled according to\n        the principles of ecumenical dialogue between the Moscow Patriarchate and\n        the Vatican.\\n\\nOn 1 December 1989, the Soviet news agency  Novosti (News)\n        and news services in Western Ukraine outlined the key points of \\\"The Declaration\n        of the Council for Religious Affairs Addressed to the Council of Ministers\n        of the Ukrainian S.S.R.,\\\" dated 20 November. The Lviv municipal press labeled\n        the \\\"Declaration\\\" a de facto recognition of the long-banned Ukrainian Greek-Catholic\n        Church. At the same time though, the Declaration asserted that Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        will be able to enjoy all the rights guaranteed by the law on registration\n        of associations in the Ukrainian S.S.R., as long as they [the UGCC faithful]\n        uphold the principles of the Constitution of the Ukrainian S.S.R. and the\n        latter''s legislation on religious beliefs. All religious structures arbitrarily\n        appropriated by the UGCC faithful were to be returned to local administrative\n        authorities. The transfer of such property to religious communities would\n        take place according to the will of the faithful themselves. If necessary,\n        the \\\"Declaration\\\" called for holding local referendums to be monitored by\n        independent observers, and cautioned against undue influence on the faithful,\n        to guarantee an objective and unbiased vote.\\n\\nAt the same time, the head\n        of the Council for Religious Affairs of the Ukrainian S.S.R., M. P. Kolesnyk,\n        underscored that the council had not considered the canonical status of the\n        infrastructure and hierarchies of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Instead,\n        it had only taken into account the rights of a \\\"community of believers\\\"\n        to apply for state registration (recognition) and the possibility for the\n        denationalization (privatization) of inactive church structures. Furthermore,\n        there was no talk of returning ecclesiastical structures and property \\u2013\n        nationalized by the state \\u2013 to the UGCC, nor of annulling the Lviv pseudo-Sobor\n        of 1946, nor of a formal rehabilitation of the Church or even any kind of\n        compensation for losses incurred over the decades.\\n\\nIn response to the promise\n        for legalization, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics reappropriated their former\n        churches from the Russian Orthodox Church. By January 1990, over 120 churches\n        in Galicia had been returned to the UGCC. By the end of the month, this number\n        had increased to 230 churches on the territory of the Lviv and Ternopil eparchies,\n        and to 140 on the territory of the Ivano-Frankivsk eparchy.\\n\\nBy June 1990,\n        803 churches had been returned to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics in newly established\n        (albeit for the most part unregistered) Uniate parishes in the Lviv eparchy,\n        including approximately 500 churches in the Ivano-Frankivsk eparchy and 12\n        in Transcarpathia. Close to 370 Orthodox priests had converted to the UGCC\n        in Galicia. This increased the overall quantity of Greek-Catholic priests\n        to 767 (including 186 monks). In general, 1,592 Greek-Catholic parishes had\n        been established and 1,303 churches were taken over in Galicia by early summer\n        1990. In addition, newly established seminaries accepted 485 students, while\n        approximately 700 nuns were active in the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church\n        throughout Western Ukraine. At the same time, close to 500 Orthodox parishes\n        converted to the UAOC.\\n\\nThe massive reappropriation by the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics\n        of their former churches spurred a wave of protests on the part of the Moscow\n        Patriarchate. Supporters of the Russian Orthodox Church accused the Uniates\n        of illegally taking over churches, threatening the Orthodox faithful and persecuting\n        the clergy.\\n\\nThe change in the party and governmental leadership of the\n        Ukrainian S.S.R. impacted the Russian Orthodox Church as well. In 1989, the\n        leadership of the exarchate found it necessary to make a number of concessions\n        regarding the Ukrainian language. In January 1990, the Ukrainian Exarchate\n        of the Russian Orthodox Church was retitled the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.\n        Shortly after June 1990, the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church expressed\n        its concern regarding the liquidation of its Church for the benefit of the\n        Uniates and the autocephalous \\\"schismatics\\\" in Western Ukraine. As a result,\n        a special commission of the Holy Synod visited Ukraine, headed by the newly\n        appointed Moscow Patriarch, Aleksei II.\\n\\nIn response to the Declaration\n        of the State Sovereignty of Ukraine on 16 July 1990, in October the Russian\n        Orthodox Church bestowed the right for \\\"self-government\\\" to the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church, which, nevertheless, was to remain an integral component\n        of the Moscow Patriarchate. The creation of the UAOC \\u2013 although limited\n        at that time to the territory of Galicia \\u2013 posed a much greater, long-term\n        threat to the ROC than the revival of the UGCC, because the autocephalous\n        church boasted supporters in traditional Orthodox territories of Eastern Ukraine.\\n\\nOn\n        19 August 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church received possession of\n        the historic Cathedral of St. George in Lviv. In September 1990, 250 students\n        began their studies at the archeparchial seminary in Rudno, while 47 seminarians\n        initiated their studies at the seminary in Drohobych. In addition, approximately\n        300 students were attending improvised lectures on theology in Ivano-Frankivsk.\n        Similarly, the Basilians opened a minor seminary for 70 students and a novitiate\n        at their monastery in Krekhiv.\\n\\nIn a state of increasing tension between\n        the Orthodox and Ukrainian Greek-Catholics, a Vatican delegation once again\n        met with its counterparts from the Moscow Patriarchate on 10 September 1990,\n        in Moscow. These delegations, in turn, were soon joined by three Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic bishops and their Orthodox counterparts. However, on 14 September,\n        the Russian Orthodox delegates exited the negotiations after the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic delegation unanimously rejected the demands of the Orthodox\n        to return the reappropriated Uniate churches in Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk.\n        Soon afterwards, the trilateral, inter-denominational Lviv regional commission\n        fell apart when representatives of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Ukrainian\n        Autocephalous Orthodox Church resigned their positions in the negotiating\n        body after accusing the local authorities of favoring the UGCC in the settlement\n        of church property ownership.\\n\\nIn the fall of 1990, the head of the Ukrainian\n        Greek-Catholic Church, Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, declared his intention\n        to visit the faithful in Ukraine in the spring of 1991.\\n\\n==See also==\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church]]\\n* [[History\n        of Christianity in Ukraine]]\\n* [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]\\n\\n==References==\\n*\n        Bohdan R. Bociurkiw, ''''[http://www.ciuspress.com/catalogue/religion-and-theology/120/the-ukrainian-greek-catholic-church-and-the-soviet-state-%281939-1950%29\n        The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Soviet State (1939\\u20131950)]''''.\n        Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. 1996.\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-27T16:34:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":792622780,\"length\":59596,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_USSR\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_USSR&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_USSR\"},\"7433327\":{\"pageid\":7433327,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces\",\"index\":4,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-26T22:49:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Dablink|\\\"Ukrainian\n        Army\\\" redirects here.  For historical armies of Ukraine, see [[Ukrainian\n        Army (disambiguation)]]}}\\n{{Infobox military unit\\n|unit_name=Ukrainian Ground\n        Forces
\\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\\n|image=[[File:Emblem of the Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces.svg|centre|150px]]\\n|caption=Emblem of the Ukrainian Ground\n        Forces\\n|dates= 1919\\u20131922\\n12 December 1991\\u2013present\\n|size=260,000\n        Active personnel (2016){{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/05/02/ukraine-draft-dodgers-in-fight-against-separatists/26462801/|title=Thousands\n        dodge Ukraine army in fight with rebels|author=Olga Rudenko|work=USA Today|date=6\n        May 2014|accessdate=19 March 2016}}
80,000 Reserve (2016)\\n|command_structure=\\n|garrison=[[Kiev]]\\n|garrison_label=Headquarters\\n|disbanded=\\n|battles=[[Kosovo\n        Force]] (KFOR)
[[Iraq War]]
[[War in Afghanistan (2001\\u2013present)]][[2014 Russian invasion of Crimea ]]
[[War in Donbass]]\\n\\n|commander1=[[Lieutenant General]] [[Serhiy Popko]][http://www.unian.info/society/1302299-poroshenko-appoints-ato-chief-commander-of-land-forces.html\n        Poroshenko appoints ATO chief Commander of Land Forces], [[UNIAN]] (28 March\n        2016)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/333690.html Poroshenko appoints\n        ATO chief Popko as commander of ground forces], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (28 March\n        2016)\\n|commander1_label=\\n|commander2=\\n|commander2_label=\\n|identification_symbol=[[File:Ensign\n        of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.svg|150px|Ensign of Ukrainian Ground Forces]]\\n|identification_symbol_label=Ground\n        Forces Ensign\\n|identification_symbol_2=[[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|150px|Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces]]\\n|identification_symbol_2_label=Flag of Ukraine\\n|anniversaries=[[Army\n        Day#Ukraine|Army Day]] (12 December, anniversary of the 1991 formation of\n        the Ground Forces).Culture Smart! Ukraine by [[Anna Shevchenko]],\n        Kuperard, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-85733-327-5}}\\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0417\\u0421\\u0423, ''''Sukhoputni\n        Viys\\u2019ka ZSU''''}}) are the land force component of the [[Armed Forces\n        of Ukraine]]. They were formed from [[Soviet Ground Forces]] formations, units,\n        and establishments, including three [[military district]]s (the [[Kiev Military\n        District|Kiev]], [[Carpathian Military District|Carpathian]], and [[Odessa\n        Military District]]s), that were on Ukrainian soil when the [[History of the\n        Soviet Union (1985\\u20131991)#Dissolution of the USSR|Soviet Union collapsed]]\n        in 1990\\u201392.\\n\\nSince [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukraine''s\n        independence from the Soviet Union in 1991]] Ukraine retained its Soviet-era\n        army equipment and have not replaced nor upgraded it.[http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/115444\n        In the Army Now: Answering Many Why''s], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (8 July 2014)\n        Also the Armed Forces have been systematically downsized since 1991 and as\n        a result it was largely dilapidated in July 2014.\n        Since the start of the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014 in [[eastern Ukraine]]\n        Ukraine is upgrading its Armed Forces.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/365354.html Poroshenko\n        says military hardware will bring Ukraine''s victory closer], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 August 2016) Its size of 129,950 in March 2014{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/03/03/ukraines-military-is-far-smaller-than-russias-but-theres-3-reasons-it-might-not-be-so-easy-to-crush/|title=Ukraine''s\n        military is far smaller than Russia''s, but there are 3 reasons it might not\n        be so easy to crush|author=Adam Taylor|work=The Washington Post|date=3 March\n        2014|accessdate=19 March 2016}} had grown to 204,000 active personnel\n        in May 2015. In 2016 75% of the army consisted of contract\n        servicemen.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/365479.html\n        Ukrainian army composed of 75% contract servicemen - president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 August 2016)\\n\\n==History==\\nPrior to the [[October Revolution]]\n        of 1917, three separate self-governing Ukrainian states existed on what is\n        Ukraine today. Each of these states possessed armed forces. The largest of\n        these, the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]], itself comprised three separate\n        regimes. The [[Ukrainian People''s Army]] is an example of one of the early\n        national armed forces. Other armed independence movements existed in the wake\n        of both the [[First World War]] and the [[Second World War]], and these armies\n        each had distinct organisation and uniforms. These armed forces, and the independent\n        Ukrainian homeland for which they fought, were eventually incorporated into\n        the neighboring states of [[Poland]], [[Soviet Union]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]]\n        and [[Czechoslovakia]].Abbott, P. & E. Pinak ''''Ukrainian Armies 1914\\u201355''''\n        (Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2004), {{ISBN|1780964013}}, 9781780964010\\n\\n===Collapse\n        of the USSR===\\nThe Armed Forces of Ukraine included approximately 780,000\n        personnel, 7,000 [[armored vehicles]], 6,500 tanks, and 2,500 [[tactical nuclear\n        missile]]s when they were established. However, the problem that Ukraine face\n        was that while it had vast armed forces, it lacked a proper command structure.\n        Therefore, on 24 August 1991, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] of [[Ukraine]] ratified\n        the resolution of taking under its control, all military units of former Soviet\n        Armed Forces, situated on the territory of Ukraine; and in turn the establishment\n        of the [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]].\\n\\n===Creation of the Ground Forces===\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Armed forces}}\\nFollowing the declaration of Ukrainian independence in 1991,\n        Ukraine inherited the [[1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards Army]],\n        [[13th Army (Soviet Union)|13th Army]], [[38th Army (Soviet Union)|38th Army]],\n        two tank armies (the [[6th Guards Tank Army]] and the 8th Tank Army), and\n        the [[32nd Army Corps]] (32-\\u0439 \\u041a\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0433\\u0441\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043f\\u0443\\u0441)\n        at [[Simferopol]]. In addition, the [[28th Guards Mechanised Brigade|28th\n        Guards Motor Rifle Division]] (MRD) and the 180th MRD were left in Ukraine,\n        having been previously under the [[14th Guards Army]] headquartered at [[Tiraspol]]\n        in the [[Moldovan SSR]]. The post of commander of ground troops was designated\n        in early 1992. By the end of 1992, the [[Kiev Military District]] disbanded,\n        and Ukraine used its structures as the basis for the Ministry of Defence and\n        the [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces|General Staff]].[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/099704.shtml\n        ANALYSIS: Ukraine adopts program for military reform], 03/02/1997 Between\n        June and August 1993, the first redesignation of armies to army corps appears\n        to have taken place.See references at [[6th Guards Tank Army]] and [[6th\n        Army Corps (Ukraine)]]. On 1 December 1993, 8th Guards Tank Army became 8th\n        Army Corps. While the chief of ground forces post had been created in\n        early 1992, it was over two years before the first holder, Colonel General\n        [[Vasily Sobkov]], was appointed on 7 April 1994.Jane''s Sentinel: Ukraine,\n        1994 The legal framework for the Ground Forces was defined in Article\n        4 of the law ''On the Armed Forces of Ukraine.'' At that time, the Ground\n        Forces had no separate command body, and were directly subordinate to the\n        Ukrainian General Staff.\\n\\nThe creation of the Ground Forces as a separate\n        armed service was legally only put in train by Presidential Decree 368/96\n        of 23 May 1996, ''On the Ground Forces of Ukraine.''Yuriy Yurchnya, ''The\n        Armed Forces of Ukraine,'' DCAF, 2010, 89.\\nThat year both the Ground\n        Forces Command was formed and the 1st Army Corps was reorganised as the Northern\n        Territorial Operational Command (which became the Northern Operational Command\n        in 1998). In 1997 the Carpathian Military District was reorganised as the\n        [[Western Operational Command]].\\n\\nFrom 1992 to 1997, the forces of the Kiev\n        MD were transferred to the Odessa MD, and the Odessa MD''s headquarters moved\n        to [[Donetsk]].Andrew Duncan, ''Ukraine''s forces find that change is\n        good,'' [[Jane''s Intelligence Review]], April 1997, 162\\u20133. A new\n        2nd Army Corps was formed in the Odessa MD. Armies were converted to army\n        corps, and motor rifle divisions converted into mechanised divisions or brigades.\n        Pairs of attack helicopter regiments were combined to form army aviation brigades.\\n\\nPresident\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]] revealed in a December 1996 speech that as many as 191 mechanised\n        infantry and tank battalions were rated not ready, adding,\\\"This is especially\n        dangerous in the forward-based units securing the nation''s borders.\\\"Stephen\n        D. Olynyk, [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/18_15.pdf Ukraine as\n        a Post-Cold War Military Power], [[Joint Force Quarterly]], Spring 1997, 93.\\n\\n===Reform===\\nAccording\n        to a plan promulgated in 2000 the Ground Forces were to reduce the number\n        of troops from the then 300,000 to 240,000 by 2015, and an ultimate change\n        from a partial [[conscript]]-based force to a fully professional military.http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine_Eng-2005.pdf\n        , page 4 of 136 Even though the Armed Forces received little more than\n        half of the [[Ukrainian hryvnia|Hr]] 68 million it was promised for reform\n        in 2001, officials were able to disband nine [[regiment]]s and close 21 local\n        military bases.{{#tag:ref|According to the State Program of the Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces reform and development to 2005, the ground forces were to have\n        the biggest ratio of personnel of all services (up to 54%). This ratio was\n        to be based on the missions assigned to the armed forces, and also on the\n        fact that the [[economy of Ukraine]] could not support any larger troop numbers.\n        However, the ground forces still has priority in the number of personnel,\n        weapons, military equipment development priorities and the development of\n        their future systems, which were to correspond to [[modern warfare]] requirements.\n        The ground forces were planned to closely coordinate their assignments with\n        other army branches, engaging appropriate military arts and equipment. They\n        were to also be involved in law enforcement activities during emergencies,\n        dealing with consequences of technological and [[natural disasters]], providing\n        military assistance to other countries, engaging in international military\n        cooperation activities ([[UN]]), and participating in international peacekeeping\n        operations according to international agreements.|group=nb}}\\n\\nIn 2005\\u201306,\n        the Northern Operational Command was reorganised as [[Territorial Directorate\n        \\\"North\\\"]]. It was tasked with territorial defence, mobilisation training,\n        and preparation of reserves.Yurchnya, 2010, 91.{{#tag:ref|It was\n        reported on 27 July 2005 that ''..[o]ver 70 per cent of planned work on [the]\n        disbandment of the Ukrainian armed forces'' Northern Operational Command has\n        been completed,'' according to the Defence Ministry''s press service.[[Interfax-AVN]],\n        [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-134585162/ukrainian-army-northern-operational.html\n        ''Ukrainian army''s Northern Operational Command being disbanded,''] Interfax-AVN\n        military news agency web site, Moscow, in English 1152 gmt 27 Jul 05 via [[BBC\n        Monitoring]].|group=nb}}\\n\\nFrom 1991 the Ukrainian Ground Forces bought\n        its military equipment only from [[Russia]] and other [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]] states, as well as locally producing some of their own equipment.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240543.html\n        Ukraine must stop importing Russian weapons, switch to NATO standards], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (18 December 2014) The [[Ukrainian Defense Industry (company)|defence\n        industry in Ukraine]] produced equipment was not used to equip the Armed Forces\n        prior to the [[War in Donbass]] (that started in April 2014[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275\n        Ukraine crisis timeline], [[BBC News]]) but it produced only for export.\\n\\n===Loss of Crimea===\\nIn the aftermath of the [[2014\n        Ukrainian Revolution]], Russian special forces in unmarked uniforms began\n        surrounding Ukrainian military bases on the Crimea before capturing them individually\n        using a mixture of attrition and threats.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/19/ukraine-plans-troop-withdrawal-from-crimea|title=Kiev\n        announces plans to withdraw Ukrainian troops from Crimea|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=31\n        January 2015}} Over the following weeks the [[Russian Armed Forces]]\n        consolidated control of the peninsula and established road blocks to cut off\n        the possibility of Ukraine sending reinforcements from the mainland.{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/russia-has-sent-troops-to-crimea-1339313-Mar2014/|title=Russia\n        has sent 6,000 troops to Crimea says Ukraine|work=www.thejournal.ie|accessdate=31\n        January 2015}} By the end of March, all remaining Ukrainian troops were\n        ordered to pull out of Crimea.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-orders-all-troops-out-of-crimea/|title=Ukraine\n        orders all troops out of Crimea|work=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=31 January 2015}}\n        The Ukrainian Army was considered to be in a poor state during and after the\n        annexation with only 6,000 of its troops ready for combat and many of its\n        vehicles lacking batteries.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579457591983371478|title=Ukraine\n        Battles to Rebuild a Depleted Military|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=31\n        January 2015}} (According to February 2016 official Ukrainian figures)\n        after [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russia''s annexation]]\n        6.000 of the pre-annexation 20.300 people strong Ukrainian army personnel\n        left Crimea.{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/8/7098237/\n        After the annexation of Crimea left only 10% of staff SBU], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]\n        (February 8, 2016)\\n\\n===War in Donbass===\\n{{main article|War in Donbass}}\\n{{empty\n        section|date=February 2016}}\\n\\n==Military Training and Education Centers==\\n{{See\n        also|Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations}}\\n[[File:Training Special Operations Forces\n        (26678129310).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian special forces soldier during\n        a exercise.]]\\n\\n[[File:A Canadian Army combat engineer, right, talks to a\n        Ukrainian military observer-controller during a situational training exercise\n        as part of Rapid Trident 2014 in Yavoriv, Ukraine, Sept 140917-A-DO615-006.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian\n        and Canadian soldiers converse with each other during the 2014 Rapid Trident\n        exercise in Yavoriv, Ukraine.]]\\n\\nTraining in 2006 was aimed at developing\n        mobility and combat readiness of the forces.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf\n        Ukrainian Armed Forces 2006 White Book p.25] The Ukrainian armed forces\n        took advantage of the opportunities provided by [[UN]] exercises and exercises\n        where Ukraine and [[NATO]] nations and other partners participated.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf\n        Ukrainian Armed Forces 2006 White Book p.26]\\n\\nTraining resulted in\n        6,000 combat-ready troops in the spring of 2014 of Ukraine''s (then) 129,950\n        active military personnel.[http://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-armies-compare/25287910.html\n        Explainer: How Do Russia''s And Ukraine''s Armies Compare?], [[Radio Free\n        Europe]] (6 March 2014) In 2016 the Ukrainian army had more than 200,000\n        combat-ready soldiers of its 260,000 active personnel.[https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/war-against-ukraine/ukrainian-army-struggling-with-its-training-system-422870.html\n        Ukrainian army struggling with its training system], [[Kyiv Post]] (14 September\n        2016)\\n\\nIn 2015 Ukraine, the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]]\n        and [[Canada]] established the Joint Multinational Training Group \\u2013 Ukraine\n        (JMTG-U) and they set up three new training sites, in [[Khmelnytskyi]], [[Yavoriv]]\n        and [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]].\\n\\n===Education Centers===\\nIn\n        2007 the system of exercise/training ranges was optimized, decreasing their\n        number and providing a specialized role.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book/white_book_en2007.pdf\n        Ukrainian Armed Forces 2007 White Book p.42]\\n\\nSchooling Occurs at:\\n*\n        [[169th Training Centre (Ukraine)|169th Training Center]] - (Desna / 50\\u00b055''35\\\"N\n        30\\u00b045''27\\\"E) - Home to army initial training, for all personnel entering\n        the Army, it is also houses the 169th Teaching Brigade which homes in the\n        tactics and skills of tankers and mechanized/motorized infantrymen.\\n* Hetman\n        Petro Sahaidachny Ground Forces Academy - (Lviv / 49\\u00b049''28\\\"N 24\\u00b01''2\\\"E)\n        - It is an academy for all officer cadets seeking a commission, an equivalent\n        of the American West Point and British Sandhurst.\\n* [[National Defense University\n        of Ukraine \\\"Ivan Chernyakhovsky\\\"]] - (Kiev / 50\\u00b025''57\\\"N 30\\u00b027''52\\\"E)\n        - Teaches specialization like foreign languages, book keeping, cryptology,\n        study of armaments, logistics, etc.\\n* [[Ivan Bohun Military High School]]\n        - (Kiev / 50\\u00b025''24\\\"N 30\\u00b032''43\\\"E) - A [[Junior Reserve Officers''\n        Training Corps|JROTC]] style [[boarding school]] which has curriculum identical\n        to Ukraine''s public schools with added focus on military teachings and discipline.\\n*\n        Korolev Signals Institute - (Zhytomyr / 50\\u00b017''6\\\"N 28\\u00b036''54\\\"E)\n        - Teaches theory and practice of electromagnetic waves and their uses in communication,\n        radio location, eavesdropping, and jamming.\\n* [[Military Institute of Telecommunications\n        and Information Technologies]] - (Kiev / 50\\u00b025''18\\\"N 30\\u00b033''25\\\"E)\n        - Teaches subjects of: Computer Science, Systems engineering, Telecommunications,\n        Security Information and Communication Systems, Systems of technical protection\n        of information, Electronic military administration.[http://www.dut.edu.ua/ua/pages/477]\\n*\n        Odessa Artillery Academy\\n\\nWhile Training Ranges are:\\n{|\\n|-\\n|\\n* Uzhgorod\n        Military Training Center (48\\u00b039''44\\\"N 22\\u00b026''27\\\"E)\\n* Storozhynets\n        Military Training Center (48\\u00b08''5\\\"N 25\\u00b050''24\\\"E)\\n* Yavoriv Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b02''44\\\"N 23\\u00b036''21\\\"E)\\n* Rivne Military Training\n        Center (50\\u00b048''22\\\"N 26\\u00b033''12\\\"E)\\n* Novohrad-Volynskyi Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b040''3\\\"N 27\\u00b032''33\\\"E)\\n* Zhytomyr Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b09''59\\\"N 28\\u00b031''9\\\"E)\\n|\\n* Soshnikovskyi Military\n        Training Center (50\\u00b01''19\\\"N 31\\u00b010''29\\\"E)\\n* Maloye Ozero Military\n        Training Center (51\\u00b016''19\\\"N 32\\u00b052''41\\\"E)\\n* Poltava Military\n        Training Center (49\\u00b037''27\\\"N 34\\u00b036''35\\\"E)\\n* Chuhuiv Military\n        Training Center (49\\u00b049''11\\\"N 36\\u00b047''31\\\"E)\\n* Chervona Polyana\n        Military Training Center (47\\u00b050''28\\\"N 33\\u00b010''40\\\"E)\\n* Samarskyi\n        Bor Military Training Center (48\\u00b042''34\\\"N 35\\u00b027''27\\\"E)\\n|\\n* Mykolaiv\n        Military Training Center (47\\u00b05''16\\\"N 32\\u00b00''32\\\"E)\\n* Shyrokiy Lan\n        Military Training Center (47\\u00b04''4\\\"N 31\\u00b032''40\\\"E)\\n* Chornomorske\n        Military Training Center (46\\u00b036''44\\\"N 30\\u00b055''54\\\"E)\\n* Bolhrad\n        Military Training Center (45\\u00b041''11\\\"N 28\\u00b043''36\\\"E)\\n* Shirokyi\n        Ovrag Military Training Center (46\\u00b051''48\\\"N 36\\u00b058''9\\\"E)\\n|}\\n\\n==Branches\n        of the Ground Forces==\\n\\n===Armoured and mechanised forces===\\n{{Main article|Mechanized\n        Infantry (Ukraine)}}\\n{{Main article|Armoured Forces (Ukraine)}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Army in Mariupol, May 2014.png|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian Army soldiers and\n        [[BMP-2]] in [[Battle of Mariupol (May\\u2013June 2014)|Mariupol]] during a\n        confrontation with civilians on 9 May 2014.]]\\n[[File:13510997 552410288265013\n        5918396253241991410 n (27400723644).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ukrainian Army  [[T-64|T-64BM]]\n        during a training.]]\\nMechanised Infantry and armoured forces are the primary\n        components of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. Their primary objectives in case\n        of war are capturing and holding targets, maintaining positions, defending\n        against attack, penetrating enemy lines and defeating enemy forces.\\n\\nThe\n        mechanised and armoured forces are equipped with [[T-64]]{{uk icon}}\n        [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=ua&part=news&sub=read&id=8568 Minister\n        of Defence visits 1st Armored Brigade] and [[T-64|T-64BM \\\"Bulat\\\"]]{{uk\n        icon}} [http://uamedia.visti.net/army/ People''s Army Magazine] main\n        battle tanks; [[BTR-4]], [[BTR-60]], [[BTR-70]] and [[BTR-80]], wheeled armored\n        personnel carriers and [[BMP-1]], [[BMP-2]] and [[BMD-2]] infantry combat\n        vehicles.\\n\\nSince the fall of the Soviet Union, a large number of the previous\n        Soviet mechanised formations on Ukrainian soil have been disbanded \\u2013\n        the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies|IISS]] says totals have\n        dropped from 14 divisions, in 1992, to two divisions, six brigades, and one\n        independent regiment in 2008.IISS ''''Military Balance 1992/3'''', p\n        86, and ''''Military Balance 2008'''', p 188 Today, all mechanised and\n        armoured formations are called [[brigade]]s. However, some former [[division\n        (military)|division]]s remain near division strength.\\n\\nCurrent formations\n        include:\\n*[[1st Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|1st Armored Brigade]] \\u2013 [[Honcharivske]]{{uk icon}} [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=ua&part=news&sub=read&id=10268\n        Brigade in Honcharivske receives new tanks] [[Chernihiv Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]\\n*[[17th\n        Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Armored Brigade]] \\u2013 [[Kryvyi Rih]]{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=ua&part=news&sub=read&id=10294\n        Training in the 17th Armored Brigade] [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]\\n*[[30th\n        Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Mechanised Brigade]] - [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]  [[Zhytomyr\n        Oblast]]\\n\\nDisbanded armoured formations include:\\n*[[17th Armored Brigade\n        (Ukraine)|17th Guards Tank Division]]Lenskiy\n        \\u2013 [[17th Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Armored Brigade]] \\u2013 reformed\n        into brigade by 2003\\n*[[23rd Tank Division|23rd Training Tank Division]]\n        \\u2013 6065th Storage Base since 1987Feskov, p.106\\n*[[30th\n        Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Guards Tank Division]]\n        \\u2013 [[30th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Tank Brigade]] \\u2013 July\n        30, 2004 reformed into [[30th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Mechanised\n        Brigade]]\\n*[[41st Guards Tank Division]] \\u2013 5193rd Storage Base since\n        1989\\n*[[42nd Guards Tank Division]] \\u2013\n        5359th Storage Base since 1990\\n*[[48th\n        Guards Training Tank Division]] \\u2013 [[169th Training Centre (Ukraine)|169th\n        District Training Centre]]\\n*[[117th Guards\n        Tank Division]] \\u2013 119th District Training Centre\\n\\n===Mountain\n        infantry Brigade===\\nThe Ukrainian Ground Forces also include two mountain\n        infantry brigades.\\n* [[10th Mountain Brigade (Ukraine)|10th Mountain Brigade]]\\n*\n        [[128th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|128th Mountain Brigade]]\\n\\n===Airmobile\n        Forces and Army Aviation===\\n{{Main article|Ukrainian Airmobile Forces}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Airmobile Forces Flag.svg|200px|thumb|right|Ukrainian Airmobile Forces flag.]]\\n[[File:Defense.gov\n        News Photo 000717-A-4074B-014.jpg|thumb|Paratroopers from the 80th Airmobile\n        Regiment]]\\n[[Army aviation|Army Aviation]], having to cover troop movements,\n        is by far the most maneuverable branch of the army, intended to conduct the\n        operations under all sorts conditions of combat arms procedures. Among the\n        priorities of the Ukrainian army aviation''s units is to provide [[reconnaissance]],\n        attack enemy weapon systems, provide equipment and human resources, give tactical\n        fire support during an offensive or counterattack, land airmobile troops,\n        and to deliver combat weapons and personnel at the specified areas and execute\n        other main tasks. There are two units: the [[3rd Army Aviation Regiment (Ukraine)|3rd\n        Army Aviation Regiment]] and [[7th Army Aviation Regiment (Ukraine)|7th Army\n        Aviation Regiment]]. They are equipped with [[Mil Mi-8]] and [[Mi-24]] helicopters,\n        and their variants.See [http://www.miasnl.com/bestanden/ukraa.html Ukrainian\n        Army Aviation]\\n\\nThe [[Ukrainian Airmobile Forces]] serve as the quick\n        response units of the army. Airmobile forces'' structure consists of formations\n        and elements of the army and the army aviation. These units are well trained\n        for offensive activities behind enemy lines. The airmobile forces are in constant\n        combat readiness and base their battle plan on high mobility.{{cite web|url=http://elvisti.com/2007/08/02/mil.shtml|title=\\u0412\\u043e\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u044b\\u0448\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441 - \\u0415\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|publisher=|accessdate=30 October 2014}}\n        The airmobile forces consist of four airmobile brigades and an airborne brigade. The 25th Airborne and 45th Airmobile Brigades were previously\n        grouped into the [[1st Airmobile Division (Ukraine)|1st Airmobile Division]]\n        but the division was disbanded in 2003.\\n\\nHeadquarters of the Airmobile Command\n        is located in [[Zhytomyr]]. It includes the following units:\\n* [[25th Airborne Brigade (Ukraine)]] \\n* [[45th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]{{Cite\n        news|url=http://www.unian.info/society/1580432-new-airborne-brigade-created-in-ukrainian-army.html|title=New\n        Airborne Brigade created in Ukrainian Army|last=|first=|date=19 October 2016|work=UNIAN|access-date=20\n        October 2016|via=}}\\n* [[79th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]\\n* [[80th\n        Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]\\n* [[81st Airmobile Brigade|81st Airmobile Brigade\n        (Ukraine)]]\\n* [[95th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)]]\\n\\n===Rocket and Artillery\n        Troops===\\n[[File:Ukrainian BM-30 Smerch launchers 2014 IMG 7662 02.JPG|thumb|Ukrainian\n        [[BM-30 Smerch]] heavy [[multiple rocket launcher]]s on parade in Kiev]]\\n{{Main\n        article|Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)}}\\nRocket Forces and Artillery\n        troops of the army consist of formations of  tactical missiles, [[self-propelled\n        artillery]], howitzers, jet-propelled and [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]]\n        artillery, artillery [[reconnaissance]] units, of [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]\n        units and of units of anti-tank missiles. These forces operate as support\n        for other army formations, and are therefore obliged to destroy enemy human\n        resources, tanks, artillery, anti-tanks weapons, aircraft, air defence equipment,\n        and other important objects during the combat arms operations. Rocket and\n        artillery troops are equipped with: missile complexes of operational-tactical\n        and tactical missiles; [[Multiple rocket launcher]] rocket systems, such as\n        the [[BM-30|Smerch]], [[BM-27|Uragan]], [[BM-21|Grad]]; also, [[2S5 Giatsint-S|Giatsint]],\n        [[2S7 Pion|Pion]], [[2S3 Akatsiya|Akatsiya]], [[2S1|Gvozdika]] [[howitzer]]s;\n        and, [[9M113 Konkurs|Konkurs]], [[T-12 antitank gun]] anti-tank weapons.\\n\\nPreviously\n        the 1st Rocket Division was active at \\u0425\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439,\n        formed on the basis of the former Soviet [[43rd Rocket Army]]. It had two\n        to three rocket brigades (19-\\u0425\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439,\n        46 \\u0438\\u043b\\u0438 199- Gchovka, 107-\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u0433)\n        with 54\\u201356 \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434/[[Scud]]. It was active in 2003,{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=3179462\n        |title=London, UK-based Institute for Strategic Studies appraises Ukrainian\n        Armed Forces'' personnel as 295,500-strong |author=Ukrinform |date=2003-10-25\n        |work= |publisher=Ukrainian Government |accessdate=21 November 2012}}\n        but disbanded in 2004.http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/sng/ukraine/ukraine_grand_force-dislokazia.htm,\n        accessed November 2012. In addition, previously the 461st Rocket Brigade\n        (\\u0440\\u0431\\u0440) \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430, 13 \\u0410\\u041a\n        \\u0417\\u041e\\u041a, the 459th Rocket Brigade (\\u0440\\u0431\\u0440) at \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u044c-8 \\u0410\\u041a,\\u0421\\u041e\\u041a-\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430- \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432 2004, 123 \\u0440\\u0431\\u0440- \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f-\\u0421\\u041e\\u041a,\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430, 107 \\u0440\\u0431\\u0440 ([[Kremenchug]]) ([[Tochka]]),\n        and the 159th Rocket Brigade (\\u0440\\u0431\\u0440) (\\u041a\\u0456\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434)\n        were active.\\n\\n===Army Air Defence===\\nThe Army Air Defence\n        units are responsible for covering troops against enemy air attacks anywhere\n        on the battlefield, and while in combat. The Ukrainian Ground Forces army\n        air defence branch is equipped with a variety of effective [[surface-to-air]]\n        missile systems of division level and [[anti-aircraft]] missile and [[artillery]]\n        complexes of [[regiment]] level. Regiment level units are characterized by\n        their high rate of fire, vitality, maneuverability, and capability of action\n        under all conditions of modern combat arms operations. Surface-to-air missile\n        systems and complexes of division level are characterized by their long range\n        and firepower and are equipped with surface-to-air missile complexes;S-300V,Osa,\n        Buk, Buk-M1 and Tor. While anti-aircraft missile and artillery complexes that\n        are of regiment level are equipped with the Tunguska-M1, Igla [[MANPADS]]\n        system, Strela, and Shilka anti-aircraft missile systems.[http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=structure&sub=army\n        Structure of Ukrainian Armed Forces] While\n        the army''s only separate radar system, meaning it isn''t a part of any anti-aircraft\n        system, is the Ukrainian [[Kolchuga passive sensor|Kolchuga-M]]. It was designed\n        sometime between the years 1993\\u20131997, the system is said to be one of\n        the most (if not the most) advanced passive sensors in the world, as it was\n        claimed to be able to detect stealth aircraft.http://thereliant.blogspot.com/2006/09/in-focus-kolchuga-esm-system.html\\n\\n==Structure==\\n2015\n        structure of the Ukrainian Ground Forces after the reorganization caused by\n        the [[Donbass War]]. It built and expanded on the 2011 structure.{{cite\n        journal | title=Ukrainian Armed Forces White Book 2011| url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book/WB_Eng_final_2011.pdf|\n        accessdate  = April 10, 2013}}\\n\\n{{Location map+ | Ukraine\\n| width\n        = 1000\\n| caption = 
''''''
Location of Ukraine Ground Forces combat\n        brigades''''''
Red \\u2013 Airborne, Green \\u2013 infantry, Blue - helicopter
Gold\n        \\u2013 armoured, Brown \\u2013 artillery, Pink \\u2013 rocket
\\n| relief\n        = 1\\n| places =\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Honcharivske|1st\n        Armoured]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Gold pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 51  | lat_min = 18 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 30  | lon_min = 56 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Novyi Kalyniv|7th Aviation]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min\n        = 33 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 23  | lon_min = 19 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Chernivtsi|10th Mountain]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 17 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 25  | lon_min\n        = 57 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kherson|11th\n        Aviation]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 41 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 32  | lon_min = 30 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi|14th Mech.]]\\n    | position\n        = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg\n        = 50  | lat_min = 51 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 24  | lon_min = 19 | lon_dir\n        = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Brody|16th Aviation]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 07 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 25  | lon_min\n        = 10 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kryvyi\n        Rih|17th Armoured]]\\n    | position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Gold pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 47  | lat_min = 55 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 33  | lon_min = 15 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Poltava|18th Aviation]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Blue pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min\n        = 37 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 34  | lon_min = 30 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|19th Rocket]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Pink pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 25 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 27  | lon_min\n        = 00 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Yavoriv|24th\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = bottom\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 57 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 23  | lon_min = 23 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk Raion|25th Airborne]]\\n    |\n        position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Red pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 44 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 35 | lon_min =\n        19 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Berdychiv|26th\n        Artillery]]\\n    | position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 54 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 28  | lon_min = 34 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Sumy|27th Artillery]]\\n    | position = left\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min\n        = 52 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 34  | lon_min = 47 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Chornomorske (Odessa Oblast)|28th Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = top\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 35 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min\n        = 56 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Novohrad-Volynskyi|30th\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark\n        = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 35 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg\n        = 27  | lon_min = 38 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|40th Artillery]]\\n    |\n        position = top\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 01 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min\n        = 51 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi|43th\n        Artillery]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 02 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 31  | lon_min = 15 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Ternopil|44th Artillery]]\\n    | position = bottom\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min\n        = 34 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 25  | lon_min = 36 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Sievierodonetsk|53th Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 57 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 38  | lon_min\n        = 35 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Artemivsk,\n        Donetsk Oblast|54th Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background\n        = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 35 |\n        lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 37  | lon_min = 58 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Zaporizhia|55th Artillery]]\\n    |\n        position = bottom\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Brown pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 47  | lat_min = 50 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 35  | lon_min\n        = 10 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Melitopol|56th\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark\n        = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 56 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg\n        = 35  | lon_min = 25 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Kropyvnytskyi|57th Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 48  | lat_min\n        = 30 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 32  | lon_min = 15 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Konotop|58th Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 51  | lat_min = 15 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 33  | lon_min\n        = 11 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kotovsk,\n        Odessa Oblast|59th Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background\n        = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 47  | lat_min = 46 |\n        lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 29  | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Bila Tserkva|72nd Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 48 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min\n        = 07 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Mykolaiv|79th\n        Airmobile]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Red pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 46  | lat_min = 58 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 32  | lon_min = 00 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Lviv|80th Airborne]]\\n    | position = right\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Red pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49 | lat_min\n        = 49 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 24 | lon_min = 00 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Kostiantynivka|81st Airborne]]\\n    |\n        position = left\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Red pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 30 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 37 | lon_min =\n        43 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Chuhuiv|92nd\n        Mech.]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark\n        = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 49  | lat_min = 50 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg\n        = 36  | lon_min = 41 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|93rd Mech.]]\\n    |\n        position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 42 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 35 | lon_min =\n        23 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Zhytomyr|95th\n        Airmobile]]\\n    | position = right\\n    | background = white\\n    |\n        mark = Red pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min = 15 | lat_dir = N\\n    |\n        lon_deg = 28  | lon_min = 40 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location map~ | Ukraine\\n    |\n        label = [[Kiev|101st Security.]]\\n    | position = bottom\\n    |\n        background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    | lat_deg = 50  | lat_min\n        = 25 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 30  | lon_min = 41 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n{{Location\n        map~ | Ukraine\\n    | label = [[Mukachevo|128th Mountain]]\\n    |\n        position = bottom\\n    | background = white\\n    | mark = Green pog.svg\\n    |\n        lat_deg = 48  | lat_min = 27 | lat_dir = N\\n    | lon_deg = 22  | lon_min\n        = 45 | lon_dir = E\\n  }}\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:OC_All_UGF.svg|thumb|right|500px|Combatant\n        Commands of Ukrainian Ground Forces[http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/ukrainian-ground-forces.html\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043a\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a \\u0417\\u0421 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438]\\n{{legend\n        |#544546|''''Operation Command West''''}}\\n{{legend |#404F1D|''''Operation\n        Command North''''}}\\n{{legend |#A66431|''''Operation Command East''''}}\\n{{legend\n        |#5469A7|''''Operation Command South''''}}\\n{{legend |#A7300C|''''Crimea''''}}]]\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces.png|thumb|right|400px|Incomplete structure of the Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces (some units show their pre-2004 structure)]]\\n\\n* ''''''Land\n        Forces Command'''''', [[Kiev]].{{cite web|url=http://mildonik.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_99.html|title=National\n        defense|author= Dovbaka Nicholas Ihorovych |language=Ukrainian |accessdate=1\n        February 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/ukrainian-ground-forces.html|title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430|language=Ukrainian|accessdate=4\n        July 2016}}\\n** 15th Guards Rocket Artillery Regiment, [[Drogobych]]\\n** 27th Artillery\n        Brigade, [[Sumy]]\\n** 43rd Artillery Brigade, [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]]\\n** 19th Missile Brigade, [[Khmelnytskyi,\n        Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n** [[7th Army Aviation Regiment (Ukraine)|12th Army Aviation Brigade]],\n        [[Novyi Kalyniv]]\\n** 11th Army Aviation Brigade, [[Kherson]]\\n** 16th Army Aviation Brigade,\n        [[Brody]]\\n** 18th Army Aviation Brigade, [[Poltava]]\\n** 48th Separate Engineer Brigade, [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]]{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/guoz.html|title=\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f|language=Ukrainian\n        |accessdate=1 February 2016}}\\n** [[101st Brigade for the Protection\n        of the General Staff|101st General Staff Security Brigade]], [[Kiev]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://censor.net.ua/photo_news/340882/na_territorii_101yi_brigady_ohrany_genshtaba_otkryli_alleyu_slavy_v_chest_pogibshih_voinov_fotoreportajvideo|title=\n        \\u041d\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438\n        101-\\u0439 \\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u044b \\u043e\\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u044b\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\\"\\u0410\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u044e \\u0421\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u044b\\\" \\u0432 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432|language=Russian\n        |accessdate=1 February 2016}}\\n** [[169th Training Centre (Ukraine)]],\n        [[Desna, Kozelets Raion|Desna]]\\n*** 300th Guards Tank Training Regiment\\n*** 354th Guards Motor Rifle Training Regiment\\n*** 507th Equipment Repair Training Regiment\\n*** 708th Supply Training Regiment\\n*** 718th Separate Automobile Training\n        Battalion\\n*** 1121th Anti-aircraft\n        Artillery Teaching Regiment\\n**\n        6th Artillery Training Regiment, [[Divychky]]\\n** 1st President Guard Regiment, [[Kiev]]\\n** 3rd Special Forces Regiment,\n        [[Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n** 8th Special Forces Regiment, [[Khmelnytskyi]]\\n** 704th Separate Regiment of [[CBRN\n        defense]], [[Sambir]]\\n** 808th Pontoon Bridge Regiment, [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi]]\\n** ''''''[[Operation Command West|Operational Command \\\"West\\\"]]'''''',\n        [[Rivne]]\\n***\n        [[10th Mountain Brigade (Ukraine)|10th Mountain Brigade]], [[Chernivtsi]]\\n*** [[14th\n        Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|14th Mechanized Brigade]], [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]]\\n*** [[24th\n        Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine)|24th Mechanized Brigade]], [[Yavoriv]]\\n*** [[80th Airmobile\n        Brigade (Ukraine)|80th Airmobile Brigade]], [[Lviv]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrmilitary.com/p/ukrainian-airmobile-forces.html|title=\\u0412\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430|language=Ukrainian\n        |accessdate=1 February 2016}}\\n*** [[128th Mountain Brigade (Ukraine)|128th\n        Mountain Brigade]], [[Mukacheve]]\\n*** 44th Artillery Brigade, [[Ternopil]]\\n*** 55th Signals Brigade, [[Rivne]]\\n*** 703rd\n        Engineer Regiment, [[Sambir]]\\n*** 136th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Rivne]]\\n** ''''''[[Operational\n        Command \\\"North\\\"]]'''''', [[Chernihiv]]\\n*** [[1st Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|1st\n        Tank Brigade]], [[Honcharivske]]\\n*** [[30th Mechanized\n        Brigade (Ukraine)|30th Mechanized Brigade]], [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]\\n*** [[58th Motorized\n        Infantry Brigade|58th Mechanized Brigade,]] [[Konotop]]\\n*** [[72nd Guards Mechanized Brigade|72nd\n        Mechanized Brigade]], [[Bila Tserkva]]\\n*** [[95th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)|95th\n        Airmobile Brigade]], [[Zhytomyr]]\\n*** 26th Artillery\n        Brigade, [[Berdychiv]]\\n*** 12th Engineer Regiment, [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]\\n*** 20th Electronic Warfare Regiment,\n        [[Zhytomyr]]\\n***\n        93rd Signal Regiment, [[Zhytomyr]]\\n*** 1129th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment,\n        [[Bila Tserkva]]\\n*** 54th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Novohrad-Volynskyi]]\\n** ''''''[[Operational\n        Command \\\"South\\\"]]'''''', [[Odessa]]\\n*** [[28th Guards Mechanised Brigade|28th\n        Mechanized Brigade]], [[Chornomorske (Odessa Oblast)|Chornomorske]]\\n*** 56th Mechanized\n        Brigade, [[Melitopol]]\\n*** [[57th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|57th Mechanized Brigade]],\n        [[Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n*** [[59th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|59th Mechanized Brigade]],\n        [[Podilsk]]\\n***\n        [[79th Airmobile Brigade (Ukraine)|79th Airmobile Brigade]], [[Mykolaiv]]\\n*** 40th Artillery Brigade, [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|Pervomaisk]]\\n*** 1039th\n        Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, [[Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk Raion|Hvardiiske]]\\n*** 130th\n        Reconnaissance Battalion, ?\\n** ''''''[[Operation Command East|Operational Command\n        \\\"East\\\"]]'''''', [[Dnipro]] 
(as the result of War in Donbass, a split from the\n        OC \\\"South\\\")\\n*** [[17th Armored Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Tank Brigade]], [[Kryvyi\n        Rih]]\\n***\n        [[25 Airborne Brigade (Ukraine)|25th Airborne Brigade]], [[Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk\n        Raion|Hvardiiske]]\\n*** [[53rd Mechanized Brigade\n        (Ukraine)|53rd Mechanized Brigade]], [[Sievierodonetsk]]\\n*** [[54rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|54th\n        Mechanized Brigade]], [[Bakhmut]]\\n*** [[81st Airmobile Brigade]], [[Kostiantynivka]]\\n*** [[92nd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|92nd Mechanized\n        Brigade]], [[Chuhuiv]]\\n*** [[93rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|93rd Mechanized Brigade]],\n        [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n*** 55th Artillery Brigade, [[Zaporizhia]]\\n*** 121st\n        Signal Brigade, [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n*** [[107th Rocket\n        Artillery Regiment]], [[Kremenchuk]]http://poltava.to/news/25634/\\n***\n        91st Engineer Regiment, [[Okhtyrka]]\\n*** 74th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Cherkaske\n        (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n*** 129th Reconnaissance Battalion, [[Volodarske]]\\n*** 131st\n        Reconnaissance Battalion, ?\\n*** 502nd Electronic Warfare Battalion, [[Cherkaske (Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast)|Cherkaske]]\\n**[[4th Army Corps Reserve]]{{Cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/news/2015/12/28/novostvorena-tankova-brigada-sklala-ispit-na-poligoni-shirokij-lan--/|title=\\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0456\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456 \\\"\\u0428\\u0418\\u0420\\u041e\\u041a\\u0418\\u0419\n        \\u041b\\u0410\\u041d\\\"|date=28 December 2015|website=Ministry of Defence of\n        Ukraine|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=New Tank Brigade passess test at training\n        ground \\\"Shyrokyi Lan\\\"|access-date=2016-03-22}}\\n***14th Separate Tank\n        Brigade\\n***60th Separate Mechanized Brigade\\n***61st Separate Mechanized\n        Brigade\\n***62nd Separate Mountain Brigade\\n\\n== List of Commanders ==\\n*\n        Vasily Sobkov (1994-1998) \\n* [[Peter Shulyak]] (1998-2001) \\n* [[Alexander\n        Zatiniko]] (2001-2002) \\n* [[Nikolai Petruk]] (2004-2006) \\n* [[Valeri Frolov|Valery\n        Frolov]] (2006-2007) \\n* [[Ivan Svyda]] (2007-2009) \\n* [[Gennady Vorobiev]]\n        (2009-2014) \\n* Anatoliy Pusnyakov (2014-2016) \\n* [[Sergey Popko]] (2016-Present)\\n\\n==Military\n        ranks==\\n; As a non-member state, NATO rank codes are not used in Ukraine,\n        they are presented here for reference purposes only:\\n\\n{{main\n        article|Military ranks of Ukraine}}\\nIn the new uniforms the Ukrainian Army\n        unveiled in August 2016 the stars that traditionally adorn shoulder straps\n        have been replaced by diamonds. A new set of insignia are\n        being adopted.\\n\\n=== General and officer ranks ===\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px\n        solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:\n        0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|rowspan=2|\n        {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
2009 Army\\n|[[File:UA OF10-GenArmy 2009.jpg|50px]]\n        \\n|[[File:UA OF9-ColGen 1991-GF.png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA OF8-LtGen 1991-GF.png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA\n        OF7-MajGen-1991-GF.png|50px]]\\n|rowspan=2|''''''''''No equivalent''''''''''\\n|[[File:UA-Polkovnyk.gif|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-Pidpolkovnyk.gif|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-Major.gif|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-Kapitan.gif|50px]]\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"background-color:#f7f8ff;\\\"\\n| [[File:UA-Star.Leitenant.gif|50px]]\n        || [[File:UA-Leitenant.gif|50px]]\\n|}\\n|[[File:UA-Molod.Leitenant.gif|50px]]\\n|rowspan=2|''''''''''No\n        equivalent''''''''''\\n|[[File:None.svg|50px|ru: \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0438\\u0437\\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0443 !]]\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|General of\n        the Army of Ukraine\\n|Colonel general\\n|Lieutenant general \\n|Major general\\n|Colonel\\n|Lieutenant\n        colonel\\n|Major\\n|Captain\\n|\\n{| style=\\\"background-color:#f7f8ff;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|\n        Senior lieutenant ||Lieutenant \\n|}\\n|Junior lieutenant\\n|Officer kursant\\n|}\\n\\n\\n;Rank insignia of the armed forces of\n        Ukraine - shoulder boards on dress uniform (being adopted from 2016 - Ground\n        Forces variant)\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;\n        padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia\n        of NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|rowspan=2| {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}2016 Army\\n|[[File:UA-OF10-ARMY-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]] \\n|[[File:UA-OF9-COL-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF8-LT-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF7-MAJ-GEN-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF6-BG-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF5-COL-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF4-LTCOL-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF3-MAJ-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF2-CPT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF1-SLT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF1b-LT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:UA-OF(D)-HOR-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|[[File:None.svg|50px|ru:\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u0431\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0438\\u0437\\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0443 !]]\\n|- align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|[[General\n        of the army of Ukraine|General of the Army of Ukraine]]\\n|Colonel general\\n|Lieutenant\n        general \\n|Major general\\n|[[Brigadier general]]\\n|[[Colonel]]\\n|Lieutenant\n        colonel\\n|Major\\n|Captain\\n|First lieutenant\\n|Lieutenant\\n| [[Chor\\u0105\\u017cy|Khorunzhy]]\n        \\n| Officer cadet ([[Kursant]])\\n|}\\n\\n=== NCO ranks and enlisted men ===\\n{|\n        style=\\\"border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%;\n        margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|''''''{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}''''''1991 Army (abolished 2009, replaced with new ranks)\\n\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[File:Star.praporsthik ukraine-army 07.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[File:Praporshchyk.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:Starshuna.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[File:Star. Serzhant.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[File:Serzhant.png|50px]]\\n!align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6 rowspan=2| ''''Noequivalent\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:Molod. Serzhant.png|50px]]\\n!align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=6 rowspan=2| ''''No
equivalent\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2|\n        [[File:Star. Soldat.png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1| [[File:Soldat\n        Ukrainian army.png|50px]]\\n\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| Senior praporshchik\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[Praporshchik]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[Starshina]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[Starshy sershant|Starshy serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[Sergeant|Serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| Junior serzhant\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| Senior soldat\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Soldat\\n|}\\n\\n{| style=\\\"border:1px\n        solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:\n        0px 12px 12px 0px;\\\"\\n{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|''''''{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}''''''2016 Army (in adoption stage)\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=3| [[File:UA-OR9-MSGTM-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| [[File:UA-OR9b-SGTM-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1|\n        [[File:UA-OR8-MSSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1| [[File:UA-OR8b-SSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[File:UA-OR7-MSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=4|\n        [[File:UA-OR6-S\\u0422\\u041aSGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[File:UA-OR5-SGT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:UA-OR4-CPL-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[File:UA-OR3-PFC-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[File:UA-OR2-PVT-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[File:UA-OR1-REC-GSB(2015).png|50px]]\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| [[Chief master sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=3| [[Master\n        sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=1| [[Sergeant First Class]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=1| [[Staff sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=4|  [[Chief sergeant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| [[Starshy sershant|Starshy serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\n        [[Sergeant|Serzhant]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=2| [[Corporal]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| Senior soldat\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|[[Soldat (rank)|Soldat]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| [[Rekrut]]\\n|-align=\\\"center\\\"\\n| \\n|colspan=\\\"34\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\n        style=\\\"background:#cfcfcf;\\\"|\\n|-align=\\\"center\\\"\\n| {{lang-uk| }}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439
\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=3| \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=1| \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0448\\u0442\\u0430\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=1| \\u0428\\u0442\\u0430\\u0431-\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4|\\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=4| \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=6| \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| \\u041a\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=6|\\u0421\\u043e\\u043b\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=2| \\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0442\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==Equipment==\\n\\n===Hardware===\\n{|\n        class=\\\"toccolours\\\" border=\\\"2\\\" cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"2\\\"\\n|-\\n|[[File:T-64BM_pre_parade.jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:BTR-4E_in_Kyiv.jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_(16730571432).jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:Ukrainian_Humvees_IMG_7649.JPG|200px]]\\n|[[File:KrAZ-6322_during_the_Independence_parade_in_Kiev,_2008.jpg|200px]]\\n|[[File:9K22_Tunguska_during_the_Independence_Day_parade_in_Kiev.JPG|200px]]\\n|[[File:Mi24ukraine.JPG|200px]]\\n|-\\n|[[T-64]]\\n|
[[BTR-4]]
\\n|[[2S3 Akatsiya]]\\n|[[Humvee]]\\n|
[[KrAZ-6322]]
\\n|[[2K22 Tunguska]]\\n|[[Mil Mi-24]]\\n|}\\n\\n
\\n{{main\n        article|Equipment of the Ukrainian Ground Forces}}\\n\\n===Uniforms===\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Army unveiled its new uniforms on 24 August 2016 ([[Independence\n        Day of Ukraine]]). The new uniforms are modeled on British\n        military styles. They also incorporate details from the\n        uniforms worn by the [[Ukrainian People''s Army]].[http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/aug/25/fashion-statement-ukrainian-troops-debut-post-sovi/\n        Fashion statement: Ukrainian troops debut post-Soviet uniforms], [[The Washington\n        Times]] (25 August 2016) The new cap includes an insignia of a [[Ukrainian\n        Cossack]] grasping a cross.\\n\\n==Deployment outside of Ukraine==\\n\\n===Iraq===\\n\\n[[File:Kissing\n        the flag.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Henadii Lachkov, commander of the Ukrainian\n        contingent in Iraq, kisses his country''s flag]]Ukraine deployed a sizable\n        contingent of troops to the [[Iraq War]], these were stationed near [[Kut]].\n        Ukraine''s troop deployment was the second largest of all former Soviet states\n        besides [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and they deployed more soldiers to the\n        nation then many members of [[NATO]] such as Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.\n        Ukraine also suffered the fifth highest casualty toll during the war, with\n        only Polish, Italian, UK, and US forces suffering heavier losses.{{cite\n        news|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/ukraine-withdraws-last-troops-iraq|title=Ukraine\n        withdraws last troops from Iraq|publisher=Reliefweb|date=2005-12-05}}\\n\\nFrom\n        2003-2005 over 1,700 Ukrainian soldiers were deployed to Iraq, the third largest\n        contingent at the time, they were designated to the [[5th Mechanized Brigade\n        (Ukraine)]], as in Ukraine''s mission to Kosovo the troops deployed were contract\n        soldiers and not conscripts. Ukraine began to severely draw down its troop\n        levels in Iraq in 2005 due to mounting casualties and the political toxicity\n        of the conflict. By 2005 only 876 soldiers, roughly half of the original contingent\n        were deployed, by years end troop levels dropped to below 100. In 2008, one\n        year before the official end of the US military mission President Viktor Yushchenko\n        ordered all remaining troops deployed to Iraq returned home and Ukraine''s\n        mission to the nation officially over.{{cite news|url=http://www.army.mil/article/15056/ukrainians-complete-mission-in-iraq/|title=Ukrainians\n        complete mission in Iraq|publisher=Army Times|date=2008-11-08}}\\n\\n===Afghanistan===\\n\\nSince\n        2001 Ukraine allowed United States military cargo planes to fly over and refuel\n        on Ukrainian soil on their way to Afghanistan. In 2007 Ukraine deployed  a\n        detachment of the 143rd De-mining Center of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]\n        to Afghanistan. Ukraine has kept a team of soldiers deployed to Afghanistan\n        as part of ISAF since 2007, these mostly consisted of pilots, medical officers,\n        and bomb disposal experts. Ukrainian pilots were responsible for training\n        the pilots of the Afghan Air Force on the operation of several air craft as\n        Afghanistan''s forces consisted of many Soviet designed aircraft such as the\n        [[Mi-17]] with which Ukrainian troops were very familiar with. In 2013 the\n        contingent of troops in Afghanistan totaled 26 troops. As of 2014 the Ukrainian\n        contingent was further drawn down and the team included 8 bomb disposal experts\n        and several medical officers.{{cite news|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/news/2014/09/17/rozpochato-chergovu-%E2%80%93-8-rotacziyu-%E2%80%93-ukrainskogo-kontingentu/|title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0443 \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0446\\u0456\n        \\u0432 \\u0410\\u0444\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0456|publisher=Ukraine\n        Ministry of Defense|date=2014-09-18}}\\n\\n===Kosovo===\\n\\nUkrainian forces have also been deployed to [[Kosovo]] since 2000\n        as part of the 600 man [[Polish\\u2013Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion]]. In\n        August 2014 Ukraine ended its mission to Kosovo due to the [[2014 Russian\n        invasion of Ukraine]].{{cite news|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/ukraina_vozvrashchaet_iz_kosovo_eshche_100_mirotvortsev_1658150|title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442 \\u0438\\u0437\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e \\u0435\\u0449\\u0435 100 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432|publisher=Ukrinform|date=2014-08-15}}\\n\\n===Africa===\\n\\nUkrainian\n        peacekeeping forces have been deployed to the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]],\n        [[Liberia]], [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan]] and [[Cote d''Ivoire]]. Ukrainian\n        forces have also been requested to take a more active role in the [[Northern\n        Mali Conflict]] of 2012 in battling Islamic forces. One of the largest deployments\n        is the 18th Separate Helicopter Unit of the Armed Forces of Ukraine which\n        consisted of 160 servicemen and four [[Mi-24]]P helicopters  and was deployed\n        to the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2011.{{cite news|url=http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/ukrainskie-mirotvorcy-na-afrikanskom-kontinente/|title=Ukraine\n        and Africa. Ukrainian Peacekeepers in Africa.|publisher=Borysfen Intel|date=2014-08-15}}\\n\\n==Military\n        Decorations==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\" border=\\\"2\\\" cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"2\\\"\\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukrainian_Goldenstar.jpg|center|85px]]\\n|[[File:Zasluhy-1.jpg|center|150px]]\\n|[[File:Hmel-1.jpg|center|150px]]\\n|[[File:Mugnist-1.jpg|center|150px]]\\n|[[File:Orden-danilo-galitsky.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Order_of_Ivan_Mazepa.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Vijs-slug.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Bezdog-1.jpg|center|105px]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine-Defender_of_the_Motherland_Medal.PNG|center|105px]]\\n|-\\n|[[Hero of Ukraine]]\\n|[[Order of Merit (Ukraine)|Order of Merit]]\\n|[[Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]\\n|[[Order For Courage]]\\n|[[Order of Danylo Halytsky]]\\n|[[Cross of Ivan Mazepa]]\\n|[[Medal For Military Service to Ukraine]]\\n|[[Medal \\\"For Irreproachable Service\\\"]]\\n|[[Defender of the Motherland Medal]]\\n|}\\n\\n
\\n{{main\n        article|Orders, decorations, and medals of Ukraine|Awards and decorations\n        of the Ukrainian Armed Forces}}\\n\\n==Veterans==\\n\\nUkraine provides combat\n        veterans with various benefits. Ukrainians who have served in World War II,\n        [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]], or as liquidators at the [[Chernobyl disaster]]\n        are eligible for benefits such as; a monthly allowance, discount on medical\n        and pharmacy services, free use of public transportation, additional vacation\n        days from work, having priority for retention in case of work layoffs, easier\n        loan access and approval process, preference when applying for security related\n        positions, priority when applying to vocation school or trade school, and\n        electricity, gas, and housing subsidies. Veterans are also eligible to stay\n        at military sanatoriums permitting there is space. Since gaining independence\n        Ukraine has deployed troops to Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan gaining a new\n        generation of veterans separate from those who have served in the Soviet forces.\n        Most recently the government passed a law extending veteran benefits to Ukrainian\n        troops participating in the [[2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. Moreover,\n        veterans from other nations who move to or reside in Ukraine may be eligible\n        for some of the listed benefits, this provision was likely made to ensure\n        World War II, Chernobyl, and Afghanistan veterans from other Soviet states\n        who moved to Ukraine received similar benefits, however as Ukraine has participated\n        in numerous NATO led conflicts since its independence it is unclear if NATO\n        veterans would be extended these benefits.{{cite news|url=http://timlawyer.com.ua/lgoti-voenoslugashim-uchastnikam-ato/|title=Benefits\n        for the servicemen of the ATO|publisher=\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432|date=2014-09-08}}\\n\\nVeteran\n        groups are not as developed as in the United States which has numerous well\n        known national organizations such as the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]]. World\n        War II veterans, and even persons who have lived through the war are generally\n        treated with the highest respect. Other veterans are not as well known. Ukrainian\n        veterans from the Soviet War of Afghanistan are strikingly similar to the\n        Vietnam veterans of the United States. The Soviet Union generally kept the\n        public in the dark through the war, unlike in Vietnam where coverage was very\n        high, Afghanistan is often labeled as a mistake by the Soviet Union and its\n        successor states, the lack of media coverage and censorship through the war\n        also ensured that many still remain unaware of their nations involvement in\n        the conflict.{{cite web|url=http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=61&print=yes|title=Vietnam\n        Veterans Against the War: THE VETERAN: Afghanistan Veteran Once Removed|publisher=|accessdate=30\n        October 2014}} Despite Ukraine having the 3rd largest contingent of\n        troops in Iraq in 2004 few also realize that their nation has many veterans\n        of the Iraq war.\\n\\nSoldiers that took part in the [[War in Donbass]] can\n        receive free land plots.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240194.html\n        Soldiers participating in ATO get 863 land plots of 394 ha, 45% of petitions\n        satisfied \\u2013 land agency], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (16 December 2014)\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Military ranks of Ukraine]]\\n*[[Ukrspetsexport]]\\n*[[Kharkiv Morozov\n        Machine Building Design Bureau|KMDB]]\\n*[[Malyshev Factory]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{Reflist|group=nb}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n\\n=== Citations ===\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n=== Sources ===\\n*\n        [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]], The Military Balance 2006.\\n*\n        Yuriy Yurchnya, ''The Armed Forces of Ukraine,'' Geneva Centre for DCAF, 2010.\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n*Andrew Duncan, ''Ukraine''s forces find that change is good,''\n        [[Jane''s Intelligence Review]], April 1997, 162\\u2013165.\\n* Ben Lombardi,\n        Ukrainian armed forces: Defence expenditure and military reform, [[Journal\n        of Slavic Military Studies]], Vol. 14, No. 3, version of record date 18 Dec\n        2007.\\n* James Sherr, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2002/G112.pdf#search=%22ukrainian%20strategic%20reserve%20forces%22\n        Ukraine''s Defence Reform: An Update], Conflict Studies Research Centre, 2002\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=structure&sub=army\n        The Army of the Armed Forces of Ukraine] at the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine\\n*\n        [http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=armament&lang=en  Armament of Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces] at the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine\\n* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/groundforces-equipment.htm\n        Ukraine: Ground Forces Equipment]\\n* [http://world.guns.ru/assault/as68-e.htm\n        Vepr Assault Rifle]\\n* [http://www.uarmy.iatp.org.ua/ The Ukrainian Army \\u2013\n        uarmy.iatp.org.ua]\\n* [http://www.icps.com.ua/doc/Ukrainian%20Security%20Policy%20E.pdf\n        Analysis of the Ukrainian Security Policy]\\n* [http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine_Eng-2004.pdf\n        Ukraine''s strategic Defence bulletin]\\n*[https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/channel-5-how-powerful-are-ukraines-armed-forces-414296.html\n        May 2016 analysis by Glen Grant, a former colonel in the British Army and\n        lecturer at Riga Business School about powerfulness of Ukraine\\u2019s armed\n        forces], produced by [[5 Kanal (Ukraine)|5 Kanal]]\\n\\n{{Military of Ukraine|state=expanded}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Ground Forces}}\\n{{Ukraine topics|state=collapsed}}\\n{{Armies in Europe}}\\n{{2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n{{2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Military\n        of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Armies by country]]\\n[[Category:Ground Forces of\n        Ukraine|*]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T17:42:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":797415774,\"length\":70087,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Ground_Forces&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces\"},\"14727774\":{\"pageid\":14727774,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group\",\"index\":26,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-28T10:48:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{see\n        also|Moscow Helsinki Group|Lithuanian Helsinki Group}}\\n{{Infobox organization\\n|\n        name                = Ukrainian Helsinki Group 
 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430\\n|\n        native_name         = \\n| native_name_lang    = Ukrainian\\n| named_after         =\n        \\n| image               = File:UAHELG.jpg\\n| image_size          = 250px\\n|\n        alt                 = \\n| caption             = \\n| map                 =\n        \\n| map_size            = \\n| map_alt             = \\n| map_caption         =\n        \\n| map2                = \\n| map2_size           = \\n| map2_alt            =\n        \\n| map2_caption        = \\n| abbreviation        = \\n| motto               =\n        \\n| predecessor         = \\n| merged              = \\n| successor           =\n        \\n| formation           = {{start date and age|1976|11|09|df=y}}\\n| founder             =\n        [[Mykola Rudenko]] and others\\n| founding_location   = \\n| extinction          =\n        \\n| merger              = \\n|\n        type                = [[Non-profit organization|Non-profit]] [[NGO]]\\n| tax_id              =\n        \\n| registration_id     =\n        \\n| status              = \\n| purpose             =\n        \\n| headquarters        = {{UKR}}, [[Kiev]]\\n| location            = \\n| coords              =\n        \\n| region              = \\n|\n        services            = \\n| products            = \\n| methods             =\n        \\n| fields              = [[human rights]] monitoring\\n| membership          =\n        \\n| membership_year     = \\n| language            = \\n| owner               =\n        \\n| sec_gen             = \\n| leader_title        =\n        \\n| leader_name         = \\n| leader_title2       = \\n| leader_name2        =\n        \\n| leader_title3       = \\n| leader_name3        =\\n| leader_title4       =\n        \\n| leader_name4        = \\n| board_of_directors  = \\n| key_people          =\n        \\n| main_organ          = \\n| publication         = ''''[[A Chronicle of Current\n        Events|A Chronicle of 
 Current Events]]''''\\n| parent_organization = [[Helsinki\n        Committee for Human Rights|Helsinki Committee 
 for Human Rights]]\\n| subsidiaries        =\n        \\n| secessions          = \\n| affiliations        = \\n| budget              =\n        \\n| budget_year         = \\n| revenue             = \\n| revenue_year        =\n        \\n| disbursements       = \\n| expenses            = \\n| expenses_year       =\n        \\n| endowment           = \\n| staff               = \\n| staff_year          =\n        \\n| volunteers          = \\n| volunteers_year     = \\n| slogan              =\n        \\n| mission             = \\n| website             = {{URL|http://helsinki.org.ua/}}\\n}}\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian Helsinki Group'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430}})\n        was founded on November 9, 1976 as the \\u201cUkrainian Public Group to Promote\n        the Implementation of the Helsinki Accords on Human Rights\\u201d ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044e\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434,\n        ''''Ukrayins\\u2019ka hromads\\u2019ka hrupa spryyannya vykonannyu hel\\u2019sins\\u2019kykh\n        uhod''''}}) to monitor [[human rights]] in [[Ukraine]].''''History of\n        dissent in Ukraine, by Yevhen Zakharov, Museum of dissident movement in Ukraine.''''\n        The group was active until 1981 when all members were jailed.\\n\\nThe group''s\n        goal was to monitor the Soviet Government''s compliance with the [[Helsinki\n        Accords]], which ensure [[human rights]]. The members of the group based the\n        group''s legal viability on the provision in the [[Helsinki Accords|Helsinki\n        Final Act]], Principle VII, which established the rights of individuals to\n        know and act upon their rights and duties.\\n\\n==Details==\\nSince 1977 the\n        Ukrainian Helsinki Group foreign affiliate began its activities with the participation\n        of [[Pyotr Grigorenko|Petro Hryhorenko]], [[Nadiya Svitlychna]], [[Leonid\n        Plyushch]] and later  Nina Strokata-Karavanska Nadiya Svitlichna began to\n        host the human rights themed radio programs on [[Radio Svoboda|Svoboda]] radio.\\n\\nFrom\n        the very early days the group endured the repressions of Soviet authorities.\n        In February 1977 the authorities began to arrest members of the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group, and within two years all the founding members were tried and\n        sentenced to exile or imprisonment for 7 to 10 years.{{cite\n        book|author=Zinkevych, Osyp|chapter=Ukrainian Helsinki Group|editor1=Kubi\\u012dovych,\n        Volodymyr |editor2=Struk, Danylo |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|date=1993|volume=Vol. 5|pages=387\\u2013388|isbn=0802030106|chapter-url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianHelsinkiGroup.htm}}\\n\\nAt\n        the end of 1979, six members of the group were forced to emigrate, while other\n        Ukrainian dissidents were not allowed to do so. Soviet authorities used [[Political\n        abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union|punitive medicine]]: some Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group members (Oksana Meshko, [[Vasyl Stus]], Petro Sichko and his\n        son Vasyl) were threatened with committal. Hanna Mykhailenko, who was a sympathizer\n        of the Group, was detained in a psychiatric hospital in 1980. Bad conditions\n        in Soviet camps and prisons caused the deaths of UHG members Oleksiy Tykhy\n        and Vasyl Stus later on.\\n\\nIn 1982 the Initiative Group for the Defense of\n        Believers and the Church was established, which considered itself a part of\n        the Helsinki movement in Ukraine.{{cite news|author=Strokata, Nina|title=10th\n        anniversary of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. The Ukrainian Helsinki Group:\n        10 years of relentless repressions|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1986/458609.shtml|work=[[The\n        Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIV|issue=45|date=9 November 1986}} Its organizers,\n        Yosyp Terelia and Vasyl Kobryn, were both sentenced in 1985.\\n\\nSome political\n        prisoners from outside of Ukraine (an Estonian Mart Niklus and a Lithuanian\n        Viktoras Petkus) announced their symbolical membership in the Group in 1983.\\n\\nBy\n        1983 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members, of whom 22 were in prison\n        camps, 5 were in exile, 6 emigrated to the West, 3 were released and were\n        living in Ukraine, 1 ([[Mykhailo Melnyk]]) committed suicide.\\n\\nOn July 7, 1988 members of group established and officially registered\n        the Ukrainian Helsinki Association which in 1990 transformed itself into the\n        [[Ukrainian Republican Party]]. In 2004, the [[Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights\n        Union]] was established as association of public human rights organizations.\\n\\n==\n        Members ==\\nBy the estimations of Vasyl Ovsyenko, the Group involved 41 persons\n        in total. About 27 of them were sentenced by Soviet authorities to prisons\n        and camps directly for their membership in the association. They spent altogether\n        about 170 years in prisons, mental hospitals and in exile.\\n\\n===UHG abroad===\\n*\n        [[Pyotr Grigorenko]]\\n* [[Leonid Plyushch]]\\n* Nina Strokata\\n\\nIn 1980 for\n        UHG abroad [[Nadiya Svitlychna]] became an editor of the \\\"Herald of Repressions\n        in Ukraine\\\" publication.\\n\\n=== Arrested members ===\\nBy 1982, most members\n        of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had been arrested:{{cite\n        book|url=http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=436|title=Implementation\n        of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe:\n        findings and recommendations seven years after Helsinki. Report submitted\n        to the Congress of the United States by the Commission on Security and Cooperation\n        in Europe. November 1982|date=1982|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington,\n        D.C.|pages=250\\u2013251|chapter=Appendix B. Imprisoned members of the Helsinki\n        monitoring groups in the USSR and Lithuania|format=PDF, immediate download|dead-url=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222203813/http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=436|archivedate=22\n        December 2015}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n!Name\\n!Sentenced\n        on\\n!Sentence\\n|-\\n|[[Mykola Rudenko]]\\n|1 July 1977\\n|Seven years in strict\n        regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"[[Anti-Soviet agitation|anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda]]\\\";\\n|-\\n|Oleksy Tykhy\\n|1 July 1977\\n|Ten years\n        in special regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\" and illegal possession of firearms (Article 222,\n        Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|[[Myroslav Marynovych]] \\n|29 March 1978\\n|Seven years\n        in strict regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Mykola Matusevych \\n|29 March 1978\\n|Seven\n        years in strict regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|[[Levko Lukyanenko]] \\n|20 July 1978\\n|Ten\n        years in special regimen camp and five years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Oles Berdnyk\\n|24 December 1979\\n|Six years\n        in strict regimen camp and three years of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Mykola Horbal\\n|21 January 1980\\n|Five years\n        of camp for \\\"resisting a representative of authority\\\" and attempted rape\n        (Article 117, Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|Zinovy Krasivsky \\n|\\n|Arrested on 12\n        March 1980, and transferred directly into labor camp to serve the eight months\n        in camp and five years of internal exile remaining under a 1967 sentence for\n        \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\" and \\\"treason\\\";\\n|-\\n|Vitaly Kalynychenko\n        \\n|18 May 1980\\n|Ten years in special regimen camp and five years of internal\n        exile for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|[[Vyacheslav Chornovil]]\\n|6\n        June 1980\\n|Five years in strict regimen camp for attempted rape (Arrested\n        before completion of previous term of six years camp and three years exile);\\n|-\\n|Olha\n        Heyko\\n|26 August 1980\\n|Three years general regimen camp for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        slander\\\" (Article 187, Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|[[Vasyl Stus]] \\n|14 October\n        1980\\n|Ten years in special regimen camp and 5 years of internal exile for\n        \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\" (Article 62, Ukrainian Code);\\n|-\\n|Oksana\n        Meshko\\n|6 January 1981\\n|Six months in strict regimen camp and five years\n        of internal exile for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Ivan\n        Sokulsky\\n|13 January 1981\\n|Five years in prison, five years in camp, plus\n        five years of exile for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|[[Ivan\n        Kandyba]]\\n|24 July 1981\\n|10 years special regimen camp plus five years exile\n        for \\\"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\\\";\\n|-\\n|Petro Rozumny \\n|\\n|Conditionally\n        released from camp early in Fall 1981, but was working on a compulsory labor\n        brigade;\\n|-\\n|Vasyl Striltsiv \\n|October 1981\\n|Six years in camp on unknown\n        charges (In 1979, he was given a two-year term for \\\"violation of internal\n        passport laws\\\");\\n|-\\n|[[Yaroslav Lesiv]] \\n|15 November 1981\\n|Five years\n        of strict regimen camp for \\\"possession of narcotics\\\" (In 1980, he got a\n        two-year term for \\\"possession of narcotics\\\");\\n|-\\n|Vasyl Sichko\\n|4 January\n        1982\\n|Three years strict regimen camp for \\\"possession of narcotics\\\" (In\n        1979, he got a three-year term for \\\"anti-Soviet slander\\\");\\n|-\\n|Yuri Lytvyn\\n|April\n        1982\\n|Ten years of special regimen camp plus five years of exile for \\\"anti-Soviet\n        agitation and propaganda\\\" (In 1979, he got three year-term for \\\"resisting\n        a representative of authority\\\");\\n|-\\n|Petro Sichko\\n|June 1982\\n|three years\n        in strict regimen camp for \\\"anti-Soviet slander\\\" (In 1979, he got three-year\n        term for \\\"anti-Soviet slander\\\")\\n|}\\n\\n===In Mordovia prisons===\\n*  [[Levko\n        Lukyanenko]]\\n*  [[Mykola Rudenko]]\\n*  [[Oleksiy Tykhyi]]\\n*  [[Svyatoslav\n        Karavansky]]\\n*  [[Patriarch Volodomyr (Romaniuk)|Volodymyr Romanyuk]]\\n*  [[Iryna\n        Senyk]]\\n*  [[Danylo Shumuk]]\\n*  [[Yuriy Shukhevych]]\\n*  [[Oksana Popovych]]\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Moscow Helsinki Group]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party]]\\n*\n        [[Human rights movement in the Soviet Union]]\\n* [[:Category:Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group|List of members]], known members\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php Ukrainian Helsinki Human\n        rights Union]\\n*[http://olexa.org.ua/ukr/helsinki/index.htm Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group] - Documents, Members, Chronology {{uk icon}}\\n*{{cite journal|author=Haynes,\n        Victor|title=The Ukrainian Helsinki Group: a postmortem|journal=Journal of\n        Ukrainian Studies|date=Winter 1983|volume=8|issue=2|pages=103\\u2013113|url=http://search.proquest.com/openview/fb8e21136329487ef428e5e4ce901ca7/1?}}\\n*{{cite\n        book|author=Zinkevych, Osyp|chapter=Ukrainian Helsinki Group|editor1=Kubi\\u012dovych,\n        Volodymyr |editor2=Struk, Danylo |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|date=1993|volume=Vol. 5|pages=387\\u2013388|isbn=0802030106|chapter-url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianHelsinkiGroup.htm}}\\n*{{cite\n        book|title=The persecution of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group|date=1980|publisher=Human\n        Rights Commission, World Congress of Free Ukrainians|location=Toronto, Canada|asin=B0000EED4K|url=http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/10575/file.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318101211/http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/10575/file.pdf|archivedate=18\n        March 2016|dead-url=no}}\\n*{{cite book|title=The persecution of the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group|date=1985|publisher=Human Rights Commission, World Congress\n        of Free Ukrainians|location=Toronto, Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjFpnQEACAAJ}}\\n*{{cite\n        book|title=The human rights movement in Ukraine: documents of the Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group, 1976\\u20131980|date=1980|publisher=Smoloskyp Publishers|isbn=0914834444}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Group}}\\n{{portal bar|Soviet Union|Ukraine|Society|Politics|Freedom\n        of speech|Human rights}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Helsinki Group| ]]\\n[[Category:Organizations\n        established in 1976]]\\n[[Category:1976 establishments in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:1976\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Soviet opposition groups]]\\n[[Category:Political\n        organisations in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Human rights organizations based in\n        the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Organizations based in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Non-profit\n        organizations based in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Human rights organisations\n        based in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Organisations based in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T23:00:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":772620189,\"length\":14169,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group\"},\"12289269\":{\"pageid\":12289269,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Human Rights Union\",\"index\":21,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-17T00:27:03Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        organization\\n|name=Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union (UHHRU)\\n|logo=[[Image:UHHRU\n        symbol.jpg|150px|UHHRU symbol]]\\n|type=\\n|founded_date=April 2004\\n|founder=\\n|location=Kyiv,\n        Ukraine\\n|origins=\\n|key_people=[[Yevgen Zakharov]][http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/71727/\n        Detention of German foundation head seen as blow to free speech], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (July 2, 2010) and [[Volodymyr Yavorskyy]]\\n|area_served=Ukraine\\n|focus=Protecting\n        human rights\\n|method=\\n|revenue=\\n|endowment=\\n|num_volunteers=\\n|owner=\\n|Non-profit_slogan=\\n|homepage=[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/  helsinki.org.ua]\\n|tax_exempt=yes\\n|dissolved=\\n|footnotes=\\n}}\\nAll-Ukrainian\n        Association of Public Organizations ''''''Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights\n        Union (UHHRU)'''''' was founded by 15 public human rights organizations on\n        1 April 2004. UHHRU is a non-profit and non-partisan organization.\\n\\n==Statutory\n        mission==\\nRealization and protection of rights and freedoms by promoting\n        practical implementation of humanitarian articles of the [[Helsinki Final\n        Act]] ([[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]) adopted in\n        1975, other international laws based on it and all other obligations accepted\n        by Ukraine in human rights and freedoms sphere.\\n\\n==Supervisory Board of\n        the Union==\\nOn the Supervisory Board are prominent members of the [[Ukrainian\n        Helsinki group]] of 1960-80s:\\n\\n*Zynoviy Antonyuk [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142693924]\\n*Mykola\n        Horbal [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142689225]\\n*Vasyl\n        Lisovyi [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1165240036]\\n*Vasyl\n        Ovsiyenko [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142680282]\\n*Yevgen\n        Pronyuk [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142679588]\\n*Yevgen\n        Sverstyuk [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1113995602]\\n*[[Yosyf\n        Zisels]] [http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142495318]\\n\\n==Members\n        ==\\n*All-Ukrainian Society of Political Prisoners and Victims of Repression\\n*Association\n        \\u201cCivic Initiative\\u201d (Kirovohrad) [http://www.monitoring.kr.ua]\n        {{uk icon}}\\n*Center for Legal and Political Research \\u201cSIM\\u201d\n        (Lviv)\\n*Center for Research into Regional Policy (Sumy)\\n*Chernigiv Committee\n        for the Protection of Citizens''s Constitutional Rights [http://www.protection.org.ua]\\n*Civic\n        Committee for the Protection of Constitutional Rights and Civil Liberties\n        (Lugansk) \\n*Civic Organization M\\u2019ART (Youth Alternative) (Chernigiv)\n        \\n*Congress of National Communities of Ukraine [http://www.kngu.org]\\n*Environmental\n        Club \\u201cEOL\\u201d (Yuzhny, Odessa Region) [http://eol.org.ua]\\n*Institute\n        of Socio-Economic Issues \\u201cRespublica\\u201d (Kyiv)\\n*[[Kharkiv Human Rights\n        Protection Group]]\\n*Kherson Regional Organization of the Committee of Voters\n        of Ukraine\\n*Konotop Society of Consumers and Taxpayers \\u201cDignity\\u201d\n        (Sumy Region)\\n*Kryvy Rih City Association of the All-Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko\n        Society \\u201cProsvita\\u201d (Enlightenment)\\n*Lugansk Regional Branch of\n        the Committee of Voters of Ukraine\\n*Odessa Human Rights Group \\u201cVeritas\\u201d\n        [http://www.veritas.org.ua] {{ru icon}}\\n*Sevastopol Human Rights\n        Protection Group\\n*Sumy City Association Civic Office \\\"Pravozakhyst\\\" (Human\n        rights protection)\\n\\n== Alliances ==\\nUkrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union\n        is a member of the [[Coalition \\\"Justice for Peace at Donbas\\\"|Coalition \\\"Justice\n        for Peace in Donbas\\\"]].\\n\\n==Major activities==\\n*Constant monitoring of\n        human rights and fundamental freedoms in Ukraine\\n*Protection of human rights\n        and fundamental freedoms in courts and state bodies\\n*Conducting researches\n        in human rights field, also drafting the laws and by-laws \\n*Conducting educational\n        seminars, trainings and conferences\\n*Promoting human rights organizations\n        network in Ukraine\\n\\n==Recent projects==\\n*Developing a network of human\n        rights lawyers through training and carrying out strategic litigation (December\n        2006 \\u2013 December 2007)\\n*Influencing the program activities of political\n        parties through a monitoring of law-drafting activities and analysis of political\n        parties\\u2019 pre-election programs as to their coverage of human rights issues\n        (February 2006 \\u2013 March 2007)\\n*Developing a network of human rights organizations\n        in order to increase their influence on the authorities and society with the\n        aim of active protection of human rights (October 2004 \\u2013 December 2005)\\n\\n==Annual\n        reports \\\"Human rights in Ukraine\\\"==\\nSince 2005, UHHRU in cooperation with\n        the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group and other human rights organizations\n        publishes a yearbook ''''Human Rights in Ukraine: Report by Human Rights Organisations''''\n        (in Ukrainian and English). These reports analyze the observation of fundamental\n        rights; social, economic and cultural rights; human rights in \\\"closed\\\" communities;\n        collective and environmental rights and offer recommendations for corrective\n        actions in each area of human rights. To date, two yearbooks (2004 and 2006)\n        have been published. Their English versions are freely accessible from UHHRU''s\n        web-site.[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php?r=27]\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]]\\n\\n==Footnotes and references==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php Ukrainian Helsinki Human\n        rights Union]\\n*[http://olexa.org.ua/ukr/helsinki/index.htm Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group] - Documents, Members, Chronology {{uk icon}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Helsinki Human Rights Union| ]]\\n[[Category:Organizations established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:2004\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Human rights organisations based in\n        Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Organisations based in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Non-profit\n        organisations based in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-01T12:51:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":765890594,\"length\":5732,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union\"},\"16277728\":{\"pageid\":16277728,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Hockey Championship\",\"index\":25,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-05-16T12:21:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{\n        infobox football tournament\\n| name                 = Ukrainian Championship\\n|\n        logo                 = [[Image:UkrainianSupremeLeagueLOGO.png|200px]]\\n| caption              =\n        UHC emblem, 2009-12\\n| founded              = 1992\\n| region               =\n        {{flag|Ukraine}}\\n| number of teams      = 6\\n| current champions    = [[HC\n        Donbass]]\\n| most successful team = [[Sokil Kiev]] (12)\\n| broadcasters         =\n        \\n| motto                =\\n| website              = [http://www.fhu.com.ua\n        www.FHU.com.ua]\\n| current              = [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Hockey\n        League season]]\\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Hockey Championship'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0427\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437 \\u0425\\u043e\\u043a\\u0435\\u044e,\n        ''''Chempionat Ukrayiny z Khokeyu''''}}) is an annual [[ice hockey]] award\n        and [[national championships|national title]], bestowed to the ice hockey\n        organization judged to have the best performing team in [[Ukraine]], founded\n        in 1992. Prior to the 2015-16 season, the league playing for the title took\n        the name [[Ukrainian Hockey Extra League]].{{cite web |url=http://www.eliteprospects.com/league_home.php?leagueid=213\n        |title=Ukrainian Hockey Extra League, 2015-16 season, eliteprospects |accessdate=20\n        March 2016}}\\n\\n==History==\\nPrior to the formation of the [[Professional\n        Hockey League]] (PHL), the [[Ice Hockey Federation of Ukraine]] (FHU) administered\n        and handed out the award, allowing both amateur and professional teams to\n        compete in an annual [[regular season]], then [[playoff]] for the title. On\n        July 25, 2011, the FHU transferred the rights of the event to the PHL.{{cite web|title=\\u041f\\u0425\\u041b \\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442|url=http://www.hcdonbass.com/home/news/club/5490?lang=ru|work=\\u041f\\u0425\\u041b\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442|publisher=HCDonbass.com|accessdate=15\n        September 2011}} \\n\\nIn 2011\\u201312, the championship was awarded in\n        the PHL following a 4-team playoff at the end of the 41-game regular season.\n        The finals were determined though a [[best-of-seven playoff]].{{cite\n        web|title=\\u0418\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0439-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0444|url=http://isport.ua/hockey/ukraine/news/167761.html|publisher=iSport.ua|accessdate=21\n        September 2011}} Teams that miss the finals participate in a [[best-of-five\n        playoff]] to determine final positioning. In addition to the title, winning\n        team was given a cash prize by the league, US$1,000,000, shared by all of\n        the players.{{cite web|title=15 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0447\\u0435\\u043c \\\"\\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\\"\n        \\u2013 \\\"\\u0421\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\\" \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0445\\u043e\\u043a\\u0435\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0438|url=http://fhu.com.ua/ua/news/top/ukraine_leage/2574/|publisher=FHU|accessdate=15\n        September 2011}}\\nNational finalists receive silver and bronze medals.\\n\\n==Winners==\\n*[[1992\\u201393 UkHL season|1992\\u201393]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1993\\u201394 UkHL season|1993\\u201394]]: [[ShVSM Kyiv]]\\n*[[1994\\u201395\n        UkHL season|1994\\u201395]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*1995\\u201396: ''''not contested''''\\n*[[1996\\u201397\n        UkHL season|1996\\u201397]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1997\\u201398 UkHL season|1997\\u201398]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1998\\u201399 UkHL season|1998\\u201399]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[1999\\u20132000\n        UkHL season|1999\\u201300]]: [[HC Berkut-Kyiv]]\\n*[[2000\\u201301 UkHL season|2000\\u201301]]:\n        [[HC Berkut-Kyiv]]\\n*[[2001\\u201302 UkHL season|2001\\u201302]]: [[HC Berkut-Kyiv]]\\n*[[2002\\u201303\n        UkHL season|2002\\u201303]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2003\\u201304 UkHL season|2003\\u201304]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2004\\u201305 UkHL season|2004\\u201305]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2005\\u201306\n        UkHL season|2005\\u201306]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2006\\u201307 UkHL season|2006\\u201307]]:\n        [[ATEK Kyiv]]\\n*[[2007\\u201308 UkHL season|2007\\u201308]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2008\\u201309\n        UkHL season|2008\\u201309]]: [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2009\\u201310 UkHL season|2009\\u201310]]:\n        [[Sokil Kyiv]]\\n*[[2010\\u201311 UkHL season|2010\\u201311]]: [[HC Donbass]]\\n*[[2011\\u201312\n        Professional Hockey League season|2011\\u201312]]: [[HC Donbass-2]]\\n*[[2012\\u201313\n        Professional Hockey League season|2012\\u201313]]: [[HC Donbass-2]]\\n*[[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Hockey Championship|2013\\u201314]]: [[HC Kompanion-Naftogaz]]\\n*[[2014\\u201315\n        Ukrainian Hockey Championship|2014\\u201315]]: [[ATEK Kyiv]]\\n*[[2015\\u201316\n        Ukrainian Hockey Extra League season|2015\\u201316]]: [[HC Donbass]]\\n*[[2016\\u201317\n        Ukrainian Hockey League season|2016\\u201317]]: [[HC Donbass]]\\n\\n==Awards==\\n\\n===Ukraine\n        Player of the Year===\\n* 2002: [[Vasili Bobrovnikov]]\\n* 2003: [[Borys Protsenko]]\\n*\n        2004: [[Ruslan Fedotenko]]\\n* 2005: [[Kostiantyn Simchuk]]http://www.eliteprospects.com/hockey/awards.php?award=Ukrainian%20Player%20of%20the%20Year\\n*\n        2006: [[Serhiy Klymentiev]]\\n* 2007: [[Vyacheslav Zavalnyuk]]\\n* 2009: [[Ruslan\n        Fedotenko]]{{cite web|url=http://www.championat.com/hockey/article-47036.html?rucom=1|title=\\u0424\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u2013 \\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0445\\u043e\\u043a\\u043a\\u0435\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b 2009 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430|publisher=|accessdate=8\n        February 2017}}\\n* 2010: [[Kostiantyn Kasianchuk]]\\n*\n        2011: [[Oleksandr Materukhin]]{{cite web|last=Tuniz|first=Davide|title=Aleksandr\n        Materukhin voted Player of the Year in Ukraine|url=http://eurohockey.com/article/1111-aleksandr-materukhin-voted-player-of-the-year-in-ukraine.html|accessdate=8\n        May 2012}}\\n* 2012: [[Ruslan Fedotenko]]{{cite web|url=http://hcdonbass.com/news/donbass_1/ruslan_fedotenko_priznan_luchshim_khokkeistom_ukrainy_2012_goda/?lang=en&year=2013&month=01|title=\\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0424\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c \\u0445\\u043e\\u043a\\u043a\\u0435\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b 2012 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430|publisher=|accessdate=8\n        February 2017}}\\n* 2013: [[Konstantin Kasyanchuk]]{{cite web|url=http://www.eurohockey.com/article/3142-konstantin-kasyanchuk-named-ukrainian-player-of-the-year.html|title=Konstantin\n        Kasyanchuk named Ukrainian player of the year - Eurohockey.com|first=Project:\n        Martin|last=Form\\u00e1nek|publisher=|accessdate=8 February 2017}}\\n\\n===All\n        Star Team===\\n
''''''2011''''''
\\n
[[Kostiantyn\n        Kasianchuk]] \\u2022 [[Serhiy Varlamov]] \\u2022 [[Oleksandr Materukhin]]
\\n
[[Oleksandr\n        Pobedonostsev]] \\u2022 [[Serhiy Klymentiev]]
\\n
[[Kostiantyn\n        Simchuk]]
\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[Professional Hockey League]]\\n* [[Ice\n        Hockey Federation of Ukraine]]\\n* [[2012 Professional Hockey League All-Star\n        Game]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n* [http://www.fhu.com.ua/\n        Ice Hockey Federation of Ukraine] {{language icon|uk}}\\n* {{facebook|phlua}}\\n\\n{{UkHL\n        seasons}}\\n{{European Ice Hockey Leagues}}\\n{{Ice hockey in Ukraine}}\\n{{Top\n        sport leagues in Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ice hockey competitions in Ukraine|Championship]]\\n[[Category:1992\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T18:03:13Z\",\"lastrevid\":780654343,\"length\":6612,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Hockey_Championship\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Hockey_Championship&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Hockey_Championship\"},\"9746977\":{\"pageid\":9746977,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        House\",\"index\":29,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-13T23:00:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Distinguish|Palace\n        \\\"Ukrayina\\\"}}\\n\\n{{Infobox convention center\\n| name             = Ukrainian\n        House\\n| image            = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c - panoramio.jpg\\n| image_caption    = \\n| address          =\n        \\u2116 2 [[Khreshchatyk Street]], [[European Square, Kiev|European Square]]\\n|\n        location         = [[Shevchenko Raion, Kiev|Shevchenko Raion]], [[Kiev]] (Kyiv),\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| coordinates      = {{coord|50|27|11|N|30|31|37|E|type:landmark_scale:10000_region:UA|display=inline,title}}\\n|\n        owner            = [[State Management of Affairs (Ukraine)|State Management\n        of Affairs]]\\n| operator         = National center of business and cultural\n        cooperation\\n| built            = 1978\\u20131982\\n| opened           = 1982\\n|\n        renovated        =\\n| expanded         =\\n| closed           =\\n| demolished       =\\n|\n        construction_cost=\\n| former_names     = All-Union Lenin Museum (1982\\u20131993)\\n|\n        banquets         = 50\\u20133000\\n| meeting_cap      = 50\\u2013500 (8 rooms)\\n|\n        theatre          = 500 (concert hall)\\n| total_space      = {{convert|8850|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}\\n|\n        exhibit          = {{convert|3000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}\\n| breakout         =\\n|\n        ballroom         = {{convert|782|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}\\n| website          = [http://www.icc-kiev.gov.ua/\n        www.icc-kiev.gov.ua]\\n}}\\n\\nThe ''''''International Convention Center \\\"Ukrainian\n        House\\\"'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c. \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440}})\n        is the largest {{Citation needed|reason=Really? What about the \\u041c\\u0412\\u0426?|date=June\n        2017}} international exhibition and [[convention center]] in [[Kiev]] (Kyiv),\n        [[Ukraine]]. Popularly referred to as just ''''''\\\"Ukrainian House\\\"'''''',\n        this five-storey building is the host venue for a variety of events from exhibitions,\n        trade fairs and conferences to international association meetings, product\n        launches, banquets, TV-ceremonies, sporting events, etc.\\n\\n== Location ==\\n\\nUkrainian\n        House is situated on 2 [[Khreshchatyk Street]], overlooking [[European Square,\n        Kiev|European Square]] in the heart of the Ukrainian capital. The rear of\n        the center adjoins the southern outskirts of the [[Volodymyrska Hill]] Park.\n        The building is not far from the main square of the country - [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Maidan\n        (Independence Square)]], as well as Dnipro Hotel, Khreschatyk Hotel and [[Hotel\n        Ukrayina|Hotel Ukraine]].\\n\\nVisitors can easily reach Ukrainian House by\n        any public transport including the [[Kiev Metro]]. On-site parking space is\n        also available. All major attractions of the city are within a walking distance\n        from the center such as [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence Square]], [[Sophia\n        Cathedral|St.Sophia\\u2019s Cathedral]], [[Golden Domed Saint Michael\\u00b4s\n        monastery|Michael\\u2019s Golden Dome Monastery]], [[Andriyivskyy Descent|Andrew\\u2019s\n        Street (Uzviz)]] with souvenirs, and numerous shopping centers, fine restaurants\n        and hotels.\\n\\n== History and use ==\\n\\nBuilt in 1978\\u20131982, this [[Monumental\n        sculpture|monumental]] building was originally erected as a Kiev affiliate\n        of the All-Union Lenin Museum, displaying materials documenting [[Lenin]]''s\n        life. The building was designed and built by the \\\"Chief Kyiv Project\\\" architects\n        group led by Vadym Hopkalo, with assistance by Vadym Hrechyna, Volodymyr Kolomiyets,\n        and Leonid Filenko. In 1985 the authors of the project received the [[Shevchenko\n        National Prize|Shevchenko State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR]].\\n\\nSince 1938\n        the Kiev city exhibition of the All-Union Lenin Museum was located in [[Building\n        of Pedagogical Museum|Teacher House]] at 57 Volodymyr Street. The museum was\n        moved to the Ukrainian House building when it was opened in 1982, where it\n        remained until after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]]. On April 2,\n        1993 the building was renamed and converted to a conference and exhibition\n        hall. The Lenin museum exhibition was dismounted and placed into storage funds.\\n\\nIn\n        2004 the entire collection of the Museum of the History of Kyiv was moved\n        from its location at the [[Klov Palace]] to the fourth and fifth floor of\n        Ukrainian House, where much of the collection remains to this day.\\n\\n== Operations\n        today ==\\n\\n[[File:Doll salon kyivska kazka-ukraine.jpg|thumb|Internal view\n        of the building during the \\\"Kyiv Kazka\\\" doll [[trade fair]].]]\\nToday, the\n        Government company ''''National Center of Business and Cultural Cooperation\n        \\\"Ukrainian House\\\"'''' (part of the [[State Management of Affairs (Ukraine)|State\n        Management of Affairs]] agency) owns the structure and arranges concerts,\n        cultural festivals,{{cite web | url=http://www.dus.gov.ua/cult_edu.phtml?ai=cult_edu2a\n        | script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0454\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\\"\\u0426\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\u0434\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\\"\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c\\\"\n        | publisher=\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435 \\u0423\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 | accessdate=26 June 2014|language=uk}}\n        local [[exhibition]]s, [[Business conference|conference]]s, [[Convention (meeting)|conventions]],\n        [[trade fair]]s, [[Academic conference|symposiums]] etc.\\n\\nUkrainian House\n        has 5 storeys with fully flexible spaces and halls to fit any needs from small\n        private meetings to large-scale gatherings for up to 3,500 participants. It\n        has all the necessary facilities from conference halls, exhibition spaces\n        and auditoriums to an on-site restaurant and outdoor terraces.\\n\\nIn August\n        2016 the [[Soviet]]-era [[bas-relief]]s was removed from the building to comply\n        with [[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/\n        Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 15\n        May 2015
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html Poroshenko\n        signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]. 15\n        May 20
[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075 Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine\n        moves to ban communist symbols], [[BBC News]] (14 April 2015)
[http://www.unian.info/multimedia/photo/37311-demontaj-sovetskih-barelefov-s-fasada-ukrainskogo-doma.html\n        Soviet bas-reliefs being dismantled from Ukrainian House fa\\u00e7ade], [[UNIAN]]\n        (18 August 2016)\\n\\n== Euromaidan protests ==\\n\\nUkrainian House was\n        taken over in December 2013 by the [[Berkut (special police force)|Berkut\n        special police forces]] during the [[Euromaidan]] protests. There were claims\n        that the Berkut unit ransacked the building and possibly pilfered some of\n        the museum collection.{{cite web | url=http://tyzhden.ua/News/100082\n        | script-title=uk:\\u0410\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442 \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443:\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0434\\u0456\\u043c\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0454\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435\n        | publisher=Tyzhden (Ukrainian Week) | date=2014-01-26 | accessdate=26 June\n        2014|language=uk}}\\n\\nOn the 25th of January 2014 the House was besieged\n        by [[Euromaidan]] protesters. After a long confrontation the police launched\n        a counterattack on the main barricades and many retreated in order to secure\n        the barricades but a number stayed. At around 11pm GMT a truce was called\n        where no side attacked each other.https://twitter.com/EuromaidanPR/status/427216713382256640[http://rt.com/news/opposition-ukraine-rejects-proposal-203/\n        Ukrainian opposition calls for snap elections, talks with govt continue] RT.com.\n        January 26, 2014 A long bout of negotiation followed. The final result\n        being the 200 police officers still inside leaving through a side window.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25906240\n        Ukraine crisis: Mourning in Kiev while protests spread] BBC News. 26 January\n        2014. Accessed 27 January 2014.\\n\\nWhen the Euromaidan protestors gained\n        control over Ukrainian House, it provided a community shelter for fellow civilians\n        and protestors who were engaging in the revolution. The Ukraine House center\n        provides free legal advice, a place to sleep, medical care, travel information,\n        and psychiatric help. With all the chaos that was happening during this struggle,\n        one couple, Viktor Bisovetskyi and his wife, Inna, joined the occupants of\n        the building and opened a library during this anti-government movement known\n        as Euromaidan. Since most of the space was occupied, the couple found room\n        in the corner of the basement. There, countless librarians, friends, and civilians\n        donated books, travel guides, magazines and philosophy texts to this library.{{cite web | url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-globe-in-kiev-ukrainian-opposition-movement-has-its-own-library/article16599200/\n        | title=The Globe in Kiev: Ukrainian opposition movement has its own library\n        | publisher=The Globe and Mail | date=2014-01-29 | accessdate=26 June 2014\n        | author=Waldie, Paul}}\\n\\nAs of late March 2014 and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|Crimean crisis]] and [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|masked\n        Russian invasion of eastern Ukraine]], Ukrainian House is acting as a base\n        for the \\\"Self-defense of the Maidan\\\", one of the major [[Euromaidan#Self-defense\n        groups|Euromaidan]] militias. It is also currently an assembly area and [[public\n        relations]] coordination site for the [[National Guard of Ukraine]].{{cite\n        news|last=Langston|first=Henry|title=A Look Inside Ukraine''s Volunteer National\n        Guard|url=https://news.vice.com/articles/a-look-inside-ukraine-s-volunteer-national-guard|accessdate=26\n        March 2014|work=Vice News/Vice UK|date=19 March 2014}}\\n\\n== See also\n        ==\\n{{Commons category|Ukrainian House (Kyiv)}}\\n\\n* [[Euromaidan]]\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n\\n* [http://www.icc-kiev.gov.ua/\n        Official page of \\\"Ukrainian House\\\"] {{uk icon}}\\n* [https://www.facebook.com/ukrdim\n        Official Facebook site of \\\"Ukrainian House\\\"] {{uk icon}}\\n\\n{{Khreschatyk}}\\n{{State\n        Management of Affairs (Ukraine)}}\\n{{Euromaidan}}\\n\\n[[Category:Monuments\n        and memorials in Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Convention centers in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Buildings\n        and structures completed in 1982]]\\n[[Category:Monuments and memorials built\n        in the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Museums in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Shevchenkivskyi\n        District (Kiev)]]\\n[[Category:Places of the Euromaidan]]\\n[[Category:1982\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-28T07:54:51Z\",\"lastrevid\":785509521,\"length\":10065,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_House\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_House&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_House\"},\"41957494\":{\"pageid\":41957494,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Humanities Lyceum\",\"index\":34,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2015-05-31T05:18:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=May 2014}}\\n{{Infobox university\\n |name              = Ukrainian\n        Humanitarian Lyceum\\n |logo              = \\n |image_name        = [[File:Ukrainian\n        Humanitarian Lyceum Logo, Feb 2014.png]]\\n |image_size        = \\n |caption           =\n        \\n |motto             = \\n |mottoeng          = \\n |established       = 1991\\n\n        |closed            = \\n |type              = [[Government school|Government]]\\n\n        |affiliation       = [[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv]]\\n |president         =\n        Sazonenko Galina Stefanovna\\n |students          = 325\\n |city              =\n        [[Kyiv, Ukraine|Kyiv]]\\n |state             = \\n |country           = [[Ukraine]]\\n\n        |coor              = \\n |campus            = \\n |former_names      = \\n |affiliations      =\n        \\n |website           = http://www.uhl-edu.kiev.ua\\n |footnotes         =\n        \\n}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian Humanities Lyceum'''''' (UHL) \\u2013 high school educational\n        institution in the Pechersk district of the city [[Kyiv]]. Founded in 1991\n        year. Ukrainian Humanitarian Lyceum is a subdivision of [[Taras Shevchenko\n        National University of Kyiv]].{{ cite web| url=http://ukrafoto.com/reportages.php?id=10861&photo=188599&lng=english\n        | title=Ukrainian Humanitarian Lyceum at Shevchenko Kyiv National University\n        Marks 20th Anniversary/  | year=2014}} Admission is done on a competitive\n        basis. Profile areas of training: philological, historical, economic and law.\\n\\n==\n        History ==\\n1991 \\u2014 year of foundation;
\\n1994 \\u2014 reorganization\n        of the Lyceum in subdivisions of Kyiv Taras Shevchenko University;
\\n2000\n        \\u2013 to the three main fields of study added another \\u2013 philosophical;
\\n2007\\u20132013\n        \\u2014 first in Ukraine by results of  [[External independent testing]].{{\n        cite web| url=http://www.useti.org.ua/en/news/1181/best-schools-in-kyiv-named.html\n        | title=BEST SCHOOLS IN KYIV NAMED  | year=2012}}{{ cite web| url=http://testportal.gov.ua/\n        | title=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440 \\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043d\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438  |\n        year=2014}}{{cite web | url=http://www.segodnya.ua/specprojects/ranks/Reyting-Segodnya-luchshie-i-hudshie-shkoly-Kieva-po-rezultatam-testov-infografika.html  |\n        title=\\u0420\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\\"\\u0421\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f\\\":\n        \\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0438 \\u0445\\u0443\\u0434\\u0448\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0448\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044b \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c \\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432  |\n        year=2012 }}\\n\\n== Material and technical base ==\\n* 21 classrooms equipped\n        with modern technical facilities;\\n* 2 PC audience, 10 multimedia systems;\\n*\n        Dance and fitness facilities, tennis court;\\n* Library, equipped with modern\n        literature\\n* Center \\\"Health\\\" ( methodical study, juice bar, lounge psychological\n        relief, mechanical massage);\\n* Cafeteria;\\n* Historical and Arts Center,\n        which includes an art gallery of contemporary Ukrainian art, awarded a diploma\n        \\\"Model Museum\\\" Museum \\\"Cultural Heritage of Ukraine\\\", Museum of the History\n        of the Lyceum;\\n* Methodical room, assembly hall, winter garden.\\n\\n== Famous\n        graduates ==\\nAmong the graduates of the Lyceum of different years, many influential\n        Ukrainian journalists, including Lidia Taran, Maxim Drabok, Natalie Fitsych,\n        Alex Ananov, Tatiana Chur, Alex Berdnick, Godovanets Olga, Natalia Ivchenko\n        ( Turchak ), Anna Berezetska, Bogdan Nasal, Natalia Nedilko, Maxim Butkevych,\n        politicians and diplomats [[Yuriy Pavlenko]], Alexander Kravchenko, [[Lesya\n        Orobets]].\\n\\nGraduates is a popular singer [[Katya Chilly|Kate Chile]], director\n        and actor Philip Illyenko, stsenarystka Natalie Kononchuk, lawyer of [[European\n        Court of Human Rights]] Olga Dmitrenco .\\n\\n== Awards ==\\n* Diploma of the\n        Ministry of Science and Science of Ukraine, 1995.\\n* Diploma of the Cabinet\n        of Ministers of Ukraine, 2000.\\n* The letter of the [[President of Ukraine]]\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]] in 2001.\\n* Diploma in International Open Rating of Popularity\n        and Quality \\\"Golden Fortune\\\" of the Order \\\"For development of Ukraine\\\"\n        named Hrushevsky fourth degree, 2001.\\n* [[Order of Saint Vladimir]] second\n        degree, 2001.\\n* Diploma of the National Commission of Ukraine for UNESCO,\n        2001.\\n* Congratulations to the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine,\n        2006.\\n* Diploma of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, 2006.\\n*\n        Honorary title of \\\"Leader of Modern Education\\\", 2007, 2009, 2010.\\n\\n==\n        Other ==\\nAsteroid 318794 Ugliya discovered in 2005 by [[Andrushivka Astronomical\n        Observatory]], named after the Lyceum.{{ cite web| url=http://astro.com/swisseph/astlist.htm\n        | title=Astrodienst Asteroid list | year=2014}}{{ cite web| url=http://univernews.com/knu/2013/12/06/4195.html\n        | title=\\\"\\u0417\\u0432\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u0441\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\\"\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u041d\\u0423: \\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d \\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0434\n        | year=2013}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{coord missing|Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Schools\n        in Kiev]]\\n[[Category:Secondary schools in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-24T18:53:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":664815337,\"length\":4803,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Humanities_Lyceum\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Humanities_Lyceum&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Humanities_Lyceum\"},\"2013727\":{\"pageid\":2013727,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\",\"index\":9,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-18T13:34:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{other\n        uses|Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox Christian church\n        body\\n| name            = Ukrainian Orthodox Church\\n| image           = 2005-08-15\n        Pechersk Lavra seen from river Dnepr Kiev 311.JPG\\n| caption         = The\n        11th century [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]] in [[Kiev]]\\n| founded         = 1685\n        ''''(autonomy)''''; 1770 ''''(autonomy stripped)'''';\n        1921 ''''(exarchate)''''; 1990 ''''(self-rule)''''\\n|\n        founder         = [[Gedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky)|Gedeon]] ''''(united\n        with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]])''''\\n| independence    = \\n|\n        reunion         = \\n| recognition     = 1990\\n| firsthead       = \\n| supremegovernor\n        = [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow|Patriarch Kirill]]\\n| primate         = Metropolitan\n        [[Onuphrius (Berezovsky)|Onuphrius]]\\n| polity          = [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]]\\n| headquarters    = [[Refectory Church (Pechersk Lavra)|Refectory\n        Church]] ''''([[Kiev Cave Monastery]])''''
Cathedral of\n        the Resurrection of Christ[http://orthodox-church.kiev.ua/page226/news4382.html\n        Cathedral of Resurrection of Christ and Spiritual-Enlightning Center of the\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church] ''''(being built since 2007)''''\\n|\n        territory       = Ukraine\\n| possessions     = \\n| language        = [[Church\n        Slavonic]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]]\\n|\n        liturgy         = \\n| population      = 17.4% of religious population (by\n        [[Razumkov Center]], January 2015)[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainians-shun-moscow-patriarchate-as-russias-war-intensifies-in-donbas-378168.html]
20.85\n        of religious population (by [[Ukrainian Sociology Service]] and Kucheriv democratic\n        initiatives fund, December 2014 \\u2013 January 2015)[http://dif.org.ua/ua/publications/press-relizy/bilshist-naselgo-patriarhatu.htm\n        Most of population of Ukraine considers itself predominantly of the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Kiev Patriarchate)].\\n| bishops         = 85 (53 governing)\\n|\n        priests         = 10,963\\n| parishes        = 11,393\\n| monastics       =\n        1,320\\n| monasteries     = 219\\n| nuns            = 2,312 \\n| scriptures      =\n        \\n| website         = [http://church.ua/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church] \\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w\n        zabytkowy (307).JPG|200px|thumb|[[Refectory Church (Pechersk Lavra)|Refectory\n        Church]], a mother cathedral of the church (since 1992)]]\\n[[File:St.\n        Volodymyr''s Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|200px|thumb|[[St Volodymyr''s Cathedral]],\n        former mother cathedral of the church (1944-1992)]]\\n[[File:Kharkov002.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Annunciation\n        Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation Cathedral]] in Kharkiv, a former mother cathedral\n        of the church (1929-1934)]]\\n[[File:L''viv Orthodox Church\n        of Moscow Patriarchate.JPG|235px|thumb|The non-cathedral temple of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church in [[Lviv]] - St. George Church]]\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church'''''' (''''''UOC'''''') ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430}};\n        {{lang-ru|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u044c}}) is a [[self-governing]] church\n        of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in [[Ukraine]]. The current Statute of\n        the ROC defines it as a \\\"self-governing church with the rights of wide autonomy\\\".[https://mospat.ru/ru/documents/ustav/xi-2/\n        \\u043f. 18 \\u0413\\u043b. XI \\u0423\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0420\\u041f\\u0426]:\n        \\u00ab\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u044c \\u044f\\u0432\\u043b\\u044f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u044f\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0448\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438.\\u00bb Officially\n        such status has no recognition outside of the Russian Orthodox Church.\\n\\nRussia''s\n        [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation]] of [[Crimea]]\n        in 2014 notwithstanding, the UOC [[Eparchy|eparchies]] in Crimea continue\n        under the administration of the UOC.[http://newsru.com/religy/10mar2015/krim_upcmp.html\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0441 \\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0440\\u044b\\u043c\\u0443 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c, \\u0437\\u0430\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u041f\\u0426 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430] [[NEWSru]],\n        10 March 2015. While being a part of the Moscow Patriarchate, the current\n        status of the UOC means its virtually full administrative independence from\n        the ROC [[Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church|Holy Synod]], whereas\n        the [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev#Metropolitans of Kiev and\n        All Ukraine|UOC Primate]] is the seniormost[http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/3609112.html\n        \\u0416\\u0423\\u0420\\u041d\\u0410\\u041b\\u042b \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0421\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0442 19 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 2014 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430]\n        // \\u0416\\u0423\\u0420\\u041d\\u0410\\u041b \\u2116 1: \\u00ab2. \\u0412\\u043a\\u043b\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0421\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0447\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041e\\u043d\\u0443\\u0444\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f, <\\u2026> \\u0441 \\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0411\\u043b\\u0430\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u2014 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u043c \\u0441\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432 \\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438.\\u00bb\n        permanent member thereof and thus has a say in the decision-making in respect\n        of the rest of the ROC, including its business in the Russian Federation.\\n\\n==History==\\n{{See\n        also|History of Christianity in Ukraine}}\\n\\n===Ecumenical Patriarchate of\n        Constantinople===\\n\\n====Moscow, Lithuania, Halych metropolia====\\nThe Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church considers itself the sole descendant in modern Ukraine of\n        the Ruthenian (Kyivan) metropolis within the jurisdiction of the [[Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate of Constantinople]] [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|established]] in\n        Kiev in the 10th century. Due to [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|invasion of the\n        Mongols]] in the 13th century the metropolitan seat was moved to [[Vladimir,\n        Russia|Vladimir]] and later to [[Moscow]], while in the Duchy of Halych and\n        Volhynia was created a separate Metropolis of Halych with own Metropolitan.\n        In the 14th century the Grand Duke of Lithuania [[Algirdas]] who established\n        his control over the former territories of [[Kievan Rus]] attempted to move\n        the metropolitan seat back to Kiev.\\n\\n====Revival====\\nIn 1596 the Metropolitan\n        of Kiev, Halych and all Russia [[Michael Rohoza]] accepted the [[Union of\n        Brest]] transforming dioceses of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\n        into the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] under the [[Holy See]]''s jurisdiction.\n        In 1620 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] reestablished its dioceses\n        in Ukraine under the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Russia as the exarch\n        of Ukraine [[Job Boretsky]].\\n\\n===Merger into the Russian Orthodox Church===\\nIn\n        1685 the Ukrainian Orthodox Church came under the jurisdiction of the [[Russian\n        Orthodox Church]] when Gedeon Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky was elected the Metropolitan\n        of Kyiv, Galicia and all Russia with the help of the [[Hetman of Zaporizhian\n        Host]] [[Ivan Samoylovych]]. At that time all six eparchies ([[diocese]]s)\n        of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] in Ukraine were transferred\n        to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. The original eparchies included Kiev,\n        Chernihiv, Mstislav-Mogilev (Belorusian) on the left bank of Dnieper and Lviv,\n        Lutsk, Peremyshl on the right bank of Dnieper. Since his election Gedeon lost\n        practically all his eparchies. Due to the conflilct with [[Lazar Baranovich]],\n        Metropolitan of Kiev ceded the Chernihiv eparchy under direct jurisdiction\n        of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1686, while the Belorusia eparchy was already\n        de facto administered from Moscow by that time. On 27 January 1688 the Russian\n        Orthodox Church changed the title of Gedeon to Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych\n        and Little Russia. Already the Gedeon''s successor [[Metropolitan Varlaam\n        (Yasinski)|Metropolitan Varlaam]] during 1692 to 1702 lost the rest of his\n        eparchies in Lviv, Peremyshl and Lutsk that were transferred to the [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church]]. Due to the reduction in number of eparchies, the\n        eparchy of Pereyaslav was revived, commemorating the [[council of Pereyaslav]].\n        In 1728-72 the Belorusian eparchy became the only Eastern Orthodox eparchy\n        in Poland and was directly governed by the Patriarch of Moscow.\\n\\nBefore\n        the [[Battle of Poltava (1708)|Battle of Poltava]] when [[Ivan Mazepa]] sided\n        with [[Carl XII]], the new [[Metlopolitan Ioasaf (Krokovsky)|Metropolitan\n        Ioasaf]] along with bishops of Chernihiv and Pereyaslav was summoned by [[Peter\n        the Great]] to [[Hlukhiv]] where they were ordered to declare an [[anathema]]\n        onto Mazepa. After the battle of Poltava, in 1709 Metropolitan Ioasaf was\n        exiled to [[Tver]] and in 1710 a church censorship was introduced to the Kiev\n        metropolia. In 1718 Metropolitan Ioasaf was arrested and exiled to [[Saint\n        Petersburg]] for interrogation where he died. In 1720 an edict is issued,\n        according to which all Ukrainian publishers are required to change to the\n        Russian language. During that time in 1718 to 1722 the Metropolitan seat in\n        Kiev was vacant and ruled by the Kiev Spiritual Consistory (under the authority\n        of the [[Most Holy Synod]]), since 1722 it was occupied by Archbishop Varlaam,\n        thus being downgraded to a regular eparchy. Also since 1721 the Russian Orthodox\n        Church itself was governed by the Most Holy Synod rather than Patriarch.\\n\\n===Synod\n        period===\\nIn 1730 the new Archbishop Varlaam with all members of the Kiev\n        Spiritual Consistory were put on trial by the Privy Chancellery. After being\n        convicted, Varlaam as a simple monk was exiled to the [[Kirillo-Belozersky\n        Monastery]] in Vologda region where he served a sentence of imprisonment of\n        10 years. After the death of the Russian Empress [[Anna of Russia|Anna]] in\n        1740, Varlaam was allowed to return and recovered all his [[Archiereus]] titles.\n        He however refused to except back those titles and, after asked to be left\n        in peace, moved to the [[Tikhvin Assumption Monastery]]. In 1750 Varlaam accepted\n        the [[Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism#Great Schema|Great Schema]]\n        under the name of Vasili and soon died in 1751.\\n\\nThe newly appointed archbishop\n        of Kiev [[Raphael Zaborovsky]] (in 1730) after some 25 years had revived the\n        metropolitan rank for the [[Eparchy of Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)|Kiev eparchy]]\n        in 1743 as the Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych and Little Russia.\\n\\nOn 2 April\n        1767 the Empress of Russia [[Catherine the Great]] issued an edict stripping\n        the title of the Metropolitan of Kiev of the words \\\"and all Little Russia\\\".[http://web.archive.org/web/20150416145158/http://www.pravenc.ru/text/76238.html\n        Arseniy] at the Orthodox Encyclopedia\\n\\nIn 1803 for the first onto\n        the metropolitan seat in Kiev was placed [[Metropolitan Serapion (Aleksandrovsky)|Metropolitan\n        Serapion]], a bishop from Russia (from the Vladimir region). Since 1803 and\n        until 1930 the heads of [[Eparchy of Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)|Kiev eparchy]]\n        were exclusively from Russia.\\n\\n===Fall of monarchy in Russia and Exarchate===\\n{{see\n        also|Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church}}\\n[[File:Highest authority of\n        Russian Orthodox Church in 1917.jpg|thumb|300px|Participants of the 1917 Local\n        Council (Metropolitan Antony is to the right of Patriarch Tikhon)]]\\nDuring\n        the advance of the Soviet troops on Kiev (see [[Ukrainian\\u2013Soviet War]]),\n        in January 1918 was killed the Metropolitan of Kiev [[Vladimir Bogoyavlensky]]\n        by unknown people. Metropolitan Bogoyavlensky chaired the All-Ukrainian Church\n        Council that took a break between its sessions on 18 January 1918 and was\n        to be resumed in May 1918. On 23\\u201324 January 1918 the Red Guards of [[Reinholds\n        B\\u0113rzi\\u0146\\u0161]] occupied the city of Kiev. In the evening of 25 January\n        1918 Metropolitan Vladimir was found dead between walls of the Old Pechersk\n        Fortress beyond the Gates of All Saints.\\n\\nIn May 1918 to the [[Eparchy of\n        Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)|Kiev eparchy]] was appointed Metropolitan of Kiev\n        and Halych [[Antony (Khrapovitsky)|Antony]], a former candidate to become\n        the [[Patriarch of Moscow]] at the [[1917\\u201318 Local Council of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church|Russian Local Council]] of 1917 and losing it to the [[Patriarch\n        Tikhon of Moscow|Patriarch Tikhon]]. In July 1918 Metropolitan Antony became\n        the head of the All-Ukrainian Church Council. Eventually he sided with the\n        Russian [[White movement]] supporting the Denikin''s forces of [[South Russia\n        (1919\\u20131920)|South Russia]], while keeping the title of Metropolitan of\n        Kiev and Halych. After the defeat of the Whites and the exile of Antony, in\n        1919-21 the metropolitan seat was temporarily held by the bishop of Cherkasy\n        Nazariy (also the native of [[Kazan]]). After the arrest of Nazariy by the\n        Soviet authorities in 1921, the seat was provisionally held by the bishop\n        of Grodno and newly elected Exarch of Ukraine Mikhail, a member of the Russian\n        [[Black Hundreds]] nationalistic movement. After his arrest in 1923, the Kiev\n        eparchy was provisionally headed by various bishops of neighboring eparchies\n        until 1927. After his return in 1927 Mikhail became the Metropolitan of Kiev\n        and Exarch of Ukraine until his death in 1929.\\n\\nIn 1945, after the integration\n        of [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] into [[USSR]], eastern parts of the [[Eparchy of\n        Muka\\u010devo and Pre\\u0161ov]] were transferred from the supreme jurisdiction\n        of [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] to the jurisdiction of the Exarchate of Russian\n        Orthodox Church in Ukraine, and new [[Eparchy of Muka\\u010devo and U\\u017egorod]]\n        was formed.\\n\\n===Dissolution of the Soviet Union and self rule===\\nOn 28\n        October 1990,[http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1302845.html \\u041a 20-\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u044e\n        \\u0411\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0442\\u044b \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439\\u0448\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430 \\u041c\\u043e\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0435\\u044f \\u0420\\u0443\\u0441\\u0438 \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f\n        II \\u043e \\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438]: \\u2033\\u041e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u043f\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u0443 \\u0443\\u0436\\u0435 28 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0442\\u044f\\u0431\\u0440\\u044f\n        1990 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 (\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445 \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0440\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b \\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\\u0448\\u0435\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0443\\u044e\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u0444\\u0435\\u0434\\u0440\\u0443 \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\n        \\u0424\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043e\\u043e\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0443\\u044e\\u0449\\u0443\\u044e\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u0442\\u0443)\\u2033 it was granted a status\n        of a self\\u2013governing church under the jurisdiction of the ROC (but ''''not''''\n        the full [[Autonomy#Religion|autonomy]] as is understood in the ROC legal\n        terminology).\\n\\nMetropolitan [[Volodymyr Sabodan|Vladimir (Sabodan)]], who\n        succeeded [[Filaret (Denysenko)]], was enthroned in 1992 as the Primate of\n        the UOC under the title [[Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine]], with the\n        official residency in the [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]], which also houses all of\n        the Church''s administration.\\n\\nThe church is currently the only Ukrainian\n        church to have full [[canon law|canonical standing]] in Eastern Orthodoxy,\n        and operates in [[full communion]] with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church organization|other\n        Eastern Orthodox Churches]]. The UOC (MP) claims to be the largest religious\n        body in Ukraine with the greatest number of parishes churches and communities\n        counting up to half of the total in Ukraine and totaling over 10,000. The\n        UOC also claims to have up to 75 percent of the Ukrainian population.Pravoslvieye\n        v Ukraine [http://orthodox.org.ua/uk/node/197 Retrieved on 10 February 2007]\n        Independent surveys show significant variance. According to [[Stratfor]],\n        in 2008, more than 50 percent of Ukrainian population belong to the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarch.[http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20081118_part_3_outside_intervention  Countries\n        in Crisis: Ukraine Part 3] [[Razumkov Centre]] survey results, however,\n        tend to show greater adherence to the rival [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of\n        the Kyivan Patriarchate|Kiev Patriarchate]].[http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300\n        \\\"What religious group do you belong to?\\\". Sociology poll by [[Razumkov Centre]]\n        about the religious situation in Ukraine (2006)] Many Orthodox Ukrainians\n        do not clearly identify with a particular denomination and, sometimes, are\n        even unaware of the affiliation of the church they attend as well as of the\n        controversy itself, which indicates the difficulty of using survey numbers\n        as an indicator of a relative strength of the church. Also, the geographical\n        factor plays a major role in the number of adherents, as the Ukrainian population\n        tends to be more churchgoing in the western part of the country rather than\n        in the UOC (MP)''s heartland in southern and eastern Ukraine. Many in Ukraine\n        see the UOC-MP as merely a tool of the Putin Government.\\n\\nThe number of\n        parishes statistics seems to be more reliable and consistent even though it\n        may not necessarily directly translate into the numbers of adherents. By number\n        of parishes and quantity of church buildings, the UOC (MP)''s strong base\n        is central and northernwestern Ukraine. However, percentage wise (with respect\n        to rival Orthodox Churches) its share of parishes there varies from 60 to\n        70 percent. At the same time, by percentage alone (with respect to rival Orthodox\n        Churches) the urban [[russophone]] southern and eastern Ukrainian provinces\n        peak with up to 90 percent of church buildings. The same can be said about\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]], although there the UOC''s main rival\n        is the Greek Catholic Church and thus in all its share is only 40 percent.\n        The capital [[Kiev]] is where the greatest Orthodox rivalry takes place, there\n        the UOC (MP) has only half of the Orthodox communities. The only place where\n        the UOC (MP) is a true minority, in both quantity, percentage and support\n        are the former Galician provinces of Western Ukraine. There the total share\n        of parishes does not exceed more than five percent. The UOC (MP) does not\n        have any parishes abroad, as its followers identify themselves under the same\n        umbrella as those of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].\\n\\nAs of 2006 the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church had the allegiance of 10,875 registered religious communities\n        in Ukraine (approximately 68 percent of all Orthodox Christian communities\n        in the country), located mostly in central, eastern and southern regions and\n        claims to be the largest religious body in terms of church property in Ukraine.\\n\\nSince\n        2014 the church has come under attack for perceived [[anti-Ukrainian]] and\n        [[pro-Russian]] actions by its clergymen.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainians-shun-moscow-patriarchate-as-russias-war-intensifies-in-donbas-378168.html\n        Ukrainians shun Moscow Patriarchate as Russia\\u2019s war intensifies in Donbas],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (23 Januari 2015)
[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43548&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=682793e78f089ffd50641d8a8195eff0#.VVkDVpB1FJ-\n        The War and the Orthodox Churches in Ukraine], [[The Jamestown Foundation]]\n        (18 February 2014) On 14 September 2015 it urged the [[pro-Russian]]\n        separatists of the [[War in Donbass]] to lay down their arms and take advantage\n        of the amnesty promised to them in the [[Minsk II]] agreement.{{uk icon}}\n        [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7081371/ UOC MP called on militants to lay\n        down arms], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (14 September 2015)\\n\\n==Name==\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church (MP) insists on its name being just the ''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church'''',[http://archiv.orthodox.org.ua/page-1690.html\n        The interview] given by [[Metropolitan Volodymyr (Viktor Sabodan)]] to [[Associated\n        Press]] stating that it is the sole canonic body of Orthodox Christians\n        in the country, a Ukrainian ''''\\\"[[local church]]\\\"''''\n        ({{lang-uk|\\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430}}),\n        a claim fiercely contested by her non-canonic rivals. \\nIt is also the name\n        that it is registered under in the State Committee of Ukraine in Religious\n        Affairs.{{cite web |url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html|title=On\n        the state and tendencies of expansion of the religious situation in government-church\n        relations in Ukraine|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=State Committee of Ukraine\n        in Religious Affairs|language=Ukrainian|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html|archivedate=2004-12-04}}\\n\\nIn\n        mass media and in academic literature it is often referred to, as the ''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)'''' or UOC (MP){{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUyyY5KLX_AC&pg=PA75&dq=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+MP&hl=uk|title=Politics\n        and Society in Ukraine |accessdate=2008-10-24|work=Paul J. D''Anieri, [[Robert\n        Kravchuk|Robert S. Kravchuk]], Taras Kuzio}}{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEiUVsa7Gx8C&pg=PA85&dq=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+MP&hl=uk|title=Post-Soviet\n        Political Order |accessdate=2008-10-24|work=Barnett R. Rubin, Jack L. Snyder}}{{cite\n        web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&pg=PA370&dq=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+MP&hl=uk|title=The\n        Orthodox Church in the History of Russia |accessdate=2008-10-24|work=Dimitry\n        Pospielovsky}} in order to distinguish between the two rival churches\n        contesting the name of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.\\n\\n==Administrative\n        division==\\n[[File:\\u0404\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0423\\u041f\\u0426(\\u041c\\u041f).png|thumb|right|Eparchies\n        of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) in 2011]]\\nIn October\n        2014 the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine was subdivided into 53 [[eparchy|eparchies]]\n        ([[diocese]]s) led by bishops. Also there were 25 [[vicar]]s ([[suffragan\n        bishop]]s).\\n\\nIn 2008 the Church had 42 eparchies, with 58 bishops (eparchial\n        - 42; vicar - 12; retired - 4; with them being classified as: [[Metropolitan\n        bishop|metropolitan]]s - 10; [[archbishop]]s - 21; or [[bishops]] - 26). There\n        were also 8,516 [[priest]]s, and 443 [[deacon]]s.{{cite web|url=http://orthodox.org.ua/eng/node/227|title=Statistical\n        data|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=Ukrainian Orthodox Church|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n{{Eparchies\n        of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)}}\\n\\n== List of Primates\n        ==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable floatright\\\"\\n|{{image array|perrow=4|width=80|height=100|\\n|\n        image1 = Gedeon Mitropolit.jpg| caption1 = Metropolitan [[Gedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky)|Gedeon]]\\n|\n        image2 = \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\\u0430\\u043c \\u042f\\u0441\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.jpg|\n        caption2 = Metropolitan Varlaam\\n| image3 = \\u0418\\u043e\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0444\n        \\u041a\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.jpg| caption3\n        = Metropolitan Joasaph\\n| image4 = \\u0412\\u0430\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\\u0430\\u043c\n        (\\u0412\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447).jpg| caption4 = Archbishop\n        Varlaam\\n| image5 = ImageNA.svg| caption5 = Metropolitan [[Raphael Zaborovsky|Raphael]]\\n|\n        image6 = ImageNA.svg| caption6 = Metropolitan Timothy\\n| image7 = \\u0410\\u0440\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (\\u041c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439).jpg|\n        caption7 = Metropolitan Arseniy\\n| image8 = \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        (\\u0425\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0446\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e).jpg|\n        caption8 = Metropolitan [[Antony (Khrapovitsky)|Antony]]\\n| image9 = \\u041c\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\u0438\\u043b\n        (\\u0415\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432).jpg| caption9 = Metropolitan\n        Michael\\n| image10= \\u041c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\n        \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d (\\u0414\\u044c\\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432).jpg|\n        caption10= Metropolitan Constantine\\n| image11= ImageNA.svg| caption11= Metropolitan\n        [[Nicholas (Yarushevich)|Nicholas]]\\n| image12= ImageNA.svg| caption12= Metropolitan\n        [[Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church|Alexis]]\\n| image13= \\u0421\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432-\\u0420\\u041f\\u0426.jpg|\n        caption13= Metropolitan John\\n| image14= Joasaph (Lelyukhin).jpg| caption14=\n        Metropolitan [[Ioasaph Leliukhin|Ioasaph]]\\n| image15= 1995-fil intr.JPG|\n        caption15= Metropolitan [[Filaret (Denysenko)|Philaret]]\\n| image17= Onuphrius\n        Berezovsky.jpg| caption17= Metropolitan [[Onufriy (Berezovsky)|Onuphrius]]\\n}}\\n|}\\n{{See\n        also|List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev}}\\n\\n===Metropolitan of\n        Kiev, Halych and all Little Russia===\\n* Metropolitan [[Gedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky)|Gedeon]]\n        1685\\u20131690, the first Metropolitan of Kiev of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]],\n        until 1688 was titled as the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia\\n*\n        Metropolitan [[Varlaam (Yasynsky)|Varlaam]] 1690\\u20131707\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Ioasaph (Krokovsky)|Ioasaph]] 1707\\u20131718\\n* ''''none'''' 1718\\u20131722\\n*\n        Archbishop [[Varlaam (Vanatovych)|Varlaam]] 1722\\u20131730\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Raphael Zaborovsky|Raphael]] 1731\\u20131747, until 1743 as Archbishop\\n*\n        Metropolitan [[Timothy (Shcherbatsky)|Timothy]] 1748\\u20131757\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Arseniy (Mohylyansky)|Arseniy]] 1757\\u20131770, in 1767 Metropolitan Arseniy\n        became Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych\\n\\nNote: in 1770 the office''s jurisdiction\n        was reduced to a diocese''s administration as Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia.\n        The autonomy was liquidated and the church was merged to the [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]].\\n\\n===Exarch of Ukraine===\\nDue to emigration of Metropolitan [[Antony\n        (Khrapovitsky)|Antony]] in 1919, until [[World War II]] Kiev eparchy was often\n        administered by provisional bishops. Also because of political situation in\n        Ukraine, the Russian Orthodox Church introduced a new title in its history\n        as the Exarch of Ukraine that until 1941 was not necessary associated with\n        the title of Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych.\\n* Metropolitan Mikhail (Yermakov)\n        1921\\u20131929 (Bishop of Grodno and Brest, 1905\\u20131921; Archbishop of\n        Tobolsk, 1925; and Metropolitan of Kiev, 1927\\u20131929)\\n* Metropolitan Konstantin\n        (Dyakov) 1929\\u20131937 (Metropolitan of Kharkiv and Okhtyrka, 1927\\u20131934\n        and Metropolitan of Kiev 1934\\u20131937)\\n* ''''none'''' 1937\\u20131941, exarch\n        was not appointed\\n\\n===Metropolitan of Volyn and Lutsk, Exarch of West Ukraine\n        and Belarus===\\n* Metropolitan [[Nicholas (Yarushevich)]] 1940\\u20131941\\n\\n===Metropolitan\n        of Kiev and Halych, Exarch of Ukraine===\\n* Metropolitan [[Nicholas (Yarushevich)]]\n        1941\\u20131944\\n** During [[World War II]] on the occupied by Nazi Germany\n        territories of Ukraine, there was organized the [[Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox\n        Church]] by Metropolitan Aleksiy and considered itself part of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church.\\n* Metropolitan John (Sokolov) 1944\\u20131964\\n* Metropolitan\n        [[Ioasaph Leliukhin|Ioasaph]] 1964\\u20131966\\n* Metropolitan [[Patriarch Filaret\n        (Denysenko)|Filaret (Denysenko)]] 1966\\u20131990\\n\\n===Metropolitan of Kiev\n        and all Ukraine===\\n* [[Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko)|Metropolitan Filaret\n        (Denysenko)]] 1990\\u20131992\\n* [[Volodymyr Sabodan|Metropolitan Volodymyr\n        (Sabodan)]] 1992\\u20132014\\n* [[Onuphrius (Berezovsky)|Metropolitan Onuphrius]]\n        2014[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/218253.html\n        Metropolitan Onufriy of Chernivtsi and Bukovyna elected head of Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (13 August 2014)\\u2013''''present''''\\n\\n== See also ==\\n* [[Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church - Kiev Patriarchate]]\\n* [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|33em}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n* {{cite web|url=http://church.ua/en/|title=Official network\n        of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|accessdate=2016-11-05|work=church.ua/en/|language=English,\n        Ukrainian, Russian}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://orthodox.org.ua/eng/node|title=Official\n        English site of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=orthodox.org.ua/eng/node|language=English,\n        Ukrainian, Russian}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://orthodoxy.org.ua/|title=Open\n        Orthodox University/Orthodoxy in Ukraine: site of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church|accessdate=2008-01-12|work=Pravoslavie\n        v Ukraini|language=Ukrainian, Russian}}\\n\\n{{All-Ukrainian Council of Churches\n        and Religious Organizations}}\\n{{Orthodox Churches in Ukraine}}\\n{{Orthodoxy}}\\n\\n{{coord\n        missing}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)| ]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church\n        bodies and patriarchates in Europe]]\\n[[Category:Former exarchates of the\n        Russian Orthodox Church]]\\n[[Category:Former autonomous churches of the Russian\n        Orthodox Church]]\\n[[Category:1990 establishments in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-22T13:58:30Z\",\"lastrevid\":786287242,\"length\":27913,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)\"},\"699779\":{\"pageid\":699779,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of Canada\",\"index\":22,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-10T18:02:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Refimprove|date=September\n        2013}}\\n\\n{{Infobox Christian denomination\\n|name = Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of Canada\\n|image =\\n|imagewidth =\\n|caption =\\n|main_classification = [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]]\\n|orientation = \\n|polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]\\n|leader\n        = [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan Yurij (Kalistchuk) of Winnipeg]]\\n|founder\n        = \\n|founded_date = 1918\\n|founded_place = [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]]\\n|separated_from\n        =\\n|parent = [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\\n|merger =\\n|separations\n        =\\n|associations =\\n|area = [[Canada]]\\n|congregations = \\n|members = 85,725\\n|footnotes\n        = \\n}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada (UOCC)'''''' is an\n        [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in [[Canada]], primarily consisting of Orthodox\n        [[Ukrainian Canadian]]s.  Its former name was the ''''''Ukrainian Greek Orthodox\n        Church of Canada (UGOCC)''''''.  The Church, currently a Metropolis of the\n        [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], is part of the wider [[Eastern\n        Orthodox communion]], however was created independently in 1918.\\n\\nIt has\n        [[cathedral]]s in many Canadian cities including [[Holy Trinity Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral|Winnipeg]], [[Holy Trinity Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Cathedral (Saskatoon)|Saskatoon]], [[Holy Trinity Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral\n        (Vancouver)|Vancouver]], [[St. John''s Cathedral, Edmonton|Edmonton]], [[St.\n        Volodymyr''s Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral (Toronto)|Toronto]], and [[St. Sophie''s\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral (Montreal)|Montreal]].  The [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]\n        Cathedral, seminary ([[St. Andrew''s College (Winnipeg)|St. Andrew''s College]]),\n        and central administrative office are all based in Winnipeg.  Also the Church\n        is affiliated with four residences for university students: [[St. Vladimir''s\n        Institute (Toronto)|St. Vladimir''s]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]; [[St. Petro\n        Mohyla Institute]] in [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]]; [[St. John''s Institute\n        (Edmonton)|St. John''s Institute]] in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]]; and one operating\n        at St. Andrew''s College.  The Church''s membership is about ten thousand.\n        The current [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of the Church is [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan\n        Yurij (Kalistchuk)]].\\n\\n==Early history ==\\nMost ethnic [[Ukrainians]] moving\n        to [[Canada]] from [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] ([[Western Ukraine]])\n        in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were [[Greek Catholic]]s,\n        and were tended early on by the local [[Roman Catholic]] hierarchy until the\n        creation of the [[Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Ukrainian Greek Catholic Exarchate]]\n        in 1912.  This was because the North American Roman Catholic bishops believed\n        that the presence of married Eastern Catholic priests would create a scandal\n        at the time.  The other major group of Ukrainians which were coming to Canada\n        were from [[Bukovina]], and they were mostly Orthodox.  At first these Orthodox\n        Christians were served by the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Orthodox\n        Mission in North America]] (which at that time was part of the [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]]), but these services were not conducted in their native [[Ukrainian\n        language]].  Catholics and the Orthodox who wanted to establish their own\n        church met in the summer of 1918 in the city of [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]]\n        and established the ''''''Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church in Canada''''''.  Also\n        at these meetings, the delegates (mostly from [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]]\n        and [[Manitoba]]) had established a Brotherhood to try to help the young church.\\n\\nThe\n        settlers had just created a new Church, but they were very conscious of Church\n        Canon Law that states that a Church cannot exist without a bishop. The Church''s\n        Brotherhood tried to have Archbishop Alexander of the [[Orthodox Church in\n        America|Russian Orthodox Mission]] to take the Church under his temporary\n        care as [[Bishop]].  At first Archbishop Alexander agreed, but later declined;\n        however, the UGOC''s First Sobor (Church Council) still took place as planned\n        on December 28, 1918 in Saskatoon.  This Sobor led to the establishment of\n        the Church''s first [[seminary]] in Saskatoon.  The Brotherhood still searched\n        for a temporary Bishop, and eventually found one: Metropolitan [[Germanos\n        (Shehadi)]], who was the Metropolitan of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian\n        Archdiocese of North America]].  He led the Church for the next 5 years (1919-1924).  Under\n        his supervision, Sobor II took place in Saskatoon on November 27, 1919.\\n\\n==\n        Archbishop John (Theodorovich) ==\\nFollowing Metropolitan Germanos'' leadership,\n        Archbishop [[John (Theodorovich)]] became the Church''s [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]].\n        Archbishop John had just arrived in the [[United States]] from the non-canonical\n        [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], and he began to serve the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA]] to become their Primate and Metropolitan. The\n        young Church had chosen the Ukrainian [[bishop]] as their bishop, hoping that\n        the Church would further grow under his leadership. During the summers from\n        1924 to 1946 Archbishop John would make an annual trip to [[Canada]] to visit\n        the parishes throughout the country.  When Archbishop John was in the USA\n        during the winter months, a Fr. [[Semen Sawchuk]] would act as an administrator\n        at the Consistory in Canada.\\n\\nAfter a few years as acting Primate of the\n        UOCC, certain controversies laid around Archbishop John, due to his uncanonical\n        ordination to bishop.  Archbishop John was \\\"ordained\\\" by the \\\"bishops\\\"\n        of [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], who were not ordained according\n        to the canon laws and traditions of the Orthodox Church, but were ordained\n        by priests and lay people.  The 1st Canon of the Holy Apostles states that\n        new bishops should be ordained by at least 2 or 3 bishops.  As a result of\n        this, Archbishop John resigned his position as ruling bishop in 1946.\\n\\nAt\n        a special Sobor in 1947, Bishop [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]] was accepted as the\n        new ''''Archbishop of Winnipeg and all Canada''''.  However, due to some misunderstandings,\n        and arguments about how the Church should be governed (mostly between himself\n        and Semen Sawchuk), he resigned as Primate in 1950 at X Sobor in [[Winnipeg]].\n        In response the UOCC contacted Metropolitan [[Polycarp (Sikorski)]] (who was\n        the head of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|Ukrainian Autocephalous\n        Orthodox Church Abroad]], composed of refugee bishops formerly affiliated\n        with the Polish Orthodox Church in German-occupied Ukraine) for assistance,\n        and he agreed to send some bishops over to help the faithful in Canada.\\n\\n==Formation\n        of the Metropolia==\\nAt a special sobor in 1947 the UGOCC accepted Bishop\n        [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]] of Pereyaslav of the UAOC, consecrated during World\n        War II with the blessing of Metropolitan [[Dionysius (Waledy\\u0144ski)]] of\n        Warsaw, as its ruling bishop with the title \\\"Archbishop of Winnipeg and All\n        Canada\\\".http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/about/history/ Due to conflicts\n        between Archbishop Mstyslav and members of the UGOCC Consistory, however,\n        the former resigned as diocesan bishop at the tenth sobor of the Church in\n        1950, once again leaving the UGOCC without a bishop.\\n\\nAfter the resignation\n        of Archbishop Mstyslav the Consistory appealed to Metropolitan Polycarp of\n        the UAOC for assistance in finding bishops for the UGOCC. By the time another\n        special sobor was called in 1951 four potential bishops, all consecrated in\n        German-occupied Ukraine during World War II, had been found. One, Metropolitan\n        [[Hilarion (Ohienko)]] of Kholm, had been resident in Winnipeg since 1947.\n        Two others, Archbishop [[Michael (Khoroshy)]] and Bishop [[Platon (Artemiuk)]],\n        came to Canada at the invitation of the Consistory and with the blessing of\n        Metropolitan Polycarp.\\n\\nAt the 1951 sobor it was decided that the UGOCC,\n        which had grown to include some 300 parishes, would be organized as a [[metropolitanate|metropolia]].\n        Metropolitan Ilarion was elected Metropolitan of Winnipeg and All Canada and\n        primate of the UGOCC, while Archbishop Michael was elected [[Archbishop of\n        Toronto and Eastern Canada]]. (Bishop Platon had died shortly after his arrival\n        in Canada.) The size of the UGOCC necessitated the appointment of more bishops,\n        and so in 1959 [[Archimandrite]] [[Andrew (Metiuk)]] was elected [[Archbishop\n        of Toronto and Eastern Canada|Bishop of Edmonton and Western Canada]] and\n        in 1963 Archimandrite [[Boris (Yakovkevych)]] was elected Bishop of Saskatoon\n        and auxiliary or assistant bishop of the Central Eparchy under Metropolitan\n        Ilarion.\\n\\nAfter 21 years as primate of the UGOCC, Metropolitan Ilarion died\n        on March 29, 1972, and was succeeded by Archbishop Michael of Toronto as Metropolitan\n        of Winnipeg and All Canada. After Metropolitan Michael\\u2019s retirement in\n        1975 Archbishop Andrew (Metiuk) was elected metropolitan, serving until his\n        death on February 2, 1985. Under Metropolitan Andrew new bishops, Bishops\n        [[Mikolaj (Debryn)]], [[Basil (Fedak)]], and [[John (Stinka)]], were elected\n        to serve the UGOCC, and after Metropolitan Andrew\\u2019s death Bishop Wasyly\n        was elected Metropolitan of Winnipeg and All Canada. Four years after his\n        enthronement as primate of the UGOCC Metropolitan Wasyly consecrated Archimandrite\n        Yurij (Kalistchuk) as Bishop of Saskatoon.\\n\\n==Recent history==\\nAfter dialoguing\n        with the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Church of Constantinople]]\n        the UGOCC was received into its jurisdiction as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of Canada in 1990, bringing it into the full communion of the canonical [[Orthodox\n        Christianity|Orthodox Church]] [http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/about/history/].\n        (Several years later its sister church, the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of\n        the USA|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Diaspora]], also joined the Patriarchate\n        of Constantinople.) The decree of [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical\n        Patriarch]] [[Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople|Demetrius (Papadopoulos)]]\n        uniting the UOCC with the Church of Constantinople recognized the Church\\u2019s\n        internal autonomy under its metropolitan, justifying the reception of the\n        UOCC into the Patriarchate\\u2019s jurisdiction on the basis of the historic\n        jurisdiction of the Church of Constantinople in Ukraine.\\n\\nFollowing the\n        death of Metropolitan Wasyly in early 2005 the twenty-first sobor of the UOCC\n        elected Archbishop John as Metropolitan of Winnipeg and Canada. In August\n        2008 an extraordinary sobor was held in Saskatoon to elect new bishops, amend\n        the UOCC\\u2019s bylaws, and mark the 90th anniversary of the founding of the\n        UOCC in the city [http://www.uocc.ca/pdf/sobor/Sobor%20Communique%20Day%2022-08-08.pdf].\n        The sobor elected Bishops [[Ilarion (Rudnyk)]] of Telmessos as Bishop of Edmonton\n        and [[Andriy (Peshko)]] of Krateia as auxiliary Bishop of Saskatoon.\\n\\nIn\n        July 2010 another special sobor of the UOCC was held to nominate a successor\n        to the newly retired Metropolitan John. The sobor nominated Archbishop [[Yurij\n        (Kalistchuk)]] of Toronto for the metropolitanate, and consequently on August\n        30, 2010, the Holy Synod in Constantinople elected Archbishop Yurij as Archbishop\n        of Winnipeg and Metropolitan of Canada.\\n\\n==Structure==\\nThe UOCC is divided\n        into three eparchies or dioceses, the [[Archbishop of Toronto and Eastern\n        Canada|Eastern Eparchy]], with its cathedral in Toronto, Ontario; the [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Eparchy of Central Canada|Central Eparchy]], with its cathedral in\n        Winnipeg, Manitoba; and the [[Archbishop of Edmonton and Western Canada|Western\n        Eparchy]], with its cathedral in Edmonton, Alberta. According to the custom\n        of the UOCC the Church''s primate is the titled the \\\"Archbishop of Winnipeg\n        and Metropolitan of Canada\\\" and serves as the diocesan or ruling bishop of\n        the Central Eparchy.\\n\\nThe Eastern Eparchy currently does not have a ruling\n        bishop, but is administered by Bishop [[Andriy (Peshko)]] of Krateia. The\n        Western Eparchy is led by Bishop [[Ilarion (Rudnyk)]] of Edmonton and Western\n        Canada. All of the UOCC''s dioceses may have auxiliary bishops (titled ''Bishop\n        of Vancouver'' in the Western Eparchy, ''Bishop of Saskatoon'' in the Central\n        Eparchy and ''Bishop of Montreal'' in the Eastern Eparchy), but none of the\n        Eparchies have an auxiliary bishop at this time.{{when|date=May 2013}}\\n\\n==Current\n        hierarchy==\\n*Central Eparchy\\n**[[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan Yurij (Kalistchuk)\n        of Winnipeg and Canada]] (2010\\u2013Present)\\n*Eastern Eparchy\\n**[[Andriy\n        (Peshko)|Bishop Andriy (Peshko) of Krateia, Acting Bishop of Toronto and Eastern\n        Canada]] (2008\\u2013Present)\\n*Western Eparchy\\n**[[Ilarion (Rudnyk)|Bishop\n        Ilarion (Rudnyk) of Edmonton and Western Canada]] (2008\\u2013Present)\\n\\n==Past\n        bishops==\\nList of bishops who have served in the UOCC historically, and the\n        years served:\\n* [[Germanos (Shehadi)|Metropolitan Germanos (Shehadi)]] of\n        the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] - (1919-1924)\\n*\n        [[John (Theodorovych)|Metropolitan John (Theodorovych)]] - (1924-1948)\\n*\n        [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)|Archbishop Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]] - (1949-1950)\\n* [[Hilarion\n        (Ohienko)|Metropolitan Ilarion (Ohienko)]] - (1951-1972)\\n* [[Michael (Khoroshy)|Metropolitan\n        Michael (Khoroshy)]] - (1951-1977)\\n* [[Andrew (Metiuk)|Metropolitan Andrew\n        (Metiuk)]] - (1959-1985)\\n* [[Boris (Yakovkevych)|Archbishop Boris (Yakovkevych)]]\n        - (1963-1984)\\n* [[Mykolaj (Debryn)|Archbishop Mykolaj (Debryn)]] - (1975-1981)\\n*\n        [[Metropolitan Wasyly|Metropolitan Wasyly (Fedak)]] - (1978-2005)\\n* [[John\n        (Stinka)|Metropolitan John (Stinka)]]  - (1983-2010)\\n* [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan\n        Yurij (Kalistchuk)]] - (1989\\u2013Present)\\n* [[Ilarion (Rudnyk)|Bishop Ilarion\n        (Rudnyk)]] - (2008\\u2013Present)\\n* [[Andriy (Peshko)|Bishop Andriy (Peshko)]]\n        - (2008\\u2013Present)\\n\\n===Metropolitans/Primates===\\nList of primates, and\n        years of primatial rule:\\n* [[Hilarion (Ohienko)|Metropolitan Ilarion (Ohienko)]]\n        - (1951-1972)\\n* [[Michael (Khoroshy)|Metropolitan Michael (Khoroshy)]] -\n        (1972-1975) - Resigned as Metropolitan in 1975\\n* [[Andrew (Metiuk)|Metropolitan\n        Andrew (Metiuk)]] - (1975-1985)\\n* [[Basil (Fedak)|Metropolitan Wasyly (Fedak)]]\n        - (1985-2005)\\n* [[John (Stinka)|Metropolitan John (Stinka)]] - (2005-2010)\n        - Resigned as Metropolitan in 2010\\n* [[Yurij (Kalistchuk)|Metropolitan Yurij\n        (Kalistchuk)]] - (2010\\u2013Present)\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[History of Christianity\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Commons\n        category|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada}}\\n* {{Official website|http://www.uocc.ca}}\\n*\n        [http://www.uocceast.ca/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada: Eastern Eparchy]\\n*\n        [http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/about/history/ History of the UOCC]\\n* [http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/church_history/oleh_krawchenko_yesterday.htm\n        History of the UOCC]\\n* [http://orthodoxwiki.org/UOCC OrthodoxWiki Article]\\n*\n        [http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=46&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1\n        Article on the UOCC by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website]\\n* [http://www.pastyr.ca/\n        Liturgical texts and music in Ukrainian and English as practised in the Eastern\n        Eparchy, UOCC (Kyivan chant)]\\n* [http://albertacantors.ca/ Liturgical texts\n        and music in Ukrainian and English as practised in the Western Eparchy, UOCC\n        (Galician chant)]\\n\\n{{Orthodox Churches in Ukraine}}\\n{{Portal bar|Canada|Eastern\n        Christianity|Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Canadian religion]]\\n[[Category:Religious\n        organizations established in 1918]]\\n[[Category:Ecumenical Patriarchate of\n        Constantinople]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Canada]]\\n[[Category:Christian\n        denominations established in the 20th century]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox\n        organizations established in the 20th century]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-10T18:02:36Z\",\"lastrevid\":794895528,\"length\":15615,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada\"},\"1578073\":{\"pageid\":1578073,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate\",\"index\":13,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-22T23:32:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{other\n        uses|Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)}}\\n{{Infobox Orthodox Church\\n  |\n        show_name = Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate \\n  | image\n        = [[Image:St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|center|250px]]\\n  | caption\n        = [[St Volodymyr''s Cathedral|St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]].\\n  |\n        founder = Patriarch [[Filaret (Denysenko)]]\\n  | independence = Established\n        in 1992\\n  | recognition = Unrecognized by canonical Orthodox churches\\n  |\n        primate= Patriarch [[Filaret (Denysenko)]]\\n  | headquarters=[[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]\\n  |\n        territory=Ukraine\\n  | possessions=[[Western Europe]], [[United States]]\\n  |language=[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]], [[Church Slavonic]]\\n  | population= See [[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate#Adherents|adherents]]\\n  | website=[http://www.cerkva.info\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church]\\n}}\\n\\n:''''This article should [[Wikipedia:Duplicate\n        articles|include]] the material from [[Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)]].''''\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kyiv Patriarchate'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440i\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443}},\n        ''''Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, UOC-KP'''') is one\n        of the three major [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] [[Christian denomination|church]]es\n        in [[Ukraine]], alongside the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]],\n        and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]]. The church\n        is currently unrecognized by canonical Eastern Orthodox churches, although\n        now the Ecumenical Patriarchate who is the Mother Church, and alone can only\n        grant canonical status and autocephaly is examining the request and petition\n        of the Ukrainian Government and its people to be officially recognised.\\n\\nThe UOC-KP''s [[Mother Church]] is in the [[St Volodymyr''s\n        Cathedral|St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]], the capital of Ukraine.\n        The head of the church is [[Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko)]], who was enthroned\n        in 1995. [[Filaret (Denysenko)|Patriarch Filaret]] was excommunicated by the\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in 1997, but the Synod and\n        Sobor of the UOC-KP do not recognize this action.\\n\\n==Formation==\\nThe church\n        originated in 1992 as a result of a schism between the [[Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        and its former [[locum tenens]], Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine Filaret,\n        when Filaret chose to convert his former see (of which he was head for more\n        than two decades) into a Ukrainian [[autocephalous church]], initially within\n        the legal framework of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. The majority of the\n        Pro-Russian bishops refused to support him, and forced him to resign his position.\n        Undeterred, Filaret, with support of the President of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk,\n        initiated a merger with the  [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]].\n        With the support of nationalist groups such as [[UNA-UNSO]], the church fought\n        for control over property. In response, almost all Pro-Russian bishops called\n        a [[Synod#Orthodox usage|sobor]] in [[Kharkiv]], where they refused to follow\n        Filaret, and ruled to [[defrock]] and [[anathema|anathemise]] him. However\n        the union between the Western Ukrainian and diaspora clergy of the former\n        UAOC and the now ''defrocked'' Russian Orthodox clergy who followed Filaret,\n        became very fragile. After the death of [[Patriarch Mstyslav (Stepan Skrypnyk)|Patriarch\n        Mstyslav]] in the summer of 1993, the union reached a breaking point causing\n        the UAOC to terminate the union. After a brief leadership of [[Patriarch Volodomyr\n        (Romaniuk)]], Filaret assumed the Patriarchal throne in autumn 1995.\\n[[File:1\n        \\u041e\\u0442\\u0447\\u0435 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0448.JPG|thumb|\\\"Our Father\\\" prayer\n        in Ukrainian in Israel]]\\n\\n==History==\\nOrthodoxy (and Christianity in general)\n        in Ukraine date to the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus]] by [[Volodymyr the\n        Great]] as a [[Metropolitanate]] of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The sacking\n        of Kiev itself in December 1240 during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|Mongol\n        Invasion]] led to the ultimate collapse of the Rus'' state. For many of its\n        residents, the brutality of Mongol attacks sealed the fate of many choosing\n        to find safe haven in the North East. In 1299, the Kievan [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]\n        Chair was moved to [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] by Metropolitan [[Maximus,\n        Metropolitan of all Rus|Maximus]], keeping the title ''''of Kiev''''. As Vladimir-Suzdal,\n        and later the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] continued to grow unhindered, the\n        Orthodox religious link between them and Kiev remained strong. The fall of\n        Constantinople in 1453 allowed the once daughter church of North East to become\n        autocephalous with Kiev remaining part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. From\n        that moment on, the Churches of Ukraine and Russia went their own separate\n        ways. The latter became central in the growing [[Russian Tsardom]], attaining\n        patriarchal status in 1589, whilst the former became subject to repression\n        and Polonization efforts, particularly after the [[Union of Brest]] in 1596.\n        Eventually the persecution of Orthodox Ukrainians led to a massive rebellion\n        under [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and united the Ukrainian [[Cossack Hetmanate|Hetmanate]]\n        with the Russian Tsardom, and in 1686, the Kievan Metropolia came under the\n        Moscow Patriarchate. Ukrainian clergy, for their Greek training, held key\n        roles in the Russian Orthodox Church until the end of the 18th century. Examples\n        include [[Epifany Slavinetsky]], one of the architects of the [[Patriarch\n        Nikon]]''s church reforms in the 17th century. [[Epifany Slavinetsky]], [[locum\n        tenens]] after [[Patriarch Adrian]]''s death in 1700 and Metropolitan of Moscow,\n        and his successor [[Feofan Prokopovich]], a reformer of Russian Orthodox Church\n        in early 18th century.\\n\\nOrthodoxy in Ukraine greatly expanded in the 18th\n        and 19th centuries, particularly as the boundaries of Russian Empire incorporated\n        the Crimean Khanate, Bessarabia and Right-Bank Ukraine. Only the Western province\n        of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] remained outside the Russian Orthodox\n        Church (though it was claimed as canonical territory, as it was in the official\n        Kievan Metropolitan title ''''of Kiev and Galich''''). During the 20th century,\n        Orthodoxy was brutally persecuted by the Soviet authorities in Soviet Ukraine,\n        and, to lesser extent, by the authorities of the Second Polish Republic in\n        Volhynia.\\n\\nWhat historians now see as the reason for the following events\n        was the decision of the head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Metropolitan\n        of Kiev and all Ukraine [[Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)|Filaret]]\n        to achieve total [[autocephaly]] (independence) of his [[metropolitan see]]\n        with or without the approval of the [[mother church]] as required by [[canon\n        law]]. These events followed Filaret''s own unsuccessful attempt to gain a\n        seat in the [[Moscow Patriarch]] for himself (1990) and Ukrainian independence\n        after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in August, 1991. In November\n        1991, Metropolitan Filaret requested that the hierarchy of the [[Russian Orthodox\n        Church]] grant the Ukrainian Orthodox Church autocephalous status. The skeptical\n        hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church called for a full Synodical council\n        (Sobor) where this issue would have been discussed at length. Filaret, using\n        support from old friendship ties with the then newly elected [[President of\n        Ukraine]] ([[Leonid Kravchuk]]), convinced him that a new independent government\n        should have its own independent church. Although the UAOC lacked any significant\n        following outside [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], Filaret was able to\n        organise a covert communion with the UAOC in case the [[Moscow Patriarchate]]\n        refused.\\n\\nAt the synod in March\\u2013April 1992, however, most of the clergy\n        of the UOC-Russian who initially supported Filaret, openly criticised this\n        move, and put most of the other bishops against him. He was asked to resign.\\n\\nUpon\n        returning to Kyiv, Filaret carried out his reserve option claiming that the\n        retirement swore was given under pressure and that he is not resigning. The\n        Ukrainian president [[Leonid Kravchuk]] gave Filaret his support as did the\n        [[UNA-UNSO|nationalist Paramilitaries]], in retaining his rank. In a crisis\n        moment the Hierarchical Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church agreed to\n        another [[synod]] which met in May 1992. The council was conducted in the\n        eastern city of [[Kharkiv]] where the majority of the Russian bishops voted\n        to suspend Filaret from his clerical functioning. Simultaneously they elected\n        a new leader [[Metropolitan Volodymyr (Viktor Sabodan)]], a native of the\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] and a former Patriarchal Exarch to [[Western Europe]].\\n\\nWith\n        only three bishops remaining at his support Filaret initiated the unification\n        with the UAOC, and in June 1992 created a new Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013\n        Kyivan Patriarchate (UOC-KP) with 94-year-old [[Patriarch Mstyslav]] as the\n        leader. While chosen as his assistant, Filaret was de facto ruling the Church.\n        A few of the Autocephalous [[bishop]]s and clergy who opposed this situation\n        refused to join the new Church following the death of Mstyslav a year later.\n        The church was once again ripped apart by a schism and most of the UAOC parishes\n        were regained when the churches re-separated in July 1993.\\n\\n==Canonical\n        status==\\nSince his election as a Patriarch in 1995, Filaret remains very\n        active in both church and state politics. His goal is to gather around his\n        Church all groups with a national{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} orientation\n        and all church organizations which did not have [https://sites.google.com/site/canonsoc/\n        canonical] recognition. He expressed repentance for\n        his past support of prosecution of Ukrainian national churches, the Autocephalous\n        and the Greek Catholic.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} He is leading the\n        drive for his church to become a single Orthodox Ukrainian national church.\n        His attempts to gain ''canonical'' recognition for his church remain unsuccessful\n        to this day (although the Ecumenical Patriarchate is now looking into the\n        request of the Ukrainian Parliament and its people to grant canonical status\n        to the church) and the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church]] canonically linked to the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] remains\n        at this point the only body whose canonical standing is officially recognised.\\n\\nUOC-KP\n        activity was also focused on attracting Ukrainians with ethnic-oriented rhetoric.\\nFor\n        example, in 1998, four parishes of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA|UOC\n        of USA]] moved under Filaret''s omophorion without canonical release from\n        UOC of USA (a jurisdiction of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate]]). The Permanent Conference of Ukrainian Orthodox Bishops Beyond\n        the Borders of Ukraine expressed its protest against the divisive activity\n        of UOC-KP in diaspora with Open Letter, from 14 June 1998. In its turn, the\n        Hierarchical Sobor of UOC-KP decided on 14 May 1999:\\n\\n[...] 11. To appeal\n        for peace and the spiritual unity of the Ukrainian community, which in foreign\n        countries during the last decades struggled for Ukrainian statehood and autocephalous\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church, so therefore the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kyivan\n        Patriarchate does not have the moral right to leave without spiritual care\n        those Ukrainian Orthodox parishes in the diaspora which, from the time of\n        His Holiness Patriarch of Kyiv and All Ukraine Mstyslav of blessed memory,\n        remain under the omofor of the Kyivan Patriarch and further do not desire\n        to change their canonical position. We categorically reject the accusations\n        addressed to our Church as supporting division in the Ukrainian diaspora,\n        expressed, in particular, in the \\\"Open Letter\\\" of the Permanent Conference\n        of Ukrainian Orthodox Bishops Beyond the Borders of Ukraine, from 14 June\n        1998.[...]\\n\\nThen, while addressing UOC of USA in November\n        1999, Patriarch Filaret continued as follows:\\n\\\"The question is not about\n        uniting with the Kyiv Patriarchate, you already are part of the Kyiv Patriarchate.\n        The question is that you simply need to confirm this now that the bishops\n        in Bound Brook are trying to divide us, [to confirm] that you are part of\n        the Kyiv Patriarchate - and not ''go over'' to something to which you have\n        always belonged.\\\"\\n\\nUOC-KP received at least two\n        former clerics of the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]]: bishop [[Christopher Tsamalaidze|Christopher\n        (Tsamalaidze)]] and archpriest [[Basil Kobakhidze|Basil (Kobakhidze)]]. On\n        21 January 2006, bishop Christopher (Tsamalaidze) and archpriest Basil (Kobakhidze)\n        participated in celebrations of the national Ukrainian holiday \\u2013 [[Act\n        Zluky|the Day of Unity]] and concelebrated with Patriarch Filaret. At the\n        same time, one Nikolai (Inasaridze), who had been ordained by Filaret to priesthood\n        in October 2005, was appointed rector of the newly established \\\"Georgian\\\"\n        parish of the [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity of Christ]].{{Cite web|url=http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/790/161/28740/|title=\\u0423\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c \\u0454 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442,\n        \\u0430 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445|website=Club-tourist|access-date=2016-11-24}}{{Cite\n        news|url=https://www.interesniy.kiev.ua/v-kieve-v-hrame-rozhdestva-hristova-otk/|title=\\u0412\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0435 \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435 \\u0420\\u043e\\u0436\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u044b\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434 - \\u0418\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432|date=2006-02-21|newspaper=\\u0418\\u043d\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432|language=ru-RU|access-date=2016-11-24}} And\n        Ukrainian media immediately started to spread UOC-KP leader''s statements\n        about the recognition of Kievan Patriarchate by the Georgian Orthodox Church\n        and His Holiness Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia II.\\n\\nIn its turn, the Patriarchate\n        of Georgia denied incongruous rumors with an official letter on 23 January\n        2006:\\n\\n\\\"On January 21, the delegation for participation in the celebrations\n        of the national Ukrainian holiday \\u2013 the Day of Unity visited Kiev. The\n        Georgian Orthodox Church entirely shares the joy of fraternal Ukrainian people\n        and wishes it and its government further success.\\n\\nThe Georgian mass media\n        reported that Bishop Christopher (Tsamalaidze) and Archpriest Vasily Kobakhidze\n        also arrived in Kiev to participate in celebrations and act on behalf of the\n        Georgian Orthodox Church. In this connection, the Patriarchate of Georgia\n        states that in compliance with the decision of the Holy Synod of the Georgian\n        Orthodox Church, Bishop Christopher (Tsamalaidze) and Archpriest Vasily Kobakhidze\n        are unfrocked for gross and repeated violations. Their actions are unauthorized\n        and non-canonical.\\n\\nThe Patriarchate of Georgia informs the Georgian community\n        that the Georgian parish, opened in Kiev, belongs to the jurisdiction of the\n        \\u2018Kievan Patriarchate\\u2019 that no one of the Autonomous Orthodox Church\n        recognizes. It bears no relation to the Georgian Orthodox Church .As far as\n        newly ordained \\u2018priest\\u2019 of this church Nikolai Inasaridze is concerned,\n        the services conducted by him are also non-canonical\\\"\\n\\nUOC-KP\n        also have  Diocese of Falesti and Eastern Moldova led by former ROC bishop\n        [http://eparhia.md/?page_id=2 Filaret (Pancu)], [http://www.metropole-orthodoxe-de-france.com\n        \\\"Orthodox Diocese of Paris and All France\\\"] led by  [[:fr:Michel Laroche|Metropolitan\n        Michael (Philippe) Laroche]].\\n{{Eastern Orthodox sidebar}}\\n\\n==Patriarchs\n        of Kiev and All  Rus''-Ukraine==\\n* Patriarch [[Patriarch Mstyslav (Stepan\n        Skrypnyk)|Mstyslav]] (1991\\u20131993)\\n* Patriarch [[Patriarch Volodomyr (Romaniuk)|Volodymyr]]\n        (1993\\u20131995)\\n* Patriarch [[Patriarch Filaret (Denysenko)|Filaret]] (1995\\u2013present)\\n\\n==Important\n        institutions==\\n* Holy Synod of UOC-KP\\n**The Synod consists of the Patriarch\n        and its six permanent members, the representatives of Galicia, Volyn, Kiev,\n        Southern Ukraine, Eastern Ukraine, and the Russian bordering region of Bilhorod\n        (locally as [[Belgorod]]). The Synod also has three temporary members that\n        are represented by Eparchial Archbishops. The permanent members are elected\n        by the Archbishop Assembly to which the Synod is responsible. The three temporary\n        members are called upon the Patriarch and the Synod.\\n* Archbishop Assembly\n        ([[Synod#Orthodox usage|Sobor]])\\n** The assembly takes place at least once\n        in two years and is initiated by the Patriarch and the Holy Synod. The members\n        of assembly consists of all archbishops as well as the members of the Supreme\n        Church Council. An extraordinary session of the assembly can be called upon\n        by either the Patriarch or the 1/3 of all archbishops of UOC-KP. To selected\n        sessions of the assembly may be invited some guests without any voting rights,\n        however. All the declarations obtain their power upon the signatures of the\n        head of assembly, its presidium, and secretary. The official website contains\n        brief overviews of all the twelve assemblies that took place.\\n* The Local\n        Assembly (Pomisny Sobor)\\n** The highest institution of the Church administration.\n        All of the Church legislative, executive, and legal powers belong to that\n        assembly. The assembly is much bigger than its Archbishop''s counterpart and\n        involves various religious representatives as well as some secular.\\n\\n==\n        Adherents ==\\nIn 2000, 21.8%, out of 41.2% who clearly defined their church\n        allegiance, adhered to the UOC-KP. According to a\n        poll conducted by the [[Razumkov Centre]] in 2006, 14.9% of the Ukrainian\n        population declared that they belonged to the UOC-KP.\\nIn\n        2013, 18.3% of Ukrainians adhered to UOC-KP, growing to 22.4% in April 2014. The ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' reported that the Moscow Patriarchate''s\n        decisions during the [[2014\\u201315 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]\n        had led some Ukrainians to join the UOC-KP.\\n\\nUOC-KP\n        adherents in Ukraine, excluding Crimea and militant-controlled parts of Donbas:\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date\\n! Proportion\\n! Ref\\n|-\\n| May\\u2013June\n        2016\\n| 33%\\n| \\n|-\\n| June-July 2017\\n| 44%\\n| {{cite web |url= http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf\n        |title= Public Opinion Survey of Residents of Ukraine June 9 \\u2013 July 7,\n        2017 |publisher= iri.org |page= 77 |date= 22 August 2017 }}\\n|}\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n* [[List of Orthodox Churches (disambiguation)|List of Orthodox Churches]]\\n*\n        The [[Macedonian Orthodox Church|Macedonian Orthodox]] and [[Montenegrin Orthodox\n        Church]]es, which face a similar kind of non-recognition;\\n* [[Orthodox Church\n        in Italy]], which is in full communion with Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv\n        Patriarchy).\\n* [[Bulgarian Alternative Synod]], which is in full communion\n        with Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchy).\\n* [[Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|33em|refs=\\n\\n{{cite news |url= http://www.razumkov.org.ua/article.php?news_id=95\n        |title= \\u041d\\u0410\\u0420\\u041e\\u0414 \\u0417\\u041e\\u041b\\u041e\\u0422\\u041e\\u0407\n        \\u0421\\u0415\\u0420\\u0415\\u0414\\u0418\\u041d\\u0418-2: \\u042f\\u041a \\u041c\\u0418\n        \\u0412\\u0406\\u0420\\u0418\\u041c\\u041e |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= People\n        of the Golden Center-2: How We Believe |first= Lyudmila |last= Shangina |work=\n        [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Dzerkalo Tyzhnya]] |publisher= [[Razumkov Centre]] |date=\n        23 September 2000 |accessdate= 2008-01-13 }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html\n        |title= Ukraine |publisher= The CIA World Factbook }} According to the CIA\n        World Factbook, 19% of the Ukrainian population associated themselves with\n        the Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kyiv Patriarchate (cf. Orthodox (no particular\n        jurisdiction) 16%, Ukrainian Orthodox \\u2013 Moscow Patriarchate 9%, Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic 6%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 1.7%).\\n\\n{{cite\n        web |url= http://risu.org.ua/content.php?page_id=48&l=en |title= Patriarch\n        of Kyiv and all Rus-Ukraine Filaret |work= Religious Information Service of\n        Ukraine |accessdate= 2008-01-13 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030916003900/http://risu.org.ua/content.php?page_id=48&l=en\n        |archivedate= 16 September 2003 }}\\n\\n{{cite web |url=\n        http://www.risu.org.ua/ukr/major.religions/uoc_kp/ |script-title= \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\n        |language=Ukrainian |title= Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate\n        |work= Religious Information Service of Ukraine |accessdate= 2008-01-13 |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20101103235114/http://old.risu.org.ua/ukr/major.religions/uoc_kp\n        |archivedate= 3 November 2010 |deadurl= yes }}\\n\\n[http://www.sobor2008.ru/417804/index.html]\\n\\n{{cite web |url= http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300\n        |title= \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?\n        |language= Ukrainian |trans_title= What religious group do you belong to?\n        |publisher= [[Razumkov Centre]] |year= 2006 }}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainians-shun-moscow-patriarchate-as-russias-war-intensifies-in-donbas-378168.html\n        |title= Ukrainians shun Moscow Patriarchate as Russia\\u2019s war intensifies\n        in Donbas |first= Nataliya |last= Trach |work= [[Kyiv Post]] |date= 23 January\n        2015 }}\\n\\n{{cite web |url= http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2016-07-08_ukraine_poll_shows_skepticism_glimmer_of_hope.pdf\n        |title= Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Ukraine May 28\\u2013June 14, 2016\n        |page= 62 |publisher=International Republican Institute |date= 8 July 2016\n        }}\\n\\n{{cite web|title=Resolutions of the Hierarchical\n        Sobor of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kyivan Patriarchate|url=http://www.brama.com/news/press/990609orthodox.html|website=BRAMA|publisher=BRAMA,\n        Inc.|accessdate=23 November 2016}}\\n\\n{{cite\n        web|title=UOC-U.S.A. responds to patriarch''s visit|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/030016.shtml|website=The\n        Ukrainian Weekly|accessdate=23 November 2016}}\\n\\n{{cite\n        news |url= https://mospat.ru/archive/en/2006/01/29302/ |title= \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u044f \\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044e \\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\\"\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\\"\n        \\u0438 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u043e\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |language= Russian|trans_title= The Patriarchate of Georgia denied rumors\n        about recognition of \\\"Kievan patriatchate\\\" and exposed its ows schismatics|work=\n        Press service of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church |publisher= Department for\n        External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church |date= 2006-01-25\n        |accessdate= 2016-11-24}}\\n\\n{{cite news |url= http://ukrainian-church.de/entstehung-des-dekanats/\n        |title= Entstehung des Dekanats - Ukrainische Orthodoxe Kirche Patriarchat\n        Kiew in K\\u00f6ln |language= Deutsch|trans_title= Origin of the Deanery -\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kievan Patriarchate in Cologne|publisher= Ukrainische\n        Orthodoxe Kirche Patriarchat Kiew in K\\u00f6ln|accessdate= 2016-11-24 }}\\n}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{cite web|url=http://www.cerkva.info|title=Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|work=www.cerkva.info|language=Ukrainian,\n        Russian, English}}\\n* {{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/canonsoc/|title=The\n        Canons of the Eastern Orthodox Church|language=English}}\\n\\n{{All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches and Religious Organizations}}\\n{{Orthodox Churches in\n        Ukraine}}\\n{{Orthodox Christianity in Europe}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church Of The Kyivan Patriarchate}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|*]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox church\n        bodies]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church bodies and patriarchates in Europe]]\\n[[Category:Eastern\n        Orthodox noncanonical church bodies]]\\n[[Category:1992 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Religious\n        organizations established in 1992]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-22T23:32:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":796768887,\"length\":24059,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate\"},\"6006274\":{\"pageid\":6006274,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA\",\"index\":24,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-18T20:07:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{update|date=March\n        2013}}\\n\\n[[File:Orthodox Cathedral of St. Andrew in South Bound Brook.jpg|thumb|[[St.\n        Andrew Memorial Church (South Bound Brook, New Jersey)|St. Andrew Memorial\n        Church]] in [[South Bound Brook, New Jersey]] \\u2014 headquarters of the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA.]]\\n{{Orthodoxyinamerica}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA'''''' (''''UOC of USA'''') is a jurisdiction of\n        the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] (Greek Orthodox Patriarchate) in the [[United\n        States]]. It consists of two eparchies ([[diocese]]s), ruled by two bishops,\n        including about 85 active parishes and missions.  The Church''s current leader\n        is Metropolitan Antony. The Church''s head offices and Consistory are based\n        in [[South Bound Brook]], [[New Jersey]].\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===Autocephalous\n        Church===\\n\\nSeraphim Surrency writes:\\n\\n:''''Bishop Bohdan, with what backing\n        the Greeks could give him, which was mostly moral and very little financial,\n        continued to give some competition to the organization of Teodorovich, now\n        commonly called the \\\"Ukrainian Metropolia\\\", but it was a losing battle.\n        In addition to the administrative ineptitude of Spylka, his very moderation\n        in matters Ukrainian seemed to work against him. Spylka succeeded in attracting\n        some Americans who were interested in Orthodoxy and most in ordination. Spylka\n        ordained over a dozen native converts to the Orthodox priesthood without requiring\n        any theological education and as might be expected the results were disastrous\n        (an exception was Fr. [[Dimitry Royster]] who later transferred his allegiance\n        to the Russian Metropolia and was consecrated Bishop in 1969) (p. 113).''''\\n\\nIn\n        1942, when persecution of the Church in Ukraine eased under the German occupation,\n        a number of bishops were consecrated for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church there.\n        One of these bishops, Archbishop [[Mstyslav (Skrypnyk)]], emigrated to Canada\n        in 1948 to head the jurisdiction of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]].\n        In 1949, however, he moved to the U.S. and joined Spylkas'' group. After Archbishop\n        Mstyslav''s departure from Canada (after a disagreement with the Canadian\n        Church''s governance), the Canadian Church was headed by Metropolitan [[Hilarion\n        Ohienko]]. Mstyslav desired the unity of the two jurisdictions and worked\n        to reconcile the two churches and convince Teodorovych to accept re-consecration\n        as a condition for union.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\nIn 1950, the\n        two rival jurisdictions held [[synod]]s (in the same cathedral in New York)\n        at which unification was approved by both, and on October 13, a combined unification\n        synod was held, with both groups signing onto union. A number of clergy and\n        parishes under Spylka were unconvinced of the sincerity of the \\\"UOC of USA\\\"\n        group, however, and convinced him to reject the union. Union was proclaimed,\n        but it was not complete, lacking the support of Spylka and those who had convinced\n        him to remain separate. Archbishop Mstyslav joined the new united church -\n        the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA, along with a number of Spylkas''\n        parishes, and the union was celebrated on October 14 by those who participated.{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\nMstyslav died three years after his election as\n        Patriarch, His death was followed by an [[History of Christianity in Ukraine|enormous\n        division of the UOC in Ukraine]], and in the United States. He was buried\n        in a crypt under St. Andrew''s Memorial church in South Bound Brook, USA.\n        After the death of Patriarch Mstyslav, on October 20, 1993 [[Volodymr (Romaniuk)]],\n        at that time was the Metropolitan of Chernigov was elected Patriarch of Kyiv\n        and all Rus-Ukraine. Archbishop Antony was also present at the local council\n        as he was a candidate for the position of Patriarch as well.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Renouncing Autocephaly and joining the Metropolia of Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate===\\n\\nFollowing the death of Patriarch Mstyslav in 1993, Archbishop\n        Antony [an Archbishop within the UOC-USA] was a candidate at the \\u201cSobor\\u201d\n        [conclave] of the Mother Church in Kyiv, Ukraine, to succeed him as Patriarch\n        of the UOC-Ukraine. Archbishop Antony subsequently was unsuccessful in his\n        candidacy, and shortly thereafter, together with his followers within the\n        UOC-USA, despite Patriarch Mstyslav\\u2019s decree to remain independent, clandestinely\n        entered into contracts, and understandings with the Greek Patriarchate Church\n        of Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey). Archbishop Antony and his followers\n        eventually became hierarchs of the Greek Patriarchate Church and assumed Greek\n        Bishop Titles.  The Greek Orthodox Church in Istanbul now claims that the\n        UOC-USA is under its jurisdiction and that the diocese is no longer Autocephalous\n        [i.e. independent] and all parish properties belong to the bishops. 1994 the\n        Hierarchs of the UOC-USA met with the Ecumenical Patriarch in Istanbul, at\n        the Patriarch''s invitation, and came to an agreement recognizing the canonicity\n        of the Church and accepting the UOC-USA and the entire Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church in the Diaspora into Ecumenical Patriarchate.  Part of the agreement\n        also included Protocol 937 between Patriarch Bartholomew of the Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate and Patriarch Alexei of the Russian Orthodox Church which detailed\n        that the terms of the Russian Church accepting the EP''s absorption of the\n        UOCUSA under her omophoron was that the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA\n        must renounce their autocephaly and not aid the church in Ukraine.[http://www.bruoc.ca/documents/EasternChurchesJournal-v2-n3%20Protocol%20937.pdf]\\n\\nIn\n        November 1996, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the USA and the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church in America (under Constantinople since 1937) were united under\n        Metropolitan Constantine, who also headed the Central Eparchy of the Church.\n        Bishop Vsevolod was elevated to Archbishop and headed the Western Eparchy\n        of the Church. Archbishop Antony heads the Eastern Eparchy.  Archbishop Antony\n        also served as President of the Consistory. {{citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\nOn\n        October 6, 2007, the 18th Regular Sobor of the UOC-USA nominated Hieromonk\n        Daniel as Bishop-Elect for the UOC of the USA.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ec-patr.org/hierarchs/show.php?lang=en&id=175|title=Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}} On January 9, 2008,\n        Patriarch Bartholomew and the Great and Holy Synod of Constantinople formally\n        elected and ritually included Archimandrite Daniel in the Diptychs of Holy\n        Orthodoxy as titular Bishop of Pamphilon.  Bishop\n        Daniel was consecrated as Bishop in May, 2008, at St. Vladimir Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Cathedral, Parma, OH  and then named the new ruling\n        bishop of the Western Eparchy of the UOC-USA.\\n\\nOn 21 May 2012 Metropolitan\n        Constantine reposed and was buried in Pittsburgh, his place of birth.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/region/orthodox-bishops-from-near-and-far-remember-metropolitan-constantine-637683/|title=Orthodox\n        bishops from near and far remember Metropolitan Constantine|date=26 May 2012|accessdate=7\n        June 2012|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|last=Rodgers|first=Ann}}\n        At a Special Sobor of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA in October\n        2012, Archbishop Antony was selected Metropolitan-elect {{cite web|url=http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=1579&tla=en|title=Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}} and successor to Metropolitan\n        Constantine as Metropolitan of the Church. After formal election by the Great\n        and Holy Synod of Constantinople, on January 26, 2013 Metropolitan Antony\n        was formally enthroned as the Metropolitan of Hierapolis and of the Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of the USA.  At the same Special Sobor of 2012, Bishop Daniel\n        was elected as President of the Consistory of the Church.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2015}}\\n\\n===Schism===\\n\\nThe act of renouncing autocephaly and entering the\n        [[omophorion]]  of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, which left the UOC-USA with\n        no direct tie to any of the Orthodox churches in Ukraine, led to several parishes\n        leaving the UOC-USA to enter under the omophorion of the Kyiv Patriarchate\n        in [[Ukraine]], although some supporters of these parishes argue that it is\n        they who remain in the same church and that it is the hierarchy of the UOC-USA\n        which is now in a different church.{{cite web|url=http://cliftonorthodoxcathedral.org/saveouruoc.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Cathedral|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}}\\n\\nA lengthy\n        lawsuit which in 1999 the UOC-USA began against one such parish, the Church\n        of the Holy Ascension in Clifton, NJ, discouraged some other parishes from\n        taking similar action.  Although New Jersey''s Appellate Division eventually\n        sided with the parishioners of Holy Ascension against the UOC-USA and the\n        New Jersey Supreme Court denied certification of the issue, in 2007, the Consistory\n        of the UOC-USA filed a fresh suit against the Church of the Holy Ascension.  After\n        this suit was dismissed with prejudice by the Superior Court of New Jersey\n        in June 2008, the UOC-USA filed an appeal, but on August 19, 2009 the Appellate\n        Division affirmed the dismissal, holding \\\"that Holy Ascension, and not the\n        UOC-USA, has title to the property\\\".{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/appellate-division-unpublished/2009/a5893-07-opn.html|title=UKRAINIAN\n        ORTHODOX CHURCH OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. JOHN LUCHEJKO|publisher=|accessdate=21\n        June 2016}} The UOC-USA again appealed to the New Jersey Supreme Court,\n        which, on December 9, 2009, again denied certification.[http://cliftonorthodoxcathedral.org/images/SupremeCourtDENIED.pdf]\\n\\nDespite\n        the court ruling, the UOC-USA website until 2014 continued to list the Church\n        of the Holy Ascension and several other parishes which were legally part of\n        the UOC-KP as parishes of the UOC-USA.{{cite web|url=http://www.uocofusa.org/directories_parishes.html|title=Directory\n        of Parishes|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cerkva.info/en/websites/site-uoc-kp.html|title=\\u0421\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041f\\u0426 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 - Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP)|first=\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0456\\u0454\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440|last=\\u0422\\u0440\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u043c\\u043b\\u044e\\u043a|publisher=|accessdate=21\n        June 2016}}\\n\\n==Structure==\\n\\n{{As of|2013}} the Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church in the USA was divided into three eparchies (dioceses):{{citation needed|date=June\n        2015}}\\n\\n* ''''''Central Eparchy'''''' ([[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]],\n        [[Ohio]], [[Upstate New York]], [[Western Pennsylvania]]), headed by: Vacant\\n*\n        ''''''Eastern Eparchy'''''' ([[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Massachusetts]],\n        [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York metropolitan area|New York City]],\n        Eastern [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Virginia]]), headed by Metropolitan\n        Antony ([[New York City]], New York-[[Washington D.C.]])\\n* ''''''Western\n        Eparchy'''''' ([[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Michigan]],\n        [[Minnesota]], [[Nebraska]], [[New Mexico]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (U.S.\n        state)|Washington]], [[Wisconsin]]), headed by Archbishop Daniel ([[Chicago]],\n        Illinois)\\n\\nIn total, there are about 80 parishes and one seminary - [[St.\n        Sophia Ukrainian Orthodox Theological Seminary]] in South Bound Brook, New\n        Jersey. Many parishes have been closing despite moves over the past few years\n        to conduct the liturgy in English and appoint convert priests to appeal to\n        the masses. Besides the two hierarchs, the clergy consist of 106 priests and\n        15 deacons. 15 of the parishes currently have either no pastor or are served\n        by clergy in their deanery.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church of Canada]]\\n*[[History of Christianity in Ukraine]]\\n*[[St.\n        Andrew Cathedral (Silver Spring, Maryland)|St. Andrew Cathedral, Silver Spring]]\\n\\n==\n        Notes ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==References==\\n* Text originally taken from [[Orthodoxwiki:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Church in the USA]]\\n* Hewlett, Dn. Edward. The Formation of the\n        Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada\\n* Surrency, Archim. Serafim. The Quest\n        for Orthodox Church Unity in America: A History of the Orthodox Church in\n        North America in the Twentieth Century. New York: Saints Boris and Gleb Press,\n        1973.\\n* Eastern Christian Churches: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the\n        USA and Diaspora, by Ronald Roberson, a Roman Catholic priest and scholar\\n*\n        An Outline of the History of the Metropolia Center of the Ukrainian Orthodox\n        Church of the USA (official website)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.uocofusa.org\n        official website]\\n* [http://www.uaocamerica.org old website]\\n* [http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_1293.asp\n        Profile of the UOC-USA on the Association of Religion Data Archives website]\\n*\n        [http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=42&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1\n        Article on the UOC-USA by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website]\\n\\n{{Orthodox\n        Churches in Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church bodies]]\\n[[Category:Ecumenical\n        Patriarchate of Constantinople]]\\n[[Category:Religious organizations established\n        in 1915]]\\n[[Category:Eastern Orthodox church bodies in North America]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian-American\n        history]]\\n[[Category:Christian denominations established in the 20th century]]\\n[[Category:Eastern\n        Orthodox organizations established in the 20th century]]\\n[[Category:Members\n        of the National Council of Churches]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodoxy in the\n        United States]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA|*]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-25T15:18:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":791205576,\"length\":13624,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_USA\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_USA&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_USA\"},\"27160490\":{\"pageid\":27160490,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\",\"index\":17,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-06T13:41:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        ''''''Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church'''''' (UOGCC) is an [[Eastern\n        Christianity|Eastern Christian]] religious movement  established in 2009 and\n        based in [[Pidhirtsi]] in Ukraine. Its seven founding bishops were formerly\n        priests of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and members of the [[Order\n        of Saint Basil the Great]], from which they separated.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\n===Movement\n        within the Basilian order===\\nAnthony Elias Dohnal, born 1946, was ordained\n        as a priest for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Litom\\u011b\\u0159ice]] in\n        [[Czechoslovakia]] circa 1971.   After military service, he served as a parochial\n        vicar in Slu\\u0161ovice and Budi\\u0161ov, promoting spiritual revival.  Active\n        in the [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal]] since 1981, he fought against the\n        tolerance of [[occultism]] and promoted prayer groups.  In 1986 he was assigned\n        to a \\\"prison for nuns\\\" and kept as a virtual prisoner.  From 1987 to 1990\n        he served at [[Dvorce]], continuing with [[samizdat]] writings against liberal\n        theology and occultism.  In 1991, together with students R. Spirik and J.\n        Spirik, he resolved to join the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Greek-Catholic]]\n        [[Order of Saint Basil the Great]] (OSBM) and entered the [[novitiate]] in\n        [[Warsaw]].  In 1992, he transferred to the monastery in [[Trebi\\u0161ov]].  Spirik\n        and two other former students were ordained priests during 1996-1997.  Shortly\n        after, Dohnal applied for permission to found a \\\"contemplative\\\" branch of\n        the OSBM community.\\n\\nIn 1997, Fr. Dionysius Lachovicz\n        OSBM (born in [[Brazil]] in 1946), the General Superior\n        of the Basilian order, granted the group permission to be designated as an\n        \\\"experimental community\\\" within the order under his direct supervision.\n        He appointed the group''s leader, Elias Dohnal, OSBM, to direct the formation\n        of the novices in the group, men who had been rejected by the order''s novitiate\n        in Poland.  In May 1998, after complaints and a canonical visitation, he withdrew\n        permission for the community''s special status.  The group appealed to the\n        [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]] for permission to establish an\n        autonomous monastery within the territory of the [[Archeparchy of Pre\\u0161ov]]\n        ([[Slovakia]]) against the will of its bishop, Ivan Hirka.  Lachovicz confirmed\n        the suppression in December 1998 and the community members were dispersed\n        to other assignments.\\n\\n[[Image:True\n        Greek Catholic.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Demonstration outside the Lviv regional\n        council, August 2009]]\\nIn late 1999, at the request of the Greek-Catholic\n        [[Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic|Apostolic Exarch in the Czech\n        Republic]] Ivan Ljavinec for a Basilian community, and with the agreement\n        of the Roman Catholic [[List of bishops and archbishops of Prague|Archbishop\n        of Prague]], [[Miloslav Vlk|Cardinal Vlk]], Lachovicz founded a Basilian community\n        in [[Prague]], assigning to it Fr. Cyril \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk, his brother\n        Fr. Metod\\u011bj R. \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk and their former classmate Fr. Markian\n        Hitiuk from Ukraine, to serve at the cathedral parish in [[Prague]].   In\n        2003, the Basilians and their supporters protested against the appointment\n        of a new Greek-Catholic exarch in the Czech Republic, Ladislav Hu\\u010dko,\n        a non-Ukrainian, by blockading the Greek-Catholic cathedral.   As a result,\n        the event was relocated to be held in a Roman Catholic church.  In 2004, Lachovicz\n        was not re-elected.  His successor closed the Order''s community in the Czech\n        Republic, transferring the members to the monastery in [[Pidhirtsi]], Ukraine.\\n\\n===Conflict with the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church===\\n[[Image:Wp\n        upgkc.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nuns calling for formal registration of the UOGCC,\n        August 2009]]\\nOn March 3, 2008, Dohnal announced to [[Pope Benedict XVI]]\n        that he and three other Basilian Fathers had been consecrated as bishops in\n        order to \\\"save\\\" the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) from heresy and\n        apostasy. Dohnal did not identify the bishop or bishops who had performed\n        the consecration.  In justification for the act, he wrote that the bishops\n        of the UGCC supported influences of syncretism and occultism, approval of\n        homosexuality, and erroneous ecumenism.  As an example of the latter,  he\n        cited the [[Balamand declaration]] of 1993, which had [[Eastern Christianity#Rejection_of_uniatism|rejected\n        \\\"uniatism\\\"]] as a method of seeking Christian unity between Catholics and\n        Orthodox.  In his letter, Dohnal denounced statements from Cardinal Husar''s\n        book \\\"Conversations with Cardinal Lubomyr Husar: On post-confessional Christianity\\\"\n        as schismatic and apostate.{{cite web\\n|url=http://kyivweekly.com.ua/pulse/society/2011/04/07/181201.html\\n|publisher=Kyiv\n        Weekly\\n|author=Oleh Polishchuk|title=Svyatoslav to seek backing in Rome and\n        Kyiv (commentary)\\n|date=April 7, 2011\\n}}\\n\\nAccording to a 2008 article\n        on ''''kreuz.net'''', the conflict was \\\"foreseeable\\\" and arose from tensions\n        between the Studite and Basilian orders of monks in the UGCC: that the Studites,\n        including the [[List of Major Archbishops of Kiev\\u2013Galicia|Major Archbishop\n        of Kiev\\u2013Galicia]], [[Lubomyr Husar|Lubomyr Cardinal Husar]], favored\n        closer relations with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, while the Basilians favored\n        the preservation of influences from the Latin Church ([[Liturgical latinisation]]).\\n\\nOn\n        Easter Sunday, March 23, 2008, the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] released\n        a statement from Cardinal Husar warning that any consecration that had taken\n        place was not recognized by the Church.\\n\\nIn June\n        2008 the [[Ecclesiastical court|tribunal]] of the [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy\n        of Sokal|Eparchy of Sokal-Zhovkva]] held an ecclesiastical trial for the four\n        priests. They were convicted of illegal assumption of authority and illegal\n        administration of ministry (violation of can. 1462 of the [[Code of Canons\n        of the Eastern Churches]] (CCEO)), inciting rebellion against the local hierarchy,\n        including Bishop Mykhail Koltun, [[Redemptorists|C.SS.R.]], Major Archbishop\n        [[Lubomyr Husar|Lubomyr Cardinal Husar]] (violation of can. 1447 \\u00a71 CCEO),\n        and causing injustice and serious harm to the good reputation of the above-mentioned\n        persons and to other hierarchs of the UGCC through slander (violation of can.\n        1452 CCEO).  The penalty imposed was major [[excommunication]].  After an\n        appeal, the sentence was upheld by the tribunal of the major archeparchy and\n        announced on September 17, 2008.\\n\\nOn August 15,\n        2008, Pidhirtsi supporters attempted unsuccessfully to occupy a church administration\n        building in [[Stryi]], Ukraine.  Fr. Taras Poshyvak, chancellor of the [[Ukrainian\n        Catholic Eparchy of Stryi|Stryi eparchy]], said that the \\\"regional leadership\n        of the police\\\" was interfering and preventing normal police protection of\n        the building.{{cite web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3B24109\\n|title=Schismatic\n        Priests Try to Take Buildings of Greek Catholic Stryi Eparchy\\n|publisher=RISU:\n        Religious Information Service of Ukraine\\n}}\\n\\n===Founding of new church===\\nOn\n        August 11, 2009, the bishops of the Pidhirtsi movement declared the founding\n        of the irregular ''''Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church'''' as  a \\\"new\n        Church structure for the orthodox faithful of the UGCC.\\\" In their declaration\n        they professed the Catholic faith, including the primacy of the Roman Pontiff\n        and disassociated themselves from \\\"contemporary heresies which destroy both\n        the Eastern and the Western Church.\\\"\\n\\nThe name\n        of the church includes the description ''''\\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (\\\"true-believing\\\").  Although the Church''s English-language website translates\n        this word as \\\"Orthodox\\\", it is not the same term as that used by the existing\n        [[History of Christianity in Ukraine#Eastern_Orthodox|Orthodox Churches]]\n        present in Ukraine, whose names use the term ''''\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430''''\n        (\\\"true-worshiping\\\").\\n\\nIn November 2010, a group of about 70 UOGCC supporters,\n        including leaders Metod\\u011bj Richard \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk and Markian Vasyl\n        Hitiuk, clashed with parishioners at the UGCC Church  of the Transfiguration\n        in Chortkiv in an apparent attempt to occupy the church.{{cite news |publisher=RISU\n        - Religious Information Service of Ukraine |url=http://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/community/scandals/38964\\n|title=Sectarians\n        Attempt to Seize Church in Ternopil Region |date=November 15, 2010 }}\\n\\nOn\n        April 7, 2011, the UOGCC bishops declared the establishment of a [[Byzantine\n        Catholic Patriarchate]],  offering to provide an episcopal authority to like-minded\n        believers elsewhere in the world.{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4469\\n|title=Announcement\n        of establishment of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate\\n|date=April 7, 2011\\n|publisher=UOGCC\\n}}\n        Archbishop Elias Dohnal was selected as the first Patriarch of the new body.\\n\\n==Conflict\n        with the Catholic Church==\\nOn October 7, 2008, the [[Apostolic Signatura]],\n        the highest appeals court of the [[Catholic Church]], including the [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Church|UGCC]] from which the UOGCC separated, refused the appeal\n        of the \\\"Pidhirtsi fathers\\\", and left the sentence of major excommunication\n        imposed on June 2008 by the UGCC major-archiepiscopal tribunal intact.\\n\\nIn 2010, the UOGCC declared an excommunication upon\n        265 professors of the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]],\n        and declared that over 2200 bishops worldwide had excommunicated themselves\n        by failing to respond to demands of the UOGCC.  The declaration asserted that\n        the bishops affected would thenceforth be unable to validly ordain priests.  It also called for [[Pope Benedict XVI]] to purge the hierarchy,\n        institute reforms, and resign. On April 7, 2011 the\n        bishops of the UOGCC declared an excommunication against Pope Benedict XVI\n        on May 1, 2011.{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4554\n        |title=Declaration of an excommunication upon Pope Benedict XVI and John Paul\n        II |date=May 1, 2011 |publisher=UOGCC }}\\n\\nOn March 29, 2012 the Vatican\n        [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] (CDF) published a declaration,{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-confirms-condemnation-of-breakaway-ukrainian-clergy/\\n|title=Vatican\n        confirms condemnation of breakaway Ukrainian clergy |date=March 29, 2012 |publisher=Catholic\n        News Agency}} urged by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and dated\n        February 22, 2012, concerning the main bishops of the UOGCC. It stated that\n        CDF would not recognize the [[episcopal consecration]]s of the UOGCC''s bishops\n        as valid, and that the bishops of the UOGCC had been excommunicated.{{cite\n        web |url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/28994.php?index=28994&lang=en\n        |title=Dichiarazione della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede sullo\n        status canonico dei \\\"Sedicenti Vescovi Greco-Cattolici di Pidhirci\\\" |date=March\n        29, 2012 |publisher=Holy See Press Office }} The UOGCC bishops wrote\n        a reply.{{cite web |url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=6611\n        |title=Excommunication, anathema, curse /An open letter to Card. W.J. Levada/\n        |date=April 1, 2012 |publisher=UOGCC}}\\n\\n==Founders==\\n\\n''''''Patriarch\n        Elijah Anthony Dohnal [[Order of Saint Basil the Great|OSBMr]]'''''' (born\n        1946 in [[Hluk (Uhersk\\u00e9 Hradi\\u0161t\\u011b District)|Hluk]]{{cite\n        web|title=Memorandum of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate (BCP)|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=4486|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church|accessdate=19 April 2011}}) was elected\n        as first Patriarch of the [[Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate in Ukraine|Byzantine\n        Catholic Patriarchate]].{{cite web|title=Announcement and warning to\n        the Catholic and Orthodox Patriarchs|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4494|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church|accessdate=19 April 2011}}  He was elected\n        by the Bishops\\u2019 Synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\n        in an extraordinary assembly of 5 April 2011, on the day of establishment\n        of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate.\\n\\nOn June 22, 2014, the New York\n        Times reported  that Ekspres, a Lviv-based newspaper,\n        conducted a lengthy investigation of Dohnal''s church, and concluded that\n        it had discovered an important clue to the group\\u2019s pro-Moscow allegiances\n        and advocacy on the side of Moscow during the 2014 pro-European anti-Moscow\n        revolution in Ukraine: Before the 1989 collapse of Communism in his homeland,\n        then still Czechoslovakia, Dohnal worked as an informer for Soviet intelligence\n        services (the infamous KGB). The Ekspress newspaper published what it said\n        was a document from former Czechoslovak archives that identified him as a\n        mole for Soviet intelligence with the code name \\u201cTonek.\\u201d The New\n        York Times reported that, as of 2014, Mr. Dohnal, who as a Czech national\n        has gone into hiding to avoid expulsion from Ukraine for visa violations,\n        and his lieutenants never attracted a large number of followers, but  made\n        headlines in the local Ukrainian news media for their pro-Russia''s views\n        and their brainwashing of vulnerable young recruits.\\n\\nElijah was ordained\n        priest in 1972 in the Czech Republic and joined the OSBM Order and changed\n        rite in 1991. He has a doctorate in theology from [[Charles University in\n        Prague|Charles University]], [[Prague]] and lectured [[Systematic theology|dogmatics]]\n        in [[Pre\\u0161ov]], [[Slovakia]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.\\n\\nHe\n        was consecrated archbishop in 2009 and held the title of ''''Vicar''''.  He\n        was appointed Byzantine Catholic Patriarch through election and the imposition\n        of hands by the Bishops\\u2019 Synod headed by Archbishop Michael Osidach on\n        5 April 2011.\\n\\n''''''Other bishops:''''''\\n* ''''Head of the Church:''''\n        Mychajlo Osidach, Ukrainian: Osidach, a former Russian Orthodox priest, has\n        claimed to have been consecrated as a Catholic bishop clandestinely in September\n        1989, during the era of Communist rule of Ukraine, by Archbishop Volodymyr\n        Sterniuk (1907-1997) and Bishop Filemon Kurchaba (1913-1995).   As of 2014, he is not listed in the ''''[[Annuario Pontificio]]''''\n        as a bishop recognized by the Holy See.\\n* ''''Secretary:'''' Markian V. Hitiuk,\n        OSBM: Ukrainian, born 1970\\n* ''''Members of the Synod:''''\\n** Metod\\u011bj\n        R. \\u0160pi\\u0159\\u00edk, OSBM: Czech, born 1968\\n** Timotej Sojka, OSBM\\n**\n        Bazil Kolodi, OSBM\\n** Samuel Robert Oberhauser, priest of the eparchy of\n        Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine), Slovak, born 1969\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|refs=\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://www.stnicholaschurch.ca/content_pages/osbm/art_osbm.service.009.htm\\n|title=In\n        Service to the Church\\n|publisher=St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic Church\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b26027\\n|title=Vatican\n        Says Excommunication of \\\"Pidhirtsi Fathers\\\" Final\\n|publisher=RISU: Religious\n        Information Service of Ukraine\\n|date=2008-11-22\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b21444\\n|title=Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic Head Denounces \\\"Pseudo-Bishops\\\"\\n|publisher=RISU: Religious\n        Information Service of Ukraine\\n|date=2008-03-26\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b24914\\n|title=Trial of\n        \\\"Pidhirtsi Fathers\\\" Finished\\n|date=2008-09-30\\n|publisher=RISU: Religious\n        Information Service of Ukraine\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=986\\n|title=Brief\n        information about the new bishops\\n|publisher=Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic\n        Church\\n|accessdate=2010-04-29\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=783\\n|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|title=Decree of establishment of the UOGCC\\n|date=2009-08-11\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|title=Who Laid the Easter Egg?\\n|url=http://blog.ancient-future.net/2008/03/28/per-christum-english-language-exclusive-schism-the-real-easter-egg-in-the-ukranian-greek-catholic-church/\\n|publisher=Per\n        Christum (blog)\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://www.apostolische-nachfolge.de/Ukraine%20%28English%29.htm\\n|title=Die\n        apostolische Nachfolge\\n|author=Martin Wolters\\n|accessdate=2010-04-29\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/church/article/?article=791\\n|title=History\n        of the Pidhirsti reform\\n|publisher=Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-01-11\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/letters/article/?article=2545\\n|title=Promulgation\n        of excommunication upon 265 theologians of the Gregorian University (5.4.2010)\\n|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-04-05\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=2814\\n|title=Promulgation\n        of an anathema against 2271 bishops of the Catholic Church\\n|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-05-24\\n}}\\n{{cite\n        web\\n|url=http://uogcc.org.ua/res/download/penal_procedure-offences_against__faith_and_morals-2.doc\\n|title=II\n        Penal procedure in the matter of offences against the faith and morals (15.4.2010)\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church\\n|date=2010-04-16\\n}}\\n{{cite web\\n|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/world/europe/ukrainian-church-faces-obscure-pro-russia-revolt-in-its-own-ranks.html?_r=0\\n|title=Ukrainian\n        Church Faces Obscure Pro-Russia Revolt in Its Own Ranks\\n|publisher=The New\n        York Times\\n|date=2014-06-22\\n}}\\n}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.uogcc.org.ua/en\n        Official website]\\n\\n[[Category:Religious organizations established in 2009]]\\n[[Category:Christian\n        denominations in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Independent Catholic denominations]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-04-06T13:41:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":774131304,\"length\":18018,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic_Church\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic_Church&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic_Church\"},\"2322171\":{\"pageid\":2322171,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Premier League\",\"index\":3,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-04T21:44:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=June\n        2014}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}\\n{{Infobox football league\\n| name        =\n        Ukrainian Premier League\\n| image       = \\u041e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043c\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c''\\u0454\\u0440-\\u041b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0438.png\\n|\n        pixels      = 150px\\n| country     = Ukraine\\n| confed      = [[UEFA]]\\n|\n        founded     = 1991 (Vyshcha Liha)
 2008 (Premier League)\\n| teams       =\n        12\\n| relegation  = [[Ukrainian First League]]\\n| levels      = 1\\n| domest_cup  =\n        [[Ukrainian Cup]]
[[Ukrainian Super Cup]]\\n| confed_cup  = [[UEFA Champions\n        League]]
[[UEFA Europa League]]\\n| champions   = {{nowrap|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] (10th title)}}\\n| season      = [[2016\\u201317\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n| most_champs = [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] (15 titles)\\n| website     = [http://www.fpl.ua/eng/ Official website]\\n|\n        current     = [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier League]]\\n}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        Premier League'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c''\\u0454\\u0440-\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0430\\\"}})\n        or ''''''UPL'''''' is the highest division of Ukrainian annual [[Association\n        football|football]] [[championship]]. As the ''''''Vyshcha Liha'''''' (''''Top\n        League'''') it was formed in 1991 as part of the 1992Hunchenko,\n        O., Kazakov, V., Kulikovska, O. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117002051/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/old_jrn/natural/Nzvdpu_geogr/2007_14/PART1/istoruko-geografichni%20osobluvosti%20rozvutky%20fytboly.pdf\n        Historic and geographic characteristics of football development in Ukraine\n        (\\u0406\\u0421\\u0422\\u041e\\u0420\\u0418\\u041a\\u041e-\\u0413\\u0415\\u041e\\u0413\\u0420\\u0410\\u0424\\u0406\\u0427\\u041d\\u0406\n        \\u041e\\u0421\\u041e\\u0411\\u041b\\u0418\\u0412\\u041e\\u0421\\u0422\\u0406 \\u0420\\u041e\\u0417\\u0412\\u0418\\u0422\\u041a\\u0423\n        \\u0424\\u0423\\u0422\\u0411\\u041e\\u041b\\u0423 \\u0412 \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0406)]''''\n        Ukrainian football championship upon discontinuation of the 1991 Soviet football\n        championship and included the Ukraine-based clubs that competed previously\n        in the Soviet competitions. In 1996 along with other the professional football\n        leagues of Ukraine, the Top League became a member of the [[Professional Football\n        League of Ukraine]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117003003/http://pfl.ua/pfl_title.php\n        Historic profile]. [[Professional Football League of Ukraine]]\\n\\nIn\n        2008[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117004012/http://uateka.com/uk/article/years/2007/1056\n        There was adopted a decision on creation of the football Premier League of\n        Ukraine (\\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\\u043d\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e \\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0444\\u0443\\u0442\\u0431\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c''\\u0454\\u0440-\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438)]. Electronic Library of Ukraine.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117004633/http://www.champion.com.ua/football/2008/05/27/117531/\n        In Ukraine was created Premier League (\\u0412 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u2019\\u0454\\u0440-\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0443)].\n        Champion ([[Ukrayinska Pravda]]). 27 May 2008 it was withdrawn from\n        Professional Football League of Ukraine and reformed into a self governed\n        entity of the [[Football Federation of Ukraine]], officially changing its\n        name to the current one. Its rank was [[UEFA coefficient#Current ranking|8th\n        highest in Europe]] as rated by [[UEFA]] as of 2017.\\n\\nAmong Ukrainian fans\n        the most popular Ukrainian clubs are [[Dynamo Kyiv]] and [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]. Other popular clubs include [[FC Dnipro]], [[Karpaty Lviv]]\n        and [[Chornomorets Odesa]].[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/poll-40-of-ukrainians-consider-themselves-football-supporters-most-against-idea-of-cis-league/\n        Poll: 40% of Ukrainians consider themselves football supporters, most against\n        idea of CIS league], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 August 2013)\\n\\n==General\n        overview and format==\\nThe [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier League|2017\\u201318]]\n        season is the league''s tenth after the restructuring of professional club\n        football in 2008 and the 27th season since establishing of professional club''s\n        competition independent from the [[Soviet Union]]. As of 2017, [[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] is the reigning Ukrainian Premier League champion.\n        To summarise, [[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] won the first championship,\n        while all the subsequent titles have gone to either [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] or [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]. Only 3 teams, [[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] and [[FC Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]] have participated in all previous 26\n        Ukrainian Top League competitions. The central feature of the league is a\n        game between Dynamo and Shakhtar which is developed into the [[Klasychne derby|Klasychne]]\n        (''''Classic'''').\\n\\nOn 15 April 2008 the new Premier-Liha (''''Premier League'''')\n        was formed. The new sports organization consists of 12 football club organizations\n        that take control of the league''s operations under the statues of [[Football\n        Federation of Ukraine]], [[UEFA]], and [[FIFA]]. With the new reorganization\n        the format of the League was preserved, while the changes that were made were\n        exclusively administrative. Competitions continued to be conducted in a [[double\n        round robin]] format among 16 clubs. There were couple seasons when the 14-clubs\n        league''s composition was experimented. Since the 2014 Russian aggression,\n        the league was reduced to 12 members, while its format also has changed. The\n        season is still being played in a double round robin in the first half of\n        a season, after which the league splits in half into two groups of six (6)\n        teams. Both the top six and the bottom six play another a double round robin\n        tournament with the clubs of own group.\\n\\nThe teams that reach the top ranks\n        of the competition table at the end of each season as always gain the chance\n        to represent [[Ukraine]] internationally in several prestigious tournaments\n        (continental club tournaments). Also at the end of the season, the bottom\n        clubs (usually two) are relegated to the [[Ukrainian First League|First League]]\n        (part of the lower [[Professional Football League of Ukraine|Professional\n        Football League]]) and replaced by the top clubs from that league. All the\n        participants of the Premier League enter the [[Ukrainian Cup|National Cup]]\n        competition and enter it at the round of 32 (1/16th of the final) or Round\n        of 16 stage. Also the winner of the League at the beginning of every next\n        season plays against the winner of the National Cup for the [[Ukrainian Super\n        Cup]] (under administration of the Premier League).\\n\\n===Emblem===\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        Premier League.png|thumb|150px|Old emblem]]\\nThe old emblem depicts a [[Football\n        (association football)|football]] that is wrapped around by the blue-yellow\n        stripe (the national colors of [[Ukraine]]) on the blue background. Across\n        the top and around the ball there are 16 stars that represent the league''s\n        participants (although in 2014 the league was shortened up to 14 teams the\n        emblem was not changed). On the bottom the script says \\\"Premier-League -\n        Union of Professional Football Clubs of Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n===Season regulations===\\nSeason\n        regulations is one of the two most important documents (other being the competition\n        calendar) that are adopted by the Premier League prior to each season.\\n\\nPremier\n        League directly organizes and conducts competitions among member clubs. Competitions\n        are conducted on principle of \\\"Fair play\\\" and according to competitions\n        calendar which is approved by the Premier League General Assembly and the\n        FFU Executive Committee 30 days before start of competitions. Until 2019 all\n        advertisement, commercial rights and rights on TV and radio broadcasting of\n        games of championship and cup belong to the club that hosts them (except for\n        the [[Ukrainian Cup]] final, the Super Cup of Ukraine, and the \\\"Gold game\\\").\n        All advertisement, commercial rights and rights on TV and radio broadcasting\n        of the Ukrainian Cup final belong to the [[Football Federation of Ukraine]],\n        while the game of Super Cup and the \\\"Gold game\\\" - to the Premier League.\\n\\nThere\n        are currently 12 club members of the league. All participants get approved\n        by the Premier League General Assembly. Each club fields each team for senior\n        competitions, and competitions for under 21 and under 19 teams (three teams).\n        A club is required to have a stadium (registered with FFU) and an education\n        and training facility (or center). A club is also obligated to finance its\n        own youth sports institution and a complex scientific-methodical group as\n        well as to own and finance a number of youth teams. A Premier League club\n        needs to ensure participation of at least four youth teams (ages groups between\n        14 and 17) in the Youth Football League of Ukraine. A club cannot field more\n        than one team for a certain competition.\\n\\nAll club''s staff members (coaches,\n        physicians, massage specialists) have to be contracted and be UEFA licensed.\n        All coaches should have A-diploma, while head coaches - PRO-diploma. Football\n        players are listed in \\\"A\\\" and \\\"B\\\" rosters. \\\"A\\\" roster contains no more\n        than 25 players, while \\\"B\\\" roster has unlimited number of players no older\n        than 21 who have professional contracts or agreements for sports training.\n        The 25-players \\\"A\\\" roster includes the number of slots allotted for players\n        developed by the club.\\n\\nDuring breaks in competitions in summer and winter\n        there are two periods for registering players.\\n\\nA championship is conducted\n        after the [[Round-robin tournament|round robin]] system in two cycles \\\"fall-spring\\\"\n        with one game at home and another at opponent''s field with each participant.\n        A competition calendar is formed after a draw that is conducted based on the\n        Premier League club rankings. The calendar of the second cycle repeats the\n        first, while hosting teams are switched. There should be no less than two\n        calendar days between official games of a club. All games take place between\n        12:00 and 22:00 local time. Any game postponement is allowed only in emergencies\n        and on decision of the Premier League Administration (Dyrektsiya). Game forfeitures\n        are controlled by technical win/loss nominations and fines, followed by additional\n        sanctions of the FFU Control-Disciplinary Committee, and possible elimination\n        from the league.\\n\\n===Competition calendar===\\nClubs play each other twice\n        (once at home and once away) in the 26-match season. The league begins in\n        mid-July and ends in mid-June. After 13 rounds of fixtures, there is a winter\n        break that lasts for three months (from early December to early March). Thus,\n        the winter break is significantly longer than the interval between seasons.\n        This schedule accounts for climatic conditions and matches that of most European\n        leagues in terms of the beginning and the end of the season.\\n\\nThe [[1992\n        Ukrainian Premier League|first season]] of the League in 1992 was an exception,\n        as it lasted only half a year. This was because the last [[Soviet Top League|Soviet\n        league]] season ended in the autumn of 1991, and the [[Football Federation\n        of Ukraine]] decided to shift the calendar from \\u201cspring-fall\\u201d to\n        \\u201cfall-spring\\u201d football seasons. In the inaugural season, 20 clubs\n        were divided into two 10-team groups. In both groups, each club played each\n        other twice, and the championship was decided by a play-off match between\n        the group winners, in which [[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] surprised\n        the pre-season favorite [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]].\\n\\nAfter the first\n        season, in each of the following seasons each team played each other team\n        in the League twice. The number of participating teams fluctuated between\n        14 and 18, stabilizing since [[2002\\u201303 Ukrainian Premier League|2002\\u201303\n        season]] at 16.\\n\\nAs of the [[2005\\u201306 Ukrainian Premier League|2005\\u201306\n        season]], the golden match rule was introduced. According to the rule, if\n        the first two teams obtain the same number of points, the championship is\n        to be decided by an additional \\\"golden\\\" match between the two teams. In\n        fact, in that season [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] and [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] had earned the same number of points and Shakhtar won the championship\n        by winning the golden match (2–1 after extra time).\\n\\n==History==\\n{{See\n        also|Football in Ukraine|Soviet Top League|Championship of the Ukrainian SSR|Football\n        Federation of the Ukrainian SSR}}\\n\\n===The first decade (1992\\u20132000)===\\nSince\n        the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], the inaugural independent championship took\n        place hastily at the start of spring 1992 after the creation of the Ukrainian\n        Supreme League ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0438\\u0449\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0430}},\n        Vyshcha Liha). The League was created out of the six teams that took part\n        in the [[Soviet Top League]], two teams from the [[Soviet First League]],\n        and nine out of the eleven Ukrainian teams from the [[Soviet Second League]].\n        The other two of that eleven were placed in the [[Ukrainian First League]]\n        as they were to be relegated anyway. The two best teams of the [[Soviet Second\n        League B]] of the ''''Ukrainian Zone'''' were also placed in the Supreme League\n        along with the winner of the 1991 Ukrainian Cup which finished ninth in the\n        same group (Soviet Second League B).\\n\\nThe 20 participants were split into\n        two groups with the winners playing for the championship title and the runners-up\n        playing for third place. Three teams from each group were to be relegated.\n        As expected, the five favorites, ''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]'''', ''''[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]'''', ''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]'''', ''''[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]'''', and ''''[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]'''' finished at the top of each group.\n        In the championship play-off game in [[Lviv]], a sensation took place as [[SC\n        Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] beat [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\n        1\\u20130. The Crimeans earned the first Ukrainian title (thus far their only\n        one), losing only once to [[FC Temp Shepetivka|Temp Shepetivka]].\\n\\nAfter\n        being stunned in the first championship by the ''''tragedy'''' in [[Lviv]],\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] were anxious to earn their first title at the\n        second opportunity. In the second Ukrainian championship, which had a regular\n        League format of 16 teams, the main rivals of the Kyivians were [[FC Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]], who were top after the first half\n        of the season. By the end of the season both teams were neck and neck and\n        at the end they finished with the same number of points. The championship\n        title was awarded to [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] as they had a better goal\n        difference. Neither the ''''Golden match'''', nor the fact that [[FC Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]] had a better head-to-head record was\n        considered.\\n\\nThe next seven years were known as the total domination of\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]. During this period ''the main Soviet protagonists''\n        had changed as some of the best teams were facing a crisis. After the [[1993\\u201394\n        Ukrainian Premier League|1993\\u201394]] season [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] were surprisingly relegated to the [[Ukrainian First League|First\n        League]]. In the [[1995\\u201396 Ukrainian Premier League|1995\\u201396]] season\n        [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] had the worst year in the club''s\n        history, coming tenth. [[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]] were relegated\n        twice during that first decade after which manager [[Leonid Buryak]] was sacked.\n        A few newly created teams have since emerged such as [[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal\n        Kyiv]] and [[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], as well as [[FC Vorskla\n        Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]], who surprisingly came third in the club''s first\n        season at the Top Level in the [[1996\\u201397 Ukrainian Premier League|1997]].\\n\\n===The\n        second decade (2001\\u20132010)===\\n{{see also|Ukrainian derby}}\\nThe next\n        decade was marked by fierce competition between [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\n        and [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]. Since 2000, [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] has proved to be the real challengers to Kiev''s dominance. In 2000\n        Shakhtar earned their first qualification to the Champions League earning\n        a place in the Group stage. Nonetheless, [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] is\n        still considered to be the benchmark of excellence in the country and the\n        primary feeder to the Ukrainian national football team. 2002 became the real\n        cornerstone in the ''''miners'''' history when they earned their first national\n        title under the management of the newly appointed Italian specialist, [[Nevio\n        Scala]], who managed to secure the [[Ukrainian Cup]] title as well. Since\n        that time the issue of foreign players has become particularly acute and brought\n        a series of court cases. The [[Football Federation of Ukraine|FFU]] and [[Professional\n        Football League of Ukraine|PFL]] worked together to solve that issue, coming\n        up with a plan to force the ''''transitional'''' limitation of foreign players\n        over time.\\n\\nThe clubs such as [[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]], who were recent contenders\n        for the title, had to put up a fierce fight against the newly established\n        contenders [[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]] and [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] to qualify for the European competitions. [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] shone brightly in the late 2000s (decade) by consistently finishing\n        right behind [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] and [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] in third place. Their most remarkable feat was their participation\n        in the 2009 European season when they had to face [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] to earn a place in the quarter-finals of the [[2008\\u201309 UEFA Cup]],\n        but lost on the away goals rule. That same [[2009 UEFA Cup Final|2008\\u201309\n        UEFA Cup]] competition was won for the first time by [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], the first club of independent Ukraine to win the title. It was\n        also the last UEFA cup title before it changed its name to the Europa league.\\n\\nIn\n        the 2008\\u20132009 season the league earned the highest [[UEFA coefficient#Current\n        ranking|UEFA league coefficient]] in Europe for that season.\\nOn the political\n        side of the League it was transformed on 15 April 2008 into an autonomous\n        entity, parting away from the PFL. The Premier League has been split since\n        the moment it was created in regards to its president. The dispute went as\n        far as even canceling the 13th round of [[2009\\u201310 Ukrainian Premier League|2009\\u201310\n        season]] and moving it to the spring half, while having the 14th round still\n        playing in the fall. The representatives of five clubs: [[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal\n        Kyiv]], [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]], [[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]], and [[FC Metalist\n        Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]] have been boycotting most of the League meetings,\n        not complying with its financial obligations and giving the broadcasting rights\n        to TV-channels other than the League official supplier. They justified their\n        actions due to what they deem to be the illegal election of the Premier League\n        president. The representatives of the above-mentioned clubs did not recognize\n        the election in 2008 of [[Vitaliy Danilov]] as the president and believed\n        that the elections should have been won by [[Vadim Rabinovich]].\\n\\nTo resolve\n        this conflict [[Vitaliy Danilov]] instigated the re-election of the Premier\n        League president in September 2009, and on 1 December 2009 won the election\n        again with 11 clubs voting for his candidature, 3 were against, 1 abstained,\n        and 1 was absent. This time most club presidents of the Premier League of\n        Ukraine acknowledged [[Vitaliy Danilov]] legality. In the subsequent elections\n        on 9 December 2011 [[Vitaliy Danilov]] was challenged by Andriy Kurhanskyi\n        (through the proposal of [[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]). The other available\n        candidates, Miletiy Balchos (president of the Professional Football League\n        of Ukraine) and Yuriy Kindzerskyi, were not picked by any members of the Premier\n        League. [[Vitaliy Danilov]] managed to retain his seat with nine votes for\n        him.\\n\\n===The third decade (2011\\u2013present) ===\\nBecause of the [[Ukrainian\n        crisis]] in the oblasts of [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\n        the number of teams participating in the league was cut from 16 in the [[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2013\\u201314 season]] to 14 in the [[2014\\u201315\n        Ukrainian Premier League|following seasons]].[http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/06/19/ukraine-revives-crimean-champion-football-club/28970971/\n        Ukraine trying to revive Crimean champion football club], [[USA Today]] (19\n        June 2015) With the continuation of the military conflict in the eastern\n        oblasts (regions) of [[Ukrainian crisis|Ukraine]] since 2014, the league was\n        forced to change its format again and will now be contested by 12 teams after\n        being cut from 14 in the [[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316\n        season]].\\n\\n==Officials==\\n\\n===Presidents===\\n*[[Vitaliy Danilov]] (president\n        of [[FC Kharkiv]]), 27 May 2008 \\u2013 1 July 2009 (temporary acting president)\\n*[[Vitaliy\n        Danilov]] (president of [[FC Kharkiv]]), 1 July 2009 \\u2013 9 December 2011[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54107/\n        Danilov re-elected as president of Ukrainian football premier league]\\n*[[Vitaliy\n        Danilov]], 9 December 2011 \\u2013 29 February 2015[http://www.fpl.ua/ukr/news/news_fpl/3565/\n        Vitaliy Danilov is re-elected as the president of PL]\\n*[[Volodymyr\n        Heninson]], 29 February 2015 \\u2013 present[http://isport.ua/football/ukraine/344827-vybory-prezidenta-upl-live.html\n        \\u041e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e. \\u0412\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\n        \\u0413\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043e\\u043d \\u2014 \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442 \\u0423\\u041f\\u041b]\\n\\n===Directors===\\n*General\n        director: Olexandr Efremov\\n*Executive  director: Maksym Bondarev\\n*Sport\n        director: Petro Ivanov\\n*Development director: Vadym Halahan\\n\\n==Clubs==\\n===\n        Current clubs ===\\nThe following teams are competing in the [[2017\\u201318\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2017\\u201318]] season:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align: left;\\\"\\n! Team\\n! Home city\\n! Stadium\\n! Capacity\\n!\n        Position in
[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n!\n        Position in
[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316]]\\n!\n        Position in
[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian Premier League|2014\\u201315]]\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n| [[Odesa]]\\n| [[Chornomorets Stadium]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |34,164\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |6th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |11th\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |11th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n| [[Kiev]]\\n|\n        [[Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |70,050\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |2nd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |1st\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |1st\\n|-\\n|[[FC Karpaty\n        Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n| [[Lviv]]\\n| [[Ukraina Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |28,051\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |10th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |7th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |13th\\n|-\\n| [[FC Mariupol|Mariupol]]\\n| [[Mariupol]]\\n| [[Illichivets Stadium]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |12,680\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian First\n        League|FL]]:1st\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:4th\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |14th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Oleksandriya]]\\n| [[Oleksandria]]\\n| [[CSC\n        Nika Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |7,000\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |5th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |6th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:1st\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n| [[Donetsk]]\\n| [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi\n        Dynamo Stadium|Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |16,873\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |4th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |9th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |8th\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n| [[Donetsk]]\\n| [[Metalist Oblast Sports\n        Complex|Metalist Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |40,003\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |1st\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |2nd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |2nd\\n|-\\n|[[FC Stal Kamianske]]\\n|\n        [[Kamianske]]\\n| [[Meteor Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |24,381\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |8th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |8th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian\n        First League|FL]]:2nd\\n|-\\n|[[NK Veres Rivne|Veres Rivne]]\\n| [[Rivne]]\\n|\n        [[Arena Lviv]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |34,915\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2016\\u201317\n        Ukrainian First League|FL]]:3rd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian\n        Second League|SL]]:2nd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |\\u2014\\n|-\\n|[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla\n        Poltava]]\\n| [[Poltava]]\\n| [[Oleksiy Butovsky Vorskla Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |24,795\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |7th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |5th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |5th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n| [[Luhansk]]\\n| [[Slavutych-Arena]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |12,000\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |3rd\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |4th\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |4th\\n|-\\n|[[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi|Zirka Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n|\n        [[Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n| [[Zirka Stadium]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |13,667\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |9th\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:1st\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian First League|FL]]:4th\\n|}\\n\\n===Clubs\n        established after fall of the Soviet Union===\\n* [[FC Arsenal Kyiv]]\\n* [[FC\n        Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n* [[FC Borysfen Boryspil]]\\n* [[FC Kharkiv]]\\n* [[FC Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[FC Obolon-Brovar Kyiv|FC Obolon Kyiv]]\\n* [[FC Oleksandriya]] (based on\n        the Soviet club FC Polihraftekhnika)\\n* [[FC Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n* [[FC Sevastopol]]\n        (based on the Soviet club FC Chaika)\\n* [[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi]] (inherited\n        record of the original Soviet club FC Zirka)\\n\\n==Broadcasting==\\n[[Free-to-air]]\n        live matches from the Ukrainian Premier League will be broadcast on Saturdays\n        and Sundays on [[Satellite television|satellite channel]] [[2+2 (TV channel)|2+2]]\n        (Sirius 5E).\\nThis is a list of [[Television station|television broadcasters]]\n        which provide coverage of the Ukrainian Premier League, which is Ukrainian\n        [[Association football|football''s]] top level of competition.\\n\\n=== International\n        broadcasters ===\\n\\n==== Europe (UEFA) ====\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        Country\\n! Language\\n! Broadcasters\\n|-\\n| ''''''Andorra'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Armenia''''''\\n| [[Armenian\n        language|Armenian]]\\n| 12 TV\\n|-\\n| ''''''Azerbaijan''''''\\n| [[Azerbaijani\n        language|Azerbaijani]]\\n| CBC Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Belgium'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Bosnia and Herzegovina''''''\n        \\n| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n| ''''''Croatia'''''' \\n|\n        [[Croatian language|Croatia]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n\\n| ''''''France'''''' \\n|\n        [[French language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n|''''''Greece''''''\\n|\n        [[Greek language|Greek]]\\n| Action 24\\n|-\\n| ''''''Luxembourg'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Macedonia'''''' \\n| [[Macedonian\n        language|Macedonian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n| ''''''Monaco'''''' \\n| [[French\n        language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Montenegro'''''' \\n| [[Serbian\n        language|Serbian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n| ''''''Poland''''''\\n| [[Polish language|Polish]]\\n|\n        Polsat Futbol\\n|-\\n| ''''''Romania'''''' \\n| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]\\n|\n        Dolce Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Russia'''''' \\n| [[Russian language|Russian]]\\n|\n        Futbol\\n|-\\n| ''''''Serbia'''''' \\n| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Slovenia'''''' \\n| [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]\\n| SportKlub\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Switzerland'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n| Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Turkey'''''' \\n| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]\\n| -\\n|-\\n| ''''''Ukraine''''''\n        \\n| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| Kanal Futbol,2+2 \\n|}\\n\\n==== Africa\n        (CAF) ====\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n! Country\\n! Language\\n!\n        Broadcasters\\n|-\\n| ''''''Algeria'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n|\n        Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Morocco'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n|\n        Ma Chaine Sport\\n|-\\n| ''''''Tunisia'''''' \\n| [[French language|French]]\\n|\n        Ma Chaine Sport\\n|}\\n\\n==UEFA ranking and European competitions==\\n{{also|Ukrainian\n        football clubs in European competitions}}\\nUkrainian clubs being part of the\n        [[Soviet Union]] competed in European competitions since 1960s when the Soviet\n        clubs started to participate in continental competitions. In fact the very\n        first Soviet club that took part in European competitions was Ukrainian club,\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]], that took in the [[1965\\u201366 European Cup Winners''\n        Cup]]. Before the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], the following Ukrainian clubs\n        participated in European competitions: [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] (1965), [[FC Karpaty\n        Lviv]] (1970), [[FC Zorya Luhansk]] (1973), [[FC Chornomorets Odessa]] (1975),\n        [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] (1977), [[FC Dnipro]] (1984), and [[FC Metalist Kharkiv]]\n        (1988). \\n\\nAt least four clubs participated in top continental competitions\n        the [[European Cup]] and the [[UEFA Champions League]] among which are [[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Dnipro]], [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]], and [[FC Metalist Kharkiv]].\\n\\nTwo\n        teams (Dynamo and Shakhtar) were able to obtain trophies of European competitions\n        including two [[Cup Winners'' Cup]], one [[UEFA Supercup]], and one [[UEFA\n        Cup]]. One more team (Dnipro) came just short to join their company losing\n        in the [[2015 UEFA Europa League Final]].\\n\\n===Club seeding===\\n''''''[[UEFA\n        coefficient#Club coefficient|UEFA Club Ranking]] for club seeding in 2017\\u201318\n        European football season''''''.\\n
\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        cellpadding=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"text-align: center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Current
ranking\\n!Movement\\n!Last\n        season
ranking\\n!Teams\\n!Coefficient\\n|-\\n|15\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(17)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|66.000\\n|-\\n|24\\n|{{steady}}\\n|(24)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|51.500\\n|-\\n|38\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(35)\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|34.000\\n|-\\n|119\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(108)\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|9.000\\n|-\\n|141\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(136)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]''''''\\n|7.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(164)\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Oleksandriya|Oleksandriya]]''''''\\n|2.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(153)\\n|[[FC\n        Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|2.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|(98)\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|2.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|(153)\\n|[[FC\n        Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|1.000\\n|-\\n|143\\n|{{subon}}\\n|''''(new)''''\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]''''''\\n|1.000\\n|}\\n\\n
\\n''''Note'''':\n        Since 1999 the country index (coefficient) indicates the lowest possible value\n        any team of that country will get in the ranking. Currently it''s 6.866 for\n        Ukraine. Teams ranked below their country''s ranking are positioned by the\n        ranking of their country rather its own. Teams in bold will be participating\n        in the 2017\\u201318 European football season.[http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/data/method4/trank2017.html\n        UEFA Team Ranking 2017 ''''(24 November 2016)'''']Last Updated:27\n        July 2017.{{clear}}\\n\\n===Country ranking===\\n''''''[[UEFA coefficient#League\n        coefficient|UEFA Country Ranking]] for league participation in 2017\\u201318\n        European football season''''''  \\n
\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        cellpadding=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"text-align: center;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Current
ranking\\n!Movement\\n!Last\n        season
ranking\\n!League\\n!Coefficient\\n|-\\n|6\\n|{{subon}}\\n|''''(7)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Russia}}\n        [[Russian Premier League]] \\n|50.532\\t\\n|-\\n|7\\n|{{suboff}}\\n|''''(5)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Portugal}}\n        [[Primeira Liga]]\\n|49.332\\t \\t\\n|-\\n|8\\n|{{steady}}\\n|''''(8)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        Ukrainian Premier League\\n|42.633\\n|-\\n|9\\n|{{steady}}\\n|''''(9)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Belgium}}\n        [[Belgian Pro League]]\\n|42.400\\t\\n|-\\n|10\\n|{{subon}}\\n|''''(11)''''\\n|align=left|{{flagicon|Turkey}}\n        [[S\\u00fcper Lig]] \\n|39.200\\n|}\\n
\\nLast Updated: 27 July 2017.[http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/data/method4/crank2017.html\n        UEFA Country Ranking 2017]{{clear}}\\n\\n==International relations==\\nIn\n        2009 The Ukrainian Premier League joined the [[European Professional Football\n        Leagues]].[http://www.epfl-europeanleagues.com/profile_upfcu.htm Profile\n        of the Ukrainian Premier League at EPFL website] Also in 2009 the league\n        signed a partnership with [[IMG (company)|IMG]] of which during the first\n        month of cooperation sold broadcasting rights for the [[Ukrainian Cup]] to\n        Poland and Armenia. On its own initiative the Ukrainian Premier League sold\n        broadcasting rights to Romania and Russia as well.\\n\\n==Champions and top\n        goalscorers==\\n{{main article|List of Ukrainian football champions}}\\n\\n===Top\n        League (Vyshcha Liha)===\\n*[[Professional Football League of Ukraine]] was\n        the governing body of the Top League (Vyshcha Liha) since 1996 till 2008.\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third Place\\n!Top Goalscorer\\n![[UEFA\n        coefficient#League coefficient|Rank]]\\n|-\\n|[[1992 Vyshcha Liha|1992]]\\n|[[SC\n        Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yuriy\n        Hudymenko]] ([[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]], 12 goals)\\n|N/Apart\n        of [[Soviet Union]]\\n|-\\n|[[1992\\u201393 Vyshcha Liha|1992\\u201393]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Serhiy Husyev]]\n        ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]], 17 goals)\\n|28/39\\n|-\\n|[[1993\\u201394\n        Vyshcha Liha|1993\\u201394]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|''''[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]''''\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Tymerlan Huseynov|Tymerlan Huseinov]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets\n        Odesa]], 18 goals)\\n|24/44\\n|-\\n|[[1994\\u201395 Vyshcha Liha|1994\\u201395]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Arsen\n        Avakov (footballer)|Arsen Avakov]] ([[FC Torpedo Zaporizhya|Torpedo Zaporizhya]],\n        21 goals)\\n|24/47\\n|-\\n|[[1995\\u201396 Vyshcha Liha|1995\\u201396]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Tymerlan\n        Huseynov|Tymerlan Huseinov]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]],\n        20 goals)\\n|19/48\\n|-\\n|[[1996\\u201397 Vyshcha Liha|1996\\u201397]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC\n        Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleh Matveyev]]\n        ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 21 goals)\\n|22/48\\n|-\\n|[[1997\\u201398\n        Vyshcha Liha|1997\\u201398]]\\n|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Serhiy Rebrov]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 22 goals)\\n|17/49\\n|-\\n|[[1998\\u201399\n        Vyshcha Liha|1998\\u201399]]\\n|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi\n        Rih]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Shevchenko]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]], 18 goals)\\n|15/50\\n|-\\n|[[1999\\u20132000 Vyshcha Liha|1999\\u201300]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Maksim\n        Shatskikh]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 20 goals)\\n|12/50\\n|-\\n|[[2000\\u201301\n        Vyshcha Liha|2000\\u201301]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Andriy Vorobey]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 21 goals)\\n|13/51\\n|-\\n|[[2001\\u201302\n        Vyshcha Liha|2001\\u201302]]\\n|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Serhiy Shyshchenko]] ([[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], 12 goals)\\n|13/51\\n|-\\n|[[2002\\u201303\n        Vyshcha Liha|2002\\u201303]]\\n|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}}\n        [[Maksim Shatskikh]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 22 goals)\\n|14/52\\n|-\\n|[[2003\\u201304\n        Vyshcha Liha|2003\\u201304]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Georgia}}\n        [[Giorgi Demetradze]] ([[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], 18 goals)\\n|14/52\\n|-\\n|[[2004\\u201305\n        Vyshcha Liha|2004\\u201305]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''\\n|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Kosyrin]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]], 14 goals)\\n|15/52\\n|-\\n|[[2005\\u201306\n        Vyshcha Liha|2005\\u201306]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''\\n|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|Brazil}}\n        [[Brand\\u00e3o (footballer born 1980)|Brand\\u00e3o]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 15 goals)
{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Emmanuel Okoduwa]] ([[FC Arsenal\n        Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]], 15 goals)\\n|13/52\\n|-\\n|[[2006\\u201307 Vyshcha Liha|2006\\u201307]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr Hladkyi]]\n        ([[FC Kharkiv]], 13 goals)\\n|11/52\\n|-\\n|[[2007\\u201308 Vyshcha Liha|2007\\u201308]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''Bronze\n        stripped'''' *\\n|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Marko Devi\\u0107]]* ([[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]], 19 goals)\\n|12/53\\n|}\\n\\n===Premier League===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third Place\\n!Top Goalscorer\\n![[UEFA\n        coefficient#League coefficient|Rank]]\\n|-\\n|[[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian Premier\n        League|2008\\u201309]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Kovpak]] ([[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]], 17 goals)\\n|7/53\\n|-\\n|[[2009\\u201310\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2009\\u201310]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Artem Milevskiy|Artem Milevsky]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 17 goals)\\n|7/53\n        \\n|-\\n|[[2010\\u201311 Ukrainian Premier League|2010\\u201311]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Seleznyov]]\n        ([[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]], 17 goals)\\n|8/53 \\n|-\\n|[[2011\\u201312\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2011\\u201312]]\\n|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Seleznyov]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 14 goals)
{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Maicon Pereira de Oliveira|Maicon]]\n        ([[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]], 14 goals)\\n|9/53 \\n|-\\n|[[2012\\u201313 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2012\\u201313]]\\n|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|ARM}}\n        [[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 25 goals)\\n|7/53\\n|-\\n|[[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2013\\u201314]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luiz Adriano]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 20 goals)\\n|9/53\\n|-\\n|[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian Premier League|2014\\u201315]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Alex\n        Teixeira]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 17 goals)
{{flagicon|Romania}}\n        [[Eric Bicfalvi]] ([[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]], 17 goals)\\n|8/54\\n|-\\n|[[2015\\u201316\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Alex Teixeira]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]], 22 goals)
\\n|8/54\\n|-\\n|[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n|''''''[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]''''''\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Yarmolenko]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 15 goals)\\n|8/55\\n|}\\n''''''''''Notes'''''''''':\n        \\n* ''''Rank'''' column shows the [[UEFA coefficient|ranking of the league]]\n        amongst members of [[UEFA]].\\n* In ''''''bold'''''' are the league winners\n        that also won the [[Ukrainian Cup]] (season [[Double (association football)|double]]).\\n*\n        In ''''italics'''' are the league runner-up that also won the [[Ukrainian\n        Cup|Cup]] competition.\\n* [[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]] had been\n        stripped of their bronze award for [[2007\\u201308 Ukrainian Premier League|2007\\u201308]]\n        season after the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] in [[Lausanne]] ruled\n        against the game Karpaty \\u2013 Metalist (April 19, 2008).[http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/high/51fbb5ce.html\n        Lausanne announced a verdict on the game Karpaty - Metalist (\\u041b\\u043e\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u043e \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0447\\u0443 \\\"\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u044b\\\"\n        - \\\"\\u041c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\\")]. ua-football.com.\n        August 2, 2013.[http://www.tas-cas.org/d2wfiles/document/6999/5048/0/Media20Release20_English_20Metalist.pdf\n        Football - Match Fixing]. Court of Arbitration of Sport. Lausanne August 2,\n        2013. \\n* A citizen of [[Serbia]], [[Marko Devich]] was granted the\n        [[Ukrainian citizenship]] after the [[2007\\u201308 Ukrainian Premier League|2007\\u201308]]\n        season.\\n\\n===Performance by club===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! style=\\\"width:15%;\\\"\n        |Club\\n! style=\\\"width:9%;\\\"  |Winners\\n! style=\\\"width:9%;\\\"  |Runners-up\\n!\n        style=\\\"width:9%;\\\"  |Third place\\n! style=\\\"width:80%;\\\" |Winning years \\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|align=center|15\\n|align=center|9\\n|align=center|1\\n|[[1992\\u201393\n        Vyshcha Liha|1992\\u201393]], [[1993\\u201394 Vyshcha Liha|1993\\u201394]], [[1994\\u201395\n        Ukrainian Premier League|1994\\u201395]], [[1995\\u201396 Vyshcha Liha|1995\\u201396]],\n        [[1996\\u201397 Ukrainian Premier League|1996\\u201397]], [[1997\\u201398 Vyshcha\n        Liha|1997\\u201398]], [[1998\\u201399 Ukrainian Premier League|1998\\u201399]],\n        [[1999\\u20132000 Vyshcha Liha|1999\\u20132000]], [[2000\\u201301 Vyshcha Liha|2000\\u201301]],\n        [[2002\\u201303 Ukrainian Premier League|2002\\u201303]], [[2003\\u201304 Vyshcha\n        Liha|2003\\u201304]], [[2006\\u201307 Ukrainian Premier League|2006\\u201307]],\n        [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian Premier League|2008\\u201309]], [[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2014\\u201315]], [[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier League|2015\\u201316]]\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|align=center|10\\n|align=center|12\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|[[2001\\u201302\n        Vyshcha Liha|2001\\u201302]], [[2004\\u201305 Vyshcha Liha|2004\\u201305]], [[2005\\u201306\n        Vyshcha Liha|2005\\u201306]], [[2007\\u201308 Vyshcha Liha|2007\\u201308]], [[2009\\u201310\n        Ukrainian Premier League|2009\\u201310]], [[2010\\u201311 Ukrainian Premier\n        League|2010\\u201311]], [[2011\\u201312 Ukrainian Premier League|2011\\u201312]],\n        [[2012\\u201313 Ukrainian Premier League|2012\\u201313]], [[2013\\u201314 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2013\\u201314]], [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League|2016\\u201317]]\\n|-\\n|[[SC\n        Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|[[1992\n        Vyshcha Liha|1992]]\\n|-\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|7\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|3\\n|\\n|-\n        \\n|''''[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]''''\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|6\\n|\\n|-\n        \\n|''''[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]''''\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|3\\n|\\n|-\n        \\n|''''[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]''''\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|2\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|\\u2013\\n|align=center|1\\n|\\n|-\\n!Total\\n!26\\n!26\\n!25\\n!\\n|}\\n\\n;Notes\\n*\n        Italics identifies either defunct or teams that lost professional status.\\n\\n===Post-season\n        play-offs===\\n\\n====Golden matches====\\n*[[1992 Vyshcha Liha final|1992]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ukraina Stadium]] ([[Lviv]]), 21 June 1992\\n*[[2005\\u201306 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|2006]] \\u2013 [[Metalurh Stadium (Kryvyi Rih)|Metalurh Stadium]]\n        ([[Kryvyi Rih]]), 14 May 2006\\n\\n====Third place matches====\\n*[[1992 Ukrainian\n        Premier League|1992]] \\u2013 [[Slavutych-Arena|Metalurh Central Stadium]]\n        ([[Zaporizhia]]), 20 June 1992\\n\\n====Relegation play-offs====\\n*[[1998\\u201399\n        Ukrainian Premier League|1999]] \\u2013 [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium|Dynamo\n        Stadium]] ([[Kiev]]), 4 July 1999\\n*[[2001\\u201302 Ukrainian Premier League|2002]]\n        \\u2013 [[CSK ZSU Stadium]] ([[Kiev]]), 16 June 2002\\n\\n===Honored teams===\\nA\n        representative star is placed above the team''s badge to indicate 10 league\n        titles.[http://prosport.tsn.ua/sport/chi-stane-dinamo-dvozirkovim.html\n        Will Dynamo have two stars?] Television Service of News (TSN). 12 June 2007\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] became the first Ukrainian team to achieve\n        the prestigious honor of winning the [[Soviet Top League]] for the 10th time\n        in 1981. [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] after having entered the Ukrainian\n        championship has become the same dominant leader as during the Soviet times\n        by earning its 20th national title at the top level in 1999. The two stars,\n        however, were only added to the club''s logo in 2007.[http://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/72912.html\n        FC Dynamo Kyiv has a new emblem]. [[Interfax Ukraine]]. 4 July 2011\n        No other club in [[Ukraine]] has come close to such an honour yet.\\n\\nThe\n        current (as of 2017) officially sanctioned Premier League stars are:\\n*[[File:Crystal\n        Clear action bookmark.png|20px]] [[File:Crystal Clear action bookmark.png|20px]]\n        [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] (28, the second received in 1999).\\n*[[File:Crystal\n        Clear action bookmark.png|20px]] [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\n        (10, all Ukrainian titles)\\n* [[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        (2, all Soviet titles)\\n* [[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]] (1, Soviet Union)\\n*\n        [[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]] (1, Ukraine)\\n\\n==Premier League\n        players==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        Premier League appearance leaders''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Player''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Shovkovskiy]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|426\\n|-\\n|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleh Shelayev]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|412\\n|-\\n| 3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Chizhevskiy]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 400\\n|-\\n| 4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Horyainov]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 391\\n|-\\n| 5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        ''''''[[Vyacheslav Checher]]''''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 390\\n|- \\n| 6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Nazarenko]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 373\\n|-\\n| 7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ruslan Rotan]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 365\\n|-\\n| 8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Shyshchenko]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 363\\n|- \\n| 9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ruslan Kostyshyn]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 359\\n|-\\n| 10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Zakarlyuka]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"| 356\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Players\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still playing in Premier League
Data\n        as of 30 August 2017[http://www.allplayers.in.ua/ru/top_players\n        All players]\\n|}\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        Premier League scorers''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Player''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Goals''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Rebrov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|123\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|261\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UZB}}\n        [[Maksim Shatskikh]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|123{{efn|On 22 July 2017 Ukrainian\n        Premier League announced that Maksim Shatskikh might have scored 123 goals\n        instead of 124 due to one of autogoals (own goals) were counted towards his\n        tally.[http://www.upl.ua/news/view/1097 ...And on the horizon\n        – Yarmolenko (\\u2026\\u0410 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u2014 \\u042f\\u0440\\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e)]. [[Ukrainian\n        Premier League]]. 22 July 2017}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|341\\n|-\\n|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Yevhen Seleznyov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|111\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|230\\n|-\\n|4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Andriy Vorobey]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|105\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|315\\n|-\\n|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Andriy Yarmolenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|99\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|228\\n|-\\n|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Haydash]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|95{{efn|Haidash who is recorded with\n        95 goals in reality did score 96, but the game in which he scored was cancelled\n        along with his record.}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|258\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Marko Devi\\u0107]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|90\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|219\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Serhiy Mizin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|90\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|342\\n|-\\n|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Tymerlan Huseynov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|85\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|215\\n|-\\n|10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleksandr Kosyrin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|84\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|240\\n|-\\n\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Players\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still playing in Premier League
Data\n        as of 30 August 2017[http://allplayers.in.ua/ru/top_scorers Allplayers.in.ua]\\n|}\\n\\n{{further\n        information|Football records in Ukraine}}\\nEx-[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\n        strikers [[Maksim Shatskikh]] and [[Serhiy Rebrov]] hold the record for most\n        Ukrainian Premier League goals with 123, with Shatskikh winning the top single\n        season scorer title twice in 1999\\u20132000 and 2002\\u201303, Rebrov once\n        in 1997-98.\\nSince the first Ukrainian Premier League season in 1992, 22 different\n        players have won or shared the top scorer''s title. \\nOnly four players have\n        won the title more than once, [[Tymerlan Huseynov]], [[Maksim Shatskikh]],\n        [[Yevhen Seleznyov]] and [[Alex Teixeira]]. \\n[[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]] holds\n        the record for most goals in a season (25), [[Serhiy Rebrov]] and [[Maksim\n        Shatskikh]] are the only two players to score at least 20 goals twice. The\n        most prolific all-time scorers are [[Ivan Hetsko]] and [[Viktor Leonenko]],\n        respectively attaining 0.59 and 0.56 goals per game.\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Top\n        10 most expensive transfers===\\nList[https://sportarena.com/football/upl/samye-dorogie-prodazhi-igrokov-v-istorii-upl/\n        The most expansive player sales in the history of UPL (\\u0421\\u0430\\u043c\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0436\\u0438\n        \\u0438\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0432 \\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u041f\\u041b)]. Sport Arena. 28 August 2017\\n* 50 mln Euro (2016)\n        [[Alex Teixeira]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[Jiangsu Suning F.C.]])\\n*\n        40 mln Euro (2013) [[Fernandinho (footballer)|Fernandinho]] ([[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[Manchester City F.C.]])\\n* 35 mln Euro (2013) [[Willian\n        (footballer)|Willian]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala]])\\n*\n        30 mln Euro (2015) [[Douglas Costa]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[FC\n        Bayern Munich]])\\n* 27.5 mln Euro (2013) [[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]] ([[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[Borussia Dortmund]])\\n* 25 mln Euro (2017) [[Andriy Yarmolenko]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] \\u2192 [[Borussia Dortmund]])\\n* 25 mln Euro (2009) [[Dmytro\n        Chyhrynskyi]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] \\u2192 [[FC Barcelona]])\\n* 21 mln\n        Euro (1999) [[Andriy Shevchenko]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] \\u2192 [[A.C. Milan]])\\n*\n        18 mln Euro (2016) [[Aleksandar Dragovi\\u0107]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] \\u2192\n        [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen]])\\n* 18 mln Euro (1999) [[Serhiy Rebrov]] ([[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv]] \\u2192 [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]])\\n\\n==Premier League managers==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        League games''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Coach''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Myron Markevych]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|620\\n|-\\n|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykola Pavlov]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|546\\n|-\\n|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Romania}}\n        [[Mircea Lucescu]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|355\\n|-\\n|4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Vitaliy Kvartsyanyi]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|340\\n|-\\n|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Valeriy Yaremchenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|297\\n|-\\n|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykhailo Fomenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|294\\n|-\\n|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleh Taran]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|273\\n|-\\n|8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Semen Altman]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|249\\n|-\\n|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Vyacheslav Hrozny]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|214\\n|-\\n|10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Ishchenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|204\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Coaches\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still active in the League
Data\n        as of 31 May 2017[http://www.uafootball.net.ua/trenery_all.htm All coaches]\\n|}\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        style=\\\"font-size:90%; text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:30%;\\\"\\n|+''''''Winning\n        managers''''''\\n!Rank\\n!Name\\n!Club(s)\\n![[File:Gold medal icon.svg|15px]]\\n![[File:Silver\n        medal icon.svg|15px]]\\n![[File:Bronze medal icon.svg|15px]]\\n|-\\n|align=center|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Romania}}\n        [[Mircea Lucescu]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]\\n|align=center|8\\n|align=center|4\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Valery Lobanovsky]]\\u2020\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|5\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        align=center|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yozhef\n        Sabo]]\\n|[[Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Serhiy Rebrov]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksiy Mykhailychenko]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|2\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Russia}}\n        [[Yuri Semin]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|3\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|align=center|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykola Pavlov]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]](1)
[[Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|1\\n|-\\n|align=center|8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Anatoliy Demyanenko]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\n        align=center|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Anatoliy\n        Zayaev]]\\u2020\\n|[[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavria]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Mykhailo Fomenko]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|Italy}}\n        [[Nevio Scala]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|{{flagicon|POR}}\n        ''''''[[Paulo Fonseca]]''''''\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]\\n|align=center|1\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|align=center|\\u2014\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"6\\\"|Data\n        as of 31 May 2017\\n|}\\n\\nThe league''s record holder for winnings\n        is [[Mircea Lucescu]].\\n\\nThe league''s record holder for games that the coach\n        led a team in the league is [[Myron Markevych]]. Among other coaches who stayed\n        in the league the longest, there are [[Volodymyr Bezsonov]] (197), [[Anatoliy\n        Zayaev]]\\u2020 (191), [[Ihor Nadein]]\\u2020 (184), [[Leonid\n        Buryak]] (180), and [[Yevhen Kucherevsky]]\\u2020 (176).\\n\\n\\u2020\n        \\u2013 Managers that have retired out of sport. In ''''''bold'''''' are managers\n        that are still active in the current season. {{clear}}\\n\\n==Premier League\n        referees==\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;width:50%;\\\"\\n|+''''''All-time\n        League games''''''\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Rank''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Coach''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''City''''''\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Games''''''\\n|-\\n|1\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Serhiy\n        Shebek]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|226\\n|-\\n|2\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Vitaliy\n        Hodulian]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Odessa\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|202\\n|-\\n|3\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Vasyl\n        Melnychuk]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Simferopol\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|190\\n|-\\n|4\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[:uk:\\u0406\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0406\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447|Ihor\n        Ishchenko]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Khmelnytskyi / Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|186\\n|-\\n|5\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Ihor\n        Yarmenchuk]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|168\\n|-\\n|6\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Andriy\n        Shandor]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Lviv\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|149\\n|-\\n|7\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Valeriy\n        Onufer]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Uzhhorod\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|141\\n|-\\n|8\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Serhiy\n        Tatulian]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|137\\n|-\\n|9\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Serhiy\n        Dzyuba]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kiev\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|136\\n|-\\n|rowspan=2|10\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Anatoliy\n        Zhosan]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Kherson\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" rowspan=2|134\\n|-\\n|style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|[[Ihor\n        Khiblin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|Khmelnytskyi\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"4\\\"|Referees\n        ''''''in bold'''''' are still active in the League
Data\n        as of 19 May 2014[http://www.uafootball.net.ua/arb_all.htm All referees]\\n|}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==All-time\n        participants==\\nThe table lists the place each team took in each of the seasons.\\n\\nTeams\n        marking: green \\u2013 member of the Premier League, blue \\u2013 member of\n        the First League, gray \\u2013 member of the Second League, pink \\u2013 no\n        longer member of UPL or [[Professional Football League of Ukraine|PFL]]. \\n{|border=1\n        bordercolor=\\\"#CCCCCC\\\" class=wikitable style=\\\"font-size:80%;\\\"\\n|-align=LEFT\n        valign=CENTER\\n! !!1992!!92/93!!93/94!!94/95!!95/96!!96/97!!97/98!!98/99!!99/00!!00/01!!01/02!!02/03!!03/04!!04/05!!05/06!!06/07!!07/08!!08/09!!09/10!!10/11!!11/12!!12/13!!13/14!!14/15!!15/16!!16/17\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|''''''Teams''''''\\n|''''''20''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''18''''''\\n|''''''18''''''\\n|''''''18''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''16''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''14''''''\\n|''''''12''''''\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]][[FC Arsenal\n        Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]] was renamed from [[FC CSKA Kyiv|CSKA Kyiv]] in 2001, the\n        original [[FC CSKA Kyiv|CSKA Kyiv]] was recreated in the [[Ukrainian First\n        League|First League]] in place of CSCA-2 Kyiv.\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|4\\n|11\\n|10\\n|7\\n|10\\n|6\\n|12\\n|5\\n|9\\n|9\\n|12\\n|14\\n|6\\n|11\\n|7\\n|9\\n|5\\n|8\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Borysfen Boryspil|Borysfen Boryspil]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi|Bukovyna Chernivtsi]]\\n|10\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets\n        Odesa]]\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|5\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|6\\n|7\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|9\\n|6\\n|5\\n|11\\n|11\\n|6\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|{{nowrap|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]}}\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|4\\n|12\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|6\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|6\\n|4\\n|4\\n|6\\n|4\\n|4\\n|4\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|11\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Hoverla Uzhhorod|Hoverla Uzhhorod]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n|15\\n|12\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|13\\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|13\\n|6\\n|5\\n|8\\n|8\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|9\\n|10\\n|8\\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|10\\n|9\\n|5\\n|5\\n|14\\n|14\\n|11\\n|13\\n|7\\n|10\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|13\\n|12\\n|14\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Kremin Kremenchuk|Kremin Kremenchuk]]\\n|14\\n|9\\n|15\\n|10\\n|9\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas\n        Kryvyi Rih]]\\n| \\n|8\\n|6\\n|6\\n|14\\n|12\\n|8\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|11\\n|9\\n|12\\n|10\\n|13\\n|14\\n|10\\n|13\\n|12\\n|14\\n|13\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|7\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Lviv|Lviv]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#D0F0C0\\\"|[[FC Mariupol|Mariupol]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|14\\n|5\\n|8\\n|4\\n|10\\n|10\\n|8\\n|5\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|14\\n|12\\n|14\\n|11\\n|9\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|6\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|5\\n|9\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|11\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|(3)*\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|10\\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh\n        Donetsk]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|7\\n|14\\n|7\\n|5\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|9\\n|9\\n|12\\n|4\\n|8\\n|8\\n|7\\n|5\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|10\\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Metalurh Zaporizhya|Metalurh\n        Zaporizhya]]\\n|11\\n|7\\n|16\\n|9\\n|5\\n|8\\n|9\\n|8\\n|6\\n|8\\n|4\\n|15\\n|11\\n|10\\n|8\\n|7\\n|9\\n|7\\n|9\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n|16\\n|14\\n|7\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#C1DDFD\\\"|[[MFC Mykolaiv|Mykolaiv]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n|13\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#C1DDFD\\\"|[[FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka|Naftovyk-Ukrnafta\n        Okhtyrka]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Nyva Ternopil|Nyva Ternopil]]\\n|7\\n|14\\n|7\\n|12\\n|13\\n|9\\n|6\\n|13\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=lightgray|[[PFC Nyva Vinnytsia|Nyva Vinnytsia]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n|10\\n|14\\n|15\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Obolon Kyiv|Obolon Kyiv]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|14\\n|6\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[SC Odesa|Odesa]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|20\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[PFC Oleksandriya|Oleksandriya]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|13\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|13\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|5\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|9\\n|5\\n|4\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk|Prykarpattya\n        Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|11\\n|13\\n|13\\n|15\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|14\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Sevastopol|Sevastopol]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|9\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|4\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|4\\n|10\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=silver|2\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Stal Alchevsk|Stal Alchevsk]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|13\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Stal Dniprodzerzhynsk|Stal\n        Kamianske]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|8\\n|8\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=lightgray|[[SC Tavriya Simferopol|Tavriya\n        Simferopol]]\\n|bgcolor=gold|''''''1''''''\\n|10\\n|8\\n|5\\n|12\\n|6\\n|12\\n|9\\n|13\\n|7\\n|7\\n|9\\n|12\\n|7\\n|7\\n|5\\n|5\\n|8\\n|6\\n|7\\n|6\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Temp Shepetivka|Temp Shepetivka]]\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|19\\n| \\n|9\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Torpedo Zaporizhya|Torpedo\n        Zaporizhya]]\\n|8\\n|13\\n|13\\n|7\\n|7\\n|14\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=\\\"#D0F0C0\\\"|[[FC Veres Rivne|Veres Rivne]]\\n| \\n|16\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#C1DDFD|[[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]]\\n|9\\n|11\\n|12\\n|15\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|17\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|13\\n|8\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|15\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|12\\n|13\\n|13\\n|9\\n|12\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|12\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|5\\n|10\\n|4\\n|12\\n|11\\n|11\\n|14\\n|14\\n|10\\n|13\\n|8\\n|5\\n|10\\n|6\\n|8\\n|12\\n|8\\n|5\\n|5\\n|7\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi|Zirka\n        Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|6\\n|10\\n|11\\n|11\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|16\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|9\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#D0F0C0|[[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|12\\n|15\\n|14\\n|16\\n|bgcolor=#ffCCCC|18\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|11\\n|11\\n|13\\n|13\\n|12\\n|13\\n|10\\n|7\\n|4\\n|4\\n|bgcolor=#A67D3D|3\\n|}\\n\\n==All-time\n        table==\\nAll figures are correct through the [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier\n        League|2016\\u201317]] season.[http://ukr-football.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=7&Itemid=8\n        Grand tournament table of the Ukrainian Championship (1992-2015)]. ukr-football.org[http://uafootball.net.ua/statistika.htm\n        Summarized table of championships]. Ukrainskiy Futbol ot Dmitriya Troshchiya\n        (Ukrainian Football from Dmitriy Troshchiy).\\n{|border=1 bordercolor=\\\"#CCCCCC\\\"\n        class=wikitable style=\\\"font-size:100%;\\\"\\n|-align=LEFT valign=CENTER\\n!Rank\\n!Team\\n!Seasons\\n!P\\n!W\\n!D\\n!L\\n!GF\\n!GA\\n!Pts\\n!Achievement\\n!Other\n        names used\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|1\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|26\\n|766\\n|566\\n|127\\n|73\\n|1661\\n|494\\n|1825\\n| bgcolor=gold|champions\n        (15)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|2\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|26\\n|766\\n|527\\n|135\\n|104\\n|1603\\n|574\\n|1716\\n| bgcolor=gold|champions\n        (10)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|3\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|FC Dnipro]]\\n|26\\n|765\\n|379\\n|199\\n|187\\n|1127\\n|718\\n|1336\\n|\n        bgcolor=silver|runners-up (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|4\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|22\\n|651\\n|252\\n|160\\n|239\\n|738\\n|737\\n|916\\n|\n        bgcolor=silver|runners-up (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|5\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC\n        Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|24\\n|704\\n|237\\n|196\\n|271\\n|781\\n|857\\n|907\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|6\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|20\\n|573\\n|254\\n|144\\n|175\\n|755\\n|664\\n|906\\n|\n        bgcolor=silver|runners-up (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|7\\n|align=LEFT|[[SC Tavriya\n        Simferopol|Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|23\\n|681\\n|237\\n|170\\n|274\\n|795\\n|873\\n|881\\n|\n        bgcolor=gold|champions (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|8\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC\n        Metalurh Zaporizhya|Metalurh Zaporizhya]]\\n|24\\n|702\\n|206\\n|173\\n|323\\n|699\\n|949\\n|791\\n|5th\n        (2){{efn|name=fn2|In [[2001\\u201302 Vyshcha Liha|2001-02]] Metalurh Zaporizhia\n        placed fifth in the competition according to the season''s regulations, however\n        the FFU Executive Committee after reviewing granted the club the fourth place\n        to allow Metalurh to participate in continental competitions.}}\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|9\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]]\\n|21\\n|614\\n|205\\n|170\\n|239\\n|663\\n|715\\n|785\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (1)\\n|Vorskla-Naftogaz\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|10\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|21\\n|634\\n|201\\n|173\\n|260\\n|633\\n|786\\n|776\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|11\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]]\\n|18\\n|526\\n|203\\n|142\\n|181\\n|655\\n|623\\n|751\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (3)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|12\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC\n        Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]]\\n|18\\n|536\\n|184\\n|151\\n|201\\n|628\\n|619\\n|703\\n|4th\n        (1){{efn|name=fn1|Arsenal Kyiv''s record includes the record of its predecessor\n        CSKA Kyiv (when the club was sponsored by the [[Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)|Ministry\n        of Defence]]). It does not include the 14 games that it played in 2013-14.}}\\n|CSKA\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|13\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Mariupol]]\\n|17\\n|496\\n|154\\n|118\\n|224\\n|551\\n|711\\n|580\\n|4th\n        (2)\\n|Illichivets\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|14\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|16\\n|472\\n|150\\n|100\\n|222\\n|488\\n|702\\n|550\\n|\n        bgcolor=#A67D3D|3rd (1)\\n|Zorya-MALS\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|15\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC\n        Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]]\\n|16\\n|472\\n|140\\n|102\\n|230\\n|473\\n|710\\n|519\\n|6th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|16\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Nyva Ternopil|Nyva\n        Ternopil]]\\n|10\\n|296\\n|93\\n|62\\n|141\\n|319\\n|388\\n|341\\n|7th (3)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|17\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Torpedo Zaporizhya|Torpedo\n        Zaporizhya]]\\n|7\\n|210\\n|64\\n|42\\n|104\\n|214\\n|315\\n|234\\n|7th (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|18\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk|Prykarpattya\n        Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n|7\\n|206\\n|55\\n|52\\n|99\\n|215\\n|315\\n|217\\n|10th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|19\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi|Zirka Kropyvnytskyi]]\\n|7\\n|216\\n|55\\n|48\\n|113\\n|187\\n|328\\n|213\\n|6th\n        (1)\\n|Zirka-NIBAS\\n|-align=CENTER\\n|20\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Kremin Kremenchuk|Kremin\n        Kremenchuk]]\\n|6\\n|180\\n|54\\n|40\\n|86\\n|182\\n|269\\n|202\\n|9th (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|21\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Hoverla Uzhhorod|Hoverla\n        Uzhhorod]]\\n|9\\n|256\\n|41\\n|64\\n|151\\n|186\\n|421\\n|187\\n|12th (3)\\n|Zakarpattia\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|22\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Obolon Kyiv|Obolon Kyiv]]\\n|6\\n|180\\n|44\\n|44\\n|92\\n|153\\n|253\\n|176\\n|6th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|23\\n|align=LEFT|[[PFC Nyva Vinnytsia|Nyva\n        Vinnytsia]]\\n|5\\n|150\\n|42\\n|32\\n|76\\n|140\\n|213\\n|158\\n|10th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|24\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Oleksandriya]]\\n|5\\n|144\\n|36\\n|43\\n|65\\n|142\\n|212\\n|151\\n|5th\n        (1)\\n|Polihraftekhnika, PFC Oleksandriya\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|25\\n|align=LEFT\n        bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Kharkiv]]\\n|4\\n|120\\n|25\\n|33\\n|62\\n|94\\n|156\\n|108\\n|12th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|26\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Veres Rivne|Veres\n        Rivne]]\\n|3\\n|98\\n|27\\n|25\\n|46\\n|89\\n|141\\n|106\\n|12th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|27\\n|align=LEFT|[[MFC Mykolaiv|SC Mykolaiv]]\\n|4\\n|116\\n|26\\n|23\\n|67\\n|100\\n|208\\n|101\\n|13th\n        (1)\\n|Evis\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|28\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Olimpik\n        Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n|3\\n|84\\n|24\\n|23\\n|37\\n|80\\n|143\\n|95\\n|4th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|29\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Temp Shepetivka|Temp\n        Shepetivka]]\\n|3\\n|86\\n|24\\n|16\\n|46\\n|79\\n|113\\n|88\\n|9th (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|30\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi|Bukovyna Chernivtsi]]\\n|3\\n|82\\n|23\\n|18\\n|41\\n|69\\n|99\\n|87\\n|11th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|31\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC\n        Stal Alchevsk|Stal Alchevsk]]\\n|3\\n|86\\n|17\\n|21\\n|48\\n|67\\n|126\\n|72\\n|11th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|32\\n|align=LEFT|''''''[[FC Stal Kamianske|Stal\n        Kamianske]]\\n|2\\n|58\\n|18\\n|16\\n|24\\n|49\\n|62\\n|70\\n|8th (2)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|33\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC Sevastopol]]\\n|2\\n|58\\n|17\\n|11\\n|30\\n|58\\n|91\\n|62\\n|9th\n        (1)\\n|PFC Sevastopol\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|32\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[FC\n        Borysfen Boryspil|Borysfen Boryspil]]\\n|2\\n|60\\n|14\\n|19\\n|27\\n|40\\n|60\\n|61\\n|7th\n        (1)\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|34\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta\n        Okhtyrka|Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka]]\\n|2\\n|48\\n|11\\n|11\\n|26\\n|30\\n|66\\n|44\\n|15th\n        (1)\\n|Naftovyk\\n|-align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM\\n|36\\n|align=LEFT|[[FC Lviv]]\\n|1\\n|30\\n|6\\n|8\\n|16\\n|24\\n|39\\n|26\\n|15th\\n|\\n|-align=CENTER\n        valign=BOTTOM\\n|37\\n|align=LEFT bgcolor=#ffCCCC|[[SC Odesa]]\\n|1\\n|18\\n|3\\n|1\\n|14\\n|15\\n|32\\n|10\\n|10th\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n==Rivalries\n        and city derbies==\\n===Klasychne and the championship contenders===\\n{{also|Klasychne\n        derby}}\\nThe central feature of the league is a rivalry between Shakhtar Donetsk\n        and Dynamo Kyiv which has adopted its name as Klasychne. The rivalry started\n        ever since the end of 1990s when both teams started consistently to place\n        the top two places from season to season. The rivalry became really established\n        when Shakhtar obtained its first national title in 2002. \\n\\nThe surprising\n        win of the first season by [[SC Tavriya Simferopol]] has never turned the\n        club into a real contender for another title and the club was not always successful\n        to secure a place among the top five. In the beginning of 1990s [[FC Chornomorets\n        Odessa]] and the Soviet champions [[FC Dnipro]] were also among the main contenders.\n        The Soviet 1972 champions [[FC Zorya Luhansk]] until 2013 really struggled\n        to stay in the top league. Among other contenders there were [[FC Metalist\n        Kharkiv]] that were the league''s runners-up in 2012-13 and [[FC Metalurh\n        Donetsk]] that showed some consistent form in the early 2000s.\\n\\n===Other\n        rivalries===\\nThere are few smaller regional rivalries such between Karpaty\n        and Volyn, Metalist and Dnipro, Zorya and Shakhtar.\\n\\nAmong city derbies,\n        there are no running city derbies in the league for the 2017-18 season. Among\n        the most notable previously there were Zaporizhian derby between Metalurh\n        and Torpedo, Kyivan derby – Dynamo and Arsenal (CSKA), Donetsk derby\n        – Shakhtar and Metalurh. Other derbies existed in Lviv, Odesa, Kharkiv,\n        others.\\n\\n==Stadiums==\\n{{more|List of football stadiums in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        has several big stadiums with capacity of 30,000+ spectators and at least\n        two stadiums with capacity of over 50,000 which also are considered to be\n        by UEFA the elite stadiums. Since the 2014 Russian invasion and partial occupation\n        of Ukraine, the access to some stadiums was restricted. Many stadiums in Ukraine\n        and their surrounding infrastructure were renovated in preparation to the\n        [[Euro 2012]].\\n\\n===UEFA Elite Stadiums===\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n!#!!Stadium!!Capacity!!City!!Club!!Opened\\n|-\\n|-\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|1||[[Olimpiysky National Sports Complex]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|70,050||[[Kiev]]||[[Ukraine\n        national football team|Ukraine]], [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|\n        1923, 2011\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|2||[[Donbass Arena]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|52,518||[[Donetsk]]||[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]||style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|2009\\n|}\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n{{portal|Association football|Ukraine}}\\n*[[Ukrainian First League]]\\n*[[Ukrainian\n        Second League]]\\n*[[Ukrainian derby]]\\n*[[Football records in Ukraine]]\\n*[[List\n        of foreign Ukrainian Premier League players]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{Notelist}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{commons category}}\\n*[http://www.fpl.ua/ Official website]\\n*[http://www.soccerway.com/national/ukraine/premier-league/20122013/regular-season/\n        Soccerway]\\n*[http://www.rsssf.com/tableso/oekrchamp.html Ukraine - List of\n        Champions], RSSSF.com\\n\\n{{Ukrainian Premier League Seasons}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Premier League teamlist}}\\n{{Ukrainian Premier League managers}}\\n{{Football\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{UEFA leagues}}\\n{{Top sport leagues in Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Premier League top scorers}}\\n{{Ukrainian Footballer of the Year}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Premier League| ]]\\n[[Category:Football leagues in Ukraine|1]]\\n[[Category:Top\n        level football leagues in Europe|Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Sports leagues established\n        in 1991]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Football\n        governing bodies in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T09:46:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":798969835,\"length\":79355,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Premier_League&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League\"},\"18750338\":{\"pageid\":18750338,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves and Under 19\",\"index\":33,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-10T13:51:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        football league\\n| logo       =\\n| pixels     = 150\\n| country    = {{UKR}}\\n|\n        founded    = 2004\\n| teams      = \\n| promotion  = \\n| relegation = \\n| levels     =\n        \\n| domest_cup = \\n| confed_cup =\\n|most_champs    = 6 – [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|top_goalscorer\n        = \\n|most_caps      = \\n|tv             = \\n|sponsor        = \\n| champions  =\n        [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n| season     = [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League Under-21\n        and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n| current    = [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Under-21 and Under-19]]\\n| website    = \\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Premier\n        League Under-21 and Under-19'''''' is the league for the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]\n        [[football (soccer)|football]] [[reserve team]], the parent clubs of which\n        compete in the [[Ukrainian Premier League]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nThe League\n        was established in 2004 for the 2004\\u201305 season. It is a development league\n        and therefore its participants'' performance does not result in the team''s\n        relegation from the Ukrainian Premier Reserve League. The relegation occurs\n        only based on their final league position of their respective senior teams\n        in the [[Ukrainian Premier League]]. If the senior team is relegated from\n        the Ukrainian Premier League, then its reserve team is relegated from the\n        Premier Reserve League and replaced by a reserve team of another newly promoted\n        club from the [[Ukrainian First League]].\\n\\nPremier League junior (U19) championship\n        already existed in 2002–2006.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708204924/https://www.footboom.com/ukrainian/tournament-u-19/1474527587-v-ukraini-startuvav-chempionat-yunioriv-u-19-z-komandamy-pfl.html\n        In Ukraine started Junior Championship U-19 with PFL teams (\\u0412 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0447\\u0435\\u043c\\u043f\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u044e\\u043d\\u0456\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432 U-19 \\u0437 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u041f\\u0424\\u041b )]. Footboom. 22 September 2016 In 2012 as part of\n        the [[Ukrainian Premier League]] under-19 competitions were revived and included\n        teams predominantly from the Premier League.\\n\\n== Under-21 winners ==\\n===Top\n        League reserve''s championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third\n        place\\n!Top goalscorer\\n|-\\n|[[2004\\u201305 Vyshcha Liha Reserves|2004\\u201305]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Illichivets Mariupol|Illichivets Mariupol]]\\n|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Roberto Nanni]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 9 goals)
{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Sergei\n        Kornilenko|Syarhey Karnilenka]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 9 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2005\\u201306\n        Vyshcha Liha Reserves|2005\\u201306]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Illichivets Mariupol|Illichivets\n        Mariupol]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Serhiy Davydov]] ([[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]], 21 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2006\\u201307 Vyshcha Liha Reserves|2006\\u201307]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr\n        Aliyev]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 21 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2007\\u201308 Vyshcha\n        Liha Reserves|2007\\u201308]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Metalurh\n        Zaporizhya|Metalurh Zaporizhya]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Oleksandr Aliyev]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 18 goals)\\n|}\\n\\n===Premier\n        League youth''s (U-21) championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third\n        place\\n!Top goalscorer\\n|-\\n|[[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2008\\u201309]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Roman Zozulya\n        (footballer)|Roman Zozulya]] ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 19 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2009\\u201310\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2009\\u201310]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty\n        Lviv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuriy Furta]] ([[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]],\n        15 goals)
{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Artem Hromov]] ([[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla\n        Poltava]], 15 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2010\\u201311 Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2010\\u201311]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Yevhen Budnik]] ([[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]], 13 goals)
{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Oleh Barannik]] ([[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]], 13 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2011\\u201312\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves|2011\\u201312]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|[[FC Obolon Kyiv|Obolon Kyiv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}\n        [[Vladyslav Kulach]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 14\n        goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2012\\u201313 Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2012\\u201313]]\\n|[[FC\n        Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yevhen Troyanovskyi]]\n        ([[FC Metalurh Donetsk|Metalurh Donetsk]], 16 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2013\\u201314\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2013\\u201314]]\\n|[[FC Illichivets\n        Mariupol|Illichivets Mariupol]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleh Barannik]]\n        ([[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla Poltava]], 18 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2014\\u201315]]\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Vorskla Poltava|Vorskla\n        Poltava]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Artur Zahorulko]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk\n        (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 17 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2015\\u201316 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Reserves and Under 19|2015\\u201316]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro\n        Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Boryachuk]] ([[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 20 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Under-21 and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty\n        Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Stanislav Bilenkyi]] ([[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik\n        Donetsk]], 16 goals)\\n|}\\n\\n== Under-19 winners ==\\n{{Infobox football league\\n|\n        logo       =\\n| pixels     = 150\\n| country    = {{UKR}}\\n| founded    = 2012\\n|\n        teams      = \\n| promotion  = \\n| relegation = [[Professional Football League\n        of Ukraine Under 19|Ukrainian First League]] (U-19)\\n| levels     = \\n| domest_cup\n        = \\n| confed_cup =\\n|most_champs    = 3 – [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|top_goalscorer\n        = \\n|most_caps      = \\n|tv             = \\n|sponsor        = \\n| champions  =\n        [[Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n| season     = [[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian Premier League Under-21\n        and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n| current    = [[2017\\u201318 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Under-21 and Under-19]]\\n| website    = \\n}}\\n\\n===Professional Football\n        League junior (U-19) championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third\n        place\\n!Most valuable player\\n|-\\n|2002-03\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC\n        Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|[[SC Tavriya Simferopol]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|2003-04\\n|[[SC Tavriya\n        Simferopol]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[MFC Oleksandriya]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|2004-05\\n|[[MFC\n        Oleksandriya]]\\n|[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]]\\n|[[FC Lokomotyv Odessa]]\\n|\\n|-\\n|2005-06\\n|[[FC\n        Elektrometalurh-NZF Nikopol|FC Horyzont Nikopol]]\\n|[[FC Lokomotyv Odessa]]\\n|[[FC\n        Luzhany]]\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n===Premier League junior (U-19) championship===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n!Season\\n!Champion\\n!Runner-up\\n!Third place\\n!Top goalscorer\\n|-\\n|[[2012\\u201313\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2012\\u201313]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Illichivets Mariupol|Illichivets Mariupol]]\\n|[[FC\n        Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Roman Yaremchuk]]\n        ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], 14 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2013\\u201314 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2013\\u201314]]\\n|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist\n        Kharkiv]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty\n        Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Artur Miranyan]] ([[FC Shakhtar Donetsk\n        (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]], 12 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2014\\u201315 Ukrainian Premier\n        League Reserves and Under 19|2014\\u201315]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ihor Karpenko]] ([[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]], 16 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2015\\u201316\n        Ukrainian Premier League Reserves and Under 19|2015\\u201316]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo\n        Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar\n        Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Khomutov]]\n        ([[FC Olimpik Donetsk|Olimpik Donetsk]], 15 goals)\\n|-\\n|[[2016\\u201317 Ukrainian\n        Premier League Under-21 and Under-19|2016\\u201317]]\\n|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo\n        Kyiv]]\\n|[[FC Oleksandriya|Oleksandriya]]\\n|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk (youth)|Shakhtar\n        Donetsk]]\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mykhailo Plokhotnyuk]] ([[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets\n        Odesa]], 19 goals)\\n|}\\n\\n== See also ==\\n*[[Ukrainian Premier League]]\\n*[[Football\n        in Ukraine]]\\n*[[Ukrainian football league system]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.fpl.ua/ukr/tournaments/m/ Official website]\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Premier League Reserves}}\\n{{Football in Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian Premier League\n        youth championship top scorers}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian Premier Reserve League|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Football leagues in Ukraine|Res]]\\n[[Category:Reserve football\n        leagues in Europe]]\\n[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2004]]\\n[[Category:2004\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Youth football in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Youth\n        football leagues in Europe|Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T01:00:10Z\",\"lastrevid\":789922336,\"length\":9632,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League_Reserves_and_Under_19\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Premier_League_Reserves_and_Under_19&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League_Reserves_and_Under_19\"},\"32713305\":{\"pageid\":32713305,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Processing Center\",\"index\":30,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2013-12-20T21:01:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=April\n        2012}}\\n{{Infobox company\\n|name             = Ukrainian Processing Center\\n|type                  =\n        Private [[Joint-stock company]]\\n|foundation = 1997\\n|location =  [[Kiev]],\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n|key_people  = Anton Romanchuk ([[Chairman]] of the Board)\\n|industry\n        = [[Business process|Processing]], [[Payment card industry]], [[Acquirer]],\n        [[Electronic commerce]],  [[Fraud]] Monitoring , [[SMS banking]], System of\n        [[payment card]] [[issuing]], [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] Channel Management,\n        United ATM network \\\"ATMosphere\\\"\\n|homepage  = [http://upc.ua/en.htm www.upc.ua]}}\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Processing Center'''''' (UPC, {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0446\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440}}) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] company founded\n        in 1997 which provides processing services and software for banks.[https://upc.ua/download/documents/UPC_registered.pdf  Statement\n        from state company register about UPC`s registration] UPC was the first\n        Ukrainian company within the sphere of [[Business process|processing]] that\n        received MSP and TPP status in [[VISA]] and [[MasterCard]]. In April 1997\n        UPC processed the first ATM EC/MC card transaction. Since 2005 UPC has become\n        part of the [[Raiffeisen Zentralbank|Raiffeisen Bank International]].\\nThe\n        head office of UPC is based in [[Kiev]].Yellow Pages. Kiev [http://www.yellowpages.ua/ru/uk/index.php?extend&ip=&vp=&cr=752998&mx=3047310].\n        Ukrainian Processing Center provides services to banks in [[Central Europe|Central]]\n        and [[East Europe]] in the sphere of processing [[payment card]]s[http://www.business.ua/articles/bank_market/Nakartkali-2934/?sphrase_id=109294\n        BUSINESS \\u211635 (918), August 30, 2010] (salary cards, [[debit card]]s,\n        [[credit card]]s, pre-paid cards, [[magnetic stripe card]]s, [[smart card]]s,\n        [[EMV]] cards and also [[contactless smart card]]s like  MasterCard [[PayPass]]\n        and VISA [[payWave]]\\\"Ukrainian Processing Center is on the last stage\n        of project to provide contactless payment\\\". ''''Economicheskie Izvestiya''''\n        \\u211684 (1544), May 24, 2011 [http://eizvestia.com/finance/full/polnyj-kontakt]),\n        merchant  acquiring and ATM channel management.Companion-online June\n        23, 2011: \\\"UPC provides the service of ATM network management to Raiffeisen\n        Bank Aval, Alfa-Bank, Delta-Bank and Bank Forum\\\". [http://www.companion.ua/Articles/Content?Id=152569]\n        UPC also offers integrated IT systems for [[electronic commerce]],[http://www.business.ua/articles/trends/Interny-6081/?sphrase_id=109294\n        BUSINESS \\u211644(927) November 1, 2010] [[Financial transaction|card\n        transactions]] monitoring systems of [[fraud]] prevention, card issuing system\n        and [[SMS banking]] service. Moreover, UPC was the initiator of the establishment\n        of the united ATM network \\\"ATMoSphere\\\", which consists of payment cards\n        [[issuing bank]]s.[http://ubr.ua/finances/banking-sector/banki-vynujdeny-obediniat-bankomatnye-seti-59410  UBR\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Business Resource September 10, 2010] Annually UPC\n        processes more than 400 million of [[Financial transaction|payment card transactions]].[http://www.carteblanche-online.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=571&Itemid=99  Magazine  \\\"CarteBlanch\\\"\n        10''2010]\\n\\n==History==\\nIn 1997, UPC was established as a [[systems\n        engineering|processing center]] providing processing services of debit and\n        credit cards for banks. UPC was the first Ukrainian company that received\n        the status of Member Service Provider [[MasterCard]]Official document\n        of international payment system [[MasterCard]] about status Member Service\n        Provider [http://www.mastercard.com/au/merchant/en/acquirers/communications/msp_rules.html]Official\n        confirmation of status Member Service Provider, that UPC received in 1997\n        [https://upc.ua/download/documents/UPC_MSP_TPP.pdf] \\u0438 Third Party\n        Processor [[VISA]], and processed first ATM transaction on Eurocard MasterCard\n        on 23 April 1997Chek of the first card operation [[MasterCard]] in Ukraine\n        [https://upc.ua/download/documents/First_check.jpg] in 1997. UPC is\n        a member of Ukrainian Interbank Payment Systems Member Association EMA.[http://www.ema.com.ua/ema/ema.nsf/all/p023?OpenDocument\n        Official list of EMA Association`s members] UPC''s client base consists\n        of largest Ukrainian banks and bank organizations which are [[issuer]]s or\n        [[acquirer]]s of payment cards. In 2005, UPC became a part of [[Raiffeisen\n        Zentralbank|Raiffeisen Bank International]].[http://investor.rbinternational.com/index.php?id=544&L=1&tx_ttnews%5BpS%5D=1311195275&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1780&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=542&cHash=b27a6aa622607b91589533c88a9c3a0b\n        Raiffeisen International acquires Ukrainian Processing Center] In 2007,\n        UPC started to provide services on the international market. Now UPC processes\n        payment cards, provides ATM and POS acquiring services in [[Hungary]], [[Albania]]\n        and [[Kosovo]], and supports [[electronic commerce]] in [[Croatia]]. Since\n        2011, UPC processes contactless payments for an [[Austria]]n acquiring company.[http://www.nfc.cc/archives/703  Contactless\n        payments in Austria]\\n\\n==Work standards==\\nUPC was the first among\n        Ukrainian processing centers that received a [[PCI DSS]] certificate, in January\n        2009.[https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/ Official website about PCI\n        Data Security Standard DSS]Official document [[VISA]] about PCI\n        Standard DSS [http://usa.visa.com/download/merchants/cardholder-data-security-best-practices-for-visanet-processors.pdf]\n        Since that time, UPC is certified every year by international auditors to\n        confirm the complete correspondence to PCI DSS requirements.PCI DSS Compliant\n        certificate received from German audit firm SRC (Security Research & Consulting\n        GmbH) [https://upc.ua/download/documents/pcidss.pdf]\\n\\n== External\n        links ==\\n* [http://upc.ua/en.htm Ukrainian Processing Center official website\n        (English version)]\\n* [http://atmosphere.net.ua ATMoSphere, united ATM network]\\n*\n        [http://ecommerce.upc.ua/site/index.html?lang=uk UPC''s eCommerce (in Ukrainian)]\\n*\n        [http://ema.com.ua Ukrainian Interbank Payment Systems Association EMA (in\n        Ukrainian)]\\n* [http://www.rbinternational.com Raiffeisen Bank International\n        AG]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n[[Category:Companies of Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-31T12:48:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":587006768,\"length\":6317,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Processing_Center\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Processing_Center&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Processing_Center\"},\"20965184\":{\"pageid\":20965184,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Radical Party\",\"index\":42,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-22T20:01:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about||the\n        party that was called the Ukrainian Radical Party in 1904 and 1905|Ukrainian\n        Democratic Party (1904)|the party that is called the Radical Party of Oleh\n        Lyashko since 2011|Radical Party (Ukraine)}}\\n\\n{{Infobox political party\\n|\n        country=Austria-Hungary\\n|name = Ukrainian Radical Party\\n|native_name = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f\\n|logo\n        = \\n|founder =  [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]]\\n|founded = {{Start date|1890|10|}}\\n|\n        ideology = [[Socialism]],
[[Agrarianism]],
[[Anti-clericalism]],
[[Ukrainian\n        nationalism]]\\n| international = [[Labour and Socialist International]]\\n|\n        colorcode = \\n| colours = \\n| headquarters = [[Lviv]]\\n| website = \\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian Radical Party, (URP)'''''', (Ukrainian: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f,\n        \\u0423P\\u041f, ''''Ukrainska Radikalna Partiya'''')  founded in October 1890\n        and based on the [[Radicalism (historical)|radical movement]] in [[western\n        Ukraine]] dating from the 1870s, was the first modern Ukrainian political\n        party with a defined program, [[mass politics|mass following]], and registered\n        membership.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianRadicalparty.htm\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Ukrainian Radical Party]. vol. 5, 1993.  Article\n        written by Jean Paul Himka and Ivan Lysiak Rudnytsky\\n It advocated\n        [[socialism]], increased rights for Ukrainian [[peasants]], and [[secularism]].\\n\\n==Programme\n        and Ideology==\\n\\n[[Image:Drahomanov mykhajlo.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Mykhailo\n        Drahomanov, whose political ideas formed the basis of the Ukrainian Radical\n        Party''s ideology]]\\n\\nThe Radical Party ideology was based on the political\n        thought of [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]], an eastern Ukrainian thinker who spent\n        part of the nineteenth century in western Ukraine.  Although the Radical party\n        advocated socialism in its ideology, it considered itself different from western\n        socialists who were beholden to the ideas of [[Karl Marx]] because western\n        socialism was based on the industrial [[proletariat]] while the Radical party\n        was focused on the peasantry.  Accordingly, its socialism was [[agrarian socialism|agrarian\n        and peasant-based]].  The Ukrainian Radical party claimed kinship and affinity\n        with the similarly peasant-based socialist [[People''s Radical Party|Serbian\n        Radical Party]] of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\R\\\\A\\\\Radicalism.htm\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine, \\\"Radicalism\\\"] written by John-Paul Himka\n        It actively opposed the influence of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]\n        and [[Western Ukrainian clergy|its priests]] in Ukrainian society. It was\n        also opposed to the [[Cisleithania|Austria]]n government, to mainstream Ukrainophiles\n        who were loyal to Austria, and to Ukrainian attempts to cooperate with Polish\n        authorities.  At the same time, the URP cooperated with Polish workers and\n        peasants.[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988). ''''Ukraine: A History''''. Toronto:\n        University of Toronto Press, pg. 328 The URP supported Ukrainian independence\n        at a party congress in 1895, the first time that the goal of an independent\n        Ukrainian state had been expressed anywhere.[[Paul Robert Magocsi]].\n        (1996). ''''A History of Ukraine''''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,\n        pg. 446 Involved with the plight of the Ukrainian peasants, the URP\n        also called for and organized [[strike action|strike]]s of Ukrainian agricultural\n        workers.\\n\\n==History==\\n\\nThe Radical Party was founded in [[Lviv]] on October\n        4, 1890 by a group of Ukrainian activists including the poet [[Ivan Franko]],\n        the publisher Mykhailo Pavlyk, and others. It was involved in founding reading\n        rooms and cooperatives, organizing women''s groups, and training and politicizing\n        Ukrainian peasants.  In 1895, the party passed a resolution calling for Ukrainian\n        independence.  That same year, it sent three representatives to the Galician\n        [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] and in 1897 two representatives to the [[Austria\\u2013Hungary|Austrian]]\n        [[Reichsrat (Austria)|parliament]].\\n\\nIn\n        the mid-1890s three competing groups emerged within the URP.  One maintained\n        its allegiance to the traditional ideology of the URP.  Another faction turned\n        more to western European [[socialism]] and [[Marxism]].  A third faction which\n        included most of the Radical Party''s most prominent members such as [[Ivan\n        Franko]] became increasingly disenchanted with socialist ideas and more focussed\n        on national concerns.  In 1899 the latter two groups left the Radical Party.  The\n        socialist-learning faction splitt of to form the [[Ukrainian Social Democratic\n        Party (1899)|Ukrainian Social Democratic Party]].  The nationalist-leading\n        faction merged with mainstream Ukrainiphiles to create the National Democratic\n        Party, which was the largest Ukrainian political party in Austrian-ruled Ukraine\n        before and during the [[World War I|first world war]].  The National Democratic\n        party, renamed the [[Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance]], would continue\n        to dominate western Ukrainian political life until the Second World War.\\n\\nAfter\n        the exodus of the Ukrainian Social Democrats and the National Democrats, the\n        remaining Ukrainian Radical Party, having become a definitively peasant-oriented\n        party, was the second largest political party among ethnic Ukrainians in western\n        Ukraine. In 1911, it sent five members to\n        the Austrian parliament and in 1913 six members to the Galician Diet. On the\n        eve of World War I, the Radical party established sporting societies and paramilitary\n        groups that would serve as the basis for the [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen]],\n        an all-Ukrainian unit within the Austrian army.\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Radical Party was one of the founding parties of the [[West Ukrainian\n        National Republic]], and its members occupied the posts of defence minister\n        ([[Dmytro Vitovsky]]) and interior secretary within the West Ukrainian government.   Following the war, when western Ukraine became\n        part of the [[Second Polish Republic|Polish state]], at a party congress in\n        1925 the Radical Party passed a resolution simultaneously opposing cooperation\n        with Ukrainian \\\"bourgeois parties\\\" and condemning [[Ukrainian Bolsheviks|Bolsheviks]]\n        policies in [[Soviet Ukraine]]. A year later, it merged with a socialist party\n        and renamed itself the ''''''Ukrainian Socialist Radical Party'''''' (USRP).  In\n        the [[1928 Polish elections]], the party received 280,000 votes, the second\n        most among western Ukrainian parties following the [[Ukrainian National Democratic\n        Alliance]]''s 600,000 votes.[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988).\n        ''''Ukraine: a History.'''' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 434-441\n        This enabled the USRP to send 11 representatives into the [[Polish parliament|parliament]]\n        and 3 into the [[Polish senate|senate]]. In the [[1931 Polish elections|1931\n        elections]] it ran in a coalition with the [[Ukrainian National Democratic\n        Alliance]] and obtained 1/4 of the coalition''s seats. The USRP boycotted\n        all subsequent Polish elections.\\n\\nThe party\n        was a member of the [[Labour and Socialist International]] between 1931 and\n        1940.Kowalski, Werner. ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=83QdPwAACAAJ\n        Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19]''''. Berlin:\n        Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 319\\n\\nAfter the [[Soviet annexation\n        of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviets annexed western Ukrainian territory]]\n        in 1939, the USRP like all other western Ukrainian political parties was forced\n        by the Soviet authorities to disband.\\n\\n==Elections==\\n===Austria-Hungary===\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\"\\n|+ House of Deputies\\n!
''''''Year\\n!
''''''Popular\n        vote''''''\\n!
''''''%''''''\\n!
''''''Seats /total''''''\\n!
''''''Seat\n        change\\n! ''''''Government\\n|-\\n! [[Cisleithanian legislative election, 1911|1911]]\\n|\n        54,701\\n| 1.2%\\n| \\n| \\n| \\n|}\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukrainian National Democratic\n        Alliance]]\\n\\n==References==\\n;''''''Inline:''''''\\n\\n{{Politics\n        in (current) Ukraine between 1917 and 1920}}\\n{{Polish political parties}}\\n[[Category:1890\n        establishments in Austria-Hungary]]\\n[[Category:Agrarian parties in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Agrarian\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Anti-clericalism]]\\n[[Category:Defunct agrarian\n        political parties]]\\n[[Category:Defunct political parties in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Defunct\n        political parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Defunct socialist parties]]\\n[[Category:History\n        of socialism]]\\n[[Category:Left-wing nationalist parties]]\\n[[Category:Members\n        of the Labour and Socialist International]]\\n[[Category:Nationalist parties\n        in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Nationalist parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political\n        parties established in 1890]]\\n[[Category:Political parties of the Russian\n        Revolution]]\\n[[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]\\n[[Category:Radical\n        parties]]\\n[[Category:Socialist parties in Poland]]\\n[[Category:Socialist\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        political parties in Austria-Hungary]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian political parties\n        in Poland]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-30T13:39:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":796742649,\"length\":9277,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Radical_Party&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party\"},\"3149341\":{\"pageid\":3149341,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Railways\",\"index\":10,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-21T03:19:01Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Multiple\n        issues|\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2016}}\\n{{update|date=October 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Infobox company\\n| name   = ''''{{lang|uk-Latn|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}''''
 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f\\n|\n        logo   = UkrZal logo.png\\n| type   = [[State-owned enterprise]]\\n| slogan\n        = \\n| predecessor      = State Administration of Rail Transport \\\"Ukrzaliznytsia\\\"\n        (1991-2015)\\n| foundation     = 2015 (reorganization)\\n| location       =\n        5, Tvirska street, 
[[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], 03680 {{cite web\\n| url\n        = http://uz.gov.ua/en/contacts_feedback/contacts/\\n| title = Official website.\n        Address (bottom of the page) \\n| date = Mar 2017\\n}}\\n| locations      =\n        1,700 stations and halts\\n| key_people     = [[Yevhen Kravtsov]] (acting [[CEO]])\\n| num_employees  = 403,000 (2011)\\n| industry       =\n        Railway transportation, 
 [[intermodal freight transport]]\\n| area_served      =\n        [[Ukraine]]\\n| gauge    = {{RailGauge|1520mm}}\\n| parent           = [[Ministry\n        of Infrastructure (Ukraine)|Ministry of Infrastructure]]\\n| owner = [[Ukraine]]\n        (100%)\\n| products       = Rail transport services (passenger & cargo)\\n|\n        divisions        = 6 branches ([[Kiev]], [[Donetsk]], [[Lviv]], [[Odesa]],\n        [[Kharkiv]], [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]])\\n| revenue        = [[File:Green Arrow\n        Up.svg|12px]] [[\\u20b4]]1.76 billion (2005)\\n| net_income     = \\n| subsid         =\\n|\n        homepage       = [http://www.uz.gov.ua/en/ Official website]\\n}}\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        Railways'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f,\n        ''''Ukrzaliznytsia''''}}) is a state owned enterprise of [[rail transport\n        in Ukraine]], a monopoly that controls vast majority of the railroad transportation\n        in the countryExcept for intra-company [[industrial railway]]s, local\n        [[military railway]]s and municipal [[Rapid transit|Metro]] systems.\n        with a combined total tracks length of over 23,000 km, making it the\n        [[List of countries by rail transport network size|14th largest in the world]].\n        Ukrainian Railways is also [[Rail usage statistics by country|the world''s\n        6th largest rail passenger transporter and world''s 7th largest freight transporter]].\\n\\nIn\n        2015 the company transformed out of a state agency into a state-owned public\n        joint stock company.\\n\\n==Main information==\\nState Administration of Railroad\n        Transportation is subordinated to the Ministry of Infrastructure,Previously,\n        before December 2010 [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine|cabinet]] reform \\u2013\n        to the Ministry of Transportation and Communication. administering the\n        railways through the six territorial railway companies, which immediately\n        control and provide of all aspects of the railroad transportation and maintenance\n        in a unified way under the common Ukrzaliznytsia [[brand name|brand]]. The\n        general director of the administration is appointed by the [[Cabinet of Ministers\n        of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=262-96-%EF|title=\\u041a\\u0410\\u0411\\u0406\\u041d\\u0415\\u0422\n        \\u041c\\u0406\\u041d\\u0406\\u0421\\u0422\\u0420\\u0406\\u0412 \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418\n        \\u041f \\u041e \\u0421 \\u0422 \\u0410 \\u041d \\u041e \\u0412 \\u0410 \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 29 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e 1996 \\u0440. N\n        262|date=21 November 2008|publisher=\\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438}}\\n\\nThe administration employs\n        more than 403,000 people through all regions of the country.\\n\\n==Administrative\n        structure==\\n[[File:Ukrainian Railways (subdivisions).png|thumb|270px|Subdivisions\n        of Ukrainian Railways]]\\nThe railways are split into six territorial railway\n        companies: Donetsk, [[Lviv Railways|Lviv]], Odesa, [[Southern Railways (Ukraine)|Southern]],\n        [[Southwestern Railways|South-Western]] and Near-Dnipro. The subdivision is\n        purely administrative as it doesn''t correspond to the particular railway\n        lines or branches. The names of regional railways are purely historic, inherited\n        from the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]s. For\n        instance, the ''South-Western Railway'' actually operates the ''north-central''\n        part of Ukraine''s rail network. The ''Southern Railway'' actually operates\n        in the east of the country, whilst the Near-Dnipro Railways are the southernmost.\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        Hyundai train.JPG|right|thumb|270px|A UZ Intercity+ service operated by a\n        [[HRCS2 multiple unit]] awaits departure at [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]''s main\n        station.]]\\nThe six separate territorial railways each have their own directorates,\n        located in the following cities:\\n\\n# [[Donetsk Railway]] \\u2013 [[Lyman,\n        Ukraine|Lyman]]\\n# [[Lviv Railways|Lviv Railway]] \\u2013 [[Lviv]]\\n# [[Odessa\n        Railways|Odesa Railways]] \\u2013 [[Odesa]]\\n# [[Southern Railways (Ukraine)|Southern\n        Railway]] \\u2013 [[Kharkiv]]\\n# [[Southwestern Railways|Southwestern Railway]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kiev]]\\n# [[Near-Dnipro Railway]] \\u2013 [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\\n\\nThe\n        territorial railways are further divided into several territorial administrations,\n        usually four or five. Such division helps in assignment of commuter railway\n        lines depending on location.\\n\\n===Financial situation===\\nIn 2008 the Ukrainian\n        State Railways transported around 498.5 million tonnes of domestic freight\n        and 69.8 million tonnes of international freight in transit through Ukrainian\n        territory; freight transport figures were particularly high on transport Routes\n        3, 5 and 9, which saw a combined total of 105 million tonnes carried in 2008.\n        Further to this, Ukrzaliznytsia served around 518.8 million passengers\n        over the course of the year. The state railways ran with an annual consolidated\n        budget of a little more than 40 billion \\u20b4 (US$5 billion) in\n        2008.\\n\\nBy the end of 2005 the railways had produced a profit equivalent\n        to 1.76 billion \\u20b4 (US$220 million) from all their operations\n        including freight, passenger service, associated services and the operation\n        of subsidiaries. The total capital invested in fixed assets of the State Railways\n        is thought to be equivalent to around 22 billion \\u20b4 (US$4.4 billion),\n        however, depreciation of these fixed assets is estimated to be around 57%,\n        or in terms of rolling stock, closer to 66.7%.\\n\\n===Ranks===\\n{|  style=\\\"width:75%;\n        border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#fff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0\n        12px 12px 0; text-align:center; \\\"\\n|- style=\\\"background:#ccc;\\\"\\n!\\n! Private\\n!\n        Junior chief\\n! colspan=\\\"4\\\" | Medium chief\\n! colspan=\\\"3\\\" | Senior chief\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"3\\\" | Higher chief\\n! colspan=\\\"1\\\" | Deputy Director\\n! colspan=\\\"1\\\"\n        | First Deputy Director\\n! colspan=\\\"1\\\" | Director\\n|-  style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|\n        Shoulder insignia
for every day uniform\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks\n        10.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 11.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian\n        Railways Ranks 08.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 07.jpg|46px]]\\n|\n        [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 09.jpg|44px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways\n        Ranks 12.jpg|44px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 13.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian\n        Railways Ranks 02.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 01.jpg|45px]]\\n|\n        [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 03.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways\n        Ranks 04.jpg|48px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 14.jpg|45px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian\n        Railways Ranks 05.jpg|46px]]\\n| [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 06.jpg|45px]]\\n|\n        [[File:Ukrainian Railways Ranks 15.jpg|45px]]\\n|}\\n\\n==Infrastructure==\\n{{see\n        also|Narrow-gauge railways in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Europe rail electrification\n        en.svg|thumb|Electrification systems in Europe:\\n{{legend|#cdcfd0|non-electrified}}\\n{{legend|#eea631|[[750\n        V DC railway elctrification|750 V DC]]}}\\n{{legend|#eda1a0|[[1.5 kV DC\n        railway electrification|1.5 kV DC]]}}\\n{{legend|#f5f0bb|[[3 kV DC railway\n        electrification|3 kV DC]]}}\\n{{legend|#a3a5ce|[[15 kV AC]]}}\\n{{legend|#94af2e|[[25 kV\n        AC]]}}\\n1) High-speed lines in France, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, the Netherlands,\n        Belgium and Turkey operate under 25 kV, as high power lines in the former\n        Soviet Union as well.]]\\n\\nThe full extent of the railway system in Ukraine\n        administrated by Ukrzaliznytsia is currently put at around 22,300 km,\n        of which 9,752 km (44.3%) is fully [[railway electrification|electrified]]\n        with the use of the [[overhead wire]]. The network is fully [[Centralized\n        traffic control|interconnected, central-dispatched]] and consists of 1,648\n        stations of all sizes spread throughout the country. The largest stations\n        are Nyzhnodniprovsk-Vuzol (in the city of [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]) and [[Darnytsia\n        Railway Station|Darnytsia]] (in the capital [[Kiev]]) \\u2013 both freight.\\n\\n===Types\n        of stations===\\n* Intermediate\\n* Sorting\\n* Freight\\n* Sectional\\n* Passenger\\n\\nRailway\n        stations also have five classes depending on their general performance. Some\n        stations may be named as railway stop, platform number, passing loop ({{lang-uk|''''\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437''\\u0457\\u0437\\u0434''''}})\n        or simply kilometer post.\\n\\n===Upgrading and expansions===\\n{{Expand section|date=March\n        2011}}\\nThe Ukrainian railway network is permanently undergoing large scale\n        reconstruction, mainly in order to reduce operating costs, inherited from\n        the Soviet economy, and to implement higher speeds of passenger services.\n        Particularly, around 4000 track [[railroad switch|switches]] have already\n        been upgraded.\\n\\n==Rolling stock==\\n[[File:CHS2-426.jpg|right|thumb|A typical\n        Ukrainian CHS2K locomotive, hauling a long-distance passenger service.]]\\n[[File:\\u042d\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\n        \\u0414\\u042d1-033.jpg|thumb|Electric locomotive [[DE1]], built in Ukraine\n        after [[fall of the Soviet Union]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0415\\u041a\\u0440-1.jpg|thumb|Train\n        of Kriukiv Railcar Engineering]]\\nUkrzaliznytsia has several repair factories\n        capable of producing own locomotives and railcars. In addition there is a\n        separate [[KVBZ|Kryukiv Railcar Engineering Factory]] and [[DniproVahonMash|Dnieper\n        Railcar Engineering]] that also produce railroad rolling stock for Ukrzaliznytsia\n        and other companies for public transportation (i.e. subway).\\n\\nDue to the\n        [[2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], some factories that were producing locomotives\n        and railcars were lost (i.e. [[Luhanskteplovoz]] (Luhansk Diesel Locomotive)\n        and [[Stakhanov Railway Car Building Works|Stakhanov Railcar Engineering]]).\\n\\n===Brief\n        statistics===\\n*Number of freight cars \\u2013 174,939\\n*Number of passenger\n        cars \\u2013 8,429\\n*Number of locomotives \\u2013 2,718\\n*Number of electric\n        locomotives \\u2013 1,796\\n*Number of electric multiple units \\u2013 1,443\\n*Number\n        of diesel multiple units \\u2013 186\\n*Number of employees \\u2013 375,900\\n*Number\n        of specially branded passenger trains \\u2013 62\\n\\n===Recent developments===\\nIn\n        November 2010, UZ agreed to buy 10 high-speed [[HRCS2 multiple unit]] interurban\n        trainsets from [[Hyundai Rotem]], with the prospect of a much larger order\n        or joint venture for local production.{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/uz-to-order-korean-trainsets.html|date=17\n        November 2010|title=UZ to order Korean trainsets|publisher=[[Railway Gazette\n        International|Railway Gazette]]}} The first two trains would be delivered\n        in February 2012, two other in April and other two in May, when they will\n        start operating.{{cite web|title=Six high-speed Hyundai trains to come\n        to Ukraine by 10 May|url=http://ukraine2012.gov.ua/en/news/191/51569/|publisher=Information\n        \\u0441entre \\\"Ukraine-2012\\\"|date=7 February 2012}}{{Update after|2012|05||Rail\n        transport articles in need of updating}} They will be rated as Inter City+\n        and will be connecting [[Kiev]] with [[Kharkiv]], [[Donetsk]] and [[Lviv]],\n        and at a later stage with [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]] and [[Odesa]].{{cite\n        web|title=4 Hyundai Rotem trains to serve on the route Kyiv \\u2013 Dnipropetrovsk,\n        Kyiv \\u2013 Odesa after EURO 2012|url=http://en.prichernomorie.com.ua/odesa/news/Transport/2012-02-07/6082.php|publisher=Context-Prichernomorie|date=7\n        February 2012}}{{Update after|2012|05||Rail transport articles in need\n        of updating}}\\n\\nIn July 2011, UZ announced plans to buy 433 electric freight\n        locomotives; 292 [[2EL4]]s from [[Transmashholding]], and 141 locomotives\n        (including class VL11M/6) from [[Elmavalmshenebeli]].{{cite news|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/ukrainian-railways-agrees-locomotive-orders-worth-EUR146bn.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Railways agrees locomotive orders worth \\u20ac1\\u00b746bn|date=3 August 2011|publisher=Railway\n        Gazette}}\\n\\n==Stations==\\n{{main|Category:Railway stations in Ukraine}}\\n\\n==Classification\n        of passenger trains (railway lines)==\\nRailway lines are classified into commuter,\n        regional, intercity and eurocity. They also distinct one from another if they\n        operate during day or night time. Intercity lines are coded with single, double\n        and triple digits. while commuter lines are coded with quadruple digits.\\n\\nOn\n        27 April 2011 in accordance with order \\u2116 504/2011 rail industry specialists\n        developed a new classification system of passenger trains for Ukrainian Railways.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.uz.gov.ua/index.php?f=Doc.View&p=news_6417.0.news|title=\\u041f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442 \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u0444\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456 \\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0436\\u0438\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0457\\u0437\\u0434\\u0456\\u0432|publisher=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456}}\\n\\nThe\n        development of a new classification system for passenger trains in Ukraine\n        was made necessary by the need to inform customers (passengers) about the\n        level of service quality they could expect to find in various passenger trains.\n        The new system is based on the class of train and carriages.\\n\\nGiven the\n        quality of the service provided UZ asked the following classes of passenger\n        trains:\\n\\n*Daytime passenger lines:\\n**''''''Euro City (EC)'''''' \\u2013\n        Express (min. 90 km/h) daytime services on international routes which\n        should offer a very high level of service and comfort. First and standard\n        classes.\\n**''''''Inter City+ (IC+)'''''' \\u2013 Express (min. 90 km/h)\n        daytime services on domestic routes which should offer a very high level of\n        service and comfort. First and standard classes. These services are currently\n        operated by [[Hyundai Rotem]] [[HRCS2 multiple unit]] trains on routes between\n        [[Kiev]] and [[Kharkiv]], [[Lviv]], [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]] and [[Donetsk]].\\n**''''''Inter\n        City (IC)'''''' \\u2013 (max. 70 km/h \\u2013 90 km/h) daytime services\n        on domestic routes which should offer a heightened level of service and comfort.\n        First, standard and economy classes. These services are currently operated\n        by [[\\u0160koda Works|\\u0160koda]] [[\\u010cD Class 471|UZ class 675]] trains\n        on routes between [[Kharkiv]], [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]] and [[Donetsk]].\\n**''''''Regional\n        Express (\\u0420\\u0415)'''''' \\u2013 (max. 70 km/h \\u2013 90 km/h)\n        daytime services on domestic routes which should offer a standard level of\n        service and comfort. First, standard and economy classes.\\n**''''''Regional\n        train (\\u0420\\u041f)'''''' \\u2013 (max. 70 km/h) daytime services on\n        domestic routes which should offer a standard level of service and comfort.\n        Standard and economy classes.\\n*Nighttime passenger trains:\\n**''''''Euro\n        Night (EN)'''''' \\u2013 Express (min. 90 km/h) nighttime services on\n        international routes which should offer a very high level of service and comfort.\n        [[Sleeping car|2 berth coupe]] and 4 berth coupe classes.\\n**''''''Night Express\n        (\\u041d\\u0415)'''''' (max. 70 km/h \\u2013 90 km/h) nighttime services\n        on international and domestic routes which should offer a heightened level\n        of service and comfort.  [[Sleeping car|2 berth coupe]], 4 berth coupe and\n        [[Couchette car|platskarta]] classes.\\n**''''''Night fast (\\u041d\\u0428)''''''\n        \\u2013 (max. 50 km/h \\u2013 70 km/h) nighttime services on international\n        and domestic routes which should offer a heightened level of service and comfort.\n        [[Sleeping car|2 berth coupe]], 4 berth coupe and [[Couchette car|platskarta]]\n        classes.\\n**''''''Night passenger (\\u041d\\u041f)'''''' (max. 50 km/h)\n        nighttime services on international and domestic routes which should offer\n        a heightened level of service and comfort. [[Sleeping car|4 berth coupe]]\n        and [[Couchette car|platskarta]] classes.\\n\\nThe advantages of the new classification\n        system include: full compliance with the classification of the European Union,\n        compliance with Ukrainian and English names and abbreviations, clarity for\n        customers, linguistic and semantic consistency and clarity for customers in\n        Ukraine and compatibility with existing and future tariff policy. The system\n        is also not far displaced from the previous classification system used for\n        passenger trains on the territory of Ukraine and therefore should not cause\n        major problems when introduced.\\n\\n==Gallery==\\n
\\n\\nImage:4kvr-40u-odessa.jpg|[[ChS4]]\n        and [[VL40U (locomotive)]] electric locomotives in [[Odesa]]\\n\\nImage:Locomotive\n        DS3-012 2012 G1.jpg|Electric locomotive [[DS3 (locomotive)|DS3-012]] in [[Vinnytsia]]\n        railway station.\\nImage:D1-608-02 Ukraine.jpg|A [[D1 multiple unit|D1]] diesel\n        multiple unit near [[Khust]].\\nImage:Chs8-14.jpg|The ''Capital Express'' branded\n        train, en- route [[Kiev]] \\u2013 [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\\nImage:EPL2T-031\n        Lviv 1.jpg|An [[EPL2T multiple unit]] electric multiple unit arrives in [[Lviv]]\\nImage:TrainD1-801.jpeg|A\n        D1 in [[Vorokhta]].\\nImage:Electric locomotive ChS2.jpg| Electric locomotive\n        \\u0427\\u04212-366 in [[Simferopol]].\\nImage:Ukrzalinytsia maintenance cars\n        in Kiev -2012 1.JPG|Ukrzalinytsia service cars in [[Kiev]].\\n\\n
\\n\\n==Ukrzaliznytsia\n        subsidiaries and partners==\\n\\n===Factories===\\n* [[Darnytsia Railway Station|Darnytsia\n        railcar maintenance shop]]\\n* Popasna railcar maintenance shop\\n* Stryi railcar\n        maintenance shop\\n* Hnivan factory of special reinforced concrete\\n* Korosten\n        factory of reinforced concrete railroad ties\\n* Kremechuk factory of reinforced\n        concrete railroad ties\\n* Starokostyantyniv factory of reinforced concrete\n        railroad ties\\n\\n===Producing companies===\\n* State company \\\"Ukrzaliznychpostach\\\"\\n*\n        State company \\\"Vinnytsiatransprylad\\\"\\n* Ukrainian state center of railroad\n        refrigerated transportation\\n* Ukrainian state center in exploitation of specialized\n        [[rolling stock]] \\\"Ukrspecrailcar\\\"\\n\\n===Others===\\n* Central station of\n        communication\\n* Donbasshlyakhpostach\\n* Main information-calculation center\\n*\n        Ukrainian state accounting center of international transportations\\n* State\n        company \\\"Ukrainian center of track works mechanization\\\"\\n* \\\"Lisky\\\"\\n*\n        Ukrainian center of passenger service (UTsOP)\\n* \\\"Ukrtransfarmatsia\\\"\\n\\n==Rail\n        links with adjacent countries==\\n* Same gauge:\\n** [[Belarusian Railway|Belarus]]\\n**\n        [[Rail transport in Russia|Russia]]\\n** [[Rail transport in Moldova|Moldova]]\\n*\n        [[break-of-gauge]]: {{track gauge|1520mm}}/{{track gauge|sg}}\\n** [[Rail transport\n        in Romania|Romania]]\\n** [[Rail transport in Hungary|Hungary]]\\n** [[Rail\n        transport in Poland|Poland]] (plus a broad gauge cross-border cargo line,\n        the [[Hrubiesz\\u00f3w\\u2013S\\u0142awk\\u00f3w Po\\u0142udniowy LHS railway|Linia\n        Hutnicza Szerokotorowa]])\\n** [[Rail transport in Slovakia|Slovakia]] (plus\n        a broad gauge cross-border cargo line, the [[Uzhhorod\\u2013Ko\\u0161ice broad-gauge\n        track]])\\n\\n==Education==\\nThe National Railway University in [[Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]\n        currently has 10 faculties as well as a technical school, a business school\n        and branches in [[Odesa]] and [[Lviv]], 450 professors and 39 separate fields\n        of study related to Railway transport.\\n\\n==Directors==\\n;President\\n* 1991-1993\n        [[Borys Oliynyk (Ukrzaliznytsia)|Borys Oliynyk]]\\n;General director\\n* 1993-1997\n        [[Leonid Zheleznyak]]\\n* 1997-2000 [[Anatoliy Slobodyan]]\\n* 2000-2004 [[Heorhiy\n        Kirpa]]\\n* 2005-2005 [[Volodymyr Korniyenko]]\\n* 2005-2005 [[Zenko Aftanaziv]]\\n*\n        2005-2006 [[Vasyl Hladkikh]]\\n* 2006-2007 [[Volodymyr Kozak]]\\n* 2007-2007\n        [[Petro Naumenko]]\\n* 2007-2008 [[Vasyl Melnychuk (Ukrzaliznytsia)|Vasyl Melnychuk]]\\n*\n        2008-2011 [[Mykhailo Kostiuk]]\\n* 2011-2012 [[Volodymyr Kozak]]\\n* 2013-2014\n        [[Serhiy Bolobolin]]\\n* 2014-2014 [[Borys Ostapyuk]]\\n* 2014-2015 [[Maksym\n        Blank]] (acting)\\n* 2015-2015 [[Oleksandr Zavhorodniy]] (acting)\\n;Board director\\n*\n        2015-2016 [[Oleksandr Zavhorodniy]] (acting)\\n* 2016-2016 [[Yevhen Kravtsov]]\n        (acting)\\n* 2016-2016 [[Vitaliy Zhurakovskyi]] (acting)\\n* 2016-2017  [[Wojciech\n        Balczun]][http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/338838.html Cabinet\n        appoints Polish citizen Wojciech Balczun head of Ukrzaliznytsia], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (20 April 2016)
[http://uatoday.tv/politics/one-of-poland-s-most-successful-transport-managers-to-chair-ukrainian-railways-629528.html\n        One of Poland''s most successful transport managers to chair Ukrainian Railways],\n        [[Ukraine Today]] (12 April 2016)\\n* 2017-''''present''''\n        [[Yevhen Kravtsov]] (acting)[https://www.unian.info/economics/2073764-polands-balczun-sums-up-his-work-as-ukrzaliznytsia-ceo.html\n        Poland''s Balczun sums up his work as Ukrzaliznytsia CEO], [[UNIAN]] (9 August\n        2017)\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Transport in Ukraine#Railways|Transport in\n        Ukraine]]\\n* [[Railway electrification system]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n{{Commons category|Rail transport in Ukraine}}\\n* {{official\n        website|uz.gov.ua/en}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://booking.uz.gov.ua/|website=booking.uz.gov.ua|title=Online\n        ticket purchases|language=en}}\\n\\n{{Railways of Ukrzaliznytsia}}\\n{{Transportation\n        state administrations in Ukraine}}\\n{{National railway companies of Europe}}\\n\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        Railways| ]]\\n[[Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Railway\n        companies established in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Government agencies established\n        in 1991]]\\n[[Category:Government agencies disestablished in 2015]]\\n[[Category:Railway\n        companies of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Government-owned companies of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        brands]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T10:20:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":796477942,\"length\":21342,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Railways&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways\"},\"16369168\":{\"pageid\":16369168,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Red Cross Society\",\"index\":46,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-07T22:21:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Organization\\n|name         = Ukrainian Red Cross Society\\n|image        =\n        Ukrainian red cross symbol.png\\n|image_border =\\n|size         = 200px\\n|caption      =\\n|motto        =\\n|formation    =\n        October 28, 1992\\n|type         |status       = Foundation\\n|purpose      =\n        [[Humanitarian aid]]\\n|headquarters = [[Kiev]]\\n|region_served= Ukraine\\n|leader_title\n        = President\\n|leader_name  = Ivan Usichenko\\n|main_organ   = Board of Governors\\n|budget       =\n        US$12 million (2014)\\n|website      = [http://www.redcross.org.ua/ www.redcross.org.ua]\\n}}\\n\\n''''''''''Ukrainian\n        Red Cross Society'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0422\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430}}) is a [[non-profit]] humanitarian and\n        charitable association of [[Ukraine]]. It operates in disaster management,\n        health and care, [[Restoring Family Links|tracing]] service,''''Searching\n        for Lost Relatives, General information, Consulate General of Ukraine in San\n        Francisco'''' youth activities/volunteers, protection of human dignity.\\n\\nAmong\n        the main declared principles:\\n* [[Humanitarianism|Humanity]], preventing\n        and alleviating human suffering wherever it may be found,\\n* [[Impartiality]],\n        without discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or\n        political opinions,\\n* [[Neutrality (international relations)|Neutrality]],\\n*\n        [[Independence]],\\n* [[Volunteering|Voluntary]] Service,\\n* [[wikt:unity|Unity]],\n        there can be only one Red Cross or Red Crescent Society in any one country,\\n*\n        [[universality (philosophy)|Universality]], working worldwide.\\n\\n==Early\n        history==\\nThe Ukrainian Red Cross Society was established in April, 1918\n        in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian People''s\n        Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help [[refugees]] and prisoners of\n        war, care of handicapped people, [[orphan]]ed children, fighting famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, [[hospital]]s and public canteens.\\n\\nFrom\n        the 1920s, when Ukrainian territory was integrated part of the Soviet Union,\n        and until 1992, the Ukrainian Red Cross functioned as a part of the Soviet\n        Red Cross.\\n\\n==During World War II==\\n\\nWhen the structure of the [[Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|UPA]] was unified in 1943, the Ukrainian Red Cross was re-established\n        as a separate body from the Soviet Red Cross. The service provided care for\n        the sick and wounded UPA soldiers, attracted well-qualified doctors, prepared\n        the supply and manufacture of medicine, equipped underground hospitals and\n        conducted training classes for new physicians and soldiers of the UPA and\n        prepared special medical manuals. Doctors worked in regional military hospitals\n        which treated the wounded who had suffered from the attacks of German, Soviet\n        or Polish punitive groups.\\n\\n==Present time==\\n[[File:Ukrainian Red Cross\n        Society volunteers administering first aid to a wounded Euromaidan protester.\n        Events of Jan 19, 2014-5.jpg|thumb|Volunteers administering first aid to a\n        wounded [[Euromaidan]] protester.]]\\nThe Red Cross law was passed by the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] in 1999.\\n\\nAt present, the Ukrainian Red Cross\n        involves more than 6.3 million of supporters and activists. Its Visiting Nurses\n        Service has 3200 qualified [[nurse]]s. The organization takes part in more\n        than 40 humanitarian programmes all over [[Ukraine]], which are mostly funded\n        by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimations, the\n        Society annually provides services to more than 105 000 of lonely elderly\n        people, about 23 000 of people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25 000 of war veterans, and more than 8 000 of adults handicapped\n        since childhood. The assistance for [[orphan]]ed and disabled children is\n        also rendered.''''\\\"\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0425\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0456\\u0433\n        \\u0434\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u043c-\\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\\",\n        by Zoryan Onyshkevych, Ukrainewstand, February 2001, in Ukrainian''''\\n\\nUkrainian\n        Red Cross Society (since 1999) is a member of the [[International Red Cross\n        and Red Crescent Movement|International Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent\n        Societies]].\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*[http://www.redcross.org.ua/index.php?idsdr=114\n        Ukrainian Red Cross Society]\\n\\n{{Red Cross Red Crescent Movement}}\\n\\n{{Commons\n        category|Ukrainian Red Cross}}\\n\\n[[Category:Red Cross and Red Crescent national\n        societies]]\\n[[Category:1918 establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Organizations\n        established in 1918]]\\n[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in\n        Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Volunteering in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-06T17:40:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":789528606,\"length\":4523,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Red_Cross_Society\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Red_Cross_Society&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Red_Cross_Society\"},\"13799905\":{\"pageid\":13799905,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Republic Capella\",\"index\":50,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2013-05-28T04:03:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=February\n        2013}}\\n{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Republic\n        Capella'''''' (later known as the ''''''Ukrainian National Chorus'''''') was\n        a musical company during and after World War I which toured Europe and North\n        America with the intent to promote Ukrainian culture abroad. The main sponsor\n        of the Capella was [[Symon Petlura]].\\n\\n==Background==\\nDuring [[World War\n        I]], many events shook [[Eastern Europe]]. In [[Ukraine]], a new chance to\n        create an independent state presented itself. One of the key figures in this\n        period was [[Symon Petlura]]. Petlura thought that many people may want to\n        contribute to the promotion of [[Ukrainian culture]], and realized that not\n        everybody would be a good soldier. In order to include the greatest number\n        of people into the process of statehood, Petlura organized a series of cultural\n        programs, funded by the central [[Directorate of Ukraine]], to actively promote\n        Ukrainian culture abroad. One such initiative was the Ukrainian Republic Capella.\\n\\n==Beginning==\\nIn\n        January 1919, Petlura held a meeting with [[Oleksander Koshetz]] and [[Kyrylo\n        Stetsenko]] and presented the idea. Soon after this meeting, Oleksa Prykhodko\n        also joined the Capella as assistant director.\\n\\nThe situation of the Capella\n        was difficult in that the political situation in [[Kiev]] was unstable. Although\n        Koshetz and Stetsenko began work almost immediately, on January 26, 1919,\n        Koshetz was forced to leave Kiev before it was overrun by the [[bolsheviks]].\\n\\nThe\n        Capella eventually reunited in [[Kamyanets-Podilsky]], where the final preparations\n        were made.\\n\\n==First European Tour==\\nThe first tour of the Ukrainian Republic\n        Capella started on April 26, 1919 in [[Czechoslovakia]]. The first concert\n        was performed  on May 20, 1919. \\n\\nThe tour continued from Czechoslovakia\n        to [[Switzerland]], [[France]], [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[England]].\\n\\n==Second\n        European Tour==\\nEven though the Capella as a choir was receiving triumphant\n        reviews, personality conflicts between Koshetz and Prykhodko led to a split.\n        In the fall of 1920, Prykhodko and 20 members of the Capella returned to Czechoslovakia.\\nHowever,\n        Koshetz received further funding from Petlura, and Koshetz recruited [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland|Ukrainians]] living in [[Second Polish\n        Republic|Poland]] to the Capella.\\n\\nThe new Capella toured France, [[Spain]],\n        and Belgium.\\n\\n==Dissolution==\\nIn May 1921, Oleksander Koshetz announced\n        the dissolution of the Ukrainian Republic Capella.\\n\\nLater that year, Koshetz\n        and some other members of the Capella created the Ukrainian National Chorus.\n        \\n\\n==Legacy==\\nThe Ukrainian National Chorus, which toured the United States\n        and Canada between 1922 and 1926 is credited with introducing the Ukrainian\n        Christmas Carol \\\"Shchedryk\\\" - known as the \\\"[[Carol of the Bells]]\\\" in\n        English.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n*Klymkiw,\n        Walter, \\\"''''Olexander Koshetz Ukraine''s Great Choral Conductor''''\\\", [[Forum\n        (news website)|Forum]], Winter, 1986, pp 15-21\\n\\n[[Category:National choirs]]\\n[[Category:Musical\n        groups established in 1919]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-30T10:27:50Z\",\"lastrevid\":557118554,\"length\":3315,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republic_Capella\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Republic_Capella&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republic_Capella\"},\"2016412\":{\"pageid\":2016412,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Republican Party\",\"index\":39,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T11:06:51Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Distinguish|Ukrainian\n        Republican Party (registered in 2006)|Ukrainian Republican Party \\\"Sobor\\\"}}\\n{{Expand\n        Ukrainian|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f|date=March 2017}}\\n{{Politics of Ukraine}}\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian Republican Party'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0420\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f}}; ''''Ukrajinska Respublikanska Partija'''')\n        was the first registered [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]] created on November\n        5, 1990{{uk icon}} [http://www.da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/805.htm\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f \\u201e\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u201c],\n        Database DATA by the Ministry of Justice of [[UkrSSR]].[http://www.minjust.gov.ua/0/499\n        List of registered parties in Ukraine] {{uk icon}} URP was founded earlier\n        that year in place of the [[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]] in April 1990. In April\n        2002 the party merged with the Ukrainian People''s Party \\\"Sobor\\\" as the\n        [[Ukrainian Republican Party \\\"Sobor\\\"]].\\n\\n==History==\\nNovember\n        1976 - Ukrainian community groups was established to promote the implementation\n        of the Helsinki agreements. Almost all members of this [[Ukrainian Helsinki\n        Group]] where subsequently repressed, four of them ([[Vasyl Stus|V. Stus]],\n        Yu. Lytvyn, O. Tykhyi, V. Marchenko) died in Soviet camps.\\n\\nMarch 1988 -\n        Ukrainian Helsinki Union (UKhS) was formed. Since 1989, UKhS has moved to\n        open propaganda activity of promoting the independence of Ukraine.\\n\\nApril\n        29\\u201330, 1990 - Ukrainian Republican Party (URP) was established in the\n        place of the UKhS. The party was registered on November 5, 1990 by the Ministry\n        of Justice of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] as the first political party in Ukraine.\\n\\nA\n        1992 split in the party resulted in the creation of the rival [[Ukrainian\n        Conservative Republican Party]] (UKRP) led by [[Stepan Khmara]].Virtual\n        Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew\n        Wilson]], [[Yale University Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-09545-7}} (page 31)\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1994|1994 parliamentary elections]]\n        the URP core party obtained nine seats initially adding three more by the\n        end of the year.\\n\\nDuring the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1998]]\n        the party was part (together with [[Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists]] &\n        [[Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party]]) of the Election Bloc \\\"National\n        Front\\\" ({{lang-uk|\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 \\u00ab\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u00bb}}) which won 2,71% of the national votes and 6 ([[Single-member district plurality|single-mandate]] [[constituency]])\n        seats.[https://books.google.com/books?id=LzChTG9xYJcC&pg=PA353\n        State-Building: A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, and Russia]\n        by [[Verena Fritz]], [[Central European University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|9637326995}}\n        (page 353){{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vd2002/webproc0v?kodvib=1&rejim=0\n        Results in consistencies], [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (1998)\n        In January 2001 the \\\"National Front\\\" parliamentary faction had grown to\n        17 deputies.\\n\\nAfter being part of the [[National Salvation\n        Committee]][http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/page/about About Tymoshenko],\n        Official website of [[Yulia Tymoshenko]][https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA4295\n        Europa World Year Book 2], [[Routledge]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-85743-255-8}},\n        page 4295 the party became part of the [[Yulia Tymoshenko Electoral\n        Bloc]] alliance during the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2002|Ukrainian\n        2002 parliamentary elections]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vd2002/webproc0v\n        \\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\\\"],\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (December 22, 2001){{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2002/01/25/2986569/ \\u0412\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a \\u042e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (January 25, 2002) On April 21, 2002 the party\n        merged with the Ukrainian People''s Party \\\"Sobor\\\" as the [[Ukrainian Republican\n        Party \\\"Sobor\\\"]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2002/04/21/2988348/\n        \\u0417\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f \\u0423\\u0420\\u041f \\u0456 \\\"\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\\":\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0454\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e - \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0457, \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        - \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\\u0448\\u0438\\u043d],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (April 21, 2002)\\n\\nIn May 2006 [[Levko Lukyanenko]]\n        tried to reestablish URP after URP Sobor switched to [[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s\n        Self-Defense Bloc]] from the [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]]; the new party became\n        to be known as the [[Ukrainian Republican Party (registered in 2006)|URP of\n        Lukyanenko]] and registered in 2006.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/91233/\n        Lukyanenko was elected leader of Ukrainian Republican Party], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 25, 2010){{Uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2010/11/25/5611959/\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044e],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (November 25, 2010){{uk icon}} [http://da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/938.htm\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f], Database DATA\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{People''s\n        Movement of Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian political parties}}\\n\\n[[Category:1990\n        establishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:2002 disestablishments in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Defunct\n        political parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political parties disestablished\n        in 2002]]\\n[[Category:Political parties established in 1990]]\\n[[Category:Pro-independence\n        parties in the Soviet Union]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T11:06:51Z\",\"lastrevid\":799057303,\"length\":5730,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Republican_Party&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party\"},\"29753355\":{\"pageid\":29753355,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Republican Party (registered in 2006)\",\"index\":49,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-02-16T16:44:53Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        now defunct party of the same name|Ukrainian Republican Party}}\\n{{Infobox\n        political party\\n| country       = Ukraine\\n|name = Ukrainian Republican Party\n        \\n|native_name = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f\\n|logo = [[Image:Ukrainian Republican\n        Party.jpg]]\\n| leader        = [[Levko Lukyanenko]]\\n| foundation    =\n        {{start date|2006|12|21|df=y}}\\n| ideology      = [[National\n        conservatism]]\\n| position      = [[Centre-right]]\\n| international = ''''None''''\n        \\n| european      = \\n| colours       = Blue\\n| colorcode     = Blue\\n| headquarters  =\n        [[Kiev]]\\n| seats1_title       = \\n| seats1             = \\n| website       =\n        [http://urp1990.com.ua/ urp1990.com.ua]\\n}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian Republican\n        Party'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f}}; ''''Ukrajinska Respublikanska Partija'''')\n        is a [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]] registered in December 2006{{uk\n        icon}} [http://da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/938.htm \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f], Database DATA as Ukrainian Republican Party Lukyanenko ({{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430}}). The party is led by political veteran [[Levko Lukyanenko]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/91233/ Lukyanenko\n        was elected leader of Ukrainian Republican Party], [[Kyiv Post]] (November\n        25, 2010){{Uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2010/11/25/5611959/\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u0432\\u043a\\u043e \\u041b\\u0443\\u043a''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044e],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (November 25, 2010) The party did not participate\n        in the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|2007 parliamentary election]] as well as the [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] nationwide\n        proportional party-list system;{{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/wp400?PT001F01=900\n        Information on the registration of electoral lists of candidates], [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine]] instead three members of the party\n        tried to win a seat in three of the 225 local single-member districts.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?odnomandatniy_viborchiy_okrug_115&objectId=1263651\n        \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\n        \\u2116115], [[Zaxid.net]] (29 August 2012)
{{uk icon}} [http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?odnomandatniy_viborchiy_okrug_123&objectId=1263695\n        \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\n        \\u2116123], [[Zaxid.net]] (29 August 2012)
{{uk icon}} [http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?odnomandatniy_viborchiy_okrug_125&objectId=1263700\n        \\u041e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\n        \\u2116125], [[Zaxid.net]] (29 August 2012) None of the parties candidates\n        did win.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/results-of-the-vote-count-continuously-updated-315153.html\n        Results of the vote count], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 November 2012)\\n\\nThe party\n        did participate in the [[2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] in 5 single-member\n        districts; but again did not win seats.[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2014/wp501e?PT001F01=910\n        Alphabetical Index of parties in 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election], [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine]]\\n\\nThe party occupies a few seats in\n        local and [[Oblasts of Ukraine|provincial]] councils.{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2010/11/8/5552584/\n        Results of the 2010 local elections preliminary data on interactive maps]\n        by [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (November 8, 2010)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/01/28/6982356/\n        \\u041d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445 \\u0432\n        \\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\\"\\u0411\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\\" \\u0456\n        \\\"\\u0421\\u0432\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\\"], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (28\n        January 2013)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*{{ua\n        icon}} [http://urp1990.com.ua/ Official website]\\n{{Ukrainian Political Parties}}\\n\\n[[Category:Conservative\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political parties established in 2006]]\\n[[Category:Nationalist\n        parties in Ukraine]]\\n\\n\\n{{Ukraine-party-stub}}\\n\\n[[uk:\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u044f (2009)]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-06T14:57:28Z\",\"lastrevid\":765818160,\"length\":4315,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party_(registered_in_2006)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Republican_Party_(registered_in_2006)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Republican_Party_(registered_in_2006)\"},\"29262070\":{\"pageid\":29262070,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Records Management\",\"index\":27,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-03T22:13:09Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Orphan|date=October\n        2010}}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\" cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" style=\\\"width:\n        250px; font-size: 90%; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float: right;\\\"\\n|+ style=\\\"margin-left:\n        inherit; font-size: large;\\\" |''''''URIAARK'''''' \\n|-\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" bgcolor=\\\"#efefef\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"|  \\n|-\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[Address (geography)|Address]]:||[[Street.\n        Solomianska|vul. Solomianska]],  24\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[Telephone]]s:||+38\n        (044) 275-13-74\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align:\n        top;\\\"\\n|[[Fax]]:||+38 (044) 275-13-74\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[E-mail]]:||undiasd@archives.gov.ua\\n|-\n        style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|[[Transport]]:||trolleybus \\u2116 3, 40 (stop\n        of trolleybus. \\\"Vulitsja Andrija Golovka\\\") \\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align:\n        top;\\\"\\n|[[Burn-time]]:||From Monday to Friday 9:00-18:00\\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align:\n        top;\\\"\\n|Director:||Oleksandr Garanin \\n|- style=\\\"vertical-align: top;\\\"\\n|}\\n\\n''''''The\n        Ukrainian Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Record Keeping (URIAARK)''''''\\n\\n==\n        Address ==\\n03110 \\u0433.[[\\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432]],  [[Street. Solomianska|vul.\n        Solomianska]], 24\\n\\n== History of URIAARK ==\\n[http://www.archives.gov.ua/Archives/IASD/#Structure\n        The Ukrainian Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Record Keeping] is\n        a government budget research agency in a system of state archives of Ukraine\n        and is subordinated to the State Archival Service of Ukraine.\\n\\nThe main\n        objective of the institute is setting and solving scientific, theoretical,\n        normative and methodological problems connected with the development of Archival\n        Affairs and Record Keeping.\\n\\nInstitute began to function under orders from\n        Chief of Archival Administration under the Cabinet of Minister of Ukraine  November\n        1, 1994 number 45 an the basis of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of 24 December\n        1993 \\u2116 3815-XII \\u201cOn the Order of bringing into force the Law of\n        Ukraine \\u201cOn National Archival Fond and Archival Institutions\\u201d and\n        Resolution of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on 16 May 1994 \\u2116 311 \\u201cOn\n        founding in Kyiv the Ukrainian State Research Institute of Archival Affairs\n        and Record Keeping\\u201d. As in the institute were: department of archives\n        studies with archival history and theory of archives sectors, conservation\n        of documents, National archive fund formation, research and reference system\n        and accounting documents; records department; research and information department.\n        In 1998 to improve management institute and rational frame the  structure\n        has been reorganized as follows: department of history and theory of archives,\n        department of physical and chemical research, repartment of theory and technology\n        of national archive fund, department of scientific and help staff and accounting\n        documents, the department documentation, scientific information department\n        with  scientific and technical information sector. Since January 2002 the\n        current structure of the institute was established. In 2001 because of the\n        reorganization the name of the Institute the term \\\"State\\\" was removed.\\n\\nThe\n        first  appointed  director of  URIAARK was  V.P. Lyahotsky (candidate of historical\n        sciences). During 2001-2009 Matyash I.B.(professor, doctor of historical sciences);and\n        now Garanin O.Y. (candidate of historical sciences) holds the position of\n        director.\\n\\nIn April 2003, according to the order of Certifying Board of\n        the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine from 02.28.2003, the (protocol\n        number 112) in the institute is open department of postgraduate distance learning,\n        specialty 07.00.06 - historiography, and special historical disciplines, and\n        in November 2004 at the graduate specialty was opened 07.00.01 - History of\n        Ukraine (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine from 01.11.2004, \\u2116\n        834).For both specialties graduated seven students and continues to study\n        five graduate students.\\n\\nIn May 2003 under the Ministry of Education and\n        Science of Ukraine of May 22, 2003 \\u2116 265, according to the resolution\n        of the Presidium of the Supreme Attestation Commission of Ukraine on May 21,\n        2003 \\u2116 3-11/5 the Institute established a specialized academic council\n        K 26.864 .01 with the right of consideration and protection of theses for\n        the degree of candidate of historical sciences specialties: 07.00.06 - historiography,\n        and special historical disciplines, 27.00.02 - Documents and Archives. During\n        this period, Specialized Academic Council defended 44 thesis for the degree\n        of candidate of historical sciences.\\nThe Institute researchers conducted\n        more than 170 scientific and teaching materials including the manuals, guides,\n        industry and government standards, rules, orders, regulations, industry standards,\n        guidelines, analytical reviews and so forth.\\nTogether with the State Committee\n        on Archives of Ukraine, archival institutions, academic institutions and other\n        organizations 26 scientific conferences, readings, seminars, round tables\n        were conducted. Among them, the international scientific conference \\\"Ukrainian\n        Archives: Current Status and Perspectives,\\\" Archival and library science\n        in Ukraine struggle for liberation era (1917-1921 biennium), \\\"Archives -\n        part of information resources\\\", \\\"Archives and Area Studies: Ways of integration\\\",\n        \\\"Current state and prospects of Documentation\\\", \\\"Arhives Studies as science\\\"\n        and scientific and practical seminar on \\\"Archival ucrainica: search, registration\n        and acquisition of archives\\\".\\nInstitute launched Issue 5 periodicals and\n        publications, 2 of which (the annual \\\"Studies of Archives and Records\\\" and\n        archeographic annual \\\"Interests\\\") are included to scientific professional\n        publications in Ukraine, which can  publish results of dissertations for the\n        degree doctoral degrees.\\nAmong the Institute staff - 3 doctors and 16 candidates.\n        2 employees with academic rank of professor, 5 - Senior Scientist, 3 - Associate\n        Professor.\\n\\nThe staff of the Institute is noted by the Cabinet Council of\n        Ukraine and the Ukrainian Union of ethnographers Gratitude (2004). Employees\n        of the institute were awarded with certificates of honor and gratitude of\n        the State Committee on Archives of Ukraine, Ministry of Education and Science\n        of Ukraine, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine, Kyiv city and\n        Solomensky district administrations.\\n\\n== Structure of URIAARK ==\\n\\n* ''''''Department\n        of Archives Studies''''''\\n* ''''Sector of reference and accounting documents''''\\n*\n        ''''''Department of physical, chemical and biological researches''''''\\n*\n        ''''''Records management department''''''\\n* ''''''Research and information\n        department''''''\\n* ''''Sector of scientific and technical information''''\\n\\n==\n        Principal activities of URIAARK ==\\n\\n* development of theoretical and applied\n        problems of Archival Studies;\\n* regulatory, organizational, methodological\n        and information-analytical support of state archival institutions of the State\n        Committee on Archives of Ukraine;\\n* coordination of scientific activities\n        of the state archival institutions in Ukraine;\\n* international cooperation\n        with relevant institutions and organizations;\\n* training of scientific personnel\n        for the archival field;\\n* preparation of materials for production of periodic\n        and aperiodic publications of archive science and other special historical\n        science;\\n* conferences, symposia, seminars, including international;\\n* participation\n        in the formation and content of training and expertise of training professionals\n        in the field of archives, records and record keeping.\\n\\n== URIAARK Postgraduate\n        program ==\\n\\nSince February 28, 2003 in the Ukrainian Research Institute\n        Archives and Records opened postgraduate specialty 07.00.06 - historiography,\n        and special historical disciplines, and from November 1, 2004 opened a specialty\n        07.00.01 - History of Ukraine. Opening of the graduate program provides a\n        complete system of multilevel training of scientific personnel for the archival\n        field, qualitative growth of archival education in universities of different\n        levels of accreditation,supporting the state archival institutions with highly\n        qualified scientific personnel.\\nActivities are regulated by Regulations of\n        the postgraduate training of scientific and pedagogical staff (Cabinet Resolution\n        on 01.03.1999 \\u2116 309)\\nThe Institute has two departments - Archival Studies\n        and Documentation, Research is closely linked to sectors of the Postgraduate\n        program.\\n\\nScientific support training graduate students - are 6 Doctors\n        of History and 11 Candidates of Historical Sciences.\\nFor information on specialties\n        of postgraduate studies in the system of the State Committee of Ukraine there\n        are central, regional and city archives, which store important documents;\n        substantial assistance in the research provides a scientific reference library\n        CSA (Central State Archives) sector of Ukraine and Scientific and Technical\n        Information Institute, which serves as the Scientific Services Branch Technical\n        Information (SSBTI) for Archives and Records, the main task of which  is to\n        provide scientific and technical information of archival institutions in Ukraine.\\nTraining\n        graduate students at the graduate institute are: - the state order - at the\n        expense of the entities and individuals under contract - based on agreements\n        between the institute and archives.\\nCurrently (beginning of 2011) in graduate\n        study there are five graduate students: 2 - first year, 2 - third and 1 -\n        fourth year of study.\\nOf these, specialty 07.00.06 - historiography, and\n        special historical disciplines - 4 graduate and specialty 07.00.01 - History\n        of Ukraine - 1 graduate student.\\n\\n== International Relations of URIAARK\n        ==\\n\\nThe last decade of the Institute is marked with strengthening of creative\n        contacts with foreign colleagues: [http://www.vniidad.ru/news1/example.php#Structure\n        All-Russian Research Institute of Documentation and Archives], [http://belniidad.by#Structure\n        Belarusian Research Institute of Documentation and Archives].\\n\\nTrilateral\n        Ukrainian-Russian-Belarusian agreement on cooperation in the field of Archival\n        and Records was signed November 2, 1999 It became the subject of a full-scale\n        cooperation in the implementation of joint research projects, publishing collections\n        of documents and scientific publications, conducting scientific and practical\n        conferences, seminars, symposiums, mutual review of research works and theses,\n        information on routine work and activities (conferences, seminars, etc.),\n        exchange of bibliographic and reference information in the field of documentation\n        and archives, and also scientific and methodological developments in all areas.\\nThe\n        result of fruitful cooperation of The Institute with the Institute of History\n        and Archives of the Russian State Humanitarian University was the publication\n        in 2008, \\\"Ukrainian archival Encyclopedia (Ukrainian archival Encyclopedia\n        / State Committee of Ukraine. URIAR; Editorial: IB Matias (chairman) and others.,\n        K. , 2008. - c. 680). Its importance lies in the consolidation of achievements\n        of national archival science and determine its place among other branches\n        of historical science and related subjects, representing the historical experience\n        of Ukrainian archives and their prominent representatives clarify the role\n        of Ukraine in the world Archival space. This goal allows for release in the\n        last decade, science humanities from \\\"classic Soviet ideologies\\\", \\\"return\\\"\n        and the names of prominent Ukrainian archivists and promotes increased access\n        to archival information.\\nTogether with the Gomel State University named after\n        F. Skoryna under an agreement signed in 1999, prepared a collection of articles\n        and documents about the famous historian, archivists, teacher-MV Dovnar Zapolskiy\n        (\\u0414\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u0447\\u044b\\u043a \\u0433\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\\u0456\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0445 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u045e: \\u041c.\n        \\u0412. \\u0414\\u043e\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440-\\u0417\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456:\n        \\u0417\\u0431. \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u043a. \\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u044b\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430\\u045e\n        \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u045e / \\u0413\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436. \\u0443\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f \\u0424.\n        \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u044b; \\u0411\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436. \\u043f\\u0435\\u0434. \\u0456\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f\n        \\u0406. \\u041f\\u044f\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u045e\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430;\n        \\u0423\\u0414\\u041d\\u0414\\u0406\\u0410\\u0421\\u0414, \\u0420\\u0435\\u0447\\u044b\\u0446\\u043a\\u0456\n        \\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0432\\u044b\\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c;\n        \\u041f\\u0430\\u0434 \\u0440\\u044d\\u0434. \\u0412.\\u041c. \\u041b\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0439.\n        - \\u0413\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c; \\u0420\\u044d\\u0447\\u044b\\u0446\\u0430,\n        2000. - 293 \\u0441.); signed a bibliography and a register of archival collections\n        that contain documents about the life and career of MV-Zapolskogo Dovnar (\\u041c\\u0456\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0412\\u0456\\u043a\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447 \\u0414\\u043e\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440-\\u0417\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456:\n        \\u0411\\u0456\\u044f\\u0431\\u0456\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u044f\\u0433\\u0440. \\u043f\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456\\u043a\n        / \\u0413\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436.\n        \\u0443\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f \\u0424. \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u044b;\n        \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430-\\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u0447\\u044b\n        \\u0456\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u045e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0456 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u044b;\n        \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u044b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u045e\n        \\u0420\\u044d\\u0441\\u043f\\u0443\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0411\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u044c;\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436.\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430-\\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u0447\\u044b\n        \\u0456\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u045e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u044b\n        \\u0456 \\u0434\\u0430\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u045e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430;\n        \\u0411\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0434\\u0437\\u044f\\u0440\\u0436.\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0434. \\u0443\\u043d-\\u0442 \\u0456\\u043c\\u044f \\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0434\\u044d\\u043c\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0406. \\u0413. \\u041f\\u044f\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u045e\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430;\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434.: \\u0412. \\u041c. \\u041b\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u043a\\u0456\\u0440\\u0430\\u045e\\u043d\\u0456\\u043a), \\u0412. \\u0423. \\u0421\\u043a\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u0430\\u043d,\n        \\u0422. \\u041c. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0445\\u043d\\u0430\\u0447, \\u0406. \\u0411. \\u041c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044f\\u0448,\n        \\u0420. \\u0423. \\u0420\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u043a\\u0456,\n        \\u0421. \\u0421. \\u0410\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0456\\u043d. - \\u0412\\u044b\\u0434. 2-\\u0435, \\u0434\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432.\n        - \\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a, 2007. - 168 \\u0441.). Employees of the Institute\n        took part in Dovnarivsk Readings (Rechytsia, Belarus), and teachers of the\n        university - in scientific conferences held at the URIAR.\\n\\nIn order to further\n        development of Ukrainian-Canadian scientific and cultural relations in 2007\n        the Institute has signed a cooperation agreement with the Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. One of the articles of the agreement\n        provides for detection of archival documents in Canadian archives ukrainika\n        and preparation of joint publications in Ukrainian and English \\u201cArchive\n        Ukrainika in Canada. Guide\\u201d. In pursuance of that article of the contract\n        director of the Institute Professor. I. Matias monograph was prepared (Matias\n        I. Archival Ukrainika in Canada: Historiography, typology, content / Iryna\n        Matyas, State Committee of Ukraine, URIAR, NAS (National Academy of Sciences)\n        of Ukraine, Institute of Ukrainian Archeology and Source Studiesnamed after\n        M.S. Grushevsky, Canadian Institute for Ukrainian Studies at the University\n        of Alberta - K.: Horobets, 2008. - 152 p.: ill.).\\n2010 was published a comprehensive\n        guide about documents of Ukrainian cultural heritage and documents of foreign\n        origin connected with history of Ukraine and Ukrainians (archival Ukrainika);\n        the heritage had place in the archives, museums-archives and libraries of\n        Canada (state, private and public) (Archival Ukrainika in Canada: guide/ Eds.:\n        I. Matias (leader), R. Romanovsky, M. Kovtun etc.; State Committee of Ukraine,\n        Russian scientific-research Institute for Archives and Records, Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian  Studies in Alberta University. - K., 2010. - 882 p.).\\nThe guide\n        is the result of fruitful cooperation between scientists of the Canadian Institute\n        of Ukrainian Studies and the Ukrainian Research Institute Archives and Records\n        of the National Archives of Ukraine. The publication contains information\n        about the structure and contents of archival documents of Ukrainika, stored\n        in 57 archival institutions in Canada.\\nGuide also includes a bibliography\n        of archival Ukrainika of Canada, reference tools are index names and index\n        of institutions, organizations, churches. Launch will be held April 19, 2010\n        the Canadian Embassy in Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine). In the near future editions\n        will also be presented at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University\n        of Alberta (Edmonton, Canada).\\nEffectiveness of scientific cooperation URIAR\n        with foreign archival evidence and publishing institute. To spread scientific\n        ideas in the field of archives, the publication of research results in the\n        theory and methodology of Archival Studies, documentation, and special historical\n        disciplines, the publication of archival documents was established in 1996\n        academic edition UNDIASD \\\"Studies of Archives and Records, 1998 - archeographic\n        Yearbook \\\"Monuments\\\", 1999 - The interdepartmental scientific collection\n        of \\\"Archives Studies. Archeology. Chronology. \\\" Members of the editorial\n        boards of these publications are M.V. Larin, E.V. Starostin (Russian Federation),\n        A.E. Rybakov, S. Zhumar, M.F. Shumeyko (Belarus). In the yearbook, \\\"Studies\n        of Archives and Records\\\" special section devoted to the development of archives\n        in foreign countries, on the pages of periodicals Institute regularly publishes\n        articles by Russian, Belarusian, Polish, German, Canadian authors.\\n\\n== Print\n        media of URIAARK ==\\n\\n* Scientific annual of \\\"Studio from the archived business\n        and documentation\\\" (original name \\u2013 \\u00ab\\u0421\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0437 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\\u00bb)\\n*\n        Archaeography annual \\\"Sights\\\" (original name \\u2013 \\u00ab\\u041f\\u0430\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u0438\\u00bb)\\n*\n        Interdepartmental scientific collection \\\"Archives. Archaeography. Sources\\\"\n        (original name \\u2013 \\u00ab\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e.\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0435\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u044f. \\u0414\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u00bb)\\n*  Serial\n        edition \\\"Archived and bibliographic sources of the Ukrainian historical idea\\\"\n        (original name \\u2013 \\\"\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u0431\\u043b\\u0456\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\\\")\\n*\n        Serial edition \\\"History of the archived business : remembrances, researches,\n        sources\\\" (original name \\u2013 \\\"\\u0406\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438:\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0456\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f,\n        \\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043b\\u0430\\\")\\n* Bulletin of Branch service\n        of scientific and technical information from the archived business and documents\n        (original name \\u2013 \\u0411\\u044e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e-\\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0456\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457 \\u0437 \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430)\\n\\n==\n        URIAARK communications with Mass Media ==\\n* The announcement of admission\n        to URIAARK graduate school was published in the newspaper \\\"Osvita Ukrainy\\\"\n        \\u2116 45-46 of 20.06.2011.\\n* During the V International conference of young\n        scientists \\\"History science at the beginning of 21st century: problems, past,\n        present and perspectives\\\" (Kherson, June 2\\u20133, 2011) director of the\n        Institute O. Garanin, taking part in the conference, gave an interview with\n        local television station \\\"Skifia\\\", which was issued on \\\"Tavria news,\\\"\n        June 9, 2011.\\n* Up to the Day of Science, May 21, 2011,  the interview of\n        O. Garanin, URIAARK director, entitled \\\"Reflection of the State\\\" was published\n        in the newspaper \\\"Osvita Ukrainy\\\" \\u2116 37-38 of 23.05.2011.\\n* The notice\n        about the signing of trilateral agreement on cooperation between the Belorussian\n        Research Institute of Records Management and Archival Affairs, the All-Russian\n        Research Institute of Records Management and Archival Affairs and the Ukrainian\n        Research Institute of Archival Affairs and Record Keeping within the framework\n        of the XVII International Scientific Conference \\\"Documentation in an Information\n        Society : International Experience in Documents Managing\\\". Posted on the\n        site \\\"Archivist Bulletin\\\" 5.5.2011.\\n* The announcement of the presentation\n        of methodical manual \\\"Examination of the value of administrative documents:\n        history, theory, methodology\\\" was issued on the pages of \\\"\\u0406storychna\n        Pravda\\\", 04.27.2011.\\n* April 21, 2011 O. Garanin, URIAARM director, took\n        part in a program \\\"The Evening Meetings\\\" on \\\"Culture\\\" radio channel.\\n\\n==\n        Leaders of URIAARK in the chronological order ==\\n\\n* ''''''Volodymyr Lyahockyy''''''\\n*\n        ''''''Iryna Matyash''''''\\n* ''''''Iryna Maga''''''\\n* ''''''Oleksandr Garanin''''''\\n\\n==\n        Reference to the sources ==\\n* \\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438:\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a. \\u0422.1. \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438/\\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438. \\u0423\\u041d\\u0414\\u0406\\u0410\\u0421\\u0414;\\u0420\\u0435\\u0434\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b.:\\u0413.\\u0412.\\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u043a\n        (\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430), \\u0406.\\u0411.\\u041c\\u0430\\u0442\\u044f\\u0448,\n        \\u0413.\\u0412.,\\u0413.\\u0412.\\u041f\\u0430\\u043f\\u0430\\u043a\\u0456\\u043d.-2-\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434.,\\u0434\\u043e\\u043f.-\\u041a.,2005.-692\\u0441.-(\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0437\\u0456\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438.\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0435\\u0446\\u0456\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438).\n        {{ISBN|966-625-029-2}}.\\n* [http://www.archives.gov.ua/Archives/IASD/#Structure\n        URIAARK]\\n\\n{{coord missing|Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Libraries in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Archives\n        in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:State Archive Service of Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-03T22:13:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":788856978,\"length\":19995,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Research_Institute_of_Archival_Affairs_and_Records_Management\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Research_Institute_of_Archival_Affairs_and_Records_Management&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Research_Institute_of_Archival_Affairs_and_Records_Management\"},\"13533457\":{\"pageid\":13533457,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        architecture\",\"index\":14,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-16T06:55:20Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Cleanup|date=March\n        2009}}\\n\\n\\n''''''Ukrainian\n        architecture'''''' has initial roots in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]]\n        state of [[Kievan Rus'']]. After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]],\n        the distinct [[architectural history]] continued in the principalities of\n        [[Galicia-Volhynia]] and later in [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand Duchy of\n        Lithuania, Ruthenia and \\u017demaitia]]. During the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks]], a new style unique to [[Ukraine]] was developed under the western\n        influences of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\\n\\nAfter the union with\n        the [[Tsardom of Russia]], architecture in Ukraine began to develop in different\n        directions, with many structures in the larger eastern, Russian-ruled area\n        built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]] of that period, whilst the\n        western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was developed under [[Architecture\n        of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]]. In both cases producing\n        fine examples. Ukrainian\n        national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet Union]]\n        and in modern independent [[Ukraine]].\\n\\n== Medieval Rus'' (988\\u20131230)\n        ==\\n{{main|Architecture of Kievan Rus}}\\n[[Image:Maket Sofii.JPG|thumb|left|A\n        model of what the original [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev]] might have looked\n        like.]]\\n[[Image:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|thumb|right|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to 1030 (left), whilst the\n        nearby Cathedral of Boris and Gleb to 1123 (right).]]\\nThe medieval state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']] was the predecessor of modern states of [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]],\n        and [[Belarus]] and their respective cultures, including architecture.\\n\\nThe\n        great [[Architecture of Kievan Rus''|Church architecture]], built after the\n        [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption of Christianity]] in 988, were the first\n        examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural\n        style of the Kievan state, which quickly established itself, was strongly\n        influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern Orthodox]]\n        churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church becoming\n        known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small\n        domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of the\n        appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples of these\n        churches survive to this day. However, in the course of the 16th\\u201318th\n        centuries, many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style\n        (see below). Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St.\n        Sophia of Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation\n        laid, [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125,\n        and the [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], c. 12th century. All\n        can still be found in the Ukrainian capital.\\n\\nSeveral buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late 19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:Image:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        dismissed by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\\n\\nLittle\n        secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']] has survived.\\n\\n==\n        Cossack epoch ==\\n[[Image:\\u0422\\u0440\\u043e\\u0457\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Trinity\n        Cathedral of the [[Trinity Monastery (Chernihiv)]] built in 1679]]\\n[[Image:Hansaray1.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Bakhchisaray\n        Palace]]]]\\n{{Expand section|date=March 2008}}\\n=== Early Ukrainian Baroque\n        ===\\n\\n[[Ukrainian Baroque]] emerged during the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Hetmanate]]\n        era of the 17th-18th centuries. Ukrainian  Baroque architecture, representative\n        of [[cossack]] aristocracy,[http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Ukraine.html\n        Culture of Ukraine - History and ethnic relations, Urbanism, architecture,\n        and the use of space] is distinct from [[Western\n        Europe]]an [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] in that its designs were more\n        constructivist, had more moderate ornamentation, and were simpler in form.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/B/A/Baroque.htm\n        Baroque]\\n\\nDuring the 17th-18th centuries,\n        most medieval Rus'' churches were significantly redesigned and expanded. Additional\n        church domes and elaborate exterior and interior ornamentation were added.\\n\\nFamous\n        examples of Ukrainian Baroque architecture include the [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]]\n        complex, the [[Vydubychi Monastery]], and the [[Pochayiv Monastery]].\\n\\n*\n        Small Cossack churches\\n\\n=== Crimean Tatar architecture ===\\n\\nWhen [[Crimea]]\n        was ruled by the [[Crimean Khanate]], the period left several constructions\n        inspired by [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] motifs. The most famous was the\n        [[Bakhchisaray Palace]], designed by a combined effort of Persian, Turkish,\n        and Italian architects.\\n\\n=== Late Ukrainian Baroque ===\\n\\n* [[Saint Sophia\n        Cathedral in Kiev|Sophia Cathedral]] reconstruction\\n* [[Kiev Passenger Railway\n        Station]]\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n== Imperial period ==\\n[[File:\\u0417\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434 \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mariyinsky Palace]]]]\\n[[Image:St.\n        Andriy''s Church in Kyiv.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Andrew''s Church of Kiev|St. Andrew''s\n        Church]], a famous 18th-century example of [[Baroque]] architecture.]]\\n{{Expand\n        section|date=March 2008}}\\n=== Russian Empire ===\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly\n        integrated into the [[Russian Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity\n        to realize their projects in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian\n        cities and regions offered. [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754),\n        built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]], is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture,\n        and its location on top of the Kievan mountain made it a recognizable monument\n        of the city. An equally notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky\n        Palace]], which was built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth\n        of Russia|Elizabeth]].\\n\\nDuring the reign of the last [[Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        the appointed ''''architect of [[Little Russia]],'''' [[Andrey Kvasov]].\\n\\nRussia,\n        winning successive wars over the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its vassal [[Crimean\n        Khanate]], eventually annexed the whole south of Ukraine and Crimea. Renamed\n        [[New Russia]], these lands were to be colonized, and new cities such as the\n        [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]], [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded.\n        These would contain notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        Vernacular Architecture ==\\nThe term ''''[[vernacular architecture]]'''' can\n        been used interchangeably with the terms ''''folk'''', ''''common'''', ''''native'''',\n        ''''traditional'''' and is usually placed at the other end of the spectrum\n        from professionally designed building by architects. The building knowledge\n        in vernacular architecture is based on local traditions and is thus based\n        largely upon knowledge handed down through the generations. Different regions\n        in Ukraine had their own distinctive style of vernacular architecture. For\n        example, in the [[Carpathian Mountains]] and the surrounding [[foothills]],\n        wood and clay are the primary traditional building materials.\\n\\nThe Museum\n        of Folk Architecture and Way of Life of Central [[Naddnipryanshchyna]] is\n        located in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]]. The open-air museum contains 13 theme\n        museums, 122 examples of national architecture, and over 30,000 historical\n        cultural objects. The Museum of Decorative Finishes is one of the featured\n        museums that preserves the handiwork of decorative architectural applications\n        in Ukrainian architecture.\\n{{Gallery\\n|title=\\n|width=200 | height=210 |\n        lines=4\\n|align=center\\n|File:\\u0416\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435_\\u0425\\u0406_\\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430.jpg|House\n        from the 11th century\\n|File:\\u0422\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f.jpg|Taras'' hut at [[Taras\n        Hill]]\\n|File:IMG 2622-1.JPG|Museum of Decorative Finishes in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]]\\n|File:2005-08-13\n        Pirogiv 228.JPG|[[Windmill]]\\n|File:\\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|[[Hutsul]]\n        House\\n|File:Museum_of_Folk_Architecture_and_Ethnography_in_Pyrohiv_-_old_house_-_2388.jpg|[[Log\n        cabin]]\\n}}\\n\\n=== Galicia ===\\n\\n=== Carpathian wooden churches ===\\n{{further|Vernacular\n        architecture of the Carpathians}}\\n{{Gallery\\n|title=\\n|width=200 | height=210\n        | lines=4\\n|align=center\\n|File:Museum of Folk Architecture and Ethnography\n        in Pyrohiv 2310-1.jpg|Friday Church\\n|File:\\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432\\u043a\\u0430,\n        \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432. \\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043a\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\n        2010 (5764).jpg|St. Paraskeva Church,, Zakarpattia Oblast\\n|File:\\u041a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0410\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u041a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c.jpg|St.\n        Anna Kostel, [[Kovel]]\\n|File:St.Jura(002).jpg|[[St. George''s Church, Drohobych]]\\n|File:Zolkiew\n        Cerkiew Pr Trojce 02.jpg|[[Holy Trinity Church, Zhovkva]]\\n|File:Borochyche\n        Gorokhivskyi Volynska-Mykolaivska church-general view.jpg|Saint Nicholas Church\n        in Borochyche\\n}}\\n\\n== Architecture of late 19th and early 20th centuries\n        ==\\n\\n=== Eastern Ukraine ===\\n\\n* Ginzburg House\\n* [[House with Chimaeras]]\\n*\n        Russo-Byzantium in Ukraine ([[St Volodymyr''s Cathedral]])\\n=== Western Ukraine\n        ===\\n\\n* [[Old Town (Lviv)|Historic Centre of Lviv]] - UNESCO World Heritage\n        Site\\n* [[Chernivtsi University]] - UNESCO World Heritage Site\\n* [[Lviv Rail\n        Terminal]]\\n\\n{{Gallery\\n|title=\\n|width=200 | height=210 | lines=4\\n|align=center\\n|File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\\n|File:Massandra\n        Back.JPG|Massandra Palace\\n|File:St. Volodymyr''s Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|[[St\n        Volodymyr''s Cathedral]]\\n|File:Operniy-11.jpg|[[Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater]]\\n|File:\\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u041e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0433\\u0438 \\u0456 \\u0404\\u043b\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\n        5.jpg|[[Church of Sts. Olha and Elizabeth, Lviv]]\\n|File:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0445\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438-2.JPG|[[House\n        with Chimaeras]]\\n|File:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0443\\u043b., 9-\\u0430 03.JPG|[[National Bank of Ukraine (building)|The\n        building of the National Bank of Ukraine]]\\n}}\\n\\n== Soviet Union ==\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[October Revolution]] and the [[Russian Civil War]] that [[Ukraine after\n        Russian Revolution|Ukraine was also involved in]], most of the Ukrainian territory\n        was incorporated into the new Communist [[Ukrainian SSR]]. For the first time,\n        Ukrainians, as a nation became a recognized nationality, and as a result great\n        efforts were undertaken to develop a separate Ukrainian architectural style.\\n\\n===\n        Capital: Kharkiv (1917\\u20131934) ===\\n\\n[[Image:Kharkov Freedom Square.jpg|thumb|225px|The\n        massive [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom square in Kharkiv]] 1925\\u20131953\n        blends early constructivist and latter [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist\n        features]]. It was the first major architectural project of [[Soviet Ukraine]].]]\\n\\nDuring\n        the early years of the Soviet rule, the [[Ukrainization]] policies, meant\n        that many Ukrainian architects were encouraged to use national motives unique\n        to Ukraine. At the same time, architecture became standardised, all cities\n        received general development plans to which they would be built. The national\n        motives were, however, not taken up as the new architectural fashion for the\n        new government became [[Constructivist architecture|Constructivism]].\\n\\nIn\n        Soviet Ukraine, for the first 15 years, the capital was the eastern city of\n        [[Kharkiv]]. Immediately a major project was developed to \\\"destroy\\\" its\n        burgious-capitalist face and create a new Socialist one. A talented young\n        architect [[Viktor Trotsenko]], proposed a large central square with large\n        modern buildings to become the central hub of the capital. Thus the [[Freedom\n        Square, Kharkiv|Dzerzhinsky Square]] (now Freedom Square) was born, which\n        would become the most brilliant example of constructivist architecture in\n        the USSR and abroad. Enclosing a total of 11.6 [[hectares|ha]],{{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25 \\\"Our Kharkiv\\\"] unofficial website\n        it is currently the third largest square in the world to date.\\n\\nOf all,\n        the most famous was the massive [[Gosprom]] building (1925\\u20131928), which\n        would become a symbol of not only Kharkiv, but Constructivism in general.\n        Built by architects Sergei Serafimov, S. Kravets and M. Felger, and only in\n        three years it would become the highest structure in Europe, and its unique\n        feature lies in the symmetry which can only be felt at one point, in the centre\n        of the square. As a tribute to the engineering design by Kharkiv''s Technical\n        University, none of the attempts to blow the building during the [[World War\n        II|Second World War]] were successful, and it still remains the symbol of\n        Kharkiv today.\\n\\nOther examples on the square, however, were less fortunate.\n        Such was the fate of the House of Projects (presently the [[Kharkiv University]]),\n        which again was designed by Serafimov, built to symmetrise the Gosprom on\n        the square''s curvature, it too was a monumental achievement of constructivism.\n        However, during the war it was seriously damaged and was rebuilt in a semi-Stalinist\n        style that left little of the original building intact.[http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html\n        \\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430 \\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430]\\n\\n=== Capital: Kiev (1934\\u20131991) ===\\n\\n[[Image:Foreign\n        Ministery.jpg|thumb|225px|The current Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,\n        built as part of a government complex, to be located on the territory of the\n        former [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]]. Only one of the buildings\n        was constructed (''''pictured'''').]]\\n\\nIn 1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine\n        moved to [[Kiev]]. During the preceding years, the city was seen as only a\n        regional centre, and hence received little attention. All of that was to change,\n        but at a great price. By this point, the first examples of [[Stalinist architecture]]\n        were already showing and in light of the official policy, a new city was to\n        be built on top of the old one. This meant that priceless examples such as\n        the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed. Even the St.\n        Sophia Cathedral was under threat.\\n\\nHowever, the [[World War II|Second World\n        War]] did not see the project realised. The surviving pre-war Kievan constructions\n        include the Building of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of\n        Ukraine]] (presently occupied by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Built by\n        architect, only the northern wing was completed, the identical and symmetrical\n        southern wing to be built on the place of the destroyed monastery to house\n        the Rada of Ministers was never completed.{{cite book | first=Titus D.\n        | last=Hewryk | year=1982 | title=The Lost Architecture of Kiev | publisher=The\n        Ukrainian Museum | location=New York | id=ASIN: B0006E9KPQ |pages=15}} (''''Out\n        of print'''') The other example is the [[Verkhovna Rada building]] built\n        in 1936-38 by architect Volodymyr Zabolotny.\\n\\nFollowing the heavy destruction\n        of the Second World War, a new project for the reconstruction of central Kiev\n        was unveiled. This transformed the [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into one of the\n        finest examples of [[Stalinist Architecture|Stalinism in Architecture]]. A\n        total of individual 22 projects were drawn up, when the initial competition\n        began in 1944, none of which was realised due to extensive critique and finally\n        in 1948 ''''KyivProekt'''' institute submitted its final version, headed by\n        architects A. Vlasov and from 1949 [[Anatoly Dobrovolsky]]. For the next two\n        decades, this figure would dominate all of the major projects in the capital.\\n\\n{{Gallery|title=Central\n        Kiev Reconstruction Projects|width=180|height=120|lines=1|align=center\\n|File:Kievplan2.jpg|Rejected\n        project\\n|File:Kievplan1.jpg|Another rejected project\\n|File:Kievfinalised\n        plan.jpg|Final project\\n}}\\n\\nDespite an enthusiastic start which saw most\n        of the buildings such as the Post Office, [[Kyivrada|City Council]], the elegant\n        white portico [[Kiev Conservatory|Conservatory]], and the first buildings\n        of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Kalinina Square]], which were completed by 1955,\n        the new politics of architecture once again promptly stopped the project from\n        fully being realised. None of the examples, however, share the fate of [[Hotel\n        Ukrayina]] that was to top the square as an elegant  high-rise built similar\n        to the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Moscow''s Seven Sisters]] buildings, was stripped\n        of all decorative features and completed in what could only be described as\n        an ''''ugly'''' style.\\n\\n=== Other examples in Soviet Ukraine ===\\n\\n[http://www.interesniy.kiev.ua/old/history/sovetskiy_kiev/8991]\\n\\n*\n        Reconstruction of Kharkiv\\n* Capital move to Kiev\\n* [[DnieproGES]]\\n\\n===\n        Stalinist period ===\\n\\n* Reconstruction of central Kiev\\n\\n=== Post-Stalinist\n        period ===\\n\\n* Urban General plans\\n* [[Palace of Sports (Kiev)|Kiev Palace\n        of Sports]], [[Palace \\\"Ukrayina\\\"]]\\n\\n== Modern Ukraine ==\\n[[File:1201044\n        original (1).jpg|thumb|Residential buildings in [[Dnipropetrovsk]]]]\\nThe\n        language of modern architecture becomes more global and pluralistic in its\n        artistic direction. At the same time, a significant role play new creative\n        quests of progressive leanings, principles and approaches to solve the composition\n        of the architectural form and style.\\n\\nIn the works of the Kiev school of\n        Ukrainian architects, [[Postmodern architecture|postmodernism]] and [[High-tech\n        architecture|high-tech]] tendencies can be increasingly found. This is a reflection\n        of the globalization''s reach across the world of architecture.\\n\\nThe task\n        for modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment.\\n\\nGood examples of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        include the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in\n        central Kiev, despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the\n        engineers were able to blend together the uneven landscape and also use underground\n        space to set a new shopping centre.\\n\\nThe major project that will take up\n        most of the 21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the\n        [[Rybalskyi Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense [[skyscraper]]\n        park amid the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/gradsovet_05_12_07.html|title=Project of reconstruction\n        of the Rybalskyi Peninsula|work=archunion.com.ua|date=December 5, 2005|language=Russian}}\\n\\n==\n        Specific examples ==\\n\\n=== Metro ===\\n[[File:Zoloti Vorota metro station\n        Kiev 2010 01.jpg|thumb|[[Zoloti Vorota (Kiev Metro)]]]]\\nDuring the Soviet\n        Period, [[Rapid transit|Metro]] stations were decorated with particularly\n        vivid designs. The first three stations that were built by Ukrainian architects,\n        were not actually located in Ukraine. Nonetheless, all three of them are considered\n        to be the most iconic constructions ever achieved in history of underground\n        construction. They are all known under one name Kievskaya, and are located\n        on the [[Moscow Metro]] under the [[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]].\\n\\nIn 1949 construction\n        began on the first stage of the [[Kiev Metro]], which opened in 1960. All\n        of the stations there are considered as monuments of architecture, due to\n        their unique authentic character, that latter stations of the 1960s would\n        lose in face of changing policy towards utilitarianism.\\n\\n\\nIn 1967 construction began on the first stage\n        of the [[Kharkiv Metro]], which opened in 1975, this was soon joined by the\n        semi-Metro [[Kryvyi Rih Metrotram]] in 1986 and the [[Dnipropetrovsk Metro]]\n        in 1995. Stations built in these systems, like most others in the former Soviet\n        Union, have.\\n\\n== Seven wonders of Ukraine ==\\n{{main|Seven Wonders of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044f.jpg|thumb|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] - one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine]]\\nOn August 24, 2007, the\n        seven wonders of Ukraine were announced. The initiator of this project is\n        the people''s representative to Supreme Council, [[Mykola Tomenko]]. The main\n        goal of this enterprise is to direct the attention of the mass media and the\n        citizens of the country to the most popular historical and cultural memorials\n        of Ukraine.\\n\\nThe ''''seven wonders of Ukraine'''' is a logical extension\n        of the set of projects under the motto ''''Discover Ukraine!'''' that have\n        taken place with the purpose to help discover Ukraine with its irreplaceable\n        scenic sights, an interesting history, and rich recreational opportunities.\\n\\nIn\n        2008, another project took place under the name ''''Seven natural wonders\n        of Ukraine''''. It is a second stage of the main project ''''Seven wonders\n        of Ukraine'''' which was primarily aimed at historical, cultural, and architectural\n        sightings of the country. The second stage will identify the main geological\n        objects such as rocks, mountain ridges, caves, lakes, rivers, natural woodlands.\\n\\nThis\n        project as its predecessor also has three stages. First, after each Oblast\n        introduces its nominees, 100 of those will move to the next stage. In the\n        next three months, 21 winners of those hundred will be chosen for the final\n        stage. And by the Independence Day, August 24, the final seven will be introduced\n        to the public. The project is organized by the following institutions: the\n        National Touristic Service of Ukraine, the Congressional Committee of youth\n        policies, sport, and tourism, the national radio company of Ukraine, the ICTV\n        telecompany, magazine ''''Mandry'''', and many others.\\n\\n== See also ==\\n\\n*\n        [[Architecture of Kievan Rus]]\\n* [[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in\n        Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of historic reserves in Ukraine]]\\n* [[Vernacular architecture\n        of the Carpathians]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n== External links\n        ==\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/28981265@N08/galleries/72157622618646833/\n        Ukrainian Architecture Gallery] {{en icon}}\\n* [http://litopys.org.ua/cultur/cult17.htm\n        Sichynskyi''s \\\"Ukrainian Architecture\\\"] {{uk icon}}\\n* [http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/ua/publication/content/297.htm\n        Ministry of Foreign Affairs \\\"Ukrainian Architecture] {{uk icon}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine\n        topics}}\\n{{Architecture of Europe}}\\n{{Archhistory}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Architecture}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian architecture| 01]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        design|Architecture]]\\n[[Category:European architecture|Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        art|Architecture]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T06:55:20Z\",\"lastrevid\":795751112,\"length\":23023,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_architecture&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture\"},\"44146526\":{\"pageid\":44146526,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        crisis\",\"index\":8,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-02T23:24:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{EngvarB|date=December\n        2014}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Ukrainian crisis}}\\n{{Campaignbox\n        Ukrainian crisis}}\\n\\nA prolonged ''''''crisis in [[Ukraine]]'''''' began\n        on 21 November 2013, when then-president [[Viktor Yanukovych]] suspended preparations\n        for the implementation of [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union Association Agreement|an\n        association agreement]] with the [[European Union]]. This decision resulted\n        in mass protests by its proponents, known as the \\\"[[Euromaidan]]\\\". After\n        months of such protests, Yanukovych [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|was ousted]]\n        by the protesters on 22 February 2014, when he fled the Ukrainian capital\n        city of [[Kiev]]. Following his ousting, [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|unrest\n        enveloped]] the largely [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russophone]] [[Eastern\n        Ukraine|eastern]] and [[Southern Ukraine|southern]] regions of Ukraine, from\n        where he had drawn most of his support. An ensuing political crisis and [[Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)|Russian military intervention]]\n        in the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Ukrainian autonomous region]] of [[Crimea]]\n        resulted in the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] on 18 March 2014. Subsequently, unrest in [[Donetsk\n        Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]] oblasts of Ukraine evolved\n        into a [[war in Donbass]] between the post-revolutionary Ukrainian government\n        and pro-Russian insurgents, supported and often assisted by the Russian military\n        and special forces.\\n\\n==Euromaidan and revolution==\\n{{main article|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\nUkraine became gripped by unrest when [[President\n        of Ukraine|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] refused to sign [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement|an association agreement with the European Union]]\n        on 21 November 2013.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} An organised political movement\n        known as ''[[Euromaidan]]'' demanded closer ties with the [[European Union]],\n        and the ousting of Yanukovych.{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        | archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140420012605/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        | archivedate=2014-04-20 | title=Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise\n        | agency=Reuters | date=12 December 2013 | accessdate=10 April 2014 | author=Balmforth,\n        Richard}} This movement was ultimately successful, culminating in the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|February 2014 revolution]], which removed Yanukovych\n        and [[Second Azarov Government|his government]].{{cite\n        news | url=http://www.rferl.org/content/protesters-police-tense-standoff-ukraine/25241945.html\n        | title=Ukraine Opposition Vows To Continue Struggle After Yanukovych Offer\n        |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=25 January 2014 | accessdate=10\n        April 2014}}\\n\\n==Post-revolution unrest==\\n{{main article|2014 pro-Russian\n        unrest in Ukraine}}\\nFollowing flight of President Yanukovych on 23 February\n        2014, protests by pro-Russian and anti-revolution activists began in the largely\n        [[Russophone]] region of [[Crimea]].{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-secession-russian-crimea|title=Ukraine\n        crisis fuels secession calls in pro-Russian south|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=24\n        February 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-secession-russian-crimea|archivedate=24\n        February 2014}} These were followed by demonstrations in cities across\n        [[Eastern Ukraine|eastern]] and [[Southern Ukraine|southern]] Ukraine, including\n        [[Donetsk]], [[Luhansk]], [[Kharkiv]], and [[Odessa]].\\n\\n===Russian annexation\n        of Crimea===\\n{{main article|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation}}\\nStarting\n        on 26 February 2014, pro-Russian armed men gradually began to take over the\n        peninsula, provoking protests.{{cite news| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/world/europe/crimea-ukraine.html\n        |title=Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea|work=The New York Times|date=\n        27 February 2014|accessdate= 1 March 2014 |quote = Masked men with guns seized\n        government buildings in the capital of Ukraine''s Crimea region on Thursday,\n        barricading themselves inside and raising the Russian flag after mysterious\n        overnight raids that appeared to be the work of militant Russian nationalists\n        who want this volatile Black Sea region ruled from Moscow.}} Russia\n        initially said that these uniformed militants, termed \\\"[[Little green men\n        (GRU)|little green men]]\\\" in Ukraine, were \\\"local self-defence forces\\\".{{cite news | url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2014/02/01/5-things-you-should-know-about-crisis-in-ukraine/\n        | title=A Look Back At How The Ukraine Crisis Erupted And What To Expect In\n        2015 | work=Forbes | date=13 December 2014 | accessdate=13 December 2014}}\n        However, they later admitted that these were in fact Russian soldiers without\n        insignias, confirming on-the-ground reports of a Russian incursion into Ukraine.{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/04/17/vladimir-putin-admits-for-first-time-russian-troops-took-over-crimea-refuses-to-rule-out-intervention-in-donetsk/|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140419062027/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/04/17/vladimir-putin-admits-for-first-time-russian-troops-took-over-crimea-refuses-to-rule-out-intervention-in-donetsk/|archivedate=2014-04-19|title=Vladimir\n        Putin admits for first time Russian troops took over Crimea, refuses to rule\n        out intervention in Donetsk|last=Karmanau|first=Yuras|author2=Vladimir Isachenkov|date=17\n        April 2014|work=National Post|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=10 May 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/warning-shots-end-osce-crimea-entry-bid-20143815135639790.html\n        |title=Warning shots end OSCE Crimea entry bid \\u2013 Europe |publisher=Al\n        Jazeera |accessdate=11 March 2014}}{{cite web|last=Jones\n        |first=Sam |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a701f3e8-a527-11e3-8988-00144feab7de.html\n        |title=US scorns Russia''s version of Crimean intervention |work=Financial\n        Times |date=21 February 2014}}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/12/us-ukraine-crisis-osce-idUSBREA2B1C120140312|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140312184949/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/12/us-ukraine-crisis-osce-idUSBREA2B1C120140312|archivedate=2014-03-12\n        |title=OSCE team say Crimea roadblock gunmen threatened to shoot at them |agency=Reuters\n        |accessdate=14 March 2014}}{{cite news|first1=Alissa|last1=de\n        Carbonnel|author2=Alessandra Prentice|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/28/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140228|title=Armed\n        men seize two airports in Ukraine''s Crimea, Yanukovich reappears|agency=Reuters|date=28\n        February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228160327/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/28/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140228|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}}{{cite news|first1=Lidia|last1=Kelly|author2=Pavel\n        Polityuk|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/01/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140301|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140616051350/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/01/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140301|archivedate=2014-06-16|title=Putin\n        ready to invade Ukraine; Kiev warns of war|agency=Reuters|date=1 March 2014|accessdate=8\n        September 2016}}{{cite news|last=Finley|first=J.\n        C.|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2014/02/28/Telecom-services-sabotaged-in-Ukraines-Crimea-region/7611393621345/|title=Telecom\n        services sabotaged in Ukraine''s Crimea region|agency=United Press International|date=28\n        February 2014|accessdate=8 September 2016}} By 27 February, the [[Building\n        of the Supreme Council of Crimea|Crimean parliament building]] had been seized\n        by Russian forces. Russian flags were raised over these buildings, and a self-declared\n        pro-Russian government said that it would hold [[Crimean status referendum,\n        2014|a referendum]] on independence from Ukraine.{{cite\n        news | url = http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-crimea-referendum-date-20140301,0,2305350.story\n        | archiveurl = https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140301134552/http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-crimea-referendum-date-20140301,0,2305350.story\n        | archivedate = 2014-03-01 | title = New Crimea leaders move up referendum\n        date |work= The [[Los Angeles Times]]| first =Sergei L | last = Loiko| date=1\n        March 2014 |accessdate= 3 March 2014| quote= Kiev, Ukraine \\u2013 Crimea''s\n        new pro-Moscow premier, Sergei Aksenov, moved the date of the peninsula''s\n        status referendum to March 30. On Thursday, the Crimean parliament, which\n        appointed Aksenov, had called for a referendum on May 25, the date also set\n        for the urgent presidential election in Ukraine.}} Following that internationally\n        unrecognised referendum, which was held on 16 March 2014, Russia [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] Crimea on 18 March 2014.\\n\\n===War\n        in Donbass===\\n{{main article|War in Donbass|Russian military intervention\n        in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n[[File:Lysychansk 16.jpg|thumb|Damaged building\n        in [[Lysychansk]], 4 August 2014]]\\nFrom the beginning of March 2014, demonstrations\n        by [[Russophilia|pro-Russian]] and anti-government groups took place in the\n        [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]] oblasts of Ukraine,\n        together commonly called the \\\"Donbass\\\", in the aftermath of the [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution]] and the [[Euromaidan]] movement. These demonstrations, which\n        followed the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]], and which\n        were part of a wider group of [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|concurrent\n        pro-Russian protests across southern and eastern Ukraine]], escalated into\n        an [[War|armed conflict]] between the [[Separatism|separatist forces]] of\n        the self-declared [[Donetsk People''s Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People''s\n        Republic|Luhansk]] People''s Republics (DPR and LPR respectively), and the\n        [[Government of Ukraine|Ukrainian government]].{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html|title=Armed\n        pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=12 April 2014|last=Grytsenko|first=Oksana|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140412131249/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html|archivedate=12\n        April 2014}}{{cite news|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-special-forces-sent-eastern-city-retake-buildings-082049113.html|title=Ukraine\n        to deploy troops to quash pro-Russian insurgency in the east|work=Yahoo News\n        Canada|date=14 April 2014|agency=Associated Press|last=Leonard|first=Peter|accessdate=26\n        October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414125950/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-special-forces-sent-eastern-city-retake-buildings-082049113.html|archivedate=14\n        April 2014}} Prior to a change of the top leadership in August 2014,[http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42756&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=27&cHash=d9a2b36398fb823841ea5b668577feca#.U-8Yxdr3-yw\n        Strelkov/Girkin Demoted, Transnistrian Siloviki Strengthened in ''Donetsk\n        People''s Republic''], [[Vladimir Socor]], [[Jamestown Foundation]], 15 August\n        2014 the separatists were largely led by Russian citizens.{{cite\n        news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/27/us-ukraine-crisis-rebels-insight-idUSKBN0FW07020140727\n        |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140728013327/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/27/us-ukraine-crisis-rebels-insight-idUSKBN0FW07020140727\n        |archivedate=2014-07-28 |title=Pushing locals aside, Russians take top rebel\n        posts in east Ukraine |agency=Reuters |date=27 July 2014 |accessdate=27 July\n        2014}} Russian paramilitaries are reported to make up from 15% to 80%\n        of the combatants.{{cite web|url=http://rumedia.biz/item/3037|script-title=ru:\\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\u0414\\u041d\\u0420 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0432 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0438\\u0438|trans-title=DPR\n        representative revealed the percentage of Russian volunteers in the local\n        army|language=ru|publisher=rumedia.biz|date=27 June 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015164343/http://rumedia.biz/item/3037|archivedate=15\n        October 2014}}{{cite web|url=https://m.censor.net.ua/resonance/295448/rossiyiskiyi_naemnik_polovina_opolchentsev_iz_rossii_mne_pomogayut_sponsory_my_vozmem_lvov\n        |title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0439\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a:\n        \\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\n        - \\u0418\\u0437 \\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043d\\u0435 \\u041f\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b. \\u041c\\u044b \\u0412\\u043e\\u0437\\u044c\\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\n        \\u041b\\u044c\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\\" |publisher=M.censor.net.ua |date=26 July\n        2014 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}{{cite web|title=Interview: I\n        Was A Separatist Fighter In Ukraine|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-i-was-a-separatist-fighter/25455466.html|accessdate=29\n        August 2014|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}{{cite news|title=Whisked\n        Away for Tea With a Rebel in Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/world/europe/whisked-away-for-tea-with-a-rebel-in-ukraine.html?_r=1|accessdate=29\n        August 2014|work=The New York Times}}\\n\\nBetween 22 and 25 August 2014,\n        Russian artillery, personnel, and what Russia called a \\\"humanitarian convoy\\\"\n        were reported to have crossed the border into Ukrainian territory without\n        the permission of the Ukrainian government. Crossings were reported to have\n        occurred both in areas under the control of pro-Russian forces and areas that\n        were not under their control, such as the south-eastern part of [[Donetsk\n        Oblast]], near [[Novoazovsk]]. These events followed the reported shelling\n        of Ukrainian positions from the Russian side of the border over the course\n        of the preceding month.{{cite\n        news|first=Michael R.|last=Gordon|author-link=Michael R. Gordon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/world/europe/russia-moves-artillery-units-into-ukraine-nato-says.html|title=Russia\n        Moves Artillery Units Into Ukraine, NATO Says|publisher=New York Times|date=22\n        August 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20141015060355/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/world/europe/russia-moves-artillery-units-into-ukraine-nato-says.html|archivedate=15\n        October 2014}}{{cite\n        news|first=Denver|last=Nicks|url=http://time.com/3160900/nato-russia-artillery-ukraine/|title=NATO:\n        Russia Artillery Fires on Ukraine Forces|publisher=Time|date=22 August 2014|accessdate=8\n        September 2016}}{{cite\n        news|last=Heintz|first=Jim|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-plans-billion-boost-defense-spending-25102664|title=Ukraine:\n        Russian Tank Column Enters Southeast|publisher=ABC News|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=25 August 2014|accessdate=26 August 2014|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140825144115/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-plans-billion-boost-defense-spending-25102664|archivedate=25\n        August 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28924945\n        |title=Ukraine crisis: ''Column from Russia'' crosses border |publisher=BBC\n        |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}{{cite\n        news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/europe/ukraine-russia-novoazovsk-crimea.html\n        | title=Ukraine Reports Russian Invasion on a New Front | work=The New York\n        Times | date=27 August 2014 | accessdate=27 August 2014}} [[Head of\n        the Security Service of Ukraine]] [[Valentyn Nalyvaichenko]] said that the\n        events of 22 August were a \\\"direct invasion by Russia of Ukraine\\\".{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/22/us-ukraine-crisis-aid-convoy-idUSKBN0GM0IS20140822|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140822150641/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/22/us-ukraine-crisis-aid-convoy-idUSKBN0GM0IS20140822|archivedate=2014-08-22|title=Ukraine\n        accuses Russia of invasion after aid convoy crosses border|agency=Reuters|date=22\n        August 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014}} Western and Ukrainian officials\n        described these events as a \\\"stealth invasion\\\" of Ukraine by Russia. As a result of this, DPR and LPR insurgents regained\n        much of the territory they had lost during the preceding government military\n        offensive. A deal to establish a ceasefire, called the [[Minsk Protocol]],\n        was signed on 5 September 2014.{{cite news | url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29082574\n        | title= Ukraine and pro-Russia rebels sign ceasefire deal | publisher= BBC\n        News | date= 5 September 2014 | accessdate= 5 September 2014}}\\n Violations\n        of the ceasefire were common. Amidst the solidification of the line between\n        insurgent and Ukrainian territory during the ceasefire, [[warlord]]s took\n        control of swathes of land on the insurgent side, leading to further destabilisation.{{cite\n        news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraine-rebels-disunited-front-run-warlords-124041693.html?ref=gs|title=Ukraine\n        rebels a disunited front run by warlords|agency=Associated Press |date=10\n        November 2014  |accessdate=10 November 2014}} The ceasefire completely\n        collapsed in January 2015. Heavy fighting resumed across the conflict zone,\n        including at [[Second Battle of Donetsk Airport|Donetsk International Airport]]\n        and [[Battle of Debaltseve|Debaltseve]].{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/ukraine-peace-talks-collapse-over-ceasefire-as-fighting-rages/news-story/e6a2f46450084cf19c1e5fea4e99b89a\n        | title=Ukraine peace talks collapse over ceasefire as fighting rages | work=The\n        Australian | date=1 February 2015 | agency=Agence France-Presse | accessdate=10\n        February 2015}} A new ceasefire agreement, called [[Minsk II]], was\n        signed on 12 February 2015.{{cite news | url=http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21643245-russia-ukraine-germany-and-france-agree-halt-shooting-deeper-issues-are-left-untouched\n        | title=Ukraine: A tentative ceasefire | work=The Economist | date=12 February\n        2015 | accessdate=12 February 2015}}\\n\\n===Elections in Ukraine===\\n{{main\n        article|Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|Ukrainian parliamentary election,\n        2014|Donbass general elections, 2014|Ukrainian local elections, 2015}}\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u0412-\\u0414\\u041d\\u0420-250.\n        \\u0412\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b \\u0432 \\u0414\\u041d\\u0420.ogv|thumb|{{ru\n        icon}} Internationally unrecognised [[Donbass general elections, 2014|Donbass\n        general elections]], 2 November 2014]]\\nAmidst the prolonged crisis, multiple\n        elections were held across Ukraine. The first election held since the ousting\n        of President Yanukovych was the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|25\n        May presidential election]], which resulted in the election of [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n        as president of Ukraine. In the [[Donbass]] region, only 20% of polling stations\n        were open due to threats of violence by [[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|pro-Russian\n        separatist insurgents]]. Of the 2,430 planned polling stations\n        in the region, only 426 remained open for polling.[https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304811904579583413180447156\n        \\\"Poroshenko Declares Victory in Ukraine Presidential Election\\\"], [[The Wall\n        Street Journal]] (25 May 2014)\\n\\nAs the war in Donbass continued, the\n        first post-revolutionary [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2014|parliamentary\n        elections]] in Ukraine were held on 26 October 2014.[https://wayback.archive.org/web/20140825232937/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-25/ukraine-president-poroshenko-calls-snap-general-election.html\n        Ukraine President Poroshenko Calls Snap General Election], [[Bloomberg News]]\n        (25 August 2014) Once again, separatists stymied voting in the areas\n        that they controlled. They held their [[Donbass general elections, 2014|own\n        elections]], internationally unrecognised and in violation of the [[Minsk\n        Protocol]] peace process, on 2 November 2014.{{cite\n        news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/03/germany-urges-russia-respect-unity-ukraine-donetsk-elections\n        | archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20141208123906/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/03/germany-urges-russia-respect-unity-ukraine-donetsk-elections\n        | archivedate=2014-12-08 | title=Russia calls for talks with Kiev after separatist\n        elections | work=The Guardian | date=3 November 2014 | accessdate=3 November\n        2014}}\\n\\n==Effects of the crisis==\\n{{main article|International sanctions\n        during the Ukrainian crisis|Economy of Ukraine#2014 to present day|Russian\n        financial crisis (2014\\u2013present)}}\\nThe crisis has had many effects, both\n        domestic{{cite news | url=http://112.international/russia/Ukraine-announced-sanctions-against-Russian-airlines-939.html|\n        title=Ukraine announced sanctions against Russian airlines | work=112.international\n        | date=28 September 2015 | accessdate=30 September 2015}} and international.{{cite journal|format=PDF|url=http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=802090099084098028104127102002064077034006049004090060007080005125110028072006083093036054102063060023041091079022110008111067056058059054003110103018120085022088079061002053103098027104111007029102094095001117123081074107123021074099109118088025088008&EXT=pdf|last=Mamlyuk|first=Boris\n        N.|title=The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law|publisher=The\n        German Law Journal|volume=16|issue=3|date=6 July 2015|accessdate=12 September\n        2016}} According to an October 2014 estimate by the [[World Bank]],\n        the economy of Ukraine contracted by 8% during the year 2014 as a result of\n        the crisis.{{cite news | url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraine-economy-contract-8-2014-world-bank-090334656.html?ref=gs\n        | title=Ukraine economy to contract by 8% in 2014: World Bank | work=Yahoo\n        News | date=2 October 2014 | agency=Agence France-Presse | accessdate=13 January\n        2015}} [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|Economic\n        sanctions]] imposed on Russia by western nations contributed to the collapse\n        in value of the [[Russian rouble]], and the resulting [[2014 Russian financial\n        crisis|Russian financial crisis]].{{cite news | url=http://business.financialpost.com/2015/01/01/we-are-hardly-surviving-as-oil-and-the-ruble-drop-ordinary-russians-face-growing-list-of-problems/\n        | archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20150102100509/http://business.financialpost.com/2015/01/01/we-are-hardly-surviving-as-oil-and-the-ruble-drop-ordinary-russians-face-growing-list-of-problems/\n        | archivedate=2015-01-02 | title=\\u2018We are hardly surviving'': As oil and\n        the ruble drop, ordinary Russians face growing list of problems | work=Financial\n        Post | date=1 January 2015 | agency=Reuters | accessdate=13 January 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        war in Donbass caused [[Coal in Ukraine#Coal production|a coal shortage in\n        Ukraine]], as the Donbass region had been the chief source of coal for power\n        stations across the country. Furthermore, [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Station]]\n        was forced to close down one of its reactors after an accident. The combination\n        of these two problems led to [[rolling blackouts]] across Ukraine during December\n        2014.[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-turns-off-reactor-at-nuclear-plant-after-accident-9947540.html\n        Ukraine turns off reactor at its most powerful nuclear plant after ''accident''],\n        [[The Independent]] (28 December 2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/world/europe/ukraine-briefly-cuts-power-to-crimea-amid-dispute-with-russia-over-nato.html?_r=0\n        Ukraine Briefly Cuts Power to Crimea Amid Feud With Russia Over NATO], [[New\n        York Times]] (24 December 2014)
[http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/770172\n        Coal import to help avoid rolling blackouts in Ukraine \\u2014 energy minister]\n        {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108051631/http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/770172\n        |date=8 January 2015 }}, [[ITAR-TASS]] (31 December 2014)
[http://mashable.com/2014/12/03/ukraine-nuclear-plant-accident/\n        Rolling blackouts in Ukraine after nuclear plant accident], br>[[Mashable]]\n        (3 December 2014)
[https://wayback.archive.org/web/20150104004745/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-31/ukraine-to-import-coal-from-far-away-as-war-curtails-mines.html\n        Ukraine to Import Coal From \\u2018Far Away\\u2019 as War Curtails Mines], [[Bloomberg\n        News]] (31 December 2014)\\n\\nAdditionally, due to the Ukrainian crisis,\n        a new pipeline in [[Turkey]] was proposed with an annual capacity around 63\n        billion cubic metres ([[Billion cubic metres of natural gas|bcm]]), so as\n        to carry [[Russia in the European energy sector|natural gas to Europe]] while\n        completely bypassing Ukraine as a traditional transit hub for Russian gas.{{cite\n        web|title=Russia to Shift Ukraine Gas Transit to Turkey as EU Cries Foul |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-14/russia-to-shift-ukraine-gas-transit-to-turkey-as-eu-cries-foul.html\n        |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20150115014453/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-14/russia-to-shift-ukraine-gas-transit-to-turkey-as-eu-cries-foul.html\n        |archivedate=2015-01-15 |website=Bloomberg |date=14 January 2015 |accessdate=15\n        January 2015}}\\n\\nProgress on implementing reforms in post-revolutionary\n        Ukraine has been said to be slow. According to a [[British Broadcasting Company|BBC]]\n        report in February 2016, Ukraine remained gripped by corruption, and little\n        progress had been made in improving the economy. Low-level fighting continued\n        in the Donbass. The report also said that there was talk of a \\\"Third Maidan\\\"\n        to force the government to take action to remedy the crisis.{{cite\n        news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35483171 | title=Ukraine teeters\n        a few steps from chaos | work=BBC News | date=5 February 2016 | accessdate=6\n        February 2016 | author=David Stern}}\\n\\nAn [[International Monetary\n        Fund|IMF]] four-year loan program worth about $17.5 billion was agreed in\n        eight tranches over 2015 and 2016, subject to conditions regarding economic\n        reforms.{{cite news |url=http://uatoday.tv/politics/ukraine-may-get-1-7-bln-from-imf-by-mid-year-moody-s-647646.html\n        |title=Ukraine may get USD 1.7 bln from IMF by mid-year - Moody''s |publisher=Ukraine\n        Today |date=13 May 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2016}} Analysts disputed\n        that the $17.5 billion represented a ''new'' bailout, noting that the IMF''s\n        announcement amounted to making good on \\\"old promises, rather than offering\n        any new cash.\\\" However, due to lack of progress\n        on reforms, only two tranches worth $6.7 billion were paid in 2015. A third\n        tranche of $1.7 billion may be paid in June 2016 subject to the bringing into\n        law of 19 further reform measures.{{cite news |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/what-ukraine-must-do-to-get-another-17-413635.html\n        |title=What Ukraine must do to get another $1.7 billion IMF loan |publisher=Kyiv\n        Post |date=14 May 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2016}}{{cite\n        news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-imf-idUKKCN0Y92JB\n        |title=Ukraine, IMF agree terms to resume financial support - IMF |author=Alessandra\n        Prentice |publisher=Reuters |date=18 May 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2016}}\n        In May 2016 the IMF mission chief for Ukraine stated that the [[Corruption\n        in Ukraine|reduction of corruption]] was a key test for continued international\n        support.\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union relations]]\\n*[[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\\n*[[Cold War II]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        crisis navbox}}\\n{{Euromaidan}}\\n{{2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{{Ukraine topics}}\\n{{Political\n        scandals in Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Crisis}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        crisis| ]]\\n[[Category:Conflicts in Ukraine|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:Ongoing conflicts]]\\n[[Category:2010s\n        in Ukraine|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:2010s conflicts]]\\n[[Category:Political history\n        of Ukraine|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:Post-Soviet conflicts]]\\n[[Category:Russia\\u2013Ukraine\n        relations|Crisis]]\\n[[Category:Cold War II]]\\n[[Category:Articles containing\n        video clips]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T02:50:03Z\",\"lastrevid\":788696047,\"length\":29205,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_crisis\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_crisis&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_crisis\"},\"27077251\":{\"pageid\":27077251,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        cruiser Ukrayina\",\"index\":31,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-11T15:38:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{|{{Infobox\n        ship begin}}\\n{{Infobox ship image\\n|Ship image=[[Image:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430.JPG|300px]]\\n|Ship caption=\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ship career\\n|Hide header=\\n|Ship country=\\n|Ship flag={{flag|Ukraine|naval}}\\n|Ship\n        name=''''Ukrayina'''', formerly ''''Admiral Flota Lobov''''\\n|Ship namesake=\\n|Ship\n        ordered=\\n|Ship builder=[[61 Kommunara Shipbuilding Plant]] (SY 445), [[Mykolaiv]]\\n|Ship\n        laid down=1983\\n|Ship launched=1990\\n|Ship acquired=\\n|Ship commissioned=\\n|Ship\n        decommissioned=\\n|Ship in service=\\n|Ship out of service=\\n|Ship struck=\\n|Ship\n        reinstated=\\n|Ship honours=\\n|Ship fate=\\n|Ship status=Unfinished, docked\n        in [[Mykolaiv]].\\n|Ship notes=\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship characteristics\\n|Hide\n        header=\\n|Header caption=\\n|Ship class={{sclass|Slava|cruiser}}\\n|Ship displacement=11,490\n        tons\\n|Ship length={{convert|186.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship beam={{convert|20.8|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        draught=\\n|Ship draft={{convert|8.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship propulsion=4 [[COGOG]]\n        [[gas turbine]]s, 2 shafts 121,000 shp\\n|Ship speed={{convert|32|kn}}\\n|Ship\n        range= {{convert|7000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|16|kn}}\\n|Ship complement=480\\n|Ship\n        sensors=*Voskhod MR-800 (Top Pair) 3D search radar\\n*Fregat MR-710 (Top Steer)\n        3D search radar\\n*Palm Frond navigation radar\\n*Pop group SA-N-4 fire control\n        radar\\n*Top Dome SA-N-6 fire control radar\\n*Bass Tilt AK-360 CIWS System\n        fire control radar\\n*Bull horn MF hull mounted sonar\\n|Ship EW=*Rum Tub and\n        Side Globe EW antennas\\n*2 \\u00d7 PK-2 DL (140mm chaff / flare)\\n|Ship armament=*16\n        \\u00d7 [[P-500 Bazalt]] (SS-N-12 Sandbox) [[anti-ship missile]]s\\n*8 \\u00d7\n        8 (64) [[S-300 (missile)|S-300PMU]] ''''Favorit'''' (SA-N-6 Grumble) long-range\n        [[surface-to-air missile]]s\\n*2 \\u00d7 20 (40) [[9K33 Osa|OSA-MA]] ([[SA-N-4\n        Gecko]]) SR SAM\\n*1 \\u00d7 twin [[AK-130]] 130mm/L70 [[dual purpose gun]]s\\n*6\n        \\u00d7 [[AK-630]] [[close-in weapons system]]s possibly replaced by [[Kashtan]]\n        (CADS-N-1)\\n*2 \\u00d7 [[RBU-6000]] [[anti-submarine mortar]]s\\n*10 \\u00d7\n        (2 quin) 533mm [[torpedo]] tubes\\n|Ship armour=\\n|Ship armor=Splinter plating\\n|Ship\n        aircraft=1 [[Ka-25]] or [[Ka-27]] Helicopter\\n|Ship notes=\\n}}\\n|}\\n[[File:Cruiser\n        Ukraine.png|150px|thumb|left]]\\nThe Ukrainian [[cruiser]] ''''''''''Ukrayina''''''''''\n        is a {{sclass|Slava|cruiser}} ordered by the [[Soviet Union]] in the early\n        1980s. In 2010 the [[Ukrainian parliament]] stripped the ship of its name.Hardus,\n        M. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160704011200/http://apostrophe.com.ua/article/society/2016-01-29/surovaya-realnost-gotova-li-ukraina-voevat-na-more/3135\n        The harsh reality: is Ukraine ready to fight at sea (\\u0421\\u0443\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c: \\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435)]''''. \\\"Apostrof\\\". 29 January 2016.\\n\\n==History==\\nThe\n        ship was laid down in 1983 and launched in 1990 just before the fall of the\n        Soviet Union. Due to budget constraints work on the cruiser stopped in the\n        early 1990s and the ship was left unfinished. In 1993 the cruiser was withdrawn\n        from the [[Russian Navy]] and passed to [[Ukraine]]. In 1997 Ukraine stated\n        that it had no need for the cruiser and was willing to sell it. Russia was\n        unwilling to buy the cruiser, China and India were then approached but showed\n        no interest at the time.{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-10051/r_500/missile_cruiser_sell_/|title=Russia,\n        Ukraine to Sell Soviet Missile Cruiser  - Kommersant Moscow|work=kommersant.com|accessdate=27\n        November 2015}} According to Ukrainian sources the Cruiser needs 30\n        million dollars to be finished.{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-9977/r_500/cruiser_sale/|title=Kiev\n        Eager to Sell Missile Cruiser - Kommersant Moscow|work=kommersant.com|accessdate=27\n        November 2015}}\\n\\n==Status==\\nThe cruiser sits docked and unfinished\n        at the harbor of [[Mykolaiv]] in southern Ukraine.\\n\\nIn April 2010, sources\n        from the Russian defense committee claimed that Russia had plans to buy the\n        unfinished cruiser from Ukraine and in May 2010, after talks with Russian\n        president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in [[Kiev]], Ukrainian president [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        stated that they had come to an agreement to finish the ship together.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20100517/159052017.html |title=Russia\n        to help Ukraine finish construction of missile cruiser |publisher=RIA NOVOSTI\n        |date=17 May 2010 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=9264\n        |title=Russia''s ready to bring back cruiser Ukraina |publisher=rusnavy.com\n        |date=23 April 2010 |accessdate=6 October 2014}} On 21 January 2011,\n        Russian navy sources stated that Russia was only interested in obtaining the\n        cruiser if they can have it free of charge. By early March 2011, Russian defence\n        minister Anatoly Serdiukov stated that Russia was still waiting for an acceptable\n        offer from Ukraine, regarding potential procurement of the missile cruiser.\n        His Ukrainian counterpart Mikhail Yezhel responded that he would not scrap\n        a 95% complete warship, and that the issue would be resolved in the near future.{{cite\n        web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11281 |title=Russia\n        won''t buy uncompleted cruiser from Ukraine |publisher=rusnavy.com |date=21\n        January 2011 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11595\n        |title=Russia waits for Kiev''s acceptable decision on the missile cruiser\n        sale |publisher=rusnavy.com |date=28 February 2011 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}\\n\\nIt\n        was reported that the Ukrainian government invested 6.08 million UAH into\n        the ship''s maintenance in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/othernavies/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=14824\n        |title=Ukraine Invested UAH 6 mln in Maintenance of Ukraina Cruiser |publisher=rusnavy.com\n        |date=9 April 2012 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}\\n\\nOn March 26, 2017,\n        it was announced that the Ukrainian Government will be scrapping the vessel\n        which has been laid up, incomplete, for nearly 30 years in Mykolaiv. Maintenance\n        and construction was costing the country $225,000 USD per month. This marked\n        the end of a major symbol of the Soviet Era in Eastern Europe.https://sputniknews.com/europe/201703261051973997-ukraine-cruiser-scrapped/https://sputniknews.com/europe/201703281052033285-ukraine-missile-cruiser/\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{Slava class cruiser}}\\n{{Ukrainian Naval Forces}}\\n{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=February 2011}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrayina}}\\n[[Category:Cold\n        War cruisers of the Soviet Union]]\\n[[Category:Slava-class cruisers of the\n        Ukrainian Navy]]\\n[[Category:Ships built at Shipyard named after 61 Communards]]\\n[[Category:1990\n        ships]]\\n\\n{{USSR-mil-ship-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-mil-ship-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-20T13:41:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":790094599,\"length\":6656,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_cruiser_Ukrayina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_cruiser_Ukrayina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_cruiser_Ukrayina\"},\"34017878\":{\"pageid\":34017878,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        frigate Dnipropetrovsk\",\"index\":38,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-12-01T23:44:14Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{|{{Infobox\n        ship begin}}\\n{{Infobox ship image\\n|Ship image=[[File:Bezzavetnyy&Zhdanov&Magomed\n        Gadzhiev.jpg|300px]]\\n|Ship caption=''''Bezzavetnyy'''' is closest to the\n        camera, the cruiser ''''Zhdanov'''' in the middle and the submarine tender\n        ''''Magomed Gadzhiev'''' in the rear\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship career\\n|Hide header=\\n|Ship\n        country=[[Soviet Union]]\\n|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Soviet Union|naval}}\\n|Ship\n        name=''''Bezzavetnyy''''\\n|Ship namesake=\\n|Ship ordered= 4 July 1973\\n|Ship\n        awarded=\\n|Ship builder= [[Zaliv Shipbuilding yard]] ([[Kerch]])\\n|Ship original\n        cost=\\n|Ship yard number= 14\\n|Ship way number=\\n|Ship laid down=\\n|Ship launched=7\n        May 1977\\n|Ship sponsor=\\n|Ship christened=\\n|Ship completed=\\n|Ship acquired=\\n|Ship\n        commissioned=17 February 1978\\n|Ship recommissioned=\\n|Ship decommissioned=8\n        September 1997\\n|Ship maiden voyage=\\n|Ship in service=\\n|Ship out of service=\\n|Ship\n        renamed=\\n|Ship reclassified=\\n|Ship refit=\\n|Ship struck=\\n|Ship reinstated=\\n|Ship\n        homeport=\\n|Ship identification=\\n|Ship motto=\\n|Ship nickname=\\n|Ship honours=\\n|Ship\n        honors=\\n|Ship captured=\\n|Ship fate= Transferred to Ukraine on 1 August 1997\\n|Ship\n        status=\\n|Ship notes=\\n|Ship badge=\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship career\\n|Hide header=title\\n|\n        Ship country             = Ukraine\\n| Ship flag                = {{shipboxflag|Ukraine|naval}}\\n|\n        Ship name                = ''''Dnipropetrovsk''''\\n| Ship renamed             =\n        1997\\n| Ship acquired            = 1 August 1997\\n| Ship decommissioned      =\n        October 2002\\n|Ship identification= U134\\n| Ship reclassified        = \\\"Technical\n        property\\\" (2002)\\n| Ship fate                = Scuttled on 12 May 2005\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ship characteristics\\n|Hide header=\\n|Header caption=\\n|Ship class={{sclass2-|Burevestnik|frigate}}\\n|Ship\n        displacement=3,300 tons standard, 3,575 tons full load\\n|Ship length={{convert|405.3|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        beam={{convert|46.3|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship draft={{convert|15.1|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        power=\\n|Ship propulsion=*2 shaft; [[COGAG]]\\n* 2 x M-8k gas-turbines, {{convert|40,000|shp|kW|abbr=on}}\\n*\n        2 x M-62 gas-turbines (cruise), {{convert|14,950|shp|kW|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship speed={{convert|32|kn|lk=in}}\\n|Ship\n        range={{convert|4995|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|14|kn}}\\n|Ship complement=200\\n|Ship\n        crew=\\n|Ship time to activate=\\n|Ship sensors=*''''''Radar:'''''' 1 MR-755\n        Fregat-M/Half Plate air/surface search\\n*''''''Sonar:'''''' Zvezda-2 suite\n        with MGK-345 Bronza/Ox Yoke bow mounted LF, Ox Tail LF VDS\\n*''''''Fire Control:''''''\n        Purga ASW combat system, 2 Drakon/Eye Bowl SSM targeting, 2 MPZ-301 Baza/Pop\n        Group\\n|Ship EW=Start suite with Bell Shroud intercept, Bell Squat jammer,\n        4 PK-16 decoy RL, 8 PK-10 decoy RL, 2 towed decoys\\n|Ship armament=*1 \\u00d7\n        4 URK-5 ([[SS-N-14|SS-N-14 ''Silex'']]) SSM/ASW missiles\\n*2 \\u00d7 Osa-MA\n        ([[SA-8 Gecko|SA-N-4''Gecko'']]) SAM (40 missiles)\\n*4 \\u00d7 76 mm guns (2\\u00d72)\\n*2\n        \\u00d7 quad 533 mm [[torpedo tube]]s\\n|Ship armour=\\n|Ship armor=\\n|Ship notes=\\n}}\\n|}\\nThe\n        ''''''Ukrainian frigate ''''Dnipropetrovsk'''''''''' is a former ''''''Soviet\n        frigate ([[guard ship]]) ''''Bezzavetnyy'''''''''' of the  {{sclass2-|Burevestnik|frigate|0}}\n        (NATO codename: Krivak I) ship built for the [[Soviet Navy]] in the late 1970s.\\n\\n==Service\n        history==\\n===Black Sea incident===\\n{{main|1988 Black Sea bumping incident}}\\nOn\n        12 February 1988 the ship intentionally{{uk icon}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/videos/2011/02/12/24092/\n        1988: The Soviet frigate attacks American cruiser near Yalta]{{en\n        icon}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SME4w037FgA&feature=player_embedded#at=95\n        1988 Soviet ramming USS ''''Yorktown'''' CG 48 in black sea (video)]\n        rammed the American missile cruiser {{USS|Yorktown|CG-48|6}} in Soviet [[territorial\n        waters]] while ''''Yorktown'''' was claiming [[innocent passage]].\\n\\n[[File:USS\n        Yorktown collision.jpg|thumb|none|''''Bezzavetnyy'''' shown colliding with\n        ''''Yorktown'''']]\\n\\n===Ukrainian service===\\nIn summer of 1997 during the\n        division of the Black Sea fleet she was transferred to the [[Ukrainian Navy]],\n        receiving the name of ''''Dnipropetrovsk''''.\\n\\n===Fate===\\n''''Dnipropetrovsk''''\n        was decommissioned in 2002 and was scuttled in the [[Black Sea]] in the spring\n        of 2005.\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n* {{cite book|last1=Gardiner|first1=Robert|last2=Chumbley|first2=Stephen|last3=Budzbon|first3=Przemys\\u0142aw|title=Conway''s\n        All the World''s Fighting Ships 1947-1995|year=1995|publisher=Naval Institute\n        Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-132-7}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        {{ru icon}} [http://navycollection.narod.ru/battles/Cold_war/foros/history.html\n        Navy operation in Foros region]\\n\\n{{Burevestnik-class frigate}}\\n{{1988 shipwrecks}}\\n{{Ukrainian\n        Naval Forces}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Dnipropetrovsk}}\\n[[Category:Krivak-class\n        frigates of the Ukrainian Navy]]\\n[[Category:1977 ships]]\\n[[Category:Ships\n        built at the Zalyv Shipbuilding yard]]\\n[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1988]]\\n\\n{{USSR-mil-ship-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-mil-ship-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-12T17:18:18Z\",\"lastrevid\":752562335,\"length\":4865,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk\"},\"12899571\":{\"pageid\":12899571,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)\",\"index\":28,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-24T19:53:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{|{{Infobox\n        ship begin}}\\n{{Infobox ship image\\n|Ship image   = [[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi\n        ide na chornomu mori 2012-07-17.jpg|300px]]\\n|Ship caption = ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''',\n        2011.\\n}}\\n{{Infobox ship career\\n|Hide header   =\\n|Ship country  = [[Ukraine]]\\n|Ship\n        flag     = {{shipboxflag|Ukraine|naval}}\\n|Ship name     = ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy''''\\n|Ship\n        namesake = [[Cossack]] [[Hetman]] [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]]\\n|Ship\n        owner    =\\n|Ship operator = [[Ukrainian Navy]]\\n|Ship ordered  = 1991\\n|Ship\n        awarded  =\\n|Ship builder  = [[Zalyv Shipbuilding yard]]\\n|Ship yard number  =\\n|Ship\n        laid down    =\\n|Ship launched     = 29 March 1992\\n|Ship sponsor      =\\n|Ship\n        christened   =\\n|Ship completed    =\\n|Ship acquired     =\\n|Ship commissioned\n        = 2 April 1993\\n|Ship recommissioned =\\n|Ship decommissioned =\\n|Ship in service     =\\n|Ship\n        out of service =\\n|Ship renamed        =\\n|Ship reclassified   =\\n|Ship refit          =\\n|Ship\n        struck         =\\n|Ship reinstated     =\\n|Ship identification =  U130\\n|Ship\n        homeport       = [[Sevastopol]] until 2014\\n|Ship motto          =\\n|Ship\n        nickname       =\\n|Ship honours        =\\n|Ship captured       =\\n|Ship fate           =\\n|Ship\n        status         = {{Ship in active service |2017}}\\n|Ship notes          =\\n|Ship\n        badge          =\\n[[File:Chevron-frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy-(U130)-1.svg|150px]]\\n}}\\n{{Infobox\n        ship characteristics\\n|Hide header         =\\n|Header caption      =\\n|Ship\n        class          = [[Krivak-class frigate|Nerei / Menzhinskiy-class]] [[frigate]]\\n|Ship\n        tonnage        =\\n|Ship displacement   =*{{Convert|3100|LT|t|0|lk=on}} standard\\n*{{Convert|3510\n        |LT|t|0}} full load{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcopter.narod.ru/ukrbat/U130.html\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439(\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        1135.1 ) |publisher=\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f |language=Russian |accessdate=8 February 2015}}\n        \\n|Ship length              = {{Convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship beam                =\n        {{Convert|14.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship height              =\\n|Ship draught             =\n        {{Convert|4.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship depth               =\\n|Ship hold depth          =\\n|Ship\n        ice class           =\\n|Ship power               =\\n|Ship propulsion          =\\n|Ship\n        speed               = {{Convert|32|kn|lk=in}} \\n|Ship range               =*{{Convert|3500|nmi|abbr=on}}\n        at {{Convert|14|kn|abbr=on}}\\n*{{Convert|900|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{Convert|30|kn|abbr=on}}\\n|Ship\n        endurance           =\\n|Ship boats               =\\n|Ship capacity            =\\n|Ship\n        complement          =\\n|Ship crew                = 180\\n|Ship time to activate    =\\n|Ship\n        troops              =\\n|Ship sensors             =\\n|Ship EW                  =\\n|Ship\n        armament            =* 1 \\u00d7 twin [[9K33 Osa]] SAM missile launcher (20\n        \\u00d7 9M-33 missiles)\\n* 1 \\u00d7 single {{Convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}}  AK-100\n        gun\\n* 2 \\u00d7 sextuple {{Convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[AK-630]] [[Close-in\n        weapon system|CIWS]]\\n* 2 \\u00d7 quad {{Convert|533|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo\n        tube]]s\\n* 2 \\u00d7 [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine rocket launchers\\n\\n|Ship\n        armor               = Iron\\n|Ship aircraft            = 1 \\u00d7 [[Kamov Ka-27|Ka-27]]\n        helicopter (2 max)\\n|Ship aircraft facilities =\\n|Ship notes               =\\n}}\\n|}\\n\\n''''''''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''''''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439}}) is a\n        [[frigate]] of the [[Ukrainian Navy]] that was originally built as a patrol\n        ship of [[Krivak-class frigate|Nerei / Menzhinskiy-class]]. Homeported at\n        [[Odessa]] (since March 2014), she is the [[flagship]] of the [[Ukrainian\n        Navy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/kozhara-hetman-sahaidachny-frigate-to-join-natos-anti-piracy-operation/\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130917123531/http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/kozhara-hetman-sahaidachny-frigate-to-join-natos-anti-piracy-operation/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=17 September 2013 |title=Kozhara: Hetman Sahaidachny\n        frigate to join NATO\\u2019s anti-piracy operation |work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=17 September 2013}} \\n\\n==Service history==\\n[[File:Ukrainian\n        frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130).jpg|thumb|300px|Ukrainian frigate ''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''']]\\n\\nBuilt at the [[Zalyv Shipbuilding yard]], the ship was\n        intended to be used by the [[Soviet Border Troops]] as ''''Kirov''''. However,\n        on 4 July 1993, the newly named (after [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]])\n        ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' raised the flag of the [[Ukrainian Navy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.svitlytsia.crimea.ua/index.php?section=article&artID=4052\n        |publisher=\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0421\\u0432i\\u0442\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f\n        |last= Armashevska |first=Alain |script-title=uk:\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439: \\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 |date=11 August 2006 |accessdate=8\n        February 2015|language=Ukrainian }} She was given the identification\n        number of U130.\\n\\nIn 1994, ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' set sail for [[France]]\n        to take part in the 50th anniversary commemorations of the [[Normandy landings|Allied\n        invasion of Normandy]].\\n\\nIn 1995, ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' visited [[Abu\n        Dhabi]] during the \\\"[[International Defence Exhibition|Idex-95]]\\\" exhibitions.\n        With ''''Kostiantyn Olshansky'''', the frigate visited [[Norfolk, Virginia]]\n        in the United States.\\n\\nThe vessel has also visited ports in [[Algeria]],\n        [[Bulgaria]], [[Egypt]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Israel]],\n        [[Portugal]], [[Russia]] and [[Turkey]].\\n\\nBetween November 2006 and November\n        2007, she underwent major repairs in [[Mykolaiv]] at a cost of 15 million\n        [[hryvnia]].{{cite web|url=http://novosti-n.mk.ua/news/read/?id=3192\n        |script-title=ru:\\u041e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0444\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442 \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb \\u043e\\u0442\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c.\n        \\u0415\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c \\u0436\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0432\\u044b |publisher=Novosti-n.org\n        |language=Russian |date=16 November 2007 |accessdate=8 February 2015}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://sevastopol.su/news.php?id=692 |script-title=ru:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0430\\u0442\n        \\u00ab\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\u00bb\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0443\\u043b \\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u044f\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\n        |publisher=ForPost |language=Russian |date=16 November 2007 |accessdate=8\n        February 2015}}\\n\\nIn 2008, ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' took part in\n        \\\"[[Operation Active Endeavour]]\\\" in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].\\n\\nIn February\n        2013, it was announced that she would be taking part in [[NATO]]''s \\\"[[Operation\n        Ocean Shield]]\\\", an anti-piracy campaign off the [[Horn of Africa]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://en.rian.ru/military_news/20130222/179631923.html|title=Ukraine\n        Joins NATO''s Counter-Piracy Operation|first=John|last=Thys|work=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=22\n        February 2013|accessdate=8 February 2015}}\\n\\n''''Hetman Sahaydachniy''''\n        joined the Naval Force of the European Union ([[EUNAVFOR]]) in early January\n        2014 for anti-piracy operations. As she refueled in [[Greece]], while Russian\n        forces seized control of [[Crimea]], Russian Senator [[Igor Morozov (politician)|Igor\n        Morozov]] claimed on 1 March 2014 that the ship''s crew had defected to Russia\n        and raised the Russian flag.{{cite web |url=http://rt.com/news/ukraine-navy-flaghsip-protest-389/|title=Ukrainian\n        Navy flagship takes Russia\\u2019s side|work=RT|date=1 March 2014|accessdate=8\n        February 2015}} Shortly afterwards, independent news organizations reported\n        that the ship was still flying the Ukrainian flag in port in [[Crete]].{{cite\n        web |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304815004579415310363248616?KEYWORDS=Ukraine&mg=reno64-wsj|title=Ukraine\n        Ousts Top Naval Officer After He Joins Separatists|first=Alexander|last=Kolyandr|work=Wall\n        Street Journal |date=2 March 2014|accessdate=8 February 2015}} {{subscription\n        required}} The commander of the ship confirmed that the crew had never\n        defected to the Russians.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=news&sub=read&id=32772|title=News|publisher=Mil.gov.ua|date=2014-03-02|accessdate=2014-03-08}}\n        It arrived in [[Odessa]] under the Ukrainian flag on March 5.{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0424\\u043b\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\\"\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\\"\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 \\u0434\\u043e \\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0414\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        |url=http://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/194440.html |work=Interfax-Ukraine\n        |language=Ukrainian |date=5 March 2014 |accessdate=8 February 2015}}\n        On 14 March, the ship encountered a Russian naval group in Ukrainian territorial\n        waters. As ''''Hetman Sahaydachniy'''' approached the group, they withdrew\n        into international waters.{{cite web|title=Frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy\n        forces Russian ships to leave Ukrainian waters |url=http://charter97.org/en/news/2014/3/20/91258/\n        |work=Chapter97.org |date=20 March 2014 |accessdate=8 February 2015}}\n        In September, the frigate entered Odessa to undergo repairs.{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/regions/odessa/v-odesse-nachali-remont-getmana-sagaydachnogo--568633.html\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0412 \\u041e\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0447\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442 \\\"\\u0413\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\\"\n        |language=Russian |publisher=segodnya.ua |date=12 November 2014 |accessdate=8\n        February 2015}} In May 2017 it suffered an engine failure shortly after\n        repairs, current status unclear.\\n\\n==Command team==\\n* [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]\n        Denis Ivanin[http://www.mykolayiv-oda.gov.ua/ua/news/detail/3681.html\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        - \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438] {{webarchive\n        |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230221/http://www.mykolayiv-oda.gov.ua/ua/news/detail/3681.html\n        |date=September 27, 2007 }}\\n* [[Lieutenant Commander]] Volodumur Shevchenko\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Commons category|Hetman Sahaidachnyi (ship, 1992)}}\\n* {{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.from-ua.com/technology/40e8f4929eaf8/ Characteristics]\\n* {{ru\n        icon}} [http://flot.sevastopol.info/photos/photo_vmsu/sagayd_00.htm Photogallery\n        of Hetman Sahaydachniy]\\n\\n{{Burevestnik-class frigate}}\\n{{Ukrainian Naval\n        Forces}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)}}\\n[[Category:1992 ships]]\\n[[Category:Krivak-class\n        frigates of the Ukrainian Navy]]\\n[[Category:Ships built at the Zalyv Shipbuilding\n        yard]]\\n\\n{{Ukraine-mil-ship-stub}}\\n{{Ukraine-frigate-stub}}\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-16T17:18:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":792151733,\"length\":10179,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)\"},\"6635979\":{\"pageid\":6635979,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        grammar\",\"index\":12,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-06-08T13:02:50Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        ''''''grammar of the [[Ukrainian language]]'''''' describes the phonological,\n        morphological, and syntactical rules of the Ukrainian language. Ukrainian\n        contains 7 cases and 2 numbers for its nominal declension and 2 aspects, 3\n        tenses, 3 moods, and 2 voices for its verbal conjugation. Adjectives must\n        agree in number, gender, and case with their nouns.\\n\\nIn order to understand\n        Ukrainian grammar, it is necessary to understand the various phonological\n        rules that occur due to the collision of two or more sounds. Doing so markedly\n        decreases the number of exceptions and makes understanding the rules better.\n        The origin of some of these phonological rules can be traced all the way back\n        to Indo-European gradation ([[Indo-European ablaut|ablaut]]). This is especially\n        common in explaining the differences between the infinitive and present stem\n        of many verbs.\\n\\nThis article will present the grammar of the literary language,\n        which is in the main followed by most dialects. The main differences in the\n        dialects are vocabulary with occasional differences in phonology and morphology.\n        Further information can be found in the article [[Ukrainian dialects]].\\n\\n==Phonology==\\nThe\n        following points of Ukrainian phonology need to be considered in order to\n        properly understand the grammar of Ukrainian.\\n\\n===Classification of vowels===\\nTwo\n        different classifications of [[vowel]]s can be made: a historical perspective\n        and a modern perspective. From a historical perspective, the Ukrainian vowels\n        can be divided into two categories:\\n# Hard vowels (in Cyrillic: \\u0430, \\u0438\n        (from Common Slavic *\\u044b), \\u043e, and \\u0443 or transliterated as ''''a,\n        y (from Common Slavic *y), o,'''' and ''''u''''; )\\n# Soft vowels (in Cyrillic:\n        \\u0435, \\u0456 and \\u0438 (from Common Slavic *\\u0438) or transliterated as\n        ''''e, i'''' and ''''y (from Common Slavic *i)'''').  The [[iotified vowel]]s\n        are considered to be soft vowels\\nFrom a modern perspective, the Ukrainian\n        vowels can be divided into two categories:\\n# Hard Vowels (In Cyrillic: \\u0430,\n        \\u0435, \\u0438, \\u0456, \\u043e, and \\u0443 or transliterated as ''''a, e,\n        y, i, o,'''' and ''''u''''). This category as can be seen from the table is\n        different from the historical hard category\\n# Iotified Vowel (In Cyrillic:\n        \\u044f, \\u0454, \\u0457, and \\u044e or transliterated as ''''ja, je, ji,''''\n        and ''''ju''''). To this category can also be added the combination of letters\n        \\u0439\\u043e/\\u044c\\u043e (transliterated as ''''jo'''')\\n\\n===Classification\n        of consonants===\\nIn Ukrainian, [[consonant]]s can be categorised as follows:\\n*\n        ''''''Labials'''''' (in Cyrillic: \\u0431, \\u0432, \\u043c, \\u043f, and \\u0444\n        or transliterated as ''''b, v, m, p,'''' and ''''f''''): These letters are\n        almost always hard in Ukrainian (there are orthographic exceptions), can never\n        be doubled, nor can they in general be followed by an [[iotified vowel]] (exception:\n        in combinations ''''CL'''' where ''''C'''' is a [[dental consonant|dental]]\n        and ''''L'''' is a [[labial consonant|labial]], a soft vowel can follow, e.g.,\n        svjato/\\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e).\\n* ''''''Post-alveolar sibilants''''''\n        (in Cyrillic: \\u0436, \\u0447, and \\u0448 or transliterated as ''''\\u017e,\n        \\u010d,'''' and ''''\\u0161''''. The digraph \\u0449 (''''\\u0161\\u010d'''')\n        should also be included). These letters were in Common Slavic all [[palatal]]\n        (soft). In Ukrainian, these harden, leading to the creation of the mixed [[declension]]\n        of nouns. None of them can be followed by a soft sign (in Cyrillic: \\u044c;\n        transliterated as apostrophe (\\u2019)) or any iotified vowel. All but the\n        digraph can be doubled, in which case they can be followed by a soft vowel,\n        e.g., ''''zbi\\u017e\\u017eja''''/\\u0437\\u0431\\u0456\\u0436\\u0436\\u044f.\\n* ''''''Dentals''''''\n        (in Cyrillic: \\u0434, \\u0437, \\u043b, \\u043d, \\u0441, \\u0442 and \\u0446 or\n        transliterated as ''''d, z, l, n, s, t,'''' and ''''c''''): In Ukrainian,\n        as in Common Slavic, these letters can be both hard and soft. These letters  can\n        never (unless they are the last letter in a prefix) be followed by an apostrophe.\n        Furthermore, these letters can be doubled.\\n* ''''''Alveolar'''''' (in Cyrillic:\n        \\u0440 or transliterated as ''''r''''): This letter can be either hard or\n        soft. It is always hard at the end of a syllable. Therefore, ''''r'''' is\n        always hard at the end of a word and is never followed by a soft sign. ''''r''''\n        can never be doubled, except in foreign words (such as \\u0441\\u044e\\u0440\\u0440\\u0435\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0437\\u043c).\\n*\n        ''''''Velars'''''' (in Cyrillic: \\u0433, \\u0491, \\u043a, and \\u0445 or transliterated\n        as ''''h, g, k,'''' and ''''x''''): In both Ukrainian and Common Slavic, these\n        letters are always hard. Should they ever be followed by an iotified or soft\n        vowel, then they undergo the first and second palatalisations. Hence, these\n        letters can never be doubled or followed by an apostrophe.\\n\\n===Historical\n        changes===\\nIn the Ukrainian language, the following sound changes have occurred\n        between the [[Proto-Slavic|Common Slavic]] period and current Ukrainian:\\n\\n#\n        In a newly closed [[syllable]], that is, a syllable that ends in a [[consonant]],\n        Common Slavic ''''o'''' and ''''e'''' mutate into ''''i'''' if the next [[vowel]]\n        in Common Slavic was one of the [[yer]]s (''''\\u01d0'''' (\\u044c) or ''''\\u01d4''''\n        (\\u044a)).\\n# [[Pleophony]]: The Common Slavic combinations, ''''ToRT''''\n        and ''''TeRT'''', where ''''T'''' is any consonant and ''''R'''' is either\n        ''''r'''' or ''''l'''' become in Ukrainian\\n## ''''TorT'''' gives ''''ToroT''''\n        (Common Slavic ''''*borda'''' gives Ukrainian ''''boroda'''')\\n## ''''TolT''''\n        gives ''''ToloT'''' (Common Slavic ''''*bolto'''' gives Ukrainian ''''boloto'''')\\n##\n        ''''TerT'''' gives ''''TereT'''' (Common Slavic ''''*berza'''' gives Ukrainian\n        ''''bereza'''')\\n## ''''TelT'''' gives ''''ToloT'''' (Common Slavic ''''*melko''''\n        gives Ukrainian ''''moloko'''')\\n# The Common Slavic nasal vowel ''''\\u0119''''\n        is reflected as ''''ja'''' except after a single [[labial consonant|labial]]\n        where it is reflected as ''''\\u2033ja'''' (\\u2019\\u044f), or after a [[post-alveolar]]\n        sibilant where it is reflected as ''''a.'''' Examples: Common Slavic ''''*p\\u0119t\\u012d''''\n        gives in Ukrainian ''''p\\u2033jat'''''' (\\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c);\n        Common Slavic ''''*tel\\u0119'''' gives in Ukrainian ''''telja''''; and Common\n        Slavic ''''kur\\u010d\\u0119'''' gives in Ukrainian ''''kur\\u010da.'''' This\n        Common Slavic nasal vowel is derived from an Indo-European ''''*-en'''', ''''*-em'''',\n        or one of the [[sonant]]s ''''n'''' and ''''m''''.\\n# The Common Slavic letter,\n        ''''\\u011b'''' (\\u0463), is reflected in Ukrainian generally as ''''i''''\n        except:\\n## word-initially, where it is reflected as ''''ji'''': Common Slavic\n        ''''*\\u011bsti'''' gives the Ukrainian ''''jisty''''\\n## after the post-alveolar\n        sibilants where it is reflected as ''''a'''': Common Slavic ''''*le\\u017e\\u011bti''''\n        gives the Ukrainian ''''le\\u017eaty''''\\n# Common Slavic ''''i'''' and ''''y''''\n        are both reflected in Ukrainian as ''''y''''\\n# The Common Slavic combination\n        ''''-C\\u01d0jV'''', where ''''C'''' is any consonant and ''''V'''' is any\n        vowel, becomes in Ukrainian the following combination ''''-CCjV'''', except\\n##\n        if ''''C'''' is labial or ''r'' where it becomes ''''-C\\\"jV''''\\n## if ''''V''''\n        is the Common Slavic ''''e'''', then the vowel in Ukrainian mutates to ''''a'''',\n        e.g., Common Slavic ''''*\\u017eit\\u012dje'''' gives the Ukrainian ''''\\u017eyttja''''\\n##\n        if ''''V'''' is the Common Slavic ''''\\u012d'''', then the combination becomes\n        ''''ej'''', e.g., genitive plural in Common Slavic ''''*my\\u0161\\u012dj\\u012d''''\n        give in Ukrainian ''''my\\u0161ej''''\\n## if one or more consonants precede\n        the ''C'' then there is no doubling of the consonants in Ukrainian\\n# Common\n        Slavic combinations ''''dl'''' and ''''tl'''' are simplified to ''''l'''',\n        for example, Common Slavic ''''*mydlo'''' gives Ukrainian ''''mylo''''\\n#\n        Common Slavic ''''\\u01d4l'''' ([[voiced]] ''''l\\u0325'''') and ''''\\u01d0l''''\n        (voiced ''''\\u013a\\u0325'''') became ''''ov'''', while word final ''''*l\\u01d4''''\n        became ''''v''''. For example, Common Slavic ''''*v\\u013a\\u0325k\\u01d4''''\n        becomes ''''vovk'''' in Ukrainian\\n\\n===Current changes===\\n# The first [[Palatalization\n        (phonetics)|palatalisation]] concerns the [[velars]] and the following vowels:\n        ''''e,'''' ''''y'''' from Common Slavic ''''i'''', ''''a/i'''' from Common\n        Slavic ''''\\u011b'''', that is derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]]\n        ''''\\u0113'''':\\n## ''''h''''/''''g'''' before these vowels mutates into ''''\\u017e''''\\n##\n        ''''k'''' before these vowels mutates into ''''\\u010d''''\\n## ''''x'''' before\n        these vowels mutates into ''''\\u0161''''\\n# The second palatalisation concerns\n        the velars and the following vowels: ''''y'''' from Common Slavic ''''i''''\n        that is derived from an Indo-European diphthong and ''''a/i'''' from Common\n        Slavic ''''\\u011b'''' that is derived from an Indo-European diphthong:\\n##\n        ''''h''''/''''g'''' before these vowels mutates into ''''z''''\\n## ''''k''''\n        before these vowels mutates into ''''c''''\\n## ''''x'''' before these vowels\n        mutates into ''''s''''\\n# The [[iotification]] concerns all consonants and\n        the semi-vowel ''''j'''' (\\u0439). The following changes occur:\\n## The [[labial\n        consonant|labials]] insert an ''''l'''' between the labial and the [[semivowel]]:\n        Common Slavic ''''*zemja'''' give Ukrainian ''''zemlja''''.\\n## The velars\n        followed by a semivowel mutate as in the first palatalisation. The semivowel\n        is dropped. This change can be traced back to Common Slavic.\\n## ''''ktj''''\n        becomes ''''\\u010d''''\\n## ''''tj'''' becomes ''''\\u010d''''\\n## ''''dj''''\n        becomes ''''\\u017e'''', except in verbs where it becomes ''''d\\u017e''''\\n##\n        ''''sj'''' becomes ''''\\u0161''''\\n## ''''stj'''' and ''''skj'''' become ''''\\u0161\\u010d''''\n        (\\u0449)\\n## ''''zdj'''' and ''''zhj'''' become ''''\\u017ed\\u017e''''\\n##\n        ''''zkj'''' becomes ''''\\u017e\\u010d''''\\n## ''''lj, nj, rj'''' becomes ''''l,\n        n, r'''' (that is, ''''\\u043b\\u044c, \\u043d\\u044c, \\u0440\\u044c'''')\\n# In\n        Ukrainian, when two or more consonants occur word-finally, then a float vowel\n        is inserted under the following conditions.{{cite book|title = A Guide\n        to the Declension of Nouns in Ukrainian |first= T. R. |last=Carlton\\n|publisher\n        = University of Alberta Press|location= Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |year =\n        1972}} Given a consonantal grouping ''''C1(\\u044c)C2(\\u044c)'''',\n        where ''''C'''' is any Ukrainian consonant. The fill vowel is inserted between\n        the two consonants and after the ''''\\u044c''''. A fill vowel is only inserted\n        if ''''C2'''' is one of the following consonants: ''''k, v, l,\n        m, r, n,'''' and ''''c''''. In this case:\\n## If ''''C1'''' is\n        one of the following ''''h, k,'''' or ''''x'''', then the fill vowel is always\n        ''''o''''\\n## If ''''C2'''' is ''''k'''' or ''''v'''', then the\n        fill vowel is ''''o''''. No fill vowel is inserted if the ''''v'''' is derived\n        from a [[voiced]] ''''l'''', for example, ''''vovk''''\\n## If ''''C2''''\n        is ''''l, m, r,'''' or ''''c'''', then the fill vowel is ''''e''''\\n## The\n        only known exception is ''''vid\\u2032om'''', which should take ''''e'''' as\n        the fill vowel, but instead adds an ''''o''''.\\n## The combinations, ''''-stv''''\n        and ''''-s\\u2032k'''' are not broken up\\n## If the ''''C1'''' is\n        ''''j'''' (\\u0439), then the above rules can apply. However, both forms (with\n        and without the fill vowel) often exist\\n\\n===Assimilation===\\nThe following\n        [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilations]] occur:\\n*Before the \\u0441 of\n        a suffix (-\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 or -\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e)\\n**If\n        the root ends in \\u0433(\\u0491), \\u0436, or \\u0437, then it mutates to \\u0437\n        and the \\u0441 of the suffix is lost.\\n**If the root ends in \\u043a, \\u0447,\n        or \\u0446, then it mutates to \\u0446 and the \\u0441 of the suffix is lost.\\n**If\n        the root ends in \\u0445, \\u0441, or \\u0448, then it mutates to \\u0441 and\n        the \\u0441 of the suffix is lost (or the last letter of the root drops out).\\n*The\n        following combinations of letters are changes:\\n**{\\u0436, \\u0437} + \\u0434\\u043d\n        is contracted to {\\u0436, \\u0437} + \\u043d.\\n**\\u0441\\u0442 + {\\u043b, \\u043d}\n        is contracted to \\u0441 + {\\u043b, \\u043d}.\\n**{\\u043f, \\u0440} + \\u0442\\u043d\n        is contracted to {\\u043f, \\u0440} + \\u043d.\\n**{\\u0441, \\u043a} + \\u043a\\u043d\n        is contracted to {\\u0441, \\u043a} + \\u043d.\\n\\n===Dissimilation===\\nThe most\n        common [[dissimilation]] is encountered in the infinitive of verbs, where\n        {\\u0434, \\u0442} + \\u0442 dissimilates to \\u0441\\u0442, for example, \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\n        + \\u0442\\u0438 gives \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 and \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\n        + \\u0442\\u0438 gives \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438.\\n\\n==Morphology==\\n\\n===Nominal===\\n\\n====Nouns====\\nThe\n        nominal [[declension]] has seven [[declension|cases]] ([[nominative]], [[genitive]],\n        [[Dative case|dative]], [[Accusative case|accusative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]],\n        [[locative case|locative]], and [[vocative]]), in two numbers ([[Grammatical\n        number|singular]] and [[plural]]), and absolutely obeying [[grammatical gender]]\n        (masculine, feminine and neuter). Adjectives, pronouns, and the first two\n        cardinal numbers have gender specific forms.\\n\\nA third number, the [[Dual\n        grammatical number|dual]], also existed in [[Old Ruthenian|Old East Slavic]],\n        but except for its use in the nominative and accusative cases with the numbers\n        two, three and four, e.g. ''''''dvi hryvni''''''/''''''\\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456'''''' vs. ''''''dvoje hryven'' ''''''/''''''\\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c'''''' (recategorised today as a\n        nominative plural), it has been lost. Other traces of the dual can be found\n        when referring to objects of which there are commonly two: eyes, shoulders,\n        ears, ''''e.g.'''' ''''ple\\u010dyma''''. Occasionally, dual forms can distinguish\n        between meanings.\\n\\nIn Ukrainian, there are 4 declension types. The first\n        declension is used for most feminine nouns. The second declension is used\n        for most masculine and neuter nouns. The third declension is used for feminine\n        nouns ending in ''''''\\u044c'''''' or a post-alveolar sibilant. The fourth\n        declension is used for neuter nouns ending in ''''''\\u044f/\\u0430'''''' (Common\n        Slavic ''''*\\u0119'''').\\n\\nMost of the types consist of 3 different subgroups:\n        hard, mixed, and soft. The soft subgroup consists of nouns whose roots end\n        in a soft letter (followed by iotified vowel or soft vowel). The mixed subgroup\n        consists of the nouns whose roots end in a post-alveolar sibilant or occasionally\n        ''''r''''. The hard group consists of all other nouns.\\n\\nIf the hard group\n        endings are taken as the basis, then the following rules can be used to derive\n        the corresponding mixed and soft endings:\\n*Mixed subgroup\\n*# All o following\n        a post-alveolar sibilant change to e.\\n*# All \\u0438 following a post-alveolar\n        sibilant change to i.\\n*Soft subgroup: Whenever a soft sign or the semi-vowel\n        encounters the vowel of the ending, the following changes occur (These are\n        mainly orthographic changes, but same can be traced to similar changes in\n        Common Slavic):\\n*# \\u044c\\u0430 and \\u0439\\u0430 gives \\u044f\\n*# \\u044c\\u043e\n        gives \\u0435\\n*# \\u0439\\u0435 gives \\u0454\\n*# \\u044c\\u0438 gives \\u0456\\n*#\n        \\u0439\\u0438 gives \\u0457\\n*# \\u044c\\u0443 and \\u0439\\u0443 gives \\u044e\\n*#\n        \\u044c\\u0456  gives \\u0456\\n*# \\u0439\\u0456 gives \\u0457\\n\\nNouns ending in\n        a consonant are marked in the following tables with \\u2205 (thus no ending).\\n\\n=====First\n        declension=====\\n\\nThis declension consists of nouns that end in \\u0430 or\n        \\u044f. It consists primarily of feminine nouns, but a few nouns with these\n        ending referring to professions can be either masculine or feminine. In these\n        cases, the genitive plural is often formed by adding -\\u0456\\u0432. Nouns\n        referring to people can also take this ending.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n|+\n        ''''''First declension: Feminine nouns''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || -\\u0430  || -\\u0430 || -\\u044f  || -\\u044f \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || -\\u0438  ||  -\\u0456 || -\\u0456  || -\\u0457 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        (1) || -\\u0456  || -\\u0456  || -\\u0456   || -\\u0457 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative''''''\n        || -\\u0443  || -\\u0443  || -\\u044e  || -\\u044e\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental''''''\n        || -\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0435\\u044e || -\\u0435\\u044e ||   -\\u0454\\u044e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (1) || -\\u0456  || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0457\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative''''''  || -\\u043e  || -\\u0435 || -\\u0435 || -\\u0454 \\n|-\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n! \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed\n        \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0438  || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456  || -\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' (2)\n        || \\u2205   || \\u2205   || -\\u044c  || -\\u0439\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0430\\u043c  || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c ||-\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative''''''\n        (3) || -\\u0438 /\\u2205   ||    -\\u0456 / \\u2205  ||   -\\u0456 /-\\u044c  ||     -\\u0457\n        / -\\u0439\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative''''''\n        || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative'''''' || -\\u0438  ||   -\\u0456 ||  -\\u0456 || -\\u0457\\n|}\\n\\n*(1)\n        A velar consonant undergoes the appropriate second palatalisation changes\\n*(2)\n        If two or more consonants are left at the end of the word, then a fill vowel\n        may be inserted.\\n*(3) The genitive form is used for all animate nouns, while\n        inanimate nouns take the nominative form.\\n\\n\\n=====Second declension=====\\nThe second\n        declension consists of masculine and neuter nouns.\\n\\n''''''Masculine nouns'''''':\n        This group consists primarily of nouns, which end in a consonant, a soft sign,\n        \\u044c, or \\u0439. In the masculine declension, nouns that end in \\u0440 can\n        belong to any of the three declension subgroups: hard, mixed, and soft. There\n        is no way of knowing from the nominative form, to which group the noun belongs.\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Second declension: Masculine nouns''''''\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n! \\n! Hard\\n!\n        Mixed \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' ||\n        \\u2205 || \\u2205  || -\\u044c /\\u2205 (1) || -\\u0439 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        (2) || -\\u0430 / -\\u0443 || -\\u0430 / -\\u0443 || -\\u044f / -\\u044e || -\\u044f\n        / -\\u044e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' (3) || -\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u0443 ||\n        -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u0443 ||  -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u044e ||  -\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456/-\\u044e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' (4) || \\u2205 / -\\u0430  || \\u2205 /-\\u0430 || -\\u044c\n        / -\\u044f || -\\u0439 / -\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u043e\\u043c\n        || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u0454\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative''''''\n        (5) || -\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0456/ -\\u0443 || -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0456\n        || -\\u0435\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0456 ||   -\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 /-\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        (6) || -\\u0443/-\\u0435 || -\\u0435/ -\\u0443 || -\\u044e || -\\u044e\\n|-\\n| ||\n        colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n! \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed\n        \\n! Soft (\\u044c)\\n! Soft (\\u0439) \\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0438 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0457 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0456\\u0432\n        || -\\u0456\\u0432 || -\\u0456\\u0432 / -\\u0435\\u0439 (7) || -\\u0457\\u0432 \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u0430\\u043c  || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c ||-\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' (8) || -\\u0438/ -\\u0456\\u0432    ||   -\\u0456 / -\\u0456\\u0432   ||  -\\u0456\n        / -\\u0456\\u0432  ||     -\\u0457 / -\\u0457\\u0432\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental''''''\n        || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445 ||\n        -\\u044f\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative'''''' || -\\u0438  ||   -\\u0456 ||  -\\u0456\n        || -\\u0457\\n|}\\n                   \\nNotes:\\n*(1) Only with soft nouns ending\n        in \\u0440.\\n*(2) The ending to be used depends on the nature of the noun.\n        The following rules are given in ''''''Ukrainian Orthography'''''':{{cite\n        book|title = \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\n|edition = 4th|publisher\n        = \\u041d\\u0430\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\n        (Naukova Dumka)|location= Kiev, Ukraine|year = 1993}}\\n**Use the ending\n        -\\u0430 with\\n**# Names of professions, people\\u2019s names (first and last)\\n**#\n        Names of plants and animals\\n**# Names of objects\\n**# Names of settlements\n        and geographic places\\n**# Names of measuring units\\n**# Names of machines\\n**#\n        Words of foreign origin, which describe geometric parts, concrete objects.\\n**Use\n        the ending -\\u0443 with\\n**# Chemical elements, materials (note a few exceptions)\\n**#\n        Collective nouns\\n**# Names of buildings and their parts\\n**# Names of organisations\n        and their places\\n**# Natural phenomena\\n**# Feelings\\n**# Names of processes,\n        states, phenomena of social life (both concrete and abstract)\\n**# Names of\n        foreign origin that denote physical or chemical processes\\n**# Names of games\n        and dances\\n*(3) The ending in -\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 is preferred.\\n*(4) The\n        accusative case for animate nouns is identical to the genitive case; for inanimate\n        nouns, it is identical to the nominative.\\n*(5) In order to avoid the palatalisation,\n        velar root nouns take the -\\u0443 ending. The other forms are all acceptable.\n        Nouns that take the -\\u0456 ending undergo the first palatalisation.\\n*(6)\n        If the ending -\\u0435 is used, then the first palatalisation occurs. However,\n        it can be avoided by using the -\\u0443 form.\\n*(7) The second ending occurs\n        is a small group of nouns.\\n*(8) The genitive form is used with animate objects,\n        while inanimate objects take the nominative forms.\\n\\n''''''Neuter nouns''''''\\nIn\n        this category belong neuter nouns ending in \\u043e, \\u0435, and those substantives\n        ending in \\u044f, preceded by either a double consonant, apostrophe, or two\n        consonants, which primarily are derived from verbs. This last category once\n        did end in ''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''', but due to the sound change given above\n        developed an \\u044f ending.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n|+ ''''''Second\n        declension: Neuter nouns''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed \\n! Soft\\n! Soft (''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''')\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || -\\u043e || -\\u0435  || -\\u0435 || -\\u044f \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430 || -\\u044f || -\\u044f \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0443 || -\\u0443 || -\\u044e || -\\u044e\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' ||\n        -\\u043e || -\\u0435 || -\\u0435 || -\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u043e\\u043c || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u0435\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative\n        (1)'''''' || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        || -\\u043e || -\\u0435 || -\\u0435 ||-\\u044f\\n|-\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        \\n! Hard\\n! Mixed \\n! Soft\\n! Soft (''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''')\\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430  || -\\u044f || -\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' ||\n        \\u2205 || \\u2205 || -\\u044c || -\\u044c / \\u2205 (2) \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u0430\\u043c || -\\u044f\\u043c|| -\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430  || -\\u044f || -\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 ||\n        -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative'''''' ||\n        -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445 || -\\u044f\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        || -\\u0430 || -\\u0430  || -\\u044f || -\\u044f\\n|}\\n\\n*(1) As necessary, the\n        second palatalisation occurs, except for the ''''*\\u012dj\\u0435'''' nouns.\\n*(2)\n        The double consonant is made single if the \\u044c is used. However, if a post-alveolar\n        sibilant is the last consonant, then no \\u044c is used, but a single consonant\n        is also written. For a labial final consonant, the ending is -\\u2019\\u0457\\u0432.\n        Finally, monosyllabic nouns take the ending -\\u0456\\u0432. If two or more\n        consonants appear word finally, then it is possible that a fill vowel must\n        be inserted.\\n\\n=====Third declension=====\\nThis declension consists solely\n        of feminine nouns that end in a consonant. This declension has only 2 subgroups:\n        a mixed and soft group.\\n\\n{| align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Third\n        declension''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n!\n        Soft\\n! Mixed\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u044c || \\u2205 \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0456    ||     -\\u0456 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        ||  -\\u0456    ||     -\\u0456 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' || -\\u044c ||\n        \\u2205 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' (1) || -\\u044e  ||  -\\u044e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative'''''' ||  -e\n        || -e\\n|-\\n| || colspan=\\\"4\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n!\n        Soft\\n! Mixed\\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0435\\u0439     ||    -\\u0435\\u0439 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        || -\\u044f\\u043c|| -\\u0430\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' ||  -\\u0456\n        || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u044f\\u043c\\u0438 || -\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || -\\u044f\\u0445 || -\\u0430\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Vocative''''''\n        ||  -\\u0456 || -\\u0456\\n|}\\n\\n*(1) Since this ending is derived from the Common\n        Slavic ending ''''*-\\u012dj\\u01eb'''', doubling of the consonant occurs as\n        per the rules outlined above. Furthermore, if in the nominative form the noun\n        has an -\\u0456 for an -\\u043e, then so will the instrumental form, for example,\n        \\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u0447\\u044e (instrumental singular) and \\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\n        (nominative singular)\\n\\n=====Fourth declension=====\\nThis declension consists\n        of solely neuter nouns that are derived from Common Slavic ''''*\\u0119''''.\n        There are two subgroups: those with an \\u043d insert, and those with a \\u0442\n        insert.\\n\\n{| align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Fourth declension''''''\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! (''''''\\u043d'''''')\\n!\n        (''''''\\u0442'''''')\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\n        || \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456    ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456   ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f   ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Instrumental'''''' (1) || \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456  ||  \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative'''''' ||  \\u0456\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f    ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! (''''''\\u043d'''''')\\n!\n        (''''''\\u0442'''''')\\n|-  \\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430   ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d     ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' ||  \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430  ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\n        (\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442)\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438  ||   \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445  ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Vocative'''''' || \\u0456\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430   ||    \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u0430\\n|}\\n\\n====Adjectives====\\nUkrainian\n        adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.\\n\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, there exist a small number of adjectives, primarily possessives,\n        which exist in the masculine in the so-called ''''short'''' form. This \\\"short\\\"\n        form is a relic of the indefinite declension of adjectives in Common Slavic.\n        Common examples of this anomalous declension are ''''\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d''''\n        (masculine) compared to ''''\\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430'''' (feminine);\n        ''''\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432'''' (masculine) compared to ''''\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430''''\n        (feminine); and ''''\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d'''' (masculine)\n        compared to ''''\\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430''''. This ''''short''''\n        form only exists in the masculine nominative form. All other forms are regular.\\n\\n=====Declension=====\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, there are 2 different declension types: hard and soft. The soft\n        type can be further subdivided into two types. Unlike for the nouns, the post-alveolar\n        sibilants are counted as hard. There also exists a special mixed declension\n        for adjectives ending in -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439. These adjectives\n        are derived from the noun \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435, describing types of faces,\n        for example, \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439.\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Hard Declension (-\\u0438\\u0439)\n        of Adjectives''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''||\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! Masculine\\n!\n        Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0438\\u0439        ||    -\\u0435        ||   -\\u0430\n        || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u0438\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u0438\\u0439 / -\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u0435\n        ||    -\\u0443 || -\\u0456 / -\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u0438\\u043c      ||      -\\u0438\\u043c ||       -\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u0456\\u043c / -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u0456\\u043c\n        / -\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u0456\\u0439 || -\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n{| align=center\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Soft Declension (-\\u0456\\u0439) of Adjectives''''''\\n|\n        || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''|| rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n!\n        Masculine\\n! Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0456\\u0439        ||    -\\u0454        ||   -\\u044f\n        || -\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u0456\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u0456\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u0456\\u0439 / -\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u0454\n        ||    -\\u044e || -\\u0456 / -\\u0456\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u0456\\u043c      ||      -\\u0456\\u043c ||       -\\u044c\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0456\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u0456\\u043c / -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u0456\\u043c\n        / -\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u0456\\u0439 || -\\u0456\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Soft Declension (-\\u0457\\u0439)\n        of Adjectives''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''||\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! Masculine\\n!\n        Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u0457\\u0439        ||    -\\u0454        ||   -\\u044f\n        || -\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u0457\\u0439\n        || -\\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u0457\\u0439 / -\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u0454\n        ||    -\\u044e || -\\u0457 / -\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' ||\n        -\\u0457\\u043c      ||      -\\u0457\\u043c ||       -\\u0439\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u0457\\u043c / -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u0457\\u043c\n        / -\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u0457\\u0439 || -\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        align=center class=\\\"wikitable\\\" \\n|+ ''''''Mixed Declension (-\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439)\n        of Adjectives''''''\\n| || colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Singular''''''||\n        rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Plural''''''\\n|-\\n!  \\n! Masculine\\n!\n        Neuter\\n! Feminine\\n|- \\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439        ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435        ||   -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e      ||     -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e     ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0457\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443       ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443    ||     -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' (1) || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\n        / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e   ||  -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435\n        ||    -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044e || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456 / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Instrumental'''''' || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c      ||      -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\n        ||       -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u044e || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' (2) || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u043c / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443   ||  -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u043c\n        / -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||  -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\n        || -\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\nNote about the declensions:\\n\\n*(1)\n        In the accusative case (except the feminine singular), a difference is made\n        between animate (=genitive) and inanimate (=nominative) adjectives.\\n*(2)\n        The ending in ''''-\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443'''' is more often encountered. The other\n        form is a relic of the indefinite declension of adjectives in Common Slavic.\\n\\n=====Other\n        forms of the adjective=====\\nIn Ukrainian adjectives also have a comparative\n        and superlative forms.\\n\\nThe [[Comparison (grammar)|comparative]] form is\n        created by dropping ''''\\u0438\\u0439'''' and adding the ending ''''-(\\u0456)\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        The resulting form is declined like a regular hard stem adjective. As usual,\n        some adjectives have irregular forms.\\n\\nThe [[superlative]] form is created\n        by prefixing ''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439-'''' to the comparative form. Words associated\n        with religion often prefix ''''\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435-'''' (very) to the comparative\n        form. As usual, some adjectives have irregular forms.\\n\\n====Adverbs====\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, [[adverbs]] are formed by taking the stem of the adjective (that\n        is dropping the ''''\\u2212\\u0430'''' from the feminine nominative singular\n        form; forms ending in \\u2212\\u044f are replaced by ''''\\u2212\\u044c\\u0430''''\n        (after consonants) or ''''\\u2212\\u0439\\u0430'''' (after vowels), before dropping\n        the ''''\\u2212\\u0430''''.) and adding the ending\\n* ''''-\\u043e'''', is the\n        general ending,\\n* ''''-\\u0435'''', can be used for some stems that are hard\n        (no \\u044c or \\u0439 at the end), for example, ''''\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435''''\n        from ''''\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439''''. This is very common for\n        the comparative form of the adjective.\\n\\nFor example, ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''\n        gives ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e''''. The comparative and superlative\n        forms of an adverb are formed by taking the corresponding form of the adjective\n        and replacing ''''\\u2212\\u0438\\u0439'''' by ''''-\\u0435'''', for example,\n        ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435'''' from ''''\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\nAdverbs\n        can also be derived from the locative or instrumental singular of a noun,\n        for example, ''''\\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456'''' (from \\u0432\n        plus the locative of \\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430), ''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456''''\n        (from \\u043d\\u0430 plus the locative of \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430).\\n\\n====Pronouns====\\n\\n=====Personal\n        pronouns=====\\nThe personal pronouns are declined as follows.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=center\\n!\\n! 1st sing\\n! 2nd sing\\n! 3rd sing masc\\n! 3rd sing fem\\n!\n        3rd sing neut\\n! 1st pl\\n! 2nd pl\\n! 3rd pl\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative''''''\n        || \\u044f || \\u0442\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u043d || \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\n        || \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e || \\u043c\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435\n        || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e / \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0457\\u0457\n        / \\u043d\\u0435\\u0457 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e / \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u0457\\u0445 / \\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456 || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\n        || \\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0457\\u0439 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 ||\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0432\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative''''''\n        || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0457\\u0457 || \\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0441\n        || \\u0457\\u0445 / \\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u044e || \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c || \\u043d\\u0435\\u044e\n        || \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c || \\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        || \\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0456||\n        \\u0442\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456 || \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 / \\u043d\\u0456\\u043c\n        || \\u043d\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u043d\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 / \\u043d\\u0456\\u043c\n        || \\u043d\\u0430c || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0441 || \\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\n=====Demonstrative\n        pronouns=====\\nThe demonstrative pronoun, ''''''\\u0442\\u043e\\u0439'''''',\n        is declined as follows.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n!\\n! masculine\\n!\n        neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0430 || \\u0442\\u0456 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0454\\u0457\n        || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or G'''' || \\u0442\\u0435 || \\u0442\\u0443 ||\n        ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\n        || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0454\\u044e || \\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative''''''\n        || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 / \\u0442\\u0456\\u043c || \\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        / \\u0442\\u0456\\u043c  || \\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\n=====Possessive\n        pronouns=====\\nThe first (''''''\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439'''''') and second person\n        (''''''\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439'''''') singular possessive pronouns are declined\n        similarly as can be seen from the table below.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n!\\n!\n        masculine\\n! neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n!width=32px |\\n! masculine\\n! neuter\\n!\n        feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u043c\\u0456\\u0439 ||\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u044f || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457 ||  || \\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u044f || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u0457 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445 ||  || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u0457 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c ||  || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or\n        G'''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u044e || ''''N or G'''' || ||\n        ''''N or G'''' || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u044e ||\n        ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u044e || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\n        || || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c ||\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u044e || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439 || \\u043c\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445 || || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0439\n        || \\u043e \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\nThe first (''''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u0448'''''')\n        and second (''''''\\u0432\\u0430\\u0448'''''') person plural possessive pronouns\n        are declined as below. The masculine nominative forms are the ''''short''''\n        forms.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n!\\n! masculine\\n! neuter\\n!\n        feminine\\n! plural\\n!width=32px |\\n! masculine\\n! neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 ||\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0430 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456 || || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0430 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Genitive'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0457 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 || ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u0457 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Dative'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c || ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or G'''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0443\n        || ''''N or G'''' || || ''''N or G'''' || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0435 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0443\n        || ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u044e || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\n        || || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u044e || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 || ||\n        \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0456\\u0439 || \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        third person plural possessive pronoun, ''''''\\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0439'''''',\n        is declined as a normal soft adjective.\\n\\n=====Interrogative pronouns=====\\nThe\n        interrogative pronouns, ''''''\\u0445\\u0442\\u043e'''''' and ''''''\\u0449\\u043e'''''',\n        are declined as follows.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n! Nom.\\n!\n        Gen.\\n! Dat.\\n! Acc.\\n! Inst.\\n! Loc.\\n|-\\n| \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e || \\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u043a\\u0438\\u043c\n        || \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n|-\\n| \\u0449\\u043e || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0449\\u043e || \\u0447\\u0438\\u043c || \\u0447\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        interrogative pronoun, ''''''\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439'''''', is declined as given\n        in the table below.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=center\\n! \\n! masculine\\n!\n        neuter\\n! feminine\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''Nominative'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u044f || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\n|-\\n| ''''''Genitive''''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u0457 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0445\\n|-\\n| ''''''Dative''''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0439\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c\\n|-\\n| ''''''Accusative'''''' || ''''N or G''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u044e || ''''N or G''''\\n|-\\n| ''''''Instrumental''''''\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0454\\u044e\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u043c\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Locative'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0439 || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0457\\u0445\\n|}\\n\\n====Numbers====\\n(The\n        \\\"Counting\\\" column corresponds to English once, twice, thrice, four times,\n        etc.)\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n! Symbol\\n! Cardinal\\n! Ordinal\\n!\n        Counting\\n|-\\n| 0 || \\u043d\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c || \\u043d\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        ||  --\\n|-\\n| 1 || \\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d, \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430, \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435  ||\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\n|-\\n| 2 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456  || \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\\u0447\\u0456\n        \\n|-\\n| 3 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438  || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u0439 ||\n        \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0447\\u0456\\n|-\\n| 4|| \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438  ||\n        \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0438\\n|-\\n| 5 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c  || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 6\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c  || \\u0448\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 7  ||\n        \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c || \\u0441\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432  \\n|-\\n| 8 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\n        ||\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439|| \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 9 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        ||\\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 10 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| teens (1) || cardinal+\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || cardinal+\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || cardinal+\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n| 20 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 21 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437   \\n|-\\n| 30 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 40 ||\\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\n        || \\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 50 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        ||  \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 ||  \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 60 || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 70 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| 80 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\n        || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0434\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n|\n        90 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n|\n        100 || \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e || \\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432  \\n|-\\n| 200 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\n        || \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0445\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0434\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n| 300 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        || \\u0442\\u0440\\u044c\\u043e\\u0445\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 || \\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n| 400 || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u044c\\u043e\\u0445\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 500 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 600 || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0448\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0448\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 700 || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0441\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|-\\n|\n        800 || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043c\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 900 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0432\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\n|-\\n| 1000 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430 || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        || \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0456\\u0432 \\n|}\\n\\nComments:\\n*(1)\n        Any soft signs are dropped if they occur word finally in the original cardinal\n        number.\\n*(2) This is a dual construction.\\n*(3) This is a plural nominative\n        construction.\\n*(4) This is the genitive plural construction (All hundreds\n        after 500 are so created.).\\n\\nIn general, the following rules are used to\n        determine agreement between the cardinal number and a noun. In the nominative\n        case, the nouns agree with the last number in any compound number. Nouns that\n        must agree with a number ending in 2, 3, or 4 are in the nominative plural,\n        but retain the stress of the dual, that is the genitive singular. Nouns, which\n        must agree with a number ending in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, and all the teens are\n        in the genitive plural. In any other case, the nouns and numbers are in the\n        same case.\\n\\n===Verbs===\\n[[Grammatical conjugation]] is subject to three\n        [[Grammatical person|persons]] in two numbers and three simple [[Grammatical\n        tense|tenses]] (present/future, future, and past), with [[periphrasis|periphrastic]]\n        forms for the future and [[Conditional mood|Conditional]], as well as [[Imperative\n        mood|imperative]] forms and present/past [[participle]]s, distinguished by\n        [[adjective|adjectival]] and [[adverb]]ial usage.  There are two [[grammatical\n        voice|voices]], [[active voice|active]] and [[middle voice|middle]]/[[passive\n        voice|passive]], which is constructed by the addition of a reflexive [[suffix]]\n        ''''''-\\u0441\\u044f/\\u0441\\u044c'''''' to the active form.  An interesting\n        feature is that the past tense is actually made to agree in gender with the\n        [[Subject (grammar)|subject]], for it is the [[participle]] in an originally\n        periphrastic [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]] formed with the present of ''''''\\u0431\\u044b\\u0442\\u044c''''''\n        (modern: ''''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''''') {{IPA|/b\\u0268t\\u02b2/}},\\\"to\n        be.\\\" Verbal inflection today is considerably simpler than in Common Slavic.\n        The ancient [[aorist]], [[imperfect]], and (periphrastic) [[pluperfect]] have\n        been lost. The loss of three of the former six tenses has been offset by the\n        reliance, as in other Slavic languages, on verbal [[grammatical aspect|aspect]].  Most\n        verbs come in pairs, one with [[imperfective aspect|imperfective]] or continuous\n        connotation, the other with [[perfective aspect|perfective]] or completed,\n        usually formed with a (prepositional) prefix, but occasionally using a different\n        root.\\n\\nThe present tense of the verb ''''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''''',\n        \\\"[[copula (linguistics)|to be]]\\\", today normally has the form, ''''\\u0454''''\n        used for all persons and numbers. Previously (before 1500) and occasionally\n        in liturgical settings, aspects of the full conjugation, can be found. The\n        paradigm shows as well as anything else the Indo-European affinity of Ukrainian:\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!English\\n!Ukrainian\\n!IPA\\n!Latin\\n![[Proto-Indo-European\n        language|PIE]]\\n|-\\n|\\\"I am\\\"||\\u044f \\u0454\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u0438*||{{IPA|/(je)sm\\u026a/}}||sum||''''\\u00e9\\u01f5h\\u2082om\n        H\\u2081\\u00e9smi''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"you are\\\" (sing.)||\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0454\\u0441\\u0438\n        ||{{IPA|/(je)s\\u026a/}}|| es||''''t\\u00fah\\u2082 H\\u2081\\u00e9si''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"he,\n        she, it is\\\"||\\u0432\\u0456\\u043d, \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430, \\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0454||{{IPA|/jest\\u02b2, je/}}||est||''''kh\\u012b\n        H\\u2081\\u00e9sti''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"we are\\\"||\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0454\\u0441\\u044c\\u043c\\u043e*||{{IPA|/jesm\\u0268/}}||sumus||''''w\\u00e9y\n        H\\u2081sm\\u00e9s''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"you are\\\" (plur.)||\\u0432\\u0438 \\u0454\\u0441\\u044c\\u0442\\u0435*||{{IPA|/jeste/}}||estis||''''ju\n        H\\u2081ste''''\\n|-\\n|\\\"they are\\\"||\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c*\n        ||{{IPA|/sut\\u02b2/}}||sunt||''''t\\u014d H\\u2081s\\u00f3nti''''\\n|}\\n\\nNote:\n        Ukrainian forms followed by * are considered archaic in Standard Ukrainian\n        (albeit those are still used in dialects) and are replaced by \\u0454. In the\n        present tense, the verb ''''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''''' is often omitted\n        (or replaced by a dash \\\"\\u2014\\\" in writing), for example, \\u042f \\u2014\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442.\\n\\n====Classification of verbs====\\nThere\n        exist two different classification of verbs: traditional and historical/linguistic.\\n\\nThe\n        traditional classification of verbs subdivides the verbs into two categories\n        based on the form of the 3rd person singular present indicative form of the\n        verb.\\n# The ''''\\u0435'''' stems, which have the ending ''''-\\u0435'''' or\n        ''''-\\u0454'''' in the 3rd person singular.\\n# The ''''\\u0438'''' stems, which\n        have the ending ''''-\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c'''' in the 3rd person singular.\\n\\nThe\n        historical/linguistic classification of verbs subdivides the verbs into 5\n        categories. Classes 1,2 and 3 correspond to the ''''\\u0435'''' stems of the\n        traditional classification, while class 4 corresponds to the ''''\\u0438''''\n        stems. Class 5 consists of the athematic verbs.\\n{{cite book|title =\n        Introduction to Slavonic Languages |first=R. G. A. |last= De Bray |location=\n        London|year = 1951}}\\n\\n# Class 1: Stems in ''''-\\u0435''''\\n#* The\n        same stem in the Present and the Infinitive\\n#** The same consonantal stem\n        (the last three examples do not quite resemble the first example or the classification\n        name due to various sound changes (palatalisation) in Ukrainian):\\n#**** \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\n#**** \\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\n#****\n        \\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0443\\u043c\\u0440\\u0435\\n#**** \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\\n#** The same vowel stem\\n#**** \\u043f\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u043f\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\n#* Infinitive in ''''-\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438''''\\n#**\n        Consonantal stem\\n#*** \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\n#**\n        Vowel stems\\n#*** \\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0440\\u0432\\u0435\\n# Class\n        2: \\\"n\\\" verbs (mostly perfective verbs)\\n#* \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0435\\n# Class 3: Presents in ''''\\u0454''''\n        (undergo changes associated with iotification)\\n#* Primary verbs\\n#** Same\n        stem in the Present and Infinitive\\n#*** Same vowel stem\\n#**** \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0454\\n#*** Same consonantal stem (these stem often have\n        a pleophonic form for the infinitive)\\n#**** \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        (Common Slavic ''''*melti'''') / \\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435 (\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044e)\\n#****\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 (Common Slavic ''''*polti'''') / \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\n        (\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e)\\n#** Infinitive in ''''-\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438''''\\n#***\n        Same vowel stem (-\\u044f)\\n#**** \\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0441\\u0456\\u0454\\n#***\n        Same consonantal stem\\n#**** \\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        (\\u043e\\u0440\\u044e)\\n#*** Stems that undergo the changes associated with\n        the doubling of the consonants (the result is slightly regularised in that\n        ''''-\\u012dje'''' does not mutate into ''''-\\u044f'''' as would be expected)\\n#****\n        \\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438: \\u0431\\u2019\\u044e, \\u0431\\u2019\\u0454\\u0448 ...\n        (Common Slavic: ''''*biti: b\\u012dj\\u01eb, b\\u012dje\\u0161\\u012d ...'''')\\n#****\n        \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n#**** \\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438: \\u043b\\u043b\\u044e,\n        \\u043b\\u043b\\u0454\\u0448 ...\\n#* Derived Verbs (all vowel stems)\\n#** ''''a''''-stems\\n#***\n        \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0454\\n#**\n        ''''\\u011b''''-stems\\n#*** \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0456\\u0454\\n#**\n        ''''uva''''-stems\\n#*** \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 /\n        \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0454\\n# Class 4: ''''i''''-stems in the Present\n        (undergo changes associated with iotification)\\n#* ''''i''''-stems in both\n        the Present and Infinitive\\n#** \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        / \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\\n#* ''''\\u011b''''-stems\\n#***\n        \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\\n#***\n        \\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 / \\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\\n#\n        Class 5: Athematic Verbs (''''-m'''' presents)\\n#* \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n#*\n        \\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n#* -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n#* \\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\n\\n====Voices====\\nUkrainian\n        had 2 voices: (1) [[active voice]] and (2) [[passive voice]]. The active voice\n        is the only voice with a complete set of conjugations. The active voice, in\n        general, shows a direct effect of the verb on its subject.\\n\\n====Indicative\n        active mood====\\nThe [[indicative mood]] is used to describe events, which\n        have occurred, are occurring, or will occur. In Ukrainian, the indicative\n        mood contains the present, future, and past tenses.\\n\\n=====Present tense=====\\nHistorically,\n        this is derived from the Indo-European present tense. In Common Slavic and\n        later Ukrainian, it retained its present meaning only for imperfective verbs\n        and developed a future meaning for perfective verbs.\\n\\nFor the ''''\\u0435''''\n        stems (Classes 1, 2, and 3), the endings are:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+\n        ''''''\\u0435 stem endings''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First\n        Person'''''' || -\\u0443 / -\\u044e || -\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0454\\u043c\\u043e\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u0435\\u0448 / -\\u0454\\u0448 ||-\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\n        / -\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u0435 / -\\u0454\n        || -\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c / -\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\nAll verbs whose roots\n        end in a velar undergo the first palatalisation in all forms of the present\n        (even though historically speaking the first person singular should not).\n        The endings in ''''\\u0454'''' are used for roots whose stem ends in a vowel.\n        All verbs in Class 3 and those that end in a vowel use ''''-\\u044e'''' and\n        ''''-\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c''''. Furthermore, Class 3 verbs undergo iotification\n        in those forms that use ''''-\\u044e-''''. For reflexive verbs, in the third\n        person singular, the ending has its historical ''''-\\u0442\\u044c'''' restored\n        before the participle ''''-\\u0441\\u044f / -\\u0441\\u044c'''' is affixed. Thus,\n        the ending becomes ''''-\\u0435\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f''''.\\n\\nFor the ''''\\u0438''''\n        stems (Class 4), the endings are:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+\n        ''''''\\u0438 stem endings''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First\n        Person'''''' ||  -\\u044e / (-\\u0443) || -\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0457\\u043c\\u043e\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u0438\\u0448 / -\\u0457\\u0448 ||-\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\n        / -\\u0457\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        / -\\u0457\\u0442\\u044c || -\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c / -\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\nAll\n        Class 4 verbs undergo iotification in the first person singular. Thus, there\n        is really only one ending, which due to orthographic reasons is given 2 different\n        forms. Verbs ending in a vowel take the endings in the second column. In the\n        third person plural, verbs ending in a labial insert an ''''\\u043b'''' before\n        the ending, ''''-\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c''''. The ending ''''-\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c''''\n        is used after the sibilants ''''\\u0436, \\u0448, \\u0449'''', or ''''\\u0447''''.\\n\\n======Examples======\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (stem: \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441-) (Class 1 verb)''''''\\n''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443 ||\n        I am carrying || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e || We are carrying \\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u0448 || You (sing.)\n        are carrying || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 || You (pl.)  are carrying\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435 || He/She/It\n        is carrying || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c || They are carrying\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (stem: \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d-) (Class 2 verb)''''''\\n''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        || I will return || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e || We will\n        return \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0448\n        || You (sing.) will return || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 ||\n        You (pl.) will return \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\n        || He/She/It will return || \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c ||\n        They will return\\n|}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (stem: \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430-) (Class 3 verb)'''''' \\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u044e\n        || I read || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454\\u043c\\u043e || We read\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454\\u0448 || You (sing.)\n        read || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435 || You (pl.) read\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454 || He/She/It reads\n        || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c || They read\\n|}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        - (stem: \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440-) (Class 4 verb)''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ukrainian || English || Ukrainian\n        || English\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044e\n        || I talk || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e || We talk\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0448 ||\n        You (sing.) talk || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435 || You\n        (pl.) talk\\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        || He/She/It talks || \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c ||\n        They talk\\n|}\\n\\n======[[Athematic verb]]s======\\nUkrainian inherited from\n        Indo-European through Common Slavic, the following 3 athematic verbs. These\n        verbs have their own conjugation in the present. Everywhere else they are\n        regular.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        - to give (perfective)''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First\n        Person'''''' || \\u0434\\u0430\\u043c || \\u0434\\u0430\\u043c\\u043e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second\n        Person'''''' || \\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438 ||\\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0434\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c || \\u0434\\u0430\\u0434\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 -\n        to eat (imperfective)''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person''''''\n        || \\u0457\\u043c || \\u0457\\u043c\\u043e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' ||\n        \\u0457\\u0441\\u0438 ||\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person''''''\n        || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c || \\u0457\\u0434\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Compounds ending in -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438''''''\\n!\n        \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u043c\n        || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u043c\\u043e \\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0438\n        ||-\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435 \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        || -\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\n=====Past active tense=====\\nThe\n        past tense in Ukrainian has the peculiarity of being originally an adjective,\n        since it derives from the original compound perfect (corresponding to, for\n        example, the [[Latin grammar|Latin]] first conjugation participle ending ''''-atus'''').\n        Thus, the past tense agrees in number and gender with the subject of the verb.\n        The following endings are added to the infinitive with the ending ''''-\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        removed (Most root final ''''\\u0434'''' and ''''\\u0442'''' are dropped):\\n\\n*masculine\n        singular: ''''-\\u0432''''\\n**Note: It is lost after ''''\\u0441, \\u0437, \\u043a,\n        \\u0433, \\u0431, \\u0440''''.\\n**Note 2: Stems ending in ''''\\u0435'''' or ''''\\u043e''''\n        plus a consonant convert them to ''''\\u0456'''', for example, ''''\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441''''\n        but ''''\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430'''' and ''''\\u043c\\u0456\\u0433''''\n        but ''''\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043b\\u0430''''. Stems in ''''\\u044f'''' plus a\n        consonant can also undergo this change.\\n*feminine singular: ''''-\\u043b\\u0430''''\\n*neuter\n        singular: ''''-\\u043b\\u043e''''\\n*plural: ''''-\\u043b\\u0438''''\\n\\nClass 2\n        verbs can have forms without the \\u2212\\u043d\\u0443, for example, ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        has the forms ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431'''', ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430'''',\n        ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u043e'''', and ''''\\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438''''.\n        Not all Class 2 verbs undergo this change.\\n\\nThese forms are often called\n        the active past participle I. The masculine singular evolved from an earlier\n        *-\\u043b\\u044a that delingualized (cf. [[Polish language|Polish]] ''''-\\u0142'''').\\n\\n=====Future\n        active tense=====\\nIn Ukrainian, there are 2 different future tenses for imperfective\n        verbs. The first form, called ''''simple'''' (''''\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430''''), formed by adding to the infinitive of\n        the verb the following endings, which are derived from the Common Slavic verb\n        ''''*j\\u0119ti'''' (Present stem: j\\u012dm\\u2212):\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ '''''' Future Tense: First Form''''''\\n! \\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\"\n        |singular\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |plural\\n|-\\n| || Ending || Example || Ending ||\n        Example\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person'''''' ||  -\\u043c\\u0443 ||\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0443||\n        -\\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u043c\\u0435\\u0448 || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0448\n        ||-\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || -\\u043c\\u0435 || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\n        ||  -\\u043c\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c || \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        second form, called ''''compound'''' (''''\\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430''''), is to take the present tense conjugation\n        of the verb ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''' and use it with the infinitive\n        of the verb. Thus,\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Future\n        Tense: Second Form''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n| ''''''First Person''''''\n        ||  \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|| \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\n        \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| ''''''Second Person'''''' || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u0448\n        \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435 \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        || \\u0431\\u0443\\u0434\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\n|}\\n\\nThis\n        will translate as ''''will eat'''' with the appropriate personal pronoun.\\n\\n====Imperative\n        active mood====\\nThe [[imperative mood]] is used to give commands. It exists\n        in only the present tense in Ukrainian. There are no forms for the 1st person\n        singular. \\nIn Ukrainian, the imperative mood is formed from the present stem\n        of the verb plus the following endings (The example is based on Ukrainian\n        ''''\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438''''):\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+\n        ''''''Imperative Mood in Ukrainian''''''\\n! \\n! singular\\n! plural\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''First Person'''''' || ''''none'''' || -\\u044c\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0439\\u043c\\u043e\n        / -\\u043c\\u043e / -\\u0456\\u043c\\u043e (\\u043f\\u0438\\u0439\\u043c\\u043e)\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''''Second Person'''''' || -\\u044c / -\\u0439 / \\u2205 / -\\u0438 (\\u043f\\u0438\\u0439)\n        ||-\\u044c\\u0442\\u0435 / -\\u0439\\u0442\\u0435 / -\\u0442\\u0435 / -\\u0456\\u0442\\u044c\n        (\\u043f\\u0438\\u0439\\u0442\\u0435) \\n|-\\n| ''''''Third Person'''''' || \\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 + 3rd person present singular (\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u043f''\\u0454 or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043f''\\u0454)  ||\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 + 3rd person present plural (\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439\n        \\u043f''\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c or \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u0430\\u0439 \\u043f''\\u044e\\u0442\\u044c)\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        first set of endings is to be used for stems that end in a dentals (''''\\u0437,\n        \\u0434, \\u0442, \\u0441, \\u043d,'''' and ''''\\u043b''''). The second set of\n        ending is used for stems that end in a vowel. The third set of endings is\n        used for stems that end in labials or post-alveolar sibilants (''''\\u0431,\n        \\u0432, \\u043c, \\u043f, \\u0444, \\u0448, \\u0449, \\u0447, \\u0436,'''' and ''''\\u0440'''').\n        The fourth set of endings is used with verbs whose unaffixed form (no prefixes\n        or suffixes) have the stress on the ending in the first person singular of\n        the present tense. As well, most Class 2 verbs and those verb roots ending\n        in a consonant plus ''''\\u043b'''' or ''''\\u0440'''' take these endings.  Thus\n        for example, ''''\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438'''' and ''''\\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438''''.\n        Class 5 verbs take the first set of endings, but undergo an archaic form of\n        iotation, so that ''''\\u0434\\u044c'''' becomes ''''\\u0436'''' (rather than\n        ''''\\u0434\\u0436''''), for example, ''''\\u0457\\u0436\\u0442\\u0435'''' < ''''\\u0457\\u0434+\\u044c\\u0442\\u0435''''.\n        This does not apply to ''''\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438'''', which is treated\n        as a regular verb with a stem in ''''\\u0434\\u0430-''''.\\n\\nFinally note that\n        all verbs with stems that end in ''''\\u043a'''' and ''''\\u0433'''' undergo\n        the first palatalisation. Class 3 verbs with stems in ''''\\u043a'''', ''''\\u0433'''',\n        and ''''\\u0441'''' undergo iotification (as do their present conjugation).\\n\\n====Conditional\n        active mood====\\nThe [[Grammatical mood#Conditional|conditional mood]] is\n        used to state hypothetical states, wishes, and desires. It has 2 tenses in\n        Ukrainian: a present and a past.\\n\\n=====Present tense=====\\nThe present conditional\n        is formed in Ukrainian from the participle ''''\\u0431\\u0438'''' or the short\n        form ''''\\u0431'''', which is derived from the archaic aorist conjugation\n        of the verb, ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438'''', and the active past participle\n        I, which is the same as the past indicative participle. Thus, there is agreement\n        between the subject and the participle. An example of this construction would\n        be ''''\\u044f \\u0431\\u0438 \\u0445\\u043e\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432  ...'''' (I would\n        like...).\\n\\n=====Past tense=====\\nThe past conditional is formed in Ukrainian\n        from the participle ''''\\u0431\\u0438'''' or the short form ''''\\u0431''''\n        followed by the active past participle I form of the verb ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        (''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432, \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430, \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e,\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u0438'''') and then the active past participle I of the\n        verb. Both participles must agree with the subject. An example of this construction\n        would be ''''\\u044f\\u043a \\u044f \\u0431\\u0438 \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432...''''\n        (had I  (had) known...). Alternatively, the past conditional can be formed\n        by using the form ''''\\u044f\\u043a\\u0431\\u0438'''' and the active past participle\n        I form of the verb, for example, ''''\\u044f\\u043a\\u0431\\u0438 \\u044f \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u2026''''.\\n\\n====Passive\n        voice====\\nThe [[passive voice]] has 2 different functions. It shows either\n        that the subject has had something done to itself or that something indeterminate\n        has occurred to the subject.\\nIn Ukrainian, the passive voice is formed as\n        follows:\\n# Use of a reflexive verb: ''''\\u043c\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f''''\n        (to wash oneself or in French ''''se laver'''')\\n# Use of the verb ''''to\n        be'''' and the past passive participle: ''''\\u0412\\u0456\\u043d \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''' (He was killed).\\n# An impersonal\n        use of the third person plural past active participle I: ''''\\u0419\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u0431\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438'''' (He was killed).\\n# The following construction:\n        ''''\\u0411\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e'''' + neuter singular of past passive participle,\n        the \\\"-\\u043d\\u043e/-\\u0442\\u043e\\\" form: ''''\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u043b\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435''''\n        (The town was captured.).\\n\\n====Participles and verbal nouns====\\n\\nIn Ukrainian,\n        there exist traces of all five Common Slavic participles.\\n\\n=====Present\n        active participle=====\\n\\nThis participle is formed by taking the third person\n        plural form, dropping the ''''\\u0442\\u044c'''', and adding ''''\\u0447\\u0438(\\u0439)''''.\n        Most commonly this participle is used as gerund with the form ''''\\u0447\\u0438''''\n        with a meaning approaching the equivalent English construction with ''''-ing''''.\n        Occasionally, it is used as an adjective. In this case its form is ''''\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        Examples of this participle are ''''\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438'''',\n        ''''\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438'''', and ''''\\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438''''.\\n\\n=====Present\n        passive participle=====\\n\\nThis participle does not exist in Ukrainian as\n        a separate form. However, it is commonly encountered as an adjective in ''''-\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        Common examples of this participle are ''''\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439''''\n        and ''''\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\n=====Past\n        active participle I=====\\n\\nThis participle is encountered in forming the\n        past tense in Ukrainian. Occasionally, it is found as an adjective for intransitive\n        verbs. It is formed by taking the infinitive stem and adding the ending ''''-\\u0432,\n        -\\u043b\\u0430, -\\u043b\\u043e,'''' and ''''-\\u043b\\u0438'''' to form the past\n        tense participle (in reality the indefinite form of the adjective) and the\n        ending ''''-\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439'''' to form the regular adjective. An example\n        of the adjectival form is ''''\\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\n=====Past\n        active participle II=====\\n\\nThis participle is most commonly encountered\n        as a gerund, while it is only used occasionally as an adjective. It is formed\n        by taking the masculine past participle I and adding the ending ''''-\\u0448\\u0438(\\u0439)''''.\n        An example of the gerund is ''''\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438'''',\n        while a common (dialectical) adjective would be the word ''''\\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n\\n=====Past\n        passive participle=====\\n\\nThe past passive participle is the only participle\n        used commonly as an adjective. There are two parallel forms with no difference\n        in meaning: in ''''-\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''' or in ''''-\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''.\n        This participle is formed from the infinitive stem for most verbs. Class 2\n        verbs can as for other participles drop the suffix ''''\\u043d\\u0443'''' or\n        only the ''''\\u0443'''', for example, \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        from \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438. Verbs in ''''-\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        or ''''-\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u0438'''' (those whose ending is stressed)\n        will replace the ''''\\u0443''''  by ''''\\u043e'''' and ''''\\u044e'''' by ''''\\u044c/\\u0439\\u043e''''\n        (''''\\u044c'''' if a consonant precedes or ''''\\u0439'''' if a vowel), for\n        example, \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0301\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        from \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u0438. Finally, Class\n        3 stems with full voicing have two possible stems: the first is simply obtained\n        by dropping the \\u2212\\u0442\\u0438 from the infinitive, while the second is\n        obtained by dropping the last three letters (which in effect means using the\n        present form). The first form will take the \\u2212\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 ending,\n        while the second form will take the \\u2212\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 ending, for example\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 has \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        and \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439. Note that the verb \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        has the second form \\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, since it derives\n        from *melti in Common Slavonic). The ending is determined as follows:\\n*If\n        the stem ends in a vowel or ''''\\u0435\\u0440'''' or ''''\\u043e\\u0440'''' (derived\n        from a sonant r in Common Slavonic), then\\n**If the vowel is ''''\\u0438, \\u0443,\n        \\u044f'''' a sibilant plus ''''\\u0430'''', ''''\\u0435\\u0440,'''' or ''''\\u043e\\u0440''''\n        then add ''''-\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''', for example, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439, or \\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439.\\n**For\n        class 3 verbs with full voicing ending in ''''\\u043e'''', then add ''''-\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439'''',\n        for example, \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439.\\n**For all Class\n        4 verbs, the ending is ''''-\\u0454\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439'''', for example, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0454\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439.\\n**Otherwise,\n        the ending is ''''-\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''.\\n*If the stem ends in a consonant,\n        then add ''''-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''. Class 1 verbs undergo the first\n        palatalisation, while Class 2, 4, and 5 verbs undergo iotation, for example,\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, \\u043b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, and \\u0457\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439.\\n\\n=====Verbal\n        noun=====\\n\\nThe verbal noun is created by taking the past passive participle,\n        dropping ''''\\u0438\\u0439'''', doubling the consonant if permitted by the\n        rules under ''''-\\u012djV'''', and adding a ''''\\u044f''''. This will be a\n        neuter noun declined like all neuter nouns in ''''*\\u012dj\\u0435''''. It should\n        be noted that if the ''''-\\u0435-'''' of the past passive participle is stressed\n        then the ''''\\u0435'''' will mutate into an ''''\\u0456''''. Examples include\n        ''''\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f'''' from ''''\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438''''\n        and ''''\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f'''' from ''''\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438''''.\n        Note that any Class 3 verbs in -\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 or -\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        will restore the ''''\\u0443'''' or ''''\\u044e'''' \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        from \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438)\\n\\nThe\n        verbal noun in Ukrainian is derived from the Common Slavic verbal noun, where\n        it was formed by adding ''''*-\\u012dj\\u0435'''' to the past passive participle\n        without the ''''*\\u016d'''' ending. Thus, in Ukrainian, the consonant is doubled\n        if possible.\\n\\n===Word formation===\\nUkrainian has a rich set of [[Prefix\n        (linguistics)|prefixes]], both [[preposition]]al and [[adverb]]ial in nature,\n        as well as [[diminutive]], [[augmentative]], and [[frequentative]] [[suffix]]es.\n        All of these can be stacked one upon the other, to produce multiple derivatives\n        of a given word.  Participles and other inflexional forms may also have a\n        special [[connotation]]. For example, the word ''''''\\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439''''''\n        can be split into the following prefixes and suffixes:\\n
\\u043d\\u0430\n        + \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432 + \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 + \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438 (root) + \\u0442\\u0438\\u0439.\n        
\\n\\n====Prefixes====\\nIn Ukrainian, prefixes can be added to a root\n        and stacked on top of each as in the above example. The most common prefixes\n        are given in the table below. Although the prefixes have the given meaning,\n        when attached to a root, it is possible that the resulting new word will have\n        a unique meaning that is distantly related to the original meaning of the\n        prefix. If possible the example is given using the verbal root ''''''\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438''''''\n        or the nominal root ''''''\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434''''''.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Common Ukrainian Prefixes''''''\\n! Prefix\\n! English\n        Translation\\n! Example\\n|-\\n| \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435- || again, re- || \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0432-/\\u0443-, \\u0432\\u043e- || into, in, en- || \\u0432\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0432\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 \\n|-\\n| \\u0432\\u0438- || out, ex- || \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434,\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u0437-, \\u0441-,\n        (\\u0437\\u0456-, \\u0437\\u0443-, \\u0441\\u043e-, \\u0441\\u0443-, \\u0456\\u0437-,\n        \\u0456\\u0441-) (1) || together (with), con- || \\u0441\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0437\\u0430- || beyond, trans- || \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432- || co- || \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432- || half, mid- || \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434- || under-, sub- || \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434-/\\u043e\\u0434- || away from || \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438- || against, contra- || \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043d\\u0435- || not, un-, non-, in- || \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043e\\u0431-, \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e- || circum-, around ||\\u043e\\u0431\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e- || through|| \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438- || closer,\n        near, cis- || \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438, \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435- || more than || \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437- || without || \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0434\\u043e- || to, ad- || \\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0434\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u043d\\u0430- || on || \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437- || across || \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438,\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n|-\\n| \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e-,\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e- || first- || \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430- || before, pre-, fore- || \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\\n|-\\n|\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434- || on, above, extra- ||\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\n|-\\n| \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436- || between, inter- || \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|}\\n\\n(1)\n        The multitude of forms in Ukrainian for the Common Slavic *s\\u016d(n) (*\\u0441\\u044a(\\u043d))\n        is a result of the fact that the initial ''''s'''' could assimilate (or dissimilate)\n        with the root''s initial consonants. As well, since a ''''\\u044c'''' followed\n        there was the potential for further sound changes. Finally, words entered\n        Ukrainian from different Slavic languages with their own peculiarities or\n        that the original origin of the word was lost. The following are examples\n        of all the given possibilities:{{cite book|title = \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\n        |first = \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440 | last\n        = \\u041f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0439\\u043a\\u043e|location= Augsburg|year = 1950}}\\n*\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n*\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438\\n*\\u0437\\u0456\\u043f\\u0440\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\n*\\u0456\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\n*\\u0456\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\n        < \\u0441\\u044a\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u044a\\n*\\u0437\\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0442 <\n        *\\u0441\\u044a\\u0448\\u0438\\u0442\\u044a = bound/sown together \\n*\\u0437\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447\n        < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0463\\u0447\\u044c \\n*\\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0434\n        < *\\u0441\\u046b\\u0441\\u0463\\u0434\\u044a < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u043d\\u0441\\u0463\\u0434\\u044a\n        = sit together\\n*\\u0441\\u043e\\u044e\\u0437 < *\\u0441\\u044a\\u044e\\u0437\\u044c\n        = yoke together\\n\\nIn Ukrainian, the normal form is ''''\\u0437'''' except\n        before \\u043a, \\u043f, \\u0442, \\u0444 and \\u0445 where the normal form is\n        ''''\\u0441''''.\\n\\nThe following rules are followed\n        when adding a prefix to the root:\\n# If the prefix ends in a consonant and\n        the root starts with an iotified vowel, then an apostrophe is added between\n        the prefix and the root, for example, \\u0437''\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438.\\n#\n        If a prefix ends in a consonant and the root starts with two or more consonants,\n        then the vowel ''''\\u0456'''' is inserted between the prefix and the root,\n        for example, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438. This\n        does not apply to the prefix \\u0432, for example, \\u0432\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438.\\n\\n====Suffixes====\\nIn\n        Ukrainian, suffixes can be added to a root and stacked on top of each to produce\n        a family of words. The most common suffixes are given in the table below.\n        The curly brackets {} denote the various possible different suffixes with\n        a similar meaning\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Common\n        Ukrainian Suffixes''''''\\n! Root Type + Suffix = Resulting Word Type\\n! English\n        Translation\\n! Example\\n|-\\n| Noun + {-\\u0430\\u0440(\\u044c), -\\u0430\\u0447,\n        -\\u0446\\u044c, -\\u0430\\u043a, -\\u0438\\u043a, -\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c, -\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        (from Latin -ist), -\\u0443\\u0445} = Noun || one who does, -er, often male\n        || \\u0448\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440, \\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447, \\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c,\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442, \\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0445\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun + {-\\u0438\\u0446\\u044f, -\\u0438\\u043d\\u044f, -(\\u0430)\\u0445\\u0430, -\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f,\n        -\\u043a\\u0430} = Noun || female version of a noun || \\u043a\\u043d\\u044f\\u0433\\u0438\\u043d\\u044f\\n|-\\n|\n        Adjective + {-\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c, -\\u0430\\u043a, -\\u0438\\u043a, -\\u043a\\u043e,\n        -\\u0443\\u043d} = Noun || a male with the given attribute of the adjective\n        || \\u0433\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\n|-\\n| Noun of a city/nation\n        + {-\\u0438\\u043d(\\u044f), -\\u044f\\u043a(\\u0430), -\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c/-\\u0446\\u044f}\n        = Noun || citizen/inhabitant of the city/nation (male/female) || \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun + {-\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e, -\\u0438\\u0447, -\\u044e\\u043a, -\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a,\n        -\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430} = Noun || descendant of, son/daughter of || \\u0428\\u0435\\u0432\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        (from \\u0448\\u0432\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c), \\u0422\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a\n        (from \\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447)\\n|-\\n| Noun + -\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430 || often\n        a negative female noun (female pejoratives) || \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun + -\\u043d\\u044f || place where noun can be done/found || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044f,\n        \\u043a\\u043d\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\\n|-\\n| Adjective + -\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\n        || being in the state described by the noun || \\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        Noun/Verb Stem + -\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e || abstract form of the noun, -dom,\n        -ship, -edness || \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e,\n        \\u0436\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\n|-\\n| Adjective + -\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        || possessing the qualities expressed by the adjective, -ness || \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c,\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\\n|-\\n| Any Word + {-\\u043e\\u043a/-\\u043a\\u0430/-\\u043a\\u043e,\n        -\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e, -\\u0446\\u044c/-\\u0446\\u044f/-\\u0446\\u0435,\n        -\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e (< Common Slavic *-\\u0119tko/*-\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e)}\n        = Noun || diminutive, of various shades of positive meaning (masculine/feminine/neuter\n        forms given) ||  \\u043c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043a, \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e,\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\n|-\\n| Any word + {-\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430,\n        -\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e, -\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435, -\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430, -\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430,\n        -\\u0443\\u043a\\u0430} = Noun || augmentative with a negative connotation ||\n        \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e, \\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435\\n|-\\n|\n        Masculine Noun + -\\u0456\\u0432 = Possessive Adjective || Possessive adjective\n        || \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\\n|-\\n| Feminine Noun + -\\u0438\\u043d\n        = Possessive Adjective || Possessive adjective || \\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d\\n|-\\n|\n        Nouns + {-\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439/-\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439} = Adjective\n        || belonging to, containing the noun || \\u0434\\u0443\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n| Nouns + -\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\n        (< Common Slavic *-\\u0119tj\\u012d) = Adjective || belonging to || \\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439,\n        \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n| Nouns + -\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (< Common Slavic *-\\u0119nj\\u012d/-) = Adjective || made of, consisting of\n        || \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439, \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u0447\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        Nouns + -\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 = Adjective || made of || \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        Adjective + -\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a-/-\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a-\n        = Adjective || ''absolutely, most highly, extremely'' || \\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439/\\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n|\n        Adjective + -\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 = Adjectival Noun || diminutive\n        || \\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\\n|-\\n| Adjective\n        in -\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 + -\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 (drop -\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439)\n        = Noun || The noun refers to the region || \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\\n|-\\n|\n        (Foreign) Word + -\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 = Verb || creates a verb\n        from any other word || \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\n|}\\n\\n====Adjectives====\\nTwo\n        or more adjectives can be combined into a single word using an ''''''\\u043e''''''\n        as the linking vowel, for example, \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439,\n        which consists of the adjectives \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        and \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\n        If the second adjective starts with a vowel, then a dash can be used to separate\n        the linking vowel and the second adjective, for example, \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044c\\u043e-\\u0454\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.\\n\\n====Verbs====\\nIn\n        addition to the suffixes and prefixes that can be added to verbs, Ukrainian\n        verbs have inherited occasional traces of the Indo-European [[ablaut]]. The\n        primary ablaut is the difference between long and short Indo-European vowels.\n        In Ukrainian, due to the fact that the long and short vowels experienced different\n        reflexes, this ablaut is reflected as a change in vowels. The resulting verbs\n        are often imperfect-perfect pairs. For example, we have \\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        and \\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (simplified Indo-European *skoki-\n        and *sk\\u014dka-).\\n\\n===Fundamental sentence structure===\\n\\n====Coordination====\\nThe\n        common Ukrainian [[coordination (conjunction)|coordination]]s are:\\n* \\u0456\n        / \\u0439 / \\u0442\\u0430(and)\\n* \\u0430 (and, but)\\n* \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 (but)\\n\\n====Subordination====\\nCommon\n        Ukrainian [[complementizer|subordinations]] are:\\n\\n* \\u044f\\u043a (how, if)\\n*\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438 (when)\\n* \\u044f\\u043a\\u0449\\u043e (if)\\n\\n==Syntax==\\nThe\n        basic [[word order]], both in conversation and the written language, is [[subject\\u2013verb\\u2013object]].  However,\n        because the relations are marked by [[inflexion]], considerable latitude in\n        word order is allowed, and all the permutations can be used.  The word order\n        expresses the [[logical stress]], and the degree of [[definiteness]].\\n\\n===\n        Negation ===\\nUnlike English, Latin, and various other languages, Ukrainian\n        allows [[double negative|multiple negatives]], as in \\u201cnixto nikoly nikomu\n        ni\\u010doho ne pro\\u0161\\u010daje\\u201d (\\u2018no-one ever forgives anyone\n        anything\\u2019, literally \\u2018no-one never to no-one nothing does not forgive\\u2019).\n        Single negatives are often grammatically incorrect because when negation is\n        used in complex sentences every part that could be grammatically negated should\n        be negative.\\n\\nObjects of a negated verb are placed in the genitive case,\n        where they would be accusative if the verb were not negated.\\n\\n===Inflectional\n        usage===\\n\\n====Case====\\nThe use of [[Grammatical case|cases]] in Ukrainian\n        can be very complicated. In general, the [[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[accusative]],\n        and [[vocative]] cases can be used without a [[preposition]]. On the other\n        hand, the [[locative]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]] cases are used\n        primarily with a preposition. Furthermore, and much like in [[Latin]], different\n        prepositions can be followed by nouns in different cases, resulting in different\n        meanings.\\n\\n====Aspect====\\nUkrainian verbs can have one of two [[Grammatical\n        aspect|aspects]]: [[imperfective]] and [[perfective]]. The imperfective form\n        denotes an action that is taking place in the present, is ongoing, is repetitive,\n        or is habitual. The perfective form indicates an action that is completed,\n        is the result of an action, is the beginning of an action, or is shorter or\n        longer than usual. For example, ''''spaty'''' (\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438)\n        is imperfective, while ''''pospaty'''' (\\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438)\n        is perfective.\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[Ukrainian language]]\\n\\n==Translation\n        of words==\\nNote: All Common Slavic words quoted are translated faithfully\n        by their Ukrainian forms.\\nAbbreviations used: \\n* m: masculine noun\\n* f:\n        feminine noun\\n* nt: neuter noun\\n* n: noun declined like an adjective, with\n        different forms for each gender\\n* v: verb\\n* adj: adjective\\n* adv: adverb\\n*\n        ger: gerund\\n* pr: pronoun\\n* co: conjunction\\n\\n{{col-begin}}\\n{{col-break|width=50%}}\\n*\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d (babyn): (adj) belonging to a grandmother (masculine\n        nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0430\\u0431\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 (babyna): (adj) belonging\n        to a grandmother (feminine nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0443\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\n        (banduryst): (m) a [[bandura]] player\\n* \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (bezrobitnyj): (m) unemployed, someone without work\\n* \\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\n        (bereza): (f) birch\\n* \\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (byty): (v) to hit\\n* \\u0431\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\n        (bidnota): (f) poverty\\n* \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0439\n        (bilolycyj): (adj) white-faced\\n* \\u0431\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e (boloto):\n        (nt) mud, swamp\\n* \\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430 (boroda): (f) beard\\n*\n        \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (braty): (nt) to take\\n* \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        (brativ): (adj) belonging to a brother (masculine nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        (bratova): (adj) belong to a brother (feminine nominative form)\\n* \\u0431\\u0443\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\\u0439\n        (buv\\u0161yj): (adj) (dialectical) former, ex- (that which once was)\\n* \\u0431\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (buty): (v) to be\\n* \\u0432\\u0430\\u0448 (va\\u0161): (adj) yours (pl)\\n* \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vernuty): (v) to return something\\n* \\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vertity): (v) to turn about repeatedly\\n* \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0456\n        (vve\\u010deri): (adv.) during the evening\\n* \\u0432\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\n        (ve\\u010dera): (f) evening\\n* \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (vybraty):\n        (v) to choose, elect\\n* \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 (vyxid): (m) exit\\n*\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439 (vidomyj): (adj) well-known\\n*\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u044c\\u043e\\u043c (vid\\u2032om): (f) witches (genitive\n        plural)\\n* \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (vidxodyty):\n        (v) to go further away (imperfective)\\n* \\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\n        (viterec\\u2032): (m) a light wind\\n* \\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\\u043a (vovk): (m)\n        wolf\\n* \\u0432\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 (vxid): (m) entrance\\n* \\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vyxodyty): (v) to be in the process of exiting, leaving\\n* \\u0432\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (vxodyty): (v) to enter, go in\\n* \\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (harnyj):\n        (adj) nice\\n* \\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e (harno): (adv) nicely\\n* \\u0433\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\n        (hri\\u0161nyk): (m) sinner\\n* \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (hovoryty): (v) to speak\\n* \\u0433\\u043e\\u0454\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (hojenyj):\n        (adj) healed\\n* \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430 (hora): (f) mountain\\n* \\u0433\\u0440\\u0435\\u0447\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (hre\\u010danyj): (adj) made of buckwheat\\n* \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f\n        ([[hryvnia]]): (f) Ukrainian currency\\n* \\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u0433\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (dvyhnuty): (v) to exert\\n* \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432''\\u044f\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (derev\\u2033janyj): (adj) made of wood\\n* \\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\\u0438\\u0449\\u0435\n        (didy\\u0161\\u010de): (nt) grandfathers (collective pejorative)\\n* \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0438\\u0439\n        (dobryj): (adj) good\\n* \\u0434\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (dodaty): (v)\n        to add\\n* \\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (doxodyty): (v)\n        to approach, get nearer\\n* \\u0434\\u0443\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 (dubovyj):\n        (adj) made of oak\\n* \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (dumaty): (v) to\n        think\\n* \\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u017eatyj): (adj) harvested\\n* \\u0436\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        (\\u017einoctvo): (nt) womanhood\\n* \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        (\\u017eovtity): (v) to turn yellow\\n* \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0442\\u044f\n        (Zakarpattja): (nt) Transcarpathia\\n* \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0431\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\n        (zaslabnuty): (v) to fall/become sick\\n* \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434 (zaxid):\n        (m) sunset\\n* \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (zaxodyty):\n        (v) to set (literally, to go beyond the horizon)\\n* \\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (zbyraty): (v) to gather\\n* \\u0437\\u0431\\u0456\\u0436\\u0436\\u044f (zbi\\u017e\\u017eja):\n        (nt) bread, grain\\n* \\u0437''\\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 (z\\u2033jisty): (v)\n        to eat (perfective)\\n* \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043b\\u044f (zemlja): (f) earth\\n*\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (znaty): (v) to know\\n* \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043c\\u0438\\u0439\n        (znajomyj): (adj) friendly (known); (n) friend\\n* \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\n        (znav\\u0161y): (ger) having known\\n* \\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\n        (znaju\\u010dy): (ger) knowing\\n* \\u0437\\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0442 (zo\\u0161yt):\n        (m) notebook\\n* \\u0437\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0447 (zustri\\u010d):\n        (f) meeting\\n* \\u0456\\u043c''\\u044f (im\\u2033ja): (nt) name\\n* \\u0457\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (jisty): (v) to eat\\n* \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0439 (jixnij): (adj) theirs\\n*\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0449\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 (Kyjiv\\u0161\\u010dyna): (f)\n        the region around [[Kiev]], [[Kiev oblast]].\\n* \\u043a\\u043d\\u0438\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f\n        (knyharnja): (f) bookstore\\n* \\u043a\\u043d\\u044f\\u0433\\u0438\\u043d\\u044f (knjahynja):\n        (m) queen, grand duchess, female counterpart to a [[knjaz]]\\n* \\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\n        (koval\\u2032): (m) blacksmith\\n* \\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 (krasty):\n        (v) to steal\\n* \\u043a\\u0443\\u043f\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (kupuvaty):\n        (v) to buy\\n* \\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0447\\u0430 (kur\\u010da): (nt) baby chicken\\n*\n        \\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 (kurja\\u010dyj): (adj) made of\n        a chicken\\n* \\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (le\\u017eaty): (v) to lie\n        in some given place\\n* \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435 (lyce): (nt) face\\n* \\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (lyty): (v) to pour\\n* \\u043b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (ly\\u0161enyj):\n        (adj) left\\n* \\u043b\\u044e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 (ljublenyj):\n        (adj) (be)loved, favourite\\n* \\u043c\\u0430\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (maljuvaty): (v) to paint\\n* \\u043c\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (maty): (v) to have\\n*\n        \\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e (mylo): (nt) soap\\n* \\u043c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (mi\\u017enarodnyj): (adj) international\\n* \\u043c\\u0456\\u0439 (mij): (adj)\n        mine\\n* \\u043c\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u043a (mlyno\\u010dok):\n        (m) a little mill\\n* \\u043c\\u0456\\u0433 (mih), \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u043b\\u0430\n        (mohla): (adj) past active participle I for the verb \\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0442\\u0438,\n        to be able to.\\n* \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e (moloko): (nt) milk\\n*\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 (moloty): (v) to grind\\n* \\u043c\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (molo\\u010dnyj): (adj) made/containing of milk\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\n        (nahori): (adv) on top\\n{{col-break|width=50%}}\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (nadaty): (v) to send mail\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (nadzvy\\u010dajnyj): (adj.) extraordinary\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        (navpivvidkrytyj): (adj.) in a half-open state\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0448 (na\\u0161):\n        (adj) ours\\n* \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (nasinnja) (nt) grain\\n*\n        \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 (necty): (v) to carry\\n* \\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0443\\u0447\\u0438(\\u0439)\n        (nesu\\u010dy(j)): (ger) carrying; (adj) that which is being carried\\n* \\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\n        (ni\\u010d): (f) night\\n* \\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (nosyty): (v)\n        to carry\\n* \\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (nosinnja): (nt) act\n        of carrying\\n* \\u043d\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (nexodyty):\n        (v) to not walk\\n* \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\\u0437\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        (obov\\u2033jazkovyj): (adj) obligatory\\n* \\u043e\\u0431\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (obxodyty): (v) to walk around, circumambulate\\n* \\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (oraty): (v) to plow\\n* \\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0445 (pastux): (m)\n        shepherd\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438 (pekty): (v) to bake\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0432\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (pervonarod\\u017eenyj): (adj) first-born\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (perexodyty): (v) to check, go over\\n* \\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (pe\\u010denyj): (adj) baked\\n* \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (pytaty):\n        (v) to ask\\n* \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f (pytannja): (nt)\n        question\\n* \\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 (pyty): (v) to drink\\n* \\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        (pivden\\u2032): (m) midday, south\\n* \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (pidxodyty): (v) to come closer (imperfective)\\n* \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (plesty): (v) to weave\\n* \\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430 (ple\\u010dyma):\n        (nt) shoulders (instrumental plural form)\\n* \\u043f\\u043b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\n        (plysty): (v) to float\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d (povynen):\n        (adj) required to be done (often translated using the verb, should) (masculine\n        nominative form)\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 (povynna):\n        (adj) required to be done (feminine nominative form)\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\n        (poloty): (v) to weed\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (poslanyj): (adj) sent\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (poprosyty): (v) to ask for something\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (pospaty): (v) to nap\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (po\\u010daty):\n        (v) to start\\n* \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u043b\\u0438\\u0439\n        (po\\u010dornilyj): (adj) having been blackened\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0434\n        (pradid): (m) forefathers, ancestors (literally fore-grandfathers)\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (pryxodyty): (v) to come closer\\n* \\u041f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0434\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432''\\u044f\n        (Pridnistrov\\u2033ja): (nt) [[Transnistria]], which from the Ukrainian prospective\n        is on ''''''this side of the Dnister''''''.\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (prodaty): (v) to sell\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (protyle\\u017enyj): (adj) laying opposite\\n* \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (proxodyty): (v) to cross something (ocean)\\n* \\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        (radist''): (f) happiness\\n* \\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (rvaty): (v) to\n        rip\\n* \\u0440\\u0438\\u0431''\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 (ryb\\u2033ja\\u010dyj):\n        (adj) made of fish\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (rozdaty):\n        (v) to give out\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0456\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (rozibraty): (v) to take apart\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u043f\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439\n        (rozp\\u2033jatyj): (adj) crucified\\n* \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (rozxodyty): (v) to wear out\\n* \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0442\\u043e (svjato): (nt)\n        holiday\\n* \\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044c\\u043e-\\u0454\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (serednjo-jevropejs\\u2032kyj): (adj) central European\\n* \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (sil\\u2032s\\u2032kyj): (adj) of a village\\n* \\u0441\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (sil\\u2032s\\u2032kohospodars\\u2032kyj): (adj) agricultural\\n* \\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438\n        (sijaty): (v) to plant / seed\\n* \\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (skakaty): (v) to jump repeatedly (imperfective)\\n* \\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (sko\\u010dyty): (v) to jump once (perfective)\\n* \\u0441\\u043e\\u044e\\u0437\n        (sojuz): (n) union\\n* \\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 (spaty): (v) to sleep\\n*\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u0438 (spekty): (v) to bake\\n* \\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\n        (spivrobitnyk): (m) coworker\\n* \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0440\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        (starist\\u2032): (f) old age\\n* \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0436\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        (storo\\u017eyxa): (f) a rude guard\\n* \\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\n        (student): (m/f) student\\n* \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0434 (susid): (m) neighbour\\n*\n        \\u0441\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438 (sxody): (m) stairs (nominative plural)\\n*\n        \\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u0439 (tvij): (adj) yours (sing.)\\n* \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\n        (telja): (nt) calf\\n* \\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044f\\u0442\\u043a\\u043e (teljatko):\n        (nt) calf (diminutive)\\n* \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u0439 (tertyj): (adj)\n        ground (past passive participle)\\n* \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        (tysnenyj): (adj) pressed\\n* \\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0447 (tka\\u010d): (m) weaver\\n*\n        \\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e (tovarystvo):\n        (nt) friendship\\n* \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\n        (ukrajinec\\u2032): (m) a male Ukrainian person\\n* \\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\n        (umerty): (v) to die (animate)\\n* \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        (xvalyty): (v) to praise\\n* \\u0445\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044f\\u0447\\u0438 (xvalja\\u010dy):\n        (ger) praising\\n* \\u0445\\u043b\\u043e\\u043f\\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\n        (xlop\\u010dys\\u2032ko): (nt) guy (pejorative)\\n* \\u0445\\u043e\\u0442\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\n        (xotity): (v) to want, desire\\n* \\u0445\\u0442\\u043e (xto): (pr) who\\n* \\u0446\\u0430\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        (carstvo): (nt) empire/kingdom\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u010dyj): (adj) whose\\n*\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u010dystesen\\u2032kyj):\n        (adj) extremely clean\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0441\\u0456\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (\\u010dystisin\\u2032kyj): (adj) extremely clean\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044f\n        (\\u010dytal\\u2032nja): (f) reading room\\n* \\u0447\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        (\\u010dytaty): (v) to read\\n* \\u0447\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        (\\u010dornen''kyj): (n) black one (diminutive)\\n* \\u0448\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\n        (\\u0161koljar): (m) scholar\\n* \\u0449\\u043e (\\u0161\\u010do): (pr) what\\n*\n        \\u044f\\u043a (jak): (co) how\\n* \\u044f\\u043a\\u0449\\u043e (jak\\u0161\\u010do):\n        (co) if\\n{{col-end}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        Ukrainian Grammar http://ukrainiangrammar.com/\\n* Rules of Ukrainian grammar\n        (with friendly search-engine)  http://www.pravopys.net\\n* Guide to Ukrainian\n        grammar (not always on line)  http://ulif.org.ua/ulp/dict_all/index.php?key_reestr=53915&dict=paradigm\\n*\n        Guide to Ukrainian orthography http://rozum.org.ua/index.php?a=srch&d=21&id_srch=4370e04265734957b6001b0b7608d9cd&il=ru&p=1\\n*\n        Verb Conjugator http://www.verbix.com/languages/ukrainian.shtml\\n* Ukrainian\n        Grammar (1946) by P. Kovaliv http://www.mova.club/ukrainian\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        language}}\\n{{Slavic grammars}}\\n\\n[[Category:Grammars of specific languages]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        language]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian grammar|*]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-07-06T06:23:21Z\",\"lastrevid\":784461787,\"length\":80215,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_grammar&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar\"},\"1886068\":{\"pageid\":1886068,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        hip hop\",\"index\":18,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-14T19:37:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''Ukrainian\n        hip hop'''''', also known as ''''''Ukra-hop'''''' or ''''''Ukr-hop'''''' is\n        a major part of the [[music of Ukraine|Ukrainian music]] scene. Refers to\n        all genres of [[hip hop music]] in the [[Ukrainian language]]. The term ''''''Ukr-hop''''''\n        is also sometimes used to refer to any [[hip hop music]] made by [[Ukrainians]],\n        including instrumental hip hop, as well as rap songs by members of the [[Ukrainian\n        diaspora]].\\n\\n== History ==\\nIn [[Ukraine]] hip hop began to develop in 1990s.\n        In 1989 started their activities two biggiest hip hop groups at that time\n        - [[TNMK]] and V.U.Z.V. The pioneers of Ukrainian hip hop were [[TNMK]] ([[Kharkiv]]),\n        V.U.Z.V ([[Kiev]]), Osnovnyy Pokaznyk ([[Luts''k]]), [[Tartak]] ([[Lviv]])\n        and [[GreenJolly]] ([[Ivano-Frankivs''k]]). At the end of the 1990s and beginning\n        of the 2000s audience considered [[Kharkiv]] and [[Lviv]] as the main center\n        of the Ukra.hop subculture. Many groups successfully performed at festivals\n        such as [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta]] and Tavriyski Ihry. At\n        the mid-2000s a lot of underground bands and artists from another [[cities\n        in Ukraine]] began to appear and became popular: [[DaHok]] ([[Drohobych]]),\n        Z\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041a\\u043e\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        ([[Stryi]]), [[w:uk:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0436\\u0438\\u043a|Kryzhyk]] ([[Uman]]),\n        [[w:uk:Sheksta|Sheksta]] ([[Stryi]]),  [[w:uk:Sirius MC|Sirius MC]] ([[Kalush,\n        Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Kalush]]) and [[w:uk:Freel|Freel]]  ([[Kiev]]).\\n\\nIn\n        2005, Ukraine''s entrant in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], [[GreenJolly]]''s\n        \\\"[[Together We Are Many]]\\\", was also the unofficial anthem of the [[Orange\n        Revolution]]. Eurovision demanded the lyrics to be changed for the contest\n        (because it did not correspond to contests rules due to political content).\n        Also this song was remade by [[Polish hip hop]] artists.\\n\\nIn 2008 hip hop\n        group [[LEZO (rap group)|LEZO]] released their fourth studio album, Gostroslovy\n        ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: \\u0413\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438).\n        Many critics consider it one of the best in Ukrainian hip-hop industry. The\n        same year KyL\\u042f and RYLEZ created group [[Tulym]] - one of the most successful\n        Ukrainian [[boom bap]] group.\\n\\nMarch 11, 2011, Ukrainian rapper [[w:uk:\\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0411\\u0443\\u044f\\u043d \\u0411\\u0427|Ivan Buyan]] presented his first music\n        video filmed in [[New York City]].\\n\\nJune 19, 2014, [[w:uk:PVNCH|PVNCH]]\n        presented their new album - Golodnyy ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439,\n        translation: Hungry). According to voting results Golodnyy was named the best\n        hip-hop album of 2014. April 18, 2015, [[Tulym]] from [[Kiev]] had a concert\n        with legendary hip-hop band from [[New York City]] - [[Onyx (group)|Onyx]]\n        in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]].\\n\\nA rising new star of Ukrainian origin self\n        proclaimed \\\"Nazaren tha Prophet\\\" (Nazar Kotovych) has been rewriting Ukrainian\n        rap history in the United States. Writing and rapping since 1997 the artist\n        performs and records in four different languages mixing them together. Debut\n        Album \\\"Birth Of The Nazaren\\\" came out in 2012. He is due to release a very\n        politically charged album in 2016 titled \\\"Partec Mendacii\\\" and another one\n        in the beginning of 2017. This artist is thought to make a real buzz the rap\n        critics say \\\"in the up coming years he will put Ukrainian hip-hop on the\n        level of its predecessors and in the public view of the world\\\".\\n\\n== Style\n        ==\\nMusically, Ukrainian hip hop is heavily influenced by [[Reggae|Jamaican\n        reggae]] and [[Ukrainian folk music]], resulting a very tuneful and mellow\n        sound, which makes it quite different from both Russian and American counterparts.\\n\\n==\n        Famous rappers ==\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Name !! Site !! SoundCloud\n        !! YouTube !! Facebook\\n|-\\n| [[TNMK]] || [http://www.tnmk.com/ www.tnmk.com]\n        || No || [https://www.youtube.com/user/tnmkmusic TNMKYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/TNMKband\n        TNMKFacebook]\\n|-\\n| [[Tulym]] || [http://tylum.bandcamp.com/ TulymBandcamp]\n        || [https://soundcloud.com/tulym_kyiv TulymSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/TulimKyiv\n        TulymYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/tulymkyiv TulymFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Glava 94]] || [http://glava94.com.ua/ glava94.com.ua] || [https://soundcloud.com/glava94\n        Glava94SoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChC0-DWHSWUMbK-P1HzEs3Q\n        Glava94YouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/Glava94 Glava94Facebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        KicKit || [http://kickit.in.ua/blog/ www.kickit.in.ua] || [https://soundcloud.com/kickitrecords\n        KickitSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQVXy5vPFF8-oHjmuvBHNSg\n        KickitYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/kickitcrew KickitFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[VovaZIL\\u2019Vova]] || [http://www.vovazilvova.net/ www.vovazilvova.net]\n        || [https://soundcloud.com/supaheromusic VZLSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZTzjNW5SAM5o8bl9hZ22wQ\n        VZLYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/VovaZiLvov VZLFacebook]\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:\\u0406\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\n        \\u0411\\u0443\\u044f\\u043d \\u0411\\u0427|Ivan Buyan]] || [http://buyan.kiev.ua/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97,29.html\n        buyan.kyiv.ua] || [https://soundcloud.com/ivan-buyan BuyanSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/IvanBuyan/videos\n        BuyanYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/ivan.buyan.3?fref=ts BuyanFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[w:uk:Freel|Freel]] || No || [https://soundcloud.com/me-freel FreelSoundCloud]\n        || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1DVML2ifM1W2b8WzW6XTXQ FreelYouTube]\n        || [https://www.facebook.com/me.freel FreelFacebook]\\n|-\\n| Dee the Conscious\n        One || No || [https://soundcloud.com/dee_the_conscious_one DeeSoundCloud]\n        || [https://www.youtube.com/user/daebonyconscience/videos DeeYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/deetheconsciousone\n        DeeFacebook]\\n|-\\n| BUK || No || [https://soundcloud.com/bukrap BUKSoundCloud]\n        || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl5gURNhJgSp7NBmDnQrwkA BUKYouTube] ||\n        [https://www.facebook.com/BUKraine?fref=ts BUKFacebook]\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:PVNCH|PVNCH]]\n        || No || [https://soundcloud.com/pvnchxpundah PVNCHSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy6WLJdCU9qwiNbrEqQ2eDw\n        PVNCHYouTube] || No\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:Sirius MC|Sirius MC]] || No || [https://soundcloud.com/serious-emsee_beats\n        SiriusMCSoundCloud] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/SeriouseMseebeats/videos\n        SiriusMCYouTube] || [https://www.facebook.com/vitaliy.siriusmc SiriusMCFacebook]\\n|-\\n|\n        AsQuette || No || [https://soundcloud.com/asquette AsQuetteSoundCloud] ||\n        No || [https://www.facebook.com/asquette AsQuetteFacebook]\\n|-\\n| Crazy Lazy\n        || No || [https://soundcloud.com/crazylazysnigk CrazyLazySoundCloud] || No\n        || No\\n|-\\n| 5 ESHELON || No || [https://soundcloud.com/5-eshelon 5 ESHELONSoundCloud]\n        || No || No\\n|-\\n| OPRYSHKY || No || [https://soundcloud.com/opryshky OPRYSHKYSoundCloud]\n        || No || No\\n|-\\n| [[w:uk:ALCO Brothers|ALCO Brothers]] || No || [https://soundcloud.com/mc-tasya\n        ALCO BrothersSoundCloud] || No || \\n|-\\n| Nazar || No || No || [https://www.youtube.com/user/nazarinua/videos\n        NazarYouTube] || No\\n|-\\n| [[Yarmak]] || [http://yarmakmusic.com Yarmak Music]\n        || [https://soundcloud.com/yarmak Yarmak] || [https://www.youtube.com/user/yarmakmusic\n        Yarmak Music]|| [https://www.facebook.com/yarmakmusic/?fref=ts Yarmakmusic]\\n|-\\n|\n        Griby || No || [https://soundcloud.com/grebz-978226984 Grebz-978226984] ||\n        No || No\\n|-\\n| NazareN || No || [https://soundcloud.com/nazdaprofyt Nazdaprofyt]  ||\n        [https://www.youtube.com/user/ukiprince Ukiprince] || No\\n|-\\n| VladHQ ||\n        [http://vladhq.com/ vladhq.com] || [https://soundcloud.com/vladhq VladHQSoundCloud]  ||\n        No || [https://www.facebook.com/vladhq Vladhq]\\n|}\\n\\n== Biggest rap battles\n        ==\\n* Banderstadt Battle (VERSUS) - [[Lviv]]\\n* Red Bull Battle - [[Kiev]]\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://radio.pidbit.com/eng.html PidBit Radio \\u2013 Ukrainian\n        hip hop radio]\\n\\n{{hiphop}}\\n\\n[[Category:Hip hop by country]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        music|Hip hop]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-17T07:57:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":795522260,\"length\":7625,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_hip_hop&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop\"},\"220475\":{\"pageid\":220475,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        historical regions\",\"index\":40,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-02T00:24:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about||the\n        modern subdivision of Ukraine|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|a modern\n        political party in Ukraine and its parliamentary faction called \\\"Regions\n        of Ukraine\\\"|Party of Regions}}\\n\\n{{History of Ukraine|width=275}}\\n[[Image:Ukraine-Historical\n        regions.png|thumb|275px|Traditional regions]]\\n\\nA list of the various ''''''regions\n        of [[Ukraine]]'''''' and/or inhabited by [[Ukrainians]] and their ancestors\n        throughout history.\\n\\n== Traditional regions ==\\nThe traditional names of\n        the regions of Ukraine are important geographic, historical, and ethnographic\n        identifiers.\\n* [[File:Herb Viyska Zaporozkogo (Alex K).svg|35px]] [[Dnipro\n        Ukraine|Over-Dnieper]] Ukraine, [[Great Ukraine]]\\n** [[File:Alex K Kyiv Michael\n        2.svg|35px]] Land of Kiev\\n*** [[Right-bank Ukraine]] (east of Zhytomyr Oblast,\n        Kiev Oblast, Cherkasy Oblast), Central Ukraine\\n*** [[Polesia]], Land of Turov\n        (north of Kiev Oblast, east of Brest Oblast, west of Gomel Oblast), Northern\n        Ukraine\\n** Land of Pereyaslav (predominantly Poltava Oblast and east of Kiev\n        Oblast), southern part of [[Left-bank Ukraine]], Little Russia, Central Ukraine\\n**\n        [[File:Alex Chernigiv.svg|35px]] Land of Chernihiv (predominantly Chernihiv\n        Oblast, west of Bryansk Oblast, east of Gomel Oblast), northern part of [[Left-bank\n        Ukraine]], Little Russia, Northern Ukraine\\n** [[Severia]] (Sumy Oblast, Kharkiv\n        Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast)\\n** [[Sloboda Ukraine]] (mostly Kharkiv\n        Oblast)\\n* [[File:Alex K Halych-Volhynia.svg|35px]] Ruthenia, Kingdom of Rus,\n        Western Ukraine, Western Oblast, Liitle Poland\\n** [[File:Alex Volhynia.svg|35px]]\n        [[Volhynia]] (Volyn Oblast, Rivne Oblast, west of Zhytomyr Oblast, north of\n        Ternopil Oblast, north of Khmelnytsky Oblast), former principality\\n** [[Che\\u0142m]],\n        [[Belz]], [[San River]], [[Przemy\\u015bl]] (east of Podkarpackie Voivodeship\n        and Lublin Voivodeship), former principality and a constituent land of Ruthenia\\n**\n        Berestia (west of Brest Oblast, south of Podlaskie Voivodeship)\\n** [[File:Alex\n        K Halych.svg|35px]] [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast, Ternopil Oblast)\\n*** [[Prykarpattia]] ([[Boiko]]s and [[Lemko]]s,\n        collectively [[Rusyns]])\\n*** [[Pokuttia]] ([[Hutsul]]s)\\n* [[File:Alex K\n        Podolia.svg|35px]] [[Podolia]] (Khmelnytsky Oblast, Vinnytsia Oblast, north\n        of Odessa Oblast, west of Kirovohrad Oblast), Little Poland\\n* [[File:Herb\n        Viyska Zaporozkogo Nyzovoho (Alex K).svg|35px]] [[Zaporizhzhia (region)|Zaporizhzhia]]\n        (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, east of Kirovohrad Oblast), New Serbia, Central Ukraine\\n*\n        Pontic steppe, Wild Fields, New Russia\\n** [[Donbass]] (\\\"Donets Basin\\\")\n        (Donetsk Oblast, Luhanks Oblast), also known as Cuman Land, Slavo-Serbia,\n        Eastern Ukraine\\n** Azov Littoral (Zaporizhia Oblast, south of Donetsk Oblast,\n        southwest of Rostov Oblast)\\n** [[Black Sea Littoral]], Southern Ukraine\\n***\n        Over-Buh, Yedisan, Transnistria (Odessa Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast)\\n*** [[Bugeac]]\n        (Budzhak) (southwest of Odessa Oblast)\\n*** Tavria (Kherson Oblast)\\n* [[Crimea]]\n        (''''Krym''''), also known as Tavria, Taurida\\n* [[File:Karpatska Ukraina-2\n        COA.svg|35px]] [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia / Carpathian Ruthenia]],\n        Subcarpathian Rus, [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] and many others\\n** [[Maramure\\u0219]]\\n*\n        Northern [[Bukovina]] (Chernivtsi Oblast)\\n\\nRegions historically inhabited\n        by Ukrainians (mostly with other nations), which are partly or wholly outside\n        modern Ukraine:\\n* [[Kuban]] granted to Black Sea Cossacks colonization from\n        the Russian government during the Russian-Circassian War\\n* [[Northern Caucasus]]\n        (also called [[Ukrainians in Kuban|Pink Ukraine]])\\n* [[Volga Region]] (around\n        Saratov, called [[Yellow Ukraine]])\\n* [[Siberia]] (city of Omsk, [[Grey Ukraine]])\\n*\n        [[Russian Far East]] (see [[Green Ukraine]])\\n{{further|Ukrainian diaspora}}\\n\\n==Regions\n        of Ukraine==\\n[[File:Ukraine KIIS-Regional-division.png|thumb|Sometimes more\n        Oblasts can be referred to as \\\"Eastern Ukraine\\\":
{{legend|Orange|Orange\n        - [[West Ukraine]]}}{{legend|Yellow|Yellow - [[Central Ukraine]]}}{{legend|Blue|Blue\n        - [[East Ukraine]]}}]]\\n\\nGeopolitical, historical, and cultural factors play\n        a role in assigning different areas of Ukraine to semi-official regions. The\n        map on the right shows the approximate locations of some broad-brush regions.\n        The terms \\\"West Ukraine\\\", \\\"East Ukraine\\\", \\\"South Ukraine\\\" and \\\"Central\n        Ukraine\\\" occur in common usage. There is no clear definition of the boundaries\n        of such regions, but rather a general reference. Lists of what may constitute\n        such regions might include:\\n\\n*[[Western Ukraine]] may mean either the historic\n        region of Galicia, or may also include Volhynia, Podolia, Transcarpathia,\n        and/or Bukovina.\\n*[[Eastern Ukraine]] may mean either the Don basin, Sloboda\n        Ukraine, continental Taurida regions etc.\\n*[[South Ukraine]] often includes\n        the whole Taurida, the Kryvyi Rih basin, and the regions of Mykolayiv and\n        Odessa oblasts. Alternatively it may include the Don basin, in particularly\n        the adjacent land to the Azov Sea.\\n*[[Central Ukraine]], a more vague term,\n        often denotes what is not included in Western or South-Eastern definitions.\\n\\nOther\n        terms are rarely used - such as \\\"South-West Ukraine\\\", which can denote either\n        [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]], or [[Budjak]]. Sometimes the term\n        \\\"[[South-Eastern Ukraine]]\\\" is used to define both regions of the Southern\n        and Eastern Ukraine. Due to the shape of the country, in narrow definition,\n        term \\\"Northern Ukraine\\\" is often used to denote either the bulge of [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]/[[Sumy Oblast]]s or, in broader terms, the whole of [[Polesia]].\n        \\\"North-western Ukraine\\\" almost exclusively refers to the historic region\n        of [[Volhynia]]. This makes the term \\\"North-Eastern Ukraine\\\" rarest of them\n        all - it is either used as synonym for the narrow definition of Northern Ukraine,\n        or as synonym for Sloboda Ukraine (particularly the [[Sumy Oblast]]).\\n\\n\\nImage:Western\n        Ukr.png|Western Ukraine\\nImage:Eastern Ukr.png|Eastern Ukraine\\nImage:Central\n        Ukr.png|Central Ukraine\\nImage:Southern Ukr.png|Southern Ukraine\\nImage:Northern\n        Ukr.png|Northern Ukraine\\nImage:Ukraine-Historical regions.png|The historical\n        regions\\n\\n\\n== Historical Ukrainian states ==\\n{{main |History\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n* [[Kievan Rus'']] (a state of [[Early East Slavs]], (880s\\u20131240)\\n*\n        [[Galicia-Volhynia]] (1199\\u20131349)\\n* [[Cossack Hetmanate]] (1649\\u20131764)\\n*\n        [[Central Rada]] of the [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] (1917\\u20131918)\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]] of the Ukrainian State (1918)\\n* [[West Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (1918\\u20131919)\\n* [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]]\n        of the Ukrainian People''s Republic (1918\\u20131920)\\n* [[Galician Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]] (1920)\\n* [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1919\\u20131991)\\n*\n        [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] (1939)\\n\\n== References ==\\n* Paul Robert Magosci, ''''Ukraine:\n        A Historical Atlas'''', 1985.  [[University of Toronto]] Press, Toronto.  {{ISBN|0-8020-3428-4}}\\n{{Ukraine\n        topics}}\\n{{Ukrainian historical regions}}\\n\\n\\n[[Category:Historical\n        regions in Ukraine| ]]\\n[[Category:Lists of country subdivisions|Ukraine,\n        Regions of]]\\n[[Category:Ukraine geography-related lists|Historical regions]]\\n[[Category:Lists\n        of historical regions|Ukrai]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian genealogy]]\\n[[Category:Ukraine\n        history-related lists|Historical regions]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T12:57:23Z\",\"lastrevid\":788538261,\"length\":7273,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_historical_regions\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_historical_regions&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_historical_regions\"},\"722696\":{\"pageid\":722696,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        hryvnia\",\"index\":1,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-30T03:41:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Currency\\n|currency_name_in_local = \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f {{uk icon}}\\n|image_1\n        = 100 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c, 2015 01.jpg\\n|image_title_1\n        = [[Ukrainian one hundred-hryvnia note|100 hryven'' (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c)]]\\n|image_2\n        = \\n|image_title_2 = 1 hryvnia (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f)\\n|inflation_rate\n        = 6.9% (06.2016 y-o-y){{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/en/index|title=National\n        Bank of Ukraine|publisher=|accessdate=11 February 2017}}\\n|inflation_source_date\n        = NBU, 2016, June http://www.bank.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=30350021\\n|using_countries\n        = {{flag|Ukraine}} (except [[Crimea]]) \\n|unofficial_users = \\n| inflation_method\n        = [[Consumer Price Index|CPI]]\\n|subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100\\n|subunit_name_1\n        = kopiyka (\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043a\\u0430)\\n|symbol = [[Hryvnia\n        sign|\\u20b4]] \\n|plural_slavic\n        = Y\\n| frequently_used_coins = 5, 10, 25, 50 kopiykas, \\u20b41\\n| rarely_used_coins\n        = 1, 2 kopiykas\\n|used_banknotes = \\u20b41, \\u20b42, [[Ukrainian five-hryvnia\n        note|\\u20b45]], \\u20b410, \\u20b420, \\u20b450, [[Ukrainian one hundred-hryvnia\n        note|\\u20b4100]], \\u20b4200, \\u20b4500\\n|issuing_authority = [[National Bank\n        of Ukraine]]\\n|issuing_authority_website = [http://www.bank.gov.ua www.bank.gov.ua]\\n|printer\n        = [[National Bank of Ukraine]]\\n|mint = [[National Bank of Ukraine]]\\n|iso_code=UAH|iso_number=}}\\n\\nThe\n        ''''''hryvnia'''''', sometimes ''''''hryvnya'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f}},\n        {{IPA-uk|\\u02c8\\u0266r\\u026au\\u032f\\u0272\\u0251|pron}}, abbr.: \\u0433\\u0440\\u043d\n        (''''hrn'''' in the Latin alphabet)); [[currency sign|sign]]: ''''''\\u20b4'''''',\n        [[ISO 4217|code]]: ''''''UAH''''''), has been the national [[currency]] of\n        [[Ukraine]] since 2 September 1996. The hryvnia is subdivided into 100 ''''kopiyky''''.\n        It is named after [[Grzywna (unit)|a measure of weight]] used in medieval\n        [[Kievan Rus'']].\\n\\n==Name==\\n\\n===Etymology===\\n{{see also|Grzywna (unit)}}\\nThe\n        [[currency]] of [[Kievan Rus'']] in the eleventh century was called ''''grivna''''.\n        The word is thought to derive from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ''''griva'''';\n        c.f. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], Russian, [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]],\n        and [[Serbo-Croatian]] ''''\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430 / griva'''', meaning\n        \\\"mane\\\". It might have indicated something valuable worn around the neck,\n        usually made of [[silver]] or [[gold]]; c.f. Bulgarian and Serbian ''''grivna''''\n        (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430, \\\"bracelet\\\"). Later, the word was\n        used to describe silver or gold ingots of a certain weight; c.f. [[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] ''''hryvenyk'''' (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a),\n        Russian ''''grivennik'''' (\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a,\n        \\\"10-kopek piece\\\").\\n\\nThe modern Ukrainian hryvnia is sometimes [[transliteration|transliterated]]\n        as ''''hryvna'''', ''''hrivna'''', ''''gryvna'''' or ''''grivna'''', due to\n        its [[Russian language]] counterpart, \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0301\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430,\n        pronounced ''''gr\\u00edvna''''. However, the standard English name for the\n        currency is ''''hryvnia''''.[http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_widely_used_standards/widely_used_standards_other/currency_codes/currency_codes_list-1.htm\n        ISO 4217 currency names and code elements]\\n\\nThe [[National Bank of\n        Ukraine]] has recommended that a distinction be made between ''''hryvnia''''\n        and ''''gr\\u00edvna'''' in both historical and practical means.{{Citation\n        needed|date=June 2007}}\\n\\n===Plural===\\nThe [[nominative case|nominative]]\n        plural of hryvnia is ''''hryvni'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456}}),\n        while the [[genitive case|genitive]] plural is ''''hryven\\u2032'''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c}}).\n        In Ukrainian, the nominative plural form is used for numbers ending with 2,\n        3, or 4, as in ''''dvi hryvni'''' (\\u0434\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456,\n        \\\"2 hryvni\\\"), and the genitive plural is used for numbers ending with 5 to\n        9 and 0, for example ''''sto hryven\\u2019'''' (\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        \\\"100 hryven\\u2019\\\"); for numbers ending with 1 the nominative singular form\n        is used, for example ''''dvadtsiat\\u2019 odna hryvnia'''' (\\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f, \\\"21 hryvnia\\\").\n        An exception for this rule is numbers ending in 11, 12, 13 and 14 for which\n        the genitive plural is also used, for example, ''''dvanadtsiat\\u2019 hryven\\u2019''''\n        (\\u0434\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0446\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        \\\"12 hryven\\u2019\\\"). The singular for the subdivision is \\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043a\\u0430\n        (''''kopiyka''''), the nominative plural is \\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043a\\u0438\n        (''''kopiyky'''') and the genitive is \\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u0456\\u0439\\u043e\\u043a\n        (''''kopiyok'''').\\n\\n==Currency sign==\\n[[Image:Hryvnia symbol.svg|50px|left|Hryvnia\n        currency sign]]\\n{{main article|Hryvnia sign}}\\nThe hryvnia sign is a [[cursive]]\n        [[Ukrainian alphabet|Ukrainian letter]] [[Ge (Cyrillic)|He]] (''''\\u0433''''),\n        with a double horizontal stroke (\\u20b4), symbolizing stability, similar to\n        that used in other currency symbols such as \\u00a5 or \\u20ac. The sign was\n        encoded as U+20B4 in [[Unicode]] 4.1 and released in 2005.* [[Michael\n        Everson]]''s {{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2743.pdf|title=Proposal\n        to encode the HYRVNIA SIGN and CEDI SIGN in the UCS|date=23 April 2004|accessdate=23\n        April 2004}} It is now supported by the latest computer systems. In\n        Ukraine, if the hryvnia sign is unavailable, the abbreviation \\\"\\u0433\\u0440\\u043d.\\\"\n        is used.\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:100karbovantsevUNR_R.jpg|thumb|right|1917.\n        100 karbovanets the Ukrainian National Republic. Revers. 3 languages: Ukrainian,\n        Polish and [[Yiddish]].]]\\nA currency called ''''hryvna'''' was used in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']]. In 1917, after the [[Ukrainian National Republic]] declared independence\n        from the [[Russian Empire]], the name of the new Ukrainian [[currency]] became\n        ''''hryvnia'''', a revised version of the Kievan Rus'' ''''hryvna''''. The\n        designer was [[Heorhiy Narbut]].\\n\\nThe hryvnia replaced the [[Ukrainian karbovanets|karbovanets]]\n        during the period 2\\u201316 September 1996, at a rate of 1 hryvnia = 100,000\n        karbovantsiv.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article;jsessionid=15111854B1ABFB8B3B2073ED5CB1BD7F?art_id=37482&showTitle=true|title=National\n        Bank of Ukraine|publisher=|accessdate=11 February 2017}} The karbovanets\n        was subject to [[hyperinflation]] in the early 1990s following the [[collapse\n        of the USSR]].\\n\\nTo a large extent, the introduction of hryvnia was secretive.{{cite web|url=http://www.obriy.pib.com.ua/2002/04_02/01.htm\n        |title=Volodymyr Matvienko. Autograph on Hryvnia |language=uk |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231072715/http://www.obriy.pib.com.ua/2002/04_02/01.htm\n        |archivedate=December 31, 2008 }} Hryvnia was introduced according to\n        [[President of Ukraine|President]]''s Decree dated 26 August 1996, published\n        on August 29. During the transition period, September 2\\u201316, both hryvnia\n        and karbovanets were used in circulation, but merchants were required to give\n        change only in hryvnias. All bank accounts were converted to hryvnia automatically.\n        During the transition period, 97% of karbovanets were taken out of circulation,\n        including 56% in the first 5 days of the currency reform.\n        After 16 September 1996, the remaining karbovanets were allowed to be exchanged\n        to hryvnias in banks.\\n\\nThe hryvnia was introduced during the period when\n        [[Victor Yushchenko]] was the chairman of [[National Bank of Ukraine]]. However,\n        the first banknotes issued bore the signature of the previous National Bank\n        chairman, [[Vadym Hetman]], who resigned back in 1993, because the first notes\n        had been printed as early as 1992 by the [[Canadian Bank Note Company]], but\n        it was decided to delay their circulation until the [[hyperinflation]] in\n        Ukraine was brought under control.\\n\\nOn 18 March 2014, following [[2014 Russian\n        annexation of Crimea|its annexation by Russia]], the new [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        announced that the Ukrainian hryvina was to be dropped as the region''s currency\n        in April 2014.{{cite news|date=18 March 2014|accessdate=18 March 2014|url=\n        http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20140318/104543.shtml|title=Ukrainian\n        hryvnia to be dropped in April: Crimean gov''t official|work=[[CCTV News]]\n        America|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140423034008/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20140318/104543.shtml|archivedate=23\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} The [[Russian rouble]] became an official currency\n        in Crimea on 21 March 2014. Until 1 June 2014, the hryvnia\n        could also be used for cash payments only.[http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/734204\n        Crimea enters the rouble zone], [[ITAR-TASS]] (1 June 2014)\\n\\nBy contrast,\n        the hryvnia remains the predominant currency in the conflicted [[raion]]s\n        of [[Donbass]], i. e. in the secessionist areas of [[Donetsk People''s Republic|Donetsk]]\n        and [[Lugansk People''s Republic|Lugansk]].\\\"In theory, it is possible\n        to pay with Ukrainian hryvnias, Russian rubles, US dollars, and euros in the\n        DPR and the LPR. However, only the two former currencies are in common use.\n        Their exchange rate has been fixed by the governments, and is 1:2 (one hryvnia\n        is the equivalent of two rubles). However, there is a shortage of low denomination\n        rubles, so the Ukrainian hryvnia is still the most popular means of payment.\\\"\n        http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-06-17/war-republics-donbas-one-year-after-outbreak-conflict\\n\\n==Coins==\\n{{main\n        article|Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia}}\\nNo coins were issued for the first\n        hryvnia.\\n\\nCoins were first struck in 1992 for the new currency but were\n        not introduced until September 1996. Initially coins valued between 1 and\n        50 kopecks were issued. In March 1997, 1 hryvnia coins were added; they are\n        however rarely seen in circulation. The note of the same value is far more\n        commonly used. Since 2004 several commemorative 1 hryvnia coins have been\n        struck.\\n\\nIn October 2012 the National Bank of Ukraine announced that it\n        is examining the possibility of withdrawing the 1- and 2-kopeck coins from\n        circulation.RBK Ukraina (4 October 2012). Available at:http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/rubric/nbu-v-blizhayshie-mesyatsy-rassmotrit-vopros-o-tselesoobraznosti-04102012121300\n        The coins had become too expensive to produce compared to their nominal value.\n        Due to actual reports 1- and 2-kopek coins are not produced anymore since\n        2013, but will remain in circulation.\\n\\nAlso, on 26 October 2012, the National\n        Bank of Ukraine announced it is considering the introduction of a 2-hryvnia\n        coin.{{cite web|publisher=RBK Ukraina|date=26 October 2012|url= http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/economic/nbu-rassmotrit-vopros-vvedeniya-v-obrashchenie-2-grivnevoy-26102012163200|script-title=ru:\\u041d\\u0411\\u0423\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0441\\u043c\\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442 \\u0432\\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\n        \\u0432\\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        2-\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0439 \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u044b|trans_title=RBK\n        will consider the issuance of 2-hryvnia coin|archivedate=23 April 2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140221012600/http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/economic/nbu-rassmotrit-vopros-vvedeniya-v-obrashchenie-2-grivnevoy-26102012163200|deadurl=no|language=ru}}\\n\\nPer\n        July 1, 2016, officially 12.4 thousand million coins with a face value of\n        1.4 thousand million UAH were in circulation.http://www.bank.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=23692554\\n\\n==Banknotes==\\n{{main\n        article|Banknotes of the Ukrainian hryvnia}}\\nIn 1996, the first series of\n        hryvnia banknotes was introduced into circulation by the [[National Bank of\n        Ukraine]]. They were dated 1992 and were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and\n        20 hryven''. The design of the banknotes was developed by Ukrainian artists\n        Vasyl Lopata and Borys Maksymov.{{cite web|url=http://www.podrobnosti.ua/economy/2006/09/04/344955.html|script-title=ru:\\u041a\\u0430\\u043a\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u044f\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u044c \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430|trans_title=How\n        hryvnia was born|publisher=[[Podrobnosti]]|language=ru|date=4 September 2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140313212510/http://www.podrobnosti.ua/economy/2006/09/04/344955.html|archivedate=13\n        March 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/22377/ |title=The\n        man who designed Hryvnia |language=ru |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423230315/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/22377/\n        |archivedate=April 23, 2008 }} One hryvnya banknotes were printed by\n        the [[Canadian Bank Note Company]] in 1992. Two, five and ten hryvnya banknotes\n        were printed two years later. Until introduction into circulation the banknotes\n        were kept in Canada.\\n\\nBanknotes of the\n        first series in denominations of 50 and 100 hryven also existed but were not\n        introduced because this nominations were not needed in the economical crisis\n        during the monetary reform of the mid-1990s.\\n\\nAlso in 1996, the 1, 50, and\n        100 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced, with 1 hryvnia dated\n        1994. The banknotes were designed and printed by British [[De La Rue]].{{cite web |url=http://www.dt.ua/2000/2040/54365/|title=Hryvnia-Immigrant|newspaper=[[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]]|language=uk}} Since the opening of the Mint of the National\n        Bank of Ukraine in cooperation with De La Rue in March 1994 all banknotes\n        have been printed in Ukraine.\\n\\nLater, highest denominations\n        were added. The 200 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced in\n        2001, followed by the 500 hryvnia notes of the third series in 2006.\\n\\nAll\n        hryvnia banknotes issued by the National Bank continue to be a [[legal tender]].\n        As of 2008, the banknotes of early series can rarely be found in circulation.\n        Also, despite the devaluing of the currency since its introduction, all kopeck\n        coins remain in circulation, as well as all low-value hryvnia bills, including\n        1 hryvnia.\\n\\nAs with the U.S. dollar, the 1 hryvnia bill is commonly used,\n        and the 1 hryvnia coin is rarely seen. The 100 hryvnia denomination is quite\n        common due to its moderately high value. Also common is the 200 hryvnia, as\n        most Ukrainian ATMs dispense currency in this denomination, much as with the\n        US$20 bill.\\n\\nIn 2016 the NBU paper factory started to produce banknote-paper\n        with flax instead of cotton.{{cite web|url=http://n-auditor.com.ua/en/novini-2/item/36966-nbu-starts-printing-money-from-flax.html|title=NBU\n        Starts Printing Money from Flax \\u2013 \\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0436\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0410\\u0423\\u0414\\u0418\\u0422\\u041e\\u0420|publisher=|accessdate=11 February\n        2017}}\\n\\n===Current series===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"font-size:\n        90%\\\"\\n|-\\n!Denomination [http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Banknoty/banknoty.htm]\n        and dimensions\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\" | Image\\n!Main colour\\n!Obverse\\n!Reverse\\n!Date\n        of issue\\n|-\\n|\\u20b41
 118 x 63 mm\\n| [[File:1 hryvnia 2006 front.jpg|166px|frameless|1\n        hryvnia obverse]]\\n| [[File:1 hryvnia 2006 back.jpg|166px|frameless|1 hryvnia\n        reverse]]\\n|Yellow-blue\\n|[[Vladimir I of Kiev|Volodymyr the Great]] (c. 958\n        \\u2013 1015), [[Prince of Novgorod]] and [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] 
 Ruler\n        of [[Kyivan Rus]] in (980\\u20131015)\\n|The Volodymyr I''s Fortress Wall in\n        [[Kiev]]\\n|22 May 2006\\n|-\\n|\\u20b42
 118 x 63 mm\\n| [[File:2 hryvnia\n        2005 front.jpg|166px|frameless|2 hryvni obverse]]\\n| [[File:2 hryvnia 2005\n        back.jpg|166px|frameless|2 hryvni reverse]]\\n  |Orange\\n\\n|[[Yaroslav the\n        Wise]] (c. 978 \\u2013 1054), [[Prince of Novgorod]] and [[Grand Prince of\n        Kiev]] 
 Ruler of [[Kyivan Rus]] in (1019\\u20131054)\\n|The [[Saint Sophia''s\n        Cathedral, Kiev|Saint Sophia''s Cathedral]] in Kiev\\n|24 September 2004\\n|-\\n|[[Ukrainian\n        five-hryvnia note|\\u20b45]] 
 118 x 63 mm\\n| [[File:5-Hryvnia-2005-front.jpg|166px|frameless|5\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:5 hryvnia 2005 back.jpg|166px|frameless|5 hryven''\n        reverse]]\\n|Blue\\n|[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] (c. 1595 \\u2013 1657), [[Hetmans\n        of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]]\\n|A church in the village of [[Subotiv]]\n        \\n|14 June 2004\\n|-\\n|\\u20b410
 124 x 66 mm\\n| [[File:10 hryvnia 2006\n        front.jpg|174px|frameless|10 hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:10 hryvnia 2006\n        back.jpg|174px|frameless|10 hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Crimson\\n|[[Ivan Mazepa]]\n        (1639\\u20131709), [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]]\\n|The\n        Holy Dormition Cathedral of the [[Kyiv Pechersk Lavra]]\\n|1 November 2004\\n|-\\n|\\u20b420
\n        130 x 69 mm\\n| [[File:20 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c 2016\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0430.jpg|182px|frameless|20\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:20 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c\n        2016 \\u0430\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0430.jpg|182px|frameless|20\n        hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Green\\n|[[Ivan Franko]] (1856\\u20131916), poet and writer\\n|The\n        [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet]]\\n| 2016\\n|-\\n|\\u20b450
 136 x 72 mm\\n|\n        [[File:50 hryvnia 2004 front.jpg|190px|frameless|50 hryven'' obverse]]\\n|\n        [[File:50 hryvnia 2004 back.jpg|190px|frameless|50 hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Violet\\n|[[Mykhailo\n        Hrushevskyi]] (1866\\u20131934), historian and politician.\\n|The [[Tsentralna\n        Rada]] building (\\\"Teachers'' House\\\" in Kiev).\\n|29 March 2004\\n|-\\n|[[Ukraine\n        one hundred-hryvnia bill|\\u20b4100]] 
 142 x 75 mm\\n| [[File:100 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        2015 01.jpg|200px|frameless|100 hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:100 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c,\n        2015 02.jpg|200px|frameless|100 hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Olive\\n|[[Taras Shevchenko]]\n        (1814\\u20131861), poet and artist\\n|[[Kyiv National University]]\\n|9 March\n        2015\\n|-\\n|\\u20b4200
 148 x 75 mm\\n| [[File:200 hryvnia 2007 front.jpg|208px|frameless|200\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:200 hryvnia 2007 back.jpg|208px|frameless|200\n        hryven'' reverse]]\\n|Pink\\n|[[Lesia Ukrainka]] (1871\\u20131913), poet and\n        writer\\n|The Entrance Tower of [[Lutsk Castle]].\\n|28 May 2007\\n|-\\n| \\u20b4500
\n        154 x 75 mm\\n| [[File:500 hryvnia 2015 obverse.jpg|216px|frameless|500\n        hryven'' obverse]]\\n| [[File:500 hryvnia 2015 back.jpg|216px|frameless|500\n        hryven'' reverse]]\\n| Brown \\n| [[Hryhorii Skovoroda]] (1722\\u20131794), writer\n        and composer\\n| The [[Kyiv Mohyla Academy]] buildings.\\n| 11 April 2016\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n[[Image:Biatlon\n        UA.png|thumb|125px|right|A commemorative 1 hryvnia coin to [[biathlon]] of\n        the [[1998 Winter Olympics]], held in [[Nagano]], [[Japan]].]]\\n\\n==Exchange\n        rates==\\n\\nOfficial [[National Bank of Ukraine|NBU]] exchange rate at moment\n        of introduction: UAH 1.76/USD 1.{{cite web|url=http://bank.gov.ua/control/uk/curmetal/currency/search?formType=searchFormDate&time_step=daily&date=17.09.1996&execute=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8|title=\\u0420\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0448\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443|publisher=|accessdate=11 February 2017}}\\n\\nFollowing\n        the [[1997 East Asian financial crisis|Asian financial crisis]] in 1998 the\n        currency devaluated to UAH 5.6 = USD 1.00 in February 2000. Later, the exchange\n        rate remained relatively stable at around 5.4 hryvnias for 1 US dollar and\n        was fixed to 5.05 hryvnias for 1 US dollar from 21 April 2005 until 21 May\n        2008. In mid-October 2008 rapid devaluation began, in the course of a [[Financial\n        crisis of 2007\\u201308|global financial crisis]] that [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian\n        financial crisis|hit Ukraine hard]], with the hryvnia dropping 38.4% from\n        UAH 4.85 for USD 1 on 23 September 2008 to UAH 7.88 for USD 1 on 19 December\n        2008.[http://www.bank.gov.ua/Fin_ryn/OF_KURS/Currency/SearchPeriod.aspx\n        National Bank of Ukraine], historical exchange rates{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance?q=USDUAH|title=US Dollar:\n        CURRENCY:USD quotes & news \\u2013 Google Finance|publisher=|accessdate=11\n        February 2017}} After a period of instability, a new peg of 8 hryvnias\n        per US dollar was established, and remained for several years. In 2012, the\n        peg was changed to a managed float (much like that of the [[Chinese yuan]])\n        as the euro and other European countries'' currencies weakened against the\n        dollar due to the [[Greek government-debt crisis|debt crisis in Greece]],\n        and the value in mid-2012 was about 8.14 UAH per dollar.\\n\\nAs from 7 February\n        2014, following [[Ukrainian crisis|political instability in Ukraine]], the\n        National Bank of Ukraine changed the hryvnia into a fluctuating/floating currency\n        in an attempt to meet [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] requirements and\n        to try to enforce a stable price for the currency in the [[Forex market]].{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=5454079&cat_id=55838|title=\n        7 \\u043b\\u044e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e 2014 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043c\\u2019\\u044f\\u0442\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442\\u0443 \\u201c\\u0412\\u0438\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u041d\\u0456\\u043a\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u044f \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0444\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0431\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\\u201d|trans_title=\n        7 February 2014 the National Bank of Ukraine will issue commemorative coins\n        \\\"Nikopol Liberation from the Nazis\\\"|date= 7 February 2014|archivedate =8\n        February 2014|deadurl= no|archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20140221230812/http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=5454079&cat_id=55838}}\n        In 2014 and 2015 the hryvnia lost about 70% of its value against the U.S.\n        dollar.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35483171\n        Ukraine teeters a few steps from chaos], [[BBC News]] (5 February 2016)\n        After stabilization efforts by Ukrainian authorities in March 2015 1 US dollar\n        was worth about 22 hryvnia. Early February 2016\n        1 US dollar was worth about 26 hryvnia.\\n[[File:\\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f19-11.PNG|550px|thumb|center|
1\n        US dollar in UAH (2006\\u20132015)
]]\\n{{Exchange Rate|UAH|RUB}}\\n\\n==See\n        also==\\n*[[Economy of Ukraine]]\\n*[[List of commemorative coins of Ukraine]]\\n*[[Grzywna\n        (unit)]]\\n\\n\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n{{refbegin}}\\n*{{Numis\n        cite SCWC|date=1991}}\\n*{{Numis cite SCWPM|date=2006}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{commons category|Money of Ukraine}}\\n{{commons|\\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f}}\\n*[http://www.bank.gov.ua/engl/bank_coin/histor_grn.htm\n        History of Hryvnia]\\n*[http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/arhive_news.php?news_id=431\n        National Bank of Ukraine announcement of Hryvnia Sign] {{uk icon}}\\n*[http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/konkurs.php\n        Proposed symbols for hryvnia during design competition] {{uk icon}}\\n*[http://banknoter.com/s/ukraine\n        Detailed Catalog of Ukrainian paper money]\\n*[http://www.uazone.net/Hryvnia/hryvnia1.html\n        Pictures of hryvnia bills introduced in 1997]\\n*[http://www.museum.com.ua/project/eng/vist/dengi/dengi.html\n        The first Ukrainian Money (1917\\u20131922)] Odessa Numismatics Museum\\n*[http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/NUMBON/1996-8(38).htm\n        Ukraine monetary reform. Numismatics] {{ru icon}}\\n*[http://colnect.com/en/coins/list/country/2504\n        Ukrainian hryvnia coins catalog information]\\n*[http://www.bitip.net/index.php?language=en&mode=kom_rates\n        Actual Ukrainian hryvnia exchange rates]\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=Various}}\\n{{n-currency|location=[[Kyivan\n        Rus'']]|start=11th century|end=15th century}}\\n{{n-after|currency=Various}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=[[Ukrainian\n        karbovanets]]}}\\n{{n-currency|location=[[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]|start=1\n        March 1918|end=April 1918}}\\n{{n-after|currency=[[Ukrainian karbovanets]]|reason=coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat
(on 29 April 1918)}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=[[Ukrainian\n        karbovanets]]|reason=coup d''\\u00e9tat
(on 14 December 1918)}}\\n{{n-currency|location=[[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]|start=December 1918|end=November 1920}}\\n{{n-after|currency=[[Soviet\n        karbovanets]]|reason=Soviet reintegration}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{n-start}}\\n{{n-before|currency=[[Ukrainian\n        karbovanets]]|ratio=1 hryvnia = 100 000 karbovanets|reason=inflation
(on\n        2 September 1996)}}\\n{{n-currency|rowspan=2|location=[[Ukraine]]|start=2 September\n        1996}}\\n{{n-after|rowspan=2|Current}}\\n{{n-end}}\\n\\n{{Ukraine currency and\n        coinage}}\\n{{Ukraine topics}}\\n{{currency signs}}\\n{{Currencies of Europe}}\\n{{Currencies\n        of post-Soviet states}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Hryvnia}}\\n[[Category:Economic history of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Kievan Rus\n        society]]\\n[[Category:Circulating currencies]]\\n[[Category:Currency symbols]]\\n[[Category:Currencies\n        of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Currency introduced in 1996]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian\n        words and phrases]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T22:06:03Z\",\"lastrevid\":797950143,\"length\":23539,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_hryvnia&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia\"},\"6938839\":{\"pageid\":6938839,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1994\",\"index\":36,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-07T13:27:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n| election_name      = Ukrainian presidential election, 1994\\n|\n        country            = Ukraine\\n| type               = presidential\\n| ongoing            =\n        no\\n| previous_election  = Ukrainian presidential election, 1991\\n| previous_year      =\n        1991\\n| next_election      = Ukrainian presidential election, 1999\\n| next_year          =\n        1999\\n| election_date      = 26 June 1994 (first round) 
10 July 1994 (second\n        round)\\n| image1             = [[File:Leonid Kuchma 2002-03-01.jpg|90px|Leonid\n        Kuchma]]\\n| nominee1           = ''''''[[Leonid Kuchma]]''''''\\n| party1             =\n        Independent (politician)\\n| popular_vote1      = ''''''14,016,850''''''\\n|\n        percentage1        = 52.3%\\n| image2             = [[File:Leonid Kravchuk.jpg|91px|Leonid\n        Kravchuk]]\\n| nominee2           = {{nowrap|[[Leonid Kravchuk]]}}\\n| party2             =\n        Independent (politician)\\n| popular_vote2      = 12,111,603\\n| percentage2        =\n        45.2%\\n| map_image          = Ukraine presidential elections 1994, second\n        round.png\\n| map_size           = 300px\\n| map_caption        = \\n| title              =\n        President\\n| before_election    = [[Leonid Kravchuk]]\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| before_party       = Nonpartisan\\n| after_party        =\n        Nonpartisan\\n}}\\n\\nEarly ''''''presidential elections'''''' were held in [[Ukraine]]\n        on 26 June 1994, with a second round on 10 July.[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen,\n        D]] & St\\u00f6ver, P (2010) ''''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'''',\n        p1976 {{ISBN|9783832956097}} They were held ahead of schedule following\n        a compromise between the [[President of Ukraine|President]] and [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]]. Incumbent President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] lost the presidency to his\n        former [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Leonid Kuchma]].\\n\\n==Background==\\n\\n===Strikes\n        and revival of communists===\\nOn June 7, 1993 started a time-unrestricted\n        strike of coal miners of [[Donets basin]] as part of a chronic economical\n        crisis. Coincidentally all the events appeared at the time of resurrection\n        of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]. On this wave of strikes a Constituent\n        Congress of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]] took place on June 19, 1993\n        in [[Donetsk]] (same region) and later it was registered in October of the\n        same year. Its banning was temporary due to suspicion in support of the August\n        coup-d''etat. However the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized that\n        the Communist Party of Ukraine that was registered on July 22, 1991 had nothing\n        to do with the August events in the [[Soviet Union]] and was never a successor\n        of the Communist Party of Soviet Union and the Communist Party of Ukraine\n        in the Communist Party of Soviet Union. However the statute of the Communist\n        Party of Ukraine clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover\n        on December 27, 2001 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized the ban\n        of Communist Party not constitutional.{{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140923003336/http://www.kpu.ua/ru/page/statute\n        The Statute of the Communist Party of Ukraine]. CPU website\\n\\n===Decision\n        on early elections===\\nOn June 17, 1993 the parliament decided to conduct\n        on September 26, 1993 a consultative referendum on no confidence in president\n        and parliament. However on September 24 the referendum was canceled. The [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] decided to conduct an early elections to parliament on March 27, 1994\n        and president on June 26, 1994.\\n\\nThe presidential elections became the first\n        to demonstrate the division of the country on the \\\"East\\\" and \\\"West\\\".\\n\\n==Other==\\nThey\n        were also the first presidential election in the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] where the incumbent head of state, with roots based in the [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]]-time government elite, lost a democratic election and stepped\n        aside.\\n\\n==Results==\\n{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right\\n!rowspan=2|Candidate\\n!rowspan=2|Party\\n!colspan=2|First\n        round\\n!colspan=2|Second round\\n|-\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Leonid\n        Kravchuk]] ||align=left|Non-partisan (Democratic Association \\\"Ukraine\\\" and\n        [[People''s Movement of Ukraine|NRU]]) ||9,977,766||38.4||12,111,603||45.2\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Leonid\n        Kuchma]]||align=left|Non-partisan (Inter-regional Bloc of Reforms)\n        ||8,274,806||31.8||14,016,850||52.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr Moroz]]||align=left|[[Socialist\n        Party of Ukraine]] ([[Socialist Party of Ukraine|SPU]], [[Communist Party\n        of Ukraine|CPU]], [[Peasant Party of Ukraine|SelPU]])as\n        Coalition of Left Parties, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140923004702/http://analitik.org.ua/ukr/publications/joint/3dd12dea/3dd13f15/\n        Political parties of Ukraine in cooperation with structures of power]. Kiev\n        center of political research and conflictology. ||3,466,541||13.3||colspan=2\n        rowspan=5|\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Volodymyr Lanovyi]]||align=left|Independent||2,483,986||9.6\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Valeryi\n        Babych]]||align=left|Independent||644,263||2.5\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Ivan Plyushch]]||align=left|Independent||321,886||1.2\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Petro\n        Talanchuk]]||align=left|Independent||143,361||0.6\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|Against\n        all||697,564||2.7||645,508||2.1\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|Invalid/blank votes||470,498||\\u2013||109,681||\\u2013\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|''''''Total''''''||''''''26,480,671''''''||''''''100''''''||''''''26,883,642''''''||''''''100''''''\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout||37,630,835||70.4||37,531,666||71.6\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=6|Source: Nohlen & St\\u00f6ver\\n|}\\n\\n===Second round===\\n* Kravchuk\\n*\n        Kuchma (supported by [[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]])Baziv, D. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923002907/http://www.day.kiev.ua/uk/article/podrobici/vibori-99-kuchma-i-kpu-znovu-razom\n        Elections-99: Kuchma and CPU – together again!]'''' Den. 15 May 1999\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* Connor, W.M, Krupp, J.W. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923131840/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/ukrbelel.htm\n        THE UKRAINIAN AND BELARUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS: ASSESSMENT AND IMPLICATIONS]''''.\n        Foreign Military Studies Office. August 1994\\n* Erlanger, S. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923132422/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/12/world/ukrainians-elect-a-new-president.html\n        UKRAINIANS ELECT A NEW PRESIDENT]''''. [[New York Times]]. July 12, 1994\\n\\n{{1994\n        presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian elections}}\\n{{Presidency\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:1994 elections in Ukraine|Presidential election]]\\n[[Category:Presidential\n        elections in Ukraine|1994]]\\n[[Category:June 1994 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:July\n        1994 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-07T13:27:58Z\",\"lastrevid\":794350850,\"length\":6611,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1994\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1994&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1994\"},\"7054765\":{\"pageid\":7054765,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1999\",\"index\":23,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-07T13:29:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n| election_name      = Ukrainian presidential election, 1999\\n|\n        country            = Ukraine\\n| type               = presidential\\n| ongoing            =\n        no\\n| previous_election  = Ukrainian presidential election, 1994\\n| previous_year      =\n        1994\\n| next_election      = Ukrainian presidential election, 2004\\n| next_year          =\n        2004\\n| election_date      = 31 October 1999 (first round) 
14 November\n        1999 (second round)\\n| image1             = [[File:Leonid Kuchma 2002-03-01.jpg|90px]]\\n|\n        nominee1           = ''''''[[Leonid Kuchma]]''''''\\n| party1             =\n        Independent (politician)\\n| popular_vote1      = ''''''15,870,722''''''\\n|\n        percentage1        = 57.7%\\n| image2             = [[File:Petro Symonenko.PNG|77px]]\\n|\n        nominee2           = {{nowrap|[[Petro Symonenko]]}}\\n| party2             =\n        Communist Party of Ukraine\\n| popular_vote2      = 10,665,420\\n| percentage2        =\n        38.8%\\n| map_image          = \\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438 1999.png\\n|\n        map_size           = 300px\\n| map_caption        = \\n| title              =\n        President\\n| before_election    = [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| before_party       = Nonpartisan\\n| after_party        =\n        Nonpartisan\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Presidential elections'''''' were held in [[Ukraine]]\n        on 31 October 1999, with a second round on 14 November.[[Dieter\n        Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] & St\\u00f6ver, P (2010) ''''Elections in Europe: A data\n        handbook'''', p1976 {{ISBN|9783832956097}} The result was a victory\n        for [[Leonid Kuchma]], who defeated [[Petro Symonenko]] in the run-off.Nohlen\n        & St\\u00f6ver, p1994\\n\\n==Electoral system==\\nAt the time of election\n        the population in Ukraine was 50,105,600 with 34,017,400 living in cities.{{cn|date=September\n        2014}} The most districts contained the [[Donetsk Oblast]] (23) as the most\n        populous one, the least electoral districts among oblasts were in the [[Chernivtsi\n        Oblast]], only 4. The city of [[Kiev]] had 12 electoral districts and [[Sevastopol]]\n        - 2. There also was a special ''''out-of-country district'''' available for\n        voters who at the moment of elections were not available to vote in Ukraine.\\n\\n==Registration==\\nThere\n        were 32 individuals who submitted their documents for registration as pretenders\n        on candidate to the President of Ukraine. Out of them 19 pretenders were registered\n        with the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] to run for presidential\n        elections, the rest 13 were denied in registration. \\n===Registered pretenders===\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Bazylyuk]], by Slavic Party\\n* [[Hennadiy Balashov]], by group\n        of voters ([[Dnipropetrovsk]])\\n* [[Ivan Bilas]], by [[Congress of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists]]\\n* [[Nataliya Vitrenko]], by [[Progressive Socialist Party\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Mykola Haber]], by Patriotic Party of Ukraine\\n* [[Yuriy\n        Karmazin]], by [[Motherland Defenders Party]]\\n* [[Vitaliy Kononov]], by [[Party\n        of Greens of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Yuriy Kostenko]], by group of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n*\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]], by group of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Yevhen Marchuk]], by\n        Bloc \\\"Our President - Yevhen Marchuk!\\\" (Social-Democratic Union, Christian-People''s\n        Union, [[Ukrainian Republican Party]], [[Ukrainian Peasant Democratic Party]])\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Moroz]], by [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Hryhoriy Novodvorsky]],\n        by group of voters (Dashiv, [[Vinnytsia Oblast]])\\n* [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]],\n        by group of voters ([[Kirovohrad]])\\n* [[Vasyl Onopenko]], by [[Ukrainian\n        Social Democratic Party]]\\n* [[Mykhailo Pavlovsky]], by group of voters ([[Khmelnytskyi]])\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Rzhavsky]], by All-Ukrainian Political Association \\\"One Family\\\"\\n*\n        [[Petro Symonenko]], by [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Tkachenko\n        (politician)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]], by [[Peasant Party of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Hennadiy\n        Udovenko]], by [[People''s Movement of Ukraine|National Movement of Ukraine]]\\n\\n''''''''''Notes:''''''''''\\n*\n        Udovenko and Kostenko initially were denied in registration, but on May 21,\n        1999 both were registered.\\n\\n===Registration denied===\\n* [[Mykola Havrylov]]\\n*\n        [[Borys Holodyuk]], by group of voters (Monastyrets, [[Lviv Oblast]])\\n* [[Volodymyr\n        Ivanovych Huba|Volodymyr Huba]], by group of voter ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Valentyna\n        Datsenko]], by All-Ukrainian Party of Female Initiatives\\n* [[Tetyana Zadorozhna]],\n        by group of voters ([[Shakhtarsk]])\\n* [[Oleh Kalashnikov]], by group of voters\n        ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Valeriy Korotkov]], by Women National Party (united)\\n* [[Dmytro\n        Korchynsky]], by group of voters (Pohoriltsi, [[Chernihiv Oblast]])\\n* [[Pavlo\n        Lazarenko]], by [[Hromada (political party)|Hromada]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Pukhkal]],\n        by group of voters (Mykolaivka, [[Kirovohrad Oblast]])\\n* [[Marian Roketsky]],\n        by group of voters ([[Ivano-Frankivsk]])\\n* [[Andriy Taranenko]], by group\n        of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n* [[Volodymyr Yurchenko]], by group of voters ([[Kyiv]])\\n\\n===Candidates===\\nAll\n        pretenders were required to collect signatures to become candidates. In the\n        process ten pretenders were not able to gather the required signatures, while\n        six were reinstated on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]. Later\n        another two registered candidates withdrew.\\n* [[Oleksandr Bazylyuk]], initially\n        denied in registration, Bazylyuk was granted candidate status on decision\n        of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 11, 1999\\n* [[Nataliya Vitrenko]]\\n*\n        [[Mykola Haber]], initially denied in registration, Haber was granted candidate\n        status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 9, 1999\\n*\n        [[Yuriy Karmazin]], initially denied in registration, Karmazin was granted\n        candidate status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August\n        16, 1999\\n* [[Vitaliy Kononov]], initially denied in registration, Kononov\n        was granted candidate status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]\n        of August 12, 1999\\n* [[Yuriy Kostenko]]\\n* [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n* [[Yevhen\n        Marchuk]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Moroz]]\\n* [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]]\\n* [[Vasyl Onopenko]],\n        , initially denied in registration, Onopenko was granted candidate status\n        on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 6, 1999\\n* [[Oleksandr\n        Rzhavsky]], , initially denied in registration, Rzhavsky was granted candidate\n        status on decision of the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] of August 10, 1999\\n*\n        [[Petro Symonenko]]\\n* [[Oleksandr Tkachenko (politician)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]]\\n*\n        [[Hennadiy Udovenko]]\\n\\n''''''''''Notes:''''''''''\\n* On October 27, 1999\n        Oliynyk and Tkachenko withdrew from the election campaign.\\n\\n===Kaniv four===\\nSince\n        the summer of 1999 there was a sharp competition among the candidates. Four\n        candidates [[Yevhen Marchuk]], [[Oleksandr Moroz]], [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]]\n        (mayor of [[Cherkasy]]), and [[Oleksandr Tkachenko (politician)|Oleksandr\n        Tkachenko]] (speaker of [[Verkhovna Rada]]) met in [[Kaniv]] and called on\n        all candidates to just and honest elections. The \\\"Kaniv Four\\\" had intentions\n        to present a single candidate who would have more chances for success. It\n        however failed to do so and no one else joined them neither. [[Volodymyr Oliynyk]]\n        being promoted by [[Kirovohrad]] city residents, on October 27 surrendered\n        his candidacy in favor of [[Yevhen Marchuk]], while [[Oleksandr Tkachenko\n        (politician)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]] favored [[Petro Symonenko]] (leader of\n        [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]).\\n\\n==Results==\\nIn the first round the most\n        oblasts and the out-of-country district were won by Leonid Kuchma. In seven\n        oblasts the top candidate was Petro Symonenko mostly in the centre and south.\n        Oleksandr Moroz managed to become the leader in the more agrarian oriented\n        [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]] and [[Vinnytsia Oblast]]s. Nataliya Vitrenko took\n        the peak of the candidate list in the [[Sumy Oblast]].\\n\\n{| class=wikitable\n        style=text-align:right\\n!rowspan=2|Candidate\\n!rowspan=2|Party\\n!colspan=2|First\n        round\\n!colspan=2|Second round\\n|-\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n!Votes\\n!%\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Leonid\n        Kuchma]]||align=left|Independent{{ref|LeonidKuchma|Kuchma}} ||9.598.672||38.0||15,870,722||57.7\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Petro\n        Symonenko]]||align=left|[[Communist Party of Ukraine]]||5,849,077||23.1||10,665,420||38.8\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr\n        Moroz]]||align=left|[[Socialist Party of Ukraine]]||2,969,896||11.8||colspan=2\n        rowspan=11|\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Nataliya Vitrenko]]||align=left|[[Progressive\n        Socialist Party of Ukraine]]||2,886,972||11.4\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Yevhen Marchuk]]||align=left|Social\n        Democratic Union||2,138,356||8.5\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Yuriy Kostenko]]||align=left|[[Ukrainian\n        People''s Party|People''s Movement of Ukraine (K)]]||570,623||2.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Hennadiy\n        Udovenko]]||align=left|[[People''s Movement of Ukraine|The Movement]]-[[Reforms\n        and Order Party|Reforms and Order]]||319,778||1.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Vasyl\n        Onopenko]]||align=left|[[Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united)|Ukrainian\n        Social Democratic Party]]||124,040||0.5\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr Rzhavskyy]]||align=left|One\n        Family[http://www.edina-rodina.org/ Official website of the One Family]||95,515||0.4\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Yuriy\n        Karmazin]]||align=left|[[Motherland Defenders Party]]||90,793||0.4\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Vitaliy\n        Kononov]]||align=left|[[Party of Greens of Ukraine]]||76,832||0.3\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Oleksandr\n        Bazyliuk]]||align=left|[[Slavic Party (Ukraine)|Slavic Party]]||36,012||0.1\\n|-\\n|align=left|[[Mykola\n        Haber]]||align=left|Patriotic Party of Ukraine||31,829||0.1\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|Against all||477,019||1.9||970,181||3.5\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|Invalid/blank\n        votes||1,038,749||\\u2013||706,161||\\u2013\\n|-\\n|align=left colspan=2|''''''Total''''''||''''''26,305,198''''''||''''''100''''''||''''''28,212,484''''''||''''''100''''''\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout||37,498,630||70.1||37,680,581||74.9\\n|-\\n|align=left\n        colspan=6|Source: Nohlen & St\\u00f6ver\\n|}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{note|LeonidKuchma}}\n        During the election campaign Kuchma was supported by the Bloc \\\"Our Choice\n        – Leonid Kuchma!\\\"[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/zasdannya_naradi_golv_poltichnih_party_bloku_nash_vibr___leond_kuchma_19125\n        Session of the conference of leaders of political parties of the bloc \\\"Our\n        Choice - Leonid Kuchma!\\\"]. [[Ukrinform]]. 19 November 1999Soskin,\n        O. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140914234706/http://uncp.soskin.info/print/news/487/lkuchma-pri-vladi---ukrayina-v-zanepadi.html\n        L.Kuchma at power – Ukraine in decline]. Institute of Society Transformation.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n*\n        Fritz, D.V. ''''\\\"State-Building: A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania,\n        Belarus, and Russia\\\"''''. Central European University Press. Budapest 2008.\n        {{ISBN|9637326995}}\\n* [[Taras Kuzio|Kuzio, T]]. ''''\\\"Ukraine after the elections\\\"''''\n        (manuscript)\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp1999/WEBPROC0\n        Ukrainian presidential election, 1999]. [[Central Electoral Commission of\n        Ukraine]] website.\\n* ''''[http://www.history.vn.ua/book/ukrzno/174.html Handbook\n        on preparation to the Foreign Independent Evaluation (ZNO) on history of Ukraine]''''.\n        www.history.vn.ua\\n* Romanyuk, A.S., Skochilias, L.S., and others. [http://www.lnu.edu.ua/faculty/Phil/El_karta_knyzka/el_hystory_ukraine-1999.htm\n        Electoral map of Lviv region in inter regional section]. Lviv: TsPD, 2010.\\n*\n        Tantsiura, V. [http://pidruchniki.ws/12191010/istoriya/vibori_verhovnoyi_radi_1998_r\n        Political history of Ukraine].\\n* [http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/publications/uroki-ta-pidsumki-viborchoii-kampaniii-1999-roku-v-konteksti-viboriv-2004\n        Yulia Tyshchenko, Ukrainian Independent Center of Political Studies].\\n* [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/metod/vydannja/vibory1999.pdf\n        1999 Presidential elections]. Central Electoral Commission. Kiev 2000\\n* [http://svobodaslova.in.ua/news/read/23300\n        1999 Presidential elections: how it was. Part 2]. Freedom of speech in Ukraine.\\n\\n{{1999\n        presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian elections}}\\n{{Presidency\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:1999 elections in Ukraine|Presidential election]]\\n[[Category:Presidential\n        elections in Ukraine|1999]]\\n[[Category:October 1999 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:November\n        1999 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T08:07:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":794350994,\"length\":11849,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1999\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1999&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_1999\"},\"1111039\":{\"pageid\":1111039,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004\",\"index\":11,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-07-15T11:47:03Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n| election_name      = Ukrainian presidential election, 2004\\n|\n        country            = Ukraine\\n| type               = presidential\\n| ongoing            =\n        no\\n| previous_election  = Ukrainian presidential election, 1999\\n| previous_year      =\n        1999\\n| next_election      = Ukrainian presidential election, 2010\\n| next_year          =\n        2010\\n| election_date      = October 31, November 21, December 26, 2004\\n|\n        image1             = [[File:Wiktor Juschtschenko, Pr\\u00e4sident der Ukraine,\n        in der Universit\\u00e4t Z\\u00fcrich.jpg|140px|Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n| nominee1           =\n        ''''''[[Viktor Yushchenko]]''''''\\n| party1             = Independent (politician)\\n|\n        popular_vote1      = ''''''15,115,712''''''\\n| percentage1        = 51.99%\\n|\n        image2             = [[File:Viktor Yanukovych (2011).jpg|120px|Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n|\n        nominee2           = [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n| party2             = Party of\n        Regions\\n| popular_vote2      = 12,848,528\\n| percentage2        = 44.20%\\n|\n        map_image          = Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Highest vote)a.png\\n|\n        map_size           = 275px\\n| map_caption        = Results of the December\n        26, 2004 repeated run-off presidential election. Orange\n        and Blue denotes regions where Yushchenko\n        and Yanukoych respectively were the highest polling candidates.\\n| title              =\n        President\\n| before_election    = [[Leonid Kuchma]]\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n| before_party       = Nonpartisan\\n| after_party        =\n        Nonpartisan\\n}}\\n{{Politics of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2004'''''' was held on October 31, November 21 and December 26,\n        2004. The election was the fourth [[President of Ukraine|presidential]] election\n        to take place in [[Ukraine]] following independence from the [[Soviet Union]].\n        The last stages of the election were contested between the [[Our Ukraine (political\n        party)|opposition leader]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]] and the incumbent [[Prime\n        Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] from the [[Party\n        of Regions]]. The election was held in a highly charged political atmosphere,\n        with allegations of media bias, [[voter intimidation]] and a poisoning of\n        candidate Yushchenko with [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxin]].{{en\n        icon}} [http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/51514/ Dead End], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (October 29, 2009)\\n\\nAccording to Ukraine''s electoral law,\n        a [[two-round system]] is used to elect the President in which a candidate\n        must win a majority (50% or more) of all ballots cast. The first round of\n        voting was held on October 31, 2004. As no candidate had 50% or more of the\n        votes cast a run-off ballot between the two-highest polling candidates, Viktor\n        Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych, was held on November 21. According to official\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] results\n        announced on November 23, the run-off election was won by Viktor Yanukovych.\n        The election results were challenged by Viktor Yushchenko and his supporters\n        with many international observers claiming that the election was rigged.[[Anders \\u00c5slund]] and [[Michael McFaul]] (January 2006).\n        ''''Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''',\n        [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], {{ISBN|0-87003-221-6}}Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World,\n        [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], [[Yale University Press]], 2005,\n        {{ISBN|0-300-09545-7}}\\n\\nThe subsequent events led to a political crisis\n        in Ukraine, with widespread peaceful protesters, dubbed the \\\"[[Orange Revolution]],\\\"\n        calling for a re-run second round election. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Supreme Court]] annulled the official run-off results and ordered a repeat\n        of second round ballot.\\n\\nThe final\n        re-run ballot was held on December 26. Viktor Yushchenko was declared the\n        winner with 52 percent of the vote to Yanukovych''s 44 percent.\\n\\nInternational\n        observers reported that the re-run ballot was considered overall fairer than\n        the previous ballots.\\n\\n:''''For a timeline\n        of events that followed the runoff, see [[Post-election developments in Ukraine,\n        2004]].''''\\n\\n==Candidates==\\nAll together 26 candidates had been nominated\n        and participated in presidential elections.{{uk icon}} [http://www2.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/6/22/96993.htm\n        \\u0422\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456 \\u0442\\u0435\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (June 22, 2009)\\n\\nThe two main contenders in the election\n        were the incumbent Prime Minister and government-supported candidate [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] and opposition leader [[Viktor Yushchenko]]. Viktor Yanukovych,\n        who was the Prime Minister since 2002, was supported by the outgoing President\n        [[Leonid Kuchma]], as well as by the [[Russia]]n government and then president\n        [[Vladimir Putin]].\\n\\nViktor Yushchenko\n        was portrayed as being more [[pro-Western]] and had received support of the\n        [[European Union]] states and the [[United States]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev] by [[Ian Traynor]], [[The Guardian]]\n        (November 26, 2004)\\n\\n==Summary==\\n{{Ukrainian presidential election,\n        2004}}\\n\\n===Electoral Maps===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n|+ Maps showing\n        the top three Candidates support - percentage of total national vote  \\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukraine\n        Presidential Oct 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor Yushchenko\n        (First round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (Second round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (Final round)]]\\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004 Vote\n        (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor Yanukovych (First round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine\n        Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor Yanukovych\n        (Second round)]]\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yanukovych (Final round)]]\\n|-\\n|[[File:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004 Vote\n        (Moroz).png|250px|center|Olexandr Moroz (First round) -]]\\n|}\\n\\n==Preliminary\n        vote==\\n[[Image:Ukrainian election 2004 1 ubt.JPG|250px|thumb|First round\n        voters in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] on October 31, 2004.]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine\n        Presidential Oct 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yushchenko\n        (First round) - percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential\n        Oct 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (First round)\n        - percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004\n        Vote (Moroz).png|250px|thumb|Olexandr Moroz (First round) - percentage of\n        total national vote]]\\n\\nThe preliminary ballot of the 2004 presidential election\n        was held on October 31, 2004. The official results recorded Viktor Yushchenko\n        with 39.87 percent and Victor Yanukovych 39.32 percent of the votes cast.\n        As no candidate had secured 50% or more votes required for outright victory,\n        a [[run-off election]] was scheduled for November 21. Although a 75 percent\n        turnout was recorded in the initial vote, observers reported many irregularities,\n        particularly in the regions where Yushchenko''s support was seen to be strongest. It was unclear how much of an impact this\n        had on the result.\\n\\nA total of 28,035,184 voters participated in the first\n        round of voting. Results of the preliminary vote were as follows:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\n        style=\\\"background:#ddd;\\\"\\n! align=left | candidate\\n! align=left | nominated\n        by\\n! style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | %\\n! style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | votes\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n| Independent\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 39.90\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 11,118,675\\n|-\\n| [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n| [[Party\n        of Regions]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 39.26\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 11,008,731\\n|-\\n| [[Oleksandr Moroz]]\\n| [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]]\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 5.82\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 1,632,098\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Petro Symonenko]]\\n| [[Communist Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 4.97\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 1,396,135\\n|-\\n| [[Nataliya Vitrenko]]\\n|\n        [[Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 1.53\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 429,794\\n|-\\n| [[Anatoliy Kinakh]]\\n|\n        [[Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.93\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 262,530\\n|-\\n| [[Oleksander Mykolayovych\n        Yakovenko|Oleksandr Yakovenko]]\\n| [[Communist Party of Workers and Peasants]]\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.78\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 219,191\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Oleksandr Omelchenko]]\\n| [[Unity Party (Ukraine)|Unity Party]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.48\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 136,830\\n|-\\n| [[Leonid Chernovetsky]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.45\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 129,066\\n|-\\n| [[Dmytro Korchynskyy]]\\n| self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.17\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 49,961\\n|-\\n| [[Andriy Chornovil]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.12\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 36,278\\n|-\\n| [[Mykola Hrabar]]\\n| self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.07\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 19,657\\n|-\\n| [[Mykhaylo Brodskyy]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.05\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 16,498\\n|-\\n| [[Yuriy Zbitnyev]]\\n| [[New Power Party]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.05\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 16,321\\n|-\\n| [[Serhiy Komisarenko]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.04\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 13,754\\n|-\\n| [[Vasyl Volha]]\\n| non-governmental organization \\\"[[Public\n        Control]]\\\"\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.04\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 12,956\\n|-\\n| [[Bohdan Boyko]]\\n| [[People''s Movement of Ukraine for Unity]]\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.04\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 12,793\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Oleksandr Rzhavskyy]]\\n| [[United Family Party]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 10,714\\n|-\\n| [[Mykola Rohozhynskyy]]\\n|\n        self-nominated\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 10,289\\n|-\\n| [[Vladyslav Kryvobokov]]\\n| [[People''s Party of Depositors\n        and Social Protection]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 9,340\\n|-\\n| [[Oleksandr Bazylyuk]]\\n| [[Slavic Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 8,963\\n|-\\n| [[Ihor Dushyn]]\\n| [[Liberal\n        Democratic Party of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.03\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | 8,623\\n|-\\n| [[Roman Mykolayovych Kozak|Roman Kozak]]\\n| [[Organization\n        of Ukrainian Nationalists]] in Ukraine\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.02\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 8,410\\n|-\\n| [[Volodymyr Nechyporuk]]\\n| self-nominated\\n|\n        style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 0.02\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | 6,171\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Hryhoriy Chernysh]]\\n| [[Party of Rehabilitation of Infirm People]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | \\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | withdrew\\n|-\\n| [[Vitaliy Kononov]]\\n|\n        [[Party of Greens of Ukraine]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" | \\n| style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        | withdrew\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Against All\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |1.98\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |556,962\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Informal\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |2.97\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |834,426\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Total\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |100.00\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |28,035,184\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Participation\n        rate from 37,613,022\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\" |74.54\\n|style=\\\"text-align:right;\\\"\n        |\\n|}\\n\\n==Run-off==\\n[[File:Ukraine Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|thumb|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (Second round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych\n        (Second round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote]]\\n\\nFollowing the\n        November 21 run-off ballot, Ukraine''s electoral commission declared Prime\n        Minister Viktor Yanukovych with 49.42% of the vote the winner with Viktor\n        Yushchenko receiving 46.69% of the ballots cast.http://www.cvk.gov.ua/postanovy/2004/p1265_2004_d.htm\n        [[Observers for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]]\n        (OSCE) said the run-off vote \\\"did not meet international standards\\\" and\n        U.S. senior election observer, Senator [[Richard Lugar]], called it a \\\"concerted\n        and forceful program of election day fraud\\\".\\n\\nThe geographic distribution\n        of the votes showed a clear east-west division of Ukraine, which is rooted\n        deeply in the [[History of Ukraine|country''s history]]. The western and central\n        parts roughly correspond with the former territories of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\n        Commonwealth]] in the 17th century. They are considered more pro-Western,\n        with the population mostly [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]-speaking and [[Ukrainian\n        Greek Catholic]] (Uniate) in the west or [[Ukrainian Orthodox]] in the center,\n        and have voted predominantly for Yushchenko. The heavy-industrialized eastern\n        part, including the [[Crimea|Autonomous Republic of Crimea]], where the links\n        with [[Russia]] and the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] are much stronger, and\n        which contains many ethnic Russians, is a Yanukovych stronghold.\\n\\nBetween\n        the two rounds of the election, dramatic increases in turnout were recorded\n        in Yanukovych-supporting regions, while Yushchenko-supporting regions recorded\n        the same turnout or lower than recorded in the first round. This effect was\n        most marked in eastern Ukraine and especially in Yanukovych''s stronghold\n        of [[Donetsk Oblast]], where a turnout of 98.5% was reportedly claimed\\u2014more\n        than 40% up from the first round. In\n        some districts, turnout was recorded to be more than 100% than the previous\n        ballot, with one district reported by observers to have recorded a 127% turnout. According to election observers and post-election\n        investigations, pro-Yanukovych activists traveled around the country and voted\n        many times as absentees. Some groups\n        dependent on government assistance, such as students, hospital patients and\n        prisoners, were told to vote for the government candidate.[http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Invisible-ink-how-they-rigged-the-vote/2004/12/02/1101923247133.html\n        Invisible ink: how they rigged the vote], ''''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''''\n        (December 2, 2004)\\n\\nMany other alleged irregularities were reported,\n        including [[ballot stuffing]], intimidation at voting booths and huge numbers\n        of new voters appearing on the electoral rolls\\u2014in [[Donetsk]] alone,\n        half a million more voters were registered for the runoff election. Yanukovych\n        won all but one of the regions where significant increases in turnout were\n        noted. It was later determined by the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Supreme Court]] that this was in fact due to widespread falsification of the\n        results.\\n\\n==International influence\n        and reaction==\\n\\nMany commentators saw the elections as being influenced\n        by outside powers, notably the [[United States]], the [[European Union]] and\n        [[Russia]], with the US and EU backing Yushchenko ([[United States Secretary\n        of State|Secretary of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]], former [[National Security\n        Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]\n        and [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[John McCain]] all visited Kiev, in\n        official or private capacities {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}), and\n        Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] publicly backing Yanukovych. In the media\n        the two candidates were contrasted, with Yushchenko representing both the\n        pro-Western [[Kiev]] residents as well as the rural Ukrainians, whereas Yanukovych\n        representing the Eastern, pro-Russian industrial laborers.\\n\\nMore specifically it was considered that a Yushchenko victory\n        would represent a halt of Ukraine''s integration with the rest of the [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States]], and possibly a cancellation of the [[Eurasian Economic\n        Community#Common Economic Space|Common Economic Space]] between Russia, Ukraine,\n        [[Belarus]] and [[Kazakhstan]] that had already been agreed to by the Ukrainian\n        parliament; he would instead be likely to increase attempts at further integration\n        with Europe and a possible membership in the EU and NATO. Viktor Yanukovych\n        had promised to make Russian an official language for Ukraine, as is also\n        the case in other CIS member states Belarus, Kazakhstan and [[Kyrgyzstan]].\\n\\n===European\n        Union===\\n[[Image:Ukrainian Round Table 2004.jpg|thumb|225px|Round table talks\n        with Ukrainian and foreign representatives during the [[Orange Revolution]]\n        on December 1 in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nThe [[European Union]] made it clear that\n        they would not recognize the results of the election. All 25 member countries\n        of the EU summoned their ambassadors from Ukraine in order to register a sharp\n        protest against what is seen as election fraud.[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do;jsessionid=335ED3B0E938A20E30BDED4B98B2B687.node1?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2004-0046+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN\n        European Parliament resolution on the forthcoming presidential elections in\n        Ukraine], [[The European Parliament]] (October 28, 2004)\\n\\nThe [[European\n        Union]] disputed the election process in Ukraine, with [[European Commission]]\n        [[President of the European Commission|President]] [[Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Barroso]]\n        warning of consequences if there is no review of the election. During a meeting\n        between Putin and EU officials in [[the Hague]], the Russian president opposed\n        the EU reaction by saying that he was \\\"deeply convinced that we have no moral\n        right to push a big European state to any kind of massive disorder.\\\"\\n\\nAmong\n        EU member states, Ukraine''s western neighbors were most concerned. In [[Poland]],\n        Ukraine''s largest western neighbor, politicians, the media and ordinary citizens\n        enthusiastically supported Yushchenko and opposed the election fraud. Polish\n        deputies to the [[European Parliament]] have called for giving Ukraine the\n        prospect of future EU membership provided the country obeyed democratic standards.\n        Western EU members are however more reluctant with the idea of Ukrainian membership\n        in the EU, which results in Polish media accusing them of being more interested\n        in the integration process with [[Turkey]] and maintaining good relations\n        with Russia.\\n\\nOn November 25, former Ukrainian foreign minister and a close\n        collaborator of Yushchenko, [[Borys Tarasyuk]] delivered a speech before the\n        Polish [[Sejm]], urging Poland not to recognize the election result and help\n        solve the political crisis. On the same day former Polish President [[Lech\n        Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]] went to Kiev to publicly express his support for Viktor\n        Yushchenko. He was later followed by a number of Polish MPs from different\n        parties.\\n\\nOn November 26 the [[President of Poland]] [[Aleksander Kwa\\u015bniewski]]\n        arrived in Kiev, followed on the same day by the [[Union Minister for Foreign\n        Affairs|EU Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Javier Solana]] and the Lithuanian\n        president [[Valdas Adamkus]].\\n\\n===United States===\\n\\nThe [[United States\n        government]] also decided not to recognize the election, and expressed dissatisfaction\n        with the results; the outgoing [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary\n        of State]], [[Colin Powell]], quite unequivocally stated that the result announced\n        could not be accepted as legitimate by the [[United States]]. [[President\n        of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] and various members of\n        [[United States Congress|Congress]] made statements disclosing their concern\n        over the legitimacy of the polling. Prominent former [[Cold War]] hawk [[Zbigniew\n        Brzezinski]] cast the election as an opposition to renewed [[Imperial Russia|Russian\n        imperialism]]:\\n\\n{{cquote|Russia is more likely to make a break with its\n        imperial past if the newly independent post-Soviet states are vital and stable.\n        Their vitality will temper any residual Russian imperial temptations. Political\n        and economic support for the new states must be an integral part of a broader\n        strategy for integrating Russia into a cooperative transcontinental system.\n        A [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] Ukraine is a critically important component of\n        such a policy, as is support for such strategically pivotal states as [[Azerbaijan]]\n        and [[Uzbekistan]].[http://www.comw.org/pda/fulltext/9709brzezinski.html\n        A geostrategy for Eurasia by Zbigniew Brzezinski]}}\\n\\nU.S.\n        Senators [[John McCain]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] jointly wrote a letter nominating\n        Victor Yushchenko along with Georgian President [[Mikhail Saakashvili]] for\n        the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. The nomination was unsuccessful.[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-02/McCain-intvu-4Feb2005.cfm?renderforprint=1&textonly=1&&TEXTMODE=1&CFID=325983691&CFTOKEN=32206922&jsessionid=de308c70569d672ad4905073587111252664\n        Senator McCain Tells Ukrainians of Nobel Nomination for Yushchenko], [[Voice\n        of America]] (February 5, 2005)[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2005/\n        The Nobel Peace Prize 2005], [[Nobel Foundation]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential\n        Dec 2004 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yushchenko (Final round)\n        - percentage of total national vote]]\\n[[Image:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004\n        Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (Final round) - percentage\n        of total national vote]]\\n\\n===Russia and the CIS===\\n\\nRussia''s President,\n        Vladimir Putin congratulated Viktor Yanukovych, which was followed shortly\n        afterward by [[Belarus|Belorussian]] president [[Alexander Lukashenko]], on\n        his victory before election results were officially declared.[http://www.kvali.com/kvali/index.asp?obiektivi=show&n=195\n        Kvali Online Magazine] [[CIS election observation missions|CIS election\n        observers]] praised the second round of the elections as \\\"legitimate and\n        of a nature that reflected democratic standards\\\", a view in direct contradiction\n        to other monitoring organizations such as the [[European Network of Election\n        Monitoring Organizations|ENEMO]], the [[Committee of Voters of Ukraine]] and\n        the [[International Election Observation Mission|IEOM]].[http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=401&issue_id=3151&article_id=2368899\n        The Jamestown Foundation]\\n\\nProminent hardliners\n        in Russia cast the election as opposition to renewed Western [[imperialism]].\n        [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Russian Communist Party]] leader\n        [[Gennady Zyuganov]], for example, blames the West for interfering in the\n        situation in Ukraine in the run-up to the October 31 presidential election:\\n\\n{{cquote|I\n        have been in Kiev for a third day and I see for myself that the numerous actions\n        of local opposition bear the earmarks of those groups that at different times\n        tried to destabilize Prague, Budapest and Bucharest \\u2014 the earmarks of\n        U.S. special services.}}\\n\\nOn November 28, [[Yuriy Luzhkov]], the Mayor of\n        Moscow, gave a speech denouncing the Ukrainian opposition, calling its members\n        a \\\"sabbath of witches\\\" pretending to \\\"represent the whole of the nation.\\\"[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/28/international/europe/28cnd-ukraine.html?ex=1102309200&en=ff2c4369fabe9ed3&ei=5040&partner=MOREOVER\n        The New York Times International > Europe > Supporters of President-Elect\n        in Ukraine Push Back] Russian newspapers\n        have printed increasingly shrill warnings,\n        with the Communist party paper ''''[[Pravda]]'''' claiming: \\\"NATO troops\n        in Hungary and Poland are preparing to move, and Romanian and Slovakian military\n        units have been put on alert. Ukrainian towns are in their sights.\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4061315.stm\n        Press elation and alarm at Ukraine events], [[BBC News]] (December 2, 2004)\\n\\nSeveral\n        other CIS countries lined up with Russia in supporting Yanukovych. [[Belarus]]ian\n        President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] phoned Yanukovych to offer his own congratulations\n        before the results had been officially declared. [[Kazakhstan]]''s President\n        [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] wrote to Yanukovych that \\\"Your victory shows that\n        the Ukrainian people have made a choice in favour of the unity of the nation,\n        of democratic development and economic progress.\\\"\n        The presidents of [[Kyrgyzstan]] ([[Askar Akayev]]) and of [[Uzbekistan]]\n        ([[Islam Karimov]]) likewise sent their congratulations. However, later Karimov\n        criticized Russia''s involvement in the Ukrainian election, saying that \\\"Russia\\u2019s\n        excessive demonstration of its willingness to see a certain outcome in the\n        vote has done more harm than good.\\\"[http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/02/karimov.shtml\n        Mosnews.com]\\n\\nIn contrast, the [[Georgia\n        (country)|Georgian]] president [[Mikhail Saakashvili]] indicated his support\n        for the supporters of Yushchenko, saying that \\\"What is happening in Ukraine\n        today clearly attests to the importance of Georgia''s example for the rest\n        of the world.\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4047661.stm BBC NEWS\n        | Europe | Ex-Soviet bloc states mull election]\n        This was a reference to the [[Rose Revolution]] of late 2003. Indeed, Georgians\n        have been highly visible in the demonstrations in Kiev and the [[flag of Georgia\n        (country)|flag of Georgia]] has been among those on display in the city''s\n        Independence Square, while Yushchenko himself held up a rose in a seeming\n        reference to the Rose Revolution. [[Moldova''s Foreign Ministry]] issued a\n        statement late November 2004 that stated \\\"basic democratic principles were\n        distorted\\\" and expressed regret that the poll \\\"lacked the objective criteria\n        necessary for their recognition by both the citizens of Ukraine and the international\n        community\\\".\\n\\n[[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] kept\n        more cautious positions, supporting neither side but stressing the need for\n        Ukrainian unity.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4047661.stm\n        Ex-Soviet bloc states mull election ], [[BBC News]] (November 27, 2004)\\n\\nOn\n        December 2, one day before the Supreme Court ruled in favor of a repeat runoff\n        ballot, President Kuchma visited Moscow to discuss the crisis with Russia''s\n        President Vladimir Putin. Putin supported Kuchma''s position of desiring wholly\n        new elections, rather than just a repeat of the second round.\\n\\n==Re-run==\\nThe final results of the rerun ballot recorded\n        Viktor Yushchenko receiving 52.00% of the votes, with Viktor Yanukovych on\n        44.19% which represented a change in the vote by +5.39% to Yushchenko and\n        -5.27% from Yanukovych.\\n\\nViktor Yanukovych conceded defeat on December 31,\n        2004 and subsequently resigned as Ukraine''s Prime Minister the same day.\n        Despite Yushchenko''s victory in the second round of voting, the regional\n        voting patterns remained largely unchanged between each round, with many southern\n        and eastern provinces supporting Yanukovych, with the west and central regions\n        favoring Yushchenko.\\n\\nUkraine''s supreme court rejected an appeal lodged\n        by Viktor Yanukovych against the electoral commission''s conduct of the election\n        on January 6.\\n\\nOn January 10 the Ukrainian Electoral Commission officially\n        declared Viktor Yushchenko the winner and on January 11 published the final\n        election results,[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/postanovy/2005/p0015_2005.htm\n        \\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0426\\u0412\\u041a\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434 10 \\u0441\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u044f 2005 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\n        \\u211615] clearing the way for Yushchenko\n        to be inaugurated as Ukraine''s fifth President. The official ceremonies took\n        place on Sunday, January 23 at about noon, when Yushchenko undertook the constitutional\n        oath was sworn in as President.\\n\\nIn November 2009 Yanukovych stated that\n        although his victory in the elections was \\\"taken away\\\" he gave up this victory\n        in order to avoid bloodshed. \\\"I didn''t want mothers to lose their children\n        and wives their husbands. I didn''t want dead bodies from [[Kiev]] to flow\n        down the [[Dnieper River|Dnipro]]. I didn''t want to assume power through\n        bloodshed.\\\"[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/26340/ Yanukovych says\n        presidential election scenario of 2004 won''t be repeated in 2010], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (November 27, 2009)\\n\\n==Aftermath==\\nDespite alleged convincing evidence\n        pointing to high-level involvement in the [[Leonid Kuchma|Kuchma]] administration\n        and the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]][https://books.google.com/books?id=zWAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT20\n        The Orange Revolution] by [[Taras Kuzio]], [[Democracy at Large]], {{ISSN|1552-9606}},\n        volume 1/number 2, 2005 (page 9) no criminal election fraud charges\n        have been filed against any top officials. The prosecutor general did arrest\n        several public figures on charges of election fraud in the first half of 2005,\n        but no high-profile case was brought to court. On 23 September\n        2005 Yushchenko announced a pact with the [[Party of Regions]] in which he\n        promised to look into an amnesty for those convicted of vote rigging during\n        the 2004 Ukrainian presidential elections.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ebjEVjJ-DcAC&pg=PA580\n        Countries at the crossroads: a survey of democratic governance] by Sanja Tatic\n        & Christopher Walker, [[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-5801-4}}\n        (page 580)[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1342327.html Corruption\n        Watch: October 3, 2005], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (October 3, 2005)\n        One of the top election-fraud suspects, former CEC head Serhiy Kivalov, is\n        a [[Party of Regions]] deputy who heads the [[Ukrainian Parliament]]\\u2019s\n        Judiciary Committee.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54839/\n        Nation\\u2019s law enforcers have dismal track record], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        11, 2009)\\n\\nDuring the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010\n        presidential election]]-campaign [[Viktor Yanukovych]] pledged to prevent\n        electoral fraud during those elections: \\\"We will properly respond to all\n        provocations and attempts to fake election results\\\".[http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20091223/157329746.html\n        Opposition leader pledges to prevent fraud at Ukraine election], [[RIA Novosti]]\n        (December 23, 2009)\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{Commons|Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004}}\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/postanovy/2005/p0015_2005.htm\n        Central Election Commission of Ukraine] \\u2014 Resolution on official final\n        results {{uk icon}}\\n*[http://vasylchenko.in.ua Serhiy Vasylchenko: Electoral\n        Geography of Ukraine 1991 - 2010]\\n* [http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=4&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2004-0046+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN\n        European Parliament resolution]\\n* [http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1123/p05s01-woeu.html\n        Christian Science Monitor: One election, two Viktors]\\n* [http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=236\n        PINR - Ukrainian Presidential Elections: To East or West?]\\n* [http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/\n        A description of the procedure by an international observer]\\n* [http://www.skrobach.com/ukrel041.htm\n        Complete 2004 Election Results]\\n\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n{{2004 presidential election\n        candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian Elections}}\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Presidential Election, 2004}}\\n[[Category:Presidential elections in Ukraine|2004]]\\n[[Category:2004\n        elections in Ukraine|Presidential election]]\\n[[Category:Corruption in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Political\n        corruption]]\\n[[Category:Electoral fraud]]\\n[[Category:Orange Revolution]]\\n[[Category:Annulled\n        elections]]\\n[[Category:November 2004 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:December\n        2004 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T10:53:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":790686352,\"length\":31864,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004\"},\"7688465\":{\"pageid\":7688465,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2010\",\"index\":7,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-08T22:38:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Infobox\n        Election\\n|election_name = Ukrainian presidential election, 2010\\n|country\n        = Ukraine\\n|type = presidential\\n|ongoing = no\\n|previous_election = Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004\\n|previous_year = 2004\\n|next_election = Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2014\\n|next_year = 2014\\n|election_date = 17 January\n        and 7 February 2010\\n|image1 = [[File:Viktor Yanukovych 2007-01-15.jpg|130px]]\\n|nominee1\n        = ''''''[[Viktor Yanukovych]]''''''\\n|party1 = Party of Regions\\n|popular_vote1\n        = ''''''12,481,266''''''\\n|percentage1 = 48.95%\\n|image2 = [[File:Yulia Tymoshenko\n        (2008).jpg|120px]]\\n|nominee2 = [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]\\n|party2 = All-Ukrainian\n        Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"\\n|popular_vote2 = 11,593,357\\n|percentage2 = 45.47%\\n|map_image\n        = \\u0414\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440 2010 \\u043f\\u043e\n        \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\\u0445-en.png\\n|map_size = 300px\\n|map_caption\n        = Results of the February 7 run-off.\\n|title = President\\n|before_election\n        = [[Viktor Yushchenko]]\\n|after_election = [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n|before_party\n        = Our Ukraine (political party)\\n|after_party = Party of Regions\\n}}\\n{{Politics\n        of Ukraine (small)}}\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian presidential election of 2010''''''\n        was [[Ukraine]]''s fifth presidential election since declaring independence\n        from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991. The first round was held on January 17,\n        2010. The run-off between Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] and opposition\n        leader [[Viktor Yanukovych]] followed on February 7, 2010.\\n\\nOn February\n        14, Viktor Yanukovych, with 48.95% of the popular vote, was declared President-elect\n        and winner of the 2010 Ukrainian Presidential election. According to [[s:Constitution\n        of Ukraine#Article 104|Article 104 of Ukraine''s Constitution]], the President\n        must be sworn into office within 30 days from the official declaration of\n        the poll before the Ukrainian parliament.[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/news/protokol_cvk_07022010.pdf\n        CEC official declaration of the 2010 Presidential election], [[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]] The Ukrainian Parliament scheduled Yanukovych''s\n        inauguration for February 25.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59703/\n        Update: Yanukovych to be sworn in, rival fights on], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''\n        (February 14, 2010)\\n\\nOn February 17, 2010, the Supreme Administrative\n        Court of Ukraine, suspended the results of the election on appeal from Tymoshenko.\n        The court suspended the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] ruling\n        that announced that Viktor Yanukovych won the election, but did not postpone\n        or cancel Yanukovych''s inauguration.https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/world/europe/18ukraine.html\n        High Court in Ukraine Weighs Appeal on Election[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00\n        Ukrainian election results suspended on appeal][http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8519922.stm\n        Ukrainian election result suspended after PM''s appeal] On February\n        20, Tymoshenko withdrew her appeal.[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/world/europe/21ukraine.html\n        Ukraine Prime Minister Drops Election Challenge], ''''[[New York Times]]''''\n        (February 20, 2010)\\n\\n==Summary==\\nEarly-vote returns from the first\n        round of the election held on 17 January showed Yanukovych in first place\n        with 35.8% of the vote.{{cite news|title=Ukrainian Presidential\n        Election Set for Runoff|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704541004575010390901914042?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines|work=The\n        Wall Street Journal|date=18 January 2010|accessdate=2010-01-18|first=James|last=Marson}}\n        He faced a 7 February 2010 runoff against Tymoshenko, who finished second\n        (with 24.7% of the vote).\\n\\nAnalysts predicted a slight advantage for Tymoshenko\n        in the second (and final) round as she was more likely to attract voters from\n        the other 16 candidates who did not proceed to the second round.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/57292/\n        Analysts say exit poll results favor Tymoshenko win on Feb. 7], ''''Kyiv Post''''\n        (18 January 2010) Viktor Yanukovych refused to hold debates with his\n        opponent before the second round of voting, saying Yulia Tymoshenko should\n        either take responsibility for every word as prime minister, or go to the\n        kitchen.[http://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/],\n        [[The Financial]] (1 February 2010) After all ballots were counted,\n        the Ukrainian Central Election Commission declared that Yanukovych won the\n        election with 48.95% of the vote compared with 45.47% for Tymoshenko.{{uk icon}}[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp300pt001f01=701.html\n        Regular elections of the President of Ukraine 17/01/2010], [[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]] members immediately\n        claimed that there was systematic and large-scale vote rigging in this run-off.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59198/\n        Turchynov: vote rigging in favor of Yanukovych was systematic, large-scale],\n        ''''Kyiv Post'''' (10 February 2009)[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/6za4s343\n        Nataliya Korolevska: victory will be ours], Yulia Tymoshenko official website\n        (8 February 2009)[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/37u69796\n        Andriy Shevchenko: whole gamut of fraud in Donbas], Yulia Tymoshenko official\n        website (8 February 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2009)\\n\\nOn 10 February 2010, Yanukovych called on Tymoshenko to abandon\n        her protests and resign as Prime Minister. On 9 February\n        2010, Yanukovych had stated that [[Borys Kolesnykov]] was his preferred next\n        [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]. According to him [[Next Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election|pre-term parliamentary elections]] will be imminent if the [[Ukrainian\n        parliament]] would not work effectively. Yanukovych also stated that, as the\n        largest faction in the parliament at the time, his party was entitled to nominate\n        the premier.[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/02/09/216009 \\\"Yanukovych\n        opts for Borys Kolesnykov to become premier\\\"], Z I K (9 February 2010)\n        On 15 February, Yanukovych stated \\\"I do not rule out the candidature of [[Tigipko]]\n        (as next Prime Minister). Tigipko is on the list which, in my opinion, will\n        be discussed next week in [[Verkhovna Rada|parliament]]\\\".[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59550/\n        Yanukovych does not rule out Tigipko as prime minister], ''''Kyiv Post''''\n        (15 February 2010)\\n\\nOn 16 February 2010, [[Ukraine''s parliament]]\n        had fixed 25 February 2010 for the inauguration of Yanukovych as president.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59629/\n        Update: Ukraine''s Yanukovych to be sworn in on Feb. 25], ''''Kyiv Post''''\n        (16 February 2010) On 17 February 2010, \\\"the Higher Administrative\n        Court of Ukraine\\\", suspended the results of the election on Yulia Tymoshenko''s\n        appeal.[{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00|title=Ukrainian\n        election results suspended on appeal|publisher=Google News|agency=[[Associated\n        Press]]|date=17 February 2010|deadurl=y|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221065939/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00|archivedate=21\n        February 2010}}{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8519922.stm|title=Ukrainian\n        election result suspended after PM''s appeal|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 February\n        2010|accessdate=18 January 2016}}\\nOn 20 February 2010, Tymoshenko withdrew\n        her appeal after \\\"the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine\\\" rejected her\n        petition to scrutinize documents:[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/vu8az6s6\n        Yulia Tymoshenko will not challenge election results in Supreme Court], Official\n        website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2009)
\\n\\u2014 about 300,000\n        voters who voted but were not in the \\\"Register of Voters of Ukraine\\\";\\n\\u2014 about 1.3 million voters who \\\"without right\\\" voted in their homes;\\n\\u2014 about falsification in the election in the eastern regions (Donetsk,\n        Luhansk, Kharkiv region, Crimea, etc.) \\u2014 fixed by law-enforcement officials.
\\nTymoshenko stated, \\\"I and my political party will never\n        recognize Yanukovych as the legitimately elected president of Ukraine\\\", and\n        \\\"an honest court will assess that Yanukovych was not elected President of\n        Ukraine, and that the will of the people had been rigged\\\".{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/uv4w2uwz|title=Yulia Tymoshenko:\n        sooner or later an honest court will assess the fraudulent 2010 elections|work=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko Official website|date=20 February 2010|deadurl=y|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225000534/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/uv4w2uwz|archivedate=25\n        February 2010}}\\n\\n===Public opinion===\\nPublic [[Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2010#Opinion polls|Opinion Polls]] predicted the Party of Regions\n        and Viktor Yanukovych''s win in the 2010 Presidential election. in February\n        2010. According to an article in ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' in November 2009, Yanukovych''s\n        popularity in the [[Donbass]] was fading and Donbass voters voted mainly for\n        Yanukovych to keep Tymoshenko from power.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53727/\n        \\\"Voting for Yanukovych, but unenthusiastically\\\"], ''''Kyiv Post'''' (26\n        November 2009)\\n\\n==Background==\\n{{expand section|reason=The 2004 \\\"[[Orange\n        revolution]]\\\" should be mentioned in the context of these elections|date=November\n        2016}}\\nIn Ukraine, the previous two presidential first round ballots have\n        traditionally occurred in October.\\n\\nAccording to the [[s:Constitution of\n        Ukraine#Article 103|Constitution of Ukraine]], regular elections of the President\n        of Ukraine are held on the last Sunday of the last month of the fifth year\n        of the term of authority of the President of Ukraine. In the event of pre-term\n        termination of authority of the President of Ukraine, elections of the President\n        of Ukraine are held within ninety days from the day of termination of the\n        authority.\\n\\nEarly Presidential elections can be held in case of presidential\n        resignation, ill-health, [[impeachment]] or death.\\n\\nThe President of Ukraine\n        is elected by the citizens of Ukraine for a five-year term, on the basis of\n        universal, equal and direct suffrage, by secret ballot.\\n\\nA candidate seeking\n        election must be a citizen of Ukraine who has attained the age of thirty-five,\n        has the right to vote, has resided in Ukraine for the past ten years prior\n        to the day of elections, and has command of the state language as required\n        by [[s:Constitution of Ukraine#Article 103|Article 103 of Ukraine''s Constitution]].\\n\\nOn\n        April 1, 2009, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] designated October 25, 2009, as the\n        date for the first round of voting. Within a week, President Yushchenko filed\n        an appeal with the Constitutional Court against Verkhovna Rada''s October\n        25 date. The President''s appeal argued that his inauguration on January 23,\n        2005, was the commencement of his five-year term of office and as such the\n        next presidential election must be set for the last Sunday before January\n        23, 2010, in accordance with Article 103.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-310155.html\n        Yushchenko appeals parliament''s decision to call presidential election for\n        Oct. 25], [[UNIAN]] (April 8, 2009)\\n\\nOn May 13, 2009, the court ruled\n        in Yushchenko''s favor, striking out the October 25th date for the elections.[http://www.pr-inside.com/ukraine-court-rules-election-date-unconstitutional-r1251445.htm\n        Ukraine court rules election date unconstitutional], PR-inside.com (May 13,\n        2009) On May 14, 2009, the [[Party of Regions]] leader [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        stated that the presidential elections should now be held on January 17, 2010.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/13852/\n        Yanukovych agrees with Yushchenko on presidential election date], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (May 14, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/13747/ Court\n        declares unconstitutional parliament''s resolution calling presidential polls\n        for October 25, 2009], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (May 13, 2009)[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-315428.html\n        Constitutional Court rules against presidential poll date], [[UNIAN]] (May\n        13, 2009)\\n\\nOn June 23, 2009, the [[Verkhovna Rada|Parliament]] rescheduled\n        the date for the election for Sunday January 17, 2010, with 399 lawmakers\n        out of 442 lawmakers registered in the session hall voted \\\"for\\\" the resolution\n        \\\"On appointing of regular election of President of Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Ministry\n        of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)|Minister of Internal Affairs]] [[Yuriy Lutsenko]]\n        said on September 21, 2009, that he believes that the lists of voters at this\n        Presidential election will be more qualitative and more \\\"clear\\\" than it\n        was at [[Ukrainian Presidential election|previous elections]] because \\\"double\n        names\\\" were removed from the list.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-337162.html\n        All doubles are eliminated \\u2013 Lutsenko], [[UNIAN]] (September 21, 2009)\n        The same day the [[Party of Regions]] complained about a lot of mistakes in\n        that list and that the number of voters fell in the Southern Ukraine and Eastern\n        Ukraine and increased by 0.5\\u20131% in Western Ukraine.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/20606/\n        Regions Party worried about numerous inaccuracies in state register of voters],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (September 21, 2009) It is the first time the state\n        register of voters will be used in a Ukrainian election.\\n\\n==Law\n        on presidential elections==\\nUkraine''s President is elected by a [[two-round\n        system|two-round]] [[first-past-the-post]] voting system. The first round\n        of voting was held on January 17, 2010. As no candidate in the first round\n        ballot had 50% or more votes the two highest polling candidates faced off\n        in a second round ballot[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57219/\n        Presidential election gets under way in Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (January 17,\n        2010) which was held on February 7, 2010. Victor Yanukovych received\n        the highest vote (48.96%) and is expected to be declared the winner.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/metod/kultura/npa/vp_26102009.htm|title=Law\n        on the election of the President of Ukraine article 85 (16)|work=[[Ukrainian\n        legislature]]|publisher=[[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]]|accessdate=2009-08-21}}\n        Under Ukrainian law president elect must take the oath within 30 days\n        of the declaration of the poll which must be made before February 17, 2010.\\n\\nOn\n        July 24, 2009, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] (Ukrainian parliament) amended the Law\n        on Presidential Elections reducing the official presidential campaign from\n        120 to 90 days.[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/metod/kultura/npa/vp.htm Law\n        on Presidential Elections], [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (Ukrainian)[http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2009/CDL-EL%282009%29023-e.asp\n        Law on Presidential Elections], [[Venice Commission]]\\n[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-327957.html\n        VR reduced term of presidential campaign from 120 to 90 days], [[UNIAN]]\n        (July 24, 2009) Outgoing President Viktor Yushchenko refused to sign\n        the new law and lodged an appeal in Ukraine''s Constitutional Court, but failed\n        to outline in detail the grounds for any appeal.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/47329\n        Law on presidential elections will be amended during election campaign, says\n        Yuschenko''s secretariat], [[Kyiv Post]] (August 21, 2009) The speaker\n        of the parliament, Volodymyr Lytvyn, signed the amended law into existence\n        following the President''s refusal to sign it.\\n\\nMaryna Stavniychuk, deputy\n        head of the presidential secretariat and the President''s spokesperson on\n        legal matters stated ''''\\\"It is obvious that there are no serious political\n        or legal grounds to consider the issue of the possible disruption of the presidential\n        elections in Ukraine\\\"\\n'''' [http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49470 Ukraine''s\n        presidential elections will not be disrupted], [[Kyiv Post]] (September 25,\n        2009)\\n\\nThe amended law on the Presidential elections required candidates\n        to pay a 2,500,000 [[hryvnia]]s (~308,000 [[United States dollar|USD]]) nomination\n        deposit which will only be refunded to the two highest polling candidates\n        that progressed to the second round of voting.\\n\\nOn October 19, 2009, the\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] formed the 225 territorial election\n        districts needed for carrying out the election.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-342037.html\n        CEC formed 225 territorial election districts], [[UNIAN]] (October 19, 2009)\\n\\nOctober\n        20, 2009, Ukraine''s Constitutional Court announced its ruling declaring unconstitutional\n        five aspects of the new law of the Presidential election. Voters abroad will\n        no longer have to be registered with the Ukrainian consulate in order to cast\n        a vote. The courts will retain the right to consider without limitations any\n        application or appeal in respect to a candidate''s registration or the conduct\n        of the election. The cancellation of absentee ballots remains as does the\n        90-day election period and the 2.5 million hryvnia deposit. The ruling\n        of the Constitutional Court is not expected to impact seriously on the election\n        as the amended legislation remains in place.[http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-342226.html\n        Constitutional court rules on Law of President elections], [[UNIAN]] (October\n        20, 2009)[http://www.ccu.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=75929 Ruling\n        26/2009 Compliance with the Constitution of Ukraine (constitutionality) of\n        certain provisions of laws of Ukraine \\\"On elections of President of Ukraine\\\"\n        On State Register of Voters, \\\"\\\" On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of\n        Ukraine on the presidential elections in Ukraine and the Code of Administrative\n        Procedure Ukraine], [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] (October 19, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        December 21, 2009, the Central Election Commission of Ukraine formed 113 foreign\n        polling stations.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55701/\n        Ukraine''s CEC forms 113 foreign polling stations for presidential elections],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 22, 2009)\\n\\nVoters are permitted to vote at\n        home during the Presidential election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56445/\n        Tymoshenko to appeal against CEC decision permitting home voting during presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (January 5, 2010)\\n\\n==Costs==\\nThe [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] has estimated\n        the budget of the holding of regular presidential elections in Ukraine at\n        1.5 billion [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnias]][http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/07/29/102946.html\n        Presidential direct election to cost Ukraine over 1.5 billion UAH], For-ua\n        (July 29, 2009) (approximately 200 million [[United States dollar|US\n        dollars]]) with additional costs required by candidates to fund their campaigns.\\n\\nEach\n        candidate is required to pay an election deposit of 2.5 million hryvnias\n        (Approximately 300,000 US dollars) The deposit will be refunded to the two\n        highest polling candidates who progress to the second round of elections.\\n\\nOn\n        November 26 the Central Election Commission stated a total of 1.314 billion\n        hryvnias is required to hold the presidential election, including 192.2 million\n        in 2009 and 1.122 billion in 2010.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53669/\n        Central Election Commission cuts expenditure on presidential election by Hr\n        17.3 million], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 26, 2009)\\n\\nAssessments\n        by political analysts show that each presidential candidate will have to spend\n        at least US $150\\u2013200mn to promote himself; this includes buying story\n        lines in the media, visual advertising, canvassing, printing political material\n        and, work with electoral commissions.[http://en.proua.com/pulse%20of%20the%20week/2009/08/26/181226.html\n        How much for today''s president?], proUa (August 26, 2009)\\n\\nChairman\n        of the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, Oleksandr Chernenko, also commented\n        that Presidential candidates will spend 1 billion US dollars on the election\n        campaign[http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/10/20/175926.html Presidential\n        candidates will spend at least USD 1 billion on election campaign in\n        Ukraine], ForUm (October 20, 2009)\\n\\nThe cost of the run-off ballot\n        is estimated to cost US$119 million[http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=179639\n        Run-off to take UAH 448.581, 119 million \\u2013 CEC ], UkrInform (January\n        28, 2010)\\n\\n==Timetable==\\nUkraine''s Central Electoral Commission\n        (CEC) has set the following timetable for the conduct of the election:[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/acts/getd?id=24265&ptext=\n        Official text (Ukrainian), CEC]\\n* October 19: Official 90-day Election\n        Campaign period commences\\n* October 20 to November 6: Nominations open\\n*\n        November 9: Deadline for nomination document/submissions\\n
CEC\n        has five days to assess and approve or reject nominations
\\n*\n        November 11: Deadline for candidates to submit any corrections to documentation\\n*\n        November 13: CEC to finalize registration of nominations\\n* November 15: CEC\n        to publish nomination lists of candidates\\n
CEC provides certified\n        copies of the voters list to all candidates. Within Three days of registration\n        Candidates must provide a statement of assets and income. Candidates allowed\n        to commence official campaign one day after registration is finalized.
\\n*\n        December 9: Foreign polling stations to be set up.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53281/\n        Foreign polling stations for Ukrainian presidential elections to be set up\n        by Dec. 9], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 20, 2009)\\n* December 15: CEC to\n        approve ballot paper format ready for printing.\\n* December 21: Deadline for\n        withdrawals of candidature.\\n* January 2: Last day for public opinion polls\n        to be published prior to election.\\n* January 9: All ballot papers to be printed\n        and ready for distribution to polling stations/districts.\\n* January 15: Last\n        day of public campaigning before polling day\\n* January 17: Election (First\n        round ballot) Polling commences 8 am and closes 10 pm\\n* January\n        22: Tabulation of overseas and territorial polling place to be completed\\n*\n        January 27: Determination of voting results and declaration of poll\\n\\nAs\n        no single candidate had 50% or more of the total recorded vote the two highest\n        polling candidates faced off in a second round ballot. The candidate with\n        the highest vote in the second round will win the election.\\n* February 7:\n        Final round run-off ballot\\n* February 17: Declaration of the election must\n        be made within 10 days following the ballot or within 3 days of\n        receipt of the official election protocols.\\n\\nAccording to Article 104 of\n        Ukraine''s Constitution the President-elect within 30 days of the declaration\n        of the poll must be sworn into office before Ukraine''s parliament\\n* February\n        25: Viktor Yanukovych is sworn into office.\\n\\n==Nominated candidates==\\nThe\n        following candidates nominated for the Presidential elections (in ballot paper\n        order)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55223 Candidates\n        to be numbered in ballot paper for voting at elections], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        16, 2009) A total of 18 candidates ran for president.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198540.html\n        CEC registers seven more presidential candidates, including Poroshenko, Tymoshenko],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (31 March 2014)\\n* [[Inna Bohoslovska]], member\n        of [[Verkhovna Rada]], unaffiliated (block ''''Party of Regions'''')[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-317447.html\n        MP Bohoslovska quits Party of Regions], [[UNIAN]] (May 25, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51000\n        MP Bohoslovska nominates herself for president], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 20,\n        2009){{cite web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227060.html|title=Bohoslovska\n        Applies CEC For Registering Her President Candidate|work=[[Ukrainian News]]|publisher=[[UkraNews]]|accessdate=2009-10-23}}\\n*\n        [[Mykhaylo Brodskyy]], leader of the [[Party of Free Democrats]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/228249.html|title=Leader Of Free\n        Democrats Party Brodskyi Applies To CEC To Register Him Candidate For President|work=[[Ukrainian\n        News]]|publisher=[[UkraNews]]|accessdate=2009-10-20}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://cvk.gov.ua/news/news_02112009.htm|title=CEC registered two\n        more candidates for the President UKRAINE|work=[[Central Election Commission\n        of Ukraine]]|publisher=Central Election Commission of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-11-02}}\\n*\n        [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]], member of [[Our Ukraine (political party)|Our Ukraine]],\n        former Minister of Defense{{cite web|url=http://en.ura-inform.com/elections/2009/05/28/griz_pres|title=Hrytsenko\n        joins the fight for the presidency|accessdate=2009-06-15|date=May 28, 2009|work=URA-Inform|language=Russian}}On\n        October 16, 2009, Anatoliy Hrytsenko claimed he had collected the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|UAH]] 2.503 million required for him to register as a presidential\n        candidate. Source: [http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/22288/ Hrytsenko collects\n        UAH 2.5 million to register as presidential candidate], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (October 16, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/22639/ Hrytsenko\n        submits documents to register as presidential nominee], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (October 21, 2009)\\n* [[Yuriy Kostenko]], [[Ukrainian People''s Party]]\n        deputy of Verkhovna Rada for [[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc]][http://itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14446384\n        Run-off in Ukraine''s presidential election inevitable \\u2013 analysts], [[ITAR-TASS]]\n        (October 19, 2009)[http://kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51234/\n        Ukrainian People''s Party nominates its leader Kostenko for president], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (October 24, 2009)\\n* [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]], parliamentary speakerhttp://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=984544&lang=eng_news{{cite web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227076.html|title=Lytvyn\n        Requests CEC To Register Him Candidate For President|work=[[Ukrainian News]]|publisher=[[UkraNews]]|accessdate=2009-10-23}}\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Moroz]], [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]], former chairman of the\n        [[Verkhovna Rada]][http://kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51285/\n        http://kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51285/], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 25,\n        2009){{cite web|url=http://cvk.gov.ua/news/news_06112009.htm|title=CEC\n        registered two more candidates for the President UKRAINE|work=[[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]]|publisher=Central Election Commission of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-11-06}}\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Pabat]], [[Peoples'' Salvation Army]][http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/15200\n        http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/15200], [[Ukrainian Independent Information\n        Agency|Unian.net]] (October 31, 2009)\\n* [[Vasily Protyvsih]], Independent\\n* [[Serhiy Ratushniak]][http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/52544/\n        Central Election Commission registers Uzhgorod mayor as presidential candidate],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (November 13, 2009)\\n* [[Oleh Riabokon]], Independent\n        lawyer, Managing Partner in [[Magisters]] law firm from 1997 to 2009[http://ukrfaces.blogspot.com/2009/10/who-is-oleh-riabokon-biography-of.html\n        Who is Oleh Riabokon: The biography of a Presidential Candidate ], [[Who is\n        who in Ukraine]] (October 27, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51024\n        First contender for Ukraine''s presidency submits documents to CEC], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (October 20, 2009)\\n* [[Petro Symonenko]], Leader of the [[Communist\n        Party of Ukraine]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51094|title=Communist leader Symonenko\n        asks Central Election Commission to register him as presidential candidate|work=[[Ukrainian\n        News]]|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|accessdate=2009-10-21}}\\n* [[Liudmyla\n        Suprun]], [[People''s Democratic Party (Ukraine)|People''s Democratic Party]][http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/24082/ CEC registers two more\n        candidates for Ukraine''s president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (November 6, 2009){{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.ndp.org.ua/?pid=8795565&id=626&sid=1230 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0434\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0434\\u043b\\u044f \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430 \\u041d\\u0414\\u041f \\u041b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043c\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\n        \\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0440\\u0443\\u043d \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b], [[People''s\n        Democratic Party (Ukraine)|People''s Democratic Party]] (November 6, 2009)\\n*\n        [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], Incumbent [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\n        leader of [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/228032.html|title= PM Tymoshenko\n        Applies CEC To Register Her Candidate For President|work=[[Ukrainian News]]|publisher=[[Ukrainian\n        News]]|accessdate=2009-10-27}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://cvk.gov.ua/news/news_31102009.htm|title=CEC registered CANDIDATE\n        PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE Yulia Tymoshenko|work=[[Central Election Commission of\n        Ukraine]]|publisher=Central Election Commission of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-10-31}}\\n*\n        [[Sergei Tigipko]], former CEO of the National Bank of Ukraine endorsed by\n        [[Labour Ukraine]]{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/47149|title=Tihipko\n        may unite with Yatseniuk, Hrytsenko and Bohoslovska to nominate single candidate\n        for presidential election|accessdate=2009-08-19|date=August 19, 2009|work=[[KyivPost]]|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]}}{{cite web|url=http://jerelo.com.ua/ru/president_election_ukr/100346|title=Tigipko\n        at the presidential elections will be supported by the Labour Party|accessdate=2009-06-15|publisher=Persho\n        Dzherelo|language=Russian}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51186|title=Tigipko\n        files documents at Central Election Commission to register as presidential\n        candidate|work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|accessdate=2009-10-23}}[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53855/ Sylna Ukrayina\n        party to support Tihipko in presidential elections], [[Kyiv Post]] (November\n        28, 2009)\\n* [[Oleh Tyahnybok]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Freedom\\\"]],\n        deputy of the Lviv Regional Council{{cite web|url=http://tsn.ua/ua/ukrayina/natsionalisti-visunuli-tyagniboka-v-prezidenti.html|title=Nationalists\n        put Tyahnybok out to become president|accessdate=2009-06-15|date=May 24, 2009|work=TSN.ua|language=Ukrainian}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/51366/|title=Tiahnybok\n        files documents at CEC to register as presidential candidate|accessdate=2009-10-27|date=October\n        27, 2009|work=[[Interfax]]|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|language=Ukrainian}}\\n*\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]], Incumbent President and member of [[Our Ukraine (political\n        party)|Our Ukraine]]{{cite web|url=http://www.nashkrok.org.ua/en/|title=Homepage|accessdate=2009-06-15|work=The\n        Next Big Step|publisher=nashkrok.org.ua}}{{cite web|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/10/27/130321.html|title=Yushchenko\n        registered as a nominee for presidential election|accessdate=2009-10-27|publisher=ForUm}}\\n*\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], [[Party of Regions]] former [[Prime Minister]] and\n        runner-up candidate in the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential\n        election]][http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227204.html Party Of Regions\n        Nominates Yanukovych As Its Presidential Candidate], [[Ukrainian News]] (October\n        23, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/51360/ CEC\n        to consider Yanukovych''s registration as presidential candidate on Wednesday],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 27, 2009)\\n* [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]], former [[Chairman\n        of the Verkhovna Rada]] member of [[Our Ukraine (political party)|Our Ukraine]]\n        and Front for Change party{{cite web|url=http://www.lenta.ru/news/2009/04/06/ya/|title=Arseniy\n        Yatsenyuk will be on the ballot for the President of Ukraine|accessdate=2009-06-15|date=June\n        4, 2009|work=[[Lenta.ru]]|publisher=[[Rambler Media Group]]|language=Russian}}{{cite web|author=Taras Kuzio|authorlink=Taras Kuzio|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/yatsenyuk-a-yushchenko-clone-will-bring-stagnation-36764.html|title=Yatsenyuk,\n        a Yushchenko clone, will bring stagnation|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=4 April\n        2009|accessdate=18 January 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/The_Rise_And_Fall_And_Rise_Of_Arseniy_Yatsenyuk/1854794.html\n        |title=The Rise And Fall (And Rise?) Of Arseniy Yatsenyuk|work=[[Andrew Wilson\n        (historian)|Andrew Wilson]]|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]]|accessdate=2009-09-18}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/51059|title=Yatseniuk\n        registers as presidential candidate|work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|accessdate=2009-10-21}}\\n\\n===Excluded candidates===\\nAll together\n        the Central Election Commission had rejected sixteen applications for candidate\n        registration[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51773/ 16 applications\n        have been rejected for registration as presidential candidates], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 13, 2009)\\n\\nThe Central Election Commission refused to register\n        Oleksandr Hordiichuk, Olena Osnach, Oleksandr Luzan, Hanna Kostiv, Oleksandr\n        Vaschenko, Oleksandr Ohorodnikov, Vasyl Handula, Yurii Petlevana, Petro Rekalo,\n        Anatolii Polischuk, Mykhailo Hamaniuk, Oleksandr Vretyk, Artem Polezhaka,\n        Oleh Omelchenko, [[Natalia Vitrenko]], [[Mykola Melnychenko]],\n        Serhii Martyian and Serhiy Schetinin. The reason stated was due to errors\n        in their documentation, qualifications or failure to pay the required 2.5 million\n        hryvnia nomination deposit.[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/228455.html\n        CEC Refuses To Register Kulychenko, Subbotin, Polyschuk, Honcharenko, Melnyk\n        As Presidential Candidates], [[Ukrainian News]] (October 30, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51773/\n        CEC denies registration to four more contenders for Ukraine''s presidency],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (November 3, 2009){{ru icon}} [http://www.vitrenko.org/start.php?lang=1&part_id=1&article_id=9088\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u043f\\u0430\\u0434,\n        \\u043b\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u044e\\u0446\\u0438\\u044e.\n        \\u0414\\u043b\\u044f \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0432\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u041a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b \\u2013 \\u0442\\u0443\\u0430\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u043c\\u0430\\u0436\\u043a\\u0430. \\u0417\\u0430\\u044f\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u041b\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430 \\u041f\\u0421\\u041f\\u0423 \\u041d\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0438\\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e], Official website of [[Natalia\n        Vitrenko]] (November 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/24591/\n        Eighteen to run for Ukraine''s presidency], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (November\n        12, 2009)\\n\\nNominations closed on November 9, 2009. The Central Election\n        Commission had until November 11 to process nomination documentations and\n        November 13 to finalize the election list.\\n\\n==Electoral campaign==\\n\\nFile:Yatsenyuk tent 2009.jpg|Yatsenyuk promotion (August 2009)\\nFile:\\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0430\n        \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e 2010 \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a.jpg|\\\"She\n        Works\\\" billboard (August 2009)\\nFile:Crowd before start 25dec09 3078.JPG|''''\\u041d\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u044e\\u043b\\u0435!'''', anti-Tymoshenko placard,
rally\n        Dnipropetrovsk, 25 Dec 2009\\nFile:2Normal 25Dec09 3288.JPG|Concert and rally\n        for Yanukovych,
Dnipropetrovsk, 25 Dec 2009\\n\\nThe official Presidential\n        campaign commenced on October 19, 2009, with nominations opening on October\n        20 through to November 6. The \\\"unofficial\\\" campaign had already started\n        during the summer of 2009 with tents of [[Yatsenyuk''s Front for Change|Front\n        for Change]] distributing campaign material for [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] Front\n        for Changes and large scale and billboards stating ''''Others make problems.\n        She Works'''' (in the colors and letter type of [[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]]),\n        and photos of [[Sergei Tigipko]] displayed in most Ukrainian towns and TV-adds\n        of [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] and [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] shown on national TV.{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www3.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/9/3/100839.htm \\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438-\\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u0438 \\u0434\\u043e \\u0430\\u0440\\u043c\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\\"\\u0444\\u0430\\u0448\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0438\\\"], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (September\n        3, 2009)[http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14967&Itemid=132\n        Eurasia Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation\\u2014October 1, 2009\\u2014Volume\n        6, Issue 180], [[The Jamestown Foundation]] (October 01, 2009) According\n        to Tymoshenko the \\\"She Works\\\" billboards were paid for by the [[Fatherland\n        Party (Ukraine)|Fatherland Party]], and therefore they were also \\\"social\\\".\n        [[Party of Regions]] deputy Andry Paruby officially requested that the prosecutor-general''s\n        office investigates the sources of financing of Tymoshenko''s advertisements.\n        He suggested that public money might have been used.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has proven more than once the degree to which the success of an election campaign\n        depends on the level of professionalism and political spin techniques applied\n        in election campaigns.[http://en.proua.com/pulse%20of%20the%20week/2009/09/02/182426.html\n        See how they run], [[proUA]] (September 2, 2009)\\n\\nThe most popular\n        candidates are former [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] and leader\n        of the [[Party of Regions|Opposition party]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and current\n        Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]].\\n\\nIncumbent [[President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko|Viktor\n        Yushchenko''s]] support has slumped from a high of 52% in 2004 to below 3%\n        in Ukrainian public opinion polls. Most political commentators regard him\n        as a heavy underdog who stands little chance of being re-elected to a second\n        term of office.{{Cite web|title=Surviving the Crisis in Ukraine (American\n        Progress Forum Video) |url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/ukraine_event.html|work=[[Center\n        for American Progress]]|date=July 30, 2009|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}} A recent public opinion\n        poll indicated that 83% of Ukrainians will not vote for Yushchenko{{cite\n        news|title=Poll: Ukraine president''s chances of re-election slim|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50997|work=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|date=October 20, 2009|accessdate=2009-09-20}}\\n\\nOn April 5,\n        2009, [[Arseniy Yatseniuk]], former [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada]] announced\n        his intention to run in the election.{{cite news|title=Yatsenyuk will\n        be on the ballot for the office of President of Ukraine|url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/795471|work=[[Korrespondent.net]]|date=April\n        5, 2009|accessdate=2009-04-07}} His popularity has slowly risen to around\n        12\\u201314% and is now in third place behind Yanukovych and Tymoshenko.{{cite\n        news|title=Presidential race: Young candidate so far not candidate of the\n        young|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/46930|work=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=August\n        13, 2009|accessdate=2009-08-13}}\\n\\nAccording to [[Oxford Analytica]]\n        the working relationship between President Yushchenko and his Prime Minister\n        Tymoshenko will be further complicated by the search of Yushchenko for partners\n        other than Tymoshenko''s [[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]] who will ensure his re-election.[http://www.taraskuzio.net/media18_files/Yushchenko_Tymoshenko.pdf\n        Yushchenko plots his premier''s removal], [[Oxford Analytica]] (March 11,\n        2008) Since Yushchenko dismissed Tymoshenko as Prime Minister on September\n        8, 2005, the relations between Tymoshenko and Yushchenko,[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/7403/\n        Tymoshenko accuses Yuschenko of obstructing executive authorities'' teamwork],\n        [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (February 6, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/6784/\n        Yuschenko demands immediate amendments to 2009 budget to save Ukraine''s economy\n        \\u2013 televised address to nation], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (January\n        30, 2009)[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-300192.html Yushchenko,\n        Tymoshenko criticize each other (photo-report)], [[UNIAN]] (February 11, 2009)[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-299984.html\n        Agreement with Russia threatens Ukraine''s security \\u2013 President], [[UNIAN]]\n        (February 10, 2009) including the [[Secretariat of the President of\n        Ukraine]],[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/7322/ Presidential secretariat\n        considers PM''s report \\\"theatrical performance\\\"], [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (February 5, 2009) have been hostile.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-320314.html\n        Yushchenko calls on Oblast leaders to work out joint plan of actions], [[UNIAN]]\n        (June 10, 2009) In an interview with the [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]\n        of 11 February 2009 Tymoshenko said her [[Yulia Tymoshenko#2009|recent conflict\n        with the President]] is a political competition and not [[ideological]] [[wikt:antagonism|antagonisms]]\n        and she emphasized that the \\\"election struggle for the next presidential\n        elections has virtually begun.\\\"[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/179917.html\n        Tymoshenko: Political Competition Accounts For Conflict With Yuschenko], [[Ukrainian\n        News Agency]] (February 11, 2009) During a visit to [[Brussels]] on\n        February 10, 2009, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] seconded\n        that.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-300208.html Ukrainian speaker\n        condemns Kyiv''s internal bickering], [[UNIAN]], (February 11, 2009)\n        In late February 2009, President Yushchenko called on all Ukrainian politicians\n        to \\\"stop the presidential election campaign until July 1.\\\"[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/183292.html\n        Yuschenko Called On Politicians To Stop Presidential Election Campaign Until\n        July], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (February 27, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/36253\n        Interview with the president], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 25, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        June 16, 2009, Tymoshenko accused Yushchenko, Yatseniuk and Yanukovych of\n        having the same campaign headquarters financed by (businessman and) [[RosUkrEnergo]]\n        owner [[Dmytro Firtash]].[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-321211.html\n        Tymoshenko: Yushchenko, Yatseniuk, and Yanukovych have one headquarters for\n        three], [[UNIAN]] (June 16, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/15621/\n        Yuschenko and Yatseniuk are ''technical candidates'' for Yanukovych, says\n        Tymoshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (June 16, 2009)[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/203910.html\n        Tymoshenko Says Yuschenko To Be Yatseniuk''s Technical Candidate], [[Ukrainian\n        News Agency]] (June 16, 2009)\\n\\nTymoshenko stated on June 22, 2009:\n        \\\"There is a team work on solving these issues between the President and the\n        Prime Minister. Professional advice and support of the President will help\n        the government during difficult times\\\".[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-322392.html\n        Tymoshenko says \\\"there is team work\\\" between her and President], [[UNIAN]]\n        (June 22, 2009)\\n\\nOn August 11, 2009 [[Russian President]] [[Dmitry\n        Medvedev|Medvedev]] in an open letter [http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/text/docs/2009/08/220759.shtml\n        Address to the President of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko], [[Kremlin.ru]] (August\n        11, 2009) directed at Viktor Yushchenko, raised a number of issues of\n        concern related to the perceived \\\"anti-Russian position of the current Ukrainian\n        authorities\\\". The Russian President''s comments[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/sdocs/vappears.shtml\n        Relations between Russia and Ukraine: a New Era Must Begin], Video \\u2013\n        [[Russian President]] (August 11, 2009) were considered by analysts\n        and others including the President of Ukraine as Russia''s interference in\n        Ukraine''s domestic affairs.[https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSLB59146620090811?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0\n        UPDATE 3-Russia''s Medvedev wades into Ukraine polls], [[Reuters]] (August\n        11, 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8195194.stm Medvedev\n        lambasts Ukraine leader ], [[BBC News]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18365/\n        No hope for normalizing relations with Russia under current leadership, says\n        Ukraine''s opposition leader], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18366/\n        Medvedev''s statement shows Russia wants to impact presidential campaign in\n        Ukraine, says pro-Yuschenko MP], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18417/\n        Yatseniuk says Yuschenko has given grounds to call his policy anti-Russian],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18418/\n        Medvedev''s statement may be ''to Yuschenko''s advantage,'' says Tihipko],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18419/\n        Medvedev''s message to Yuschenko could be used in election campaign to split\n        Ukraine, says speaker], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (August 11, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        September 12, 2009, a tour called \\\"With Ukraine in Heart\\\" in support of\n        Yulia Tymoshenko kick-started on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]. The\n        most popular singers and bands of Ukraine took part in the tour.Artist\n        included [[Ruslana]], [[Oleksandr Ponomaryov]], [[Ani Lorak]], [[Potap]] and\n        [[Nastia Kamenskikh]], [[Tina Karol]], [[Natalia Mogilevska]], [[Iryna Bilyk]],\n        [[TIK (band)|TIK]], [[TNMK]], \\\"[[Druha Rika]]\\\", [[Mad Heads XL]]. See the\n        concert [http://www.videoinfo.com.ua/ here][http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/14524\n        Events by themes: Allukrainian round \\\"With Ukraine in a heart!\\\"]. [[UNIAN]][http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-335608.html\n        Mogilevska went to Tymoshenko], [[UNIAN]] (September 11, 2008)\\n\\nOn\n        September 14, 2009, the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]], the [[Social Democratic\n        Party of Ukraine (united)]], the [[Justice Party (Ukraine)|Justice Party]]\n        and the [[Union of Leftists]] signed an agreement on creating [[Election bloc\n        of left and central left political forces|the bloc of leftists and center-leftists]]\n        and a unitary participation in the presidential election.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/20204/\n        Four parties unite to participate in presidential election], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (September 14, 2009)[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/21363/\n        Bloc of left and center-left forces to nominate CPU Leader for Ukraine''s\n        president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (October 3, 2009)\\n\\nThe Pechersky\n        district court in Kiev on September 22, 2009, banned \\\"any unfair advertisement\\\"\n        against Tymoshenko in response to a video (allegedly made by the [[Party of\n        Regions]]), which claimed that Tymoshenko does not deliver on her promises.\n        The video reportedly mocked Tymoshenko''s main campaign slogan \\\"She Works,\\\"\n        which is frequently used in her advertisements.\\n\\nIn October\n        2009 representatives of the [[Western Ukrainian]] [[intelligentsia]] called\n        upon the candidates Yushchenko, Yatseniuk, Hrytsenko and \\\"other representatives\n        of national democratic forces\\\" to withdraw in favour of Tymoshenko.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/21256/\n        Western Ukrainian intelligentsia calls on candidates for president to withdraw\n        in favor of Tymoshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (October 1, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        October 6, 2009, the [[incumbent]] President Yushchenko warned that there\n        may be attempts to use [[Television in Ukraine|regional television]] and [[Radio\n        in Ukraine|radio companies]] to create advantages for the [[Second Tymoshenko\n        Government|government]] in the election campaign.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50174\n        Vannykova: Yuschenko warns against attempts to monopolize radio and TV broadcasting],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 6, 2009)\\n\\nOctober 17, 2009, The Social-Democratic\n        Party of Ukraine has backed a decision to create the bloc of left and center-left\n        political forces and supported the leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine\n        Petro Symonenko as a single candidate for the post of the Ukrainian president\n        from left political forces[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50859 Social-Democratic\n        Party supports Symonenko as single candidate for president post from left\n        political forces], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 17, 2009)\\n\\nOctober 19 Official\n        start of the Elections campaign 90-day period.\\n\\nOctober 20 Candidate nomination\n        registration opens. [[Oleh Riabokon]] first candidate to officially nominate.\\n\\nOctober\n        20, Ukrainian Parliament voted to amend Ukraine''s Constitution (390 out of\n        438 in favor) to remove provision related to Parliamentary immunity that prevents\n        a member of parliament from being criminally liable, detained or arrested\n        without the consent of the Verkhovna Rada. An earlier proposal to only remove\n        immunity from the Parliament was defeated. The proposed new provisions also\n        limits presidential immunity. The president can not be detained or arrested\n        without the consent of the parliament however on conviction of an offense\n        the President automatically loses office. The proposed amendments have been\n        forwarded to [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Ukraine''s Constitutional Court]]\n        for review and will need to be reaffirmed by the parliament in February 2010\n        [http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-342192.html Parliament votes to remove\n        Immunity], [[UNIAN]] (October 20, 2009)\\n\\nPolitical Analyst and senior\n        policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Andrew Wilson,\n        has cast doubt on Arseny Yatseniuk, currently Ukraine''s third most popular\n        candidate, ability to maintain his meteoritic rise following a decline in\n        his ratings dropping from a high of 13% in August to 9% in October. ''''\\\"Yatseniuk\n        must look to plan B\\\"''''[http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op_ed/51159\n        Yatseniuk loses fresh-face label, popularity after his financial backers exposed],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 22, 2009)\\n\\nOn November 6 the nominations were\n        closed. The same day a Viktor Yushchenko aide amidst concern over the [[2009\n        flu pandemic in Ukraine|recent flu outbreak]] which claimed 97 lives has proposed\n        the cancellation of the January election until May 2010 which would extend\n        the President''s term of office a further six months.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/52092\n        Flu epidemic in Ukraine may require postponement of elections], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 6, 2009) The [[World Health Organisation]] has stated that\n        they expect a second and third wave of infections to occur in Spring (April\n        to June) [http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/52054 WHO experts\n        forecast three waves of A/H1N1 flu in Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 6,\n        2009) bringing into further doubt Yushchenko''s proposed cancellation.\n        Under Ukraine''s [[s:Constitution of Ukraine|Constitution]] the elections\n        can be canceled if a [[State of Emergency]] is declared. Also on November\n        6. 2009 the Emergencies Ministry stated it saw no grounds to introduce a state\n        of emergency in Ukraine due to the flu epidemic.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/52083/\n        Emergency ministry sees no grounds for state of emergency], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (November 6, 2009) On November 9 President Yushchenko said the same.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-345792.html\n        Yushchenko: there are no grounds for state of emergency], [[UNIAN]] (November\n        9, 2009)[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-345757.html Ukraine\n        president: no reason to delay vote over flu], [[UNIAN]] (November 9, 2009)\\n\\nSerhy\n        Lutsenko, the deputy head of the People''s Self-Defense party expressed on\n        November 11, 2009, concern that Viktor Yushchenko will support his past rival,\n        Viktor Yanukovych, in a run-off election between Yanukovych and Tymoshenko.[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2009/11/10/204057\n        Yushchenko to back Yanukovych in runoffs], [[ZIK]] (November 11, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        December 3, 2009, the Ukrainian National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting\n        complained that certain [[Television in Ukraine#List of channels|TV channels]]\n        did not give equal conditions to all presidential candidates.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54264/\n        National Council: Ukrainian TV and radio companies not giving equal conditions\n        to presidential candidates], [[Kyiv Post]] (December 3, 2009)\\n\\nOn\n        December 11, 2009, the [[European People''s Party]] EPP called on \\\"Ukraine''s\n        democratic forces\\\" to unite around the most democratic candidate who will\n        win through to the presidential run-off. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"]],\n        the [[Our Ukraine People''s Union]], and the [[People''s Movement of Ukraine]]\n        (Rukh) are the EPP''s partners in Ukraine.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27360/\n        EPP calls on Ukraine''s democratic forces to unite around most democratic\n        candidate], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (December 9, 2009)\\n\\nOn December 11,\n        2009, candidate Viktor Yanukovych stated that his Party of Regions possesses\n        information that \\\"government representatives are currently \\\"motivating\\\"\n        the chairmen of election commissions and seeking options for victory in every\n        possible way\\\" and called for his supporters go to the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]]\n        in case of [[election fraud]].[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27579/\n        Yanukovych vows to gather people on Maidan if election results are rigged],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (December 11, 2009)\\n\\nBloc Yulia Tymoshenko proposes\n        a referendum on the format of Constitutional reform - [[Parliamentary]] versus\n        [[Presidential]] system of governance[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59573/\n        BYT proposes discussing form of government, constitutional amendments to referendum]\n        [[Kyiv Post]] February 15, 2010\\n\\n==First round ballot==\\nThe first\n        round ballot was held on January 17 and was internationally widely recognized\n        as meeting democratic standards.\\n\\nAs no single candidate had received 50%\n        or more votes in the first round ballot the two highest polling candidates,\n        Viktor Yanukovych (35.32%) and Yulia Tymoshenko (25.05%) progressed to the\n        second final run-off ballot which was held on February 7, 2010.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        incumbent president, Viktor Yushchenko, with 5.45% support, came in fifth\n        place behind Serhiy Tihipko and Arseniy Yatsenyuk who had each respectively\n        received 13.05% and 6.69% of the vote.\\n\\nPeter Simonenko, Volodymyr Lytvyn,\n        Oleh Tyahnybok and Anatoliy Hrytsenko all scored between 4 and 1% of the votes.\n        The remaining nine candidates for the presidency gained less than 1% of the\n        votes.{{uk icon}} [http://gazeta.ua/index.php?id=324402 \\u0426\\u0412\\u041a\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u044e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 1-\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432], Gazeta.ua\n        (January 25, 2010)\\n\\n==Second round ballot==\\nThe second round of voting\n        between Viktor Yanukovych and Yulia Tymoshenko took place on February 7, 2010.\n        [[Exit poll]]s indicated that Yanukovych had been elected, with the National\n        Election Poll placing him first at 48.7% of the vote to Tymoshenko''s 45.5%.[http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/02/08/4242868.html\n        Ukrainian elections: anything possible]\\n\\nWith 100% of the ballots\n        counted, the tally was 12,481,268 votes for Yanukovich (48.95%) and 11,593,340\n        votes for Tymoshenko (45.47%), giving Yanukovich a lead of 3.48%.http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp300pt001f01=701.html\n        There were 1.19% invalid votes and 4.36% of voters chose to vote \\\"Against\n        all\\\" (candidates). In [[Kiev]], the number of\n        voter choosing \\\"Against all\\\" was close to 8%.[http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Vote+spoils+Ukraine+NATO+hopes/2543742/story.html\n        Vote spoils Ukraine''s EU, NATO hopes], [[Ottawa Citizen]] (February 10, 2010)\n        25.5 million Ukrainians voted in the second round.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/18/is-ukraine-ready-to-vote/\n        Is Ukraine ready to vote?], [[Washington Post]] (18 May 2014)\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian Central Election Commission and international observers found no\n        evidence of significant electoral fraud and said that the voting and counting\n        was fair.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8506491.stm\n        Ukraine instability fears as Tymoshenko plans next move] [[BYuT|Tymoshenko''s\n        party]] said that it would challenge the result in 1,000 of the country''s\n        30,000 ballot boxes (as many as 900,000 ballots \\u2013 enough to make a difference\n        in the final outcome), claiming that the counting process\n        was unfair. Violations cited by Tymoshenko''s camp included\n        home voting and the busing of voters to polling stations,[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59339/\n        Tymoshenko cries foul: What''s her case?], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 10, 2010)\n        which was explicitly permitted by law.\\n\\n[[Party of Regions|Yanukovich''s\n        party]] activists rallied outside the buildings of the [[Higher Administrative\n        Court of Ukraine]] and the Kiev Administrative Court of Appeals the days after\n        the second round of the election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/59203/\n        Regions Party puts activists patrol near two courts in Kyiv], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (February 10, 2010)\\n\\nA few days after the election, Yanukovich received\n        congratulations from the leaders of [[Armenia]], [[Austria]], [[Azerbaijan]],\n        [[Belarus]], [[Bulgaria]], [[People''s Republic of China|China]], [[Egypt]],\n        [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Latvia]],\n        [[Libya]], [[Lithuania]], [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], the [[Netherlands]],\n        [[Paraguay]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Russia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]],\n        [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkey]] the [[United Kingdom]],\n        the [[United States]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[NATO]] and the [[European Union]].http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59306/http://www.partyofregions.org.ua/eng/pr-east-west/4b72cc95d7f26/[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59372/\n        NATO, EU follow U.S., welcome Yanukovych], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 12, 2010)[http://unian.net/rus/news/news-362520.html\n        \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0435\\u0449\\u0435 5 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432][http://zadonbass.org/news/all/message_7912\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441 \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430]\n        Still, Tymoshenko refused to concede defeat, and [[BYuT|Tymoshenko''s party]]\n        promised to challenge the result.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Ukraines_Tymoshenko_Slams_Rival_No_Comment_On_Election_Result/1954993.html\n        Ukraine''s Tymoshenko Slams Rival, No Comment On Election Result], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (February 11, 2010) On February 17, 2010\n        the Administrative Court of Ukraine, suspended the results of the election\n        on Yulia Tymoshenko''s appeal. The court suspended the [[Central Election\n        Commission of Ukraine]] ruling that announced that Viktor Yanukovych won the\n        election. Tymoshenko withdrew\n        her appeal on February 20, 2010 after the Higher Administrative Court in [[Kiev]]\n        rejected her petition to scrutinize documents from election districts in [[Crimea]]\n        and also to question election and law-enforcement officials.\n        The same day (February 20) Tymoshenko announced that she will not challenge\n        the results of the second round of the presidential election in the [[Supreme\n        Court of Ukraine]] since she believed there were no legal provisions for such\n        an appeal,[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/vu8az6s6 Yulia Tymoshenko\n        will not challenge election results in Supreme Court], Official website of\n        Yulia Tymoshenko (February 20, 2009) although Tymoshenko also stated\n        \\\"an honest court will assess that Yanukovych wasn''t elected President of\n        Ukraine, and that the will of the people had been rigged\\\".\\n\\nVoting\n        analysis showed that during the election creases started to emerge across\n        the traditional geographical voters patterns. Tymoshenko made inroads in Yanukovych''s\n        traditional [[East Ukraine|east]] and [[south Ukraine]] base of support, whereas\n        Yanukovych did the same in Tymoshenko''s traditional west and [[central Ukraine]]\n        base of support.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/ Election\n        winner lacks strong voter mandate], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 11, 2010)\n        More women voted for Yanukovych than for Tymoshenko.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/editorial/detail/62532/\n        Neanderthal power], [[Kyiv Post]] (March 25, 2010)\\n\\n===Exit Polls===\\nAll\n        [[exit poll]]s conducted during the final round of voting reported a win for\n        Viktor Yanukovych over Yulia Tymoshenko.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/58894/\n        Exit Polls: Yanukovych wins Ukraine election], (February 7, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/58897/\n        Interfax-Ukraine exit poll: Yanukovych leads among voters in Kyiv, regional\n        capitals], (February 7, 2010)[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2010/02/7/4729483/\n        \\u0414\\u0410\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0415\\u041a\\u0417\\u0418\\u0422-\\u041f\\u041e\\u041b\\u0406\\u0412\n        (Summary Exit Polls)], (February 7, 2010)\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Polling\n        Agency''''''\\n!width=\\\"50\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Viktor Yanukovych''''''\\n!width=\\\"50\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"|''''''Yulia Tymoshenko''''''\\n|-\\n|National Exit Poll\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''48.7''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|45.5\\n|-\\n|TRK\n        Ukraina\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''48.6''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|45.7\\n|-\\n|ICTV\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''49.8''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|45.2\\n|-\\n|\n        SOCIS\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''49.6''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.5\\n|-\\n|FOM\n        Center for Social and Marketing Research\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''49.7''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.6\\n|-\\n|Research\n        & Branding group\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''50.2''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.0\\n|-\\n|Interfax-Ukraine\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''51.0''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.0\\n|}\\n\\n==Issues==\\nThe\n        list of major issues raised in the campaign included\\n* The economy[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50996\n        Ukrainians blame Yuschenko (47%) and Tymoshenko (22%) for creating economic\n        mess], [[Kyiv Post]] (August 20, 2009)\\n* Health\\n* Housing\\n* Ukraine''s\n        membership of [[NATO]] and [[CSTO]][http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53640/\n        Poll: over 40 percent of Ukrainians prefer Collective Security Treaty Organization,\n        12.5 percent favor NATO] (November 26, 2009)\\n* European Integration\\n*\n        [[Ukraine-Russia relations]][http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/text/speeches/2009/08/11/0832_type207221_220745.shtml/\n        Relations between Russia and Ukraine: a New Era Must Begin], [[Dmitry Anatolyevich\n        Medvedev|Demitry Medvedev]] (August 11, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/47194\n        Yushchenko calling on Medvedev to intensify Russian-Ukrainian dialog], [[Kyiv\n        Post]] (August 19, 2009)\\n* Constitutional Reform\\n* [[Euro 2012]] Football\n        Tournament\\n* The status of the [[Russian language]]\\n\\nAccording to the Director\n        of the Penta Center for Political Studies Volodymyr Fesenko there were only\n        small differences in the election programs of the various candidates.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53400/\n        Experts: Presidential campaign characterized by poor programs of candidates],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (November 23, 2009)\\n\\n===Fraud suspicions and accusations===\\nAccording\n        to all international organizations observing the election, allegations of\n        electoral fraud in relation to the first round ballot were unfounded, they\n        declared that the conduct of the elections was within internationally recognized\n        democratic standards and a testament to the will of the people of Ukraine.[http://euobserver.com/?aid=29431\n        EU endorses Ukraine election result], [[euobserver]] (February 8, 2010)[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (February 9, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (February 9, 2010)\\n\\nA December 2009 poll\n        found that 82 percent of Ukrainians expected vote rigging, those fears were\n        shared by some election observers, both international and domestic. The latter\n        also fearing the lack of an independent exit poll; which they see as essential\n        to deterring vote fraud.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54838/\n        Election watchers worried by lack of independent exit poll; survey essential\n        to deterring vote fraud], [[Kyiv Post]] (December 11, 2009)\\n\\nYulia\n        Tymoshenko, Ukraine''s Prime-minister and one of the main candidates who sought\n        election in the poll stated that: \\\"We will not challenge any election returns\n        to avoid tremors, which may bring about instability in this country. If the\n        people elect their president, and this is not Yulia Tymoshenko, I will take\n        this choice easy, for sure\\\"[http://forua.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/tymoshenko-will-not-protest-presidential-election-outcome/\n        Tymoshenko will not protest presidential election outcome], [[ForUm]] (September\n        25, 2009)\\n\\nFormer President Leonid Kuchma also excluded the possibility\n        of a third round ballot. According to Kuchma, \\\"during the election campaign\n        in 2004 the decision about holding the third round was political and it will\n        not be repeated. The 2004 decision was an exclusion from a rule\\\".[http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=100472\n        Ex-president excludes third round of presidential elections], [[National Radio\n        Ukraine]] (September 25, 2009)\\n\\nViktor Baloha, former presidential\n        secretary under Viktor Yushchenko stated:\\n\\n:\\\"Alarming declarations about\n        the likely vote rigging directly point to organizational weaknesses of some\n        candidates as the law allows for reliable barriers against any electoral fraud.\n        For instance, any presidential candidate can send his two representatives\n        to sit on local and regional electoral commissions, appoint observers to keep\n        an eye on voting and counting of ballots. Proxies of candidates who have wide\n        authority can also supervise the course of the voting\\\". \\\"There are more\n        than enough supervisory tools. Other effective barriers to electoral fraud\n        are the Central Election Commission [whose members are appointed by major\n        parliamentary parties on a quota principle] and numerous international observers.\n        Mass media and NGOs, notably, the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, will also\n        be effective in helping to curb fraud. Of great importance for establishing\n        the final tally are also exit polls run by respected polling companies.they\n        will all be used during the campaign.\\\" adding that \\\"All the more so that\n        there are 18 presidential candidates, some having considerable weight. That\n        is why any declarations about the likely fraud are just attempts to justify\n        a defeat of those who make them. Note that those candidates who are selling\n        themselves as strong-willed and tough are most given to such declarations.\n        In fact, such declarations expose them as would-be losers and outsiders\\\"[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2009/11/24/205864\n        Wolf-crying about likely vote rigging presidential candidates try to justify\n        their future defeat], [[ZIK]] (November 24, 2009)\\n\\nCandidates [[Victor\n        Yanukovych]] and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] both accused the other of intending\n        to use [[vote rigging]] to win the election during the [[election campaign]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55333/\n        Yanukovych sure Tymoshenko will try to rig results of presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 17, 2009)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55336/\n        Tymoshenko says she will prevent Yanukovych from rigging presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 17, 2009) Early January 2010 [[Ukrainian President]]\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko]] warned that there is a real threat of \\\"[[Administrative\n        resource|administrative pressure]]\\\" being applied during the counting of\n        votes at the presidential election. Viktor Yushchenko without providing any\n        details has alleged that the highest threat of falsification in the first\n        round will be applied by [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]]; \\\"because candidate Viktor\n        Yanukovych will enter the second round in any case\\\".[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/29250/\n        Yuschenko warns of significant threat of administrative pressure during counting\n        of votes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (January 5, 2010)\\n\\nAllegations were\n        made that Viktor Yushchenko had made a deal with Viktor Yanukovych in order\n        to secure a number of political positions for members of his team in exchange\n        for supporting Viktor Yanukovych''s campaign [http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/01/08/211289\n        President''s office ex-official blows Yushchenko-Yanukovych secret deal],\n        [[Zik]] (January 8, 2010) Concern has been expressed that Viktor Yushchenko\n        had tried to prevent news of the deal from being published by declaring it\n        a State Secret.[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=35871&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=e9627f75db\n        Yushchenko and Yanukovych Forge an Electoral Alliance \\u2013 [[Taras Kuzio]],\n        [[Jamestown Foundation]] (January 8, 2010)\\n\\nA joint poll conducted\n        by Democratic Initiatives and Ukrainian Sociology Service of January 2010\n        showed that less than 5% of the polled believed that the presidential election\n        would be fair with 41.4% of respondents that believed that the election results\n        could be manipulated and 15.7% being certain that the entire vote would be\n        rigged.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56820/ Poll: Less\n        than 5% Ukrainians believe presidential election will be fair], [[Kyiv Post]]\n        (January 12, 2010) According to the same poll 5.8% of those polled stated\n        they were ready to sell their votes if the sum suited them and 1.9% of the\n        respondents were ready to sell their votes for any presidential candidates\n        and for any funds.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56815/\n        Poll: Most Ukrainians not planning to sell their votes in presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (January 12, 2010)\\n\\nA voter casting more than one ballot,\n        or selling her/his vote, could have faced as much as two years jail time.[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/303574,ukraine-presidential-candidates-trade-warnings-promises\\u2014summary.html\n        Ukraine presidential candidates trade warnings, promises \\u2013 Summary],\n        Earth Times (January 13, 2010)\\n\\n==Opinion polls==\\nJanuary 2, 2010,\n        was the beginning of the 15-day media blackout on reporting of election polls\n        before the January 17 first round election.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56318/|title=Public\n        reporting of poll results is prohibited in final 15 days before presidential\n        election|accessdate=2010-01-02|date=January 2, 2010|work=[[Inter-Fax Ukraine]]|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]}}\\n\\nA poll released December 15, 2009, by the [[International\n        Foundation for Electoral Systems]] has indicated that Viktor Yanukovych (31%)\n        as the most likely to win the Presidential election in a contest with Yulia\n        Tymoshenko (19%).{{cite press release|format=PDF|publisher=International\n        Foundation for Electoral Systems|url=http://www.ifes.org/publication/9c648aca6bb32dc209a4384513da12d2/IFES_UkraineSurvey2009_PR.pdf|date=15\n        December 2009|accessdate=16 December 2009}} All other candidates were\n        below 5% with Victor Yushchenko on 3.5% with a negativity rating of 83%. The\n        survey also indicated that Ukrainians are pessimistic about the socio-political\n        situation in the country. Seventy-four percent believe Ukraine is on a path\n        toward instability and more than nine in ten Ukrainians are dissatisfied with\n        the economic (96%) and political situation (92%) in the country.\\n\\nAccording\n        to other recent opinion polls, the [[Party of Regions]] candidate [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] (25.0% to 33.3%) was placed first among viable presidential candidates,\n        with [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] (15.5%\n        to 18.4%) coming in second, and [[Yatsenyuk''s Front for Change|Front for\n        Change]] candidate [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] (6.7% to 14.5%) in third place. Incumbent\n        President, [[Viktor Yushchenko]] (2.0% to 3.8%) following his decline in popularity\n        with the Ukrainian public comes in at a distant sixth place behind leader\n        of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine|Communist Party]] [[Petro Symonenko]]\n        (3.4% to 4.5%) and [[Parliamentary speaker]] [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] (1.4% to\n        5.8%).{{cite news|url=http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/ukrain/ukrain_eo/du090430|title=Yushchenko\n        approval rating|work=[[FOM-Ukraine]]|date=|accessdate=22 May 2009}}{{cite\n        news|author=Taras Kuzio|author-link=Taras Kuzio|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/op-ed/with-or-without-baloha-yushchenkos-unelectable-2-305121.html|title=With\n        or without Baloha, Yushchenko''s unelectable|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=24\n        October 2009|accessdate=1 March 2016}}\\n\\nA survey conducted by U.S.-based\n        International Foundation for Electoral Systems and financed by the United\n        States Agency for International Development (November 21 to 29) lists Viktor\n        Yushchenko as the highest negativity rating (83%) and Viktor Yanukovych with\n        the most positive rating (42%) {{en icon}}[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/55401/\n        \\\"Voters unhappy with choices, want jobs\\\"], (November 21\\u201329) U.S.-based\n        International Foundation for Electoral Systems\\n\\nAn opinion poll conducted\n        by [[FOM-Ukraine]] in September/October 2009 expected the turnout to be at\n        least 85.1%.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50541 Survey: most Ukrainians\n        ready to vote in presidential polls], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 12, 2009)\n        The poll carried out by the Oleksandr Yaremenko Institute for Social Research\n        in December 2009 predicted (at least) a 70% turnout.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55800/\n        Pollster predicts 70% turnout for presidential election], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        23, 2009)\\n\\nMedia were prohibited by [[Ukrainian law]] from reporting\n        the results of public opinion polls for the election (starting) from January\n        2 until election day on January 17, 2010.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56318/\n        Public reporting of poll results is prohibited in final 15 days before\n        presidential election], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (January 3, 2010)\\n\\n===Progressive\n        opinion polls table===\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!width=\\\"550\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|Conducted\n        by\\n----\\nCandidate Party\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2004|2004 Presidential election]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM\n        \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|USS\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[SOCIS]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|Institute\n        of social and political psychology\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[Razumkov Centre]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"| KMIS\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM\n        \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|Ukrainian Project\n        System\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[SOCIS]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research\n        & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[SOCIS]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM\n        \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\n        KIIS\\n!width=\\\"100\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[FOM-Ukraine|FOM \\u2013 Ukraine]]\\n!width=\\\"100\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[Research & Branding Group]]\\n|- style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Date\n        from\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|31-Oct-04}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|14-Dec-07}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|25-Jan-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|31-Jan-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|16-Apr-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|30-Aug-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|24-Nov-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|17-Dec-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|1-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|03-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|13-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|17-May-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|12-Jun-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|21-Jul-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|24-Jul-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|4-Aug-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|20-Sep-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|26-Sep-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|12-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|17-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|21-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|22-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|5-Dec-09}}\\n|- style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Date\n        to\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|26-Dec-04}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|23-Dec-07}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|02-Feb-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|05-Feb-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|04-May-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|08-Sep-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|30-Nov-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|24-Dec-08}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|9-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|12-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|25-Apr-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|26-May-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|22-Jun-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|20-Jul-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|04-Aug-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|14-Aug-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|01-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|{{nowrap|04-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|31-Oct-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|25-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|29-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|30-Nov-09}}\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|{{nowrap|13-Dec-09}}\\n|- style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Reference\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|*\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-228706.html\n        24.4% of Ukrainians ready to support Yanukovych at presidential election],\n        [[UNIAN]] (December 27, 2007)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://rus.newsru.ua/ukraine/31may2008/favorites.html\n        \\u041e\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441: \\u043d\\u0430\\u0438\\u043b\\u0443\\u0447\\u0448\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0448\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u044b \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u2013 \\u0443 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e \\u0438\n        \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430 / NEWSru.ua]\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.socis.kiev.ua/en/research-results.html\n        Press release on the results sociological research\\u2014September 2008 SOCIS]\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|{{uk icon}}[http://gazeta.ua/index.php?id=275986 \\u0424\\u043e\\u043d\\u0434\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0434\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0434\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433 \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043f\\u0430\\u0432], gazeta.ua (December 24, 2008)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|{{uk\n        icon}}[http://www.uceps.org/news.php?news_id=140 \\u0414\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0433\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0434\\u044f\\u043d \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0438 2008 \\u0440.\n        (\\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f)], [[Razumkov\n        Centre]] (December 26, 2008)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/files/713/file/Press-release_%D0%B0pril_2009.pdf\n        Poll: \\\"CHANGE OF ELECTORAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE \\u2013 April 2009\\\"], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (April 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/39842\n        Poll: Yanukovych, Tymoshenko, Yatseniuk have best chances to be elected president\n        \\u2013 April 18, 2009], KMIS (April 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://pravda.com.ua/news/2009/4/29/94043.htm\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c. 15% \\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043c\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\\"\\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0441\\u0456\\u0445\\\"]\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-318868.html Yanukovych\n        tops list of presidential candidates in Ukraine \\u2013 poll], [[UNIAN]] (June\n        2, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/files/779/file/Press-release_june_2009.pdf\n        Poll: \\\"CHANGE OF ELECTORAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE \\u2013 June 2009\\\"], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (June 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/18101/\n        Poll: Yanukovych, Tymoshenko still top presidential ratings], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (August 4, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/215119.html\n        Socis Poll: 25% Of Ukrainians Prepared To Support Yanukovych For President,\n        20.5% To Vote For Tymoshenko], [[Ukrainian News]] (August 17, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/politics/research/2009/4367.html\n        Poll: \\\"CHANGE OF ELECTORAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE \\u2013 August 2009\\\"], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (August 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.socis.kiev.ua/en/press/president-of-ukraine-candidates-rating-100-days-before-electi.html\n        Socis Poll: President of Ukraine candidates rating. 100 days before elections],\n        [[SOCIS]] (October 8, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/10/13/150017.html\n        Yanukovych leads polls as a candidate for presidency], [[ForUm]] (October\n        13, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/51409/\n        Poll: Yanukovych could beat Tymoshenko in run-off by a wide margin], [[Research\n        & Branding Group]] (August 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/rus/politics/polls/2009/5558.html\n        Electoral Situation in Ukraine: 50 days to go], [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] (November 27, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/55401/\n        Voters unhappy with choices, want jobs], [[U.S.-based International Foundation\n        for Electoral Systems]] (December 17, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100007539&docId=l:1087929803&isRss=true\n        Yanukovych leads presidential race in Ukraine \\u2013 polls], [[Interfax]]\n        (December 7, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|[http://www.rb.com.ua/eng/files/4541/file/Press-release_december_2009.pdf\n        Electoral Situation in Ukraine: 30 days to go], [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] (December 17, 2009)\\n|width=\\\"100\\\"|**\\n|-\\n|[[Viktor Yanukovych]]\\n|[[Party\n        of Regions|PoR]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|39.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|22.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|27.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|34.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|27.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|38.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|21.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|38.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|39.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|40.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|31.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|47.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|31.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|42.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|29.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|33.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|46.7\\n|-\\n|[[Yulia\n        Tymoshenko]]\\n|[[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko|BYuT]]\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|44.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|26.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|17.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|29.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|24.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|18.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|29.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|28.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|25.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|30.0\\n|-\\n|[[Sergei\n        Tihipko]]\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Arseniy\n        Yatsenyuk]]\\n|[[Yatsenyuk''s Front for Change|Y-Front]]\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Volodymyr\n        Lytvyn]]\\n|[[Lytvyn Bloc|LPB]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Viktor\n        Yushchenko]]\\n|[[Our Ukraine (political party)|OU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|39.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|52.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Petro\n        Symonenko]]\\n|[[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|{{nowrap|[[Inna\n        Bohoslovska]]}}\\n|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Moroz]]\\n|[[Socialist Party of Ukraine|SPU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|<1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|[[Oleh\n        Tyahnybok]]\\n|[[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Freedom\\\"|AUUF]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|{{nowrap|[[Anatoliy\n        Hrytsenko]]}}\\n|[[Our Ukraine (political party)|OU]]\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|<1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Others\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|10.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Against\n        all\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|17\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|18.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.2\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Will\n        Not vote\\n|\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.6\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Not\n        sure\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|18.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|33.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|5.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|10.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|20.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|8.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|7.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|11.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|6.5\\n|-\n        style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n| sum\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|87.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|97.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|90.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|85.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|67.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|58.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|59.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|96.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|83.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|63.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|59.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|80.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|50.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|85.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|87.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|88.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|77.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|86.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|100.0\\n|-\n        style=\\\"background:#eee;\\\"\\n| balance\\n|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.9\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|9.6\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|32.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|41.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|40.4\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3.7\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|16.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|36.2\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|40.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19.8\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|49.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|14.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|-0.3\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|12.0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|22.5\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|13.1\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|0\\n|-\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Respondents\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2010\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2040\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2017\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2078\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1984\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2079\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2511\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3011\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|5009\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3118\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3108\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|1502\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|1000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|3038\\n|-\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|Margin for error\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.3%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\u2264 4.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|\\u2264\n        4.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2.0%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2.8%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 1.5%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1\n        2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 2.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1\n        2.5%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1 3.2%\\n|align=\\\"right\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|\\u00b1\n        1.8%\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"50\\\"|* 2004 presidential election final results.\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"50\\\"|**\n        Notional second round of presidential elections.\\n|-\\n|colspan=\\\"50\\\"|December\n        18, 2007, Tymoshenko elected as [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{uk icon}}[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2008/3/11/72875.htm\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432:\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456 \\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457\n        / \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430]\\n|}\\n\\n==International observers==\\nThe [[Ministry\n        of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)|Ukrainian Foreign Ministry]] expected (in November\n        2009) that some 600 international observers will be monitoring the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53402/\n        PACE, OSCE election observers are arriving in Ukraine], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''\n        (November 23, 2009) The [[Organization for Security and Cooperation\n        in Europe]] (OSCE) will send around 60 long-term and 600 short-term observers\n        to Ukraine to monitor the presidential elections, Ukraine had submitted an\n        invitation to the OSCE to monitor the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/50613\n        Over 600 OSCE observers to monitor presidential elections in Ukraine], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (October 13, 2009)\\nThis electoral observation mission is\n        headed by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] politician [[Jo\\u00e3o Soares (politician)|Jo\\u00e3o\n        Soares]], President of the [[OSCE Parliamentary Assembly]]. The OSCE/ODIHR\n        long term observation mission was officially opened on November 26, 2009.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53662/\n        OSCE/ODIHR officially opens election observation mission for presidential\n        election in Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 26, 2009) On January 12,\n        2009, the OSCE where not satisfied with the level of funding for salaries\n        and transport services.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56827/\n        OSCE observer: Ukrainian election lacks funding for salaries, transport services],\n        ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (January 12, 2010)\\n\\nThe [[European Union]] member-states\n        will send over 700 observers to monitor the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53040/\n        European Union to send over 700 observers to monitor Ukraine''s presidential\n        elections], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (November 17, 2009) The Canada Ukraine\n        Foundation[http://cufoundation.ca/eom2010/ Election Observer Mission\n        2010], Canada Ukraine Foundation (a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[NGO]][http://www.cufoundation.ca/about\n        About us], Canada Ukraine Foundation) and the [[Parliamentary Assembly\n        of the Council of Europe]] (PACE) will also send observers.[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-348265.html\n        PACE delegation to pay visit to Ukraine on November 24\\u201326], [[UNIAN]]\n        (November 23, 2009) The PACE delegation is led by [[Hungary|Hungarian]]\n        politician [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s E\\u00f6rsi]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53713/\n        European lawmakers'' hopes low for Ukraine vote], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (November\n        26, 2009) Late November the PACE delegation was sceptical the elections\n        would meet the organization''s standards. On December 8,\n        2009 [[Renate Wohlwend]], co-rapporteur of PACE stated that PACE might continue\n        to monitor [[Ukrainian politics]] after the country''s presidential election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54575/\n        PACE may keep monitoring Ukraine after presidential poll], [[Kyiv Post]] (December\n        8, 2009) Wohlwend had also called on the Ukrainian parliament to amend\n        a law on the presidential elections as soon as possible. Wohlwend expressed\n        concern over the inclusion of a provision in Ukraine''s electoral legislation\n        giving the election commission the right to amend the electoral rolls on the\n        day of the ballot. She expressed concern this could allow the [[Electoral\n        fraud|rigging of the election results]].[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54627/\n        PACE rapporteur calling on Ukraine''s parliament to amend law on presidential\n        elections], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (December 9, 2009)\\n\\nThe [[Poland|Polish]]\n        European Center of Geopolitical Analysis did send 20 observers to monitor\n        [[Racism and discrimination in Ukraine|signs of xenophobia]] during the presidential\n        election campaign.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54385/\n        Polish observers to arrive in Ukraine to monitor signs of xenophobia during\n        election campaign], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (December 4, 2009)\\n\\nOn December\n        9, 2009, candidate [[Victor Yanukovych]] at a meeting with an OSCE election\n        observation mission stated that he is afraid Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]\n        might rig the presidential election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54679/\n        Yanukovych claims to OSCE that Ukrainian government intends to rig presidential\n        election], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (December 9, 2009)\\n\\nA total of 450\n        official observers from the European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations\n        (ENEMO) will monitor the elections.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55130/\n        450 observers from ENEMO international mission to monitor Ukrainian elections],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (December 15, 2009)\\n\\n[[Pawe\\u0142 Kowal]] lead the delegation\n        of the [[European Parliament]]''s observers; this delegation included ten\n        people, who cooperated closely with the delegations of observers from the\n        [[OSCE Parliamentary Assembly]], the Council of Europe, the [[NATO Parliamentary\n        Assembly]], and the OSCE [[Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights]]\n        (ODIHR).[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55225/ Kowal to\n        head delegation of European Parliament''s observers for elections], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (December 16, 2009)\\n\\nA total of 3,149 international observers\n        did monitor the January 17 presidential election in Ukraine.[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/29514/\n        Central Election Commission fails to register over 2,000 official observers\n        from Georgia], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (January 11, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56708/\n        Over 3,000 international observers registered for Ukrainian presidential election],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (January 11, 2010)\\n\\nOn January 18, 2010, the OSCE announced\n        it would send same number of observers to monitor Ukraine''s second round\n        of the election as in the first round.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57410/\n        OSCE to send same number of observers to monitor Ukraine''s runoff], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (January 18, 2010) At the same time it called for bringing\n        Ukraine''s election laws in line with international norms[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57399/\n        OSCE observers: Ukraine''s election laws should be brought in line with international\n        norms], [[Kyiv Post]] (January 18, 2010) but nevertheless it endorsed\n        the first round of the Ukrainian presidential poll, saying it was of \\\"high\n        quality\\\" and demonstrated \\\"significant progress\\\".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8466389.stm\n        Ukraine election: And then there were two], [[BBC News]] (January 18, 2010)\\n\\nAfter\n        the second round of the election international observers and the OSCE called\n        the election transparent and honest.\\n\\nAccording\n        to Serhiy Paskhalov, the head of presidential candidate Yulia Tymoshenko''s\n        main campaign office in [[Dnipropetrovsk]], international observers were physically\n        unable to register mass irregularities in the second round of the presidential\n        election. According to Paskhalov six foreign observers had monitored the run-off\n        presidential election at 469 polling stations in six electoral districts in\n        Dnipropetrovsk region.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59297/\n        BYT: International observers were physically unable to record mass irregularities\n        in run-off vote], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (February 11, 2009)\\n\\n==Results==\\n{{incomplete|date=December\n        2010}}\\nNominations by [[Political parties in Ukraine|parties]] and\n        candidates to run in the election closed on November 6, 2009.[http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49902\n        Ukraine''s presidential candidates to be nominated from Oct. 20 to Nov. 6],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (October 2, 2009) Eighteen candidates in all have been\n        nominated. The Central Election Committee had until November 11, 2009, to\n        process documentation and finalize the election list.\\n\\nThe first round of\n        the election was held on January 17, 2010. Voter turnout was approximately\n        67 percent, compared to 75 percent at [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|the\n        2004 presidential election]]. Incumbent president [[Viktor Yushchenko]] was\n        defeated having received only 5.45% of the vote.{{uk icon}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp320pt00_t001f01=700pt001f01=700pplace=1.html\n        Central Election Commission Candidate Results], [[Central Election Commission\n        of Ukraine]] (January 19, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57325/\n        TABLE-Ukraine''s presidential election results], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (January\n        18, 2010)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8464816.stm Ukraine''s\n        Orange leader Yushchenko loses election], [[BBC News]] (January 18, 2010)\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] [http://www.sras.org/russian_journalism_feb_2010\n        Yulia Timoshenko received 45.47 percent, or 11.6 million votes] finished\n        first and second in the first round and faced each other in the second round\n        ballot held on February 7. Voter turnout in the second round was approximately\n        69%. On February 14, with all second round votes counted, Yanukovich was officially\n        declared a winner of the election with 48.95%, compared to Tymoshenko''s 45.47%.\\n\\nThe election has been widely recognized and endorsed\n        as being fair and an accurate reflection of voters'' intentions by all international\n        agencies observing the election including the OSCE and [[Parliamentary Assembly\n        of the Council of Europe|PACE]].[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8505552.stm\n        Ukraine''s Tymoshenko bloc ''contesting election result''], [[BBC News]] (February\n        9, 2010)[http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/NewsManager/EMB_NewsManagerView.asp?ID=5267\n        Run-off confirms that Ukraine''s presidential election meets most international\n        commitments], [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] (February\n        8, 2010)\\n\\n{{Ukrainian presidential election, 2010}}\\n\\n===Electoral\n        maps===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n|+ Maps showing the top five candidates\n        support in the first round of voting- percentage of total national vote\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yanukovych).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yanukovych (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (35.33%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Tymoshenko).png|250px|center|Yulia\n        Tymoshenko (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (25.05%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Tihipko).png|250px|center|Sergei\n        Tigipko (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (13.06%)]]\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yatseniuk).png|250px|center|Arseniy\n        Yatsenyuk (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (6.96%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yushchenko).png|250px|center|Viktor\n        Yushchenko (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote (5.46%)]]\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (TotalVote).png|250px|center|Total\n        vote distribution (First round) \\u2013 percentage of total national vote]]\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n|+ Maps showing the distribution of voter support\n        in the final round of the election \\u2013 percentage of total national vote\\n|-\\n|\n        [[Image:Ukraine Presidential Feb 2010 Vote (Yanukovych).png|375px|center|Viktor\n        Yanukovych February 7, 2010, results (48.96%)]]\\n| [[Image:Ukraine Presidential\n        Feb 2010 Vote (Tymoshenko).png|375px|center|Yulia Tymoshenko February 7, 2010,\n        results (45.48%)]]\\n|}\\n''''Note: The above maps are based on the percentage\n        of the national vote and as such is an accurate representation of the results\n        of the election as each region is shown in relation to the overall result''''.\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|2}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Commons|Ukrainian presidential election, 2010}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/|title=Main|accessdate=2009-06-14|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|language=Ukrainian}}\\n* [http://statistika.in.ua\n        Maps of election by polling places]{{ref-uk}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua|title=Parliament|accessdate=2009-09-22|publisher=Official\n        website of the Ukrainian Parliament (Rada)|language=Ukrainian}}\\n* {{cite\n        web|url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/index|title=Parliament|accessdate=2009-09-22|publisher=Official\n        website of the Ukrainian Parliament (Rada)}}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57376/\\n|title=Interactive\n        Ukraine election maps|accessdate=2010-01-18|publisher=Kyiv Post}}\\n* [http://vasylchenko.in.ua\n        Serhiy Vasylchenko: Electoral Geography of Ukraine 1991\\u20132010]\\n\\n{{2010\n        presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian Elections}}\\n{{Presidency\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Presidential Election, 2010}}\\n[[Category:2010\n        elections in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Presidential elections in Ukraine|2010]]\\n[[Category:January\n        2010 events in Europe]]\\n[[Category:February 2010 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T08:07:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":794597056,\"length\":108972,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2010\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2010&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2010\"},\"30079114\":{\"pageid\":30079114,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2014\",\"index\":6,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-04T23:07:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2014}}\\n{{Infobox Election\\n| election_name = Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2014\\n| time period of Ukraine president is 5 years\\n|\n        country = Ukraine\\n| type = presidential\\n| ongoing = no\\n| previous_election\n        = Ukrainian presidential election, 2010\\n| previous_year = 2010\\n| next_election\n        = Ukrainian presidential election, 2019\\n| next_year     = 2019\\n| election_date\n        = {{start date|2014|05|25|df=y}} \\n| image1        = [[File:President_Poroshenko_Addresses_the_Media_February_2015.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee1      = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| party1        = Independent (politican)\\n|\n        alliance1     = [[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform]]\\n| popular_vote1\n        = 9,857,308\\n| percentage1   = 54.70%{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/566632/\n        |title=Poroshenko wins presidential election with 54.7% of vote - CEC |publisher=[[Radio\n        Ukraine International]] |date=29 May 2014}}
{{ru icon}} [http://telegraf.com.ua/ukraina/politika/1300294-rezultatyi-vyiborov-prezidenta-ukrainyi-2014-tsik-obrabotala-51-99.html\n        Results election of Ukrainian president], \\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\n        (29 May 2014)\\n| image2        = [[File:Yulia Tymoshenko 2011.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee2      = [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]\\n| party2        = All-Ukrainian Union\n        \\\"Fatherland\\\"\\n| popular_vote2 = 2,310,085\\n|\n        percentage2   = 12.81%\\n| image3        =\n        [[File:Maidan_Kiev_2014.04.13_12-09.JPG|160x160px]]\\n| nominee3      = [[Oleh\n        Lyashko]]\\n| party3        = Radical Party of Oleh Lyashko\\n| popular_vote3\n        = 1,500,377\\n| percentage3   = 8.32%\\n| image4        = [[File:Anatoliy_Hrytsenko_2012.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee4      = [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]]\\n| party4        = Civil Position\\n|\n        popular_vote4 = 989,029\\n| percentage4   =\n        5.48%\\n| image5        = [[File:Vice_Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Sergei_Tigipko_(8240397873).jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee5      = [[Serhiy Tihipko]]\\n| party5        = Independent (politician)\\n|\n        alliance5     =  [[Strong Ukraine]]\\n| color5        = 800080\\n| popular_vote5\n        = 943,430\\n| percentage5   = 5.23%\\n| image6        = [[File:Dobkin01.jpg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee6      = [[Mykhailo Dobkin]]\\n| party6        = Party of Regions\\n|\n        popular_vote6 = 546,138\\n| percentage6   =\n        3.03%\\n| image7        = [[File:Vadim_Rabinovich2.jpeg|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee7      = [[Vadym Rabynovych]]\\n| party7        = Independent (politican)\\n|\n        color7        = 1034A6\\n| popular_vote7 = 406,301\\n| percentage7   = 2.25%\\n|\n        image8        = [[File:Olga_Bogomolets.jpg|160x160px]]\\n| nominee8      =\n        [[Olha Bohomolets]]\\n| party8        = Independent (politican)\\n| alliance8     =\n        [[Socialist Party of Ukraine|Socialist Party]]\\n| color8        = FF69B4\\n|\n        popular_vote8 = 345,384\\n| percentage8   =\n        1.91%\\n| image9        = [[File:Symonenko_Petr.png|160x160px]]\\n|\n        nominee9      = [[Petro Symonenko]]\\n| party9        = Communist Party of\n        Ukraine\\n| popular_vote9 = 272,723\\n|\n        percentage9   = 1.51%\\n| map_image     =\n        Ukrainian_Presidential_Election_2014_Map.png\\n| map_size      = \\n| map_caption   =\n        {{legend|#C0C0C0|Electoral districts which voted for [[Petro Poroshenko]]}}\\n{{legend|#0047AB|Electoral\n        districts which voted for [[Mykhailo Dobkin]]}}\\n{{legend|#7d7d7d|Electoral\n        districts in which elections were not held due to the [[War in Donbass]]}}\\n{{legend|fcfcfc|Electoral\n        districts in which elections were not held due to their prior [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation by Russia]]{{cite web|url=http://un.ua/eng/article/506684.html\n        |title=Turchynov Approves Establishing Special Legal Regime, Regulating Citizens''\n        Rights And Freedoms in Temporarily Occupied Territories|publisher=Ukrainian\n        News Agency |date=28 April 2014}}}}\\n| title              = President\\n|\n        before_election    = [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] (acting)\\n| after_election     =\n        [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| before_party       = [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]]\\n|\n        after_party        = Independent (politician)\\n}}\\n\\nPresidential elections\n        were held in [[Ukraine]] on 25 May 2014, resulting in [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n        being elected [[President of Ukraine]].[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989\n        Ukraine elections: Runners and risks], [[BBC News]] (22 May 2014) Originally\n        scheduled to take place on 29 March 2015, the date was changed following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26289318\n        |title=BBC News \\u2013 Ukrainian president and opposition sign early poll\n        deal |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=21 February 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/02/ukrainian-presidency-says-deal-made-at-talks-201422165257342300.html\n        |title=Ukraine president announces early elections \\u2013 Europe |publisher=Al\n        Jazeera English |date=}}{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/ukraine-president-deal-elections-087/\n        |title=Ukraine''s President Yanukovich declares early elections, constitutional\n        reforms \\u2013 RT News |publisher=Rt.com |date=21 February 2014}} Poroshenko\n        won the elections with 54.7% of the votes, enough to win in a single round.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-poroshenko-idINKBN0EI01G20140607|title=Ukraine''s\n        Poroshenko to be sworn in as east seethes with separatist conflict|last=Balmforth|first=Richard|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=6\n        June 2014}} His closest competitor was [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], who emerged\n        with 12.81% of the votes. The [[Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] reported voter\n        turnout at over 60% excluding those regions not under government control.{{cite web|author=Interfax |url=http://rbth.com/news/2014/05/26/ukrainian_presidential_election_turnout_tops_60_percent_-_chief_election_36931.html\n        |title=Ukrainian presidential election turnout tops 60 percent - chief election\n        official | Russia Beyond The Headlines |publisher=Rbth.com |date=26 May\n        2014 |accessdate=2 June 2014}}{{cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/cec-chair-ukrainian-presidential-election-turnout-tops-60-percent-349393.html\n        |title=CEC chair: Ukrainian presidential election turnout tops 60 percent\n        |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=2 June 2014}}\n        Since Poroshenko obtained an absolute majority in the first round, a [[Two-round\n        system|run-off]] second ballot (on 15 June 2014[http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-talks-set-to-open-without-pro-russian-separatists/2014/05/14/621dbc6a-c7d9-40bc-b2e5-814a4108bbef_story.html\n        Ukraine talks set to open without pro-Russian separatists], [[The Washington\n        Post]] (14 May 2014)) was unnecessary.\\n\\nThe elections were not held throughout Ukraine. During the\n        [[2014 Crimean crisis]], Ukraine lost control over [[Crimea]], which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|was unilaterally annexed]] by Russia in\n        March 2014.[http://eeas.europa.eu/statements/docs/2014/140417_03_en.pdf\n        EU & Ukraine 17 April 2014 FACT SHEET], [[European External Action Service]]\n        (17 April 2014){{#tag:ref|The status of the Crimea and of the city of\n        [[Sevastopol]] is currently [[2014 Crimean crisis|under dispute between Russia\n        and Ukraine]]; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider\n        the Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be\n        one of Ukraine''s [[cities with special status]], while Russia, on the other\n        hand, considers the Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol\n        to be one of Russia''s three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].{{cite web|last=Gutterman\n        |first=Steve |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/18/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140318\n        |title=Putin signs Crimea treaty, will not seize other Ukraine regions |publisher=Reuters.com\n        |date= |accessdate=26 March 2014}}|group=nb}} As a result, elections\n        were not held in Crimea. In the [[Donbass]]\n        region of Ukraine only 20% of the ballot stations were open due to threats\n        and violence by [[War in Donbass|pro-Russia separatists]].\n        Of the 2,430 planned ballot stations (in Donbass) only 426 remained open for\n        polling. The [[self-proclaimed]] [[Donetsk People''s Republic]]\n        and [[Luhansk People''s Republic]], controlling large parts of the Donbass,\n        had vowed to do everything possible to disrupt the elections.\\n\\nPoroshenko\n        will serve a five-year term in office.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html New Ukrainian\n        president will be elected for 5-year term \\u2013 Constitutional Court], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (16 May 2014)\\n\\n==Background==\\n\\n===Prior to the rescheduling of the\n        election===\\nInitially the elections were scheduled for 29 March 2015.[http://gorshenin.eu/media/uploads/088/10/52b96c7f9dae6.pdf\n        Gorshenin Weekly 12/23/2013], [[Gorshenin Institute]] (23 December 2013)\\n\\nOn\n        7 December 2012, [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]] nominated\n        [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] as its presidential candidate.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/united-opposition-nominates-tymoshenko-as-single-presidential-candidate-317296.html\n        United Opposition nominates Tymoshenko as single presidential candidate],\n        ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''' (7 December 2012)
[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/yatseniuk-tymoshenko-will-be-able-to-run-for-presidency-in-2015-317297.html\n        Yatseniuk: Tymoshenko will be able to run for presidency in 2015], ''''[[Kyiv\n        Post]]'''' (7 December 2012) On 14 June 2013, the congress of her party\n        approved the decision to nominate her as its candidate for the presidential\n        election.[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/batkivschyna-to-nominate-tymoshenko-for-presidency-yatseniuk-heads-partys-political-council/\n        Batkivschyna to nominate Tymoshenko for presidency, Yatseniuk heads party\\u2019s\n        political council], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (14 June 2013) On 11 October\n        2011, a Ukrainian court found Tymoshenko guilty of [[abuse of power]], [[Criminal\n        cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010|sentenced her to seven years in\n        jail]] and banned her from seeking elected office for her period of imprisonment.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15250742 Ukraine\n        ex-PM Yulia Tymoshenko jailed over gas deal], BBC News (11 October 2011)[http://zib.com.ua/ua/5728.html\n        The Tymoshenko verdict. Full text of the sentence], ''''Law & Business''''\n        (13 October 2011)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/114528/\n        Tymoshenko convicted, sentenced to 7 years in prison, ordered to pay state\n        ,8 million (update)], ''''Kyiv Post'''' (11 October 2011) Because\n        Tymoshenko was in prison during the [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election]],\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] headed the election list of [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]].[http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/58995\n        They Call Themselves the Opposition], ''''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'''' (31 August\n        2012){{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/11/11/6977259/\n        \\u0421\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0412\\u0435\\u0440\\u0445\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438], ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]'''' (11 November 2012)\n        Tymoshenko remained in prison until 22 February 2014, after parliament voted\n        for her release and removal of her criminal record, allowing her to compete\n        for elected office once again.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275\n        Ukraine crisis timeline], [[BBC News]]\\n\\nIn May 2013, [[All-Ukrainian\n        Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]], [[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform|UDAR]],\n        and [[Svoboda (political party)|Svoboda]] vowed to coordinate their actions\n        during the presidential campaign, and promised \\\"to support the candidate\n        from among these parties who wins a place in the run-off election\\\".[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/batkivschyna-udar-svoboda-to-coordinate-their-actions-at-presidential-election-2/\n        Batkivschyna, UDAR, Svoboda to coordinate their actions at presidential election],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (16 May 2013) If the election format were to change\n        to a single round, the three parties vowed to agree on a single candidate.\\n\\nOn 24 October 2013, the leader[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20031821\n        Q&A:Ukrainian parliamentary election], [[BBC News]] (23 October 2012)\n        of [[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform|UDAR]], [[Vitali Klitschko]],\n        announced he intended to take part in the election.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171819.html\n        Vitali Klitschko says intends to run for president in Ukraine], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171794.html Parliament\n        passes law that could prevent Klitschko from running for president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013) Experts and lawyers argued that it is unclear if Klitschko\n        could take part. Under Ukrainian law a presidential\n        candidate must have had his residence in Ukraine for the past ten years prior\n        to election day. Klitschko has lived for many years in both [[Ukraine]] and\n        Germany, where, according to media reports, he has a residence permit. Klitschko confirmed on 28 February 2014 that he will\n        take part in the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193451.html\n        Klitschko confirms he, Tymoshenko will run for president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (28 February 2014) However, on 29 March, he withdrew from the race for\n        the presidency, simultaneously pledging his support for [[Petro Poroshenko]].[http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/boxing-champion-klitschko-withdraws-ukraine-presidential-race-n66771\n        Boxing Champion Klitschko Withdraws from Ukraine Presidential Race], [[NBC\n        News]] (29 March 2014)\\n\\nFormer [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], prior to his dismissal and subsequent flight from the country\n        (see below), was considered likely to run for his second and final term.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/138644.html Regions Party\n        is hoping for Yanukovych''s reelection as president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (1 February 2013)
[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/analysts-yanukovych-beginning-his-presidential-campaign-alarm-clock-set-for-march-2015/\n        Analysts: Yanukovych beginning his presidential campaign, alarm clock set\n        for March 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (1 March 2013)
[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/no-alternative-to-yanukovych-ukraine-to-be-stable-for-7-more-years-says-azarov/\n        No alternative to Yanukovych, Ukraine to be stable for 7 more years, says\n        Azarov], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (14 June 2013){{#tag:ref|Per [[s:Constitution\n        of Ukraine#Article 103|Chapter V, Article 103]] of the Constitution, the President\n        is allowed to serve a maximum of two full 5-year terms. However, in 2003,\n        the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] permitted then-President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] to run for a third term in the [[Ukrainian presidential election,\n        2004|2004 presidential election]] He chose not to run.{{cite web|url=http://www.ccu.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=12367|title=Summary\n        to the Decision no. 22-rp/2003 of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine as of\n        25 December 2003|accessdate=22 March 2009|date=25 December 2003|publisher=[[Constitutional\n        Court of Ukraine]]|format=[[Microsoft Word]] document}}|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|Yanukovych\n        ran in the [[2010 Ukrainian presidential election]] as a candidate of Party\n        of Regions[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27252/ Lutsenko accuses\n        Yanukovych of giving false data in his income declaration], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (8 December 2009) but suspended his membership in the Party of Regions\n        after the election.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/60929/\n        Yanukovych suspends his membership in Party of Regions, hands over party leadership\n        to Azarov], ''''Kyiv Post'''' (3 March 2010)|group=nb}} But, as of 19\n        December 2013, he had made no final decision on this.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/182928.html\n        Yanukovych vows not to run in 2015 presidential elections if his rating is\n        low], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19 December 2013) On 19 December 2013, Yanukovych\n        alluded to not participating when he stated \\\"If, theoretically speaking,\n        my rating is low and has no prospects, I won''t hinder the country''s development\n        and movement ahead\\\".\\n\\n===Early 2014 elections===\\n{{see\n        also|Euromaidan|2014 Ukrainian revolution|Annexation of Crimea by Russia|War\n        in Donbass}}\\n\\n====Scheduling====\\nOn 21 November 2013, the Ukrainian [[Second\n        Azarov Government]] suspended [[Plan on Priority Measures for European Integration\n        of Ukraine|preparations]] for signing an [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union Association\n        Agreement|association agreement]] with the [[European Union]].{{cite news|title=Ukraine drops EU plans and looks\n        to Russia|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/11/ukraine-drops-eu-plans-looks-russia-20131121145417227621.html|publisher=[[Al\n        Jazeera]]|date=21 November 2013|accessdate=22 November 2013}} The decision\n        to postpone the signing of the association agreement led to [[2013 Ukraine\n        protests|massive protests across Ukraine]].{{cite news|url=http://main.omanobserver.om/?p=34172\n        |title=Ukraine still wants historic pact with EU |work=[[Oman Observer]] |date=|accessdate=27\n        November 2013}}
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25307255 Ukraine\n        police dismantle Kiev protest camps], [[BBC News]] (9 December 2013)\n        These led to the removal of President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and his government\n        by the parliament in February, as part of the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]],\n        during which Yanukovych fled the country to Russia.{{cite news |title=Archrival Is Freed\n        as Ukraine Leader Flees |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 February 2014|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/world/europe/ukraine.html?_r=0\n        | accessdate=23 February 2014}} On 22 February 2014, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] voted 328\\u20130{{cite web|author=Kyiv Post |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-feb-21-live-updates-337287.html\n        |title=Parliament votes 328\\u20130 to dismiss Yanukovych on Feb. 22; sets\n        May 25 for new election; Tymoshenko free (LIVE UPDATES, VIDEO) |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 February 2014}} to dismiss Yanukovych as President.{{cite\n        web|title=Ukraine drops EU plans and looks to Russia|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/11/ukraine-drops-eu-plans-looks-russia-20131121145417227621.html|publisher=[[Al\n        Jazeera English|aljazeera.com]]|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/176073.htmlUkrainian\n        government issues decree to suspend preparations for signing of association\n        agreement with EU], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (21 November 2013)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175989.html\n        Rada votes down all bills on allowing Tymoshenko''s medical treatment abroad],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (21 November 2013) [[Oleksandr Turchynov]], deputy\n        chairman of [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]], who had been\n        appointed as [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada]] earlier that day,{{cite\n        news|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_02_22/Alexander-Turchinov-elected-as-spiker-of-Ukrainian-Parliament-5922/|title=Alexander\n        Turchinov elected as speaker of Ukrainian Parliament|publisher=[[Voice of\n        Russia]]|date=22 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_02_22/Alexander-Turchinov-elected-as-spiker-of-Ukrainian-Parliament-5922/|archivedate=1\n        December 2008 }} was named acting [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime\n        Minister]],{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/articles/158429/Ukraine''s+Parliament+to+Appoint+Opposition+Leader+Acting+PM|title=Ukraine''s\n        Parliament Appoints Opposition Leader Acting PM |publisher=Novinite.com|accessdate=22\n        February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.novinite.com/articles/158429/Ukraine''s+Parliament+to+Appoint+Opposition+Leader+Acting+PM|archivedate=1\n        December 2008 }} and, due to Yanukovych''s deposition, acting President,\n        until new elections could be held.\\n\\nIn a press conference in the Russian\n        city of [[Rostov-on-Don]] on 28 February, Yanukovych stated that he would\n        not take part in the elections, stating that \\\"I believe they are unlawful,\n        and I will not take part in them\\\".[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193466.html\n        Yanukovych: Presidential elections slated for May 25 unlawful, I won''t run],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (28 February 2014) It was later speculated that\n        [[Serhiy Tihipko]] would be the Presidential candidate of the [[Party of Regions]],\n        Yanukovych''s former party.{{cite web|author=? \\u041a\\u0430\\u043a \\u043a\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u043c \\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f?\n        |url=http://gazeta.ua/ru/articles/politics/_partiya-regionov-vydvinet-v-prezidenty-tigipko/543685\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0434\\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u0435\\u0442 \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0422\\u0438\\u0433\\u0438\\u043f\\u043a\\u043e? |publisher=Gazeta.ua |date=15\n        May 2014}} The party''s nomination went to [[Mykhailo Dobkin]], however,\n        and Tihipko entered the elections as an independent candidate. Dobkin was amongst the persons wanted by the (then new) [[First Yatsenyuk\n        Government|Yatsenyuk Government]] to be sent for trial at the [[International\n        Criminal Court]].{{cite web|author=Uhr |url=http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/ukraine-der-wahlkampf-hat-begonnen.1046.de.html?dram:article_id=278499\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Der Wahlkampf hat begonnen |publisher=Deutschlandradiokultur.de\n        |date=}}\\n\\nDuring the [[2014 Crimean crisis]] and [[Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)|Russian military intervention]],\n        Ukraine lost control over the [[Crimea]], which was unilaterally [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] by Russia in March 2014. As a result, elections were not held in the Crimea, but Ukrainians\n        who had kept their [[Ukrainian citizenship]] were allowed to vote elsewhere\n        in Ukraine.\\n\\n====Escalation of pro-Russian\n        unrest====\\nIn the [[Donbass]] region of the [[Eastern Ukraine]], [[2014 pro-Russian\n        conflict in Ukraine|pro-Russian protests]] escalated into an armed separatist\n        [[War in Donbass|insurgency]] early in April 2014, when masked gunmen took\n        control of several of the region''s government buildings and towns.[http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/04/30/ukraine-crisis-horlivka-idINKBN0DG0FY20140430\n        Masked gunmen tighten grip on eastern Ukraine], [[Reuters]] (30 April 2014)\\n\\nOn\n        15 April 2014, Ukrainian media reported that the [[General Prosecutor of Ukraine]]\n        had launched criminal proceedings against then-candidate [[Oleh Tsarov]] for\n        allegedly aiding separatists and thus violating Ukraine''s territorial integrity.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/908090-prokuratura-otkryila-ugolovnoe-proizvodstvo-protiv-tsareva-za-separatistskie-idei.html\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0440\\u044b\\u043b\\u0430 \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0426\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0435\\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u0438 : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d\n        |publisher=Unian.net |date=15 April 2014}} Tsarov withdrew his candidacy\n        on 29 April.\\n\\n[[Serhiy Taruta]], governor of Donetsk,\n        has suggested a referendum, to be held on 15 June, at the same time as the\n        potential second round of the election. The referendum would address the decentralization\n        of political power, potentially giving regions a greater say in their own\n        affairs, such as greater control over the taxes they levy and the power to\n        make Russian a second official language.\\n\\nOn 16 May 2014,\n        the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] ruled that the candidate elected as\n        a result of the presidential election would serve a full five-year term of\n        office.\\n[[File:Donetsk\n        oblast election 2014 voter turnout - en 2.jpg|thumb|Voter turnout in [[Donetsk\n        Oblast]] in the election]]\\nOn 17 May 2014, the [[Central Election Commission\n        of Ukraine]] (CEC) stated that, due to \\\"illegal actions of unknown people\\\",\n        it could not arrange for the \\\"preparation and conduct of elections\\\" in six\n        constituencies in the [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast]]s.[http://www.euronews.com/2014/05/18/fighting-rages-in-east-ukraine-as-talks-continue/\n        Fighting rages in East Ukraine as talks continue], [[Euronews]] (18 May 2014)
[http://www.voanews.com/content/security-fears-mount-over-ukraine-vote/1916650.html\n        At Ukraine Peace Talks, Eastern Leaders Assail Central Government ], [[VOA]]\n        (17 May 2014)
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/17/7025615\n        CEC: Elections in Donetsk and Luhansk region becomes increasingly difficult],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (17 May 2014) According to the CEC, members of\n        district election commissions there had received threats to their own personal\n        safety and to that of their families. The CEC warned\n        that two million people in the two [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces), about 5.6% of Ukraine''s approximately 36 million eligible voters,\n        could be deprived of their right to vote if the situation there did not improve.{{#tag:ref|[[Donetsk Oblast]] houses 3.3 million eligible\n        voters (9.3% of Ukraine''s total eligible electorate); [[Luhansk Oblast]]\n        houses 1.8 million (5% of the total). In\n        [[Crimea]] (1.8 million eligible voters, comprising 5.1% of Ukraine''s total\n        eligible electorate), there was no voting, due to its [[Annexation of Crimea\n        by the Russian Federation|annexation by Russia]].|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|25.5\n        million Ukrainians voted in the second round of the [[Ukrainian presidential\n        election, 2010|2010 presidential election]].[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/18/is-ukraine-ready-to-vote/\n        Is Ukraine ready to vote?], [[Washington Post]] (18 May 2014)|group=nb}}\n        On 22 May, the work of eighteen of the thirty-four election commissions in\n        Donetsk{{#tag:ref|In western Donetsk, where paramilitary groups helped to\n        suppress separatist activity, the vote went ahead as normal.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/23/russia-ukraine-vote-vladimir-putin-president\n        Russia will recognise outcome of Ukraine poll, says Vladimir Putin], [[The\n        Guardian]] (23 May 2014)|group=nb}} and Luhansk Oblasts had been stopped\n        fully or partially by representatives of the [[self-proclaimed]] [[Donetsk\n        People''s Republic]] and [[Lugansk People''s Republic]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/206079.html\n        Eighteen of thirty-four district election commissions in Donetsk and Luhansk\n        regions captured \\u2013 CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (22 May 2014) By\n        23 May, this number had increased to twenty of the thirty-four.[http://www.unian.info/politics/921034-20-out-of-34-decs-remain-blocked-by-terrorists-in-donetsk-and-luhansk-oblast-cec.html\n        20 out of 34 DECs remain blocked by terrorists in Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast\n        \\u2013 CEC], [[UNIAN]] (23 May 2014) The Committee of Voters of Ukraine\n        predicted on 23 May that, due to  \\\"ongoing acts of terrorism and armed insurgency\\\",\n        10% of the Ukrainian population would be unable to vote.{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/vybory-2014/vybory-prezidenta/lishe-tretina-viborciv-donbasu-zmozhut-progolosuvati-25-travnya-eksperti-351172.html\n        |title=\\u041b\\u0438\\u0448\\u0435 \\u0442\\u0440\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\u0443\n        \\u0437\\u043c\\u043e\\u0436\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\n        25 \\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044f \\u2013 \\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u2013 \\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u2013 \\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua |publisher=Tsn.ua |date=23 May 2014}}{{#tag:ref|According\n        to the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, \\\"most of the election committees are\n        now meeting underground, and there have been a lot of kidnappings and threats\\\".|group=nb}} On the same day, the leader of the Lugansk\n        People''s Republic advised citizens not to go to the polls to vote, warning\n        of possible provocative \\\"explosions\\\" set by Ukrainian military.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026280/ |title=\\u041b\\u0456\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\n        \\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432 '''\\u041b\\u041d\\u0420'''\n        \\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u043d\\u0441\\u0443\\u0454 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=}}\\n\\n===Simultaneous mayoral elections===\\nOn\n        25 May 2014, [[Ukrainian local elections, 2014|27 mayoral elections]] were\n        also held, including those in [[Odessa local election,\n        2014|Odessa]] and [[Kiev local election, 2014|Kiev]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198450.html\n        sushko to compete for post of Odesa mayor], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (29 March\n        2014)[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192688.html\n        Parliament sets elections for Kyiv mayor and Kyiv City Council deputies for\n        May 25], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (25 February 2014)\\n\\n===Russian reaction===\\nInitially\n        Russia opposed rescheduling the election because the Russian government considered\n        the removal of then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] illegal and his temporary\n        successors an \\\"illegitimate [[Military junta|junta]]\\\".[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/07/world/europe/ukraine.html?_r=0\n        As Ukrainian Election Looms, Western Powers and Russia Campaign for Influence],\n        [[New York Times]] (6 May 2014) But on 7 May 2014 [[Russian President]]\n        [[Vladimir Putin]] stated the election would be a step \\\"in the right direction\\\"\n        but that the vote would decide nothing unless the rights of \\\"all citizens\\\"\n        were protected.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27314816 Ukraine\n        crisis: Russia''s Putin ''backs 25 May election''], [[BBC News]] (7 May 2014)\n        At the [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum]] on 23 May 2014, Putin\n        appeared to further move away from Russia''s initial position by announcing\n        that Russia would respect the outcome of the elections in Ukraine and was\n        ready to work with whoever won the presidency.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27542057\n        Russia''s Vladimir Putin ''to respect'' Ukraine vote], [[BBC News]] (23 May)\\n\\nThe\n        US and [[European Union]] vowed early May 2014 that they would impose further\n        [[List of individuals sanctioned during the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|sanctions\n        against Russia]] (sanctions have been in place against Russia since the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]][http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26613567 Ukraine\n        crisis: EU and US impose sanctions over Crimea], [[BBC News]] (17 March 2014))\n        if it disrupted the election. However, unlike previous sanctions which were\n        limited to individuals and companies, the third stage is set to target entire\n        sectors of the Russian economy.[http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/obama-merkel-more-sanctions-if-russia-disrupts-election-n95731\n        Obama, Merkel: More Sanctions If Russia Disrupts Election], [[NBC News]] (2\n        May 2014) Earlier the USA and the EU had accused Russia of destabilising\n        Ukraine by stoking the [[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|2014 pro-Russian\n        rebellion]] in [[Eastern Ukraine]], a charge Russia has denied.\\n[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/05/west-warns-russia-not-disrupt-kiev-polls-201451513460138259.html\n        West warns Russia not to disrupt Kiev polls], [[Al Jazeera English]] (16 May\n        2014)\\n\\n\\n==Electoral system==\\nThe term of office for the Ukrainian\n        president is five years.{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2011/02/2/5870436/\n        \\u042f\\u043d\\u0443\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u043f\\u0430\\u043a\\u0435\\u0442\n        \\u0443 \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0456], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (2 February 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/96077/\n        Parliament sets parliamentary elections for October 2012, presidential elections\n        for February 2014], [[Kyiv Post]] (1 February 2011)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/96081/\n        Ukraine sets parliamentary vote for October 2012], [[Kyiv Post]] (1 February\n        2011) If no candidate had obtained an absolute majority in the first\n        round, then the two highest polling candidates would have contested a [[Two-round\n        system|run-off]] second ballot on 15 June 2014.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8460978.stm Q&A: Ukraine presidential\n        election], [[BBC News]] (7 February 2010)\\n\\n===Information technology\n        framework for electoral monitoring -- Elections 2014===\\n[[Arsen Avakov (politician)|Arsen\n        Avakov]]{{who|date=April 2016}} underlined the importance of Elections 2014\n        a new IT elections monitoring system  ({{lang-uk|}}\\\"\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        2014\\\"), that allowed voters to track the progress of the elections in real\n        time, potentially increasing transparency, and avoiding the post-election\n        disturbances seen in prior Ukrainian elections.{{cite web|url=http://www.avakov.com/news/?year=2014&news_id=4715|script-title=ru:\\u0413\\u0435\\u043e\\u0438\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u0430 \\u041c\\u0412\\u0414 \\\"\\u0412\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        2014\\\". \\u0410\\u0440\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d \\u0410\\u0432\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=Geoinformation\n        system Ministry of Internal Affairs \\\"Elections 2014\\\". Arsen Avakov|language=ru|date=22\n        May 2014|deadurl=unfit|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525065954/http://www.avakov.com/news/?year=2014&news_id=4715|archivedate=25\n        May 2014}} On 22 May 2014, three days before the election, hacker group\n        [[CyberBerkut]]announced that it had compromised the primary servers of the\n        Central Election Commission and stolen passwords from the servers.{{cite\n        news|title=CyberBerkut announces destruction of electronic system of Ukraine''s\n        Central Election Commission|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_05_23/CyberBerkut-announces-destruction-of-electronic-system-of-Ukraines-Central-Election-Commission-5809/|newspaper=Voice\n        of Russia}}{{cite news|title=Pro-Russian Hackers Attack Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|url=http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/cyberberkut-hackers-attack-central-election-commission-of-ukraine-146180}}{{cite\n        news|title=Ukraine: Electoral committee cyber-virus ''liquidated'' \\u2013\n        SBU chief|url=http://www.frequency.com/video/ukraine-electoral-committee-cyber-virus/170501391/-/5-15954222}}\n        As well, the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] investigated the servers and\n        discovered a that would have destroyed election results.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026217/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0411\\u0423 \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441, \\u0449\\u043e \\u043c\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0449\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0432\n        | \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=23 May 2014}} On election day, authorities\n        arrested a group of hackers with specialized equipment in Kiev. They had been\n        attempting to rig the election.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/authorities-hackers-foiled-in-bid-to-rig-ukraine-presidential-election-results-349288.html\n        |title=Authorities: Hackers foiled in bid to rig Ukraine presidential election\n        results |publisher= |date= |accessdate=28 May 2014}}\\n\\n==Candidates==\\n21\n        candidates took part in the elections; seven of them had been nominated by\n        [[Political parties in Ukraine|political parties]], 15 were self-nominees.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/199103.html Twenty-three\n        candidates to run for Ukraine''s presidency], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (3 April\n        2014){{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/916897-v-izbiratelnom-byulletene-ostaetsya-21-kandidat-na-post-prezidenta-magera.html\n        |title=\\u0412 \\u0438\\u0437\\u0431\\u0438\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u043b\\u043b\\u0435\\u0442\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        21 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\n        : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d\n        |publisher=Unian.net |date=}} A total of 18 candidates ran for president\n        in [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010]]. Before\n        7 April 2014, four [[Party of Regions]] members were running for election,\n        but on 7 April 2014 the political council of the party expelled the presidential\n        candidates [[Serhiy Tihipko]], [[Oleg Tsarov|Oleh Tsarov]] and [[Yuriy Boiko]]\n        from the party. On 29 March a Party of Regions convention supported [[Mykhailo\n        Dobkin]]''s nomination as a presidential candidate.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/199490.html\n        Ukraine''s Party of Regions expels presidential hopefuls Tigipko, Tsariov\n        and Boiko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (7 April 2014)\\n\\nCandidates were able\n        to nominate themselves at the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] from\n        25 February 2014 until 30 March 2014. The last date for registering candidates\n        was 4 April 2014.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198540.html\n        CEC registers seven more presidential candidates, including Poroshenko, Tymoshenko],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (31 March 2014){{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/197738.html|title=President\n        of All-Ukrainian Jewish Congress Rabynovych to register as presidential candidate|publisher=En.interfax.com.ua|date=25\n        March 2014}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192454.html\n        Nomination of presidential candidates in Ukraine to begin on February 25,\n        says CEC head], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (24 February 2014) Candidates needed\n        to submit a full package of documents and a 2.5 million [[hryvnia]] deposit.\\n\\n===Registered candidates===\\n* [[Olha Bohomolets]] ([[Independent\n        (politician)|independent]]) (supported by the [[Socialist\n        Party of Ukraine]])[http://www.spu.in.ua/uk/news2/1/14930 At the presidential\n        elections SPU will support Olha Bohomolets]. [[Socialist Party of Ukraine]].\n        4 April 2014\\n* [[Yuriy Boyko]] (self-nominated)\\n*\n        [[Mykhailo Dobkin]] ([[Party of Regions]])\\n* [[Andriy\n        Hrynenko]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n* [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]] ([[Civil Position]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/1/7021027/ |title=\\u0426\\u0412\\u041a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0432\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0422\\u044f\\u0433\\u043d\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0438\\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0449\\u0435\n        \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0445 |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=}}\\n* [[Valeriy\n        Konovalyuk]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n*\n        [[Vasyl Kuybida]] ([[People''s Movement of Ukraine]])\\n*\n        [[Renat Kuzmin]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n*\n        [[Oleh Lyashko]] ([[Radical Party (Ukraine)|Radical Party]])\\n*\n        [[Mykola Malomuzh]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n*\n        [[Petro Poroshenko]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\n        (supported by [[UDAR]])\\n* [[Vadym Rabynovych]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n* [[Volodymyr Saranov]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]])\\n* [[Serhiy Tihipko]] (self-nominated)\n        (supported by the [[Strong Ukraine]])\\n* [[Oleh Tyahnybok]] ([[Svoboda (political\n        party)|Svoboda]])\\n* [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] ([[All-Ukrainian\n        Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Fatherland]])\\n* [[Dmytro Yarosh]]\n        ([[Right Sector]], self-nominated)\\n\\n===Withdrawn candidates===\\n\\n====Before\n        deadline====\\n* [[Natalia Korolevska]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]]),\n        withdrew from race on 1 May.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/203141.html\n        Korolevska withdraws her presidential bid \\u2013 CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (1 May 2014)\\n* [[Oleg Tsaryov|Oleh Tsarov]] (self-nominated), withdrew\n        from race on 29 April.[http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraines-pro-russian-candidate-quits-presidential-race/25366951.html\n        Ukraine''s Pro-Russian Candidate Quits Presidential Race ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio\n        Liberty]] (29 April 2014)\\n\\n====After deadline====\\n\\n* [[Zoryan Shkiryak]]\n        ([[Independent (politician)|independent]]), withdrew from race on 10 May.[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/shkiryak_pid_chas_debativ_znyavsya_z_viboriv_1937258\n        Shkiryak during debates withdrew from elections]. [[Ukrinform]]. 10 May 2014\\n*\n        [[Petro Symonenko]] ([[Communist Party of Ukraine]]), withdrew from race on\n        16 May.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/communist-leader-symonenko-withdraws-his-candidacy-from-presidential-race-348211.html\n        Communist leader Symonenko withdraws his candidacy from presidential race],\n        [[Kyiv Post]] (16 May 2014){{cite web|url = http://www.unian.net/politics/918888-simonenko-snyalsya-s-vyiborov.html|title\n        = \\u0421\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e \\u0441\\u043d\\u044f\\u043b\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0441 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432|date = |accessdate = |website\n        = \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d|publisher = |last = |first = }}\\n*\n        [[Oleksandr Ivanovych Klymenko|Oleksandr Klymenko]] ([[Ukrainian People''s\n        Party]]), withdrew his candidacy on May 18 \\\"to support [[Petro Poroshenko]]\n        as the sole representative of the [[national democratic]] forces\\\".{{uk\n        icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/18/7025665/ Out of the presidential\n        race fell out another candidate], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (18 May 2014)\\n*\n        [[Vasyl Tsushko]] ([[Independent (politician)|independent]]), withdrew from\n        race on 22 May.{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/cushko-snimaetsya-s-vyborov-522504.html\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u043e \\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0441 \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432 |publisher=Segodnya.ua |date=}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]] was\n        unable to remove from the ballot the names of candidates who withdrew from\n        the race after the deadline of 1 May 2014.{{uk icon}}\n        [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/17/7025648/ Simonenko left the ballot],\n        [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (17 May 2014){{ru icon}}\n        [http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/zoryan-shkiryak-prosit-ne-golosovat-za-nego-519341.html\n        Zoryan Shkiryak withdrew from the presidential race], [[Segodnya]] (10 May\n        2014)\\n\\n===Rejected candidates===\\nThe Central Election Commission\n        rejected some applications for candidate registration early in the process.\n        It refused to register O. Burnashova, V. Marynych, A. Makhlai, A. Kucheryavenko,\n        V. Chopei, L. Rozhnova, L. Maksymenko, D. Myroshnychenko, P. Rekal, T. Onopriyuk,\n        and Z. Abbasov.{{cite web|author=''+ a.html() +'' |url=http://tvi.ua/new/2014/03/04/cvk_vidmovyla_u_reyestraciyi_pershomu_kandydatu_na_posadu_prezydenty\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0412\\u041a \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0443 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0448\\u043e\\u043c\\u0443\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0443\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430 |publisher=Tvi.ua\n        |date=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/cik-otkazal-v-registracii-dvum-kandidatam-v-prezidenty-ukrainy-503270.html\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043b \\u0432\n        \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438 \\u0434\\u0432\\u0443\\u043c\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b |publisher=Segodnya.ua |date=}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.day.kiev.ua/ru/news/100314-dvum-licam-otkazano-v-registracii-na-post-prezidenta\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0414\\u0432\\u0443\\u043c \\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0430\\u043c \\u043e\\u0442\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\n        \\u0432 \\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        |language=ru |publisher=Day.kiev.ua |date=7 October 2011}}{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0424\\u043e\\u0442\\u043e: rada2012 |url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/3340600-tsyk-zarehystryrovala-boiko-kandydatom-v-prezydenty\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u0437\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0439\\u043a\\u043e \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b |publisher=Korrespondent.net\n        |date=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/news/news_28032014.htm\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0412\\u041a \\u0437\\u0430\\u0440\\u0435\\u0454\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438 \\u0443\n        \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438 |publisher=Cvk.gov.ua\n        |date=28 March 2014}} On 3 April 2014 the CEC rejected a further three\n        candidates: a man named [[Darth Vader]], Evhen Terekhov, and Yuriy Ivanitsky.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/903794-tsik-ne-pustila-na-prezidentskie-vyiboryi-darta-veydera-i-esche-dvoih-kandidatov.html\n        |title=\\u0426\\u0418\\u041a \\u043d\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0443\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b \\u0414\\u0430\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430 \\u0412\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\n        \\u0438 \\u0435\\u0449\\u0435 \\u0434\\u0432\\u043e\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0438\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        : \\u041d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u041d\\u0418\\u0410\\u041d\n        |publisher=Unian.net |date=}}\\n\\nOn 29 March 2014, [[Vitali Klitschko]]\n        ([[Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform|UDAR]]) endorsed [[Petro Poroshenko]],[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198348.html\n        Klitschko believes only presidential candidate from democratic forces should\n        be Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (29 March 2014) and announced he\n        would run for [[Mayor of Kiev]] in the [[Kiev local election, 2014|local election]]\n        taking place alongside the presidential election.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/03/29/7020706/\n        |title=\\u041a\\u043b\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u0438\\u0432.\n        \\u0419\\u0434\\u0435 \\u0443 \\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0430\n        |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=}}[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/198350.html\n        Klitschko will run for mayor of Kyiv], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (29 March 2014)\\n\\n==Opinion\n        polls==\\n{{main|Opinion polling for the Ukrainian presidential election, 2014}}\\n\\n==International\n        observers==\\nThe [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]] (CEC) had registered\n        543 international official observers on 2 May 2014.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/203200.html\n        CEC registers 543 international official observers for presidential elections],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (2 May 2014) On 23 May (two days before the election)\n        this number had risen to 3,607 (CEC had completed the registration of observers\n        on 19 May but on 23 May had allowed 823 members of the observer organization\n        European Platform for Democratic Elections).{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026284/\n        In Ukraine will come three thousand observers], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (23\n        May 2014) Among others [[OSCE]]''s [[Office for Democratic Institutions\n        and Human Rights]], OSCE''s [[OSCE Parliamentary Assembly|Parliamentary Assembly]],\n        the [[Ukrainian World Congress]] and the United States sent observers. OSCE deployed 100 long-term observers and 900 short-term\n        observers.[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dde01232-e28f-11e3-ba64-00144feabdc0.html#axzz32eC94qZP\n        Ukraine officials battle \\u2018chaos\\u2019 in east as rebels target election],\n        [[The Financial Times]] (23 May 2014) On 9 May 2014 [[Assistant Secretary\n        of State for European and Eurasian Affairs|U.S. Assistant Secretary for European\n        and Eurasian Affairs]] [[Victoria Nuland]] stated her country would support\n        255 long-term and more than 3,300 short-term observers.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/204188.html\n        US to provide support to several thousands of observers at Ukrainian elections\n        \\u2013 Nuland], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (9 May 2014) Russia did not send\n        observers.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/206185.html Russia\n        will not send its observers to Ukraine election \\u2013 Kremlin official],\n        [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (23 May 2014) Other [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] members also did not send observers; because Ukraine had not sent\n        an invitation to the [[Commonwealth of Independent States#Controversial election\n        observation mission|CIS Election Monitoring Organisation]].{{uk icon}}\n        [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026190 Observers from the CIS on\n        elections in Ukraine will not be \\u2013 Executive Committee], [[Ukrayinska\n        Pravda]] (23 May 2014)\\n\\n==Results==\\n[[File:\\u042f\\u0432\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0437\\u0430\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445 \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2014 \\u043f\\u043e \\u043e\\u043a\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0430\\u0445.PNG|thumb|Turnout\n        by region]]\\n\\nPetro Poroshenko won the elections with 54.7% of the votes,\n        when excluding the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts that have 6.6 million residents. His closest competitor was [[Yulia Tymoshenko]],\n        who emerged with 12.81% of the votes.\n        The [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]]\n        reported voter turnout at over 60% excluding those regions not under government\n        control. In the [[Donbass]]\n        region of Ukraine only 20% of the ballot stations were open due to threats\n        and violence by [[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine|pro-Russia separatists]]. Of the 2,430 planned ballot stations (in Donbass) only 426\n        remained open for polling.[https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304811904579583413180447156\n        Poroshenko Declares Victory in Ukraine Presidential Election], [[The Wall\n        Street Journal]] (25 May 2014)\\n\\nExit polls had also predicted that\n        Poroshenko won the election outright{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27569057\n        | title=Petro Poroshenko claims Ukraine presidency | work=BBC | date=25 May\n        2014| accessdate=26 May 2014}} with over 55.9% of the votes,\\n{{Ukrainian presidential election, 2014}}\\n\\n==Reactions==\\nDespite\n        [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014#Russian reaction|Russia''s earlier\n        protest at rescheduling the election]] and the general tense relation between\n        the countries at the time because of the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian\n        Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and the [[Russian military intervention\n        in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)|Russian military intervention in Ukraine]],\n        [[Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] recognised the vote.{{cite web | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/05/26/u-s-lauds-ukraine-election-amid-hopes-for-easing-standoff/\n        | title=U.S. Lauds Ukraine Election Amid Hopes for Easing Standoff | work=The\n        Wall Street Journal | date=26 May 2014| accessdate=27 May 2014| author=Talley,\n        Ian}}\\n\\nThe leaders of the [[self-proclaimed]] [[Donetsk People''s\n        Republic]] and [[Lugansk People''s Republic]], controlling large parts of\n        the [[Donbass]] region of [[Eastern Ukraine]], declared that the regions had\n        made already their choice shown in the results of the status referendum of\n        11 March.\\n\\n[[US President]] [[Barack Obama]] congratulated\n        Petro Poroshenko with his victory by telephone 2 days after the election.[https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304811904579588171670090480\n        Obama Calls Ukrainian President-Elect Poroshenko With Congratulations], [[The\n        Wall Street Journal]] (27 May 2014) This was also done by [[President\n        of the European Commission]] [[Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Barroso]] and [[President\n        of the European Parliament|European Parliament President]] [[Martin Schulz]]\n        and other [[EU]] leaders such as [[German Chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]] and\n        [[French President]] [[Fran\\u00e7ois Hollande]].[http://enpi-info.eu/maineast.php?id=37402&id_type=1&lang_id=450\n        Ukraine: EU leaders congratulate Poroshenko and praise elections held against\n        the odds], [[European Union Association Agreement|ENPI Info Centre]] (27 May\n        2014)[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine-abroad/wall-street-journal-merkel-congratulates-ukraines-poroshenko-on-election-win-349628.html\n        Wall Street Journal: Merkel congratulates Ukraine''s Poroshenko on election\n        win], [[Kyiv Post]] (27 May 2014)\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014]]\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{Reflist|group=nb}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* {{Official website|http://www.cvk.gov.ua/}}\\n\\n{{2014 presidential\n        election candidates, Ukraine}}\\n{{Ukrainian elections}}\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n{{Euromaidan}}\\n{{2014\n        pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:Presidential elections in Ukraine|2014]]\\n[[Category:2014\n        elections in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Euromaidan]]\\n[[Category:Snap elections]]\\n[[Category:2014\n        pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:May 2014 events in Europe]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T08:07:48Z\",\"lastrevid\":793955568,\"length\":53207,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2014\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2014&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2014\"},\"51557631\":{\"pageid\":51557631,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2019\",\"index\":20,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T20:57:18Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{sources|date=August\n        2017}}\\n{{Politics of Ukraine}}\\n\\n''''''Presidential\n        elections'''''' are expected to be held in [[Ukraine]] on 31 March 2019.http://www.president.gov.ua/ua/documents/constitution/konstituciya-ukrayini-rozdil-v[http://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/op-ed/timothy-ash-ukraine-may-not-have-had-its-last-revolution-410998.html\n        Timothy Ash: Ukraine may not have had its last revolution] Kyiv Post, 30 March\n        2016\\n\\n==Electoral system==\\nThe [[President of Ukraine]] is elected\n        every five years using the [[two-round system]] if a candidate can not capture\n        more than 50% of the vote in the first round.{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-talks-set-to-open-without-pro-russian-separatists/2014/05/14/621dbc6a-c7d9-40bc-b2e5-814a4108bbef_story.html|title=Ukraine\n        talks set to open without pro-Russian separatists|newspaper=[[The Washington\n        Post]]|date=14 May 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528213228/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-talks-set-to-open-without-pro-russian-separatists/2014/05/14/621dbc6a-c7d9-40bc-b2e5-814a4108bbef_story.html|archivedate=28\n        May 2014|df=dmy-all}}
{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8460978.stm\n        |title=Q&A: Ukraine presidential election |publisher=BBC News |date=7 February\n        2010 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |deadurl=no |archivedate=29 April 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045939/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8460978.stm\n        |df=dmy }}
{{cite web|publisher=[[Radio Ukraine International]] |accessdate=29\n        May 2014 |url=http://nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/566632/ |title=Poroshenko wins presidential\n        election with 54.7% of vote \\u2013 CEC |date=29 May 2014 |archivedate=29 May\n        2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529212731/http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/566632/\n        |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
{{cite news|publisher=\\u0422\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\n        |url=http://telegraf.com.ua/ukraina/politika/1300294-rezultatyi-vyiborov-prezidenta-ukrainyi-2014-tsik-obrabotala-51-99.html\n        |script-title=ru:\\u0412\\u043d\\u0435\\u043e\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0437\\u0438\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b |trans_title=Results election of\n        Ukrainian president |date=29 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |language=ru\n        |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529233925/http://telegraf.com.ua/ukraina/politika/1300294-rezultatyi-vyiborov-prezidenta-ukrainyi-2014-tsik-obrabotala-51-99.html\n        |archivedate=29 May 2014 |df=dmy }}{{cite\n        news|date=22 May 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989 |title=Ukraine\n        elections: Runners and risks |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527092109/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989\n        |archivedate=27 May 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html\n        |title=New Ukrainian president will be elected for 5-year term \\u2013 Constitutional\n        Court |date=16 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121006/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html\n        |archivedate=17 May 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} Candidates should be\n        [[Ukrainian citizenship|Ukrainian citizens]] who have residence in Ukraine\n        for the past ten years prior to election day.[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-saakashvili-citizenship-idUSKBN1AB2DG\n        Ukraine president strips one-time ally Saakashvili of citizenship], [[Reuters]]\n        (26 July 2017)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171819.html Vitali\n        Klitschko says intends to run for president in Ukraine], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/171794.html Parliament\n        passes law that could prevent Klitschko from running for president], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (24 October 2013)
{{cite news|title=Exile in Brooklyn, With an Eye on Georgia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/20/world/europe/mikheil-saakashvili-georgias-ex-president-plots-return-from-williamsburg-brooklyn.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=19 September 2014|accessdate=20 September 2014}}[https://www.rferl.org/a/saakashvili-return-ukraine-gerogia-citizenship/28680481.html\n        Saakashvili Says He Plans To Return To Ukraine Next Month], [[Radio Free Europe]]\n        (August 16, 2017)\\n\\n==Possible candidates==\\n* [[Petro Poroshenko]]:\n        current President of Ukraine, Businessman\\n* [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]: former\n        prime minister of Ukraine (2005; 2007-2010)\\n* [[Andriy Sadovyi]]: Mayor of\n        [[Lviv]]\\n* [[Volodymyr Groysman]]: \\u0441urent prime minister of Ukraine\n        (2016-)\\n* [[Vadim Rabinovich]]: People''s Deputy of Ukraine, Businessman\\n*\n        [[Nadiya Savchenko]]: People''s Deputy of Ukraine, \\u041dero of Ukraine[https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/savchenko-intends-run-president-ukraine.html\n        Savchenko intends to run for president of Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (27 July\n        2017)\\n* [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]]: Minister of Defence of Ukraine (2005-2007)\\n*\n        [[Oleh Tyahnybok]]: Leader of the All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Svoboda\\\"\\n* [[Oleh\n        Lyashko]]: People''s Deputy of Ukraine\\n* [[Yuriy Boyko]]: People''s Deputy\n        of Ukraine\\n* [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]]: former prime minister of Ukraine (2014-2016)\\n\\n==Opinion\n        polls==\\n{{main|Opinion polling for the Ukrainian presidential election, 2019}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/ Central Election Commission]\\n\\n{{Ukrainian\n        elections}}\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[Category:2019 elections in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Presidential\n        elections in Ukraine|2019]]\\n[[Category:March 2019 events]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-02T20:57:18Z\",\"lastrevid\":798599813,\"length\":7356,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2019\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2019&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2019\"},\"43829679\":{\"pageid\":43829679,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        presidential inauguration\",\"index\":35,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2016-11-02T18:26:33Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        ''''''inauguration of the president of Ukraine'''''' is a ceremony that takes\n        place to mark the start of a new term for a newly elected [[president of Ukraine]].\\n\\n==List\n        of inaugural ceremonies==\\n\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !!\n        President !! Location{{Ref|parliament|Place}} !! Oath Administered\n        by{{Ref|oathadministered|Oath}} !! Document Sworn On !! Notes\\n|-\\n||\n        December 5, 1991 || [[Leonid Kravchuk]] ||[[Verkhovna Rada building|National\n        Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Unknown||Closed [[Act of Independence\n        of Ukraine|Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of the Ukrainian SSR]]{{Ref|constitution|Constitution}} ||\n        \\n|-\\n|| July 19, 1994 || [[Leonid Kuchma]] ||[[Verkhovna Rada building|National\n        Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Unknown||Open [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]\n        || \\n|-\\n|| November 30, 1999 || [[Leonid Kuchma]] ||[[Palace \\\"Ukraine\\\"|Palace\n        of Arts \\\"Ukrayina\\\"]] concert hall
Kiev || Viktor Skomorokha[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/prisyagayu_na_vrnst_ukran_navguratsya_prezidenta_ukrani_leonda_kuchmi_19715\n        Inauguration of the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma]. [[Ukrinform]]. 30\n        November 1999 ||Open [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]] || \\n|-\\n|| January 23, 2005 || [[Viktor Yushchenko]] ||[[Verkhovna\n        Rada building|National Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Mykola Selivon[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2005/01/23/3006380/view_print/\n        Inauguration of Yushchenko]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 23 January 2005\n        ||Closed [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution of Ukraine]]\n        || First time the oath was taken in front of general public[https://web.archive.org/*/http://ukr.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/inauguraciya-prezidentov-ukrainy-torzhestva-kuchmy-eyforiya-yushchenko-i-kazus-yanukovicha-526759.html\n        Inaugurations of presidents of Ukraine]. [[Segodnya]]. 6 June 2014\\n|-\\n||\n        February 25, 2010 || [[Viktor Yanukovych]] ||[[Verkhovna Rada building|National\n        Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Andriy Stryzhak[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/yanukovich_tri_roki_tomu_stav_prezidentom_yak_tse_bulo_video_1800383\n        Three years ago Yanukovych became the President. How it was]. [[Ukrinform]].\n        25 February 2013||Closed [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]] || \\n|-\\n|| June 7, 2014 || [[Petro Poroshenko]] ||[[Verkhovna\n        Rada building|National Parliament]] session hall
Kiev || Yuriy Baulin''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140915132045/http://www.unian.ua/politics/926462-vidbulasya-inavguratsiya-pyatogo-prezidenta-ukrajini-kurs-na-es-i-mirniy-plan-dlya-donbasu.html\n        Took place a inauguration of the Fifth President of Ukraine]''''. [[UNIAN]].\n        7 June 2014 ||Closed [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]
and closed [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]] || \\n|}\\n\\n==List of historical inaugurations==\\n===[[Hetman\n        of Ukraine]]===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !! Hetman !! Location{{Ref|parliament|Place}}\n        !! Oath Administered by{{Ref|oathadministered|Oath}} !! Document\n        Sworn On !! Notes\\n|-\\n|| April 29, 1918 || [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] ||[[Saint\n        Sophia''s Cathedral, Kiev|Saint Sophia''s Cathedral]]
Kiev || [[Nicodemus\n        (Krotkov)|Nicodemus]]|| Unknown|| \\n|}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n[[File:Peresopnytske\n        Gospel.jpg|thumb|Pages on which took an oath [[Leonid Kuchma]]]]\\n*{{Note|parliament|(Place)}}\n        \\\"at a ceremonial meeting of the [[Supreme Council of Ukraine]]\\\" (Article\n        104, [[Constitution of Ukraine]])\\n*{{Note|oathadministered|(Oath)}}\n        the Chairperson of the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] (Article 104, [[Constitution\n        of Ukraine]])\\n*{{Note|constitution|(Constitution)}} marked\n        as Constitution of Ukraine\\n\\n==References==\\n\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{commons category|Ukrainian presidential inaugurations}}\\n* Mykosyanchyk,\n        O. ''''[https://web.archive.org/*/http://vidido.ua/index.php/pogliad/article/jak_prisjagali_narodu_prezidenti_ukraini/\n        How swore to people presidents of Ukraine]''''. Vid i Do. 7 June 2014\\n* [https://web.archive.org/*/http://gazeta.ua/articles/history/_kurjozi-traplyalisya-v-inavguraciyi-prezidentiv-ukrayini-vid-kravchuka-do-anukovicha/562587\n        Videos of Inaugurations]. Gazeta in Ukrainian. 7 June 2014\\n* Removska, O.\n        ''''[https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1967831.html\n        Traditions of inauguration of presidents of Ukraine]''''. [[Radio Liberty]].\n        25 February 2014\\n* Nahorna, N. ''''[http://tsn.ua/politika/pompeznosti-pid-chas-inavguraciyi-pochalisya-z-kuchmi-a-pered-yanukovichem-zachinilisya-dveri-353429.html\n        Inauguration of presidents]''''. Television Service of News (TSN). 7 June\n        2014\\n* Pashchenko, V. ''''[http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/inavguratsiya_poroshenka_yakoyu_vona_bude_1944805\n        Inauguration of Poroshenko: which will it be?]'''' [[Ukrinform]]. 5 June 2014\\n*\n        Shafran, T. ''''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140917173256/http://www.sde.org.ua/zmi/zlus/item/2414-pavlo-skoropadskyj-ostannij-getman-ukrajiny.html\n        Pavlo Skoropadsky: the last hetman of Ukraine]''''. [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church]] website. May 2013\\n\\n{{Presidency of Ukraine}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian\n        Presidential Inauguration}}\\n[[Category:Ukrainian presidential inaugurations|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Ukrainian presidential succession]]\\n[[Category:Presidency\n        of Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:Ceremonies in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-18T12:47:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":747495917,\"length\":5413,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_inauguration\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_presidential_inauguration&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_inauguration\"},\"35492624\":{\"pageid\":35492624,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        records in Olympic weightlifting\",\"index\":47,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-03T13:03:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        following are the national records in [[Olympic weightlifting]] in [[Ukraine]].\n        Records are maintained in each [[weight class]] for the [[snatch (weightlifting)|snatch]]\n        lift, [[clean and jerk]] lift, and the total for both lifts by the [[Ukrainian\n        Weightlifting Federation]].\\n\\n==Men==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=9%|Event\\n!width=6%|Record\\n!width=18%|Athlete\\n!width=14%|Date\\n!width=18%|Meet\\n!width=20%|Place\\n!width=3%|Ref\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-56 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|125 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|21 June 2000\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|153 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Likhvald]]\\n|21\n        June 2000\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|277.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|21 June 2000\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-62 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|135\n        kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Likhvald]]\\n|12 June 2001\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean & Jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|162.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|292.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Likhvald]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-69 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|155 kg\\n|[[Yuriy Lavrenyuk]]\\n|September\n        2001\\n|European Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Kalmar]], Sweden\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        & Jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|180 kg\\n|[[Vasyl Kovalchuk (weightlifter)|Vasyl\n        Kovalchuk]]\\n|2002\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|325\n        kg\\n|[[Yuriy Lavrenyuk]]\\n|September 2001\\n|European Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|SWE}}\n        [[Kalmar]], Sweden\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-77 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|165\n        kg\\n|[[Dmytro Hnidenko]]\\n|1999\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|192.5 kg\\n|[[Dmytro Hnidenko]]\\n|25 November\n        1999\\n|[[1999 World Weightlifting Championships \\u2013 Men''s 77 kg|World\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], Greece\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|355\n        kg\\n|[[Dmytro Hnidenko]]\\n|1999\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-85 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|177 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr\n        Pielieshenko]]\\n|24 May 2017\\n|Ukrainian Universiade\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mykolaiv]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|211 kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Pielieshenko]]\\n|6\n        April 2017\\n|[[2017 European Weightlifting Championships#Men''s 85 kg|European\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split (city)|Split]], Croatia\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Men''s 85kg Results|url=http://www.ewfed.com/2017/Split/Results/85Mkg.pdf|work=[[European\n        Weightlifting Federation|EWF]]|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=8 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|386\n        kg\\n|[[Oleksandr Pielieshenko]]\\n|6 April 2017\\n|[[2017 European Weightlifting\n        Championships#Men''s 85 kg|European Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split\n        (city)|Split]], Croatia\\n|{{cite web|title=Men''s 85kg Results|url=http://www.ewfed.com/2017/Split/Results/85Mkg.pdf|work=[[European\n        Weightlifting Federation|EWF]]|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=8 April 2017}}\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-94 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|190 kg\\n|[[Artem Ivanov\n        (weightlifter)|Artem Ivanov]]\\n|27 April 2012\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|230\n        kg\\n|[[Artem Ivanov (weightlifter)|Artem Ivanov]]\\n|27 April 2012\\n|Ukrainian\n        Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|420\n        kg\\n|[[Artem Ivanov (weightlifter)|Artem Ivanov]]\\n|27 April 2012\\n|Ukrainian\n        Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|-105 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|200 kg\\n|[[Ihor Razoronov]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|243 kg\\n|[[Denys\n        Hotfrid]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|440\n        kg\\n|[[Denys Hotfrid]]\\n|2000\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|+105 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|208 kg\\n|[[Ihor Shymechko]]\\n|12\n        September 2009\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Luhansk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|252.5 kg\\n|[[Oleksiy Kolokoltsev]]\\n|2003\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|447.5 kg\\n|[[Artem\n        Udachyn]]\\n|2003\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n==Women==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=9%|Event\\n!width=6%|Record\\n!width=18%|Athlete\\n!width=14%|Date\\n!width=18%|Meet\\n!width=20%|Place\\n!width=3%|Ref\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|48 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|84 kg\\n|[[Iana Diachenko]]\\n|July\n        2013\\n|U23 Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|99 kg\\n|[[Iana Diachenko]]\\n|July 2013\\n|U23 Ukrainian\n        Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|183\n        kg\\n|[[Iana Diachenko]]\\n|July 2013\\n|U23 Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Skadovsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|53 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|98\n        kg\\n|[[Iulia Paratova]]\\n|17 October 2014\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Horodok, Lviv Oblast|Horodok]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|113\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Trotsenko]]\\n|February 2006\\n|Ukrainian Cup\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Chernihiv]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|211 kg\\n|[[Iulia\n        Paratova]]\\n|17 October 2014\\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Horodok, Lviv Oblast|Horodok]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|58\n        kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|106 kg{{ref|1|1}}\\n|[[Yuliya Kalina]]\\n|30\n        July 2012\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics \\u2013 Women''s 58\n        kg|Olympic Games]]\\n|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|129 kg{{ref|1|1}}\\n|[[Yuliya Kalina]]\\n|30 July\n        2012\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics \\u2013 Women''s 58 kg|Olympic\n        Games]]\\n|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|235\n        kg{{ref|1|1}}\\n|[[Yuliya Kalina]]\\n|30 July 2012\\n|[[Weightlifting at the\n        2012 Summer Olympics \\u2013 Women''s 58 kg|Olympic Games]]\\n|{{flagicon|GBR}}\n        [[London]], United Kingdom\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|63 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|110\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Skakun]]\\n|18 November 2003\\n|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships\n        \\u2013 Women''s 63 kg|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]],\n        Canada\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|138 kg\\n|[[Nataliya Skakun]]\\n|18\n        November 2003\\n|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships \\u2013 Women''s 63\n        kg|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], Canada\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|247\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Skakun]]\\n|18 November 2003\\n|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships\n        \\u2013 Women''s 63 kg|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]],\n        Canada\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|69 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|116\n        kg\\n|[[Yuliya Artemova]]\\n|March 2012\\n|Ukrainian Cup\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Chernihiv]],\n        Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|140 kg\\n|[[Vanda Maslovska]]\\n|27\n        September 2003\\n|Russian Grand Prix\\n|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|255\n        kg\\n|[[Nataliya Davydova]]\\n|2005\\n|\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lutsk]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"8\\\"|75 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|120 kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|6\n        April 2017\\n|[[2017 European Weightlifting Championships#Women''s 75 kg|European\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split (city)|Split]], Croatia\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 75kg Results|url=http://www.ewfed.com/2017/Split/Results/75Wkg.pdf|work=[[European\n        Weightlifting Federation|EWF]]|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=6 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|141 kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|8 December 2016\\n|European\n        Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Eilat]], Israel\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|260\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|8 December 2016\\n|European Junior Championships\\n|{{flagicon|ISR}}\n        [[Eilat]], Israel\\n|\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|90 kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|111\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|25 August 2017\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2017 Summer\n        Universiade|Universiade]]\\n|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[New Taipei City]], Taiwan\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 90kg Results|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/WL/TP2017_WL_C73_WLW090000.pdf|work=2017.taipei|date=25\n        August 2017|accessdate=26 August 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Clean and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|135\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|25 August 2017\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2017 Summer\n        Universiade|Universiade]]\\n|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[New Taipei City]], Taiwan\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 90kg Results|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/WL/TP2017_WL_C73_WLW090000.pdf|work=2017.taipei|date=25\n        August 2017|accessdate=26 August 2017}}\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|246\n        kg\\n|[[Iryna Dekha]]\\n|25 August 2017\\n|[[Weightlifting at the 2017 Summer\n        Universiade|Universiade]]\\n|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[New Taipei City]], Taiwan\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 90kg Results|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/WL/TP2017_WL_C73_WLW090000.pdf|work=2017.taipei|date=25\n        August 2017|accessdate=26 August 2017}}\\n|-bgcolor=\\\"#DDDDDD\\\"\\n! colspan=\\\"8\\\"|+90\n        kg\\n|-\\n|Snatch\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|135 kg\\n|[[Olha Korobka]]\\n|14 September\n        2011 \\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Clean\n        and jerk\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|165 kg\\n|[[Olha Korobka]]\\n|14 September 2011\n        \\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|-\\n|Total\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|300\n        kg\\n|[[Olha Korobka]]\\n|14 September 2011 \\n|Ukrainian Championships\\n|{{flagicon|UKR}}\n        [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n*{{note|1|1}} Kalina failed the competition\n        doping re-test in 2016 and the IOC & IWF canceled the results, the UWF however\n        still lists them as records.\\n\\n==References==\\n*{{Cite web|url=http://uwf.in.ua/competition/records/boys/|title=\n        \\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0421\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434 \\u0447\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432\n        [Ukrainian records among men]|accessdate=29 March 2017}} {{uk icon}}\\n*{{Cite\n        web|url=http://uwf.in.ua/competition/records/girls/|title= \\u0420\\u0435\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 C\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0434 \\u0436\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        [Ukrainian records among women]|accessdate=29 March 2017}} {{uk icon}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n\\n{{Records in Olympic weightlifting}}\\n\\n[[Category:Weightlifting\n        in Ukraine]]\\n[[Category:National records in Olympic weightlifting]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T09:28:19Z\",\"lastrevid\":798726110,\"length\":10534,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting\"},\"41350653\":{\"pageid\":41350653,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        records in track cycling\",\"index\":48,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-04-15T23:02:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"The\n        following are the national records in track cycling in [[Ukraine]] maintained\n        by the [[Ukrainian Cycling Federation]].\\n\\n==Men==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        style=\\\"font-size:95%; width: 95%;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Event\\n!Record\\n!Athlete\\n!Date\\n!Meet\\n!Place\\n!Ref\\n|-\\n|[[Track\n        time trial|Flying 200 m time trial]]\\n|9.822\\n|[[Andriy Vynokurov]]\\n|21 October\n        2016\\n|[[2016 UEC European Track Championships \\u2013 Men''s sprint|European\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[V\\u00e9lodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines|Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]],\n        France\\n|{{cite news|title=Men''s Sprint Qualification Results|url=http://europeantrack2016.veloresults.com/pdf/mspt2.pdf|publisher=veloresults.com|date=21\n        October 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time trial|1\n        km time trial]]\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Individual pursuit|4000m individual\n        pursuit]]\\n|4:31.741\\n|[[Volodymyr Fredyuk]]\\n|22 October 2016\\n|[[2016 UEC\n        European Track Championships \\u2013 Men''s individual pursuit|European Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|FRA}}\n        [[V\\u00e9lodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines|Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]],\n        France\\n|{{cite web|title=Men''s Individual Pursuit Qualifying Results|url=http://europeantrack2016.veloresults.com/pdf/mip2.pdf|publisher=veloresults.com|date=22\n        October 2016|accessdate=29 October 2016}}\\n|-\\n|[[Team pursuit|4000m\n        team pursuit]]\\n|4:08.344\\n|\\n|5 December 2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Men''s Team Pursuit Qualifying Result|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006010463FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Tissot\n        Timing|date=5 December 2013|accessdate=18 December 2013}}\\n|}\\n\\n==Women==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"font-size:95%; width: 95%;\\\"\\n|-\\n!Event\\n!Record\\n!Athlete\\n!Date\\n!Meet\\n!Place\\n!Ref\\n|-\\n|[[Track\n        time trial|Flying 200 m time trial]]\\n|11.044\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|13 April\n        2017\\n|[[2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s sprint|World\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], China\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s\n        Sprint Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021163FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|work=Tissot\n        Timing|date=13 April 2017|accessdate=13 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time\n        trial|250 m time trial]] (standing start)\\n|19.551\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|15\n        April 2017\\n|[[2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s\n        500 m time trial|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Velodrome|Hong\n        Kong]]\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s 500m Time Trial Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021264FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=15\n        April 2017|accessdate=15 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time trial|500 m\n        time trial]]\\n|34.337\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|15 April 2017\\n|[[2017 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s 500 m time trial|World Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}}\n        [[Hong Kong Velodrome|Hong Kong]]\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s 500m Time\n        Trial Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021264FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=15\n        April 2017|accessdate=15 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Track time trial|500 m\n        time trial]] (sea level)\\n|34.337\\n|[[Olena Starikova]]\\n|15 April 2017\\n|[[2017\n        UCI Track Cycling World Championships \\u2013 Women''s 500 m time trial|World\n        Championships]]\\n|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Velodrome|Hong Kong]]\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s 500m Time Trial Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030E0002021264FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=15\n        April 2017|accessdate=15 April 2017}}\\n|-\\n|[[Team sprint]]\\n|35.505\\n|[[Hanna\n        Solovey]]
[[Olena Tsyos]]\\n|5 December 2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s Team Sprint Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006021601FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Tissot\n        Timing|date=5 December 2013|accessdate=6 December 2013}}\\n|-\\n|[[Individual\n        pursuit|3000m individual pursuit]]\\n|3:32.755\\n|[[Hanna Solovey]]\\n|6 December\n        2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}}\n        [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite web|title=Women''s 3000m Individual\n        Pursuit Qualifying Results|url=http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006021463FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Tissot\n        Timing|date=6 December 2013|accessdate=28 December 2013}}\\n|-\\n|[[Team\n        pursuit|3000m team pursuit]]\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Team pursuit|4000m\n        team pursuit]]\\n|4:34.011\\n|\\n|5 December 2013\\n|[[2013\\u201314 UCI Track\n        Cycling World Cup|World Cup]]\\n|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico\\n|{{cite\n        web|title=Women''s Team Pursuit Qualifying Result|url=http://tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030A0006021563FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=tissottiming.com|date=5\n        December 2013|accessdate=9 December 2013}}\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{International\n        cycling}}\\n{{Track cycling}}\\n{{Records in track cycling}}\\n\\n[[Category:Track\n        cycling records]]\\n[[Category:Cycle racing in Ukraine]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-07T05:36:20Z\",\"lastrevid\":775599719,\"length\":5070,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_track_cycling\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_records_in_track_cycling&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_track_cycling\"},\"14637635\":{\"pageid\":14637635,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukrainian\n        wreath\",\"index\":37,\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-28T16:08:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"[[File:Ukrainian\n        girl by Nikolay Rachkov (2nd half 19 c., Chernigov museum).jpg|thumb|A girl\n        wearing a Ukrainian wreath]]\\n[[File:Ukrainian-wreath.jpg|thumb|A lady wearing\n        a Ukrainian [[vyshyvanka]] with a wreath (a 1916 postcard)]]\\nThe ''''''Ukrainian\n        wreath'''''' ({{lang-uk|\\u0432\\u0456\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a}}, ''''vinok'''') is\n        a type of [[Wreath (attire)|wreath]] which, in traditional [[Ukrainian culture]],\n        is worn by girls and young unmarried women.  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From the wreath''s direction, the girl could tell whom she\n        would marry:  if the wreath stayed in one spot and did not float down the\n        water, she would not marry; if it went under, she would die; if the candle\n        went out, misfortune would follow. The young men would dive into the water,\n        trying to retrieve the vinok of the girl each loved. One of the ritual Kupala\n        songs says, \\\"Who will catch the wreath will catch the girl, who will get\n        the wreath will become mine.\\\"  It dates back to pre-Christian\n        times when it was thought that the headdress would protect girls from evil\n        spirits.  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On\n        [[January 16]] the organization holds its first council meeting, in Paris.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – The [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] is recognised\n        [[de facto]] by European powers in [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://today.az/news/politics/53534.html|title=Azerbaijani Foreign\n        Ministry official: result of overcoming obstacles by first Azerbaijani diplomats\n        was international recognition in Versailles|work=Today.az|date=2009-07-03|accessdate=2013-03-13}}\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' [[Robert H. Goddard#Publicity\n        and criticism|ridicules]] the American rocket scientist [[Robert H. 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(1990). ''''Kroniek\n        van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag (1920-1990)'''', (1st ed.). Direktoraat Openbare\n        Betrekkinge, SAW. Uitgewer: Staatsdrukkery, Pretoria. Gedruk deur Promedia\n        Drukkers, Posbus 255, Silverton, 0127.\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Estonian\n        War of Independence]]: The [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian\\u2013Estonian)|Tartu\n        Peace Treaty]] is signed, ending the war and recognizing the independence\n        of both the [[Republic of Estonia]] and the [[Russian Socialist Federative\n        Soviet Republic]].\\n** [[French Third Republic|France]] occupies [[Klaip\\u0117da\n        Region|Memel]].\\n** Sayyid Muhammad, Khan of [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]] abdicates.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – [[Alexander Kolchak|Admiral Kolchak]] and [[Viktor\n        Pepelyayev]] are [[execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] near\n        [[Irkutsk]].\\n* [[February 9]] – The [[Svalbard Treaty]], signed by\n        members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty of [[Norway]]\n        over the [[Arctic]] archipelago of [[Svalbard]] (at this time called Spitzbergen)\n        while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands.\\n* [[February\n        10]] – General [[J\\u00f3zef Haller]] first performs [[Poland''s Wedding\n        to the Sea]], a symbolic celebration of the restitution of Polish access to\n        the [[Baltic Sea]].\\n* [[February 12]]–[[February 24|24]] – [[Conference\n        of London (1920)|Conference of London]]: Leaders of the United Kingdom, France\n        and Italy meet to discuss the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]].\\n* [[February\n        13]] – Switzerland rejoins the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[February\n        14]] – The [[League of Women Voters]] is founded in Chicago.\\n* [[February\n        17]] – A woman named [[Anna Anderson]] tries to commit suicide in Berlin\n        and is taken to a mental hospital, where she claims she is [[Grand Duchess\n        Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia]].\\n* [[February\n        19]] – The [[United States Senate]] refuses to ratify the [[Treaty of\n        Versailles]].\\n* [[February 20]] – [[1920 Gori earthquake]]: An earthquake\n        hits [[Gori, Georgia|Gori]] in the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], killing\n        114.\\n* [[February 21]] – The island province of [[Marinduque]] in the\n        [[Philippines]] archipelago is founded.\\n* [[February 22]] – In [[Emeryville,\n        California]], the first [[greyhound racing|dog racing]] track to employ an\n        imitation [[rabbit]] opens.\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] presents\n        his [[National Socialist Program]] in [[Munich]] to the [[German Workers''\n        Party]] (''''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'''') which renames itself as the [[Nazi\n        Party]] (''''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'''').\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** Hungarian [[Admiral]] and statesman [[Mikl\\u00f3s Horthy]]\n        becomes the [[Regent]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Hungary]].\\n**\n        The [[United States Railroad Administration]] returns control of American\n        railroads to its constituent railroad companies.\\n* [[March 7]] – Syrian\n        National Congress proclaims [[Arab Kingdom of Syria|Syria]] independent with\n        [[Faisal I of Iraq]] as king.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** The world''s first peaceful\n        establishment of a [[social democracy|social democratic]] government takes\n        place in [[Sweden]] as [[Hjalmar Branting]] takes over as [[Prime Minister\n        of Sweden|Prime Minister]] when [[Nils Ed\\u00e9n]] leaves office.\\n** The\n        [[Baylor University|Baylor]] Business Men''s Club changes its name to the\n        [[Baylor University Chamber of Commerce]].\\n* [[March 13]]–[[March 17|17]]\n        – [[Wolfgang Kapp]] and [[Walther von L\\u00fcttwitz]]''s ''[[Kapp Putsch]]'',\n        an attempted [[coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup]] in Germany, briefly ousts the [[Weimar\n        Republic]] government from Berlin but fails due to public resistance and a\n        general strike.\\n* [[March 15]] – The [[Ruhr Red Army]], a communist\n        army 60,000 men strong, is formed in [[Weimar Republic|Germany]].\\n* March\n        15–[[March 16|16]] – [[Occupation of Constantinople#Military occupation\n        of Constantinople|Military occupation of Constantinople]] by [[British Empire]]\n        forces acting for the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] against the\n        [[Turkish National Movement]]. 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They become known from their improvised uniforms as\n        the \\\"[[Black and Tans]]\\\".{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Cottrell|title=The\n        War for Ireland, 1913-1923|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84603-9966}}\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – The German government asks France for permission to use\n        its own troops against the rebellious [[Ruhr Red Army]] in the French-occupied\n        area.\\n* [[March 28]] – The [[1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak]] hits\n        the [[Great Lakes region]] and [[Deep South]] of the United States.\\n* [[March\n        29]] – [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|Sir William Robertson]]\n        is promoted to [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]], the first\n        man to rise from [[Private (rank)|private]] (enlisted [[1877]]) to the highest\n        rank in the [[British Army]].{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35786|title=Robertson,\n        Sir William Robert, first baronet (1860\\u20131933)|first=David R.|last=Woodward\n        |edition=Online|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35786|accessdate=2007-12-07 |date=September\n        2004}} {{ODNBsub}}\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 2]] – The German\n        army marches to the [[Ruhr]] to fight the [[Ruhr Red Army]].\\n* [[April 4]]\n        – [[1920 Palestine riots]]: Violence erupts between Arab and Jewish\n        residents in [[Jerusalem]]; 9 killed, 216 injured.\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        The short-lived [[Far Eastern Republic]] is declared in eastern [[Siberia]].\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]]\n        flees from Mexico City during a trial intended to ruin his reputation; he\n        flees to [[Guerrero]] where he joins Fortunato Maycotte.\\n* [[April 19]]–[[April\n        26|26]] – [[San Remo conference]]: Representatives of Italy, France,\n        the United Kingdom and Japan meet to determine the [[League of Nations mandate]]s\n        for administration of territories following [[partitioning of the Ottoman\n        Empire]].\\n* April 19 – Germany and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist\n        Republic|Bolshevist Russia]] agree to the exchange of prisoners of war.\\n[[File:1920\n        olympics poster.jpg|thumb|115px|right|[[1920 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n* [[April\n        20]]\\n** [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]] announces in\n        [[Chilpancingo]] that he intends to fight against the rule of [[Venustiano\n        Carranza]].\\n** The [[1920 Summer Olympics]] open in [[Antwerp]], Belgium.\n        The [[Olympic symbols]] of five interlocking rings and the associated flag\n        are first displayed at the games.\\n* [[April 23]] – The [[Grand National\n        Assembly of Turkey]] is founded by [[Mustafa Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]] in [[Ankara]].\n        It denounces the government of Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] and announces a temporary\n        constitution.\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: [[Second\n        Polish Republic|Polish]] and anti-Soviet [[Ukrainian People''s Republic|Ukrainian]]\n        troops attack the [[Red Army]] in Soviet Ukraine.\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        The [[Khorezm People''s Soviet Republic]] is officially created by [[Russian\n        Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist Russia]] as the successor\n        to the [[Khanate of Khiva]].\\n* [[April 28]] – The [[Azerbaijan Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]] is officially created.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        The first game of [[Negro National League (1920\\u201331)|Negro National League\n        baseball]] is played in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]].\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        A [[1920 Georgian coup attempt|Bolshevik coup]] fails in the [[Democratic\n        Republic of Georgia]].\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: [[Second\n        Polish Republic|Polish]] troops occupy [[Kiev]]. 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Over 30,000 people\n        attend the ceremony in Rome, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc''s family.\n        [[Pope Benedict XV]] presides over the rite, for which the interior of [[St.\n        Peter''s Basilica]] in Rome is richly decorated.\\n** A [[referendum]] in Switzerland\n        is favorable to joining the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** French\n        and Belgian troops leave the cities they have occupied in Germany.\\n** The\n        first flight of Dutch air company [[KLM]], from [[Amsterdam]] to London, takes\n        place.\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]]''s\n        troops enter Mexico City.\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Venustiano\n        Carranza]] arrives in San Antonio Tlaxcalantongo. Troops of [[Rodolfo Herrero]]\n        attack him at night and shoot him.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Venustiano Carranza]]\n        is buried in Mexico City; all of his mourning allies are arrested. [[Adolfo\n        de la Huerta]] is elected provisional president.\\n* [[May 26]] – [[1920\n        Ganja revolt|Ganja revolt]]: [[Anti-Soviet]] opposition in the [[Azerbaijan\n        SSR]] launches an abortive revolt in [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]].\\n* [[May\n        27]] – [[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk]] becomes president of [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – Great [[Louth, Lincolnshire#Floods|Floods at Louth, Lincolnshire]]\n        in England kill 23.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Treaty of Trianon]]:\n        Peace is restored between the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] and\n        [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]]. Hungary loses 72% of its territory.\\n* [[June\n        5]] – Bolshevik Cavalry break through Polish and Ukrainian lines south\n        of Kiev, precipitating eventual withdrawal.\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet\n        War]]: The [[Red Army]] retakes [[Kiev]].\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Essad Pasha\n        Toptani]], nominal ruler of [[Principality of Albania|Albania]], is assassinated\n        by [[Avni Rustemi]] in Paris.\\n** The [[United States Postal Service|United\n        States Post Office Department]] rules that children may not be sent via parcel\n        post.[http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jun13.htm\n        June 13] On-This-Day.com\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** A new border treaty between\n        [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] and Denmark gives northern [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]]\n        to Denmark.\\n** The [[Estonian Constituent Assembly]] adopts the [[Constitution\n        of Estonia#First Constitution (1934\\u20131938)|first constitution]] of [[Estonia]],\n        which will come into effect on [[December 21]] the same year.\\n* [[June 22]]\n        – [[Greek Summer Offensive (1920)|Greek Summer Offensive]]: [[Kingdom\n        of Greece|Greece]] attacks [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] troops.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] declares its neutrality in\n        the war between [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and [[Russian Soviet Federative\n        Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]].\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet\n        War]]: [[Red Army]] continues offensive into [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\n*\n        [[July 7]] – [[Arthur Meighen]] becomes Canada''s ninth [[Prime Minister\n        of Canada|prime minister]].\\n* [[July 11]] – The [[East Prussian plebiscite]]\n        is held.\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Soviet\\u2013Lithuanian Peace Treaty]]: The\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] recognizes independent [[Lithuania]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[London County Council]] bars foreigners from council\n        jobs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}\\n* [[July 19]] – [[August\n        7]] – The [[2nd World Congress of the Comintern|Second Congress]] of\n        the [[Comintern|Communist International]] takes place in [[Saint Petersburg]]\n        and Moscow. The notorious [[Twenty-one Conditions]] are adopted.\\n* [[July\n        20]] – The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the key [[Black\n        Sea]] port of [[Batumi|Batum]] to the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – The [[Interallied Mission to Poland]] takes place.\\n*\n        [[July 22]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]\n        sues for peace with [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist\n        Russia]] (refused).\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Battle of Maysalun]]: The [[French\n        Third Republic|French]] defeat the [[Greater Syria|Syrian]] army whose leader\n        [[Yusuf al-''Azma]] is killed. French troops occupy [[Damascus]] and depose\n        [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I of Syria]] as king.{{cite book|title=World War I|last=Carlisle|first=Rodney|year=2007|page=291|publisher=Facts\n        on File|isbn=0-8160-6061-4}}\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]:\n        [[Pancho Villa]] takes over [[Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo Le\\u00f3n|Sabina]] and\n        contacts de la Huerta to offer his conditional surrender. He signs his surrender\n        on [[July 28]].\\n* [[July 29]] – The [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]]\n        begins construction of the [[Link River Dam]] as part of the [[Klamath Reclamation\n        Project]].\\n* [[July 30]]–[[August 8]] – [[1st World Scout Jamboree]]\n        held at [[Olympia, London]].{{cite web|url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/1920-jamboree.htm|title=1st\n        World Jamboree|work=The Pine Tree Web|year=1998|accessdate=2011-02-23}}\\n*\n        [[July 31]]\\n** Irish-born Australian [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Bishop\n        [[Daniel Mannix]] is detained onboard ship off [[Cobh|Queenstown]] and prevented\n        from landing in Ireland or from speaking in the main Irish Catholic communities\n        elsewhere in the United Kingdom.{{cite web|first=Patrick|last=O''Farrell|title=Mannix,\n        Daniel (1864\\u20131963)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/55446|accessdate=2011-11-11|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/55446}}\\n**\n        France prohibits the sale or prescription of [[birth control|contraceptives]].\\n**Representatives\n        of [[British people|British]] [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]]\n        groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel in [[London]] and agree to form the\n        [[Communist Party of Great Britain]].\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Irish War of Independence]]: [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] riots in [[Belfast]]\n        in protest at the continuing [[British Army]] presence.\\n* [[August 10]] –\n        [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman Sultan]] [[Mehmed VI]]''s representatives sign the\n        [[Treaty of S\\u00e8vres]] with the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]],\n        confirming arrangements for [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]].\\n* [[August\n        11]] – [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Russia]]\n        [[Latvian\\u2013Soviet Peace Treaty|recognizes]] independent [[Latvia]].\\n*\n        [[August 13]]–[[August 25|25]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: The\n        [[Red Army]] is defeated in the [[Battle of Warsaw (1920)|Battle of Warsaw]].\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]: The [[Restoration of\n        Order in Ireland Act 1920|Restoration of Order in Ireland Act]], passed by\n        the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], receives [[Royal Assent]], providing\n        for [[Irish Republican Army]] activists to be tried by [[court-martial]] rather\n        than by [[jury]] in criminal courts.\\n* [[August 19]]–[[August\n        25|25]] – [[Silesian Uprisings#Second Silesian Uprising (1920)|Second\n        Silesian Uprising]]: The Poles in [[Upper Silesia]] rise up against the Germans.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – The first commercial radio station in the United States,\n        8MK ([[WWJ (AM)|WWJ]]), begins operations in [[Detroit]]. It is owned by the\n        ''''Detroit News'''', the first U.S. radio station owned by a newspaper.\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – The [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]\n        is passed, guaranteeing [[women''s suffrage]].\\n* [[August 28]]–[[September\n        2]] – [[Bukhara operation (1920)|Bukhara operation]]: The [[Russian\n        Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian]] [[Red Army]] and [[Young Bukharians]]\n        overthrow the [[Emirate of Bukhara]], leading to establishment of the [[Bukharan\n        People''s Soviet Republic]].\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        Presidential elections begin in Mexico.\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Gabriele\n        D''Annunzio]] proclaims the [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]] in the city of\n        [[Rijeka|Fiume]].\\n* [[September 16]] – The [[Wall Street bombing]]:\n        A bomb in a horse wagon explodes in front of the [[J. P. Morgan]] building\n        in New York City, killing 38 and injuring 400.\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        The [[National Football League]] is established as the American Professional\n        Football Association.\\n* [[September 20]] – The first soldier joins\n        ''''El Tercio de Extranjeros'''', the \\\"Regiment of Foreigners\\\", later the\n        [[Spanish Legion]], established on January 28, in Spain; today is celebrated\n        as the unit''s anniversary. Under the command of [[Jos\\u00e9 Mill\\u00e1n Astray]]\n        and [[Francisco Franco]], its first duties are against [[Riffian people|Rif]]\n        rebels in the [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco]].\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Communist Party of Uruguay]] is founded. \\n* [[September 22]] – The\n        London [[Metropolitan Police]] forms the [[Flying Squad]], a motorised mobile\n        detective patrol unit.\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]:\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist Russia]] sues for\n        peace with Poland.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** The first domestic radio sets come\n        to stores in the United States; a [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]]\n        radio costs $10.\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] makes his first public political speech,\n        in Austria.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Prix de l''Arc de\n        Triomphe]] horse race first run in Paris.\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\n        War]]: Polish troops take [[Vilnius]].\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Carinthian\n        Plebiscite]]: A large part of [[Carinthia (province)|Carinthia Province]]\n        votes to become part of Austria rather than [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – A peace treaty between the Soviet and the Finnish governments\n        is concluded at [[Tartu]].\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet\n        War]]: After the Polish army captures [[Ternopil|Tarnopol]], [[Dubno]], [[Minsk]],\n        and Dryssa, the ceasefire is enforced.\\n* [[October 18]] – Thousands\n        of unemployed demonstrate in London; 50 are injured.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]] is announced the elected [[president of Mexico]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – \\n**The [[League of Nations]] moves its headquarters\n        to [[Geneva]], Switzerland. \\n**Baron [[Louis Gerhard De Geer|Louis De Geer\n        the younger]] becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[United States presidential election, 1920]]: Republican\n        [[United States Senator|U. S. Senator]] [[Warren G. Harding]] defeats [[Democratic\n        Party (United States)|Democratic]] Governor of [[Ohio]] [[James M. Cox]] and\n        Socialist [[Eugene V. Debs]], in the first national U.S. election in which\n        women have the right to vote.\\n** In the United States, [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA AM]]\n        of [[Pittsburgh]] (owned by [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]])\n        starts broadcasting as a commercial [[radio broadcasting|radio station]].\n        The first broadcast is the results of the [[United States presidential election,\n        1920|presidential election]].\\n** [[Meiji Shrine]], one of a landmark spot\n        in [[Tokyo]], officially built in [[Japan]].[[:ja:\\u660e\\u6cbb\\u795e\\u5bae#\\u6cbf\\u9769]]\n        ''''''(Japanese language)'''''' Retrieved January 15, 2016.\\n* [[November\n        11]] – [[The Unknown Warrior]] is buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – The evacuation of the [[White Army]]''s last units\n        and civilian refugees from the [[Crimea]] on board 126 ships, [[Wrangel''s\n        fleet|the remnants of the Russian Imperial Navy]], to [[Turkey]], [[Tunisia]]\n        and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], accompanied by wide-scale\n        civilian massacres. The total number of evacuees amounted to approximately\n        150,000 people, of which ~20% were civilians.\\n* [[November 14]] – The\n        [[Edmonton Symphony Orchestra]] holds its first concert.\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – In [[Geneva]], the first assembly of the [[League of Nations]] is\n        held.\\n* [[November 16]] – Queensland and Northern Territory Aviation\n        Services (''''[[Qantas]]'''') is founded by [[Hudson Fysh]] and [[Paul McGinness]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – The council of the [[League of Nations]] accepts the\n        [[constitution]] for the [[Free City of Danzig]].\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]] is appointed the 3rd [[Governor-General of\n        the Union of South Africa]].\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]:\n        [[Bloody Sunday (1920)|Bloody Sunday]]: The [[Irish Republican Army]], on\n        the instructions of [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]], shoot\n        dead the \\\"Cairo gang\\\", fourteen British undercover agents in [[Dublin]],\n        most in their homes. Later that day in retaliation the [[Auxiliary Division]]\n        of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] open fire on a crowd at a [[Gaelic Athletic\n        Association]] Football match in [[Croke Park]], killing thirteen spectators\n        and one player and wounding 60.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell''s Chronology\n        of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=488\\u2013490}}\n        Three men are shot this night in [[Dublin Castle]] \\\"while trying to escape\\\".\n        \\n* [[November 28]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]: [[Kilmichael Ambush]]:\n        The flying column of the [[3rd Cork Brigade]] of the [[Irish Republican Army]],\n        led by [[Tom Barry (soldier)|Tom Barry]], ambushes two lorries carrying men\n        of the [[Auxiliary Division]] of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] at [[Kilmichael,\n        County Cork]], killing seventeen (with three of its men also dying), which\n        leads to official reprisals.\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December\n        1]] – The [[Mexican Revolution]] ends with a new regime coming to power,\n        which couples with the end of the [[American frontier|Old West]].\\n* [[December\n        5]] – A [[referendum]] in [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] is favorable\n        to the reinstatement of the monarchy.\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Irish War\n        of Independence]]: [[Martial law]] is declared in Counties [[County Cork|Cork]],\n        [[County Kerry|Kerry]], [[County Limerick|Limerick]] and [[County Tipperary|Tipperary]].\\n* [[December 11]] – [[The Burning of Cork]] in Ireland:\n        British forces set fire to some {{convert|5|acre|m2}} of the centre of [[Cork\n        (city)|Cork]], including the City Hall, in reprisal attacks after a British\n        auxiliary is killed in a guerilla ambush.\\n[[File:1920 Gansu earthquake.svg|thumb|115px|[[1920\n        Haiyuan earthquake|Haiyuan earthquake]]]]\\n* [[December 15]]–[[December\n        22|22]] – The Brussels Conference establishes a timetable for German\n        war reparations intended to extend for over 42 years.\\n* [[December 16]]\\n**\n        Finland joins the [[League of Nations]].\\n** An 8.6 [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter\n        scale]] [[1920 Haiyuan earthquake|Haiyuan earthquake]] causes a [[landslide]]\n        in [[Gansu|Gansu Province]], China, killing 180,000.\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        South Africa is granted a [[League of Nations mandate|League of Nations Class\n        C mandate]] over [[South West Africa]].\\n* [[December 22]] – The 8th\n        [[Congress of Soviets|Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR]] adopts the\n        [[GOELRO plan]], the major plan of the economical development of the country.\\n*\n        [[December 23]] \\n** United Kingdom and France ratify the border between French-held\n        [[Syria]] and British-held [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].\\n** [[Government\n        of Ireland Act 1920]], passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]],\n        receives [[Royal Assent]] from [[George V]] providing for the [[partition\n        of Ireland]] into [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Southern Ireland (1921\\u201322)|Southern\n        Ireland]] with separate parliaments, granting a measure of [[home rule]].\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        The [[Rosicrucian Fellowship]]''s spiritual healing temple ''''The Ecclesia''''\n        is dedicated at [[Mount Ecclesia]], [[Oceanside, California]].\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Hydrocodone]], a narcotic analgesic closely related to codeine\n        is first synthesized in Germany by [[Carl Mannich]] and Helene L\\u00f6wenheim.\\n*\n        Approximate date – The [[HIV]] [[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|pandemic]]\n        almost certainly originates in L\\u00e9opoldville, modern-day [[Kinshasa]],\n        the capital of the [[Belgian Congo]].Based on its genetic history. {{cite\n        web|title=HIV pandemic''s origins located|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-10-03-hiv-pandemics-origins-located#|publisher=[[University\n        of Oxford]]|date=2014-10-03|accessdate=2014-10-29}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Javier\n        P\\u00e9rez de Cu\\u00e9llar.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Javier P\\u00e9rez de Cu\\u00e9llar]]]]\\n[[File:Federico\n        Fellini.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Federico Fellini]]]]\\n[[File:DEFOREST KELLEY.jpg|thumb|110px|[[DeForest\n        Kelley]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Bottiroli]], Argentinean\n        composer and poet (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Virgilio Savona]], Italian singer and\n        songwriter (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Heinz Zemanek]], Austrian computer pioneer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Isaac Asimov]], American author (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[George Herbig]], American astronomer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anne-Sofie \\u00d8stvedt]],\n        Norwegian resistance leader (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Renato Carosone]],\n        Italian musician and singer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Abbas Ali (Indian National\n        Army)|Abbas Ali]], Indian freedom fighter and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli]], Italian pianist (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[John Maynard Smith]], English biologist (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Early Wynn]], American baseball player (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Vincent Gardenia]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Gordon Kahl]], American tax protester and cop-killer (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]]\\n** [[Clive Dunn]], British actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Hakim\n        Said]], Pakistani scholar and philanthropist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 10]]\n        – [[Roberto M. Levingston]], Argentinian general and politician, 36th\n        President of Argentina (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Bill Reid]],\n        Canadian artist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[John Joseph O''Connor|John\n        O''Connor]], American Catholic cardinal (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n**\n        [[Al Morgan]], American novelist and television producer (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Elliott Reid]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Walter Frederick Morrison]],\n        American entrepreneur and inventor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 19]]\\n**[[Buddy\n        O''Grady]], American basketball player and coach (d. [[1992]])\\n**[[Javier\n        P\\u00e9rez de Cu\\u00e9llar]], Peruvian [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Federico Fellini]], Italian film director and screenwriter\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[DeForest Kelley]], American actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Errol Barrow]], 1st Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Gottfried B\\u00f6hm]], German architect\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Jerry Maren]], American actor\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Heinz\n        Kessler]], German politician and military officer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January\n        27]]\\n** [[Hiroyoshi Nishizawa]], Japanese fighter ace (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Helmut\n        Zacharias]], German violinist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]], English film director\\n** [[Delbert\n        Mann]], American television and film director (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Farouk\n        of Egypt]]]]\\n[[File:Lady Hartington.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kathleen Cavendish,\n        Marchioness of Hartington]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Heikki Suolahti]],\n        Finnish composer (d. [[1936]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Henry Heimlich]],\n        American physician and medical researcher (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 4]]\n        \\n** [[Giriraj Kishore]], Indian activist and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Janet Waldo]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[Frank Muir]], British actor, comedy writer and raconteur (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\n** [[Oscar Brand]], Canadian-born American folk singer-songwriter\n        and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[An Wang]], Chinese-born computer pioneer (d.\n        [[1990]]) \\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Farouk of Egypt|Farouk I, King of Egypt]]\n        (d. [[1965]])\\n** [[Billy Halop]], American actor (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[February\n        12]] \\n** [[William Roscoe Estep]], American Baptist historian (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Yoshiko Yamaguchi]], Chinese-Japanese actress and singer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\n** [[Seneka Bibile]], Sri Lankan pharmacologist (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Ann\\u00e6us Schj\\u00f8dt, Jr.]], Norwegian barrister (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Ivo Caprino]], Norwegian film director (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Bill Cullen]], American game show host (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Eddie\n        Slovik]], U.S. Army private (executed) (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[February 20]] –\n        [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington]] (d. [[1948]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Burt L. Talcott]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Sun Myung Moon]], Korean evangelist, founder of the Unification\n        Church (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Tony Randall]], American actor\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Lucjan Wolanowski]], Polish journalist, writer, and traveler\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Jadwiga Pi\\u0142sudska]], Polish pilot\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Zaim Top\\u010di\\u0107]], Yugoslav and Bosnian writer (d.\n        [[1990]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\n** [[Howard Nemerov]], American poet (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Michele Morgan]], French actress (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March\n        3]]\\n** [[James Doohan]], Canadian-born actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Ronald Searle]],\n        British cartoonist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Jean Lecanuet]], French\n        politician (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Alan MacNaughtan]], Scottish actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[Rachel Gurney]], British actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Del\n        Latta]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Lewis\n        Gilbert]], British film director, producer and screenwriter\\n* [[March 9]]\n        – [[Franjo Mihali\\u0107]], Croatian-Serbian athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]]\\n** [[Alfred Peet]], Dutch American entrepreneur, founder of\n        [[Peet''s Coffee & Tea]] (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Boris Vian]], French writer,\n        poet, singer, and musician (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Nicolaas\n        Bloembergen]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Hank Ketcham]], American cartoonist\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Lawrence Sanders]], American novelist\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[E. Donnall Thomas]], American physician, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], Founder of [[Bangladesh]], 2-time President\n        & 2nd Prime Minister of [[Bangladesh]] (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[March 16]] –\n        [[Leo McKern]], Australian actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Kjell\n        Aukrust]], Norwegian poet and artist (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Paul Hagen]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Pamela Harriman]], English-born\n        United States diplomat, socialite (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Vickie Panos]], Greek-Canadian\n        female professional baseball player (d. unknown)\\n** [[Rosemary Timperley]],\n        British author (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Werner Klemperer]], German\n        actor (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ross Martin]], Polish-American actor (d. [[1981]])\\n**\n        [[Albert H. Pearson]], American farmer and politician (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Tetsuharu Kawakami]], Japanese baseball player and coach (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Corbin Harney]], elder and spiritual leader\n        of the Newe (Western Shoshone) people (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 25]] –\n        [[Patrick Troughton]], British actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        [[Robin Jacques]], English illustrator (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Deborah\n        Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Marga Minco]], Dutch\n        journalist and writer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Toshiro Mifune 1954 Scan10003\n        160913.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Toshiro Mifune]]]]\\n[[File:Jackwebbbbigseptemberman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack\n        Webb]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1991-039-11, Richard v. Weizs\\u00e4cker.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard\n        von Weizs\\u00e4cker]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Toshiro Mifune]], Japanese\n        actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Jack Webb]], American actor,\n        director, and producer (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[\\u00c9ric Rohmer]],\n        French film director (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Barend Biesheuvel]],\n        Dutch politician, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] from 1971 until 1973\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Arthur Hailey]], American writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Edmond H. Fischer]], [[Swiss American]] biochemist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Ravi\n        Shankar]], Indian sitar player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Carmen\n        McRae]], American jazz singer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\n** [[Emilio\n        Colombo]], 40th Prime Minister of Italy (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Peter O''Donnell]],\n        British author and writer of comic strips (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 12]] –\n        [[Buck Young]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Roberto\n        Calvi]], Italian banker (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Liam Cosgrave]], fifth [[Taoiseach]]\n        of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]\\n** [[Jack Lambert (actor)|Jack Lambert]],\n        American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Thomas Szasz]], Hungarian-born\n        psychiatrist and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Richard von Weizs\\u00e4cker]],\n        German politician, [[President of Germany]] (1984\\u20131994) (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Prince George Valdemar of Denmark]] (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Gene Leis]], American jazz guitarist and educator (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[John Paul Stevens]], [[Associate Justice\n        of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Edmund\n        Adamkiewicz]], German footballer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Valeri\n        Petrov]], Bulgarian poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Guido Cantelli]],\n        Italian conductor (d. [[1956]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Harold Shapero]],\n        American composer (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:John Paul II Medal of\n        Freedom 2004.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope John Paul II]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Jean-Marie\n        Auberson]], Swiss conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Otto Buchsbaum]], Austrian-born\n        writer and ecological activist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Preben Neergaard]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Sir Kamisese\n        Mara]], first [[Prime Minister of Fiji]] and [[President of Fiji]] (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Rendra Karno]], Indonesian actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[May\n        8]] – [[Touko Laaksonen]], Finnish artist, pseudonym Tom of Finland\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Saul Bass]], American graphic designer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Richard Adams]], English novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Mitsuko Mori]], Japanese actress (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Michael Dauncey]],\n        British Army brigadier (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Denver Pyle]],\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Gerald Stapleton]], South\n        African [[Battle of Britain]] fighter pilot. (d. 2010)\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Gareth Morris]], British flautist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Pope\n        John Paul II]] (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Lucia Mannucci]], Italian singer ([[Quartetto\n        Cetra]]) (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Domenico Leccisi]], Italian\n        politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Helen Andelin]], American\n        author (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Helen O''Connell]], American\n        singer (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Arthur Wint]], Jamaican runner\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[John Dall]], American actor (d. [[1971]])\\n**\n        [[Peggy Lee]], American singer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Gene\n        Levitt]], American television writer, producer, and director (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\n**[[John Harsanyi]], Hungarian-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2000]])\\n**[[Clifton\n        James]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Godfrey Binaisa]],\n        [[President of Uganda]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Franklin Schaffner]], American\n        film and television director (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Sh\\u014dtar\\u014d Yasuoka]],\n        Japanese writer (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jose Lopez Portillo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        L\\u00f3pez Portillo]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Amos Yarkoni]], Israeli soldier\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 2]] \\n** [[Marcel Reich-Ranicki]], German literary\n        critic and member of the literary group Gruppe 47 (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Tex\n        Schramm]], American football executive (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Johnny Speight]],\n        British television scriptwriter (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Ruth\n        Graham]], American evangelist, wife of Billy Graham (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[King Mahendra]], king of Nepal (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[June 12]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Berg (cartoonist)|Dave Berg]], American cartoonist (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Jim Siedow]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Eva Estrada-Kalaw]],\n        Filipino politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez Portillo]],  51st\n        President of Mexico (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Jacob H. Gilbert]],\n        American politician (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Setsuko Hara]], Japanese actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Jacob]], French biologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 18]] –\n        [[Utta Danella]], German writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Danny\n        Cedrone]], American guitarist and bandleader (d. [[1954]])\\n* [[June 21]]\n        – [[Hans Gerschwiler]], Swiss figure skater\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Lester\n        Wunderman]], American executive\\n** [[Jack Karwales]], U.S. American football\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Walt Masterson]], American right-handed pitcher\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Paul Frees]], American actor, primarily known as a voice\n        actor (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Jovito Salonga]], Filipino statesman (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[June 23]] – [[Saleh Ajeery]], Kuwaiti astronomer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Lassie Lou Ahern]], American actress \\n** [[Ozan Marsh]], American pianist\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Jean-Pierre Roy]], Canadian pitcher\n        in Major League Baseball (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Fernando Riera]],\n        Chilean football player and manager (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Clarissa\n        Eden]], Widow of British Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]]\\n** [[A. E. Hotchner]],\n        American editor, novelist, playwright, and biographer\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[El\\u00f3i\n        (Portuguese footballer)|El\\u00f3i]], Portuguese footballer\\n** [[Ray Harryhausen]],\n        American animator (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Zeno Colo]], Italian\n        Olympic alpine skiier (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n===July===\\n\\n[[File:Juan Antonio Samaranch\n        DF-ST-01-00128.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan Antonio Samaranch]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph G. Williams]], American musician\\n** [[George I. Fujimoto]], American\n        chemist of Japanese descent\\n** [[Aziz Sedky]], Egyptian politician and engineer\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Lucidio Sentimenti]], Italian footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Paul Bannai]], American politician\\n** [[Anthony Barber]],\n        British Conservative politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Leona Helmsley]], American\n        hotel operator, real estate investor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Mary\n        Louise Hancock]], American politician\\n** [[Rosemarie Springer]], German equestrian\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Sandy Tatum]], American golfer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[William\n        Thaddeus Coleman Jr.]], American attorney and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Williams Hise]], U.S General (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Tom\n        Currigan]], 39th Mayor of Denver (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Owen\n        Chamberlain]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[J. T. White]], American college football assistant\n        coach (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Milo Anstadt]], Dutch Jewish writer and journalist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Yul Brynner]], Russian-born American actor\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Zecharia Sitchin]], Soviet-born American author (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\n** [[Randolph Quirk]], British linguist and life peer\\n** [[Bob\n        Fillion]], Canadian professional ice hockey player (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Keith\n        Andes]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Anna Halprin]],\n        American dancer\\n** [[Don Ralke]], American music arranger (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Bill Towers]], English footballer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Tom\n        Neil]], English pilot [[Royal Air Force]]\\n** [[Marijohn Wilkin]], American\n        songwriter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Theresa Kobuszewski]], American\n        professional baseball player and World War II veteran (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Michael Andreevich of Russia]], Russian prince (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 16]]\n        \\n** [[Ulysses S. Washington]], American college football player and coach\\n**\n        [[Phillip Pine]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Larry Jansen]], American\n        right-handed pitcher and coach (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Henry Williams Hise]],\n        United States Marine Corps Brigadier General (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]], Spanish International Olympic Committee president\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gordon Gould]], American physicist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[June\n        Vincent]], American actress (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Dolph Sweet]],\n        American actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Id\\u00e9e]],\n        French professional road bicycle racer \\n** [[Robert Mann]], American violinist\\n**\n        [[Frank Maznicki]], American football player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[George Dawkes]],\n        English cricketer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Jasper Blackall]], British\n        sailor\\n** [[James B. Owens]], American engineer and former executive\\n**\n        [[Byron Krieger]], American foil, sabre and \\u00e9p\\u00e9e fencer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Jean Daniel]],  Algerian-born French-Jewish journalist and\n        author\\n** [[Gunnar Thoresen (footballer)|Gunnar Thoresen]], Norwegian footballer\\n**\n        [[Constant Nieuwenhuys]], Dutch painter (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Isaac Stern]],\n        Ukrainian-born violinist (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Bella Abzug]],\n        American feminist politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[July 25]] \\n** [[Rosalind\n        Franklin]], British crystallographer (d. [[1958]])\\n** [[David P. Buckson]],\n        American lawyer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ella\n        Raines in Cry Havoc trailer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ella Raines]]]]\\n[[File:Maureen\n        O''Hara in April 1942.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maureen O''Hara]]]]\\n[[File:Studio\n        publicity Shelley Winters.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Shelley Winters]]]]\\n[[File:Ray\n        Bradbury (1975) -cropped-.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ray Bradbury]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**[[Sammy\n        Lee (diver)|Sammy Lee]], Korean-American diver (d. [[2016]])\\n**[[Thomas McGuire]],\n        American World War II fighter ace (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Hugh\n        Hickling]], English lawyer, colonial civil servant, law academic and author\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[P. D. James]], English mystery novelist\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[John Figueroa]], Jamaican poet (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Helen Thomas]], American author and news service reporter, member of the\n        [[White House press corps]] and columnist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        [[Mickey Shaughnessy]], Irish American character actor and comedian (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Ella Raines]], American actress (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[August\n        8]]\\n** [[Leo Chiosso]], Italian poet (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jimmy Witherspoon]],\n        American singer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Milton G. Henschel]],\n        American member of the Governing Body of Jehovah''s Witnesses and 5th President\n        of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 10]]\\n**\n        [[Ann Harnett]], American female baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Red Holzman]],\n        American basketball coach (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Neville\n        Brand]], highly decorated combat soldier of World War II, and American actor\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Charles Bukowski]], American writer\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Maureen O''Hara]], Irish-American\n        actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Bob Kennedy]], American baseball\n        player and manager (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Shelley Winters]], American actress\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Christopher Robin Milne]], English\n        author and bookseller (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Ray Bradbury]],\n        American science fiction writer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Mauri\n        Fav\\u00e9n]], Finnish painter (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Prem Tinsulanonda]], Thai\n        prime minister\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Baptiste Manzini]], American football\n        player (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Charlie Parker]], African-American\n        saxophonist and composer (d. [[1955]])\\n** [[Herb Simpson]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===September=== \\n[[File:Mickey Rooney still.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mickey\n        Rooney]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Richard Farnsworth]], American actor\n        and stuntman (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Les Medley]], English\n        footballer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Catherine Bennett (baseball)|Catherine\n        Bennett]], Canadian female professional baseball player\\n* [[September 10]]\n        – [[Fabio Taglioni]], Italian motorcycle engineer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September\n        12]]\\n** [[Darussalam (actor)|Darussalam]], Indonesian actor (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Lore Lorentz]], German cabaret artist/standup comedian (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** [[Mario Benedetti]], Uruguayan writer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Cascarita]] [''''a.k.a. Orlando Guerra''''], Cuban music singer (d. [[1975]])\\n**\n        [[Lawrence Klein]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Jack Warden]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Kim Yong-ju]], North Korean politician, younger brother of Kim Il-Sung\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[William H. Riker]], American political scientist\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\n** [[Alexander Arutiunian]], Armenian\n        composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Mickey Rooney]], American actor, dancer and entertainer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dick Bong]], American fighter\n        ace (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[William Conrad]], American\n        actor, film director, and producer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Peter D. Mitchell]], English chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Walter Matthau.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Walter\n        Matthau]]]]\\n[[File:Frank Herbert - 1984.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frank Herbert]]]]\\n[[File:Clift,\n        Montgomery.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Montgomery Clift]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Daudelin]], Canadian sculptor (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Walter Matthau]], American\n        actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Pietro Consagra]], Italian\n        sculptor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Frank Herbert]], American\n        author (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[October 9]]\\n**[[Jens Bj\\u00f8rneboe]], Norwegian\n        author (d. [[1976]])\\n**[[Yusef Lateef]], American jazz musician and composer\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jason Wingreen]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        13]] – [[Laraine Day]], American actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October\n        15]] – [[Mario Puzo]], American author (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 17]]\n        \\n** [[Claire Barry]], American singer ([[The Barry Sisters]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Montgomery Clift]], American actor (d. [[1966]])\\n** [[Miguel Delibes]],\n        Spanish novelist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Pandurang Shastri\n        Athavale]], founder of the Swadhyay Movement (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[October 20]]\\n**\n        [[Janet Jagan]], 6th President of Guyana (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Siddhartha Shankar\n        Ray]], Indian politician, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Ruth Terry]], American singer and actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Timothy Leary]], American psychologist and author,\n        proponent of [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Vern Stephens]], American baseball player (d. [[1968]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Nanette Fabray]], American actress, dancer and singer\\n**\n        [[K. R. Narayanan]], [[President of India]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 29]]\n        – [[Baruj Benacerraf]], Venezuelan-born immunologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 31]]\\n**\n        [[Dick Francis]], British jockey-turned-novelist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Joseph\n        Gelineau]], French composer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Fritz Walter]], German footballer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[John H. Land]], American\n        politician, mayor of Apopka, Florida (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Douglass North]],\n        American economist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\n** [[Sitara Devi]], Indian\n        dancer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Esther Rolle]], American actress (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] – [[Walter Krupinski]], German World War II fighter\n        ace and postwar general (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Josip Boljkovac]],\n        Croatian politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Jack Elam]], American\n        actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Georg Olden (graphic designer)|Georg Olden]], African-American\n        graphic designer (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[George Dunning]],\n        cartoon director and animator (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Mustafa\n        Khalil]], 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 19]] –\n        [[Gene Tierney]], American actress (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Ralph\n        Meeker]], American actor (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Stan Musial]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Anne Crawford]], British\n        actress (d. [[1956]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Ricardo Montalb\\u00e1n]], Mexican\n        actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Noel Neill]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Buster Merryfield]], British actor (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Patrick Campbell Rodger]], Scottish Anglican bishop\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\n** [[Bob Wolff]], American sportscaster\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yegor Ligachev]], Soviet politician\\n* [[November 30]]\n        – [[Virginia Mayo]], American actress (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ciampi\n        ritratto.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]]]]\\n[[File:Clark Terry in\n        1981.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Clark Terry]]]]\\n[[File:Rex Allen and Koko 1952.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Rex\n        Allen]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Peter Baptist Tadamaro Ishigami]], Japanese\n        Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Dave Brubeck]],\n        American jazz pianist and composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[George Porter]], English\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]], 49th [[Prime Minister of\n        Italy]] and 10th [[President of Italy]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        [[Stanko Todorov]], Bulgarian communist politician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\n** [[Sally Mansfield]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Kaysone\n        Phomvihane]], 2nd President and 11th Prime Minister of Laos (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[George P. Shultz]], American economist and politician, 60th [[United States\n        Secretary of State]]\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Clark Terry]], American\n        musician and composer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Ewa Paradies]],\n        German Nazi war criminal (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[David Susskind]],\n        American producer and host (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Little Jimmy Dickens]], American\n        country music singer/songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Alicia\n        Alonso]], Cuban ballerina\\n** [[J. Roderick MacArthur]], American businessman\n        and philanthropist (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Yevgeniya Rudneva]],\n        Soviet World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Josefa\n        Iloilo]], 3rd President of Fiji (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Viveca Lindfors]], Swedish-American\n        actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Jack Lord]], American actor\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Rex Allen]], American actor, singer,\n        songwriter (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===Possible===\\n* [[Isaac Asimov]], Russian-born\n        author (born between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive;{{cite\n        book |author=Isaac Asimov |title=In Memory Yet Green |quote=The date of my\n        birth, as I celebrate it, was January 2, 1920. It could not have been\n        later than that. It might, however, have been earlier. Allowing for the uncertainties\n        of the times, of the lack of [[civil registry|records]], of the [[Hebrew calendar|Jewish]]\n        and [[Julian calendar]]s, it might have been as early as October 4, 1919.\n        There is, however, no way of finding out. My parents were always uncertain\n        and it really doesn''t matter. I celebrate January 2, 1920, so let it be.}}\n        d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Cezmi Kartay]], Turkish civil servant\n        and politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[\\u0130lhan Arsel]], Turkish academic, writer,\n        researcher, and senator (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Edmund\n        Barton.PNG|thumb|110px|right|[[Edmund Barton]]]]\\n[[File:Amedeo Modigliani\n        Photo.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Amedeo Modigliani]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] –\n        [[Paul Adam (French novelist)|Paul Adam]], French writer (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – [[Zygmunt Janiszewski]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Benito P\\u00e9rez Gald\\u00f3s]], Spanish novelist\n        (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** [[Heinrich Lammasch]], Austrian statesman,\n        last minister-president of Austria (as part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]])\n        in 1918 (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Walter Cunliffe]], English banker (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Hieronymus Georg Zeuthen]], Danish mathematician (b.\n        [[1839]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Edmund Barton]], Prime Minister of Australia\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[John Francis Dodge]], American automobile\n        manufacturer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Giovanni Capurro]],\n        Italian poet (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Georg Lurich]], Estonian\n        Greco-Roman wrestler and strongman (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[William\n        Percy French]], Irish songwriter and entertainer (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Amedeo\n        Modigliani]], Italian painter and sculptor (tuberculosis) (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[Jeanne H\\u00e9buterne]], French artist, model, and\n        common-law wife of [[Amedeo Modigliani]] (suicide) (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===February===\n        \\n[[File:RobertPeary.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robert Peary]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – [[Field E. Kindley]], American World War I aviator (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Frank Brown (governor)|Frank Brown]], Governor of\n        Maryland (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Augustus F. Goodridge]],\n        Canadian merchant and politician (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Richard\n        Dehmel]],  German poet and writer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[Alexander Kolchak]], Russian naval commander (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Gaby Deslys]], French dancer, actress & spy (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n**[[Aleksander Aberg]], Estonian professional wrestler and\n        strongman (b. [[1881]])\\n**[[Joseph Burton Sumner]], founder of Sumner, Mississippi\n        (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Robert Peary]], American Arctic explorer\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Jacinta Marto]], beatified, witnessed apparitions of the\n        Blessed Virgin Mary in 1917 at F\\u00e1tima, Portugal (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[William Sherman Jennings]], Governor of Florida (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[John H. Bankhead]], U.S. Senator from Alabama (b. [[1842]])\\n**\n        [[William A. Stone]], Governor of Pennsylvania (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Joseph\n        Trumpeldor]], Russian Zionist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Theodor\n        Philipsen]], Danish painter (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Roswell\n        P. Bishop]], U.S. Congressman from Michigan (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Jaan Poska]], Estonian barrister and politician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March\n        11]] – [[Julio Garavito Armero]], Colombian astronomer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Rudolf Berthold]], German World War I fighter ace (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Evelina Haverfield]] British suffragette\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[William Chester Minor]], American surgeon\n        (b. [[1834]])\\n** [[Mary Augusta Ward]], Tasmanian novelist (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** [[Paul Bachmann]], German mathematician (b. [[1837]])\\n**\n        [[Lothar von Trotha]], German military commander (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Edwin\n        Warfield]], Governor of Maryland (b. [[1848]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[Image:Srinivasa\n        Ramanujan - OPC - 1.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\n        – [[Walter Simon (philanthropist)|Walter Simon]], German philanthropist\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[John Brashear]], American astronomer (b.\n        [[1840]])\\n** [[Charles Tomlinson Griffes]], American composer (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Moritz Cantor]], German historian of mathematics (b.\n        [[1829]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Walter Edwards (director)|Walter Edwards]],\n        American film director (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Maria L. Sanford]],\n        American educator (b. [[1836]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]],\n        Indian mathematician (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Princess\n        Margaret of Connaught]], Crown Princess of Sweden (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 8]]\n        – [[Johan Reinhold Sahlberg]], Finnish entomologist\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        [[John Wesley Hyatt]], American inventor (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[James\n        Colosimo]], Italian-born American gangster (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[William Dean\n        Howells]], American writer (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Owen Morgan Edwards]],\n        Welsh writer and educator (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Maria Bochkareva]], Russian\n        White soldier (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 G\\u00f3mez Ortega|Joselito]],\n        Spanish bullfighter (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Levi P. Morton]], [[List of Vice Presidents\n        of the United States|22nd]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1824]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[Venustiano Carranza]], [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1859]])\\n**\n        [[Eleanor H. Porter]], American novelist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 23]] –\n        [[Svetozar Boroevi\\u0107]], Austro-Hungarian field marshal (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[Hardwicke Rawnsley]], English clergyman, poet, writer\n        of hymns and conservationist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[George\n        Ernest Morrison]], Australian adventurer (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Essad\n        Pasha Toptani.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Essad Pasha Toptani|Essad Pasha]]]]\\n[[File:Max\n        Weber 1894.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max Weber]]]]\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Rhoda Broughton]],\n        Welsh writer (b. [[1840]])\\n** [[Julia A. Moore]], American poet (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – [[James Dunsmuir]], Canadian politician (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Essad Pasha Toptani|Essad Pasha]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Albania]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Gabrielle R\\u00e9jane]], French\n        actress (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Max Weber]], German political economist (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Jewett W. Adams]], Governor of Nevada (b. [[1835]])\\n**\n        [[John Macoun]], Irish born naturalist (b. [[1831]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Marie-Adolphe\n        Carnot]], French chemist, mining engineer, and politician (b. [[1839]])\\n**\n        [[John Grigg (astronomer)|John Grigg]], New Zealand astronomer (b. [[1838]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]], Canadian judge, author and\n        lyricist (b. [[1839]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Delfim Moreira]],\n        former [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[William\n        Louis Marshall]], American general and engineer (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[July 3]]\n        – [[William Crawford Gorgas]], American Army surgeon (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – [[Max Klinger]], German painter and sculptor (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1841]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Empress Eug\\u00e9nie]] of France (b. [[1826]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]] – [[Albert Keller]], German painter (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] \\n** [[Sir Edmund Elton, 8th Baronet]] (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Charles E.\n        Courtney]], American rower and rowing coach (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        [[William Kissam Vanderbilt]], American heir (b. [[1849]])\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Frank Hanly]], Governor of Indiana (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Bal\n        Gangadhar Tilak]], Indian nationalist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Ormer Locklear]], American stunt pilot and film actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        9]] – [[Samuel Griffith]], Australian politician and judge (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]]\\n** [[James O''Neill (actor)|James O''Neill]], American actor\n        (b. [[1847]])\\n** [[\\u00c1d\\u00e1m Politzer]], Austrian otologist (b. [[1835]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] – [[Hermann Struve]], Russian-born astronomer (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Henry Daglish]], [[Premier of Western Australia]] (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n** [[Joseph Norman Lockyer]], English astronomer (b. [[1836]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Ray Chapman]], baseball player (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Anders Zorn]], Swedish painter (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August 26]]\n        – [[James Wilson (U.S. politician)|James Wilson]], Scottish-born American\n        politician (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Wilhelm Wundt]], German\n        physiologist and psychologist (b. [[1832]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Karl\n        Gustavovich Faberge.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Carl Faberg\\u00e9]]]]\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Simon-Napol\\u00e9on Parent]], Premier of Quebec (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Olive Thomas]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Robert Beaven]], Canadian politician (b. [[1836]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Peter Carl Faberg\\u00e9]], Russian jeweler (b.\n        [[1846]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Jacob Schiff]], German-born banker\n        and philanthropist (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[William Wilfred\n        Sullivan]], Canadian journalist, politician, and jurist (b. [[1843]])\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 2]]\\n** [[Winthrop M. Crane]], Governor of Massachusetts and Senator\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Max Bruch]], German composer (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[William Heinemann]], English publisher (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        7]] – [[Yves Delage]], French zoologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 10]]\n        – [[Hudson Stuck]], English mountaineer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 17]]\n        \\n**[[Reginald Farrer]], English botanist (b. [[1880]])\\n**[[John Reed (journalist)|John\n        Reed]], American journalist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Grand\n        Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia]] (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        [[Alexander of Greece]], Greek king (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Kevin Barry]], Irish republican (hanged) (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\n** [[Louise Imogen Guiney]], American poet and essayist (b. [[1861]])\\n**\n        [[James Daly (mutineer)|James Daly]], Irish mutineer (firing squad)\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Warren Terhune]], [[United States Navy]] [[Commander (United\n        States)#Naval rank|Commander]], and the 13th [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Ludwig Struve]], Russian astronomer\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Alberto Blest Gana]], Chilean novelist\n        and diplomat (b. [[1830]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Luc-Olivier Merson]],\n        French painter and illustrator (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Michael\n        Hogan (Gaelic footballer)|Michael Hogan]], Irish activist shot during a [[Gaelic\n        football]] match by the British army, who also killed 14 Irish supporters\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Manuel P\\u00e9rez y Curis]], [[Uruguayan\n        people|Uruguayan]] poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[George\n        Callaghan]], British admiral (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Madeline\n        McDowell Breckinridge]], leader of the women''s suffrage movement and one\n        of Kentucky''s leading progressive reformers (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Gaston Chevrolet]],\n        Swiss-born race car driver and manufacturer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 27]]\n        – [[Alexius Meinong]], Austrian philosopher (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Eugene W. Chafin]], American politician (b. [[1852]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – [[Olive Schreiner]], South African writer (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Edward Gawler Prior]], Canadian mining engineer\n        and politician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[December 14]] – [[George Gipp]], American\n        football player (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Manuel de la C\\u00e1mara\n        y Libermoore]], Spanish admiral (b. [[1835]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Charles\n        \\u00c9douard Guillaume]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Walther Nernst]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] –\n        [[Schack August Steenberg Krogh]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Knut Hamsun]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[L\\u00e9on\n        Bourgeois|L\\u00e9on Victor Auguste Bourgeois]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n===Primary\n        sources and year books===\\n* [https://archive.org/details/NewInternationalYearBookFor1920\n        ''''New International Year Book 1920'''' (1921)], Comprehensive coverage of\n        world and national affairs,  844   pp\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1920}}\\n[[Category:1920|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T20:52:32Z\",\"lastrevid\":799785941,\"length\":68975,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1920&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920\"},\"34724\":{\"pageid\":34724,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1921\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:34:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{About|the\n        year 1921|the song by [[The Who]]|Tommy (album)|the 1988 Indian film about\n        Mappila Uprising|1921 (film)}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1921}}\\n{{Year nav|1921}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1921}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n\\n* [[January 1]] – In [[American football]], the [[University\n        of California, Berkeley]] defeats [[Ohio State University|Ohio State]] 28\\u20130\n        in the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]].\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** The [[association\n        football|football]] club [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube]] from [[Belo Horizonte]]\n        is founded as Palestra Italia in [[First Brazilian Republic|Brazil]].\\n**\n        The first religious [[radio]] broadcast is heard over station [[KDKA AM]]\n        in [[Pittsburgh]].\\n** The Spanish liner ''''[[SS Santa Isabel (1915)|Santa\n        Isabel]]'''' sinks off Villa Garcia; 244 die.\\n** The [[De Young (museum)|De\n        Young Museum]] opens in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[San Francisco]].\\n* [[January\n        20]] – The [[British K-class submarine]] [[HMS K5|HMS ''''K5'''']] sinks\n        in the [[English Channel]]; all 56 on board die.\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** The\n        [[Italian Communist Party]] is founded in [[Livorno]].\\n** The [[Marxist Left\n        in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine]] holds its founding congress\n        in [[\\u013duboch\\u0148a]].\\n** [[Women''s suffrage]] is attained in [[Sweden]].\\n**\n        The full-length [[Silent film|silent]] [[comedy-drama]] film ''''[[The Kid\n        (1921 film)|The Kid]]'''', written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie\n        Chaplin (in his Tramp character), with [[Jackie Coogan]], is released in the\n        United States.\\n* [[January 25]] – The [[Italian battleship Leonardo\n        da Vinci|Italian battleship ''''Leonardo da Vinci'''']] is righted in [[Taranto]]\n        Harbour.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Red Army invasion of Georgia]]: The [[Democratic Republic of\n        Georgia]] is invaded by forces of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist\n        Russia]].\\n* [[February 20]] – The [[Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[February 21]] – [[1921 Persian coup d''\\u00e9tat]]:\n        [[Rez\\u0101 Sh\\u0101h|Rez\\u0101 Khan]] and [[Zia''eddin Tabatabaee]] stage\n        a [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Qajar dynasty|Iran]].\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        The moderately conservative public official [[Oscar von Sydow]] takes over\n        the Swedish premiership from Baron Louis De Geer the younger.\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Red Army invasion of Georgia]]: The [[Red Army]] enters the\n        [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgian]] capital [[Tbilisi]] and installs\n        a Moscow-directed communist government.\\n* [[February 27]] – The [[International\n        Working Union of Socialist Parties]] is formed in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[February\n        28]] – The [[Kronstadt rebellion]] is initiated by sailors of the [[Soviet\n        Navy]]''s [[Baltic Fleet]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n\\n[[File:Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[March\n        4]]: [[Warren G. Harding]] is 29th [[President of the United States]].]]\\n*\n        March – [[Group Settlement Scheme]] in [[Western Australia]] begins.\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – The city of [[Kiry\\u016b, Gunma|Kiry\\u016b]], located\n        in [[Gunma Prefecture]], Japan, is founded.\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Warren\n        G. Harding]] is [[Inauguration of Warren G. Harding|sworn in]] as the 29th\n        President of the United States.\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]:\n        [[Clonbanin Ambush]]: [[Irish Republican Army]] kills [[Brigadier General]]\n        [[Hanway Robert Cumming|Cumming]].\\n* [[March 6]] – The [[Portuguese\n        Communist Party]] is founded.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** Spanish Premier [[Eduardo\n        Dato e Iradier]] is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in\n        [[Madrid]].\\n** Allied forces occupy [[D\\u00fcsseldorf]], Ruhrort and [[Duisburg]].\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – The ''''[[\\u0130stikl\\u00e2l Mar\\u015f\\u0131]]'''' (Independence\n        March), the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted.\\n* [[March 13]]\n        – [[Occupation of Mongolia]]: The Russian [[White Army]] captures [[Mongolia]]\n        from China. [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg]] declares himself ruler.\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[Armenia]]n Soghomon Tehlirian assassinates Mehmed Talaat, former\n        Interior Minister of [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]], in [[Charlottenburg]], Berlin.\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – Six [[Irish Republican Army]] men of the [[Forgotten\n        Ten]] are hanged in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin.\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** The [[Red\n        Army]] crushes the [[Kronstadt rebellion]] and a number of sailors flee to\n        Finland.\\n** Dr. [[Marie Stopes]] opens the first [[birth control]] clinic\n        in London, England.\\n** The [[Second Polish Republic]] adopts the [[March\n        Constitution of Poland|March Constitution]].\\n* [[March 18]]  – The\n        second [[Peace of Riga]] ends the [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]. A permanent\n        border is established between the Polish and Soviet states.\\n* [[March 20]]\n        – [[Upper Silesia plebiscite]] votes for re-annexation to Germany.\\n*\n        [[March 21]]\\n** [[New Economic Policy]] starts in [[Russian Soviet Federative\n        Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]].\\n** [[Irish War of Independence]]: [[Headford\n        Ambush]]: [[Irish Republican Army]] kills at least nine British Army troops.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – The [[1921 Women''s Olympiad]] begins in Monte Carlo,\n        first international [[women''s sports]] event\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Socialist\n        Soviet Republic of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] becomes a republic [[Abkhazian SSR]].\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n\\n* April – The [[United States\n        Figure Skating Association]] is formed.\\n* [[April 11]] – The [[Emirate\n        of Transjordan]] is created, with [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]] as emir.\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – In Britain, labour unions for mining, railway and transportation\n        workers call for a [[industrial action|strike]]; the government threatens\n        to call in the army.\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Ferenc Moln\\u00e1r]]''s play\n        ''''[[Liliom]]'''' is first produced on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in English.\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – The [[Allies of World War I]] reparations commission\n        announce that Germany has to pay 132 billion gold marks ($33 trillion) in\n        annual installments of 2.5 billion.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n\\n* [[May 1]]–[[May 7]] – [[Jaffa riots]]: Riots at [[Jaffa]]\n        in [[Mandatory Palestine]] result in 47 Jewish and 48 Arab deaths.\\n* [[May\n        2]]–[[July 5]] – [[Silesian Uprisings#Third Silesian Uprising\n        (1921)|Third Silesian Uprising]]: Poles in [[Upper Silesia]] rise against\n        the Germans.\\n* [[May 3]] – The province of [[Northern Ireland]] is\n        created within the United Kingdom.\\n* [[May 5]] – Only thirteen spectators\n        attend the football match between [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] and\n        [[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]], the lowest attendance in [[The\n        Football League]]''s history.\\n* [[May 6]] – German-Russian Provisional\n        Agreement signed, Germany recognised Soviet regime in Russia. \\n* [[May 14]]–[[May\n        15]] – Major [[May 1921 geomagnetic storm|geomagnetic storm]].\\n* [[May\n        14]]–[[May 17]] – Violent anti-European riots occur in [[Cairo]]\n        and [[Alexandria]].\\n* [[May 16]]  – The [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[May 19]] – The [[Emergency Quota Act]] is passed by\n        the [[United States Congress]], establishing national quotas on immigration.\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – In Leipzig the [[Leipzig War Crimes Trials]] start. They\n        will end on July 16.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Northern Ireland general election,\n        1921|First Northern Ireland general election]] for the new [[Parliament of\n        Northern Ireland]] is held.\\n* [[May 26]] – A [[general strike]] begins\n        in Norway.\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Tulsa race riot]] begins in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]].\n        The official death toll is 39, but later investigations suggest the actual\n        toll may be much higher.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n\\n* [[June\n        21]] – [[International Hydrographic Organization|International Hydrographic\n        Bureau]] (IHB) established as an agency of the [[League of Nations]]; continues\n        in this form until April 19, 1946.\\n* [[June 27]] – The first signings\n        of [[Treaty 11]], an agreement between [[George V]], King of Canada, and various\n        Canadian [[First Nations]], are conducted at [[Fort Providence]].\\n* [[June\n        28]] – The Constitutional Assembly of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats\n        and Slovenes]] passes the [[Vidovdan Constitution]], despite a boycott of\n        the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties.\\n* [[June 30]]\n        – The [[death penalty]] is abolished in Sweden.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Communist Party of China]]\n        (CPC) is founded.\\n** A coal strike ends in England.\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        U.S. President [[Warren Harding]] signs a joint congressional resolution declaring\n        an end to America''s state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.{{cite\n        news|last=Staff|title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator''s Home.\n        Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=3 July 1921}}\\n* [[July 4]] – A new conservative\n        government is formed in Italy by [[Ivanoe Bonomi]].\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** The\n        [[Irish War of Independence]] (aka the Anglo-Irish War) comes to a halt after\n        a truce is signed between the belligerents.\\n** The [[Red Army]] captures\n        [[Mongolia]] from the [[White Army]] and establishes the [[Mongolian People''s\n        Republic]].\\n* [[July 14]] – A Massachusetts jury finds [[Sacco and\n        Vanzetti|Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti]] guilty of first degree murder\n        following a widely publicized trial.\\n* [[July 17]] – The [[Republic\n        of Mirdita]] is proclaimed near the [[Albania]]n-[[Serbia]]n border with [[Kingdom\n        of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] support.\\n* [[July 18]] – The first [[Bacillus\n        Calmette-Gu\\u00e9rin|BCG]] vaccination against [[tuberculosis]] is given.\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – [[Rif War]] – [[Battle of Annual]]: Spanish troops\n        are dealt a crushing defeat at the hands of [[Abd el-Krim]].\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – The Anglo-Irish truce, agreed 10 days earlier, is officially declared\n        in London. \\n* [[July 23]] – The [[Communist\n        Party of China]] (CPC) launched the first time of [[1st National Congress\n        of the Communist Party of China|founding National Congress]], [[Communist\n        party]] in China are established.\\n* [[July 26]] – U.S. President [[Warren\n        G. Harding]] receives Princess Fatima of [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]\n        and [[Stanley Clifford Weyman]].\\n* [[July 27]] – Researchers at the\n        [[University of Toronto]] led by biochemist [[Frederick Banting]] announce\n        the discovery of the hormone [[insulin]].\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        becomes [[F\\u00fchrer]] of the [[Nazi Party]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n\\n* August – The United States formally ends World War I.\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – The first radio baseball game is broadcast; [[Harold\n        Arlin]] announces the Pirates-Phillies game from [[Forbes Field]] over Westinghouse\n        KDKA, in [[Pittsburgh]].\\n* [[August 11]] – The temperature reaches\n        39 degrees Celsius in [[Breslau]]; the heat wave continues elsewhere in Europe\n        as well.\\n* [[August 23]] – King [[Faisal I of Iraq]] is crowned in\n        [[Baghdad]].\\n* [[August 24]] – [[R38-class airship]] ZR-2 explodes\n        on her fourth test flight near [[Kingston upon Hull]], England, killing 44\n        of the 49 Anglo-American crew on board.{{cite journal|last=Driggs|first=Laurence\n        La Tourette|date=September 7, 1921|title=The Fall of the Airship|journal=[[The\n        Outlook (New York)|The Outlook]]|volume=129|pages=14\\u201315|location=New\n        York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVroBrOJL64C&pg=PA14|accessdate=2009-07-30}}\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Franklin Roosevelt]], 39, is diagnosed with [[poliomyelitis]]\n        following a two-week illness characterized by paralysis and fevers. He would\n        be permanently disabled after this illness.\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** Rising prices\n        cause major riots in [[Munich]].\\n** The assassination of German politician\n        [[Matthias Erzberger]] causes the government to declare martial law.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        Poplar Strike in London: Nine members of the [[Poplar, London|Poplar]] [[borough\n        council]] are arrested.\\n* [[September 7]] – In [[Atlantic City, New\n        Jersey]], the first [[Miss America Pageant]] is held.\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        Sixteen-year-old [[Margaret Gorman]] wins the Atlantic City Pageant''s Golden\n        Mermaid trophy; pageant officials later dub her the first [[Miss America]].\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – The [[Lotta Sv\\u00e4rd]] women''s paramilitary auxiliary\n        is founded in Finland.\\n* [[September 13]] – [[White Castle (restaurant)|White\n        Castle]] [[hamburger]] restaurant opens in [[Wichita, Kansas]], the foundation\n        of the world''s first [[fast food]] chain.\\n* [[September 21]] – The\n        [[Oppau explosion]] occurs at [[BASF]]''s [[nitrate]] factory in Oppau, Germany;\n        500\\u2013600 are killed.\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October 1921}}\\n* [[October\n        5]]  – The first broadcast of a [[World Series]] game on the radio,\n        by [[Newark, New Jersey]], station WJZ; [[Pittsburgh]] station KDKA; and a\n        group of other commercial and amateur stations throughout the eastern United\n        States.\\n* [[October 8]]  – The first [[Sweetest Day]] is staged in\n        [[Cleveland, Ohio]].\\n* [[October 10]] – Teaching at the [[University\n        of Szeged]] starts in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].\\n* [[October 13]]\\n**The\n        [[Treaty of Kars]] is signed between the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]\n        and the Soviet Socialist Republics of [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]],\n        [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan]] and [[Georgian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic|Georgia]], establishing the boundaries between [[Turkey]]\n        and the states of the [[south Caucasus]]. \\n**Swedish Social Democratic party\n        leader [[Hjalmar Branting]] becomes yet again Prime Minister, after strong\n        general election gains for his party.\\n* [[October 19]] – ''[[Bloody\n        Night]]'' (''''Noite Sangrenta''''): A massacre in [[Lisbon]] claims the lives\n        of Portuguese Prime-Minister [[Ant\\u00f3nio Granjo]] and other politicians.\\n*\n        [[October 21]]\\n** A peace conference between Ireland and the United Kingdom\n        begins in London.\\n** [[George Melford]]''s wildly successful silent film\n        ''''[[The Sheik (film)|The Sheik]]'''', which will propel its leading actor\n        [[Rudolph Valentino]] to international stardom, is premiered in Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – The Spanish Army defeats rifkabyl rebels in [[Morocco]].\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – In the United States\\n** Construction of the [[Link\n        River Dam]], a part of the [[Klamath Project]] in [[Oregon]], is completed.\\n**\n        [[Centre College]]''s [[American football]] team, led by quarterback [[Bo\n        McMillin]], defeats [[Harvard Crimson football|Harvard University]] 6\\u20130\n        to break Harvard''s five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this\n        is called \\\"football''s upset of the century.\\\"\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main|November\n        1921}}\\n* [[November 4]] – After a speech by [[Adolf Hitler]] in the\n        [[Hofbr\\u00e4uhaus]] in [[Munich]] (Germany), members of the ''''[[Sturmabteilung]]''''\n        (\\\"brownshirts\\\") physically assault his opposition.\\n* [[November 9]]\\n**\n        The [[National Fascist Party]] (''''Partito Nazionale Fascista'''' or PNF)\n        is founded in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]].\\n** [[Albert Einstein]] is awarded\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work with the [[photoelectric effect]].\\n**\n        Riots in [[Reykjav\\u00edk]] injure most of the small police force.{{Clarify|date=December 2012}}\\n* [[November 11]] – During an [[Armistice\n        Day]] ceremony at [[Arlington National Cemetery]], the [[Tomb of the Unknowns|Tomb\n        of the Unknown Soldier]] is dedicated by [[Warren G. Harding]], President\n        of the United States.\\n* [[November 14]] – The [[Spanish Communist Party]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[November 23]] – The [[Sheppard\\u2013Towner Act]] is\n        signed by President Harding, providing federal funding for maternity and child\n        care.\\n* Undated – [[Hyperinflation]] rampant in Germany, where 263\n        [[German Papiermark|marks]] are now needed to buy a single American dollar,\n        more than 20 times greater than the 12 marks needed in April 1919.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm |title=Weimar Germany\n        1919-1933|publisher=Historyhome.co.uk|date=2011-01-05|accessdate=2013-03-19}}\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{Main|December 1921}}\\n[[File:King1922.jpg|180px|thumb|[[December\n        29]]: [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] becomes the 10th Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – Rising prices cause riots in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[December\n        6]]\\n** The [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] establishing the [[Irish Free State]],\n        an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland''s 32 counties, is signed\n        in London.\\n** [[Agnes Macphail]] becomes the first woman to be elected to\n        the Canadian Parliament.\\n* [[December 13]] – In the [[Four-Power Treaty]]\n        on Insular Possessions, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], the United States, United\n        Kingdom, and [[French Third Republic|France]] agree to recognize the status\n        quo in the Pacific.\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Visva-Bharati College]] is\n        founded by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in [[Santiniketan]], [[Bengal Presidency]],\n        [[British India]].\\n* [[December 29]] – [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]\n        becomes Canada''s tenth [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]].\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Russian famine of 1921|Russian famine]]: Roughly 5,000,000\n        people die.\\n* Jewish immigration to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] grows\n        rapidly after the United States drastically limits immigration from [[Eastern\n        Europe]].\\n* Regular radio broadcasting services begin in Italy.\\n* [[Edward\n        Harper (engineer)|Edward Harper]], the \\\"father of broadcasting\\\" in [[Ceylon]],\n        arrives in [[Colombo]] to take up his post as Chief Engineer of the Ceylon\n        Telegraph Department.\\n* The [[vibraphone]] in its original form is invented\n        in the United States.\\n* [[E. W. Scripps]] and [[William Emerson Ritter]]\n        found ''''Science Service'''', later renamed [[Society for Science and the\n        Public]], in the United States with the goal of keeping the public informed\n        of scientific developments.\\n* The [[Sauerl\\u00e4nder Heimatbund]] is founded\n        in [[Meschede]], Germany.\\n* [[Weimar Republic]] makes its first payment of\n        reparations.{{Clarify|date=December 2012}}\\n\\n==\n        Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Friedrich duerrenmatt 19890427.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Friedrich\n        D\\u00fcrrenmatt]]]]\\n[[File:Donna Reed.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Donna Reed]]]]\\n[[File:Carol\n        Channing 1960.png|110px|thumb|[[Carol Channing]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar\n        Baldaccini]], French sculptor (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Doris Tetzlaff]], American\n        female professional baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Friedrich\n        D\\u00fcrrenmatt]], Swiss writer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]\\n*\n        [[January 9]]\\n** [[Fraser Barron]], New Zealand bomber pilot during WWII\n        (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[\\u00c1gnes Keleti]], Hungarian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Lister\n        Sinclair]], Canadian broadcaster and playwright (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Rodger Ward]], American race car driver (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Murray Bookchin]], American libertarian socialist (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Yoichiro Nambu]], Japanese-American Nobel physicist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Patricia Highsmith]], American author\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Howard Unruh]], American spree killer\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Beatrice Mintz]], American biologist\n        \\n* [[January 26]] – [[Akio Morita]], Japanese businessman, co-founder\n        of Sony (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Donna Reed]], American actress\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Carol Channing]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Mario Lanza]], American tenor and actor (d. [[1959]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Betty\n        Friedan 1960.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Betty Friedan]]]]\\n[[File:Lana Turner - 1940\n        publicity.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lana Turner]]]]\\n[[File:Betty Hutton.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Betty\n        Hutton]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Peter Sallis]], English actor (''''[[Last\n        of the Summer Wine]]''''; ''''[[Wallace and Gromit]]'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Betty Friedan]], American feminist (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[John Pritchard (conductor)|John Pritchard]], English\n        conductor (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Ken Adam|Sir Ken Adam]], German-born British\n        production designer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Nexhmije Hoxha]],\n        widow of [[Enver Hoxha]]\\n** [[Betsy Jochum]], American female baseball player\\n**\n        [[Lana Turner]], American actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Lloyd Bentsen]], American politician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 14]] –\n        [[Hugh Downs]], American game show host and journalist\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\n**[[Jefferson J. DeBlanc]], World War II United States Marine Corps fighter\n        ace (d. [[2007]])\\n**[[Martha Farkas Glaser]], Civil Rights Activist and Manager\n        of Jazz Musician [[Erroll Garner]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Hua\n        Guofeng]], former [[Chairman of the Communist Party of China]] and [[Premier\n        of the People''s Republic of China|Premier of China]] (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Vera-Ellen]],\n        American actress and dancer (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Muriel\n        Coben]], Canadian professional baseball and curling player (d. [[1979]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Brian Faulkner]], 6th Prime Minister of Northern\n        Ireland (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[\\\"Nature Boy\\\" Buddy Rogers|\\\"Nature\n        Boy\\\" Rogers]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\n** [[Jean-B\\u00e9del Bokassa]], 2nd President of the Central African\n        Republic (1966-1976) and Emperor of Central Africa (1976-1979) (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Wayne C. Booth]], American literary critic (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Giulietta\n        Masina]], Italian actress (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Abe Vigoda]],\n        American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Pierre Laporte]],\n        Canadian statesman (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Betty Hutton]],\n        American actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Pierre Clostermann]],\n        French World War II pilot (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gordon MacRae\n        1953.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Gordon MacRae]]]]\\n[[File:Fahd bin Abdul Aziz.jpg|110px|thumb|King\n        [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Jack Clayton]], British film\n        director (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Terence Cooke|Terence Cardinal Cooke]], American\n        Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Richard Wilbur]], American poet\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Robert Simpson (composer)|Robert Simpson]], English\n        composer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Diana Barrymore]], American actress\n        (d. [[1960]])\\n** [[Paul Guimard]], French writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Halim El-Dabh]], Egyptian-born U.S. composer, performer, ethnomusicologist\n        and educator (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Joan Greenwood]], British actress (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Elmer Valo]], Czechoslovakia-born [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Alan Hale, Jr.]], American actor\n        (''''[[Gilligan''s Island]]'''') (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Cec\n        Linder]], Polish-born Canadian actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**[[Frank\n        Harary]], American mathematician (d. [[2005]])\\n**[[Astor Piazzolla]], Argentine\n        tango composer, bandoneon player and arranger (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Gianni Agnelli]], Italian auto executive (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Gordon MacRae]],\n        American singer and actor (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Al Jaffee]],\n        American cartoonist (''''MAD Magazine'''')\\n** [[Cyril Poole]], English cricketer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 16]] – King [[Faud of Saudi Arabia]] (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Lis Hartel]], Danish equestrian athlete (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Meir Amit]], Israeli politician and general (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Tommy Cooper]], Welsh prop comedian and magician (d.\n        [[1984]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Alfr\\u00e9d R\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian mathematician\n        (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[March 21]]\\n**  [[Arthur Grumiaux]], Belgian violinist\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Xu Zuyao]], Chinese expert in materials science (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Wilson Harris]], Guyanese writer\\n** [[Vasily Smyslov]],\n        Soviet chess player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Simone Signoret]],\n        French actress (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Dirk Bogarde]], English\n        actor (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Yitzhak Navon 1.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Yitzhak\n        Navon]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Schelling.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Thomas Schelling]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Beau Jack]], American boxer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n** [[Robert Karvelas]], American actor (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Jan Sterling]],\n        American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Franco Corelli]],\n        Italian opera singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\n** [[Frankie Thomas]],\n        American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Yitzhak Navon]], Israeli politician (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Chuck Connors]], American basketball and baseball\n        player turned actor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Sheb Wooley]], American actor, singer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Thomas Schelling]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[Georgy Beregovoy]], Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Peter Ustinov]], English actor and director (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Sergio Sollima]], Italian director (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Roberto Tucci]], Italian cardinal and theologian (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Vivian Dandridge]], African-American actress\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Judy Agnew]], [[Second Lady of the United\n        States]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Janet Blair]], American actress (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Warren Spahn]], American baseball player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Karel Appel]], Dutch painter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Jimmy\n        Giuffre]], American jazz musician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[John\n        Stott]], British Christian leader and Anglican cleric (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hans-Joachim\n        Kulenkampff]], German television host and entertainer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[April\n        30]]\\n** [[Dottie Green]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Tove Ma\\u00ebs]], Danish actress (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Satyajit\n        Ray with Ravi Sankar recording for Pather Panchali cropped Ray.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Satyajit\n        Ray]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Satyajit Ray]], Indian filmmaker (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Sugar Ray Robinson]], American boxer (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow]], American physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 6]] –\n        [[Erich Fried]], Austrian author (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Sophie Scholl]],\n        Anti-Nazi Resistance fighter (d. [[1943]])\\n** [[Mona Van Duyn]], American\n        poet (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Hildegard Hamm-Br\\u00fccher]],\n        German politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Joseph Beuys]], German\n        artist (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Cor van der Hoeven]], Dutch footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Farley Mowat]], Canadian writer and naturalist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 14]]\n        – [[Richard Deacon (actor)|Richard Deacon]], American actor (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Harry Carey, Jr.]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Dennis Brain]], English musician (d. [[1957]])\\n* [[May 18]]\n        – Sir [[Michael A. Epstein]], British medical researcher\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – [[Karel van het Reve]], Dutch writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n**\n        [[Wolfgang Borchert]], German writer (d. [[1947]])\\n** [[Hal Newhouser]],\n        baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Andrei Sakharov]], Soviet\n        physicist and human rights activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        (which he declined) (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]], Indian philosopher,\n        author of the socio-economic [[Progressive Utilization Theory]] (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]]\\n** [[James Blish]], American science fiction author (d. [[1975]])\\n**\n        [[Humphrey Lyttelton]], British jazz musician and radio personality (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Hal David]], American songwriter and lyricist (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[James C. Quayle]], American newspaper publisher (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Steinberger]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[May 26]] \\n** [[Stan Mortensen]], English footballer (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Anatoly Chernyaev]], Russian historian and writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        28]]\\n** [[Tom Uren]], Australian soldier and politician (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Heinz G. Konsalik]], German author (d. [[1999]])\\n*[[May 29]]\\n**[[Norman\n        Hetherington]], Australian puppeteer & artist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 30]]\n        – [[Jamie Uys]], South African actor and film director. (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:President\n        Suharto, 1993.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Suharto]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Philip March 2015.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Prince\n        Philip]]]]\\n[[File:Jane Russell in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes trailer 3.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jane\n        Russell]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Nelson Riddle]], American bandleader (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Forbes Carlile]], Australian athlete (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[John Shelton Wilder]], American politician, former Lieutenant Governor of\n        Tennessee (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Myrtle Edwards]], Australian cricketer\n        and softball player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bernard Lown]], American medical innovator;\n        awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] \\n** [[Brian Talboys]], New Zealand politician,\n        7th [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        [[Alexis Smith]], Canadian-born American actress (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Suharto]],\n        former [[President of Indonesia]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Margaret\n        Danhauser]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], consort of [[Elizabeth\n        II]]\\n* [[June 12]] \\n** [[Christopher Derrick]], British writer (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Johan Witteveen]], Dutch politician and economist, [[International Monetary\n        Fund|5th Managing Director of the IMF]]\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Nancy Warren\n        (baseball)|Nancy Warren]], American female professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2001]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Erroll Garner]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Louis Jourdan]], French actor (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Fernando Hoyos]], Colombian sports shooter\\n** [[Thomas\n        Morrow Reavley]], American judge\\n** [[Gebhard B\\u00fcchel]], Liechtenstein\n        decathlete\\n** [[Jane Russell]], American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June\n        22]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Agdamag]], Filipino sports shooter (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Ralph K. Hofer]], American fighter pilot (d. [[1942]])\\n* [[June 23]] \\n**\n        [[Marius Mora]], French cross-country skier\\n** [[Paul Findley]], American\n        politician\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Zappy Max|fr|3=Zappy Max}}, French\n        radio presenter\\n** [[Colin Pinch]], Australian Cricketer (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 24]]\\n** [[Gerhard Sommer]], German soldier\\n** Marianne Schubarth,\n        German actress\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** A.K. Kamalan, Indian actress\\n** [[Celia\n        Franca]], Canadian ballet dancer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Violette\n        Szabo]], French World War II heroine (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Muriel\n        Pavlow]], English actress\\n** Frances E. Neal, American actress\\n* [[June\n        28]] – [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], [[Prime Minister of India]] (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – [[Bob Kennedy (American football, born 1921)|Bob Kennedy]],\n        American football player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Washington SyCip]],\n        Filipino accountant\\n** [[Oswaldo L\\u00f3pez Arellano]], 42th and 44th President\n        of Honduras (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jules Amez-Droz]], Swiss fencer (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Nancy\n        Reagan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nancy Reagan]]]]\\n[[File:Programa Radial Testimonio\n        Pol\\u00edtico en la Radio de la Asamblea Nacional invitado el Arq. Sixto Dur\\u00e1n\n        Ballen ex Presidente de la Rep\\u00fablica del Ecuador (5985373958).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sixto\n        Dur\\u00e1n Ball\\u00e9n]]]]\\n[[File:John Glenn Low Res.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        Glenn]]]]\\n[[File:Rosalyn Yalow.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rosalyn Yalow]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Egan 1949.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Richard Egan (actor)|Richard Egan]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Arthur Johnson (canoeist)|Arthur Johnson]], Canadian sprint canoeist\\n**\n        [[Teddy Long (footballer)|Teddy Long]], Australian rules footballer (d. [[2008]])\n        \\n** [[Seretse Khama]], 1st President of Botswana (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Levi Yitzchak Horowitz]], [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[rebbe]]\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Nasser Sharifi]], Iranian sports shooter\\n**\n        [[G\\u00e9rard Debreu]], French economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Tibor Varga (violinist)|Tibor\n        Varga]], Hungarian violinist and conductor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Nanos Valaoritis]], Greek writer\\n** [[Vito Ortelli]], Italian racing cyclist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Al Kozar]], American second baseman (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July\n        6]] \\n** [[Billy and Bobby Mauch]], American actors (d. [[2006]]) and (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Ed Erban]], American professional basketball player (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Nancy Reagan]], actress; [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Allan MacEachen]], Canadian politician\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Johnny Van Cuyk]],\n        American relief pitcher (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Dragomir Felba]], Serbian actor\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Joe Wade]], English footballer and manager (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[July 8]]\\n** [[Frank Prihoda]], Australian alpine skier\\n** [[Edgar Morin]],\n        French philosopher and sociologist\\n** [[Don Ray (basketball)|Don Ray]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[John Money]], New Zealand psychologist,\n        sexologist and author (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[John K. Singlaub]],\n        U.S Army Major General\\n** [[Harvey Ball]], American designer (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]], member of the Kennedy family (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Jake LaMotta]], American boxer\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Claude Bonin-Pissarro]],\n        French painter and graphic designer\\n** [[Petter Hugsted]], Norwegian Olympic\n        ski jumper (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ilse Werner]], German actress (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Brother Blue]], African American educator, storyteller,\n        actor, musician and street performer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Friedrich Peter]], Austrian politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**\n        [[Leon Garfield]], English writer (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Armand Gaudreault]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Wilkinson]], English\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Sixto Dur\\u00e1n Ball\\u00e9n]], President of Ecuador (d. [[2016]]) \\n* [[July\n        15]]\\n** [[Jean Heywood]], British actress\\n** [[Patricia Wright (actress)|Patricia\n        Wright]], American actress\\n** [[Barrie Dexter]], Australian senior diplomat\\n**\n        [[Carl Richardson]], American football coach\\n** Madge Meredith, American\n        actress\\n** [[Robert Bruce Merrifield]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Nilo Floody]],\n        Chilean modern pentathlete (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Bernard W. Rogers]], United\n        States Army general (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Boscoe Holder]], Trinidadian artist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Acquanetta]], American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[P\\u00edo Corcuera]], Argentine football striker (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hannah\n        Szenes]], Hungarian World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek\n        Zvar\\u00edk]], Slovakian actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Aaron T.\n        Beck]], American psychiatrist\\n** [[John Glenn]], American astronaut and former\n        U.S. Senator (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Heinz Bennent]], German actor (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Gerry Mays]], Scottish football player and manager (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Richard\n        Leacock]], Documentary filmmaker, Pioneer of Cin\\u00e9ma V\\u00e9rit\\u00e9\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Elizabeth Spencer (writer)|Elizabeth Spencer]],\n        American writer\\n** [[Bertil Antonsson]], Swedish heavyweight wrestler (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]], American physicist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Diana Elles,\n        Baroness Elles]], barrister and United Nations representative from the United\n        Kingdom (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]], American medical physicist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 21]] – {{Interlanguage link multi|Carminha Brand\\u00e3o|pt|3=Carminha\n        Brand\\u00e3o}}, Brazilian actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Jim Rivera]],\n        American former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder\\n** [[Tandy Little]],\n        American politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Al LaMacchia]], American professional\n        baseball player and scout (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[William V. Roth, Jr.|William\n        Roth]], U.S. Senator (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Billy Taylor]],\n        American jazz musician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Richard Egan\n        (actor)|Richard Egan]], American actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Grant Johannesen]], American concert pianist (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Esther\n        Williams - portrait.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Esther Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Julia Hartwig\n        Warsaw October21 2009 Fot Mariusz Kubik 05.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julia Hartwig]]]]\\n[[File:Gene\n        roddenberry 1976.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Gene Roddenberry]]]]\\n* [[August\n        3]] \\n** [[Richard Adler]], American Broadway composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Edward\n        Tipper]], American World War II veteran (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 4]] –\n        [[Maurice Richard]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – [[Esther Williams]], American swimmer and actress (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]]\\n** [[Ernest Angley]], American televangelist, author and station\n        owner\\n** [[J. James Exon]], Governor of Nebraska and U.S. Senator (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Patricia Marmont]], American actress, daughter of [[Percy Marmont]]\\n* [[August\n        10]] – [[Yuki Shimoda]], American actor (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[August 11]]\n        \\n**[[August 11]] – [[Tom Kilburn]] the co-inventor of the [[Williams_tube|Williams-Kilborn\n        tube]] used for memory in early computer systems (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Barney Liddell]], American musician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August\n        14]] – [[Julia Hartwig]], Polish author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 15]]\n        – [[K. Kailasanatha Kurukkal]], Researcher, Writer and Professor of\n        [[Jaffna]], Sri Lanka (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Zdzis\\u0142aw\n        \\u017bygulski, Jr.]], Polish art historian (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 19]]\n        – [[Gene Roddenberry]], American television producer (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[John Osteen]], American televangelist (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Kenneth Arrow]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        25]]\\n** [[Monty Hall]], Canadian-born American game show host \\n** [[Brian\n        Moore (novelist)|Brian Moore]], Northern Irish-born Canadian writer (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]]\\n** [[Shimshon Amitsur]], Israeli mathematician and [[Israel\n        Prize]] recipient (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Benjamin Bradlee]], American journalist,\n        executive editor of ''''[[The Washington Post]]'''' (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August\n        27]] – [[Georg Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House\n        of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[John Herbert\n        Chapman]], Canadian physicist (d. [[1979]]) \\n** [[Nancy Kulp]], American\n        actress (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Lidia Gueiler Tejada]], [[President of Bolivia]]\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:President Virgilio Barco.png|thumb|110px|[[Virgilio\n        Barco Vargas]]]]\\n[[File:Deborah Kerr in colour Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Deborah\n        Kerr]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Josephine Lenard]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Thurston Dart]],\n        English harpsichordist and conductor (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n**\n        [[Mosie Lister]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Harry Secombe]], Welsh\n        entertainer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Lem]],\n        Polish science fiction writer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Frank McGee (journalist)|Frank\n        McGee]], American television personality (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[September 13]]\n        \\n** [[Gunnar Eriksson]], Swedish Olympic cross-country skiier (d. [[1982]])\\n**\n        [[Sergey Nepobedimy]], Soviet rocket weaponry designer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Dario Vittori]], Argentine actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Norma MacMillan]], voice actress (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] – [[Mohamed Talbi]], Tunisian historian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Virgilio Barco Vargas]], 27th President of Colombia (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Paulo Freire]], Brazilian educator and philosopher  (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Jim McKay]], American sportscaster (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n** [[Charlene Pryer]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Robert Muldoon]], 31st [[Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand]] (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Mikl\\u00f3s Jancs\\u00f3]],\n        Hungarian film director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bernard Waber]], American children''s\n        author (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Deborah Kerr]], Scottish actress\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jorge Loring Mir\\u00f3]], Spanish Jesuit priest, public\n        speaker and author (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:James Whitmore.jpg|110px|thumb|[[James\n        Whitmore]]]]\\n[[File:JesseHelms.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jesse Helms]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Michael I of Romania by Emanuel Stoica.jpg|110px|thumb|[[King Michael I]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[James Whitmore]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Robert Runcie]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d.\n        [[2000]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Francisco Morales Berm\\u00fadez]], President\n        of Peru\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Bill Willis]], American football player\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Tommy Farrell]], American supporting\n        actor and comedian (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Abraham Sarmiento]],\n        Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Shaw McCutcheon]], American cartoonist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n**[[Enrico Cocozza]], Scottish filmmaker (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Yves\n        Montand]], French singer and actor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Arra\\u00f1o Acevedo]], Chilean historian (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Zizinho|Thomaz\n        Soares da Silva]], Brazilian football player (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 17]]\n        – [[Maria Gorokhovskaya]], Soviet gymnast (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[October\n        18]]\\n** [[Jerry Cooke (photographer)|Jerry Cooke]], American photographer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jesse Helms]], U.S. Senator from North Carolina (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[George Nader]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Gunnar\n        Nordahl]], Swedish footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Malcolm\n        Arnold]], British music composer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld]],\n        Dutch astronomer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Georges Brassens]],\n        French singer-songwriter (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Turcat]], French aviator and first pilot of [[Concorde]] (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Sena Jurinac]], Bosnian operatic soprano (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – King [[Michael I of Romania]]\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Frances Scott Fitzgerald]], writer; daughter of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald|F.\n        Scott]] and [[Zelda Fitzgerald]] (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Warren\n        Allen Smith]], American gay rights activist, writer and humanities humanist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Brian Keith - still.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian\n        Keith]]]]\\n[[File:Jackie Stallone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jackie Stallone]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Charles Bronson]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – Princess [[Fawzia Fuad of Egypt]] (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[James Jones (author)|James Jones]], American writer\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Gene Saks]], American actor and\n        film director (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Owen Bush]], American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Molly Dodd]], American actress\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Ron Greenwood]], English football manager (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]]  – [[Joonas Kokkonen]], Finnish composer (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]]  – [[Brian Keith]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Albert Bertelsen]], Danish artist\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Dan Frazer]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[Rodney Dangerfield]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – [[Fred Buscaglione]], Italian singer and actor (d.\n        [[1960]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[John Lindsay]], American lawyer and\n        politician, [[Mayor of New York City]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 27]] –\n        [[Alexander Dub\\u010dek]], Slovak politician and First Secretary of the Central\n        Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Jackie Stallone]], American astrologer and mother of [[Sylvester\n        Stallone]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jayne Meadows Steve Allen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        Allen]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Carlo Furno]], Italian cardinal (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Phyllis Curtin]], American soprano (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Deanna Durbin]], Canadian singer (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Alvy Moore]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Hansen (actor)|Peter Hansen]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        6]] – [[Otto Graham]], American football player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Liz Smith (actress)|Liz Smith]], British actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Alan Freed]], American [[disc jockey]], known for\n        introducing [[rock and roll]] to mainstream radio (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[December\n        17]] – [[Anne Golon]], French writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 19]]\n        – [[Bla\\u017ee Koneski]], Macedonian poet and linguist (d. [[1993]])\n        \\n* [[December 21]] – [[Luigi Creatore]], American songwriter and record\n        producer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Marge Callaghan]], Canadian\n        female professional baseball player\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Steve Allen]],\n        American actor, composer, comedian, and author (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Rashid Karami]], 8-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Maurice Yam\\u00e9ogo]], [[President of Upper Volta]]\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]], 7th Prime\n        Minister of Swaziland (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[Abdullahi Issa]], 1st Prime Minister\n        of Somalia (d. [[1988]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January–June ===\\n[[File:Theobald\n        von Bethmann-Hollweg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Nikola of Montenegro.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]]]]\\n[[File:EDato.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Eduardo\n        Dato]]]]\\n[[File:%C3%89mile_Combes_(1835%E2%80%931921).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emile\n        Combes]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]], 5th\n        [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Adolf von Hildebrand]], German sculptor (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[Justiniano Borgo\\u00f1o]], 37th Prime Minister of\n        Peru (b. [[1836]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[H. G. Haugan]], Norwegian-born\n        American railroad and banking executive (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\n**\n        [[Andrea Carlo Ferrari]], Italian Catholic cardinal and blessed (b. [[1850]])\\n**\n        [[Antonio Jacobsen]], American maritime artist (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[John J. Gardner]], American politician (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[February\n        8]]\\n** [[George Formby Snr]], English entertainer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Kropotkin]], Russian anarchist (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Ernst\n        Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        [[Carl Menger]], Austrian economist (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        [[Schofield Haigh]], English cricketer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** King\n        [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]] (b. [[1841]])\\n** King [[Nikola I Petrovic-Njegos]]\n        (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Eduardo Dato]], Spanish politician,\n        3-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1856]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Talaat Pasha]], Ottoman Turkish ruler, initiator of the Armenian\n        Genocide (b. [[1874]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[March 29]] – [[John Burroughs]],\n        American naturalist and essayist (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Edmund\n        Po\\u00eb]], British admiral (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Augusta\n        Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein]], last German Empress, wife of [[Wilhelm II,\n        German Emperor]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Manwel Dimech]],\n        Maltese philosopher and social reformer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        [[Tom O''Brien (second baseman)|Tom O''Brien]], American [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Arthur Mold]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Alfred Hermann Fried]], Austrian writer\n        and pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May\n        9]] – [[William Henry Chamberlin (philosopher)|William Henry Chamberlin]],\n        American philosopher (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Emilia Pardo Baz\\u00e1n]],\n        Spanish writer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Edward Douglass White]],\n        9th [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1845]])\\n** [[Michael Llewelyn\n        Davies]], one of the ''Lost Boys'' for the [[Peter Pan]] book (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[\\u00c9mile Combes]], French statesman, 69th [[Prime Minister\n        of France]] (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Georges Feydeau]], French\n        playwright (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 11]] – Patriarch [[Leonid of Georgia]]\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Eduardo Acevedo D\\u00edaz]], Uruguayan\n        writer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Alfred Percy Sinnett]], British\n        writer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Gyorche Petrov]], Macedonian\n        and Bulgarian revolutionary (b. [[1865]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**[[Lady\n        Randolph Churchill]], mother of [[Winston Churchill]] (b. [[1854]])\\n**[[Otto\n        Seeck]], German classical historian (b. [[1850]])\\n\\n=== July–December\n        ===\\n[[File:Enrico Caruso XV.png|thumb|100px|[[Enrico Caruso]]]]\\n[[File:Humperdinck\n        Postcard-1910.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)|Engelbert\n        Humperdinck]]]]\\n[[File:John Boyd Dunlop 418px.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Boyd\n        Dunlop]]]]\\n[[File:Takashi_Hara_posing.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hara Takashi]]]]\\n[[File:Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns_in_1900_by_Pierre_Petit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Camille\n        Saint-Saens]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Maurice Bailloud]], French general\n        (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]\n        (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Gabriel Lippmann]], Luxembourger-French\n        physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – [[Howard Vernon (Australian actor)|Howard Vernon]], Australian actor\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Enrico Caruso]], Italian tenor (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Alexander Blok]], Russian poet (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – [[Juhani Aho]], Finnish author and journalist (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Peter I of Serbia]], King of Yugoslavia (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Georges Darien]], French writer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[S\\u00e1ndor Wekerle]], 3-Time Prime Minister of Hungary (b.\n        [[1848]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Karl von B\\u00fclow]], German field marshal\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Henry Austin Dobson]], English\n        poet (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Alfred William Rich]], English\n        watercolour painter (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** [[William Campbell\n        (missionary)|William Campbell]], British missionary in Taiwan (b. [[1841]])\\n**\n        [[Virginia Rappe]], American model and actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[John Tengo Jabavu]], editor of South Africa''s first newspaper\n        in Xhosa. (b. 1859)\\n* [[September 11]] \\n** [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]],\n        British naval officer and German prince (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Subramania Bharati]],\n        Tamil poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Philipp, Prince of\n        Eulenburg]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Engelbert Humperdinck\n        (composer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]], German composer (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October\n        2]] – King [[William II of Wurttemberg]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Philander C. Knox]], American politician (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[October\n        15]] – [[Haydar Khan Amo-oghli]], Iranian revolutionary (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Yaa Asantewaa]], Asante warrior queen (b. c. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[October 18]] – [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]], last king of Bavaria (b.\n        [[1845]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[William Wallace Wotherspoon]], American\n        general (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[John Boyd Dunlop]], Irish\n        British-born inventor and veterinary surgeon (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[October 25]]\n        – [[Bat Masterson]], American gunfighter (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] – [[William Egan (gangster)|William Egan]], American gangster (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Hara Takashi]], Japanese politician,\n        10th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1856]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Charles, 6th Prince of Lowenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg]], German\n        nobleman (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Fernand Khnopff]], Belgian\n        painter (b. [[1858]]) \\n* [[November 14]]  – [[Isabel, Princess Imperial\n        of Brazil]], daughter of Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Christina Nilsson]], Swedish operatic soprano (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]] \\n** [[Charles White Whittlesey|Charles Whittlesey]], United\n        States Army officer, commander of the \\\"[[Lost Battalion (World War I)|Lost\n        Battalion]]\\\" in World War I (suicide) (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Cartailhac]],\n        French prehistorian (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Douglas Colin\n        Cameron]], Canadian politician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[`Abdu''l-Bah\\u00e1]],\n        Persian religious leader (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[George\n        Ashlin]], Irish architect (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Henrietta\n        Swan Leavitt]], American astronomer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[Camille Saint-Sa\\u00ebns]], French composer (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[December\n        20]]\\n**[[Dmitri Parsky]], Russian general (b. [[1866]])\\n**[[Julius Richard\n        Petri]], German microbiologist (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Boies\n        Penrose]], U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes\n        ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Albert Einstein]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Frederick Soddy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]\n        – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Anatole\n        France]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Karl Hjalmar Branting]],\n        [[Christian Lous Lange]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Sources==\\n{{commons\n        and category}}\\n* ''''New International Year Book: 1921'''' (1922) [https://books.google.com/books?id=F11MAAAAMAAJ&dq=intitle:international+intitle:year+intitle:book&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=1&source=gbs_navlinks_s\n        online edition]\\n* [http://pwnhc.ca/timeline/1900/Airplane_1921.html 1921\n        Aviation Comes North- NWT Historical Timeline- A Prince of Wales Northern\n        Heritage Centre Online Exhibit]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1921}}\\n[[Category:1921|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T13:34:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":799725835,\"length\":55448,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1921&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921\"},\"34866\":{\"pageid\":34866,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1922\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T22:52:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1922|the committee of British Conservative\n        MPs|1922 Committee|the novella by Stephen King|1922 (novella)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1922}}\\n{{Year nav|1922}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1922}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main|January\n        1922}}\\n[[File:Insulincrystals.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[January 11]]: Use of\n        [[insulin]] for [[diabetes]].]]\\n* January \\u2013 The year begins with the\n        [[British Empire]] at its largest extent, covering a quarter of the world\n        and ruling over one in four people on [[Earth]].\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[D\\u00e1il\n        \\u00c9ireann (Irish Republic)|D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]], the parliament of\n        the [[Irish Republic]], ratifies the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] by 64\\u201357\n        votes.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell''s\n        Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=491\\u2013493}}\\n*\n        [[January 8]] \\u2013 The [[Socialist Youth League of Norway|Social Democratic\n        Youth League of Norway]] is founded.\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 Julieta founded\n        the Chilean communist party.\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Griffith]]\n        is elected [[President of D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]].\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013\n        The first successful [[insulin]] treatment of diabetes is made, by [[Frederick\n        Banting]] in Toronto.\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 The British government releases\n        the remaining Irish prisoners captured in the [[Irish War of Independence|War\n        of Independence]].\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 The [[flu]] epidemic has claimed\n        804 victims in Britain.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Michael Collins (Irish\n        leader)|Michael Collins]] becomes [[Chairman of the Provisional Government\n        of the Irish Free State|Chairman of the Irish Provisional Government]].\\n*\n        [[January 24]] \\u2013 Christian K. Nelson patents the ''''[[Eskimo Pie]]''''.\\n*\n        [[January 26]] \\u2013 Italian forces occupy [[Misrata]] in [[Italian Libya|Libya]].\n        The [[Pacification of Libya|reconquest of Libya]] begins.\\n* [[January 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Knickerbocker Storm]]: Snowfall from the biggest-ever recorded snowstorm\n        in Washington, D.C., causes the roof of the [[Knickerbocker Theatre (Washington,\n        D.C.)|Knickerbocker Theatre]] to collapse, killing 98.\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013\n        The union of [[Costa Rica]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]] and [[El Salvador]]\n        is dissolved.\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 Radio [[KZKZ-AM]], the second radio\n        station in the [[Philippines]], begins broadcasting.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main|February\n        1922}}\\n[[File:WilliamDesmondTaylor.jpg|thumb|80px|right|[[February 1]]: [[William\n        Desmond Taylor]] murdered.]]\\n[[File:UlyssesCover.jpg|thumb|80px|right|[[February\n        2]]: Publication of [[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]].]]\\n* February \\u2013 ''''[[The\n        Ring (magazine)|Ring Magazine]]'''' is first published.\\n* [[February 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Irish American]] [[film director]] [[William Desmond Taylor]] is\n        found murdered at his home in Los Angeles; the case is never solved.\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\u2013 ''''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'''', by [[James Joyce]], is published\n        in Paris on his 40th birthday by [[Sylvia Beach]].\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013\n        [[DeWitt Wallace|DeWitt]] and [[Lila Wallace]] publish the first issue of\n        ''''[[Reader''s Digest]]''''.\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Pope Pius XI]] (Achille\n        Ratti) succeeds [[Pope Benedict XV]], to become the 259th [[pope]].\\n** [[Washington\n        Naval Treaty|Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty]] signed between the United\n        States, United Kingdom, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], [[French Third Republic|France]]\n        and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]. Japan returns some of its control over the\n        [[Shandong Peninsula]] to China.\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[President of the\n        United States]] [[Warren G. Harding]] introduces the first radio in the [[White\n        House]].\\n** In the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], the\n        [[Cheka]] becomes the [[Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie]] (GPU),\n        a section of the [[NKVD]].\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** Finnish Minister of the\n        Interior [[Heikki Ritavuori]] is assassinated by [[Ernst Tandefelt]].\\n**\n        ''''[[MV Baragoola|Baragoola]]'''', last of the Binngarra class [[Manly ferry\n        services|Manly ferries]], is launched at [[Balmain, New South Wales]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\u2013 Inaugural session of the [[Permanent Court of International\n        Justice]] (PCIJ).\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 French serial killer [[Henri D\\u00e9sir\\u00e9\n        Landru]] is [[Decapitation|beheaded]] by the [[guillotine]].\\n* [[February\n        26]] \\u2013  A [[Leser v. Garnett|challenge]] to the [[Nineteenth Amendment\n        to the United States Constitution]], allowing women the right to vote, is\n        rebuffed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].\\n* [[February 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence]] by the United Kingdom\n        ends its [[protectorate]] over [[Egypt]] and grants the country nominal [[Kingdom\n        of Egypt|independence]], reserving control of military and diplomatic matters.{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin\n        Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}{{cite book|last=King|first=Joan\n        Wucher|title=Historical Dictionary of Egypt|series=Books of Lasting Value|year=1989|origyear=1984|publisher=American\n        University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-213-7|pages=259\\u2013260}}{{cite\n        book|editor1-first=Albert P.|editor1-last=Blaustein|editor1-link=Albert Blaustein|editor2-first=Jay\n        A.|editor2-last=Sigler|editor3-first=Benjamin R.|editor3-last=Beede|title=Independence\n        Documents of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feyI5kisdBcC&pg=PA204|volume=1|year=1977|publisher=Oceana\n        Publications|location=Dobbs Ferry, NY|isbn=978-0-379-00794-7|pages=204\\u2013205}}\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main|March 1922}}\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** An ice mass breaks the [[Oder\n        Dam]] in [[Breslau]].\\n** The [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|British\n        Civil Aviation Authority]] is established.\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 The movie\n        ''''[[Nosferatu]]'''' is released.\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        is arrested in [[Bombay]] for [[sedition]].\\n* March 10\\u201314 \\u2013 The\n        [[Rand Rebellion]], a strike by white South African mine workers, begins on\n        28 December 1921 and becomes open rebellion against the state.\\n* [[March\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], inaugurates the ''''[[Rashtriya\n        Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]]''''\n        in [[Dehradun]], India, marking a capitulation of the [[Governor-General of\n        India|Governor General]] and [[Secretary of State for India]] to growing pressure\n        for Indianization of the officer cadre of the [[British Indian Army|Indian\n        Army]].\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] having gained self-government\n        from the United Kingdom, [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]] becomes [[King of Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 In [[British India]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is sentenced\n        to six years in prison for [[sedition]] (he serves only two).\\n* [[March 20]]\n        \\u2013 The [[USS Langley (CV-1)|USS ''''Langley'''']] is commissioned as the\n        first [[United States Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]].\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013\n        Radio station [[WLW]] in [[Cincinnati]] begins broadcasting.{{cite web|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2002/03/17/tem_wlw_700_turns_80.html|first=John|last=Kiesewetter|title=WLW\n        700 turns 80|date=2002-03-17|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|accessdate=2012-10-18}}\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\u2013 Queensland, Australia abolishes the Legislative Council\n        (Upper House).\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 The [[German Social Democratic Party\n        of Poland|German Social Democratic Party]] is founded in Poland.\\n* [[March\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Hinterkaifeck]] murders occur on a late evening.\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n{{Main|April 1922}}\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 The South African Railways\n        takes control of all railway operations in [[South West Africa]].{{Paxton-Bourne|pages=99,\n        110, 115\\u2013117, 121, 149}}''''Statement\n        Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each\n        Section of Railway'''', Statement No. 19, p. 188, ref. no. 200954-13\\n*\n        [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stalin]] is appointed General Secretary of the\n        Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Teapot\n        Dome scandal]]: The [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] leases [[Teapot\n        Dome]] [[Petroleum|oil]] reserves in [[Wyoming]].\\n** The first midair collision\n        occurs, between a [[Daimler Airway]] [[de Havilland DH.18]] and a [[Grands\n        Express A\\u00e9riens]] [[Farman F.60|Farman Goliath]] over [[Poix-de-Picardie]],\n        [[Amiens]], France.\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 The historic [[Genoa Conference]]\n        commences in [[Genoa]]. The representatives of 34 countries convene to speak\n        about monetary economics in the wake of World War I.\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013\n        The United Kingdom''s [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]] arrives in Yokohama\n        aboard [[HMS Renown (1916)|HMS ''''Renown'''']] and rides by train to Tokyo,\n        starting a one-month visit to Japan.{{cite\n        web|url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220404-1.2.8.aspx|title=Prince''s\n        Visit to Japan|publisher=newspapers.nl.sg|work=[[The Straits Times]]|location=Singapore|date=4\n        April 1922|accessdate=2013-12-28}}{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Sir\n        Percival|title=The Prince of Wales'' Eastern book, a pictorial record of the\n        voyages of H.M.S. \\\"Renown\\\", 1921-1922|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=New\n        York|year=1922|pages=192\\u2013193|url=https://archive.org/download/princeofwaleseas00philrich/princeofwaleseas00philrich.pdf\\n|accessdate=2013-12-28}}\\n*\n        [[April 13]] \\u2013 The State of [[Massachusetts]] opens all public offices\n        to women.\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 The [[Treaty of Rapallo (1922)|Treaty of\n        Rapallo]] marks a rapprochement between the [[Weimar Republic]] and [[Bolshevik\n        Russia]].\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 The Lambda Chapter of the Joe Whelan Sorority,\n        Incorporated (the first chapter of a black sorority in New York State) is\n        chartered.\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 The first portion of the [[Imperial Wireless\n        Chain]], a strategic international [[wireless telegraphy]] network created\n        to link the [[British Empire]], is opened, from England to Egypt.\\n\\n=== May\n        ===\\n{{Main|May 1922}}\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 The leader of the underground [[Estonian\n        Communist Party]] [[Viktor Kingissepp]] is executed in [[Estonia]].\\n* [[May\n        5]] \\u2013 In [[The Bronx]], construction begins on [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee\n        Stadium]].\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013 In [[Moscow]], eights priests, two layman,\n        and one woman are sentenced to death for opposition to the Soviet government''s\n        confiscation of church property\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 Radio station [[KGU (AM)|KGU]]\n        begins broadcasting in Hawaii.\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Sergei Diaghilev]],\n        [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Marcel Proust]], [[James Joyce]],\n        [[Erik Satie]] and [[Clive Bell]] dine together in Paris, at the Majestic\n        hotel, their only joint meeting.{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Kevin|title=Constellation\n        of Genius – 1922: Modernism Year One|location=London|publisher=Hutchinson|year=2012|isbn=978-0-091-93097-4}}\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 The [[Young Pioneer Organization of the Soviet Union|All-Russian\n        Young Pioneer Organisation]] is established.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 British\n        Liberal MP [[Horatio Bottomley]] is jailed for seven years for [[fraud]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 In Washington, D.C., the [[Lincoln Memorial]] is dedicated.\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main|June 1922}}\\n[[File:SphinxGiza.jpg|thumb|125px|right|[[February\n        28]]: Egypt independent.]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** The [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]]\n        is officially founded.\\n** [[Bolshevik]] forces defeat [[Basmachi]] troops\n        under [[Enver Pasha]].\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 U.S. premi\\u00e8re of [[Robert\n        J. Flaherty]]''s ''''[[Nanook of the North]]'''', the first commercially successful\n        feature-length [[documentary film]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 U.S. President\n        [[Warren G. Harding]] makes his first speech on the radio.\\n* [[June 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] agents\n        assassinate British Army field marshal [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|Sir\n        Henry Wilson]] in London; the assassins are sentenced to death on [[July 18]].\\n*\n        [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Weimar Republic]] foreign minister [[Walther Rathenau]]\n        is assassinated; the murderers are captured on [[July 17]].\\n* [[June 26]]\n        \\u2013 Louis Honor\\u00e9 Charles Antoine Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince\n        [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]] of [[Monaco]].\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013\n        The [[Irish Civil War]] and [[Battle of Dublin]] begin when the Irish [[National\n        Army (Ireland)|National Army]], using [[artillery]] loaned by the British,\n        begins to bombard the [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u20131969)|anti-Treaty\n        Irish Republican Army]] forces occupying the [[Four Courts]] in [[Dublin]].\n        Fighting in Dublin lasts until [[July 5]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main|July 1922}}\\n[[File:Lincoln\n        memorial dc 20041011 095847 1.3008x2000.jpg|thumb|200px|[[May 30]]: [[Lincoln\n        Memorial]] dedicated.]]\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 The [[Hollywood Bowl]] opens.\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 The final signings of [[Treaty 11]], an agreement between\n        [[George V]], King of Canada, and various Canadian [[First Nations]], are\n        conducted at [[Fort Liard]].\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 The German protectorate\n        of [[Togoland]] is divided into the [[League of Nations mandate]]s of [[French\n        Togoland]] and [[British Togoland]].\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Adyghe Autonomous\n        Oblast|Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast]] established within the [[Russian\n        SFSR]].\\n* July \\u2013 [[Hyperinflation]] in Germany means that 563 [[German\n        Papiermark|marks]] are now needed to buy a single American [[dollar]] \\u2013\n        almost double the 263 needed eight months before and dwarfing the mere 12\n        needed in April 1919 and even the 47 needed in December of that year.\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n{{Main|August 1922}}\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 A [[1922 Swatow typhoon|typhoon]]\n        hits [[Shantou]], China, killing more than 5,000 people.\\n* [[August 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Irish Civil War]]: General [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael\n        Collins]] is assassinated in West Cork.\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Spanish protectorate\n        in Morocco|Morocco]] revolts against the Spanish.\\n** The Turkish large-scale\n        attack opened against Greek forces in Afyon. Turkish victory is achieved on\n        [[August 27]].\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] agrees to\n        withdraw its troops from [[Siberia]].\\n* August \\u2013 Hyperinflation in Germany\n        sees the value of the Papiermark against the dollar rise to 1,000.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main|September 1922}}\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Autodromo\n        Nazionale Monza|Monza Circuit]], as known well for [[Motor racing|motor racing\n        place]] in [[Italy]], officially opened in [[Lombardy Region]].{{citation\n        needed|date=December 2016}}\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 Turkish forces pursuing\n        withdrawing Greek troops enter [[\\u0130zmir]], effectively ending the [[Greco-Turkish\n        War (1919\\u201322)]].\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** ''''The Sun News-Pictorial'''',\n        a predecessor of the [[Melbourne]], Australia, ''''[[Herald Sun]]'''', is\n        founded.\\n** The [[Mandate of Palestine]] is approved by the Council of the\n        [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 The [[Gdynia]] Seaport Construction\n        Act is passed by the [[Second Polish Republic|Polish]] Parliament.\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\u2013[[September 15|15]] \\u2013 The [[Great Fire of Smyrna]] destroys\n        most of [[\\u0130zmir]]. Responsibility is disputed.{{cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Matthew|url=http://www.historytoday.com/matthew-stewart/catastrophe-smyrna|title=Catastrophe\n        at Smyrna|journal=[[History Today]]|volume=54|issue=7}}\\n* [[September\n        17]] \\u2013 Dutch cyclist [[Piet Moeskops]] becomes World Champion Sprinter.\\n*\n        [[September 18]] \\u2013 The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] joins the [[League of Nations]].\\n*\n        [[September 29]] \\u2013 ''''[[Drums in the Night]]'''' (''''Trommeln in der\n        Nacht'''') becomes the first play by [[Bertolt Brecht]] to be staged, at the\n        [[Munich Kammerspiele]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October 1922}}\\n[[File:Mussd.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Benito\n        Mussolini]] and [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] [[Blackshirts]] during the [[March\n        on Rome]].]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[G. I. Gurdjieff]] opens his Institute\n        for the Harmonious Development of Man at [[Fontainebleau]] in France.\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013  Rebecca L. Felton becomes the first female US senator, when Georgia''s\n        governor gives her a temporary appointment, pending an election to replace\n        Senator Thomas Watson, who had died suddenly.\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Rose\n        Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl Stadium]], officially opened in [[Pasadena, California]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[T. S. Eliot]] establishes\n        ''''[[The Criterion (magazine)|The Criterion]]'''' magazine, containing the\n        first publication of his poem ''''[[The Waste Land]]''''. This first appears\n        in the United States later this month in ''''[[The Dial]]'''' (dated November\n        1) and is first published complete with notes in book form by Boni and Liveright\n        in New York in December.\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 The [[British Broadcasting\n        Company]] is formed.\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013\n        The [[Third D\\u00e1il]] enacts the [[Constitution of the Irish Free State]].\\n*\n        [[October 26]] \\u2013 The [[Hogarth Press]] published [[Jacob''s Room]], a\n        novel by [[Virginia Woolf]]\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[Southern Rhodesia]]ns\n        vote on a [[Southern Rhodesia government referendum, 1922|referendum]] and\n        reject union with South Africa.\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** In Italy, the [[March\n        on Rome]] brings the [[National Fascist Party]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] to\n        power. [[Italy]] begins a dark period of dictatorship that lasts until the\n        end of the [[Second World War]], but at the same time with [[Mussolini]]''s\n        [[Italy]] becomes the first power in the [[Mediterranean]].\\n** The [[Red\n        Army]] occupies [[Vladivostok]].\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Benito Mussolini]]\n        becomes the youngest ever [[Prime Minister of Italy]] at age 39.\\n* October\\n**\n        3,000 German marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar \\u2013 triple\n        the figure three months ago.\\n** The [[Russian Civil War]] ends with the colonies\n        remaining part of Russia.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main|November 1922}}\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** The [[Ottoman Empire]] is abolished after 600 years and its last [[sultan]]\n        [[Mehmed VI]], abdicates.\\n** A [[broadcasting license fee]] of ten [[shilling]]s\n        is introduced in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 In [[Egypt]],\n        English archaeologist [[Howard Carter]] and his men find the entrance to [[Pharaoh]]\n        [[Tutankhamun]]''s tomb in the [[Valley of the Kings]].\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Sigma Gamma Rho]] (\\u03a3\\u0393\\u03a1)\n        Sorority, Incorporated is founded by seven educators in [[Indianapolis]],\n        [[Indiana]]. The group becomes an incorporated national collegiate sorority\n        on December 30, 1929, when a charter is granted to the Alpha Chapter at [[Butler\n        University]] in Indianapolis.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 The [[British Broadcasting\n        Company]] (BBC) begins radio service in the United Kingdom, broadcasting from\n        station [[2LO]] in London.\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 In the [[United Kingdom\n        general election, 1922|United Kingdom general election]] forced by the Conservatives''\n        withdrawal from the coalition government, the Conservative Party wins an overall\n        majority. (The [[1922 Committee]], popularly believed to take its name from\n        this occasion, is not founded until the following year.)\\n* [[November 17]]\n        \\u2013 Former [[Ottoman sultan]] [[Mehmed VI]] leaves for exile in [[Kingdom\n        of Italy|Italy]].\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Abd\\u00fclmecid II]], [[Crown\n        Prince]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], is elected [[Caliph]].\\n* [[November 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rebecca Felton]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] takes the oath\n        of office, becoming the first woman [[United States Senate|United States Senator]].\\n*\n        [[November 24]] \\u2013 Popular author and anti-Treaty [[Irish republicanism|Republican]]\n        [[Robert Erskine Childers|Erskine Childers]] is executed by firing squad in\n        Dublin after conviction by an [[Irish Free State]] military court for the\n        unlawful possession of a gun, a weapon presented to him by [[Michael Collins\n        (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]] in 1920 as a gift.{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Cottrell|title=The\n        War for Ireland, 1913-1923|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84603-9966}}\\n[[File:Howard\n        Carter in the King Tutankhamen''s tomb.jpg|thumb|115px|right|[[Howard Carter]]\n        in King Tutankhamen''s tomb]]\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Howard Carter]]\n        and [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]] become the first\n        people to enter the [[KV62|tomb]] of [[Pharaoh]] [[Tutankhamun]] in over 3,000\n        years.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main|December 1922}}\\n[[File:Coat of arms of\n        the Soviet Union (1923\\u20131936).svg|thumb|125px|The Union of Soviet Socialist\n        Republics is created. ([[Coat of arms of the Soviet Union|Coat of arms]] until\n        1936).]]\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 The British Parliament enacts the Irish\n        Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new [[Constitution\n        of the Irish Free State]].\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 The [[Irish Free State]]\n        officially comes into existence. [[George\n        V]] becomes the [[Monarchy in the Irish Free State|Free State''s monarch]].\n        [[Tim Healy (politician)|Tim Healy]] is appointed first [[Governor-General\n        of the Irish Free State]] and [[W. T. Cosgrave]] becomes [[President of the\n        Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive Council]].\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013 End of the trial of [[Edith Thompson and Frederick\n        Bywaters]] at the [[Old Bailey]] in London for the murder of Thompson''s husband;\n        both are found guilty and sentenced to death.\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Gabriel\n        Narutowicz]], sworn on [[December 11]] as first president of the [[Second\n        Polish Republic]], is assassinated by a right-wing sympathizer in Warsaw.\\n*\n        [[December 20]] \\u2013 ''''[[Antigone (Cocteau play)|Antigone]]'''' by [[Jean\n        Cocteau]] appears on stage in Paris, with settings by [[Pablo Picasso]], music\n        by [[Arthur Honegger]] and costumes by [[Gabrielle Chanel]].{{cite web|url=http://www.jeancocteau.net/bio1_en.php|title=Jean\n        Cocteau - biography 1889-1922|publisher=Jean Cocteau Committee|accessdate=2013-08-07}}\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 Commissioning of [[Japanese aircraft carrier H\\u014dsh\\u014d|Japanese\n        aircraft carrier ''''H\\u014dsh\\u014d'''']], the first purpose-designed [[aircraft\n        carrier]] to be [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]].\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]], [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukraine]],\n        [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Belarus]] and the [[Transcaucasian\n        Socialist Federative Soviet Republic|Transcaucasian Republic]] ([[Armenia]],\n        [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) [[Treaty on the Creation\n        of the USSR|come together to form]] the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist\n        Republics]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] in [[1991]].\\n*\n        December \\u2013 The year ends with hyperinflation showing no sign of slowing\n        down in Germany, with 7,000 marks now needed to buy a single American dollar.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm |title=Weimar Germany\n        1919-1933|publisher=Historyhome.co.uk|date=2011-01-05|accessdate=2012-02-28}}\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* Wracked by rapid inflation and political assassinations\n        and motivated by hostility and arrogance as well, the [[Weimar Republic]]\n        announces its inability to pay more and proposes a moratorium on reparations\n        for 3 years.\\n* ''''Kurd Istigdul Djemijetin'''', the Kurdish Independence\n        Committee, is founded.\\n* [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]].\\n* [[Earl W. Bascom]],\n        rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo''s first hornless bronc saddle\n        at [[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]] Canada.\\n* ''''[[Vegemite]]'''' is invented\n        by Australian entrepreneur [[Fred Walker (entrepreneur)|Fred Walker]].\\n*\n        The [[Molly Pitcher Club]] is formed to promote the [[repeal of Prohibition\n        in the United States]].\\n* Thompson Webb founds the [[Webb School of California]]\n        for boys in [[Claremont, California|Claremont]].\\n* The [[Barbary lion]] becomes\n        extinct in the wild, with the last killed in [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]],\n        in the area of the Zelan and Beni Mguild Forests.{{cite web|url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/heywood/geog358/extinctm/BarbLion.htm\n        |title=Extinction: Barbary Lion UWSP GEOG358 [Heywood] |publisher=Uwsp.edu\n        |accessdate=2012-02-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318022204/http://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/heywood/geog358/extinctm/BarbLion.htm\n        |archivedate=March 18, 2012 |df= }}\\n* The [[Amur tiger]] becomes extinct\n        in [[South Korea]].{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/savethetiger.htm\n        |title=Save the Tiger |publisher=Koreanhistoryproject.org |accessdate=2012-02-28\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311225748/http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/savethetiger.htm\n        |archivedate=March 11, 2012 |df= }}\\n* The California [[grizzly bear]]\n        becomes extinct.\\n* [[Bronis\\u0142aw Malinowski]]''s influential [[Ethnology|ethnological]]\n        text ''''[[Argonauts of the Western Pacific]]'''' is published.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\n        \\n[[File:Betty White 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Betty White]]]]\\n[[File:Savalas\n        1980.png|thumb|100px|[[Telly Savalas]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Scofield Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul\n        Scofield]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Hollings|Ernest \\\"Fritz\\\" Hollings]],\n        U.S. Senator from South Carolina\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Helen Smith (baseball)|Helen\n        Smith]], American female baseball player\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Alvin Dark]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Rampal]],\n        French flutist (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Jan Nieuwenhuys]], Dutch\n        painter (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Abbey Simon]], American classical pianist\\n* [[January\n        9]]\\n** [[Har Gobind Khorana]], Indian biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Ahmed S\\u00e9kou Tour\\u00e9]],\n        Guinean politician, President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984 (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Terence Kilmartin]], Irish journalist and translator\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Tadeusz \\u017bychiewicz]], Polish\n        journalist, art historian and publicist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Albert Lamorisse]], French film director (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ernesto Bonino]], Italian singer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Luis Echeverr\\u00eda]], President of Mexico from 1970 to 1976\\n** [[Nicholas\n        Katzenbach]], United States Attorney General (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[Bell M. Shimada]],\n        American fisheries scientist (d. [[1958]])\\n** [[Betty White]], American actress,\n        television personality and animal welfare activist\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Guy Madison]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Lincoln\n        Alexander]], Canadian politician (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Sam Mele]], American\n        baseball player and manager (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Telly Savalas]], American\n        actor and singer (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Paul Scofield]], English actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]],\\n** [[Leonel Brizola]], Brazilian politician (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Annabelle Lee]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Howard Moss]], American poet, dramatist, and critic (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Charles Socarides]], American psychiatrist (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[January 26]]\\n** [[Bob Thomas (reporter)|Bob Thomas]], American Hollywood\n        biographer and reporter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ellen Vogel]], Dutch film and\n        television actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Robert W. Holley]],\n        American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Gerda Steinhoff]], German Nazi war\n        criminal (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Dick Martin (comedian)|Dick\n        Martin]], American comedian (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Joanne\n        Dru]], American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Audrey Meadows\n        1959.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Audrey Meadows]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Renata\n        Tebaldi]], Italian soprano (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\n** [[Stoyanka\n        Mutafova]], Bulgarian actress\\n** [[James L. Usry]], American politician,\n        first [[African-American]] [[List of mayors of Atlantic City, New Jersey|mayor]]\n        of [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Patrick\n        Macnee]], British actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Denis Norden]], British television\n        and radio scriptwriter and personality\\n** [[Haskell Wexler]], American cinematographer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Hattie Jacques]], English actress\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Audrey Meadows]], American actress\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Kathryn Grayson]], American actress\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jim Laker]], British cricketer (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c1rp\\u00e1d G\\u00f6ncz]], [[President of Hungary]] (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Hussein Onn]], third [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n**[[Hal Moore]], American [[Lieutenant general\n        (United States)|Lieutenant general]] and non-fiction writer (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Gordon\n        Tullock]], American economist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[John\n        Bayard Anderson]], American Congressman and Presidential candidate\\n** [[Poul\n        Thomsen]], Danish actor (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**[[Enrico Banducci]],\n        American nightclub owner (d. [[2007]])\\n**[[Tommy Edwards]], American singer\n        and songwriter (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Helen Gurley Brown]],\n        American editor and publisher (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Eric Gairy]], 1st Prime\n        Minister of Grenada (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Connie Wisniewski]], American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Esperanza\n        Magaz]], Cuban-born Venezuelan actress (d. [[2013]]) \\n* [[February 24]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Hamilton (artist)|Richard Hamilton]], British painter (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Steven Hill]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[William\n        Baumol]], American economist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill\n        Johnston]], Australian cricketer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Margaret Leighton]],\n        British actress (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Karl Aage Pr\\u00e6st]], Danish football\n        player (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Yitzhak\n        Rabin]]]]\\n[[File:Cyd Charisse - 1949.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Cyd Charisse]]]]\\n[[File:Arch\n        Johnson 1961.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Arch Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:CarlReinerHWOFSept2011.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Carl\n        Reiner]]]]\\n[[File:Albrechtbavaria1922.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Prince Heinrich of\n        Bavaria (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Flanders]], English actor and songwriter (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[William\n        Gaines]], American magazine publisher (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Yitzhak Rabin]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Israel]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1995]])\n        \\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Hilarion Capucci]], Syrian catholic Bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[N\\u00e1ndor Hidegkuti]], Hungarian footballer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Richard E. Cunha]], American cinematographer and film director\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Martha O''Driscoll]], American film actress (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[Dina Pathak]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] theatre and film actress (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], Italian film director\n        (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Wanda Klaff]], German Nazi war criminal\n        (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Ralph H. Baer]], German-born American inventor\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Cyd Charisse]], American actress and dancer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Yevgeny Matveyev]], Russian actor and film director (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Mizuki\n        Shigeru]], Japanese author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Flemming\n        Valdemar, Count of Rosenborg]], (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Abdul\n        Razak Hussein]], second [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Jack Kerouac]], American author (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Lane Kirkland]],\n        American union leader (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Jim Wiggins (actor)|Jim\n        Wiggins]], English actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Arch Johnson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[China Zorrilla]], Uruguayan actress, director\n        and producer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Karl-Otto Apel]], German\n        philosopher  (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Harding Lemay]], American\n        television scriptwriter and playwright\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Patrick Suppes]],\n        American philosopher (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\\n** [[Egon Bahr]],\n        German politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Karl Kordesch]], Austrian-American inventor\n        (d. [[2011]]) \\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Hiroo Onoda]], Japanese officer and\n        holdout (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Carl Reiner]], American film\n        director, producer, actor, and comedian\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Russ Meyer]],\n        American film director and producer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Simons]], English cricketer and cricket administrator (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n**[[Josephine Kabick]], American professional baseball player ([[AAGPBL]])\n        (d. [[1978]])\\n**[[Stefan Wul]], French writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n**\n        [[Felice Chiusano]], Italian singer ([[Quartetto Cetra]]) (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Joey Maxim]], American boxer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Prince Heinrich of Bavaria\n        (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]] (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[March 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard Kiley]], American actor and singer (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Julius\n        Nyerere cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julius Nyerere]]]]\\n[[File:Leo_Tindemans_(2009).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leo\n        Tindemans]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[William Manchester]], American writer (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Saad el-Shazly]], Egyptian military commander (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n**[[Doris Day]], American singer and actress. Some sources give\n        her year of birth as [[1924]].\\n**[[Maurice Riel]], Canadian senator (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Elmer Bernstein]], American composer (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]]\\n** [[Tom Finney]], English footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Gale\n        Storm]], American singer and actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Mongo\n        Santamar\\u00eda]], Cuban jazz musician  (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Julius Nyerere]], [[President of Tanzania]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ali Akbar Khan]], Indian musician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Michael Ansara]], Syrian-born American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        [[Kingsley Amis]], English novelist (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Leo Tindemans]], 43rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Barbara\n        Hale]], American actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Luigi Barbarito]],\n        Italian prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Erich Hartmann]], German World War II\n        fighter pilot, highest-scoring ace in world history (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Rose\n        Marie McCoy]], African American songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Alistair MacLean]], Scottish writer (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Mingus]], American musician (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Marjorie Cameron]], American writer, painter, actress and occultist (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\n** [[Susanna Agnelli]], Italian politician (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Antun Bogeti\\u0107]], Croatian Prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        27]]\\n** [[Martin Gray (writer)|Martin Gray]], Polish writer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Klugman]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Toots\n        Thielemans]], Belgian jazz musician (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bea\n        Arthur.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bea Arthur]]]]\\n[[File:FranjoTudman.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Franjo\n        Tu\\u0111man]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher Lee at the Berlin International Film Festival\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Lee]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Vitaly Popkov]],\n        Russian fighter ace (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Roscoe Lee Browne]],\n        African-American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Eugenie Clark]],\n        American marine biologist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Anna Elizabeth\n        Botha|Elize Botha]], first wife of [[State President of South Africa|South\n        African State President]] [[P. W. Botha]] (d. 1997)\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Darren\n        McGavin]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Joe O''Donnell (photojournalist)|Joe\n        O''Donnell]], American [[Documentary photography|documentary photographer]],\n        [[photojournalist]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Walker]], American\n        actress, singer and director (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Ameurfina\n        Melencio-Herrera]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]\n        jurist\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Jean Bishop]], Charity Fundraiser for AgeUK, Fundraiser\n        of the Year, 2013 (Pride of Britain Awards): Kingston-upon-Hull''s \\\"Bee Lady\\\"])\\n**\n        [[Wilburn K. Ross]], American WWII veteran (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Murray Gershenz]],\n        American character actor and entrepreneur (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n**\n        [[Otl Aicher]], German graphic artist (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Michael Ainsworth]],\n        British cricketer (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Bea Arthur]], American actress and comedian\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Franjo Tu\\u0111man]], first [[President\n        of Croatia]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Jakucho Setouchi]], Japanese\n        writer and Buddhist nun\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Gerda Boyesen]], Norwegian-born\n        body psychotherapist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Bill Macy]], American actor (''''[[Maude\n        (TV series)|Maude]]'''') \\n** [[Kai Winding]], Danish-born musician (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Joe Gilmore]], Irish barman (Savoy Hotel''s American Bar)\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[James Lopez Watson]], American judge\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Quinn Martin]], American television producer\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Enrico Berlinguer]], Italian politician\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Otto Carius]], German tank commander (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Christopher Lee|Sir Christopher Lee]], English actor and singer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Lou Duva]], American boxing trainer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Tuomas Gerdt]], Finnish soldier, last living Knight of the\n        [[Mannerheim Cross]]\\n** [[Pompeyo M\\u00e1rquez]], Venezuelan politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Eleanor Coerr]], American writer (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Iannis Xenakis]], Greek composer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Hal\n        Clement]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Denholm Elliott]],\n        English actor (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Judy Garland-publicity.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Judy\n        Garland]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Povel Ramel]], Swedish musician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Bibi Ferreira]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Sifford]],\n        American golfer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Alain Resnais]], French\n        film director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Sheila Sim]], English actress\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Robert Alan Aurthur]], American screenwriter\n        (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Judy Garland]], American singer and actress (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Margherita Hack]], Italian astrophysicist (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Claude Helffer]], French pianist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Aage Bohr]], Danish physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Armando Tre Re]], Italian\n        football (soccer) player\\n** [[Osvaldo Fattori]], Italian football (soccer)\n        player\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Roland Amar|fr|3=Roland Amar}}, French\n        footballer\\n** [[Mona Lisa (actress)|Mona Lisa]], Filipino actress\\n* [[June\n        23]] \\n** [[Dennis Warrior]], English rugby league footballer\\n** [[Wu Yingyin]],\n        Chinese singer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Morris R. Jeppson]], American lieutenant\n        and physicist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Francis Thorne]], American composer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Abou Rejaile Bechara]], Lebanese wrestler\\n**\n        [[Jack Carter (comedian)|Jack Carter]], American comedian (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Tata Giacobetti]], Italian singer and lyricist (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[June 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Alex Garbowski]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] \\n** [[Enzo Apicella]], London-based artist, cartoonist, designer,\n        and restaurateur\\n** [[Eleanor Parker]], American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Milton Clark]], Australian rules footballer\\n** Joe D''orazio,\n        British wrestler\\n** [[George Walker (composer)|George Walker]], African-American\n        composer\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Hans Frauenfelder]], physicist and biophysicist\n        notable\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Roger Golias|fr|3=Roger\n        Golias}}, French player, then golf coach\\n** [[John William Vessey Jr.]],\n        American military officer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Vasko Popa]], Yugoslavian poet\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[Al Besselink]], American professional\n        golfer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pierre Cardin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre Cardin]]]]\\n[[File:Anker-j\\u00f8rgensen.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Anker\n        J\\u00f8rgensen]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Robards-1968-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason Robards]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Mordechai Bibi]], Israeli politician\\n** [[Derek Riley]],\n        Canadian rower\\n** [[Warren Winkelstein]], American epidemiologist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[July 2]] \\n** [[Pierre Cardin]], French fashion designer\\n** [[Paula Valenska]],\n        Czech actress\\n** [[Howard Wesley Johnson]], U.S. educator (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 3]]\\n** [[Theo Brokmann Jr.]], Dutch football player\\n** [[Howie Schultz]],\n        American baseball and basketball (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Guillaume Cornelis van\n        Beverloo]] painter, called Corneille (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Viggo Rivad]], Danish\n        photographer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[R. James Harvey]], American\n        Politician and jurist\\n** [[Edwin Pepping]], American soldier\\n** [[Noble\n        Frankland]], British historian\\n** [[Damon Keith]], American judge\\n* [[July\n        5]] \\n** [[Zeynep Korkmaz]], Turkish scholar and dialectologist\\n** [[Doris\n        Margaret Anderson]], Canadian nutritionist and retired senator\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|H\\u00e9lio Bicudo|pt|3=H\\u00e9lio Bicudo}}, Brazilian politician\n        and jurist\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Saito Shin Ichi|fr|3=Saito\n        Shin Ichi}}, Japanese painter\\n** [[William Schallert]], American actor (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Toni Seven]], American cover girl and actress (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Reidar Torp]], Norwegian military officer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[P. Gopinathan Nair]], Indian social worker\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Ayrton\n        Lol\\u00f4 Cornelsen|pt|3=Ayrton Lol\\u00f4 Cornelsen}}, Brazilian civil engineer,\n        modernist architect and former footballer\\n** [[James D. Hughes]], American\n        Air Force lieutenant general\\n** [[Francis Jeanson]], French philosopher (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Eugenio Mart\\u00ednez]], alias Musculito, current\n        real estate agent who was a member of the anti-Castro movement in the early\n        1960s\\n** [[Yoshinobu Nishioka]], Japanese director and producer\\n* [[July\n        9]]  \\u2013 [[Angelines Fern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish-born Mexican actress (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Jack Arthurs]], American politician\\n** [[Petar\n        Nikolov]], Bulgarian cross country skier\\n** [[Petar Kovachev]], Bulgarian\n        cross country skier\\n** [[Fred Furniss]], English former footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Herb McKenley]], Jamaican Olympic athlete (b. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\n**\n        [[Annette Warren]], American actress\\n** [[Jerald terHorst]], American journalist\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Fran Hopper]], American comic book artist\\n**\n        [[Fred Fiedler]], American psychologist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Leslie Brooks]],\n        American actress and dancer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Louis R. Harlan]], American\n        academic historian (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Anker J\\u00f8rgensen]], Danish politician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ken Mosdell]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]]\\n** [[Bernie Agrons]], American politician\\n** [[Elfriede Rinkel]],\n        German SS officer\\n** [[Gerald Myrden]], American businessman\\n** Donald Stratton,\n        American World War II Navy seaman, survivor of the attack on the U.S.S. Arizona\\n**\n        [[Bill Millin]], English personal piper (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Julio Cozzi]],\n        Argentine football goalkeeper (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[K\\u00e4bi Laretei]], Estonian\n        and Swedish concert pianist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Robin Olds]], American fighter\n        pilot. (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Richard]], French writer\n        and literary critic\\n** [[Henri Bangou]], French politician\\n** [[Leon M.\n        Lederman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Rajan Kadiragamar]], Sri Lankan Admiral\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Richard]], French\n        writer and literary critic\\n** [[Ghulam Nabi Firaq]], Kashmiri poet, writer\n        and an educationist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[B. Rajam Iyer]], Carnatic singer from\n        South India (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Khagapati Pradhani]],  Indian politician (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Anatoli Levitin]], Soviet Russian painter\n        and art educator\\n** [[Samuel Conti]], American politician\\n* [[July 17]]\n        \\n** [[Jane Cronin Scanlon]], American mathematician \\n** [[Tetsur\\u014d Tamba]],\n        Japanese actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Harry Kermode]], Canadian\n        basketball player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Thomas Kuhn]], American philosopher\n        of science (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Ray Lambert]], Welsh footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Hedy Stenuf]], Austrian figure skater (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Rachel\n        Robinson]], American actress\\n** [[George McGovern]], American politician,\n        historian and author (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Stig Sundqvist]], Swedish professional\n        footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman]],\n        King of Malaysia (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Alan Stephenson Boyd]],\n        American attorney and 1st [[United States Secretary of Transportation]]\\n**\n        [[Wolfgang Klausewitz]], German zoologist, ichthyologist, marine biologist\n        and biohistorian\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Luz Pozo Garza|gl|3=Luz\n        Pozo Garza}}, Spanish poet\\n** [[Demeter Bitenc]], Slovenian film actor\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Christian Alers|fr|3=Christian Alers}}, French\n        actor\\n** [[Mollie Sugden]], British actress (d. [[2009]]) \\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Juana Ginzo|es|3=Juana Ginzo}}, Spanish actress\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Jacqueline Cartier|fr|3=Jacqueline Cartier}}, French\n        actress, writer and journalist\\n** [[Julia Farron]], English ballerina\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Hoyt Wilhelm]], American Major League Baseball pitcher (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Gilberto Agustoni]], Swiss prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Blake\n        Edwards]], American director (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jason Robards]], American\n        actor (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Hoyt Wilhelm]], baseball [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall\n        of Fame]]r (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Norman Lear]], American television\n        writer and producer\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Mac Wilson (footballer, born 1922)|Mac\n        Wilson]], Australian rules footballer (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Bill Kaysing]], American writer (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ren\\u00e9\n        L\\u00e9vesque BAnQ P243S1D865.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ren\\u00e9 L\\u00e9vesque]]]]\\n[[File:Sosuke\n        Uno 1977.png|thumb|100px|[[S\\u014dsuke Uno]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Fitzgerald (painter)|Paul Fitzgerald]], Australian painter (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Robert Sumner]], American evangelist and author (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Charles Winick]], American anthropologist,\n        sociologist and author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Sandy Kenyon]],\n        American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Alberto Granado]], Cuban\n        writer and scientist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Philip Larkin]],  English\n        poet (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Milo\\u0161 Jake\\u0161]], [[Czech\n        Republic|Czech]] communist politician\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Lukas Foss]],\n        German-born composer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Agostinho Neto]],\n        Angolan politician (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Mel Fisher]], American\n        [[treasure hunter]] and founder of the [[Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Museum]]\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\n** [[T\\u00f4nia Carrero]], Brazilian actress\\n**\n        [[George Kell]], baseball player (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9\n        L\\u00e9vesque]], 23rd [[Premier of Quebec]] (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Howard Zinn]],\n        American social activist and historian (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013\n        [[S\\u014dsuke Uno]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1998]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Yvonne_De_Carlo_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yvonne\n        De Carlo]]]]\\n[[File:Sid Caesar - 1961.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sid Caesar]]]]\\n[[File:Agostinho\n        Neto (1975).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Agostinho Neto]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Yvonne\n        De Carlo]], Canadian-born American actress and dancer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Vittorio\n        Gassman]], Italian actor and director (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 3]]\\n**\n        [[Steffan Danielsen]], Faroese painter (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Salli Terri]],\n        Canadian mezzo-soprano (d. [[1996]])\\n*[[September 7]]\\n** [[Paulo Autran]],\n        Brazilian actor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[David Croft (TV producer)|David Croft]],\n        British writer, producer and actor (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Necdet Calp]], Turkish\n        civil servant and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Sid Caesar]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Lyndon LaRouche]],  American\n        self-styled economist and political activist\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Hans\n        Georg Dehmelt]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Manolis Glezos]], Greek Resistance fighter\\n**\n        [[Warwick Kerr]], Brazilian geneticist\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[Jackson\n        Mac Low]], American poet (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Jackie Cooper]],\n        American actor and director (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gaetano Cozzi]], Italian historian\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Phyllis Koehn]], American female professional baseball\n        player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mary Soames, Baroness Soames]] (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\n** [[Guy Hamilton]], French-English director and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Janis Paige]], American actress\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Agostinho Neto]], 1st President of Angola (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Vance Bourjaily]],\n        American writer, novelist, playwright, journalist, and essayist (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Emil Zatopek]], Czechoslovakian athlete (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Rosa Nell Speer]], American southern gospel singer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Floyd Levin]], American-born musicologist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Hammer DeRoburt]], first [[President\n        of Nauru]] (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\n** [[Karl-Heinz K\\u00f6pcke]],\n        German television presenter and news speaker (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Lizabeth\n        Scott]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 1]]\n        \\n**[[Burke Marshall]], American lawyer and politician (d. [[2003]])\\n**[[Chen-Ning\n        Yang]], Chinese-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[October 4]] -- [[Gianna Beretta Molla]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] pedatrician\n        and saint (b. [[1962]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]],\n        Argentine race car driver (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Fyvush Finkel]],\n        American comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Yumeji Tsukioka]],\n        Japanese actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Luigi Giussani]],\n        Italian Catholic priest (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Jack Anderson\n        (columnist)|Jack Anderson]], American journalist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[John Chafee]], American politician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Coleen Gray]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[George Miller (Arizona politician)|George Miller]], American politician\n        who served as the Mayor of Tucson, Arizona (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Madelyn Dunham]], American maternal grandmother of Barack Obama,\n        44th President of the United States (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Poul\n        Bundgaard]], Danish actor and singer (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Ruby Dee]], American\n        actress, poet, activist, journalist and second wife of [[Ossie Davis]] (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n** [[Michel Galabru]], French actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ralph Kiner]],\n        baseball [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]r (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Butch van Breda Kolff]], American basketball coach (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[Barbara Bel Geddes]], American former actress and children''s\n        book author (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e1s Heged\\u00fcs]], 45th Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Norodom Sihanouk]], former [[King of Cambodia]]\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boutros\n        Boutros-Ghali]]]]\\n[[File:JSJoseSaramago.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Jos\\u00e9 Saramago]]]]\\n[[File:Charles\n        Schulz NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles M. Schulz]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Townsend Cromwell]], American oceanographer (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[November\n        5]]\\n** [[Sydney Kentridge]], South African lawyer\\n** [[Yitzchok Scheiner]],\n        rabbi\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Vivian Kellogg]], American professional baseball\n        player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Christiaan Barnard|Chris Barnard]],\n        South African cardiac surgeon and heart transplant pioneer (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]]\\n** [[Dorothy Dandridge]], American actress (d. [[1965]])\\n**\n        [[Raymond Devos]], French humorist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Abdullahi\n        Issa]], Somalian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Somalia]] (d. [[1988]])\\n**\n        [[Kurt Vonnegut]], American novelist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Kim Hunter]], American actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Oskar\n        Werner]], Austrian actor (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]],\n        Egyptian [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Veronica\n        Lake]], American actress (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[David Sidney\n        Feingold]], American biochemist\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Patricia Barry]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ho\\u00e0ng Minh Ch\\u00ednh]], Vietnamese\n        politician and dissident (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Sidney Mintz]], American anthropologist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Saramago]], Portuguese author, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]], American physician, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Luis Somoza Debayle]], 26th President of Nicaragua (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Yuri Knorozov]], Russian linguist and epigrapher (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Rosi]], Italian film director (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Don Tennant|Donald Tennant]], American advertising agency\n        executive (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[V\\u00f5 V\\u0103n Ki\\u1ec7t]], Vietnamese politician\n        and statesman (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Shelagh Fraser]],\n        British actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Charles M. Schulz]],\n        American cartoonist (d. [[2000]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Redd Foxx 1977.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Redd\n        Foxx]]]]\\n[[File:DilipKumar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dilip Kumar]]]]\\n[[File:Ava\n        Gardner barefoot contessa crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ava Gardner]]]]\\n[[File:Tweede\n        Kamer, Drees jr. - NL-HaNA 2.24.01.05 0 926-6454 WM208.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willem\n        Drees Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Stan Lee by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Stan Lee]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Leo Gordon]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December\n        5]]\\n** [[Bill Davidson (businessman)|William Davidson]], American sports\n        owner (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Don Robertson (songwriter)|Don Robertson]], American\n        songwriter and pianist (d. [[2015]])\\n*  [[December 6]]\\n** [[Benjamin A.\n        Gilman]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Lucian\n        Freud]], German born painter (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gerhard L\\u00f6wenthal]],\n        German journalist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Redd Foxx]], African-American\n        comedian (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Luc\\u00eda Hiriart]], former\n        First Lady of Chile\\n* [[December 11]] \\n** [[Dilip Kumar]], Indian actor\\n**\n        [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Noah Hutchings]], American president of Southwest Radio Ministries (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Christian Dotremont]], Belgian painter and writer (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n** [[Edythe Perlick]], American female baseball player (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]]\\n** [[Nikolay Basov]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Antonio Larreta]], Uruguayan\n        theatre actor, critic and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Voorhees]], American engineer and urban planner (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Jack Brooks (American politician)|Jack Brooks]], American politician\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Charita Bauer]], American actress/soap\n        opera star (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\n** [[Itubwa Amram]], Nauruan\n        pastor and politician (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Paul Winchell]], American actor\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Micheline Ostermeyer]], French athlete\n        and musician (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\n** [[Ava Gardner]], American\n        actress (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Willem Drees Jr.]], Dutch politician (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Miller Anderson (diver)|Miller Anderson]], American\n        diver (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Stan Lee]], American comics\n        creator\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[William Gaddis]], American writer (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Boes Boestami]], Indonesian actor (d.\n        [[1970]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Maphevu Dlamini]], 2nd Prime Minister\n        of Swaziland (d. [[1979]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Sir Ernest\n        Henry Shackleton in 1917 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ernest Shackleton]]]]\\n[[File:Shigenobu\n        Okuma 5.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Okuma Shigenobu]]]]\\n[[File:Benedictus XV.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Pope\n        Benedict XV]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Istv\\u00e1n K\\u00fch\\u00e1r]], [[Prekmurje\n        Slovenes|Prekmurje Slovene]] writer and politician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Shackleton]], Irish explorer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[\\u014ckuma Shigenobu]], 2-time [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1838]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] British\n        explorer (b. [[1832]])\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Pope Benedict XV]] (b. [[1854]])\\n**\n        [[Fredrik Bajer]], Danish politician and pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1837]])\\n** [[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce]], Irish-born\n        politician, diplomat and historian (b. [[1838]])\\n** [[William Christie (astronomer)|William\n        Christie]], British astronomer (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Nikisch]], Hungarian conductor (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Nellie\n        Bly]], American undercover journalist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Giovanni Verga]],\n        Italian writer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich Reinhardt\n        (composer)|Heinrich Reinhardt]], Austrian composer (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Yamagata\n        Aritomo.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Yamagata Aritomo]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Yamagata\n        Aritomo]], Japanese field marshal and 3rd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1838]])\\n** [[William Desmond Taylor]], Irish-born film director (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]]\\n**[[Christiaan de Wet]], Boer general, rebel leader, and politician\n        (b. [[1854]]) \\n**[[John Butler Yeats]], Northern Irish artist (b. [[1839]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Henry Jones (philosopher)|Henry Jones]], British explorer\n        (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Kabayama Sukenori]], Japanese ''''samurai'''',\n        general, and statesman (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Heikki Ritavuori]],\n        Finnish Minister of Interior (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Joseph Jolly Kyle]], Argentine chemist (b. [[1838]]).\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Henri D\\u00e9sir\\u00e9 Landru]], French serial killer (executed) (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Rafael Moreno Aranzadi]], Spanish footballer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Bert Williams]], American entertainer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Harry Kellar]], American magician (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[March\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Max von Hausen]], German general (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[March 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Walter Parr]], British preacher (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Charles\n        I of Austria.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles I of Austria]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013\n        Emperor [[Charles I of Austria]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Hermann\n        Rorschach]], Swiss psychiatrist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Erich\n        von Falkenhayn]], German general (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n**[[Hans Fruhstorfer]],\n        German lepidopterist (b. [[1866]])\\n**[[Patrick Manson]], Scottish physician\n        (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Cap Anson]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Paul Deschanel]],\n        President of France (b. [[1855]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Ernest Solvay 1900s.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Ernest\n        Solvay]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Mayr.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Michael Mayr]]]]\\n* [[May\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Kingissepp]], Estonian Communist politician (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Max Wagenknecht]], German composer (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May\n        12]] \\u2013 [[John Martin Poyer]], [[United States Navy]] [[Commander (United\n        States)#Naval rank|Commander]] and the 12th [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Leslie Ward]], English portrait artist\n        and caricaturist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Rudolf Montecuccoli]],\n        Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Charles Louis\n        Alphonse Laveran]], French physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Son Byong-hi]], Korean\n        activist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Michael Mayr]], Austrian politician,\n        2nd [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Ernest\n        Solvay]], Belgian chemist, philanthropist and entrepreneur (b. [[1838]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Prince\n        Albert I of Monaco - circa 1910.jpg|thumb|120px|Prince [[Albert I, Prince\n        of Monaco|Albert I of Monaco]]]]\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[William Halse Rivers\n        Rivers]], English doctor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Lillian Russell]],\n        American singer and actress (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Richard A. Ballinger]], American\n        politician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Jacobus Kapteyn]], Dutch\n        astronomer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Vittorio Monti]], Italian\n        Composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet]],\n        British field marshal and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Rathenau]], German statesman and [[Weimar Republic]] foreign minister (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 Prince [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert\n        I of Monaco]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Prince Higashifushimi\n        Yorihito]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Velimir Khlebnikov]], Russian\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[Lothar\n        von Richthofen]], German World War I flying ace (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ioannis Svoronos]], Greek numismatist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Muhammad V an-Nasir]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Andrey\n        Markov]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Jokichi\n        Takamine]], Japanese chemist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Paul Maistre]],\n        French general (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9douard Harl\\u00e9]],\n        French engineer and prehistorian (b. [[1850]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Alexander\n        Graham Bell.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander Graham Bell]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u0449\\u043c\\u0447.\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d (\\u041a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Saint\n        Benjamin of Petrograd]]]]\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**[[Alexander Graham Bell]], Scottish-born\n        inventor (b. [[1847]])\\n**[[Harry Boland]], Irish republican (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Ture Malmgren]], Swedish journalist and politician (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[August 4]] \\n** [[Nikolai Nebogatov]], Russian admiral (b.\n        [[1849]])\\n** [[Enver Pasha]], Ottoman military leader and Turkish revolutionary\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Tommy McCarthy]], American baseball\n        player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Griffith]], Irish republican, [[President of D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Saint Benjamin of Petrograd]] (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe]], British\n        newspaper magnate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Felip Pedrell]],\n        Spanish composer (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Michael Collins (Irish\n        leader)|Michael Collins]], Irish republican and revolutionary, Chairman of\n        the Provisional Government (b. [[1890]]) (assassinated)\\n** [[Thomas Brock]],\n        British sculptor (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Georges Sorel]],\n        French philosopher and theorist of revolutionary syndicalism (b. [[1847]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Chrysostomos\n        of Smyrna.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Chrysostomos of Smyrna]]]]\\n* [[September\n        4]] \\u2013 [[James Young (footballer, born 1882)|James Young]], Scottish footballer,\n        motorcycle accident (b. [[1882]]){{cite web|url=http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/football_player_profile.cfm?page=823&playerID=112866&CFID=449150&CFTOKEN=69345798\n        |title=Player & Result Finder: Scottish Football Association |publisher=The\n        Scottish FA |date=1922-09-04 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Sarah Winchester]], American builder of the Winchester Mystery\n        House (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[William Stewart Halsted]],\n        American surgeon (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\n** Saint [[Chrysostomos\n        of Smyrna]] (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Wilfrid Scawen Blunt]], British poet (b. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Carlo Caneva]], Italian general (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Thomas E. Watson]], American politician and senator\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Oskar Hertwig.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Oscar\n        Hertwig]]]]\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Marie Lloyd]], British singer (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Oscar Hertwig]], German zoologist (b.\n        [[1849]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[G\\u00e9za G\\u00e1rdonyi]], Hungarian\n        author (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Marcel Proust 1900-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marcel\n        Proust]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Lima Barreto]], Brazilian writer (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Sam Thompson]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Godfrey\n        Chevalier]], American naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – [[Dimitrios Gounaris]], 94th Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Marcel Proust]], French author  (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Eduard Seler]], Prussian scholar and Mesoamericanist\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Robert Erskine Childers]], Irish\n        novelist and nationalist (executed) (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Demetrio Castillo Duany]], Cuban revolutionary, soldier, and politician\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9 Crest\\u00e9]], French\n        actor and director (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:President of Poland\n        Gabriel Narutowicz.PNG|thumb|90px|[[Gabriel Narutowicz]]]]\\n* [[December 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Wanamaker]], American businessman (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Hannes Hafstein]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Henry Pierrepoint]], British executioner (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Gabriel Narutowicz]], Polish professor and politician,\n        1st [[President of Poland]] (assassinated) (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[David Lindsay (explorer)|David Lindsay]], Australian explorer (b.\n        [[1856]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Niels Bohr|Niels Henrik David Bohr]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Francis William Aston]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Archibald\n        Vivian Hill]], [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jacinto Benavente]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Fridtjof\n        Nansen]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1922-pictures.html\n        1922 Coin Pictures]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1922}}\\n[[Category:1922| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T22:52:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":799800302,\"length\":66912,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1922&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922\"},\"34863\":{\"pageid\":34863,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1923\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T02:35:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1923}}\\n{{Events by month|1923}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1923}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1923}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1923}}\\n* [[January 1]]\n        – The Grouping: All major British railway companies are grouped into\n        four larger companies, under terms of the [[Railways Act 1921]].\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\u2013[[January 7|7]] – [[Rosewood massacre]], a violent, racially\n        motivated conflict in [[Florida]]. At least eight people are killed, and the\n        town of [[Rosewood, Florida|Rosewood]] is abandoned and destroyed.\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Lithuania]] begins the [[Klaip\\u0117da Revolt]] to annex the\n        [[Klaip\\u0117da Region]] (Memel Territory).\\n* [[January 11]] – Despite\n        strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium [[Occupation of the\n        Ruhr|occupy the Ruhr area]] to force Germany to make reparation payments.\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Juan de la Cierva]] invents the [[autogyro]], a rotary-winged\n        aircraft with an unpowered rotor.\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Elon College]]''s\n        campus in [[North Carolina]] is destroyed by a fire.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1923}}\\n*[[Norman Albert]] calls the first live broadcast\n        of an ice hockey game, the third period of an [[Ontario Hockey League]] Intermediate\n        playoff game on the [[Toronto]] station CFCA.{{cite news |work=Toronto\n        Star |date=February 9, 1923 |page=12 |author=Albert, Norman |title=Conacher\n        Scored Six for North Toronto}}{{cite book |author=Kitchen, Paul\n        |title=Win, Lose or Wrangle: The Inside Story of the Old Ottawa Senators -\n        1883-1935 |publisher=Penumbra Press |location=Manotick Ontario |page=246 |year=2008}}\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Billy Hughes]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Australia]],\n        after the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] refuses to govern\n        in coalition with him as the leader of the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist\n        Party]]. Hughes is succeeded by his [[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]],\n        [[Stanley Bruce]].\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Albert Einstein]] visits [[Barcelona]],\n        Spain, at the invitation of scientist [[Esteban Terradas i Illa]].\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1923}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** The {{USS|Connecticut|BB-18|6}}\n        is decommissioned.\\n** [[Eskom]], largest electricity producer in Africa,\n        is established in South Africa.\\n** Greece adopts the [[Gregorian calendar]].\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – This is the [[cover date]] of the first issue of ''''[[Time\n        (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine. Retired U.S. [[Speaker of the United States\n        House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph\n        G. Cannon]] appears on the first cover.\\n* [[March 6]] – The [[Egyptian\n        Feminist Union]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u062a\\u062d\\u0627\\u062f\n        \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0633\\u0627\\u0626\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0635\\u0631\\u064a),\n        the first nationwide [[Feminism|feminist]] movement in [[Egypt]], was founded\n        at the home of activist [[Huda Sha''arawi]].{{cite journal|author=Mariz\n        Tadros |title=Unity in diversity |journal=Al Ahram Weekly |date=18\\u201324\n        March 1999 |issue=421 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/421/li1.htm |accessdate=30\n        September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530205258/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/421/li1.htm\n        |archivedate=May 30, 2014 |df= }}{{cite book|author=Earl L. Sullivan|title=Women\n        in Egyptian Public Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y900ymkaKX4C&pg=PA172|accessdate=6\n        October 2014|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2354-0|page=172}}{{cite\n        web|author=Nadje S. Al Ali|title=Women\\u2019s Movements in the Middle East:\n        Case Studies of Egypt and Turkey|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/4889/2/UNRISD_Report_final.pdf|publisher=SOAS|accessdate=21\n        September 2014|format=Report}}\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Vladimir Lenin]]\n        suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak;\n        consequently he retires from his position as Chairman of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        government.\\n*[[March 14]] – [[Pete Parker]] calls the play-by-play\n        of the first ice hockey game ever broadcast on the radio in its entirety,\n        between the Regina Capitals and the [[Edmonton Eskimos (ice hockey)|Edmonton\n        Eskimos]] of the [[Western Canada Hockey League]].{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html?url=http%3A//www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php%3Fid%3D173\n        |title=Hooper, Albert W. \\\"Bert\\\" |last= |first= |date= |website=The History\n        of Canadian Broadcasting |publisher= |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}\n        \\n* [[March 28]] – ''''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'''', the air force of Fascist\n        Italy, is founded.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1923}}\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[Warner Bros.]] film studio is formally incorporated in the United\n        States as Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc. \\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Louis Armstrong]]\n        makes his first recording, \\\"Chimes Blues\\\", with [[King Oliver]]''s Creole\n        Jazz Band.\\n** The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed in [[Victoria\n        Institution]], [[Federated Malay States]].\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Kandersteg\n        International Scout Centre]] comes into existence in Switzerland.\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] opens its doors as the home\n        park of the [[New York Yankees]] [[baseball]] team in [[The Bronx]].\\n** [[Russia]]n\n        professional sports society club, [[Dynamo Sports Club|Dynamo Moscow]] founded.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** Hjalmar Branting leaves office\n        as [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], after the Swedish Riksdag has rejected a\n        government proposal regarding unemployment benefits.\\n** Right-wing academic\n        and jurist [[Ernst Trygger]] becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.\\n** [[Egyptian\n        Constitution of 1923]] adopted, introducing a [[parliamentary system]] of\n        democracy in the country.{{cite web|title=Constitutional history at a\n        glance|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/732/eg3.htm|work=Al-Ahram Weekly\n        On-line|date=3\\u20139 March 2005|issue=732|accessdate=2013-12-11}}\\n*\n        [[April 23]] – The [[Gdynia]] seaport is inaugurated on the [[Polish\n        Corridor]].\\n* [[April 26]] – Prince Albert, Duke of York (later [[George\n        VI]], King of the United Kingdom) [[Wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York,\n        and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|marries]] Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later [[Queen\n        Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]) in [[Westminster Abbey]].\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        The original [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] opened its doors for\n        the first time to the British public staging the [[FA Cup Final]] between\n        [[Bolton Wanderers]] and [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham Utd]].\\n\\n=== May\n        ===\\n{{Main article|May 1923}}\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Rahula College]] is\n        established in [[Ceylon]] with the name of \\\"Parakramabhahu Vidyalaya\\\".\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Liseberg]], an amusement park in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]],\n        opens.\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** Southeastern [[Michigan]] receives a record {{convert|15|cm|in}}\n        of snow after temperatures plummeted from 17 to 1 degrees between 1 and 6\n        pm on the previous day.{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/talesmay.php\n        |title=National Weather Service |publisher=Crh.noaa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-08-25}}\\n**\n        The premiere of [[Bertolt Brecht]]''s play ''''[[In the Jungle of Cities|In\n        the Jungle (Im Dickicht)]]'''' at the [[Residenz Theatre|Residenztheater]]\n        in [[Munich]] is interrupted by [[Nazism|Nazi]] demonstrators.\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – British Prime Minister [[Bonar Law | Andrew Bonar Law]] resigns due\n        to ill health.\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Stanley Baldwin]] appointed British Prime\n        Minister.\\n** Belgium''s ''''[[Sabena]]'''' Airlines is created.\\n \\n* [[May\n        24]] – The [[Irish Civil War]] ends.\\n* [[May 26]] – The first\n        [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] motor race is held, and is won by Andr\\u00e9 Lagache\n        and Ren\\u00e9 L\\u00e9onard.\\n* [[May 27]] – The [[Ku Klux Klan#The second\n        Klan: 1915\\u20131944|Ku Klux Klan]] in the United States defies a law requiring\n        publication of its members.\\n* [[May 28]] – Sri [[N. T. Rama Rao]] was\n        born\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1923}}\\n[[File:BASA-950K-3-110-1-Aleksandar\n        Stamboliyski in Paris, 1921 (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[June 9]]: Aleksandar\n        Stamboliyski]]\\n* [[June 9]] – A [[Bulgarian coup d''\\u00e9tat of 1923|military\n        coup]] in [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] ousts prime minister [[Aleksandar\n        Stamboliyski]] (he is killed [[June 14]]).\\n*[[June 12]] – [[William\n        Walton]]''s ''''[[Fa\\u00e7ade (suite)|Fa\\u00e7ade]]'''' is performed for the\n        first time.\\n* [[June 13]] – President [[Li Yuanhong]] of [[Republic\n        of China (1912\\u201349)|China]] abandons his residence because a warlord has\n        commanded forces to surround the mansion and cut off its water and electric\n        supplies, in order to force him to abandon his post.\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        The storming of [[Ayan, Russia|Ayan]] in [[Siberia]] concludes the [[Yakut\n        Revolt]] and the [[Russian Civil War]].\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Mount Etna]]\n        erupts in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], making 60,000 homeless.\\n* [[June 25]]\n        – [[FC Rapid Bucure\\u0219ti]] is formed on the initiative of the [[Grivi\\u021ba]]\n        railroad workers (first named CFR Bucure\\u0219ti).\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1923}}\\n* [[July 10]] – Large hailstones kill 23 in [[Rostov]],\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[July 13]] \\n** The [[Hollywood Sign]] is inaugurated\n        in [[California]] (originally reading ''''Hollywoodland'''').\\n** American\n        explorer [[Roy Chapman Andrews]] discovers the first dinosaur eggs near [[Flaming\n        Cliffs]], Mongolia.\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Pancho Villa]] is assassinated\n        at [[Hidalgo del Parral]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].\\n* [[July 24]]\n        – The [[Treaty of Lausanne]], settling the boundaries of the modern\n        [[Republic of Turkey]], is signed in Switzerland by [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]],\n        [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and other countries that fought in the First\n        World War, bringing an end to the [[Ottoman Empire]] after 624 years.\\n* ''''Undated''''\n        – Hyperinflation in Germany has seen the number of marks needed to purchase\n        a single American dollar reach 353,000 – more than 200 times the amount\n        needed at the start of the year.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1923}}\\n[[File:Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[August\n        3]]:  [[Calvin Coolidge]] is 30th [[President of the United States of America]].]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – President [[Warren G. Harding]], dies of a heart attack\n        and is succeeded by Vice President [[Calvin Coolidge]], who becomes the 30th\n        President of the United States.\\n* [[August 3]] – President Calvin Coolidge\n        is [[First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge|sworn in]].\\n* [[August 13]]\\n**\n        The first major seagoing ship arrives at Gdynia, the newly constructed [[Second\n        Polish Republic|Polish]] seaport.\\n** [[Gustav Stresemann]] is named [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] and founds a [[coalition\n        government]] for the [[Weimar Republic]], where hyperinflation means that\n        more than 4,600,000 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar.\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Club Necaxa|Necaxa]] football club is founded by engineer\n        William H. Frasser.\\n* [[August 30]] – Hurricane season begins, with\n        a tropical storm northeast of the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]].\\n* [[August\n        31]] – The Italian navy [[Corfu incident|occupies Corfu]] in retaliation\n        for the murder of an Italian officer. The [[League of Nations]] protests and\n        the occupation ends on [[September 30]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1923}}\\n* [[September 1]] – The [[Great Kant\\u014d earthquake]] devastates\n        Tokyo and [[Yokohama]], killing an estimated 142,807 people, but according\n        to a Japanese construction research center report in 2005, 105,000 are confirmed\n        dead.\\n* [[September 4]] – The [[United States Navy]]''s first home-built\n        rigid [[airship]] {{USS|Shenandoah|ZR-1}} makes her first flight at [[Naval\n        Air Engineering Station Lakehurst|Naval Air Station Lakehurst]] (New Jersey);\n        she contains most of the world''s extracted reserves of [[helium]] at this\n        time.Named and commissioned October 10. {{cite journal|last=Hayward|first=John\n        T.|title=Comment and Discussion|journal=United States Naval Institute Proceedings|date=August\n        1978}}\\n* [[September 7]] – At the International Police Conference\n        in Vienna, the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), better known\n        as [[Interpol]], is set up.\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Honda Point disaster]]:\n        Nine United States Navy [[destroyer]]s run aground off the [[California]]\n        coast.\\n* [[September 9]] – Turkish head of state [[Mustafa Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]]\n        founds the [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|Republican People''s Party]]\n        (CHP).\\n* [[September 10]] – The [[Irish Free State]] joins the [[League\n        of Nations]].\\n* [[September 13]] – Military coup in Spain: [[Miguel\n        Primo de Rivera]] takes over, setting up a [[dictatorship]]. [[Trade union]]s\n        are prohibited for 10 years.\\n* [[September 17]] – [[1923 Berkeley Fire]]:\n        A major fire in [[Berkeley, California]], erupts, consuming some 640 structures,\n        including 584 homes in the densely built neighborhoods north of the campus\n        of the [[University of California]].\\n* [[September 18]]–[[September\n        26|26]] – Newspaper printers strike in New York City.\\n* [[September\n        24]] – Second storm of the [[Atlantic hurricane season]], a major hurricane\n        north of [[Hispaniola]].\\n* [[September 26]] – In [[Bavaria]], [[Gustav\n        Ritter von Kahr]] takes dictatorial powers.\\n* [[September 29]] – The\n        [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate for Palestine]]\n        ([[1922]]) comes into effect, officially creating the [[protectorate]]s of\n        [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] as a [[homeland for the Jewish people]]\n        under British administration and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] as\n        a separate [[emirate]] under [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]].{{cite\n        book|url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F\n        |title=Palestine Royal Commission Report, Presented by the Secretary of State\n        for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty |series=Cmd. 5479\n        |publisher=His Majesty\\u2019s Stationery Office |location=London |date=July\n        1937 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127035141/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F\n        |archivedate=January 27, 2012 |df= }}\\n* September 29 – The [[French\n        Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]] takes effect.\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[K\\u00fcstrin Putsch]]: Outside Berlin, Major Ernst von Buchrucker, the leader\n        of the [[Black Reichswehr]] attempts a ''''putsch'''' by seizing several forts.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1923}}\\n[[File:Atat\\u00fcrk.jpg|thumb|145px|right|\n        [[October 29|Oct.29]]: [[Atat\\u00fcrk|Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]].]]\\n* [[October\n        2]] – After two days of siege, Major Buchrucker and his men surrender.\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – The great powers of World War I withdraw from [[Occupation\n        of Constantinople|Constantinople]].\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Ankara]] replaces\n        [[Constantinople]] as the capital of [[Turkey]].\\n** The first recorded example\n        of a [[1923 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Six|storm crossing from the\n        Eastern Pacific into the Atlantic]], occurred in [[Oaxaca]].\\n* [[October\n        14]] – Fourth tropical storm of the year, formed just north of [[Panama]].\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – Fifth tropical storm of the year, formed north of the\n        [[Leeward Islands]].\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** A sixth tropical storm develops\n        in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]; a rare occurrence, it consists of four active [[tropical\n        storm]]s simultaneously.\\n** [[Roy O. Disney|Roy]] and [[Walt Disney]] found\n        [[The Walt Disney Company]].\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Hamburg Uprising]]:\n        In Germany, the Communists attempt a \\\"[[putsch]]\\\" in Hamburg, which results\n        in street battles in that city for the next two days, when it ends unsuccessfully.\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – In Germany, General [[Hans von Seeckt]] orders the\n        ''''Reichswehr'''' to dissolve the Social Democratic-Communist government\n        of Saxony, which is refusing to accept the authority of the ''''Reich''''\n        government.\\n* [[October 28]] – In [[Qajar Dynasty|Persia]], [[Rez\\u0101\n        Sh\\u0101h|Reza Khan]] becomes [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]''s prime minister.\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Turkey]] becomes a [[republic]] following the dissolution of\n        the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]] is elected as first president.\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] is appointed as\n        the first prime minister of Turkey.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1923}}\\n* [[November 1]] – The Finnish flag carrier airline [[Finnair]]\n        is started as Aero oy.\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Beer Hall Putsch]]: In\n        [[Munich]], [[Adolf Hitler]] leads the [[Nazism|Nazis]] in an unsuccessful\n        attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the\n        attempt the next day.\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] is arrested\n        for his leading role in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], two days after the Putsch\n        was crushed by the government. 20 people died as a result of the associated\n        violence.\\n* [[November 12]] – Her Highness [[Princess Maud, Countess\n        of Southesk|Princess Maud of Fife]] marries Captain Charles Alexander Carnegie\n        in Wellington Barracks, London.\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Hyperinflation\n        in the Weimar Republic]]: [[Hyperinflation]] in Germany reaches its height.\n        One United States dollar is worth 4,200,000,000,000 [[German Papiermark|Papiermark]]{{cite\n        web|first=Stephen|last=Tonge|title=Weimar Germany 1919-1933|work=A Web of\n        English History|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm|accessdate=2012-03-14}}\n        (4.2 trillion on the [[short scale]]). [[Gustav Stresemann]] abolishes the\n        old currency and replaces it with the [[Rentenmark]] at an exchange rate of\n        one Rentenmark to 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion on the short scale) Papiermark\n        with effect from November 20.\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Gustav Stresemann]]''s\n        coalition government collapses in Germany.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1923}}\\n* [[December 1]] – In [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], the [[Gleno\n        Dam]] on the Gleno River in the Valle di Scalve in the northern Province of\n        Bergamo bursts, killing at least 356 people.d4ew220\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        In the [[United Kingdom general election, 1923 | general election]], the governing\n        [[Conservative Party (UK) | Conservatives]] under [[Stanley Baldwin]] are\n        reduced to a minority status, with the [[Labour Party (UK) | Labour party]]\n        gaining second party status. \\n* [[December 10]] – Sigma Alpha Kappa\n        (the first social fraternity at a Jesuit college in the United States) is\n        founded as a fraternal organization until the ban on social fraternities is\n        lifted.\\n* [[December 20]] – BEGGARS Fraternity (the second social fraternity\n        at a Jesuit college in the United States) is founded by nine men who have\n        secured permission to do so from the Pope.\\n* [[December 21]] – The\n        [[Nepal\\u2013Britain Treaty of 1923|Nepal\\u2013Britain Treaty]] is the first\n        to define the international status of [[Nepal]] as an independent sovereign\n        country.\\n* [[December 27]] – The crown prince of Japan survives an\n        assassination attempt in Tokyo.\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]]\n        files his first [[patent]] (in the United States) for \\\"television systems\\\".\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* Struggling for a foothold in southern [[Republic of China\n        (1912\\u201349)|China]], [[Sun Yat-sen]] decides to ally his Nationalist [[Kuomintang]]\n        party with [[Comintern]] and the [[Communist Party of China]].\\n* [[Johor\\u2013Singapore\n        Causeway]] completed.\\n* Police strike in Australia.\\n* The [[American Law\n        Institute]] is established.\\n* The [[Moderation League of New York]] becomes\n        part of the movement for the [[repeal of Prohibition in the United States]].\\n*\n        [[Marcel Duchamp]]''s artwork ''''[[The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors,\n        Even]]'''' (''''La mari\\u00e9e mise \\u00e0 nu par ses c\\u00e9libataires, m\\u00eame''''\n        or ''''The Large Glass'''') is completed in the United States.\\n* [[Rainbow\n        trout]] introduced into the upper [[Firehole River]] in [[Yellowstone National\n        Park]], United States.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Paavo Lonkila.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paavo\n        Lonkila]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Valentina Cortese]], Italian actress\\n**\n        [[Vulo Radev]], Bulgarian film director (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Rom\\u00e9o Sabourin]],\n        Canadian World War II spy  (d. [[1944]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Abdel\n        Aziz Mohamed Hegazy]], 38th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Hank Stram]], American football coach and broadcaster (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Sam Phillips]], American record producer (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]]\\n** [[Norman Kirk]], 29th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d.\n        [[1974]])\\n** [[Jacobo Timerman]], Argentine writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Hugh Kenner]], Canadian literary critic (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January\n        8]]\\n** [[Larry Storch]], American actor\\n** [[Johnny Wardle]], English cricketer\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\n** [[Paavo Lonkila]], Finnish Olympic cross-country\n        skiier\\n** [[Ernst Nolte]], German historian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Ira Hayes]], U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. [[1955]])\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Lee Teng-hui]], Taiwanese politician, 4th [[President\n        of the Republic of China (Taiwan)]] and the \\\"father of Taiwan''s democracy\\\"\\n*\n        [[January 16]]\\n** [[Anthony Hecht]], American poet (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Walther\n        Wever (pilot)|Walther Wever]], German fighter ace (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Jean Stapleton]], American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] \\n** [[Slim Whitman]], American country and western musician (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Nora Brockstedt]], Norwegian singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 22]] –\n        [[Diana Douglas]], British-born American actress; mother of actor/producer\n        [[Michael Douglas]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Cot Deal]], American\n        major league baseball player and coach (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Stephanie Kwolek]],\n        inventor of \\\"[[Kevlar]] fibers\\\" (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Arvid Carlsson]], Swedish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Anne Jeffreys]], American actress\n        and singer\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Paddy Chayefsky]], American writer\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Norman Mailer]], American writer\n        and journalist (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[James\n        Dickey]], American poet and author (''''Deliverance'''') (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Red Schoendienst]], American baseball player\\n** [[Liz Smith (journalist)|Liz\n        Smith]], American gossip columnist\\n** [[Clem Windsor]], Australian rugby\n        union player and surgeon (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Edith Barney]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**\n        [[Conrad Bain]], Canadian-born actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Belisario Betancur]],\n        Colombian politician and the 26th [[President of Colombia]]\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[Fatmawati]] First Lady of Indonesia (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood]] and first grandchild\n        of King George V (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Urpo Korhonen]],\n        Finnish Olympic cross-country skiier (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Brendan Behan]], Irish author (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n**[[Allie\n        Sherman]], American professional football coach (d. [[2015]])\\n**[[Cesare\n        Siepi]], Italian opera singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Franco\n        Zeffirelli]], Italian film and opera director\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Yfrah\n        Neaman]], Lebanese-born violinist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Chuck Yeager]], American\n        test pilot and ''''NASA'''' official\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Samuel Willenberg]],\n        Polish-born Israeli sculptor and painter, last surviving member of the [[Treblinka\n        extermination camp]] revolt (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Jun\n        Fukuda]], Japanese film director (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 20]] –\n        [[Forbes Burnham]], Guyanese politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Guyana]]\n        and 2nd [[President of Guyana]] (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Wilbur\n        R. Ingalls, Jr.]], American architect (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Norman Smith (record producer)|Norman Smith]], English singer and record\n        producer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Mary Francis Shura]], American\n        writer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Ioannis Grivas]], Greek judge and politician, 176th\n        [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[John van Hengel]], American\n        \\\"Father of Food Banking\\\" (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[David\n        Soyer]], American cellist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Dexter\n        Gordon]], American jazz saxophone player and actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** [[Jean Carson]], American actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Charles Durning]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Orrin\n        Keepnews]], American record producer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Robert H. Michel]],\n        American Republican Party politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Doc Watson]], American folk guitarist and songwriter (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March\n        4]] \\n** [[Piero D''Inzeo]], Italian Olympic show jumping rider (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        Sir [[Patrick Moore]], British astronomer and broadcaster (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n** [[Ed McMahon]], American television personality (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Wes Montgomery]], American musician (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Mahlon Clark]], American musician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Louk\n        Hulsman]], Dutch criminologist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n**[[James L.\n        Buckley]], American politician and [[United States Senator]] 1971-77\\n**[[Walter\n        Kohn]], Austrian-born physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Val Logsdon Fitch]], American nuclear\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 11]]\\n** [[Paul Muller (actor)|Paul Muller]], Swiss actor\\n** [[Agatha\n        Barbara]], Maltese politician (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Hjalmar\n        Andersen]], Norwegian speed-skater (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Wally Schirra]], American\n        astronaut (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mae Young]], American wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Diane Arbus]], American photographer (d. [[1971]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]]\\n** [[Willy Semmelrogge]], German actor (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Lou\n        Richards]], Australian footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Merle\n        Keagle]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1960]])\\n** Shri\n        Mataji [[Nirmala Srivastava]], Indian founder of Sahaja Yoga (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[March 22]] – [[Marcel Marceau]], world-renowned French [[Mime artist|mime]]\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Murray Hamilton]], American actor (d.\n        [[1986]])\\n** [[Michael Legat]], English writer (d. 2011)\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Wim van Est]], Dutch cyclist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 26]] –\n        [[Bob Elliott (comedian)|Bob Elliott]], American comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]] – [[Louis Simpson]], Jamaican-born poet (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – [[Thad Jones]], American jazz musician (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Geoff Duke]], British motorcycle racer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Milton Acorn]], Canadian writer (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Shoshana Damari]], Yemenite-Israeli singer (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n[[File:Aaron Spelling TWA ad photo.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Aaron Spelling]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Alice Haylett]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[G. Spencer-Brown]], British mathematician (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Gloria Henry]], American actress\\n** [[Johnny Paton]], Scottish football\n        player, coach and manager (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Gene Reynolds]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Peter Vaughan]], English actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April\n        5]] – [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]], President of South Vietnam\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[George Fisher (cartoonist)|George Fisher]],\n        American political cartoonist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Edward Mulhare]], Irish-born\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Don Adams]], American\n        actor and comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Roberto De Vicenzo]],\n        Argentine professional golfer and winner of the [[1967 Open Championship]]\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Douglas Wass]], British civil servant\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Mother Angelica]], American nun; founder\n        of the Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Irene Lieblich]],\n        Polish-born painter (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Geoffrey Hattersley-Smith]],\n        English/Canadian [[geologist]] and [[glacier|glaciologist]] (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Bettie Page]], American model (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Paula Fox]], American\n        writer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Aaron Spelling]], American television producer\n        and writer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Dolph Briscoe]], Governor\n        of Texas (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[B\\u00fclent Ulusu]], 18th\n        Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Albert King]],\n        American musician (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[April 30]]\\n** [[Al Lewis (actor)|Al\n        Lewis]], American actor (''''The Munsters'''') (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Francis\n        Tucker]], South African Rally Driver (d. [[2008]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Heydar\n        Aliyev 1997.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Heydar Aliyev]]]]\\n[[File:Horst Tappert retouched.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Horst\n        Tappert]]]]\\n[[File:Henry Kissinger Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henry\n        Kissinger]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\n** [[Joseph Heller]], American novelist (''''Catch-22'''')\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Frank Brian]], American basketball player (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Fernando Cabrita]], Portuguese football forward and manager (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Patrick Hillery]], [[President of Ireland]] (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Ralph Hall]], American politician\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Assi\n        Rahbani]], [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] composer, musician, conductor, poet and author\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Eric Sykes]], English actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 5]]\n        \\n** [[Richard Wollheim]], English philosopher (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Konrad\n        Repgen]], German historian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Josep Seguer]],\n        Spanish football defender and manager (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Anne\n        Baxter]], American actress (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[J. Mack Robinson]], American\n        businessman (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jim Lowe]], American singer-songwriter (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Heydar Aliyev]], 3rd [[President of Azerbaijan]]\n        (1993\\u20132003) (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Louise Arnold (baseball)|Louise\n        Arnold]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May\n        14]]\\n** [[Willis Blair]], Canadian politician (d. [[2014]]) \\n** [[Mrinal\n        Sen]], Indian filmmaker\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Doris Dowling]], American actress\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Gholamreza Pahlavi]], Persian prince (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[John Lanchbery]], English composer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Merton\n        Miller]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\n** [[David Wasawo]], Kenyan\n        zoologist, conservationist, and university administrator (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Mennin]], American composer, teacher and administrator (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Hugh Shearer]], [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]] (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[Armand Borel]], Swiss mathematician (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Dorothy\n        Hewett]], Australian writer (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Evelyn Ward]], American actress\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Ara Parseghian]], American football coach\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Kalidas Shrestha]], Nepalese artist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Knut Ahnlund]], Swedish literary historian and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Seijun Suzuki]], Japanese filmmaker, actor, and screenwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]]\\n** [[James Arness]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Roy Dotrice]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Horst Tappert]], German television actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Alfonso Wong]], Hong Kong cartoonist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Henry\n        Kissinger]], [[United States Secretary of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Sumner Redstone]], American businessman\\n* [[May 28]]\\n**\n        [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Ligeti]], Hungarian composer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Nandamuri Taraka\n        Rama Rao]], Indian (Telugu) film actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[T. M. Thiagarajan]],\n        Carnatic musicologist from Tamil Nadu in Southern India (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] \\n** [[Robert O. Becker]], American orthopedic surgeon (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]] (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Ellsworth Kelly]], American\n        artist (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Ted Leehane]], Australian\n        rules footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Lloyd Shapley]], American mathematician\n        and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Peter\n        Thorne (RAF officer)|Peter Thorne]], Royal Air Force pilot (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Elizabeth Jolley]], Australian writer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\n** [[V. C. Andrews]], American novelist (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Jeff\n        Dwire]], American small businessman (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[June 7]] \\n** [[Jean\n        Baratte]], French international footballer who played as striker, and manager\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Giorgio Belladonna]], Italian bridge player, one of the\n        greatest of all time (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Gerald G\\u00f6tting]],\n        German politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Robert Maxwell]],\n        Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\n** [[Herta\n        Elviste]], Estonian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Juan Arza]], Spanish football\n        forward and manager (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Lloyd Conover]],\n        American scientist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Jack Hayward]],\n        English businessman (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Herbert Chitepo]],\n        Leader of Zimbabwe African National Union (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Johnny Most]],\n        American basketball radio announcer (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Arnold\n        S. Relman]], American internist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Enrique Angelelli]], Argentine\n        bishop (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[W. M. Gorman]], Irish economist and academic (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n** [[William G. Adams]], ninth mayor of St. John''s and a member\n        of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Anthony\n        Bevilacqua]], American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Jan Vesel\\u00fd (cyclist)|Jan Vesel\\u00fd]], Czech cyclist (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Szymon Szurmiej]], Polish-Jewish actor, director, and\n        general manager (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Bj\\u00f8rn Watt-Boolsen]],\n        Danish actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Johann Eyfells]], Master of\n        Fine Arts\\n** [[John Oldham (basketball)|John Oldham]], American college player,\n        athletic director and basketball coach\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Barbara Perry\n        (actress)|Barbara Perry]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n** [[Felo\n        Ram\\u00edrez]], Cuban-American Spanish language radio voice of the Miami Marlins\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 23]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Antunes]], Portuguese sports\n        shooter\\n** [[Doris Johnson]], American politician\\n** [[Makhmut Gareev]],\n        Russian general\\n** [[Jerry Rullo]], American professional basketball player\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]], Sri Lanka statesman, 3rd [[President\n        of Sri Lanka]] (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[John E. Sarno]], American medical writers\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|N\\u00e9govan\n        Rajic|fr|3=N\\u00e9govan Rajic}}, Newsreader and playwright from Quebec\\n**\n        [[Yves Bonnefoy]], French poet and art historian (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Cesare\n        Romiti]], Italian economist\\n** [[T-Model Ford]], American blues musician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Stan Clements]], English footballer who\n        played\\n** [[Vatroslav Mimica]], Croatian film director and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Doug Everingham]], Australian politician and minister (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Sam Francis]], American painter (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Ed Bearss]],\n        American veteran of World War II\\n** [[Musa''id bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Saudi\n        prince (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Mitchell Flint]], American lawyer\n        and a veteran aviator\\n** [[Beth Chatto]], British plantswoman, garden designer\n        and author\\n** [[Gus Zernial]], American baseball player and sports commentator\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Giff Roux]], American basketball player\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gaye Stewart]], Canadian ice hockey forward (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Daniil Khrabrovitsky]], Soviet film director (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[June 29]]\n        \\n** [[Alfred Goodwin]],  senior judge on the United States Court of Appeals\n        for the Ninth Circuit\\n** [[Chou Wen-chung]], Chinese-American composer and\n        educator\\n** [[Olav Thon]], Norwegian real estate magnate\\n* [[June 30]] \\n**\n        [[Andy Jack]], English footballer\\n** [[Ivo Orlandi]], Venezuelan sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Gad Beck]], Israeli-German educator, author, activist, and survivor of the\n        Holocaust (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Wojciech Jaruzelski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wojciech\n        Jaruzelski]]]]\\n[[File:Harrison Dillard 1952.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harrison Dillard]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Scotty Bowers]], American Marine and author\\n** [[Herman\n        Chernoff]], American applied mathematician, statistician and physicist\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Wis\\u0142awa Szymborska]], Polish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Hugo\n        Machado (cyclist)|Hugo Machado]], Uruguayan cyclist\\n** [[Felipe Zetter]],\n        Mexican football defender (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Rudolf Friedrich]],\n        Swiss Federal Councilor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[George Mostow]], American mathematician,\n        renowned for his contributions to Lie theory (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Mitsuye Yamada]],  Japanese American activist, feminist, essayist, poet,\n        story writer, editor, and former professor of English.\\n** [[Hermann Gummel]],\n        German pioneer in the semiconductor industry\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Wojciech\n        Jaruzelski]], Polish Communist politician, 8th [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\n        and [[List of Polish heads of state (1918\\u2013present)|President of Poland]]\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Chandrashekhar]], Indian film actor\\n**\n        [[Whitney North Seymour, Jr.]], American administrator\\n** [[Leonardo Ferrel]],\n        Bolivian football player\\n** [[Kitty White]], American jazz singer (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 8]] \\n** [[Harrison Dillard]], American athlete\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Jeanine Collard|fr|3=Jeanine Collard}}, French singer\\n** [[Ivor\n        Germain]], Barbadian professional light/welterweight boxer\\n** [[Eric Hill\n        (cricketer)|Eric Hill]], English cricketer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 9]] –\n        [[Jill Knight]], British politician\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s\n        T\\u00edm\\u00e1r]], Hungarian politician and economist\\n** [[Rudolf Kehrer]],\n        Soviet and Russian classical pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[John Bradley (United\n        States Navy)|John Bradley]], U.S. Navy flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\n** [[Roy Neighbors]], American politician\\n** [[Richard Pipes]],\n        Polish-American academic who specializes in Russian history\\n** [[Olavo Rodrigues\n        Barbosa]], Brazilian football player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gilbert Morand]],\n        French non-commissioned officer and skier (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\n**\n        [[James E. Gunn (writer)|James E. Gunn]],  American science fiction writer,\n        editor, scholar, and anthologist\\n** [[Francisco Castro (athlete)|Francisco\n        Castro]], Puerto Rican long jumper and triple jumper\\n** [[Freddie Fields]],\n        American theatrical agent and film producer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Erich Lessing]], Austrian photographer\\n** [[Shmuel Laviv-Lubin]], Israeli\n        sports shooter\\n** [[Alexandre Astruc]], French film critic and director (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Norma Zimmer]], American singer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Dale Robertson]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 15]] –\n        [[Francisco de Andrade]], Portuguese competitive sailor and Olympic medalist\\n*\n        [[July 16]]\\n** [[Mari Evans]], African-American poet (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Len\n        Okrie]], American catcher\\n** [[Chris Argyris]], American business theorist\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Madini]], Italian professional football player\\n*\n        [[July 18]]\\n** [[Michael Medwin]], English actor\\n** [[Jerome H. Lemelson]],\n        American inventor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[July 19]] – {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Jos\\u00e9 Mo\\u00ebs|fr|3=Jos\\u00e9 Mo\\u00ebs}}, Belgian footballer\\n*\n        [[July 20]]\\n** [[James Bree (actor)|James Bree]], British actor (d. [[2008]])\\n**[[Stanis\\u0142aw\n        Albinowski]], Polish economist and journalist (d. [[2005]])\\n**[[Elisabeth\n        Becker]], German Nazi war criminal (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Rudolph\n        A. Marcus]], Canadian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Walter Brenner]], American professor\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Anthony Enahoro]],\n        Nigerian politician (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bob Dole]], American politician and\n        Presidential candidate\\n** [[The Fabulous Moolah]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Indian singer (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Luis Aloma|Witto Aloma]], Cuban [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Estelle Getty]], American actress\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[H. S. S. Lawrence]], Indian educator\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\n** [[Jim Marshall (businessman)|Jim Marshall]],\n        founder of [[Marshall Amplification]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Edgar Cortright]],\n        American scientist and engineer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Stephanie\n        Kwolek]], American chemist noted for inventing Kevlar (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jean-Jacques\n        Moreau]], French mathematician and mechanician (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n[[File:Shimon Peres by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shimon Peres]]]]\\n[[File:Chuck\n        Kennedy - The Official White House Photostream - P060409CK-0199 (pd).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope\n        Shenouda III of Alexandria]]]]\\n[[File:Rhonda Fleming - publicity.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Rhonda\n        Fleming]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Shimon Peres]], 8th [[Prime Minister\n        of Israel]], 9th [[President of Israel]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Jean Hagen]], American actress (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria]], Pope of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church\n        of Alexandria]] (d. 2012)\\n* [[August 5]] \\n** Sir [[Michael Kerry]], [[Queen''s\n        Counsel|QC]], British civil servant, [[Treasury Solicitor|Procurator General\n        and Treasury Solicitor]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Devan Nair]], third [[President\n        of Singapore]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Moira Lister]], Anglo-South\n        African film, stage and television actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 8]] –\n        [[Eve Miller]], American actress (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[David\n        H. Rodgers]], American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Rhonda Fleming]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Fred Ridgway]], English cricketer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[Rose Marie]], American actress\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Mill\\u00f4r\n        Fernandes]], Brazilian cartoonist and playwright (d. 2012)\\n* [[August 19]]\n        \\n** [[Dill Jones]], Welsh jazz stride pianist (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Esmeralda\n        Agoglia]], Argentinian ballerina (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Jim\n        Reeves]], American country singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Larry\n        Grayson]], English comedian and game show host (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – [[Carolina Slim]], American [[Piedmont blues]] singer and guitarist\n        (d. [[1953]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Henry F. Warner]], American soldier,\n        Medal of Honor (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Siti Hartinah]], First Lady of Indonesia\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Arthur Jensen]], American educational\n        psychologist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Luis Abanto Morales]],\n        Peruvian singer and composer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Wolfgang\n        Sawallisch]], German conductor and pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Hun Neang]], father of Cambodian Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] (d.\n        [[2013]]) \\n* [[August 29]]\\n** Sir [[Richard Attenborough]], English actor\n        and film director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North\n        Bradley]], chairman of the BBC (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Giacomo\n        Rondinella]], Italian singer and actor (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Lee\n        Kuan Yew.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lee Kuan Yew]]]]\\n[[File:ReginaAnaARomaniei.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Queen\n        Anne of Romania|Anne of Romania]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Rocky Marciano]],\n        American boxer (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet|Kenneth\n        Thomson]], Canadian businessman and art collector (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Ram\\u00f3n Vald\\u00e9s]], Mexican actor, Don Ram\\u00f3n in El\n        Chavo del Ocho (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Glen Bell]], American\n        entrepreneur and founder of [[Taco Bell]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Mort Walker]],\n        American cartoonist, creator of ''''Beetle Bailey''''\\n* [[September 4]] –\n        [[Ram Kishore Shukla]], Indian politician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 6]]\n        – King [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]] (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n**\n        [[Madeleine Dring]], British composer and actress (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Lawford]], English actor (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[September 9]]\\n**[[Daniel Carleton\n        Gajdusek]], American virologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (d. [[2008]])\\n**[[Cliff Robertson]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Vasilije Mokranjac]], Serbian composer (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime\n        Minister]] of [[Singapore]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Hank\n        Williams]], American country musician (d. [[1953]])\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Queen Anne of Romania]], born Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, French-born\n        queen consort (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Geraldine Clinton\n        Little]], Northern Ireland-born poet (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Dannie Abse]], Welsh poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Li\n        Yuan-tsu]], Taiwanese politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\n** [[Dev\n        Anand]], Indian actor, film producer, writer and director (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Aleksandr Alov]], Soviet film director and screenwriter (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[James Condon]], Australian actor (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Donald Swann]], Welsh composer (d. [[1994]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Charlton\n        Heston - 1953.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charlton Heston]]]]\\n[[File:Roy Lichtenstein.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roy\n        Lichtenstein]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Eugenio Cruz Vargas]], Chilean poet\n        and painter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Absal\\u00f3n Castellanos Dom\\u00ednguez]],\n        Mexican politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Shih Chun-jen]], Taiwanese neurosurgeon\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Edward Oliver LeBlanc]], Dominican politician\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Skrowaczewski]], Polish-born orchestral\n        conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Charlton Heston]], American\n        actor, best known for his role in ''''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The\n        Ten Commandments]]'''' (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Albert Gu\\u00f0mundsson]],\n        Icelandic football player and politician (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Glynis Johns]],\n        South African-born Welsh actress\\n** [[Ricardo Lavi\\u00e9]], Argentine actor\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Yasar Kemal]], Turkish writer (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Irma Grese]], German Nazi concentration\n        camp guard, war criminal (executed [[1945]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[James\n        Jabara|James \\\"Jabby\\\" Jabara]], American aviator, the first American jet\n        fighter ace  (d. [[1966]])\\n** [[Murray Walker]], British motor racing commentator\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Faas Wilkes]], Dutch football (soccer) player (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Italo Calvino]], Italian writer (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Charles McClendon]], American Hall of\n        Fame college football coach (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Otfried\n        Preu\\u00dfler]], German children''s books author (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Frank Sutton]], American actor (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        \\n** Sir [[Robin Day]], British political broadcaster (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Denise\n        Levertov]], British-born American poet (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        [[J. Esmonde Barry]], Canadian healthcare activist and political commentator\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Roy Lichtenstein]],  American pop\n        artist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\n** [[Carl Djerassi]], American chemist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs]], Dutch athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Alan B. Shepard 1970.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alan Shepard]]]]\\n[[File:Nadine\n        Gordimer 01.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Nadine Gordimer]]]]\\n[[File:Mauno Koivisto.png|110px|thumb|[[Mauno\n        Koivisto]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Victoria de los \\u00c1ngeles]], Catalan\n        soprano (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Gordon R. Dickson]], Canadian author (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[November 2]] – [[Cesare Rubini]], Italian basketball player and coach\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Tom\\u00e1s \\u00d3 Fiaich|Tom\\u00e1s\n        Cardinal \\u00d3 Fiaich]], Irish Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[John Herbers]], American journalist, author, editor, World War\n        II veteran, and Pulitzer Prize finalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n**\n        [[Rudolf Augstein]], German journalist, founder and part-owner of German magazine\n        Der Spiegel (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Kay Lionikas]], Greek-American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Yisrael Friedman (Pashkaner\n        Rebbe)|Yisrael Friedman]], Romanian-born Israeli rabbi (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Kilby]], American electrical engineer, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[P. K. van der Byl]], Rhodesian\n        politician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Vicco von B\\u00fclow]],\n        German actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Linda Christian]],\n        Mexican film actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Cleyde Y\\u00e1conis]],\n        Brazilian actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Misael Pastrana Borrero]], 23rd President\n        of Colombia (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Aristides Pereira|Aristides\n        Maria Pereira]], [[President of Cape Verde]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 18]]\n        – [[Alan Shepard]], first American astronaut, fifth person to walk on\n        the moon (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Nadine Gordimer]], South\n        African writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Arthur Hiller]], Canadian film director (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n**[[Billy Haughton]], American harness driver and trainer\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n**[[Julien J. LeBourgeois]], American vice admiral (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[Gloria\n        Whelan]], American poet, short story writer, and novelist\\n* [[November 25]]\n        – [[Mauno Koivisto]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and 9th [[President\n        of Finland]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Pat Phoenix]], English\n        actress (d. [[1986]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Dick Shawn 1964.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Dick\n        Shawn]]]]\\n[[File:Maria Callas (La Traviata) 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Maria Callas]]]]\\n[[File:Ted\n        Knight 1977.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ted Knight]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Barker at WWE crop.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Bob\n        Barker]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\n**[[Dick Shawn]], American actor (d. [[1987]])\\n**[[Stansfield\n        Turner]], American admiral and Director of Central Intelligence\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Maria Callas]], Greek soprano (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[December 3]]\\n**[[Dede\n        Allen]], American film editor (\\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\") (d. [[2010]])\\n**[[Moyra\n        Fraser]], British actress (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Abe Pollin]], American sports\n        owner (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Eleanor Dapkus]], American\n        female professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 7]] –\n        [[Ted Knight]], American actor (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Philip\n        Slier]], Dutch Jewish typesetter (d. [[1943]])\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[Betsy Blair]], American film actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 12]] –\n        [[Bob Barker]], American game show host (''''The Price Is Right'''')\\n* [[December\n        13]]\\n** [[Philip Warren Anderson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Larry Doby]], baseball player (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Antoni T\\u00e0pies]], Catalan painter (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n**\n        [[Gerard Reve]], Dutch writer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Sully Boyar]], American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Freeman Dyson]], English-born\n        physicist\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Jaroslav Pelikan]], American historian\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Gordon Jackson (actor)|Gordon Jackson]],\n        Scottish actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[TL Osborn]], American\n        televangelist, singer and author (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[James Stockdale]], U.S.\n        Navy admiral and vice presidential candidate (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[George Patton IV]], American general (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December\n        25]]\\n** [[Luis \\u00c1lamos]], Chilean football manager (d. [[1983]])\\n**\n        [[Sonya Olschanezky]], World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Satyananda\n        Saraswati]], Founder of Satyananda Yoga and Bihar Yoga (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Girard]], French-American historian (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Lucas Mangope]], President of Bophuthatswana Bantustan\\n* [[December 29]]\n        – [[Dina Merrill]], American actress, heiress, socialite, and philanthropist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n=== January–June ===\\n[[File:Constantine_I_of_Greece.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Constantine I of Greece]]]]\\n[[File:Ribot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexandre Ribot]]]]\\n[[File:Roentgen2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm\n        R\\u00f6ntgen]]]]\\n[[File:Freycinet2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles de Freycinet]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Willie Keeler]], American baseball player and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Jaroslav Ha\\u0161ek]],\n        Czech writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Katherine Mansfield]], British\n        novelist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters]], British\n        couple hanged for murder (Thompson b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 11]] –\n        [[Constantine I of Greece]], King of Greece (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Herbert Silberer]], Austrian psychoanalyst (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Alexandre Ribot]], French statesman, 4-Time [[Prime Minister\n        of France]] (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Wallace Reid]], American\n        actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Max Nordau]], Hungarian author,\n        philosopher, and Zionist leader (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Eligiusz\n        Niewiadomski]], Polish artist, political activist and assassin (executed)\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Ernst Troeltsch]], German theologian\n        (b. [[1865]]).\\n* [[February 3]] – Count [[Kuroki Tamemoto]], Japanese\n        general (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Prince Fushimi Sadanaru]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Count Erich Kielmansegg]], former\n        Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Wilhelm\n        R\\u00f6ntgen]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Th\\u00e9ophile Delcass\\u00e9]],\n        French statesman (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Edward W. Morley]],\n        American physicists and chemist (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Joseph\n        McDermott (actor)|Joseph McDermott]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Sarah\n        Bernhardt]], French actress (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[March 27]] – Sir [[James\n        Dewar]], British chemist (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Michel-Joseph\n        Maunoury]], French general (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Prince Naruhisa\n        Kitashirakawa]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[John Venn]], British\n        mathematician (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[George Herbert, 5th Earl\n        of Carnarvon]], British financier of Egyptian excavations (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Madre Teresa Nuzzo]], Maltese [[Roman Catholic]] nun\n        and blessed (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Princess Louise of Prussia]],\n        Grand Duchess of Baden (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[William Ernest,\n        Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Charles\n        de Freycinet]], French statesman, 4-time [[Prime Minister of France]] (b.\n        [[1828]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg]] (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\n** [[Hans Goldschmidt]], German chemist (b. [[1861]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Kent (actor)|Charles Kent]], British actor (b.  [[1852]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Albert Deullin]], French flying ace of World War I (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom]], third daughter\n        of [[Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Pierre Loti]],\n        French writer and naval officer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Isabelle\n        Bogelot]], French philanthropist (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Hristo\n        Smirnenski]], Bulgarian poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Edith\n        S\\u00f6dergran]], Finnish author (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n=== July–December\n        ===\\n[[File:Dupuy.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Charles Dupuy]]]]\\n[[File:Warren\n        G Harding-Harris & Ewing.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Warren G. Harding]]]]\\n[[File:Kat%C5%8D_Tomosabur%C5%8D.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Kato\n        Tomosaburo]]]]\\n[[File:Juliusthirumeni.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Antonio\n        Francisco Xavier Alvares]]]]\\n[[File:Gustave Eiffel 1888 Nadar2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustave\n        Eiffel]]]]\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Albert Chevalier]], British music hall\n        comedian (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Pancho Villa]], Mexican revolutionary\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Charles Dupuy]], French\n        statesman, 3-Time [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 30]]\n        – [[Charles Hawtrey (actor born 1858)|Charles Hawtrey]], British actor\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Warren G. Harding]], 29th [[President\n        of the United States]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Victor II,\n        Duke of Ratibor]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Joaqu\\u00edn Sorolla]],\n        Spanish painter (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Henry C. Mustin]],\n        American naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Kat\\u014d\n        Tomosabur\\u014d]], Imperial Japanese naval officer, 21st [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Edward Hill (painter)|Edward\n        Hill]], American painter (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Hermes\n        Rodrigues da Fonseca]], Brazilian soldier and politician, 8th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Stefanos Dragoumis]],\n        92nd [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Antonio\n        Francisco Xavier Alvares]], Indian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b.\n        [[1836]])\\n** [[Carl L. Boeckmann]], Norwegian-American artist (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn]], British politician and\n        editor (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** [[Theodor Reuss]], German occultist\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Stojan Proti\\u0107]], Serbian statesman, former Prime\n        Minister of Yugoslavia (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Bonar Law]],\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 9]] (among\n        those killed in [[Munich]] Beer Hall Putsch):\\n** [[Oskar K\\u00f6rner]], businessman\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Karl Laforce]], student (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Ludwig Maximilian\n        Erwin von Scheubner-Richter]], diplomat and revolutionary (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Prince Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and\n        Teviotdale]] (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan]],\n        former Emir of Afghanistan (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Martha\n        Mansfield]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Tom\\u00e1s\n        Bret\\u00f3n]], Spanish composer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[John\n        William Brodie-Innes]], British member of Golden Dawn (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Raymond Radiguet]], French author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Th\\u00e9ophile Steinlen]], Swiss painter (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Georg Luger]], German firearms designer (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] – [[William Ludwig (singer)|William Ludwig]], Irish opera singer\n        (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Gustave Eiffel]], French engineer\n        and architect ([[Eiffel Tower]]) (b. [[1832]])\\n** [[Llu\\u00eds Dom\\u00e8nech\n        i Montaner]], Spanish architect (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Frank\n        Hayes (actor)|Frank Hayes]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n* [[Edmund William Berridge]], British medical doctor (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[Dorila Antommarchi]], Colombian poet (b. 1850s)\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Robert\n        Andrews Millikan]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Fritz\n        Pregl]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]\n        – [[Frederick Banting|Frederick Grant Banting]], [[John James Rickard\n        Macleod]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[William Butler\n        Yeats]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{commons category|1923|position=left}}\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1923}}\\n[[Category:1923|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T02:35:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":799826491,\"length\":61034,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1923&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923\"},\"34675\":{\"pageid\":34675,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1924\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T21:03:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=February\n        2017}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events by month|1924}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1924}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1924}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:1924WOlympicPoster.jpg|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1924\n        Winter Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main article|January 1924}}\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        The British submarine ''''[[HMS L24|L-24]]'''' sinks in the [[English Channel]];\n        43 lives are lost.\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Gopinath Saha]] shoots a man\n        he erroneously thinks is [[Charles Tegart|Sir Charles Tegart]], the police\n        commissioner of [[Calcutta]], and is arrested soon after.\\n* [[January 21]]\\n**\n        [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|The Earl of Athlone]] is appointed\n        the [[Governor-General of the Union of South Africa]] and [[High Commissioner\n        for Southern Africa]].[http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/sa_gg/\n        Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices: South Africa: Governors-General:\n        1910-1961] (Accessed on 14 April 2017)\\n** Following the death of [[Vladimir\n        Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]] immediately begins to purge his rivals to clear\n        the way for his leadership.\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Ramsay MacDonald]]\n        becomes the first [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]].\\n* [[January 23]] – The [[Soviet Union]] officially declares\n        that [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] died [[January 21]].\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        The [[1924 Winter Olympics]] open in [[Chamonix]], in the French [[Alps]].\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – Petrograd ([[Saint Petersburg]]) is renamed [[Leningrad]].\n        It reverts to Saint Petersburg in [[1991]].\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Vladimir\n        Lenin|Lenin]] is buried in [[Lenin''s Mausoleum]] in Moscow''s [[Red Square]].\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1924}}\\n* [[February 1]] – The\n        [[United Kingdom]] recognizes the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[GMT]]: A radio time signal is broadcast for the first time from the [[Royal\n        Greenwich Observatory]].\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Capital punishment]]:\n        The first state execution using [[gas]] in the United States takes place in\n        [[Nevada]].\\n* [[February 12]] – ''''[[Rhapsody in Blue]]'''', by [[George\n        Gershwin]], is first performed in New York City at [[Aeolian Hall (Manhattan)|Aeolian\n        Hall]].\\n* [[February 14]] – The [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]]\n        (CTR), based in the U.S. state of New York, is renamed [[IBM|International\n        Business Machines (IBM)]].\\n* [[February 16]]-[[February 26]] – Dock\n        strikes break out in various U.S. harbors.\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Treaty\n        of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]]: Agreement for the [[Kingdom of Italy]] to\n        annexe the [[Free State of Fiume]] and for the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats\n        and Slovenes]] to absorb [[Su\\u0161ak, Rijeka|Su\\u0161ak]].\\n** [[Calvin Coolidge]]\n        becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast\n        from the [[White House]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1924}}\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** The 1,400-year-old Islamic [[caliph]]ate is abolished when\n        [[Caliph]] [[Abd\\u00fclmecid II]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] is deposed. The\n        last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed [[Turkey]] of President\n        [[Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]].\\n** The [[Free State of Fiume]] is annexed by the\n        [[Kingdom of Italy]].\\n* [[March 6]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in Turkey (2nd government).\\n* [[March 8]] –\n        The [[Castle Gate Mine disaster]] kills 172 coal miners in [[Utah]], United\n        States.\\n* [[March 25]] – The [[Second Hellenic Republic]] is proclaimed\n        in Greece.\\n* [[March 29]] – In France, the Third Ministry of [[Raymond\n        Poincar\\u00e9]] begins.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1924}}\\n* [[April\n        1]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] is sentenced to 5 years in jail for his participation\n        in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] (he serves only 8 months).\\n** The first revenue\n        flight for Belgium''s [[Sabena]] Airlines takes place.\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[Fascist]]s [[Italian general election, 1924|win the elections]] in Italy\n        with a \\u2154 majority.\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** A [[Greek republic referendum,\n        1924|referendum]] in Greece favors the formation of the [[Second Hellenic\n        Republic]].\\n** The ''''[[A.E.K. (sports club)|A.E.K.]]'''' is founded in\n        Greece.\\n* [[April 16]] – American [[Mass media|media]] company ''''[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]''''\n        (''''MGM'''') is founded in [[Los Angeles]].\\n* [[April 23]] – [[British\n        Empire Exhibition]] opens. It was the largest [[colonial exhibition]] with\n        58 countries of the empire dramatically represented.\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        [[Harry Grindell Matthews]] demonstrates his \\\"[[death ray]]\\\" in London but\n        fails to convince the British [[War Office]].\\n* [[April 27]] – A group\n        of [[Alawites]] kill several [[nun]]s in [[Syria]]; French troops march against\n        them.\\n* [[April 28]] – An explosion in a mine at the Wheeling Steel\n        Corporation in [[Benwood, West Virginia]] kills 119 men.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1924}}\\n* [[May 3]] – The [[Aleph Zadik Aleph]], the oldest\n        Jewish youth fraternity, is founded in [[Omaha, Nebraska]].\\n* [[May 4]] –\n        The [[1924 Summer Olympics]] opening ceremonies are held in Paris, France.\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Lithuania]] signs the [[Klaip\\u0117da Convention]] with\n        the nations of the [[Conference of Ambassadors]], taking the [[Klaip\\u0117da\n        Region]] from [[East Prussia]] and making it into an autonomous region.\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[J. Edgar Hoover]] is appointed head of the [[Bureau of\n        Investigation]].\\n* [[May 11]] – ''''[[Mercedes-Benz]]'''' is formed\n        by the merging companies owned by [[Gottlieb Daimler]] and [[Karl Benz]].\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[University of Chicago]] students [[Leopold and Loeb|Richard\n        Loeb and Nathan Leopold, Jr.]] murder 14-year-old [[Bobby Franks]] in a [[thrill\n        killing]].\\n* [[May 24]] – The [[Immigration Act of 1924]] is signed\n        into law in the United States, including the [[Asian Exclusion Act]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1924}}\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Harry Grindell\n        Matthews]] returns from Paris to London; he tries to use a ''''[[Path\\u00e9]]''''\n        film to demonstrate that his [[death ray]] works.\\n* [[June 2]] – U.S.\n        President [[Calvin Coolidge]] signs the [[Indian Citizenship Act]] into law,\n        granting [[citizenship]] to all [[Native Americans in the United States|Native\n        Americans]] born within the territorial limits of the United States.\\n* [[June\n        5]] – [[Ernst Alexanderson]] sends the first [[Fax|facsimile]] across\n        the [[Atlantic Ocean]], which goes to his father in [[Sweden]].\\n* [[June\n        8]] – [[George Mallory]] and [[Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)|Andrew Irvine]]\n        are last seen \\\"going strong for the top\\\" of [[Mount Everest]] by teammate\n        [[Noel Odell]] at 12:50 P.M. The two [[Mountaineering|mountaineers]]\n        are never seen alive again.\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Fascist]]s kidnap and\n        kill Italian socialist leader [[Giacomo Matteotti]] in Rome.\\n* [[June 12]]\n        – Rondout Heist: Six men of the [[Egan''s Rats]] gang rob a mail train\n        in [[Rondout, Illinois]]; the robbery is later found to have been an inside\n        job.\\n* [[June 13]] – In Hungary, a most devastating tornado called\n        \\\"Wildkansas\\\" struck, and left a 500-1500m wide and 70 km long path\n        of destruction, landed at Bia, and after 3 hours it ended near V\\u00e1c, destroyed\n        a village called P\\u00e1ty completely, and left many people homeless, killed\n        9 people, and 50 people got wounded. This was one of the strongest tornadoes\n        ever not only in Hungary but in Europe also. It was estimated to be an F4.\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[Whampoa Military Academy]] is founded in China.\\n* [[June\n        23]] – American airman [[Russell Maughan]] flies from New York to San\n        Francisco in 21 hours and 48 minutes on a dawn-to-dusk flight in a Curtiss\n        pursuit.\\n* [[June 28]] – A tornado touches down in [[Lorain, Ohio]]\n        and kills 78 people.\\n* [[June 30]] – [[James Barry Munnik Hertzog|J.B.M.\n        Hertzog]] becomes the third [[Prime Minister of South Africa]].\\n\\n=== July\n        ===\\n{{Main article|July 1924}}\\n* [[July 4]] – Supposed invention of\n        [[Caesar salad]] by [[Caesar Cardini]] in [[Tijuana]].\\n* [[July 9]] –\n        [[John W. Davis]] of [[West Virginia]] is nominated by the [[Democratic Party\n        (United States)|Democrats]] to oppose [[Calvin Coolidge]] in the presidential\n        election.\\n* July 12 \\u2013 The [[United States occupation of the Dominican\n        Republic (1916\\u201324)|American military occupation of the Dominican Republic]]\n        comes to an end. The constitutional government headed by General [[Horacio\n        V\\u00e1squez|Horacio V\\u00e1zquez]], elected in the elections held in March,\n        is established.\\n* [[July 19]] – The [[Napalp\\u00ed massacre]] occurs\n        in [[Argentina]].\\n* [[July 20]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] sports\n        newspaper ''''[[Sovetsky Sport]]'''' is founded.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1924}}\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Koshien Stadium]], as well\n        known for sports venues in [[Japan]], open in [[Nishinomiya]], suburb of [[Osaka]].\n        {{Cite news|url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/lifestyle/magazine-survey-picks-japans-10-best-places-to-live-in|title=Magazine\n        survey picks Japan\\u2019s 10 best places to live in|work=Japan Today|access-date=2017-06-13|language=en}}{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[August 16]] – The [[Dawes Plan]] is\n        accepted.\\n* [[August 18]] – France begins to withdraw its troops from\n        Germany.\\n* [[August 28]] – [[August Uprising]]: [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]\n        rises against rule by the [[Soviet Union]] in an abortive rebellion in which\n        several thousands die.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1924}}\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** The [[Hanapepe massacre]] occurs on [[Kauai]], Hawaii.\\n**\n        The [[8-hour work day]] is introduced in Belgium.\\n* [[September 9]]–[[September\n        11]] – The [[1924 Kohat riots|Kohat riots]] break out in India.\\n* [[September\n        28]] – U.S. Army pilots John Harding and Erik Nelson complete the [[first\n        aerial circumnavigation]]. It has taken them 175 days and 74 stops before\n        their return to [[Seattle]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1924}}\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – The [[Geneva Protocol (1924)|Geneva Protocol]] is adopted\n        by the [[League of Nations]] Assembly as a means to strengthen the League,\n        but later fails to be ratified.\\n* [[October 10]] \\n**Voting in federal elections\n        becomes compulsory in Australia, after a private member''s bill proposed by\n        [[Tasmania]]n [[National Party of Australia|Nationalist]] senator Herbert\n        Payne results in the passing of the Commonwealth Electoral (Compulsory Voting)\n        Act 1924.\\n**The [[Alpha Delta Gamma]] fraternity is founded at the Lake Shore\n        Campus of [[Loyola University Chicago|Loyola University]], Chicago.\\n* [[October\n        12]]– [[October 15]] – [[Zeppelin]] ''''[[USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)|LZ-126]]''''\n        makes a [[transatlantic flight|transatlantic]] delivery flight from [[Friedrichshafen]],\n        Germany, to [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]].\\n* [[October 15]] – The first\n        [[Surrealist Manifesto]] is published, in which [[Andr\\u00e9 Breton]] defines\n        the movement as \\\"pure psychic [[surrealist automatism|automatism]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[October 18]] – [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Sweden''s Prime Minister]]\n        [[Ernst Trygger]] and his cabinet, is replaced by Hjalmar Branting and his\n        third and last government.\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Ibn Saud|Abdul Aziz]]\n        declares himself protector of holy places in [[Mecca]].\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – The [[Toastmasters International|Toastmasters]] Club is founded.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] \\n**The British Foreign Office publishes the [[Zinoviev letter]].\\n**[[Dixie\n        Dean]] scores a [[Hat-trick#Association football|hat-trick]] for [[Tranmere\n        Rovers F.C.|Tranmere Rovers]] to become the youngest ever player to score\n        three goals for The Superwhites.\\n* [[October 25]] – British authorities\n        in India arrest [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and jail him for the next 2\\u00bd\n        years. \\n* [[October 27]] – The [[Uzbek SSR]] joins the Soviet Union.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1924}}\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Nellie\n        Tayloe Ross]] of [[Wyoming]] is elected as the first woman governor in the\n        United States.\\n** [[U.S. presidential election, 1924]]: Republican [[Calvin\n        Coolidge]] defeats Democrat [[John W. Davis]] and Progressive [[Robert M.\n        La Follette, Sr.]]\\n* [[November 19]] – In [[Los Angeles]], famous [[silent\n        film]] director [[Thomas H. Ince|Thomas Ince]] (\\\"The Father of the Western\\\")\n        dies, reportedly of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], in his bed (rumors\n        soon surface that he was shot dead by publishing tycoon [[William Randolph\n        Hearst]]).\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Ali Fethi Okyar]] forms new government\n        in [[Turkey]]. (3rd government)\\n* [[November 26]] – The [[Mongolian\n        People''s Republic]] is founded.\\n* [[November 27]]\\n**129 communists, including\n        several members of the [[Riigikogu]], are convicted during the [[Trial of\n        the 149]] in [[Estonia]].\\n**In New York City the first [[Macy''s Thanksgiving\n        Day Parade]] is held.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1924}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]]\\n** A Soviet-backed communist [[1924 Estonian coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        attempt|coup attempt]] fails in [[Estonia]].\\n** [[George Gershwin]]''s ''''[[Oh,\n        Lady Be Good!|Lady Be Good]]'''' and ''''[[Fascinating Rhythm]]'''' (book\n        by [[Guy Bolton]] and [[Fred Thompson]], lyrics by [[Ira Gershwin]]) premiere\n        in New York, NY.\\n* [[December 19]] – German serial killer [[Fritz Haarmann]]\n        is sentenced to death for a series of murders.\\n* [[December 20]] –\n        In Germany [[Adolf Hitler]] is released from Landsberg Prison. Hitler served\n        nine months for his crucial role in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] from [[1923]].\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** An [[1924 Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34 crash|air\n        crash]] at [[Croydon Airport|Croydon Air Field]] in London kills 8.\\n** [[Albania]]\n        becomes a [[republic]].\\n** A [[Babbs Switch fire|flash fire]] at a Christmas\n        celebration in a one-room schoolhouse in [[Babbs, Oklahoma]] kills 36 people,\n        mostly small children.\\n* [[December 30]] – Astronomer [[Edwin Hubble]]\n        announces that [[Andromeda Galaxy|Andromeda]], previously believed to be a\n        [[nebula]], is actually another [[galaxy]], and that the [[Milky Way]] is\n        only one of many such galaxies in the [[universe]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n*\n        The [[Taung Child]] is discovered.\\n* Spring – Francophone explorer,\n        spiritualist and former operatic soprano [[Alexandra David-N\\u00e9el]], disguised\n        as a male pilgrim, makes a 2-month stay in the forbidden city of [[Lhasa (prefecture-level\n        city)|Lhasa]], Tibet.''''My Journey to Lhasa'''' (1927).\\n* International\n        Union of Official Organizations for Tourist [[Propaganda]].\\n* The powerful\n        opiate [[hydromorphone]] is developed in Germany.\\n* [[Earl W. Bascom]], rodeo\n        cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo''s first one-hand bareback rigging\n        at [[Stirling]], [[Alberta]] Canada.\\n* [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]], a wealthy\n        heiress, founds the [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] in New\n        York\\n* HRH [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]] makes state visit to Japan\n        aboard {{HMS|Renown}}. \\n* U.S. bootleggers begin to use [[Thompson submachine\n        gun]]s.\\n* The [[Earth inductor compass]] is invented in New York City.\\n*\n        In the United States both the [[Renegade period of the Apache Wars|Renegade\n        Period]] and the [[Apache Wars]] end which brings the [[American Indian Wars]]\n        to a close after 302 years.\\n*The [[National Hockey League]] expands to the\n        United States for the first time, adding the [[Boston Bruins]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n[[File:Benny Hill.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Benny Hill]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Francisco Mac\\u00edas Nguema]], 1st President of Equatorial\n        Guinea (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Walter Ris]], American freestyle\n        swimmer (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** [[Ali Shariatmadari]], Iranian\n        academic and educationist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Kim Dae-Jung]], 15th [[President\n        of South Korea]], recipient of [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Earl\n        Scruggs]], American musician (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Geoffrey\n        Bayldon]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\n** [[Geeta Mukherjee]],\n        Indian politician (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[James Clinkscales Hill]], American jurist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ron Moody]], English actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        10]]\\n** [[Earl Bakken]], American inventor of the modern [[Artificial pacemaker]]\\n**\n        [[Max Roach]], American percussionist, drummer, and composer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]]\\n** [[Roger Guillemin]], French neuroendocrinologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Sam B. Hall]], American\n        politician (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Slim Harpo]], American musician (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]] \\n** [[Chris Chase]] (also known as [[Irene Kane]]), American\n        model, film actress, writer and journalist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Olivier Gendebien]],\n        Belgian race car driver (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Roland Petit]],\n        French choreographer/dancer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Carole\n        Cook]], American actress and singer\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Katy Jurado]],\n        Mexican actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Revel]], French author (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Benny Hill]],\n        English comedian and singer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Frank\n        Lautenberg]], American businessman and politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        25]]\\n** [[Husein Mehmedov]], Bulgarian-Turkish Olympic wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Speedy West]], American musician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Annette\n        Strauss]], American philanthropist and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Armand\n        Gatti]], French playwright, poet, journalist, screenwriter, filmmaker and\n        World War II resistance fighter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alice Babs]], Swedish\n        singer and actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Sabu Dastagir|Sabu]],\n        Indian actor (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Betty Tucker]], American\n        female baseball player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Luigi Nono]],\n        Italian composer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Lloyd Alexander]],\n        American writer (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Lee marvin 1971.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Lee\n        Marvin]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Mugabe cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robert Mugabe]]]]\\n[[File:Takeshita.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Noboru\n        Takeshita]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Elfi von Dassanowsky]], Austrian-born\n        U.S. musician/producer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Dorothy Harrell]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        – [[Khamtai Siphandon]], 4th President and 12th Prime Minister of Laos\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[George Guest]], Welsh choral conductor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]]\\n** [[Gabe Pressman]], American journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Juan Ponce Enrile]], Filipino politician, [[President of the Senate of the\n        Philippines]] since 2008.\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Margaret Truman]],\n        American novelist and only child of U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] and\n        [[Bess Truman]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Lee Marvin]], American\n        actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Gerson Goldhaber]], American\n        particle physicist and astrophysicist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gloria Vanderbilt]],\n        American heiress and entrepreneur\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Robert Mugabe]],\n        1st [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Allan McLeod\n        Cormack]], South African physicist and [[1979#Nobel Prizes|1979 Nobel Prize\n        laureate]] (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Teresa Bracco]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, martyr and blessed (d. [[1944]])\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** [[Freda Betti]], French opera singer (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Noboru Takeshita]],\n        Japanese politician (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 29]]\\n** [[Carlos Humberto\n        Romero]], Salvadorian politician, 37th  [[President of El Salvador]] (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Al Rosen]], American baseball player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Norman\n        Fell 1970.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Norman Fell]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Deke\n        Slayton]], American [[astronaut]] (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Lys Assia]],\n        Swiss singer, first winner of [[Eurovision Song Contest]] (1956)\\n** [[Tomiichi\n        Murayama]], former [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Lilian Velez]], Filipino\n        actress (d. [[1948]])\\n** [[John Woodnutt]], British actor (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Kenneth O''Donnell]], aide to U.S. President John F.\n        Kennedy (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Ed Mierkowicz]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[K\\u014db\\u014d Abe]], Japanese\n        novelist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Georges Charpak]], Polish-French\n        physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 9]]\n        – [[Peter Scholl-Latour]], German professor, journalist and author (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Pierre Arpaillange]], French author, senior\n        judge and Government Minister (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Walter\n        Gotell]], German actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Al Neuharth]],\n        American businessman and journalist (d. [[2013]]) \\n** [[Ivan Minatti]], Slovenian\n        poet, translator, and editor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Yevgeny Ostashev]], was the\n        test pilot of rocket and space complexes, head of the 1st control polygon\n        NIIP-5 ([[Baikonur]]), Lenin prize winner, Candidate of Technical Sciences,\n        engineer-Lieutenant Colonel.(d. [[1960]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Norman\n        Fell]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Roberts Blossom]],\n        American actor and poet (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zsef Zakari\\u00e1s]], Hungarian\n        footballer (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Machiko Ky\\u014d]], Japanese actress\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n** [[Sarah Vaughan]], American jazz singer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Herbert\n        Zangs]], German artist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Hideko Takamine]], Japanese actress\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Freddie Bartholomew]], British actor\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Alan Davidson (food writer)|Alan Davidson]],\n        British author (d. [[2003]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Marlon Brando.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Marlon\n        Brando]]]]\\n[[File:Raymond Barre.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Raymond Barre]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Brendan Byrne]], Governor of New Jersey\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Marlon\n        Brando]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Errol Brathwaite]], New Zealand\n        author (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Pullein-Thompson sisters|Josephine Pullein-Thompson]],\n        British author (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Gil Hodges]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Jimmy Roberts (singer)|Jimmy\n        Roberts]], American singer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Johannes\n        Mario Simmel]], Austrian writer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Milburn\n        G. Apt]], American test pilot (d. [[1956]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\n** [[Enrique\n        Morea]], Argentine tennis player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Libu\\u0161e Havelkov\\u00e1]],\n        Czech actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Raymond Barre]], French\n        politician and Prime Minister (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Jack\n        Chick]], American fundamentalist Christian illustrator and publisher (d. [[2016]])\n        \\n* [[April 14]] – [[Philip Stone]], English actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – Sir [[Neville Marriner]], English conductor and violinist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Rikki Fulton]], Scottish comedian\n        and actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\n** [[Henry Mancini]], American composer\n        and arranger (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Rudy Pompilli]], American musician (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]]\\n** [[Clarence \\\"Gatemouth\\\" Brown]], American blues musician\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Henry Hyde]], Member of the U.S. House of Representatives\n        from Illinois (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Nina Foch]], Dutch-born\n        American actress (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Leslie Phillips]], English actor\\n* [[April\n        23]] \\n** [[Ruth Leuwerik]], German film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bobby\n        Rosengarden]], American jazz drummer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Clement\n        Freud]], British writer, radio personality, and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Vicente Sota]], Chilean politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Nahuel Moreno]],\n        Argentine Trotskyist leader (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Kenneth\n        Kaunda]], former [[President of Zambia]]\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Al Balding]],\n        Canadian golfer (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Dawda Jawara (1979).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dawda\n        Jawara]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Art Fleming]], American television host and\n        presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Gr\\u00e9goire Kayibanda]], 2nd [[President of\n        Rwanda]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Jamal Abro]], Sindhi writer (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Theodore Bikel]], Austrian-American actor, folk singer and\n        musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Zahrad]], [[Western Armenian]]\n        poet (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Maria Mauban]], French actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May\n        11]] – [[Antony Hewish]], English radio astronomer, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Tony Hancock]], English\n        comedian (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\n** [[Bruno A. Boley]], Italian-born\n        American engineer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Giovanni Sartori]], Italian political\n        scientist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Maria Koepcke]], German ornithologist\n        (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Dawda Jawara]], 1st [[President of the\n        Gambia]]\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Priscilla Pointer]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Sandy Wilson]], British composer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Hector Fautario]], Argentine Air Force general (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Charles Aznavour]], French singer, actor, and songwriter\\n*\n        [[May 24]]\\n** [[Vincent Cronin]], British historical writer and biographer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Victor Griffin]], Irish Anglican clergyman and theologian\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Jaime Lusinchi]], Venezuelan politician\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Lars Bo]], Danish artist and writer (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n** [[Pepper Paire|Lavonne \\\"Pepper\\\" Paire Davis]], American female\n        baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:George H. W. Bush, President\n        of the United States, 1989 official portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George H. W.\n        Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Ezatollah Entezami.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ezzatolah Entezami]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – Dr. [[William Sloane Coffin]], American clergyman (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[June Callwood]], Canadian journalist, author & social\n        activist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Ken Armstrong (footballer, born\n        1924)|Ken Armstrong]], English association football player (d. [[1984]])\\n**\n        [[Herk Harvey]], American film director (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Jimmy Rogers]],\n        American musician (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Torsten Wiesel]], Swedish scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Colleen Dewhurst]],\n        Canadian-American actress (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Karunanidhi]], Indian Politician,\n        Tamil Nadu Former Chief Minister, fondly called as Kalaignar \\n** [[Bernard\n        Glasser]], American film producer and director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 4]]\n        \\n** [[Dennis Weaver]], American actor (d. [[2006]]) \\n** [[Tofilau Eti Alesana]],\n        Samoan politician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Robert Abernathy]],\n        American science fiction author (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Sheldon\n        Allman]], American-Canadian actor, singer, and songwriter (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] \\n** [[Colin Cameron Davies]], Spanish-born Kenyan prelate (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Friedrich L. Bauer]], German computer scientist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Adib Boroumand]], Iranian poet, politician, and lawyer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[George H. W. Bush]], 41st [[President\n        of the United States]]\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Bronis\\u0142aw Baczko]], Polish\n        philosopher and historian of ideas (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[James\n        W. Black]], British doctor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Ezer Weizman]],\n        7th [[President of Israel]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Charlotte\n        Armstrong (baseball)|Charlotte Armstrong]], American female baseball player\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\n** [[Efren Reyes Sr.]], Filipino actor and\n        director (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[George Mikan]], American basketball player (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Anneliese Rothenberger]], German operatic\n        soprano  (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\n** [[Chet Atkins]], American country\n        guitar player and producer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Rainer Barzel]], German politician\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Marga L\\u00f3pez]], Argentine-born Mexican\n        actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Pierre Charles (homme\n        politique, 1924)|fr|3=Pierre Charles (homme politique, 1924)}}, French politician\\n**\n        [[Ezzatolah Entezami]], Iranian actor\\n** [[Alojz Rebula]], Slovene writer,\n        playwright, essayist, and translator\\n** [[Wally Fawkes]], British-Canadian\n        jazz clarinetist and a satirical cartoonist\\n** [[Ricardo Infante]], Argentine\n        football player and manager (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Frank Bolle]],\n        American comic strip artist, comic book artist and illustrator\\n** June Elvin,\n        English actress\\n** Jacques Foti, Hungarian-American actor and singer\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Ted Gordon|fr|3=Ted Gordon}}, American drawer and\n        painter of art brut\\n** [[Bayezid Osman]], surname as required by the Turkish\n        Republic (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]], 3rd President and 8th\n        Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. [[1993]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Arno\n        Stern|fr|3=Arno Stern}}, French researcher and educator\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Kurt Furgler]], 3-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[David Rubinger]], Israeli photographer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Eric Neal]],\n        Australian businessman and public officer\\n** [[Leonard Everett Fisher]],\n        American artist known best for children''s books\\n** [[Brian Bevan]], Australian\n        rugby league footballer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Yatsuko Tan''ami|ja|3=\\u4e39\\u963f\\u5f25\\u8c37\\u6d25\\u5b50}}, Japanese\n        actress\\n** [[William J. Castagna]], American lawyer and judge \\n** [[Luis\n        Su\\u00e1rez Fern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish historian\\n** [[Milton Shadur]], Senior\n        United States District Court Judge\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Hisao Sasaki|ja|3=\\u7345\\u5b50\\u3066\\u3093\\u3084}},\n        Japanese writer and novelist\\n** [[Dimitar Isakov]], Bulgarian football player\\n**\n        [[Sidney Lumet]], American film director (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\n**\n        [[James W. McCord Jr.]], former CIA officer\\n** [[Richard Bull (actor)]],\n        American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ramon T. Jimenez]], Filipino attorney (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Epit\\u00e1cio Cafeteira]], Brazilian politician\\n**\n        [[John Chandler (sport shooter)|John Chandler]], British sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Maria Van Den Brand]], Belgian former swimmer\\n** [[Charles Norman Shay]],\n        American Penobscot tribal elder, writer, and decorated veteran of both World\n        War II and the Korean War\\n** [[Maud Linder]], French journalist, film historian\n        and documentary film director\\n** [[Paul Conrad]], American cartoonist (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Bob Appleyard]], English cricketer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        28]] – [[Roy Austen-Smith]], Royal Air Force officer who served as Commander\n        of British Forces Cyprus\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Philip H. Hoff]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Ezra Laderman]], American composer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Gustaw Lutkiewicz]],\n        Polish actor and singer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Flo Sandon''s]], Italian singer\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Mattis Mathiesen]], Norwegian photographer\n        and film director (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Maino Neri]], Italian footballer and\n        manager (d. [[1995]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Eva Marie Saint 1990.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Eva\n        Marie Saint]]]]\\n[[File:Don Knotts Barney Fife 1966.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Don\n        Knotts]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ralph Parr]], American double-flying ace (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n** [[Wang Huo]], Chinese novelist and screenwriter \\n** [[Curtis\n        W. Harris]], American minister, civil rights activist, and politician in Virginia\\n**\n        [[Georges Rivi\\u00e8re]], French actor who worked in Argentine cinema in the\n        1950s\\n** [[Jan Azam]], Pakistani sports shooter\\n** [[Antoni Ramallets]],\n        Spanish footballer and manager (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Charley\n        Winner]], American football player\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Amalia Aguilar]], Cuban\n        born Mexican film actress and dancer\\n** [[Arjun Naidu]], Indian first-class\n        cricketer\\n** [[Michael Barrington]], British actor (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[S.\n        R. Nathan]], 6th [[President of Singapore]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Eva Marie Saint]], American actress\\n** [[Delia Fiallo]], Cuban author and\n        screenwriter\\n** [[Roy Gibson]], Director General of ESRO\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        [[Edward Cassidy]], Australian Roman Catholic cardinal priest\\n** [[Niels\n        Jannasch]], Canadian historian and museum curator (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Osman\n        Lins]], Brazilian novelist (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos Starker]], Hungarian\n        cellist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Robert Michael White]], American\n        military aircraft test pilot, fighter pilot, electrical engineer, and a major\n        general in the United States Air Force (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Graham\n        Dunscombe]],  Australian rules footballer \\n** [[Amir Murtono]], Indonesian\n        General during Suharto''s New Order regime\\n** [[Donald Prell]], Venture capitalist\n        & futurist\\n** [[Lennart Samuelsson]], Swedish association football player\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Sam Cathcart]], American football halfback and defensive\n        back (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Benedikt Sigur\\u00f0sson Gr\\u00f6ndal|Benedikt Gr\\u00f6ndal]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Charles C.\n        Droz]], American politician \\n** [[Penait Calcai]], Romanian sports shooter\\n*\n        [[July 9]] \\n** [[Jill Knight]], British Conservative Member of Parliament\\n**\n        [[Domenico Pace]], Italian fencer\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Ip Chun]], Chinese\n        martial artist specialising in Wing Chun\\n** Janina Maris\\u00f3wna, Polish\n        actress\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[F. James Rutherford]], American science professor\\n**\n        [[Ilie Tudor]], Romanian fencer\\n** [[Ragnar Rommetveit]], Norwegian psychologist\\n**\n        [[Oscar Wyatt]], American businessman and self made millionaire\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Jeandel]], French cross-country and Nordic combined skier\\n** [[Brett Somers]],\n        Canadian actress (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Al Federoff]], American professional\n        baseball infielder and manager (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Charlie Tully]], Northern\n        Irish footballer (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Eve Branson]], British\n        philanthropist, child welfare advocate, and the mother of [[Richard Branson]]\\n**\n        [[Rolf Forsberg]], Swedish-American playwright, film and theater director\\n**\n        [[Faidon Matthaiou]], Greek basketball coach and basketball player (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Shirley Neil Pettis]], U.S. Representative from California, wife of her\n        predecessor, Jerry Pettis (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Maria Koterbska]],\n        Polish singer\\n** [[Carlo Bergonzi]], Italian tenor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Johnny\n        Gilbert]], American game show announcer\\n** [[Piero Trapanelli]], Italian\n        football player and coach\\n** [[Alejandro Roces]], Filipino author, essayist\n        and dramatist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Marianne\n        Anderberg|sv|3=Marianne Anderberg}}, Swedish actress\\n** [[Val Avery]], American\n        character actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[David Evans (RAF officer)|David Evans]],\n        retired senior commander of the Royal Air Force\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[David\n        Cox (statistician)|David Cox]], British statistician\\n** [[Marianne Bernadotte]],\n        Swedish actress\\n** [[Makhmud Esambayev]], Russian actor (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Stretton]], Australian historian (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Peter Armitage]],\n        English statistician specialising in medical statistics\\n* [[July 16]]\\n**\n        [[Mohamed Selim Zaki]], Egyptian equestrian\\n** [[Kemal \\u00d6z\\u00e7elik]],\n        Turkish equestrian\\n** [[James L. Greenfield]], American administrator\\n**\n        [[Bess Myerson]], American politician, model and television actress (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Claude Abravanel]], Swiss pianist and composer of classical music\\n* [[July\n        17]] – [[Li Li-Hua]], Chinese Hong-Kong actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July\n        18]] \\n** [[Tullio Altamura]], Italian film actor \\n** [[Inge S\\u00f8rensen]],\n        Danish swimmer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Frank Ivancie]], American\n        businessman and politician\\n** [[Sergio Sorrentino]], Italian former sailor\\n**\n        [[Chandamama Artist Shankar]], Indian artist\\n** [[Bob Johnston (economist)|Bob\n        Johnston]], Australian economist \\n** [[Pat Hingle]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Arthur Rankin Jr.]], American film director and producer, co-founder of\n        [[Rankin/Bass Productions]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Lola Albright]],\n        American singer and actress (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Vivean Gray]], Australian\n        television and film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Tatyana Lioznova]], Soviet\n        film director (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Robert D. Maurer]], American industrial\n        physicist\\n** [[Elias Sarkis]], 11th President of Lebanon (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\n** [[Rahimuddin Khan]], four-star general of the Pakistan Army\\n**\n        [[Morando Morandini]], Italian film critic, author, journalist and actor (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Don Knotts]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Leonardo Villar]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Anne\n        Braden]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[Lloyd Bochner]], Canadian actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Lillian Faralla]], American\n        female professional baseball player\\n** [[Robert Horton (actor)|Robert Horton]],\n        American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Elizabeth Short]] ([[The Black Dahlia]]),\n        American actress and murder victim (d. [[1947]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Carrol\n        O''Connor as Archie Bunker.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Carroll O''Connor]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Abdullah bin Abdul al-Saud January 2007.jpg|120px|thumb|King [[Abdullah of\n        Saudi Arabia]]]]\\n[[File:Jamesbaldwin.jpg|120px|thumb|[[James Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Phyllis\n        Schlafly by Gage Skidmore.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Phyllis Schlafly]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]]\\n** King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Georges Charpak]],\n        Ukrainian-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Michael Stewart (playwright)]], American playwright and\n        librettist for the stage (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[James Baldwin]],\n        American author (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Carroll O''Connor]], American actor (d.\n        [[2001]])\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Leon Uris]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Max Oldmeadow]], Australian politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 4]] –\n        [[Antonio Maccanico]], Italian constitutional specialist and social liberal\n        politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Ben Jones (Grenada)|Ben\n        Jones]], 7th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Ella Jenkins]], American folk singer of children''s music\\n* [[August 7]]\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Kendall]], British newsreader and presenter (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Cecil\n        Abbott]], Commissioner of the New South Wales Police in Australia (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Marta Becket]], American dancer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] \\n** [[Martha Hyer]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Nancy Buckingham]],\n        British romance novelist\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Derek Shackleton]], English\n        cricketer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], leader of Pakistan (d.\n        [[1988]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n** [[Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (born 1924)|Prince\n        Alexander of Yugoslavia]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Pierre Lardinois]], Belgian\n        politician (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\n** [[Holger Juul Hansen]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Georges Pr\\u00eatre]], French orchestral and opera\n        conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Werner Abrolat]], German actor\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Robert Bolt]], English writer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Phyllis\n        Schlafly]], American activist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Jo Benkow]], Norwegian politician\n        and writer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Ralf Bendix]], German Schlager\n        singer, music producer, composer and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Fess Parker]],\n        American former television actor, businessman (wine maker, resort operator)\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Inez Voyce]], American female baseball player\\n* [[August\n        17]] \\n** [[Evan S. Connell, Jr.]], American novelist, poet, and short story\n        writer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Charles Simmons (author)|Charles Simmons]], American\n        author (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jean-Paul Alata]], Frenchman who was a political\n        prisoner in Camp Boiro, Guinea from January 1971 to July 1975 (d. [[1978]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Frank Logue]], 25th mayor of New Haven, Connecticut\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Willard Boyle]], Canadian physicist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Dalia Wood]], Canadian politician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Orlando Ram\\u00f3n Agosti]], Argentine\n        general (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Elaine Sturtevant]], American\n        artist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Robert Solow]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Alyn\n        Ainsworth]], British musician, singer and conductor of light entertainment\n        music (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]], former [[President of Cameroon]]\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Jimmy Gardner (actor)|Jimmy Gardner]], British actor (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Sergio Bergonzelli]], Italian director,\n        screenwriter, producer and actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Peggy\n        Ryan]], American dancer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Berislav Klobu\\u010dar]], Croatian\n        opera conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Dinah Washington]],\n        American singer and pianist (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Buddy\n        Hackett]], American comedian and actor (d. [[2003]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Daniel\n        arap Moi 1979b.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Daniel arap Moi]]]]\\n[[File:Daniel Inouye\n        Official Photo 2009.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Daniel Inouye]]]]\\n[[File:Jane Greer\n        - 1947.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Jane Greer]]]]\\n[[File:Lauren Bacall 1945 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lauren\n        Bacall]]]]\\n[[File:Mastroianni 1991.2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Marcello Mastroianni]]]]\\n[[File:Truman\n        Capote by Jack Mitchell.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Truman Capote]]]]\\n* [[September\n        2]]\\n** [[Daniel arap Moi]], 2nd [[President of Kenya]]\\n** [[Sidney Phillips]],\n        Physician and WW2 marine (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Mary Grace\n        Canfield]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Joan Aiken]],\n        English writer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Anita Snellman]], Finnish painter (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]] \\n** [[Roy Andrew Miller]], American linguist (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Paul Dietzel]], College football coach (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 7]]\n        – [[Daniel Inouye]], American politician who was the senior United States\n        Senator from Hawaii and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\n** [[Hazel Brooks]], American actress (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Mimi Parent]], Canadian painter (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Jane Greer]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Rik Van Steenbergen]],\n        Belgian cyclist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Tom Landry]], American\n        football player and coach (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Rudolf Vrba]], Noted Holocaust\n        survivor; escapee from Auschwitz (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Maurice Jarre]], French composer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\n**\n        [[Abioseh Nicol]], Sierra Leonean diplomat and author (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Jerry\n        Coleman]], Major League Baseball  (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Gy\\u00f6rgy\n        L\\u00e1z\\u00e1r]], 50th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bobby\n        Short]], American entertainer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Lauren\n        Bacall]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Elo\\u00edsa\n        Mafalda]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Alma W. Byrd]], American politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Don Harron]], Canadian entertainer (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Suchitra Mitra]], Indian singer and composer (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Hermann Buhl]], Austrian mountaineer (d. [[1957]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]]\\n** [[Charles Keeping]], English illustrator (d. [[1988]])\\n**\n        [[Gerald Schoenfeld]], American chairman (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Rosamunde Pilcher]],\n        English novelist\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Heinrich Schultz]], Estonian\n        cultural functionary (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**[[Nina Bocharova]],\n        Soviet gymnast\\n**[[Marcello Mastroianni]], Italian actor (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Hilda Rebello|pt|3=Hilda\n        Rebello}}, Brazilian actress\\n** [[Truman Capote]], American author (d. [[1984]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jimmy Carter]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Jimmy Carter]], 39th [[President of the United States]],\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[William Rehnquist]], 16th [[Chief\n        Justice of the United States]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Ruby\n        Stephens]], American female baseball player (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n**\n        [[Harvey Kurtzman]], influential editor/cartoonist and creator of ''''[[Mad\n        (magazine)|Mad]]'''' (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Samuel Lamb]],\n        Chinese Christian pastor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[John Nelder]],\n        British statistician (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Othman Wok]], Singaporean politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Alfonso Oiterong]], 2nd President\n        of Palau (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Buddy MacMaster]], American\n        artist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Margaret Fulton]], Australian food writer\\n** [[Ed\n        Wood]], American filmmaker (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Mal Whitfield]],\n        American Olympic athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Moturu\n        Udayam]], Indian women''s activist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Robert Webber]], American actor (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Lee\n        Iacocca]], American industrialist\\n** [[Mark Lenard]], American actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Joyce Randolph]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Christine Glanville]], English puppeteer (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – [[Billy Barty]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October\n        27]] – [[Bonnie Lou]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n[[File:Suleyman_Demirel_1998.jpg|thumb|120px|[[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]]]]\\n[[File:Shirley\n        Chisholm.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Shirley Chisholm]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] –\n        [[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]], former [[President of Turkey]] (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Alice Colonieu]], French artist (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]]\\n** [[Harlon Block]], U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d.\n        [[1945]])\\n** [[Jeanette Schmid]], famous German whistler (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Robert Frank]], Swiss photographer\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Russell Johnson]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Sunder Lal Patwa]], Indian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Evelyn\n        Wawryshyn]], Canadian professional baseball player\\n* [[November 13]]\\n**\n        [[Motoo Kimura]], Japanese population geneticist (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Edward\n        F. Welch, Jr.]], American admiral (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        [[Mel Patton]], American athlete (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[William\n        Russell (actor)|William Russell]], British actor\\n** [[J. D. Sumner]], American\n        gospel singer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Beno\\u00eet Mandelbrot]],\n        Polish-born mathematician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Joseph\n        Campanella]], American actor\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Geraldine Page]],\n        American actress (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Anita Linda]],\n        Filipino actress\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Joanne Winter]], American female\n        professional baseball pitcher and LPGA player (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** [[Paul Desmond]], American jazz alto saxophonist and composer (d.\n        [[1977]])\\n** [[Takaaki Yoshimoto]], Japanese poet, critic, and philosopher\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Bhekimpi Dlamini]], 4th Prime Minister\n        of Swaziland (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\n** [[Calvin J. Spann]], Tuskegee\n        Airman and fighter pilot (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Dennis Brutus]], South African\n        poet and anti-Apartheid activist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Allan\n        Sherman]], American comedy writer, television producer, and song parodist\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Shirley Chisholm]], American politician (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n[[File:Secretary of State Alexander Haig.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander\n        Haig]]]]\\n[[File:M%C3%A1rio_Soares_Dec2008.jpg|thumb|120px|[[M\\u00e1rio Soares]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Masao Horiba]], Japanese businessman (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Alexander Haig]], American politician and former\n        U.S. Secretary of State (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Francisco\n        Sionil Jos\\u00e9]], Filipino novelist, [[National Artist of the Philippines|Philippine\n        National Artist for Literature]]\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Wally Cox]],\n        [[television]] and [[motion picture]] actor (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[Bent Fabric]], Danish pianist and composer\\n** [[M\\u00e1rio Soares]], 105th\n        [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 17th [[President of Portugal]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Frank Sturgis]], one of the five Watergate burglars\n        whose capture led to the end of the Presidency of Richard Nixon (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] – [[Michael Manley]], 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Heinz Schenk]], German television\n        moderator and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Ed Koch]],\n        Mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989 (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n**\n        [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]], 29th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Robert Coogan]], American actor (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Margaret Wigiser]], American female professional baseball player\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Cicely Tyson]], American actress\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Michel Tournier]], French writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 23]] –\n        [[Bob Kurland]], American basketball player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n**\n        [[Abdirizak Haji Hussein]], Somali diplomat and politician, 4th [[Prime Minister\n        of Somalia]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Mohammed Rafi]], Indian [[playback singer]]\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Moktar Ould Daddah]], 1st [[President\n        of Mauritania]] (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Rod Serling]], American television screenwriter\n        (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], 10th [[Prime Minister of India]]\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Frank Broyles]], American college football coach\n        and athletic director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Taylor Mead]],\n        American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Robert Ravenstahl]], American politician\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Frank J. Kelley]], the 50th [[Michigan Attorney General]]\\n**\n        [[J. Donald Monan]], American academic administrator (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Tim Dinsdale]], British aeronautical engineer and [[Loch\n        Ness Monster]] seeker (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[Harley D. Nygren]], American admiral\n        and engineer, first Director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n        Commissioned Officer Corps\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:LeninEnSuizaMarzo1916--barbaroussovietr00mcbr.png|thumb|110px|[[Vladimir\n        Lenin]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Sabine Baring-Gould]], British composer\n        and novelist (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[John Peters (shortstop)|John\n        Peters]], American 19th century baseball player (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[January\n        13]]\\n** [[Albert Abrams]], American doctor (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Georg Hermann\n        Quincke]], German physicist (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Luther\n        Emmett Holt]], American pediatrician (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        [[Licerio Ger\\u00f3nimo]], Filipino military leader (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Vladimir Lenin]], Russian revolutionary and first [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union|Premier]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] \\n** [[Auguste-Louis-Alberic, prince d''Arenberg]] (b. [[1837]])\\n**\n        [[Marie-Ad\\u00e9la\\u00efde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg]] (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]] – [[Te\\u00f3filo Braga]], Portuguese writer (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – [[Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier]] (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Woodrow\n        Wilson]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Woodrow Wilson]], 28th [[President\n        of the United States]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[John William Kendrick]], American railroad executive\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer)|Wilhelm Schmidt]], German pioneer\n        of superheated steam for use in locomotives (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**\n        [[Henry Bacon]], American architect (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Augustin Bou\\u00e9\n        de Lapeyr\\u00e8re]], French admiral (b. [[1852]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Wollert_Konow_(SB),_Stortinget.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wollert\n        Konow (Prime Minister of Norway)|Willert Konow]]]]\\n[[File:Nilo_Pe%C3%A7anha_02.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nilo\n        Pecanha]]]]\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Panagiotis Danglis]], Greek military leader\n        and politician (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Daniel Ridgway Knight]], American artist\n        (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Wollert Konow (Prime Minister of Norway)|Wollert\n        Konow]], Norwegian politician, 4th [[Prime Minister of Norway]] (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[March 22]] \\n** [[Robert Nivelle]], French World War I general (b. [[1856]])\\n**\n        [[Louis Delluc]], French film director (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[William Macewen]],\n        British surgeon (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Prince Kach\\u014d\n        Hirotada]] of Japan (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Charles Villiers\n        Stanford]], Irish composer, resident in United Kingdom (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Nilo Pe\\u00e7anha]], Brazilian politician and 7th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Frank\n        Capone]], American gangster and brother of [[Al Capone]] (b. [[1895]]) \\n*\n        [[April 10]] \\n** [[Rafael Yglesias Castro]], Costa Rican politician, 16th\n        [[President of Costa Rica]] (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Hugo Stinnes]], German industrialist\n        and politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Louis Sullivan]], American\n        architect (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Paul Boyton]], Irish American\n        extreme water sports pioneer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Eleonora\n        Duse]], Italian actress (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[G. Stanley\n        Hall]], American psychologist and educator (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:George_Kennan_1885.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Kennan (explorer)|George Kennan]]]]\\n* [[May 4]] – [[E. Nesbit]], British\n        author (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Kate Claxton]], American actress\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Carel Steven Adama van Scheltema]], Dutch\n        poet (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[George Kennan (explorer)|George\n        Kennan]], American explorer (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Paul-Henri-Benjamin\n        d''Estournelles de Constant]], French diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Victor Herbert]], Irish dramatist\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Charles Stockton]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Kafka1906.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz Kafka]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Franz Kafka]], Austrian author (''''The Trial'''') (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)|Andrew Irvine]],\n        British mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[George\n        Mallory]], British mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Giacomo Matteotti]], Italian socialist politician (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Th\\u00e9odore Dubois]], French composer\n        and teacher (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jacob Isra\\u00ebl de Haan]],\n        Dutch Jewish literary writer and journalist (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ferruccio\n        Busoni]]]]\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Isabella Ford]], British socialist, feminist,\n        trade unionist and writer (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Isabella Stewart Gardner]],\n        American art collector and philanthropist (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[July 23]] –\n        [[Frank Frost Abbott]], American classical scholar (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Ferruccio Busoni]], Italian pianist and composer (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Joseph Conrad]], Polish-born author (b.\n        [[1857]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[John Edward Bruce|Bruce Grit]], ex-slave\n        and African-American historian (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ernestine\n        von Kirchsberg]], Austrian painter (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 15]] –  [[Francis\n        Knollys, 1st Viscount Knollys]], British Private Secretary to King [[Edward\n        VII]]. (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Pavel Samuilovich Urysohn|Pavel\n        Urysohn]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Antoine\n        de Mitry]], French general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Heinrich\n        Bert\\u00e9]], Austrian operetta composer (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Mariano \\u00c1lvarez]], Filipino general (b. [[1818]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Todor Aleksandrov]], Bulgarian revolutionary (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:Sultan_Muhammad_Jamalul_Alam_II(Brunei).jpg|thumb|110px|Sultan\n        [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam II]]]]  \\n* [[September 1]] – [[Samuel Baldwin\n        Marks Young]], American general, first [[Chief of Staff of the United States\n        Army]] (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Archduchess Marie Valerie\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Muhammad Jamalul\n        Alam II]], [[Sultan of Brunei]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Frank Chance]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Lotta Crabtree]], American stage actress (b. [[1847]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:F H Burnett.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frances Hodgson Burnett]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Anatole France]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        [[Giovanni Ancillotto]], Italian World War I flying ace (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October\n        29]]\\n** [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]], Anglo-American writer (b. [[1849]])\\n**\n        [[John Marden]], Australian headmaster and pioneer of women''s education (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:GiacomoPuccini.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giacomo\n        Puccini]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Mario di Carpegna]], Italian general\n        and politician\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Gabriel Faur\\u00e9]], French composer\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], American politician\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** Sir [[Archibald Geikie]], British geologist\n        (b. [[1835]])\\n** [[Dean O''Banion]], American gangster (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Thomas H. Ince|Thomas Ince]], American film producer (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Florence Kling Harding]], [[First Lady of the United\n        States]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[Peter Milne (missionary)|Peter\n        Milne]], British missionary to the New Hebrides (b. [[1834]])\\n** [[Fernando\n        Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva]], Portuguese general (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Giacomo Puccini]], Italian composer (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:Cipriano Castro 1908.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cipriano Castro]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Kazimieras B\\u016bga]], Lithuanian linguist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Cipriano Castro]], Venezuelan military officer, politician\n        and 38th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        [[Gene Stratton-Porter]], American author, screenwriter and naturalist (b.\n        [[1863]])\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Samuel Gompers]], American labor leader\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Ricardo Bellver]], Spanish sculptor\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Carl Spitteler]], Swiss writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Samuel William Knaggs|Sir Samuel William Knaggs]], British\n        civil servant (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Konstantinos Koumoundouros]],\n        Greek army officer and politician (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Manne\n        Siegbahn]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – Not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Willem\n        Einthoven]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Reymont|W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Stanis\\u0142aw Reymont]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – Not awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1924}}\\n[[Category:1924|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:53:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":798600607,\"length\":60039,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1924&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924\"},\"34867\":{\"pageid\":34867,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1925\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T13:01:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1925}}\\n{{Events by month|1925}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1925}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1925}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1925}}\\n* [[January 1]] – Kristiania, the capital of\n        Norway, reverts to its original name of [[Oslo]].\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Benito Mussolini]] makes a pivotal speech in the Italian [[Chamber of Deputies\n        (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]].{{cite book|editor1-last=Pugliese|editor1-first=Stanislao\n        G.|date=2004|title=Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919\n        to the Present|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|page=69|isbn=0-7425-3123-6}}\n        Historians now trace this speech to the beginning of Mussolini''s dictatorship.{{cite\n        book|last=Dell''Orto|first=Giovanna|date=2013|title=American Journalism and\n        International Relations|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=90 |isbn=978-1-107-03195-1\n        |accessdate= }}\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]] becomes\n        the first female governor (Wyoming) in the United States. Twelve days later,\n        [[Ma Ferguson]] becomes first female governor of Texas.\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – [[Hjalmar Branting]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]]\n        of [[Sweden]] because of ill health, and is replaced by the minister of trade,\n        [[Rickard Sandler]] .\\n* [[January 27]]\\u2013[[February 1]] – The [[1925\n        serum run to Nome]] (the \\\"Great Race of Mercy\\\") relays [[diphtheria]] [[antitoxin]]\n        by [[dog sled]] across the [[Alaska Territory|U.S. territory of Alaska]],\n        to combat an [[epidemic]].\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1925}}\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – The [[Alice Comedies|Alice Comedy]] ''''[[Alice Solves\n        the Puzzle]]'''' is released by [[Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio]], introducing\n        [[Bootleg Pete]] (an early prototype for ''''''Pegleg Pete'''''') for the\n        first time.\\n* [[February 21]] – The [[cover date]] of the very first\n        issue of ''''[[The New Yorker]]''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/780/why-are-magazines-dated-ahead-of-the-time-they-actually-appear\n        |title=Why are magazines dated ahead of the time they actually appear? |last=Adams\n        |first=Cecil |date=June 22, 1990 |website=[[The Straight Dope]] |publisher=[[Sun-Times\n        Media Group]] |accessdate=January 2, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqPAAJG?url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/780/why-are-magazines-dated-ahead-of-the-time-they-actually-appear\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* [[February 25]]\n        – [[Art Gillham]] records for [[Columbia Records]] the first Western\n        Electric masters to be commercially released.\\n* [[February 28]] – The\n        [[1925 Charlevoix\\u2013Kamouraska earthquake]] strikes northeastern North\n        America.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1925}}\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**\n        [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] is appointed as the prime minister in\n        [[Turkey]] (Turkey''s 4th and \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc''s 3rd government).\\n**\n        [[Calvin Coolidge]] is [[Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge|sworn in]]\n        for a full term as President of the United States, the first inauguration\n        to be broadcast on [[radio]].{{cite web|url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/facts-and-firsts\n        |title=Facts, Firsts and Precedents |last= |first= |date= |website=Fifty-Seventh\n        Presidential Inauguration |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |accessdate=2015-01-03\n        |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqbV6ML?url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/facts-and-firsts\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* [[March 6]] –\n        ''''[[Pionerskaya Pravda]]'''', one of the oldest children''s newspapers in\n        Europe, is founded in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[March 9]]\\u2013[[May 1]]\n        – [[Pink''s War]]: The British [[Royal Air Force]] bombards mountain\n        strongholds of [[Mahsud]] tribesmen in [[South Waziristan]].\\n* [[March 10]]\n        – [[Greece]]''s most successful football club, [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]]\n        is founded  in [[Athens]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[March\n        15]] – The [[Phi Lambda Chi]] fraternity (original name \\\"The Aztecs\\\")\n        is founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teacher''s College in [[Conway,\n        Arkansas]] (now the [[University of Central Arkansas]]).\\n* [[March 18]] –\n        The [[Tri-State Tornado]], the deadliest in U.S. history, rampages through\n        [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], and [[Indiana]], killing 695 people and injuring\n        2,027. It hits the towns of [[Murphysboro, Illinois]]; [[Gorham, Illinois]];\n        [[Ellington, Missouri]]; and [[Griffin, Indiana]].\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Tennessee]] Governor [[Austin Peay]] signs the [[Butler Act]], prohibiting\n        the teaching of [[evolution]] in the state''s public schools.\\n* [[March 31]]\n        – Radio station ''''[[WOWO (AM)|WOWO]]'''' in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]\n        begins broadcasting.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1925}}\\n* April\\u2013October\n        – The ''''{{lang|fr|[[Exposition Internationale des Arts D\\u00e9coratifs\n        et Industriels Modernes]]}}'''' is held in Paris, giving a name to the [[Art\n        Deco]] style.\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** Frank Heath and his horse ''''Gypsy Queen''''\n        leaves Washington, D.C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states.\\n**\n        The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|Patent and Trademark Office]]\n        is transferred to the [[Department of Commerce]].\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] publishes ''''[[The Great Gatsby]]''''.\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Fritz Haarmann]], a serial killer convicted of the murder of\n        24 boys and young men, is [[Decapitation|beheaded]] in Germany.\\n[[File:BASA-1577K-1-61-14-Sofia,\n        Bulgaria.JPG|thumb|150px|St Nedelya Church after assault]]\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – The Communist assault on St. Nedelya Church claims roughly 150 lives\n        in [[Sofia, Bulgaria]].\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Colo-colo]], a well-known\n        football club of [[Chile]], is founded in [[Macul]], suburb  of [[Santiago]].{{cite\n        web|title=Colo-Colo: Sitio Oficial del Eterno Campe\\u00f3n|url=http://www.colocolo.cl/historia/fundacion/la-fundacion-del-club-1920-1930/|website=La\n        fundaci\\u00f3n del club (1920-1930)|accessdate=10 September 2017}}\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – Iranian forces of [[Rez\\u0101 Sh\\u0101h]] occupies [[Ahvaz]]\n        and arrests [[Sheikh Khaz''al]].\\n* [[April 28]] – Presenting the [[Stanley\n        Baldwin]] government''s budget, [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Winston\n        Churchill]] announces Britain''s return to the [[gold standard]].{{cite\n        book |last=Mercer |first=Derrik |date=1989 |editor-last= |editor-first= |title=Chronicle\n        of the 20th Century |url= |location=London |publisher=Chronicle Communications\n        Ltd. |pages=328\\u2013329 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3 |accessdate= }}\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1925}}\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** In the [[Destruction of early Islamic\n        heritage sites in Saudi Arabia]], the [[al-Baqi'']] mausoleums are destroyed\n        by King [[Ibn Saud]].\\n** The [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]], the\n        world''s largest [[trade union]] organisation, is founded in [[Guangzhou]],\n        [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]].\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Scopes\n        Trial]]: [[Dayton, Tennessee]], biology teacher [[John T. Scopes]] is arrested\n        for teaching [[Charles Darwin]]''s [[Theory of Evolution]].\\n** The [[General\n        Election Law]] is passed in Japan.\\n* [[May 8]] – African American Tom\n        Lee rescues 32 people from the sinking [[steamboat]] ''''[[M.E. Norman]]''''\n        on the [[Mississippi River]].\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Scopes Trial]]: [[John T.\n        Scopes]] is indicted for teaching [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]''s theory of [[evolution]].\\n**\n        The [[National Forensic League]] is founded.\\n* [[May 29]] – British\n        explorer [[Percy Fawcett]] sends a last telegram to his wife before he disappears\n        in the [[Amazon River|Amazon]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1925}}\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Percy and Florence Arrowsmith]] are married.\\n* [[June\n        6]] – The [[Chrysler Corporation]] is founded by [[Walter Percy Chrysler]].\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Charles Francis Jenkins]] achieves the first synchronized\n        transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines and a mechanical system\n        in \\\"the first public demonstration of radiovision\\\".\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** The\n        [[Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]] in Greece is founded.\\n** The Turkish\n        football club [[G\\u00f6ztepe A.\\u015e.|G\\u00f6ztepe]] is founded.\\n* [[June\n        29]] – The 6.8 {{M|w}} [[1925 Santa Barbara earthquake|Santa Barbara\n        earthquake]] affects the central coast of California with a maximum [[Mercalli\n        intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''''Violent''''), destroying much\n        of downtown [[Santa Barbara, California]] and leaving 13 people dead.\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1925}}\\n* [[July 9]] – In [[Dublin]],\n        Ireland, Oonagh Keogh becomes the first female member of a [[stock exchange]]\n        in the world.\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Scopes Trial]]: In [[Dayton, Tennessee]],\n        the so-called \\\"Monkey Trial\\\" begins with [[John T. Scopes]], a young high\n        school science teacher accused of teaching [[evolution]] in violation of a\n        [[Tennessee]] state law.\\n** [[Meher Baba]] begins his 44-year silence.\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] publishes Volume 1 of his personal manifesto\n        ''''[[Mein Kampf]]''''.\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Scopes Trial]]: In [[Dayton,\n        Tennessee]], high school biology teacher [[John T. Scopes]] is found guilty\n        of teaching [[evolution]] in class and fined $100.\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        The [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union]] (TASS) is established.\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n{{Main article|August 1925}}\\n* [[August 1]] – The New Cape\n        Central Railway between [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]] and [[Mossel\n        Bay|Voorbaai]] is incorporated into the [[South African Railways]].''''Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of\n        Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway'''', Statement No. 19,\n        p. 189, ref. no. 200954-13\\n* [[August 8]] – The [[Ku Klux Klan]],\n        the largest fraternal organization in the United States, demonstrates its\n        popularity by holding a parade in Washington DC.\\n* [[August 14]] –\n        The original Hetch Hetchy [[Moccasin, Tuolumne County, California|Moccasin]]\n        Powerhouse is completed and goes on line.\\n* [[August 25]] – The French\n        [[Occupation of the Ruhr|completes their evacuation]] of the Ruhr region of\n        Germany.{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1925.htm\n        |title=Chronology 1925 |last= |first=  |date=2002 |website=indiana.edu |publisher=\n        |accessdate=January 2, 2015 }}\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1925}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The U.S. Navy dirigible [[USS Shenandoah\n        (ZR-1)|''''Shenandoah'''']] breaks up in a [[squall line]] near [[Caldwell,\n        Ohio]], killing 14 crewmen.\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Feast of the Cross]]\n        according to the [[Old Calendar]]; A celestial cross appears over [[Athens]],\n        Greece, while the Greek police pursues a group of [[Greek Old Calendarists]].\n        The phenomenon lasts for half an hour.{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodox.net/articles/cross-in-athens.html|title=The\n        Appearance of the Cross Near Athens in 1925|author=Priest Seraphim Holland|publisher=}}\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1925}}\\n* October – The major money\n        forgery and fraud of [[Alves dos Reis]] is exposed in Portugal.\\n* [[October\n        1]] – [[Mount Rushmore]] National Memorial is dedicated in [[South Dakota]].\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-R03618, Locarno, Gustav Stresemann, Chamberlain, Briand.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Locarno\n        Treaties]] with [[Gustav Stresemann]], [[Austen Chamberlain]] and [[Aristide\n        Briand]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – In London\\n** [[John Logie Baird]] successfully\n        transmitts the first television pictures with a greyscale image.{{cite\n        book|first=R. W.|last=Burns|title=Television: An International History of\n        the Formative Years|location=London|publisher=Institution of Electrical Engineers|isbn=978-0-85296-914-4|page=264}}\\n**\n        The city''s first enclosed [[double-decker bus]]es sre introduced.\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\u2013[[October 16|16]] – The [[Locarno Treaties]] are negotiated.\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Cubana de Aviaci\\u00f3n]] is founded.\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n{{Main article|November 1925}}\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Secret agent]]\n        [[Sidney Reilly]] is executed by the [[State Political Directorate|OGPU]],\n        the [[secret police]] of the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[November 9]] – Formal\n        foundation date of the ''''[[Schutzstaffel]]'''' (SS) as a personal bodyguard\n        for [[Adolf Hitler]] in Germany.\\n* [[November 14]] – The first [[Surrealism|Surrealist]]\n        art exhibition opens in Paris.{{cite\n        book|last=Mercer|first=Derrik|date=1989|title=Chronicle of the 20th Century|location=London|publisher=Chronicle\n        Communications Ltd.|page=335|isbn=978-0-582-03919-3}}\\n* [[November\n        24]] – The silent film ''''[[El H\\u00fasar de la Muerte]]'''' is released\n        in [[Santiago]], Chile.\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII)\n        is crowned as [[King of Siam]].\\n* [[November 28]] – The weekly [[country\n        music]]-variety [[Radio programming|radio program]] ''''[[Grand Ole Opry]]''''\n        is first broadcast on [[WSM (AM)|WSM radio]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]],\n        as the \\\"WSM Barn Dance\\\".\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1925}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – The [[Locarno Treaties]] are signed in London.\\n*[[December\n        11]] – [[Pope Pius XI]]''s [[encyclical]] ''''[[Quas primas]]'''', on\n        the [[Feast of Christ the King]], is promulgated.{{cite web|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius11/P11PRIMA.HTM|title=QUAS\n        PRIMAS|publisher=}}\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Reza Shah]] becomes [[shah]]\n        of [[Imperial State of Iran|Persia]].\\n** [[Alpha Phi Omega]], a National\n        service fraternity, is founded at [[Lafayette College]].\\n** [[Colombo Radio]]\n        launches in Ceylon; the station subsequently becomes known as ''''[[Radio\n        Ceylon]]''''.\\n* [[December 25]] – [[IG Farben]] is formed by the merger\n        of six chemical companies in Germany.\\n[[File:Paris Montmartre in 1925.jpg|thumb|115px|Paris\n        Rue de [[Montmartre]] in 1925]]\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Spring – [[Leica\n        Camera|Leica]] I [[35 mm film]] [[still camera]] is introduced.\\n* The Australian\n        state of Queensland introduces a 44-hour working week.\\n* The [[Brisbane City\n        Council]], (Brisbane, Australia), is created from the amalgamation of 20 smaller\n        cities, towns and shires.\\n* New York City becomes the largest city in the\n        world, taking the lead from London.{{cite web|title=Largest Cities Through\n        History|publisher=[[About.com]]|author=[http://geography.about.com/mbiopage.htm\n        Matt Rosenberg]|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm|\n        accessdate= 13 November 2008 }}{{Unreliable source?|date=November\n        2008}}\\n* The [[Thompson submachine gun]] is sold for $175 in the 1925 [[Sears,\n        Roebuck and Company]] mail order catalog.\\n* The [[National Football League]]\n        adds 5 teams: the [[New York Giants]], [[Detroit Panthers]], [[Providence\n        Steam Roller]], a new [[Canton Bulldogs]] team, and the [[Pottsville Maroons]].\\n*\n        In Germany, the [[Bauhaus]] moves to a building in [[Dessau]] designed by\n        [[Walter Gropius]].\\n* [[Lion Feuchtwanger]]''s novel ''''[[Jud S\\u00fc\\u00df\n        (Feuchtwanger novel)|Jud S\\u00fc\\u00df]]'''' is published.{{cite book|first=Q.D.|last=Leavis|authorlink=Q.\n        D. Leavis|title=Fiction and the Reading Public|edition=rev.|location=London|publisher=Chatto\n        & Windus|year=1965}}\\n* The [[Shueisha]] Publishing Company is founded\n        in Tokyo.\\n* The [[Wheel gymnastics]] is invented in [[Germany]].\\n\\n== Births\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n\\n[[File:Paul Newman in Carnation, Washington June\n        2007 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Newman]]]]\\n[[File:Douglas Engelbart in\n        Redwood City 2006.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas Engelbart]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Bomani]], Tanzanian politician and ambassador (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Wahiduddin\n        Khan]], noted Islamic scholar and peace activist \\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Larry\n        Harmon]], American entertainer and TV producer (''''[[Bozo the Clown]]'''')\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Era\\u00f1o Manalo|Era\\u00f1o de Guzman Manalo]], 2nd Executive\n        Minister (''''Tagapamahalang Pangkalahatan'''') of the ''''[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]''''\n        (Church of Christ) (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Henry Gleitman]],\n        Professor Emeritus of Psychology (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Veikko Hakulinen]], Finnish\n        cross-country skier (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Betty Kennedy]], Canadian broadcaster\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[John DeLorean]], American car maker\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Gerald Durrell]], British naturalist,\n        zookeeper, author, and television presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Helmuth H\\u00fcbener]], German youth political activist against\n        the [[Hitler]] regime (d. [[1942]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Lee Van Cleef]],\n        American actor (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Georgi Kaloyanchev]],\n        Bulgarian actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Gwen Verdon]], American actress and dancer\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Elwyn Welch]], New Zealand farmer, ornithologist, conservationist\n        and Open Brethren missionary (d. [[1961]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Yukio\n        Mishima]], Japanese writer (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\n** [[August Englas]],\n        Estonian wrestler (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ignacio L\\u00f3pez Tarso]], Mexican\n        actor\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Harold Switzer]], American child actor (d. [[1967]])\\n**\n        [[Jesse J. Taylor]], United States Navy naval aviator (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Duane Hanson]], American sculptor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Charles Aidman]], American actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Bobby Young]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\n** [[Barbara Carroll]], American jazz pianist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Gilles Deleuze]], French philosopher (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n**\n        [[Joan Leslie]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Paul Newman]], American\n        actor, film director, entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Dub Garrett]], American football guard (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Robert\n        W. McCollum]], American epidemiologist, (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Douglas Engelbart]], American inventor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Dorothy Malone]],\n        American actress\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Bernardino Rivera \\u00c1lvarez]],\n        Bolivian bishop (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jack Lemmon - 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack\n        Lemmon]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Altman - 1983.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Altman]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\n** [[Bobby Laing]], Scottish professional footballer (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n** [[Mary Nesbitt Wisham|Mary Nesbitt]], American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Elaine Stritch]],\n        American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Shelley Berman]], American\n        comedian and actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Fiedler]], American actor (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Leon Schlumpf]], Swiss Federal Councillor (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Jutta Hipp]], German born American jazz pianist and\n        composer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Hans Schmidt (wrestler)|Hans\n        Schmidt]], Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        – [[Jack Lemmon]], American actor and film director, better known for\n        his role in ''''[[The Odd Couple (film)|The Odd Couple]]'''' (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Billy Williamson (guitarist)|Billy Williamson]],\n        American musician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Pierre Mondy]],\n        French film and theatre actor and director (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        [[Virginia E. Johnson]], American sexologist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Amparo Rivelles]],\n        Spanish actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Kim Stanley]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Ted Innes]], Australian politician (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Romolo Bizzotto]], Italian professional football\n        player and coach (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Ron Goodwin]], English\n        composer and conductor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Hal Holbrook]], American actor\n        (''''Mark Twain Tonight'''')\\n* [[February 18]] – [[George Kennedy]],\n        American actor (''''Cool Hand Luke'''') (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 20]] \\n**\n        [[Robert Altman]], American film director (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Pat Lanigan]],\n        Australian public servant (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Sam Peckinpah]],\n        American director (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[\\u0160tefan Vrablec]], Slovak Roman\n        Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Eric Prabhakar]],\n        Indian sprinter (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Bud Day]], United\n        States Air Force colonel (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Maddy English]],\n        American female baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Wing Luke]], Assistant\n        Attorney General of Washington (d. [[1965]])\\n** [[Aino Seep]], Estonian singer\n        and actress (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Shehu Shagari]], President of Nigeria from\n        1979 to 1983\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Dave Pell]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Everton Weekes]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Samuel Dash]], American Watergate Congressional counsel (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Ed Quirk]], American football fullback (d. [[1962]])\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Inezita Barroso]], Brazilian sertanejo singer, guitarist, actress,\n        TV presenter, librarian, folklorist and teacher (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Paul Mauriat]],\n        French musician (''''[[L''amour est bleu|Love is Blue]]'''') (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Clyde Biggers]], American football coach (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Rene Gagnon]], U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Leo Esaki]], Japanese physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 14]] – [[John Jacobs\n        (English golfer)|John Jacobs]], English golfer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[Cornell Borchers]], German actress (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Luis E. Miramontes]],\n        Mexican chemist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Gabriele Ferzetti]],\n        Italian actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Alessandro Alessandroni]],\n        Italian musician and composer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Gerard\n        Hoffnung]], German-born English humorist (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Robie Lester]], American Grammy-nominated voice artist and singer (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[David Watkin (cinematographer)|David Watkin]], British cinematographer (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Flannery O''Connor]], American writer (d.\n        [[1964]])\\n** [[Kishori Sinha]], Indian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Pierre Boulez]], French composer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Ian Robinson (Australian politician)|Ian Robinson]], Australian\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Bobby Hutchins]], [[Our\n        Gang]] child star (d. [[1945]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hans Rosenthal Autogrammbild.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans\n        Rosenthal]]]]\\n[[File:Rod Steiger Al Capone 2.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Rod Steiger]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\n** [[Piero Livi]], Italian director and screenwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Qassem Al-Nasser]], Jordanian General (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Hans Rosenthal]], German radio editor, director, one of the most popular\n        German radio and TV hosts of the 1970s and 1980s (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Tony Benn]], British politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 4]]\n        – [[Fariza Magomadova]], Chechen educator and boarding school director\n        \\n* [[April 5]] – [[Donald Burgett]], American writer and World War\n        II veteran (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Chaturanan Mishra]], Indian\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Gene Ammons]], American jazz\n        saxophonist (d. [[1974]])\\n** [[Rod Steiger]], American actor, better known\n        for his role in ''''[[In the Heat of the Night (film)|In The Heat Of The Night]]''''\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Beryl Te Wiata]], New Zealand actor,\n        author, and scriptwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Moawad]], 13th President of Lebanon (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        [[Bob Hastings]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Hugh\n        O''Brian]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Elena Verdugo]],\n        American actress (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ernie Stautner]], German-born American\n        football player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Solomon Perel]], Israeli\n        motivational speaker\\n* [[April 22]] – [[George Cole (actor)|George\n        Cole]], English actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Faye Dancer]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Theda Marshall]], American basewoman (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Eugen Weber]], Romanian-born historian (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] \\n** [[Janete Clair]], Brazilian television, radio play, and novel writer\n        (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Kay E. Kuter]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] \\n** [[Michele Ferrero]], Italian businessman (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[J\\u00f8rgen\n        Ingmann]], Danish musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Joey LaMotta]],\n        brother and one time manager of former world middleweight boxing champion,\n        Jake LaMotta (d. [[1991]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Akio Kimura|ja|3=\\u6728\\u6751\\u660e\\u751f}},\n        Japanese professor of Russian studies (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[John Compton]], Saint Lucian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of\n        Saint Lucia (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Johnny Horton]], American\n        [[country music]] and [[rockabilly]] singer (d. [[1960]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Yogi\n        Berra 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Yogi Berra]]]]\\n[[File:PolPot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pol\n        Pot]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm X NYWTS 4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Malcolm X]]]]\\n* [[May\n        1]]\\n** [[Scott Carpenter]], American astronaut (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anna May\n        Hutchison]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May\n        2]]\\n** [[Maria Barroso]], Portuguese politician and actress (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Eddie Garcia]], Filipino actor and director\\n** [[Inga Gill]], Swedish actress\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[John Neville (actor)|John Neville]], English actor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n** [[Lou Rowan]], Australian Test cricket match umpire (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[Ngiratkel Etpison]], 5th President of Palau (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Jean S\\u00e9guy]], French sociologist of religions (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May\n        4]]\\n** [[Maurice R. Greenberg]], American businessman\\n** [[Olive Osmond]],\n        Osmond family matriarch (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Jen\\u0151 Buz\\u00e1nszky]], Hungarian\n        footballer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Charles Chaplin Jr.]], American\n        actor (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]], Tanzanian\n        president\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Vladimir Tadej]], Croatian production designer,\n        screenwriter and film director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Yogi\n        Berra]], American baseball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Marvin\n        Traub]], American businessman and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Sophie Kurys]],\n        American professional baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Patrice Munsel]],\n        American opera singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Andrei Eshpai]],\n        Russian pianist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Herb Henson]], American\n        country music (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[G\\u00e9rard Corboud]],\n        Swiss entrepreneur, art collector and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        19]]\\n** [[Pol Pot]], Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Brian\n        Moll]], Australian character actor, director and producer (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Malcolm X]], African-American civil rights activist (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[May\n        22]]\\n** [[James King (tenor)|James King]], American tenor (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Jean Tinguely]], Swiss painter and sculptor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Joshua Lederberg]], American molecular biologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 24]] –\n        [[Mai Zetterling]], Swedish actress and film director (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Jeanne Crain]], American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Gatica]], Argentine boxer (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Alec\n        McCowen]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Carmen Montejo]], Cuban-born\n        Mexican actress (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[B\\u00fclent Ecevit]], 3-time\n        Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]], German\n        lyric baritone and conductor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Pavel \\u0160t\\u011bp\\u00e1n]],\n        Czech pianist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Thomas Collier Platt Jr.]],\n        American judge (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Frei Otto]], German architect\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Tony Curtis portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony\n        Curtis]]]]\\n[[File:Barbara Bush portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barbara Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Presidente\n        Napolitano.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giorgio Napolitano]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Dilia D\\u00edaz Cisneros]], Venezuelan teacher\\n* [[June 2]] \\n** [[Julius\n        Blank]], semiconductor pioneer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Buddy Elias]], Swiss actor\n        and president of the Anne Frank Fonds (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 3]] –\n        [[Tony Curtis]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Warren\n        Frost]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Hideji \\u014ctaki]],\n        Japanese actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Ernestina Herrera de Noble]],\n        Argentine publisher and executive (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Biddle (yachting\n        cinematographer)|John Biddle]], American yachting cinematographer and lecturer\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Robert Smithdas]], American deaf-blind teacher, advocate\n        and author (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 8]] \\n** [[Eddie Gaedel]], American with\n        dwarfism (d. [[1961]])\\n** [[Barbara Bush]], [[First Lady of the United States]]\\n**\n        [[Claude Estier]], French politician and journalist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Don Ritchie]], Australian official (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Nat Hentoff]], American historian, novelist, jazz and country music\n        critic, and syndicated columnist for United Media (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[William Styron]], American writer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 13]]\n        – [[Du\\u0161an Trbojevi\\u0107]], Serbian pianist, composer, musical\n        writer and university professor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Hideyuki\n        Fujisawa]], Japanese professional Go player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Pierre Salinger]],\n        White House Press Secretary (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Vasily Golubev]],\n        Soviet, Russian painter (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Attil\\u00e2 \\u0130lhan]], Turkish\n        poet, novelist, essayist, journalist and reviewer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June\n        16]] – [[Lewis Morley]], American Photographer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n** [[Mervyn Finlay]], Australian former member of the Supreme Court\n        of New South Wales and Queen''s Counsel (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Luce d''Eramo]],\n        Italian writer and literary critic (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e1s\n        Kov\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian filmmaker (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Audie Murphy]], American\n        World War II hero and actor (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Stanley Moss]],\n        American poet, publisher, and art dealer\\n** [[Larisa Avdeyeva]], Russian  mezzo-soprano\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Giovanni Spadolini]], Prime Minister of Italy (d. [[1994]])\\n**\n        [[Maureen Stapleton]], American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Ben\n        Jarvis]], American politician\\n** [[Frank Hindle]], English footballer player\\n**\n        [[Nat Boxer]], American sound engineer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Anna\n        Chennault]], Chinese widow of World War II leader Lieutenant General [[Claire\n        Lee Chennault]]\\n** [[Oliver Smithies]], British-American geneticist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Art Modell]], American businessman (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Miiko\n        Taka]], Japanese-American actress\\n** [[Sergio Realini]], Italian professional\n        football player\\n** [[Ogden R. Reid]], United States Representative from New\n        York\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Clay Evans (pastor)|Clay Evans]], African American\n        Baptist pastor\\n** [[P. Viswambharan]], Indian politician, socialist, trade\n        unionist and journalist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Robert Venturi]], American architect\\n**\n        [[June Lockhart]], American actress\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Jean Frydman]], French\n        resistant and businessman\\n** [[Richard X. Slattery]], American actor (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Wayne Terwilliger]], American second baseman,\n        coach, and manager in Major League Baseball\\n* [[June 28]] –  [[Ray\n        Boyle]], American actor\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Cara Williams]], American actress\\n**\n        [[John Fujioka]], American actor of Japanese descent \\n** [[Giorgio Napolitano]],\n        Italian politician and 11th [[President of Italy]]\\n** [[Frank Brilando]],\n        American former cyclist\\n** [[Marilyn Mason]], American concert organist,\n        recording artist, and teacher\\n** [[Robert H\\u00e9bras]], Oradour-sur Glane\n        massacre survivor\\n** [[Nancy Saunders]], American actress\\n** [[Mervyn Alexander]],\n        English Bishop (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Arthur Storch]], American actor and Broadway\n        director (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Ebrahim Amini]], Iranian politician\\n**\n        [[Philippe Jaccottet]], Swiss poet and translator\\n** [[Ros Mey]], Cambodian-born\n        American Buddhist monk and survivor of the Khmer Rouge regime (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Fred Schaus]], American basketball player, head coach and athletic director\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Merv Griffin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Merv Griffin]]]]\\n[[File:QuettMasire1980\n        (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Quett Masire]]]]\\n[[File:Ana Mar\\u00eda Matute.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ana\n        Mar\\u00eda Matute]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Aubyn Curtiss]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Harry Gesner]], American architect\\n** [[Farley Granger]], American actor\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 2]] \\n** [[Marvin Rainwater]], American country and\n        rockabilly singer and songwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Medgar Evers]], African-American\n        civil rights activist (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Patrice Lumumba]], Congolese independence\n        leader (d. [[1961]])\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Roger Chesneau]], French steeplechaser\\n**\n        [[Keiji Hase]], Japanese swimmer\\n** [[Terry Moriarty]], Australian rules\n        footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Danny Nardico]], American professional boxer\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Dorothy Head Knode]], American tennis player\\n**\n        [[Jim Kettle]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Ciril Zlobec]], Slovene\n        poet, writer, translator, journalist and former politician\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Unto Wiitala]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n** [[Ali \\u00c7etiner]], Turkish\n        cyclist\\n** [[Carlos Vel\\u00e1zquez (pentathlete)|Carlos Vel\\u00e1zquez]],\n        Argentine modern pentathlete\\n** [[Fernando de Szyszlo]], Peruvian painter,\n        sculptor, printmaker, and teacher\\n** [[Jean Raspail]], French author, traveler\n        and explorer\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Gazi Ya\\u015fargil]], Turkish medical scientist\n        and neurosurgeon\\n** [[Ruth Cracknell]], Australian actress and author (d.\n        [[2002]]) \\n** [[Merv Griffin]], American game show developer and host (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Bill Haley]], American musician (''''[[Bill Haley & His Comets]]'''')\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Erich Hartstein]], German journalist and\n        contributing editor\\n** [[Hong Jong-o]], Chinese swimmer\\n** [[Marc Breslow]],\n        American television director (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Fernand Decanali]], French\n        cyclist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jud Kinberg]], American producer and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Lies Bonnier]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Nicholas\n        Brathwaite]], Prime minister of Grenada (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Dominique Nohain]],\n        Actor, dramaturge, screenwriter and French director\\n** [[Arthur Imperatore\n        Sr.]], Italian-American businessman from New Jersey\\n** [[Bill Mackrides]],\n        American football quarterback\\n** [[Dominique Nohain]], French actor, dramatist,\n        screenwriter and theatre director\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Mary de Rachewiltz]],\n        American poet and translator \\n** [[Tom Luken]], American politician\\n** [[Marion\n        Gay Wofford]], American politician\\n** [[Ronald I. Spiers]], United States\n        Ambassador\\n** [[Borislav Stankovi\\u0107]], Serbian former basketball player\n        and coach\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Mahathir bin Mohamad]], fourth Prime Minister\n        of Malaysia\\n** [[Susan Cummings (actress)|Susan Cummings]], German-American\n        actress\\n** [[Jerome Kohlberg Jr.]], American businessman (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Mildred Kornman]], American child actress\\n** [[Murray Waxman]], Canadian\n        basketball player\\n** [[Elwy Yost]], Canadian television host (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** [[Mattiwilda Dobbs]], African-American coloratura soprano\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Nicolai Gedda]], Swedish operatic tenor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[David Graham (actor)|David Graham]], British actor and voice artist\\n**\n        [[Fernando Matthei]], Chilean Air Force General\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Roger\n        Bonham Smith]], former chairman and CEO of [[General Motors]] (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Don Campbell (ice hockey)|Don Campbell]], Canadian ice hockey (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Rosie Harris]], English author\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Suzanne Zimmerman]],\n        American competition swimmer and Olympic medalist\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Elmo\n        Bovio]], Argentine professional football player\\n** [[Sheila Guyse]], African-American\n        singer and actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Carlos Vel\\u00e1zquez (pentathlete)|Carlos\n        Vel\\u00e1zquez]], Argentine modern pentathlete\\n** [[Bruce L. Douglas]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Francisco \\u00c1lvarez Mart\\u00ednez]], archbishop of the\n        Spanish see of Toledo and a Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church\\n** [[Hugh\n        Gillin]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[D. A. Pennebaker]],\n        American documentary filmmaker\\n** [[Gaston Rousseau]], French racing cyclist\\n**\n        [[Badal Sarkar]], Indian dramatist and theatre director (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July\n        16]] \\n** [[Rosita Quintana]], Argentine actress\\n** [[Yuri Sergeev]], Russian\n        speed skater\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Anita Lasker-Wallfisch]], German cellist,\n        and a surviving member of the Women''s Orchestra in Auschwitz\\n** [[Ted Vogel]],\n        American marathon runner\\n** [[Carla Boni]], Italian singer (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 18]]\\n** [[Hubert Doggart]], English sports administrator, cricketer\n        and schoolmaster\\n** [[Allan Elsom]], New Zealand rugby union player (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Raymond Jones (architect)|Raymond Jones]], Australian architect\\n** [[Windy\n        McCall]], relief pitcher in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Glen Wood]], American\n        NASCAR driver\\n** [[Friedrich Zimmermann]], German politician  (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** [[Sue Thompson]], American pop and country music singer\\n**\n        [[Jack Petchey]], British businessman\\n** [[Henri Beaujean]], French politician\\n**\n        [[Jean-Pierre Faye]], French philosopher and writer of fiction and prose poetry\\n**\n        [[Michael Pfeiffer]], German former professional football player\\n** [[John\n        Dossetor]], Canadian physician and bioethicist\\n** [[Hans Aarsleff]], emeritus\n        professor of English at Princeton University,\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Frantz\n        Fanon]], French-Algerian psychiatrist and philosopher (d. [[1961]])\\n** [[Jacques\n        Delors]], French politician\\n** [[Stanley Hovdebo]], New Democratic Party\n        member of the Canadian House of Commons\\n** [[Eric Watson (cricketer)|Eric\n        Watson]], New Zealand former cricketer\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Johnny Peirson]],\n        Canadian Hockey player\\n** [[Hans Meyer (actor)|Hans Meyer]], South African\n        actor\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Irving Sandler]], American art critic, art historian,\n        and educator\\n** [[Joseph Sargent]], American film director (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] \\n** [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d.\n        [[1975]])\\n** [[Gloria DeHaven]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Govind\n        Talwalkar]], Indian journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Quett Masire]], 2nd [[President\n        of Botswana]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Benny Benjamin]], American\n        musician, known as the main drummer used by [[Motown]] for studio recordings\n        (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Neil O''Reilly]], Australian rules footballer\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Ana Mar\\u00eda Matute]], Spanish writer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Baruch S. Blumberg]], American scientist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[Shivram Dattatreya Phadnis]], Indian cartoonist\\n** [[Mikis Theodorakis]],\n        Greek composer \\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Stan Stennett]], Welsh comedian, actor\n        and jazz musician (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Alexander Trocchi]], Scottish writer\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Harry Malmberg]], American second baseman\n        and coach (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Carmel Quinn]], Irish-American singer and performer\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Jorge\n        Rafael Videla 1976.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]]]]\\n[[File:Izetbegovic.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alija\n        Izetbegovi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Oscar Peterson.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Oscar Peterson]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Cor Edskes]], Dutch organ builder and restorer (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Pam Gems]], English playwright (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jimmy Caci]], Los Angeles\n        crime family member and a Caporegime (Captain) in the family (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Roy Mackal]], American biologist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Jorge\n        Rafael Videla]], 42nd President of Argentina (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Alan Whicker]],\n        British television presenter (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 3]] \\n** [[Dom Um Rom\\u00e3o]],\n        Brazilian jazz drummer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Guy Degrenne]], French businessman\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Betty Trezza]], Italian-American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Eddie Baily]],\n        England international footballer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Barbara Bates]], American\n        actress and singer (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Yogini Joglekar]], Marathi writer,\n        poet and also a renowned classical singer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Olavi Rokka]],\n        American gardener and horticulturist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[M. S. Swaminathan]], Indian scientist\\n* [[August 8]] \\n** [[Alija Izetbegovi\\u0107]],\n        President of Bosnia-Herzegovina (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Aziz Sattar]], Malaysian\n        actor, comedian, singer and director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Frank Lauterbur]],\n        American football player and coach (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Ginny\n        Tyler]], American voice actress (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[David A. Huffman]], American\n        computer scientist (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Valent\\u00edn Pimstein]], Chilean-Mexican\n        producer of telenovelas (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Olavi Rokka]], Finnish modern\n        pentathlete (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Stanislav Brebera]],\n        Czech chemist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Arlene Dahl]], American\n        actress\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Thor Vilhj\\u00e1lmsson]], Icelandic writer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Guillermo Cano Isaza]], Colombian journalist (d. [[1986]])\\n**\n        [[Dean Sensanbaugher]], American football halfback and defensive back (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Norris McWhirter]] (d. [[2004]]) and his twin brother,\\n**\n        [[Ross McWhirter]] (d. [[1975]]), Scottish co-founders of the ''''Guinness\n        Book of Records''''\\n** [[Lois Jurgens]], American convicted murderer (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Leopold Barschandt]], Austrian footballer (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Guillermo Cano Isaza]], Colombian journalist (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[George\n        Wetherill]], Director Emeritus, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Dale Bumpers]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Alfredo Mart\\u00ednez de Hoz]], Argentine executive and policy\n        maker (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Peter Beaven]], New Zealand architect based in Christchurch\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Benny Bailey]], American bebop and hard-bop jazz trumpeter\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Mike Connors]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Ruth Lessing]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Oscar Peterson]], Canadian jazz pianist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Bill Pinkney]],\n        American performer and singer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Aldo Ciccolini]], Italian-born\n        French pianist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n** [[Idriss ibn al-Hassan\n        al-Alami]], Moroccan poet and translator (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mal Waldron]],\n        American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[William\n        G. Hundley]], American criminal defense attorney (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Kirke\n        Mechem]], American composer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Madhav Dalvi]], Indian\n        cricketer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Henning Larsen]], Danish\n        architect (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Toma Caragiu]], Romanian\n        theatre, television and film actor (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Honor\n        Blackman]], English actress\\n** [[Terry Donahue (baseball)|Terry Donahue]],\n        Canadian female professional baseball player\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Thea\n        Astley]], Australian writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Jack\n        Hirshleifer]], American economist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Jaswant\n        Singh Neki]], Indian academic and poet (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Nat Lofthouse]],\n        English footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Donald O''Connor]],\n        American actor, singer, and dancer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Parra Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        Spanish footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Demetrio B. Lakas|Demetrio\n        Basilio Lakas Bahas]], former [[President of Panama]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August\n        30]]\\n** [[Chris Anderson (footballer, born 1925)|Chris Anderson]], cottish\n        footballer, educator and football administrator (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Laurent\n        de Brunhoff]], French writer and illustrator\\n* [[August 31]]\\n**[[Maurice\n        Pialat]], French actor and director (d. [[2003]])\\n**[[Pete Vonachen]], American\n        restaurateur and baseball team owner (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Peter\n        Sellers at home in Belgravia, London, 1973.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Sellers]]]]\\n[[File:B.B.\n        King in 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[B. B. King]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] \\n** [[Shoista\n        Mullojonova]], [[Tajikistan|Tajik]]-born [[Shashmakom]] singer (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Maureen Haughey]], Irish political figure (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 7]]\n        – [[Laura Ashley]], Welsh designer (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[September 8]]\n        – [[Peter Sellers]], English comedian and actor, better known for his\n        role in ''''[[The Pink Panther (1963 film)|The Pink Panther]]'''' (d. [[1980]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Boris Tchaikovsky|Boris Alexandrovich Tchaikovsky]],\n        Russian composer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\n** [[Mel Torm\\u00e9]],\n        American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Marshall Flaum]], American television\n        director, producer and screenwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September 14]] –\n        [[Winston Cenac]], 3rd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Helle Virkner]], Danish actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September\n        16]]\\n** [[Charles Haughey]], sixth [[Taoiseach]] (head of government of the\n        [[Republic of Ireland]]) (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Eugene Garfield]], American linguist\n        and businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[B.B. King]], American singer-songwriter\n        and guitarist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Franklin Sousley]],\n        U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Ananda Mahidol]], King Rama VIII of Siam (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Denis Twitchett]], Cambridge scholar and Chinese historian (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Autar Singh Paintal]], Indian medical scientist\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\n** [[Paul B. MacCready, Jr.]], American\n        aeronautical engineer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Silvana Pampanini]], Italian actress\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Marty Robbins]], American singer,\n        songwriter, racing driver (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Robert\n        G. Edwards]], British Nobel physiologist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n**\n        [[Cromwell Everson]], South African composer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Carolyn Morris]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[John Tower]], American politician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] – [[Arkady Ostashev]], Soviet, Russian [[scientist]], participant\n        in the launch of the first artificial [[Earth]] [[Sputnik 1|satellite]] and\n        the [[Yuri Gagarin|first cosmonaut]], [[Kandidat|Candidate of Technical Sciences]],\n        [[Docent]], [[laureate]] of the [[Lenin Prize|Lenin]] and [[USSR State Prize|state]]\n        [[prize]]s (d. [[1998]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Margaret Thatcher cropped2.png|thumb|110px|[[Margaret\n        Thatcher]]]] \\n[[File:Angela Lansbury (8356239174).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Angela\n        Lansbury]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny Carson 1970.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Johnny Carson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Pullein-Thompson sisters|Christine Pullein-Thompson]],\n        British author (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Pullein-Thompson sisters|Diana Pullein-Thompson]],\n        British author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Gore Vidal]], American\n        author (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Fyodor Terentyev]], Soviet\n        Olympic cross-country skiier (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Gail\n        Davis]], American actress (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Mildred\n        Earp]], American female professional baseball player\\n* [[October 8]] –\n        [[\\u00c1lvaro Maga\\u00f1a]], 38th President of El Salvador (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] – [[Anne Pippin Burnett]], American classics scholar\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Elmore Leonard]], American novelist\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Lenny Bruce]], American comic (d. [[1966]])\\n**\n        [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from 1979\n        to 1990 (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Phillip V. Tobias]], South\n        African palaeoanthropologist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Bob\n        Rowland Smith]], Australian politician (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        [[Angela Lansbury]], English-born U.S. actress\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Ramiz\n        Alia]], 13th President of Albania (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 19]] –\n        [[Emilio Eduardo Massera]], Argentine Naval military officer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 20]]\\n** [[Art Buchwald]], American humorist and columnist (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Gene Wood]], American game show announcer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 21]]\n        \\n** [[Celia Cruz]], Cuban-American singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Surjit Singh\n        Barnala]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Robert\n        Rauschenberg]], American painter and graphic artist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Johnny Carson]], American comedian and television host (''''The\n        Tonight Show'''') (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Bob Azzam]], Egyptian\n        singer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Luciano Berio]], Italian composer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Al Feldstein]], American artist and comic book creator (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – [[Warren Christopher]], American diplomat (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Dominick Dunne]], American writer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Hardy]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Klaus Roth]], German-born British\n        mathematician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[John Pople]], English\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:1963\n        Cleopatra trailer screenshot 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Burton]]]]\\n[[File:Rock\n        Hudson in Giant trailer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rock Hudson]]]]\\n[[File:Robert F\n        Kennedy crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:Jos\\u00e9 Napole\\u00f3n\n        Duarte 1987c.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Napole\\u00f3n Duarte]]]]\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Doris Roberts]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Giovanni Coppa]], Italian cardinal (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Richard Burton]], Welsh actor, better known for his role in\n        ''''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'''' (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 11]]\n        \\n** [[Nigel Cecil]], British naval officer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jonathan Winters]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[John Guillermin]], British\n        director (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Heinz Schubert (actor)|Heinz\n        Schubert]], German actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Rock Hudson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Gene Mauch]], baseball\n        manager (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Zygmunt Bauman]], Polish\n        military officer, sociologist and philosopher (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        20]]\\n** [[Kaye Ballard]], American comedian (''''The Mothers-in-Law'''')\\n**\n        [[Robert F. Kennedy]], American politician and [[Attorney General of the United\n        States]] (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[Mark Miller (actor)|Mark Miller]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Maya Plisetskaya]], Russian ballerina (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Gunther Schuller]], American musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\n**\n        [[Gene Brito]], American football Defensive end (d. [[1965]])\\n** [[Maria\n        di Gerlando]], American operatic soprano (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Tony Russel]],\n        American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Napole\\u00f3n Duarte]], Salvadoran\n        politician, 39th [[President of El Salvador]] (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]], American journalist, author, and commentator\n        (''''The Firing Line'''') (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Simon van der Meer]], Dutch\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Gregorio Conrado \\u00c1lvarez]], Uruguayan general and\n        former dictator (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Eugene Istomin]], American pianist (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[John Maddox]], Welsh science writer (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Ernie Wise]], English comedian (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[Grace Berg Schaible]], American lawyer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[William H. Gates Sr.]], American attorney, father\n        of [[Bill Gates]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Julie Harris 1973.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Julie\n        Harris (actress)|Julie Harris]]]]\\n[[File:Sammy Davis Jr 1989 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sammy\n        Davis, Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Dick Van Dyke by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dick\n        Van Dyke]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Martin Rodbell]], American scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Julie Harris (American actress)|Julie Harris]], American\n        actress (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Erik M\\u00f8rk]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Lino Lacedelli]], Italian\n        mountaineer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]],\n        2-Time President of Nicaragua (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Sammy\n        Davis Jr.]], American singer, dancer, musician, and actor (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Hank Thompson (baseball)|Hank Thompson]], American player in the Negro leagues\n        and Major League Baseball (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Paul\n        Greengard]], American neuroscientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Vladimir Shainsky]], Soviet and\n        Russian composer\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Dick Van Dyke]], American actor,\n        singer, dancer and comedian (''''The Dick Van Dyke Show'''')\\n* [[December\n        15]]\\n** [[Hiroshi Motoyama]], Japanese scientist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Kasey\n        Rogers]], American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Rabah Bitat]],\n        former [[President of Algeria]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Tankred Dorst]], German\n        playwright (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert B. Sherman]], American songwriter (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\n** [[John Harlan (announcer)|John Harlan]],\n        American game show announcer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Dorothy Kamenshek]], American\n        professional baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\n** [[Duncan\n        Hallas]], prominent member of the Trotskyist movement in Great Britain (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Harry Guardino]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] \\n** [[Ned Garver]], American professional baseball pitcher (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Dorothy Mueller]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Natalia Revuelta Clews]], Cuban socialite (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]]\\n** [[Hildegard Knef]], German actress, singer and writer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Milton Obote]], [[President of Uganda]] (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Pete Dye]], American golf course architect\\n** [[Luis\n        Alberto Monge]], Costa Rican politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Shirley Herz]], American Broadway theatre (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Godrej Sidhwa]], Pakistani theologist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[Shafik Wazzan]],\n        27th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Nellie Cashman]], Irish-born prospector (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Rafaela Porras Ayll\\u00f3n]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        religious professed and saint (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[George\n        Bellows]], American artist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Camille Decoppet]],\n        Swiss Federal Councilor (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Harry Furniss]], British cartoonist,\n        illustrator and pioneer animator (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Aleksey\n        Kuropatkin]], Russian general and Imperial Russian Minister of War (b. [[1848]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Charles Lanrezac]], French general (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Fanny Bullock Workman]], American geographer, writer\n        and mountain climber (b. [[1859]])Literature of Travel and Exploration:\n        R to Z, index  By Jennifer Speake page 1296\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Alexander Kaulbars]], Russian general and explorer (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Caspar F. Goodrich]], American admiral (b. [[1847]])\\n** [[Sir\n        James Mackenzie]], Scottish cardiologist (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[George Washington Cable]], American writer (b. [[1844]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hjalmar\n        branting stor bild.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hjalmar Branting]]]]\\n[[File:Friedrich\n        Ebert face.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Friedrich Ebert]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[Jaap Eden]], Dutch speed skater (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Oliver Heaviside]], British mathematician (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[February 4]]\n        – [[Robert Koldewey]], German architect and archaeologist (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[Aristide Bruant]], French singer and nightclub owner\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[H. E. Beunke]], Dutch writer (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Ignacio Andrade]], Venezuela military\n        and politician, 23rd [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[James Lane Allen]], American writer (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Fernando De Lucia]], Italian tenor (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Samuel Berger (boxer)|Samuel Berger]], American Olympic boxer\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Hjalmar Branting]], 19th [[Prime\n        Minister of Sweden]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Louis Feuillade]], French silent film director (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Friedrich Ebert]], 1st [[President\n        of Germany (Weimar Republic)]] (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Sun Yat-sen\n        2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sun Yat-sen]]]]\\n[[File:Lucille Ricksen pictureplay0123.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lucille\n        Ricksen]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Luigj Gurakuqi]], Albanian writer and\n        politician (assassinated) (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Moritz Moszkowski]],\n        Polish composer (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[James Ward (psychologist)|James Ward]],\n        British philosopher and psychologist (b. [[1843]])\\n** [[John Montgomery Ward]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March\n        7]] – [[Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov]], [[Prime Minister of Russia]] (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Manuel M\\u00edguez Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Spanish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1831]])\\n**[[Juliette Wytsman]],\n        Belgian painter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Myer Prinstein]],\n        American track athlete (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Gergely Luth\\u00e1r]],\n        Hungarian Slovene writer (b. [[1841]])\\n** [[Sun Yat-sen]], Chinese revolutionary\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Lucille Ricksen]], American [[silent\n        film]] actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Walter Camp]], American\n        football coach (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[George Curzon, 1st\n        Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]], Viceroy of India (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[March\n        28]] – [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson]], British general (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Rudolf Steiner]], Austrian philosopher\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Friedrich Haarmann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fritz\n        Haarmann]]]]\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Alexandra Kitchin]], British model for\n        [[Lewis Carroll]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Patriarch Tikhon\n        of Moscow]], Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April\n        13]] – [[Elwood Haynes]], American inventor (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April\n        14]] – [[John Singer Sargent]], American artist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[April\n        15]]\\n** [[Fritz Haarmann]], German serial killer (executed) (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[August Endell]], German architect (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        [[Gunther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[John Walter Smith]], American politician (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Andr\\u00e9 Caplet]], French composer and conductor (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:William\n        Ferguson Massey 1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William Massey]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\\n**\n        [[Johann Palisa]], Austrian astronomer (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Antun Branko \\u0160imi\\u0107]],\n        Croatian poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Clement Ader]], French\n        Army Captain and aviation pioneer (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Giovanni\n        Battista Grassi]], Italian physician and zoologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[William Hesketh Lever]], British industrialist, philanthropist and\n        politician (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Doveton Sturdee]], British admiral (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[William Massey]], 19th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\n        (b.[[1856]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Amy Lowell]], American poet (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Mangin]], French general (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[H.\n        Rider Haggard]], British writer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Nelson\n        A. Miles]], American general (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n**[[Elias M. Ammons]],\n        Governor of Colorado (b. [[1860]])\\n**[[Joseph Howard (Prime Minister)|Joseph\n        Howard]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 21]] –\n        [[Hidesabur\\u014d Ueno]], Japanese agricultural scientist and guardian of\n        Hachik\\u014d (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[John French, 1st Earl of\n        Ypres]], British World War I field marshal (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[John Palm]], [[Cura\\u00e7ao]] born composer (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Lucien\n        Guitry.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lucien Guitry]]]]\\n[[File:Christian Michelsen portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christian\n        Michelsen]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Lucien Guitry]], French actor (b. [[1860]])\\n**\n        [[Thomas R. Marshall]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|28th]]\n        [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        [[James Ellsworth (industrialist)|James Ellsworth]], American mine owner and\n        banker (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Camille Flammarion]], French\n        astronomer (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Emmett Hardy]], American\n        jazz cornetist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Adolf Pilar von Pilchau]],\n        Baltic German politician, regent of the United Baltic Duchy and baron (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Robert M. La Follette Sr.]], American politician\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Josef Breuer]], Austrian neurologist\n        (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Felix Klein]], German mathematician\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Christian Michelsen]], Norwegian politician\n        and 1st [[Prime Minister of Norway]] (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pancho\n        Villa BNF.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Francisco Guilledo|Pancho Villa]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] – [[Erik Satie]], French composer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        [[Nikolai Golitsyn]], last Prime Minister of the Russian Empire (executed)\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Pier Giorgio Frassati]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] social activist and blessed (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Clarence Hudson White]] American photographer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Francisco Guilledo|Pancho Villa]], Filipino world boxing champion\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Lovis Corinth]], German painter (b.\n        [[1858]])\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Francisco Jose Fernandes Costa]], Portuguese\n        lawyer and politician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[John Indermaur]], British lawyer\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Antonio Ascari]], Italian race car driver\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[William Jennings Bryan]], American lawyer and politician\n        (b. [[1860]]) (diabetes and fatigue)\\n** [[Gottlob Frege]], German mathematician\n        and philosopher (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[July 30]] – [[William Wynn Westcott]],\n        British Freemason (b. [[1848]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:SEVERO_FERN%C3%81NDEZ_ALONSO_CABALLERO.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Severo\n        Fernandez]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Jennie Lee (actress)|Jennie Lee]],\n        American actress (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro]],\n        Italian mathematician (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Severo Fern\\u00e1ndez]],\n        29th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Konrad\n        M\\u00e4gi]], Estonian landscape painter (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[Ioan Slavici]], Romanian writer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Franz\n        Conrad von H\\u00f6tzendorf]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1852]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Viviani_5126118262_30fe269c8a_o.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Rene\n        Viviani]]]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Viviani]], 81st [[Prime\n        Minister of France]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Alexander\n        Alexandrovich Friedman]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Carl Eytel]], German-American artist working in [[Palm Springs,\n        California]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[L\\u00e9on Bourgeois]],\n        French statesman, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Anna Sch\\u00e4ffer]], German [[Roman Catholic]] mystic,\n        stigmatist and saint (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Christy Mathewson]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] – [[Eugen Sandow]], German-born bodybuilder, physical culturist\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jonah of Hankou]], [[Russian Orthodox]]\n        priest and saint (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[George Anderson (criminal)|George\n        Anderson]], Danish criminal (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Mikhail Frunze]], Russian\n        Bolshevik leader (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Max Linder]], French silent film actor\n        (b. [[1883]]) (suicide)\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:King Vajiravudh (Rama VI)\n        in British General''s uniform.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vajiravudh]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Lester Cuneo]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 3]]\n        – [[Lucile McVey]], American actress, part of comedy team with her late\n        husband Sidney Drew (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Kh\\u1ea3i \\u0110\\u1ecbnh]],\n        Emperor of Vietnam (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen\n        Alexandra]], consort of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1844]])\\n**\n        [[Clara Morris]], Victorian stage actress (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November 21]]\n        – [[Robert Wrenn]], American tennis player (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Margaret Sinclair (nun)|Margaret Sinclair]], British nun and\n        venerable (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 25]] – King [[Vajiravudh]] of\n        [[Thailand|Siam]] (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Wladyslaw Reymont\n        1924.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Reymont]]]]\\n[[File:D._Antonio_Maura.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antonio\n        Maura]]]]\\n[[File:Meline.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jules M\\u00e9line]]]]\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Reymont]], Polish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Marguerite Marsh]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 9]] –\n        [[Pablo Iglesias Posse|Pablo Iglesias]], co-founder of the Spanish Socialist\n        Workers Party (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Antonio Maura]],\n        Spanish conservative politician, 5-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Battling Siki]], Senegalese boxer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ignacio Quint\\u00f3n]], Puerto Rican composer\n        and pianist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Lottie Lyell]], Australian\n        female pioneer film director and producer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Jules M\\u00e9line]],\n        French statesman, 50th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[Alice Heine|Alice, Princess Dowager of Monaco]], consort of [[Albert\n        I, Prince of Monaco|Albert I of Monaco]] (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Mary Thurman]],\n        American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Karl Abraham]],\n        German psychoanalyst (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Raymond P. Rodgers]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1849]])\\n** [[Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin]], Russian\n        lyrical poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Vallotton]],\n        Swiss painter (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[J. Gordon Edwards]],\n        Canadian film director (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Emma Curtis\n        Hopkins]], American spiritual writer (b. [[1849]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[James\n        Franck]] and [[Gustav Ludwig Hertz]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[George Bernard Shaw]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Austen\n        Chamberlain]] and [[Charles Gates Dawes]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1925}}\\n[[Category:1925|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T13:01:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":799893282,\"length\":68300,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1925&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925\"},\"34609\":{\"pageid\":34609,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1926\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T18:20:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1926}}\\n{{Events by month|1926}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1926}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1926}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1926}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** Flooding of the [[Rhine]] River\n        struck [[Cologne]]; 50,000 were forced to evacuate their homes.{{cite\n        news |last= |first= |date=January 2, 1926 |title=Floods Drive 50,000 out of\n        Homes on Rhine |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]]  |page=5\n        |accessdate= }}\\n** Ireland''s first regular radio service, [[2RN]]\n        (later ''''Radio \\u00c9ireann''''), began broadcasting.\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]] declared himself dictator\n        in Greece.\\n* [[January 6]] – The airline [[Deutsche Luft Hansa]] was\n        founded in Berlin.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud]] was crowned\n        King of [[Kingdom of Hejaz|Hejaz]].\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Freeman Gosden]]\n        and [[Charles Correll]] premiered their [[radio]] program ''''[[Sam ''n''\n        Henry]]'''', in which the two white performers portray two black characters\n        from [[Harlem]] looking to strike it rich in the big city. It was a precursor\n        to Gosden and Correll''s more popular later program, ''''[[Amos ''n'' Andy]]''''.\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – A [[BBC]] comic radio play broadcast by [[Ronald Knox]]\n        about a workers'' revolution caused a panic in London.{{cite web|url=http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/the_bbc_radio_panic\n        |title=The BBC Radio Panic, 1926 |last= |first= |date= |website=[[Museum of\n        Hoaxes]] |publisher= |accessdate=January 3, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqsrtCF?url=http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/the_bbc_radio_panic\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        The Belgian Parliament accepted the [[Locarno Treaties]].\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – Scottish inventor [[John Logie Baird]] demonstrated a mechanical television\n        system for members of the [[Royal Institution]] and a reporter from ''''[[The\n        Times]]'''' at his London laboratory.\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Eugene O''Neill]]''s\n        ''''[[The Great God Brown]]'''' opened at the [[Greenwich Theatre]].\\n* [[January\n        31]] – British and Belgian troops left [[Cologne]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1926}}\\n* [[February 1]] – Land on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        and [[Wall Street]] in New York City was sold at a record $7 per sq inch.\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[Se\\u00e1n O''Casey]]''s ''''[[The Plough and the\n        Stars]]'''' opened at the [[Abbey Theatre]] in [[Dublin]].\\n* [[February 9]]\n        – Flooding hit London suburbs.\\n* [[February 12]] – The Irish\n        minister for Justice, [[Kevin O''Higgins]], appointed the [[Committee on Evil\n        Literature]].\\n* [[February 20]] – The [[Berlin International Green\n        Week]] debuted in Berlin.\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Francisco Franco]]\n        became General of Spain.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1926}}\\n[[File:Goddard\n        and Rocket.jpg|thumb|130px|[[March 16]]: [[Robert H. Goddard|Goddard]] with\n        rocket in 1926.]]\\n* [[March 6]] – The [[Shakespeare Memorial Theatre]]\n        in [[Stratford-upon-Avon]] is destroyed by fire.\\n* [[March 6]] – The\n        first commercial air route to [[South Africa]] is established by [[Alan Cobham]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[Robert H. Goddard|Robert Goddard]] launches the first\n        [[liquid-fuel rocket]], at [[Auburn, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[March 23]] –\n        [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] organises [[Fianna F\\u00e1il]] in Ireland.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1926}}\\n* [[April 4]] – Greek dictator [[Theodoros Pangalos\n        (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]] won the [[Greek presidential election, 1926|presidential\n        election]] with 93.3% of the vote. Turnout was light as the result was considered\n        a foregone conclusion.{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 5, 1926\n        |title=Pangalos Named Greek President in Poll Farce |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago\n        Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]] |page=16 |accessdate= }}\\n* [[April\n        7]] – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader [[Benito\n        Mussolini]] fails.\\n* [[April 12]] – By a vote of 45\\u201341, the [[United\n        States Senate]] unseats [[Iowa]] Senator [[Smith W. Brookhart]] and seats\n        [[Daniel F. Steck]], after Brookhart had already served for over one year.\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Zhang Zuolin]]''s army captured [[Beijing]].{{cite\n        news |last=Dailey |first=Charles |date=April 18, 1926 |title=Chang''s Son,\n        at Head of Troops, Invades Peking |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago\n        Daily Tribune]] |page=13 |accessdate= }}\\n* [[April 21]] – Princess\n        Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor, later [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom,\n        was born in [[Mayfair]], [[London]].\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Treaty of Berlin\n        (1926)|Treaty of Berlin]]: Germany and the Soviet Union each pledged neutrality\n        in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for the next five\n        years.\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Rez\\u0101 Khan]] was crowned [[Shah of Iran]]\n        under the name \\\"Pahlevi\\\".\\n* [[April 30]] – African-American pilot\n        [[Bessie Coleman]] was killed after falling  {{convert|500|ft|m}} from an\n        airplane.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1926}}\\n* [[May 3]] – Coal\n        miners were locked out in Britain.\\n* [[May 4]] – The [[1926 United\n        Kingdom general strike|United Kingdom general strike]] began at midnight in\n        support of the coal strike.\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Martial law]] was declared\n        in Britain because of the general strike.\\n** The French navy bombarded [[Damascus]]\n        because of the [[Druze]] riots.\\n** Explorer [[Richard E. Byrd]] and co-pilot\n        [[Floyd Bennett]] claimed to be the first to fly over the [[North Pole]] in\n        the ''''Josephine Ford'''' monoplane, taking off from [[Spitsbergen]], Norway\n        and returning 15 hours and 44 minutes later. Both men were immediately hailed\n        as national heroes, though some experts have since been skeptical of the claim,\n        believing that the plane was unlikely to have covered the entire distance\n        and back in that short an amount of time.{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/28727-byrd-didn-t-fly-over-north-pole.html\n        |title=Did Admiral Byrd Fly Over The North Pole Or Not? |last=Thompson |first=Andrea  |date=April\n        15, 2013 |website=[[LiveScience]] |publisher=[[Purch]] |accessdate=January\n        3, 2015 }} An entry in Byrd''s diary discovered in 1996 suggested that\n        the plane actually turned back 150 miles short of the North Pole due to an\n        oil leak.{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/byrd-flies-over-the-north-pole\n        |title=May 9, 1926: Byrd flies over the North Pole? |last= |first= |date=\n        |website=This Day in History |publisher=A&E Television Networks |accessdate=January\n        3, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqyU4NV?url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/byrd-flies-over-the-north-pole\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }} \\n* [[May 10]]\\n**\n        Talks between the government and strikers began in the U.K.\\n** Planes piloted\n        by Major [[Harold Geiger]] and [[Horace Meek Hickam]], students at the [[Air\n        Corps Tactical School]], collided in mid-air at Langley Field, Virginia. Hickam\n        parachutes to safety.\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Roald Amundsen]] and his crew flew\n        over the [[North Pole]] in the [[Norge (airship)|airship ''''Norge'''']].\\n**\n        [[UK General Strike 1926]]: In the United Kingdom, a [[general strike]] by\n        [[trade union]]s ended (the strike began on [[May 3]]).\\n* [[May 12]]–[[May\n        14]] – [[May Coup (Poland)|May Coup]]: [[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]]\n        took over in Poland.\\n* [[May 18]] – Evangelist [[Aimee Semple McPherson]]\n        disappeared while visiting a [[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice, California]] beach.\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – The [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Air Commerce\n        Act]], licensing pilots and planes.\\n* [[May 23]] – The first [[Lebanon|Lebanese]]\n        constitution was established.\\n* [[May 26]] – The [[Rif War]] ended\n        when [[Riffian people|Rif]] rebels surrendered in [[Morocco]].\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – The [[28 May 1926 coup d''\\u00e9tat|1926 coup d''\\u00e9tat]] commanded\n        by [[Manuel Gomes da Costa]] in Portugal installed the [[Ditadura Nacional]]\n        (National Dictatorship), followed by [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]]''s\n        [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June\n        1926}}\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Ignacy Mo\\u015bcicki]] became [[president of\n        Poland]].\\n* [[June 7]] The Liberal politician [[Carl Gustaf Ekman]] succeeds\n        [[Rickard Sandler]] as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of [[Sweden]].\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[DeFord Bailey]] was the first African-American to perform\n        on Nashville''s [[Grand Ole Opry]].\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Arthur Meighen]]\n        briefly returned to office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]] during the [[King-Byng\n        Affair]].\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1926}}\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[Mammoth Cave National Park]] is authorized by the [[United States Congress]].\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – The [[Kuomintang]] began a [[Northern Expedition|military\n        unification campaign in northern China]].\\n* [[July 3]] – A [[Caudron\n        C.61]] aircraft operated by [[Compagnie Internationale de Navigation A\\u00e9rienne]]\n        crashed in Czechoslovakia.\\n* [[July 9]] – General [[\\u00d3scar Carmona]]\n        took power in a military coup in Portugal.\\n* [[July 10]] – A bolt of\n        lightning struck [[Picatinny Arsenal]] in New Jersey. The resulting fire caused\n        several million pounds of explosives to blow up in the next two to three days.\n        \\n* [[July 15]] – [[Bombay Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] buses\n        made their d\\u00e9but in [[Bombay]].\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Fox Film]] bought\n        the patents of the [[Movietone sound system]] for recording sound onto film.\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – The [[National Bar Association]] incorporated in the United\n        States.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1926}}\\n*[[August 1]] –\n        In Mexico, the entry into force of anticlerical measures stipulated in the\n        constitution of 1917 caused the [[Cristero War]].\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Gertrude\n        Ederle]] became the first woman to swim the [[English Channel]] from France\n        to England.\\n** In New York, the [[Warner Brothers]]'' [[Vitaphone]] system\n        premiered with the movie ''''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]'''' starring\n        [[John Barrymore]].\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** The British miners'' union began\n        negotiations with the government.\\n** A weather map was televised for the\n        first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the [[Weather Bureau]] office in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[August 22]] – In Greece, [[Georgios Kondylis]] ousted [[Theodoros\n        Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]].\\n* [[August 23]] – The sudden\n        death of popular film actor and sex symbol [[Rudolph Valentino]] at the age\n        of only 31 years old caused mass grief and hysteria around the world.\\n* [[August\n        25]] – [[Pavlos Kountouriotis]] announced that [[dictatorship]] had\n        ended in Greece and he was now the president.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1926}}\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Lebanon]] under the [[French Mandate for\n        Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]] got its first constitution, thereby\n        becoming a republic. [[Charles Debbas]] was elected president.\\n* [[September\n        8]] – The German [[Weimar Republic]] joined the [[League of Nations]].\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Aloha Tower]] was officially dedicated at [[Honolulu\n        Harbor]] in the [[Territory of Hawaii|Territory of Hawai''i]].\\n** In Rome,\n        Italy, [[Gino Lucetti]] threw a bomb at Benito Mussolini''s car, but Mussolini\n        was unhurt.\\n* [[September 14]] – The [[Locarno Treaties]] of [[1925]]\n        were ratified in [[Geneva]] and came into effect.\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        Philip Dunning and George Abbott''s play ''''Broadway'''' premieres in New\n        York City.\\n* [[September 18]] – [[1926 Miami hurricane|Great Miami\n        Hurricane]]: A strong hurricane devastated [[Miami]], leaving over 100 dead\n        and causing several hundred million dollars in damage (equal to nearly $100\n        billion today).\\n* [[September 19]] – [[San Siro|Giuseppe Meazza (San\n        Siro) Stadium]], as known well for sports venues of [[Italy]], officially\n        opened in [[Milan]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[September\n        20]] – The [[North Side Gang]] attempted to assassinate [[Al Capone]],\n        spraying his headquarters in [[Cicero, Illinois]] with over a thousand rounds\n        of machine gun fire in broad daylight as Capone was eating there. Capone escaped\n        harm.{{cite book |last=Mercer |first=Derrik |date=1989 |editor-last=\n        |editor-first= |title=Chronicle of the 20th Century |url= |location=London\n        |publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd. |page=346 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3\n        |accessdate= }}{{cite book |last=Russo |first=Gus |date=2001 |title=The\n        Outfit: The Role of Chicago''s Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America\n        |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury |page=35 |isbn=978-1-59691-897-9\n        |accessdate= }}\\n* [[September 21]] – French war ace [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Fonck]] and three others attempted to fly the Atlantic in pursuit of the [[Orteig\n        Prize]]. Before the newsreel cameras at Roosevelt Field New York, the modified\n        [[Sikorsky S-35]] crashes on take-off and bursts into flames. Fonck survived\n        but two of his men are killed.\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Gene Tunney]]\n        defeated [[Jack Dempsey]] and became heavyweight boxing champion of the world.\\n*\n        [[September 25]]\\n** The [[League of Nations]] [[1926 Slavery Convention|Slavery\n        Convention]] abolished all types of [[slavery]].\\n** [[William Lyon Mackenzie\n        King]] returned to office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]] after winning the\n        [[Canadian federal election, 1926|Canadian federal election]].\\n** Detroit\n        Cougers, a professional [[ice hockey]] club ([[National Hockey League]]) founded.\n        (a predecessor of [[Detroit Red Wings]]){{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1926}}\\n* [[October 2]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]]\n        became prime minister of Poland.\\n* [[October 12]] – British miners\n        agreed to end their strike.\\n* [[October 14]] – [[A. A. Milne]]''s children''s\n        book ''''[[Winnie-the-Pooh (book)|Winnie-the-Pooh]]'''' was published in London,\n        featuring the eponymous bear.\\n* [[October 19]] – The [[1926 Imperial\n        Conference]] opened in London.\\n* [[October 20]] – A [[hurricane]] killed\n        650 in [[Cuba]].\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Leon Trotsky]] and [[Lev Kamenev]]\n        were removed from the [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union]].\\n** A decree in Italy banned women from holding\n        public office.\\n** The [[Fazal Mosque]], the first purpose-built in London\n        and the first [[Ahmadiyya]] [[mosque]] in Britain, is completed.\\n* [[October\n        31]] – Magician [[Harry Houdini]] died of [[gangrene]] and [[peritonitis]]\n        that has developed after his [[vermiform appendix|appendix]] ruptured.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1926}}\\n* [[November 5]] – The [[APOEL FC]] is founded.\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – In [[San Francisco]], a necrophiliac [[serial killer]]\n        named [[Earle Nelson]] (dubbed \\\"Gorilla Man\\\") killed and then rapes his\n        9th victim, a [[boarding house]] landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds.\\n* [[November\n        11]] – The [[United States Numbered Highways|United States Numbered\n        Highway System]], including [[U.S. Route 66]], was established.\\n* [[November\n        15]]\\n** The ''''[[NBC]]'''' radio network opened with 24 stations (formed\n        by [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]], [[General Electric]] and\n        [[RCA]]).\\n** The [[Balfour Declaration of 1926|Balfour Declaration]] was\n        approved by the [[1926 Imperial Conference]], making the [[Commonwealth of\n        Nations|Commonwealth]] dominions equal and independent.\\n* [[November 24]]\\n**\n        The village of Rocquebillier in the [[French Riviera]] was almost destroyed\n        in a massive hailstorm.\\n** [[Sri Aurobindo]] retired, leaving ''''[[Mirra\n        Alfassa|The Mother]]'''' to run the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in [[Puducherry]],\n        India.\\n* [[November 25]] – The [[death penalty]] was re-established\n        in Italy.\\n* [[November 26]] – All [[Italian Communist Party|Italian\n        Communist]] [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|deputies]] were arrested.\\n* [[November\n        27]] – The restoration of [[Colonial Williamsburg]] began in [[Williamsburg,\n        Virginia]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1926}}\\n[[File:Hirohito\n        in dress uniform.jpg|thumbnail|180px|right|[[December 25]]: Emperor [[Hirohito]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – British prime minister [[Stanley Baldwin]] ended the\n        [[martial law]] that had been declared due to general strike.\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Agatha Christie]] disappeared from her home in Surrey; on [[December\n        14]] she was found at a [[Harrogate]] hotel.\\n* [[December 7]] – The\n        Council for the Preservation of Rural England (CPRE) founded; now the [[Campaign\n        to Protect Rural England]].\\n* [[December 17]] – [[1926 Lithuanian coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat]]: A democratically elected government was overthrown in [[Lithuania]];\n        [[Antanas Smetona]] assumed power.\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Turkey]] converted\n        to the [[Gregorian calendar]], making the next day [[January 1]] [[1927]].\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – Nicaraguan President [[Adolfo D\\u00edaz]] requested\n        U.S. military assistance in the ongoing [[Nicaraguan civil war (1926\\u201327)|civil\n        war]]. American peacekeeping troops immediately set up neutral zones in [[Puerto\n        Cabezas]] and at the mouth of the [[Rio Grande]] to protect American and foreign\n        lives and property.{{cite web |url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/nicaragua-1909-present/\n        |title=Nicaragua (1909-present) |last= |first=  |date= |website=[[University\n        of Central Arkansas]] |publisher= |accessdate=January 3, 2015 }}{{cite news |last= |first= |date=December 24,\n        1926 |title=U.S. Troops Take 2 Nicaraguan Ports |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago\n        Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]] |page=1 |accessdate= }}\\n* [[December\n        26]] – In the [[history of Japan]], the [[Sh\\u014dwa period]] began\n        from this day due to the death of [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]] on the day before.\n        His son [[Hirohito]] reigned as [[Emperor of Japan]] until [[1989]]. Showa\n        1 in the Japanese calendar was just six days long, prior to January 1 Showa\n        2 (1927).\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Dr. [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]] became the first\n        woman appointed to a legislature in India, the [[Madras Legislative Council]].\\n*\n        [[Stephen Herbert Langdon|Stephen H. Langdon]] began excavations in [[Jemdet\n        Nasr]] finding proto-cuneiform clay tablets (3100\\u20132900 [[BCE]])\\n* [[Phencyclidine]]\n        ''''(PCP, angel dust)'''' was first synthesized.\\n* Widows'' pensions were\n        introduced in [[New South Wales]], Australia.\\n* The short-lived Western Australian\n        Secession League was founded.\\n* [[Earl W. Bascom]], rodeo cowboy and artist,\n        designed and marked rodeo''s first high-cut rodeo chaps at [[Stirling, Alberta]]\n        Canada.\\n* The [[International African Institute]] is founded in London.\\n*\n        [[Raymond Pearl]] published his landmark book, ''''Alcohol and Longevity''''.\\n*\n        American microbiologist [[Selman Waksman]] published ''''Enzymes''''.\\n* [[The\n        Pike School]] of Andover, Massachusetts was founded.\\n* Industrial output\n        surpassed the level of [[1913]] in the [[USSR]].{{Clarify|date=December 2012}}{{citation\n        needed|date=December 2012}}\\n* [[Al Capone]] was at the apex of his power.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Patricia\n        Neal in The Fountainhead trailer.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Patricia Neal]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] \\n** [[Claudio Villa]], Italian singer (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Rolf Fjeldv\\u00e6r]],\n        Norwegian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 2]] \\n** [[John Stroppa]],\n        Canadian football player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Harold Bradley]], American session\n        guitarist on country music records\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Felicitas Kuhn]],\n        Austrian illustrator\\n** [[George Martin]], English producer of ''''[[The\n        Beatles]]'''' (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Betty Kennedy]], Canadian\n        broadcaster, journalist, author, and Senator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 5]]\n        – [[William De Witt Snodgrass]], American poet (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Mickey Hargitay]], Hungarian actor and bodybuilder (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[Kim Jong-pil]], South Korean politician\\n* [[January\n        8]]\\n** [[Chester Feldman]], American television game show producer (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Evelyn Lear]], American soprano (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Hanae Mori]], Japanese\n        fashion designer\\n** [[Soupy Sales]], American comedian (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] \\n** [[Lev Dyomin]], cosmonaut (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Giusto Pio]], Italian\n        musician and songwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Grant Tinker]], American television\n        executive (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Ray Price (musician)|Ray\n        Price]], American singer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Shumon Miura]], Japanese novelist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Michael Bond]], English fiction\n        writer, creator of [[Paddington Bear]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Tom Tryon]], American actor and novelist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Maria Schell]], Austrian actress (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Antonio Domingo Bussi]], Argentine Army General and former Governor of Tucuman\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Moira Shearer]], Scottish actress and dancer (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Fritz Weaver]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January\n        20]]\\n** [[Patricia Neal]], American actress (''''The Day The Earth Stood\n        Still'''') (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[David Tudor]], American pianist and composer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Steve Reeves]], American actor (d.\n        [[2000]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Bal Thackeray]], Indian politician (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Franco Evangelisti (composer)|Franco\n        Evangelisti]], Italian composer (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Fritz\n        Spiegl]], Austrian journalist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ingrid Thulin]], Swedish\n        actress (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Amin al-Hafez (Lebanon)|Amin\n        al-Hafez]], 22nd Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Amelita Ramos]], former First Lady of the Philippines\\n** [[Abdus Salam]],\n        Pakistani physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Chuck Willis]], American singer and songwriter (d.\n        [[1958]]). Some sources give his year of birth as 1928.\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Val\\u00e9ry\n        Giscard d\\u2019Estaing 1978(3).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard d''Estaing]]]]\\n[[File:Leslie\n        Nielsen.jpg|120px|thumb|right|[[Leslie Nielsen]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Richards.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob\n        Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Verne Gagne 1964.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Verne Gagne]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]]  \\n** [[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard d''Estaing]], [[President of France]]\\n**\n        [[Lia Laats]], Estonian actress (d. [[2004]]) \\n** [[Miguel Obando y Bravo]],\n        Nicaraguan Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of Managua and cardinal\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Hans-Jochen Vogel]], German politician\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Gyula Grosics]], Hungarian footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 7]]\\n**\n        [[Keiko Tsushima]], Japanese actress (d. [[2012]]) \\n** [[Konstantin Feoktistov]],\n        Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Bill Hoest]], American cartoonist (d.\n        [[1988]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Neal Cassady]], American writer (d.\n        [[1968]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Garret FitzGerald]], Irish lawyer and\n        politician, 7th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n**\n        [[Danny Blanchflower]], Northern Irish footballer and football manager (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n** [[Mimi Sheraton]], Chef and Author\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Bocuse]], French chef\\n** [[Alexander Gibson (conductor)|Alexander Gibson]],\n        British conductor and founder of the Scottish Opera (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Leslie\n        Nielsen]], Canadian-American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Joe\n        Garagiola Sr.]], American baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Charles Van\n        Doren]], American professor and subject of film, [[Quiz Show (film)]]\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Al Brodax]], American film and television producer (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[Margot Frank]], sister of [[Anne Frank]] (d. [[1945]])\\n**\n        [[John Schlesinger]], British film director (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**\n        [[John Meyendorff]], Orthodox scholar, protopresbiter, and educator (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Peter T. Flawn]], American geologist and educator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Pierre Gu\\u00e9nin]], French journalist and gay rights activist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Whitney Blake]], American actress (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Richard Matheson]], American author (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Bob\n        Richards]], American track and field athlete\\n** [[Maria de la Purisima Salvat\n        Romero]], Spanish nun and saint (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Kenneth\n        Williams]], English actor (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Lawrence\n        Holofcener]], American-British sculptor, poet, lyricist, playwright, novelist,\n        actor and director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Knut Kleve]], Norwegian\n        philologist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Dave Sands]], Australian boxer (d. [[1952]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\n** [[Verne Gagne]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Miroslava (actress)|Miroslava]], Czechoslovakian-born Mexican actress (d.\n        [[1955]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[David H. Hubel]], Canadian neuroscientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] – [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]], Russian author (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:2008.04.22.\n        Andrzej Wajda by Kubik 02.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Andrzej Wajda]]]]\\n[[File:Jerry\n        Lewis - 1960s.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jerry Lewis]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145\n        Bild-F030757-0015, Siegfried Lenz.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Siegfried Lenz]]]]\\n[[File:Heikki\n        Hasu 2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Heikki Hasu]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Pete Rozelle]],\n        American commissioner of the National Football League (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Clary]], French-American actor, author and lecturer\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Murray Rothbard]], American economist (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[James Merrill]], American poet (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[DeVan\n        Dallas]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Richard DeVos]], American\n        billionaire, co-founder of ''''[[Amway]]''''\\n** [[James J. Eagan]], former\n        Mayor of Florissant, Missouri (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Fran Warren]], American\n        popular singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Alan Greenspan]], American\n        economist and former Chairman of the Federal Reserve\\n** [[Andrzej Wajda]],\n        Polish film director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 8]] \\n** Sultan [[Salahuddin\n        of Selangor]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Dick Teed]], American Major League Baseball\n        player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Joe Franklin]], American radio\n        and television personality (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 10]] – {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Seto Wan''ya |ja|3=\\u702c\\u6238\\u308f\\u3093\\u3084}}, Japanese writer\n        and novelist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Derek Benfield]], English\n        playwright and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Thomas Starzl]], American physician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Carlos Roberto Reina]], [[President\n        of Honduras]] (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Norm Van Brocklin]],\n        American football player (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Edwar al-Kharrat]],\n        Egyptian novelist, writer and critic (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Charles Goodell]],\n        American politician (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Jerry Lewis]], American comedian and\n        humanitarian (''''Muscular Dystrophy Telethon'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        17]]\\n** [[Jaynne Bittner]], American female baseball player\\n** [[Siegfried\n        Lenz]], German writer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Peter Graves]],\n        American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\n** [[Beatriz Aguirre]], Mexican\n        film and television actress\\n** [[Heikki Hasu]], Finnish Olympic cross-country\n        skiier\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Berta Loran]], Brazilian-Polish actress\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Dario Fo]], Italian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Desmond Connell]], Irish cardinal (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Ventsislav Yankov]], Bulgarian pianist\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**\n        [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Papp]], Hungarian boxer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Gene Shalit]],\n        American film critic and television personality\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Cayetana\n        Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba]], Spanish aristocrat (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Ingvar Kamprad]], Swedish businessman\\n** [[Peter Marshall\n        (entertainer)|Peter Marshall]], American singer and television host (''''[[Hollywood\n        Squares]]'''')\\n** [[Sydney Chaplin (American actor)|Sydney Chaplin]], American\n        actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[John Fowles]], English writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hugh Hefner Glamourcon 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hugh\n        Hefner]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Elizabeth II March 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elizabeth\n        II]]]]\\n[[File:HarperLee 2007Nov05.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Harper Lee]]]]\\n[[File:ClorisLeachmanJune09.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cloris\n        Leachman]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Charles Bressler]], American tenor (d.  [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Anne McCaffrey]], American author (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Jack\n        Brabham]], Australian race car driver (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Robert Holmes (scriptwriter)|Robert\n        Holmes]], British scriptwriter (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\n** [[Gus Grissom]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[R. W. Schambach]], American televangelist,\n        speaker and author (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Ri Kun-mo]], North\n        Korean politician\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Alexander Butterfield]], US politician\\n**\n        [[Jeanne Martin Ciss\\u00e9]], Guinean teacher and nationalist politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Sergio Franchi]], Italian tenor and actor (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Gil Kane]], Latvian-born cartoonist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ian Paisley]], Northern\n        Irish politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Prem Nazir]], Indian actor\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Miyoko As\\u014d]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Hugh Hefner]], American magazine editor (''''Playboy'''')\\n* [[April\n        10]] – [[Gustav Metzger]], German-born stateless auto-destructive artist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Gervase de Peyer]], English clarinetist\n        and conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\n**[[Khozh-Akhmed Bersanov]],\n        Chechen ethnographer\\n**[[Jane Withers]], American actress\\n* [[April 13]]\n        \\n** [[Neil Betts]], Australian rugby union player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Egon\n        Wolff]], Chilean playwright and author (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Daniel]], Czech-born writer, producer, director, teacher (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[George Robledo]], Chilean soccer player (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo]],\n        Spanish politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Gerry McNeil]],\n        Canadian hockey player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Rawya Ateya]],\n        Egyptian politician and first female parliamentarian in the Arab world (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom\\n**\n        [[Arthur Rowley]], English footballer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Ted\n        Hibberd]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Charlotte Rae]],\n        American actress and singer\\n** [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]],\n        Scottish architect (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Thorbj\\u00f6rn\n        F\\u00e4lldin]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 25]]\n        \\n** [[Patricia Castell]], Argentine actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Gertrude\n        Fr\\u00f6hlich-Sandner]], Austrian politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n**\n        [[David Coleman]], British TV sports broadcaster (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Mathias Prechtl]], German illustrator (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\n** [[Alvin\n        Baldus]], American Democratic politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Tim LaHaye]],\n        American evangelist, speaker and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Vladim\\u00edr\n        \\u010cern\\u00fd]], Czechoslovakian modern pentathlete (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Alvin\n        Baldus]], American Democratic politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Harper Lee]], American novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Paul\n        Baran]], American internet pioneer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 30]]\\n** [[Edmund\n        Cooper]], British author and poet (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Cloris Leachman]], American\n        actress\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:David Attenborough (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[David\n        Attenborough]]]]\\n[[File:Don Rickles 1973.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Don Rickles]]]]\\n[[File:Miles\n        Davis by Palumbo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Miles Davis]]]]\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Ann\n        B. Davis]], American actress (''''The Brady Bunch'''') (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bing\n        Russell]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** Sir [[David Attenborough]],\n        British broadcaster, naturalist and producer\\n** [[Don Rickles]], American\n        comedian and actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Hugo Banzer]], 62nd and\n        75th President of Bolivia (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Tichi Wilkerson Kassel]], American\n        film personality and publisher of ''''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'''' (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 13]] – [[Joy Coghill]], Canadian actress, director, and writer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Eric Morecambe]], English comedian and\n        author (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Anthony Shaffer (writer)|Anthony\n        Shaffer]], English novelist and playwright (d. [[2001]]) and his twin brother\n        [[Peter Shaffer]], English playwright (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 17]] –\n        [[Franz Sondheimer]], German-born British chemist (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[May 17]]\n        – [[Dietmar Sch\\u00f6nherr]], Austrian film actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Dirch Passer]], Danish actor (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Douglas Henry]],\n        American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[John Lucarotti]],\n        TV writer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Robert Creeley]], American\n        Poet (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Aileen Hernandez]], African-American\n        union organizer, civil rights activist, and women''s rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Desmond Carrington]], British actor and broadcaster (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Claude Akins]], American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Bill Sharman]],\n        American basketball player and coach (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Miles\n        Davis]], American musician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Rashidi Kawawa]],\n        1st Prime Minister of Tanzania (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Kees Rijvers]], Dutch football\n        player and manager\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Colin Hutton]], English rugby union\n        and professional rugby league (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\n** [[Halaevalu\n        Mata\\u02bbaho \\u02bbAhome\\u02bbe]], Queen Consort of Tonga (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Abdoulaye Wade]], 3rd [[President of Senegal]]\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Tony\n        Terran]], American trumpet player and session musician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Johnny\n        Gimble]], American country musician and fiddler (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Tsuneo\n        Watanabe]], Japanese businessman\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Monroecirca1953.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Marilyn\n        Monroe]]]]\\n[[File:Allen Ginsberg 1979 - cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Allen Ginsberg]]]]\\n[[File:MelBrooksApr10.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mel\n        Brooks]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Andy Griffith]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Marilyn Monroe]], American actress (d. [[1962]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Roxcy\n        Bolton]], American feminist and civil and women''s rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Roscoe Bartlett]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] member\n        of the [[United States House of Representatives]]\\n** [[Allen Ginsberg]],\n        American poet (''''Howl'''') (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\n** [[Emile Capgras]],\n        Martinican politician (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Peter George Peterson|Peter Peterson]]-\n        US Secretary of Commerce 1972\\u20131973 [[US Secretary of Commerce]]\\n* [[June\n        6]] \\n** [[Klaus Tennstedt]], German conductor (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio\n        Ribeiro de Oliveira]], Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Happy Rockefeller]], American socialite (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Henri Minczeles|fr|3=Henri Minczeles}},\n        French journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Lionel Jeffries]], British film director\n        and actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Frank Plicka]], Czech-born\n        photographer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Gaspare di Mercurio]],\n        Italian doctor and author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** [[Paul Lynde]],\n        American comedian (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[June Krauser]], American swimmer (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Don Newcombe]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Shigeru Kayano]], Japanese [[Ainu people|Ainu]] activist\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Efra\\u00edn R\\u00edos Montt]], Guatemalan\n        career military officer and politician\\n** [[William F. Roemer, Jr.]], United\n        States [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Taketoshi\n        Naito]], Japanese actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Allan Sandage]],\n        American astronomer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Arno Mayer]], American\n        historian and writer \\n* [[June 21]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Yvette\n        L\\u00e9vy|fr|3=Yvette L\\u00e9vy}}, French Survivor and a Holocaust witness\\n**\n        [[Johanna Quandt]], German business woman (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Fred Cone (American\n        football)|Fred Cone]], former professional American football fullback\\n* [[June\n        22]]\\n** [[George Englund]], American film editor, director, producer and\n        actor\\n** [[Elyakim Haetzni]], Israeli lawyer\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Sietze\n        Haarsma|nl|3=Sietze Haarsma}}, Dutch rower\\n** [[Tadeusz Konwicki]], Polish\n        filmmaker (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Rachid Solh]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ray Szmanda]], American radio and television announcer\\n*\n        [[June 23]] \\n** [[Magda Herzberger]], Romanian author, poet and composer,\n        survivor of the Holocaust\\n** [[Annette Mbaye d''Erneville]], Senegalese writer\\n**\n        [[Arnaldo Pomodoro]], Italian sculptor\\n** [[Yoshihiro Hamaguchi]], Japanese\n        freestyle swimmer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Barbara Scofield]], American\n        tennis player\\n** [[Aldo Brovarone]], chief stylist for Pininfarina\\n** [[Muslim\n        Arogundade]], Nigerian sprinter\\n** [[Hans G\\u00fcnter Winkler]], German show\n        jumping rider\\n** [[Blackie Gejeian]], American race car driver, race car\n        builder, and hot rod enthusiast (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Virginia\n        Patton]], American actress\\n** [[Stig Sollander]], Swedish alpine skier\\n**\n        [[Gordon Robertson (ice hockey)|Gordon Robertson]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        Dame [[Margaret Anstee]], British diplomat (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ingeborg Bachmann]],\n        Austrian writer (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Betty Edwards]], American\n        art teacher and author\\n** [[Paddy Fahey]], Irish composer and fiddler\\n**\n        [[Mahendra Bhatnagar]], Hindi and Indian English poet from India\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Monnier]], French ski jumper \\n** [[Fritz Zwazl]], Austrian former swimmer\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Len Ceglarski]], American hockey player\\n** [[Galina Vecherkovskaya]],\n        Russian rower\\n** [[Bruce Tozer]], Australian former cricketer\\n** [[Giambattista\n        Bonis]], Italian professional football player\\n** [[Geza de Kaplany]], Hungarian-born\n        physician\\n** [[Don Raleigh]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\n** [[Mel Brooks]], American entertainer (''''The Producers'''')\\n**\n        [[Elisabeta Abrudeanu]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Satoru Abe]], American\n        sculptor and painter\\n** [[George Booth (cartoonist)|George Booth]], New Yorker\n        cartoonist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Julius W. Becton, Jr.]], U.S.\n        Army lieutenant general\\n** [[Bobby Morgan (baseball)|Bobby Morgan]], American\n        professional baseball player\\n** [[Roger Stuart Bacon]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], [[Emir of Kuwait]] (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]]\\n** [[Bo\\u017eena Moserov\\u00e1]], Czech alpine skier\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Dufraisse]], French cyclo-cross racer\\n** [[Reg Newton]], English professional\n        football goalkeeper\\n** [[Paul Berg]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[David Berglas]], magician and mentalist\\n**\n        [[Peter Alexander (Austrian performer)|Peter Alexander]], Austrian actor,\n        singer and entertainer (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Atilio\n        Stampone]], Argentine pianist, composer and arranger\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Juan Jaime Cesio|es|3=Juan Jaime Cesio}}, Argentine brigadier general\\n**\n        [[Fernando J. Corbat\\u00f3]], American computer scientist\\n** [[Stan Obst]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Carl Hahn]], German automotive executive,\n        chairman of [[Volkswagen]] \\n** [[Robert Fogel]], American economist, [[Nobel\n        Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Hans Werner Henze]], German composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Lupe Gigliotti]],\n        Brazilian television, stage and film actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Clara LaMore]], American former competition swimmer\\n** [[Carlo Rolandi]],\n        Italian sailor\\n** [[Alfons Oehy]], Swiss swimmer\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Jacques Gautheron|fr|3=Jacques Gautheron}}, French sports director\\n**\n        [[Liu Dajun]], Chinese agricultural scientist, educator and an academician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Lorenza Barreneche]], former\n        First Lady of Argentina (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Rae Allen]], American actress\n        and director of stage, film and television, and singer.\\n** [[Laurence Street]],\n        Australian jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South\n        Wales\\n** [[Sybille Haynes]], British expert on Etruscology\\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Lop\\u00f6n Tenzin Namdak]], Tibetan religious leader\\n** [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]],\n        Argentine-born footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Amos Elon]], Israeli writer\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mary Stuart (actress)|Mary Stuart]], American soap actress\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Ed Koffenberger]], American stand-out basketball and lacrosse\n        player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Anthony John Richard Purssell]],\n        English brewing executive, businessman and former athlete\\n** [[Roy Hawes]],\n        American first baseman in Major League Baseball \\n** [[Viola Harris]], American\n        actress (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ivo Pitanguy]], Brazilian plastic surgeon (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Mario Picone]]. American pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 6]]\n        \\n** [[Dorothy E. Smith]], Canadian sociologist\\n** [[Serge Roullet]], French\n        film director and screenwriter\\n** Marian Carr, American actress\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Yvonne Ciannella]], American coloratura soprano in opera and concert\\n**\n        [[Armand Lemieux]], Canadian professional hockey player\\n** [[Kamil Sedl\\u00e1\\u010dek]],\n        Czech tibetologist and comparative Sino-Tibetan linguist\\n** [[Thorkild Simonsen]],\n        Danish politician\\n** [[Nuon Chea]], Cambodian former communist politician\n        who was the chief ideologist of the Khmer Rouge\\n** [[Anand Mohan Zutshi Gulzar\n        Dehlvi]], Urdu poet\\n** [[Mel Clark]], American Major League Baseball outfielder\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Len Tolhurst]], Australian sports shooter (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Bobby McIlvenny]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 8]]\n        \\n** [[John Dingell]], American politician\\n** [[Martin Riesen]], Swiss professional\n        ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Elisabeth K\\u00fcbler-Ross]], Swiss-born psychiatrist\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[David Malet Armstrong]], Australian philosopher (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Mathilde Krim]], founding chairman of amfAR, the American\n        Foundation for AIDS Research\\n** [[Jens Juul Eriksen]], Danish cyclist\\n**\n        [[Ben Roy Mottelson]], American-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Murphy Anderson]], American comic book artist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Mullins]], Australian decathlete (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**\n        [[Carleton Carpenter]], American actor\\n** [[Aldo Tortorella]], Italian journalist,\n        former politician and partisan\\n** [[Tony Settember]], American racing driver\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Donald Geary]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Macpherson]], American pitcher (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Fred Gwynne]],\n        American actor and author (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Teddy Reno]],\n        Italian singer, actor and record producer\\n** [[Frederick Buechner]], American\n        author and theologian\\n** [[Joe Houston]], American saxophonist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]], wife of the Prime Minister of\n        Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad \\n** [[Martin Bott]], English geologist\n        and now Emeritus Professor\\n** [[Abe Addams]], American footballer (soccer)\n        player\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Miroslav Baumruk|cs|3=Miroslav Baumruk}},\n        Czech footballer\\n** [[Cec Thompson]], British professional rugby league footballer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Cheng Chi-sen]], Taiwanese sports shooter\\n**\n        [[T. Loren Christianson]], American politician\\n** [[Thomas Clark (Long Beach)|Thomas\n        Clark]], American politician\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Bengt-Arne Wallin|sv|3=Bengt-Arne\n        Wallin}}, Swedish jazz musician (trumpet), composer, music arranger and trained\n        aircraft technicians (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Wallace Jones]], American\n        professional basketball player (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Harry Dean Stanton]], American\n        film and television actor\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Jean Cottard|fr|3=Jean\n        Cottard}}, French fencer\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Jan Krenz|fr|3=Jan\n        Krenz}}, Polish composer and conductor\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Hyacinth Walters]],\n        Jamaican sprinter \\n** [[Sir John Graham, 4th Baronet]], English diplomat\\n**\n        [[Leopoldo Galtieri]], Argentine dictator (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Raymond Gosling]],\n        English physicist (d. [[2015]]) \\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Stef Wertheimer]], German-born\n        Israeli industrialist, investor, philanthropist and former politician\\n**\n        [[Paul M. Ellwood, Jr.]], prominent figure in American health care\\n** [[Emile\n        Degelin]], Belgian film director and novelist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Prateep\n        Polphantin]], Thai sports shooter\\n** [[Patrick Desmond Callaghan]], Pakistani\n        Air Force officer\\n** Sonya O''Shea, American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Stanley\n        Clements]], American actor (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Irwin Rose]], American biologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Otedola]], Nigerian politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Arrigo Levi]],\n        Italian journalist, essayist and TV anchorman\\n** [[Charles Zwick]], American\n        civil servant\\n** [[William Pierson]], American television, motion picture\n        and stage actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Willis Carto]], American far right (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Carpentier]], Canadian professional wrestler\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Nita Bieber]], American actress\\n** Marcel\n        Sigiran, French wrestler\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Fran\\u00e7ois Fassone|fr|3=Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Fassone}}, French footballer\\n** [[Dan Sandberg]], president and Chief Executive\n        officer TVC Lab/Video.\\n** [[Bernard Pons]], French politician and medical\n        doctor\\n** [[Maunu Kurkvaara]], Finnish film director and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Guillermo Geary]], Argentine swimmer\\n** [[Robert Sloman]], English writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Joshua Fishman]], American linguist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Richard Pasco]], British stage, screen and TV actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July\n        19]]\\n** [[Helen Gallagher]], American actress, dancer, singer, and makeup\n        artist\\n** [[Robert E. Lavender]], American Justice\\n** [[Lathan Lenon]],\n        Montford Point Marine, Congressional Gold Medal\\n** [[Terry Cavanagh (politician)|Terry\n        Cavanagh]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Edmund Reggie]], American Democratic\n        politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Russ Gorman]], Australian politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Charles David Ganao]], Congolose politician (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Odd Kallerud]], Norwegian politician\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Rahimuddin Khan]],\n        four-star general of the Pakistan Army\\n** [[Norman Jewison]], American film\n        director\\n** [[Otto Beyeler]], Swiss cross country skier\\n** [[Arthur Edgehill]],\n        American hard bop jazz\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Jerry Clack]], Professor of Classical\n        Languages at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh\\n** [[J. I. Packer]], British-born\n        Canadian Christian theologian in the low church Anglican and Reformed traditions\\n**\n        [[Bryan Forbes]], English film director (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Guy\n        Severin]], American professor (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Lew Schwartz]], American\n        comic book artist, advertising creator and filmmaker (d. [[2011]]) \\n** [[Hans\n        G\\u00fcnter Winkler]], German equestrian and show jumper\\n* [[July 25]] \\n**\n        [[Beatriz Segall]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Whitey Lockman]], American player,\n        coach, manager (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Ray Solomonoff]], American inventor (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Lennox Sebe]], President of Ciskei bantustan\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[James Best]], American actor and acting coach (''''The\n        Dukes of Hazzard'''') (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Moacir Santos]], Brazilian composer,\n        multi-instrumentalist and music educator (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 27]] –\n        [[Doris Satterfield]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Walt Brown]], American presidential candidate\\n* [[July\n        29]] – [[Franco Sensi]], Italian oil tycoon (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July\n        30]] \\n** [[Thomas Patrick Russell|Sir Patrick Russell]] [[Queen''s Counsel|QC]],\n        [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]], judge of the High Court of England\n        and Wales (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Rosa Taikon]], Swedish silversmith and Romani\n        people activist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Nina Kulagina]], Russian woman who claimed\n        to have psychic powers, particularly in psychokinesis (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[July\n        31]] \\n** [[Hilary Putnam]], American philosopher, mathematician and computer\n        scientist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bernard Nathanson]], American medical doctor\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Tony Bennett in 2003.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tony\n        Bennett]]]]\\n[[File:Fidel Castro - MATS Terminal Washington 1959.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fidel\n        Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Konstantinos Stefanopoulos 2000.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Konstantinos\n        Stephanopoulos]]]]\\n[[File:Jiang Zemin St. Petersburg2002.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jiang\n        Zemin]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Hannah Hauxwell]], English TV personality\\n*\n        [[August 2]]\\n** [[Sy Mah]], Canadian marathoner (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[George\n        Habash]], Palestinian Christian politician (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[W. Carter Merbreier]],\n        American television host (Captain Noah) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Hang Thun Hak]],\n        Cambodian radical politician, academic and playwright (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[August\n        3]]\\n** [[Rona Anderson]], Scottish stage, film, and television actress (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Loris Campana]], Italian road and track cyclist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Tony Bennett]], American singer (\\\"I Left My Heart in San Francisco\\\")\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Clifford Husbands]], 6th Governor-General of Barbados\\n*\n        [[August 6]]\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos R\\u00f3zs\\u00e1s]], Hungarian writer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Finlay]], English stage, film and television actor (d. [[2016]]) \\n**\n        [[Elisabeth Beresford]], British author (''''[[The Wombles]]'''') (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Norman Wexler]], Academy Award nominated Screenwriter (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Luis Bord\\u00f3n]], English author (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Moritz, Landgrave\n        of Hesse]], son of Prince Philip, Landgrave of Hesse (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Stan Freberg]], American author, recording artist and comedian\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Silvio Amadio]], Italian film director\n        and screenwriter (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Arturo Garc\\u00eda Bustos]], Mexican\n        painter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jimmy Brown (musician)|Jimmy Brown]], American\n        trumpeter, saxophonist and singer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Angelo Bonfietti]],\n        Brazilian basketball player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Willie Finlay]],\n        Scottish professional football player and coach (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Frank\n        M. Robinson]], American science fiction and techno-thriller writer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]]\\n** [[Michel Breitman]], French writer and translator (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Arthur Maxwell House]], Canadian neurologist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Marie-Claire\n        Alain]], French organist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda\n        Ortiz de Mend\\u00edbil]], Spanish referee (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Charles Cooper\n        (actor)|Charles Cooper]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Claus von B\\u00fclow]],\n        Danish-born British socialite\\n** [[Ron Bontemps]], American basketball player\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Douglas Croft]], American child actor\n        (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Vignal]], French footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Hiroshi Koizumi]], Japanese actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Wallace Markfield]],\n        American writer (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Osamu Ishiguro]], Japanese tennis player\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]], Cuban revolutionary and\n        politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Roy Heath]], Guyanese writer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Norris Bowden]], Canadian figure skater (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Dennis Eagan]],\n        British field hockey player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Buddy Greco]],\n        American jazz and pop singer and pianist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Goscinny]],\n        French comic book writer (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Martin Broszat]], German historian\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Konstantinos Stephanopoulos]], former\n        [[President of Greece]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Lionel Van Brabant]], Belgian\n        cyclist (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]], Bengali poet and playwright\n        (d. [[1947]])\\n** [[Julius Katchen]], American concert pianist (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]] \\n** [[Eivind Hjelmtveit]], Norwegian cultural administrator\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Roger Agache]], French archaeologist (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Christopher Polge]], English biologist, most noted for his work in cryopreservation\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jack Britto]], Pakistani Olympic field hockey player (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Bollywood character actress\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Yu Min (physicist)|Yu Min]], Chinese [[Nuclear physics|nuclear\n        physicist]]\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Maurice Lusien]], French swimmer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Jean Poiret]], French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Jiang Zemin]], former [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]]\n        and [[President of the People''s Republic of China]]\\n* [[August 18]]\\n**\n        [[Franca Marzi]], Italian film actress (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Orlando Bosch]],\n        Cuban exile (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Luis Bord\\u00f3n]], Paraguayan\n        musician and composer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Martin Halliday]], British physician\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[George Daniels (watchmaker)|George Daniels]], British\n        horologist (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Angus Scrimm]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Arthur Rock]], American venture capitalist\\n* [[August 20]] \\n** [[Nobby\n        Wirkowski]], American and Canadian football player and coach (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Hocine A\\u00eft Ahmed]], Algerian politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n**\n        [[Lois Hall]], American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jacqueline Grennan Wexler]],\n        American Roman Catholic nun and university president (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\n** [[Clifford Geertz]], American anthropologist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Vasco\n        Cabral]], Guinea-Bissauan writer and politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Robert Vickrey]], American artist and author (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\n** [[Pat Coombs]], British actress (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Albert\n        H. Owens Jr.]], American oncologist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Ramakrishna\n        Hegde]], Indian politician (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rafael Ithier]], Puerto Rican\n        musician\\n** [[Betty Lynn]], American actress\\n* [[August 30]] \\n** [[Robert\n        Pierre Sarrab\\u00e8re]], Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bali Mauladad]],\n        Kenian big game hunter (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Mayer Hersh]],\n        Polish Jew who survived the Auschwitz concentration camp (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:James\n        Lipton by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James Lipton]]]]\\n[[File:Julie\n        London 1958.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Julie London]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]], 11th President of Bangladesh\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[Armando Cossutta]], Italian communist politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ibrahim\n        Nasir|Ibrahim Nasir Rannabanderyi Kilegefan]], [[Maldives|Maldivian]] president\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]]\n        actor (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Irene Papas]], Greek actress and singer\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Elias Hrawi]], 14th President of Lebanon (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Mishaal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Saudi prince (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Prince Claus of the Netherlands|Claus van Amsberg]],\n        German born [[List of Dutch consorts|Prince Consort of the Netherlands]] (d.\n        2002)\\n** [[Maurice Cowling]], British historian (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Maurice\n        Prather]], American photographer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Gilbert]], American folk singer and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Don Messick]],\n        American voice actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Sergio Pininfarina]],\n        Italian automobile designer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Yusuf\n        al-Qaradawi]], Egyptian Islamic theologian\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** [[Dick\n        Dale (singer)|Dick Dale]], American singer and musician (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[John F. Kurtzke]], American neurologist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – [[Jean-Pierre Serre]], French mathematician\\n* [[September 16]]\\n**\n        [[John Knowles]], American author (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Robert H. Schuller]],\n        American televangelist, motivational speaker and author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Bill Black]], American [[rock and roll]] musician and bandleader\n        (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Masatoshi Koshiba]], Japanese physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[James Lipton]], American\n        television personality and writer\\n** [[Duke Snider]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Donald A. Glaser]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Noor Jehan]],\n        Pakistani singer and actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[John\n        Coltrane]], American jazz saxophonist (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Heng Freylinger]],\n        Luxembourgian wrestler (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Aage Birch]], Danish competitive\n        sailor and Olympic medalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Aubrey\n        Burl]], British archaeologist\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Charles J. Colgan]],\n        American politician and businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\n**\n        [[Julie London]], American actress and singer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Tulsi Giri]],\n        former Prime Minister of Nepal\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Jerry Clower]],\n        American country comedian (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Robin Roberts\n        (baseball)|Robin Roberts]], American baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Dave\n        Hunt (Christian apologist)|Dave Hunt]], American apologist, speaker, radio\n        commentator and author (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Jean Peters\n        - 1951.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean Peters]]]]\\n[[File:Chuck Berry 1957.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Chuck\n        Berry]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Max Morath]], American musician\\n* [[October\n        2]] \\n** [[Jan Morris]], travel writer\\n** [[John Ross (chemist)|John Ross]],\n        Austrian-born American chemist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Senaida\n        Wirth]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[October\n        7]] – [[Czes\\u0142aw Ryll-Nardzewski]], Polish mathematician (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Ruth Ellis]], British murderer (d. [[1955]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Richard Jaeckel]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] \\n** [[Zohurul Hoque]], Indian Islamic scholar (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yvon\n        Dupuis]], Canadian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n**[[Jesse L.\n        Brown]], first African-American aviator in the United States Navy (d. [[1950]])\\n**[[Kazuo\n        Nakamura]], Japanese-Canadian painter, part of the [[Painters Eleven]] (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Michel Foucault]], French philosopher (d.\n        [[1984]])\\n** [[Jean Peters]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Karl Richter\n        (conductor)|Karl Richter]], German conductor (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Jeffrey Hayden]],\n        American television director and producer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**\n        [[Julie Adams]], American actress\\n** [[Beverly Garland]], American actress\n        and businesswoman (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Chuck Berry]], American\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Klaus Kinski]], German\n        actor (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Pauline Pirok]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Vsevolod Murakhovsky]], Ukrainian-Russian\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\n** [[Bob Rosburg]], American\n        golfer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Waldir Pires]], Brazilian politician\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Gloria Carter Spann]], sister of former President [[Jimmy Carter]]\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Galina Vishnevskaya]], Russian soprano\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Bowie Kuhn]], American Commissioner\n        of Baseball (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Necmettin Erbakan]], 25th\n        Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jon Vickers]], Canadian operatic\n        tenor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Lois Wyse]], American advertising\n        executive, author and columnist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Earle Hyman]], American\n        actor (The [[Cosby Show]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Jimmy Savile]], English\n        DJ and television presenter (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Valdas_Adamkus_in_2005.JPEG|thumb|120px|[[Valdas\n        Adamkus]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Betsy Palmer]], American actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Valdas Adamkus]], Lithuanian politician,\n        3rd [[President of Lithuania]]\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Kim Jong-gil]], South\n        Korean poet (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Berger]], English art critic, novelist\n        and painter (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Frank Carson]], Northern\n        Irish comedian (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 7]] – Dame [[Joan Sutherland]],\n        Australian soprano (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Jack Mendelsohn]],\n        American writer-artist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Maria Teresa\n        de Filippis]], Italian automobile racing driver (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Helmut Fischer]], German actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Amy Applegren]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Ton de Leeuw]], Dutch composer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Christopher Weeramantry]], Sri Lankan lawyer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]], American ambassador (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[John Gardner (British writer)|John Gardner]], English spy novelist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Sathya Sai Baba]], Indian spiritual\n        leader (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[R. L. Burnside]], American musician (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], Chinese physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Poul Anderson]],\n        American science fiction author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\n** [[Peter\n        van Pels]], German-Dutch love interest of [[Anne Frank]] (d. [[1945]])\\n**\n        [[Rabi Ray]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\n** [[David\n        Alexander (Royal Marines officer)|David Alexander]], British Royal Marines\n        general (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Umberto Veronesi]], Italian oncologist and politician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Beji Caid Essebsi]], Tunisian politician\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Richard Crenna]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Andrew\n        Schally]], Polish-born American endocrinologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n**\n        [[Allyn Ann McLerie]], Canadian-American actress and dancer\\n** [[Robert Symonds]],\n        American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Charley Marouani]],\n        Tunisian impresario and celebrity agent (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\n**\n        [[Henry Way Kendall]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Raif Dizdarevi\\u0107]], Bosnian politician\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n** [[Guitar Slim]], American [[New Orleans blues]] guitarist\n        (d. [[1959]])\\n** [[Giorgos Ioannou]], Greek artist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Diego Natale Bona]], Italian Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[George Rhoden]], Jamaican athlete\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Nikos Koundouros]], Greek film director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** [[James McCracken]], American tenor (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[A. N. R.\n        Robinson]], 3rd President and 3rd Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Allan V. Cox]], American geologist (d.\n        [[1987]])\\n** [[Bill Keightley]], American [[equipment manager]] for the [[University\n        of Kentucky]] men''s [[basketball]] team from 1962 to 2008 (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Herbert Stempel]], subject of film [[Quiz Show (film)]]\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Geoffrey Howe]], British politician (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Otto Graf Lambsdorff]], German politician (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[David Levine]],\n        U.S. [[caricaturist]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Joe Paterno]],\n        [[American football]] coach and philanthropist (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Elisabeth\n        Elliot]], American Christian author and speaker (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Alcides Ghiggia]], Uruguayan footballer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December\n        23]] \\n** [[Robert Bly]], American poet\\n** [[Metakse]], Armenian poet, writer,\n        translator and public activist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Eugene\n        Gendlin]], Austrian-born American philosopher (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Gina Pell\\u00f3n]], Cuban painter (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Billy Snedden]], Australian politician (d. [[1987]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January–March===\\n[[File:Camillo\n        Golgi.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Camillo Golgi]]]]\\n[[File:Takaaki Kato suit.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kato\n        Takaaki]]]]\\n[[File:Kamerlingh Onnes signed.jpg|110px|right|thumb|[[Heike\n        Kamerlingh Onnes]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Margherita of Savoy]], queen\n        consort of Italy (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Louis Majorelle]],\n        French furniture designer (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Camillo\n        Golgi]], Italian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine]] (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Kat\\u014d Takaaki]], Japanese\n        politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Ernest Troubridge]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Barbara La Marr]],\n        American film actress (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[February 1]] – Saint [[Theodosius\n        of Skopje]], Bulgaria religious leader (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        [[Carrie Clark Ward]], stage and film character actress  (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[William Bateson]], British geneticist (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Art Smith (pilot)|Art Smith]], American pilot (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]], Dutch physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[February\n        24]]\\n** [[John Jacob Bausch]], German-American optician who co-founded [[Bausch\n        & Lomb]] (b. [[1830]])\\n** [[Eddie Plank]], American baseball player and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March 4]] – Patriarch [[Macarius\n        II]] (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Usui Mikao]], Japanese founder\n        of [[Reiki]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[E. W. Scripps]], American\n        newspaper publisher (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Sergeant Stubby]],\n        [[World War I]] American hero war dog (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Aleksei Brusilov]], Russian general (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[March 24]] –\n        [[Sizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Constantin\n        Fehrenbach]], German politician and 13th [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Prince Philippe, Duke\n        of Orleans (1869-1926)|Prince Philippe, Duke of Orleans]] (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===April–June===\\n[[File:Emperor\n        Sunjong.jpg|thumb|120px|Emperor [[Sunjong of Korea|Sunjong]]]]\\n[[File:S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg|thumb|120px|Sultan\n        [[Mehmed VI]]]]\\n[[File:Antoni Gaudi 1878.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Antoni Gaudi]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Jacob Pavlovich Adler]], Russian actor (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Henry Miller (actor)|Henry Miller]], English-born American\n        stage actor and producer (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[\\u014cshima\n        Yoshimasa]], Japanese general (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Billy\n        Quirk]], American actor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Sunjong of\n        Korea|Sunjong]], last [[Emperor of Korea]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Ellen Key]], Swedish feminist writer (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Kawamura Kageaki]], Japanese field marshal (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 30]]\n        – [[Bessie Coleman]], African-American pilot (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May\n        3]] – [[Victor, Prince Napoleon]] (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[May 9]] –\n        [[J. M. Dent]], British publisher (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Alton\n        B. Parker]], American judge and political candidate (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Mehmed VI]], last [[Ottoman Sultan]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May\n        26]] –  [[Symon Petliura]], Ukrainian independence fighter (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Emily Hobhouse]], British welfare campaigner (b. [[1860]])\n        \\n* [[June 9]] – [[Sanford B. Dole]], [[President of Hawaii]] and 1st\n        [[Territorial Governor of Hawaii]] (b. [[1844]]) \\n* [[June 10]] – [[Antoni\n        Gaud\\u00ed]], Catalan architect (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Mary\n        Cassatt]], American artist (b. [[1844]])\\n\\n===July–September===\\n[[File:Ugyen\n        Wangchuk, 1905.jpg|thumb|right|110px|King [[Ugyen Wangchuck]]]]\\n[[File:Rudolph\n        Valentino.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Rudolph Valentino]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        [[\\u00c9mile Cou\\u00e9]], French psychologist (b. 1857)\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Gertrude Bell]], British archaeologist, writer, spy, and administrator;\n        known as the \\\"Uncrowned Queen of Iraq\\\" (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[John W. Weeks]],\n        American politician in the Republican Party (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Mariano de Jesus Euse Hoyos]], Colombian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Willard Louis]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Friedrich von Wieser]], Austrian economist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], American statesman and businessman, son of\n        16th President [[Abraham Lincoln]] (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Israel\n        Zangwill]], British novelist and playwright (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 14]]\n        – [[John H. Moffitt]], American politician (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[August\n        21]] – [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], King of Bhutan (b. 1861)\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – [[Charles W. Eliot]], [[President of Harvard University]] (b. [[1834]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Rudolph Valentino]], Italian actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[John Rodgers (naval officer, World War I)|John Rodgers]],\n        American naval officer and naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Eddie Lyons]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[L\\u00e9on\n        Charles Th\\u00e9venin]], French telegraph engineer (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Herbert Booth]], third son of [[William Booth|William]] and\n        [[Catherine Booth]] (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===October–December===\\n[[File:HarryHoudini1899.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Harry\n        Houdini]]]]\\n[[File:Annie Oakley by Baker''s Art Gallery c1880s-crop.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Annie\n        Oakley]]]]\\n[[File:Claude Monet 1899 Nadar crop.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Claude\n        Monet]]]]\\n[[File:Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Emperor Taisho]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – [[Emil Kraepelin]], German psychiatrist (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Josias von Heeringen]], German general (b. [[1850]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Hymie Weiss]], American gangster (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Princess Frederica of Hanover]] (b. [[1848]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Victor Babe\\u0219]], Romanian bacteriologist (b.\n        [[1854]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Eugene V. Debs]], American labor and\n        political leader (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Harry Houdini]], Hungarian-born\n        escapologist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Charles Vance Millar]], Canadian businessman\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Annie Oakley]], American sharpshooter\n        and entertainer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Carl Swartz]], 14th\n        Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Tom Forman\n        (actor)|Tom Forman]], American actor and director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[G\\u00e9rard Cooreman]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Ivana Kobilca]], Slovenian painter (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Claude Monet]], French painter (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[December\n        10]] – [[Nikola Pa\\u0161i\\u0107]], Serbian and Yugoslav statesman, 4-Time\n        [[Prime Minister of Serbia]] and 3-Time [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]] (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[William Larned]], American tennis champion\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Lars Magnus Ericsson]], Swedish\n        inventor and founder of [[Ericsson]] (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[December 22]] –\n        [[Mina Arndt]], New Zealander painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Johan Castberg]], Norwegian Radical politician (b. 1862)\\n* [[December 25]]\n        – [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]], 123rd [[Emperor of Japan]], one of the leaders\n        of [[World War I]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Robert Felkin]],\n        British writer (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Rainer Maria Rilke]],\n        Austrian poet (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Jean Baptiste Perrin]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Theodor Svedberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Johannes Andreas\n        Grib Fibiger]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Grazia\n        Deledda]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Aristide Briand]], [[Gustav\n        Stresemann]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1926}}\\n[[Category:1926|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T18:20:52Z\",\"lastrevid\":799765277,\"length\":73009,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1926&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926\"},\"34939\":{\"pageid\":34939,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1927\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T21:42:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1927|the Australian band|1927 (band)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1927}}\\n{{Year nav|1927}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1927}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1927}}\\n* [[January 1]] – The [[Cristero War]] erupts\n        in Mexico when [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] rebels attack the government,\n        which had placed heavy restrictions on the Catholic Church. \\n* [[January\n        7]] – The first transatlantic telephone call is made ''''via radio''''\n        from New York City to London.\\n* January 7 – The [[Harlem Globetrotters]]\n        play their first ever road game in [[Hinckley, Illinois]].\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – A military rebellion is crushed in [[Lisbon]], Portugal.\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Teddy Wakelam]] gives the first sports commentary on [[BBC\n        Radio]].\\n* [[January 19]] – Great Britain sends troops to China to\n        protect foreign nationals from spreading anti-foreign riots in Central China.\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – U.S. marines [[United States occupation of Nicaragua|invade\n        Nicaragua]] by orders of President [[Calvin Coolidge]], intervening in the\n        [[Nicaraguan civil war (1926\\u201327)|Nicaraguan Civil War]] and remaining\n        in the country until 1933.\\n* [[January 30]] – Right-wing [[veteran]]s\n        and the ''''[[Republikanischer Schutzbund]]'''' clash in [[Schattendorf]],\n        Austria, with two fatalities resulting (see also [[July 15]]).\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n{{Main article|February 1927}}\\n* February – [[Werner Heisenberg]]\n        formulates his famous [[uncertainty principle]] while employed as a lecturer\n        at [[Niels Bohr]]''s Institute for Theoretical Physics at the [[University\n        of Copenhagen]].\\n* [[February 12]] – The first British troops land\n        in Shanghai.\\n* [[February 14]] – An earthquake in [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        kills 100.\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** A [[general strike]] in Shanghai protests\n        the presence of British troops.\\n** In the United States, the [[Silent film|silent]]\n        [[romantic comedy film]] ''''[[It (1927 film)|It]]'''' starring [[Clara Bow]],\n        is released, popularising the concept of the \\\"[[It girl]]\\\".\\n* [[February\n        23]] – The U.S. [[Federal Radio Commission]] (later renamed the [[Federal\n        Communications Commission]]) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1927}}\\n* [[March 4]] – A [[diamond\n        rush]] in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major\n        companies to stake claims.\\n* [[March 7]] – The 7.0 {{M|w}} [[1927 Kita\n        Tango earthquake|Kita Tango earthquake]] kills at least 2,925 in the [[Toyooka,\n        Hy\\u014dgo|Toyooka]] and [[Kyoto Prefecture|Mineyama]] areas, western [[Honshu]],\n        Japan.\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Albanian Republic|Albania]] mobilizes in\n        case of an attack by Yugoslavia.\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** In New York City, the\n        [[Roxy Theatre (New York City)|Roxy Theatre]] is opened by [[Samuel Roxy Rothafel]].\\n**\n        The [[first armored car robbery]] is committed by the Flatheads Gang near\n        [[Pittsburgh]].\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Fritz Lang]]''s culturally influential\n        film ''''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'''' premieres in Germany.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Nanking Incident]]: After six foreigners have been\n        killed in [[Nanking]] and it appears that [[Kuomintang]] and [[Communist Party\n        of China]] forces would overrun the foreign consulates, warships of the [[U.S.\n        Navy]] and the British [[Royal Navy]] fire shells and shot to disperse the\n        crowds.{{cite news|title=U.S. and British Warships Shell Cantonese Army|newspaper=[[Miami\n        Daily News]]|date=1927-03-24|page=1}}\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1927}}\\n* [[April 1]] – The U.S. [[Bureau of Prohibition]] is founded\n        (under the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]]).\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – In Britain, the [[Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act\n        1927]] forbids strikes of support.\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Bell Telephone\n        Company|Bell Telephone Co.]] transmits an image of [[Herbert Hoover]] (then\n        the Secretary of Commerce), which becomes the first successful long distance\n        demonstration of television.\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** The [[Royal and Parliamentary\n        Titles Act 1927]] renames the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]\n        as the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]. The change\n        acknowledges that the [[Irish Free State]] is no longer part of the Kingdom.\\n**\n        [[Kuomintang]] troops kill a number of communist-supporting workers in Shanghai.\n        The incident is called the [[April 12 Incident]], or the Shanghai Massacre.\n        The 1st United Front between the Nationalists and Communist ends, and the\n        Civil War lasting until 1949 begins.\\n* [[April 14]] – The first [[Volvo\n        Cars|Volvo automobile]] rolled off the production line in [[Gothenburg]],\n        [[Sweden]].\\n* [[April 18]] – The Kuomintang (Nationalist Chinese) set\n        up a government in [[Nanking]], China.\\n* [[April 21]] – A banking crisis\n        hits Japan.\\n* [[April 22]]–[[May 5]] – The [[Great Mississippi\n        Flood of 1927]] strikes 700,000 people in the greatest natural disaster in\n        American history through that time.\\n* [[April 23]]  – [[Cardiff City\n        F.C.|Cardiff City]] win the [[FA Cup]], beating [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] 1-0.\\n*\n        [[April 27]]\\n** The [[Carabineros de Chile]] ([[Chile]]an national police\n        force and [[gendarmery]]) are created.\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Ribeiro de Barros]]\n        becomes the first non-European to make a transatlantic flight, flying from\n        [[Genoa]], Italy, to [[Fernando de Noronha]], Brazil.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1927}}\\n* May – [[Philo Farnsworth]] of the United States\n        transmits his first experimental electronic TV [[motion picture]]s, as opposed\n        to the [[electromechanical]] TV systems that others had used before.\\n* [[May\n        9]] – The [[Australian Parliament]] convenes for the first time in [[Canberra]],\n        [[Australian Capital Territory]]. Previously, the Parliament had met in [[Melbourne]],\n        [[State of Victoria]].\\n* [[May 11]] – The ''''[[Academy of Motion Picture\n        Arts and Sciences]]'''', the \\\"Academy\\\" in \\\"[[Academy Awards]]\\\", is founded.\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – British police officers raid the office of the [[Soviet]]\n        trade delegation in London.\\n* [[May 13]] – King [[George V]] proclaims\n        the change of his title from King of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Ireland]] to King of [[Great Britain and Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[May\n        17]] – U.S. Army aviation pioneer Major [[Harold Geiger]] dies in the\n        crash of his [[Airco DH.4]] airplane, at Olmsted Field, [[Pennsylvania]].\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Bath School disaster]]: a series of violent attacks results\n        in 45 deaths, mostly of school children, in [[Bath Township, Michigan]].\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – By the [[Treaty of Jeddah (1927)|Treaty of Jeddah]], the\n        United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of [[Ibn Saud]] over the [[Kingdom\n        of Hejaz and Nejd]], the future [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n* [[May 20]]–[[May\n        21|21]] – [[Charles Lindbergh]] makes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic\n        airplane flight, carried out from New York City to Paris, France, in his single-engined\n        aircraft, the ''''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]''''.\\n* [[May 22]] – The 7.6\n        {{M|w}} [[1927 Gulang earthquake|Gulang earthquake]] affects [[Gansu]] in\n        northwest China with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (''''Extreme''''),\n        leaving over 40,000 dead.\\n* [[May 23]] – Nearly 600 members of the\n        [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]] and the [[Institute of Radio\n        Engineers]] view a live demonstration of television at the Bell Telephone\n        Building in New York City, just over a year after [[John Logie Baird]] of\n        Scotland had first demonstrated an ''''electromechanical television system''''\n        to the members of the [[Royal Society]] in London.\\n* [[May 24]] – The\n        United Kingdom cuts its [[diplomatic relations]] with the [[Soviet Union]]\n        due to revelations of [[espionage]] and underground agitation.\\n[[File:Spirit\n        of St. Louis.jpg|thumb|130px|right| [[May 20]]: Solo flight New York to Paris]]\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1927}}\\n* June – The [[volcanic island]]\n        of [[Krakatoa#Anak Krakatau|Anak Krakatau]] begins to form in the [[Sunda\n        Strait]].\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] severs\n        diplomatic relations with [[Albanian Republic|Albania]].\\n* June 4\\u20136\n        – [[Clarence Chamberlin]] and [[Charles Albert Levine]] take off from\n        Roosevelt Field, New York, and fly to Eisleben, Germany, in the [[Wright-Bellanca\n        WB-2 Columbia]] aircraft ''''Miss Columbia'''', two weeks after Charles Lindbergh''s\n        historic solo flight.\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Pyotr Voykov]], the Soviet ambassador\n        to Poland, is murdered.\\n* [[June 9]] – The Soviet Union executes 20\n        for alleged [[espionage]].\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Daudet]], the leader\n        of the French [[monarchist]]s, is arrested in France.\\n** A [[ticker tape\n        parade]] is held for the aviator [[Charles Lindbergh]] down Fifth Avenue in\n        New York City.\\n* [[June 28]] – Spanish airline [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]]\n        is established.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Solar eclipse of June 29, 1927]]:\n        A total eclipse of the sun takes place over Wales, northern England, southern\n        Scotland, Norway, northern Sweden, northmost Finland, and the northmost extremes\n        of Russia.\\n* June 29-July 1 – Commander [[Richard E. Byrd]], [[Bernt\n        Balchen]], George Noville, and [[Bert Acosta]] take off from Roosevelt Field,\n        New York, in the [[Fokker Trimotor]] airplane ''''America'''' and cross the\n        Atlantic to the coast of France, having to ditch there because of bad weather;\n        all four men survive the emergency landing.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main article|July\n        1927}}\\n* [[July 1]] – The [[Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration]]\n        (FDIA) is established as a United States federal agency.\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Kevin O''Higgins]], [[Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish\n        Free State]] and [[Minister for Justice and Equality|Minister for Justice]],\n        is assassinated by the anti-[[Anglo-Irish Treaty|Treaty]] [[Irish Republican\n        Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] in [[Dublin]].\\n* [[July 11]]\n        – The [[1927 Jericho earthquake]] strikes [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]],\n        killing around 300 people. The effects are especially severe in [[Nablus]],\n        but damage and fatalities are also reported in many areas of Palestine and\n        [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] such as [[Amman]], [[Salt, Jordan]],\n        and [[Lod|Lydda]].\\n*[[July 13]] (Wednesday, Tamuz 13, 5687): 12:30 –\n        [[Rebbe]] [[Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn]] is freed from the imprisonment which\n        began on June 15 (Wednesday, Sivan 15, 5687) at 02:15 in exile in the Russian\n        town of [[Kostroma]]. \\n* [[July 15]] – [[July Revolt of 1927]]: 85\n        protesters and five policemen are left dead after the police in [[Vienna]]\n        fire on an angry crowd, mostly members of the [[Social Democratic Party of\n        Austria]]; more than 600 people are injured.\\n* [[July 24]] –  The [[Menin\n        Gate]] is dedicated as a war memorial at [[Ypres]], Belgium.\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n{{Main article|August 1927}}\\n* [[August 1]] – The Communist Chinese\n        [[People''s Liberation Army]] is formed during the [[Nanchang Uprising]].\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] announces, \\\"I do\n        not choose to run for president in 1928.\\\"\\n* [[August 7]] – The [[Peace\n        Bridge]] opens between [[Fort Erie, Ontario]] and [[Buffalo, New York]].\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – The [[Mount Rushmore]] Park is rededicated. President\n        [[Calvin Coolidge]] promises national funding for the proposed carving of\n        the presidential figures.\\n* [[August 22]] – 200 people demonstrate\n        in [[Hyde Park, London]] against the death sentencing of Italian immigrant\n        anarchists [[Sacco and Vanzetti]].\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Sacco and Vanzetti]]\n        are executed.\\n* [[August 24]] – [[August 25]] – [[1927 Nova Scotia\n        hurricane|Hurricane]] hits the [[Atlantic Provinces]] of Canada, causing massive\n        damage and at least 56 deaths.\\n* [[August 26]] – Paul R. Redfern leaves\n        [[Brunswick, Georgia]], flying his Stinson Detroiter \\\"Port of Brunswick\\\"\n        to attempt a solo nonstop flight to [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil. He later crashes\n        in the [[Venezuela]]n jungle, but the crash site has never been found.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1927}}\\n* September – The [[Autumn\n        Harvest Uprising]] occurs in China.\\n* [[September 7]] – The [[University\n        of Minas Gerais]] is founded in Brazil.\\n* [[September 18]] – The Columbia\n        Phonographic Broadcasting System (later known as ''''[[CBS]]'''') is formed\n        and goes on the air with 47 [[radio station]]s.\\n* [[September 25]] –\n        A treaty signed by the [[League of Nations]] Slavery Commission abolishes\n        all types of [[slavery]].\\n* [[September 27]] – 79 are killed and 550\n        are injured in the East St. Louis Tornado, the 2nd costliest and at least\n        24th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1927}}\\n* October – The [[Solvay Conference#Fifth Conference|Fifth Solvay\n        Conference]], held in the latter half of the month, establishes the acceptance\n        of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]].\\n* [[October 4]] – The actual\n        carving begins at [[Mount Rushmore]], [[South Dakota]].\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        ''''[[The Jazz Singer]]'''' opens in the United States and it becomes a huge\n        success, although silent films continue to be made for some time.{{cite\n        book|author=Bill Bryson|title=One Summer: America, 1927|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kI-n6fWpq98C|date=1\n        October 2013|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-53782-7}}\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – ''''[[Murderers'' Row]]'''': The [[New York Yankees]]\n        complete a four-game sweep of the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] in the World Series.\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – The Mexican government crushes a rebellion in [[Veracruz\n        (city)|Veracruz]].\\n* [[October 18]] – The first flight of [[Pan American\n        Airways]] takes off from [[Key West, Florida]], bound for [[Havana, Cuba]].\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – The Italian steamer ship ''''[[SS Principessa Mafalda|Principessa\n        Mafalda]]'''' capsizes off [[Porto Seguro]], Brazil. At least 314 people are\n        killed.\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] opens\n        the Meuse-Waal Canal in [[Nijmegen]], Holland\\n** At 5:50 a.m. a ground\n        fault gives way, causing the mine and part of the town of [[Walden, Ontario#Worthington|Worthington]]\n        to collapse into a large chasm located in [[Ontario]]. Nobody is injured in\n        the incident, as the area had been evacuated the night before after a mine\n        foreman noticed abnormal rock shifts in the mine.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1927}}\\n* [[November 1]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in [[Turkey]] (The 5th government).\\n* [[November 3]]\n        – [[November 4]] – [[Great Vermont Flood of 1927|Floods devastating\n        Vermont]] cause the \\\"worst natural disaster in the state''s history\\\".http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/events/27flood.shtml\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – Frank Heath and his horse ''''Gypsy Queen'''' return\n        to Washington, D.C., having completed a two-year journey of 11,356 miles to\n        all 48 of the states (of that time).\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Mahatma Gandhi]]\n        makes his first and last visit to [[Ceylon]].\\n** [[Leon Trotsky]] is expelled\n        from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving [[Joseph Stalin]] with undisputed\n        control of the [[Soviet Union]].\\n** The [[Holland Tunnel]] opens to traffic\n        as the first vehicular tunnel under the [[Hudson River]] linking [[New Jersey]]\n        with New York City.\\n* [[November 14]] – The [[Pittsburgh gasometer\n        explosion]]: Three ''''Equitable Gas'''' storage tanks in the [[North Side\n        (Pittsburgh)|North Side]] of [[Pittsburgh]] explode, killing 26 people and\n        causing damage estimated between $4.0 million and $5.0 million.\\n* [[November\n        21]] – The [[Columbine Mine massacre|Colorado state police open fire]]\n        on 500 rowdy but unarmed miners during a strike, killing six of them.\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1927}}\\n* December – The [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] Congress condemns all ''''deviation\n        from the general party line'''' in the [[USSR]].\\n* [[December 2]] –\n        Following 19 years of [[Ford Model T]] production, the [[Ford Motor Company]]\n        unveils the [[Ford Model A (1927\\u201331)|Ford Model A]] as its new automobile.\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] gains independence from the\n        United Kingdom.\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Marion Parker]], 12, is kidnapped\n        in Los Angeles. Her dismembered body is found on [[December 19]], prompting\n        the largest manhunt to date on the West Coast for her killer, [[William Edward\n        Hickman]], who is arrested on [[December 22]] in [[Oregon]].\\n* [[December\n        17]] – The [[United States Navy]] submarine {{USS|S-4|SS-109|2}} is\n        accidentally rammed and sunk by the [[United States Coast Guard]] cutter ''''John\n        Paulding'''' off [[Provincetown, Massachusetts]], killing everyone aboard\n        despite several unsuccessful attempts to raise the submarine.\\n* [[December\n        19]] –3 Indian [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Revolutionaries]],\n        viz Pandit [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], Thakur [[Roshan Singh]], and [[Ashfaqulla\n        Khan]], are executed by the [[British Raj]]. [[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]] had\n        been executed two days before.\\n* [[December 27]] – Kern and Hammerstein''s\n        musical play, ''''[[Show Boat]]'''', based on [[Show Boat (novel)|Edna Ferber''s\n        novel]], opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and then goes on to become\n        the first great classic of the American musical theater.\\n* [[December 30]]\n        –  The first Japanese [[rapid transit|commuter metro line]], the [[Tokyo\n        Metro Ginza Line]], opens.\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* The [[British Broadcasting\n        Corporation]] is granted a Royal Charter of Incorporation.\\n* [[Harold Stephen\n        Black]] invents the [[feedback amplifier]].\\n* The [[Voluntary Committee of\n        Lawyers]] is founded to bring about the [[Repeal of Prohibition in the United\n        States]].\\n* [[World population]] reaches two billion.\\n* In Britain, 1,000\n        people a week die from an [[influenza]] epidemic.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Barbara\n        Rush.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Barbara Rush]]]]\\n[[File:Johnnie Ray Allan Warren.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Johnnie\n        Ray]]]]\\n[[File:Olof Palme 1974 (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Olof Palme]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Vernon L. Smith]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Doak Walker]], American\n        football player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Barbara Rush]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 5]] – Satguru [[Sivaya Subramuniyaswami]], American-born\n        Hindu guru (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Tim Flood (hurler)|Tim\n        Flood]], Irish hurler (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Gisele MacKenzie]],\n        Canadian-born singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Johnnie Ray]], American singer (d.\n        [[1990]])\\n** [[Otto Stich]], member of the Swiss Federal Council  (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]]\\n** [[Brock Adams]], American politician (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Sydney Brenner]], South African biologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Kirti Nidhi Bista]],\n        Nepali politician\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**[[Thomas Anthony Dooley III]], American\n        physician and humanitarian (d. [[1961]])\\n**[[Eartha Kitt]], African-American\n        actress and singer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Marvin Kaplan]],\n        American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Lasse P\\u00f6ysti]], Finnish writer and\n        playwright\\n* [[January 25]] \\n** [[Marian and Vivian Brown#Vivian Brown|Vivian\n        Brown]], American celebrity icon (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Marian and Vivian Brown#Marian\n        Brown|Marian Brown]], American celebrity icon (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio\n        Carlos Jobim]], Brazilian composer (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Gregg Palmer]], American\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Azcona del Hoyo]],\n        26th [[President of Honduras]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Bob\n        DeMoss]], American football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Per\n        Oscarsson]], Swedish actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Hiroshi Teshigahara]], Japanese\n        director (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Edward Abbey]], American environmentalist\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Lewis Urry]], Canadian inventor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Olof Palme]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[1986]])\\n**\n        [[Roberto Gottardi]], Italian architect (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bendapudi Venkata\n        Satyanarayana]], Indian dermatologist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Jean Speegle Howard]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Sidney\n        Poitier-NPS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sidney Poitier]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] –\n        [[Galway Kinnell]], American poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Stan\n        Getz]], American musician (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Doris Sams]], American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Val Doonican]],\n        Irish singer and entertainer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Joseph A. Palaia]], American\n        politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Blas Ople]], Filipino politician (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Sarah Jim\\u00e9nez]], Mexican artist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Vasant Sarwate]],\n        Indian cartoonist and writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Horst\n        Ehmke]], German lawyer, law professor and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** [[Juliette Gr\\u00e9co]], French singer and actress\\n** [[Vladimir\n        Kuts]], Russian runner (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Leontyne\n        Price]], African-American soprano\\n* [[February 11]] \\n** [[Nalda Bird]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Robert Squires]],\n        Royal Navy officer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Rita Meyer (baseball)|Rita\n        Meyer]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Buck Hill (musician)|Buck Hill]], American jazz tenor and soprano\n        saxophonist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Seiz\\u014d Kat\\u014d]],\n        Japanese voice actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Lois Maxwell]], Canadian actress\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Harvey Korman]], American actor and\n        comedian (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Luis Gimeno]], Uruguayan-born Mexican actor (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[June Brown]], British actress\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[John Selfridge]], American mathematician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February\n        20]]\\n** [[Roy Cohn]], American lawyer and anti-Communist (d. [[1986]])\\n**\n        [[Sidney Poitier]], African-American actor and film director\\n* [[February\n        21]]\\n** [[Erma Bombeck]], American writer and humorist (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Hubert de Givenchy]], French fashion designer\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Emil Bobu]], Romanian Communist activist and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[R\\u00e9gine Crespin]], French operatic soprano (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Mirtha Legrand]], Argentinian actress and TV presenter\\n** [[Silvia Legrand]],\n        Argentinian actress\\n* [[February 24]] \\n**[[Mark Lane (author)|Mark Lane]],\n        American conspiracy theorist (d. [[2016]])\\n**[[Emmanuelle Riva]], French\n        actress (d. 2017)\\n* [[February 25]] \\n** [[Ralph Stanley]], American [[Bluegrass\n        music|bluegrass]] banjo player and vocalist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Dick Jones\n        (actor)|Dick Jones]], American actor and singer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Tom Kennedy (television presenter)|Tom Kennedy]], American\n        game show host\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Lynn Cartwright]], American actress\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Harry Belafonte 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Harry\n        Belafonte]]]]\\n[[File:James Broderick 1959.JPG|thumb|110px|[[James Broderick]]]]\\n[[File:Gabriel\n        Garcia Marquez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gabriel Garc\\u00eda M\\u00e1rquez]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[George O. Abell]], American astronomer, professor at UCLA, science\n        popularizer, and skeptic (d. 1983)\\n** [[Harry Belafonte]], American musician\n        and actor\\n** [[Robert Bork]], American conservative law professor (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Roger Walkowiak]], French road bicycle racer (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Pierre Aubert]], member of the Swiss Federal Council\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Philip Batt]], 29th Governor of the U.S.\n        state of Idaho\\n** [[Thayer David]], American actor (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Orben]], American comedy writer\\n** [[Dick Savitt]], American tennis player\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n** [[William J. Bell]], American soap creator (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Gordon Cooper]], American astronaut (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Gabriel Garc\\u00eda\n        M\\u00e1rquez]], Colombian author, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[James Broderick]],\n        American actor (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[March 8]] \\n** [[Dick Hyman]], American\n        composer and pianist\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Kania]], Polish communist politician\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\n** [[Jupp Derwall]], German football player and manager (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Marlia Hardi]], Indonesian actress (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Bill\n        Fischer (American football)|Bill Fischer]], American football offensive lineman\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Barbara Sinatra]] American model, wife of Frank Sinatra\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Ron Todd (trade unionist)|Ron Todd]],\n        British trade union leader (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Joachim Fuchsberger]], German-Australian\n        actor, television host, lyricist and businessman (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[March\n        12]] – [[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn|Ra\\u00fal Ricardo Alfons\\u00edn]],\n        former [[President of Argentina]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\n** [[Robert\n        Denning]], American interior designer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jozef Zlat\\u0148ansk\\u00fd]],\n        Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Annastasia Batikis]],\n        Greek-American female professional baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Hanns-Joachim\n        Friedrichs]], German journalist (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Vladimir\n        Komarov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]],\n        U.S. Senator from New York (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Roberto\n        Suazo C\\u00f3rdova]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[March 18]] – [[George\n        Plimpton]], American writer and actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[John\n        Joubert (composer)|John Joubert]], South African\\u2013born British composer\\n**\n        [[Earlene Risinger]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]], German politician (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Mato Damjanovi\\u0107]], Croatian chess grandmaster\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Martin Walser]], German author\\n*\n        [[March 25]] \\n** [[Tina Anselmi]], Italian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bill\n        Barilko]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[1951]])\\n** [[Monique van Vooren]],\n        Belgian-American actress\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Robert Rosencrans]], American\n        public affairs television network (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\n** [[Mstislav\n        Rostropovich]], Russian cellist and conductor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Karl Stotz]],\n        Austrian football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[John Vane]],\n        British pharmacologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar Ch\\u00e1vez]], American\n        labor activist, United Farm Workers founder (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[William Daniels]],\n        American actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:\\u00c9va Sz\\u00e9kely 1956.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9va\n        Sz\\u00e9kely]]]]\\n[[File:Benedykt XVI (2010-10-17) 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope\n        Benedict XVI]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0313-300, Margot Honecker,\n        Minister f\\u00fcr Volksbildung.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Margot Honecker]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] \\n** [[Maria Eug\\u00e9nia]], Portuguese actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Cundall]], Australian horticulturist and television presenter\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Rita Gam]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ferenc Pusk\\u00e1s]], Hungarian\n        footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Kenneth Tynan]], English theatre critic (d.\n        [[1980]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Richard Haynes (criminal lawyer)|Richard Haynes]],\n        American lawyer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[\\u00c9va Sz\\u00e9kely]], Hungarian swimmer\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[Frederick I. Ordway III]], American space scientist\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Chao-Li Chi]], Shanxi-born actor (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Thanin Kraivichien]], Thai lawyer and politician\\n* [[April 6]] \\n** [[Gerry\n        Mulligan]], American musician (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Harry Beitzel]], Australian\n        football umpire and broadcaster (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Tilly\n        Armstrong]] (alias [[Tania Langley]] and [[Kate Alexander]]), British writer\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Marshall Warren Nirenberg]], American\n        scientist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Alan MacDiarmid]], New Zealand chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Robert Mills (physicist)|Robert Mills]], American physicist\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Doris McLemore]], American linguist (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Pope Benedict XVI]]  \\n** [[Peter Mark Richman]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Margot Honecker]], East German politician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\n** [[Samuel P. Huntington]], American political\n        scientist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Charles Pasqua]], French businessman and politician\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Phil Hill]], American race car driver\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Karl Alexander M\\u00fcller]], Swiss physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Daniel McKinnon\n        (ice hockey)|Daniel McKinnon]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 26]]\\n** [[Anita Darian]], American singer and actress (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Gallatin]], American basketballer and coach (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Coretta Scott King]], African-American civil rights leader,\n        wife of [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Lois Florreich]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Ellen Alak\\u00fcla]], Estonian actress (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] \\n** [[Duncan McMullin]], New Zealand jurist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Albert\n        Zafy]], Malagasy politician\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Jean-Paul Martin-du-Gard]],\n        French runner (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Hal Hudson]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Terry Scott]], English actor and comedian\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Pat Carroll (actress)|Pat Carroll]],\n        American actress\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Ettore Manni]], Italian actor (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Manfred Eigen]], German biophysicist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n** [[Wim Thoelke]], German television\n        entertainer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Bernard Fox (actor)|Bernard\n        Fox]], English actor (''''[[Bewitched]]'''') (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Mort Sahl]],\n        Canadian-born comedian, political commentator\\n** [[Gene Savoy]], American\n        author, explorer, scholar and cleric (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Herbert\n        Ross]], American film director (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Marilyn\n        Hall]], Canadian-born American television producer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        20]] – [[Bud Grant]], Canadian and American football coach\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Chuck Stewart]], American photographer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        22]] – [[George Andrew Olah]], Hungarian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Dieter\n        Hildebrandt]], German comedian (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\n** [[Robert Ludlum]],\n        American author (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Paul Oliver]], British architecture and\n        blues historian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Endel Tulving]], Estonian-Canadian\n        experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Ralph\n        Carmichael]], American composer and arranger\\n** [[William A. Hilliard]],\n        American journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\n** [[Byron Dobell]], American\n        writer, editor, and artist (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Clint Walker]], American actor\\n**[[Elly\n        Stone]], American singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:JerryStillerNYC05.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jerry\n        Stiller]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Boots Randolph]], American saxophone player\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)]], British actor\n        [[As Time Goes By (UK TV series)]]\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Alan Seymour]], Australian\n        playwright and author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ralph Wetton]], English professional\n        footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Herbert R. Axelrod]], American\n        ichthyologist and musical instrument collector (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 8]]\n        – [[Jerry Stiller]], American comedian and actor\\n* [[June 10]] \\n**\n        [[Ladislao Kubala]], Hungarian football player and manager (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Bede Morris]], Australian immunologist (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Al Fairweather]], Scottish jazz musician (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        [[Yoshiro Hayashi (politician)|Yoshiro Hayashi]], Japanese politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Ariano Suassuna]], Brazilian playwright and author (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Wally Wood]], American cartoonist (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Paul Eddington]], British actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 19]]\n        – [[Luciano Benjam\\u00edn Men\\u00e9ndez]], Argentine general\\n* [[June\n        20]] – [[Bernard Cahier]], French F1 photo journalist (d. 2008)\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Iranganie Serasinghe]], Sri Lankan actress\\n** [[Hugh Rossi]],\n        British Conservative politician\\n** [[Don Jessop]], Australian politician\\n**\n        [[Carl Stokes]], American politician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Karl Sch\\u00fcgerl]], Hungarian chemical engineering studies \\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[John Habgood]], British retired Anglican bishop, academic, and\n        life peer\\n** [[Leonid Bogdanov]], Soviet Olympic fencer\\n** [[Bob Fosse]],\n        American choreographer and director (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Frederick\n        Vreeland]], American diplomat and writer\\n** [[Hal Nerdal]], Australian skier\\n**\n        [[Martin Lewis Perl]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[James B. Edwards]], American politician\n        and administrator (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Arnold Wolfendale]],\n        British astronomer\\n** [[Patricia Martin Bates]], Canadian artist\\n** [[Gerald\n        Freedman]], American theatre director, librettist, and lyricist, and a college\n        dean\\n** [[Kjell T\\u00e5nnander]], Swedish decathlete\\n** [[Chuck Smith (pastor)|Chuck\n        Smith]], American pastor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Jerry Schatzberg]],\n        photographer and film director\\n** [[Ben Turok]], former anti-apartheid activist,\n        Economics Professor and former South African member of parliament and a member\n        of the African National Congress\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Gracia\n        Barrios|es|3=Gracia Barrios}}, Chilean painter\\n** [[John Barber (basketball)|John\n        Barber]], American professional basketball player\\n** [[Cino Tortorella]],\n        Italian television presenter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bobby Myers (racing driver)|Bobby\n        Myers]], American [[NASCAR]] driver (d. [[1957]])\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Correlli\n        Barnett]], English military historian\\n** [[Dick Lane (baseball)|Dick Lane]],\n        American professional baseball player\\n** [[Boris Shilkov]], Soviet speed\n        skater (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Frank Sherwood Rowland]], American chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\n**\n        [[Viola Myers]], Canadian sprinter\\n** [[Pierre Savard]], Canadian politician\\n**\n        [[Roy Radner]], American economist\\n** [[Bert Hubbard]], American synchronized\n        swimmer, choreographer and coach\\n** [[Pat McGeer]], Canadian physician, professor,\n        baskebtall player and medical researcher\\n** [[Kenneth Snelson]], American\n        contemporary sculptor and photographer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Shirley\n        Fry Irvin]], American tennis player\\n** [[Frank McCabe (basketball)|Frank\n        McCabe]], American basketball player\\n** [[Wayne Knox]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Mario Lanfranchi]], Italian film, theatre and television director, screenwriter,\n        producer, collector and actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Gina Lollobrigida 1991.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gina\n        Lollobrigida]]]]\\n[[File:The Naked Spur-Janet Leigh.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Janet\n        Leigh]]]]\\n[[File:Kurt masur.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kurt Masur]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\n        \\n** [[Chandra Shekhar]], 8th [[Prime Minister of India]] (d. 2007)\\n** [[Mirghani\n        Alnasri]], Sudanese politician\\n** [[Richard Chaloner, 3rd Baron Gisborough]],\n        British Peer\\n** [[Winfield Dunn]], Politician; Governor of Tennessee \\n**\n        [[Leo Klejn]], Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist\\n* [[July\n        2]] \\n** [[James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern]], British advocate\\n**\n        [[Fern Villeneuve]], Canadian Army officer\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Salome \\u00deorkelsd\\u00f3ttir]],\n        Icelandic politician and first woman to be Speaker of the unicameral Althing\\n**\n        [[Tim O''Connor (actor)|Tim O''Connor]], American actor\\n** [[Peter Muller\n        (architect)|Peter Muller]], Canadian architect\\n** [[Ken Rowlands]], Welsh\n        boxer \\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Gina Lollobrigida]], Italian actress\\n** [[Neil\n        Simon]], American playwright, screenwriter and author\\n** [[Teresita Castillo]],\n        Filipino religious (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Derek Bond (bishop)|Derek Bond]], English\n        bishop\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Kah Kyung Cho]], Korean-American philosopher\\n**\n        [[Thomas Fleming (historian)|Thomas Fleming]], American military historian\n        and historical novelist \\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Dolores Claman]], Canadian composer\n        and pianist\\n** [[Alan Freeman]], Australian-born broadcaster and disc jockey\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Janet Leigh]], American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Pat\n        Paulsen]], American comedian and political satirist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Henri Dirickx]], Belgian international footballer played \\n** [[Doc\n        Severinsen]] American musician [[Johnny Carson Show]]\\n** [[Martin Ransohoff]],\n        American cinema and television producer, and member of the Ransohoff family\\n**\n        [[George C. Lodge]], American professor and former politician\\n** [[Lewis\n        Arthur Tambs]], American ambassador to Colombia and Costa Rica\\n** [[Henry\n        Kajura]],  Ugandan administrator and politician\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Lisa\n        Lu]], Chinese-born American actress and singer\\n** [[Maurice Hayes]], Irish\n        politician\\n** [[Khensur Lungri Namgyel]], Tibetan religious leader\\n** [[Cal\n        Christensen]], American basketball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Ed Ames]], American popular singer and actor\\n** [[Red Kelly]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player \\n** [[Richard N. Gardner]], United States Ambassador to\n        Spain and the United States Ambassador to Italy \\n** [[Ronnie Stonham]], Special\n        Assistant to the Director of Personnel at the BBC (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[David\n        Diop]], French West African poet (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** Elvira Corona,\n        American dancer and actress\\n** [[Park Seong-tae]], South Korean sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Grigory Barenblatt]], Russian mathematician\\n** [[Jack Kelley (ice hockey)|Jack\n        Kelley]], American ice hockey coach\\n** [[David Dinkins]], African-American\n        [[Mayor of New York City]] from [[1989]] through [[1993]]\\n** [[William Smithers]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Marcel Azzola]], French accordionist\\n* [[July 11]]\\n**\n        [[Theodore H. Maiman]], American inventor and physicist who developed the\n        [[laser]] (d. 2007)\\n** [[Julio Sobrera]], Uruguayan cyclist\\n** [[Gregorio\n        Salvador Caja]], Spanish linguist\\n** [[Chris Leonard]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[Abune Antonios]], third Patriarch of the Eritrean Orthodox\n        Tewahedo Church\\n** [[Tom Benson]], American footballer \\n** [[Frank Windsor]],\n        English actor\\n**  [[Gert Grigoleit]], American sprint canoer\\n** [[Muhammad\n        Iqbal (athlete)|Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistani hammer thrower\\n** [[Jack Harshman]],\n        American professional baseball pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 13]] \\n** [[Chin\n        Kung]], Buddhist monk from the Mahayana tradition\\n** [[Simone Veil]], French\n        lawyer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ian Reed]], Australian discus thrower\\n*\n        [[July 14]] \\n** [[John Chancellor]], American news anchorman for NBC (d.\n        1996)\\n** [[Paul V. Priolo]], American politician\\n** [[Ray Hannigan]], Canadian\n        professional ice hockey right winger\\n** [[Aimo Vartiainen]], Finnish alpine\n        skier\\n** [[Henri Skiba]], French football player\\n** [[Eero Lohi]], Finnish\n        modern pentathlete \\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Ann Jellicoe]], British playwright,\n        theatre director and actress\\n** [[Carmen Zapata]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[H\\u00e5kon Brusveen]], Norwegian cross-country skier\\n** [[Leo C. Zeferetti]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Joe Turkel]], American actor\\n** [[Nan Martin]],\n        American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Caerwyn Roderick]], British Labour Party\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gloria Pall]], American model, showgirl, actress,\n        author and businesswoman (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Ted Slevin]], English professional\n        rugby league footballer\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Shirley Hughes]], English author\n        and illustrator\\n** [[Derek Hawksworth]], English footballer\\n** [[Geoffrey\n        Martin (footballer)|Geoffrey Martin]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Serge\n        Baudo]], French conductor\\n** [[Jules Witcover]], American journalist, author,\n        and columnist\\n** [[Alois Eisentr\\u00e4ger]], German footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[John Warr]], English cricketer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Ed Leede]],\n        American former professional basketball player \\n** [[Roy Stuart (actor)|Roy\n        Stuart]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Keith MacDonald]],\n        Canadian politician\\n** [[Robert E. Haebel]], American major general\\n** [[Antonio\n        Garc\\u00eda-Trevijano]], Spanish republican, political activist, and author\\n**\n        [[Kurt Masur]], German conductor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Jack Harshman]], American\n        professional baseball pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Don Bagley]], American jazz\n        bassist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Alma Carlisle]], African American\n        architect and architectural historian\\n** [[Tom Blake (American football)|Tom\n        Blake]], American football player\\n** [[Herv\\u00e9 Pinoteau]], French historian\n        and royalist apologist \\n** [[Billy Gardner]], American former professional\n        baseball player, coach and manager\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Zhang Sizhi]], active\n        rights lawyer in China\\n** [[Robert Wahl]], American football player \\n**\n        [[Michael Gielen]], Austrian conductor and composer\\n** [[Heather Chasen]],\n        English actress\\n** [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]], Russian historian\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\n** [[Dick Smith (third baseman)|Dick Smith]], former Major League Baseball\n        infielder\\n** [[Joan Benedict Steiger]], American actress\\n** [[Hal Hatfield]],\n        Canadian football player\\n** [[William Liller]], American astronomer\\n* [[July\n        22]] \\n** [[Dagoberto Moll]], Uruguayan footballer and manager\\n** [[Hsing\n        Yun]], Chinese Buddhist monk\\n** [[Bill Detrick]], American college basketball\n        and golf coach (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Danny La Rue]], Irish\n        drag queen (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[John Seigenthaler]], American\n        journalist, writer, and political figure (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[John Ashbery]], American poet (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 30]] \\n** [[Richard\n        Johnson (actor)|Richard Johnson]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Victor\n        Wong (actor born 1927)|Victor Wong]], American actor (d. [[2001]])\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Eddie Kamae]], American ''ukulele (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jess\n        Thomas]], American tenor (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Eddie Kamae]], American ukuleleist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Arturo Armando Molina]], former President\n        of El Salvador\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Rocky Bridges]], American middle infielder\n        and third baseman (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Edwin W. Edwards]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Carl Switzer]], American actor (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Johnny\n        Temple]], American baseball player (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Marvin\n        Minsky]], American computer scientist, [[Turing Award]] winner ([[Artificial\n        intelligence]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Eivind Eckbo]], Norwegian\n        politician, lawyer and farmer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Stuart\n        Rosenberg]], American director (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Porter\n        Wagoner]], American country singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[David Padilla]], 64th President of Bolivia (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 14]]\n        – [[Roger Carel]] (Bancharel), French actor\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[F. Ray Keyser Jr.]], American lawyer and politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Rosalynn Carter]], [[First Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[L. Q. Jones]], American actor\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Peter\n        Oakley]], also known as geriatric1927,  British vlogger (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\n** [[Dick Bruna]], Dutch artist, graphic designer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Philippe Mestre]], French high-ranking civil servant, media executive and\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Althea Gibson]], African-American\n        tennis player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Ma Jir Bo]], Chinese Realism\n        oil painter (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Jill Amos]], New Zealand politician and community\n        leader (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Fouad al-Tikerly]], prominent\n        Iraqi novelist and writer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[A. Ross\n        Eckler Jr.]], American logologist, statistician and author (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Buford A. Johnson]], African-American World War II pilot\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Beene]], American fashion designer (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Bill Daily]], American comedian and dramatic actor\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Columbo\n        Peter Falk 1973.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Peter Falk]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        Br. [[John Hamman]] S.M. (d. [[2000]]), [[close-up magic]]ian, inventor, [[Marianist]]\n        brother (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Ant\\u00f4nio Carlos Magalh\\u00e3es]],\n        Brazilian politician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Eric Hill]],\n        English author and illustrator (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Johnny\n        Keating]], Scottish musician and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n**\n        [[Vernon Corea]], Sri Lankan broadcaster (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[G. David Schine]],\n        American businessman (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Laura Cardoso]],\n        Brazilian actress\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Peter Falk]], American actor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n** [[Jack Kelly (actor)|Jack Kelly]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Sadako Ogata]], Japanese diplomat, former United Nations High Commissioner\n        for Refugees\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Rosemary Harris]], American actress\\n**\n        [[William Hickey (actor)|William Hickey]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Nick Massi]], Former Bassist for ''The Four Seasons'' (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\n** [[Owen Aspinall]], 45th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Joan Hotchkis]], American actress, writer and performance artist\\n* [[September\n        22]]\\n** [[Kika de la Garza]], American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Gordon\n        Astall]], English footballer\\n** [[Tommy Lasorda]], American baseball manager\n        ([[Los Angeles Dodgers]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Thomas Vose Daily]],\n        American Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Arthur Malet]], English actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\n** [[Colin\n        Davis|Sir Colin Davis]], English conductor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Val Jellay]],\n        Australian actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Steve Stavro]],\n        Canadian businessman and sports team owner (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – Al\\u00edcia Raquel de Videla, former first Lady of Argentina\\n* [[September\n        29]] \\n** [[Cid Moreira]], Brazilian journalist and TV presenter,\\n** [[Adhemar\n        Ferreira da Silva]], Brazilian athlete (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[W. S. Merwin]], American poet\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sir Roger Moore 3\n        3x4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roger Moore]]]]\\n[[File:G\\u00fcnter Grass auf dem Blauen\n        Sofa.jpg|thumb|110px|[[G\\u00fcnter Grass]]]]\\n[[File:Jorge Batlle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jorge\n        Batlle]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Tom Bosley]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Antony Grey]], English gay rights activist (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]], Argentine scientist; received\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 10]]\n        – [[Dana Elcar]], American actor and director (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Princess Jos\\u00e9phine Charlotte of Belgium]], Grand Duchess\n        of Luxembourg (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Lee Konitz]], American\n        jazz composer and alto saxophonist\\n** [[Turgut \\u00d6zal]], 8th President\n        and 26th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Roger Moore]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Peter\n        Pollen]], Canadian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[G\\u00fcnter\n        Grass]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[George C. Scott]], American actor\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Pierre Alechinsky]], Belgian painter\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Leszek Ko\\u0142akowski]], Polish philosopher (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Cal Hogue]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\n** [[Jorge Batlle]], [[President of Uruguay]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Barbara Cook]], American singer and actress (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Roza Makagonova]], Russian actress (d. [[1995]])\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 2]] – [[Steve Ditko]], American comic-book writer and artist\\n*\n        [[November 3]] \\n** [[Marius Barnard (surgeon)|Marius Barnard]], South African\n        cardiac surgeon (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Peggy McCay]], American actress\\n** [[Jan\n        Stoeckart]], Dutch composer, conductor, trombonist and former radio producer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Odvar Nordli]], Norwegian politician and 10th [[Prime\n        Minister of Norway]]\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Bobby Breen]], Canadian-born\n        American actor and singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Kenneth\n        Waller]], English actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Hiroshi\n        Yamauchi]], Japanese businessman and president of [[Nintendo]] (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Ken Dodd]], English comedian\\n** [[Patti Page]], American\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\n** [[Gerry Glaude]], Canadian professional\n        ice hockey defenceman (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Sabah (singer)|Sabah]], Lebanese\n        singer and actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[McLean Stevenson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**[[Gregor Mackenzie]], British\n        politician (d. [[1992]])\\n**[[Bill Rowling]], 30th [[Prime Minister of New\n        Zealand]] (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Fenella Fielding]], English\n        actress\\n** [[Nicholas Taylor]], Geologist, businessman and politician and\n        former Canadian Senator\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Hank Ballard]], American\n        musician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\n** [[Georgia Frontiere]], co-owner\n        of the [[Los Angeles Rams|Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams]] (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Gordon\n        Christian]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 23]] –\n        [[Guy Davenport]], American author, artist, and scholar (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[Ahmadou Kourouma]], Ivorian writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Alfredo\n        Kraus]], Spanish tenor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 de\n        Jes\\u00fas Madera Uribe]], American Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Arnold Clark]], Scottish billionaire businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        28]] \\n** [[Abdul Halim of Kedah]], Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia\\n**\n        [[Chuck Mitchell]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Vin Scully]], American baseball broadcaster\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Tod\n        Sloan (ice hockey)|Tod Sloan]], Canadian professional ice hockey player (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert Guillaume]], American actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:King\n        Bhumibol Adulyadej 2010-9-29.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]]]\\n[[File:Stein\n        Eriksen 1952.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stein Eriksen]]]]\\n[[File:Kim Young Sam 1996.png|thumb|110px|[[Kim\n        Young-sam]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Prabhakar Thokal]], Indian cartoonist\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\n** [[Andy Williams]], American singer (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n** [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], British\n        academic (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]], King\n        Rama IX of Thailand (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[W. D. Amaradeva]], Sri Lanka maestro\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[\\u00d3scar M\\u00edguez]], Uruguayan football player (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Erich Probst]], Austrian football player (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Marcel Pelletier (ice hockey)|Marcel Pelletier]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Helen\n        Watts]], Welsh contralto (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Vladimir\n        Shatalov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Pierre Henry]],\n        French composer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Bob Farrell (motivational\n        speaker)|Bob Farrell]], American motivational speaker, author, and founder\n        of Farrell''s Ice Cream Parlour and Restaurant (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Stein Eriksen]], Norwegian Olympic skiier (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Robert Noyce]], Intel cofounder (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[James Wright (poet)|James Wright]], American poet\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Akihiko Hirata]], Japanese actor\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Richard Long (actor)|Richard Long]],\n        American actor (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Rom\\u00e9o LeBlanc]],\n        25th [[Governor General of Canada]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\n**[[Charlie\n        Callas]], American comedian and singer (d. [[2011]])\\n**[[Kim Young-sam]],\n        South Korean politician, 7th [[President of South Korea|President of the Republic\n        of Korea]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Mary Higgins Clark]],\n        American novelist\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Nellie Fox]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Ram Narayan]], Indian [[sarangi]] player\\n* [[December\n        26]]\\n** [[Akihiko Hirata]], Japanese actor (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Alan King]],\n        American comedian (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Denis Quilley]], British actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]]\\n** [[Audrey Wagner|Genevieve Audrey Wagner]], American professional\n        baseball player and Doctor of Medicine (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Luciano Frosini]],\n        Italian racing cyclist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Edward Babiuch]],\n        Polish Communist political figure\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Giorgio Capitani]],\n        Italian film director and screenwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Andy Stanfield]],\n        American athlete (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\n** [[Jan Kub\\u00ed\\u010dek]],\n        Czech constructivist painter and sculptor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Hamed Karoui]],\n        Prime Minister of Tunisia\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]], English-German author (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – Empress [[Carlota of Mexico]] (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Charles Warren]], British police officer and archeologist (b.\n        [[1840]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Janko Vukoti\\u0107]],\n        Montenegrin general (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Brooks Adams]],\n        American historian (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Carl Theodore\n        Vogelgesang]], American admiral (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 19]]\\n**[[Fernand\n        de Langle de Cary]], French general (b. [[1849]])\\n**[[Robert Fuchs]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1847]])\\n**[[Georg Brandes]], Danish critic and scholar (b.\n        [[1842]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\n** [[Austin M. Knight]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1854]])\\n** [[Hermann Obrist]], German sculptor (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n=== March\n        ===\\n\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Ira Remsen]], American chemist, discoverer of [[saccharin]]\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Max Th\\u00e9on]], Polish Jewish occultist (b. [[1848]])\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – [[Xenophon Stratigos]], Greek general (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[J\\u0101nis \\u010cakste]], Latvian politician, first\n        president of Latvian Republic (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Charles\n        Emmett Mack]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Templin\n        Potts]], American naval officer; 11th [[Naval Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Paul C\\u00e9sar Helleu]], French artist (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] – [[Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas]], Palestinian Catholic\n        nun, canonized (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Joe Start]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1842]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Gaston\n        Leroux]], French journalist and author (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Enrique Simonet]], Spanish painter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Earle Williams]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Wooster\n        and Davis|Noel Guy Davis]], American naval officer and aviator (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Wooster and Davis|Stanton Hall Wooster]], American\n        naval officer and aviator (b. 1895]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        [[Ernest Starling]], English physiologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Ernest Ball]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 8]]\n        – [[Charles Nungesser]], French aviator and World War I fighter ace\n        (date of disappearance) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Francois Coli]],\n        French aerial navigator and WW1 veteran (date of disappearance) (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Juan Gris]], Spanish sculptor and painter (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Henri Hubert]], French archaeologist and sociologist\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Lizzie borden.jpg|110px|thumb|right|[[Lizzie\n        Borden]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Lizzie Borden]], American accused murderer;\n        acquitted of killing her father and stepmother (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[J. B. Bury]],\n        Irish historian (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Hannibal di Francia]], Italian priest\n        and saint (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Robert McKim (actor)|Robert\n        McKim]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Victoria Woodhull]],\n        American feminist and spiritualist; first woman to ever run for U.S. President\n        (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[William Attewell]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Jerome K. Jerome]], English writer\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[Image:Albrecht Kossel nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albrecht\n        Kossel]]]]\\n[[File:King Ferdinand of Romania.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Ferdinand\n        of Romania]]]]\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Marcelino Crisologo]], Filipino politician,\n        playwright, writer and poet (b. [[1844]])\\n** [[Albrecht Kossel]], German\n        physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b.\n        [[1853]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Max Hoffmann]], German general (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[John Drew, Jr.]], American stage actor (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – King [[Ferdinand of Romania]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Ry\\u016bnosuke Akutagawa]], Japanese poet and writer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[June Mathis]], American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Leonard Wood]], American general (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[James Oliver Curwood]], American novelist\n        and conservationist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Johannes Theodor\n        Baargeld]], German painter and poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Nicola\n        Sacco]], Italian anarchist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Bartolomeo Vanzetti]], Italian\n        anarchist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Manuel D\\u00edaz Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Venezuelan writer (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Amelia Bingham]], American stage actress (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 5]]\n        \\n** [[Marcus Loew]], American theatre chain founder (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Wayne\n        Wheeler]], American temperance movement leader (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Lloyd W. Bertaud]], American aviator (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September\n        14]]\\n** [[Hugo Ball]], German poet, founder of ''''Dadaism'''' (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Isadora Duncan]], British-based American dancer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September\n        19]] – [[Michael Ancher]], Danish painter (b. [[1849]])\\n[[File:Willem\n        Einthoven.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Willem Einthoven]]]]\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – [[Leopold Wharton]], American film director (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Willem Einthoven]], Dutch inventor, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Charles Kilpatrick (cyclist)|Charles Kilpatrick]], American one-legged trick\n        cyclist (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Svante\n        Arrhenius]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Sam Warner]], Hollywood studio executive\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Gustave Whitehead]], German-born\n        aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[David Macpherson\n        (engineer)|David Macpherson]], Canadian-born American civil engineer (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** [[Borisav Stankovi\\u0107|Borisav \\\"Bora\\\" Stankovi\\u0107]],\n        [[Serbia]]n writer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Ross Youngs]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Squizzy\n        Taylor|Joseph \\\"Squizzy\\\" Taylor]], Australian underworld figure (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Florence Mills]], American cabaret\n        singer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n**[[Hawthorne C. Gray]], record-setting\n        American balloonist (b. [[1889]])\\n**[[Valli Valli]], actress (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] – [[Wilhelm Johannsen]], Danish botanist, physiologist\n        and geneticist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Emma Carus]], American\n        opera [[contralto]], (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Alfred III,\n        Prince of Windisch-Gr\\u00e4tz]], former Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n* [[December 17]]\\n**[[Hubert Harrison]], African-American writer,\n        critic, and activist (b. [[1883]])\\n**[[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]], Indian [[Revolutionary]],\n        Hindustan Republican Association (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil]], Indian [[Revolutionary]], Hindustan Republican\n        Association (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n**[[Ashfaqulla Khan]], Indian\n        [[Revolutionary]], Hindustan Republican Association (b. [[1900]])\\n**[[Thakur\n        Roshan Singh]], Indian [[Revolutionary]], Hindustan Republican Association  (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Arthur Holly Compton]], [[Charles Thomson\n        Rees Wilson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Heinrich\n        Otto Wieland]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]\n        – [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Henri Bergson]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Ferdinand\n        Buisson]], [[Ludwig Quidde]]\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[One Summer: America, 1927]],\n        a book by [[Bill Bryson]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Further reading==\\n*\n        [[Charles J. Shindo]]. ''''1927 and the Rise of Modern America'''' (University\n        Press of Kansas; 244 pages; 2010).\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1927}}\\n[[Category:1927|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-06T21:42:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":799301415,\"length\":62232,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927\"},\"34674\":{\"pageid\":34674,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1928\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:08:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1928}}\\n{{Events by month|1928}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1928}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1928}}\\n[[File:1928-ford-archives.jpg|right|thumb|120px|A\n        1928 [[Ford Model A (1927\\u201331)|Ford Model A]]]]\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1928}}\\n* January \\u2013 English [[bacteriologist]] [[Frederick\n        Griffith]] reports the results of [[Griffith''s experiment]], indirectly proving\n        the existence of [[DNA]].{{cite journal|last=Griffith|first=Fred.|title=The\n        Significance of Pneumococcal Types|journal=Journal of Hygiene|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press |volume=27|issue=2|pages=113\\u2013159|jstor=4626734|pmid=20474956|pmc=2167760|doi=10.1017/S0022172400031879\n        |date=January 1928}}{{cite journal|last=Downie|first=A. W.|title=Pneumococcal\n        transformation \\u2013 a backward view: Fourth Griffith Memorial Lecture|journal=[[Microbiology\n        (journal)|Journal of General Microbiology]]|url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/73/1/1.full.pdf|format=PDF|volume=73|issue=1|pages=1\\u201311|year=1972|doi=10.1099/00221287-73-1-1|pmid=4143929|accessdate=2011-11-30}}\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Estonia]] changes its currency from the [[Estonian mark|mark]]\n        to the [[Estonian kroon|kroon]].\\n** Abolition of domestic [[slavery]] in\n        the British Protectorate of [[Sierra Leone]] comes into effect.{{cite\n        news|date=January 3, 1928|title=250,000 Slaves in Sierra Leone, Africa, Freed|work=[[Chicago\n        Daily Tribune]]|page=3}}\\n** [[Eastern Bloc emigration and defection]]:\n        [[Boris Bazhanov]], [[Joseph Stalin]]''s personal secretary, crosses the border\n        to [[Iran]] to defect from the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[January 6]]\\u2013[[January\n        7|7]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Thames flood|River Thames floods]] in London; 14 drown.\n        On January 7 the [[moat]] at the [[Tower of London]] (drained in 1843 and\n        planted with grass) is completely refilled by the river.\\n* [[January 12]]\n        \\u2013 Convicted American murderer [[Ruth Snyder]] is executed at [[Sing Sing]].\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\u2013 The [[OGPU]] arrests [[Leon Trotsky]] in Moscow; he\n        assumes a status of passive resistance.\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 The [[High\n        island|volcanic island]] [[Anak Krakatau]] appears.{{cite web|title=Anak\n        Krakatoa|url=http://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_29.htm|work=Today in Science\n        History|publisher=Todayinsci|accessdate=2012-01-30}}{{cite book|first=Amie\n        Jane|last=Leavitt|title=Anatomy of a Volcanic Eruption|publisher=Capstone\n        Press|year=2011}} \\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Leon Trotsky]] is exiled\n        to [[Alma-Ata]].\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1928}}\\n[[File:1928\n        Winter Olympics poster.jpg|thumbnail|right|120px|[[1928 Winter Olympics]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\u2013 British inventor [[John Logie Baird]] broadcasts a transatlantic\n        television signal from London to [[Hartsdale, New York]].{{cite web|title=Transatlantic\n        Television in 1928|url=http://www.bairdtelevision.com/1928.html|work=Baird\n        Television|accessdate=2015-09-29}} Extract from ''''[[The New York Times]]''''\n        1928-02-09.\\n* [[February 11]]\\u2013[[February 19|19]] \\u2013 The [[1928\n        Winter Olympics]] are held in [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland, the first as a\n        separate event. [[Sonja Henie]] of Norway wins her first [[gold medal]] in\n        women''s [[figure skating]].\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 Heavy [[hail]] kills\n        11 in Britain.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 The [[Japanese general election,\n        1928|Japanese general election]] produces a hung parliament.\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Charles Jenkins Laboratories]] of Washington, D.C., becomes\n        the first holder of a television license from the [[Federal Radio Commission]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1928}}\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 In [[California]], the [[St. Francis\n        Dam]] north of Los Angeles fails, killing 600.\\n* [[March 15]]\\n:* [[March\n        15 incident]]: The Japanese government cracks down on socialists and communists.\\n:*\n        Chinese warlord [[Shi Yousan]] sets fire to the [[Shaolin Monastery]] in [[Henan]],\n        destroying some of its ancient structures and artifacts.{{cite book |last=Shahar\n        |first=Meir |authorlink=Meir Shahar |title=The Shaolin Monastery: History,\n        Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]\n        |location=Honolulu |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8248-3349-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiNEB0H6S0EC&pg=PA27\n        |page=27}}\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Charles Lindbergh]] is presented\n        with the [[Medal of Honor]] for his first [[Transatlantic flight]].\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\u2013 The [[China Academy of Art]] is founded in Hangzhou (originally\n        named the National Academy of Art).\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1928}}\\n*\n        [[April 10]] \\u2013 \\\"[[Pineapple Primary]]\\\": The United States [[Republican\n        Party (United States)|Republican Party]] primary elections in Chicago are\n        preceded by violence, bombings and assassination attempts (two politicians\n        are killed,  Octavius C. Granady and Giuseppe Esposito).\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013\n        A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader [[Benito Mussolini]] in Milan\n        kills 17 bystanders.\\n* [[April 12]]\\u2013[[April 14|14]] \\u2013 The first\n        ever east\\u2013west [[transatlantic flight]] by aeroplane takes place from\n        [[Dublin]], Ireland, to [[Greenly Island, Canada]], using German [[Junkers\n        W 33]] ''''[[Bremen (aircraft)|Bremen]]''''.\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 Two earthquakes\n        in [[Chirpan]] and [[Plovdiv]] in [[Bulgaria]] destroy more than 21,000 buildings\n        and kill almost 130 people.\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 The last section (\\\"wise\n        \\u2013 wyze\\\") of the original ''''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'''' is completed\n        and published.''''OED'''' (1933, 1978 vol. 1, pp. xxv, xxvl).\\n*\n        [[April 22]] \\u2013 An [[List of earthquakes in Greece|Ms 6.0 earthquake]]\n        affects southern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''''Violent''''),\n        leaving 20 dead, and destroying 3,000 homes in [[Corinth]]. A non-destructive\n        tsunami was also observed.\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 28 inches of snow fall\n        in southern-central Pennsylvania.{{cite web|first1=Gina|last1=Cherundolo|first2=Carly|last2=Porter|title=Is\n        Winter Finally Over?|url=http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/26025/is-winter-finally-over.asp|work=AccuWeather.com|date=2010-03-11|accessdate=2012-01-30}}\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1928}}\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Jinan incident]]: An armed conflict\n        between the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] allied with Northern Chinese warlords\n        against the [[Kuomintang]]''s southern army, occurs in [[Jinan]], China.\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 Passage of the [[Representation of the People (Equal Franchise)\n        Act 1928|Representation of the People Act]] in the United Kingdom lowers the\n        voting age for women from 30 to 21 giving them equal suffrage with men from\n        [[July 2]].{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket\n        On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[May 10]] \\u2013 The first regular schedule of television programming begins\n        in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], New York by the [[General Electric]]''s\n        television station [[W2XB]] (the station is popularly known as WGY Television,\n        after its sister radio station [[WGY (AM)|WGY]]).\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** The [[Royal\n        Flying Doctor Service of Australia]] commences operations.\\n** The [[animation|animated\n        short]] ''''[[Plane Crazy]]'''' is released by [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney\n        Studios]] in Los Angeles, featuring the first appearances of [[Mickey Mouse|Mickey]]\n        and [[Minnie Mouse]].\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 A bomb attack against the Italian\n        consulate in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, kills 22 and injures 43.\\n* [[May\n        24]] \\u2013 The [[Airship Italia|airship ''''Italia'''']] crashes at the [[North\n        Pole]]; one of the occupants is Italian general [[Umberto Nobile]]. A rescue\n        expedition leaves for the Pole on [[May 30]].\\n*[[May 30]] \\u2013 Rookie driver\n        [[Louis Meyer]] wins his first [[Indianapolis 500]]. He would win that race\n        again in [[1933]] and [[1936]].\\n[[File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg|thumb|120px|South\n        African flag]]\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 South Africa adopts a new national flag,\n        based upon the Van Riebeeck flag or Prinsevlag (originally the Dutch flag),\n        to replace the [[Red Ensign]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1928}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]] \\u2013 American [[serial killer]] [[Albert Fish]] kidnaps and kills\n        10-year-old Grace Budd.\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Huanggutun incident]]: [[Zhang\n        Zuolin]], a warlord, is killed by Japanese agents.\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 By\n        seizing [[History of Beijing|Beijing]] and renaming it B\\u011bip\\u00edng,\n        the [[National Revolutionary Army]] puts an end to the ''[[Fengtian clique|Fengtian]]\n        [[Warlord Era|warlords]]'' [[Beiyang government]] there.\\n* [[June 9]] \\n**\n        Australian aviator [[Charles Kingsford Smith]] and his crew complete the first\n        flight across the [[Pacific Ocean]] from the mainland United States to Australia\n        in [[Fokker F.VII]] aircraft ''''[[Southern Cross (aircraft)|Southern Cross]]''''.\n        Having left [[Oakland, California]] on May 31, they reach [[Brisbane]] via\n        [[Honolulu]] and [[Fiji]].\\n** [[Ellis Park Stadium]], as known well for sport\n        venues of [[South Africa]], officially opens in [[Johannesburg]].{{citation\n        needed|date =November 2016}}\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 A medical doctors'' strike\n        begins in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 Students take over the medical\n        wing of Rosario University in [[Argentina]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\u2013[[June 18|18]]\n        \\u2013 Aviator [[Amelia Earhart]] becomes the first woman to make a successful\n        [[Transatlantic flight]], as a passenger in a [[Fokker F.VII]]b/3m piloted\n        by [[Wilmer Stultz]] from [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] to Wales.\n        \\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Puni\\u0161a Ra\\u010di\\u0107]] kills three opposition\n        representatives in the [[Yugoslavia]]n Parliament, and injures three others\n        in gun attack.\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 A [[Sweden|Swedish]] aeroplane rescues\n        part of the Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. The Soviet\n        icebreaker ''''Krasin'''' saves the rest [[July 12]].\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013\n        The [[International Railway (New York\\u2013Ontario)]] switches to one-man\n        crews for its [[tram|trolleys]] in Canada. The keel of the first 1000 ft-long\n        [[Ocean Liner]] ''''[[Oceanic (unfinished ship)|Oceanic (III)]]'''' is laid;\n        construction is delayed and later cancelled the following year.\\n* [[June\n        29]] \\u2013 At the [[1928 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Houston]],\n        [[Governor of New York]] [[Al Smith]] becomes the first [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]\n        nominated by a major political party for President of the United States.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1928}}\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Charles Jenkins Laboratories]]''\n        [[W3XK]] station begins broadcasting on 6.42 [[megahertz|MHz]] using 48 lines.\\n*\n        [[July 3]] \\u2013 British inventor [[John Logie Baird]] demonstrates the world''s\n        first [[colour television]] transmission.{{cite book|title=The Hutchinson\n        Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1 }}\\n* [[July\n        7]] \\u2013 The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold\n        in [[Chillicothe, Missouri]], using [[Otto Frederick Rohwedder]]''s technology.\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\u2013 Mexican [[aviator]] [[Emilio Carranza]] dies in a solo\n        plane crash in the [[New Jersey Pine Barrens]], while returning from a goodwill\n        flight to New York City.\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 de Le\\u00f3n Toral]]\n        assassinates [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]], president of Mexico.\\n* [[July\n        25]] \\u2013 The United States recalls its troops from China.\\n* [[July 27]]\\n**\n        English [[cricket]]er [[Tich Freeman]] becomes the only [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]]\n        ever to take 200 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] wickets before the end\n        of July.\\n** [[Radclyffe Hall]]''s novel ''''[[The Well of Loneliness]]'''',\n        with its theme of [[lesbian]] love, is published in London.\\n* [[July 28]]\\u2013[[August\n        12]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Amsterdam]], opening\n        with the lighting of the [[Olympic flame]]. Women''s [[sport of athletics|athletics]]\n        and [[gymnastics]] debut at these games and [[discus throw]]er [[Halina Konopacka]]\n        of Poland became the first female Olympic gold medal winner for a track or\n        field event. [[Coca-Cola]] enters Europe as sponsor of the games.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1928}}\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 Italy and [[Ethiopia]] sign the\n        [[Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928|Italo-Ethiopian Treaty]].\\n* [[August 16]]\n        \\u2013 Serial killer [[Carl Panzram]] is arrested in Washington, D.C., for\n        burglary. According to his confession, \\\"In my lifetime I have murdered 21\n        human beings, I have committed thousands of burglaries, robberies, larcenies,\n        arsons and, last but not least, I have committed sodomy on more than 1,000\n        male human beings. For all these things I am not in the least bit sorry.\\\"\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Al Smith]] accepts the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]\n        presidential nomination, with ''''WGY/W2XB'''' simulcasting the event on radio\n        and television.\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 Ahmet Zogu proclaims himself King\n        [[Zog of Albania]]; he is crowned [[September 1]].\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013\n        In Scotland, May Donoghue finds the remains of a snail in her [[ginger beer]],\n        leading to the landmark [[negligence]] case ''''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]''''.{{cite\n        book|last=Chapman|first=Matthew|title=The Snail and the Ginger Beer: the story\n        of Donoghue v Stevenson|location=London|publisher=Wildy, Simmons & Hill|year=2010|isbn=0-85490-049-7}}\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\u2013 The [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand Pact]] is signed in Paris,\n        the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war.\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[C.D.\n        Motagua]] is founded as an [[association football]] club in [[Honduras]].\\n*\n        [[August 31]] \\u2013 ''''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'''' ({{lang-de|Die Dreigroschenoper|links=no}})\n        by [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Kurt Weill]] opens at the [[Theater am Schiffbauerdamm]],\n        Berlin.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September 1928}}\\n* [[September\n        1]]\\n** Ahmet Zogu, President of the [[Albanian Republic]], declares the country\n        to be a constitutional monarchy, the [[Albanian Kingdom (1928\\u201339)|Albanian\n        Kingdom]], with himself as [[Zog I of Albania|King Zog I]].\\n** [[Richard\n        E. Byrd]] leaves New York for the Arctic.\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Philo Farnsworth]]\n        demonstrates to the Press in [[San Francisco]] the world''s first working\n        [[History of television#Electronic television|all-electronic television]]\n        system, employing electronic scanning in both the pickup and display devices.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html |title=Philo Taylor Farnsworth\n        (1906\\u20131971) |work=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |accessdate=2011-06-22\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622033654/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html\n        |archivedate=June 22, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite book|last=Farnsworth|first=Elma\n        G.|year=1989|title=Distant Vision: Romance & Discovery on an Invisible Frontier|location=Salt\n        Lake City|publisher=PemberleyKent|page=108|isbn=0-9623276-0-3}}\\n**\n        [[Alexander Fleming]], at [[St Mary''s Hospital, London]], accidentally rediscovers\n        the [[antibiotic]] [[Penicillin]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.rsc.org/pdf/pressoffice/2003/penicillin.pdf|publisher=Royal\n        Society of Chemistry|location=London|title=Culture shock will highlight penicillin\n        discovery|format=PDF|date=2003-09-02|accessdate=2011-11-30}}\\n* [[September\n        11]] \\u2013 ''''The Queen''s Messenger'''' is the first melodrama broadcast\n        by Ernst F. W. Alexanderson at W2XAD ([[Schenectady, New York]]); WMAK ([[Kenmore,\n        New York|Kenmore]]) begins broadcasting in [[Buffalo, New York]].\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|Okeechobee hurricane]] hits [[Guadeloupe]],\n        killing 1,200 people.\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Tich Freeman]] sets an\n        all-time record for the number of wickets taken in an English [[cricket]]\n        season.\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|Okeechobee\n        hurricane]] kills at least 2,500 people in [[Florida]].\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Paul Galvin (businessman)|Paul and Joseph Galvin]] incorporate the\n        Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (later known as [[Motorola]] and [[Freescale]]).\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1928}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stalin]] launches\n        the [[First Five-Year Plan]] (1928\\u20131932 \\u2013 The average nonfarm wage\n        falls by 50% in the [[Soviet Union]]).\\n* [[October 2]] \\n**[[Josemar\\u00eda\n        Escriv\\u00e1]] founds [[Opus Dei]].\\n**[[Arvid Lindman]] returns as [[Prime\n        Minister of Sweden]], with his right-wing rival [[Ernst Trygger]] as [[Foreign\n        Minister of Sweden]].\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Haile Selassie]] is crowned\n        king (not yet emperor) of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]].\\n* [[October 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chiang Kai-shek]] is named as [[Generalissimo]] (Chairman of the\n        National Military Council) of the [[Nationalist Government]] of the [[Republic\n        of China]].\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 An [[Negative pressure ventilator|iron\n        lung]] respirator is used for the first time at Children''s Hospital, [[Boston]].\\n*\n        [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[William Edward Hickman]] is executed at [[San Quentin\n        State Prison]] for the 1927 murder of 12-year-old [[Marion Parker]].\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 The [[Phi Sigma Alpha]] Fraternity is founded at the [[University\n        of Puerto Rico, R\\u00edo Piedras Campus]].\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) is formally established, with\n        the adoption of the \\\"Statutes of the [[International Red Cross]]\\\"\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1928}}\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Turkey]] passes a law switching\n        the country from the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] to the [[Latin]]-based modern\n        [[Turkish alphabet]].\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Rothstein]], New York\n        City''s most notorious gambler, is shot to death over a poker game in a Manhattan  hotel.\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[United States presidential election, 1928]]: [[Republican\n        Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Herbert Hoover]] wins by a wide margin\n        over [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Governor of New York\n        [[Al Smith]].\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** The enthronement ceremony of [[Emperor\n        of Japan]] [[Hirohito]], is held two years after he actually took the imperial\n        throne on December 26, 1926, following the death of [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]].\\n**\n        The [[Leo the Lion (MGM)|MGM lion roars]] for the first time at the beginning\n        of the film ''''[[White Shadows in the South Seas]]''''.\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 The {{SS|Vestris}} develops a severe starboard list, is abandoned and\n        sinks approximately 200 miles off [[Hampton Roads, Virginia]]. Estimates of\n        the dead range from 110 to 127.\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Boston Garden]]\n        opens in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Mickey Mouse]]\n        appears in ''''[[Steamboat Willie]]'''', the third Mickey Mouse cartoon released,\n        but the first [[sound film]] and the first such film to be generally distributed.\\n*\n        [[November 22]] \\u2013 The one-movement ballet ''''[[Bol\\u00e9ro]]'''' with\n        music by [[Maurice Ravel]] and choreography by [[Bronislava Nijinska]] premi\\u00e8res\n        at the [[Palais Garnier|Paris Op\\u00e9ra]] to a commission by [[Ida Rubinstein]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1928}}\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 In [[Rio de Janeiro]], a\n        [[seaplane]] sent to greet [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] crashes near [[Cap Arcona]],\n        killing all on board.\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 The [[United States Congress]]\n        approves the construction of Boulder Dam, later renamed [[Hoover Dam]].\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Eliot Ness]] begins to lead the [[prohibition]] unit in Chicago.\\n*\n        The old [[Canaan]]ite city of [[Ugarit]] is rediscovered.\\n* [[Margaret Mead]]''s\n        influential [[cultural anthropology]] text ''''[[Coming of Age in Samoa]]''''\n        is published in the U.S.\\n* The [[Episcopal Church in the United States of\n        America]] ratifies a new revision of the [[Book of Common Prayer]].\\n* W2XBS,\n        [[RCA]]''s first television station, is established in New York City.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Zulfikar\n        Ali Bhutto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]]]\\n[[File:U.S Vice-President\n        Walter Mondale.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Walter Mondale]]]]\\n[[File:Eduard shevardnadze.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Eduard\n        Shevardnadze]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Abdul Sattar Edhi]], Pakistani\n        philanthropist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Avie Bennett]], Canadian\n        businessman and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Howard Caine]], American\n        character actor (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Alberto Zedda]], Italian conductor and\n        musicologist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert Goralski]], American journalist (d.\n        [[1988]])\\n** [[Daisaku Ikeda]], Japanese religious leader, the [[Soka Gakkai#List\n        of presidents|3rd President]] of [[Soka Gakkai]]\\n** [[Ellen Kaarma]], Estonian\n        actress (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Kate Molale]], South African anti-Apartheid activist\n        (d. 1980)\\n** [[Dan Rostenkowski]], American politician from [[Illinois]]\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Jan Kmenta]], Czech-American economist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Maurice Rigobert Marie-Sainte]], Martinique\n        Roman Catholic clergyman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Girish Chandra\n        Saxena]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Qian Qichen]], Chinese diplomat\n        and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], [[President of Pakistan]]\n        and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Walter Mondale]], U.S.\n        Senator, [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|42nd]] [[Vice President\n        of the United States]] and Presidential candidate\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013\n        [[George H. Ross]], American businessman\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[William\n        Peter Blatty]], American writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Bab\n        Christensen]], Norwegian actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Domenico\n        Modugno]], Italian singer, songwriter, actor and politician (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Philip Levine (poet)|Philip Levine]], American poet\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Mitchell Ryan]], American actor\\n**\n        [[David L. Wolper]], American television producer (d. [[2010]])\\n** Toshie\n        Kusunoki, Japanese singer, actress and voice actress\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Bengt Gustavsson]], Swedish footballer and manager (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Joanne Linville]], American actress\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[William\n        Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]], American author\\n** [[Pilar Lorengar]],\n        Spanish soprano (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Roman Frister]], Polish\n        writer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Jean Barraqu\\u00e9]], French composer (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Vidal Sassoon]], English hairdresser (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Malang (painter)|Malang]], Filipino artist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 21]]\n        \\n** [[Abraham S. Fischler]], American academic (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Gene Sharp]],\n        American political theorist of nonviolent action\\n** [[Reynaldo Bignone]],\n        45th [[President of Argentina]] \\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Yoshihiko Amino]],\n        Japanese historian (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Chico Carrasquel]],\n        Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jeanne Moreau]],\n        French actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Desmond Morris]], English\n        anthropologist and writer\\n** [[Michel Serrault]], French actor (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\n** [[Cor van der Hart]], Dutch footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], [[Georgia SSR|Georgian]] politician, 2nd [[President\n        of Georgia]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[J\\u00e9r\\u00f4me Choquette]], Canadian lawyer\n        and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Roger Vadim]], French\n        film director (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Hans Modrow]], [[Premier\n        of the German Democratic Republic|East German Premier]]\\n* [[January 28]]   [[Jorge\n        Zorreguieta]], Argentine businessman and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Mitch Leigh]], American musical theatre composer and theatrical\n        producer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Hal Prince]], American stage producer and director\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Chuck Willis]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[1958]]).\n        Some sources give his year of birth as 1926.\\n** [[Miltinho]], Brazilian singer\n        of samba and bolero music (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jean Kennedy\n        Smith and Vicki Kennedy.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean Kennedy Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ariel\n        Sharon, by Jim Wallace (Smithsonian Institution).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ariel Sharon]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Tom Lantos]], American Congressman (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Sam Edwards (physicist)|Sam Edwards]], Welsh physicist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Stuart Whitman]], American film and television actor\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Felix Pirani]], British theoretical physicist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ciriaco\n        De Mita]], Italian politician\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Frankie Vaughan]],\n        British singer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\n** [[Vincent Wong (UK actor)|Vincent\n        Wong]], British actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Kim Yong-nam]], North Korean politician\\n*\n        [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Andrew Greeley]], American Roman Catholic priest and\n        fiction novelist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Gene Lees]], Canadian\n        biographer and lyricist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Frank Frazetta]],\n        American illustrator (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Rinus Michels]], Dutch association\n        football player and coach (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Roger Mudd]], American journalist\n        \\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Alicia Quiroga|es|3=Alicia\n        Quiroga}}, Chilean actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Refik\n        Erduran]], Turkish playwright, columnist and writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Norman Bridwell]], American cartoonist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Porfi Jim\\u00e9nez]], Dominican-Venezuelan musician (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[John Ostrom]], American paleontologist (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Onuora Nzekwu]], Nigerian writer (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Jean Kennedy Smith]], American diplomat\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\n** Sir [[Bruce Forsyth]], English entertainer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Pushpa\n        Mittra Bhargava]], Indian scientist, writer, and administrator (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[David Somerset, 11th Duke of Beaufort]], British peer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ralph Earnhardt]], American race car driver (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Vasily Lazarev]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Naqsh Lyallpuri]], Indian ghazal (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Fats\n        Domino]], African-American musician\\n** [[Anatoly Filipchenko]], Russian cosmonaut\\n**\n        [[Ariel Sharon]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Israel]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Cl\\u00e1udio Correia e Castro|pt|3=Cl\\u00e1udio\n        Correia e Castro}}, Brazilian actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Michael Henshall]], English bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ramos\n        Pentagon.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fidel V. Ramos|Fidel Valdez Ramos]]]]\\n[[File:Alexander\n        Grothendieck.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander Grothendieck]]]]\\n[[File:Gordie Howe\n        Chex card.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gordie Howe]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Jacques\n        Rivette]], French filmmaker (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Gudrun Pausewang]],\n        German young fiction writer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel\n        Adler]], American composer\\n** [[Alan Sillitoe]], English writer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\n** [[Delbert Daisey]], American waterfowl wood carver and decoy\n        maker (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Zoe Duc\\u00f3s]], Argentine actress (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Dan Towler]], American football player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Arthur Dion Hanna]], Bahamian politician\\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013 [[Gerald\n        Bull]], Canadian engineer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Robert Adeyinka\n        Adebayo]], Nigerian politician and military officer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Kiyoshi Atsumi]], Japanese actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[James Earl\n        Ray]], American assassin (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Sandy Mactaggart]],\n        Scottish-born Canadian educator and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Edward Albee]], American dramatist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Aldemaro\n        Romero]], Venezuelan musician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix\n        Rodr\\u00edguez de la Fuente]], Spanish naturalist and broadcaster (d. [[1980]])\\n**\n        [[Earl Smith (1950s outfielder)|Earl Smith]], American baseball center fielder\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Karlheinz B\\u00f6hm]], Austrian actor\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Wakanohana Kanji I]], Japanese sumo wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Christa Ludwig]], German mezzo-soprano\\n** [[Victor Maddern]], English actor\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Eunice Gayson]], British actress\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Fidel V. Ramos|Fidel Valdez Ramos]], 12th [[President\n        of the Philippines]]\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Arthur Cook (sport shooter)|Arthur\n        Cook]], American sport shooter\\n** [[Hans K\\u00fcng]], Swiss Roman Catholic\n        theologian\\n** [[Patrick McGoohan]], American-born British-based actor of\n        Irish descent (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Fred Rogers]], American\n        children''s television host (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Surya Bahadur\n        Thapa]], 24th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 24]] \\n**\n        [[Ivar Aronsson]], Swedish rower (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Byron Janis]], American\n        pianist\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Jim Lovell]], American astronaut\\n* [[March\n        28]]\\n** [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], Polish-born U.S. National Security Advisor\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alexander Grothendieck]], German-born mathematician (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[Vincent Gigante]], [[American Mafia]] gangster\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Lefty Frizzell]], American country music\n        performer (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Gordie Howe]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Maya\n        Angelou visits YCP Feb 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Maya Angelou]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        D Watson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James D. Watson]]]]\\n[[File:EthelKennedySmile1968.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ethel\n        Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:Temple Black 1990.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Shirley Temple]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[George Grizzard]], American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        2]]\\n** [[Serge Gainsbourg]], French singer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Piet R\\u00f6mer]],\n        Dutch actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Maya Angelou]], African-American\n        poet and novelist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Estelle Harris]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Iakovos Garmatis]], Greek-born American Orthodox hierarch (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]]\\n** [[Joi Lansing]], American actress (b. [[1972]])\\n** [[James\n        D. Watson]], American geneticist; recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[James Garner]], American actor and producer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Alan J. Pakula]], American producer and director (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[James White (author)|James White]], Irish writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Eric Porter]], English actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n**\n        [[Floyd Spence]], American politician (d. [[2001]]) \\n** [[Tom Lehrer]], American\n        songwriter and satirist\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Earl Hurlburt]],\n        Canadian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Ethel Kennedy]],\n        wife of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\\n* [[April 12]] \\n** [[Hardy Kr\\u00fcger]],\n        German actor\\n** [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois Paillard]], French conductor (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Egil Monn-Iversen]], Norwegian composer and pianist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Vida Alves]], Brazilian actress (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[April 17]] \\n** [[Cynthia Ozick]], American writer\\n** [[Victor\n        Lownes]], American businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Karl\n        Josef Becker]], German cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Alexis\n        Korner]], British musician (d. [[1984]])\\n** Sultan [[Azlan Shah of Perak]],\n        King of Malaysia (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[Robert Byrne (chess\n        player)|Robert Byrne]], American chess player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Shirley Temple]], American actress and diplomat (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] \\n** [[Cy Twombly]], American artist (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Fitzmaurice]], English professional snooker player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] \\n** [[Fred Weintraub]], American film and television producer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Brigitte Auber]], French actress\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Yves Klein]],\n        French artist (d. [[1962]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Hosni Mubarak ritratto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hosni\n        Mubarak]]]]\\n[[File:KevorkianUCLARoyce.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jack Kevorkian]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] \\n** [[Marcelo Pinto Carvalheira]], Roman Catholic archbishop (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio Delfim Netto|Delfim Netto]], Brazilian economist,\n        former Minister of Finance, Agriculture, and Planning of Brazil, professor\n        and congressman\\n** [[Sonny James]], American country singer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Sisavath Keobounphanh]], 13th Prime Minister of Laos\\n** [[Desmond Titterington]],\n        British race car driver (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Hans Trass]],\n        Estonian ecologist and botanist (d. [[2017]]) \\n* [[May 3]] \\n** [[Dave Dudley]],\n        American singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jacques-Louis Lions]], French mathematician\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Maynard Ferguson]], Canadian jazz trumpeter\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Elem\\u00e9r Hankiss]], Hungarian sociologist and philosopher\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Hosni Mubarak]], 4th [[President of Egypt]]\\n** [[Joseph\n        Tydings]], former Democratic United States Senator\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Marshall\n        Grant]], American musician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[John Ingle]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Gregory Scarpa]], American\n        [[American Mafia|mobster]] (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Theodore Sorenson]], American\n        lawyer and speechwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Pancho Gonzales]],\n        American tennis player (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Barbara Ann Scott]], Canadian figure\n        skater (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jean Smith (baseball)|Jean Smith]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Mel Lewis]], American jazz\n        drummer and band leader (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Lothar Schmid]], German chess\n        player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Arnold R\\u00fc\\u00fctel]], [[President of Estonia]]\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Burt Bacharach]], American composer\\n* [[May 13]] \\n**\n        [[\\u00c9douard Molinaro]], French film director and screenwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Enrique Bola\\u00f1os]], former President of Nicaragua\\n** [[Jim Shoulders]],\n        American rodeo cowboy (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Algirdas \\u0160ocikas]],\n        Lithuanian amateur heavyweight boxer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Billy\n        Martin]], American baseball player and manager (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[May 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Pernell Roberts]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        [[Colin Chapman]], Founder of Lotus Cars (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Dolph Schayes]],\n        American basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Alice Drummond]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Jeannie Carson]], English\n        actress and comedian \\n** [[Rosemary Clooney]], American singer and actress\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\n** [[Adrian Frutiger]], Swiss typeface designer\n        and cutter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[William Trevor]], Irish novelist, playwright\n        and short story writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Jack Kevorkian]],\n        American right-to-die advocate (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Tony richardson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tony\n        Richardson]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Fabiola of Belgium.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Queen Fabiola\n        of Belgium]]]]\\n[[File:Richard M Sherman april 2014 retouched cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard\n        M. Sherman]]]]\\n[[File:John Forbes Nash, Jr. by Peter Badge.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John\n        Forbes Nash, Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:CheHigh.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Che Guevara]]]]\\n[[File:Martin\n        Landau-Mission-1968.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Martin Landau]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Georgi Dobrovolski]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Bob Monkhouse]],\n        English comedian and game show host (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Donald\n        Judd]], American artist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Tony Richardson]],\n        English film and theater director (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Maurice\n        Sendak]], American children''s author/illustrator (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Queen Fabiola of Belgium]], Spanish Queen Consort of [[Baudouin\n        of Belgium|King Baudouin of Belgium]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard M. Sherman]], American songwriter\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** [[Giacomo\n        Biffi]], Italian Cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[John Forbes Nash Jr.]], American\n        mathematician, recipient of the [[Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize in Economics]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 Ernesto Rafael Guevara\n        de la Serna aka [[Che Guevara]], Argentine-born Cuban revolutionary (d. [[1967]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Annie Cordy]], Belgian actress and singer \\n* [[June\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Bordaberry]], Uruguayan dictator (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Tommy DeVito (musician)|Tommy DeVito]], American musician\n        and former guitarist of ''[[The Four Seasons (band)|The Four Seasons]]''\\n**\n        [[Nancy Marchand]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\n** [[Eric\n        Dolphy]], American jazz musician (d. [[1964]])\\n** [[Martin Landau]], American\n        actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Avraham Bendori]], Israeli footballer\\n**\n        [[Charles D. Baker (businessman)|Charles D. Baker]], American businessman\n        and former U.S. government official\\n** [[Wolfgang Haken]], German mathematician\\n**\n        [[Fiorella Mari]], Brazilian-Italian actress\\n** [[Al Mengert]],  American\n        former professional golfer\\n** [[Margit Bara]], Hungarian actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[June 22]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Kiyohara Kiyoshi|ja|3=\\u5409\\u539f\\u516c\\u4e00\\u90ce}},\n        Japanese journalist\\n** [[Alfred M. Gray, Jr.]], American general \\n** [[Ralph\n        Waite]], American actor and political activist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Cholakis]], Canadian football player\\n** [[Klaus von Dohn\\u00e1nyi]],\n        German politician\\n** [[Ray Hyman]], Professor Emeritus of Psychology\\n**\n        [[Pete Ladygo]], American football player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\n**\n        [[Ivan \\u0160traus]], Bosnian architect\\n** [[Lawrence A. Skantze]], United\n        States Air Force general \\n** [[Wolfgang Altenburg]], German general\\n** [[Lester\n        Grinspoon]], Associate Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical\n        School\\n** [[Gil Stein (ice hockey)|Gil Stein]], American lawyer, law instructor\n        and former professional ice hockey executive\\n** [[Lawrence A. Skantze]],\n        American four-star general\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Gloria Ruiz]], Cuban outfielder\\n**\n        [[Giselda Leirner]], Brazilian writer, illustrator, and plastic artist\\n**\n        [[Edwin Mills (economist)|Edwin Mills]], American economist \\n** [[John A.\n        Wickham Jr.]], United States Army General\\n** [[Michael Paine]], American\n        engineer\\n** [[Moray Watson]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alexei Alexeyevich\n        Abrikosov]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Michel Brault]], Canadian cinematographer, cameraman,\n        film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        [[Samuel Belzberg]], Canadian businessman and philanthropist\\n** [[Yoshiro\n        Nakamatsu]], Japanese inventor\\n** [[Bill Sheffield]], American Democratic\n        politician\\n** [[Danford B. Greene]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        27]]\\n** [[Emmanuel Bodjoll\\u00e9]], former President of Togo\\n** [[Edward\n        B. Cottingham]], American politician \\n** [[Lin Ho-ming]], Taiwanese former\n        sports shooter\\n** [[Antoinette Spaak]], Belgian politician\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Gina Cabrera|es|3=Gina Cabrera}}, Cuban actress\\n**\n        [[Patrick Hemingway]], [[Ernest Hemingway]]''s second son\\n** [[Hans Blix]],\n        Swedish diplomat and politician\\n** [[Harold Evans]], British newspaper editor\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\n** [[Bill Bagley]], American politician\\n** [[Alfredo Biondi]],\n        Italian policitian and lawyer\\n** [[Nick Testa]], American professional baseball\n        catcher and coach\\n** [[Hans Cavalli-Bj\\u00f6rkman]], Swedish lawyer\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|K\\u014dya Matsuo|ja|3=\\u677e\\u5c3e\\u6d69\\u4e5f}}, Japanese jurist\\n**\n        [[Jean-Louis Pesch]], French writer\\n** [[Gene Verble]], American shortstop\\n**\n        [[James Lincoln Collier]], American journalist, professional musician and\n        author of books\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Helga B\\u00eersan|pl|3=Helga\n        B\\u00eersan}}, Romanian gymnast\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Martin]],\n        French singer and songwriter\\n** [[Hassan Hasanzadeh Amoli]], Islamic philosopher\n        and theologian and Mathematician\\n** [[Tony Conyers]], British journalist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Vincent Edwards Ben Casey 1963.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Vince\n        Edwards]]]]\\n[[File:Cossiga Francesco.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Francesco Cossiga]]]]\\n[[File:JosephJackson2007(cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Joe\n        Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:KubrickForLook.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Stanley\n        Kubrick]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Jim Hankinson]], English footballer\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Birgitta Ulfsson|fi|3=Birgitta Ulfsson}}, Finnish actress\\n** [[Bucky\n        McConnell]], American former professional basketball player\\n** [[Andreas\n        Aarflot]], Norwegian theologian and bishop emeritus in the Church of Norway\\n**\n        [[Gunnar M\\u00f6ller]], German television and film actor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Ram Naresh Yadav]], Indian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Line\n        Renaud]], French actress\\n** [[Tatyana Piletskaya]], Soviet and Russian film\n        and stage actress\\n** [[Sidney Kibrick]], American former child actor \\n**\n        [[Pierre Breteche]], French sailor\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Jacques\n        Bimbenet|fr|3=Jacques Bimbenet}}, French politician\\n** [[Neil Dansie]], former\n        Australian first-class cricketer\\n** [[Iven Carl Kincheloe, Jr.]], American\n        Korean War fighter ace and test pilot (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Evelyn\n        Anthony]], British female writer \\n** [[Georges-Jean Arnaud]], French author\\n**\n        [[Pierrette Bloch]], Swiss painter and textile artist\\n** [[Raymond Setlakwe]],\n        Canadian entrepreneur, lawyer, and former senator\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Teofisto\n        Guingona, Jr.]], 13th Vice President of the Philippines\\n** [[Giampiero Boniperti]],\n        Italian football player\\n** [[Patrick Tilley]], British science fiction author\\n**\n        [[Constantin Enache]], Romanian cross country skier\\n** [[Babe Birrer]], American\n        pitcher in Major League Baseball (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Lorraine\n        Fisher]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Juris\n        Hartmanis]], prominent computer scientist and computational theorist\\n** [[Ernie\n        Kell]], American politician\\n** [[Pierre Mauroy]], Prime Minister of France\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Bruce Nickells]], American harness racing driver and trainer\\n**\n        [[Warren Oates]], American actor (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor Tomasi]],\n        Argentine bobsledde\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Bernard Malgrange]], French mathematician\\n**\n        [[Richard R. Larson]], American politician\\n** [[Antony Hignell]], English\n        cricketer and javelin thrower (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Wally Osterkorn]], American\n        professional basketball player (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[N\\u00e9stor de Villa]],\n        Filipino actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Patricia Hitchcock]], English\n        actress\\n** [[Seneleleni Ndwandwe]], Queen consort of Swaziland\\n** [[Paul\n        Wyss]], Swiss politician\\n** [[Henry Sommerville]], Australian fencer\\n**\n        [[Charles James McDonnell]], American bishop\\n** [[Barbara Granlund]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Charles J. McDonnell]], American army officer\\n** [[Tom Chambers\n        (politician)|Tom Chambers]], Canadian politician\\n** [[S\\u00f8ren Elung Jensen]],\n        Danish actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Pat Adams]], American painter\n        and printmaker\\n** [[Balakh Sher Mazari]], former Prime Minister of Pakistan\\n**\n        [[Gordon Hill (referee)|Gordon Hill]], English football player\\n** [[Rafael\n        Hechanova]], Filipino basketball player\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Tulio Zof]], Argentine\n        footballer and coach (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Rudolf Kortokraks]], German painter\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Nikos Milas]], Greek basketball player\n        and basketball coach\\n** [[Vince Edwards]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Federico Bahamontes]], Spanish road bicycle racer\\n** [[Juan Rodr\\u00edguez\n        (rower)|Juan Rodr\\u00edguez]], Uruguayan rower\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Jack Nel]],\n        South African cricketer\\n** [[John Glenn (1960s outfielder)|John Glenn]],\n        Major League Baseball outfielder\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Hubert Monteilhet|fr|3=Hubert\n        Monteilhet}}, French writer\\n** [[Herb Johnson (American football)|Herb Johnson]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Moshe Greenberg]], American Bible scholar (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Jane Gardam]], English writer of children''s\n        and adult fiction\\n** [[Dor Bahadur Bista]], Nepalese anthropologist, social\n        scientist and activist\\n** [[Andrea Veneracion]], Filipina choral conductor\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Carmelita Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Mexican actress (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Greville Janner]], British politician, barrister and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\n** [[Muhammad Naqi Mallick]], Pakistani cyclist\\n** [[Elias\n        James Corey]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n** [[Hayden White]], American historian\\n** [[Paul Ronty]], Canadian\n        ice hockey centre\\n** [[S. R. Janakiraman]], Carnatic vocalist and a musicologist\\n**\n        [[Alastair Burnet]], British journalist and broadcaster (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[Al Rex]], American musician\\n** [[Mace Neufeld]], American film\n        and television producer\\n** [[Edgar Espinoza (sport shooter)|Edgar Espinoza]],\n        Venezuelan former sports shooter\\n** [[Tommaso Buscetta]], Italian [[Made\n        man|mafioso]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Daryl Spencer]], American professional baseball\n        player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Leroy Vinnegar]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]]\\n** [[Nancy Olson]], American actress\\n** [[Pal Benko]], French\n        chess grandmaster, author, and composer of endgame studies and chess problems\n        \\n** [[Bedabrata Barua]], Indian politician\\n** [[Ion Ioni\\u021b\\u0103 (cyclist)|Ion\n        Ioni\\u021b\\u0103]], Romanian cyclist\\n** [[Haydn Morris]], British and Irish\n        Lions international rugby union wing three-quarter\\n** Laurie Mitchell, American\n        actress\\n** [[William Rees-Mogg]], English journalist and public servant (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Viramachaneni Vimla Devi]], Indian parliamentarian\\n**\n        [[Hans Andersson-Tvilling]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n** [[Stig Andersson-Tvilling]],\n        Swedish ice hockey player (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Tom Troupe]], American actor\n        and writer \\n** [[Aleksandr Zasukhin]], Soviet boxer\\n** [[A. Dean Jeffs]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Nicholas Rescher]], German-American philosopher\\n**\n        [[Carlo Lenci]], Italian professional football player\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|C\\u00e9lio Borja|pt|3=C\\u00e9lio Borja}}, Brazilian lawyer, professor,\n        jurisconsult and politician\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Eliane\n        Lage|pt|3=Eliane Lage}}, Brazilian-French actress\\n** [[Bella Davidovich]],\n        Jewish Soviet-born American pianist\\n** [[Concha Vald\\u00e9s Miranda]], Cuban\n        songwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jim Rathmann]], American race car driver (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Robert Nixon (politician)|Robert Nixon]], Canadian\n        politician\\n** [[Chris Giles (Irish footballer)|Chris Giles]], Irish footballer\\n**\n        [[David Leach (admiral)|David Leach]], senior officer of the [[Royal Australian\n        Navy]]\\n** [[Joe Morello]], American jazz drummer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Baddiewinkle]], born Helen Ruth Elam Van Winkle, American internet\n        personality\\n** [[Manuel Guerra (swimmer)|Manuel Guerra]], Spanish swimmer\\n**\n        [[Stig Grybe]], Swedish actor, comedian, writer and film director (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Simon Vinkenoog]], Dutch poet and writer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Billy Harrell]],\n        American reserve infielder in Major League Baseball (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July\n        19]] \\n** [[Choi Yun-chil]], South Korean long-distance runner\\n** [[Samuel\n        John Hazo]], American author\\n** [[Lal Chand (athlete)|Lal Chand]], Indian\n        long-distance runner\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Belaid Abdessalam]], Algerian politician\\n**\n        [[Peter Ind]], British jazz double-bassist and record producer\\n** [[Jan Meyers]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Sheldon Solow]], American real estate developer\n        in New York\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Anne Harris (sculptor)|Anne Harris]], Canadian\n        sculptor\\n** [[Jervis Percy]], British modern pentathlete\\n** [[Hirofumi Uzawa]],\n        Japanese economist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Freda Dowie]], English\n        actress \\n** [[Orson Bean]], American film, television, and stage actor\\n**\n        [[Hugh Edighoffer]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Robert Bergland]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Jimmy Hill]], English football professional and personality\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Stu Locklin]], Major League Baseball outfielder (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Keter Betts]], American jazz bassist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Denis\n        Mahony]], Irish Gaelic footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Vera Rubin]], American\n        astronomer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Alan Rafkin]], American director, producer,\n        and actor for television (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Jardel Filho]],\n        Brazilian actor (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Dolphy]], Filipino actor\n        and comedian (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Mario Montenegro]], Filipino actor (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Francesco Cossiga]], Italian politician; 8th [[President\n        of Italy]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]], manager\n        and father of [[Michael Jackson]]\\n** [[Stanley Kubrick]], American film director\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Bernice Rubens]], British novelist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n**[[Philippe B\\u00e4r]], Dutch Roman Catholic bishop\\n**[[Li Ka-shing]],\n        Asia''s & Hong Kong''s richest person and major philanthropist\\n* [[July 30]]\n        \\n** [[Joe Nuxhall]], American baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Paul Bisciglia]],\n        French film actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Gilles Carle]], Canadian\n        film director and screenwriter (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Andy\n        Warhol 1975.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Andy Warhol]]]] \\n[[File:RANDI.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Randi]]]]\\n[[File:James Coburn The Californians 1959.JPG|120px|thumb|[[James\n        Coburn]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[M. R. Khan]], Bangladeshi pediatrician (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[James R. Dixon]], American professor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Shen\n        Daren]], Chinese politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jack Shea (director)|Jack\n        Shea]], American film and television director (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yoko Tani]], French-born Japanese actress and nightclub entertainer\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 3]] \\n** [[Janet Abu-Lughod]], American sociologist\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Henning Moritzen]], Danish actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[C\\u00e9cile\n        Aubry]], French film actress, author, television screenwriter and director\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Udham Singh (field hockey)|Udham Singh]],\n        member of Indian Hockey team and won three gold and a silver medals (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Fl\\u00f3ra K\\u00e1d\\u00e1r]], Hungarian actress (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Gerard\n        Damiano]], American director of adult films (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**\n        [[Chung Won-shik]], South Korean politician, educator, soldier, and author\\n**\n        [[Albrecht Dold]], German mathematician (d. [[2011]]) \\n** [[Bogdan Maglich]],\n        American physicist\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Jean-Christophe Averty]], French\n        television and radio director (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Mary Grant (politician)|Mary\n        Grant]], Ghanaian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Michel Clouscard]], French\n        Marxist philosopher and sociologist (d. [[2009]]) \\n** [[Andy Warhol]], American\n        artist (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Jean Carri\\u00e8re]], French writer (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[August 7]]\\n** [[Helen Vita]], Swiss chanson singer, actress, and comedian\n        (d. [[2001]]) \\n** [[James Randi]], Canadian-American retired stage magician\n        and scientific skeptic\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Lubor B\\u00e1rta]], Czech composer\n        (d. [[1972]])\\n** [[Sim\\u00f3n D\\u00edaz]], Venezuelan folk composer and singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jane Stoll]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2000]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Dolores Wilson]], American coloratura soprano\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Milan Bjegojevi\\u0107]], Yugoslav basketball player and\n        coach (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Bob Cousy]], American basketball player\\n** [[Gerd\n        Ruge]], German journalist, author and filmmaker\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Barry]], Irish Fine Gael politician and businessman (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Dean]], American musician, entrepreneur (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Eddie Fisher (singer)|Eddie\n        Fisher]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Beniamino\n        Andreatta]], Italian economist and politician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bob Buhl]], American baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[August 13]]   [[Pedro\n        Pedrossian]], Brazilian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Jacques\n        Rouffio]], French film director and screenwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Gunnar\n        Andersson (footballer)|Gunnar Andersson]], football player from Sweden (d.\n        [[1969]])\\n** [[Jo\\u00eblle Bernard]], French film and television actressc\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[August 15]] \\n** [[Carl Joachim Classen]], German classical\n        scholar (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal]], 2-Time Prime Minister\n        of Somalia (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan]], Indian sitar player\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Simone Silva]], Egyptian-born French film actress (d.\n        [[1957]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Levan Sanadze]], Georgian athlete who competed\n        mainly in the 100 metres (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Sh\\u014dji Yasui]], Japanese\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[George Ahlgren]], American rower who competed at\n        the 1948 Summer Olympics (d. [[1951]]) \\n** [[Eydie Gorm\\u00e9]], American\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ann Blyth]], American actress and singer \\n* [[August\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Willem Duys]], Dutch radio and television presenter, tennis\n        player and music producer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\n** [[Marge Schott]],\n        American baseball team owner (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[John Liu Shi-gong]], Chinese\n        Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alan R. Katritzky]], British-born\n        American chemist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Queen Ratna of Nepal]]\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Frank Rosolino]], American jazz trombonist (d. [[1978]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]]\\n** [[Wu Chuanyu]], Indonesian-born Chinese swimmer who competed\n        in the Olympic Games in 1948 and 1952 (d. [[1954]])\\n** [[Chris Brasher]],\n        British track and field athlete, sports journalist and co-founder of the London\n        Marathon (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Art Farmer]], American jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn\n        player (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\n** [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]], German\n        composer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Roberto Aizenberg]], Argentine painter and sculptor\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Marian Seldes]], American actress\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Herbert Kroemer]], German-born physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Zden\\u011bk\n        Veselovsk\\u00fd]], Czech zoologist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[P\\u00e9ter\n        Boross]], Hungarian politician\\n** [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]], leader of the\n        [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] of South Africa\\n** [[Francesco Saverio Salerno]],\n        Italian Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[Ed\n        Salem]], American football quarterback and defensive back (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[A. W. Pryor]], Australian physicist (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[James Coburn]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Jaime Sin|Jaime Cardinal\n        Sin]], Filipino Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:RoddyMcDowall.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Roddy\n        McDowall]]]]\\n[[File:AdamWest1989.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Adam West]]]]\\n[[File:Elie\n        Wiesel 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Elie Wiesel]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Muhammad Dandamayev]], Russian Babylonia historian (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Gaston Thorn]], [[Luxembourg]] Prime Minister (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Dick York]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]]\\n** [[Damayanti Joshi]], Indian classical dancer of [[Kathak]]\n        (d.  [[2004]])\\n** [[Albert Mangelsdorff]], German jazz musician (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Robert M. Pirsig]], American philosopher and author\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yevgeny Svetlanov]], Russian conductor and composer (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Miros\\u0142awa Litmanowicz]], Polish chess player (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Sid Watkins]], English neurosurgeon (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Donald Henderson]], American epidemiologist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Sol LeWitt]], American artist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 10]]\n        \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Selma Lopes|pt|3=Selma Lopes}}, Brazilian\n        actress and dubbing\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[William X. Kienzle]], American\n        author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[M. V. Rajasekharan]], Indian\n        member of [[Rajya Sabha]]\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Robert Indiana]], American\n        contemporary artist\\n** [[Tzannis Tzannetakis]], Prime Minister of Greece\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Park Honan]], American academic\n        and author (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Cannonball Adderley]],\n        American saxophonist (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Hironoshin\n        Furuhashi]], Japanese swimmer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Roddy\n        McDowall]], British actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[Sigrid\n        Kahle]], Swedish journalist and writer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Adam West]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Donald\n        Hall]], American poet and [[United States Poet Laureate]]\\n** [[Ruth Richard]],\n        American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Kirsten Rolffes]], Danish\n        actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Con Devitt]], Scottish-born\n        New Zealand trade unionist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[James\n        Lawson (American activist)|James Lawson]], African-American civil rights activist\n        and minister\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Bernie Custis]], American and Canadian\n        football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Victor Gold (journalist)|Victor\n        Gold]], American journalist and press secretary (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Koko Taylor]], African-American singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Elie Wiesel]], [[Romania|Rumanian]]-born [[Holocaust]] survivor,\n        writer, and lecturer; recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Laurence Harvey]], Lithuanian-born South African actor\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Sivaji Ganesan]], Indian stage and actor (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[George Peppard]], American film and television actor (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Zhu\n        Rongji]], former Premier of the People''s Republic of China\\n* [[October 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[George \\\"Spanky\\\" McFarland]], American actor and singer (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Edward L. Moyers]], American railroad executive (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Muriel Bevis]], American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Abraham Woods]], American civil rights\n        leader (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Sohrab Sepehri]], Persian poet and painter (d.\n        [[1980]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Bill Maynard]], British actor\\n* [[October\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], Finnish composer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Sheila Walsh (novelist)|Sheila F. Walsh]], English novelist\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Dilbagh Singh Athwal]], Indian geneticist\n        and agriculturist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Arnfinn Bergmann]],\n        Norwegian Olympic ski jumper (b. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Giambarba]], American graphic designer\\n* [[October 17]] \\n** [[Michael Palmer\n        (British Army officer)|Michael Palmer]], senior British Army officer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Breslin]], American journalist and author (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alejandro\n        V\\u00e9gh Villegas]], Uruguayan political figure (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Li Peng]], former [[Premier of the People''s Republic of China]]\\n*\n        [[October 21]] \\n** [[Vern Mikkelsen]], American professional basketball player\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Whitey Ford]], American baseball player\\n** [[Ed Nelson]],\n        American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Mohammad Beheshti]],\n        Chief Justice of Iran (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Jeanne Cooper]],\n        American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anthony Franciosa]], American actor (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Marion Ross]], American actress\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Shulamit Aloni]], Israeli politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Daniel Nathans]], American microbiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ennio\n        Morricone Cannes 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ennio Morricone]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos\n        Fuentes.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carlos Fuentes]]]]\\n[[File:RanceHoward.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Rance\n        Howard]]]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Osamu Tezuka]], Japanese manga artist (d.\n        [[1989]])\\n** [[George Yardley]], American basketball player (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Nick Holonyak]], American electrical engineer and inventor \\n* [[November\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Ursula Haverbeck]], German historian \\n* [[November 9]] \\n**\n        [[Anne Sexton]], American poet (d. [[1974]])\\n** [[Werner Veigel]], German\n        journalist and news presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Ennio\n        Morricone]], Italian composer\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Fuentes]],\n        Mexican writer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\n** [[Patricia Giles]], Australian\n        activist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Clu Gulager]], American actor and director\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Arman]], French artist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Rance Howard]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Amata Kabua]], 1st President of the Marshall Islands\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Anna Meyer]], American female professional baseball player\\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n** [[Inge Bandekow]], wife of German industrialist [[Harald\n        Quandt]] (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Otar Gordeli]], Georgian composer (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Ina van Faassen]], Dutch actress and comedian (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Aleksey Batalov]], Russian actor.\\n*\n        [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Augustin Bubn\\u00edk]], Czech ice hockey player,\n        coach and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Timothy Beaumont,\n        Baron Beaumont of Whitley]] (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Pat Smythe]], British showjumper\n        and author (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Toaripi Lauti]], 1st Prime\n        Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Arthur Melvin Okun]], American economist\n        (d. [[1980]]) \\n** [[Piet Steenbergen]], Dutch footballer  (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Bano Qudsia]], Pakistani writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Paul Simon (politician)|Paul Simon]], U.S. Senator from Illinois (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Takako Doi]], Japanese politician  (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Joe B. Hall]], American basketball coach\\n** [[Peter Hans Kolvenbach]],\n        Dutch Superior General of the [[Society of Jesus]] (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Noam\n        Chomsky, 2004.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Noam Chomsky]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\n** [[Guy\n        Bourdin]], French fashion photographer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Edwin Kessler]],\n        American atmospheric scientist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Karin\n        Bang]], Norwegian writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Hebe de\n        Bonafini]], Argentine activist\\n* [[December 7]] \\u2013 [[Noam Chomsky]],\n        American linguist\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Dick Van Patten]], American actor\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Ernst-Hugo J\\u00e4reg\\u00e5rd]],\n        Swedish actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Nati Mistral]], Spanish\n        actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]],\n        Austrian artist (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\n** [[Philip K. Dick]],\n        American science fiction author (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Bruce Ames]], American\n        biochemist\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[George Lindsey]], American actor (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Donald Adams]], British actor and opera\n        singer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\n** [[Irish McCalla]], American actress\n        and model (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Dick Miller]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], American \\\"Father\n        of the [[mobile phone]]\\\"\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[George W. Stocking Jr.]],\n        German-born American scholar (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Piers\n        Dixon]], British Conservative Party politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\n** [[Bo Diddley]], African-American musician (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Christian\n        Millau]], French food critic and author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\n**\n        [[Veijo Meri]], Finnish writer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Sin\\u00e9]], French cartoonist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Sidney Kimmel]], Philanthropist and\n        Film Producer [[Sidney Kimmel Entertainment]]\\n* [[Norman Carlberg]], American\n        sculptor\\n* [[George Parrish]], retired American [[NASCAR]] [[Sprint Cup Series|Cup\n        Series]] driver\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January\\u2013March===\\n[[File:Bernhard_III_(Saxe-Meiningen).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Bernhard\n        III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]]]]\\n[[File:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Hendrik\n        Lorentz]]]]\\n[[File:Herbert Henry Asquith.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Herbert\n        Henry Asquith]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Loie Fuller]], American dancer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Dorothy Donnelly]], American actress\n        and songwriter (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Emily Stevens (actress)|Emily Stevens]],\n        American actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Alvin Kraenzlein]],\n        American athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Hardy]],\n        British writer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Snyder]], American\n        murderer (executed) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Bernhard III,\n        Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[John de Robeck]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Nikolai Astrup]], Norwegian painter (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Charles Gorman (actor)|Charles Gorman]],\n        American actor (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Vicente Blasco Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez]],\n        Spanish novelist and screenwriter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Douglas\n        Haig]], British soldier (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Johannes\n        Fibiger]], Danish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Hughie Jennings]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Hendrik Lorentz]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Adolfo de Carolis]],\n        Italian painter (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Theodor Curtius]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Count Manfred von\n        Clary-Aldringen|Manfred von Clary-Aldringen]], Austro-Hungarian nobleman and\n        statesman, former Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[H. H. Asquith]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Eddie Foy]], American vaudevillian (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] -- [[Toribio Romo Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest, martyr and saint (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Juan V\\u00e1zquez\n        de Mella]], Spanish scholar and politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky]], German diplomat and noble (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Armando Diaz]], Italian general and Marshal of Italy\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Robert Abbe]], American surgeon (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[March 10]] -- [[Mateo Elias Nieves Castillo]], Mexican [[Roman\n        Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Nora\n        Bayes]], American singer and actress (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Edward Walter Maunder]], British astronomer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Medardo Rosso]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n===April\\u2013June===\\n[[File:Amundsen\n        in fur skins.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Roald Amundsen]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Theodore William Richards]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Roy Kilner]], English\n        cricketer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Dorus Rijkers]], famous Dutch\n        sailor and savior of over 500 men, women and children (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[April\n        22]]\\n** [[Warner B. Bayley]], United States Navy rear admiral (b. [[1845]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Currier]], American actor (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Floyd\n        Bennett]], American aviator (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Alessandro\n        Guidoni]], Italian air force general (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Clara\n        Williams]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 10]] -- [[Ivan Merz]],\n        Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]] blessed (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Big\n        Bill Haywood]], American labor leader (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n**[[Max\n        Scheler]], German philosopher (b. [[1874]])\\n**[[Henry F. Gilbert]], American\n        composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Francisco L\\u00f3pez Merino]],\n        Argentine poet (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Alexander Hamilton (priest)|Alexander\n        Hamilton]], American priest and blessed (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Zhang Zuolin]], Chinese warlord (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Liege\n        Hulett]], South African politician and [[sugar]] magnate (b. 1838)\\n* [[June\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Salvador D\\u00edaz Mir\\u00f3n]], Mexican poet (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], British women''s suffrage campaigner\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Mark Keppel]], Superintendent of Los\n        Angeles County Schools (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Roald Amundsen]],\n        Norwegian polar explorer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[A. B. Frost]],\n        American illustrator (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[George Siegmann]], American actor\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Holbrook Blinn]], American actor (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Leo Ditrichstein]], Austrian born actor\n        and playwright (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===July\\u2013September===\\n[[File:Wilhelm\n        Wien 1911.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Wilhelm Wien]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Frankie\n        Yale]], American gangster (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[\\u00c1lvaro\n        Obreg\\u00f3n]], Mexican military officer, 39th [[President of Mexico]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Giovanni Giolitti]], Italian politician and 13th [[Prime\n        Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n**[[Mihail Savov]], Bulgarian\n        general (b. [[1857]])\\n**Dame [[Ellen Terry]], British actress (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[William M. Folger]], American admiral (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]]\\n** [[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden]] (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Stjepan\n        Radi\\u0107]], Croatian politician (assassinated) (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Leo\\u0161 Jan\\u00e1\\u010dek]], Czech composer (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]] \\u2013 [[Carlo del Prete]], Italian aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Stephanos Skouloudis]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1838]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9mile Fayolle]], French general (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Hugh Evan-Thomas]], British admiral (b. [[1862]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Wien]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Urban Shocker]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Italo Svevo]],\n        Italian writer and businessman (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Devoy]], Irish rebel leader and exile (b. [[1842]])\\n\\n===October\\u2013December===\\n[[File:Andrewfisher2.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Andrew\n        Fisher]]]]\\n[[File:HeinrichXXVII.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Heinrich XXVII, Prince\n        Reuss Younger Line]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Cecilia Eusepi]], Italian\n        religious leader and blessed (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Larry\n        Semon]], American film actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Maria\n        Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dagmar of Denmark, later Maria Fyodorovna]],\n        wife of [[Alexander III of Russia|Tsar Alexander III]] and Empress Consort\n        of Russia (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Andrew Fisher]], Australian\n        politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Bowen Davies]], American artist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Robert Lansing]], U.S. Secretary of State (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\u2013 [[John William Wood, Sr.]], North Carolinian politician, founder\n        of [[Benson, North Carolina]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Arnold\n        Rothstein]], Jewish-American businessman and gangster (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Vlasios Tsirogiannis]], Greek general (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Alexander Trepov]], former Prime Minister of the Russian Empire\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Oskar Victorovich Stark]], Russian\n        admiral and explorer (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Enrico Cecchetti]],\n        Italian ballet dancer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Lala Lajpat\n        Rai]] \\\"The Lion of Punjab\\\", a leader of the [[Indian independence movement]]\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Mauritz Stiller]], Finnish screenwriter\n        and director (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich XXVII, Prince\n        Reuss Younger Line]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Reinhard Scheer]],\n        German admiral (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Frank Hedges Butler]],\n        British wine merchant and foundering member of the [[Aero Club of Great Britain]]\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Arthur Gore (tennis)|Arthur Gore]],\n        British tennis player (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Eustasio Rivera]], Colombian\n        writer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron\n        Tennyson|Hallam Tennyson]], 2nd Governor-General of Australia (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]], British architect (b.\n        [[1868]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Lewis Latimer]], American inventor (b.\n        [[1848]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 Patriarch [[Gregory IV of Antioch]] (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n**[[Theodore Roberts]], American actor (b. [[1861]])\\n**[[Pierre\n        Ruffey]], French general (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Elinor\n        Wylie]], American poet and novelist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Eglantyne Jebb]], British human rights activist and co-founder of ''''Save\n        the Children'''' (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Luigi Cadorna]],\n        Italian general (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Fred Thomson]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Owen Willans Richardson]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        Jules Henri Nicolle]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Sigrid\n        Undset]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n==In fiction==\\n*\n        This year is the setting of the [[video game]] ''''[[Blood (video game)|Blood]]''''\n        ([[1997 in video gaming|1997]]) retroactively dated in the game''s sequel\n        ''''[[Blood II: The Chosen]]'''' ([[1998 in video gaming|1998]])\\n* This is\n        the year that the [[Stargate (device)|Stargate]] is discovered in [[Giza]],\n        [[Egypt]], near the [[Giza Necropolis|Great Pyramids]], as seen in the film\n        ''''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]'''' ([[1994]]).\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1928}}\\n[[Category:1928|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:08:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":799142491,\"length\":73136,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1928&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928\"},\"34656\":{\"pageid\":34656,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1929\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T22:54:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1929}}\\n{{Events by month|1929}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1929}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1929}}\\n\\nThis year\n        marked the end of a period known in American history as the [[Roaring Twenties]]\n        after the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] ushered in a worldwide [[Great Depression]].\n        In the Americas, an agreement was brokered to end the [[Cristero War]], a\n        Catholic counter-revolution in Mexico. The [[Judicial Committee of the Privy\n        Council]], a British high court, ruled that Canadian  women are persons in\n        the ''''[[Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General)]]'''' case. The [[1st Academy\n        Awards]] for film were held in Los Angeles, while the [[Museum of Modern Art]]\n        opened in New York City. The [[Peruvian Air Force]] was created.\\n\\nIn Asia,\n        the Republic of China and the Soviet Union engaged in a [[Sino-Soviet conflict\n        (1929)|minor conflict]] after the Chinese seized full control of the [[Manchurian\n        Chinese Eastern Railway]], which ended with a resumption of joint administration.\n        In the Soviet Union, [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet\n        Union|General Secretary]] [[Joseph Stalin]] expelled [[Leon Trotsky]] and\n        adopted a policy of [[collectivization]]. [[The Grand Trunk Express]] began\n        service in India. [[1929 Palestine riots|Rioting]]  between Muslims and Jews\n        in Jerusalem over access to the [[Western Wall]] took place in the Middle\n        East. The [[centenary of Western Australia]] was celebrated.\\n\\nThe [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand\n        Pact]], a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, went\n        into effect. In Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed the [[Lateran\n        Treaty]]. The [[Idionymon]] law was passed in Greece to outlaw political dissent.\n        Spain hosted the [[Ibero-American Exposition]] which featured pavilions from\n        Latin American countries. The German airship [[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|LZ 127\n        ''''Graf Zeppelin'''']] flew around the world in 21 days.\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Summary==\\n\\n===Middle\n        East, Asia, and Pacific Isles===\\nOn [[August 1]] of this year the [[1929\n        Palestine riots]] broke out between [[Palestinians]] and [[Jews]] over control\n        of the [[Western Wall]]. The rioting, initiated in part when British police\n        tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall,{{cite\n        book|last=Segev|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Segev|title=One Palestine, Complete|year=1999|publisher=Metropolitan\n        Books|isbn=0-8050-4848-0|pages=295\\u2013313}} continued until the end\n        of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians were killed.{{cite\n        news|first=Matthew B.|last=Stannard|title=A Time of Change; Israelis, Palestinians\n        and the Disengagement|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/08/09/MNGF6E53GL1.DTL|work=San\n        Francisco Chronicle|date=2005-08-09}}NA 59/8/353/84/867n, 404 Wailing\n        Wall/279 and 280, Archdale Diary and Palestinian Police records. Two\n        of the more famous incidents occurring during these riots were the August\n        23\\u201324 [[1929 Hebron massacre]], in which almost 70 Jews were killed by\n        Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to stay at [[Hebron]]. The\n        Palestinians had been told that Jews were killing Palestinians. Jews would\n        not return to Hebron until after the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967.[[Tom Segev|Segev,\n        Tom]] (2000). ''''One Palestine, Complete; Jews and Arabs under the British\n        Mandate.'''' Translated by Haim Watzman of Metropolitan Books, Little, Brown\n        and company. pp. 318\\u2013319; {{ISBN|0-8050-4848-0}} and {{ISBN|0-316-64859-0}}.\n        The other major clash was the [[1929 Safed massacre]], in which 18\\u201320\n        Jews were killed by Palestinians in [[Safed]] in similar fashion.{{cite\n        book|title=Early Arab-Zionist Negotiation Attempts, 1913-1931|last=Kaplan|first=Neil|year=1983|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-7146-3214-7|page=82}}\n        Elsewhere in the Middle East, [[Iraq]] took a big step toward gaining independence\n        from the British. The Iraqi government had, since the end of World War I and\n        the beginning of the British Mandate in the Middle East, consistently resisted\n        British hegemony. In September, Great Britain announced it would support Iraq''s\n        inclusion in the [[League of Nations]], signaling the beginning of the end\n        of their direct control of the region.{{cite book|title=Britain''s Informal\n        Empire in the Middle East|first=Daniel|last=Silverfarb|author2=Majid Khadduri|pages=13\\u201320|isbn=0-19-503997-1|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=1986|location=New York}}\\n\\nEarly in 1929 the\n        Afghan leader [[King Amanullah]] lost power through revolution and civil war\n        to [[Habibull\\u0101h Kalak\\u0101ni]]. Habibull\\u0101h''s rule, however, only\n        lasted nine months. [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|Nadir Shah]] replaced him in October,\n        starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years.pp. 41\\u201344\n        {{ISBN|0-8133-4019-5}} In India, a general strike in Bombay continued\n        throughout the year despite efforts by the British.Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan.\n        ''''Imperial Power and Popular Politics.'''' Cambridge: Cambridge University\n        Press, 1998. pp. 170\\u2013178 {{ISBN|0-521-59692-0}} On [[December 29]],\n        the [[All India Congress]] in [[Lahore]] declared Indian [[independence]]\n        from Britain, something it had threatened to do if Britain did not grant India\n        dominion status.Vohra, Ranbir. ''''The Making of India.'''' Armonk: M.E.\n        Sharpe, 2001. pp. 147\\u2013148 {{ISBN|0-7656-0712-3}} China and Russia\n        engaged in a [[Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)|minor conflict]] after China seized\n        full control of the [[Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway]]. Russia counterattacked\n        and took the cities of [[Hailar District|Hailar]] and [[Manchouli]] after\n        issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated.\n        The Chinese agreed to the terms on [[November 26]]. The Japanese would later\n        see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, leading to their taking control\n        of Manchuria.Elleman, Bruce. ''''Diplomacy and Deception.'''' Armonk:\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1997. pp. 282\\u2013283 {{ISBN|0-7656-0143-5}} The Far East\n        began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the\n        Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as\n        its exports (spice, rubber, and other commodities) were more sensitive to\n        economic problems.Tarling, Nicholas. ''''The Cambridge History of Southeast\n        Asia.'''' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. pp. 182\\u2013184 {{ISBN|0-521-66371-7}}\n        In the Pacific, on [[December 28]] – \\\"[[Mau movement#Black Saturday|Black\n        Saturday]]\\\" in [[Samoa]] – New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed\n        demonstrators, an event which led the [[Mau movement]] to demand independence\n        for Samoa.\\n\\n===Europe===\\n\\n====Western====\\nIn 1929,\n        the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist Party in Italy]] tightened its control. National\n        education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by\n        the agenda of indoctrination.{{cite book|title=Hitler,\n        Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century|last=Pauley|first=Bruce\n        F.|year=2003|publisher=Harlan Davidson|location=Wheeling|page=117}}\n        In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of\n        all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath\n        of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the\n        same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.\\n\\nOn\n        February 11, Mussolini signed the [[Lateran Treaty]], making [[Vatican City]]\n        a sovereign state.{{cite book|title=Italy from Revolution  to Republic|last=Scala|first=DI|author2=M.\n        Spencer; D.I. Scala|year=2004|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder|isbn=0-8133-4176-0|pages=262\\u2013263}}\n        On [[July 25]], [[Pope Pius XI]] emerged from the [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]]\n        and entered St. Peter''s Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000\n        persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of [[Prisoner in the Vatican|papal self-imprisonment\n        within the Vatican]].{{cite book|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|last=Kertzer|first=David|year=2004|publisher=Houghton\n        Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=0-618-22442-4|pages=292\\u2013293}} Italy\n        used the diplomatic prestige associated with this successful agreement to\n        adopt a more aggressive foreign policy.{{cite book|title=The Vatican\n        and Italian Fascism, 1929-32|last=Pollard|first=John|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-02366-1|pages=74\\u201376}}\n        Germany experienced a major turning point in this year due to the economic\n        crash. The country had experienced prosperity under the government of the\n        [[Weimar Republic]] until foreign investors withdrew their German interests.\n        This began the crumbling of the Republican government in favor of Nazism.{{cite\n        book|title=Weimar and Nazi Germany|last=Lee|first=Stephen|year=1996|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|isbn=0-435-30920-X|pages=38\\u201339}}\n        In 1929, the number of unemployed reached three million.Gilbert, Martin.\n        ''''A History of the Twentieth Century.'''' New York: Avon books, 1998. {{ISBN|0-380-71393-4}}\n        On [[July 27]], the [[Geneva Convention (1929)|Geneva Convention]], held in\n        Switzerland, addressed the treatment of prisoners of war in response to problems\n        encountered during World War I.[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/305?OpenDocument\n        Geneva Convention (1929):Introduction]\\n\\nOn [[May 31]], the [[United\n        Kingdom general election, 1929|British general election]] returned a hung\n        parliament yet again, with the Liberals in position to determine who would\n        have power. These elections were known as the \\\"Flapper\\\" elections due to\n        the fact that it was the first British election in which women under 30 could\n        vote.{{cite book|title=Gender, Modernity, and the Popular Press in Inter-War\n        Britain|last=Bingham|first=Adrian|year=2004|publisher=Clarendon|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-927247-6|page=125}}\n        A week after the vote, on [[June 7]] the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]]\n        conceded power rather than ally with the Liberals. [[Ramsay MacDonald]] founded\n        a new [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government the next day.{{cite book|title=Twentieth-Century\n        Britain|first=William|last=Rubinstein|year=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=0-333-77224-5|pages=165\\u2013169}}\\n\\n1929\n        is regarded as a turning point by French historians, who point out that it\n        was last year in which prosperity was felt before the effects of the Great\n        Depression. The [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] had been in power\n        since before World War I. On July 24, French prime minister [[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]]\n        resigned for medical reasons; he was succeeded by [[Aristide Briand]]. Briand\n        adopted a foreign policy of both peace and defensive fortification. The [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand\n        Pact]], renouncing [[war]] as an instrument of [[foreign policy]], went into\n        effect in this year (it was first signed in Paris in [[1928]] by most leading\n        world powers).{{cite book|title=Triumph and Downfall|last=Louria|first=Margot|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood\n        Press|location=Westport|isbn=0-313-31272-9|pages=137\\u2013138}} The\n        French began work on the [[Maginot Line]] in this year, as a defense against\n        a possible German attack, and on September 5 Briand presented a plan for the\n        ''''United States of Europe''''.{{cite book|title=The Decline of the\n        Third Republic, 1914-1938|last=Bernard|first=Philippe|year=1985|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-35854-X|page=173}} On\n        October 22, Briand was replaced as Prime Minister by [[Andr\\u00e9 Tardieu]].{{cite\n        book|title=The Lights That Failed |last=Steiner|first=Zara|year=2005|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-822114-2|page=828}} [[Primo\n        de Rivera]]''s dictatorship in Spain experienced growing dissatisfaction among\n        students and academics, as well as businessmen who blamed the government for\n        recent economic woes. Many called for a fascist regime, like that in Italy.{{cite\n        book|title=Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977|last=Payne|first=Stanley|year=1999|publisher=University\n        of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison|isbn=0-299-16564-7|pages=36\\u201337}}\\n\\n====\n        Eastern ====\\nIn May, [[Joseph Stalin]] consolidated his power in the [[Soviet\n        Union]] by sending [[Leon Trotsky]] into exile. The only country that would  grant\n        Trotsky asylum was Turkey, in return for his help during Turkey''s civil war.\n        He and his family left the USSR aboard ship on February 12.Brackman,\n        Roman. ''''The Secret File of Joseph Stalin''''. London: Frank Cass, 2001.\n        pp. 202\\u2013203 {{ISBN|0-7146-5050-1}} Stalin turned on his former\n        political ally, [[Nikolai Bukharin]], who was the last real threat to his\n        power. By the end of the year Bukharin had been defeated. {{Clarify|date=February\n        2013}} Once Stalin was in power, he turned his former support for Lenin''s\n        [[New Economic Policy]] into opposition.Alexander, Robert. ''''International\n        Trotskyism, 1929-1985.'''' Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. p. 3 {{ISBN|0-8223-1066-X}}\n        In November, Stalin declared that it \\\"The Year of the Great Breakthrough\\\"\n        and stated that the country would focus on industrial programs as well as\n        on collectivizing the  grain supply. He hoped to surpass the West not only\n        in agriculture, but in industry.[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]].\n        ''''Joseph Stalin: a Biographical Companion''''. City: ABC-Clio Inc, 1999.\n        p. 119 {{ISBN|1-57607-084-0}} Millions of Soviet farmers were removed\n        from their private farms, their property was collected, and they were moved\n        to state-owned farms. Stalin emphasized in 1929 a campaign demonizing [[kulak]]s\n        as a plague on society. Kulak property was taken and they were deported by\n        cattle train to areas of frozen tundra.Gilbert, 761\\u20132\\n\\nThe\n        timber market in Finland began to decline in 1929 due to the Great Depression,\n        as well as the Soviet Union''s entrance into the market. Financial and political\n        problems culminated in the birth of the fascist [[Lapua Movement]] on [[November\n        23]] in a demonstration in [[Lapua]]. The movement''s stated aim was Finnish\n        democracy and anti-communism.Singleton, Frederick and Anthony Upton.\n        ''''A Short History of Finland''''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,\n        1998. p. 117; {{ISBN|0-521-64701-0}} The Finnish legislature received\n        heavy pressure to remove basic rights from Communist groups.Capoccia,\n        Giovanni. Defending Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,\n        2005. p. 153\\u2013154 {{ISBN|0-8018-8038-6}} Politics in Lithuania was\n        heated, as President Voldemaras was unpopular in some quarters, and survived\n        an assassination attempt in [[Kaunas]].[http://www.lituanus.org/1984_3/84_3_06.htm\n        Kristina Vai\\u010dikonis. ''''Augustinas Voldemaras'''']. Lituanus, Vol. 30,\n        No. 3, Fall 1984, ed. Antanas Klimas; {{ISSN|0024-5089}} Later, while\n        attending a meeting of the [[League of Nations]], he was  ousted in a coup\n        by President [[Antanas Smetona|Smetona]], who made himself dictator. Upon\n        Voldemaras'' removal from office, [[Iron Wolf (organization)|Gele\\u017einis\n        Vilkas]] went underground and received aid and encouragement in its activities\n        from Germany. Yugoslavia was renamed the \\\"Kingdom\n        of Yugoslavia\\\" as [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|King Alexander]] sought to\n        unite the Balkans under his rule.Lukic, Reneo and Allen Lynch. Europe\n        from the Balkans to the Urals. Solna: SIPRI, 1996. p. 68 {{ISBN|0-19-829200-7}}\n        The state''s new Monarchy replaced the old parliament, which had been dominated\n        by Serbs.Payne, Stanley. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. New York: Routledge,\n        1996. pp. 143\\u2013144 {{ISBN|1-85728-595-6}}\\n\\n=== North America ===\\n{{Main\n        article|1929 in the United States}}\\nIn October 1929, the British [[Judicial\n        Committee of the Privy Council]] overturned a ruling by the [[Supreme Court\n        of Canada]] that women could not be members of the legislature. This case,\n        which came to be known as the [[Persons Case]], had important ramifications\n        not just for the rights of women but because in overturning the case, the\n        Judicial Committee of the Privy Council engendered a radical change in the\n        Canadian judicial approach to the Canadian constitution, an approach that\n        has come to be known as the \\\"[[living tree doctrine]]\\\". The five women who\n        initiated the case are known in Canada as the [[The Famous Five (Canada)|Famous\n        Five]].{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Brennan|title=Alberta\n        Originals: Stories of Albertans Who Made a Difference|year=2001|publisher=Fifth\n        House|page=14|isbn=1-894004-76-0}} In November, the [[1929 Grand Banks\n        earthquake]] occurred off the south coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]\n        in the Atlantic Ocean. It registered as a [[Richter magnitude]] 7.2 [[submarine\n        earthquake]] centered on [[Grand Banks]], broke 12 submarine [[transatlantic\n        telegraph cable]]s and triggered a [[tsunami]] that destroyed many south coast\n        communities in the [[Burin Peninsula]] area, killing 28 (as of 1997, Canada''s\n        most lethal earthquake).\\n\\nThe Mexican [[Cristero\n        War]] continued in 1929 as clerical forces attempted an assassination of the\n        provisional president in a train bombing in February. The attempt failed.\n        [[Plutarco Calles]], at the center of power for the anti-clerics, continued\n        to gather power in Mexico City. His government was considered an enemy to\n        more conservative Mexicans who held to traditional forms of government and\n        more religious  control. Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early\n        in the year to increase his power; a party which was, ironically, seen by\n        foreigners as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right. A\n        special election was held in this year, which Jose Vasconselos lost to Ortiz\n        Rubio.  By this time, the war had ended.Sherman, John. ''''The Mexican\n        Right'''' New York: Praeger, 1997. {{ISBN|0-275-95736-5}} pp. 18\\u201323\n        The last group of rebels was defeated on June 4, and in the same month US\n        Ambassador [[Dwight Morrow]] initiated talks between parties. On [[June 21]]\n        an agreement was brokered ending the Cristero War. On [[June 27]], church\n        bells rang and mass was held publicly for the first time in three years. The\n        agreement heavily favored the government, as priests were required to  register\n        with the government and religion was banned from schools.Scheina, Robert.\n        ''''Latin America''s Wars'''' Volume II: the Age of the Professional Soldier,\n        1900-2001. City: Potomac Books Inc, 2003. {{ISBN|1-57488-452-2}}; pp. 32\\u201333\\n\\nThe\n        major event of the year for the United States was the [[Wall Street Crash\n        of 1929|stock market crash on Wall Street]], which was to have international\n        effects. On September 3, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] (DJIA) peaked\n        at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November  1954. Then, from\n        [[October 24]]–[[October 29]], stock prices suffered three multi-digit\n        percentage drops, wiping out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock\n        Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).Gilbert,\n        767\\u20139 On\n        [[December 3]] U.S. President [[Herbert Hoover]] announced to the [[United\n        States Congress|U.S. Congress]] that the worst effects of the recent [[stock\n        market]] crash were behind the nation, and that the American people had regained\n        faith in the [[Economics|economy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=22021|first=Herbert|last=Hoover|title=Annual\n        Message to Congress on the State of the Union|work=The American Presidency\n        Project|accessdate=2013-02-26}}\\n\\n=== Literature, arts, and entertainment\n        ===\\n{{Main article|1929 in the arts (disambiguation)}}\\nLiterature of the\n        time reflected the memories many harbored of the horrors of World War I. A\n        major seller was ''''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'''' by [[Erich Maria\n        Remarque]]. Remarque was a German who had fought in the war at age eighteen\n        and been wounded in the [[Third Battle of Ypres]]. He stated that he intended\n        the book to tell the story \\\"of a generation of men who, even though they\n        may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war.\\\" Another 1929 book\n        reflecting on World War I was [[Ernest Hemingway]]''s ''''[[A Farewell to\n        Arms]]'''', as well as ''''[[Good-Bye to All That]]'''' by [[Robert Graves]].Gilbert,\n        pp. 769\\u201370 In lighter media, a few stars of the comic industry\n        made their debut, including ''''[[The Adventures of Tintin|Tintin]]'''', a\n        [[comic book]] character created by [[Herg\\u00e9]], who would appear in over\n        200  million comic books in 60 languages. ''''[[Popeye]]'''', another [[comic\n        strip]] character created by [[Elzie Crisler Segar]], also appeared in this\n        year.\\n\\nWithin the film industry, on [[May 16]] the [[1st Academy Awards]]\n        were presented at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]], with ''''[[Wings (1927\n        film)|Wings]]'''' winning [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\n        Also, ''''[[Hallelujah! (film)|Hallelujah!]]'''' became the first Hollywood\n        film to contain an entirely black cast, and ''''[[Atlantic (film)|Atlantic]]'''',\n        a film about the ''''[[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'''', is an early\n        sound-on-film movie. The arts were in the midst of the [[Modernist]] movement,\n        as [[Pablo Picasso]] painted two [[cubist]] works, ''''Woman in a Garden''''\n        and ''''Nude in an Armchair'''', during this year. The [[surrealist]] painters\n        [[Salvador Dal\\u00ed]] and [[Ren\\u00e9 Magritte]] completed several works,\n        including ''''[[The First Days of Spring]]'''' and ''''[[The Treachery of\n        Images]]''''. On [[November 7]] in New York City, the [[Museum of Modern Art]]\n        opened to the public. The latest in [[modern architecture]] was also represented\n        by the [[Barcelona Pavilion]] in Spain, and the [[Fairmont Royal York|Royal\n        York Hotel]] in Toronto, at its completion the tallest building in the British\n        Empire.\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|1929 in science}}\\nThe\n        year saw several advances in technology and exploration. On [[June 27]] the\n        first public demonstration of color TV was held by H. E. Ives and his colleagues\n        at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images were a bouquet\n        of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system was used to transmit 50-line\n        color television images between New York and Washington. The [[BBC]] broadcast\n        a television transmission for the first time. By November, [[Vladimir Zworykin]]\n        had taken out the first patent for color television. On [[November 29]], [[Bernt\n        Balchen]], U.S. Admiral [[Richard E. Byrd|Richard Byrd]], Captain Ashley McKinley,\n        and [[Harold June]], became the first to fly over the [[South Pole]]. Within\n        the year, Britain, Australia and New Zealand began a joint [[British Australian\n        and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition|Antarctic Research Expedition]],\n        and the German airship ''''[[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|Graf Zeppelin]]'''' began\n        a round-the-world flight (ended [[August 29]]). This year [[Ernst Schwarz]]\n        describes [[Bonobo]] (''''Pan paniscus'''') as a different species from [[chimpanzee]]\n        (''''Pan troglodites''''), both closely related phylogenetically to human\n        beings.\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1929}}\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** The [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] airplane ''''[[Question Mark\n        (aircraft)|?]]'''' begins a six-day non-stop endurance flight over [[Southern\n        California]] using [[aerial refueling]].\\n** The [[British Columbia]]n municipalities\n        of [[Point Grey]] and [[South Vancouver (electoral district)|South Vancouver]]\n        are amalgamated into Vancouver.\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[6 January Dictatorship]]:\n        King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]\n        suspends his country''s  constitution.\\n** The [[Albania]]n missionary [[Nun|sister]]\n        Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later known as [[Mother Teresa]], arrives in [[Calcutta]]\n        from Ireland to begin her work in India.\\n* [[January 10]] – First appearance\n        of [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s Belgian [[comic book]] hero [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]]\n        as ''''[[Tintin in the Land of the Soviets]]'''' (''''Les Aventures de Tintin,\n        reporter..., au pays des Soviets''''), begins serialization in children''s\n        newspaper supplement, ''''[[Le Petit Vingti\\u00e8me]]''''.\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – ''''[http://www.editions.ehess.fr/revues/annales-histoire-sciences-sociales/\n        Annales d''histoire \\u00e9conomique et sociale]'''' begins publication in\n        France.\\n* [[January 17]] – First appearance of [[comic strip]] hero\n        [[Popeye]] in ''''Thimble Theatre''''.{{cite web|work=Don Markstein''s\n        Toonopedia|title=Popeye the Sailor|url=http://www.toonopedia.com/popeye.htm|accessdate=2011-09-22}}\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – ''''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'''' (''''Im\n        Westen nichts Neues''''), by [[Erich Maria Remarque]], is published in book\n        form.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1929}}\\n[[File:Park Dedication\n        in 1929 in Grand Teton NP-NPS.jpg|thumb|120px|[[February 26]]: [[Grand Teton\n        National Park]].]]\\n* [[February 9]] – \\\"[[Litvinov''s Pact]]\\\" is signed\n        in Moscow by the [[Soviet Union]], Poland, [[Estonia]], [[Romania]] and [[Latvia]]\n        who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves.{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vceInEkXX74C|title=The Soviet Union\n        and Iran|first=Miron|last=Rezun|pages=148|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1981|isbn=90-286-2621-2}}\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[La Liga|Liga Espanola]], a professional football\n        league of [[Spain]], founded.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} \\n* [[February\n        11]] – The [[Kingdom of Italy]] and the [[Holy See]] of the [[Catholic\n        Church]] sign the [[Lateran Treaty]] to establish the [[Vatican City]] as\n        an independent sovereign [[enclave]] within Rome, resolving the \\\"[[Roman\n        Question]]\\\".\\n* [[February 14]] – \\\"[[Saint Valentine''s Day Massacre]]\\\":\n        Five [[gangster]]s (rivals of [[Al Capone]]), plus two civilians, are shot\n        dead in Chicago. \\n* [[February 26]] – The [[Grand Teton National Park]]\n        is established by the [[United States Congress]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1929}}\\n[[File:President_Hoover_portrait.tif|thumb|120px|right|[[March\n        4]]: [[Herbert Hoover]] is 31st [[President of the United States of America]].]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – The longest bridge in the world at this time, the [[San\n        Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge]], opens.\\n* [[March 3]] – A revolt by Generals\n        Jos\\u00e9 Gonzalo Escobar and Jes\\u00fas Mar\\u00eda Aguirre fails in Mexico.\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Herbert Hoover]] is [[Inauguration of Herbert Hoover|sworn\n        in]] as the 31st President of the United States. \\n** Establishment of the\n        [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|National Revolutionary Party]] (''''Partido\n        Nacional Revolucionario'''') in Mexico by ex-President [[Plutarco El\\u00edas\n        Calles]]. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously\n        for the next 71 years.\\n* [[March 28]] – Japanese forces withdraw from\n        [[Shandong]] province to their garrison in [[Tsingtao]] bringing an end to\n        the [[Jinan Incident]].\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Imperial Airways]] begins\n        operating the first commercial flights between London and [[Karachi]].{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin\n        Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006|page=91}}\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n{{Main article|April 1929}}\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Persia]] signs the\n        [[Litvinov Protocol]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Karl Benz]]\n        the creator of the first [[automobile]] dies.\\n* [[April 14]] – The\n        inaugural [[Monaco Grand Prix]] is won by [[William Grover-Williams]] driving\n        a [[Bugatti]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1929}}\\n* May – The\n        [[Wickersham Commission]] begins its investigation of [[organized crime]]\n        following alcohol [[Prohibition in the United States]].\\n*[[May 1]] –\n        The 7.2 {{M|w}} [[1929 Kopet Dag earthquake|Kopet Dag earthquake]] shakes\n        the Iran-Turkmenistan border region with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of IX (''''Violent''''), killing up to 3,800 and injuring 1,121.\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – \\\"The Battle Of Blood Alley\\\" is fought by a [[razor gang]]\n        in Sydney, Australia\\n* [[May 16]] – The [[1st Academy Awards]] are\n        presented in a 15-minute ceremony at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]], honoring\n        the best movies of 1927 and 1928, ''''[[Wings (1927 film)|Wings]]'''' (1927)\n        winning [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]. [[Gerald Duffy]]\n        (died 1928) receives the only Academy Award for Best Title Writing ever awarded\n        (for his [[intertitle]]s to the [[silent film]] ''''[[The Private Life of\n        Helen of Troy]]'''' (1927)).\\n* [[May 31]] – The [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1929|United Kingdom general election]] again returns a [[hung parliament]];\n        the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]] in Parliament determine which party will\n        govern.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1929}}\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        The [[1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America]] is held in\n        [[Buenos Aires]].\\n* [[June 3]] – The [[Treaty of Lima]] settles a border\n        dispute between [[Peru]] and [[Chile]].\\n* [[June 7]] – The [[Lateran\n        Treaty]], making [[Vatican City]] a sovereign state, is ratified.\\n* [[June\n        8]] – [[Ramsay MacDonald]] forms the United Kingdom''s [[Second MacDonald\n        ministry|second Labour government]].\\n* [[June 21]] – An agreement brokered\n        by U.S. Ambassador [[Dwight Whitney Morrow]] helps end the [[Cristero War]]\n        in Mexico.\\n* [[June 27]] – The first public demonstration of [[color\n        TV]] is held, by [[H. E. Ives]] and his colleagues at [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]]\n        in New York. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an [[American flag]].\n        A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between\n        New York and Washington.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1929}}\\n* [[July\n        11]] – In the Soviet Union, a secret decree of the [[Sovnarkom]] creates\n        the backbone of the [[Gulag]] system.\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** French prime minister\n        [[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]] resigns and is succeeded by [[Aristide Briand]].\\n**\n        The [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand Pact]], renouncing war as an instrument of [[foreign\n        policy]], goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928,\n        by most leading world powers).\\n** [[Union Airways]] Pty. Ltd. is founded,\n        to be nationalised as [[South African Airways]] on 1 February 1934.\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Pope Pius XI]] emerges from the [[Apostolic Palace]] and enters\n        [[St. Peter''s Square]] in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons,\n        thus ending nearly 60 years of self-imposed status by the papacy as [[Prisoner\n        in the Vatican]].\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** The [[Geneva Convention (1929)|Geneva\n        Convention]] addresses the treatment of prisoners of war.\\n** [[Red Crescent]]\n        adopted as an additional emblem of the [[International Federation of Red Cross\n        and Red Crescent Societies|League of Red Cross Societies]].\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n{{Main article|August 1929}}\\n* [[August 8]]–[[August 29|29]] –\n        German [[rigid airship]] [[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|LZ 127 ''''Graf Zeppelin'''']]\n        makes a [[circumnavigation]] of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] eastabout out\n        of [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]], including the first nonstop flight of any kind\n        across the [[Pacific Ocean]] ([[Tokyo]]–[[Los Angeles]]).\\n* [[August\n        16]] – The [[1929 Palestine riots]] break out between [[Palestinians]]\n        and [[Jew]]s in [[Mandatory Palestine]] and continue until the end of the\n        month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed.\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – First transmissions of [[John Logie Baird]]''s experimental 30-line\n        television system by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]].{{cite\n        book|title=The Hutchinson Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1\n        }}\\n* [[August 23]]\\u2013[[August 24|24]] – The [[1929 Hebron\n        massacre]], in which 65\\u201368 Jews are killed by Palestinians and the remaining\n        Jews are forced to leave [[Hebron]].\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** The [[1929 Safed\n        massacre]], in which 18\\u201320 Jews are killed in [[Safed]] by Palestinian\n        Arabs.\\n** The {{SS|San Juan}} collides with the oil tanker ''''S.C.T. Dodd''''\n        off the [[California]] coast, causing the ''''San Juan'''' to sink in 3 minutes,\n        killing 77 people.\\n* [[August 31]] – The [[Young Plan]], which sets\n        the total [[World War I reparations]] owed by Germany at [[US$]]26,350,000,000\n        to be paid over a period of 58\\u00bd years, is finalized.\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n{{Main article|September 1929}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The [[Dow\n        Jones Industrial Average]] peaks at 381.17, a height it will not reach again\n        until November 1954.\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Aristide Briand]] presents\n        his plan for the ''''United States of Europe''''.\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        A coup ousts [[Augustinas Voldemaras]] in [[Lithuania]]; the new president\n        is [[Antanas Smetona]].\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Fritz von Opel]] pilots\n        the first [[rocket-powered aircraft]], the [[Opel RAK.1]], in front of a large\n        crowd in [[Frankfurt am Main]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1929}}\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Serie A]], as known well for professional\n        football league of [[Italy]], replacing from Divisione Nazionale.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[October 14]] – The [[Philadelphia Athletics]]\n        win the [[World Series]] four games to one over the [[Chicago Cubs]], taking\n        Game Five by a 3-2 score at [[Shibe Park]].\\n* [[October 18]] – On appeal\n        from the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]  on behalf of \\\"[[The Famous Five (Canada)|The\n        Famous Five]]\\\" Canadian women in the landmark case of ''''[[Edwards v. Canada\n        (Attorney General)]]'''', the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]\n        in the United Kingdom announces that women are \\\"persons\\\" under the [[British\n        North America Acts]] and thus eligible for appointment to the [[Senate of\n        Canada]].\\n* [[October 22]] – The government of [[Aristide Briand]]\n        falls in France.\\n[[File:Crowd outside nyse.jpg|thumb|120px|The Wall Street\n        Crash of 1929, the beginning of the Great Depression]]\\n* [[October 24]]–[[October\n        29|29]] – [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]]: Three multi-digit percentage\n        drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10\n        times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).\\n* [[October\n        25]] – Former [[U.S. Interior Secretary]] [[Albert B. Fall]] is convicted\n        of [[bribery]] for his role in the [[Teapot Dome scandal]], becoming the first\n        Presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1929}}\\n* November – [[Vladimir\n        Zworykin]] takes out the first patent for color television.\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** An [[solar eclipse#Types|annular solar eclipse]] is seen over the\n        Atlantic Ocean and Africa.\\n** [[Conscription in Australia]] ends.{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzMZAr41dn4C|title=The Torch and\n        the Sword: A History of the Army Cadet Movement in Australia|first=Craig|last=Stockings|pages=86|publisher=UNSW\n        Press|year=2007|isbn=0-86840-838-7}}\\n* [[November 7]] – In New\n        York City, the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) opens to the public. The first\n        exhibition ''C\\u00e9zanne, Gauguin, van Gogh and Seurat'' (Nov 7 \\u2013 Dec\n        7) was seen by 47.000 visitors, curator is Alfred H. Barr.\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – U.K. release of ''''[[Atlantic (film)|Atlantic]]'''', a film about\n        the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] which\n        is one of the first British [[sound-on-film]] movies and, in its simultaneously-shot\n        German-language version, the first to be released in Germany.\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[1929 Grand Banks earthquake]].{{citation|title=The\n        1929 Tsunami In St. Lawrence, Newfoundland |url=http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf\n        |first=Alan |last=Ruffman |year=1997 |location=Ottawa |publisher=Office of\n        Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=2013-02-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113024644/http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf\n        |archivedate=January 13, 2013 |df= }}\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Bernt\n        Balchen]], U.S. Admiral [[Richard E. Byrd|Richard Byrd]], Captain Ashley McKinley\n        and Harold June become the first to fly over the [[South Pole]].\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n{{Main article|December 1929}}\\n* [[December 28]] – \\\"[[Mau movement#Black\n        Saturday|Black Saturday]]\\\" in [[Samoa]]: New Zealand colonial police kill\n        11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which leads the [[Mau movement]] to demand\n        independence for Samoa.{{cite book|last=Meleisea|first=Malama|title=Lagaga:\n        A Short History of Western Samoa|publisher=University of the South Pacific|year=1987|isbn=982-02-0029-6|pages=137\\u20138}}\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – The All India Congress in [[Lahore]] demands Indian\n        [[independence]].{{Clarify|date=February 2013}}\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Sergio\n        Leone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sergio Leone]]]]\\n[[File:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Martin\n        Luther King Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Jacques plante.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jacques Plante]]]]\\n[[File:Mossbauer.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rudolf\n        M\\u00f6ssbauer]]]]\\n[[File:Studio publicity Jean Simmons.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean\n        Simmons]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Joseph Lombardo]], American mafioso\\n**\n        [[Haruo Nakajima]], Japanese actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Sergio\n        Leone]], Italian director (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Ernst Mahle]], Brazilian composer\\n**\n        [[Gordon Moore]], American computing entrepreneur and benefactor\\n* [[January\n        4]] \\n** [[Aldo Monti]], Mexican actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[G\\u00fcnter Schabowski]],\n        official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Wilbert Harrison]], American singer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Terry Moore (actress)|Terry Moore]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        8]]\\n** [[Saeed Jaffrey]], Indian-born actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Erich Jantsch]],\n        Austrian astrophysicist (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Brian Friel]],\n        Irish dramatist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Irena Homola-Sk\\u0105pska]],\n        Polish historian (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alasdair MacIntyre]], Scottish-born American\n        philosopher\\n** [[Jaakko Hintikka]], Finnish philosopher and logician (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], American civil\n        rights leader, Nobel laureate (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Shigeru\n        K\\u014dyama]], Japanese actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Eilaine\n        Roth]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Elaine\n        Roth]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Tan\n        Boon Teik]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jacques\n        Plante]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Kush]], American football player and coach (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Arte Johnson]],\n        American actor\\n* [[January 23]] – [[John Charles Polanyi]], Canadian\n        chemist, Nobel laureate\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Benny Golson]], American\n        jazz musician\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]], Japanese anti-nuclear\n        weapons activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Claes Oldenburg]],\n        American artist [[Clothespin (Oldenburg)]]\\n* [[January 29]] – [[George\n        Ross Anderson, Jr.]], United States federal judge\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], Egyptian business magnate \\n* [[January 30]] &ndash/\n        [[Richard Long, 4th Viscount Long]], British peer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Rudolf M\\u00f6ssbauer]], German physicist, Nobel laureate\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jean Simmons]], English-American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:James\n        Hong 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James Hong]]]]\\n[[File:Patriarch Alexey II of\n        Russia.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Patriarch Alexy II of Russia|Alexy II]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] – [[Basilio Lami Dozo]], Argentine dictator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\n** [[V\\u011bra Chytilov\\u00e1]], Czech director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[John\n        Henry Holland]], American computer scientist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 3]]\n        – [[Huntington Hardisty]], American admiral (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** [[Thomas H. Paterniti]], American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jerry\n        Adler]], American actor\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Luc Ferrari]], French composer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Fred Sinowatz]], 18th Chancellor of Austria (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]]\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Mart\\u00ednez P\\u00e9rez]], Spanish footballer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Colin Murdoch]], New Zealand  pharmacist, veterinarian\n        and inventor (d. [[2008]]) \\n** [[Sixten Jernberg]], Swedish Olympic cross-country\n        skier (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Pierre Brice]], French actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] \\n** [[Hallgeir Brenden]], Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Jerry Goldsmith]], American composer and conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Vic Morrow]], American actor and director (d. [[1982]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n** [[Graham Hill]], English race car driver (d. [[1975]])\\n**\n        [[Kauko Armas Nieminen]], Finnish physicist\\n** [[James Schlesinger]], American\n        politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\n** [[Omar Monza]], Argentine\n        basketball player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Patricia Routledge]], English actress\n        and singer\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Len Deighton]], British author \\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Chespirito]], Mexican actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[James Hong]], Chinese American actor and director\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Patriarch Alexy II of Russia]] (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] – [[Zdzis\\u0142aw Beksi\\u0144ski]], Polish surrealist\n        painter (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Fazil_Iskander_in_2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fazil\n        Iskander]]]]\\n[[File:Lennart Meri 1998.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lennart Meri]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Georgi Markov]], Bulgarian dissident (d. [[1978]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Fazil Iskander]], Abkhaz writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March\n        8]]\\n**[[Hebe Camargo]], Brazilian television presenter, actress and singer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[Nicodemo Scarfo]], American mafioso (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        9]]\\n** [[Desmond Hoyte]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Guyana]] and 4th [[President\n        of Guyana]] (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Zillur Rahman]], [[President of Bangladesh]]\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Peter Breck]], American actor and\n        drama teacher (d.  [[2012]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Christa Wolf]], German\n        literary critic, novelist, and essayist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Miquel Mart\\u00ed i Pol]], Catalan poet (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n**\n        [[Germ\\u00e1n Robles]], Spanish-Mexican film, theater, television, and voice\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[William Andrew MacKay]], Canadian lawyer and judge\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Herbert Wilson]], Welsh physicist and biophysicist (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[P. Ramlee]], Malaysian film actor, director,\n        singer, songwriter, composer, and producer (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[March 23]] –\n        [[Roger Bannister|Sir Roger Bannister]], British athlete\\n* [[March 25]] –\n        [[Cecil Taylor]], American free jazz pianist and composer\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Rita Briggs]], American female professional baseball player (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Lennart Meri]], [[President of Estonia]]\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Max von Sydow Cannes 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Max\n        von Sydow]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Barbara Bryne]], British actress\\n** [[Milan\n        Kundera]], Czech writer\\n** [[Jane Powell]], American actress and dancer\\n**\n        [[Bo Schembechler]], American football coach \\n* [[April 2]] – [[Ed\n        Dorn]], American poet (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Poul Schl\\u00fcter]],\n        Danish politician\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Lucina da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws]],\n        Dutch Antillean politician (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Ivar Giaever]], Norwegian physicist,\n        Nobel Prize laureate\\n**[[Nigel Hawthorne]], English actor (d. [[2001]])\\n**[[Joe\n        Meek]], English record producer, sound engineer, and songwriter (d. [[1967]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Fred Hollows]], New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist\n        (d. [[1993]]) \\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Mike Hawthorn]], British racing driver\n        (d. [[1959]])\\n** [[Max von Sydow]], Swedish actor\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** [[Gerry\n        Anderson]], English television and film producer, director, writer, better\n        known as the producer of ''''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]''''\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Paavo Berglund]], Finnish conductor and violinist (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Chadli Bendjedid]], 3rd [[President of\n        Algeria]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Roy Hamilton]], American\n        singer (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[James Last]], German composer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Michael Atiyah]], British-Lebanese\n        mathematician\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Abderrahmane Mahjoub]], French and\n        Moroccan international football (soccer) midfielder (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Alexandre Lamfalussy]], Hungarian-born Belgian economist and\n        central banker (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Klausj\\u00fcrgen Wussow]],\n        German theatre- and television actor (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Audrey\n        Hepburn 1956.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Audrey Hepburn]]]]\\n[[File:Betty Carter in\n        Pori July 1978.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Betty Carter]]]]\\n[[File:Nobel Prize 24 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter\n        Higgs]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Ralf Dahrendorf]], Anglo-German sociologist\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Link Wray]], American rock and roll musician\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Balladur]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]] \\n** [[Denise Lor]], American popular music singer and actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Per-Ingvar Br\\u00e5nemark]], Swedish physician and \\\"father\n        of modern dental implantology\\\" (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Ronald Golias]],\n        Brazilian comedian and actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Audrey Hepburn]], British\n        actress and activist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Ilene Woods]], American\n        singer and actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Paul Lauterbur]],\n        American chemist, Nobel laureate (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Miyoshi\n        Umeki]], Japanese singer and actress (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jane Roberts]], American\n        writer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Betty Foss]], American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Margaret\n        Kerry]], American actress\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Sam Nujoma]], first [[President\n        of Namibia]]\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Betty Carter]], American jazz singer (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n** [[Adrienne Rich]], American poet and essayist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Ahmed Hamdi]], Egyptian soldier (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] – [[Beverly Sills]], American operatic soprano; later director\n        of the [[New York City Opera]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Lloyd\n        Reckord]], Jamaican actor, filmmaker and director (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 29]]\n        – [[Peter Higgs]], British theoretical physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Karolos_Papoulias.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karolos\n        Papoulias]]]]\\n[[File:Fmr_CDN_PM_John_Turner.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John Turner]]]]\\n[[File:AnneFrankSchoolPhoto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anne\n        Frank]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Werner Arber]], Swiss microbiologist, Nobel\n        laureate\\n** [[Chuck Barris]], American television game show host and producer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Karolos Papoulias]], [[President of\n        Greece]]\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Sunil Dutt]], Hindi film actor (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]] – [[John Turner]], 17th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Johnny Ace]], American [[rhythm and blues]] singer (d. [[1954]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]]\\n** [[Harald Juhnke]], German actor and comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[E. O. Wilson]], American biologist\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Anne Frank]],\n        German-born diarist and Holocaust victim (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[Paul Cain (minister)|Paul Cain]], American Pentecostal Christian evangelist\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[J\\u00fcrgen Habermas]], German sociologist and philosopher\n        \\n* [[June 20]] \\n** [[Anne Weale]], British writer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Larry\n        Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]], American novelist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June\n        21]] \\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Luis Rivera]], Puerto Rican politician\\n** [[Stephen\n        B. Wiley]], American politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Bob Gain]], American football\n        player (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Alex P. Garcia]], American politician\\n*\n        [[June 23]]\\n** [[Gail Peters]], American former competition swimmer\\n** [[Gerald\n        Eustis Thomas]], American naval officer, diplomat and academic\\n** [[Mario\n        Ghella]], Italian racing cyclist \\n** [[Claude Goretta]], Swiss internationally\n        successful television producer and film director\\n** [[Bart Carlier]], Dutch\n        football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker]],\n        American astronomer\\n** [[Yaakov Agmon]], Israeli theatre producer, manager,\n        and director\\n** [[Vic Carrabotta]], American comic-book artist and advertising\n        art director\\n** [[Connie Hall]], American country music singer \\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Benny Schmidt]], Danish modern pentathlete\\n** [[Eric Carle]],\n        American designer, illustrator, and writer\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Milton\n        Glaser]], American graphic designer, illustrator and teacher\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[J. C. Duncan]], American politician\\n** [[H. Ian Macdonald]], Canadian economist,\n        civil servant\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Glenn D. Paige]], American political\n        scientist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Pat Crawford Brown]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Pete George]], American weightlifter\\n** [[Lalla Fatima Zohra]], Moroccan\n        aristocrat (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Oriana Fallaci]], Italian journalist and author\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Yang Ti-liang]], retired senior Hong Kong\n        judge\\n** [[Othmar M\\u00e1ga]], German conductor\\n** [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n\n        Phan]], Vietnamese swimmer\\n** [[Atli Steinarsson]], Icelandic former swimmer\\n**\n        [[Ron Phoenix]], English footballer\\n** [[Ivor Seemley]], English professional\n        footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Imelda Marcos.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Imelda\n        Marcos]]]]\\n[[File:DF-SC-83-08526.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hassan II of Morocco]]]]\\n[[File:JBK\n        In Ft Worth (11-22-63).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Jack Storey (footballer)|Jack Storey]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n** [[Gerald Edelman]], American biologist, Nobel laureate (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Imelda Marcos]], First Lady of the Philippines\\n**\n        [[Daphne Hasenjager]], South African athlete\\n** [[Abraham Avigdorov]], Israeli\n        soldier (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Joanne Herring]], American socialite,\n        businesswoman, political activist, philanthropist, diplomat, and former television\n        talk show host\\n** [[Lavelle White]], American Texas blues and soul blues\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Dar\\u00edo Castrill\\u00f3n Hoyos]],\n        Colombian cardinal of the Catholic Church\\n** [[Bill Tremel]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Chikao \\u014ctsuka]], Japanese\n        actor and voice actor, father of [[Akio \\u014ctsuka]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Katherine\n        Helmond]], American actress\\n** [[Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se Quentin]], French actress\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Russell Middlemiss]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n** [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Carr\\u00e8re d''Encausse]], secretary of\n        the Acad\\u00e9mie fran\\u00e7aise and a historian specializing in Russian history\\n**\n        [[Jack Edwards (footballer, born 1929)|Jack Edwards]], Welsh former professional\n        footballer and football manager\\n** [[Angelo LiPetri]], American former professional\n        baseball player\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|M\\u00e1rio S\\u00e9rgio\n        (ator)|pt|3=M\\u00e1rio S\\u00e9rgio (ator)}}, Brazilian actor\\n** [[Colin Walker\n        (footballer, born 1929)|Colin Walker]], English footballer\\n** [[Sergio Romano\n        (writer)|Sergio Romano]], Italian writer, journalist, and historian\\n* [[July\n        8]]\\n** [[Milena Greppi]], Italian hurdler\\n** [[Vern Bakalich]], New Zealand\n        rugby league player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Hans Sinniger]], Swiss\n        former sports shooter\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor L\\u00f3pez]], Panamanian left fielder\n        and third baseman in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Elon Lages Lima]], Brazilian\n        mathematician\\n** [[Christopher Morahan]], English stage and television director\n        and production executive\\n** King [[Hassan II of Morocco]] (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Chi Haotian]], Chinese general\\n** [[Franco Graziosi]],\n        Italian actor \\n** [[Winnie Ewing]], Scottish nationalist\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Vicente Rangel]], Venezuelan leftist politician\\n* [[July 11]] – [[David\n        Kelly (actor)|David Kelly]], Irish actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\n**\n        [[Brian Woodward]], English former professional footballer\\n** [[Barry Griffiths\n        (footballer)|Barry Griffiths]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Bill Nolan\n        (footballer, born 1929)|Bill Nolan]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[Luciano Panetti]], Italian professional football player (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Sofia Muratova]], Soviet artistic gymnast (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**\n        [[Adam Inglis (footballer)|Adam Inglis]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Jean Konan Banny]], Ivorian politician\\n** [[Sonja Kastl]], Croatian film\n        and stage actress, teacher, dancer and choreographer\\n** [[V. C. Kulandaiswamy]],\n        Indian academic and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Kailash Chandra Joshi]], politician\n        belonging to Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)\\n** [[Syed Rahim]], Indian cricketer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Patricia Scott]], American pitcher (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Alain Porthault]], French former sprinter\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[Gaby Tanguy]], French former swimmer\\n** [[Horace Ladymon]], American politician\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Arthur Frommer]], American writer, publisher and consumer\n        advocate\\n** [[Vasco Modena]], Italian racing cyclist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Dick Button]], American figure skater\\n** [[Enore Boscolo]], Italian\n        professional football player\\n** [[Roy Killin]], Canadian professional footballer\\n**\n        [[A V Swamy]], Indian politician\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Gaston Glock]], Austrian\n        Inventor and Businessman\\n** [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]], French historian\\n**\n        [[Ronald Melzack]], Canadian psychologist and emeritus professor\\n** [[Orville\n        Turnquest]], Bahamian politician\\n** [[Alice Pollitt]], American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Irving Wardle]], English\n        writer and theatre critic\\n** [[Hosbet Suresh]], American judge\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Albert Kwesi Ocran]], Ghanaian soldier and politician\\n** [[Antonia\n        Handler Chayes]], American lawyer and educator\\n** [[Idrissa Dione]], French\n        boxer \\n** [[Albert Kwesi Ocran]], Ghanaian soldier and politician\\n** [[John\n        Woodvine]], English stage and screen actor\\n** [[Paul V. Gadola]], American\n        judge (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Midhat J. Gazal\\u00e9]], French\n        international telecommunications and space consultan\\n** [[Percy Borucki]],\n        German fencer\\n** [[U. A. Fanthorpe]], British poet (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Peter Yates]], English film director and producer (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Vasily Shukshin]], Russian actor, writer, screenwriter\n        and film director (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Patrick Flores]],\n        American Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Jean Baudrillard]],\n        French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist and political commentator\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jack Higgins]], British novelist\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[July 31]] \\n** [[Johnny Carlyle]], British ice hockey player and coach (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Don Murray (actor)|Don Murray]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:YasserArafat.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Yasser\n        Arafat]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Samuel Charters]], American writer, music\n        historian and record producer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Hafizullah Amin]], Afghan\n        politician and statesman (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Vellore G.\n        Ramabhadran]], Mridangam artiste from Tamil Nadu, India. (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\n** [[Nathalia Timberg]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Ott\\u00f3\n        Boros]], Hungarian water polo player (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Don Larsen]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ronnie\n        Biggs]], British criminal (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[George Scott\n        Wallace]], British Columbia physician and politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August\n        12]] – [[Jean Miller]], English actress and painter (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Derek Fielding]], Australian librarian and author\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Louise Shivers]], American author\n        and writer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[William Copeland]], Australian\n        Test cricket match umpire (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Francis\n        Gary Powers]], American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 spy plane]] pilot (d. [[1977]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Ahmed Kathrada]], South African politician, former\n        political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 23]]\n        – [[Zolt\\u00e1n Czibor]], Hungarian footballer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[August\n        24]] \\n** [[Yasser Arafat]], Palestinian leader, Nobel laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Alberto Zalamea Costa]], Colombian journalist, politician, and diplomat\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Chuck Renslow]], American businessman\n        and LGBT activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Ralph T. Coe]], American\n        art historian of Native American art (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[George Scott (wrestler)|George\n        Scott]], Canadian professional wrestler, booker and promoter (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Lorenz Weinrich]], German historian\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Ian McNaught-Davis]], British television presenter (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Whitey\n        Bulger US Marshals Service Mug1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Whitey Bulger]]]]\\n[[File:Comedian\n        Bob Newhart.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob Newhart]]]]\\n[[File:Arnold Palmer (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Arnold\n        Palmer]]]]\\n[[File:Lata Mangeshkar at an event.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Maurice Vachon|\\\"Mad Dog\\\" Vachon]], Canadian professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 3]] \\n** [[Whitey Bulger]], incarcerated\n        Irish-American [[organized crime]] [[boss (crime)|boss]] ([[Winter Hill Gang]])\\n**[[Armand\n        Vaillancourt]], [[Quebec|Qu\\u00e9b\\u00e9cois]] [[Canadians|Canadian]] sculptor,\n        painter, and performance artist\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Thomas Eagleton]],\n        [[Senate of the United States|United States Senator]] for [[Missouri]] (1969\\u201387)\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Bob Newhart]], American comedian\n        and actor\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Arnold Palmer]], American golfer (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Eve Brent]], American actress (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Hans Clarin]], German actor (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[September 15]] – [[Murray Gell-Mann]], American physicist, Nobel laureate\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Maxine Kline]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Mel Stewart]], African-American actor (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond]], British peer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Anne Meara]], American actress\n        and comedian (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[S\\u00e1ndor Kocsis]],\n        Hungarian football player (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Bernard Williams]], English\n        philosopher (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[H\\u00e9di V\\u00e1radi]],\n        Hungarian actress (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\n** [[Barbara Walters]],\n        American journalist\\n** [[Ronnie Barker]], English actor, comedian and writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Indian singer\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Giorgio B\\u00e0rberi Squarotti]], Italian academic\n        and poet (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 30]] \\n** [[Helen M. Marshall]], American\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Leticia Ramos-Shahani]], Filipino senator and\n        writer (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:UrsulaLeGuin.01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ursula\n        K. Le Guin]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Maitama Sule]], Nigerian politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Moses Gunn]], African-American actor\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Robin Hardy (film director)|Robin Hardy]], English author\n        and film director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Tony Beckley]],\n        English character actor (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Arthur Bisguier]],\n        American chess Grandmaster, chess promoter, and writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Liselotte Pulver]], Swiss actress\\n* [[October 13]] –\n        [[Walasse Ting]], Chinese-American painter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n**\n        [[Hubert Dreyfus]], American philosopher (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Antonino Zichichi]],\n        Italian physicist\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Fernanda Montenegro]], Brazilian\n        actress\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Violeta Chamorro]], [[President of Nicaragua]]\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Henri Cueco]], French painter (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Colin Jeavons]], Welsh actor\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Ursula\n        K. Le Guin]], American science-fiction and fantasy author\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – [[Lev Yashin]], Russian footballer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – [[Clifford Rose]], British classical actor\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Yevgeny Primakov]], Russian politician and diplomat (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Jean Chapman]], English romantic novelist\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Bud Spencer]], Italian actor (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Grace\n        Kelly MGM photo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Grace Kelly]]]]\\n[[File:Ed Asner - 1985.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ed\n        Asner]]]]\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Rachel Ames]], American actress\\n** [[Muhammad\n        Rafiq Tarar]], 9th President of Pakistan\\n** [[Richard E. Taylor]], Canadian-born\n        physicist, Nobel laureate\\n* [[November 6]] – [[June Squibb]], American\n        actress\\n* [[November 7]] \\n** [[Tadeusz Rybak]], Roman Catholic bishop (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Eric R. Kandel]], Austrian-born neuroscientist, Nobel laureate\\n**\n        [[Lila Kaye]], British actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Bert\n        Berns]], American songwriter and record producer (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Jona\n        Senilagakali]], Prime Minister of Fiji (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Imre Kert\\u00e9sz]], Hungarian writer, Nobel laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\n** [[Grace Kelly]], American actress; later Princess of Monaco (d.\n        [[1982]])\\n** [[Michael Ende]], German writer of fantasy (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Fred Phelps]], American pastor, activist ([[Westboro\n        Baptist Church]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Jimmy Piersall]],\n        American baseball center fielder (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**[[Ed\n        Asner]], American actor\\n**[[Joe Hinton]], American [[soul music]] singer\n        (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Gor\\u014d Naya]], Japanese actor,\n        voice actor, narrator and theatre director, older brother of [[Rokur\\u014d\n        Naya]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[John McMartin]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\n** [[Shirley Palesh]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Hal Lindsey]], American Christian evangelist\\n*\n        [[November 24]]\\n** [[Franciszek Kokot]], Polish nephrologist\\n** [[George\n        Moscone]], American attorney and politician, 37th [[Mayor of San Francisco]]\n        (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Marcel De Corte]], Belgian footballer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Slavko Avsenik]], Slovene musician\n        and composer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Berry Gordy]], American\n        record producer and songwriter\\n** [[Thomas Remengesau Sr.]], 4th President\n        of Palau\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Dick Clark]], American television entertainer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:ChristopherPlummer09TIFF.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Christopher\n        Plummer]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[David Doyle (actor)|David Doyle]],\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Nikolaus Harnoncourt]],\n        Austrian conductor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Bob Hawke]],\n        23rd Prime Minister of Australia\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Christopher\n        Plummer]], Canadian actor\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Nicholas Courtney]],\n        British actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[William Safire]],\n        American author, columnist, journalist, and presidential speechwriter (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Chet Baker]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Kathleen Crowley]], American actress\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 29]] \\n** [[Susie Garrett]], American actress\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], English cricketer (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Selim Hoss]], 3-Time Prime Minister of\n        Lebanon\\n** [[Lucien Xavier Michel-Andrianarahinjaka]], Malagasy writer and\n        politician (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[V\\u00f5 Qu\\u00fd]], Vietnamese\n        zoologist (d. [[2017]]) \\n** [[Mies Bouwman]], Dutch television presenter\\n**\n        [[Robert B. Silvers]], American editor (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Wyatt\n        Earp portrait.png|thumb|120px|[[Wyatt Earp]]]]\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Marc\n        McDermott]], Australian-American actor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Grand Duke Nicholas\n        Nikolaevich of Russia (1856\\u20131929)|Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of\n        Russia]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Wyatt Earp]], American\n        gunfighter (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[George Cope (artist)|George\n        Cope]], American painter (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[William Boyd Dawkins]], British\n        geologist and archaeologist (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Wilfred\n        Baddeley]], English tennis player (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Franklin\n        J. Drake]], American admiral (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[La Goulue]], French dancer\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jose Gutierrez Guerra.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jose\n        Gutierrez Guerra]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Burke 1918.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Thomas Burke\n        (athlete)|Thomas Burke]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Jose Gutierrez Guerra|Jos\\u00e9\n        Guti\\u00e9rrez Guerra]], 28th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Maria Christina of Austria]], Queen Regent of Spain (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein]] (b. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Lillie Langtry]], British singer and actress (b.\n        [[1853]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Thomas Burke (athlete)|Thomas Burke]],\n        American sprinter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[William Russell\n        (American actor)|William Russell]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Frank Keenan]], American actor (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Briton Hadden]], co-founder of ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''''\n        magazine (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ferdinand Foch by Melcy, 1921.png|thumb|120px|[[Ferdinand\n        Foch]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Royal H. Weller]], American politician (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Edward Hobart Seymour|Sir Edward Hobart\n        Seymour]], British admiral (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[David Dunbar\n        Buick]], Scottish-American inventor  (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March 12]] –\n        [[Asa Griggs Candler]], American businessman and politician (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Pinetop Smith]], American blues pianist (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[William P. Cronan]], [[Naval Governor of Guam]] (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Ferdinand Foch]], French commander of\n        Allied forces in World War I (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Carl-Benz\n        coloriert.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karl Benz]]]]\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Karl Benz]],\n        German automotive pioneer (b. [[1844]])\\n** [[William Michael Crose]], [[United\n        States Navy]] [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] and the seventh [[List\n        of governors of American Samoa|Naval Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – [[Enrico Ferri]],  Italian criminologist (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Henry Lerolle]], French painter (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[April\n        24]] – [[Caroline R\\u00e9my de Guebhard]], French feminist (b. [[1855]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Archibald\n        Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery - 1890s.jpg|thumb|70px|[[Archibald Primrose,\n        5th Earl of Rosebery|Archibald Primrose]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Segundo de\n        Chom\\u00f3n]], Spanish film director (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Charalambos Tseroulis]],\n        Greek general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Charles Swickard]], German-American\n        film director (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Archibald Primrose, 5th\n        Earl of Rosebery|Archibald Primrose]], former [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]] (b. [[1847]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Bliss Carman]],\n        Canadian poet (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[William D. Boyce|William\n        Dickson Boyce]], American entrepreneur and founder of the Boy Scouts of America\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Bramwell Booth]], General of The Salvation\n        Army (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Amandus Adamson]], Estonian sculptor\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Edward Carpenter]], English poet (b.\n        [[1844]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Gladys Brockwell]], American\n        actress (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Dustin Farnum]], American actor\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Robert Henri]], American painter (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]], Austrian writer\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Hertha Hanfstaengl]], second child\n        and only daughter of [[Ernst Hanfstaengl]] (b. [[1924]])\\n* August –\n        [[Mary MacLane]], Canadian feminist writer (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Emile\n        Berliner.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emile Berliner]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Emile\n        Berliner]], German-born inventor (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Thorstein Veblen]], Norwegian-American\n        economist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 5]] – Dame [[Millicent Fawcett]],\n        British suffragist and feminist (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Henry\n        Horne, 1st Baron Horne]], British general (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 19]] –\n        [[Sergei Diaghilev]], Russian ballet impresario (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Otto Liman von Sanders]], German general (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – Sir [[Ernest Satow]], British diplomat and scholar (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Herman Poto\\u010dnik|Herman Poto\\u010dnik Noordung]],\n        Slovenian rocket engineer (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Tanaka\n        Giichi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tanaka Giichi]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Paul\n        Leni]], German filmmaker (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Rainis]],\n        Latvian poet and playwright (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Richard\n        Adolf Zsigmondy]], Austrian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Mahidol Adulyadej]],\n        Thai doctor and father of King [[Rama IX]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 25]]\n        – [[Miller Huggins]], American baseball manager and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Aby Warburg]], German historian\n        and cultural theorist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Johnny Hill]].\n        British, European, and World flyweight boxing champion (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Tanaka Giichi]], 26th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-1989-040-27, Gustav Stresemann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustav Stresemann]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-2004-0098A, Bernhard von B\\u00fclow.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bernhard von\n        B\\u00fclow]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Antoine Bourdelle]], French sculptor\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Jeanne Eagels]], American actress (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n** [[Gustav Stresemann]], [[Chancellor of Germany]], recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Batlle y Ord\\u00f3\\u00f1ez]], 3-time President of Uruguay (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Vasil Radoslavov]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]]\n        (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 27]] \\n** [[Georg von der Marwitz]], German general\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Th\\u00e9odore Tuffier]], French surgeon (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Bernhard von B\\u00fclow]], [[Chancellor of Germany\n        (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Emily Robin]], English Madame (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Jos\\u00e9 de Almeida]], 6th President of Portugal and 64th Prime Minister\n        of Portugal (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Georges Clemenceau 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georges\n        Clemenceau]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Habibull\\u0101h Kalak\\u0101ni]],\n        deposed [[Emir of Afghanistan]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Prince\n        Maximilian of Baden]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November\n        14]] – [[Joe McGinnity]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]]r (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[L\\u00e9on Delacroix]],\n        former [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Herman Hollerith]], American businessman and inventor (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[Georges Clemenceau]], [[Premier of France]] (b. [[1841]])\\n** [[Raymond\n        Hitchcock (actor)|Raymond Hitchcock]], American actor (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Loubet.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emile\n        Loubet]]]]\\n[[File:Wilhelm-maybach-1900.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm Maybach]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n**[[Frederick Abberline]], [[Chief Inspector]] of the [[London]]\n        [[Metropolitan Police]] and investigator in the [[Jack the Ripper]] murders\n        (b. [[1843]])\\n**[[Harry Crosby]], American publisher and poet (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Henry Jackson (Royal Navy officer)|Henry B. Jackson]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n**[[Manuel de Oliveira Gomes\n        da Costa]], Portuguese general and politician, tenth President of the Portuguese\n        Republic (b. [[1863]])\\n**[[Arthur G. Jones-Williams]], British aviator (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[\\u00c9mile Loubet]], French politician,\n        8th [[President of France]] (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[I.\n        L. Patterson]], American politician, 18th [[Governor of Oregon]] (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Albert Giraud]], Belgian poet (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December\n        29]] – [[Wilhelm Maybach]], German automobile designer (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n==\n        [[Nobel Prize]]s ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Physics]] – [[Louis de Broglie]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Arthur Harden]], [[Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Christiaan\n        Eijkman]], Sir [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Thomas Mann]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Frank Billings\n        Kellogg]]\\n\\n{{Portal|1920s}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==\n        Sources ==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1929/1929fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1929] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1929}}\\n[[Category:1929| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T22:54:24Z\",\"lastrevid\":799800564,\"length\":74213,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1929&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929\"},\"34911\":{\"pageid\":34911,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1930\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:31:55Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1930|the Merzbow album|1930 (album)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1930}}\\n{{Year nav|1930}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1930}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main article|January\n        1930}}\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** The first diesel engine automobile trip is completed\n        ([[Indianapolis]], Indiana, to [[New York City]]) by [[Clessie Cummins]],\n        founder of the Cummins Motor Co..\\n** An early literary character licensing\n        agreement is signed by [[A. A. Milne]], granting [[Stephen Slesinger]] U.S.\n        and Canadian merchandising rights to the [[Winnie-the-Pooh]] works.\\n* [[January\n        13]] – The [[Mickey Mouse]] comic strip makes its first appearance.\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called\n        perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. This is\n        the closest moon distance at 356,397 km in recent memory and the next\n        one will be on January 1, 2257 at 356,371 km.{{cite web|url=http://www.idialstars.com/clfumo.htm|title=Closest\n        Full Moon since March 8, 1993|publisher=}}\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        The [[Indian National Congress]] declares this date as Independence Day or\n        as the day for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence).\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        The first [[patent]] for a [[field-effect transistor]] is granted in the United\n        States to [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]].{{US patent|1745175}} ''''Method\n        and apparatus for controlling electric currents'''', first filed in Canada\n        on October 22, 1925. {{cite book|first=Thomas H.|last=Lee|title=The Design\n        of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits|edition=New|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780521835398|pages=167ff}}\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Pavel Molchanov]] launches a [[radiosonde]] from [[Pavlovsk,\n        Saint Petersburg|Pavlovsk]] in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        The [[3M]] company markets [[Scotch Tape]], invented by [[Richard Gurley Drew]],\n        in the United States.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main article|February 1930}}\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – The [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] is established.\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – The [[Vi\\u1ec7t Nam Qu\\u1ed1c D\\u00e2n \\u0110\\u1ea3ng]]\n        launch the [[Y\\u00ean B\\u00e1i mutiny]] in the hope of ending [[French Indochina|French\n        colonial rule]] in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** While studying photographs\n        taken in January, [[Clyde Tombaugh]] confirms the existence of [[Pluto]],\n        a celestial body considered a planet until redefined as a [[dwarf planet]]\n        in [[2006]].\\n** [[Elm Farm Ollie]] becomes the first [[cow]] to fly in a\n        [[fixed-wing aircraft]], and also the first cow to be milked in an aeroplane.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1930}}\\n[[File:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|thumbnail|180px|right|[[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] informs the British [[viceroy\n        of India]] that [[civil disobedience]] will begin the following week.\\n* [[March\n        5]] – Danish painter Einar Wegener begins [[sex reassignment surgery]]\n        in Germany and takes the name [[Lili Elbe]].\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[International\n        Unemployment Day]].\\n** The first [[frozen food]]s of [[Clarence Birdseye]]\n        go on sale in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]] sets off on a 200-mile protest march towards the sea with 78 followers\n        to protest at the British monopoly on salt; more will join them during the\n        [[Salt March]] that ends on April 5.\\n* [[March 28]] – The government\n        of [[Turkey]] requests the international community to adopt [[Istanbul]] and\n        [[Ankara]] as the official names for [[Constantinople]] and Angora.\\n* [[March\n        29]] – [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] is appointed [[Chancellor of Germany#Chancellor\n        of the Weimar Republic (1919\\u20131933)|Chancellor of Germany]].\\n* [[March\n        31]] – The [[Motion Picture Production Code]] (\\\"Hays Code\\\") is instituted\n        in the United States, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex,\n        crime, religion and violence in films for the next 40 years.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1930}}\\n* [[April 4]] – The [[Communist Party of Panama]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[April 5]] – In an act of [[civil disobedience]], [[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]] breaks the [[History of the British salt tax in India|Salt laws of\n        British India]] by making salt by the sea at the end of the [[Salt March]].{{clarify|date=April\n        2015}}\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Left Opposition|International Left Opposition]]\n        (ILO) is founded in Paris, France.\\n** Hostess [[Twinkie]]s are invented.\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Neoprene]] is invented by [[DuPont]].\\n* [[April 18]]\\n**\n        The Chittagong Rebellion begins in India with the [[Chittagong armoury raid]].\\n**\n        [[BBC Radio]] from London reports on this day that \\\"There is no news\\\".\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Warner Bros.]] in the United States release their first\n        cartoon series called ''''[[Looney Tunes]]'''' which runs until 1969.\\n* [[April\n        21]]\\n** A fire in the [[Ohio Penitentiary]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]\n        kills 320 people.\\n** The [[Turkestan\\u2013Siberia Railway]] is completed.\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign\n        the [[London Naval Treaty]] to regulate [[submarine]] warfare and limit naval\n        shipbuilding.\\n* [[April 28]] – The first night game in organized [[baseball]]\n        history takes place in [[Independence, Kansas]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May\n        1930}}\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is re-arrested.\\n* [[May 6]]\n        – The 7.1 {{M|w}} [[1930 Salmas earthquake|Salmas earthquake]] shakes\n        northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity\n        scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''''Extreme''''). Up to three-thousand people\n        were killed.\\n* [[May 10]] – The [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] is\n        founded in [[Washington, D.C.]].\\n* [[May 15]] – Nurse [[Ellen Church]]\n        becomes the world''s first [[flight attendant]], working on a [[Boeing Air\n        Transport]] trimotor.\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Rafael Le\\u00f3nidas Trujillo]]\n        is elected president of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[May 17]] –\n        French Prime Minister [[Andr\\u00e9 Tardieu]] decides to withdraw the remaining\n        French troops from the [[Rhineland]] (they depart by [[June 30]]).\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Amy Johnson]] lands in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin,\n        Australia]], becoming the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia\n        (she left on [[May 5]] for the 11,000 mile flight).\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Sergei\n        Eisenstein]] arrives in [[California]] to work for [[Paramount Pictures]];\n        they part ways by October.\\n** [[Canadians|Canadian]] adventurer [[William\n        \\\"Red\\\" Hill, Sr.]], makes a five-hour journey down the [[Niagara Gorge]]\n        rapids.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1930}}\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Carl\n        Gustaf Ekman]] becomes the [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of\n        [[Sweden]] for the second and final time.\\n* [[June 9]] – ''''[[Chicago\n        Tribune]]'''' journalist [[Jake Lingle]] is shot in Chicago, [[Illinois]].\n        Newspapers promise $55,000 reward for information. Lingle is later found to\n        have had contacts with [[organized crime]].\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Bureau\n        of Narcotics]] established under the [[United States Department of the Treasury]],\n        replacing the Narcotics Division of the Prohibition Unit.\\n* [[June 17]] –\n        [[President of the United States]] [[Herbert Hoover]] signs the [[Smoot\\u2013Hawley\n        Tariff Act]] into law.\\n* [[June 21]] – One-year [[conscription]] comes\n        into force in France.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1930}}\\n* [[July\n        4]] – The dedication of [[George Washington]]''s sculpted head is held\n        at [[Mount Rushmore]] in [[South Dakota]].\\n* [[July 5]] – The [[Lambeth\n        Conferences#Seventh Conference (1930)|Seventh Lambeth Conference]] of Anglican\n        bishops opens. This conference approves the use of [[birth control]] in limited\n        circumstances, a move away from the [[Christian views on contraception]] expressed\n        by the Sixth Conference a decade earlier\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** The [[Lapua Movement]]\n        marches in [[Helsinki]], Finland.\\n** Building of the Boulder Dam (later known\n        as the [[Hoover Dam]]) is started on the [[Colorado River]] in the United\n        States.\\n* [[July 11]] – Australian [[cricket]]er [[Donald Bradman]]\n        scores a world record 309 runs in one day, on his way to the [[List of Test\n        cricket records#Innings or series|highest individual Test innings]] of 334,\n        during a [[Test cricket|Test match]] against [[England cricket team|England]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – The first [[1930 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]] starts:\n        [[Lucien Laurent]] scores the first goal, for [[France national football team|France]]\n        against [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]].\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Georges\n        Simenon]]''s detective character Inspector [[Jules Maigret]] makes his first\n        appearance in print under Simenon''s own name when the novel ''''Pietr-le-Letton''''\n        (known in English as ''''[[The Strange Case of Peter the Lett]]'''') begins\n        serialization in a French weekly magazine.{{cite web|url=http://www.trussel.com/maig/momlet.htm|title=Maigret\n        of the Month: ''''Pietr-le-Letton'''' (Maigret and the Enigmatic Lett) |accessdate=2013-04-05\n        |date=July 2004}} Simenon will eventually write 75 novels (as well as\n        28 short stories) featuring the pipe-smoking Paris detective.\\n* [[July 21]]\n        – [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] established.\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Laurence Olivier]] marries actress [[Jill Esmond]].\\n* [[July\n        26]] – [[Charles Creighton]] and James Hargis of Missouri begin their\n        return journey to Los Angeles using only a reverse gear; the 11,555 km\n        trip lasts 42 days.\\n* [[July 28]] – [[R. B. Bennett]] defeats [[William\n        Lyon Mackenzie King]] in federal elections and becomes the [[Prime Minister\n        of Canada]].\\n* [[July 29]] – British [[airship]] [[R100]] sets out\n        for a successful 78-hour passage to Canada.\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Uruguay national\n        football team|Uruguay]] beats [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]\n        4\\u20132 to win the first [[Association football]] [[1930 FIFA World Cup|FIFA\n        World Cup]] final at [[Estadio Centenario]] in [[Montevideo]].\\n** New York\n        station [[W2XBS]] is put in charge of [[NBC]] [[broadcast engineering|broadcast\n        engineers]].\\n* [[July 31]] – The radio drama ''''[[The Shadow]]''''\n        airs for the first time in the United States.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1930}}\\n[[File:Viscount Bennett.jpg|thumb|180px|[[August 7]]: [[R. B. Bennett]]\n        becomes the 11th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]]]\\n* August – The [[volcanic\n        island]] of [[Krakatoa#Anak Krakatau|Anak Krakatau]] begins to form permanently\n        in the [[Sunda Strait]].\\n* [[August 6]] – Judge [[Joseph Force Crater]]\n        disappears in New York City.\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[R. B. Bennett]] takes office\n        as the eleventh [[Prime Minister of Canada]].\\n** [[Lynching of Thomas Shipp\n        and Abram Smith]] in [[Marion, Indiana]]. They are hanged; [[James Cameron\n        (activist)|James Cameron]] survives. This will be the last recorded lynching\n        of [[African American]]s in the [[Northern United States]].\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – Cartoon character [[Betty Boop]] premieres in the [[animated film]]\n        ''''[[Dizzy Dishes]]''''.\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Turkey|Turkish]] troops\n        move into [[Iran|Persia]] to fight [[Kurds|Kurdish]] insurgents.\\n* [[August\n        16]] – The [[1930 British Empire Games|first British Empire Games]]\n        open in [[Hamilton, Ontario]], Canada.{{cite\n        book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=978-0-14-102715-9|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess Margaret\n        Rose]] is born at [[Glamis Castle]] in Scotland, younger daughter of Prince\n        Albert, Duke of York (second son of King [[George V]] and Queen Mary, and\n        later King [[George VI]]) and [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Elizabeth,\n        Duchess of York]], and sister to [[Elizabeth II|The Princess Elizabeth]].\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – A [[military junta]] takes over in [[Peru]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1930}}\\n* [[September 3]] – [[1930 Dominican Republic\n        hurricane|A huge hurricane]] in the Caribbean demolishes most of the city\n        of [[Santo Domingo]] in the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[September 6]] –\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]] carries out a [[military coup]], overthrowing\n        [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], President of [[Argentina]].\\n* [[September 12]]\n        – [[England cricket team|England]] [[cricket]]er [[Wilfred Rhodes]]\n        ends his 1,110-game first-class career by taking 5 for 95 for H. D. G. Leveson\n        Gower''s XI against the [[Australia national cricket team|Australians]].\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – [[German federal election, 1930]]: [[Nazism|National\n        Socialists]] win 107 seats in the German Parliament, the [[Reichstag (Weimar\n        Republic)|Reichstag]] (18.3% of all the votes), making them the second largest\n        party.\\n* [[September 20]] – The Eastern Catholic Rite [[Syro-Malankara\n        Catholic Church]] is formed.\\n* [[September 27]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in [[Turkey]] (6th government).\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1930}}\\n* October – The [[Indochinese Communist Party]]\n        is formed.\\n* [[October 1]] – End of [[Weihaiwei under British rule]]\n        as it is returned to China.\\n* [[October 3]] – The [[German Socialist\n        Labour Party in Poland \\u2013 Left]] founded following a split in [[German\n        Socialist Labour Party in Poland|DSAP]] in [[\\u0141\\u00f3d\\u017a]].\\n* [[October\n        5]] – British [[airship]] [[R101]] crashes in France en route to India\n        on its maiden long-range flight resulting in the loss of 48 lives.\\n* [[October\n        8]] – The [[Philadelphia Athletics]] win their second straight [[World\n        Series]] in baseball, defeating the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] 7-1 in Game 6.\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – A [[Passfield white paper|British White Paper]] demands\n        restrictions on Jewish immigration into [[Mandatory Palestine]].{{cite\n        book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology\n        of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=372\\u2013373|isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0}}\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930]]: [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]]\n        establishes a [[dictatorship]].\\n* [[October 27]] – Ratifications exchanged\n        in London on the first [[London Naval Treaty]] signed in April modifying the\n        [[Washington Naval Treaty]] of 1925. Its arms limitation provisions go into\n        effect immediately, hence putting more limits on the expensive naval arms\n        race between its five signatories (the United Kingdom, the United States,\n        the [[Japanese Empire]], France, and Italy.)\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1930}}\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Haile Selassie]] is crowned emperor of\n        [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]] becomes president\n        of [[Brazil]].\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** An earthquake in the [[Izu Peninsula]]\n        of Japan kills 223 people and destroys 650 buildings.\\n** Cecil George Paine,\n        a [[pathologist]] at the [[Sheffield Royal Infirmary]] in England, achieves\n        the first recorded cure (of an eye infection) using [[penicillin]].{{cite\n        journal|last1=Wainwright|first1=M.|last2=Swan|first2=H.T.|title=C.G. Paine\n        and the earliest surviving clinical records of penicillin therapy|journal=Medical\n        History|volume=30|pages=42\\u201356|year=1986|pmid=3511336|pmc=1139580|doi=10.1017/S0025727300045026}}\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1930}}\\n* December – All adult [[Turkey|Turkish]] women\n        are given the right to vote in elections.\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Great\n        Depression]]: President [[Herbert Hoover]] goes before the [[United States\n        Congress]] to ask for a $150 million public works program to help create jobs\n        and to stimulate the American economy.\\n* [[December 7]] – The television\n        station [[W1XAV]] in [[Boston]] broadcasts video and audio from the radio\n        orchestra program ''''The Fox Trappers''''. This broadcast also includes the\n        first [[television commercial]] in the United States, an advertisement for\n        the I. J. Fox Furriers company which sponsored the telecast.\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Mount Merapi]] volcano in central [[Java]], [[Indonesia]],\n        erupts, destroying numerous villages and killing thirteen hundred people.\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – In London, inventor [[Harry Grindell Matthews]] demonstrates\n        his device to project pictures on clouds.\\n* [[December 29]] – Sir [[Muhammad\n        Iqbal]]''s presidential address in [[Allahabad]] introduces the [[two-nation\n        theory]], outlining a vision for the creation of [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[December\n        31]] – The [[Papal encyclical]] ''''[[Casti connubii]]'''' issued by\n        [[Pope Pius XI]] stresses the sanctity of marriage, prohibits [[Catholic Church|Roman\n        Catholic]]s from using any form of artificial [[birth control]], and reaffirms\n        the Catholic prohibition on [[abortion]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* A \\\"Jake\n        paralysis\\\" outbreak occurs in the United States resulting from adulterated\n        [[Jamaica ginger]] sold as an alcohol substitute during [[Prohibition in the\n        United States|Prohibition]].\\n* [[Bernhard Schmidt]] invents the [[Schmidt\n        camera]].{{cite web |url=http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/history/schmidt |title=The\n        Schmidt Camera |publisher=ast.ac.uk |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524175425/http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/history/schmidt/\n        |archivedate=May 24, 2008}}\\n* The [[chocolate chip cookie]] is invented\n        by [[Ruth Wakefield]] of the [[Toll House Inn]] in [[Whitman, Massachusetts]].\\n*\n        The experimental [[television station]], W9XAP, in [[Chicago]], broadcasts\n        the election for the [[United States Senate]], the first time that a senatorial\n        race, with continual tallies of the votes, is televised.\\n* [[Greater Sudbury]]\n        is incorporated as a city in northern [[Ontario]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Robert\n        Loggia.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Robert Loggia]]]]\\n[[File:Aldrin.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Buzz\n        Aldrin]]]]\\n[[File:GeneHackmanJun2108.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gene Hackman]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\n** [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], 4th [[President of Sudan]] (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Ty Hardin]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Julius\n        La Rosa]], American singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Robert Loggia]],\n        American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Barbara Stuart]], American actress (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Sorrell Booke]], American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Rosas Marcano]], Venezuelan poet (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[M.R. Srinivasan]], Indian nuclear scientist\\n** [[Saxa (musician)|Saxa]],\n        Jamaican-born British saxophonist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Kalani, Jr.]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Vic Tayback]], American\n        actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Pavel Kolchin]], Soviet Olympic\n        cross-country skiier (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Lyle Ritz]], American\n        jazz ukulele musician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Roy E. Disney]], American film and\n        television executive (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Rod Taylor]],\n        Australian actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Bruce Lansbury]], British-American\n        television producer and television writer and screenwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Jennifer Johnston]], Irish novelist\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Frances\n        Sternhagen]], American actress\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Tippi Hedren]],\n        American actress\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Buzz Aldrin]], American pilot\n        and astronaut, [[Apollo 11]] second person to set foot on the [[Moon]]\\n*\n        [[January 23]]\\n** [[Derek Walcott]], West Indian writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[William R. Pogue]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Rita Lakin]],\n        American author\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Usko Meril\\u00e4inen]], Finnish composer\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Bobby Bland]], American singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Samuel Byck]], American airplane hijacker and murderer (d. [[1974]])\\n**\n        [[Gene Hackman]], American actor\\n** [[Magnus Malan]], South African soldier\n        and Minister of Defence in the 1980s (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hussain\n        M. Ershad - 2.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Wagner It Takes a Thief 1969.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Robert Wagner]]]]\\n[[File:Joanne\n        Woodward 1960.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Joanne Woodward]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] –\n        [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]], former [[President of Bangladesh]]\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Mani Krishnaswami]], Carnatic music Vocalist of Tamil Nadu,\n        India (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Jim Loscutoff]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Allan King]],\n        Canadian director (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]],\n        Japanese engineer and entrepreneur (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Erich\n        Bohme]], German journalist and television host (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Jim Dooley]],\n        American football coach (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Alejandro Rey]], Argentine-American\n        actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Rafiq Subaie]], Syrian actor,\n        writer and director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Robert Wagner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Arlen Specter]], American politician\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Ernst Fuchs (artist)|Ernst Fuchs]],\n        Austrian painter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Sara Jane Moore]],\n        American convicted of attempted murder of President [[Gerald Ford]]\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Peter Adamson (actor)|Peter Adamson]], British actor (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Noah Weinberg]], American-born Israeli rabbi, founder of Aish HaTorah (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Ruth Rendell]], British author (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[John Frankenheimer]], American film\n        director (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Ken Jones (actor)|Ken\n        Jones]], British actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 21]] – Dr. Dame [[Joan\n        Metge]], New Zealand social anthropologist, educator, lecturer and writer\\n*\n        [[February 22]]\\n** [[James McGarrell]], American painter\\n** [[Marni Nixon]],\n        American vocalist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Fanie du Plessis]],\n        South African athlete (d. 2001)\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Joan Diener]], American\n        musical theatre actress and singer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Barbara Jo Lawrence|Barbara\n        Lawrence]], American actress and model (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anita Steckel]],\n        American feminist artist (d. [[2012]])\\n* February 25 -- [[Wendy Beckett]],\n        British nun and Author\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Robert Francis (actor)|Robert\n        Francis]], American actor (d. [[1955]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Peter Stone]],\n        American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[John Straffen]], British serial killer\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Joanne Woodward]], American actress\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Leon Cooper]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:James Coco 1973.JPG|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Coco]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Sondheim - smoking.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Stephen Sondheim]]]]\\n[[File:Steve\n        McQueen 1959.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Steve McQueen]]]]\\n[[File:Rolf Harris.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rolf\n        Harris]]]]\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Heiner Gei\\u00dfler]], German politician\\n**\n        [[Ion Iliescu]], 2nd [[President of Romania]]\\n** [[K. S. Rajah]], Senior\n        Counsel and former Judicial Commissioner of the Supreme Court of Singapore\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Allison Hayes]], American actress (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Lorin Maazel]], French-born American orchestral conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon]], English\n        photographer and royal spouse (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Hector\n        Lombana]], Colombian sculptor, painter and architect (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[March\n        9]] – [[Ornette Coleman]], American jazz saxophonist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Claude Bolling]], French jazz pianist and composer\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Win Tin]], Burmese journalist and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Liz Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Helga Feddersen]], German actress\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Zhores Alferov]], Russian physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 17]] – [[James\n        Irwin]], American astronaut (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Adam Maida|Adam\n        Cardinal Maida]], American Roman Catholic prelate; [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese\n        of Detroit|Archbishop of Detroit]] (1990\\u20132009)\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[Willie Thrower]], American football player (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 21]]\n        – [[James Coco]], American actor, the unemployed actor in [[Only When\n        I Laugh (film)|Only When I Laugh]], and Sancho Panza in [[Man of La Mancha\n        (film)|Man of La Mancha]] (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Stephen Sondheim]],\n        American composer and lyricist\\n** [[Pat Robertson]], American televangelist,\n        motivational speaker, author and television host\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[David\n        Dacko]], 1st [[President of the Central African Republic]] (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Steve McQueen]], American actor (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[John\n        Keel]], American journalist and ufologist (d. 2009)\\n* [[March 26]] –\n        [[Sandra Day O''Connor]], American politician and [[Associate Justice of the\n        Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* March 27 -- [[James Tayoun]] Member\n        of Pennsylvania State House of Representatives\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Ashley]], American composer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jerome Isaac Friedman]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Lima Duarte]], Brazilian actor\\n** [[Anerood Jugnauth]], Maurituian politician,\n        3-time [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]] and 4th [[President of Mauritius]]\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[John Astin]], American actor\\n** [[Rolf Harris]], Australian-born\n        entertainer\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F074398-0021,\n        Bonn, Pressekonferenz Bundestagswahlkampf, Kohl.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Helmut Kohl]]]]\\n[[File:Carolyn\n        Jones 1956.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Carolyn Jones]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Grace\n        Lee Whitney]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Roddy\n        Maude-Roxby]], English actor\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Lawton Chiles]], U.S. Senator\n        and the Governor of Florida (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Helmut Kohl]], [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor of Germany]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[Netty Herawaty]], Indonesian actress (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Andrew Sachs]], German-born British actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Spede Pasanen]], Finnish television personality (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[Anton LaVey]], American Satanist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 12]]\n        – [[Micha\\u0142 \\u017byczkowski]], Polish Professor of Engineering (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Vigd\\u00eds Finnbogad\\u00f3ttir]], [[President\n        of Iceland]]\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Carol Bly]], American author of short stories,\n        essays and nonfiction; teacher (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Herbie Mann]], American\n        jazz flutist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Dick Sargent]], American\n        actor and gay activist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Silvana Mangano]],\n        Italian actress (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Alan Oppenheimer]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Richard Donner]], American film director\n        and producer\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Sarney]], 31st [[President of Brazil]]\\n* [[April\n        25]] – [[Paul Mazursky]], American director and writer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[James Baker]], former [[United States Secretary of State]]\\n**\n        [[Carolyn Jones]], American actress (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Richard C. Sarafian]],\n        American film and television director, writer and actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April\n        29]]\\n** [[Jean Rochefort]], French actor\\n** [[Henri Coppens]], Belgian football\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Malcolm Fraser 1977 - crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Malcolm\n        Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:Sonia Rykiel.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sonia Rykiel]]]]\\n[[File:Clint\n        Eastwood at 2010 New York Film Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Clint Eastwood]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Little Walter]], American blues singer, musician, and\n        songwriter (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Juan Gelman]], Argentine poet\n        and writer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bob Havens]], American musician\\n* [[May 4]]\\n**\n        [[Lois de Banzie]], UK-born American actress\\n** [[Katherine Jackson]], [[Jackson\n        Five|Jackson family]] matriarch\\n** [[Roberta Peters]], American soprano (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Babe Parilli]], American football player\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Heather Harper]], Northern Irish soprano\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Joan Sims]], English actress (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Pat Summerall]], American football player and broadcaster (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]]\\n** [[Edsger Dijkstra]], Dutch computer scientist (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Bud Ekins]], American stuntman (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Vernon\n        Shaw]], 5th President of Dominica (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Jasper\n        Johns]], American painter\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Lorraine Hansberry]], American\n        playwright (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Malcolm Fraser]], 22nd [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[John Barth]], American\n        writer\\n** [[Harvey Milk]], American politician and civil rights activist\n        of San Francisco (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Tiny Topsy]], American [[rhythm and blues]]\n        singer (d. [[1964]])\\n** [[Agust\\u00edn Tosco]], Argentine union leader (d.\n        [[1975]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Sonia Rykiel]], French fashion designer\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Frank Drake]], American radio astronomer\n        and pioneer in [[SETI]]\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Clint Eastwood]], American\n        actor, director, and producer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Vilmos Zsigmond KVIFF.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Vilmos\n        Zsigmond]]]]\\n[[File:Magdalena Abakanowicz crop 3x4.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Magdalena\n        Abakanowicz]]]]\\n[[File:ItamarFranco.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Itamar Franco]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Edward Woodward]], British actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Pete Conrad|Charles Conrad]], American astronaut and moonwalker,\n        commander of Apollo 12 (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Marion Zimmer\n        Bradley]], American writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Morgana King]],\n        American jazz singer and actress\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Robert Aumann]],\n        German-born mathematician, recipient of the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences]]\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Monique Serf]], French singer (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Grace Mirabella]], American editor of Vogue\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[Charles B. Rangel]], American politician\\n* [[June 12]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Nabors]], American actor, musician, and comedian\\n** [[Son Sen]], Cambodian\n        politician and criminal (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Vilmos Zsigmond]],\n        Hungarian-American cinematographer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Brian\n        Statham]], English cricketer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Gena Rowlands]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Magdalena Abakanowicz]], Polish\n        sculptor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[John E. McCarthy]], American Roman\n        Catholic bishop\\n** [[Gerald Kaufman]], British Labour politician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[June 22]]\\n** [[Yury Artyukhin]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Sa''dun\n        Hammadi]], 33rd Prime Minister of Iraq (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Patricia Nielsen]],\n        British former swimmer\\n** [[Fred Benners]], American football player\\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[John Elliott (historian)|John Elliot]], British historian\\n** [[Ben\n        Speer]], American singer, musician, music publisher and record company executive\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Peter Mazzaferro]], American football coach\\n**\n        [[Dave Creighton]], Canadian ice hockey forward\\n** [[Herb Klein (politician)|Herb\n        Klein]], American businessman, attorney, and politician\\n** [[Dave Creighton]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[James Sedin]],\n        American ice hockey player\\n** [[Memo Luna]], Mexican professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[Vic Keeble]], English former footballer\\n** [[George Thomas (footballer,\n        born 1930)|George Thomas]], Welsh professional footballer\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        Antal]], Hungarian linguist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Wolfgang Schwanitz]],\n        German Leader of the Office for National Security Head of the Stasi\\n** [[Jackie\n        Fargo]], American wrestler and trainer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Ross\n        Perot]], American computer billionaire and politician\\n** [[Ryszard Ronczewski]],\n        Polish actor\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Taty Almeida|es|3=Taty\n        Almeida}}, Argentine writer and activist\\n** [[William C. Campbell (scientist)|William\n        C. Campbell]], Irish-American biologist and parasitologist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Ernesto Domingo]],\n        National Scientist of the Philippines\\n** [[Maureen Howard]], American writer,\n        editor, and lecturer\\n** [[Itamar Franco]], President of Brazil (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]]\\n** [[Viola L\\u00e9ger]], Acadian-Canadian actress and former\n        Canadian Senator\\n** [[Robert Evans]], American producer\\n** [[Hans D\\u00e4scher]],\n        Swiss ski jumper\\n** [[Frank Johnston (priest)|Frank Johnston]], Anglican\n        priest and military chaplain\\n** [[Edward Johnson III]], American investor\n        and businessman\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** Elena Espejo, Moroccan actress\\n** [[W.\n        C. Gorden]], American football player and coach\\n** [[Isaac Levi]], American\n        philosopher\\n** [[Ben Atchley]], American former politician\\n** [[Ahmed Zaki\n        Yamani]], Saudi Arabian politician\\n** [[Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad]],\n        Syrian bishop\\n** [[Thomas Sowell]], American economist and author\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Menem\n        con banda presidencial.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carlos Menem]]]]\\n[[File:Fran\\u00e7oise\n        Mallet-Joris.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fran\\u00e7oise Mallet-Joris]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Gonzalo S\\u00e1nchez de Lozada]], Bolivian politician and businessman\\n**\n        [[Frank Joranko]], American former football and baseball player and coach\\n**\n        [[Jerome A. Cohen]], American professor of law at New York University School\n        of Law\\n** [[Ron Hughes (footballer, born 1930)|Ron Hughes]], English professional\n        footballer who played as a full-back\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Carlos Menem]], [[President\n        of Argentina]]\\n** [[Jane Moffet]], American utility player\\n** [[Pete Burnside]],\n        American professional baseball player\\n** [[Randy Starr]], American dentist\n        and singer-songwriter\\n** [[Vojislav Stanov\\u010di\\u0107]], Serbian political\n        scientists and theorists\\n** [[Magdalen Redman]], American professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[Ahmad Jamal]], American jazz pianist and composer\\n** [[Joe Scudero]],\n        American football safety\\n** [[Sylve Bengtsson]], Swedish association football\n        forward (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Ku Feng]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[N.\n        Venkatachala]], Indian judge\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Lamadrid]], Mexican football\n        forward\\n** [[Ronnell Bright]], American jazz pianist\\n** [[Ferdinando Riva]],\n        Swiss football forward (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Carlos Kleiber]], Austrian conductor\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Jack Van Mark]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Peter Angelos]], American trial lawyer\\n** [[Mohamed Demagh]], Algerian\n        sculptor\\n** [[Yury Tyukalov]], Russian rower \\n** [[George Steinbrenner]],\n        American big businessman and then baseball team owner (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** [[Tommy Cook (actor)|Tommy Cook]], American actor\\n** [[Billy Howton]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Putzi Frandl]], Austrian alpine ski racer\\n**\n        [[Charles Beaulieu]], Canadian academic, civil servant, and businessman\\n**\n        [[Donald Wilhelms]], United States Geological Survey geologist\\n* [[July 6]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Baume]], Australian former Liberal Party politician\\n** [[George\n        Armstrong (ice hockey)|George Armstrong]], Canadian professional ice hockey\n        centre\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise Mallet-Joris]], Belgian writer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], Indian Carnatic vocalist, multi-instrumentalist,\n        playback singer, composer and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Biljana\n        Plav\\u0161i\\u0107]], 2nd President of Republika Srpska\\n** [[Sherwin Carlquist]],\n        American botanist and photographer\\n** [[Hamish MacInnes]], Scottish mountaineer,\n        mountain search and rescuer, author and advisor\\n** [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]],\n        American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church\\n** [[Tadao Kobayashi]], Japanese\n        football player and manager\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Chris Adams (general)|Chris\n        Adams]], American author and retired United States Air Force officer\\n** [[Jim\n        Mooney (basketball)|Jim Mooney]], American professional basketball player\\n**\n        [[John Little (footballer)|John Little]], Scottish football defender (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Juan Carlos Frecia]], Argentine fencer\\n** [[Hugh Morrow\n        (footballer)|Hugh Morrow]], Irish footballer and manager\\n** [[Slavko Dacevski]],\n        Macedonian football player and manager\\n** [[Hugh Morrow (footballer)|Hugh\n        Morrow]], Irish footballer and manager\\n** [[Yu So-chow]], Chinese actress\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Buddy Bregman]], American musical arranger (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Josephine Veasey]], British mezzo-soprano\\n** [[Tom Jones\n        (footballer, born 1930)|Tom Jones]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Pete\n        Carril]], American basketball coach\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]],\n        Indian politician\\n** [[Harold Bloom]], American literary critic\\n** [[Jack\n        Alabaster]], played 21 Tests for New Zealand\\n** [[Ezra Vogel]], American\n        professor\\n** [[Dick Beyer]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Irene Sutcliffe]], English actress\\n** [[Orlando Nannini]], Argentine fencer\\n*\n        [[July 13]]\\n** [[Richard D. Lewis]], British polyglot, cross-cultural communication\n        consultant, and author\\n** [[Dick Bunt]], American basketball player\\n* [[July\n        14]]\\n** [[Beno\\u00eet Sinzogan]], Beninese military officer and politician\\n**\n        [[Polly Bergen]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Einosuke\n        Akiya]], Japanese Buddhist leader\\n** [[Lee Wallace (actor)|Lee Wallace]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Jacques Derrida]], Algerian-born French literary critic\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Betty Wagoner]], American professional baseball player\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Bert Rechichar]], American football defensive\n        back and kicker\\n** [[Michael Bilirakis]], American politician\\n** [[Horst\n        Rittner]], German correspondence chess Grandmaster\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Sue\n        England]], American actress\\n** [[Sigvard Ericsson]], Swedish speed skater\\n**\n        [[William Heseltine]], Australian Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II\\n**\n        [[Ray Galton]], English scriptwriter\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Judy Gamin]], Australian\n        politician\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[David Rubadiri]], Malawian diplomat, academic\n        and poet, playwright and novelist\\n** [[Darko Suvin]], Croatian born academic\n        and critic\\n** [[Vincent Lumsden]], Jamaican cricketer\\n* [[July 20]]\\n**\n        [[Alex S\\u00e1nchez Cruz]], Costa Rican football player\\n** [[Sally Ann Howes]],\n        English actress and singer\\n** [[Ronnie MacGilvray]], American professional\n        basketball player\\n** [[Oleg Anofriyev]], Soviet and Russian stage and screen\n        actor, voice actor, singer, songwriter, film director, and poet\\n** [[Bryan\n        Conquest]], Australian politician\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Helen Merrill]], American\n        jazz vocalist\\n** [[Gene Littler]], American professional golfer\\n* [[July\n        22]]\\n** [[Dinny Flanagan]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Jeremy Lloyd]],\n        British actor and screenwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Sebastiano Mannironi]],\n        Italian weightlifter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Murray Chapple]],\n        New Zealand cricketer (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Maureen Forrester]], Canadian contralto\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Andy White (drummer)|Andy White]],\n        Scottish drummer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Firoza Begum (singer)|Firoza\n        Begum]], Bengali singer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jean Roba]], Belgian comics author\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Neil Armstrong pose.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Neil\n        Armstrong]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Culp 1965.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Robert Culp]]]]\\n[[File:Princess\n        Margaret.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess\n        Margaret]]]]\\n[[File:SeanConneryJune08.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sean Connery|Sir\n        Sean Connery]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Pierre Bourdieu]], French sociologist\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Lawrence Eagleburger]], [[United States Secretary of State]]\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[K\\u00e1roly Gr\\u00f3sz]], 51st Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Holder]], Trinidadian-American dancer, choreographer\n        and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Ali al-Sistani]], Shia Ayatollah\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Neil Armstrong]], [[astronaut]], [[Apollo 11|first\n        human to set foot on the Moon]], Commander of Apollo 11. He was also an [[aerospace\n        engineering|aerospace engineer]], [[United States Naval Aviator|naval aviator]],\n        [[test pilot]], and [[university professor]]. (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 6]]\n        – [[Abbey Lincoln]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Jacques Parizeau]], French-Canadian politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] – [[Jorma Panula]], Finnish conductor and composer\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Vali Myers]], Australian visionary artist, dancer, bohemian and\n        muse (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[George Soros]], Hungarian-born investor\\n** [[Peter\n        Weck]], Austrian film director and actor\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Don Ho]],\n        Hawaiian singer & musician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Bob Wiesler]], American pitcher\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jack Daugherty (musician)|Jack Daugherty]], American musician\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Wilmer Mizell]], American left-handed pitcher (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Earl Weaver]], American [[professional baseball]]\n        player and [[manager (baseball)|manager]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Selma James]], American-born feminist writer\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Culp]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Frank Gifford]], American football\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Leslie Manigat]], 34th President of Haiti (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Ted Hughes]], English poet (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Rafael Pineda Ponce]], Honduran educator and politician. (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Denis McLean]], New Zealand diplomat, academic, author and civil servant\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Frank McCourt]], Irish-American writer\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon]]\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Gylmar dos Santos Neves]], Brazilian\n        footballer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Mickey McMahan]], American\n        big band musician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Sean Connery|Sir\n        Sean Connery]], Scottish actor\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Gholamreza Takhti]],\n        Iranian wrestler (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Walmor Chagas]], Brazilian\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ben Gazzara]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Warren Buffett]], American billionaire [[entrepreneur]]\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Baudouin\n        of Belgium 1969.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Baudouin I of Belgium]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Charles Correa]], Indian architect (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Rita Riggs]], American costume designer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] – [[Cherry Wilder]], New Zealand author (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Norman Dorsen]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]]\\n** King [[Baudouin I of Belgium]] (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Sonny\n        Rollins]], American jazz saxophonist\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Mario Adorf]],\n        German actor\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Frank Lucas (drug dealer)|Frank\n        Lucas]], African-American drug lord\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Cathryn Damon]],\n        American actress (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Renzo Montagnani]], Italian actor (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Akira Suzuki (chemist)|Akira Suzuki]],\n        Japanese chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Mary Baumgartner]], American female professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Bola Ige]], Nigerian politician (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Anne Francis]], American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Edgar\n        Mitchell]], American astronaut (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[David Huddleston]] American\n        actor [[The Big Lebowski]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Kenneth\n        Mopeli]], Chief Minister of QwaQwa bantustan (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September\n        21]] – [[Dawn Addams]], British actress (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[T. S. Sinnathuray]], Judge of the [[High Court of Singapore]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Colin Blakely]], Northern Irish actor\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Ray Charles]], American singer, musician, and actor (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Angelo Muscat]], Maltese actor (d.\n        [[1977]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Shel Silverstein]], American author,\n        poet, and humorist (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Philip Bosco]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Fritz Wunderlich]], German tenor singer (d. [[1966]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Colin Dexter]], English author (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Hafez\n        al-Assad official portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hafez al-Assad]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        collins.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Richard Harris]], Irish actor and singer (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Philippe Noiret]], French actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** Rev. Dr. [[George F. Regas]],\n        American Episcopal priest and activist; rector of All Saints Episcopal Church,\n        Pasadena, California (1967\\u201395)\\n** [[Erica Yohn]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 5]]\\n** [[Pavel Popovich]], Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Reinhard\n        Selten]], German economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Hafez al-Assad]], [[President of Syria]]\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Richie Benaud]], Australian cricketer and commentator\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[T\\u014dru Takemitsu]], Japanese composer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Yves Chauvin]], Belgian-born chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Harold\n        Pinter]], English playwright, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Sam Johnson]], American politician\\n*\n        [[October 14]]\\n** [[Schafik Handal]], Salvadoran politician (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], President of Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Robert Atkins (nutritionist)|Robert Atkins]], American\n        nutritionist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jimmy Breslin]], American newspaper columnist\n        and author\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Jody Lawrance]], American actress (d.\n        [[1986]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Leila Seth]], Indian judge (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[The Big Bopper]], American singer (d. [[1959]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Bernie Ecclestone]], English auto racing tycoon\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Bertha Brouwer]], Dutch athlete (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Natalie\n        Sleeth]], American composer (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Omara Portuondo]], Cuban singer\n        and dancer\\n** [[Niki de Saint Phalle]], French artist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Daniel Boone]], American jazz trumpeter (d. [[1956]])\\n** [[Timothy\n        Findley]], Canadian author (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Michael\n        Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], American astronaut, second person to\n        fly around the Moon solo, [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command Module]]\n        pilot on [[Apollo 11]], the first human [[lunar landing]]\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Barack\n        Obama greets Burton Richter and Mildred Dresselhaus (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mildred\n        Dresselhaus]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Mathias 1952.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob Mathias]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Mabandla Dlamini]], 3rd Prime Minister of Swaziland\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[D. James Kennedy]], American evangelist (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – [[Dick MacPherson]], American football coach (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Hans Mommsen]], German historian (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]]\\n** [[Derrick Bell]], American law professor (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Wilma Briggs]], American female baseball player\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Stuart\n        Briscoe]], British-American pastor, motivational speaker and author\\n** [[Mildred\n        Dresselhaus]], American scientist and educator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] – [[Bob Crewe]], American singer, songwriter, manager, and producer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Shirley Crabtree]] (\\\"Big Daddy\\\"),\n        British professional wrestler (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Edward Higgins White]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[J. G. Ballard]],\n        English writer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Chinua Achebe]], Nigerian\n        writer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Salvatore Riina]], Italian multiple murderer\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Bob Mathias]], American athlete (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – [[Bernard Horsfall]], British actor (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – [[Bob Friend]], American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Clarke Scholes]], American freestyle swimmer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Rex Shelley]], Singaporean author (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[David Goldblatt]], South African [[photographer]]\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[G. Gordon Liddy]], organizer of the [[Watergate\n        scandal|Watergate burglaries]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jean-Luc Godard at\n        Berkeley, 1968 (2).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean-Luc Godard]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Joachim Hoffmann]], German historian (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Gary Becker]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in\n        Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Jean-Luc Godard]], French film director\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Jim Hall\n        (musician)|Jim Hall]], American jazz guitarist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Corbett]], Scottish comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Daniel\n        Lisulo]], [[Prime Minister of Zambia]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 7]] –\n        [[Christopher Nicole]], Guyanese-born British writer\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Stan Richards]], English actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Maximilian Schell]],\n        Swiss-Austrian actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Edoardo Sanguineti]],\n        Italian writer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Jean-Louis Trintignant]],\n        French actor\\n** [[James Arthur Williams|Jim Williams]], American antique\n        dealer and preservationist (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Silvio\n        Santos]], Brazilian TV show host and entrepreneur\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[G\\u00fcnter\n        Siebert (footballer)|G\\u00fcnter Siebert]], German football player and executive\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Edna O''Brien]], Irish writer\\n[[File:Armin mueller-stahl.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Armin\n        Mueller-Stahl]]]]\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Armin Mueller-Stahl]], German\n        actor\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Adebayo Adedeji]], Nigerian UN official\\n**\n        [[Kalevi Sorsa]], Prime Minister of Finland (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 25]]\n        – [[Salah Jahin]], Egyptian poet, lyricist, playwright and cartoonist\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Wilfrid Sheed]], English-born American\n        writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Mariam A. Aleem]], Egyptian\n        artist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gladys Ambrose]], English actress (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[Franzl Lang]], German yodeler (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Frank\n        Dezelan]], American baseball umpire (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Tu Youyou]], Chinese pharmaceutical chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Odetta]], American\n        singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Jaime Escalante]], American teacher (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Rashid Bakr]], 10th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[Kevin Budden]], Australian herpetologist (d. [[1950]])\\n* [[Barney Glaser]],\n        American sociologist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January–June===\\n[[File:Thomas\n        Mackenzie.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Thomas Mackenzie]]]]\\n[[File:AhmadShahQajar2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ahmad\n        Shah Qajar]]]]\\n[[File:William Howard Taft 1909b.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William\n        Howard Taft]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09414, Primo de Rivera.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Miguel\n        Primo de Rivera]]]]\\n[[File:Gws balfour 02.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Arthur Balfour]]]]\\n[[File:Fridtjof\n        Nansen LOC 03377u-3.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Fridtjof Nansen]]]]\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Guglielmo Pl\\u00fcschow]], German photographer (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Edward Bok]], American author (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[John Nathan Cobb]], American author, naturalist, conservationist,\n        fisheries researcher, and educator (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Dewa Shiget\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Michele Bianchi]], Italian fascist leader (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 14]]\n        – [[Thomas Mackenzie|Sir Thomas MacKenzie]], New Zealand politician\n        and explorer, 18th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] and High Commissioner\n        (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Giulio Douhet]], Italian general\n        and [[air power]] theorist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Ahmad\n        Shah Qajar]], [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah of Persia]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February\n        23]]\\n** [[Mabel Normand]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Horst Wessel]],\n        Nazi ideologue and composer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Perceval\n        Maitland Laurence|Sir Perceval Maitland Laurence]], British classical scholar,\n        South African judge and a benefactor of the University of Cambridge (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[D. H. Lawrence]], British writer (''''Lady Chatterley''s\n        Lover'''') (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Alfred von Tirpitz]], German\n        politician and admiral (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[William Howard\n        Taft]], 27th [[President of the United States]], 10th [[Chief Justice of the\n        United States]] (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[William George Barker]],\n        Canadian pilot (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]],\n        Spanish military officer and [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Arthur Balfour]], British politician and statesman,\n        48th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[March 24]]\n        – [[Eugeen Van Mieghem]], Belgian painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 2]]\n        – Empress [[Zewditu I]] of Ethiopia (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 4]] –\n        [[Victoria of Baden]], [[Queen consort of Sweden]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – Patriarch [[Dimitrije, Serbian Patriarch|Dimitrije]] (b. [[1846]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Heinrich Ritter von Wittek]], Austrian politician and\n        statesman (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Alfred Williams]], British\n        poet (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]], Russian poet\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[John B. Sheridan]], Irish American sports journalist (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Robert Bridges]], British poet (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Jeppe Aakj\\u00e6r]], Danish poet and novelist (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – Patriarch [[George V of Armenia]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Fridtjof Nansen]], Norwegian explorer, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Herbert Croly]], American\n        political author (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Randall Davidson]], [[Archbishop\n        of Canterbury]] (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Archduke Rainer of Austria (1895-1930)|Archduke\n        Rainer of Austria]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Pascin]], Bulgarian\n        painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Adolf von Harnack]], German\n        Lutheran theologian and church historian (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Henry Segrave]], British racer and speed record holder (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===July–December===\\n[[File:Conan\n        doyle.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]]]\\n[[File:Sir Joseph Ward,\n        1928.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joseph Ward]]]]\\n[[File:Alfred Wegener ca.1924-30.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alfred\n        Wegener]]]]\\n[[File:Nikolai Alexandrov.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nikolai Alexandrov\n        (actor)|Nikolai Alexandrov]]]]\\n[[File:FACTA Luigi.gif|thumb|120px|[[Luigi\n        Facta]]]]\\n[[File:Konstantinos VI.jpg|thumb|120px|Patriarch [[Constantine\n        VI of Constantinople|Constantine VI]]]]\\n* [[July 7]] – Sir [[Arthur\n        Conan Doyle]], British-born fiction writer (''''[[Sherlock Holmes]]'''') (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[July 8]] – Sir [[Joseph Ward]], 17th [[Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Leopold Auer]], Hungarian\n        violinist (b. [[1845]])\\n** [[Rudolph Schildkraut]], Ottoman-born Austrian\n        actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Juan Luis Sanfuentes]], 16th\n        President of Chile (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Robert Stout]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1844]])\\n** [[Oku Yasukata]], Japanese\n        field marshal and a leading figure in the early Imperial Japanese Army (b.\n        [[1847]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Glenn Curtiss]], American aviation pioneer\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Pavlos Karolidis]], Greek historian\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Allvar Gullstrand]], Swedish ophthalmologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[Joan Gamper]], Swiss-born businessman and founder of\n        [[FC Barcelona]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Horace Smith-Dorrien]],\n        English general (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Florian Cajori]],\n        Swiss-born historian of mathematics (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Aston Webb]], British architect (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Tom\n        Norman]], British [[freak show|freak]] [[showman]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Lon Chaney]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 29]]\n        – [[William Archibald Spooner]], British scholar and Anglican priest\n        (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Peeter P\\u00f5ld]], Estonian pedagogical\n        scientist and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Aubrey\n        Faulkner]], South African cricketer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Milton Sills]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Gombojab Tsybikov]], Russian explorer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[September 21]]\n        – [[John T. Dorrance]], American chemist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[William A. MacCorkle]], American lawyer, Governor of West Virginia\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Daniel Guggenheim]], American mining\n        magnate and philanthropist (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Prince Leopold of Bavaria]]\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Gordon Stewart Northcott]], American\n        serial killer (executed) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Herbert\n        Dow]], Canadian-born chemical industrialist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 20]]\n        – [[Valeriano Weyler, 1st Duke of Rub\\u00ed]], Spanish general (b. [[1838]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]] – [[Harry Payne Whitney]], American businessman and horse\n        breeder (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Mary Harrison McKee]], ''''de\n        facto'''' [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* November –\n        [[Alfred Wegener]], German geophyscist and meteorologist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Nikolai Alexandrov (actor)|Nikolai Alexandrov]],\n        Soviet actor and director (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Christiaan\n        Eijkman]], Dutch physician and pathologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. 1858)\\n** [[Luigi Facta]], Italian politician,\n        26th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Alexander\n        Bedward]], Jamaican preacher (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Tasker\n        H. Bliss]], American general (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[William\n        B. Hanna]], American sportswriter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Constantine VI of Constantinople|Constantine VI]], Turkish-born bishop,\n        briefly Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Mary Harris Jones]], American labor leader (b. [[1837]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]]\\n** [[Rube Foster|Andrew \\\"Rube\\\" Foster]], American [[Negro\n        league baseball]] player (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Laura Muntz Lyall]], Canadian\n        painter (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Nikolai Pokrovsky]], Russian\n        politician and the last foreign minister of the Russian Empire (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Fritz Pregl]], Austrian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 14]] –\n        [[F. Richard Jones]], American director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Peter Warlock]], British composer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Eugen Goldstein]], German physicist (b. [[1850]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Sir\n        Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Hans Fischer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or\n        Medicine]] – [[Karl Landsteiner]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Sinclair Lewis]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Nathan\n        S\\u00f6derblom]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{portal|1930s}}\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Sources==\\n*\n        [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1930/1930fr.html The 1930s Timeline:\n        1930] – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1930}}\\n[[Category:1930|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T21:31:55Z\",\"lastrevid\":799790936,\"length\":60530,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1930&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930\"},\"34608\":{\"pageid\":34608,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1931\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T18:36:12Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1931}}\\n{{Events by month|1931}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1931}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1931}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1931}}\\n* January \\u2013 The [[National Committee for Modification\n        of the Volstead Act]] is formed to work for the [[repeal of Prohibition in\n        the United States]].\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[South Dakota]] native [[Ernest\n        Lawrence]] invents the [[cyclotron]], used to accelerate particles to study\n        [[nuclear physics]].\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Albert Einstein]] begins doing\n        research at the [[California Institute of Technology]], along with astronomer\n        [[Edwin Hubble]].\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 German pilot [[Elly Beinhorn]] begins\n        her flight to Africa.\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Edison]] submits his\n        last [[patent]] application.\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 Sir [[Isaac Isaacs]]\n        is sworn in as the first Australian-born [[Governor-General of Australia]].\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]] is again released from imprisonment\n        in India.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Pierre\n        Laval]] forms a government in France.\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 Release of\n        the movie ''''[[City Lights]]'''' starring [[Charlie Chaplin]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1931}}\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[1931 Hawke''s Bay earthquake|Hawke''s\n        Bay earthquake]]: Much of the New Zealand cities of Napier and Hastings are\n        destroyed in an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter\n        scale]] killing 256 people.\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 Soviet leader [[Joseph\n        Stalin]] gives speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only\n        strong industrialized countries will win wars while \\\"weak\\\" nations are \\\"beaten\\\".\n        Stalin states : \\\"We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries.\n        We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will\n        crush us.\\\" Intensification of the [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|First\n        Five-Year Plan]] in the Soviet Union for industrialization and collectivization\n        of agriculture.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 Official inauguration ceremonies\n        for New Delhi as the capital of India begin.{{cite news|title=New Delhi:\n        The Inaugural Ceremony|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=1931-02-11|issue=45744|page=12}}\\n*\n        [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Nazi Party|National Socialist]] (NSDAP) and [[German\n        National People''s Party]] (DNVP) members walk out of the German [[Reichstag\n        (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] in protest against changes in the parliament''s\n        protocol intended to limit heckling.  \\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 ''''[[Vatican\n        Radio]]'''' first broadcasts.\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 The original film\n        version of ''''[[Dracula (1931 English-language film)|Dracula]]'''' with [[Bela\n        Lugosi]] is released in the United States.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Pehr\n        Evind Svinhufvud]] is elected president of Finland.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013\n        [[California]] gets the go-ahead by the [[United States Congress]] to build\n        the [[San Francisco\\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge]].\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Peru]]vian\n        revolutionaries hijack a [[Ford Trimotor]] aeroplane and demand that the pilot\n        drop [[propaganda]] [[Flyer (pamphlet)|leaflet]]s over [[Lima]].\\n\\n[[File:Delhi\n        India Government.jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[February 10]]: New Delhi becomes\n        India''s capital]]\\n[[File:Ford Trimotor.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[February 21]]:\n        [[Ford Trimotor]] hijacked]]\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1931}}\\n*\n        [[March 1]] \\u2013 The [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''''Arizona'''']] is placed\n        back in full commission after a refit.\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 Sir [[Oswald\n        Mosley]] founds the [[New Party (UK)|New Party]] as a breakaway from the [[Labour\n        Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the United Kingdom. \\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 ''''[[The\n        Star-Spangled Banner]]'''' is adopted as the United States'' [[National anthem]].\\n*\n        [[March 5]] \\u2013 The British [[viceroy]] of India and [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        sign the [[Gandhi\\u2013Irwin Pact]].\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 The new House of\n        Representatives opens in [[Helsinki]], Finland.\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 The\n        ''''[[Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR]]'''' programme, abbreviated\n        as GTO, is introduced in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Nevada]]\n        legalizes [[gambling]].\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Westminster St George''s\n        by-election, 1931|Westminster St George''s by-election]] in the U.K. results\n        in the victory of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] candidate [[Duff\n        Cooper]]. The by-election has been treated virtually as a referendum on the\n        leadership of the Conservative leader [[Stanley Baldwin]], and Duff Cooper''s\n        victory ends the campaign by the press barons [[Lord Beaverbrook]] and [[Harold\n        Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere|Viscount Rothermere]] to oust Baldwin.\n        \\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 Indian revolutionary leaders [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shivaram\n        Rajguru]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]] are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the\n        [[British Raj]].\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 The [[Scottsboro Boys]] are arrested\n        in [[Alabama]] and charged with rape.\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 English writer\n        [[Arnold Bennett]] dies of [[typhoid]] in London shortly after returning from\n        a visit to Paris, where he drank local water to prove it was safe.\\n* [[March\n        31]] \\u2013 An [[1931 Nicaragua earthquake|earthquake]] destroys [[Managua]],\n        [[Nicaragua]], killing 2,000 people.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1931}}\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 The [[Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi\n        Soviet]] in China is launched by the [[Kuomintang]] government to destroy\n        the Communist forces in [[Jiangxi]] province. \\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 The Portuguese\n        government declares martial law in [[Madeira]] and in the [[Azores]] because\n        of an attempted military takeover in [[Funchal]].\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 Argentinian\n        anarchist Severino Digiovanni is executed.\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 Municipal\n        elections in Spain, which are treated as a virtual referendum on the monarchy,\n        result in the triumph for the republican parties. \\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013\n        The [[Second Spanish Republic]] is proclaimed in [[Madrid]]. Meanwhile, as\n        a result of the victory of the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]], [[Francesc\n        Maci\\u00e0]] proclaims in [[Barcelona]] the [[Catalan Republic]], as state\n        of the Iberian Federation.\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 The [[Castellammarese War]]\n        ends with the murder of [[Joe Masseria|Joe \\\"The Boss\\\" Masseria]], briefly\n        leaving [[Salvatore Maranzano]] as [[capo dei capi]] (\\\"boss of all bosses\\\")\n        of the [[American Mafia]]. Maranzano is himself murdered less than 6 months\n        later, leading to the creation of the [[The Commission (mafia)|Commission]].\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 After the negotiations between the republican ministers\n        of Spain and Catalonia, the [[Catalan Republic]] becomes into [[Generalitat\n        of Catalonia]], a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.\\n*\n        [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Austria]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Denmark]], [[Weimar\n        Republic|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Sweden]] and the United\n        States recognize the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]].\\n* [[April\n        25]] \\u2013 The automobile manufacturer [[Porsche]] is founded by [[Ferdinand\n        Porsche]] in [[Stuttgart]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1931}}\\n[[File:Manhattan\n        at Dusk by slonecker.jpg|thumb|188x188px| [[May 1]]: [[Empire State Building]]\n        is completed.]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 Construction of the [[Empire State Building]]\n        is completed in New York City.\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]]\n        is re-elected president of [[Turkey]].\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in Turkey (7th government).\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 The\n        ''''[[Creditanstalt]]'''', Austria''s largest bank, goes bankrupt, beginning\n        the banking collapse in Central Europe that causes a worldwide financial meltdown.\\n*\n        [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Paul Doumer]] is elected president of France.\\n* [[May\n        14]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c5dalen shootings]]: Five people are killed in [[\\u00c5dalen]],\n        Sweden, when soldiers open fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.\\n*\n        [[May 15]]\\n** The Chinese Communists inflict a sharp defeat on the Kuomintang\n        forces.\\n** [[Pope Pius XI]] issues the [[encyclical]] ''''[[Quadragesimo\n        anno]]'''' on the \\\"reconstruction of the social order\\\".\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013\n        The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet ends in defeat of\n        the Kuomintang.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1931}}\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Salvador Dal\\u00ed]]''s ''''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'''' is put on\n        display for the first time in Paris at the Galerie Pierre Colle.\\n* [[June\n        5]] \\u2013 German Chancellor Dr. [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] visits London,\n        where he warns the British Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]] that the collapse\n        of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the ''''Creditanstalt'''',\n        has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.\\n* [[June\n        12]] \\u2013 English cricketer [[Charlie Parker (cricketer)|Charlie Parker]]\n        equals [[J. T. Hearne]]''s record for the earliest date to reach 100 wickets.\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Saint-Philibert disaster]]: the overloaded pleasure craft\n        ''''Saint-Philibert'''', carrying trippers home to Nantes from the \\u00cele\n        de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the river [[Loire]] in France; over\n        450 drown.\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** In an attempt to stop the banking crisis in\n        Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown, U.S. President\n        [[Herbert Hoover]] issues the [[Hoover Moratorium]].\\n** The [[Geneva Convention\n        (1929)]] relative to the treatment of [[prisoners of war]] enters into force.\\n*\n        [[June 23]]\\u2013[[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Wiley Post]] and [[Harold Gatty]] accomplish\n        the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout\n        from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]], New York, in 8 days, 15\n        hours, 51 minutes.{{cite web|url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Wiley_Post/EX27.htm|publisher=centennialofflight.gov|title=Wiley\n        Post|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008043851/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Wiley_Post/EX27.htm\n        |archivedate=October 8, 2012}}\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1931}}\\n*\n        July \\u2013 [[John Haven Emerson]] of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] perfects\n        his [[negative pressure ventilator]] (\\\"iron lung\\\") just in time for the\n        growing [[polio]] epidemic.\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 Rebuilt [[Milano Centrale\n        railway station]] officially opens in Italy.\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 Irish racing\n        driver [[Kaye Don]] breaks the world [[water speed record]] at Lake Garda,\n        Italy.''''BBC History'''', July 2011, p12.\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013\n        Royal soldiers shoot and kill 22 people demonstrating against the [[Maharaja]]\n        [[Hari Singh]] of the Indian princely state of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely\n        state)|Kashmir and Jammu]].{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/jandk-observes-martyrs-day-cm-omar-pays-tributes_719325.html|title=J&K\n        observes Martyrs` day: CM Omar pays tributes|date=2011-07-13|work=Zee News|accessdate=2011-12-18}}\\n*\n        [[July 16]] \\u2013 Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] signs the first [[1931 Constitution\n        of Ethiopia|constitution of Ethiopia]].\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 The millennialist\n        [[Bible Student movement]] adopts the name [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]] at a meeting\n        in [[Columbus, Ohio]].\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 The [[May Report]] in the United\n        Kingdom recommends extensive cuts to government expenditure. This produces\n        a political crisis as many members of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]\n        (at this time in government) object to the proposals.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1931}}\\n* The [[1931 China floods]] reach their peak in possibly\n        the deadliest natural disaster yet recorded.\\n* [[Warner Brothers]] releases\n        the first [[Merrie Melodies]] cartoon, ''''[[Lady, Play Your Mandolin!|Lady,\n        Play Your Mandolin]]''''.\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 Referendum in [[Free State\n        of Prussia|Prussia]] for dissolving the ''''Landtag'''' ends with the \\\"yes\\\"\n        side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early\n        elections. The elections are intended to remove the [[Social Democratic Party\n        of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) government of [[Otto Braun]], which\n        is one of the strongest forces for democracy in Germany. Supporting the \\\"yes\\\"\n        side were the [[NSDAP]], the [[DNVP]] and the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist\n        Party]] (KPD) while supporting the \\\"no\\\" side were the SPD and ''''[[Zentrumspartei|Zentrum]]''''.\n        \\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 Run on the British pound leads to political and economic\n        crisis in Britain. (See [[European banking crisis of 1931]]) leading to ...\\n*\n        [[August 24]] \\u2013 The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] Government of [[Ramsay\n        MacDonald]] resigns in Britain, replaced by a [[National Government (United\n        Kingdom)|National Government]] of people drawn from all parties, also under\n        MacDonald.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September 1931}}\\n[[File:J\\u012duy\\u012bb\\u0101\n        L\\u00ecsh\\u012d B\\u00f3w\\u00f9gu\\u0103n\\u4e5d\\u30fb\\u4e00\\u516b\\u6b74\\u53f2\\u535a\\u7269\\u9928106997.JPG|thumb|[[September\n        18]]: The [[Mukden Incident]]: Incident Museum in [[Shenyang]]|230x230px]]\\n*\n        [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[John Thomson (footballer, born 1909)|John Thomson]],\n        Scottish [[association football|football]] player, dies as the result of an\n        accident during a [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]\\u2013[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] match.\\n*\n        [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Second Round Table\n        Conference (September \\u2013 December 1931)|Second Round Table Conference]]\n        on the constitutional future of India opens in London. [[Mahatma Gandhi]]\n        represents the [[Indian National Congress]].\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 The\n        worst [[1931 Belize hurricane|hurricane]] in [[Belize|British Honduras]] history\n        kills an estimated 1,500.\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Invergordon Mutiny]]:\n        [[Strike action|Strikes]] are called in the British [[Royal Navy]] due to\n        decreased pay.\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 Hanging of resistance leader [[Omar\n        Mukhtar]] in [[Italian Libya]].\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** Japanese military\n        stage the [[Mukden Incident]] as a pretext for the [[Japanese invasion of\n        Manchuria]].\\n** [[Geli Raubal]] commits suicide in her uncle [[Adolf Hitler]]''s\n        apartment.\\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 With a gun literally pointed to his\n        head the Chinese commander of [[Jilin|Kirin]] province announces the annexation\n        of that territory to Japan.\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 The United Kingdom\n        abandons the [[gold standard]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October 1931}}\\n*\n        October \\u2013 The [[Caltech]] Department of Physics faculty and graduate\n        students meet with [[Albert Einstein]] as a guest.\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Dick Tracy]], the comic strip detective character created by cartoonist\n        [[Chester Gould]], makes his debut appearance in the ''''[[Detroit Mirror]]''''\n        newspaper.\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 American aviators [[Clyde Edward Pangborn]]\n        and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first [[non-stop flight]] across the Pacific\n        Ocean, from [[Misawa, Aomori|Misawa, Japan]], to [[East Wenatchee, Washington]],\n        in 41\\u00bd hours.{{cite web|title=Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/aviation/pan.htm|work=Aviation:\n        From Sand Dunes To Sonic Booms|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|accessdate=2012-05-31}}\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 Rally in Bad Harzburg, Germany leads to the [[Harzburg\n        Front]] being founded, uniting the NSDAP, the DNVP, the ''''Stahlhelm''''\n        and various other right-wing fractions. \\n* [[October 17]]\\n** American gangster\n        [[Al Capone]] is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion in Chicago.\\n**\n        [[Leeds Bradford International Airport]] is opened as Leeds and Bradford Municipal\n        Aerodrome in England.\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 The [[George Washington Bridge]]\n        across the [[Hudson River]] in the United States is dedicated; it opens to\n        traffic the following day. At {{convert|3500|ft|m}}, it nearly doubles the\n        previous record for the [[List of longest suspension bridge spans|longest\n        main span in the world]].\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1931|United Kingdom general election]] results in the victory of\n        the [[National Government (United Kingdom)|National Government]] and the defeat\n        of [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the country''s greatest ever electoral\n        landslide.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November 1931}}\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\n** The [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] is proclaimed by [[Mao Zedong]].\\n**\n        Red China News Agency, a predecessor for [[Xinhua News Agency]], officially\n        founded and news wire service start in [[Ruijin]], [[Jiangxi Province]], [[China]].{{citation\n        needed|date=January 2017}}     \\n* [[November 8]]\\n** French police launch\n        a large-scale raid against [[Corsica]]n bandits.\\n** The [[Panama Canal]]\n        is closed for a couple of weeks due to damage caused by earthquakes.\\n*[[November\n        21]] \\u2013 The infamous Red-and-White Party, given by [[Arthur Jeffress]]\n        in [[Maud Allan]]''s [[Regent''s Park]] townhouse in London, marks the end\n        of the \\\"[[Bright young things]]\\\" subculture in [[United Kingdom|Britain]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://elvirabarney.wordpress.com/2011/10/26/the-red-and-white-party/|title=The\n        Red and White Party|work=Cocktails With Elvira|date=2011-10-26|accessdate=2014-01-30}}\\n*\n        [[November 25]]\\n** [[Ali Fethi Okyar]] forms a new government in Turkey (third\n        government).\\n** Release of [[James Whale]]''s film of ''''[[Frankenstein\n        (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'''' in New York City.\\n*[[November 26]] \\u2013\n        Heavy hydrogen, later named [[deuterium]], is discovered by American chemist\n        [[Harold Urey]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1931}}\\n* [[December\n        5]] \\u2013 Original [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] in [[Moscow]] ([[1883]])\n        is dynamited by order of [[Joseph Stalin]].\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Carl\n        Friedrich Goerdeler]] is appointed Reich Price Commissioner in Germany to\n        enforce the deflationary policies of the Br\\u00fcning government.\\n* [[December\n        9]] \\u2013 The Spanish [[Constituent Cortes]] approves the [[Spanish Constitution\n        of 1931]], effectively establishing the [[Second Spanish Republic]].\\n* [[December\n        10]]\\n** [[Jane Addams]] became the first American woman to be awarded the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]].\\n** [[Niceto Alcal\\u00e1-Zamora]] is elected president\n        of the Spanish Republic.\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 The [[Parliament of the\n        United Kingdom]] enacts the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]],\n        which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing\n        dominions of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], the [[Dominion of Canada]],\n        the [[Irish Free State]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], the [[Dominion\n        of New Zealand]] and the [[Union of South Africa]].\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Wakatsuki Reijir\\u014d]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Japan]].\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Phi Iota Alpha]], the oldest surviving [[National Association\n        of Latino Fraternal Organizations|Latino fraternity]], is founded in the United\n        States.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Ust-Abakanskoye becomes [[Abakan]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Toshiki\n        Kaifu 1960.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Toshiki Kaifu]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Duvall 2 by\n        David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robert Duvall]]]]\\n[[File:Caterina Valente\n        1966.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Caterina Valente]]]]\\n[[File:James Earl Jones (8516667383).jpg|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Earl Jones]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Mohammad Ali Samatar]], 5th Prime\n        Minister of Somalia (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Toshiki Kaifu]],\n        2-Time Prime Minister of Japan\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Cleopa Msuya]],\n        3rd Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Alvin Ailey]], American\n        choreographer (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Alfred Brendel]], Austrian pianist\\n** [[Robert\n        Duvall]], American actor and director\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Fern Battaglia]],\n        American professional baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[E. L. Doctorow]],\n        American author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill\n        Graham]], German concert promoter (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Nik\n        Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]], Malaysian politician and Muslim cleric (d. [[2015]])\n        \\n** [[Peter Barnes (playwright)|Peter Barnes]], English playwright and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Roland Alphonso]], Jamaican musician\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Charles Nelson Reilly]], American\n        actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Caterina Valente]], French\n        singer and actress\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Ellen Holly]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Johannes Rau]], [[President of Germany]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[James Earl Jones]], American actor\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Chun\n        Doo-hwan]], [[President of South Korea]]\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Pat Hunt]],\n        New Zealand National Party politician\\n** [[Robert MacNeil]], Canadian journalist\\n*\n        [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[David Lee (physicist)|David Lee]], American physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Sam\n        Cooke]], American singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Lars H\\u00f6rmander]],\n        Swedish mathematician (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Dean Jones\n        (actor)|Dean Jones]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Lynch]], English actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Mordecai\n        Richler]], Canadian author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Ferenc\n        M\\u00e1dl]], [[President of Hungary]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Allan W. Eckert]], American historian, naturalist, and author (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Ernie Banks]], American baseball player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:\\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\n        \\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0438\\u043d.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Boris\n        Yeltsin]]]]\\n[[File:Dries_van_Agt,_2011_(cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dries\n        van Agt]]]]\\n[[File:James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Dean]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Boris Yeltsin]], 1st [[President of Russia]]\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Dries van Agt]], Dutch politician, 46th\n        [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]\\n** [[Les Dawson]], British comedian\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Hillel Zaks]], Polish-born Israeli rabbi (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Burkert]], German writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Isabel\n        Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n]], 41st [[President of Argentina]]\\n* [[February\n        6]]\\n** [[Rip Torn]], American actor and director\\n** [[Mamie Van Doren]],\n        American actress and author\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[James Dean]], American\n        actor (d. [[1955]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Thomas Bernhard]], Austrian author\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Jack Van Impe]], American televangelist\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Larry Merchant]], American author and boxing commentator\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Geoff Edwards]], American actor and game show host\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Claire Bloom]], English actress\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[George E. Sangmeister]], American politician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Ken Takakura]], Japanese actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Johnny\n        Hart]], American cartoonist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Toni Morrison]], American\n        writer, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]\\n** [[Bob St. Clair]],\n        American football player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n**[[Dominic Chianese]],\n        American actor and singer\\n**[[Brian Close]], English cricketer\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Eric Edgar Cooke]], Australian serial killer (d. [[1964]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Gavin MacLeod]], American actor and Mayor of [[Pacific\n        Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]]\\n** [[Dean Smith]], American basketball\n        coach (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 850809 General Secretary\n        of the CPSU CC M. Gorbachev (crop).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]]]]\\n[[File:Rupert\n        Murdoch - Flickr - Eva Rinaldi Celebrity and Live Music Photographer.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rupert\n        Murdoch]]]]\\n[[File:William Shatner Sydney 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William\n        Shatner]]]]\\n[[File:Leonard Nimoy by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Leonard\n        Nimoy]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[President of the Soviet\n        Union]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Tom Wolfe]], American\n        novelist and journalist\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[John Smith (actor)|John Smith]],\n        American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Wally Bruner]], American\n        journalist and television host (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[William Cardinal Keeler]],\n        American Roman Catholic prelate\\n** [[Ludvig Hope Faye]], Norwegian politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alice Rivlin]], American economist\\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Neil Postman]], American media theorist and cultural critic (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\n** [[Jackie Healy-Rae]], Irish Politician (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Le\\u00f3n Febres Cordero]], President of Ecuador (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[March\n        11]] \\n** [[Janosch]], German writer\\n** [[Rupert Murdoch]], Australian-born\n        publisher\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Herb Kelleher]], American businessman\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Ted Marchibroda]], American football player (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\n** [[Shirley Stovroff]], American female professional baseball\n        player (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Vlastimil Bubn\\u00edk]], Czech ice hockey and football\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Hal Linden]], American actor and\n        singer\\n** [[Karen Steele]], American actress (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Burton Richter]], American physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics]]\\n** [[William Shatner]], Canadian actor and science fiction novelist\\n*\n        [[March 24]] \\u2013 [[Connie Hines]], American actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Leonard Nimoy]], American actor and director (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[David Janssen]], American actor (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[March\n        29]]\\n** [[Aleksei Gubarev]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Norman\n        Tebbit]], British politician\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Ita Ever]],\n        Estonian actress\\n** [[Rolf Hochhuth]], German writer\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Olivera (film director)|H\\u00e9ctor Olivera]], Argentine film\n        director, producer and screenwriter\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Suchitra Sen]]\n        (Roma Dasgupta), legendary [[Bengali people|Bengali]] actress (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]]\\n** [[Lu\\u00eds Cabral|Luis Cabral]], 1st [[President of Guinea-Bissau]]\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mustafa Da\\u011f\\u0131stanl\\u0131]], Turkish free-style\n        wrestler\\n** [[Johnny Sheffield]], American child actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] \\n** [[Helen Maksagak]], Canadian, first [[Inuit|Inuk]] and woman to\n        be the Commissioner of both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Tomas Transtr\\u00f6mer]], Swedish poet and translator, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Kobie\n        Coetsee]], South African politician\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Igor Oistrakh]],\n        Ukrainian violinist\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Frank Auerbach]], German-born painter\\n**\n        [[Lonnie Donegan]], Scottish musician (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Willie\n        Mays cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Willie Mays]]]]\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Willie\n        Mays]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Teresa Brewer]], American\n        pop and jazz singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Ichir\\u014d Nagai]],\n        Japanese voice actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e1s Hajnal]],\n        Hungarian mathematician\\n** [[Jim Jones]], American cult leader (d. [[1978]])\\n**\n        [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed Petr]], Czech university president\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Alvin\n        Lucier]], American composer\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.]],\n        Chairman of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse\\n** [[Ken\n        Venturi]], American golfer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Jack Dodson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Natwar Singh]], Indian politician\\n* [[May\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Marshall Applewhite]], [[Heaven''s Gate (religious group)|Heaven''s\n        Gate]] religious sect founder (d. 1997)\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Don Martin (cartoonist)|Don\n        Martin]], American artist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Robert Morse]], American actor\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9ric Tappy]], Swiss tenor\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Ken\n        Boyer]], American baseball player (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Barbara\n        Barrie]], American actress \\n** [[Patience Cleveland]], American actress and\n        diarist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Georgy Grechko]], Russian cosmonaut\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 [[Faten Hamama]], Egyptian actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Carroll Baker]], American actress\\n* [[May\n        30]] \\u2013 Father [[John O''Brien (priest)|John O''Brien]], Irish priest\n        and musician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[John Robert Schrieffer|John\n        Schrieffer]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Shirley Verrett]], American mezzo-soprano (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Castro, July 2012.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Ra\\u00fal Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Fhc-color.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fernando\n        Henrique Cardoso]]]]\\n[[File:OlympiaDukakisHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Olympia\n        Dukakis]]]]\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Viktor Tsaryov]], Russian footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Larry Jackson]], American baseball player (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n**\n        [[Ra\\u00fal Castro]], [[President of Cuba]]\\n** [[Lindy Remigino]], American\n        athlete\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 [[Malcolm Morley]], English-born painter\\n* [[June\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Dana Wynter]], German-born American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]]\\n** [[Jackie Mason]], American comedian\\n** [[Joe Santos]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Jo\\u00e3o Gilberto]], Brazilian\n        musician\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Moys\\u00e9s Baumstein]], Brazilian holographer\n        and artist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Kenneth Cope]], English actor\\n**\n        [[Ross Higgins]], Australian actor\\n** [[Marla Gibbs]], American comedic actress\n        and singer\\n** [[Junior Walker]], American saxophonist and singer (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Gerson Poyk|id|3=Gerson Poyk}},\n        Indonesian author and journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Fernando\n        Henrique Cardoso]], [[President of Brazil]]\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Olympia Dukakis]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Arne Nordheim]], Norwegian composer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]] \\n** [[Margaret Heckler]], American Secretary of Health and Human\n        Services\\n** [[David Kushnir]], Israeli former Olympic long-jumper\\n** [[Les\n        Vandyke]], American musician\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Martin Lipton]], American\n        lawyer\\n** [[Ian Browne (cyclist)|Ian Browne]], Australian track cyclist \\n**\n        [[Teruyuki Okazaki]], Japanese [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in\n        [[Shotokan Karate]]\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Doris Cook]], American pitcher and\n        outfielder\\n** [[Ola Ullsten]], Swedish politician and diplomat\\n** [[Charles\n        Keith Taylor]], Canadian politician\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Juanita Quigley]],\n        American child actress\\n** [[Emilio Fede]], Italian anchorman, journalist\n        and writer\\n** [[\\u00c1rp\\u00e1d B\\u00e1r\\u00e1ny]], Hungarian fencer\\n**\n        [[George Petchey]], English former footballer\\n** [[Gaston Flosse]], French\n        politician\\n** [[Billy Casper]], American golfer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Stan Dromisky]], Canadian liberal party\\n** [[V. P. Singh]], [[Prime Minister\n        of India]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[George Lois]], American art\n        director, designer, and author\\n** [[Robert Colbert]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Alan Bailey]], former senior British civil servant\\n** [[Colin Wilson]],\n        British writer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Graziella Galvani]], Italian\n        stage, television and film actress\\n** [[Charles Bronfman]], Canadian / American\n        businessman and philanthropist\\n** [[Geoffrey Harcourt]], Australian academic\n        economist\\n** [[Martinus J. G. Veltman]], Dutch physicist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Tom Stolhandske]], American\n        football linebacker\\n** [[Junior Johnson]], American NASCAR driver of the\n        1950s and 1960s\\n** [[Jenny Glusker]], British biochemist and crystallographer\\n**\n        [[Aleksandar Ivo\\u0161]], Serbian footballer\\n** [[Hans Alfredson]], Swedish\n        actor, film director, writer and comedian\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Palmirinha Onofre|pt|3=Palmirinha Onofre}}, Brazilian culinary\n        artist and television presenter \\n** [[Alina Obidniak]], Polish theatre director\n        and actress\\n** [[Brian Hutton, Baron Hutton]], Lord Chief Justice of Northern\n        Ireland and British Lord of Appeal in Ordinary\\n** [[Richard L. Berkley]],\n        American politician\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Allan Jay]], British foil and \\u00e9p\\u00e9e\n        fencer\\n** [[Don Gross (baseball)|Don Gross]], American baseball player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jerry\n        Van Dyke (253701039) cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jerry Van Dyke]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Leslie Caron]], French actress\\n** [[Stanislav Grof]], Czech psychiatrist\\n**\n        [[Marilyn Hickey]], American televangelist, speaker and author\\n** [[Seyni\n        Kountch\\u00e9]], former [[President of Niger]] (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Chris Strachwitz]],\n        German-born American record label executive and record producer\\n* [[July\n        2]] \\n** [[Robert Ito]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Oddur P\\u00e9tursson]], Icelandic\n        cross country skier\\n** [[Frank Williams (actor)|Frank Williams]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Mohammad Yazdi]], Iranian cleric\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Claude-Henri\n        Chouard]], French surgeon\\n** [[Mick Cullen]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[Dickie\n        Dowsett]], English former professional footballer\\n** [[Ed Roebuck]], American\n        relief pitcher in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Ray Rogers (politician)|Ray\n        Rogers]], American politician\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Stephen Boyd]], Irish actor\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Bill Gleeson]], Australian rules footballer \\n** [[Bobby\n        Malkmus]], American infielder and scout in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Lyndell\n        Petersen]], American former politician\\n** [[Peter Richardson (cricketer)|Peter\n        Richardson]], English former cricketer\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Aloysius Gordon]],\n        British-based Jamaican jazz pianist and singer\\n** [[Gerd Lauck]], German\n        footballer\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Macedo]], Portuguese filmmaker and later\n        a writer, university professor and lecturer\\n** [[Ismail Mahomed]], South\n        African and Namibian [[Chief Justice]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ryuzo Sato]], Japanese\n        economist\\n** [[Peter Silverman]], Canadian broadcast journalist\\n* [[July\n        6]]\\n** [[Jean Campeau]], French Canadian businessman and politician\\n** [[Robert\n        Dunham]], American actor and writer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Maralou Gray]], American\n        film, television, and theater actress\\n** [[Antonella Lualdi]], Italian actress\n        and singer\\n** [[Louis Mexandeau]], French politician\\n** [[Emily Nasrallah]],\n        Lebanese writer and women''s rights activist\\n** [[Della Reese]], American\n        actress, singer and evangelist\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Russo\n        (assistente de palco)|pt|3=Russo (assistente de palco)}}, Brazilian stage\n        assistant at Rede Globo (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alex South]], English former footballer\n        \\n** [[Charles Oakley (American football)|Charles Oakley]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Sunaryati Hartono]], Indonesian attorney, lawyer, professor of\n        law and government official\\n** [[J. Joseph Curran Jr.]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Palle Kj\\u00e6rulff-Schmidt]], Danish film director and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[David Eddings]], American novelist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Zach\n        Monroe]], American baseball player\\n** [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]], Norwegian\n        politician\\n** [[Lowell N. Lewis]], American plant physiology professor\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Sylvia Bacon]], American judge\\n** [[Rodney Anderson]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Thomas A. Pankok]], American Democratic Party politician\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Morris Chang]], Chairman of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing\n        Company Ltd. (TSMC) in 1987\\n** [[Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)|Nick Adams]],\n        American actor (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[Julian May]], American science fiction,\n        fantasy, horror, science\\n** [[Alice Munro]], Canadian writer, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] \\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Tab Hunter]], American\n        actor and singer, better known for his role in ''''[[Damn Yankees (film)|Damn\n        Yankees]]''''\\n** [[Yasuo \\u014ctsuka]], Japanese animator\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[James Cellan Jones]], British television and film director\\n** [[Jim Cairney]],\n        Scottish former professional footballer\\n** [[Arthur Hurst (footballer)|Arthur\n        Hurst]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Ernie Col\\u00f3n]], American born\n        Puerto Rico comics artist known\\n** [[Frank Ramsey (basketball)|Frank Ramsey]],\n        American former professional basketball player and coach\\n* [[July 14]] \\n**\n        [[Maria Musso]], Italian sprinter and pentathlete\\n** [[Ray Martini]], Australian\n        rules footballer \\n** [[NK Lu\\u010dko]], Croatian football player\\n* [[July\n        15]]\\n** [[Joanna Merlin]], American actress \\n** [[Clive Cussler]], American\n        author\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Andrzej Kry\\u0144ski]], Polish fencer\\n** [[Fergus\n        Gordon Kerr]], Scottish Roman Catholic priest of the English Dominican Province\\n**\n        [[Norm Sherry]], American former catcher, manager, and coach in Major League\n        Baseball\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Caroline Graham]], English playwright, screenwriter\n        and novelist\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Mark Pharaoh]], English track and field\n        athlete\\n** [[Maury Duncan]], American quarterback\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Mary\n        Lou Studnicka]], American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Allan\n        Slaight]], Canadian rock and roll pioneer, media mogul, and philanthropist\\n**\n        [[Marilyn Lewis]], American politician\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Gilles Morin]],\n        Canadian politician\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Te Atairangikaahu|Te Arikinui\n        Dame Te Atairangikaahu]], M\\u0101ori queen  (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Fred Foster]], American songwriter and record producer\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Jerry Van Dyke]], American comedian and actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Life\n        Ball 2013 - magenta carpet Barbara Eden 01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Barbara Eden]]]]\\n[[File:Regis\n        Philbin at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Regis Philbin]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Maria Kubitschek]], German actress\\n* [[August\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Charles E. \\\"Charlie\\\" Rice]], American legal scholar and author\\n*\n        [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[M\\u00e1rio Zagallo]], Brazilian football player and\n        manager\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Tom Laughlin]], American actor ([[Billy\n        Jack]]) (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[William Goldman]], American\n        author\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Joe Feeney]], American singer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Richard F. Heck]], American chemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Janice Rule]], American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August\n        16]]\\n** [[Marion Patrick Jones]], Trinidadian writer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Harold\n        Bernard St. John]], 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Hans van Mierlo]], Dutch politician, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs\n        (Netherlands)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and [[Deputy Prime Minister of\n        the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bramwell Tillsley]],\n        General of The Salvation Army\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Willie Shoemaker]],\n        American jockey (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don\n        King]], American boxing promoter\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Barbara Eden]], American\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Lyle Lahey]], American cartoonist (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Hamilton O. Smith]], American microbiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Hal Fishman]], Los Angeles\n        based local news anchor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Regis Philbin]], American television\n        personality\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Sri Chinmoy]], Bengali spiritual teacher,\n        poet, artist and athlete who immigrated to the U.S. in 1964 (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]] \\n** [[Shunichiro Okano]], Japanese football player and manager\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Shirley-Quirk]], English bass-baritone (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Jacques Braunstein]], Romanian-born Venezuelan economist,\n        publicist and disc jockey (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Jack Swigert]], American astronaut\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[August 31]]\\n** [[Jean B\\u00e9liveau]], Canadian hockey\n        player (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Kenny Burrell]], American jazz musician\\n** [[Noble\n        Willingham]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ian\n        Holm.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ian Holm]]]]\\n[[File:Barbara Bain.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Barbara\n        Bain]]]]\\n[[File:LarryHagmanToronto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Larry Hagman]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]]\\n** [[Cecil Parkinson]], British politician (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Javier Sol\\u00eds]], Mexican ranchera & bolero singer (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Paulo Maluf]], Brazilian politician\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Mitzi Gaynor]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Jack Rosenthal]], English playwright (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Philip Baker Hall]], American actor\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Ian Holm]],\n        British actor\\n** [[George Jones]], American country music singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Bain]], American actress\\n*\n        [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Brian Henderson (television presenter)|Brian Henderson]],\n        Australian broadcaster\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Anne Bancroft]], American\n        actress (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Hiroto Muraoka]], Japanese\n        football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Gertrude Alderfer]],\n        American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Gloria Cordes]], American\n        female professional baseball player\\n** [[Larry Hagman]], American actor and\n        director (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Fay Weldon]], British author\\n**\n        [[George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie]], British politician (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Gerald Merrithew]], Canadian educator\n        and statesman (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Tom Adams (politician)|Tom\n        Adams]], 2nd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[September 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Freddy Quinn]], Austrian singer and actor\\n* [[September 29]]\\n**\n        [[James Cronin]], American nuclear physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Anita Ekberg]], Swedish actress (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]]\\n** [[Angie Dickinson]], American actress \\n** [[Wesley L.\n        Fox]], U.S. Marine Corps officer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Desmond\n        Tutu]]]]\\n[[File:Apj abdul kalam.JPG|thumb|120px|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Alan Wagner]], American opera critic (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Morris Cerullo]], American televangelist\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Denise Scott Brown]], American architect\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Riccardo Giacconi]], Italian-born physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics]]\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Cotton Fitzsimmons]], American basketball\n        coach (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Desmond Tutu]], South African Anglican archbishop\n        and activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Eddie Mathews]], baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013\n        [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], President of India (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 16]]\\n**\n        [[James Chace]], American historian (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rosa Rosal]], Filipino\n        actress and humanitarian\\n** [[Charles Colson]], American politician; [[Watergate]]\n        conspirator (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Alencar]], Brazilian\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Ernst Hinterberger]], Austrian writer (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[John le Carr\\u00e9]], English novelist\\n** [[Manolo Escobar]],\n        Spanish singer and actor. (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Mickey\n        Mantle]], American baseball player (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Shammi Kapoor]], Indian film actor and director (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Ann Rule]], American true-crime writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        23]]\\n** [[Jim Bunning]], American baseball player and U.S. Senator\\n** [[Diana\n        Dors]], English actress (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy McIlroy]],\n        Irish footballer and football manager\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Hank Garrett]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Harold Battiste]],\n        American composer and arranger (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Dan\n        Rather]], American television news reporter\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Mwai\n        Kibaki (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mwai Kibaki]]]]\\n[[File:Adolfo-P\\u00e9rez-Esquivel-wsf-2003.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Adolfo\n        P\\u00e9rez Esquivel]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Shunsuke Kikuchi]], Japanese\n        composer\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Phil Woods]], American saxophonist (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\n** [[Michael Fu Tieshan]], Chinese Catholic\n        Patriotic Association bishop (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Monica Vitti]], Italian actress\\n*\n        [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Marie Mansfield]], American professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Ike Turner]], African-American singer and\n        songwriter (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Mike Nichols]], German-American\n        television actor, writer and director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        [[Darla Hood]], American child actress (''''[[Our Gang]]''''), voice actress\n        and singer (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Morley Safer]], Canadian journalist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Whitey Herzog]], American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Don Henderson]], British actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mary Louise Wilson]], American actress and singer\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Mwai Kibaki]],\n        third [[President of Kenya]]\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[Hubert Sumlin]],\n        American blues musician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Revaz Dogonadze]],\n        Georgian physicist (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Malcolm Williamson]], Australian composer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Adolfo P\\u00e9rez Esquivel]], Argentine\n        activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Dervla\n        Murphy]], Irish author\\n** [[Tomi Ungerer]], French book illustrator and writer\\n*\n        [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Shintaro Katsu]], Japanese actor (d. [[1997]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Rita\n        Moreno face.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rita Moreno]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Lyons]], American musician (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Jim Nesbitt]], American country\n        music singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Nigel Calder]], British\n        science writer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Edwin Meese]], American attorney, law professor,\n        and author; 75th Attorney General of the United States (1985\\u20131988)\\n*\n        [[December 3]]  \\u2013 [[Jaye P. Morgan]], American singer, chanteuse\\n* [[December\n        9]]  \\u2013 [[Ladislav Smoljak]], Czech film and theater director, actor and\n        screenwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Rita Moreno]], Puerto\n        Rican-American actress \\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Lionel Blair]], British\n        actor, choreographer, dancer, headmaster and TV presenter\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Klaus Rifbjerg]], Danish writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[Dave Madden]], Canadian American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Carlos Gra\\u00e7a]], 6th Prime Minister of S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9\n        and Pr\\u00edncipe (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Ronnie Schell]],\n        American actor\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Mauricio Kagel]], Argentine composer\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Edward E. Hammer]], American electrical\n        engineer and inventor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[John Charles]], Welsh international\n        footballer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Martin Milner]], American\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Skeeter Davis]], American\n        singer  (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Bob Shaw]], Irish writer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Anna Pavlova as the Dying\n        Swan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anna Pavlova]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Joffre]],\n        French [[World War I]] general (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Art Acord]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Roger Connor]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Louise, Princess Royal]], British\n        royal, eldest daughter of [[Edward VII]] of the United Kingdom (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[James Milton Carroll]], Baptist pastor, historian,\n        and author (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Hardy Richardson]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Grand Duke Peter\n        Nikolaevich of Russia]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Alma Rubens]],\n        American actress (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\n** [[Anna Pavlova]], Soviet\n        ballerina (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg]], former Minister-President\n        of Austria (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Sir\n        Percy FitzPatrick]], South African author, politician and mining financier\n        (b. 1862)\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Otto Wallach 1880s.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Otto\n        Wallach]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendome]]\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Charles Algernon Parsons]], British\n        inventor (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm von Gloeden]],\n        German photographer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Louis Wolheim]],\n        American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]],\n        Armenian general (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Eduard von Capelle]],\n        German admiral (b. [[1855]])\\n** Dame [[Nellie Melba]], Australian soprano\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke\n        of Oldenburg]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Otto Wallach]], German\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Thomas S. Rodgers]], American admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Friedrich\n        Wilhelm Murnau.jpg|thumb|120px|[[F. W. Murnau]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Tooth]], Anglican clergyman (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\n** [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]],\n        Finnish painter (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Theo van Doesburg]], Dutch painter (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[F. W. Murnau]], German director (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Alfred Giles (explorer)|Alfred Giles]], Australian explorer\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Hermann M\\u00fcller (politician)|Hermann M\\u00fcller]],\n        German journalist and politician, 12th Chancellor of Germany (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph B. Murdock]], United States Navy admiral and New Hampshire politician\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Bhagat Singh]], Indian revolutionary\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy]],\n        Irish lawyer and politician (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 23]] -- [[Bhagat Singh]],\n        Indian revolutionary hero (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 [[Robert Edeson]],\n        American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Ida Wells]], [[African-American]]\n        [[lynching]] crusader.\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Bennett]], British\n        novelist (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\u2013 [[Ban Johnson]], American baseball\n        executive (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Knute Rockne]], American\n        football coach (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Giuseppe \\u201eJoe\\u201c\n        Masseria.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joe Masseria]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Macklyn\n        Arbuckle]], American actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Erik Axel\n        Karlfeldt]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas Longworth]], American politician,\n        Speaker of the House (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Khalil Gibran]],\n        Lebanese poet and painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Richard Armstedt]],\n        German historian (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Joe Masseria]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Prince Thomas, Duke of Genoa]] (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Ernesto Rossi (gangster)|Ernesto Rossi]], American gangster\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 Sir [[Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet|Cosmo\n        Duff-Gordon]], British baronet and ''''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'''' survivor\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[George Herbert Mead]], American philosopher,\n        sociologist and psychologist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Albert,\n        Duke of Schleswig-Holstein]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Sammy\n        Woods]], English cricketer (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013\n        [[George Fisher Baker]], American financier and philanthropist (b. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Albert Abraham Michelson]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013\n        [[David Belasco]], American Broadway impresario, theater owner and playwright\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Joseph W. Farnham]], American\n        screenwriter (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif\n        of Mecca]], Arab nationalist\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Virginia Frances Sterrett]],\n        American artist and illustrator (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Pio\n        del Pilar]], Filipino activist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Armand\n        Falli\\u00e8res]], President of France (b. [[1841]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July\n        4]] \\n** [[Buddie Petit]], American jazz musician\\n** Prince [[Prince Emanuele\n        Filiberto, Duke of Aosta|Emanuele Filiberto]], 2nd Duke of Aosta (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[William Jasper Spillman]], American economist (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Nathan S\\u00f6derblom]], Swedish archbishop, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hamaguchi\n        Osachi 1.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Hamaguchi Osachi]]]]\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Bix\n        Beiderbecke]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013\n        Patriarch [[Damian I of Jerusalem]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Nigar Shikhlinskaya]], Azerbaijani [[World War I]] nurse (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]]\\n** [[Frank Harris]], Irish author and editor (b. [[1856]])\\n**\n        [[Hamaguchi Osachi]], Japanese politician and 27th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Francis Marion Smith]], American businessman\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Carl Pietzner - Erzherzog Leopold\n        Salvator von %C3%96sterreich-Toskana, 1905 (LC-DIG-ggbain-06226).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Archduke\n        Leopold Salvator of Austria]]]]\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Archduke Leopold\n        Salvator of Austria]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[John Thomson\n        (footballer, born 1909)|John Thomson]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Salvatore Maranzano]], Italian mobster (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Francis J. Higginson]], United States Navy admiral\n        (b. [[1843]])\\n** [[Joseph Le Brix]], French aviator and naval officer (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia]]\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 [[Omar Mukhtar]], the leader of [[Libya]]n\n        resistance (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Marcello Amero D''Aste]],\n        Italian admiral and politician (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Marvin Hart]], American\n        World Heavyweight Boxing Champion (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Geli Raubal]], Hitler''s niece (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[David Starr Jordan]], American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and\n        peace activist (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Thomas Edison.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Thomas\n        Edison]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Carl Nielsen]], Danish composer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernst Didring]], Swedish writer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[October\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Edison]], American inventor (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[October\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Schnitzler]], Austrian author and dramatist (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] \\u2013 Sir [[Murray Bisset]], South African cricketer and Governor\n        of Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Robert-Ames001.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Ames (actor)|Robert Ames]]]]\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Buddy Bolden]], American\n        musician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Jack Chesbro]], American\n        baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Shibusawa Eiichi]], Japanese industrialist (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Fichev]], Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military\n        historian, and academician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Julius\n        Drewe]], British businessman, retailer and entrepreneur  (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Bruno von Mudra]], German general (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Robert Ames (actor)|Robert Ames]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Antonio Salandra.png|thumb|110px|[[Antonio\n        Salandra]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Vincent d''Indy]], French composer\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Vachel Lindsay]], American poet (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Antonio Salandra]], Italian statesman,\n        21st [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Legs\n        Diamond|Jack Diamond]], American gangster (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tyrone Power Sr]], English-born American actor (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Melvil Dewey]], American librarian, inventor of [[Dewey Decimal\n        Classification]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Figueroa\n        Alcorta]], Argentinan politician, 16th [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Carl\n        Bosch]], [[Friedrich Bergius]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Jane\n        Addams]], [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1931/1931fr.html The 1930s\n        Timeline: 1931] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University of\n        Virginia\\n* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/31171 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth\n        Century by Henry Hartshorne]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1931}}\\n[[Category:1931| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T18:36:12Z\",\"lastrevid\":799767488,\"length\":56138,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1931&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931\"},\"34775\":{\"pageid\":34775,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1932\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:35:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1932}}\\n{{Events by month|1932}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1932}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1932}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main|January\n        1932}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 The United States Post Office Department issues\n        [[1932 Washington Bicentennial|a set of 12 stamps]] commemorating the 200th\n        anniversary of [[George Washington]]''s birth.\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 The\n        British arrest and intern [[Mohandas Gandhi]] and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 The [[Stimson Doctrine]] is proclaimed, in response to\n        the Japanese invasion of [[Manchuria]].\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 In Great Britain\n        the [[Cosmo Gordon Lang|Archbishop of Canterbury]] forbids Anglican church\n        remarriage of divorced persons.\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Sakuradamon Incident\n        (1932)|Sakuradamon Incident]], Korean nationalist [[Lee Bong-chang]] fails\n        in his effort to assassinate [[Hirohito]] Emperor of Japan. The [[Kuomintang]]''s\n        official newspaper runs an editorial expressing regret that the attempt failed,\n        which is used by the Japanese as a pretext to attack Shanghai later in the\n        month. \\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Hattie W. Caraway]] becomes the first woman\n        elected to the [[United States Senate]].\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Maurice\n        Ravel]]''s [[Concerto in G (Ravel)|Concerto in G]] debuts with piano soloist\n        [[Marguerite Long]] and Ravel conducting the Lamoureux Orchestra.\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\u2013 About 6 million are unemployed in Germany.\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013\n        The [[1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising]] begins, it is suppressed by the government\n        of [[Maximiliano Hern\\u00e1ndez Mart\\u00ednez]]\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 Marshal\n        [[Pietro Badoglio]] declares the end of [[Libya]]n resistance.\\n* [[January\n        26]] \\u2013 The British submarine [[HMS M2|''''M2'''']] sinks with all 60\n        hands.\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 Conflict between Japan and China in the [[January\n        28 Incident|Battle of Shanghai]].\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 The minority government\n        of [[Karl Buresch]] in Austria ends the governmental crisis.\\n* [[January\n        31]] \\u2013 Japanese warships arrive in [[Nanking]].\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:1932\n        Winter Olympics logo.png|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1932 Winter Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main|February\n        1932}}\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 ''''[[Brave New World]]'''', a novel by [[Aldous\n        Huxley]], is first published.\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** A general [[World Disarmament\n        Conference]] begins in [[Geneva]]. The principal issue at the conference is\n        the demand made by Germany for ''''gleichberechtigung'''' (\\\"equality of status\\\"\n        i.e. abolishing Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany)\n        and the French demand for ''''s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9'''' (\\\"security\\\" i.e. maintaining\n        Part V).\\n** The [[League of Nations]] again recommends negotiations between\n        the [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]] and Japan.\\n**\n        The [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] begins operations in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** The [[1932 Winter Olympics]] open in [[Lake Placid,\n        New York]].\\n** Japan occupies [[Harbin]], China.\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Junnosuke Inoue]], prominent Japanese businessman, banker and former governor\n        of the Bank of Japan is assassinated by right-wing extremist group the League\n        of Blood in the [[League of Blood Incident]].\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Pope\n        Pius XI]] meets [[Benito Mussolini]] in [[Vatican City]].\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 ''''Clara, Lu & Em'''', generally regarded as the first daytime network\n        [[soap opera]], debuts in its morning time slot over the [[Blue Network]]\n        of [[NBC]] Radio, having originally been a late evening program.\\n* [[February\n        18]] \\u2013 Japan declares [[Manchukuo]] (Japanese name for [[Manchuria]])\n        formally independent from China.\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 The first [[Purple\n        Heart]] is awarded.\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Women''s suffrage]] is granted\n        in Brazil.\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] obtains German citizenship\n        by [[naturalization]], opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932\n        election for [[Reichspr\\u00e4sident]].\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 The [[M\\u00e4nts\\u00e4l\\u00e4\n        rebellion]] occurs in Finland.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main|March 1932}}\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[Charles Lindbergh, Jr.]], the infant son of [[Anne Morrow Lindbergh]]\n        and [[Charles Lindbergh]], is kidnapped from the family home near [[Hopewell,\n        New Jersey]].\\n** Japan proclaims [[Manchuria]] an independent state and installs\n        [[Puyi]] as [[puppet emperor]].\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 The [[M\\u00e4nts\\u00e4l\\u00e4\n        rebellion]] ends in failure; Finnish democracy prevails. The [[Lapua Movement]]\n        is condemned by conservative Finnish President [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]] in\n        a radio speech.\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Dan Takuma]], prominent Japanese businessman\n        and director of the [[Mitsui]] ''''[[Zaibatsu]]'''' conglomerate is assassinated\n        by the radical right-wing League of Blood group. \\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 Four\n        people are killed when police fire upon 3,000 unemployed autoworkers marching\n        outside the [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[River Rouge Plant]] in [[Dearborn,\n        Michigan]].\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] is elected [[President\n        of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive\n        Council]] of the [[Irish Free State]]. It is the first change of government\n        in the Irish Free State since its foundation 10 years previously.\\n* [[March\n        14]] \\u2013 [[George Eastman]], founder of [[Kodak]], commits suicide.\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 Peace negotiations between China and Japan begin.\\n* [[March\n        19]] \\u2013 The [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] opens.\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 The\n        ''''[[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|Graf Zeppelin]]'''' begins a regular route to South\n        America.\\n*[[March 21]]\\u2013 A series of deadly tornadoes in the south kills\n        more than 220 people in [[Alabama]], 34 in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]\n        and 17 in [[Tennessee]] during a two-day period.\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 ''''[[Tarzan\n        the Ape Man (1932 film)|Tarzan the Ape Man]]'''' opens, with Olympic gold\n        medal swimmer [[Johnny Weissmuller]] in the title role. (Weissmuller will\n        star in a total of twelve ''''[[Tarzan]]'''' films.)\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main|April\n        1932}}\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** 10,000 disgruntled Newfoundlanders march on their\n        legislature to show discontent with their current political situation; this\n        is a flash point in the demise of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]].\\n** ''''Kreuger\n        & Toll'''', the company of the \\\"Match King\\\" [[Ivar Kreuger]], collapses.\\n**\n        The first [[Alko]] stores are opened in Finland at 10 in the morning (local\n        time) following the end of Prohibition in that country, resulting in a new\n        [[mnemonic]] \\\"543210\\\".\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** U.S. president [[Herbert Hoover]]\n        supports armament limitations at the World Disarmament Conference.\\n** The\n        trial against fraudulent art dealer [[Otto Wacker]] begins in Berlin.\\n* [[April\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Paul von Hindenburg]] is re-elected president of Germany.\\n*\n        [[April 13]] \\u2013 German Chancellor [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] bans the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]]\n        and the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] as threats to public order, arguing that they\n        are chiefly responsible for the wave of political violence afflicting Germany.{{cite book|last=Feuchtwanger|first=Edgar|title=From Weimar\n        to Hitler|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Macmillan|year=1993|pages=270\\u20139|ISBN=0333274660}}\n        \\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[John Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Walton]] focus a proton\n        beam on lithium and split its nucleus.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Haile Selassie]]\n        announces an anti-[[slavery]] law in [[Ethiopia|Abyssinia]].\\n* [[April 19]]\n        \\u2013 German art dealer [[Otto Wacker]] is sentenced to 19 months in prison\n        for selling [[art forgery|fraudulent]] paintings he attributed to [[Vincent\n        van Gogh]].\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 Two of the companions of Islamic prophet\n        [[Muhammad]] are moved from their graves upon informing of water in the graves\n        in the dream of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]] of [[Iraq]] in Salmaan Paak,\n        Iraq. Their names are [[Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman]] and [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 Korean pro-independence paramilitary [[Yun Bong-gil]]\n        detonates a bomb at a gathering of Japanese government and mililtary officials\n        in [[Shanghai]]''s [[Lu Xun Park (Shanghai)|Hongkou Park]], killing General\n        [[Yoshinori Shirakawa]] and injuring [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]] and Vice Admiral\n        [[Kichisabur\\u014d Nomura]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main|May 1932}}\\n* [[May 2]]\n        \\u2013 Comedian [[Jack Benny]]''s radio show airs for the first time.\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Paul Gorguloff]] shoots French president [[Paul Doumer]] in Paris;\n        Doumer dies the next day.\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 The politically powerful General\n        [[Kurt von Schleicher]] meets secretly with [[Adolf Hitler]].[[Ian\n        Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998,\n        p. 366. Schleicher tells Hitler that he is scheming\n        to bring down the Br\\u00fcning government and asks for Nazi support of the\n        new \\\"presidential government\\\" Schleicher is planning to form.\n        Schleicher and Hitler negotiated a \\\"gentlemen''s agreement\\\" where in exchange\n        for lifting the ban on the SA and SS and having the ''''Reichstag'''' dissolved\n        for early elections that summer, the Nazis will support Schleicher''s new\n        chancellor. \\n* [[May 10]]\\n**[[Albert Lebrun]] becomes the new [[president\n        of France]].\\n** Violent scenes in the ''''Reichstag'''' as [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        and other Nazi MRDs attack the Defense Minister General [[Wilhelm Groener]]\n        for his lack of belief in a supposed Social Democratic ''''[[putsch]]''''. After the debate, General Schleicher tells Groener that he\n        has lost the confidence of the Army and must resign at once.\\n*\n        [[May 12]]\\n**Ten weeks after his abduction, the infant son of [[Charles Lindbergh]]\n        is found dead just a few miles from the Lindbergh home.\\n**General Wilhelm\n        Groener resigns as Defense Minister. Schleicher takes\n        control of the Defense Ministry.\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 The [[Premier of New\n        South Wales]], [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]], is dismissed\n        by the State Governor, Sir [[Philip Game]].\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 Japanese\n        troops leave Shanghai. Back in Japan, the [[May 15 Incident]] as an attempted\n        military coup is known occurs. The Japanese prime minister [[Tsuyoshi Inukai]]\n        is assassinated by naval officers. \\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 Massive riots between\n        Hindus and Muslims in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] leave thousands dead and injured.\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\u2013[[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Amelia Earhart]] flies from the United\n        States to [[County Londonderry]], [[Northern Ireland]] in 14 hours 54 minutes.\\n*\n        [[May 20]] \\u2013 ''''[[Federaci\\u00f3n Obrera de la Industria de la Carne]]''''\n        initiates a major [[strike action|strike]] in the [[Argentina|Argentinian]]\n        meat-packing industry.\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 Judgement in [[Donoghue v Stevenson]]\n        handed down in the [[House of Lords]], creating the neighbour principle in\n        English law.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 The first of approximately 15,000 [[World\n        War I]] veterans arrive in [[Washington, D.C.]] demanding the immediate payment\n        of their military bonus, becoming known as the [[Bonus Army]].\\n* [[May 30]]\n        \\u2013 German chancellor [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] is dismissed by President\n        von Hindenburg. President Hindenburg asks [[Franz von Papen]] to form a new\n        government, known as the \\\"Government of the President''s Friends\\\", which\n        is openly dedicated to the destruction of democracy and the [[Weimar Republic]].\n        The downfall of Br\\u00fcning is largely the work of Schleicher, who been scheming\n        against him since the beginning of May. Schleicher\n        takes the position of Defense Minister in his friend Papen''s government.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main|June\n        1932}}\\n* June \\u2013 The [[Chaco War]] begins between [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]].\\n*\n        [[June 4]] \\n** A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Chile]].\\n** The Papen government\n        dissolves the ''''Reichstag'''' for elections on 31 July 1932 in the full\n        expectation that the Nazis will win the largest number of seats.Wheeler-Bennett,\n        John. ''''The Nemesis of Power'''', London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 250.\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The [[Revenue Act of 1932]] is enacted,\n        creating the first [[gas tax]] in the United States at 1 cent per US gallon\n        (0.26 \\u00a2/L) sold.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 The Papen government lifts the\n        ban against the SS and [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] in Germany. \\n* [[June 16]]\\u2013  [[Lausanne\n        Conference of 1932|Lausanne conference]] opens to discuss [[World War I reparations|reparations]],\n        which Germany had not paying since the [[Hoover Moratorium]] of June 1931.  \\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 The [[Benelux]] customs union is negotiated.\\n* [[June\n        24]] \\u2013 After a relatively bloodless military rebellion, [[Thailand|Siam]]\n        becomes a [[constitutional monarchy]].\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[India]] played\n        its first [[Test Cricket]] Match with [[England]] at [[Lord''s]].\\n* [[June\n        29]] \\u2013 The comedy serial ''''[[Vic and Sade]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]] Radio.\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:1932\n        Summer Olympics logo.png|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1932 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main|July\n        1932}}\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]] becomes the\n        [[fascist]] prime minister of Portugal (for the next 36 years).\\n* [[July\n        7]] \\u2013 The French submarine ''''[[Prom\\u00e9th\\u00e9e (Q153)|Prom\\u00e9th\\u00e9e]]''''\n        sinks off [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]]; 66 are killed.\\n* [[July 8]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] reaches its lowest level of the\n        [[Great Depression]], bottoming out at 41.22.\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**The [[Constitutionalist\n        Revolution]] starts in Brazil, with the uprising of the [[state of S\\u00e3o\n        Paulo]].\\n**Lausanne conference ends, agrees to cancel [[World War I reparations|reparations]]\n        against Germany.\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** Norway annexes northern [[Greenland]].\\n**\n        [[Hedley Verity]] establishes a new [[first-class cricket]] record by taking\n        all ten wickets for only ten runs against Nottinghamshire on a pitch affected\n        by a storm.\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Altona Bloody Sunday]]: In Altona, Germany,\n        armed [[communist]]s attack a [[National Socialist German Workers Party|National\n        Socialist]] demonstration; 18 are killed and many other political street fights\n        follow.\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 The [[Preu\\u00dfenschlag]] in Germany. The Papen\n        government sends out the ''''Reichswehr'''' under General [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]\n        to depose the elected SPD government in Prussia under [[Otto Braun]].Wheeler-Bennett,\n        John. ''''The Nemesis of Power'''', London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 253. The coup gives Papen control of Prussia, the most powerful\n        ''''Land'''' in Germany, and is a major blow to German democracy.[[Ian\n        Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998,\n        pp. 368-69.\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[British Empire\n        Economic Conference]] opens in Ottawa, Canada. \\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 U.S.\n        President [[Herbert Hoover]] orders the U.S. Army to forcibly evict the [[Bonus\n        Army]] of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C. Troops disperse\n        the last of the Bonus Army the next day.\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** The [[1932 Summer\n        Olympics]] open in [[Los Angeles]].\\n** Walt Disney''s ''''[[Flowers and Trees]]'''',\n        the first animated cartoon to be presented in full [[Technicolor]], premieres\n        in Los Angeles. It releases in theaters, along with [[Strange Interlude (film)|the\n        film version]] of [[Eugene O''Neill]]''s ''''[[Strange Interlude]]'''' (starring\n        [[Norma Shearer]] and [[Clark Gable]]); ''''Flowers and Trees'''' goes on\n        to win the first Academy Award for Best Animated Short.\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013\n        [[German federal election, July 1932|''''Reichstag'''' election]] sees the\n        Nazis win 37% of the vote, becoming the largest party in the ''''Reichstag''''.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main|August\n        1932}}\\n* August \\u2013 A farmers'' revolt begins in the [[Midwestern United\n        States]].\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** The second [[International Polar Year]], an\n        international scientific collaboration, begins.\\n** [[Forrest Edward Mars,\n        Sr.|Forrest Mars]] produces the first [[Mars bar]] in his [[Slough]] factory\n        in England.{{cite web|url=http://www.sopse.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=slough&f=generic_theme%2ehtm&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&%3dtheme_record_id=sl%2dsl%2dmars&s=MUhpLhrsY1I|title=Mars\n        \\u2013 the chocolate planet|work=Slough History Online|accessdate=2010-02-08}}\\n*\n        [[August 2]] \\u2013 The first [[positron]] is discovered by [[Carl D. Anderson]].\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 Hitler meets with Schleicher and reneges on the \\\"gentlemen''s\n        agreement\\\", demanding that he be appointed Chancellor.Wheeler-Bennett,\n        John. ''''The Nemesis of Power'''', London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 257. Schleicher agrees to support Hitler as Chancellor provided\n        that he can remain minister of defense.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]].\n        ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 371. \n        Schleicher sets up a meeting between Hindenburg and Hitler on for the 13 August\n        to discuss Hitler''s possible appointment as chancellor. \\n* [[August 6]]\\n**\n        The first [[Venice Film Festival]] is held.\\n** In Germany the first worldwide\n        [[Autobahn]] opened by [[Konrad Adenauer]]: [[Bundesautobahn 555]].\\n** [[Carl\n        Gustaf Ekman]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of [[Sweden]],\n        and is replaced by his Minister of Finance [[Felix Hamrin]].\\n* [[August 7]]\n        \\u2013 Raymond Edward Welch becomes the first one legged man to scale the\n        6,288 ft. [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington, New Hampshire]].\n        \\n* [[August 9]]\\n**The Papen government in Germany, which likes to take a\n        tough \\\"law and order\\\" stance, passes via Article 48 a law proscribing the\n        death penalty for a variety of offenses and with the court system simplified\n        so that the courts can hand down as many death sentences as possible.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New\n        York: Norton, 1998, p. 382.\\n** The Potempa Murder\n        case: In the German town of [[Pot\\u0119pa|Potempa]], five Nazi \\\"[[Brownshirts]]\\\"\n        break into the house of Konrad Pietrzuch, a Communist miner, and proceed to\n        castrate and beat him to death in front of his mother.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw,\n        Ian]]. ''''Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 381;\n        {{ISBN|0-393-04671-0}} The case attracts much media attention in Germany.\n        The murderers were released from jail after [[Adolf Hitler]] became [[Chancellor\n        of Germany]].[[Michael Burleigh|Burleigh, Michael]] ''''The Third Reich:\n        A New History'''' New York: Hill & Wang, 2000. p. 159; {{ISBN|0-8090-9325-1}}\\n*\n        [[August 10]] \\u2013 A 5.1 kg [[chondrite]]-type [[meteorite]] breaks\n        fragments and strikes earth near the town of [[Archie, Missouri]].\\n* [[August\n        11]] \\u2013 To celebrate Constitution Day in Germany, Chancellor [[Franz von\n        Papen]] and his interior minister Baron [[Wilhelm von Gayl]] present proposed\n        amendments to the Weimar constitution for a \\\"New State\\\" to deal with the\n        problems besetting Germany.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir\n        Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 372. \\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 Hitler meets President von Hindenburg and\n        asks to be appointed as Chancellor.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]].\n        ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 373. Hindenburg refuses\n        under the grounds that Hitler is not qualified to be Chancellor and asks him\n        instead to serve as Vice-Chancellor in Papen''s government.\n        Hitler announces his \\\"all or nothing\\\" strategy in which he will oppose any\n        government not headed by himself and will accept no office other than Chancellor.\n        \\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Auguste Piccard]] reaches an altitude of {{convert|16197|m|ft|abbr=on}}\n        with a [[hot air balloon]].\\n* [[August 18]]\\u2013[[August 19|19]] \\u2013\n        Scottish aviator [[Jim Mollison]] becomes the first pilot to make an East-to-West\n        solo [[transatlantic flight]], from [[Portmarnock]], [[County Dublin]], Ireland\n        to [[RCAF Station Pennfield Ridge]], [[New Brunswick]], Canada, in his [[de\n        Havilland Puss Moth]] biplane ''''The Heart''s Content''''.{{cite journal|title=Mollison''s\n        Atlantic Flight|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%200851.html|journal=[[Flight\n        International|Flight]]|volume=24|issue=35|date=1932-08-26|accessdate=2012-08-21|pages=795\\u20138}}\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 The Ottawa conference ends with the adoption of [[Imperial\n        Preference]] tariff, turning the British Empire into one economic zone with\n        a series of tariffs meant to exclude non-empire states from competing within\n        the markets of Britain; the Dominions; and the rest of the empire. \\n* [[August\n        22]] \\u2013 The five SA men involved in the torture and murder of Konrad Pietrzuch\n        are quickly convicted and sentenced to death under an emergency law introduced\n        by the Papen government on 8 August. The Potempa case\n        becomes a ''''[[wikt:cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre|cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre]]''''\n        in Germany with the Nazis demonstrating for amnesty for the \\\"Potempa five\\\"\n        under the grounds they were justified in killing the Communist Pietrzuch.\n        Hitler sends a telegram congratulating the \\\"Potempa five\\\".\n        Many Germans argue that the \\\"Potempa five\\\" are patriotic heroes who should\n        not be executed while others maintain the death sentences are appropriate\n        given the brutality of the torture and murder.  \\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Civil Aviation Authority (Panama)|Panama Civil Aviation Authority]] is established.\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] is elected as Speaker of the\n        German ''''Reichstag''''.\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 A [[total solar eclipse]]\n        is visible from northern Canada through northeastern Vermont, New Hampshire,\n        southwestern Maine and the Capes of Massachusetts.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main|September\n        1932}}\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 Despite the court''s sentence of death against\n        the \\\"Potempa five\\\", Chancellor von Papen in his capacity as ''''Reich Commissioner\n        of Prussia'''' refuses to have the \\\"Potempa five\\\" executed under the grounds\n        that they were not aware of the emergency law at the time they committed the\n        murder, but in reality because he is still hoping for Nazi support for his\n        government.\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** The [[Cortes Generales]]\n        (Parliament) of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]] approved\n        the [[Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932|Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia]],\n        which granted full autonomy for [[Catalonia]] for the first time during the\n        [[Modern history|late modern period]].\\n** Beginning of the [[Chaco War]]\n        a conflict between [[Paraguay]] and [[Bolivia]] because of delimitation problems\n        and others.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 The [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]], at\n        this time the world''s longest [[rapid transit|subway]] line ({{convert|31|mi|km}}),\n        begins operation in [[Manhattan]].{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm\n        |title=New York City Transit \\u2013 History and Chronology |publisher=[[Metropolitan\n        Transportation Authority]] |year=2009 |accessdate=2012-01-03 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019203759/http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm\n        |archivedate=October 19, 2002 |df= }}\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** Canadian\n        operations end on the [[International Railway (New York\\u2013Ontario)]].\\n**\n        A bronze statue of [[Youssef Bey Karam]] was erected in his memory outside\n        the Cathedral of Saint Georges, [[Ehden]].\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 The\n        very unpopular Papen government is defeated on a massive motion of no-confidence\n        in the ''''Reichstag''''. With the exceptions of the [[German People''s Party]]\n        and the [[German National People''s Party]], every party in the ''''Reichstag''''\n        votes for the no-confidence motion. Papen has Hindenburg dissolve the ''''Reichstag''''\n        for new elections in November. \\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]]\n        begins a [[hunger strike]] in [[Poona]] prison, India.\\n* [[September 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333]] begins, millions starve to death\n        as a result of forced collectivization and as part of the government''s effort\n        to break rural resistance to its policies. The Soviet regimes denies the famine\n        and allows millions to die. \\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 The [[Kingdom of Hejaz\n        and Nejd]] is proclaimed the Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]], concluding the country''s\n        [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|unification]] under the rule of [[Ibn Saud of\n        Saudi Arabia|Ibn Saud]].\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 After his party`s victory\n        in the election to the Swedish Riksdag`s second chamber, Social Democrat [[Per\n        Albin Hansson]] becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden, after [[Felix Hamrin]].\\n*\n        [[September 27]] \\u2013 [[Ryutin Affair]] at its height in the Soviet Union.\n        The Politburo meets and condemns the so-called \\\"Ryutin Platform\\\" and agrees\n        to expel those associated with it from the Communist Party, but refuses Stalin''s\n        request to execute those associated with the \\\"Ryutin Platform\\\".\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main|October\n        1932}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Babe Ruth]] makes his famous [[Babe Ruth''s\n        called shot|called shot]] in the fifth inning of game 3 of the [[1932 World\n        Series]].\\n** [[Gyula G\\u00f6mb\\u00f6s]] becomes Prime Minister of Hungary,\n        the first time a member of the radical right has become Hungary''s head of\n        government. \\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Iraq]] becomes an independent kingdom\n        under [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]].\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 Chief Justice\n        [[Charles Evans Hughes]] lays the cornerstone for a new U.S. Supreme Court\n        building.\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** Tata Airlines (later to become [[Air India]])\n        makes its first flight.\\n** The [[Michigan Marching Band]] (at this time called\n        the Varsity band) debuts [[Script Ohio]] at the Michigan versus Ohio State\n        game in Columbus.\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of\n        V\\u00e4sterbotten|Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden]] marries [[Princess Sibylla\n        of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]].\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Fred Allen]]''s radio\n        comedy show debuts on [[CBS]] in the United States.\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013\n        Twenty-one-year-old Michael D''Oyly Carte, grandson of theatrical impresario\n        and hotelier [[Richard D''Oyly Carte]], is killed in a car crash in Switzerland.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main|November\n        1932}}\\n[[File:Enigma-plugboard.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The [[Polish Cipher\n        Bureau|Cipher Bureau]] breaks the German Enigma cipher and overcomes the ever-growing\n        structural and operating complexities of the evolving [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]\n        with [[plugboard]], the main German cipher device during World War II.]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 The [[War Memorial Opera House (San Francisco)|San Francisco\n        Opera House]] opens.\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 Strike by transport workers\n        in Berlin. The Nazis and the Communists both co-operate in support of the\n        strike. The Nazi-Communist co-operation hurts the Nazis at the upcoming election\n        with many right-wing voters switching back to the [[German National People''s\n        Party]]. \\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 The [[German federal election, November\n        1932|''''Reichstag'''' election]] is held. The Nazis remain the largest party,\n        but their share of the seats drops from 37% to 32%.\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013\n        ''''[[Buck Rogers|Buck Rogers in the 25th Century]]'''' debuts on American\n        [[radio]]. It is the first science fiction program on radio.\\n* [[November\n        8]] \\u2013 [[U.S. presidential election, 1932]]: [[Democratic Party (United\n        States)|Democratic]] Governor of [[New York (state)|New York]] [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] defeats Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide\n        victory.\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** A [[hurricane]] and huge waves kill about 2,500\n        in [[Santa Cruz del Sur]] in the worst [[natural disaster]] in [[Cuba]]n history.\\n**\n        Geneva massacre: [[Military of Switzerland]] fire on a socialist ant-fascist\n        demonstration in [[Geneva]] leaving 13 dead and 60 injured.\\n* [[November\n        16]] \\u2013 New York City''s [[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace Theatre]]\n        fully converts to a [[Movie theater|cinema]], which is considered the final\n        death knell of [[vaudeville]] as a popular entertainment in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\u2013 The second wife of [[Joseph Stalin]] is found dead\n        in her home.\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013 German president [[Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]]\n        begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government.\\n*\n        [[November 24]] \\u2013 In Washington, D.C., the [[FBI]] Scientific Crime Detection\n        Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opens.\\n* [[November\n        30]] \\u2013 The [[Polish Cipher Bureau]] breaks the German [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]\n        cipher.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main|December 1932}}\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013\n        Germany returns to the [[World Disarmament Conference]] after the others powers\n        agree to accept ''''gleichberechtigung'''' {{Clarify|date=December 2014}}\n        \\\"in principle\\\". Henceforward, it is clear that Germany will be allowed to\n        rearm beyond the limits imposed by the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. \\n* [[December\n        3]] \\u2013 Hindenburg names [[Kurt von Schleicher]] as German chancellor after\n        he ousts Papen. Papen is deeply angry about how his former friend Schleicher\n        has brought him down and decides that he will do anything to get back into\n        power.\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 Chancellor Schleicher meets with [[Gregor\n        Strasser]] and offers to appoint him Vice-Chancellor and ''''Reich'''' Commissioner\n        for Prussia out of the hope that if faced with a split in the NSDAP, Hitler\n        will support his government.Turner, Henry Ashby. ''''Hitler''s Thirty\n        Days to Power'''', New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996, p. 25. \\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 At a secret meeting of the Nazi leaders,\n        Strasser urges Hitler to drop his \\\"all or nothing\\\" strategy and accept Schleicher''s\n        offer to have the Nazis serve in his cabinet.Turner, Henry\n        Ashby. ''''Hitler''s Thirty Days to Power'''', New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996,\n        p. 26. Hitler gives a dramatic speech saying that\n        Schleicher''s offer is not acceptable and he will stick to his \\\"all or nothing\\\"\n        strategy whatever the consequences might be and wins the Nazi leadership over\n        to his viewpoint.  \\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Gregor\n        Strasser]] resigns as the chief of the NSDAP''s organizational department\n        in protest against Hitler''s \\\"all or nothing\\\" strategy.Turner, Henry\n        Ashby. ''''Hitler''s Thirty Days to Power'''', New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996,\n        pp. 27-28.\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 Japan and the\n        [[Soviet Union]] reform their diplomatic connections.{{clarify|date=December\n        2016}}\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 [[BBC World Service]] begins broadcasting\n        as the BBC Empire Service.\\n* [[December 23]] or [[December 24|24]] \\u2013\n        A methane gas explosion causes the [[Moweaqua Coal Mine Disaster]] which claims\n        54 lives. \\n* [[December 25]]\\n** The 7.6 {{M|s}} [[1932 Changma earthquake|Changma\n        earthquake]] shakes the [[Kansu|Kansu Province]] in China with a maximum [[Mercalli\n        intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''''Extreme''''). Two-hundred and\n        seventy-five people were killed.\\n** [[IG Farben]] file a [[patent]] application\n        in Germany for the medical application of the first [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]]\n        oral [[antibiotic]], which will be marketed as [[Prontosil]], following [[Gerhard\n        Domagk]]''s laboratory demonstration of its properties as an antibiotic.{{cite\n        book|last=Lesch|first=J. E.|title=The First Miracle Drugs: How the Sulfa Drugs\n        Transformed Medicine|chapter=Prontosil|pages=51\\u201361|location=New York|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-518775-5}}\\n* [[December 27]]\\n**''''[[Radio\n        City Music Hall]]'''' opens in New York City.\\n** Internal passports are introduced\n        in the Soviet Union.\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 The Cologne banker [[Kurt Baron\n        von Schr\\u00f6der|Kurt von Schr\\u00f6der]]-who is a close friend of Papen\n        and a NSDAP member-meets with [[Adolf Hitler]] to tell him that Papen wants\n        to set up a meeting to discuss how they can work together. Papen wants Nazi\n        support to return to the Chancellorship while Hitler wants Papen to convince\n        Hindenburg to appoint him Chancellor. Hitler agrees to meet Papen on 3 January\n        1933.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n\\n* [[Dust\n        storm]]s begin in [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]] and\n        [[Texas]], the start of the [[Dust Bowl]] in the United States.1959 ''''[[Encyclopedia\n        Americana]]''''.\\n* [[Zippo]] lighters are developed.\\n* [[Zero-length\n        spring]]s are invented, revolutionizing [[seismometer]]s and [[gravimeter]]s.\\n*\n        The [[Kennedy\\u2013Thorndike experiment]] shows that measured time as well\n        as length are  affected by motion, in accordance with the theory of [[special\n        relativity]].\\n* [[James Chadwick]] discovers the [[neutron]].\\n* Geneticist\n        [[J. B. S. Haldane]] publishes ''''The Causes of Evolution'''', unifying the\n        findings of Mendelian [[genetics]] with those of [[evolution]]ary science.\\n*\n        The [[heath hen]] becomes extinct in North America.\\n* [[Walter B. Pitkin]]\n        publishes ''''[[Life Begins at Forty]]'''' in the United States.\\n* The [[Republican\n        Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition]] is established for the [[repeal\n        of Prohibition in the United States]].\\n* Yezd [[Fire temple]] (''''Atash\n        Behram'''') becomes established in [[Yazd]], Iran.\\n* [[Association for Research\n        and Enlightenment]], Inc. (ARE) founded in [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]], as\n        an open-membership group to research the collected transcripts of [[Edgar\n        Cayce]]''s continuing trances, stored at the Edgar Cayce Foundation.\\n* \\\"The\n        Noah of Washington Mud Flats\\\" predicts a Deluge in 1936, building an [[Noah''s\n        Ark|Ark]] and demon-proof armor.\\n* Unemployment in the United States \\u2013\n        ca. 33% \\u2013 14 million. A similar level of unemployment affects Germany.\n        Many people in depressed countries do not receive unemployment benefit due\n        to governments not being able to afford benefit payments.[http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm\n        US unemployment statistics], historyhome.co.uk; accessed December 10, 2014.\\n*\n        [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s ''''[[Tintin in America]]'''' is published in black and\n        white.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Umberto Eco 04.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Umberto\n        Eco]]]]\\n[[File:Piper Laurie 1951-still.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Piper Laurie]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Tzaims Luksus]], American artist and fashion designer\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Jean Little]], Canadian author\\n* [[January 3]]\\n**\n        [[Dabney Coleman]], American actor\\n** [[Frederick K. C. Price]], American\n        evangelist and author\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Johnny Adams]], American singer\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Umberto Eco]], Italian scholar and novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Stuart A. Rice]], American chemist\\n* [[January 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zsef Sz\\u00e9cs\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian track and field athlete\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Takk\\u014d Ishimori]], Japanese voice\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Cardinal Zen]], Catholic\n        Bishop of Hong Kong\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Cleven \\\"Goodie\\\" Goudeau]],\n        American art director and cartoonist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Dian Fossey]], American zoologist (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Sheree North]], American actress and singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Robert Anton Wilson]], American author (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Piper Laurie]], American actress\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[George\n        Allen (footballer)|George Allen]], English footballer\\n** [[Cyril Davies]],\n        British blues musician (d. [[1964]])\\n** [[Jack Gilbert Graham]], American\n        mass murderer (d. [[1957]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Nikolay Anikin]], Soviet\n        cross-country skier (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Coxsone Dodd]],\n        Jamaican record producer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Don McMichael]],\n        Australian public servant\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Tommy Taylor]], English\n        footballer (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Kazuo Inamori]], Japanese\n        businessman\\n** [[Knock Yokoyama]], Japanese comedian and politician (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:John\n        Williams tux.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[John Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Ted Kennedy,\n        official photo portrait crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ted Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Johnny\n        Cash]]]]\\n[[File:Taylor, Elizabeth posed.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elizabeth Taylor]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[John Nott]], British politician\\n** [[Hassan Al-Turabi]],\n        Sudanese spiritual leader (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Peggy Ann\n        Garner]], American actress (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Blaise Rabetafika]], Malagasy\n        diplomat (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Cesare Maldini]], Italian\n        football player and manager (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Truffaut]], French film director (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Gay\n        Talese]], American author\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Jean Saunders]], English\n        writer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[John Williams]], American composer and conductor\\n*\n        [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[Gerhard Richter]], German painter\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        [[Margit Carlqvist]], Swedish actress \\n** [[Jerome Lowenthal]], American\n        pianist\\n** [[Dennis Skinner]], British politician\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Julian Lincoln Simon]], American economist and author (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Susan Oliver]], American actress (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Alexander Kluge]], German author and film director\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Harry Goz]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ahmad Tejan Kabbah|Alhaji\n        Ahmad Tejan Kabbah]], former [[President of Sierra Leone]] (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Antonio Ord\\u00f3\\u00f1ez]], Spanish bullfighter (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Gretchen\n        Wyler]], American dancer, actress and animal rights activist (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Milo\\u0161 Forman]], Czech film director\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Adrian Cristobal]], Filipino writer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Ted Kennedy]], American politician (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Robert Opron]],\n        French automotive designer\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Majel Barrett]], American\n        actress (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Bill Bonds]], American former television newscaster\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Michel Legrand]], French composer\\n*\n        [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Faron Young]], American country singer (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Cash]], American country singer (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[February 27]] \\u2013 Dame [[Elizabeth Taylor]], British-American actress\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Don Francks]], Canadian actor (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ryszard Kapuscinski by Kubik 17.05.1997.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ryszard\n        Kapu\\u015bci\\u0144ski]]]]\\n[[File:John Updike with Bushes new.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[John\n        Updike]]]]\\n* March \\u2013 [[Dennis O''Neill (manslaughter victim)|Dennis\n        O''Neill]], young victim of manslaughter by foster parents (d. [[1945]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Ryszard Kapu\\u015bci\\u0144ski]], Polish journalist (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Miriam Makeba]], South African singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ed Roth]], American\n        car designer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Frank Wells]], American entertainment businessman\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Marc Bazin]], 4th Prime Minister of Haiti\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bronis\\u0142aw Geremek]], Polish social historian and\n        politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Momoko K\\u014dchi]], Japanese\n        actress (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**[[Don Drummond]], Jamaican [[ska]]\n        musician (d. [[1969]])\\n**[[Andrew Young]], American Ambassador to the United\n        Nations\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Mark Murphy (singer)|Mark Murphy]], American\n        jazz singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Don Blasingame]], [[Major\n        League Baseball]] player and Japanese baseball manager (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Donald N. Langenberg]], American physicist\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\n        [[John Updike]], American author (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Gilbert]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[Els Borst]], Dutch politician, [[Deputy Prime Minister\n        of the Netherlands]] (1998-2002) (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013 [[Ted\n        Morgan (writer)|Ted Morgan]], French-born biographer and journalist\\n* [[March\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Nagisa Oshima]], Japanese film director (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Omar\n        Sharif 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Omar Sharif]]]]\\n[[File:TinyTim (cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|right|[[Tiny\n        Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]]]]\\n[[File:Loretta Lynn.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Loretta\n        Lynn]]]]\\n[[File:Casey Kasem.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Casey Kasem]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]]\\n** [[Gordon Jump]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Debbie Reynolds]],\n        American actress, singer and dancer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[Michael\n        Vernon]], Australian consumer activist (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Edward Egan]],\n        American cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Anthony Perkins]], American\n        actor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], Russian film director (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]]\\n** [[J\\u00f3zsef Antall]], 53rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n** Sultan [[Iskandar of Johor]], also the 8th [[Yang di-Pertuan\n        Agong]] of Malaysia (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[Armin Jordan]], Swiss\n        conductor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Carl Perkins]], American musician (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]]\\n** [[Omar Sharif]], Egyptian actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Blaze\n        Starr]], American burlesque artist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Kishori Amonkar]],\n        Indian vocalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Joel Grey]], American\n        actor, singer and dancer\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Lakshman Kadirgamar]], Sri\n        Lankan politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], American\n        musician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Loretta Lynn]], American country\n        singer\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[Elaine May]], American movie director\\n* [[April\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Halston]], American fashion designer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] \\u2013 [[William Roache]], English actor  \\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Michael\n        Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]], English-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Pik Botha]], South African\n        politician.\\n** [[Casey Kasem]], American disc jockey and voice actor (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n** [[Gian-Carlo Rota]], Italian-born mathematician and philosopher\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n**[[Anouk Aim\\u00e9e]], French actress\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Brownie Ledbetter]], American civil rights activist (d. 2010)\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Ahmet Haxhiu]], Albanian political activist (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]]\\n** [[Jordi Bonet]], Canadian artist (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Jenny Joseph]],\n        English poet\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Phyllida Law]], Scottish actress\\n** [[Sonny\n        Liston]], American boxer (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Geraldine McEwan]],\n        Scottish actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Valentino (fashion designer)|Valentino]],\n        Italian fashion designer \\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Chris Ballingall]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Alma Cogan]], English singer (d. [[1966]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Leonidas Vasilikopoulos]], Greek admiral and intelligence\n        chief (d. [[2014]])\\n*[[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Wesker]], British playwright\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Roger Bowen]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[John Gregory Dunne]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[K. C. Jones]],\n        American basketball player and coach\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Paul R. Ehrlich]],\n        American biologist\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Mario Cuomo NY Governor 1987.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mario\n        Cuomo]]]]\\n[[File:Pat Morita 1971 publicity photo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pat Morita]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 4]]\\n** [[John Drew Barrymore]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Maurice\n        Shadbolt]], New Zealand writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Gardner\n        McKay]], American actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Athol Fugard]],\n        South African author and dramatist.\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Mimi Coertse]], South\n        African opera [[soprano]].\\n** [[Rona Jaffe]], American novelist (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Mamo Wolde]], Ethiopian Olympic athlete (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Rainer K. Sachs]], German-American physicist and biologist\\n* [[June 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mario Cuomo]], American politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 18]]\\n**\n        [[Dudley R. Herschbach]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Geoffrey Hill]], English poet (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Sanchis Grau]], Spanish comic writer (d. 2011)\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Eloisa Cianni]], Italian former actress, model and beauty\n        pageant titleholder\\n** [[Ilka Soares]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Lalo Schifrin]],\n        Argentine pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor\\n** [[Gene White (American\n        football)|Gene White]], defensive back in the National Football League\\n**\n        [[O. C. Smith]] American musician (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Soraya\n        Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]], princess of [[Iran]], Queen Consort of [[Mohammad\n        Reza Pahlavi]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Prunella Scales]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Salvador Farf\\u00e1n]], Mexican football midfielder\\n** [[John Wakeham]],\n        British businessman and Conservative Party politician\\n** [[Sharad Moreshwar\n        Hardikar]], Indian orthopedic surgeon\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Bob Blair (cricketer)|Bob\n        Blair]], cricketer who played 19 Tests for New Zealand\\n** [[Jim Granberry]],\n        American politician\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Margit Korondi]], Hungarian former\n        gymnast\\n** [[Hirohisa Fujii]], Japanese politician\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Julian\n        Robertson]], American billionaire former hedge fund manager\\n** [[Peter Blake\n        (artist)|Peter Blake]], English artist\\n** [[Hank Cicalo]], American recording\n        engineer\\n** [[Valeriu Soare]], Romanian football forward\\n** [[Tim Parnell]],\n        British former racing driver\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Harry Bromfield]], South\n        African cricketer\\n** [[Marguerite Pindling]], Governor-General of the Bahamas\n        since 8 July 2014\\n** [[Don Valentine]], American influential venture capitalist\\n**\n        [[Marvin York]], American politician\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Eddie Kasko]],\n        American Major League Baseball\\n** [[Alan Warren (priest)|Alan Warren]], Anglican\n        priest and author\\n** [[Anna Moffo]], American operatic soprano (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\n** [[Jack H. McDonald]], American politician\\n** [[Pat Morita]],\n        Asian-American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Ken Eikenberry]],\n        United States Republican politician\\n** [[Alice Langtry]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Evrard Godefroid]], Belgian cyclist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Rumsfeld1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Donald\n        Rumsfeld]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Rod Driver]], American retired professor\n        of mathematics\\n** [[Joseph Duffey]], American academic, educator and political\n        appointee\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Gustavo Mart\\u00ednez (cyclist)|Gustavo Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        Guatemalan cyclist\\n** [[Waldemar Matu\\u0161ka]], Czech singer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Dave Thomas (businessman)|Dave Thomas]], American fast-food entrepreneur\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Josef Musil]], Czech volleyball player\\n**\n        [[Bobby Clatterbuck]], American football quarterback\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Matt\n        Crowe]], Scottish former professional footballer\\n** [[Otis Young]], African-American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Alan Cooke Kay]], American lawyer\n        and judge\\n** [[Kazimiera Utrata]], Polish actress\\n** [[Victor Saul Navasky]],\n        American journalist, editor and academic\\n** [[Gyula Horn]], Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Richard Secord]], United States\n        Air Force officer\\n** [[John O''Brien (tennis)|John O''Brien]], Australian\n        tennis player\\n** [[Herman Hertzberger]], Dutch architect and professor emeritus\\n*\n        [[July 7]] \\n** [[Eileen Lemass]], Irish politician\\n** [[James H. DeCoursey,\n        Jr.]], American politician\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Roy Proverbs]], English former\n        professional football (soccer) player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Pascal]], American\n        playwright, screenwriter, author, and journalist (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[July 9]]\n        \\n** [[Tex Clevenger]], American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher\n        and spot starter\\n** [[Donald Rumsfeld]], former U.S. Secretary of Defense\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos B\\u00f3dy]], Hungarian modern pentathlete\\n**\n        [[Carlo Maria Abate]], Italian former auto racing driver\\n** [[George Black\n        (RAF officer)|George Black]], Royal Air Force officer\\n** [[Neile Adams]],\n        Filipino-American actress\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Guy Talbot]], Canadian\n        ice hockey defenceman and coach\\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Monte Hellman]], American\n        film director, producer, writer, and editor\\n** [[Rene Goulet]], Canadian\n        retired professional wrestler\\n** [[Otis Davis]], American runner\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[Dana Ghia]], Italian actress, singer and model\\n** [[Per N\\u00f8rg\\u00e5rd]],\n        Danish composer\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Helga Lin\\u00e9]], German-born Portuguese-Spanish\n        film actress and circus acrobat\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Giovanna Pala]], Italian\n        actress\\n** [[Nina van Pallandt]], Danish singer and actress\\n* [[July 16]]\\n**\n        [[Ron Marciniak]], American football guard in the National Football League\\n**\n        [[Bill Byrge]], American character actor and comedian\\n** [[Dick Thornburgh]],\n        American lawyer and Republican politician\\n** [[Tim Asch]], Anthropologist,\n        photographer and ethnographic filmmaker (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Max McGee]], American\n        football player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Yukio Aoshima]], Japanese\n        politician and comedian (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Quino]], Argentine cartoonist\\n*\n        [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Yevgeny Yevtushenko]], Russian poet (d. [[2017]]) \\n*\n        [[July 20]]\\n** [[Michael Papps (sport shooter)|Michael Papps]], Australian\n        sports shooter\\n** [[Dick Giordano]], American comic book artist and editor\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Ove Verner Hansen]], Danish actor\\n** [[Nam June Paik]],\n        Korean-born American artist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Otto Schily]], German politician\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Norman Geisler]], American Christian author, theologian,\n        and philosopher \\n** [[Ernie Warlick]], American football player (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Jean Barthe]], French rugby league and rugby union player\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra]], Brazilian colonel (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Kassebaum Baker|Nancy Landon Kassebaum\n        Baker]], U.S. Senator\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[John Searle]], American philosopher\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Peter\n        O''Toole in Lawrence of Arabia.png|thumb|120px|[[Peter O''Toole]]]]\\n[[File:Banharn\n        Silpa-archa (cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Banharn Silpa-archa]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]]\\n** [[Meir Kahane]], American-born Israeli rabbi and ultra-nationalist\n        figure (d. [[1990 in Israel|1990]])\\n** [[Meena Kumari]], Indian actress (d.\n        [[1972]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Lamar Hunt]], American sportsman (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Peter O''Toole]], British-Irish actor (d. [[2013]]) \\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Howard Hodgkin]], British painter and print-maker (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Abebe Bikila]], Ethiopian long-distance runner (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Maurice Rabb, Jr.]], African-American ophthalmologist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Mel Tillis]], American country singer\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013\n        [[Fernando Arrabal]], Spanish writer\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Charlie O''Donnell]],\n        American game show announcer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Sirikit]], Queen mother of\n        Thailand (from [[1950]] to present)\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Abby Dalton]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Jim Lange]], American-Canadian disc jockey and game\n        show host (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[V. S. Naipaul]], West Indian-born\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 18]]\n        \\n** [[William R. Bennett]], Premier of British Columbia (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Luc Montagnier]], French virologist and [[Nobel Prize]] winner\\n* [[August\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Banharn Silpa-archa]], 32nd Prime Minister of Thailand (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Vasily Aksyonov]], Russian writer (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Houari Boumediene]], 2nd President of Algeria (d.\n        [[1978]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[W. Morgan Sheppard]], British actor\\n*\n        [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Luis F\\u00e9lix L\\u00f3pez]], Ecuadorian writer and\n        politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Mohamed Hamri]], Moroccan\n        artist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Saye Zerbo]], 3rd President and 4th Prime Minister\n        of Burkina Faso (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Adolfo Suarez 03\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Adolfo Su\\u00e1rez]]]]\\n[[File:IBSA-leaders Manmohan\n        Singh.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Manmohan Singh]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Sunny\n        von B\\u00fclow]], American socialite (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Derog Gioura]], Nauruan\n        politician and former President of Nauru (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[September 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Eileen Brennan]], American actress and singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Dinsdale Landen]], British actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Carol Lawrence]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n* [[September\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Marguerite Pearson]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[John Paul Getty, Jr.]], American-born\n        philanthropist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Patsy Cline]], American\n        singer (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Peter Anderson (footballer,\n        born 1932)|Peter Anderson]], English footballer\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Atli Dam]], 3-Time Prime Minister of Faroe Islands (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Fernando Gonz\\u00e1lez Pacheco]], Colombian television host,\n        announcer, journalist and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Khalifa\n        bin Hamad Al Thani]], Qatari Emir (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Nikolay Rukavishnikov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Mickey Kuhn]], American child actor\\n* [[September 22]] \\n**\n        [[Algirdas Brazauskas]], [[President of Lithuania]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Ingemar\n        Johansson]], Swedish boxer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Glenn Gould]],\n        Canadian pianist (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Charles Stanley]], American televangelist\\n**\n        [[Adolfo Su\\u00e1rez]], 1st Spanish Prime Minister after the dictatorship\n        of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Donna\n        Douglas]], American actress (''''The Beverly Hillbillies'''') (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Richard Herd]], American actor\\n** [[Joyce Jameson]], American actress (d.\n        [[1987]])\\n** [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Prime Minister of India]]\\n* [[September\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Oliver E. Williamson]], American economist\\n* [[September 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], Chilean singer-songwriter (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]], Indian actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Shintaro Ishihara|Shintar\\u014d Ishihara]], Japanese author\n        and politician\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Robert Reed 1971.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Robert\n        Reed]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Hugh Austin Curtis|Hugh Curtis]], Canadian\n        politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Milan Chvostek]], Canadian\n        television director\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Michael John Rogers]], English\n        ornithologist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Ray Reardon]], Welsh\n        snooker player\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[David Plowden]], American photographer\\n*\n        [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Harry Smith (footballer, born 1932)|Harry Smith]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Dottie West]], American singer/songwriter\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Dick Gregory]], American comedian and\n        activist\\n** [[Ned Jarrett]], American racing driver and broadcaster\\n** [[Yuichiro\n        Miura]], Japanese alpinist\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Jean Edward Smith]],\n        American political scientist and biographer\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Wolf\n        Vostell]], German artist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Vytautas\n        Landsbergis]], Lithuanian politician\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Robert Reed]],\n        American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Rosey Brown]], American\n        football player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rokur\\u014d Naya]], Japanese voice actor\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]], French physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Mundell]], Canadian economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Harry Gregg]], Northern Irish footballer\n        and football manager\\n** [[Dolores Moore]], American baseball player (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Sylvia Plath]], American poet and author (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Jean-Pierre\n        Cassel]], French actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Spyros Kyprianou]],\n        [[President of Cyprus]] (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Suzy Parker]], American fashion\n        model and actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Iemasa Kayumi]],\n        Japanese voice actor, actor and narrator (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Roy\n        Scheider 2007.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Roy Scheider]]]]\\n[[File:Ninoy Aquino 3.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Benigno\n        Aquino Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Chirac Lula ABr62198 (without light).jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Jacques\n        Chirac]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Albert Reynolds]], eighth [[Taoiseach]]\n        of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Thomas\n        Klestil]], [[President of Austria]] (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Noam Pitlik]], American\n        actor and director (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Paul Bley]], Canadian\n        pianist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Germano Mosconi]], Italian journalist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Douglas (actor)|Jerry Douglas]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Richard Mulligan]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Petula Clark]], British singer, actress, and songwriter\n        \\n** [[Clyde McPhatter]], American singer (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[November 18]]\\n**\n        [[Trevor Baxter]], British actor and playwright (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yoyoy\n        Villame]], Filipino singer and actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Dawson]], British-born comedian and game show host (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen]], Danish composer\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Robert Vaughn]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Keith\n        Wickenden]], British politician (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Claudio\n        Naranjo]], Chilean psychiatrist\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Benigno Aquino\n        Jr.]], Filipino politician and senator (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Jacques Chirac]], [[President of France]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Nichelle\n        Nichols by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nichelle Nichols]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] \\u2013 Dame [[Heather Begg]], New Zealand mezzo-soprano (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Sergio Bonelli]], Italian comic book author and publisher\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Corry Brokken]], Dutch singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1957 winner (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Roh Tae-woo]],\n        [[President of South Korea]]\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]],\n        American physicist\\n** [[Little Richard]], American singer and evangelist\n        \\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Paul Caponigro]], American photographer\\n** [[Rosemary\n        Rogers]], Sri Lankan-born American novelist\\n** [[J. B. Sumarlin]], Indonesian\n        economist and a former Minister of Finance\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Morton\n        Downey, Jr.]], American television personality (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Bill Hartack]],\n        American jockey (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Enrique Berm\\u00fadez]],\n        Nicaraguan Contra leader (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Tatsuya\n        Nakadai]], Japanese actor\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Jesse Belvin]], American\n        [[rhythm and blues]] singer, pianist, and songwriter (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Kelly E. Taggart]], American admiral and civil engineer, second\n        Director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned\n        Officer Corps]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Roger Smith (actor)|Roger\n        Smith]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Edward Hoagland]],\n        American essayist\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013  [[Earl Dodge]], American temperance\n        movement leader (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Dorsey Burnette]],\n        American singer (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Katy B\\u00f8dtger]], Danish singer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Roy Hattersley|Roy Hattersley, Baron Hattersley]], British\n        politician and life peer\\n** [[Nichelle Nichols]], American actress \\n** [[Manuel\n        Puig]], Argentinian writer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Titien Sumarni]], Indonesian\n        actress (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Inga Swenson]], American\n        actress and singer\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Felix Rexhausen]], German journalist,\n        editor and author (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Basil Blackshaw]],\n        Northern Irish artist\\n* [[Irene Jai Narayan]], Fiji politician (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Paul Pau]], French general (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 Maginot]], French soldier and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Antoni Maria Alcover i Sureda]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and writer (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Eurosia Fabris]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        nun and blessed (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Mangnall]],\n        English football manager (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Lytton Strachey]],\n        British writer and biographer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 Sir [[Alfred\n        Yarrow]], British shipbuilder and philanthropist (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n**[[Edward Stinson|Edward \\\"Eddie\\\" Stinson]], American aviator and\n        aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1893]])\\n**[[William Wrigley, Jr.]],  American\n        chewing gum industrialist (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 102-13109, Edgar Wallace.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Edgar Wallace]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Farabundo Mart\\u00ed]], Salvadorean revolutionary\n        (murdered) (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Yordan Milanov]], Bulgarian\n        architect (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Mad Dog Coll]], American gangster (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Edgar Wallace]], British novelist and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Minnie Maddern Fiske]], American\n        actress (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Ferdinand Buisson]], French\n        pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Albert Johnson (criminal)|Albert Johnson]], Canadian criminal\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony|Frederick Augustus\n        III]], last [[King of Saxony]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        Luk\\u00e1cs]], 17th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[February\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Ramon Casas i Carb\\u00f3]], Spanish painter (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Santa\n        angela.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint [[Angela of the Cross]]]]\\n[[File:Paolo Boselli.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paolo\n        Boselli]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Frank Teschemacher]], American musician (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n** [[Dino Campana]], Italian poet (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Angela of the Cross]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] nun and saint (b.\n        1932)\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Fawcet Wray]], British admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[John Philip Sousa]], American band leader, conductor,\n        and composer (''''The Stars and Stripes Forever'''') (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March\n        7]] \\n** [[Heinrich Clam-Martinic]], Austrian statesman, former Prime Minister\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Aristide Briand]], French statesman, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Dora Carrington]],\n        British painter (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Paolo Boselli]], 22nd\n        [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Iliaz Vrioni]],\n        Albanian statesman, former Prime Minister (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013\n        [[George Eastman]], American inventor (''''Kodak'''') (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Chauncey Olcott]], American stage actor and singer-songwriter\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Eben Byers]], American steel tycoon\n        and socialite (radiation poisoning) (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Wilhelm\n        Ostwald by Nicola Perscheid.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm Ostwald]]]]\\n* [[April\n        2]] \\n**[[Rose Coghlan]], English actress (b. [[1851]])\\n**[[Bill Pickett]],\n        African-American cowboy whose parents were slaves (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Ostwald]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Grigore Constantinescu]],\n        Romanian priest and journalist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe\n        Peano]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Ferenc\n        Oslay]], [[Hungarians|Hungarian]]-[[Slovenes|Slovene]] historian, writer and\n        irredenta (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[William Lockwood (cricketer)|William\n        Lockwood]], English cricketer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Hart\n        Crane]], American poet (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 F\\u00e9lix\n        Uriburu]], 22nd President of Argentina (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Paul\n        Doumer 1931.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Doumer]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Henri de\n        Gaulle]], father of [[Charles de Gaulle]] (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Charles Fort]],\n        American researcher of the unusual (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Doumer]], [[President of France]] (assassinated) (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tsuyoshi Inukai]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (assassinated) (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Frederick C. Billard]], [[Commandant of the\n        Coast Guard|Commandant of the United States Coast Guard]] (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Augusta, Lady Gregory]], Irish writer and folklorist (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Franz von Hipper]], German admiral (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[John Hubbard (admiral)|John Hubbard]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Dorabji Tata]], Indian\n        businessman (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Theo Heemskerk]], Prime\n        Minister of the Netherlands (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Alexander\n        Bethell]], British admiral (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Felipe Segundo\n        Guzm\\u00e1n]], 35th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Sol Plaatje]], South African journalist, politician and writer. (b.\n        1876)\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Major Taylor]], American cyclist (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Ernst P\\u00f5dder]], Estonian military commander (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Francis P. Duffy]], Canadian American Roman\n        Catholic priest (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[William Humble Ward,\n        2nd Earl of Dudley]], 4th Governor-General of Australia (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:SMF\n        Manoel II.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Manuel II of Portugal]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013\n        King [[Manuel II of Portugal]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth\n        Grahame]], British-born author (''''The Wind In The Willows'''') (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Henry Eyster Jacobs]], American Lutheran theologian (b.\n        [[1844]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven]], South African\n        playwright, poet and politician. (b. 1873)\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Herbert\n        Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer]], British general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        [[Reginald Fessenden]], Canadian inventor (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Errico Malatesta]],\n        Italian anarchist (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Florenz Ziegfeld]], Broadway impresario\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Tenby Davies]], Welsh half-mile world champion\n        runner (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], Brazilian aviation pioneer\n        (suicide) (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Archduchess Gisela of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Kate M. Gordon.png|110px|thumb|[[Kate\n        M. Gordon]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\n** [[Dan Brouthers]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Ignaz Seipel]], two-time Chancellor\n        of Austria (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Johann Schober]], three-time\n        Chancellor of Austria (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Kate M. Gordon]],\n        American suffragette (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Duke_Alexander_Petrovich_of_Oldenburg_(1844-1932).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Duke\n        Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg]]]]\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Paul Bern]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Duke Alexander\n        Petrovich of Oldenburg]] (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Christian\n        von Ehrenfels]], Austrian philosopher (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n**[[Ronald\n        Ross]], British physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine]] (b. [[1857]])\\n**[[Peg Entwistle]], film actress (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Wovoka]], Paiute visionary (''''Ghost Dance'''')\n        (b. c. [[1856]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Jules Ch\\u00e9ret]], French\n        poster designer (b. [[1836]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Joel R. P. Pringle]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Christopher\n        Brennan]], Australian poet and scholar (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Lucy Bacon]], American painter (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Molly\n        Brown]], Denver socialite, noted survivor of the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking\n        of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen]], British field marshal (b. [[1845]])\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Belle Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Charles Waddell Chesnutt]], African American author,\n        essayist and political activist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Jay\n        Hunt (director)|Jay Hunt]], American film director (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[November\n        22]] \\u2013 [[William Walker Atkinson]], American writer (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Amadeo Vives]], Spanish composer (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Gustav Meyrink]], Austrian writer (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Gertrude Jekyll]], English garden designer, writer\n        and artist (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\n** [[Roquia Sakhawat Hussain]],\n        Bangladeshi writer and social worker (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa]],\n        [[Ruler of Bahrain|Hakim of Bahrain]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Eduard Bernstein]], German socialist (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Yun Bong-gil]], Korean resister against Japanese occupation of Korea (b.\n        [[1908]]; executed)\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Malcolm Whitman]], American\n        tennis player (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Vittorio Alinari]],\n        Italian photographer (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Werner Heisenberg|Werner Karl\n        Heisenberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Irving Langmuir]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 Sir\n        [[Charles Scott Sherrington]], [[Edgar Douglas Adrian]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[John Galsworthy]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1932/1932fr.html The 1930s\n        Timeline: 1932] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University of\n        Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1932}}\\n[[Category:1932| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years\n        in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T13:35:39Z\",\"lastrevid\":799726017,\"length\":69385,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1932&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932\"},\"34864\":{\"pageid\":34864,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1933\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T13:32:55Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1933}}\\n{{Events by month|1933}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1933}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1933}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1933}}\\n[[File:Golden\n        Gate Bridge from underneath.jpg|thumb|140px|right| [[January 5]]: [[Golden\n        Gate Bridge]] begun.]]\\n[[File:LocationPhilippines.png|thumb|140px|right|[[January\n        17]]: Vote on [[Philippines]].]]\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 Construction of the\n        [[Golden Gate Bridge]] begins in [[San Francisco Bay]].\\n* [[January 11]]\n        \\u2013 Sir [[Charles Kingsford Smith]] makes the first commercial flight between\n        Australia and New Zealand.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 Political violence causes\n        almost 100 deaths in Spain.\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 The [[United States Congress]]\n        votes favorably for [[Philippines]] independence, against the view of U.S.\n        President [[Herbert Hoover]].\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 The [[Twentieth Amendment\n        to the United States Constitution]] is ratified, changing Inauguration Day\n        from March 4 to January 20 starting in 1937.\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 ''''[[Pakistan\n        Declaration]]'''': [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]] publishes (in [[Cambridge]], England)\n        a pamphlet entitled ''''Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?''''\n        in which he calls for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that\n        he calls \\\"[[Pakistan|Pakstan]]\\\" which is influential on the [[Pakistan Movement]].\\n*\n        [[January 30]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Daladier]] forms a government in France.\\n**\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] leader [[Adolf Hitler]] is appointed [[Chancellor of Germany\n        (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] by President of Germany [[Paul von\n        Hindenburg]].\\n** ''''[[The Lone Ranger]]'''' debuts on American radio.\\n*\n        January \\u2013 The [[Tube map|London Underground diagram]] designed by [[Harry\n        Beck]] is introduced to the public.{{cite book|last=Garland|first=Ken|title=Mr\n        Beck''s Underground Map|year=1994|publisher=Capital Transport|location=Harrow\n        Weald|isbn=1-85414-168-6}}\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February\n        1933}}\\n[[File:Reichstagsbrand.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[February 27]]: [[Reichstag\n        fire]].]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] gives his \\\"Proclamation\n        to the German People\\\" in Berlin.\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 A second  international\n        conference on disarmament ends without results. It tries to limit the army\n        sizes of the major powers, while Germany is entitled to 200,000; Germany leaves\n        the conference because a plan postpones the limitations for 4 years.\\n* [[February\n        5]] \\u2013 A [[mutiny]] starts on the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] [[coastal\n        defence ship]] [[HNLMS De Zeven Provinci\\u00ebn (1909)|''''De Zeven Provinci\\u00ebn'''']]\n        in the [[Dutch East Indies]]. After 6 days, it is bombed by a Dutch aircraft,\n        killing 23 men, and the remaining mutineers surrender. \\n* [[February 6]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] goes\n        into effect.\\n* [[February 6]]\\u2013[[February 7|7]] \\u2013 Officers on the\n        [[USS Ramapo (AO-12)|USS ''''Ramapo'''']] record a 34-meter high sea-wave\n        in the Pacific Ocean.\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[The King and Country debate]]:\n        The [[Oxford Union]] student debating society in England passes a resolution\n        stating, \\\"That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and\n        country.\\\"{{cite journal|last=Ceadel|first=Martin|title=The King and\n        Country Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism and the Dictators|journal=[[The\n        Historical Journal]]|volume=22|issue=2|year=1979|pages=397\\u2013422|doi=10.1017/s0018246x00016885}}\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces\n        the first [[singing telegram]].\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 In [[Miami]], [[Giuseppe\n        Zangara]] attempts to assassinate President-elect [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],\n        but instead fatally wounds the [[Mayor of Chicago]], [[Anton Cermak]].\\n*\n        [[February 17]]\\n** ''''[[Newsweek]]'''' magazine is published for the first\n        time in the United States.\\n** The [[Blaine Act]] passes the [[United States\n        Senate]], submitting the proposed [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution|Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution]] to the states for\n        ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending [[prohibition\n        in the United States]].\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Reichstag fire]]: Germany''s\n        parliament building in Berlin, the [[Reichstag building]], is set on fire\n        under controversial circumstances.\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 The [[Reichstag\n        Fire Decree]] is passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many\n        German civil liberties.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1933}}\\n[[File:FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.tif|thumb|200px|[[March\n        4]]: [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] is 32nd [[President of the United States\n        of America]] bring out of this country under economic protection.]]\\n* [[March\n        2]] \\u2013 The original film version of [[King Kong (1933 film)|''''King Kong'''']],\n        starring [[Fay Wray]], premieres at [[Radio City Music Hall]] and the RKO\n        Roxy Theatre in New York City.\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Ching Yun University]]\n        is established.\\n** [[Mount Rushmore National Memorial]] is dedicated.\\n**\n        A powerful [[1933 Sanriku earthquake|earthquake]] and [[tsunami]] hit [[Honsh\\u016b]],\n        Japan, killing approximately 3,000 people.\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Franklin D.\n        Roosevelt]] (FDR) is [[First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|sworn in]]\n        as the 32nd President of the United States, who in reference to the [[Great\n        Depression]], proclaims \\\"The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself\\\"\n        in his inauguration speech. It is the last time [[Inauguration Day]] in the\n        United States occurs on March 4.\\n** [[Frances Perkins]] becomes [[United\n        States Secretary of Labor]], and the first female member of the [[United States\n        Cabinet]].\\n** The [[Parliament of Austria]] is suspended because of a quibble\n        over procedure; [[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellor]] [[Engelbert Dollfuss]]\n        initiates authoritarian rule by decree (see [[Austrofascism]]).\\n* [[March\n        5]]\\n** The [[Great Depression]]: President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] declares\n        a \\\"[[Emergency Banking Act|Bank holiday]]\\\", closing all United States banks\n        and freezing all financial transactions (the ''holiday'' ends on [[March 13]]).\\n**\n        [[German election, 1933]]: [[Nazism|National Socialists]] gain 43.9% of the\n        votes.\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 Mayor [[Anton Cermak]] of Chicago dies of the\n        wound he received on February 15.\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 the real-estate trading\n        board game [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] is invented.\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013\n        Great Depression: The [[United States Congress]] begins its first 100 days\n        of enacting [[New Deal]] legislation.\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 The 6.4 {{M|w}}\n        [[1933 Long Beach earthquake|Long Beach earthquake]] shakes [[Southern California]]\n        with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe''''),  killing\n        115 people.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Great Depression]]: [[Franklin Delano\n        Roosevelt]] addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United\n        States, in the first of his \\\"[[Fireside chats]]\\\".\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** The\n        [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] rises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day''s gain\n        of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains to\n        date as the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index.\\n** Austrian Chancellor\n        [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] keeps members of the [[National Council of Austria|National\n        Council]] from convening, starting the [[Austrofascism|Austrofascist]] dictatorship.\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], the first [[Nazi\n        concentration camp]], is completed (it opens [[March 22]]).\\n* [[March 22]]\n        \\u2013 President Franklin Roosevelt signs an amendment to the Volstead Act\n        known as the [[Cullen\\u2013Harrison Act]], allowing the manufacture and sale\n        of \\\"3.2 beer\\\" (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume)\n        and light wines.\\\"Roosevelt Authorizes Beer Sale By Signing Bill For\n        3.2 Brew\\\", ''''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'''', March 23, 1933, p.1.\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\u2013 The ''''[[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]''''\n        passes the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]], making [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        [[dictator]] of Germany.\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 Jewish protesters in New York\n        City call for a boycott of German goods in response to the persecution of\n        German Jews by the [[Nazis]].\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 Japan announces to leave\n        the [[League of Nations]] (due to a cancelation period of exactly two years,\n        the egression becomes effective March 27, 1935)[http://www.zaoerv.de/04_1934/4_1934_1_b_148_151_1.pdf\n        pdf] \\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] is\n        established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United\n        States.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1933}}\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013\n        The recently elected [[Nazism|Nazis]] under [[Julius Streicher]] organize\n        a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany.\\n* [[April 2]]\n        \\u2013 In a [[cricket]] test match against New Zealand, [[England cricket\n        team|England]] batsman [[Wally Hammond]] scores a record 336 runs.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell''s Chronology\n        of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=510\\u2013512}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n** An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam ([[Thailand]]).\\n**\n        First flight over [[Mount Everest]], a British expedition, led by the [[Douglas\n        Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton|Marquis of Clydesdale]], and funded\n        by [[Lucy, Lady Houston]].\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 The American airship ''''[[USS\n        Akron (ZRS-4)|Akron]]'''' crashes off the coast of [[New Jersey]], killing\n        73 of its 76 crewmen. It is the worst aviation accident in history up to this\n        date and until [[1950]].\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** The [[International Court of Justice]]\n        in [[The Hague]] decides that [[Greenland]] belongs to Denmark and condemns\n        [[Erik the Red''s Land|Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland]]. Norway submits\n        to the decision.\\n** [[President of the United States]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        declares a national emergency and issues [[Executive Order 6102]], making\n        it illegal for U.S. citizens to own substantial amounts of monetary gold or\n        [[bullion]].\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** Sale of some beer is legalized in the United\n        States under the Cullen-Harrison Act of March 22, eight months before the\n        full repeal of [[Prohibition]] in December.\\n** The [[Law for the Restoration\n        of the Professional Civil Service]] is passed in Germany, the first law of\n        the new regime directed against Jews (as well as political opponents).\\n*\n        [[April 11]] \\u2013 Aviator [[Bill Lancaster (aviator)|Bill Lancaster]] takes\n        off in England, in an attempt to make a speed record to the [[Cape of Good\n        Hope]], but vanishes (his body is not found in the [[Sahara Desert]] until\n        [[1962]]).\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 The [[Children and Young Persons Act 1933|Children\n        and Young Persons Act]] is passed in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013\n        The United States officially goes off the [[gold standard]].\\n* [[April 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nazi Germany]] outlaws the [[kosher]] ritual [[shechita]].\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Persecution of Jehovah''s Witnesses in Nazi Germany]] begins with\n        seizure of the Bible Students'' office in [[Magdeburg]].\\n** Jewish physicians\n        in Nazi Germany are excluded from official insurance schemes, forcing many\n        to give up their practices.{{cite book|first1=Margarete|last1=Limberg|first2=Hubert|last2=R\\u00fcbsaat|title=Germans\n        No More: Accounts of Jewish Everyday Life, 1933\\u20131938|publisher=Berghahn\n        Books|year=2006|pages=17\\u20138}}\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** The [[Gestapo]]\n        [[secret police]] are established in Nazi Germany by [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]].\\n**\n        Editors of the ''''[[Harvard Lampoon]]'''' steal the [[Sacred Cod of Massachusetts]]\n        from the State House (it is returned two days later).\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        The [[John Lewis (department store)|Jessop & Son]] [[department store]] in\n        [[Nottingham]], England, is acquired by [[John Lewis Partnership]] (its first\n        store outside of London).\\n** The [[Stahlhelm]] organization joins the [[Nazism|Nazi]]\n        party.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1933}}\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** The first\n        alleged modern sighting of the [[Loch Ness Monster]] occurs.\\n** ''''[[Gleichschaltung]]'''':\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] prohibits [[trade union]]s.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** In the [[Irish\n        Free State]], [[D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] abolishes the [[oath of allegiance]]\n        to the [[British Crown]].\\n** [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]] becomes the first woman\n        to be named director of the [[United States Mint]].\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 The\n        detection by [[Karl Jansky]] of radio waves from the center of the [[Milky\n        Way]] Galaxy is reported in ''''The New York Times''''. The discovery leads\n        to the birth of [[radio astronomy]].\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        begins a 3-week [[hunger strike]] because of the mistreatment of the lower\n        castes.\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** In Germany, the [[Nazis]] stage massive public [[book\n        burning]]s.\\n** [[Paraguay]] declares war on [[Bolivia]].\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Agricultural Adjustment Act]] is enacted in the USA.\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Vidkun Quisling]] and [[Johan Bernhard Hjort]] form The [[Nasjonal Samling]]\n        (the National-Socialist Party) of Norway.\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[New Deal]]:\n        President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] signs an act creating the [[Tennessee\n        Valley Authority]].\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 The [[Nazism|Nazi]] Party in Germany\n        introduces a law to legalize [[eugenics|eugenic]] [[Human sterilization|sterilization]].\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[New Deal]]: The [[Federal Securities Act]] is signed into\n        law, requiring the registration of securities with the [[Federal Trade Commission]].\\n**\n        The ''''[[Century of Progress]]'''' [[World''s Fair]] opens in Chicago.\\n**\n        Walt Disney''s classic ''''[[Silly Symphony]]'''' cartoon ''''[[Three Little\n        Pigs (film)|The Three Little Pigs]]'''' is first released by [[United Artists]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1933}}\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 The [[Congress of\n        the United States|U.S. Congress]] abrogates the United States'' use of the\n        [[gold standard]] by enacting a joint resolution48 Stat. 112. nullifying\n        the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The\n        first [[drive-in theater|drive-in movie theater]] opens in [[Pennsauken Township,\n        New Jersey|Pennsauken Township]], near [[Camden, New Jersey]].\\n* [[June 12]]\n        \\u2013 The [[London Economic Conference]] is held.\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Kansas\n        City massacre|Union Station massacre]]: In [[Kansas City, Missouri]], [[Pretty\n        Boy Floyd]] kills an FBI agent, 3 local police, and the person they intended\n        to rescue, captured bank robber [[Frank Nash]].  \\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 All\n        non-[[Nazism|Nazi]] parties are forbidden in Germany.\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013\n        Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in Berlin to protest against\n        the [[persecution of Jehovah''s Witnesses in Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[June 26]]\n        \\u2013 The ''''American Totalisator Company'''' unveils its first electronic\n        pari-mutuel betting machine at the [[Arlington Park]] race track near Chicago.\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1933}}\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 The [[London Passenger\n        Transport Board]] is founded.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]\n        is sentenced to prison in India.\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 The first [[Major League\n        Baseball All-Star Game]] is played at [[Comiskey Park]] in Chicago.\\n* [[July\n        8]] \\u2013 The first [[rugby union]] [[Test match (rugby union)|test match]]\n        is played between the [[Australia national rugby union team|Wallabies of Australia]]\n        and the [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks of South Africa]]\n        at Newlands in [[Cape Town]].\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 In [[Nazi Germany]]:\\n**\n        Formation of new political parties is forbidden.\\n** The [[Law for the Prevention\n        of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring]] is enacted,Coming into force January\n        1934. {{cite book|title=[[IBM and the Holocaust]]|first=Edwin|last=Black|authorlink=Edwin\n        Black|year=2001|publisher=Crown / Random House|page=93}} allowing [[compulsory\n        sterilization]] of citizens suffering from a list of alleged [[genetic disorders]].\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** Signing of the [[Four-Power Pact]] by Britain, France, Germany\n        and Italy.\\n** [[Left Opposition|International\n        Left Opposition]] (ILO) is renamed International Communist League (ICL).\\n*\n        [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Reichskonkordat]]: Vatican state secretary Eugenio Pacelli\n        (later [[Pope Pius XII]]) signs an accord with Germany.\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        [[Wiley Post]] becomes the first person to fly solo around the world, landing\n        at [[Floyd Bennett Field]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York, after traveling eastabout\n        {{convert|15596|mi|km|abbr=on}} in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes.\\n** \\\"[[Machine\n        Gun Kelly]]\\\" and [[Albert Bates (criminal)|Albert Bates]] kidnap Charles\n        Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200,000 ransom.\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013\n        Several members of the [[Barrow Gang]] are injured or captured during a running\n        battle with local police near [[Dexter, Iowa]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1933}}\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 The [[Blue Eagle]] emblem of\n        the [[National Recovery Administration]] is displayed publicly for the first\n        time.\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 Opening of the [[White Sea\\u2013Baltic Canal|Stalin\n        White Sea\\u2013Baltic Sea Canal]], a 227 [[km]] [[ship canal|navigable waterway]]\n        constructed using [[forced labour]] in the [[Soviet Union]] connecting the\n        [[White Sea]] with [[Lake Onega]] and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]].\\n* [[August\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Simele massacre]]: More than 3,000 [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]\n        Iraqis are killed by [[Iraq]] government troops.\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Winston\n        Churchill]] makes his first speech publicly warning of the dangers of German\n        rearmament.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The\n        Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=376\\u2013377|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 Loggers cause a [[forest fire]] in the [[Oregon Coast\n        Range|Coast Range]] of [[Oregon]], later known as the first forest fire of\n        the [[Tillamook Burn]]. It is extinguished on [[September 5]], after destroying\n        {{convert|240,000|acre|km2}}.\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 The [[1933 Diexi earthquake|Diexi\n        earthquake]] shakes [[Mao County]], [[Sichuan]], China and kills 9,000 people.\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\u2013 German Jewish philosopher [[Theodor Lessing]] is assassinated\n        in Marienbad ([[Mari\\u00e1nsk\\u00e9 L\\u00e1zn\\u011b]]), [[Czechoslovakia]],\n        dying the following day.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1933}}\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Alejandro Lerroux]] forms a new government in Spain.\\n**\n        [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]], waiting for a red light on [[Southampton Row]]\n        in [[Bloomsbury]], conceives the idea of the [[nuclear chain reaction]].\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 A [[1933 Tampico hurricane|hurricane]] destroys the\n        town of [[Tampico]], [[Mexico]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1933}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 A failed assassination attempt against [[Engelbert\n        Dollfuss]], leader of the [[Fatherland''s Front]] in Austria, seriously injures\n        him.\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Air France]] is formed by the merger of five\n        French airline companies, beginning operations with 250 planes.\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[1933 United Airlines Boeing 247 mid-air explosion]]: A bomb\n        destroys a [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 247]] on a transcontinental flight\n        in mid-air near [[Chesterton, Indiana]], killing all 7 on board, in the first\n        proven case of sabotage in civil aviation, although no suspect is ever identified.\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on [[Alcatraz]]\n        is acquired by the [[United States Department of Justice]], which plans to\n        incorporate the island into its [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] as a federal\n        [[Prison|penitentiary]].\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 The [[British Interplanetary\n        Society]] is founded.\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 Germany announces its withdrawal\n        from the [[League of Nations]] and the World Disarmament Conference, after\n        the U.S., the U.K. and France deny its request to increase its defense armaments\n        under the Versailles Treaty.\\n* [[October 14]]-[[October 16|16]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Constitution of Estonia#Second Constitution (1934\\u20131938)|new constitution]]\n        of [[Estonia]] is approved only on the [[Estonian constitutional referendum,\n        October 1933|third consecutive referendum]].\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 Scientist\n        [[Albert Einstein]] arrives in the United States where he settles permanently\n        as a refugee from [[Nazi Germany]] and takes up a position at the [[Institute\n        for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton, New Jersey]].\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1933}}\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 Spanish [[Basque people]]\n        [[Basque autonomy referendum, 1933|vote for autonomy]].\\n* [[November 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[New Deal]]: U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] unveils the\n        [[Civil Works Administration]], an organization designed to create jobs for\n        more than 4 million of the unemployed.\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Dust Bowl]]:\n        In [[South Dakota]], a very strong [[dust storm]], (\\\"the great black blizzard\\\"),\n        strips [[topsoil]] from desiccated farmlands (one of a series of disastrous\n        dust storms that year).\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 The United States and the\n        [[Soviet Union]] establish formal [[diplomacy|diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[November\n        17]] \\u2013 The [[Marx Brothers]]'' [[anarchic comedy film]] ''''[[Duck Soup\n        (1933 film)|Duck Soup]]'''' is released in the U.S.\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Second Spanish Republic]]: General elections result in victory by the right-wing\n        parties.\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 The [[Fujian People''s Government]] is\n        declared in [[Fujian Province]], China.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1933}}\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 The [[21st Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution]] is passed, repealing [[Prohibition]].\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013\n        The US 21st Amendment officially goes into effect, alcohol becomes legal in\n        the US.\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] returns\n        to [[Crown colony]] status following financial collapse.\\n**\n        The British Plastics Federation (the oldest in the world) is founded.\\n* [[December\n        24]] \\u2013 A [[Lagny-Pomponne rail accident|train crash]] in [[Lagny, Oise|Lagny]],\n        France kills over 200.\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** The [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]]\n        Motor Company is organized in Tokyo, Japan.\\n** [[Frequency modulation|FM\n        radio]] is patented.\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 Members of the [[Iron Guard]]\n        assassinate [[Ion Gheorghe Duca]], prime minister of [[Romania]].\\n\\n=== Date\n        unknown ===\\n* The [[Federal government of the United States|United States\n        Federal Government]] outlaws [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].\\n* A coup attempt\n        against [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] fails in the United States (''''see''''\n        [[Smedley Butler]]).\\n* US President Roosevelt rejects [[socialism]] and government\n        ownership of industry.\\n* [[Nazi Germany]] forms the ''''Expert Committee\n        on Questions of Population and Racial Policy'''' under Reich Interior Minister\n        [[Wilhelm Frick]].\\n* The [[Holodomor]] genocide takes place in [[Ukraine]].\n        The average life expectancy for a Ukrainian male born in 1933 was 7.3 years.{{cite\n        journal |last1= Vallin |first1= Jacques |last2= Mesl\\u00e9 |first2= France\n        |last3= Adamets |first3= Serguei |last4= Pyrozhkov |first4= Serhii |title=\n        A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s |url= http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/VallinNewEstimate.pdf\n        |journal= [[Population Studies]] |volume= 56 |issue= 3 |year= 2002 |pages=\n        249\\u2013264 |ref= harv |doi=10.1080/00324720215934 |pmid=12553326}}\\n*\n        The first [[doughnut]] store under the [[Krispy Kreme]] name opens in [[Nashville,\n        Tennessee]].{{cite web |url=http://www.tennessean.com/article/20090718/COLUMNIST0102/907180302/1097/COLUMNIST|title=First\n        Krispy Kreme doughnut shop found home in Nashville|work=[[The Tennessean]]}}\\n*\n        [[Jimmie Angel]] becomes the first foreigner to see the [[Angel Falls]], [[Venezuela]]\n        (they are named after him).\\n* The ''''[[Ad\\u00e9la\\u00efde Concerto]]'''',\n        a spurious work attributed to [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], is published as\n        \\\"edited\\\" (actually composed) by [[Marius Casadesus]].\\n* 15 million unemployed\n        in the USA.\\n* Five coalition cabinets form and fall in France.\\n* [[Turkey]]\n        concludes a treaty with the creditors of the former [[Ottoman Empire]] to\n        schedule the payments in Paris. (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt\n        in less than twenty years.)\\n* The first dated [[ISCF]] group is started in\n        Australia at [[North Sydney Boys High School]], with the group still running\n        today.\\n* [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932\\u201333]]: The [[England\n        cricket team]] wins [[The Ashes]] using the controversial [[bodyline]] tactic.\\n* The [[Mexican Indian Wars]] end after\n        414 years.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Dalida 1961.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dalida]]]]\\n[[File:Corazon\n        Aquino 1986.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Corazon Aquino]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Orton]], British playwright (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[On Kawara]],\n        Japanese conceptual artist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Morimura Seiichi]], Japanese\n        novelist and author\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov|Oleg\n        Makarov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Emil Steinberger (actor)|Emil\n        Steinberger]], Swiss comedian, director, and writer\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Osgood]], American journalist and commentator \\n** [[Straub-Huillet|Jean-Marie\n        Straub]], French filmmaker\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Robert Garcia (New York\n        politician)|Robert Garc\\u00eda]], American politician\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Stan Brakhage]], American filmmaker (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Susan Sontag]], American author (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Dalida]],\n        French singer (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Shari Lewis]], American ventriloquist (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n** [[Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan]], French U.N. High Commissioner\n        for Refugees (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[John Boorman]], English\n        film director\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Chita Rivera]], American actress\n        and dancer\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Corazon Aquino]], 11th [[President of\n        the Philippines]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 27]]   [[Ary Fontoura]], Brazilian\n        actor, writer, director, poet and TV-presenter\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Yokoono2.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Yoko\n        Ono]]]]\\n[[File:Nina Simone 1965.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Nina Simone]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] \\n** [[M''el Dowd]], American actress and singer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Tony Jay]], British-American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Polde Bibi\\u010d]], Slovenian film and stage actor and memoir writer (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Leslie Crowther]], British TV comedian\n        & game show host (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[John Anderton]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Elly Ameling]], Dutch soprano\\n*\n        [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Costa-Gavras]], Greek-born director and writer\\n*\n        [[February 13]]\\n** [[Paul Biya]], 2nd [[President of Cameroon]]\\n** [[Kim\n        Novak]], American film actress\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Madhubala]], Indian\n        actress (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\n** [[Craig L. Thomas]], American\n        Senator (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah]], 13th Chief Justice of\n        Pakistan (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Yoko Ono]], Japanese-born\n        singer and artist, widow of [[John Lennon]]\\n** Sir [[Bobby Robson]], English\n        soccer player and manager (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Nina Simone]],\n        American singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Katharine, Duchess\n        of Kent]]\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Donna J. Stone]], American poet and\n        philanthropist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Berry]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Miro Ster\\u017eaj]],\n        Slovenian bowler and businessman\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Michael Caine -\n        Viennale 2012 g (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michael Caine]]]]\\n[[File:Ab\\u016b\n        l-Hasan Ban\\u012bsadr IMG 2044 edit.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abolhassan Banisadr]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Lee Radziwill]], American socialite, sister of Jacqueline\n        Kennedy Onassis\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Ted Abernathy]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Jackie Blanchflower]], Northern\n        Irish footballer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell]],\n        Argentine poet and translator (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Myrna Fahey]],\n        American actress (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Barbara Feldon]], American actress and\n        model \\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Gil]], Spanish right-wing politician, construction\n        businessman, and football team owner (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Mike Stoller]], American songwriter\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Michael Caine|Sir\n        Michael Caine]], British actor \\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Felber]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n**\n        [[Quincy Jones]], American music producer and composer\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United\n        States]]\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Sandy Weill]], American financier and philanthropist\\n*\n        [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Philip Roth]], American author\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Abolhassan Banisadr]], first [[President of Iran]]\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013\n        [[L\\u00ea V\\u0103n H\\u01b0ng]], South Vietnam army generals (d. [[1975]])\\n\\n===\n        April === \\n[[File:Jean-Paul Belmondo 2001.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Mark_Eyskens_1986.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mark\n        Eyskens]]]]\\n[[File:Willie Nelson at Farm Aid 2009 - Cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Willie\n        Nelson]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]], French physicist\n        and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Renae Youngberg]]. American professional baseball player\\n* [[April 5]]\\n**\n        [[Larry Felser]], American sports columnist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Frank Gorshin]],\n        American actor (''''Batman'''') (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Roy\n        Goode]], British legal academic\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Wayne Rogers]], American\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\n** [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]], French actor\\n**\n        [[Gian Maria Volont\\u00e8]], Italian actor (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 12]]\\n**\n        Dame [[Montserrat Caball\\u00e9]], Catalan soprano\\n** [[Ben Nighthorse Campbell]],\n        U.S. Senator\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Morton Subotnick]], American electronic\n        composer\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Roy Clark]], American country musician\\n**\n        [[Elizabeth Montgomery]], American actress (''''Bewitched'''') (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] \\u2013 Dame [[Joan Bakewell]], British broadcaster\\n* [[April\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Michael Bradshaw]], British actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jayne Mansfield]], American actress (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n**\n        [[Patricia Bosworth]], American writer and biographer\\n** [[Claire Davenport]],\n        British actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Jerry Leiber]], American\n        composer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Joyce Ricketts]], American baseball player [AAGPBL]\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Carol Burnett]], American actress, singer\n        and comedian\\n** [[Ilkka Kuusisto]], Finnish composer\\n** [[Arno Allan Penzias]],\n        German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Mark Eyskens]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]\\n** [[Rod\n        McKuen]], American singer-songwriter and poet (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 30]]\n        \\n** [[Vittorio Merloni]], Italian entrepreneur (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Willie\n        Nelson]], American country singer and songwriter\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Joan\n        Collins - Monte-Carlo Television Festival.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Joan Collins]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[James Brown]], African-American soul musician (''''I Feel\n        Good'''') (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Steven Weinberg]], American physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[J. Fred Duckett]],\n        Texan Sports announcer and teacher (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Ratnasiri\n        Wickremanayake]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[Johnny Unitas]], American football player (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Nexhmije\n        Pagarusha]], Albanian singer and actress\\n** [[Roger Perry]], American actor\\n*\n        [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Jessica Steele]], English romance novelist\\n* [[May 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Barbara Taylor Bradford]], English writer\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Louis\n        Farrakhan]], African-American Muslim leader\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Si\\u00e2n\n        Phillips]], Welsh actress\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Carol Habben]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Maurice Andr\\u00e9]],\n        French trumpeter (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Chen Jingrun]], Chinese\n        mathematician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Joan Collins]], English actress\n        (''''Dynasty'''')\\n** [[Sh\\u014dz\\u014d Iizuka]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Ray Spencer]], English footballer\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Edward Whittemore]], American writer and CIA agent (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Helmuth Rilling]], German conductor\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Joan\n        Rivers 2010 - David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joan Rivers]]]]\\n[[File:Gene\n        Wilder 1970.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Gene Wilder]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Charlie\n        Wilson (Texas politician)|Charles Wilson]], American politician (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Haruo Remeliik]], 1st President of Palau (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Heinrich Rohrer]], Swiss physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Joan Rivers]], American comedic\n        actress, comedian (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Gene Wilder]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Marly Bueno|pt|3=Marly\n        Bueno}}, Brazilian actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Vladislav\n        Rastorotsky]], Soviet gymnastics coach\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Mohammad-Ali\n        Rajai]], 2nd President of Iran and 47th Prime Minister of Iran (d. [[1981]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]]\\n** [[Harry Browne]], American writer and Presidential candidate\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Maurice Stokes]], American basketball player (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Patsayev]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1971]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Danny Aiello]], American actor\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Bernie\n        Kopell]], American actor and comedian \\n** [[Aleksandar Vasin]], Yugoslav\n        fencer\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Dianne Feinstein]], American policitian and\n        former mayor of [[San Francisco]]\\n* [[June 23]] \\n** [[Dave Bristol]], American\n        baseball manager\\n** [[Hermenegildo S\\u00e1bat]], Uruguayan-Argentine caricaturist\\n*\n        [[June 24]]\\n** [[Ngina Kenyatta]], former [[First Lady of Kenya]]\\n** [[Sam\n        Jones (basketball)|Sam Jones]], American professional basketball player at\n        shooting guard\\n** [[Bernard Grandma\\u00eetre]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Mariano\n        Antonelli]], Italian sports shooter\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Bob Cole (sportscaster)|Bob\n        Cole]], Canadian sports television announcer\\n** [[Hong Sook-ja]], South Korean\n        politician and feminist\\n** [[James Meredith]], American Civil Rights Movement\n        figure, writer, political adviser and Air Force veteran\\n** [[\\u00c1lvaro\n        Siza]], Portuguese Architect\\n** [[Israel Zilber]], Latvian chess player\\n*\n        [[June 26]] \\n** [[Gerry Weiner]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Ralph Guglielmi]],\n        American football quarterback\\n** [[David Winnick]], British Labour Party\n        politician\\n** [[McNeil Moore]], American football player\\n** [[Claudio Abbado]],\n        Italian conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[L. James Sullivan]],\n        American firearms inventor\\n** [[Louise Bishop]], American politician\\n* [[June\n        28]]\\n** [[Antonio Flamand]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Morris Hirsch]], American\n        mathematician\\n** [[V. Sasisekharan]], Indian Molecular biologist\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** [[Piero Barucci]], Italian academic\\n** [[John Bradshaw (author)|John\n        Bradshaw]], American theologian and educator\\n** [[Roy Harris (boxer)|Roy\n        Harris]], American heavyweight boxer\\n** [[John D. Hawke, Jr.]], American\n        politician\\n** [[David Nething]], American politician\\n** [[Bob Fass]], American\n        radio personality\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Lea Massari]], Italian actress and\n        singer\\n** [[Don Head (ice hockey)|Don Head]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Orval Tessier]], Canadian professional ice hockey centre and coach\\n** [[Mauricio\n        Rosencof]], Uruguayan playwright, poet and journalist\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Mt_vasudevan_nayar.jpg|thumb|120px|[[M.\n        T. Vasudevan Nair]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Joe Buick]], Scottish footballer\\n**\n        [[Frank Baumann (baseball)|Frank Baumann]], American pitcher in Major League\n        Baseball\\n** [[Radivoje Ognjanovi\\u0107]], Serbian football manager and former\n        player\\n** [[Hamza Qasim]], Iraqi football goalkeeper\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Kenny Wharram]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n**\n        [[Maximilian, Margrave of Baden]], German prince\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[La Prieta\n        Linda]], Mexican singer and actress\\n** [[Jan Breytenbach]], South African\n        colonel\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Lisa Janti]], American actress\\n* [[July 6]]\n        \\u2013 [[Frank Austin (footballer)|Frank Austin]], English footballer (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Murray Halberg]], New Zealand runner\\n** [[David\n        McCullough]], American historian and author\\n** [[Bruce Wells]], English boxer\n        and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Bucky Bockhorn]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[John Devine (footballer, born 1933)|John\n        Devine]], English footballer\\n** [[Oliver Sacks]], English-born [[neurologist]]\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Bob McGrath]], American actor \\n** [[Gy\\u00f6rgy\n        Czak\\u00f3]], Hungarian figure skater \\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Guido Crepax]],\n        Italian comics artist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Julian Bream]], English guitarist\n        and lutenist\\n** [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], Indian writer\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Julian Klymkiw]], Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender\\n* [[July\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici]], 9th Prime Minister of Malta\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Syd Mead]], American industrial and conceptual designer\\n** [[Jean\n        Yanne]], French film actor and director (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Buddy\n        Knox]], American singer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Cormac McCarthy]], [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]] winning and [[National Book Award]] winning author\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Gardner (American writer)|John Gardner]], American novelist\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Bert Convy]], American game show host,\n        actor and singer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[John Aniston]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Doug Sanders]], American former golfer\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Kathryn\n        Hays]], American television and soap opera actress \\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Nick\n        Reynolds]], American folk singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ted Whitten]], Australian\n        rules footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Hodge (ice\n        hockey)|Charlie Hodge]], Canadian former ice hockey goaltender\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Baldwin (actor)|Peter Baldwin]], British actor\\n** [[Lou Albano]],\n        American professional wrestler and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Robert Fuller\n        (actor)|Robert Fuller]], American former actor and current rancher \\n* [[July\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Edd Byrnes]], American actor and singer\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Julie\n        Newmar - 1965.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Julie Newmar]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**\n        [[Dom DeLuise]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Aquinas Ryan]],\n        Canadian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jesse Corti]], Venezuelan-born actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Masaichi Kaneda]], Japanese baseball pitcher \\n* [[August\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Tom Bell (actor)|Tom Bell]], English actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Elinor Ostrom]], American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jerry Pournelle]], American science fiction writer\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Joe Tex]], African-American soul singer (d. [[1982]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]]\\n** [[Silvia Caos]], Cuban-Mexican actress (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Doyle Brunson]], American poker player\\n** [[Rocky Colavito]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Falwell]], American evangelist\n        and conservative political activist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard R. Ernst]], Swiss chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Julie Newmar]], American actress \\n** [[Stuart\n        Roosa]], American astronaut (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Gene Kranz]],\n        American [[NASA]] [[Flight Director]]\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Roman Polanski]],\n        Polish film director\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Bettina Cirone]], American\n        photographer and model \\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[George J. Mitchell]], United\n        States Senator\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Janet Baker|Dame Janet Baker]], English\n        mezzo-soprano\\n** [[Barry Norman]], English film critic (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Robert Curl]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Tom Skerritt]], American actor\\n*\n        [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Robert Chartoff]], American film producer\\n* [[August\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Jean Weaver]], American female professional baseball player\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Koller]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:Mathieu K\\u00e9r\\u00e9kou 2006Feb10.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Mathieu\n        K\\u00e9r\\u00e9kou]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Lagerfeld 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Karl\n        Lagerfeld]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Ann Richards]], Governor of Texas (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[T. Thirunavukarasu]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. [[1982]])\\n**\n        [[Conway Twitty]], American country music artist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\n** [[Victor Spinetti]], British actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Mathieu K\\u00e9r\\u00e9kou]],\n        5th [[President of Benin]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Michael\n        Novak]], American philosopher and author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**\n        [[Yevgeny Khrunov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Karl Lagerfeld]],\n        German fashion designer and artist\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[William Luther\n        Pierce]], American author and activist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Eileen Fulton]], American stage and soap opera actress \\n* [[September 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Hillevi Rombin]], [[Miss Universe 1955]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September\n        15]]\\n** [[Henry Darrow]], Puerto-Rican American actor \\n** [[Rafael Fr\\u00fchbeck\n        de Burgos]], Spanish conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Monica Maughan]], Australian\n        actress (d. 2010)\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Dorothy Loudon]], American\n        actress and singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 18]]                                                                                                       \\n**\n        [[Scotty Bowman]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[David\n        McCallum]], Scottish actor \\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Dennis Viollet]],\n        English former footballer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Dick\n        Simon]], American racing driver\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Raffaele Farina]],\n        Archivist of the Holy Roman Church and cardinal\\n** [[Mel Taylor]], American\n        drummer ([[The Ventures]]) (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Hubie\n        Brown]], American basketball coach and broadcaster\\n* [[September 27]]\\n**\n        [[Greg Morris]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Kathleen Nolan]], American\n        actress and first female president of the Screen Actors Guild\\n** [[Will Sampson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Samora Machel]],\n        [[President of Mozambique]] (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[September 30]] \\n** [[Cissy\n        Houston]], American singer\\n** [[Michel Aoun]], [[President of Lebanon]]\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n\\n[[File:Peter Mansfield Leipzig.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter Mansfield]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[John Gurdon]], British developmental biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Abdon\n        Pamich]], Italian Olympic athlete\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Joan Berger]], American\n        female professional baseball player\\n** [[Peter Mansfield]], British physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Jay Sebring]], American hair stylist (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Clayton Jacobson II]], American inventor of the [[Jet\n        Ski]]\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Jeanine Deckers]], Belgian nun, known as\n        \\\"The Singing Nun\\\" (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Lois Youngen]],\n        American professional baseball player\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Reginald Kray]],\n        British gangster (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ronald Kray]], British gangster (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Norman Rush]], American writer\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Sydney Ball]],\n        Australian abstract painter (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Didier\n        Ratsiraka (cropped).jpeg|120px|thumb|[[Didier Ratsiraka]]]]\\n[[File:Keiko\n        Tanaka-Ikeda 1964.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda]]]]\\n[[File:LarryKingSept10\n        (cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Larry King]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\n**[[Samir Roychoudhury]],\n        Indian Bengali poet and philosopher of [[Hungry generation]]\\n**[[Huub Oosterhuis]],\n        Dutch poet, theologian and liturgy reformer\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[John Barry\n        (composer)|John Barry]], British film score composer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Ken\n        Berry]], American actor\\n** [[Jeremy Brett]], British actor (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Aneta Corsaut]], American actress (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Michael Dukakis]],\n        American politician and 1988 Democratic Presidential candidate\\n** [[Amartya\n        Sen]], Indian economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Didier Ratsiraka]], 2nd [[President\n        of Madagascar]]\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Knut Johannesen]], Norwegian speed-skater\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Jim Perry (television personality)|Jim Perry]], American\n        game show host (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Don Clarke]], Rugby\n        football player of New Zealand (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Kay\n        Arthur]], American Bible teacher, speaker and author\\n** [[Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda]],\n        Japanese artistic gymnast\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Jalal Talabani]], [[President\n        of Iraq]]\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Fred Haise]], American astronaut who\n        flew in [[Apollo 13]]\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Jack Burns]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Larry King]], American talk show host\\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[T. Rasalingam]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician\\n** [[Jean Shepard]],\n        American country singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Krzysztof Penderecki]], Polish composer\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Kathryn\n        Crosby|Kathryn Grant]], American actress\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Robert Goulet]],\n        American entertainer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Tony Verna]], American inventor of\n        [[instant replay]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Hope Lange]],\n        American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[John Mayall]], English\n        singer\\n** [[Francisco Cuoco]], Brazilian actor\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_050511-D-9880W-053_Abel_Pacheco_cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abel\n        Pacheco]]]]\\n[[File:Emperor Akihito cropped Emperor Akihito and Gene Castagnetti\n        20090715.jpg|thumb|120px|Emperor [[Akihito]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Fujiko\n        F. Fujio]], Japanese cartoon artist (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Lou Rawls]], African-American\n        singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Mike Larrabee]], American\n        Olympic athlete (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Paul J. Crutzen]],\n        Dutch chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Wink Martindale]], American game show host and disc jockey\\n*\n        [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Henryk G\\u00f3recki]], Polish composer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Orville Moody]], American golfer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Bryan]], American labor leader (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Eva Wilma]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tim Conway]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[December 17]] \\n**\n        [[Shirley Abrahamson]], American jurist; Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme\n        Court \\n** [[Walter Booker]], American jazz bassist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Jean Carnahan]], American politician\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Abel Pacheco]], 44th [[President of Costa Rica]]\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Akihito]], [[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor of Japan]]\\n* [[December\n        26]]\\n** [[Ugly Dave Gray]], Australian television personality\\n** [[Caroll\n        Spinney]], American puppeteer\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Zoran Laki\\u0107]],\n        Montenegrin historian\\n* [[Augusto and Michaela Odone|Augusto Odone]], creator\n        of ''''[[Lorenzo''s Oil]]'''' (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January\\u2013March\n        ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2002-0625-505, Dr. Wilhelm Cuno.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Wilhelm\n        Cuno]]]]\\n[[File:Calvin Coolidge, bw head and shoulders photo portrait seated,\n        1919.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Calvin Coolidge]]]]\\n[[File:Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Prince\n        Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi]]]]\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Cuno]],\n        [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Pickford]], Canadian-born actor, film director, and producer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n**[[Calvin Coolidge]], 30th [[President of the United States]]\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n**[[J. M. Robertson]], British [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal\n        Party]] politician, writer, and journalist, [[Parliamentary Secretary to the\n        Board of Trade]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Bert Hinkler]], Australian\n        pioneer aviator (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 9]] -- [[Kate Gleason]], American\n        engineer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Mantovani]], Italian\n        geologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]],\n        stained glass artist and jewelry designer, son of Charles Lewis Tiffany\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Lewis J. Selznick]], American film producer (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]]\\n** [[Thomas Coward]], British ornithologist (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[Sara Teasdale]], American lyrical poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013\n        [[John Galsworthy]], British writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[James Banning]], American aviation\n        pioneer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Josiah Thomas]], Australian politician (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] \\n** [[Henri Duparc (composer)|Henri Duparc]], French composer\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n** Sir [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|William Robertson]],\n        British Field Marshall (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Carl Correns]],\n        German botanist and geneticist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Pat\n        Sullivan (film producer)|Pat Sullivan]], Australian-born director and producer\n        of animated films (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[James J. Corbett]],\n        American boxer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Spottiswoode Aitken]],\n        British-American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich\n        of Russia]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Walter Hiers]], American\n        actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[U\\u0142adzimir \\u017dy\\u0142ka]],\n        Belarusian poet (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Anton Cermak]], Mayor\n        of Chicago (assassinated) (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Ahmed Sharif\n        as-Senussi]], Chief of the [[Senussi]] order in [[Libya]] (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] \\n** [[Anton Dimitrov]], Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[Robert T. A. Innes]], South African astronomer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March\n        14]]\\n** [[Balto]], American sled dog (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Antonio Garbasso]],\n        Italian physcist and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Gustavo\n        Jim\\u00e9nez]], Interim [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi]], Italian mountaineer,\n        explorer, and admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Zangara]],\n        attempted assassin of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Eddie Lang]], American musician (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n=== April\\u2013June\n        ===\\n[[File:S\\u00e1nchez Cerro.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Luis Miguel S\\u00e1nchez\n        Cerro]]]]\\n[[File:2008.04.24.HildegardBurjan.Pramerg7.Vienna.JPG|thumb|120px|Blessed\n        [[Hildegard Burjan]]]]\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[William A. Moffett]], U.S.\n        admiral (crash of airship {{USS|Akron|ZRS-4}}) (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 7]]\n        -- [[Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria]] (d. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Harriet Brooks]], Canadian physicist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 20]] -- [[William\n        Courtenay (actor)|William Courtenay]], Canadian actor and director (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]]\\n** [[Prince Ludwig Philipp of Thurn and Taxis]] (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Royce]], English car manufacturer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Tim Keefe]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Luis Miguel S\\u00e1nchez Cerro]], 77th [[Prime Minister\n        of Peru]] and 48th [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Leonard Huxley (writer)|Leonard Huxley]], British writer (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Kerr]], English actor (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Li Ching-Yuen]], Chinese herbalist, martial artist, tactical\n        advisor (b. [[1677]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Torrence]], British actor\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[John Henry Mackay]], German writer (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Thomas J. O''Brien (Michigan politician)|Thomas\n        J. O''Brien]], American politician and diplomat (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Ludovic Arrachart]], French aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Percy C. Mather]],\n        British Protestant missionary (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron\n        Wester Wemyss]], British admiral (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Jimmie\n        Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]], American country singer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Frank Jarvis]], American athlete (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June\n        15]] -- [[Hildegard Burjan]], German [[Roman Catholic]] nun and blessed (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[June 25]] -- [[Giovanni Giacometti]], Swiss painter (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Roscoe Arbuckle]], American actor, comedian, film director,\n        and screenwriter (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n=== July\\u2013September ===\\n[[File:Yrigoyen\n        en ventanilla del ferrocarril viaje a Santa Fe campa\\u00f1a electoral de 1926..jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Hip\\u00f3lito\n        Yrigoyen]]]]\\n[[File:SulejmanDelvina.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Sulejman\n        Delvina]]]]\\n[[File:Hasan Pristina.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Hasan Prishtina]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Faisal I of Iraq.png|120px|thumbnail|right|King [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal\n        of Iraq]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], 18th [[President\n        of Argentina]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[July 11]] -- [[Edward Dillon (actor)|Edward\n        Dillon]], American actor and director (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Irving\n        Babbitt]], American literary critic (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Freddie Keppard]],\n        American jazz musician (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[L\\u00e9on de Witte de Haelen]],\n        Belgian general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[July 18]] -- [[Charles Prince (actor)|Charles\n        Prince]], French actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Nobuyoshi Mut\\u014d]],\n        Japanese field marshal and ambassador (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Sulejman Delvina]], Albanian politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Hasan Prishtina]], Albanian politician,\n        8th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[James\n        Williamson (film pioneer)|James Williamson]], British film director (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Alexandros Kontoulis]], Greek general (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] \\n** [[Marie Cahill]], American singer and actress (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Adolf Loos]], Austrian-Czechoslovak architect (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Kustaa Ahmala]], Finnish politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Francesco de Pinedo]], Italian aviator (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n** [[Max Adalbert]], German actor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Edward Grey, 1st\n        Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]], British statesman (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[September 8]] \\u2013 King [[Faisal I of Iraq]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Campari]], Italian opera singer and Grand Prix driver\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Jules Culot]], French entomologist\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Joseph De Piro]], Maltese [[Roman Catholic]] priest, missionary\n        and Servant of God (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Annie Besant]],\n        British Theosophist, women''s rights activist, writer and orator (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Dorothea Baird]], British actress (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]]\\n** [[Paul Ehrenfest]], Austrian-Dutch physicist (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Ring Lardner]], American writer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013\n        [[William Kennedy-Cochran-Patrick]], British-born flying ace (b. 1896)\\n*\n        [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[G. R. S. Mead]], British writer (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===\n        October\\u2013December ===\\n[[File:Ismael Montes 1914.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Ismael\n        Montes]]]]\\n[[File:Nadir Khan of Afghanistan.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|King\n        [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]]]]\\n[[File:Yamamoto_Gonnohyoe_2.jpg|thumb|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Yamamoto\n        Gonnohyoe]]]]\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9e Ador\\u00e9e]], French actress\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[John Lister (UK politician)|John\n        Lister]], British politician (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Ismael\n        Montes]], Bolivian general and political figure, 26th [[President of Bolivia]]\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\n** [[George Luks]], American painter (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n** [[Albert Calmette]], French bacteriologist and immunologist\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Paul Painlev\\u00e9]], 2-Time Prime Minister of France\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9mile Roux]], French physician\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Texas Guinan]], American actress,\n        producer, and entrepreneur (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Andrey\n        Lyapchev]], 22nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        [[Pietro Albertoni]], Italian psychologist and politician (b. [[1849]])\\n**\n        [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]], King of Afghanistan (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kyrillos III of Cyprus]], archbishop of the Cypriot Orthodox Church\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November 18]] -- [[Francisco Javier Gaxiola]], Mexican\n        diplomat, lawyer and politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 21]] -- [[Inez\n        Clough]], American actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Francois\n        Albert]], French journalist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Currie]], Canadian general (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 2]] -- [[Clarence Burton]],\n        American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Stefan George]], German\n        poet (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 6]] -- [[Auguste Chapuis]], French composer\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Yamamoto Gonnohyoe]], Imperial Japanese\n        army officer and 8th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Jatho]], German airplane pioneer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[John Joly]], Irish physicist\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[J\\u00e1nos Hadik]], 19th Prime\n        Minister of Hungary (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Robert W. Chambers]],\n        American writer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n**[[Thubten Gyatso, 13th\n        Dalai Lama]] (b. [[1876]])\\n**[[Oskar Potiorek]], Austro-Hungarian general,\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[George Jackson Churchward]], Great\n        Western Railway chief mechanical engineer (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Friedrich von\n        Ingenohl]], German admiral (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Prince\n        Aribert of Anhalt]]\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Francesc Macia|Francesc Maci\\u00e0]],\n        President of the Generalitat (autonomous government of Catalonia) (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] \\n** [[Eduard Vilde]], Estonian writer (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Anatoly\n        Lunacharsky]], Russian Marxist revolutionary (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes\n        ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]], and [[Paul Dirac|Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Norman Angell|Sir Norman Angell (Ralph\n        Lane)]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1933/1933fr.html The 1930s Timeline:\n        1933] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1933}}\\n[[Category:1933|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T21:14:02Z\",\"lastrevid\":798540795,\"length\":58772,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1933&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933\"},\"34981\":{\"pageid\":34981,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1934\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:13:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{no\n        footnotes|date=November 2015}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year\n        dab|1934|the novel by Alberto Moravia|1934 (novel)}}\\n{{Events by month|1934}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1934}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1934}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main|January 1934}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013\n        [[International Telecommunication Union]] established.\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013\n        The ''''[[Flash Gordon]]'''' [[comic strip]] is first published, in the United\n        States.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 The 8.0 {{M|w}} [[1934 Nepal\\u2013Bihar earthquake|Nepal\\u2013Bihar\n        earthquake]] strikes [[Nepal]] and [[Bihar]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity\n        scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''), killing an estimated 6,000\\u201310,700\n        people.\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 The Japanese company [[Fuji Photo Film]]\n        is established.\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 The 10 year [[German\\u2013Polish\n        Non-Aggression Pact]] is signed by [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Second Polish\n        Republic]].\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 In [[Nazi Germany]] the political power\n        of the federal states such as [[Prussia]] is substantially abolished by the\n        \\\"Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich\\\" (''''Gesetz \\u00fcber den Neuaufbau\n        des Reiches'''').\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main|February 1934}}\\n* [[February\n        6]] \\u2013 [[6 February 1934 crisis|French political crisis]]: The French\n        [[far-right leagues]] rally in front of the [[Palais Bourbon]] in an attempted\n        [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] against the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]].\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Gaston Doumergue]] forms a new government in [[France]].\\n**\n        [[Second Hellenic Republic|Greece]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Turkey]]\n        and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] form the [[Balkan Pact]].\\n* [[February\n        12]] \\u2013 [[February 16|16]] \\u2013 [[Austrian Civil War]]: the [[Fatherland\n        Front (Austria)|Fatherland Front]] consolidates its power in a series of clashes\n        across the country.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Commission of Government]]\n        sworn in as form of direct rule for the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]].\\n* [[February\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Augusto C\\u00e9sar Sandino]] is assassinated in [[Managua]]\n        by the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]].\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] succeeds to the throne, following the death\n        (February 17) of his father King [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]].\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main|March 1934}}\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Manchuria]] becomes\n        [[Manchukuo]], following an invasion by the Japanese.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013\n        Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder [[Konstantin P\\u00e4ts]] and General\n        [[Johan Laidoner]] stage a coup in [[Estonia]] to neutralize the popular right\n        wing [[Vaps Movement]], starting the [[Era of Silence]]. Their actions are\n        initially approved by the [[Riigikogu]].\\n* [[March 13]] - [[John Dillinger]]\n        and their gang rob the First National Bank in [[Mason City, Iowa]], stealing\n        $52,000.\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 The [[Great Hakodate Fire]] kills at least\n        2,166 people in southern [[Hokkaido]], Japan.\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 The [[Tydings\\u2013McDuffie\n        Act]] is passed, allowing the [[Philippines]] a greater degree of [[self-government]]\n        from the United States.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main|April 1934}}\\n* [[April 6]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rudyard Kipling]] and [[William Butler Yeats]] are awarded the Gothenburg\n        Prize for Poetry.\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[Loch Ness Monster|Surgeon''s Photograph]]:\n        London gynaecologist Robert Kenneth Wilson takes a photograph of the Loch\n        Ness Monster before being proven in 1994 it was an elaborate [[hoax]].\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{Main|May 1934}}\\n[[File:Bonnieclyde f.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[May\n        23]]: [[Bonnie and Clyde]] killed in a police ambush.]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013\n        The [[May Constitution of 1934]] heralds the beginning of the [[Austrofascism|Austrofascist]]\n        [[Federal State of Austria]].\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 The first [[Three Stooges]]\n        short, ''''[[Woman Haters]]'''', is released. \\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[K\\u0101rlis\n        Ulmanis]] establishes an authoritarian government in [[Latvia]].\\n* [[May\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Kimon Georgiev]] stages a [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in Bulgaria.\\n*\n        [[May 23]] \\u2013 American outlaws [[Bonnie and Clyde]] are ambushed and killed\n        by police in [[Bienville Parish, Louisiana]].\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 Near [[Callander,\n        Ontario]], the [[Dionne quintuplets]] are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne,\n        becoming the first [[quintuplet]]s to survive infancy.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main|June\n        1934}}\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 The Disney animated short, ''''[[The Wise Little\n        Hen]]'''' featuring the debut of [[Donald Duck]] is released.\\n* [[June 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Italy national football team|Italy]] beats [[Czechoslovakia national\n        football team|Czechoslovakia]] 2\\u20131 after extra time to win the [[1934\n        FIFA World Cup|1934 World Cup]].\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013 Political parties are\n        banned in [[Bulgaria]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito\n        Mussolini]] meet for the first time, at the [[Venice Biennale]].\\n* [[June\n        18]] \\u2013 The [[Indian Reorganization Act]] is enacted.\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013\n        The [[Emir]] of [[Yemen]] and ibn Saud of [[Saudi Arabia]] conclude a peace\n        treaty.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Night of the Long Knives]]\n        in Germany: [[Nazism|Nazis]] purge the ''''[[Sturmabteilung]]'''' (SA), the\n        left-wing [[Strasserism|Strasserist]] faction of the [[Nazi Party]] and prominent\n        conservative anti-Nazis in a series of political murders.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013\n        The [[Nazi Party]] [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] camp [[Oranienburg]] becomes a national\n        camp, taken over by the ''''[[Schutzstaffel]]'''' (SS).\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main|July\n        1934}}\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 Hitler gives a speech to the [[Reichstag (Nazi\n        Germany)|Reichstag]] justifying his purge.\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 The American\n        film industry begins to rigorously enforce the [[Motion Picture Production\n        Code]]. \\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[July Putsch]]: Austrian [[Nazism|Nazis]]\n        assassinate chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] during a failed coup attempt.\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n{{Main|August 1934}}\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] becomes\n        ''''[[F\\u00fchrer]]'''' of Germany, or head of state combined with that of\n        Chancellor following the death of President [[Paul von Hindenburg]].\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 The [[Wehrmacht]] swears a personal oath of loyalty to [[Adolf\n        Hitler]]. \\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 The [[United States Marine Corps]] leaves\n        [[Haiti]].\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[German referendum, 1934]]: In a referendum,\n        90% of the German population approves of Hitler''s assumption of [[President\n        of Germany|presidential powers]] as [[F\\u00fchrer]] and [[Reichskanzler]].\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main|September 1934}}\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-16196,\n        N\\u00fcrnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Nuremberg\n        Rally]] of 1934]]\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[September 10|10]] \\u2013 6th\n        [[Nuremberg Rally]] staged by the German [[Nazi Party]].\\n* [[September 8]]\n        \\u2013 Off the [[New Jersey]] coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner {{SS|Morro\n        Castle|1930|6}} kills 134 people.\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]]\n        joins the [[League of Nations]].\\n** [[Bruno Richard Hauptmann]] is arrested\n        in connection with the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]] case in the U.S.\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\u2013 [[1934 Muroto typhoon|Muroto typhoon]] in [[Honsh\\u016b]], Japan\n        kills 3,036 people, and destroys the temple, schools, and other buildings\n        in [[Osaka]].\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 A [[Gresford disaster|gas explosion]]\n        at [[Gresford Colliery]] in [[Wrexham]], north-east Wales, kills 266 miners\n        and rescuers.\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Afghanistan]] joins the [[League\n        of Nations]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October 1934}}\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013\n        A [[tornado]] in [[Osaka]] and [[Kyoto]] kills 1,660, injures 5,400, and destroys\n        the rice harvest.\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Events of October the 6th]]: the\n        President of [[Catalonia]], [[Llu\\u00eds Companys]], declared the [[Catalan\n        State]] of the Spanish Federal Republic, but Spanish troops swiftly crushed\n        the Catalan forces and arrested him and the members of the Catalan government.\n        The autonomy of Catalonia was suspended until 1936.\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013\n        King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander of Yugoslavia]] and French foreign\n        minister [[Louis Barthou]] are assassinated during the king''s state visit\n        in [[Marseille]].\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 The [[Long March]] of the [[People''s\n        Liberation Army]] of the [[Communist Party of China]] begins.\\n* [[October\n        17]] - [[Harry Pierpont]] is executed on the [[electric chair]] for killing\n        Sheriff Jess Sarber while breaking [[John Dillinger]] out of jail in [[Lima,\n        Ohio]]\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 Start of [[MacRobertson Air Race]] from London\n        to Melbourne\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main|November 1934}}\\n* [[November 23]]\n        \\u2013 An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the [[Ogaden]] discovers\n        an Italian garrison at [[Walwal]], which lays well within [[Ethiopia]]n territory.\n        This encounter leads to the [[Abyssinia Crisis]].\\n* [[November 27]]\\u2013\n        [[Daniel Salamanca Urey]], [[President of Bolivia]], is deposed in a military\n        coup and replaced by [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Tejada Sorzano]].\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main|December\n        1934}}\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Abyssinia Crisis]]: Ethiopian and Italian\n        troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and\n        for the Italians 50.\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 Persia becomes [[Iran]].\\n*\n        [[December 29]] \\u2013 Japan renounces the [[Washington Naval Treaty]] of\n        1922 and the [[London Naval Treaty]] of 1930.\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* Winter\n        \\u2013 [[Tadj ol-Molouk]], Empress consort of [[Iran]], and her daughters\n        appear publicly in [[Tehran]] without a [[veil]], leading to its abolition\n        in the country.\\n* [[Abidjan]] becomes the capital of the French colony of\n        [[Ivory Coast]].\\n* The [[sonoluminescence]] effect is discovered at the [[University\n        of Cologne]].\\n* The [[Australian frontier wars]] end after 146 years.\\n*\n        [[Yomiuri Giants]], a successful professional baseball club in Japan, founded\n        in [[Tokyo]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===\n        January===\\n[[File:Jean Chretien 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean Chr\\u00e9tien]]]]\\n[[File:Bill\n        Bixby The Magician 1973.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Bill Bixby]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\n        \\n** [[George D. Behrakis]], Greek American philanthropist\\n** [[Alan Berg]],\n        Jewish talk show host (d. 1984)\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Hellmuth Karasek]],\n        German journalist, literary critic, novelist (d. 2015)\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Eddy Pieters Graafland]], Dutch football goalkeeper\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**\n        [[Jean Corbeil]], Canadian politician (d. 2002)\\n** [[Charles Jenkins Sr.|Charles\n        Jenkins]], American sprinter\\n** [[Joseph Naso]], American serial killer\\n**\n        [[Tassos Papadopoulos]], Cypriot politician, 5th [[President of Cyprus]] (d.\n        2008)\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Piet Dankert]], Dutch politician (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Bart Starr]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Leonid Kravchuk]], [[President of Ukraine]]\\n* [[January 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jean Chr\\u00e9tien]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Mick Sullivan]], English rugby league footballer\\n* [[January\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Richard Briers]], English actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Marilyn Horne]], American mezzo-soprano\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Cedar Walton]], jazz pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Raymond\n        Briggs]], British writer and illustrator\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Tom Baker]],\n        British actor \\n** [[Dave Hull]], American former radio personality\\n* [[January\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Ann Wedgeworth]], American actress\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Bill\n        Bixby]], American actor and director (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Graham Kerr]], British\n        television personality\\n** [[Nolan Strong]], Detroit doo-wop singer with The\n        Diablos (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Lou Antonio]], American actor\n        and director\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Stanis\\u0142aw Grochowiak]], Polish\n        poet and dramatist (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Tammy Grimes]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n=== February===\\n[[FIle:Hank Aaron - Baseball\n        HOF Induction 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hank Aaron]]]]\\n[[File:Niklaus Wirth,\n        UrGU.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Niklaus Wirth]]]]\\n[[File:Bobby Unser - 2015 Indianapolis\n        500 - Stierch.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bobby Unser]]]]\\n[[File:Bettino Craxi-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bettino\n        Craxi]]]]\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Hank Aaron]], African-American baseball\n        player\\n* [[February 7]]\\n**[[Eddie Fenech Adami]], 10th [[Prime Minister\n        of Malta]] and 7th [[President of Malta]]\\n**[[Earl King]], American musician\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Fleur Adcock]], New Zealand poet\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Tina Louise]], American actress\\n**[[Manuel Noriega]],\n        Panamanian military dictator (1983\\u20131989) (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Mary Quant]],\n        British fashion designer\\n** [[John Surtees]], British race car driver (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Mel Carnahan]], American politician (d. [[2000]]) \\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Anne Osborn Krueger|Anne Krueger]], American economist\\n** [[Bill\n        Russell]], American basketball player\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[George Segal]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Michel Corboz]], Swiss conductor\\n**\n        [[Florence Henderson]], American actress, singer and television personality\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Niklaus Wirth]], Swiss computer\n        scientist\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Kalin Twins|Harold \\\"Hal\\\" & Herbert\n        \\\"Herbie\\\" Kalin]], American singers (The Kalin Twins) (d. [[2005]] and [[2006]],\n        respectively)\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** Sir [[Alan Bates]], British actor (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n** [[Barry Humphries]], Australian actor and comedian\\n* [[February\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Ronald F. Marryott]], American admiral (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Unser]], American race car driver\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Rue McClanahan]], American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n**\n        [[Sparky Anderson]], American baseball manager (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Van Williams]],\n        American actor \\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Augusto Alguer\\u00f3]], Spanish\n        composer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Bettino Craxi]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Italy]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Renata Scotto]], Italian soprano\\n** [[Bingu\n        wa Mutharika]], Malawian President and economist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Bernard Bresslaw]], British actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Vincent Fourcade]], French-born interior designer and socialite\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Ralph Nader]], American consumer activist and presidential\n        candidate\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yuri\n        Gagarin]]]]\\n[[File:Alan Arkin - 1975.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alan Arkin]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Chamberlain DF-ST-83-03559.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Chamberlain]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[Jean-Michel Folon]], Belgian sculptor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Joan Hackett]],\n        American actress (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Mario Davidovsky]], Argentinian\n        composer\\n** [[John Duffey]], American bluegrass musician (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Anne Haney]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Barbara McNair]], African-American\n        singer and actress (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Janez Strnad]], Slovenian physicist\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[Daniel Kahneman]], Israeli economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize\n        in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Nicholas Smith (actor)|Nicholas\n        Smith]], English actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Franklin Clarke]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Willard Scott]], American television weather\n        reporter \\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Del Close]], American actor, improviser, writer\n        and teacher (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Yuri Gagarin]], Russian cosmonaut, first human\n        in space (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[Joyce Van Patten]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Sam Donaldson]], American reporter\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Barry\n        Hughart]], American author\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Eugene Cernan]], American\n        astronaut (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Paul Rader]], General of The Salvation Army\\n**\n        [[Dionigi Tettamanzi]], Italian cardinal (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard]], British economist\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Ray Hnatyshyn]], [[Governor General of Canada]] (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Frederick T. Mackenzie]],  American sedimentary and global biogeochemist\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Willie Brown (politician)|Willie Brown]], Mayor of San\n        Francisco\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Orrin Hatch]], U.S. Senator from Utah\\n**\n        [[Larry Martyn]], British comic actor  (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**[[Johnny\n        Burnette]], American [[rockabilly]] singer, songwriter, and musician (d. [[1964]])\\n**[[Gloria\n        Steinem]], American feminist\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Alan Arkin]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Laurie Taitt]], British sprint hurdler (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Lester R. Brown]], American Author and Environmentalist. \\n* [[March 31]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Chamberlain]], American actor\\n** [[Shirley Jones]], American singer,\n        actress, and first wife of [[Jack Cassidy]]\\n** [[Carlo Rubbia]], Italian\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Orion Samuelson]],\n        American television personality\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Roman Herzog 2012.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Roman\n        Herzog]]]]\\n[[File:Shirley MacLaine - 1960jpg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shirley MacLaine]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Jim Ed Brown]], American country singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Don Hastings]], American actor\\n** [[Rod Kanehl]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Vladimir Posner]], Russian journalist\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Avery]], American journalist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Paul Cohen]], American\n        mathematician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Brian Glover]], British actor and wrestler\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Jane Goodall]], British zoologist\\n*\n        [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Roman Herzog]], 9th [[President of Germany]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Anton Geesink]], Dutch 10th-dan judoka (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Bill Birch]], New Zealand politician\\n* [[April 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mark Strand]], Canadian-born American poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Vince Hill]], English singer-songwriter, producer and playwright\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[James Drury]], American actor\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[John Malecela]], 6th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Jayakanthan]],\n        Tamil writer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Shirley MacLaine]], American actress, dancer,\n        writer\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Peter McParland]], Irish footballer\\n** [[Denny\n        Miller]], American actor (''''Wagon Train'''') (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Pedro Pires|Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires]], [[President of Cape Verde]]\\n**\n        [[Akira Takarada]], Japanese actor\\n\\n=== May===\\n[[File:Frankie Valli 2012-10-27\n        2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frankie Valli]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Henry Cooper]], British\n        boxer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Frankie Valli]], American musician\\n* [[May 4]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tatiana Samoilova]], Russian actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Shelby]], U. S. senator from Alabama\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Bennett]], British actor and writer\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Gary Owens]], American\n        disc jockey, voice actor and announcer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Leon Wagner]], American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013\n        [[George Roper]], British comedian (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Dwayne\n        Hickman]], American actor \\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Jim Lehrer]], American television\n        journalist\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Bengt I. Samuelsson]], Swedish biochemist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Peter Nero]], American pianist\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Robert Moog]], American\n        inventor of the synthesizer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Barry Rose]],\n        British choir director and organist\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 [[Harlan Ellison]],\n        American writer\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Dionne quintuplets]], Canadian quintuplets\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Nanette Newman]], English actress and author\\n* [[May\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Alexey Leonov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n\\n=== June===\\n[[File:Albert\n        II of Belgium.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert II of Belgium]]]]\\n[[File:Harry Blackstone,\n        Jr. 1976.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Harry Blackstone, Jr.]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Pat\n        Boone]], American actor and singer\\n** [[Ken Rex McElroy]], American criminal\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Rolland D. McCune]], American theologian\\n*\n        [[June 4]]\\n** Dame [[Monica Dacon]], Saint Vincent and the Grenadines schoolteacher,\n        educator and politician\\n** Dame [[Daphne Sheldrick]], Kenyan conservationist\n        and author\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Bill Moyers]], American journalist\\n* [[June\n        6]] \\u2013 King [[Albert II of Belgium]]\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Koloa Talake]],\n        7th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Aguirre]], Mexican actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** Dame [[Eileen Atkins]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Kumari Kamala]], Indian dancer and actress\\n** [[William\n        F. Sharpe]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Samuel Zoll]], Massachusetts jurist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Josef Stoer]], German mathematician \\n**\n        [[Ken Matthews]], English race walker\\n** [[Luigi Albertelli]], Italian lyricist\\n**\n        [[Maro Kontou]], Greek actress and politician\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Ragnar\n        Svensson (wrestler)|Ragnar Svensson]], Greco-Roman wrestler from Sweden\\n**\n        [[Nancy R. Stocksdale]], American politician\\n** [[Russ Snyder]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Virbhadra Singh]], Indian\n        politician\\n** [[Jack W. Hayford]], American author, Pentecostal minister,\n        and Chancellor of The King''s University\\n** [[Keith Sutton (bishop)|Keith\n        Sutton]], British bishop\\n** [[Marino Casem]], American football coach and\n        athletic administrator\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Rodney Pepp\\u00e9]], British author\n        and illustrator \\n** [[Gloria Christian]], Italian Canzone Napoletana singer\\n**\n        [[Peter Stoddart]], English cricketer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Beatriz Sheridan]],\n        Mexican actress and director (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Willie Rodriguez]], West\n        Indian cricketer\\n** [[Jack Hayford]], American evangelist and author\\n* [[June\n        26]] \\n** [[Toru Goto]], Japanese freestyle swimmer\\n** [[Gustav Wiklund]],\n        Finnish actor\\n** [[Josef Sommer]], German-American stage and film actor\\n**\n        [[Jeremy Wolfenden]], British journalist (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[Ed Hobaugh]], Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Bill Hay (footballer)|Bill\n        Hay]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1934)|Bob\n        Wilson]],  Scottish former professional association football player\\n* [[June\n        28]] \\n** [[Carl Levin]], United States Senator\\n** [[Shiraz Ali]], Bermudian\n        cricketer\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Susan George (political scientist)|Susan George]],\n        American and French political and social scientist, activist and writer\\n**\n        [[Duane Wilson]], American former professional baseball player\\n** [[Bob Burrow]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Chuck Schaden]], American television presenter\\n**\n        [[Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1934)|Bob Wilson]], Scottish football player\\n**\n        [[Malcolm Handscombe]], English footballer\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Richard Jolly]],\n        leading development economist\\n** [[C. N. R. Rao]], Indian chemist\\n** [[Harry\n        Blackstone Jr.]], American magician (d. [[1997]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n[[File:Sydney\n        Pollack.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sydney Pollack]]]]\\n[[File:GiorgioArmani.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giorgio\n        Armani]]]]\\n[[File:Soyinka, Wole (1934).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wole Soyinka]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Jamie Farr]], American actor\\n** [[Jean Marsh]], British\n        actress\\n** [[Ester Pajusoo]], Estonian actress \\n** [[Ilselil Larsen]], Danish\n        film actress\\n** [[Paddy Jones]], British salsa dancer\\n** [[Sydney Pollack]],\n        American film director (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Tom Springfield]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Gordan Irovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav football goalkeeper\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – [[Stefan Abadzhiev]], Bulgarian football player\\n* [[July\n        4]] \\n** [[James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Abercorn]], British nobleman, peer,\n        and politician\\n** [[Abdul Aziz (cricketer, born 1934)|Abdul Aziz]], Pakistani\n        first-class cricketer\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Erik Uddebom]], Swedish athlete\\n*\n        [[July 8]] \\n** [[Fred Stewart (Alberta politician)|Fred Stewart]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Ole Lund]], Norwegian barrister and industrial leader\\n**\n        [[Edward D. DiPrete]], American politician\\n** [[Marty Feldman]], English\n        comedy writer, comedian and actor (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[John\n        Clegg (actor)|John Clegg]], Indian-born English actor\\n** [[Michael Graves]],\n        American architect (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Alfred Biolek]], German\n        entertainer and television producer\\n** [[Jerry Nelson]], American puppeteer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Giorgio Armani]], Italian fashion designer\\n**\n        [[Jim Ridlon]], American football safety \\n** [[Dick Treleaven]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Barney Cooney]], Australian politician\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Van Cliburn]], American pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Wole\n        Soyinka]], Nigerian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Aleksei Yeliseyev]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[\\u00c1ngel\n        del Pozo]], Spanish acto\\n** [[Jun Hazumi]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Lee\n        Elder]], American professional golfer\\n** [[John Tyndall (politician)|John\n        Tyndall]], British politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Eva Kr\\u00ed\\u017eikov\\u00e1]],\n        Slovak actress\\n** [[Harrison Birtwistle]], British composer \\n** [[Frank\n        Vargas Pazzos]], commander of the Ecuadorian Air Force\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[George Hilton (actor)|George Hilton]], Uruguayan-English actor\\n** [[Katherine\n        D. Ortega]], 38th Treasurer of the United States \\n** [[Marjorie McQuade]],\n        Australian swimmer\\n** [[Albert Aguayo]], Canadian neurologist\\n** [[George\n        Perles]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Joan\n        Evans (actress)|Joan Evans]], American actress\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013 [[Francisco\n        de S\\u00e1 Carneiro]], Prime Minister of Portugal  (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Jonathan Miller]], British theatre director\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        [[Louise Fletcher]], American actress\\n** [[Oluyemi Adeniji]], Nigerian career\n        diplomat and politician\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[P. S. Soosaithasan]], Sri\n        Lankan Tamil politician\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 Luang Por [[Ajahn Sumedho]],\n        [[Theravada]] Buddhist representative in the West\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013  [[Bud\n        Luckey]], American voice actor and [[Pixar]] animator\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Bud Selig]], American [[Major League Baseball]] commissioner\\n\\n=== August===\\n[[File:Akbar\n        Hashemi Rafsanjani at Expediency Discernment Council.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Akbar\n        Hashemi Rafsanjani]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Valery Bykovsky]], Russian\n        cosmonaut\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Jonas Savimbi]], Angolan political and\n        rebel leader (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Dallas Green (baseball)|Dallas\n        Green]], American baseball manager and executive\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Cammie\n        King]], American child actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Wendell Berry]], American\n        novelist, essayist, poet\\n** [[Gay Byrne]], Irish broadcaster\\n* [[August\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Billy Boston]], Welsh rugby league footballer\\n* [[August 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[James Tenney]], American experimental composer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Nino Ferrer]], French singer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Donnie Dunagan]], American actor\\n** [[Ed van Thijn]], Dutch politician\\n**\n        [[Diana Wynne Jones]], British writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Vincent\n        Bugliosi]], American prosecutor and author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ronnie Carroll]],\n        Northern Irish singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Roberto Clemente]], Puerto Rican\n        [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9e\n        Richards]], American transsexual physician and tennis player\\n* [[August 20]]\\n**\n        [[Armi Kuusela]], [[Miss Universe 1952]]\\n** [[Tom Mangold]], British journalist\n        and author\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Norman Schwarzkopf]], U.S. Army general\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Sonny Jurgensen]], American football\n        player\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]],\n        English actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Eddie Ilarde]], Filipino\n        broadcaster and politician\\n** [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani|Ayatollah Akbar\n        Hashemi Rafsanjani]], 4th [[President of Iran]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Tom Heinsohn]], American basketball player, coach, and broadcaster\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Helen Craig]], English children''s author, illustrator\n        (''''[[Angelina Ballerina]]'''')\\n** [[Anatoly Solonitsyn]], Russian actor\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Tamara Manina 1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tamara\n        Manina]]]]\\n[[File:Nicholas Liverpool.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicholas Liverpool]]]]\\n[[File:Sophia\n        Loren - 1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sophia Loren]]]]\\n[[File:Leonard Cohen concert\n        of the 2008 tour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leonard Cohen]]]]\\n[[File:Brigitte Bardot\n        - 1962.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brigitte Bardot]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Grady\n        Nutt]], American humorist (d. 1982)\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Clive Granger]],\n        Welsh-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Eduard Khil]], Russian baritone singer (\\\"[[Eduard\n        Khil|Trololo]]\\\") (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Marshall Rosenberg]],\n        American psychologist and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Little\n        Milton]], American musician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Omar Karami]], 2-Time Prime\n        Minister of Lebanon (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Peter Maxwell\n        Davies]], English composer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas\n        Liverpool]], Dominican lawyer and politician, 6th [[List of Presidents of\n        Dominica|President of Dominica]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Kuralt]], American journalist  (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ian Abercrombie]], English-American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Fred Nile]], Australian Christian politician\\n* [[September\n        16]]\\n** [[Elgin Baylor]], American basketball player and executive\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Drew]], Irish singer with [[The Dubliners]] band (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Tamara\n        Manina]], Soviet artistic gymnast\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Maureen Connolly]],\n        American tennis player (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Binoy Majumdar]], Indian [[Hungryalist]]\n        poet (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Brian Epstein]], British manager\n        of [[the Beatles]] and co-founder of [[Northern Songs]] (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[September\n        20]]\\n** [[David Marquand]], English academic and politician\\n** [[Jeff Morris\n        (actor)|Jeff Morris]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rajinder Puri]],\n        Indian cartoonist, veteran columnist and political activist (d. 2015)\\n**\n        [[Sophia Loren]], Italian actress\\n** [[Tony Alamo (evangelist)|Tony Alamo]],\n        American religious leader and convicted criminal\\n** [[Takayuki Kubota]],\n        martial artist and founder of the [[Gosoku-ryu]] style of karate\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Leonard Cohen]], Canadian poet, novelist and singer/songwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[David J. Thouless]], Scottish-born condensed-matter physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Lute\n        Olson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Shah\n        Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan]]\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Tommy Anderson\n        (footballer)|Tommy Anderson]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[Robert Lang (actor)|Robert\n        Lang]], English stage and television actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n**\n        [[Beverly Armstrong]], American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Wilford\n        Brimley]], American actor\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Brigitte Bardot]],\n        French actress, animal rights activist\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Alan A''Court]],\n        English footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Udo J\\u00fcrgens]], Austrian-Swiss\n        composer and singer of popular music (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Anna Kashfi]], Welsh\n        actress (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:Nana Mouskouri 919-2233.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nana\n        Mouskouri]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Chuck Hiller]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Emilio Bot\\u00edn]], Spanish banker (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Shakeb Jalali]], Urdu poet (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Earl\n        Wilson (baseball)|Earl Wilson]], baseball player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Harold Henning]], South African golfer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Sam Huff]], American football player\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Amiri Baraka]], African-American poet, playwright and activist (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] \\n** [[Jill Ker Conway]], Australian-born author\\n** [[Abdullah\n        Ibrahim]], South African pianist and composer\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Nana\n        Mouskouri]], Greek singer\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Rico Rodriguez (musician)|Rico\n        Rodriguez]], Cuban-born Jamaican trombonist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chuck Swindoll]], American evangelist\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Gl\\u00f3ria\n        Menezes]], Brazilian actress \\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Michael Dunn (actor)|Michael\n        Dunn]], a.k.a. Gary Neil Miller, dwarf American actor and singer (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Charles S. Liebman]], American-Israeli political scientist and author (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Frans Br\\u00fcggen]], Dutch flutist, recorder\n        player and conductor\\n** [[Hamilton Camp]], English-American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Carl Sagan Planetary Society.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Carl Sagan]]]]\\n[[File:JKRUK\n        20080604 KRZESINSKA ELZBIETA DSC02053.jpg|thumb|110px|[[El\\u017cbieta Krzesi\\u0144ska]]]]\\n[[File:Charles-mansonbookingphoto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles\n        Manson]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Umberto Agnelli]], Swiss-born automobile\n        executive (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Ken Rosewall]], Australian\n        tennis champion\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Barton Myers]], American/Canadian\n        architect\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Jackie Joseph]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 9]]\\n** [[Ingvar Carlsson]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden\\n**\n        [[Carl Sagan]], American astronomer and writer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Joanna Moore]], American actress (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Suzanne Lloyd]], Canadian film and television actress\\n** [[El\\u017cbieta\n        Krzesi\\u0144ska]], Polish athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Manson]], American cult leader and criminal\\n* [[November 13]] \\n**\n        [[John Gowans]], General of The Salvation Army (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Garry Marshall]],\n        American film producer, director and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Dave Mackay]], Scottish football player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Ir\\u00e9n Pavlics]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] author in Hungary\\n*\n        [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Jim Inhofe]], United States Senator\\n* [[November\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Laurence Luckinbill]], American actor\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Lew Hoad]], Australian tennis champion (d. 1994)\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Schnittke]], Volga German composer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n**\n        [[Ammo Baba]], Assyrian soccer player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Gilbert Strang]],\n        American mathematician\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Willie Morris]], American\n        writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Lansana Cont\\u00e9]], [[President\n        of Guinea]] (d. [[2008]])\\n\\n=== December===\\n[[File:Judi Dench at the BAFTAs\n        2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Judi Dench|Dame Judi Dench]]]]\\n[[File:Stjepan Mesic\n        (2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stjepan Mesic]]]]\\n[[File:Latinina portret.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Larissa\n        Latynina]]]]\\n[[File:Dame Maggie Smith-cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maggie Smith|Dame\n        Maggie smith]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Billy Paul]], American singer\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Andre Rodgers]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Gorbatko]], Russian\n        cosmonaut\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Victor French]], American actor and director\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Joan Didion]], American novelist\n        \\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Nick Bockwinkel]], American professional wrestler\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Judi Dench]], British actress\\n** [[Junior\n        Wells]], American harmonica player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Howard Martin Temin]], American geneticist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Miguel\n        de la Madrid]], 52nd President of Mexico (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard D. Zanuck]], American producer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]], 6th President of Somalia (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Boris Volynov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Aki Aleong]], Trinidad and Tobago actor\\n** [[Al Kaline]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Rudi Carrell]], Dutch singer and entertainer (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Pratibha Patil]], [[President of India]]\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Stjepan\n        Mesi\\u0107]], 2nd [[President of Croatia]]\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Larisa\n        Latynina]], Russian gymnast\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Maggie Smith]], British\n        actress \\n** [[Yujiro Ishihara]], Japanese actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[December\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Ed Flanders]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**\n        [[John N. Bahcall|John Norris Bahcall]], American astrophysicist (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph P. Hoar]], U.S. Marine commander\\n** [[Del Shannon]], American singer\n        (''''Runaway'''') (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Russ Tamblyn]], American film and television\n        actor\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Fritz Haber.png|110px|thumb|[[Fritz\n        Haber]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Jakob Wassermann]], German writer (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Herbert Chapman]], English football manager\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Auguste Dubail]], French general (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Andrei Bely]], Russian writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Marinus van der Lubbe]], Dutch communist accused of\n        setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Hermann Bahr]], Austrian writer and playwright (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Henry Walter Barnett]], Australian photographer and filmmaker\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Aref Qazvini]], Iranian poet, lyricist\n        and musician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Robert Brady (criminal)|Robert\n        Brady]], American criminal (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Fritz\n        Haber]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n=== February===\\n[[File:Portrait of Albert I of Belgium.jpg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Albert I of Belgium]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Maria Domenica Mantovani]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Eleonora de Cisneros]], American opera (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zsef Pusztai]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] writer,\n        poet and journalist in Hungary (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\u2013 King\n        [[Albert I of Belgium]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Augusto\n        C\\u00e9sar Sandino]], Nicaraguan revolutionary and rebel (murdered) (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[Edward Elgar]], British composer (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Geevarghese\n        Dionysius of Vattasseril]], Indian [[Orthodox priest]] and saint (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[John McGraw]], American baseball manager and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n=== March===\\n\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**[[Wilhelm Diegelmann]], German actor (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n**[[Charles Webster Leadbeater]], British author and Theosophist\n        (b.[[1854]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o do Canto e Castro]], Portuguese\n        army officer, 67th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 5th [[President of Portugal]]\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Davidson Black]], Canadian-born paleoanthropologist (b.[[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]], Dutch Queen and regent (b.[[1858]])\\n**\n        [[Sydney Deane]], Australian cricketer and actor (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March\n        21]]\\n** [[Nicanor Abelardo]], Filipino composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Lilyan\n        Tashman]], American actress (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[Francis\n        William Reitz]], president of the [[Orange Free State]]. (b. 1844)\\n* [[March\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Mahmoud Mokhtar]], Egyptian sculptor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Otto Hermann Kahn]], German-born philanthropist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Paul Cazeneuve]], French politician (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Ronald\n        Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar]], Scottish politician, former Governor-General\n        of Australia (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[B\\u00e9atrice\n        Ephrussi de Rothschild]], French socialite (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Karl von Einem]],\n        German general (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Safvet-beg Basagic]],\n        Yugoslav writer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Gerald du Maurier]], British\n        actor (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[John Collier (painter)|John Collier]], British painter\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Karl Dane]], Danish actor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Raffaele Garofalo]], Italian criminologist and jurist\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Arturs Alberings]], Prime Minister of\n        Latvia (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[John Hamilton (gangster)|John Hamilton]], Canadian\n        gangster (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Joe Vila]], American sportswriter\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Hugh L. Scott]], Major General of the\n        US Army (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n=== May===\\n[[File:Edward_William_Nelson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Edward\n        William Nelson]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]  \\u2013 [[William Woodin]], American politician\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Cass Gilbert]], American architect (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Edward William Nelson]], American naturalist\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[James Durkin (actor)|James Durkin]],\n        Canadian-born American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Clyde Barrow]],\n        American outlaw, member of [[Barrow Gang]] (shot) (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Bonnie\n        Parker]], American outlaw, member of [[Barrow Gang]] (shot) (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Brand Whitlock]], American journalist and politician (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Gustav Holst]], British composer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013  [[Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta]] (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[May\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Bela Barabas]], Hungarian politician (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[May\n        30]]\\n** [[T\\u014dg\\u014d Heihachir\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1848]])\\n**\n        [[Julia Lopes de Almeida]], Brazilian advocate and writer (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Lew Cody]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n=== June===\\n[[File:SchleicherEn1933.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Kurt\n        von Schleicher]]]]\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Dorothy Dell]], American actress (b.\n        [[1915]]) \\n** [[Jesse Root Grant]], Son of President [[Ulysses S. Grant]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Medeiros e Albuquerque]], Brazilian poet\n        and politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Delius]], British\n        composer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Lev Vygotsky]], Russian developmental\n        psychologist (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe\n        (1872-1934)|Prince Bernhard of Lippe]] (b.  [[1872]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Andrew Jackson Zilker]], American philanthropist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Buhagiar]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]] \\u2013 Murdered during the [[Night of the Long Knives]]:\\n**[[Fritz\n        Gerlich]], German journalist (b. [[1883]])\\n**[[Gustav von Kahr]], German\n        politician (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Karl Ernst]], Nazi SA leader in Berlin (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n** [[Edmund Heines]], Deputy SA leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Gregor\n        Strasser]], German politician, early Nazi leader (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Kurt\n        von Schleicher]], 23rd [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of\n        Germany]] (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Marie Curie c1920.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Marie\n        Curie]]]]\\n[[File:Engelbert Dollfuss.png|thumb|110px|[[Engelbert Dollfuss]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Ernst R\\u00f6hm]], Nazi SA Leader (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Prince Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Marie Curie]], Polish-born scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry]] and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]] (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[Hayim Nahman Bialik]] considered Israel''s national poet (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Zaki Pasha]], Egyptian philologist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]]\\n**[[Alec B. Francis]], English actor (b. [[1867]])\\n**[[Prince\n        Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Benjamin Baillaud]], French astronomer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[July 13]] \\n**\n        [[Kate Sheppard]], most prominent member of New Zealand Women''s suffrage\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez Mej\\u00edas]], Spanish bullfighter\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Louis F. Gottschalk]], American composer\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Jules Renkin]], Belgian politician and 28th [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Carlo Bergamini (sculptor)|Carlo\n        Bergamini]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Sy Sanborn]],\n        American sportswriter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Padre Cicero|Cicero\n        Romao Batista]], Brazilian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and reverend (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[Hubert Lyautey]], Marshal of France (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[John Dillinger]], American criminal (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Mar\\u00eda Pilar L\\u00f3pez de Maturana Ortiz de Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] religious blessed and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Hans Hahn (mathematician)|Hans Hahn]], Austrian mathematician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Coty]], French perfume manufacturer\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Engelbert Dollfuss]], Austrian statesman and 10th [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]] (assassinated) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Nestor Makhno]], Ukrainian\n        anarchist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Winsor McCay]], American comic\n        creator and animator (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Marie Dressler]],\n        Canadian actress (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Louis Tancred]], South African cricketer\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Edith Yorke]], British actress (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n=== August===\\n[[File:President\n        Hindenburg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul von Hindenburg]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Paul von Hindenburg]], German general and politician, 2nd [[President of\n        Germany]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Wilbert Robinson]], American\n        baseball manager and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Steux]], Belgian road racing cyclist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[George W. Hill]], American director (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mary Hunter Austin]], American writer of fiction and non-fiction\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Hood]], American architect\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Homer Van Meter]], American criminal\n        and bank robber (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Linda Agostini]],\n        British-born Australian victim (b. [[1905]])\\n\\n=== September===\\n* [[September\n        2]]\\n** [[Russ Columbo]], American singer and actor (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Alcide\n        Nunez]], American musician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Roger\n        Fry]], British artist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Serafina\n        Astafieva]], Russian ballet dancer (b.  [[1876]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013\n        [[George Cromwell]], American politician (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n=== October===\\n[[File:Raymond\n        Poincar\\u00e9.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]]]]\\n* [[October 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jean Vigo]], French film director (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[October 9]]\\n**\n        King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]] (b. [[1888]]) (assassinated)\\n** [[Vlado\n        Chernozemski]], Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** Saint [[Innocencio\n        of Mary Immaculate]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Willy Clarkson]], British costume designer and wigmaker\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Mikhail Matyushin]], Russian painter\n        and composer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]],\n        58th [[Prime Minister of France]] and 10th [[President of France]], Leaders\n        of [[World War I]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Santiago Ram\\u00f3n\n        y Cajal]], Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Alexander\n        von Kluck]], German general (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Pretty\n        Boy Floyd]], American bank robber (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[October 24]] -- [[Giacomo\n        Montalto]], Italian socialist leader and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Lou Tellegen]], Dutch actor (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n=== November===\\n[[File:Carl\n        von Linde 1925.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carl von Linde]]]]\\n[[File:Baby face nelson.png|thumb|120px|[[Baby\n        Face Nelson]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Edmond James de Rothschild]], French\n        philanthropist (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Sir Robert McAlpine,\n        1st Baronet|Robert McAlpine]], Scottish builder (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Ion Farris]], American politician, former [[Speaker of the Florida\n        House of Representatives]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\n** [[Alice Liddell]],\n        English inspiration for ''''[[Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland]]'''' (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n** [[Carl von Linde]], German scientist and engineer (b. [[1842]])\\n**[[Georgi\n        Todorov (general)|Georgi Todorov]], Bulgarian general (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Willem de Sitter]], Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Harry Steppe]], American vaudeville\n        performer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Baby Face Nelson]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Boucher]],\n        French aviator (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n=== December===\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Sergey\n        Kirov]], Soviet politician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Oskar\n        von Hutier]], German general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Alceste De Ambria]], Italian syndicalist\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Wallace Thurman]], American writer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\n** [[Lowell Sherman]], American actor and\n        director (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Pablo Gargallo]], Spanish sculptor and painter\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 Not awarded this year\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Harold Clayton Urey]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[George Hoyt Whipple]],\n        [[George Richards Minot]], [[William Parry Murphy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Luigi Pirandello]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Henderson]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1934/1934fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1934] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1934}}\\n[[Category:1934| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:13:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":799772266,\"length\":49546,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934\"},\"34980\":{\"pageid\":34980,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1935\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-08T03:41:44Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1935}}\\n{{Events by month|1935}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1935}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1935}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1935}}\\n* January \\u2013\n        Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] of [[Ethiopia]] creates a military school at [[Holeta]].[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0163)\n        Ethiopia Military Tradition in National Life.] [[Library of Congress]].\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\u2013 The Italian colonies of [[Tripoli]] and [[Cyrenaica]]\n        are joined together as [[Libya]].\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 The trial of [[Bruno\n        Richard Hauptmann]], accused of the [[Lindbergh kidnapping|kidnapping and\n        murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr.]], begins in [[Flemington, New Jersey]].\\n*\n        [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Dry Tortugas National Park]] is established.\\n* [[January\n        7]] \\u2013 Italian premier [[Benito Mussolini]] and French Foreign Minister\n        [[Pierre Laval]] conclude [[Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935|an agreement]]\n        in which each power agrees not to oppose the other''s colonial claims.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Amelia Earhart]] becomes the first person to fly solo\n        from Hawaii to [[California]].\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 A [[plebiscite]] in\n        the [[Saar (League of Nations)|Territory of the Saar Basin]] shows that 90.3%\n        of those voting wish to join Germany.\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 The [[FBI]]\n        kills the Barker Gang, including [[Ma Barker]], in a shootout.\\n* [[January\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Coopers Inc.]] sells the world''s first men''s [[briefs]], as\n        \\\"jockeys\\\", in Chicago.\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 The first canned [[beer]]\n        is sold in [[Richmond, Virginia]], United States, by [[Gottfried Krueger Brewing\n        Company]].[http://keglined.pssht.com/main.html Keglined.com: ''''An Illustrated\n        History of the American Beer Can'''']\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Iceland]]\n        legalizes [[abortion]] on medical grounds.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February\n        1935}}\\n*[[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Parker Brothers]] begins selling the [[board\n        game]] [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] in the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/business/fool/article/The-One-Monopoly-America-Will-Never-Break-Up-4255801.php|title=The\n        One Monopoly America Will Never Break Up|last=Planes|first=Alex|date=2013-02-06|website=[[Seattle\n        Post-Intelligencer]]|accessdate=2015-07-24}}\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Hauptmann]] is convicted and sentenced to death for the kidnapping\n        and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr., in the United States\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 The discovery and clinical development of [[Prontosil]], the first\n        broadly effective [[antibiotic]], is published in a series of articles by\n        [[Gerhard Domagk]] and others in Germany''s pre-eminent medical journal, ''''[[Deutsche\n        Medizinische Wochenschrift]]''''.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Caroline Mikkelsen]]\n        becomes the first woman to set foot on Antarctica\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013\n        Airplanes are banned from flying over the [[White House]] in [[Washington,\n        D.C.]]\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 The classic [[Mickey Mouse]] cartoon ''''[[The\n        Band Concert]]'''' is released by [[United Artists]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** In [[Nazi Germany]], [[Adolf Hitler]] orders reinstatement\n        of the air force, the [[Luftwaffe]], in violation of the [[1919]] [[Treaty\n        of Versailles]].\\n** [[Robert Watson-Watt]] first demonstrates the use of\n        [[radar]] to detect aircraft at [[Daventry]] in England.\\n* [[February 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ladby ship]]: Viking ship grave discovered in Denmark.\\n\\n=== March\n        ===\\n{{Main article|March 1935}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[1935 Greek coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        attempt]]: [[Nikolaos Plastiras]], [[Anastasios Papoulas]] and other [[Venizelism|Venizelist]]s\n        lead a coup against the [[People''s Party (Greece)|People''s Party]] government\n        in Greece. The attempt is suppressed by March 11 and the leaders condemned\n        to death for treason.\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] forms the new\n        government in [[Turkey]]. (8th government; During [[Atat\\u00fcrk]]''s presidency,\n        \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc has served seven times as a prime minister.)\\n* [[March\n        2]] \\u2013 King [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII) of [[Thailand|Siam]] abdicates\n        the throne. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old-nephew [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama\n        VIII).\\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013 Faithful dog [[Hachik\\u014d]] dies on the spot\n        where he had awaited his dead owner for nine years in Japan.\\n* [[March 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Porky Pig]] makes his debut as the first major [[Looney Tunes]] character\n        in ''''[[I Haven''t Got a Hat]]''''.\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        announces [[German re-armament]] in violation of the [[1919]] [[Treaty of\n        Versailles]].\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Harlem riot of 1935]]: A [[race riot]]\n        breaks out in [[Harlem]] (New York City) after a rumor circulates that a teenage\n        [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]] [[Shoplifting|shoplifter]]\n        in the [[S. H. Kress & Co.]] department store has been brutally beaten.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Iran]] requests that this name be internationally adopted\n        for the country in place of \\\"Persia\\\".\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 The world''s\n        first television program by ''''[[Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow]]'''' is transmitted\n        from the [[Funkturm]] in Berlin, Germany.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1935}}\\n[[File:DustStormInSpearmanTexas19350414.jpg|thumb|[[Dust Bowl|Dust\n        storm]] approaching [[Spearman, Texas]]]]\\n* April 1 \\u2013 The [[North American\n        NA-16]], prototype of the [[North American T-6 Texan|North American T-6 Texan\n        or Harvard]] flying trainer, flies for the first time.Hagedorn 1997, p. 15.\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Dust Bowl]]: The\n        great dust storm in the United States hits eastern [[New Mexico]] and [[Colorado]],\n        and western [[Oklahoma]] the hardest. It will be made famous by [[Woody Guthrie]]\n        in his \\\"dust bowl ballads\\\".\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Roerich Pact]], a Pan-American\n        treaty on the protection of cultural artefacts, is signed in Washington D.C.\\n*\n        [[April 16]] \\u2013 ''''[[Fibber McGee and Molly]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]] Radio\n        in the United States.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Sun Myung Moon]], a teenage\n        [[Presbyterian]] convert in [[Korea under Japanese rule]], claims to have\n        a revelation from [[Jesus]] telling him to complete his mission from almost\n        2,000 years ago.\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.]],\n        the [[United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union]], hosts the elaborately\n        prepared [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.#The Spring Ball of the Full Moon|Spring\n        Ball of the Full Moon]] which is said to have surpassed all other embassy\n        parties in Moscow''s history.\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[FA Cup]] ([[Association\n        football]]): [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.]] beat [[West Bromwich Albion]] 4\\u20132\n        at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] in England.\\n* [[April 29]]\n        \\u2013 The first edition of the [[1935 Vuelta a Espa\\u00f1a|Vuelta a Espa\\u00f1a]]\n        is raced and goes on to become one of the 3 [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tour]]s\n        of road bicycle racing.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1935}}\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 [[New Deal]]: Executive Order 7034 creates the [[Works Progress\n        Administration]] (WPA) in the United States.\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Northamptonshire\n        County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] gains (over [[Somerset County Cricket\n        Club|Somerset]] at Taunton by 48 runs) what proves to be their last victory\n        for 99 matches, easily a record in the [[County Championship]]. Their next\n        Championship win is not until 29 May 1939.\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stalin]]\n        opens the [[Moscow Metro]] to the public.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[T. E. Lawrence]]\n        (\\\"Lawrence of Arabia\\\") dies as the result of a motorcycle accident in [[Dorset]],\n        England.\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 In [[Nazi Germany]], [[Adolf Hitler]] announces\n        the reintroduction of [[conscription]] to the [[Wehrmacht]] in violation of\n        the [[1919]] [[Treaty of Versailles]].\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 The first nighttime\n        [[Major League Baseball]] game is played between the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and\n        [[Philadelphia Phillies]] at [[Crosley Field]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].\\n*\n        [[May 27]] \\u2013 ''''[[Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States]]'''' (the\n        \\\"Sick Chicken Case\\\"): The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] declares\n        that the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]], a major component of the [[New\n        Deal]], is unconstitutional.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 The French [[Compagnie G\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale\n        Transatlantique]] [[ocean liner]] {{SS|Normandie}} sets out on her [[maiden\n        voyage]] from [[Le Havre]] to New York, which she will reach in 4 days, 3\n        hours and 14 minutes, taking the [[Blue Riband]]; she gains the eastbound\n        record on her return passage. \\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 Eventual [[Baseball Hall\n        of Fame]]r [[Babe Ruth]] appears in his last career game, playing for the\n        [[Atlanta Braves|Boston Braves]] in [[Philadelphia]] against the [[Philadelphia\n        Phillies|Phillies]].\\n* [[May 31]]\\n**  [[1935 Quetta earthquake]]: A 7.1\n        magnitude earthquake destroys [[Quetta]] in modern-day Pakistan, killing 40,000.\\n**\n        20th Century Pictures, Inc., becomes [[20th Century Fox]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1935}}\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[He\\u2013Umezu Agreement]]: China''s\n        [[Kuomintang]] government concedes Japanese military control of north-eastern\n        China.\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] is founded in [[Akron,\n        Ohio]] by [[William G. Wilson]] and Dr. [[Bob Smith (doctor)|Robert Smith]].\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Huey Long]] of [[Louisiana]]\n        makes the longest speech on Senate record, taking 15\\u00bd hours and containing\n        150,000 words.{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Huey_Long_Filibusters.htm|title=U.S.\n        Senate: June 12-13, 1935 - Huey Long Filibusters|date=June 22, 2015|publisher=}}\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 End of the [[Chaco War]], a war between [[Paraguay]] and\n        [[Bolivia]].\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[James J. Braddock]] defeats [[Max Baer\n        (boxer)|Max Baer]] at [[Madison Square Garden Bowl]] to win the heavyweight\n        [[boxing]] championship of the world.\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Anglo-German\n        Naval Agreement]]: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own\n        naval tonnage.\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Gardel]], the legendary Franco-Argentine\n        \\\"Father of Tango\\\", dies in a plane crash in [[Medell\\u00edn]], [[Colombia]].\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1935}}\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 The [[RMS Mauretania\n        (1906)|RMS Mauretania]] sails from [[Southampton]] to [[Jarrow]].\\n* [[July\n        16]] \\u2013 The world''s first [[parking meter]]s are installed in [[Oklahoma\n        City]].\\n* [[July 25]]\\u2013 [[August 20]] \\u2013 The seventh and last congress\n        of the [[Comintern]] is held.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main article|August 1935}}\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 The [[Leo Burnett]] Advertising Agency opens in Chicago.\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 United States President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs\n        the [[Social Security Act]] into law.\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 Humorist [[Will\n        Rogers]] and aviator [[Wiley Post]] are killed when Post''s plane crashes\n        shortly after takeoff near [[Barrow, Alaska]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1935}}\\n[[File:Manuel L. Quezon (November 1942).jpg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[Manuel\n        L. Quezon]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[1935 Labor Day hurricane]]: The\n        strongest hurricane ever to strike the United States landfalls in the Upper\n        [[Florida Keys]] as a Category 5 storm with 185 mph winds, killing 423.\\n*\n        [[September 3]] \\u2013 Sir [[Malcolm Campbell]] becomes the first person to\n        drive an automobile at 300 miles per hour, establishing a new record land\n        speed of 301.337 mph (484.620 km/h) at the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]]\n        in [[Utah]], driving the ''''[[Campbell-Railton Blue Bird|Blue Bird]]''''.{{cite book|last=Mercer|first=Derrik|date=1989|title=Chronicle\n        of the 20th Century|location=London|publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd|isbn=978-0-582-03919-3}}\n        \\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Carl Weiss]] kills [[Huey Long]], [[United States\n        Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Louisiana]], in the Louisiana Capitol Building\n        in [[Baton Rouge]].\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Howard Hughes]], flying the\n        [[Hughes H-1 Racer]], sets an airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h).\\n*\n        [[September 15]] \\u2013 The [[Nuremberg Laws]] go into effect in Germany,\n        removing citizenship from Jews.\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Manuel L. Quezon]]\n        is the 2nd [[President of the Philippines]].\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Earl\n        W. Bascom]] and his brother Weldon produce the first night [[rodeo]] held\n        outdoors under electric lights at [[Columbia, Mississippi]].\\n* [[September\n        29]] \\u2013 The [[London and North Eastern Railway]]''s first [[LNER Class\n        A4|A4 Class]] streamlined steam locomotive [[LNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link|A4\n        2509 ''''Silver Link'''']] makes her inaugural journey from [[London King''s\n        Cross railway station|London King''s Cross]].\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** U.S.\n        President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dedicates [[Hoover Dam]].\\n** The [[London\n        and North Eastern Railway]] commences the ''''[[Silver Jubilee (train)|Silver\n        Jubilee]]'''', Britain''s first [[Streamliner|streamline train]] service.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1935}}\\n[[File:Sixday.jpg|thumb|October\n        22 page from a [[Soviet revolutionary calendar]] with six-day weeks.]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[October 3]] \\u2013 The [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]\n        begins as General [[Emilio De Bono]] of Italy [[De Bono''s invasion of Abyssinia|invades\n        Ethiopia]].\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013 A tornado destroys the 160 metre tall\n        wooden [[Radio masts and towers|radio tower]] in [[Langenberg transmission\n        tower|Langenberg]], Germany. As a result of this catastrophe, wooden radio\n        towers are phased out.\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 In the [[Canadian federal\n        election, 1935|Canadian federal election]], the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal\n        Party]] of [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] wins a [[majority government]],\n        defeating the [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867\\u20131942)|Conservative\n        Party]] of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[R. B. Bennett]].\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1935}}\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 A [[Greek\n        monarchy referendum, 1935|Greek monarchy referendum]] is held by self-proclaimed\n        Regent [[Georgios Kondylis]]. Almost 98% of the votes favor restoration of\n        the monarchy, although the referendum''s integrity is dubious.{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1935.htm|title=Chronology\n        1935|date=2002|work=League of Nations Photo Archive|accessdate=2015-11-03}}\\n*\n        [[November 8]] \\u2013 A dozen [[labor union|labor]] leaders come together\n        to announce the creation of the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO),\n        an organization charged with pushing the cause for [[industrial unionism]]\n        in North America.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 In the [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1935|United Kingdom general election]], [[Prime Minister of the\n        United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Stanley Baldwin]] returns to office at the\n        head of a National Government led by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative\n        Party]] with a large but reduced majority.\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 The [[flying\n        boat]] ''''[[China Clipper]]'''' takes off from [[Alameda, California]] to\n        deliver the first [[airmail]] cargo across the Pacific Ocean; on [[November\n        29]] the aircraft reaches its final destination, [[Manila]], and delivers\n        over 110,000 pieces of [[mail]].\\n*  [[November 23]] \\u2013 Jacques and Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se\n        Tr\\u00e9fou\\u00ebl, [[Daniel Bovet]] and Federico Nitti, in the laboratory\n        of [[Ernest Fourneau]] at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris, discover that\n        [[sulfanilamide]] is the active component of [[Prontosil]].J. et T. Tr\\u00e9fou\\u00ebl,\n        F. Nitti et D. Bovet, \\\"Activit\\u00e9 du ''''p''''-aminoph\\u00e9nylsulfamide\n        sur l''infection streptococcique exp\\u00e9rimentale de la souris et du lapin\\\",\n        ''''C. R. Soc. Biol.'''', ''''''120'''''', 23 November 1935, p. 756.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] \\u2013 After 11 years in exile, [[George II of Greece|George\n        II]] returns to Greek soil  as [[King of the Hellenes]] at Corfu from London.\\n*\n        [[November 30]] \\u2013 The 1935 British-made film ''''[[Scrooge (1935 film)|Scrooge]]'''',\n        the first all-talking film version of the [[Charles Dickens]] classic ''''[[A\n        Christmas Carol]]'''', opens in the U.S. after its British release.\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1935}}\\n* [[December 5]]  \\u2013 [[Mary\n        McLeod Bethune]] founds the [[National Council of Negro Women]] in the United\n        States.\\n* [[December 9]]  \\u2013 American newspaper editor [[Walter Liggett]]\n        is killed in a gangland murder plot.\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Hanshin Tigers]],\n        as well known for professional baseball club of [[Japan]], founded in [[Osaka]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Lebensborn]] program\n        in support of [[Nazi eugenics]] is founded by [[Heinrich Himmler]] in Germany.\\n**\n        Opening of the [[De La Warr Pavilion]] at [[Bexhill-on-Sea]], designed by\n        [[Erich Mendelsohn]] and [[Serge Chermayeff]], a pioneering example of [[International\n        Style (architecture)|International Style architecture]] in the British Isles.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.buildingopinions.com/Archive/DE/delawarrpavilion.html|title=Modernist|work=Building\n        Opinions|accessdate=22 September 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.delawarrpavilion.com/default.aspx\n        |title=Modernist style |publisher=De La Warr Pavilion |accessdate=22 September\n        2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811132942/http://www.delawarrpavilion.com/default.aspx\n        |archivedate=August 11, 2010 |deadurl=no |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.delawarrpavilion.net|title=Modern\n        movement|publisher=De La Warr Pavilion|accessdate=22 September 2010}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/delawarr/index.htm|title=De La Warr\n        Pavilion Sussex by Mendelsohn and Chermayeff|accessdate=22 September 2010}}\\n*\n        [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] DST, prototype\n        of the [[Douglas DC-3]] airliner, first flies, in the United States. More\n        than 16,000 of the model will eventually be produced.\\n* [[December 18]]\\n**\n        [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]] resigns as British\n        [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|foreign secretary]]\n        and is replaced by [[Anthony Eden]].\\n** The [[socialist]] party of [[Sri\n        Lanka]], the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]], is founded.\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Mao Zedong]] issues the [[Wayaobu Manifesto]], ''''On Tactics Against Japanese\n        Imperialism'''', calling for a National United Front against the [[Second\n        Sino-Japanese War|Japanese invasion]].\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 ''''[[Pravda]]''''\n        publishes a letter from [[Pavel Postyshev]], who revives the [[New Year tree]]\n        tradition in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* The house [[Fallingwater]]\n        in southwestern [[Pennsylvania]], designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], is completed.\\n*\n        [[Lectorium Rosicrucianum]] is founded.\\n* The [[Melody Inn (nightclub)|Melody\n        Inn]] opens as a piano bar in [[Indianapolis]].{{cite web|last=Allan|first=Marc\n        D.|title=Owners enjoy Melody Inn''s niche as well-worn music venue|url=http://www.ibj.com/owners-enjoy-melody-inns-niche-as-wellworn-live-music-venue/PARAMS/article/22348|work=IBJ\n        News|publisher=Indianapolis Business Journal|accessdate=2013-10-06}}\\n\\n==\n        Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Floyd Patterson 1962.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Floyd\n        Patterson]]]]\\n[[File:Elvis Presley promoting Jailhouse Rock.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elvis\n        Presley]]]]\\n[[File:Elsa Martinelli 1964.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Elsa Martinelli]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Floyd Patterson]], American boxer (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[Kenny Davern]], American jazz clarinetist (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Valeri Kubasov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Elvis Presley]], American rock & roll singer, guitarist and film actor (d.\n        [[1977]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Bob Denver]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Earl G. Graves, Sr.]] African-American publisher\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Hawkins]], American musician\\n** [[Sherrill Milnes]], American baritone\\n*\n        [[January 12]] \\u2013 The Amazing [[Kreskin]], American mentalist\\n* [[January\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Rip Taylor]], American comedian\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Lucile\n        Wheeler]], Canadian skier\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[A. J. Foyt]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Udo Lattek]], German football coach (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Ann Minner]], Governor of Delaware\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Jon Stallworthy]], English poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Soumitra\n        Chatterjee]], Indian actor\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Ant\\u00f3nio Ramalho\n        Eanes]], 16th [[President of Portugal]]\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Roger Payne]],\n        American biologist\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Richard Brautigan]], American writer\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Elsa Martinelli]], Italian film actress (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Kenzabur\\u014d \\u014ce]], Japanese writer, Nobel Prize\n        laureate\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Sonny Bono.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sonny Bono]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Doreen Kartinyeri]], Ngarrindjeri elder and historian\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Martti Talvela]], Finnish bass (d.\n        [[1989]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Alex Harvey (musician)|Alex Harvey]],\n        Scottish rock singer (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Gene Vincent]],\n        American guitarist and vocalist  (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Rob\n        McConnell]], Canadian jazz musician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Sonny Bono]], American singer, actor and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Christina Pickles]], English-born American character actress\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Ciar\\u00e1n Bourke]], Irish singer (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Hisako Ky\\u014dda]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[February\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Tom Murphy (playwright)|Tom Murphy]], Irish playwright\\n* [[February\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Mirella Freni]], Italian soprano\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Mahmoud\n        Abbas.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mahmoud Abbas]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Robert Conrad]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Zhelyu Zhelev]], [[President of Bulgaria]]\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Bent Larsen]], Danish chess player (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Paul Sand]] (born Paul Sanchez), American\n        comedic actor\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Ron Delany]], Irish runner\\n* [[March\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Jacques Benveniste]], French immunologist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n** [[Jimmy Swaggart]], American televangelist\\n** [[Judd Hirsch]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Patrick Etolu]], Ugandan high jumper\\n* [[March\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Ole Barndorff-Nielsen]], Danish mathematician\\n* [[March 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[M. Emmet Walsh]], American actor\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 [[Peter Bichsel]],\n        Swiss writer\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Gabriel Elorde]], Filipino boxer (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\n** [[Ernesto Maceda]], Filipino politician, lawyer,\n        and columnist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Mahmoud Abbas]], President of the Palestine\n        National Authority\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Abelardo Castillo]], Argentine writer\\n**\n        [[John Henry Dowse]], Australian rugby union player\\n** [[Julian Glover]],\n        English actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Jeanie Descombes]], American professional\n        baseball player\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Szmidt]], Polish athlete\\n* [[March 31]]\n        \\n** [[Herb Alpert]], American trumpeter\\n** [[Judith Rossner]], American\n        writer (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Dudley M.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dudley\n        Moore]]]]\\n* [[April 4]]  \\u2013 [[Kenneth Mars]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]]  \\u2013 [[Enrique \\u00c1lvarez F\\u00e9lix]], Mexican actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[April 8]]  \\u2013 [[Francis D. Moran|Francis D. \\\"Bill\\\" Moran]],\n        American admiral, third director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n        Commissioned Officer Corps\\n* [[April 9]]  \\u2013 [[Aulis Sallinen]], Finnish\n        composer\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Ken Squier]], [[motorsport]]s broadcaster\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Katie Horstman]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Paul A. Rothchild]], American record producer\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Dudley Moore]], English actor, comedian\n        and composer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Charles Grodin]], American\n        actor and journalist\\n** [[Thomas Kean]], Governor of New Jersey and 9/11\n        Commission Chairman\\n** [[Dolores Lee]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Paul Chambers]], American jazz musician (d.\n        [[1969]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 [[Bunky Green]], American jazz musician\\n*\n        [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Bob Gutowski]], American athlete (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[April\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Murray McBride]], Canadian politician, Yale graduate\\n* [[April\n        29]] \\u2013 [[April Ashley]], English model\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Josemujica.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jose\n        Mujica]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Bolger at press conference.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jim Bolger]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Lance LeGault]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Isobel Warren]], Canadian author\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Doug\n        McClure]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Felipe Alou]],\n        Dominican Major League Baseball player and manager\\n** [[Gary Peacock]], American\n        jazz double-bassist\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Luciano Benetton]], Italian entrepreneur,\n        owner of [[Benetton Group]]\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Dennis Potter]], English writer\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Ryke Geerd Hamer]], German cancer researcher\\n* [[May\n        19]] \\u2013 [[David Hartman (TV personality)|David Hartman]], American actor\n        and television journalist\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Mujica]], 40th\n        [[President of Uruguay]]\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Barry Rogers]], American jazz\n        and salsa trombonist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Joan Micklin Silver]],\n        American director\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Cookie Gilchrist]], American football\n        player  (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Victoria Shaw (actress)|Victoria Shaw]], American\n        actress (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Carole Lesley]], English actor (d.\n        [[1974]]) \\n** [[Lee Meriwether]], American beauty queen and actress\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 Brink]], South African writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Ruta Lee]], Canadian-born American-based actress\\n* [[May 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jim Bolger]], 35th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:RodrigoBorja-Harvard2016.png|thumb|120px|[[Rodrigo Borja Cevallos]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[Reverend Ike]], American televangelist (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]]\\n** [[Carol Shields]], American-born writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Dimitri\n        Kitsikis]], Greek Turkologist\\n** [[Roger Brierley]], English actor (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Wieben]], German journalist, actor and author\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Evangelia Samiotaki|el|3=\\u0395\\u03c5\\u03b1\\u03b3\\u03b3\\u03b5\\u03bb\\u03af\\u03b1\n        \\u03a3\\u03b1\\u03bc\\u03b9\\u03c9\\u03c4\\u03ac\\u03ba\\u03b7}}, Greek actress (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Yoshihiro Tatsumi]], Japanese manga artist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]], Bulgarian\n        & Moroccan-born American installation artists (Jeanne-Claude d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Samak Sundaravej]], 25th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] (2008) (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Peggy Seeger]], American folk singer\\n* [[June 19]] \\n**\n        [[Derren Nesbitt]], English actor\\n** [[Rodrigo Borja Cevallos]], [[President\n        of Ecuador]]\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Jim Barker (politician)|Jim Barker]],\n        American politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Pratap Chauhan]], Indian\n        cricketer\\n** [[Tom Pratt (American football)|Tom Pratt]], American football\n        coach\\n** [[John Abbey (actor)|John Abbey]], American actor\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise\n        Sagan]], French writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Floyd Norman]],\n        American animator\\n** [[Donald A. Bonner]], American politician\\n** [[Koro\n        W\\u0113tere]], New Zealand politician\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[N. Bhaskara Rao]],\n        Indian politician\\n** [[Keith Burkinshaw]], English professional footballer\n        and football manager\\n** [[Pete Hamill]], American journalist, novelist, essayist,\n        editor and educator\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Jean Milesi]], French professional\n        racing cyclist\\n** [[Charlie Dees]], American professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Juan Bautista Ag\\u00fcero]], Paraguayan football striker\\n** [[Ron Kramer]],\n        American National Football League tight end (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Terry Riley]],\n        American composer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Taufiq Ismail]], Indonesian poet and\n        activist\\n** [[Margaret Sparrow]], New Zealand medical doctor, reproductive\n        rights advocate, and author\\n** [[Udey Chand]], Indian wrestler and wrestling\n        coach\\n** [[Don Demeter]], American outfielder, third baseman, and first baseman\n        in Major League Baseball\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Carlo Facetti]], Italian racing\n        driver\\n** [[Sandro Riminucci]], Italian basketball player\\n** [[Edwin Hodgeman]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Bogdan Dochev]], Bulgarian football referee\\n* [[June\n        27]] \\n** [[Larry Krutko]], American football player\\n** [[Dan Currie]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Colin Bazley]], English bishop\\n** [[Ramon Zamora]],\n        Filipino martial arts actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Roy Faulkner\n        (footballer, born 1935)|Roy Faulkner]], English footballer\\n** [[Bob Hobert]],\n        Canadian football player\\n** [[Bob Blaylock]], American professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[John Inman]], English comic actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Jill Briscoe]], British American author, editor, and speaker\\n** [[Derek\n        Partridge]], British television presenter, spokesman and voice-over artist,\n        formerly a film and TV actor\\n** [[Zvonko Bezjak]], Croatian hammer thrower\n        of Slovenian origin\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Valentino Gasparella]], Italian\n        track cyclist\\n** [[Ken Turner (Australian rules footballer)|Ken Turner]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Animesh Chakravorty]], Bengali Indian academic\n        and a professor of chemistry\\n** [[Les Savill]], English cricketer\\n** [[Shane\n        Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis]], British peer\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Dalai\n        Lama 1430 Luca Galuzzi 2007crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[14th Dalai Lama]]]] \\n[[File:Donald\n        Sutherland - Monte-Carlo Television Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Donald Sutherland]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[David Prowse]], English actor\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Guruvayur\n        Dorai]], Indian percussionist\\n** [[Amar Singh Sokhi]], Indian cyclist\\n**\n        [[Dick Dolman]], Dutch politician\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Osvaldo Bagnoli]], Italian\n        football coach and player\\n** [[Bill Reichart]], American ice hockey\\n* [[July\n        4]]\\n** [[Erich Barnes]], American football defensive back\\n** [[Alan Preen]],\n        Australian rules football\\n** [[Roy Wilt]], American politician\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** [[Shirley Collins]], English folk singer\\n** [[Christian Doermer]],\n        German actor\\n** [[Brendan McCann]], American profes** [[Erich Barnes]], American\n        football defensive backsional basketball player\\n** [[Van B. Poole]], American\n        politician\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 Tenzin Gyatso, the [[14th Dalai Lama]], recipient\n        of the Nobel Peace Prize and [[spiritual leader]] of [[Tibet]]\\n* [[July 7]]\n        \\n** [[Chan Wing-chan]], Chinese politician\\n** [[Billy Russell (footballer,\n        born 1935)|Billy Russell]], English footballer\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Steve\n        Lawrence]], American singer and actor\\n** [[Vitaly Sevastyanov]], Russian\n        cosmonaut (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Wim Duisenberg]], Dutch economist\n        and politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Kevin Parks]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Isabel Sarli]], Argentine actress and glamour model\\n** [[Mercedes Sosa]],\n        Argentine singer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mighty Sparrow]], Grenadian singer\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[P. K. Gurudasan]], Indian politician\\n* [[July 11]] \\n**\n        [[Darrell Dess]], American football offensive lineman\\n** [[Oliver Napier]],\n        Northern Irish politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Ed Rubinoff]],\n        American tennis player\\n** [[Hans Tilkowski]], German footballer\\n** [[Satoshi\n        \\u014cmura]], Japanese biochemist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Gregorio Casal]], Mexican actor\\n**\n        [[Eduardo Ermita]], Filipino politician\\n** [[Jack Kemp]], American football\n        player and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Qiu Xigui]],\n        Chinese historian, palaeographer and professor\\n** [[Kurt Westergaard]], Danish\n        cartoonist\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Ei-ichi Negishi]], Japanese chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Durval Guimar\\u00e3es]], Brazilian\n        sport shoote\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Andra Martin]], American actress\\n** [[William\n        G. Stewart]], English television producer and presenter\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[Nicolae Rotaru]], Romanian sport shooter\\n** [[Tina Scala]], actress, model,\n        singer, poet and author of Italian and Irish descent\\n** [[Lynn Wyatt]], American\n        socialite and philanthropist\\n** [[T\\u00f4n Th\\u1ea5t H\\u1ea3i]], Vietnamese\n        fencer\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Diahann Carroll]], American television and stage\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Mohamed Mehrez]], Egyptian sports shooter\\n** [[Benjamin\n        Civiletti]], United States Attorney General\\n** [[Peter Schickele]], American\n        composer and comedian\\n** [[Donald Sutherland]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Edward\n        J. Nell]], American economist\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Vasile Alexandru]], Romanian\n        footballer\\n** [[Luo Gan]], Chinese politician\\n** [[Jayendra Saraswathi]],\n        Hindu religious leader, 69th Shankaracharya Guru and head or pontiff (P\\u00ef\\u021bh\\u0101dhipati)\n        of the Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham\\n** [[Hall Whitley]], American football player\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** [[George Breen]], American competition swimmer\\n** [[Vasily\n        Livanov]], Russian film actor, screenwriter and animator\\n** [[David Parry-Evans]],\n        Royal Air Force commander\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Peter Palumbo, Baron Palumbo]],\n        English real estate developer, art collector and connoisseur of architecture\\n**\n        [[Val\\u00e9r \\u0160vec]], Slovak football player and coach\\n* [[July 21]]\\n**\n        [[Jeanne Arth]], American Wimbledon and US Championships doubles tennis title\n        holder\\n** [[Larry Hayes (American football)|Larry Hayes]], American football\n        player\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Grover Dale]], American actor, dancer, choreographer\n        and theatre director\\n** [[Tuppy Diack]], New Zealand rugby union player\\n**\n        [[Steve Junker]], American football player\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Adnan Khashoggi]],\n        Saudi Arabian international arms dealer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Larry Sherry]],\n        American right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]]\\n** [[Billy McCullough]], Northern Irish footballer\\n** [[Sarah\n        Jane Sands]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Simon Dee]], English radio and television presenter (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Peter Schreier]], German tenor\\n* [[July 31]] \\n** [[Mort Crim]],\n        American television newscaster\\n** [[Geoffrey Lewis (actor)|Geoffrey Lewis]],\n        American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Hifikepunye Pohamba.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hifikepunye\n        Pohamba]]]]\\n[[File:Frank Robinson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frank Robinson]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Mohinder Pratap Chand]], Urdu poet and language advocate\\n*\n        [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Georgi Shonin]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[Yon\\u00e1 Magalh\\u00e3es]], Brazilian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] \\n** [[J\\u00e1n Popluh\\u00e1r]], Slovak footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[John Cazale]], American actor (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Rod\n        Hull]], English entertainer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Jim Dale]],\n        English actor, singer and songwriter\\n** [[Lionel Taylor]], American football\n        player\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Rafer Johnson]], American athlete\\n** [[Hifikepunye\n        Pohamba]], 2nd [[President of Namibia]]\\n* [[August 19]] \\n** [[Tereza Rachel]],\n        Brazilian actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bobby Richardson]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Ron Paul]], United States Congressman\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[E. Annie Proulx]], American novelist\\n* [[August 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tsutomu Hata]], 80th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Geraldine Ferraro]], U.S. Congresswoman and Vice Presidential\n        candidate (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Garai]],\n        Hungarian scientist, psychologist\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Daniel L. Norris]],\n        Canadian [[Commissioner of the Northwest Territories]] (d. 2008)\\n** [[John\n        Phillips (musician)|John Phillips]], American singer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Eldridge Cleaver]], African-American activist (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Robinson]], African-American baseball player\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Abdou\n        Diouf.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdou Diouf]]]]\\n\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Seiji\n        Ozawa]], Japanese conductor\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[D. Wayne Lukas]],\n        American horse trainer\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Dieter Hallervorden]],\n        German comedian, comic actor, singer and cabaret artist\\n* [[September 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Abdou Diouf]], 2nd [[President of Senegal]]\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Chaim Topol]], Israeli actor and singer\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Arvo P\\u00e4rt]],\n        Estonian composer\\n** [[Gherman Titov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Fujio Akatsuka]], Japanese cartoonist (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Dinkha IV|Dinkha]], Iraqi patriarch (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]]\\n** [[Carl Andre]], American artist\\n** [[Jules Bass]], American\n        film director and producer, co-founder of [[Rankin/Bass Productions]] \\n**\n        [[Bob Kiley]], American public transit planner\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Ken\n        Kesey]], American author (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Serge and Beate Klarsfeld]],\n        Romanian Nazi hunter\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[John Spencer (snooker player)|John\n        Spencer]], English snooker player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Hansj\\u00f6rg Wyss]], Swiss businessman and philanthropist\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Benjamin Abalos]], Filipino politician, COMELEC Chairman\\n*\n        [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Prem Chopra]], Indian actor\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Adrien Douady]], French mathematician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Ronald Lacey]], English actor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[September 29]]\n        \\n** [[David Daker]], English actor\\n** [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], American rock\n        & roll musician\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Z. Z. Hill]], American blues singer\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Johnny Mathis]], African-American singer\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n[[File:Julie Andrews Park Hyatt, Sydney, Australia 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Julie\n        Andrews]]]]\\n[[File:Pavarotticrop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Luciano Pavarotti]]]]\\n[[File:Isao\n        Takahata.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Isao Takahata]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** Dame [[Julie\n        Andrews]], English singer and actress\\n** [[Teruyoshi Nakano]], Japanese special\n        effects director\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Sinikka Kurkinen]], Finnish painter\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\n** [[Peter Brown (actor)|Peter Brown]], American actor (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Tarc\\u00edsio Meira]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[October 6]]\\n**\n        [[Bruno Sammartino]], Italian professional wrestler\\n** [[Charito Solis]],\n        Filipino actress (d. 1998)\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Prince Edward, Duke of\n        Kent]], member of the British Royal family\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Luciano\n        Pavarotti]], Italian tenor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[La Monte\n        Young]], American composer\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Barry McGuire]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Bobby Morrow]], American athlete\\n** [[Willie O''Ree]], Canadian\n        hockey player\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Michael Eavis]], English dairy farmer\n        and founder of the [[Glastonbury Festival]]\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Peter\n        Boyle]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Orbach]],\n        American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Derek Bell (musician)|Derek\n        Bell]], Irish musician (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[JacSue Kehoe]],\n        American Neuroscientist \\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Rosamaria Murtinho]],\n        Brazilian actress\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Gloria Conyers Hewitt]], African-American\n        mathematician\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[Frank Adonis]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Isao Takahata]], Japanese animated film director\\n*\n        [[October 30]]\\n** [[Robert Caro]], American biographer\\n** [[Agota Kristof]],\n        Hungarian writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Ronald Graham]],\n        American mathematician\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Hussein of Jordan 1997.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hussein\n        of Jordan]]]]\\n[[File:DianeLaddHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Diane Ladd]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Edward Said]], Palestinian-born literary critic (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas Maw]], English composer (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Alain Delon]], French actor\\n* [[November\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Bob Gibson]], African-American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov]], Russian astrophysicist\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\u2013 [[William Tallon]], English ''''Steward and Page of the Backstairs'''';\n        servant of 50 years to the British Royal family (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] \\u2013 [[George Carey]], English Archbishop of Canterbury\\n* [[November\n        14]] \\u2013 King [[Hussein of Jordan]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Toni Sailer]], Austrian skier (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Havlish]], American professional baseball and bowling player\\n** [[Vladislav\n        Volkov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Salim\n        Khan]], Indian Bollywood screenwriter\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Pat Fordice]],\n        First Lady of Mississippi from 1992 to 2000 (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n**\n        [[Diane Ladd]], American actress\\n** [[Thomas J. O''Brien (bishop)|Thomas\n        J. O''Brien]], American Roman Catholic prelate (bishop); convicted of felony\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n[[File:Woody Allen Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Woody Allen]]]]\\n[[File:Lee\n        Ann Remick, London, 1974.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lee Remick]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Woody Allen]], American actor and film director\\n* [[December 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Calvin Trillin]], American writer\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Dharmendra]],\n        Indian film actor, producer and politician\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Jaromil\n        Jire\\u0161]], Czechoslovak filmmaker (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n**\n        [[Ron Carey (actor)|Ron Carey]], American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Pranab\n        Mukherjee]], Indian politician, 13th [[President of India]]\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Hall (American football)|Ken Hall]] (\\\"Sugar Land Express\\\"),\n        American football player\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Lee Remick]], American actress\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Anthony Wilden]], English author and social theorist,\n        noted translator of Jaques Lacan\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Cal Ripken, Sr.]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Bobby Timmons]], American jazz pianist (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n**[[Paul\n        Hornung]], American football player\\n**[[Johnny Kidd (singer)|Johnny Kidd]],\n        English [[rock and roll]] singer and songwriter (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[December\n        25]]\\n** [[Stephen Barnett]], American legal scholar (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Sadiq\n        al-Mahdi]], [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] (1966\\u201367, 1986\\u201389)\\n** [[Anne\n        Roiphe]], American author and feminist\\n* [[December 26]] \\n** [[Gnassingb\\u00e9\n        Eyad\\u00e9ma]], [[President of Togo]] (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Al Jackson]], American\n        baseball pitcher\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Omar Bongo]], President of Gabon\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Sandy Koufax]], American baseball player\\n* [[December\n        31]] \\u2013 King [[Salman of Saudi Arabia]]\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[F\\u00e9licien\n        Kabuga]], Rwandan businessman, accused of bankrolling and participating in\n        the [[Rwandan Genocide]]\\n* [[\\u00dcmit Kaftanc\\u0131o\\u011flu]], Turkish\n        writer (d. [[1980]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Edwin flack\n        side profile.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edwin Flack]]]]\\n* January \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Bia\\u0142ynia Cho\\u0142odecki]], Polish historian (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Edwin Flack]], Australian athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January\n        16]]\\n**[[Ma Barker]], American criminal (b. [[1873]])\\n**[[Fred Barker]],\n        American criminal, youngest son of [[Ma Barker]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Lloyd Hamilton]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Adolf von Brauchitsch]], German general (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Shivabalayogi]], Yogi (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov]], Russian composer (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Warde]], English actor (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Max Liebermann]], German painter (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Harry Todd]], American actor (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Gerhard Louis De Geer]], 17th Prime Minister of Sweden (b.\n        [[1854]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Roque Rua\\u00f1o]], Spanish\n        priest-civil engineer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\n** [[Oliver Wendell Holmes,\n        Jr.]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1841]])\\n** [[Baron Max Hussarek von\n        Heinlein]], former Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 15]]\n        – [[Johan Ramstedt]], 9th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[John James Rickard Macleod]], Scottish-born physician\n        and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Aleksand\\u00ebr Moisiu]], Albanian actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Florence Moore]], American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Noether.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emmy\n        Noether]]]]\\n[[File:Jozef Pilsudski1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]]]]\\n[[File:Magnus\n        Hirschfeld.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Magnus Hirschfeld]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Dukas 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul\n        Dukas]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Bennie Moten]], American jazz pianist (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Basil Champneys]], English architect (b.\n        [[1842]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Edwin Arlington Robinson]], American poet\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Adolph Ochs]], American newspaper publisher\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Emmy Noether]], German mathematician\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Panait Istrati]], Romanian writer (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon]], British fashion\n        designer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Anastasios Papoulas]], Greek\n        general (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Antero Rub\\u00edn]],\n        Spanish general and politician (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Junior\n        Durkin]], American actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]],\n        Polish politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Clarence Geldart]],\n        Canadian-American actor (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Magnus Hirschfeld]],\n        German sex researcher and gay rights advocate (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kazimir Malevich]], Polish-Russian painter and art theoretician (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Paul Dukas]], French composer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[T. E. Lawrence|T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)]], English\n        soldier (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Charles Martin Loeffler]], American composer (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\n** [[Jane Addams]], American social worker, recipient\n        of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Hugo de Vries]], Dutch botanist\n        and geneticists (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Josef Suk (composer)|Josef\n        Suk]], Czech composer and violinist (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Arz von Strau\\u00dfenburg]], Austro-Hungarian official,\n        last Chief of the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]]\\n**[[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy]], British general,\n        12th [[Governor General of Canada]] (b. [[1862]])\\n**[[George Grossmith, Jr.]],\n        British actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Gardel]], Argentine\n        tango songwriter (b. either [[1887]] or [[1890]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Hayashi\n        Fubo]], Japanese novelist (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Daniel Salamanca\n        Urey.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Daniel Salamanca Urey]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Citro\\u00ebn]], French automobile pioneer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Dreyfus]], French military officer (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        [[James Moore (cyclist)|James Moore]], English winner of the first ever cycle\n        race (b. [[1849]])\\n** [[George William Russell]], Irish nationalist, poet\n        and artist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Daniel Salamanca Urey]], 39th [[President of\n        Bolivia]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Meletius IV of Constantinople]],\n        Greek Patriarch of Alexandria (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Will\n        Rogers 1922.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Will Rogers]]]]\\n[[File:AlmiranteCoundouritis--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pavlos\n        Kountouriotis]]]]\\n[[File:Crown princess Astrid 1926.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Astrid\n        of Sweden|Queen Astrid of Belgium]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[David Townsend\n        (art director)|David Townsend]], American art director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Friedrich Schottky]], German mathematician (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e9once Perret]], French film actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Paul Signac]], French painter (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Wiley\n        Post]], American pilot (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Will Rogers]], American humorist\n        and actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Edith Roberts]], American\n        actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[John Hartley (tennis)|John\n        Hartley]], English tennis player, double winner of Wimbledon (b. [[1849]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]]\\n**[[Frantz Jourdain]], Belgian architect (b. [[1847]])\\n**[[Pavlos\n        Kountouriotis]], Greek admiral and two-time president of Greece (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Mack Swain]], American actor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Childe Hassam]], American painter (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Astrid of Sweden|Queen Astrid of Belgium]] (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Henri Barbusse]], French novelist and journalist (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Tsiolkovsky.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Konstantin\n        Tsiolkovsky]]]]\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Takejir\\u014d Tokonami]], Japanese\n        politician, Home Minister, Railway Minister, and Minister of Communication\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Carl Weiss]], American physician and murderer of [[Huey\n        Long]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Huey Long]], American politician\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Charles Norris (medical examiner)|Charles\n        Norris]], Americal medical examiner  (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], Russian rocket scientist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September\n        23]] \\u2013 [[DeWolf Hopper]], American actor & comedian  (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Iv\\u00e1n Persa]], [[Hungarian Slovenes|Hungarian\n        Slovene]] writer and catholic priest (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013\n        [[William Kennedy Dickson]], Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Francis Wilson\n        (actor)|Francis Wilson]], American stage actor and comedian (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Gaston Lachaise]], French-American sculptor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Henderson]], Scottish politician, recipient\n        of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Tommy Tucker\n        (baseball)|Tommy Tucker]], American baseball pioneer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        23]]\\n** [[Charles Demuth]], American artist (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Dutch Schultz]],\n        American gangster (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Jock Cameron]], South African cricketer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November 6]]\n        \\u2013 [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]], American geologist, paleontologist, and\n        eugenist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl\n        Jellicoe]], British admiral (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Iyasu\n        V]], deposed Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1895/1896)\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Erich von Hornbostel]], Austrian musicologist (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:TucholskyParis1928.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kurt Tucholsky]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]] \\u2013 [[James Henry Breasted]], American Egyptologist (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom]], daughter\n        of King [[Edward VII]] and the younger sister of King [[George V]] (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Johan Halvorsen]], Norwegian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Richet]], French physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1850]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet]], English tank and\n        vehicle designer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Victor Grignard]],\n        French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Stanley G. Weinbaum]], American science-fiction author (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Thelma Todd]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Juan Vicente G\\u00f3mez]], Venezuelan military dictator\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Martin O''Meara]], Australian soldier\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Tucholsky]], German journalist\n        and satirist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Alban Berg]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Photios II of Constantinople|Photios\n        II]], Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 30]]\n        \\u2013 [[Hunter Liggett]], American general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Miguel de Unamuno]],  Spanish novelist and philosopher (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===Date\n        Unknown===\\n* [[Charles Debbas]], 1st President and 5th Prime Minister of\n        Lebanon (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[James Chadwick]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Joliot]], [[Ir\\u00e8ne\n        Joliot-Curie]] (\\\"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements\\\")\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Hans\n        Spemann]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Carl von Ossietzky]]\\n\\n== References\n        ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1935/1935fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1935] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at the [[University\n        of Virginia]]\\n* [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1935-wwii-timeline.htm\n        1935 WWII Timeline]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1935}}\\n[[Category:1935| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T03:41:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":799506866,\"length\":52606,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1935&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935\"},\"34673\":{\"pageid\":34673,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1936\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:52:44Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1936}}\\n{{Events by month|1936}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1936}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1936}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1936}}\\n* [[January 4]] – England celebrates its first\n        ever win over the [[All Blacks]] in [[rugby union]], in particular the two\n        famous tries by \\\"The Prince\\\" HH [[Alexander Obolensky]].\\n* [[January 11]]\n        – ''''[[I Wanna Play House]]'''' marks the first Warner Bros. cartoon\n        with \\\"[[Bullseye (target)|target]]\\\"\\n* [[January 15]] – The first\n        building to be completely covered in [[glass]] is completed in [[Toledo, Ohio]],\n        for the [[Owens-Illinois Glass Company]].\\n* [[January 16]] – Serial\n        killer [[Albert Fish]] is executed in [[Sing Sing]] Prison.\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – King [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]] dies. His eldest\n        son succeeds to the throne, becoming [[Edward VIII]]. The title [[Prince of\n        Wales]] is not used for another 22 years.\\n* [[January 31]] – ''''[[The\n        Green Hornet (radio series)|The Green Hornet]]'''' radio show debuts.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1936}}\\n* February – [[John Maynard Keynes]]'' book\n        ''''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'''' is published\n        in the UK.\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Radium]] E (bismuth-210) becomes the\n        first [[radioactive]] element to be made synthetically.\\n* [[February 5]]\n        – [[Japanese Baseball League]], a first professional baseball league\n        in Asia, founded. (as predecessor of [[Nippon Professional Baseball]]){{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[February 6]] – The [[1936 Winter Olympics|IV\n        Olympic Winter Games]] open in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], Germany.\\n* [[February\n        10]]\\u2013[[February 19|19]] – [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]: [[Battle\n        of Amba Aradam]] in [[Ethiopia]], ending in a decisive tactical victory for\n        Italian forces, effectively neutralizing the army of the [[Ethiopian Empire]].\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – The first [[superhero]] to wear a skin-tight costume\n        and mask, ''''[[The Phantom]]'''', makes his first appearance in U.S. newspapers.\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[February 26 Incident]] (\\u4e8c\\u30fb\\u4e8c\\u516d\\u4e8b\\u4ef6,\n        ''''Niniroku Jiken''''): The [[Imperial Way Faction]] engineers a failed coup\n        against the Japanese government; some politicians are killed.\\n* [[February\n        29]] – Emperor [[Hirohito]] orders the Japanese army to arrest 123 conspirators\n        in Tokyo government offices; 19 of them are executed in July.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1936}}\\n[[File:Hoover Dam - Arizona.jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[March\n        1]]: [[Hoover Dam]] is completed]]\\n* [[March 1]] – Construction of\n        [[Hoover Dam]] is completed in the United States.\\n* [[March 7]] – In\n        violation of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] and [[Locarno Treaties]], [[Nazi\n        Germany]] [[Remilitarization of the Rhineland|reoccupies the Rhineland]].{{cite\n        book|first=R. W.|last=Davies|title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia,\n        Volume ''''''6'''''': The Years of Progress: The Soviet Economy, 1934-1936|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=iM9CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA275|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave\n        Macmillan|page=275}}{{cite book|authorlink=A.\n        J. P. Taylor|first=A. J. P.|last=Taylor|title=English History 1914-1945|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=l4CbmiuJe50C&pg=PA386|year=2001|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|page=386}} According to several historians, like Samuel\n        Mitcham,{{cite book|first=Samuel W.|last=Mitcham|title=The\n        Rise of the Wehrmacht|volume=1|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=DW66ejQS2xoC&pg=PA66|year=2008|publisher=Praeger|page=66}}\n        this is the last time when the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] could have\n        stopped Hitler with the odds overwhelmingly on their side. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]\n        and other Nazis admit that the French army alone could have destroyed the\n        [[Wehrmacht]].{{cite\n        book|author1=[[William L. Shirer|Shirer, William L.]] |author2=[[Ron Rosenbaum|Rosenbaum,\n        Ron]] |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=6QngAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA293|year=1960|publisher=Simon\n        & Schuster|page=293}}\\n* [[March 9]] – Pro-democratic militarist\n        [[Keisuke Okada]] steps down as [[Prime Minister of Japan]] and is replaced\n        by radical militarist [[K\\u014dki Hirota]].\\n* [[March 17]]–[[March\n        18|18]] – [[Pittsburgh Flood of 1936]] (\\\"Saint Patrick''s Day Flood\\\"):\n        [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, suffers the worst flooding in its history.\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – The longest game in the history of the [[National Hockey\n        League]] is played when the [[Montreal Maroons]] and [[Detroit Red Wings]]\n        go scoreless until 16 and a half minutes into the sixth OT when [[Mud Bruneteau]]\n        ends it at 2:25 in the morning.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1936}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Richard Hauptmann]], convicted of the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]]\n        and murder in 1932, is executed by [[electrocution]] in [[New Jersey State\n        Prison]].\\n* [[April 5]] – A tornado hits [[Tupelo, Mississippi]], killing\n        216 and injuring over 700 (the 4th deadliest tornado in U.S. history).\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – Two tornadoes strike [[Gainesville, Georgia]]. The smaller\n        tornado hits north Gainesville, the stronger tornado the west side of town.\n        203 die and 1,600 are injured in the 5th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Billy Butlin]] opens his first [[Butlins]] [[holiday\n        camp]], [[Butlins Skegness]], in [[Skegness]] ([[Ingoldmells]]), [[Lincolnshire]],\n        England.{{cite web|url=http://www.butlinsmemories.com/skegness/index.htm|title=Skegness|work=Butlins\n        Memories|accessdate=2010-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701110630/http://www.butlinsmemories.com/skegness/index.htm\n        |archivedate=July 1, 2010|deadurl=no}} It is officially opened by [[Amy\n        Johnson]] of [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] (the first woman to fly solo from\n        England to Australia).\\n* [[April 19]] – The [[1936\\u201339 Arab revolt\n        in Palestine]] against the British government and opposition to Jewish immigration\n        begins.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1936}}\\n* [[May 2]] – ''''[[Peter\n        and the Wolf]]'''', a Russian fairy tale of [[Sergei Prokofiev]]''s composition,\n        debuts at the Nezlobin Theater in Moscow, [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May 5]] –\n        \\\"[[March of the Iron Will]]\\\": Italian forces occupy [[Addis Ababa]] unopposed.\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – Italy annexes [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Italian\n        East Africa]] is formed from the Italian territories of [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]],\n        and [[Italian Somaliland]].\\n* [[May 12]] – The [[Atchison, Topeka and\n        Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]] railroad in the United States inaugurates the\n        all-Pullman ''''[[Super Chief]]'''' passenger train between [[Chicago]] and\n        [[Los Angeles]].\\n* [[May 25]] – The [[Remington Rand strike of 1936\\u201337]]\n        begins, spawning the notorious \\\"[[Mohawk Valley formula]]\\\", a corporate\n        plan for [[strikebreaking]].\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** The first flight by the Irish\n        airline [[Aer Lingus]] takes place.\\n** British luxury liner {{RMS|Queen Mary}}\n        leaves [[Southampton]] on her [[maiden voyage]] across the Atlantic.\\n* [[May\n        28]] – [[Alan Turing]] submits his paper \\\"[[On Computable Numbers]]\\\"\n        to the [[London Mathematical Society]] for publication, introducing the concept\n        of the \\\"[[Turing machine]]\\\". Its formal publication is on November 12.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1936}}\\n* June\\n** A [[1936 North American heat wave|major heat\n        wave]] strikes North America; high temperature records are set and thousands\n        die.\\n** The first production model [[PCC streetcar]], built by St. Louis\n        Car Company, is placed in service by [[Pittsburgh Railways]].\\n* [[June 7]]\\n**\n        The general strike in France is ended by the [[Matignon Agreements (1936)|Matignon\n        Agreements]].\\n** The [[Steel Workers Organizing Committee]] is founded in\n        the United States.\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Margaret Mitchell]]''s epic historical\n        romance ''''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone with the Wind]]'''' is first\n        published in the United States.\\n* [[June 15]] – An army ammunition\n        depot explosion kills 60 in [[M\\u00e4nniku, Saku Parish|M\\u00e4nniku]], [[Estonia]].\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Max Schmeling]] knocks out [[Joe Louis]] in the 12th\n        round of their [[heavyweight]] [[boxing]] match at [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee\n        Stadium]] in New York City.\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Per Albin Hansson]] resigns\n        as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of [[Sweden]], over the issue\n        of defence policy. He is replaced by the leader of the Farmer`s League ( ''''Bondef\\u00f6rbundet''''\n        ) [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]], whom also becomes Minister of Agriculture.\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Focke-Wulf Fw 61]], the first fully controllable [[helicopter]],\n        makes its maiden flight.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[United States Maritime Commission]]\n        is formed.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1936}}\\n* [[July 11]] –\n        The [[Triborough Bridge]] in New York City is opened to traffic – the\n        bridge was renamed Robert F. Kennedy Bridge in 2008.\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[July 14|14]] – Peak of July 1936 heat wave: The [[U.S. state]]s of\n        [[Wisconsin]], [[Michigan]], and [[Indiana]] all set new state records for\n        high temperature. At Mio in northern Michigan, it soars to 113 \\u00b0F\n        (45 \\u00b0C).\\n* [[July 17]] – The [[Spanish Army of Africa]] launches\n        a ''''coup d''\\u00e9tat'''' against the [[Second Spanish Republic]], beginning\n        the [[Spanish Civil War]].\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Montreux Convention Regarding\n        the Regime of the Straits]] is signed in [[Montreux]], allowing [[Turkey]]\n        to fortify the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosphorus]] but guaranteeing free\n        passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1936}}\\n[[File:1936 berlin logo.jpg|thumbnail|180px|right|[[1936 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – The [[1936 Summer Olympics]] open in Berlin, Germany,\n        and mark the first live television coverage of a sports event in world history.\n        Note that [[John Logie Baird]] had previously broadcast the Derby horse race\n        in Britain in 1931.\\n* [[August 3]] – [[African-American]] athlete [[Jesse\n        Owens]] wins the 100-meter dash at the [[Berlin Olympics]].\\n* [[August 14]]\\n**\n        [[Rainey Bethea]] was hanged in [[Owensboro, Kentucky]], in the last public\n        [[capital punishment in the United States|execution in the United States]]\\n**\n        [[1936 Summer Olympics]]: The [[United States men''s national basketball team]]\n        wins the first Olympic basketball tournament in the final game over Canada,\n        19\\u20138.\\n* [[August 19]] – The first of the [[Moscow Trials]] begins\n        in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Anglo-Egyptian Treaty\n        of 1936]] is signed.\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Ernest Nash]] flees Germany for\n        Rome.\\n** President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] attends the dedication of [[Thomas\n        Jefferson]]''s head at [[Mount Rushmore]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1936}}\\n[[File:\\\"Benjamin\\\".jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[September 7]]: Extinction\n        of [[Thylacine]].]]\\n* [[September 4]]\\u2013[[September 5|5]] – English-born\n        aviator [[Beryl Markham]] becomes the first woman to make an East-to-West\n        solo [[transatlantic flight]], from [[Abingdon-on-Thames]], England, to [[Baleine,\n        Nova Scotia]].\\n*[[September 5]] – [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Robert Capa]]''s\n        photograph ''''[[The Falling Soldier]]'''' is taken.\\n* [[September 7]] –\n        The last known [[thylacine]] (\\\"Tasmanian tiger\\\"), named Benjamin, dies in\n        [[Hobart Zoo]] in [[Tasmania]].\\n*[[September 9]]\\n**[[1936 Naval Revolt (Portugal)]]:\n        The crews of [[Portuguese Navy]] frigate [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque|NRP ''''Afonso\n        de Albuquerque'''']] and [[Portuguese destroyer D\\u00e3o|destroyer ''''D\\u00e3o'''']]\n        mutiny while anchored in Lisbon harbour. Opposed to the [[Ant\\u00f3nio de\n        Oliveira Salazar|Salazar dictatorship]]''s support of [[General Franco]]''s\n        coup in Spain, they declare their solidarity with the [[Spanish Republic]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17281307|title=Portuguese Mutiny:\n        Why it Failed|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=1936-10-02|page=17}}\\n**The\n        [[Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence]] is signed.\\n* [[September 10]] –\n        The first [[World Speedway Championship]] is held at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley\n        Stadium]] in London, England. It is won by Australian [[Lionel Van Praag]],\n        with Englishman [[Eric Langton]] second and Australian [[Bluey Wilkinson]]\n        third.\\n* [[September 12]] – The Walt Disney animated short ''''[[Donald\n        and Pluto]]'''' is released.\\n* [[September 28]] – After the election\n        to the Swedish Riksdag`s second chamber, [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]] and his\n        \\\"Holiday Cabinet\\\" ( \\\"''''Semesterregeringen''''\\\" ) resign  (though he\n        remains as Minister of Agriculture) and [[Per Albin Hansson]] returns as Prime\n        Minister, staying in office to his death from a heart attack in [[1946]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1936}}\\n* October – Start of [[Joseph Stalin]]''s [[Great\n        Purge]] in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n**The [[M\\u00e4stermyr chest]] is discovered\n        in the [[M\\u00e4stermyr]] mire (after which it is later named) west of [[Hemse]]\n        on the island of [[Gotland]], Sweden.\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Earl W.\n        Bascom|Earl Bascom]], [[rodeo]] cowboy and artist, designs and builds [[Mississippi]]''s\n        first permanent rodeo arena at [[Columbia, Mississippi]].\\n* [[October 19]]\n        – H.R. Ekins, reporter for the ''''[[New York World-Telegram]]'''',\n        wins a race to travel around the world on commercial airline flights, beating\n        [[Dorothy Kilgallen]] of the ''''[[New York Journal]]'''' and Leo Kieran of\n        the ''''[[New York Times]]''''. The flight takes 18\\u00bd days.\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Rome-Berlin Axis]] is formed.\\n* [[October 29]] – The\n        historic [[Uptown Theater (Washington, D.C.)]] opens.\\n[[File:Poor mother\n        and children, Oklahoma, 1936 by Dorothea Lange.jpg|thumb|Family during the\n        [[Great Depression]], Oklahoma, 1936]]\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1936}}\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** The [[BBC]] launches the world''s first regular\n        (then) high-definition television service.\\n** The [[Canadian Broadcasting\n        Corporation]] (CBC) begins [[radio]] in Canada.\\n* [[November 3]] –\n        [[U.S. presidential election, 1936]]: [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] is reelected to a second term in a landslide victory over [[Kansas]]\n        Governor [[Alf Landon]]. Farmers support Roosevelt.\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        American fashion designer [[Ruth Harkness]] encounters and captures a nine-week-old\n        panda cub in Sichuan, China; it becomes the first live giant panda to enter\n        the United States.\\n* [[November 12]] – In [[California]], the [[San\n        Francisco\\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge]] opens to traffic.\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        A levee failure and continued massive rain at the [[Mitsubishi]] Osarizawa\n        mine, [[Kazuno]], northeastern [[Akita Prefecture|Akita]], Japan, results\n        in at least 375 deaths.\\n* [[November 23]] – This is the [[cover date]]\n        of the first issue of ''''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'''', a weekly news magazine\n        in the United States under the management of [[Henry Luce]].\\n* [[November\n        25]] – The [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] is signed by Germany and Japan.\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – In London, [[the Crystal Palace]] is destroyed in\n        a fire (it had been built for the 1851 [[Great Exhibition]]).\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1936}}\\n* [[December 1]] – Hitler mandates that all\n        German boys aged 10 to 18 join the [[Hitler Youth]] paramilitary organization.\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – Radio station [[WFME (AM)|WQXR]] is officially founded\n        in New York City.\\n* [[December 5]] – [[1936 Soviet Constitution]],\n        promulgated by [[Stalin]], is adopted in the [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Transcaucasian\n        Socialist Federative Soviet Republic]] is dissolved and [[Armenian SSR|Armenia]],\n        [[Azerbaijan SSR|Azerbaijan]], and [[Georgian SSR|Georgia]] become full [[Republics\n        of the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Edward VIII abdication\n        crisis]]: King [[Edward VIII]] of the United Kingdom signs an instrument of\n        [[abdication]] at [[Fort Belvedere, Surrey]] in the presence of his three\n        brothers, [[George VI|The Duke of York]], [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|The\n        Duke of Gloucester]] and [[Prince George, Duke of Kent|The Duke of Kent]].\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – Edward VIII abdication crisis:\\n** The British Parliament\n        passes [[His Majesty''s Declaration of Abdication Act 1936]] on behalf of\n        the U.K., Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The King performs his last\n        act as sovereign by giving [[Royal Assent]] to the Act, and his brother Prince\n        Albert, Duke of York, becomes King, reigning as [[George VI|King George VI]].\\n**\n        The abdicated King Edward VIII, now HRH Prince Edward, makes a broadcast to\n        the nation explaining his decision to abdicate. He leaves the country for\n        Austria.\\n** Taking the opportunity to free itself further from ties to the\n        United Kingdom, the [[Oireachtas of the Irish Free State]] passes the [[Constitution\n        (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936]], removing most powers from the office of [[Governor-General\n        of the Irish Free State]], and the [[Executive Authority (External Relations)\n        Act 1936]] (signed into law December 12) assenting to the abdication and restricting\n        the power of the monarch in relation to Ireland to international affairs.\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Xi''an Incident]]: Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]]\n        of the Republic of China is kidnapped by Marshal [[Zhang Xueliang]].\\n* [[December\n        24]] – Release of the film ''''[[Natalka Poltavka (opera)|Natalka Poltavka]]''''\n        in [[Ukraine]], the first filmed Russian opera.\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        The [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade]] sails from New York City on its way to the\n        [[Spanish Civil War]].\\n* [[December 30]] – The [[United Auto Workers]]\n        begins the [[Flint Sit-Down Strike]] in [[Flint, Michigan]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        West China [[Famine]]: five million die.\\n* [[Ipswich Town Football Club]]\n        turns professional.\\n* The [[YMCA Youth and Government]] program is founded\n        in [[Albany, New York]].\\n* [[Mordecai Ham]] begins his radio ministry.\\n*\n        [[Stress (medicine)|Stress]] is first recognised as a medical condition.\\n*\n        [[Polaroid sunglasses]] and Ambre Solaire [[sunblock]] both first marketed.\\n*\n        [[Cocoa bean|Cocoa]] production in the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold\n        Coast]] reaches 305,000 tons.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:PresidenteSanguinettti.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julio\n        Mar\\u00eda Sanguinetti]]]]\\n[[File:Lebanon.EmileLahoud.01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9mile\n        Lahoud]]]]\\n[[File:Troy Donahue Hawaiian Eye 1959.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Troy Donahue]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Roger Miller]], American singer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Florence King]], American writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Nida Blanca]], Filipina actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Julio Mar\\u00eda\n        Sanguinetti]], Uruguay politician, lawyer and politician, 2-Time [[President\n        of Uruguay]]\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Stephen Ambrose]], American historian\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Burnum Burnum]], Australian Aboriginal activist, author\n        and actor (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Robert Woodrow Wilson|Robert Wilson]], American\n        physicist and radio astronomer, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 11]]\n        – [[Eva Hesse]], American artist (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[\\u00c9mile Lahoud]], 15th [[President of Lebanon]]\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Reiner Klimke]], German equestrian (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        [[The Honourable]] [[Frances Shand Kydd]], mother of [[Princess Diana]] (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Ong Teng Cheong]], 5th President of\n        Singapore (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Arlene Golonka]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Jerry Kramer]], American football player\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Troy Donahue]], American actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Alan\n        Alda]], American actor \\n** [[Ismail Kadare]], Albanian writer\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Patrick Caulfield]], English artist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[James Jamerson]],\n        American bass guitarist for [[Motown#Major divisions|Motown Records]] (d.\n        1983)\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Burt Reynolds 1991 portrait crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Burt\n        Reynolds]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] \\n** [[Jim Marshall (photographer)|Jim Marshall]],\n        American photographer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Elizabeth Peer]], American journalist\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[David Brenner]], American comedian (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n** [[Gary Conway]], American actor \\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Kent\n        Douglas]], Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Amaro Sr.]], Mexican professional baseball player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Larry Verne]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Stompin'' Tom Connors]], Canadian country/folk singer\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Clive Swift]], British actor\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Burt Reynolds]], American actor \\n* [[February 14]] – [[Andrew Prine]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Jim Brown]], African-American\n        football player\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Sam Myers]], American musician\n        and songwriter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Larry Hovis]], American\n        actor (''''Hogan''s Heroes'''') (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Shigeo Nagashima]], Japanese\n        professional baseball player and coach\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Elizabeth\n        MacRae]], American actress\\n* [[February 24]] \\n** [[Lance Reventlow]], English\n        playboy, entrepreneur, and race car driver (d. [[1972]])\\n** [[Luis Aguil\\u00e9]],\n        Argentine singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Roger Cardinal\n        Mahony]], fourth Archbishop of Los Angeles\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Alex\n        Rocco]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:\\u0419\\u043e\\u0437\\u0435\\u0444\n        \\u0411\\u043b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sepp Blatter]]]]\\n[[File:F.\n        W. de Klerk 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[F. W. De Klerk]]]]\\n[[File:Ursula Andress\n        Galer\\u00eda Elmyr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ursula Andress]]]]\\n[[File:Vargas Llosa\n        Madrid 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mario Vargas Llosa]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Alan Scott (blacksmith)|Alan Scott]], blacksmith and brick oven constructor\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Jim Clark]], Scottish race car driver (d.\n        [[1968]])\\n** [[Aribert Reimann]], German composer\\n* [[March 5]] –\n        [[Dean Stockwell]], American actor \\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Marion Barry]], Mayor\n        of Washington, D.C. (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Choummaly Sayasone]], 5th President\n        of Laos\\n** [[Elmira Zherzdeva]], Soviet singer and voice actress\\n* [[March\n        7]] \\n** [[Loren Acton]], American astronaut\\n** [[Julio Terrazas Sandoval]],\n        Bolivian cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Sue Ane Langdon]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Mickey Gilley]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Marty Ingels]], American actor and agent (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Tom Sestak]],\n        American football player (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Sepp Blatter]],\n        president of [[FIFA]]\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Antonin Scalia]], [[Associate\n        Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Howard Greenfield]], American songwriter (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March\n        16]] \\n** [[Raymond Vahan Damadian]], Armenian-American [[Magnetic resonance\n        imaging|MRI]] practitioner\\n** [[Elisabeth Volkmann]], German actress (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Patty Maloney]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        18]] – [[F. W. de Klerk]], 10th [[President of South Africa]] (1989\\u201394);\n        7th and last head of state of South Africa under the apartheid era.\\n* [[March\n        19]] \\n** [[Ursula Andress]], Swiss actress \\n** [[Uri Aviram]], Israeli university\n        professor\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Lee \\\"Scratch\\\" Perry]], Jamaican musician\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Don Covay]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[Harry Kalas]], American sportscaster (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], Peruvian writer, politician,\n        journalist, essayist and Nobel Prize laureate\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Marge\n        Piercy]], American poet and activist\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Glen Campbell\n        1967.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Glen Campbell]]]]\\n\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Jean-Pascal\n        Delamuraz]], 2-time President of Switzerland (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Valerie Solanas]], American feminist and writer who attempted to\n        kill [[Andy Warhol]] (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[John Howell (athlete)|John\n        Howell]], British long jumper\\n** [[John Madden]], American football coach\n        and television sportscaster\\n** [[Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer)|Bobby\n        Smith]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 12]] –\n        [[Charles Napier (actor)|Charles Napier]], American actor  (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed Grygar]], Czech astronomer\\n* [[April\n        21]] – [[James Dobson]], American child psychologist and conservative\n        political activist (''''Focus On The Family'''') \\n* [[April 22]] \\n** [[Glen\n        Campbell]], American singer and actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Dieter Kronzucker]],\n        German journalist and television presenter\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Roy Orbison]],\n        American singer-songwriter (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Glen Hobbie]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jill Ireland]], English actress\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Tariq Aziz]], Iraqi political (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bobby Darin 1959.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Bobby Darin]]]]\\n[[File:DennisHopperSideMar10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dennis\n        Hopper]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Straub-Huillet|Dani\\u00e8le Huillet]], French\n        filmmaker (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Sam DeLuca]], American football\n        offensive lineman and sports broadcaster (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Engelbert Humperdinck\n        (singer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]], British singer\\n** [[Perdita Huston]], American\n        journalist (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Norma Aleandro]], Argentinian actress\\n* [[May\n        7]] – [[Jimmy Ruffin]], American singer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n**\n        [[Albert Finney]], English actor\\n** [[Glenda Jackson]], British actress and\n        politician \\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Guillermo Endara]], 32nd [[President of Panama]]\n        (1989\\u20131994) (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Tom Snyder]], American talk show host\n        (''''Tomorrow'''') (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Frank Stella]], American minimalist\n        painter\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Bobby Darin]], American singer (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Dick Howser]], American baseball shortstop/manager (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[May\n        15]] \\n** [[Wavy Gravy]], American anti-war activist\\n** [[Paul Zindel]],\n        American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Dennis Hopper]], American\n        actor and director  (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Ingeborg Hallstein]],\n        German opera singer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Tom T. Hall]], American country\n        singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Volodymyr_Holubnychy_1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Volodymyr\n        Holubnychy]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Dern by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bruce\n        Dern]]]]\\n[[File:Ronald Venetiaan.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ronald Venetiaan]]]]\\n[[File:Kristofferson\n        - 78.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kris Kristofferson]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Volodymyr\n        Holubnychy]], Soviet Olympic athlete\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Colin Meads]],\n        New Zealand rugby union player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Bruce\n        Dern]], American actor\\n* [[June 8]] – [[James Darren]], American actor\n        and singer\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Marcus Belgrave]], American jazz trumpeter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Ken Loach]], British director\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Barack Obama Sr.]], father of US President [[Barack Obama]] (d.\n        [[1982]])\\n** [[Ronald Venetiaan]], [[President of Suriname]]\\n** [[Dick Wimmer]],\n        American novelist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Takeshi Aono]], Japanese\n        voice actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Harold E. Puthoff]], American\n        physicist\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Bep van Ipenburg]], Dutch artistic gymnast\\n**\n        [[Hans K\\u00f6hler]], German swimmer\\n** [[Georgios Pangalos]], Greek sports\n        shooter\\n** [[Joseph Gosnell]], Nisga''a statesman\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Hermeto\n        Pascoal]], Brazilian composer and multi-instrumentalist\\n** [[Derek Porter\n        (footballer)|Derek Porter]], English footballer\\n** [[Dick Huddart]], English-Australian\n        professional rugby league footballer\\n** [[Ferran Olivella]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Jim Bronstad]], American Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Kris Kristofferson]],\n        American actor, singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Gordon Lewis (rugby)|Gordon\n        Lewis]], Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer\\n** [[Jim\n        Halligan]], American politician\\n** [[Richard Johnstone]], New Zealand track\n        and road cyclist\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Sumith Liyanage]], Ceylonese sportsman\\n**\n        [[Robert Downey Sr.]], American actor, filmmaker and father of actor Robert\n        Downey Jr\\n** [[Tony Brown (English cricketer)|Tony Brown]], English cricketer\n        and administrator\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]], 3rd [[President\n        of Indonesia]]\\n** [[Gloria Vaughn]], American politician\\n** [[Bert H\\u00f6lldobler]],\n        German sociobiologist and evolutionary biologist\\n** [[Leo John]], Trinidadian\n        cricketer\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Hal Greer]], American professional basketball\n        player\\n** [[Herbert Obst]], Canadian fencer\\n** [[Lee Ming-liang]], Taiwanese\n        geneticist\\n** [[Jerry Armstrong]], American amateur boxer\\n** [[Jean-Claude\n        Turcotte]], Canadian cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        Fontanel]], French stage and film actress\\n** [[Tadanori Yokoo]], Japanese\n        graphic designer, illustrator, printmaker and painter\\n** [[Joe Doyle]], Irish\n        politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Walter K\\u00f6stner]], German\n        fencer\\n** [[Malcolm Harding (bishop of Brandon)|Malcolm Harding]], English-born\n        Canadian Anglican Bishop\\n** [[Chuck Howley]], American football player\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\n** [[Leon O. Chua]], American electrical engineer and computer\n        scientist\\n** [[Willie Jones (basketball)|Willie Jones]], American basketball\n        player\\n** [[David Jenkins (figure skater)|David Jenkins]], American figure\n        skater\\n** [[Kigeli V]], last king of Rwanda (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Harmon Killebrew]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Eddie Mabo]], Australian Indigenous\n        rights activist (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Malcolm Hickman]], English\n        cricketer\\n** [[Nancy Dussault]], American singer and actress\\n** [[Alan Hamel]],\n        Canadian entertainer, producer and television host\\n** [[Barry Gration]],\n        senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force\\n** [[Assia Djebar]], Algerian\n        writer (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Shirley Knight 1960s.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Shirley\n        Knight]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ron Masak]], American actor\\n** [[Mihir Rakshit]],\n        Indian economist\\n** [[E. Ponnuswamy]], Indian politician\\n** [[Antonio Salines]],\n        Italian actor and director\\n* [[July 2]] \\n** [[Eusebio Escobar]], Colombian\n        footballer\\n** [[Rex Gildo]], German singer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        [[Shirley Knight]], American actress\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Johan Du Preez]],\n        Rhodesian-Zimbabwean sprinter\\n** [[Tony Warren]], English television screenwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Pronovost]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n** [[Richard Wilson (Scottish actor)|Richard Wilson]], Scottish actor\n        and director\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Herbert Boyer]], Biotechnology entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Tunne Kelam]], Estonian politician\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Marisa Allasio]],\n        Italian actress\\n* [[July 15]] – [[George Voinovich]], American politician;\n        United States Senator (R-OH) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Miria Obote]],\n        former First Lady of Uganda\\n** [[Venkataraman Subramanya]], Indian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Leo Sterckx]], Belgian cyclist\\n** [[Yasuo Fukuda]], 58th [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]]\\n** [[Buddy Merrill]], American musician (''''[[The Lawrence Welk\n        Show]]'''')\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Ted Harris (ice hockey)|Ted Harris]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Barbara Mikulski]], American\n        politician; [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] ([[Democratic Party (United\n        States)|D]]-[[Maryland|Md.]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Klaus Bresser]], German\n        journalist and television presenter\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**[[Don Drysdale]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1993]])\\n**[[Anthony Kennedy]], [[Associate Justice\n        of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Ruth Buzzi]],\n        American actress and comedian \\n** [[Mark Goddard]], American actor and teacher\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Mary Millar]], British actress (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[July\n        28]] – [[Russ Jackson]], Canadian football player\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        [[Elizabeth Dole]], American politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]]\n        ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[North Carolina|Nc.]])\\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Buddy Guy]], American blues guitarist and singer\\n** [[Ted Rogers\n        (comedian)|Ted Rogers]], English comedian and game show host (d. [[2001]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Robert\n        Redford (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Redford]]]]\\n[[File:Wilt Chamberlain3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilt\n        Chamberlain]]]]\\n[[File:John McCain official portrait 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        McCain]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Bradford Bishop]], American fugitive\\n**\n        [[Donald Neilson]], British serial killer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Yves Saint Laurent\n        (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]], Algerian-born French fashion designer (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Robert Gnaizda]], lawyer and social justice\n        advocate\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Andre Dubus]], American short-story writer\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Kolingba]], [[President of\n        Central African Republic]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Tom McAvoy]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Margaret Hamilton (scientist)|Margaret\n        Hamilton]], American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Robert Redford]], American actor and film director\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Wilt Chamberlain]], African-American basketball player\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Rudy Lewis]], American [[rhythm and\n        blues]] singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Kenny Guinn]], American\n        politician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Ahmad Ibrahim Jbara a.k.a\n        Abu Sukkar]], Palestinian Terrorist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Giridharilal Kedia]], Former Working President of KVK (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Benedict Anderson]], American academic (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[John McCain]], Panamanian-born American politician, [[U.S.\n        Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Arizona|Az.]])\n        since [[1986]], and [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] Republican\n        Presidential nominee\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Zine\n        El Abidine Ben Ali]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Henson (1989) headshot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jim\n        Henson]]]]\\n[[File:Berlusconi-2010-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Silvio Berlusconi]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 2]]\\n** [[Andrew Grove]], Hungarian-American businessman, engineer\n        and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[K\\u00e1roly Krajcz\\u00e1r]], [[Hungarian Slovenes|Hungarian\n        Slovene]] teacher, writer and collector \\n* [[September 3]] – [[Zine\n        El Abidine Ben Ali]], 2nd [[President of Tunisia]]\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[Bill Mazeroski]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Buddy\n        Holly]], American rock and roll singer (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Charles Dierkop]], American actor\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Walter Koenig]],\n        American actor, better known for his role in ''''[[Star Trek: The Original\n        Series]]''''.\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Anna Karen]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Al Oerter]], American Olympic athlete (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 21]]\n        – [[Yury Luzhkov]], mayor of Moscow\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Valent\\u00edn\n        Paniagua]], President of Per\\u00fa (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Jim Henson]], American puppeteer, filmmaker, and television producer (d.\n        [[1990]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Ken Forsse]], American inventor and producer,\n        creator of [[Teddy Ruxpin]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Moussa Traor\\u00e9]], [[President\n        of Mali]]\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Don Cornelius]], African-American television\n        personality (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Joselo]], Venezuelan actor and comedian (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Silvio Berlusconi]], 50th [[Prime\n        Minister of Italy]], media entrepreneur\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Brian Blessed\n        2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian Blessed]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Wyman 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bill\n        Wyman]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Landon 1990.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael Landon]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Duncan Edwards]], English footballer (d. [[1958]])\\n**[[Kailayar\n        Sellanainar Sivakumaran]], Sri Lankan writer, art & literary critic, journalist\n        and radio & TV personality.\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Steve Reich]], American\n        composer\\n* [[October 5]] – [[V\\u00e1clav Havel]], Czech playwright,\n        writer and politician, 10th [[President of Czechoslovakia]] and 1st [[President\n        of the Czech Republic]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Fereydoun\n        Farrokhzad]], Iranian entertainer (d. [[1992]]) \\n* [[October 9]] –\n        [[Brian Blessed]], English actor\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Gerhard Ertl]],\n        German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Larry Staverman]], American professional basketball player\n        and coach (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Christine N\\u00f6stlinger]],\n        Austrian writer\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Carrie Nye]], American actress\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Dolores Mantez]], British actress\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[James Bevel]], American civil rights\n        activist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Tony Lo Bianco]], American actor\\n* [[October\n        24]] \\n**[[David Nelson (actor)|David Nelson]], American actor and singer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n**[[Bill Wyman]], British musician ([[The Rolling Stones]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] \\n** [[Martin Gilbert]], British historian (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Masako Nozawa]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Shelley\n        Morrison]], American actress\\n** [[Etelka Ken\\u00e9z Heka]], Hungarian writer,\n        poet, singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Akiko Kojima]], Japanese model\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Polina Astakhova]], Soviet artistic gymnast (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – [[Michael Landon]], American actor and director (d.\n        [[1991]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Rose Bird]], American\n        judge (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Roy Emerson]], Australian\n        tennis player\\n* [[November 4]] – [[C. K. Williams]], American poet\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Ivan Stamboli\\u0107]], Serbian politician (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Uwe Seeler]], German football player and manager\\n** [[Billy Sherrill]],\n        American record producer, arranger and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Virna Lisi]], Italian actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – [[Teddy Infuhr]], American child actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November\n        11]] – [[Susan Kohner]], American actress\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        [[Wolf Biermann]], German singer-songwriter and former East German dissident\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Lazarus Salii]], 3rd President of Palau (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Dick Cavett]], American talk show host and television\n        personality\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Don DeLillo]], American author\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Robert Barnard]], British writer, critic and lecturer\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Steve Landesberg]], American actor and director (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Dahlia Ravikovitch]], Israeli poet (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:David\n        Carradine Polanski Unauthorized.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Carradine]]]]\\n[[File:Franciscus\n        in 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope Francis]]]]\\n[[File:Mary Tyler Moore rework.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary\n        Tyler Moore]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] – [[James Lee Burke]], American writer\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Kenneth Copeland]], American televangelist\\n* [[December\n        8]]\\n** [[David Carradine]], American actor, director, martial artist (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Michael Hobson]], American publisher\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        [[Minoru Murayama]], Japanese baseball pitcher (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Tom Fuccello]], American actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Iolanda Bala\\u0219]], Romanian high jumper (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Donald Goines]], American novelist (d. [[1973]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Pope Francis]]\\n** [[Klaus Kinkel]], German politician\\n*\n        [[December 22]]\\n** [[James Burke (science historian)|James Burke]], British\n        broadcaster, science historian, author and television producer\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor\n        Elizondo]], American actor\\n* [[December 23]] – [[James Stacy]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable\n        Lady Ogilvy]], British aristocrat and socialite; youngest granddaughter of\n        King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] \\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Mary Tyler Moore]], American actress, producer, diabetes awareness activist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Siw Malmkvist]], Swedish singer\\n**\n        [[Szilveszter E. Vizi]], Hungarian physician, neuroscientist and pharmacologist\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Kamuta Latasi]], 4th Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[Aliou Mahamidou]],\n        3rd Prime Minister of Niger (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Rudyard\n        Kipling (portrait).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rudyard Kipling]]]]\\n[[File:Kinggeorgev1923.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Harry\n        B. Smith]], American composer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[James\n        Churchward]], British writer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Ram\\u00f3n\n        del Valle-Incl\\u00e1n]], Spanish writer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Louise Bryant]], American journalist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        [[John Gilbert (actor)|John Gilbert]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\n** [[Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster|Henry Foster]], British Conservative\n        Party politician, former Governor-General of Australia (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[George\n        Landenberger]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]] and the 23rd\n        [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Albert\n        Fish]], American serial killer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Rudyard\n        Kipling]], British writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 20]] – King [[George V|George V of the United\n        Kingdom]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Mills Brothers|John Mills,\n        Jr.]], \\\"Mills Brothers\\\" basso and guitarist (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n**[[Harry\n        T. Morey]], American actor (b. [[1873]])\\n**[[Harry Peach]], British furniture\n        manufacturer and social campaigner (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        [[Richard Loeb]], American murderer (b. [[1905]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Charles\n        Curtis-portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Curtis]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Princess Sophie of Sch\\u00f6nburg-Waldenburg]], consort of [[William, Prince\n        of Albania|William of Wied, Prince of Albania]] (b.[[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] – [[Wilhelm Gustloff]], German leader of the Swiss Nazi Party (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Charles Curtis]], [[List of Vice Presidents\n        of the United States|31st]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Billy Mitchell]], U.S. general and military aviation\n        pioneer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Georges Vacher de Lapouge]],\n        French anthropologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[William Adamson]],\n        British Labour politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 26]] – in the\n        \\\"[[February 26 Incident]]\\\":\\n** [[Takahashi Korekiyo]], 11th [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]] (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Sait\\u014d Makoto]], Japanese admiral, 19th\n        [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Ivan Pavlov]],\n        Russian psychologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n** [[Mulugeta Yeggazu]], Ethiopian government official and\n        military leader\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Charles Nicolle]], French bacteriologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Francis Bell (New Zealand politician)|Francis\n        Bell]], 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 16]] –\n        [[Marguerite Durand]], French journalist and feminist leader (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], Greek Statesman, several times\n        Prime Minister (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Alexander Glazunov]],\n        Russian composer and conductor (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Oscar\n        Asche]], Australian actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Archibald\n        Garrod]], English physician (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Fuad I of\n        Egypt.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Fuad I of Egypt]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Alberico\n        Albricci]], Italian general (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Richard\n        Hauptmann|Bruno Richard Hauptmann]], German killer of [[Lindbergh kidnapping|Charles\n        Lindbergh, Jr.]] (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Edmund\n        Breese]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Marilyn Miller]],\n        American actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[R\\u00f3bert B\\u00e1r\\u00e1ny]],\n        Austrian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Ottorino Respighi]], Italian composer,\n        musicologist, and conductor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Teresa\n        de la Parra]], Venezuelan writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Tammany\n        Young]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Fuad I of\n        Egypt]], King of [[Egypt]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Alfred\n        Edward Housman]], English poet (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 4]] –\n        [[Ludwig von Falkenhausen]], German general (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[May 8]] –\n        [[Oswald Spengler]], German philosopher (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 14]] –\n        [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby]], British soldier and administrator\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Leonidas Paraskevopoulos]], Greek general\n        and senator (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Panagis Tsaldaris]], Prime\n        Minister of Greece (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Elmer Fowler Stone]],\n        American aviator, the first United States Coast Guard aviator (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Norman Chaney]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n\\n===June===\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Walther Wever (general)|Walther Wever]], German general\n        and ''''Luftwaffe'''' commander (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Robert\n        E. Howard]], American author (suicide) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Krays]], Austrian writer and journalist, (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[G. K. Chesterton]], English author (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Henry B. Walthall]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Maxim Gorky]], Russian writer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] – [[William Hall-Jones]], English-New Zealand politician, 16th\n        Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Moritz\n        Schlick]], German philosopher and physicist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Colin Clive]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Alexander\n        Berkman]], Russian anarchist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[J\\u00e1nos\n        Szlepecz]], Slovene priest and writer (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500,_Georg_Michaelis.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georg\n        Michaelis]]]]\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Thomas Meighan]], American actor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[James Murray (American actor)|James Murray]],\n        American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Auguste Adib Pacha]],\n        2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Calvo Sotelo]], Spanish politician (b. [[1893]]) \\n* [[July 16]] – [[Alan\n        Crosland]], American film director (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Sanjurjo]], Spanish general (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Georg Michaelis]],\n        6th [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Louis\n        Bleriot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Louis Bleriot]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Louis\n        Bl\\u00e9riot]], French aviation pioneer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Lincoln Steffens]], American journalist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        Blessed [[Victoria D\\u00edez Bustos de Molina]], Spanish teacher and religious\n        woman (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Grazia Deledda]], Italian writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Federico Garc\\u00eda Lorca]], Spanish writer (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Patrick Lygon]], English aristocrat (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Oscar von Sydow]],\n        18th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n**[[Ivan Nikitich\n        Smirnov]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] activist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Lev Kamenev]], Soviet politician (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Grigory\n        Zinoviev]], Soviet politician (b. [[1883]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Buresch,\n        Karl, Chancellor of Austria, Agence Mondial, BNF Gallica.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Karl\n        Buresch]]]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Kenneth Robert Balfour]], British\n        Conservative Party politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Irving\n        Thalberg]], American film producer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Karl Buresch]], 9th [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Henri Louis Le Chatelier]], French chemist (Le Chatelier''s\n        principle) (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]],\n        Indian musician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Antoine Meillet]],\n        French linguist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Klekl\n        (writer)|J\\u00f3zsef Klekl]], Slovene writer and journalist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[William Sims]], American admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Friedrich Sixt von Armin]], German general (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:J. E. Sunila.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juho Sunila]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Juho Sunila]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[John Heisman]], American football\n        coach (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Gyula G\\u00f6mb\\u00f6s]], 30th\n        Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\n** [[Cheiro]],\n        Irish astrologer (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[William Henry Stark]], American businessman\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Anne Sullivan]], American teacher\n        of [[Helen Keller]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Rodney Heath]],\n        Australian tennis player (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Ramiro\n        de Maeztu]], Spanish writer (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Martin Lowry]], English physical chemist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Chic Sale]], American vaudevillian (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November\n        17]]\\n** [[John Bowers (actor)|John Bowers]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Alexandros Papanastasiou]], 2-time Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\n** [[Buenaventura Durruti]], Spanish anarchist (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Primo de Rivera]], Spanish fascist politician (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Andrew Harper]], Scottish\\u2013Australian biblical\n        scholar and teacher (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Edward Bach]],\n        British physician, homeopath and bacteriologist (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Arvid\n        Lindman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arvid Lindman]]]]\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Jean\n        Mermoz]], French aviator (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Juan de la\n        Cierva]], Spanish civil engineer, aviator, aeronautical engineer, inventor\n        of the [[autogyro]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Arvid Lindman]], 12th [[Prime Minister\n        of Sweden]] (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Lottie Pickford]], Canadian actress (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n** [[Bobby Abel]], English cricketer (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Luigi\n        Pirandello]], Italian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Myron Grimshaw]], American baseball\n        player (b. 1875)\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]],\n        Spanish engineer and mathematician (b. 1852)\\n* [[December 23]] – [[William\n        Henry Harrison (cricketer)|William Henry Harrison]], English cricketer (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Irene Fenwick]], American actress (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Carl Stumpf]],  German philosopher\n        and psychologist (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Hans von Seeckt]],\n        German general (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Lucy, Lady Houston]],\n        British philanthropist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Miguel de\n        Unamuno]], Spanish writer (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Victor\n        F. Hess]], [[Carl D. Anderson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Peter Debye|Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Sir Henry\n        Hallett Dale]], [[Otto Loewi]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Eugene Gladstone O''Neill]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] –\n        [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n*\n        [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1936-wwii-timeline.htm 1936 WWII\n        Timeline]\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1936/1936fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1936] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at the [[University\n        of Virginia]]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1936}}\\n[[Category:1936| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap\n        years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T10:00:33Z\",\"lastrevid\":799727918,\"length\":53274,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1936&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936\"},\"34684\":{\"pageid\":34684,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1937\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T17:31:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1937}}\\n{{Events by month|1937}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1937}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1937}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Howard\n        Hughes.jpg|thumb|130px|right| [[January 19]]: [[Howard Hughes]] sets record.]]\\n[[File:FDR\n        1944 Color Portrait.tif|thumb|right|[[January 20]]: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        is sworn in as [[US President]] for his second term.]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Anastasio Somoza Garc\\u00eda]] became [[President of Nicaragua]].\\n* [[January\n        11]] \\u2013 The first issue of ''''[[Look (American magazine)|Look]]'''' magazine\n        went on sale in the United States.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil\n        War]]: [[Second Battle of the Corunna Road]] (begun 13 December 1936) concluded\n        with both sides withdrawing.\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Howard Hughes]] established\n        a record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes\n        and 25 seconds.\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is [[Second\n        inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|sworn in]] for a second term as President\n        of the United States. This is the first time [[Inauguration Day]] in the United\n        States is on this date, on which continues to occur; the change is due to\n        the ratification in 1933 of the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution]].\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Moscow Trials]]: Trial of the Anti-Soviet\n        Trotskyist Center \\u2013 In the [[Soviet Union]] seventeen leading [[Communist]]s\n        go on trial, accused of participating in a plot led by [[Leon Trotsky]] to\n        overthrow [[Joseph Stalin]]''s regime and assassinate its leaders.\\n* [[January\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Michigan]] celebrated its [[centennial]] anniversary as a [[U.S.\n        state]].\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Ingrid Christensen]] became the first\n        woman to set foot on the continent of [[Antarctica]].\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013\n        The Soviet Union executed 31 people for alleged [[Trotskyism]].\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 5]] \\u2013 U.S President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] proposes a plan\n        to enlarge the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013\n        [[John Steinbeck]]''s [[novella]] of the [[Great Depression]] ''''[[Of Mice\n        and Men]]'''' is published in the United States.\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Spanish Civil War]]: Falangist troops take [[M\\u00e1laga]].\\n* [[February\n        8]] \\u2013 [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]] \\u2013 [[Battle of\n        Jarama]]: Nationalist and government troops fight to a stalemate.\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 A sit-down strike ends when [[General Motors]] recognizes the\n        [[United Automobile Workers]] union.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Wallace H.\n        Carothers]] receives a [[patent]] for [[nylon]].\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** Airliner\n        VH-UHH (''''Stinson'''') goes down over [[Lamington National Park]], bound\n        for Sydney, killing five people.\\n** [[Yekatit 12]]: During a public ceremony\n        at the Viceregal Palace (the former Imperial residence) in [[Addis Ababa]],\n        [[Ethiopia]], two [[Eritrea]]n nationalists attempt to kill viceroy [[Rodolfo\n        Graziani]] with a number of grenades. The Italian security guard fire into\n        the crowd of Ethiopian onlookers. Authorities exact further reprisals, which\n        include indiscriminately slaughtering native Ethiopians over the next three\n        days, detaining thousands of Ethiopians at [[Danan, Ethiopia|Danan]] and slaughtering\n        almost 300 monks at [[Debre Libanos]] monastery.\\n** The flag of the Netherlands\n        is officially adopted.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Mar\\u00eda Ortiz|Roberto\n        Ortiz]] is elected president of [[Argentina]].\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 The\n        [[League of Nations]] [[Non-Intervention Committee]] prohibits foreign nationals\n        from fighting in the [[Spanish Civil War]].\\n* February \\u2013 [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s\n        [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]] adventure ''''[[The Broken Ear]]'''' (''''L''Oreille\n        cass\\u00e9e'''') concludes serialization in the Belgian weekly newspaper supplement\n        ''''[[Le Petit Vingti\\u00e8me]]'''' and soon afterwards is published as a\n        book in black and white.\\n\\n===March===\\n* March\\n** The first issue of ''''[[Detective\n        Comics]]'''' is published in the United States. It goes on to become the longest\n        continually published [[comic book]] in American history; it is still published\n        {{as of|lc=y|2017}}.\\n** [[Napoleon Hill]]''s [[self-help]] book ''''[[Think\n        and Grow Rich]]'''' is first published in the United States.\\n* [[March 10]]\n        (dated [[March 14]] ([[Passion Sunday]])) \\u2013 The [[encyclical]] ''''[[Mit\n        brennender Sorge]]'''' (\\\"With burning concern\\\") of [[Pope Pius XI]] is published\n        in Germany in the German language. Largely the work of Cardinals [[Michael\n        von Faulhaber|von Faulhaber]] and [[Pope Pius XII|Pacelli]], it condemns breaches\n        of the [[1933]] [[Reichskonkordat]] agreement signed between the Nazi government\n        and the [[Catholic Church]], and criticises [[Nazism]]''s views on race and\n        other matters incompatible with Catholicism. \\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 The [[Atherton\n        Report]] (private investigator [[Edwin Atherton]]''s report detailing vice\n        and police corruption in [[San Francisco]]) is released.\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\n        [[New London School explosion]]: In the worst school disaster in American\n        history in terms of lives lost, the New London School in [[New London, Texas]],\n        suffers a catastrophic [[natural gas]] explosion, killing in excess of 295\n        students and teachers. [[Mother Frances Hospital]] opens in [[Tyler, Texas]],\n        a day ahead of schedule in response to the explosion.\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013\n        The encyclical ''''[[Divini Redemptoris]]'''' of [[Pope Pius XI]], critical\n        of [[communism]], is published.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Ponce massacre]]: A  police\n        squad, acting under orders from [[Governor of Puerto Rico]] [[Blanton Winship]],\n        opens fire on demonstrators protesting at the arrest of [[Puerto Rican Nationalist\n        Party]] leader [[Pedro Albizu Campos]], killing 17 people and injuring over\n        200.\\n** The first successful flying car, [[Waldo Waterman]]''s ''''[[Waterman\n        Arrowbile|Arrowbile]]'''', makes its initial flight.\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** In\n        [[Crystal City, Texas]], [[spinach]] growers erect a statue of the [[cartoon\n        character]] [[Popeye]].\\n** [[William H. Hastie]] becomes the first [[African\n        American]] appointed to a federal judgeship in the United States.\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Colony of Aden|Aden]] becomes a British [[crown colony]].\\n**\n        [[Bombing of Ja\\u00e9n]] in Spain by the [[Condor Legion]] of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi\n        German]] [[Luftwaffe]].\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 The ''''[[Kamikaze (1937 aircraft)|Kamikaze]]''''\n        arrives at [[Croydon Airport]] in London; it is the first Japanese-built aircraft\n        to fly to Europe.\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Frank Whittle]] ground-tests the world''s\n        first [[jet engine]] designed to power an aircraft, at [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby,\n        England]].\\n** ''''[[NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.]]'''': The [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States]]  rules that the [[National Labor Relations Act]]\n        is constitutional.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 The animated short ''''[[Porky''s\n        Duck Hunt]]'''', directed by [[Tex Avery]] for the [[Looney Tunes]] series,\n        featuring the debut of [[Daffy Duck]], is released in the United States.\\n*\n        [[April 20]] \\u2013 A fire in an elementary school in [[Kilingi-N\\u00f5mme]],\n        [[Estonia]], kills seventeen students and injures fifty.\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Bombing of Guernica]] in Spain by the [[Condor Legion]]\n        of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Luftwaffe]] in support of the [[Francoist\n        Spain|Francoist]]s. Three-quarters of the town is destroyed and hundreds killed.Journalist\n        [[George Steer]]''s report to ''''[[The Times]]'''' (London) connects Germany\n        with the attack.\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Hindenburg burning.jpg|thumb|right|[[May\n        6]]: The [[Hindenburg disaster|''''Hindenburg'''' disaster]] occurs.]]\\n[[File:Golden\n        Gate Bridge 0002.jpg|thumb|[[May 27]]: The [[Golden Gate Bridge]] opens.]]\\n*\n        May\\n** The [[D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] passes the Executive Authority (Consequential\n        Provisions) Act, 1937, which abolishes the office of Governor-General of the\n        Irish Free State,  retrospectively dated to December [[1936]].\\n** 17 million\n        unemployed in the USA.\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 A [[general strike]] occurs in\n        [[Paris]], [[France]].\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Hindenburg disaster|''''Hindenburg''''\n        disaster]]: In the United States, the German [[LZ 129 Hindenburg|airship ''''Hindenburg'''']]\n        bursts into flame when mooring  to a mast in [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]]. Of\n        the 36 passengers and 61 crew on board, 13 passengers and 22 crew die, as\n        well as one member of the ground crew.\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil\n        War]]: The German [[Condor Legion|Condor Legion Fighter Group]], equipped\n        with [[Heinkel He 51]] biplanes, arrives in Spain to assist [[Francisco Franco]]''s\n        forces.\\n* [[May 8]]: [[Wydad Athletic Club (Football)|Wydad Athletic Club]]\n        (WAC;(Arabic: \\u0646\\u0627\\u062f\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u062f\\u0627\\u062f\n        \\u0627\\u0644\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0636\\u064a; Berber: ''''Wydad Dar al-Beida'''';\n        commonly: ''''Wydad al ouma'''' is established in [[Casablanca]], Morocco;\n        it will be best known for its Casablanca [[Association football]] team.\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\u2013 The [[coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth]]\n        takes place at [[Westminster Abbey]], London.\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** A [[Soviet\n        and Russian manned drifting ice stations|Soviet station]] becomes the first\n        scientific research settlement to operate on the [[drift ice]] of the Arctic\n        Ocean.\\n** As one of the reprisals for the attempted assassination of Italian\n        viceroy [[Rodolfo Graziani]], a detachment of Italian troops massacres the\n        entire community of [[Debre Libanos]], killing 297 monks and 23 laymen.\\n*\n        [[May 27]] \\u2013 In [[California]], the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] opens to pedestrian\n        traffic, creating a vital link between [[San Francisco]] and [[Marin County,\n        California|Marin County]]. The next day, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        pushes a button in Washington, D.C., signaling the start of vehicle traffic\n        over the bridge.\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Neville Chamberlain]] becomes [[Prime\n        Minister of the United Kingdom]] following the retirement of [[Stanley Baldwin]].\\n**\n        In Germany, [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen]] is established to build a [[Volkswagen\n        Beetle|\\\"people''s car\\\"]]. A new town, [[Wolfsburg]], is set to be created\n        to house the thousands of workers who will be involved in its production.\n        \\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Spanish Civil War]]: Spanish ship ''''Ciudad de Barcelona''''\n        is torpedoed.\\n** The [[Chicago Police Department]] shoot and kill ten unarmed\n        demonstrators in Chicago in what is known as the [[Memorial Day massacre of\n        1937|Memorial Day massacre]].\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Wallis\n        Simpson]] marries The Duke of Windsor (the former [[Edward VIII]]) in France.\\n*\n        [[June 8]]\\n** The first total [[solar eclipse]] to exceed seven minutes of\n        totality in over 800 years is visible in the Pacific and Peru.\\n** [[Carl\n        Orff]]''s ''''[[Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana]]'''' premieres in [[Frankfurt]],\n        Germany.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Pennsylvania]] becomes the first (and only)\n        of the United States to celebrate [[Flag Day]] officially as a [[Public holiday|state\n        holiday]].\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 The [[coalition government]] of [[L\\u00e9on\n        Blum]] resigns in France.\\n* June \\u2013 [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]] completes\n        his painting ''''[[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]''''.\\n* June\\u2013July \\u2013\n        The [[D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] debates and passes the draft new [[Constitution\n        of Ireland]], which is then submitted for public approval by [[plebiscite]].\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Earhart.jpg|thumb|[[July\n        2]]: [[Amelia Earhart]] disappears from [[New Guinea]].]]\\n[[File:Diagram\n        of the 1937 Fox vault fire.jpg|thumb|[[July 9]]: The silent film archives\n        of [[Fox Film Corporation]] are destroyed by the [[1937 Fox vault fire]].]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Gestapo]] arrests pastor [[Martin Niem\\u00f6ller]] in\n        Germany.\\n** In a referendum the people of the [[Irish Free State]] accept\n        the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.\\n** First alleged sighting\n        of the [[White River Monster]].\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Amelia Earhart]] and navigator\n        [[Fred Noonan]] disappear after taking off from [[New Guinea]] during Earhart''s\n        attempt to become the first woman to fly around the world.\\n** A guard takes\n        his place at the [[Tomb of the Unknowns]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]; continuous\n        guard has been maintained there ever since.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 ''''[[Lost\n        Colony (play)|The Lost Colony]]'''' historical drama is first performed at\n        an outdoor theater in the location where it is set, [[Roanoke Island]], [[North\n        Carolina]].\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** The canned precooked meat product [[Spam (food)|Spam]]\n        is introduced by the [[Hormel]] company in the United States\\n** The highest\n        recorded temperature in Canada, at [[Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan]], is 45 \\u00b0C\n        (113 \\u00b0F).\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese\n        War]]: Battle of Lugou Bridge (aka [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]]): Japanese\n        forces invade China (often seen as the beginning of World War II in Asia).\\n**\n        [[Peel Commission]] proposes partition of the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]\n        into separate Arab and Jewish states.{{cite book|title=League of Nations\n        Mandates \\u2013 Palestine: Report of the Palestine Royal Commission |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html|accessdate=2012-03-08\n        |date=July 1937}}{{cite book|title=Population Transfers in Asia|first=Joseph\n        B.|last=Schechtman|authorlink=Joseph Schechtman|location=New York|publisher=Hallsby\n        Press|year=1949|url=https://archive.org/stream/Schechtman-Population-Transfers-in-Asia/Schechtman--PopulationTransfersInAsia_djvu.txt|accessdate=2012-03-08}}\\n*\n        [[July 9]] \\u2013 The silent film archives of [[Fox Film Corporation]] are\n        destroyed by the [[1937 Fox vault fire]].\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 American popular\n        composer [[George Gershwin]] dies in Los Angeles of a brain tumor, age 38.\\n*\n        [[July 20]] \\u2013 The [[Geibeltbad Pirna]] is opened in [[Dresden]], Germany.\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] is elected [[President of the\n        Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive Council]]\n        (prime minister) of the [[Irish Free State]] by the [[D\\u00e1il]] (parliament).\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[New Deal]]: The [[United States Senate]] votes down President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''s proposal to add more justices to the [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States]].\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Alabama]] drops [[rape]]\n        charges against the so-called ''''[[Scottsboro Boys]]''''.\\n* [[July 25]]\\u2013[[July\n        31|31]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]]: [[Battle of\n        Beiping\\u2013Tianjin]], a series of actions fought around [[Beijing|Beiping]]\n        and [[Tianjin]], resulting in Japanese victory.\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] attempts the\n        assassination by bomb of [[George VI]] in [[Belfast]].\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Tungchow Mutiny]]: units of the [[East Hopei Army]] mutiny and kill Japanese\n        troops and civilians in [[Tongzhou District, Beijing|T\\u014dngzh\\u014du]].\\n*\n        [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[NKVD]] operative order 00447 \\\"\\u041e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044e\n        \\u0431\\u044b\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u044d\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\\" (\\\"The operation\n        for repression of former kulaks, criminals and other anti-Soviet elements\\\")\n        is approved by the Politburo of the [[Soviet Union]], initially as a 4-month\n        plan for 75,950 people to be executed and an additional 193,000 to be sent\n        to the [[Gulag]].\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 The [[Marihuana Tax\n        Act of 1937|Marihuana Tax Act]]Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551.\n        Subsequently, commonly referred to using the modern spelling as the Marijuana\n        Tax Act of 1937. in the United States is a significant bill on the path\n        that will lead to the criminalization of cannabis. It was introduced to U.S.\n        Congress by Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Harry Anslinger.\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union]] commences one of the largest campaigns\n        of the [[Great Purge]], to \\\"eliminate anti-Soviet elements.\\\" Within the\n        following year, at least 724,000 people are killed{{citation needed|date=October\n        2012}} on order of the [[NKVD troika|troika]]s, directed by [[Joseph Stalin]].\n        This is an offensive that targets social classes (such as the [[kulak]]s),\n        ethnic or racial backgrounds which are seen as non-Russian{{citation needed|date=October\n        2012}} and Stalin''s personal opponents from the [[Communist Party]] and their\n        sympathizers. \\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]]: Falangist artillery\n        bombards [[Madrid]].\\nJim Lentz born in [[Decorah]], [[Iowa]]\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 Japan occupies Beijing.\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 The [[Polish Operation\n        of the NKVD (1937\\u201338)]] is signed by [[Nikolai Yezhov]] as a continuation\n        of the [[Great Purge]].\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]:\n        The [[Battle of Shanghai]] opens.\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese\n        War]]: Japanese aircraft attack the car carrying the ambassador of Great Britain\n        during a raid on Shanghai.\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03\n        Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa)-3 new.jpg|thumb|[[September 17]]: [[Abraham\n        Lincoln|Lincoln]]''s head is dedicated at [[Mount Rushmore]].]]\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\u2013 The [[1937 Great Hong Kong typhoon|Great Hong Kong Typhoon]] kills\n        an estimated 11,000 persons.\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]]:\n        The city of [[Llanes]] falls to the Falangists.\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[CBS]] broadcasts a two-and-a-half hour memorial concert nationwide on radio\n        in memory of George Gershwin, live from the [[Hollywood Bowl]]. Many celebrities\n        appear, including [[Oscar Levant]], [[Fred Astaire]], [[Otto Klemperer]],\n        [[Lily Pons]] and members of the original cast of ''''[[Porgy and Bess]]''''.\n        The concert is recorded and released complete years later in what is excellent\n        sound for its time, on [[CD]]. The [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] is the featured\n        orchestra.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 Nine nations meet in the [[Nyon Conference]],\n        led by the United Kingdom and France, to address international [[piracy]]\n        in the Mediterranean.\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Abraham Lincoln]]''s head\n        is dedicated at [[Mount Rushmore]].\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 Swiss professional\n        [[ice hockey]] club [[HC Ambr\\u00ec-Piotta]] founded.\\n* [[September 21]]\n        \\u2013 George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. of London publishes the first edition of\n        [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]''s ''''[[The Hobbit]]''''.\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: [[Battle of Pingxingguan]]: The Communist Chinese\n        [[National Revolutionary Army]] defeats the Japanese.\\n* [[September 27]]\n        \\u2013 The last [[Bali tiger]] dies.{{cite web|url=http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/bali.html|title=The\n        Balinese Tiger|author=Loadstar}}\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 1]]\\n**\n        The [[Marihuana Tax Act of 1937|Marihuana Tax Act]] becomes law in the United\n        States.\\n** [[U.S. Supreme Court]] associate justice [[Hugo Black]], in a\n        nationwide radio broadcast, refutes allegations of past involvement in the\n        [[Ku Klux Klan]].\\n* [[October 2]]\\u2013[[October 8|8]] \\u2013 [[Parsley Massacre]]:\n        Under the orders of President [[Rafael Trujillo]], Dominican troops kill thousands\n        of [[Haitians]] living in the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: Japanese troops advance toward [[Nanking]],\n        capital of the [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]].\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] gives his famous\n        ''''[[Quarantine Speech]]'''' in Chicago.\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Jimmie\n        Angel]] lands his plane on top of Devil''s Mountain; however, the plane gets\n        damaged and he has to trek through the rainforest for help.\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 Germany, in a note to [[Brussels]], guarantees the inviolability and\n        integrity of Belgium so long as the latter abstains from military action against\n        Germany.\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Hemingway]]''s novel ''''[[To Have\n        and Have Not]]'''' is first published, in the United States.\\n* [[October\n        18]]\\u2013[[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]]: The whole Spanish northern\n        seaboard falls into the Falangists'' hands; [[Second Spanish Republic|Republic]]an\n        forces in [[Gij\\u00f3n]], Spain, set fire to petrol reserves prior to retreating\n        before the advancing [[Falangists]].\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Cel\\u00e2l\n        Bayar]] forms the new (ninth) government of Turkey.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Maurice J. Tobin]] resoundingly defeats former governor and mayor\n        [[James Michael Curley]] in Boston''s mayoral election.\\n* [[November 5]]\\n**\n        [[World War II]]: In the [[Reich Chancellery]], [[Adolf Hitler]] holds a secret\n        meeting and states his plans for acquiring \\\"living space\\\" for the German\n        people (recorded in the [[Hossbach Memorandum]]).\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013\n        Italy joins the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]].\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Second\n        Sino-Japanese War]]: Japanese troops take Shanghai.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013\n        Brazilian president [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]] announces the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado\n        Novo]] (\\\"New State\\\"), thence becoming [[dictator]] of [[Brazil]] until 1945.\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 The Kogushi sulfur mine collapse, in western [[Gunma]],\n        Japan, kills at least 245 people.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{multiple image\\n|align     =\n        right\\n|direction = vertical\\n|image1    = Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot\n        (2).jpg\\n|image2    = Walt Disney Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot (13).jpg\\n|image3    =\n        Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Original Theatrical Trailer 1) 1937 (La Blancaneu).ogv\\n|image4    =\n        Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Original Theatrical Trailer 2) 1937 (La Blancaneu).ogv\\n|footer    =\n        [[December 21]]: [[Walt Disney]]''s ''''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\n        (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'''' is released, the first full-length\n        traditional-animated feature film, the first Disney film, and the first film\n        to feature a [[Disney Princess]]. The top image shows the [[Seven Dwarfs]]\n        singing \\\"[[Heigh-Ho]]\\\" while walking on a [[Trunk (botany)|log]]. The second\n        top image shows [[Walt Disney]] introducing the Seven Dwarfs in the trailer.\n        The middle image is [[Snow White (Disney character)|Snow White]], while the\n        bottom images are the trailers.}}\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese\n        War]]: The [[Battle of Nanking]] begins.\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 ''''[[The\n        Dandy]]'''' [[Comic book|comic]] is first published in Scotland; it will still\n        be running {{as of|lc=y|2011}}.\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 Italy withdraws\n        from the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[USS Panay incident|USS\n        ''''Panay'''' incident]]: Japanese bombers sink the American gunboat {{USS|Panay|PR-5|6}}.\\n**\n        [[Mae West]] makes a risqu\\u00e9 guest appearance on [[NBC]]''s ''''[[Chase\n        and Sanborn Hour]]'''', which eventually results in her being banned from\n        radio.\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: The [[Battle\n        of Nanking]] ends with the Japanese occupying the city. In the [[Nanking Massacre]]\n        which follows, Japanese soldiers kill over 300,000 Chinese in 3 months. A\n        few days previously, the [[Nationalist government]] of China has moved its\n        capital to the southwestern city [[Chongqing|Chungking (Chongqing)]].\\n* [[December\n        16]] \\u2013 The original production of the musical ''''[[Me and My Girl]]''''\n        opens at the [[West End theatre|West End]] [[Victoria Palace Theatre]] in\n        London. A later revival will win an award.\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Walt\n        Disney]]''s ''''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and\n        the Seven Dwarfs]]'''', the first feature-length [[Traditional animation|traditionally\n        animated]] film, premieres in selected theaters.\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013\n        At the age of 70, legendary conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducts the [[NBC\n        Symphony Orchestra]] on radio for the first time, beginning his successful\n        17-year tenure with that orchestra. This first concert consists of music by\n        [[Vivaldi]] (at a time when he is seldom played), [[Mozart]], and [[Brahms]].\n        Millions tune in to listen, including U.S. President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].\\n*\n        [[December 29]] \\u2013 The new [[Constitution of Ireland]] (''''Bunreacht\n        na h\\u00c9ireann'''') comes into force. The [[Irish Free State]] becomes \\\"[[Republic\n        of Ireland|Ireland]]\\\", and [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] becomes the first [[Taoiseach]]\n        (prime minister) of the new state. A [[Presidential Commission (Ireland)|Presidential\n        Commission]] (made up the Chief Justice, the Speaker of D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann,\n        and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency,\n        pending the popular election of the first [[President of Ireland]] in June\n        1938. The new constitution prohibits [[divorce]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        Switzerland begins construction of its [[Border Line (Switzerland)|Border\n        Line]] defences.\\n* The [[Vibora Luviminda]] trades union''s sugar plantation\n        strike on [[Maui]] island, Hawaii.\\n* Italian psychiatrist [[Amarro Fiamberti]]\n        is the first to document a transorbital approach to the brain, which becomes\n        the basis for the controversial medical procedure of [[transorbital lobotomy]].\\n*\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] industry produces about four times as much as it had\n        in [[1928]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Vanessa Redgrave April\n        2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vanessa Redgrave]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Anne\n        Aubrey]], British actress\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Grace Bumbry]], American\n        opera singer\\n** [[Dyan Cannon]], American actress, film director and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[January 6]]\\n** [[Paolo Conte]], Italian singer, pianist and composer\\n**\n        [[Underwood Dudley]], American mathematician\\n* [[January 8]]  \\u2013 Dame\n        [[Shirley Bassey]], Welsh singer\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[George Reisman]],\n        American economist\\n** [[Ati George Sokomanu]], [[President of Vanuatu]]\\n*\n        [[January 14]] \\n** [[Ken Higgs]], English cricketer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Leo\n        Kadanoff]], American physicist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Margaret\n        O''Brien]], American child actress\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Francis George]],\n        American cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Yukio Endo]], Japanese\n        gymnast (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[John Hume]], Northern Irish politician; [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Giovanna Marini]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria]],\n        heir to the Bavarian Royal House\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Wambaugh]],\n        American author\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Ange-F\\u00e9lix Patass\\u00e9]],\n        5th [[President of Central African Republic]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Ogdon]], English pianist (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Bobby Scott (musician)|Bobby Scott]], American musician, producer and songwriter\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Vanessa Redgrave]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Boris Spassky]], Russian chess grandmaster\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Philip\n        Glass]], American composer\\n** [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Gaston Roelants 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gaston\n        Roelants]]]]\\n[[File:Rupiah Banda.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rupiah Banda]]]]\\n[[File:H.M.\n        Kong Harald taler (10308347696)- edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harald V of Norway]]]]\\n[[File:Tom\n        Courtenay Berlin 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Courtenay]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Don Everly]], American [[rock and roll]] musician\\n** [[Garrett Morris]],\n        American comedian and actor\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Remak Ramsay]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Tom Smothers]], American musician and comedian\\n** [[Eric Arturo\n        Delvalle]], Panamanian lawyer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Billy\n        Meier]], Swiss Prophet\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Magnar Solberg]], Norwegian\n        biathlete\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Gaston Roelants]], Belgian Olympic athlete\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\n**[[Manfred Krug]], German actor and singer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Wu]], Chinese human rights activist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Francis William Lawvere]], American [[Mathematics|mathematician]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Walker (musician)|Robert \\\"Bilbo\\\" Walker Jr.]], American [[blues]] [[guitar]]ist\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Anne Anderson (researcher)|Anne Anderson]], Scottish\n        physiologist (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Bill Lawry]], Australian\n        cricketer\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Charles Dumas]], American athlete (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Rupiah Banda]], 4th [[President of Zambia]]\\n*\n        [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Magic Sam]], American musician (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Mary Ann Mobley]], American actress; Miss America 1959 (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]]\\n** [[Robert Huber]], German chemist; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[George Leonardos]], Greek journalist and author\\n**\n        [[Roger Penske]], American race car driver\\n** [[Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)|Nancy\n        Wilson]], American singer\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Ron Clarke]], Australian\n        runner (d. [[2015]])\\n** King [[Harald V of Norway]]\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        Sir [[Tom Courtenay]], English actor\\n** [[Bob Schieffer]], American television\n        journalist\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Babcock]], American [[Character\n        actor|character actress]]\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Bouteflika (Algiers, Feb\n        2006).jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]]]\\n[[File:Olusegun Obasanjo\n        2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]]]]\\n[[File:Warren Beatty - 1975.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Warren\n        Beatty]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], [[President of\n        Algeria]]\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Driscoll]], American actor, primarily\n        known as a child actor and voice actor (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Graham\n        Dowling]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Leslie H. Gelb]], American foreign\n        policy expert, President of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1993\\n**\n        [[Yuri Senkevich]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Barney Wilen]],\n        French jazz saxophonist (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Olusegun Obasanjo]],\n        [[President of Nigeria]]\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Valentina Tereshkova]], Russian\n        cosmonaut, first woman in space\\n* [[March 8]]\\n**[[Richard Fari\\u00f1a]],\n        American [[folk music]] singer and novelist (d. [[1966]])\\n**[[Juv\\u00e9nal\n        Habyarimana]], 3rd [[President of Rwanda]] (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Harry Neale]], Canadian ice hockey coach and broadcaster\\n* [[March 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Benny Paret]], Cuban welterweight boxer (d. [[1962]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Valentin Rasputin]], Russian writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Frank Calabrese, Sr.]], American gangster in the Chicago Outfit\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Reed]], American country musician  (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[Armin Hary]], German athlete\\n* [[March\n        23]]\\n** [[Craig Breedlove]], American race car driver\\n** [[Tony Burton]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Lloyd\n        Erskine Sandiford]], 4th Prime Minister of Barbados\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Thomas Aquinas Daly]], American painter\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013 [[Warren\n        Beatty]], American actor and director\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Colin Powell\n        2005.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Colin Powell]]]]\\n[[File:JosephEstradajf1486.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Joseph\n        Estrada]]]]\\n[[File:Loz takei 2015 side.png|thumb|100px|[[George Takei]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Nicholson cropped 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Nicholson]]]]\\n[[File:Iraq,\n        Saddam Hussein (222).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Saddam Hussein]]]]\\n* [[April 4]] –\n        [[Obed Dlamini]], 6th Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Colin Powell]], [[U.S. Secretary of State]]\\n* [[April 6]]\\n**\n        [[Merle Haggard]], American country musician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Billy Dee\n        Williams]], American actor\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Valerie Singleton]], English\n        television presenter\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Bella Akhmadulina]], Russian\n        poet (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[Gene Lenz]], American competition\n        swimmer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Robert W. Gore]], American\n        inventor\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[George Steele|George \\\"The Animal\\\" Steele]],\n        American professional wrestler (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Don Buchla]],\n        American electronic-instrument designer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ferdinand Pi\\u00ebch]],\n        Austrian engineer and business magnate\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Jan Kaplick\\u00fd]],\n        British architect of Czech origin (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Elinor\n        Donahue]], American actress\\n** [[Joseph Estrada]], Filipino actor and politician,\n        13th [[President of the Philippines]]\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[George Takei]],\n        Japanese American actor, director and author\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Jack\n        Nicholson]], American film actor and director\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Henderson (gospel singer)|Joe Henderson]], American [[rhythm and blues]] and\n        [[gospel music]] singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Pierre\n        Beltoise]], French race car driver (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Sandy\n        Dennis]], American actress (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Robin Eames]], Anglican prelate;\n        Northern Irish clergyman and peace activist\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Saddam\n        Hussein]], 5th [[President of Iraq]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Jill Paton Walsh]], English novelist\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Tran Duc Luong,\n        Nov 17, 2004.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Tr\\u1ea7n \\u0110\\u1ee9c L\\u01b0\\u01a1ng]]]]\\n[[File:Jesus\n        is coming.. Look Busy (George Carlin).jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Carlin]]]]\\n[[File:Yvonne\n        Craig Batgirl.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Yvonne Craig]]]]\\n[[File:Mengistu Haile Mariam\n        3.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Una Stubbs]],\n        British actress\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Gisela Elsner]], German writer (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Lorenzo Music]], American voice actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Hans Cieslarczyk]], German football player\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Ron Carter]],\n        American jazz musician\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Tr\\u1ea7n \\u0110\\u1ee9c L\\u01b0\\u01a1ng]],\n        [[President of Vietnam]]\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Rubin Carter|Rubin \\\"Hurricane\\\"\n        Carter]], American boxer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Carlos Gaviria D\\u00edaz]],\n        Colombian justice and politician\\n** [[Thomas Pynchon]], American writer\\n*\n        [[May 9]] - [[Rafael Moneo]], Spanish architect\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[George\n        Carlin]], American comedian (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Trevor Baylis]],\n        English inventor\\n** [[Roch Carrier]], Canadian writer\\n** [[Roger Zelazny]],\n        American writer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Madeleine Albright]], [[U.S.\n        Secretary of State]]\\n** [[Trini Lopez]], American musician\\n* [[May 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yvonne Craig]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Hazel R. O''Leary]], [[U.S. Secretary of Energy]]\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Brooks\n        Robinson]], American baseball player\\n** [[Jacques Santer]], Luxembourg politician,\n        [[President of the European Council]]\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Sofiko Chiaureli]],\n        Georgian actress (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[John Fairfax]], British ocean rower (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n** [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], [[President of Ethiopia]]\\n* [[May\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Facundo Cabral]], Argentine singer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]], pilot who flew the plane\n        on [[The Day the Music Died]] (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Deanna\n        Lund]], actress\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Morgan Freeman - Discovery Shoot (6559314831).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Morgan\n        Freeman]]]]\\n[[File:Keizo Obuchi.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Keiz\\u014d Obuchi]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Coleman Richardson.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Robert Coleman Richardson]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\n** [[Morgan Freeman]], American actor\\n** [[Rosaleen Linehan]], Irish\n        actress\\n** [[Colleen McCullough]], Australian author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ezio\n        Pascutti]], Italian footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Sally\n        Kellerman]], American actress and singer\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Phyllis Baker]],\n        American professional baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Crawford Hallock\n        Greenewalt, Jr.]], American archaeologist (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Solomon P. Ortiz]],\n        U.S. congressman from Texas\\n* [[June 4]] \\n** [[Gorilla Monsoon]], American\n        professional wrestler and announcer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Hugo Carvana]], Brazilian\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 7]]  \\u2013\\n** [[Neeme J\\u00e4rvi]], Estonian\n        conductor\\n** [[Roberto Blanco]], German singer\\n* [[June 8]]  \\u2013 [[Toni\n        Harper]], American child singer\\n* [[June 9]]  \\u2013 [[Harald Rosenthal]],\n        German biologist\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Luciana Paluzzi]], Italian actress\\n*\n        [[June 11]] \\n** [[Robin Warren]], Australian pathologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Reginaldo Faria]], Brazilian\n        actor and film director\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Herbert Feuerstein]], German\n        cabarettist and entertainer\\n** [[Waylon Jennings]], American country singer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Alan Thornett]], British Trotskyist activist\\n* [[June\n        16]]\\n** [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], 48th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]]\n        (2001-2005).\\n** [[Charmian May]], British actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[June\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Clodovil Hernandes]], Brazilian fashion designer, television\n        presenter and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Wray Carlton]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Vitaly Zholobov]], Soviet cosmonaut\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 Glucksmann]], French philosopher and author (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Barbara Carlson]], American politician\\n** [[John Edrich]],\n        English cricketer\\n** [[Jon Huntsman Sr.]], American businessman and philanthropist\\n**\n        [[Gerald Clarke (author)|Gerald Clarke]], American writer\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Martti Ahtisaari]], 10th [[President of Finland]]\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Nawaf\n        Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], Crown Prince of Kuwait\\n** [[Keiz\\u014d Obuchi]],\n        54th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Coleman Richardson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Jules Accorsi]], French football\n        player and manager\\n** [[Abraham Karem]], American aerospace engineer\\n**\n        [[Joseph P. Allen]], American astronaut\\n** [[Alona Frankel]], Polish-born\n        Israeli writer and illustrator\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Ron Luciano]], American\n        baseball umpire and writer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Yair Nossovsky]],\n        Israeli footballer\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Ron Husmann]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Walton McLeod]], American politician\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:US Navy 100915-N-4790M-040\n        Lanier Phillips, left, Bill Cosby and Ed LeBaron pose for a picture before\n        receiving the Lone Sailor Award at the Nation (cropped to Cosby).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        Cosby]]]]\\n[[File:Yoshiro Mori cropped 3 Tim Hitchens and Yoshiro Mori 20150623.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yoshir\\u014d\n        Mori]]]]\\n[[File:Hashimoto meets Cohen cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryutaro Hashimoto]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Lydia Makhubu]], Swazi chemist and former professor of chemistry\\n**\n        [[Ali Chekr]], Lebanese fencer\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Polly Holliday]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Richard Petty]], American seven-time [[NASCAR Winston Cup]]\n        champion\\n** [[Dee Palmer]], English composer, arranger,[1] and keyboardist\\n**\n        [[Dennis Keeney]], American scientist in soil science and water chemistry\\n*\n        [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Brian Garvey (footballer)|Brian Garvey]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Queen Sonja of Norway|Sonja Haraldsen]], Queen of Norway\n        and wife to King [[Harald V of Norway]]\\n** [[Wolf von Lojewski]], German\n        television journalist\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Jo de Roo]], Dutch former professional\n        road racing cyclist\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]], Russian pianist\\n**\n        [[Ned Beatty]], American actor\\n** [[Ernesto Figueiredo]], Portuguese footballer\\n**\n        [[Michael Sata]], Zambian president (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Jocelyn\n        Newman]], Australian politician\\n** [[Lars-Erik Larsson (rower)|Lars-Erik\n        Larsson]], Swedish rowing coxswain\\n** [[Carroll Hubbard]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Tung Chee-hwa]], Hong Kong administrator\\n** [[Carol Nugent]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Nanami Shiono]], Japanese author and novelist\\n** [[Valery Anisimov]],\n        Soviet wrestler\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[David Hockney]], English-born artist\\n**\n        [[Josef Vacenovsk\\u00fd]], Czech football forward\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Bill\n        Cosby]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek Valo\\u0161ek]],\n        Czech football player\\n** [[Fritz Kehl]], Swiss football defender\\n** [[Lionel\n        Jospin]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 [[Ghillean Prance]],\n        British botanist and ecologist\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Yoshir\\u014d Mori]],\n        55th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Duncan MacKay (footballer)|Duncan MacKay]],\n        Scottish footballer\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Jaberi Bidandi Ssali]], Ugandan politician\n        and businessman\\n** [[Alan Hopper]], English professional footballer\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Peter Smith (footballer, born 1937)|Peter Smith]], Scottish footballer\\n**\n        [[Roald Hoffmann]], Polish-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Hunter S. Thompson]], American author and journalist  (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Ilie Datcu]], Romanian football goalkeeper\n        and coach\\n** [[Dick Hafer (comics)|Dick Hafer]], American Christian cartoonist\n        (d. 2003)\\n** [[Ken Ogata]], Japanese actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Neville Bannister]], English footballer\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Anna Dawson]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Don Galloway]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]  \\n** [[Ryutaro Hashimoto]], 53rd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Daniel McFadden]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Dustin Hoffman - 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dustin\n        Hoffman]]]]\\n[[File:Francesco Musso 1960.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Francesco Musso]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Coenraad Bron]], Dutch computer scientist (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[David Bedford]], American musician (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Herb Brooks]], American hockey coach (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Windsor]], English actress\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Dustin Hoffman]], American actor\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Alberta Nelson]],\n        American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Bounnhang Vorachith]],\n        14th Prime Minister and 6th President of Laos\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[David\n        Anderson (British Columbia politician)|David Anderson]], Canadian politician\\n**\n        [[Ian Deans]], Canadian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Alingu\\u00e9 Bawoyeu]], [[Chad]]ian politician and former Prime Minister\\n**\n        [[Willie Rushton]], English comedian and cartoonist (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August\n        20]]\\n** [[Jim Bowen]], English stand-up comedian and TV personality\\n** [[Jean-Louis\n        Petit]], French composer, conductor and organist\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Donald\n        Dewar]], [[First Minister of Scotland]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Robert Stone (novelist)|Robert\n        Stone]], American novelist\\n** [[Chuck Traynor]], American pornographer (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Gustavo Noboa]], [[President of Ecuador]]\\n* [[August 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Francesco Musso]], Italian Olympic boxer\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Kenji\n        Utsumi]], Japanese voice actor and actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Gennady Yanayev]],\n        former Soviet leader (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Alice Coltrane]],\n        American jazz harpist, organist, pianist and composer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] \\u2013 [[James Florio]], Governor of New Jersey\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Bruce McLaren]], Founder of McLaren Racing (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bobby Parker (guitarist)|Bobby Parker]], American rock musician (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Dawn_Fraser_1958.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dawn\n        Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:William Devane 1974.JPG|thumb|100px|[[William Devane]]]]\\n[[File:Fernando\n        de la R\\u00faa con bast\\u00f3n y banda de presidente.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fernando\n        de la R\\u00faa]]]]\\n[[File:Harald_Norpoth,_Bob_Schul,_Bill_Dellinger_1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bob\n        Schul]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Len Carlson]], Canadian voice actor\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Dawn Fraser]], Australian swimmer\\n**\n        [[Mikk Mikiver]], Estonian actor and director (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[William Devane]], American actor\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Kirtanananda\n        Swami]] Bhaktipada (Keith Gordon Ham), American-born [[International Society\n        for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] guru (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jo Anne\n        Worley]], American comedian\\n* [[September 7]]   \\n** [[C\\u00fcneyt Ark\\u0131n]],\n        Turkish film actor\\n** [[John Phillip Law]], American actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Tommy Overstreet]], American country singer (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Paola Ruffo di Calabria]], Italian-born\n        Queen of the Belgians\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Don Bluth]], American director,\n        producer\\n** [[Meeli S\\u00f6\\u00f6t]], Estonian actress \\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Jean-Claude Decaux]], French advertising executive (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[King\n        Curtis Iaukea]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Lucas, Jr.]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Pino Puglisi|Giuseppe Puglisi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], [[President\n        of Argentina]]\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 [[Keith Bosley]], British broadcaster,\n        poet and translator\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Orlando Cepeda]], Puerto Rican\n        baseball player\\n** [[Ilarion Ionescu-Gala\\u021bi]], Romanian conductor\\n*\n        [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Abner Haynes]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Weintraub]], American film producer and talent agent (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[September 28]] \\n** [[Rod Roddy]], American television announcer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Bob Schul]], American Olympic athlete\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Jackie\n        Collins.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Jackie Collins]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Johnnie\n        Cochran]], American attorney (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Jackie Collins]],\n        English author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Franz Vranitzky]], former [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]]\\n* [[October 5]]  \\u2013 [[Barry Switzer]], American football\n        coach\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Charlton]], English footballer\\n* [[October\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Linda Lavin]], American actress (''''Alice'''')\\n* [[October\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Paxton Whitehead]], English actor\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Juan\n        Marichal]], Dominican baseball player\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Lamarca]],\n        Brazilian military turned guerrilla leader (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n**\n        [[John Goetz]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[M.\n        Rosaria Piomelli]], born Agrisano, Italian-born American architect\\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Lenny Wilkens]], American basketball player and coach\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Tom Paxton]], American folk singer-songwriter\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Loretta\n        Swit MASH 1972.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Loretta Swit]]]]\\n[[File:Marlo Thomas - 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marlo\n        Thomas]]]]\\n[[File:NASA Journey to Mars and \\u201cThe Martian\\\" (201508180030HQ).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ridley\n        Scott]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\n** [[Bill Anderson (singer)|\\\"Whisperin''\\\"\n        Bill Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter and game show host\\n**\n        [[Witta Pohl]], German actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Earl\n        Carroll (vocalist)|Earl Carroll]], American lead vocalist for [[The Cadillacs]]\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n**[[Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)|Michael\n        Wilson]], Canadian politician and diplomat \\n** [[Loretta Swit]], American\n        actress\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Chan Sek Keong]], third [[Chief Justice of\n        Singapore]]\\n** [[Harris Yulin]], American actor\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Joe Warfield]], American actor\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Paul Foot]], British\n        journalist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Zden\\u011bk Zik\\u00e1n]],\n        Czech football player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Stephen Lewis]],\n        Canadian politician and diplomat\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**[[Little Willie John]],\n        American [[rock and roll]] and [[rhythm and blues]] singer (d. [[1968]])\\n**[[Yaphet\n        Kotto]], American actor\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Peter Cook]], English comedian\n        and writer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Manuel F\\u00e9lix L\\u00f3pez]], Ecuadorian\n        politician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Ruth Laredo]], American\n        pianist (d. 2005)\\n** [[Eero M\\u00e4ntyranta]], Finnish Olympic cross-country\n        skiier (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Ingrid Pitt]], Polish-born British\n        actress (d. [[2010]]) \\n** [[Marlo Thomas]], American actress, producer and\n        social activist\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Boris Yegorov]], Russian cosmonaut\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Ridley Scott]], British film director\n        and producer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ministru prezidenta tik%C5%A1an%C4%81s\n        ar eksprezidenti (4108711953).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vaira V\\u012b\\u0137e-Freiberga]]]]\\n[[File:Jane\n        Fonda Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jane Fonda]]]]\\n[[File:Maumoon-Abdul-Gayoom.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maumoon\n        Abdul Gayoom]]]]\\n[[File:AnthonyHopkins10TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony Hopkins]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]]\\n** [[Chuck Low]], American actor\\n** [[Vaira V\\u012b\\u0137e-Freiberga]],\n        7th [[President of Latvia]]\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Allison]], American\n        race car driver\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Ramon Torrents]], Spanish artist\\n*\n        [[December 7]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Colley]], British actor\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Bowen (artist)|Michael Bowen]], American artist (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[James MacArthur]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Arne N\\u00e6ss, Jr.]],\n        Norwegian mountaineer and businessman (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Darwin Joston]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013\n        [[Jim Harrison]], American writer\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Willie Stokes]],\n        American mobster (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Kerry Packer]],\n        Australian businessman (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Jane Fonda]],\n        American actress and social activist\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Pierluigi\n        Chicca]], Italian fencer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[John Horton\n        Conway]], mathematician\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Ratan Tata]], Indian industrialist\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]], [[President of the Maldives]]\n        (1978\\u20132008)\\n** [[Dieter Thomas Heck]], German television presenter,\n        singer and actor\\n** [[Barbara Steele]], British actress\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**\n        [[Gordon Banks]], English footballer\\n** [[John Hartford]], American musician\n        and composer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Jim Marshall (gridiron football)|Jim Marshall]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Noel Paul Stookey]], American singer ([[Peter,\n        Paul and Mary]])\\n** [[Zaldy Zshornack]], Filipino actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]]\\n** [[Avram Hershko]], Israeli biologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n** [[Anthony Hopkins]], British actor\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Cathie Jung]], owner of the smallest waist on a living\n        person (measuring just 15 in.).\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Saint\n        Andr%C3%A9 Bessette.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint [[Andr\\u00e9 Bessette]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n** [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], Indian spiritual teacher (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[John Gresham Machen]], American [[Presbyterian]] theologian (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Ross Alexander]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[January\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Paul Behncke]], German admiral (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n**\n        [[Alberto de Oliveira]], Brazilian poet (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Ernst L\\u00f6fstr\\u00f6m]],\n        Finnish general, leaders of [[World War I]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n**\n        [[Andr\\u00e9 Bessette]], Canadian religious leader and saint (b. [[1845]])\\n**\n        [[Albert Gleaves]], American admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Martin and Osa Johnson|Martin Johnson]], American adventurer and documentary\n        filmmaker (plane crash) (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\n** [[Pietro Biginelli]],\n        Italian chemist (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Georges Hilaire Bousquet]], French scholar\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Pyotr Bark]], Soviet statesman (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Richard Boleslavsky]], Polish film director\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Jaime Hilario Barbal]], Spanish [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and saint (executed) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        21]]\\n** [[Yasin al-Hashimi]], Iraqi politician and 4th [[Prime Minister of\n        Iraq]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Marie Prevost]], Canadian actress (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Orso Mario Corbino]], Italian physicist and politician\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Pedro de Jes%C3%BAs Maldonado.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint\n        [[Peter of Jesus Maldonado]]]]\\n[[File:George Hassell in Becky Sharp.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George\n        Hassell (actor)|George Hassell]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Asano Nagakoto]],\n        Japanese diplomat and politician (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Reinhold\n        Hanisch]], Austrian politician and worker (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[Lou Andreas-Salom\\u00e9]], Russian-born writer (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Nicoletti Filho]], Italian revolutionary hero (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Elihu Root]], American statesman and diplomat, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Walter Burley\n        Griffin]], American architect and town planner (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Vasily\n        Gurko]], Russian general (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Maria Luisa Josefa]], Mexican\n        [[Roman Catholic]] nun and venerable (b.  [[1866]])\\n** [[Peter of Jesus Maldonado]],\n        Mexican priest, martyr and saint (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Francisco\n        Bergam\\u00edn y Garc\\u00eda]], Spanish lawyer, economist and politician (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Vicente Vilar David]], Spanish [[Roman\n        Catholic]] priest, saint and martyr (killed in battle) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[George Hassell (actor)|George Hassell]], British actor (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[James P. Buchanan]], American politician (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]]\\n** [[Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky]], Soviet scientist and\n        botanist (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Beyene Merid]], Ethiopian military commander\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Guy Standing]], British actor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Douglas Carnegie]], British politician (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Charles\n        Donnelly (poet)|Charles Donnelly]], Irish poet (killed in battle) (b. [[1915]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Conchita\n        Cabrera de Armida2.jpg|thumb|120px|right|Blessed [[Concepcion Cabrera de Armida]]]]\\n[[File:H.\n        P. Lovecraft, June 1934.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[H. P. Lovecraft]]]]\\n* [[March\n        6]] \\u2013 [[John Ellis Martineau]], American politician (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Concepcion Cabrera de Armida]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]]\n        mystic and blessed (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Yuriy Kotsiubynsky]],\n        Soviet politician and activist (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Howie Morenz]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Paul Elmer More]],\n        American critic and essayist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Joseph\n        S. Cullinan]], American oil industrialist, founder of ''''[[Texaco]]'''' (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Julius Geppert]], German philosopher (b. [[1856]])\\n**\n        [[Jen\\u0151 Hubay]], Hungarian composer and violinist (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Charles-Marie\n        Widor]], French organist and composer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        [[H. P. Lovecraft]], American writer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Edith Clark]], French aviator and parachutist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[Austen Chamberlain]], British statesman, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March 18]] \\n** [[M\\u00e9lanie Bonis]], French\n        composer (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Felix Graf von Bothmer]], German general (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Julio Sanchez Gardel]], Argentinan dramatist\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Arthur Bern\\u00e8de]], French writer,\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Harry Vardon]], English golf professional\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Thorvald Aagaard]], Danish composer (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n** [[Alfred Dyke Acland]], British military officer (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Maksimov (actor)|Vladimir Maksimov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford]], British aviator and ornithologist (plane\n        crash) (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[John Drinkwater (playwright)|John\n        Drinkwater]], British poet and dramatist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Victor Gustav Bloede (chemist)|Victor Gustav Bloede]], Swedish chemist (b.\n        [[1849]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\u2013 [[Josef Kli\\u010dka]], Czechoslovak organist,\n        violinist and composer (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Fyodor Keneman]],\n        Soviet pianist and composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Karol Szymanowski]], Polish\n        composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Kim You-jeong]], Korean novelist (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Ahmed Izzet Pasha]], Turkish general (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Abdelhafid.jpg|thumb|120px|Sultan\n        [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]]]]\\n[[File:Lucy Beaumont.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lucy\n        Beaumont]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Nathan Birnbaum]], Austrian writer and\n        journalist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** Sultan [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]]\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Maria Teresa Casini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] nun\n        and blessed (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Jose Benlliure y Gil]],\n        Spanish painter (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Gyula Juh\\u00e1sz (poet)|Gyula\n        Juh%C3%A1sz]], Hungarian poet (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Helen\n        Burgess]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Billy Bassett]],\n        English association footballer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Ralph Ince]],\n        American film director (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar]], Indian\n        sociologist and historian (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Ned Hanlon\n        (baseball)|Ned Hanlon]], American baseball manager and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Jay Johnson Morrow]], American military\n        engineer and politician, 3rd [[Governor of the Panama Canal Zone]] (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** [[William Martin Conway]], British art critic and mountaineer\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[William Morton Wheeler]], American entomologist (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[April 20]]\\n** [[Gaston Ch\\u00e9rau]], French journalist (b. [[1872]])\\n**\n        [[Josef Ma\\u0159atka]], Czech sculptor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Saima Harmaja]], Finnish poet (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Edmund Carewe]], Armenian-American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Caroline Harris]], American actress (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Lucy Beaumont]], British actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Micha\\u0142\n        Drzyma\\u0142a]], Polish rebel (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Antonio\n        Gramsci]], Italian Communist writer and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April\n        29]] \\n** [[Wallace Carothers]], American chemist, inventor of nylon (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[William Gillette]], American actor (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:NoelRosa.gif|thumb|110px|[[Noel\n        Rosa]]]]\\n[[File:John D. Rockefeller 1885.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John D. Rockefeller]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Snitz Edwards]], Hungarian actor (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Herbert\n        Hughes (composer)|Herbert Hughes]], Irish composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Takuji Iwasaki]], Japanese meteologist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Noel Rosa]], Brazilian songwriter (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 5]]\\n**\n        [[Camillo Berneri]], Italian philosopher and anarchist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[C.K.G.\n        Billings]], American horseman (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Ernst A.\n        Lehmann]], German captain of the  ''''[[LZ 129 Hindenburg|Hindenburg]]''''\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Harry Barton (architect)|Harry Barton]],\n        American architect (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Maurice Conner]], Canadian politician\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[James Blindell]], British politician\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Afonso Costa]], Prime Minister of Portugal\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Percy Lee Gassaway]], American politician\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[John D. Rockefeller]], American industrialist\n        and philanthropist (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Luis F. \\u00c1lvarez]],\n        Spanish physician (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Francis Bird (architect)|Francis Bird]],\n        Australian architect  (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Henry Ossawa Tanner]],\n        American artist (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Bertha May Crawford]],\n        Canadian opera singer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Adler]],\n        Austrian psychologist (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jean Harlow 1937.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Jean\n        Harlow]]]]\\n[[File:Borden-sm.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Robert Borden|Robert\n        Laird Borden]]]]\\n[[File:Gaston Doumergue.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Gaston Doumergue]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        Matthew Barrie00.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[J. M. Barrie]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Louis Vierne]], French composer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Hugo Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish public servant and politician (b. [[1845]])\\n** [[Emilio Mola]], Spanish\n        Nationalist commander (plane crash) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Fernand\n        Cabrol]], French theologian (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Keke Geladze]], mother of\n        [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Leader of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Jean Harlow]], American actress (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n**\n        [[Jane Foss Barff]], American activist (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Robert Borden]],\n        Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1854]])\\n**\n        [[Malcolm Williams (actor)|Malcolm Williams]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], Soviet Army officer and Red Army\n        commander-in-chief (executed) (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Alexander\n        Chervyakov]], [[Leader of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 18]]\\n**\n        [[Pierre Bodard]], French painter (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Gaston Doumergue]],\n        60th [[Prime Minister of France]] and 13th [[President of France]] (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[J. M. Barrie]], British novelist and dramatist (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Andreu Nin P\\u00e9rez]], Spanish politician (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]]\\n** [[Colin Clive]], British actor (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Marta Cunningham]],\n        American opera singer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Minoru Murata]],\n        Japanese actor, director and screenwriter (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Sandro Akhmeteli]], Soviet director (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:George\n        Gershwin 1937.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George Gershwin]]]]\\n[[File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Guglielmo\n        Marconi]]]]\\n[[File:Nazzareno Formosa.jpg|thumb|120px|Reverend [[Nazzareno\n        Formosa]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ilya Garkavyi]], Soviet general (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Matvei Vasilenko]], Soviet komkor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Amelia\n        Earhart]], American aviator (missing on this date) (b. [[1897]]) \\n* [[July\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Boris Gorbachyov]], Soviet general (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n**\n        [[Bohdan Ihor Antonych]], Soviet poet (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Ernesto Badini]],\n        Italian opera singer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[William H. Carlton]],\n        American developer and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[\\u00c5ke Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish diplomat and lawyer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Oliver Law]],\n        American labor organizer and Army officer (killed in Spanish Civil War) (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[George Gershwin]], American composer (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Rodrigues Ottolengui]], American writer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Mykhailo Boychuk]], Soviet painter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Victor Laloux]],\n        French architect (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Julius Meier]], American\n        businessman and politician (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Joseph Taylor Robinson]], American\n        politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Walter Gay]], American painter\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Vladimir Kirillov]], Soviet poet (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Percy Gardner]], British archaeologist (b.\n        [[1846]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Julian Bell]], British poet (killed in Spanish\n        Civil War) (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Grigol Giorgadze]], Soviet historian, jurist\n        and politician (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Guglielmo Marconi]],\n        Italian-born inventor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Nazzareno Formosa]],\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] priest and reverend (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Paolo\n        Iashvili]], Soviet poet (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Varnava, Serbian\n        Patriarch]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[No\\u00eb Bloch]], Soviet\n        producer (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Alexander Hotovitsky.jpg|thumb|100px|Saint\n        [[Alexander Hotovitzky]]]]\\n[[File:Christos Christovasilis.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christos\n        Christovasilis]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Jean Louis Conneau]], French aviator\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Adeodato Barreto]], Portuguese poet (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n** [[F. C. S. Schiller]], German-British philosopher (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Martin R\\u00e1zus]], Czechoslovakian poet, writer and\n        politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Na Woon-gyu]], Korean actor,\n        director and screenwriter (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Edith Wharton]],\n        American writer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Sigizmund Levanevsky]],\n        Soviet aircraft pilot (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Alexander Hotovitzky]],\n        Soviet priest, missionary and saint (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Asaichi Isobe]], Japanese\n        army officer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Ivan Kataev]], Soviet novelist and writer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Owen Burns]], American entrepreneur (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n** [[Gelegdorjiin Demid]], Soviet political military figure (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Gervase Beckett]], British politician\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Christos Christovasilis]], Greek journalist\n        and author (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Andrew W. Mellon]], American\n        banker and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[August 30]]\\n**\n        [[Gaetano Bisleti]], Italian cardinal (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Tom\\u00e1s Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Garcia Rosado]], Portuguese general (b. [[1854]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Pierre\n        de Coubertin Anefo2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pierre de Coubertin]]]]\\n[[File:Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1\n        Garrigue Masaryk 1925.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk]]]]\\n[[File:Ray\n        Ewry 1908b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ray Ewry]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Virendranath\n        Chattopadhyaya]], Indian revolutionary hero (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Pierre de\n        Coubertin]], 2nd [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b.\n        [[1863]])\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Fran\\u00e7ois Guiguet]], French painter\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Daniel Alexander Cameron]], Canadian\n        politician (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Juan Campisteguy]], Uruguayan lawyer, soldier\n        and 25th [[President of Uruguay]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013\n        [[David Hendricks Bergey]], American bacteriologist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Harry Charles Purvis Bell]], British civil servant and commissioner\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Frank Alexander (actor)|Frank Alexander]],\n        American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** [[Moritz Geiger]], German\n        philosopher (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[G\\u00e9za Horv\\u00e1th]], Hungarian doctor\n        and entomologist (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Nazmi Ziya G\\u00fcran]],\n        Turkish painter (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Ellis Parker Butler]],\n        American humorist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161\n        Garrigue Masaryk]], Czechoslovakian politician, sociologist and philosopher,\n        1st [[President of Czechoslovakia]] (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Anders Bundgaard]], Danish sculptor (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Clifford Heatherley]],\n        British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Maksymilian Horwitz]],\n        Polish movement (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Lev Karakhan]], Soviet revolutionary hero\n        and diplomat (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Osgood Perkins]],\n        American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Roland]], American\n        actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Bessie Smith]], American\n        blues singer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Ray Ewry]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kuni Taka.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Prince\n        Kuni Taka]]]]\\n[[File:PeterPol.jpg|thumb|120px|Metropolitan [[Peter of Krutitsy]]]]\\n[[File:Ernest\n        Rutherford LOC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ernest Rutherford]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Prince Kuni Taka]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[October 3]] \\n** [[Baden Baden-Powell]],\n        American aviator pioneer (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Richard Hertwig]], German zoologist\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Angelo Musco (actor)|Angelo Musco]],\n        Italian actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[August de Boeck]], Flemish\n        composer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Peter of Krutitsy]], Soviet\n        [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and metropolitan (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kazimierz Novak]], Polish traveller (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Salvatore Micalizzi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable\n        (b.  [[1856]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[James Marcus (American actor)|James\n        Marcus]], American actor (b.  [[1867]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Jean de\n        Brunhoff]], French writer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[J. Bruce Ismay]],\n        British businessman (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio Parreiras]], Brazilian\n        painter and illustrator (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Pedro Chutro]],\n        Argentine physician (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Ernest Rutherford]], New Zealand physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nikolai Klyuev]], Soviet poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Dowbor-Mu\\u015bnicki]], Polish general (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October\n        27]]\\n** [[Joseph-F\\u00e9lix Bouchor]], French painter (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Abdul\n        Karim Khan]], Indian classical singer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Kazimierz Cichowski]], Polish-born Soviet politician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Mendel Khatayevich]], Soviet politician (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Ivan\n        Zhukov]], Soviet politician (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ramsay\n        MacDonald ggbain 35734.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ramsay MacDonald]]]]\\n[[File:JosephPetrovikh.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Metropolitan\n        Joseph (Petrovykh)]]]]\\n[[File:Professor Alexandr Glagolev.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint\n        [[Aleksandr Glagolev]]]]\\n[[File:Genden.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peljidiin Genden]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Ivar Bauck]], Norwegian general (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November\n        2]] \\u2013 [[F\\u00e9lix Gaffiot]], French philologist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November\n        4]]\\n** [[William Bennett (English politician)|William Bennett]], British\n        politician (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Alfred Walter Campbell]], Australian neurologist\n        (b.  [[1868]])\\n** [[Gustav Gartner]], Austrian pathologist (b. [[1855]])\\n**\n        [[Emil Hassler]], Swiss physician and botanist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Naoe Kinoshita]], Japanese Christian socialist (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Johnston Forbes-Robertson]], British stage actor (b.\n        [[1853]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Francis de Croisset]], Belgian-born French\n        playwright (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Ramsay MacDonald]], British\n        statesman, 2-time [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Nikolai Batalov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Ury\\u016b Sotokichi]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Mrs. Leslie Carter]] (Caroline Louise Dudley), American\n        actress  (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Prince Alexander of Hesse\n        and by Rhine (1933-1937)|Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]] (b. [[1933]])\\n**\n        [[N\\u00e9m\\u00e8se Garneau]], Canadian politician (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[November\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Jack Worrall]], Australian cricketer and coach (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Metropolitan Joseph (Petrovykh)]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Mikl\\u00f3s Kov\\u00e1cs (poet)|Mikl\\u00f3s Kov\\u00e1cs]],\n        Hungarian-born Yugoslav poet (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]],\n        Indian physicist (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[George Albert Boulenger]], Belgian naturalist\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Aleksandr Glagolev]], Russian [[Orthodox\n        priest]], religious philosopher and saint (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Alessandro Padoa]],\n        Italian mathematician (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Raymond Stanton Patton]], American\n        admiral and engineer, second Director of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic\n        Survey]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Peljidiin Genden]], Mongolian\n        political figure, 9th [[Prime Minister of Mongolia]] and 2nd [[President of\n        Mongolia]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Vsevolod Balitsky]], [[Leader\n        of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Eero Haapalainen]], Finnish Communist\n        leader and activist (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Felix Hamrin]], 22nd Prime Minister\n        of Sweden (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Vasyl Lypkivsky]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]]\n        and metropolitan (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Weinberg]], German physician\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Magn\\u00fas Gu\\u00f0mundsson]],\n        Icelandic politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Prosper\n        poullet.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prosper Poullet]]]]\\n[[File:Calugareanu.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dimitrie\n        C\\u0103lug\\u0103reanu]]]]\\n[[File:Maurice Ravel 1925.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maurice\n        Ravel]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Josep Comas i Sol\\u00e0]], Andorran astronomer\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Attila J\\u00f3zsef]], Hungarian poet\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Prosper Poullet]], Belgian politician, 26th [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Lewis (actor)|Ralph\n        Lewis]], American actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Hans Molisch]],\n        Czech-Austrian botanist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Lilias Armstrong]],\n        British phonetician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Gustaf Dal\\u00e9n]], Swedish physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Robert Bolder]], British actor (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[December 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Alfred Abel]], German actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Fabi\\u00e1n de la Rosa]], Filipino painter (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Giorgi Mazniashvili]], Soviet general (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Dimitrie C\\u0103lug\\u0103reanu]], Romanian physician, naturalist\n        and physiology (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Robert Worth Bingham]],\n        American politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Erich Ludendorff]],\n        German general (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Meliton Balanchivadze]],\n        Soviet composer (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Ted Healy]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Frank B. Kellogg]], [[United States Secretary of State]], recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Osman Nuri\n        Had\\u017ei\\u0107]], Yugoslav writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Newton D. Baker]], [[United States Secretary of War]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December\n        28]] \\n** [[Herbert Bullmore]], Scottish Rugby Union international, grandfather\n        of [[Kerry Packer]] (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Maurice Ravel]], French composer (''''Bolero'''')\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Frederik Beichmann]], Norwegian jurist\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Don Marquis]], American poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Hans Niels Andersen]], Danish businessman, founder of the [[East\n        Asiatic Company]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Dezs\\u0151 Czig\\u00e1ny]],\n        Hungarian painter (b. [[1883]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Clinton Joseph Davisson]], [[George\n        Paget Thomson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Haworth]], [[Paul Karrer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Albert Szent-Gy\\u00f6rgyi|Albert von Szent-Gy\\u00f6rgyi\n        Nagyrapolt]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Roger Martin\n        du Gard]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount\n        Cecil of Chelwood|Robert Cecil]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Links==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n*\n        [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1937-wwii-timeline.htm 1937 WWII\n        Timeline] \\n*[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1937/1937fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1937] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1937}}\\n[[Category:1937| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T17:31:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":799757258,\"length\":73865,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937\"},\"19283852\":{\"pageid\":19283852,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1938\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T18:24:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1938|the EP by Soul-Junk|1938 (EP)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1938}}\\n{{Year nav|1938}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1938}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg|thumb|95px|right|\n        [[January 20]]: [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]]]]\\n[[File:BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg|thumb|130px|right|\n        [[January 16]]: [[Benny Goodman]] in New York City]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        The [[California Golden Bears football#Bowl history|California Golden Bears]]\n        defeat the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 1938 Rose Bowl with a final score 13-0.\\n**\n        The Company 1938 OEM Industrial Groups is officially registered.\\n** The [[Constitution\n        of Estonia#Third Constitution (de facto 1938\\u20131940, de jure 1938\\u20131992)|new\n        constitution]] of [[Estonia]] enters into force, which many consider to be\n        the ending of the [[Era of Silence]] and the authoritarian regime.\\n** Sir\n        [[Alexander Cadogan]] succeeds Sir [[Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart|Robert\n        Vansittart]] as permanent under-secretary at the British Foreign Office; Vansittart\n        is \\\"kicked upstairs\\\" by being given the new and unimportant office of Chief\n        Diplomatic Advisor to the Government.\\n** The ''''[[Merrie Melodies]]''''\n        cartoon short ''''[[Daffy Duck & Egghead]]'''' is released, being the first\n        cartoon to give [[Daffy Duck]] his continuing name, as well as his second\n        appearance.\\n** Creation of [[state-owned enterprise|state-owned]] [[railroad]]\n        networks by merger in [[France]] ([[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Nationale des Chemins\n        de fer Fran\\u00e7ais]] – SNCF) and the [[Netherlands]] ([[Nederlandse\n        Spoorwegen]] – NS).{{cite web|title=Nederlandse Spoorwegen|url=http://nols-maatschappij.info/Exploitanten/Nederlandse-spoorwegen.htm|date=2011-06-12|accessdate=2011-12-27}}\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – The [[March of Dimes]] is established as a foundation\n        to combat infant [[polio]] by President of the United States [[Franklin D.\n        Roosevelt]].\\n* [[January 12]] – The German War Minister Field Marshal\n        [[Werner von Blomberg]] marries Eva Gruhn in Berlin; [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        is best man at the wedding.\\n* [[January 16]] – Two landmark live [[sound\n        recording]]s are produced this day: the very first of [[Symphony No. 9 (Mahler)|Mahler''s\n        Ninth]] by the [[Vienna Philharmonic]] under [[Bruno Walter]] in the face\n        of [[Anschluss|dire circumstance]]; and [[Benny Goodman]] and his orchestra\n        become the first jazz musicians to [[The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert|headline\n        a concert]] at [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York City.\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        King [[Farouk of Egypt]] marries Safinaz Zulficar, who becomes [[Farida of\n        Egypt|Queen Farida]], in [[Cairo]].\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Thornton Wilder]]''s\n        play ''''[[Our Town]]'''' is performed for the first time anywhere in [[Princeton,\n        New Jersey]]. It premieres in New York City on February 4.\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – A brilliant [[aurora borealis]] described variously as \\\"a curtain\n        of fire\\\" and a \\\"huge blood-red beam of light\\\" startles people across Europe\n        and is visible as far south as [[Gibraltar]].\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** The Niagara\n        Bridge at [[Niagara Falls, New York]] collapses due to an ice jam.\\n** German\n        War Minister Field Marshal [[Werner von Blomberg]] resigns following the revelation\n        that his new wife had previously posed for pornographic photos.\\n* [[January\n        28]] – The first [[ski tow]] in America begins operation in [[Vermont]].\\n[[File:Niagara\n        Falls, New York from Skylon Tower.jpg|thumb|200px|right| [[January 27]]: [[Niagara\n        Falls|Niagara Bridge]] collapses in ice.]]\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] abolishes the War Ministry and creates the [[Oberkommando\n        der Wehrmacht]] (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control\n        of the German military. In addition, Hitler dismisses political and military\n        leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General [[Werner\n        von Fritsch]] is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army\n        following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General [[Walther\n        von Brauchitsch]]. Foreign Minister Baron [[Konstantin von Neurath]] is dismissed\n        and replaced by [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]].\\n** Walt Disney''s ''''[[Snow\n        White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'''',\n        the first [[cel]]-animated feature in motion picture history, is released\n        in the United States following a premiere the previous year.\\n* [[February\n        6]] – Black Sunday at [[Bondi Beach]], [[Sydney]], Australia: 300 swimmers\n        are dragged out to sea in 3 freak waves; 80 [[lifesaving|lifesavers]] save\n        all but 5.\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Carol II of Romania]] takes dictatorial\n        powers.\\n* [[February 12]] – Chancellor [[Kurt von Schuschnigg]] of\n        Austria meets [[Adolf Hitler]] at [[Berchtesgaden]] and, under threat of invasion,\n        is forced to yield to German demands for greater [[Nazi]] participation in\n        the Austrian government.\\n* [[February 14]] – The British naval base\n        at [[Singapore]] begins operations.\\n* [[February 20]] – Sir [[Anthony\n        Eden]] resigns as British Foreign Secretary following major disagreements\n        with Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] over the best policy to follow\n        in regards to Italy, and is succeeded by [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord\n        Halifax]].\\n* [[February 24]] – A [[nylon]] bristle [[toothbrush]] becomes\n        the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** The [[Santa Ana River]] in [[California]] spills over its\n        banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County and causing\n        trouble as far inland as Palm Springs.{{cite web|title=Daily Pilot -\n        Serving Newport Beach & Costa Mesa, California |url=http://dailypilot.com/articles/2009/05/17/topstory/dpt-alookback051709.txt\n        |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gujSnck0?url=http://dailypilot.com/articles/2009/05/17/topstory/dpt-alookback051709.txt\n        |archivedate=May 20, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-05-18 |df=mdy }}\\n**\n        [[Petroleum|Oil]] is discovered in [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n** Sir [[Nevile Henderson]],\n        British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international\n        consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading\n        role) in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her\n        frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer.\\n* [[March 12]] – ''''[[Anschluss]]:''''\n        German troops occupy Austria; annexation is declared the following day.\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – French Premier [[L\\u00e9on Blum]] reassures the Czechoslovak\n        government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        in event of German invasion.\\n* [[March 15]] – Soviet Union announces\n        officially that [[Nikolai Bukharin]] has been executed.\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        Poland [[1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania|presents an ultimatum]] to [[Lithuania]],\n        to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the [[Vilnius\n        Region]].\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned [[Petroleum|oil]]\n        properties within its borders.\\n** General [[Werner von Fritsch]] is acquitted\n        of charges of homosexuality at his court-martial.\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        Italian mathematician [[Ettore Majorana]] disappears suddenly under mysterious\n        circumstances while travelling by ship from [[Palermo]] to [[Naples]].\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – At a meeting with [[Hitler]] in Berlin [[Konrad Henlein]]\n        is instructed to make increasing demands concerning the status of the [[Sudetenland]]\n        but to avoid reaching an agreement with the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]]\n        authorities.\\n* [[March 30]] – Italy''s ''''[[Duce]]'''' [[Benito Mussolini]]\n        is granted equal power over the Italian military to that of King [[Victor\n        Emmanuel III]] as [[First Marshal of the Empire]] held exclusively by Victor\n        Emmanuel and Mussolini.\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard\n        Daladier]] becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister\n        a leading advocate of the policy of [[appeasement]], [[Georges Bonnet]], effectively\n        negating Blum''s reassurances of March 14.\\n** In a result that astonished\n        even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approved [[Anschluss]]\n        by an overwhelming 99.73%.\\n* [[April 16]] – London and Rome sign an\n        agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia in return\n        for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its troops from Spain at the conclusion\n        of the civil war there.\\n* [[April 18]] – First appearance of [[Superman]]\n        (as a backup story), in ''''Action Comics'''' #1 (cover date June). The date\n        is established in court documents released during the legal battle over the\n        rights to Superman.\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Konstantin P\\u00e4ts]] becomes\n        the first [[President of Estonia]].\\n* [[April 25]] – ''''[[Erie Railroad\n        Co. v. Tompkins]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] overturns a century of federal\n        common law.\\n* [[April 28]] – The towns of [[Dana, Massachusetts|Dana]],\n        [[Enfield, Massachusetts|Enfield]], [[Greenwich, Massachusetts|Greenwich]],\n        and [[Prescott, Massachusetts|Prescott]] in [[Massachusetts]] are disincorporated\n        to make way for the [[Quabbin Reservoir]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 5]]\\n**\n        The [[Holy See|Vatican]] recognizes [[Francisco Franco]]''s government in\n        Spain.\\n** General [[Ludwig Beck]], Chief of the German Army''s General Staff,\n        submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing ''''[[Fall Gr\\u00fcn (Czechoslovakia)|Fall\n        Gr\\u00fcn]]'''' (Case Green), the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under\n        the grounds that Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result\n        from such an attack.\\n* [[May 12]] – U.S. Secretary of State [[Cordell\n        Hull]] rejects the Soviet Union''s offer of a joint defence pact to counter\n        the rise of Nazi Germany.\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Chile]] withdraws from the\n        [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[May 17]] – ''''[[Information Please]]''''\n        debuts on [[NBC Radio]] in the United States.\\n* [[May 19]] – [[May\n        Crisis 1938|May Crisis]] begins when [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] intelligence\n        receives reports of menacing [[Germany|German]] military concentrations. (It\n        later appears the reports are false.)\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        orders a partial mobilization of its armed forces along the German border.\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in a village in [[Okayama]],\n        [[Japan]], in the [[Tsuyama massacre]], the world''s worst [[spree killing]]\n        by an individual until 1982.\\n* [[May 23]] – No evidence of German troop\n        movements against [[Czechoslovakia]] is found and [[May Crisis 1938|May Crisis]]\n        subsides. [[Germany]] is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the\n        face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity but the\n        issue of the future of the [[Sudetenland]] is far from resolved.\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Alicante]] is [[Bombing of Alicante|bombed\n        by fascist rebels]], resulting in 313 deaths.\\n** The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        ambassador to the United States, A. A. Troyanovsky, declares Moscow ready\n        to defend [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n**[[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti]],\n        a notable sports venue in [[Argentina]], officially opens in [[Buenos Aires]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[May 28]] – In a conference at the [[Reich\n        Chancellery]], [[Hitler]] declares his decision to destroy [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Hitler]] issues a revised directive for ''''[[Fall Gr\\u00fcn\n        (Czechoslovakia)|Fall Gr\\u00fcn]]'''' (\\\"Case Green\\\") - the invasion of [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        - to be carried out by 1 October 1938.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June 5]] & [[June\n        7|7]] – [[1938 Yellow River flood]], created by the [[Nationalist government]]\n        in central [[China]] breaching embankments during the early stage of the [[Second\n        Sino-Japanese War]] in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of Japanese forces.\n        The floods kill at least 400,000, cover and destroy thousands of square kilometers\n        of farmland and shifts the mouth of the [[Yellow River]] hundreds of kilometers\n        to the south.\\n* [[June 11]] – Fire destroys 214 buildings in [[Ludza]],\n        [[Latvia]].\\n* [[June 15]] – [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 B\\u00edr\\u00f3]] patents\n        the [[ballpoint pen]] in Britain.\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Italy national\n        football team|Italy]] beats [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] 4\\u20132\n        to win the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938 World Cup]].\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Heavyweight]] [[boxing]] champion [[Joe Louis]] knocks out [[Max Schmeling]]\n        in the first round of their rematch at [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** The [[Civil Aeronautics Act]] is signed\n        into law, forming the [[Civil Aeronautics Authority]] as an independent agency\n        in the United States with effect from August 22.\\n** [[Marineland of Florida|Marineland]]\n        opens near [[St. Augustine, Florida]].\\n* [[June 24]] – A {{convert|sp=us|450|MT|ST|0|lk=on|adj=on}}\n        [[meteorite]] explodes about {{convert|sp=us|12|mi|km|0}} above the earth\n        near [[Chicora, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[June 25]] – Dr. [[Douglas Hyde]]\n        is elected the first [[President of Ireland]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n* July –\n        The [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] is built in Austria.\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[South African Press Association]] is established with offices in [[Cape\n        Town]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Durban]], [[Bloemfontein]] and [[Pretoria]].\\n*\n        [[July 3]]\\n** The [[steam locomotive]] ''''[[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|Mallard]]''''\n        sets the world speed record for steam by reaching 125.88 mph on the [[London\n        and North Eastern Railway]].\\n** The last reunion of the Blue and [[Confederate\n        States of America|Gray]] commemorates the 75th anniversary of the [[Battle\n        of Gettysburg]] in [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[July 5]] – The\n        [[Non-Intervention Committee]] reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign\n        volunteers from the [[Spanish Civil War]]. The agreement is respected by most\n        [[International Brigades|Republican foreign volunteers]], notably by those\n        from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany\n        and Italy.\\n* [[July 6]] – The [[Evian Conference|Evian Conference on\n        Refugees]] is convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept\n        Jews fleeing persecution and the United States will only take 27,370.\\n* [[July\n        14]] – [[Howard Hughes]] sets a new record by completing a 91-hour [[airplane]]\n        flight around the world.\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Wrong Way Corrigan]] takes\n        off from New York, ostensibly heading for California.  He lands in Ireland\n        instead.\\n* [[July 22]] – Britain rejected a proposal from its ambassador\n        in Berlin, [[Nevile Henderson]], for a four power summit on Czechoslovakia\n        consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R.  London would under\n        no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.\\n* [[July 24]]\n        – First ascent of the [[Eiger]] north face.\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** A [[1938\n        Greek coup d''\\u00e9tat attempt|revolt against]] the [[Ioannis Metaxas]] dictatorship\n        is put down in [[Chania]], Greece.\\n** ''''[[Hawaii Clipper]]'''' disappears\n        with six passengers and nine crew en route from [[Guam]] to [[Manila]].\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – The first ever issue of ''''[[The Beano]]'''' children''s\n        comic is published in Britain.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n*August – In the face\n        of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] withdraws\n        his government to [[Chungking]].\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Lord Runciman]],\n        sent by [[Neville Chamberlain]], arrives in [[Prague]] on his [[Runciman Mission|Mission]]\n        of mediation in the [[Sudetenland]] dispute.\\n* [[August 10]] – At a\n        secret summit with his leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck''s arguments\n        against ''''Fall Gr\\u00fcn'''', winning the majority of his senior officers\n        over to his point of view.\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** The [[Thousand Islands Bridge]],\n        connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by U.S. President [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]].\\n** Colonel General [[Ludwig Beck]], convinced that [[Hitler]]''s\n        decision to attack [[Czechoslovakia]] will lead to a general European war,\n        resigns his position as Chief of the Army General Staff in protest.\\n** [[Ewald\n        von Kleist-Schmenzin]] arrives in London looking for British support for an\n        anti-Nazi ''''putsch'''', using the looming crisis over the [[Sudetenland]]\n        as a pretext. His private mission is dismissed by [[Neville Chamberlain]]\n        as unimportant (Chamberlain refers to von Kleist as a \\\"Jacobite\\\"), but he\n        finds a sympathetic if powerless audience in [[Winston Churchill]].\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Hitler]], hosting a dinner on board the ocean liner ''''Patria''''\n        in [[Kiel Bay]], tells the Regent of Hungary, [[Admiral Horthy]], that action\n        against [[Czechoslovakia]] is imminent and that \\\"he who wants to sit at the\n        table must at least help in the kitchen\\\", a reference to Horthy''s designs\n        on [[Carpathian Ruthenia]].\\n* [[August 27]] – General Beck leaves office\n        as Chief of the General Staff; he is replaced by General [[Franz Halder]].\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[Lord Runciman]]''s mission to mitigate the [[Sudetenland]]\n        crisis begins to break down. British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]]\n        recalls the British Ambassador [[Nevile Henderson]] from Berlin, to instruct\n        Henderson to set up a personal meeting between Chamberlain and [[Hitler]].\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Winston Churchill]], still believing France and Britain\n        mean to honor their promises to defend [[Czechoslovakia]] against [[Nazi]]\n        aggression, suggests in a personal note to [[Neville Chamberlain]] that His\n        Majesty''s Government may want to set up a broad international alliance including\n        the United States (specifically mentioning U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        as possibly receptive to the idea) and the Soviet Union.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        September – The European crisis over German demands for annexation of\n        the [[Sudetenland|Sudeten]] borderland of [[Czechoslovakia]] heats up.\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – Soviet Ambassador to Britain [[Ivan Maisky]] calls\n        on [[Winston Churchill]], to tell him that Soviet Foreign Commissar [[Maxim\n        Litvinov]] has expressed to the French charg\\u00e9 d''affaires in Moscow that\n        the Soviet Union is willing to fight over the territorial integrity of [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – During the ceremony marking the unveiling of a plaque\n        at Pointe de Grave, France celebrating Franco-American friendship, American\n        Ambassador [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.|William Bullitt]] in a speech\n        states, \\\"France and the United States were united in war and peace\\\", leading\n        to much speculation in the press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia,\n        then the United States would join the war on the Allied side.\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Czechoslovakia]]n President [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]] invites mid-level\n        representatives of the [[Sudeten Germans]] to the [[Hrad\\u010dany]] palace,\n        to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the\n        [[Sudetenland]] remains part of the [[Republic of Czechoslovakia]].\\n* [[September\n        6]] – What eventually proves to be the last of the \\\"[[Nuremberg Rallies]]\\\"\n        begins. It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed [[Hitler]],\n        in his closing remarks, will signal whether there will be peace with or war\n        over [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n* [[September 7]] – ''''[[The Times]]''''\n        publishes a lead article which calls on [[Czechoslovakia]] to cede the [[Sudetenland]]\n        to Germany.\\n* [[September 9]] – U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt''s speech at a press conference\n        at the White House. Roosevelt states it is \\\"100% wrong\\\" the U.S. would join\n        a \\\"stop-Hitler bloc\\\" under any circumstances and makes it quite clear that\n        in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the U.S. would remain\n        neutral.\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]], in a speech\n        at [[Nuremberg]], calls the [[Czechs]] a \\\"miserable pygmy race\\\" who are\n        \\\"harassing the human race.\\\" That same evening, [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]], President\n        of [[Czechoslovakia]], makes a broadcast in which he appeals for calm.\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Hitler]] makes his much-anticipated closing address\n        at [[Nuremberg]], in which he vehemently attacks the [[Czechs|Czech]] people\n        and President [[Bene\\u0161]]. American news commentator [[H. V. Kaltenborn|Hans\n        von Kaltenborn]] begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the\n        [[CBS]] Radio Network with a summation of Hitler''s address.\\n* [[September\n        13]] – The followers of [[Konrad Henlein]] begin an armed revolt against\n        the Czechoslovak government in [[Sudetenland]]. Martial law is declared and\n        after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored. [[Neville\n        Chamberlain]] personally sends a telegram to [[Hitler]] urgently requesting\n        that they both meet.\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Neville Chamberlain]] arrives\n        in [[Berchtesgaden]] to begin negotiations with [[Hitler]] over the [[Sudetenland]].\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Lord Runciman]] is recalled to London from [[Prague]]\n        in order to brief the British government on the situation in the [[Sudetenland]].\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Neville Chamberlain]] returns temporarily to London\n        to confer with his cabinet. The U.S.S.R. [[Red Army]] masses along the Ukrainian\n        frontier. Rumania agrees to allow Soviet soldiers free passage across her\n        territory to defend Czechoslovakia.\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**During a meeting\n        between [[Neville Chamberlain]], the recently elected Premier of France, [[\\u00c9douard\n        Daladier]], and Daladier''s Foreign Minister, [[Georges Bonnet]], it becomes\n        apparent neither the British nor the French governments are prepared to go\n        to war over the [[Sudetenland]]. The [[Soviet Union]] declares it will come\n        to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to\n        defend Czechoslovak independence.\\n**Mussolini makes a speech in Trieste,\n        Italy where he indicates that Italy is supporting Germany in the Sudeten crisis.\\n*\n        [[September 21]]\\n** In the early hours of the day, representatives of the\n        French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]]\n        to tell him France and Britain will not fight [[Hitler]] if he decides to\n        annex the [[Sudetenland]] by force. Late in the afternoon the Czechoslovak\n        government capitulates to the French and British demands.\\n** [[Winston Churchill]]\n        warns of grave consequences to European security if [[Czechoslovakia]] is\n        partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar [[Maxim Litvinov]] makes\n        a similar statement in the [[League of Nations]].\\n** The [[1938 New England\n        hurricane]] strikes [[Long Island]] and southern New England, killing over\n        300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether.\\n** Following the\n        capitulation of the Czech government to Germany''s demands, both Poland and\n        Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside.\\n*\n        [[September 22]]\\n** Unable to survive the previous day''s capitulation to\n        the demands of the English and French governments, Czechoslovak premier [[Milan\n        Hod\\u017ea]] resigns. General [[Jan Syrov\\u00fd]] takes his place.\\n** [[Neville\n        Chamberlain]] arrives in the city of [[Bad Godesberg]] for another round of\n        talks with [[Hitler]] over the [[Sudetenland]] crisis. Hitler raises his demands\n        to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1. That\n        night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and advises\n        the Czechoslovaks to mobilize.\\n** [[Olsen and Johnson]]''s musical comedy\n        revue ''''[[Hellzapoppin (musical)|Hellzapoppin]]'''' begins its 3-year run\n        on Broadway.\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** The Czechoslovak army mobilizes.\\n**\n        As the Polish army masses along the Czech border the [[Soviet Union]] warns\n        Poland if it crosses the Czech frontier Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression\n        pact between the two countries void.\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** Sir [[Eric Phipps]],\n        British Ambassador to France, reports to London, \\\"all that is best in France\n        is against war, almost at any price\\\", being opposed only by a \\\"small, but\n        noisy and corrupt, war group\\\". Phipps''s report creates major doubts about\n        the ability and/or willingness of France to go to war.\\n** At 1:30 AM, [[Adolf\n        Hitler]] and [[Neville Chamberlain]] conclude their talks on the [[Sudetenland]].\n        Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler''s demands, codified in the [[Godesberg\n        Memorandum]], personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects\n        the demands, as does Chamberlain''s own cabinet. The French Government also\n        initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilization of the French\n        army.\\n* [[September 26]] – In a vitriolic speech at Berlin''s Sportpalast,\n        Hitler defies the world and implies war with [[Czechoslovakia]] will begin\n        at any time.\\n* [[September 28]] – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline\n        for occupation of the [[Sudetenland]] approaches, [[Adolf Hitler]] invites\n        Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier and British\n        Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] to one last conference in [[Munich]].\n        The Czechs themselves are not invited.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** Colonel [[Graham\n        Christie]], former British military attach\\u00e9 in Berlin, is told by [[Carl\n        Friedrich Goerdeler]] that the mobilization of the [[Royal Navy]] has badly\n        damaged the popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that\n        ''''[[Fall Gr\\u00fcn (Czechoslovakia)|Fall Gr\\u00fcn]]'''' is likely to cause\n        a world war.\\n** [[Munich Agreement]]: German, Italian, British and French\n        leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the [[Sudetenland]]\n        in [[Czechoslovakia]]. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from\n        the negotiations and is not a signatory to the agreement.\\n** The [[Republic\n        of Hatay]] is declared in [[Syria]]\\n* [[September 30]] – Neville Chamberlain\n        returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler and declares \\\"[[Peace for\n        our time]]\\\".\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* October – The [[Imperial Japanese\n        Army]] largely overruns [[Guangzhou|Canton]].\\n* [[October 1]] – German\n        troops march into the [[Sudetenland]]. The Polish government gives the Czech\n        government an ultimatum stating that [[Zaolzie]] region must be handed over\n        within twenty-four hours. The Czechs have little choice but to comply. Polish\n        forces occupy Zaolzie.\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[1938 Tiberias massacre|Tiberias\n        massacre]]: Arab raiders murder 19 Jewish immigrants.\\n** Disgusted with [[Neville\n        Chamberlain]]''s conduct at Munich, [[Duff Cooper]] resigns his post as [[First\n        Lord of the Admiralty]]. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the\n        [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] on the [[Munich Agreement]], but with\n        Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty''s\n        Government will receive a vote of confidence.\\n* [[October 3]] – Production\n        of the Jefferson nickel begins in the United States, replacing the Buffalo\n        nickel (last struck in April). The new nickel is released on November 15.Bowers,\n        Q. David (2007). ''''A Guide Book of Buffalo and Jefferson Nickels''''. Atlanta,\n        Ga.: Whitman Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7948-2008-4}}.\\n* [[October 4]]\n        – The Republican forces in the [[Spanish Civil War]] begin withdrawing\n        their foreign volunteers from combat as agreed on July 5.\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**[[Edvard\n        Bene\\u0161]], president of [[Czechoslovakia]], resigns.\\n**[[Nuremberg Laws]]\n        In Nazi Germany, Jews'' passports are invalidated and those who need a passport\n        for emigration purposes are given one marked with the letter J (\\\"Jude\\\" \\u2013\n        \\\"Jew\\\").[http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/crucial_year.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        Nazi Germany and the Jews: 1938 \\u2013 \\u201cThe Fateful Year\\u201d] on the\n        [[Yad Vashem]] website\\n* [[October 10]] – The [[Blue Water Bridge]]\n        opens, connecting [[Port Huron, Michigan]] and [[Sarnia, Ontario]].\\n* [[October\n        16]] – [[Winston Churchill]], in a broadcast address to the United States,\n        condemns the [[Munich Agreement]] as a defeat and calls upon America and western\n        Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler.\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish\n        government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who\n        are forced to live in the no-man''s land on the German-Polish frontier.\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – In direct contravention of the recently signed [[Munich\n        Agreement]], [[Adolf Hitler]] circulates among his high command a secret memorandum\n        stating that they should prepare for the \\\"liquidation of the rest of [[Czechoslovakia]]\\\"\n        and the occupation of [[Klaip\\u0117da Region|Memel]].\\n* [[October 24]]\\n**\n        The [[minimum wage]] is established by law in the United States.\\n** French\n        Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] carries out a major purge of the [[Ministry\n        of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)|Ministry of Foreign\n        Affairs]], dismissing or exiling a number of anti-appeasement officials such\n        as [[Pierre Comert]] and [[Ren\\u00e9 Massigli]].\\n** At a \\\"friendly luncheon\\\"\n        in [[Berchtesgaden]], German foreign minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] tells\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Lipski]], the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the [[Free City\n        of Danzig]] must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial\n        rights in the [[Polish Corridor]], and that Poland must sign the [[Anti-Comintern\n        Pact]].\\n* [[October 27]]\\n**[[DuPont]] announces a name for its new synthetic\n        yarn: \\\"[[nylon]]\\\".\\n** Jews with Polish citizenship are evicted from Nazi\n        Germany.\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Orson Welles]]''\n        radio adaptation of ''''[[The War of the Worlds (radio drama)|The War of the\n        Worlds]]'''' is broadcast, causing panic in various parts of the United States.\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – [[Great Depression]]: In an effort to try restore investor\n        confidence, the [[New York Stock Exchange]] unveils a 15-point program aimed\n        to upgrade protection for the investing public.\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:The\n        day after Kristallnacht.jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[November 9]]-[[November 10|10]]:\n        [[Night of Broken Glass]].]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Horse racing]]: [[Seabiscuit]]\n        defeats [[War Admiral]] by four lengths in their famous match race at [[Pimlico\n        Race Course]] in [[Baltimore]].\\n* [[November 2]] – Arising from The\n        Munich Agreement Hungary is \\\"[[First Vienna Award|awarded]]\\\" the [[Felvidek]]\n        region of South [[Slovakia]] and Ruthenia.\\n* [[November 4]] – At a\n        public meeting in [[Epping, Essex|Epping]], [[Winston Churchill]] narrowly\n        survives an attempt by fellow Conservative and constituent Sir [[Colin Thornton-Kemsley]]\n        to remove him from Parliament.{{clarify|date=November 2014}}\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Ernst vom Rath]], the Third Secretary at the German Embassy\n        in Paris, is assassinated by [[Herschel Grynszpan]].\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Holocaust]] – [[Kristallnacht]]: In Germany, the \\\"night of broken\n        glass\\\" begins as [[Nazism|Nazi]] activists and sympathizers loot and burn\n        Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed,\n        267 [[synagogue]]s burned, 91 Jews killed and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).[http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/kristallnacht/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        It Came From Within... 71 Years Since Kristallnacht] - Online exhibition from\n        Yad Vashem, including survivor testimonies, archival footage, photos and stories.\\n*\n        [[November 10]]\\n** On the eve of [[Armistice Day]], [[Kate Smith]] sings\n        [[Irving Berlin]]''s ''''[[God Bless America]]'''' for the first time on her\n        weekly radio show.\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] becomes the second\n        president of [[Turkey]].\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] forms\n        the new government of [[Turkey]]. (10th government; Celal Bayar had served\n        twice as a prime minister)\\n* [[November 12]] – French Finance Minister\n        [[Paul Reynaud]] brings into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French\n        productivity (thus aiming to undo the economic weaknesses which led to Munich),\n        and undoes most of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front.\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** Britain formally recognises Italy''s control of Ethiopia. In return\n        Mussolini agrees to withdraw 10,000 troops from Spain.\\n** [[LSD]] is first\n        synthesized by [[Albert Hofmann]] from ergotamine at the Sandoz Laboratories\n        in Basel.[[Albert Hofmann]]; translated from the original German (LSD\n        Ganz Pers\\u00f6nlich) by J. Ott. [http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06346hof.html\n        MAPS-Volume 6, Number 69, Summer 1969].\\n** The first reported \\\"attack\\\"\n        of the [[Halifax Slasher]] [[mass hysteria]] incident in England.\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[Trade union]] members elect [[John L. Lewis]] as the first\n        president of the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] informs\n        [[L\\u00e9on No\\u00ebl]], the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should\n        find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** The Czechoslovak parliament elects [[Emil H\\u00e1cha]] as the new\n        president of Czechoslovakia.\\n** [[Benito Mussolini]] and his Foreign Minister\n        Count [[Galeazzo Ciano]] order \\\"spontaneous\\\" demonstrations in the Italian\n        Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and\n        French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian\n        relations that lasts until March 1939.\\n** [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]], leader\n        of the Romanian fascist [[Iron Guard]], is murdered on the orders of King\n        [[Carol II of Romania]]. Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard\n        leaders are \\\"shot while trying to escape\\\".\\n** A general strike is called\n        in France by the [[French Communist Party]] to protest the laws of November\n        12.\\n\\n===December===\\n* December – President Roosevelt agrees to loan\n        $25 million to [[Chiang Kai-shek]], cementing the Sino-American relationship\n        and angering the Japanese government.\\n* [[December 1]] – Slovakia granted\n        the status of an autonomous state under the Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso.\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]\n        visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister [[Georges\n        Bonnet]] that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany''s\n        exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet''s alleged statement (he subsequently\n        always denies making the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German\n        policy in 1939.\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary\n        election, 1938|Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election]]: The opposition\n        gains votes but not seats.\\n** Following elections in the Lithuanian city\n        of Memel the Lithuanian Nazi party wins over 90% of the votes.\\n* [[December\n        13]] – The [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] opens near [[Hamburg]].\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – Government of the [[Netherlands]] closes its border\n        to refugees.\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** The cornerstone of the [[Voortrekker Monument]]\n        is laid in [[Pretoria]].\\n** [[MGM]] releases its successful film version\n        of [[Charles Dickens]]''s ''''[[A Christmas Carol]]''''.\\n* [[December 17]]\n        – [[Otto Hahn]] discovers the [[nuclear fission]] of uranium, the scientific\n        and technological basis of [[nuclear power]], which marks the beginning of\n        the [[Atomic Age]]. \\n* [[December 23]] – A [[coelacanth]], a fish thought\n        to have been [[extinct]], is caught off the coast of South Africa near [[Chalumna\n        River]].\\n* [[December 27]] – A massive avalanche of snow hits a construction\n        worker dormitory site in [[Kurobe]], Japan, killing 87.\\n* [[December 30]]\n        – The [[ballet]] ''''[[Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)|Romeo and Juliet]]''''\n        with music by [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]] receives its first full performance\n        at the [[Mahen Theatre]] in [[Brno]], [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n* Establishment of Majlis [[Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya]] by [[Khalifat-ul Masih]]\n        II, [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad]], the second [[Caliph]] of the [[Ahmadiyya\n        Muslim Community]].\\n* In [[West Java]], Daeng Soetigna tunes the traditional\n        [[pentatonic]] [[angklung]] to play the [[diatonic]] [[Scale (music)|scale]].\\n*\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] is ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine''s \\\"[[Time\n        Person of the Year|Man of the Year]]\\\", as the most influential person of\n        the year.\\n* The [[Walther P38]] pistol is introduced in Germany.\\n* The [[Schomburgk''s\n        deer]] becomes extinct by this date.\\n* [[Herbert E. Ives]] and G. R. Stilwell\n        execute the [[Ives\\u2013Stilwell experiment]], showing that [[ion]]s radiate\n        at [[Frequency|frequencies]] affected by their motion.{{cite journal|last=Ives|first=Herbert\n        E.|author2=Stilwell, G. R.|year=1938|title=An Experimental Study of the Rate\n        of a Moving Atomic Clock|journal=[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]]|volume=28|issue=7|pages=215\\u201319|bibcode=1938JOSA...28..215I|url=http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-28-7-215|accessdate=2011-09-23|doi=10.1364/JOSA.28.000215}}\\n*\n        Family plots produce 22% of all [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] agricultural produce\n        on only 4% of all cultivated land.\\n* Women are limited by law to a maximum\n        of 10% of the better-paying jobs in industry and government in Italy.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:President\n        Masum in Iran.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fuad Masum]]]]\\n[[File:Busto de Juan Carlos\n        I de Espa\\u00f1a (2009).jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]]]]\\n[[File:Morihiro\n        Hosokawa cropped 1 Morihiro Hosokawa 19930927.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Morihiro Hosokawa]]]]\\n[[File:Prinses-beatrix-okt-15-s.jpg|thumb|100px|\n        Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Robert Jankel]],\n        British coachbuilder (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Frank Langella]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Fuad Masum]], 7th [[President of Iraq]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Farouk El-Baz]],\n        Egyptian American space scientist\\n** [[Ian Brady]], British serial killer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Hans Herbj\\u00f8rnsrud]], Norwegian author\\n** [[Goh Kun]],\n        Mayor of Seoul\\n** [[Bohumil Nemecek]], Czechoslovakian Olympic boxer (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Dana Ulery]], American computer scientist\\n* [[January 5]]\n        – King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]]\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Mario Rodr\\u00edguez\n        Cobos]] aka \\\"Silo\\\", Argentine author and spiritualist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Roland Topor]], French illustrator (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Bob Eubanks]], American game show host\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        [[Gary Starkweather]], American inventor \\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Donald Knuth]],\n        American mathematician and computer scientist\\n** [[Willie McCovey]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[January 11]] \\n** [[Fischer Black]], American economist\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Alastair Morton]], British railway executive (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]]\\n** [[Teresa del Conde]], Mexican art critic and historian\\n**\n        [[Lewis Fiander]], Australian actor\\n** [[Noel McNamara]], Australian justice\n        campaigner and commentator\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Paavo Heininen]], Finnish\n        composer\\n** [[Nachi Nozawa]], Japanese voice actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Shivkumar\n        Sharma]], Indian musician\\n** [[Daevid Allen]], Australian musician (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]]\\n** [[Jack Jones (singer)|Jack Jones]], American singer and\n        actor\\n** [[Allen Toussaint]], American musician and composer (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Morihiro Hosokawa]], Japanese politician and 50th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[John Bellairs]], American writer (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Curt Flood]], American baseball player (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Derek Dougan]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Wolfman Jack]], American disc-jockey and actor (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Georg Baselitz]], German painter and\n        sculptor\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Gyula Torok]], Hungarian Olympic boxer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Etta James]], American singer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Shotaro Ishinomori]], Japanese author, Father of \\\"Henshin heroes\\\" (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n** [[Vladimir Vysotsky]], Russian singer-songwriter, poet, actor\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Tomas Lindahl]], Swedish biochemist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Shuji\n        Tsurumi]], Japanese men''s artistic gymnast\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Islam\n        Karimov]], [[President of Uzbekistan]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\n**\n        Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]\\n** [[Lynn Carlin]], American actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Gammoudi.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mohammed\n        Gammoudi]]]]\\n[[File:SzaboIstvan1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Istv\\u00e1n Szab\\u00f3]]]]\\n[[File:philknightfootball.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil\n        Knight]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Sherman Hemsley]], American comedian\n        and actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Max Alvis]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Frank J. Dodd]], American businessman\n        and politician, president of the [[New Jersey Senate]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Prentice Gautt]], American football player (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Bevan Congdon]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Mohammed\n        Gammoudi]], Tunisian Olympic athlete\\n** [[Simone de Oliveira]], Portuguese\n        actress and singer\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Judy Blume]], American author\\n*\n        [[February 13]] – [[Oliver Reed]], English actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Lee Chamberlin]], African-American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] \\n** [[Barry Primus]], American actor\\n** [[John Corigliano]],\n        American composer\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Yvonne Romain]], English actress\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Istv\\u00e1n Szab\\u00f3]], Hungarian film director\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Mu\\u00f1oz]], Cuba-born actor, Mexico-based\n        telenovela/film screenwriter (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[James\n        Farentino]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Phil Knight]], American sportswear\n        entrepreneur\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Herb Elliott]], Australian runner\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Jake Thackray]], English singer-songwriter (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Tupua_Tamasese_Tupuola_Tufuga_Efi_00.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tufuga\n        Efi]]]]\\n[[File:Ricardo Lagos 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricardo Lagos Escobar]]]]\\n[[File:Nureyev\n        Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rudolf Nureyev]]]]\\n[[File:Nobel Laureate Sir\n        Anthony James Leggett in 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony James Leggett]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Tufuga Efi]], Samoa political figure, 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Samoa]] and [[O le Ao o le Malo]] of Samoa\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Ricardo\n        Lagos Escobar]], [[President of Chile]]\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Angus MacLise]],\n        American musician, occultist and calligrapher; drummer for [[The Velvet Underground]]\n        (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Don Perkins]], American football player\\n** [[Paula Prentiss]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[David Baltimore]], American biologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Janet Guthrie]],\n        American race car driver\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Bruno Pizzul]], Italian\n        sports journalist\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Charles Siebert]], American actor\n        and director\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Erma Franklin]], American singer (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Eleanor Bron]], English actress\\n* [[March\n        17]]\\n** [[Rudolf Nureyev]], Russian-born dancer and choreographer (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Keith O''Brien|Keith Michael Patrick O''Brien]], Roman Catholic prelate;\n        Archbishop of Edinburgh\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Timo M\\u00e4kinen]], Finnish\n        racing driver (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Shashi Kapoor]], Indian actor, director,\n        and producer\\n** [[Charley Pride]], American baseball player and country musician\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Joe Kapp]], American football player and coach\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Fritz Pleitgen]], German television journalist and author\\n*   March\n        21   – [[Luigi Tenco]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Maynard Jackson]], American mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[David Irving]], English historian and author \\n* [[March\n        25]] – [[Hoyt Axton]], American country music singer-songwriter and\n        actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Anthony James Leggett]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 30]]\n        – [[Klaus Schwab]], German economist and founder of the [[World Economic\n        Forum]]\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Joel Godard]], American announcer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Edmund\n        G Brown Jr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kofi\n        Annan]]]]\\n[[File:Claudia Cardinale, Women''s World Awards 2009 b.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Claudia\n        Cardinale]]]]\\n[[File:Nino Benvenuti.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giovanni Benvenuti]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[John Quade]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April\n        2]] – [[John Larsson]], the 17th General of [[The Salvation Army]]\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Jeff Barry]], American record producer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[A. Bartlett Giamatti]], American president of Yale University\n        and baseball commissioner (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Jerry Brown]],\n        American politician and lawyer, [[Governor of California]]\\n** [[Spencer Dryden]],\n        American rock drummer ([[Jefferson Airplane]]) (d. 2005)\\n** [[Freddie Hubbard]],\n        American jazz trumpeter (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Jerre Levy]], American psychologist\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Kofi Annan]], Ghanaian [[Secretary-General of the United\n        Nations]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Viktor\n        Chernomyrdin]], Russian politician (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Don Meredith]], American\n        football player and broadcaster (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Deaver]], American [[Deputy White House Chief of Staff]] in the Reagan administration\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Kurt Moll]], German bass\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Roger\n        Caron]], Canadian author\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Frederic Rzewski]], American\n        composer and pianist\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Claudia Cardinale]], Tunisian-born\n        Italian actress\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Kerry Wendell Thornley]], American\n        counterculture figure, writer and co-founder of [[Discordianism]] (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Stanley Fish]], American literary theorist and legal\n        scholar\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Betty Cuthbert]], Australian track athlete (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Tam\\u00e1si Eszter]], Hungarian television announcer and actress\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Alan Bond]], English-born Australian businessman\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Issey Miyake]], Japanese fashion designer\\n** [[Adam Raphael]],\n        English journalist and editor\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Giovanni Benvenuti]],\n        Italian Olympic boxer\\n** [[Duane Eddy]], American rock guitarist\\n** [[Maurice\n        Williams and the Zodiacs|Maurice Williams]], African American doo-wop vocalist\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Bernard Madoff]], American financial fraudster\\n** [[Larry\n        Niven]], American author\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 2]] – King [[Moshoeshoe\n        II of Lesotho]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Tyrone Davis]], American\n        singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Henry Fambrough]], American singer\n        (The Spinners)\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Fritz-Albert Popp]], German biophysicist\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Luana Anders]], American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Francine Pascal]], American novelist and playwright\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Jason Bernard]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 22]]\n        – [[Richard Benjamin]], American actor\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[William Bolcom]],\n        American composer and music arranger\\n** [[Pauline Parker]], New Zealand convicted\n        murderer  \\n** [[Teresa Stratas]], Canadian operatic soprano\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Jerry West]], American basketball player and executive\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Eugene Belliveau]], Canadian football defensive lineman\\n*\n        [[May 31]]\\n** [[Johnny Paycheck]], American country singer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Yarrow]], American singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:BillyMills cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Mills]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Khawar Rizvi]], Pakistani Poet and Scholar\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Karin Balzer]], German athlete\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Prince Luiz of Orl\\u00e9ans-Braganza]], [[pretender]] to the\n        [[Brazil]]ian [[Brazilian Imperial Family|throne]]\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Goose\n        Gonsoulin]], American football player\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Mack Vickery]],\n        American musician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Tom Oliver]], Australian\n        actor\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Shelby Stephenson]], American poet\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Billy Williams (left fielder)|Billy Williams]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[June 16]] – [[James Bolam]], British actor\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Wahoo McDaniel]], American football player and professional wrestler (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Ian Smith (actor)|Ian Smith]], Australian actor\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Ron Ely]], American actor (''''Tarzan'''')\\n** [[Mario Minieri]],\n        Italian professional road bicycle racer\\n** [[Celia Rodriguez]], Filipina\n        actress\\n** [[Rosemary S. Pooler]], U.S. federal judge\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Octavian Vintil\\u0103]], Romanian fencer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Dick Cochran]],\n        American track athlete\\n** [[John Gerovich]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Roger Davis (American football)|Roger Davis]], former professional American\n        football player\\n** [[Charles McDew]], American activist\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Boris Lagutin]], Soviet boxer\\n** [[Edoardo Vianello]], Italian singer,\n        composer and actor\\n** [[Lawrence Block]], American crime write\\n** [[Charles\n        Howerton]], American actor\\n** [[Abulfaz Elchibey]], Azerbaijani political\n        figure, 2nd [[President of Azerbaijan]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 25]] \\n**\n        [[Paul Dijoud]], ex-minister of state for Monaco\\n** [[Enver Yulgushov]],\n        Russian professional football coach and a former player\\n** [[Augusto Barbera]],\n        Italian judge and former constitutional law professor\\n** [[James Feast]],\n        British chemical scientist and academic\\n** [[Mick Allen (rower)|Mick Allen]],\n        Australian rower\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Gene Gaines]], American football (soccer)\n        player\\n** [[Ken Monteith]], Canadian politician\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Jake\n        Crouthamel]], American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator\\n**\n        [[Bob Baxt]], Australian lawyer\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Peter \\u010ceferin]],\n        Slovenian attorney\\n** [[Sergio Silvagni]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[John Byner]], American actor, comedian, and impressionist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Wollen]], British film theorist and filmmaker\\n** [[Herbert Polzhuber]],\n        Austrian fencer and modern pentathlete\\n** [[J\\u00f3zsef Gelei]], Hungarian\n        former professional football player and manager\\n** [[Giampaolo Menichelli]],\n        Italian footballer, who played as a winger\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Billy Mills]],\n        American Olympic athlete\\n** [[Michael Nudelman]], Israeli politician\\n**\n        [[Gene Prebola]], American football tight end\\n** [[Mirko Novosel]], Croatian\n        basketball player, referee and coach\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:BrianDennehyJul2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian\n        Dennehy]]]]\\n[[File:Natalie Wood publicity 1963.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natalie\n        Wood]]]]\\n[[File:Al Fujimori.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alberto Fujimori]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Ilana Karaszyk]], Israeli Olympic runner and long jumper\\n** [[Susan\n        Maughan]], English singer\\n** [[Diane Ravitch]], American historian of education,\n        an educational policy analyst\\n** [[Durai Murugan]], Indian lawyer and politician\\n**\n        [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], Indian classical flutist\\n** [[Dick Rutan]], record-breaking\n        aviator who piloted the Voyager\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[C. Kumar N. Patel]], Indian\n        electrical engineer\\n** [[Don Choate]], American former professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[Joseph Anthony Galante]], American prelate\\n** [[Frank G. Wisner]],\n        American businessman and former diplomat\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Ron Fogg]],\n        English former professional footballer\\n** [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt III]],\n        American economist and academic\\n** [[Sjaak Swart]], Dutch footballer\\n**\n        [[Bolo Yeung]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Bill Withers]], American\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[Cyril Mitchley]], South African cricket player,\n        umpire and match referee\\n** [[Ernie Pieterse]], South African racing driver\\n*\n        [[July 5]]\\n** [[Vera Oelschlegel]], German singer, actress, artistic director,\n        drama director and professor of drama\\n** [[Warren Livingston]], American\n        football cornerback\\n** [[Paul Van Riper]], United States Marine Corps officer\\n**\n        [[James Bond (speedway rider)|James Bond]], British motorcycle speedway rider\\n*\n        [[July 6]]\\n** [[Tony Lewis]], English cricketer\\n** [[Uli Maslo]], German\n        football player and manager\\n** [[Oleh Bazylevych]], Ukrainian footballer,\n        football (soccer) coach, and sport administrator\\n** [[Stuart Young (cricketer)|Stuart\n        Young]], English cricketer\\n** [[Luana Patten]], American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]] \\n** [[Ray Gripper]], Rodesian cricketer\\n** [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]],\n        Botswana politician\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Andrey Myagkov]], Soviet/Russian\n        film and theater actor\\n** [[Roger Palin]], Royal Air Force commander.\\n**\n        [[Bill Spanswick]], American professional baseball player\\n** [[Paul Cronin]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Vojtech Masn\\u00fd]], Slovak football player\\n** [[Justin\n        Leiber]], American philosopher and science fiction writer.  \\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Faanya Rose]], British-American business woman, conservationist, philanthropist,\n        and explorer\\n** [[Liya Akhedzhakova]], Russian actress \\n** [[Brian Dennehy]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Robert Fields]], American actor\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Vera\n        Shebeko]], Russian anchorwoman\\n** [[David Hugh Mellor]], English philosopher\\n**\n        [[Julio Londo\\u00f1o Paredes]], Colombian Army Lieutenant Colonel and diplomat\\n**\n        [[Tura Satana]], Japanese-born American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 11]]\n        \\n** [[Ted Schreiber]], American former professional baseball player\\n** [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed\n        Krampol]], Czech actor\\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Lin Shllaku]], Albanian footballer\\n**\n        [[Matt Ravlich]], Canadian ice hockey defenceman\\n** [[Stanley Meads]], rugby\n        union footballer\\n** [[Wieger Mensonides]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Thomas Savundaranayagam]], Sri Lanka Tamil priest and former Roman Catholic\n        Bishop of Jaffna\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Lillian Malkina]], Soviet and Russian\n        actress\\n** [[Tommy Vig]], Hungarian composer, arranger, vibraphonist\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Enrique Figuerola]], sprinter from Cuba\\n* [[July 16]]\\n**\n        [[Cynthia Enloe]], American feminist writer, theorist, and professor\\n** [[Colin\n        Rice]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July 17]] – [[J. R. Gray]],\n        American politician\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Valery Kerdemelidi]], artistic gymnast\n        from Russia\\n** [[Hampton Fancher]], American actor\\n** [[Britt Leach]], American\n        character actor\\n** [[Ian Stewart (musician)|Ian Stewart]], Scottish musician\n        ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Paul Verhoeven]], Dutch film\n        director\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Sergio Martino]], Italian film director and\n        producer\\n** [[Jayant Narlikar]], Indian astrophysicist\\n* [[July 20]]\\n**\n        [[David Pratt (cricketer)|David Pratt]], English cricketer\\n** [[Roger Hunt]],\n        English footballer\\n** [[Diana Rigg]], English actress\\n** [[Natalie Wood]],\n        American actress (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Dale Hackbart]], American\n        football defensive back\\n** [[Vladimir Radionov]], Russian football player,\n        coach and official\\n** [[Janet Reno]], American lawyer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July\n        22]] – [[Mark Rakita]], Russian sabreur and coach from the Soviet era\\n*\n        [[July 23]]\\n** [[Juliet Anderson]], American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Ronny\n        Cox]], American actor\\n** [[Bert Newton]], Australian actor and television\n        show host\\n** [[G\\u00f6tz George]], German actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 24]]\n        – [[Eugene J. Martin]], American painter, artist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Gary Gygax]], American author and game designer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]]\\n** [[Luis Aragon\\u00e9s]], Spanish football player and manager\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Alberto Fujimori]], [[President of Peru]]\\n* [[July 29]]\n        \\n**[[Anthony Joseph Burgess]], Papua New Guinean Roman Catholic bishop (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n**[[Peter Jennings]], Canadian-born television news reporter (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Kuchmaukraine.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leonid Kuchma]]]]\n        \\n[[File:KennyRogers0042-rededit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenny Rogers]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Martin in 2011 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Bounnhang Vorachith\n        2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bounnhang Vorachith]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] –\n        [[Edward Sokoine]], 2nd Prime Minister of Tanzania (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[August\n        3]] – Sir [[Terry Wogan]], Irish-British radio broadcaster and television\n        presenter/personality (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Otto Rehhagel]],\n        German football player and manager\\n** [[Connie Stevens]], American actress,\n        singer and businesswoman\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Leonid Kuchma]], [[President\n        of Ukraine]]\\n** [[Rod Laver]], Australian tennis player\\n* [[August 10]]\n        – [[Grit Boettcher]], German actress\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**[[Stephen Breyer]],\n        [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n**[[Janusz\n        A. Zajdel]], Polish writer (d. [[1985]])\\n**[[Bounnhang Vorachith]], Laotian\n        politician \\n* [[August 16]] – [[Bill Masterton]], Canadian hockey player\n        (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**[[Valentin Mankin]], Ukrainian Soviet sailor,\n        Olympic triple champion and silver medalist (d. [[2014]])\\n**[[Diana Muldaur]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Alain Vivien]], French politician\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Kenny Rogers]], American country singer\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Paul Maguire]], American football player\\n* [[August 24]]\\n**\n        [[Halld\\u00f3r Bl\\u00f6ndal]], Icelandic politician\\n** [[David Freiberg]],\n        American musician ([[Quicksilver Messenger Service]] and [[Jefferson Starship]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Susan Harrison]], American actress\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Maurizio Costanzo]], Italian television news reporter\\n** [[Paul Martin]],\n        21st [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Robert Rubin]],\n        American banker who served as the 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Martin Bell]], British journalist and politician\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Romy\n        Schneider 1973.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Romy Schneider]]]]\\n[[File:Wim_Kok_2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wim\n        Kok]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Per Kirkeby]], Danish artist\\n* [[September\n        2]]\\n** [[Clarence Felder]], American actor\\n** [[Giuliano Gemma]], Italian\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Ry\\u014dji Noyori]], Japanese\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Dennis Oppenheim]], American artist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Kenichi Horie]], Japanese adventurer\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**\n        [[David Hamilton (broadcaster)|David Hamilton]], British radio and TV personality\\n**\n        [[Tomasi Puapua]], 2nd Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Angus\n        Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton|Angus Alan Douglas Douglas-Hamilton]],\n        15th Duke of Hamilton/12th Duke of Brandon (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[John Smith\n        (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]], Scottish politician (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Gaylord Perry]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 18]]\n        – [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]], Kannada writer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Gene Mingo]], American football player\\n* [[September 23]]\\n**\n        [[Tom Lester]], American actor and evangelist\\n** [[Romy Schneider]], Austrian\n        actress (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Celestino Rocha da Costa]],\n        2nd Prime Minister of S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 and Pr\\u00edncipe (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Jonathan Motzfeldt]], [[Prime Minister of Greenland]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Ben E. King]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Wim Kok]], Dutch politician, 48th [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]\n        from 1994 until 2002\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kuczynski Pedro Pablo (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pedro\n        Pablo Kuczynski]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher Lloyd May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher\n        Lloyd]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Stella Stevens]], American actress and\n        model\\n* [[October 3]] \\n** [[Eddie Cochran]], American rock and roll singer\n        (d. [[1960]])\\n** [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], President of Peru \\n* [[October\n        4]] – [[Kurt W\\u00fcthrich]], Swiss chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Bronislovas Lubys]], 5th Prime\n        Minister of Lithuania (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Heinz Fischer]],\n        Austrian politician\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Christiane H\\u00f6rbiger]],\n        Austrian television and film actress\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Farah Diba]],\n        Empress of Iran\\n** [[Ron Lancaster]], Canadian Football League quarterback\n        and coach (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Fela Kuti]], Nigerian\n        musician and activist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Carl Gunter, Jr.]],\n        Louisiana State Representative (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Nico]], German-American\n        singer (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Evel Knievel]], American\n        motorcycle daredevil (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Dawn Wells]],\n        American actress\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Iain Macmillan]], ''''[[Abbey\n        Road]]'''' photographer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Christopher\n        Lloyd]], American actor\\n* [[October 23]] – [[H. John Heinz III]], U.S.\n        Senator (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Claude Mini\\u00e8re]], French\n        [[essayist]] and [[poet]]\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Anne Perry]], English-born\n        novelist\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Ralph Bakshi]], Israeli cartoonist, film\n        director, and video producer\\n** [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], 24th [[President\n        of Liberia]]\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Ed Lauter]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Spain.QueenSofia.01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Queen\n        Sof\\u00eda of Spain]]]]\\n[[File:Benjamin_William_Mkapa_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2010_-_3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benjamin\n        Mkapa]]]]\\n[[File:Camorra Jean Seberg.png|100px|thumb|[[Jean Seberg]]]]\\n[[File:Ted\n        Turner LF.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Ted Turner]]]]\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Pat Buchanan]],\n        American political operative, journalist, pundit and one-time presidential\n        candidate\\n** [[David Lane (white nationalist)|David Lane]], American white\n        nationalist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Queen Sof\\u00eda of Spain]]\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Frank McKinney]], American competition swimmer (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[En\\u00e9as Carneiro]], Brazilian politician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Joe Dassin]], French singer (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Ionatana Ionatana]], 5th\n        Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Mack Jones]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Branko Mikasinovich]], [[Serbs|Serbian]]-American\n        journalist\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Michael Schultz]], American film director\n        and producer\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Ants Antson]], Estonian speed skater\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Benjamin Mkapa]], 3rd [[President\n        of Tanzania]]\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Jean Seberg]], American actress\n        (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Robert Nozick]], American philosopher\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Gordon Lightfoot]], Canadian folk\n        singer\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Ted Turner]], American entrepreneur\\n*\n        [[November 24]]\\n**[[Oscar Robertson]], American basketball player\\n**[[Charles\n        Starkweather]], American spree killer (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Porter J. Goss]], American politician and Central Intelligence Agency director\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Connie\n        Francis 1961.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Connie Francis]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Snell 1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter\n        Snell]], 1964 Olympic gold medalist]]\\n[[File:Jon Voight 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon\n        Voight]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Luis Artime]], Argentine footballer\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Andre V. Marrou]], U.S. Presidential candidate\\n** [[Yvonne\n        Minton]], Australian soprano\\n* [[December 5]] – [[JJ Cale]], American\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Ken Delo]], American singer (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[John Kufuor|John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor]], [[President of Ghana]]\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Connie Francis]], American singer and actress\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Heino]], German singer\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        [[Billy Shaw]], American football player\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Frank Deford]],\n        American sportswriter\\n** [[Liv Ullmann]], Norwegian actress\\n* [[December\n        17]]\\n** [[Carlo Little]], British drummer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Peter Snell]],\n        New Zealand athlete\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Roger E. Mosley]], African-American\n        actor\\n* [[December 20]] – [[John Harbison]], American composer\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Brian Locking]], English bassist ([[The Shadows]])\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Bob Kahn]], American Internet pioneer\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Bobby Henrich]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Duane\n        Armstrong]], American painter\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Lagumot Harris]],\n        Nauruan politician and President (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Jon Voight]], American actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Michael Leader]],\n        British actor (d. 2016)\\n* [[Yusuf Lodhi]], Pakistani editor and cartoonist\n        (d. 1996)\\n* [[Neila Sathyalingam]], Singaporean classical Indian dancer,\n        choreographer and instructor (d. 2017)\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80\n        %D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Vladimir\n        Beneshevich]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[George H. Collin]], American politician\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Henry Victor Deligny]], French general\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Arturo Berutti]], Argentinian composer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Paola Drigo]], Italian novelist and\n        writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Karel Baxa]], Czechoslovakian\n        politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\n** [[Johnny Gruelle]], American\n        cartoonist and children''s book author (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Christian Rohlfs]],\n        German painter (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[William McCall (actor)|William\n        McCall]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Juan de la\n        Cierva y Pe\\u00f1afiel]], Spanish lawyer and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Isidore Konti]], Austrian-born Hungarian sculptor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Vladimir Beneshevich]], Soviet scholar and martyr (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[\\u00c9mile Cohl]], French caricaturist and animator\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Georges M\\u00e9li\\u00e8s]], French\n        film director (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Sergei Buturlin]],\n        Soviet ornithologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[J. P. Dahlen]],\n        Swedish worker and politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Bernd\n        Rosemeyer]], German racing driver (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 29]] –\n        [[Armando Palacio Vald\\u00e9s]], Spanish writer (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] – [[Marcella Cosgrave]], Irish nationalist leader (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Prince\n        Nicholas of Greece and Denmark.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Prince Nicholas of\n        Greece and Denmark]]]]\\n* [[February 6]] – [[George Auriol]], French\n        poet (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Harvey Firestone]], American\n        tire manufacturer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Mikhail Batorsky]],\n        Soviet komkor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark]]\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Arturo Caprotti]], Italian engineer\n        and architect (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Richard A. Whiting]],\n        American composer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Kazimierz Twardowski]],\n        Polish philosopher and logician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Hal\n        De Forrest]], Portuguese-born American actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – [[T. D. Crittenden]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\n** [[David King Udall]], American politician (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]], Argentine writer and journalist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 19]]\n        – [[Edmund Landau]], German mathematician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Matvei Petrovich Bronstein]], Soviet physicist (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Andreas\n        Michalakopoulos 1927.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Andreas Michalakopoulos]]]]\\n[[File:Cevat\n        Pasha.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Cevat \\u00c7obanl\\u0131]]]]\\n[[File:Laksminath\n        Bezbaruah.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] – [[Gabriele D''Annunzio]], Italian writer, war hero, and politician\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[William Blomfield]], New Zealand cartoonist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Ben Harney]], American composer and pianist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Andreas Michalakopoulos]], Greek politician and 47th\n        [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Ahn Changho]],\n        Korean independence activist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Lyda\n        Roberti]], Polish actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Cevat \\u00c7obanl\\u0131]],\n        Ottoman military commander and Turkish army officer (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Clarence\n        Darrow]], American attorney (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\n** [[Alexei Rykov]],\n        [[Premier of Russia]] and the [[Soviet Union]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Nikolai\n        Bukharin]], Soviet politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Lidia\n        Charskaya]], Soviet actress and writer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Ma\\u011fjan Jumabayev]], Soviet writer and pedagogue  (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Martin Burrell]], Canadian politician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Oscar Apfel]], American actor and director (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]], Indian writer, dramatist, novelist,\n        poet and editor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[William Stern (psychologist)|William\n        Stern]], German psychologist and philosopher (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 29]]\n        – [[Marcel Bloch (aviator)|Marcel Bloch]], Swiss aviator (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Khoren\n        I of Armenia.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|Patriarch [[Khoren I of Armenia]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Louis-Henri Foreau]], French painter (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Reine Davies]], American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Khoren I of Armenia]], Catholicos of the [[Armenian Apostolic\n        Church]] and patriarch (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Joe \\\"King\\\"\n        Oliver]], American jazz musician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Manuel\n        Carrasco Formiguera]], Spanish lawyer and politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Feodor Chaliapin]], Soviet bass (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – [[Gillis Grafstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish figure skater (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Vallejo]], Peruvian poet (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Steve Bloomer]], English footballer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]]\\n** [[Sultan Majid Afandiyev]], Soviet revolutionary and statesman\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Allama Iqbal]], Indian philosopher and poet (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[George Grey Barnard]], American sculptor (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Aleksander \\u015awi\\u0119tochowski]], Polish writer\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Edmund Husserl]], Austrian philosopher\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Carl von Ossietzky.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Carl\n        von Ossietzky]]]]\\n[[File:Cao Kun.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Cao Kun]]]]\\n* [[May\n        4]] – [[Carl von Ossietzky]], German pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Thomas B. Thrige]], Danish\n        industrialist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Benjamin Abrah\\u00e3o\n        Botto]], Brazilian photographer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Charles\n        \\u00c9douard Guillaume]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Miguel Cabanellas]], Spanish\n        army officer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Aaron Daggett]], American general during\n        [[American Civil War]] (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Cao Kun]], 6th\n        [[President of the Republic of China]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Fred\n        Baker (physician)|Fred Baker]], American physician (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Lewis\n        Bayly (Royal Navy officer)|Lewis Bayly]], British admiral (b. [[1857]])\\n**\n        [[Ivan Mrkvi\\u010dka]], Czechoslovakian-born Bulgarian painter (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Mikhail Babushkin]], Soviet polar aviator (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[William Glackens]], American painter (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Frederick Ruple]], American painter (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Rafael Colliander]], Finnish journalist and politician\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[John Jacob Abel]], American pharmacologist\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Miguel Fleta]], Spanish tenor (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kirchner\n        1919 portrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]]]]\\n[[File:Maria\n        Obligado.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Mar\\u00eda Obligado de Soto y Calvo]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Tulio Febres Cordero]], Venezuelan writer and journalist\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Oscar Bystrom (actor)|Oscar Bystrom]],\n        Swedish actor (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Jen\\u0151 Dsida]], Hungarian\n        poet and translator (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[John Broadbent]],\n        British army officer and politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Ernst\n        Ludwig Kirchner]], German painter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[George\n        E. Barnett]], American economist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Obligado de Soto y Calvo]], Argentinian painter\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Mathilde\n        Comont]], French-born American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Clement\n        Edwards]], British lawyer, journal and activist (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[William\n        Gillespie (actor)|William Gillespie]], British actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[C. Yarnall Abbott]], American photographer (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[James Weldon Johnson]], American author, politician,\n        and diplomat (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Shlomo Ben-Yosef]], Israeli\n        Zionist leader (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]], American\n        railway magnate (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Harvey Clark.gif|thumb|right|110px|[[Harvey\n        Clark (actor)|Harvey Clark]]]]\\n[[File:Franz I von Liechtenstein.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz\n        I, Prince of Liechtenstein]]]]\\n[[File:TomCreanPortrait.jpeg|thumb|right|110px|[[Tom\n        Crean (explorer)|Tom Crean]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Carrie Daumery]], Dutch-born\n        American actress (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[John James Burnet]],\n        British architect (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Otto Bauer]], Austrian\n        Social Democratic politician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Suzanne Lenglen]], French\n        tennis champion (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Archibald Berkeley Milne]], British admiral\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Benjamin N. Cardozo]], United States\n        Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Abel Adams]],\n        Finnish producer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Robert Wiene]], German\n        director (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Harvey Clark (actor)|Harvey\n        Clark]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[George Martley\n        Davis]], Australian politician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Pedro\n        Figari]], Uruguay, painter, writer and politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July\n        25]]\\n** [[Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein]] (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[K\\u014dsaku\n        Hamada]], Japanese academic, archaeologist and author (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Tom Crean (explorer)|Tom Crean]], Irish seaman and Antarctic\n        explorer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Yakov Alksnis]], Soviet aviator\n        and commander of Red Army Air Forces (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Yakov\n        Davydov]], Soviet general (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Peter David\n        Edstrom 1922.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter David Edstrom]]]]\\n\\n* [[August\n        1]] – [[Edmund Charles Tarbell]], American artist (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Edmund Duggan (playwright)|Edmund Dunggan]], Irish-born Australian\n        actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Pearl White]], American actress\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Warner Oland]], Swedish actor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Konstantin Stanislavsky]], Soviet theatre\n        practitioner (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[W. W. Conner]], American\n        politician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Peter David Edstrom]],\n        American sculptor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Hugh Trumble]],\n        Australian test cricketer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Sergey Aydarov]],\n        Soviet actor (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Robert Johnson]], American blues singer (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Tomasz D\\u0105bal]], Polish activist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Eduard Lepin]], Latvian-born Soviet\n        general (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Carlos Echandi]], Costa Rican\n        surgeon (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Frank Hawks]], American aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Teodor Axentowicz]], Polish-born Soviet painter (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[B\\u00e9la Kun]], Hungarian Communist\n        leader (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:A.E. Breen Portrait.png|thumb|110px|Reverend\n        [[Andrew Breen]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Arthur of Connaught colour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince\n        Arthur of Connaught]]]]\\n[[File:Mariat.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Maria Teresa\n        of St. Joseph]]]]\\n[[File:Aurelio Giorni.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Aurelio Giorni]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        of Paul Olaf Bodding (1865-1938).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Olaf Bodding]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Nikolai Bryukhanov]], Soviet statesman and political\n        figure who served as People''s Commissar of Finances (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] – [[Gustav Adolf Closs]], German illustrator and painter (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907-1938)|Alfonso\n        de Borb\\u00f3n y Battenberg]], [[Prince of Asturias]], former heir apparent\n        to the [[Kings of Spain|throne of Spain]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September 8]]\n        – [[Cecilio Apostol]], Filipino poet and laurate (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[Andrew Breen]], American [[Roman Catholic]] priest and reverend\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]] (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Robert L. Bacon]], American politician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Yannoulis Chalepas]], Greek sculptor (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Thomas Wolfe]],\n        American author (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Herman Baltia]], Belgian\n        general (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Valerie Bergere]], French-born American actress\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Bruno Jasie\\u0144ski]], Polish\n        poet (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Pauline Frederick]], American\n        actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Maria Teresa of St. Joseph]],\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] \\n** [[Andrew Arbuckle (actor)|Andrew Arbuckle]], American\n        actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Ivana Brli\\u0107-Ma\\u017eurani\\u0107]], Yugoslav\n        writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Philbert Maurice d''Ocagne]],\n        French engineer and mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Aurelio Giorni]], Italian\n        composer and pianist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Silouan the\n        Athonite]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]] and saint (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September\n        25]]\\n** [[Paul Olaf Bodding]], Norwegian missionary to India and creator\n        of the [[Santali Latin alphabet]] (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Anna Laurens Dawes]],\n        American author and suffragist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Con\n        Conrad]], American composer (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Le g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral\n        Averescu, commandant du 1er corps d%27arm%C3%A9e roumain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexandru\n        Averescu]]]]\\n[[File:Tejada s-6d1d4-ea69a-33ed0.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Luis Tejada Sorzano]]]]\\n[[File:200px-Faustina.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Faustina\n        Kowalska]]]]\\n[[Image:E. C. Segar.png|thumb|110px|right|[[E.C. Segar]]]]\\n[[Image:ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Ernst\n        Barlach]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Alexandru Averescu]], Romanian soldier\n        and politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Richard Teller Crane II]], American diplomat (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Tejada Sorzano]], Bolivian lawyer and\n        politician, 40th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\n**\n        [[Faustina Kowalska]], Polish nun and saint, the ''''Secretary of [[Divine\n        Mercy]]'''' (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Albert Ranft]], Swedish theatre director and\n        actor (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand\n        Duke of Russia]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[E. C. Segar]],\n        American comics artist and creator of [[Popeye]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] – [[Charles Dalmas]], French architect (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        17]]\\n** [[Eshref Frasheri]], Albanian politician (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Kautsky]], Austrian Marxist theoretician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\n**\n        [[Ni\\u00f1o Fidencio]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Fushimi Hiroyoshi]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[Chrysostomos\n        I of Athens]], Greek priest and metropolitan (b.  [[1868]])\\n** [[May Irwin]],\n        Canadian actress and singer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Ernst Barlach]],\n        German sculptor and poet (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Gilbert Greenall, 1st Baron Daresbury]],\n        British businessman (b.  [[1867]])\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Raoul Bensaude]],\n        French phyisician (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Alfonsina Storni]], Argentine poet (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Lascelles Abercrombie]], British poet and\n        critic (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Alma Gluck]], American soprano (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]]\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Franco|Ramon Franco]], Spanish aviation pioneer\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Fred Kohler]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Robert Woolsey]], American film comedian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\n** [[Sakari Ainali]], Finnish farmer, businessman and politician (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Jean Degoutte]], French general, leader of [[World War I]]\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ataturk mirror.png|thumb|110px|[[Mustafa\n        Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]]]]\\n[[File:Kaarlo Castr%C3%A9n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kaarlo\n        Castren]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Charles Weeghman]], American restaurateur\n        and owner of [[Chicago Cubs]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Samuel\n        W. Bryant]], American admiral (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Prince\n        Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Vasily\n        Blyukher]], Soviet military commander (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Ernst vom Rath]],\n        German diplomat (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Mustafa Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]],\n        1st [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] and 1st [[President of Turkey]] (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[James Barr (physician)|James Barr]], American physician\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Kaarlo Castren]], Finnish politician\n        and 4th [[Prime Minister of Finland]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 20]]\\n**\n        [[Arthur Elliott (photographer)|Arthur Elliott]], South African photographer\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Maud of Wales]], Queen of [[Haakon VII of Norway]] (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Sahachiro Hata]], Japanese bacteriologist\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Otto von Lossow]], Bavarian and\n        German general (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]],\n        Romanian fascist, leader of the [[Iron Guard]] (executed along other Guard\n        activists) (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:AnnieWalkerArmstrong.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Annie\n        Armstrong]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Thomas Octavius Callender]], British\n        engineer and businessman (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[F\\u00e9lix\n        C\\u00f3rdova D\\u00e1vila]], Puerto Rican political figure (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Gonzalo Bilbao]], Spanish painter (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]] – [[Anna Marie Hahn]], German-born American serial killer\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Paul Morgan (actor)|Paul Morgan]],\n        Austrian actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Christian Lous Lange]],\n        Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Maurice Emmanuel]], French composer (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]]\\n** [[Antonio Rafael Barcelo]], Puerto Rican lawyer, business\n        and politician (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Valery Chkalov]], Soviet aircraft pilot\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Ed Davis (criminal)|Ed Davis]],\n        American criminal (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Annie Armstrong]],\n        American [[Christian missions|missionary]] leader (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December\n        25]]\\n** [[Karel \\u010capek]], Czech author (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Richard Henry\n        Cummings]], American actor (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Theodor Fischer (architect)|Theodor\n        Fischer]], German archicture (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Calvin\n        Bridges]], American scientist (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Osip Mandelstam]], Soviet\n        poet (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Florence Lawrence]], Canadian\n        actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Eugenia de Reuss Ianculescu]],\n        Romanian teacher, writer and activist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 31]] –\n        [[Lucien Grant Berry]], American general (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Harry Grant Dart]], American cartoonist (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Enrico\n        Fermi]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Richard Kuhn]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Corneille\n        Jean Fran\\u00e7ois Heymans]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Pearl S. Buck]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Nansen International\n        Office for Refugees]], [[Geneva]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1938-wwii-timeline.htm\n        1938 WWII Timeline]\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1938/1938fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1938] – from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1938-pictures.html 1938 Coin Pictures]\\n*\n        [http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/crucial_year.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        1938 \\u2013 \\u201cThe Fateful Year\\u201d for the Jews in Nazi Germany] - About\n        the Holocaust- Yad Vashem\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1938}}\\n[[Category:1938| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T18:24:32Z\",\"lastrevid\":799765956,\"length\":85749,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1938&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938\"},\"34614\":{\"pageid\":34614,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1939\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T05:28:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1939|the 1989 film|1939 (1989 film)|the\n        2009 film|Glorious 39}}\\n{{Events by month|1939}}\\n{{Year nav|1939}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n[[File:Herd St Post Office (4420435469).jpg|thumb|The year\n        1939]]\\n{{Year article header|1939}} This year also marks the start of the\n        [[Second World War]], the deadliest conflict in human history. \\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\nBelow, events of [[World War II]] have the WWII prefix.\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n* [[January 3]] – [[EFE]], a [[news agency]], based in\n        [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], officially founded.{{citation needed|date=December  2016}}\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Amelia Earhart]] is officially declared dead after\n        her disappearance.\\n* [[January 6]] – ''''[[Naturwissenschaften]]''''\n        publishes evidence that [[nuclear fission]] has been achieved by [[Otto Hahn]].\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – [[Black Friday (1939)|Black Friday]]: 71 people die\n        across [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in one of Australia''s worst ever\n        [[bushfires in Australia|bushfires]].\\n* [[January 23]] – \\\"Dutch War\n        Scare\\\": Admiral [[Wilhelm Canaris]] of the ''''[[Abwehr]]'''' leaks misinformation\n        to the effect that Germany plans to invade the Netherlands in February, with\n        the aim of using Dutch air-fields to launch a strategic bombing offensive\n        against Britain. The \\\"Dutch War Scare\\\" leads to a major change in British\n        policies towards Europe.\\n* [[January 24]] – An [[1939 Chill\\u00e1n\n        earthquake|earthquake]] kills 30,000 in [[Chile]], and razes about {{convert|50000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[Refik Saydam]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]].\n        (11th government)\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Spanish Civil War]]: Spanish Nationalist\n        troops, aided by Italy, take [[Barcelona]].\\n** In Paris, French Foreign Minister\n        [[Georges Bonnet]], in response to rumours (which are true) that he is seeking\n        to end the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, gives a speech highlighting\n        his government''s commitment to the ''''[[cordon sanitaire]]''''.\\n* [[January\n        27]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] orders [[Plan Z]], a 5-year naval expansion\n        programme intended to provide for a huge German fleet capable of crushing\n        the [[Royal Navy]] by 1944. The ''''[[Kriegsmarine]]'''' is given the first\n        priority on the allotment of German economic resources.\\n* [[January 30]]\n        – Hitler gives a speech before the ''''Reichstag'''' calling for an\n        \\\"export battle\\\" to increase German foreign exchange holdings. The same speech\n        also sees Hitler''s \\\"prophecy\\\" where he warns that if \\\"Jewish financers\\\"\n        start a war against Germany, the...result will be the annihilation of the\n        Jewish race in Europe\\\".\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Alyssamcpherson.jpg|thumb|150px|right|\n        [[February 21]]: [[Golden Gate International Exposition]] opens.]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – Hungary joins the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]].\\n* [[February 6]]\\n**\n        British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] states in the House of Commons\n        that any German attack on France will be automatically considered an attack\n        on Britain.\\n** In a response to [[Georges Bonnet]]''s speech of January 26,\n        German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], referring to Bonnet''s\n        alleged statement of December 6, 1938, accepting Eastern Europe as being in\n        Germany''s exclusive sphere of influence, protests that all French security\n        commitments in that region are \\\"now off limits\\\".\\n* [[February 10]] \\n**\n        Spanish Nationalists complete their offensive in [[Catalonia]].\\n** [[Pope\n        Pius XI]] dies of a heart attack in Rome.\\n* [[February 15]] – ''''[[Stagecoach\n        (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'''' premieres in New York City and Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – The [[Golden Gate International Exposition]] opens\n        in San Francisco.\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** The United Kingdom and France recognize\n        [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]''s government.\\n** [[Borley Rectory]] in England\n        is destroyed by fire.\\n** [[Sitdown strike|Sit-down strikes]] are outlawed\n        by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* March –\n        The [[1936\\u201339 Arab revolt in Palestine]] ends.\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        An [[Imperial Japanese Army]] ammunition dump explosion on the outskirts of\n        [[Osaka]] kills 94.\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] (Cardinal Pacelli)\n        succeeds [[Pope Pius XI]] as the 260th pope.\\n* [[March 3]] \\n** In [[Bombay]],\n        [[Mohandas Gandhi]] begins a fast protesting against British rule in India.\\n**\n        Students at [[Harvard University]] demonstrate the new tradition of swallowing\n        [[goldfish]] to reporters.\\n** In [[Durban]], South Africa the [[Timeless\n        Test]] begins between England and South Africa, the longest game of cricket\n        ever played. It is abandoned twelve days later when the English team has to\n        catch the last ferry home.\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] advises [[Jozef\n        Tiso]] to declare Slovakia''s independence in order to prevent its partition\n        by Hungary and Poland.\\n** Irish writer [[Brian O''Nolan|Flann O''Brien]]''s\n        comic [[metafiction]] ''''[[At Swim-Two-Birds]]'''' is published in London\n        but attracts little attention at this time.\\n* [[March 14]] – The [[Slovakia|Slovak]]\n        provincial assembly proclaims independence; priest [[Jozef Tiso]] becomes\n        the president of the independent Slovak government.\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        German troops occupy the remaining part of [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]]; [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        ceases to exist. The Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia declares independence\n        as [[Carpatho-Ukraine]].\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** Princess [[Fawzia Fuad of Egypt]]\n        marries Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] of Iran.\\n** Hungary invades Carpatho-Ukraine;\n        final resistance ends on [[March 18]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** British Prime Minister\n        [[Neville Chamberlain]] gives a speech in [[Birmingham]], stating that Britain\n        will oppose any effort at world domination on the part of Germany.\\n** The\n        nationalist governments of Spain and Portugal sign the [[Iberian Pact]] in\n        Lisbon, pledging mutual defence of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and [[Country\n        neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] in the event of a general\n        European war.\\n* [[March 18]] – \\\"Romanian War Scare\\\": Virgil Tilea,\n        the Romanian Minister in London, spreads false rumours that [[Romania]] is\n        on the verge of a German attack.\\n* [[March 19]] – Hitler sends a registered\n        letter to the government of Lithuania stating that Germany intends to annex\n        the port of Memel.\\n* [[March 20]] – At an emergency meeting in London\n        to deal with the Romanian crisis, French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]]\n        suggests to [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]] that the ideal\n        state for saving Romania from a German attack is Poland.\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        In London: the [[Ordo Templi Orientis]] publish [[Aleister Crowley]]''s ''''Eight\n        Lectures on Yoga''''.\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** After an [[1939 German ultimatum\n        to Lithuania|ultimatum of March 20]], [[Nazi Germany]] takes [[Klaip\\u0117da\n        Region|Memelland]] from [[Lithuania]].\\n** In the U.S., undefeated [[LIU Blackbirds\n        men''s basketball|LIU]] tops undefeated [[Loyola Ramblers|Loyola of Chicago]]\n        in the championship game of the second annual [[1939 National Invitation Tournament|National\n        Invitation Tournament]], 44\\u201332.  LIU''s 24\\u20130 final record is the\n        first [[perfect season]] of [[college basketball]]''s postseason tournament\n        era.\\n* [[March 23]] – The [[Slovak\\u2013Hungarian War]] begins.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – Marks the seventh successive year of the worldwide boycott\n        of all German exports initiated by front page declarations in Britain and\n        the U.S. ''Judea declares war on Germany''\\n* [[March 27]] – The [[University\n        of Oregon]] defeats [[Ohio State University]] 46\\u201333 in [[Evanston, Illinois]],\n        to win the championship of the first [[NCAA Men''s Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA\n        men''s basketball tournament]].\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** Dictator [[Francisco Franco]]\n        assumes power in [[Madrid]], remaining in power until [[1975]].\\n** American\n        adventurer [[Richard Halliburton]] delivers a last message from a Chinese\n        junk, before he disappears on a voyage across the Pacific Ocean. In 1945,\n        some wreckage identified as a rudder and believed to belong to the junk, washed\n        ashore in [[San Diego]], [[California]].\\n* [[March 31]] – Neville Chamberlain\n        gives a speech in the House of Commons offering the British \\\"guarantee\\\"\n        of the independence of Poland.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 1]] \\n** The [[Spanish\n        Civil War]] comes to an end when the last of the Republican forces surrender.\\n**\n        The rumor that [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] is dead sweeps the United States as\n        millions of [[CBS]] radio listeners hear the F\\u00fchrer cut off in mid-speech\n        during a shortwave relay of his address at the dedication of the [[German\n        battleship Tirpitz|''''Tirpitz'''']] in [[Wilhelmshaven]].{{cite book|authorlink=William\n        L. Shirer|first=William L.|last=Shirer|title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Third\n        Reich]]''''}} \\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] orders the German\n        military to start planning for [[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall Wei\\u00df]], the codename\n        for the invasion of Poland.\\n** [[Refik Saydam]] forms the new government\n        in [[Turkey]] (12th government; Refik Saydam had served twice as a prime minister).\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Faisal II of Iraq|Faisal II]] becomes King of [[Iraq]] at\n        age 3 following the death of his father, [[Ghazi of Iraq|Ghazi]], in an automobile\n        incident.\\n** The [[Slovak\\u2013Hungarian War]] ends with Slovakia ceding\n        eastern territories to Hungary.\\n** Polish Foreign Minister Colonel [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Beck]], in London, signs a treaty designed to bilateralize [[Neville Chamberlain]]''s\n        \\\"Polish Guarantee\\\" of March 31.\\n* [[April 7]] – Italy invades [[Albania]];\n        [[Zog I of Albania|King Zog]] flees.\\n* [[April 9]] – African-American\n        singer [[Marian Anderson]] performs before 75,000 people at the [[Lincoln\n        Memorial]] in Washington, D.C., after having been denied the use both of [[Constitution\n        Hall]] by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]], and of a public high\n        school by the federally controlled [[District of Columbia]]. [[First Lady\n        of the United States]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] resigns from the DAR because\n        of their decision.\\n* [[April 11]] – Hungary leaves the [[League of\n        Nations]].\\n* [[April 13]] – Britain offers a \\\"guarantee\\\" to Romania\n        and Greece.\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[John Steinbeck]]''s novel ''''[[The Grapes\n        of Wrath]]'''' is first published, in the United States.\\n** At a meeting\n        in Paris, French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] meets with Soviet Ambassador\n        Jakob Suritz, and suggests that a \\\"peace front\\\" comprising France, the Soviet\n        Union, Great Britain, Poland and Romania would deter Germany from war.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – The Soviet Union proposes a \\\"peace front\\\" to resist\n        aggression.\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Billie Holiday]] records \\\"[[Strange\n        Fruit]]\\\", the first anti-lynching song.\\n* [[April 25]] – The [[Federal\n        Security Agency]] (FSA) is founded in the United States, along with the [[Civilian\n        Conservation Corps]] and [[United States Public Health Service|Public Health\n        Service]].\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Ely Racecourse]] in [[Cardiff]] closes.\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – In a speech before the ''''Reichstag'''', [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        renounces the [[Anglo-German Naval Agreement]] and the [[German\\u2013Polish\n        Non-Aggression Pact]].\\n* [[April 30]] – The [[1939 New York World''s\n        Fair]] opens.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* May – The [[H\\u00f2a H\\u1ea3o]] religious\n        sect is established by [[Hu\\u1ef3nh Ph\\u00fa S\\u1ed5]].\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        ''''[[Batman]]'''', created by [[Bob Kane]] and [[Bill Finger]] makes his\n        first appearance in Detective comics no. 27 .\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Major\n        League Baseball]]''s [[Lou Gehrig]], the legendary Yankee first baseman known\n        as \\\"The Iron Horse\\\", ends his  2,130 consecutive games played streak after\n        contracting [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]. The record stands for 56 years\n        before [[Cal Ripken, Jr.]] plays 2,131 consecutive games.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n**\n        [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] succeeds [[Maxim Litvinov]] as Soviet Foreign Commissar.\\n**\n        The [[All India Forward Bloc]] is formed by Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[Carl Friedrich Goerdeler]] tells the British government\n        that the German and Soviet governments are secretly beginning a rapprochement\n        with the aim of dividing Eastern Europe between them. Goerdeler also informs\n        the British of German economic problems which he states threaten the survival\n        of the Nazi regime, and advises that if a firm stand is made for Poland, then\n        Hitler will be deterred from war.\\n* [[May 9]] – Spain leaves the [[League\n        of Nations]].\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Lina Medina]], a 5-year-old [[Peru]]vian\n        girl, gives birth to a baby boy, becoming the youngest confirmed mother in\n        medical history.\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[King George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth\n        The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]] arrive in [[Quebec City]] to begin the\n        first-ever tour of Canada by [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada''s monarch]].\\n**\n        The British government issues the [[White Paper of 1939]], sharply restricting\n        Jewish immigration to [[Mandatory Palestine]].\\n** [[Sweden]], [[Norway]],\n        and [[Finland]] refuse Germany''s offer of non-aggression pacts.\\n* [[May\n        20]] – [[Pan American Airways]] begins transatlantic mail service with\n        the inaugural flight of its [[Boeing 314]] [[flying boat]] ''''Yankee Clipper''''  from\n        [[Port Washington, New York]], to [[Marseille]].\\n* [[May 22]] – Germany\n        and Italy sign the [[Pact of Steel]].\\n* [[May 24]] – First issue of\n        ''''[[Fashizmi]]'''' is published in [[Tirana]].\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Albania]]n\n        [[fascist]] leader [[Tefik Mborja]] is appointed as member of the Italian\n        Chamber of Fasces and Corporations.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Phutthamonthon\n        Buddha.gif|thumb|160px|right| [[June 24]]: Siam is renamed \\\"[[Thailand]]\\\".]]\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – The Soviet government offers its definition of what constitutes\n        \\\"aggression\\\", upon which the projected Anglo-Soviet-French alliance will\n        come into effect. The French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] accepts the\n        Soviet definition of aggression at once. The British reject the Soviet definition,\n        especially the concept of \\\"indirect aggression\\\", which they feel is too\n        loose a definition and phrased in such a manner as to imply the Soviet right\n        of inference in the internal affairs of nations of Eastern Europe.\\n* [[June\n        4]] – The [[MS St. Louis|''''St. Louis'''']], a ship carrying a cargo\n        of 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in [[Florida]] after\n        already having been turned away from [[Cuba]]. Forced to return to Europe,\n        many of its passengers later die in [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[death camps]] during\n        [[The Holocaust]].\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The first [[Little League Baseball]]\n        game is played in [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[June 10]] – MGM''s\n        first successful animated character, [[Barney Bear]], makes his debut in ''''[[The\n        Bear That Couldn''t Sleep]]''''. However, he didn''t have a name until 1942.\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – The [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum]] is officially\n        dedicated in [[Cooperstown, New York]].\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Tientsin\n        Incident]]: The Japanese blockade the British concession in [[Tianjin]], China,\n        beginning a crisis which almost causes an Anglo-Japanese war in the summer\n        of 1939.\\n* [[June 17]] – In the last ''''public'''' guillotining in\n        France, murderer [[Eugen Weidmann]] is decapitated by the [[guillotine]].\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – New York Yankees announce Lou Gehrig''s retirement after\n        doctors reveal he has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.See Wikipedia article:\n        [[Lou Gehrig]]\\n* [[June 23]] – Talks are completed in [[Ankara]]\n        between French Ambassador [[Ren\\u00e9 Massigli]] and Turkish Foreign Minister\n        [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]], resolving the Hatay dispute in Turkey''s\n        favor. [[Turkey]] annexes [[Hatay State|Hatay]].\\n* [[June 24]] – The\n        government of Siam changes its name to [[Thailand]], which means ''Free Land''.\\\"Thailand\n        ( Siam ) History\\\" (overview), CS Mngt, 2005, ''''CSMngt.com'''' webpage:\n        [http://www.csmngt.com/thailand_history.htm CSMngt-Thai].\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Ford N-Series tractor#N Series Models|Ford 9N tractor]] with\n        [[Harry Ferguson|Ferguson]] hydraulic [[three-point hitch]] first demonstrated\n        at [[Dearborn, Michigan]].{{cite book|first=Randy|last=Leffingwell|title=Classic\n        Farm Tractors: History of the Farm Tractor|year=1996|location=Osceola, WI,\n        USA|publisher=Motorbooks International|isbn=978-0760302460|page=99}}\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** The [[1st World Science Fiction Convention]] opens\n        in New York City.\\n** [[Theodore Roosevelt]]''s head is dedicated at [[Mount\n        Rushmore]].\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Lou Gehrig]] gives his last public speech,\n        following a diagnosis of [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS).  In it,\n        he says, \\\"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.\\\"\\n**\n        The [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] becomes autonomous.\\n* [[July 6]] –\n        The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed by the [[Nazi]]s.\\n*\n        [[July 8]] – The [[Pan American Airways]] [[Boeing 314]] [[flying boat]]\n        ''''Yankee Clipper'''' inaugurates the world''s first [[heavier-than-air]]\n        North Atlantic air passenger service between the United States ([[Port Washington,\n        New York]]) and Britain.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] the spiritual\n        leader from India writes a personal letter to [[Adolf Hitler]] addressing\n        him \\\"My friend\\\", requesting to prevent any possible war.\\n* [[July 27]]\n        – The first recorded snowfall in [[Auckland]], New Zealand since records\n        began in 1853.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n* [[August 2]] – The [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd\n        letter]] is signed, advising [[President of the United States]] [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] of the potential use of [[uranium]] to construct an [[atomic\n        bomb]].\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Neville Chamberlain]] dismisses Parliament\n        until October 3.\\n* [[August 15]] – MGM''s classic musical film ''''[[The\n        Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'''', based on [[The Wonderful\n        Wizard of Oz|L. Frank Baum''s famous novel]], and starring [[Judy Garland]]\n        as Dorothy, premieres at Grauman''s Chinese Theatre in [[Hollywood]].\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Adolf Hitler]], after evaluating the pace of the [[Molotov\\u2013Ribbentrop\n        Pact|non-aggression negotiations with the Soviet Union]], orders the [[Kriegsmarine]]\n        to begin the opening operations for ''''[[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall Weiss]]'''',\n        the invasion of Poland. The {{Ship|German pocket battleship|Admiral Graf Spee}},\n        along with the {{Ship|German pocket battleship|Deutschland}}, as well as dozens\n        of u-boats, cast off for their advance positions.  According to [[William\n        L. Shirer]], Hitler spends the next few days worrying that the Russians will\n        not come to terms in time for the rest of the invasion plans to unfold as\n        scheduled.\\n* [[August 20]] – Armored forces under the command of Soviet\n        General [[Georgy Zhukov]] deliver a decisive defeat to [[Imperial Japanese\n        Army]] forces in the Japanese-Soviet border war in [[Inner Mongolia]].\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Molotov\\u2013Ribbentrop Pact]] signed between Germany\n        and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agreed to division of\n        spheres of influence (Finland, [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], eastern Poland and\n        Bessarabia (today [[Moldova]]), north-east province of [[Romania]] to the\n        [[Soviet Union]]; [[Lithuania]] and western Poland to Germany). Its annex\n        reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.\\n* [[August 24]] – As details\n        of the [[Molotov\\u2013Ribbentrop Pact]] become public, [[Neville Chamberlain]]\n        recalls the Parliament of the United Kingdom several weeks early. In a burst\n        of legislation, a War Powers Act is approved; and HMG order the [[Royal Navy]]\n        to be put on a war footing, all leaves to be cancelled, and the Naval and\n        coast defense reserves to be called up, especially radar and anti-aircraft\n        units. In addition, the last British and French private citizens in Germany\n        are ordered home by their respective Governments.\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** The\n        German Foreign Ministry cuts off all telegraph and telephone communication\n        with the outside world in accordance with the plan for ''''[[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall\n        Weiss]]''''. At approximately 1830 Central European time, Adolf Hitler postpones\n        ''''Fall Weiss'''' for 5 days, after receiving a message from [[Benito Mussolini]]\n        that he will not honor the Pact of Steel if Germany attacks Poland, and because\n        Chamberlain''s government has not fallen as a result of the German-Soviet\n        Non-Aggression Pact. Some units already in their forward positions (the attack\n        is scheduled for 0430 the next day) do not get the word in time and attack\n        various targets along the border. That same day, [[Neville Chamberlain]] gives\n        [[Edward Rydz-\\u015amig\\u0142y]] his \\\"ironclad guarantee\\\" of assistance\n        if Poland is attacked by Germany.\\n** An [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish\n        Republican Army]] bomb explodes in the centre of [[Coventry]], England, killing\n        5 people.\\n** MGM''s classic musical film ''''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The\n        Wizard of Oz]]'''', based on [[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|L. Frank Baum''s\n        famous novel]], and starring [[Judy Garland]] as Dorothy, is released in theaters\n        everywhere.\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** The first televised [[Major League Baseball]]\n        games were shown on experimental station [[W2XBS]]: a double-header between\n        the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] at [[Ebbets Field]].\\n**\n        Division of Grazing renamed [[United States Grazing Service]].\\n** The [[Kriegsmarine]]\n        orders all German-flagged merchant ships to head to German ports immediately\n        in anticipation of the invasion of Poland.\\n* [[August 27]] – A [[Heinkel\n        He 178]], the first turbojet-powered aircraft, flies for the first time with\n        Captain Erich Warsitz in command.\\n* [[August 28]] – The {{SS|Normandie}}\n        heads into [[New York Harbor]] where she will be interned on 3 September and\n        cut up for scrap beginning in 1946.\\n* [[August 30]] – Poland begins\n        a [[mobilization]] against [[Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Operation\n        Himmler]]: Nazi German troops posing as Poles stage a series of [[false flag]]\n        operations on the border (including the [[Gleiwitz incident]]) giving a pretext\n        for the invasion of Poland.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Zniszczenia1939 0.jpg|160px|right|thumb|[[September\n        1]]: [[Wielu\\u0144]] destroyed by [[Luftwaffe]] bombing.]]\\n[[File:Armia Czerwona,\n        Wehrmacht 22.09.1939 wsp\\u00f3lna parada.jpg|160px|right|thumb|Common parade\n        of Wehrmacht and Red Army in Brest at the end of the Invasion of Poland. At\n        the center Major General [[Heinz Guderian]] and Brigadier [[Semyon Krivoshein]].]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – Beginning of WWII:\\n** Opening shots of [[World War\n        II]] and [[Invasion of Poland]]: At 4:45am Central European Time, under cover\n        of darkness, the German WW1-era battleship [[German battleship Schleswig-Holstein|''''Schleswig-Holstein'''']]\n        quietly slips her moorings at her wharf in Danzig harbor, drifts into the\n        center of the channel, and commences firing on the fortress [[Westerplatte]],\n        a Polish army installation at the northeastern mouth of the port of the internationalized\n        [[Free City of Danzig]]. Five minutes previously the [[bombing of Wielu\\u0144]]\n        in the western part of Poland had begun. Shock-troops of the German [[Wehrmacht]]\n        begin crossing the border into Poland. [[Bombing of Wielu\\u0144]] (two air-raids)\n        follows.\\n** The [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] passes a statement\n        stating that [[Adolf Hitler]]''s second-in-command [[Reichsmarschall]] [[Hermann\n        G\\u00f6ring]] should be appointed as Hitler''s successor as [[F\\u00fchrer]]\n        should Hitler die during the War. [[Rudolf Hess]] is to be appointed in G\\u00f6ring''s\n        place should anything befall G\\u00f6ring.\\n** Norway, Finland, Sweden and\n        Switzerland declare their neutrality.\\n* [[September 2]] – WWII:\\n**\n        Following the invasion of Poland, the Free City of Danzig (modern-day [[Gda\\u0144sk]],\n        Poland) is annexed to [[Nazi Germany]].\\n** Spain and the Irish Free State\n        declare their neutrality.\\n* [[September 3]] – WWII:\\n** The United\n        Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Australia and India (by its [[Governor-General\n        of India|Viceroy]]) declare war on Nazi Germany. [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\n        [[Mackenzie King]], in English, and [[Minister of Justice (Canada)|Justice\n        Minister]] [[Ernest Lapointe]], in French, give an international radio address\n        stating the Dominion''s intention to declare war also.{{cite web|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/on_this_day/09/10/|title=On\n        This Day - September 10, 1939|publisher=[[CBC.ca]]|accessdate=2011-09-15}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.junobeach.org/e/2/can-eve-eve-war-e.htm%7ctitle=War!%7cpublisher=junobeach.org%7caccessdate=2011-09-15|title=Canada\n        in the Second World War|work=Juno Beach Centre}}\\n** United States President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] advocates neutrality in a nationwide radio address.\\n**\n        [[Ocean liner]] {{SS|Athenia}} becomes the first British civilian casualty\n        of the war when she is [[torpedo]]ed and sunk by {{GS|U-30|1936|6}} in the\n        eastern Atlantic. Of the 1,418 aboard, 98 passengers and 19 crew are killed.\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – WWII:\\n** First [[bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World\n        War II]] by the British [[Royal Air Force]].\\n** [[Nepal]] declares war on\n        [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].\\n* [[September 5]] – WWII: The United States\n        declares its neutrality in the war.\\n* [[September 6]] – WWII: South\n        Africa declares war on [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Little\n        Sisters of Jesus]] founded in [[Algeria]] by [[Little Sister Magdeleine]].\\n**\n        WWII: Forward elements of General Hoeppner''s XVI Panzerkorps take up positions\n        outside [[Warsaw]]. The world is stunned by the rapidity of the German advance\n        and the Polish High Command is effectively isolated, but lack of infantry\n        support and effective civilian resistance cause Hoeppner to halt outside the\n        city itself.\\n** WWII: Polish troops on the [[Westerplatte]] are forced, due\n        to lack of food and ammunition, to surrender. The garrison of about two hundred\n        had held out against thousands of German forces (many of them Naval officer\n        cadets from the [[German battleship Schleswig-Holstein|''''Schleswig-Holstein,'''']])\n        for seven days.\\n[[File:Polish kid in the ruins of Warsaw September 1939.jpg|thumb|160px|September:\n        [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|Siege of Warsaw]].]]\\n* [[September 9]] – WWII:\n        Troops of the Polish [[Pozna\\u0144 Army]] under the command of [[Tadeusz Kutrzeba|General\n        Kutrzeba]] open the [[Battle of the Bzura]], the largest and best organized\n        counter-attack mounted by the Polish forces in the [[Invasion of Poland|campaign\n        of 1939.]] For the first few days all goes well and the Germans are forced\n        to retreat; but quick reaction by mechanized units and the Luftwaffe soon\n        take their toll and the operation bogs down.\\n* [[September 10]] – WWII:\n        Canada declares war on [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the only declaration of war\n        by Canada.\\n* [[September 15]] – WWII: Diverse elements of the German\n        Wehrmacht surround [[Warsaw]] and demand its surrender. The Poles refuse and\n        the [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|siege]] begins in earnest.\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – A ceasefire ends the undeclared [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol|Border War]]\n        between the [[Soviet Union]] (and [[Mongolia]]n allies) and Japan.\\n* [[September\n        17]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] [[Soviet invasion of Poland|invades\n        Poland]] and then [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|occupies\n        eastern Polish territories]].\\n** [[Royal Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Courageous|50|6}}\n        is torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-29|1936|6}} in the [[Western Approaches]]\n        with the loss of 519 crew, the first British warship loss of the War.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – WWII: [[Orze\\u0142 incident|''''Orze\\u0142'''' incident]]: The\n        Polish submarine ORP ''''Orze\\u0142'''' escapes internment from [[Tallinn]]\n        harbour, [[Estonia]], leading both the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Germany]] to\n        question Estonia''s neutrality.\\n* [[September 19]] – WWII: The Poznan\n        pocket collapses, and the Germans capture, according to many sources, over\n        150,000 men. Many elements of General [[Tadeusz Kutrzeba]]''s forces work\n        their way into Warsaw under extreme difficulty.\\n* [[September 21]]\\n**[[Reinhard\n        Heydrich]], chief of the Security Police, sends a directive, the Schnellbrief,\n        explaining that Jews living in towns and villages in the Polish occupation\n        zones are to be transferred to ghettos, and Jewish councils, [[Judenr\\u00e4te]],\n        will be established to carry out the German authorities\\u2019 orders.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/02/occupation.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        |title=The Conquest of Poland and the Beginnings of Jewish Persecution |work=The\n        Holocaust |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] |accessdate=2013-03-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108072837/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/02/occupation.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        |archivedate=November 8, 2012 |df= }}\\n**Radio station [[WJSV]] in Washington,\n        D.C. records an [[WJSV broadcast day|entire broadcast day]] for preservation\n        in the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]].\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – WWII: Joint [[victory parade]] of [[Wehrmacht]] and\n        [[Red Army]] in [[Brest-Litovsk]] at the end of the [[Invasion of Poland]].\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – WWII: The [[Soviet Union]] issues an ultimatum to\n        [[Estonia]] to allow Soviet military bases on its territory, which Estonia\n        accepts on September 28. Similar ultimatums are issued to [[Latvia]] on October\n        5 and to [[Lithuania]] on October 10, who are forced to accept them as well.\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – WWII:\\n** [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]]\n        agree on a division of Poland after their invasion.\\n** [[Warsaw]] surrenders\n        to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]; [[Modlin (Nowy Dw\\u00f3r Mazowiecki)|Modlin]]\n        surrenders a day later; the last Polish large operational unit surrenders\n        near [[Kock]] 8 days later.\\n* [[September 29]] – Gerald J. Cox, speaking\n        at an [[American Water Works Association]] meeting, becomes the first person\n        to publicly propose the [[Water fluoridation|fluoridation]] of public water\n        supplies in the United States.\\n* [[September 30]] – General [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Sikorski]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister]] of the [[Polish\n        government-in-exile]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October 6]] – WWII: Poland\n        Battle of Kock ends the Polish Campaign. [[Polish resistance movement in World\n        War II|Polish resistance]] moves underground.\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** WWII: [[Nazi\n        Germany|Germany]] annexes [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|Western Poland]].\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: [[Piotrk\\u00f3w Trybunalski Ghetto]], the first Jewish\n        [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe]], is proclaimed\n        in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|German-occupied Poland]].\\n* [[October\n        11]] – The [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter]] is delivered to [[President\n        of the United States]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] advising of the potential\n        use of [[uranium]] to construct an [[atomic bomb]], leading to the [[Manhattan\n        Project]].\\n* [[October 14]] – The {{GS|U-47|1938|6}} sinks the British\n        battleship {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|6}} at anchor in [[Scapa Flow]] (Scotland) with\n        the loss of 833 crew.\\n* [[October 15]] – The New York Municipal Airport\n        (later renamed [[LaGuardia Airport]]) is dedicated.\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        ''''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'''' premieres in Washington, D.C.\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – First meeting of the U.S. [[S-1 Uranium Committee|Advisory\n        Committee on Uranium]] under [[Lyman James Briggs]], authorized by President\n        Roosevelt to oversee [[neutron]] experiments, a precursor of the [[Manhattan\n        Project]].\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Nylon]] stockings go on sale for the\n        first time anywhere in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        ''''[[The Time of Your Life]]'''', a drama by [[William Saroyan]], debuts\n        in New York City.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Hedda-Hopper-1929.jpg|thumb|140px|right|[[November\n        6]]: [[Hedda Hopper]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]–[[November 2|2]] – WWII:\n        Physicist [[Hans Ferdinand Mayer]] writes the [[Oslo Report]] on German weapons\n        systems and passes it to the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]].\\n* [[November\n        4]] – WWII: U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] orders the [[United\n        States Customs Service]] to implement the [[Neutrality Acts of 1930s|Neutrality\n        Act of 1939]], allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons to non-belligerent\n        nations.\\n*[[November 4]] – [[Stewart Menzies]] is appointed head of\n        the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]].\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** ''''Hedda\n        Hopper''s Hollywood'''' debuts on radio with gossip columnist [[Hedda Hopper]]\n        as host (the show runs until 1951, making Hopper a powerful figure in the\n        [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] elite).\\n** WWII: [[Sonderaktion\n        Krakau]]: Germans take action against scientists from the [[University of\n        Krak\\u00f3w]] and other [[Krak\\u00f3w]] universities.\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        WWII: In [[Munich]], an attempt to kill [[Adolf Hitler]] is made by [[Georg\n        Elser]] while Hitler is celebrating the 16th anniversary of the [[Beer Hall\n        Putsch]].\\n** [[CBS]] television station [[W2XAB]] resumes test transmission\n        with an all-electronic system broadcast from the top of the [[Chrysler Building]]\n        in [[New York City]].{{cite web|title=Early Television Stations - W2XAB/W2XAX/WCBW\n        - CBS, New York|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/w2xab.html|work=Early Television\n        Museum|location=Hilliard, OH|accessdate=2014-11-26}}\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – WWII: [[Venlo Incident]]: Two British agents of [[Secret Intelligence\n        Service|SIS]] are captured by the Germans.\\n* [[November 15]] – In Washington,\n        D.C., U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] lays the cornerstone of the\n        [[Jefferson Memorial]].\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Al Capone]] is released\n        from [[Alcatraz]], due to deteriorating health caused by [[syphilis]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – WWII: To punish protests against the Nazi occupation\n        of the Czech homeland, the Nazis storm the University of Prague and murder\n        nine Czech graduate students, send over 1,200 to concentration camps, and\n        close all Czech universities, an event which will be commemorated as [[International\n        Students'' Day]].\\n* [[November 23]] – WWII: British [[armed merchantman]]\n        {{HMS|Rawalpindi}} is sunk in the [[GIUK gap]] in an action against the German\n        [[battleship]]s {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German\n        battleship|Gneisenau||2}}.\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Shelling of Mainila]]:\n        The [[Soviet Union]]''s [[Red Army]] shells the Russian village of Mainila,\n        then claims that the fire originated from [[Finland]], giving a ''''[[casus\n        belli]]'''' for the [[Winter War]].\\n* [[November 30]] – WWII:\\n** [[Winter\n        War]]: Soviet forces attack Finland and reach the [[Mannerheim Line]], starting\n        the war.\\n** Sweden declares itself a [[non-belligerent]] in the Winter War.\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n* [[December 2]] – [[LaGuardia Airport]] opens for business\n        in New York City.\\n* [[December 4]] – WWII:\\n** British battleship {{HMS|Nelson|28|6}}\n        strikes a [[Naval mine|mine]] (laid by {{GS|U-31|1936|2}}) off the coast of\n        Scotland and is laid up for repairs until August 1940.\\n** [[German submarine\n        U-36 (1936)|German submarine ''''U-36'''']] is torpedoed and sunk by British\n        submarine [[HMS Salmon (N65)|HMS ''''Salmon'''']] off [[Stavanger]], the first\n        enemy submarine lost to a British one during the War.\\n* [[December 9]]\\n**\n        WWII: First soldier of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British\n        Expeditionary Force]] killed: Corporal Thomas Priday triggers a French land\n        mine.\\n** Hugh Harman''s animated short Christmas film ''''[[Peace on Earth\n        (film)|Peace on Earth]]'''' is released by MGM in the United States.\\n* [[December\n        12]] – WWII: {{HMS|Duchess|H64|6}} sinks after a collision with {{HMS|Barham|04|6}}\n        off the coast of Scotland with the loss of 124 men.\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        WWII – [[Battle of the River Plate]]:  The [[German cruiser Admiral\n        Graf Spee|German heavy cruiser ''''Admiral Graf Spee'''']] is trapped by cruisers\n        {{HMS|Ajax|22|6}}, [[HMNZS Achilles|HMNZS ''''Achilles'''']], and {{HMS|Exeter|68|6}}\n        after a running battle off the coast of [[Uruguay]]. The ''''Graf Spee''''\n        is scuttled by its crew off [[Montevideo]] harbor on [[December 17]].\\n* [[December\n        14]] – WWII – [[Winter War]]: The [[League of Nations]] expels\n        the USSR for attacking Finland.\\n* [[December 15]] – The epic historical\n        romance film ''''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'''', starring\n        [[Vivien Leigh]], [[Clark Gable]], [[Olivia de Havilland]] and [[Leslie Howard\n        (actor)|Leslie Howard]], premieres at [[Loew''s Grand Theatre]] in [[Atlanta]].\n        Based on [[Margaret Mitchell]]''s [[Gone with the Wind (novel)|best-selling\n        novel]] of 1936, it is the longest American film made up to this date (at\n        nearly four hours) and rapidly becomes the [[Timeline of highest-grossing\n        films|highest-grossing film up to this time]].\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        WWII – [[Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)|Battle of the Heligoland\n        Bight]]: [[RAF Bomber Command]], on a daylight mission to attack ''''[[Kriegsmarine]]''''\n        ships in the [[Heligoland Bight]], is repulsed by [[Luftwaffe]] [[fighter\n        aircraft]].\\n* [[December 22]] – The second [[cel]]-animated feature\n        film and the first produced by an American studio other than [[Walt Disney\n        Productions]], ''''[[Gulliver''s Travels (1939 film)|Gulliver''s Travels]]''''\n        by [[Fleischer Studios]] and very loosely based upon the book by [[Jonathan\n        Swift]], is released. \\n* [[December 26]] – Miners [[Strike action|strike]]\n        in [[Borinage]], Belgium.\\n* [[December 27]] – The 7.8 {{M|w}} [[1939\n        Erzincan earthquake|Erzincan earthquake]] shakes eastern [[Turkey]] with a\n        maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XII (''''Extreme''''),\n        causing $20 million in damage, and leaving 32,700\\u201332,968 dead.\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Kirlian photography]] is invented by [[Semyon Kirlian]].\\n*\n        A logging crew sets off a second [[forest fire]] in the [[Tillamook Burn]]\n        of Oregon, which destroys {{convert|190,000|acre|km2}}.\\n* [[Sandia View Academy]],\n        a private [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Adventist]] school, is founded in\n        [[Corrales, New Mexico]],\\n* [[General Motors]] introduces the [[Hydra-Matic]]\n        drive, the first mass-produced, fully [[automatic transmission]], as an option\n        in 1940 model year [[Oldsmobile]] [[automobile]]s.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n\\n=== January===\\n[[File:Ali4th.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ali\n        Mahdi Muhammad]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Toomey 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill Toomey]]]]\\n[[File:Sal\n        mineo Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sal Mineo]]]]\\n[[File:Abdullah Ensour\n        2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdullah Ensour]]]]\\n[[File:Alfredo Palacio (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alfredo\n        Palacio]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], Somali entrepreneur\n        and politician, 4th [[President of Somalia]]\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Hull]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Ruben Reyes]], Associate Justice of the\n        Supreme Court of the Philippines\\n** [[Gene Summers]], American rock ''n roll\n        singer (member of [[Rockabilly Hall of Fame]])\\n** [[Arik Einstein]], Israeli\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi]], Ukrainian\n        footballer and manager (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Murray Rose]], Australian swimmer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Jimmy Boyd]], American singer, musician\n        and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Rik Kemp]], Australian cartoonist\\n** [[Tadahiro\n        Matsushita]], Japanese politician (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Susannah York]], British\n        actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Sal Mineo]], American actor\n        (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Bill Toomey]], American athlete\\n* [[January 11]] –\n        [[Anne Heggtveit]], Canadian skier\\n* [[January 12]] – [[William Lee\n        Golden]], American country and gospel singer, member of the [[Oak Ridge Boys]]\\n*\n        [[January 17]]\\n** [[Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens]] (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Maury Povich]], American talk show host\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Bo Gritz]],\n        U.S. Presidential candidate\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Phil Everly]], American\n        rock ''n'' roll musician (member of [[Rockabilly Hall of Fame]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Abdullah Ensour]], Jordanian economist, 75th [[Prime\n        Minister of Jordan]]\\n** [[Chandra Wickramasinghe]], British astronomer and\n        poet\\n* [[January 22]] \\n** [[Alfredo Palacio]], 42nd [[President of Ecuador]]\\n**\n        [[Ray Stevens]], American musician\\n* [[January 29]] \\n** [[Tony Green]],\n        British sportscaster\\n** [[Germaine Greer]], Australian feminist writer\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Karl-%C3%85ke\n        Asph Liding%C3%B6loppet 1967.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karl-Ake Asph]]]]\\n[[File:Defense.gov\n        News Photo 990520-D-9880W-077.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdelraouf Al-Rawabdeh]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Paul Gillmor]], American politician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Ekaterina Maximova]], Russian ballerina (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – [[Karl-Ake Asph]], Swedish Olympic cross-country skiier\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Michael Cimino]], American film director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Mike Farrell]], American actor\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Egon\n        Zimmermann]], Austrian Olympic alpine skiier\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Tsuyoshi\n        Yamanaka]], Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Adrienne Clarkson]],\n        26th [[Governor General of Canada]]\\n** [[Peter Purves]], British actor and\n        television presenter\\n** [[Roberta Flack]], American soul singer\\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Yael Dayan]], Israeli writer and politician\\n** [[Ray Manzarek]],\n        American keyboardist (''''[[The Doors]]'''') (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 13]]\n        – [[Beate Klarsfeld]], German-born Nazi hunter\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Adolfo Azcuna]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]\n        jurist\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Abdelraouf Al-Rawabdeh]], Jordanian political\n        figure, 65th [[Prime Minister of Jordan]]\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Erin\n        Pizzey]], author and founder of the first domestic violence shelter in the\n        modern worldhttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5JYrAQAAIAAJ&q=erin+pizzey+1939+february+19\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Frank Arundel]], English footballer (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Gert Neuhaus]], German artist\\n* [[February 23]]\n        – [[Rachel Elkind-Tourre]], American record producer\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**\n        [[Daniel C. Tsui]], Chinese-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Tommy Tune]], American dancer, choreographer, and actor\\n\\n===\n        March===\\n[[File:Mulroney 2011.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Brian Mulroney]]]]\\n[[File:Terence\n        Hill 2010.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Terence Hill]]]]\\n[[File:Volker Schloendorff Lodz\n        Poland November29 2009 Fot Mariusz Kubik 05.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Volker Schl\\u00f6ndorff]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[Tzvetan Todorov]], Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher,\n        structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayis (d. [[2017]]) \\n**\n        [[Leo Brouwer]], Cuban composer and guitarist\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Bill\n        Frindall]], English cricket scorer and statistician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Jack Fisher]], former American Major League baseball pitcher\\n**\n        [[Carlos Vereza]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Benyamin Sueb]],\n        Indonesian actor, comedian and singer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Lidiya\n        Skoblikova]], Russian speed-skater\\n** [[Robert Tear]], Welsh tenor (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Malcolm Bricklin]], American automotive pioneer\\n* [[March\n        12]] – [[Johnny Callison]], American baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Neil Sedaka]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[H\\u00e9ctor Bonilla]], Mexican actor\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        [[Alicia Freilich]],  Venezuelan writer and novelist\\n* [[March 16]] –\n        [[Carlos Bilardo]], Argentine football player and manager\\n* [[March 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Gary]], American sculptor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Giovanni Trapattoni]],\n        Italian football player and manager\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Peter Kraus]],\n        German singer\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Brian Mulroney]], 18th [[Prime Minister\n        of Canada]]\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Toni Cade Bambara]], African-American\n        writer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Leila Kasra]], Iranian poet\n        and lyricist (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Vic Vargas]], Filipino\n        actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Terence Hill]], Italian actor\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], [[President of Georgia]] (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Volker Schl\\u00f6ndorff]], German film director\\n** [[Karl-Heinz Schnellinger]],\n        German footballer\\n\\n===April===\\n\\n[[File:Francis Ford Coppola 2011 CC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Francis\n        Ford Coppola]]]]\\n[[File:David Frost Rumsfeld interview cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David\n        Frost]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Sorvino Shankbone 2010 NYC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Sorvino]]]]\\n[[File:Jaime\n        Paz Zamora.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jaime Paz Zamora]]]]\\n[[File:Jo\\u00e3o Bernardo\n        Vieira.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jo\\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        [[Ali MacGraw]], American model and actress \\n** [[Spider Martin]], American\n        photographer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Phil Niekro]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Marvin Gaye]], American singer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[Hugh Masekela]], South African musician\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Francis\n        Ford Coppola]], American film director\\n** Sir [[David Frost]], English television\n        personality (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Elizabeth Clare Prophet]],\n        American writer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[George Harrison (swimmer)|George\n        Harrison]], American competition swimmer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Claudio Magris]], Italian author\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Alan Ayckbourn]],\n        American dramatist\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Seamus Heaney]], Irish writer, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Paul Sorvino]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Jaime Paz Zamora]], 73rd [[President\n        of Bolivia]]\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Dusty Springfield]], English singer\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Jan Hoem]], Norwegian population scientist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Elspeth Ballantyne]], Australian actress\\n*\n        [[April 22]]\\n** [[Mark Jones (actor)|Mark Jones]], English actor (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Jason Miller (playwright)|Jason Miller]], American playwright and actor\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Ann Mitchell]], English actress\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[Lee Majors]], American actor\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Ted Kooser]], [[United\n        States Poet Laureate]]\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Erik Pevernagie]], Belgian painter\\n**\n        [[Jo\\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira]], [[President of Guinea-Bissau]] (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Judycollins 20090205.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Judy Collins]]]]\\n[[File:Ruud\n        Lubbers, 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ruud Lubbers]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Drayton,\n        Henry Carr, Edwin Roberts 1964.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Drayton (athlete)|Paul\n        Drayton]]]]\\n[[File:Harvey Keitel Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Harvey Keitel]]]]\\n[[File:SDCC13\n        - Ian McKellen.jpg|thumb|120px|Sir [[Ian McKellen]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        [[Judy Collins]], American singer and songwriter\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Taomati\n        Iuta]], [[Vice President of Kiribati]] (1991\\u201394)\\n* [[May 4]] –\n        [[Paul Gleason]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Sidney Altman]],\n        Canadian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Ruud Lubbers]], Dutch politician, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]],\n        1982\\u201394\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Paul Drayton (athlete)|Paul Drayton]],\n        American Olympic athlete (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Ralph Boston]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Pierre Desproges]], French humorist (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]]\\n** [[Milt Pappas]], American baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Dante Ti\\u00f1ga]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme\n        Court]] jurist\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ron Ziegler]], White House Press Secretary\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Harvey Keitel]], American actor\\n* [[May\n        14]] – [[Veruschka von Lehndorff]], German model, actress and artist\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Livio Berruti]], Italian athlete\\n** [[Sonny Fortune]], American\n        jazz musician\\n** [[James Fox (actor)|Jams Fox]], English actor\\n** [[Nancy\n        Kwan]], American actress\\n** [[Dick Scobee]], American astronaut (d. 1986)\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[Heinz Holliger]], Swiss oboist and composer\\n* [[May\n        22]] – [[Paul Winfield]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Reinhard Hauff]], German film director\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Dixie\n        Carter]], American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n** Sir [[Ian McKellen]], English\n        actor\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Brent Musburger]], American sports announcer\\n*\n        [[May 27]]– [[Don Williams]], American musician (d.[[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Al Unser]], American race car driver\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Michael J. Pollard]], American actor\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:JoeClark.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Joe\n        Clark]]]]\\n[[File:Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Osvaldo\n        Hurtado]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Cleavon Little]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Ron Baensch]], Australian racing cyclist\\n** [[Joe Clark]],\n        16th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n** [[Margaret Drabble]], English novelist\\n*\n        [[June 6]]\\n** [[Louis Andriessen]], Dutch composer\\n** [[Lawrence Stephen]],\n        Nauruan politician\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Ileana Cotruba\\u0219]], Romanian soprano\\n**\n        [[Dick Vitale]], American basketball broadcaster\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jackie\n        Stewart]], Scottish race car driver\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Steny Hoyer]],\n        American Democrat U.S. Representative for Maryland''s 5th congressional district\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Brian Jacques]], British writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Lou Brock]], American baseball player\\n** [[Jack Herer]], American\n        cannabis activist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[William Magee (politician)|William\n        Magee]], American politician\\n** [[Ken Catchpole]], Australian rugby union\n        footballer\\n** [[Marshall Younger]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Essop\n        Pahad]], South African politician\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Ada E. Yonath]], Israeli\n        crystallographer\\n** [[Heikki Sarmanto]], Finnish jazz pianist and composer\\n**\n        [[Ada Yonath]], Israeli crystallographer\\n** [[Kalbe Sadiq]], internationally\n        renowned Islamic scholar, thinker, reformer, educationist and preacher\\n**\n        [[Magdy Conyd]], Canadian fencer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Ardell Brede]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Jack MacIsaac]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Syed Shahid Hakim]],\n        Indian former Olympic football\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Annette Andre]], Australian\n        actress\\n** [[Michael Gothard]], British actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[June 25]]\n        \\n** [[David Ramage]], Australian rower\\n** [[Curtis McClinton]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Barbara Montgomery]], American actress\\n** [[Brian Lowe]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Barbara Chase-Riboud]],\n        American visual artist, bestselling novelist and award-winning poet\\n** [[Osvaldo\n        Hurtado]], 34th [[President of Ecuador]]\\n** [[Chuck Robb]], American politician\n        and former officer in the United States Marine Corps\\n** [[Bobby Henrey]],\n        Anglo-French child actor\\n** [[Arthur Sutton]], English cricketer\\n** [[Zainuddin\n        Maidin]], Malaysian politician\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Brereton Jones]], American\n        politician\\n** [[William Morris (American sport shooter)|William Morris]],\n        American sports shooter\\n** [[Ilija Dimovski (footballer)|Ilija Dimovski]],\n        Macedonian football manager and former player\\n** [[Antonio Mendoza (sport\n        shooter)|Antonio Mendoza]], Filipino former sports shooter\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        [[Jack Harbaugh]], American football player and coach\\n** [[Klaus Schmiegel]],\n        most famous for his work in organic chemistry\\n** [[Wally English]], American\n        football coach\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Sante Gaiardoni]], Italian cyclist\\n**\n        [[John Abel (politician)|John Abel]], Australian politician\\n** [[Hartmut\n        Keyler]], German architect\\n** [[Alan Connolly]], Australian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Ron Headley]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Tony Hatch]],\n        English composer for musical theatre and television\\n** [[Martin A. Herman]],\n        American politician\\n\\n=== July===\\n[[File:Visita de Estado do Presidente\n        Pe\\u00f1a Nieto a Portugal (2014-06-05) - Assinatura do Livro de Honra (cropped).png|thumb|120px|[[An\\u00edbal\n        Cavaco Silva]]]]\\n[[File:Ali Khamenei delivers Nowruz message 02.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ali\n        Khamenei]]]]\\n[[File:Milva in Pistoia 31-01-09 06.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Milva]]]]\\n[[File:Image-Howard2003upr.JPG|thumb|120px|[[John\n        Howard]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Volker Kempe]], German Scientist, Manager\n        and Entrepreneur\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Ferdinand Mount]], British journalist\n        and novelist\\n** [[John H. Sununu]], American politician\\n* [[July 3]] \\n**\n        [[Brian Bades]], English footballer\\n** [[Willy Vanden Berghen]], Belgian\n        professional road bicycle racer\\n** [[Andreas Neocleous]], Greek lawyer\\n*\n        [[July 4]] \\n** [[Abdelmajid Chetali]], Tunisian former footballer and manager\\n**\n        [[Thea Stabell]], Norwegian actress\\n** [[Lee Folkins]], American football\n        tight end\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Booker Edgerson]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Owen Gray]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Bruce Hunter (swimmer)|Bruce\n        Hunter]], American former competition swimmer\\n** [[Mary Peters (athlete)|Mary\n        Peters]], British athlete\\n** [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi]], sovereign\n        ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah\\n** [[Jet Harris]], British bassist, singer\n        and songwriter ([[The Shadows]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Gilbert\n        Ramano]], South African military commander\\n** [[Stanley Henig]], British\n        academic and politician\\n** [[Armand Sahadewsing]], Surinamese football player\n        and manager\\n** [[Satya Prakash Agarwal]], Indian politician\\n** [[Elena Obraztsova]],\n        Russian opera singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Abdelhamid Sharaf]],\n        Jordanian ambassdor to United States and Canada, 51st [[Prime Minister of\n        Jordan]] (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Pavel Parasca]], historian from the Republic\n        of Moldova\\n** [[Rambahadur Limbu]], Nepalese Gurkha recipient of the Victoria\n        Cross\\n** [[Likulia Bolongo]], Congolese former politician and general\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[Mario Da Pozzo]], Italian former football goalkeeper\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Mavis Staples]], American rhythm and blues and gospel singer,\n        actress, and civil rights activist\\n** [[Reg Stratton]], English former footballer\\n**\n        [[Garry Young (footballer)|Garry Young]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July\n        11]]\\n** [[Larry Laoretti]], American golfer\\n** [[Stephen Berger]], American\n        entrepreneur, investment banker, civil servant and political advisor\\n** [[Mick\n        Brown (footballer)|Mick Brown]], England football scout\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Barbara Crossette]], American journalist and author\\n** [[Arlen Ness]],\n        American motorcycle designer and entrepreneur\\n** [[Helen Frith]], Australian\n        athlete\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Daisaku Kimura]], Japanese film director and\n        cinematographer\\n** [[John Danielsen]], Danish former association football\n        midfielder\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Ayoub-Farid Michel Saab]], Lebanese banker\\n**\n        [[Karel Gott]], Czech Schlager singer\\n** [[Sid Haig]], American actor\\n**\n        [[George E. Slusser]], American scholar and writer\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Abdulhussain\n        Abdulredha]], Kuwaiti actor\\n** [[Peter Hirzel]], Swiss cyclist\\n** [[Reg\n        Pridmore]], English former professional motorcycle road racing national champion\n        \\n** [[An\\u00edbal Cavaco Silva]], 113th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and\n        19th [[President of Portugal]]\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Lido Vieri]], Italian\n        football manager and former football player\\n** [[Denise LaSalle]], American\n        blues and R&B/soul singer, songwriter, and record producer\\n** [[Corin Redgrave]],\n        British actor and political activist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Spencer\n        Davis]], Welsh musician and multi-instrumentalist,\\n** [[Ali Khamenei]], Supreme\n        Leader of Iran\\n** [[Norbert Felsinger]], Austrian figure skater\\n** [[Milva]],\n        Italian actress and singer\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Brian Auger]], English jazz\n        and rock keyboardist\\n** [[Eduard Mudrik]], former Soviet Russian footballer\n        of Jewish ethnicity\\n** [[Dion DiMucci]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[July\n        19]]\\n** [[Victor Kelleher]], Australian author\\n** [[Ray Turnbull (curler)|Ray\n        Turnbull]], Canadian curler\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Didier Tamayo]], Colombian\n        fencer\\n** [[Frans Fiolet]], retired field hockey player from the Netherlands\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Bogus\\u0142aw Hajdas]], Polish football player and coach\\n**\n        [[Barbara Scott]], Australian politician\\n** [[Frank Rankmore]], Welsh former\n        professional footballer and Wales international\\n** [[John Negroponte]], U.S.\n        Director of National Intelligence\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Gila Almagor]], Israeli\n        actress, film star, and author\\n** [[Raul Yzaguirre]], American civil rights\n        activist\\n** [[Robert Phelps (pentathlete)|Robert Phelps]], British modern\n        pentathlete\\n** [[Y. Balaretnarajah]], Sri Lankan military leader\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Raine Karp]], Estonian architect\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[John\n        Howard]], 25th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\\n** [[Bob Lilly]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 27]] \\n** [[Paulo Silvino]], Brazilian actor and\n        humorist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[William Eggleston]], American photographer\\n**\n        [[Michael Longley]], Northern Irish poet\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Susan Flannery]],\n        American soap opera actress\\n** [[France Nuyen]], French actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Prinses-irene-okt15-s.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Princess\n        Irene of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Romano Prodi in Nova Gorica (2c).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Romano\n        Prodi]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[Terry Kiser]], American actor\\n** [[Jambuwantrao\n        Dhote]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert James Waller]], American\n        novelist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 2]] \\n** [[Benjamin Barber]], American\n        political theorist and author (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John W. Snow]], 73rd United\n        States Secretary of the Treasury\\n** [[Wes Craven]], American film director\n        and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Princess Irene of the Netherlands]]\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – [[Jana Andrsov\\u00e1]], Czech actress and ballerina\\n*\n        [[August 9]] \\n**[[Bulle Ogier]], French actress\\n**[[Romano Prodi]], Italian\n        politician and economist, 52nd [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**[[Pilar\n        Feiss]], Spanish-American animator, writer, and storyboard artist\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Skip Caray]], American baseball broadcaster (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[George\n        Hamilton (actor)|George Hamilton]], American actor\\n** [[David Jacobs (writer)|David\n        Jacobs]], American producer and writer\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Carole Shelley]],\n        English actress\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Ginger Baker]], English drummer\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Fernando Poe, Jr.]], Filipino actor (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Clarence Williams III]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        22]]\\n** [[Valerie Harper]], American actress\\n** [[Carl Yastrzemski]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Bill Mulliken]], American competition\n        swimmer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Joel Schumacher]], American\n        film producer and director\\n* [[August 30]] \\n** [[John Peel]], English disc\n        jockey (d. 2004)\\n** [[Elizabeth Ashley]], American actress\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Lily Tomlin 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lily Tomlin]]]] \\n[[File:GeorgeLazenby11.14.08ByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George\n        Lazenby]]]]\\n[[File:Flickr - Saeima - 10.Saeimas deput%C4%81ts Guntis Ulmanis.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Guntis\n        Ulmanis]]]]\\n[[File:Jorge Sampaio 3.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jorge Sampaio]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Lily Tomlin]], American actress\\n* [[September 5]]\\n**\n        [[George Lazenby]], Australian actor\\n** [[Clay Regazzoni]], Swiss [[Formula\n        One]] driver (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Brigid Berlin]], American\n        actress and artist\\n** [[Susumu Tonegawa]], Japanese biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        [[Carsten Keller]], German field hockey player\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        [[Ron McDole]], American football player\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**[[Cynthia\n        Lennon]] 1st. wife of English musician John Lennon (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Richard Kiel]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Guntis Ulmanis]],\n        5th [[President of Latvia]]\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Ron Walker (Australian\n        businessman)|Ron Walker]], former Lord Mayor of Melbourne and Australian businessman\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Breyten Breytenbach]], South African writer and\n        painter\\n* [[September 17]] – [[David Souter]], [[Associate Justice\n        of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Jorge\n        Sampaio]], 17th [[President of Portugal]]\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Michu\n        Meszaros]], Hungarian-born American actor (''''[[ALF (TV series)|ALF]]'''')\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Janusz Gajos]], Polish actor\\n*\n        [[September 24]]\\n** [[Mark Elliot (voice-over artist)|Mark Elliott]], voice-over\n        artist for the Walt Disney Company\\n** [[Patrick Kearney]], American serial\n        killers\\n** [[Jacques Vall\\u00e9e]], French ufologist\\n* [[September 25]]\n        – [[Leon Brittan]], British politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Ricky Tomlinson]], British actor\\n* [[September 28]] –\n        [[Rudolph Walker]], Trinidadian actor\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Larry\n        Linville]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Jean-Marie\n        Lehn]], French chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ralph\n        Lauren 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ralph Lauren]]]]\\n[[File:Joaquim Chissano (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joaquim\n        Chissano]]]]\\n[[File:F Murray.Abraham cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[F. Murray\n        Abraham]]]]\\n[[File:John Cleese 2008 bigger crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John Cleese]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[George Archer]], American golfer (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Ivan Mauger]], New Zealand speedway rider, 6 times\n        World Speedway Champion\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Consuelo Ynares-Santiago]],\n        Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Melvyn Bragg]], English media arts presenter, critic and novelist\\n*\n        [[October 7]]\\n** [[John Hopcroft]], American computer scientist\\n** [[Clive\n        James]], Australian-born writer, humorist and television personality\\n** [[Harold\n        Kroto]], English organic chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bill Snyder]], American football coach\\n* [[October\n        8]]\\n** [[Lynne Stewart]], American defense attorney (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Paul\n        Hogan]], Australian film actor\\n* [[October 9]] \\n** [[Prince Bartholomew]],\n        Trinidadian cricketer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Pilger]], Australian-born journalist\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Austin Currie]], Irish politician\\n* [[October 13]]\n        – [[T. J. Cloutier]], American poker player\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Ralph Lauren]], American fashion designer\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Suely\n        Franco]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Flavio Cotti]], Swiss\n        Federal Councilor\\n** [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], American assassin of President\n        [[John F. Kennedy]] (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[Joaquim Chissano]],\n        [[President of Mozambique]]\\n** [[George Cohen]], English footballer\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[C. V. Vigneswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer, judge and politician\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[F. Murray Abraham]], American screen actor\\n* [[October\n        26]]\\n** [[Gelek Rimpoche]], Tibetan Buddhist lama (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Karel\n        Schoeman]], South African novelist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[John\n        Cleese]], English comic actor\\n** [[Suzy Covey]], American scholar of popular\n        culture (d. 2007)\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Jane Alexander]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – [[Malay Roy Choudhury]], Bengali poet and novelist,\n        creator of the Indian [[Hungry generation]] literary and cultural movement\\n*\n        [[October 30]]\\n** [[Leland H. Hartwell]], American scientist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Grace Slick]], American\n        rock singer\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Ron Rifkin]], American actor\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Emil Constantinescu.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Emil Constantinescu]]]]\\n[[File:Tina\n        turner 21021985 01 350.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tina Turner]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\n        – [[Barbara Bosson]], American actress\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Richard\n        Serra]], American sculptor\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Cecilia Alvear]], Ecuadorian-born\n        American journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Athanasios Angelopoulos]],\n        Greek academic\\n** [[Carlos Emilio Morales]], Cuban jazz guitarist\\n** [[Leonardo\n        Quisumbing]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]\n        jurist\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Dawn]], British actress\\n** [[Laila\n        Kinnunen]], Finnish singer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Meg Wynn Owen]], English actress\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Paul Cameron]], American psychologist\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Russell Means]], Native American activist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Wendy Carlos]], American electronic composer\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Michael Billington (critic)|Michael Billington]],\n        British drama critic\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Auberon Waugh]], English\n        journalist (d. [[2001]]) \\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Margaret Atwood]], Canadian\n        novelist\\n** [[Amanda Lear]], French model and singer\\n** [[Ian McCulloch\n        (actor)|Ian McCulloch]], Anglo-Scottish actor\\n** [[Brenda Vaccaro]], American\n        actress\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Emil Constantinescu]], [[President of\n        Romania]] \\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Budd Dwyer]], American politician (d.\n        [[1987]])\\n** [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], Indian politician\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[Stefan Dimitrov (bass)|Stefan Dimitrov]], [[Bulgaria]]n [[opera]]\n        [[Bass (voice type)|basso]] singer\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Bill Bissett]],\n        Canadian poet\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Shelagh Delaney]], English dramatist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Rais Khan]], Pakistani sitarist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        26]]\\n** [[Tina Turner]], American singer\\n** [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], 5th\n        [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Dudley Storey]], New\n        Zealand rower (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Laurent-D\\u00e9sir\\u00e9 Kabila]], 3rd [[President\n        of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Ulla Str\\u00f6mstedt]],\n        Swedish actress (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Chandra Bahadur\n        Dangi]], Nepalese dwarf, world''s shortest man (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Harry Reid]], American politician and U.S. Senate\n        Majority Leader\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Minita Chico-Nazario]], Filipino\n        [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n* [[December 8]]\n        – [[James Galway]], Irish flautist\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Thomas\n        McGuane]], American writer\\n* [[December 14]] \\n** [[Ernie Davis]], American\n        football player (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Jay Dickey]], \\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Eddie Kendricks]], American singer ([[The Temptations]]) (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[December 18]]\\n** [[Alex Bennett (broadcaster)|Alex Bennett]], American\n        radio personality\\n** [[Robert T. Bennett]], American politician\\n** [[Michael\n        Moorcock]], English science fiction writer\\n** [[Harold E. Varmus]], American\n        scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Dennis Karjala]], American law professor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Alfred J. Ferrara]], American baseball player\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[La Lupe]], Cuban singer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Dean Corll]], American [[serial killer]], [[rapist]], [[kidnapping|kidnapper]]\n        and [[torture]]r (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Hugo Judd]], New\n        Zealand diplomat and public servant (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Amos]], American\n        actor\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Michelle Urry]], American editor of ''''Playboy''''\\n\\n===Date\n        Unknown===\\n* [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]], 8th Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n==\n        Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Valdemar.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Valdemar\n        of Denmark]]]]\\n[[File:Yeats Boughton.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W. B. Yeats]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Roman Dmowski]], Polish politician (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[L\\u00e9on Abrami]], French politician (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Gustavs Zemgals]], 2nd President of Latvia (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Charles Eastman]], American author, physician, reformer,\n        helped found the Boy Scouts of America (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Arthur Barker]], American criminal, son of [[Ma Barker]] (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – [[Prince Valdemar of Denmark]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] – [[Ivan Mosjoukine]], Soviet actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[L\\u00e9opold Bernhard Bernstamm]], Soviet sculptor (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Matthias Sindelar]], Austrian footballer (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Maximilian Bircher-Benner]], Swiss physician and\n        nutritionist (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Helen Ware]], American\n        actress (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[W. B. Yeats]], Irish writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n[[File:Janez Fran%C4%8Di%C5%A1ek Gnidovec.jpg|thumb|110px|Venerable [[Janez\n        Fran\\u010di\\u0161ek Gnidovec]]]]\\n[[File:Papst Pius XI. 1JS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope\n        Pius XI]]]]\\n[[File:Henri Jaspar.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henri Jaspar]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] – [[Lawrence Marston]], American actor, playwright, and film director\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Janez Fran\\u010di\\u0161ek Gnidovec]],\n        Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[Teresa Ma\\u00f1\\u00e9 Miravet]], Spanish teacher, editor and\n        writer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]],\n        Maharada of Baroda (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Henry Balfour]],\n        British archaeologist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Pope Pius XI]]\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n** Patriarch [[Torkom Koushagian of Jerusalem]] (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Franz Schmidt]], Austrian composer (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Francis Xavier Ransdell]], American politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Potenciano Gregorio]], Filipino musician (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[S.\n        P. L. S\\u00f8rensen]], Danish chemist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        [[Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army officer, born 1859)|Alexander Hamilton-Gordon]],\n        British general (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Henri Jaspar]],\n        Belgian politician, 27th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Fred Gamble (actor)|Fred Gamble]], American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Okamoto Kanoko]], Japanese tanka poet (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Charles V. Blanchard]], American politician (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Antonio Machado]], Spanish poet (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne]],\n        British peer and soldier (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Ivan Fedko]],\n        Soviet army commander (b.  [[1897]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Nadezhda\n        Krupskaya]], [[Russians|Russian]] [[Marxist]] revolutionary, [[Vladimir Lenin]]''s\n        widow (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Howard carter.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Howard\n        Carter]]]]\\n[[File:Miron Cristia patriach of Romania.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Patriarch\n        Miron of Romania]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Manuel de C%C3%A9spedes y Quesada circa\n        1914.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada]]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]] – [[Howard Carter]], British archaeologist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Dimitrie Gerota]], Romanian anatomist and physician (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Herbert Mundin]], British actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Ginepro Cocchi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and Servant\n        of God (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Patriarch Miron of Romania]], Austro-Hungarian-born\n        Romanian cleric, politician, priest and 38th [[Prime Minister of Romania]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Immanuel Back]], Finnish clergyman and\n        politician (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Matvei Berman]], Soviet intelligence officer\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Lucien L\\u00e9vy-Bruhl]], French sociologist\n        and anthropologist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Agostino Borgato]],\n        Italian actor and director (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Lloyd L.\n        Gaines]], American civil rights activist\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Evald Aav]],\n        Estonian composer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Avril de Sainte-Croix]], French author\n        and journalist (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj\n        Muhammad]] Palestinian revolt (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Ferdinand\n        von Quast]], German general (b. [[1850]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio Xavier Pereira\n        Coutinho]], Portuguese botanist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Carlos\n        Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada]], Cuban diplomat, politician and writer, 6th\n        [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Francis Matthew John Baker]], Australian\n        politician (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Mario Lertora]], Italian artistic gymnast in\n        the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\n** [[Henri Bernard]],\n        French physicist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Gerardo Machado]], Cuban general, 5th\n        [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Ioannis Tsangaridis]],\n        Greek general (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Ghazi3.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Ghazi of Iraq]]]]\\n[[File:Joseph Lyons.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph Lyons]]]]\n        \\n* [[April 4]]\\n** King [[Ghazi of Iraq]] (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Joaqu\\u00edn\n        Garc\\u00eda Morato]], Spanish fighter ace (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[Bennie and Stella Dickson|Bennie Dickson]], American bank robber\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Joseph Lyons]], 10th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 J\\u00falio de Souza Pinto]], Portuguese painter\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Konstantin Petrovich Grigorovich]],\n        Soviet engineer and professor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Hugo\n        Charlemont]], Austrian painter (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Vladimir\n        \\u0106opi\\u0107]], Yugoslav politician, Communist leader (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Lucilio de Albuquerque]], Brazilian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 20]]\n        – [[Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 22]]\n        – [[Leandro Campanari]], Italian conductor, composer and violinist (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[John Foulds]], British classical music composer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Georges Ricard-Cordingley]], French painter (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Gola]], Argentinian actor (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Archduke Leo Karl of Austria]] (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:SAAVEDRA B.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Bautista Saavedra]]]]\\n[[File:Ursula\n        Leduhovskaya in 1907.jpg|110px|thumb|Saint [[Ursula Led\\u00f3chowska]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Bautista Saavedra]], 35th [[President of Bolivia]] (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Phillips Smalley]], American actor and director\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Wilhelm Groener]], German general (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[James A. Johnson (architect)|James A. Johnson]],\n        American architect (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Puig\n        Casauranc]], Mexican diplomat, journalist and politician (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Francesco Paleari]], Italian priest and blessed (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Mary, Lady Heath]], Irish aviator (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[James Parrott]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 13]]\n        – [[Victor Bernau]], Norwegian actor and director (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Charles deForest Chandler]], American military aviator (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Ahmet A\\u011fao\\u011flu]], Turkish politician,\n        author and writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Joseph Carr]], 2nd president\n        of the [[National Football League]] (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Alexandra \\u010cvanov\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovakian soprano (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Ernst Toller]],\n        German playwright and Communist politician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 23]] –\n        [[Witmer Stone]], American ornithologist and botanist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Aleksander Br\\u00fcckner]], German scholar (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Frank Watson Dyson]], British astronomer (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[Alfred A. Cunningham]], American aviator, the first United\n        States Marine Corps aviator (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Ursula Led\\u00f3chowska]],\n        Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and saint (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Floyd Roberts]], American race car driver (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Jean Boucher 1921.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean Boucher (artist)|Jean\n        Boucher]]]]\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Tommy Ladnier]], American jazz trumpeter\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[George Fawcett]], American actor (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Owen Moore]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Nicolae M. Condiescu]], Romanian novelist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[J\\u00e1nos Teleszky]], Hungarian politician (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[Chick Webb]], American musician (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n** [[Jean Boucher (artist)|Jean Boucher]], French sculptor (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Eugen Weidmann]], German serial killer, last person publicly executed in\n        France (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Grace Abbott]], American social\n        worker and activist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Benjamin Tucker]],\n        American anarchist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Ernest Alexander\n        Cruikshank]], Canadian general (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Richard\n        Seaman]], British motor racing driver (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        [[Ford Madox Ford]], British writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Margaret\n        Campbell]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Bobby\n        Vernon]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Eduardo Lopez\n        Bustamante]], Venezuelan poet, lawyer and journalist (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n[[File:Malietoa Tanumafili I.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Malietoa Tanumafili\n        I]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 G\\u00e1rate]], Spanish painter\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Malietoa Tanumafili I]], [[King of Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Deacon White]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Havelock Ellis]],\n        British sexologist (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Anna Pappritz]], German writer and\n        suffragist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Carlo Chiostri]], Italian painter\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Alphonse Laurencic]], French painter and architect (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Stiliyan Kovachev]], Bulgarian general\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Alphonse Mucha]], Czech painter and decorative\n        artist (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Neculai Cost\\u0103chescu]], Romanian chemist and\n        politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Bartholomeus Roodenburch]],\n        Dutch swimmer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Mar\\u00eda del Carmen\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez-Valerio]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] saint (b. [[1930]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Joseph Mendes da Costa]], Dutch sculptor (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Jack Duffy (actor)|Jack Duffy]], American actor (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Abdul Karim Ghaznavi]], Indian politician,\n        traveler and minister (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[William Mackay]],\n        American artist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Baczy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish writer,  journalist and soldier (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Salvatore A. Cotillo]],\n        Italian lawyer, politician and judge (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[Beryl Mercer]], Spanish actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Pio\n        Laporte]], Canadian physician and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Carlo\n        Galimberti.JPG|thumbnail|110px|[[Carlo Galimberti]]]]\\n[[File:Busch german.jpg|110px|thumb|[[German\n        Busch]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Harvey Spencer Lewis]], American mystic\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Mehmet Emin \\u00c7olako\\u011flu]],\n        Turkish army general (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Carlo Galimberti]],\n        Italian Olympic weightlifter (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Jean\n        Bugatti]], German automobile designer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        [[Eulalio Guti\\u00e9rrez]], President of Mexico (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[Federico Gamboa]], Mexican diplomat and writer (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] \\n** [[Sidney Howard]], American writer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Germ\\u00e1n\n        Busch]], Bolivian military officer, 2-time [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Piero Colonna]], Italian politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Arthur Asquith]], British general (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Rub\\u00e9n Gonz\\u00e1lez C\\u00e1rdenas]], Venezuelan\n        lawyer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Marthe de Florian]], French\n        painter (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Wilhelm B\\u00f6lsche]], German\n        journalist and science writer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Richard\n        Bouwens van der Boijen]], French architect (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Eliodoro Villaz%C3%B3n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eliodoro Villaz\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:Armand\n        Calinescu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Armand Calinescu]]]]\\n[[File:Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sigmund\n        Freud]]]]\\n[[File:CarlLaemmle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carl Laemmle]]]]\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Arthur Rackham]], British artist (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Ky\\u014dka Izumi]], Japanese author (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Swami Abhedananda]], Indian mystic (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[Wilhelm Fritz von Roettig]], German Waffen SS general, first\n        general killed in action during World War II (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] – [[Marion De Vries]], American politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] – [[Eliodoro Villaz\\u00f3n]], 32nd [[President of Bolivia]] (b.\n        [[1848]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Ludwig R. Conradi]], German evangelist\n        and missionary (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Kustro\\u0144]], Polish general\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Nikolaos Triantafyllakos]], Prime Minister\n        of Greece (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Stanis\\u0142aw Ignacy\n        Witkiewicz]], Polish writer and painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Bruchesi]], Canadian prelate (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Hermann Brunn]], German\n        mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin]],\n        French astronomer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Armand C\\u0103linescu]],\n        Romanian economist and politician, 39th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[Park Yeong-hyo]], Korean politician and diplomat (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]]\\n** [[Miko\\u0142aj Bo\\u0142tu\\u0107]], Polish army general\n        (killed in battle) (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Olszyna-Wilczy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Werner von Fritsch]], German general (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1880]]) \\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Sigmund Freud]], Austrian\n        psychiatrist (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Eugeniusz Kazimirowski]], Polish painter\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Francisco Leon de la Barra]], Mexican diplomat and political\n        figure, 32nd [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**\n        [[James P. Boyle]], American politician (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Danilo, Crown\n        Prince of Montenegro]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Carl Laemmle]], German film producer\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Samuel Dickstein (mathematician)|Samuel\n        Dickstein]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Yusuf Abu Durra]], Palestinan revolt leader (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n[[File:Prince Joachim Albrecht of Prussia, ca 1904.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince\n        Joachim Albert of Prussia]]]]\\n[[File:AlbrechtHerzogW%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albrecht,\n        Duke of Wurttemberg]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Edgar M. Lazarus]], American\n        architect (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Fay Templeton]], American\n        musical comedy star (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Giulio Gavotti]],\n        Italian aviator (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Harvey Cushing]],\n        American neurosurgeon (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Gustav Henriksen]],\n        Norwegian executive (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Ford Sterling]],\n        American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Polaire]], French\n        actress (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Bernardas Fridmanas]], Lithuanian\n        lawyer, judge, journalist and politician (b.  [[1859]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Zane Grey]], American writer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 24]] –\n        [[Prince Joachim Albert of Prussia]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 28]] –\n        [[Alice Brady]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Dwight B. Waldo]], American educator and historian (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Carlos De Valdez]], Peruvian actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\n** [[Albrecht, Duke of W\\u00fcrttemberg]], German field marshal (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n** [[Otto Rank]], Austrian psychoanalyst (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n[[File:Aurelio mosquera narvaez.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Aurelio Mosquera]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        Naismith with a basketball.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James Naismith]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-1979-122-29A, Philipp Scheidemann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Philipp Scheidemann]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[K\\u00e1lm\\u00e1n Dar\\u00e1nyi]], 31st Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 4]] \\n** [[Percy Douglas]], chairman\n        of the [[British Graham Land Expedition]] (BGLE) Advisory Committee (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Ma Xiangbo]], Chinese [[Jesuit]] priest and blessed (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Alicja Kotowska]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] nun, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Pedro Nolasco Cruz Vergara]], Chilean novelist and writer\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Norman Bethune]], Canadian humanitarian\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Lois Weber]], American actress\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Platon Ivanovich Ivanov]], Soviet-born\n        Finnish civil servant (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Henry, Duke\n        of Parma]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Aurelio Mosquera]],\n        Ecuadorian politician, 25th [[President of Ecuador]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[\\u00c9mile Paul Amable Gu\\u00e9pratte]], French admiral (b.  [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – King [[Daudi Cwa II of Buganda]] (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – [[John Harron]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[James Naismith]], Canadian inventor of basketball (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Eugen Kolisko]], Austrian-born German physician and\n        educator (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Krasnowolski]], Polish painter (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Philipp Scheidemann]], German politician, 11th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:Douglas Fairbanks Sr. - Private Life of Don Juan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas\n        Fairbanks]]]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess\n        Louise of the United Kingdom]], second youngest daughter of [[Queen Victoria]]\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Santiago Iglesias]], Puerto Rican\n        statesman (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Alimondo Ciampi]], Italian\n        sculptor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Louis de Chappedelaine]],\n        French politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Douglas Fairbanks]],\n        American actor and the father of [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr.]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Gildardo Maga\\u00f1a]], Mexican general, politician\n        and revolutionary (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Juan Dem\\u00f3stenes\n        Arosemena]], 18th [[President of Panama]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 18]]\n        – [[Bruno Liljefors]], Swedish artist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n**\n        [[Dmitry Grave]], Soviet mathematician (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Reginald F. Nicholson]],\n        United States Navy admiral (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Hans\n        Langsdorff]], German naval officer (suicide) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 22]]\n        – [[Ma Rainey]], American blues singer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n**\n        [[Anthony Fokker]], Dutch-born American aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Maxime Laubeuf]], French maritime engineer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[Walter Gordon (physicist)|Walter Gordon]], German physicist (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Ivan Dmitriyevich Borisov]], Soviet\n        aircraft pilot (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Rinaldo Cuneo]], American\n        artist (\\\"the painter of San Francisco) (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Napol\\u00e9on\n        Turcot]], Canadian politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Frank\n        Benson (actor)|Frank Benson]], British actor (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n* [[Keeleri Kunhikannan]], father of the Kerala Circus\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes\n        ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Ernest Lawrence]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt]], [[Leopold Ru\\u017ei\\u010dka]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Gerhard\n        Domagk]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Frans Eemil\n        Sillanp\\u00e4\\u00e4]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1939-wwii-timeline.htm\n        1939 WWII Timeline] \\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1939/1939fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1939] – from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1939-pictures.html 1939 Coin Pictures]\\n*\n        [http://www.zapmedia.com Paula Phelan, 1939 Into The Dark, 2009, ZAPmedia.]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1939}}\\n[[Category:1939|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T05:28:24Z\",\"lastrevid\":799846498,\"length\":89042,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1939&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939\"},\"34708\":{\"pageid\":34708,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1940\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:03:54Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1940}}\\n{{events by month|1940}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1940}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1940}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\nBelow, the events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Axis powers]]: [[Luftwaffe]] Col\n        [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] assumes control of most war industries in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].\\n*\n        [[January 6]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winter War]]: General [[Semyon Timoshenko]] takes\n        command of all [[Soviet]] forces.\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** WWII: [[Winter War]]\n        \\u2013 [[Battle of Suomussalmi]]: The [[44th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|Soviet\n        44th Rifle Division]] is destroyed by Finnish forces.\\n** WWII: [[Rationing\n        in the United Kingdom|Food rationing]] begins in Great Britain.\\n* [[January\n        9]] \\u2013 WWII; British submarine {{HMS|Starfish|19S|6}} is sunk.\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Mechelen incident]]: A German plane carrying secret plans\n        for the invasion of western Europe makes a forced landing in Belgium, leading\n        to mobilization of defense forces in the [[Low Countries]].\\n* [[January 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[The Three Stooges]] short subject comedy film ''''[[You Nazty Spy!]]''''\n        is released, the first Hollywood parody of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the Nazis,\n        with [[Moe Howard]] portraying \\\"Moe Hailstone\\\" as the Hitler-parody lead.\\n*\n        [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Brisbane]], Australia swelters through its hottest\n        day ever, 43.2 degrees Celsius (109.76 Fahrenheit).\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013\n        WWII: A peace resolution introduced in the [[Parliament of South Africa]]\n        is defeated 81\\u201359.\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 Three gasoline-powered trains\n        carrying factory workers crash and explode while approaching [[Ajikawaguchi\n        Station]], [[Yumesaki Line]] (Nishinari Line), [[Osaka]], Japan, killing at\n        least 181 people and injuring at least 92.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n* [[February\n        1]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winter War]] \\u2013 Soviet forces launch a major assault\n        on Finnish troops occupying the [[Karelian Isthmus]].\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Vsevolod Meyerhold]] is executed in the Soviet Union on charges of treason\n        and espionage. He is cleared of all charges 15 years later in the first waves\n        of [[de-Stalinization]]\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 ''''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Disney''s\n        Pinocchio]]'''' was released in [[theaters]] everywhere.\\n* [[February 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mae West]] & [[W. C. Fields]] join comedic forces for ''''[[My Little\n        Chickadee]]'''' with tremendous success. The film becomes one of the highest\n        grossing of the year.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Tom and Jerry]] make their\n        debut in ''''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]''''. However it is not until 1941 that\n        their current names are adopted.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Altmark\n        Incident|''''Altmark'''' Incident]]: The British destroyer {{HMS|Cossack|F03|6}}\n        pursues the [[German tanker Altmark|German tanker ''''Altmark'''']] into the\n        [[Country neutrality (international relations)|neutral waters]] of [[J\\u00f8ssingfjord]]\n        in southwestern Norway and frees the 290 British seamen held aboard.\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\u2013 In [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], province of [[Amdo|Ando]],\n        4-year-old [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso]] is proclaimed\n        the ''''[[tulku]]'''' ([[reincarnation|rebirth]]) of the thirteenth [[Dalai\n        Lama]].\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Martin Kamen]] and [[Sam Ruben]] discover\n        [[carbon-14]].\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013 [[Hattie McDaniel]] becomes the first\n        African-American to win an [[Academy Award]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March\n        2]] \\u2013 Cartoon character [[Elmer Fudd]] makes his debut in the animated\n        short ''''[[Elmer''s Candid Camera]]''''.\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 In [[Lule\\u00e5]],\n        [[Sweden]], a [[time bomb]] destroys the office of Swedish [[communism|communist]]\n        newspaper ''''[[Flamman|Norrskensflamman]]''''.\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Katyn\n        massacre]]: Members of the Soviet Politburo ([[Joseph Stalin]], [[Vyacheslav\n        Molotov]], [[Lazar Kaganovich]], [[Mikhail Kalinin]], [[Kliment Voroshilov]]\n        and [[Lavrentiy Beria]]) sign an order, prepared by Beria, for the execution\n        of 25,700 Polish intelligentsia, including 14,700 Polish POWs.\\n* [[March\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Ed Ricketts]], [[John Steinbeck]] and six others leave [[Monterey,\n        California]] for the [[Gulf of California]] on a collecting expedition.\\n*\n        [[March 12]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union]] and Finland sign a [[Moscow Peace\n        Treaty|peace treaty]] in Moscow ending the [[Winter War]]; Finns, along with\n        the world at large, are shocked by the harsh terms.\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Axis powers]]: [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] meet at [[Brenner\n        Pass]] in the [[Alps]]. After being informed by Hitler that the Germans are\n        ready to attack in the west, Mussolini agrees to bring Italy into the war\n        in due course.\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9douard Daladier]] resigns as\n        prime minister of France; [[Paul Reynaud]] succeeds him.\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Pakistan Movement]]: The [[Lahore Resolution]], calling for greater autonomy\n        for what will become [[Pakistan]] in [[British India]], is drawn up by the\n        [[All-India Muslim League]] during a three-day general session at [[Iqbal\n        Park]], [[Lahore]].\\n** ''''[[Truth or Consequences]]'''' debuts on [[NBC\n        Radio]].\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Commerce raiding]] {{Ship|German auxiliary\n        cruiser|Atlantis}} leaves the [[Wadden Sea]] for what will become the longest\n        warship cruise of the war. (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair).{{cite\n        book|author=Muggenthaler, August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|ISBN=0-13-354027-8|page=14}}\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n* April \\u2013 [[Robin the Boy Wonder]], [[Batman]]''s trusted\n        sidekick, makes his debut in ''''[[Detective Comics]]'''' #38.\\n* [[April\n        3]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Weser\\u00fcbung|Operation ''''Weser\\u00fcbung'''']]:\n        German ships set out for the [[Norwegian Campaign#German invasion|invasion\n        of Norway]].\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Prime Minister\n        of the United Kingdom]], in what proves to be a tragic misjudgment, declares\n        in a major public speech that [[Hitler]] has \\\"missed the bus\\\".\\n* [[April\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Booker T. Washington]] becomes the first [[African American]]\n        to be depicted on a United States [[postage stamp]].\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Operation Wilfred]]: The British fleet lays [[naval mine]]s off the\n        coast of neutral Norway.\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 WWII: Germany invades the [[Country\n        neutrality (international relations)|neutral countries]] of Denmark and Norway\n        in [[Operation Weser\\u00fcbung|Operation ''''Weser\\u00fcbung'''']], opening\n        the [[Norwegian Campaign]]. The British [[Royal Navy]] attempts to attack\n        elements of the German fleet off Norway. [[Vidkun Quisling]] proclaims a new\n        collaborationist [[Quisling regime|regime]] in Norway. The [[German invasion\n        of Denmark (1940)|German invasion of Denmark]] lasts for about six hours before\n        that country capitulates.\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 WWII: [[First Naval Battle\n        of Narvik]]: The British [[Royal Navy]] attacks the German fleet in the [[Ofotfjord]].\n        At [[Bergen]], [[German cruiser K\\u00f6nigsberg|German cruiser ''''K\\u00f6nigsberg'''']]\n        is sunk by British [[Fleet Air Arm]] [[Blackburn Skua]] [[dive bomber]]s flying\n        from [[RNAS Hatston]] in [[Orkney]].\\n* [[April 12]]\\n**The [[Faroe Islands]]\n        are [[British occupation of the Faroe Islands|occupied by British troops]],\n        following the German invasion of Denmark. This action is taken to avert a\n        possible German occupation of the islands with serious consequences for the\n        course of the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].\\n**Opening day at [[Jamaica Race\n        Course]] features the use of [[parimutuel betting]] equipment, a departure\n        from [[bookmaking]] heretofore used exclusively throughout New York. Other\n        tracks in the state follow suit later in 1940.\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** WWII: [[Second\n        Naval Battle of Narvik]]: The British [[Royal Navy]] causes all eight defending\n        German destroyers in the [[Ofotfjord]] to be sunk.\\n** The [[New York Rangers]]\n        win the [[1940 Stanley Cup Finals]] in [[ice hockey]]. It will be another\n        [[Curse of 1940|54 years]] before their [[1994 Stanley Cup Finals|next win]]\n        in [[1994]].\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Norwegian Campaign]]: First British\n        ground forces land in Norway at [[Namsos]] and [[Harstad]].\\n* [[April 16]]\n        \\u2013 In American baseball, the [[Cleveland Indians]], behind [[Bob Feller]]''s\n        [[Opening Day]] [[no-hitter]], defeat the [[Chicago White Sox]], 1-0.\\n* [[April\n        21]] \\u2013 ''''[[Take It or Leave It (radio show)|Take It or Leave It]]''''\n        makes its debut on [[CBS Radio]] in the United States, with [[Bob Hawk]] as\n        host.\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 The [[Rhythm Club fire]] at a dance hall in [[Natchez,\n        Mississippi]], kills 198.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Olympic Committee]] formally cancels the [[1940 Summer Olympics]].\\n* [[May\n        10]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Battle of France]] begins\\n** German forces invade\n        [[Low Countries]]\\n*** [[Battle of the Netherlands]] begins\\n*** [[Battle\n        of Belgium]] begins\\n*** [[German occupation of Luxembourg during World War\n        II|Invasion of Luxembourg]] begins\\n** British [[Invasion of Iceland]].\\n**\n        With the resignation of [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Winston Churchill]] becomes\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].\\n[[File:Churchill portrait NYP 45063.jpg|thumb|120px|[[May\n        10]]: [[Winston Churchill]]]]\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Winston Churchill]],\n        in his first address as Prime Minister, tells the [[House of Commons of the\n        United Kingdom]], \\\"I have nothing to offer you but [[blood, toil, tears,\n        and sweat]].\\\"\\n** German armies open a {{convert|60|mi|km|adj=on}} wide breach\n        in the [[Maginot Line]] at [[Sedan, France]].\\n* [[May 13]]\\u2013[[May 14]]\n        \\u2013 Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] and her government are evacuated\n        to London using the British destroyer {{HMS|Hereward|H93|6}}.\\n* [[May 14]]\n        \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Rotterdam]] is subjected to savage terror bombing by the\n        [[Luftwaffe]]; 980 are killed, and 20,000 buildings destroyed. General [[Henri\n        Winkelman]] announces surrender of the [[Royal Netherlands Army|Dutch army]]\n        (outside [[Zeeland]]) to German forces\\n** Recruitment begins in Britain for\n        a home defence force: the [[Local Defence Volunteers]], later known as the\n        Home Guard.\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** WWII: The [[Royal Netherlands Army|Dutch Army]]\n        formally signs a surrender document.\\n** The very first [[McDonald''s]] restaurant\n        opens in [[San Bernardino, California]].\\n** Women''s [[stocking]]s made of\n        [[nylon]] are first placed on sale across the United States. Almost five million\n        pairs are bought on this day.{{cite web|title=the history of nylon |url=http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32\n        |first=L. |last=Trossarelli |publisher=Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi\n        Materiali e Tecniche |year=2010 |accessdate=2012-02-28 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65r5ABsxp?url=http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32\n        |archivedate=March 2, 2012 |deadurl=no |df=mdy}}\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013\n        President of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], addressing a joint\n        session of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], asks for an extraordinary\n        credit of approximately $900 million to finance construction of at least 50,000\n        airplanes per year.\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Brussels]] falls to German\n        forces; the Belgian government flees to [[Ostend]].\\n** [[Zeeland]] is overrun\n        by German forces, ending the [[Battle of the Netherlands]] and beginning full\n        [[German occupation of the Netherlands]] ([[Noord-Beveland]] surrenders on\n        May 18 and remaining Dutch troops are withdrawn from [[Zeelandic Flanders]]\n        on May 19).\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 Marshal [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]] is named\n        vice-premier of France.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 General [[Maxime Weygand]] replaces\n        [[Maurice Gamelin]] as commander-in-chief of all French forces.\\n* [[May 20]]\\n**\n        WWII: German forces ([[2nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|2nd Panzer division]]),\n        under General [[Rudolf Veiel]], reach [[Noyelles-sur-Mer|Noyelles]] on the\n        [[English Channel]].\\n** [[Holocaust]]: The [[Nazi concentration camp]] and\n        [[extermination camp]] [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]], the largest of the German concentration\n        camps, opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] near\n        the town of [[O\\u015bwi\\u0119cim]]. From now until January [[1945]], around\n        1.1 million people will be killed here.\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Parliament\n        of the United Kingdom]] passes the [[Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939]],\n        giving the government full control over all persons and property.\\n* [[May\n        24]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Anglo-French Supreme War Council]] decides to withdraw\n        all forces under its control from Norway.\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** WWII: The [[Dunkirk\n        evacuation]] of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary\n        Force]] starts.\\n** First free flight of [[Igor Sikorsky]]''s [[Vought-Sikorsky\n        VS-300]] helicopter.\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** King [[Leopold III of\n        Belgium]] orders the Belgian forces to cease fighting, ending the 18-day [[Battle\n        of Belgium]]. Leaders of the Belgian government on French territory declare\n        Leopold deposed.\\n** In the [[land battle of Narvik]], German forces retire\n        giving the Allies their first victory on land in the war; however, the British\n        have already decided to evacuate [[Narvik]].\\n** [[Winston Churchill]] warns\n        the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] to \\\"prepare itself for hard\n        and heavy tidings.\\\"\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 The Vought XF4U-1, prototype of\n        the [[F4U Corsair]] U.S. fighter later used in WWII, makes its first flight.\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** WW11: Rear Admiral Sir William Frederic Wake-Walker''s\n        flagship the destroyer [[HMS Keith]] sunk by Stuka dive bombers.http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-14B-HMS_Keith.htm\\n\\n*\n        [[June 3]]\\n** WWII: Paris is bombed by the [[Luftwaffe]] for the first time.\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: [[Franz Rademacher]] proposes the [[Madagascar Plan]].\\n**\n        [[Weather Bureau]] transferred to the [[United States Department of Commerce]].\\n*\n        [[June 4]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[Dunkirk evacuation]] ends: The British and\n        French navies together with large numbers of civilian vessels from various\n        nations complete evacuating 300,000 troops from [[Dunkirk]] in France to England.\\n**\n        [[Winston Churchill]] tells the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]],\n        \\\"We shall not flag or fail. [[We shall fight on the beaches]]... on the landing\n        grounds... in the fields and the streets.... We shall never surrender.\\\"\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Daisy Duck]] debuts in ''''[[Mr. Duck Steps Out]]''''.\\n**\n        King [[Haakon VII of Norway]] and his government are evacuated from [[Troms\\u00f8]]\n        to London on [[HMS Devonshire (39)|HMS ''''Devonshire'''']].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|first=Lars|last=Borgersrud|authorlink=Lars Borgersrud|encyclopedia=[[Norsk\n        krigsleksikon 1940-1945]]|title=N\\u00f8ytralitetsvakt|editor=[[Hans Fredrik\n        Dahl|Dahl, Hans Fredrik]] |editor2=[[Guri Hjeltnes|Hjeltnes, Guri]] |editor3=[[Berit\n        N\\u00f8kleby|N\\u00f8kleby, Berit]] |editor4=[[Nils Johan Ringdal|Ringdal,\n        Nils Johan]] |editor5=[[\\u00d8ystein S\\u00f8rensen|S\\u00f8rensen, \\u00d8ystein]]\n        |url=http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/d2e8afecb1aba47bf48bb3cd246dd070#&struct=DIV314|accessdate=2012-06-29|year=1995|publisher=Cappelen|location=Oslo|isbn=82-02-14138-9|page=313|language=Norwegian}}\\n*\n        [[June 9]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[British Commandos]] are created.\\n* [[June 10]]\\n**\n        WWII: Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom.\\n** WWII: U.S.\n        President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] denounces Italy''s actions with his [ftp://webstorage2.mcpa.virginia.edu/library/nara/fdr/audiovisual/speeches/fdr_1940_0610.mp3\n        \\\"Stab in the Back\\\"] speech during the graduation ceremonies of the [[University\n        of Virginia]].\\n** WWII: Canada declares war on Italy.\\n** WWII: The [[Norwegian\n        Army]] surrenders to German forces.\\n** WWII: The French government flees\n        to [[Tours]].\\n** [[Jamaica]]n political activist [[Marcus Garvey]] dies of\n        a stroke in London.\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Western Desert Campaign]]\n        opens with British forces crossing the [[Frontier Wire (Libya)|Frontier Wire]]\n        into [[Italian Libya]].\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013 WWII: 13,000 British and French\n        troops surrender to [[Major-General]] [[Erwin Rommel]]''s 7th Panzer Division\n        at [[Saint-Valery-en-Caux]].\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 WWII: Paris is declared\n        an [[open city]].\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** WWII: The French government flees to\n        [[Bordeaux]] and Paris falls under German occupation.\\n** WWII: U.S. President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs the Naval Expansion Act into law, which aims\n        to increase the [[United States Navy]]''s tonnage by 11%.\\n** WWII: A group\n        of 728 Polish political prisoners from [[Tarn\\u00f3w]] become the first residents\n        of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]].\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** WWII: The Soviet\n        Union [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupies]] [[Lithuania]].\\n** WWII:\n        [[Verdun]] falls to German forces.\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** The [[Churchill war\n        ministry]] in the United Kingdom offers a [[Franco-British Union]] to [[Paul\n        Reynaud]], [[Prime Minister of France]], in the hope of preventing France\n        from agreeing to an [[Second Armistice at Compi\\u00e8gne|armistice with Germany]],\n        but Reynaud resigns when his own cabinet refuses to accept it.\\n** The [[Sturgis\n        Motorcycle Rally]] is held for the first time in [[Sturgis, South Dakota]].\\n*\n        [[June 17]]\\n** WWII: [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]] becomes [[Prime Minister of\n        France]] and immediately asks Germany for peace terms.\\n** WWII: The Soviet\n        Union [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupies]] [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Operation Ariel]] begins: [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] troops\n        start to evacuate France, following Germany''s takeover of Paris and most\n        of the nation.\\n** WWII: {{RMS|Lancastria}}, serving as a [[troopship]], is\n        bombed and sunk by [[Luftwaffe]] [[Junkers Ju 88]] aircraft while evacuating\n        British troops and nationals from [[Saint-Nazaire]] in France with the loss\n        of at least 4,000 lives, the largest single UK loss in any World War II event,\n        immediate news of which is suppressed in the British press.{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50E1FFD3558127A93C4AB178CD85F448485F9|title=Lancastria''s\n        end told by survivors; Italian and Nazi Planes Said to Have Shot at Swimmers\n        and Fired Oily Waters; Many Caught Below Deck; Rescue Craft Reported Set Ablaze;\n        Victims Include Women and Children|work=[[New York Times]]|date=26 July 1940|accessdate=22\n        May 2010}}{{cite book|last=Hooton|first=E. R.|title=Luftwaffe at\n        War: Blitzkrieg in the West|publisher=Chervron/Ian Allan|year=2007|location=London|page=88|isbn=978-1-85780-272-6}}\n        Destroyer {{HMS|Beagle|H30}} rescues around 600.\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** WWII:\n        [[Winston Churchill]] tells the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]:\n        \\\"The [[Battle of France]] is over. The [[Battle of Britain]] is about to\n        begin.\\\"\\n** WWII: [[Appeal of 18 June]]: General [[Charles de Gaulle]], ''''de\n        facto'''' leader of the [[Free French Forces]], makes his first broadcast\n        appeal over [[Radio Londres]] from London rallying [[French Resistance]],\n        calling on all French people to continue the fight against [[Nazi Germany]]:\n        \\\"France has lost a battle. But France has not lost the war\\\".\\n* [[June 22]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Second Armistice at Compi\\u00e8gne]]: The [[French Third Republic]]\n        and [[Nazi Germany]] sign an [[armistice]] ending the [[Battle of France]]\n        in the [[Forest of Compi\\u00e8gne]], in the same [[Compagnie Internationale\n        des Wagons-Lits]] railroad car used by Marshal [[Ferdinand Foch]] to agree\n        the [[Armistice with Germany]] in [[1918]]. This divides France into a ''''[[Zone\n        occup\\u00e9e]]'''' in the north and west under the [[Military Administration\n        in France (Nazi Germany)]] and a southern ''''[[Zone libre]]'''', [[Vichy\n        France]].\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013 WWII: German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] surveys\n        newly defeated Paris in now occupied France.{{cite web|title=Hitler Picture:\n        Hitler in Paris|url=http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blhitler38.htm|work=20th\n        Century History|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2013-03-25}}\\n* [[June\n        24]]\\n** United States politics: The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican\n        Party]] begins its [[1940 Republican National Convention|national convention]]\n        in [[Philadelphia]] and nominates [[Wendell Willkie]] as its candidate for\n        president.\\n** WWII: [[Vichy France]] signs armistice terms with Italy.\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\u2013 WWII: After the defeat of [[Armistice with France (Second\n        Compi\\u00e8gne)|France]], Hitler plans for an invasion of Switzerland, known\n        as [[Operation Tannenbaum]].\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Soviet calendar]]: The\n        Soviet Union reverts to a seven-day week for all purposes.\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        General [[Charles de Gaulle]] is officially recognized by Britain as the \\\"Leader\n        of all [[Free French]]men, wherever they may be.\\\"\\n** [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]\n        [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|cedes Bessarabia and\n        Northern Bukovina]] to the Soviet Union, after an ultimatum.\\n* [[June 30]]\\n**\n        WWII: German forces land in [[Guernsey]], marking the start of the 5-year\n        [[Occupation of the Channel Islands]].\\n** [[Federal government of the United\n        States]] reorganisation:\\n*** The [[Civil Aeronautics Administration (United\n        States)|Civil Aeronautics Administration]] is placed under the [[Department\n        of Commerce]].\\n*** The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) is placed\n        under the [[Federal Security Agency]].\\n*** The [[United States Fish and Wildlife\n        Service]] is placed under the [[Department of the Interior]].\\n\\n=== July\n        ===\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 The [[Galloping Gertie|first Tacoma Narrows Bridge]]\n        opens for business, built with an {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=on}} girder and {{convert|190|ft|m}}\n        above the water, as the third longest [[suspension bridge]] in the world.\\n*\n        [[July 2]] \\u2013 WWII: British-owned {{SS|Arandora Star}}, carrying [[Civilian\n        Internee|civilian internees]] and [[POW]]s of Italian and German origin from\n        [[Liverpool]] to Canada, is [[torpedo]]ed and sunk by the {{GS|U-47|1938|6}}\n        off northwest Ireland with the loss of around 865 lives.\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Attack on Mers-el-K\\u00e9bir]]: British naval units sink or seize\n        ships of the French fleet anchored in the [[Algeria]]n ports of [[Mers-el-Kebir]]\n        and [[Oran]] to prevent them falling into German hands. The following day,\n        [[Vichy France]] breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain.\\n* [[July 6]]\\n**\n        Opening of [[Story Bridge]] in [[Brisbane]].\\n** WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Shark|54S|6}}\n        is sunk.\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Battle of Britain]] begins.\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** WWII: British destroyer {{HMS|Escort|H66|6}} is torpedoed\n        and sunk by an Italian submarine.\\n** WWII: [[Vichy France]] begins with a\n        constitutional law which only [[The Vichy 80|80 members of the parliament]]\n        vote against. [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]] becomes [[Prime Minister of France]].\\n*\n        [[July 14]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winston Churchill]], in a worldwide broadcast,\n        proclaims the intention of Great Britain to fight alone against Germany whatever\n        the outcome: \\\"We shall seek no terms. We shall tolerate no parley. We may\n        show mercy. We shall ask none.\\\"\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 U.S. politics: The\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] begins its national\n        convention in Chicago, and nominates [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] for an unprecedented\n        third term as president.\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** WWII: Allied victory at the [[Battle\n        of Cape Spada]] {{HMAS|Sydney|D48|6}} and five destroyers sink the [[Italian\n        cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni|Italian cruiser ''''Bartolomeo Colleoni'''']].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Adolf Hitler]] makes a peace appeal to Britain in an address to the\n        [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]. [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord\n        Halifax]], the British foreign minister, flatly rejects peace terms in a broadcast\n        reply on [[July 22]].\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** After rigged parliamentary elections\n        in the three occupied countries on [[July 14]]\\u2013[[July 15|15]], the parliaments\n        proclaim the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonian]], [[Latvian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic|Latvian]] and [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]s.\\n**\n        The [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] fighter aircraft enters service, so named as 1940\n        roughly corresponds to the year 2600 on the Japanese Imperial calendar.\\n*\n        [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Welles Declaration]]: United States [[Under Secretary\n        of State]] [[Sumner Welles]] announces that the U.S. will not accord [[diplomatic\n        recognition]] to the [[Soviet Union]]''s [[occupation of the Baltic states]].\\n*\n        [[July 25]] \\u2013 General [[Henri Guisan]] addresses the officer corps of\n        the [[Swiss army]] at [[R\\u00fctli]] resolving to resist any invasion of the\n        country.\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Bugs Bunny]] makes his debut in the [[Academy\n        Awards|Oscar]]-nominated cartoon short, ''''[[A Wild Hare]]''''. However,\n        it is not until 1941 that his name is adopted.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n* [[August\n        1]] \\u2013 WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Spearfish|69S|6}} is sunk in the\n        English Channel by what is much later discovered to be a mine.\\n* [[August\n        3]] \\u2013 The [[Lithuanian SSR]] is annexed into the [[Soviet Union]], followed\n        by the [[Latvian SSR]] on [[August 5]] and the [[Estonian SSR]] [[August 6]],\n        just seven weeks after their occupation.\\n* [[August 3]]\\u2013[[August 19|19]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Italian conquest of British Somaliland]].\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013\n        Gen. [[John J. Pershing]], in a nationwide radio broadcast, urges all-out\n        aid to Britain in order to defend the Americas, while [[Charles Lindbergh]]\n        speaks to an [[isolationist]] rally at [[Soldier Field]] in Chicago.\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signs the \\\"[[Aufbau Ost (1940)|Aufbau\n        Ost]]\\\" directive, which eventually leads to the invasion of the [[Soviet\n        Union]].\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 WWII: British armed merchant cruiser {{HMS|Transylvania|F56|6}}\n        is torpedoed off [[Malin Head]], Ireland, by [[German submarine U-56 (1938)|German\n        submarine ''''U-56'''']].\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 WWII: The ''''[[Adlertag]]''''\n        (\\\"Eagle Day\\\") strike on southern England occurs, starting the rapid escalation\n        of the [[Battle of Britain]] air offensive of the ''''[[Luftwaffe]]'''' against\n        [[RAF Fighter Command]].\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 Italy, without having declared\n        war on Greece, sinks the Greek boat ''''Elli'''' (\\u0388\\u03bb\\u03bb\\u03b7).\\n*\n        [[August 18]]\\n** WWII: \\\"[[The Hardest Day]]\\\" in the [[Battle of Britain]]:\n        both sides lose more aircraft combined on this day than at any other point\n        during the campaign without the ''''Luftwaffe'''' achieving dominance over\n        RAF Fighter Command.\\n** [[Edward VIII|HRH The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor]],\n        is installed as [[Governor of the Bahamas]].{{cite book|last=Bloch|first=Michael|year=1982|title=The\n        Duke of Windsor''s War|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=0-297-77947-8}}\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** WWII: [[Winston Churchill]] pays tribute in the [[House\n        of Commons of the United Kingdom]] to the [[Royal Air Force]]: \\\"Never in\n        the field of human conflict was [[so much owed by so many to so few]].\\\"\\n**\n        [[Leon Trotsky]] is attacked with an [[ice axe]] in his Mexico home by [[NKVD]]\n        agent [[Ram\\u00f3n Mercader]].\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Leon Trotsky]] dies\n        of injuries sustained.\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Howard Florey]] and a team\n        including [[Ernst Chain]] and [[Norman Heatley]] at the [[Sir William Dunn\n        School of Pathology]], [[University of Oxford]], publish their laboratory\n        results showing the ''''[[in vivo]]'''' bactericidal action of [[penicillin]].\n        They have also purified the drug.{{cite journal|last=Drews|first=J\\u00fcrgen|date=March\n        2000|title=Drug Discovery: a Historical Perspective|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=287|issue=5460|pages=1960\\u20134|doi=10.1126/science.287.5460.1960|pmid=10720314}}{{cite\n        book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury\n        Press|year=1974|page=124}}\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 WWII: The first [[Bombing\n        of Berlin in World War II|Bombing of Berlin]] by the [[United Kingdom|British]]\n        [[Royal Air Force]].\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Chad]] is the first French\n        colony to proclaim its support for the Allies.\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Second\n        Vienna Award]]: Germany and Italy compel Romania to cede half of [[Transylvania]]\n        to Hungary.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n* September \\u2013 The [[45th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]] (previously a National\n        Guard Division in [[Arizona]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Oklahoma]]),\n        is activated and ordered into federal service for 1 year, to engage in a training\n        program in [[Ft. Sill]] and [[Louisiana]], prior to serving in WWII.\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\u2013 WWII: An agreement between America and Great Britain is announced\n        to the effect that 50 U.S. destroyers needed for escort work will be transferred\n        to Great Britain. In return, America gains 99-year leases on British bases\n        in the North Atlantic, [[West Indies]] and [[Bermuda]].\\n* [[September 4]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: In Berlin, [[Adolf Hitler]] declares in a speech that [[Nazi\n        Germany]] will avenge all night air raids carried out by Great Britain.\\n*\n        [[September 5]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Commerce raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser\n        Komet|German auxiliary cruiser ''''Komet'''']] enters the Pacific Ocean via\n        the [[Bering Strait]] after crossing the Arctic Ocean from the [[North Sea]]\n        with the help of Soviet icebreakers ''''Lenin'''', ''''Stalin'''', and ''''Kaganovich''''.{{cite\n        book | author=Muggenthaler, August Karl| title=German Raiders of WWII| publisher=Prentice-Hall|\n        year=1977| ISBN=0-13-354027-8| page=58}}\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Treaty\n        of Craiova]]: [[Romania]] loses [[Southern Dobruja]] to [[Bulgaria]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[The Blitz]] \\u2013 [[Nazi Germany]] begins to rain bombs on London\n        (the first of 57 consecutive nights of [[strategic bombing]]).\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Treznea massacre]]: The Hungarian Army, supported by [[Hungarians\n        in Romania|local Hungarians]] kill 93 [[Romanians|Romanian]] civilians in\n        [[Treznea, S\\u0103laj]], a village in [[Northern Transylvania]], as part of\n        attempts to [[ethnic cleansing]].\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** In [[Lascaux]],\n        France, 17,000-year-old [[cave painting]]s are discovered by a group of young\n        Frenchmen hiking through Southern France. The paintings depict animals and\n        date to the [[Stone Age]].\\n** The Hercules Munitions Plant in [[Succasunna-Kenvil,\n        New Jersey]] explodes, killing 55 people.\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Ip\n        massacre]]: The Hungarian Army, supported by [[Hungarians in Romania|local\n        Hungarians]], kill 158 [[Romanians|Romanian]] civilians in [[Ip, S\\u0103laj]],\n        a village in [[Northern Transylvania]], as part of attempts at [[ethnic cleansing]].\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Selective Training and Service Act of\n        1940]] is signed into law by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], creating the first\n        peacetime draft in U.S. history.\\n* [[September 17]]\\u2013[[September 18|18]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: {{SS|City of Benares}} is [[torpedo]]ed by {{GS|U-48|1939|6}}\n        in the Atlantic with the loss of 248 of the 406 on board, including child\n        evacuees bound for Canada. This results in cancellation of the British [[Children''s\n        Overseas Reception Board]]''s plan to relocate children overseas.\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|Japan enters French Indochina]]:\n        an agreement is signed in which Japan promises to station no more than 6,000\n        troops there, and never have more than 25,000 transiting the colony. Rights\n        were also given for three airfields.\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Occupation\n        of Norway by Nazi Germany]]: German ''''[[Reichskommissar]]'''' [[Josef Terboven]]\n        appoints a provisional council of state from the pro-Nazi [[Nasjonal Samling]]\n        party under [[Vidkun Quisling]] as a puppet government for Norway.\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 A group of Japanese officers in violation of an agreement signed\n        four days earlier with [[French Indochina]], take [[\\u0110\\u1ed3ng \\u0110\\u0103ng]]\n        and [[Lam S\\u01a1n]] with 40 Franco-Vietnamese troops killed and around 1,000\n        deserting. The same day the United States imposes a total [[embargo]] on all\n        scrap metal shipments to Japan.\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 WWII: Germany,\n        Italy and Japan sign the [[Tripartite Pact]].\\n* [[September 30]] (night to\n        1 October) \\u2013 [[Arson]]ists from the [[Hitler Youth]] destroy the [[Synagogue\n        du Quai Kl\\u00e9ber|Great Synagogue of Strasbourg]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013 The first section of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the United\n        States'' first long-distance [[controlled-access highway]], is opened.\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 Portuguese-born performer [[Carmen Miranda]] makes her\n        American film debut in ''''[[Down Argentine Way]]'''' one of the first films\n        produced to promote the [[Good Neighbor policy]].\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013\n        The [[Balham tube station disaster]] in London, England, occurs during the\n        Nazi [[Luftwaffe]] [[The Blitz|air raids on Great Britain]].\\n* [[October\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Chaplin]] releases his controversial wartime satire\n        ''''[[The Great Dictator]]'''', nine months after the Stooges'' ''''You Nazty\n        Spy!''''.\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 The draft registration of approximately\n        16 million men begins in the United States.\\n* [[October 18]]\\u2013[[October\n        19|19]] \\u2013 WWII: Thirty-two ships are sunk from [[Convoy SC 7]] and [[Convoy\n        HX 79]] by the most effective \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\" of\n        the war including [[List of U-boat aces|U-boat aces]] [[Otto Kretschmer|Kretschmer]],\n        [[G\\u00fcnther Prien|Prien]] and [[Joachim Schepke|Schepke]].\\n* [[October\n        26]]\\u2013[[October 28|28]] \\u2013 WWII: {{RMS|Empress of Britain|1930|6}},\n        serving as a [[troopship]] under the British flag, is bombed, torpedoed and\n        sunk off the [[Donegal]] coast with the loss of 45 lives. At 42,348 [[Gross\n        register tonnage|GRT]] she is the war''s largest merchant ship loss.\\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Greco-Italian War|Italian troops invade Greece]], meeting\n        strong resistance from Greek troops and civilians. This action signals the\n        beginning of the [[Balkan Campaign (World War II)|Balkan Campaign]].\\n* [[October\n        29]] \\u2013 The [[Selective Service System]] lottery is held in Washington,\n        D.C..\\n\\n=== November ===\\n* November \\u2013 In [[Cambodia]] the [[Khmer Issarak]]\n        is formed to overthrow the [[French Army]] within the nation.\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\u2013[[November 8|8]] \\u2013 WWII ([[Greco-Italian War]]): In the [[Battle\n        of Elaia\\u2013Kalamas]] in [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] outnumbered [[Kingdom\n        of Greece|Greek]] forces repel the [[Royal Italian Army during World War II|Italian\n        Army]].\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[German submarine U-69 (1940)|German submarine\n        ''''U-69'''']] is commissioned, the first [[German Type VII submarine#Type\n        VIIC|Type VIIC]] [[U-boat]] of [[Nazi Germany]]''s ''''[[Kriegsmarine]]''''\n        which will become its most numerous class with 568 commissioned during the\n        War.\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[United States presidential election, 1940]]:\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] incumbent [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        defeats [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger [[Wendell\n        Willkie]] and becomes the United States'' first and only third-term president.\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Agatha Christie]]''s mystery novel ''''[[And Then\n        There Were None]]'''' is published in book form in the United States.\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\u2013 In [[Tacoma, Washington]], the {{convert|600|ft|m|sing=on}}-long\n        center span of the [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)|Tacoma Narrows Bridge]]\n        (known as Galloping Gertie) collapses.\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 WWII: {{MS|City\n        of Rayville}} is sunk by a naval mine, the first [[United States Merchant\n        Marine]] loss of the war, off [[Cape Otway]], Australia.\\n* [[November 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Joaqu\\u00edn Rodrigo]]''s ''''[[Concierto de Aranjuez]]'''' premieres\n        in [[Barcelona]], Spain.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[1940 Vrancea earthquake]]:\n        An earthquake in [[Romania]] kills 1,000.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** WWII: The\n        British [[Royal Navy]] launches the first [[aircraft carrier]] strike in history,\n        on the Italian [[battleship]] fleet anchored at [[Battle of Taranto|Taranto]]\n        naval base.\\n** WWII: {{Ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis}} captures\n        [[Classified information|top secret]] British mail intended for [[British\n        Far East Command]] from the {{SS|Automedon}} and sends it to Japan.\\n** [[Armistice\n        Day Blizzard]]: An unexpected blizzard kills 144 in the [[Midwestern United\n        States]].\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Walt Disney]]''s ''''[[Fantasia (1940\n        film)|Fantasia]]'''' is released. It is the first box office failure for Disney,\n        though it eventually recoups its cost years later, and becomes one of the\n        most highly regarded of Disney''s films.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 WWII: The\n        city centre of [[Coventry]], England is destroyed by 500 [[Luftwaffe]] bombers:\n        150,000 [[Incendiary device|fire bombs]], 503 tons of high explosives, and\n        130 parachute mines level 60,000 of the city''s 75,000 buildings; 568 people\n        are killed, during the [[Coventry Blitz]].\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Abbott\n        and Costello]] make their film debut in ''''[[One Night in the Tropics]]''''.\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** WWII: In response to Germany levelling [[Coventry]] 2\n        days before, the [[Royal Air Force]] begins to bomb [[Hamburg]] (by war''s\n        end, 50,000 Hamburg residents will have died from [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        attacks).\\n** An unexploded [[pipe bomb]] is found in the [[Consolidated Edison]]\n        office building (only years later is the culprit, [[George Metesky]], apprehended).\\n**\n        The [[Jamaica Association of Local Government Officers]] is founded.\\n* [[November\n        18]] \\u2013 WWII: German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] and Italian Foreign Minister\n        [[Galeazzo Ciano]] meet to discuss [[Benito Mussolini]]''s disastrous invasion\n        of Greece.\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 WWII: Hungary, [[Romania]] and [[Slovakia]]\n        join the [[Axis powers]].\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Patria disaster|''''Patria''''\n        disaster]]: As British authorities attempt to deport [[Jewish refugees]] (originating\n        from [[German-occupied Europe]]) from [[Mandatory Palestine]] to [[Mauritius]]\n        aboard the requisitioned emigrant liner {{SS|Patria|1913|6}} at [[Haifa]],\n        the Jewish paramilitary organization [[Haganah]] sinks the ship with a bomb,\n        killing around 250 refugees and crew.\\n** [[de Havilland Mosquito]] and [[Martin\n        B-26 Marauder]] military aircraft both make their first flights.\\n** [[Woody\n        Woodpecker]] makes his debut in the animated short, ''''[[Knock Knock (1940\n        film)|Knock Knock]]''''.\\n* [[November 26]]\\u2013[[November 27|27]] \\u2013\n        [[Jilava Massacre]]: In [[Romania]], coup leader General [[Ion Antonescu]]''s\n        [[Iron Guard]] arrests and executes over 60 of exiled king [[Carol II of Romania]]''s\n        aides, starting at a penitentiary near [[Bucharest]]. Among the dead is former\n        minister and acclaimed historian [[Nicolae Iorga]].\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013\n        WWII: The British [[Royal Navy]] and Italian [[Regia Marina]] fight the [[Battle\n        of Cape Spartivento]].\\n\\n=== December ===\\n* December \\u2013 [[Timely Comics]]''\n        [[Captain America|Captain America Comics]] #1 (cover dated March 1941), [[first\n        appearance]] of [[Captain America]] and [[Bucky Barnes|Bucky]], hits newsstands\n        in the United States.\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Manuel \\u00c1vila Camacho]]\n        takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 British\n        submarine {{HMS|Regulus|N88|6}} is sunk near [[Taranto]].\\n* [[December 8]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Chicago Bears]], in what will become the most one-sided victory\n        in [[National Football League]] history, defeat the [[Washington Redskins]]\n        73\\u20130 in the 1940 NFL Championship Game.\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Operation Compass]] \\u2013 British forces in North Africa begin their first\n        major offensive with an attack on Italian forces at [[Sidi Barrani]], [[Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[December 12]] and [[December 15]] \\u2013 WWII: \\\"[[Sheffield Blitz]]\\\" (\\\"Operation\n        Crucible\\\") \\u2013 The [[Yorkshire]] city of [[Sheffield]] is badly damaged\n        by German air-raids.\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** WWII British destroyers {{HMS|Hereward|H93|6}}\n        and {{HMS|Hyperion|H97|6}} sink an Italian submarine off [[Bardia]].\\n** Royal\n        Navy [[Fairey Swordfish]] based on [[Malta]] bomb [[Tripoli]].\\n** [[Plutonium]]\n        is first synthesized in the laboratory by a team led by [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]\n        and [[Edwin McMillan]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].\\n* [[December\n        16]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Abigail Rachel]] \\u2013 [[Royal Air Force|RAF]]\n        bombing of [[Mannheim]].\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 President Roosevelt, at\n        his regular press conference, first sets forth the outline of his plan to\n        send aid to Great Britain that will become known as [[Lend-Lease]].\\n* [[December\n        23]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winston Churchill]], in a broadcast address to the people\n        of Italy, blames [[Benito Mussolini]] for leading his nation to war against\n        the British, contrary to Italy''s historic friendship with them: \\\"One man\n        has arrayed the trustees and inheritors of ancient Rome upon the side of the\n        ferocious pagan barbarians.\\\"\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Mahatma Gandhi]],\n        Indian spiritual non-violence leader writes his second letter to [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        addressing him \\\"My friend\\\", requesting him to stop the war Germany had begun.\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], in a [[fireside chat]] to the\n        nation, declares that the United States must become \\\"the great arsenal of\n        democracy.\\\"\\n** WWII: \\\"[[Second Great Fire of London]]\\\" \\u2013 [[Luftwaffe]]\n        carries out a massive incendiary bombing raid, starting 1,500 fires. Many\n        famous buildings, including the [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] and Trinity\n        House, are either damaged or destroyed.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[California]]''s\n        first modern [[freeway]], the future [[California State Route 110|State Route\n        110]], opens to traffic in [[Pasadena, California]], as the [[Arroyo Seco\n        Parkway]] (now the Pasadena Freeway).\\n** In Sweden, [[Victor Hasselblad]]\n        forms the [[Hasselblad|Victor Hasselblad AB]] Camera Company.\\n\\n=== Undated\n        ===\\n* In Korea, the ''''[[Hunminjeongeum]]'''' ([[1446]]) is discovered,\n        explaining the basis of the [[Hangul]] alphabet.\\n* US historian [[Arthur\n        Marder]] publishes ''''The Anatomy of British Sea Power: a history of British\n        naval policy in the pre-Dreadnought era, 1880-1905''''.\\n* [[Walter Knott]]\n        begins construction of a California [[ghost town]] replica which would soon\n        evolve into [[Knott''s Berry Farm]].\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Brian\n        Josephson, March 2004.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Josephson]]]]\\n[[File:14-01-10-tbh-012-kipchoge-keino.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kipchoge\n        Keino]]]]\\n[[File:JackNicklaus.cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Nicklaus]]]]\\n[[File:Joachim\n        Gauck (2014).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joachim Gauck]]]]\\n[[File:James Cromwell 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Cromwell]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Slim 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Slim]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Jim Bakker]], American televangelist and former husband\n        of [[Tammy Faye]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Leo de Berardinis]], Italian stage\n        actor and theatre director (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Brian Josephson]],\n        Welsh physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Gao\n        Xingjian]], Chinese-born writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Penny Lernoux]], American journalist and\n        author (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Costa Rican politician, lawyer, economist, and businessman\\n* [[January 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Julian Bond]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Franz M\\u00fcntefering]], German politician\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Kipchoge Keino]], Kenyan athlete\\n** [[Tabar\\u00e9 V\\u00e1zquez]], [[President\n        of Uruguay]]\\n** [[Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni]], Armenian Catholic Patriarch\n        of [[Cilicia]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Mike Reid (actor)|Mike\n        Reid]], English actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Carol Heiss]],\n        American figure skater\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Jeremy Jacobs]], American businessman,\n        owner ([[Boston Bruins]])\\n** [[Jack Nicklaus]], American golfer\\n* [[January\n        22]] \\u2013 [[John Hurt]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Joachim Gauck]], German president\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[James Cromwell]],\n        American actor\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Slim]], Mexican businessman\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:HR Giger 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[H. R. Giger]]]]\\n[[File:Willi_Holdorf_1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willi\n        Holdorf]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Fonda 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Fonda]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Ajmer Singh (athlete)|Ajmer Singh]], Indian athlete\n        and educator (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[David Jason]], English\n        actor\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Fran Tarkenton]], American football player\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[George A. Romero]], American film writer and director\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[H. R. Giger]], Swiss artist (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]]\\n** [[Tom Brokaw]], American television news reporter\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Tarbuck]], English comedian\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Tony Tan]], 7th President\n        of Singapore\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Ted Koppel]], American journalist\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Brian Bennett]], British drummer and songwriter ([[The\n        Shadows]])\\n** [[J. M. Coetzee]], South African writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Seamus Deane]], Irish poet and novelist\\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Ralph Bates]], English actor (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Richard Lynch]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Willi Holdorf]], German\n        Olympic athlete\\n** [[Gene Pitney]], American singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Fabrizio De Andr\\u00e9]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Smokey Robinson]], American musician\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy Greaves]], English footballer\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Akihiko\n        Kumashiro]], Japanese politician\\n** [[John Lewis (Georgia politician)|John\n        R. Lewis]], American politician and civil rights leader\\n* [[February 22]]\\n**\n        [[Aracy Balabanian]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Judy Cornwell]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Johnson Mlambo]], South African politician\\n** [[Billy Name]], American\n        photographer and [[Andy Warhol|Warhol]] archivist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Peter Fonda]], American actor\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Pete\n        Duel]], American actor (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Denis Law]], Scottish football\n        player\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Ron Santo]], American baseball player (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Howard Hesseman]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Mario Andretti]], American race car driver\\n** [[Joe\n        South]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Raul\n        Julia - Dracula.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ra\\u00fal Juli\\u00e1]]]]\\n[[File:Chuck Norris\n        May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chuck Norris]]]]\\n[[File:James Caan (1976).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Caan]]]]\\n[[File:Nancy Pelosi 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nancy Pelosi]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Nuala O''Faolain]], Irish journalist and author (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** [[Germ\\u00e1n Castro Caycedo]], Colombian writer and journalist\\n**\n        [[Owen Spencer-Thomas]], English broadcaster, journalist and clergyman\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Willie Stargell]], American baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Rudi Dutschke]], German radical student leader (d. [[1979]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] \\u2013 [[Susan Clark]], Canadian actress (''''Webster'''')\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Ra\\u00fal Juli\\u00e1]], Puerto Rican actor (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]]\\n** [[Chuck Norris]], American actor and martial artist\\n** [[Dean\n        Torrence]], American singer ([[Jan and Dean]])\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Al\n        Jarreau]], American singer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Candi Staton]],\n        American singer\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Phil Lesh]], American musician ([[Grateful\n        Dead]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Bernardo Bertolucci]], Italian writer and film\n        director\\n** [[Jan Pronk]], Dutch politician and diplomat\\n** [[James Wong\n        (lyricist)|James Wong]], Hong Kong composer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mark White]], Governor of Texas (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Solomon Burke]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Haing S. Ngor]], Cambodian actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**\n        [[Anita Bryant]], American entertainer\\n** [[Mina (singer)|Mina]], Italian\n        singer\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[James Caan]], American actor\\n** [[Nancy Pelosi]],\n        Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Ray Davis (musician)|Ray Davis]], American musician ([[P-Funk]]) (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Astrud Gilberto]], Brazilian-born singer\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Drottning\n        Margrethe av Danmark.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Margrethe II of Denmark]]]]\\n[[File:Al\n        Pacino.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Al Pacino]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Wangari Maathai]],\n        Kenyan environmentalist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Mike Hailwood]], English motorcycle racer (d. [[1981]])\\n**\n        [[Penelope Keith]], English actress\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[John Havlicek]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[John Hagee]], American [[televangelist]]\\n**\n        [[Herbie Hancock]], American musician\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Max Mosley]],\n        British motorsport boss\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Willie Davis (baseball)|Willie\n        Davis]], American baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Faimalaga Luka]], 6th\n        Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 Queen [[Margrethe\n        II of Denmark]]\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Joseph L. Goldstein]], American scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ray Griff]], Canadian country music singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Sue Grafton]], American novelist\\n* [[April 25]]\\n**\n        [[Al Pacino]], American actor and film director\\n** [[Tristram Powell]], English\n        television director, film director, writer and producer\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Giorgio Moroder]], Italian film composer\\n\\n=== May ===\\n\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Elsa Peretti]], Italian jewelry designer\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Manuel Esquivel]],\n        Belizean politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Belize]]\\n** [[Jo Ann Pflug]],\n        American former actress and motivational speaker\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Lance\n        Henriksen]], American actor and potter\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Angela Carter]],\n        English author and editor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Jim Connors]], American radio\n        personality (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Peter Benchley]], American author\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Ricky Nelson]], American singer (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Toni\n        Tennille]], American singer\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[James L. Brooks]], American\n        film producer and writer\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Juan Downey]], Chilean-born\n        video artist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Bruce Chatwin]], British\n        author (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[''H''. Jones]], British soldier\n        (VC recipient) (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Lainie Kazan]], American\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Don Nelson]], American basketball player and coach\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** [[Alan Kay]], American computer scientist\\n** [[Reynato Puno]],\n        Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] Chief Justice\\n*\n        [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Lenny Lipton]], American inventor\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Shorty\n        Long]], American [[soul music]] singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer\n        (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Stan Mikita]], Slovakian-born Canadian hockey player\\n**\n        [[Sadaharu Oh]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Bernard Shaw\n        (journalist)|Bernard Shaw]], American journalist and television news reporter\\n*\n        [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Brodsky]], Russian-born poet, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Sotsha\n        Dlamini]], 5th Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Farooq Leghari]], 8th [[President of Pakistan]] (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:Tom Jones concert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Nancy\n        Sinatra.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Nancy Sinatra]]]]\\n[[File:John Mahoney.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Mahoney]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9 Auberjonois]], American actor\\n*\n        [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Constantine II of Greece]]\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Ludwig\n        Schwarz]], Austrian bishop\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Richard Paul (actor)|Richard\n        Paul]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Monica Evans]], British\n        actress\\n** [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]], Welsh singer\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Nancy Sinatra]], American singer\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Carole Ann Ford]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Neil Goldschmidt]], Governor of Oregon\\n** [[Taylor\n        Gun-Jin Wang]], Chinese-American astronaut\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[George Akerlof]],\n        American economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Alan Murray (golfer)|Alan Murray]], Australian professional golfer\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Paul Shane]], English-born actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Mahoney]], English-born actor\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Mariette\n        Hartley]], American actress\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Abbas Kiarostami]], Iranian\n        film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Esther\n        Rantzen]], British broadcaster\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Adam Faith]], English\n        singer and actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg]],\n        [[Lord Chancellor|Lord Chancellor of England]]\\n** [[Wilma Rudolph]], American\n        athlete (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Stuart Sutcliffe]], British rock musician and\n        painter, better known as an early member of [[the Beatles]] (d. [[1962]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[A. J. Quinnell]], English writer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Anil Karanjai]], Indian painter of the [[Hungry generation]]\n        movement. (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Karpal Singh]], Malaysian politician\n        and lawyer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Muhammad Yunus]], founder of [[Grameen Bank]],\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Vyacheslav\n        Artyomov]], Russian composer\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Gil\n        Gomes|pt|3=Gil Gomes}}, Brazilian journalist, lawyer and radio and television\n        police reporter\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Ringo Starr and all his band (8470866906).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ringo\n        Starr]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Stewart Photo Call Logan Berlinale 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick\n        Stewart]]]]\\n[[File:James Brolin 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Brolin]]]]\\n[[File:Roy\n        walker 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roy Walker (comedian)|Roy Walker]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Craig Brown (footballer, born 1940)|Craig Brown]], Scottish former\n        professional football player and manager\\n** [[Abdul Razzak Ahmed]], Iraqi\n        football player\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Joshua Bryant]], American actor, director,\n        author and speaker\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Fontella Bass]], American soul singer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jose Alberto Laboy]], Puerto Rican Major League Baseball\n        player\\n** [[Lance Larson]], American former competition swimmer, Olympic\n        champion, and former world record-holder in four events\\n** [[Chuck Sieminski]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Mario Zanin (cyclist)|Mario Zanin]], Italian\n        cyclist\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar Tovar]], Venezuelan baseball player (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]] \\n** [[Karolyn Grimes]], American actress\\n** [[Nasser Madani]],\n        Iranian fencer\\n** [[Pat Stapleton (ice hockey)|Pat Stapleton]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Gene McDowell]], American college football coach\\n**\n        [[Deidre Catt]], English tennis player\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Reiko Kusamura]],\n        Japanese actress\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev]], [[President\n        of Kazakhstan]]\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Dora Baret]], Argentine actress\\n** [[Ringo\n        Starr]], British drummer ([[The Beatles]])\\n** [[Ir\\u00e8ne Sweyd]], Belgian\n        former swimmer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Lofty Drews]], Kenyan rally co-driver\\n**\n        [[Julie Payne (actress, born 1940)|Julie Payne]], American actress\\n** [[Tommy\n        Troelsen]], Danish former football player and manager, and television presenter\\n**\n        [[Jim Cadile]], American professional football offensive guard\\n** [[Gene\n        Alley]], American baseball player\\n** [[Helen Donath]], American soprano\\n**\n        [[Tom Farmer]], Scottish entrepreneur\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Anita Wall]],\n        Swedish actress\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Paul Prudhomme]], American celebrity\n        chef and cookbook author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Patrick Stewart]], English actor\\n*\n        [[July 16]]\\n** [[Lofty Drews]], Kenyan rally co-driver\\n** [[Tom Metcalf]],\n        American baseball pitcher \\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Tim Brooke-Taylor]], English\n        comedian\\n** [[Verne Lundquist]], American sportscaster\\n* [[July 18]]\\n**\n        [[James Brolin]], American actor and director\\n** [[Joe Torre]], American\n        baseball player and manager\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013 [[Anzor Kavazashvili]],\n        Soviet former football goalkeeper\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Alex Trebek]], Canadian\n        game show host\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Stanley Hauerwas]], American theologian\\n*\n        [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], American aide to [[Ted Kennedy]]\n        (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Pina Bausch]], German choreographer (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Bharati Mukherjee]], Indian-born novelist\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Clive Sinclair]], English inventor\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Roy Walker (comedian)|Roy\n        Walker]], Northern Irish comedian\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Sheen, Martin\n        (2008).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Sheen]]]]\\n[[File:Jack Thompson speaks at\n        the media.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Thompson (actor)|Jack Thompson]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Ram Loevy]], Israeli screenwriter and director\\n* [[August 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Martin Sheen]], American actor, father of [[Charlie Sheen]]\\n* [[August\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Luc Dehaene]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Dilip Sardesai]], former Indian cricketer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Hatfield]], American singer ([[The Righteous\n        Brothers]]) (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Dirk Sager]], German journalist\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Galen Hall]], American football coach\\n**\n        [[Max Schautzer]], Austrian born, German radio and television presenter\\n*\n        [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Jill St. John]], American actress\\n* [[August 20]]\\n**\n        [[Musa Geshaev]], Chechen poet and historian (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Hinojosa]], American politician\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Tom Baker (American\n        actor)|Tom Baker]], American actor (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9\n        van Dam]], Belgian bass-baritone\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Fernest Arceneaux]],\n        American musician (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Sonny Sharrock]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Bennie Maupin]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Johnny Paris]], American musician ([[Johnny and the Hurricanes]]) (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Wim Ruska]], Dutch wrestler and martial artist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Wilton Felder]], American saxophonist and bassist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Thompson (actor)|Jack Thompson]], Australian actor\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Pauline Collins in November 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pauline Collins]]]]\\n[[File:RaquelWelchApr2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Raquel\n        Welch]]]]\\n[[File:Linda Gray.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Linda Gray]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00d3scar\n        Arias.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\u00d3scar Arias]]]]\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Joseph\n        C. Strasser]], American admiral\\n** [[Eduardo Galeano]], Uruguayan writer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Pauline Collins]], English actress\\n** [[Joseph Warioba]],\n        5th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Raquel Welch]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Abdurrahman Wahid]], former [[President\n        of Indonesia]] (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Dario Argento]], Italian filmmaker.\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[David Mann (artist)|David Mann]], American artist\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Brian De Palma]], American film director\\n**\n        [[Ajit Singh (economist)|Ajit Singh]], Indian-born economist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Linda Gray]], American model and actress\\n** [[Skip\n        Hinnant]], American actor\\n** [[Mickey Lolich]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[\\u00d3scar Arias]], Costa Rican politician, 2-Time\n        [[President of Costa Rica]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[September\n        14]]\\n** [[Ventseslav Konstantinov]], Bulgarian writer and translator\\n**\n        [[Larry Brown (basketball)|Larry Brown]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Frankie Avalon]], American singer and actor\\n* [[September 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tar\\u014d As\\u014d]], 59th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n* [[September\n        23]]\\n** [[Mohammad-Reza Shajarian]], Iranian traditional singer\\n** [[Michel\n        Temer]], Brazilian politician, [[President of Brazil]] in 2016\\n* [[September\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Michiko Suganuma]], [[Urushi]] [[Japanese lacquer]] artist\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:JohnLennonpeace.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Lennon]]]]\\n[[File:Cliff\n        Richard Brussels.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cliff Richard]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Gambon\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Gambon]]]]\\n[[File:Pele200802FabioRodriguesPozzebomAgenciaBrasil.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pel\\u00e9]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Luc Bideau]], Swiss actor\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Ellen Travolta]], American actress\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[John Lennon]],\n        English musician and singer ([[The Beatles]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Pharoah Sanders]], American saxophonist\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Cliff Richard]], British pop musician\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Peter C.\n        Doherty]], Australian immunologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Della Mea]], Italian singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Michael Gambon|Sir Michael Gambon]],\n        Irish actor\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Robert Pinsky]], [[United States Poet\n        Laureate]]\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Geoffrey Boycott]], English cricketer\\n**\n        [[Manfred Mann (musician)|Manfred Mann]], South African rock musician\\n**\n        [[Marita Petersen]], 8th Prime Minister of Faroe Islands (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Pel\\u00e9]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[October 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yossi Sarid]], Israeli politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bobby Knight]], American basketball coach\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[John\n        Gotti]], American gangster (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Shahnaz Pahlavi]], Iranisn\n        princess\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Jack Shepherd (actor)|Jack Shepherd]],\n        English actor\\n\\n=== November ===\\n\\n[[File:Qabus bin Said.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Qaboos\n        bin Said al Said]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Lee as Kato 1967.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce\n        Lee]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]], [[Chief Justice\n        of India]]\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Carolin Reiber]], German television\n        presenter\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Jaime Rold\\u00f3s Aguilera]], 33rd [[President\n        of Ecuador]] (1979-1981) (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Turan Emeksiz]],\n        Turkish student killed in demonstrations (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Glenn Stetson]], Canadian singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[Roberto Cavalli]], Italian designer\\n** [[Sam Waterston]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Luke Kelly]], Irish ballad singer ([[The Dubliners]])\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]], [[Sultan\n        of Oman]]\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Helma Sanders-Brahms]], German film\n        director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Richard Marcinko]], U.S.\n        Navy SEAL team member and author\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Terry Gilliam]],\n        American-born British screenwriter, director and animator\\n** [[Andrzej \\u017bu\\u0142awski]],\n        Polish film director and writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Rockin''\n        Robin Roberts]], American [[rock and roll]] singer (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** [[Joe Gibbs]], American football coach\\n** [[Percy Sledge]], American\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Bruce Lee]], Chinese-American\n        martial artist and actor (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Chuck Mangione]],\n        American flugelhorn player\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Richard Pryor (1986)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Pryor]]]]\\n[[File:The famous mustache\n        and goatee.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Frank Zappa]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Pryor]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Freddy\n        Cannon]], American singer\\n** [[Gary Gilmore]], American murderer (d. [[1977]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Peter Pohl]], Swedish writer\\n* [[December 11]]\\n**\n        [[David Gates]], American singer-songwriter ([[The Bread]])\\n** [[Donna Mills]],\n        American actress and dancer\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Sharad Pawar]], Indian\n        politician\\n** [[Dionne Warwick]], American singer\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Volli K\\u00e4ro]], Estonian actor\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Valentin]],\n        Austrian actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Ilario Castagner]],\n        Italian football manager\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 [[Phil Ochs]], American\n        [[protest singer]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Pat Chapman]],\n        English author\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Frank Zappa]], American musician,\n        composer, and satirist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Noel Jones\n        (diplomat)|Noel Jones]], British ambassador to Kazakhstan (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]]\\n** [[Mamnoon Hussain]], 12th President of Pakistan\\n** [[Jorma\n        Kaukonen]], American musician ([[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Hot Tuna]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Labine]], former mayor of [[Gatineau, Quebec]]\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Janet\n        Carroll]], American actress and singer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Edward C. Prescott]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Fred Hansen]],\n        American Olympic athlete\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Michael Jackson (anthropologist)|Michael\n        Jackson]], New Zealand poet and anthropologist\\n* [[Michel Micombero]], 1st\n        President of Burundi (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[Ali Saibou]], 3rd President of Niger\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January===\\n* January \\u2013 [[Fusajiro\n        Yamauchi]], Japanese business executive (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Flora Finch]], English-born actress and comedian (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer]], Polish poet and writer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Isaac Babel]], Ukrainian writer (executed) (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Gunnar\n        H%C3%B6ckert 1936.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Gunnar H\\u00f6ckert]]]]\\n[[File:Michael_Hainisch.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Michael\n        Hainisch]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Philip Francis Nowlan]], American\n        [[science fiction]] writer, creator of ''''[[Buck Rogers]]'''' (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[February 2]]\\n** [[Vsevolod Meyerhold]], Russian theatre practitioner (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Mikhail Koltsov]], Soviet journalist (executed) (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Samuel M. Vauclain]], American engineer (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[William Dodd (ambassador)|William Edward Dodd]], American\n        historian and diplomat (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[John Buchan]],\n        1st Baron Tweedsmuir, Scottish-born novelist and [[Governor General of Canada]]\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Gunnar H\\u00f6ckert]], Finnish Olympic athlete (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Michael Hainisch]], 2nd [[President of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Peter Behrens]], German architect\n        and designer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013 [[Edward Frederic Benson]],\n        English writer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Selma Lagerl\\u00f6f.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Selma\n        Lagerl\\u00f6f]]]]\\n[[File:Spyridon Louis 1896.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Spyridon\n        Louis]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Anton Hansen Tammsaare]], Estonian writer\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Maxine Elliott]], American actress (b.\n        [[1868]])\\n** [[Cai Yuanpei]], Chinese educator (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], Russian writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Monk Saunders]], American writer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Selma Lagerl\\u00f6f]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Ploetz]], German\n        physician, biologist, and eugenicist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Spyridon Louis]], Greek Olympic athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 27]]\\n**\n        [[Madeleine Astor]], American survivor of the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking\n        of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Michael Joseph Savage]],\n        23rd [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013\n        [[George Egerton (Royal Navy officer)|George Egerton]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Tinsley Lindley]], English footballer (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Carl Bosch.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Carl\n        Bosch]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[John A. Hobson]], English economist (b.\n        [[1858]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[George Barnes (British politician)|George\n        Barnes]], British Labour politician (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Carl\n        Bosch]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Luisa Tetrazzini]], Italian opera singer\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[George Lansbury]], British\n        Labour politician (b. 1859)\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Chujiro Hayashi]], Japanese\n        Reiki Master (b. 1880)\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Emma Goldman]], Lithuanian-born\n        anarchist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Menno ter Braak]], Dutch writer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Diego Mazquiar\\u00e1n]], Spanish matador\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Verner von Heidenstam]], Swedish writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Joe De Grasse]], Canadian film director (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1906\\u20131940)|Wilhelm of Prussia]],\n        Prussian prince (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Prince Frederick Charles\n        of Hesse]] (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Walter Connolly]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Mary Anderson (actress, born 1859)|Mary Anderson]], American\n        stage actress (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:ArthurHarden.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Arthur\n        Harden]]]]\\n[[File:Janusz Kusoci%C5%84ski.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Janusz Kusocinski]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Klee 1911.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Paul Klee]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[Jan\n        F. E. Celliers]], South African poet, writer and dramatist. (b. 1865)\\n* [[June\n        7]]\\n** [[James Hall (actor)|James Hall]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Rodman]], American admiral (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Marcus\n        Garvey]], Jamaican-born publisher, entrepreneur, and black nationalist (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Alfred S. Alschuler]], American [[architect]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[George Fitzmaurice]], American director\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Henry W. Antheil Jr.]], American diplomat\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Harden]], English chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Maurice Jaubert]], French composer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Charley\n        Chase]], American comedian (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard\n        Vuillard]], French painter (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Smedley Butler]], U.S. general\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Janusz Kusoci\\u0144ski]], Polish athlete (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[John T. Thompson]], United States Army officer and inventor\n        of the [[Thompson gun]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Walter Hasenclever]],\n        German poet and playwright (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Italo Balbo]],\n        Italian Fascist leader (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Paul Klee]],\n        Swiss artist (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Ben Turpin]],\n        American actor and comedian (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Biniszkiewicz]], Silesian politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Wadlow]], tallest man ever (infection) (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Spencer S. Wood]], United States Navy rear admiral (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Trotsky\n        Portrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Leon Trotsky]]]]\\n[[File:paul-nipkow.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Paul\n        Nipkow]]]]\\n[[File:J.J Thomson.jpg|110px|thumb|[[J. J. Thomson]]]]\\n* [[August\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Albert Cook]], American explorer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Dodds]], American jazz clarinetist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August\n        13]]\\n** [[James Fairbairn]], Australian pastoralist, aviator, and politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** Sir [[Henry Gullett]], Australian politician (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Geoffrey Street]], Australian politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** Sir [[Brudenell\n        White]], Australian general (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Chrysler]], American automobile pioneer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 21]]\\n**\n        [[Hermann Obrecht]], Swiss Federal Councillor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Leon Trotsky]],\n        Russian revolutionary (assassinated) (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** Sir\n        [[Oliver Lodge]], British physicist (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Gerald Strickland,\n        1st Baron Strickland|Gerald Strickland]], 4th Prime Minister of Malta, 23rd\n        Governor of New South Wales, 15th Governor of Western Australia and 9th Governor\n        of Tasmania (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Mary Vaux Walcott]], American artist and naturalist\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Paul Nipkow]], German technician and\n        inventor (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[William Bowie (engineer)|William\n        Bowie]], American geodetic engineer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013\n        [[J. J. Thomson]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Lundeen]], American\n        lawyer and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:M_37_4_Charles_de_Brocqueville.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles\n        de Broqueville]]]]\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[George William de Carteret]],\n        author from Jersey island (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        de Broqueville]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Nikola Ivanov]], Bulgarian general (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Hale Holden]], president of [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy\n        Railroad]] 1914\\u20131918 and 1920-1929 (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Marguerite Clark]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Walter Benjamin]], German philosopher and cultural critic (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]], Austrian neuroscientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1857]])\\n**\n        [[Juli\\u00e1n Besteiro]], Spanish socialist politician (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Ballington Booth]], American co-founder\n        of Volunteers of America (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Lincoln Loy McCandless]], Hawaiian\n        politician and cattle rancher (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Silvestre Revueltas]], Mexican\n        composer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Wilfred Grenfell]], English\n        medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Berton Churchill]], Canadian actor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Adolf von Trotha]], German admiral (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Tom Mix]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Llu\\u00eds Companys]], President of the [[Generalitat of Catalonia]] (executed)\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[George Davis (baseball)|George Davis]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Right\n        Honourable Neville Chamberlain. Wellcome M0003096.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Neville\n        Chamberlain]]]]\\n[[File:Iorga_at_his_desk_Luceaferul_2,_1914.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolae\n        Iorga]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Manuel Aza\\u00f1a]], 2nd [[Spanish Second\n        Republic|President of the Spanish Second Republic]] and 55th [[Prime Minister\n        of Spain]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Otto Plath]], father of\n        American poet [[Sylvia Plath]], and entomologist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November\n        9]]\\n** [[Neville Chamberlain]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[John Henry Kirby]], Texas legislator and American businessman\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Eric Gill]], British sculptor and writer\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Raymond Pearl]], American biologist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[Ion Incule\\u021b]], President of Moldova (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Barnes (journalist)|Ralph W. Barnes]], American journalist\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Nicolae Iorga]], Romanian historian\n        and politician, 34th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Jean\n        Chiappe]], French civil servant (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Henri Guillaumet]], French\n        aviator (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio.png|thumb|right|110px|[[Kyosti\n        Kallio]]]]\\n[[File:F Scott Fitzgerald 1921.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[F. Scott\n        Fitzgerald]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Nikolai Koltsov]], Russian biologist\n        and genetist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Jan Kubel\\u00edk]],\n        Czech violinist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Anton Koro\\u0161ec]],\n        Slovenian political leader (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Billy\n        Hamilton (baseball, born 1866)|Billy Hamilton]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Eug\\u00e8ne\n        Dubois]], Dutch paleoanthropologist and geologist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Ky\\u00f6sti Kallio]], 4th President of Finland and 4-time Prime\n        Minister of Finland (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]],\n        American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Nathanael West]],\n        American writer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Eddie August Schneider]],\n        American aviator (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Agnes Ayres]],\n        American actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Daniel Frohman]],\n        American theater producer (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1940-wwii-timeline.htm 1940 WWII\n        Timeline]\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1940/1940fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1940] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n* [http://1940s.org The 1940s | 1940-1949 | History Fashion Movies\n        Music ]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1940}}\\n[[Category:1940| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years\n        in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:03:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":799771086,\"length\":76541,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1940&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940\"},\"34632\":{\"pageid\":34632,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1941\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T00:51:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1941}}\\n{{Events by month|1941}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1941}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1941}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        the events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" acronym.\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        January\\u2013August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and\n        physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber\n        at [[Hadamar Euthanasia Centre]] in [[Nazi Germany]] in the first phase of\n        mass killings under the [[Action T4]] program here.\\n* [[January 1]] –\n        [[Thailand]] Prime Minister [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]] decrees January 1 as\n        the official start of the [[Thai solar calendar]] new year (thus the previous\n        year that began [[April 1]] had only 9 months).\\n* [[January 3]] – A\n        decree (''''Normalschrifterlass'''') promulgated in [[Nazi Germany]] by [[Martin\n        Bormann]] on behalf of [[Adolf Hitler]] requires replacement of [[blackletter]]\n        [[typeface]]s by [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]].{{cite web|title=\\\"The\n        Bormann Decree\\\" banning the use of the Fraktur typeface|url=http://german.about.com/library/gallery/blfoto_fraktur06E.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2013-10-23}}\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – The short subject ''''[[Elmer''s Pet Rabbit]]'''' is\n        released, marking the second appearance of [[Bugs Bunny]], and also the first\n        to have his name on a title card.\\n* [[January 5]] – WWII: At the [[Battle\n        of Bardia]] in [[Libya]], Australian and British troops defeat [[Kingdom of\n        Italy|Italian]] forces, the first battle of the war in which an [[Australian\n        Army]] formation takes part.\\n* [[January 6]] – The keel of  the {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}\n        is laid at the [[New York Navy Yard]] in [[Brooklyn]].\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        The [[Lend-Lease]] Act is introduced into the [[United States Congress]].\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – The British [[Royal Navy]] light cruiser {{HMS|Southampton|83}}\n        is sunk off [[Malta]].\\n* [[January 13]] – All persons born in [[Puerto\n        Rico]] since this day are declared U.S. citizens by birth, through U.S. federal\n        law.{{UnitedStatesCode|8|1402}}.\\n* [[January 14]] – WWII:\n        [[Commerce raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin|German auxiliary cruiser\n        ''''Pinguin'''']] captures the Norwegian whaling fleet near [[Bouvet Island]],\n        effectively ending [[Southern Ocean]] [[whaling]] for the duration of the\n        war.{{cite book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders\n        of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|ISBN=0-13-354027-8|pages=140\\u2013143}}.\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[John Vincent Atanasoff]] and [[Clifford Berry]] describe\n        the workings of the [[Atanasoff\\u2013Berry computer]] in print.\\n* [[January\n        19]] – WWII: British troops attack Italian-held [[Eritrea]].\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is [[Third inauguration of Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt|sworn in]] for a third term as President of the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 22]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Tobruk (1941)|Battle of Tobruk]]: Australian\n        and British forces capture [[Tobruk]] from the Italians.\\n** In [[Sweden]],\n        [[Victor Hasselblad]] registers the [[Hasselblad]] camera company.\\n* [[January\n        23]] – Aviator [[Charles Lindbergh]] testifies before the [[United States\n        Congress|U.S. Congress]] and recommends that the United States negotiate a\n        [[Country neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] pact with [[Adolf\n        Hitler]].\\n* [[January 27]] – WWII:  [[Joseph Grew]], the U.S. ambassador\n        to Japan, reports to Washington a rumor overheard at a diplomatic reception\n        concerning a planned surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.\\n* [[January\n        30]] – WWII: Australians capture [[Derna, Libya]], from the Italians.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – WWII: The [[Nazis]] forcibly restore [[Pierre Laval]]\n        to office in occupied [[Vichy France]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – WWII: The [[United Service Organization]] (USO) is\n        created to entertain American troops.\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Air Training\n        Corps]]: The [[Air Training Corps]] is formed in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[February\n        5]]\\u2013[[April 1]] – WWII: [[Battle of Keren]] – British and\n        [[Free French Forces]] fight hard to capture the strategic town of [[Keren,\n        Eritrea|Keren]] in [[Italian Eritrea]].\\n* [[February 6]] – WWII: Fall\n        of [[Benghazi]] to the [[Western Desert Force]]. Lieutenant-General [[Erwin\n        Rommel]] is appointed commander of [[Afrika Korps]].\\n* [[February 8]] –\n        WWII: The U.S. House of Representatives passes the [[Lend-Lease]] Act.260\\u2013165.\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Winston Churchill]], in a worldwide broadcast, tells\n        the United States to show its support by sending arms to the British: \\\"Give\n        us the tools, and we will finish the job.\\\"\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** WWII: [[Erwin\n        Rommel]] arrives in [[Tripoli]].\\n** Reserve Constable [[Albert Alexander]],\n        a patient at the [[Radcliffe Infirmary]] in [[Oxford]], becomes the first\n        person treated with [[penicillin]] intravenously, by [[Howard Florey]]''s\n        team. He reacts positively but there is insufficient supply of the drug to\n        reverse his terminal infection. A successful treatment is achieved during\n        May.{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of\n        Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|pages=124\\u20135}}\\n*\n        [[February 13]] – Aircraft from {{HMS|Formidable|67|6}} attack [[Massawa]]\n        in Eritrea.\\n* [[February 14]] – WWII: Admiral [[Kichisabur\\u014d Nomura]]\n        begins his duties as Japanese Ambassador to the United States.\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\u2013[[February 22|22]] – WWII: [[Swansea Blitz|Three Nights''\n        Blitz]] over [[Swansea]], South Wales: Over these 3 nights of intensive bombing,\n        which lasted a total of 13 hours and 48 minutes, Swansea''s town centre is\n        almost completely obliterated by the 896 high explosive bombs employed by\n        the [[Luftwaffe]]; 397 casualties and 230 deaths reported.\\n* [[February 22]]\n        – WWII: {{HMS|Shropshire|73|6}} bombards [[Barawa]], on the coast between\n        [[Kismayo]] and [[Mogadishu]].\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]\n        isolates and discovers [[plutonium]].\\n* [[February 25]] – WWII:\\n**\n        The occupied [[Netherlands in World War II|Netherlands]] starts the first\n        popular uprising in Europe against the [[Axis powers]], the \\\"[[February strike]]\\\"\n        against German [[deportation]] of Jews in [[Amsterdam]] and surroundings.\\n**\n        British submarine {{HMS|Upright|N89|6}} attacks an Italian convoy, sinking\n        the [[Italian cruiser Armando Diaz|cruiser ''''Armando Diaz'''']].\\n* [[February\n        27]] – WWII: The [[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy|New Zealand\n        Division]] cruiser [[HMNZS Leander|HMS ''''Leander'''']] (1931) sinks Italian\n        armed merchant raider ''''[[Ramb I]]'''' off the [[Maldives]].\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** WWII: [[Bulgaria]] signs the [[Tripartite Pact]], thus joining\n        the [[Axis powers]].\\n** [[Arthur L. Bristol]] becomes Rear Admiral for the\n        United States Navy''s Support Force, [[U.S. Atlantic Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]].\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – WWII: [[Operation Claymore]] – British Commandos\n        carry out a successful raid on the [[Lofoten Islands]] off the north coast\n        of Norway.\\n* [[March 8]] – WWII: The U.S. Senate passes the [[Lend-Lease]]\n        Act.\\n* [[March 11]] – WWII: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of\n        the United States, signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, providing for the U.S.\n        to provide [[Lend-Lease]] aid to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Richard C. Hottelet]] is arrested by the [[Gestapo]]\n        on \\\"suspicion of espionage\\\", but eventually released in July as part of\n        a [[prisoner exchange]] with the U.S.\\n* [[March 16]] – A group of U.S.\n        warships arrive in [[Auckland]], New Zealand, on a goodwill visit. On March\n        20, they arrive in [[Sydney]], Australia.\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** In [[Washington,\n        D.C.]], the [[National Gallery of Art]] is officially opened by President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].\\n** British [[Secretary of State for Employment|Minister\n        of Labour]] [[Ernest Bevin]] calls for women to fill vital jobs.\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Washington (state)|Washington]] state''s [[Grand Coulee Dam]]\n        begins to generate electricity.\\n* [[March 24]] – WWII: Rommel launches\n        his first offensive in [[Cyrenaica]].\\n* [[March 25]] – WWII: The [[Kingdom\n        of Yugoslavia]] joins the [[Axis powers]] in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Cape Matapan]]: Off the [[Peloponnese]] coast in the\n        Mediterranean, [[Royal Navy|British naval forces]] defeat those of Italy,\n        sinking 5 warships. Battle ends on [[March 29]].\\n** An anti-Axis [[Yugoslav\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] led\n        by General [[Du\\u0161an Simovi\\u0107]] and forces [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia|Prince\n        Paul]] into exile; 17-year-old [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] assumes\n        power following the Coup [[Du\\u0161an Simovi\\u0107|Simovi\\u0107]] was elected\n        the new [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]].\\n** [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]ese\n        spy [[Takeo Yoshikawa]] arrives in [[Honolulu]] to study the [[United States\n        Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]] at [[Pearl Harbor]] in preparation for a future\n        attack.\\n* [[March 30]] – WWII:\\n** All German, Italian and Danish ships\n        anchored in United States waters are taken into \\\"protective custody\\\".\\n**\n        A German [[Lorenz cipher]] machine operator sends a 4,000-character message\n        twice, allowing British mathematician [[Bill Tutte]] to decipher the machine''s\n        coding mechanism.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100204035124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8492762.stm\n        BBC] (archived from [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8492762.stm the\n        original])\\n\\n===April===\\n* April – The [[Valley of Geysers]]\n        is discovered on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] of Russia by [[Tatyana Ustinova]].\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – WWII: Axis forces capture [[Benghazi]].\\n* [[April 6]]\n        – WWII: Germany invades [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Battle\n        of Greece|Greece]].\\n* [[April 9]] – The U.S. acquires full military\n        defense rights in [[Greenland]].\\n* [[April 10]] – WWII:\\n** The U.S.\n        destroyer {{USS|Niblack|DD-424|6}}, while picking up survivors from a sunken\n        Dutch freighter, drops depth charges on a German [[U-boat]] (the first \\\"shot\n        in anger\\\" fired by America against Germany).{{citation needed|date=May 2010|reason=there''s\n        doubt it was actually a sub}}\\n** The [[Independent State of Croatia]], a\n        [[puppet state]] of the [[Axis powers]], is established with [[Usta\\u0161e]]\n        leader [[Ante Paveli\\u0107]] as head (''''[[Poglavnik]]'''') of the government.\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – WWII: German troops enter [[Belgrade]].\\n* [[April 13]]\n        – [[Soviet\\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact]] signed.{{cite\n        book|last=Quigley|first=Carroll|title=Tragedy And Hope|year=1966|publisher=Macmillan|location=New\n        York|isbn=0-945001-10-X|pages=738|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope&dq=tragedy+and+hope&source=bl&ots=P_gAndEgun&sig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}\n        \\n* [[April 15]] – WWII:  Axis forces reach Halfaya Pass on the Libyan-Egyptian\n        frontier.\\n* [[April 18]] – WWII: The Yugoslav Royal Army capitulates.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – WWII: Prime Minister of Greece [[Alexandros Koryzis]]\n        commits suicide as German troops approach [[Athens]].\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Bertolt Brecht]]''s anti-war play ''''[[Mother Courage and Her Children]]''''\n        ({{lang-de|Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder}}) receives its first theatrical\n        production at the [[Schauspielhaus Z\\u00fcrich]].\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        WWII: Greece capitulates. [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] troops\n        and some elements of the [[Greek Army]] withdraw to [[Crete]].\\n* [[April\n        23]] – The [[America First Committee]] holds its first mass rally in\n        New York City, with [[Charles Lindbergh]] as keynote speaker.\\n* [[April 25]]\n        – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], at his regular press conference, criticizes\n        Charles Lindbergh by comparing him to the [[Copperhead (politics)|Copperheads]]\n        of the Civil War period. In response, Lindbergh resigns his commission in\n        the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve on [[April 28]].\\n* [[April 27]] – WWII:\n        German troops enter [[Athens]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** The breakfast\n        cereal ''''[[Cheerios]]'''' is introduced as ''''[[CheeriOats]]'''' by [[General\n        Mills]].\\n** [[Orson Welles]]'' film ''''[[Citizen Kane]]'''' premieres in\n        New York City.\\n** The first Defense Bonds and Defense Savings Stamps go on\n        sale in the United States, to help fund the greatly increased production of\n        military equipment.\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]: British combat\n        operations against the rebel government of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani|Rashid\n        Ali]] in the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] begin.{{cite book|first1=Major-General\n        I. S. O.|last1=Playfair|author1-link=|first2=Captain F. C.|last2=with Flynn\n        R. N.|first3=Brigadier C. J. C.|last3=Molony|first4=Air Vice-Marshal S. E.|last4=Toomer|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J.\n        R. M|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series|title=The\n        Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their\n        Ally (1941)|publisher=Naval & Military Press|year=2004|origyear=1st. pub.\n        HMSO 1956|isbn=1-84574-066-1|lastauthoramp=y|pages=182\\u20133}}\\n* [[May\n        5]] – WWII: Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] enters [[Addis Ababa]], which\n        has been liberated from Italian forces; this date is subsequently commemorated\n        as [[Liberation Day]] in [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[May 6]] – At [[California]]''s\n        [[March Air Reserve Base|March Field]], entertainer [[Bob Hope]] performs\n        his first [[United Service Organizations|USO]] Show.\\n* [[May 8]] –\n        WWII:  The [[German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin|German auxiliary cruiser ''''Pinguin'''']]\n        is sunk by {{HMS|Cornwall|56}} in the Indian Ocean; 555 are killed.\\n* [[May\n        9]] – WWII: The {{ship|German submarine|U-110|1940|6}} is captured by\n        the British [[Royal Navy]]. On board is the latest [[Enigma cryptography machine]],\n        which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.\\n* [[May\n        10]]\\n** WWII: The [[British House of Commons]] is damaged by the [[Luftwaffe]]\n        in an [[airstrike|air raid]].\\n** [[Rudolf Hess]] parachutes into Scotland,\n        claiming to be on a peace mission.\\n* [[May 11]]/[[May 12]] – WWII:\n        The Usta\\u0161e [[Glina massacres#First massacre|massacre]] 260\\u2013373 [[Serb]]\n        men in a Catholic church in [[Glina, Croatia]] where the men had assembled\n        to be received into the Catholic faith in exchange for their lives.\\n* [[May\n        12]] – [[Konrad Zuse]] presents the [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], the world''s\n        first working programmable, fully automatic [[computer]], in Berlin.\\n* [[May\n        15]]\\n** The first British jet aircraft, the [[Gloster E.28/39]], is flown.\\n**\n        [[Joe DiMaggio]]''s 56-game [[hitting streak]] begins as the [[New York Yankees]]''\n        [[center fielder]] goes one for four  against [[Chicago White Sox]] [[Pitcher]]\n        [[Eddie Smith (baseball)|Eddie Smith]].\\n* [[May 19]] – The [[Viet Minh]]\n        is formed in at [[P\\u00e1c B\\u00f3]] in [[Vietnam]] to overthrow [[French\n        colonial empire|French rule]] of the nation as an alliance between the Indochina\n        Communist party, led by [[Ho Chi Minh]], and the Nationalist party. It will\n        become the [[Viet Cong]] during the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[May 20]] –\n        WWII: The [[Battle of Crete]] begins as Germany launches an airborne invasion\n        of [[Crete]], the first mainly airborne invasion in military history.\\n* [[May\n        21]] – {{ship|German submarine|U-69|1940||6}} sinks the U.S.-flagged\n        {{SS|Robin Moor}} off the west African coast, having allowed the passengers\n        and crew to disembark.\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** WWII: In the North Atlantic, {{ship|German\n        battleship|Bismarck|}} sinks [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Hood|51|6}}, killing\n        all but 3 crewmen from a total of 1,418 aboard the pride of the [[Royal Navy]].\\n**\n        The British submarine {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}} torpedoes and sinks the Italian\n        ocean liner {{SS|Conte Rosso}}.\\n* [[May 26]] – WWII: In the North Atlantic,\n        [[Fairey Swordfish]] aircraft from the carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}  cripple\n        the steering of {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck}} in an [[aerial torpedo]]\n        attack.\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** WWII: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of the\n        United States, proclaims an \\\"unlimited national emergency.\\\"[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/410527a.html\n        Proclamation of Unlimited National Emergency], Franklin D. Roosevelt, President\n        of the United States, May 27, 1941\\n** WWII: [[German battleship Bismarck|German\n        battleship ''''Bismarck'''']] is sunk in the North Atlantic, killing 2,300.\n        It is eventually found in [[1989]].\\n** The [[Swiss Socialist Federation]]\n        is banned.{{cite book|last=Lang|first=Karl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMBEFai6EQkC&pg=PA268|title=Solidarit\\u00e9,\n        d\\u00e9bats, mouvement: cent ans de Parti socialiste suisse, 1888-1988|location=Lausanne|publisher=Editions\n        d''en bas|year=1988|pages=270\\u20132}}\\n* [[May 30]] – WWII: [[Manolis\n        Glezos]] and [[Apostolos Santas]] tear down the [[Nazi swastika]] on the [[Acropolis]]\n        in [[Athens]], and replace it with the [[Greek flag]].\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]: British troops complete the re-occupation of the [[Kingdom\n        of Iraq]], returning Prince [[''Abd al-Ilah]] to power as regent for [[Faisal\n        II of Iraq|Faisal II]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June 1]] – WWII: The [[Battle\n        of Crete]] ends as Crete surrenders to invading German forces.\\n* [[June 5]]\\n**\n        [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: Four thousand [[Chongqing]] residents are asphyxiated\n        in a bomb shelter during the [[Bombing of Chongqing]].\\n** A Serbian ammunition\n        depot explodes at [[Smederevo]] on the outskirts of [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]],\n        killing 2,500, and injuring over 4,500.\\n* [[June 8]] – WWII: British\n        and [[Free France|Free French]] forces invade [[Syria]].\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|TASS]], the official Soviet news agency,\n        denies reports of  tension between Germany and the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June\n        14]]\\n** [[June deportation]]: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] officials deport about\n        65,000 people from [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] to [[Siberia]].\\n**\n        All German and Italian assets in the United States are frozen.\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        All German and Italian consulates in the United States are ordered closed\n        and their staffs to leave the country by July 10.\\n** WWII: British [[Fleet\n        Air Arm]] aircraft sink the [[Vichy France|Vichy]] {{ship|French ship|Chevalier\n        Paul||6}}.\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[United States Army Air Corps]] [[1941 in aviation#June|becomes]]\n        the [[United States Army Air Forces]], with the earlier name reserved solely\n        for the new USAAF''s logistics and training elements.\\n** Walt Disney''s live-action\n        animated feature ''''[[The Reluctant Dragon (1941 film)|The Reluctant Dragon]]''''\n        is released.\\n* [[June 22]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Barbarossa]]: [[Nazi\n        Germany|Germany]] (with Finland and other allies) invades the [[Soviet Union]].\n        [[Winston Churchill]] promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet\n        Union in a worldwide broadcast: \\\"Any man or state who fights against Nazidom\n        will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.\\\"\n        Italy and [[Romania]] declare war on the Soviet Union.\\n** [[Rapid Vienna]]\n        beats [[Schalke 04]] in the final of the German Fottballchampionship after\n        0:3 with 4:3.\\n** The [[First Sisak Partisan Brigade]], the first anti-fascist\n        armed unit in occupied Europe, is founded by [[partisans (Yugoslavia)|Yugoslav\n        partisans]] near [[Sisak]], [[Croatia]].\\n** [[June Uprising in Lithuania]]\n        and establishment of a [[Provisional Government of Lithuania]] begun by the\n        [[Lithuanian Activist Front]] in an attempt to liberate [[Lithuania]] from\n        [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation]].\\n** Rapid escalation\n        of the [[Holocaust in Lithuania]], between June and the end of the year an\n        estimated 190,000-195,000 out of 210,000 [[Lithuanian Jews]] would be massacred;\n        killing an estimated 95% of the nation''s [[Jewish]] population.\\n* [[June\n        23]] – WWII: Hungary and [[Slovakia]] declare war on the Soviet Union.\\n*\n        [[June 24]] – The [[Soviet Information Bureau]], predecessor of [[RIA\n        Novosti]], is founded.\\n** The [[Rainiai massacre]] takes place; approximately\n        80 political prisoners are killed by the [[NKVD]].\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        WWII: Finland as a [[Co-belligerence|co-belligerent]] with Germany attacks\n        the [[Soviet Union]] to start the [[Continuation War]].\\n* [[June 28]] –\n        WWII: [[Albania]] declares war on the Soviet Union.\\n* [[June 29]] –\n        WWII: [[Hitler]]''s second-in-command [[Reichsmarshall]] [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        is appointed as Hitler''s successor in a written decree. The decree will come\n        into effect should Hitler die in the middle of the war. (The decree becomes\n        void in April 1945 after G\\u00f6ring tries to assume power while Hitler is\n        still alive, leading to G\\u00f6ring''s expulsion from the [[Nazi Party]].)\\n**\n        The [[Ia\\u0219i pogrom]] takes place killing \\\"at least 13,266\\\" [[Romanian\n        Jews]].\\n\\n===July===\\n* July – The British Army''s [[Special Air Service]]\n        is formed.\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** Commercial TV authorized by the FCC.\\n** [[NBC]]\n        television begins commercial operation on WNBT on channel 1. The world''s\n        first legal TV commercial, for [[Bulova]] watches, occurs at 2:29 PM over\n        WNBT before a baseball game between the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] and [[Philadelphia\n        Phillies]]. The 10-second spot displays a picture of a clock superimposed\n        on a map of the United States, accompanied by the voice-over \\\"America runs\n        on Bulova time.\\\"  http://www.bulova.com/about/about.aspx{{cite\n        web|url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/chronotv.html|title=A U. S. Television Chronology,\n        1875-1970|publisher=}} As a one-off special, the first quiz show called\n        \\\"Uncle Bee\\\" is telecast on WNBT''s inaugural broadcast day, followed later\n        the same day by [[Ralph Edwards]] hosting the second game show broadcast on\n        U.S. television, ''''[[Truth or Consequences]]'''', as simulcast on radio\n        and TV and sponsored by [[Ivory (soap)|Ivory]] soap. Weekly broadcasts of\n        the show commence in [[1956 in television|1956]], with [[Bob Barker]].\\n**\n        [[CBS Television Network|CBS television]] begins commercial operation on New\n        York station WCBW (modern-day [[WCBS-TV]]) on channel 2.\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        WWII: [[Empire of Japan]] calls up 1 million men for military service.\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – WWII: [[Joseph Stalin]], in his first address since the\n        German invasion, calls upon the Soviet people to carry out a \\\"[[scorched\n        earth]]\\\" policy of resistance to the bitter end.\\n* [[July 4]] – The\n        [[Massacre of Lviv professors|massacre of Polish scientists and writers]]\n        is committed by [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] troops in the occupied Polish\n        city of [[Lviv|Lw\\u00f3w]].\\n* [[July 5]] – WWII:\\n** Operation Barbarossa:\n        German troops reach the [[Dnieper River]].\\n** British [[troopship]] {{SS|Anselm}}\n        is torpedoed and sunk by {{ship|German submarine|U-96|1940|6}} in the Atlantic\n        Ocean with the loss of around 250 out of about 1310 on board.\\n* [[July 5]]\\u2013[[July\n        31|31]]: [[Ecuadorian\\u2013Peruvian War|War]] is fought between [[Peru]] and\n        [[Ecuador]].\\n* [[July 7]] – WWII: American forces take over the defense\n        of [[Iceland]] from the British. \\n* [[July 7]] – the [[League of Communists\n        of Yugoslavia|Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] raised an [[Uprising in Serbia\n        (1941)|uprising against the Nazi occupation]] The Uprising began when [[\\u017dikica\n        Jovanovi\\u0107 \\u0160panac]] and [[Mi\\u0161a Panti\\u0107]] killed two Nazi\n        [[gendarmes]] in the village of [[Bela Crkva (Krupanj)|Bela Crkva]], \\n* [[July\n        10]] – The Holocaust: [[Jedwabne pogrom]]: Local ethnic [[Poles]] massacre\n        at least 340 Jewish residents of [[Jedwabne]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]].{{cite web|title=The Jedwabne Tragedy|url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/J/|year=2000|publisher=Polish\n        Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo|accessdate=2012-07-10}}\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – The [[Northern Rhodesian Labour Party]] holds its first\n        congress in [[Nkana]].{{cite book|author=J. R. T. Wood|title=The\n        Welensky Papers: A History of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzhzAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Graham\n        Publishing|isbn=978-0-620-06410-1|page=80}}\\n* [[July 13]] – WWII:\n        [[Uprising in Montenegro]] against the Axis powers starts; the second popular\n        uprising in Europe (the first being the \\\"[[February strike]]\\\" of February\n        25 ''''(above)'''' in the Netherlands).\\n* [[July 14]] – WWII: [[Vichy\n        France]] signs armistice terms ending all fighting in [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]].\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Joe DiMaggio]]''s 56 game [[hitting streak]] ends.\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** WWII: A [[BBC]] broadcast by \\\"Colonel Britton\\\" calls on\n        the people of occupied Europe to resist the Nazis under the slogan \\\"V for\n        Victory\\\".\\n** The first episode ''''[[The Midnight Snack]]'''' in which [[Tom\n        and Jerry]] are officially named, more than a year after their first production\n        ''''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]''''\\n* [[July 23]] – WWII: Italian aircraft\n        damage the British destroyer {{HMS|Fearless|H67|6}} which has to be sunk.\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – Introduction of [[postal codes in Germany]].\\n* [[July\n        26]] – WWII:\\n** In response to the Japanese occupation of [[French\n        Indochina]], U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] orders the seizure of\n        all Japanese assets in the United States.\\n** General [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        is named commander of all U.S. forces in the [[Philippines]]; the Philippines\n        Army is ordered nationalized by President Roosevelt.\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        The [[Vichy Regime]] signs the Protocol Concerning Joint Defense and Joint\n        Military Cooperation with the [[Empire of Japan]], giving the Japanese a total\n        of eight airfields, allowing them greater troop presence and the use of the\n        Indochinese financial system in return for continued French autonomy.\\n* [[July\n        30]] – WWII: [[Glina massacres#July\\u2013August 1941|Glina massacre\n        of July\\u2013August 1941]] – The [[Usta\\u0161e]] brutally kill 200 [[Serbs]]\n        inside a Serbian Orthodox church in [[Glina, Croatia]], with a total of 700\\u20131,200\n        being killed in the area of the next few days.\\n* [[July 31]] – WWII:\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Under instructions from [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Nazism|Nazi]]\n        official [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] orders [[Schutzstaffel|S.S.]] General [[Reinhard\n        Heydrich]] to \\\"submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative\n        material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired [[Final\n        Solution]] of the Jewish question.\\\"{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook\n        of Holocaust Studies|editor1=Hayes, Peter |editor2=Roth, John K. |publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780199211869|page=122}}\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        August – [[Political Warfare Executive]] is formed in the United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – First production [[Willys MB]] U.S. Army [[Jeep]].\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Provisional Government of Lithuania]] dissolved.\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – Six-year-old [[Elaine Esposito]] goes to have an [[Vermiform\n        appendix|appendix operation]] in [[Florida]] and lapses into a [[coma]], dying\n        37 years later, still comatose. \\n* [[August 7]] – WWII: British submarine\n        {{HMS|Severn|N57|6}} sinks an Italian [[Marconi-class submarine]].\\n* [[August\n        9]] – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] meet onboard\n        ship at [[Naval Station Argentia]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]].\n        The [[Atlantic Charter]] (released [[August 14]]), setting goals for postwar\n        international cooperation, is created as a result.\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        {{HMS|Mercury|shore establishment|6}} Royal Navy Signals School and Combined\n        Signals School opens at Leydene, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire, England.\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – WWII: France: The German Occupation Authority announces\n        that anyone working for or aiding the [[Free French]] will be sentenced to\n        death.\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** WWII: A [[Luftwaffe]] bomb hits the [[Estonia]]n\n        steamer ''''[[Eestirand]]'''' with 3,500 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-mobilized\n        Estonian men on board, killing 598 of them.\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] orders a\n        halt to the [[Action T4]] program, [[Nazi Germany]]''s systematic [[euthanasia]]\n        of the [[Mental illness|mentally ill]] and [[Disability|handicapped]], due\n        to protests from the churches. However, graduates of the program are then\n        transferred to [[Nazi concentration camp]]s where they continue the killings.\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – WWII: The [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] begins.\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – WWII: [[Pierre Laval]] is shot in an assassination attempt\n        at [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France.\\n* [[August 27]] - [[August 28]];\n        the [[Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre]] takes place killing 23,600 Hungarian\n        and Soviet Jews. \\n* [[August 28]] – WWII:\\n** German troops capture\n        [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]] from the Soviet Union, while [[Soviet evacuation\n        of Tallinn|attacks on the evacuating Soviet ships]] leave more than 12,000\n        dead in one of the bloodiest naval battles of World War II. German forces\n        will capture the entire Estonian territory by 6 December.\\n** [[August 29]]\\u2013\n        WWII: The [[Government of National Salvation]] a [[Serbs|Serb]] [[puppet state]]\n        of the [[Axis powers]], is established General [[Milan Nedi\\u0107]] in [[Territory\n        of the Military Commander in Serbia|Nazi-occupied Serbia]] in [[Belgrade]]\n        under the military commander [[Heinrich Danckelmann]] the regime included\n        15 Ministers \\n* [[August 30]] – German Troopship Bahia Laura is sunk\n        by the [[HMS Trident (N52)]], 450 are killed.\\n* [[August 31]] – ''''[[The\n        Great Gildersleeve]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]] Radio in the United States.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[The Holocaust]]: ''''[[SS]]-[[Hauptsturmf\\u00fchrer]]''''\n        [[Karl Fritzsch]] first uses the pesticide [[Zyklon B]] to execute [[Soviet]]\n        [[prisoners of war]] ''''en masse'''' at [[Auschwitz concentration camp]];\n        eventually it will be used to kill about 1.2 million people.\\n* [[September\n        6]] – The Holocaust: The requirement to wear the [[Star of David]] with\n        the word \\\"Jew\\\" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied\n        areas.\\n* [[September 8]] – WWII: The [[Siege of Leningrad]] begins:\n        German forces begin a siege against the [[Soviet Union]]''s second-largest\n        city, [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]. Stalin orders the [[Volga German]]s\n        deported to Siberia.\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** WWII: [[Charles Lindbergh]],\n        at an [[America First Committee]] rally in [[Des Moines, Iowa]], accuses \\\"the\n        British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt administration\\\" of leading the United\n        States toward war. Widespread condemnation of Lindbergh follows.\\n** The [[Medvedev\n        Forest massacre]] of political prisoners takes place at the [[Oryol Prison]]\n        in the Soviet Union. \\n* [[September 12]]\\n** WWII: The first snowfall is\n        reported on the Russian front.\\n** Construction on [[The Pentagon]] begins\n        in [[Washington, D.C.]]\\n** Franklin Roosevelt gives one of his [[fireside\n        chats]] on the [[USS Greer (DD-145)|USS ''''Greer'''']] incident.\\n* [[September\n        14]] – The State of [[Vermont]] \\\"declares war\\\" on Germany, by defining\n        the United States to be in \\\"armed conflict\\\" in order to extend a wartime\n        bonus to Vermonters in the service.[http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-14/lifestyle/30156127_1_actor-adam-lamberg-actor-walter-koenig-danielle-peck\n        Vermont declares war on Germany]\\n* [[September 15]] – The [[Estonian\n        Self-Administration]], headed by [[Hjalmar M\\u00e4e]], is appointed by the\n        German military administration.\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Rez\\u0101 Sh\\u0101h]]\n        of [[Iran]] is forced to resign in favor of his son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]],\n        under pressure from the United Kingdom and the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[September\n        16]] - [[September 30]] The [[Nikolaev massacre]] takes place in [[Mykalaiv]];\n        35,782 men, women and children; mostly Jews, are killed by [[Einsatzgruppe\n        D]] and local collaborators.\\n* [[September 22]] – The town of [[Reshetylivka]]\n        in the [[Soviet Union]] is occupied by German forces.\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – WWII: The [[National Liberation Front (Greece)]], the main [[Greek\n        Resistance]] movement, is established and [[Georgios Siantos]] is appointed\n        its first acting leader.\\n* [[September 27]] – The first [[liberty ship]],\n        the {{SS|Patrick Henry}}, is launched at [[Baltimore]].\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – WWII: The [[Drama Uprising]] against the [[Bulgaria]]n [[Axis occupation\n        of Greece|occupation]] in northern Greece begins.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        WWII:  The [[Moscow Conference (1941)|Moscow Conference]] begins; U.S. representative  [[Averell\n        Harriman]] and British representative [[Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook|Lord\n        Beaverbrook]] meet with Soviet foreign minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]]\n        to arrange urgent assistance for Russia.\\n* [[September 29]]\\u2013[[September\n        30]] – The Holocaust: [[Babi Yar massacre]] – German troops, assisted\n        by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, kill 33,771 Jews.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: The [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Majdanek\n        concentration camp]] (''''Konzentrationslager Lublin'''') opens in [[Occupation\n        of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] on the outskirts of the town [[Lublin]].\n        Between October 1941 and July 1944 at least 200,000 people will be killed\n        in the camp.\\n** [[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy]] becomes the [[Royal\n        New Zealand Navy]]\\n* [[October 2]] – WWII: [[Operation Typhoon]] begins\n        as Germany launches an all-out offensive against Moscow.\\n* [[October 7]]\n        – [[John Curtin]] becomes the 14th [[Prime Minister of Australia]].\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – WWII: In their invasion of the [[Soviet Union]], Germany\n        reaches the [[Sea of Azov]] with the capture of [[Mariupol]].\\n* [[October\n        11]] – WWII: Armed insurgents from the [[People''s Liberation Army of\n        Macedonia]] attacked [[Axis powers|Axis]]-occupied zones in the city of [[Prilep]],\n        beginning the [[World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia|National Liberation War\n        of Macedonia]].\\n* [[October 11]]–[[October 12|12]] – Fire destroys\n        a [[American Printing Company (Fall River Iron Works)|Firestone Tire & Rubber\n        Co.]] plant in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], consuming 15,850 tons of [[rubber]]\n        and causing a setback to the United States war effort.{{cite news|title=No\n        Sabotage Found in Firestone Blaze by FBI Men Making Probe|location=Fall River|newspaper=[[The\n        Herald News]]|date=1941-10-14|page=1}}\\n* [[October 13]] – [[The\n        Holocaust]]: [[Heinrich Himmler]] instructs [[SS and Police Leader]] [[Odilo\n        Globocnik]] to begin construction of [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec extermination camp|Be\\u0142\\u017cec]];\n        the first of the [[Operation Reinhard]] [[extermination camp]]s.\\n* [[October\n        15]] – British submarine {{HMS|Torbay|N79|6}} bombards the port of [[Apollonia,\n        Cyrenaica]] in [[Italian Libya]].\\n* Mid-October – First production\n        [[P-38E Lightning]] fighter produced by [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]].\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – WWII: The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government moves\n        to Kuibyshev (modern [[Samara, Russia|Samara]]), but [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]\n        remains in Moscow.\\n* [[October 17]] – WWII: The destroyer {{USS|Kearny|DD-432|6}}\n        is torpedoed and damaged near [[Iceland]], killing 11 sailors (the first American\n        military casualties of the war).\\n* [[October 18]] – General [[Hideki\n        T\\u014dj\\u014d]] becomes the 40th [[Prime Minister of Japan]].\\n* [[October\n        20]]\\u2013[[October 21|21]] – WWII: [[Kragujevac massacre]] –\n        German soldiers and local auxiliaries massacre more than 2000 civilian men\n        at [[Kragujevac]] in [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|Nazi-occupied\n        Serbia]].\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Walt Disney]]''s fourth [[animated film]]\n        ''''[[Dumbo]]'''' is released.\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Franz von Werra]]\n        disappears during a flight over the North Sea.\\n* [[October 30]] – WWII:\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of the United States, approves US$1 billion\n        in [[Lend-Lease]] aid to the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** WWII:\n        The destroyer {{USS|Reuben James|DD-245|6}} is torpedoed by a German [[U-boat]]\n        near [[Iceland]], killing more than 100 [[United States Navy]] sailors.\\n**\n        Last day of carving on [[Mount Rushmore]] in [[South Dakota]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – WWII: US holds peace talks with Japan\\n* [[November\n        6]] – WWII: Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] addresses the [[Soviet Union]]\n        for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was\n        earlier this year on [[July 2]]). He states that 350,000 Soviet troops have\n        been killed in German attacks but that the Germans have lost 4.5 million{{Citation\n        needed|date=December 2015}} soldiers (a gross exaggeration) and that Soviet\n        victory is near.\\n* [[November 7]] – WWII: The Soviet hospital ship\n        ''''[[Armenia (Soviet hospital ship)|Armenia]]'''' is sunk by German aircraft\n        while evacuating refugees, wounded military and the staff of several [[Crimea]]n\n        hospitals. It is estimated that more than 5,000 die in the sinking.\\n* [[November\n        10]] – In a speech at the [[Mansion House, London]], [[Winston Churchill]]\n        promises \\\"should the United States become involved in war with Japan, the\n        British declaration will follow within the hour\\\".\\n* [[November 12]] –\n        WWII: \\n** As the [[Battle of Moscow]] begins, temperatures around Moscow\n        drop to -12 \\u00b0C, and the [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Ski warfare|ski\n        troops]] for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.\\n**\n        The Soviet cruiser [[Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina|''''Chervona Ukraina'''']]\n        is hit three times in the Severnaya Bay by bombs from German [[Junkers Ju\n        87]] Stuka [[dive bomber]]s from [[Sturzkampfgeschwader 77|II./StG 77]] during\n        the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941\\u201342)|Siege of Sevastopol]].Robert\n        Forczyk (2008). Sevastopol 1942, Von Manstein''s triumph, p. 40. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-221-9}}\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** WWII: The British [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}\n        sinks under tow off [[Gibraltar]] after being torpedoed the previous day by\n        {{ship|German submarine|U-81|1941|6}}.\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: In [[Slonim]]\n        ([[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]]), German forces\n        engaged in [[Operation Barbarossa]] murder 9000 Jews this day.\\n* [[November\n        17]] – WWII: [[Joseph Grew]], the United States ambassador to Japan,\n        cables to Washington, D.C., a warning that Japan may strike suddenly and unexpectedly.\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – WWII: [[Operation Crusader]], a [[British Eighth Army]]\n        operation to relieve the [[Siege of Tobruk]] in North Africa, begins.\\n* [[November\n        19]] – WWII: Both [[commerce raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran|German\n        auxiliary cruiser ''''Kormoran'''']] and Australian cruiser {{HMAS|Sydney|1934|6}}\n        sink following a battle off the coast of Western Australia. There are no survivors\n        from the 645 Australian sailors aboard ''''Sydney''''.{{cite book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August\n        Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|pages=186\\u2013191}}\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – The radio program ''''[[King Biscuit Time]]'''' is\n        broadcast for the first time (it later becomes the longest running daily radio\n        broadcast in history and the most famous live [[blues]] radio program).\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – WWII: {{HMS|Devonshire|39|6}} sinks [[commerce raiding]]\n        {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis||6}}, ending the longest warship\n        cruise of the war (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair).{{cite\n        book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|page=114}}\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – WWII: \\n** The [[Hull note]] (Outline of Proposed\n        Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan), named for [[Secretary\n        of State]] [[Cordell Hull]], is delivered to the [[Empire of Japan]] by the\n        United States.\\n** A fleet of 6 [[aircraft carrier]]s commanded by Japanese\n        Vice Admiral [[Ch\\u016bichi Nagumo]] leaves Hitokapu Bay for [[Pearl Harbor]]\n        under strict [[radio silence]].\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** WWII: Germans reach\n        their closest approach to Moscow. They are subsequently frozen by cold weather\n        and attacks by the [[Soviets]].\\n** A group of young men stop traffic on U.S.\n        Highway 99 south of [[Yreka, California]], handing out fliers proclaiming\n        the establishment of the [[Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)|State of Jefferson]].\\n**\n        [[November 30]] and [[December 8]]; The [[Rumbula massacre]] takes place killing\n        approximately 24,000 [[Latvian Jews]] and 1,000 [[German Jews]] outside of\n        [[Riga]].\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after\n        the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|300px|{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}\n        ablaze after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]]]   \\n* [[December 1]]\n        – WWII:\\n** [[Fiorello La Guardia]], Mayor of New York City and Director\n        of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]], signs [[s:Administrative Order 9|Administrative\n        Order 9]], creating the [[Civil Air Patrol]] under the authority of the [[United\n        States Army Air Forces]].\\n** A state of emergency is declared in [[British\n        Malaya]] and the [[Straits Settlements]].\\n* [[December 2]] – WWII:\n        The code message \\\"Climb Mount Niitaka\\\" is transmitted to the Japanese task\n        force, indicating that negotiations have broken down and that the attack on\n        Pearl Harbor is to be carried out according to plan.\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        The [[Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)|State of Jefferson]] is declared\n        in [[Yreka, California]], with a judge, John Childs, as governor.\\n* [[December\n        6]] – WWII:\\n** Soviet counterattacks begin against German troops encircling\n        Moscow. The [[Wehrmacht]] is subsequently pushed back over 200 miles.\\n**\n        The United Kingdom declares war on Finland and Romania.\\n* [[December 6]]\n        – WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Perseus|N36|6}} is sunk by a [[Naval\n        mine|mine]] off [[Cephalonia]].\\n* [[December 7]] ([[December 8]] –\n        3:18 a.m., [[Japan Standard Time]]) – WWII:\\n** [[Attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]: Aircraft flying from [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] [[Aircraft carrier|carrier]]s\n        launch a surprise attack on the United States fleet at [[Pearl Harbor]] in\n        [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], thus drawing the United States into World\n        War II. The attack begins at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Standard Time and is\n        announced on radio stations in the U.S. at about 11:26 p.m. [[Pacific\n        Time Zone|PST]] (19.26 [[GMT]]).\\n** The [[Japanese declaration of war on\n        the United States and the British Empire]] is published in Japanese evening\n        newspapers but not formally delivered to the U.S. until the following day.\n        Canada declares war on Japan.\\n** Adolf Hitler makes his ''''[[Nacht und Nebel]]''''\n        decree, declaring that all political prisoners and those involved in both\n        [[German resistance to Nazism]] and resistance to Nazism throughout [[German-occupied\n        Europe]] were to be apprehended by the [[Gestapo]], [[Sicherheitsdienst]]\n        and other security forces under [[Heinrich Himmler]]''s control.  \\n** [[Tobruk]]''s\n        British and Commonwealth garrison is relieved after Axis forces under Rommel\n        withdraw.\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** WWII: The [[Battle of Hong Kong]] begins\n        shortly after 8:00 a.m. ([[Hong Kong Time|local time]]), less than eight\n        hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Japanese forces invade [[British\n        Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], which is defended by British, Canadian and local troops.\n        The United Kingdom officially declares war on the [[Empire of Japan]].\\n**\n        WWII: Japanese Invasion of [[Shanghai International Settlement]], Began to\n        occupy the British and the American sectors after the attack on Pearl Harbor.\\n**\n        WWII: The [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]] begins ten hours after\n        the attack on Pearl Harbor when Japanese forces invade [[Luzon]] and destroy\n        U.S. aircraft on [[Clark Field]].{{cite book|first=Antony|last=Shaw|title=World\n        War II Day by Day|location=Staplehurst|publisher=Spellmount|year=2005|isbn=1-86227-304-9}}\\n**\n        WWII: President of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] delivers his\n        \\\"[[Infamy Speech]]\\\" to a [[Joint session of the United States Congress]]\n        at 12:30 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] (17.30 [[GMT]]). Transmitted\n        live over all four major national networks it attracts the largest audience\n        ever for an American radio broadcast, over 81% of homes.{{cite book|first=Robert\n        J.|last=Brown|title=Manipulating the Ether: the Power of Broadcast Radio in\n        Thirties America|pages=117\\u2013120|location=Jefferson, NC|publisher=McFarland\n        & Co|year=1998|isbn=0-7864-2066-9}} Within an hour, Congress agrees\n        to the President''s request for a [[United States declaration of war upon\n        Japan]] and he signs it at 4:10 p.m.\\n** WWII: [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]],\n        The Netherlands, the Free French, Yugoslavia, [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], [[El\n        Salvador]], [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]] also officially declare war on\n        Japan, and the [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]] declares\n        war on the [[Axis powers]].\\n** WWII: Japanese also attack\n        [[British Malaya]] and [[Thailand]].\\n** WWII: The German\n        advance on Moscow (Operation Typhoon) is suspended for the winter.\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Che\\u0142mno extermination\n        camp]] opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] near\n        the village of [[Che\\u0142mno nad Nerem]]. Between December 1941-April 1943\n        and June 1944-January 1945 at least 153,000 Jews will be killed in the camp.\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]] The first mass gassing of Jews began in [[Che\\u0142mno extermination\n        camp]] on 8 December 1941, when the Nazis used gas vans to murder people from\n        the Lodz ghetto.\\n* [[December 10]] – WWII: \\n**The British battleship\n        {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}} and battlecruiser [[HMS Repulse (1916)|HMS ''''Repulse'''']]\n        are sunk by Japanese aircraft in the [[South China Sea]] north of [[Singapore]].\\n**The\n        [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] officially declares war\n        on Japan.\\n* [[December 11]] – WWII:\\n** Germany and Italy declare war\n        on the United States. The U.S. responds in kind.\\n** [[Mildred Gillars]] (\\\"Axis\n        Sally\\\") delivers her first [[propaganda]] broadcast to [[Allies of World\n        War II|Allied]] troops.\\n* [[December 12]] – WWII:\\n** [[Kingdom of\n        Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] declare\n        war on the United States.\\n** [[British India]] declares war on the [[Empire\n        of Japan]].\\n** The United States seizes the French ship {{SS|Normandie}}.\\n**\n        The Kimura Detachment of the Japanese Imperial forces is occupied in [[Legaspi,\n        Albay]], [[Philippines]].\\n* [[December 13]] – Sweden''s low temperature\n        record of -53 \\u00b0C is set in a village within the [[Vilhelmina Municipality]].\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – WWII: The [[Independent State of Croatia]] declares\n        war on the United States and the United Kingdom.\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        WWII: \\n** Hitler becomes Supreme [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[German Army\n        (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].\\n** [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Raid on Alexandria]]:\n        Italian [[Regia Marina]] divers on [[human torpedo]]es place [[limpet mine]]s\n        on ships of the British [[Royal Navy]] [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in port at\n        [[Alexandria]], Egypt, disabling battleships {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913}}\n        and {{HMS|Valiant|1914}}.\\n** Twelve days after the Japanese raid on Pearl\n        Harbor, the [[United States Naval Academy]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland]] graduates\n        its \\\"Class of 1942\\\" a semester early so as to induct the graduating students\n        without delay into the U.S. Navy and/or Marine Corps as officers, for immediate\n        stationing in the war.[http://www.usna.com/page.aspx?pid=700 The United\n        States Naval Academy Alumni Association and the United States Naval Academy\n        Foundation website], usna.com; accessed December 4, 2014. \\n* [[December\n        21]]\\n** [[Thailand]] and Japan sign a military alliance.\\n** [[The Holocaust]]:\n        [[Stanis\\u0142aw\\u00f3w Ghetto]] established.\\n* [[December 22]] – WWII:\n        [[Arcadia Conference]] opens in Washington, D.C., the first meeting on military\n        strategy between the heads of government of the United Kingdom and the United\n        States following the latter''s entry into the war.\\n* [[December 23]] –\n        WWII: A second Japanese landing attempt on [[Wake Island]] is successful,\n        and the American garrison surrenders after a full night and morning of fighting.\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – WWII:\\n** British forces capture [[Benghazi]].\\n**\n        Dutch submarine [[HNLMS K XVI]] is the first Allied ship to sink a Japanese\n        warship, sinking the destroyer ''''[[Sagiri]]'''' near [[Sarawak]]; K XVI\n        is herself torpedoed the following day by Japanese submarine [[I 66]].\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of Hong Kong]] ends after 17\n        days with surrender of the British [[Crown colony]] to the Japanese.\\n** Admiral\n        [[\\u00c9mile Muselier]] seizes the archipelago of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]],\n        the first part of France to be liberated by the [[Free French Forces]].\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – WWII: [[Winston Churchill]] becomes the first British\n        Prime Minister to address a [[joint session of the United States Congress]].\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – WWII: [[British Commandos]] raid the Norwegian port\n        of [[V\\u00e5gs\\u00f8y|Vaagso]], causing Hitler to reinforce the garrison and\n        defenses, drawing vital troops away from other areas.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        ''''[[Classics Illustrated|Classic Comics]]'''' series launched in the United\n        States with a version of ''''[[The Three Musketeers]]''''.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Abdiqasimsalad.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdiqasim\n        Salad Hassan]]]]\\n[[File:Hayao Miyazaki.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hayao Miyazaki]]]]\\n[[File:Joan\n        Baez 1966.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joan Baez]]]]\\n[[File:Faye Dunaway - 1971 - PBS.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Faye\n        Dunaway]]]]                         \\n[[File:NielDiamondHWOFAug2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Neil\n        Diamond]]]]\\n[[File:Scott Glenn 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Scott Glenn]]]]\\n[[File:46\n        Dick Cheney 3x4.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dick Cheney]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Dardo\n        Cabo]], Argentine journalist and activist (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Martin Evans]],\n        British biologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan]], Somali politician, 5th [[President of Somalia]]\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Hayao Miyazaki]], Japanese film director\\n* [[January\n        7]]\\n** [[Iona Brown]], British violinist and conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Manfred Schellscheidt]], German soccer coach\\n** [[John E. Walker]], British\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Graham Chapman]], British comedian (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 9]]\n        \\n** [[Joan Baez]], American singer, songwriter and activist\\n** [[Robert\n        D. Putnam]], American political scientist \\n* [[January 10]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Greci]], Italian actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Dave Edwards\n        (musician)|Dave Edwards]], American musician (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Jimmy Velvit]],\n        American singer/songwriter\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Long John Baldry]],\n        British singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Faye Dunaway]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Milan Ku\\u010dan]], Slovenian politician and statesman\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Captain Beefheart]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] – [[David Ruffin]], American singer ([[The Temptations]]) (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Pat Patterson (wrestler)|Pat Patterson]], Canadian\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Clift Tsuji]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Allan Young]], English footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Richie Havens]], American musician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Neil\n        Diamond]], American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Aaron Neville]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Dan Shechtman]], Israeli chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Theo Berger]], German criminal (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – [[Scott Glenn]], American actor\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Beatrice Tinsley]], English astronomer (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Delbert Mann]], American television and film director (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Tineke Lagerberg]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Lynne Abraham]],\n        American lawyer; District Attorney of Philadelphia (1991\\u20132010)\\n** [[Dick\n        Gephardt]], American politician \\n** [[Eug\\u00e8ne Terre''Blanche]], South\n        African pro-apartheid politician, farmer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jessica Walter]],\n        American actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:NickNolte(cannesPhotocall).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nick\n        Nolte]]]]\\n[[File:SergioMENDESFeb2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sergio Mendes]]]]\\n[[File:Hipolito\n        mejia.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hipolito Mejia]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\n** [[Jerry\n        Spinelli]], American children''s author\\n** [[Karl Dall]], German comedian,\n        singer and television presenter\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Dory Funk, Jr.]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Howard Phillips (politician)|Howard Phillips]],\n        American politician\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Stephen J. Cannell]], American\n        director and producer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[David Selby]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Kaspar Villiger]], Swiss politician \\n* [[February 6]] – [[Stephen\n        Albert]], American composer. (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Nick\n        Nolte]], American actor\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Michael Apted]], British\n        film director\\n* [[February 11]] \\n** [[Sergio Mendes]], Brazilian jazz musician\\n**\n        [[Sonny Landham]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 12]] –\n        [[Naomi Uemura]], Japanese adventurer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n**\n        [[David Jeremiah]], American televangelist\\n** [[Sigmar Polke]], German painter\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Kim Jong-Il]], [[Leader of North Korea|Leader of\n        the Democratic People''s Republic of Korea]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 19]]\n        – [[David Gross]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Buffy Sainte-Marie]], Canadian\n        singer\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Yau Leung]], photographer in Hong Kong\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Sandy Bull]], American folk musician\n        and composer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Suzanne Mubarak]],\n        Egyptian first lady\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Mike Love.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mike\n        Love]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Dawkins Cooper Union Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard\n        Dawkins]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Joo Hyun]], South Korean actor\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[John Aprea]], American actor\\n** [[Adrian Lyne]], English film director\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Ernesto Miranda]], American criminal (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Erkki Salmenhaara]], Finnish composer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Wolfgang Petersen]], German film director\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Mike Love]], American musician \\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Gu\\u00e9\\u00ef]], military ruler of C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Chuck Woolery]], American game show host\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Paul\n        Kantner]], American rock guitarist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Wilson\n        Pickett]], American singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Kenji Kimihara]],\n        Japanese long-distance runner\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Jim Trelease]], American\n        educator and author\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Richard Dawkins]], British scientist\\n*\n        [[March 28]]\\n** [[Philip Fang]], Hong Kong [[simultaneous interpretation]]\n        specialist, United Nations official (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jim Turner (placekicker)|Jim\n        Turner]], American football player\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Joseph Hooton\n        Taylor, Jr.]], American astrophysicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[March 30]] \\n** [[Wasim Sajjad]], [[President of Pakistan]]\\n**\n        [[Graeme Edge]], British rock drummer and songwriter ([[The Moody Blues]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Michael\n        D. Higgins 2006.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michael D. Higgins]]]]\\n[[File:Ryan Oneal\n        - 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ryan O''Neal]]]]\\n[[File:Paavo Lipponen 2004.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paavo\n        Lipponen]]]]\\n[[File:Ann Margret 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ann-Margret]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Dr. Demento]] (n\\u00e9 Barret Eugene Hansen), American\n        radio disc jockey, novelty music collector\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Eric Braeden]],\n        German-born American actor\\n** [[Jorma Hynninen]], Finnish baritone\\n** [[Philipp\\u00e9\n        Wynne]], American musician (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Gorden Kaye]],\n        British actor (''''[[''Allo ''Allo!]]'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        [[Peggy Lennon]], American singer ([[The Lennon Sisters]])\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Kay Adams (singer)|Kay Adams]], American country singer\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[Shirley Stelfox]], English actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Bobby Moore]], English football player; World Cup winning captain\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Michael Stuart Brown]], American geneticist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – [[Pete Rose]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Michael\n        D. Higgins]], 9th [[President of Ireland]]\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Ryan\n        O''Neal]], American actor\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Eduardo Guedes]], U.S.\n        Portuguese film-maker (d. [[2000]]) \\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Paavo Lipponen]],\n        59th [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\\n** [[Ed Stewart]], British disc jockey\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ray Tomlinson]], American computer programmer (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]]\\n** [[Richard Holbrooke]], American diplomat (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[John Williams (guitarist)|John Williams]], Australian guitarist\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Lee Roy Jordan]], American football player\\n* [[April 28]]\\n**\n        [[Ann-Margret]], Swedish-born American actress, singer and dancer\\n** [[K.\n        Barry Sharpless]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n** [[Iryna Zhylenko]], Ukrainian poet (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:GohChokTong-WashingtonDC-20010614.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Goh\n        Chok Tong]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Dylan - Azkena Rock Festival 2010 1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob\n        Dylan]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Paul Ferris (composer)]], English film composer\n        and actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Alexander Ragulin]], Russian\n        hockey player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Ivica Osim]], Bosnian football\n        player and manager\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Yuri Voronov]], politician and academic\n        from Abkhazia (murdered) (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Howard Komives]],\n        American professional basketball player (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        [[Ayd\\u0131n G\\u00fcven G\\u00fcrkan]], Turkish academic and politician (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Eric Burdon]], British singer \\n* [[May\n        13]]\\n** [[Senta Berger]], Austrian actress\\n** [[Ritchie Valens]], American\n        singer (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Bobby Burgess]], American dancer\n        and singer\\n** [[Nora Ephron]], American film producer, director, and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Goh Chok Tong]], 2nd [[Prime Minister\n        of Singapore]]\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Bobby Cox]], American baseball manager\\n*\n        [[May 22]]\\n**[[Menzies Campbell]], British politician\\n**[[Paul Winfield]],\n        American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Bob Dylan]], born Robert\n        Allen Zimmerman, American poet and musician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]]\\n* [[May 26]] – [[John Kaufman]], British sculptor\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[Teppo Hauta-aho]], Finnish double bassist and composer\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – [[Louis Ignarro]], American pharmacologist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Charlie\n        Watts Berlinale 2008.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Charlie Watts]]]]\\n[[File:Vaclav Klaus.jpg|thumb|120px|[[V\\u00e1clav\n        Klaus]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Wayne Kemp]], American country music singer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[David Ruffin]], American soul singer and musician (d.\n        [[1991]])\\n** [[Alexander V. Zakharov|Alexander Zakharov]], Soviet (later\n        Russian) deputy scientist and astronomer \\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Stacy Keach]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Charlie Watts]], English musician ([[The Rolling Stones]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Martha Argerich]], Argentine pianist\\n** [[Spalding Gray]],\n        American actor and screenwriter (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Tony\n        Ray-Jones]], British photographer (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Bradford (Northern Irish politician)|Robert Bradford]], Northern Irish politician\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Fuzzy Haskins]], American musician ([[P-Funk]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Jon Lord]], organist of [[Deep Purple]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** [[Mickey Jones]], American actor and musician\\n** [[James A. Paul]],\n        American writer and non-profit executive\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen Prochnow]], German\n        actor\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Marv Albert]], American sports announcer\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Roy Harper (singer)|Roy Harper]], English guitarist\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Neal Adams]], American comic book artist\\n** [[Harry Nilsson]],\n        American musician (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Rosalind Baker]],\n        Australian author \\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Conchita Carpio-Morales]], Filipino\n        [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n** [[V\\u00e1clav\n        Klaus]], 2nd [[President of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Totto\n        Osvold]], Norwegian radio entertainer\\n** [[Liz Mohn]], widow of Reinhard\n        Mohn, the owner of the media conglomerate Bertelsmann\\n** [[Jimmy Rayl]],\n        American professional basketball player\\n** [[Bruce William Nickerson]], American\n        civil rights and gay rights\\n** [[Aloysius Paul D''Souza]], Bishop of the\n        Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore\\n** [[Mitty Collier]], American church\n        pastor, gospel singer and former rhythm and blues singer\\n** [[Eduardo Suplicy]],\n        Brazilian left-wing politician, economist and professor\\n** [[Joe Flaherty]],\n        American-Canadian actor and comedian\\n** [[Valeri Zolotukhin]], Soviet/Russian\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Howard Kindig]], American football\n        defensive end\\n** [[Ed Bradley]], American journalist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Lerner (actor)|Michael Lerner]], American actor\\n** [[Terttu Savola]], Finnish\n        politician\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Tsai Hsun-hsiung]], Taiwanese politician\\n**\n        [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]], Malayalam author\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Julia Kristeva]],\n        Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist, and\n        novelist\\n** [[Graham McKenzie]], Australian cricketer\\n** [[Erkin Koray]],\n        Turkish musician\\n** [[Nelson L\\u00f3pez]], Argentine football defender\\n**\n        [[Bill Reardon]], American politician and educator\\n** [[Charles Whitman]],\n        American mass murderer (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Miles Feinstein]],\n        American criminal law defense attorney, and legal commentator\\n** [[Kenneth\n        Walker (Australian cricketer)|Kenneth Walker]], Australian cricketer\\n** [[Eddie\n        Large]], British comedian\\n** [[Mike Stoker]], American firefighter, engineer\n        and captain\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Tamara Moskvina]], Russian pair skating\n        coach and former competitive skater\\n** [[Gil Garrido]], Panamanian baseball\n        player \\n** [[Nick Macarchuk]], American basketball head coach\\n** [[Thomas\n        Yeh Sheng-nan]], Taiwanese prelate\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Pavel Schenk]], Czech\n        former volleyball player\\n** [[John Goold]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Jerry Allen]], American football running back\\n** [[John Smyth (barrister)|John\n        Smyth]], British barrister\\n** [[Ian Black (swimmer)|Ian Black]], British\n        competitive swimmer\\n** [[Krzysztof Kie\\u015blowski]], Polish film director\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Ilana Adir]], Israeli Olympic runner and\n        long jumper\\n** [[Barbara Stolz]], German gymnast\\n** [[Len Boehmer]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar Bejarano]], Paraguayan fencer\\n**\n        [[Joseph Goguen]], American computer scientist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[David Johnston]],\n        28th [[Governor General of Canada]]\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Chieko Baisho]],\n        Japanese actress and singer\\n** [[Larry Stahl]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[David A. Bramlett]], United States Army four-star general\\n** [[Stokely\n        Carmichael]], Civil Rights Movement (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Margitta Gummel]],\n        German former Olympic gold medalist\\n** [[John Boccabella]], American professional\n        baseball player\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Cyril Atanassoff]], Bulgarian dancer\n        originally from France\\n** [[Roberto Castrillo]], Cuban sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Mike Leander]], English arranger, songwriter and record producer (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Jean-Baptiste Ou\\u00e9draogo]], 4th President of Burkina Faso\\n** [[Otto\n        Sander]], German actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Tai Kwok Yuen]], general authority\n        of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\\n** [[Nigel Walley]], English\n        golfer and tea-chest bass player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Epeli Nailatikau 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Epeli\n        Nailatikau]]]]\\n[[File:Presidente Sergio Mattarella.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sergio\n        Mattarella]]]]\\n[[File:PaulAnka07.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Anka]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Rod Gilbert]], Canadian professional ice hockey forward\\n** [[Ursula\n        Koch]], Swiss politician\\n** [[Twyla Tharp]], American dancer, choreographer,\n        and author\\n** [[Alf Duval]], Australian rower\\n** [[Jaakko Kailaj\\u00e4rvi]],\n        Finnish weightlifter\\n** [[Alfred G. Gilman]], American scientist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Denis\n        Michael Rohan]], Australian citizen who, on 21 August 1969, set fire to the\n        pulpit of the Al-Aqsa mosque, in Jerusalem (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Chris Noel]], American actress\\n** [[Mogens Frey]], Danish amateur cyclist\\n**\n        [[St\\u00e9phane Venne]], French-Canadian songwriter and composer\\n* [[July\n        3]] \\n** [[Gloria Allred]], American civil rights lawyer\\n** [[Hertha Haase]],\n        German swimmer\\n** [[Casey Cox]], American baseball player \\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Digger Phelps]], American former college basketball coach\\n** [[Jay Carty]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Epeli Nailatikau]], Fijian\n        chief, 4th [[President of Fiji]]\\n** [[Peggy Miley]], American actress and\n        writer\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Harold Leighton Weller]], American conductor\\n**\n        [[John DeCamp]], American politician\\n** [[Randall Robinson]], African-American\n        lawyer, author and activist\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[John Fru Ndi]], Cameroonian\n        politician\\n** [[Vivian Barbot]], Canadian-Haitian teacher, activist, and\n        politician\\n** [[Michael Howard|Michael Howard, Baron Howard of Lympne]],\n        Welsh politician\\n** [[Bill Oddie]], English writer, composer, musician, comedian\\n**\n        [[Alan Durban]], Welsh international footballer and manager\\n** [[Louis Friedman]],\n        American astronautics engineer and space spokesperson\\n** [[Marco Bollesan]],\n        Italian former rugby union player, coach and manager\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Ken\n        Sanders]], American Major League Baseball relief pitcher\\n** [[Thunderbolt\n        Patterson]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Dario Gradi]], Italian-English\n        former amateur football player, coach and manager\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Hans-Gunnar\n        Liljenwall]], Swedish modern pentathlete\\n** [[Jan Lehane]], Australian female\n        tennis player\\n** [[Cirilo Bautista]], Filipino poet, fictionist, critic and\n        writer of nonfiction\\n** [[Tom Black (basketball)|Tom Black]], American professional\n        basketball player\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Robert Pine]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Jackie Lane (actress)|Jackie Lane]], British actress\\n* [[July 11]] \\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen Schmidt]], German speed skater\\n** [[Clive Puzey]], Southern\n        Rhodesian racing driver\\n** [[Tommy Vance]], British disc jockey (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[John Lahr]], American drama critic\\n** [[Juha V\\u00e4\\u00e4t\\u00e4inen]],\n        Finnish athlete\\n** [[Dick Rusteck]], American left-handed pitcher\\n** [[Benny\n        Parsons]], American race car driver (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Forster]], American actor\\n** [[Affonso Beato]], Brazilian cinematographer\\n**\n        [[Zoila Mart\\u00ednez]], Dominican lawyer, prosecutor and diplomat\\n* [[July\n        14]]\\n** [[Maulana Karenga]], American author and activist\\n** [[Andreas Khol]],\n        Austrian politician\\n** [[Dennis Kassian]], Canadian professional ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Vicente Guillot]], Spanish footballer\\n** [[Archie\n        Clark (basketball)|Archie Clark]], American professional basketball player\\n**\n        [[Nikhil Kumar]], Indian politician\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Seijir\\u014d K\\u014dyama]],\n        Japanese film director\\n** [[Hans Wiegel]], Dutch politician\\n** [[Ken Herock]],\n        American college and professional football player\\n** [[K\\u00e1lm\\u00e1n M\\u00e9sz\\u00f6ly]],\n        Hungarian football (soccer) player and coach\\n** [[Lloyd Sisco]], American\n        football coach\\n** [[Valeri Butenko]], Soviet midfielder and football referee\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Namirembe Bitamazire]], Ugandan academic and politician\\n**\n        [[Morimichi Takagi]], Japanese baseball player\\n** [[Rob van Empel]], Dutch\n        breaststroke swimmer\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Marcia Jones-Smoke]], American sprint\n        canoer \\n** [[Winston Choo]], Singaporean diplomat, civil servant and former\n        general\\n** [[Duncan Worsley]], British cricketer\\n** [[Frank Farian]], German\n        record producer and songwriter\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Carlos Alberto \\u00c1lvarez]],\n        Argentine cyclist\\n** [[Vikki Carr]], American singer\\n** [[Neelie Kroes]],\n        Dutch politician\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Vladimir Veber]], Moldovan footballer\n        \\n** [[Frank Natterer]], German mathematician\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Gary Waslewski]],\n        American Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Mick Waters]], Irish sportsperson\\n**\n        [[Ron Corry]], Australian football (soccer) player and coach\\n* [[July 22]]\n        \\n** [[George Clinton (musician)|George Clinton]], American musician\\n** [[Rich\n        Jackson]], American football player\\n** [[Susie Berning]], American professional\n        golfer\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Sergio Mattarella]], Italian lawyer, judge\n        and politician, 12th [[President of Italy]]\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Margarita\n        Isabel]], Mexican actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Darlene Love]],\n        American singer and actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Bill Baxley]], Alabama\n        politician\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Peter Cullen]], Canadian voice actor\\n**\n        [[Riccardo Muti]], Italian conductor\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** [[Jennifer Dunn (politician)|Jennifer\n        Dunn]], American politician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[David Warner (actor)|David\n        Warner]], British actor\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Paul Anka]], Canadian-American\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]], Indian\n        politician\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hage Geingob.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hage Geingob]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Crosby 2006.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David Crosby]]]]\\n[[File:Ibrahim Babangida (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ibrahim\n        Babangida]]]]\\n[[File:Milosevic-Lopez cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Slobodan Milosevic]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Ede Staal]], Dutch singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 3]]\n        \\n** [[Martha Stewart]], American television personality and media entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Hage Geingob]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Namibia]] and 3rd [[President of\n        Namibia]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Ted Strickland]], American politician\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Lyle Berman]], American poker player\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – [[George Tiller]], American physician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – [[Shirlee Busbee]], American novelist\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Deborah\n        Walley]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[David Crosby]],\n        American musician \\n** [[Connie Smith]], American singer\\n** [[Lynne Cheney]],\n        [[Second Lady of the United States]], [[Chair of the National Endowment for\n        the Humanities]]\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Th\\u00e9oneste Bagosora]], Rwandan\n        army officer and alleged planner of the [[Rwandan Genocide]]\\n** [[David Dickinson]],\n        British antiques expert and television presenter\\n* [[August 17]] \\n** [[Ibrahim\n        Babangida]], [[President of Nigeria]]\\n** [[Lothar Bisky]], German politician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Fritz Wepper]], German actor\\n* [[August 20]] –\n        [[Slobodan Milo\\u0161evi\\u0107]], 3rd [[President of Yugoslavia]] and 1st\n        [[President of Serbia]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Ludwig M\\u00fcller\n        (footballer)|Ludwig M\\u00fcller]], German footballer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Bernie\n        Sanders New Orleans rally crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bernie Sanders]]]]\\n[[File:Otis\n        Redding (2).png|thumb|120px|[[Otis Redding]]]]\\n[[File:Ahmet Necdet Sezer.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ahmet\n        Necdet Sezer]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[George Saimes]], American football\n        player\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[David Bale]], South African-born businessman;\n        father of actor [[Christian Bale]] and husband of feminist activist [[Gloria\n        Steinem]] (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jyrki Otila]], Finnish quiz show judge and Member\n        of the European Parliament (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[John Thompson (basketball)|John\n        Thompson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Sergei\n        Dovlatov]], Russian short-story writer and novelist (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Sushilkumar Shinde]], Indian politician\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        [[Bernie Sanders]], American politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]]\n        ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Vermont|Vt.]]), and [[United States\n        presidential election, 2016|2016]] presidential candidate\\n* [[September 9]]\\n**\n        [[Otis Redding]], American singer and musician (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Dennis\n        Ritchie]], American computer scientist, creator of the [[C (programming language)|C\n        programming language]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Christopher\n        Hogwood]], English conductor and harpsichordist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Gunpei\n        Yokoi]], Japanese computer game producer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n**\n        [[Tadao Ando]], Japanese architect\\n** [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]], [[President\n        of Turkey]]\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Alberto Naranjo]], Venezuelan musician\\n*\n        [[September 15]] – [[Signe Toly Anderson]], American singer (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Bob Matsui]], U.S. Congressman from California\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Cass Elliot]], American singer\n        (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Dale Chihuly]], American glass\n        sculptor\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Guy Hovis]], American singer\\n** [[Linda\n        McCartney]], American activist, musician and photographer (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Martine Beswick]], British actress and model\\n*\n        [[September 27]]\\n** [[Gay Kayler]] Ashcroft, Australian country music singer\\n**\n        [[Sam Zell]], American publisher and investor\\n* [[September 28]] –\n        [[Edmund Stoiber]], German politician \\n* [[September 29]] – [[Fred\n        West]], British serial killer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Angela\n        Pleasence]], British actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Duhalde23012007.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Eduardo\n        Duhalde]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Simon at the 9-30 Club (b).jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Paul\n        Simon]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Chubby Checker]], American singer\\n*\n        [[October 4]]\\n** [[Roy Blount, Jr.]], American writer and comedian\\n** [[Elizabeth\n        Eckford]], American activist\\n** [[Anne Rice]], American writer\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Eduardo Duhalde]], 50th [[President of Argentina]]\\n* [[October\n        8]] – [[Jesse Jackson]], American clergyman and civil rights activist\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Trent Lott]], United States Senator (R-MS) \\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Peter Coyote]], American actor\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Paul\n        Simon]], American singer and composer\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Rosie Douglas]],\n        4th Prime Minister of Dominica (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Tim\n        McCarver]], American baseball commentator\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Anneke\n        Wills]], British actress\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Dickie Pride]], British\n        [[rock and roll]] singer (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Mel Winkler]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Helen Reddy]], Australian singer and\n        actress\\n** [[Anne Tyler]], American novelist\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Gerd\n        Brantenberg]], Norwegian feminist author and gay rights activist\\n* [[October\n        28]] – [[John Hallam]], Irish actor\\n** [[Hank Marvin]], British guitarist,\n        singer and songwriter ([[The Shadows]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Theodor\n        W. H\\u00e4nsch]], German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Sally Kirkland]], American actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Art\n        Garfunkel 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Art Garfunkel]]]]\\n[[File:Franco Nero.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Franco\n        Nero]]]]\\n[[File:Pete Best drumming.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pete Best]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Marina Baura]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Nigel Dempster]], British\n        journalist, author, broadcaster and diarist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Robert Foxworth]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Bruce Welch]], British guitarist,\n        singer and songwriter \\n* [[November 5]] – [[Art Garfunkel]], American\n        singer\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Guy Clark]], American singer-songwriter (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Doug Sahm]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Angelo Scola]], Italian cardinal\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Tom\n        Fogerty]], American guitarist ([[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]) (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Mae-Wan Ho]], geneticist known for her critical\n        views on genetic engineering and neo-Darwinism. (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Joseph L. Galloway]], American newspaper columnist and [[Vietnam\n        War]] historian\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Tova Traesnaes]], Norwegian-American\n        cosmetician and businesswoman; widow of actor [[Ernest Borgnine]]\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Dan Haggerty]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Oliver Sipple]], decorated US Marine and Vietnam War veteran\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Tom Conti]], British actor and\n        theatre director\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Derek Mahon]], Irish poet\\n** [[Franco\n        Nero]], Italian actor\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Pete Best]], English drummer\\n*\n        [[November 25]]\\n** [[Ralph Haben]], American politician, [[Speaker of the\n        Florida House of Representatives]]\\n** [[Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi]], Sufi, author,\n        poet \\n* [[November 26]] – [[G. Alan Marlatt]], Canadian-born American\n        psychologist\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Eddie Rabbitt]], American country musician\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Henry Carr]], American Olympic athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Aime Jacquet]], French football player and manager \\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Laura Antonelli]], Italian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Bill Freehan]], American baseball player\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Pi\\u00f1era - Lee Myung-bak (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lee Myung-bak]]]]\\n[[Image:Alex\n        Ferguson 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alex Ferguson]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Nigel Rodley]], n\\u00e9 Rosenfeld, English international human rights\n        lawyer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\n** [[David Johnston (newsreader)|David\n        Johnston]], Australian newsreader\\n** [[Leila S\\u00e4\\u00e4lik]], Estonian\n        actress \\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Vittorio Mezzogiorno]], Italian actor (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n** [[Richard Speck]], American mass murderer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Beau Bridges]], American actor\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Kyu\n        Sakamoto]], Japanese singer and actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[J. Frank Wilson]], American singer ([[J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers]])\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December 13]] – [[John Davidson (entertainer)|John\n        Davidson]], American singer and actor\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Prince\n        William of Gloucester]], member of the English royal family\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Lee Myung-bak]], 17th [[President of South Korea|President of the\n        Republic of Korea]]\\n** [[Maurice White]], American singer, songwriter, musician\n        and record producer, founder of [[Earth, Wind & Fire]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December\n        21]]\\n** [[Lo Hoi-pang]], Hong Kong-born Chinese actor\\n** [[Jared Martin]],\n        75, American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Ron Bushy]], American\n        rock musician \\n** [[Tim Hardin]], American folk musician (d. [[1980]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Lex Hixon]], American Sufi author, poet, and spiritual\n        teacher (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Miles Aiken]], American\n        basketball player and coach\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Mel Renfro]], American\n        football player\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Alex Ferguson|Sir Alex Ferguson]],\n        Scottish football manager ([[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Revolutionary\n        Joyce Better Contrast.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James Joyce]]]] \\n* [[January 1]]\n        – [[J\\u00f3zsef Konkolics]], Hungarian Slovene writer (d. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Henri Bergson]], French philosopher, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Amy\n        Johnson]], English aviator (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 8]] – Lord [[Robert\n        Baden-Powell]], English soldier and founder of the Boy Scouts (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]]\\n** [[Frank Bridge]], English composer (b. [[1879]])\\n** Sir\n        [[John Lavery]], Anglo-Irish artist (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Joe Penner]], Hungarian-born\n        American comedic actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Emanuel Lasker]],\n        German chess champion (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[James Joyce]],\n        Irish writer and poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Ioannis Metaxas]],\n        dictator of Greece (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Fredrick banting.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frederick\n        Banting]]]]\\n[[File:Alfonso XIIIdeEspa\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Alfonso\n        XIII of Spain]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Harris Laning]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Otto Strandman]], 1st Prime Minister\n        of Estonia (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Banjo Paterson]], Australian\n        poet and [[journalist]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Giuseppe\n        Tellera]], Italian general (died of wounds) (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 9]]\n        – [[Aaron S. Watkins]], American temperance movement leader (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Rudolf Hilferding]], German economist and Minister\n        of Finance (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Frederick Banting]],\n        Canadian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Lothar von Arnauld de la Peri\\u00e8re]],\n        German submarine commander (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[William\n        D. Byron]], U.S. Congressman (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 28]] – King\n        [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]] (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gutzon Borglum\n        1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gutzon Borglum]]]]\\n[[File:George Charles Beresford\n        - Virginia Woolf in 1902 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Virginia Woolf]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Ludwig Quidde]], German activist and politician, Nobel\n        Prize laureate (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Gutzon Borglum]], American\n        sculptor (''''Mount Rushmore'''') (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[G\\u00fcnther\n        Prien]], German submarine commander (killed in action) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Sherwood Anderson]], American author (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Alexej von Jawlensky]], Russian painter (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] – [[Joachim Schepke]], German submarine commander (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara]], Indian police\n        commissioner (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Virginia Woolf]], English writer (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Vasil Kutinchev]], Bulgarian general (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[P\\u00e1l Teleki]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 5]] – Sir [[Nigel Gresley]], English steam\n        locomotive engineer (''''[[LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|Flying Scotsman]]''''\n        and ''''[[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|Mallard]]'''') (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April\n        13]] – [[Annie Jump Cannon]], American astronomer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April\n        16]] – [[Josiah Stamp]], British baron, banker, civil servant, industrialist,\n        economist and statistician (b.[[1880]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Karin Boye]],\n        Swedish poet (suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Edwin S. Porter]],\n        American film director (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Sh\\u016bz\\u014d\n        Kuki]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[James George\n        Frazer]], Scottish social anthropologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Peggy Shannon]], American actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ruth\n        Stonehouse]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Minnie\n        Vautrin]], American missionary and heroine of the Nanjing Massacre (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Lancelot Holland]], British admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[G\\u00fcnther L\\u00fctjens]], German admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Prajadhipok]], Rama VII, King of Siam (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Hans\n        Berger]]]] \\n[[File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm\n        II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Hans Berger]], German\n        neurologist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Jenny Dolly]], American singer (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Walpole]], British writer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Lou\n        Gehrig]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], last Emperor\n        of Germany (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Louis Chevrolet]], Swiss-born\n        automobile builder and race car driver (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Evelyn Underhill]], British writer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 21]] –\n        [[Elliott Dexter]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Richard\n        Carle]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Ignacy Jan\n        Paderewski]], Polish pianist, composer, and third [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Rudolf Ramek Svenska Dagbladets %C3%A5rsbok\n        1924.png|thumb|110px|[[Rudolf Ramek]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Friedrich\n        Akel]], Estonian diplomat and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Antoni \\u0141omnicki]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 10]]\n        – [[Jelly Roll Morton]], African-American jazz musician and composer\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Arthur Evans]], English archaeologist\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Walter Ruttmann]], German director\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Lew Fields]], American vaudeville performer\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Qui\\u00f1ones Gonzales]],\n        Peruvian aviator (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Rudolf Ramek]], 5th\n        [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Allan Forrest]],\n        American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Henri Lebesgue]], French\n        mathematician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[James Stephenson]], British\n        actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Hugo Celmi\\u0146\\u0161]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of Latvia (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Mickey Welch]], American baseball\n        player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Fr.Maximilian\n        Kolbe 1939.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maximilian Kolbe]]]]\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Indian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[J. Stuart Blackton|James\n        Stuart Blackton]], American film producer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]], French chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Maximilian Kolbe]], German\n        Franciscan (voluntary execution) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[John\n        Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven]], British politician, former Governor-General\n        of Australia (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Peder Oluf Pedersen]],\n        Danish engineer and physicist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Marina\n        Tsvetaeva]], Russian poet (suicide) (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Hans\n        Spemann nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans Spemann]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Karl Parts]], Estonian military commander (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 9]]\n        – [[Hans Spemann]], German embryologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Alipio\n        Ponce]], Peruvian police officer, Civil Guard hero (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Fred Karno]], British music hall comedian (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Mikhail Kirponos]], Soviet general (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Louis Brandeis]],\n        U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Gus Kahn]],\n        German songwriter (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Valentine O''Hara]], Irish author (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Helen Morgan]], American singer and actress\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Manuel Teixeira Gomes]], 7th President\n        of Portugal (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Robert Delaunay]], French\n        painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Arkady Gaidar]], Russian writer\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Victor Schertzinger]], American composer and director\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Harvey Hendrick]], American baseball\n        player (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[K\\u00e1roly Husz\\u00e1r]], 25th Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Pedro Aguirre Cerda.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Aguirre Cerda]]]]\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Frank Pick]], British transport\n        administrator and designer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Miina\n        H\\u00e4rma]], Estonian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Ernst\n        Udet]], German World War I fighter ace and Nazi ''''Luftwaffe'''' official\n        (suicide) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Nelligan]], Canadian\n        poet (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Walther Nernst]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Chris Watson]], 3rd [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 22]] \\n** [[Werner M\\u00f6lders]],\n        German fighter pilot (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Kurt Koffka]], German psychologist\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Henrietta Vinton Davis]], American\n        elocutionist, dramatist, impersonator, public speaker (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Pedro Aguirre Cerda]], [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Niels Hansen Jacobsen]], Danish sculptor and ceramist\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Charles James Briggs]], British\n        general (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Esmond Romilly]], British\n        socialist (b. [[1918]])\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Edward\n        Rydz-\\u015amig\\u0142y]], Polish marshal (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Christian Sinding]], Norwegian composer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 7]]\n        – [[Isaac Campbell Kidd]], American admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Eduard von B\\u00f6hm-Ermolli]], Austrian general\n        and German field marshal (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Tom Phillips\n        (Royal Navy officer)|Tom Phillips]], British admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[\\u00c9mile Picard]], French mathematician (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Basa]], Filipino pilot (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Blanche Bates]], stage actress (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Tullio Levi-Civita]], Italian mathematician (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[El Lissitzky]], Russian artist and\n        architect (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Chemistry]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine|Medicine]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n*  William K. Klingaman. ''''1941: Our Lives in a World on the\n        Edge'''' (1988) world perspective based on primary sources by a scholar. \\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1941-pictures.html 1941 Coin Pictures],\n        coinpage.com; accessed December 4, 2014.\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1941}}\\n[[Category:1941|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T00:51:00Z\",\"lastrevid\":799650522,\"length\":91166,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1941&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941\"},\"34629\":{\"pageid\":34629,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1942\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T23:09:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1942}}\\n{{Events by month|1942}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1942}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1942}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n[[File:World War II\n        in Europe, 1942.svg|thumb|Map of Europe at the height of German control in\n        1942, Britain remaining the only country in Western Europe held by Allied\n        forces]]\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January 1]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Declaration\n        by United Nations]] is signed by China, the United Kingdom, the United States,\n        the Soviet Union and 22 other nations, in which they agree \\\"not to make any\n        separate peace with the Axis powers\\\".\\n** United States and [[Philippines]]\n        troops fight the [[Battle of Bataan]] against Japanese forces.\\n* [[January\n        2]] – WWII:\\n** Japanese warplanes bomb [[Manila]], Philippines.\\n**\n        Activation of the United States [[Eighth Air Force]] in [[Savannah, Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Typhoon]], the German attempt\n        to take Moscow, ends in failure.\\n** The siege of the [[Bataan Peninsula]]\n        begins.\\n* [[January 11]] – WWII:\\n** [[Dutch East Indies campaign]]:\n        Japan declares war on the Netherlands and invades the [[Dutch East Indies]].\\n**\n        [[Malayan Campaign]]: The Japanese capture [[Kuala Lumpur]], the capital of\n        the [[Federated Malay States]].\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Sikorsky R-4]] first\n        flies, in the United States; it will become the first mass-produced [[helicopter]].\\n**\n        [[Heinkel]] test pilot Helmut Schenk becomes the first person to escape from\n        a stricken aircraft with an [[ejection seat]].\\n* [[January 16]] – American\n        film actress [[Carole Lombard]] and her mother are among all 22 aboard [[TWA\n        Flight 3]] killed when the [[Douglas DC-3]] plane crashes into [[Potosi Mountain\n        (Nevada)|Potosi Mountain]] near [[Las Vegas]] while she is returning from\n        a tour to promote the sale of war bonds.\\n* [[January 19]] – WWII:\\n**\n        Japanese forces invade [[Burma]].\\n** Establishment of Commands of the United\n        States [[Eighth Air Force]]: VIII Bomber Command initially at [[Langley Field]]\n        in Virginia and [[VIII Fighter Command]] at [[Selfridge Air National Guard\n        Base|Selfridge Field]] in Michigan.\\n* [[January 20]] – [[The Holocaust]]:\n        [[Nazism|Nazis]] at the [[Wannsee Conference]] in Berlin decide that the \\\"[[Final\n        Solution]] (''''Endl\\u00f6sung'''') to the Jewish problem\\\" is relocation,\n        and later extermination.\\n* [[January 21]] – WWII: [[Erwin Rommel]]\n        launches his new offensive in [[Cyrenaica]].\\n* [[January 23]] – WWII:\n        The [[Battle of Rabaul (1942)|Battle of Rabaul]] begins.\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – WWII: [[Thailand]] declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – WWII: The first American forces arrive in Europe, landing\n        in [[Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[January 31]] – WWII: [[Malayan Campaign]]:\n        The last organized Allied forces leave [[British Malaya]], ending the 54-day\n        campaign, and the [[Johor\\u2013Singapore Causeway]] is severed.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        February – [[C. S. Lewis]]''s ''''[[The Screwtape Letters]]'''' first\n        published in book format in England.\\n* [[February 1]] – WWII: The Command\n        staff of the [[VIII Bomber Command|Eighth Air Force]] reaches England.\\n* February 1 \\u2013 [[Mao Zedong]] makes a speech on \\\"Reform in Learning,\n        the Party and Literature.\\\" This starts [[Yan''an Rectification Movement]].\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – WWII: Rommel suspends his offensive in Cyrenaica.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – [[United States Maritime Commission]] fleet operations\n        transferred to the [[War Shipping Administration]] (lasting until [[September\n        1]], [[1946]]).\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio \\u00d3scar Carmona]]\n        is elected president of Portugal.\\n** WWII: Top United States military leaders\n        hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the\n        war.\\n** [[Daylight saving time]] goes into effect in the United States.\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – The [[ocean liner]] {{SS|Normandie}} catches fire while\n        being converted into the troopship USS ''''Lafayette'''' (AP-53) for WWII\n        at pier 88 in New York City: she capsizes early the following morning.\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Operation Cerberus]]: A flotilla of [[Kriegsmarine]]\n        ships dash from [[Brest, France|Brest]] through the [[English Channel]] to\n        northern ports; the British fail to sink any of them.\\n* [[February 15]] –\n        WWII: [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore surrenders to Japan]]ese forces.\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – WWII: More than 200 American sailors die in [[Newfoundland\n        and Labrador|Newfoundland]] when the {{USS|Truxtun|DD-229|6}} runs aground\n        near Chambers Cove and the {{USS|Pollux|AKS-2|6}} runs aground at Lawn Point.\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – WWII:\\n** [[Bombing of Darwin|Japanese warplanes bomb\n        Darwin]], Australia.\\n** A returning Japanese fighter plane crashes on [[Melville\n        Island (Australia)]] and its pilot, [[Hajime Toyoshima]], becomes the first\n        Japanese captured on Australian soil when [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous\n        resident]] [[Matthias Ulungura]] takes him prisoner. \\n** United States President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs [[Executive Order 9066]] allowing the United\n        States military to define areas as exclusionary zones. These zones affect\n        the [[Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese]] on the West Coast, and [[Internment\n        of German Americans|Germans]] and [[Internment of Italian Americans|Italians]]\n        primarily on the East Coast.\\n* [[February 19]]\\u2013[[February 23|23]] –\n        WWII: [[Battle of Sittang Bridge]] – British forces retreat to the [[Sittaung\n        River]].\\n* [[February 20]] – Lieutenant [[Edward O''Hare]] becomes\n        America''s first U.S. Navy WWII [[flying ace]].\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        General [[George Marshall]] transmits a direct order to [[Douglas MacArthur|General\n        MacArthur]] in [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]]''s name, ordering\n        MacArthur himself to turn over command of the [[Philippines]] to a subordinate\n        and report to Australia to assume command of the large American force being\n        built up there. The orders are worded to allow MacArthur to choose the exact\n        moment of his [[Douglas MacArthur''s escape from the Philippines|departure]];\n        for various reasons, he will not leave until March 12 (Eastern Date).\\n* [[February\n        23]] – The {{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-17||2|up=yes}} fires 17 high-explosive\n        shells toward an oil [[refinery]] near [[Santa Barbara, California]], causing\n        little damage.\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Struma disaster|''''Struma'''' disaster]]:\n        {{MV|Struma}}, carrying Jewish refugees from Axis-allied Romania to British-administered\n        Palestine, is torpedoed and sunk by the {{Ship|Soviet submarine|Shch-213||2|up=yes}},\n        killing about 791 men, women and children, with only one survivor.\\n** [[Propaganda]]:\n        The [[Voice of America]] begins broadcasting.\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Battle\n        of Los Angeles]]: Over 1,400 AA shells are fired at an unidentified, slow-moving\n        object in the skies over Los Angeles. The appearance of the object triggers\n        an immediate wartime blackout over most of [[Southern California]], with thousands\n        of air raid wardens being deployed throughout the city. In total there are\n        6 deaths. Despite the several-hour barrage no planes are downed.\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** The worst [[coal dust]] explosion to date, in Honkeiko, China, claims\n        1,549 lives.\\n** The [[14th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held in Los Angeles;\n        ''''[[How Green Was My Valley (film)|How Green Was My Valley]]'''' wins [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n* [[February 27]] – WWII: [[Battle\n        of the Java Sea]]: An allied ([[ABDA]]) task force of 14 vessels under [[Netherlands|Dutch]]\n        command, trying to stem a Japanese invasion of the [[Dutch East Indies]],\n        is defeated by a 19 vessel Japanese task force in the [[Java Sea]]; 2.300\n        sailors die, including the commander, admiral [[Karel Doorman]]; Japanese\n        attain naval hegemony in East-Asia\\n\\n===March===\\n* March – Construction\n        begins on the [[Badger Army Ammunition Plant]], the largest in the United\n        States during WWII.\\n* [[March 9]] – WWII: [[Executive order]] 9082\n        (February 28, 1942) comes into effect reorganizing the United States Army\n        into three major commands: [[Army Ground Forces]], [[United States Army Air\n        Forces|Army Air Forces]], and [[Services of Supply]], later redesignated [[Army\n        Service Forces]], with [[Henry H. Arnold]] as Commanding General of the [[United\n        States Army Air Forces]].\\n* [[March 12]] – WWII: U.S. General [[Douglas\n        MacArthur]], his family, and key members of his staff are evacuated by [[PT\n        boat]], under cover of darkness, from [[Battle of Corregidor|Corregidor]]\n        in the [[Philippines]]. Command of U.S. forces in the Philippines passes to\n        [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – WWII: New Zealand and Australia declare war on [[Thailand]].\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[The Holocaust]]: [[Operation Reinhard]] – The\n        [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec extermination camp]] opens\n        in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] about 1 km\n        south of the railroad station at [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec extermination camp|Be\\u0142\\u017cec]]\n        in the [[Lublin]] district of the [[General Government]]. At least 434,508\n        people are killed here up to December 1942.\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]], President of the United States, signs [[Executive Order 9102]],\n        creating the [[War Relocation Authority]] (WRA), which becomes responsible\n        for the internment of Americans of Japanese and, to a lesser extent, German\n        and Italian descent, many of them legal citizens.\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        WWII: After being forced to flee the Philippines, U.S. General [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        announces (in [[Terowie, South Australia]]), \\\"I came through and I shall\n        return.\\\"{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48749454|title=''I\n        Came Through; I Shall Return''|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|location=Adelaide|date=21\n        March 1942|accessdate=2013-03-20|page=1}}\\n* [[March 22]] – WWII:\n        [[Second Battle of Sirte]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] – Escorting\n        warships of a British convoy to [[Malta]] ward off a much more powerful ''''[[Regia\n        Marina]]'''' (Italian Navy) squadron north of the [[Gulf of Sirte]].\\n* [[March\n        23]] – WWII: The Germans burn down the Ukrainian village of Yelino ([[Koriukivka\n        Raion]]), killing 296 civilians.{{cite web|url=http://www.russia-today.ru/2012_13_37.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130113222535/http://www.russia-today.ru/2012_13_37.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=13 January 2013 |script-title=ru:\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f:\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430?\n        |language=Russian |work=Russia Today |accessdate=21 September 2012 }}\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – The evacuation of Polish nationals from the Soviet Union\n        begins. It is conducted in two phases: until 5 April; and between 10 and 30\n        August 1942, by sea from Krasnovodsk to Pahlavi (Anzali), and (to a lesser\n        extent) overland from Ashkabad to Mashhad. In all, 115,000 people are evacuated,\n        37,000 of them civilians, 18,000 children (7% of the number of Polish citizens\n        originally exiled to the Soviet Union).{{cite web|url=http://www.parstimes.com/history/polish_refugees/exodus_russia.html|title=Iran\n        and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942|publisher=parstimes|accessdate=25 October\n        2012}}\\n* [[March 28]] – WWII:\\n** [[St Nazaire Raid]] (Operation\n        Chariot) – British Commandos raid [[Saint-Nazaire]] on the coast of\n        Western France to put its dockyard facilities out of action.\\n** [[St. Mary''s\n        Church, L\\u00fcbeck]] is destroyed by an allied bombing raid - [[Bombing of\n        L\\u00fcbeck in World War II]]\\n* [[March 31]] – WWII: [[Battle of Christmas\n        Island]] – Japanese troops occupy [[Christmas Island]] without resistance\n        following a mutiny by [[British Indian Army]] troops against their British\n        officers.\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0918-0201-001, KZ\n        Treblinka, Lageplan (Zeichnung) II.jpg|thumb|300px|Spring 1942: the [[Nazi\n        Germany|Nazi German]] [[extermination camp]] [[Treblinka II]] opens in [[Occupation\n        of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] near the village of [[Treblinka,\n        Masovian Voivodeship|Treblinka]]]]\\n* April\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: the [[Nazi\n        Germany|Nazi German]] [[extermination camp]] [[Sobib\\u00f3r extermination\n        camp|Sobib\\u00f3r]] opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]] on the outskirts of the town of [[Sobib\\u00f3r, Lublin Voivodeship|Sobib\\u00f3r]].\n        Between April 1942 and October 1943, at least 160,000 people are killed here.\\n**\n        77 [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] prisoners of war held at [[Amersfoort concentration camp]]\n        in the occupied Netherlands are shot by Nazi German guards, 24 of their compatriots\n        having previously died there as a result of forced starvation.{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2017-05-09|accessdate=2017-05-09|title=Why\n        were 101 Uzbeks killed in the Netherlands in 1942?|first=Rustam|last=Qobil}}\\n*\n        Spring – [[The Holocaust]]: the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[extermination\n        camp]] [[Treblinka II]] opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]] near the village of [[Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship|Treblinka]].\n        Between July 23, 1942, and October 1943, around 850,000 people are killed\n        here,{{cite book|chapter=Treblinka\n        - ein Todeslager der \\\"Aktion Reinhard\\\"|title=Aktion Reinhard\\\" - Die Vernichtung\n        der Juden im Generalgouvernement|editor-link=Bogdan Musial|editor=Musial,\n        Bogdan|location=Osnabr\\u00fcck|year=2004|pages=257\\u2013281}} more than\n        800,000 of whom are Jews.{{cite book|first1=Donald L.|last1=Niewyk|first2=Francis\n        R.|last2=Nicosia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC&pg=PA210&dq=%22Treblinka+Treblinka%22&cd=25#v=onepage&q=%22Treblinka%20Treblinka%22&f=false|title=The\n        Columbia Guide to the Holocaust|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-231-11200-9|page=210}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – WWII: Japanese forces begin an all-out assault on the\n        United States and [[Philippines|Filipino]] troops on the [[Bataan Peninsula]].\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – WWII: [[Easter Sunday Raid]] – Aircraft of the [[Imperial\n        Japanese Navy|Japanese Navy]] attack [[Colombo]] in [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]).\n        [[Royal Navy]] [[cruisers]] {{HMS|Cornwall|56|6}} and {{HMS|Dorsetshire|40|6}}\n        are sunk southwest of the island.\\n* [[April 9]] – WWII:\\n** The Bataan\n        Peninsula falls and the [[Bataan Death March]] begins.\\n** The Japanese Navy\n        launches an air raid on [[Trincomalee]] in Ceylon (Sri Lanka); the Royal Navy\n        aircraft carrier {{HMS|Hermes|95}} and [[Royal Australian Navy]] destroyer\n        {{HMAS|Vampire|D68|6}} are sunk off the country''s East Coast.\\n* [[April\n        12]] – ''''[[Bambi|Disney''s Bambi]]'''' was released in [[theaters]]\n        everywhere.\\n* [[April 13]] – The United States [[Federal Communications\n        Commission]]''s minimum programming time required of TV stations is cut from\n        15 hours to 4 hours a week during the  war.\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** WWII: The\n        submarine {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}} is sunk.\\n** WWII: The {{GS|U-85|1941|6}}\n        is sunk by {{USS|Roper|DD-147|6}}.\\n* [[April 15]] – WWII: [[Award of\n        the George Cross to Malta]]: King [[George VI]] awards the [[George Cross]]\n        to the island of [[Malta]] to mark the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|Siege\n        of Malta]], saying, \\\"To honour her brave people I award the George Cross\n        to the Island Fortress of Malta, to bear witness to a heroism and a devotion\n        that will long be famous in history\\\" (from January 1 to July 24, there is\n        only one 24-hour period during which no bombs fall on this tiny island).\\n*\n        [[April 17]] –  WWII: [[Henri Giraud]] the French commander captured\n        in 1940, escapes from [[K\\u00f6nigstein Fortress]].\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        WWII: Tokyo, Japan, is attacked by the [[Doolittle Raid]], a small force of\n        [[B-25 Mitchell]] bomber aircraft commanded by then-Lieutenant Colonel [[Jimmy\n        Doolittle|James \\\"Jimmy\\\" Doolittle]].\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** WWII: [[Exeter]]\n        becomes the first historic English city bombed as part of the [[Baedeker Blitz]]\n        in retaliation for the British [[Bombing of L\\u00fcbeck in World War II|bombing\n        of L\\u00fcbeck]].\\n** Exeter-born [[William Temple (bishop)|William Temple]]\n        enthroned as [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Elizabeth\n        II|The Princess Elizabeth]] registers for war service in the U.K.\\n* [[April\n        26]] – WWII: The [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] meets for the\n        last time, dissolving itself and proclaiming [[Adolf Hitler]] the \\\"Supreme\n        Judge of the German People\\\", granting him the power of life and death over\n        every German citizen.\\n* [[April 27]] \\n** WWII: A [[Conscription Crisis of\n        1944|national plebiscite]] is held in Canada on the issue of [[conscription]].\\n**\n        The Jewish [[Star of David]] is required wearing for all Jews in the Netherlands\n        and Belgium; Jews in other Nazi-controlled countries have already been wearing\n        it.\\n* [[April 29]] – WWII: An explosion at a chemical factory in [[Tessenderlo]],\n        Belgium leaves 200 dead and 1,000 injured.\\n\\n===May===\\n* May – [[Operation\n        Pluto]]: The plan to construct oil pipelines under the [[English Channel]]\n        between England and France is tested in the [[River Medway]].\\n* [[May 3]]–[[May\n        4|4]] – WWII: [[Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)|Invasion of Tulagi]] by\n        Japanese forces in the [[British Solomon Islands]] of the South Pacific as\n        part of [[Operation Mo]].\\n* [[May 5]] – WWII: [[Operation Ironclad]]:\n        British forces invade the French colony of [[Madagascar]].\\n* [[May 7]] –\n        WWII: On [[Corregidor]], the last American and [[Philippines|Filipino]] forces\n        in the [[Philippines]] surrender to the Japanese under command of 2Lt. Robert\n        L. Obourn ([[92nd Coast Artillery (United States)|92nd Coastal Artillery Corps\n        Battalion]], G Battery) from [[Fort Mills]].{{cite book|last=Quigley|first=Carroll|title=Tragedy\n        And Hope|year=1966|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0-945001-10-X|page=745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope&dq=tragedy+and+hope&source=bl&ots=P_gAndEgun&sig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of the Kerch Peninsula]]: The German\n        [[11th Army (Wehrmacht)|11th Army]] begins Operation ''''Trappenjagd'''' (Bustard\n        Hunt) and destroys the [[bridgehead]] of the three Soviet Armies (44th, 47th,\n        and 51st) defending the [[Kerch Peninsula]], in the eastern part of the [[Crimea]].{{cite\n        book|first=Robert|last=Forczyk|year=2008|title=Sevastopol 1942, Von Manstein''s\n        triumph|pages=35\\u201337|isbn=978-1-84603-221-9}} \\n** The [[Battle\n        of the Coral Sea]] (first battle in naval history where 2 enemy fleets fight\n        without seeing each other''s fleets) ends in an Allied victory.\\n** The [[Battle\n        of the Kerch Peninsula]]: German and Romanian forces launches Unternehmen\n        Trappenjagd (Operation Busted Hunt) aiming at defeating the Soviet [[Crimean\n        Front]] defending the [[Kerch Peninsula]]. The battle ends in Axis victory.\n        Part of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].\\n* [[May 8]]/[[May\n        9]] – WWII: At night, gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh\n        Island in the Cocos Islands mutiny. The mutiny is crushed and three executed\n        (the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the\n        Second World War).\\n* [[May 12]] – WWII:\\n** [[Second Battle of Kharkov]]:\n        In the eastern [[Ukraine]],  the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Army initiates a\n        major offensive to capture the city of [[Kharkov]] from the German Army, only\n        to be encircled and destroyed.\\n** The {{ship|Japanese minelayer|Okinoshima}}\n        is sunk by the American submarine {{USS|S-42|SS-153|6}}.\\n* [[May 14]] –\n        [[Aaron Copland]]''s ''''[[Lincoln Portrait]]'''' is performed for the first\n        time by the [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]].\\n* [[May 15]] – WWII:\n        In the United States, a bill creating the [[Women''s Army Corps|Women''s Auxiliary\n        Army Corps]] (WAAC) is signed into law.\\n* [[May 20]] – The first African-American\n        seamen are taken into the [[United States Navy]].\\n* [[May 21]] – WWII:\n        Mexico declares war against [[Nazi Germany]] after the sinking of the Mexican\n        tanker ''''[[Faja de Oro]]'''' by {{GS|U-160|1941|6}} off [[Key West]].\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Bir Hakeim]]: The Free French and\n        British troops slow the German advance in North Africa.\\n** [[Anglo-Soviet\n        Treaty of 1942]] to help establish military and political alliance between\n        the [[USSR]] and the [[British Empire]] is signed in London by foreign Secretary\n        [[Anthony Eden]] and by Soviet foreign minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]].\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – WWII: [[Operation Anthropoid]]: Czech paratroopers attempt\n        to assassinate [[Reinhard Heydrich]] in [[Prague]].\\n* [[May 30]]–[[May\n        31|31]] – WWII: [[Bombing of Cologne in World War II|Bombing of Cologne]]\n        – British [[RAF Bomber Command]]''s \\\"Operation Millennium\\\", its first\n        1,000 bomber raid, with associated fires make 13,000 families homeless and\n        kills around 475 people, mostly civilians; 3,330 non-residential buildings\n        are totally destroyed.\\n* [[May 31]]–[[June 1]] – WWII: [[Attack\n        on Sydney Harbour]]: Japanese [[midget submarine]]s infiltrate Sydney Harbour\n        in Australia in an attempt to attack Allied warships.\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Hiryu\n        f075712.jpg|thumb|300px|June 4: The Japanese aircraft carrier, [[Japanese\n        aircraft carrier Hiry\\u016b|''''Hiry\\u016b'''']] under attack by US aircraft\n        at the [[Battle of Midway]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** WWII: Mexico declares war\n        on Germany, Italy and Japan.\\n** The [[Grand Coulee Dam]] is finished on the\n        [[Columbia River]].\\n* [[June 4]] – WWII: [[Reinhard Heydrich]] succumbs\n        to wounds sustained on [[May 27]] from Czechoslovakian paratroopers acting\n        in [[Operation Anthropoid]].\\n* [[June 5]] – The United States declares\n        war on [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]] & [[Romania]].\\n* [[June 4]]–[[June\n        7]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Midway]]: The Japanese naval advance in\n        the Pacific is halted.\\n* [[June 7]] – WWII: Japanese forces invade\n        the [[Aleutian Islands]] (the first invasion of American soil in 128 years).\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – WWII: [[Attack on Sydney Harbour]]: The Australian cities\n        of Sydney and [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] are shelled by Japanese\n        submarines. The eastern suburbs of both cities are damaged and the east coast\n        is blacked out.\\n* [[June 9]] – WWII:\\n** [[Nazism|Nazis]] burn the\n        Czech village of [[Lidice]] in reprisal for the killing of [[Reinhard Heydrich]].\\n**\n        (12:30 a.m.) – B-17 [[Flying Fortress]] air crash near [[Auckland]].\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – WWII: The Gestapo massacres 173 male residents of [[Lidice]],\n        [[Czechoslovakia]] in retaliation for the killing of [[Reinhard Heydrich]].\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – [[The Holocaust]]: On her 13th birthday, [[Anne Frank]]\n        makes the first  entry in her new [[The Diary of a Young Girl|diary]].\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – WWII: The United States opens its [[Office of War Information]],\n        a [[propaganda]] center.\\n* [[June 18]] – WWII: The SS surrounds the\n        church where [[Jan Kubi\\u0161]] and [[Jozef Gab\\u010d\\u00edk]], the assassins\n        of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], are hiding. Kubi\\u0161 is fatally wounded in the\n        ensuing shootout and Gab\\u010d\\u00edk commits suicide to avoid capture.  \\n*\n        [[June 23]] – The experimental early type of a nuclear reactor L-IV\n        led to [[Leipzig L-IV experiment accident|an accident]], becoming the first\n        nuclear accident in history and consisting of steam explosion and reactor\n        fire in [[Leipzig]].\\n* [[June 28]] – WWII: The Germans launch [[Case\n        Blue]], Army Group South''s drive to Stalingrad and the Baku Oil fields.\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – WWII: The [[11th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Eleventh Army]]\n        under [[Erich von Manstein]] takes [[Sevastopol]], although fighting rages\n        until [[July 9]].\\n\\n===July===\\n* July – [[The Holocaust]]: Inmates\n        of [[Westerbork transit camp]] in the occupied [[Netherlands]] begin to be\n        shipped to Nazi [[extermination camp]]s. From now until 1944 around 107,000,\n        mostly Jewish, from here will be killed.\\n* [[July 1]]–[[July 27]] –\n        WWII: The [[First Battle of El Alamein]]: British forces prevent a second\n        advance by Axis forces into Egypt.\\n* [[July 3]] – WWII: [[Guadalcanal]],\n        occupied only by aborigines, falls to the Japanese Naval construction force\n        deployed to construct an air field on the island.\\n* [[July 4]] – WWII\n        in the [[European Theater of Operations]]:\\n** Twenty-four ships are sunk\n        by German bombers and submarines after [[Convoy PQ 17]] to the Soviet Union\n        is scattered in the Arctic Ocean to evade the [[German battleship Tirpitz|German\n        battleship ''''Tirpitz'''']].\\n** The United States [[Eighth Air Force]] inauspiciously\n        flies its first mission in Europe using borrowed British planes and bombs\n        targets in the Netherlands, such as De Kooy airfield attached to [[Den Helder]]\n        naval base. Three of six aircraft return;{{cite web|url=http://www.taphilo.com/history/8thaf/index.shtml|title=8th\n        Air Force during WWII in the ETO: facts, statistics, history and useful information}}\n        For this mission, Captain Charles C. Kegelman is the first member of the Force\n        to be awarded the U.S. [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished\n        Flying Cross]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20110816165404/http://fpmedia.club.officelive.com/EersteaanvalVIIIBomberCommand.aspx\n        Nieuws-wo2.tk]\\n* [[July 6]] – [[The Holocaust]]: [[Anne Frank]]''s\n        family goes into hiding in an attic above her father''s office in an [[Amsterdam]]\n        warehouse.\\n* [[July 8]] – Turkish prime minister [[Refik Saydam]] dies\n        while working in office. For one day he is succeeded by [[Ahmet Fikri T\\u00fczer]].\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]] forms the new (13th)\n        government in [[Turkey]].\\n* [[July 13]] – WWII: [[U-boat]]s sink 3\n        more merchant ships in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]].\\n* [[July 14]] –\n        WWII: Germany introduces the [[Ostvolk Medal]] for Soviet personnel in the\n        [[Wehrmacht]].\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: By order of the [[Vichy\n        France]] government headed by [[Pierre Laval]], French police officers round-up\n        13,000\\u201320,000 Jews and imprison them in the [[Winter Velodrome]].\\n**\n        [[Georges B\\u00e9gu\\u00e9]] and others escape from the [[Mauzac, Haute-Garonne|Mauzac]]\n        prison camp.\\n* [[July 18]] – WWII: The Germans test fly the [[Messerschmitt\n        Me 262]] (using only its [[jet engine]]s) for the first time.\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – WWII: [[Battle of the Atlantic]]: German Grand Admiral [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]]\n        orders the last [[U-boat]]s to withdraw from their United States Atlantic\n        coast positions, in response to an effective American convoy system.\\n* [[July\n        21]] – WWII: The Japanese establish a beachhead on the north coast of\n        [[New Guinea]] in the Buna-Gona area; a small Australian force begins a rearguard\n        action on the [[Kokoda Track campaign]].\\n* [[July 22]] – [[The Holocaust]]:\n        The systematic deportation of Jews from the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] begins.\\n* [[July\n        23]] – The Holocaust: The [[gas chamber]]s at [[Treblinka extermination\n        camp]] begin operation, killing 6,500 Jews newly arrived from the Warsaw Ghetto.\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – The [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] institutes the [[Order of Suvorov]], the [[Order of Kutuzov]], and\n        reinstates the [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]].\\n* [[July 30]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[WAVES]] (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service), the United States\n        Naval Reserve (Women''s Reserve), is signed into law.\\n** [[SS Robert E. Lee\n        (1924)|SS ''''Robert E. Lee'''']] sunk in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] by {{GS|U-166|1941|2}}\n        which is itself sunk by the escorting patrol craft.\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        The [[Oxford Committee for Famine Relief]] (Oxfam) is founded in England.\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 7]] – WWII: [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] begins – The [[U.S.\n        Navy]] and the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] begin the first American offensive of\n        the war with an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious]] landing on the island of\n        [[Guadalcanal]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** WWII: Allied\n        North Atlantic [[convoy SC 94]] loses ten ships as the first to be heavily\n        attacked by [[U-boat]]s resuming mid-Atlantic [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolf\n        pack]] attacks through the climactic winter of 1942/43.{{cite book|title=Chronology\n        of the War at Sea 1939-1945|author1=Rohwer, J. |author2=Hummelchen, G. |publisher=Naval\n        Institute Press|year=1992|page=153|isbn=978-1-55750-105-9}}\\n** WWII:\n        In Washington, D.C., six German [[sabotage|saboteurs]] are executed for their\n        role in a failed mission of [[Operation Pastorius]]. (Two others are cooperative\n        and receive sentences of life imprisonment instead, being freed a few years\n        after the end of the war.)\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** Indian leader, [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        is arrested in [[Bombay]] by British forces.\\n** ''''Start'''', led by the\n        goalkeeper Nikolai Trusevich, [[The Death Match|play football against the\n        German Luftwaffe team Flakelf in Nazi-occupied Kiev]]. Against all odds, they\n        win 5\\u20133. Eight of them are later arrested and tortured, and at least\n        four are killed.\\n** [[Leningrad premi\\u00e8re of Shostakovich''s Symphony\n        No. 7]] with the city still under siege.\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Quit India]]\n        resolution is passed by the [[Bombay]] session of the All India Congress Committee\n        (AICC), which leads to the start of a historical civil disobedience movement\n        across India.\\n* [[August 15]] – WWII: The American tanker {{SS|Ohio||2}}\n        reaches Malta as part of the convoy of ''''[[Operation Pedestal]]''''.\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Polish-Jewish]] teacher [[Janusz Korczak]] follows a group\n        of Jewish children into the [[Treblinka extermination camp]].\\n** U.S. Navy\n        blimp ''''[[L class blimp|L-8]]'''' (Flight 101) comes ashore near San Francisco,\n        eventually coming down in [[Daly City, California|Daly City]] (the crew is\n        missing).\\n* [[August 17]] – WWII: First raid by heavy bombers of U.S.\n        [[Eighth Air Force]] based in England against occupied France.\\n* [[August\n        19]] – WWII: [[Dieppe Raid]]: Allied forces raid [[Dieppe]], France.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Plutonium]] is isolated for the first time at the\n        [[Metallurgical Laboratory]] of the [[University of Chicago]].\\n* [[August\n        21]] – WWII: [[Battle of the Tenaru]]: Allies defeat Japanese land forces\n        on [[Guadalcanal]].\\n* [[August 22]] – WWII: [[Vargas Era#World War\n        II|Brazil declares war]] on Germany and Italy.\\n* [[August 23]] – WWII:\n        [[Battle of Stalingrad]] begins: [[Case Blue|German troops]] reach the suburbs\n        of [[Stalingrad]].\\n* [[August 24]]\\n**  WWII: [[Charge of the Savoia Cavalleria\n        at Isbuscenskij]]: An Italian [[cavalry]] regiment attacks Soviet forces with\n        drawn [[sabre]]s at Isbuscenskij in Russia, one of the last major cavalry\n        [[Charge (warfare)|charge]]s.\\n**  WWII: Allied North Atlantic [[convoy ON\n        122]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s which sink four ships.{{cite book|title=North\n        Atlantic Run|author=Milner, Marc|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1985|pages=148\\u2013150|isbn=0-87021-450-0}}\\n**  WWII:\n        2-day [[Battle of the Eastern Solomons]] opens: Bombers from carrier [[USS\n        Saratoga (CV-3)|USS ''''Saratoga'''']] sink [[Japanese aircraft carrier Ry\\u016bj\\u014d|Japanese\n        aircraft carrier ''''Ry\\u016bj\\u014d'''']] near [[Santa Isabel Island]], helping\n        to lead to an Allied victory.\\n** [[Walt Disney]]''s [[live-action animated\n        film]] ''''[[Saludos Amigos]]'''' has its world premiere in [[Rio de Janeiro]].\\n*\n        [[August 25]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Milne Bay]] opens when Japanese [[marines]]\n        land at [[Milne Bay]].\\n** [[Prince George, Duke of Kent]], brother to King\n        [[George VI]] and King [[Edward VIII]], dies in a flying accident over [[Morven,\n        Caithness|Morven]] in Scotland at the age of 39.\\n* [[August 27]]–[[August\n        28|28]] – [[Sarny Massacre]]: Nazi troops and the [[Ukrainian Auxiliary\n        Police]] systematically execute more than 14,000 people, mostly Jews, in and\n        around [[Sarny]] in [[History of Poland (1939\\u20131945)|German-occupied Poland]].\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Luxembourg]] is formally annexed to the German Reich.\\n*\n        [[August 30]]–[[September 5]] – WWII: [[Battle of Alam el Halfa]]\n        – British forces in the Western Desert resist German attack.\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[1942 Luxembourgish general strike]] is launched to protest\n        against forced conscription in Luxembourg.\\n\\n===September===\\n*[[September\n        2]] – The island of [[Les Casquets]] in the Channel Islands is raided\n        by the forerunner of the British [[Special Air Service|SAS]], the [[SSRF]],\n        led by Major [[Gus March-Phillipps]]; this is one of the first raids by [[Anders\n        Lassen]] VC. In the raid the entire garrison of 7 is abducted and returned\n        to England as prisoners and the radio and lighthouse wrecked.{{cite book|title=Anders\n        Lassen VC MC|first=Mike|last=Langley|location=London|publisher=New English\n        Library|year=1988|isbn=0450424928}}{{cite book|title=Churchill''s\n        Secret Warriors: The Explosive True Story of the Special Forces...|first=Damien|last=Lewis|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2014|isbn=9781848669178}}\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[The Holocaust]]: A German attempt to liquidate the\n        Jewish [[\\u0141achwa Ghetto]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]] leads to an uprising, probably the first [[ghetto uprising]] of the\n        war.\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Milne Bay]]: Japanese forces\n        suffer their first defeat on land.\\n** The Holocaust: The Jews of [[Wolbrom]]\n        in occupied Poland are rounded up by the Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators.\n        What was once a flourishing community suddenly ceases to exist.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/wolbrom/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki|title=On\n        One Clear Day: The Story of Jewish Wolbrom}}\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        WWII: A Japanese [[floatplane]] drops [[incendiary device]]s at [[Mount Emily]],\n        near [[Brookings, Oregon]], in the first of two \\\"[[Lookout Air Raids]]\\\",\n        the first bombing of the continental United States.\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**\n        WWII: North Atlantic [[convoy ON 127]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s, sinking\n        six ships.{{Cite book| title=North Atlantic Run |author=Milner, Marc|publisher=Naval\n        Institute Press|year=1985|pages=159\\u2013163|isbn=0-87021-450-0}}\\n**\n        [[Women Airforce Service Pilots|Women''s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron]] (WAFS)\n        begins operation in the United States.\\n* [[September 12]] – The {{RMS|Laconia}},\n        carrying civilians, Allied soldiers and Italian Prisoners of War, is torpedoed\n        off the coast of West Africa and sinks, killing 1,649 people.\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Women''s Flying Training Detachment]] (WFTD) established in\n        the United States.\\n* [[September 24]] – WWII: [[Andr\\u00e9e Borrel]]\n        and [[Lise de Baissac]] become the first female [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]]\n        agents to be parachuted into occupied France.\\n* [[September 26]] –\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Nazi official [[August Frank]] issues the [[August Frank\n        memorandum]] setting out how the belongings of \\\"evacuated\\\" (i.e. murdered)\n        Jews are to be disposed of.\\n* [[September 27]] – WWII: Both [[commerce\n        raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser Stier|German auxiliary cruiser ''''Stier'''']]\n        and American [[Liberty ship]] {{SS|Stephen Hopkins}} sink following a gun\n        battle in the South Atlantic. ''''Hilfskreuzer'''' ''''Stier'''' is the only\n        commerce raider to be sunk by a [[defensively equipped merchant ship]].{{cite\n        book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|pages=241\\u2013242}}\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – WWII at [[Babi Yar]] a ravine in [[Kiev]], 33,771\n        Jews are killed during a two-day massacre.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 2]]\n        – The British cruiser {{HMS|Curacoa|D41|6}} collides with the liner\n        {{RMS|Queen Mary}} (carrying troops from the United States) off the coast\n        of [[Donegal]] and sinks; 338 drown.\\n* [[October 3]] – The first [[V-2\n        rocket|A-4 rocket]] is successfully launched from [[Test Stand VII]] at [[Peenem\\u00fcnde]],\n        Germany. The rocket flies 147 kilometres wide and reaches a height of 84.5\n        kilometres, becoming the first man-made object to reach space.\\n* [[October\n        9]] – The [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|Statute of Westminster\n        Adoption Act]] passed by the [[Parliament of Australia]] formalizes Australian\n        autonomy from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[October 11]] – WWII – [[Battle\n        of Cape Esperance]]: On the northwest coast of [[Guadalcanal]], [[United States\n        Navy]] ships intercept and defeat a Japanese fleet on their way to reinforce\n        troops on the island.\\n* [[October 13]] – WWII: North Atlantic [[convoy\n        SC 104]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking seven ships.{{cite book|\n        title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945 |author=Rohwer, J.  |author2=Hummelchen,\n        G. |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1992 |page=167 |isbn=1-55750-105-X}}\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – A [[U-boat]] sinks the ferry {{SS|Caribou}} off [[Newfoundland\n        (island)|Newfoundland]], killing 137.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** A [[hurricane]]\n        and flood in [[Bengal]] kill 40,000.{{Specify |reason=Which storm?|date=March\n        2017}}\\n** ''''[[The Mouse of Tomorrow]]'''' featuring the debut of [[Mighty\n        Mouse]] is released.\\n* [[October 18]] – WWII – Hitler issues\n        [[Commando Order]] which stipulates that all Allied [[commando]]s encountered\n        by German forces should be executed immediately without trial, even in proper\n        uniforms, in response to the [[Dieppe Raid]] and [[Operation Basalt]] conducted\n        by the Allies. After the war, the [[Nuremberg trials]] found this order a\n        direct violation of the [[laws and customs of war]].\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        A [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] [[Torpedo Bomber]] sinks the German [[MS\n        Palatia (1928)]] with a loss of 946 people.\\n* [[October 23]] – Award-winning\n        composer and songwriter [[Ralph Rainger]] (\\\"Thanks for the Memory\\\") is among\n        12 people killed in the mid-air collision between an [[American Airlines]]\n        [[DC-3]] airliner and a U.S. Army bomber near [[Palm Springs, California]].\\n*\n        [[October 23]]–[[October 26|26]] – WWII: [[Battle for Henderson\n        Field]]: Japanese forces fail to recapture [[Honiara International Airport|Henderson\n        Field]] airfield in [[Guadalcanal]] from the Americans.\\n* [[October 23]]–[[November\n        4]] – WWII: [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]: British troops go on the\n        offensive against the Axis forces.\\n* [[October 26]] – WWII: [[Battle\n        of the Santa Cruz Islands]]: Two Japanese aircraft carriers are heavily damaged\n        and one U.S. Navy carrier is sunk.\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** Film actor [[Errol\n        Flynn]] is accused of statutory rape by two teenage girls. \\n** The [[Alaska\n        Highway]] is completed.\\n* [[October 29]] – [[The Holocaust]]: In the\n        United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting\n        to register outrage over [[Nazi Germany]]''s persecution of Jews.\\n* [[October\n        30]] – WWII:\\n** [[U-boat]]s sink eleven ships attacking diversionary\n        [[convoy SL 125]], but move out of the path of approaching [[troopship]]s\n        carrying Allied [[Operation Torch]] invasion forces.{{cite book| title=D\\u00f6nitz\n        and the Wolf Packs |author=Edwards, Bernard |publisher=Brockhampton Press\n        |year=1999 |page=115 |ISBN =1-86019-927-5}}\\n** British sailors board\n        {{GS|U-559||2}} as it sinks in the Mediterranean and retrieve its [[Enigma\n        machine]] and codebooks.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]] – WWII:\n        North Atlantic [[convoy SC 107]] is heavily attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking\n        fifteen ships.{{cite book|last=Waters|first=John M., Jr.|title=Bloody\n        Winter|publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company|date=1967|pages=38\\u201355|location=Princeton,\n        NJ}}\\n* [[November 2]] – A [[USAAF]] squadron, including [[B-24\n        Liberator]]s, intercepts many [[Luftwaffe]] patrols off the coast of [[Oran,\n        Algeria]].\\n* [[November 3]] – WWII: [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]:\n        German forces under [[Erwin Rommel]] are forced to retreat during the night.\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Torch]]: United States and United\n        Kingdom forces land in [[French North Africa]].\\n** French Resistance Coup\n        in [[Algiers]]: 400 French civil resisters neutralize the Vichyist XIXth Army\n        Corps and the Vichyist generals (Juin, Darlan, etc.) thus allowing the immediate\n        success of Operation Torch in Algiers, and ultimately the whole of [[French\n        North Africa]].\\n* [[November 9]] – WWII: U.S serviceman [[Edward Leonski]]\n        is hanged at Melbourne''s Pentridge Prison for the \\\"Brown-Out\\\" murders of\n        three women in May.\\n* [[November 10]] – WWII: In violation of a [[1940]]\n        armistice, Germany invades [[Vichy France]], following French Admiral [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Darlan]]''s agreement to an armistice with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]\n        in [[North Africa]].\\n* [[November 12]] – WWII: [[Guadalcanal Campaign]]:\n        A naval battle near [[Guadalcanal]] starts between Japanese and American forces.\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – WWII:\\n** [[Guadalcanal Campaign]]: Aviators from\n        the {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|6}} sink the Japanese [[battleship]] ''''[[Japanese\n        battleship Hiei|Hiei]]''''.\\n** British forces capture [[Tobruk]].\\n* [[November\n        15]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]] ends: Although\n        the [[United States Navy]] suffers heavy losses, it retains control of [[Guadalcanal]].\\n**\n        A [[BOAC]] scheduled passenger flight, a [[DC-3]] with registration G-AGBB,\n        (formerly [[KLM]] PH-ALI, Ibis), en route between [[Lisbon]] and [[Bristol]],\n        is attacked over the [[Bay of Biscay]] by German fighters. Although damaged,\n        it escapes and lands in England. Other attacks follow on the same aircraft\n        and scheduled route: [[April 19]] and [[June 1]], [[1943]] (fatal).\\n** British\n        forces capture [[Derna, Libya]].\\n* [[November 18]] – WWII: North Atlantic\n        [[convoy ON 144]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking five ships.{{cite\n        book| title=Hitler''s U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942-1945|author=Blair, Clay|publisher=Random\n        House|year=1998|pages=118\\u2013120|isbn=0-679-45742-9}}\\n* [[November\n        19]] – WWII: [[Battle of Stalingrad]]: [[Soviet Union]] forces under\n        General [[Georgy Zhukov]] launch the [[Operation Uranus]] counter-attacks\n        at [[Stalingrad]], turning the tide of the battle in the USSR''s favor.\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – WWII: British forces capture [[Benghazi]].\\n* [[November\n        21]] – The completion of the [[Alaska Highway]] (also known as the Alcan\n        Highway) is celebrated (however, the \\\"[[highway]]\\\" is not usable by general\n        vehicles until [[1943]]).\\n* [[November 22]] – WWII: [[Battle of Stalingrad]]:\n        The situation for the German attackers of [[Stalingrad]] seems desperate during\n        the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] counter-attack [[Operation Uranus]], and General\n        [[Friedrich Paulus]] sends [[Adolf Hitler]] a [[telegram]] saying that the\n        [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Sixth Army]] is surrounded.\\n* [[November 23]]\n        – WWII\\n** A [[U-boat]] sinks the SS ''''Ben Lomond'''' off the coast\n        of Brazil. One crewman, Chinese second steward [[Poon Lim]], is separated\n        from the others and spends 130 days adrift until he is rescued on [[April\n        3]], [[1943]].\\n** Legislation approves the [[United States Coast Guard]]\n        Women''s Reserve to help fill jobs and free men to serve during the war effort.\n        They are known as the [[SPARS]] (\\\"Semper Paratus, Always Ready!\\\")\\n* [[November\n        25]]–[[November 26|26]] – WWII: [[Operation Harling]]: A British\n        [[Special Operations Executive]] team, together with [[Greek Resistance]]\n        fighters, blows up the [[Gorgopotamos]] viaduct in the first major sabotage\n        act in occupied continental Europe.\\n* [[November 26]] – The movie ''''[[Casablanca\n        (film)|Casablanca]]'''' premi\\u00e8res at the Hollywood Theater in New York\n        City.\\n* [[November 27]] – WWII: At [[Toulon]], the French navy [[Scuttling\n        of the French fleet in Toulon|scuttles its ships and submarines]] to keep\n        them out of Nazi hands.\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Cocoanut Grove fire]]: A\n        fire in the Cocoanut Grove night club in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], kills\n        491.\\n** The large-scale German \\\"pacification\\\" of the Zamojszczyzna region\n        of Poland begins.\\n* [[November 29]] – The [[Blue Star Line]] [[cargo\n        liner]] {{MV|Dunedin Star}} runs aground on the [[Skeleton Coast]] of [[Namibia]].\n        Crew and passengers survive following a 26-day overland trek to [[Windhoek]].{{cite\n        book|title=Dead Reckoning: The Dunedin Star Disaster|first=Jeff|last=Dawson|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naMFHgAACAAJ|location=London,\n        UK|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|accessdate=2008-03-31|isbn=0-7538-2044-7}}\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – WWII: [[Battle of Tassafaronga]] – In a nighttime\n        naval battle as part of the [[Guadalcanal Campaign]], ships of the [[Imperial\n        Japanese Navy]] defeat those of the [[United States Navy]].\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Gasoline]] rationing begins in the United States.\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Manhattan Project]]: Below the bleachers of Stagg\n        Field at the [[University of Chicago]], a team led by [[Enrico Fermi]] initiates\n        the first self-sustaining [[nuclear chain reaction]] (a coded message, \\\"The\n        Italian navigator has landed in the new world\\\" is then sent to U.S. President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]).\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: In [[Warsaw]],\n        two women, [[Zofia Kossak|Zofia Kossak and Wanda Filipowicz]], risk their\n        lives by setting up the Council for the Assistance of the Jews.\\n** WWII:\n        USAAF bombers make their first raid on Italy.\\n* [[December 7]] – WWII:\n        British commandos conduct [[Operation Frankton]], a raid on shipping in [[Bordeaux]]\n        harbour.\\n* [[December 8]] – A fire at [[Seacliff Lunatic Asylum]] in\n        New Zealand kills 39 patients.\\n* [[December 17]] – The Allies issue\n        the [[Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations]], the first time\n        they publicly acknowledge the [[Holocaust]].\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** An avalanche\n        in [[Aliquippa, Pennsylvania]], kills 26, including Vulcan Crucible Steel\n        heir-apparent Samuel A. Stafford Sr., when two 100 ton boulders fall on a\n        bus filled with wartime steel workers on their way home.\\n** An airplane carrying\n        prominent Ustashe general [[Jure Franceti\\u0107]] crashes. Franceti\\u0107\n        dies as result of the injuries on [[December 27]].\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        French [[Fran\\u00e7ois Darlan|Admiral Darlan]], the former [[Vichy France|Vichy]]\n        leader who has switched over to the Allies following the Torch landings, is\n        assassinated in [[Algiers]].\\n* [[December 27]] – The [[Union of Pioneers\n        of Yugoslavia]] is founded.\\n* [[December 28]] – North Atlantic [[Convoy\n        ON 154]] is heavily attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking thirteen ships.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.gordonmumford.com/m-navy/ons154-0.htm|title=Convoy ONS\n        154|publisher=J. Gordon Mumford|accessdate=2010-12-02}}\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[DDT]] is first used as a [[pesticide]].\\n* 1942 [[FIFA World Cup]] competition\n        in [[Association football]], which [[Nazi Germany]] sought to host, is not\n        held, due to World War II.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Stephen\n        Hawking.StarChild.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Hawking]]]]\\n[[File:Muhammad Ali\n        NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Muhammad Ali]]]]\\n[[File:Eusebio (1963).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eus\\u00e9bio]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Country Joe McDonald]], American musician\\n** [[Gennadi\n        Sarafanov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Dennis\n        Hastert]], American politician, [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]\\n**\n        [[Hugh Shelton]], American military leader, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of\n        Staff\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 S\\u00f3lyom]], [[President of\n        Hungary]]\\n** [[John Thaw]], English actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 4]]\n        \\n** [[Bolaji Akinyemi]], Nigerian professor of political science\\n** Dame\n        [[Marcela Contreras]], Chilean-British immunologist and educator\\n* [[January\n        5]] \\n** [[Maurizio Pollini]], Italian pianist\\n** [[Charlie Rose]], American\n        television anchor, talk show host\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Vasily Alekseyev]],\n        Soviet weightlifter\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Stephen Hawking]], British physicist\\n**\n        [[Junichiro Koizumi]], 56th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Ramiro de Le\\u00f3n Carpio]], 31st [[President of Guatemala]] (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]], [[Chief Justice\n        of India]]\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Ang\\u00e9lil]], Canadian\n        singer and manager (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Muhammad Ali]], American\n        boxer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ulf Hoelscher]], German violinist\\n** [[Ita Buttrose]],\n        Australian journalist\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Michael Crawford]], English\n        actor, singer and entertainer\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Amine Gemayel]],\n        12th President of Lebanon\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Salim Ahmed Salim]],\n        4th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Carl Eller]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Eus\\u00e9bio]], Mozambican Portuguese footballer (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Soad Hosny]], Egyptian actress (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[John Witherspoon (actor)]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 28]] \\n** [[Hans J\\u00fcrgen B\\u00e4umler]], German figure skater,\n        actor, pop singer and television host\\n** [[Erkki Pohjanheimo]], Finnish TV-producer\n        and director\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Daniela Bianchi]], Italian actress\\n**\n        [[Derek Jarman]], English director and writer (d. [[1994]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Terry\n        Jones.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Terry Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Ehud Barak official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ehud\n        Barak]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Jones 1965.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Jones]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] \\n** [[Bibi Besch]], Austrian-American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Terry\n        Jones]], Welsh actor and writer\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Graham Nash]],\n        English rock musician ([[The Hollies]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Roger\n        Staubach]], American football player\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Ahmad-Jabir\n        Ahmadov Ismail oghlu]], Azeri professor and academic\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Carole King]], American singer and composer\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Howard\n        Mudd]], American offensive lineman & offensive line coach\\n* [[February 12]]\n        – [[Ehud Barak]], [[Prime Minister of Israel]]\\n* [[February 13]] \\n**\n        [[Carol Lynley]], American actress\\n** [[Donald E. Williams]], American astronaut\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Peter Tork]], American musician, performer \\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Michael Bloomberg]], American businessman, [[philanthropist]],\n        and the founder of [[Bloomberg L.P.]], [[Mayor]] of New York City\\n* [[February\n        15]] – [[Sherry Jackson]], American actress\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Paul Krause]], American football player\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Phil Esposito]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Mitch McConnell]], [[United States Senator]]\n        (R-[[Kentucky|KY]]) \\n* [[February 21]] – [[Margarethe von Trotta]],\n        German actress, film director, and writer\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Joe\n        Lieberman]], American politician, longtime [[List of United States Senators\n        from Connecticut|Connecticut Senator]] (1989-2013), and [[United States presidential\n        election, 2000|2000]] Democratic nominee for Vice President under [[Al Gore]]\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Karen Grassle]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Michel Forget]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Robert H. Grubbs]], American\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[February 28]]\n        \\n**[[Brian Jones]], English musician ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (d. [[1969]])\\n**[[Dino\n        Zoff]], Italian footballer and manager\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Felipe Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        par Claude Truong-Ngoc juillet 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Felipe Gonz\\u00e1lez]]]]\\n[[File:Lou\n        Reed at the Hop Farm Music Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lou Reed]]]]\\n[[File:President\n        Ali Abdullah Saleh.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ali Abdullah Saleh]]]]\\n[[File:Arethafranklin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aretha\n        Franklin]]]] \\n[[File:Daniel Dennett 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Dennett]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[John Irving]], American author\\n** [[Lou Reed]], American\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Felipe\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Tammy Faye\n        Bakker]], American evangelist, singer and television personality (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Michael Eisner]], American film studio executive\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Pedro\n        Bandeira]], Brazilian children''s author\\n** [[John Cale]], Welsh composer\n        and musician\\n** [[Bert Campaneris]], Cuban-American [[baseball]] player\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Ratko Mladi\\u0107]], former Bosnian Serb military leader\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Wynn]], American baseball player\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Dave Cutler]],\n        American software engineer\\n** [[Scatman John]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[George Negus]], Australian author, journalist, and television presenter\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[James Soong]], Taiwan politician\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[John Wayne Gacy]], American [[serial killer]] (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 20]]\n        – [[Earl Bramblett]], American [[mass murderer]] (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]], [[President of Yemen]] (1990 to 2012)\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Walter Rodney]], Guyanese historian and political figure\\n*\n        [[March 25]] – [[Aretha Franklin]], American singer\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – [[Erica Jong]], American author\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[John E. Sulston]],\n        British chemist; recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n**\n        [[Michael York]], English actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Neil Kinnock]], British\n        Labour leader\\n** [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]], British film director\\n**\n        [[Conrad Schumann]], East German border guard (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Jerry Sloan]],\n        American basketball coach\\n** [[Daniel Dennett]], American philosopher\\n*\n        [[March 29]] \\n** [[Scott Wilson (actor)|Scott Wilson]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Kenichi Ogata (voice actor)|Kenichi Ogata]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Ruben Kun]], Nauruan politician and former President of Nauru\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Jacob\n        Zuma 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jacob Zuma]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Dee 1961.png|thumb|100px|[[Sandra\n        Dee]]]]\\n[[File:Barbra Streisand - 1966.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barbra Streisand]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Samuel R. Delany]], American science fiction author\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Leon Russell]], American singer, songwriter, pianist and\n        guitarist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Roshan Seth]], British actor\\n** [[Yury Yarov]],\n        Russian politician and a former deputy prime minister\\n* [[April 3]] –\n        [[Marsha Mason]], American actress\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Pascal Couchepin]],\n        Swiss Federal Councilor\\n** [[Peter Greenaway]], Welsh filmmaker\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Barry Levinson]], American film producer and director\\n* [[April\n        8]]\\n**[[Roger Chapman]], British rock singer ([[Family (band)|Family]])\\n**[[Douglas\n        Trumbull]], American film director and [[special effect]]s artist\\n* [[April\n        9]] – [[James Cowan (author)|James Cowan]], Australian novelist\\n* [[April\n        10]]\\n** [[Hayedeh]], Iranian singer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Nick Auf der Maur]],\n        Canadian journalist and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\n** [[Jacob\n        Zuma]], [[President of South Africa]]\\n** [[Carlos Alberto Reutemann]], Argentine\n        racing driver and politician\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Valeriy Brumel]], Russian\n        athlete (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Valentin Lebedev]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[April\n        15]]\\n** [[Kenneth Lay]], American businessman (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Julie Sommars]],\n        American actress\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Kenas Aroi]], Nauruan politician\\n**\n        [[Buster Williams]], American jazz bassist\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Frank\n        Elstner]], German television presenter\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Arto Paasilinna]],\n        Finnish author\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)|Geoffrey\n        Palmer]], 33rd [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Rudolf\n        Jaenisch]], German-American biologist \\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Sandra Dee]],\n        American actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Christian Fr\\u00e9mont]], French politician\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Barbra Streisand]], American singer,\n        actress, composer, and film director\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Katsuji Adachi]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jon Kyl]], American politician;\n        United States Senator (R-AZ)\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Claudine Auger]], French\n        actress\\n** [[Michael Kergin]], Canadian diplomat\\n** [[Bobby Rydell]], American\n        singer\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Ruth Glick]], American writer\\n** [[Jim Keltner]],\n        American drummer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:14-01-10-tbh-263-jacques-rogge.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jacques\n        Rogge]]]]\\n[[File:Ian Dury 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ian Dury]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        [[Jacques Rogge]], 8th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[V\\u011bra \\u010c\\u00e1slavsk\\u00e1]], Czech gymnast (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Tammy Wynette]], American country singer\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Terry Neill]], Northern Irish footballer\n        and football manager\\n* [[May 9]] – [[John Ashcroft]], [[United States\n        Attorney General]]\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Youssouf Sambo B\\u00e2]], Burkinab\\u00e9\n        politician\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ian Dury]], British musician (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]], 2-Time Prime Minister of\n        Swaziland\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]], American\n        singer and guitarist\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Barbara Parkins]], Canadian actress\\n**\n        [[Rich Garcia]], American [[Major League Baseball]] [[Umpire (baseball)|umpire]]\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Gabriel Liiceanu]], Romanian philosopher\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Ichir\\u014d Ozawa]], Japanese politician\\n** [[Fraser Stoddart]], Scottish-born\n        scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[May 28]]\\n**\n        [[Stanley B. Prusiner]], American scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[James Tien (actor)|James Tien]], Hong Kong-Taiwanese\n        actor\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Jahar Dasgupta]], Indian painter\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Teodoro\n        Obiang detail, 1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]]]\\n[[File:Roger\n        Ebert cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roger Ebert]]]]\\n[[File:Paul McCartney black\n        and white 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul McCartney]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Wilson 2009.png|thumb|100px|[[Brian\n        Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Eduardo Frei 1998 (recorte).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eduardo Frei\n        Ruiz-Tagle]]]]\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Maree Cheatham]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Eduard Malofeyev]], Russian football coach and former international player\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Curtis Mayfield]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]], [[President of Equatorial\n        Guinea]]  and [[Chairperson of the African Union]]\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Klaus\n        Bednarz]], German journalist and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Gordon\n        Burns]], British journalist and TV presenter\\n** [[Preston Manning]], Canadian\n        politician\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jeannette Vivian Corbiere Lavell]], Canadian-Anishinaabe\n        activist\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Bert Sakmann]], German physiologist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], [[President of Nigeria]]\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[John Rostill]], English bassist, musician and composer ([[The Shadows]])\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Mohamed El Baradei]], Egyptian International\n        Atomic Energy Agency director, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Roger Ebert]], American film critic and television personality\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Thabo Mbeki]], South African politician and 12th [[President\n        of South Africa]]\\n** [[Paul McCartney]], British musician and composer ([[The\n        Beatles]])\\n** [[Nick Tate]], Australian actor\\n** [[Hans Vonk (conductor)|Hans\n        Vonk]], Dutch conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Brian Wilson]],\n        American singer-composer-producer ([[The Beach Boys]])\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[George Banks]], American spree killer\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Michele Lee]],\n        American actress and singer   \\n** [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], Chilean politician\n        and 33th [[President of Chile]]\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[James J. Dillon]], American\n        professional wrestling manager\\n** [[Gilberto Gil]], Brazilian singer, politician\\n**\n        [[June 27]] – [[Bruce Johnston]], American singer and songwriter\\n**\n        [[June 28]] – [[Rupert Sheldrake]], British biochemist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Vicente\n        Fox WEF 2003 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vicente Fox]]]]\\n[[File:Harrison Ford\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harrison Ford]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        Bujold]], French-Canadian actress\\n** [[Andra\\u00e9 Crouch]], American gospel\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Vicente Fox]], Mexican businessman,\n        politician and 55th [[President of Mexico]]\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Floyd Little]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Prince Michael of Kent]]\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        [[Hannes L\\u00f6hr]], German footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Carmen Duncan]], Australian actress\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Richard Roundtree]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Ronnie James Dio]], American singer (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Pyotr Klimuk]], Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Orri Vigf\\u00fasson]],\n        Icelandic entrepreneur and environmentalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Harrison Ford]], American film actor\\n** [[Roger McGuinn]], American musician\n        ([[The Byrds]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Javier Solana]], Spanish politician\n        and diplomat\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Mil M\\u00e1scaras]], Mexican professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Margaret Court]], Australian tennis player\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Adolf Ogi]], member of the Swiss Federal Council\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Myra Hindley]], English multiple murderer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Chris Sarandon]], American actor\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        [[Hannelore Elsner]], German actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Dennis Ralston]],\n        American tennis player\\n* [[July 28]] Maudine Harper\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Isabel\n        Allende - 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Isabel Allende]]]]\\n[[File:Fred Thompson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred\n        Thompson]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[Jerry Garcia]], American musician (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n** [[Giancarlo Giannini]], Italian actor\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Isabel Allende]], Chilean writer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[David Lange]],\n        32nd [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Evelyn Hamann]], German actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Tobin\n        Bell]], American film and television actor\\n** [[Garrison Keillor]], American\n        writer and radio host; [[Prairie Home Companion]]\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[Arthur K. Cebrowski]], American admiral (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Friede Springer]], German publisher and widow of Axel Springer\\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Judith Keppel]], first person to win \\u00a31,000,000 on ''''[[Who\n        Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'''' (in the UK)\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Fred\n        Thompson]], American politician and actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 20]] –\n        [[Isaac Hayes]], American singer and actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 23]]\n        – [[Susana Vieira]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Hans\n        Peter Korff]], German actor\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Imogen Hassall]], English\n        actress (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[August 27]] – \\\"Captain\\\" [[Daryl Dragon]],\n        American musician ([[Captain & Tennille]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Eduardo dos Santos]], 2nd [[President of Angola]]\\n* [[August 29]] –\n        [[Sterling Morrison]], American musician ([[The Velvet Underground]], d. [[1995]])\n        \\n* [[August 31]] – [[Isao Aoki]], Japanese golfer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jardinenj.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Al\n        Jardine]]]]\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Michael Hui]], Hong Kong film [[comedian]]\\n**\n        [[Al Jardine]], American musician ([[The Beach Boys]])\\n* [[September 5]]\\n**\n        [[Bj\\u00f6rn Haugan]], Norwegian operatic [[lyric tenor]] (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Werner Herzog]], German filmmaker\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Alan Haskvitz]],\n        American educator\\n* [[September 8]] – [[\\u017delimir \\u017dilnik]],\n        Serbian film director\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Hiss\\u00e8ne Habr\\u00e9]],\n        7th [[President of Chad]]\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Bernard MacLaverty]],\n        Irish writer\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Wen Jiabao]], [[Premier of the\n        People''s Republic of China]]\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Tadamasa Goto]],\n        Japanese [[yakuza]] boss\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Desmond Lynam|Des Lynam]],\n        British television host, presenter\\n* [[September 18]] \\n** [[Gabriella Ferri]],\n        Italian singer\\n** [[Wolfgang Sch\\u00e4uble]], German politician\\n* [[September\n        19]] – [[Freda Payne]], American singer and actress\\n* [[September 20]]\n        – [[Rose Francine Rogomb\\u00e9]], Gabonese lawyer and politician (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Wu Ma]], Chinese film actor, director,\n        producer and writer\\n** [[Marlena Shaw]], American jazz singer\\n** [[David\n        Stern]], American commissioner of the National Basketball Association\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Ilkka Lipsanen|Ilkka \\\"Danny\\\" Lipsanen]], Finnish singer\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Tim Maia]], Brazilian musician, songwriter and\n        businessman (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Madeline Kahn]], American\n        actress (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Ian McShane]], English actor\\n** [[Jean-Luc Ponty]],\n        French jazz violinist\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Frankie Lymon]], American\n        singer (d. [[1968]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Amitabh.Bachchan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amitabh\n        Bachchan]]]]\\n[[File:MichaelCrichton 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Crichton]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[G\\u00fcnter Wallraff]], German investigative journalist\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Asha Parekh]], Indian actress\\n* [[October 3]]\\n**\n        [[Earl Hindman]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Roberto Perfumo]], Argentine\n        footballer and sports commentator (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Britt\n        Ekland]], Swedish actress\\n** [[Fred Travalena]], American comedian and impressionist\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Ronald Baecker]], American computer scientist\\n**\n        [[Joy Behar]], American comedian and television personality\\n* [[October 8]]\n        – [[Stanley Bates]], British actor and screenwriter\\n* [[October 10]]\n        – [[Radu Vasile]], Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Amitabh Bachchan]], Indian actor\\n* [[October 12]] –\n        [[Daliah Lavi]], Israeli actress and singer\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Rutanya\n        Alda]], Latvian-American actress\\n** [[Jerry Jones]], American football team\n        owner\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Evelio Javier]], Filipino politician, lawyer,\n        and civil servant  (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Andrew Vachss]],\n        American author and attorney\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Christiane N\\u00fcsslein-Volhard]],\n        German biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Judith Sheindlin]], American retired judge turned\n        television personality (''''[[Judge Judy]]'''')\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Bobby Fuller]], American rock singer, songwriter, and guitarist (d. [[1966]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Michael Crichton]], American author (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Frank Delaney]], Irish-born novelist, journalist\n        and broadcaster (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Bob Hoskins]], British\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Eili Sild]], Estonian actress\\n* [[October 29]]\n        – [[Bob Ross]], American painter and television presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[George Brizan]], 8th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[David Ogden Stiers]], American actor and voice-over artist\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Martin\n        Scorsese Cannes 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Scorsese]]]]\\n[[File:Official\n        portrait of Vice President Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe Biden]]]]\\n[[File:Billy\n        Connolly Festival Cine Sidney.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy Connolly]]]]\\n[[File:Jimi\n        Hendrix 1967.png|thumb|100px|[[Jimi Hendrix]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Larry\n        Flynt]], American publisher (''''Hustler'''')\\n** [[Ralph Klein]], Canadian\n        politician (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Marcia Wallace]], American actress and comedian\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Shere Hite]], American-born German sexologist\\n**\n        [[Stefanie Powers]], American actress\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Pierangelo\n        Bertoli]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        [[Jean Shrimpton]], English model and actress\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Tom\n        Peters]], American writer\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Angel Cordero, Jr.]], Puerto\n        Rican jockey\\n** [[Fernando Sorrentino]], Argentine writer\\n* [[November 10]]\\n**\n        [[Robert F. Engle]], American economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Hans-Rudolf Merz]], Swiss federal councillor \\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Daniel Barenboim]], Argentine-born pianist and conductor\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Joanna Pettet]], British-born Canadian actress\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Derek Clayton]], Australian long-distance runner\\n**\n        [[Bob Gaudio]], American musician\\n** [[Kang Kek Iew]], Cambodian politician\n        and criminal\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Roszt\\u00f3czy]], Hungarian microbiologist\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Martin Scorsese]], American film director\\n* [[November\n        18]]\\n** [[Linda Evans]], American soap actress\\n** [[Susan Sullivan]], American\n        soap actress\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Joe Biden]], American politician,\n        47th [[Vice President of the United States]] and longtime [[United States\n        Senate|US Senator]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Delaware|De.]])\n        \\n* [[November 22]] \\n** [[Francis K. Butagira]], Ugandan ambassador\\n** [[Dick\n        Stockton]], American sports announcer\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Billy Connolly]],\n        Scottish comedian and singer\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Rosa von Praunheim]],\n        German film director, author and painter\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Manolo Blahnik]],\n        Spanish shoe designer\\n** [[Jimi Hendrix]], American guitarist (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Paul Warfield]], American football player\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Philippe Huttenlocher]], Swiss baritone\\n* [[November 30]]\n        – [[Andr\\u00e9 Brahic]], French astrophysicist (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Muhammadu\n        Buhari - Chatham House.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Muhammadu Buhari]]]]\\n[[File:Hu Jintao\n        Cannes2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hu Jintao]]]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Alice\n        Schwarzer]], German feminist, founder and publisher of the German feminist\n        journal EMMA\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Gemma Jones]], British actress\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n**[[Chelsea Brown]], American actress (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Peter\n        Handke]], Austrian novelist\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Reginald Lewis]], American\n        Businessman (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Peter Tomarken]], American game-show host\n        (d. [[2006]]) \\n* [[December 9]] – [[Dick Butkus]], American football\n        player\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Peter Sarstedt]], British musician (d.\n        [[2017]]\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Muhammadu Buhari]], Nigerian army general\n        and 15th [[President of Nigeria]]\\n** [[Paul Butterfield]], American musician\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Bob Hayes]], American athlete (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Hu Jintao]], [[General Secretary of the\n        Communist Party of China]], 6th [[President of the People''s Republic of China]]\\n**\n        [[Carla Thomas]], American singer\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Charmian Carr]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Thomas Menino]], 53rd [[Mayor of Boston\n        | Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Rajesh Khanna]], Indian actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Betty\n        Aberlin]], American actress\\n** [[Allan Gotthelf]], American philosopher (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Michael Nesmith]], American singer-songwriter, performer \\n**\n        [[Janko Prunk]], Slovenian historian\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Probable date\n        – [[Muammar Gaddafi]], leader of Libya (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n===January===\\n[[File:Mel\n        Sheppard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mel Sheppard]]]]\\n[[File:Henri de Baillet-Latour.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henri\n        de Baillet-Latour]]]]\\n[[File:Carole Lombard 1940.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carole\n        Lombard]]]]\\n[[File:Lu%C3%ADs de Saxe-Coburgo e Bragan%C3%A7a.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Ivande\n        Kaija]], Soviet writer and feminist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Charles Mann Hamilton]], American politician (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        4]]\\n** [[Sydney Fairbrother]], British actress (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Mel Sheppard]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Otis Skinner]], American actor\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Emma Calv\\u00e9]], French soprano (b.\n        [[1858]])\\n** [[Henri de Baillet-Latour]], 3rd [[President of the International\n        Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Chaudhry Afzal\n        Haq]], Indian writer and humanitarian (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\n**\n        [[Heber Doust Curtis]], American astronomer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Jan Grali\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\n** [[Vladimir Ignatowski]],\n        Soviet physicist  (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssi\\u00e8re]],\n        French biologist and scientist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Porfirio\n        Barba-Jacob]], Colombian poet and writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n**\n        [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]], 2nd youngest son of [[Queen\n        Victoria]] (b. [[1850]])\\n** [[Sir Jeremiah Colman, 1st Baronet]], British\n        industralist (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Carole Lombard]], American actress (air crash)\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[James P. Parker]], United States\n        Navy commodore (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\n** [[Christiaan Cornelissen]],\n        Dutch writer, economic and trade unionist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Isidoro Di\\u00e9guez\n        Due\\u00f1as]], Spanish bricklayer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Larra\\u00f1aga]],\n        Spanish communist leader (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\n** [[Walter Sickert]],\n        British Impressionist painter (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Racho Petrov]], 12th [[Prime\n        Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Prince Ludwig\n        Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Nazareno Strampelli]],\n        Italian agronomist and plant breeder (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Felix Hausdorff]], German mathematician (suicide) (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January\n        27]] or [[January 28]] – [[Kaarel Eenpalu]], Prime Minister of Estonia\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Viktor Esbensen]], Norwegian mariner\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Relander LC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lauri\n        Kristian Relander]]]]\\n[[File:Malta - Floriana - Triq Sarria - The Mall 31\n        ies.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ugo Pasquale Mifsud]]]]\\n[[File:Epit%C3%A1cio Pessoa\n        (pintura).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Epit\\u00e1cio Pessoa]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Ado Birk]], 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Leonetto Cappiello]],\n        Italian poster designer and painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[Dorando Pietri]], Italian Olympic athlete (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        – [[Fritz Todt]], Nazi German engineer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 9]]\n        – [[Lauri Kristian Relander]], 2nd [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Jamnalal Bajaj]], Indian industralist and philanthropist\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Ugo Pasquale Mifsud]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Malta]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Grant Wood]], American painter\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Otakar Batli\\u010dka]], Czechoslovakian\n        adventurer and journalist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Epit\\u00e1cio Pessoa]], Brazil\n        jurist and politician, 11th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Miros\\u0142aw Feri\\u0107]], Polish pilot of the No. 303 Squadron\n        in Northolt (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Ettore Arrigoni degli Oddi]],\n        Italian ornithologist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Giovanni Bartolena]], Italian painter\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Frank Abbandando]], American gangster\n        (executed) (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa\n        (1872\\u20131942)|Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa]], Ruler of Bahrain (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[Stefan Zweig]], Austrian writer (suicide with wife)\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Robert William Chapman (engineer)|Robert\n        William Chapman]], Australian engineer and mathematician (b. [[1866]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Emile Harley]], American army officer and politician (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] – [[Karel Doorman]], Dutch admiral (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Amadeo Aosta3rd 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Bosch mit Hut 1888 - 10031.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Bosch]]]]\\n[[File:Marcelo T. de Alvear, ca. 1915.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marcelo\n        Torcuato de Alvear]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[George S. Rentz]], United States\n        Navy Chaplain and [[Navy Cross]] winner (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Cornelius Vanderbilt\n        III]], American military officer, inventor, and engineer (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[Gustave Anjou]], Swedish genealogist (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Sergei\n        Solovyov (Catholic priest)|Sergei Solovyov]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]] and\n        blessed (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]],\n        Italian nobleman and military officer, Viceroy of [[Italian East Africa]]\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Gheorghe Adamescu]], Romanian histotian\n        and bibliographer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Pierre Semard]],\n        French Communist leader (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Ra\\u00fal Capablanca]], Cuban chess player (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 10]] –\n        [[Frederick Behre]], American artist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Camprub\\u00ed]], Spanish publisher (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Raoul Dandurand]],\n        Canadian politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March 12]] \\n** [[Robert Bosch]], German\n        industrialist, engineer and inventor (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[William Henry Bragg]],\n        British physicist, chemist and mathematician, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Enric Morera i Viura]], Andorran composer\n        (b. [[1865]]) \\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Bull]], British illustrator\n        and photographer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Friedrich Karl Georg Fedde]], German\n        botanist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Vasile Demetrius]], Austro-Hungarian-born\n        Romanian writer, poet and translator (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Nada Dimi\\u0107]], Yugoslav Communist leader (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[March 20]]\n        – [[Vasily Kalafati]], Soviet composer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 21]]\n        – [[J. S. Woodsworth]], Canadian politician (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] \\n** [[Ludwig von H\\u00f6hnel]], Austrian naval officer and explorer\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear]], 20th [[President of Argentina]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Gustav Hinrichs]], German-born American\n        conductor and composer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\n** [[Jannion Steele\n        Elliott]], British ornithologist and naturalist (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[John W.\n        Wilcox, Jr.]], American admiral (lost overboard) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Julio\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez (sculptor)|Julio Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Spanish sculptor and painter\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Miguel Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish poet\n        and playwright (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Ed Brady (actor)|Ed\n        Brady]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:LMM signed photo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucy\n        Maud Montgomery]]]] \\n* [[April 2]] – [[\\u00c9douard Estauni\\u00e9]],\n        French novelist (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 4]] \\n** [[James Bede]], American\n        politician (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Jan Daszewski]], Polish fighter pilot (b. [[1916]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Isidro Michel L\\u00f3pez]], Mexican military officer,\n        leader of the [[Mexican Revolution]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        [[Anandshankar Dhruv]], Indian scholar, writer, educationist and editor (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Frederick Hobbs (singer)|Frederick Hobbs]],\n        New Zealand-born singer and actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Arnold\n        Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle]], British soldier and politician (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Julia Danzas]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]] religious leader\n        and blessed (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[James Fergusson (Royal Navy officer)|James\n        Fergusson]], British admiral (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\n** [[Robert Musil]],\n        Austrian novelist (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Joshua Pim]], Irish tennis player  (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and\n        Gotha]], granddaughter of [[Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 17]]\\n**\n        [[Renward Brandstetter]], Swiss philologist and linguist (b. [[1860]])\\n**\n        [[Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer]], American botanist (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Jean\n        Baptiste Perrin]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Gra\\u017cyna Chrostowska]], Polish\n        poet and activist (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]], American\n        heiress, socialite and sculptor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Olga\n        Ben\\u00e1rio Prestes]], German-born Brazilian militant (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Camille du Gast]], French pioneer (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Deenanath\n        Mangeshkar]], Indian singer and composer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]],\n        Canadian writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Zygmunt Kisielewski]],\n        Polish writer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Arthur L. Bristol]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Stauning i1920-erne.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thorvald\n        Stauning]]]]\\n[[File:Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Abad Santos]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait of John Barrymore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Barrymore]]]] \\n* [[May 3]] – [[Thorvald Stauning]], 9th [[Prime Minister\n        of Denmark]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Czempiel]], Polish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Abad Santos]], Filipino chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of\n        the Philippines|Supreme Court]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Felix Weingartner]], Yugoslavian\n        conductor (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Graham McNamee]], American\n        radio announcer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Joe Weber (vaudevillian)|Joe\n        Weber]], American vaudevillian (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Sakutar\\u014d\n        Hagiwara]], Japanese poet and writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Hannu\n        Hannuksela]], Finnish general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Frank\n        Churchill]], American composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Kaneko Kentar\\u014d]],\n        Japanese diplomat and statesman (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Maria Micha\\u0142 Kowalski]],\n        Polish priest and blessed (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Bronis\\u0142aw Malinowski]],\n        Polish anthropologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[A. E. Waite]],\n        British occultist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[John D. Craddock]], American\n        politician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Charles E. Dietrich]], American politician\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Stjepan Filipovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav nationality\n        hero (executed) (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Tateo Kat\\u014d]], Japanese fighter ace\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Ivan Horbachevsky]],\n        Austrian chemist and politician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Emanuel\n        Feuermann]], Austrian cellist (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Chen Duxiu]],\n        General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**\n        [[John Barrymore]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Akiko Yosano]], Japanese\n        author and poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Cadras]],\n        French lace designer and militant (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:EUSEBIO\n        AYALA.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eusebio Ayala]]]]\\n[[File:1908 Frank Irons.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Frank\n        Irons]]]]\\n[[File:Pope John XIX of Alexandria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pope John\n        XIX of Alexandria]]]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[William Abercrombie]], American\n        naval officer and aviator, killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b.\n        [[1914]])\\n** [[Eusebio Ayala]], 29th [[President of Paraguay]] (1921–1923)\n        and (1932–1936) (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Edgar R. Bassett]], American naval\n        officer, killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Harold\n        John Ellison]], American naval officer, killed in action at the [[Battle of\n        Midway]] (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Lofton R. Henderson]], United States Marine Corps\n        aviator and commanding officer of Marine Scout Bomber Squadron 241 (VMSB-241);\n        killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Reinhard\n        Heydrich]], headed the Nazi Reich Main Security Office and was Reich governor\n        of Bohemia and Moravia (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[John C. Waldron]], United States\n        Navy aviator and commander of [[Torpedo Squadron 8]], killed in action at\n        the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Tamon Yamaguchi]], Japanese admiral,\n        killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 5]] –\n        [[Virginia Lee Corbin]], American actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Alan Blumlein]], British electronics engineer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[June 11]]\n        \\n** [[Charles Berth\\u00e9zenne]], French politician (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Kitzelmann]], German army officer (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Fyodor\n        Braun]], Soviet-born German scholar (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[David\n        Hawthorne (actor)|David Hawthorne]], British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June\n        19]]\\n** [[Ahmad II of Tunis]], Ruler of Tunisia (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Frank\n        Irons]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Pope\n        John XIX of Alexandria]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Branko Kadia,\n        Jordan Misja and Perlat Rexhepi]], Albanian student trio (b. Albanian nationality)\\n*\n        [[June 23]] – [[William Couper (sculptor)|William Couper]], American\n        architect (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Arthur Anderson (architect)|Arthur\n        Anderson]], Australian architect (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Z\\u00e9non Bernard]],\n        Luxembourgish communist politician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[John\n        Gary Evans]], American politician (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Skar\\u017cy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish army officer (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Gene Stack]], 1st American major league\n        baseball player to be drafted during [[World War II]] as well as the first\n        to die in service (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Billy Bennett (comedian)|Billy\n        Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[William Henry Jackson]], American\n        photographer (b. [[1843]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Refik Saydam.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Refik\n        Saydam]]]]\\n[[File:Santa Paulina 1.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Pauline of the\n        Agonizing Heart of Jesus]]]]\\n[[File:S%C3%A1nchez Toca.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Joaqu\\u00edn\n        S\\u00e1nchez de Toca]]]]\\n[[File:Robertomortiz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roberto Maria\n        Ortiz]]]]\\n[[File:Louis Borno.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Louis Borno]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich]], Irish-language writer (b. [[1857]])\\n**\n        [[Boles\\u0142aw Wieniawa-D\\u0142ugoszowski]], Polish general, diplomat and\n        politician, Interim [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Rudi \\u010cajavec]], Yugoslav poet (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Joseph Domachowski]],\n        American politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Kowalski\n        (priest)|J\\u00f3zef Kowalski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Louis Franchet d''Esp\\u00e8rey]], French\n        general (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Refik Saydam]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]]\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Kelly Harrell]], American surburbia musician\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Pauline of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus]], Brazilian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and saint (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Mary Hayden]], Irish historian and activist (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 13]]\n        – [[Joaqu\\u00edn S\\u00e1nchez de Toca]], Spanish conservative politician\n        and [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[S\\u00e9bastien\n        Faure]], French anarchist and activist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Wenceslao\n        Vinzons]], Filipino politician and resistance leader (bayoneted to death)\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Roberto Mar\\u00eda Ortiz]], 24th [[President of Argentina]]\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Alfred William Flux]], British economist\n        and statistician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Tinus de Jongh]],\n        South African painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[George Beeby]],\n        Australian politician, judge and author (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[George Sutherland]],\n        British-born American Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**\n        [[Ar\\u00edstides Chavier Ar\\u00e9valo]], Puerto Rican composer and pianist\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Adam Czerniak\\u00f3w]], Polish engineer and senator (suicide)\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Edwin Cooper (architect)|Edwin Cooper]],\n        British architect (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Tom Reynolds (actor)|Tom\n        Reynolds]], British actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Roberto Arlt]],\n        Argentine writer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Flinders Petrie]],\n        British Egyptologist (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Louis Borno]],\n        Haitian lawyer and politician, 28th [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[Jimmy Blanton]], American bassist (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July\n        31]] – [[Jo\\u017eka Jab\\u016frkov\\u00e1]], Czechoslovakan journalist,\n        writer and translator (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Richard Willst\\u00e4tter.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Willst\\u00e4tter]]]]\\n[[File:Edith Stein (ca. 1938-1939).jpg|thumb|100px|Saint\n        [[Edith Stein|Teresa Benedicta of the Cross]]]]\\n[[File:George 1st Kent.png|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        George, Duke of Kent]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Franciszka Arnsztajnowa]],\n        Polish poet and playwright (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[James Cruze]], American actor\n        and director (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Guglielmo Ferrero]], Italian historian, journalist\n        and novelist (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Gustav Indreb\\u00f8]], Norwegian philologist\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Richard Willst\\u00e4tter]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 7]] \\n** [[Louis\n        J. Carpellotti]], American marine army (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Charles E. Ford]],\n        American directed and producer (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Janusz Korczak]], Polish\n        educator, author and pediatrician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Leopold\n        Janikowski]], Polish explorer and ethnographer (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – [[Edith Stein|Terea Benedicta of the Cross]], German philosopher,\n        [[Roman Catholic]] nun, martyr and saint (assassinated) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] – [[Kazimierz Dembowski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman\n        and martyr (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\n** [[Pasquale Amato]], Italian\n        baritone (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Mykola Burachek]], Soviet painter (b. [[1871]])\\n**\n        [[Phillips Holmes]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n** [[Jorge\n        Cuesta]], Mexican chemist, writer and editor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Elina Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        Acha de Correa Morales]], Argentinian educator, scientist and activist (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Mahadev Desai]], Indian independence\n        activist and writer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n** [[Chang Ya-juo]],\n        daughter of [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Heuz\\u00e9]],\n        French director, screenwriter and playwright (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 18]]\n        \\n** [[Agathe Lasch]], German philologist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Henry DeWitt\n        Hamilton]], American general (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Kiyonao\n        Ichiki]], Japanese army officer (killed in action) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Michel Fokine]], Soviet choreographer and dancer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]]\\n** [[Jorge Cola\\u00e7o]], Portuguese painter (b. [[1868]])\\n**\n        [[Franciszek Dachtera]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Doyle Clayton Barnes]], American naval\n        aviator (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Edward Ka\\u017amierski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Prince George,\n        Duke of Kent]], 4th eldest son of [[George V]]  (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Lewartowski]], Polish politician and revolutionary (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Irena Bern\\u00e1\\u0161kov\\u00e1]], Czechoslovakian journalist\n        and resistance member (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Archduke Joseph\n        Ferdinand of Austria]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Charles Urban]],\n        American film producer (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Fabio Fiallo]], Dominican writer,\n        poet and politician (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Dominik J\\u0119drzejewski]], Polish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Martin Kirschner]], German surgeon (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ks.\n        Adam Bargielski.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|Blessed [[Adam Bargielski]]]]\\n[[File:Bronis%C5%82aw\n        Kostkowski patron Slupska.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|Blessed [[Bronis\\u0142aw\n        Kostkowski]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Rub\\u00e9n Ruiz Ib\\u00e1rruri]],\n        Spanish communist leader (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Herbert\n        A. Calcaterra]], American navy sailor (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois de Labouch\\u00e8re]], French pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Cecilia Beaux]], American portraitist (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Adam Bargielski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** [[Hermana Fausta|Fausta\n        Labrador]], Filipino [[Roman Catholic]] nun and Servant of God (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        [[E. S. Gosney|Ezra Seymour Gosney]], American philanthropist and eugenicist\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Kanaklata Barua]], Indian freedom\n        fighter (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Fernando D\\u00edaz de Mendoza\n        y Guerrero]], Spanish actor (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Bronis\\u0142aw Kostkowski]],\n        Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Matangini Hazra]], Indian revolutionary (shot) (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]]\\n** [[Hans-Joachim Marseille]], German World War II fighter\n        ace (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Leon\\u012bds Breik\\u0161s]], Soviet poet, journalist\n        and patriot (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ants Piip.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ants\n        Piip]]]]\\n[[File:Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Maria Antonina Kratochwil]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Ants Piip]], 7th\n        [[Prime Minister of Estonia|Prime Minister]] and 1st [[State Elder of Estonia|State\n        Elder]] of Estonia (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Alois Eli\\u00e1\\u0161]],\n        Czech general and politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 3]] \\n** [[Ludwik\n        \\u0106wikli\\u0144ski]], Prussian philologist and professor (b. [[1853]])\\n**\n        [[Olaf Huseby]], Norwegian-born American publisher (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Giuseppe Cassioli]], Italian painter and sculptor (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] \\n** [[Siegmund Gl\\u00fccksmann]], German politician (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Lorenzo Aguirre]], Spanish painter (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Wac\\u0142aw W\\u0105sowicz]],\n        Polish painter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Maria Antonina Kratochwil]],\n        Polish [[Roman Catholic]] nun, martyr and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October\n        9]] – [[William T. Hanna]], American marine (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Aritomo Got\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[October 15]] – Dame [[Marie Tempest]], British actress\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Federico Ferrari Orsi]], Italian\n        army officer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Paul Nikolaus Cossmann]],\n        German journalist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[May Robson]],\n        Australian actress (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Staf De Clercq]],\n        Belgian collabrator and nationalist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Ralph Rainger]], American composer and songwriter (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October\n        24]]\\n** [[Dimitri Amilakhvari]], French military officer (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[St John Hutchinson]], British barrister and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[James C. Morton]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 28]] –\n        [[Alexander von Dassel]], German magistrate (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Emilio Caldara]], Italian politician (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Heinrich\n        XXXIII RjL - Zum Besten der Kriegswaisen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Heinrich\n        XXXIII Reuss of K\\u00f6stritz]]]]\\n[[File:Hernando siles reyes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hernando\n        Siles Reyes]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad Ali Foroughi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohammad Ali\n        Foroughi]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Hugo Distler]], German composer (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Elihu Grant]], American scholar and\n        writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\n** [[Eric Abrahamsson]], Swedish\n        actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Am\\u00e9d\\u00e9 Ardoin]], American musician (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Andrew F. Cook, Jr.]], American army\n        officer (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[George M. Cohan]], American\n        songwriter and entertainer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Edna\n        May Oliver]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Hector\n        Abbas]], Dutch actor (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Merton Beckwith-Smith]], British\n        army officer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Laura Hope Crews]],\n        American actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Daniel J. Callaghan]],\n        American admiral and Medal of Honor recipient (killed in action) (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Norman Scott (Medal of Honor)|Norman Scott]], American admiral and Medal\n        of Honor recipient (killed in action) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        [[Prince Heinrich XXXIII Reuss of K\\u00f6stritz]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        16]] – [[Joseph Schmidt]], Polish tenor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November\n        19]]\\n** [[Ilya Fondaminsky]], Soviet author (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Bruno Schulz]],\n        Polish writer and painter (shot) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[Count Leopold Berchtold]], Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Tomitar\\u014d Horii]], Japanese general (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Hernando Siles Reyes]], Bolivian politician, 31st [[President of Bolivia]]\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Guido Masiero]], Italian World War\n        I flying ace and aviation pioneer (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Francesco Agello]],\n        Italian aviator (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Mihail Dragomirescu]],\n        Romanian aesthetician, theorist and critic (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Clarence Lee\n        Evans]], American naval officer, killed in battle at the [[Battle of Guadalcanal]]\n        (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Mohammad Ali Foroughi]], Iranian diplomat,\n        politician, teacher and writer, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Sigtryggur Jonasson]], Canadian politician (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[November 27]]\n        – [[Hermann Harms]], German botanist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 28]]\n        – [[Marceli Nowotko]], Polish activist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 29]]\n        – [[William Stamps Farish II]], American pioneer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** [[Buck Jones]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Anthony M. Rud]],\n        American writer (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Fran%C3%A7ois Darlan\n        1942 USA-MTO-NWA-p266.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Francois Darlan]]]]\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Wilhelm Junk]], Czechoslovakian natural historian, bibliographer\n        and entomologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Richard Tucker\n        (actor)|Richard Tucker]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n**\n        [[Karl Herxheimer]], German dermatologist (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Amos Rusie]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December\n        7]] – [[Orland Steen Loomis]], Governor of Wisconsin (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] \\n** [[Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia]] (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]], American architect (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[S\\u00e9raphine Louis]], French painter (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] \\n** [[Robert Danneberg]], Austrian politician (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Helen Westley]], American actress (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Hakeem\n        Fateh Mohammad Sehwani]], Indian scholar, poet, literary, journalist and politician\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Wlodimir Led\\u00f3chowski]], Polish [[Jesuit]] priest\n        and servant of God (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Carl Gustav\n        Fleischer]], Norwegian general (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Franz\n        Boas]], German anthropologist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Robert\n        Kosch]], Prussian general (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Konstantin\n        Balmont]], Soviet poet and translator (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Darlan]], French admiral and politician, 81st [[Prime Minister\n        of France]] (assassinated) (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[William\n        G. Morgan]], inventor of volleyball  (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Nevile Henderson]], British diplomat (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n*\n        [[Habib Pacha Es-Saad]], 3rd Prime Minister and 2nd President of Lebanon (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|33em}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1942-pictures.html\n        1942 coin pictures]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1942}}\\n\\n[[Category:1942| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T23:09:23Z\",\"lastrevid\":799802298,\"length\":100172,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1942&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942\"},\"34630\":{\"pageid\":34630,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1943\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T06:40:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1943|the 1987 arcade game|1943: The\n        Battle of Midway|the EP by Soul-Junk|1943 (EP)}}\\n{{Events by month|1943}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1943}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1943}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1943}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 WWII: The Soviet Union announces\n        that 22 German divisions have been encircled at [[Stalingrad]], with 175,000\n        killed and 137,650 captured.\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** WWII: Greek-Polish athlete\n        and saboteur [[Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz]] is executed by the Germans at [[Kaisariani]].\\n**\n        [[Culbert Olson]], 29th [[Governor of California]], is succeeded by [[Earl\n        Warren]].\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 The United States and United Kingdom give\n        up territorial rights in China.\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 36 people are executed\n        and 200 arrested in anti-[[Nazi]] protests in [[Sofia]].\\n* [[January 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[January 24|24]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Casablanca Conference]]: [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]], President of the United States; [[Winston Churchill]], Prime\n        Minister of the United Kingdom; and Generals [[Charles de Gaulle]] and [[Henri\n        Giraud]] of the [[Free French forces]] meet secretly at the Anfa Hotel in\n        [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]], to plan the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        European strategy for the next stage of the war.\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** WWII:\n        [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] \\u2013 [[Operation Ke]]: [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]ese\n        forces begin to withdraw from [[Guadalcanal]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].\\n**\n        The world''s largest office building, [[The Pentagon]], is dedicated in [[Arlington,\n        Virginia]].\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Iraq]] declares war on the [[Axis powers]].\\n*\n        [[January 18]]\\n** WWII: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] officials announce that the\n        [[Red Army]] has broken the [[Wehrmacht]]''s [[siege of Leningrad]] as part\n        of [[Operation Iskra]], opening a narrow land corridor to the city. [[Georgy\n        Zhukov]] is promoted to [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]].\\n** The first [[Warsaw\n        Ghetto Uprising]] begins.\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[January 23|23]] \\u2013\n        [[Legionnaires'' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom]] in the [[Kingdom of Romania]].\\n*\n        [[January 22]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Buna\\u2013Gona]] ends with American and\n        Australian forces securing control of the [[territory of Papua]].\\n** [[The\n        Holocaust]]: Over 4,000 Jews are detained in Nazi-occupied [[Marseille]] as\n        part of \\\"Action Tiger\\\" before being transported to [[extermination camp]]s\n        in Poland.\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** WWII: British forces capture [[Tripoli]]\n        from the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italians]].\\n** [[Duke Ellington]] plays at New\n        York City''s [[Carnegie Hall]] for the first time.\\n** American critic and\n        commentator [[Alexander Woollcott]] suffers an eventually fatal heart attack\n        during a regular broadcast of the [[CBS]] Radio [[Round table (discussion)|round-table]]\n        program ''''People''s Platform''''.\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 WWII: 50 bombers\n        mount the first all American [[airstrike|air raid]] against Germany: [[Wilhelmshaven]]\n        is the target.\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** Nazi German police arrest alleged [[necrophiliac]]\n        and [[serial killer]] [[Bruno L\\u00fcdke]].\\n** [[United States Marine Corps\n        Women''s Reserve]] (MCWR) created.\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[January 30|30]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Rennell Island]] \\u2013 The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]\n        resists the United States Navy''s attempt to interrupt the [[Operation Ke|withdrawal\n        of Japanese forces]] from [[Guadalcanal]] in the last major [[naval battle]]\n        of the [[Guadalcanal Campaign]].\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[January 31|31]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Wau]] \\u2013 Australian forces with United States\n        support resist a Japanese advance in the [[New Guinea campaign]].\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n{{Main article|February 1943}}\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 WWII: In Russia,\n        the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] comes to an end with the surrender of the [[6th\n        Army (Wehrmacht)|German 6th Army]].\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Four\n        Chaplains]] of the U.S. Army are among those drowned when their ship, {{SS|Dorchester||2}},\n        is struck by a German [[torpedo]] in the North Atlantic.\\n* [[February 5]]\n        \\u2013 Lt. General [[Frank M. Andrews]] is selected to command the U.S. armies\n        in Europe, while General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is assigned command in North\n        Africa. Andrews will serve only three months before dying in an airplane crash.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** North Atlantic [[convoy SC 118]] is attacked\n        by [[U-boat]]s, sinking eight ships.{{cite journal|author=((Waters, John\n        M. Jr., CAPT USCG)) |title=Stay Tough |publisher=United States Naval Institute\n        Proceedings |date=December 1966}}\\n** In the United States, it is announced\n        that shoe [[Rationing#Civilian rationing|rationing]] will go into effect in\n        two days.\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] in the\n        [[Solomon Islands]] ends with United States forces in command of [[Guadalcanal]],\n        the evacuation of Japanese forces in [[Operation Ke]] having been completed\n        two days earlier.\\n** [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]]\n        by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] begin with the [[Paro\\u015bla I massacre]]\n        within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]].\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[March\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]] (under arrest by forces of the [[British Raj]]\n        in [[Pune]] as a member of the [[Quit India Movement]]) keeps a hunger strike\n        to protest at his imprisonment.\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Rostov-on-Don]]\n        in Russia is liberated.\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[February 17|17]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Battle of Sidi Bou Zid]]: In the [[Tunisia Campaign]], German [[Panzer\n        division]]s commanded by [[Hans-J\\u00fcrgen von Arnim]] are victorious over\n        the United States Army.\\n*[[February 16]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Soviet Union]]\n        reconquers [[Kharkov]], but is later driven out in the [[Third Battle of Kharkov]].\\n*[[February\n        18]]\\n** In a [[Sportpalast speech|''''Sportpalast'''' speech]] in Berlin,\n        German Propaganda Minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] declares a \\\"[[total war]]\\\"\n        against the Allies, tacitly admitting that [[Nazi Germany]] faces serious\n        dangers.\\n** The [[Nazism|Nazis]] arrest the members of the [[White Rose]]\n        [[German resistance to Nazism|German Resistance]] movement.\\n* [[February\n        19]] \\u2013 [[February 25|25]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]]:\n        German General [[Erwin Rommel]]''s [[Afrika Korps]] and other [[Axis powers|Axis]]\n        forces launch an offensive against [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] defenses\n        in [[Tunisia]]; it is the United States'' first major battle defeat of the\n        war. On February 22 an Anglo-American force halts the German advance near\n        [[Thala, Tunisia|Thala]], forcing the Germans to retreat, US bombers harass\n        the retreating Panzers.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** American [[movie studio]] executives\n        agree to allow the [[Office of War Information]] to [[Censorship|censor]]\n        movies.\\n** The [[Par\\u00edcutin]] [[volcano]] begins to appear in a cornfield\n        in Mexico.{{cite web|url=http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Paricutin.html|title=The\n        Eruption of Par\\u00edcutin (1943\\u20131952)|work=How Volcanoes Work|accessdate=2012-10-23}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/img_paricutin.html|title=Par\\u00edcutin,\n        Mexico|work=Volcano World|accessdate=2012-10-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/onehundredyears/expeditions/Paricutin.html|title=Par\\u00edcutin:\n        The Birth of a Volcano|publisher=[[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural\n        History]]|accessdate=2012-10-23}}\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 WWII: North\n        Atlantic [[convoy ON 166]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking eleven ships.{{cite\n        book|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939\\u20131945|author=Rohwer, J.  |author2=Hummelchen,\n        G.|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1992|page=194|isbn=1-55750-105-X}}\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 Members of [[White Rose]] are executed in [[Nazi Germany]].\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[February 24|24]] \\u2013 [[Cavan Orphanage Fire]]:\n        35 girls and a cook from St Joseph''s [[Orphanage]], an [[Industrial Schools\n        in Ireland|industrial school]] at [[Cavan]], Ireland, are killed in a fire\n        in their dormitories. A subsequent inquiry absolves the [[Poor Clares]] of\n        blame.\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Smith Mine disaster]]: an explosion at\n        Smith Mine #3 in [[Bearcreek, Montana]], United States kills 74 coal miners.\\n*\n        [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Operation Gunnerside]]: 6 Norwegians led by [[Joachim\n        R\\u00f8nneberg]] successfully attack the [[heavy water]] plant at [[Vemork]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1943}}\\n[[File:A20BismarckSea.jpg|thumb|A low level attack on\n        a Japanese ship during the [[Battle of the Bismarck Sea]]]]\\n[[File:Krakow\n        Ghetto 06694.jpg|thumb|Jewish prisoners being deported from the [[Krak\\u00f3w\n        Ghetto]]]]\\n* March \\u2013 Publication in New York of exiled French aviator\n        [[Antoine de Saint-Exup\\u00e9ry]]''s self-illustrated children''s [[novella]]\n        ''''[[The Little Prince]]'''', the all-time [[List of best-selling books|best-selling\n        book]] originated in French.\\n* March\\u2013December \\u2013 [[History of computing\n        hardware]]: Construction of British prototype Mark I [[Colossus computer]],\n        the world''s first totally ''''electronic'''' programmable computing device,\n        to assist in [[cryptanalysis]] of German signals at [[Bletchley Park]].{{cite\n        book|year=2006|editor-last=Copeland|editor-first=B. Jack|title=Colossus: the\n        Secrets of Bletchley Park''s Codebreaking Computers|publisher=Oxford University\n        Press|isbn=978-0-19-284055-4}}\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Heinz Guderian]]\n        becomes the Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the [[German Army\n        (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013[[March 2|2]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Koriukivka massacre]] \\u2013 Mass murder of 6,700 inhabitants of [[Koriukivka]]\n        in the [[Ukraine]] by a [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[SS]] unit.\\n* [[March 2]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of the Bismarck Sea]] \\u2013 United States and Australian\n        forces sink Japanese convoy ships.\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 173 people are killed\n        in a crush while trying to enter an [[air-raid shelter]] at [[Bethnal Green\n        tube station|Bethnal Green, London]].\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 The [[15th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held in Los Angeles. ''''[[Mrs. Miniver (film)|Mrs. Miniver]]''''\n        wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] award.\\n* [[March\n        5]] \\u2013 The [[Gloster Meteor]], the first operational military [[jet aircraft]]\n        for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], has its first test flight, in England.\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[March 10|10]] \\u2013 WWII: North Atlantic [[convoy SC\n        121]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking seven ships.{{cite book|title=Chronology\n        of the War at Sea 1939\\u20131945|author=Rohwer, J.  |author2=Hummelchen, G.|publisher=Naval\n        Institute Press|year=1992|page=196|isbn=1-55750-105-X}}\\n* [[March 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]] forms the new government of\n        Turkey (14th government; \\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu had served twice\n        as a prime minister).\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Banco Bradesco]] is founded\n        in [[Mar\\u00edlia]], [[S\\u00e3o Paulo]], Brazil.\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[The\n        Holocaust]]: [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] forces liquidate the Jews of the\n        [[Krak\\u00f3w Ghetto]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|Occupied Poland]].\\n*\n        [[March 14]] \\u2013 WWII: British submarine [[HMS Thetis (N25)|HMS ''''Thunderbolt'''']]\n        is sunk off [[Sicily]] by an Italian [[corvette]], the second time this vessel\n        has been lost with all hands.{{cite web|title=HMS Thunderbolt (N 25)|work=uboat.net|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3485.html|accessdate=2010-10-21}}{{cite\n        book|first1=C. E. T.|last1=Warren|first2=James|last2=Benson|title=\\\"The Admiralty\n        regrets ...\\\": the story of His Majesty''s submarine Thetis and Thunderbolt|location=London|publisher=Harrap|year=1958}}\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[Italian submarine Leonardo da Vinci|Italian\n        submarine ''''Leonardo da Vinci'''']] sinks the [[Canadian Pacific Railway|Canadian\n        Pacific]] [[Ocean liner|liner]] [[RMS Empress of Canada (1920)|RMS ''''Empress\n        of Canada'''']] off [[Sierra Leone]]. Nearly half of the 392 fatalities are\n        Italian [[prisoners of war]].\\n** German forces recapture [[Kharkov]] after\n        four days of house-to-house fighting against [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops,\n        ending the month-long [[Third Battle of Kharkov]].\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[March 19|19]] \\u2013 WWII: 22 ships from [[Convoys HX 229/SC 122]] and one\n        U-boat are sunk in the largest North Atlantic U-boat \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\"\n        attack of the war.\\n* [[March 17]] ([[Saint Patrick''s Day]]) \\u2013 [[\\u00c9amon\n        de Valera]], [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]], makes the speech\n        \\\"[[The Ireland That We Dreamed Of]]\\\", commonly called the \\\"comely maidens\\\"\n        speech, in [[Dublin Castle]].\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Khatyn massacre]]\n        \\u2013 The entire population of [[Khatyn]] in [[Belarus]] is burnt alive by\n        the German occupation forces.\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 The drugs [[Vicodin]]\n        and [[Lortab]] are first produced in Germany.\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Battle of the Komandorski Islands]]: In the [[Aleutian Islands]], the battle\n        begins when [[United States Navy]] forces intercept Japanese troops attempting\n        to reinforce a garrison at [[Kiska]].\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 WWII: British\n        [[Royal Navy]] [[escort carrier]] {{HMS|Dasher|D37}} is destroyed by an accidental\n        explosion in the [[Firth of Clyde]], killing 379 of the crew of 528.\\n* [[March\n        28]] \\u2013 In Italy a ship full of weapons and ammunition explodes in the\n        port of [[Naples]], killing 600.\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Richard Rodgers|Rodgers]]\n        and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Oklahoma!]]'''' opens on\n        [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], heralds a new era in \\\"integrated\\\" stage musicals,\n        becomes an instantaneous stage classic, and goes on to be Broadway''s longest-running\n        musical up to that time (1948).\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1943}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]] \\u2013 Shipwrecked steward [[Poon Lim]] is rescued by Brazilian\n        fishermen after being adrift for 130 days.\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 WWII: Radio\n        Berlin announces the discovery by [[Wehrmacht]] of mass graves of Poles killed\n        by Soviets in the [[Katyn massacre]].\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[Albert Hofmann]]\n        self-administers the psychedelic drug [[LSD]] (which he first synthesized\n        in [[1938]]) for the first time in history, and records the details of his\n        experience.[http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child1.htm How LSD Originated],\n        Albert Hofmann. {{Main article|History of lysergic acid diethylamide}}\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: The [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] begins when Nazi troops\n        enter the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] to round up remaining Jews.\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013\n        WWII: Worst bombing of [[Aberdeen]], Scotland, killing 125 people.[http://news.stv.tv/north/222033-aberdeen-suffered-its-own-blitzkrieg-70-years-ago-this-weekend\n        Bombing of Aberdeen], news.stv.tv; accessed 6 December 2014.\\n** The\n        first Tiger 1is captured by Allied forces, Tiger No.131 is captured in North\n        Africa by British Forces\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Easter]] occurs on the latest\n        possible date (last time [[1886]]; next time [[2038]]) in the [[Western Christianity|Western\n        Christian Church]].\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 The [[Easter Riots]] in [[Uppsala]],\n        [[Sweden]].\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 The U.S. [[Federal Writers'' Project]]\n        ceases operation.\\n* [[April 30]] - The birth of [[Paul Jennings]]\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1943}}\\n[[File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 08.jpg|thumb|This\n        photograph, from the [[Stroop Report]], shows captured fighters in the [[Warsaw\n        Ghetto Uprising]].]]\\n[[File:Mohne Dam Breached.jpg|thumb|The [[M\\u00f6hne\n        Dam]] breached following [[Operation Chastise]], carried out by the [[No.\n        617 Squadron RAF|\\\"Dambusters\\\"]] of the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]].]]\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 WWII: Six U-boats are sunk after sinking 12 ships from [[Convoy\n        ONS 5]] in the last major North Atlantic U-boat \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\"\n        attack of the war.\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[May 12|12]] \\u2013 Japanese troops\n        carry out the [[Changjiao massacre]] in Changjiao, [[Hunan]], China.\\n* [[May\n        11]] \\u2013 WWII: American troops invade [[Attu Island|Attu]] in the [[Aleutian\n        Islands]], in an attempt to expel occupying Japanese forces.\\n* [[May 12]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Trident Conference]] begins in Washington, D.C., with [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] taking part.\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013\n        WWII: German [[Afrika Korps]] and Italian troops in North Africa surrender\n        to [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces.\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** The [[AHS Centaur|Australian\n        Hospital Ship ''''Centaur'''']] is sunk off the coast of Queensland by {{ship|Japanese\n        submarine |I-177}}, killing 268 of the 332 medical personnel and civilian\n        crew aboard.\\n** [[358th Bombardment Squadron]], [[303d Bombardment Group]]\n        [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants#B-17F|B-17F]] ''''Hell''s Angels''''\n        is the first [[USAAF]] [[bomber]] to complete 25 missions.\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013\n        The [[Comintern]] is dissolved in Moscow.\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[May 17|17]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Chastise]] (the ''Dambuster Raid'') takes place:\n        [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]] use [[bouncing bomb]]s to breach German dams in the\n        [[Ruhr Valley]].\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Holocaust]]: The [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]]\n        ends.\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[United States Army]] contracts\n        with the [[University of Pennsylvania]]''s Moore School to develop the computer\n        [[ENIAC]].\\n** The ''''[[Memphis Belle (aircraft)|Memphis Belle''s]]'''' crew\n        becomes the first aircrew in the [[8th Air Force]] to complete its 25-mission\n        tour of duty. The aircraft and crew are the first to return to the U.S. intact\n        for a War Bond drive.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Winston Churchill]] addresses\n        a [[joint session of the United States Congress]].\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Norman\n        Rockwell]]''s illustration of ''''[[Rosie the Riveter]]'''' first appears\n        on the cover of ''''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''''.\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Dr. [[Josef Mengele]] begins his service as a medical officer\n        in the [[Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1943}}\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[BOAC Flight 777]], a [[DC-3]] with\n        registration G-AGBB (formerly [[KLM]] PH-ALI, ''''Ibis''''), on a scheduled\n        passenger flight, is shot down over the [[Bay of Biscay]] by eight German\n        [[Junkers Ju 88]]s; all 17 persons aboard perish, including the actor [[Leslie\n        Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]]. There is speculation that the downing is an\n        attempt to kill the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], [[Winston Churchill]],\n        as the Germans may have had wrong information he was aboard.\\n* [[June 3]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Zoot Suit Riots]] erupt between military personnel and Mexican\n        American youths in East Los Angeles.{{cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi07t.htm|title=Los\n        Angeles Zoot Suit Riots|work=Los Angeles Almanac}}\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013\n        A military [[1943 Argentine coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Argentina]]\n        ousts [[Ram\\u00f3n Castillo]].\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Japanese battleship\n        Mutsu|Japanese battleship ''''Mutsu'''']] is destroyed by an accidental magazine\n        explosion in [[Hashirajima]] anchorage\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[June 23|23]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Detroit race riot of 1943]] in the United States kills 34 people\n        \\u2013 25 African Americans, nine whites \\u2013 wounds hundreds more and damages\n        and destroys property worth millions.{{cite web|url=http://life.time.com/history/detroit-race-riots-1943-photos-from-a-city-in-turmoil-during-wwii/#1|title=Hatred\n        on the Home Front: The Detroit Race Riots During WWII|first=Ben|last=Cosgrove|work=Time\n        Life|date=2014-06-18|accessdate=2016-11-29}}\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        British saboteurs blow up the strategically significant railway viaduct at\n        [[Asopos]] in Greece.\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[45th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]] lands in North Africa,\n        prior to training at [[Arzew]], French Morocco.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 United\n        States [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] abolished.\\n* June (late) \\u2013 [[The\n        Holocaust]]: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec\n        extermination camp]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|Occupied Poland]]\n        (for gassing at [[Sobib\\u00f3r extermination camp|Sobib\\u00f3r]]) and for\n        the remainder of the year the [[Nazism|Nazis]] make efforts to obliterate\n        the site.{{cite book|first=Yitzhak|last=Arad|title=Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka:\n        The Operation Reinhard Death Camps|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|year=1999|page=371|isbn=0-253-21305-3}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191|publisher=[[United\n        States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Belzec|work=Holocaust Encyclopedia|accessdate=2013-01-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107184303/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191|archivedate=2012-01-07|df=mdy}}\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:SC180476.jpg|thumb|The\n        U.S. [[Liberty ship]] SS ''''Robert Rowan'''' explodes during the [[Allied\n        invasion of Sicily]], July 11, 1943.]]\\n[[File:Bombing of Hamburg.ogg|thumb|The\n        [[bombing of Hamburg in WWII|bombing of Hamburg]] during 1943.]]\\n[[File:Wladyslaw\n        Sikorski 2.jpg|thumb|Wladyslaw Sikorski, Polish military and political leader\n        of the polish government in exile during World War 2]]\\n{{Main article|July\n        1943}}\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 United States [[Women''s Army Corps]] (WAC) converted\n        to full status.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash]]: The aircraft\n        carrying General [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Sikorski]], Prime Minister of the [[Polish\n        government-in-exile]], crashes, killing him and fifteen others, leading to\n        [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Sikorski''s death controversy|a lasting controversy\n        over the circumstances]].\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Kursk]]\n        \\u2013 The largest tank battle in history begins.\\n** A fleet sets sail for\n        the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]].\\n** Conclusion of the [[National Bands\n        Agreement]] in Greece.\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 WWII: Americans and Japanese fight\n        the [[Battle of Kula Gulf]] off [[Kolombangara]].\\n* [[July 10]] (0245 GMT\n        (4:45 am local time)) \\u2013 WWII: [[Allied invasion of Sicily]]: The [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[Axis powers|Axis]]-controlled Europe\n        begins with landings on the island of [[Sicily]] off mainland Italy by the\n        [[Seventh United States Army]] and the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British\n        Eighth Army]] including the [[1st Canadian Infantry Division]].\\n* [[July\n        11]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[United States Army]] forces make an assault on Piano\n        Lupo, just outside [[Gela]], [[Sicily]].\\n** [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia\n        and Eastern Galicia]] by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] within the [[Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine]] ([[Volhynia]]) peak.\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 WWII: Main engagement\n        of the [[Battle of Prokhorovka]] \\u2013 The [[Wehrmacht]] and the [[Red Army]]\n        fight to a draw in one of the largest tank battles in [[military history]].\\n*\n        [[July 19]] \\u2013 WWII: Rome is bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]\n        for the first time in the war.\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Gomorrha]]\n        begins: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb [[Hamburg]] by night; the American\n        planes bomb the city by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000\n        tons of explosives will have killed more than 42,000 people and destroyed\n        280,000 buildings.\\n[[File:Mussolini mezzobusto.jpg|200px|thumb|Mussolini]]\\n*\n        [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Benito Mussolini]], the Fascist [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        since 1922, is arrested after the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] withdraws its\n        support. \\\"Il Duce\\\" is replaced by General [[Pietro Badoglio]].\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:B-24D''s\n        fly over Polesti during World War II.jpg|thumb|B-24d''s fly over [[Ploie\\u015fti]]\n        during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].]]\\n[[File:Quebec conference 1943.png|thumb|[[William\n        Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston\n        Churchill]] at the [[Quebec Conference, 1943|1943 Quebec Conference]].]]\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1943}}\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Operation Tidal Wave]]: 177\n        [[B-24 Liberator]] bombers from the [[U.S. Army Air Force]] bomb oil refineries\n        at [[Ploie\\u0219ti|Ploie\\u0219ti, Romania]].\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[John F. Kennedy]]''s [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109|Motor Torpedo Boat ''''PT-109'''']]\n        is rammed by a destroyer.\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[aircraft carrier]]\n        {{USS|Intrepid|CV-11}} is launched at [[Newport News, Virginia]].\\n* [[August\n        5]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** United States [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] (WASPs)\n        formed, consolidating the [[Women''s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron]] (WAFS)\n        and [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] (WFTD).\\n** [[John F. Kennedy]] and\n        crew are found by [[Solomon Islands]] [[coastwatchers]] [[Biuku Gasa and Eroni\n        Kumana]] with their [[dugout canoe]].\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle\n        of Vella Gulf]]: Americans defeat a Japanese convoy off [[Kolombangara]],\n        as the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] drives the Japanese out of Munda airfield\n        on [[New Georgia]].\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 WWII: Rome is declared an [[open\n        city]] by the Italian government, with Italy offering to demilitarize the\n        capital in return for an Allied agreement not to bomb the city further.\\\"Badolgio\n        Declares Rome An ''Open City'', ''''Pittsburgh Press'''', August 15, 1943,\n        p. 1\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 The [[Quebec Conference, 1943|Quadrant\n        Conference]] begins in [[Quebec City]]; Canadian [[Prime Minister]] [[MacKenzie\n        King]] meets with [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].\\n*\n        [[August 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[US 7th Army]] under General [[George\n        S. Patton]] meets the [[British 8th Army]] under [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st\n        Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|General Montgomery]] in [[Messina, Sicily]],\n        completing the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]].\\n** [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation\n        Hydra]]: The British [[Royal Air Force]] sets out to bomb the [[Peenem\\u00fcnde\n        Army Research Center]] to disrupt the German [[V-weapons]] programme.\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Battle of Kursk]] ends with a serious strategic defeat\n        for the German forces.\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 WWII: \\u2013 [[Heinrich Himmler]]\n        is named Reichminister of the Interior in Germany .\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]]\n        named Supreme Allied Commander for Southeast Asia.\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013\n        WWII: King [[Boris III of Bulgaria]] dies under suspicious circumstances;\n        his 6-year-old son, [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]] (who would be elected\n        in 2001 as Prime Minister under the name Simeon Sakskoburggotski), ascends\n        to the throne.\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Occupation of Denmark]] \\u2013\n        Germany dissolves the Danish government after it refuses to deal with a wave\n        of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1943}}\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Allied invasion\n        of Italy]]: Mainland Italy is invaded by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        forces under General Sir [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of\n        Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]], for the first time in the war.\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 WWII: The 503rd Parachute Regiment under American General [[Douglas\n        MacArthur]] lands and occupies Nadzab, just east of the port city of [[Lae]]\n        in northeastern [[Papua New Guinea]].\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[Gulf Hotel\n        fire]]: A fire at the Gulf Hotel in [[Houston, Texas]] kills 55.\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\n** WWII: United States General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] publicly announces\n        the surrender of Italy to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n** WWII:\n        [[Frascati air raid]]: The USAAF bombs the German General Headquarters for\n        the Mediterranean zone.\\n** The first classes commence at [[Grace University]]\n        in [[Omaha, Nebraska]].\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Bertolt Brecht]]''s play\n        ''''[[Life of Galileo]]'''' ({{Lang-de|Leben des Galilei}}) receives its first\n        theatrical production at the [[Schauspielhaus Z\\u00fcrich]].\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Gran Sasso raid]] \\u2013 German paratroopers rescue Mussolini\n        from imprisonment, in ''''Unternehmen Eiche'''' (\\\"Operation Oak\\\").\\n* [[September\n        16]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Salerno Mutiny]] occurs when soldiers of the [[British\n        Army]]''s [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] refuse postings to new units.\\n*\n        [[September 17]] \\u2013 WWII: Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny \\u2013 a group\n        of pro-[[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisan]] soldiers led by [[Ferid D\\u017eani\\u0107]]\n        and others within the [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar\n        (1st Croatian)]] training in [[Occupied France]] rise against [[Nazi Germany|Nazi\n        German]] troops in the Division; the revolt is rapidly suppressed.\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[October 2]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Landing at Scarlet Beach]] on the\n        [[Huon Peninsula]] of [[New Guinea]] by Allied forces, the first time Australian\n        troops have made an opposed amphibious landing since the [[Gallipoli Campaign]]\n        of [[1915]]. \\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Italian Social Republic]]\n        (\\\"Republic of Sal\\u00f2\\\") is founded in northern Italy as a [[puppet state]]\n        of [[Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Four days of Naples]]\n        begins: a popular uprising drives German occupying forces from the city.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1943}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 WWII: United States forces\n        enter liberated [[Naples]].\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 WWII: Nazi [[Wehrmacht]]\n        forces commit the [[Lyngiades massacre]] in northwest Greece as an arbitrary\n        reprisal.\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the [[naval\n        Battle of Vella Lavella]].\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[1943 Naples\n        post-office bombing|Naples post-office bombing]] kills 100.\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        WWII: [[Double Tenth incident]] ([[Japanese occupation of Singapore]]): The\n        Japanese military police, the [[Kempeitai]], arrest and torture more than\n        50 civilians and civilian internees on false suspicion of their involvement\n        in a raid on [[Singapore]] Harbour during [[Operation Jaywick]]. \\n** The\n        [[Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union)|Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky]]\n        is instituted in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 WWII: The\n        new government of Italy sides with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and\n        declares war on Germany.\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** WWII: During the [[Second Raid\n        on Schweinfurt]], the United States [[Eighth Air Force]] suffers so many losses\n        that it loses [[air supremacy]] over Germany for several months.\\n** [[The\n        Holocaust]]: Uprising in [[Sobib\\u00f3r extermination camp]]; about half the\n        inmates escape. Three days later, the camp is closed.\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 P. Laurel]]\n        takes the oath of office as President of the [[Philippines]] ([[Second Philippine\n        Republic]]).\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The last [[commerce raider]]\n        [[German auxiliary cruiser Michel|''''hilfskreuzer Michel'''']], is sunk off\n        Japan by United States [[submarine]] [[USS Tarpon (SS-175)|''''Tarpon'''']].{{cite\n        book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|ISBN=0-13-354027-8|page=276}}\\n**\n        Completion of the [[Burma Railway]] between [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] and\n        [[Yangon|Rangoon]], Burma (modern-day [[Myanmar]]) ({{convert|415|km|mi|abbr=on}})\n        by the [[Empire of Japan]] to support its forces in the [[Burma campaign]]\n        using the [[forced labour]] of Asian civilians and [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        [[Prisoners of war]].\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Chiang Kai-shek]] takes the\n        oath of office as [[President of the Republic of China|Chairman of the National\n        Government of China]].\\n* [[October 19]]  \\u2013 WWII: Allied aircraft sink\n        the German-controlled cargo ship {{MS|Sinfra}} in the Mediterranean, killing\n        over 2,000 people, mostly [[Italian military internees]].\\n* [[October 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lucie Aubrac]] and others in her [[French Resistance]] cell liberate\n        [[Raymond Aubrac]] from [[Gestapo]] imprisonment.\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013\n        WWII: The British [[Royal Air Force]] delivers a highly destructive airstrike\n        on the German industrial and population center of [[Kassel]]; at least 10,000\n        are killed and 150,000 are made homeless. See [[Bombing of Kassel in World\n        War II]].\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 WWII: British [[Royal Navy]] [[destroyer]]\n        {{HMS|Eclipse|H08}} is sunk by a mine in the [[Aegean Sea]] with the loss\n        of 119 of the ship''s company and 134 troops.{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-21E-Eclipse.htm|title=HMS\n        ''''Eclipse'''', destroyer|work=naval-history.net|accessdate=2013-01-15}}\\n*\n        [[October 28]] \\u2013 Alleged date of the [[Philadelphia Experiment]], in\n        which the [[destroyer escort]] {{USS|Eldridge|DE-173}} was supposed to be\n        rendered invisible to human observers for a brief period.\\n* [[October 30]]\\n**\n        WWII: Signing of [[Moscow Declarations]]: the [[Declaration of the Four Nations]]\n        on general security, by the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and\n        Republic of China; and the Declarations on Italy, Austria and Atrocities by\n        the first three governments.\\n** The [[Merrie Melodies]] [[animated cartoon]]\n        ''''[[Falling Hare]]'''', one of the only [[Short film|short]]s with [[Bugs\n        Bunny]] getting out-smarted, is released in the United States.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1943}}\\n[[File:Cairo conference.jpg|thumb|[[Chiang Kai-shek]],\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] at the [[Cairo Conference]],\n        25 November 1943.]]\\n[[File:Lebanese flag.JPG|thumb|The first [[Flag of Lebanon|Lebanese\n        flag]] hand drawn and signed by the deputies of the Lebanese parliament, November\n        11, 1943. The [[French Mandate of Lebanon|French Mandate]] ends and [[Lebanon]]\n        gains independence in November 1943.]]\\n[[File:Teheran conference-1943.jpg|thumb|[[Joseph\n        Stalin]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Winston Churchill]] on the verandah\n        of the Soviet Embassy in [[Tehran]] during the [[Tehran Conference]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Goodtime]]: [[United States Marines]]\n        land on [[Bougainville Island]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].\\n* [[November\n        2]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** In the early morning hours, American and Japanese ships\n        fight the inconclusive [[Battle of Empress Augusta Bay]] off [[Bougainville\n        Island]].\\n** WWII: British troops in Italy reach the [[Garigliano River]].\\n*\n        [[November 3]] \\u2013 Holocaust: As part of [[Aktion Erntefest|Operation Harvest\n        Festival]], the single largest massacre of Jews in the entire war took place\n        when over 43,000 Jews were shot or machine-gunned to death by the [[SS]].\\n*\n        [[November 5]] WWII: First [[Bombing of the Vatican]]: Four bombs are dropped\n        on the neutral [[Vatican City]]; the aircraft responsible is never certainly\n        identified.\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/431109a.html\n        Agreement] for foundation of the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation\n        Administration]] signed by 44 countries in the [[White House]], Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 Execution of the [[L\\u00fcbeck martyrs]], four\n        men of religion, for supposedly treasonable views.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Leonard Bernstein]], substituting at the last minute for ailing principal\n        conductor [[Bruno Walter]], directs the [[New York Philharmonic]] in its regular\n        Sunday afternoon broadcast concert over [[CBS]] Radio. The event receives\n        front-page coverage in ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' the following day.\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Porajmos]]: German [[SS]] leader [[Heinrich Himmler]]\n        orders that [[Romani people|Gypsies]] and \\\"part-Gypsies\\\" be put \\\"on the\n        same level as Jews and placed in [[Nazi concentration camps]].\\\"\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** WWII: After flying from Britain, 160 American bombers [[Norwegian\n        heavy water sabotage|strike]] a [[hydro-electric power]] facility and [[heavy\n        water]] factory in German-controlled [[Vemork]], Norway.\\n** WWII: A Japanese\n        [[submarine]] sinks the surfaced U.S. submarine {{USS|Corvina|SS-226|6}} near\n        [[Chuuk Lagoon]] (Truk).\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Berlin\n        (RAF campaign)|Battle of Berlin]] \\u2013 The British [[Royal Air Force]] opens\n        its bombing campaign against Berlin with 440 planes causing only light damage\n        and killing 131. The RAF loses 9 aircraft and 53 aviators.\\n* [[November 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[The Holocaust]]: Inmates of [[Janowska concentration camp]] near\n        [[Lw\\u00f3w]] (at this time in [[History of Poland (1939\\u201345)|German-occupied\n        Poland]]), stage a failed uprising, after which the [[SS]] liquidates the\n        camp, resulting in at least 6,000 deaths.\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Battle of Tarawa]]: [[United States Marines]] land on [[Tarawa Atoll|Tarawa]]\n        and [[Makin (islands)|Makin]] [[atoll]]s in the [[Gilbert Islands]] ([[Kiribati]]\n        from [[1979]]) and take heavy fire from Japanese shore guns.\\n* [[November\n        22]] \\u2013[[November 26|26]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Cairo Conference]] (\\\"Sextant\\\")\n        \\u2013 [[President of the United States]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Prime\n        Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Chairman of the\n        National Government of China]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] meet at [[Cairo]] in Egypt\n        to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the [[Pacific War]].\\n* [[November 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lebanon]] gains independence on ending of the [[French Mandate for\n        Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]].\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 The [[Deutsches\n        Opernhaus]] on Bismarckstra\\u00dfe in the Berlin district of [[Charlottenburg]]\n        is destroyed in an air raid (It is reopened in [[1961]] as the [[Deutsche\n        Oper Berlin]]).\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 WWII: Americans and Japanese fight\n        the naval [[Battle of Cape St. George]] between [[Buka Island|Buka]] and [[New\n        Ireland (island)|New Ireland]].\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 WWII: British [[troopship]]\n        [[HMT Rohna|HMT ''''Rohna'''']] is sunk off the north African coast by a ''''[[Luftwaffe]]''''\n        [[Henschel Hs 293]] radio controlled [[glide bomb]] killing 1015.{{cite\n        book|first=Barbara|last=Tomblin|title=With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations\n        in the Mediterranean, 1942\\u20131945|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2004|pages=308\\u2013310}}{{cite\n        book|first=Carlton|last=Jackson|title=Forgotten Tragedy: The Sinking of HMT\n        Rohna|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1997}}\\n* [[November 28]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Tehran Conference]]: U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],\n        British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]]\n        meet in [[Tehran]] to discuss war strategy. On [[November 30]], they establish\n        an agreement concerning a planned June 1944 invasion of Europe codenamed [[Operation\n        Overlord]].\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 The second session of [[AVNOJ]], the\n        Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of [[Yugoslavia]], is held in\n        [[Jajce]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], to determine the post-war ordering\n        of the country.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1943}}\\n* [[December\n        2]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Bari#The 1943 chemical warfare disaster|Bari chemical warfare\n        disaster]]: A surprise [[Luftwaffe]] [[air raid on Bari]] in Italy sinks 28\n        [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] ships in the harbor, including the American\n        [[Liberty ship]] {{SS|John Harvey}}, releasing its secret cargo of [[mustard\n        gas]] bombs, inflating the number of casualties.{{cite book|first=Glenn\n        B.|last=Infield|title=Disaster at Bari|year=1967}}\\n* [[December 3]]\\n**\n        In reprisal for an act of sabotage, the [[SS]] and [[Gestapo]] execute 100\n        [[Warsaw Tramway]] workers.{{cite web|title=December 3rd, 1943|url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/andrew.etherington/1943/12/03.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15}}\\n**\n        [[Edward R. Murrow]] delivers his classic \\\"Orchestrated Hell\\\" broadcast\n        over [[CBS]] Radio, describing a [[Royal Air Force]] nighttime bombing raid\n        on Berlin.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** WWII: In [[Yugoslavia]], resistance leader\n        Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]] proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav\n        government-in-exile.\\n** The [[Great Depression]] officially ends in the United\n        States: With unemployment figures falling fast due to WWII-related employment,\n        U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] closes the [[Works Progress Administration]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Bolivia]] declares war on [[Romania]] and Hungary.\\n* [[December 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chiara Lubich]] starts the humanitarian [[Focolare Movement]] in\n        [[Trento]], Italy.\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Massacre of Kalavryta]]:\n        The occupying [[117th J\\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)]] machine-gun all adult\n        males from [[Kalavryta]] in Greece, subsequently burning the town.\\n* [[December\n        15]] \\u2013 WWII: American and Australian forces began the [[Battle of Arawe]]\n        as a diversion before a larger landing at [[Cape Gloucester]] on [[New Britain]]\n        in Papua New Guinea.\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 A [[military coup]] is staged\n        in [[Bolivia]].\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 WWII: U.S. General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        becomes [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]]. He establishes [[Supreme Headquarters\n        Allied Expeditionary Force]] in London.\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Subhas\n        Chandra Bose]] sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at [[Port Blair]],\n        India.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal Famine]].\\n*\n        [[History of the cooperative movement]]: Father [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Arizmendiarrieta]]\n        sets up a polytechnic school at [[Mondrag\\u00f3n]] in the [[Spanish Basque\n        Country]] (predecessor of the [[University of Mondrag\\u00f3n]]) which inspires\n        creation of the [[Mondragon Corporation]].\\n* [[Arana Hall]], a residential\n        college of the [[University of Otago]] in [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, is founded.\\n*\n        [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] co-invents, with [[\\u00c9mile Gagnan]], the first\n        commercially successful open circuit type of [[Scuba set|scuba diving equipment]],\n        the [[Aqua-lung]].\\\"Year by Year 1943\\\" \\u2013 [[History Channel International]].\\n*\n        Publication of [[Martin Noth]]''s groundbreaking work of [[Old Testament]]\n        scholarship ''''\\u00dcberlieferungsgeschichtliche Studien: Die sammelnden\n        und bearbeitenden Geschichtswerke im Alten Testament''''.[Schriften der\n        K\\u00f6nigsberger Gelehrten-Gesellschaft: Geisteswissenschaftliche Klasse;\n        18,2 (trans: \\\"Writings of the K\\u00f6nigsberg Scholarly Society: Spiritual\n        Scientific Class No. 18.2\\\")]: ([[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] [\\\"Halle an\n        der Saale\\\"]: M. Niemeyer, 1943.)\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ren\\u00e9\n        Pr\\u00e9val on March 31, 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ren\\u00e9 Pr\\u00e9val]]]]\\n[[File:Janis\n        Joplin seated 1970.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Janis Joplin]]]]\\n[[File:Margriet von\n        Oranien-Nassau.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Mar\\u00edlia\n        P\\u00eara, 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|Mar\\u00edlia P\\u00eara]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Stanley Kamel]], American actor (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Don Novello]] (aka \\\"[[Father\n        Guido Sarducci]]\\\"), American comedian\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Bar\\u0131\\u015f\n        Man\\u00e7o]], Turkish singer and television personality (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]], American writer\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Terry Venables]], English football manager\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Sadako\n        Sasaki]], Japanese [[leukemia|atomic bomb sickness]] victim (d. [[1955]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Freddie Starr]], British comedian and singer\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Jim Croce]], American surburbia musician (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Jim Hightower]], American radio host and author\\n* [[January\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Richard Moll]], American television actor\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Ralph M. Steinman]], Canadian immunologist and cell biologist; Nobel laureate\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Holland Taylor]], American actress\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis\n        Rodr\\u00edguez (singer)|Jos\\u00e9 Luis Rodr\\u00edguez]], Venezuelan singer\\n*\n        [[January 15]] \\u2013 Dame [[Margaret Beckett]], British politician\\n* [[January\n        16]] - [[Peter T. Snowe]], American politician and businessman (d. [[1973]])\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9 Pr\\u00e9val]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Haiti]]\n        and 38th and 40th [[President of Haiti]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Kay Granger]], American politician\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Janis Joplin]],\n        American rock singer (d. [[1970]])\\n** [[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands]]\\n**\n        [[Haruo Yasuda]], Japanese gollfer\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Mel Hague]],\n        English singer and author\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Tam\\u00e1s Cseh]], Hungarian\n        composer, singer and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00edlia P\\u00eara]], Brazilian\n        actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Janice Raymond]], American second-wave\n        feminist activist\\n** [[Sharon Tate]], American actress and model murdered\n        by the [[Charles Manson|\\\"Manson Family\\\"]] (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n**\n        [[Dagmar Berghoff]], German radio and television presenter\\n** [[Roy Black\n        (singer)|Roy Black]], German singer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Tobe Hooper]], American\n        film director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[C\\u00e9sar Guti\\u00e9rrez]],\n        Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Beck (actor)|John Beck]], American actor\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Tony Blackburn]], British radio disc jockey\\n** [[Rudy Regalado (musician)|Rudy\n        Regalado]], Venezuelan musician (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Blythe\n        Danner - 1980.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Blythe Danner]]]]\\n[[File:JoePesci-2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe\n        Pesci]]]]\\n[[File:Koehlerhorst08032007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Horst K\\u00f6hler]]]]\\n[[File:George\n        Harrison 1974 edited.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Harrison]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erkan Geni\\u015f]], Turkish artist\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Blythe\n        Danner]], American actress\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Alberto Jo\\u00e3o Jardim]],\n        Portuguese politician\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Nolan Bushnell]], American video\n        game pioneer\\n** [[Michael Mann (director)|Michael Mann]], American film director,\n        writer, and producer\\n** [[Craig Morton]], American football player\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[Gareth Hunt]], English actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[Creed Bratton]], American actor and musician\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Joe Pesci]], American actor\\n** [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Mohammad Rafiquzzaman]], Bangladeshi lyricist\\n* [[February\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Wac\\u0142aw Kisielewski]], Polish pianist (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Maceo Parker]], American musician ([[James Brown]], [[P-Funk]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Elke Heidenreich]], German author, TV presenter and\n        journalist\\n* [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Graeme Garden]], Scottish writer, comedian,\n        and actor\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Homer Hickam]], American author and retired\n        [[NASA]] engineer\\n** [[Tim Hunt]], British biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Moshe Cotel]],\n        American composer and pianist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Antonio Inoki]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Mike Leigh]], British film director\\n* [[February\n        21]] \\u2013 [[David Geffen]], American record executive and film producer\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Horst K\\u00f6hler]], [[President of Germany|President\n        of the Federal Republic of Germany]]\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Fred Biletnikoff]],\n        American football player and coach\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Hristo Prodanov]],\n        Bulgarian mountaineer\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[George Harrison]], British\n        singer and guitarist ([[The Beatles]]) (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Bill Duke]], American actor and director\\n** [[Darcus Howe]], Trinidadian-born\n        British civil rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Morten\n        Lauridsen]], American composer\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Donnie Iris]],\n        American rock singer and guitarist ([[The Jaggerz]], [[Wild Cherry (band)|Wild\n        Cherry]], [[Donnie Iris|Donnie Iris and the Cruisers]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:David\n        Cronenberg 2012-03-08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Cronenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Evstafiev-ratko-mladic-1993-w.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ratko\n        Mladi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Mario Monti - Terre alte 2013.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mario\n        Monti]]]]\\n[[File:George Benson 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Benson]]]]\\n[[File:Eric\n        Idle.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Eric Idle]]]]\\n[[File:John Major 1996.jpg|100px|thumb|[[John\n        Major]]]]\\n[[File:ChristopherWalkenFeb08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Walken]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[Gil Amelio]], American entrepreneur\\n** [[Richard H. Price]],\n        American physicist\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Zygfryd Blaut]], Polish footballer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Tony Meehan]], British drummer ([[The Shadows]]) (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Straub]], American author\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Trond Mohn]], Norwegian\n        billionaire\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Lucio Dalla]], Italian singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Jeney]], Hungarian composer\\n* [[March 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lucio Battisti]], Italian singer and songwriter (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] \\u2013 [[Lynn Redgrave]], English actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March\n        9]]\\n** [[Bobby Fischer]], American chess player (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Charles\n        Gibson]], American television journalist\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Ratko Mladic]],\n        Serbia military leader\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 T\\u00e9chin\\u00e9]],\n        French film director\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[David Cronenberg]], Canadian film\n        director\\n** [[Sly Stone]], American singer\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Helen Armstrong\n        (violinist)|Helen Armstrong]], American violinist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Kim\n        Mu-saeng]], South Korean actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Kevin\n        Dobson]], American actor\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Mario J. Molina]], Mexican\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Mario Monti]],\n        54th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\\n* [[March 20]] \\n** [[Douglas Tompkins]],\n        American conservationist and businessman (d. [[2015]]) \\n** [[Gerard Malanga]],\n        American poet and photographer\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Gyulai]],\n        Hungarian sports official (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Vivian Stanshall]], British\n        comedian, writer, artist, broadcaster, and musician (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March\n        22]]\\n** [[George Benson]], American guitarist and singer-songwriter.\\n**\n        [[Keith Relf]], British rock musician ([[The Yardbirds]]) (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Paul Michael Glaser]], American actor\\n* [[March 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bob Woodward]], American journalist\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Eric Idle]],\n        British actor, writer, and composer\\n** [[John Major]], British politician,\n        70th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\\n** [[Vangelis]], Greek musician\n        and composer\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]], Bangladeshi politician\n        and convicted war criminal (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Christopher Walken]], American\n        actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:John Eliot Gardiner at rehearsal in Wroclaw cropped\n        portrait.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[John Eliot Gardiner]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Caterina Bueno]], Italian singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Hikaru\n        Saeki]], Japanese admiral, the first female [[flag officer|star officer]]\n        of the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]]\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Max Gail]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Miller Farr]], American football player\\n* [[April\n        10]]\\n** [[Andrzej Bade\\u0144ski]], Polish athlete (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Margaret\n        Pemberton]], English writer\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Harley Race]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Petro Tyschtschenko]], German\n        businessman\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Claus Theo G\\u00e4rtner]], German actor\\n*\n        [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[John Eliot Gardiner]], English conductor\\n* [[April\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Louise Gl\\u00fcck]], American poet and 12th [[US Poet Laureate]]\\n*\n        [[April 23]]\\n** [[Dominik Duka]], Czech Roman Catholic bishop and theologian\\n**\n        [[Fighting Harada]], Japanese boxer\\n** [[Frans Koppelaar]], Dutch painter\\n**\n        [[Herv\\u00e9 Villechaize]], French-born actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard Sterban]], American singer ([[The Oak Ridge Boys]])\\n* [[April\n        25]]\\n** [[Alan Feduccia]], American paleornithologist\\n** [[James G. Mitchell]],\n        Canadian computer scientist\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[John O. Creighton]],\n        American astronaut\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Ian Kershaw]], English historian\n        \\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Chiluba]], Zambian politician, 2nd [[President\n        of Zambia]] (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Michael Palin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Palin]]]]\\n[[File:Olafur Ragnar Grimsson - Davos 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\u00d3lafur\n        Ragnar Gr\\u00edmsson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Vassal Gadoengin]], [[Nauru]]an\n        politician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Michael Palin]], English comedian\n        and television presenter\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Grange Calveley]], British\n        writer and artist\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Richard Darman|Richard (Dick) Darman]],\n        American federal government official and businessman\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Kurt Trampedach]], Danish artist\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Jack Bruce]], British\n        musician and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\\u00edmsson]],\n        [[President of Iceland]]\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin]],\n        [[King of Malaysia]]\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)|Betty\n        Williams]], Northern Irish political activist, co-recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]]\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Jessi Colter]], American singer and composer\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Erica Terpstra]], Dutch swimmer, politician and president\n        of the Dutch Olympic Committee\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** [[Bruce Weitz]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Cilla Black]], English singer and entertainer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[James Chaney]], American civil rights worker (d. [[1964]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]]\\n** [[Sharon Gless]], American actress\\n** [[Joe Namath]], American\n        football player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Malcolm McDowell LF.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Malcolm\n        McDowell]]]]\\n[[File:BarryManilow.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barry Manilow]]]]\\n[[File:Klausvonklitzing.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Klaus\n        von Klitzing]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Lorrie Wilmot]], South African cricketer\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Kuki Gallmann]], Kenyan writer and poet\\n* [[June 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ilayaraaja]], Indian composer\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[John Burgess\n        (host)|John Burgess]], Australian game show host and actor\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Joyce Meyer]], Christian author and speaker\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Smalley]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Chan Hung-lit]], Hong Kong actor (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Nikki Giovanni]], American poet\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Colin Baker]], British\n        actor\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Malcolm McDowell]], British actor\\n* [[June\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Jim Sensenbrenner]], American politician\\n* [[June 15]]\\n**\n        [[Johnny Hallyday]], French singer and actor\\n** [[Poul Nyrup Rasmussen]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Denmark]]\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Joan Van Ark]], American\n        actress\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Newt Gingrich]], American politician\\n** [[Barry\n        Manilow]], American pop musician\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Barry Evans (actor)|Barry\n        Evans]], English actor (d. 1997)\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Marika Green]], French-Swedish\n        actress\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Klaus Maria Brandauer]], Austrian actor\\n** [[J.\n        Michael Kosterlitz]], Scottish-born condensed matter physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Patrick Bokanowski]],\n        French filmmaker\\n** [[James Levine]], American conductor\\n** [[Vint Cerf]],\n        American internet pioneer\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[John Beasley (actor)|John\n        Beasley]], American actor\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Rico Petrocelli]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Jens Birkemose]], Danish painter\\n**\n        [[Klaus von Klitzing]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Maureen O''Brien]], British actress\\n** [[Soon-Tek\n        Oh]], Korean-American actor\\n** [[Leopold Grausam]], Austrian footballer\\n**\n        [[Frank Zweerts]], Dutch field hockey player\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Cees Kurpershoek]],\n        Dutch sailor \\n** [[Daniel Kablan Duncan]], Ivorian politician\\n** [[Florence\n        Ballard]], American singer and founder of [[The Supremes]] (d. [[1976]])\\n**\n        [[Dieter Kottysch]], West German Olympic boxer (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jagger\n        live Italy 2003.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mick Jagger]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Hassan\n        Mohamed Ali Wariiri]], Somali judge\\n** [[Jeff Wayne]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Freddie Lewis]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Lauri Peters]],\n        American actress, dancer, singer, drama teacher and author\\n** [[Kenny Cameron]],\n        Scottish former footballer\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Judith Durham]], Australian\n        singer\\n** [[Ray Lynch]], American musician\\n** [[Kurtwood Smith]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Conny Bauer|Konrad \\\"Conny\\\" Bauer]], German trombonist\\n**\n        [[Geraldo Rivera]], American reporter and talk show host\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Istv\\u00e1n G\\u00e1li]], Hungarian boxer\\n** [[Curt Blefary]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen Geschke]], German\n        track cyclist\\n** [[M. Karathu]], Malaysian football manager and former player\\n**\n        [[Joel Siegel]], American film critic (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Guido\n        Marzulli]], Italian painter\\n** [[Carmine Preziosi]], Italian road bicycle\n        racer\\n*[[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Soledad Miranda]], Spanish actress (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\n** [[Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika]], Zambian politician\\n** [[Arthur\n        Ashe]], American tennis player (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**[[Christine\n        McVie]], British rock keyboardist and singer ([[Fleetwood Mac]])\\n**[[Walter\n        Murch]], American film editor and sound designer\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Jocelyn\n        Bell Burnell]], British astrophysicist\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Lim Zoong-sun]],\n        North Korean football player\\n** [[Reinaldo Arenas]], Cuban writer (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Johnson (American football coach)|Jimmy Johnson]], American football\n        coach and television analyst\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[David Griffin (English actor)|David\n        Griffin]], British actor\\n** [[Han Sai Por]], Singaporean sculptor\\n* [[July\n        20]]\\n** [[Christopher Murney]], American actor and vocal artist\\n** [[Wendy\n        Richard]], British actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Edward Herrmann]],\n        American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Henry McCullough]], Northern Irish musician\n        ([[Paul McCartney & Wings]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bob Shrum]], political consultant\\n*\n        [[July 23]]\\n** Dr. [[Randall Forsberg]], American nuclear freeze advocate\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Bob Hilton]], American game show announcer and host\\n**\n        [[Larry Manetti]], American actor\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Erika Steinbach]],\n        German politician\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Mick Jagger]], English rock singer\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Richard Wright (musician)|Richard Wright]], British musician\n        (Pink Floyd) (d. [[2008]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Pervez Musharraf 2004.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pervez\n        Musharraf]]]]\\n[[File:Roberto micheletti 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roberto Micheletti]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        De Niro Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert De Niro]]]]\\n[[File:Pino Presti\n        in Munich.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pino Presti]]]]\\n[[File:Surayud2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Surayud\n        Chulanont]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Max Wright]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Clarence Wijewardena]], Sri Lankan musician (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Sa\\u00df-Viehweger]], German politician, lawyer\n        and civil law notary\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Bj\\u00f8rn Wirkola]], Norwegian\n        ski jumper\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Nelson Briles]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Jim Hardin]], former [[Baltimore Orioles]],\n        [[New York Yankees]] and [[Atlanta Braves]] pitcher (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[August\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Ken Norton]], American boxer and actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August\n        11]]\\n** [[Abigail Folger]], American heiress and murder victim (d. [[1969]])\\n**\n        [[Pervez Musharraf]], Pakistani general and leader, 10th [[President of Pakistan]]\\n*\n        [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Micheletti]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n*\n        [[August 17]]\\n** [[Robert De Niro]], American actor\\n** [[Yukio Kasaya]],\n        Japanese ski jumper\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Gianni Rivera]], Italian footballer\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Sylvester McCoy]], British actor\\n* [[August 23]]\\n**\n        [[Bobby Diamond]], American actor\\n** [[Pino Presti]], Italian bassist, arranger,\n        composer, conductor, record producer\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Tuesday Weld]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Surayud Chulanont]], Thai politician,\n        24th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]\\n** [[Lou Piniella]], American baseball\n        player and manager\\n** [[Jihad Al-Atrash]], Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n*\n        [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Arthur B. McDonald]], Canadian astrophysicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Tal Brody]],\n        American-born Israeli basketball player\\n** [[Robert Crumb|R. Crumb]], American\n        artist and illustrator\\n** [[Altovise Davis]], American entertainer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Jean-Claude Killy]], French skier\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 [[Leonid Ivashov]],\n        Russian general\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Julio Iglesias09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julio\n        Iglesias]]]]\\n[[File:Lech Walesa - 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lech Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Don Stroud]], American actor and surfer\\n* [[September\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Valerie Perrine]], American actress and model\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Dulce Saguisag]], Filipino politician and former DSWD Secretary\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Richard J. Roberts]], English biochemist\n        and molecular biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n**\n        [[Roger Waters]], English musician ([[Pink Floyd]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Lena Valaitis]], Lithuanian-German Schlager singer\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Art LaFleur]], American actor\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Daniel Truhitte]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Neale Donald Walsch]], American author of the popular\n        books [[Conversations with God]]\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Gilbert Proesch]],\n        Italian-born artist ([[Gilbert and George]])\\n** [[Raymond Villeneuve]], Canadian\n        terrorist\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Mildred D. Taylor]], American writer\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Irwin Goodman]], Finnish singer (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\u2013 [[Oskar Lafontaine]], German politician\\n* [[September\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Joe Morgan]], American Hall of Fame baseball player\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Toni Basil]], American musician and video artist\\n* [[September\n        23]] \\n** [[Ernie Ackerley]], British footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Julio\n        Iglesias]], Spanish singer and songwriter\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[J.\n        T. Walsh]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n**[[Mohammad\n        Khatami]], 5th [[President of Iran]]\\n**[[Lech Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]], [[President\n        of Poland]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[September 30]]\\n**\n        [[Johann Deisenhofer]], German biochemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Ian Ogilvy]], English actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:ChevyChaseMar10.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chevy\n        Chase]]]]\\n[[File:Catherine Deneuve Cannes 2014 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Catherine\n        Deneuve]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]], French film director\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Franklin Rosemont]], American poet (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Michael Durrell]], American actor\\n* [[October 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Oliver North]], American military officer, military historian, political\n        commentator, author and television host\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Chevy Chase]],\n        American comedian and actor\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[John Nettles]], English\n        actor and writer\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Lois Hamilton]], American model,\n        actress and artist (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Penny Marshall]],\n        American actress, director and producer\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Paul Rose\n        (political figure)|Paul Rose]], Canadian terrorist\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Birthe\n        R\\u00f8nn Hornbech]], Danish politician\\n** [[Christine Charbonneau]], Canadian\n        francophone singer and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Noreen\n        Corcoran]], American child actress and director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Catherine Deneuve]], French actress\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Carmen Argenziano]], American actor\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Cornelia\n        Froboess]], German actress\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Don Simpson]], American\n        film producer, screenwriter, and actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Paul Frampton]], English physicist\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Joni Mitchell\n        1983.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joni Mitchell]]]]\\n[[File:A Michael Spence.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Spence]]]]\\n[[File:Wallace Shawn 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wallace\n        Shawn]]]]\\n[[File:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denis Sassou\n        Nguesso]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Jacques Attali]], French economist\\n*\n        [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Bert Jansch]], Scottish folk musician (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\n** [[Sundar Popo]], [[Indo-Trinidadian]] [[Chutney music|chutney]]\n        musician (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Chuck Scarborough]], American news anchor\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Friedman Paul Erhardt]], German-American pioneering television\n        chef (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Sam Shepard]], American playwright and actor (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Stephen Greenblatt]], American literary\n        critic\\n** [[Nasirdin Isanov]], 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Joni Mitchell]], Canadian musician\\n** [[Michael Spence]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Doug Frost (swimming coach)|Doug Frost]], Australian swimming\n        coach\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Wallace Shawn]], American actor\\n* [[November\n        13]]\\n** [[Roberto Boninsegna]], Italian footballer\\n** [[Jay Sigel]], American\n        golfer\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Peter Norton]], American software engineer\n        and businessman\\n** [[Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero|Rafael Leonardo Callejas]],\n        [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Lauren Hutton]], American\n        actress and model\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Aurelio Monteagudo]], Cuban\n        [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Mie\n        Hama]], Japanese actress\\n** [[Marek Tomaszewski]], Polish pianist\\n* [[November\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Larry Mahan]], American rodeo cowboy\\n* [[November 22]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Adair]], American filmmaker (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Yvan Cournoyer]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Billie Jean King]], American tennis player\\n**\n        [[William Kotzwinkle]], American novelist and screenwriter\\n** [[Fouad Siniora]],\n        32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]],\n        [[President of the Republic of the Congo]]\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Dave Bing]],\n        American mayor and longtime [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player\\n**\n        [[Kuniwo Nakamura]], 6th President of Palau\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Marilynne\n        Robinson]], American writer\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Randy Newman]], American\n        musician\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jim Morrison 1969.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Morrison]]]]\\n[[File:John Kerry official Secretary of State portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Kerry]]]]\\n[[File:Keith RichardsCLOSE UP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Tarja\n        Halonen 1c389 8827-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tarja Halonen]]]]\\n[[File:Hanna Schygulla\n        Buchmesse.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Hanna Schygulla]]]]\\n[[File:John Denver 1973.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Denver]]]]\\n[[File:Sir Ben Kingsley 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben Kingsley]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Wayne Allard]], U.S Senator from [[Colorado]]\\n** [[William\n        Wegman (photographer)|William Wegman]], American photographer\\n* [[December\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Eva Joly]], Norwegian-born French magistrate\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Carbajal (Uruguayan musician)|Jos\\u00e9 Carbajal]], Uruguayan\n        singer, composer and guitarist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Larry Martin]], American\n        paleontologist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jim Morrison]], American rock musician\n        (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Bodo T\\u00fcmmler]], German Olympic middle-distance runner\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[John Kerry]], American politician, longtime [[List\n        of United States Senators from Massachusetts|Massachusetts Senator]] (1985\\u20132013),\n        [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]] Democratic nominee for\n        president, and [[List of Secretaries of State of the United States|U.S. Secretary\n        of State]]\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Gianni Russo]], American actor\\n** [[Grover\n        Washington, Jr.]], American saxophonist (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Ferguson Jenkins]], Canadian baseball player\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[David\n        W. Huff]], Singer and guitarist of David and the Giants\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lucien den Arend]], Dutch sculptor\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Ron\n        Geesin]], British musician and songwriter ([[Pink Floyd]])\\n* [[December 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Keith Richards]], English rock guitarist and songwriter\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Sam Kelly]], English actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ross M. Lence]],\n        American political scientist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jimmy Mackay]], Australian\n        football player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Jacqueline Pearce]],\n        English actress\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Jack Nance]], American actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Paul Wolfowitz]], American political\n        scientist \\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Hartman]], American actress\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Harry Shearer]], American actor, comedian and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** [[Tarja Halonen]], 11th [[President of Finland]]\\n** [[James\n        A. Johnson (politics)|James A. Johnson]], American business leader and philanthropist\\n*\n        [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Hanna Schygulla]], German actress\\n* [[December 28]]\\n**\n        [[Keith Floyd]], British chef (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Craig MacIntosh]], noted\n        American comics illustrator\\n** [[Richard Whiteley]], English television presenter\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[John Denver]], American musician (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n** Sir [[Ben Kingsley]], British actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Tang Da Wu]], Singaporean artist\\n* [[James Goldstein]], LA businessman\n        and [[NBA]] basketball aficionado\\n* [[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[Alfredo Rostgaard]],\n        Cuban visual artist (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:N.Tesla.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Nikola\n        Tesla]]]]\\n[[File:Agust%C3%ADn P. Justo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Agustin Pedro Justo]]]]\\n[[File:Taj\n        aldin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Qazim\n        Koculi]], Albanian politician, acting [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Lorenz]], German general (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Bid\n        McPhee]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]]\\n** Emperor [[H\\u00e0m Nghi]] of Vietnam (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Jerzy\n        Iwanow-Szajnowicz]], Greek-born Polish athlete and resistance member (b. [[1911]])\\n**\n        [[Kate Price (actress)|Kate Price]], Irish-born American actress (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[George Washington Carver]], American botanist (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Nikola Tesla]], Serbian-born American electrical engineer\n        and inventor (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Richard Hillary]], [[Battle\n        of Britain]] [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]], British pilot, author (''''[[The\n        Last Enemy (autobiography)|The Last Enemy]]''''; b. [[1919]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Lewis Hall]], American soldier (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]], Argentinian military officer, diplomat\n        and politician, 23rd [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Jan Campert]], Dutch journalist and writer ([[Neuengamme concentration\n        camp]]; b. [[1902]])\\n* [[January 13]]  \\n** [[Else Ury]], German writer and\n        children''s book author (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Henner Henkel]], German tennis\n        champion (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Xavier Martinez]], Mexican-born American painter\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Eric Knight]], American author (b.\n        [[1897]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]], Syrian politician,\n        6th [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 6th [[President of Syria]] (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[William Pettigrew (missionary)|William Pettigrew]],\n        British Christian missionary (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\n** [[Giacomo\n        Benvenuti]], Italian composer (b. [[1885]])\\n** Baron [[Max Wladimir von Beck]],\n        former Ministers-President of Austria (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n**\n        [[Konstantinos Davakis]], Greek army officer (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Robert Henry\n        English]], American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Gyula\n        Peidl]], 23rd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Alexander Woollcott]], American critic (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Nikolai Vavilov]], Russian and Soviet botanist and geneticist (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] \\n** [[Henriette Caillaux]], murderer, French socialite and\n        wife of former French prime minister (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Vladimir Kokovtsov]],\n        4th [[Prime Minister of Russia|Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the\n        Russian Empire]] (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Senjuro Hayashi suit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Senj\\u016br\\u014d\n        Hayashi]]]]\\n[[Image:Hilbert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Hilbert]]]]\\n[[File:Foto\n        Madre Caridad Brader.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed [[Maria Josefa Karolina Brader]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Foy Draper]], American Olympic athlete (killed in\n        action) (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Cavendish]], British\n        general (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Frank Calder]], the 1st [[NHL\n        President]] (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Senj\\u016br\\u014d Hayashi]], Japanese army\n        commander, politician and 22nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[Sim Gokkes]], Dutch composer (in [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]]) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[W. S. Van Dyke]], American director (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]] \\u2013  [[Arthur Ashe]], American professional tennis player  (b.\n        [[1943]])                              \\n* [[February 9]] \\n** [[Eustace Fiennes]],\n        British soldier and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Dmitry Kardovsky]], Soviet\n        painter and illustrator (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Sverre Granlund]],\n        Norwegian general (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[James T. Powers (actor)|James T. Powers]],\n        American actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Bess Houdini]], American\n        wife of [[Harry Houdini]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[David\n        Hilbert]], German mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013  [[Charles\n        Bennett (actor)|Charles Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Paul Ranous Greever]], American politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Jan Pieka\\u0142kiewicz]], Polish economist, statistician\n        and politician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ernest Guglielminetti]],\n        Swiss physician (b. [[1862]]) \\n** [[Donald Haines]], American actor (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]]\\n** [[Tamara Drasin]], Russian-born American singer and actress\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Christoph Probst]], German White Rose resistance member\n        (executed) (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Ben Robertson (journalist)|Ben Robertson]],\n        American novelist, journalist, and war correspondent (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Hans\n        Scholl]], German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. [[1918]])\\n**\n        [[Sophie Scholl]], German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. [[1921]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Edward Heaton-Ellis]], British army officer (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Theodor Eicke]], German Nazi official (killed in\n        action) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Maria Josefa Karolina Brader]],\n        Swiss [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gustav\n        Vigeland 1929.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gustav Vigeland]]]]\\n[[File:Sergei Rachmaninoff\n        cph.3a40575.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]]]\\n[[File:SisterRestituta.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Maria Restituta Kafka]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Gisela Januszewska]],\n        Austrian physician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Rafael L\\u00f3pez\n        Nussa]], Puerto Rican physician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy\n        Collins]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] \\n** [[Alma del Banco]], German painter (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Tjipto\n        Mangoenkoesoemo]], Indonesian independence leader (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Otto Freundlich]], German painter and sculptor (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Tully Marshall]], American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Czes\\u0142awa Kwoka]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister\n        and blessed (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Gustav Vigeland]], Norwegian sculptor (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Jaap Nunes Vaz]], Dutch journalist, writer\n        and editor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Mervyn Herbert, Viscount\n        Clive]], British peer and army officer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Frank Nitti]], Italian-American gangster (suicide) (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        20]]\\n** [[Lizika Jan\\u010dar]], Yugoslav national hero (b. [[1919]])\\n**\n        [[Heinrich Zimmer]], German Indologist and historian (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March\n        27]] \\u2013 [[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway]], British politician,\n        5th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\n**\n        [[Ben Davies (tenor)|Ben Davies]], British tenor (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Lorenzo\n        Gasparri]], Italian admiral (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Edward Heron-Allen]], British\n        polymath, lawyer, scientist and scholar (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]],\n        Soviet composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Robert W. Paul]], British film director\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013 [[Maria Restituta Kafka]], German [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Pavel Milyukov]], Russian politician, founder and leader of the [[Constitutional\n        Democratic Party]] (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Exposition universelle\n        de 1900 - portraits des commissaires g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux-Alexandre Millerand.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alexandre\n        Millerand]]]]\\n[[File:Isoroku Yamamoto.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Isoroku Yamamoto]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Vahida Maglajli\\u0107]], Yugoslav partisan and national\n        hero (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Conrad Veidt]], German actor (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[William George Howard Gritten]], British\n        barrister, writer and conservative politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n**\n        [[Auguste Audollent]], French historian and archaeologist\\n** [[Alexandre\n        Millerand]], French politician, 41st [[Prime Minister of France]] and 11th\n        [[President of France]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Harry Baur]], French\n        actor (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Itamar Ben-Avi]], Israeli activist (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Tom\\u00e1s Garrido Canabal]], Mexican political and revolutionary (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Richard Sears (tennis)|Richard Sears]], American tennis champion (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Philip Slier]], Dutch Jewish typesetter (in [[Sobib\\u00f3r\n        extermination camp]]) (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Kim Myeong-sik]],\n        Korean independence activist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Oskar\n        Schlemmer]], German painter, sculptor, designer and choreographer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[Rihard Jakopi\\u010d]], Yugoslav painter (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] \\n** [[Kenneth Whiting]], United States Navy officer and submarine\n        and naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord]],\n        German general (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Beatrice Webb]], British\n        sociologist, economist, historian and social reformer (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Fethi\n        Okyar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fethi Okyar]]]]\\n[[File:Rida pasha alrikabi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rida\n        Pasha al-Rikabi]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Johan Oscar Smith]], Norwegian Christian\n        leader, founder of [[Brunstad Christian Church]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Frank Maxwell Andrews]], American general (plane crash) (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[May 4]] \\n** [[Cesira Ferrani]], Italian soprano (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Saverio\n        Marotta]], Italian naval officer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[Grzegorz\n        Boles\\u0142aw Fr\\u0105ckowiak]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart]], British\n        politician and judge (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Fethi Okyar]], Turkish\n        diplomat and politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Miroslav \\u0160alom Freiberger]], Yugoslav rabbi, writer\n        and spiritual leader (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[George, Crown Prince\n        of Saxony]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Henri La Fontaine]], Belgian lawyer and author,\n        Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Horst Hannig]],\n        German Luftwaffe fighter ace army officer (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[May 17]]\\n**\n        [[Johanna Elberskirchen]], German feminist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Montagu Love]],\n        British actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Kristjan Raud]], Soviet\n        painter and drawer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[John Stone Stone]],\n        American physicist and inventor (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Helen\n        Taft]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Johannes Orasmaa]], Soviet army general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Rida Pasha al-Rikabi]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 2-time [[Prime\n        Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Edsel Ford]], American\n        businessman, president of Ford Motor Company (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 27]] –\n        [[Gordon Coates]], 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Yasuyo Yamasaki]], Imperial Japanese Army officer (killed in\n        action) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Prince Georg of Bavaria]] (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Helmut Kapp]], German Gestapo official\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kermit Roosevelt\n        1926.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kermit Roosevelt]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Landsteiner nobel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl\n        Landsteiner]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n B\\u00e1rczy]], Hungarian\n        politician (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]], British\n        actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Nile Kinnick]], American athlete\n        and [[Heisman Trophy]] winner (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Osgood\n        Hanbury]], British pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Francesco Pianzola]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Kermit Roosevelt]],\n        American explorer and author (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 Sultan [[Abdelaziz\n        of Morocco]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Heisuke Abe]], Japanese\n        general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Hans Junkermann (actor)|Hans\n        Junkermann]], German actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Karl Landsteiner]],\n        Austrian biologist and physician (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Pietro\n        Porcelli]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[Kristian\n        Kristiansen (explorer)|Kristian Kristiansen]], Norwegian explorer (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Kazimierz\n        Junosza Stepowski Polish actor.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kazimierz Junosza-St\\u0119powski]]]]\\n[[File:Marianna\n        Biernacka.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed [[Marianna Biernacka]]]]\\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Cevat Abbas G\\u00fcrer]], Turkish army officer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Gordon\n        Sidney Harrington]], Canadian politician (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Zofia Le\\u015bniowska]],\n        Polish army officer (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Sikorski]], Polish\n        politician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Charles Stevenson (actor)|Charles Stevenson]],\n        American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Leonardo Ferrulli]], Italian\n        pilot (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Kazimierz Junosza-St\\u0119powski]], Polish actor\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Teruo Akiyama]], Japanese admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Ignacia Nazaria March Mesa]], Spanish [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Moulin]], French resistance fighter (b. [[1899]])\\n** Sir [[Harry Oakes]],\n        American-born British gold mine owner (murdered) (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Eugen Lovinescu]], Romanian critic, academic and novelist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[Shunji Isaki]], Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Cecilia Loftus]], British actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July\n        13]] \\n** [[Lorenzo Barcelata]], Mexican composer (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Marianna\n        Biernacka]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Luz Long]], German long jump athlete (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Mariya Borovichenko]], Soviet medical officer (b. [[1925]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]] \\n** [[Martin Faust (actor)|Martin Faust]], American actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Terragni]], Italian architect (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Maria Gay]], Spanish opera singer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Jurado de la Parra]], Spanish journalist, poet and playwright\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Charley Paddock]], American athlete (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Louis Vauxcelles]], French art critic (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Theodor von Gu\\u00e9rard]],\n        German jurist and politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Luis Barros\n        Borgo\\u00f1o]], Chilean politician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        Granval]], French actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[William Ewart\n        Hart]], Australian aviator and dentist (b. 1943)\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Zdzis\\u0142aw\n        Lubomirski]], Polish aristocrat, landowner, lawyer, politician and activist\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Plakat Jaegerstaetter.JPG|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Franz J\\u00e4gerst\\u00e4tter]]]]\\n[[File:BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris III of Bulgaria.jpeg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Boris III of Bulgaria]]]]\\n[[File:Maynard Ferguson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maynard\n        Ferguson]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Martyrs of Nowogr\\u00f3dek]], Polish\n        nuns, martyrs and blessed (b. Polish nationality)\\n* [[August 5]] \\n** [[Iosif\n        Apanasenko]], Soviet commander (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Eva-Maria Buch]], German\n        resistance leader (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Franz J\\u00e4gerst\\u00e4tter]],\n        Austrian conscientious objector, martyr and blessed (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Chaim\n        Soutine]], Soviet painter (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Peel]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Joe Kelley]], American\n        baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Hans Jeschonnek]], German general (suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Henrik Pontoppidan]], Danish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Virgilio D\\u00e1vila]],\n        Puerto Rican poet, educator, businessman and politician (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Maynard Ferguson]], Canadian jazz musician and bandleader (b.\n        [[1928]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Simone Weil]], French philosopher (b. [[1909]])\\n**\n        [[Ettore Muti]], Italian Fascist politician (murdered) (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Ted Ray (golfer)|Ted Ray]], British golfer (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[William de Burgh (philosopher)|William de Burgh]],\n        British philosopher (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 King [[Boris III\n        of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Baba Nand Singh ji]],\n        Sikhism religious leader (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 [[Gustav Bachmann]],\n        German naval officer and admiral (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Charles Atangana]], Cameroonian chief (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Reginald McKenna]], British [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] 1915\\u20131916\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[G\\u00e9za Gr\\u00fcnwald]], Hungarian\n        mathematician (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Karlrobert Kreiten]], German pianist (executed)\n        (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Julius Fu\\u010d\\u00edk (journalist)|Julius\n        Fu\\u010d\\u00edk]], Czech resistance fighter (executed) (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Carlo Bergamini (admiral)|Carlo Bergamini]], Italian admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Salvatore John Cavallaro]], American navy officer\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Federico Martinengo]], Italian pilot (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[September 13]]\\n** [[David Bacon (actor)|David Bacon]], American actor (b.\n        [[1914]])\\n** [[Ugo Cavallero]], General of the Italian Army (suicide) (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Mieczys\\u0142aw Witold Gutkowski]],\n        Polish lawyer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Germaine Cernay]],\n        French mezzo-soprano (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Elinor Glyn]],\n        British writer (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Ernst Trygger]], 19th Prime Minister of\n        Sweden (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Sam Ruben]], American chemist\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013  [[Mariano Goybet]], French army\n        general (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ex presidente Carlos Blanco\n        Galindo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Blanco Galindo]]]]\\n[[File:Pieter Zeeman.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pieter\n        Zeeman]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Carlos Blanco Galindo]], 38th [[President\n        of Bolivia]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Muhamed Had\\u017eiefendi\\u0107]], Yugoslav\n        army officer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Irena I\\u0142\\u0142akowicz]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Leon Roppolo]], American\n        musician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln]],\n        Hungarian adventurer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Prince Christopher\n        of Hesse]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Hegeler]], German\n        novelist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Pieter Zeeman]], Dutch physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Max Wertheimer]], Austro-Hungarian psychologist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]]\\n** [[Rudolf Beckmann]], German SS officer (Sobib\\u00f3r uprising)\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Siegfried Graetschus]], German SS officer (Sobib\\u00f3r\n        uprising) (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Johann Niemann]], German SS officer (Sobib\\u00f3r\n        uprising) (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[William Penhallow Henderson]],\n        American painter, architect and furniture designer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Margaret Bartholomew]], American army officer (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Camille Claudel]], French sculptor (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Dudley Pound]], British admiral (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[William Reginald Hall]], British admiral (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Antoine]], French actor (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Ben Bernie]],\n        American jazz violinist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Antonio Legnani]], Italian admiral\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Franceska Mann]], Polish dancer (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[October\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau]], Canadian poet and lawyer (b.\n        [[1912]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Max Reinhardt]], Austrian director (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Grand Duke Boris of Russia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Grand\n        Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia]]]]\\n[[File:Stamp of Moldova 128.gif|thumb|100px|Metropolitan\n        [[Gurie Grosu]]]]\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Samad Abdullayev]], Soviet army\n        officer (b. [[1920]])\\n**[[Frank Campeau]], American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Idhomene Kosturi]], Albanian politician and acting [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Dwight Frye]], American actor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia]]\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 Blessed [[Lubeck martyrs]] were 3\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] priests, martyr and blessed and pastor:\\n** [[Johannes\n        Prassek]] (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Eduard M\\u00fcller (martyr)|Eduard M\\u00fcller]]\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Hermann Lange]] (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Karl Friedrich Stellbrink]]\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Maurice Denis]], French painter\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Gurie Grosu]], Romanian [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priest and metropolitan (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Baruch Lopes Le\\u00e3o de Laguna]], Dutch painter (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Lorenz Hart]], American lyricist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Keiji\n        Shibazaki]], Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November\n        23]] \\n** [[Maria Forescu]], Austro-Hungarian-born opera singer and actress\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Charles Ray (actor)|Charles Ray]], American actor (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[France Balanti\\u010d]], Yugoslav poet (b.\n        [[1921]])\\n** [[Doris Miller|Doris \\\"Dorie\\\" Miller]], American sailor, Pearl\n        Harbor survivor (killed in action) (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Henry M. Mullinnix]],\n        American admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Renato Cialente]], Italian actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Prince\n        Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1909\\u20131943)|Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg\n        and Gotha]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Kiyoto Kagawa]], Japanese admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Edward O''Hare|Edward \\\"Butch\\\" O''Hare]],\n        American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Aleksander Hellat]], Soviet politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Zsolt Hars\\u00e1nyi]], Hungarian author, dramatist, translator\n        and writer (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:John Harvey Kellogg ggbain.15047.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Harvey Kellogg]]]]\\n[[File:Fats Waller edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fats Waller]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\n** [[Antonio de Viti de Marco]], Italian economist (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        Prince [[Damrong Rajanubhab]], Thai prince and historian (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Nordahl Grieg]], Norwegian poet, novelist, journalist\n        and activist (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Donald Mackintosh (bishop)|Donald\n        Mackintosh]], British clergyman and [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\n** [[George Cooper (actor)|George Cooper]],\n        American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Georges Dufr\\u00e9noy]], French post-impressionist\n        painter (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Charles Belcher (actor)|Charles\n        Belcher]], American actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Erich\n        Garske]], German political activist (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[John Harvey Kellogg]], American doctor (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Fats Waller]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Hector Gray]], British Royal army officer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Edward L. Beach, Sr.]], American naval officer and author (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Beatrix Potter]], British children''s\n        author and illustrator (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[William Irving\n        (actor)|William Irving]], German-born American film actor (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Erich Bey]], German admiral (killed in action in\n        [[Battle of the North Cape]]) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Rupert\n        Julian]], New Zealand actor and director (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Creelman MacArthur]],\n        Canadian businessman and politician (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Hobart Bosworth]], American film actor, director, writer, and producer (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Otto Stern]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        \\u2013 [[George de Hevesy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Carl Peter Henrik Dam]], [[Edward Adelbert Doisy]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1943-pictures.html 1943 Coin Pictures]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1943}}\\n[[Category:1943|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T14:26:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":798485022,\"length\":92817,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1943&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943\"},\"34622\":{\"pageid\":34622,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1944\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T02:46:57Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Year\n        dab|1944}}\\n{{Events by month|1944}}\\n{{Year nav|1944}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year\n        article header|1944}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow, events of [[World\n        War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Landing at Anzio.jpg|thumb|US\n        Army troops landing at [[Anzio]] during [[Operation Shingle]], late January\n        1944.]]\\n* [[January 2]] – WWII:\\n** [[Free France|Free French]] General\n        [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]] is appointed to command [[First Army (France)|French\n        Army B]], part of the [[Sixth United States Army Group]] in North Africa.\\n**\n        [[Landing at Saidor]]: 13,000 US and Australian troops land on [[Papua New\n        Guinea]] in an attempt to cut off a Japanese retreat.\\n* [[January 8]] –\n        WWII: [[Philippine Commonwealth]] troops enter the province of [[Ilocos Sur]]\n        in northern [[Luzon]] and attack Japanese forces.\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** President\n        of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] proposes a [[Second Bill of\n        Rights]] for social and economic security in his [[State of the Union]] address.\\n**\n        Nazi German administration expanded [[Krak\\u00f3w-P\\u0142asz\\u00f3w concentration\n        camp]] into larger and standalone ''Konzentrationslager Plaszow bei Krakau''.\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]] begin\n        a 2-day wartime conference in [[Marrakech]].\\n** [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]:\n        [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] commanded by Lieutenant-General\n        [[Mark W. Clark]] arrive on the [[Garigliano|River Garigliano]] and begin\n        their attack against the [[Winter Line|Gustav Line]] south of Rome. The [[French\n        Expeditionary Corps (1943\\u201344)|French Expeditionary Corps]] under command\n        of General [[Alphonse Juin]] moves into the mountains north of [[Monte Cassino]].Ken\n        Ford (2004). ''''Cassino 1944: Breaking the Gustav Line'''', p. 12. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-623-2}}\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – WWII: Soviet troops start the offensive at [[Leningrad]]\n        and [[Novgorod]].\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** WWII: The [[27th Polish Home Army\n        Infantry Division]] is re-created, marking the start of [[Operation Tempest]]\n        by the Polish [[Home Army]].\\n** [[1944 San Juan earthquake]]: An earthquake\n        hits [[San Juan, Argentina]], killing an estimated 10,000 people in the worst\n        natural disaster in Argentina''s history.\\n* [[January 17]] – WWII:\\n**\n        British forces in Italy cross the [[Garigliano]] river.\\n** The [[Battle of\n        Monte Cassino]] begins in Italy.\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] ceases production\n        of the [[Mosin\\u2013Nagant 1891/30]] [[sniper rifle]].\\n** Meat rationing\n        ends in Australia.\\n* [[January 20]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Royal Air Force]]\n        drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin.\\n** The [[36th Infantry Division (United\n        States)|United States 36th Infantry Division]], in Italy, attempts to cross\n        the [[Rapido River]].\\n* [[January 22]] – WWII: [[Operation Shingle]]:\n        The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] begin the assault on [[Anzio]], Italy.\n        The [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th Infantry Division]]\n        stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.\\n* [[January\n        27]] – WWII: The 2-year [[Siege of Leningrad]] is lifted.\\n* [[January\n        29]] – WWII:\\n** [[Koniuchy massacre]]: [[Soviet partisans|Soviet]]\n        and [[Jewish partisans]] kill at least 38 villagers in Koniuchy, Poland (modern-day\n        [[Kani\\u016bkai]], [[Lithuania]]).\\n** [[Light cruiser]] {{HMS|Spartan|95}}\n        is sunk by a [[Henschel Hs 293]] [[guided missile]] from a German aircraft\n        off [[Anzio]], western Italy, with the loss of 46.\\n* [[January 30]] –\n        WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of Cisterna]] opens as [[United States Army Rangers]]\n        attempt to break out of the [[Anzio]] beachhead.\\n** United States troops\n        invade [[Majuro, Marshall Islands]].\\n* [[January 31]] – WWII: [[Battle\n        of Kwajalein]]: American forces land on [[Kwajalein Atoll]] and other islands\n        in the Japanese-held [[Marshall Islands]].\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-2005-0004, Italien, Monte Cassino.jpg|thumb|The Abbey of [[Monte\n        Cassino]] in ruins after being [[Battle of Monte Cassino|destroyed by Allied\n        bombing]], February 1944.]]\\n* [[February 1]] – WWII: Pacific War –\n        United States troops land in the [[Marshall Islands]].\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        The first issue of ''''[[Human Events]]'''' is published in Washington, D.C.\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – WWII: United States troops capture the [[Marshall Islands]].\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – WWII: At [[Anzio]], German forces launch a counteroffensive.\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – WWII:\\n** 2,765 drown when {{USS|Snook|SS-279|6}} torpedoes\n        [[Lima Maru]].{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/mota02.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Mo-Ta-06 (\\u30e2\\u30bf61\\u8239\\u56e3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-18}}\\n**\n        2,670 drown when {{HMS|Sportsman|P229|6}} torpedoes [[German ship Petrella|''''Petrella'''']].{{cite web|url=http://www.shipwreckregistry.com/index6.htm|title=Greatest\n        Maritime Disasters|publisher=International Registry of Sunken Ships|accessdate=2010-12-06}}\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – WWII: An anti-Japanese revolt breaks out on [[Java]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – WWII – [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]: The monastery\n        atop [[Monte Cassino]] is destroyed by Allied bombing.\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – WWII: [[Pacific War]] – The [[Battle of Eniwetok]] begins when\n        U.S. forces invade the atoll in the [[Marshall Islands]].\\n* [[February 18]]\n        – WWII: [[HMS Penelope (97)|HMS Penelope]] torpedoed by the German U-boat.\n        417 of the crew, including the captain, went down with the ship; 206 survived.\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – WWII:\\n** The \\\"Big Week\\\" begins with American bomber\n        raids on German aircraft manufacturing centers.\\n** The United States takes\n        [[Eniwetok]] Island.\\n* [[February 22]] – [[United States Strategic\n        Air Forces in Europe]] organized from the Eighth Air Force''s strategic planning\n        staff; subsuming strategic planning for all [[US Army Air Force]]s in Europe\n        and Africa.\\n* [[February 23]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Chechens|Chechen]]\n        and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] are [[Operation Lentil (Caucasus)|forcibly deported]]\n        to Central Asia.\\n** [[Battle of Eniwetok]] concludes when U.S. forces secure\n        the last islands in the [[Eniwetok Atoll]].\\n* [[February 24]] – WWII:\n        7,998 drown when {{USS|Rasher|SS-269|6}} torpedoes {{SS|Ry\\u016bsei Maru||2}}\n        and ''''[[Tango Maru]]''''.{{cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/maritime-2a.html|title=More\n        Maritime Disasters of World War II|publisher=George Duncan|accessdate=2010-12-06}}\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** [[Kurt Gerron]] begins shooting the [[Nazism|Nazi]] propaganda\n        film, ''''[[Theresienstadt (film)|Theresienstadt]]'''' in [[Theresienstadt\n        concentration camp]]. He and many others who featured in it are transferred\n        to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] and gassed upon the film''s\n        completion.\\n** First woman appointed to the substantive rank of [[Captain\n        (USN)|captain]] in the [[United States Navy Nurse Corps]], [[Sue S. Dauser]].\\n*\n        [[February 29]] – WWII: [[Pacific War]] – [[Admiralty Islands\n        campaign]] (Operation Brewer) opens when U.S. forces land on [[Los Negros\n        Island]] in the [[Admiralty Islands]].\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Mt Vesuvius\n        Erupting 1944.jpg|thumb|The March 1944 eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]].]]\\n*\n        March – Austrian-born [[economist]] [[Friedrich Hayek]] publishes his\n        book ''''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'''' in London.\\n* [[March 1]] – WWII:\\n**\n        {{USS|Tarawa|CV-40|6}} and {{USS|Kearsarge|CV-33|6}} are laid down.\\n** An\n        anti-[[fascist]] [[Strike action|strike]] begins in northern Italy.\\n** 2,495\n        drown when {{USS|Trout|SS-202|6}} torpedoes ''''[[Sakito Maru]]''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ric.hi-ho.ne.jp/senbotusen/siryo-deta/senbotukisenlist.pdf|title=List\n        of sunken ships in Pacific War (\\u592a\\u5e73\\u6d0b\\u6226\\u4e89\\u6642\\u306e\\u55aa\\u5931\\u8239\\u8236\\u660e\\u7d30\\u8868)|publisher=Sunken\n        Ships Record Association (\\u6226\\u6ca1\\u8239\\u3092\\u8a18\\u9332\\u3059\\u308b\\u4f1a)|accessdate=2012-10-20}}\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[Balvano train disaster]]: A train stalls inside a railway\n        tunnel outside [[Salerno]], Italy; 521 choke to death.\\n** The [[16th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held, the first Oscar ceremony held at a large public\n        venue, [[Grauman''s Chinese Theatre]] in [[Hollywood]]. ''''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]''''\n        (directed by [[Michael Curtiz]]), wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best\n        Picture]] award.\\n* [[March 3]] – WWII: The [[Order of Nakhimov]] and\n        the [[Order of Ushakov]] are instituted in the [[USSR]].\\n* [[March 4]] –\n        In [[Ossining (village), New York|Ossining, New York]], [[Louis Buchalter]],\n        the leader of [[1930s]] crime syndicate [[Murder, Inc.]], is executed at [[Sing\n        Sing]], along with [[Emanuel Weiss]] and [[Louis Capone]].\\n* [[March 6]]\n        – WWII: Soviet Army planes attack [[Narva]], [[Estonia]], destroying\n        almost the entire baroque old town.\\n* [[March 9]] – WWII: Soviet Army\n        planes [[Bombing of Tallinn in World War II|attack]] [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]],\n        killing 757 and leaving 25,000 homeless.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** In Britain, the\n        prohibition on married women working as teachers is lifted.{{cite book|first=David|last=Kynaston|title=Austerity\n        Britain 1945\\u20131951|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7475-7985-4}}\\n**\n        Resistance leader [[Joop Westerweel]] is arrested while returning to the Netherlands\n        having escorted a group of Jewish children to safety in Spain.\\n* [[March\n        12]] – WWII: the Political Committee of National Liberation is created\n        in Greece.\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]: [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allied]] aircraft bomb the monastery and an assault is staged.\\n**\n        WWII: The National Council of the [[French Resistance]] approves the [[Resistance\n        movement|Resistance]] programme.\\n** In [[Sweden]], the [[1864]] law which\n        had criminalized homosexuality is abolished.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**The last eruption\n        of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in Italy kills 26 and causes thousands to flee their\n        homes.\\n**WWII: The Nazis execute almost 400 prisoners, Soviet citizens and\n        anti-[[fascist]] Romanians at [[R\\u00eebni\\u021ba]].\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        WWII: German forces occupy Hungary in [[Operation Margarethe]].\\n* [[March\n        20]] – WWII:\\n** [[Landing on Emirau]]: 4,000 [[United States Marines]]\n        land on [[Emirau Island]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]] to develop an airbase\n        as part of [[Operation Cartwheel]].\\n** British [[Royal Air Force]] Flight\n        Sergeant [[Nicholas Alkemade]]''s bomber is hit over Germany and he has to\n        bail out without a [[parachute]] from a height of over 4,000 meters.\n        Tree branches interrupt his fall and he lands safely on deep snow.\\n* [[March\n        23]] – WWII: Members of the [[Italian Resistance]] attack [[Nazis]]\n        marching in Via Rasella, killing 33.\\n* [[March 24]] – WWII:\\n** [[Ardeatine\n        massacre]]: 335 Italians are killed, including 75 Jews and over 200 members\n        of the [[Italian Resistance]] from various groups, in Rome.\\n** In the Polish\n        village of [[Markowa]], German police kill J\\u00f3zef and Wiktoria Ulm, their\n        six children and eight Jews they were hiding.\\n** [[Stalag Luft III#The \\\"Great\n        Escape\\\"|The \\\"Great Escape\\\"]]: 76 [[Royal Air Force]] prisoners of war escape\n        by tunnel \\\"Harry\\\" from [[Stalag Luft III]] this night. Only three men, two\n        Norwegians and a Dutchman, return to the UK; of those recaptured, fifty are\n        summarily executed soon afterwards in the [[Stalag Luft III murders]].\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – WWII: [[Ascq massacre]] members of the [[12th SS Panzer\n        Division Hitlerjugend|12th SS Panzer Division ''''Hitlerjugend'''']] shoot\n        85 civilians suspected of blowing up their train on its approach to the [[Gare\n        d''Ascq]] in France.\\n* [[April 4]] – WWII: An Allied [[surveillance\n        aircraft]] of [[60 Squadron SAAF]] photographs part of [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]].\\n* [[April 10]] – The Holocaust: [[Rudolf Vrba]] and [[Alfr\\u00e9d\n        Wetzler]] escape from [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]; by the end of the\n        month they will have prepared the [[Vrba\\u2013Wetzler report]], one of the\n        earliest and most detailed descriptions of the extermination of Jews in the\n        camp.\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Bombay Explosion (1944)|Bombay Explosion]]:\n        The freighter SS ''''Fort Stikine'''', carrying a mixed cargo of ammunition,\n        cotton bales and gold, explodes in harbour at [[Bombay]] (India), sinking\n        surrounding ships and killing around 800 people.\\n* [[April 19]] – WWII:\n        The Japanese launch the [[Operation Ichi-Go]] offensive in central and south\n        China.\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** The Holocaust: [[SS]]-''''[[Obersturmbannf\\u00fchrer]]''''\n        [[Adolf Eichmann]] opens \\\"blood for goods\\\" negotiations with [[Joel Brand]]\n        to offer the release of thousands of Jews from eastern Europe to the Hungarian\n        [[Aid and Rescue Committee]] in exchange for supplies for the German [[Eastern\n        Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].\\n** The [[United Negro College Fund]]\n        is incorporated in the U.S.\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Kidnap of General Kreipe]]\n        on [[Crete]], Greece.\\n** WWII: 2,649 drown when {{USS|Jack|SS-259|6}} torpedoes\n        {{SS|Yoshida Maru No. 1||2}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/take.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Take Ichi|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-17}}\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – WWII: Allied convoy T4, forming part of amphibious [[Exercise\n        Tiger]] (a full-scale rehearsal for the [[Normandy landings]]) in [[Start\n        Bay]] off the [[Devon]] coast of England, is attacked by [[E-boat]]s, resulting\n        in the deaths of 749 American servicemen from [[Landing Ship, Tank|LST]]s.{{cite\n        book|last1=Small|first1=Ken|first2=Mark|last2=Rogerson|title=The Forgotten\n        Dead \\u2013 Why 946 American Servicemen Died off the Coast of Devon in 1944\n        \\u2013 and the Man who Discovered their True Story|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=1988|isbn=0-7475-0309-5}}{{cite\n        news|last=Fenton|first=Ben|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/04/26/ndday126.xml|title=The\n        disaster that could have scuppered Overlord|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|date=26\n        April 2004}}{{cite news|last=Savill|first=Richard|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/04/26/ndday226.xml|title=Last\n        of torpedo survivors remembers brave buddies|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=26\n        April 2004}}{{cite book|first=Gerald|last=Wasley|title=Devon at\n        War, 1939\\u20131945|location=Tiverton|publisher=Devon Books|year=1994|isbn=0-86114-885-1|page=157}}\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg|thumb|The\n        prime ministers of Britain and the four major dominions at the 1944 [[Commonwealth\n        Heads of Government Meeting|Commonwealth Prime Ministers'' Conference]], 1\n        May 1944.]]\\n* May – ''''[[No Exit]]'''' published by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]].\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – WWII: Two hundred Communist prisoners [[Kaisariani executions|are\n        shot by the Germans]] at [[Kaisariani]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]] in reprisal\n        for the killing of General [[Franz Krech]] by partisans at [[Molaoi]].\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – WWII: [[Mohandas Gandhi]] is released in India.\\n* [[May\n        9]] – WWII: In the Ukrainian city of [[Sevastopol]], Soviet troops completely\n        drive out German forces, who had been ordered by [[Hitler]] to \\u201cfight\n        to the last man.\\u201d\\\"Year by Year 1944\\\" –\n        [[History Channel International]]\\n* [[May 12]] – WWII: Soviet\n        troops finalize the liberation of the [[Crimea]].\\n* [[May 14]] – The\n        Holocaust: Predominantly Muslim Albanian troops of the [[21st Waffen Mountain\n        Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian)|21st ''''Waffen'''' Mountain\n        Division of the SS ''''Skanderbeg'''' (1st Albanian)]] round up 281 Jews in\n        [[Pristina]] and hand them over to the Germans for transportation to [[Bergen-Belsen\n        concentration camp]].\\n* [[May 15]]–[[July 8]] – The Holocaust:\n        Deportation of [[Hungarian Jews]] to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]\n        and other [[Nazi concentration camp]]s.\\n* [[May 18]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle\n        of Monte Cassino]]: The Germans evacuate [[Monte Cassino]] and [[Allies of\n        World War II|Allied]] forces led by [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Anders]] from [[Polish\n        II Corps]], take the stronghold after a struggle that has claimed 20,000 lives.\\n**\n        [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]] by the government of the [[Soviet Union]].\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – WWII: Six [[Landing Ship, Tank|LST]]s are accidentally\n        destroyed and 163 men killed in [[Pearl Harbor]]''s [[West Loch disaster]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois|Princess Charlotte\n        Louise Juliette Louvet Grimaldi]] of [[Monaco]], heir to the throne, resigns\n        from her rights in favor of her son [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince\n        Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi]], later reigning Prince Rainier\n        III of Monaco.\\n* [[May 31]] – WWII: Destroyer escort {{USS|England|DE-635|^}}\n        sinks the sixth Japanese submarine in two weeks. This [[anti-submarine]] warfare\n        performance remains unmatched through the twentieth century.\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:NormandySupply\n        edit.jpg|thumb|Allied troops land on the beaches of Normandy during [[D-Day]].]]\\n[[File:LVTs\n        move toward Saipan, past bombarding cruisers, on 15 June 1944 (80-G-231838).jpg|thumb|[[Landing\n        Vehicle Tracked|LVTs]] heading for shore on 15 June 1944 during the [[Battle\n        of Saipan]].]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** WWII: The [[BBC]] transmits a coded message\n        (the first line of the poem \\\"[[Chanson d''automne]]\\\" by [[Paul Verlaine]])\n        to the [[French Resistance]], warning that the invasion of Europe is imminent.\\n**\n        Two [[K-class blimp]]s of the [[United States Navy]] complete the first [[transatlantic\n        crossing]] by [[Blimp|non-rigid airship]]s, from the U.S. to [[French Morocco]]\n        with two stops.{{cite journal|last=Kaiser|first=Don|url=http://www.naval-airships.org/resources/documents/NAN_vol93_no2_KShips_feature.pdf|title=K-Ships\n        Across the Atlantic|journal=Naval Aviation News|volume=93|issue=2|year=2011|accessdate=2011-09-23}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.warwingsart.com/LTA/zp-14.html|title=Blimp Squadron 14|work=Warwingsart.com|accessdate=2011-09-23}}\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – WWII: The [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|provisional\n        French government]] is established.\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Hans Asperger]]\n        publishes his paper on [[Asperger syndrome]].{{cite book|last=Asperger|first=H.|origyear=1944|chapter=''Autistic\n        psychopathy'' in childhood|editor=Frith, Uta|title=Autism and Asperger Syndrome|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|isbn=0-521-38448-6|pages=37\\u201392}}{{cite journal|last1=Asperger|first1=Hans|title=Die\n        \\\"Autistischen Psychopathen\\\" im Kindesalter|journal=Archiv f\\u00fcr Psychiatrie\n        und Nervenkrankheiten|date=3 June 1944|volume=117|issue=1|pages=76–136|doi=10.1007/BF01837709|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01837709?LI=true|accessdate=18\n        August 2014}}\\n* [[June 4]] – WWII:\\n** Rome falls to the [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allies]], the first [[Axis powers|Axis]] capital to fall.\\n**\n        A hunter-killer group of the [[United States Navy]] captures the {{GS|U-505||6}},\n        marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at\n        sea since the 19th century. Some significant intelligence data is acquired.\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – WWII:\\n** The German navy''s [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]\n        messages are decoded almost in real time.\\n** British [[Group Captain]] [[James\n        Stagg]] correctly forecasts a brief improvement in weather conditions over\n        the [[English Channel]] which will permit the following day''s [[Normandy\n        landings]] to take place (having been deferred from today due to unfavourable\n        weather).\\n** At 10:15 p.m. local time, the [[BBC]] transmits the second\n        line of the [[Paul Verlaine]] poem to the [[French Resistance]], indicating\n        that the invasion of Europe is about to begin.{{cite book|authorlink=M.\n        R. D. Foot|last=Foot|first=M. R. D.|title=SOE: An Outline History of the Special\n        Operations Executive 1940\\u201346|location=London|publisher=Pimlico|year=1999|isbn=0-7126-6585-4|page=143}}\\n**\n        More than 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries\n        on the [[Normandy]] coast in preparation for [[D-Day]].\\n** US and British\n        paratrooper divisions jump over Normandy, in preparation for D-Day, including\n        82nd and 101st Airborne divisions of the United States.\\n** [[D-Day naval\n        deceptions]] are launched.\\n* [[June 6]] – WWII – [[Normandy landings|D-Day]]:\n        155,000 [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] troops shipped from England land\n        on the beaches of [[Normandy]] in northern France, beginning [[Operation Overlord]]\n        and the [[Invasion of Normandy]]. The Allied soldiers quickly break through\n        the [[Atlantic Wall]] and push inland, in the largest amphibious [[military]]\n        operation in history. This operation helps liberate France from Germany, and\n        also weakens the Nazi hold on Europe.\\n* [[June 7]] – WWII:\\n** The\n        steamer ''''Danae'''' ({{lang-el|\\u0394\\u03b1\\u03bd\\u03ac\\u03b7}}), carrying\n        600 [[Crete|Cretans]] including 350 Greek Jews on the first leg of the journey\n        to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], is sunk, with no known survivors,\n        off [[Santorini]].\\n** [[Joel Brand]] is intercepted by British agents in\n        [[Aleppo]].\\n** [[Bayeux]] is liberated by British troops.\\n** Opening of\n        [[Operation Perch]], a British attempt to capture [[Caen]] from the Germans;\n        attempt abandoned on June 14.\\n* [[June 9]] – WWII: Soviet leader [[Joseph\n        Stalin]] launches the [[Vyborg\\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive]] against Finland,\n        with the intent of defeating Finland before pushing for Berlin.\\n* [[June\n        10]] – WWII: 642 men, women and children are killed in the [[Oradour-sur-Glane]]\n        Massacre in France.\\n* [[June 13]] – WWII: Germany launches the first\n        [[V-1 flying bomb]] attack on London.{{cite\n        book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – WWII: [[Battle of Saipan]]: United States forces land\n        on [[Saipan]].\\n* [[June 16]] – At age 14, [[George Stinney]] becomes\n        the youngest person ever executed in the United States.\\n* [[June 17]] –\n        [[Iceland]] declares full independence from Denmark.\\n* [[June 19]] –\n        A severe storm badly damages the [[Mulberry harbour]]s on the [[Normandy]]\n        coast.\\n* [[June 20]] – WWII: A [[V-2 rocket]] becomes the first man-made\n        object to cross the [[K\\u00e1rm\\u00e1n line]] and reach the edge of space.{{cite\n        book|title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenem\\u00fcnde and the Coming of the\n        Ballistic Missile Era|last=Neufeld|first=Michael J.|publisher=The Free Press|year=1995|isbn=|location=New\n        York|pages=158, 160\\u2013162, 190}}\\n* [[June 22]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Operation Bagration]]: A general attack by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces\n        clears the German forces from [[Belarus]], resulting in the destruction of\n        German [[Army Group Centre]], possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht\n        during WWII.\\n** [[Burma Campaign]]: The [[Battle of Kohima]] ends in a British\n        victory.\\n* [[June 24]] – [[David Ben-Gurion]] presents the [[One Million\n        Plan]] to the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]], proposing a million-strong [[Jewish\n        exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] as well as from Europe to [[Mandatory\n        Palestine]].\\n* [[June 25]] – WWII\\n** The [[Battle of Tali-Ihantala]]\n        (the largest battle ever in the [[Nordic countries]]) begins between Finnish\n        and Soviet troops. Finland is able to resist the attack and thus manages to\n        stay as an independent nation.\\n** [[Bombardment of Cherbourg]] by ships of\n        the [[United States Navy]] and British [[Royal Navy]] in support of U.S. ground\n        troops.\\n* [[June 26]] – WWII: American troops enter [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]].\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – WWII: 5,400 drown when {{USS|Sturgeon|SS-187|6}} torpedoes\n        ''''[[Toyama Maru]]''''.\\n* [[June 30]] – WWII: 3,219\n        drown when {{USS|Tang|SS-306|6}} torpedoes ''''Nikkin Maru''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/nikkin.pdf|title=Nikkin Maru -\n        Casualties (\\u65e5\\u9326\\u4e38\\u306e\\u88ab\\u5bb3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s\n        Union|accessdate=2011-11-18}}\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        146-1972-025-12, Zerst\\u00f6rte Lagerbaracke nach dem 20. Juli 1944.jpg|thumb|The\n        aftermath of the failed [[20 July plot]] to kill Hitler.]]\\n[[File:19440816\n        soviet soldiers attack jelgava.jpg|thumb|Soviet soldiers fight in the streets\n        of [[Jelgava]], summer 1944.]]\\n[[File:Medics helping injured soldier in France,\n        1944 - NARA - 535973.tif|thumb|American medics helping injured soldier in\n        France, 1944.]]\\n* [[July 1]] – The [[United Nations Monetary and Financial\n        Conference]] begins at [[Bretton Woods, New Hampshire]], United States.\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – WWII:\\n** Soviet troops liberate [[Minsk]].\\n** [[Battle\n        of Imphal]]: Japanese forces call off their advance, ending the battle with\n        a British victory.\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Hartford circus fire]]: More than 100\n        children die in one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United\n        States.\\n** WWII: At [[Camp Hood]], Texas, future baseball star and 1st Lt.\n        [[Jackie Robinson]] is arrested and later [[court-martial]]ed for refusing\n        to move to the back of a segregated U.S. Army bus. He is eventually acquitted.\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – WWII: British and Canadian forces capture [[Caen]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – WWII: Soviet troops begin operations to liberate the [[Baltic\n        states|Baltic countries]].\\n* [[July 13]] – WWII: [[Vilnius]] is freed\n        by USSR.\\n* [[July 16]] – WWII: The first contingent of the [[Brazilian\n        Expeditionary Force]] arrives in Italy.\\n* [[July 17]] – WWII:\\n** The\n        largest convoy of the war embarks from [[Halifax Harbour|Halifax, Nova Scotia]],\n        under [[Royal Canadian Navy]] protection.\\n** The [[Port Chicago disaster|SS\n        ''''E. A. Bryan'''', loaded with ammunition, explodes]] at the [[Port Chicago,\n        California|Port Chicago]] naval base; 320 are killed.\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        WWII:\\n** American forces push back the Germans in [[Saint-L\\u00f4]], capturing\n        the city.\\n** British forces launch [[Operation Goodwood]], an armoured offensive\n        aimed at driving the Germans from the high ground to the south of [[Caen]].\n        The offensive ends 2 days later with minimal gains.\\n** [[Hideki T\\u014dj\\u014d]]\n        resigns as [[Prime Minister of Japan]] due to numerous setbacks in the war\n        effort and is succeeded (on [[July 22]]) by [[Kuniaki Koiso]].\\n* [[July 20]]\n        – WWII: [[Adolf Hitler]] survives an [[20 July plot|assassination attempt]]\n        led by [[Claus von Stauffenberg]].\\n* [[July 21]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle\n        of Guam (1944)|Battle of Guam]]: American troops land on [[Guam]] (the battle\n        ends [[August 10]]).\\n** The Soviet-sponsored [[Polish Committee of National\n        Liberation]] is created in opposition to the [[Polish government-in-exile]].\\n*\n        [[July 22]]\\n**The [[Bretton Woods Conference]] ends with agreements signed\n        to set up the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], [[General\n        Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] and [[International Monetary Fund]].\\n**The\n        new Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes the [[PKWN Manifesto]]\n        in [[Che\\u0142m]], calling for a continuation of fighting against Nazi Germany,\n        radical reforms including nationalisation of industry, and a \\\"decent border\n        in the West\\\" (the [[Oder\\u2013Neisse line]]).\\n**''''United States v. Masaaki\n        Kuwabara'''',56 F. Supp. 716 (N.D. Cal 1944). the only [[Japanese\n        American]] draft avoidance case to be dismissed on a due process violation\n        of the U.S. Constitution.\\n* [[July 25]]\\n**WWII – [[Operation Spring]]:\n        One of the bloodiest days for Canadian forces during the war results in 1,550\n        casualties, including 450 killed, during the [[Operation Overlord|Normandy\n        Campaign]].\\n**WWII – Beginning of the [[Battle of Tannenberg Line]]\n        or the \\\"Battle of the Blue Hills\\\" in Northeastern [[Estonia]], where the\n        [[Red Army]] will result in a Pyrrhic victory by 10 August.\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – WWII: A [[Messerschmitt Me 262]] becomes the first [[Jet aircraft|jet]]\n        [[fighter aircraft]] to have an operational victory.{{cite book|last1=Radinger|first1=Will|first2=Walter|last2=Schick|title=Me\n        262|language=German|location=Berlin|publisher=Avantic Verlag GmbH|year=1996|isbn=3-925505-21-0}}\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – WWII: 2,495 drown when {{USS|Parche|SS-384|6}} torpedoes\n        ''''[[Yoshino Maru]]''''.\\n\\n===August===\\n {{multiple\n        image\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 250\\n | header= \\n | image1 = Polish\n        Boy Scouts fighting in the Warsaw Uprising.jpg\\n | caption1 = [[Szare Szeregi]]\n        Scouts also fought in the [[Warsaw Uprising]].\\n | image2 = Jewish prisones\n        of KZGesiowka liberated by Polish Soldiers of Home Army Warsaw1944.jpg\\n |\n        caption2 = Jewish prisoners of [[G\\u0119si\\u00f3wka]] liberated by Polish\n        soldiers from [[Batalion Zo\\u015bka]], 5 August 1944.\\n | image3 = Crowds\n        of French patriots line the Champs Elysees-edit2.jpg\\n | caption3 = Crowds\n        of French people line the Champs \\u00c9lys\\u00e9es following the [[Liberation\n        of Paris]], 26 August 1944.}}\\n* [[August 1]] – WWII: The [[Warsaw Uprising]]\n        begins.\\n* [[August 2]] – WWII:\\n** [[Single-party period of the Republic\n        of Turkey#World War II|Turkey]] ends diplomatic and economic relations with\n        Germany.\\n** The First Assembly of [[ASNOM]] (the Anti-Fascist Assembly for\n        the People''s Liberation of [[Independent Macedonia (1944)|Macedonia]]) is\n        held in the [[Prohor P\\u010dinjski]] monastery.\\n* [[August 3]] – The\n        [[Education Act 1944|Education Act]] in the United Kingdom, promoted by [[Rab\n        Butler]], creates a [[Tripartite system of education in England, Wales and\n        Northern Ireland]].{{cite web|title=Education Act, 1944|url=http://195.99.1.70/acts/acts1944/pdf/ukpga_19440031_en.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-21}}\\n*\n        [[August 4]] – [[The Holocaust]]: A tip from a [[Netherlands|Dutch]]\n        informer leads the [[Gestapo]] to a sealed-off area in an [[Amsterdam]] warehouse,\n        where they find Jewish diarist [[Anne Frank]], her family, and others in hiding.\n        All would die in the Holocaust except for [[Otto Frank]], Anne''s father.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/01/opinion/prose-anne-frank-final-diary-entry|title=Anne\n        Frank''s final entry|first=Francine|last=Prose|authorlink=Francine Prose|date=2014-08-01|publisher=CNN|quote=On\n        Friday, August 4, 1944... a car pulled up in front of a spice warehouse at\n        [[Anne Frank House|263 Prinsengracht]] in Amsterdam. Inside the car were an\n        Austrian Gestapo officer and his Dutch subordinates, who, acting on a tip-off\n        (whose source has never been identified), had come to arrest the eight Jews\n        who had been hiding for two years in an attic above the warehouse. The eight\n        prisoners were taken to a deportation camp, from where they were sent to [[Auschwitz]].\n        Only one of them, Otto Frank, would survive.|accessdate=2014-08-01}}\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Warsaw Uprising]]:\\n*** The [[Wola massacre]]\n        begins. Between now and August 12, 40,000 to 50,000 Polish civilians will\n        be indiscriminately massacred by occupying SS troops.\\n*** [[The Holocaust]]:\n        Polish insurgents liberate a German [[labor camp]] in [[Warsaw]], freeing\n        348 Jewish prisoners.\\n** [[Cowra breakout]]: Over 500 Japanese prisoners\n        of war attempt a mass breakout from the [[Cowra]] camp in Australia. In the\n        ensuing manhunt, 231 Japanese escapees and four Australian soldiers are killed.\\n*\n        [[August 7]] – [[IBM]] dedicates the first program-controlled [[calculator]],\n        the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the [[Harvard\n        Mark I]]).\\n* [[August 9]] – The [[United States Forest Service]] and\n        the [[Wartime Advertising Council]] release posters featuring [[Smokey Bear]]\n        for the first time.\\n* [[August 12]] – WWII:\\n** The Allies capture\n        [[History of Florence#20th century|Florence, Italy]].\\n** [[Operation Pluto]]:\n        The world''s first undersea [[oil pipeline]] is laid between England and France.\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – WWII: [[Operation Dragoon]] lands Allies in southern\n        France. The [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th Infantry Division]]\n        participates in its fourth assault landing at [[Sainte-Maxime]], spearheading\n        the drive for the [[Belfort Gap]].\\n* [[August 18]] – WWII: [[Submarine#World\n        War II|Submarine]] {{USS|Rasher|SS-269|6}} sinks ''''Teia Maru'''', ''''Eishin\n        Maru'''', ''''Teiyu Maru'''', and [[Aircraft carrier|carrier]] {{Ship|Japanese\n        aircraft carrier|Taiy\\u014d||2}} from Japanese convoy HI71 in one of the most\n        effective American \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\" attacks of the\n        war.{{cite book|last=Cressman|first=Robert J.|title=The Official Chronology\n        of the U.S. Navy in WWII|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|location=Annapolis,\n        Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-149-3|page=248}}\\n* [[August 19]] –\n        WWII:\\n** More than 4,400 Japanese servicemen drown when {{USS|Spadefish|SS-411|6}}\n        torpedoes ''''[[Tamatsu Maru]]''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/hi71.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Hi-71 (\\u30d271\\u8239\\u56e3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-17}}\\n**\n        [[Liberation of Paris|An insurrection]] starts in Paris.\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – WWII:\\n** American forces successfully defeat Nazi forces at [[Chambois,\n        Orne|Chambois]], closing the [[Falaise Pocket]].\\n** 168 captured Allied airmen,\n        including [[Phil Lamason]], accused of being \\\"terror fliers\\\" by the [[Gestapo]],\n        arrive at [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] where they form the [[KLB Club]].\\n*\n        [[August 21]]\\n** [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] (Washington Conversations\n        on International Peace and Security Organization) opens in Washington, D.C.:\n        U.S., British, Chinese, French and Soviet representatives meet to plan the\n        foundation of the [[United Nations]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Operation Tractable]] concludes when Canadian troops relieve the Polish\n        and link with the Americans, capturing remaining German forces in the [[Falaise\n        Pocket]] and securing the strategically important French town of [[Falaise,\n        Calvados|Falaise]] in the final offensive of the [[Battle of Normandy]].\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – WWII: ''''[[Tsushima Maru]]'''', an unmarked Japanese\n        passenger/cargo ship, is sunk by [[torpedo]]es launched by the [[submarine]]\n        {{USS|Bowfin|SS-287|6}} off [[Akuseki-jima]], killing 1,484 civilians including\n        767 schoolchildren.\\n* [[August 23]] – WWII: In [[King Michael''s Coup]],\n        [[Ion Antonescu]], prime minister of [[Romania]], is arrested and a new government\n        established. [[Romania]] leaves the war against the [[Soviet Union]], joining\n        the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n* [[August 24]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Liberation of Paris]]: The Allies enter Paris, successfully completing [[Operation\n        Overlord]].\\n** Japanese vessels attack and sink the submarine {{USS|Harder|SS-257|6}}\n        off [[Luzon]].\\n* [[August 25]] – WWII:\\n** [[Liberation of Paris#German\n        surrender (25 August)|German surrender of Paris]]: General [[Dietrich von\n        Choltitz]] surrenders Paris to the Allies in defiance of Hitler''s orders\n        to destroy it.\\n** [[Maill\\u00e9 massacre]]: Massacre of 129 civilians (70%\n        women and children) by the Gestapo at [[Maill\\u00e9, Indre-et-Loire]].\\n**\n        Hungary decides to [[Hungary in World War II|continue the war]] together with\n        Germany.\\n** The [[Red Ball Express]] convoy system begins operation supplying\n        tons of materiel to Allied forces in France.\\n* [[August 29]] – WWII:\n        The [[Slovak Republic (1939\\u201345)|Slovak]] National Uprising against the\n        Axis powers begins.\\n* [[August 31]] – The [[Mad Gasser of Mattoon]]\n        apparently resumes their mysterious attacks in [[Mattoon, Illinois]] for two\n        weeks.\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Waves of paratroops land in Holland.jpg|thumb|Waves\n        of paratroopers land in the Netherlands during [[Operation Market Garden]]\n        in September 1944.]]\\n* [[September 1]] – WWII: In [[Bulgaria]], the\n        [[Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov|Bagryanov]] government resigns.\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Diarist [[Anne Frank]] and her family are placed on the\n        last transport train from Westerbork to [[Auschwitz concentration camp]],\n        arriving 3 days later.\\n** ''''[[\\u00a1Hola!]]'''' magazine launched in [[Barcelona]].\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – WWII: The Allies liberate [[Brussels]].\\n* [[September\n        4]] – WWII:\\n** The British [[11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|11th\n        Armoured Division]] liberates the city of [[Antwerp]] in Belgium.\\n** Finland\n        breaks off relations with Germany.\\n* [[September 5]] – WWII: The Soviet\n        Union declares war on [[Bulgaria]].\\n* [[September 6]] – WWII: [[Tartu\n        Offensive]] in [[Estonia]] concludes with Soviet forces capturing [[Tartu]].\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – WWII: The Belgian [[government in exile]] returns\n        to Brussels from London.\\n* [[September 8]] – WWII:\\n** The first [[V-2\n        rocket]] attack on London takes place.\\n**\n        The French town of [[Menton]] is liberated from German forces.\\n* [[September\n        9]] – WWII: An insurrection breaks out in [[Sofia]].\\n* [[September\n        11]] – WWII: [[Laksev\\u00e5g]] [[floating dry dock]] at [[Bergen]] (Norway)\n        is sunk by British [[X-class submarine]] ''''X-24''''.\\n* [[September 12]]\n        – WWII: Allied forces from [[Operation Overlord]] (in the north) and\n        [[Operation Dragoon]] (in the south of France) link up near [[Dijon]].\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – [[1944 Great Atlantic hurricane|The Great Atlantic\n        hurricane]] makes landfall in the New York City area.\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – WWII: The [[Battle of Peleliu]] begins in the Pacific.\\n* [[September\n        17]] – WWII: [[Operation Market Garden]] begins, Allied airborne landings\n        in the Netherlands and Germany.\\n* [[September 18]] – WWII: \\n** 5,620\n        drown when {{HMS|Tradewind|P329|6}} torpedoes ''''[[Jun''y\\u014d Maru]]''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~vanderkp/junyopg8.html|last=van der Kuil|first=Peter|title=List\n        of Casualties|work=The Sinking of the Junyo Maru|date=March 2003}}\\n**\n        After German forces declare the evacuation of [[Estonia]] the day before,\n        the Estonian national government [[Estonia in World War II#Attempt to restore\n        independence|briefly resumes control]] of [[Tallinn]] before Soviet advance.\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – WWII:\\n** An armistice between Finland and the Soviet\n        Union is signed, ending the [[Continuation War]].\\n** The [[Battle of H\\u00fcrtgen\n        Forest]] begins east of the Belgian\\u2013German border.\\n* [[September 22]]\n        – WWII: The [[Red Army]] captures [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]. Prime Minister\n        in Duties of the [[President of Estonia]] [[J\\u00fcri Uluots]] and 80,000\n        Estonian civilians manage to escape to Sweden and Germany. The evacuees include\n        almost the entire population of the [[Estonian Swedes]]. Soviet bombing raids\n        on the evacuating ships sink several ships with thousands on board.\\n* [[September\n        24]] – WWII: The [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th\n        Infantry Division]] takes the strongly defended city of [[\\u00c9pinal]] before\n        crossing the [[Moselle]] river and entering the western foothills of the [[Vosges]].\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Market Garden]] ends in an\n        Allied withdrawal.\\n** On the [[Gothic Line#Central Front (5th Army)|middle\n        front]] of the [[Gothic Line#Battle|Gothic Line]], Brazilian troops control\n        the Serchio valley region after 10 days of fighting.\\n* September –\n        Start of [[Dutch famine of 1944|Dutch famine]] (\\\"Hongerwinter\\\") in the occupied\n        northern part of the Netherlands.{{cite book|first=Henri A.|last=Van\n        der Zee|title=The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944\\u20135|location=London|publisher=Norman\n        & Hobhouse|year=1982|isbn=978-0-906908-71-6}}\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Henry\n        Larsen on St Roch.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Larsen (explorer)|Henry Larsen]] becomes\n        the first person successfully to navigate the [[Northwest Passage]] in both\n        directions, westbound July\\u2013October 1944.]]\\n[[File:7th Cavalry Leyte\n        Island 20 10 1944.jpeg|thumb|American troops advance towards San Jose on Leyte\n        Island, 20 October 1944.]]\\n[[File:USS Princeton (CVL-23) 1944 10 24 1.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[light aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Princeton|CVL-23|2}} afire, east of [[Luzon]],\n        24 October 1944]]\\n[[File:Volkssturm armband.svg|thumb|[[Volkssturm]] founded\n        in October 1944.]]\\n[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|thumb|The beginning\n        of the [[Battle of Leyte]], 20 October 1944.]]\\n* [[October 2]] – WWII:\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] troops end the [[Warsaw Uprising]].                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           [[October\n        4]]- The Serbian [[Puppet state]] of the [[Axis powers]] [[Government of National\n        Salvation]] fleds from [[Belgrade]], [[Territory of the Military Commander\n        in Serbia|Nazis-occupied Serbia]], At a government meeting at Night     \\n*\n        [[October 5]] – WWII: [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] pilots shoot down\n        the first German [[Jet aircraft|jet]] fighter over the Netherlands. \\n* [[October\n        6]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Debrecen]] starts on the [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|Eastern Front]] (it lasts until [[October 29]])\\n** Withdrawal\n        collaborators: [[Milan Nedi\\u0107]], the president of the Serbian Quisling\n        Regime ([[Government of National Salvation]]), fled from [[Belgrade]] by airplane.Together\n        with other Serbian collaborators and the German Officials, to [[Hungary]],\n        than to [[Vienna]] Austria\\n*** Holocaust: Members of the [[Sonderkommando]]\n        (Jewish work units) in [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] stage a\n        revolt, killing 3 [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] men before being massacred themselves.\\n***\n        [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] concludes.\\n* [[October 8]] – ''''[[The\n        Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet]]'''' radio show debuts in the United States.\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – WWII: Fourth [[Moscow Conference (1944)|Moscow Conference]]:\n        British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Premier\n        [[Joseph Stalin]] begin a 9-day conference in Moscow to discuss the future\n        of Europe.\\n* [[October 10]] \\n**[[The Holocaust]]/[[Porajmos]]: 800 [[Romani\n        people|Romani]] children are systematically murdered at the [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]].\\n** WWII: Allied forces inflict significant losses upon [[Imperial\n        Japanese Navy]] ships moored in [[Naha]] Harbor, destroying much of the city\n        of Naha, [[Okinawa prefecture|Okinawa]] as well, in the [[10-10 Air Raid]].\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** WWII: The Allies land in [[Athens]].\\n** Canadian [[Arctic]]\n        explorer [[Henry Larsen (explorer)|Henry Larsen]] returns to Vancouver, becoming\n        the first person successfully to navigate the [[Northwest Passage]] in both\n        directions, in the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] schooner ''''[[St. Roch\n        (ship)|St. Roch]]''''. His westbound voyage is the first completed in a single\n        season and the first passage through the [[Prince of Wales Strait]].{{cite\n        book|first=Henry A.|last=Larsen|title=The Big Ship: an autobiography|publisher=McClelland\n        and Stewart|location=Toronto|year=1967}}{{cite web|title=Across\n        the Northwest Passage: The Larsen Expeditions|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/arcticexpedition/larsenexpeditions|publisher=University\n        of Calgary|accessdate=2012-12-17}}\\n* [[October 13]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Riga]], the capital of [[Latvia]], is taken by the [[Red Army]].\\n** The\n        first [[V-2]] rocket attack on [[Antwerp]] takes place.{{cite web|url=http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/antwerp.html|title=Antwerp,\n        \\\"City of Sudden Death\\\"|work=V2Rocket.com|accessdate=2013-04-24}}\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – WWII: German [[Field Marshal]] [[Erwin Rommel]] commits\n        suicide rather than face execution for allegedly conspiring against [[Adolf\n        Hitler]].\\n* [[October 18]] – WWII: The [[Volkssturm]] Nazi [[militia]]\n        is founded on [[Adolf Hitler]]''s orders.\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Guatemalan\n        Revolution]] begins, with the overthrow of [[Federico Ponce Vaides]] by a\n        popular leftist movement.\\n* [[October 20]] – WWII:\\n** [[Belgrade]]\n        is [[Belgrade Offensive|liberated]] by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] together with\n        the [[Bulgarian Land Forces|Bulgarian Army]] and the [[Red Army]].\\n** American\n        forces land on Red Beach in [[Palo, Leyte]], as General [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        returns to the [[Philippines]] with Philippine Commonwealth president [[Sergio\n        Osme\\u00f1a]], and [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] Generals Basilio J.\n        Valdes and [[Carlos P. Romulo]].\\n** United States and Filipino troops with\n        Filipino guerrillas begin the [[Battle of Leyte]]. \\n** American forces land\n        on the beaches in [[Dulag, Leyte]], the [[Philippines]], accompanied by Filipino\n        troops entering the town, and fiercely opposed by the Japanese occupation\n        forces. The combined forces liberate [[Tacloban]].  [[Government of National\n        Salvation|Nedi\\u0107''s regime was disbanded by the Yugoslav Partisans and\n        the Red Army After they takeover belgrade]] \\n* [[October 20]] – A [[liquefied\n        natural gas]] explosion destroys a square mile (2.6 km\\u00b2) of [[Cleveland,\n        Ohio]].\\n* [[October 21]] – WWII: [[Aachen]], the first German city\n        to fall, is captured by American troops.\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** WWII: The Naval\n        [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]] in the [[Philippines]] begins (lasts until [[October\n        26]]).\\n** The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] recognise [[Charles de Gaulle]]''s\n        cabinet as the provisional government of France.\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** WWII:\n        The [[Red Army]] liberates [[Kirkenes]], the first town in Norway to be liberated.\\n**\n        WWII: {{USS|Tang|SS-306|6}} (the United States Navy submarine credited with\n        sinking more ships than any other American submarine) is sunk in the [[Formosa\n        Strait]] by one of her own torpedoes. [[Medal of Honor]]-winning submarine\n        ace [[Richard O''Kane]] becomes a [[prisoner of war]].\\n** [[Florence Foster\n        Jenkins]] gives a recital in [[Carnegie Hall]].\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[The\n        Holocaust]]: [[Anne Frank]] and her sister [[Margot Frank|Margot]] are deported\n        from [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] to the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration\n        camp]].\\n** ''''[[Appalachian Spring]]'''', a ballet by [[Martha Graham]]\n        with music by [[Aaron Copland]], debuts at the [[Library of Congress]] in\n        Washington, D.C., with Graham in the lead role.\\n* [[October 31]] –\n        Mass murderer [[Marcel Petiot]] is apprehended at a [[Paris M\\u00e9tro]] station.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]–[[December 7]] – Delegates of 52 nations meet at\n        the International Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago to plan for postwar\n        international cooperation, framing the constitution of the [[International\n        Civil Aviation Organization]].\\n* [[November 3]] – WWII: Two supreme\n        commanders of the [[Slovak National Uprising]], Generals [[J\\u00e1n Golian]]\n        and [[Rudolf Viest]], are captured, tortured and later executed by German\n        forces.\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[United States presidential election, 1944|United\n        States presidential election]]: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wins reelection\n        over [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger [[Thomas E.\n        Dewey]], becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term.\\n** [[Rail\n        transport in Puerto Rico#Tragedy on election day in 1944|Election day rail\n        accident in Puerto Rico]]: A passenger train derails at [[Aguadilla]] due\n        to excessive speed on a downgrade; 16 are killed, 50 injured.\\n* [[November\n        10]] – WWII: [[Ammunition ship]] {{USS|Mount Hood|AE-11}} disintegrates\n        from accidental detonation of 3800 tons of cargo in the [[Seeadler Harbor]]\n        fleet anchorage at [[Manus Island]]. 22 small boats are destroyed, 36 nearby\n        ships damaged, 432 men are killed and 371 more are injured.{{cite journal|last=Gile|first=Chester\n        A.|title=The ''''Mount Hood'''' Explosion|journal=Proceedings|publisher=[[United\n        States Naval Institute]]|date=February 1963}}\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        Operational ships of the French Navy re-enter their base at [[Toulon]].{{Citation\n        needed|date=August 2017}}\\n* [[November 12]] – WWII: Sinking of the\n        {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz}} by British Royal Air Force [[Avro Lancaster|Lancaster\n        bombers]]. Estimated casualties range from\n        950 to 1,204.\\n* [[November 14]] – WWII: 2,246 drown when {{USS|Queenfish|SS-393|6}}\n        torpedoes [[Japanese aircraft carrier Akitsu Maru|''''Akitsu Maru'''']].{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/hi81.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Hi-81 (\\u30d281\\u8239\\u56e3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-17}}\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – WWII: U.S. forces begin the month-long [[Operation\n        Queen]] in the [[Rur]] valley.\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** The [[Popular Socialist\n        Youth]] is founded in [[Cuba]]\\n** WWII: 3,546 drown when {{USS|Picuda|SS-382|6}}\n        torpedoes ''''[[Mayasan Maru]]''''.\\n* [[November 22]]\\n**\n        [[Conscription Crisis of 1944|Conscription Crisis]]: [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\n        [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|William Mackenzie King]] agrees a one-time [[conscription]]\n        levy in Canada for overseas service.\\n** [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film ''''[[Henry\n        V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'''', based on [[Henry V (play)|Shakespeare''s play]],\n        opens in London. It is the most acclaimed and the most successful movie version\n        of a Shakespeare play made up to that time, and the first in [[Technicolor]].\n        Olivier both stars and directs.As [[Kenneth Branagh]] is to do over forty\n        years later in his successful [[Henry V (1989 film)|remake]].\\n* [[November\n        24]] – WWII: German forces [[Moonsund Landing Operation|evacuate from\n        West Estonian Archipelago]].\\n* [[November 26]] – American opera singer\n        [[Florence Foster Jenkins]] dies in her sleep at the age of 76.\\n* [[November\n        27]] \\n** [[RAF Fauld explosion]]: Between 3,450 and 3,930 [[ton]]s (3,500\n        and 4,000 [[tonne]]s) of [[Ammunition#Ordnance ammunition|ordnance]] explodes\n        at an underground storage depot in [[Staffordshire]], England, leaving about\n        75 dead and a [[explosion crater|crater]] 1,200 metres (0.75 miles)\n        across and 120 metres (400 ft) deep. The blast is one of the [[List\n        of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]]\n        in history and the largest on UK soil.{{cite journal|last=Reed|first=John|year=1977|title=Largest\n        Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staffs. November 27, 1944|journal=[[After\n        the Battle]]|volume=18|pages=35\\u201340|issn=0306-154X}}\\n** [[Operation\n        Tigerfish]] takes place. The [[Royal Air Force]] bombing of [[Freiburg im\n        Breisgau]] kills 2,800.\\n* [[November 29]] – WWII: Submarine {{USS|Archerfish|SS-311}}\n        sinks Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shinano||2}}.\n        ''''Shinano'''' is the largest carrier built to this date, and will remain\n        through the twentieth century the largest ship sunk by a submarine.{{cite\n        book|last=Cressman|first=Robert J.|title=The Official Chronology of the U.S.\n        Navy in WWII|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|location=Annapolis,\n        Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-149-3|page=278}}\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Bodies\n        of U.S. officers and soldiers slained by the Nazis after capture near Malmedy,\n        Belgium. - NARA - 196544.jpg|thumb|Victims of the [[Malmedy massacre]]]]\\n[[File:Glenn\n        Miller Billboard.jpg|thumb|[[December 15]]: American bandleader [[Glenn Miller]]\n        disappears into the [[English Channel]].]]\\n[[File:General George C. Marshall,\n        official military photo, 1946.JPEG|thumb|[[George Marshall]] becomes the first\n        [[General of the Army (United States)|U.S. Five-Star General]] on December\n        16, 1944.]]\\n* [[December 3]] – WWII:\\n** Fighting breaks out between\n        [[Communism|Communists]] and royalists in newly liberated Greece, eventually\n        leading to a full-scale [[Greek Civil War]].\\n** The [[British Home Guard]]\n        is stood down.\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Convention on International Civil\n        Aviation]] signed in Chicago to create the [[International Civil Aviation\n        Organization]].\\n* [[December 10]] – Italian conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]]\n        leads a concert performance of the first half of [[Beethoven]]''s ''''[[Fidelio]]''''\n        (minus its spoken dialogue) on [[NBC]] Radio, starring [[Rose Bampton]]. He\n        chooses this opera for its political message – a statement against tyranny\n        and dictatorship. Conducting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute\n        to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is\n        broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the\n        first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio.\\n* [[December 12]]–[[December\n        13]] – WWII: British units attempt to take the hilltop town of Tossignano,\n        but are repulsed.\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Battle of Mindoro]]: United\n        States, Australian and Philippine Commonwealth troops land on [[Mindoro Island]]\n        in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** The Soviet government changes\n        Turkish place names to Russian in the [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]].\\n** United\n        States release of the film ''''[[National Velvet (film)|National Velvet]]'''',\n        which brings a young [[Elizabeth Taylor]] to stardom.\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        A USAAF utility aircraft carrying bandleader Major [[Glenn Miller]] disappears\n        in heavy fog over the [[English Channel]] while flying to Paris.\\n* [[December\n        16]] – WWII:\\n** Germany begins the Ardennes offensive, later known\n        as [[Battle of the Bulge]].\\n** General [[George C. Marshall]] becomes the\n        first [[General of the Army (United States)|U.S. Five-Star General]].\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\n** WWII: [[Malmedy massacre]]: German [[SS]] troops under [[Joachim\n        Peiper]] machine gun American prisoners of war captured during the Battle\n        of the Bulge near [[Malmedy]] and elsewhere in Belgium.\\n** WWII: [[Bombing\n        of Ulm in World War II]], 707 people are killed and 25,000 are left homeless.\n        \\n* [[December 19]] – The daily newspaper ''''[[Le Monde]]'''' begins\n        publication in Paris.\\n* [[December 20]] – The United States [[Women\n        Airforce Service Pilots]] are disbanded.\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** WWII: Brigadier\n        General [[Anthony C. McAuliffe]], commander of the U.S. forces defending [[Bastogne]],\n        refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, \\\"Nuts!\\\",\n        to the German command.\\n** The [[Vietnam People''s Army]] is formed in [[French\n        Indochina]].\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** WWII: Troopship {{SS|L\\u00e9opoldville|1929|6}}\n        is sunk in the [[English Channel]] by [[German submarine U-486|German submarine\n        ''''U-486'''']]. Approximately 763 soldiers of the [[66th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. 66th Infantry Division]] bound for the Battle of the\n        Bulge drown.{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/history/leopoldville.htm|title=The\n        Sinking of SS Leopoldville|publisher=uboat.net|accessdate=2010-07-04}}\\n**\n        WWII: German tanks reach the furthest point of the Bulge at [[Celles, Houyet|Celles]].\\n**\n        WWII: Fifty German [[V-1 flying bomb]]s, air-launched from [[Heinkel He 111]]\n        [[bomber]]s flying over the [[North Sea]], target [[Manchester]] in England,\n        killing 42 and injuring more than 100 in the [[Oldham]] area.{{cite\n        book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology\n        of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=392\\u2013394|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=95|title=Battle of Britain|work=ww2db.com|accessdate=2016-05-16}}\\n**\n        WWII: [[List of massacres in Belgium|Bande massacre]]. 34 men between the\n        ages of 17 and 32 are executed by the [[Sicherheitsdienst]] near Bande, [[Belgium]]\n        in retaliation for the killing of three German soldiers.\\n** The first complete\n        U.S. production of Tchaikovsky''s ballet ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''' is presented\n        in [[San Francisco]], choreographed by [[Willam Christensen]]. It will become\n        an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet\n        will be the only company in the United States performing the complete work.\\n*\n        [[December 26]]\\n** WWII: American troops repulse German forces at [[Bastogne]].\\n**\n        The original stage version of ''''[[The Glass Menagerie]]'''' by [[Tennessee\n        Williams]] premieres in [[Chicago]].\\n** [[Esztergom]], [[Hungary]], is captured\n        by the Russians.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Edward Stettinius, Jr.]], becomes\n        the last [[United States Secretary of State]] of the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]\n        administration, filling the seat left by [[Cordell Hull]].\\n** King [[George\n        II of Greece]] declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant.\\n** \\\"''''[[Stage\n        Door Cartoon]]''''\\\" is the first cartoon produced by [[Eddie Selzer]].\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Leyte]]: Tens of thousands of\n        Imperial Japanese Army soldiers are killed in action, in a significant Filipino/Allied\n        military victory.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* The [[1944 Summer Olympics]], scheduled\n        for London (together with the [[1944 Winter Olympics|February Winter Olympics]]\n        scheduled for [[Cortina d''Ampezzo]] in Italy), are suspended due to WWII.\\n*\n        In Sweden, Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invent a way to package milk\n        in paper and start the company [[Tetra Pak]].\\n* The [[National Council on\n        Alcoholism and Drug Dependence]] is established in the United States.\\n* Last\n        known evidence of the existence of the [[Asiatic lion]] in the wild in [[Khuzestan\n        Province]], Persia.{{cite book|last=Guggisberg|first=Charles Albert Walter|title=Simba:\n        the life of the lion|year=1961|publisher=Howard Timmins|location=Cape Town}}\\n*\n        [[BC Zalgiris]], as known well for professional basketball club founded in\n        [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]]. (former part of [[Soviet Union]]){{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Omar al-Bashir, 12th AU Summit,\n        090202-N-0506A-137.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir]]]]\\n[[File:Jimmy\n        Page at the Echo music award 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jimmy Page]]]]\\n[[File:Joe\n        Frazier 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joe Frazier]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Omar\n        Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]], 7th [[President of Sudan]]\\n** [[Jimmy Hart]], American\n        wrestling manager\\n** [[Jumabek Ibraimov]], 5th Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Bob Minor]], American actor and stunt performer\\n* [[January\n        2]] – Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]], Cambodian politician\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Chris von Saltza]], American swimmer\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Bonnie\n        Franklin]], American actress and television director (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Rolf\n        M. Zinkernagel]], Swiss immunologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Ian Hornak]], American painter, draughtsman\n        and sculptor (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Jimmy Page]], English guitarist ([[Led Zeppelin]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[Frank Sinatra, Jr.]], American singer-songwriter\n        and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Joe Frazier]], American boxer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Carlos Villagr\\u00e1n]], Mexican actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 17]]\\n** [[Jan Guillou]], Swedish author\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise Hardy]],\n        French singer\\n* [[January 18]] \\n** [[Paul Keating]], 24th [[Prime Minister\n        of Australia]]\\n** [[Alexander Van der Bellen]], 12th [[President of Austria]]\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Shelley Fabares]], American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Rutger Hauer]], Dutch actor\\n* [[January 24]] –\n        [[Klaus Nomi]], German singer (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\n** [[Sally\n        Beauman]], English writer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Evan Chandler]], screenwriter,\n        dentist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\n**[[Angela Davis]], American feminist\n        and political activist\\n**[[Jerry Sandusky]], American child molester and\n        [[Penn State]] coach\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Adenan Satem]], Malaysian politician,\n        [[Chief Minister of Sarawak]] (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Peter Akinola]], Nigerian\n        religious leader\\n** [[Mairead Corrigan]], Northern Irish activist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Nick Mason]], English rock drummer ([[Pink\n        Floyd]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Susan Howard]], American actress\\n** [[John\n        Tavener]], English composer of religious music (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Susana Gim\\u00e9nez]], TV presenter Argentina\\n** [[Patrick Lipton\n        Robinson]], Jamaican judge\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Connie Booth]], American\n        writer and actress\\n** [[Ivo Opstelten]], Dutch politician\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jerry\n        Springer Musto Party 2011 Shankbone 10.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Jerry Springer]]]]\\n[[File:Alan\n        Parker (Director), London, 2012.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Alan Parker]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Geoffrey Hughes]], English actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Trisha Noble]], Australian singer and actress\\n* [[February\n        5]]\\n** [[Al Kooper]], American rock musician ([[Blood, Sweat & Tears]])\\n**\n        [[Thekla Carola Wied]], German actress\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Roger Lloyd-Pack]],\n        English actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Alice Walker]], American\n        writer\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Peter Allen (musician)|Peter Allen]],\n        Australian-born [[Academy Award]]-winning composer and lyricist (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Michael G. Oxley]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Moe Bandy]], American country music singer\\n* [[February\n        13]]\\n** [[Stockard Channing]], American actress\\n** [[Michael Ensign]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Jerry Springer]], English-born American politician and television\n        personality\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Carl Bernstein]], American journalist\\n**\n        Sir [[Alan Parker]], English film director, producer, actor and writer\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Dzhokhar Dudayev]], Chechen leader, first President\n        of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized breakaway state in the\n        North Caucasus (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Richard Ford]], American\n        writer\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio Mascarenhas Monteiro]], [[President of Cape Verde]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Karl Jenkins]], Welsh composer\\n**\n        [[Bernie Grant]], British Labour Party MP (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 20]]\n        – [[Willem van Hanegem]], Dutch football player and coach\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Jonathan Demme]], American film director, producer and writer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Tom Okker]], Dutch tennis player\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        [[Johnny Winter]], American rock musician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 25]]\n        – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Cevert]], French racing driver (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Ken Grimwood]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Sepp Maier]], German retired footballer\\n* [[February 29]]\n        – [[Dennis Farina]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Roger\n        Daltrey - May 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roger Daltrey]]]]\\n[[File:Uschi Glas\n        II.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Uschi Glas]]]]\\n[[File:Said Musa.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Said\n        Musa]]]]\\n[[File:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2008 Diana Ross4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Diana\n        Ross]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[John Breaux]], U.S. Senator from Louisiana\\n**\n        [[Roger Daltrey]], English singer-songwriter and actor ([[The Who]])\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** [[Uschi Glas]], German actress\\n** [[Leif Segerstam]], Finnish conductor\n        and composer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Harvey Postlethwaite]], English engineer\n        and race car designer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Bobby Womack]], American singer\n        and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Peter Brandes]], Danish\n        artist\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** Dame [[Kiri Te Kanawa]], New Zealand soprano\\n**\n        [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]], American singer ([[The Supremes]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Townes van Zandt]], American singer (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] – [[Buzz Hargrove]], Canadian labour leader\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[Graham Lyle]], Grammy-winning Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist,\n        known for writing several international hits for [[Tina Turner]]\\n** [[Don\n        Maclean]], English comedian and broadcaster\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Pattie Boyd]],\n        English model and first wife of [[George Harrison]] and [[Eric Clapton]]\\n**\n        [[John Sebastian]], American singer-songwriter ([[The Lovin'' Spoonful]])\\n*\n        [[March 19]]\\n** [[Said Musa]], [[Prime Minister of Belize]]\\n** [[Sirhan\n        Sirhan]], Palestinian assassin of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Hilary Minster]], British actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[R.\n        Lee Ermey]], U.S. Marine and actor\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Diana Ross]],\n        American urban musician and was lead singer of [[The Supremes]]\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n** [[Khosrow Shakibai]], Iranian actor (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ann Sidney]],\n        Miss World\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Rick Barry]], American basketball player\\n**\n        [[Ken Howard]], American actor (d. 2016)\\n* [[March 29]] \\n** [[Nana Akufo-Addo]],\n        [[President of Ghana]]\\n** [[Denny McLain]], American baseball player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Gerhard\n        Schr\\u00f6der (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerhard Schr\\u00f6der]]]]\\n[[File:Craig\n        T. Nelson at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Craig T. Nelson]]]]\\n[[File:Jill\n        Clayburgh.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Jill Clayburgh]]]]\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Tony\n        Orlando]], American musician\\n* [[April 4]]\\n**[[Magda Aelvoet]], Belgian\n        politician\\n**[[Craig T. Nelson]], American actor\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Peter\n        T. King]], American politician\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Judith McConnell]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Anita Pallenberg]], Italian-born model and actress (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        Dame [[Felicity Palmer]], English soprano\\n* [[April 7]] \\n** [[Warner Fusselle]],\n        American sportscaster (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Gerhard Schr\\u00f6der]], [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor of Germany]]\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Odd\n        Nerdrum]], Norwegian painter\\n** [[Jimmy Walker (basketball, born 1944)|Jimmy\n        Walker]], American professional basketball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[John Milius]], American film director, producer and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – [[Jack Casady]], American rock musician ([[Jefferson\n        Airplane]], [[Hot Tuna]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Charlie Tuna]], American\n        disc jockey and game show announcer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Bernie\n        Worrell]], American keyboardist, (d. 2016)\\n** [[James Heckman]], American\n        economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Steve Fossett]], American aviator, sailor and millionaire\n        adventurer (d. 2007)\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Tony Visconti]], American record\n        producer, musician and singer\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Len Goodman]], British\n        ballroom dancer and television personality\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Larry\n        H. Miller]], American sports owner ([[Utah Jazz]]; d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April\n        27]]\\n** [[Michael Fish]], British TV weatherman\\n** [[Cuba Gooding, Sr.]],\n        American actor and singer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Jean-Claude\n        Van Cauwenberghe]], Belgian politician\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Richard Kline]],\n        American actor and television director\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Jill Clayburgh]],\n        American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:John Rhys-Davies by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Rhys-Davies]]]]\\n[[File:George Lucas, 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Lucas]]]]\\n[[File:Danny Trejo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Danny Trejo]]]]\\n[[File:Peter\n        Mayhew 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Mayhew]]]]\\n[[File:Joe cocker 1970.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Joe\n        Cocker]]]]\\n[[File:Mary Robinson World Economic Forum 2013 crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary\n        Robinson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Suresh Kalmadi]], Indian politician\\n** [[Costa\n        Cordalis]], German singer\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Russi Taylor]], American\n        voice actress\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Roger Rees]], Welsh actor (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[John Rhys-Davies]], Welsh actor\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Gary Glitter]], English\n        singer\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Richie Furay]], American musician ([[Poco]], [[Buffalo\n        Springfield]])\\n** [[Laurence Owen]], American figure skater (d. [[1961]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[Jim Abrahams]], American film director\\n* [[May 12]]\n        – [[Sara Kestelman]], English actress\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Armistead\n        Maupin]], American author\\n* [[May 14]] – [[George Lucas]], American\n        film director and producer\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Ulrich Beck]], German sociologist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Gunilla Hutton]], Swedish-born American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Danny Trejo]], American actor\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Peter\n        Mayhew]], English actor\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Joe Cocker]], English rock singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Boudewijn de Groot]], Dutch singer\\n** [[Dietrich Mateschitz]],\n        Austrian businessman\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Mary Robinson]], [[President\n        of Ireland]]\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[John Newcombe]], Australian tennis player\\n**\n        [[Avraham Oz]], Israeli theater professor, translator, and political activist\\n*\n        [[May 24]]\\n** [[David Mark Berger]], American-born Israeli weightlifter,\n        murdered at the [[Munich massacre|Munich Olympics]] (d. [[1972]])\\n** [[Patti\n        LaBelle]], American singer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Frank Oz]], English puppeteer\n        and film director\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Chris Dodd]], American politician\\n*\n        [[May 28]]\\n** [[Rudy Giuliani]], former Mayor of New York City\\n** [[Gladys\n        Knight]], American singer\\n** [[Rita MacNeil]], Canadian folk singer (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Patricia Quinn|Patricia, Lady Stephens (n\\u00e9e Quinn)]], retired Northern\n        Irish actress\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Helmut Berger]], Austrian actor\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Meredith MacRae]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:John\n        Carlos, Tommie Smith 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tommie Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ban Ki-moon\n        1-2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ban Ki-moon]]]]\\n[[File:Kinks.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ray\n        Davies]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff Beck.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeff Beck]]]]\\n[[File:CUN2008\n        Oscar party Gary Busey.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gary Busey]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Robert Powell]], English actor\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Edith McGuire]],\n        American sprinter\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Michelle Phillips]], American singer\n        and actress ([[The Mamas & the Papas]])\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Colm Wilkinson]],\n        Irish actor and singer\\n** [[Whitfield Diffie]], American cryptographer\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\n** [[Phillip Allen Sharp]], American scientist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Edgar Froese]], German\n        musician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Tommie Smith]], American athlete\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        [[Mark Belanger]], American baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Don Grady]],\n        American actor and singer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Marc Ouellet]], Canadian cardinal\\n**\n        [[Boz Scaggs]], American singer and guitarist\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Ban\n        Ki-moon]], South Korean politician and 8th [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations]]\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Henri Richelet]], French\n        painter\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Bill Rafferty]], American comedian and impressionist\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Franco Cordova]], Italian international\n        football player\\n** [[Luigi Sgarbozza]], Italian former cyclist\\n** [[Ray\n        Davies]], English rock-singer and songwriter, co-founder of [[The Kinks]]\\n**\n        [[Carmen Cardinali Paoa]], Chilean professor\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Ercole\n        Gualazzini]], Italian professional road bicycle racer\\n* [[June 23]] –\n        [[Silvestre Bello III]], Filipino businessman and lawyer\\n* [[June 24]] \\n**\n        [[Dennis Butler]], English former footballer and football manager\\n** [[Jeff\n        Beck]], English rock musician\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Zez\\u00e9 Motta]],\n        Brazilian actress and singer\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Gary Busey]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Se\\u00e1n Patrick O''Malley]], American cardinal\\n* [[June 30]]\\n**\n        [[Terry Funk]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Raymond Moody]], American\n        parapsychologist\\n** [[Alan C. Fox]], American author, philanthropist and\n        entrepreneur\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jeffrey Tambor June 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeffrey\n        Tambor]]]]\\n[[File:David Hemery 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Hemery]]]]\\n[[File:Geraldine\n        Chaplin 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Geraldine Chaplin]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Mike Horan]], Australian politician\\n** [[Mercedes Bresso]], Italian politician\\n**\n        [[Diron Talbert]], American football player\\n** [[Syd Jackson (footballer)|Syd\n        Jackson]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Jayanta Chattopadhyay]],\n        Bangladeshi actor and reciter\\n** [[Vicente de la Mata (born 1944)|Vicente\n        de la Mata]], Argentine former football midfielder\\n** [[Paul Schudel]], American\n        football player and coach\\n** [[Billy Campbell (Northern Irish footballer)|Billy\n        Campbell]], Irish professional footballer\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Michel Polnareff]],\n        French singer\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Joe Berardo]], Portuguese businessman, stock\n        investor, speculator, and art collector\\n** [[Joe Critchlow]], Canadian football\n        player\\n** [[Albert Kapengut]], Soviet chess master\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Deepankar\n        De]], Indian actor\\n** [[Hendrik Born]], German vice admiral\\n** [[Mick Andrews]],\n        English international motorcycle trials rider\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Tim Brown\n        (darts player)|Tim Brown]], Australian darts player\\n** [[Gunhild Hoffmeister]],\n        East German middle-distance runner\\n** [[Max Timisela]], Indonesian footballer\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Feleti Sevele]], former Prime Minister of Tonga\\n** [[Tony\n        Jacklin]], English golfer\\n** [[Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham]],\n        British Army officer\\n** [[Mark Burgess (cricketer)|Mark Burgess]], New Zealand\n        cricketer\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Janet Sheen]], American actress\\n** [[Jeffrey\n        Tambor]], American actor\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Katrin Alvarez]], German\n        contemporary painter\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Keith Doncon]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n** [[Valdeir Vieira]], Brazilian football manager\\n* [[July 12]]\n        \\n** [[Clarence Parfitt]], Bermudian and Scottish cricketer\\n** [[Terry Cooper\n        (footballer, born 1944)|Terry Cooper]], English former football player and\n        manager\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Ern\\u0151 Rubik]], Hungarian inventor\\n*\n        [[July 14]] – [[Aad Mansveld]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[July 15]] –\n        [[Jan-Michael Vincent]], American actor\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Clarence Parfitt]],\n        Bermudian and Scottish cricketer\\n** [[Jose L. Cuisia Jr.]], Philippine Ambassador\n        and banker\\n** [[Angharad Rees]], Welsh actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        [[Mark Burgess (cricketer)|Mark Burgess]], New Zealand [[cricket]] [[Captain\n        (cricket)|captain]]\\n** [[Catherine Schell]], Hungarian actress\\n** [[Carlos\n        Alberto Torres]], Brazilian footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[David Hemery]], British Olympic athlete\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[John Atta Mills]],\n        13th [[President of Ghana]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Paul Wellstone]], U.S. Senator\n        from Minnesota (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Alex Buzo]], of Sydney,\n        Australian playwright and author (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Jozo\n        Kri\\u017eanovi\\u0107]], Bosnian politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n**\n        [[Geraldine Chaplin]], English-American actress\\n** [[Jonathan Dimbleby]],\n        British journalist and author\\n** [[Robert C. Merton]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Richard\n        Belzer.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Richard Belzer]]]]\\n[[File:Sam Elliott.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Sam\n        Elliott]]]]\\n[[File:The Emperor Has No Robes.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ian McDiarmid]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Yury Romanenko]], Soviet cosmonaut\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Capaldi]], British drummer, singer and songwriter ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]])\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Nan\\u00e1 Vasconcelos]], Brazilian percussionist and vocalist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Jonas Falk]], Swedish actor (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Richard Belzer]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[William\n        Frankfather]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Orhan Gencebay]], Turkish\n        musician, composer, singer and actor\\n* [[August 7]] – [[John Glover\n        (actor)|John Glover]], American actor\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Brooke Bundy]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Hasyim Muzadi]], Indonesian Islamic scholar (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Sam Elliott]], American actor\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**\n        [[Ian McDiarmid]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Frederick W. Smith]], American founder\n        of [[FedEx]]\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Larry Troutman]], American musician\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Kevin Tighe]], American actor\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Sylvie Vartan]], French singer\\n* [[August 18]] \\n**\n        [[Robert Hitchcock]], Australian sculptor\\n** [[Volker Lechtenbrink]], German\n        television actor and singer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Bodil Malmsten]], Swedish\n        writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Rajiv Gandhi]], Prime Minister\n        of India (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Kari S. Tikka]], Finnish Professor\n        of Finance (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Peter Weir]], Australian film director\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Saira Banu]], Indian actress\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Christine\n        Chubbuck]], American television reporter (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[August 26]] –\n        [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester]]\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Tug McGraw]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Jos LeDuc]],\n        Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Tony\n        Atkinson - Festival Economia 2015.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Tony Atkinson]]]]\\n[[File:Grand\n        Gala du Disque Populaire 1974 - Barry White 927-0099.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barry\n        White]]]]\\n[[File:2004 12LosAngelesPeterCetera.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Cetera]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Douglas Deauville 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael Douglas]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Leonard Slatkin]], American conductor\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        [[Gilles Marchal]], French musician\\n* [[September 3]] \\n** [[Tim Donnelly\n        (actor)|Tim Donnelly]], American actor\\n** [[Ty Warner]], American Businessman,\n        Inventor: Beanie Babies\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Tony Atkinson]], British\n        economist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Christian Boltanski]],\n        French artist\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Earl Manigault]], American basketball\n        player (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Bora Milutinovi\\u0107]], Serbian football coach\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Leonard Peltier]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native\n        American activist]] and convicted murderer\\n** [[Barry White]], American singer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Carol Barnes]], British newsreader\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Jacqueline Bisset]], English actress\\n** [[Peter Cetera]],\n        lead singer and guitarist of American rock group [[Chicago]]\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Graham Taylor]], English footballer and football manager (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Reinhold Messner]], Italian mountaineer\\n*\n        [[September 18]] \\n** [[Veronica Carlson]], English actress and model\\n**\n        [[Satan''s Angel]], American exotic dancer\\n* [[September 19]] – [[\\u0130smet\n        \\u00d6zel]], Turkish poet\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Hamilton Jordan]],\n        Jimmy Carter''s first [[White House Chief of Staff]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Frazer Hines]], British actor\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Michael\n        Douglas]], American film actor and producer\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Anne\n        Robinson]], British television host\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Milo\\u0161\n        Zeman]], 3rd President of the Czech Republic\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Jimmy\n        Johnstone]], Scottish footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Arnhim\n        Eustace.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arnhim Eustace]]]]\\n[[File:Kov\\u00e1cskatisziget.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kati\n        Kov\\u00e1cs]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Vernor Vinge]], American science\n        fiction writer\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Tony La Russa]], American baseball\n        player and manager\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Arnhim Eustace]], Vincentian\n        politician and 3rd [[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Mylon LeFevre]], American singer and evangelist\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\n** [[John Entwistle]], English musician ([[The Who]]) (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Nona Hendryx]], American R&B singer ([[Labelle]])\\n** [[Peter Tosh]], Jamaican\n        singer and musician (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[\\u015eerif G\\u00f6ren]],\n        Turkish film director\\n** [[David Trimble]], Northern Irish Unionist political\n        leader; recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] 1998\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Clive Hornby]], English actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Jean-Pierre\n        Sauvage]], French scientist; recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\n        2016\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Kati Kov\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian jazz, pop and\n        rock musician\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Dennis Franz]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Ahmed Chalabi]], Iraqi businessman and politician\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Askar Akaev MoscowRia 08-2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Askar\n        Akayevich Akayev]]]]\\n[[File:Danny DeVito cropped and edited for brightness.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Danny\n        DeVito]]]]\\n[[File:Lorne Michaels David Shankbone 2010.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lorne\n        Michaels]]]]\\n[[File:Harold Ramis Oct 2009.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Harold Ramis]]]]\\n[[File:Actor\n        Ben Stein.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ben Stein]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Bobby Heenan]],\n        American professional wrestling manager and commentator\\n** [[Oscar Temaru]],\n        President of [[French Polynesia]]\\n** [[Rafic Hariri]], 2-Time Prime Minister\n        of Lebanon (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Keith Emerson]], British\n        keyboardist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Linda Gary]], American\n        voice actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Wild Man Fischer]],\n        Outsider musician\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Joe Niekro]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Askar Akayev|Askar Akayevich\n        Akayev]], 1st [[President of Kyrgyzstan]]\\n** [[Silvestre Reyes]], American\n        politician\\n* [[November 11]] \\n** [[Daniel Ortega]], [[President of Nicaragua]]\\n**\n        [[Kemal Sunal]], Turkish comedian\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Booker T. Jones]],\n        American musician, singer and songwriter\\n** [[Al Michaels]], American sportscaster\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Gene Clark]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Danny DeVito]], American actor, film producer and director\\n** [[Rem Koolhaas]],\n        Dutch architect\\n** [[Lorne Michaels]], Canadian television and film producer\\n**\n        [[Tom Seaver]], American baseball player\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Wolfgang\n        Joop]], German artist, fashion designer, and art collector\\n** [[Ed Krupp|Edwin\n        C. Krupp]], American [[astronomer]], [[archaeoastronomer]], author, Director\n        [[Griffith Observatory]]\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Donald DiFrancesco]],\n        American lawyer and politician, 51st [[Governor of New Jersey]]  \\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[Dick Durbin|Richard Durbin]], American politician; United States\n        Senator (D-IL)\\n** [[Harold Ramis]], American actor, director and comedy writer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Candy Darling]], American actress (d.\n        [[1974]])\\n** [[Ibrahim Gambari]], Nigerian scholar and diplomat\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Ben Stein]], American law professor, actor and author\\n*   November\n        25   – [[Michael Kijana Wamalwa]], Kenyan politician, 8th [[Vice President\n        of Kenya]]\\n* [[November 30]] – [[George Graham (footballer)|George\n        Graham]], Scottish football player and manager\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Dennis\n        Wilson 1971 cropped.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Dennis Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Jeroen Krabb%C3%A9.png|110px|thumb|[[Jeroen\n        Krabbe]]]]\\n[[File:Brenda Lee 1977.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Brenda Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Bernard\n        Hill2 (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Bernard Hill]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[John Densmore]], drummer, member of [[The Doors]].\\n* [[December 2]]\\n**\n        [[Cathy Lee Crosby]], American actress (''''That''s Incredible!'''')\\n** [[Ibrahim\n        Rugova]], 1st [[President of Kosovo]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        [[Dennis Wilson]], American singer, songwriter and drummer (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Jeroen Krabb\\u00e9]], Dutch actor and film director\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Kit Culkin]], American stage actor\\n** [[Ron Kenoly]],\n        American Christian leader\\n** [[Jonathan King]], British music producer\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** [[Daniel Chorzempa]], American organist\\n** [[Georges Coste]],\n        French Rugby player and coach\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Tadashi Irie]], Japanese\n        [[yakuza]] boss\\n** [[Ki Longfellow]], American novelist\\n* [[December 11]]\\n**\n        [[Brenda Lee]], American singer\\n** [[Lynda Day George]], American actress\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Diana Bracho]], Mexican actress\\n** [[Kenneth Cranham]],\n        Scottish born actor\\n** [[Cara Duff-MacCormick]], Canadian stage actress\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Bernard Hill]], British actor\\n* [[December 19]]\n        – [[Tim Reid]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Bill\n        Atkinson (footballer, born 1944)|Bill Atkinson]], English footballer\\n** [[Michael\n        Tilson Thomas]], American conductor\\n** [[Zheng Xiaoyu]], Chinese bureaucrat\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Steve Carlton]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Wesley Clark]], U.S. general and NATO Supreme\n        Allied Commander\\n** [[Ingar Knudtsen]], Norwegian writer\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[Erhard Keller]], German speed skater\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Jairzinho]], Brazilian football player\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Bill Ayers]],\n        American education theorist and former radical anti-war activist\\n** [[Jane\n        Lapotaire]], British actress\\n** [[Aleksey Mikhaylovich Mikhalyov|Aleksey\n        Mikhalyov]], Russian translator\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Kary Mullis]],\n        American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Joseph Hilbe]], American statistician and author\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Jan Widstr\\u00f6mer]], Swedish artist\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*[[Sima\n        Bina]], Iranian vocalist\\n*[[William Goad]], British businessman and serial\n        child rapist (d. [[2012]])\\n*[[Ahmad Kamyabi Mask]], Iranian scholar\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Kaj\n        Munk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kaj Munk]]]]\\n[[File:Louhenryhoover.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lou\n        Henry Hoover]]]]\\n[[File:Portrett av Edvard Munch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edvard\n        Munch]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Edwin Lutyens]], British architect (b. [[1869]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Turner (Australian cricketer)|Charles Turner]], Australian cricketer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Kaj Munk]], Danish playwright, [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]\n        [[pastor]] and martyr (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Ida Tarbell]],\n        American journalist and [[muckraker]] (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Lou Henry Hoover]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[William Emerson Ritter]], American biologist (b.\n        [[1856]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** Italian Fascist leaders executed in the [[Verona\n        Trial]]\\n*** [[Emilio De Bono]], General, former member of the [[Grand Council\n        of Fascism]] (b. [[1866]])\\n*** [[Galeazzo Ciano|Gian Galeazzo Ciano, 2nd\n        Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari]], aristocrat and diplomat, former member\n        of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] (b. [[1903]])\\n*** [[Giovanni Marinelli]],\n        former member of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*** Carlo\n        Pareschi, former member of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] (b. [[1898]])\\n***\n        Luciano Gottardi (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Charles King (musical actor)|Charles\n        King]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Edgard Potier]], Belgian spy (suicide)\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Nicholas Bunkerd Kitbamrung]], Thai\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        King [[Yuhi V of Rwanda]]\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Mehmet Emin Yurdakul]],\n        Turkish writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[James McKeen Cattell]],\n        American psychologist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Yoshimi Nishida]],\n        Japanese general (killed in battle) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 23]] –\n        [[Edvard Munch]], Norwegian painter (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Teresa Grillo Michel]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] nun and blessed (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[William Allen White]], American journalist (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Jean Giraudoux]], French writer (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Piet\n        Cornelies Mondrian.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Piet Mondrian]]]]\\n[[File:P.E.Svinhufvud.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pehr\n        Evind Svinhufvud]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Piet Mondrian]], Dutch painter\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Yvette Guilbert]], French singer\n        and actress (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux]],\n        British poet, essayist and novelist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[Robert E. Park]], American Sociologist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 11]]\n        – [[Carl Meinhof]], German linguist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Gandar-Dower]], English sportsman, aviator, explorer and author\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Margaret Woodrow Wilson]], American singer; [[Woodrow\n        Wilson|Presidential]] daughter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Edgar\n        Selwyn]], American screenwriter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\n** [[Carl\n        August Ehrensv\\u00e4rd (1858-1944)|Carl August Ehrensv\\u00e4rd]], Swedish\n        admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Henri Nathansen]], Danish writer and director\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Ferenc Szisz]], Hungarian-born\n        race car driver (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Leo Baekeland]],\n        Belgian-born American chemist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Pehr\n        Evind Svinhufvud]], Finnish politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\n        and 3rd [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Paul-Emile\n        Janson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul-Emile Janson]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Paul-\\u00c9mile\n        Janson]], Belgian politician, 30th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Louis Buchalter]], Jewish-born American mobster, head\n        of Murder, Inc. (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n**[[Max Jacob]],\n        French poet (b. [[1876]])\\n**[[Neel E. Kearby]], American fighter ace (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Demetrios Capetanakis]],\n        Greek poet, essayist and critic (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\n** [[Hendrik\n        Willem van Loon]], Dutch-born American historian, journalist and writer (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n** [[Irvin S. Cobb]], American writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n**[[Otto von Below]], German general (b. [[1857]])\\n**[[Mariya Oktyabrskaya]],\n        Soviet national hero (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Mario Bravo]],\n        Argentinian politician and writer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        de Liguoro]], Italian actor and director (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[No\\u00ebl \\u00c9douard,\n        vicomte de Curi\\u00e8res de Castelnau]], French general (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Pierre Brossolette]], journalist and French Resistance fighter\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Myron Selznick]], American film producer\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Aldo Finzi (politician)|Aldo Finzi]],\n        Italian politician (executed) (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Pietro Pappagallo]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Orde Wingate]],\n        British soldier (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Omelyan Kovch]], Soviet\n        [[Roman Catholic]] and Greek [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** [[Antoni Kiewnarski]], Polish WWII heroine (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Mineichi Koga]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[W\\u0142odzimierz Kolanowski]],\n        Polish army officer (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Bernardino Machado.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bernardino\n        Machado]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Sharifzyan Kazanbaev]], Soviet army officer\n        (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[April 2]] – [[John Batchelor (missionary)|John Batchelor]],\n        British missionary and reverend (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Yevgeniya\n        Rudneva]], Soviet WWII heroine (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Bartolomeo\n        Gosio]], Italian scientist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[J. T. Hearne]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Hans-Valentin Hube]],\n        German army general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Charles Jordan\n        (magician)|Charles Jordan]], American magician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 25]]\n        – [[George Herriman]], American cartoonist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April\n        28]] \\n** [[Mohammed Alim Khan]], [[Emir of Bukhara]] (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Frank\n        Knox]], American Secretary of the Navy during WWII (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April\n        29]]\\n** [[Billy Bitzer]], American cinematographer (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Bernardino\n        Machado]], Portuguese political figure, 2-time [[Prime Minister of Portugal]]\n        and 2-time [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 30]] –\n        [[Paul Poiret]], French couturier (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Leon\n        Koz\\u0142owski.PNG|100px|thumb|[[Leon Koz\\u0142owski]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Curtis.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Thomas\n        Curtis]]]]\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Bertha Benz]], German automotive pioneer,\n        wife and business partner of automobile inventor Karl Benz (b. [[1849]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[William Ledyard Rodgers]], American admiral and military\n        and naval historian (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Albert Leo Stevens]],\n        pioneering American balloonist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Leon\n        Koz\\u0142owski]], Polish archaeologist and politician, 25th [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Max Brand]], American author\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Harold Lowe]], British sailor, 5th officer of the [[RMS\n        Titanic|RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Arthur Quiller-Couch]] (aka\n        \\\"Q\\\"), British writer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[May 15]] – Patriarch [[Patriarch\n        Sergius of Moscow|Sergius I]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[George\n        Ade]], American author (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Milena Jesensk\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovakian journalist, writer, editor and translator (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Fraser Barron]], New Zealand bomber pilot during WWII (b.\n        [[1921]])\\n** [[Eugenio Colorni]], Italian philosopher and activist (b. [[1909]])\\n**\n        [[Vincent Rose]], American musician and band leader (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Edmund Mortimer (actor)|Edmund Mortimer]], American actor and\n        director (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Thomas Curtis]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Inigo Campioni]], Italian admiral\n        (executed) (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Matsuji Ijuin]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        [[Luigi Mascherpa]], Italian admiral (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Harold Bell Wright]],\n        American writer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Clark Daniel Stearns]],\n        9th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Josefine\n        Dora]], Austrian actress (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\n** Patriarch [[Mesrob\n        I Naroyan of Constantinople]] (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Jessie Ralph]], American\n        actress (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* June – [[Joseph Campbell (poet)|Joseph\n        Campbell]], Northern Irish poet and lyricist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 5]] –\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Beck]], Polish statesman (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[Ker-Xavier Roussel]], French painter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[Marc Bloch]], French historian (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[D\\u00e9nes\n        Berinkey]], 21st Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Chinchilla Recinos]], Guatemalan teacher (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 27]] –\n        [[Milan Hod\\u017ea]], Slovak politician, champion of regional integration\n        in Europe (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Anton Breinl]], Australian\n        medical practional and research (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Carl-mayer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carl\n        Mayer]]]]\\n[[File:LC-DIG-ggbain-37582.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Theodore Roosevelt\n        Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Claus von Stauffenberg (1907-1944).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Claus\n        von Stauffenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Reza shahpahlavi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Reza Pahlavi\n        of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Carl Mayer]], Austrian screenwriter\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9e Borrel]], French World War II\n        heroine (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Vera Leigh]], British World War II heroine (b.\n        [[1903]])\\n** [[Ch\\u016bichi Nagumo]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Sonya Olschanezky]], German World War II heroine (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Diana\n        Rowden]], British World War II heroine (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Georges Mandel]], French politician and WWII hero (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July\n        8]]\\n** [[George B. Seitz]], American director (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Takeo Takagi]],\n        Japanese admiral (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Ingvar Fredrik H\\u00e5kansson]],\n        Swedish pilot (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Jesus Baza Duenas]], Guamese\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Theodore\n        Roosevelt Jr.]], American political and business leader (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July\n        14]] – [[Asmahan]], Syrian-born Egyptian singer (b.[[1918]])\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Joseph Sadi-Lecointe]], French aviator (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July\n        16]] – [[Moncena Dunn (inventor)|Moncena Dunn]], American inventor (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Tarsykiya Matskiv]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]]\n        and Greek [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] religious sister and blessed\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Augusto De Angelis]], Italian writer and\n        journalist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[George Holt (actor)|George Holt]], American\n        actor and director (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Rex Whistler]], British artist (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Mildred Harris]], American actress (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Ludwig Beck]], German general and Chief of\n        the German General Staff (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Claus von Stauffenberg]], German\n        resistance leader (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Lesley J. McNair]], American\n        general (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Jakob von Uexk\\u00fcll]], Baltic German biologist\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Cl\\u00f3vis Bevil\\u00e1qua]], Brazilian\n        jurist, historian and journalist (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Takakazu Kinashi]], Japanese\n        army officer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Reza Pahlavi of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], 20th\n        [[Prime Minister of Iran]] and [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah of Iran]] (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Perry McGillivray]], American Olympic swmmer (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[Lee Powell (actor)|Lee Powell]], American actor (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Antoine de Saint-Exup\\u00e9ry]], French\n        pilot and writer (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Manuel L. Quezon (November\n        1942).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Manuel L. Quezon]]]]\\n[[File:J%C4%99drzej Moraczewski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J\\u0119drzej\n        Moraczewski]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2008-0184, Berlin, Berthold\n        Schenk Graf v. Stauffenberg.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Lt.\n        Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Navy.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Jean Pr\\u00e9vost]], French writer and journalist, member\n        of the [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Manuel L. Quezon]],\n        Filipino statesman, soldier and politician, 2nd [[President of the Philippines]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Kakuji Kakuta]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Krzysztof Kamil Baczy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish poet (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[J\\u0119drzej Moraczewski]],\n        Polish politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Jadwiga Falkowska]], Polish teacher and activist (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\n** [[Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski]], Polish journalist and novelist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Michael Wittmann]], German tank commander (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Felix Nussbaum]], German painter (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n* [[August 10]] \\n** [[Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]],\n        Nazi opponent and lawyer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Hans Albrecht, Hereditary Prince\n        of Schleswig-Holstein]] (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Francesco Federico\n        Falco]], Italian doctor (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Hideyoshi Obata]], Japanese general\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Jose Garvida Flores]], Filipino writer,\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.]], American\n        fighter pilot, oldest son of [[Joseph P. Kennedy]] (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Suzanne\n        Spaak]], Belgian World War II heroine (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Franciszek\n        Brodniewicz]], Polish actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Eug\\u00e9nio de Castro]],\n        Portuguese poet and writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\n** [[Eugeniusz\n        Horbaczewski]], Polish pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Ernst Th\\u00e4lmann]], German\n        Communist leader (executed) (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[G\\u00fcnther\n        von Kluge]], German field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Henry Wood]],\n        British conductor (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Maciej Kalenkiewicz]],\n        Polish engineer and military officer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Marian Lalewicz]],\n        Polish architect (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\n** [[Aleksander Augustynowicz]],\n        Polish painter (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Abd\\u00fclmecid II]], last Caliph of the\n        Ottoman Empire (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Nikolai Roslavets]], Soviet composer (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia]], Italian aviator\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Teresio Vittorio Martinoli]], Italian\n        pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Hans Leesment]], Estonian general\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Adam von Trott zu Solz]], German diplomat (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\n** [[Carlo Fecia di Cossato]], Italian navy officer (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Princess Mafalda of Savoy]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Teresa\n        Bracco]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (killed\n        in battle) (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Rudolf Breitscheid]], German politician (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Bronislaw Kaminski]], Polish army officer (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Moissaye Boguslawski]], American pianist and composer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Gustav Bauer.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Gustav\n        Bauer]]]]\\n[[File:ZieglerColijn.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Hendrikus Colijn]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Krystyna D\\u0105browska]], Polish sculptor and painter\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Maria Vetulani de Nisau]], Polish\n        soldier (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Gustave Bi\\u00e9ler]],\n        Swiss WWII hero (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Jan Franciszek\n        Czartoryski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed, executed\n        during the [[Warsaw Uprising]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Eduardo\n        S\\u00e1nchez de Fuentes]], Cuban composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 9]]\n        – [[Robert Benoist]], French race car driver and war hero (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Joseph M\\u00fcller (priest)|Joseph M\\u00fcller]],\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] priest and Servant of God (executed) (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Robert Fiske (actor)|Robert Fiske]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Yolande Beekman]], French WWII heroine\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Madeleine Damerment]], French WWII heroine (b. [[1917]])\\n**\n        [[Noor Inayat Khan]], Indian WWII heroine (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[W. Heath Robinson]],\n        British cartoonist and illustrator (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[John\n        Kenneth Macalister]], Canadian WWII hero (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Frank Pickersgill]],\n        Canadian WWII hero (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Rom\\u00e9o Sabourin]], Canadian WWII\n        hero (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Gustav Bauer]], 11th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Hendrikus Colijn]],\n        Dutch policeman, politician and businessman, 25th [[Prime Minister of the\n        Netherlands]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Fritz Lindemann]],\n        German army officer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Matylda Palfyova]],\n        Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (killed in action) (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] \\n** [[Walter Breisky]], Austrian civil servant, acting [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Eugeniusz Lokajski]], Polish athlete, gymnast\n        and photographer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Aristide Maillol]],\n        French sculptor and painter (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Josef\n        B\\u00fcrckel]], German Nazi gauleiter (suicide) (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ramoncastillo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ramon\n        Castillo]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1985-013-07, Erwin Rommel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Erwin\n        Rommel]]]] \\n[[File:Jose de la Riva Aguero y Osma.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        de la Riva-Ag\\u00fcero y Osma]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Rudolf Schmundt]],\n        German general (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Benjamin Fondane]], Romanian-French\n        Symbolist poet, critic and existentialist philosopher (gassed in [[Auschwitz\n        concentration camp]]) (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Juli\\u00e1n Felipe]], Filipino musician\n        and bandleader (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Maeda Toshisada]], Japanese politician\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Al Smith]], American politician (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Prince Gustav of Denmark]] (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Wendell Willkie]], American politician (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Ram\\u00f3n Castillo]], Argentinian politician, 25th\n        [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Erwin\n        Rommel]], German field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n**\n        [[Alexander, Prince of Erbach-Sch\\u00f6nberg]] (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Josef Maria\n        Eder]], Austrian chemist (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Isadore\n        Bernstein]], American screenwriter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\n** [[Alois\n        Kayser]], German missionary (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Hilma af Klint]], Swedish\n        abstract painter (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Richard Bennett\n        (actor)|Richard Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Charles Glover Barkla]], British physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Sh\\u014dji Nishimura]],\n        Japanese vice admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n**\n        HRH [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|The Princess Beatrice]], youngest\n        and last surviving child of [[Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Hiroyoshi\n        Nishizawa]], Japanese fighter ace (killed in action) (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        de la Riva-Ag\\u00fcero y Osma]], Peruvian historian, writer and politician,\n        84th [[Prime Minister of Peru]] (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[William Temple (bishop)|William\n        Temple]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Caillaux.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph\n        Caillaux]]]]\\n[[File:Florence Foster Jenkins.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Florence Foster\n        Jenkins]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Ismael P\\u00e9rez Pazmi\\u00f1o]],\n        Ecuadoran writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[Karol Irzykowski]],\n        Polish writer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]], American chemist\n        and inventor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[John Dill]], Field\n        Marshal of the British Army (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Alexis\n        Carrel]], French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\n** [[Max Bergmann]],\n        German biochemist (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Hannah Szenes]], Hungarian World War\n        II heroine (executed) (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Jane Grey\n        (actress)|Jane Grey]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 10]] –\n        [[Wang Jingwei]], Chinese statesman, President of the Nanjing-based and Japanese-supported\n        collaborationist Government of the Republic of China (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] – [[George F. Houston]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] \\n** [[Carl Lampert]], Austrian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\\n**\n        [[Friedrich Lorenz]], German [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Trafford Leigh-Mallory]], British aviator and Royal\n        Air Force Air Chief Marshal (plane crash) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – [[Cayetano Santos Godino]], Argentinian serial killer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Maria Rodziewicz\\u00f3wna]], Polish writer (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Ignacio Bol\\u00edvar]], Spanish naturalist and entomologist\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Joseph Caillaux]], French politician\n        and 57th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Arthur Eddington]],\n        British astronomer, physicist and mathematician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Kenesaw Mountain Landis]], 1st commissioner of [[Major League\n        Baseball]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Florence Foster Jenkins]],\n        American socialite and operatic soprano (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Vassily-Kandinsky.jpeg|thumb|right|100px|[[Wassily\n        Kandinsky]]]]\\n[[File:Brigadier General Vicente Lim.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vicente\n        Lim]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Franciszek Pius Radziwi\\u0142\\u0142]],\n        Polish nobleman and activist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\n** [[Filippo\n        Tommaso Marinetti]], Italian poet, editor and art theorist, founder of the\n        [[Futurism|Futurist]] movement (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Josef Lh\\u00e9vinne]],\n        Soviet pianist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Prince Andrew of\n        Greece and Denmark]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Roger Bresnahan]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Laird Cregar]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 11]]\n        – [[Montgomery Cunningham Meigs (1919-1944)|Montgomery Cunningham Meigs]],\n        American WWII heroine (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Bernard Chrzanowski]],\n        Polish activist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Wassily Kandinsky]],\n        Russian-born artist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Lupe V\\u00e9lez]], Mexican actress\n        (suicide) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Glenn Miller]], American\n        band leader (accident) (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 19]] – King [[Abbas\n        II of Egypt]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Harry Langdon]],\n        American comedian (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[George Bellamy\n        (actor)|George Bellamy]], British actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[S\\u00e1ra Salkah\\u00e1zi]], Hungarian religious sister and blessed (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]] – [[Romain Rolland]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 31]] –\n        [[Vicente Lim]], Filipino general of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Gerald Haxton]], companion and secretary\n        to novelist/playwright [[W. Somerset Maugham]] (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Isidor\n        Isaac Rabi]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Otto Hahn]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Joseph Erlanger]],\n        [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Johannes V. Jensen]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[International\n        Committee of the Red Cross]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|32em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1944}}\\n[[Category:1944|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T02:46:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":799827732,\"length\":109595,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1944&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944\"},\"34624\":{\"pageid\":34624,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1945\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T05:55:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1945}}\\n{{Events by month|1945}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1945}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1945}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-32279-007, KZ Auschwitz, Eingang.jpg|thumb|upright| [[January 27]]:\n        The Soviet [[Red Army]] liberates [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]].]]\\n*\n        January – WWII: [[Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine]] continues;\n        the [[United States Army]] crosses the [[Siegfried Line]].\\n* [[January 1]]\n        – WWII:\\n** [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] begins [[Operation Bodenplatte]],\n        an attempt by the ''''[[Luftwaffe]]'''' to cripple [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        air forces in the [[Low Countries]].\\n** The [[Chenogne massacre]] in which\n        German prisoners are allegedly killed by American forces near the village\n        of Chenogne, Belgium. \\n* [[January 5]] – Australia recognizes the [[Polish\n        Committee of National Liberation]] as the government of Poland.\\n* [[January\n        6]] – A German offensive recaptures [[Esztergom]], [[Hungary]] from\n        the Russians.\\n* [[January 7]] – WWII: British General [[Bernard Montgomery,\n        1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]] holds a press conference\n        at [[Zonhoven]] describing his role at the [[Battle of the Bulge]].\\n* [[January\n        12]] – WWII: The [[Soviet Union]] begins the [[Vistula\\u2013Oder Offensive]]\n        in Eastern Europe against the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the [[East Prussian Offensive]]\n        to eliminate German forces in [[East Prussia]].\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        WWII: [[Adolf Hitler]] takes residence in the ''''[[F\\u00fchrerbunker]]''''\n        in Berlin.\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** WWII: The [[Soviet Union]] occupies [[Warsaw]],\n        Poland.\\n** The Holocaust: A Soviet patrol arrests [[Raoul Wallenberg]] in\n        Hungary.\\n* [[January 18]] – [[The Holocaust]]: The [[SS]] begins evacuation\n        of [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. Nearly 60,000 prisoners, mostly Jews,\n        are forced to march to other locations in Germany; as many as 15,000 die.\n        The 7,000 too sick to move are left without supplies being distributed.\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – The Holocaust: Soviet forces liberate the [[\\u0141\\u00f3d\\u017a\n        Ghetto]]; only 877 Jews of the initial population of 164,000 remain at this\n        time.\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is [[Fourth inauguration\n        of Franklin D. Roosevelt|sworn in]] for a fourth term as President of the\n        United States, the only President ever to exceed two terms.\\n* [[January 23]]\n        – WWII:\\n** Hungary agrees to an [[armistice]] with the [[Allies of\n        World War II|Allies]].\\n** German Grand Admiral [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]] orders\n        the start of [[Operation Hannibal]], the mass evacuation by sea of German\n        troops and civilians from the [[Courland Pocket]], [[Evacuation of East Prussia|East\n        Prussia]] and the [[Polish Corridor]] evacuating an estimated 800,000-900,000\n        German civilians and 350,000 soldiers from advancing Soviet forces.\\n* [[January\n        24]] – WWII: [[Associated Press|AP]] [[war correspondent]] [[Joseph\n        Morton (correspondent)|Joseph Morton]], nine [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]]\n        men, and four [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] agents are executed by\n        the Germans at [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] under Hitler''s [[Commando\n        Order]] of 1942 which stipulates the immediate execution of all captured Allied\n        [[commando]]s or [[sabotage|saboteurs]] without trial, even those in proper\n        uniforms. Morton is the only [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] correspondent\n        to be executed by the [[Axis powers|Axis]] during the war.\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – WWII: Infantry action at [[Holtzwihr]], France, for which [[Audie\n        Murphy]] is awarded the [[Medal of Honor]].{{cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/audie_murphy.html\n        |title=ANC-AMurphy |publisher=Arlingtoncemetery.org |accessdate=2012-01-16\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915120514/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/audie_murphy.html\n        |archivedate=September 15, 2010 |df= }}\\n* [[January 27]] – [[The\n        Holocaust]]: The Soviet [[Red Army]] liberates the [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp|Auschwitz]] and Birkenau concentration camps.\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        WWII: Supplies begin to reach China over the newly reopened [[Burma Road]].\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – WWII: \\n** {{MV|Wilhelm Gustloff}}, with over 10,000\n        mainly civilian Germans from Gotenhafen ([[Gdynia]]) is sunk in [[Gda\\u0144sk\n        Bay]] by three [[torpedo]]es from the [[Soviet submarine S-13|Soviet submarine\n        ''''S-13'''']] in the [[Baltic Sea]]; up to 9,400, 5,000 of whom are children,\n        are thought to have died \\u2013 the greatest loss of life in a single ship\n        sinking in war action in history.\\n** [[Raid at Cabanatuan]]: 121 American\n        soldiers and 800 Filipino guerrillas free 813 American [[prisoners of war]]\n        from the Japanese-held camp in the city of [[Cabanatuan]] in the [[Philippines]].\\n**\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] makes his last public speech to be delivered personally,\n        on broadcast radio, expressing the belief that Germany will triumph.\\n* [[January\n        31]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of Hill 170]] in the Burma Campaign ends\n        with the British [[3rd Commando Brigade]] defeating the [[54th Division (Imperial\n        Japanese Army)|Imperial Japanese Army 54th Division]] causing the [[Twenty-Eighth\n        Army (Japan)|Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army]] to withdraw from the [[Rakhine\n        State|Arakan]] peninsula.\\n** [[Eddie Slovik]] is executed by firing squad\n        near [[Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines]] for [[desertion]], the only U.S. soldier since\n        the [[American Civil War]] ever executed for this offense.\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n[[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|The\n        \\\"Big Three\\\" at the [[Yalta Conference]]: [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] and [[Joseph Stalin]], February 2, 1945.]]\\n[[File:USMC-M-IwoJima-cvr.jpg|thumb|During\n        the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]], U.S. Marines land on [[Iwo Jima|the island]],\n        February 19, 1945.]]\\n* February\\n**[[Anne Frank]] dies of [[typhus]] in the\n        [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]], [[Lower Saxony]], Germany.{{cite\n        news | url=http://www.annefrank.org/ImageVaultFiles/id_17318/cf_21/def_AFS_one_day_2015.PDF\n        |title=One day they simply weren\\u2019t there any more... |work=anne frank\n        house |date=March 2015 |accessdate=11 April 2015}}\\n**Raymond L. Libby\n        of [[American Cyanamid]]''s research laboratories at [[Stamford, Connecticut]],\n        announces a method of orally administering the antibiotic [[penicillin]].{{cite\n        news|title=Penicillin Pills May Replace Injection|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19450216&id=N0waAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7wwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2626,3158721|newspaper=[[The\n        Milwaukee Sentinel]]|date=1945-02-16|accessdate=2012-05-22}}\\n* [[February\n        3]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]]: United\n        States forces enter the outskirts of [[Manila]] to capture it from the [[Imperial\n        Japanese Army|Japanese Imperial Army]], starting the battle.\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] agrees to enter the [[Pacific War]] against Japan once hostilities\n        against Germany are concluded.\\n* [[February 4]]\\u2013[[February 11|11]] –\n        WWII: [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] leader [[Joseph Stalin]] hold the [[Yalta Conference]].\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – French writer [[Robert Brasillach]] is executed for\n        [[Collaborationism|collaboration]] with the Germans.\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        WWII: General [[Douglas MacArthur]] returns to [[Manila]].\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Walter Ulbricht]] becomes leader of the German [[communism|Communists]]\n        in Moscow.\\n** WWII: \\\"[[Black Friday (1945)|Black Friday]]\\\": A force of\n        Allied [[Bristol Beaufighter]] aircraft suffers heavy casualties in an unsuccessful\n        attack on [[German destroyer Z33|German destroyer ''''Z33'''']] and escorting\n        vessels sheltering in [[F\\u00f8rde Fjord]], Norway.\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        WWII: 3,608 drown when the [[troopship]] {{SS|General von Steuben}} is sunk\n        by the [[Soviet submarine S-13|Soviet submarine ''''S-13'''']].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?59620|title=SS General von Steuben\n        [+1945]|publisher=WreckSite|accessdate=2010-12-06}}\\n* [[February 10]]\\u2013[[February\n        20|20]] – WWII: [[Operation Kita]]: The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] returns\n        \\\"Completion Force\\\", containing both its [[Ise-class battleship|''''Ise''''-class\n        battleship]]s, safely from [[Singapore]] to [[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]] in Japan\n        despite [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] attacks.\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        WWII:\\n** [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces [[Siege of Budapest|capture]] [[Budapest]],\n        Hungary, from the [[Nazism|Nazis]].\\n** [[Royal Air Force]] and [[United States\n        Army Air Forces]] [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II|bombing of Dresden]],\n        Germany. 22,000-25,000 are estimated to have died. \\n* [[February 14]] –\n        [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]] join the [[United Nations]].\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Bombing of Wesel in World War II]]\n        begins, destroying 97% of the town over three days. \\n** American and Filipino\n        ground forces land on [[Corregidor]] Island in the [[Philippines]].\\n** Combined\n        American and Filipino forces recapture the [[Bataan]] Peninsula.\\n** [[Venezuela]]\n        declares war on Germany.\\n* [[February 19]]\\u2013[[February 20]] – 980\n        Japanese soldiers die as a result of a killing spree by long saltwater [[crocodile]]s\n        in [[Battle of Ramree Island|Ramree, Burma]].{{cite book|title=Guinness\n        Book of World Records|year=2008|page=137}}\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        WWII – [[Battle of Iwo Jima]]: About 30,000 [[United States Marine Corps|United\n        States Marines]] land on [[Iwo Jima]].\\n* [[February 21]] – The last\n        [[V-2 rocket|V-2]]-rocket is launched from [[Peenem\\u00fcnde]].\\n* [[February\n        22]] –  WWII:\\n** [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Front]]:\n        end of the [[Battle of Monte Castello]], after nearly three months of fighting,\n        [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|Brazilian troops]] expel German forces of\n        a pivot point in the [[Apennine Mountains#Northern Apennines|(Tuscan) North\n        Apennines]], where their artillery was impeding the advance of [[Eighth Army\n        (United Kingdom)|British 8th Army]] toward [[Bologna]];\\n** [[Uruguay]] declares\n        war on Germany and Japan.\\n* [[February 23]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of\n        Iwo Jima]]: A group of [[United States Marine Corps|United States Marines]]\n        reach the top of [[Mount Suribachi]] on the island and are photographed raising\n        the [[flag of the United States|American flag]]. The photo, ''''[[Raising\n        the Flag on Iwo Jima]]'''' (taken by [[Joe Rosenthal]]), later wins a [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]].\\n** The [[11th Airborne Division (United States)|11th Airborne Division]],\n        with [[Filipino people|Filipino]] guerrillas, freed the captives of the [[Los\n        Ba\\u00f1os, Laguna|Los Ba\\u00f1os]] internment camp.\\n** The capital of the\n        [[Philippines]], Manila, is liberated by combined American and Filipino ground\n        troops.\\n** American and Filipino troops enter [[Intramuros|Intramuros, Manila]].\\n**\n        The German garrison in [[Pozna\\u0144]] capitulates to [[Red Army]] and Polish\n        troops.\\n** [[Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II|Bombing of Pforzheim]]:\n        Heaviest of a series of bombing raids on [[Pforzheim]] in Germany by Allied\n        aircraft is carried out by the British [[Royal Air Force]]. As many as 17,600\n        people, or 31.4% of the town''s population, are killed in the raid and about\n        83% of the town''s buildings destroyed, two-thirds of its complete area and\n        between 80 and 100% of the inner city.\\n** [[Turkey]] joins the war on [[Allies\n        of WWII|the Allies'' side]].\\n* [[February 24]] – The Egyptian Premier\n        [[Ahmad Mahir Pasha]] is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.\\n* [[February\n        28]] – In [[Bucharest]], a violent demonstration takes place, during\n        which the ''''bol\\u015fevic'''' group opens fire on the army and protesters.\n        In response, [[Andrei Y. Vishinsky]], [[USSR]] vice commissioner of foreign\n        affairs and president of the Allied Control Commission for [[Romania]], travels\n        to Bucharest to compel [[Nicolae R\\u0103descu]] to resign as premier.\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n* [[March 1]] – President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] gives\n        what will be his last address to a [[joint session of the United States Congress]],\n        reporting on the [[Yalta Conference]].\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** Former U.S. Vice-President\n        [[Henry A. Wallace]] starts his term of office as [[United States Secretary\n        of Commerce|U.S. Secretary of Commerce]], serving under President [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]].\\n** The rocket-propelled [[Bachem Ba 349]] ''''Natter''''\n        is first test launched at [[Stetten am kalten Markt]]. The launch fails and\n        the pilot, [[Lothar Sieber]], dies.''''Year by Year – 1945''''.\n        [[History International]].\\n* [[March 3]] – WWII:\\n** Finland\n        declares war on the [[Axis powers]].\\n** United States and Filipino troops\n        take [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Manila]], [[Philippines]].\\n** [[Bombing of\n        the Bezuidenhout]]: The British [[Royal Air Force]] accidentally bombs the\n        [[Bezuidenhout]] neighbourhood in [[The Hague]], Netherlands, killing 511\n        people.\\n* [[March 4]] \\n** In the United Kingdom, [[Elizabeth II|The Princess\n        Elizabeth]], later to become Queen Elizabeth II, joins the [[British Army]]''s\n        [[Women''s Auxiliary Territorial Service]] as a truck driver/mechanic.\\n**\n        Football club [[Red Star Belgrade]] (in Serbian: ''''FK Crvena zvezda'''')\n        formed in [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]].\\n* [[March 5]] – WWII: Brazilian\n        troops take Castelnuovo ([[Vergato]]), in the last prior operations for the\n        Allied [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy]].\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** A Communist-led\n        government is formed in [[Romania]] under [[Petru Groza]] following [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] intervention.\\n** Resistance fighters accidentally ambush and\n        attempt to execute SS general [[Hanns Albin Rauter]], the arch-persecutor\n        of the Dutch.\\n* [[March 7]] – WWII: At the end of [[Operation Lumberjack]],\n        American troops seize the [[Ludendorff Bridge]] over the [[Rhine]] at [[Remagen]]\n        in Germany and begin to cross; in the next 10 days 25,000 troops with equipment\n        are able to cross.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Josip Broz Tito]] forms a government\n        in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n** The Nazi authorities\n        kill 117 Dutch men in reprisal for the attempted murder of [[Hanns Albin Rauter]].\\n**\n        [[Operation Sunrise (World War II)|Operation Sunrise]]: [[Waffen-SS]] General\n        [[Karl Wolff]] meets with [[Allen Welsh Dulles]] of the United States [[Office\n        of Strategic Services]] at [[Lucerne]] in neutral Switzerland to negotiate\n        surrender of the [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces in Italy to the [[Allies of World\n        War II|Allies]].\\n* [[March 9]]\\u2013[[March 10|10]] – WWII: [[Bombing\n        of Tokyo]]: \\\"Operation Meetinghouse\\\" – [[USAAF]] [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]]\n        [[bomber]]s flying from the [[Mariana Islands]] attack Tokyo, Japan, with\n        [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]], killing 100,000 citizens in the firebombing.\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – The film ''''[[Children of Paradise|Les Enfants du Paradis]]''''\n        premieres in Paris.\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** The [[Empire of Japan]] establishes\n        the [[Empire of Vietnam]], a [[puppet state]] which will last only until August\n        23, with [[B\\u1ea3o \\u0110\\u1ea1i]] as its ruler.\\n** [[Sammarinese general\n        election, 1945|Sammarinese general election]] gives [[San Marino]] the world''s\n        first democratically elected [[communist]] government, which will hold power\n        to [[1957]].{{cite book|editor1=[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, Dieter]] |editor2=St\\u00f6ver,\n        Philip |year=2010|title=Elections in Europe: A data handbook|location=Baden-Baden|publisher=Nomos|page=1678|isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7}}{{cite\n        book|first=Alan James|last=Mayne|title=From Politics Past to Politics Future:\n        An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&pg=PA59|accessdate=2013-08-31|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood\n        Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96151-0|page=59}}\\n* [[March 12]] –\n        WWII: [[Swinem\\u00fcnde]] is destroyed by the USAAF killing an estimated 8,000\n        to 23,000 civilians, mostly refugees saved by [[Operation Hannibal]].\\n* [[March\n        15]]–[[March 31|31]] – WWII: The Soviet [[Red Army]] carries out\n        the [[Upper Silesian Offensive]].\\n* [[March 15]] – The [[17th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held, broadcast via radio for the first time. [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] goes to ''''[[Going My Way]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Iwo Jima]] unofficially ends, with\n        pockets of guerrilla resistance persisting until the official conclusion of\n        the battle.\\n* [[March 17]] – WWII: [[Kobe]], Japan [[Bombing of Kobe\n        in World War II|is fire-bombed]] by 331 [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] bombers,\n        killing over 8,000 people.\\n* [[March 18]] – WWII: 1,250 American bombers\n        attack Berlin.\\n* [[March 19]] – WWII:\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] orders that\n        all industries, military installations, machine shops, transportation facilities\n        and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed.\\n** Off the coast of\n        Japan, bombers hit the [[aircraft carrier]] [[USS Franklin (CV-13)|USS ''''Franklin'''']],\n        killing about 800 of her crewmen and crippling the ship.\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        WWII:\\n** British troops liberate [[Mandalay]], [[Burma]].\\n** [[Bulgaria]]n\n        and [[Soviet]] troops successfully defend the north bank of the [[Drava River]]\n        as the [[Battle of the Transdanubian Hills]] concludes.\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Arab League]] is formed with the adoption of a charter in [[Cairo]], Egypt.\\n**\n        [[Hildesheim Cathedral]] in Germany is destroyed in an air raid.\\n* [[March\n        24]]\\n** WWII – [[Operation Varsity]]: Two airborne divisions capture\n        bridges across the [[Rhine|Rhine River]] to aid the Allied advance.\\n** The\n        cartoon character [[Sylvester (Looney Tunes)|Sylvester the cat]] debuts in\n        ''''[[Life with Feathers]]''''.\\n* [[March 26]] – WWII: The [[Battle\n        of Iwo Jima]] officially ends, with the destruction of the remaining areas\n        of Japanese resistance.\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** WWII: The [[Red Army]] almost\n        destroys the [[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 4th Army]] in the [[Heiligenbeil\n        Pocket]] in [[East Prussia]].\\n** The \\\"Clash of Titans\\\": [[George Mikan]]\n        and [[Bob Kurland]] duel at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square\n        Garden]] in New York as [[Oklahoma State University\\u2013Stillwater|Oklahoma\n        State University]] defeats [[DePaul University|DePaul]] 52\\u201344 in [[basketball]].\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Red Army]] pushes most of the Axis forces\n        out of Hungary into Austria.\\n** [[Alger Hiss]] is congratulated in Moscow\n        for his part in bringing positions of Western powers and the Soviet Union\n        closer to each other at the [[Yalta Conference]].\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Yamato\n        battleship explosion.jpg|thumb|The [[Japanese battleship Yamato|Japanese battleship\n        ''''Yamato'''']] explodes after persistent attacks from U.S. aircraft during\n        the [[Battle of Okinawa]], 7 April 1945.]]\\n[[File:Stars & Stripes & Hitler\n        Dead2.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]], along with his wife [[Eva Braun]], [[Death\n        of Adolf Hitler|committed suicide]] on 30 April 1945.]]\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        WWII: [[Battle of Okinawa]]: The [[Tenth United States Army]] lands on [[Okinawa\n        Prefecture|Okinawa]].\\n* [[April 4]] – WWII:\\n** American troops liberate\n        their first Nazi concentration camp, [[Ohrdruf concentration camp|Ohrdruf]]\n        [[extermination camp]] in Germany.\\n** The [[Red Army]] enters [[Bratislava]]\n        and pushes to the outskirts of [[Vienna]], taking it on April 13 after several\n        days of intense fighting.\\n* [[April 6]] – WWII:\\n** [[Sarajevo]] is\n        liberated from [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (a\n        [[fascist]] [[puppet state]]) by [[Yugoslav Partisans]].\\n** The [[Battle\n        of Slater''s Knoll]] on [[Bougainville Island]] concludes with a decisive\n        victory for the [[Australian Army]]''s [[7th Brigade (Australia)|7th Brigade]].\\n**\n        Allied forces reach [[Merkers Adventure Mines|Merkers Salt Mines]] in [[Thuringia]]\n        where gold reserves of the Nazi German [[Reichsbank]] are stored.\\n* [[April\n        7]] – WWII:\\n** The only flight of the German ramming unit known as\n        the [[Sonderkommando Elbe]] takes place, resulting in the loss of some 24\n        [[B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17s]] and [[B-24 Liberator|B-24s]] of the United\n        States [[Eighth Air Force]].\\n** The {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato}} is\n        sunk {{convert|200|mi|km}} north of [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] while en\n        route on a [[Operation Ten-Go|suicide mission]].\\n** [[Kantar\\u014d Suzuki]]\n        becomes [[Prime Minister of Japan]].\\n* [[April 8]] – The [[SS]] begins\n        to evacuate the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]]; inmates in the [[Buchenwald\n        Resistance]] call for American aid and overpower and kill the remaining guards.\\n*\n        [[April 9]]\\n** WWII: The [[Battle of K\\u00f6nigsberg]], in [[East Prussia]],\n        ends with Soviet forces capturing the city.\\n** [[Abwehr]] conspirators [[Wilhelm\n        Canaris]], [[Hans Oster]] and [[Hans von Dohn\\u00e1nyi]] are hanged at Flossenberg\n        concentration camp, along with pastor [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]].\\n** [[Johann\n        Georg Elser]], would-be assassin of [[Adolf Hitler]], is executed at [[Dachau\n        concentration camp]].\\n* [[April 10]] – WWII: [[Visoko]] is liberated\n        by the 7th, 9th and 17th Krajina Brigades from the Tenth Division of [[Yugoslav\n        Partisans|Yugoslav Partisan]] forces.\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Buchenwald\n        concentration camp]] is liberated by the [[United States Army]].\\n* [[April\n        12]]\\n** President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dies suddenly at [[Warm Springs,\n        Georgia]]; Vice President [[Harry S. Truman]] becomes the 33rd President of\n        the United States and is [[First inauguration of Harry S. Truman|sworn in]]\n        that evening in the [[White House]].\\n** WWII: The [[Ninth United States Army|U.S.\n        Ninth Army]] under General [[William H. Simpson]] crosses the [[Elbe|Elbe\n        River]] astride [[Magdeburg]] and reaches [[Tangerm\\u00fcnde]] \\u2014 only\n        50 miles from [[Berlin]].\\n* [[April 14]] – WWII: The [[First Canadian\n        Army]] assumes military control of the Netherlands where German forces are\n        trapped in the Atlantic wall fortifications along the coastline.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldwar-2.net/timelines/war-in-europe/western-europe/western-europe-index-1945.htm|title=1945|work=A\n        WW2 Timeline|publisher=Worldwar-2.net|accessdate=2012-11-07}}\\n* [[April\n        15]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] is liberated\n        by British and Canadian forces.\\n** The Canadian First Army reaches the coast\n        in the northern [[Netherlands]] and captures [[Arnhem]].\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Berlin]] begins, opening with the [[Battle of the Oder\\u2013Neisse]]\n        and the [[Battle of the Seelow Heights]].\\n** Canadian forces take [[Harlingen,\n        Friesland|Harlingen]], and occupy [[Leeuwarden]] and [[Groningen]] in the\n        Netherlands.\\n** 7000-8000 drown when ''''[[Goya (ship)|Goya]]'''' is sunk\n        by [[Soviet submarine L-3]].\\n* [[April 17]] – WWII:\\n** [[Brazilian\n        Expeditionary Force|Brazilian]] forces liberate the town of [[Montese]], Italy,\n        from German forces.\\n** [[Inundation of the Wieringermeer]] in the Netherlands\n        by occupying German forces.\\n* [[April 18]] – American [[war correspondent]]\n        [[Ernie Pyle]] is killed by Japanese [[machine gun]] fire on the island of\n        [[Iejima|Ie Shima]] off [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]].\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Carousel (musical)|Carousel]]'''', a\n        musical play based on [[Ferenc Moln\\u00e1r]]''s ''''[[Liliom]]'''', opens\n        on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and becomes their second long-running stage\n        classic.\\n* [[April 20]] – WWII: On his 56th birthday [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        leaves his [[F\\u00fchrerbunker]] to decorate a group of [[Hitler Youth]] soldiers\n        in Berlin. It will be his last trip to the surface from his underground bunker.\n        \\n* [[April 22]] – WWII:\\n** [[Heinrich Himmler]], through [[Folke Bernadotte]],\n        Count of Wisborg, puts forth an offer of German surrender to the Western Allies,\n        but not the Soviet Union.\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] privately concedes defeat in\n        his underground Berlin bunker after learning [[Felix Steiner]] cannot mobilize\n        enough men to launch a counterattack on the [[Soviet Union]] which has just\n        broken through Germany.\\n* [[April 23]] – WWII: [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        sends the [[G\\u00f6ring Telegram]] to Hitler seeking confirmation that he\n        should take over leadership of Germany in accordance with the decree of 29\n        June 1941. Hitler regards this as treason.\\n* [[April 24]] – Retreating\n        [[Wehrmacht|German troops]] destroy all the bridges over the [[Adige]] in\n        [[Verona]], including the historic [[Castelvecchio Bridge|Ponte di Castelvecchio]]\n        and [[Ponte Pietra (Verona)|Ponte Pietra]].\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** Founding negotiations\n        for the [[United Nations]] begin in [[San Francisco]].\\n** WWII – [[Elbe\n        Day]]: United States and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops link up at the [[Elbe|Elbe\n        River]], cutting Germany in two.\\n* [[April 25]]\\u2013[[April 26|26]] –\n        WWII: Last major [[strategic bombing]] raid by [[RAF Bomber Command]], the\n        destruction of the oil refinery at [[T\\u00f8nsberg]] in southern Norway by\n        107 [[Avro Lancaster]]s.\\n* [[April 26]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Bautzen\n        (1945)|Battle of Bautzen]]: The last \\\"successful\\\" German panzer-offensive\n        in [[Bautzen]] ends with the city recaptured.\\n** The [[3rd Infantry Division\n        (United Kingdom)|British 3rd Infantry Division]] under [[Lashmer Whistler|General\n        Whistler]] captures Bremen.{{cite book|first=John|last=Smythe|title=Bolo\n        Whistler: The Life of General Sir Lashmer Whistler|location=London|publisher=Muller|year=1967}}\\n**\n        Nazi surrenders mean the British and Canadians now control the German border\n        with Switzerland from [[Basle]] to [[Lake Constance]].\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        U.S. Ordnance troops find the coffins of [[Frederick William I of Prussia]],\n        [[Frederick the Great]], [[Paul von Hindenburg]], and his wife.\\n** The Western\n        Allies flatly reject any offer of surrender by Germany other than unconditional\n        on all fronts.\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Benito Mussolini]] and his mistress,\n        [[Clara Petacci]], are executed by Italian partisans as they attempt to flee\n        the country. Their bodies are then hung by their heels in the public square\n        of [[Milan]].\\n** The Canadian First Army captures [[Emden]] and [[Wilhelmshaven]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** At the royal palace in [[Caserta]], Lieutenant-Colonel Viktor\n        von Schweinitz (representing General [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]]) and SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer\n        Eugen Wenner (representing [[Waffen-SS]] General [[Karl Wolff]]) sign an unconditional\n        instrument of surrender for all [[Axis powers]] forces in Italy, taking effect\n        on [[May 2]]. Italian General [[Rodolfo Graziani]] orders the ''''[[Esercito\n        Nazionale Repubblicano]]'''' forces under his command to lay down their arms.\\n**\n        [[Dachau concentration camp]] is surrendered to U.S. forces, who kill SS guards\n        at the camp and the nearby hamlet of Webling.{{cite web|first=George\n        R.|last=Duncan|title=Massacres and Atrocities of World War II|url=http://compunews.com/gus/massacres.htm|accessdate=2015-10-15}}\\n**\n        [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|Brazilian]] forces liberate the commune of\n        [[Fornovo di Taro]], Italy, from German forces.\\n** [[Operations Manna and\n        Chowhound|Operation Manna]]: British [[Avro Lancaster]] bombers drop food\n        into the Netherlands to prevent the starvation of the civilian population.\\n**\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] marries his longtime mistress [[Eva Braun]] in a closed civil\n        ceremony in the Berlin [[F\\u00fchrerbunker]] and signs [[Last will and testament\n        of Adolf Hitler|his last will and testament]].\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Death\n        of Adolf Hitler]]: Adolf Hitler and his wife of one day, Eva Braun, commit\n        suicide as the [[Red Army]] approaches the F\\u00fchrerbunker in Berlin. [[Karl\n        D\\u00f6nitz]] succeeds Hitler as [[President of Germany (1919\\u201345)|President\n        of Germany]] (''''Reichspr\\u00e4sident'''') and [[Joseph Goebbels]] succeeds\n        as [[Chancellor of Germany]] (''''Reichskanzler''''), in accordance with Hitler''s\n        political testament of the previous day.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* May – [[Interpol]]\n        (being headquartered in Berlin) effectively ceases to exist (it is recreated\n        on [[June 3]], [[1946]]).\\n* [[May 1]] – WWII:\\n** [[Hamburg]] Radio\n        announces that Hitler has died in battle, \\\"fighting up to his last breath\n        against [[Bolshevik|Bolshevism]].\\\"\\n** [[Joseph Goebbels]] and his wife [[Magda\n        Goebbels|Magda]] commit suicide after killing their [[Goebbels children|six\n        children]]. Karl D\\u00f6nitz appoints [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk]] as\n        the new [[Chancellor of Germany]] in the [[Flensburg Government]].\\n** Troops\n        of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] 4th Army, together\n        with the [[Slovenes|Slovene]] 9th Corpus NOV, enter [[Trieste]].\\n** [[Mass\n        suicide in Demmin]]. An estimated 700\\u20132,500 suicides take place after\n        80% of the town was destroyed by Soviets during the past three days. \\n* [[May\n        2]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] announces the [[Battle of Berlin#Breakout\n        and surrender|fall of Berlin]]. Soviet soldiers hoist the [[Red flag (politics)|Red\n        flag]] over the ''''[[Reich Chancellery#New Reich Chancellery|Reich Chancellery]]''''.[[File:Prague liberation 1945\n        konev.jpg|thumb|Prague liberated by [[Red Army]] in May 1945.]]\\n** [[L\\u00fcbeck]]\n        is liberated by the [[British Army]].\\n** Surrender of [[Axis powers|Axis]]\n        troops in Italy comes into effect.\\n** Troops of the [[New Zealand Army]]\n        [[2nd Division (New Zealand)|2nd Division]] enter [[Trieste]] a day after\n        the [[Yugoslavs]]; the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] in [[Trieste]]\n        surrenders to the [[New Zealand Army]].\\n** Following the death or resignation\n        of the [[Hitler Cabinet]] in Germany, the [[Schwerin von Krosigk cabinet]]\n        first meets.\\n** [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] near [[Hamburg]] is evacuated\n        at about this date.\\n** Expatriate American poet [[Ezra Pound]] is arrested\n        by the [[Italian resistance movement]]; released by them, on [[May 5]] he\n        turns himself in to the [[United States Army]] and is imprisoned as a traitor.\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – WWII:\\n** The [[prison ship]]s ''''[[Cap Arcona]]'''' (5,000\n        dead), ''''[[SS Thielbek (1940)|Thielbek]]'''' (2,750 dead) and ''''[[SS Deutschland\n        (1923)|Deutschland]]'''' (All survived) are sunk by the British [[Royal Air\n        Force]] in [[L\\u00fcbeck]] Bay.\\n** Rocket scientist [[Wernher von Braun]]\n        and 120 members of his team surrender to U.S. forces (later going on to help\n        to start the U.S. space program).\\n** German Protestant theologian [[Gerhard\n        Kittel]] is arrested by the French forces in T\\u00fcbingen, Germany.\\n* [[May\n        4]] – WWII:\\n** [[German surrender at L\\u00fcneburg Heath]]: All German\n        armed forces in northwest Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands surrender unconditionally\n        to Field Marshal [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard\n        Montgomery]], officially coming into effect on May 5 at 08:00 hours British\n        Double (and German) Summer Time.\\n** The Netherlands is liberated by British\n        and Canadian troops.{{cite web|url=http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/lib.htm\n        |title=Liberatione |publisher=Lib.usc.edu |date=1945-05-04 |accessdate=2012-01-16\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414115418/http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/lib.htm\n        |archivedate=April 14, 2016 |df= }}\\n** Denmark is liberated.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.befrielsen1945.dk/tidslinje/index.html|title=Befrielsen\n        1945 – Tidslinje|publisher=Befrielsen1945.dk|date=2012-01-02|accessdate=2012-01-16}}\\n**\n        Admiral [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]] orders all [[U-boat]]s to cease offensive operations\n        and return to bases in Norway.{{cite web|title=U-Boats that Surrendered|first=Derek|last=Waller|url=http://www.uboat.net/articles/79.html|work=u-boat.net|date=2010-09-25|accessdate=2014-11-14}}\\n**\n        The [[Holy Crown of Hungary]] is found by the [[86th Infantry Division (United\n        States)|United States Army 86th Infantry Division]]. The United States government\n        keeps the crown in [[Fort Knox]] for safekeeping from the Soviets until it\n        is returned to [[Hungary]] on 6 January [[1978]].\\n**[[German auxiliary cruiser\n        Orion]] is sunk on her way to [[Copenhagen]] carrying refugees; with a loss\n        of over 3,800 lives.\\n* [[May 5]] – WWII:\\n** [[Prague uprising]]: [[Prague]]\n        rises up against occupying Nazi forces.\\n** The [[11th Armored Division (United\n        States)|US 11th Armored Division]] liberates the prisoners of [[Mauthausen-Gusen\n        concentration camp|Mauthausen concentration camp]], including [[Simon Wiesenthal]].[[File:Americans\n        on Okinawa hear of victory in Europe.jpg|thumb|American soldiers fighting\n        in the [[Pacific War|Pacific]] theater listen to radio reports of [[Victory\n        in Europe Day]] on May 8, 1945.]]\\n** Canadian soldiers liberate the city\n        of [[Amsterdam]] from [[Nazism|Nazi]] occupation.\\n** A Japanese [[fire balloon]]\n        kills five children and a woman, Elsie Mitchell, near [[Bly, Oregon]], when\n        it explodes as they drag it from the woods. They are the only people killed\n        by an enemy attack on the American mainland during WWII.\\n** [[Yosemite Sam]],\n        a cartoon character debuts in ''''[[Hare Trigger]]''''.\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** WWII:\n        [[Mildred Gillars]] (\\\"Axis Sally\\\") delivers her last [[propaganda]] broadcast\n        to [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] troops (the first was on December 11,\n        [[1941]]).\\n** [[Holocaust]]: [[Ebensee concentration camp]] in Austria is\n        liberated by troops of the [[80th Division (United States)]].\\n* [[May 6]]\\u2013[[May\n        7|7]] – The government of the [[Independent State of Croatia]], the\n        Nazi-affiliated fascist puppet state established in  occupied [[Kingdom of\n        Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], flees [[Zagreb]] for a location near [[Klagenfurt]]\n        in Austria rather than fall into the hands of the [[Yugoslav Partisans]],\n        initiating the [[Bleiburg repatriations]].{{cite web|url=http://www.feldgrau.com/a-croatia.html|title=Croatian\n        Axis Forces in WWII|first=Allen|last=Milcic|accessdate=2012-06-28}}{{cite\n        journal|last=Dizdar|first=Zdravko|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en|language=Croatian|title=Prilog\n        istra\\u017eivanju problema Bleiburga i kri\\u017enih putova (u povodu 60. obljetnice)|trans_title=An\n        addition to the research of the problem of Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross\n        (dedicated to their 60th anniversary)|pages=117\\u2013193|journal=The Review\n        of Senj|volume=32|number=1|issn=0582-673X|publisher=City Museum Senj; Senj\n        Museum Society|location=[[Senj]], Croatia|accessdate=2012-05-28|date=December\n        2005}}\\n* [[May 7]] – WWII: General [[Alfred Jodl]] signs the\n        unconditional [[German Instrument of Surrender]] at [[Reims]], France, ending\n        Germany''s participation in the war, officially coming into effect on May\n        8 at 23:01 hours Central European Time (00:01 hours May 9 German Summer Time).\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – WWII:\\n** [[Victory in Europe Day]] (V-E Day) observed by\n        the western European powers as [[Nazi Germany]] surrenders, marking the end\n        of WWII in Europe.\\n** Shortly before midnight (May 9 Moscow time) the final\n        [[German Instrument of Surrender]] is signed at the seat of the Soviet Military\n        Administration in Berlin-[[Karlshorst]], attended by representatives of the\n        [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n** Canadian troops move into [[Amsterdam]],\n        after German troops surrender.\\n** Surrender of the [[Dodecanese]] is signed\n        in [[Symi]].\\n** The British 8th Army, together with Slovene partisan troops\n        and a motorized detachment of the Yugoslav 4th Army, arrives in [[Carinthia\n        (state)|Carinthia]] and [[Klagenfurt]]. The [[Croatian Armed Forces (Independent\n        State of Croatia)|Croatian Armed Forces]] of the [[Independent State of Croatia]]\n        are ordered by their commanders not to surrender to the [[Yugoslav Partisans]]\n        but to attempt to retreat to Austria and surrender to the British, part of\n        the events leading to the [[Bleiburg repatriations]].\\n* [[May 8]]\\u2013[[May\n        29|29]] – [[S\\u00e9tif and Guelma massacre]]: In [[Algeria]], thousands\n        die as French troops and released Italian POWs kill an estimated 6,000 to\n        40,000 Algerian citizens.\\n[[File:Ww2 158.jpg|thumb|alt=a black and white\n        image of two Marines in their combat uniforms. One Marine is providing cover\n        fire with his [[Tommy gun|M1 Thompson submachinegun]] as the other with a\n        [[Browning Automatic Rifle]], prepares to break cover to move to a different\n        position. There are bare sticks and rocks on the ground.|Marines of 1st Marine\n        Division [[Battle of Okinawa|fighting on Okinawa]], May 1945.]]\\n* [[May 9]]\n        – WWII:\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] marks [[Victory in Europe Day|V-E Day]].\\n**\n        The [[Red Army]] enters Prague.\\n** [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] surrenders to\n        the United States Army near [[Radstadt]].\\n** [[Vidkun Quisling]] and other\n        members of the [[Collaborationism|collaborationist]] [[Quisling regime]] in\n        Norway surrender to the Resistance ([[Milorg]]) and [[Norwegian police troops\n        in Sweden during World War II|police]] at [[M\\u00f8llergata 19]] in Oslo as\n        part of the [[legal purge in Norway after World War II]].\\n** General [[Alexander\n        L\\u00f6hr]], Commander of German Army Group E near Topol\\u0161ica, [[Slovenia]],\n        signs the capitulation of German occupation troops.\\n** The [[German occupation\n        of the Channel Islands]] in [[Guernsey]] and [[Jersey]] ends with their liberation\n        by British troops.\\n* [[May 10]] – The [[German occupation of the Channel\n        Islands]] in [[Sark]] ends with their liberation by British troops.  \\n* [[May\n        12]]\\n** [[Argentina|Argentinian]] labour leader Jos\\u00e9 Peter declares\n        the ''''[[Meat Industry Workers Federation]]'''' dissolved.\\n** Rev. [[W.\n        V. Awdry]]''s children''s book ''''[[List of Railway Series books#The Three\n        Railway Engines|The Three Railway Engines]]'''', first of [[The Railway Series]],\n        is published in England.\\n* [[May 14]]\\u2013[[May 15|15]] – WWII –\n        [[Battle of Poljana]]: The last battle of the War in Europe is fought at Poljana\n        near [[Slovenj Gradec]], [[Slovenia]].\\n* [[May 15]] – WWII: –\n        [[Bleiburg repatriations#Surrender at Bleiburg|Surrender at Bleiburg]] : Retreating\n        troops of the [[Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)|Croatian\n        Armed Forces]] of the former puppet [[Independent State of Croatia]] (intermingled\n        with fleeing civilians) attempt to surrender to the British Army at [[Bleiburg]]\n        but are directed to surrender to [[Yugoslav Partisans]] who open fire on them.\n        The remainder, after orders are given by [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]], are force-marched\n        through Croatia and [[Serbia]], interned or massacred, with thousands dying.{{cite\n        book|authorlink=Nicholas Bethell|first=Nicholas|last=Bethell|year=1974|title=The\n        Last Secret|location=London}}{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Palaich|title=Bleiburg\n        Tragedy|year=1991|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKymDoAdLzU|accessdate=2013-08-15}}\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – The [[German occupation of the Channel Islands]] in [[Alderney]]\n        ends with their liberation by British troops.  \\n* [[May 23]]\\n** The [[Flensburg\n        Government]] is dissolved by the Allies and [[President of Germany (1919\\u201345)|President\n        of Germany]] [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]] and [[Chancellor of Germany]] [[Lutz Graf\n        Schwerin von Krosigk]] are arrested by British forces at [[Flensburg]]. They\n        are respectively the last German [[Head of state]] and [[Prime minister|Head\n        of government]] until [[1949]].\\n** [[Heinrich Himmler]], former head of the\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], commits suicide in British custody.\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[William Joyce]] (\\\"[[Lord Haw-Haw]]\\\") is captured. He\n        is later charged with high treason in London for his English-language wartime\n        broadcasts on German radio, convicted, and then hanged in January [[1946]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]]\\n** German communists, led by [[Walter Ulbricht]], arrive in Berlin.\\n**\n        Dutch painter [[Han van Meegeren]] is arrested for collaboration with the\n        Nazis, but the paintings he has sold to [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] (Koch) are\n        later found to be his own fakes.\\n* [[May 30]] – The [[Iran]]ian government\n        demands that all Soviet and British troops leave the country.\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:Montgomery receives Order of Victory HD-SN-99-02756 cropped.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Dwight\n        Eisenhower]] and [[Georgy Zhukov]], June 5, 1945.]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        The British take over [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].\\n* [[June 5]] – The\n        [[Allied Control Council]], military occupation governing body of Germany,\n        formally takes power.\\n* [[June 6]] – King [[Haakon VII of Norway]]\n        returns to Norway.\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] is re-elected\n        as Canadian prime minister.\\n** The Franck Committee recommends against a\n        surprise nuclear bombing of Japan.[http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/1940/1945.htm]\n        {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406133356/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/1940/1945.htm\n        |date=April 6, 2010 }}\\n* [[June 12]] – The [[Socialist Federal\n        Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] Army leaves [[Trieste]], leaving the [[New\n        Zealand Army]] in control.\\n* [[June 21]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Okinawa]]\n        ends with US occupation of the island until [[1972]].\\n* [[June 24]] –\n        WWII: A victory parade is held in [[Red Square]] in Moscow.\\n* [[June 25]]\n        – [[Se\\u00e1n T. O''Kelly]] is elected the second [[President of Ireland]].\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – The [[United Nations Charter]] is signed.\\n* [[June 29]]\n        – [[Czechoslovakia]] cedes [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] to the [[Soviet Union]].\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – Distribution of [[John von Neumann]]''s ''''[[First Draft\n        of a Report on the EDVAC]]'''', containing the first published description\n        of the logical design of a computer with [[Stored-program computer|stored-program]]\n        and instruction data stored in the same address space within the memory ([[von\n        Neumann architecture]]).\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Trinity shot color.jpg|thumb|145px|right|\n        [[July 16]]: [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity Test]] at night in [[New Mexico]].]]\\n*\n        Vannevar Bush''s ''''[[As We May Think]]'''' published.{{citation\n        |url=http://aitopics.org/misc/brief-history |title=Brief History (timeline)\n        |work= AI Topics |publisher=[[Association for the Advancement of Artificial\n        Intelligence]] |accessdate=24 August 2016}}\\n* [[July 1]] – WWII:\n        Germany is [[Inner German border|divided]] between the Allied occupation forces.\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – The [[Brazilian cruiser Bahia|Brazilian cruiser \\\"Bahia\\\"]]\n        is sunk by an accidentally induced explosion, killing more than 300 and stranding\n        the survivors in shark-infested waters.\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**Australian Prime\n        Minister [[John Curtin]] dies of a heart attack at age 60.\\n** WWII: The [[Philippines]]\n        are declared liberated.\\n* [[July 8]] – WWII: [[Harry S. Truman]] is\n        informed that Japan will talk peace if it can retain the reign of the Emperor.\\n* [[July 9]] – A [[Wildfire|forest fire]]\n        breaks out in the [[Tillamook Burn]] (the third in that area of [[Oregon]]\n        since [[1933]]).\\n* [[July 14]] – WWII: Italy declares war on Japan.\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – The [[Scott Morrison Award of Minor Hockey Excellence]]\n        was first given; first recipient is [[Gordie Howe]].\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** The\n        [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity Test]], the first of an [[nuclear weapon|atomic\n        bomb]], using about six kilograms of [[plutonium]], succeeds in unleashing\n        an explosion equivalent to that of 19 kilotons of TNT.\\n** A train collision\n        near [[Munich]], Germany kills 102 war prisoners.\\n* [[July 17]]\\u2013[[August\n        2]] – WWII: [[Potsdam Conference]] – At [[Potsdam]], the three\n        main [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] leaders hold their final summit of\n        the war. President Truman officially informs Stalin that the U.S. has a powerful\n        new weapon.\\n* [[July 21]] – WWII: President [[Harry S. Truman]] approves\n        the order for atomic bombs to be used against Japan.\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – WWII: French marshal [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]], who headed\n        the [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] during WWII, goes on trial for treason.\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Winston Churchill]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of the\n        United Kingdom]] after his [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]\n        is soundly defeated by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the [[United\n        Kingdom general election, 1945|1945 general election]]. [[Clement Attlee]]\n        becomes the new Prime Minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed\n        Britain with a majority in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House\n        of Commons]].{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393271.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1945: Labour landslide buries Churchill|date=April 5, 2005}}\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – The [[Potsdam Declaration]] demands Japan''s unconditional\n        surrender; Article 12 permitting Japan to retain the reign of the Emperor\n        has been deleted by President Truman.\\n* [[July\n        27]] – WWII: [[Bombing of Aomori in World War II|Bombing of Aomori]]\n        – Two [[USAAF]] [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]]s dropped a total of 60,000\n        [[Airborne leaflet propaganda|leaflet]]s on the city of [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]],\n        Japan, warning civilians of an air raid and urge them to leave immediately.\\n*\n        [[July 28]]\\n**A [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] [[B-25\n        Mitchell|B-25]] bomber [[B-25 Empire State Building crash|crashes]] into the\n        [[Empire State Building]], killing 14 people, including all on board.\\n**WWII:\n        Japan ambiguously rejects the [[Potsdam Declaration]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]] \\n** The [[BBC Light Programme]] radio station is launched, aimed\n        at [[mainstream]] light entertainment and [[music]].\\n** WWII: [[Bombing of\n        Aomori in World War II|Bombing of Aomori]]: [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]] is firebombed\n        by 63 [[USAAF]] [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] [[heavy bomber]]s, killing 1,767\n        civilians and destroying 18,045 homes.\\n* [[July 30]] – WWII: The heavy\n        cruiser {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|6}} is hit and sunk by torpedoes from the\n        {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-58|1943|6}} in the [[Philippine Sea]]. Some 900\n        survivors jump into the sea and are adrift for up to four days. Nearly 600\n        die before help arrives. Captain [[Charles B. McVay III]] of the cruiser is\n        later court-martialed and convicted.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|200px|''''August\n        9'''': The mushroom cloud from the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear\n        bomb dropped on Nagasaki]] rising 18 km into the air.]]\\n[[File:Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg|thumb|200px|''''September\n        2'''': Japan signs the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]]\n        aboard the [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS ''''Missouri'''']].]]\\n* [[August 6]]\n        – WWII: [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Atomic bombing of\n        Hiroshima]]: A United States [[B-29 Superfortress]], the [[Enola Gay]], drops\n        an [[nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]], codenamed \\\"[[Little Boy]]\\\", on [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima,\n        Japan]], at 8:15 a.m. (local time). The atomic bombings are believed\n        to have resulted in between 129,000 and 246,000 deaths.\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        U.S. President Harry Truman announces the successful atomic bombing of Hiroshima\n        while he is returning from the Potsdam Conference aboard the U.S. Navy heavy\n        cruiser {{USS|Augusta|CA-31}} in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.\\n* [[August\n        8]]\\n** The [[United Nations Charter]] is ratified by the United States Senate,\n        and this nation becomes the third to join the new international organization.\\n**\n        WWII: The Soviet Union declares war on Japan.\\n* [[August 9]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Atomic bombing of Nagasaki]]:\n        A United States [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Bomber]], ''''[[Bockscar]]'''',\n        drops an [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]], codenamed \\\"[[Fat Man]]\\\", on  [[Nagasaki|Nagasaki,\n        Japan]], at 11:02 a.m. (local time).\\n** [[Soviet\\u2013Japanese War (1945)|Soviet\\u2013Japanese\n        War]] opens: The [[Soviet Union]] begins its army offensive against Japan\n        in the northern part of the Japanese-held Chinese region of [[Manchuria]].{{cite\n        web|first=John|last=Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm|title=The\n        Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|accessdate=2012-01-16}}\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – WWII: Japan offers to surrender to the Allies, \\\"provided\n        this does not prejudice the sovereignty of the Emperor\\\".\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**\n        WWII: The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] reply to the Japanese surrender\n        offer by saying that Emperor [[Hirohito]] will be subject to the authority\n        of the [[Supreme Allied Commander|Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces]].\\n**\n        The Holocaust: [[Krak\\u00f3w pogrom]] – [[R\\u00f3\\u017ca Berger]] is\n        shot dead by Polish militia.\\n* [[August 11]]\\u2013[[August 25|25]] –\n        Soviet troops complete occupation of [[Sakhalin]].\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        The [[Zionism|Zionist]] World Congress approaches the British government to\n        discuss the founding of the country of [[Israel]].\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** WWII:\n        Emperor [[Hirohito]] accepts the terms of the [[Potsdam Declaration]]. His\n        recorded announcement of this is smuggled out of the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]].\n        At 19:00 hrs in [[Washington, D.C.]] (23:00 [[GMT]]), U.S. President [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] announces the Japanese surrender.\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** WWII: ''''[[Gyokuon-h\\u014ds\\u014d]]'''':\n        Emperor [[Hirohito]]''s announcement of the unconditional [[surrender of Japan]]\n        is broadcast on the radio a little after noon (12:00 [[Japan Standard Time]]\n        is 03:00 GMT). This is probably the first time an [[Emperor of Japan]] has\n        been heard by the common people. Delivered in formal [[Classical Japanese\n        language|classical Japanese]] and without directly referring to surrender,\n        the recorded speech is not immediately easily understood by ordinary people.\n        The Allies call this day [[Victory over Japan Day]] (V-J Day). This ends the\n        period of [[Japanese militarism|Japanese expansionism]] and begins the period\n        of [[Occupation of Japan]]. Korea gains independence.\\n** The [[August Revolution]]\n        in [[Vietnam]] begins with the [[Viet Minh]] taking over the capital [[Hanoi]],\n        taking advantage of the collapse of Japanese power. \\n** Provisional [[International\n        Civil Aviation Organization]] founded as a specialized agency of the [[United\n        Nations]].\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** Philippines President [[Jos\\u00e9 P. Laurel]]\n        issues an Executive Proclamation putting an end to the [[Second Philippine\n        Republic]], thus ending to his term as President of the Philippines.\\n** [[Proclamation\n        of Indonesian Independence]]: Indonesian nationalists [[Sukarno]] and [[Mohammad\n        Hatta]] declare the independence of the Republic of [[Indonesia]], with Sukarno\n        as president and [[Mohammad Hatta]] as vice-president, igniting the [[Indonesian\n        National Revolution]] against the [[Dutch Empire]].\\n** The [[Allegory|allegorical]]\n        [[dystopia]]n [[novella]] ''''[[Animal Farm]]'''' by [[George Orwell]], a\n        [[satire]] on [[Stalinism]], is first published by [[Fredric Warburg]] in\n        London.\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Chinese Civil War]]: [[Mao Zedong]] and\n        [[Chiang Kai-shek]] meet in [[Chongqing]] to discuss an end to hostilities\n        between the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] and the [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]].\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Soviet\\u2013Japanese War (1945)|Soviet\\u2013Japanese\n        War]] – [[Joseph Stalin]] orders the detention of [[Japanese prisoners\n        of war in the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[August 30]] – WWII: [[Vietnam]]''s\n        capital [[Hanoi]] is overthrown by the [[Viet Minh]] which ends the French\n        occupation in what becomes [[North Vietnam]] and thus the southern provinces\n        become [[South Vietnam]]. This ends the [[August Revolution]].\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n**  WWII: Allied troops arrest German [[field marshal]] [[Walther von\n        Brauchitsch]].\\n** A team at [[American Cyanamid]]''s Lederle Laboratories,\n        [[Pearl River, New York]], led by [[Yellapragada Subbarow]], announces they\n        have obtained [[folic acid]] in a pure crystalline form.{{Cite journal\n        | last1 = Angier | first1 = R. B. | last2 = Boothe | first2 = J. H. | last3\n        = Hutchings | first3 = B. L. | last4 = Mowat | first4 = J. H. | last5 = Semb\n        | first5 = J. | last6 = Stokstad | first6 = E. L. R. | last7 = Subbarow |\n        first7 = Y. | last8 = Waller | first8 = C. W. | last9 = Cosulich | first9\n        = D. B. | last10 = Fahrenbach | first10 = M. J. | last11 = Hultquist | first11\n        = M. E. | last12 = Kuh | first12 = E. | last13 = Northey | first13 = E. H.\n        | last14 = Seeger | first14 = D. R. | last15 = Sickels | first15 = J. P. |\n        last16 = Smith Jr | first16 = J. M. | title = Synthesis of a Compound Identical\n        with the L. Casei Factor Isolated from Liver | doi = 10.1126/science.102.2644.227\n        | journal = Science | volume = 102 | issue = 2644 | pages = 227\\u2013228 |\n        year = 1945 | pmid =  17778509| pmc = }} This [[vitamin]] is abundant\n        in green [[leaf vegetable]]s, [[liver]], [[kidney]], and [[yeast]].{{cite\n        journal|last1=Hoffbrand|first1=A. V.|last2=Weir|first2=D. G.|year=2001|title=The\n        history of folic acid|journal=[[British Journal of Haematology]]|volume=113|issue=3|pages=579\\u2013589|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02822.x|pmid=11380441}}\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n* [[September 2]] – WWII ends:\\n** Japanese general [[Tomoyuki\n        Yamashita]] surrenders to Filipino and American forces at [[Kiangan, Ifugao]].\\n**\n        The final official [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] is accepted by the\n        Supreme Allied Commander, General [[Douglas MacArthur]], and [[Admiral of\n        the Fleet|Fleet Admiral]] [[Chester W. Nimitz]] for the United States, and\n        delegates from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands,\n        China, and others from a Japanese delegation led by [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]],\n        on board the American battleship USS ''''[[USS Missouri (BB-63)|Missouri]]''''\n        in [[Tokyo Bay]].\\n** General [[Douglas MacArthur]] is given the title of\n        [[Supreme Commander Allied Powers]], and is also tasked with the occupation\n        of Japan.{{cite book|last1=Jessup|first1=John E.|title=A\n        Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945-1985|year=1989|publisher=Greenwood\n        Press|location=New York|isbn=0-313-24308-5}}\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        [[Democratic Republic of Viet Nam]] is officially established, by [[Ho Chi\n        Minh]].\\n* [[September 3]] – The earliest events of\n        the [[Cold War]] begin.\\n* [[September 4]] – WWII: Japanese forces surrender\n        on [[Wake Island]] after hearing word of their country''s surrender.\\n* [[September\n        5]]\\n** [[Iva Toguri D''Aquino]], a [[Japanese American]] suspected of being\n        wartime radio propagandist \\\"[[Tokyo Rose]]\\\", is arrested in [[Yokohama]].\\n**\n        The Russian code clerk [[Igor Gouzenko]] comes forward with numerous documents\n        implicating the Soviet Union in many spy rings in North America: both in the\n        United States and in Canada.\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** American troops occupy\n        [[South Korea|southern]] Korea, while the [[Soviet Union]] occupies the [[North\n        Korea|north]], with the dividing line being the 38th parallel of latitude.\n        This arrangement proves to be the indirect beginning of a divided Korea which\n        will lead to the [[Korean War]] in [[1950]].\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Chiang\n        Kai-shek]] officially accepts the Japanese capitulation at [[Nanking]].\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Vidkun Quisling]] is sentenced\n        to death as a Nazi collaborator, in Norway.\\n* [[September\n        11]]\\n** [[Hideki T\\u014dj\\u014d]], Japanese prime minister during most of\n        WWII, attempts suicide to avoid facing a [[war crime]]s tribunal.\\n** ''''[[Radio\n        Republik Indonesia]]'''' starts broadcasting.\\n** The [[Batu Lintang camp]]\n        in [[Sarawak]], [[Borneo]] is liberated by Australian forces.\\n* [[September\n        12]] – The Japanese Army formally surrenders to the British in [[Singapore]].\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Tropical cyclone|Typhoon Makurazaki]] in Japan\n        kills 3,746 people.\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas\n        Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] demand that all British troops depart India.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:Flag of the United Nations (1945-1947).svg|thumb|220px|\n        [[October 24]]: The [[United Nations]] is formed. This was its flag. The modern\n        version is slightly retouched.]]\\n[[File:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg|thumb|220px|\n        [[October 18]]: [[Nuremberg]] trials begin, after [[Buchenwald concentration\n        camp|Buchenwald]] closed.]]\\n* October – [[Arthur C. Clarke]] puts forward\n        the idea of a [[Geosynchronous satellite|geosynchronous]] [[communications\n        satellite]] in a ''''[[Wireless World]]'''' magazine article.\\n* [[October\n        1]]\\u2013[[October|15]] – [[Operation Backfire (WWII)|Operation Backfire]]:\n        Three [[V-2 rocket|A4 rockets]] are launched near [[Cuxhaven]] in a demonstration\n        to Allied forces.\\n* [[October 2]]\\u2013 [[George Albert Smith]] becomes [[President\n        of the Church (LDS Church)|president]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of\n        Latter-day Saints]].\\n* [[October 4]] – The [[Partizan Belgrade]] [[sports\n        club]] is founded in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]].\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Hollywood\n        Black Friday]]: A strike by the Set Decorator''s Union in Hollywood results\n        in a riot.\\n* [[October 8]]\\u2013[[October 15|15]] – Hadamar Trial:\n        Personnel of the [[Hadamar Euthanasia Centre]], now in the American zone of\n        [[Allied-occupied Germany]], are the first to be tried for systematic extermination\n        in [[Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pierre Laval]] is sentenced\n        to death for collaboration with the [[Nazi]]s in [[Vichy France]].\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Czechoslovakia]]: A new provisional national assembly\n        is elected.\\n* [[October 15]] – WWII: [[Pierre Laval]],\n        the former premier of [[Vichy France]], is shot dead by a [[Execution by firing\n        squad|firing squad]] for [[treason]] against France.\\n* [[October 15]]\\u2013[[October\n        21|21]] – The [[Pan-African Congress#5th Pan-African Congress|Fifth\n        Pan-African Congress]] is held in [[Manchester]].\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] established at a meeting in [[Quebec\n        City]] as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October 17]]\n        – A massive number of people, headed for the [[General Confederation\n        of Labour (Argentina)]], gather in the [[Plaza de Mayo]] in [[Buenos Aires]]\n        to demand [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]]''s release. This is known to the [[Peronism|Peronists]]\n        as the ''''D\\u00eda de la lealtad'''' ([[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|Loyalty Day]])\n        and considered the founding day of [[Peronism]].\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        [[Isa\\u00edas Medina Angarita]], president of [[Venezuela]], is overthrown\n        by a [[Coup d''\\u00e9tat|military coup]].\\n* [[October 19]]\n        – Members of the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian People''s\n        Army]] attack Anglo-Dutch forces in [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Mongolia]]ns vote for independence from China.\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Women''s suffrage]]: Women are allowed to vote in\n        the [[French legislative election, 1945|French Legislative Election]] for\n        the first time.\\n* [[October 22]] – [[R\\u00f3mulo Betancourt]] is named\n        provisional president of [[Venezuela]].\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Jackie Robinson]] signs a contract with the [[Montreal Royals]]\n        [[baseball]] team.\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** The [[United Nations]] is founded\n        by ratification of [[United Nations Charter|its Charter]], by [[Enlargement\n        of the United Nations#1945 .28original members.29|29 nations]].\\n**\n        The [[International Court of Justice]] (\\\"World Court\\\") established by the\n        [[United Nations Charter]].\\n** The Norwegian Nazi leader [[Vidkun Quisling]]\n        is [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] for [[treason]]\n        against Norway.\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** WWII: Japanese armed\n        forces in [[Taiwan]] surrender to the Allies. \\n** [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]]\n        is deposed as president in Brazil. [[Jos\\u00e9 Linhares]] is named as temporary\n        president.\\n** [[Osijek prison massacre]]\\n* [[October 27]]\\u2013[[November\n        20]] – [[Indonesian National Revolution]]: [[Battle of Surabaya]] –\n        Pro-independence [[Indonesia]]n soldiers and militia fight British and British\n        Indian troops in [[Surabaya]].\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]]\n        resigns as the president of Brazil.\\n** At [[Gimbels]] Department Store in\n        New York City, the first [[ballpoint pen]]s go on sale at $12.50 each.\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – The undivided country of India joins the [[United Nations]].\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n* [[Astrid Lindgren]]''s children''s book ''''Pippi L\\u00e5ngstrump''''\n        is published in [[Sweden]] and its English translation as ''''[[Pippi Longstocking\n        (novel)|Pippi Longstocking]]'''' is also issued.\\n* [[November 1]]\\n**  [[International\n        Labour Organization]]''s new constitution comes into effect.\\n** [[John H.\n        Johnson]] publishes the first issue of the magazine ''''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]''''.\\n**\n        [[Telechron]] introduces the model 8H59 Musalarm, the first [[clock radio]].\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Colombia]] joins the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Indonesia]]ns reject an offer of autonomy from the [[Netherlands|Dutch]].\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Soo Bahk Do]] [[Moo Duk Kwan]] is\n        founded.\\n* [[November 11]] – Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]] and the [[People''s\n        Front (Yugoslavia)|People''s Front]] win a deciding majority (85%) in the\n        Yugoslavian assembly.\\n* [[November 15]] \\n** [[Harry S.\n        Truman]], [[Clement Attlee]], and [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie\n        King]] share nuclear information with the U.N. and call for a [[United Nations\n        Atomic Energy Commission]].\\n**\n        An offensive is begun in [[Manchuria]] by the [[Kuomintang|Chinese Nationalists]]\n        against further infiltration by the [[Chinese Communists]].\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** [[Charles de Gaulle]] is unanimously elected [[president\n        of France]] by the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|provisional\n        government]].\\n** [[Cold War]]: The United States controversially\n        imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of [[rocket]] technology.\\n**\n        Agreement for the foundation of [[UNESCO]] (United Nations Educational, Scientific\n        and Cultural Organization) at a meeting in London.\\n** [[Casper the Friendly\n        Ghost]], an animated character debuts in ''''[[The Friendly Ghost]]''''.\\n**\n        The motion picture ''''[[The Lost Weekend (film)|The Lost Weekend]]'''', starring\n        [[Ray Milland]], is released. The most realistic film portrayal of [[alcoholism]]\n        up to this time, it wins several [[Academy Awards]] in the following year.\\n**\n        [[Yeshiva College (Yeshiva University)|Yeshiva College]] is founded in New\n        York City.\\n* [[November 18]] – The [[Tudeh Party of Iran|Tudeh party]]\n        starts a bloodless coup and will form [[Azerbaijan People''s Government|Azerbaijan]]\n        within days. Soviet troops prevent [[Iran]]ian troops from getting involved.\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – The [[Nuremberg trials]] begin: Trials against 22\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war crime|war criminals]] of WWII start at the [[Palace\n        of Justice, Nuremberg|Nuremberg Palace of Justice]].\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – U.S. Ambassador to China [[Patrick J. Hurley]] resigns\n        after he is unable to broker a deal between [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and [[Mao\n        Tse Tung]].\\n* [[November 28]] – An [[1945 Balochistan\n        earthquake|earthquake in Balochistan]] causes a tsunami and kills 4,000.\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** The [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] is declared\n        (this day is celebrated as Republic Day until the 1990s). [[Josip Broz Tito|Marshal\n        Tito]] is named president.\\n** Assembly of the world''s first general purpose\n        electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer\n        ([[ENIAC]]), is completed in the United States, covering {{convert|1800|sqft|m2}}\n        of floor space, and the first set of calculations is run on it.\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** General [[Eurico Gaspar Dutra]] is elected president\n        of Brazil.\\n** French banks ([[Banque de France]], [[BNP Paribas|BNCI]], [[BNP\n        Paribas|CNEP]], [[Cr\\u00e9dit Lyonnais]], and [[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 G\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale]])\n        nationalized.\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Communism|Communist]] demonstrations\n        in [[Athens]] presage the [[Greek Civil War]].\\n* [[December 4]] – By\n        a vote of 65\\u20137, the [[United States Senate]] approves the entry of the\n        United States into the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 5]] – A flight\n        of [[United States Navy]] [[Grumman TBF Avenger]] [[torpedo bomber]]s known\n        as [[Flight 19]] disappears on a training exercise from [[Naval Air Station\n        Fort Lauderdale]].\\n* [[December 21]] – General [[George S. Patton]]\n        dies from injuries sustained in a car accident on December 9 in Germany.\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – Five of nine children [[Sodder children disappearance|become\n        missing]] after their home in [[Fayetteville, West Virginia]], is burned down.\\n*\n        [[December 27]]\\n** Twenty-eight nations sign an agreement creating the [[World\n        Bank]].\\n** Terror strikes are carried out against British military bases\n        in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* A team at\n        [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] led by [[Charles D. Coryell|Charles Coryell]]\n        discovers [[chemical element]] 61, the only one still missing between 1 and\n        96 on the [[periodic table]], which they will name [[promethium]].{{cite\n        journal|year=2003 |title=Discovery of Promethium |journal=Oak Ridge National\n        Laboratory Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/article_02.shtml\n        |accessdate=2011-06-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622100448/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/article_02.shtml\n        |archivedate=June 22, 2011 |df= }} Found by analysis of fission products\n        of irradiated uranium fuel, its discovery is not made public until 1947.\\n*\n        The first geothermal milk pasteurization is done in [[Klamath Falls, Oregon]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n===January===\\n[[File:Rod\n        Stewart 86.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rod Stewart]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Selleck 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom\n        Selleck]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Jacky Ickx]], Belgian racing driver\\n**[[Martin\n        Schanche]], Norwegian racing driver and politician\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Stephen Stills]], American rock singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[Richard R. Schrock]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Tony Conigliaro]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Shulamith Firestone]], Canadian American feminist\n        and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Gunther von Hagens]], Polish\n        Anatomist and inventor \\n** [[Jennifer Moss (actress)|Jennifer Moss]], British\n        actress (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Steven P. Perskie]], American politician and judge\n        \\n** [[Rod Stewart]], British rock singer\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Christine\n        Kaufmann]], German actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Bicaba]], Burkinab\\u00e9 sprinter\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Einar H\\u00e1konarson]],\n        Icelandic painter\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Vince Foster]], American deputy\n        White House counsel during the first term of President Bill Clinton (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Princess Michael of Kent]], German-born member of the British Royal Family\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Robert Olen Butler]], American writer\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Martin Shaw]], British TV and film actor\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – [[Leigh Taylor-Young]], American actress\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Jacqueline du Pr\\u00e9]], English cellist (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[January 27]]\n        – [[Harold Cardinal]], Cree political leader, writer, and lawyer (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Karen Lynn Gorney]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Chuck Pyle]], American country-folk singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]]) \\n*\n        [[January 29]]\\n** [[Jim Nicholson (Northern Ireland politician)|Jim Nicholson]],\n        Northern Irish politician\\n** [[Tom Selleck]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Michael Dorris]], American author (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] – [[Joseph Kosuth]], American artist\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Edir\n        Macedo2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edir Macedo]]]]\\n[[File:Bob-Marley-in-Concert\n        Zurich 05-30-80.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bob Marley]]]]\\n[[File:Mia Farrow 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Mia\n        Farrow]]]]\\n[[File:Maud Adams.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maud Adams]]]]\\n[[File:F\\u00fcrst\n        Hans-Adam II. von und zu Liechtenstein (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans-Adam\n        II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein]]]]\\n[[File:Brenda\n        Fricker March 1990.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brenda Fricker]]]]\\n* [[February 3]]\\n**\n        [[Roy ''Chubby'' Brown]], British stand-up comedian\\n** [[Bob Griese]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Philip Waruinge]], Kenyan boxer\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[Sarah Weddington]], American attorney\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Bob Marley]],\n        Jamaican [[reggae]] singer, songwriter and musician (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[Gerald Davies]], Welsh rugby player\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Mia Farrow]], American actress\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Luiz Carlos Alborghetti]],\n        Italian-Brazilian radio commenter, showman and political figure (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Maud\n        Adams]], Swedish actress\\n**[[David D. Friedman]], American economist\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Simon Schama]], English academician and historian\\n* [[February\n        14]] – Prince [[Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II of\n        Liechtenstein]]\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Douglas Hofstadter]], American\n        cognitive scientist\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Jeremy Bulloch]], English\n        actor\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Brenda Fricker]], Irish actress\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Edir Macedo]], Brazilian evangelical leader and media mogul\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Henry Polic II]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] – [[Barry Bostwick]], American actor\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Elkie Brooks]], English singer\\n** [[Roy Saari]], American swimmer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[Marta Kristen]], Norwegian actress\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Carl Anderson (singer)|Carl Anderson]], American singer and\n        actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Bubba Smith]], American football\n        player and actor (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:George Miller while\n        filming Fury Road (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[George Miller (director)|George\n        Miller]]]]  \\n[[File:Charles Greene 1970.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Greene\n        (athlete)|Charles Greene]]]]\\n[[File:Rodrigo Duterte June 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rodrigo\n        Duterte]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Clapton 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric Clapton]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] – [[Dirk Benedict]], American actor\\n* [[March 3]] \\n** [[George\n        Miller (director)|George Miller]], Australian film director\\n** [[Hattie Winston]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Dieter Meier]], Swiss singer and children''s\n        writer\\n** [[Tommy Svensson]], Swedish football manager and player\\n** [[Gary\n        Williams (basketball)|Gary Williams]], American basketball coach\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[Arthur Lee (musician)|Arthur Lee]], American musician (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]]\\n** [[Jim Chapman (congressman)|Jim Chapman]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Micky Dolenz]], American actor, director and rock musician ([[The Monkees]])\\n**\n        [[Anselm Kiefer]], German painter\\n* [[March 9]] \\n** [[Katja Ebstein]], German\n        singer\\n** [[Dennis Rader]], American serial killer\\n* [[March 13]] –\n        [[Anatoly Fomenko]], Russian mathematician\\n* [[March 15]] – [[A. K.\n        Faezul Huq]], Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        \\n** [[Katri Helena]], Finnish singer\\n** [[Elis Regina]], Brazilian singer\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Jay Ingram]], Canadian television host, author and journalist\\n**\n        [[Bobby Jameson]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Pat Riley]],\n        American basketball coach\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Charles Greene (athlete)|Charles\n        Greene]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Curtis Hanson]],\n        American film director and screenwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 26]] –\n        [[Mikhail Voronin]], Russian gymnast (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** [[Rodrigo\n        Duterte]], 16th [[President of the Philippines]]\\n** [[Raine Loo]], Estonian\n        actress \\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Walt Frazier]], American basketball player\\n**\n        [[Willem Ruis]], Dutch game show host (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Eric Clapton]], English rock guitarist\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Gabe Kaplan]],\n        American actor, comedian, and professional poker player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Naftali\n        Temu 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Naftali Temu]]]]\\n[[File:Bj\\u00f6rn Ulvaeus in\n        May 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bj\\u00f6rn Ulvaeus]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen\n        Drews]], German singer\\n** [[Linda Hunt]], American actress\\n* [[April 4]]\n        – [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], French activist\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Cem\n        Karaca]], Turkish musician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Werner Schroeter]],\n        German film director (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Peter Gammons]],\n        American baseball sportswriter\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Christian Quadflieg]],\n        German actor\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Lee Jong-wook]], Korean Director-General\n        of the [[World Health Organization]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Tony\n        Dow]], American actor, producer, and director\\n** [[Lowell George]], American\n        rock musician ([[Little Feat]]) (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Bob Kalsu]], American\n        football player (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Ritchie Blackmore]], English\n        rock guitarist \\n** [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Samoa]]\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Naftali Temu]], Kenyan Olympic athlete\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Doug Clifford]], American drummer\n        \\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Stu Cook]], American bassist \\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Ulvaeus]],\n        Swedish rock songwriter \\n* [[April 27]] – [[August Wilson]], American\n        playwright (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Hugh Hopper]], British musician\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Tammi Terrell]], American soul singer (d. [[1970]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bob\n        Seger 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bob Seger]]]]\\n[[File:Pete Townshend (2012).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pete\n        Townshend]]]]\\n[[File:Priscilla Presley 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Priscilla Presley]]]]\\n[[File:Laurent\n        Gbagbo (2008).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Laurent Gbagbo]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Rita\n        Coolidge]], American pop singer\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Narasimhan Ram]], Indian\n        journalist\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Kurt Loder]], American film critic, author,\n        and television personality\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Jimmie Dale Gilmore]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Bob Seger]], American rock singer\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Keith\n        Jarrett]], American musician\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Jupp Heynckes]], German\n        football manager and former footballer\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Tammam Salam]],\n        34th Prime Minister of Lebanon\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Yochanan Vollach]],\n        [[Israel]]i footballer and president of Maccabi Haifa, [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza]], heir to the Portuguese\n        crown\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Nicky Chinn]], English rock songwriter ([[The\n        Sweet|Sweet]], [[Suzi Quatro]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Tony Roche]], Australian\n        tennis player\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Pete Townshend]], English rock guitarist\n        and lyricist ([[The Who]])\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Richard Hatch (actor)|Richard\n        Hatch]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ernst Messerschmid]], German physicist\n        and astronaut\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Victoria Wyndham]], American actress\n        (''''Another World'''')\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Lauren Chapin]], American child\n        actress and evangelist\\n** [[Doris Mae Oulton]], Canadian community developer\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Priscilla Presley]], American actress and businesswoman\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[John Fogerty]], American rock singer ([[Creedence Clearwater\n        Revival]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Gary Brooker]], English pianist and singer\n        ([[Procol Harum]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Gladys Horton]], American singer\n        ([[The Marvelettes]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]],\n        German film director (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Laurent Gbagbo]], [[President of\n        C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:W Schuessel7.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wolfgang\n        Sch\\u00fcssel]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Livingstone. Any Questions, 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ken\n        Livingston]]]]\\n[[File:Aung San Suu Kyi 17 November 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Aung\n        San Suu Kyi]]]]\\n[[File:Anne Murray.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anne Murray]]]]\\n[[File:Evstafiev-Radovan\n        Karadzic 3MAR94.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Radovan Karad\\u017ei\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Carly\n        Simon (1989).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carly Simon]]]]\\n[[File:Chandrika Bandaranaike\n        Kumaratunga As The President of Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chandrika Kumaratunga]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Frederica von Stade]], American mezzo-soprano\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Jon Peters]], American film producer\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Hale\n        Irwin]], American professional golfer\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Anthony Braxton]],\n        American composer and musical instrumentalist\\n** [[Gordon Waller]], Scottish\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\n** [[John Carlos]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Th\\u00e9ophile Georges Kassab]], Catholic prelate (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Don Reid (singer)|Don Reid]], American singer ([[The Statler\n        Brothers]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[David Dukes]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Billy Butler (singer)|Billy Butler]], American singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Wolfgang Sch\\u00fcssel]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Steven Fromholz]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Nike Wagner]], German woman of the theater\\n* [[June\n        10]] – [[Benny Gallagher]], Scottish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist,\n        half of the duo [[Gallagher and Lyle]]\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Adrienne Barbeau]],\n        American actress, television personality and author\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Pat Jennings]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Rodney\n        P. Rempt]], American admiral\\n* [[June 14]] – [[J\\u00f6rg Immendorff]],\n        German painter\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise Chandernagor]], French\n        writer\\n** [[Miriam Defensor Santiago]], Filipino politician (b. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]]  \\n** [[Claire Alexander]], Canadian ice hockey player \\n** [[Ivan\n        Lins]], Latin Grammy-winning Brazilian musician\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[P. D.\n        T. Acharya]], Secretary General Lok Sabha\\n** [[Frank Ashmore]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Art Bell]], American radio talk show host\\n** [[Ken Livingstone]],\n        British politician\\n** [[Eddy Merckx]], Belgian cyclist\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Radovan Karad\\u017ei\\u0107]], Serbian politician\\n** [[Aung San Suu Kyi]],\n        Myanmar poet, politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Greil\n        Marcus]], American music journalist and cultural critic\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Anne Murray]], Canadian singer\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Roberto D''Angelo]],\n        Italian slalom canoeist\\n** [[Luis Casta\\u00f1eda Lossio]], Peruvian politician\\n**\n        [[Thiagarajan]], Indian actor, director and producer\\n** [[Nirmalendu Goon]],\n        Bangladeshi poet\\n** [[Marijana Lubej]], Slovenian sprinter\\n* [[June 23]]\n        – [[Jim Fouratt]], American gay activist, entertainer\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – [[George Pataki]], [[List of Governors of New York|Governor of New\n        York]]\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Guillermo Mendoza]], Mexican cyclist\\n** [[Carly\n        Simon]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Dwight York]],\n        American musician, fashion consultant, cult leader, and child molester\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Catherine Lacoste]], French amateur golfer\\n** [[Lu Sheng-yen]],\n        leader of the [[True Buddha School]]\\n** [[Norma Kamali]], American fashion\n        designer\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[David Knights]], British bassist ([[Procol\n        Harum]])\\n** [[Raul Seixas]], Brazilian rock singer (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]], 5th [[President of Sri Lanka]]\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Kevin Jackman]], Australian rules footballer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Blondie\n        en el Summercase 08 de Barcelona.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Debbie Harry]]]]\\n[[File:HelenMirrenBerlin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Helen\n        Mirren]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Jane Cederqvist]], Swedish freestyle swimmer\\n**\n        [[Visu]], Indian writer, director, stage, actor and talk-show host\\n** [[Billy\n        Rohr]], American Major League Baseball \\n** [[Debbie Harry]], American rock\n        singer ([[Blondie (band)|Blondie]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Thomas Mapfumo]],\n        Zimbabwean musician\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Steinar Amundsen]], Norwegian sprint\n        canoeist\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Burt Ward]], American actor\\n* [[July 7]]\n        \\n** [[Helo\\u00edsa Pinheiro]], Brazilian model and businesswoman\\n** [[Li\n        Chi-an]], North Korean football striker\\n** [[Michael Ancram]], British politician\\n**\n        [[Matti Salminen]], Finnish bass singer\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Micheline\n        Calmy-Rey]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Dean Koontz]],\n        American writer\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Virginia Wade]], English professional\n        tennis player\\n** [[Ron Glass]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 11]]\n        – [[Richard Wesley]], American playwright and screenwriter\\n* [[July\n        12]]\\n** [[Leopoldo Mastelloni]], Italian actor, comedian and singer\\n** [[Edwin\n        Neal]], American actor\\n** [[Larry Zierlein]], American football coach\\n**\n        [[Thor Martinsen]], Norwegian ice hockey player\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Robert\n        H. Foglesong]], U.S General\\n** [[Danny Abramowicz]], American football player\n        and coach\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[David A. Granger]], President of Guyana\\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen M\\u00f6llemann]], German politician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July\n        16]] \\n** [[Victor Sloan]], Irish artist\\n** [[\\u00c7etin Tekindor]], Turkish\n        actor\\n** [[Roy Ho Ten Soeng]], Dutch politician\\n** [[Jos Stelling]], Dutch\n        film director and screenwriter\\n** [[Barry Dudleston]], English first-class\n        cricketer and umpire\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Eduardo Olivera]], Mexican modern\n        pentathlete\\n** [[Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia]]\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[Boomer Castleman]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – [[Oleg Fotin]], Russian swimmer\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Ziona]], Indian\n        religious, known for fathering the largest living family\\n** [[Kim Carnes]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Larry Craig]], U.S. politician\\n** [[Lothar\n        Koepsel]], German sailor\\n** [[John Lodge (musician)|John Lodge]], English\n        rock singer and songwriter ([[The Moody Blues]]) \\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Barry\n        Richards]], South African batsman\\n** [[John Lowe]], English darts player\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Azim Premji]], Indian businessman\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        Dame [[Helen Mirren]], British actress\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Jim Davis\n        (cartoonist)|Jim Davis]], American cartoonist\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Roger Dobkowitz]],\n        American game show producer\\n** [[Patrick Modiano]], French novelist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Lloyd Carr]], American football\n        coach\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Steve Martin, 2017-08-11.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Vince McMahon 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vince McMahon]]]]\\n[[File:VanMorrison2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Van\n        Morrison]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Douglas D. Osheroff]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Joanna\n        Cassidy]], American actress\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Alan Mulally]], American\n        businessman, former CEO of the [[Ford Motor Company]]\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**\n        [[Loni Anderson]], American actress\\n** [[Ja''net Dubois]], American actress\n        and singer\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Ron Jones (television director)|Ron Jones]],\n        British director (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Alan Page]], American\n        football player\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Posy Simmonds]], English cartoonist\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[Howard Marks]], Welsh drug smuggler and author (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Steve Martin]], American actor and comedian\\n**\n        [[Eliana Pittman]], Brazilian singer and actress\\n** [[Wim Wenders]], German\n        film director and producer\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Miyuki Matsuhisa]], Japanese\n        artistic gymnast\\n** [[Khaleda Zia]], Bangladesh politician and 2-Time [[Prime\n        Minister of Bangladesh]]\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Ian Gillan]], English\n        rock singer ([[Deep Purple]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Jonathan Goodson]],\n        American television game show producer and son of [[Mark Goodson]]\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Ron Dante]], American rock singer, songwriter, and record producer\n        ([[The Archies]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Vince McMahon|Vincent K. \\\"Vince\\\"\n        McMahon]], American professional wrestling promoter, chairman and CEO of WWE\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Daniel Hulet]], Belgian cartoonist (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Tom Ridge]], American politician\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Marianne S\\u00e4gebrecht]], German film actress\\n* [[August 31]]\\n**\n        [[Van Morrison]], Irish rock musician\\n** [[Itzhak Perlman]], Israeli-American\n        violinist and conductor\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Beckenbauer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz\n        Beckenbauer]]]]\\n[[File:Bryan Ferry (6216585713).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bryan Ferry]]]]\\n[[File:Olmert.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ehud\n        Olmert]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Mustafa Balel]], Turkish writer\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Danny Gatton]], American guitarist (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]] – [[Al Stewart]], Scottish singer-songwriter\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Jacques Lemaire]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n* [[September\n        8]]\\n** [[Kelly Groucutt]], British Bassist (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Ron \\\"Pigpen\\\"\n        McKernan]], American musician (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Rogatien Vachon]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Doug Ingle]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Feliciano]], Puerto Rican-American singer\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Franz Beckenbauer]], German footballer and coach\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Richard Thaler]], American economist \\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Martin Tyler]], British sports broadcaster\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – [[Jessye Norman]], American soprano\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Pat\n        Stevens]], American voice actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        [[Phil Jackson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Randolph\n        Mantooth]], American actor and motivational speaker\\n* [[September 20]] \\n**\n        [[Candy Spelling]], American socialite and writer \\n** [[Laurie Spiegel]],\n        American electronic composer\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Shaw Clifton]], General\n        of the Salvation Army\\n** [[Kay Ryan]], American poet\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Paul Petersen]], child actor and advocate of other [[child actor]]s\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Dee Dee Warwick]], American singer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Bryan Ferry]], English singer-songwriter and musician\n        ([[Roxy Music]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Jack Goldstein]], Canadian\n        artist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Nadezhda Chizhova]], Russian\n        athlete\\n* [[September 30]] \\n** [[Ehud Olmert]], 12th [[Prime Minister of\n        Israel]]\\n** [[Ralph Siegel]], German record producer and songwriter\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Don\n        McLean in 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Don McLean]]]]\\n[[File:Viktor_Saneyev_c1972.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Viktor\n        Saneyev]]]]\\n[[File:John Lithgow 8 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        Lithgow]]]]                              \\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Rod Carew]],\n        Panamanian-American baseball player\\n** [[Donny Hathaway]], American soul\n        singer-songwriter (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Ram Nath Kovind]], 14th [[President\n        of India]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Don McLean]], American rock singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 3]]\\n** [[Kay Baxter]], American bodybuilder (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Viktor\n        Saneyev]], Soviet athlete\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Clifton Davis]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Brian Connolly]], Scottish musician (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Ivan Graziani]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** [[Aurore Cl\\u00e9ment]], French actress\\n** [[Dusty Rhodes\n        (wrestler)|Dusty Rhodes]], American wrestler (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 13]]\n        – [[Susan Stafford]], American television presenter\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[Jim Palmer]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Huell\n        Howser]], American television personality, host of ''''[[California''s Gold]]''''\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Norio Wakamoto]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Y\\u0131ldo]],\n        Turkish showman, footballer\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Angus Deaton]], Scottish-born\n        economist, recipient of the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]\\n**\n        [[John Lithgow]], American actor\\n* [[October 20]] – [[George Wyner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Yvan Ponton]], Canadian actor and\n        sportscaster\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Kim Larsen]], Danish rock musician.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Eugenie Scott]], Executive Director of the [[National\n        Center for Science Education]]\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Peter Ledger]], Australian\n        artist (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[David Schramm (astrophysicist)|David Schramm]],\n        American astrophysicist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Pat Conroy]],\n        American author (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Luiz In\\u00e1cio Lula\n        da Silva]], [[List of Presidents of Brazil|35th]] [[President of Brazil]]\\n**\n        [[Carrie Snodgress]], American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Melba Moore]], American singer and actress\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Daniel\n        Albright]], American literary critic and musicologist\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Henry Winkler]], American actor, producer and director\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Brian Doyle-Murray]], American actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Neil\n        Young, Heart of Gold.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Neil Young]]]]\\n[[File:Goldie Hawn\n        - 1978.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Goldie Hawn]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Gerd\n        M\\u00fcller]], German footballer\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Jacques Lanct\\u00f4t]],\n        Canadian terrorist\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Bob Englehart]], American editorial\n        cartoonist\\n** [[Waljinah]], Javanese singer\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Bishop (author)|Michael Bishop]], American author\\n** [[Tracy Kidder]], American\n        journalist and author\\n** [[Neil Young]], Canadian singer-songwriter and musician\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Anni-Frid Lyngstad]], Norwegian rock singer \\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n** [[Wilma Mankiller]], Chief of the Cherokee Nation (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], President of [[Sri Lanka]]\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[Goldie Hawn]], American actress\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Robert Ben Rhoades]], American serial killer and rapist also known as \\\"The\n        Truck Stop Killer\\\"\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Jerry Harris]], American\n        sculptor\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Nuruddin Farah]], Somali novelist\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Daniel Davis]], American actor\\n** [[John McVie]], English\n        rock musician \\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Barbara Anderson (actress)|Barbara\n        Anderson]], American actress\\n** [[James Avery (actor)|James Avery]], American\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Mary Millington]], British porn\n        star (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Linda Bove]], American actress\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:BetteMidler90cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bette\n        Midler]]]]\\n[[File:Portia Miller Shoot.Jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Portia Simpson-Miller]]]]\\n[[File:Diane\n        Sawyer 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Diane Sawyer]]]]\\n[[File:Lemmy-02.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lemmy]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Bette Midler]], American actress, comedian and singer\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Charles \\\"Tex\\\" Watson]], American prisoner\\n* [[December\n        6]] – [[Larry Bowa]], American baseball player and manager\\n* [[December\n        7]] – [[Clive Russell]], English actor\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Michael\n        Nouri]], American actor\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Portia Simpson-Miller]],\n        2-Time [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]]\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Kathy Garver]],\n        American actress, author and online radio hostess\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[Patti Deutsch]], American voice actress\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Ernie Hudson]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Chris Matthews]], American news anchor\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Elaine Joyce]], American actress and game show panelist\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Peter Criss]], American rock drummer \\n** [[Sivakant\n        Tiwari]], senior legal officer of the [[Singapore Legal Service]] (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Mari Lill]], Estonian actress \\n* [[December 22]]\n        – [[Diane Sawyer]], American news journalist\\n* [[December 24]]\\n**\n        [[Lemmy]], British singer and bassist ([[Mot\\u00f6rhead]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Nicholas Meyer]], American screenwriter, producer, director and novelist\\n**\n        [[Steve Smith (comedian)|Steve Smith]], Canadian actor, comedian and writer\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Gary Sandy]], American actor \\n* [[December 26]]\n        – [[John Walsh (television host)|John Walsh]], American media personality\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – King [[Birendra of Nepal]] (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Davy Jones (musician)|Davy Jones]], English-born pop singer\n        and actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Barbara Carrera]], Nicaraguan-American\n        actress\\n** [[Vernon Wells (actor)|Vernon Wells]], Australian film and television\n        actor\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ricardo Jim%C3%A9nez Oreamuno.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ricardo\n        Jim\\u00e9nez Oreamuno]]]]\\n[[File:Else Lasker-Sch\\u00fcler 1875.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Else\n        Lasker-Sch\\u00fcler]]]]\\n[[File:Pedro Abad Santos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Abad Santos]]]]\\n[[File:Pedro Paulet, padre de la Aeronautica.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Paulet]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Bertram Ramsay]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Edgar Cayce]], American mysticist (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Ricardo Jim\\u00e9nez Oreamuno]], 3-time\n        [[President of Costa Rica]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Josefa Llanes\n        Escoda]], Filipino advocate of women''s [[suffrage]] and founder of the [[Girl\n        Scouts of the Philippines]] (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Herbert Lumsden]], British\n        general (killed in action) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[William Noble (missionary)|William\n        Noble]], American missionary (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Vladimir Vernadsky]], Soviet\n        mineralogist and geochemist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Thomas McGuire]],\n        American World War II fighter ace (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Prince Rainier of Saxe-Coburg\n        and Gotha]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Dennis O''Neill case|Dennis\n        O''Neill]], British child killed by his foster parents, which scandal resulted\n        in an overhaul of the British Care Systems (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[J\\u00fcri Uluots]],\n        Estonian statesman (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[P\\u0113teris\n        Jura\\u0161evskis]], 8th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]]  (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] – [[Teresio Olivelli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] soldier and\n        venerable (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Pedro Abad Santos]], Filipino\n        politician, son of [[Jose Abad Santos]] (killed in action) (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Fabella]], Filipino physician (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]]\\n** [[Petar Bojovi\\u0107]], Serbian field marshal (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        [[Gustave Mesny]], French Army general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        [[Federico Pedrocchi]], Italian artist and writer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Archibald Murray]], British Army general (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Else Lasker-Sch\\u00fcler]], German poet and author (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Newton E. Mason]], United States Navy rear admiral\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\n** [[William Goodenough]], British admiral\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Pedro Paulet]], Peruvian scientist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] – [[Eddie Slovik]], American soldier (executed) (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:AnneFrankSchoolPhoto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anne\n        Frank]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Liddell.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric Liddell]]]]\\n[[File:Jose\n        Maria Moncada 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Moncada]]]]\\n* [[Anne\n        Frank]], German-born Jewish diarist and writer (typhus in [[Bergen-Belsen\n        concentration camp]]) (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[February 1]] \\n** [[Teresa Bogus\\u0142awska]],\n        Polish poet (b. [[1929]])\\n** [[Bogdan Filov]], Bulgarian archaeologist, historian\n        and politician, 28th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (executed) (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Kiril of Bulgaria]] (executed) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Adolf Brand]], German writer (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Carl Friedrich Goerdeler]],\n        German politician, civil servant, executive and economist (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Gustav Heistermann von Ziehlberg]], German general (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Joe\n        Hunt]], American tennis champion (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Roland\n        Freisler]], [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] German judge (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[Denise Bloch]], French World War II heroine (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Aurelio\n        Craffonara]], Italian painter and illustrator (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Lilian Rolfe]],\n        French World War II heroine (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Violette Szabo]], French/British\n        World War II heroine (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Robert Brasillach]],\n        French writer (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Karl Schwitalle]],\n        German Olympic weightlifter (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Anacleto\n        D\\u00edaz]], Filipino jurist (murdered during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle\n        of Manila]]) (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Al Dubin]], Swiss\n        songwriter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Antonio Villa-Real]],\n        Filipino jurist (murdered during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]])\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Maria Orosa]], Filipino technologist,\n        chemist, humanitarian and WWII heroine (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 15]] –\n        [[Helmut M\\u00f6ckel (politician)|Helmut M\\u00f6ckel]], German youth leader\n        and politician (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Gabrielle Weidner]],\n        Belgian World War II heroine (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\n** [[Jimmy\n        Butler (actor)|Jimmy Butler]], American actor (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky]],\n        Soviet general (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Heinrich Jasper]],\n        German politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Eric Liddell]],\n        British Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Sara Josephine\n        Baker]], American physician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Serafino\n        Mazzolini]], Italian politician, lawyer and journalist (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Moncada]], 19th [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Josef Mayr-Nusser]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] layman, martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[M\\u00e1rio de Andrade]],\n        Brazilian writer and photographer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[James\n        Roy Andersen]], American general (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Millard Harmon]], American\n        general (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Baron Nishi cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Takeichi\n        Nishi]]]]\\n[[File:David Lloyd George.jpg|110px|thumb|[[David Lloyd George]]]]\\n[[File:Hans\n        Fischer (Nobel).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Hans Fischer]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Emily Carr]], Canadian artist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Aleksandra\n        Samusenko]], Soviet WWII tank commander (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Charles\n        W. Bryan]], American politician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Lucille La Verne]], American\n        actress (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Mark Sandrich]], American director (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[Albert Richards (artist)|Albert Richards]], British war\n        artist (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Rupert Downes]], Australian general (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[George Alan Vasey|George Vasey]], Australian general (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March\n        7]] – [[Ralph Ignatowski]], American WWII heroine (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Frederick Bligh Bond]], British architect\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Friedrich Fromm]], German Nazi official\n        (executed) (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Ant\\u00f4nio Francisco\n        Braga]], Brazilian composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[B\\u00f6rries\n        von M\\u00fcnchhausen]], German poet (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 18]] –\n        [[William Grover-Williams]], French race car driver and war hero (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\n** [[Lord Alfred Douglas]], English poet (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Lacerda de Moura]], Brazilian feminist, anarchist, teacher, journalist\n        and teacher (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Enrico Caviglia]], Italian\n        marshal (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Eliyahu Bet-Zuri]], Israeli assassin (executed)\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Eliyahu Hakim]], Israeli assassin (executed) (b. [[1925]])\\n**\n        [[John Hessin Clarke]], American Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Branca\n        de Gonta Cola\\u00e7o]], Portuguese writer, scholar and linguist (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Heinrich Maier]], Austrian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Takeichi Nishi]], Japanese gold medalist at the 1932 Summer Olympics and\n        tank commander at Iwo Jima (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[\\u00c9lisabeth\n        de Rothschild]], French WWII heroine (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[David\n        Lloyd George]], British politician and statesman, 51st [[Prime Minister of\n        the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Tadamichi Kuribayashi]], Imperial\n        Japanese Army general and commander of the battle of Iwo Jima (probably killed\n        in action) (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Boris Shaposhnikov]], Soviet military leader,\n        Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Halid\n        Ziya U\\u015fakl\\u0131gil]], Turkish author (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 29]] –\n        [[Ferenc Csik]], Hungarian swimmer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[\\u00c9lise\n        Rivet]], French nun and war heroine (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Maurice Rose]], American\n        general (killed in action) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Harriet Boyd\n        Hawes]], American archaeologist (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Hans Fischer]], German\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Torgny Segerstedt]], Swedish newspaper editor and publicist (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Skobtsova]], Soviet [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] nun and saint\n        (killed by poison) (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]]]]\\n[[File:Mussolini mezzobusto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benito Mussolini]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-H1216-0500-002, Adolf Hitler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolf Hitler]]]]\\n*\n        April – [[People associated with Anne Frank|Auguste van Pels]], German-Jewish\n        housemate of [[Anne Frank]] (b. [[1900]]) (exact date unknown)\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Giuseppe Girotti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Huldreich Georg\n        Fr\\u00fch]], Swiss composer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Bibesco]],\n        British writer (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Seiichi It\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]], German\n        theologian (hanged) (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Canaris]], German admiral\n        and head of the [[Abwehr]] (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Clark (actor)|Frank Clark]], American actor (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Gloria Dickson]],\n        American actress (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman|H.N. Werkman]],\n        Dutch artist and printer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Walther Wever (pilot)|Walther\n        Wever]], German fighter ace (killed in action)  (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[April 12]]\n        – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], American political leader and statesman,\n        32nd [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Ernst Cassirer]], German philosopher (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 14]] –\n        [[Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles]], [[Duke of Ayen]] (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)|Ernst Bergmann]], German\n        philosopher (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Franz Heritsch]], Austrian\n        geologist and paleontologist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Arthur Andrew\n        Cipriani]], Trinidad and Tobago labour leader (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ernie Pyle]],\n        American journalist (killed in action) (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Conrad Weygand]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[William, Prince of Albania]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] \\n** [[Edward Colquhoun Charlton]], British recipient of the\n        [[Victoria Cross]] (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Walter Model]], German field marshal\n        (suicide) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[K\\u00e4the Kollwitz]], German\n        artist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Pagano]], Italian architect (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[Ernst-Robert Grawitz]], German Reichsphysician (S.S.\n        and Police) in the Third Reich (probable suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] \\n** [[Carlo Grassi (partisan)|Carlo Grassi]], Italian worker and partisan\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Giovanni Preziosi]], Italian politician (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[Franz Brantzky]], German painter, sculptor and architecture\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Hermann Fegelein]], German Nazi general (executed) (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n** [[Benito Mussolini]], Italian politician and journalist, 27th\n        [[Prime Minister of Italy]] and Duce of Fascism (executed) (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Clara Petacci]], mistress of Benito Mussolini (executed) (b. [[1912]])\\n**\n        [[Nicola Bombacci]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[Achille Starace]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Alessandro Pavolini]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Roberto Farinacci]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Malcolm McGregor]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Manuel\n        P\\u00e9rez Trevi\\u00f1o]], Mexican politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 30]]\\n**\n        [[William Orlando Darby|William Darby]], American creator of the U.S. Army\n        Rangers (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Luisa Ferida]], Italian actress (b. [[1914]])\n        \\n** [[Adolf Hitler]], Austrian-German politician, [[Chancellor of Germany]]\n        and [[President of Germany|F\\u00fchrer of Nazi Germany]] (suicide) (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Eva Braun]], wife of Adolf Hitler (suicide) (b. [[1912]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1989-0821-502, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph Goebbels]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-R14128A, Martin Bormann.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Martin Bormann]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        Kanin Kotohito.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Kan''in Kotohito]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-R99621, Heinrich Himmler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heinrich Himmler]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Joseph Goebbels]], German Nazi propaganda minister (suicide)\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Magda Goebbels]], wife of Joseph Goebbels (suicide) (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Martin Bormann]], German Nazi leader (probable\n        suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Burgdorf]], German general (suicide)\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Max de Crinis]], German psychiatry (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Hans\n        Krebs (Wehrmacht general)|Hans Krebs]], German general (suicide) (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889-1945)|Prince Waldemar of Prussia]] (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Mario Blasich]], Italian physician and politician\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Fedor von Bock]], German field marshal\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[George Cary (architect)|George\n        Cary]], American architect (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Peter van Pels]], German-Jewish\n        love interest of diarist [[Anne Frank]] (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[May 6]] –\n        [[Xhem Hasa]], Albanian nationalist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Vladimir\n        Boyarsky]], Soviet army officer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Ernst-G\\u00fcnther\n        Baade]], German general (died of wounds) (b. 1897)\\n** [[Francis Brugui\\u00e8re]],\n        American photographer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Rediess]], [[SS and Police\n        Leader]] of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Josef Terboven]],\n        ''''[[Reichskommissar]]'''' of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Bernhard Rust]], education minister of [[Nazi Germany]] (suicide) (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Gustav Becking]], German musician (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[Konrad Henlein]], Sudeten German Nazi leader (suicide) (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Kiyoshi Ogawa]], Japanese [[kamikaze]] pilot\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Joseph Barth\\u00e9lemy]],\n        French jurist, politician and journalist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Heber J. Grant]],\n        7th President of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Charles Williams (British writer)|Charles Williams]],\n        British author (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Kaju Sugiura]], Japanese\n        admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Bobby Hutchins]],\n        American child actor (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[William Joseph\n        Simmons]], American founder of the second [[Ku Klux Klan]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Philipp Bouhler]], German Nazi leader (suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[Frank Cable]], American naval architect (b. [[1863]])\\n**[[Horace\n        B. Carpenter]], American actor (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Prince Kan''in Kotohito]],\n        Japanese prince, member of the [[Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office]]\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Heinrich Himmler]], German head of the\n        [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] (suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Robert\n        Ritter von Greim]], German field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] – [[Rafael Estrella Ure\\u00f1a]], Dominican lawyer and politician,\n        acting [[President of the Dominican Republic]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 31]]\n        – [[Odilo Globocnik]], Austrian Nazi leader (suicide) (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Emil\n        H%C3%A1cha.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emil Hacha]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Luis Fernando d%27Orleans.jpg|thumb|110px|Prince\n        [[Lu\\u00eds Fernando de Orleans y Borb\\u00f3n]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef\n        Heszl\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Georg\n        Kaiser]], German dramatist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Kitaro Nishida]],\n        Japanese philosopher (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Robert Desnos]],\n        French poet and resistance fighter (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Minoru\n        \\u014cta]], Japanese admiral (suicide) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Nikola\n        Avramov]], Bulgarian painter (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Carl Gustaf Ekman]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Henry Bellamann]],\n        American writer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Nikolai Berzarin]], Soviet Red Army general\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Nils Ed\\u00e9n]], 15th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1871]])\\n**\n        [[Aris Velouchiotis]], Greek World War II resistance leader (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] \\n** [[Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.]], American general, killed\n        in action at [[Okinawa]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[William Frederick, Prince of\n        Wied]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Seweryn Franciszek \\u015awiatope\\u0142k-Czetwerty\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish politician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 20]] – Prince [[Lu\\u00eds\n        Fernando de Orleans y Borb\\u00f3n]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Isamu\n        Ch\\u014d]], Japanese general (suicide) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Mitsuru Ushijima]],\n        Japanese general (suicide) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Maria Raffaella\n        Cimatti]], Italian member of the [[Hospitaler Sisters of Mercy]], virgin,\n        religious sister and blessed (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Giuseppina Tuissi]], Italian\n        resistance member (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Guti\\u00e9rrez\n        Solana]], Spanish painter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Javier \\u00c1ngel\n        Figueroa]], Chilean lawyer and politician (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n**\n        [[Alberto Capozzi]], Italian actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Emil H\\u00e1cha]],\n        3rd [[President of Czechoslovakia]] and State President of [[Protectorate\n        of Bohemia and Moravia]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Gabriel El-Registan]],\n        Soviet poet (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Germogen (Maximov)|Germogen]], Yugoslav bishop\n        and metropolitan (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:\\u00d3scar Benavides.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00d3scar\n        R. Benavides]]]]\\n[[File:JohnCurtin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Curtin]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Evaristo Mej\\u00eda]], Dominican diplomat, educator\n        and writer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[\\u00d3scar R. Benavides]],\n        Peruvian field marshal, diplomat and politician, 2-time [[President of Peru]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[John Curtin]], 14th [[Prime Minister\n        of Australia]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Luigi Aldrovandi Marescotti]],\n        Italian politician and diplomat (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Wolfram\n        Freiherr von Richthofen]], German field marshal (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 13]]\n        – [[Alla Nazimova]], Russian-born American actress (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – [[Addison Randall]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] – [[Ernst Busch (field marshal)|Ernst Busch]], German field marshal\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[George Barbier (actor)|George Barbier]],\n        American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Paul Val\\u00e9ry]],\n        French poet (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Malin Craig]], United States\n        Army general (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Margot Asquith, Countess\n        of Oxford and Asquith]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Maria Pierina|Maria\n        Pierina De Micheli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, mystic\n        and blessed (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Artemio Ricarte]], Filipino\n        general (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Dr. Robert H. Goddard - GPN-2002-000131.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert\n        H. Goddard]]]]\\n[[File:Florencio Harmodio Arosemena.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Florencio\n        Harmodio Arosemena]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Blas Cabrera Felipe]], Spanish\n        physicist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Pietro Mascagni]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Roman Kochanowski]], Polish\n        painter and illustrator (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Jacques Vaillant\n        de Gu\\u00e9lis]], French WWII hero (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Harry\n        Hillman]], American track athlete (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Jun Tosaka]], Japanese\n        philosopher (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Robert H. Goddard]],\n        American rocket scientist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Korechika Anami]],\n        Japanese general (''''[[seppuku]]'''') (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Matome Ugaki]],\n        Japanese admiral (on ''''[[kamikaze]]'''' mission) (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August\n        16]] – [[Takijir\\u014d \\u014cnishi]], Japanese admiral (''''seppuku'''')\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], Indian political\n        leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], Indian educationist\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Tom\\u00e1s Burgos]], Chilean philanthropist\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Mustafa Al-Maraghi]], Egyptian reformer\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** [[John Birch (missionary)|John Birch]],\n        American missionary (killed in action) (b.  [[1918]])\\n** [[Willis Augustus\n        Lee]], American admiral and Olympic shooter (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n**\n        [[Pio Collivadino]], Argentinian painter (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Franz Werfel]],\n        Austrian writer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Maria Pilar Izquierdo\n        Albero]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Fritz Pfleumer]], German engineer and inventor (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Florencio Harmodio Arosemena]], 6th [[President\n        of Panama]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\n** [[Stefan Banach]], Polish\n        mathematician (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Pope Macarius III of Alexandria|Macarius\n        III of Alexandria]], Egyptian patriarch and saint (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Vice-Admiral\n        John S McCain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John S. McCain Sr.]]]]\\n[[File:Hans geiger.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans\n        Geiger|Johannes Hans Geiger]]]]\\n[[File:Bart\\u00f3k B\\u00e9la 1927.jpg|thumb|110px|[[B\\u00e9la\n        Bart\\u00f3k]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Frank Craven]], American actor\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\n** [[Witold Leon Czartoryski]], Polish\n        nobleman (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[John S. McCain Sr.]], American admiral (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[September 9]] – [[Aage Bertelsen]], Danish painter (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Hajime Sugiyama|Sugiyama Hajime]], Japanese general\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Tardieu]], 3-Time Prime\n        Minister of France (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Anton Webern]], Austrian composer (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[John McCormack (tenor)|John McCormack]],\n        Irish tenor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Agripino\n        Barnet]], Cuban politician and diplomat, acting [[President of Cuba]] (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Jack Thayer]], American survivor of the\n        [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Eduard Wirths]], German doctor, chief SS doctor at [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]] (suicide) (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Augusto Tasso Fragoso]], Brazilian soldier\n        and statesman, Interim [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Hans Geiger]], German physicist and inventor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[B\\u00e9la Bart\\u00f3k]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[A. Peter Dewey]], first American casualty in [[Vietnam]] (b. [[1916]])\\n**\n        [[Kiyoshi Miki]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Pierre\n        Laval a Meurisse 1931.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pierre Laval]]]]\\n[[File:Plutarco\n        Elias Calles.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Plutarco Elias Calles]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\n        – [[Walter Bradford Cannon]], American physiology (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Joseph Darnand]], Vichy France politician (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Dmytro Antonovych]], Soviet politician (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Milton S. Hershey]], American chocolate tycoon (b.\n        [[1857]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Pierre Laval]], French politician, 2-time\n        [[Prime Minister of France]] (executed) (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        [[Yoshiki Yahama]], Japanese author (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Plutarco\n        El\\u00edas Calles]], Mexican general and politician, 40th [[President of Mexico]]\n        (b. 1877)\\n** [[N. C. Wyeth]], American illustrator (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Henry Armetta]], Italian actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – [[Vidkun Quisling]], Norwegian collaborationist leader (executed)\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Robert Ley]], German Nazi politician\n        (suicide) (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Paul Pelliot]], French\n        explorer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Gilbert Emery]], American\n        actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\n** [[W\\u0142odzimierz Arlamowski]],\n        Polish WWII heroine (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Sinn Sing Hoi]], Chinese composer\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\n** [[Ignacio Zuloaga]], Basque Spanish painter\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Henry Ainley]], British actor (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Sigur%C3%B0ur\n        Eggerz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sigurdur Eggerz]]]]\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Gus\n        Edwards]], American songwriter (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[August\n        von Mackensen]], German field marshal (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[Jerome Kern]], American composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        [[Sigur\\u00f0ur Eggerz]], [[Minister for Iceland]] during [[World War I]]\n        and 2nd [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Carlo Alberto Biggini]], Italian Fascist politician\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Francis William Aston]], British\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]]\\n** [[Robert Benchley]], American humorist, theater critic,\n        and actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Al Davis (boxer)|Al Davis]], American boxer\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Alice Dudeney]], British author (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Ellen\n        Glasgow]], American novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Alexander Patch]], United\n        States Army lieutenant general, World War II army commander (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Irma Ingertha Gram]], Norwegian historian (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – [[Charles Armijo Woodruff]], 11th [[Governor of American\n        Samoa]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Doris Keane]], American\n        stage actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Josep Maria Sert]],  Spanish\n        Catalan muralist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Dwight F. Davis]],\n        American tennis player (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Shigeru\n        Honj\\u014d]], Japanese general (suicide) (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Fumimaro\n        Konoe.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fumimaro Konoe]]]]\\n[[File:Pattonphoto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        S. Patton]]]]\\n[[File:Vua Duy Tan nho.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Duy Tan]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] – [[Anton Dostler]], German general (executed) (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[George McKay (actor)|George McKay]], Soviet-born\n        American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]],\n        American biologist, geneticist and embryologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Cosmo Gordon Lang|Cosmo Lang]],\n        [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Gabriellino\n        D''Annunzio]], Italian actor, director and screenwriter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Prince Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December\n        13]]\\n**[[Juana Bormann]], [[Nazi concentration camp]] guard (executed) (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n**[[Henri Dentz]], French general (b. [[1881]])\\n**[[Irma Grese]],\n        warden at [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] (executed) (b. [[1923]])\\n**[[Josef\n        Kramer]], commandant of [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] (executed) (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n**[[Elisabeth Volkenrath]], supervisor at [[Nazi concentration\n        camp]]s (executed) (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\n** [[Francis Aupiais]],\n        French missionary (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Forrester Harvey]], Irish actor (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\n** [[Giovanni Agnelli]], Italian entrepreneur\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Fumimaro Konoe]], Japanese general and politician, 23rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[Farley\n        Drew Caminetti]], American publisher (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Leonard F. Wing]],\n        American general and [[Vermont]] politician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 21]]\n        – [[George S. Patton]], American general (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Otto Neurath]], Austrian philosopher and political economist\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Luis Chamizo Trigueros]], Spanish\n        writer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\n** [[Karl Borromaeus Maria Josef\n        Heller]], Austrian entomologist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Duy T\\u00e2n]], [[Emperor\n        of Vietnam]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Russell Gleason]], American\n        actor (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes]], British admiral\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Theodore Dreiser]], American author\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Glenn Hunter (actor)|Glenn Hunter]],\n        American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Wolfgang Pauli]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – Sir [[Alexander\n        Fleming]], [[Ernst Boris Chain]], Sir [[Howard Florey]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Literature]] – [[Gabriela Mistral]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – [[Cordell Hull]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* [[Ian Buruma]]. ''''Year Zero: A History of 1945'''' (Penguin\n        Press; 2013) 368 pages; covers liberation, revenge, decolonization, and the\n        rise of the United Nations.\\n* Keith Lowe. ''''Savage Continent: Europe in\n        the Aftermath of World War II'''' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1250000203/\n        excerpt and text search]\\n* Walter Yust, ed. ''''10 Eventful Years, 1937 \\u2013\n        1946'''' Chicago: Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica, 1947, 4 vol., encyclopedia\n        yearbook\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1945}}\\n[[Category:1945| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T05:55:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":799681243,\"length\":122714,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1945&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945\"},\"34631\":{\"pageid\":34631,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1946\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-29T22:13:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1946|the Ep by Soul-Junk|1946 (EP)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1946}}\\n{{Year nav|1946}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1946}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main article|January\n        1946}}\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** The [[North Vietnamese parliamentary election,\n        1946|first general election]] ever in [[Vietnam]] is held.\\n** A revised and\n        streamlined revival of [[Jerome Kern|Kern]] and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Hammerstein]]''s  ''''[[Show\n        Boat]]'''' opens on Broadway at the [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937\n        borders, and divide the country into four [[Allied-occupied Austria|occupation\n        zones]].\\n[[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|thumb|110px|right| [[January\n        10]]: First meeting of [[United Nations|UN]].]]\\n[[File:Project Diana antenna.jpg|thumb|100px|right|\n        [[January 10]]: [[Project Diana]]]]\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** The first meeting\n        of the [[United Nations]] is held at [[Methodist Central Hall Westminster]]\n        in London.\\n** ''''[[Project Diana]]'''' bounces [[radar]] waves off the Moon,\n        measuring the exact distance between the Earth and the Moon, and proves that\n        communication is possible between Earth and outer space, effectively opening\n        the [[Space Age]].\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Enver Hoxha]] declares the [[People''s\n        Republic of Albania]], with himself as [[prime minister of Albania|prime minister]].\\n**\n        [[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]''s ashes go back to [[Colombia]].\\n* [[January 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Charles de Gaulle]] resigns as a head of a [[Provisional Government\n        of the French Republic|French provisional government]].\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        The [[United Nations Security Council]] holds its first session at [[Church\n        House, Westminster]] in London.\\n** United States Senator [[Dennis Ch\\u00e1vez]]\n        (D-NM) calls for a vote on a [[Fair Employment Practice Committee]] bill which\n        calls for an end to [[discrimination]] in the workplace. A [[filibuster]]\n        prevents it from passing.\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 The [[Bell X-1|Bell XS-1]]\n        is test flown for the first time (unpowered), with Bell''s chief [[test pilot]]\n        [[Jack Woolams]] at the controls.\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        resigns as [[president of France]].\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Iran crisis of\n        1946]]: [[Qazi Muhammad]] declares the independent people''s [[Republic of\n        Mahabad]] at the [[Chahar Cheragh Square]] in the [[Kurds|Kurdish]] city of\n        [[Mahabad]]. He is the new president, [[Haji Baba Sheikh]] is the [[prime\n        minister]].\\n** The National Intelligence Authority and its operational arm\n        the Central Intelligence Group are established in the United States; these\n        become part of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in [[1947]].{{cite\n        book|editor=[[William M. Leary|Leary, William M.]]|title=The Central Intelligence\n        Agency: History and Documents|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=1984|pages=20\\u201321}}\\n[[File:Stamp\n        Canada 1929 50c Bluenose.jpg|thumb|130px|right| [[January 28]]: ''''[[Bluenose]]''''\n        founders.]]\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 The [[United Mine Workers]] rejoins the\n        [[American Federation of Labor]].\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 The Canadian schooner\n        ''''[[Bluenose]]'''' founders on a Haitian reef.\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** The\n        last session of the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] occurs.\\n**\n        [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]''s [[1946 Yugoslav\n        Constitution|new constitution]], modeling the [[Soviet Union]], establishes\n        6 constituent republics ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Republic\n        of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]] and [[Slovenia]]).\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1946}}\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Trygve Lie]] of Norway is\n        selected as the first [[United Nations Secretary-General]].\\n** The [[Kingdom\n        of Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Kingdom of Hungary]] becomes a [[republic]], heavily\n        influenced by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** The [[Bank of England]]\n        is [[nationalization|nationalized]].\\n** [[ENIAC]] (for \\\"Electronic Numerical\n        Integrator and Computer\\\"), an early general-purpose electronic [[computer]],\n        is unveiled at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. Weighed 60,000 pounds (over\n        27 tons) and occupied a big room.\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 Canada indicts\n        22 communist agents.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 An explosion kills more than\n        400 coal miners in West Germany.\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]]\n        is elected [[president of Argentina]].\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 In [[Philadelphia]],\n        [[General Electric]] strikers and police clash.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March\n        1946}}\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** British troops withdraw from [[Iran]] according\n        to treaty; the Soviets do not.\\n** [[Ho Chi Minh]] is elected President of\n        [[North Vietnam]].\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|C.\n        G. E. Mannerheim]] resigns as [[president of Finland]].\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013\n        In his speech at [[Westminster College (Missouri)|Westminster College]], in\n        [[Fulton, Missouri]], [[Winston Churchill]] talks about the ''''[[Iron Curtain]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]]: [[Ho Chi Minh]] signs an agreement with\n        France which recognizes [[Vietnam]] as an autonomous state in the Indochinese\n        Federation and the French Union.\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 The [[18th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held. [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]\n        goes to ''''[[The Lost Weekend (film)|The Lost Weekend]]''''.\\n* [[March 9]]\\n**\n        [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]] becomes [[president of Finland]].\\n** [[Bolton Wanderers\n        F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] [[Burnden Park disaster|stadium disaster]] at [[Burnden\n        Park]], [[Bolton]], England, 33 killed and hundreds amongst the injured\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 British troops begin withdrawing from [[Lebanon]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Clement Attlee]] promises independence to India as soon\n        as they can agree on a constitution.\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]]\n        and Switzerland resume [[diplomatic relations]].\\n** [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]],\n        [[Martinique]] and [[R\\u00e9union]] become [[overseas department|overseas\n        ''''d\\u00e9partements'''']] of France.\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 The United Kingdom\n        grants [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]], as it is then known, its independence;\n        3 years later the country changes its name to [[Jordan]].\\\"Year by Year\n        1946\\\" \\u2013 [[History Channel International]]\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013\n        The [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] has an African majority in\n        its parliament.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1946}}\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        The 8.6 {{M|w}} [[1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake|Aleutian Islands earthquake]]\n        shakes the [[Aleutian Islands]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of VI (''''Strong''''). A destructive [[tsunami]] reaches the\n        [[Hawaiian Islands]] resulting in many deaths, mostly in [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]].\n        Between 165 and 173 were killed.\\n** The [[Malayan Union]] is formed.\\n**\n        [[Singapore]] becomes a [[Crown colony]].\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 Japanese Lt.\n        General [[Masaharu Homma]] is executed outside [[Manila]], the [[Philippines]]\n        for leading the [[Bataan Death March]].\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 In Japan, women\n        vote for the first time, during elections for the House of Representatives\n        of the 90th [[Meiji Constitution|Imperial Diet]].\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 A\n        member of [[Nakam]], the \\\"Jewish Avengers\\\", poisons with arsenic the bread\n        of [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] prisoners of war held at [[Stalag XIII-D]] by the\n        Americans.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Syria]]''s independence from France is\n        officially recognized.\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** The inaugural session of the [[International\n        Court of Justice]] (ICJ) occurs.\\n** The United States recognizes [[Josip\n        Broz Tito]]''s government in [[Yugoslavia]].\\n** The [[League of Nations]],\n        in its last meeting, transfers its mission to the [[United Nations]] and disbands\n        itself.\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 The Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League\n        (which is now the [[Continental Basketball Association|CBA]]) is founded.\\n*\n        [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[FA Cup]]: Derby County beat Charlton Athletic in the\n        first FA Cup final since 1939.\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Kinderdorf Pestalozzi|Pestalozzi\n        Children''s Village]] (''''Kinderdorf Pestalozzi'''') established at [[Trogen]]\n        in Switzerland to accommodate and educate [[orphan]]s of World War II according\n        to [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi|Pestalozzian]] principles.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001442/144223eb.pdf|first=Fritz|last=Wezel|title=Pestalozzi\n        Children Village at Trogen|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|date=1948-10-01|accessdate=2010-11-23}}\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 Trial against [[war criminal]]s begin in Tokyo; the accused\n        include [[Hideki T\\u014dj\\u014d]], [[Shigenori T\\u014dg\\u014d]] and [[Hiroshi\n        \\u014cshima]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1946}}\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013\n        At least 800 [[Indigenous Australian]] pastoral workers walk off the job in\n        Northwest Western Australia, starting [[1946 Pilbara strike|one of the longest\n        industrial strikes in Australia]].\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 Six inmates unsuccessfully\n        try to escape from [[Alcatraz Prison]]. A riot occurs, the \\\"[[Battle of Alcatraz]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed ''''[[Sony]]'''')\n        is founded with about 20 employees.\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 King [[Victor Emmanuel\n        III of Italy]] abdicates, and is succeeded by his son [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto\n        II]].\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is elected leader of the [[Indian\n        National Congress|Congress Party]] in India.\\n** The first [[V-2 rocket]]\n        is successfully launched at the [[White Sands Missile Range]].\\n* [[May 20]]\n        \\u2013 The [[British House of Commons]] decides to [[nationalize]] mines.\\n*\n        [[May 21]] \\u2013 At the [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]] Laboratory,\n        Dr. [[Louis Slotin]] saves his coworkers but receives a fatal dose of [[ionizing\n        radiation]] (the incident is initially [[Classified information|classified]]).\\n*\n        [[May 22]] \\u2013 The [[Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan]] is founded.\\n*\n        [[May 25]] \\u2013 The parliament of [[Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan|Transjordan]]\n        makes [[Abdullah I of Jordan|emir Abdullah]] their king.\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Czechoslovak]] parliamentary [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1946|election]],\n        with Communist victory (38%), last before communists take power.\\n* [[May\n        31]] \\u2013 A Greek [[referendum]] supports the return of the [[monarchy of\n        Greece|monarchy]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1946}}\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Ion Antonescu]], prime minister and \\\"Conducator\\\" (Leader) of [[Romania]]\n        during World War II is executed; he was found guilty of betraying the Romanian\n        people for benefits of Germany and sentenced to death by the [[Bucharest People''s\n        Tribunal]].\\n** [[Georges Thierry d''Argenlieu|D''Argenlieu]], French [[High\n        Commissioner]] for [[Indo-China]] recognizes an autonomous \\\"Republic of Cochin-China\\\"\n        in violation of the [[March 6]] [[Ho\\u2013Sainteny agreement]], opening the\n        way for conflict between the [[Viet Minh]] and France.{{cite book |first=Fredrik\n        |last=Logevall |authorlink=Fredrik Logevall |title=[[Embers of War]] |publisher=[[Random\n        House]] |year=2013 |page=136 |isbn=978-0375756474}}\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013\n        In a [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|referendum]], Italians decide\n        to turn Italy from a [[monarchy]] into a [[republic]]. Women vote for the\n        first time.\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 The [[Interpol]] organization re-founded,\n        [[telegraphic address]] \\\"Interpol\\\" adopted.\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The [[Basketball\n        Association of America]] is formed in New York City.\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013\n        In [[Indonesia]], [[Sukarno]] incites his supporters to fight Dutch colonial\n        occupation.\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 In [[Thailand]], King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]\n        (Rama IX) accedes the throne after the mysterious death of his brother, King\n        [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama VIII). He will reign until his death in October [[2016]].\\n*\n        [[June 10]] \\u2013 Italy is declared a [[republic]].\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Umberto II of Italy]] leaves the country and goes into exile in Portugal;\n        [[Alcide De Gasperi]] becomes [[head of state]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Baruch Plan]] is proposed to the United Nations.\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** A [[1946\n        Windsor\\u2013Tecumseh tornado|tornado]] on the [[Detroit River]] kills 17.\\n**\n        [[Laurence Olivier]]''s ''''[[Henry V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'''' opens in the\n        United States nearly 2 years after its release in England. It is the first\n        Shakespeare film in color, and critics hail it as the finest film of a Shakespeare\n        play ever made.\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** The 7.5 {{M|w}} [[1946 Vancouver Island\n        earthquake|Vancouver Island earthquake]] affected the island with a maximum\n        [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe'''').\n        Two people were killed.\\n** The [[National Democratic Front (French India)|National\n        Democratic Front]] wins a landslide victory in the [[French India municipal\n        election, 1946|municipal elections in French India]].\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013\n        [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) (World Bank)\n        begins operations.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 The [[War Relocation Authority]]\n        is abolished.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1946}}\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Nuclear testing]]: [[Operation Crossroads]], a series of [[nuclear weapon]]\n        tests conducted by the [[United States and nuclear weapons|United States]]\n        at [[Bikini Atoll]] in [[Micronesia]], is initiated by detonation of ''''Able''''\n        at an altitude of 520 feet (158 m).
[[File:Operation Crossroads\n        Baker Edit.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[July 25]]: Undersea Atomic Test Baker]]\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Ankara University]] is founded in [[Turkey]].\\n** After more\n        than 380 years of Western dominance, the [[Philippines]] attains full independence.\\n**\n        The [[Kielce Pogrom]] takes place in [[Poland]].\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 The\n        [[bikini]] is first modeled in Paris.\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** Mother [[Frances Xavier\n        Cabrini]] becomes the first American saint to be canonized.\\n** [[Howard Hughes]]\n        nearly dies in a test flight of the [[Hughes XF-11]], which crashes in a [[Beverly\n        Hills]] neighborhood due to a propeller malfunction.\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Bureau of Land Management]] (BLM) within [[Department of the Interior]]\n        (formed by merger of [[Grazing Service]] and [[General Land Office]]).\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\u2013 An [[Irgun]] bomb explodes in [[Jerusalem]] due to secretive\n        talks between Jews and Britain to consolidate the state of Israel.\\n* [[July\n        22]] \\u2013 [[King David Hotel bombing]]: The [[Irgun]] bombs the [[King David\n        Hotel]] (headquarters of the British civil and military administration) in\n        [[Jerusalem]], killing 90.\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Nuclear testing]]: In the\n        first underwater test of the [[atomic bomb]], the surplus {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}}\n        is sunk near [[Bikini Atoll]] in the Pacific Ocean, when the United States\n        detonates the ''''Baker'''' device during [[Operation Crossroads]].\\n** At\n        Club 500 in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]], [[Dean\n        Martin]] and [[Jerry Lewis]] stage their first show as a [[comedy]] team.\\n**\n        In the last mass lynching in the United States, a mob of white men [[1946\n        Georgia lynching|shoot and kill]] two [[African-American]] couples near Moore''s\n        Ford Bridge in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1946}}\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** The [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]]\n        is established.\\n** The [[Fulbright Program]], a system of U.S. international\n        educational exchange scholarships, is established.\\n** The [[Hungarian forint]]\n        is introduced in Hungary by the government, ending the world''s biggest [[hyperinflation]]\n        in the country.\\n** The [[Scandinavian Airlines]] System is founded as a consortium\n        of the [[flag carrier]]s of Sweden, Denmark and Norway.\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Santa Claus Land]] (now Holiday World), opens to the public at [[Santa Claus,\n        Indiana]]. It becomes the first themed park, preceding [[Disneyland]] by 9\n        years.\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 The [[1946 Dominican Republic earthquake]] (magnitude\n        8.0) hits the northern Dominican Republic, killing 100 and leaving 20,000\n        homeless.\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Direct Action Day]]: Violence between Muslims\n        and Hindus in [[Calcutta]] begins \\\"The Week of the Long Knives\\\" which leaves\n        3,000 dead.\\n** The [[All Hyderabad Trade Union Congress]] is founded in [[Secunderabad]].\\n**\n        The [[Kurdistan Democratic Party]] is founded in [[South Kurdistan]].\\n* [[August\n        18]] \\u2013 The [[Vergarola explosion]] in [[Croatia]] kills 70.\\n* [[August\n        25]] \\u2013 American golfer [[Ben Hogan]] wins the [[PGA Championship]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1946}}\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[1946 Turin Grand Prix]],\n        a first recorded officially [[Formula One|Formula One Grand Prix Motor Race]]\n        held in [[Italy]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}\\n* [[September 2]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Interim Government of India]] takes charge, with [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]] as Vice President, as part of the transition from the [[British Raj]]\n        to full independence for [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013\n        Street violence between Muslims and Hindus erupts in [[Bombay]].\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Bulgaria]] is declared a [[People''s Republic]] after a [[referendum]];\n        King [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]] leaves.\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Cathay Pacific]] Airways is founded in [[Hong Kong]] by American [[Roy Farrell]]\n        and Australian [[Sydney de Kantzow]].\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[George\n        II of Greece]] returns to [[Athens]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1946}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Mensa International|Mensa]], an international\n        organization for people with a high [[intelligence quotient]] (IQ), is founded\n        by [[Roland Berrill]], an Australian-born lawyer, and Dr [[Lancelot Ware]],\n        an English biochemist and lawyer, in [[Oxford]].\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 Communists\n        take over in [[Bulgaria]].\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 Sweden''s Prime Minister\n        [[Per Albin Hansson]] dies in office of a heart attack.\\n* [[October 10]]\n        \\u2013 Commencement of the [[Noakhali genocide]] of Hindus in [[Bengal]] at\n        the hands of Muslim mobs.\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 After a few days of vacancy,\n        the Swedish premiership is taken over by [[Tage Erlander]].\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 France adopts the constitution of the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth\n        Republic]].\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[International Organization for Standardization]]\n        (ISO) founded.\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Nuremberg trials]]: [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]],\n        founder of the [[Gestapo]] and recently convicted [[Nazism|Nazi]] war criminal,\n        poisons himself two hours before his scheduled execution.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n**\n        The remaining ten Nazi war criminals sentenced to death at the [[Nuremberg\n        trials]] are executed by hanging in a gymnasium in the [[Palace of Justice,\n        Nuremberg|Nuremberg Palace of Justice]].\\n** The [[United Nations]]'' first\n        meeting in [[Long Island]] is held.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1946}}\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 In the first [[Basketball Association of America]]\n        game, the [[New York Knicks]] defeat the [[Toronto Huskies]] 68\\u201366 at\n        Toronto''s [[Maple Leaf Gardens]].
[[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|thumb|150px|Flag\n        of UNESCO]]\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[UNESCO]] established as a specialized\n        agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[United States\n        Senate elections, 1946|Senate]] and [[United States House of Representatives\n        elections, 1946|House]] elections in the United States both give majorities\n        to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]].\\n* [[November 10]]\\n**\n        At least 1,400 people are killed in an earthquake measuring 7.4 on the [[Richter\n        magnitude scale]], in the [[Ancash Region]] and [[Quiches District]] in [[Peru]].\\n**\n        The [[Slimbridge Wetland Reserve]] opens in England.\\n* [[November 12]]\\n**\n        A truce is declared between Indonesian nationalist troops and the Dutch army\n        in [[Indonesia]].\\n** In Chicago, a branch of the ''''Exchange National Bank''''\n        (now part of the [[LaSalle Bank]]) opens the first 10 [[drive-up teller window]]s.\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 The Netherlands recognizes the Republic of [[Indonesia]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]] \\u2013 Eight British [[British Army|servicemen]] are killed\n        in [[Jerusalem]] by Jewish [[nationalists]].\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Afghanistan]],\n        [[Iceland]] and [[Sweden]] join the [[United Nations]].\\n** [[Romanian general\n        election, 1946]]: The [[Romanian Communist Party]] wins 79.86% of the vote\n        through widespread intimidation tactics and [[electoral fraud]].\\n* [[November\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Tony Benn]] is elected as [[Treasurer]] of the [[Oxford Union]].\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** Vietnamese riot in [[Haiphong]] and clash with French\n        troops. The French cruiser ''''Suffren'''' opens fire, killing 6,000 Vietnamese.\\n**\n        The [[Workers'' Party of South Korea]] is founded.\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Cold War]]: Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] appeals to the United\n        States and the [[Soviet Union]] to end [[nuclear testing]] and to start [[nuclear\n        disarmament]], stating that such an action would \\\"save humanity from the\n        ultimate disaster.\\\"\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 The [[SOBSI|All Indonesia Centre\n        of Labour Organizations]] (SOBSI) is founded in [[Jakarta]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1946}}\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Miguel Alem\\u00e1n Vald\\u00e9s]]\n        takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Whaling Commission]] was signed in Washington, D.C. to \\\"provide for the proper\n        conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development\n        of the whaling industry\\\".\\n* [[December 7]] \\u2013 A [[Winecoff Hotel fire|fire\n        at the Winecoff Hotel]] in [[Atlanta]], United States kills 119.\\n* [[December\n        11]] \\u2013 [[UNICEF]] (the United Nations Children''s Emergency Fund) is\n        founded.\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** The [[United Nations]] severs relations with\n        [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]''s Spain and recommends that member countries\n        sever diplomatic relations.\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Blum]] founds a government of\n        socialist parties in France.\\n** [[Iran crisis of 1946]]: Iranian troops recapture\n        the [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] province.\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 The\n        [[International Labour Organization]] becomes a specialized agency of the\n        [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** First [[French India Representative\n        Assembly election, 1946|French India Representative Assembly election]] held.\\n**\n        Iran crisis of 1946: Iranian troops recapture the Kurdish [[Republic of Mahabad]].\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Thailand|Siam]] joins the [[United Nations]] (changes\n        name to [[Thailand]] in [[1949]]).\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 [[Viet Minh]]\n        forces begin a [[First Indochina War|war against French occupying forces]]\n        in [[Vietnam]], succeeding in 1954 with France''s surrender at the [[Battle\n        of Dien Bien Phu]].\\n* [[December 20]]\\n** [[Frank Capra]]''s ''''[[It''s\n        a Wonderful Life]]'''', featuring [[James Stewart]], [[Donna Reed]], [[Lionel\n        Barrymore]], [[Henry Travers]], and [[Thomas Mitchell (actor)|Thomas Mitchell]],\n        is released in New York.\\n** At least 1,362 people are killed in an [[1946\n        Nankai earthquake|earthquake]] and associated tsunami in Japan.\\n* [[December\n        22]] \\u2013 The [[Havana Conference]] begins between U.S. [[organized crime]]\n        bosses in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]].\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 France''s [[French\n        Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] is founded.\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 The\n        first artificial, self-sustaining [[nuclear chain reaction]] in Europe was\n        initiated within the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] (Russian) [[nuclear reactor]]\n        [[F-1 (nuclear reactor)|F-1]].\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** The [[Flamingo Las Vegas|Flamingo\n        Hotel]] opens on the [[Las Vegas Strip]].\\n** [[David Lean]]''s ''''[[Great\n        Expectations (1946 film)|Great Expectations]]'''', based on the [[Charles\n        Dickens]] novel, and featuring [[John Mills]], [[Valerie Hobson]], [[Martita\n        Hunt]], [[Alec Guinness]], [[Francis L. Sullivan]], [[Jean Simmons]], and\n        [[Finlay Currie]], is released to great acclaim in the UK.\\n* [[December 31]]\n        \\u2013 President [[Harry S. Truman]] delivers [[Proclamation 2714]], which\n        officially ends hostilities in World War II.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* The\n        20 mm [[M61 Vulcan]] [[Gatling gun]] contract is released.\\n* [[Female\n        suffrage]] is enacted in [[Belgium]], [[Romania]], [[Socialist Federal Republic\n        of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Argentina]] and the Canadian province of [[Quebec]].\\n*\n        The first female police officers are hired in Korea and Japan.\\n* The [[Chinese\n        Civil War]] intensifies between the [[Kuomintang]] and the [[Communist Party\n        of China]].\\n* The first [[Tupperware]] is sold in department and hardware\n        stores.\\n* The British government takes emergency powers to deal with the\n        balance-of-payments crisis.\\n* [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]] tours Spain, Italy and France\n        on behalf of [[Argentina]], a circuit called the Rainbow Tour.\\n* The NFL\n        team [[San Francisco 49ers]] is formed.\\n* The [[Casio]] company is founded\n        by engineer Tadao Kashio.\\n* [[Binghamton University]] is founded.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Diane\n        Keaton 2012-1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Diane Keaton]]]]\\n[[File:Dolly Parton\n        accepting Liseberg Applause Award 2010 portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dolly Parton]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Lynch Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David Lynch]]]]\\n[[File:Arnoldo Alem\\u00e1n.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Arnoldo\n        Alem\\u00e1n]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Roberto Rivelino]], Brazilian football\n        player\\n** [[Alain Voss]], Brazilian-French comics artist (d. 2011)\\n* [[January\n        3]]\\n** [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]], English rock bassist\n        ([[Led Zeppelin]], [[Them Crooked Vultures]])\\n** [[Cissy King]], American\n        dancer and singer\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Diane Keaton]], American actress\n        and film director\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Syd Barrett]], English rock guitarist\n        and singer-songwriter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Robby Krieger]],\n        American rock musician ([[The Doors]])\\n** [[Stanton Peele]], American psychologist\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Mogens Lykketoft]], Danish politician\\n* [[January\n        11]]\\n** [[Naomi Judd]], American country singer\\n** [[John Piper (theologian)|John\n        Piper]], American theologian\\n** [[Ha Yu (actor)|Ha Yu]], Hong Kong actor\\n*\n        [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[George Duke]], American musician (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]]\\n** [[Fer\\u00f3 Nagy]], Hungarian singer\\n** [[Harold Shipman]],\n        British serial killer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Kabir Bedi]],\n        Indian actor\\n** [[Katia Ricciarelli]], Italian singer\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Joseph Deiss]], Swiss Federal Councillor\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Julian\n        Barnes]], English novelist\\n** [[Dolly Parton]], American singer-songwriter,\n        actress, businesswoman and philanthropist\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[David\n        Lynch]], American film director\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Oates]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Malcolm\n        McLaren]], British music manager (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Serge Savard]], Canadian\n        hockey player and executive\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Arnoldo Alem\\u00e1n]],\n        [[President of Nicaragua]]\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Michael Ontkean]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[January 25]] \\n** [[G\\u00e9za Berem\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian writer,\n        screenwriter and film director\\n** [[Pete Price]], [[Merseyside]] radio disc\n        jockey\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Gene Siskel]], American film critic (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Michel Delpech]], French singer-songwriter and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Nedra Talley]], American singer ([[The Ronettes]])\\n* [[January\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Bettye LaVette]], American soul singer-songwriter\\n* [[January\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Terry Kath]], American rock musician (d. [[1978]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:President\n        Isaias Afewerk.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Isaias Afwerki]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Tyne\n        Daly at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tyne Daly]]]]\\n[[File:Daniels03\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anthony Daniels]]]]\\n[[File:Alan Rickman cropped\n        and retouched.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alan Rickman]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Elisabeth Sladen]], English actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Isaias Afwerki]], [[President of Eritrea]]\\n** [[Blake Clark]], American\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Charlotte Rampling]], British\n        actress\\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Kate McGarrigle]], Canadian singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2010]]) \\n** [[Jim Turner (politician)|Jim Turner]], American politician\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Pete Postlethwaite]], English character actor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[Se\\u00e1n Neeson]], Northern Irish politician\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\n** [[Joe Estevez]], American actor\\n** [[Colin Matthews]],\n        British composer\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Bernard Dowiyogo]], 7-time [[President\n        of Nauru]] (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Gregory Hines]], American dancer and actor\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Karen Silkwood]], American activist\n        (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Brenda Blethyn]], British actress\\n**\n        [[J. Geils]], lead guitarist of American rock group, [[The J. Geils Band]]\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Tyne Daly]], American actress\\n** [[Anthony\n        Daniels]], English actor\\n** [[Alan Rickman]], English actor and film director\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed B\\u011blohl\\u00e1vek]],\n        Czech orchestral conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Andrew Ang]],\n        judge of the [[Supreme Court of Singapore]]\\n** [[Franz Xaver Kroetz]], German\n        dramatist\\n** [[Jean Todt]], French motorsport manager\\n* [[February 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ahmed Zewail]], Egyptian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Robin Cook]], British\n        politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Don Francisco (Christian musician)|Don Francisco]],\n        American Christian musician\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:David Gilmour 2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David\n        Gilmour]]]]\\n[[File:Liza Minnelli 1973 Special crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Liza\n        Minnelli]]]]\\n[[File:Alejandro Toledo - Jerusalem 2011.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alejandro\n        Toledo]]]]\\n[[File:9.16.13BillPlymptonByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill\n        Plympton]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Jan Kode\\u0161]], Czech tennis player\\n**\n        [[Lana Wood]], American actress and producer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Ashcroft]], English entrepreneur\\n** [[Haile Gerima]], Ethiopian filmmaker\\n**\n        [[Harvey Goldsmith]], British impresario\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Murray Head]],\n        English singer and actor\\n** [[Lova Moor]], French singer and dancer\\n* [[March\n        6]] \\u2013 [[David Gilmour]], English rock musician ([[Pink Floyd]])\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[John Heard (actor)|John Heard]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Okko Kamu]], Finnish conductor and violinist\\n** [[Peter Wolf]], American\n        rock musician ([[The J. Geils Band]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Mike Hollands]],\n        Australian animator\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Frank Welker]], American voice actor\n        and singer\\n** [[Liza Minnelli]], American singer and actress\\n* [[March 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yonatan Netanyahu]], American-born Israeli Army officer, killed in\n        [[Operation Entebbe]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Bonds]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Georges J. F. K\\u00f6hler]], German biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Timothy\n        Dalton]], Welsh actor\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Cliff Balsom]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Crawford]], American child actor and musician\\n*\n        [[March 27]]\\n** [[Olaf Malolepski]], German musician ([[Die Flippers]])\\n**\n        [[Mike Jackson (left-handed pitcher)|Mike Jackson]], former MLB pitcher.\\n*\n        [[March 28]] \\u2013 [[Alejandro Toledo]], former [[President of Peru]]\\n*\n        [[March 29]] \\n** [[Segun Bucknor]], Nigerian musician and journalist (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Billy Thorpe]], English-born Australian singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Bill Plympton]], American cartoonist\\n**\n        [[Carolyn Simpson]], judge of the [[Supreme Court of New South Wales]]\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Gonzalo M\\u00e1rquez]], Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (d. [[1984]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hanna Suchocka 1135.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hanna\n        Suchocka]]]]\\n[[File:Brody Janos-01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[J\\u00e1nos Br\\u00f3dy]]]]\\n[[File:Ed\n        O''Neill at 2015 PaleyFest.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ed O''Neill]]]]\\n[[File:Honduras.RicardoMaduro.01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ricardo\n        Maduro]]]]\\n[[File:King Carl XVI Gustaf at National Day 2009 Cropped.png|thumb|120px|[[Carl\n        XVI Gustaf of Sweden]]]]\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Hanna Suchocka]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Poland]]\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Dave Hill]], English guitarist\n        ([[Slade]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Jane Asher]], English actress\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos\n        Br\\u00f3dy]], Hungarian singer, guitarist, composer and songwriter\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn\n        Granath]], Swedish actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Colette Besson]],\n        French track and field athlete (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Krier]], Luxembourgian\n        architect\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Catfish Hunter]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Chris Burden]], American artist (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[Ed O''Neill]], American actor\\n* [[April\n        15]] - [[Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)|Marsha Hunt]], American actress,\n        singer and novelist\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Margot Adler]], American journalist\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Hayley Mills]], English actress\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Tim Curry]], British actor, singer and composer\\n* [[April 20]] \\n** [[Julien\n        Poulin]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Ricardo Maduro]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n*\n        [[April 22]] \\n** [[John Waters]], American film director \\n** [[Paul Davies]],\n        English physicist\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[John Fox (statistician)|John Fox]],\n        British statistician\\n** [[Talia Shire]], American actress\\n** [[Strobe Talbott]],\n        American journalist\\n** [[Vladimir Zhirinovsky]], Russian politician\\n* [[April\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Larissa Grunig]], American public relations theorist and feminist\\n*\n        [[April 30]] \\u2013 King [[Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden]]\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Pressekonferenz\n        Aktion Birlikte - Zusammenstehen-8395.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Udo Lindenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Cher\n        by Ian Smith.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cher]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Joanna Lumley]],\n        English actress and author\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Lesley Gore]], American rock\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ralf Goth\\u00f3ni]], Finnish pianist, conductor\n        and composer\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[John Watson (racing driver)|John Watson]],\n        Northern Irish racecar driver\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Jim Kelly (martial artist)|Jim\n        Kelly]], American actor, martial artist and tennis player (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Kebby Musokotwane]], Prime Minister of Zambia (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n**\n        [[Thelma Houston]], American singer \\n** [[Michael Rosen]], British novelist\n        and poet\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Candice Bergen]], American actress\\n** [[Drafi\n        Deutscher]], German Schlager singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Graham\n        Gouldman]], English songwriter and musician ([[10cc]], [[Wax (pop band)|Wax]])\\n**\n        [[Donovan|Donovan Leitch]], Scottish rock musician\\n** [[Dave Mason]], English\n        rock musician ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]])\\n** [[Birut\\u0117 Galdikas]], Canadian\n        anthropologist, primatologist, conservationist, ethologist, and author\\n*\n        [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Robert Jarvik]], American physicist and artificial heart\n        inventor\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Richard Bruce Silverman]], John Evans Professor\n        of Chemistry at [[Northwestern University]]\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Tim Pigott-Smith]],\n        English actor and author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Klaus-Peter\n        Siegloch]], German journalist\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Robert Fripp]], British\n        musician\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Udo Lindenberg]], German musician\\n* [[May\n        18]] \\n** [[Bruce Alexander (actor)|Bruce Alexander]], English actor\\n** [[Reggie\n        Jackson]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 the Giant]],\n        French professional wrestler (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Claude Leli\\u00e8vre]], Belgian\n        Commissioner for Children Rights\\n** [[Roger Sloman]], English actor\\n* [[May\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Cher]], American actress and rock singer\\n* [[May 22]] \\n**\n        [[George Best]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Howard Kendall]],\n        English footballer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Frederik de Groot]],\n        Dutch actor\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Mick Ronson]], English guitarist (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[K. Satchidanandan]], Malayalam poet\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Fernando Buesa]], Basque politician (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Candy\n        Lightner]], American founder of Mothers Against Drunk Driving\\n* [[May 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Adriana Bittel]], Romanian writer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Donald Trump\n        Pentagon 2017.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Donald Trump]]]]\\n[[File:Noddy Holder (modified).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Noddy\n        Holder]]]]\\n[[File:11 Xanana 3.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Xanana Gusm\\u00e3o]]]]\\n[[File:Ted\n        Shakelford (253554794).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ted Shackelford]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Brian Cox (actor)|Brian Cox]], Scottish actor\\n* [[June 2]] \\n**\n        [[Peter Sutcliffe]], English serial killer\\n** [[Tomomichi Nishimura]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Suzanne Ciani]], American pianist and electronic\n        composer\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Stefania Sandrelli]], Italian actress\\n* [[June\n        7]]\\n** [[Jenny Jones (presenter)|Jenny Jones]], Palestinian-Canadian comedian\n        and talk show hostess\\n** [[Robert Tilton]], American televangelist and author\\n*\n        [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Pearlette Louisy]], Governor-General of St. Lucia\\n* [[June\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Fernando Balzaretti]], Mexican actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Paul L. Modrich]], American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Donald Trump]], American television\n        personality and real estate magnate, 45th [[President of the United States]]\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Noddy Holder]], English rock singer ([[Slade]])\\n** [[Janet\n        Lennon]], American singer ([[The Lennon Sisters]])\\n** [[Demis Roussos]],\n        Greek singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Marcy Kaptur]], U.S. Representative\n        for the Ninth Congressional District of Ohio\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Russell\n        Ash]], British author (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Fabio Capello]], Italian football\n        player and manager\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Xanana Gusm\\u00e3o]], 1st [[President\n        of East Timor]]\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Kay Redfield Jamison]], American psychiatrist\\n**\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Oleksy]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Ted Shackelford]], American actor\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Ellison\n        Onizuka]], American astronaut (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Robert Reich]], 22nd United\n        States Secretary of Labor\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[Pete Vanderwaal]], Dutch\n        engineer\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Maria von Welser]], German TV journalist\n        and President of UNICEF Germany\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Gilda Radner]], American\n        comedian and actress (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Egon von F\\u00fcrstenberg]],\n        Swiss fashion designer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Gitte H\\u00e6nning]], Danish singer\n        \\n** [[Ernesto P\\u00e9rez Balladares]], [[President of Panama]]\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Mireya\n        Moscoso.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mireya Moscoso]]]]\\n[[File:Leszek Miller Sejm 2013.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Leszek\n        Miller]]]]\\n[[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[George W. Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Sylvester-Stallone-2014-2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sylvester\n        Stallone]]]]\\n[[File:Cheech Marin 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cheech Marin]]]]\\n[[File:Hassanal\n        Bolkiah 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hassanal Bolkiah]]]]\\n[[File:Danny Glover 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Danny\n        Glover]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Alceu Valen\\u00e7a]], Brazilian composer,\n        writer, performer, actor, and poet\\n** [[Stefan Aust]], German journalist\n        and editor-in-chief of the weekly news magazine ''''Der Spiegel'''' from 1994\n        to 2008\\n** [[Mireya Moscoso]], [[President of Panama]]\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Axel]], American scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Leszek Miller]], [[Prime Minister of\n        Poland]]\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Sam Hunt (poet)|Sam Hunt]], New Zealand poet\\n**\n        [[Michael Milken]], American financier\\n** [[Ed O''Ross]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Roy Cimatu]], Filipino general\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[George W. Bush]], 43rd\n        [[President of the United States]]\\n** [[Sylvester Stallone]], American actor,\n        screenwriter and film director\\n** [[Tiemen Groen]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[July\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Tadeusz Nowicki]], Polish tennis player\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Massimo\n        Vanni]], Italian actor\\n** [[Daniela Beneck]], Italian freestyle swimmer\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Mitch Mitchell]], English drummer ([[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]])\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Bon Scott]], Australian rock singer ([[AC/DC]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Oliver Martin (cyclist)|Oliver Martin]], American cyclist\\n**\n        [[Sue Lyon]], American actress\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Jean-Pierre Coopman]],\n        Belgian boxer\\n** [[Jack Wrangler]], American porn star (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Ernesto Mahieux]], Italian actor\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o\n        Bosco]], Brazilian singer-songwriter \\n** [[Cheech Marin]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[John Wood (Australian actor)|John Wood]],\n        Australian actor\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Hassanal Bolkiah]], [[Sultan of Brunei]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Ronstadt]], American singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Toshio\n        Furukawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Dave Goelz]], American puppeteer\\n**\n        [[Monica Aspelund]], Finnish singer\\n** [[Ron Yary]], American football player\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Alun Armstrong]], English actor\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Ilie N\\u0103stase]], Romanian tennis player\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Danny Glover]],\n        American actor and film director\\n** [[Mireille Mathieu]], French singer\\n**\n        [[Johnson Toribiong]], 8th President of Palau\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Sally\n        Flynn]], American singer\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Rita Marley]], Jamaican singer\\n*\n        [[July 28]] - [[Jonathan Edwards]], American singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n*\n        [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Ximena Armas]], Chilean painter\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Neil Bonnett]], American race car driver (d. [[1994]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ralph\n        Gonsalves (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ralph Gonsalves]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill\n        Clinton]]]]\\n[[File:Keith Moon 4 - The Who - 1975-2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Keith\n        Moon]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Mike Emrick]], American sportscaster\\n** [[Sandi\n        Griffiths]], American singer\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Jack Straw]], English\n        politician\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Ron Silliman]], American poet\\n** [[Loni\n        Anderson]], American actress\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Gonsalves]], 4th\n        [[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Jim Kiick]], American football player\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Terry Nutkins]],\n        English naturalist (d. 2012)\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Janet Yellen]], American\n        [[Chair of the Federal Reserve]]\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013 [[Lesley Ann Warren]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Drake Levin]], n\\u00e9\n        Levinshefski, American rock guitarist ([[Paul Revere & the Raiders]])\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Charles Bolden]], American astronaut\\n** [[Bill Clinton]], 42nd\n        [[President of the United States]]\\n** [[Beat Raaflaub]], Swiss conductor\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** [[Connie Chung]], American reporter\\n** [[Ralf H\\u00fctter]],\n        German techno singer and musician ([[Kraftwerk]])\\n** [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]],\n        Indian businessman\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Keith Moon]], English rock drummer\n        ([[The Who]]) (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[John Grahl]], British\n        economist\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Rollie Fingers]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Charles Ghigna]], American poet and children''s author\\n* [[August 26]]\\n**\n        [[Valerie Simpson]], American singer\\n** [[Mark Snow]], American composer\\n**\n        [[Zhou Ji]], education minister of the People''s Republic of China\\n* [[August\n        29]]\\n** [[Jean-Baptiste Bagaza]], 2nd President of Burundi (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Bob Beamon]], American athlete\\n** [[Demetris Christofias]], 6th [[President\n        of Cyprus]]\\n** [[Leona Gom]], Canadian novelist and poet\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Barry\n        Gibb (Bee Gees) - TopPop 1973 3.png|thumb|120px|[[Barry Gibb]]]]\\n[[File:Freddie\n        Mercury performing in New Haven, CT, November 1977.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Freddie\n        Mercury]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Hines 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jim Hines]]]]\\n[[File:TommyLeeJones07TIFF\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tommy Lee Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Siimann Mart.IMG 2960.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Mart\n        Siimann]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Barry Gibb]], English-born Australian\n        singer ([[Bee Gees]])\\n** [[Roh Moo-hyun]], [[President of South Korea]] (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Dan White]], American politician and murderer\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Luis \\u00c1valos]], Cuban-born American character actor\\n**\n        [[Billy Preston]], American soul musician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Francisco Trois]], Brazilian chess player\\n* [[September 4]]\\n**\n        [[Gary Duncan]], American rock guitarist ([[Quicksilver Messenger Service]])\\n**\n        [[Greg Elmore]], American rock drummer ([[Quicksilver Messenger Service]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]]\\n** [[Dennis Dugan]], American actor and director\\n** [[Freddie\n        Mercury]], Lead singer and pianist of British rock group [[Queen (band)|Queen]]\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Willie Crawford]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Francisco Varela]], Chilean biologist (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Aziz Sancar]], Turkish biochemist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Doug Ingle]], American\n        rock vocalist ([[Iron Butterfly]])\\n** [[Bruce Palmer]], Canadian musician\n        ([[Buffalo Springfield]]) (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Jim Hines]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Don Powell]], English rock drummer ([[Slade]])\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Henri Kuprashvili]], Georgian Swimmer\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Tommy\n        Lee Jones]], American actor\\n** [[Oliver Stone]], American film director and\n        producer\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Peter Alsop]], American musician\\n** [[Akira\n        Kamiya]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Connie Kreski]],\n        American model (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Mikhail Kovalchuk]],\n        Russian physicist and official\\n** [[Moritz Leuenberger]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n**\n        [[Richard St. Clair]], American musician and composer\\n** [[Mart Siimann]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Estonia]]\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Franz Fischler]],\n        Austrian politician\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Lars Emil Johansen]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Greenland]]\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Morari Bapu]], Hindu Kathakaar\\n**\n        [[Felicity Kendal]], British actress\\n** [[Jerry Penrod]], American bass player\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[Andrea Dworkin]], American feminist and writer (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Radha Krishna Mainali]], Nepalese politician\\n** [[Christine\n        Todd Whitman]], American politician\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Jeffrey Jones]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor Lavoe]], Puerto Rican\n        singer (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Claude Vorilhon]], French-born ''messenger'' of\n        [[Ra\\u00eblism]]\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Susan Sarandon at the set of ''American\n        Mirror'' cropped and edited.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Susan Sarandon]]]]\\n[[File:Naoto\n        Kan cropped 36th G8 summit member 20100625.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Naoto Kan]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Carpenter b&w portrait, 1970s.png|thumb|120px|[[Richard Carpenter (musician)|Richard\n        Carpenter]]]]\\n[[File:BobSeagren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob Seagren]]]]\\n* [[October\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Tim O''Brien (author)|Tim O''Brien]], American author\\n* [[October\n        2]]\\n** Gen. [[Sonthi Boonyaratglin]], President of the [[Council for National\n        Security]] and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Royal Thai Army]]\\n** [[Marie-Georges\n        Pascal]], French actress\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[P. P. Arnold]], American\n        singer\\n* [[October 4]] \\n** [[Susan Sarandon]], American actress\\n** [[Rhie\n        Won-bok]], South Korean artist\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Lloyd Doggett]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Renate Holub]], German philosopher\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Xue\n        Jinghua]], Chinese ballerina\\n** [[Catharine MacKinnon]], American feminist\\n*\n        [[October 8]]\\n** [[Hanan Ashrawi]], Palestinian scholar and legislator\\n**\n        [[John T. Walton]], son of Wal-Mart founder [[Sam Walton]] (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Tansu \\u00c7iller]], Turkish politician\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Anne Boyd]], Australian musician\\n** [[Mildred Grieveson]], British\n        writer\\n** [[Naoto Kan]], 61st [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Chris Tarrant]],\n        British radio and TV personality\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Amitabh Bachchan]],\n        Indian actor\\n** [[Daryl Hall]], American rock musician ([[Hall & Oates]])\\n**\n        [[Sawao Kato]], Japanese gymnast\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Edwina Currie]],\n        English politician\\n** [[Dorothy Moore]], American singer\\n** [[Demond Wilson]],\n        American actor and minister\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Craig Venter]], American\n        [[biotechnologist]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Boziz\\u00e9]], [[President of the\n        Central African Republic]]\\n** [[Joey de Leon]], Filipino actor and host\\n**\n        [[Justin Hayward]], English rock singer and songwriter ([[The Moody Blues]])\\n*\n        [[October 15]]\\n** [[Richard Carpenter (musician)|Richard Carpenter]], American\n        pop musician and composer ([[The Carpenters]])\\n** [[John Getz]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Suzanne Somers]], American actress and singer\\n**\n        [[Elizabeth Witmer]], Dutch-born politician\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Vicki\n        Hodge]], English actress and model\\n** [[Bob Seagren]], American athlete and\n        actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[James Robert Baker]], American novelist, screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Howard Shore]], Canadian film composer\\n** [[Andrea Zsadon]], Hungarian\n        soprano\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Philip Pullman]], English author\\n* [[October\n        20]]\\n** [[Marty Gervais]], Canadian writer\\n** [[Elfriede Jelinek]], Austrian\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lyn Allison]], Australian politician\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Eileen\n        Gordon]], British politician\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Edith Leyrer]], Austrian\n        actress\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Pat Sajak]], American game-show host\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Leslie L. Byrne]], American politician\\n** [[Ivan Reitman]],\n        Slovakian-born film director and producer\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Sharon\n        Thesen]], Canadian poet\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Kathryn J. Whitmire]],\n        Texas politician; Mayor of Houston, Texas\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Lynne Marta]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Andrea Mitchell]], American journalist\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Stephen Rea]], Northern Irish actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Laura\n        Bush portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Laura Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Sally Field - 1981.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sally\n        Field]]]]\\n[[File:Petra Burka 1965.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Petra Burka]]]]\\n[[File:Ismail\n        Omar Guelleh 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Isma\\u00efl Omar Guelleh]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Ric Grech]], British rock bassist (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Lynne Russell]],\n        American newsreader\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Sinopoli]], Italian\n        conductor and composer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 4]] \\n** [[Laura Bush]],\n        former [[First Lady of the United States]]\\n** [[Les Lannom]], American actor\n        and musician\\n** [[Robert Mapplethorpe]], American photographer (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Herman Brood]], Dutch artist (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Loleatta\n        Holloway]], American singer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gram Parsons]], American musician\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Sally Field]], American actress and\n        singer\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Diane Francis]], Canadian journalist\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Stella Chiweshe]], Zimbabwean musician\\n** [[John Farrar]],\n        Australian guitarist, singer and songwriter ([[The Shadows]] & [[Marvin, Welch\n        & Farrar]])\\n** [[Guus Hiddink]], Dutch football player and manager\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Alaina Reed Hall]], American actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Corrine Brown]], American politician\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013\n        [[P. P. Arnold]], English singer\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Ohara Reiko]],\n        Japanese actress\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Carola Dunn]], English writer\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Gwyneth Powell]], British actress\\n** [[Sandy Skoglund]],\n        American photographer\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Mahasti]], Iranian singer (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Terence McKenna]], American writer, philosopher, [[ethnobotanist]]\n        and [[shaman]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Petra Burka]], Canadian\n        figure skater\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Andrea Allan]], Scottish actress\\n*\n        [[November 20]]\\n** [[Greg Cook]], American football player (d, [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Judy Woodruff]], American television reporter\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Emma\n        Cohen]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Chaviva Ho\\u0161ek]], Czech-born feminist\\n**\n        [[Ulla Jessen]], Danish actress\\n** [[Jacky Lafon]], Belgian actress\\n** [[Marina\n        Warner]], English writer\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Anne Wheeler]], Canadian\n        television and film director\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Diana Quick]], English\n        actress\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Ted Bundy]], American serial killer (d.\n        [[1989]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Marika Lindstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish actress\\n*\n        [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Ottilia Borb\\u00e1th]], Romanian-born Hungarian actress\\n*\n        [[November 27]]\\n** [[Richard Codey]], American politician, 53rd [[Governor\n        of New Jersey]]\\n** [[Isma\\u00efl Omar Guelleh]], 2nd [[President of Djibouti]]\\n**\n        [[Nina Maslova]], Russian actress\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Regina Braga]],\n        Brazilian actress\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Brian Cadd]], Australian singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Suzy Chaffee]], American singer and actress\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Marina\n        Abramovi\\u0107]], Yugoslavian performance artist\\n** [[Barbara Cubin]], U.S.\n        Congresswoman from Wyoming\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jose Carreras - World\n        Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011 - cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Carreras]]]]\\n[[File:Rhoma\n        Irama-cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rhoma Irama]]]]\\n[[File:Don Gummer (6070037472)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Don Gummer]]]]\\n[[File:Patty Duke 1975.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Patty\n        Duke]]]]\\n[[File:Benny Andersson 2012-09-24 001.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Benny Andersson]]]]\\n[[File:Steven\n        Spielberg by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Steven Spielberg]]]]\\n[[File:Carl\n        Wilson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carl Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff Sessions official portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jeff\n        Sessions]]]]\\n[[File:FEMA - 34604 - Arkansas Governor Mike Beebe in the field\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mike Beebe]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Gianni\n        Versace]], Italian fashion designer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Marjana\n        Lipov\\u0161ek]], Slovenian singer and actress\\n** [[Joop Zoetemelk]], Dutch\n        cyclist\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Sherry Alberoni]], American actress and voice\n        artist\\n** [[Y\\u014d Inoue]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December\n        5]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Carreras]], Spanish tenor\\n** [[Eva-Britt Svensson]],\n        Swedish politician\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Brinker]], American health\n        activist and diplomat\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Jacques Bourboulon]], French\n        photographer\\n** [[John Rubinstein]], American actor\\n** [[Sharmila Tagore]],\n        Indian actress\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Sonia Gandhi]], Indian politician\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n** [[Chrystos]], American poet\\n** [[Thomas Lux]], American\n        poet\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Rhoma Irama]], Indonesian dangdut musician,\n        actor and politician\\n** [[Susan Kyle]], American writer\\n** [[Ellen Meloy]],\n        American writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Emerson Fittipaldi]],\n        Brazilian racing car driver\\n** [[Gloria Loring]], American singer\\n** [[Don\n        Gummer]], American [[sculpture|sculptor]]\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas\n        Kollerstrom]], British writer\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Antony Beevor]], English\n        historian\\n** [[Jane Birkin]], English actress and singer\\n** [[Patty Duke]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Lynne Marie Stewart]], American actress\n        \\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Benny Andersson]], Swedish rock singer and songwriter\n        \\n** [[Alice Aycock]], American sculptor\\n** [[Trevor Pinnock]], English harpsichordist\n        and conductor\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Eugene Levy]], Canadian actor, comedian\n        and director\\n** [[Bel Mooney]], English broadcast journalist\\n* [[December\n        18]]\\n** [[Steve Biko]], South African anti-apartheid activist (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Nina \\u0160kottov\\u00e1]], Czech politician and member of the European Parliament\\n**\n        [[Steven Spielberg]], American film director\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Candace\n        Pert]], American neuroscientist\\n** [[Robert Urich]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Lesley Judd]], English television presenter\\n** [[John\n        Spencer (actor)|John Spencer]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Dick Wolf]],\n        American television producer\\n** [[Uri Geller]], Israeli illusionist\\n* [[December\n        21]]\\n** [[Brian Davison (cricketer)|Brian Davison]], Rhodesian cricketer\n        and Tasmanian politician\\n** [[Carl Wilson]], American musician (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]]\\n** [[Edita Gruberov\\u00e1]], Slovakian soprano\\n** [[Susan\n        Lucci]], American actress\\n** [[John Sullivan (writer)|John Sullivan]], English\n        television scriptwriter (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Jan Akkerman]],\n        Dutch rock guitarist ([[Focus (band)|Focus]])\\n** [[Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin]],\n        French politician and member of the European Parliament\\n** [[Brenda Howard]],\n        American bisexual activist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jeff Sessions]], American politician,\n        [[United States Attorney General]]\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Jimmy Buffett]],\n        American rock singer and songwriter\\n** [[Larry Csonka]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Gene Lamont]], American baseball player and manager\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Lenny Kaye]], American guitarist\\n** [[Janet Street-Porter]], English\n        broadcast journalist\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Mike Beebe]], American politician\n        and attorney\\n** [[Edgar Winter]], American rock musician\\n* [[December 29]]\\n**\n        [[Marianne Faithfull]], English singer and actress\\n** [[Ruth Shady]], Peruvian\n        archaeologist\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Patti Smith]], American poet and singer\\n**\n        [[Berti Vogts]], German football player and manager\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Diane von F\\u00fcrstenberg]], Belgian-American fashion designer\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Tyler Burge]], American philosopher\\n* [[Jacques Hiron]],\n        French journalist and writer\\n* [[Jang Song-thaek]], [[North Korea]]n politician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[Ada Mee]], German artist\\n* [[Afsaneh Najmabadi]], Iranian\n        historian and gender theorist\\n* [[Raul Bragan\\u00e7a Neto]], 8th Prime Minister\n        of S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 and Pr\\u00edncipe (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[Omar Al-Shammaa]],\n        Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[Daouda Malam Wank\\u00e9]], 6th President\n        of Niger (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-1984-018-35A, Laszlo von Bardossy.jpg|thumb|110px|[[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        B\\u00e1rdossy]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[William Joyce]], Irish-American\n        World War II Nazi propaganda broadcaster known as \\\"[[Lord Haw-Haw]]\\\" (executed)\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[George Woolf]], Canadian jockey (b.\n        [[1910]])\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Kitty Cheatham]], American singer (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen]] (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Slim Summerville]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Dion Fortune]], British writer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Countee\n        Cullen]], American poet (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        B\\u00e1rdossy]], Hungarian diplomat and politician, 33rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Hungary]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Harry Von Tilzer]], American songwriter (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Souchon]], German admiral (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Karl Nabersberg]], German youth leader\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013  [[Orishatukeh Faduma]], American missionary\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\n** [[Hideo Hatoyama]], Japanese jurist (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Harry Hopkins]], American politician (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Adriaan\n        van Maanen]],  Dutch\\u2013American astronomer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 31]]\n        \\n** [[Pietro Boetto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n** [[Luis Orgaz Yodi]], Spanish general (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[Image:Felix\n        Hoffman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Felix Hoffmann]]]]\\n[[File:Maliq Bushati.png|thumb|110px|[[Maliq\n        Bushati]]]]\\n[[File:Rafael-Erich.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rafael Erich]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Rondo Hatton]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[George Arliss]], British actor (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\n**\n        [[Upendranath Brahmachari]], Indian scientist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Oswald Kabasta]],\n        Austrian conductor (suicide) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Felix Hoffmann]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Miles Mander]], British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Ludovic-Oscar Frossard]], French socialist and communist\n        politician (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013  [[George Dumas]], French\n        doctor and psychologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\n** [[Cornelius\n        Johnson (athlete)|Cornelius Johnson]], American athlete (b. [[1913]])\\n**\n        [[Maliq Bushati]], Albanian collabrator and 18th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\n** [[Dorothy Gibson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Benjamin I of Constantinople|Benjamin I]], [[Ecumenical\n        Patriarch of Constantinople]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Rafael\n        Erich]], Finnish politician, professor and diplomat, 6th [[Prime Minister\n        of Finland]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Theodore Stark Wilkinson]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]],\n        Japanese general (executed) (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Le Gr\\u00e8ves]], French cyclist (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[B\\u00e9la\n        Imr\\u00e9dy]], 32nd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        Salvago Raggi]], Italian diplomat (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ferenc\n        Sz%C3%A1lasi.jpg|thumbnail|110px|[[Ferenc Sz\\u00e1lasi]]]]\\n[[File:Largo Caballero.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Francisco\n        Largo Caballero]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[George E. Stewart]], American\n        Medal of Honor recipient (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Bror von Blixen-Finecke]],\n        Danish big-game hunter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013  [[Antonio Caso\n        Andrade]], Mexican philosopher (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013  [[Adolfo\n        Ferrata]], Italian pathologist and hematologist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Ferenc Sz\\u00e1lasi]], Hungarian military officer and Fascist politician,\n        37th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Leonida\n        Tonelli]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Werner\n        von Blomberg]], German field marshal (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        J\\u00falio da Costa]], Portuguese activist (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Alladiya Khan]],\n        Indian singer (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013  [[Joseph de Pesquidoux]],\n        French writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013  [[Augusto Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Mart\\u00ednez]], Ecuadorian agronomist, economist, geologist, researcher,\n        educator and mountaineer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Francisco Largo\n        Caballero]], Spanish politician and trade unionist, 66th [[Prime Minister\n        of Spain]] (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Gilbert N. Lewis]], American chemist (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Alexander Alekhine]], Russian chess player (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Carl Schuhmann]], German athlete (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Ezequiel\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez]], acting [[President of Panama]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\u2013  [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Endre]], Hungarian politician (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort]], British field marshal\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Juan Bautista Sacasa cph.3a44780.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan\n        Bautista Sacasa]]]]\\n[[File:Robert bartlett.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Bartlett\n        (explorer)|Robert Bartlett]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Noah Beery, Sr.]], American\n        actor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Edward Sheldon]], American playwright (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Kate Bruce]], veteran silent screen actress, made many\n        films with [[D. W. Griffith]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Alf Common]],\n        English footballer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Masaharu Homma]], Japanese general\n        (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Vincent Youmans]], American\n        composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013  [[Padmanath Gohain Baruah]],\n        Indian novelist, poet and dramatist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Bo\n        Gu]], 3rd [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]] (accident)\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** Patriarch [[Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)|Eulogius]] (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Otto Dowling]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]]\n        and the 25th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 17]]\n        \\n** [[Guido Calza]], Italian archaeologist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Juan Bautista\n        Sacasa]], 20th [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Mae Busch]], American actress (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Maynard Keynes]], British economist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Lionel\n        Atwill]], British actor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Harlan F. Stone]], [[United States\n        Supreme Court/Chief Justice|Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\u2013  [[Robert Bartlett (explorer)|Robert Bartlett]], American\n        explorer and navigator (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Marcela de Agoncillo.png|thumb|110px|[[Marcela\n        de Agoncillo]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Bill Johnston (tennis)|Bill Johnston]],\n        American tennis champion (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Israfil Mammadov]], Soviet WWII\n        heroine (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013  [[L\\u00e9on Guillet]], French metallurgist\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013  [[Emile de Cartier de Marchienne]], Belgian\n        diplomat (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013  [[Pedro Henr\\u00edquez Ure\\u00f1a]],\n        Dominican essayist, philosopher, humanist and philologist (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]]\\n** [[Bruno Tesch]], German chemist and Nazi war criminal (executed)\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Karl Weinbacher]], German manager and war criminal (executed)\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n** [[Franceso Camero Medici]], Italian diplomat\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Ossorio y Gallardo]], Spanish lawyer and statesman\n        (b.  [[1873]])\\n** [[Booth Tarkington]], American novelist (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Jacob Ellehammer]], Danish inventor (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Enrico\n        Gasparri]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and archbishop (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Karl Hermann Frank]], German Nazi official and war criminal\n        (executed) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013  [[Billy Sullivan (actor)|Billy\n        Sullivan]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\n** [[Friedrich, Prince\n        of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Joseffy]], Austrian magician\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** [[Claire Croiza]], French soprano (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Henri Hauser]], French historian, geographer, and economist (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\u2013  [[Cagnaccio di San Pietro]], Italian painter (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013  [[Marcela Agoncillo]], Filipino who sewed the first Filipino\n        flag (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Pico\\u011flu Osman]], Turkish kemenche\n        player (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Ion Antonescu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ion\n        Antonescu]]]]\\n[[File:Gerhart Hauptmann nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerhart Hauptmann]]]]\\n[[File:Jorgeubico1930.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jorge\n        Ubico]]]]\\n[[File:Retrato del Presidente Juan Antonio R%C3%ADos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan\n        Antonio R\\u00edos]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Ion Antonescu]], Romanian soldier\n        and politician, 43rd [[Prime Minister of Romania]] and Romanian dictator (executed)\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Leo Slezak]], German tenor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chen Gongbo]], 2nd [[President of Republic of China]] during Nanjing\n        regime (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[S\\u00e1ndor Simonyi-Semadam]],\n        26th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Maud Watson]],\n        British tennis player, first female Wimbledon champion (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Gerhart Hauptmann]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Ananda Mahidol|Ananda\n        Mahidol (Rama VIII)]], [[King of Siam]] (assassinated) (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], American boxer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Hisaichi Terauchi]], Marshal of the Imperial Japanese\n        Army (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Charles Butterworth (actor)|Charles\n        Butterworth]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Jorge Ubico]],\n        Guatemalan army general, 21st [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[John Logie Baird]], British television pioneer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Edward\n        Bowes]], American radio personality (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Charles Butterworth\n        (actor)|Charles Butterworth]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 18]]\n        \\u2013  [[Eugen Hirschfield]], Australian practitioner (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Theodor Wulf]], German physicist and [[Jesuit]] priest (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Empress Wanrong]] of China (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[William S. Hart]], American stage actor and silent film [[Western\n        (genre)|Western]] star, film director, and writer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] \\u2013  [[Marian Bernaciak]], Polish World War II heroine (b. [[1917]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Juan Antonio R\\u00edos]], Chilean political figure, 24th\n        [[President of Chile]], leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Wanda\n        G\\u00e1g]], American artist, author, translator and illustrator (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Antoinette Perry]], American actress and director (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013  [[Jelica Belovi\\u0107-Bernardzikowska]],\n        Yugoslav journalist, writer and journalist (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Federico\n        Laredo Bru.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Federico Laredo Bru]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u043e\\u0431\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446).jpg|110px|thumb|Blessed\n        [[Alexander Vvedensky (religious leader)|Alexander Vvedensky]]]]\\n[[File:Alphonsa12.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Saint\n        Alphonsa]]]]\\n* July \\u2013 [[Howard Hyde Russell]], American temperance advocate,\n        founder of the [[Anti-Saloon League]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013  [[Augustyn\n        J\\u00f3zef Czartoryski]], Polish nobleman (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 2]] \\n**\n        [[Mary Alden]], American stage and screen actress (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Albert\n        Sechehaye]], Swiss linguist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Jenny-Wanda\n        Barkmann]], German Nazi overseer at [[Stutthof concentration camp]] (executed)\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Elisabeth Becker]], German Nazi overseer at Stutthof concentration\n        camp (executed) (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Wanda Klaff]], German Nazi overseer at\n        Stutthof concentration camp (executed) (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Ewa Paradies]],\n        German Nazi overseer at Stutthof concentration camp (executed) (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Gerda Steinhoff]], German Nazi overseer at Stutthof concentration camp (executed)\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Federico Laredo Br\\u00fa]], 8th [[President\n        of Cuba]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Orrick Glenday Johns]], American\n        writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Ray Stannard Baker]], American journalist\n        and author (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Teresa Janina Kieroci\\u0144ska]], Polish [[Discalced\n        Carmelite]] nun and venerable (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 [[Alfred\n        Stieglitz]], American photographer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Razor\n        Smith]], English cricketer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013  [[Raffaele\n        Conflenti]], Italian engineer and aircraft designer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] \\n** [[Kosta Mu\\u0161icki]], Yugoslav general (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Campbell\n        Tait]], Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013  [[George\n        Mackenzie Brown]], Canadian-born British publisher (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Shiro Kawase]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\n** [[Shefqet V\\u00ebrlaci]], Albanian politician, 12th [[Prime Minister\n        of Albania]] (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Gualberto Villarroel]], 46th [[President\n        of Bolivia]] (assassinated) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Edward Sperling]],\n        Russian-American-Jewish writer and Zionist (assassinated) (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] \\u2013  [[Alexander Vvedensky (religious leader)|Alexander Vvedensky]],\n        Soviet [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] religious leader and blessed (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013  [[Harry Davis (gangster)|Harry Davis]], Canadian\n        gangster (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Gertrude Stein]], American\n        writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Saint Alphonsa]], Indian [[Franciscan]]\n        nun and saint (b. [[1910]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Reichskanzler Wilhelm\n        Marx.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm Marx]]]]\\n[[File:H.G. Wells by Beresford.jpg|thumb|110px|[[H.\n        G. Wells]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013  [[Karl, Prince of Leiningen]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Marx]], German lawyer and politician, 17th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August\n        6]] \\n** [[Blanche Bingley|Blanche Bingley Hillyard]], English tennis champion\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Tony Lazzeri]], American baseball player ([[New York Yankees]])\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013  [[Maria Barrientos]],\n        Spanish opera singer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e9on Gaumont]],\n        French film pioneer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013  [[Giuseppe Pietri]],\n        Italian composer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Inayatullah Khan]],\n        King of Afghanistan (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n** [[H. G. Wells]], British\n        science fiction writer and historian (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Berlia]],\n        French politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013  [[Prince Fushimi\n        Hiroyasu]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[\\\"Rags\\\" Ragland]], American\n        comedian and actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013  [[D\\u00f6me Szt\\u00f3jay]],\n        35th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013  [[Fulco\n        Ruffo di Calabria|Prince Fulco Ruffo di Calabria]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Jeanie MacPherson]], American actress (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August\n        28]]\\n** [[Georgios Kafantaris]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1873]])\\n**\n        [[Florence Turner]], American actress (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013\n        [[John Steuart Curry]], American painter (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Don\n        Francesco Bonifacio.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Blessed [[Francesco Bonifacio]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 11]] \\u2013  [[Francesco Bonifacio]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (killed in action) (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n**\n        [[Henri Gouraud (general)|Henri Gouraud]], French general (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[James Hopwood Jeans]], English physicist, astronomer and mathematician (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Frank Burke (baseball)|Frank Burke]],\n        American baseball player (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich\n        George]], German actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Raimu]],\n        French actor (b. 1883)\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013 [[Takashi Sakai]], Japanese\n        general (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ignacy Moscicki.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ignacy\n        Moscicki]]]]\\n[[File:AlbertoMarvellii.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Alberto Marvelli]]]]\\n[[File:Per\n        Albin Hansson - Sveriges styresm%C3%A4n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Per Albin Hansson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013  [[Hiroshi Kawabuchi]], Japanese politician (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Ignacy Mo\\u015bcicki]], Polish chemist and politician,\n        4th [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Barney\n        Oldfield]], American race car driver and automobile pioneer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]]\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Bethlen]], 28th Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Alberto Marvelli]], Italian member of the [[Roman Catholic]]\n        action and blessed (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Per Albin Hansson]],\n        Swedsh politician and 23rd [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Francis Sartori]], American banker (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 8]]\n        \\u2013  [[Agust\\u00edn Parrado y Garc\\u00eda]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        cardinal (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stilwell]], American\n        World War II general (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]],\n        German Nazi Reichsmarschall (suicide) (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\n**\n        [[Hans Frank]], German Nazi Governor General of Poland (executed) (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Frick]], German Nazi Minister of the Interior (executed) (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Alfred Jodl]], German general and World War II Chief of the German armed\n        forces (executed) (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]], German Nazi police\n        general (executed) (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Keitel]], German field marshal\n        (executed) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], German Nazi foreign\n        minister (executed) (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Alfred Rosenberg]], German Nazi ideologist\n        (executed) (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Fritz Sauckel]], German Nazi general plenipotentiary\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]], Austrian Nazi leader\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Julius Streicher]], German Nazi propaganda\n        publisher (executed) (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013  [[Igor Demidov]],\n        Soviet politician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013  [[Francesco Carandini]],\n        Italian poet (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Daluege]], German\n        Nazi officer and war criminal (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Izabela\n        Wi%C5%82ucka.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Maria Izabela Wi\\u0142ucka-Kowalska]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\u2013  [[John Barrett (bishop)|John Barrett]], British clergyman,\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Joseph Stella]], Italian-American painter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 6]]\n        \\u2013  [[Maria Innocentia Hummel]], German [[Franciscan]] religious sister\n        and blessed (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Henry Lehrman]], American\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013  [[Baldassare Forestiere]],\n        Italian immigration (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Nikolay Burdenko]],\n        Soviet surgeon, founder of Soviet neurosurgery (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\u2013  [[Camillo Caccia Dominioni]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal\n        and eminence (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Manuel de Falla]],\n        Spanish composer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Donald Meek]],\n        British actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Moholy-Nagy]],\n        Hungarian painter and photographer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013\n        [[George Gandy]], American entrepreneur (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013  [[Sultana\n        Racho Petrova]], Bulgarian memoirist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013  [[Maria\n        Izabela Wi\\u0142ucka-Kowalska]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious leader\n        and saint (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Father FX Lasance.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed\n        [[Francis Xavier Lasance]]]]\\n[[File:W. C. Fields 1938.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W.\n        C. Fields]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Louis Dewis]], Belgian [[Post-Impressionist]]\n        [[Painting|painter]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Laurette Taylor]],\n        American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Sada Yacco]], Japanese stage actress\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Walter Johnson]], American baseball\n        player ([[Washington Senators (1901\\u201360)|Washington Senators]]) and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Damon Runyon]], American writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013  [[Francis Xavier Lasance]], American [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Ben Carter (actor)|Ben\n        Carter]], American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9e Falconetti]], French\n        actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Curtis Hidden Page]], American\n        politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Tom Dowse]], Irish major\n        league baseball player in the 1890s (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013  [[Salman\n        al-Murshid]], Syrian religious leader and political figure (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] \\u2013  [[Einosuke Harada]], Japanese ophthamologist (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] \\u2013  [[Pierre B\\u00e9nard]], French journalist (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[John A. Sampson]], American gynecologist (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[W. C. Fields]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Henri Le Fauconnier]], French painter (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013  [[Franjo\n        Bu\\u010dar]], Yugoslav writer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013  [[Pedro\n        Mata Dominguez]], Spanish novelist, playwright and poet (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December\n        28]] \\n** [[Carrie Jacobs-Bond]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1862]])\\n**\n        [[Francis Salabert]], French publisher (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Percy\n        Williams Bridgman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[James\n        B. Sumner]], [[John Howard Northrop]], [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Hermann\n        Joseph Muller]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Hermann\n        Hesse]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Emily Greene Balch]], [[John\n        Mott]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Further reading==\\n* Goulden, Joseph\n        C. ''''The Best Years: 1945-1950'''' (1976), popular social history of USA\\n*\n        Hennessy, Peter. ''''Never Again: Britain, 1945-1951'''' (1994)), a scholarly\n        survey.\\n* Kynaston, David. ''''Austerity Britain, 1945\\u20131951'''' (2008)\n        [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0802716938/ excerpt and text search], a detaied\n        social history.\\n* Sebestyen, Victor. ''''1946: The Making of the Modern World''''\n        (2015) [http://www.amazon.com/1946-Making-Modern-Victor-Sebestyen/dp/1101870427/  excerpt]\\n*\n        Weisbrode, Kenneth. ''''The Year of Indecision, 1946: A Tour Through the Crucible\n        of Harry Truman''s America'''' (2016) [http://www.amazon.com/Year-Indecision-1946-Through-Crucible/dp/0670016845/\n        excerpt]\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1946-pictures.html\n        1946 Coin Pictures]\\n* [https://archive.org/details/1946-05-23_Rail_Strike_Paralyzes_Entire_US\n        Newsreel May 23, 1946: Rail strike paralyzes the United States]\\n* [https://archive.org/details/1946-05-29_Coal_Strike_Ended\n        Newsreel May 29, 1946: End of U.S. coal strike]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1946}}\\n[[Category:1946|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T23:17:30Z\",\"lastrevid\":797912318,\"length\":79944,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946\"},\"34584\":{\"pageid\":34584,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1947\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T02:48:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1947}}\\n{{Events by month|1947}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1947}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1947}}\\n[[File:LocationNigeria.png|thumb|250px|right|\n        [[January 1]]: [[Nigeria]] gains [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]].]]\\n{{TOC\n        limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n* January\\u2013February \\u2013 [[Winter\n        of 1946\\u201347 in the United Kingdom]]: Worst snowfall in the country in\n        the 20th century, with extensive disruption of travel.{{cite web|url=http://www.winter1947.co.uk/|title=Collection\n        of weather statistics for the winter of 1947|accessdate=27 December 2010}}\n        Given the low ratio of private vehicle ownership at the time this is mainly\n        remembered in terms of the effects on the railway networks.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_conditions.shtml|title=collection\n        of film clips of UK rail disruption in winter 1947|accessdate=27 December\n        2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125063222/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_conditions.shtml\n        |archivedate=January 25, 2011 |deadurl=no}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** British\n        coal mines are [[nationalization|nationalised]].\\n** [[Nigeria]] gains limited\n        [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] before gaining independence in [[1960]].\\n**\n        The [[Canadian Citizenship Act]] comes into effect.\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013\n        Proceedings of the [[United States Congress]] are televised for the first\n        time.\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations]] takes control of the\n        free city of [[Trieste]].\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 Elizabeth Short, an aspiring\n        actress nicknamed the \\\"[[Black Dahlia]]\\\", is found brutally murdered in\n        a vacant lot in Los Angeles.  The case remains unsolved to this day.\\n* [[January\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Vincent Auriol]] is inaugurated as president of France.\\n* [[January\n        19]] \\u2013 A shipwreck near [[Athens]], Greece kills 392.\\n* [[January 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Dimitrios Maximos]] founds a monarchist government in Athens.\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\u2013 A Philippine plane crashes in Hong Kong, with $5 million\n        worth of gold and money.\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 Famous American gangster\n        [[Al Capone]] dies following cardiac arrest at his home in Florida.\\n* [[January\n        26]] \\u2013 A [[KLM]] [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] aircraft crashes soon after\n        taking off from [[Copenhagen Airport|Kastrup Airport, Copenhagen]], killing\n        all on board, including [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\\u00e4sterbotten|Prince\n        Gustaf Adolf]], second in line to the Swedish throne, and the American singer\n        [[Grace Moore]].\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[February 8]] \\u2013 A heavy [[blizzard]]\n        in Canada buries towns from [[Winnipeg]] to [[Calgary]].\\n* [[January 31]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Communists]] take power in Poland.\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** The lowest air temperature in North America (\\u221263 degrees Celsius)\n        is recorded in [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]] in the [[Yukon Territory]].\\n** Percival\n        Prattis becomes the first [[African-American]] news correspondent allowed\n        in the [[United States House of Representatives]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]]\n        press galleries.\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Boles\\u0142aw Bierut]] becomes the\n        [[President of Poland]].\\n** The Government of the United Kingdom announces\n        the \\u00a325 million [[Tanganyika groundnut scheme]] for cultivation of [[peanut]]s\n        in the [[Tanganyika Territory]].{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Alan|title=The\n        Groundnut Affair|publisher=Bodley Head|year=1950|location=London|oclc=1841364}}\\n*\n        [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[South Pacific Commission]] (SPC) founded.\\n* [[February\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Karlslust dance hall fire]] in Berlin, Germany, kills over 80\n        people.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 In Paris, France, peace treaties are signed\n        between the World War II Allies and Italy, Hungary, [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]],\n        and Finland. Italy cedes most of [[Istria]] to the [[Socialist Federal Republic\n        of Yugoslavia]] (later [[Croatia]]).\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** A [[meteor]] creates\n        an [[impact crater]] in [[Sikhote-Alin]], in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n** [[Christian\n        Dior]] introduces [[Christian Dior S.A.#The \\\"New Look\\\"|The \\\"New Look\\\"]]\n        in women''s fashion, in Paris.\\n** In [[Burma]], the [[Panglong Agreement]]\n        is reached between the [[Politics of Burma|Burmese government]] under its\n        leader, General [[Aung San]], and the [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Jingpo people|Kachin]],\n        and [[Chin people|Chin]] ethnic peoples at the Panglong Conference. U Aung\n        Zan Wai, [[Pe Khin]], Major Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung and [[Myoma\n        U Than Kywe]] are among the negotiators.\\n* [[February 17]] \\u2013 [[Cold\n        War]]: The ''''[[Voice of America]]'''' begins to transmit radio broadcasts\n        into Eastern Europe and the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** An explosion\n        at the O''Connor Electro-Plating Company in [[Los Angeles]], leaves 17 dead,\n        100 buildings damaged, and a {{convert|22|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} crater in the\n        ground.\\n** [[Ordnance Corps (United States Army)|U.S. Army Ordnance Corps]]\n        [[Hermes (missile program)|Hermes program]] [[V-2]] [[rocket]] ''''Blossom\n        I'''' launched into space carrying plant material and [[Drosophila melanogaster|fruitflies]],\n        the first animals to enter space.\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 In New York City,\n        [[Edwin Land]] demonstrates the first \\\"instant camera\\\", his [[Polaroid Land\n        Camera]], to a meeting of the [[Optical Society of America]].\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\u2013 ''''Tom and Jerry'''' cartoon ''''[[Cat Fishin'']]'''', is released.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 The [[International Organization for Standardization]]\n        (ISO) is founded.\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** The German state of [[Prussia]] is\n        officially abolished by the [[Allied Control Council]].Law No. 46.\\n**\n        The worst-ever train crash in Japan kills 184 people.\\n** John C. Hennessy,\n        Jr., brings the first [[Volkswagen Beetle]] to the United States. He purchased\n        the 1946 automobile from the U.S. Army Post Exchange in Frankfurt, Germany,\n        while serving in the U.S. Army. The Beetle was shipped from Bremerhaven, arriving\n        in New York this day.Copies of the bill of sale as well as the shipping\n        documents and a letter from the Port of New York confirming the arrival of\n        the VW can be found in Hennessy''s book ''''The Bride and the Beetle''''.\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** The United States grants France a military base in [[Casablanca]].\\n**\n        In [[Taiwan]], [[February 28 Incident|civil disorder is put down]] with large\n        loss of civilian lives.\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** The [[International\n        Monetary Fund]] begins to operate.\\n** [[Wernher von Braun]] marries his first\n        cousin, the 18-year-old Maria von Quirstorp.\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Treaty\n        of Dunkirk]] (coming into effect 8 September) signed between the United Kingdom\n        and France providing for mutual assistance in the event of attack.\\n* [[March\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Carrie Chapman Catt]] dies in New Rochelle.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013\n        The [[Truman Doctrine]] is proclaimed to help stem the spread of [[Communism]].\\n*\n        [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[1947 Thames flood|Thames flood]] and other widespread\n        flooding as the exceptionally harsh [[British winter of 1946\\u20131947]] ends\n        in a thaw.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The\n        Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=396\\u2013397|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}{{cite\n        web|first=G. G.|last=Cullingham|title=The Floods of 1947|work=Histories of\n        Windsor|publisher=The Royal Windsor Web Site|url=http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/windsor/windsorhistory/floods47.html\n        |accessdate=2013-03-01 |date=November 2012}}\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        Hindus and Muslims clash in [[Punjab region|Punjab]].\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013\n        The [[19th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held. The movie ''''[[The Best Years\n        of Our Lives]]'''' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]], along with\n        several other Academy Awards.\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 A [[coal mine]] explosion\n        in [[Centralia, Illinois]], kills 111 miners.\\n* [[March 28]] \\u2013 A World\n        War II Japanese [[booby trap]] explodes on [[Corregidor]] island, killing\n        28 people.\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 A rebellion against French rule erupts in\n        [[Madagascar]].\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 The leaders of the Kurdish People''s\n        [[Republic of Mahabad]], the second [[Kurds|Kurdish]] state in the history\n        of [[Iran]], are hanged at the [[Chuwarchira Square]] in [[Mahabad]] after\n        that country had been overrun by the Iranian army.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* April\n        \\u2013 Previous discovery of the ''[[Dead Sea Scrolls]]'' in the [[Qumran\n        Caves]] (above the northwest shore of the [[Dead Sea]]) by [[Bedouin]] shepherds,\n        becomes known.\\\"Year by Year 1947\\\". [[History Channel International]].\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Jackie Robinson]], the first [[African American]] in [[Major\n        League Baseball]] since the 1880s,\n        signs a contract with the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]].\\n** King [[George II of Greece]]\n        is succeeded by his brother [[Paul I of Greece|Paul]].\\n** [[1947 Royal New\n        Zealand Navy mutinies]] begin.\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[International Civil\n        Aviation Organization]] begins operations.\\n* [[April 7]]\\n**Arab [[Ba''ath\n        Party]] established by merger in Damascus.\\n**[[Edaville Railroad]] is opened\n        in Massachusetts as the first railway theme park.\\n**The largest recorded\n        [[sunspot]] group appears on the solar surface.{{cite web|last1=Packer|first1=Michael|title=A\n        Deeper Look at Sunspots, Part 2|url=http://ephemeris.sjaa.net/1210/e.html}}\\n*\n        [[April 9]] \\n** Multiple tornadoes strike Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas killing\n        181 and injuring 970.\\n** The [[Journey of Reconciliation]] begins, organized\n        by the [[Congress of Racial Equality]].\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 Jackie Robinson\n        becomes the first African American to play Major League Baseball since the\n        1880s.\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Texas\n        City disaster]]: The [[ammonium nitrate]] cargo of French-registered [[Liberty\n        ship]] {{SS|Grandcamp}} explodes in [[Texas City, Texas]], killing at least\n        581, including all but one member of the city fire department, injuring at\n        least 5,000 and destroying 20 city blocks. Of the dead, remains of 113 are\n        never found and 63 are unidentifiable.\\n** American financier and presidential\n        adviser [[Bernard Baruch]] describes the post\\u2013World War II tensions between\n        the [[Soviet Union]] and the United States as a \\\"[[Cold War]]\\\".\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** The British [[Royal Navy]] detonates 6,800 tons of explosives in\n        an attempt to demolish the fortified island of [[Heligoland]], Germany, thus\n        creating one of the [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest\n        man-made non-nuclear explosion]]s in history.\\n** [[Mrs. Ples]] is discovered\n        in the [[Sterkfontein]] area in [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], South Africa.\\n*\n        [[April 26]] \\u2013 Academy-Award-winning ''''[[Tom and Jerry]]'''' cartoon,\n        ''''[[The Cat Concerto]]'''', is released to theatres.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Portella della Ginestra massacre]]: The [[Salvatore Giuliano]]\n        gang of Sicilian separatists opens fire on a [[Labour Day]] parade at Portella\n        della Ginestra, [[Sicily]], killing 11 people and wounding 27.\\n* [[May 2]]\n        \\u2013 The movie ''''[[Miracle on 34th Street]]'''', a Christmastime classic,\n        is first shown in theaters.\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 The new post-war [[Constitution\n        of Japan|Japanese constitution]] goes into effect.\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 The\n        animated cartoon film ''''[[Rabbit Transit (film)|Rabbit Transit]]'''', directed\n        by [[Friz Freleng]], is released.\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** The [[Cold War]] begins:\n        In an effort to fight the spread of [[Communism]], President [[Harry S. Truman]]\n        signs an Act of Congress that implements the [[Truman Doctrine]]. This Act\n        grants $400 million in military and economic aid to [[Turkey]] and Greece.\n        The Cold War [[Cold War (1985\\u201391)|ended]] in [[1991]].\\n** [[David Lean]]''s\n        film ''''[[Great Expectations (1946 film)|Great Expectations]]'''', based\n        on the novel by [[Charles Dickens]], opens in the United States. Critics call\n        it the finest film ever made from a Charles Dickens novel.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013\n        An airliner of the [[Air Iceland|Flugfelag \\u00cdslands]] crashes into a mountainside,\n        killing 25 people.\\n*[[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 605]]: A\n        [[Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] crashes near [[Port Deposit, Maryland|Bainbridge,\n        Maryland]], killing all 53 aboard in the worst commercial aviation disaster\n        in US history.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-20671-0014, Recklinghausen,\n        Marshallplan im Ruhrgebiet.jpg|thumb|115px|[[Marshall Plan]].]]\\n* June \\u2013\n        The [[Doomsday Clock]] of the [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] is introduced.\\n*\n        [[June 5]] \\u2013 U.S. Secretary of State [[George Marshall]] outlines the\n        [[Marshall Plan]] for American reconstruction and relief aid to Europe in\n        a speech at [[Harvard University]].\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 The Royal [[Romanian\n        Army]] founds the [[Association football]] club [[FC Steaua Bucure\\u0219ti]],\n        which will become [[List of football clubs in Romania by major honors won|the\n        most successful Romanian football team]], as ''''A.S.A. Bucure\\u0219ti''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fcsteaua.ro/index/section/articles/article/5826/|title=Istorie\n        Stelista (I)|publisher=}}\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Saab Automobile|SAAB]]\n        in Sweden produces its first automobile.\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[June 15|15]]\n        \\u2013 First [[Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod]] is held in Wales.{{cite\n        web|title=Llangollen International Eisteddfod \\u2013 How it Started|url=http://www.llangollen.com/eist3.html|publisher=Llangollen\n        International Musical Eisteddfod|accessdate=2012-05-08}}\\n* [[June 15]]\n        \\u2013 The Portuguese government orders 11 military officers and 19 university\n        professors who are accused of revolutionary activity to resign.\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** Seaman Harold Dahl claims to have seen six [[unidentified flying\n        object]]s (UFOs) near [[Maury Island]] in [[Puget Sound]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].\n        On the next morning, Dahl reports the first modern so-called \\\"[[Men in Black]]\\\"\n        encounter.\\n** The [[Canadian Parliament]] votes unanimously to pass several\n        laws regarding displaced foreign refugees.\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013 The [[United\n        States Senate]] follows the [[United States House of Representatives|House\n        of Representatives]] in overriding President [[Harry S. Truman]]''s [[veto]]\n        of the [[Taft\\u2013Hartley Act]].\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Arnold]]\n        makes the first widely reported [[Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting|UFO sighting]]\n        near [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].\\n* [[June 25]]\n        \\u2013 ''''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'''' by [[Anne Frank]] is published\n        for the first time as ''''Het Achterhuis: Dagboekbrieven 14 juni 1942 \\u2013\n        1 augustus 1944'''' (\\\"The Annex: Diary Notes from 14 June 1942 \\u2013 1 August\n        1944\\\") in [[Amsterdam]], two years after the writer''s death in [[Bergen-Belsen\n        concentration camp]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 The [[United States]]\n        begins the [[National Malaria Eradication Program]], successfully eradicating\n        Malaria in [[1951]]. \\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 The first prototype AK-47s are\n        built, soon becoming the most produced assault rifle in history.\\n* [[July\n        8]] \\u2013 A supposedly downed [[Unidentified flying object|extraterrestrial\n        spacecraft]] is reportedly found in the [[Roswell UFO incident]], near [[Roswell,\n        New Mexico]], which was written about by [[Stanton T. Friedman]].\\n* [[July\n        9]] \\u2013 In the UK, King [[George VI]] announces the engagement of his daughter\n        [[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] to [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Lt.\n        Philip Mountbatten]].\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 The ''''[[Exodus (ship)|Exodus]]''''\n        leaves France for [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], with 4,500 Jewish [[Holocaust]]\n        survivor refugees on board.\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** The Indian passenger ship\n        {{SS|Ramdas}} is capsized by a cyclone at [[Mumbai]], India, with 625 people\n        killed.\\n** This is the alleged date when [[Raoul Wallenberg]] dies in a [[Soviet]]\n        prison. It is not announced until [[February 6]], [[1957]]. There will be\n        reported sightings of him until [[1987]].\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** Following wide\n        media and [[UNSCOP]] coverage, the ''''[[Exodus (ship)|Exodus]]'''' is captured\n        by British troops and refused entry into Palestine at the port of [[Haifa]].\\n**\n        President [[Harry S. Truman]] signs the [[Presidential Succession Act]] into\n        law, which places the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker\n        of the House]] and the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President\n        pro tempore of the Senate]] next in the line of succession after the [[Vice\n        President of the United States|Vice President]].\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013 Burmese\n        nationalist [[Aung San]] and six members of his newly formed cabinet are assassinated\n        during a cabinet meeting.\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Cold War]]: U.S. President\n        [[Harry S. Truman]] signs the [[National Security Act of 1947]] into law,\n        creating the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[U.S. Department of Defense|Department\n        of Defense]], the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], and the [[United States National\n        Security Council|National Security Council]].\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[July\n        28|28]] \\u2013 English endurance swimmer [[Tom Blower]] becomes the first\n        person to swim the [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]],\n        from [[Donaghadee]] in [[Northern Ireland]] to [[Portpatrick]] in Scotland.\\n*\n        [[July 29]] \\u2013 After being shut down on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment,\n        the [[ENIAC]] computer, the world''s first electronic [[digital computer]],\n        is turned back on again. It next remains in continuous operation until October\n        2, 1955.\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|thumb|Flag of [[Pakistan]],\n        the country that gained independence on August 14, 1947]]\\n[[File:Flag of\n        India.svg|thumb|Flag of [[India]], the country that gained independence on\n        August 15, 1947]]\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 The Netherlands ends [[Operation\n        Product]], the first of its major ''''[[politionele acties]]'''' (military\n        \\\"police actions\\\") in [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Thor Heyerdahl]]''s\n        [[balsa wood]] raft, the ''''[[Kon-Tiki]]'''', smashes into the [[reef]] at\n        [[Raroia]] in the [[Tuamotu Islands]] after a 101-day, 4,300 mile, voyage\n        across the Eastern Pacific Ocean, demonstrating that prehistoric peoples could\n        have traveled to the Central Pacific islands from South America.\\n** The [[Bombay\n        Municipal Corporation]] formally takes over the [[Bombay Electric Supply and\n        Transport]] (BEST).\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** The Muslim majority regions formed\n        by the [[Partition of India]] gain independence from the [[British Empire]]\n        as the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. While the transition is officially at midnight\n        on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14, compared with\n        India on the 15th, because the [[Pakistan Standard Time]] is 30 minutes behind\n        the standard time of India.\\n** [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] becomes the first\n        [[Governor-General of Pakistan]]. [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] takes office as the\n        first [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** The greater Indian\n        subcontinent with a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs,\n        Buddhists, Jains, Jews and others formed by the [[Partition of India]] gain\n        independence from the British Empire as the [[Dominion of India]].\\n** [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]] takes office as the first [[Prime Minister of India]], taking his\n        oath from [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten,\n        Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]], [[Governor-General of India]] (but no longer\n        [[Viceroy]]).\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013 In Greece, General [[Markos Vafiadis]]\n        takes over the government.\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 The [[Prime Minister of\n        Greece]], [[Dimitrios Maximos]], resigns.\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 The French\n        government lowers the daily bread [[Rationing|ration]] to 200 grams,\n        causing riots in [[Verdun]] and [[Le Mans]].\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013 A fire\n        at a movie theater in [[Rueil-Malmaison|Rueil]], a suburb of Paris, France\n        kills 87 people.\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 In [[Hungary]], [[communists]] fail\n        to gain a majority in parliamentary elections (despite widespread fraud) and\n        turn to direct action as part of the country''s [[History of Hungary#Transition\n        to Communism (1944\\u20131949)|transition to Communism (1944\\u20131949)]].\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Seal\n        of the Central Intelligence Agency.svg|thumb|200px|The [[Central Intelligence\n        Agency]] (CIA), officially born September 18, 1947]]\\n*[[September 9]] \\u2013\n        A moth lodged in a [[relay]] is found to be the cause of a malfunction in\n        the [[Harvard Mark II]] electromechanical computer, logged as \\\"First actual\n        case of [[Software bug|bug]] being found.\\\"{{cite web|url=http://catb.org/jargon/html/B/bug.html|title=''''''bug'''''':n.|work=The\n        Jargon File|accessdate=2012-01-20}}{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/main?edan_q=Log+book+with+computer+bug&op=Search|title=Log\n        Book With Computer Bug|publisher=[[National Museum of American History]]|accessdate=2013-01-16}}\\n*[[September\n        13]] \\u2013 Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] suggests the exchange\n        of four million Hindus and Muslims between India and [[Pakistan]].\\n*[[September\n        15]] \\u2013 [[September 16|16]] \\u2013 [[Typhoon Kathleen]] strikes the [[B\\u014ds\\u014d\n        Peninsula]] and the entire [[Kant\\u014d region]] in Japan. Heavy rains cause\n        the [[Arakawa River (Kanto)|Arakawa]] and [[Tone River]]s to overflow and\n        embankment collapse. The resulting floods and [[debris flow]] kill between\n        1,077 and 1,930 people, injuring 1,547Japan Fire and Disaster Management\n        Agency official report. [[:ja:\\u30ad\\u30e3\\u30b9\\u30ea\\u30fc\\u30f3\\u53f0\\u98a8]]\n        (Japanese language) Retrieved 2017-02-20. and leaving 853 missing.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www2.arajo.ktr.mlit.go.jp/english/eng-pamph/12-13.html|title=Arajo.ktr.mlit.go.jp}}\\n*\n        [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[September 21|21]] \\u2013 The [[1947 Fort Lauderdale\n        hurricane]] in southeastern [[Florida]], and also in [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]],\n        and [[Louisiana]] causes widespread damage and kills 51 people.\\n* [[September\n        18]]\\n** [[National Security Act of 1947]] becomes effective on this day creating\n        the [[United States Air Force]], [[National Security Council (United States)|National\n        Security Council]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].\\n** [[United States\n        Department of War|War Department]] becomes the [[Department of the Army]],\n        a branch of the new [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]].\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\u2013 Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers''\n        Parties ([[Communist Information Bureau]], \\\"Cominform\\\") is founded.\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Pakistan]] and [[North Yemen|Yemen]] join the [[United Nations]].\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n* October \\u2013 First recorded use of the word ''''[[computer]]''''\n        in its modern sense, referring to an electronic digital machine.{{cite\n        web|title=computer, ''''n''''.|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] online version|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/37975?redirectedFrom=computer#eid|accessdate=2011-11-29\n        |date=September 2011}} {{OEDsub}}\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 President\n        [[Harry S. Truman]] delivers the first televised White House address speaking\n        on the world food crises.\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 The [[United States Air\n        Force]] [[test pilot]], Captain [[Chuck Yeager]], flies a [[Bell X-1]] rocket\n        plane faster than the [[speed of sound]], the first time it has been accomplished\\n*\n        [[October 20]] \\u2013 A war begins in [[Kashmir]], along the border between\n        India and Pakistan, leading to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] in the following\n        year. Also, Pakistan established diplomatic relations with the United States\n        of America.\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 The first [[Azad Kashmir]] Government\n        is established within Pakistan, headed by [[Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan]]\n        as its first President supported by the government of Pakistan.\\n* [[October\n        30]] \\u2013 The [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT), the foundation\n        of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), is established.\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** In [[Long Beach, California]], the designer and\n        airplane pilot [[Howard Hughes]] carries out the one and only flight of the\n        ''''[[Hughes H-4 Hercules]]'''', the largest [[fixed-wing aircraft]] ever\n        built and flown. This flight only lasted eight minutes.\\n** An earthquake\n        in the [[Chile]]an [[Andes]] kills 233 people.\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 The\n        program ''''[[Meet the Press]]'''' makes its television debut on the [[NBC]]-TV\n        network in the United States.\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Junagadh]] is invaded\n        by the Indian army.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 The arrest of four steel workers\n        in [[Marseille]] begins a [[French Communist Party|French communist]] riot\n        that also spreads to Paris.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[International Telecommunication\n        Union]] becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n** [[Universal\n        Postal Union]] (UPU) becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]]\n        (effective [[1 July]] [[1948]]).\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** In [[Brussels]], 15,000\n        people demonstrate against the relatively short prison sentences of Belgian\n        [[Nazi]] criminals.\\n** Great Britain began withdrawing its troops from Palestine.\\n*\n        [[November 18]] \\u2013 The [[Ballantyne''s fire|Ballantyne''s Department Store\n        fire]] in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, kills 41 people.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n**\n        The Princess Elizabeth (later [[Elizabeth II]]), the daughter of [[George\n        VI]], [[Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh|marries]]\n        [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]] at [[Westminster\n        Abbey]] in London, United Kingdom.\\n** [[Paul Ramadier]] resigns as the [[Prime\n        Minister of France]]. He is succeeded by [[Robert Schuman]], who calls 80,000\n        army reservists to quell rioting miners in France.\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013\n        The United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment begins in [[Havana]],\n        Cuba. This conference ends in 1948, when its members finish the [[Havana Charter]].\\n*\n        [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[McCarthyism]]: The [[United States House of Representatives]]\n        votes 346\\u201317 to approve citations of Contempt of Congress against the\n        \\\"[[Hollywood Ten]]\\\" after the screenwriters and directors refuse to co-operate\n        with the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] concerning allegations\n        of [[Communism|communist]] influences in the movie business. The ten men are\n        [[Hollywood blacklist|blacklisted]] by the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]\n        movie studios on the following day.[[Waldorf Statement]].\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** The [[Parliament of New Zealand]] ratifies the [[Statute of Westminster\n        1931|Statute of Westminster]], and thus becomes independent of legislative\n        control by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].\\n** The new [[Pakistan\n        Army]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] overrun Mirpur\n        in [[Kashmir]], resulting in the death of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs.{{cite\n        book|title=Forgotten Atrocities|first=Bal K.|last=Gupta}} Date requires confirmation.\\n*\n        [[November 27]] \\u2013 In Paris, France, police occupy the editorial offices\n        of the communist newspapers.\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] votes to [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|partition\n        Palestine]] between Arab and Jewish regions, which results in the creation\n        of the [[State of Israel]].\\n\\n=== December ===\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[French\n        Communist Party|French communist]] [[Strike action|strikers]] derail the Paris-Tourcoing\n        express train because of false rumors that it was transporting soldiers. 21\n        people are killed.\\n** The [[Tennessee Williams]] play ''''[[A Streetcar Named\n        Desire (play)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]'''', starring [[Marlon Brando]] in\n        his first great role, opens at the [[Ethel Barrymore Theatre]] on Broadway.\n        [[Jessica Tandy]] also stars as Blanche Du Bois.http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=1804\\n*\n        [[December 4]] \\u2013 The French [[Interior Minister]], [[Jules S. Moch]],\n        takes [[state of emergency|emergency]] measures against his country''s rioters\n        after six days of violent arguments in the [[National Assembly of France|National\n        Assembly]].\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducts a concert\n        performance of the first half of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]''s opera ''''[[Otello]]''''\n        for a broadcast on [[NBC]] Radio in the United States. The second half of\n        the opera is broadcast a week later.{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2004/Apr04/Verdi_otello_toscanini.htm|title=Giuseppe\n        Verdi (1813\\u20131901) \\u2013 ''''Otello''''|work=MusicWeb International|accessdate=2013-12-09}}\\n**\n        Women are admitted to full membership of the [[University of Cambridge]] in\n        England{{cite web|title=Fact sheet: Women at Cambridge: A Chronology\n        |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/factsheets/women2.html |publisher=University\n        of Cambridge |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107063131/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/factsheets/women2.html\n        |archivedate=November 7, 2007 |df= }} following a vote in September.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/lostdecade/timeline_html.shtml\n        |title=The Lost Decade Timeline |publisher=BBC |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821133044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/lostdecade/timeline_html.shtml\n        |archivedate=August 21, 2006 |df=mdy }}\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 French\n        [[labor union]]s call off the general strike and re-commence negotiations\n        with the French government.\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 The [[Iran]]ian Royal\n        Army takes back power in the [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] province.\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Santiago Bernabeu Stadium]], as known well for sports\n        venues of [[Spain]], officially opened in [[Madrid]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}}\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 400,000 slaughtered during mass migration\n        of Hindus and Muslims into the new states India and Pakistan.\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** The [[Italian Constituent Assembly]] votes to accept the new [[Constitution\n        of Italy]].\\n** The first practical [[electronics|electronic]] [[transistor]]\n        is demonstrated by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley of the United States.\\n*\n        [[December 30]] \\u2013 King [[Michael I of Romania]] abdicates.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* The [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] begins its investigations\n        into [[communism]] in [[Hollywood]].\\n* [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]]''s prototype\n        AK-47s enter testing the assault rifle would be adopted 2 years later by the\n        Soviet Army in 1949.\\n* [[Raytheon]] produces the first commercial [[microwave\n        oven]]\\n* [[Women''s suffrage]] is granted in [[Argentina]].\\n\\n===In fiction===\\n*The\n        song \\\"[[Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)|Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely\n        Hearts Club Band]]\\\" mentions Sgt. Pepper teaching the band to play \\\"20 years\n        ago today\\\". This would place the event somewhere between February 1 and June\n        1 of 1947.\\n*''''[[L.A. Noire]]'''', a video game released in 2011 by [[Rockstar\n        Games]], takes place in Los Angeles throughout the year 1947.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:David-Bowie\n        Chicago 2002-08-08 photoby Adam-Bielawski-cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Bowie]]]]\\n\\n[[File:President Megawati Sukarnoputri - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Megawati\n        Sukarnoputri]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[F. R. David]], Tunisian-born French\n        singer\\n** [[Leon Patillo]], American Christian musician\\n** [[Vladimir Titov]],\n        Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Frances Yip]], Hong Kong singer\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Jack Hanna]], American zoologist\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Chris Cutler]],\n        English percussionist\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Mercury Morris]], American\n        football player\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Sandy Denny]], British singer (d.\n        [[1978]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[William Bonin]], American serial killer (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n** [[David Bowie]], English singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Samuel Schmid]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n** [[Terry Sylvester]], English\n        singer and musician\\n** [[Laurie Walters]], American actress \\n* [[January\n        9]] \\n** [[Nic Jones]], English folk singer\\n** [[Ronnie Landfield]], American\n        artist\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Peer Steinbr\\u00fcck]], German politician\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Mart Smeets]], Dutch sports journalist\\n* [[January\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Bill Werbeniuk]], Canadian snooker player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January\n        15]]\\n** [[Andrea Martin]], American actress\\n** [[Michael Schanze]], German\n        television presenter\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Apasra Hongsakula]], [[Miss Universe\n        1965]]\\n** [[Laura Schlessinger]], American radio and TV talk show host\\n*\n        [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Takeshi Kitano]], Japanese film director and actor\\n*\n        [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Paula Deen]], Food Channel star\\n* [[January 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jill Eikenberry]], American actress\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Senichi\n        Hoshino]], former Japanese baseball pitcher and coach \\n* [[January 23]]\\n**\n        [[Thomas R. Carper]], U.S. Senator from Delaware\\n** [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]],\n        5th [[President of Indonesia]]\\n** [[Joel Douglas]], American film producer\\n*\n        [[January 24]]\\n** [[Michio Kaku]], American theoretical physicist\\n** [[Masashi\n        Ozaki]], Japanese golfer\\n** [[Warren Zevon]], American rock musician (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Tost\\u00e3o|Eduardo Gon\\u00e7alves de\n        Andrade (Tost\\u00e3o)]], Brazilian football player\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Perfecto\n        Yasay Jr.]], Philippine Politician, Served as [[Department of Foreign Affairs\n        (Philippines)|DFA]] Secretary\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Afzelius]], Swedish singer-songwriter\n        and guitarist ([[Hoola Bandoola Band]]) (d. 1999)\\n** [[Vyron Polydoras]],\n        Greek politician\\n** [[Cal Schenkel]], American illustrator\\n** [[Philip Sugden\n        (historian)|Philip Sugden]], English historian (d. 2014)\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Ernie Lively]], American actor\\n** [[Linda B. Buck]], American biologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[January 30]]\n        \\u2013 [[Steve Marriott]], British rock musician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Nolan Ryan]], American baseball player\\n* January 31 \\u2013\n        Maggi Clayden, Test Pilot, Solicitor, Artist and serial Entrepreneur\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Dan\n        Quayle, official DoD photo.JPEG|thumb|100px|[[Dan Quayle]]]]\\n[[File:Yukio\n        Hatoyama.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yukio Hatoyama]]]]\\n[[File:Prinses-christina-okt15-s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess\n        Christina of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Lee Evans mod.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lee\n        Evans (sprinter)|Lee Evans]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Jessica Savitch]],\n        American journalist (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Farrah Fawcett]],\n        American actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Paul Auster]], American\n        novelist\\n** [[Melanie Safka]], American rock singer\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**\n        [[Dennis C. Blair]], American admiral and [[Director of National Intelligence]]\\n**\n        [[Dan Quayle]], 44th [[Vice President of the United States]] \\n* [[February\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Darrell Waltrip]], American race car driver and broadcaster\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Wayne Allwine]], American voice actor (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]]\\n** [[Louise Arbour]], Canadian jurist\\n** [[Nicholas Owen\n        (journalist)|Nicholas Owen]], English newsreader (ITN)\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        [[Yukio Hatoyama]], 60th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Derek Shulman]],\n        Lead Singer of [[Gentle Giant]]\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Mike Krzyzewski]],\n        American basketball coach\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[John Adams (composer)|John\n        Adams]], American composer\\n** [[Wenche Myhre]], Norwegian actress and singer\\n**\n        [[\\u00c1d\\u00e1m N\\u00e1dasdy]], Hungarian linguist and poet\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Princess Christina of the Netherlands]]\\n** [[Dennis DeYoung]],\n        American rock musician ([[Styx (band)|Styx]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Gustavo\n        Rodr\\u00edguez]], Venezuelan actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Osgood]], English footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Peter Strauss]], American\n        actor\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Victor Sokolov]], Russian dissident journalist\n        and priest (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Rupert Holmes]], British-born\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Edward James Olmos]], American actor, better\n        known for his role in ''''[[Stand and Deliver]]''''\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Lee Evans (sprinter)|Lee Evans]], American Olympic athlete\\n** [[Doug Yule]],\n        American rock singer and musician ([[The Velvet Underground]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Sandie Shaw]], British singer\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Gidon\n        Kremer]], Latvian violinist\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Stephanie Beacham]],\n        English actress\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Dick Fosbury 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dick\n        Fosbury]]]]\\n[[File:Rob Reiner MFF 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rob Reiner]]]]\\n[[File:Kim\n        Campbell.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kim Campbell]]]]\\n[[File:Mitt Romney by Gage Skidmore\n        7.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mitt Romney]]]]\\n[[File:Glenn Close - Guardians of the\n        Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Glenn Close]]]]\\n[[File:Elton\n        John 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Elton John]]]]\\n[[File:C%C3%A9sar\n        Gaviria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[C\\u00e9sar Gaviria]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Thicke]], Canadian actor and television host (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**\n        [[David Franzoni]], American screenwriter\\n** [[Jan Garbarek]], Norwegian\n        musician\\n** [[Gunnar Hansen]], Icelandic actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Kiki Dee]], English pop singer\\n** [[Dick Fosbury]], American athlete\\n**\n        [[Teru Miyamoto]], Japanese author\\n** [[Rob Reiner]], American actor, comedian,\n        producer, director, activist \\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Walter R\\u00f6hrl]],\n        German race car driver\\n* [[March 8]] \\n** [[Carole Bayer Sager]], American\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Michael S. Hart]], American author and inventor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Kim Campbell]], 19th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n**\n        [[Tom Scholz]], American musician, songwriter and inventor\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[David Ferguson (impresario)|David Ferguson]], American music producer and\n        activist\\n** [[Geoff Hunt]], Australian squash player\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Kalervo Palsa]], a Finnish artist\\n** [[Mitt Romney]], American businessman,\n        politician, former [[Governor of Massachusetts]] and [[United States presidential\n        election, 2012|2012]] presidential candidate\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Beat\n        Richner]], Swiss pediatrician and cellist\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Pam Ayres]],\n        British poet\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Ry Cooder]], American guitarist\\n* [[March\n        16]]\\n** [[Baek Yoon-sik]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Ramzan Paskayev]], Chechen\n        accordionist\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Yury Chernavsky]], Russian-born composer\n        and producer\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Tamara Griesser Pe\\u010dar]], Slovenian\n        historian\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Glenn Close]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        20]] \\u2013 [[John Boswell]], American historian (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March\n        22]]\\n** [[James Patterson]], American author\\n** [[Florence Warner]], Voice\n        of Adult Abigail the Woman in [[Once Upon a Forest]]\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Louise\n        Lanct\\u00f4t]], Canadian terrorist and writer\\n** [[Alan Sugar|Alan Sugar,\n        Baron Sugar]], English entrepreneur\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Elton John]],\n        British rock musician\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[Walt Mossberg]], American newspaper\n        columnist\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[C\\u00e9sar Gaviria]], Colombian economist\n        and politician, 28th [[President of Colombia]]\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Gloria\n        Macapagal Arroyo WEF 2009-crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]]]\\n[[File:Tom\n        Clancy at Burns Library cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Clancy]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Letterman - 2015 Indianapolis 500 - Stierch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Letterman]]]]\\n[[File:Kareem\n        Abdul-Jabbar May 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]]]\\n[[File:Gerry\n        Rafferty.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gerry Rafferty]]]]\\n[[File:James_Woods_2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Woods]]]]\\n[[File:Iggy Pop 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Iggy Pop]]]]\\n[[File:Johan\n        Cruijff golfer cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johan Cruijff]]]]\\n[[File:John Ratzenberger\n        2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[John Ratzenberger]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        [[Alain Connes]], French mathematician\\n** [[Ingrid Steeger]], German actress\n        and comedian\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Emmylou Harris]], American singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Camille Paglia]], American literary critic\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Eliseo\n        Soriano]], Philippine preacher\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]],\n        14th [[President of the Philippines]] and daughter of former president [[Diosdado\n        Macapagal]]\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[John Ratzenberger]], American actor \\n*\n        [[April 8]]\\n** [[Tom DeLay]], American politician\\n** [[Robert Kiyosaki]],\n        American investor, businessman, self-help author\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**[[Meshach\n        Taylor]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n**[[Lucian Truscott IV]], American\n        writer and journalist\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Tom Clancy]], American author\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[David Letterman]], American talk show host\\n* [[April\n        15]]\\n** [[Mike Chapman]], Australian-born songwriter, record producer\\n**\n        [[Lois Chiles]], American actress \\n** [[Roy Raymond (businessman)]], American\n        entrepreneur and founder of [[Victoria''s Secret]] (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April\n        16]]\\n** [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]], American pro basketball player\\n** [[Gerry\n        Rafferty]], Scottish singer-songwriter (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Kathy\n        Acker]], American author (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Jerzy Stuhr]], Polish actor and\n        director\\n** [[James Woods]], American actor\\n* [[April 19]]  \\u2013 [[Murray\n        Perahia]], American pianist\\n* [[April 20]]   [[Hector (musician)|Hector]],\n        Finnish rock musician\\n* [[April 21]]  \\u2013 [[Iggy Pop]], American rock\n        musician\\n* [[April 25]]  \\u2013 [[Johan Cruijff]], Dutch footballer and coach\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 28]]  \\u2013 [[Ken St. Andre]], American game designer\n        and author\\n* [[April 29]]  \\u2013 [[Tommy James]], American rock singer and\n        producer \\n* [[April 30]]  \\u2013 [[Leslie Grantham]], English actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:RichardJenkins2AAFeb09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Jenkins]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Westerfield 1977.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ken Westerfield]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Richard Jenkins]], American actor\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Theda\n        Skocpol]], American sociologist\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Martha Nussbaum]], American\n        philosopher\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[H. Robert Horvitz]], American biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Jamie Donnelly]], American\n        film and stage actress\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Walter Selke]], German physicist\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Michael Ignatieff]], Canadian politician, philosopher\n        and historian\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Stephen R. Donaldson]], American novelist\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Paul Brady]], Northern Irish singer-songwriter\\n* [[May\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Ken Westerfield]], Disc sports (Frisbee) pioneer, athlete, showman,\n        promoter\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Maude Barlow]], Canadian author, activist\n        and National Chairperson of [[The Council of Canadians]]\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Glenn Turner]], New Zealand [[cricket]] [[Captain (cricket)|captain]]\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Branko Oblak]], Slovenian football player and coach\\n** [[Peter\n        DeFazio]], American politician\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Stan Zemanek]], Australian\n        radio broadcaster (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jerry Rawlings visits\n        AMISOM 02 (6874167713) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry Rawlings]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]]\\n** [[Jonathan Pryce]], Welsh actor\\n** [[Ronnie Wood]], English rock\n        musician ([[Faces (band)|The Faces]], [[The Rolling Stones]])\\n* [[June 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], Punjabi saint, Sikh theologian, military\n        leader (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Klima]], [[Chancellor of\n        Austria]]\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Laurie Anderson]], American experimental\n        performance artist, composer and musician\\n* June 5 \\u2013 [[Jojon]], Indonesian\n        comedian and actor (d. 2014)\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[David Blunkett]], British\n        politician\\n** [[Robert Englund]], American actor (''''A Nightmare on Elm\n        Street'''')\\n** [[Ada Kok]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 [[Thurman\n        Munson]], American baseball catcher (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Eric\n        F. Wieschaus]], American biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Robert Indermaur]], Swiss painter and\n        sculptor \\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Barry Melton]], American rock musician ([[Country\n        Joe and the Fish]])\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[John Hoagland]], American war\n        photographer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[-minu]], Swiss columnist\n        and writer\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Paula Koivuniemi]], Finnish singer\\n** [[Salman\n        Rushdie]], Indian-born British author (''''The Satanic Verses'''')\\n* [[June\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Candy Clark]], American actress\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Meredith\n        Baxter]], American actress \\n** [[Rachel Adato]], Israeli gynaecologist, lawyer\n        and politician\\n** [[Junko Akimoto]], Japanese kay\\u014dkyoku singer\\n** [[Joey\n        Molland]], English composer and rock guitarist\\n** [[Jim Benzelock]], American\n        professional ice hockey right winger\\n** [[Shirin Ebadi]], Iranian activist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Michael Gross (actor)|Michael\n        Gross]], American actor \\n** [[Duane Thomas]], American football running back\\n**\n        [[Fernando Savater]], Spanish philosopher and author\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Douglass]], American football quarterback\\n** [[Natalya Varley]], Soviet and\n        Russian film and theater actress\\n** [[Murray Webb]], New Zealand caricature\n        artist and a former New Zealand Test cricketer\\n** [[David Jones (golfer)|David\n        Jones]], European Tour golfer\\n** [[Octavia E. Butler]], American author (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[David Lander]], American actor \\n** [[Trevor Blades]], English\n        cricketer\\n** [[Pete Maravich]], American basketball player (d. [[1988]])\\n**\n        [[Jerry John Rawlings]], 2-time [[President of Ghana]]\\n* [[June 23]] \\n**\n        [[Zvi Rosen]], Israeli international footballer\\n** [[Bryan Brown]], Australian\n        actor\\n** [[Thor Hansen]], professional poker player\\n** [[Ed Werenich]],\n        Canadian curler\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Helena Vondr\\u00e1\\u010dkov\\u00e1]],\n        Czech singer\\n** [[Dean Johnson]], Minnesota politician\\n** [[Walter Willison]],\n        American stage actor\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Jimmie Walker]], American actor\n        \\n** [[Robert Percy]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[John Powell (athlete)|John\n        Powell]], American track and field athlete\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Peggy Cabral]],\n        Dominican journalist, television host, politician and diplomat\\n** [[Edd Hargett]],\n        American football quarterback\\n** [[Huh Young-man]], South Korean manhwa artist\\n**\n        [[Werner Voigt]], German football coach[2] and former player\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[Hans Ooft]], Dutch football player and manager\\n** [[Abdel Djaadaoui]],\n        Algerian footballer\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Mark Helprin]], American writer\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[David Chiang]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Jean-Yves Le Drian]], French minister\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Larry David\n        at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Larry David]]]]\\n[[File:O.J.\n        Simpson 1990 \\u00b7 DN-ST-91-03444 crop.JPEG|thumb|100px|[[O. J. Simpson]]]]\\n[[File:Duchess\n        of Cornwall 2012.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]]]]\\n[[File:Brian-May\n        with red special.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian May]]]]\\n[[File:Albert Brooks at\n        ''Drive'' premiere TIFF 9.10.11.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Albert Brooks]]]]\\n[[File:Arnold\n        Schwarzenegger February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Arantxa Urretabizkaia]], Basque writer, screenwriter and\n        actress\\n** [[Jana \\u0160vandov\\u00e1]], Czech actress\\n** [[Sharad Yadav]],\n        Indian politician\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Larry David]], American actor, writer,\n        producer and director\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Dave Barry]], American writer\\n**\n        [[Betty Buckley]], American actress and singer\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Brown (judge)|Joe Brown]], TV Judge\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Larnelle Harris]],\n        American Christian musician\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** King [[Gyanendra of Nepal]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Beckinsale]], English actor (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Felix Standaert]],\n        Belgian diplomat\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Sowell]], American pianist and\n        composer\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Haruomi Hosono]], Japanese musician ([[Yellow\n        Magic Orchestra]])\\n** [[Mitch Mitchell]], English rock drummer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[O. J. Simpson]], American football player, actor\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[Arlo\n        Guthrie]], American folk singer \\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Loren Coleman]], American\n        cryptozoologist and author\\n** [[Gareth Edwards]],  Welsh rugby union player\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], British Princess and\n        second wife of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]]\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Steven\n        W. Mahoney]], Canadian politician\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Bernie Leadon]], American\n        musician and songwriter \\n** [[Brian May]], English rock guitarist ([[Queen\n        (band)|Queen]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Gerd Binnig]], German physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Carlos Santana]], Mexican-born\n        rock guitarist\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[Co Adriaanse]], Dutch football manager\\n*\n        [[July 22]]\\n** [[Albert Brooks]], American actor, comedian, director, and\n        novelist\\n** [[Don Henley]], American singer-songwriter and musician \\n* [[July\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Spencer Christian]], American television personality\\n* [[July\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Peter Serkin]], American pianist\\n* [[July 27]] \\n**[[Bob Klein]],\n        American football player\\n**[[Kazuyoshi Miura (businessman)|Kazuyoshi Miura]],\n        Japanese businessman (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[William Atherton]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], Austrian-born American actor,\n        bodybuilder and 38th [[Governor of California]]\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Griffiths]], English actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Joe Wilson (U.S. politician)|Joe\n        Wilson]], American politician\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:J. Hunt in 1977.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Hunt]]]]\\n[[File:TempleGrandin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Temple Grandin]]]]\\n[[File:Somchai\n        Wongsawat 15112008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Somchai Wongsawat]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lorna Goodison]], Jamaican poet\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Colleen\n        Corby]], American fashion model\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Hubert Ingraham]],\n        Bahamian politician\\n* [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[Franciscus Henri]], Dutch-born\n        Australian children''s entertainer, composer and artist\\n* [[August 8]] \\n**\n        [[Terangi Adam]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[George Costigan]], British actor\n        and screenwriter\\n** [[Ken Dryden]], Canadian NHL Goaltender, Author, Politician\n        \\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[John Varley (author)|John Varley]], American science-fiction\n        author\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Ian Anderson]], British rock musician\\n** [[Drupi]],\n        Italian singer\\n** [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Malaysian politician\\n* [[August 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Diether Krebs]], German actor, cabaret artist and comedian. (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[William Hartston]], British chess player\\n* [[August\n        13]] \\u2013 [[John Stocker (voice actor)|John Stocker]], Canadian voice actor\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\n** [[Maddy Prior]], English folk singer\\n** [[Danielle Steel]],\n        American romance novelist\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Raakhee]], Indian actress\\n*\n        [[August 16]] \\u2013 [[Marc Messier]], Canadian actor\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**\n        [[Terry Hoeppner]], American football coach (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Gerard Schwarz]],\n        American conductor\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Wilker]], Brazilian\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Cindy Williams]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Peter Irniq]], Commissioner of Nunavut\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Willy Russell]],\n        British playwright\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Roger De Vlaeminck]], Belgian\n        cyclist\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Bach]], American actress \\n* [[August\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Liza Wang]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[James\n        Hunt]], British 1976 [[Formula 1 ]] world champion (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Temple\n        Grandin]], American animal welfare and autism expert\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Allan Rock]], Canadian politician and diplomat\\n* [[August 31]]\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n\n        Castellano de Torres]], Spanish painter\\n** [[Somchai Wongsawat]], 26th [[Prime\n        Minister of Thailand]]\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:(Bilden ar tagen vid Nordiska\n        radets session i Oslo, 2003) (1).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kjell Magne Bondevik]]]]\\n[[File:Keone\n        Young.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Keone Young]]]]\\n[[File:Amos Biwott 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amos\n        Biwott]]]]\\n[[File:Sam Neill 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sam Neill]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen\n        King, Comicon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen King]]]]\\n[[File:Meat Loaf.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Meat\n        Loaf]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Al Green (politician)|Al Green]], American\n        politician\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Kjell Magne Bondevik]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Norway]]\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Kiyoshi Takayama]], Japanese [[yakuza]]\n        boss\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Jane Curtin]], American actress and comedian\\n**\n        [[Bruce Rioch]], Scottish footballer and coach\\n** [[Jacob Rubinovitz]], [[Israelis|Israeli]]\n        scientist\\n** [[Keone Young]], American actor\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Amos\n        Biwott]], Kenya Olympic athlete\\n** [[Benjamin Orr]], American singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Freddy Weller]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\n** [[Sam Neill]], British-born New Zealand actor\\n** [[Jerzy\n        Popieluszko]], Polish Roman Catholic priest and blessed (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Russ Abbot]], British comedian and actor\\n* [[September 17]]\n        \\u2013 Dame [[Tessa Jowell]], British politician\\n* [[September 19]] \\n**\n        [[Steve Bartlett]], American businessman, lobbyist, politician (former U.S.\n        congressman from Texas''s 3rd congressional district; former mayor of Dallas,\n        Texas; member of the Dallas City Council) \\n** [[Tanith Lee]], British author\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Don Felder]], American musician and\n        songwriter\\n** [[Stephen King]], American writer and novelist, specializing\n        in the horror genre\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Jo Beverley]], Anglo-Canadian\n        writer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Norma McCorvey]], American abortion plaintiff (''''[[Roe\n        v. Wade]]'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Mary Kay Place]],\n        American actress \\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Cheryl Tiegs]], American model\n        and actress\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Lynn Anderson]], American country-music\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Dick Advocaat]], a Dutch football\n        manager\\n** [[Meat Loaf]], American rock singer, actor\\n* [[September 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Sheikh Hasina]], the Prime Minister of [[Bangladesh]] (1996\\u20132001;\n        2009\\u2013present)\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Marc Bolan]], English rock musician\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Rula Lenska]], English actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Stephen\n        Collins - white background.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Collins]]]]\\n[[File:Brian\n        Johnson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:SammyHagar.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sammy\n        Hagar]]]]\\n[[File:KevinKlineSept10TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Kline]]]]\\n[[File:Hillary\n        Clinton by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hillary Clinton]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Dreyfuss Cannes 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Dreyfuss]]]]\\n[[File:Herman\n        Van Rompuy 675.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Herman Van Rompuy]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n**\n        [[Aaron Ciechanover]], an Israeli biologist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry]]\\n** [[Stephen Collins]], American actor \\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Ward Churchill]], American author and activist\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Alain\n        Mucchielli]], French physician\\n** [[Fred DeLuca]], American entrepreneur\n        and co-founder of [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Ann Widdecombe]], British politician\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Brian Johnson]], English rock singer ([[AC/DC]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Gail Farrell]], American singer\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Pip Williams]],\n        British record producer\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Stephen Shore]], American\n        photographer\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[France Gall]], French singer\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Larry Lamb]], British actor\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Sammy\n        Hagar]], Lead singer of American rock group [[Van Halen]]\\n* [[October 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nikolai Volkoff]], Croatian-Russian professional wrestler\\n* [[October\n        16]] \\n** [[Nicholas Day (actor)|Nicholas Day]], British actor\\n** [[Bob Weir]],\n        American rock guitarist \\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Gene Green]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Michael McKean]], American actor and comedian \\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[James\n        H. Fallon]], American neuroscientist\\n** [[Job Cohen]] \\u2013 Dutch politician\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[Giorgio Cavazzano]], Italian comics artist and illustrator\\n**\n        [[Gunnar Staalesen]], Norwegian author \\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Ed Welch]],\n        English TV-music composer\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Kline]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Glenn Tipton]], English rock guitarist \\n*\n        [[October 26]]\\n** [[Hillary Clinton]], American politician, former [[First\n        Lady of the United States|First Lady]], [[United States Senate|US Senator]]\n        ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[New York (state)|Ny.]]) and [[United\n        States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]\\n** [[Ene J\\u00e4rvis]], Estonian\n        actress \\n** [[Trevor Joyce]], Irish poet\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Dreyfuss]], American actor \\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Timothy B. Schmit]],\n        American musician \\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Herman Van Rompuy]], Belgian\n        politician and 66th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Joe\n        Mantegna 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe Mantegna]]]]\\n[[File:Dwight Schultz 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dwight\n        Schultz]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Rub\\u00e9n Ju\\u00e1rez]], Argentine\n        bandoneonist and singer-songwriter of tango (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Rosenthal]], ITV sport presenter\\n** [[E. Lee Spence]], pioneer [[List\n        of undersea explorers|underwater archaeologist]] and [[treasure hunter]]\\n*\n        [[November 7]]\\n** [[Yutaka Fukumoto]], Japanese professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Sondhi Limthongkul]], Thai journalist, writer and founder of ''''[[Manager\n        Daily]]''''\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Minnie Riperton]], American singer (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n** [[Cassandra B. Whyte]], American educator and higher education\n        administrator\\n** [[Lewis Yocum]], American orthopedic surgeon (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Phil Driscoll]], American Christian musician and trumpet\n        player\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Glen Buxton]], American rock guitarist (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n** [[Greg Lake]], English musician and producer ([[King Crimson]],\n        [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Mantegna]], American actor\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[P. J. O''Rourke]],\n        American journalist and satirist\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Steven G. Kellman]],\n        American author and critic\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Inky Mark]], Canadian\n        politician\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Bob Boone]], American baseball player\n        and manager\\n** [[Anfinn Kallsberg]], former Faroese Prime Minister\\n** [[Lamar\n        S. Smith]], American politician\\n** [[Ira David Wood III]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\n** [[Joe Walsh]], American rock singer-songwriter, guitarist\\n**\n        [[Nurlan Balgimbayev]], Kazakh politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n**\n        [[Nickolas Grace]], British actor\\n** [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporean painter\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Alphons Orie]], Dutch criminal lawyer\n        and judge\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Dwight Schultz]], American actor (''''The\n        A-Team'''')\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[John Larroquette]], American actor\n        \\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Mirza Khazar]], Azerbaijani author\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** [[Sergio Badilla Castillo]], Chilean poet\\n** [[Stuart Baird]], English\n        film editor, producer and director\\n** [[Jude Ciccolella]], American actor\\n**\n        [[V\\u00e9ronique Le Flaguais]], Canadian actress\\n** [[David Mamet]], American\n        playwright\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Dilma Rousseff - foto oficial 2011-01-09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dilma\n        Rousseff]]]]\\n[[File:Vincent Matthews 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vincent Matthews\n        (athlete)|Vincent Matthews]]]]\\n[[File:Pepe Lobo 2010-01-27.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Porfirio\n        Lobo]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Conti Headshot.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bob Conti]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Bob Fulton]], English-born Australian rugby league player\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Isaac Bitton]], French rock band drummer \\n* [[December\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Romildo Ribeiro Soares|RR Soares]], Brazilian televangelist,\n        missionary, author, singer, businessman, and composer\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[Johnny Bench]], American baseball player\\n** [[Wendy Padbury]], British\n        actress\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Gregg Allman]], American singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[G\\u00e9rard Blanc]], French singer\\n** [[Thomas R. Cech]],\n        American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Tom Daschle]], U.S. Senator\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Rainer\n        Seifert]], German field hockey player\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Will Alsop]],\n        English architect\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Christopher Parkening]], American\n        guitarist\\n** [[Dilma Rousseff]], 36th [[President of Brazil]]\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** [[Ben Cross]], English actor\\n** [[Vincent Matthews (athlete)|Vincent\n        Matthews]], American athlete\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Leonid Yuzefovich]],\n        Russian crime fiction writer\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Paco de Luc\\u00eda]],\n        Spanish guitarist\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[Mitsuo Tsukahara]], Japanese gymnast\\n**\n        [[Porfirio Lobo]], 54th [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Carlton Fisk]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Bob\n        Conti]], American Musician\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Aurelio Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Mexican [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 29]]\n        \\n** [[Ted Danson]], American actor (''''Cheers'''')\\n** [[Cozy Powell]],\n        British Rock Drummer (d. 1998)\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Jeff Lynne]], British\n        musician \\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Burton Cummings]], Canadian rock musician\n        \\n** [[Tim Matheson]], American actor, film director and producer\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois Batellier]], French political cartoonist\\n*\n        [[Stephen LaBerge]], [[Lucid dream]] researcher\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Grzegorz\n        Chomyszyn.png|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Hryhoriy Khomyshyn]]]]\\n[[File:2016 Santuario\n        di Santa Rita (Cascia) 02.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Maria Giovanna Fasce]]]]\\n[[File:Al\n        Capone in 1930.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Al Capone]]]]\\n[[File:Ridsport-Prins-Gustaf-Adolf.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince\n        Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\\u00e4sterbotten]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Al Herpin]],\n        \\\"The Man Who Never Slept\\\", notable French-born American insomniac (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]]\\n** [[Herman Bing]], German actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Karl Mannheim]],\n        Hungarian sociologist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur E. Andersen]],\n        American accountant (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Zdenko Bla\\u017eekovi\\u0107]],\n        Yugoslavian politician (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[J\\u00falio Afr\\u00e2nio Peixoto]],\n        Brazilian physician, writer, politician and historian (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] \\n** [[Sixto Mar\\u00eda Dur\\u00e1n C\\u00e1rdenas]], Ecuadorian pianist,\n        composer and lawyer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ignazio Lupo]], Italian-born American\n        gangster (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Bill Hewitt (American football)|Bill\n        Hewitt]], American football player ([[Chicago Bears]]) and a member of the\n        [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth\n        Short]] (''''The Black Dahlia''''), famous murder victim (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Hryhoriy Khomyshyn]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]] bishop,\n        martyr and blessed (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Maria Giovanna\n        Fasce]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed, [[Augustinian]] nun\n        and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Manuel Machado (poet\n        and playwright)|Manuel Machado]], Spanish poet (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        20]]\\n** [[Josh Gibson]], African-American baseball player and a member of\n        the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Andrew Volstead]], American politician\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot]], British\n        writer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Pierre Bonnard]], French painter\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Roy Geiger]], American general (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Al Capone]], American gangster (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n**\n        [[Grace Moore]], American opera singer and actress (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\\u00e4sterbotten]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[January 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Vassily Balabanov]], Soviet administrator and Provincial [[Governor]]\n        of [[Imperial Russia]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Frederick\n        Blackman]], British plant physiologist (b.[[1866]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Petar\n        Zivkovic.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Petar Zivkovic]]]]\\n[[File:Luigi Russolo ca. 1916.gif|thumb|110px|[[Luigi\n        Russolo]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Petar Zivkovic]], Yugoslavian politician,\n        11th [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Luigi Russolo]], Italian painter and composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] \\n** [[O. Max Gardner]], Governor of North Carolina (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Luigi Russolo]], Italian [[Futurism|Futurist]] painter and composer (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Martin Klein (wrestler)|Martin Klein]],\n        Estonian wrestler (b.[[1884]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Kurt Lewin]], German-born\n        American psychologist (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Sidney Toler]], American actor (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Celestina Boninsegna]], Italian soprano\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Mustafa ''Abd al-Raziq]], Egyptian\n        Islamic philosipher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\n** [[Pedro de R\\u00e9pide\n        Gallegos]], Spanish journalist and writer (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Bertha Schwarz]],\n        German soprano (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\n** [[Valentina Dmitryeva]],\n        Soviet writer, teacher and doctor (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Joachim Ernst, Duke\n        of Anhalt]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Henry Hebert (actor)|Henry\n        Herbert]], British actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Hakim Habibur\n        Rahman]], Indian physician, writer, journalist and politician (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Morinosuke Chiwaki]], Japanese dentist (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** [[Antonino D''Agata]], Italian politician (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Ben Webster (actor)|Ben Webster]], British-born American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich H\\u00e4berlin]], Swiss Federal Councilor\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Carrie Chapman Catt.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carrie\n        Chapman Catt]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Alfredo Casella]], Italian composer\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], American suffrage\n        leader (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Jhaverchand Meghani]], Indian poet and writer (b.\n        [[1897]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Harukichi Hyakutake]], Japanese general\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\n**[[Victor Lustig]], Austrian-born con artist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n**[[Wilhelm Heye]], German general (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Walter Samuel Goodland]], Governor of Wisconsin (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\n** [[Arthur Machen]], British-born author (b. [[1863]])\\n**\n        [[Jean-Richard Bloch]], French critic, novelist and playwright (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[William C. Durant]], American automobile pioneer (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Prudence Heward]], Canadian painter (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Victor Goldschmidt]], Swiss geochemist\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 Homer Lusk Collyer, American hermit brother\n        (''''[[Collyer brothers]]'''') (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\n** [[Archduchess\n        Louise of Austria|Archduchess Louise of Austria, Princess of Tuscany]] (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n** [[Ferdinand Zecca]], French actor, producer, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Chen Cheng-po]], Taiwanese painter\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Johnny Evers]], American baseball player\n        ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Karol \\u015awierczewski]], Polish military leader (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Manuel de Adalid y Gamero]], Honduranian composer (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Georgeiiofgreece.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[George II of Greece]]]]\\n[[File:Henry ford 1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henry\n        Ford]]]]\\n[[File:King Christian X of Denmark.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Christian\n        X of Denmark]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 King [[George II of Greece]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 7]] \\n** [[Henry Ford]], American industrialist and automobile manufacturer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Savvas the New of Kalymnos]], Greek [[Orthodox priest]]\n        and saint (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 Langley Collyer, American hermit\n        brother (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[William Foden]], American composer\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 10]] \\n** [[John Ince (actor)|John Ince]], American\n        actor (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Charles Bally]], Swiss linguist (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[Duke Robert of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Salvador Toscano]], Mexican director, producer and filmmaker\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Georg Friederici]], German ethnologist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Guido Donegani]], Italian engineer, businessman\n        and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Rudolf H\\u00f6ss]], German commandant of\n        [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] (executed) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jozef Tiso]], Prime Minister of Slovakia (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April\n        20]] \\u2013 King [[Christian X of Denmark]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Heitor da Silva Costa]], Brazilian engineer, designer and constructor\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 [[Gyula K\\u00e1rolyi]], Hungarian politician,\n        29th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Willa\n        Siebert Cather]], American novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Reina Andrade]], acting [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1860]])\\n**\n        [[Ana Cump\\u0103na\\u0219]], Austro-Hungarian prostitute (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Paolo Finocchiaro]], Italian painter (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Gheorghe Ciuhandu (priest)|Gheorghie Ciuhandu]], Romanian\n        [[Orthodox priest]], theologian, historian and advocate (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Francesc Camb\\u00f3]], Andorran politician (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Miguel\n        Abad%C3%ADa M%C3%A9ndez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Miguel Abad\\u00eda M\\u00e9ndez]]]]\\n[[File:George\n        William Forbes.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George William Forbes]]]]\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Harry Gordon Selfridge]], American department store magnate (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]], Bengali poet (b. [[1926]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[John R. Sinnock]], eighth Chief Engraver of the United\n        States Mint (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Miguel Abad\\u00eda M\\u00e9ndez]],\n        Colombian politician, 12th [[President of Colombia]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May\n        16]]\\n** [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]], British biochemist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Michael Joseph\n        Curley]], American [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** [[George Forbes (New Zealand politician)|George Forbes]], 22nd\n        [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Seabiscuit]], Thoroughbred\n        Racehorse (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Lucile Gleason]], American\n        actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Philipp Lenard]], Austrian physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz|C. F. Ramuz]], Swiss writer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[August Eigruber]], Nazi war criminal (executed) (b. 1907)\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Georg Ludwig von Trapp]], Austrian sailor, patriarch of\n        the Von Trapp Family of ''''[[The Sound of Music]]'''' fame (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Adrienne Ames]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw\n        Raczkiewicz 1934.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Raczkiewicz]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Bedford Bennett.jpg|110px|thumb|[[R. B. Bennett|Richard Bedford Bennett]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\n** [[S. H. Dudley (singer)|S. H. Dudley]], American urban singer\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Raczkiewicz]], Polish politician,\n        lawyer and diplomat, 5th [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Marques da Silva]], Portuguese architect (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Augusto\n        Giacometti]], Italian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[J. Warren Kerrigan]], American\n        actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Richard H\\u00f6nigswald]], Hungarian-born\n        American philosopher (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Albert Marquet]],\n        French painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Maxwell Perkins]], American\n        literary editor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\n** [[Alfred Allen (actor)|Alfred\n        Allen]], American actor (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Richard Cooper (actor)|Richard\n        Cooper]], British actor (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Shigematsu Sakaibara]], Japanese\n        rear admiral and convicted war criminal (executed) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[K\\u014ds\\u014d Abe]], Japanese admiral and convicted war criminal\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Bugsy Siegel]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Jim Tully]], vagabond, pugilist,\n        noted American writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Bartolome Pagano]],\n        Italian actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[R. B. Bennett|Richard\n        Bedford Bennett]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Franciszek M\\u0105czy\\u0144ski]], Polish architect (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Raoul\n        Wallenberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Raoul Wallenberg]]]]\\n[[File:JosephCookPEO.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph\n        Cook]]]]\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Jimmie Lunceford]], American jazz musician\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Brandon Hurst]], American stage and screen\n        veteran (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Walter Donaldson]], American songwriter (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Raoul Wallenberg]], Swedish diplomat and humanitarian\n        (presumed dead on this date) (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Fumio Hayashi\n        (doctor)|Fumio Hayashi]], Japanese physician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Aung San]], Burmese nationalist (assassinated) (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] \\u2013 Patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[July\n        23]] \\n** [[Alice Fischer (actress)|Alice Fischer]], American actress (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Roffo]], Argentine doctor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Archbishop Leontios of Cyprus]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[July 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ivan Regen]], Slovenian biologist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\n**\n        [[Leo Stein]], American art collector and critic (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[George\n        Bausewine]] American baseball player and umpire (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph Cook]], Australian politician, 6th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Fedir Krychevsky]], Soviet painter (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Fra''\n        Claudio Granzotto.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Claudio Granzotto]]]]\\n[[File:Anders\n        Zorn - Prins Eugen 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Eugen, Duke of N\\u00e4rke]]]]\\n*\n        August \\u2013 [[Teresa Magbanua]], Filipino general (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Nikolai Podogomy (actor)|Nikolai Podogomy]], Soviet actor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Pardo y Barreda]], Peruvian politician,\n        51st [[Prime Minister of Peru]] and 2-time [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Vic Willis]], American baseball player ([[Boston Braves (baseball)|Boston\n        Braves]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Anton Ivanovich Denikin]], Soviet military leader (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Carlo Romanelli]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Antonio Sciortino]], Maltese sculptor (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Claudio Granzotto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious\n        professed and blessed (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Prince Eugen,\n        Duke of N\\u00e4rke]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Franz Cumont]],\n        Belgian archaeologist and historian (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Hasmik (actress)|Hasmik]], Soviet actress (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n**\n        [[Manolete]], Spanish bullfighter (gored) (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[K\\u014dtar\\u014d\n        Nakamura]], General of the Imperial Japanese Army (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], American Scout, father\n        of the international Scouting movement (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Victor Horta]], Belgian Art Nouveau architect (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]], American philosopher (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Hataz\\u014d Adachi]], Japanese general (suicide)\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n**[[Fiorello H. La Guardia]], Mayor of\n        New York (b. [[1882]])\\n**[[Jantina Tammes]], Dutch plant biologist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] \\n** [[Harry Carey (actor)|Harry Carey]], American film actor\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Vasily Glagolev]], Soviet general (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Hugh Lofting]], British-born writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Luigi Barlassina]], Patriarch of Jerusalem (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Max\n        Planck 1933.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max Planck]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Olive\n        Borden]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Gregorio Martinez Sierra]],\n        Spanish writer, poet, dramatist and director (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[P. D. Ouspensky]], Soviet mathematician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Ernest L. Riebau]], American politician ([[1895]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Max Planck]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Leevi Madetoja]],\n        Finnish composer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Ian Standish Monteith\n        Hamilton]], British general (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[James Farley (actor)|James\n        Farley]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Sidney Webb,\n        1st Baron Passfield|Sidney Webb]], British economist and social reformer (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[John Halliday (actor)|John Halliday]],\n        American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\n** [[Harry C. Bradley (actor)|Harry\n        C. Bradley]], American actor (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Massimo Terzano]], Italian\n        cinematographer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Carl Shelton]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Dudley Digges (actor)|Dudley\n        Digges]], Irish actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Teresalina S\\u00e1nchez]], Spanish [[Franciscan]] religious sister, missionary\n        and martyr (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Earl Snell]], Governor\n        of Oregon (plane crash) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Frances Cleveland]],\n        [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Jozafat\n        Kocy%C5%82owski.png|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]]]]\\n[[File:Ernst\n        Lubitsch 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ernst Lubitsch]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Man o'' War]], champion thoroughbred racehorse (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Nelson McDowell]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\u2013 [[S\\u00e1ndor Garbai]], Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Mariano Benlliure]], Spanish sculptor (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Eduard Ritter von Schleich]], German fighter ace\n        and air force general (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Volpi]],\n        Italian businessman and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]], bishop, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Georg Kolbe]], German sculptor (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e9on-Paul Fargue]], French writer\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[W. E. Lawrence]], American actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n** [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]], French general (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Ernie Adams (actor)|Ernie Adams]], American actor\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Ernst Lubitsch]], German film director\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Stanley Baldwin ggbain.35233.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stanley\n        Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Benigno Aquino, Sr..jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benigno Aquino Sr.]]]]\\n[[File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Aleister Crowley]],\n        British occultist (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[G. H. Hardy]], British mathematician\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Franz Xaver Schwarz]] German [[Nazi]]\n        politician (executed) (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich Hetsch]],\n        German physician and microbilologist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\n**\n        [[Margaret Butler (sculptor)|Margaret Butler]], New Zealand sculptor (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Walker (actor)|Walter Walker]], American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December\n        7]]\\n** [[Tristan Bernard]], French writer and lawyer (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Nicholas\n        Murray Butler]], American president of Columbia University, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[John Kelly\n        (actor)|John Kelly]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Pierre Petit de Julleville]], French [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop and\n        eminence (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\n** [[Nicholas Roerich]], Soviet\n        painter (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Juan Bautista Vargas Arreola]], Mexican general\n        during [[Mexican Revolution]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Stanley\n        Baldwin]], British Conservative politician, 3-time [[Prime Minister of the\n        United Kingdom]] (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Edward Higgins]], General of [[The Salvation\n        Army]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Machen]], British\n        writer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[J. N. Br\\u00f8nsted]], Danish\n        chemist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Christos Tsigiridis]], Greek engineer (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] \\n** [[Benigno Aquino Sr.]], Filipino politician (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Luigi Chiarelli]], Italian playwright (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Gaspar G. Bacon]], Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Johannes Winkler]], German rocket pioneer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]] \\u2013 King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Han van Meegeren]], Dutch painter and forger (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Alfred North Whitehead]], British mathematician\n        and philosopher (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Ayoub Tabet]], 6th\n        Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[Petro Trad]], 5th President and\n        14th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Edward\n        Victor Appleton]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Robinson (organic chemist)|Sir Robert Robinson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]], [[Gerty Cori]], [[Bernardo\n        Houssay]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Gide]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 The [[Friends Service Council]]\n        (UK) and The [[American Friends Service Committee]] (USA), on behalf of the\n        [[Religious Society of Friends]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=55007 Pathe newsreel,\n        1947.  Experimental snowplough. Pathe says ''Grantham'' but the station name\n        ''Dowlais top'' in Wales can be clearly seen]\\n* [http://www.topfoto.co.uk/gallery/1947Winter/default.htm\n        Gallery of UK winter photographs]\\n* [http://www.jubileeriver.co.uk/100110%20-%20winter%20of%201947.htm\n        Personal testimony of the winter of 1947]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/brizzlebornandbred/3538507778/\n        Stories from the winter of 1947]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1947}}\\n\\n[[Category:1947|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T02:48:05Z\",\"lastrevid\":799827872,\"length\":81468,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1947&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947\"},\"34612\":{\"pageid\":34612,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1948\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:22:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1948}}\\n{{Events by month|1948}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1948}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1948}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) inaugurated.\\n**\n        Railways of Britain are nationalized to form [[British Railways]].\\n** The\n        [[Constitution of the Italian Republic]] goes into effect.\\n** The latest\n        [[Constitution of New Jersey]] goes into effect.\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[Burma]] gains its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming an independent\n        republic, named the ''''Union of Burma'''', with [[Sao Shwe Thaik]] as its\n        first President and [[U Nu]] its first Prime Minister.\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        [[Warner Brothers]] shows the first color [[newsreel]] (''''[[Tournament of\n        Roses Parade]]'''' and the ''''[[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]]'''').\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Kentucky Air National Guard]] pilot Thomas Mantell crashes while\n        [[Mantell UFO incident|in pursuit of]] a supposed [[unidentified flying object|UFO]].\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] begins his fast-unto-death in [[Delhi]]\n        to stop communal violence during the [[Partition of India]].\\n* [[January\n        17]] – A truce is declared between nationalist [[Indonesia]]n and Dutch\n        troops in [[Java]].\\n* [[January 22]] – British foreign secretary [[Ernest\n        Bevin]] proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France,\n        and the [[Benelux]] countries to stand up against the [[Soviet Union]]. The\n        [[Treaty of Brussels]] is signed [[March 17]] as a consequence, a predecessor\n        to [[NATO]].\\n* [[January 26]] – Teigin poison case: a man masquerading\n        as a doctor poisons 12 of 16 bank employees of the Tokyo branch of Imperial\n        Bank and takes the money; artist [[Sadamichi Hirasawa]] is later sentenced\n        to death for the crime, but is never executed.\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**The [[Pakistan\n        Socialist Party]] is founded in [[Karachi]].\\n**[[1948 Los Gatos DC-3 crash|DC-3\n        aircraft crash at Los Gatos Creek]], near [[Coalinga, California]], kills\n        four US citizens and 28 deportees, commemorated in a protest song (\\\"[[Deportee\n        (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos)]]\\\") by [[Woody Guthrie]].\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]: Indian pacifist and leader [[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]] is shot by [[Nathuram Godse]] in [[New Delhi]]. Also on this day\n        [[Orville Wright]] of the pioneering aviators the Wright Brothers dies in\n        [[Dayton, Ohio]].\\n** [[1948 Winter Olympics]] open in [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland.\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – The British [[crown colony]] of the [[Malayan Union]],\n        [[Penang]] and [[Malacca]] form the [[Federation of Malaya]].Cabinet\n        Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies (UK). 21 February 1956.\n        {{sourcetext|source=Federation of Malaya Agreement}}\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\n** The [[Soviet Union]] begins to jam [[Voice of America]]\n        broadcasts.\\n** Proclamation of the [[Federation of Malaya]].\\n* [[February\n        4]] – Ceylon (later known as [[Sri Lanka]]) becomes an independent kingdom\n        within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]].\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]], innermost of the large [[moons of\n        Uranus]], is discovered by [[Gerard Kuiper]].{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Patrick|authorlink=Patrick\n        Moore|year=1995|title=The Guinness Book of Astronomy|edition=5th|location=Enfield,\n        UK|publisher=Guinness Publishing|isbn=085112643X|page=110}}\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]], Irish head of government since 1932,\n        loses power to an opposition coalition. [[John A. Costello]] is appointed\n        [[Taoiseach]] by President [[Se\\u00e1n T. O''Kelly]].\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        The [[Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom\n        and Independence]] convenes in [[Calcutta]].\\n* [[February 21]] – The\n        United States [[stock car racing]] organization [[NASCAR]] is founded by [[Bill\n        France, Sr.]] with other drivers.{{cite web|title=History of NASCAR|url=http://hometracks.nascar.com/nascar_101/history_of_nascar|publisher=NASCAR|date=2010-08-17|accessdate=2017-02-25}}\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – The first of the [[Ben Yehuda Street bombings]] in\n        Jerusalem kills between 49 and 58 civilians and injures between 140 and 200.\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d''\\u00e9tat]]: [[Edvard\n        Bene\\u0161]], [[President of Czechoslovakia]], cedes control of the country\n        to the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|Communist Party]], a day celebrated\n        by that regime as \\\"[[Victorious February]]\\\" ({{lang-cz|V\\u00edt\\u011bzn\\u00fd\n        \\u00fanor|links=no}}; {{lang-sk|V\\u00ed\\u0165azn\\u00fd Febru\\u00e1r}}) until\n        [[November 1989]].\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**[[1948 Accra Riots]]: Riots take\n        place in [[Accra]], capital of the British colony of [[Gold Coast (British\n        colony)|Gold Coast]], when a peaceful protest march by ex-servicemen is broken\n        up by police, leaving several members of the group dead, among them Sergeant\n        Adjetey, one of the leaders.\\n**The [[2nd Congress of the Communist Party\n        of India]] convenes in [[Calcutta]].\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 8]] –\n        ''''[[McCollum v. Board of Education]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]]\n        rules that religious instruction in public schools violates the [[United States\n        Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].\\n* [[March 12]] – The [[Costa Rican\n        Civil War]] begins.\\n* [[March 16]] – The largest flood in the history\n        of [[Brampton, Ontario]], occurs.{{cite web|url=http://thebramptonguardian.com/brampton/news/article/44736|title=Brampton''s\n        largest flood left its watery mark|date=2008-03-10|accessdate=2008-03-10|work=The\n        Brampton Guardian}}{{Dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\\n*\n        [[March 17]]\\n** [[Treaty of Brussels]] signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg,\n        the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, providing for economic, social and\n        cultural collaboration and collective self-defence.\\n** The [[Hells Angels]]\n        motorcycle gang is founded in [[California]].\\n* [[March 18]] – The\n        Round Table Conference in [[The Hague]], Netherlands for the preparation of\n        the decolonization process for Aruba and the other Dutch Colonies. Aruba presents\n        the mandate of the Aruban People for Aruba to become an Independent Country,\n        under the souvereignty of the House of Orange, based on Aruba''s first state\n        constitution presented officially since August 1947,  and a (4th) Member State\n        of the future Dutch Commonwealth.\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Singapore]] holds\n        its first elections.\\n** Renowned Italian conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] makes\n        his television debut, conducting the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] in an all-[[Richard\n        Wagner|Wagner]] program in the United States.\\n** The [[20th Academy Awards]]\n        ceremony is held in Los Angeles. ''''[[Gentleman''s Agreement]]'''' wins the\n        [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        Physicists [[Ralph Asher Alpher]] and [[George Gamow]] publish the [[Alpher\\u2013Bethe\\u2013Gamow\n        paper]] about the [[Big Bang]].{{cite journal|last1=Alpher|first1=R.\n        A.|first2=H.|last2=Bethe|authorlink2=Hans Bethe|first3=G.|last3=Gamow|date=1948-04-01|url=http://www.snolab.ca/public/JournalClub/michael1.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6HxCbSd5r?url=http://www.snolab.ca/public/JournalClub/michael1.pdf|archivedate=2013-07-08|accessdate=2011-03-10|title=The\n        Origin of Chemical Elements|journal=[[Physical Review]]|location=United States|volume=73|issue=7|pages=803\\u2013804|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.73.803|bibcode=1948PhRv...73..803A}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n** United States President [[Harry S. Truman]] signs the [[Marshall\n        Plan]], which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.\\n** [[Jeju Uprising]]\n        – residents revolt on [[Jeju island]], South Korea, eventually leading\n        to the deaths of between 14,000 and 30,000.\\n** [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Beethoven''s\n        Symphony No. 9]] is played on television in its entirety for the first time\n        in a series of concerts featuring [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducting the [[NBC\n        Symphony Orchestra]] in the United States. The chorus is conducted by [[Robert\n        Shaw (conductor)|Robert Shaw]].\\n* [[April 5]] – [[1947\\u201348 Civil\n        War in Mandatory Palestine]]: Haganah launches [[Operation Nachshon]]; beginning\n        of the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]].\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** The [[World Health\n        Organization]] is established by the [[United Nations]].\\n** A fire in a Buddhist\n        monastery in Shanghai kills 20 monks.\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[Jorge Eli\\u00e9cer\n        Gait\\u00e1n]]''s assassination provokes a violent riot in [[Bogot\\u00e1]]\n        (the ''''[[Bogotazo]]''''), and a further 10 years of violence (''''[[La Violencia]]'''')\n        across [[Colombia]].\\n** The [[Deir Yassin massacre]] takes place in British\n        [[Mandatory Palestine]].\\n* [[April 13]] – The [[Hadassah medical convoy\n        massacre]] takes place in British [[Mandatory Palestine]].\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] is\n        founded as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC).\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Italian general election, 1948]]:: The first democratic\n        general election with [[universal suffrage]] is held in Italy. The [[Christian\n        Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] party achieves a majority over the\n        [[Popular Democratic Front (Italy)|Popular Democratic Front]] Communist-Socialist\n        coalition.\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[Burma]] joins the [[United Nations]].\\n**\n        The [[American Broadcasting Company]] (otherwise known as ABC) begins television\n        services, on WFIL-TV in [[Philadelphia]] (now [[WPVI-TV]]).\\n* [[April 22]]\n        – Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: [[Battle of Haifa (1948)|Battle\n        of Haifa]] – The Jewish paramilitary group [[Haganah]] captures [[Haifa]]\n        from the [[Arab Liberation Army]].\\n*[[WTVR]] begins television services.\n        WTVR is the first TV station south of Washington D.C., giving it the nickname\n        \\\"The South''s First Television station\\\".\\n* [[April 24]] – The [[Costa\n        Rican Civil War]] ends.\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Organization of American\n        States]] (OAS) founded.\\n* [[April 30]] – The English-built [[Land Rover]]\n        is unveiled at the Amsterdam Motor Show.\\n\\n===May===\\n* May – The [[RAND\n        Corporation]] is established as an independent nonprofit policy research and\n        analysis institution.\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film version\n        of ''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]'''' makes its world premiere in London.\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Luigi Einaudi]] becomes [[President of the Italian Republic]].\\n[[File:Declaration\n        of State of Israel 1948 2.jpg|thumb|115px|[[Israeli Declaration of Independence]],\n        1948]]\\n* [[May 14]] – The [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] is\n        made. [[David Ben-Gurion]] becomes the first prime minister, a provisional\n        position that will become formalized on February 14, 1949.\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[1948 Arab\\u2013Israeli War]]: The [[British Mandate of Palestine]] is officially\n        terminated; expeditionary forces from [[Egypt]], [[Jordan|Transjordan]], [[Syria]]\n        and [[Iraq]] invade [[Israel]] and clash with Israeli forces.\\n** The murder\n        of a 3-year-old girl in [[Blackburn]], England leads to the [[fingerprinting]]\n        of more than 40,000 men in the city in an attempt to find the murderer.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-brutal-murder-begins-an-unusual-investigation|title=A\n        brutal murder begins an unusual investigation|work=HISTORY.com}}\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Chaim Weizmann]] is elected as the first [[President\n        of Israel]].\\n* [[May 18]] – The first [[Legislative Yuan]] of the [[Republic\n        of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]] officially convenes in [[Nanking]].\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – The [[Soviets]] launched the [[Operation Vesna|largest\n        Lithuanian deportation to Siberia]].\\n* [[May 25]] – The United Church\n        of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) was founded on this date at Ellinwood\n        Malate Church in Manila, Philippines.\\n* [[May 26]] – The [[United States\n        Congress|U.S. Congress]] passes ''''[[Public Law 557]]'''', which permanently\n        establishes the [[Civil Air Patrol]] as the auxiliary of the [[United States\n        Air Force]].\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Daniel Fran\\u00e7ois Malan]] defeats\n        [[Jan Smuts]] and becomes Prime Minister of South Africa, ushering in the\n        era of [[apartheid]], which is finally dismantled by [[F. W. de Klerk]]  in\n        [[1994]].\\n* [[May 30]] – A dike along the [[Columbia River]] breaks,\n        obliterating [[Vanport, Oregon]] within minutes; 15 people die and tens of\n        thousands are left homeless.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] – The [[Palomar\n        Observatory]] [[telescope]] is finished in [[California]].\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Hasan Saka]] forms the new government of Turkey. (17th government;\n        Hasan Saka had served twice as a prime minister)\\n* [[June 11]] – The\n        first [[monkeys in space|monkey astronaut]], Albert I, is launched into space\n        from White Sands, New Mexico.\\n*[[June 15]] – [[China|Chinese]] [[newspaper]],\n        ''''Renmin Ribao'''' (''''[[People''s Daily]]''''), a first issue of published\n        in [[Pingshan County, Hebei|Pingshan]], [[Hebei Province]], [[China]].{{citation\n        needed|date=December 2016}}\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** Communist guerrillas kill 3\n        rubber planters in [[Malay states|Malaya]].\\n** Three armed men hijack the\n        [[Cathay Pacific]] passenger plane ''''[[Miss Macao]]'''' and shoot the pilot;\n        the plane crashes, killing 26 of 27 people on board.\\n* [[June 17]] –\n        A [[Douglas DC-6]] carrying [[United Airlines Flight 624]] crashes near [[Mount\n        Carmel, Pennsylvania]], killing all 43 people on board.\\n* [[June 18]]  \\n**\n        [[Malayan Emergency]]: A [[state of emergency]] is declared in the [[Malayan\n        Union]] due to a communist insurgency.\\n** [[LP record]] – Columbia\n        Records introduced its long playing 33 1/3 rpm phonograph\n        format.\\n* [[June 20]] – The [[U.S. Congress]] recesses for the remainder\n        of 1948, after an overtime session closes at 7:00 a.m. D.C. time (to\n        be shortly interrupted by Truman''s recall from Congressional recess for July\n        20, 1948).\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** The [[Deutsche Mark]] becomes official currency\n        of the future [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]].\\n** The [[Manchester\n        Small-Scale Experimental Machine]] (nicknamed \\\"Baby\\\") becomes the first\n        [[stored-program computer]] to successfully execute a program.\\n* [[June 22]]\n        – The ship {{MV|Empire Windrush||6}} brings a large group of Afro-Caribbean\n        immigrants to [[Tilbury]] near London, the start of a large wave of immigration\n        to Britain.\\n[[Image:C-54 landing at Tempelhof 1948.jpg|thumb|150px|Airplane\n        C-54 at airport Berlin-Tempelhof.]]\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Cold War]]: The [[Berlin\n        Blockade]] begins.\\n** The first [[World Health Assembly]] of the [[World\n        Health Organization]] is held in Geneva.\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[William Shockley]]\n        files the original patent for the [[grown-junction transistor]], the first\n        [[bipolar junction transistor]].\\n** The [[Berlin Blockade|Berlin Airlift]]\n        begins.\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** The [[Cominform]] Resolution marks the beginning\n        of the [[Informbiro]] period in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        and the Soviet/Yugoslav split.\\n** [[David Lean]]''s ''''[[Oliver Twist (1948\n        film)|Oliver Twist]]'''', based on [[Charles Dickens]]''s famous novel, premieres\n        in the UK. It is banned for 3 years in the U.S. because of alleged [[antisemitism]]\n        in depicting master criminal [[Fagin]], played by [[Alec Guinness]].\\n** [[1948\n        Fukui earthquake]] strikes [[Fukui, Fukui|Fukui]], Japan. 3,769 dead, 22,203\n        injured.\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 5]] – The [[National Health Service]]\n        Acts are enacted in United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 6]] – The world''s first\n        Air Car-ferry service is flown by a Bristol Freighter of Silver City Airways\n        from [[Lympne]] to [[Le Touquet]].\\n* [[July 13]] – The [[Coptic Orthodox\n        Church of Alexandria]] and [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]es reach\n        an agreement leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank\n        of an autocephalous [[Patriarch]]ate. Five [[bishop]]s are immediately consecrated\n        by the [[Patriarch of Alexandria]], and the successor to [[Abuna Qerellos\n        IV]] is granted the power to consecrate new bishops, who are empowered to\n        elect a new Patriarch for their church.\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** Attempted assassination\n        of [[Palmiro Togliatti]], general secretary of the [[Italian Communist Party]]\n        results in numerous strikes all over the country.\\n** First London chapter\n        of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] is founded.\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Cold War]]:\n        \\n** President [[Harry S. Truman]] issues the second peacetime [[military\n        draft]] in the United States, amid increasing tensions with the [[Soviet Union]]\n        (the first peacetime draft occurred in 1940 under President Roosevelt)\\n**\n        [[Eugene Dennis]], [[William Z. Foster]], and ten other [[CPUSA]] leaders\n        are arrested and charged under the [[Alien Registration Act]]\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – The [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] votes to join  Canada after a [[Newfoundland\n        referendums, 1948|referendum]].\\n* [[July 26]] – U.S. President Truman\n        signs [[Executive Order 9981]], ending [[racial segregation]] in the [[United\n        States Armed Forces]].\\n* [[July 28]] – Around 200 die in explosion\n        at a chemical plant in [[Ludwigshafen]], Germany.\\n* [[July 29]] – The\n        [[1948 Summer Olympics]] begin in London, the first since the [[1936 Summer\n        Olympics]]\\n* [[July 31]] – \\n** At Idlewild Field in New York, New\n        York International Airport (later renamed [[John F. Kennedy International\n        Airport]]) is dedicated\\n** [[Elizabeth Bentley]] appears under subpoena before\n        [[HUAC]] regarding Communist espionage; implicates [[Whittaker Chambers]]\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – The [[U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Whittaker Chambers]] appears under subpoena\n        before [[HUAC]] and alleges that several former U.S. Federal official were\n        communists, including [[Harry Dexter White]] and [[Alger Hiss]]\\n* [[August\n        5]]  – [[Alger Hiss]] appears before [[HUAC]] to deny the allegations\n        of [[Whittaker Chambers]]\\n* [[August 10]] – [[August 23]] – The\n        [[Herrenchiemsee Convent]] prepares the draft for the [[Basic Law for the\n        Federal Republic of Germany]]\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Harry Dexter White]]\n        and [[Donald Hiss]] refute allegations of [[Communism]] by [[Whittaker Chambers]]\n        before [[HUAC]]\\n* [[August 14]] – [[1948 Ashes series]]: The Australian\n        [[batsman]] [[Don Bradman]], playing his last [[Test cricket]] match, against\n        England at [[The Oval]], is bowled by [[Eric Hollies]] for a [[Duck (cricket)|duck]];\n        however, [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|\\\"The Invincibles\\\"]]\n        win the match by an [[innings]] and 149 runs, and [[The Ashes]] 4-0.\\n* [[August\n        15]] – The southern half of Korea is established as South Korea.\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Babe Ruth]] dies in his sleep at the age of 53.\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[HUAC]] holds a private session between [[Alger Hiss]]\n        and [[Whittaker Chambers]]\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Danube Commission]]\n        created by [[Belgrade]] Convention (enters into force [[11 May]] [[1949]]).\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Lee Pressman]], [[Nathan Witt]], and [[John Abt]],\n        represented by [[Harold I. Cammer]], plead the [[Fifth Amendment to the United\n        States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] in response to allegations of [[Communism]]\n        by [[Whittaker Chambers]] before [[HUAC]]\\n* [[August 23]] – The [[World\n        Council of Churches]] is established.\\n* [[August 24]] – The first meeting\n        of the charter members of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ)\n        is held.{{cite web|url=http://www.accj.or.jp/history |title=Archived\n        copy |accessdate=2008-09-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092752/http://www.accj.or.jp/history/\n        |archivedate=September 17, 2008 |df= }}\\n* [[August 25]] – [[HUAC]]\n        holds its first-ever televised congressional hearing, featuring \\\"Confrontation\n        Day\\\" between [[Whittaker Chambers]] and [[Alger Hiss]]\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Whittaker Chambers]] states that [[Alger Hiss]] was a communist on ''''[[Meet\n        the Press]]'''' radio\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 4]] – Queen\n        [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] abdicates for health reasons.\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Robert Schuman]] becomes Prime Minister of France.\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]] is formally [[Inauguration\n        of the Dutch monarch|inaugurated]] to succeed her mother as queen regnant\n        of the Netherlands.\\n* [[September 9]] – The northern half of Korea\n        is formally declared [[North Korea]], with [[Kim Il-sung]] as prime minister.\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder and first [[Governor-General\n        of Pakistan]], dies. Pakistan is in a state of shock as it mourns the departure\n        of the father of the nation. The day is a [[Quaid-i-Azam Day|public holiday]]\n        nationwide.\\n* [[September 13]]–[[September 18|18]] – [[Indian\n        annexation of Hyderabad]] (\\\"Operation Polo\\\"): The [[princely state]] of\n        [[State of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] is invaded by the [[Indian Armed Forces]]\n        in a \\\"[[police action]]\\\" in the aftermath of Pakistani leader [[Jinnah]]''s\n        death. The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] surrenders his state which is amalgamated\n        into the newly-independent [[Dominion of India]]; thousands are killed as\n        a result of this event.\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]\n        members, also known as the Stern Gang, assassinate [[Swedes|Swedish]] count\n        [[Folke Bernadotte]], United Nations Mediator in Palestine, in Jerusalem.\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – Establishment of the city of [[Rabwah]] in [[Pakistan]].\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[Alger Hiss]] files a slander suit against [[Whittaker\n        Chambers]] for his August 27 radio statement in the United States.\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film of ''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]''''\n        opens in the United States.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 6]] – The\n        [[1948 Ashgabat earthquake]] kills 110,000.\\n* [[October 10]] – [[R-1\n        (missile)|R-1 missile]] on test becomes the first [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        launch to enter space.\\n* [[October 16]] – The [[57th Street Art Fair]],\n        the oldest juried art fair in the American Midwest, is founded.\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Brandeis University]] is formally founded in [[Massachusetts]],\n        USA.\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Donora Smog of 1948|Killer smog]] settles\n        into [[Donora, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[October 28]] – The [[Al-Dawayima\n        massacre]] begins.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Foley Square\n        trial]] of [[Eugene Dennis]] and ten other [[CPUSA]] leaders begins in New\n        York City.\\n** [[Athenagoras I of Constantinople|Athenagoras I]] is elected\n        268th [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]].\\n* [[November 2]] –\n        [[United States presidential election, 1948]]: Democratic incumbent [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] defeats Republican [[Thomas E. Dewey]] and \\\"Dixiecrat\\\" [[Strom\n        Thurmond]].\\n* [[November 12]] – In Tokyo, an international [[war crime]]s\n        tribunal sentences seven Japanese military and government officials to death,\n        including General [[Hideki Tojo]], for their roles in World War II.\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Louis Stephen St. Laurent]] becomes Canada''s 12th [[Prime\n        Minister of Canada|prime minister]].\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** ''''[[Operation\n        Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]]'''' to transport Jews from [[Yemen]]\n        to [[Israel]] begins.\\n** The [[University of the Andes, Colombia|University\n        of the Andes]] (Universidad de los Andes) is founded in [[Bogot\\u00e1]], [[Colombia]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]] divorces his second wife,\n        the former Princess [[Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt|Fawzia of Egypt]].\\n**\n        [[Whittaker Chambers]] produces secret government papers handwritten and typewritten\n        by [[Alger Hiss]] during pretrial examination.\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Geoffrey B. Orbell]] rediscovers the [[Takah\\u0113]], last seen 50 years\n        previously, near [[Lake Te Anau]], New Zealand.\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        In [[Venezuela]], president [[R\\u00f3mulo Gallegos]] is ousted by a [[military\n        junta]].\\n* [[November 27]] – The [[Calgary Stampeders]] defeat the\n        [[Ottawa Rough Riders]] 12\\u20137 before 20,013 fans at Toronto''s [[Varsity\n        Stadium]] to capture their first [[Grey Cup]] and complete the only [[perfect\n        season]] to date in [[Canadian Football]].\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December\n        1]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Figueres Ferrer]] abolishes the army in [[Costa Rica]],\n        making it the first country in history to do so\\n* [[December 2]] –\n        [[HUAC]] subpoenas and retrieves the \\\"Pumpkin Papers\\\" from the farm of [[Whittaker\n        Chambers]]\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Richard Nixon]] displays microfilm\n        from the \\\"Pumpkin Papers\\\" to the press\\n* [[December 9]] – The [[United\n        Nations General Assembly]] adopts the [[Genocide Convention]]\\n* [[December\n        10]] – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the [[Universal Declaration\n        of Human Rights]]\\n* [[December 11]]–[[December 12|12]] – [[Malayan\n        Emergency]]: [[Batang Kali massacre]]: [[Scots Guards]] shoot 24 [[Chinese\n        people|Chinese]] villagers in [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]\\n* [[December\n        15]] – The [[United States Department of Justice]] indicts [[Alger Hiss]]\n        on two counts of [[perjury]]\\n* [[December 19]] – In the [[NFL]], the\n        [[Philadelphia Eagles]] defeat the [[Chicago Cardinals]] 7\\u20130 to win the\n        championship.\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Laurence Duggan]] falls to his\n        death from the 16th storey window of his Manhattan office\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – The last [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops withdraw from [[North Korea]]\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – A [[Muslim Brotherhood]] member assassinates [[Egypt]]ian\n        Prime Minister [[Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha|Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi]]\\n* [[December\n        30]] – The musical ''''[[Kiss Me, Kate]]'''' opens for the first of\n        1,077 performances in New York City\\n* [[December 31]] – [[1948 Arab\\u2013Israeli\n        War]]: [[Israel]]i troops drive the [[Egypt]]ians from [[Negev]]\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n\\n* [[Casimir effect]] predicted by Dutch physicist [[Hendrik\n        Casimir]].\\n* The [[Fresh Kills Landfill]], the world''s largest, opens on\n        [[Staten Island, New York]].\\n* The Oakridge Transit Centre opens in [[Vancouver]],\n        [[British Columbia]].\\n* The Slovak city G\\u00fata is renamed [[Kol\\u00e1rovo]].\\n*\n        The Tunnel of Vielha is opened in the [[Aran Valley]], Spanish [[Pyrenees]].\\n*\n        Last recorded sighting of the [[Caspian tiger]] in [[Kazakhstan]].\\n* A pack\n        of wolves kills about 40 children in [[Darovskoy District]], in Russia.{{cite\n        book|title=[[Guinness Book of World Records]]|year=2008|page=137}}\\n*\n        Charles Warrell creates the first [[I-Spy (Michelin)|I-Spy]] books in the\n        United Kingdom.\\n* [[Wilbert Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]''s third book, ''''[[James\n        the Red Engine]]'''', is published in the United Kingdom.\\n* Last edition\n        of the ''''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'''' is published in the [[Holy\n        See|Vatican]].\\n* The first [[Kinsey Reports|Kinsey Report]], ''''Sexual Behavior\n        in the Human Male'''', is published in the United States.\\n* Inspired by World\n        War II fighter planes, [[Cadillac]] introduces the first automobile to sport\n        [[car tailfin|tailfins]].\\n* The inaugural [[6 Hours of Watkins Glen]] sports\n        car endurance race is held in the United States.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ichiro\n        Mizuki 20070706 Japan Expo 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ichirou Mizuki]]]]\\n[[File:JohnCarpenter2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        Carpenter]]]]\\n[[File:David Oddsson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Oddsson]]]]\\n[[File:President\n        Charles Taylor.png|thumb|110px|[[Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)|Charles\n        Taylor]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Mary Archer]], born Mary Weeden, English\n        scientist\\n** [[Judith Miller (journalist)|Judith Miller]], American journalist\\n**\n        [[Joyce Wadler]], American writer and memoirist\\n** [[Deborah Watling]], English\n        actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Wally Foreman]], Australian media\n        icon (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Ted Lange]], American actor and director\\n* [[January\n        7]]\\n** [[Kenny Loggins]], American rock singer\\n** [[Ichirou Mizuki]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Donald Fagen]], American rock keyboardist\\n**\n        [[Teresa Graves]], American actress and comedian (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Mischa\n        Maisky]], Latvian cellist\\n** [[William Sanderson]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 12]]\\n** [[Kenny Allen (footballer)|Kenny Allen]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Anthony Andrews]], English actor\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[T Bone Burnett]],\n        American record producer and musician\\n** [[Carl Weathers]], American actor\n        and football player\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Ronnie Van Zant]], American\n        rock musician (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[John Carpenter]], American\n        film director, producer, screenwriter and composer\\n** [[Gregor Gysi]], German\n        politician\\n** [[Cliff Thorburn]], Canadian snooker player\\n** [[Tsuneo Horiuchi]],\n        Japanese baseball pitcher and mamager \\n* [[January 17]] – [[Dav\\u00ed\\u00f0\n        Oddsson]], [[Prime Minister of Iceland]]\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Frank McKenna]],\n        Premier of New Brunswick and Canadian Ambassador\\n** [[Michael J. Jackson]],\n        English actor\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Katharine Holabird]], American writer\\n**\n        [[Mitoji Yabunaka]], Japanese politician\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Mikhail\n        Baryshnikov]], Russian dancer\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Charles Taylor (Liberian\n        politician)|Charles Taylor]], Liberian politician, 22nd [[President of Liberia]]\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Marc Singer]], Canadian actor\\n* [[January 30]] –\n        [[Paul Magee]], Provisional Irish Republican Army member\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Jabara]], American actor, singer and songwriter (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Muneo\n        Suzuki]], Japanese politician\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:carlosbelo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos\n        Felipe Ximenes Belo]]]]\\n[[File:Barbara Hershey TIFF 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barbara\n        Hershey]]]]\\n[[File:Teller Rio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Teller (magician)|Teller]]]]\\n[[File:Peters\n        in 08.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bernadette Peters]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Rick\n        James]], Motown performer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Ina Garten]],\n        American cooking author\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]],\n        East Timorean Catholic bishop, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n**\n        [[Henning Mankell]], Swedish crime novelist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**\n        [[Alice Cooper]], American hard rock singer and musician\\n** [[Ram Baran Yadav]],\n        [[President of Nepal]]\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Sven-G\\u00f6ran Eriksson]],\n        Swedish football manager\\n** [[Christopher Guest]], American actor, screenwriter,\n        director and composer\\n** [[Barbara Hershey]], American actress\\n** [[Tom\n        Wilkinson]], English actor\\n* [[February 10]] – [[John Magnier]], Irish\n        businessman and thoroughbred racehorse breeder\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Chris Rush]], American stand-up comedian\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Raymond\n        Kurzweil]], American inventor and author\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Kitten\n        Natividad]], Mexican-American film actress\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Jackie\n        Martling]], American comedian and radio personality\\n** [[Wally Tax]], Dutch\n        musician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Teller (magician)|Raymond Teller]], American\n        illusionist and magician, one half of the duo [[Penn & Teller]]\\n* [[February\n        17]]\\n** [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Cserhalmi]], Hungarian actor\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Jos\\u00e9]],\n        Mexican singer and actor\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Sin\\u00e9ad Cusack]],\n        Irish actress\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Pim Fortuyn]], Dutch politician and\n        author (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Tony Iommi]], English heavy metal guitarist\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Jennifer O''Neill]], American model and actress\\n*\n        [[February 22]]\\n**[[John Ashton (actor)|John Ashton]], American actor\\n**[[Leslie\n        H. Sabo, Jr.]], American [[Medal of Honor]] recipient (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[February\n        24]]\\n** [[Jayalalithaa]], Indian politician and film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Smith]], Scottish football manager\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Danny\n        Denzongpa]], Indian actor\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Steven Chu]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Mike Figgis]],\n        American director, screenwriter and composer\\n** [[Kjell Isaksson]], Swedish\n        pole vaulter\\n** [[Bernadette Peters]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Mercedes\n        Ruehl]], American actress\\n** [[Alfred Sant]], Leader of Malta Labour Party\n        (1992\\u2013) and Prime Minister of Malta (1996\\u20131998)\\n* [[February 29]]\n        – [[Henry Small (singer)|Henry Small]], American-born Canadian singer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Shakin''\n        Stevens.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shakin'' Stevens]]]]\\n[[File:James Taylor - Columbia.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James\n        Taylor]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Crystal VF 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Billy\n        Crystal]]]]\\n[[File:TylerNassauColliseum.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steven Tyler]]]]\\n[[File:Al\n        Gore at SapphireNow 2010 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Al Gore]]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** [[R. T. Crowley]], American pioneer of electronic commerce\\n** [[Rory\n        Gallagher]], Irish musician (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Jeff Kennett]], Australian\n        politician\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Lindy Chamberlain]], Australian author\\n**\n        [[James Ellroy]], American writer\\n** [[Tom Grieve]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Leron Lee]], American baseball player\\n** [[Chris Squire]], English bassist\n        ([[Yes (band)|Yes]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Shakin'' Stevens]], Welsh singer\\n**\n        [[Brian Cummings]], American male voice actors\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Eddy Grant]],\n        Guyanese British singer and musician\\n** [[Elaine Paige]], English singer\n        and actress\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Anna Maria Horsford]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 9]]\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Lov\\u00e1sz]], Hungarian mathematician\\n**\n        [[Jeffrey Osborne]], American singer\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Dominique Sanda]],\n        French actress\\n* [[March 12]] – [[James Taylor]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Billy Crystal]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[S\\u00e9rgio Vieira de Mello]], Brazilian diplomat (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[William Gibson]], American/Canadian writer\\n* [[March\n        20]]\\n** [[John de Lancie]], American actor\\n** [[Bobby Orr]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Helene Vannari]], Estonian actress \\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Inri\n        Cristo]], Brazilian educator who claims to be Jesus Christ reincarnated\\n**\n        [[Wolf Blitzer]], American television journalist\\n** [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]],\n        English composer\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Bonnie Bedelia]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 26]]\\n** [[Nash the Slash]], born James Jeffrey Plewman, Canadian\n        musician (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Steven Tyler]], American singer-songwriter ([[Aerosmith]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]]\\n** [[Jayne Ann Krentz]], American novelist\\n** [[Dennis Unkovic]],\n        American author\\n** [[Dianne Wiest]], American actress\\n* [[March 29]] –\n        [[Bud Cort]], American actor\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Eddie Jordan]], Irish\n        founder of [[Jordan Grand Prix]]\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Al Gore]], American\n        environmentalist and politician, 45th [[Vice President of the United States]]\n        under [[Bill Clinton]], and [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]]\n        Democratic nominee for president\\n** [[Rhea Perlman]], American actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Carlos\n        Salinas.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]]]]\\n[[File:10.12.12TerryPratchettByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Terry\n        Pratchett]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Jimmy Cliff]], Jamaican singer and\n        actor\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Roald Als]], Danish cartoonist\\n* [[April 3]]\n        – [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]], Mexican economist and politician and\n        53rd [[President of Mexico]]\\n* [[April 4]] \\n** [[Squire Parsons]], American\n        gospel singer/songwriter\\n** [[Dan Simmons]], American fantasy and science\n        fiction author \\n* [[April 7]] – [[John Oates]], American rock singer\n        and guitarist ([[Hall & Oates]])\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Jeremy Beadle]], English\n        TV presenter (d. 2008)\\n** [[Don Fernando]], director and actor of pornographic\n        films\\n**[[Joschka Fischer]] German politician\\n** [[Marcello Lippi]], Italian\n        football player and manager\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Nam Hae-il]], 25th Chief\n        of Naval Operations of the [[Republic of Korea Navy]]\\n** [[Mikhail Shufutinsky]],\n        Soviet and Russian singer, actor, TV presenter\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Michael\n        Kamen]], American composer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Ammar El Sherei]],\n        Egyptian music icon and celebrity (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Kazuyuki Sogabe]], Japanese\n        voice actor (d. 2006)\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Jan Hammer]], Czechoslovakian\n        composer, pianist and keyboardist\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Josef Flammer]],\n        Swiss ophthalmologist (after whom [[Flammer syndrome]] is named)\\n* [[April\n        27]] \\n** [[Amrit Kumar Bohara]], Nepalese politician  \\n** [[Si Robertson]],\n        American reality star                                                   \\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[Terry Pratchett]], English comic fantasy and science fiction\n        author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Marcia Strassman]], American actress and singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Michael Karoli]], German musician\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:USMC-110802-M-AI118-010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Tupou V]]]]\\n[[File:Grace Jones @ Fremantle Park (17 4 2011) (5648772822).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Grace\n        Jones]]]]\\n[[File:KlausMeine.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Klaus Meine]]]]\\n[[File:Swetlana\n        Alexijewitsch 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Svetlana Alexievich]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Matorin]], Russian opera singer\\n** [[Larry Gatlin]], American\n        singer/songwriter\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[William H. Miller (writer)|William H.\n        Miller]], historian \\n** [[Chris Mulkey]], American actor\\n* [[May 4]] \\n**\n        [[Tanya Falan Welk|Tanya Falan]], American singer\\n** King [[George Tupou\n        V]] of Tongo (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Joe Esposito (singer)|Joe Esposito]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Richard Pacheco]], American pornographic\n        actor\\n** [[Bill Ward (musician)|Bill Ward]], English rock drummer\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** Dame [[Felicity Lott]], English soprano\\n** [[Stephen Stohn]], Canadian\n        television producer\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Steven W. Mosher]], American social\n        scientist and author\\n** [[Calvin Murphy]], American basketball player and\n        analyst\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Shigeru Izumiya]], Japanese musician\\n* [[May\n        12]] \\n** [[Steve Winwood]], English rock singer\\n** [[Lindsay Crouse]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Bob Woolmer]], Indian-born English cricket\n        coach (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Yutaka Enatsu]], Japanese professional\n        baseball pitcher\\n** [[Brian Eno]], English musician and record producer\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Jesper Christensen]], Danish actor\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Mikko Heini\\u00f6]], Finnish composer\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Grace Jones]],\n        Jamaican singer and actress\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Tessh\\u014d Genda]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[D''Jamin Bartlett]], American musical theatre\n        actress\\n** [[Elizabeth Buchan]], English writer\\n** [[Jonathan Hyde]], Australian-born\n        English actor\\n** [[Leo Sayer]], English rock musician\\n* [[May 25]] –\n        [[Klaus Meine]], German singer ([[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]])\\n* [[May 26]]\\n**\n        [[Dayle Haddon]], Canadian model and actress\\n** [[Stevie Nicks]], American\n        rock singer and songwriter \\n* [[May 27]] – [[Wubbo de Boer]], Dutch\n        civil servant\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Michael Berkeley]], English composer\\n*\n        [[May 31]]\\n** [[Svetlana Alexievich]], Belarusian writer of literary reportage,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[John Bonham]], English\n        rock drummer of [[Led Zeppelin]] (d. [[1980]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kathy\n        Bates by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kathy Bates]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Powers Boothe]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Tom Sneva]], American\n        race car driver and [[Indianapolis 500]] winner\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Jerry\n        Mathers]], American actor\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Bob Champion]], English jump\n        jockey\\n** [[David Haskell]],  American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 6]]\n        – [[Richard Sinclair]], English musician ([[Caravan (band)|Caravan]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]]\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen von der Lippe]], German television presenter,\n        actor and comedian\\n** [[Jad Azkoul]], Lebanese-American classical guitarist\\n*\n        [[June 9]] \\n** [[Gudrun Schyman]], Swedish politician\\n** [[Gary Thorne]],\n        American play-by-play announcer\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Dave Cash (baseball)|Dave\n        Cash]], American baseball player\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Garnet Bailey]],\n        Canadian hockey player and scout (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Laurence\n        Yep]], American author\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Paul Michiels]], Belgian singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Dave Concepci\\u00f3n]], Venezuelan baseball player\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Nick Drake]], English musician (d. [[1974]])\\n** [[Lea Laven]],\n        Finnish singer\\n** [[Phylicia Rashad]], American actress\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Ludwig Scotty]], [[President of Nauru]]\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Lionel Rose]],\n        Australian boxer\\n** [[Jovan A\\u0107imovi\\u0107]], Serbian football player\\n**\n        [[Raffaello Martinelli]], Italian prelate\\n** [[Philippe Sarde]], French film\n        composer\\n** [[Andrzej Sapkowski]], Polish writer\\n** [[Wolfgang Seel]], German\n        football player\\n** [[Greg Hyder]], American professional basketball player\\n*\n        [[June 22]] \\n** [[Madeleine Meilleur]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Takashi\n        Sasano]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Sh\\u014dhaku Okumura]], Japanese Soto Zen\\n**\n        [[Peter Prijdekker]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Sue Roberts]], American professional\n        golfer\\n** [[Todd Rundgren]], American rock singer and record producer\\n**\n        [[Curtis Johnson (cornerback)|Curtis Johnson]], American football cornerback\n        \\n** [[Franciszek Smuda]], Polish football coach\\n** [[Panagiotis Xanthakos]],\n        Greek sports shoote\\n** [[Colin Waldron]], English football defender\\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[Luther Kent]], American blues singer\\n** [[Jim Heacock]], American\n        defensive coordinator\\n** [[Clarence Thomas]], [[Associate Justice of the\n        Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n** [[Luther Kent]], American blues singer\\n**\n        [[Larry Coker]], American football coach and former player\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Janet Museveni]], First Lady of Uganda\\n** [[Stephen Martin (Australian\n        politician)|Stephen Martin]], Australian politician, senior academic and rugby\n        league referee\\n** [[Dave Orchard]], South African former first-class cricketer\\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen Stars]], German footballer\\n** [[Jenny Wood]], Zimbabwean swimmer\\n**\n        [[Eigil S\\u00f8rensen]], Danish cyclist\\n** [[Patrick Moraz]], Swiss keyboard\n        player\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Tom Rideout]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Michael\n        Lembeck]], American actor, television and film director\\n** [[Kenn George]],\n        American businessman\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[David Vaughan (golfer)|David Vaughan]],\n        Welsh professional golfer\\n** [[John Pratt (footballer)|John Pratt]], English\n        professional footballer\\n** [[Pablo Anaya Rivera]], Mexican politician\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], Tamil actress\\n** [[Camile Baudoin]],\n        American rock guitarist\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Deborah Moggach]], English writer\\n**\n        [[Kathy Bates]], American actress\\n** [[Jimmy Thomson (footballer, born 1948)|Jimmy\n        Thomson]], Scottish professional footballer \\n** [[Abdul Manan Ismail]], Malaysian\n        politician\\n** [[Brian Rowan]], Scottish professional footballer\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** [[Helge Karlsen]], Norwegian football player\\n** [[Fred Grandy]],\n        American actor and politician\\n** [[Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar]], crossbench\n        member of the House of Lords\\n** [[Leo Burke]], Canadian professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Vic Brooks]], English cricketer\\n** [[Danny Adcock]], Australian actor\\n*\n        [[June 30]] \\n** [[Alice Wong]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Dag Forn\\u00e6ss]],\n        Norwegian speed skater\\n** [[Peter Rossborough]], English rugby union international\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Isabelita dos Patins|pt|3=Isabelita dos Patins}},\n        Argentine-Brazilian drag queen\\n** [[Galarrwuy Yunupingu]], Australian Indigenous\n        community\\n** [[Vladimir Yakunin]], Russian official, head of state-run [[Russian\n        Railways]] company\\n** [[Raymond Leo Burke]], American cardinal prelate\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Richard\n        Simmons 2007-08-15.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Simmons]]]] \\n[[File:Yusuf-2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cat\n        Stevens]]]]\\n[[File:Peggy Fleming 1983 Paraguay stamp.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peggy\n        Fleming]]]]\\n[[File:Jean Reno 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean Reno]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] \\n** [[Ever Hugo Almeida]], Paraguayan footballer\\n** [[John Ford (musician)|John\n        Ford]], English-born rock musician ([[Strawbs]]), writer of \\\"[[Part of the\n        Union]]\\\"\\n** [[Michael McGimpsey]], Northern Ireland politician\\n* [[July\n        2]] – [[Mario Villanueva]], Mexican politician\\n* [[July 3]] –\n        [[Tarmo Koivisto]], Finnish comics artist\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Arnoux]],\n        French racing driver\\n** [[Louis Rapha\\u00ebl I Sako]], Head of the Chaldean\n        Catholic Church\\n** [[Ed Armbrister]], Bahamian outfielder in Major League\n        Baseball\\n** [[Nazmul Hussain]], Indian first-class cricketer\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        [[Tony DeMeo]], American football coach and player\\n** [[Dave Lemonds]], American\n        former professional baseball player\\n** [[Salomon Juan Marcos Issa]], Mexican\n        politician\\n** [[Lojze Peterle]], Slovenian politician\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Nathalie\n        Baye]], French film, television and stage actress\\n** [[Jeff Webb (basketball)|Jeff\n        Webb]], American professional basketball player\\n** [[Bob Riley (basketball)|Bob\n        Riley]], American professional basketball player\\n** [[Sid Smith (American\n        football)|Sid Smith]], American football offensive lineman\\n** [[Eiko Segawa]],\n        Japanese female enka singer and actress\\n** [[Jan van der Veen]], Dutch professional\n        association football player\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Jerry Sherk]], American football\n        defensive tackle\\n** [[Jean LeClerc (actor)|Jean LeClerc]], Qu\\u00e9b\\u00e9cois\n        actor\\n** [[Jean-Marie Colombani]], French journalist\\n** [[Tan Lee Meng]],\n        Singaporean jurist\\n** [[Luis Estrada (footballer)|Luis Estrada]], Mexican\n        football league forward and an Olympian\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Raffi (musician)|Raffi]],\n        Egyptian-born children''s entertainer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Theo B\\u00fccker]],\n        German football manager and a player\\n** [[Rich Hand]], American professional\n        baseball player\\n** [[Mick Coop]], English professional football right back\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\n** [[Jay Thomas]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Richard\n        Simmons]], American television personality and fitness expert\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Don Sweet]], Canadian star football kicker\\n** [[Alf Hansen]], Norwegian\n        rower\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Richard Franklin (director)|Richard Franklin]],\n        Australian film director (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Rita Barber\\u00e1]],\n        Spanish politician, Mayor of Valencia (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Pinchas Zukerman]],\n        Israeli violinist\\n** [[Jeff Van Wagenen]], American professional golfer\\n**\n        [[Lars Lagerb\\u00e4ck]], Swedish football manager and player\\n* [[July 17]]\n        \\n** [[Alan Sieler]], Australian former cricketer\\n** [[Doug Berry (Canadian\n        football)|Doug Berry]], American Canadian football coach\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[Hartmut Michel]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Muse Watson]], American actor\\n** [[Maroun Elias\n        Nimeh Lahham]], Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Beppe Grillo]], Italian activist, blogger, comedian and actor\\n**\n        [[Ed Hinton (sportswriter)|Ed Hinton]], American sportswriter\\n** [[Cat Stevens]],\n        born Steven Georgiou, later known as Yusuf Islam, British singer, musician\n        \\n** [[Garry Trudeau]], American cartoonist\\n** [[Teruzane Utada]], Japanese\n        music executive producer and attendant\\n** [[Mikhail Nikolayevich Zadornov|Mikhail\n        Zadornov]], Russian stand-up comedian and writer\\n** [[Snooty]], male Florida\n        manatee (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Susan Eloise Hinton]], American\n        author\\n** [[Otto Waalkes]], German comedian and actor\\n* [[July 23]] –\n        [[John Cushnahan]], Northern Irish politician\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Steve\n        Goodman]], American [[Grammy Award]]-winning [[folk music]] singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Peggy Fleming]], American figure skater\\n*\n        [[July 28]]\\n** [[Gerald Casale]], American director and singer ([[Devo]])\\n**\n        [[Sally Struthers]], American actress and spokeswoman\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Reno]], French actor\\n** [[Julia Tsenova]], Bulgarian composer and musician\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jonathan Dollimore]], English academic\n        sociologist and cultural theorist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Jean-Pierre Raffarin\n        par Claude Truong-Ngoc 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]]]]\\n[[File:Tipper\n        Gore Headshot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tipper Gore]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Plant at the\n        Palace Theatre, Manchester.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Plant]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]] – [[Jim Carroll]], American author, poet and musician (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[August 2]]\\n** [[Dennis Prager]], American radio talk show host and author\\n**\n        [[Bob Rae]], Canadian politician\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]],\n        Prime Minister of France\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Mizengo Pinda]], 9th Prime\n        Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Kathleen Battle]], American\n        soprano\\n* [[August 15]] – [[George Ryton]], Singapore-born English\n        Formula One engineer\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Sean Scanlan]], Scottish actor\n        (d. [[2017]]) \\n** [[Joseph Marcell]], English actor\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**[[Robert\n        Hughes (Australian actor)|Robert Hughes]], Australian actor\\n**[[Tipper Gore]],\n        [[Second Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[John Noble]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Robert Plant]], English singer ([[Led Zeppelin]])\\n**\n        [[Barbara Allen Rainey]] (born Barbara Ann Allen), American aviator, first\n        female pilot in the U.S. armed forces (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[August 23]] –\n        [[Lev Zeleny]], Soviet and Russian physicist\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Jean Michel\n        Jarre]], French electronic musician\\n** [[Sauli Niinisto]], Finnish politician,\n        12th [[President of Finland]]\\n** [[Kim Sung-il (general)|Kim Sung-il]], Chief\n        of Staff of the [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] \\n**\n        [[Tito Sotto|Vicente Sotto III]], Filipino actor, host and politician\\n* [[August\n        27]] – [[Sgt. Slaughter]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[August\n        30]] \\n** [[Lewis Black]], American comedian\\n** [[Fred Hampton]], American\n        activist (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Victor Skumin]], Russian scientist, Professor\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[Cyril Jordan]], American musician\\n** [[Holger Osieck]],\n        German football manager\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Sitiveni Rabuka May 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sitiveni\n        Rabuka]]]]\\n[[File:SDCC 2015 - Jeremy Irons (19524260758) (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeremy\n        Irons]]]]\\n[[File:George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        R. R. Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Phil as Chick-1-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Phil Hartman]]]]\\n[[File:Olivia\n        Newton John 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Olivia Newton-John]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\n        – [[James Rebhorn]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[Christa McAuliffe]], American teacher and astronaut (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Nate\n        Archibald]], American basketball player\\n** [[Terry Bradshaw]], American football\n        player and sportscaster\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Don Brewer]], American drummer\n        ([[Grand Funk Railroad]])\\n** [[Levy Mwanawasa]], Zambian president (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Samuel Hui]], Hong Kong singer\\n* [[September 5]]\n        – [[Benita Ferrero-Waldner]], Austrian diplomat and politician\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Susan Blakely]], American actress\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        [[Great Kabuki]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Judy\n        Geeson]], English actress\\n** [[Bob Lanier (basketball)|Bob Lanier]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Margaret Trudeau]], born Margaret Sinclair, wife and\n        mother of Prime Ministers of Canada\\n** [[Charlie Waters]], American football\n        player\\n* [[September 11]] – [[John Martyn]], born Iain McGeachy, British\n        folk-rock guitarist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Nell Carter]],\n        American singer and actress (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Sitiveni Rabuka]], 3rd Prime\n        Minister of Fiji \\n* [[September 16]] – [[Ron Blair]], American bassist\n        ([[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[John Ritter]],\n        American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jeremy Irons]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Nadezhda Tkachenko]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] pentathlete\\n* [[September\n        20]]\\n** [[Rey Langit]], Filipino journalist and radio host\\n** [[George R.\n        R. Martin]], American [[speculative fiction]] author\\n* [[September 22]]\\n**\n        [[Denis Burke (Australian politician)|Denis Burke]], Australian politician\\n**\n        [[Mark Phillips]], army captain and equestrian, first husband of [[Anne, Princess\n        Royal]]\\n** [[Jim Byrnes (actor)|Jim Byrnes]], American voice actor, blues\n        musician and actor\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Phil Hartman]], Canadian\n        actor and comedian (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[C\\u00e4cilia Rentmeister]],\n        German art historian and gender researcher\\n** [[Vladimir Yevtushenkov]],\n        [[Russians|Russian]] [[Business oligarch|oligarch]]\\n* [[September 26]]\\n**\n        [[Maurizio Gucci]], Italian businessman and murder victim (k. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Olivia Newton-John]], English-born Australian singer and actress\\n* [[September\n        27]] – [[Michele Dotrice]], English actress\\n* [[September 29]]\\n**\n        [[Mark Farner]], American rock guitarist and singer ([[Grand Funk Railroad]])\\n**\n        [[Bryant Gumbel]], African-American television broadcaster\\n** [[Theo J\\u00f6rgensmann]],\n        German jazz clarinetist\\n** [[Burton Richardson]], American game show announcer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Johnny\n        Ramone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Johnny Ramone]]]]\\n[[File:Chrisde33.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris\n        de Burgh]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Jordan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Jordan]]]]\\n[[File:Kushida\n        anime friends 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Akira Kushida]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] –\n        [[Peter Blake (sailor)|Sir Peter Blake]], New Zealand yachtsman (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]]\\n** [[Avery Brooks]], American actor and musician\\n** [[Persis\n        Khambatta]], Indian actress and model (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Chris LeDoux]],\n        American singer and rodeo star (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Meg\n        Bennett]], American soap opera writer\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Gerry Adams]],\n        Northern Irish politician\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Diane Ackerman]], American\n        poet and essayist\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Johnny Ramone]], American guitarist\n        ([[Ramones]]) (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Baldwin Spencer]], 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Antigua and Barbuda]]\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Jackson Browne]], American\n        rock musician\\n** [[Ciar\\u00e1n Carson]], Northern Irish poet and novelist\\n**\n        [[Oliver Hart (economist)|Oliver Hart]], English-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 11]] –\n        [[Cynthia Clawson]], American gospel singer\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[John Ford\n        Coley]], American rock musician\\n** [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], Pakistani musician\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Ted Poe]], American politician\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Engin\n        Ar\\u0131k]], [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[nuclear physicist]] (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[David\n        Ruprecht]], American actor and writer (''''Supermarket Sweep'''')\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Renato Corona]], Filipino jurist and lawyer (d. 2016)\\n** [[Chris\n        de Burgh]], born Christopher Davison, Argentine-born Anglo-Irish singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Leo Mazzone]], American baseball coach\\n* [[October\n        17]]\\n** [[Robert Jordan]], American novelist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Margot Kidder]],\n        Canadian actress\\n** [[Akira Kushida]], Japanese singer \\n** [[George Wendt]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Hans K\\u00f6chler]], Austrian philosopher\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Patrick Simmons]], American musician ([[The Doobie\n        Brothers]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Tom Everett]], American actor\\n** [[Allen\n        Vigneron]], [[Archdiocese of Detroit|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Detroit]]\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Lynette Fromme]], American attempted assassin of\n        [[Gerald Ford]]\\n* [[October 23]] – Sir [[Gerry Robinson]], Irish-born\n        British businessman\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Dave Cowens]], American basketball\n        player and coach\\n** [[Dan Gable]], American wrestler and coach\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Toby Harrah]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 28]] –\n        [[Telma Hopkins]], American actress and singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Kate\n        Jackson]], American actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Amadou Toure.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Amadou\n        Toumani Tour\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Hassan Rouhani.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hassan Rouhani]]]]\\n[[File:Charles,\n        Prince of Wales at COP21.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles, Prince of Wales]]]]\\n[[File:Michel\n        Suleiman - 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michel Suleiman]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] –\n        [[Anna Stuart]], American actress\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]],\n        born Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie, Scottish singer and actress\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Amadou Toumani Tour\\u00e9]], [[President of Mali]]\\n* [[November\n        5]]\\n** [[Bob Barr]], American politician\\n** [[Dallas Holm]], American Christian\n        musician\\n** [[William Daniel Phillips]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Glenn Frey]],\n        American guitarist and singer ([[The Eagles]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Jim Houghton]], American actor and director\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]], Brazilian football player and manager\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – [[Vincent Schiavelli]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]]\\n** [[Hassan Rouhani]], 7th [[President of Iran]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Roberts (evangelist)|Richard Roberts]], American evangelist and son of [[Oral\n        Roberts]]\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Humayun Ahmed]], [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]]\n        writer.\\n** [[Lockwood Smith]], New Zealand politician\\n* [[November 14]]\\n**\n        [[Charles, Prince of Wales]], born Prince Charles of Edinburgh, heir apparent\n        to the British throne and son of [[Elizabeth II]] (at this time Duchess of\n        Edinburgh) and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Ginty]], American actor and director (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Dee Wallace]],\n        American actress\\n* [[November 15]] – [[James Kemsley]], Australian\n        cartoonist and actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Chi Coltrane]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Ken James (Australian actor)|Ken James]], Australian\n        actor \\n** [[Mutt Lange]], Rhodesian-born record producer\\n** [[Mate Parlov]],\n        Yugoslav Olympic boxer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Howard Dean]],\n        American politician\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Rance Allen]], American gospel\n        singer and preacher\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[John R. Bolton]], U.S. Ambassador\n        to the U.N.\\n** [[Barbara Hendricks]], American singer \\n** [[Richard Masur]],\n        American actor, director; president of Screen Actors Guild\\n* [[November 21]]\n        – [[Michel Suleiman]], President of Lebanon\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Dominique-France\n        Picard]], also known as Princess Fadila of Egypt, wife of King [[Fuad II]]\n        of Egypt and the Sudan\\n** [[Ron Bouchard]], American NASCAR driver (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Gabriele Seyfert]], East German figure skater\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Joe Howard (actor)|Joe Howard]], American actor\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Elizabeth Blackburn]], Australian-American biologist and winner of [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]  \\n* [[November 27]] – [[James Avery\n        (actor)|James Avery]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Agnieszka Holland]], Polish director and screenwriter\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:OzzyChangingHands02-20-2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ozzy\n        Osbourne]]]]\\n[[File:Jobethwilliams.jpg|thumb|110px|[[JoBeth Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Marcelo\n        Rebelo de Sousa Rio2016.png|thumb|110px|[[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]]]\\n[[File:Samuel\n        L. Jackson SDCC 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Samuel L. Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:G\\u00e9rard\n        Depardieu Cannes 2015 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[G\\u00e9rard Depardieu]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[T. Coraghessan Boyle]], American writer\\n** [[Toninho Horta]], Brazilian\n        singer and musician\\n** [[Christine Westermann]], German television and radio\n        host, journalist and author\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Rick Cua]], American singer\n        and evangelist\\n** [[Ozzy Osbourne]], English singer ([[Black Sabbath]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Keke Rosberg]], Finnish Formula One champion\\n** [[Marius\n        M\\u00fcller-Westernhagen]], German actor and musician\\n** [[JoBeth Williams]],\n        American actress and director\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Gary Morris]], American\n        country singer and actor\\n** [[Tony Thomas (producer)|Tony Thomas]], American\n        television producer\\n** [[Mads Vinding]], Danish bassist\\n* [[December 10]]\n        – [[Abu Abbas]], founder of the Palestine Liberation Front (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – [[Chester Thompson]], American rock drummer\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]], 20th [[President of Portugal]]\\n*\n        [[December 13]]\\n** [[Lillian Board]], South African-born English Olympic\n        athlete (d. [[1970]])\\n** [[Ted Nugent]], American rock guitarist and singer\\n**\n        [[David O''List]], English rock guitarist\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Lester\n        Bangs]], American music journalist (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Kim Beazley]], Australian\n        politician\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Ken Brown (ice hockey)|Ken Brown]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Alan Parsons]], English\n        songwriter, musician and record producer\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Samuel L.\n        Jackson]], African-American actor and film producer\\n** [[Willi Resetarits]],\n        Austrian musician and cabaret artist\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Noel Edmonds]],\n        English TV presenter and DJ\\n** [[Flip Mark]], American child actor\\n** [[Lynne\n        Thigpen]], American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Jim\n        Ferguson]], American guitarist, composer, educator, author and music journalist\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Alia Al-Hussein|Queen Alia]] (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Barbara\n        Mandrell]], American country singer\\n* [[December 27]]\\n**[[Ronnie Caldwell]],\n        American [[soul music]] and [[rhythm and blues]] musician (d. [[1967]])\\n**[[G\\u00e9rard\n        Depardieu]], French actor\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Dick Siegel]], American\n        songwriter\\n** [[Mary Weiss]], American singer ([[The Shangri-Las]])\\n* [[December\n        29]] – [[Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)|Peter Robinson]],\n        Northern Ireland First Minister\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Joe Dallesandro]],\n        American model and actor\\n** [[Sandy Jardine]], Scottish professional footballer\n        playing for Rangers and Hearts and representing Scotland (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Donna Summer]], African-American singer and actress (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n[[File:Judy Nylon.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Judy Nylon]]]]\\n* [[Archana\n        Bhattacharyya]], Indian physicist\\n* [[Miguel Cabrera Cabrera]], Spanish architect\n        and politician\\n* [[Vicatan]], born Vicente Doria Catan Jr., Filipino comic\n        book artist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[Gudo Hoegel]], German actor and voice actor\\n*\n        [[Phalon Jones]], American [[soul music]] and [[rhythm and blues]] musician\n        (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[John Blair Moore]], American comic book artist\\n* [[Johnny\n        Nicholas]], American blues musician\\n* [[Judy Nylon]], American artist and\n        musician\\n* [[Edward Rutherfurd]], born Francis Edward Wintle, English novelist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Prince\n        Aimone of Savoy - restored.jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Tomislav II of Croatia]]]]\\n[[File:Giaccardo.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Giuseppe Giaccardo]]]]\\n[[File:MKGandhi.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Mohandas\n        Gandhi]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Edna May]], American actress (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Vicente Huidobro]], Chilean poet (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Anna Kallina]], Austrian actress (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Mary Dimmick Harrison]], wife of President [[Benjamin\n        Harrison]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Charles C. Wilson (actor)|Charles\n        C. Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\n** [[Maria de\n        Maeztu Whitney]], Spanish educator and feminist (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Charles\n        Magnusson]], Swedish producer and screenwriter (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Kurt Schwitters]],\n        German artist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Edward Stanley Kellogg]], 16th [[Governor\n        of American Samoa]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Tony Garnier\n        (architect)|Tony Garnier]], French architect (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 21]]\n        \\n** [[Eliza Moore]] last person born into slavery in the United States (b.\n        [[1843]])\\n** [[Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari]], Italian composer (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] \\n** [[Bill Cody (actor)|Bill Cody]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Giuseppe Giaccardo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n** [[Maria Mandl]], Austrian criminal (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[January\n        26]] – [[Georg Bruchm\\u00fcller]], influential German artillery officer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Anna Maria Gove]], American phyisican\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 29]] – King [[Tomislav II of Croatia]] (b.\n        1900)\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Nigel De Brulier]], British actor (b. [[1877]])\\n**[[Arthur\n        Coningham (RAF officer)|Arthur Coningham]], British air force air marshal\n        (disappeared) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Leader of Indian independence\n        movement, (assassinated) (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Herb Pennock]], American baseball\n        player ([[New York Yankees]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n** [[Orville Wright]], American co-inventor of the airplane (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[John T. Daniels]], American Coast Guardsman,\n        took the [[Wright brothers]] first flight photograph (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Karl\n        Valentin by Eugen Rosenfeld (1870 - 1940).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Valentin]]]]\\n[[File:Sergei\n        Eisenstein 03.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sergei Eisenstein]]]]\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\n        (\\u041c\\u0443\\u043d\\u0442\\u044f\\u043d\\u0443).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patriarch Nicodim\n        of Romania]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Jatindramohan Bagchi]], Indian\n        (Bengali) poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Bevil Rudd]], South\n        African athlete (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Otto Praeger]],\n        American postal official who implemented U.S. Airmail (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February\n        9]] \\n** [[Burns Mantle]], American theatre critic (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Valentin]], German actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\n** [[Sergei Eisenstein]],\n        Soviet film director (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Isaac Isaacs]], 9th [[Governor-General\n        of Australia]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Theodor Caspari]],\n        Norwegian poet, novelist, writer, literary critic and teacher (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Mordecai Brown]], American baseball player ([[Chicago\n        Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February\n        15]] – [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]], Indian poet (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Enrique Finochietto]], Argentine academic, physician and inventor\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Renato Balestrero]], Italian racecar\n        driver (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[John Robert Gregg]], Irish-born\n        inventor of shorthand (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\n** [[Alfredo Baldomir]],\n        Uruguayan politician, soldier and architect, 27th [[President of Uruguay]],\n        leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Alexander du Toit]], South\n        African geologist (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Felix Krueger]], German psychologist\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Juan Esteban Montero]], Chilean political figure and 20th\n        [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Charles Gifford\n        (astronomer)|Charles Gifford]], New Zealander astronomer, explorer and teacher\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Patriarch Nicodim of Romania]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Camila Quiroga]], Argentine actress (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Donpierofolli.JPG|thumb|110px|right|Blessed\n        [[Piero Folli]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Gabriel Brunet de Sairign\\u00e9]],\n        French general (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Antonin Artaud]], French\n        playwright, actor and director (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Ross\n        Lockridge, Jr.]], American novelist (suicide) (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[March 8]]\n        – [[Piero Folli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Zelda Fitzgerald]], American wife of [[F.\n        Scott Fitzgerald]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Jan Masaryk]], Foreign Minister of\n        Czechoslovakia (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Giuseppina Catanea]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Senge\n        Motomaro]], Japanese poet (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Paul Dupuy]],\n        French historian and biographer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[K\\u014dz\\u014d\n        Sat\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 24]] \\n** [[Nikolai\n        Berdyaev]], Soviet religious leader and political philosopher (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Giovanni Cuomo]], Italian politician, lawyer and teacher (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Paolo Thaon di Revel]], former admiral of the Royal Italian Navy (b. [[1859]])\\n**\n        [[Sabbas of Kalymnos]], Greek [[Orthodox priest]] and saint (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Giovanni Ceirano]], Italian industrialist and automotive\n        pioneer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Egon Erwin Kisch]], Austrian\n        journalist and author (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Manuel A Roxas.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Manuel\n        Roxas]]]]\\n[[File:Kantaro Suzuki suit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kantaro Suzuki]]]]\\n[[File:Mitsumasa\n        Yonai smiling.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mitsumasa Yonai]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Biagio Biagetti]], Italian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 5]] –\n        [[Angelo Joseph Rossi]], American political figure and [[Mayor of San Francisco]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Isabel Andreu de Aguilar]], Puerto\n        Rican writer, educator, philanthropist and activist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni]], Palestinian Arab nationalist (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[George Carpenter (Salvation Army)|George Carpenter]],\n        5th General of [[The Salvation Army]] (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Jorge Eli\\u00e9cer\n        Gait\\u00e1n]], Colombian politician (assassinated) (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Manuel Roxas]], Filipino statesman, 5th [[President of the\n        Philippines]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Kantar\\u014d Suzuki]],\n        Japanese admiral, 42nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor)|Mikhail Rostovtsev]], Soviet actor\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], Japanese admiral\n        and politician, 37th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April\n        21]] – [[Carlos L\\u00f3pez Buchardo]], Argentine composer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Prosper Montagn\\u00e9]], French chef and author (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Prince Albrecht of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\\u00fccksburg]]\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Manuel Ponce]], Mexican composer (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Gerardo Matos Rodriguez]], Uruguayan composer,\n        journalist and pianist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Alfredo Miguel\n        Aguayo S\\u00e1nchez]], Puerto Rican educator and writer (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Lady\n        Hartington.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington]]]]\\n[[File:Dame\n        May Whitty.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dame May Whitty]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[\\u00c1ngel\n        Maria Herrera]], Panamanian educator (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Ernst\n        Tandefelt]], Finnish nobleman, assassin of Minister Ritavuori (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] \\n** [[Viola Allen]], American actress (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Frank\n        Leigh]], British actor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Milan Begovi\\u0107]],\n        Yugoslavian writer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of\n        Hartington]] (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Dauchez]], French\n        painter (b. [[1870]])\\n** Father [[Edward J. Flanagan]], Irish-born American\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, founder of Boys Town and monsignor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Muhammad Habibullah]], Indian politician (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Francisco Alonso]], Spanish composer (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Maximilian Lenz]], Austrian painter and sculptor (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Jacques Feyder]], French filmmaker (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Claude McKay]], Jamaican-born American writer and poet\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[\\u00c9mile Gaston Chassinat]], French\n        egyptologist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Unity Mitford]], British\n        socialite; friend of [[Adolf Hitler]] (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 29]] –\n        Dame [[May Whitty]], British actress (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef\n        Klekl (politician)|J\\u00f3zsef Klekl]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] politician in\n        Hungary (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Nasib-bitar-1.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Nasib\n        al-Bitar]]]]\\n[[File:PrensSabahattin.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Prince Sabahaddin]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Vianna da Motta]], Portuguese pianist, teacher\n        and composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Viktor Brack]], German\n        doctor (b. [[1904]]), executed by hanging for warcrimes\\n** [[Karl Brandt]],\n        German S.S. officer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Rudolf Brandt]], German S.S. officer\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Karl Gebhardt]], German S.S. officer (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Waldemar Hoven]], German S.S. officer (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Joachim Mrugowsky]],\n        German S.S. officer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Wolfram Sievers]], German S.S. officer\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Auguste and Louis Lumi\\u00e8re|Louis\n        Lumi\\u00e8re]], French film pioneer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Giacomo\n        Albanese]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Osamu\n        Dazai]], Japanese writer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Eug\\u00eania\n        \\u00c1lvaro Moreyra]], Brazilian journalist, actress and director (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\n** [[Bento de Jesus Cara\\u00e7a]], Portuguese mathematician,\n        economist, statistician (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[William C. Lee]], American general\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Nasib al-Bitar]], Palestine jurist (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n** [[Lilian Velez]], Filipino actress (murder) (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Prince Sabahaddin]] (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Albert\n        Bates mugshot 1934.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Albert Bates]]]]\\n[[File:Charles Fillmore\n        (Unity Church).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)|Charles Fillmore]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Assunta Marchetti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious\n        professed and blessed\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Baba Sawan Singh]], Indian saint\n        known as \\\"The Great Master\\\" (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Albert Bates\n        (criminal)|Albert Bates]], American criminal (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Monteiro\n        Lobato]], Brazilian writer (b. [[1882]]7\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Georges Bernanos]],\n        French writer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)|Charles\n        Fillmore]], American [[Protestant]] mystic (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Carole Landis]],\n        American actress player (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[James Baskett]],\n        American actor (Uncle Remus in Disney''s [[Song of the South]]) (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Alcibiades Diamandi]], Greek political figure (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n**\n        [[King Baggot]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Franz Weidenreich]], German\n        anatomist and physical anthropologist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Harry\n        Brearley]], British inventor of stainless steel (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Marguerite\n        Moreno]], French actress (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[John J. Pershing]],\n        American general (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Ildebrando Zacchini]],\n        Maltese painter, inventor and traveller (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n**\n        [[May Moss]], Australian women''s rights activist (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Baldassarre\n        Negroni]], Italian director and screenwriter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        – [[Arshile Gorky]], Soviet-born painter (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – [[Sud Mennucci]], Brazilian journalist and educator (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[D. W. Griffith]], American film director (''''The Birth\n        Of A Nation'''') (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Susan Glaspell]], American\n        playwright (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Joe Tinker]], American baseball player ([[Chicago\n        Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 31]]\n        – [[Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd]], mistress of President [[Franklin Delano\n        Roosevelt]] (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Babe Ruth Red Sox 1918.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Babe\n        Ruth]]]]\\n[[File:Mrs. John Nance Garner.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariette Rheiner\n        Garner]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Michailovich Tarkhanov.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikhail\n        Tarkhanov (actor)|Mikhail Tarkhanov]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Tommy Ryan]],\n        American boxing champion (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Charles Bryant\n        (actor)|Charles Bryant]], American actor (b. 1948)\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Kan''ichi\n        Asakawa]], Japanese historian (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Andrew Brown (soccer)|Andrew\n        Brown]], Scottish soccer coach (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Edwin\n        Maxwell (actor)|Edwin Maxwell]], Irish actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 16]]\n        – [[Babe Ruth]], American baseball player ([[New York Yankees]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[Mariette Rheiner Garner]], Second Lady of the United States (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Mikhail Tarkhanov (actor)|Mikhail Tarkhanov]], Soviet\n        actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[George Anderson (actor)|George\n        Anderson]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Cissie Cahalan]],\n        Irish trade union, feminist and suffragette (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Charles Evans\n        Hughes]], [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Edvard\n        Bene%C5%A1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edvard Benes]]]]\\n[[File:Zar Ferdinand Bulgarien.jpg|thumb|100px|Tsar\n        [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]]]]\\n[[File:Cardinal Rossi.JPG|thumb|100px|Eminence\n        and Servant of God [[Raffaele Rossi]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Adalbert of Prussia\n        (1884%E2%80%931948).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884\\u20131948)|Prince\n        Adalbert of Prussia]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Muhammad VII al-Munsif]],\n        ruler of Tunisia 1942\\u201343 (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Sylvanus\n        Morley|Sylvanus G. Morley]], American scholar and World War I spy (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]], Czechoslovakian politician,\n        4th [[Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia]] and 2-time [[President of Czechoslovakia]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Richard C. Tolman]], American mathematical\n        physicist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Suar\\u00e8s]],\n        French poet and critic (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Ferdinand\n        I of Bulgaria]], [[Tsar of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        Quaid-e-Azam [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder and first Governor General of\n        [[Pakistan]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Rupert D''Oyly Carte]],\n        British hotelier, theatre owner and impresario (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Carlo Servolini]],\n        Italian artist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Paul Wegener]],\n        German actor, film director, and screenwriter; one of the pioneers of [[German\n        Expressionism]]  (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Ruth Benedict]],\n        American anthropologist and folklorist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Folke Bernadotte]],\n        Swedish diplomat (assassinated) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Emil Ludwig]], German-born\n        Swiss historian and biographer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Raffaele Rossi]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal, eminence and servant of God (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Husain Salaahuddin]], Famous Mahl writer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884\\u20131948)|Prince\n        Adalbert of Prussia]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Warren William]],\n        American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Toyoaki Horiuchi]],\n        Japanese general (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Gregg Toland]],\n        American cinematographer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Frank\n        Cellier (actor)|Frank Cellier]], British actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\n** [[Vasily Kachalov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Edith Roosevelt]],\n        [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Very\n        Rev. Albert Power - Rector of Newman College.jpg|thumb|100px|Reverend [[Albert\n        Power (priest)|Albert Power]]]]\\n[[File:Bain News Service - Franz Leh\\u00e1r.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Franz\n        Leh\\u00e1r]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Phraya Manopakorn Nititada]], 1st\n        [[Prime Minister of Siam]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Mary Ryan\n        (actress; 1885-1948)|Mary Ryan]], American actress (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] – [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]], Pakistani politician (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Umberto Coromaldi]], Italian painter (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] – [[Saif Ali Janjua]], Pakistani commander (b. [[1922]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\n** [[Susan Sutherland Isaacs]], British educational psychologist\n        and psychoanalyst (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Albert Power (priest)|Albert Power]],\n        Australian [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Jesuit]] priest and reverend (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Samuel S. Hinds]], American actor (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Dale Fuller (actress)|Dale Fuller]], American actress\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Edythe Chapman]], American actress\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Maria Olga de Moraes Sarmento da\n        Silveira]], Portuguese feminist and writer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 18]]\n        – [[Walther von Brauchitsch]], German field marshal (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Mehmet Suphi Kula]], Turkish general (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Elissa Landi]], Italian actress (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]] \\n** [[Guillaume de Jerphanion]], French [[Jesuit]], epigrapher,\n        geographer, photographer, linguist and archaeologist (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Alexander\n        Piorkowski]], German SS officer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[William Royland]], British\n        baronet \\n* [[October 24]] \\n** [[Franz Leh\\u00e1r]], Hungarian composer (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n** [[Peter Murdoch]], Australian politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] – [[Mary Nolan]], American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Peterferdinand%C3%B6sterrtosk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Archduke\n        Peter Ferdinand of Austria]]]]\\n[[File:B%C3%A9la Mikl%C3%B3s de D%C3%A1lnok\n        1942.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bela Miklos]]]]\\n* [[November 4]] \\n** [[Albert Stanley,\n        1st Baron Ashfield]], British-born American businessman (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Filippo Perlo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and missionary (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[David Leland (actor)|David Leland]], American actor\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Edgar Kennedy]], American actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\n** [[Julius Curtius]], German politician\n        and diplomat (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Jack Nelson (actor)|Jack Nelson]], American\n        actor and director (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Fred Niblo]],\n        American film director (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Umberto\n        Giordano]], Italian composer (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Oerip\n        Soemohardjo]], Indonesian general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[B\\u00e9la Mikl\\u00f3s]], Hungarian military officer and politician, 38th\n        [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Hack\n        Wilson]], American baseball player ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and a member of the\n        [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[D. D. Sheehan]],\n        Irish politician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\n** [[Maria Koppenh\\u00f6fer]],\n        German actress (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Roberto Omegna]], Italian cinematographer\n        and director (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Franco Vittadini]],\n        Italian composer (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Joao tamagnini barbosa\n        1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jo\\u00e3o Tamagnini Barbosa]]]]\\n[[File:Hideki Tojo.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Hideki\n        Tojo]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Chano Pozo]], Cuban percussionist (b.\n        [[1915]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\n** [[Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894\\u20131948)|Jan\n        Hendrik Hofmeyr]], South African politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Luis Orrego\n        Luco]], Chilean politician, lawyer, novelist and diplomat (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Jo\\u00e3o Tamagnini Barbosa]], Portuguese military\n        officer and politician, 69th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – [[C. Aubrey Smith]], British actor (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – Japanese war leaders (hanged):\\n** [[Kenji Doihara]],\n        general (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[K\\u014dki Hirota]], diplomat and politician, 32nd\n        [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Seishir\\u014d Itagaki]], military\n        officer (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Heitar\\u014d Kimura]], general (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Iwane Matsui]], general (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Akira Mut\\u014d]], general (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Hideki Tojo]], general, 40th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[John Westley (actor)|John Westley]],\n        American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Muhammad Saleh Akbar\n        Hydari]], Indian civil servant and politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Mahmoud\n        an-Nukrashi Pasha]], Egyptian political figure, 27th [[Prime Minister of Egypt]]\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Guido Di Ruggiero]],\n        Italian philosopher, professor and politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Malcolm Campbell|Sir Malcolm Campbell]], English land and water\n        racer (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Arne Tiselius]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Paul Hermann M\\u00fcller]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[T. S. Eliot]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1948}}\\n[[Category:1948|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:22:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":799773503,\"length\":84726,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948\"},\"34604\":{\"pageid\":34604,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1949\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T23:11:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1949}}\\n{{Year nav|1949}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1949}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – UN sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the [[Indo-Pakistani\n        War of 1947]]. The war results in a stalemate and the division of [[Kashmir]],\n        which is still continuing as of 2017.\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Luis Mu\\u00f1oz\n        Mar\\u00edn]] becomes the first democratically elected [[Governor of Puerto\n        Rico]].\\n* [[January 4]]–[[February 22]] – Series of winter storms\n        in [[Nebraska]], [[Wyoming]], [[South Dakota]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]] and\n        [[Nevada]] – winds of up to 72 mph – tens of thousands of\n        cattle and sheep perish.\\n* [[January 4]] – {{RMS|Caronia}} of the [[Cunard\n        Line]] departs [[Southampton]] for New York on her maiden voyage.\\n* [[January\n        5]] – U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] unveils his [[Fair Deal]] program.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Los Angeles]] receives its first recorded snowfall.\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[\\u015eemsettin G\\u00fcnaltay]] forms the new government\n        of [[Turkey]]. (18th government, last single party government of [[Republican\n        People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]])\\n[[File:VW Standard, Bj1950 2005-09-17.jpg|thumb|90px|\n        [[January 17]]: [[Volkswagen Beetle|Beetle]] in U.S.]]\\n* [[January 17]] –\n        The first [[Volkswagen Beetle|VW Type 1]] to arrive in the United States,\n        a 1948 model, is brought to New York by Dutch businessman Ben Pon. Unable\n        to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car\n        to pay his travel expenses. Only two 1949 models were sold in America that\n        year, convincing Volkswagen chairman [[Heinrich Nordhoff]] the car had no\n        future in the U.S. (The Type 1 went on to become an automotive phenomenon.)\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – The [[Poe Toaster]] first appears at the grave of [[Edgar\n        Allan Poe]].\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Harry S. Truman]] is [[Second inauguration\n        of Harry S. Truman|sworn in]] for a full term as President of the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\n** [[Council for Mutual Economic Assistance]] (CMEA or COMECON)\n        established by [[Soviet Union]] and other communist nations.\\n** The first\n        [[Emmy Award]]s are presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club.\\n** In the first\n        [[Israel]]i election, [[David Ben-Gurion]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime\n        Minister]].\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Australian citizenship]] comes into\n        being and the [[Constitution of India]] is prepared.\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        Forces from the [[Communist Party of China]] enter Beijing.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Rationing in the United Kingdom#Non-food rations|Rationing\n        of clothes]] ends in Britain.\\n** Belgian astronomer [[Jean Meeus]] asserts\n        that the orbits of all the planets of the [[Solar System]] are within the\n        same 90\\u00b0 arc of the Solar System on this date. The next time it is thought\n        this will occur is on [[May 6]], 2492.\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Arthur\n        Miller]]''s tragedy ''''[[Death of a Salesman]]'''' opens at the [[Morosco\n        Theatre]] in [[New York City]] and runs for 742 performances.\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[London Mozart Players]] perform their first concert at the\n        [[Wigmore Hall]], London.\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio \\u00d3scar\n        Carmona]] is re-elected [[president of Portugal]] for lack of an opposing\n        candidate.\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Chaim Weizmann]] begins his term as\n        the first [[President of Israel]].\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Ezra Pound]]\n        is awarded the first [[Bollingen Prize]] in poetry by the [[Bollingen Foundation]]\n        and [[Yale University]].\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Cincinnati Gardens]] opens\n        in [[Cincinnati]].\\n** [[Grady the Cow]], a 1,200-pound cow, gets stuck inside\n        a silo on a farm in [[Yukon, Oklahoma]] and garners national media attention\n        in the United States.\\n* [[February 28]] – Margaret Roberts, the future\n        [[Margaret Thatcher]], is adopted as the Conservative candidate for [[Dartford]].\n        She will go on to fight two elections in the constituency unsuccessfully in\n        1950 and 1951.\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Revolutionary Communist Party\n        of India]] stages attacks at [[Dum Dum]].\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        World heavyweight boxing champion [[Joe Louis]] retires.\\n** Indonesia seizes\n        [[Yogyakarta]] from the Dutch.\\n* [[March 2]] – The [[B-50 Superfortress]]\n        ''''[[Lucky Lady II]]'''' under Captain James Gallagher lands in [[Fort Worth,\n        Texas]], after completing the first non-stop around-the-world airplane flight\n        (it was refueled in flight 4 times).\\n* [[March 17]] – The [[Shamrock\n        Hotel]] in [[Houston, Texas]], owned by oil tycoon [[Glenn McCarthy]], has\n        its grand opening.\\n* [[March 20]] – The [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy\n        Railroad|Chicago, Burlington and Quincy]], [[Denver and Rio Grande Western\n        Railroad|Denver and Rio Grande Western]] and [[Western Pacific Railroad|Western\n        Pacific]] railroads inaugurate the ''''[[California Zephyr]]'''' passenger\n        train between Chicago and [[Oakland, California]], as the first long distance\n        train to feature Vista Dome cars as regular equipment.\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[WTVJ]] signs on the air in [[Miami, Florida]] as the first station in the\n        state.\\n* [[March 24]] – The [[21st Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\n        The movie ''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]'''' wins the [[Academy Award for\n        Best Picture]].\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Operation Priboi]]: An extensive\n        deportation campaign begins in [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]].\n        The Soviet authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the Baltic states\n        to remote areas of the Soviet Union.\\n* [[March 26]] – The first half\n        of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]''s opera ''''[[Aida]]'''', conducted by legendary conductor\n        [[Arturo Toscanini]], and performed in concert (i.e. no scenery or costumes),\n        is telecast by [[NBC]], live from [[Studio 8H]] at [[Rockefeller Center]].\n        The second half is telecast a week later. This is the only complete opera\n        that Toscanini ever conducts on television.\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[United States\n        Secretary of Defense]] [[James Forrestal]] resigns suddenly.\\n** English astronomer\n        [[Fred Hoyle]] coins the term ''''[[Big Bang]]''''\n        during a [[BBC Third Programme]] radio broadcast.{{cite web|date=2001-08-22|title=''Big\n        bang'' astronomer dies|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1503721.stm|publisher=[[BBC\n        News]]|accessdate=2008-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208220913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1503721.stm|archivedate=2008-12-08|deadurl=no}}{{cite\n        book|last=Croswell|first=Ken|year=1995|chapter=Chapter 9|title=The Alchemy\n        of the Heavens|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=0-385-47213-7}}{{cite\n        book|last=Mitton|first=Simon|year=2005|title=Fred Hoyle: a Life in Science|page=127|publisher=Aurum\n        Press|isbn=1-85410-961-8}}\\n* [[March 31]] – The former British\n        colony of [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] joins Canada as its 10th\n        province.\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] – The [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[April 4]] – The [[North Atlantic Treaty]] is signed\n        in Washington, D.C., creating the [[NATO]] defense alliance.\\n* [[April 7]]\n        – [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[South Pacific (musical)|South\n        Pacific]]'''', starring [[Mary Martin]] and [[Ezio Pinza]], opens on [[Broadway\n        theatre|Broadway]] and goes on to become R&H''s second longest-running [[Musical\n        theatre|musical]]. It becomes an instant classic of the [[musical theatre]].\n        The score''s biggest hit is the song \\\"[[Some Enchanted Evening]]\\\".\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Kathy Fiscus]], 3\\u00bd years old, dies from falling down an\n        abandoned well in [[San Marino, California]].\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – The day the [[N''Ko alphabet]] is held to have been completed\n        by [[Solomana Kante]].\\n* [[April 18]] – The [[Republic of Ireland]]\n        formally becomes a [[republic]] and leaves the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British\n        Commonwealth]].\\n* [[April 20]] – The [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]] [[HMS\n        Amethyst (U16)|HMS ''''Amethyst'''']] goes up the [[Yangtze]] river to evacuate\n        [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] refugees escaping the advance\n        of Mao''s Communist forces. Under heavy fire, she grounds off Rose Island.\n        After an abortive rescue attempt on [[April 26]], she anchors 10 miles upstream.\n        Negotiations with the Communists to let the ship leave drag on for weeks,\n        during which time the ship''s cat [[Simon (cat)|Simon]] raises the crew''s\n        morale.\\n* [[April 23]] – Chinese Communist troops take [[Nanjing]].\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** The [[1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers'' Conference]] issues\n        the [[London Declaration]], enabling [[India]] (and, thereafter, any other\n        nation) to remain in the Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating\n        the position of ''[[Head of the Commonwealth]]'' (held by the ruling British\n        monarch), and renaming the organisation from ''British Commonwealth'' to ''[[Commonwealth\n        of Nations]]''.\\n** Former [[First Lady of the Philippines]] [[Aurora Quezon]],\n        61, is assassinated while en route to dedicate a hospital in memory of her\n        [[Manuel L. Quezon|late husband]]; her daughter and 10 others are also killed.\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Nereid (moon)|Nereid]], a moon of [[Neptune]], is discovered\n        by [[Gerard Kuiper]].\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Superga air disaster]]: The Fiat\n        G.212 airliner of Avio Linee Italiane carrying the entire Torino F.C. football\n        team, crashes into the back wall of the Basilica of Superga, killing all 31\n        on board.\\n* [[May 5]] – The [[Council of Europe]] is founded by the\n        signing of the [[Treaty of London (1949)|Treaty of London]].\\n* [[May 6]]\n        – [[EDSAC]], the first practicable [[stored-program computer]], runs\n        its first program at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]].{{cite\n        journal|title=Pioneer computer to be rebuilt|journal=Cam|volume=62|date=2011|page=5}}\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Rainier III of Monaco]]\n        becomes Prince of [[Monaco]], upon the death of his maternal grandfather [[Louis\n        II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]].\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Israel]] is admitted\n        to the [[United Nations]] as its 59th member.\\n** Siam officially changes\n        its French name to \\\"Tha\\u00eflande\\\" (English name to \\\"[[Thailand]]\\\"),\n        having officially changed its Thai name to \\\"Prated Thai\\\" since 1939.\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Cold War]]: The [[Soviet Union]] lifts the [[Berlin Blockade]].\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** The [[National Security Agency#History|AFSA]] (predecessor\n        of the [[National Security Agency|NSA]]) is established.\\n** The [[Kuomintang]]\n        regime declares [[Taiwan]] under [[martial law]].\\n* [[May 22]] – After\n        two months in [[Bethesda Naval Hospital]], [[James Forrestal]] commits suicide,\n        under circumstances that seem suspicious to many.\\n* [[May 23]] – The\n        [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] is established.\\n* [[May 31]]\n        – First trial of [[Alger Hiss]] for perjury begins in New York City\n        with [[Whittaker Chambers]] as principal witness for the prosecution, but\n        will end in a jury deadlock (8 for, 4 against)\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 2]]\n        – Transjordan changes name to the Kingdom of [[Jordan]].\\n* [[June 5]]\n        – [[Thailand]] elects [[Orapin Chaiyakan]], the first [[Thai female]]\n        member of [[Thailand''s Parliament]].\\n* [[June 6]] – With the passage\n        of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act by the Indian government, [[Mahabodhi Temple]]\n        is restored to partial [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] control.\\n* [[June 7]]–[[June\n        25|25]] – Dock workers strike in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        [[Second Red Scare]] in the United States: Celebrities including [[Helen Keller]],\n        [[Dorothy Parker]], [[Danny Kaye]], [[Fredric March]], [[John Garfield]],\n        [[Paul Muni]] and [[Edward G. Robinson]] are named in a [[Federal Bureau of\n        Investigation]] report as [[Communist Party]] members.\\n** [[George Orwell]]''s\n        [[dystopia]]n novel ''''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'''' is published in London.\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – Albert II, a [[rhesus macaque|rhesus monkey]], becomes\n        the first [[primate]] to enter space, on U.S. [[Hermes project]] [[V-2 rocket|V-2]]\n        [[rocket]] ''''Blossom IVB'''', but is killed on impact at return.\\n* [[June\n        19]] – [[Glenn Dunaway]] wins the [[1949 NASCAR Strictly Stock Series\n        Race 1|inaugural]] [[NASCAR]] race at [[Charlotte Speedway]], a 3/4 mile oval\n        in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], but is disqualified due to illegal springs.\n        [[Jim Roper]] is declared the official winner.\\n* [[June 24]] – The\n        first [[Westerns on television|television western]], ''''[[Hopalong Cassidy]]'''',\n        airs on [[NBC]] in the United States.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Apartheid]]:\n        The ''''South African Citizenship Act'''' suspends the granting of citizenship\n        to [[Commonwealth of Nations]] immigrants after 5 years and imposes a ban\n        on [[interracial marriage|mixed marriage]]s.\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] is established.\\n* [[July\n        11]] – ''''[[Pamir (ship)|Pamir]]'''' is the last ''''commercial''''\n        [[sailing ship]] to round [[Cape Horn]] under sail alone.\\n* [[July 19]] –\n        The [[Kingdom of Laos]] is officially formed but is not independent from the\n        [[French Army]]. \\n* [[July 20]] – [[Israel]] and [[Syria]] sign a truce\n        to end their 19-month war.\\n* [[July 24]] (St John''s Day) – Eruption\n        of the [[Cumbre Vieja]] volcano on [[La Palma]] begins.\\n* [[July 27]]\\n**\n        The [[de Havilland Comet]], the world''s first jet-powered airliner, makes\n        its first flight, in England.\\n** [[Zimbabwe national rugby union team|Rhodesia]]\n        beats the [[New Zealand national rugby union team]] (the All Blacks) 10-8\n        in an exhibition match in [[Bulawayo]], the only non-[[Test match (rugby union)|Test]]\n        nation ever to achieve this feat.\\n* [[July 30]] – Birth of [[Legal\n        aid#Legal aid in England and Wales|legal aid in England and Wales]].\\n* [[July\n        31]] – Captain Kerans of the [[HMS Amethyst (U16)|HMS ''''Amethyst'''']]\n        decides to make a break after nightfall, under heavy fire from the Chinese\n        [[People''s Liberation Army]] on both sides of the [[Yangtze]] river, and\n        successfully rejoins the fleet at [[Wusong|Woosung]] the next day.\\n\\n===August===\\n*[[August\n        3]] – The [[Basketball Association of America]] and the [[National Basketball\n        League (United States)|National Basketball League]] finalize the merger that\n        would create the [[National Basketball Association]].\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        The 6.8 ML [[1949 Ambato earthquake|Ambato earthquake]] kills more\n        than 5,000 and destroys a number of villages in [[Ecuador]].\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – [[Bhutan]] signs a [[Bhutan\\u2013India relations#1949 Treaty|Treaty\n        of Friendship]] with the newly-independent India, agreeing non-interference\n        in internal affairs but allowing India to \\\"guide\\\" its foreign policy (similar\n        to the previous arrangements with the British administration in India).\\n*\n        [[August 12]] – The [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] is agreed to.\\n* [[August\n        14]]\\n** The [[Salvatore Giuliano]] Gang explodes mines under a police barracks\n        outside [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]].\\n** A [[military coup]] in [[Syria]] ousts\n        the president.\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Deportivo Saprissa]] enters [[Costa\n        Rica]]n soccer''s first division.\\n* [[August 22]] – The [[1949 Queen\n        Charlotte Islands earthquake]] is Canada''s largest earthquake since the [[1700\n        Cascadia earthquake]].\\n* [[August 24]] – [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]\n        established.\\n* [[August 28]] – The last six surviving veterans of the\n        [[American Civil War]] meet in [[Indianapolis]].\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** The\n        [[Council of Europe]] meets for the first time.\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] tests\n        its first [[atomic bomb]], code named \\\"[[Joe 1]]\\\". Its design imitates the\n        American plutonium bomb that was dropped on [[Nagasaki]], Japan, in [[1945]].\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – The retreat of the Greek Democratic Army in Albania\n        after its defeat at Mount Grammos marks the end of the [[Greek Civil War]].\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Film noir]] ''''[[The Third Man]]'''', with screenplay\n        by [[Graham Greene]] and set in [[Allied-occupied Austria|Allied-occupied]]\n        [[Vienna]], is released in the United Kingdom; it wins the 1949 Grand Prix\n        at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Howard Unruh]],\n        a World War II veteran, kills thirteen neighbors in Camden, New Jersey with\n        a souvenir [[Luger pistol|Parabellum P.08]] pistol to become America''s first\n        single-episode [[mass murder]]er.\\n** [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] military\n        authorities relinquish control of former [[Nazi Germany]] assets back to Germany.\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg|thumb|115px|right|[[Konrad Adenauer]].]]\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – The [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] is\n        officially founded. [[Konrad Adenauer]] is the first federal chancellor.\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** [[Albert Guay affair]]: A dynamite bomb destroys [[Canadian\n        Pacific Airlines]] [[Douglas DC-3]] in [[Quebec]].\\n** Notorious [[World War\n        II]] veteran [[Edwin Alonzo Boyd]] commits his first career bank robbery in\n        Toronto.\\n* [[September 13]] – The [[Soviet Union]] vetoes [[United\n        Nations]] membership for [[Ceylon]], Finland, [[Iceland]], Italy, [[Jordan]]\n        and Portugal.\\n* [[September 17]] – The Canadian steamship {{SS|Noronic}}\n        burns in Toronto Harbour with the loss of over 118 lives.\\n* [[September 19]]\n        – The United Kingdom government devalues the [[pound sterling]] from\n        [[United States dollar|$]]4.03 to $2.80, leading to many other currencies\n        being devalued.\\n* [[September 23]] – U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]]\n        announces that the [[Soviet Union]] has tested the [[atomic bomb]].\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Rajk]], ex-foreign minister of Hungary, is\n        sentenced to death.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** The First Plenary Session of the\n        [[Chinese People''s Political Consultative Conference]] approves a design\n        for the [[Flag of the People''s Republic of China]].\\n** Iva Toguri D''Aquino\n        is found guilty of broadcasting for Japan as \\\"[[Tokyo Rose]]\\\" during World\n        War II.\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Flag of the People''s Republic of China.svg|thumb|130px|[[October\n        1]]: People''s Republic of China is founded.]]\\n* [[October 1]] – The\n        People''s Republic of China is officially proclaimed.\\n* [[October 2]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union]] recognizes the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Albanian Subversion]]: First Anglo-American attempt to infiltrate\n        guerillas into [[Albania]]; the operation is fatally flawed by being under\n        the control of double agent [[Kim Philby]].\\n* [[October 7]] – The [[German\n        Democratic Republic]] (East Germany) is officially established.\\n* [[October\n        13]] – Severe flooding hits [[Guatemala]].\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Foley Square trial]] of [[Eugene Dennis]] and ten other leaders of the [[Communist\n        Party USA]] ends in New York City (the longest trial in U.S. history to this\n        date); all defendants are found guilty and all but one sentenced to five years\n        of prison.\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Greek Civil War]] ends with a communist\n        surrender.\\n* [[October 17]] – Chinese communist troops take [[Guangzhou]].\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – The cornerstone of the [[Headquarters of the United\n        Nations]] on [[Manhattan]] is laid.\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** Chinese communist\n        troops fail to take [[Quemoy]] in the [[Battle of Kuningtou]]; their advance\n        towards [[Taiwan]] is halted.\\n** [[1949 Air France Lockheed Constellation\n        crash]]: An Air France flight from Paris to New York crashes in the [[Azores]]\n        on [[S\\u00e3o Miguel Island]], killing all aboard. Among the victims are violinist\n        [[Ginette Neveu]] and French boxer [[Marcel Cerdan]].\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Soekarno.jpg|thumb|80px|[[December\n        16|Dec. 16]]: [[Sukarno]], first President of [[Indonesia]]]]\\n* [[November\n        12]] – First [[Volkswagen Type 2]] panel van rolls off the production\n        line in Germany.\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Nathuram Godse]] and [[Narayan\n        Apte]] are executed for assassinating [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas\n        Gandhi]].\\n* [[November 17]] – Second trial of Alger Hiss begins in\n        New York, again with [[Whittaker Chambers]] as principal witness\\n* [[November\n        24]] – The ski resort in [[Squaw Valley, Placer County, California]]\n        officially opens.\\n* [[November 26]] – The [[Indian Constituent Assembly]]\n        adopts India''s constitution.{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi.htm|title=Constitution\n        of India}}\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Winston Churchill]] makes a\n        landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union at [[Kingsway Hall]],\n        London.{{cite web|url=http://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/address_given_by_winston_churchill_london_28_november_1949-en-ce26cc27-30bc-4ec1-b0df-8a572f3dcc0e.html|title=Address\n        given by Winston Churchill (London, 28 November 1949)|work=cvce.eu|accessdate=2017-03-28}}\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 7]] – The government of the [[Republic of China]] finishes\n        its evacuation to [[Taiwan]] and declares [[Taipei]] its temporary capital\n        city.\\n* [[December 8]] – [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for\n        Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA) established as a [[United Nations]]\n        agency.\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Robert Menzies]] is elected prime minister\n        of Australia.\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Traicho Kostov]], ex-vice prime\n        minister of [[Bulgaria]], is sentenced to death.\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        A [[typhoon]] strikes a fishing fleet off Korea, killing several thousand.\\n*\n        [[December 16]] – [[Sukarno]] is elected president of the Republic of\n        [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Burma]] recognizes the People''s\n        Republic of China.\\n* [[December 18]] – In the American [[National Football\n        League]], the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] defeat the [[Los Angeles Rams]] 14-0\n        to win the championship.\\n* [[December 27]] – Queen [[Juliana of the\n        Netherlands]] grants [[Indonesia]] sovereignty.\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        India recognizes the People''s Republic of China.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n[[File:Currywurst-1.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Currywurst]]\\n*\n        [[Joseph Stalin]] launches a savage attack on [[Soviet Jews]], accusing them\n        of being pro-Western and antisocialist.\\n* The [[Malta Labour Party]] is founded.\\n*\n        The [[Vatican City|Vatican]] announces that [[Saint Peter''s tomb|bones]]\n        uncovered in its subterranean [[catacombs]] could be those of the apostle\n        [[Saint Peter|Peter]]; 19 years later, [[Pope Paul VI]] announces confirmation\n        that the bones belong to this first [[Pope]].\\\"Year by Year 1949\\\". [[History\n        Channel International]].\\n* The first 20 mm [[M61 Vulcan]] [[Gatling\n        gun]] prototypes are completed.\\n* This is the first year in which no African-American\n        is reported lynched in the United States.{{cite book|title=From Harding\n        to Hiroshima|first=Barrington|last=Boardman|year=1988|page=14|isbn=0-934878-94-3}}\\n*\n        [[Samuel Putnam]] publishes his new translation of ''''[[Don Quixote]]'''',\n        the first in contemporary English. It is instantly acclaimed and, in 2008,\n        is still in print.\\n* [[Fernand Braudel]]''s ''''La M\\u00e9diterran\\u00e9e\n        et le Monde M\\u00e9diterran\\u00e9en \\u00e0 l''Epoque de Philippe II'''' is\n        published.\\n* The [[Currywurst]] is invented in Berlin.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:George\n        Foreman 071516.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Foreman]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Goran_Persson,_Sveriges_statsminister,_under_nordiskt_statsministermotet_i_Reykjavik_2005.jpg|thumb|100px|[[G\\u00f6ran\n        Persson]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Vehbi Akda\\u011f]], Turkish wrestler\\n**\n        [[Max Azria]], French fashion designer\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Christopher\n        Durang]], American playwright\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Sylvia Likens]],\n        American murder victim (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Chavo Guerrero\n        Sr.]], American [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Wolfgang Puck]], Austrian-born chef\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – [[Mary Roos]], German singer\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[George Foreman]],\n        American boxer\\n** [[Linda Lovelace]], American actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] – [[Daryl Braithwaite]], Australian singer \\n* [[January 12]]\\n**\n        [[Ottmar Hitzfeld]], German football player and coach\\n** [[Haruki Murakami]],\n        Japanese author\\n** [[Wayne Wang]], Hong Kong-born film director\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Brandon Tartikoff]], American television executive (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – [[Lawrence Kasdan]], American director and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Panos Mihalopoulos]], Greek actor\\n* [[January 16]]\n        – [[Caroline Munro]], English actress and model\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Andy Kaufman]], American comedian and actor (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Gyude Bryant]],\n        Liberian politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Philippe Starck]],\n        French designer\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Robert Palmer (singer)|Robert Palmer]],\n        British rock singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Dennis Taylor]], Irish snooker player\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[G\\u00f6ran Persson]], 31st [[Prime Minister of Sweden]]\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Steve Perry (musician)|Steve Perry]], American rock\n        singer\\n* [[January 24]] \\n** [[John Belushi]], American actor and comedian\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Nikolaus Brender]], German television journalist\\n* [[January\n        26]] – [[David Strathairn]], American actor\\n* [[January 28]]\\n**[[Gregg\n        Popovich]], American basketball coach\\n**[[Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)|Mike\n        Moore]], 34th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Tommy\n        Ramone]], Hungarian-American drummer ([[Ramones]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Tommi\n        Salmelainen]], Helsinki, FIN\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Peter Agre]], American\n        biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Johan Derksen]], Dutch footballer and sports journalist\\n** [[Ken Wilber]],\n        American philosopher\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Brent Spiner by Gage Skidmore\n        (2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brent Spiner]]]]\\n[[File:Ivana Trump cropped retouched.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ivana\n        Trump]]]]\\n[[File:Andreas Nikolaus Lauda 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Niki Lauda]]]]\\n[[File:Ric\n        Flair 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ric Flair]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Duncan\n        Bannatyne]], Scottish entrepreneur\\n** [[Brent Spiner]], American actor, comedian\n        and singer\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Hennie Kuiper]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[February\n        4]] – [[Rasim Deli\\u0107]], Bosnian military chief of staff and war\n        criminal (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Jim Sheridan]], Irish film\n        director\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Joe English (musician)|Joe English]], American\n        drummer\\n** [[Alan Lancaster]], English bassist\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Florinda\n        Meza]], Mexican actress, television producer, and screenwriter, best known\n        as Do\\u00f1a Florinda in El Chavo del Ocho\\n** [[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke\n        Adams]], American actress\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Judith Light]], American\n        actress\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Maxime Le Forestier]], French singer\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Ken Anderson (quarterback)|Ken Anderson]], American\n        NFL player\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Lyn Paul]], English singer\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Dennis Green]], [[American football]] coach (d. 2016)\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Gary Ridgway]], American serial killer\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Dan Bunten]], American computer game designer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Ivana Trump]], Czech businesswoman\\n* [[February 21]] –\n        [[Ronnie Hellstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish footballer\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Niki\n        Lauda]], Austrian triple [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n* [[February 25]] –\n        [[Ric Flair]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Ilene\n        Graff]], American actress and singer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:EM02035cropped-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Money]]]]\\n[[File:Shaukat Aziz handout pic 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shaukat\n        Aziz]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Duffy at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick\n        Duffy]]]]\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Gates McFadden]], American actress and choreographer\\n**\n        [[Eddie Money]], American rock guitarist and singer\\n** [[J.P.R. Williams]],\n        Welsh rugby player\\n* [[March 3]] \\n**[[Gloria Hendry]], African-American\n        actress\\n**[[Jesse Jefferson]], American baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Franz Josef Jung]], German politician\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Shaukat Aziz]], [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]\\n** [[Martin Buchan]], Scottish\n        footballer\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], Indian politician\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\n**[[Kalevi Aho]], Finnish composer\\n**[[Tapani Kansa]], Finnish\n        singer\\n* [[March 10]] \\n**[[Barbara Corcoran]], American businesswoman, investor,\n        and television personality\\n**[[Larry Wall]], American computer programmer\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – [[Georg Schramm]], German psychologist and Kabarett artist\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Rob Cohen]], American film director, producer and writer\\n**\n        [[Natalia Kuchinskaya]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Julia Migenes]],\n        American soprano\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Erik Estrada]], American actor and\n        police officer\\n** [[Victor Garber]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Elliott Murphy]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Patrick Duffy]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Pat Rice]], Irish footballer and football manager\\n* [[March 18]]\n        – [[Alex Higgins]], Northern Irish snooker player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March\n        19]]\\n** [[Hirofumi Hirano]], Japanese politician and Chief Cabinet Secretary\\n**\n        [[Valery Leontiev]], Soviet and Russian actor-singer\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[Marcia Ball]], American blues musician\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Slavoj\n        \\u017di\\u017eek]], Slovenian philosopher\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Fanny Ardant]],\n        French actress\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Ric Ocasek]], American rock musician\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Nick Lowe]], English pop singer\\n* [[March 26]]\\n**\n        [[Jon English]], English-born Australian singer-songwriter and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Vicki Lawrence]], American comedian and game show hostess\\n** [[Patrick\n        S\\u00fcskind]], German writer\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Ronnie Ray Smith]],\n        American Olympic athlete (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Michael Brecker]],\n        American jazz musician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Elijah Harper]],\n        Canadian Aboriginal activist\\n** [[Lene Lovich]], American singer\\n** [[Naomi\n        Sims]], American model and businesswoman\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Zygmunt Zimowski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zygmunt\n        Zimowski]]]]\\n[[File:Jessica Lange (Cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jessica Lange]]]]\\n[[File:Gy%C3%B6rgy\n        Ged%C3%B3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gyorgy Gedo]]]]\\n[[File:Ant\\u00f3nio Guterres\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ant\\u00f3nio Guterres]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[G\\u00e9rard\n        Mestrallet]], French businessman\\n** [[Sammy Nelson]], Northern Irish footballer\\n**\n        [[Gil Scott-Heron]], American musician and composer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April\n        2]] – [[Pamela Reed]], American actress\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Richard\n        Thompson (musician)|Richard Thompson]], English musician and songwriter\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[Parveen Babi]], Bollywood Actress (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Horst Ludwig St\\u00f6rmer]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Zygmunt Zimowski]],\n        Polish bishop (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Brenda Russell]], American-Canadian\n        singer, songwriter and keyboardist\\n** [[Fanie de Jager]], South African operatic\n        tenor\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Daniel Mangeas]], French bicycle commentator\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Bernd Eichinger]], German film producer and director\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Christopher Hitchens]], English-American\n        writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[John Shea]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 15]]\\n** [[Alla Pugacheva]], Russian musical performer\\n** [[Aleksandra\n        Zi\\u00f3\\u0142kowska-Boehm]], Polish-born writer\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Sandy\n        Hawley]], Canadian jockey\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Geoff Bodine]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Bengt Holmstr\\u00f6m]], Finnish-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Sergey Nikolayevich Volkov]], Russian figure skater (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[April\n        20]]\\n** [[Veronica Cartwright]], English-born American actress\\n** [[Jessica\n        Lange]], American actress\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Patti LuPone]], American\n        actress\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Joyce DeWitt]], American actress\\n** [[Gyorgy\n        Gedo]], Hungarian Olympic boxer\\n* [[April 24]] – [[V\\u00e9ronique Sanson]],\n        French singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Jerry Blackwell]],\n        American professional wrestler (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Bruno\n        Kirby]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Guterres]], [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 9th [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations]]\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Billy Joel Shankbone NYC 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Joel]]]]\\n[[File:Garciaalan09112006-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alan Garc\\u00eda P\\u00e9rez]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Alan Titchmarsh]], English gardener\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Leopoldo Luque]], Argentine soccer player\\n* [[May 4]] – [[John Force]],\n        American race car driver\\n* [[May 9]] \\n** [[Billy Joel]], American singer-songwriter\n        and pianist\\n** [[Ibrahim Bar\\u00e9 Ma\\u00efnassara]], military [[President\n        of Niger]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Zo\\u00eb Wanamaker]], American-British\n        actress\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Sverre \\u00c5rnes]], Norwegian writer\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Rick Wakeman]], English rock musician and songwriter\\n** [[Bill\n        Wallace (musician)|Bill Wallace]], Canadian rock musician ([[The Guess Who]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Dusty Hill]], American bassist ([[ZZ Top]])\\n** [[Archie\n        Manning]], former American football player, father of [[Peyton Manning|Peyton]]\n        and [[Eli Manning]]\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Dave Thomas (actor)|Dave Thomas]],\n        Canadian actor and comedian\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Chris Butler (musician)|Chris\n        Butler]], American musician and songwriter ([[The Waitresses]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Alan Garc\\u00eda P\\u00e9rez]], [[President of Peru]]\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Broadbent]], English actor\\n** [[Toma\\u017e Pisanski]], Slovenian mathematician\\n*\n        [[May 26]]\\n** [[Jeremy Corbyn]], British politician\\n** [[Pam Grier]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Philip Michael Thomas]], American actor\\n** [[Hank Williams,\n        Jr.]], American country singer\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Jo Ann Harris]] American\n        actress\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Francis Rossi]], English rock guitarist/singer\n        ([[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Tom Berenger]],\n        American actor\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Lionel Richie 2012 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lionel\n        Richie]]]]\\n[[File:Meryl Streep at the Tokyo International Film Festival 2016\n        (32801846044) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Meryl Streep]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Mu Tiezhu]], Chinese basketball player and coach (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Heather Couper]], British astronomer\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Mark\n        B. Cohen]], Pennsylvania legislative leader\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Emanuel\n        Ax]], Polish-born pianist\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Kevin Corcoran]], American\n        television director, film producer, and former child actor (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Bora Dugi\\u0107]], Serbian musician and flautist\\n* [[June 11]] –\n        [[Frank Beard (musician)|Frank Beard]], American drummer ([[ZZ Top]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] – [[Ann Druyan]], American popular science writer\\n* [[June 14]]\\n**\n        [[Carlos Mar\\u00eda Abascal Carranza|Carlos Mar\\u00eda Abascal]], Mexican\n        lawyer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Harry Turtledove]], American historian and novelist\\n**\n        [[Papa Wemba]], Congolese [[soukous]] musician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n**\n        [[Russell Hitchcock]], English singer and musician ([[Air Supply]])\\n** [[Jim\n        Varney]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Robbin Thompson]],\n        American singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Andrei Fursenko]],\n        Russian politician, scientist and businessman\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Jaros\\u0142aw\n        Kaczy\\u0144ski]], [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland|Prime Minister\n        of Poland]]\\n** [[Lech Kaczy\\u0144ski]], [[President of Poland]] (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Lincoln Thompson]], Jamaican musician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 19]]\n        – [[Hassan Shehata]], Egyptian footballer and coach\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Lionel Richie]], American urban musician and was lead singer of [[Commodores]]\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Derek Emslie, Lord Kingarth]], Scottish judge\\n** [[Stuart\n        Pearson]], English football player\\n** [[Clifford Brooks]], American Football\n        defensive back\\n** [[Shane Molloy]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[John\n        Agard]], Guyanese poet, playwright and children''s writer\\n** [[Jane Urquhart]],\n        Canadian author\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Meryl Streep]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Alan Osmond]], American pop singer\\n** [[Elizabeth Warren]], American academic,\n        politician, and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Democratic Party\n        (United States)|D]]-[[Massachusetts|Mass.]]) since 2013\\n** [[Ayta\\u00e7 Arman]],\n        Turkish actor\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Jon McLachlan]], New Zealand rugby union\n        player\\n** [[Gail Harris (naval officer)|Gail Harris]], United States Navy\n        officer\\n** [[Charles Ho]], Hong Kong pro-Beijing[3] businessman\\n** [[Dave\n        Goltz]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Billy\n        Moeller]], Australian professional feather/super feather/light/light welter/welterweight\n        boxer\\n** [[Hector Thompson]], Australian professional light/light welter/welter/light\n        middleweight boxer\\n** [[Agenor Muniz (Australian footballer)|Agenor Muniz]],\n        Brazilian footballer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Brenda Sykes]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Lalith Kaluperuma]], Sri Lankan Test cricketer and ODI cricketer\\n** [[John\n        Taylor (English footballer, born 1949)|John Taylor]], English professional\n        footballer\\n** [[Kene Holliday]], American actor\\n** [[Dan Barker]], American\n        atheist activist\\n** [[Phyllis George]], American businesswoman, actress,\n        and former sportscaster\\n** [[Patrick Tambay]], French former racing driver\\n*\n        [[June 26]]\\n** [[Arturo V\\u00e1zquez Ayala]], Mexican footballer\\n** [[Avtar\n        Singh Kang]], Punjabi singer and Punjabi Folk contributor\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[Vera Wang]], American fashion designer\\n** [[Brent Berk]], American former\n        competition swimmer and Olympic athlete\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Clarence Davis]],\n        American football running back\\n** [[Kevin McLeod (Australian footballer)|Kevin\n        McLeod]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Don Baylor]], American Major League\n        Baseball (MLB) coach and a former MLB player and manager\\n** [[Tom Owens]],\n        American professional basketball player\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[A. Anwhar Raajhaa]],\n        Indian politician\\n** [[Henri Proglio]], French businessman\\n** [[Dan Dierdorf]],\n        American football offensive lineman and current sportscaster\\n** [[Lisette\n        Sevens]], Dutch field hockey defender\\n** [[Joe Moore (American football)|Joe\n        Moore]], American football running back\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Uwe Kliemann]],\n        German football player and coach\\n** [[Norm Mitchell]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Philippe Toussaint]], Belgium''s most successful golfers\\n** [[Andy Scott\n        (guitarist)|Andy Scott]], Welsh singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n** [[Bogdan\n        Turudija]], Serbian football player\\n** [[Silvio Aquino]], Salvadoran football\n        player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Noli de castro.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Noli de Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Richards (1993).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Thaksin DOD\n        20050915.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thaksin Shinawatra]]]]\\n[[File:JamilMahuad.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamil\n        Mahuad]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Seninho]], Portuguese-Angolan footballer\\n**\n        [[N\\u00e9jia Ben Mabrouk]], Tunisian screenwriter and director\\n** [[John\n        Farnham]], Australian singer, recording artist and entertainer\\n* [[July 2]]\n        – [[David Eaton (composer)|David Eaton]], American composer, conductor\n        and producer\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Jan Smithers]], American actress\\n** [[Johnnie\n        Wilder, Jr.]], American vocalist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Horst Seehofer]],\n        German conservative politician\\n** [[Michael Watson (Vietnam Veteran)|Michael\n        Watson]], American war veteran\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Grant McAuley]], New Zealand\n        rower\\n** [[Noli de Castro]], Filipino broadcast journalist and radio commentator,\n        [[Vice President of the Philippines]]\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Shelley Duvall]],\n        American actress\\n** [[John Lippiett]], British senior Royal Navy officer\\n**\n        [[Monte Cater]], American football coach\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Jesse Duplantis]],\n        American televangelist\\n** [[Nigel Lythgoe]], English television producer\n        and personality\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[\\u00c9merson Le\\u00e3o]], Brazilian footballer\\n**\n        [[Ingrid Newkirk]], English-born American-based animal rights activist\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Helena Fibingerov\\u00e1]], Czech athlete\\n* [[July 15]]\\n**\n        [[Carl Bildt]], 28th [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] and Minister for Foreign\n        Affairs\\n** [[Trevor Horn]], English pop singer and producer\\n** [[Mohammed\n        bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], Arab sheikh, Vice President and Prime Minister of\n        the United Arab Emirates, Emir of Dubai, billionaire businessman and racehorse\n        owner\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Geezer Butler]], English heavy metal bassist ([[Black\n        Sabbath]])\\n** [[William C. Faure]], South African film director\\n** [[Charley\n        Steiner]], American sportscaster\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Alan Menken]], American\n        composer\\n** [[Lasse Vir\\u00e9n]], Finnish long-distance runner\\n*[[July 24]]\n        – [[Michael Richards]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Thaksin Shinawatra]], [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] and businessman\\n**\n        [[Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)|Roger Taylor]], English rock musician ([[Queen\n        (band)|Queen]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Jamil Mahuad]], President of Ecuador\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Mike Jackson (basketball)|Mike Jackson]], American basketball\n        player\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Aspettando Clint Keith Carradine fcm.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith\n        Carradine]]]]\\n[[File:Foto oficial de Fernando Collor.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fernando\n        Collor de Mello]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Gere MFF 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Gere]]]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[John Riggins]], American football player\\n*\n        [[August 6]]\\n** [[Alan Campbell (pastor)|Alan Campbell]], Northern Irish\n        cleric \\n** [[Keith Carradine]], American actor\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Walid\n        Jumblatt]], leader of the Lebanese Druze\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Sandra\n        Scheuer]], Kent State University shooting victim (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Fernando Collor de Mello]], 32nd [[President of Brazil]]\\n** [[Mark\n        Essex]], American mass murderer (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Mark Knopfler]], British\n        rock guitarist ([[Dire Straits]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Morten Olsen]],\n        Danish football player and manager \\n* [[August 15]] – [[Beverly Lynn\n        Burns]], American pilot, first woman in the world to captain the Boeing 747\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Barbara Goodson]], American actress/voice actress\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Sue Draheim]], American fiddler (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Phil Lynott]], Irish rock musician (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Loretta Devine]], American actress\\n** [[Daniel Sivan]], Israeli\n        professor\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Shelley Long]], American actress\\n** [[Rick\n        Springfield]], Australian rock singer and actor\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Charles\n        Rocket]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Martin Amis]],\n        English novelist\\n** [[Gene Simmons]], American rock musician ([[Kiss (band)|Kiss]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]]\\n**[[Martin Lamble]], British [[electric folk]] musician (d.\n        [[1969]])\\n**[[Svetislav Pe\\u0161i\\u0107]], Serbian basketball player and\n        coach\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Peter Maffay]], German singer\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Richard Gere]], American actor\\n** [[H. David Politzer]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:GLORIA\n        GAYNOR - SUMMER 2012 (8317897865).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gloria Gaynor]]]]\\n[[File:Presiden\n        Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.png|thumb|100px|[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]]]\\n[[File:BillOReillySept2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        O''Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O''Reilly]]]] \\n[[File:EdBegleyJrAAFeb09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ed\n        Begley Jr.]]]] \\n[[File:Chrisye in 2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chrisye]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce\n        Springsteen - Roskilde Festival 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce Springsteen]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Leslie Feinberg]], American transgender activist\\n*\n        [[September 7]]\\n** [[Lee McGeorge Durrell]], American author, television\n        presenter, and zookeeper\\n** [[Gloria Gaynor]], American singer\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Alain Mosconi]], French swimmer, Olympic medalist and previous world\n        record holder\\n** [[Joe Theismann]], American football player\\n** [[Susilo\n        Bambang Yudhoyono]], 6th President of Indonesia\\n* [[September 10]] –\n        [[Bill O''Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O''Reilly]], American conservative\n        radio and television commentator\\n* [[September 13]] – [[John W. Henry]],\n        American foreign exchange advisor, [[Boston Red Sox]] owner\\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Eikichi Yazawa]], Japanese singer\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Joe Barton]], American politician\\n* [[September 16]] \\n** [[Ed Begley Jr.]]\n        American actor and environmentalist\\n** [[Chrisye]], Indonesian singer (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Didith Reyes]], Filipina singer (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Mo Mowlam]], British politician (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Shilton]], English goalkeeper\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Twiggy]],\n        English model\\n** [[Richard Rogler]], German Kabarett artist and professor\n        of Kabarett at the University of the Arts in Berlin\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Dean Goss]], American game show announcer and disc jockey\\n* [[September\n        23]] – [[Bruce Springsteen]], American singer and songwriter\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Inshan Ali]], West Indian cricketer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Jane Smiley]], American novelist\\n* [[September 27]] –\n        [[Mike Schmidt]], American baseball player\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sigourney\n        Weaver by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sigourney Weaver]]]]\\n[[File:Benjamin\n        Netanyahu portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]]]\\n[[File:Arsene-Wenger.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ars\\u00e8ne\n        Wenger]]]] \\n[[File:Caitlyn_Jenner.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Caitlyn Jenner]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Isaac Bonewits]], American author and occultist\\n*\n        [[October 2]]\\n** [[Richard Hell]], American musician and writer\\n** [[Annie\n        Leibovitz]], American photographer\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Armand Assante]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Bobby Farrell]], West Indian-born\n        Dutch dancer ([[Boney M.]]) (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Ronnie\n        Mund]], American television personality\\n* [[October 8]] \\n** [[Jerry Bittle]],\n        American cartoonist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Sigourney Weaver]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** [[Carlos the Jackal]], Venezuelan-born international terrorist\n        \\n** [[Stan Hansen]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[October 14]]\\n**\n        [[Katy Manning]], English actress\\n** [[Katha Pollitt]], American writer\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Owen Arthur]], 5th Prime Minister of Barbados\\n** [[Bill\n        Hudson (singer)|Bill Hudson]], American musician\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Valeriy Borzov]], Ukrainian athlete\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Benjamin\n        Netanyahu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Israel\\n* [[October 22]] \\n** [[Stiv\n        Bators]], American singer ([[The Dead Boys]]) (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Ars\\u00e8ne\n        Wenger]], French football (soccer) manager\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Antonio\n        Carpio]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – [[Cheryl Keeton]], American murder victim (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Caitlyn Jenner]], American transgender track and\n        field athlete and reality star\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Pramod Mahajan]],\n        Indian politician and strategist (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Pierre\n        Buyoya at Chatham House 2013 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre Buyoya]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Jeannie Berlin]], American film actress\\n** [[David Foster]], Canadian\n        musician, record producer, composer, singer, songwriter and arranger\\n** [[Belita\n        Moreno]], American film actress\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Larry Holmes]],\n        American boxer\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Armin Shimerman]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Jimmie Spheeris]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Joseph C. Wilson]], former United States diplomat\\n* [[November\n        7]]\\n** [[Aiswarya]], Queen of Nepal (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Judi Bari]], American\n        environmental activist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Bonnie Raitt]],\n        American singer and guitarist\\n* [[November 15]] – [[David Rubinstein\n        (pianist)|David Rubinstein]], American pianist and composer\\n* [[November\n        17]] – [[John Boehner]], Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\n        \\n* [[November 19]] – [[Ahmad Rash\\u0101d]], American sportscaster and\n        television personality\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Shaun Garnett]], English\n        footballer and coach\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Pat Condell]], English comedian\n        and internet personality\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Nick Ainger]], British politician\\n**\n        [[Pierre Buyoya]], former [[President of Burundi]]\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**[[Mike\n        Joy]], [[NASCAR]] commentator\\n**[[Kerry O''Keeffe]], Australian cricketer\n        and commentator\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Shlomo Artzi]], Israeli singer\\n**\n        [[Juanin Clay]], American actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Alexander\n        Godunov]], Russian-born dancer and actor (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Paul Shaffer]],\n        Canadian-American musician\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Jerry Lawler]], American\n        professional wrestler and commentator\\n** [[Stan Rogers]], Canadian musician\n        (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Garry Shandling]], American comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Pablo\n        Escobar Mug.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pablo Escobar]]]]\\n[[File:Fotograf%C3%ADa oficial\n        del Presidente Sebasti%C3%A1n Pi%C3%B1era - 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Pinera]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff Bridges by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff\n        Bridges]]]]\\n[[File:Don Johnson-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Don Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Maurice\n        Gibb (Bee Gees) - TopPop 1973.png|thumb|100px|[[Maurice Gibb]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]]\\n** [[Pablo Escobar]], Colombian drug lord (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Pi\\u00f1era]], [[President of Chile]]\\n** [[Kurt Schmoke]], American [[Dean\n        (education)|Dean]], [[Howard University|Howard Law School]], [[Mayor of Baltimore]]\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[John Akii-Bua]], Ugandan hurdler (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Jeff Bridges]], American actor\\n** [[Pamela Stephenson]],\n        New Zealand-born comedian, actress, and singer\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[James\n        Rivi\\u00e8re]], Italian jeweler and designer\\n** [[Tom Waits]], American singer,\n        composer, and actor\\n** [[Cathy Wayne]], Australian pop entertainer (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] – [[Mary Gordon (writer)|Mary Gordon]], American writer\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Bill Nighy]], English actor\\n* [[December 13]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Lindsay (actor)|Robert Lindsay]], English actor\\n** [[Randy Owen]],\n        American country lead vocalist, rhythm guitar player\\n** [[Tom Verlaine]],\n        American rock singer/guitarist \\n* [[December 14]] – [[Bill Buckner]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Don Johnson]], American\n        actor\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Billy Gibbons]], American guitarist ([[ZZ\n        Top]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Paul Rodgers]], British rock singer\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Sebastian (Danish singer)|Sebastian]], Danish musician\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – [[Claudia Jennings]], American model (d. [[1979]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Thomas Sankara]], 2-Time President of Burkina Faso\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Maurice Gibb]], British rock musician\n        ([[Bee Gees]]) (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Robin Gibb]], British rock musician ([[Bee\n        Gees]]) (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Randy Neugebauer]], American\n        politician\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira]], Brazilian\n        singer\\n** [[Sissy Spacek]], American actress\\n** [[Joe Louis Walker]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Nawaz Sharif]], Current Pakistani Prime Minister\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ramos-Horta]], [[President of East Timor|President]]\n        of [[East Timor]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[December 27]]\n        – [[Klaus Fischer]], German footballer\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Barbara\n        De Fina]], American film producer\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Ali Al-Zein]],\n        Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[Suthep Po-ngam]], Thai comedian, actor,\n        film director and screenwriter\\n* [[Bakri Hassan Saleh]], 12th Prime Minister\n        of Sudan\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Gennaro Righelli.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Gennaro\n        Righelli]]]]\\n[[File:UmezuYosijiro.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Yoshijir\\u014d\n        Umezu]]]]\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** [[Victor Fleming]], American director (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Gennaro Righelli]], Italian actor, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Ramos Preto]], Portuguese jurist\n        and politician, 75th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Suehiko\n        Shiono]], Japanese lawyer, politician and cabinet minister (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Yoshijir\\u014d Umezu]], Japanese general (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Tommy Handley]], British radio comedian (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Nelson Doubleday]], American publisher (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – [[Eduardo Barron]], Spanish engineer and pilot (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Juan Bielovucic]], Peruvian aviator (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Harry Stack Sullivan]], American psychiatrist (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Joaqu\\u00edn Turina]], Spanish composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 19]]\n        – [[William Wright (actor)|William Wright]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Joseph Cawthorn]], American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Henry Slocum (tennis)|Henry Slocum]], American tennis\n        player (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Erich Klossowski]], German-born\n        Polish historian and painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Jean-Pierre\n        Wimille]], French race car driver (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Henri De Vries]], Dutch actor (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Elleryclark.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ellery\n        Harding Clark]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12783, Alcala Zamora.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Niceto\n        Alcal\\u00e1-Zamora]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Herbert Stothart]], American\n        composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\n** [[Pedro Paulo Bruno]], Brazilian\n        painter, singer, poet and landscaper (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Theodoros Natsinas]],\n        Greek teacher (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Carlos Obligado]],\n        Argentine poet, critic and writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        [[Hiroaki Abe]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        [[Francesco Ticciati]], Italian composer, pianist, teacher and lecturer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Giovanni Zenatello]], Italian opera\n        singer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 12]] – Imam [[Hassan al-Banna]],\n        Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (b. [[1906]]) (assassinated)\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Fernand Despr\\u00e8s]], French shoemaker, anarchist,\n        journalist and activist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\n** [[Charles L.\n        Bartholomew]], American cartoonist (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Patricia Ryan (actress)|Patricia\n        Ryan]], British-born American actress (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Umberto Brunelleschi]], Italian artist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – [[Ellery Harding Clark]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Niceto Alcal\\u00e1-Zamora]], Spanish lawyer and\n        politician, 6th [[President of Spain]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Fidelio Ponce de Le\\u00f3n]], Cuban painter (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Tan Malaka]], Indonesian nationalist activist and communist\n        leader (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Juan Sinforiano Bogar\\u00edn]],\n        Paraguayan clergyman and [[Roman Catholic]] archibishop (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Paul Hansel]], American financier, economist and scholar (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Prince\n        August Wilhelm of Prussia]]]]\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Bradbury Robinson]],\n        American who threw the first forward pass in [[History of American football|American\n        football history]] in 1906 (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Prince Philip\n        of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Alphonse\n        Hustache]], French entomologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Anastasios\n        Charalambis]], Greek general, interim [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1862]])\\n**\n        [[Henri Giraud]], French general (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Joan Lamote de Grignon]],\n        Spanish pianist and composer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Gheorghe\n        Br\\u0103escu]], Romanian writer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Leyland\n        Hodgson]], British-born American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Felix Bressart]], German-born American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 19]]\n        – [[James Somerville]], British admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 25]]\n        \\n** [[Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Jack Kapp]],\n        president of the U.S. branch of [[Decca Records]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March\n        27]] \\n** [[Elisheva Bikhovski]], Soviet-born Israeli poet, writer and translator\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** [[Alecu Constantinescu]], Romanian trade\n        unionist, journalist and militant (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Grigora\\u0219 Dinicu]],\n        Romanian composer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Inabata Katsutaro]],\n        Japanese industralist and pioneer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Friedrich\n        Bergius]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Prince Harald of Denmark]] (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===April===\\n\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Evelyn Owen]], Australian gun designer (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[George Graves (actor)|George Graves]], British actor (b.\n        [[1876]])\\n** [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Indian actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Francesco Pasinetti]], Italian director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Hugh Allan (politician)|Hugh Allan]],\n        Canadian politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Seymour Hicks]],\n        British actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Mikhail Denisenko]],\n        Soviet general, WWII heroine (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Wilhelm Adam\n        (general)|Wilhelm Adam]], German general (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Santiago Alba\n        y Bonifaz]], Spanish lawyer and politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano]], Mexican poet, literary critic, editor and\n        teacher (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Reginald Hine]], British solicitor\n        and historian (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Wallace Beery]], American\n        actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Joseph Augustine Cushman]],\n        American geologist, paleontologist and foraminiferologist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Will Hay]], British comedian and actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** [[Guillermo Buitrago]], Colombian composer (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Ulrich Salchow]], Swedish figure skater (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Charles Middleton (actor)|Charles Middleton]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – [[Patrick Lyons (bishop of Kilmore)|Patrick Lyons]],\n        Irish [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 28]]\\n**\n        [[Ponciano Bernardo]], Filipino engineer and politician (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[Aurora Quezon]], [[First Lady of the Philippines]] (shot) (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Hla Thaung]], Burmese battalion\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[Johann Jakob Hess]],\n        Swiss egyptologist and assyriologist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Kaarle Knuutila]],\n        Finnish farmer and politician (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Prince Louis\n        II of Monaco 05670r.jpg|thumb|110px|Prince [[Louis II of Monaco]]]]\\n[[File:Archbishop\n        Damaskinos of Greece.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Damaskinos of Athens]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n**\n        [[Josep Maria Jujol]], Andorran architect (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Gheorghe Petra\\u0219cu]],\n        Romanian painter (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Valerio Bacigalupo]],\n        Italian goalkepper (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Hideo Nagata]], Japanese\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Grabski]],\n        Polish economist and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Kunihiko Hashimoto]],\n        Japanese composer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Maurice Maeterlinck]], Belgian writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 9]] –\n        [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Emilio\n        de Gogorza]], American baritone (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Sawnie\n        R. Aldredge]], American attorney and judge (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 19]] –\n        [[Paul Schultze-Naumburg]], German architect, painter, publicist and politician\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Damaskinos of Athens]], Archbishop of\n        Athens, 57th [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n**\n        [[Sir Douglas Alexander, 1st Baronet]], British-born Canadian industralist\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[James Forrestal]], U.S. Secretary of Navy and Defense\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Klaus Mann]], German writer (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Jan Frans De Boever]], Belgian painter (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 27]]\n        – [[Robert Ripley]], American creator of ''''[[Ripley''s Believe It\n        or Not!]]'''' (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Igor Belkovich]], Soviet\n        astronomer (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Karl Vaugoin.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Carl\n        Vaugoin]]]]\\n[[File:Madre Candida.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed [[Maria Candida\n        of the Eucharist]]]]\\n[[File:Themistoklis Sofoulis.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Themistoklis\n        Sofoulis]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Carlo Angela]], Italian doctor (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] \\n** [[Naguib el-Rihani]], Egyptian actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Virgilia,\n        Mother Abbess]], German [[Roman Catholic]] nun and saint (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Maria Cebotari]], Romanian soprano and actress (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]]\\n** [[Filippo Silvestri]], Italian entomologist (b. [[1873]])\\n**\n        [[Sigrid Undset]], Norwegian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Carl Vaugoin]], Austrian politician, 8th [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Giovanni Gioviale]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Maria Candida of the Eucharist]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Russell Doubleday]], American author and publisher (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Syed Zafarul Hasan]], Indian/Pakistani\n        Muslim philosopher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Robert Boudrioz]],\n        French screenwriter and director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Themistoklis\n        Sofoulis]], Greek politician, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Buck Freeman]], American baseball player (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Georgi\n        Dimitrov.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georgi Dimitrov]]]]\\n[[File:Douglas Hyde 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas\n        Hyde]]]]\\n[[File:Nils %C3%96stensson OB.FS0313.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nils \\u00d6stensson]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Georgi Dimitrov]], Bulgarian Communist leader and politician,\n        32nd [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Fritz\n        Hart]], British composer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Corneliu Dragalina]],\n        Romania general, leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Douglas Hyde]], Irish academic, linguist and scholar, 1st [[President of\n        Ireland]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Anastasios Dalipis]], Greek\n        army officer and politician (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Eva Marian Hubback]], British\n        feminist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Ted Alley]], Australian footballer\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Francisco Javier Arana]], Guatemala army officer (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[V\\u00edt\\u011bzslav Nov\\u00e1k]], Czech composer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] – [[Cesare Formichi]], Italian baritone (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Masaharu Anesaki]], Japanese scholar (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Nils \\u00d6stensson]], Swedish Olympic cross-country skiier\n        (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Linda Arvidson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Koszta]], Hungarian painter\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 30]] \\n** [[Stoyan Danev]], 13th [[Prime Minister\n        of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Albin Andersson]], Swedish farmer, manager\n        and politician (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Vicenta Ch\\u00e1vez Orozco]], Mexican [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        [[Alfred Bashford]], English cricketer (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Margaret\n        Mitchell NYWTS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Margaret Mitchell]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Ignotus]], Hungarian editor and writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        [[Ernest Fourneau]], French chemist and pharmacologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August\n        9]]\\n** [[Gustavus M. Blech]], German-born American physician and surgeon\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Harry Davenport (actor)|Harry Davenport]], American actor\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[G. E. M. Skues]], British inventor of nymph [[fly fishing]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Edward Thorndike]], American psychologist (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – [[Homer Burton Adkins]], American chemist (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]]\\n** [[George Cross (actor)|George Cross]], Australian actor\n        and director (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Al Shean]], German-born actor (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Muhsin al-Barazi]], Syrian academic, lawyer and politician,\n        24th [[Prime Minister of Syria]] (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Husni al-Za''im]], Syrian\n        military man and politician, 23rd [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 9th [[President\n        of Syria]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n** [[Ramon Briones Luco]], Chilean\n        lawyer and politician (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Margaret Mitchell]], American writer\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Gregorio Perfecto]], Filipino jurist\n        and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Paul Mares]], American\n        musician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Ludwig Halberst\\u00e4dter]],\n        German-born Israeli radiologist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Amado\n        Aguirre Santiago]], Mexican general and politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Domingo D\\u00edaz Arosemena]], Panamian politician, 12th [[President\n        of Panama]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Abdulkerim Abbas]], Chinese\n        politician (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Franciszek Latinik]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Arthur Fielder]], English\n        cricketer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Sevasti Qiriazi]], Albanian educator and women''s\n        rights activist (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Max Liebermann Bildnis\n        Richard Strauss.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Strauss]]]]\\n[[File:Pandeli Evangjeli.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pandeli\n        Evangjeli]]]]\\n[[File:Chrysanthos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Archbishop Chrysanthus\n        of Athens]]]]\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Liberato Pinto]], 78th Prime Minister\n        of Portugal (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Clemente\n        Orozco]], Mexican painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Richard\n        Strauss]], German composer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Wiley\n        Rutledge]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Harry Burleigh]], American composer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Ignacio C\\u00e1rdenas]], Venezuelan diplomat and physician (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[August Krogh]], Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** [[Gottfried\n        Graf von Bismarck-Sch\\u00f6nhausen]], German Resistance figure (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Pandeli Evangjeli]], Albanian politician, 7th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Heinie Beckendorf]], American\n        baseball catcher (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Frank Morgan]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Will Cuppy]], American\n        humorist (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[George Shiels]], Irish writer (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Nikos Skalkottas]], Greek composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Richard Dix]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Sam Wood]], American director (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Pierre de Br\\u00e9ville]], French composer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Peter Nielsen (actor)|Peter Nielsen]], Danish actor (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[David Adler (architect)|David Adler]], American\n        architect (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Archbishop Chrysanthus of\n        Athens]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Edd\\u00e9]], 4th Prime Minister and\n        3rd President of Lebanon (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430 (1877 - 1949).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Nykyta Budka]]]]\\n[[File:Blessed Roman Lysko (1914 %E2%80%93 1949).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Roman Lysko]]]]\\n[[File:Beata Madre Laura.JPG|thumb|100px|right|Saint [[Laura\n        of Saint Catherine of Siena]]]]\\n[[File:Cura Lorenzo ca 1910.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Lorenzo Massa]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Nykyta Budka]], Soviet [[Roman\n        Catholic]] bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Buddy Clark]], American\n        pop singer (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Luis Armi\\u00f1\\u00e1n\n        P\\u00e9rez]], Spanish politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Federico\n        Beltr\\u00e1n Masses]], Spanish painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 5]] –\n        [[Yoshio Kodaira]], Japanese rapist and serial killer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Timotheos Evangelinidis]], Greek [[Orthodox priest]] and bishop\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Matiu Ratana]], New Zealander politician\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Gheorghe Mironescu]], Romanian politician,\n        33rd [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 9]] –\n        [[Emanuele Fo\\u00e0]], Italian engineer and physicist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] \\n** [[Fritz Leiber (Sr.)|Fritz Leiber]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Roman Lysko]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]\n        priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Elmer Clifton]],\n        American actor and director (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Rajk]], Hungarian\n        Communist politician, former Foreign Minister (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n**\n        [[Jacques Copeau]], French actor, producer, director and dramatist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena]], Colombian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and saint (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Craig Reynolds (actor)|Craig Reynolds]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] \\n** [[Almanzo Wilder]], American writer, and husband of [[Laura\n        Ingalls Wilder]] (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[John Robert Clynes]], British trade unionist\n        and Labour politician (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 27]] \\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek\n        Halas]], Czechoslovakian essayist, poet and translator (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Ginette\n        Neveu]], French violinist (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** [[Marcel Cerdan]],\n        French professional boxer (killed in plane crash) (b. [[1916]])\\n** Patriarch\n        [[Guregh Israelian of Jerusalem]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[George Gurdjieff]], Soviet spiritual teacher (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October\n        31]]\\n** [[Jind\\u0159ich Bi\\u0161ick\\u00fd]], Czechoslovakian author (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Lorenzo Massa]], Argentine [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Edward Stettinius, Jr.]], U.S. Secretary of State (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Hazhir.jpg|thumbnail|100px|[[Abdolhossein\n        Hazhir]]]]\\n* November – [[Mar\\u00eda Josepha Sophia de Iturbide]],\n        head of the Imperial House of Mexico (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[William\n        Desmond (actor)|William Desmond]], Irish actor (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Jerome\n        F. Donovan]], American politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 3]] –\n        [[Solomon R. Guggenheim]], American philanthropist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Walther von Bonstetten]], member of Swiss Boy Scout Association\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Abdolhossein Hazhir]], 54th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iran]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[August Hagenbach]],\n        Swiss physicist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Mun Bhuridatta]], Thai\n        Buddhist monk (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Ignatius Stelletskii]], Soviet archaeologist, historian\n        and research (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Nathuram Godse]],\n        assassin of [[Mohandas Gandhi]] (b. [[1910]]), and his accomplice, [[Narayan\n        Apte]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[James Ensor]], Belgian painter\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria]]\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Mizuno Rentar\\u014d]], Japanese statesman,\n        politician and cabinet minister (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Bill Robinson]], American\n        dancer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Vincenzo Irolli]], Italian\n        painter (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Martin Benno Schmidt]], German pathologist (b.\n        [[1863]])\\n* [[November 30]] – Dame [[Irene Vanbrugh]], British actress\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Leon schlesinger.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leon\n        Schlesinger]]]]\\n[[File:Antoni Ponikowski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antoni Ponikowski]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Lovelock 1936b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack Lovelock]]]]\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Philip\n        Barry]], American playwright (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Maria Ouspenskaya]], Soviet\n        actress and acting teacher (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Arthur\n        Bedford]], British navy officer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 6]] \\n** [[Lead\n        Kelly]], American blues musician (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda\n        Zeled\\u00f3n Brenes]], Costa Rican politician, poet, writer and journalist\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 7]] \\n** [[Rex Beach]], American novelist, playwright\n        and Olympic water polo player (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Stanislas Blanchard]], Canadian\n        politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[George Barnes (Australian\n        politician)|George Barnes]], Australian businessman and politician (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\n** [[Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya]], Indian philosopher\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Marian Grzybowski]], Polish dermatologist (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\n** [[Sidney Olcott]], Canadian film director (b. [[1873]])\\n**\n        [[Lee White (actor)|Lee White]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Manuel Camus]], Filipino lawyer and politician (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Felix Kaufmann]], Austrian-born American philosopher\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Gertrude Bacon]], British aeronatucal\n        pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Leon Schlesinger]], American\n        producer and filmmaker (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Julius Brandt]],\n        Austrian actor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Antoni Ponikowski]],\n        Polish academician and politician, 7th [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]]\\n** [[Hervey Allen]], American author (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Lovelock]], New Zealander Olympic athlete (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December 30]]\n        – [[Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n**\n        [[Josef Maria Auchentaller]], Austrian architect, painter, draftsman and printmaker\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Raimond Valgre]], Soviet composer and musician (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Zhang Haipeng]], Chinese general (executed) (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Yukawa Hideki]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[William Francis Giauque]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]\n        – [[Walter Rudolf Hess]] and [[Ant\\u00f3nio Caetano de Abreu Freire\n        Egas Moniz]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[William\n        Faulkner]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[John Boyd Orr]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1949}}\\n[[Category:1949|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T23:11:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":799802522,\"length\":75225,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949\"},\"19283873\":{\"pageid\":19283873,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1950\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:16:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Year\n        dab|1950}}\\n{{Events by month|1950}}\\n{{Year nav|1950}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year\n        article header|1950}} \\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1950}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 The [[International Police\n        Association]] (IPA) \\u2013 the largest police organization in the world \\u2013\n        is formed.\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Estes\n        Kefauver]] introduces a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] calling for an investigation\n        of [[organized crime]] in the U.S.\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 The UK recognizes\n        the People''s Republic of China; the [[Republic of China]] severs [[diplomatic\n        relations]] with Britain in response.\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 A fire consumes\n        Mercy Hospital in [[Davenport, Iowa]], killing 41 patients.\\n* [[January 9]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Israel]]i government recognizes the People''s Republic of China.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Hukbalahap]] [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]] attack\n        the town of [[Hermosa, Bataan]] in the [[Philippines]].\\n[[File:Mount Lamington\n        1951.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[January 14]]: [[Mount Lamington]] erupts in [[New\n        Guinea]].]]\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** The British submarine ''''[[HMS Truculent\n        (P315)|Truculent]]'''' collides with a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[oil tanker]] in\n        the [[Thames Estuary]] and sinks; 64 die.\\n** [[Cold War]]: U.S. Secretary\n        of State [[Dean Acheson]] delivers his ''Perimeter Speech'', outlining the\n        boundary of U.S. security guarantees.\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 Finland forms\n        [[diplomatic relations]] with the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[January\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Great Brink''s Robbery]]: Eleven thieves steal more than $2\n        million from the [[Brink''s]] [[Armored car (valuables)|armored car]] company\n        headquarters in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 Accused\n        communist spy [[Alger Hiss]] is convicted on 2 accounts\\n* [[January 23]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Knesset]] passes a resolution that states [[Jerusalem]] is the\n        capital of [[Israel]].\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Cold War]]: [[Klaus Fuchs]],\n        German \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 and physicist, confesses to an [[MI5]] interrogator\n        that he is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy: For seven years, he passed [[Classified\n        information|top secret]] data on U.S. and British [[nuclear weapons research]]\n        to the [[Soviet Union]]. Fuchs is formally charged on February 2.Christopher\n        Andrew, ''''Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5'''' (Random House\n        Digital, 2009), pp. 387\\u201388\\n* [[January 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Alger Hiss]] receives a five-year sentence following his conviction\n        on two counts of perjury\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 India promulgates its [[constitution]],\n        forming a [[republic]], and [[Rajendra Prasad]] is sworn in as its first [[President\n        of India|president]]. The [[Kingdom of Mysore]] is merged into the new republic.\\n*\n        [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Balfour|Lord Balfour]] criticizes the fact\n        that [[rationing]] is still in force in Britain.\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** United\n        States President [[Harry S. Truman]] orders the development of the [[Teller\\u2013Ulam\n        design|hydrogen bomb]], in response to the detonation of the [[Soviet Union]]''s\n        first [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]] in 1949.\\\"Year by Year\n        1950\\\" \\u2013 [[History Channel International]]\\n** The last [[Kuomintang]]\n        troops surrender in mainland China.\\n*December \\u2013 First five-year plan\n        is tabled in the Parliament by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. It emphasizes Agricultural\n        and Community development.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main article|February 1950}}\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Chiang Kai-shek]] is re-elected as a president of\n        the Republic of China.\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Ingrid Bergman]]''s illegitimate\n        child arouses ire in the U.S.\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 First [[Cabinet Secretary]]\n        N.R. Pillai appointed in India.\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** The [[Stasi]] is founded\n        in [[East Germany]] and acts as a secret police until [[1990]]. \\n** Payment\n        first made by [[Diners Club International|Diners Club]] card, in New York,\n        first use of a [[charge card]].\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[Second Red Scare]]:\n        In his speech to the Republican Women''s Club at the McClure Hotel in [[Wheeling,\n        West Virginia]], [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph McCarthy]] accuses\n        the [[United States Department of State]] of being filled with 205 [[communism|Communists]].\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** Two [[Viet Minh]] battalions attack a French base in [[French\n        Indochina]].\\n** Finland recognizes [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        Pro-communist riots erupt in Paris.\\n** The [[European Broadcasting Union]]\n        is founded.\\n** [[Albert Einstein]] warns that nuclear war could lead to mutual\n        destruction.\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** The U.S. Army begins to deploy anti-aircraft\n        cannons to protect nuclear stations and military targets.\\n** [[1950 British\n        Columbia B-36 crash|British Columbia B-36 crash]] \\u2013 The U.S. Air Force\n        loses a [[Convair B-36]] bomber that carried a [[Mark 4 nuclear bomb]] off\n        the west coast of Canada, and produces the world''s first [[United States\n        military nuclear incident terminology#Broken Arrow|Broken Arrow]].{{citation\n        needed|date=February 2011}}\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Cold War]]:\\n** The Soviet Union and the People''s Republic\n        of China sign a mutual defense treaty.\\n** In an [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1950|election]] speech at [[Edinburgh]], [[Winston Churchill]] proposes\n        \\\"a [[parley]] at the summit\\\" with Soviet leaders, first use of term \\\"[[Summit\n        (meeting)|summit]]\\\" for such a meeting.{{cite book|first=David|last=Kynaston|title=Austerity\n        Britain 1945\\u201351|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7475-7985-4|page=385}}\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n** [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]] is re-elected president of Finland.\\n**\n        [[Walt Disney]] releases his 12th animated film, ''''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]''''\n        in Hollywood.\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Konrad Adenauer]] tries unsuccessfully\n        to negotiate with [[East Germany]] to begin unification.\\n* [[February 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cunard]] liner [[RMS Aquitania]] arrives at the scrapyard in [[Faslane]]\n        at the end of a 36-year career, the longest of any in the 20th Century.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[United Kingdom general election, 1950]] : The Labour\n        Party, led by [[Clement Attlee]] remains in office but the Tories, led by\n        Winston Churchill increase their seats in the House of Commons.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1950}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Klaus Fuchs]] is convicted in London\n        of spying against both Britain and the United States for the Soviet Union,\n        by giving to the latter [[Classified information|top secret]] [[atomic bomb]]\n        data.\\n** Acting Chinese President [[Li Tsung-jen]] ends his term in office.\\n**\n        [[Chiang Kai-shek]] resumes his duties as Chinese president after moving his\n        government to [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]].\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 Poland indicates\n        its intention to exile all Germans.  \\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013 The first [[Volkswagen\n        Type 2]] (also known as the Microbus) rolls off the assembly line in [[Wolfsburg]],\n        Germany.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 A plane carrying returning rugby fans from\n        Ireland to Wales crashes near [[Llandow air disaster|Llandow]], with the loss\n        of 80 lives.\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Royal Question]]: [[Belgian monarchy\n        referendum, 1950]] \\u2013 In Belgium, the [[referendum]] over the monarchy\n        shows 57.7% support the return of [[L\\u00e9opold III of Belgium|King L\\u00e9opold\n        III]], 42.3% against.\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 The ship ''''Cygnet'''' hits\n        a mine off the Dutch coast.\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[University of California,\n        Berkeley]] researchers announce the creation of element 98, which they name\n        \\\"[[Californium]]\\\".\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 The Belgian government collapses\n        after the March 12 [[referendum]] favouring of the return from exile of King\n        L\\u00e9opold III.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/18/newsid_2840000/2840237.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1950: Government falls as Belgians vote for king|date=March 18,\n        1950}}\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 The Polish government enacts a law to\n        take possession of properties owned by Roman Catholic churches.Marian\n        S. Mazgaj, ''''Church and State in Communist Poland: A History, 1944\\u20131989''''\n        (McFarland, 2010) pp. 55\\u201356\\n* [[March 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Egypt]] demands that Britain remove all its troops in the [[Suez\n        Canal]].\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 The [[22nd Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1950}}\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** Influential British [[Comic book|comic]]\n        ''''[[Eagle (British comics)|Eagle]]'''' is launched\\n** [[NSC-68]] is issued\n        by the [[United States National Security Council]]\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013\n        Belgian King Leopold III announces that he is ready to abdicate in favor of\n        his son [[Baudouin I of Belgium|Baudouin]].\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Jordan]]\n        formally annexes the [[West Bank]]\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 Trial of alleged\n        communist spy [[Judith Coplon]] commences in New York City\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        [[Apartheid]]: In South Africa, the [[Group Areas Act]] is passed, formally\n        segregating the races.\\n** Britain formally recognises [[Israel]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1950}}\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[UNRWA]] operations begin.\\n* [[May\n        5]] \\u2013 Coronation of Bhomibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) of Thailand at The Grand\n        Palace in Bangkok.\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** The town of Cazin ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]])\n        rises up against Communist [[agrarian reform]]s.\\n** [[Tollund Man]] is unearthed\n        in Denmark.\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Robert Schuman]] presents his proposal for\n        the creation of a pan-European organisation, which he believes to be indispensable\n        to the maintenance of permanently peaceful relations between the different\n        nations of the continent. This proposal, known as the \\\"[[Schuman Declaration]]\\\",\n        is considered to be the beginning of the creation of what is now the [[European\n        Union]].\\n** [[L. Ron Hubbard]] publishes ''''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science\n        of Mental Health]]''''.\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 The [[Kefauver Committee]] hearings\n        into U.S. organized crime begin.\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 The first race in the\n        inaugural [[Formula One|FIA Formula One World Championship]] is held at [[Silverstone\n        Circuit|Silverstone]], England.\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 ''''[[The Huntsville\n        Times]]'''' runs the headline \\\"[[Wernher von Braun|Dr. von Braun]] Says Rocket\n        Flights Possible to Moon.\\\"\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Israeli Air Force]] [[Supermarine\n        Spitfire|Spitfire]]s intercept a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Short Sunderland]]\n        when it inadvertently crossed into Israeli airspace, forcing it to land at\n        [[Lod Airport]]. The Sunderland''s crew had been issued maps that did not\n        depict Israel, as Britain had not recognized the Jewish State at the time\n        the maps were issued.\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] becomes the third\n        president of [[Turkey]].\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]] of [[Democratic Party (Turkey,\n        current)|DP]] forms the new government of Turkey (19th government)\\n* [[May\n        24]] \\u2013 [[United States Maritime Administration]] (under [[Department\n        of Commerce]]).\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 The [[Brooklyn\\u2013Battery Tunnel]]\n        is formally opened to traffic.\\n* [[May 29]] \\n** ''''[[St. Roch (ship)|St.\n        Roch]]'''', the first ship to [[circumnavigation|circumnavigate]] North America,\n        arrives in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]].\\n** The pilot series of the world''s\n        longest-running radio soap opera ''''[[The Archers]]'''', is first broadcast\n        on [[BBC Light Programme]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Korean War Montage 2.png|thumbnail|right|240px|[[June\n        25]]: [[Korean War]] begins.]]\\n{{Main article|June 1950}}\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013\n        [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Mauna Loa]] in Hawaii starts erupting.\\n* [[June 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Annapurna]] I, 10th highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Turkey]]: The [[Adhan]] in Arabic is legalized.\\n* [[June\n        8]] \\u2013 Sir [[Thomas Blamey]] becomes the only [[Field Marshal]] in Australian\n        history.\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Maracana Stadium]], which becomes a well-known\n        sports venue of [[Brazil]], opens in [[Rio de Janeiro]] in advance of the\n        opening of the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] in the country{{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}} on June 24.\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]] begins: Troops of\n        the [[North Korea]]n [[Korean People''s Army|People''s Army]] cross the [[38th\n        parallel north|38th parallel]] into South Korea.\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Parliament of South Africa]] passes the [[Suppression of Communism Act]].\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] orders\n        American military forces to aid in the defense of South Korea.\\n* [[June 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Korean War]]:\\n** North Korean forces capture [[Seoul]] but do not\n        win the war.\\n** [[Hangang Bridge bombing]]: The South Korean army, in an\n        attempt to defend Seoul, blows up the [[Hangang Bridge]] while it is crowded\n        with refugees.\\n** [[Seoul National University Hospital massacre]]: North\n        Korean troops kill around 800 medical staff and patients.\\n** [[Bodo League\n        massacre]] begins: [[Republic of Korea Armed Forces|South Korean armed forces]]\n        and [[Law enforcement in South Korea|police]] summarily execute at least 100,000\n        suspected North Korean sympathizers.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1950}}\\n*\n        [[July 14]]–[[July 21|21]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: [[Battle of Taejon]]\n        \\u2013 North Korean forces capture the city held by the [[24th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. 24th Infantry Division]] but the delay allows establishment\n        of the [[Pusan Perimeter]].\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Uruguay national football\n        team|Uruguay]] beat [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] 2\\u20131 to win\n        the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950 World Cup]].\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 The [[Suppression\n        of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]] passed on June 26, comes\n        into force in South Africa.\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013 4 workers striking over\n        the \\\"[[Royal Question]]\\\" in Belgium are shot dead by the ''''[[Gendarmerie\n        (Belgium)|Gendarmerie]]'''' at [[Gr\\u00e2ce-Hollogne|Gr\\u00e2ce-Berleur]]\n        near [[Li\\u00e8ge]].{{cite book|last1=Witte|first1=Els|last2=Craeybeckx|first2=Jan|last3=Meynen|first3=Alain|title=Political\n        History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards|date=2009|publisher=ASP|location=Brussels|isbn=978-90-5487-517-8|edition=New|page=242}}\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1950}}\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[2 Squadron SAAF]] departs to take\n        part in the [[Korean War]].{{Cite journal|last=McGregor|first=P.\n        M. J.|date=1978-06-03|title=The History of No 2 Squadron, SAAF, in the Korean\n        War|journal=Military History Journal|publisher=The South African Military\n        History Society|volume=4|issue=3|issn=0026-4016|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/journal.html|accessdate=2009-07-18|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5iSspUjRT?url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/journal.html|archivedate=2009-07-22|deadurl=no}}\\n**\n        [[1950 Fairfield-Suisun Boeing B-29 crash]] \\u2013 A bomb-laden [[Boeing B-29\n        Superfortress]] crashes into a residential area in California, killing 17\n        and injuring 68.\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 Monarchist demonstrations lead to\n        a riot in [[Brussels]].\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Florence Chadwick]] swims across\n        the [[English Channel]] in 13 hours, 22 minutes.\\n** [[Winston Churchill]]\n        supports idea of a pan-European army allied with Canada and the U.S.\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Korean War]]: [[Bloody Gulch massacre]].\\n** In his [[encyclical]]\n        ''''[[Humani generis]]'''', [[Pope Pius XII]] declares [[evolution]] to be\n        a serious [[hypothesis]] that does not contradict essential [[Catholic]] teachings.\\n*\n        [[August 15]] \\u2013 The 8.6 {{M|w}} [[1950 Assam\\u2013Tibet earthquake|Assam\\u2013Tibet\n        earthquake]] shakes the region with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''), killing between 1,500\\u20133,300 people.\n        \\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: In the [[Hill 303 massacre]], 39\n        U.S. soldiers are executed after being captured in battle by North Korea.\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 The [[Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary]] is founded\n        in Tagbilaran City, Philippines.\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 Legendary singer-actor\n        [[Paul Robeson]], whose passport had recently been revoked because of his\n        alleged [[Communist]] affiliations, meets with U.S. officials in an effort\n        to get it reinstated. He is unsuccessful, and it is not reinstated until 1958.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1950}}\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Darlington Raceway]] is\n        the site of the inaugural [[Southern 500]], the first 500-mile [[NASCAR]]\n        race.\\n** The [[comic strip]] ''''[[Beetle Bailey]]'''' is created by Mort\n        Walker.\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** A [[coal mine]] collapse in [[New Cumnock]],\n        Scotland, kills 13 miners; 116 are rescued.\\n** The game show ''''[[Truth\n        or Consequences]]'''' debuts on television.\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Defense Production Act]] is enacted into law in the U.S., shaping American\n        military contracting for the next 60 years.\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 The\n        U.S. state of [[California]] celebrates its centennial anniversary.\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 Communist riots erupt in Berlin.\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Korean\n        War]] \\u2013 [[Battle of Inchon]]: Allied troops commanded by [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        land in [[Incheon|Inchon]], occupied by North Korea, to begin a U.N. counteroffensive.\\n*\n        [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[Rede Tupi]], the first TV broadcaster from [[Brazil]]\n        and [[South America]], is founded.\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 West Germany\n        decides to purge communist officials.\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[World Dance\n        Council]] inaugurated.\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Indonesia]] is admitted\n        to the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013 [[NSC-68]] is enacted\n        by President Truman, setting U.S. foreign policy for the next 20 years.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1950}}\\n* [[Turing test]] published.{{citation|url=http://aitopics.org/misc/brief-history|title=Brief\n        History (timeline)|work=AI Topics|publisher=[[Association for the Advancement\n        of Artificial Intelligence]]|accessdate=24 August 2016}}\\n* [[October\n        2]] \\u2013 The [[comic strip]] ''''[[Peanuts]]'''' by [[Charles M. Schulz]]\n        is first published in seven U.S. newspapers.\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Get\\u00falio\n        Dornelles Vargas]] is elected [[president of Brazil]] for a 5-year term.\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\u2013 The Indonesian government quells riots in the [[Moluccas]].\\n*\n        [[October 7]]\\n** [[Battle of Chamdo]]: The [[incorporation of Tibet into\n        the People''s Republic of China]] begins with the Chinese [[People''s Liberation\n        Army]] invading across the [[Jinsha River]]. By October 19 they will have\n        taken the border town of [[Chamdo]] and the Tibetan army will have surrendered.\\n**\n        The [[Agate Pass Bridge]] opens for traffic in Washington State.\\n* [[October\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Goyang Geumjeong Cave massacre]] starts in [[South Korea]].\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 The [[Federal Communications Commission]] in the United\n        States issues the first license to broadcast television in color, to [[CBS]]\n        ([[RCA]] will successfully dispute and block the license from taking effect,\n        however).\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** The second [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge]] opens\n        in [[Washington (state)]].\\n** In [[East Germany]], the Communists win 99.7%\n        of the vote.\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: The People''s Republic\n        of China enters the conflict by sending thousands of soldiers across the Yalu\n        River.\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 Australia passes the Communist Party Dissolution\n        Act, which is later struck down by the High Court.\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Torcida Split]] is founded in support of the [[Association football]] club\n        [[HNK Hajduk Split]] in [[SFR Yugoslavia]].\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 Upon\n        the death of [[Gustaf V of Sweden]], he is succeeded as king by his 68-year-old\n        son [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden|Gustaf VI Adolf]].\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        The [[Jayuya Uprising]] is started by Puerto Rican Nationalists against the\n        United States.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1950}}\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Pope Pius XII]] witnesses the \\\"[[Miracle of the Sun]]\\\" at the\n        [[Vatican City|Vatican]]{{cite book|first=Joseph|last=Pelletier|title=The\n        Sun Danced at Fatima|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|year=1983|pages=150,\n        151}} and [[dogmatic definition|defines]] a new [[dogma]] of [[Roman\n        Catholicism]], the [[Munificentissimus Deus]], which says that [[God]] took\n        Mary''s body into Heaven after her death (the \\\"[[Assumption of the Blessed\n        Virgin Mary]]\\\").\\n** Puerto Rican nationalists [[Griselio Torresola]] and\n        [[Oscar Collazo]] attempt to assassinate U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who\n        is staying at the [[Blair-Lee House]] in Washington, D.C. during White House\n        repairs.\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations]] ends the diplomatic\n        isolation of Spain.\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: While in an [[P-80\n        Shooting Star|F-80]], [[United States Air Force]] Lt. Russell J. Brown intercepts\n        2 North Korean [[MiG-15]]s near the [[Yalu River]] and shoots them down in\n        the first [[jet aircraft|jet]]-to-jet [[dogfight]] in history.\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 A U.S. Air Force [[B-50 Superfortress]] bomber, [[1950 Rivi\\u00e8re-du-Loup\n        B-50 nuclear weapon loss incident|experiencing an in-flight emergency]], jettisons\n        and detonates a Mark 4 nuclear bomb over Quebec, Canada (the device lacked\n        its plutonium core).\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 The [[Mattachine Society]]\n        is founded in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] as the first [[gay]]-liberation\n        organization.\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** The [[President of Venezuela]], Colonel\n        [[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud]] is kidnapped and murdered in [[Caracas]].\\n**\n        A [[1950 T\\u00eate de l''Obiou C-54 crash|Curtiss Reid Flying Services plane\n        crashes]] while en route to Paris from Rome, killing all 52 on board.\\n* [[November\n        17]] \\u2013 15-year-old Tenzin Gyatso is formally enthroned as [[14th Dalai\n        Lama]], becoming temporal ruler of [[Tibet (1912\\u201351)|Tibet]].{{cite\n        book|first=Ram|last=Rahul|title=March of Central Asia|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2000}}\\n*\n        [[November 18]] \\u2013 The United Nations accepts the formation of the [[Libya]]n\n        National Council.\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[T. S. Eliot]] speaks against\n        television in the UK.\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** Anti-British riots erupt in [[Egypt]].\\n**\n        [[Shirley Temple]] announces her retirement from show business.\\n* [[November\n        24]] \\u2013 A phenomenal [[winter storm]] ravages the northeastern United\n        States, brings 30 to 50 inches of [[snow]], temperatures below zero,\n        and kills 323 people.\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: Troops from\n        the People''s Republic of China launched a massive counterattack against South\n        Korean and United Nations forces at the [[Battle of the Ch''ongch''on River|Ch''ongch''on\n        River]] and the [[Battle of Chosin Reservoir|Chosin Reservoir]], dashing any\n        hopes for a quick end to the conflict.\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Colombo Plan]]\n        for Co-operative Economic Development in South and South-East Asia\\n** Greece\n        and [[Yugoslavia]] reform diplomatic relations.\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        The [[National Council of Churches|National Council of the Churches of Christ\n        in the USA]] is founded.\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Douglas MacArthur]] threatens\n        to use nuclear weapons in Korea.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1950}}\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Foley Square trial]] commences review in\n        [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as [[Dennis v. United States]]\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013\n        The inaugural [[12 Hours of Sebring]] endurance race is held.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        Canadians [[Harry Wasylyk]], Larry Hansen and Frank Plomp introduce the plastic\n        [[bin bag]] for [[Waste|garbage]] collection.\\n* [[Myxomatosis]] is introduced\n        into Australia in an attempt to control the escalating [[rabbit]] population.\\n*\n        [[IBM]] Israel begins operating in [[Tel Aviv]].\\n* President [[Harry Truman]]\n        sends United States military advisers to [[Vietnam]] to aid French forces.\\n*\n        France institutes a government-guaranteed [[minimum wage]].\\n* [[Knox''s Translation\n        of the Vulgate]] [[Old Testament]] (commissioned by the [[Catholic Church]])\n        is published.\\n* [[Laos]] gets involved in the [[First Indochina War]] to\n        overthrow the French Army.\\n\\n===World population===\\n* Total [[world population]]:\n        2,518,630,000\\n** Africa: 221,214,000\\n** Asia: 1,398,488,000\\n** Europe:\n        547,403,000\\n** Latin America: 167,097,000\\n** North America: 171,616,000\\n**\n        Oceania: 12,812,000.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Victoria Principal\n        at the 39th Emmy Awards cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Victoria Principal]]]]\\n[[File:Debbie\n        Allen.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Debbie Allen]]]]\\n[[File:BillyOcean.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Billy\n        Ocean]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Dean Anderson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard Dean Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:JoergHaider\n        Sep07.JPG|thumb|120px|[[J\\u00f6rg Haider]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[D\\u00e9bora\n        Duarte]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[David Shifrin]], American classical clarinetist\\n*\n        [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Victoria Principal]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        5]]\\n** [[John Manley]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Charlie Richmond (inventor)|Charlie\n        Richmond]], Canadian entrepreneur and inventor\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Louis\n        Freeh]], American [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Director\n        of the FBI]]\\n** [[Thomas J. Pickard]], American Acting Director of the FBI\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[Juan Gabriel]], Mexican singer, songwriter and philanthropist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Erin Gray]], American actress\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Alec Jeffreys]], British geneticist, who developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting\n        and DNA profiling\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Ernie Wasson]], American gardener\n        and writer\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Sheila Jackson Lee]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Dorrit Moussaieff]], Israeli-born British businesswoman; [[First Lady of\n        Iceland]]\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Jagadguru R\\u0101mabhadr\\u0101c\\u0101rya]],\n        [[Hindu]] religious leader\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Debbie Allen]], American\n        actress, dancer, and choreographer\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Steve Cuozzo]],\n        American writer and columnist\\n** [[Cristina Galb\\u00f3]], Spanish actress\\n**\n        [[Honey Irani]], Indian film actress and screenwriter \\n** [[Luis L\\u00f3pez\n        Nieves]], Puerto Rican writer\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Gilles Villeneuve]],\n        Canadian race car driver (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Edward Hirsch]],\n        American poet\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Billy Ocean]], West Indian-born musician\\n*\n        [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Pamela Salem]], British actress\\n* [[January 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard Dean Anderson]], American actor\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Daniel\n        Auteuil]], French actor\\n** [[Gennifer Flowers]], American actress, connected\n        to [[Bill Clinton]]\\n** [[Benjamin Urrutia]], Ecuadorian-born American author\n        and scholar\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[J\\u00f6rg Haider]], Austrian politician\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Janet Lupo]], American model\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Derek\n        Acorah]], British spiritualist and medium\\n** [[Ulrich Deppendorf]], German\n        journalist and television presenter\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Ann Jillian]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Jody Scheckter]], South African race car driver\\n**\n        [[Mikl\\u00f3s V\\u00e1mos]], Hungarian writer and screenwriter\\n* [[January\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Trinidad Silva]], American actor (d. [[1988]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Morgan\n        Fairchild 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Morgan Fairchild]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Gabriel\n        Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter Gabriel]]]]\\n[[File:Julie Walters 2014\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Julie Walters]]]]\\n[[File:Cybill Shepherd.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cybill\n        Shepherd]]]]\\n[[File:Kirchner marzo 2007 Congreso.jpg|thumb|120px|[[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]]]]\\n[[File:Helen Clark UNDP 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Helen Clark]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Kazimierz Nycz]], Polish clergyman\\n* [[February 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Morgan Fairchild]], American actress\\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Natalie\n        Cole]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Timothy Michael Dolan]], Roman\n        Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of New York\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Mark\n        Spitz]], American Olympic swimmer\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Steve Hackett]],\n        English songwriter and guitarist\\n** [[Michael Ironside]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Peter Gabriel]], English rock musician and original\n        lead singer of [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Daniel\n        Borel]], Swiss businessman and co-founder of [[Logitech]]\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tsui Hark]], Hong Kong film director\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Hain]], British politician\\n** [[Roman Tam]], [[Cantopop]] singer (d. 2002)\\n*\n        [[February 18]]\\n** [[John Hughes (filmmaker)|John Hughes]], American film\n        director, producer and writer (d. 2009)\\n** [[Cybill Shepherd]], American\n        actress\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ken Shimura]], Japanese television performer\n        and actor\\n** [[Tony Wilson]], English impresario (d. 2007)\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Julius Erving]], American basketball player\\n** [[Miou-Miou]],\n        French actress\\n** [[Julie Walters]], English actress\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Neil Jordan]], Irish film director, writer, and producer\\n** [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]], 49th [[President of Argentina]] (d. 2010)\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Helen Clark]], [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n** [[Bill Ritter (journalist)|Bill\n        Ritter]], American news anchor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Karen Carpenter.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karen\n        Carpenter]]]]\\n[[File:Rick Perry by Gage Skidmore 8.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rick\n        Perry]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Flores Facusse.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Carlos Roberto Flores]]]]\\n[[File:WilliamHMacyTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William\n        H. Macy]]]]\\n[[File:William Hurt (2005) crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William Hurt]]]]\\n[[File:Martin\n        Short at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Martin Short]]]]\\n[[File:Robbiecoltranecrop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robbie\n        Coltrane]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Karen Carpenter]], American singer and\n        drummer (d. 1983)\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Rick Perry]], Governor of Texas\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Danny Sullivan]], American race car driver\\n* [[March\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Roberto Flores]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[March\n        11]]\\n** [[Bobby McFerrin]], American singer\\n** [[Jerry Zucker (film director)|Jerry\n        Zucker]], American film producer, director, and writer\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Javier Clemente]], Spanish football player and manager\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013\n        [[William H. Macy]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Brad Dourif]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[William Hurt]], American actor\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Sergey Lavrov]], [[Foreign Minister of Russia|current\n        Foreign Minister of Russia]]\\n* [[March 22]] \\n** [[Hugo Egon Balder]], German\n        actor and television presenter\\n** [[Jocky Wilson]], Scottish darts player\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Teddy Pendergrass]], American singer (d.\n        2010)\\n** [[Martin Short]], Canadian-born comedian\\n** [[Alan Silvestri]],\n        American composer and conductor \\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Claudio Lolli]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Jeffrey Miller]], Kent State University shooting victim\n        (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[Mory Kant\\u00e9]], Guinean musician\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Robbie Coltrane]], Scottish actor and comedian\\n** [[David\n        Janson]], British actor\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Ed Marinaro]], American football\n        player and actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Agnetha F\\u00e4ltskog 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Agnetha\n        F\\u00e4ltskog]]]]\\n[[File:President of Malawi Joyce Banda (8985928177).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joyce\n        Banda]]]]\\n[[File:David Cassidy Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David Cassidy]]]]\\n[[File:Ron\n        Perlman 2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ron Perlman]]]]\\n[[File:PeterFrampton06.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter\n        Frampton]]]]\\n[[File:JayLenoJul08.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jay Leno]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Samuel Alito]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the\n        United States]]\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Sally Thomsett]], English actress\\n*\n        [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Christine Lahti]], American actress\\n* [[April 5]]\\n**\n        [[Agnetha F\\u00e4ltskog]], Swedish pop singer and songwriter ([[ABBA]])\\n**\n        [[Harpo (singer)|Harpo]], Swedish pop musician\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Marisa\n        Let\\u00edcia Lula da Silva]], former First Lady of Brazil (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Grzegorz Lato]], Polish footballer\\n** [[Carmen Twillie\n        (actress)|Carmen Twillie]], American actress and singer\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Ken Griffey, Sr.]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Joyce\n        Banda]], n\\u00e9e Mtila, 4th [[President of Malawi]]\\n** [[David Cassidy]],\n        American actor and singer\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Ron Perlman]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[P\\u00e9ter Esterh\\u00e1zy]], Hungarian writer\\n*\n        [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Josiane Balasko]], French actress/writer/director\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Bruce McNall]], American businessman\\n* [[April 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[Steve Erickson]], American novelist\\n* [[April 22]] \\n** [[Peter\n        Frampton]], English rock musician\\n** [[Thierry Z\\u00e9no]], Belgian filmmaker\\n*\n        [[April 25]]\\n** [[Lenora Fulani]], American presidential candidate\\n** [[Apollo\n        Quiboloy|Apollo C. Quiboloy]], Filipino televangelist and religious leader\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Jay Leno]], American comedian and talk show host\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Paul Holmes (broadcaster)|Paul Holmes]], New Zealand\n        radio and television broadcaster (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Googoosh\n        Malaysia 2009.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Googoosh]]]]\\n[[File:Jeremy paxman dec 2007.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jeremy\n        Paxman]]]]\\n[[File:Gabriel Byrne 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gabriel Byrne]]]]\\n[[File:Stevie\n        Wonder 1973.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Stevie Wonder]]]]\\n[[File:Drnovsek.png|thumb|120px|[[Janez\n        Drnovsek]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Gottschalk (Berlin Film Festival 2010) cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Thomas\n        Gottschalk]]]]\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Googoosh]], Iranian singer and actress\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Tim Russert]], American journalist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Jeremy Paxman]], English journalist \\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Gabriel\n        Byrne]], Irish actor\\n** [[Ching Hai]], Vietnamese born Taiwanese author,\n        spiritual leader and jewelry designer\\n** [[Billy Squier]], American musician\\n*\n        [[May 13]]\\n** [[Bobby Valentine]], American baseball manager\\n** [[Stevie\n        Wonder]], American musician\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Jill Stein]], American\n        politician, activist\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Renate Stecher]], German athlete\\n*\n        [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Georg Bednorz]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Janez Drnovsek]], Slovenian politician,\n        2-Time [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]] and 2nd [[President of Slovenia]]\\n*\n        [[May 18]] \\n** [[Thomas Gottschalk]], German radio and television host, entertainer\n        and actor\\n** [[Mark Mothersbaugh]], American composer, artist, and singer\n        ([[Devo]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Rebbie Jackson]], American singer\\n** [[Frederick\n        Sumaye]], 7th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Gregory Harrison]],\n        American actor and director\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Nouri al-Maliki 2011-04-07.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nouri\n        al-Maliki]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Deniece Williams]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Melissa Mathison]], American screenwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Suzi Quatro]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Abraham Sarmiento, Jr.]],\n        Filipino journalist and political activist (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Howard Finkel]], American ring announcer\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Kathy Baker]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Graham Russell]], English singer\n        and musician ([[Air Supply]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Belinda Bauer (actress)|Belinda\n        Bauer]], Australian actress\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Rowan Williams]], Archbishop\n        of Canterbury\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Lakshmi Mittal]], Indian industrialist\\n*\n        [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Ann Wilson]], American singer and musician [[Heart (band)|(Heart)]]\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Nouri al-Maliki]], 74th [[Prime Minister of Iraq]]\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Joey Kramer]], American musician\\n** [[Vasilis Papakonstantinou]],\n        Greek singer and musician\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Zenonas Petrauskas]], Lithuanian\n        lawyer and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Allen (actress)|Nancy\n        Allen]], American actress\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Nitza Saul]], Israeli actress\\n**\n        [[Marcello Toninelli]], Italian writer\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Jaak Joala]],\n        Estonian singer and musician (d. [[2010]]) \\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Simone Gbagbo]],\n        [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] criminal, former [[C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire|Ivorian]]\n        politician and [[First Lady of Ivory Coast|First Lady]]\\n** [[Don Moen (singer)|Don\n        Moen]], American singer and musician\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[Leonard Whiting]],\n        British actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Sir Philip Craven, MBE.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Philip\n        Craven]]]]\\n[[File:President V Yanukovych.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Viktor Yanukovych]]]]\\n[[File:Derek-de-lint-1340646708.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Derek\n        de Lint]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Branson March 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard\n        Branson]]]]\\n[[File:Frank Stallone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frank Stallone]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[Philip Craven]], 2nd President of the [[International\n        Paralympic Committee]]\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Huey Lewis]], American rock\n        singer\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Yanukovych]], [[President of Ukraine]]\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]], Pakistani [[Nuclear physicist]] and\n        social activist\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Eric Carr]], Former [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]\n        drummer and musician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Ma Ying-jeou]], President\n        of the [[Republic of China (Taiwan)]]\\n** [[Jurelang Zedkaia]], 5th President\n        of the Marshall Islands (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Derek de Lint]],\n        Dutch actor\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** Sir [[Richard Branson]], British entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Glenn Hughes (Village People)|Glenn Hughes]], American vocalist (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Layton]], Canadian politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Simon\n        Cadell]], British actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Per-Kristian Foss]], Norwegian\n        Minister of Finance\\n** [[Freddy Moore]], American musician\\n* [[July 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[William Knox Schroeder]], Kent State University shooting victim (d.\n        [[1970]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]], British\n        actress\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Simon Jones (actor)|Simon Jones]], English\n        actor\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Soh Chin Aun]], Malaysian footballer\\n** Sir [[Tapley\n        Seaton]], Kittitian politician, 4th [[Governor-General of Saint Kitts and\n        Nevis]]\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Jenny Holzer]], American conceptual artist\\n*\n        [[July 30]] \\u2013 [[Frank Stallone]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ernesto_Samper_(cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ernesto\n        Samper]]]]\\n[[File:The Princess Royal.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anne, Princess Royal]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Bunkhouse Buck]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Roy\n        Williams (coach)|Roy Williams]], American basketball coach\\n* [[August 3]]\n        \\n** [[John Landis]], American film director\\n** [[Jo Marie Payton]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Ernesto Samper]], 29th [[President of Colombia]]\\n* [[August\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Rosi Mittermaier]], German ski racer\\n* [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Keyes]], American conservative political activist\\n* [[August 8]] \\n** [[Lucjan\n        Lis]], Polish-German cyclist (d. 2015)\\n** [[Ken Kutaragi]], ex-C.E.O of Sony\n        Computer Entertainment\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicole Tourneur]], French\n        novelist (d. 2011)\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Erik Brann]], American musician\n        ([[Iron Butterfly]]) (d. 2003)\\n** [[Gennadiy Nikonov]], Russian weapon designer\\n*\n        [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Iris Berben]], German actress\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**\n        [[Anne, Princess Royal]], British Princess and daughter of [[Elizabeth II]]\n        and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n** [[Neil\n        J. Gunther]], Australian/American physicist and computer scientist\\n** [[Tom\n        Kelly (baseball)|Tom Kelly]], American baseball manager\\n** [[Andres Serrano]],\n        American photographer\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Hasely Crawford]], West Indian\n        athlete\\n** [[Marshall Manesh]], Persian actor\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Sudha\n        Murthy]], Indian social worker and author\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Bremer]], American convicted attempted assassin\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Scooter\n        Libby]], American political adviser \\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Carl Deuker]],\n        American author\\n** [[Annette Badland]], English actor\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Fleischer]], American actor, stand-up comedian and voice artist\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:PM\n        Modi 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Narendra Modi]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Murray by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill Murray]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Mikhail\n        Fradkov]], Russian politician and [[Prime Minister of Russia]] (2004\\u20132007)\\n**\n        [[Phil McGraw]], American TV psychologist\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Rosanna\n        DeSoto]], American actress\\n** [[Yuen Wah]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n** [[John Friedrich (fraudster)|Johann Friedrich]], German-Australian\n        engineer and conman\\n** [[Julie Kavner]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Mark Gable]], Australian singer and songwriter ([[The Choirboys\n        (band)|The Choirboys]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe\n        Perry]], American rock guitarist ([[Aerosmith]])\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Kossoff]], British rock guitarist ([[free (band)|Free]]) (d. 1976)\\n** [[Masami\n        Kuwashima]], Japanese race car driver \\n* [[September 16]] \\n** [[Henry Louis\n        Gates]], American literary critic\\n** [[Loyd Grossman]], American television\n        presenter and chef\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister\n        of India]]\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Joan Lunden]], American television\n        broadcaster and journalist\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Charles Clarke]], British\n        politician\\n** [[Bill Murray]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Kirka Babitzin]], Finnish singer (d. 2007)\\n* [[September 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kristina Wayborn]], Swedish actress\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 [[Cary-Hiroyuki\n        Tagawa]], Japanese actor\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[John Sayles]], American\n        director and screenwriter\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Randy Quaid.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Randy\n        Quaid]]]]\\n[[File:Jakaya_Kikwete_2011_(cropped).jpg#mw-jump-to-license|thumb|120px|[[Jakaya\n        Kikwete]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Petty 2016 - Jun 20.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tom Petty]]]]\\n[[File:Abdullah\n        G\\u00fcl Senate of Poland.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Abdullah G\\u00fcl]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Candy.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John Candy]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Boris Morukov]],\n        Russian astronaut (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Randy Quaid]], American actor and comedian\n        \\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Pamela Hensley]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Jeff Conaway]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jakaya Kikwete]], 4th [[President of Tanzania]]\\n* [[October 9]]\n        \\n** [[Everett Peck]], American animator\\n** [[Jody Williams]], American teacher\n        and aid worker, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Nora Roberts]], American novelist\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Edward Bloor]],\n        American novelist\\n** [[Takeshi Kaga|Kaga Takeshi]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Pilar\n        Pilapil]], Filipina actress\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Joey Travolta]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Cecil Bothwell]]. American atheist writer\n        and politician\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Howard Rollins]], American actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n** [[Dean Shek]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Wendy\n        Wasserstein]], American playwright (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013\n        Bishop [[Bill Ray]], 10th [[Bishop of North Queensland]]\\n* [[October 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tom Petty]], American rock singer\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Bill\n        Owens (Colorado politician)|Bill Owens]], Governor of Colorado\\n* [[October\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Chris Norman]], English singer ([[Smokie (band)|Smokie]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]]\\n** [[Annette Humpe]], German singer, bands [[Ideal (German\n        band)|Ideal]] and [[Ich + Ich]]\\n** [[Sihem Bensedrine]], Tunisian human rights\n        activist\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Abdullah G\\u00fcl]], 11th [[President\n        of Turkey]]\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Louise DuArt]], American comedian and\n        impersonator\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[John Candy]], Canadian comedian and actor\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Jane Pauley]], American television broadcaster and journalist\\n\\n===November===\n        \\n[[File:Chuck Schumer official photo (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Chuck Schumer]]]]\\n[[File:Ed\n        Harris by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ed Harris]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Fisher.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Kenneth\n        Fisher]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Robert B. Laughlin]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Massimo\n        Mongai]], Italian author\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Charles Frazier]], American\n        novelist\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Kenny Marks]], American Christian musician\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Maravillas Rojo]], Catalan politician\\n* [[November\n        10]]\\n** [[Debra Hill]], American producer (d. 2005)\\n** [[Bob Orton, Jr.]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Fairchild]],\n        American country and gospel singer\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Mary Lou Metzger]],\n        American singer and dancer\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[David Leisure]], American\n        actor\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Roland Matthes]], German swimmer\\n* [[November\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Alberto Juantorena]], Cuban athlete\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Lyman Bostock]], American baseball player (d. 1978)\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Chuck Schumer]], American politician\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Stanley\n        Livingston]], American actor \\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Ed Harris]], American\n        actor and film director\\n** [[Russell Alan Hulse]], American physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Kenneth Fisher]], American financial\n        manager and journalist\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Leonard Maltin (2005).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Leonard\n        Maltin]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\n** [[Manju Bansal]], Indian molecular biologist\\n**\n        [[Themba Dlamini]], 9th Prime Minister of Swaziland\\n** [[Richard Keith (actor)|Richard\n        Keith]] [birth name Keith Thibodeaux], American child actor\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[Amin Saikal]], Australian academic professor\\n** [[Benjamin Stora]],\n        French historian\\n** [[Paul Watson]], founder of the [[Sea Shepherd Conservation\n        Society]] \\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Antonieta de las Nieves]], Mexican actress\\n*\n        [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Camar\\u00f3n de la Isla]], Spanish singer (d. 1992)\\n*\n        [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Joan Armatrading]], St. Kitts-born English singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Tom Towles]], American actor (d. 2015)\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Heiner Flassbeck]], German economist, professor, publicist, political\n        counselor and State secretary\\n** [[Rajinikanth]], Indian actor\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Wendie Malick]], American actress\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Sylvester James Gates]], American theoretical physicist\\n* [[December 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Roy Schuiten]], Dutch cyclist (d. 2006)\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Laurence F. Johnson]], American futurist and educator\\n* [[December 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Leonard Maltin]], American film critic\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Manny Trillo]], Venezuelan-born American baseball player\\n* [[December 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mar\\u00eda Antonieta de las Nieves]], Mexican actress, comedian,\n        and singer, La Chilindrina in El Chavo del Ocho\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Vicente\n        del Bosque]], Spanish footballer and manager\\n** [[Michael C. Burgess]], American\n        politician\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Ed Hochuli]], American football official\\n*\n        [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Alex Chilton]], American rock musician ([[The Box\n        Tops]]) (d. 2010)\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Jon Polito]], American actor\n        (d. 2016)\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Larry Cuba]], American computer-animation\n        artist\\n* [[Koibla Djimasta]], 7th Prime Minister of Chad (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[Joseph Yodoyman]], 4th Prime Minister of Chad (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:George\n        Orwell press photo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George Orwell]]]]\\n[[File:Alan Hale 1921.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alan\n        Hale, Sr.]]]]\\n[[File:V.kolarov.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vasil Kolarov]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] \\u2013 [[William A. Griffin (Roman Catholic bishop)|William A. Griffin]],\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Emil Jannings]], Swiss-born German actor (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Anthony\n        Prusinski]], American politician (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Theophrastos Sakellaridis]],\n        Greek composer and conductor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Tess\n        Gardella]], Italian-born American actress and dancer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] \\n** [[Monty Banks]], Italian comedian and director (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Alfonso Daniel Rodr\\u00edguez Castelao]], Spanish politician, writer, painter\n        and doctor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Joseph, Duke of Parma]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Schumpeter]], Czech economist and political scientist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[James A. Colescott]], [[Imperial\n        Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Gino\n        Frittelli]], Italian painter (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Henry\n        H. Arnold]], American five-star general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Ali Moustafa Mosharafa]], Egyptian physicist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Seiichi Hatano]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Horace Rice]], Australian tennis player (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Ray Duggan]], Australian-born English speedway rider (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[George Orwell]], British author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Alan Hale Sr.]], American actor  (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Vasil Kolarov]], Bulgarian Communist politician, former provisional\n        head of State and 33rd [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], [[Sheikh of Kuwait]] (b.  [[1885]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Ferdinand\n        Schmutzer - Karl Seitz, 1925.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Karl Seitz]]]]\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** Sir [[Lionel Cripps]], Rhodesian politician (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Seitz]], 1st [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Georges Imbert]], Alsatian chemist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\n**\n        [[D. K. Broster]], British historical novelist (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Masao Inoue\n        (actor)|Masao Inoue]], Japanese actor and director (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[William\n        Murphy (Bishop of Saginaw)|William Murphy]], American [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman,\n        bishop and reverend (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Abdul Qadir (Muslim\n        leader)|Abdul Qadir]], Indian editor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Franz Justus Rarkowski]],\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Marcel Mauss]], French sociologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Kiki Cuyler]], American baseball player ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Bernard Meninsky]], Soviet artist, painter, draughtsman and teacher (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Rafael Sabatini]], Italian writer (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Cecilio Guzm\\u00e1n de Rojas]], Bolivian\n        painter (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Karl Guthe Jansky]], American physicist and radio\n        engineer, father of the [[radio astronomy]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[February 16]]\n        \\n** [[Johannes Hjelmslev]], Danish mathematician (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Mile-a-Minute\n        Murphy]], American cyclist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Gerhard\n        Kowalewski]], German mathematician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Piotr \\u015amieta\\u0144ski]], Polish executioner (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\n** [[Ignatius Arnoz]], Czechoslovakian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and\n        reverend (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[George Minot]], American physician, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Harry Lauder]], British entertainer (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Albert\n        Lebrun 1932 (2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert Lebrun]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        183-R98911, Heinrich Mann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heinrich Mann]]]]\\n[[File:L%C3%A9on\n        Blum Meurisse b 1927.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leon Blum]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Rosli Dhobi]], famous [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] [[Sarawak]]ian (b. [[1932]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Anthony Holles (actor)|Anthony Holles]], British actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Sid Grauman]], American theatre entrepreneur\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Edgar Lee Masters]], American poet (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Albert Fran\\u00e7ois Lebrun]], French politician, 15th [[President\n        of France]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Harry Redfern]], British architect (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Marguerite De La Motte]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[March 11]] \\n** [[Ralph Freeman (1880\\u20131950)|Ralph Freeman]], British\n        engineer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Heinrich Mann]], German novelist (b. [[1871]])\\n**\n        [[Brock Pemberton]], American theatrical producer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n** [[Alexander Kabiskoy]], Soviet WWII heroine (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Carl\n        Storck]], 3rd President of the [[National Football League]] (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[V\\u00e4in\\u00f6 Kivilinna]], Finnish teacher, activist\n        and politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]],\n        American author (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Norman Haworth]], British chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Alexandru Vaida-Voevod]],\n        Prime Minister of Romania (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Katherine\n        Grey (actress)|Katherine Grey]], American actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Emmanuel Mounier]], French philosopher (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March\n        24]] \\n** [[James Rudolph Garfield]], American politician (b. [[1865]])\\n**\n        [[Harold Laski]], British political theorist and economist (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] \\n** [[Frank Buck (animal collector)|Frank Buck]], American animal\n        collector (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Frances Micklethwait]], British chemist (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Blum]], French statesman and 2-time\n        [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Joe Yule]], British entertainer;\n        father of [[Mickey Rooney]] (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Mehmet Recep\n        Bey Peker.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Recep Peker]]]]\\n[[File:GA Franciscus Janssens\n        02.jpg|thumb|110px|Reverend [[Franciscus Janssens]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013\n        [[F. O. Matthiessen]], American historian and literary critic (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Recep Peker]], Turkish officer and politician, 6th [[Prime\n        Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Weill]], German-born\n        composer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Charles Binaggio]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Walter Huston]], Canadian-born\n        American actor  (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Vaslav Nijinsky]], Soviet\n        ballet dancer and choreographer  (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 10]] \\n** [[Fevzi\n        \\u00c7akmak]], Turkish military officer and statesman, [[Prime Minister of\n        Turkey]] (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Alfred Fischer (architect)|Alfred Fischer]],\n        German architect (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Bainbridge Colby]],\n        United States Secretary of State  (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Saleh\n        al-Ali]], Syrian revolt leader (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[James Morrison (bishop)|James\n        Morrison]], Canadian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Henry J. Knauf]], American politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Filipkowski]], Polish military commander\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\n** [[Gemma Bellincioni]], Italian soprano\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Franciscus Janssens]], Dutch [[Roman Catholic]] abbot\n        and reverend (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[G. Murray Hulbert]], American\n        politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Hobart Cavanaugh]], American\n        character actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Karel Ko\\u017eeluh]], Czech tennis player\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Jovine]], Italian writer\n        and author (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85\n        %D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE (%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%9B).jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Gavrilo\n        V, Serbian Patriarch]]]]\\n[[File:Mario&isidoro.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Isidore Ngei Ko Lat]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Lothrop Stoddard]], American\n        eugenicist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[V\\u00edctor Manuel Rom\\u00e1n\n        y Reyes]], Nicaraguan politician, 23rd [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Gavrilo V, Serbian Patriarch]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 9]]\n        \\n** [[Harry Stubbs (actor)|Harry Stubbs]], British-born American actor (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Esteban Terradas i Illa]], Andorran mathematician, scientist,\n        and engineer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Belle da Costa Greene]],\n        American librarian, bibliographer, and archivist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cedric Holland]], British admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n**\n        [[Giuseppe Garibaldi II]], Italian soldier, patriot and revolutionary, grandson\n        of Italian patriot [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Giuseppina Suriano]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] nun and blessed (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013\n        [[John Gould Fletcher]], American poet (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Andrew\n        McDonald (bishop)|Andrew McDonald]], British [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman,\n        bishop and reverend (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Alfonso Qui\\u00f1\\u00f3nez Molina]],\n        27th [[President of El Salvador]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\n** [[Isidore\n        Ngei Ko Lat]], Burmese catechist, [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Peter Petrovich Troyanskii]], Soviet\n        educator and scholar (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell]],\n        British field marshal (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Nicolae Ciuperc\\u0103]],\n        Romanian general (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Stanis\\u0142aw K\\u0119trzy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish historian and diplomat (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Vicente\n        Sotto]], Filipino politician (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kazys Grinius.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kazys\n        Grinius]]]]\\n[[File:Melitta Bentz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melitta Bentz]]]]\\n* [[June\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Tajuddin]], [[Sultan of Brunei]] (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[June\n        4]]\\n** [[Carmen Baroja]], Spanish writer and ethnologist (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[George Cecil Ives]], German-born British poet, writer, penal reformer and\n        early [[gay rights|gay-rights]] campaigner (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Kazys Grinius]],\n        3rd [[President of Lithuania]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Mikl\\u00f3s\n        B\\u00e1nffy]], Hungarian nobleman, politician and novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[William Wadsworth (actor)|William Wadsworth]], American\n        actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Denis Auguste Duch\\u00eane]], French\n        general (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto]], Japanese\n        autobiographer and novelist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Jane Cowl]],\n        American actress  (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Darwan Singh Negi]],\n        Indian VC recipient (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Antonina Nezhdanova]],\n        Soviet soprano (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Z\\u00e1vi\\u0161 Kalandra]],\n        Czechoslovak historian and theorist (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Theophilus Pashkovsky]],\n        [[Orthodox Church in America|American Orthodox]] archbishop and metropolitan\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 Archbishop [[Makarios II]] (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Melitta Bentz]], German entrepreneur, who invented the\n        coffee filter in 1908 (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Nedosinska.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antonie\n        Nedo\\u0161insk\\u00e1]]]]\\n[[File:WLMackenzieKing.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William\n        Lyon Mackenzie King]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Eliel Saarinen]], Finnish architect\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Salvatore Giuliano]], Italian bandit\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Fats Navarro]], American jazz trumpet\n        player  (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Helen Holmes]], American actress\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[Richard Maury]], American naturalized\n        Argentine engineer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Buddy DeSylva]],\n        American songwriter  (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Elsie de Wolfe]],\n        American socialite and interior decorator (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\n**\n        [[Evangeline Booth]], General of The Salvation Army (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Antonie\n        Nedo\\u0161insk\\u00e1]], Czechoslovakian actress (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rex Ingram (director)|Rex Ingram]], American director (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], Canadian political leader,\n        10th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Marta\n        Steinsvik]], Norwegian author (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Kevin\n        Budden]], amateur Australian herpetologist (b. [[1930]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Tadeusz\n        Tomaszewski, cz%C5%82onek Trybuna%C5%82u Stanu.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Tadeusz Tomaszewski\n        (Prime Minister)|Tadeusz Tomaszewski]]]]\\n[[File:Alessandri Ulk (1932).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arturo\n        Alessandri]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Pierre-\\u00c9mile C\\u00f4t\\u00e9]],\n        Canadian politician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Francisco Jos\\u00e9\n        Urrutia Olano]], Colombian diplomat and jurist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nikolai Myaskovsky]], Soviet composer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tadeusz Tomaszewski (Prime Minister)|Tadeusz Tomaszewski]], 34th\n        [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\n** [[Black Elk]],\n        Wi\\u010dh\\u00e1\\u0161a Wak\\u021f\\u00e1\\u014b (Medicine Man or Holy Man) of\n        the Ogala Teton Lakota (Western Sioux) (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Giovanni Giorgi]],\n        Italian physicist and engineer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Kirk\n        Bryan (geologist)|Kirk Bryan]], American geologist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Frank Phillips (oil industrialist)|Frank Phillips]], American\n        oil executive (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Arturo Alessandri]], Chilean\n        political figure and reformer, 2-time [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1868]])\\n**\n        [[Vasily Gordov]], Soviet military officer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Grassi (politician)|Giuseppe Grassi]], Italian politician\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Giuseppe De Luca]], Italian baritone\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Ransom E. Olds]], American automotive pioneer (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Cesare Pavese]], Italian poet and novelist (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jan\n        Smuts 1947.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jan Smuts]]]]\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Max Davidson]],\n        German actor (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Pieter Franciscus Dierckx]], Belgian painter\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Olaf Stapledon]], British author\n        and philosopher (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Sommer]],\n        American race car driver (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Rudolph Palm]],\n        [[Cura\\u00e7ao]] born composer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Jan Smuts]], 2nd [[Prime\n        Minister of South Africa]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Sara\n        Allgood]], Irish actress  (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 15]] \\n** [[Maraimalai\n        Adigal]], Indian orator and writer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Baldomero L\\u00f3pez]],\n        American heroine of [[Korean War]] (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[September 16]] \\n**\n        [[Frederick Bennett (bishop)|Frederick Bennett]], New Zealander [[Anglican]]\n        bishop and reverend (b.  [[1871]])\\n** [[Pedro de Cordoba]], American actor  (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Edward Arthur Milne]], British astrophysicist\n        and mathematician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[George Carleton\n        (actor)|George Carlton]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Kenneth Muir\n        (VC)|Kenneth Muir]], British soldier and posthumous winner of the [[Victoria\n        Cross]]  (b.[[1912]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Alfr\\u00e9d Meissner]],\n        Czechoslovak politician and Holocaust survivor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Prince Hubertus of Prussia]] (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Antonio\n        Maria da Silva.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ant\\u00f3nio Maria da Silva]]]]\\n[[File:Miguel\n        Mariano Gomez (contrast enhanced).tif|thumb|110px|[[Miguel Mariano G\\u00f3mez]]]]\\n[[File:Gustaf\n        V f%C3%A4rgfoto.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]]]]\\n* [[October\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Mikhail Rodionov]], Soviet statesman, [[Leader of the Soviet\n        Union]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[John F. Fitzgerald]], American\n        politician, Mayor of Boston (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Thomas\n        Addis Emmet (bishop)|Thomas Addis Emmet]], American-born Jamaican [[Roman\n        Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicolai\n        Hartmann]], German philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Pauline\n        Lord]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Haycox]],\n        American writer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Ant\\u00f3nio Maria\n        da Silva]], Portuguese politician, Interim and 3-time [[Prime Minister of\n        Portugal]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Borgatti]], Italian\n        tenor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Charles Ballantyne]], Canadian\n        politician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Edna St. Vincent Millay]], American poet (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Viktor Strazhev]], Soviet bibliographer, translator, poet\n        and literary critic (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Henry L. Stimson]],\n        [[United States Secretary of State]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Al Jolson]], American musician and actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yi Kwang-su]], Korean writer and activist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Miguel Mariano G\\u00f3mez]], Cuban politician, 7th [[President\n        of Cuba]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Maurice Costello]], American\n        actor (b. [[1877]])\\n** King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]] (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Lucien\n        Martin]], Canadian violinist, conductor and composer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Raimundo D\\u00edaz Pacheco]], Puerto Rican activist (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Giacomo Gorrini]], Italian diplomat (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Bernard-Shaw-ILN-1911-original.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Bernard Shaw]]]]\\n[[File:Kuniaki_koiso.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kuniaki Koiso]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[George Bernard Shaw]], Irish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Kuniaki Koiso]], Japanese general, 41st [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Grover Cleveland Alexander]], American baseball\n        player ([[Philadelphia Phillies]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Francisca Herrera Garrido]], Spanish writer (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Bernice Herstein]], American socialite (b. [[1918]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Attilio Andreoli]], Italian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]]\\n** [[Alexandros Diomidis]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n** [[L\\u00facio Alberto Pinheiro dos Santos]], Portuguese philosopher\n        and teacher (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Julia Marlowe]], American\n        stage actress (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[Bob Smith (doctor)|Bob\n        Smith]], American doctor, physician and surgeon (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Abdul Hamid Karami]], Lebanese political figure and religious\n        leader, 16th [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Johannes V. Jensen]], Danish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Gustaf John Ramstedt]], Finnish-born Swedish\n        linguist and diplomat (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[T. Sathasiva\n        Iyer]], [[Ceylon Tamil]] scholar and a writer in [[Tamil language]] (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[James Corbitt]], British murderer ([[hanged]]) (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Walter Beech]], American pioneering aviator\n        and aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Ma Zhanshan]], Chinese general\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Werner Haase]], Hitler''s personal\n        physician (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Peter Fraser.png|thumb|110px|[[Peter\n        Fraser (New Zealand politician)|Peter Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:Enrico Mizzi.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Enrico\n        Mizzi]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Renner 1905.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Karl Renner]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Dinu Lipatti]], Romanian pianist (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[December\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Jesse L. Brown]], American aviator in the United States Navy\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Sri Aurobindo]],\n        Indian guru (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Leslie Comrie]], New Zealand astronomer and computing\n        pioneer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Luigi Biancheri]], Italian\n        admiral (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Peter Fraser (New Zealand politician)|Peter Fraser]],\n        New Zealand political figure, 24th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]], leader\n        of [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 Sardar [[Vallabhbhai\n        Patel]], Indian political leader (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Enrico\n        Mizzi]], Maltese politician, 6th [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] \\n** [[Francisco Lomuto]], Argentine pianist and composer\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Walton Walker]], American general (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Xavier Villaurrutia]], Mexican poet and playwright (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Max Beckmann]], German painter (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Mihail Manoilescu]], Romanian journalist, engineer, economist,\n        politician and memoirist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Karl Renner]],\n        Austrian Social Democrat politician and 4th [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown===\\n* [[Laura Anning Bell]], British artist (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cecil Frank Powell]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013\n        [[Otto Paul Hermann Diels]], [[Kurt Alder]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Edward Calvin Kendall]], [[Tadeusz Reichstein]],\n        [[Philip Showalter Hench]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013\n        [[Bertrand Russell|Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Bunche]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1950}}\\n[[Category:1950|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:16:56Z\",\"lastrevid\":799772794,\"length\":67973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1950&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950\"},\"34602\":{\"pageid\":34602,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1951\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T20:10:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1951}}\\n{{Year nav|1951}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1951}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – First week as No. 1 single on ''''[[Billboard charts|Billboard]]''''\n        and ''''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]]'''' [[Record chart|chart]]s in the\n        United States of [[Patti Page]] hit song \\\"[[Tennessee Waltz]]\\\".\\n* [[January\n        4]] – [[Korean War]]: [[Third Battle of Seoul]]: Chinese and [[North\n        Korea]]n forces capture [[Seoul]] for the second time (they had lost Seoul\n        in the [[Second Battle of Seoul]] in September 1950).\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        The Government of the United Kingdom announces abandonment of the [[Tanganyika\n        groundnut scheme]] for the cultivation of [[peanut]]s in the [[Tanganyika\n        Territory]] with the writing off of \\u00a336.5M debt.{{cite news|work=[[The\n        Times]]|location=London|date=10 January 1951|page=6|issue=51895|title=Groundnuts\n        Plan Modified}}\\n* [[January 15]] – In a court in West Germany,\n        [[Ilse Koch]], The \\\"Witch of Buchenwald\\\", wife of the [[commandant]] of\n        the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]], is sentenced to life imprisonment.\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Avalanche]]s in the [[Alps]] kill 240 and bury 45,000\n        for a time in Switzerland, Austria and Italy.\\n* [[January 25]] – Dutch\n        author [[Anne de Vries]] releases the first volume of her novel ''''[[Journey\n        Through the Night]]'''' (''''Reis door de nacht'''') set during World War\n        II.\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Nuclear test]]ing at the [[Nevada Test Site]]\n        begins with a 1-[[kiloton]] bomb dropped on [[Frenchman Flat]], northwest\n        of [[Las Vegas]].\\n* [[January 31]] – The United States'' last narrow\n        gauge passenger train the \\\"[[San Juan Express]]\\\" ends service.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        February – [[Convention People''s Party]] wins national elections in\n        [[Gold Coast (British colony)]].\\n* [[February 1]] – The [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] declares that China is an aggressor in the Korean War in\n        United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498.\\n* [[February 4]]–[[February\n        8]] – Surgeons remove an [[ovarian cyst]] from Gertrude Levandowski\n        in a 96-hour long operation in Chicago. She loses almost half of her weight\n        and emerges weighing 140 kg.{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/tag/gertrude-levandowski|title=This\n        Day in Tech History Wired, February 4, 2010|publisher=Wired.com|date=1951-02-04|accessdate=2013-04-15}}\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – A [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] passenger train derails\n        near [[Woodbridge Township, New Jersey]], killing 85 people and injuring over\n        500, in one of the worst rail disasters in American history.\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Muhammad Reza Shah]] marries [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – Start of the [[1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute]],\n        which lasts for 151 days.\\n* [[February 19]] – Jean Lee becomes the\n        last woman hanged in Australia, when Lee and her 2 [[pimp]]s are hanged for\n        the murder and torture of a 73-year-old bookmaker.\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        The [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution]], limiting\n        [[President of the United States|Presidents]] to two terms, is ratified.\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg NYWTS.jpg|thumb|200px|right| [[March 29]]: The [[Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg|Rosenbergs sentenced to death]].]]\\n[[File:UNIVAC 1 demo.jpg|thumb|200px|right|\n        [[March 31]]: Remington Rand delivers the first [[UNIVAC I]] computer.]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – The first [[NBA All-Star Game]] of basketball is played\n        in the [[Boston Garden]].\\n* March 3 or 5 – [[Jackie Brenston]] \\\"and\n        His Delta Cats\\\" (actually [[Ike Turner]]''s [[Kings of Rhythm]]) record \\\"[[Rocket\n        88]]\\\" at [[Sam Phillips]]'' [[Sun Studio]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], a candidate\n        for [[Origins of rock and roll#Views on the first rock and roll record|the\n        first rock and roll record]] (released in April). It is covered on June 14\n        by [[Bill Haley & His Comets|Bill Haley and His Saddlemen]].\\n* [[March 6]]\n        – The trial of [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] for conspiracy to commit\n        espionage begins in the United States.\\n* [[March 9]] – United Artists\n        releases sci-fi film ''''[[The Man from Planet X]]'''' in the United States.\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – Hank Ketcham''s best-selling [[comic strip]] ''''[[Dennis\n        the Menace (U.S. comics)|Dennis the Menace]]'''' appears in [[newspaper]]s\n        across the United States for the first time.\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Korean\n        War]]: For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul during [[Operation\n        Ripper]].\\n** West Germany joins [[UNESCO]].\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Second\n        Red Scare]]: [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] are convicted of [[Conspiracy\n        (criminal)|conspiracy]] to commit [[espionage]]. On [[April 5]] they are sentenced\n        to receive the death penalty.\\n** [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[The\n        King and I]]'''' opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and runs for three\n        years. It is the first of their musicals specifically written for an actress\n        ([[Gertrude Lawrence]]). Lawrence is stricken with [[cancer]] during the run\n        of the show and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes\n        a star of [[Yul Brynner]].\\n** The [[23rd Academy Awards]] ceremony is held;\n        ''''[[All About Eve]]'''' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]\n        award and four others.\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Remington Rand]] delivers\n        the first [[UNIVAC I]] computer to the [[United States Census Bureau]].\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 5]]–[[April 13|13]] – The most complete recording of [[George\n        Gershwin]]''s opera ''''[[Porgy and Bess (1951 album)|Porgy and Bess]]''''\n        up to \\n* [[April 11]]\\n** U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] relieves General\n        [[Douglas MacArthur]] of his Far Eastern commands.\\n** After its removal from\n        [[Westminster Abbey]] on [[Christmas Day]], [[1950]], the [[Stone of Scone]]\n        resurfaces on the altar of [[Arbroath Abbey]].\\n* [[April 18]] – The\n        [[Treaty of Paris (1951)]] is adopted, establishing the [[European Coal and\n        Steel Community]].\\n* [[April 21]] – The [[National Olympic Committee]]\n        of the [[Soviet Union]] is formed. The USSR first participates in the Olympic\n        Games at [[Helsinki]], Finland, in 1952.\\n* [[April 24]] – In [[Yokohama]],\n        Japan, a fire on a [[train]] kills more than 100.\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Robert Menzies]]'' [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] government\n        in Australia is re-elected for a second term.\\n* [[April 29]] – [[RKO]]\n        releases the [[Howard Hawks]] sci-fi film, ''''[[The Thing (From Another World)]]''''.\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – The [[opera house]] of [[Geneva]], Switzerland is almost\n        destroyed in a fire.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** King [[George VI]] opens London''s [[Royal\n        Festival Hall]] as a patron.\\n** The [[Festival of Britain]] opens.\\n** The\n        [[U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services]] and [[U.S. Senate Committee on\n        Foreign Relations]] begins its closed door hearings into the dismissal of\n        General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.\\n* [[May 9]] –\n        [[Operation Greenhouse]]: The first [[thermonuclear]] weapon is tested on\n        [[Enewetok]] Atoll in the [[Marshall Islands]], by the United States.\\n* [[May\n        14]] – The first volunteer-run passenger trains run on [[Talyllyn Railway]],\n        Wales.\\n* [[May 15]] – A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Bolivia]].\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – The [[9th Street Art Exhibition]], otherwise known as the\n        Ninth Street Show, a gathering of a number of notable artists, marks the stepping-out\n        of the post war New York [[avant-garde]], collectively known as the [[New\n        York School (art)|New York School]].\\n* [[May 23]] – The [[Tibet (1912\\u201351)|Tibetan\n        government]] signs the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation\n        of Tibet]] with the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[May 25]] – The\n        first atomic bomb \\\"boosted\\\" by the inclusion of thermonuclear materials,\n        is tested in the \\\"Item\\\" test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands by\n        the United States.\\n* [[May 28]] – ''''[[The Goon Show]]'''' is first\n        broadcast on [[BBC Home Service]] in the U.K.; the first series was entitled\n        \\\"Crazy People\\\".\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Foley Square trial]]\n        concludes review in [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as [[Dennis v. United States]],\n        with a ruling against the defendants (overturned by [[Yates v. United States]]\n        in 1957)\\n* [[June 14]] – [[UNIVAC I]] is dedicated by the U.S. Census\n        Bureau.{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/06/14/computing.anniversary/\n        | work=CNN | title=50th anniversary of the UNIVAC I | accessdate=April 20,\n        2010 | date=June 14, 2001}}\\n* [[June 15]]–[[July 1]]– In\n        [[New Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]\n        and [[British Columbia]], thousands of acres of forests are destroyed in fires.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Colombo Plan]] operations commence.\\n** [[Judy Garland]]\n        opens the first of 14 concerts in [[Dublin]], Ireland at the [[Theatre Royal,\n        Dublin|Theatre Royal]].\\n* [[July 5]] – [[William Shockley]], [[John\n        Bardeen]] and [[Walter Brattain]] announce the invention of the junction [[transistor]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** Korean War: [[Armistice]] negotiations begin at [[Kaesong]].\\n**\n        A formal peace agreement between [[Canada]] and [[Germany]] is signed.\\n*\n        [[July 13]]\\n** The [[Great Flood of 1951]] reaches its highest point in northeast\n        [[Kansas]], culminating in the greatest flood damage to date in the [[Midwestern\n        United States]].\\n** [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]''s [[Technicolor]] film version\n        of ''''[[Show Boat]]'''', starring [[Kathryn Grayson]], [[Ava Gardner]] and\n        [[Howard Keel]], premieres at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City.\n        The musical brings overnight fame to bass-baritone [[William Warfield]] (who\n        sings ''''[[Ol'' Man River]]'''' in the film).\\n* [[July 14]] – In [[Joplin,\n        Missouri]], the [[George Washington Carver National Monument]] becomes the\n        first [[United States National Monument]] to honor an [[African American]].\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] abdicates in favour of\n        his son [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]].\\n* [[July 17]] – Baudouin\n        takes the oath as king of Belgium.\\n* [[July 20]] – King [[Abdullah\n        I of Jordan]] is assassinated by a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] while\n        attending Friday prayers in [[Jerusalem]]. He is succeeded by his son, King\n        [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]].\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Walt Disney]]''s 13th\n        animated film, ''''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'''',\n        premieres in London, United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 30]] – [[David Lean]]''s\n        film of ''''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'''' is finally shown\n        in the United States, after 10 minutes of supposedly [[anti-Semitic]] references\n        and closeups of [[Alec Guinness]] as [[Fagin]] are cut. It will not be shown\n        uncut in the U.S. until [[1970]].\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 11]] –\n        [[Ren\\u00e9 Pleven]] becomes Prime Minister of France.\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        [[J. D. Salinger]]''s [[coming-of-age story]] ''''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]''''\n        is first published in the United States.\\n* [[August 31]] – The first\n        [[Volkswagen Beetle]] rolls off the plant in [[Uitenhage]], South Africa.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign\n        a mutual defense pact, called the [[ANZUS Treaty]].\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        The American [[soap opera]] ''''[[Search for Tomorrow]]'''' debuts on [[CBS]].\\n*\n        [[September 8]]\\n** [[Treaty of San Francisco]]: In [[San Francisco]], 48\n        representatives out of 51 attending sign a [[peace treaty]] with Japan to\n        formally end the [[Pacific War]]; the delegations of the [[Soviet Union]],\n        [[Poland]] and [[Czechoslovakia]] do not sign the treaty instead favoring\n        separate treaties.\\n** [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between\n        the United States and Japan|Japan-U.S. Security Treaty]], which allows [[United\n        States Forces Japan|United States Armed Forces]] being stationed in Japan\n        after the [[occupation of Japan]], is signed by Japan and the United States.\\n*\n        [[September 9]] – Chinese communist forces move into Lhasa, the capital\n        of Tibet.\\n* [[September 10]] – The United Kingdom begins an economic\n        boycott of [[Iran]].\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Elia Kazan]]''s adaptation\n        of the [[Tennessee Williams]] play ''''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A\n        Streetcar Named Desire]]'''' premieres, becoming a critical and box-office\n        smash.\\n* [[September 20]] – [[NATO]] accepts Greece and Turkey as members.\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[MGM]] releases the musical ''''[[Show Boat (1951\n        film)|Show Boat]]''''. \\n* [[September 26]]–[[September 28]] –\n        A blue sun is seen over Europe: the effect is due to ash coming from the Canadian\n        forest fires 4 months previously.\\n* [[September 28]] – 20th Century\n        Fox releases the [[Robert Wise]] science fiction film, ''''[[The Day the Earth\n        Stood Still]]''''.\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Charlotte Whitton]] becomes\n        mayor of [[Ottawa]] and Canada''s first woman mayor of a major city.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – \\\"[[Shot Heard ''Round the World (baseball)]]\\\": One\n        of the greatest moments in Major League Baseball history occurs when the New\n        York Giants'' Bobby Thomson hits a game-winning home run in the bottom of\n        the 9th inning off of Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca, to win the National\n        League pennant after being down 14 games.\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[MGM]]''s\n        Technicolor musical film, ''''[[An American in Paris (film)|An American in\n        Paris]]'''', starring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron, premieres in New York.\n        It was directed by Vincente Minnelli. It would go on to win 6 [[Academy Awards]],\n        including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n** [[Shoppers\n        World (Framingham, Massachusetts)|Shoppers World]] (one of the first shopping\n        malls in the U.S.) opens in [[Framingham, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[October 6]]\n        – [[Malayan Emergency]]: [[Communist]] insurgents kill British commander\n        Sir [[Henry Gurney]].\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Organization of Central\n        American States]] (''''Organizaci\\u00f3n de Estados Centroamericanos'''',\n        ODECA) formed.\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Norethisterone]], the [[progestin]]\n        used in the [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], is synthesized by [[Luis\n        E. Miramontes]] in Mexico.\\n** ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' makes its television\n        debut on [[CBS]] in the United States.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Judy Garland]]\n        begins a series of concerts in New York''s [[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace\n        Theatre]].\\n** Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] of Pakistan is assassinated.\\n**\n        [[East China Normal University]] is founded in Shanghai, China.\\n* [[October\n        17]] – [[CBS]]''s Eye logo premieres on American television.\\n* [[October\n        19]] – The state of war between the United States and [[Germany]] is\n        officially ended.\\n* [[October 20]] – The [[Johnny Bright incident]]\n        occurs in [[Stillwater, Oklahoma]].\\n* [[October 21]] – A storm in southern\n        Italy kills over 100.\\n* [[October 24]] – U.S. President Harry Truman\n        declares an official end to war with Germany.\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Winston\n        Churchill]] is re-elected [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (a month\n        before his 77th birthday) in a [[United Kingdom general election, 1951|general\n        election]] which sees the defeat of [[Clement Attlee]]''s [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]\n        government after six years in power.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_3687000/3687425.stm\n        |work=[[BBC News]] |title=1951: Churchill wins general election |date=1951-10-26\n        |accessdate=2010-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029105110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_3687000/3687425.stm\n        |archivedate=October 29, 2010 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}\\n* [[October 27]]\n        – [[Farouk of Egypt]] declares himself king of [[Sudan]], with no support.\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – The town of [[Carnation, Washington|Carnation, Washington,\n        USA]] changes its name back to Carnation, after being named Tolt since [[May\n        1928#May 3.2C 1928 .28Thursday.29|May 1928]].\\n* [[October 31]] – The\n        film ''''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'''', starring [[Alastair Sim]], opens\n        in England.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]] – The first military\n        exercises for [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], with infantry troops included,\n        are held in the [[Nevada]] desert.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Direct distance\n        dialing|Direct dial]] coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United\n        States.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]] is re-elected president\n        of [[Argentina]].\\n** Monogram Pictures releases sci-fi film ''''[[Flight\n        to Mars (film)|Flight to Mars]]'''' in the United States.\\n* [[November 12]]\n        – The [[National Ballet of Canada]] performs for the first time in [[Eaton\n        Auditorium]], Toronto.\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[Po (river)]] floods\n        in northern Italy.\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Paramount Pictures]] releases\n        [[George Pal]] science fiction film ''''[[When Worlds Collide (1951 film)|When\n        Worlds Collide]]'''' in the United States.\\n* [[November 24]] – The\n        [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] play ''''[[Gigi]]'''' opens, starring [[Audrey\n        Hepburn]] as the lead character.\\n* [[November 28]] – The U.K. film\n        ''''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'''', starring [[Alastair Sim]], premieres\n        in the United States under the title of [[Charles Dickens]]''s original novel,\n        ''''[[A Christmas Carol]]''''.\\n* [[November 29]] – [[LEO (computer)]]\n        runs the worlds first commercial computer program, Bakery Valuations, for\n        [[J. Lyons and Co.]]''s tea shops in the U.K.\\n\\n===December===\\n* c. December\n        – The [[Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies|Institute\n        of War and Peace Studies]] is established by [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] at [[Columbia\n        University]] in New York (of which he is [[List of Presidents of Columbia\n        University|President]]) with [[William T. R. Fox]] as first director.{{cite\n        news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20A1EFB3F5F157A93C2A81789D95F458585F9|title=Columbia\n        Founds War-Peace Study|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 December 1951}}\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – The [[Lebanese University]] is founded in [[Lebanon]].\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement\n        of Migrants from Europe.\\n* [[December 6]] – A [[state of emergency]]\n        is declared in [[Egypt]] due to increasing riots.\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        A water storage tank collapses in [[Tucumcari, New Mexico]], resulting in\n        4 deaths and 200 buildings destroyed.\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Salar Jung\n        Museum]] is opened to the public by [[Prime Minister]] of India [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]].\\n* [[December 17]] – \\\"[[We Charge Genocide]]\\\", a petition\n        describing [[genocide]] against [[African American]]s, is delivered to the\n        United Nations.\\n* [[December 20]]\\n** [[Experimental Breeder Reactor I]]\n        (EBR-1), the world''s first (experimental) [[nuclear power plant]], opens\n        in [[Idaho]].\\n** A chartered [[Curtiss C-46 Commando]] crash-lands in [[Cobourg]],\n        [[Ontario]] Canada; all on board survive.\\n** The [[World Meteorological Organization]]\n        becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 22]]\n        – The [[Selangor Labour Party]] is founded in [[Selangor]], [[Federation\n        of Malaya|Malaya]].\\n* [[December 23]] – [[John Huston]]''s drama film\n        ''''[[The African Queen (film)|The African Queen]]'''', starring [[Humphrey\n        Bogart]] and [[Katharine Hepburn]], premieres in Hollywood.\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Libya]] becomes independent from Italy.\\n** [[Gian Carlo Menotti]]''s\n        45-minute opera, ''''[[Amahl and the Night Visitors]]'''', premieres live\n        on [[NBC]] in the United States, becoming the first opera written especially\n        for television.\\n* [[December 31]] – The [[Marshall Plan]] expires after\n        distributing more than $13.3 billion US in [[foreign aid]] to rebuild\n        Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars.html\n        |title=Key Dates for the Marshall Plan |work=For European Recovery: The Fiftieth\n        Anniversary of the Marshall Plan |publisher=The Library of Congress |location=Washington,\n        D.C. |date=2005-07-11 |accessdate=2009-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013025310/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars.html\n        |archivedate=October 13, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\n===Unknown dates===\\n*\n        A fourth and final [[forest fire]] starts in the [[Tillamook Burn]], Oregon;\n        but unlike earlier fires this one burns only {{convert|32700|acre|km2}}, and\n        within an area already affected by the earlier fires.\\n* A [[International\n        Auxiliary Language Association|research team]] publishes the ''''Interlingua\\u2013English\n        Dictionary''''. \\n* [[IBM]] (United Kingdom) is formed.\\n* In [[Munich]],\n        Germany, a collection of mementos and personal papers belonging to [[Adolf\n        Hitler]] are turned over to [[Bayerische Landesbank]] for authentication and\n        eventual sale.  Among the documents are his ''''appointment as Chancellor''''\n        signed by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], his ''''Austrian [[passport]]'''',\n        as well as an assortment of [[swastika]] insignia pins and medals. An initial\n        offer of $200,000.00 is made for the collection.\\\"Year\n        by Year 1951\\\". [[History Channel International]].\\n* An 18-year-old\n        sailor is fined for kissing in public in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. The lawcourt\n        calls his actions \\\"obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals.\\\"\\n* The United States becomes [[malaria]]-free (excluding\n        territories and possessions){{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/25/health/scientists-eliminate-malaria/index.html?hpt=hp_c5|title=Scientists\n        race to eliminate malaria as ''wonder drug'' loses its powers|author=[[Ed\n        Yong]], Special to CNN|date=March 25, 2014|work=CNN}}{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/13694-devastating-infectious-diseases-smallpox-plague.html|title=7\n        Devastating Infectious Diseases|work=LiveScience.com}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Kenny_Anthony,_Sta._Luc%C3%ADa.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenny\n        Anthony]]]]\\n[[File:KirstieAlley1994.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kirstie Alley]]]]\\n[[File:1\n        collins.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil Collins]]]]\\n[[File:Dave Benton.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dave\n        Benton]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Ashfaq Hussain]], Urdu poet\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Waldir Peres]], Brazilian footballer\\n** [[Jan Fischer (politician)|Jan\n        Fischer]], 8th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        [[Steve Arnold (footballer, born 1951)|Steve Arnold]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Kim Wilson]], American singer and harmonica player\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Kenny Anthony]], Lucian politician, 2-time [[Prime Minister\n        of Saint Lucia]]\\n** [[John McTiernan]], American director, producer and writer\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Andy Qunta]], English singer-songwriter, composer,\n        and musician\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Kirstie Alley]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Rush Limbaugh]], American conservative radio personality\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Biff Byford]], English rock singer ([[Saxon (band)|Saxon]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Ian Hill]], English rock bassist ([[Judas Priest]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] – [[Steve Prefontaine]], American runner (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Phil Collins]], British rock musician, producer and was lead\n        singer of [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Dave Benton]],\n        Aruban-American singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        2001|2001]] winner \\n** [[Harry Wayne Casey]], American musician, songwriter\n        and producer\\n** [[Phil Manzanera]], British rock musician\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Blaise\n        Compaor%C3%A9.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Blaise Compaore]]]]\\n[[File:Gordon Brown\n        official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gordon Brown]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Albert\n        Salvad\\u00f3]], Andorran writer\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Blaise Compaor\\u00e9]],\n        3rd [[President of Burkina Faso]] (1987-[[2014 Burkinabe uprising|2014]])\\n**\n        [[Felipe Mu\\u00f1oz]], Mexican swimmer\\n** [[Eugenijus Riabovas]], Lithuanian\n        football manager\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Ry\\u016bsei Nakao]], Japanese\n        actor, singer and voice actor\\n* [[February 13]] – [[David Naughton]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Kevin Keegan]], English footballer\n        and football manager\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Melissa Manchester]], American\n        pop singer\\n** [[Jane Seymour (actress)|Jane Seymour]], English actress\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[Mike Flanagan (baseball)|Mike Flanagan]], American baseball\n        pitcher\\n** [[William Katt]], American film and television actor\\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri]], Pakistani Islamic Sufi scholar and\n        leader\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Edward Albert]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Gordon Brown]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Ellen Greene]], American actress\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        [[Patricia Richardson]], American actress\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Debra\n        Jo Rupp]], American actress\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Don Quarrie]], Jamaican\n        sprinter\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Steve Harley]], British rock musician\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Chris\n        Rea 01 AB.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris Rea]]]]\\n[[File:Kurt Russell by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kurt\n        Russell]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Sergei Kourdakov]], KGB agent\\n** [[Mike\n        Read]], British television presenter and radio disc jockey\\n* [[March 3]]\n        – [[Heiz\\u014d Takenaka]], Japanese economist\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Edelgard\n        Bulmahn]], German politician\\n** [[Kenny Dalglish]], Scottish footballer and\n        football manager\\n** [[Mike Quarry]], American light-heavyweight boxer (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Chris Rea]], British singer and musician\\n** [[Gwen Welles]],\n        American actress (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Linda Yamamoto]], Japanese pop star\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Gerrie Knetemann]], Dutch cyclist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Karen Kain]], Canadian ballerina\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Susan\n        Musgrave]], Canadian poet and children''s writer\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Charo]],\n        Spanish-American singer and entertainer\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Jerry Greenfield]],\n        American co-founder of ''''[[Ben & Jerry''s]]'''' ice cream\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – [[Kurt Russell]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Ben Cohen\n        (businessman)|Ben Cohen]], American co-founder of ''''[[Ben & Jerry''s]]''''\n        ice cream\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Fred Berry]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Tommy Hilfiger]], American fashion designer\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Carl Wieman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Wolfgang Niedecken]], German singer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Beatrix\n        Schuba 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Beatrix Schuba|Trixi Schuba]]]]\\n[[File:DaleEarnhardtSunglassesDriversSuit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dale\n        Earnhardt]]]]\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Joe Bowen]], Canadian hockey broadcaster\\n**\n        [[Dean Kamen]], American inventor and entrepreneur\\n** [[Frank Moulaert]],\n        [[Flemish people|Flemish]] scholar\\n** [[Guy Vanderhaeghe]], Canadian author\\n*\n        [[April 6]]\\n** [[Bert Blyleven]], Dutch [[Major League Baseball]] player\\n**\n        [[Rita Raave]], Estonian actress\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Janis Ian]], American\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Geir Haarde]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Iceland]] (2006\\u20132009)\\n** [[Joan Sebastian]], Mexican singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[David Helvarg]], American journalist\n        and activist\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Doris Angleton]], American socialite\n        and murder victim (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Tom Noonan]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Peabo Bryson]], American singer\\n** [[Peter Davison]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Max Weinberg]], American drummer\\n* [[April 14]] –\n        [[Julian Lloyd Webber]], English cellist\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Beatrix\n        Schuba|Trixi Schuba]], Austrian figure skater\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Mordechai\n        Ben David]], American singer\\n** [[Ioan Mihai Cochinescu]], Romanian writer\\n**\n        [[Bj\\u00f6rgvin Halld\\u00f3rsson]], Icelandic singer\\n** [[Pierre Toutain-Dorbec]],\n        French photographer\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Horst Hrubesch]], German football\n        player\\n** [[Olivia Hussey]], Argentine-born actress (''''Romeo and Juliet'''')\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[J\\u00f3annes Eidesgaard]], [[Prime Minister of the\n        Faroe Islands]]\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Louise Jameson]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Luther Vandross]], American R&B/soul musician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n**\n        [[Tony Danza]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Vladim\\u00edr \\u0160pidla]],\n        4th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Allison\n        Krause]], Kent State University shooting victim (d. [[1970]]).\\n* [[April\n        27]]\\n** [[Ace Frehley]], original guitarist of [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]\\n** [[Freundel\n        Stuart]], 7th Prime Minister of Barbados\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Dale Earnhardt]],\n        American race-car driver ([[Death of Dale Earnhardt|d. 2001]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Joeyramone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joey\n        Ramone]]]]\\n[[File:Karpov, Anatoly (Flickr).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anatoly Karpov]]]]\\n[[File:Antonis\n        Samaras October 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Antonis Samaras]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Christopher Cross]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Jackie\n        Jackson]], American singer\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Antonio Sald\\u00edas]], Chilean\n        historian\\n** [[Samuel Doe]], [[President of Liberia]] (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[May\n        9]]\\n** [[Christopher Dewdney]], Canadian poet\\n** [[Joy Harjo]], Native American\n        poet\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Sharon Sayles Belton]], Mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota\\n**\n        [[Jumbo Tsuruta]], Japanese professional wrestler (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[Yoshifumi Hibako]], Japanese general\\n** [[Jonathan Richman]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Frank Wilczek]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Unsh\\u014d Ishizuka]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Ben Feringa]], Dutch organic chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Al Franken]],\n        American comedian turned politician ([[United States Senator]], D-MN)\\n**\n        [[Joey Ramone]], American rock musician ([[Ramones]]) (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Dick\n        Slater]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Jill E. Barad]],\n        American businessperson\\n** [[Anatoly Karpov]], Russian chess player\\n** [[Antonis\n        Samaras]], Greek economist and politician, 185th [[Prime Minister of Greece]]\\n*\n        [[May 26]]\\n** [[Madeleine Taylor-Quinn]], Irish politician\\n** [[Sally Ride]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\n** [[Stephen Tobolowsky]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Fernando Lugo]], [[President of Paraguay]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jill\n        Biden official portrait 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill Biden]]]]\\n[[File:5.3.10SuzeOrmanByDavidShankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Suze\n        Orman]]]]\\n[[File:Bonnie Tyler, ESC2013 press conference 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bonnie\n        Tyler]]]]\\n[[File:Stellan Skarsg\\u00e5rd 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stellan Skarsg\\u00e5rd]]]]\\n[[File:Tressmacneille.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tress\n        MacNeille]]]]\\n[[File:Mary McAleese.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary McAleese]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Larry Robinson]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[June 3]]\n        – [[Jill Biden]], [[Second Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[June 5]]\n        – [[Suze Orman]], American financial advisor, writer and television\n        personality\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Bonnie Tyler]], Welsh singer\\n* [[June\n        12]]\\n** [[Brad Delp]], American rock vocalist ([[Boston (band)|Boston]])\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Andranik Margaryan]], 14th [[Prime Minister of Armenia]]\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Stellan Skarsg\\u00e5rd]], Swedish actor\\n**\n        [[Richard Thomas (actor)|Richard Thomas]], American actor \\n* [[June 14]]\n        – [[Paul Boateng]], British politician\\n* [[June 15]] – [[\\u00c1lvaro\n        Colom Caballeros]], President of Guatemala\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Roberto\n        Dur\\u00e1n]], [[Panama]]nian boxer\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Gyula Sax]], Hungarian\n        chess grandmaster (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Tress MacNeille]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Paul Muldoon]], Irish poet\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Nils\n        Lofgren]], American musician\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Mich\\u00e8le Mouton]],\n        French rally driver\\n* [[June 24]] – [[David Rodigan]], British radio\n        DJ/actor\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Julia Duffy]], American actress\\n** [[Mary McAleese]],\n        8th [[President of Ireland]]\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Daniel Ruiz]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Lloyd Maines]], American musician and record producer\\n** [[Lalla Ward]],\n        British actress\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Keno Don Rosa]], American comic book\n        author\\n** [[Zvi Eliezer Alonie]], Israeli rabbi\\n** [[Craig Sager]], American\n        sports commentator (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Stanley Clarke]],\n        American bassist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Yayi Boni.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas\n        Boni Yayi]]]]\\n[[File:Geoffrey Rush Berlinale 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Geoffrey\n        Rush]]]]\\n[[File:Anjelica Huston March 21, 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anjelica\n        Huston]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Cooper at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris\n        Cooper]]]]\\n[[File:Lucy Arnez at Kennedy Center''s Twain Prize 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucie\n        Arnaz]]]]\\n[[File:Elio Di Rupo 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elio Di Rupo]]]]\\n[[File:Robin\n        Williams (6451536411) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robin Williams]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Anne Feeney]], American folk singer\\n** [[Sabah Abdul-Jalil]], Iraqi\n        football player and coach\\n** [[Daryl Anderson]], American actor\\n** [[Terrence\n        Mann]], American actor and dancer\\n** [[Abdul Karim Jassim]], Iraqi football\n        player and coach\\n** [[Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed]], Djiboutian politician\\n**\n        [[Thomas Boni Yayi]], 7th [[President of Benin]]\\n* [[July 2]] \\n** [[Guido\n        Magherini]], Italian football player and coach\\n** [[Wies\\u0142aw Gawlikowski]],\n        Polish sport shooter\\n** [[Keith Marshall (baseball)|Keith Marshall]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Elisabeth Brooks]], Canadian actress (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Sylvia Rivera]], American transgender activist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 3]]\n        \\n** [[Richard Hadlee]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Lodewijk Jacobs]], Dutch\n        sprint canoer\\n** [[Bob Rigby]], U.S. soccer goalkeeper\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Beverly Boys]], Canadian diver\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Goose Gossage]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Yehoshua Gal]], Israeli football player\\n** [[Gilbert\n        Van Binst]], Belgian football player\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Geoffrey Rush]],\n        Australian actor\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Menachem Ben-Sasson]], Israeli politician\n        \\n* [[July 8]] – [[Anjelica Huston]], American actress\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Jeje Odongo]], Ugandan military officer and politician \\n** [[Chris Cooper]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 10]] – \\n** [[Cheryl Wheeler]], American singer\n        and songwriter\\n** [[Phyllis Smith]], American actress\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Cheryl Ladd]], American actress and singer \\n* [[July 14]] – [[Erich\n        Hallhuber]], German actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Rick Kehoe]],\n        Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Jean-Luc\n        Mongrain]], Canadian news anchor and journalist\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Lucie\n        Arnaz]],  American actress\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Eva Wittke]], German swimmer\\n**\n        [[Elio Di Rupo]], Belgian politician\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Robin Williams]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Edie McClurg]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Michael McConnohie]], American actor\\n* [[July 24]]\\n**\n        [[Lynda Carter]], American actress and singer \\n** [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith\n        of Finsbury|Chris Smith]], British politician\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Yury\n        Kovalchuk]], [[Russian oligarch]]\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger]],\n        German politician\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Doug Collins (basketball)|Doug Collins]],\n        American basketball player, coach and analyst\\n** [[Garrett Hongo]], American\n        poet\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Evonne Goolagong Cawley]], Australian tennis player\\n**\n        [[Vjekoslav \\u0160utej]], Croatian orchestra conductor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Juan\n        Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Juan Manuel Santos]]]]\\n[[File:Bass\n        player queen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Deacon]]]]\\n[[File:robhalford.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rob\n        Halford]]]]\\n[[File:Dana Scallon 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dana Rosemary Scallon]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Andrew Gold]], American singer-songwriter and musician\n        ([[10cc]], [[Wax (pop band)|Wax]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 3]] \\n** [[Jay\n        North]], American actor\\n** [[Marcel Dionne]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Catherine Hicks]], American actress\\n** [[Daryl Somers]], Australian\n        television personality\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Louis van Gaal]], Dutch football\n        player and manager\\n** [[Mamoru Oshii]], Japanese film director\\n** [[Randy\n        Shilts]], American journalist and author (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 10]] –\n        [[Juan Manuel Santos]], [[President of Colombia]] and recipient of the Nobel\n        Peace Prize\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Katsumi Ch\\u014d]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Willie Horton]], American criminal\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Dan Fogelberg]], American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Carl Lumbly]], American actor\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Jim Allen (cricketer)|Jim Allen]], West Indian cricketer\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Richard Hunt (puppeteer)|Richard Hunt]], American\n        puppeteer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[John Deacon]], English\n        rock bassist \\n* [[August 20]] – [[Greg Bear]], American author\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Eric Goles]], Chilean mathematician and computer scientist\\n**\n        [[Chesley V. Morton]], American politician and securities arbitrator\\n** [[Glenn\n        Hughes]], British rock musician\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Chandra Prakash\n        Mainali]], Nepalese politician\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Mark Hudson (musician)|Mark\n        Hudson]], American musician\\n** [[Akhmad Kadyrov]], President of Chechnya\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Queen Noor of Jordan]], born Lisa Najeeb Halaby, American-born\n        queen consort\\n** [[Jimi Jamison]], American musician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August\n        24]] – [[Orson Scott Card]], American writer\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Rob Halford]], English rock singer \\n* [[August 26]] – [[Edward Witten]],\n        American mathematician and Fields medalist\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Mack\n        Brown]], American college football coach\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Wayne\n        Osmond]], American pop singer\\n* [[August 30]] \\n** [[Behgjet Pacolli]], 3rd\n        [[President of Kosovo]].\\n** [[Dana Rosemary Scallon]], Irish singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1970]] winner and [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP)\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Michael\n        Keaton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Keaton]]]]\\n[[File:Fred\n        Seibert by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred Seibert]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Coverdale at Hellfest 2013.JPG|thumb|100px|[[David Coverdale]]]]\\n[[File:Mark\n        Hamill by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Hamill]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        Michelle Bachelet.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michelle Bachelet]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[Jim DeMint]], American politician, [[United States Senator]] (R-SC)\\n**\n        [[Mark Harmon]], American actor \\n* [[September 5]] – [[Michael Keaton]],\n        American actor and film director\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Chrissie Hynde]],\n        American rock singer \\n** [[Bert Jones]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Alexander Downer]], Australian foreign minister and diplomat\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Mr. Butch]], American homeless person and Boston\n        icon (d. 2007)\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Bertie Ahern]], [[Taoiseach]] of\n        Ireland\\n** [[Joe Pantoliano]], American actor\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Jean Smart]], American actress, better known for her role in ''''[[Designing\n        Women]]''''\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Duncan Haldane]], English-born condensed-matter\n        physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Pete Carroll]], American football coach\\n** [[Jared Taylor]], American author\n        and journalist\\n** [[Fred Seibert]], American producer and [[Frederator Studios]]\n        founder\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Cassandra Peterson]], American actress,\n        better known for her role in ''''[[Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]]''''\\n* [[September\n        18]]\\n** [[Dee Dee Ramone]], American bassist (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Darryl Stingley]],\n        American football player for the [[National Football League|NFL]] [[New England\n        Patriots]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Guy Lafleur]], Canadian\n        hockey player\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Aslan Maskhadov]], President of\n        Chechnya (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[David Coverdale]], English\n        singer and musician\\n** [[Wolfgang Petry]], German singer\\n* [[September 24]]\n        – [[Alfonso Portillo]], [[President of Guatemala]]\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Pedro Almod\\u00f3var]], Spanish filmmaker\\n** [[Mark Hamill]], American\n        actor, better known for his role in ''''[[Star Wars]]''''\\n* [[September 26]]\n        – [[Stuart Tosh]], Scottish musician\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Paul\n        Craig (law professor)|Paul Craig]], English professor of law\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]], Scottish singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Michelle Bachelet]], [[President of\n        Chile]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s Caicedo]], Colombian writer (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Maureen\n        Caird]], Australian hurdler\\n** [[Mike Enriquez]], Filipino radio and television\n        newscaster\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Barry Marshall]], Australian physician\n        and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sting\n        2009 portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sting (musician)|Sting]]]]\\n[[File:Pam Dawber\n        2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pam Dawber]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Sting (musician)|Sting]],\n        British singer, rock musician, philanthropist\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Bernard\n        Cooper]], American writer\\n** [[Keb'' Mo'']], American musician\\n** [[Kathryn\n        D. Sullivan]], American astronaut\\n** [[Dave Winfield]], baseball player\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov]], [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] poet\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Bob Geldof]], Irish musician ([[The Boomtown Rats]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Manfred Winkelhock]], German race car driver\\n* [[October\n        7]]\\n** [[Jakaya Kikwete]], 4th President of Tanzania\\n** [[John Mellencamp]],\n        American musician and songwriter\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Epeli Ganilau]],\n        Fijian soldier and statesman\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Jean-Jacques Goldman]],\n        French singer and songwriter\\n** [[Jon Miller]], American sports announcer\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Rafael Vaganian]], Armenian chess grandmaster\\n*\n        [[October 18]]\\n** [[Pam Dawber]], American actress\\n** [[Mike Antonovich\n        (ice hockey)|Mike Antonovich]], American ice hockey player and executive\\n**\n        [[Terry McMillan]], American author\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Claudio Ranieri]],\n        Italian football manager and former player.\\n* [[October 22]] – [[William\n        David Sanders]], American victim of the [[Columbine High School massacre]]\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], Argentine\n        musician and songwriter\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Richard Lloyd (guitarist)|Richard\n        Lloyd]], American rock guitarist \\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Willie P. Bennett]],\n        Canadian songwriter and singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Bootsy Collins]], American\n        musician, singer-songwriter \\n* [[October 27]] – [[\\u00c9ric Morena]],\n        French singer\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Harry Hamlin]], American actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:EPP\n        Congress 4732.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Traian B\\u0103sescu]]]]\\n[[File:Nigel Havers\n        2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nigel Havers]]]]\\n[[File:Zeenat Aman still7.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zeenat\n        Aman]]]]\\n[[File:Rodger Bumpass - Standing at Panel - Cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rodger\n        Bumpass]]]]\\n[[File:82nd Academy Awards, Kathryn Bigelow - army mil-66453-2010-03-09-180354.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathryn\n        Bigelow]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Thomas Mallon]], American author and\n        critic\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Ed Murawinski]], American cartoonist (''''New\n        York Daily News'''')\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Traian B\\u0103sescu]], [[President\n        of Romania]]\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Nigel Havers]], English actor\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Alfredo Astiz]], Argentine commander\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Lou Ferrigno]], American actor and bodybuilder \\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Danilo Medina]], Dominican politician 53rd [[President of the\n        Dominican Republic]]\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Marc Summers]], American\n        television host\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Jacob ter Veldhuis]], Dutch composer\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Alamgir Hashmi]], English poet\\n** [[Beverly D''Angelo]],\n        American actress \\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Miguel Sandoval]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Paula Vogel]], American playwright\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Stephen\n        Root]], American actor and voice actor\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Justin\n        Raimondo]], American author\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Lord Falconer of Thoroton]],\n        British politician\\n** [[Zeenat Aman]], Bolywood Actress\\n* [[November 20]]\n        – [[Rodger Bumpass]] voice actor notably Squidward\\n* [[November 21]]\n        – [[Thomas Roth (journalist)|Thomas Roth]], German news anchor presenter\n        and television presenter\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Chet Edwards]], American\n        politician\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Cicciolina]], Hungarian-Italian actress\n        and politician\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Teri DeSario]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Kathryn Bigelow]], American film director\\n** [[Roger\n        Troutman]], American funk musician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 30]] –\n        [[Christian Bernard]], French-born mystic\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ernesto\n        Zedillo Ponce de Leon World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ernesto\n        Zedillo]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[The Aldridge Sisters|Sherry Aldridge]],\n        American singer \\n** [[Obba Babatund\\u00e9]], American actor\\n** [[Jaco Pastorius]],\n        American bassist (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Treat Williams]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Adrian Devine]], American baseball pitcher\\n* [[December 3]]\\n**\n        [[Natalis Chan]], Hong Kong actor and producer\\n** [[Riki Choshu]], Korean-Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Chang Fei]], Taiwanese TV personality\\n**\n        [[Patricia Wettig]], American actress\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Tomson Highway]],\n        Canadian writer\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Bill Bryson]], American-born British\n        author\\n** [[Jan Eggum]], Norwegian singer and songwriter\\n* [[December 10]]\n        – [[Doug Allder]], English footballer\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Peter\n        T. Daniels]], American scholar\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Wau Holland]],\n        German hacker (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\n** [[Mike Kr\\u00fcger]],\n        German comedian and singer\\n** [[Jan Timman]], Dutch chess player\\n* [[December\n        17]] – [[Ken Hitchcock]], Canadian hockey coach\\n* [[December 20]] –\n        [[Peter May (writer)|Peter May]], Scottish novelist and television dramatist\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – [[Ernesto Zedillo]], 54th [[President of Mexico]]\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Georges Thurston]], Canadian singer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], American\n        musician\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[John Kindness]], Irish artist\\n* [[Adriana\n        Monti]], Italian film director\\n* [[Mike Jackson (systems scientist)|Mike\n        Jackson]], British [[Systems science|systems scientist]] and consultant\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:FranziskusHennemann.jpg|thumb|110px|Reverend\n        [[Franziskus Hennemann]]]]\\n[[File:Amy Carmichael with children2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Amy\n        Carmichael]]]]\\n[[File:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.png|thumb|110px|[[Carl\n        Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Richard Hart (actor)|Richard\n        Hart]], American actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Georgios Drossinis]],\n        Greek author, poet, scholar and editor (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 5]] \\n**\n        [[Yasunosuke Gonda]], Japanese sociologist and theorist (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Ken Le Breton]], Australian speedway rider (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[January 6]]\n        – [[Maila Talvio]], Finnish writer, nominated for the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Gu\\u00e9non]],\n        French metaphysician (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Lucien Cu\\u00e9not]], French biologist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Sinclair Lewis]], American writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\n** [[Jacques de Baroncelli]], French director and screenwriter (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n** [[Albert Guay]], Canadian murderer (executed) (b. [[1917]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Maximilian of Saxony (1870\\u20131951)|Prince Maximilian of Saxony]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\n** [[Florence Kahn (actress)|Florence Kahn]],\n        American actress (b.  [[1878]])\\n** [[Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        [[Tsunejir\\u014d Ishii]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 17]]\n        – [[Franziskus Hennemann]], South African [[Titular bishop]] and reverend\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Amy Carmichael]], Irish missionary to\n        India (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Jack Holt (actor)|Jack Holt]], American actor (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Yuriko Miyamoto]], Japanese novelist\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], Finnish\n        military leader and statesman, 6th [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]] \\n** [[Dominic Salvatore Gentile]], American pilot (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Petar Dujam Munzani]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and reverend\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Frank Tarrant]], Australian cricketer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Ferdinand Porsche]], German auto\n        engineer (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:2ndPrinceChun1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Zaifeng,\n        Prince Chun]]]]\\n[[File:Gide 1893.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andr\\u00e9 Gide]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Blas Taracena Aguirre]], Spanish archaeologist (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\n** [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]], one of the founding\n        fathers of Pakistan (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Zaifeng, Prince Chun]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[Fritz Thyssen]], German businessman and industrialist\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Zygmunt Szendzielarz]], Polish commander (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Eddy Duchin]], American pianist and bandleader (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Lloyd C. Douglas]], American author\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Andr\\u00e9s Barbero]], Paraguayan\n        scientist and botanist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Tommy Gagliano]],\n        American mobster (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Lyman Gilmore]], American\n        aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Milo\\u0161 Slov\\u00e1k]], Czech painter\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Gide]], French writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Alfred Lindley]], American Olympic rower - Men''s eights (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n* [[February 28]] \\n** [[Henry W. Armstrong]], American boxer and\n        songwriter (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Giannina Russ]], Italian soprano (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Meszlenyi3.jpg|100px|thumbnail|Blessed\n        [[Zolt\\u00e1n Meszl\\u00e9nyi]]]]\\n[[File:Shidehara Kijuro.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Kijuro\n        Shidehara]]]]\\n[[File:Janusz J%C4%99drzejewicz.PNG|100px|thumbnail|[[Janusz\n        J\\u0119drzejewicz]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Maria Dickin]], British social\n        reformer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Cassiano Conzatti]], Italian botanist,\n        explorer and pteridologist (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Al Taylor (actor)|Al Taylor]],\n        American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Anna Berentine Anthoni]],\n        Norwegian trade unionist and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Meszl\\u00e9nyi]],\n        Hungarian [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\n** [[Ivor Novello]], British actor, musician and composer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]], Ukrainian statesman, political activist,\n        writer, playwright and artist, 1st [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – Prince [[Rangsit Prayurasakdi]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Charles Coleman (actor)|Charles Coleman]], American actor (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Kij\\u016br\\u014d Shidehara]], Japanese\n        diplomat, 31st [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 11]] –\n        [[J\\u00e1nos Zsup\\u00e1nek]], [[Prekmurje Slovenes|Prekmurje Slovene]] poet\n        and writer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Alfred Hugenberg]], German\n        businessman and politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Val Lewton]],\n        American producer and screenwriter (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Janusz\n        J\\u0119drzejewicz]], Polish politician and educator, 24th [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Archduke Karl Albrecht\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Dmytro Doroshenko]],\n        Soviet political figure (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Ricardo Leoncio\n        El\\u00edas Arias]], Peruvian soldier and politician, Interim [[President of\n        Peru]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Willem Mengelberg]], Dutch\n        conductor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Enrique Varela]],\n        Spanish military officer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Eddie Collins]],\n        American baseball player ([[Chicago White Sox]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Oscar Micheaux]], American filmmaker (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Ralph Forbes]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Carmona.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oscar\n        Carmona]]]]\\n[[File:Ivanoe Bonomi portrait.png|thumb|100px|[[Ivanoe Bonomi]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Mikhail Vladimirsky]], Soviet politician (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Henrik Visnapuu]], Soviet poet and dramatist (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Al Christie]], Canadian film director and producer (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[George Albert Smith]], President of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day\n        Saints]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[C\\u01b0\\u1eddng \\u0110\\u1ec3]],\n        Vietnamese revolutionary leader (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Robert\n        Broom]], British paleontologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Enzenauer]], Canadian politician (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Joe King (actor)|Joe\n        King]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Ernest Bevin]],\n        British labour leader, politician and statesman (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 18]]\n        – [[\\u00d3scar Carmona]], 96th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 11th\n        [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Frank Hopkins]],\n        American professional horseman, soldier (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Ivanoe Bonomi]], Italian politician and statesman, 25th [[Prime Minister\n        of Italy]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus]],\n        Dutch lepidopterist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Horace Donisthorpe]],\n        British myrmecologist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Charles G. Dawes]],\n        [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|30th]] [[Vice President of\n        the United States]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Shyam (actor)|Shyam]], Hindi actor (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], Austrian philosopher (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:HomeroManzi.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Homero\n        Manzi]]]]\\n[[File:Henri Carton de Wiart.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Henri Carton\n        de Wiart]]]]\\n[[File:Mary Emelia Moore.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Mary Emelia Moore]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Clement Sheptytsky]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]], martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Alphonse de Ch\\u00e2teaubriant]],\n        French writer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Mansour bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Saudi politician\n        (b. 1951)\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Homero Manzi]], Argentine Tango lyricist\n        and author (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[Eddie Dunn (actor)|Eddie Dunn]],\n        American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Andronicus Rudenko]], Greek [[Orthodox\n        priest]] and blessed (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Henri Carton de\n        Wiart]], 23rd [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 7]] –\n        [[Warner Baxter]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Pat\n        Hartigan (actor)|Pat Hartigan]], American actor and director (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Hussenot]], French engineer (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood]], British field marshal\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Mary Emelia Moore]], New Zealand Presbyterian missionary\n        in [[China]] (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Empress Teimei]] of Japan, Empress consort\n        of [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Gaspar Ag\\u00fcero\n        Barreras]], Cuban composer, pianist and composer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Antonio Gandusio]], Italian actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 24]] –\n        [[Thomas N. Heffron]], American silent film director (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Franz Klebusch]], German actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Paula von Preradovi\\u0107]],\n        Austrian poet and writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Thomas Blamey|Sir\n        Thomas Blamey]], Australian field marshal (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\n**\n        [[Fanny Brice]], American entertainer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Antonio Mosca]],\n        Italian painter (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Hermann Broch]], Austrian\n        author (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Serge Koussevitzky.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Serge\n        Koussevitzky]]]]\\n[[File:Benchifley.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Ben Chifley]]]]\\n[[File:San\n        Fior - Monumento alla beata Mastena.jpg|100px|thumbnail|Blessed [[Maria Pia\n        Mastena]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Alejandrino]], Filipino general\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Rafael Altamira y Crevea]], Spanish historian and jurist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Ludvig Oskar]], Estonian painter (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June\n        4]] – [[Serge Koussevitzky]], Soviet conductor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June\n        7]]\\n** [[Paul Blobel]], German SS officer (executed) (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Werner\n        Braune]], German SS officer (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Erich Naumann]],\n        German SS officer (executed) (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Otto Ohlendorf]], German\n        SS officer (executed) (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Oswald Pohl]], German SS officer\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Mayo Methot]], American actress\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Takuma Nishimura]], Japanese general\n        (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Ben Chifley]], Australian\n        politician, 16th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Pyotr Pavlenko]], Soviet writer and screenwriter (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – [[Charles Dillon Perrine]], American astronomer, discovered\n        two moons of [[Jupiter]] ([[Himalia (moon)|Himalia]] and [[Elara (moon)|Elara]])\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Ferdinand Budicki]], Croatian pioneer\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[David Warfield]], American stage actor\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Maria Pia Mastena]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 29]] –\n        [[Juan Rivero Torres]], Bolivian engineer and statesman (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Philippe\n        P\\u00e9tain (en civil, autour de 1930).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Tadeusz Borowski]], Polish writer and journalist (b.\n        [[1922]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Ferdinand Sauerbruch]], German surgeon (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Harry Heilmann]], American baseball player\n        ([[Detroit Tigers]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Arnold Schoenberg]], Austrian composer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – [[Florentino Collantes]], Filipino poet (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Charles Desplanques]], French anarchist and journalist (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n** [[Riad Al Solh]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 18]] \\n** [[Ludovico di Caporiacco]], Italian arachnologist (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Antti Juutilainen]], Finnish farmer and politician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July\n        20]]\\n** King [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] (assassinated) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[El\\u00edas\n        Ah\\u00faja y Andr\\u00eda]], Spanish philanthropist, politician, businessman\n        and academic (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Wilhelm, German Crown Prince|Crown Prince\n        Wilhelm of Prussia]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Robert J. Flaherty]],\n        American filmmaker (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]], French World\n        War I marshal, leader of Vichy France, 78th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b.\n        [[1856]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Henrik Ramsay]], Finnish politician and\n        economist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Juozas Gabrys]], Lithuanian politician\n        and diplomat (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Maximilian Ritter von Pohl]], German army\n        and air force officer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Cho Ki-chon]],\n        Korean poet (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Bee-ho-gray-profile.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Bee\n        Ho Gray]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Bee Ho Gray]], American Wild West star,\n        silent film actor and vaudeville performer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Anthony Brancato]], American criminal (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[August 14]] –\n        [[William Randolph Hearst]], American newspaper publisher (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Artur Schnabel]], Austrian-born Jewish classical pianist\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Louis Jouvet]], French actor and\n        director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Wr\\u00f3blewski]],\n        Polish politician, scientist, diplomat and lawyer, provisional [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Constant Lambert]], British\n        composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Mar\\u00eda Cadilla]], Puerto\n        Rican writer, educator and activist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Henri\n        Rivi\\u00e8re (painter)|Henri Rivi\\u00e8re]], French painter (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Antonio S\\u00e1nchez de Bustamante y Sirven]], Cuban lawyer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Bill Barilko]], Canadian hockey player (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)|Robert Walker]],\n        American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Paul Demel]], Czech\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ernestina Lecuona.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Ernestina\n        Lecuona y Casado]]]]\\n[[File:Maria-montez.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Maria Montez]]]]\\n[[File:AugustodeVasconcelos.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Augusto\n        de Vasconcelos]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Wols]], German painter and\n        photographer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Antoine Bibesco]],\n        Romanian aristocrat, lawyer, diplomat and writer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] \\n** [[Ernestina Lecuona y Casado]], Cuban pianist, musician, educator\n        and composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Enrico Valtorta]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        bishop of [[Hong Kong]] and reverend (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[M\\u00e1rio Eloy]], Portuguese painter (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n**\n        [[Maria Montez]], Dominican actress (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[John French Sloan]],\n        American artist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** [[Anton Golopen\\u021bia]],\n        Romanian sociologist (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Gibson Gowland]], British actor (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Giuseppe Mul\\u00e8]], Italian composer\n        and conductor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Jacinto Guerrero]],\n        Spanish composer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek Nu\\u0161l]],\n        Czechoslovak astronomer and mathematician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Jimmy Yancey]],\n        American pianist and composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\n** [[M\\u00e1rton\n        R\\u00e1tkai]], Hungarian actor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Tomonaga Sanj\\u016br\\u014d]],\n        Japanese philosopher (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Ioan Dim\\u0103ncescu]],\n        Romania army officer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Augusto de\n        Vasconcelos]], Portuguese surgeon, politician and diplomat, 57th [[Prime Minister\n        of Portugal]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Thomas Cahill (soccer)|Thomas\n        Cahill]], American soccer coach (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Liaquat\n        Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]]]]\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Henrietta\n        Lacks]], American originator of the [[HeLa]] [[cell (biology)|cell]] line\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]], German-born\n        physician and biochemist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Leon Errol]],\n        Australian-born actor and comedian (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Herman Charles Bosman]], South African writer and journalist (b. 1905)\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Farkas]],\n        Hungarian nobleman, jurist and politician (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Fernando Poe Sr.]], Filipino actor (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n**\n        [[Al Baker (magician)|Al Baker]], American magician (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Carl, Duke of V\\u00e4sterg\\u00f6tland]] (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Clarence Stewart\n        Williams]], American admiral (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[\\u00d3scar\n        P\\u00e9rez Sol\\u00eds]], Spanish artillery officer, engineer, jurist and politician\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Mady Christians]], Austrian actress\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Gustav Smedal]], Norwegian jurist\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 3]] \\n** [[Aleksei Badayev]],\n        Soviet functionary (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Richard Wallace (director)|Richard\n        Wallace]], American film director (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 4]] –\n        [[Khelifa Belkacem]], Algerian chaabi singer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[November 5]]\n        \\n** [[Agrippina Vaganova]], Soviet ballerina (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Reggie Walker]],\n        South African Olympic athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\n** [[Luigi\n        Beltrame Quattrocchi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] layman and blessed (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Sigmund Romberg]], Hungarian-born composer (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Nikolai Medtner]], Soviet pianist and composer (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere]]\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Robert Elliott (actor)|Robert Elliott]],\n        American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Thomas Quinlan (impresario)|Thomas\n        Quinlan]], British opera singer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Enrichetta\n        Alfieri]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Friedrich]], 24th Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Harry B. Liversedge]], American general (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Timrava]], Slovak novelist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Pramathesh Barua]], Indian actor, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Shoeless Joe Jackson by Conlon, 1913.jpeg|100px|thumbnail|[[Shoeless\n        Joe Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Vescovo Anton Durcovici.jpg|100px|thumbnail|Blessed\n        [[Anton Durcovici]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Felix Petyrek]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Pedro Salinas]], Spanish\n        poet, \\n* [[December 5]] – [[Shoeless Joe Jackson]], American baseball\n        player ([[Chicago White Sox]]) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[J. Edward\n        Bromberg]], Hungarian-born character actor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Gobert]], French tennis player (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Harold Ross]], American\n        editor (b.[[1892]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Algernon Blackwood]], British\n        writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Selim Palmgren]], Finnish\n        composer, pianist and conductor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Bill\n        Patton (actor)|Bill Patton]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 19]]\n        – [[Barton Yarborough]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Anton Durcovici]], Austro-Humgarian born Romanian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        bishop and blessed (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Enrique Santos\n        Disc\\u00e9polo]], Argentine tango and milonga musician and composer (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Raffaele Rossetti]], Italian engineer and military\n        naval officer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Maxim Litvinov]],\n        Russian revolutionary and Soviet diplomat (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[John\n        Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Walton]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Edwin McMillan]] and [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Max Theiler]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[P\\u00e4r Lagerkvist]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[L\\u00e9on Jouhaux]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{commons category|1951}}\\n\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1951}}\\n\\n[[Category:1951|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T20:10:39Z\",\"lastrevid\":799780080,\"length\":67738,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951\"},\"34575\":{\"pageid\":34575,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1952\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:26:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1952}}\\n{{Year nav|1952}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1952}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n[[File:Olympia-1952.jpg|thumb|[[1952\n        Summer Olympic Games]]|alt= 1952 Summer Olympic Games stamp]]\\n\\n== Events\n        ==\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January 8]] – [[West Germany]] has 8 million\n        [[refugee]]s inside its borders.\\n* [[January 12]] – The [[University\n        of Tennessee]] admits its first black student.\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Cairo\n        Fire|Black Saturday]] in [[Egypt]]: rioters burn [[Cairo]]''s central business\n        district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – A [[Tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] forms just north\n        of [[Cuba]] moving northeast. The storm makes landfall in southern [[Florida]]\n        the next day. It is the earliest reported landfall from a tropical storm,\n        and the earliest formation of a tropical storm on record in the [[Atlantic\n        Ocean|Atlantic basin]].\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[George VI]] (King of the United\n        Kingdom and the Dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[Union of South\n        Africa|South Africa]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Dominion of\n        Ceylon|Ceylon]]) dies aged 56 after a long illness. He is succeeded by his\n        daughter The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh as Queen [[Elizabeth\n        II]], who is on a visit to [[Kenya]].\\n** In the United States, a [[Artificial\n        heart|mechanical heart]] is used for the first time in a human patient.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – [[Elizabeth II]] [[Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth\n        II|is proclaimed]] [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom]]\n        at [[St James''s Palace]], London, England.\\n* [[February 14]] – [[February\n        25]] –  The [[1952 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]] held in [[Oslo]],\n        Norway.\\n* [[February 15]] – The funeral of [[George VI]] takes place\n        at [[St George''s Chapel, Windsor Castle]].\\n* [[February 18]] – Greece\n        and Turkey join the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]].\\n** The [[SS\n        Pendleton]], a T2 Tanker, breaks in half during a nor''easter off the east\n        coast near Massachusetts. Bernard Webber and a crew of four volunteer to rescue\n        the 32 survivors aboard. This was the one of the most courageous rescues in\n        the history of the US Coast Guard.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Emmett Ashford]]\n        becomes the first [[African-American]] [[umpire (baseball)|umpire]] in organized\n        [[baseball]], by being authorized to be a substitute umpire in the Southwestern\n        International League.\\n** [[Winston Churchill]] scraps UK compulsory national\n        [[identity cards]].\\n* [[February 21]] – In [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]]\n        (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) police open fire on a procession of students,\n        killing 4 people and starting a country-wide protest which leads to the recognition\n        of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as one of the national languages of Pakistan.\n        The day is later declared \\\"[[International Mother Language Day]]\\\" by [[UNESCO]].\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – The [[Par\\u00edcutin]] active volcano in [[Michoac\\u00e1n]],\n        west central Mexico, ceases its discontinuous eruption after spewing forth\n        a gigaton of lava and burying [[San Juan Parangaricutiro]].\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** United Kingdom [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]\n        [[Winston Churchill]] announces that the United Kingdom has an [[atomic bomb]].\\n**\n        [[Vincent Massey]] is sworn in as the first Canada-born [[Governor General\n        of Canada]].\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 7]]  –NME goes on sale for the\n        first time in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[March 10]] – General [[Fulgencio\n        Batista]] re-takes power in [[Cuba]] in a coup.\\n* [[March 15]]\\u2013[[March\n        16|16]] – 73 inches (1,870 mm) of rain falls in [[Cilaos]],\n        [[R\\u00e9union]], the most rainfall in one day up to that time.\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – The [[United States Senate]] ratifies a [[Treaty of San\n        Francisco|peace treaty]] with Japan.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** The last two [[Capital\n        punishment|executions]] in the Netherlands take place.\\n** Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]]\n        is elected Prime Minister of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]].\\n**\n        Tornadoes ravage the lower [[Mississippi embayment|Mississippi River Valley]],\n        leaving 208 dead, through [[March 22]].\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Wernher\n        von Braun]] publishes the first in his series of articles titled ''''[[Man\n        Will Conquer Space Soon!]]'''', including ideas for manned flights to [[Mars]]\n        and the Moon.\\n* [[March 27]]\\n**[[Konrad Adenauer]] survives an assassination\n        attempt.\\n**[[Coorg Legislative Assembly election, 1952|Legislative Assembly\n        election]] held in [[Coorg]].\\n* [[March 29]] – U.S. President [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] announces that he will not seek reelection.\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** In the [[The Hague|Hague Tribunal]], [[Israel]] demands [[Reparations\n        Agreement between Israel and West Germany|reparations]] worth $3 billion from\n        Germany.\\n** [[West Ice accidents]]: During a severe storm in the [[West Ice]],\n        east of [[Greenland]], 78 seal hunters on 5 Norwegian [[seal hunting]] vessels\n        vanish without a trace.\\n* [[April 7]] – The [[American Research Bureau]]\n        reports that the ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' episode, \\\"The Marriage License\\\"\n        was the first TV show in history to be seen in around 10,000,000 homes the\n        evening the episode aired.\\n* [[April 8]] – ''''[[Youngstown Sheet &\n        Tube Co. v. Sawyer]]'''': The U.S. Supreme Court limits the power of the President\n        to seize private business, after President [[Harry S. Truman]] nationalizes\n        all steel mills in the United States, just before the [[1952 steel strike]]\n        begins.\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Hugo Ballivi\\u00e1n]]''s government is overthrown\n        by the Bolivian National Revolution, which starts a period of [[agrarian reform]],\n        [[universal suffrage]] and the [[nationalization]] of tin mines.\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[Battle of Nanri Island]]: The [[Taiwan|Republic of China]]\n        seizes the island from the [[China|Peoples'' Republic of China]].\\n* [[April\n        15]] – The United States [[B-52 Stratofortress]] flies for the first\n        time.\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Bolivia]] National Revolution: A universal vote\n        enables indigenous peoples and women to vote, nationalizes mines and enacts\n        agrarian reform.\\n** [[West Germany\\u2013Japan relations|West Germany and\n        Japan form diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[April 26]] – The United States\n        Navy aircraft carrier [[USS Wasp (CV-18)|''''Wasp'''']] collides with the\n        destroyer [[USS Hobson (DD-464)|''''Hobson'''']] while on exercises in the\n        Atlantic Ocean, killing 175 men.\\n* [[April 28]] – The [[Treaty of San\n        Francisco]] goes into effect, formally ending the war between [[Japan]] and\n        the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], and simultaneously ending the [[Military\n        occupation|occupation]] of the four main Japanese islands by the [[Supreme\n        Commander for the Allied Powers]].\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Lever House]]\n        officially opens at 390 [[Park Avenue]] in New York City, heralding a new\n        age of commercial architecture in the United States. Designed by [[Gordon\n        Bunshaft]] of [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], it is the first [[International\n        Style (architecture)|International Style]] skyscraper.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May\n        1]] – [[East Germany]] threatens to form its own army.\\n* [[May 2]]\n        – The first passenger jet flight route opens between London and [[Johannesburg]].\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – U.S. [[lieutenant colonel]]s [[Joseph O. Fletcher]] and\n        [[William Pershing Benedict|William P. Benedict]] land a plane at the [[geographic\n        North Pole]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Farouk of Egypt]] has himself announced\n        as a descendant of the Islamic [[prophet]], [[Muhammad]].\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Nehru]] forms his first government in India.\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Israel\\u2013Japan relations|Diplomatic relations are\n        established between Israel and Japan]] at the level of [[legation]]s.\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Ann Davison]] becomes the first woman to single-handedly sail\n        the Atlantic Ocean.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** The [[Catholic Church|Roman\n        Catholic Church]] bans the books of [[Andr\\u00e9 Gide]].\\n** Navigation opens\n        on the [[Volga\\u2013Don Canal]], connecting the [[Caspian Sea]] basin with\n        that of the [[Black Sea]].\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** The [[keel]] is laid for the\n        U.S. nuclear submarine [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)|USS ''''Nautilus'''']].\\n**\n        [[Myxomatosis]] is introduced to Europe on the French estate of Dr. [[Paul-F\\u00e9lix\n        Armand-Delille]].\\n* [[June 15]] – ''''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]''''\n        is published.\\n* [[June 19]] – The [[Special Forces (United States Army)]]\n        are created.\\n* [[June 21]] – The Philippine School of Commerce, through\n        a government act, is converted to the Philippine College of Commerce (later\n        the [[Polytechnic University of the Philippines]]).\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        The [[Labour Party of Malaya|Pan-Malayan Labour Party]] is founded in [[Malayan\n        Union|Malaya]], as a union of statewise labour parties.\\n* [[June 27]] –\n        [[Decree 900]] in Guatemala orders redistribution of uncultivated land.\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – Finnish contestant [[Armi Kuusela]] wins the title of\n        [[Miss Universe]].\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:EGKS.png|thumb|200px|France, West\n        Germany, Italy, Belgium, [[Luxembourg]] and the Netherlands form the [[European\n        Coal and Steel Community|European Coal and Steel community]], the foundation\n        organization which would become the [[European Union]].]]\\n* [[July 3]] –\n        The [[ocean liner]] [[SS United States|SS ''''United States'''']] makes her\n        maiden crossing of the Atlantic.\\n* [[July 13]] – [[East Germany]] announces\n        the formation of its [[National People''s Army]].\\n* [[July 19]] – [[August\n        3]] – The [[1952 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Helsinki]], Finland.\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – The 7.3 {{M|w}} [[1952 Kern County earthquake|Kern County\n        earthquake]] strikes California''s southern [[Central Valley (California)|Central\n        Valley]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of\n        XI (''''Extreme''''), killing 12 and injuring hundreds. \\n* [[July 23]]\\n**\n        The [[European Coal and Steel Community]] is established.\\n** General [[Muhammad\n        Naguib|Mohammed Naguib]] leads [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|The Free Officers]]\n        (formed by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] \\u2013 the real power behind the coup) in\n        the [[Coup d''\\u00e9tat|overthrow]] of King [[Farouk of Egypt]].\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Puerto Rico]] becomes a self-governing commonwealth of the\n        United States.\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 5]] – The [[Treaty of Taipei]]\n        between Japan and the [[Republic of China]] goes into effect, to officially\n        end the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].\\n* [[August 11]] – The [[Jordan]]ian\n        Parliament forces King [[Talal of Jordan]] to abdicate due to mental illness;\n        he is succeeded by his son King [[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]].\\n* [[August\n        12]] – The [[Night of the Murdered Poets]]; the execution of 13 Soviet\n        Jewish poets.\\n* [[August 13]] – Japan joins the [[International Monetary\n        Fund|IMF]].\\n* [[August 14]] – West Germany joins the [[International\n        Monetary Fund|IMF]] and the [[World Bank]].\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Lynmouth]],\n        North [[Devon]], England is devastated by floods; 34 die.\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – The most damaging shock of the [[1952 Kern County earthquake]] sequence\n        strikes with a moment magnitude of 5.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of\n        VIII (''''Severe''''). This shock damaged several hundred buildings in [[Bakersfield,\n        California]], with total additional losses of $10 million, with two associated\n        deaths and some injuries.\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Kitty Wells]] is first\n        woman to score number 1 hit with the song \\\"It wasn''t God Who Made Honky\n        Tonk Angels\\\".\\n* [[August 26]] – A British passenger jet makes a return\n        crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the same day.\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Reparations\n        Agreement between Israel and West Germany|Reparation]] negotiations between\n        West Germany and [[Israel]] end in [[Luxembourg]]: Germany will pay 3 billion\n        [[Deutsche Mark]]s.\\n* [[August 29]] – Composer [[John Cage]]''s ''''[[4\\u203233\\u2033]]'''',\n        during which the performer does not play, premieres in [[Woodstock, New York]].\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – The last Finnish [[war reparations]] are sent to the\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[August 31]] – The [[Grenzlandring]] racetrack\n        closes in [[Wegberg]], Germany.\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        Dr. [[C. Walton Lillehei]] and Dr. F. John Lewis perform the first open-[[Cardiac\n        surgery|heart surgery]] at the [[University of Minnesota]].\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Television]] debuts in Canada as the [[Canadian Broadcasting\n        Corporation|CBC]] in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] airs.\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        CBC Toronto debuts.\\n* [[September 10]] – The [[European Parliamentary\n        Assembly]] (from March [[1962]], [[European Parliament]]) opens.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – The [[Soviet Union]] vetoes Japan''s application for membership\n        in the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 30]] – The [[Revised Standard\n        Version]] of the Bible was published and released to the public.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – The first [[Operation Hurricane|British nuclear weapon]]\n        is detonated in Australia making the United Kingdom the third [[nuclear weapons\n        state]].\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Negotiation]]s for a [[ceasefire]] in Korea\n        are postponed.\\n** [[Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash]] in England kills 112\n        people.\\n* [[October 12]] – The [[Gamma Sigma Sigma]] National Service\n        Sorority is founded in New York City at [[Beekman (Panhellenic) Tower|Panhellenic\n        Tower]].\\n* [[October 14]] – The [[United Nations]] begins work in the\n        new [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations building]] in New\n        York City, designed by [[Le Corbusier]] and [[Oscar Niemeyer]].\\n* [[October\n        16]] – ''''[[Limelight (1952 film)|Limelight]]'''' opens in London;\n        writer/actor/director/producer [[Charlie Chaplin]] arrives by ocean liner;\n        in transit his re-entry permit to the USA is revoked by [[J. Edgar Hoover]].\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Indonesia]]n troops led by General [[Abdul Haris\n        Nasution|Nasution]] surround the presidential palace, seeking the dismissal\n        of the [[People''s Representative Council]]; [[Sukarno]] avoids confrontation.\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[Alain Bombard]] begins to sail from the [[Canary Islands]]\n        to [[Barbados]] in 65 days; he reaches them [[December 23]].\\n** [[John Bamford]],\n        aged 15, rescues victims of a house fire and becomes the youngest person to\n        be awarded the [[George Cross]].\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Martial law]]\n        is declared in [[Kenya]] due to the [[Mau Mau Uprising|Mau Mau uprising]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Nuclear weapons testing|Nuclear testing]] and [[Operation\n        Ivy]]: The United States successfully [[Detonation|detonates]] the first [[hydrogen\n        bomb]], codenamed \\\"Mike\\\", at [[Enewetak Atoll|Eniwetok]] Atoll in the [[Marshall\n        Islands]] in the central Pacific Ocean, with a [[nuclear weapon yield|yield]]\n        of 10.4 [[TNT equivalent|megatons]].\\n[[image:IvyMike2.jpg|thumb|220px|The\n        explosion of the first hydrogen bomb.]]\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** The 9.0 {{M|w}}\n        [[1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake|Severo-Kurilsk earthquake]] hits the [[Kamchatka\n        Peninsula]] of the [[Soviet Union]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''). A tsunami took the lives of more than\n        2,300 people.\\n** [[United States presidential election, 1952]]: [[Republican\n        Party (United States)|Republican]] General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] defeats\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[Governor of Illinois]] [[Adlai\n        Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] (correctly predicted by the [[UNIVAC I|UNIVAC]]\n        computer).\\n** The U.S. [[National Security Agency]] is founded.\\n** The [[Pace-Finletter\n        MOU 1952]]: A [[Memorandum of understanding]] is signed between \\\"...Air Force\n        Secretary Finletter and Army Secretary Pace that established a fixed wing\n        weight limit [for the Army] of five thousand pounds empty, but weight restrictions\n        on helicopters were eliminated...\\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=shwtKbTbEuEC&pg=PA196&dq=Army+%22November+4,+1952%22+Air+Force&client=firefox-a\n        ''''Pushing the Envelope'''', p. 196]\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Jomo\n        Kenyatta]] is arrested in [[Kenya]] for an alleged connection to the [[Mau\n        Mau Uprising]].\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Sl\\u00e1nsk\\u00fd trial]]s: A series\n        of largely anti-Semitic show trials are held in Czechoslovakia.\\n** The first\n        official passenger flight over the [[North Pole]] is made from Los Angeles\n        to [[Copenhagen]].\\n**The first successful sex reasignment surgery was performed\n        in [[Copenhagen]], making George Jorgensen Jr. become [[Christine Jorgensen]].\n        \\n* [[November 25]] – [[Agatha Christie]]''s murder-mystery play ''''[[The\n        Mousetrap]]'''' opens at the Ambassadors Theatre in London; as of 2015, it\n        continues next door at the St. Martin''s Theatre, and remains the longest\n        continuously running production of a play in history.\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Korean War]]: U.S. President-elect [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] fulfills a [[political\n        campaign]] promise, by traveling to Korea to find out what can be done to\n        end the conflict.\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Adolfo Ruiz Cortines]]\n        takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n** The ''''[[Daily News (New York)|New\n        York Daily News]]'''' carries a front page story announcing that [[Christine\n        Jorgensen]], a [[Transsexualism|transsexual]] woman in Denmark, has become\n        the recipient of the first successful [[Sex reassignment surgery|sexual reassignment]]\n        operation.\\n* [[December 4]] – the [[Great Smog of London]]: A a severe\n        air-pollution event.\\n* [[December 14]] – The first successful surgical\n        separation of [[Conjoined twins|Siamese twins]] is conducted in Mount Sinai\n        Hospital, [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]].\\n* [[December 20]] – The crash of\n        a U.S. Air Force C-124 Globemaster at Moses Lake, WA kills 86 servicemen.\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – One West German soldier is killed in a shooting incident\n        in [[West Berlin]].\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Joseph Ivor Linton]], the\n        first Israeli [[Envoy (title)|Minister Plenipotentiary]] in Japan, presents\n        his credentials to the [[Emperor of Japan]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Nearly\n        58,000 cases of [[Poliomyelitis|polio]] are reported in the U.S.; 3,145 die\n        and 21,269 are left with mild to disabling [[paralysis]].{{Cite journal|title=A\n        New Challenge for Former Polio Patients|journal=FDA Consumer|date=June 1991|first=Evelyn|last=Zamula|volume=25|issue=5|pages=|publisher=[[Food\n        and Drug Administration]]}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00006.html\n        |title=Consumer |accessdate=29 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126120646/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00006.html\n        |archivedate=January 26, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}\\n* The [[Nordic\n        Council]] agrees to the unrestricted transport of people, goods and services\n        throughout the [[Nordic countries|Nordic Countries]].\\n* The [[National Prohibition\n        Foundation]] is incorporated in [[Indiana]].\\n* [[S\\u00e4yn\\u00e4tsalo Town\n        Hall]] in Finland, designed by [[Alvar Aalto]], is completed.\\n* The influential\n        multistorey residential building, [[Unit\\u00e9 d''Habitation]] in [[Marseille]],\n        France, designed by [[Le Corbusier]], is completed.\\n* The [[American Embassy\n        School]] of New Delhi is founded.\\n* [[Sweden|Swedish]] paratrooper training\n        school [[Fallsk\\u00e4rmsj\\u00e4garna]] (FJS) is established.\\n* Twelve-year-old\n        [[Jimmy Boyd]]''s record of ''''[[I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus]]'''' is\n        released, selling 3 million records\\n*Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the professional\n        wrestling promotion that would later evolve into the modern day [[WWE]] is\n        founded by [[Roderick McMahon|Jess McMahon]] and [[Toots Mondt]]\\n* During\n        the [[Mau Mau Uprising]], the poisonous [[latex]] of the [[Euphorbia grantii|African\n        milk bush]] was used to kill [[cattle]] in an incident of [[Biological warfare]].{{Cite book|last=Verdourt|first=Bernard|author2=Trump,\n        E.C.|author3=Church, M.E.|last-author-amp=yes|title=Common poisonous plants\n        of East Africa|publisher=Collins|year=1969|location=London|pages=254}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Hamad\n        bin Khalifa Al Thani Senate of Poland.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hamad bin Khalifa\n        Al Thani]]]]\\n[[File:Marek Belka NBP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marek Belka]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]], [[Emir of Qatar]]\\n** [[Jury\n        Zacharanka]], Belarusian politician \\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Makoto Nakajima]],\n        Japanese bureaucrat, Commissioner of the [[Japan Patent Office]]\\n** [[Ng\n        Man-tat]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Elvira Saadi]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Jim Ross]], American wrestling announcer\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Sammo Hung]], Hong Kong martial arts superstar, producer and director\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Marek Belka]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\\n*\n        [[January 12]]\\n** [[Charles Faulkner (author)|Charles Faulkner]], American\n        life coach, motivational speaker, trader and author\\n** [[Walter Mosley]],\n        American author\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Maureen Dowd]], American journalist\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Boris Blank (musician)|Boris Blank]], Swiss musician\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Skay Beilinson]], Argentinian guitar player \\n* [[January\n        16]] – H.R.H. Prince Ahmed Fuad Farouk ([[Fuad II of Egypt|Fuad II]]),\n        the last King of Egypt & Sudan, Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur\\n* [[January 17]]\n        – [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]], Japanese musician, composer, producer, and actor\n        (''''[[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]'''')\\n* [[January 19]] \\n** [[Beau Weaver]],\n        American male voice actor\\n** [[Bruce Jay Nelson]], American computer scientist\n        (d. 1999)\\n** [[Michel Plante]], Canadian ice hockey left winger\\n** [[Nadiuska]],\n        German television actress\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Marco Camenisch]], Swiss\n        environmental activist\\n** [[Louis Menand]], American writer and critic\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Ace Vergel]], Filipino actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Raymond Domenech]], French [[Association football|football]]\n        player and manager\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Edward Fialkowski]], Polish political\n        activist\\n** [[Sara Mandiano]], French singer and songwriter\\n** [[Peter Tatchell]],\n        Australian-born British human rights activist \\n* [[January 28]] – [[Tomokazu\n        Miura]], Japanese actor\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Klaus-Peter Hanisch]],\n        German footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Jan Hofer]], German\n        journalist, broadcast news analyst and television presenter\\n\\n===February===\\n[[Image:Park\n        Geun-hye 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Park Geun-hye]]]]\\n[[File:Jenny Shipley.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jenny\n        Shipley]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Stan Kasten]], American baseball executive,\n        President of the [[Washington Nationals]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Park\n        Geun-hye]], President of South Korea\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Jenny Shipley]],\n        36th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Tony Liu]],\n        Chinese actor\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Daisuke G\\u014dri]], Japanese voice\n        actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Nora Miao]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – [[Lee Hsien Loong]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Singapore]]\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Simon MacCorkindale]], English actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Nancy Keenan]], American president of [[NARAL Pro-Choice America|NARAL]]\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\n** [[Nikolai Sorokin]], Soviet and Russian actor, theatre\n        director (d. [[2013]]) \\n** [[Tomislav Nikoli\\u0107]], 4th [[President of\n        Serbia]] (since 2012)\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Garry Chalk]], British\n        voice actor\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Amy Tan]], American novelist\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Vitaly Churkin]], Russian diplomat (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Bill Frist|William Frist]], U.S. Senator and heart surgeon\\n**\n        [[Saufatu Sopoanga]], 8th Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[February 24]] –\n        [[Maxine Chernoff]], American poet, novelist and editor\\n* [[February 25]]\n        – [[Joey Dunlop]], Northern Irish motorcycle racer (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[February 29]]\\n** [[Wack Pack#Gary the Retard|Gary the Retard]], American\n        member of ''''The [[Wack Pack]]'''' (''''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'''')\\n**\n        [[Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush]], American television''s first female African-American\n        primetime weather anchor\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Douglas adams portrait cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Douglas\n        Adams]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Martin O''Neill]], Northern Irish footballer\n        and manager\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Laraine Newman]], American comedian (''''Saturday\n        Night Live'''')\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Scott Hicks]], Australian film director\\n**\n        [[Ronn Moss]], American actor\\n** [[Umberto Tozzi]], Italian singer\\n* [[March\n        7]] – [[Viv Richards]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[March 10]] –\n        [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], Zimbabwean politician\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Douglas\n        Adams]], English author (''''[[The Hitchhiker''s Guide to the Galaxy]]'''')\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[\\u00c1gnes Rapai]], Hungarian writer\\n**\n        [[Wolfgang Rihm]], German composer\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Philippe Kahn]],\n        French-American businessman and inventor\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Perla (singer)|Perla]],\n        Paraguayan-Brazilian singer \\n* [[March 22]] – [[Bob Costas]], American\n        sports announcer\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Kim Stanley Robinson]], American\n        author\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Jung Chang]], Chinese-born author and historian\\n**\n        [[Antanas Mockus]], Colombian mathematician and politician\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Maria Schneider (actress)|Maria Schneider]], French actress (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Te\\u00f3filo Stevenson|Teofilo Stevenson]],\n        Cuban boxer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Peter Knights]], Australian\n        footballer and coach\\n* [[March 31]]\\n**[[Dermot Morgan]], Irish actor and\n        comedian (d. [[1998]]) \\n**[[Vanessa del Rio]], American actress\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n[[File:Steven Seagal by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steven Seagal]]]]\\n[[File:Billy\n        West by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy West]]]]\\n[[File:Jean-Paul\n        Gaultier.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean-Paul Gaultier]]]]\\n[[File:Mary McDonnell cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary\n        McDonnell]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\n** [[Bernard Stiegler]], French philosopher\\n**\n        [[Annette O''Toole]], American actress\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Lennart Fagerlund]],\n        Swedish cyclist\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Rosemarie Ackermann]], German athlete\\n**\n        [[Gary Moore]], Irish musician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Karen Magnussen]], Canadian\n        figure skater\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Mitch Pileggi]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Marilu Henner]], American actress and author\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Nichita Danilov]], Romanian writer\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Steven\n        Seagal]], American actor\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Peter Windsor]], British sports\n        reporter\\n** [[Qamar Zaman]], Pakistani squash player\\n* [[April 12]] –\n        [[Ralph Wiley]], American sports journalist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – [[Mickey O''Sullivan]], Irish sportsman\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Glenn\n        Shadix]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\n** [[Chaz Jankel]],\n        English singer and multi-instrumentalist\\n** [[Billy West]], American voice\n        actor.\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Joe Alaskey]], American voice actor (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[\\u017deljko Ra\\u017enatovi\\u0107]], Serbian mobster and paramilitary leader\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Alexis Arg\\u00fcello|Alexis Arguello]],\n        Nicaraguan boxer and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Eric\n        Pickles]], British politician\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Cheryl Gillan]], British\n        politician\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Marilyn Chambers]], American porn actress\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]], French Haute\n        couture and Pr\\u00eat-\\u00e0-Porter fashion designer\\n* [[April 25]] \\n**\n        [[Lane Caudell]], American actor\\n** [[Ketil Bj\\u00f8rnstad]], Norwegian pianist\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Spice Williams-Crosby]], American actress and stunt\n        performer\\n* [[April 27]] – [[George Gervin]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Mary McDonnell]], American actress\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Robert\n        Zemeckis \\\"The Walk\\\" at Opening Ceremony of the 28th Tokyo International\n        Film Festival (21835891403) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Zemeckis]]]]\\n[[File:George\n        Strait 2014 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Strait]]]]\\n[[File:Mr T WWE Hall of\n        Fame 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mr. T]]]]\\n[[File:Anne-Marie David 2015\n        1094.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anne-Marie David]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Mike Thornton\n        (politician)|Michael Thornton]], British [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Eastleigh]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]]\\n** [[Campbell McComas]], Australian impersonator and broadcaster\\n**\n        [[Isla St Clair]], Scottish singer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Leonid Khachiyan]],\n        Russian-born mathematician\\n** [[Allan Wells]], Scottish athlete\\n* [[May\n        4]] – [[Michael Barrymore]], British comedian and TV presenter\\n* [[May\n        6]]\\n** [[Gregg Henry]], American actor and musician\\n** [[Michael O''Hare]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Ronnie Dapo]], American\n        child actor\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Roland Kaiser]], German singer\\n** [[Manuel\n        Mora Morales]], Spanish director and writer\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Shohreh Aghdashloo]],\n        Iranian actress\\n** [[Frances Fisher]], British-born American actress\\n**\n        [[Mike Lupica]], American sports journalist\\n** [[Renaud]], French composer\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Christopher Gaze]], British voice actor\\n* [[May 13]]\\n**\n        [[John Kasich]], Governor of [[Ohio]]\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Robert Zemeckis]],\n        American film director\\n** [[David Byrne]], Scottish singer-songwriter ([[Talking\n        Heads]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Chazz Palminteri]], American actor\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Diane Duane]], American writer\\n** [[Ry\\u016bzabur\\u014d \\u014ctomo]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n** [[George Strait]], American country musician\\n* [[May\n        19]] – [[Bert van Marwijk]], Dutch football manager\\n* [[May 20]] –\n        [[Roger Milla]], Cameroonian footballer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Mr. T]], African-American\n        actor (''''The A-Team'''')\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Anne-Marie David]], French\n        singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest 1973|1973]]\n        winner\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Sybil Danning]], Austrian actress\\n* [[May\n        26]] – [[David Meece]], American Christian musician\\n* [[May 28]] –\n        [[Victoria Cunningham]], American actress and Playboy Playmate\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:Bronis\\u0142aw Komorowski official cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bronis\\u0142aw\n        Komorowski]]]]\\n[[File:Liam Neeson Deauville 2012 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liam\n        Neeson]]]]\\n[[File:Papandreou handover cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Papandreou]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Goodman by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Goodman]]]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n**[[Scott\n        Wesley Brown]], American Christian musician\\n**[[Bronis\\u0142aw Komorowski]],\n        President of Poland\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Hubert Auriol]], French racing driver\\n**\n        [[Liam Neeson]], Northern Irish actor\\n** [[Orhan Pamuk]], Turkish writer,\n        Nobel Prize winner\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Yukihiro Takahashi]], Japanese\n        musician and singer (''''[[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]'''')\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Pat Summitt]], American basketball coach (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        [[George Papandreou]], Greek politician\\n** [[Gino Vannelli]], Canadian singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Sarbjit Singh Chadha]], Indian enka singer\\n**\n        [[Mike Milbury]], American ice hockey player, coach and executive\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Idriss D\\u00e9by|Idriss D\\u00e9by Itno]], [[President of Chad]]\\n**\n        [[Carol Kane]], American actress \\n** [[Isabella Rossellini]], Italian model\n        and actress\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[John Goodman]], American actor\\n** [[K\\u014dichi\n        Mashimo]], Japanese anime director\\n** [[Vikram Seth]], Indian novelist\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Dave Downs]], American professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Jeremy Coney]], New Zealand [[cricket]] [[Captain (cricket)|captain]]\\n**\n        [[Marcella Detroit]], American singer ([[Shakespears Sister]])\\n** [[Kazi\n        Zulkader Siddiqui]], Pakistani businessman, academician\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        [[Phil Nicholls]], English professional footballer\\n** [[Franco Cucinotta]],\n        Italian professional footballer\\n** [[Graham Greene (actor)|Graham Greene]],\n        Canadian (First Nations) actor\\n** [[Alastair Stewart]], British newsreader\\n**\n        [[Santokh Singh]], Malaysian footballer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Marv Kellum]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Peter Whiteside]], British modern pentathlete\\n*\n        [[June 24]]\\n** [[Ladislas Lozano]], French-Spanish football coach and retired\n        player\\n** [[Stephen Pusey]], British-born artist\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[P\\u00e9ter\n        Erd\\u0151]], Hungarian cardinal\\n** [[Tim Finn]], New Zealand singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Madan Kumar Bhandari]], Nepalese politician (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Douglas Unger]], American novelist\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Pietro Mennea]],\n        Italian athlete (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Joe Johnson (snooker\n        player)|Joe Johnson]], English snooker player\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Dan\n        Aykroyd.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dan Aykroyd]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00c1lvaro Uribe V\\u00e9lez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alvaro\n        Uribe]]]]\\n[[File:Hoff 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Hasselhoff]]]]\\n[[File:HRH\n        Vajiralongkorn (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vajiralongkorn]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\n        \\n** [[Dale Hayes]], South African professional golfer\\n** [[Dan Aykroyd]],\n        Canadian actor and comedian (''''Saturday Night Live'''')\\n* [[July 3]] \\n**\n        [[Lu Colombo]], Italian singer\\n** [[Andy Fraser]], English musician (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Rohinton Mistry]], Indian writer\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[\\u00c1lvaro Uribe]],\n        [[President of Colombia]]\\n** [[John Waite]], English singer and musician\\n*\n        [[July 6]] \\n** [[Grant Goodeve]], American male voice actor\\n** [[Adi Shamir]],\n        Modern cryptographer\\n** [[Jennifer Savidge]], American actress\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Li Hongzhi]], Chinese-American founder and spiritual leader of Falun\n        Gong\\n** [[Alain Cortes]], French modern pentathlete\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Ahmed\n        Nazif]], [[Prime Minister of Egypt]]\\n** [[Knud Arne J\\u00fcrgensen]], Danish\n        music, theater and ballet historian\\n* [[July 9]] – [[John Tesh]], American\n        composer, musician, and television host (''''Entertainment Tonight'''')\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[Stephen Lang]], American actor\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Voja\n        Antoni\\u0107]], [[Serbia]]n inventor and writer\\n** [[Philip Taylor Kramer]],\n        American rock musician (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Liz Mitchell]], [[Jamaica]]n-born\n        singer of [[Boney M.]]\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Bob Casale]], American keyboardist\n        ([[Devo]])\\n** [[Franklin Graham]], American evangelist and son of [[Billy\n        Graham]]\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Terry O''Quinn]], American actor\\n** [[Yuriko\n        Koike]], Japanese politician ([[Governor of Tokyo]])\\n* [[July 16]] –\n        [[Stewart Copeland]], American rock musician (''''The Police'''')\\n* [[July\n        17]]\\n**[[David Hasselhoff]], American actor\\n**[[Billy Sprague]], American\n        Christian musician\\n**[[Nicolette Larson]], American pop singer (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]] – [[Allen Collins]], American rock musician (''''Lynyrd\n        Skynyrd'''') (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Keiko Matsuzaka]], Japanese\n        actress\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Gus Van Sant]], American film director\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Eduardo Souto de Moura]], Portuguese Architect\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Hannu-Pekka H\\u00e4nninen]], Finnish sports commentator\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Vajiralongkorn]], [[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Thailand]]\n        ([[Rama (Kings of Thailand)|Rama X]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Chris Ahrens (ice\n        hockey)|Chris Ahrens]], American ice hockey player\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Barreiros]],\n        Portuguese author\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Hun Sen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hun\n        Sen]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Swayze.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick Swayze]]]]\\n[[File:Jonathan\n        Frakes cropped1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jonathan Frakes]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Reubens\n        SXSW 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Reubens]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Zoran\n        \\u0110in\\u0111i\\u0107|Zoran Djindjic]], Serbian politician (d. 2003)\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Art James (baseball)|Arthur \\\"Art\\\" James]], American former\n        [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] baseball outfielder\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Osvaldo Ardiles]], Argentine footballer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Moya Brennan]],\n        Irish singer\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Hun Sen]], [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]]\n        \\n** [[Louis Walsh]], Irish music producer and reality TV show judge\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Wojciech Fortuna]], Polish ski jumper\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Alexei Sayle]], English comedian\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Jostein Gaarder]],\n        Norwegian author\\n** [[Robin Quivers]], African-American radio personality\n        (''''The Howard Stern Show'''')\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Vicki Morgan]],\n        American model (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Daniel Hugh Kelly]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Bob Mothersbaugh]], American composer\n        and guitarist ([[Devo]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Daniel Biles]], American\n        associate justice of the [[Kansas Supreme Court]]\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[Herb Ritts]], American photographer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        [[Reginald VelJohnson]], American actor\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Guillermo\n        Vilas]], Argentine tennis player\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Patrick Swayze]],\n        American actor and dancer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Jonathan\n        Frakes]], American actor (''''Star Trek: The Next Generation'''')\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Joe Strummer]], British rock musician (''''[[The Clash]]'''') (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed Paroubek]], 6th [[Prime Minister of the Czech\n        Republic]]\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Tuxedomoon|Steven Allan Brown]], American\n        punk rock musician (''''[[Tuxedomoon]]'''')\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Linton\n        Kwesi Johnson]], Jamaican-born musician and poet\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Bryon\n        Baltimore]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Michael Jeter]], American actor\n        of film, stage, and television (d. [[2003]])  \\n* [[August 27]] – [[Paul\n        Reubens]],  American actor, writer and comedian (''''Pee-Wee Herman'''')\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[Rita Dove]], American poet ([[1987 Pulitzer Prize]],\n        [[United States Poet Laureate]] 1993-95)\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Wendelin\n        Wiedeking]], German businessman\\n* [[August 31]] \\n**[[Lee Hyla]], American\n        composer\\n**[[Hilary Farr]], British-Canadian actress and designer\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:Mickey Rourke Tribeca 2009 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mickey\n        Rourke]]]]\\n[[File:Zelaya en Brasil Agosto 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Manuel Zelaya]]]]\\n[[File:Joe\n        Kennedy II.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph P. Kennedy II]]]]\\n[[File:C Reeve in Marriage\n        of Figaro Opening night 1985.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Reeve]]]]\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Jimmy Connors]], American tennis player\\n* [[September 6]] –\n        [[Lucky Enam]], Bangladeshi television and theater actress\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Patrick Prosser]], Scottish computer scientist\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Angela Cartwright]], British-American child actress, photographer\n        and painter\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Sergey Karaganov]], Russian political\n        scientist\\n** [[Neil Peart]], Canadian rock drummer ''''([[Rush (band)|Rush]])''''\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\n** [[Fatos Nano]], Albanian prime minister\\n** [[Mickey\n        Rourke]], American film actor, former boxer\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Nile\n        Rodgers]], American musician and guitarist\\n* [[September 19]] – [[George\n        Warrington]], president of [[Amtrak]] (1998-2002); executive director of [[NJ\n        Transit]] (2002\\u201307) (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Manuel\n        Zelaya]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Anneliese\n        Michel]], German Roman Catholic believed possessed by demons (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[Bob Goodlatte]], U.S. Congressman from Virginia\\n*\n        [[September 23]]\\n** [[Jim Morrison (baseball)|Jim Morrison]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Peter Schrank]], Political cartoonist\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph Patrick Kennedy II]], politician\\n** [[Mark Sandman]], American rock\n        musician and artist  (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Jimmy Garvin]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Christopher Reeve]], American actor and\n        activist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Predrag Mileti\\u0107]],\n        Serbian actor\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Didier Dubois (mathematician)|Didier\n        Dubois]], French mathematician\\n** [[Katie Fforde]], British writer\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Sylvia Kristel]], Dutch actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Max Sandlin]], American politician\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Jack Wild]], English actor ''''(H.R. Pufnstuf)'''' (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:Konferenz Pakistan und der Westen - Imran Khan (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Imran\n        Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Putin with flag of Russia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vladimir Putin]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff\n        Goldblum by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff Goldblum]]]]\\n* [[October\n        2]]\\n** [[Robin Riker]], American Author and Actress\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**\n        [[Clive Barker]], British author\\n** [[Harold Faltermeyer]], German musician\\n**\n        [[Imran Khan]], Pakistani politician \\n** [[Emomali Rahmon]], President of\n        Tajikistan\\n** [[Duncan Regehr]], Canadian actor\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Mary\n        Badham]], American actress\\n** [[Vladimir Putin]], 2-Time [[President of Russia]]\\n**\n        [[Ludmilla Tourischeva]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Beverly Johnson]],\n        African-American model, actress and businesswoman \\n** [[John Lone]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Kaija Saariaho]], Finnish composer\\n*\n        [[October 14]] \\n** [[Nikolai Andrianov]], Soviet gymnast (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Rick Aviles]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Ron\n        Taylor (actor)|Ron Taylor]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 18]]\n        – [[Chuck Lorre]], American sitcom creator\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Jeff Goldblum]], American actor\\n* [[October 24]] – [[David Weber]],\n        American science fiction and fantasy author\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Andrew\n        Motion]], English poet\\n* [[October 27]] \\n** [[Roberto Benigni]], Italian\n        actor, screenwriter, and film director\\n** [[Francis Fukuyama]], American\n        political scientist\\n** [[Topi Sorsakoski]], Finnish singer\\n* [[October 28]]\n        – [[Annie Potts]], American actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Roseanne\n        Hard Rock Cafe.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roseanne Barr]]]]\\n[[File:Jim_Cummings_January_2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Cummings]]]]\\n[[File:DCIA David Petraeus.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Petraeus]]]]\\n[[File:Shigeru\n        Miyamoto at E3 2013 1 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Shigeru Miyamoto]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 3]]\\n** [[Roseanne Barr]], American actress and comedian\\n** [[Jim\n        Cummings]], American voice actor\\n** [[David Ho (scientist)|David Ho]], Taiwanese-American\n        [[AIDS]] researcher\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Oleh Blokhin]], Ukrainian football\n        player and manager\\n** [[Brian Muehl]], American puppeteer\\n** [[Bill Walton]],\n        American basketball player and commentator\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Michael\n        Cunningham]], American writer\\n* [[November 7]] – [[David Petraeus]],\n        American general\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Jan Raas]], Dutch professional cyclist\\n**\n        [[Alfre Woodard]], African-American actress\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Art\n        Malik]], Pakistani-born British actor\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Bill Farmer]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Randy Savage]], American\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Roger Bisby]],\n        English journalist\\n** [[Shigeru Miyamoto]], Japanese game designer\\n* [[November\n        17]]–  [[Ties Kruize]], Dutch field hockey player\\n* November 18 –\n        [[John Parr]], English singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[November 24]]\n        – [[Ilja Richter]], German actor, voice actor, television presenter,\n        singer and author\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Buddy Rose]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[S. Epatha Merkerson]],\n        African-American actress \\n* [[November 30]] – [[Keith Giffen]], American\n        comic book writer and artist\\n\\n===December ===\\n[[File:Michael Dorn by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Michael Dorn]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah Douglas.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Sarah\n        Douglas]]]]\\n[[File:Allan Simonsen 20121027.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Allan Simonsen]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Peter Kingsbery]], American singer-songwriter ([[Cock\n        Robin (band)|Cock Robin]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Bruno Jonas]], German\n        Kabarett artist and actor\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Chuck Baker]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Nicolas Br\\u00e9hal]], French novelist\n        and literary critic\\n** [[Charles Bronson (prisoner)|Charles Bronson]], English\n        criminal (has been referred to as the \\\"most violent prisoner in Britain\\\")\\n**\n        [[Edward Etzel]], American Olympic Champion\\n** [[Joe Harris (American football)|Joe\n        Harris]], American football linebacker\\n** [[Christian Kulik]], Polish football\n        player\\n** [[Craig Newmark]], American businessman, founded Craigslist\\n**\n        [[Shio Sat\\u014d]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Jeff Schneider]], American\n        Major League Baseball pitcher\\n** [[David L. Spector]], American cell and\n        molecular biologist\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Richard Walsh (actor)|Richard\n        Walsh]], English actor\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Michael Dorn]], African-American\n        actor (''''Star Trek: The Next Generation'''')\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Herb\n        Dhaliwal|Harbance Singh (Herb) Dhaliwal]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Sarah\n        Douglas]], English actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Karl Howman]], English\n        actor\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Julie Taymor]], American film, theater, and\n        opera director and costume designer\\n** [[Hwang Woo-suk]], South Korean [[biomedical\n        scientist]]\\n** [[Allan Simonsen]], Danish footballer and coach\\n* [[December\n        16]] – [[Joel Garner]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[December 20]] –\n        [[Jenny Agutter]], English actress\\n* [[December 26]] \\n** [[Jon Glover]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Riki Sorsa]], Finnish singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Jay Hill]], Canadian politician\\n** [[David Knopfler]], British\n        musician\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Arun Jaitley]], Indian politician\\n** [[Hemant\n        Shesh]], Indian Hindi Writer\\n* [[December 29]] – [[K\\u00fclliki Saldre]],\n        Estonian actress \\n* [[December 30]] – [[June Anderson]], American soprano\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Antonia\n        maury.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Antonia Maury]]]]\\n[[File:Curlydisorder.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Curly\n        Howard]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Henri Albert Hartmann]], French surgeon\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Gustave Francq]], Canadian typographer\n        and trade unionist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Constant Permeke]],\n        Belgian painter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Hristo Tatarchev]],\n        Bulgarian revolutionary (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Sofoklis\n        Dousmanis]], Greek naval officer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Antonia\n        Maury]], American astronomer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Andrea\n        Cassulo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and missionary (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]]\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Stempowski]], Polish politician (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]], French general, posthumous [[Marshal of France]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Almas Ildyrym]], Soviet poet (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Paolo Grilli]], Italian sculptor and\n        painter (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Curly Howard]], American\n        actor and comedian (''''The Three Stooges'''') (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Archduke Maximilian Eugen of Austria]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Andr\\u00e9s Luna de San Pedro]], Filipino architect (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Duke York]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] \\n** [[Sveinn Bj\\u00f6rnsson]], 1st President of Iceland (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Gagnepain]], French botanist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Polly Moran]],\n        American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Zubeida Begum]], Indian\n        actress (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Cheron (actor)|Andr\\u00e9 Cheron]],\n        American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Fannie Ward]], American\n        actress (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Nicolae Constantin Batzaria]],\n        Ottoman statesman, Romanian writer (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[Image:King\n        George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg|thumb|120px|King\n        [[George VI]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] \\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Guilherme Fischer]], Brazilian\n        diplomat and scientist (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Charles de Rochefort]], French\n        actor (b. [[1879]])\\n** Patriarch [[Callistratus of Georgia]] (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Harold L. Ickes]], United States Secretary of the\n        Interior (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Federico Henr\\u00edquez\n        y Carvajal]], Dominican writer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[February 6]] – King\n        [[George VI|George VI of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** [[Sebasti\\u00e3o da Gama]], Portuguese poet (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Philip\n        G. Epstein]], American screenwriter (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Pete Henry]], American\n        football player ([[Canton Bulldogs]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall\n        of Fame]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Arthur Hayes-Sadler]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Matija Murko]],\n        Yugoslav scholar (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Molly Malone (actress)|Molly\n        Malone]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[John Sheehan (actor)|John Sheehan]],\n        American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Enzo de Muro Lomanto]],\n        Italian tenor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Edvige Carboni]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman, mystic and venerable (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]]\\n** [[Lawrence Grant]], British actor (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Knut\n        Hamsun]], Norwegian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Francis Xavier Ford]], American\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop, missionary, servant of God and reverend (b.  [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] – [[Tadeusz Vetulani]], Polish agriculturalist (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** [[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]], Greek\n        general and politician, [[List of heads of state of Greece|President of Greece]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Josef Thorak]], Austrian-born German sculptor (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Helena Concannon]], Irish historian, writer, scholar\n        and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Quo Tai-chi]], Chinese\n        diplomat (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:AndriesPieters.gif|thumb|120px|right|[[Andries\n        Jan Pieters]]]]\\n[[File:Official Photographic Portrait of Don Stephen Senanayaka\n        (1884-1952).jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Don Stephen Senanayake]]]]\\n[[File:Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg|thumb|120px|right|King\n        [[Jigme Wangchuck]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** [[Masao Kume]], Japanese playwright,\n        novelist and poet (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Gregory La Cava]], American film director\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Antonieta de Barros]], Brazilian journalist\n        and politician (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Charles Scott Sherrington]],\n        British physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], Indian\n        guru (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Alexandra Kollontai]], Russian\n        revolutionary (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 12]] \\n** [[Hugh Herbert]], American\n        actor and comedian (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Duke Siegfried August in Bavaria]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[V\\u00f5 Th\\u1ecb S\\u00e1u]], Vietnamese\n        schoolgirl (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Isaak Mazepa]], Soviet\n        politician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Robert Gu\\u00e9rin]], French\n        administrator, 1st [[President of FIFA]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Andries Jan Pieters]], Dutch criminal (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Uncle Dave Macon]], American musician (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Don Stephen Senanayake]],\n        1st [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister of Ceylon]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[J. P. McGowan|J.P. McGowan]], Australian actor and\n        director (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 28]] – Sir [[Fraser Russell]], Governor\n        of Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 30]] – Sir [[Jigme Wangchuck]],\n        [[King of Bhutan]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Walter Schellenberg]],\n        German Nazi intelligence official (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Roland West]], American\n        film director (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Wallace H. White, Jr.]], U.S. Senator from\n        Maine (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Ferenc Moln\\u00e1r]],\n        Hungarian novelist and dramatist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[Antonio\n        Cortis]], Spanish tenor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Julio Enrique Moreno]], acting\n        [[President of Ecuador]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Miina Sillanp\\u00e4\\u00e4]],\n        Finnish politician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Charles Collett]],\n        British chief mechanical engineer (''''[[Great Western Railway]]'''') (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Tadeusz Estreicher]], Polish cryogenics\n        pioneer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Frederic Austin]], British\n        teacher and composer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\n** [[Bruno Barilli]],\n        Italian actor and composer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Viktor Chernov]], Russian revolutionary,\n        leader of the [[Socialist Revolutionary Party|Russian Socialist Revolutionary\n        Party]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Leslie Banks]], British actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** Sir [[Stafford Cripps]], British Labour politician, former\n        [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Nikolai\n        Alekseev (Catholic priest)|Nikolai Alekseev]], Soviet-born Greek [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priest and saint (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Julius Freed]],\n        American inventor and banker (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Guido\n        Castelnuovo]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Manuel Portela Valladares]], Spanish political figure (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April\n        30]] – [[Shigenori Kuroda]], Japanese general (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Matrona\n        Moskovskaya.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Matrona Nikonova]]]]\\n[[File:Maria\n        Montessori1913.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Maria Montessori]]]]\\n[[File:Juan Bautista\n        P\\u00e9rez.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Juan Bautista P\\u00e9rez]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\n        \\n** [[Lagertha Broch]], Norwegian illustrator (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Matrona\n        Nikonova]], Soviet [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] nun and saint (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Juan Carlos Blanco Acevedo]], Uruguayan politician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Alberto Savinio]], Italian writer (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Maria Montessori]], Italian educator (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Juan Bautista P\\u00e9rez]], Venezuelan lawyer,\n        magistrate and politician, 43rd [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[William Fox (producer)|William Fox]], Austro-Hungarian-born\n        film producer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Canada Lee]], American\n        actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\n** [[Clark L. Hull]], American psychologist\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Gino Boccasile]], Italian illustrator (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Giovanni Tebaldini]], Italian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] \\n** [[Albert Bassermann]], German actor (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Tadeusz\n        Breyer]], Polish sculptor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Italo Montemezzi]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Antonio Correa Cotto]], Puerto\n        Rican outlaw (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Masakazu Nakai]], Japanese\n        aesthetician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Luigi Fabris]], Italian sculptor\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Bangalore Nagarathnamma]], Indian singer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[John Garfield]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May\n        22]] – [[Peter Ermakov]], Russian [[Bolshevik]] leader (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Georg Schumann (composer)|Georg Schumann]], German composer\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko]], Soviet\n        army officer (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:ArchbishopThomasWalsh.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Thomas\n        Walsh (archbishop of Newark)|Thomas Walsh]]]]\\n[[File:Sergei merkurov.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Sergei\n        Merkurov]]]]\\n[[File:Felix-Louis Calonder.gif|thumb|100px|right|[[Felix Calonder]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]]\\n** [[John Dewey]], American philosopher (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Malcolm\n        St. Clair (filmmaker)|Malcolm St. Clair]], American filmmaker (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Naum Torbov]], Bulgarian architect (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Thomas Walsh (archbishop of Newark)|Thomas Walsh]], American\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and reverend (b.  [[1873]])\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[Sergey Merkurov]], Soviet sculptor (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix\n        P\\u00e9rez Cardozo]], Paraguayan musician (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Luigi Puccianti]],\n        Italian physicist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\n** [[Hilda Hongell]], Finnish\n        architect (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Frances Theodora Parsons]], American naturalist\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Genovevo de la O]], Mexican revolutionary\n        leader (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Emma Eames]], American soprano\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Felix Calonder]], Swiss politician,\n        36th [[President of Switzerland]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Zofia\n        Kirkor-Kiedroniowa]], Polish activist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Krystyna\n        Skarbek]] (aka Christine Granville), Polish-born British SOE operative during\n        World War II (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Jack Parsons (rocket engineer)|Jack Parsons]],\n        American rocket engineer (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Heinrich Schlusnus]],\n        German baritone (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Theodor Becker (actor)|Theodor\n        Becker]], German actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Elmo Lincoln]],\n        American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Eugenio de Liguoro]],\n        Italian actor and director (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pedro Lascurain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Lascurain]]]]\\n[[Image:Evita color.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eva Per\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:Guillermo\n        Tritschler y C\\u00f3rdova.JPG|thumb|110px|Reverend and Servant of God [[Guillermo\n        Tritschler y C\\u00f3rdova]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Ciro Grassi]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Walter Long (actor)|Walter\n        Long]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Alison Skipworth]],\n        British actress (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Rued Langgaard]], Danish\n        composer and organist (b. [[1893]]) \\n* [[July 20]] – [[Isabelle LaMal]],\n        American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Catherine Chisholm]],\n        British physician (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Pedro Lascur\\u00e1in]], Mexican diplomat,\n        34th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Harry Carter\n        (actor)|Harry Carter]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Antonio Mar\\u00eda\n        Valencia]], Colombian composer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Henry\n        Hallett]], British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Edward Ellis\n        (actor)|Edward Ellis]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]],\n        Argentine political leader, and First Lady to and partner in power of President\n        [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]] (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Guillermo Tritschler\n        y C\\u00f3rdova]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] prelate, reverend and servant\n        of God (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\n** [[Waldemar Bonsels]], German writer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Takashi Hishikari]], Japanese general (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Padre\n        Hurtado junto a j\\u00f3venes cat\\u00f3licos (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alberto\n        Hurtado]]]]\\n[[File:Hiranuma Kiichiro.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kiichiro Hiranuma|Hiranuma\n        Kiichiro]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Andrew Higgins]], American boatbuilder\n        and industrialist. (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 2]] \\n**[[Charles K. French]],\n        American actor, film director, and screenwriter (b. [[1860]])\\n**[[J. Farrell\n        MacDonald]], American actor and director (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        [[Sameera Moussa]], Egyptian nuclear scientist (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 6]]\n        – [[Francis Pegahmagabow]], Canadian mlitary officer (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[August 11]] \\n** [[Riccardo Martin]], American tenor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Dave\n        Sands]], Australian boxer (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Peretz\n        Markish]], Soviet-born Israeli poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Armida Barelli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and venerable (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\n** [[Alberto Hurtado]], Chilean [[Jesuit]] priest\n        and saint (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Ralph Byrd]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – [[Kiichiro Hiranuma|Hiranuma Kiichir\\u014d]], Japanese\n        politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[August 23]]\n        – [[Henri Couti\\u00e8re]], French zoologist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Giovanni Cazzani]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and\n        servant of God (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Euphrasia Eluvathingal]],\n        Indian [[Carmelite]] nun and saint (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Anton Pi\\u00ebch]],\n        Austrian lawyer, son-in-law of Ferdinand Porsche (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Arky Vaughan]], American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[Henri Bourassa]], Canadian political leader and publisher (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jos\\u00e9\n        Vicente de Freitas.JPG|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Jos\\u00e9 Vicente de Freitas]]]]\\n[[File:Kaarlo\n        Juho St%C3%A5hlberg.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Kaarlo Juho St\\u00e5hlberg]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 4]] \\n** [[Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes]], Indonesian doctor (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Wegrzyn]], Polish actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Fernando Luis Garc\\u00eda]], American mariner (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Vicente de Freitas]], Portuguese\n        military officer and politician, 97th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1869]])\\n**\n        [[Gertrude Lawrence]], English actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 7]] –\n        [[Maria Shkapskaya]], Soviet poet (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Lizinka\n        Dyrssen]], Swedish activist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Jonas H. Ingram]], American\n        admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Hermann Hummel]], German\n        chemist and politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Hugo Raudsepp]],\n        Estonian playwright (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Maria Matos]],\n        Portuguese actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Kaarlo Juho\n        St\\u00e5hlberg]], Finnish jurist and academic, 1st [[President of Finland]]\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Ray Mala]], American actor (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Eiichi Sugimoto]], Japanese economist\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[George Santayana]], Spanish writer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor|Viscount\n        Waldorf Astor]], American businessman and politician (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Gral.\n        Arturo Rawson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Arturo Rawson]]]]\\n[[File:WP Ernst Streeruwitz.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ernst\n        Streeruwitz]]]]\\n[[File:Hughes15-16.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Billy Hughes]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Zavel Kwartin]], Soviet-born Israeli composer (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Keith Murdoch]], Australian journalist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Arturo Rawson]], Argentine military\n        officer and politician, 26th [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Jack Conway (filmmaker)|Jack Conway]], American film producer\n        and director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Julia Dean (actress,\n        born 1878)|Julia Dean]], American stage and screen actress (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] \\n**[[Edward S. Curtis]], American photographer, ethnologist,\n        and film director (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Huang Jiguang]], Chinese soldier (b.\n        [[1931]])\\n** [[Ernst Streeruwitz]], Austrian, businessman and politician,\n        6th [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Basil\n        Radford]], British actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Leonardo\n        Ruiz Pineda]], Venezuela lawyer and politician (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Ernst R\\u00fcdin]], Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Susan Peters]], American actress\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Frederick Jacobi]], American composer\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Sergei Bortkiewicz]], Soviet [[Romantic\n        music|Romantic]] composer and pianist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Hattie McDaniel]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Ludwig Fahrenkrog]], German writer, playwright and artist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Billy Hughes]], Australian politician, 7th [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]], leader of [[World War I]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Henri Rouvi\\u00e8re]], French professor (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Flickr\n        - Government Press Office (GPO) - President Chaim Weizmann.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chaim\n        Weizmann]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Dixie Lee]], American singer (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[Mehmet Esat B\\u00fclkat]], Ottoman general\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Henry Edwards (actor)|Henry Edwards]], British actor (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Louis Verneuil]], French playwright\n        and screenwriter (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Charles de Chambrun\n        (1875\\u20131952)|Charles de Chambrun]], French diplomat and writer (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Harold Innis]], Canadian communications scholar (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Prosser]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Chaim\n        Weizmann]], Jewish biochemist, Zionist leader and Israeli statesman, 1st [[President\n        of Israel]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[John Roche (actor)|John\n        Roche]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Eugene Bossilkov]],\n        Bulgarian [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Josaphat Chichkov]], Bulgarian [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and blessed (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Kamen Vitchev]], Bulgarian [[Orthodox priest|Orthodox]] and\n        [[Assumptionist]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        \\n** [[Vasyl Krychevsky]], Soviet painter (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Vincent Scotto]],\n        French composer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Paul \\u00c9luard|Paul\n        Eluard]], French poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Benedetto\n        Croce]], Italian critic, philosopher, and politician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[Henriette Roland Holst]], Dutch poet and socialist (b. [[1869]])\\n**\n        [[William D. Upshaw]], [[American temperance movement]] leader (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Antonio Guarnieri]], Italian conductor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Sven Hedin]], Swedish explorer, geographer and geopolitician\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Carlo Lazzarini]], Australian politician (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Zhou Xuechang]], Chinese politician (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Elena of Montenegro]], Queen of Italy, consort of\n        [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November\n        29]]\\n** [[Vladimir Ipatieff]], Soviet chemist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Vida Milholland]],\n        American activist (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:VittorioEmanuelleOrlando28379v.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Vittorio\n        Emanuele Orlando]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]],\n        Italian statesman, 23rd [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Miguel Os\\u00f3rio de Almeida]], Brazilian physician and scientist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Vladim\\u00edr Clementis]], Czechoslovak\n        minister, politician, publicist, literary critic and author (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] \\n** [[Giuseppe Antonio Borgese]], Italian writer and journalist\n        (b.  [[1882]])\\n** [[Karen Horney]], German psychoanalyst (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] \\n** [[Andrey Aleksandrovich Gershun]], Soviet physicist (b.\n        [[1903]])\\n** [[Louis Lapicque]], French neuroscientist (b. [[1866]])\\n**\n        [[Dumitru Popovici]], Romanian hisrorian (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Charles Lightoller]], British merchant marine officer, second officer of\n        [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n**\n        [[Erika Aittamaa]], Swedish artisan (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Billy Cook (criminal)|Billy\n        Cook]], American criminal (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Bed\\u0159ich Hrozn\\u00fd|Bedrich\n        Hrozn\\u00fd]], Czech orientalist and linguist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December\n        14]]\\n** [[Teixeira de Pascoaes]], Portuguese poet, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature]] (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Fartein Valen]], Norwegian composer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\n** [[Goscombe John]], British sculptor\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Emmanuel Boleslaus Ledvina]], American [[Roman Catholic]]\n        prelate, bishop and reverend (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Leonid\n        Yachenin]], Soviet politician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\n** [[Garimella\n        Satyanarayana]], Indian poet (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Ernst Stromer]], German paleontologist\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Pehr G. Holmes]], American politician\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\n** [[Bernardino Molinari]], Italian conductor\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Herman S\\u00f6rgel]], German architect (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Lyn Harding]], British actor (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Henri Winkelman]], Dutch general (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December\n        28]]\\n** [[Carlo Agostini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], Queen consort of\n        [[Christian X of Denmark]] (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Fletcher Henderson]], American\n        musician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Luke McNamee]], American admiral\n        and [[Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Gabriel Skagestad]], Norwegian\n        theologian, [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop and reverend (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Felix Bloch]], [[Edward Mills Purcell]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Archer John Porter Martin]], [[Richard Laurence Millington Synge]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Selman Waksman|Selman\n        Abraham Waksman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Mauriac]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Albert Schweitzer]]\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1952}}\\n[[Category:1952| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap\n        years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:26:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":799144411,\"length\":69339,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1952&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952\"},\"34865\":{\"pageid\":34865,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1953\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T04:06:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events by month|1953}}\\n{{Year nav|1953}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1953}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main|January\n        1953}}\\n[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|34th\n        President Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Samuel Beckett]]''s\n        play ''''[[Waiting for Godot]]'''' has its first public stage premi\\u00e8re\n        in French as ''''En attendant Godot'''' at the Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre de Babylone\n        in Paris.\\n* [[January 6]] – The [[Asian Socialist Conference]] opens\n        in [[Rangoon]], [[Burma]].\\n* [[January 7]] – United States President\n        [[Harry S. Truman]] announces the United States has developed a [[hydrogen\n        bomb]].\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Estonia]]n [[\\u00e9migr\\u00e9]]s found\n        a [[Estonian government-in-exile|government-in-exile]] in [[Oslo]].\\n* [[January\n        13]] – \\\"[[Doctors'' plot]]\\\": The state newspaper ''''[[Pravda]]''''\n        publishes an article alleging that many of the most prestigious physicians\n        in the [[Soviet Union]], mostly Jews, are part of a major plot to poison the\n        country''s senior political and military leaders.\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** Marshal\n        [[Josip Broz Tito]] is chosen President of [[Socialist Federal Republic of\n        Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n** The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-sponsored\n        [[Robertson Panel]] first meets to discuss the [[UFO]] phenomenon.\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Georg Dertinger]], foreign minister of [[East Germany]], is\n        arrested for spying.\\n* [[January 19]] – 71.1% of all television sets\n        in the United States are tuned into ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' to watch Lucy\n        give birth to Little Ricky, which is more people than those who tuned into\n        Dwight Eisenhower''s inauguration the next day. This record has yet to be\n        broken.\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is [[First inauguration\n        of Dwight D. Eisenhower|sworn in]] as the 34th President of the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – ''''[[The Crucible]]'''', a drama by [[Arthur Miller]],\n        opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Mau Mau Uprising]]:\n        Rebels in [[Kenya]] kill the Ruck family (father, mother, and six-year-old\n        son).\\n** [[Walter Ulbricht]] announces that agriculture will be [[collectivization|collectivized]]\n        in [[East Germany]].\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Derek Bentley]] is executed\n        for murder at [[HM Prison Wandsworth|Wandsworth Prison]] in London.\\n* [[January\n        31]]\\u2013[[February 1]] – The [[North Sea flood of 1953]] kills 1,836\n        people in the southwestern Netherlands (especially [[Zeeland]]), 307 in the\n        United Kingdom{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John\n        Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}{{cite book|title=The great\n        tide: The story of the 1953 flood disaster in Essex|last=Grieve|first=Hilda|year=1959|publisher=Essex\n        County Council}} and several hundred at sea, including 133 on the ferry\n        {{MV|Princess Victoria}} in the [[Irish Sea]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main|February\n        1953}}\\n* [[February 1]] – The surge of the [[North Sea flood of 1953|North\n        Sea flood]] continues from the previous day.\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Batep\\u00e1\n        massacre]]: Hundreds of native [[Creole peoples#Former Spanish colonies|creole]]s\n        known as ''''forros'''' are massacred in [[S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 Island|S\\u00e3o\n        Tom\\u00e9]] by the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners.\\n* [[February\n        5]] – Walt Disney''s feature film ''''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter\n        Pan]]'''' premieres.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        refuses a clemency appeal for [[Ethel and Julius Rosenberg]].\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] breaks diplomatic relations with [[Israel]] after a bomb explosion\n        at the Soviet embassy in reaction to the ''[[Doctors'' plot]]''.\\n* [[February\n        12]] – The [[Nordic Council]] is inaugurated.\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        [[Transsexual]] [[Christine Jorgensen]] returns to New York after successful\n        [[sex reassignment surgery]] in Denmark.\\n* [[February 16]] – The [[Pakistan\n        Academy of Sciences]] is established in [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] approves the first literature censorship\n        board in the United States.\\n* [[February 21]] – Nitroform Products\n        Company plant in Newark, New Jersey, is destroyed by an explosion.Mahoney\n        vs Nitroform Co., 114 A.2d 863 (NJ Appellate Div 1955).\\n* [[February\n        25]] – Release, in France, of [[Jacques Tati]]''s film ''''[[Les Vacances\n        de M. Hulot]]'''', introducing the ''''gauche'''' character of Monsieur Hulot.\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[James Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] of the [[University\n        of Cambridge]] announce their discovery of the structure of the [[DNA]] molecule.\\n**\n        Greece, [[Turkey]], and [[Yugoslavia]] sign the [[Balkan Pact (1953)|Balkan\n        Pact]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main|March 1953}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Joseph Stalin]]\n        suffers a [[stroke]] after an all-night dinner with [[Soviet Union]] interior\n        minister [[Lavrentiy Beria]] and future premiers [[Georgi Malenkov]], [[Nikolai\n        Bulganin]], and [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. The stroke paralyzes the right side\n        of his body and renders him unconscious until his death on [[March 5]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0304/post-stalin.html|title=The Death\n        of Stalin|first=Donna|last=Urschel|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2010-08-09}}\\n**\n        [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg]] is made deputy constable and lieutenant\n        governor of [[Windsor Castle]].\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Georgy Maksimilianovich\n        Malenkov]] succeeds [[Joseph Stalin]] as [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]]\n        and First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[March\n        8]] – The [[Thief in law|Thieves World]], which had been transformed\n        into the [[Russian mafia]], are freed from prisons by the Malenkov regime\n        which ends the [[Bitch Wars]]. \\n* [[March 13]] – The [[United Nations\n        Security Council]] nominates [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]] from [[Sweden]] as\n        [[United Nations Secretary General]].\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        is selected First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – The first [[nuclear test]] of [[Operation Upshot\\u2013Knothole]] is\n        conducted in [[Nevada]], with 1,620 spectators at {{convert|3.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – An earthquake hits western [[Turkey]], killing 250.\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – The [[25th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held (the first\n        one broadcast on television).\\n* [[March 25]]\\u2013[[March 26|26]] –\n        ''''Lari Massacre'''' in [[Kenya]]: [[Mau Mau]] rebels kill up to 150 [[Kikuyu\n        people|Kikuyu]] natives.\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Jonas Salk]] announces\n        his [[polio vaccine]].\\n* [[March 29]] – A fire at the Littlefield Nursing\n        Home in [[Largo, Florida]], kills 33 persons, including singer-songwriter\n        [[Arthur Fields]].\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main|April 1953}}\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]] is elected [[United Nations Secretary-General]].\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Jomo Kenyatta]] is sentenced to seven years in prison\n        for the alleged organization of the [[Mau Mau Uprising]].\\n* [[April 10]]\n        – The [[Melbourne Knights]] is founded as Croatia SC in [[Melbourne]].\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Ian Fleming]] publishes his first [[James Bond]] novel,\n        ''''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'''', in the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        The German football team SG [[Dynamo Dresden]] is founded.\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        President Eisenhower delivers his \\\"Chance for Peace\\\" speech to the National\n        Association of Newspaper Editors.{{cite web|url=http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/speeches/19530416%20Chance%20for%20Peace.htm\n        |title=Chance for Peace Speech |date=April 16, 1953 |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower\n        Memorial Commission |accessdate=9 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122085615/http://eisenhowermemorial.org/speeches/19530416%20Chance%20for%20Peace.htm\n        |archivedate=November 22, 2010 |df= }}\\n** A four-story building in\n        Chicago belonging to the Habar Corporation catches fire, killing 35 employees.\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Mickey Mantle]] hits a 565-foot (172 m) home run at\n        [[Griffith Stadium]] in Washington, D.C.  Mantle''s home run is believed to\n        be the longest home run in baseball history by many historians.\\n* [[April\n        20]] – [[Frank Sinatra]] and the arranger [[Nelson Riddle]] began their\n        first recording sessions together at [[Capitol Records]], which would result\n        in some of the defining recordings of Sinatra''s career.\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Francis Crick]] and [[James Watson]] publish \\\"[[Molecular Structure of\n        Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid]]\\\", their description\n        of the [[double helix]] structure of [[DNA]].{{cite journal|last1=Watson|first1=J.\n        D.|last2=Crick|first2=F. H. C.|year=1953|url=http://www.nature.com/genomics/human/watson-crick/index.html|title=Molecular\n        structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid|volume=171|pages=737\\u2013738|publisher=[[Nature\n        (journal)|Nature]]|accessdate=9 August 2010}}\\n\\n===May===\\n\\n[[File:Sagarmatha ck Oct18 2002.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Mount Everest]].]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]] is crowned [[King of Jordan]].\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Aldous Huxley]] first tries the [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelic]]\n        [[hallucinogen]], [[mescaline]], inspiring his book ''''[[The Doors of Perception]]''''.\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – France agrees to the provisional independence of [[Cambodia]]\n        with King [[Norodom Sihanouk]].\\n* [[May 10]] – The town of [[Chemnitz]]\n        in [[East Germany]] becomes ''''Karl Marx Stadt''''.\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        The [[1953 Waco tornado outbreak|Waco tornado outbreak]]: A [[Fujita scale|F5]]\n        tornado hits in the downtown section of [[Waco, Texas]], killing 114.\\n* [[May\n        15]] – The [[Standards And Recommended Practices]] (SARPS) for [[Aeronautical\n        Information Service]] (AIS) were adopted by the [[ICAO]] Council. These SARPS\n        are in [[Annex 15]] to the [[Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation|Chicago\n        Convention]] and 15 May is celebrated by the AIS community as \\u201cWorld\n        AIS Day\\u201d.\\n* [[May 18]] – At [[Rogers Dry Lake]], Californian [[Jacqueline\n        Cochran|Jackie Cochran]] becomes the first woman to break the [[sound barrier]]\n        (in a [[F-86|F-86 Sabrejet]] at an average speed of 652.337 miles-per-hour).\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Nuclear testing]]: At the [[Nevada Test Site]], the United\n        States conducts its only [[nuclear artillery]] test: [[Upshot-Knothole Grable]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – Sir [[Edmund Hillary]] from [[New Zealand]] and [[Tenzing\n        Norgay]] from [[Nepal]] become the first men to [[1953 British Mount Everest\n        expedition|reach the summit]] of [[Mount Everest]].\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg NYWTS.jpg|thumb|180px| [[June 19]]: Execution of [[Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg]].]]\\n{{Main|June 1953}}\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Uprising\n        in Plze\\u0148 (1953)|Uprising in Plze\\u0148]]: [[Currency]] reform causes\n        riots in [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Coronation of Queen Elizabeth\n        II]] of the United Kingdom at [[Westminster Abbey]].\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Italian general election, 1953|Italian general election]]: the [[Christian\n        Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] party wins a plurality in both legislative\n        houses.\\n* [[June 7]]-[[June 9|9]] – [[Flint\\u2013Worcester tornado\n        outbreak sequence]]: A single storm-system spawns 46 [[tornado]]es of various\n        sizes, in ten states from Colorado to Massachusetts, over three days, killing\n        246.\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** On second day of Flint\\u2013Worcester tornado outbreak\n        sequence, a tornado kills 115 in [[Flint, Michigan]]; it will be the last\n        to claim more than 100 lives until the [[2011 Joplin tornado]].\\n** Austria\n        and the [[Soviet Union]] open [[diplomatic relations]].\\n**[[Ivo Sanader]],\n        the \\\"\\u010ca\\u0107a\\\", was born.\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** On third day of Flint\\u2013Worcester\n        tornado outbreak sequence, a tornado spawned from the same storm system as\n        the Flint tornado the day before hits in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], killing\n        94.\\n** [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[Technical Services Staff]] head\n        [[Sidney Gottlieb]] approves of the use of [[LSD]] in a [[MKUltra]] subproject.\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – Hungarian Prime Minister [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s R\\u00e1kosi]]\n        is replaced by [[Imre Nagy]].\\n* [[June 16]] – The [[Soviet Union]]\n        and [[Yugoslavia]] open [[diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Uprising\n        of 1953 in East Germany|Workers'' Uprising in East Germany]]: The [[Soviet\n        Union]] orders a [[Division (military)|division]] of troops into [[East Berlin]]\n        to quell a [[rebellion]].\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Egypt]] declares itself a [[republic]].\\n**\n        [[Tachikawa air disaster]]: A [[United States Air Force]] [[Douglas C-124\n        Globemaster II]] crashes just after takeoff from [[Tachikawa Airfield]] near\n        Tokyo, Japan, killing all 129 people on board in the worst air crash in history\n        up to this time, and the first with a confirmed death toll exceeding 100.\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] are executed at [[Sing Sing\n        Prison]] in  New York, for conspiracy to commit [[espionage]].\\n** [[Baton\n        Rouge bus boycott]] begins.\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** The first [[Chevrolet Corvette]]\n        is built at Flint, Michigan.\\n** First [[roll-on/roll-off]] ferry crossing\n        of the [[English Channel]], [[Dover]]–[[Boulogne]].{{cite web|title=''''Dinard''''\n        – ''''Viking''''|url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/BR_Dinard.html|work=Simplon\n        Postcards: The Passenger Ship Website|year=2005|accessdate=2012-10-22}}\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main|July\n        1953}}\\n* [[July 3]] – [[First ascent]] of [[Nanga Parbat]] in the Pakistan\n        [[Himalayas]], the world''s [[List of highest mountains|ninth highest mountain]],\n        is made by Austrian climber [[Hermann Buhl]] alone.\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Strike action|Strikes]] and [[riot]]s hit [[coal mining]] regions in Poland.\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – The [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) holds its first\n        assembly in [[Strasbourg]], France.{{dubious|reason=The EEC was founded in\n        1957. Maybe it was the ECSC in 1953?|European Economic Community|date=February\n        2014}}\\n* [[July 9]] – The US Treasury formally renames the Bureau of\n        Internal Revenue; the new name (which had previously been used informally)\n        is the [[Internal Revenue Service]].\\n* [[July 10]] – The Soviet official\n        newspaper ''''[[Pravda]]'''' announces that [[Lavrentiy Beria]] has been deposed\n        as head of the [[NKVD]].\\n* [[July 17]] – The greatest recorded loss\n        of United States [[midshipmen]] in a single event results from an [[USMC R4Q\n        NROTC crash|aircraft crash]] near [[NAS Whiting Field]].{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=8407175|title=HISTORIC\n        AIRCRAFT: THE FLYING BOXCAR|publisher=eLIBRARY.RU|accessdate=2012-01-19}}\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Howard Hawks]]''s [[musical film]] ''''[[Gentlemen Prefer\n        Blondes (1953 film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'''', starring [[Marilyn Monroe]]\n        and [[Jane Russell]], is released by [[20th Century Fox]].\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Fidel Castro]] and his brother lead a disastrous assault on the [[Moncada\n        Barracks]], preliminary to the [[Cuban Revolution]].\\n** The [[Short Creek\n        raid]] is carried out on a polygynous [[Mormon]] sect in [[Arizona]].\\n* [[July\n        27]] – The [[Korean War]] ends with the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]]:\n        [[United Nations Command (Korea)]] (United States), People''s Republic of\n        China, [[North Korea]] sign an [[armistice]] agreement at [[Panmunjom]] and\n        the north remains [[Communism|communist]] while the [[South Korea|south]]\n        remains [[Capitalism|capitalist]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main|August 1953}}\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Operation Big Switch]]: [[Prisoners of war]] are repatriated\n        after the [[Korean War]].\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** Soviet prime minister [[Georgi\n        Malenkov]] announces that the [[Soviet Union]] has a [[hydrogen bomb]].\\n**\n        [[London Agreement on German External Debts]] concluded, cancelling 50% of\n        repayable war debt by the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] to\n        its creditors.\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** The [[1953 Ionian earthquake]] of magnitude\n        7.2 totally devastates [[Cephalonia]] and most of the other [[Ionian Islands]]\n        in Greece''s worst natural disaster in centuries.\\n** [[Soviet atomic bomb\n        project]]: \\\"[[Joe 4]]\\\" – The first Soviet [[thermonuclear weapon]]\n        is detonated at [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]], [[Kazakh SSR]].\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – Four million workers go on strike in France to protest against [[austerity]]\n        measures.\\n* [[August 17]] – The first planning session of [[Narcotics\n        Anonymous]] is held in Southern [[California]] (see [[October 5]]).\\n* [[August\n        18]] – The second of the [[Kinsey Reports]], ''''[[Sexual Behavior in\n        the Human Female]]'''', is published in the United States.\\n* [[August 19]]\n        – [[Cold War]]: The [[CIA]] helps to overthrow the government of [[Mohammad\n        Mosaddegh]] in [[Iran]], and retain [[Shah]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] on\n        the throne (''''see'''' [[1953 Iranian coup d''\\u00e9tat|Operation Ajax]]).\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** The French government ousts King [[Mohammed V of Morocco]]\n        and exiles him to [[Corsica]].\\n** The United States returns to West Germany\n        382 ships it had captured during World War II.\\n* [[August 25]] – The\n        [[general strike]] ends in France.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main|September 1953}}\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – The discovery of [[REM sleep]] is first published\n        by researchers [[Eugene Aserinsky]] and [[Nathaniel Kleitman]].\\n* [[September\n        5]] – The [[United Nations]] rejects the [[Soviet Union]]''s suggestion\n        to accept China as a member.\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        becomes head of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Central Committee.\\n* [[September\n        12]] – U.S. Senator [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] marries [[Jacqueline\n        Lee Bouvier]] at St. Mary''s Church in Newport, Rhode Island.\\n* [[September\n        25]] – The first German [[prisoners of war]] return from the [[Soviet\n        Union]] to West Germany.\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Rationing]] of [[sugarcane|cane\n        sugar]] ends in the UK.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main|October 1953}}\\n* October\n        – The [[UNIVAC 1103]] is the first commercial computer to use [[random-access\n        memory]].{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Earl\n        Warren]] is appointed [[Chief Justice of the United States]] by U.S. president\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].\\n** The first meeting of [[Narcotics Anonymous]]\n        is held (the first planning session was held August 17).\\n* [[October 6]]\n        – [[UNICEF]], the United Nations Children''s Fund, is made a permanent\n        specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[West\n        German federal election, 1953]]: [[Konrad Adenauer]] is re-elected as German\n        chancellor.\\n** The [[British Guiana]] constitution is suspended.\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Roland (Monty) Burton]] wins the [[1953 London to Christchurch\n        air race]] in under 23 hours flying time.\\n** The [[Mutual Defense Treaty\n        Between the United States and the Republic of Korea]] is concluded in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[October 12]] – The play ''''[[The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial]]''''\n        opens at [[Plymouth Theatre]], New York.\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Kingdom\n        of Laos|Laos]] becomes independent from France.\\n* [[October 23]] –  [[Alto\n        Broadcasting System]] in the [[Philippines]] makes the first television broadcast\n        in [[southeast Asia]] through [[DZAQ-TV]]. Alto Broadcasting System is the\n        predecessor of what will later become [[ABS-CBN Corporation]].\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Cold War]]: U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] formally\n        approves the top secret document of the [[United States National Security\n        Council]] [[NSC 162/2]], which states that the United States'' arsenal of\n        [[nuclear weapon]]s must be maintained and expanded to counter the [[Communism|communist]]\n        threat.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main|November 1953}}\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        [[David Ben-Gurion]] resigns as [[prime minister]] of [[Israel]].\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953\\u201370)|Cambodia]] becomes independent\n        from France.\\n** The [[Laotian Civil War]] begins between the [[Kingdom of\n        Laos]] and the [[Pathet Lao]], all the while resuming the [[First Indochina\n        War]] against the [[French Army]] in a [[Two-front war]].\\n** Saudi King Abdul\n        Aziz al-Saud died.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** The [[Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket]],\n        piloted by [[Scott Crossfield]], becomes the first manned aircraft to reach\n        [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.\\n** Authorities at the [[Natural History Museum, London]]\n        announce that the [[human skull|skull]] of [[Piltdown Man]] (allegedly an\n        [[early human]] discovered in [[1912]]) is a [[hoax]].{{cite journal|title=The\n        Solution of the Piltdown Problem|author1=Weiner, J. S.|author2=[[Kenneth Oakley|Oakley,\n        K. P.]]|author3=[[Wilfrid Le Gros Clark|Le Gros Clark, W. E.]]|journal=Bulletin\n        of the British Museum (Natural History), Geological Series|volume=2|issue=3|pages=141\\u20136|date=1953-11-20}}{{cite\n        news|title=Piltdown Man forgery|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=1953-11-21|page=6}}\\n*\n        [[November 21]]\\n** [[Puerto Williams]] is founded in Chile as the southernmost\n        settlement of the world.\\n* [[November 25]] – [[1953 England v Hungary\n        football match|England loses 6\\u20133 to Hungary]] at Wembley Stadium, their\n        first ever loss to a continental team at home.\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        French [[paratrooper]]s take [[\\u0110i\\u1ec7n Bi\\u00ean Ph\\u1ee7]].\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Mutesa II of Buganda|Edward Mutesa II]], the ''''[[Kabaka of\n        Buganda|kabaka]]'''' (king) of [[Buganda]], is deposed and exiled to London\n        by [[Andrew Cohen (colonial governor)|Sir Andrew Benjamin Cohen]], Governor\n        of [[Uganda]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main|December 1953}}\\n[[File:Ramon-Magsaysay-01.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Ramon\n        Magsaysay]]]]\\n* December – [[Hugh Hefner]] publishes the first issue\n        of ''''[[Playboy]]'''' magazine in the United States, featuring a [[centerfold]]\n        nude photograph of [[Marilyn Monroe]]; it sells 54,175 copies at $.50 each.\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – The United Kingdom and [[Iran]] reform [[diplomatic\n        relations]].\\n* [[December 6]] – With the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]],\n        conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] performs what he claims is his favorite [[Beethoven]]\n        symphony, ''''[[Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)|Eroica]]'''', for the last time.\n        The live performance is broadcast nationwide on radio, and later released\n        on records and CD.\\n* [[December 7]] – A visit to Iran by American Vice\n        President Richard Nixon sparks several days of riots, as an reaction to the\n        August 19 overthrow of the government of Mohammed Mossadegh by the US-backed\n        Shah. Three students are shot dead by police in Tehran. This event becomes\n        an annual commemoration.\\n* [[December 8]] – U.S. president [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] delivers his [[Atoms for Peace]] address to the [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] in New York City.\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Albert Schweitzer]]\n        is given the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.\\n* [[December 17]] – The U.S. [[Federal\n        Communications Commission]] (FCC) approves [[color television]] (using the\n        [[NTSC]] standard).\\n* [[December 23]] – The [[Soviet Union]] announces\n        officially that [[Lavrentiy Beria]] has been executed.\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[Tangiwai disaster]]: A railway bridge collapses at [[Tangiwai]],\n        New Zealand, sending a fully loaded passenger train into the [[Whangaehu River]];\n        151 are killed.\\n* [[December 25]] – The [[Amami Islands]] are returned\n        to Japan after 8 years of United States military occupation.\\n* [[December\n        30]]\\n** The first [[color television]] sets go on sale for about US$1,175.\\n**\n        [[Ramon Magsaysay]] is the 7th [[President of the Philippines]].\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* The Japanese [[10 yen coin]] is issued with serrated edges for\n        a 5-year period, beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since have had smooth\n        edges.\\n* Heavy massive rain, landslides, and flooding in western and southwestern\n        Japan kill an estimated 2,566, and injure 9,433, mainly at [[Kizugawa]], [[Wakayama]],\n        [[Kumamoto]], and [[Kitakyushu]] (June\\u2013August).\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Johnson\n        Transparent.png|thumb|110px|[[Gary Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm Young en 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Malcolm\n        Young]]]]\\n[[File:Former Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen at the\n        Nordic Council Session in Helsinki 2008-10-28.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anders Fogh\n        Rasmussen]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Gary Johnson]], American businessman\n        and politician, 29th Governor of [[New Mexico]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Vincent\n        Racaniello]], American virologist\\n* [[January 4]] – [[George Tenet]],\n        former American Central Intelligence Agency director\\n* [[January 5]]\\n**\n        [[Pamela Sue Martin]], American actress\\n** [[Mike Rann]], Australian politician\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Malcolm Young]], Australian musician\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Bruce Sutter]], America baseball player\\n* [[January 10]]\\n**\n        [[Pat Benatar]], American rock singer\\n** [[Bobby Rahal]], American race car\n        driver\\n* [[January 13]] – [[John Wake]], English cricketer\\n* [[January\n        15]]\\n** [[Kent Hovind]], American creation science evangelist\\n** [[Randy\n        White (American football)|Randy White]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Robert Jay Mathews]], American neo-Nazi and founder of the\n        terrorist group [[The Order (white supremacist group)|The Order]] (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]]\\n** [[Desi Arnaz Jr.]], American actor, musician\\n** [[Richard\n        Legendre]], Canadian tennis player and politician\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Allen]], American entrepreneur and co-founder of [[Microsoft]]\\n** [[Glenn\n        Kaiser]], Blues-rock, Heavy metal, Rock, R&B (Early Days)\\n* [[January 22]]\\n**\n        [[Myung-whun Chung]], South Korean conductor and pianist\\n** [[Jim Jarmusch]],\n        American director\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Robin Zander]], American singer\n        and guitarist (Cheap Trick)\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Denmark]] and [[Secretary General of NATO]]\\n** [[Lucinda\n        Williams]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Colin Campbell\n        (ice hockey)|Colin Campbell]], Canadian ice hockey player and executive\\n*\n        [[January 29]]\\n** [[Nate Barnett]], American basketball player\\n** [[Peter\n        Baumann]], German keyboard player and songwriter (Tangerine Dream)\\n** [[Paulin\n        Bordeleau]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Caesar Cervin]], American soccer\n        player\\n** [[Dennis Delaney]], American actor and playwright\\n** [[Paul Fusco]],\n        American puppeteer and voice actor\\n** [[Steve March-Torm\\u00e9]], American\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Kalevi Marjamaa]], Finnish boxer\\n** [[Lynne McGranger]],\n        Australian actress\\n** [[Ronnie Moore]], English footballer and manager\\n**\n        [[Juan Paredes]], Mexican boxer\\n** [[Louie P\\u00e9rez]], American singer-songwriter\n        and guitarist \\n** [[Fred Riebeling]], Australian politician\\n** [[Gra\\u017cyna\n        Szmaci\\u0144ska]], Polish chess player\\n** [[Dwight Takamine]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Teresa Teng]], Taiwanese singer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Yorie Terauchi]], Japanese\n        actress\\n** [[Charlie Wilson (singer)|Charlie Wilson]], American singer-songwriter;\n        producer (The Gap Band)\\n** [[Hwang Woo-suk]], South Korean veterinarian and\n        academic\\n** [[Richard Younger-Ross]], English politician\\n* [[January 31]]\n        – [[Sergei Ivanov]], first deputy [[prime minister]] of Russia and former\n        [[minister of defense]] of Russia\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Cristinakirchnermensaje2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cristina\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]]]]\\n[[File:Aznar in Economic Ideas Forum, Madrid,\n        Spain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Aznar]]]]\\n[[File:Ian Khama (2014)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ian Khama]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Duane\n        Chapman]], American bounty hunter\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Kitar\\u014d]],\n        Japanese New Age musician\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Dan Quisenberry]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Mary Steenburgen]],\n        American actress\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Ciar\\u00e1n Hinds]], Irish actor\\n**\n        [[Rick Wagoner]], American automotive executive\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        [[June Jones]], American quarterback and current NCAA Football head coach\n        at Southern Methodist University\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Jeb Bush]],\n        American politician\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Nabil Shaban]], British disabled\n        actor\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Sergey Mironov]], Russian statesman and\n        Speaker of the Federation Council\\n* [[February 19]]\\n**[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez\n        de Kirchner]], 50th [[President of Argentina]]\\n**[[Massimo Troisi]], Italian\n        actor and film director (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Riccardo\n        Chailly]], Italian orchestral conductor\\n* [[February 21]] – [[William\n        Petersen]], American actor\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Geoffrey Perkins]],\n        British comedy producer, writer, actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Aznar]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n** [[Martin Kippenberger]],\n        German artist\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Michael Bolton]], American surburbia\n        singer\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Ian Khama]], 4th [[President of Botswana]]\\n**\n        [[Yolande Moreau]], Belgian actress/writer/director\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Krugman]], American economist\\n** [[Ricky Steamboat]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Osmo V\\u00e4nsk\\u00e4]], Finnish orchestral conductor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:CENA\n        LENIN MORENO (16217113764) (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Len\\u00edn Moreno]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Richard Bruton]], Irish politician and economist\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Russell Feingold]], U. S. Senator\\n* [[March 3]]\\n**\n        [[Arthur Antunes Coimbra]], Brazilian footballer and manager\\n** [[Robyn Hitchcock]],\n        British singer-songwriter\\n** [[Agust\\u00ed Villaronga]], Spanish filmmaker\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Emilio Estefan]], Cuban percussionist\\n** [[Rose Laurens]],\n        French singer-songwriter\\n** [[Kay Lenz]], American actress\\n* [[March 5]]\n        – [[Tokyo Sexwale]], South African businessman, politician, anti-apartheid\n        activist, and former political prisoner\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Jan Kj\\u00e6rstad]],\n        Norwegian author\\n** [[Jacklyn Zeman]], American actress\\n* [[March 10]] –\n        [[Debbie Brill]], Canadian high jumper\\n* [[March 11]]  \\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        B\\u00f6l\\u00f6ni]], Romanian footballer\\n** [[Bernie LaBarge]], Canadian guitarist/vocalist\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Carl Hiaasen]], American author\\n** [[Ron Jeremy]], American\n        pornographic actor\\n** [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]], Nepalese politician\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[Johan Ullman]], Swedish medical doctor, physicist and inventor\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Kumba Iala]], Guinea-Bissauan politician and 3rd [[President\n        of Guinea-Bissau]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Bryan Duncan]], American\n        Christian musician\\n** [[Isabelle Huppert]], French actress\\n** [[Richard\n        Stallman]], American free software proponent\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Filemon\n        Lagman]], Filipino revolutionary (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Takashi\n        Yoshimatsu]], Japanese composer\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Len\\u00edn Moreno]],\n        Ecuadorian politician and 44th [[President of Ecuador]]\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[S\\u00e1ndor Cs\\u00e1nyi (banker)|S\\u00e1ndor Cs\\u00e1nyi]], Hungarian business\n        executive and banker\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Chaka Khan]], American soul\n        singer\\n* [[March 24]]\\n**[[Louie Anderson]], American comedian \\n**[[Mathias\n        Richling]], German comedian\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Lincoln Chafee]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Elaine Chao]], American politician; wife of Senator [[Mitch\n        McConnell]]\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Melchior Ndadaye]], 4th President of\n        Burundi (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Guy Verhofstadt in 2005.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Guy\n        Verhofstadt]]]]\\n[[File:Linda Martin 2013 01 (crop 2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Linda\n        Martin]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Jim Allister]], Irish politician\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n**[[Sandra Boynton]], American author, songwriter, and illustrator\\n**[[Russ\n        Francis]], American Football player\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Robert Bertrand]],\n        Canadian politician\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Andy Hertzfeld]], American computer\n        programmer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[John Howard (singer-songwriter)|John Howard]],\n        English singer-songwriter\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Heiner Lauterbach]], German\n        actor\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Guy Verhofstadt]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]\\n**\n        [[Andrew Wiles]], British-born mathematician\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Eric\n        Tsang]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Peter Garrett]], Australian\n        musician and politician\\n** [[J. Neil Schulman]], American writer and activist\n        \\n* [[April 17]] – [[Linda Martin]], Irish singer and television presenter,\n        [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1992 winner\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Rick Moranis]],\n        Canadian actor\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Ruby Wax]], American-born British-based\n        performer \\n* [[April 20]] – [[Sebastian Faulks]], British novelist\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Juhani Komulainen]], Finnish composer\\n* [[April 24]]\n        – [[Eric Bogosian]], American actor, playwright, monologist, and novelist\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Ron Clements]], American animation director and producer\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\n** [[Roberto Bola\\u00f1o]], Chilean author (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Kim Gordon]], American rock musician\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Nikolai Budarin]],\n        Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Bill Drummond]], South African-born British musician\n        ([[The KLF]], The Timelords)\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Merrill Osmond]], American\n        pop singer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ANNUAL MEETING 2009 -\n        Tony Blair.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony Blair]]]]\\n[[File:Alex Van Halen - Van Halen\n        Live.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alex Van Halen]]]]\\n[[File:Norodom Sihamoni (2007)\n        (crop).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Norodom Sihamoni]]]]\\n[[File:Pierce Brosnan Berlinale\n        2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pierce Brosnan]]]]\\n[[File:Danny Elfman cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Danny\n        Elfman]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Valery Gergiev]], Russian/Ossetian conductor\\n*\n        [[May 4]] – [[Salman Hashimikov]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Wrestling\n        weight classes|heavyweight]] [[sport wrestling|wrestler]]\\n* [[May 5]] –\n        [[Dieter Zetsche]], German auto executive\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Tony Blair]],\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\\n** [[Graeme Souness]], Scottish\n        footballer and manager\\n** [[Lynn Whitfield]], American actress\\n* [[May 7]]\n        – [[Ian McKay]], British soldier, ([[Victoria Cross|VC]] recipient)\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Alex Van Halen]], Dutch-born American\n        rock musician\\n* [[May 11]] – [[David Gest]], American entertainer,\n        producer and television personality (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\n** [[Michael\n        Hebranko]], American exemplar of morbid/mortal obesity (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Norodom\n        Sihamoni]], King of Cambodia\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[George Brett]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Mike Oldfield]], English composer\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Pierce Brosnan]], Irish actor\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Victoria\n        Wood]], English comic performer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Robert\n        Doyle]], Australian politician\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]],\n        4th Prime Minister of Rwanda (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Alfred\n        Molina]], English actor  \\n* [[May 26]] – [[Michael Portillo]], English\n        politician\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Danny Elfman]], American composer\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Colm Meaney]],\n        Irish actor\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Kathie Sullivan]], American singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Svecanost\n        podizanja NATOve zastave Zagreb 65.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ivo Sanader]]]]\\n[[File:Tim\n        Allen 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tim Allen]]]]\\n[[File:Xi Jinping October 2013\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Xi Jinping]]]]\\n[[File:Lesley Nicol - November\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley Nicol]]]]\\n[[File:Benazir\n        Bhutto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benazir Bhutto]]]]\\n[[File:Cyndi Lauper in 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cyndi\n        Lauper]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[David Berkowitz]], American serial killer\\n**\n        [[Diana Canova]], American actress and adjunct professor\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        [[Keith Allen (actor)|Keith Allen]], British actor\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Erland\n        Van Lidth De Jeude]], Dutch-born wrestler, opera singer and actor (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Susumu Ojima]], Japanese entrepreneur\\n* [[June 5]] –\n        [[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]], American film producer\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Johnny Clegg]], South African Zulu musician\\n** [[Dougie\n        Donnelly]], Scottish television broadcaster\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Ivo Sanader]],\n        8th [[Prime Minister of Croatia]]\\n* [[June 10]] – [[John Edwards]],\n        American politician\\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Peter Bergman]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Barbara Minty]], American model\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Michael Donovan]],\n        Canadian voice actor\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** [[Tim Allen]], American actor and\n        comedian \\n** [[Atso Almila]], Finnish conductor and composer\\n* [[June 15]]\n        \\n** [[Antonia Rados]], Austrian television journalist \\n** [[Xi Jinping]],\n        [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]] and [[President of the\n        People''s Republic of China]]\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley\n        Nicol]], English actress\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Ulrich M\\u00fche]], German\n        actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Benazir Bhutto]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Pakistan]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Wim Eijk]], Dutch archbishop\\n**\n        [[Cyndi Lauper]], American singer\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**[[Vanessa Campbell]],\n        American actor and singer\\n**[[Ivo Lill]], Estonian artist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Don Dokken]], American rock singer and musician\\n** [[Colin Hay]], Scottish-born\n        Australian singer/songwriter\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:EPP Congress Marseille\n        7444 (6477260183).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lawrence Gonzi]]]]\\n[[File:Mindy Sterling\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Mindy Sterling]]]]\\n[[File:Clinton&Aristide.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jean\n        Bertrand-Aristide]]]]\\n[[File:Najib Razak 2008-08-21.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Najib\n        Abdul Razak]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[David Gulpilil]], Australian traditional\n        dancer and actor\\n** [[Sangay Ngedup]], former Prime Minister of Bhutan\\n**\n        [[Mohammad Tofiq Rahim]], Iraqi Kurdish politician\\n** [[Mike Haynes (cornerback)|Mike\n        Haynes]], American football player\\n** [[Alan Sunderland]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Pat Donovan]], American football offensive lineman\\n** [[Lawrence Gonzi]],\n        11th [[Prime Minister of Malta]]\\n** [[Nasir Ali Mamun]], Bengali portrait\n        photographer\\n** [[Jadranka Kosor]], Croatian politician\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        [[Nacer Sandjak]], Algerian football manager and former player\\n* [[July 3]]\n        \\n** [[Lotta Sollander]], Swedish alpine skier\\n** [[Les Strong]], English\n        association footballer\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Nanci Griffith]], American\n        folk singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Diederich]],\n        Luxembourgish chemist\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Ang\\u00e9lica Arag\\u00f3n]], Mexican\n        actress\\n** [[Rik Emmett]], singer\\\\songwriter and lead guitarist of the Canadian\n        rock band Triumph\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Mindy Sterling]], American actress\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Gil Birmingham]], Native American actor \\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Bebe Buell]], American model and singer\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Jean-Bertrand\n        Aristide]], [[President of Haiti]]\\n** [[Raisul Islam Asad]], Bangladeshi\n        actor\\n** [[Mila Pivnicki]], wife of Canadian prime minister [[Brian Mulroney]]\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Nuria Bages]], Mexican actress\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Paula Saldanha|pt|3=Paula Saldanha}}, Brazilian journalist, presenter,\n        writer, illustrator and environmentalist \\n** [[Sh\\u014dichi Nakagawa]], Japanese\n        politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Jeff Fatt]], purple Wiggle\n        from 1991-2012\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Sylvia Chang]], Taiwanese actress\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Najib Abdul Razak]], current [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]\\n*\n        [[July 24]]\\n** [[Tadashi Kawamata]], Japanese contemporary artist\\n** [[Claire\n        McCaskill]], U.S. Senator\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Tim Gunn]], American fashion\n        expert\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Yahoo Serious]], Australian filmmaker\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n** [[Ken Burns]], American documentary filmmaker\\n** [[Geddy Lee]],\n        Canadian rock musician ([[Rush (band)|Rush]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[T\\u014dru\n        Furuya]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[James Read]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hulk\n        Hogan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hulk Hogan]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Mesa, ex-President of\n        Bolivia (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Mesa]]]]\\n[[File:Hohlbein Wolfgang\n        Autor floersheim main 290607.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wolfgang Hohlbein]]]]\\n[[File:Martin-manley\n        (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Martin Manley]]]]\\n[[File:James-horner-07.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James\n        Horner]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Robert Cray]], American musician\\n** [[Steven\n        Krasner]], American sportswriter\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Butch Patrick]],\n        American child actor and musician\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Antonio Tajani]],\n        Italian politician, [[President of the European Parliament]]\\n* [[August 5]]\n        – [[Rick Mahler]], American baseball player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] – [[Nigel Mansell]], English 1992 [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Jean Tirole]], French [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]]-winning economist\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Hulk Hogan]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Carlos Mesa]], [[President\n        of Bolivia]]\\n* [[August 14]] \\n** [[Cliff Johnson (game designer)|Cliff Johnson]],\n        American game designer\\n** [[James Horner]], American film composer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Wolfgang Hohlbein]], German writer of science fiction,\n        fantasy and horror fiction \\n** Martin Manley, American sports writer and\n        [[Efficiency (basketball)#NBA|statistician]] (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Carol Thatcher]],\n        English television personality\\n** Sir [[Mark Thatcher]], English businessman\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Kathie Lee Gifford]], American singer and actress\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Herta M\\u00fcller]], German [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]]-winning writer\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Louie Gohmert]], American\n        politician\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Beno\\u00eet R\\u00e9gent]], French actor\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Mike Jackson (Texas politician)|Mike\n        Jackson]], former member of the [[Texas Senate]]\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[G\\u00e9za Sz\\u0151cs]], Hungarian poet and politician\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Ron Holloway]], American tenor saxophonist\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Edward\n        Lowassa]], 8th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n** [[Pat Sharkey]], Irish footballer\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Alex Lifeson]], Canadian rock musician ([[Rush (band)|Rush]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[James Quesada]], Nicaraguan-born anthropologist\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Robert Parish]], American basketball player\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[Gy\\u00f6rgy K\\u00e1roly]], Hungarian author\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[John Zorn]], American musician\\n* [[September 4]]\\n**\n        [[Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs]], American actor\\n** [[Fatih Terim]], Turkish footballer\n        and manager\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Anne Lockhart (actress)|Anne Lockhart]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Mammootty]], Indian actor\\n*\n        [[September 8]] – [[Stu Ungar]], American poker player (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Amy Irving]], American actress\\n* [[September 11]]\n        – [[Lesley Visser]], American sportscaster and journalist\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\n** [[Nan Goldin]], American photographer\\n** [[Stephen Sprouse]], American\n        fashion designer, artist, and photographer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 13]]\n        – [[Ann Dusenberry]], American film actress\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Betsy Boze]], American dean and CEO, [[Kent State University at Stark]]\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Probal Dasgupta]], Indian linguist and [[Esperantist]]\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Andrew Heermans]], American musician, recording\n        engineer, music producer\\n* [[September 22]] – [[S\\u00e9gol\\u00e8ne\n        Royal]], French politician\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Alexey Maslov]],\n        commander-in-chief of the [[Russian Ground Forces]]\\n* [[September 27]] –\n        [[Greg Ham]], Australian rock musician ([[Men at Work]])\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]], Scottish singer-songwriter ([[Ph.D.\n        (band)|PhD]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Denis Potvin]], Canadian\n        Hall of Fame hockey player\\n** [[Randy West]], American radio personality\n        and game show announcer\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Deborah Allen]], American\n        singer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Tico Torres Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film\n        Festival.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tico Torres]]]]\\n[[File:Greg Evigan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Greg\n        Evigan]]]]\\n[[File:Tito Jackson 2009-07-19.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tito Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\n** [[Grete Waitz]], Norwegian athlete (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Klaus\n        Wowereit]], German politician \\n* [[October 2]] – [[Brandon Wilson]],\n        American author and explorer\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Kerry Sherman]], American\n        actress\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Tico Torres]], American Drummer ([[Bon\n        Jovi]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Tony Shalhoub]], American actor\\n* [[October\n        12]]\\n** [[Les Dennis]], British comedian and television presenter\\n** [[Serge\n        Lepeltier]], French politician\\n* [[October 14]] \\n** [[Greg Evigan]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Shelley Ackerman]], American astrologer, actress, writer\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Tito Jackson]], African-American singer and guitarist ([[The Jackson\n        5]])\\n** [[Larry Miller (comedian)|Larry Miller]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Martha Smith]], American model and actress\\n* [[October\n        21]]\\n** [[Keith Green]], American-born Christian piano player (d. [[1982]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Mandelson]], British politician and member of the [[United Kingdom\n        Labour Party|Labour Party]]\\n** [[Hugh Wolff]], American orchestral conductor\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Loyiso Nongxa]], South African [[Mathematics|mathematician]]\\n*\n        [[October 24]]\\n** [[Christoph Daum]], German football manager and former\n        footballer\\n** [[Steven Hatfill]], American physician, virologist and bio-weapons\n        expert\\n** [[David Wright (British musician)|David Wright]], British composer\n        and producer, co-founder of AD Music\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Keith Strickland]],\n        American musician ([[The B-52''s]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Peter Firth]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Robert Picardo]], American actor\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Lorelei King]], American Actress a.k.a. Tabs Wildcat\\n* [[October 31]] –\n        [[Michael J. Anderson]], American actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Launch Republique\n        Solidaire 2010-06-19 n04.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dominique de Villepin]]]]\\n[[File:Curtis\n        Armstrong by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Curtis Armstrong]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Susan Tse]], Hong Kong actress and opera singer\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Dennis Miller]], American comedian and radio host\\n* [[November\n        4]]\\n**[[Carlos Gutierrez]], American politician\\n**[[Van Stephenson]], American\n        singer-songwriter (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Florentino V.\n        Floro]], Filipino dwarf judge\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Ottfried Fischer]],\n        German actor and Kabarett artist \\n* [[November 8]] – [[John Musker]],\n        American animation director\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Andy Partridge]], British\n        musician and frontman of the band [[XTC]]\\n** [[Harley Venton]], American\n        actor\\n* [[November 13]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s Manuel L\\u00f3pez Obrador]], Mexican\n        politician\\n** [[Waswo X. Waswo]], American photographer\\n** [[Diana Weston]],\n        [[England|English]] actress\\n** [[Mokhtar Dahari]], Malaysian footballer (d.\n        [[1991]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Dominique de Villepin]], [[Prime Minister\n        of France]]\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Alexander O''Neal]], American singer\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Patrick J. Nause]], Electrition\\n* [[November 18]]\n        \\n** [[Alan Moore]], English writer and magician\\n** [[Kevin Nealon]], American\n        actor and comedian\\n** [[Kath Soucie]], American actress and most active in\n        voice overs\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Robert Beltran]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Tom Villard]], American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Francis\n        Cabrel]], French singer\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[Glenn Withrow]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Tod Machover]], American composer\\n* [[November 25]] –\n        [[Graham Eadie]], Australian rugby player\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Boris\n        Grebenshchikov]], [[Russia]]n [[rock music]]ian\\n** [[Curtis Armstrong]],\n        American actor \\n* [[November 28]] – [[Pamela Hayden]], American voice\n        actress\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Alex Grey]], American artist\\n** [[Vlado\n        Kreslin]], Slovenian singer\\n** [[Christine Pascal]], French actress, director\n        and screenwriter (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Kim Basinger (2105860771)\n        crop.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Kim Basinger]]]]\\n[[File:IMG 9696 - Flickr - Eye Steel\n        Film.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bill Pullman]]]]\\n[[File:Leonel Fernandez Reyna.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leonel\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas_Bach_(13951010204).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Thomas\n        Bach]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Joel Fuhrman]], American certified family\n        physician\\n* [[December 6]]\\n**[[Tom Hulce]], American actor and theater producer\\n**[[Gary\n        Ward (outfielder)|Gary Ward]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Basinger]], American actress and fashion model\\n** [[Norman G. Finkelstein]],\n        American political scientist\\n** [[Sam Kinison]], American comedian (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[John Malkovich]], American actor and film director\\n*[[December\n        13]] \\n** [[Ben Bernanke]], American economist and former [[Federal Reserve\n        System]] chairman\\n** [[Bob Gainey]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Vangelis Meimarakis]], Greek lawyer and politician, 4th [[Minister\n        for National Defence (Greece)|Greek Minister for National Defence]]\\n* [[December\n        17]]\\n** [[Ikue Mori]], Japanese drummer, composer, and graphic designer\\n**\n        [[Bill Pullman]], American actor\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Khas-Magomed\n        Hadjimuradov]], Chechen bard\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Andr\\u00e1s Schiff]],\n        Hungarian concert pianist and conductor\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[David Leisner]],\n        American guitarist and composer\\n** [[BernNadette Stanis]], American actress\\n*\n        [[December 26]]\\n** [[Leonel Fern\\u00e1ndez]], [[President of the Dominican\n        Republic]]\\n** [[Toomas Hendrik Ilves]], Estonian politician, 4th [[President\n        of Estonia]]\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Tatsumi Fujinami]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[December 29]] \\n** [[Thomas Bach]], 9th [[President of the International\n        Olympic Committee]]\\n** [[Stanley Williams]], American gang member (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Dana Key]], American Christian musician, guitarist and\n        preacher (''''[[DeGarmo and Key]]'''') (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Meredith Vieira]],\n        American journalist and game show host\\n* [[December 31]] – [[James\n        Remar]], American actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Sheila Andrews]], American\n        surburbian musician (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[Jacques Gounon]], French CEO, the Chairman\n        of [[Eurotunnel]]\\n* [[Peter Lord]], British film producer and director\\n*\n        [[Jing Jing Luo]], Chinese composer\\n* [[Phil Ortiz]], American animator\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Hank\n        Williams MGM Records - cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hank Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        of the Right Hon. J. H. Scullin.png|thumb|110px|[[James Scullin]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n**[[Maksim Purkayev]], Soviet general (b. [[1894]])\\n**[[Hank Williams]],\n        American musician (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Arthur Hoyt]], American\n        actor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu]], Japanese prince (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Martin and Osa Johnson|Osa Johnson]],\n        American adventurer and documentary filmmaker (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Charles Edward Merriam]], American political scientist (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Madame le Corbeau|Marguerite Pitre]] (aka [[Madame\n        le Corbeau]]), Canadian murderer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Edward\n        Marsh (polymath)|Edward Marsh]], English polymath and civil servant (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Mary Mannering]], early 20th century English stage\n        actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[James Scullin]], 9th [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Lionel Belmore]],\n        English actor (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2000-0518-507,\n        Julius Maniu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Iuliu Maniu]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[William\n        Sydney Marchant]], British colonial official (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – [[Alan Curtis (American actor)|Alan Curtis]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]] – [[Iuliu Maniu]], 32nd [[Prime Minister of Romania]]\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Cecil Hepworth]], English director\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Hal Colebatch]], Australian politician\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Nobutake Kond\\u014d]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Richard Rushall]], British businessman (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen]], Bavarian general\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 23]] – Sir [[Cecil Hunter-Rodwell]], British\n        colonial administrator (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Gerd von\n        Rundstedt]], German field marshal (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 25]] –\n        [[Sergei Winogradsky]], Russian scientist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[February 27]]\n        – [[Paul Hurst (actor)|Paul Hurst]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:CroppedStalin1943.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph\n        Stalin]]]]\\n[[File:K Gottwald.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Klement Gottwald]]]]\\n[[File:Queenmaryformalportrait\n        edit3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Thorpe, 1912\n        Summer Olympics.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jim Thorpe]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] – [[James\n        Lightbody]], American middle distance runner (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 3]]\n        – [[James J. Jeffries]], American boxing champion (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March\n        5]]\\n** [[Herman J. Mankiewicz]], American writer and producer (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Sergei Prokofiev]], Russian composer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Joseph Stalin]],\n        Soviet leader (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Edward Sedgwick]], American\n        director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Johan Laidoner]], Commander-in-chief\n        of the Estonian Army (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Klement Gottwald]],\n        5th [[President of Czechoslovakia]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        [[Carl Stockdale]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Graciliano\n        Ramos]], Brazilian writer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Raoul Dufy]],\n        French painter (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Oskar Luts]], Estonian writer and playwright\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], consort of\n        [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Paul Couturier]],\n        French priest (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Jim Thorpe]], Native-American\n        athlete and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Ivan Lebedeff]], Russian actor (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Catol_al_II-lea.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Carol II of Romania]]]]\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Jean Epstein]], French film\n        director (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Hugo Sperrle]], German field marshal (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – King [[Carol II of Romania]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        9]] \\n** [[Eddie Cochems]], American father of the [[forward pass]] in football\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Hans Reichenbach]], German philosopher (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Stanis\\u0142aw Wojciechowski]], 2nd President of the Republic of Poland\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Boris Kidri\\u010d]], 1st Prime Minister\n        of Slovenia (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Kid Nichols]], American baseball player ([[Boston\n        Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Erich Weinert]], German writer, [[Communist]],\n        and member of the [[Communist Party of Germany|KPD]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Maud Gonne]], English-born Irish republican revolutionary,\n        memoirist; former wife of [[John MacBride]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[Alice Prin|Kiki de Montparnasse]], French artists'' model (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Django\n        Reinhardt (Gottlieb 07301).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Django Reinhardt]]]]\\n[[File:Damaso\n        Berenguer.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Damaso Berenguer]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Everett\n        Shinn]], American painter (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Anna R\\u00fcling]],\n        German journalist, \\\"the first known lesbian activist\\\" (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May\n        16]] \\n** [[Nicolae R\\u0103descu]], Romanian military officer and statesman,\n        former [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Django Reinhardt]],\n        Belgian musician (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[D\\u00e1maso Berenguer]],\n        Spanish soldier and politician, former Prime Minister (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Ernst Zermelo]], German logician and mathematician (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[Jesse Burkett]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Spiders]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Man Mountain Dean]], American professional wrestler (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Dooley Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] – [[Vladimir Tatlin]], Soviet painter and architect (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Norman\n        Ross Sr..JPG|thumb|110px|[[Norman Ross]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Alex James\n        (footballer)|Alex James]], Scottish football (soccer) player (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[William Farnum]], American actor (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Bill\n        Tilden]], American tennis champion (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Roland Young]], English\n        actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Godfrey Tearle]], American actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Henry Scattergood]], American cricketer\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Fonck]], French aviator,\n        top Allied [[World War I]] Flying Ace (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Harold\n        Cazneaux]], Australian photographer (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]],\n        American communist spies (b. [[1918]] and [[1915]], respectively) (executed\n        on same day)\\n** [[Norman Ross]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[June 23]] – [[Albert Gleizes]], French artist and theoretician (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Elsa Beskow]], Swedish author and illustrator\n        of children''s books (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Dumarsais estime\n        portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dumarsais Estime]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Totius\n        (poet)|Totius]], Afrikaans poet. (b. 1877)\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Annie Kenney]],\n        British working-class suffragette (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Oliver\n        Campbell]], American tennis player (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Herbert\n        Rawlinson]], English actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Hilaire\n        Belloc]], French-born British writer and historian (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] – [[Maude Adams]], American actress (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 20]]\n        – [[Dumarsais Estim\\u00e9]], 30th [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Nikolaos Plastiras]], Greek general and politician,\n        former [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Richard\n        Pearse|Richard William Pearse]], New Zealand airplane pioneer (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Robert A. Taft]], American politician, United States\n        Senate Majority Leader (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Abner Powell]], [[Major League Baseball]] player (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August\n        11]] – [[Tazio Nuvolari]], Italian racing driver (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[Ludwig Prandtl]], German physicist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Jim Tabor]], American baseball player (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[August\n        25]] – [[Jessie Aspinall]], Australian doctor, first female junior medical\n        resident at the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August\n        30]]\\n** [[Gaetano Merola]], Italian conductor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Maurice\n        Nicoll]], British psychiatrist (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Mary\n        Brewster Hazelton, est 1900-1910.png|110px|thumb|[[Mary Brewster Hazelton]]]]\\n[[File:Edwin-hubble.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edwin\n        Hubble]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – General [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Jonathan\n        Wainwright]], American Medal of Honor recipient (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Francis Ford (actor)|Francis Ford]], American actor and director\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Nobuyuki Abe]], Japanese politician\n        and military leader, former Prime Minister (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[September 8]]\n        – [[Fred M. Vinson]], [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Hugo Schmeisser]], German weapons designer (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Lewis Stone]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Mary Brewster Hazelton]], American painter (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Erich Mendelsohn]], German architect (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Wenxiu]], consort of China''s last emperor [[Puyi]] (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba]],\n        Spanish aristocrat (born 1878)\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Xu Beihong]],\n        Chinese painter (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Hans Fritzsche]],\n        senior Nazi official, one of only three acquitted at the [[Nuremberg trials]]\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Edwin Hubble]], American astronomer\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Robert Mawdesley]], British actor\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Lewis Fry Richardson]], English mathematician, physicist,\n        meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Hjalmar_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hjalmar\n        Hammarskjold]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Arnold Bax]], English composer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Porter Hall]], American actor (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Nigel Bruce]], British character actor (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n** [[Kathleen Ferrier]], British contralto (b. [[1912]]) \\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Bush family|Robin Bush]], younger sister of President [[George\n        Walker Bush]] (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Hjalmar Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish politician, 13th [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], leaders of [[World\n        War I]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Millard Mitchell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Arthur Wimperis]], English\n        illustrator and playwright (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Robert\n        Brooke-Popham]], British [[air chief marshal]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Holger Pedersen (linguist)|Holger Pedersen]], Dutch linguist\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Thomas Wass]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Louise DeKoven Bowen.png|110px|thumb|[[Louise\n        DeKoven Bowen]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Harry A. Marmer]], Ukrainian-born\n        American mathematician and oceanographer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        [[Ivan Bunin]], Russian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[John van Melle]], Dutch-born author (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]]\\n** [[Louise DeKoven Bowen]], American philanthropist and activist\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n** King [[Ibn Saud]] of Saudi Arabia (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Dylan\n        Thomas]], Welsh poet and author (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Ruth\n        Crawford Seeger]], American composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[Larry Shields]], American musician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Syed Sulaiman Nadvi]], Indian/Pakistani historian, biographer, litt\\u00e9rateur\n        and scholar of Islam (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Eugene O''Neill]],\n        American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Rudolf Bauer (artist)|Rudolf Bauer]], German-born\n        painter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Ernest Barnes]], English mathematician,\n        scientist and theologist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Sam De Grasse]], Canadian actor\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Milt Gross]], American comic book illustrator and animator\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Francis Picabia]], French painter\n        and poet (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sukru Saracoglu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sukru\n        Saracoglu]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Jorge Negrete]], Mexican singer\n        and actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]],\n        Indian-born Islamic scholar and translator (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 14]]\n        – [[Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings]], American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Robert Andrews Millikan]],  American physicist [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 21]] –\n        [[Nicholas H. Heck]], American geophysicist, oceanographer, and surveyor (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Lavrentiy Beria]], [[Ministry of Internal\n        Affairs (Soviet Union)|Minister of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union]]\n        (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 25]]\\n**[[William Haselden]], English\n        cartoonist (b. 1872)\\n**[[Lee Shubert]], Polish-born theater owner and operator\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]],\n        9th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Julian Tuwim]], Polish\n        poet (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Albert Plesman]], Dutch aviation\n        pioneer (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Frits Zernike|Frits (Frederik)\n        Zernike]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Hermann Staudinger]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Hans Adolf Krebs]],\n        [[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[George Catlett Marshall]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1953}}\\n[[Category:1953|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T04:06:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":799835983,\"length\":64984,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953\"},\"34982\":{\"pageid\":34982,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1954\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:40:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1954}}\\n{{Events by month|1954}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1954}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1954}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1954}}\\n* [[January 1]] – The [[Soviet Union]] ceases\n        to demand [[war reparations]] from [[East Germany]].\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Georgetown-IBM experiment]]: The first public demonstration of a [[machine\n        translation]] system, is held in New York at the head office of [[IBM]].\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[BOAC Flight 781]], a [[de Havilland Comet]] jet plane,\n        disintegrates in mid-air due to [[metal fatigue]] and crashes in the Mediterranean\n        near [[Elba]]. All 35 people on board are killed.\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[1954 Blons avalanches|Avalanche]]s in Austria kill more than 200.\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Marilyn Monroe]] marries [[baseball]] player [[Joe DiMaggio]].\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Mau Mau]] leader [[Waruhiu Itote]] is captured in\n        [[Kenya]].\\n* [[January 17]] – In [[Yugoslavia]], [[Milovan \\u0110ilas]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]],\n        is relieved of his duties.\\n* [[January 20]] – The US-based [[National\n        Negro Network]] is established with forty-six member [[radio station]]s.\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – The first nuclear-powered [[submarine]], the {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}},\n        is launched in [[Groton, Connecticut]], by [[First Lady of the United States]]\n        [[Mamie Eisenhower]].\\n* [[January 25]] – The foreign ministers of the\n        United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the [[Berlin Conference\n        (1954)|Berlin Conference]].\\n\\n[[File:Monroe DiMaggio Wedding.jpg|thumb|120px|[[January\n        14]]: [[Marilyn Monroe|Marilyn]] weds [[Joe DiMaggio|DiMaggio]].]]\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1954}}\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Elizabeth II]] becomes\n        the first reigning monarch to visit Australia.\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        After authorizing $385 million over the $400 million already budgeted for\n        military aid to Vietnam, [[President of the United States]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        warns against his country''s intervention in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 19]]\n        – [[1954 transfer of Crimea]]: The [[Soviet Politburo]] of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] orders the transfer the [[Crimean Oblast]] from the [[Russian SFSR]]\n        to the [[Ukrainian SSR]].\\n* [[February 23]] – The first mass [[vaccination]]\n        of children against [[polio]] begins in [[Pittsburgh]], United States.\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – Lt. Col. [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] becomes premier of\n        [[Egypt]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1954}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        U.S. officials announce that a [[Thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]] test\n        ([[Castle Bravo]]) has been conducted on [[Bikini Atoll]] in the Pacific Ocean.\\n**\n        [[United States Capitol shooting incident (1954)|U.S. Capitol shooting incident]]:\n        Four [[Puerto Rican independence movement|Puerto Rican nationalists]] open\n        fire in the [[United States House of Representatives]] chamber and wound five;\n        they are apprehended by security guards.\\n* [[March 9]] – American journalists\n        [[Edward R. Murrow]] and [[Fred W. Friendly]] produce a 30-minute ''''[[See\n        It Now]]'''' documentary, entitled ''''[[Joseph McCarthy|A Report on Senator\n        Joseph McCarthy]]''''.\\n* [[March 12]] – Finland and Germany officially\n        end their state of war.\\n* [[March 13]] – French troops begin the battle\n        against the [[Viet Minh]] in [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]].\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Joey Giardello]] knocks out Willie Tory at [[Madison\n        Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]], in the first [[television|televised]]\n        [[boxing]] prize fight to be shown in colour.\\n* [[March 23]] – In Vietnam,\n        the [[Viet Minh]] capture the main airstrip of [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien\n        Bien Phu]]. The remaining French Army units there are partially isolated.\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** The [[26th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n** [[RCA]]\n        manufactures the first color television set (12-inch screen; price: $1,000)\\n**\n        The [[Soviet Union]] recognises the [[sovereignty]] of [[East Germany]]. Soviet\n        troops remain in the country.\\n* [[March 27]] – The [[Castle Romeo]]\n        nuclear test explosion is executed.\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** Puerto Rico''s first\n        television station, ''''[[WKAQ-TV]]'''', commences [[broadcasting]].\\n** Trial\n        of [[A. L. Zissu]] and 12 other Zionist leaders ends with harsh sentences\n        in [[Communist Romania]].\\n* [[March 29]] – A [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47\n        transport]] with French nurse [[Genevi\\u00e8ve de Galard]] on board is wrecked\n        on the runway at [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]].\\n* [[March 30]]\n        – The first operational [[Rapid transit|subway line]] in Canada opens\n        in Toronto.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1954}}\\n* April – [[Bill\n        Haley & His Comets]] record \\\"[[Rock Around the Clock]]\\\", thus starting the\n        [[rock and roll]] craze.\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** The [[U.S. Congress]] and President\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] authorize the founding of the [[United States Air\n        Force Academy]] in [[Colorado]].\\n** [[South Point School (India)]] is founded\n        and becomes the largest school in the world by [[1992]].\\n* [[April 3]] –\n        [[Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov (diplomat)|Vladimir Petrov]] [[Petrov Affair|defects]]\n        from the [[Soviet Union]] and asks for [[political asylum]] in Australia.\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – The legendary symphony conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]]\n        experiences a lapse of memory during a concert. At this concert''s end, his\n        retirement is announced, and Toscanini never conducts in public again.\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] gives his \\\"[[domino theory]]\\\"\n        speech during a news conference.\\n* [[April 8]] – A Royal Canadian Air\n        Force Canadair [[North American T-6 Texan|Harvard]] collides with a [[Trans-Canada\n        Air Lines]] [[Canadair North Star]] over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing\n        37 people.\\n* [[April 11]] – This day is denoted as the most boring\n        day in the 20th century by [[True Knowledge]], an [[Question answering|answer\n        engine]] developed by William Tunstall-Pedoe. No significant newsworthy events,\n        births, or deaths are known to have happened on this day.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8160622/Computer-identifies-the-most-boring-day-in-history.html|title=The\n        Most Boring Day in History – April 11, 1954|author=Daily Telegraph|date=November\n        25, 2010|deadurl=no|accessdate=July 19, 2014}}\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Aneurin\n        Bevan]] resigns from the [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]]''s \\\"[[Shadow\n        Cabinet]]\\\".\\n** A Soviet spy ring in Australia is unveiled.\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – Vice President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that the United States\n        may be \\u201cputting our own boys in Indochina regardless of Allied support\\u201d.\n        {{citation needed|date=December 2014}}\\n* [[April 22]] – [[United States\n        Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph McCarthy]] begins hearings investigating the [[United\n        States Army]] for being \\\"soft\\\" on [[Communism]].\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** An\n        [[Geneva Conference (1954)|international conference]] on Korea and Indo-China\n        opens in Geneva.\\n** [[Akira Kurosawa]]''s ''''[[Seven Samurai]]'''' is released\n        in Japan.\\n* [[April 28]] – U.S. Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]]\n        accuses Communist China of sending combat troops to Indo-China to train the\n        [[Viet Minh]] guerrillas. {{citation needed|date=December 2014}}\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1954}}\\n* [[May 1]] – The [[Unification Church]] is founded\n        in South Korea.\\n* [[May 4]] – General [[Alfredo Stroessner]] deposes\n        [[Federico Ch\\u00e1vez]] in a [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Paraguay]]; from\n        August 15 he will hold the office of [[President of Paraguay|President]] until\n        [[1989]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Roger Bannister]] runs the first [[sub-four\n        minute mile]], in [[Oxford]], England.\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Vietnam War]]\n        (run-up): The [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]] ends in a French defeat (the battle\n        began on [[March 13]]).\\n* [[May 8]] – The [[Asian Football Confederation]]\n        (AFC) is formed in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]].\\n* [[May 11]] – U.S.\n        Secretary of State John Foster Dulles declares that Indochina is important\n        but not essential to the security of Southeast Asia, thus ending any prospect\n        of American intervention on the side of France.\\n* [[May 14]] \\n** The [[Boeing\n        707]] is released after about two years of development.\\n** The [[Hague Convention\n        for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]] was\n        adopted in [[The Hague]], Netherlands. \\n* [[May 15]] – The [[Latin\n        Union]] (''''Uni\\u00f3n Latina'''') is created by the Convention of [[Madrid]].\n        Its member countries use the five [[Romance languages]]: Italian, French,\n        Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian. It will suspend operations in [[2012]].\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** ''''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'''' (347 US 483 1954):\n        The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] rules unanimously\n        that segregated schools are unconstitutional.\\n** The [[Royal Commission]]\n        on the [[Petrov Affair]] in Australia begins its inquiry.\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]]\n        of the [[Democratic Party (Turkey, current)|Democratic Party]] forms the new\n        (21st) government of [[Turkey]].\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Chiang Kai-shek]]\n        is reelected as the [[president of the Republic of China]] by the [[National\n        Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]].\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        The common [[Nordic Passport Union|Nordic Labour Market]] act is signed.\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – A fire on board the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier [[USS Bennington\n        (CV-20)|USS ''''Bennington'''']] off [[Narragansett Bay]], [[Massachusetts]],\n        kills 103 sailors.\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Robert Menzies]]''s government is reelected\n        for a fourth term in Australia.\\n** Creation and first meeting of the [[Bilderberg\n        Group]].\\n** [[Diane Leather]] becomes the first woman to run a sub-five minute\n        mile, in [[Birmingham]], England.{{cite web|url=http://www.sporting-heroes.net/athletics/great-britain/diane-leather-422/two-world-records-in-1957_a08872/|title=Diane\n        Leather|work=Sporting Heroes|accessdate=November 12, 2012}}\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1954}}\\n* [[June 6]] – The grand opening of the [[Statue\n        of Yuriy Dolgorukiy, Moscow|sculpture of Yuriy Dolgorukiy]] took place in\n        [[Moscow]]. This statue is one of the main monuments of Moscow.\\n* [[June\n        7]] – Early computer scientist [[Alan Turing]] commits suicide.\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[McCarthyism]]: [[Joseph N. Welch|Joseph Welch]], special counsel\n        for the [[United States Army]], lashes out at [[United States Senate|Senator]]\n        [[Joseph McCarthy]], during hearings on whether [[Communism]] has infiltrated\n        the Army, saying, \\\"Have you, at long last, no decency?\\\"Robert D. Marcus\n        and Anthony Marcus, [http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6444/ \\\"\\u201cHave You\n        No Sense of Decency\\u201d: The Army-McCarthy Hearings\\\"], ''''History Matters''''\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – The words \\\"under God\\\" are added to the United States\n        [[Pledge of Allegiance]].\\n* [[June 15]] – The [[UEFA]] (Union of European\n        Football Associations) is formed in [[Basel]], Switzerland.\\n* [[June 17]]\n        – A [[1954 Guatemalan coup d''\\u00e9tat|CIA-engineered military coup]]\n        occurs in [[Guatemala]].\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Pierre Mend\\u00e8s France]]\n        becomes prime minister of France.\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Sarah Mae Flemming]]\n        is expelled from a bus in South Carolina for sitting in a white-only section.\\n**\n        [[Parker\\u2013Hulme murder case]]: 16-year old [[Pauline Parker]] and her\n        friend 15-year-old [[Juliet Hulme]] bludgeon Parker''s mother to death using\n        a brick at [[Victoria Park, Christchurch|Victoria Park]] in New Zealand.\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Guatemala]]n President [[Jacobo \\u00c1rbenz]] steps down\n        in a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-sponsored [[1954 Guatemalan coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat|military coup]], triggering a bloody civil war that continues\n        for more than 35 years.\\n** The world''s first [[nuclear power|atomic power\n        station]] opens at [[Obninsk]], near Moscow.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July\n        1954}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Nordic Passport Union|Common Nordic Labor Market\n        Act]] comes into effect.\\n** The United States officially begins using the\n        international unit of the nautical mile, equal to 6,076.11549 ft. or\n        1,852 meters.\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|Food rationing\n        in Great Britain]] ends with the lifting of restrictions on sale and purchase\n        of meat, 14 years after it began early in [[World War II]] and nearly a decade\n        after the war''s end.\\n** \\u201cMiracle of Bern\\u201d: [[Germany national\n        football team|West Germany]] beats [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]]\n        [[1954 FIFA World Cup Final|3\\u20132]] to win the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[Peter Thomson (golfer)|Peter Thomson]] becomes the first\n        Australian to win the [[The Open Championship|British Open Golf Championship]].\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** The maiden flight of the [[Boeing 367-80]] (or Dash 80), prototype\n        of the [[Boeing 707]] series.\\n** [[Juan Manuel Fangio|Juan Fangio]], the\n        [[Argentina|Argentine]] driver for German [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand\n        Prix]] team [[Mercedes-Benz]], makes a new fastest lap of the [[Silverstone\n        Circuit]] with an average speed of 100.35 mph, the previous record being\n        100.16 mph.\\n* [[July 19]] – Release of [[Elvis Presley]]''s first\n        single, \\\"[[That''s All Right]]\\\", by [[Sun Records]] (recorded July 5 in\n        [[Memphis, Tennessee]]).\\n* [[July 21]] – [[First Indochina War]]: The\n        [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Conference]] sends French forces to the\n        south, and Vietnamese forces to the north, of a ceasefire line, and calls\n        for elections to decide the government for all of [[Vietnam]] by July 1956.\n        Failure to abide by the terms of the agreement leads to the establishment\n        de facto of regimes of [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]], and the [[Vietnam\n        War]].\\n* [[July 31]] – Italian mountaineers [[Lino Lacedelli]] and\n        [[Achille Compagnoni]] become the first successfully to reach the summit of\n        the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] peak [[K2]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1954}}\\n* [[August 1]] – The [[First Indochina War]] ends with the [[Vietnam\n        People''s Army]] in [[North Vietnam]], the [[Vietnamese National Army]] in\n        [[South Vietnam]], the [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953\\u201370)|Kingdom of Cambodia]]\n        in [[Cambodia]], and the [[Kingdom of Laos]] in [[Laos]], emerging victorious\n        against the French Army.\\n* [[August 6]] – Emilie Dionne, one of the\n        [[Dionne quintuplets]], dies of [[asphyxia]]tion following an [[epileptic\n        seizure]]. She is the first of the five to perish, and three of them live\n        into the 21st century.\\n* [[August 16]] – The first issue of ''''[[Sports\n        Illustrated]]'''' magazine is published in the United States.\\n* [[August\n        24]] – Brazilian president [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]] commits suicide after\n        being accused of involvement in a conspiracy to murder his chief political\n        opponent, [[Carlos Lacerda]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1954}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The last ''new'' episode of ''''[[The Lone\n        Ranger]]'''' radio program is broadcast, after 2,956 episodes over a period\n        of 21 years. Reruns of old episodes continue to be transmitted.\\n* [[September\n        6]] – The [[SEATO]] treaty is signed in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]].\\n*\n        [[September 8]] – The [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] (SEATO)\n        is established in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].\\n* [[September 9]] – The\n        6.7 {{M|w}} [[1954 Chlef earthquake|Chlef earthquake]] shakes northern [[Algeria]]\n        with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme'''').\n        The shock destroyed [[Orl\\u00e9ansville]], left 1,243\\u20131,409 dead, and\n        5,000 injured.\\n* [[September 11]] – The [[Miss America]] Pageant is\n        broadcast on television for the first time.\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] carries out the [[Totskoye nuclear exercise]].\\n** English composer\n        [[Benjamin Britten]]\\u2019s [[chamber opera]] version of ''''[[The Turn of\n        the Screw (opera)|The Turn of the Screw]]'''' receives its world premiere\n        at the [[Teatro La Fenice]] in [[Venice]], Italy.\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Black Wednesday (air travel)|Black Wednesday]] in air travel: severe delays\n        to flights due to bad weather along the [[East Coast of the United States]].\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[William Golding]]''s novel ''''[[Lord of the Flies]]''''\n        is published in London.\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Western Bulldogs|Footscray\n        Football Club]] win their first and only [[Australian Football League]] [[AFL\n        Grand Final|Grand Final]].\\n* [[September 26]] – The Japanese ferry\n        ''''[[T\\u014dya Maru]]'''' sinks during a [[typhoon]] in the [[Tsugaru Strait]].\n        More than 1,100 people are killed. Seven other ships are [[List of shipwrecks\n        in 1954#26 September|wrecked]] and at least nine others seriously damaged.\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – The {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}}, the first nuclear-powered\n        [[submarine]] in the world, is commissioned into the [[U.S. Navy]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1954}}\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** Pre-[[Vietnam War]]: The [[Viet\n        Minh]] takes control of [[North Vietnam]].\\n** [[Hurricane Hazel]] crosses\n        over [[Haiti]], killing 1,000.\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Hurricane Hazel]]\n        makes U.S. landfall; it is the only recorded [[Saffir\\u2013Simpson hurricane\n        scale#Category 4|Category 4 hurricane]] to strike as far north as [[North\n        Carolina]].\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Texas Instruments]] announces the development\n        of the first commercial [[transistor radio]]. The [[Regency TR-1]] goes on\n        sale the following month.\\n** The [[comic strip]] ''''[[Hi and Lois]]'''',\n        by [[Mort Walker]] and [[Dik Browne]], is launched.\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        A [[Stevedore|dock worker]]s'' [[Strike action|strike]] expands in England.\\n*\n        [[October 23]]\\n** West Germany joins [[NATO]].\\n** [[London and Paris Conferences#Paris|Paris\n        Agreement]] sets up the [[Western European Union]] to implement the [[Treaty\n        of Brussels]] (1948) providing for mutual self-defence and other collaboration\n        between Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands\n        and the United Kingdom.\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Landslide]]s caused by\n        heavy rains hit [[Salerno]], Italy, killing about 300.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Muslim Brotherhood]] member Mahmoud Abdul Latif tries to kill [[Gamal Abdel\n        Nasser]].\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Algerian War|Algerian War of Independence]]:\n        The [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Algerian National Liberation Front]]\n        begins a revolt against French rule.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1954}}\\n* [[November 1]] – The [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]]\n        attacks representative and public buildings of the French colonial power.\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\n** The dock workers'' strike in the UK comes to an end.\\n**\n        The radio program ''''[[Hancock''s Half Hour]]'''', a pioneer in [[situation\n        comedy]], is first broadcast on [[BBC Radio]]. A television version would\n        follow in 1956.\\n* [[November 3]] – The first [[Godzilla (1954 film)|''''Godzilla'''']]\n        film premieres in Tokyo.\\n* [[November 5]] – Japan and [[Burma]] sign\n        a peace treaty in [[Rangoon]], to end their long-extinct state of war.\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] dedicates\n        the [[USMC War Memorial]] (Iwo Jima memorial) at the Arlington National Cemetery.\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – The main immigration port-of-entry in [[New York Harbor]]\n        at [[Ellis Island]] closes permanently.\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Egypt]]ian\n        president [[Muhammad Naguib]] is deposed, and [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] replaces\n        him.\\n* [[November 22]] – The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S.\n        Supreme Court]] decides the landmark case [[Berman v. Parker]] (348 U.S. 26),\n        upholding the federal [[slum clearance]] and urban renewal programs.\\n* [[November\n        23]] – The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] rises 3.27 points, or 0.86\n        percent, closing at an all-time high of 382.74. More significantly, this is\n        the first time the Dow has surpassed its peak level reached just before the\n        [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]].\\n* [[November 30]] – In [[Sylacauga,\n        Alabama]], a four-kilogram piece of the [[Sylacauga (meteorite)|Hodges Meteorite]]\n        crashes through the roof of a house and badly bruises a napping woman, in\n        the first documented case of an object from [[outer space]] hitting a person.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1954}}\\n* [[December 1]] – The first [[Hyatt|Hyatt\n        Hotel]], The Hyatt House Los Angeles, opens on the grounds of [[Los Angeles\n        International Airport]]. It is the first hotel in the world built on an airport\n        property.\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Second Red Scare|Red Scare]]: The [[United\n        States Senate]] votes 67\\u201322 to condemn [[Joseph McCarthy]] for \\\"conduct\n        that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute.\\\"\\n** The Taiwan-United\n        States Mutual Defense Treaty is signed.[[s:Mutual Defense Treaty between\n        the United States of America and the Republic of China]]\\n* [[December\n        4]] – The first [[Burger King]] opens in [[Miami|Miami, Florida]].\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – The [[Netherlands Antilles]] is created out of the\n        Dutch Caribbean nations. It is later dissolved between [[1986]] and [[2010]].\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[J. Hartwell Harrison]], and [[Joseph Murray]] perform\n        the world''s first successful [[Kidney transplantation|kidney transplant]]\n        in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Laos]] gains\n        full independence from France.\\n\\n===Date titles===\\n* [[New Zealand]] engineer\n        [[Bill Hamilton (engineer)|Sir William Hamilton]] develops the first [[pump-jet]]\n        engine (the \\\"Hamilton Jet\\\") capable of propelling a [[jetboat]].{{cite\n        web|title=Sir William Hamilton OBE|url=http://www.hamiltonjet.co.nz/about_hamiltonjet/sir_william_hamilton|publisher=HamiltonJet|year=2007|accessdate=2012-11-12}}\\n*\n        The first electric [[drip brew]] [[coffeemaker]] is patented in Germany and\n        named the [[Wigomat]] after its inventor Gottlob Widmann.{{cite web|title=Sixty\n        years of the Federal Republic of Germany \\u2013 a retrospective of everyday\n        life|url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/typ/bun/en4922236.htminventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coffee.htm|work=|accessdate=2002-12-28}}\\n*\n        The [[Boy Scouts of America]] desegregates on the basis of race.\\n* Gerbils\n        (''''[[Meriones unguiculatus]]'''') are brought to the United States by Dr.\n        Victor Schwentker.\\n* The case of [[Lothar Malskat]], who had admitted that\n        he had painted the supposedly antique [[fresco]]es in [[Marienkirche, L\\u00fcbeck|Marienkirche]]\n        himself, goes to trial.\\n* The [[TV dinner]] is introduced by the American\n        entrepreneur [[Gerry Thomas]].\\n* [[New York City Ballet]] founding balletmaster\n        [[George Balanchine]]''s production of ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''' is staged\n        for the first time in New York City, and it became a tradition there, still\n        being performed annually {{as of|lc=y|2010}}.\\n* South Korea opens the [[Gimpo\n        International Airport]].\\n* In [[South Vietnam]] the [[Viet Minh]] is reorganised\n        into the [[Viet Cong]].\\n* After the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], the [[Soviet\n        Union]] starts releasing political prisoners and deportees from its [[Gulag]]\n        prison camps.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:MT high res vmag..jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Tina\n        Knowles]]]]\\n[[File:Howard Stern.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Howard Stern]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        F. Kennedy Jr. by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Katey\n        Sagal by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Katey Sagal]]]]\\n[[File:Oprah in\n        2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oprah Winfrey]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Henry\n        Bonilla]], American politician\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Ross the Boss]],\n        American heavy metal/punk guitarist\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Tina Knowles]],\n        Fashion designer; mother of R&B singers [[Beyonc\\u00e9]] and [[Solange Knowles]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Ulliott|Dave \\\"The Devilfish\\\" Ulliott]], English professional poker\n        player\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Alex English]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Anthony Minghella]], British film and theatre director\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Jodi Long]], American actress \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Vitier]], [[Cuba]]n music composer and pianist\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Julieta Castellanos]], Honduran sociologist\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[Howard Stern]], American radio host\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Trevor Rabin]],\n        South African\\u2013American musician\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Tom Cheney (cartoonist)|Tom\n        Cheney]], American cartoonist\\n** [[Masanobu Fuchi]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Jose Dalisay, Jr.]], Filipino writer\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]], American socialite and\n        environmental activist \\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Ted DiBiase]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Katey Sagal]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Katharina\n        Thalbach]], German actress\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Thomas de Maizi\\u00e8re]],\n        German politician\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Peter Pilz]], Austrian politician\\n*\n        [[January 23]]\\n** [[Franco De Vita]], Venezuelan singer and songwriter\\n**\n        [[Edward Ka-Spel]], British/Dutch singer-songwriter ([[The Legendary Pink\n        Dots]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\n** [[Bruno Metsu]], French football coach (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Kaneto Shiozawa]], Japanese voice actor (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Willy Telavi]], 11th Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Yukinobu\n        Hoshino]], Japanese cartoonist\\n** [[Terry Kinney]], American actor\\n** [[Oprah\n        Winfrey]], American actress, talk show hostess, producer, and publisher\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Matt\n        Groening by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matt Groening]]]]\\n[[File:Rene\n        Russo 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rene Russo]]]]\\n[[File:John Travolta Deauville\n        2013 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Travolta]]]]\\n[[File:Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Recep\n        Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Bill Mumy]], American\n        child actor and musician\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Christie Brinkley]],\n        American model\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Dieter Bohlen]], German music producer\n        and singer-songwriter ([[Modern Talking]], [[Blue System]])\\n* [[February\n        9]]\\n** [[Chris Gardner]], American entrepreneur\\n** [[Gina Rinehart]], Australian\n        mining tycoon.\\n** [[Kevin Warwick]], English cybernetic scientist\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Noriyuki Asakura]], Japanese composer\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        [[Philip Zimmermann]], American cryptographer\\n** [[Joseph Jordania]], Georgian-Australian\n        musicologist and academic\\n** [[Tzimis Panousis]], Greek comedian, singer,\n        and author\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Donnie Moore]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Matt Groening]], American\n        cartoonist \\n* [[February 16]] – [[Iain Banks]], Scottish author (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Rene Russo]], American actress and fashion\n        model\\n** [[Yuji Takada (wrestler)|Yuji Takada]], Japanese free-style wrestler\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\n** [[John Travolta]], American actor \\n** [[Jalaluddin Hassan]],\n        Malaysian actor\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Messaouda Boubaker]], Tunisian writer\\n**\n        [[S\\u00f3crates]], Brazilian footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n**\n        [[Anthony Head]], English actor\\n** [[Patty Hearst]], American heiress and\n        kidnapping victim\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Viktor Yushchenko]], [[President\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Sid Meier]], Canadian programmer\n        and game designer, notable for the ''''[[Civilization series|Civilization]]''''\n        series\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Gerardo Pelusso]], Uruguayan football\n        manager\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Recep Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan]], [[List of\n        Presidents of Turkey|12th]] [[President of Turkey]]\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ron\n        Howard 2011 Shankbone 3.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Ron Howard]]]]\\n[[File:Francois\n        Fillon IMG 3405.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois Fillon]]]]\\n[[File:CATHERINE\n        OHARA.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Catherine O''Hara]]]]\\n[[File:RobertCarradine1SecondFilm.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Carradine]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Catherine Bach]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Ron Howard]], American actor, director, producer (''''The Andy Griffith\n        Show'''' and ''''Happy Days'''')\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Ed Johnstone]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Gara Takashima]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Fillon]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n** [[Catherine\n        O''Hara]], Canadian actress (''''SCTV'''')\\n** [[Irina Ratushinskaya]], Russian\n        writer\\n** [[Willie Thorne]], English snooker player\\n* [[March 6]] –\n        [[Harald Schumacher]], German football goalkeeper\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Marie-Theres\n        Nadig]], Swiss alpine skier\\n** [[David Wilkie (swimmer)|David Wilkie]], Scottish\n        swimmer\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Bobby Sands]], Irish republican hunger striker\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos|The Baroness\n        Amos]], British politician\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Massimo Bubola]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Craig Wasson]], American actor\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[S.A. Griffin]], American actor and poet\\n** [[Nancy Wilson (rock musician)|Nancy\n        Wilson]], American rock musician \\n* [[March 17]] – [[Lesley-Anne Down]],\n        British actress\\n* [[March 18]] – [[James F. Reilly]], American astronaut\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Indu Shahani]], Indian educator and [[Sheriff of Mumbai]]\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – [[Louis Sachar]], American author\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Geno Auriemma]], American basketball coach\\n** [[Hideyuki Hori]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Robert Carradine]], American actor\\n** [[Donna\n        Pescow]], American actress and director\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Wendy Fulton]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Kazuhiko Inoue]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Clive\n        Palmer]], Australian mining tycoon\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Karen Ann Quinlan]],\n        American right-to-die cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre (d. [[1985]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Jackie\n        Chan July 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jackie Chan]]]]\\n[[File:DennisQuaidTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dennis\n        Quaid]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0620-0034, Angelika Hellmann.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Angelika\n        Hellmann]]]]\\n[[File:Jerry Seinfeld by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry\n        Seinfeld]]]]\\n[[File:Vic Sotto 2015.png|thumb|100px|[[Vic Sotto]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Dieter M\\u00fcller]], German soccer player\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Susumu Hirasawa]], Japanese musician\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Guy Bertrand\n        (broadcaster)|Guy Bertrand]], Canadian linguist and radio/television personality\\n*\n        [[April 6]] \\n** [[Judi Bowker]], English actress\\n** [[Michael Simms (publisher)]],\n        American poet and publisher; founded [[Autumn House Press]]\\n* [[April 7]]\\n**\n        [[Jackie Chan]], Hong Kong-born actor and martial artist\\n** [[Tony Dorsett]],\n        American football player\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Gary Carter]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[John Schneider (screen actor)|John Schneider]],\n        American actor, better known for his role in ''''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]''''\\n*\n        [[April 9]]\\n** [[Steve Holt (Canadian musician)|Steve Holt]], Canadian musician\\n**\n        [[Dennis Quaid]], American actor\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Anacani]], Mexican-born\n        American singer \\n** [[Angelika Hellmann]], East German artistic gymnast\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – [[Bruce Sterling]], American science fiction writer\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Ellen Barkin]], American actress\\n* [[April 17]]\\n**\n        [[Norio Imamura]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Roddy Piper]], Canadian wrestler\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[J\\u014dji Nakata]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Michael Moore]], American filmmaker/political\n        activist\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Randy Cross]], American football player\n        and broadcaster\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Herman Edwards]], American football\n        head coach\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Michael Daugherty]], American composer\\n**\n        [[Vic Sotto]], Filipino actor and host\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Jake Burton Carpenter]],\n        American founder of [[Burton Snowboards]]\\n** [[Kazuko Kurosawa]], Japanese\n        costume designer\\n** [[Jerry Seinfeld]], American actor, comedian and producer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Johnny-Logan---2010---3---(Gentry).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny\n        Logan (singer)|Johnny Logan]]]]\\n[[File:David Paterson 2 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Paterson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Archie Norman (businessman)|Archie Norman]],\n        British politician and businessman\\n** [[Ray Parker, Jr.]], American musician\n        and composer\\n** [[Maatia Toafa]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n** [[Garry\n        Who]], Australian actor and comedian\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Elliot Goldenthal]],\n        American composer\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Angela Hern\\u00e1ndez Nu\\u00f1ez]],\n        Dominican writer \\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Philippe Geluck]], Belgian cartoonist\\n**\n        [[Amy Heckerling]], American film director\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Pam Arciero]],\n        ''''[[Sesame Street]]'''' puppeteer\\n** [[John Michael Talbot]], American\n        Christian musician\\n** [[Gary Wilmot]], British entertainer\\n* [[May 13]]\n        – [[Johnny Logan (singer)|Johnny Logan]], Australian-born Irish singer\n        and composer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1980, 1987 winner dubbed as \\\"Mister\n        Eurovision\\\"\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Mar\\u00eda Dolores Katarain]] (\\\"Yoyes\\\"),\n        Spanish Basque separatist leader (k. [[1986]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[H\\u014dch\\u016b\n        \\u014ctsuka]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Phil Rudd]], Australian rock drummer\n        (''''[[AC/DC]]'''')\\n* [[May 20]] – [[David Paterson]], American politician,\n        Governor of New York\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Shuji Nakamura]], Japanese electronics\n        engineer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Sudirman Arshad]], Malaysian singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Danny Rolling]], American murderer (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Pauline Hanson]], Australian politician\\n**\n        [[Lawrence M. Krauss]], American theoretical physicist and science writer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Harvey\n        Fierstein Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harvey Fierstein]]]]\\n[[File:Will\n        patton 2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Will Patton]]]]\\n[[File:Belushi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Belushi]]]]\\n[[File:Kathleen Turner.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathleen Turner]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Anthony.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Anthony (musician)|Michael Anthony]]]]\\n[[File:S\n        Sarkisyan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Serzh Sargsyan]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Chiyoko\n        Kawashima]], Retired Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Kazuhiro\n        Yamaji]], Japanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Nancy Stafford]],\n        American actress and Christian author\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Harvey Fierstein]],\n        American actor\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[John Hagelin]], American physicist and\n        U.S. Presidential candidate\\n** [[Elizabeth May]], leader of the [[Green Party\n        of Canada]]\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Will Patton]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        15]]\\n** [[Jim Belushi]], American actor (''''[[Saturday Night Live]]'''')\\n**\n        [[Bob McDonnell]], American politician\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Sergey Kuryokhin]],\n        Russian pianist, composer, improvisor, performance artist and actor (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Ted Coombs]], American artist\\n** [[Kathleen Turner]], American\n        actress\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Michael Anthony (musician)|Michael Anthony]],\n        American rock bassist (''''[[Van Halen]]'''')\\n** [[Karlheinz Brandenburg]],\n        German electrical engineer and mathematician\\n** [[Ilan Ramon]], [[Israeli\n        Air Force]] fighter pilot and [[Israel]]''s first [[astronaut]] (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – [[Anne Kirkbride]], British actress (''''[[Coronation\n        Street]]'''') (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Freddie Prinze]], American\n        actor and comedian (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Sonia Sotomayor]],\n        [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n** [[Igor\n        Lisovsky]], Soviet pair skater\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Steve Barton]], American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Ron Kirk]], Mayor of Dallas,\n        Texas\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Ava Barber]], American country singer (''''[[The\n        Lawrence Welk Show]]'''')\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Rick Honeycutt]], American\n        baseball player and coach\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Pierre Charles]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Dominica]] (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Serzh Sargsyan]], [[President of Armenia]]\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Angela\n        Merkel Security Conference February 2015 (cropped).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Angela\n        Merkel]]]]\\n[[File:Hugo Ch\\u00e1vez (02-04-2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugo Ch\\u00e1vez]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]]\\n** [[Peter Randall-Page]], British artist\\n** [[Wendy Schaal]],\n        American actress\\n* [[July 5]] – [[John Wright (cricketer)|John Wright]],\n        New Zealand cricket captain\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Willie Randolph]], American\n        baseball player, coach, manager\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Robert M. Price]],\n        American theologian and writer, [[Cthulhu Mythos]] scholar and editor\\n* [[July\n        9]] – [[Kevin O''Leary]], Canadian businessman, television personality,\n        and political candidate\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Andre Dawson]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Neil Tennant]], British musician\\n** [[Y\\u014d Yoshimura]], Japanese\n        voice actor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Sezen Aksu]], [[Turkey|Turkish]]\n        singer\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Tarak Dhiab]], Tunisian footballer\\n** [[Mario\n        Kempes]], Argentine footballer\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Jeanette Mott Oxford]],\n        American politician\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Angela Merkel]], 8th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)|Chancellor of Germany]]\\n** [[Edward\n        Natapei]], Vanuatu politician and [[Prime Minister of Vanuatu]] (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Eduardo Romero]], Argentine golfer\\n** [[J. Michael Straczynski]], American\n        author\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Wilson Casey]], American syndicated columnist\n        and entertainer\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Pierre Lebeau]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Jorge Jesus]], Portuguese football player and coach\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Walter Payton]], African-American football player (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Vitas Gerulaitis]], American tennis player\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Leonardo Daniel]], Mexican actor and director\\n* [[July\n        27]]\\n** [[Philippe Alliot]], French race car driver\\n** [[Lynne Frederick]],\n        British actress (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Hugo Ch\\u00e1vez]],\n        [[President of Venezuela]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Mark Gersmehl]],\n        American Christian musician\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Francois Hollande 2015.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Hollande]]]]\\n[[File:James Cameron by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Andres Pastrana Arango (2001).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Pastrana Arango]]]]\\n[[File:Ricarda Schmei%C3%9Fer 1976.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richarda\n        Schmeisser]]]]\\n[[File:Alexander Lukashenko crop.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Alexander\n        Lukashenko]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[Michael Badnarik]], American software\n        engineer and presidential candidate\\n** [[James Gleick]], American nonfiction\n        author of several award-winning books.\\n** [[Junpei Morita]], Japanese actor\n        and voice actor\\n* [[August 2]] – [[David Tang]], Hong Kong-British\n        entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Dorottya\n        Udvaros]], Hungarian actress\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Val\\u00e9ry]], French singer-songwriter\n        and composer\\n** [[Uwe Wittwer]], Swiss artist\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Pete\n        Thomas (drummer)|Pete Thomas]], British drummer for the Elvis Costello band\\n*\n        [[August 11]] – [[Joe Jackson (musician)|Joe Jackson]], British rock\n        ''n'' roll singer (''''Steppin'' Out'''')\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Hollande]], [[President of France]] 2012–17\\n** [[Sam J. Jones]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Pat Metheny]], American jazz guitarist\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Nico\n        Assump\\u00e7\\u00e3o]], [[Brazil]]ian [[bass guitar]] player\\n** [[T\\u00f5nu\n        Kilgas]], Estonian singer and actor \\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Mark Fidrych]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Stanley A. McChrystal]], U.S.\n        Army general\\n* [[August 16]] – [[James Cameron]], Canadian-born film\n        director\\n* [[August 17]] \\n** [[Anatoly Kudryavitsky]], Russian-Irish writer\\n**\n        [[Andr\\u00e9s Pastrana Arango]], [[President of Colombia]] \\n* [[August 20]]\\n**\n        [[Tawn Mastrey]], American disc jockey and music video producer (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Al Roker]], American television personality and host \\n** [[Richarda Schmeisser]],\n        East German artistic gymnast\\n** [[Don Stark]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Steve Smith (musician)|Steve Smith]], American drummer\\n** [[Ivan\n        Stang]], American author and publisher\\n* [[August 23]] \\n** [[Ian Bartholomew]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Charles Busch]], American director, writer and actor\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Philippe Cataldo]], French singer\\n* [[August 25]]\n        – [[Elvis Costello]], English singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 29]] –\n        [[Istv\\u00e1n Cserh\\u00e1ti]], Hungarian keyboardist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Alexander Lukashenko]], [[President of Belarus]]\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[Caroline Cossey]], British model\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Carly\n        Fiorina (16991338093) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carly Fiorina]]]]\\n[[File:Shinz\\u014d\n        Abe April 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shinz\\u014d Abe]]]]\\n[[File:Cherie Blair\n        in Trento.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cherie Blair]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Dave\n        Lumley]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Carly Fiorina]],\n        American businesswoman, former CEO of [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] (1999-2005),\n        and Senator [[Ted Cruz]]''s running mate in the [[United States presidential\n        election, 2016|2016 presidential election]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Michael\n        Emerson]], American actor\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Mohsen Rezaee]], Iranian\n        politician\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Mark W. Everson]], American businessman;\n        46th Commissioner of the [[Internal Revenue Service]] (2003\\u201307)\\n* [[September\n        13]] – [[Steve Kilbey]], Australian musician\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        [[Jo\\u00ebl-Fran\\u00e7ois Durand]], French composer\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Dennis Johnson]], American basketball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Shinz\\u014d Abe]], current [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Thomas\n        S. Ray]], American ecologist\\n** [[Phil \\\"Philthy Animal\\\" Taylor]], English\n        drummer ([[Mot\\u00f6rhead]] and [[Waysted]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Cherie\n        Blair]], wife of British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]\\n* [[September 24]]\n        – [[Lilian Mercedes Letona]], Salvadoran guerrilla (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Kevin Kennedy (baseball)|Kevin Kennedy]], American\n        baseball manager and television host\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Steve Largent]],\n        American football player and congressman\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Barry\n        Williams (actor)|Barry Williams]], American actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Scott\n        Bakula by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Scott Bakula]]]]\\n[[File:David Lee\n        Roth - Van Halen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Lee Roth]]]]\\n[[File:Ang Lee - 66\\u00e8me\n        Festival de Venise (Mostra).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ang Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm\n        Turnbull at the Pentagon 2016 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Malcolm Turnbull]]]]\\n[[File:Mario\n        Testino.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mario Testino]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Martin\n        Strel]], Slovenian swimmer\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Eddie DeGarmo]], American\n        Christian keyboardist and producer\\n** [[Dennis Eckersley]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Al Sharpton]], African-American political activist\\n** [[Stevie\n        Ray Vaughan]], American musician (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Wayne\n        Watson]], American Christian musician\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Howard Hoffman]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Robert A. Schuller]], American\n        televangelist and the son of [[Robert H. Schuller]]\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Scott\n        Bakula]], American actor (''''[[Quantum Leap]]'''', ''''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'''')\\n**\n        [[John O''Hurley]], American actor and game show host\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        [[Mohamed Mounir]], Egyptian singer and actor\\n** [[David Lee Roth]], American\n        rock singer\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Linval Thompson]], Jamaican singer\n        and producer\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Mordechai Vanunu]], a former Israeli\n        nuclear technician who revealed secrets of its [[nuclear weapon]]s program\\n*\n        [[October 15]] \\n** [[Peter Bakowski]], Australian poet\\n** [[Michael Garner]],\n        English actor\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Y\\u016bji Mitsuya]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Ang Lee]], Taiwanese film director\\n* [[October\n        24]]\\n** [[Doug Davidson]], American actor\\n** [[Mike Rounds]], South Dakota\n        politician\\n** [[Malcolm Turnbull]], [[Prime Minister of Australia|28th Prime\n        Minister of Australia]]\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Kathleen Cody (actor)|Kathleen\n        Cody]], American actress\\n** [[Mario Testino]], Peruvian photographer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Condoleezza\n        Rice cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Condoleezza Rice]]]]\\n[[File:Aleksander Kwasniewski\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aleksander Kwa\\u015bniewski]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Angela Webber]], Australian author, television writer, producer\n        and comedian (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Adam Ant]], English singer\\n**\n        [[Kathy Kinney]], American actress and comedian\\n** [[Brigitte Lin]], Taiwanese\n        actress\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Robin Beck]], American singer\\n** [[Kamal\n        Haasan]], Indian actor\\n**[[Jon Taffer]], American bar consultant, television\n        host, and author\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Michael D. Brown]], first Undersecretary\n        of Emergency Preparedness and Response, a division of the United States''\n        Department of Homeland Security\\n** [[Kazuo Ishiguro]], Japanese-born British\n        author\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Rhonda Shear]], American TV hostess, actress,\n        and comedian\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Chris Noth]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** [[Willie Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Puerto Rican [[Major League\n        Baseball]] player\\n** [[Bernard Hinault]], French road bicycle racer\\n** [[Condoleezza\n        Rice]], former [[U.S. Secretary of State]]\\n** [[Yanni]], Greek musician\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Aleksander Kwa\\u015bniewski]], [[President of Poland]]\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Bruce Edwards (caddy)|Bruce Edwards]], American\n        golf caddy (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[John Parr]], English\n        singer and musician\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], [[President\n        of Egypt]]\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Paolo Gentiloni]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Italy]] \\n* [[November 23]] – [[Bruce Hornsby]], American rock singer\n        \\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Roz Chast]], American cartoonist\\n** [[Dan Kwong]],\n        American performance artist, playwright\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Patricia\n        McPherson]], American actress\\n** [[Kimmy Robertson]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Coen brothers|Joel Coen]], American film director,\n        producer, screenwriter, and editor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:JermaineJackson2007(cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jermaine\n        Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:RayLiottaTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray Liotta]]]]\\n[[File:Annie\n        lennox nemahziz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Annie Lennox]], Ex-[[Eurythmics]]]]\\n[[File:Denzel\n        Washington cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denzel Washington]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Bob Goen]], American television personality and game show host\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Dan Butler]], American actor\\n** [[Stone Phillips]],\n        American television journalist \\n* [[December 3]] – [[Grace Andreacchi]],\n        American author\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Tony Todd]], American actor and\n        producer \\n* [[December 6]] – [[Beat Furrer]], Swiss-born Austrian composer\n        and conductor\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Mark Hofmann]], American forger\n        and murderer\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Jack Hues]], English singer and\n        musician ([[Wang Chung (band)|Wang Chung]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Sylvester\n        Clarke]], West Indian cricketer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Jermaine Jackson]], African-American\n        singer\\n** [[Prachanda]], Nepalese Communist leader\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[John Anderson (musician)|John Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[December 14]]\\n** [[Ib Andersen]], Danish dancer\\n** [[Alan Kulwicki]],\n        American race car driver (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Mark Warner]],\n        American politician\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Ray Liotta]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Uli Jon Roth]], German rock guitarist (''''Scorpions'''')\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\n** [[Binali Yildirim]], [[Prime Minister of Turkey]]\\n** [[Sandra Cisneros]],\n        American writer\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Chris Evert]], American tennis\n        player\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Figueres]], Costa\n        Rican politician, President [[1994]]\\u2013[[1998]]\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Annie Lennox]], British rock musician and was lead singer of [[Eurythmics]]\\n*\n        [[December 26]] \\n** [[Susan Butcher]], American dog-sled racer (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Ozzie Smith]], HOF baseball shortstop\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Lanny Poffo]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Denzel Washington]], African-American\n        actor\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Albrecht B\\u00f6ttcher]], German mathematician\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Alex Salmond]], Scottish politician\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n** [[Rabbit Maranville]], American baseball player ([[Boston\n        Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Lillian Rich]], English actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Eduard Wiiralt]], Estonian artist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] – [[Oscar Straus (composer)|Oscar Straus]], Austrian composer (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[William H. P. Blandy]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Sydney Greenstreet]], English actor\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Fred Root]], English cricketer (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[John Murray Anderson]], Canadian theater\n        director and producer (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Dorothy Price]], Irish physician\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Edwin Howard Armstrong|Edwin Armstrong]],\n        American electrical engineer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Florence Bates]], American\n        actress (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Maxwell\n        Bodenheim]], American poet and novelist (murdered) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Laurence Trimble]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        9]] – [[Mabel Paige]], American actress (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Thomas Pierrepoint]], British executioner (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Dziga Vertov]], Russian filmmaker (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]], 24th Prime Minister of\n        Sweden (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[William K. Howard]], American\n        film director (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Otto Paul Hermann Diels.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Otto\n        Diels]]]]\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Otto Diels]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Will H. Hays]], Namesake\n        for the [[Motion Picture Production Code|Hays Code]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        9]] – [[Vagn Walfrid Ekman]], Swedish oceanographer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Cesar Klein]], German painter (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March\n        24]] – [[Th\\u00e0nh Th\\u00e1i]], former [[Emperor of Vietnam]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[Louis Silvers]], American film composer (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] \\n** [[Horatio Dresser]], American writer (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Fritz\n        London]], German physicist (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        [[Fritzi Scheff]], actress & singer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Auguste and Louis Lumi\\u00e8re|Auguste Lumi\\u00e8re]], French film pioneer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Luis Cabrera Lobato]], Mexican lawyer,\n        politician and writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Angus Lewis\n        Macdonald|Angus L. Macdonald]], [[Nova Scotia]] Premier (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[\\u00dclo Altermann]], Estonian soldier and forest brother (b.\n        [[1923]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Lucre\\u021biu P\\u0103tr\\u0103\\u0219canu]],\n        Romanian communist activist and sociologist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 28]]\n        – [[L\\u00e9on Jouhaux]], French labor leader, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[Kathleen Clarice Groom]],\n        British writer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Joe May]], Austrian-born director (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Tom Tyler]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 3]]\n        – [[J\\u00f3zef Garbie\\u0144]], Polish footballer and physician (b. 1896)\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Henri Laurens]], French sculptor and illustrator (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[B. C. Forbes]], Scottish-born publisher (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Heinz Guderian]], German [[World War II]] general (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[William March]], American writer and soldier\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Charles Ives]], American composer (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Chief Bender]], Native-American baseball\n        player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Robert Capa]], Hungarian-born photojournalist\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Omer Nishani]], former Chairman of the\n        Presidium of the People''s Assembly and head of State of Albania (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Alan\n        Turing Aged 16.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alan Turing]]]]\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Alan\n        Turing]], British mathematician, cryptanalyst, and pioneer computer scientist\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Alain LeRoy Locke]],  American writer,\n        philosopher and educator (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Don Hollenbeck]],\n        American newscaster (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Thomas Denman,\n        3rd Baron Denman]], 5th [[Governor-General of Australia]] (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Andrass Samuelsen]], 1st Prime Minister of Faroe Islands\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Frida Kahlo, by Guillermo Kahlo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frida\n        Kahlo]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Thea von Harbou]], German actress (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Tom\\u00e1s Monje]], 48th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Reginald Marsh (artist)|Reginald Marsh]], American painter (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Gabriel Pascal]], Hungarian-born film producer\n        and director (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Cornelia Sorabji]], Indian-born lawyer (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Henry Valentine Knaggs]], English physician\n        and author (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Frida Kahlo]], Mexican painter\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Irving Pichel]], American actor and director (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Grantland Rice]], American sportswriter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**\n        [[Jacinto Benavente]], Spanish dramatist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Jackie Saunders]], American silent screen\n        actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Herms Niel]], German composer\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Machine Gun Kelly]], American gangster\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Hannes Meyer]], Swiss architect (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[S\\u014djin Kamiyama]] or \\\"Sojin\\\", Japanese\n        film star during the American silent film era (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July 29]]\n        – [[Coen de Koning]], Dutch speed skater (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Alcide\n        de Gasperi 2.jpg|thumbnail|right|120px|[[Alcide de Gasperi]]]]\\n* [[August\n        3]]\\n** [[Bess Streeter Aldrich]], American writer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Colette]],\n        French novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Hugo Eckener]], President\n        of the Zeppelin Dirigible Company (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Alcide\n        De Gasperi]], Italian statesman and Christian Democracy politician, 30th [[Prime\n        Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Get\\u00falio\n        Vargas]], 14th and 17th [[President of Brazil]] (suicide) (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Elsa Barker]], American writer (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Bert Acosta]], American aviator (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Franz Leopold Neumann]],  German- political activist\n        and Marxist theorist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Eugene Pallette]],\n        American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Eugen Schiffer]],\n        German politician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Edward C. Kalbfus]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Bud Fisher]], American\n        cartoonist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Glenn Scobey Warner]], American college football\n        coach (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Derain]], French\n        artist, painter and sculptor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Mikimoto\n        K\\u014dkichi]], Japanese pearl farm pioneer (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[September 24]]\n        – [[Edward Pilgrim]], British homeowner (suicide) (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Eugeni d''Ors|Eugenio d''Ors]], Spanish writer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[Maximilian von Weichs]], German field marshal (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Bert Lytell]], American actor (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Robert H. Jackson]],\n        United States Supreme Court associate justice and chief prosecutor at the\n        Nuremberg Trials (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[George Welch (pilot)|George\n        Welch]], American aviator (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Hugh Duffy]],\n        American baseball player ([[Boston Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Jibanananda Das]], Indian poet, writer, novelist and essayist in [[Bengali\n        language|Bengali]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Wilbur Shaw]],\n        American racing driver (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Henri Matisse,\n        1913, photograph by Alvin Langdon Coburn.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Henri Matisse]]]]\\n[[File:Enrico\n        Fermi 1943-49.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Enrico Fermi]]]]\\n[[File:Wilhelm Furtw\\u00e4ngler.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Wilhelm\n        Furtw\\u00e4ngler]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Henri Matisse]], French painter\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist]],\n        German field marshal (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Lionel Barrymore]],\n        American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Albert Francis Blakeslee]],\n        American botanist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Yitzhak Lamdan]],\n        Russian-born Israeli poet and columnist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Clyde Cessna]], American aviator and aircraft designer and manufacturer,\n        founder of the [[Cessna|Cessna Aircraft Corporation]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        22]]\\n** [[Roderick McMahon]], American professional boxing and wrestling\n        promoter; founder of [[WWE#Capitol Wrestling Corporation (1952-1963)|Capitol\n        Wrestling Corporation]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Moroni Olsen]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Andrey Vyshinsky]], Russian jurist and diplomat, former\n        [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Soviet Foreign Minister]] (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Enrico Fermi]], Italian physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Dink Johnson]], American musician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Wilhelm Furtw\\u00e4ngler]], German conductor (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Fred Rose (songwriter)|Fred Rose]], American songwriter\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Claude Cahun]], French photographer\n        and writer (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Gladys George]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]], English\n        novelist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Ich\\u00e9]],\n        French sculptor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Adolph Otto Niedner]],\n        American cartridge designer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Archduke\n        Eugen of Austria]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[G\\u00fcnther\n        Quandt]], German industrialist who founded an industrial empire that today\n        includes BMW and Altana (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Max Born]], [[Walther Bothe]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Linus Pauling]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[John Franklin Enders]],\n        [[Thomas Huckle Weller]], [[Frederick Chapman Robbins]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Literature]] – [[Ernest Hemingway]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – The Office of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]].\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1954}}\\n[[Category:1954| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:40:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":799145856,\"length\":59394,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954\"},\"34851\":{\"pageid\":34851,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1955\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-07T11:50:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1955}}\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1955}}\\n{{Year nav|1955}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1955}}\\n[[File:Marian Anderson.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[January 7]]:\n        [[Marian Anderson]] at the [[Metropolitan Opera|Met]]]]\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1955}}\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Rem\\u00f3n\n        Cantera]], president of [[Panama]], is assassinated at a race track in [[Panama\n        City]].\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ram\\u00f3n Guizado]] becomes\n        president of [[Panama]].\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Marian Anderson]] is the\n        first [[African-American]] singer to perform at the [[Metropolitan Opera]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[January 17]] – {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}}, the\n        first [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] submarine, puts to sea\n        for the first time, from [[Groton, Connecticut]].\\n* [[January 18]]–[[January\n        20]] – [[Battle of Yijiangshan Islands]]: The Chinese Communist [[People''s\n        Liberation Army]] seizes the islands from the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan).\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – In the United States, [[The Pentagon]] announces a\n        plan to develop [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s (ICBMs) armed with\n        [[nuclear weapon]]s.\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Sutton Coldfield rail crash]]\n        kills 17 near Birmingham, England.\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Presidium of\n        the Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Soviet Union]] announces the end of the war\n        between the USSR and Germany, which began during World War II in [[1941]].\\n*\n        [[January 28]] – [[United States Congress]] authorizes President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] to use force to protect [[Taiwan|Formosa]] from the People''s\n        Republic of China.\\n[[File:Minuteman3launch.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[January\n        22]]: [[ICBM]] ]]\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main article|February 1955}}\\n* [[February\n        4]] – \\\"[[Baghdad Pact]]\\\": Military treaty signed between Iraq and\n        Turkey.\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Apartheid]] in [[South Africa]]: 60,000\n        non-white residents of the [[Sophiatown]] [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|suburb\n        of Johannesburg]] are forcibly evicted. \\n* [[February 10]] – The [[United\n        States Seventh Fleet]] helps the [[Republic of China]] evacuate [[Chinese\n        Nationalist]] army and residents from the [[Tachen Islands]] to [[Taiwan]].\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] sends the\n        first U.S. advisors to [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 14]] – [[WFLA-TV]]\n        signs on the air in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]/[[St. Petersburg, Florida]].\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – Nearly 100 die in a fire at a home for the elderly\n        in [[Yokohama]], Japan.\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Southeast Asia Treaty\n        Organization]],(SEATO) established at a meeting in [[Bangkok]].\\n* [[February\n        22]] – In Chicago''s Democratic primary, Mayor [[Martin H. Kennelly]]\n        loses to the head of the Cook County Democratic Party, [[Richard J. Daley]],\n        364,839 to 264,77.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main article|March 1955}}\\n* [[March]]\n        – A young [[Jim Henson]] builds the first version of [[Kermit the Frog]].\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[Claudette Colvin]], a fifteen-year-old [[African-American]]\n        girl, refuses to give up her seat on a bus in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], to\n        a white woman after the driver demands it. She is carried off the bus backwards\n        while being kicked and handcuffed and harassed on the way to the police station.\n        She becomes a plaintiff in ''''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'''' (1956) which rules\n        bus segregation to be unconstitutional.\\n** Serious floods in Australia.\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[WBBJ-TV]] signs on the air in the [[Jackson, Tennessee]],\n        with WDXI as its initial call-letters, to expanded American commercial television\n        in mostly-rural areas.\\n** [[Elvis Presley]] makes his television debut on\n        \\\"Louisiana Hayride\\\" carried by KSLA-TV Shreveport (although audio recordings\n        exists, there is no known video footage of this appearance).\\n* [[March 7]]\n        – The [[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Broadway musical]] version of ''''[[Peter\n        and Wendy|Peter Pan]]'''', which had opened in [[1954]] starring [[Mary Martin]],\n        is presented on television for the first time by [[NBC]]-TV with its original\n        cast, as an installment of ''''[[Producers'' Showcase]]''''. It is also the\n        first time that a stage musical is presented in its entirety on TV almost\n        exactly as it was performed on stage. This program gains the largest viewership\n        of a TV special up to this time, and it becomes one of the first great TV\n        family musical classics.\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Richard Riot]] in [[Montreal]]:\n        6,000 people protest the [[Suspension (punishment)|suspension]] of [[French\n        Canadian]] [[ice hockey]] star [[Maurice Richard]] of the [[Montreal Canadiens]]\n        by the [[National Hockey League]] following a violent incident during a match.\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[KXTV]] signs on the air in [[Sacramento, California]].\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – The movie adaptation of Evan Hunter''s novel ''''[[Blackboard\n        Jungle]]'''' premieres in the United States, featuring the famous single \\\"[[Rock\n        Around the Clock]]\\\" by [[Bill Haley & His Comets]]. Teenagers jump from their\n        seats to dance to the song.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main article|April 1955}}\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[EOKA]] A starts a terrorist campaign against British\n        rule in the [[Crown colony]] of [[Cyprus]].\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Winston Churchill]]\n        resigns as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] due to ill-health at the\n        age of 80.\\n** [[Richard J. Daley]] defeats Robert Merrian to become Mayor\n        of Chicago by a vote of 708,222 to 581,555.\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Anthony\n        Eden]] becomes [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        in the [[NBA]], the [[Syracuse Nationals]] defeat the [[Fort Wayne Pistons]]\n        92-91 in game seven to win the title.\\n* [[April 11]] \\n** The [[Taiwan]]ese\n        [[Kuomintang]] put a time-bomb on the airplane ''''[[Kashmir Princess]]'''',\n        killing 16 but failing to assassinate the People''s Republic of China leader,\n        [[Zhou Enlai]].\\n** [[Taekwondo]], a famous for [[Korean martial arts]], officially\n        recognized as naming in South Korea.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – The [[Salk polio vaccine]], having passed large-scale\n        trials earlier in the United States, receives full approval by the [[Food\n        and Drug Administration]].\\n* [[April 14]] – The [[Detroit Red Wings]]\n        win the [[Stanley Cup]] for the 7th time in franchise history, but will not\n        win again until [[1997]].\\n[[File:McDonalds Museum.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[April\n        15]]: [[McDonald''s]]]]\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Baghdad Pact|Middle East Treaty\n        Organization]] (METO).{{cn|date=January 2017}}\\n** [[Ray Kroc]] opens his\n        first [[McDonald''s]] in [[Des Plaines, Illinois]].\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        [[Burma]]-Japanese peace treaty, signed in [[Rangoon]] on [[November 5]],\n        [[1954]], comes into effect, formally ending a state of war between the two\n        countries that has not existed for a long time.\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Imre\n        Nagy]], the communist Premier of Hungary, is ousted for being too moderate.\\n*\n        [[April 18]]–[[April 24]] – [[Asian-African Conference]] held\n        in [[Bandung]], Indonesia.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{main article|May 1955}}\\n* [[May\n        1]] – Warsaw Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance\n        signed ([[Warsaw Treaty Organization]]) (effective [[June 6]]).\\n* [[May 5]]\n        – West Germany becomes a sovereign country recognized by important Western\n        foreign countries, such as France, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United\n        States.\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Western European Union]] charter effective.\\n*[[May\n        7]] – The last time [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] won a\n        domestic title. \\n* [[May 9]] – West Germany joins the [[North Atlantic\n        Treaty Organization]] (NATO).\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Japanese National Railways]]''\n        ferry [[Shiun Maru disaster|''''Shiun Maru'''' sinks]] after collision with\n        sister ship ''''Uko Maru'''' in thick fog off [[Takamatsu, Kagawa|Takamatsu,\n        Shikoku]], in the [[Seto Inland Sea]] of Japan; 166 passengers (many children)\n        and two crew are killed. This event is influential in plans to construct the\n        [[Akashi Kaiky\\u014d Bridge]] (built 1986-98).\\n*[[May 12]]– New York''s\n        [[IRT Third Avenue Line|Third Avenue Elevated]] runs its last train between\n        Chathem Square in Manhattan and East 149th Street in the Bronx, thus ending\n        elevated train service in [[Manhattan]].\\n* [[May 14]] – Eight Communist\n        Bloc countries, including the [[Soviet Union]], sign a mutual defence treaty\n        in [[Warsaw]], Poland, that is called the [[Warsaw Pact]]. It will be dissolved\n        in [[1991]].\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Austrian State Treaty]], which restores\n        Austria''s national sovereignty, is concluded between the four occupying powers\n        following World War II (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet\n        Union, and France) and Austria, setting it up as a neutral country.\\n* [[May\n        25]] – [[Joe Brown (climber)|Joe Brown]] and [[George Band]] are the\n        first to attain the summit of [[Kangchenjunga]] in the [[Himalayas]], as part\n        of a British team led by [[Charles Evans (mountaineer)|Charles Evans]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{main\n        article|June 1955}}\\n* [[June 7]] – The television [[Game show|quiz\n        program]] ''''[[The $64,000 Question]]'''' premieres on [[CBS]]-TV in the\n        United States, with [[Hal March]] as the host.\\n* [[June 11]] – [[1955\n        Le Mans disaster|Le Mans disaster]]: Eighty-three people are killed and at\n        least 100 are injured after two race cars collide in the [[1955 24 Hours of\n        Le Mans]].\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Mir mine]], the first [[diamond]] mine\n        in the [[Soviet Union]], is discovered.\\n* [[June 16]] – ''''[[Lady\n        and the Tramp]]'''', the [[Walt Disney]] company''s 15th animated film, premieres\n        in [[Chicago]].\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Freedom Charter]] of the anti-[[apartheid]]\n        [[South Africa]]n [[Congress Alliance]] adopted at a [[Congress of the People\n        (1955)|Congress of the People]] in [[Kliptown]].\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main article|July\n        1955}}\\n* [[July 7]] – The [[New Zealand Special Air Service]] is formed.\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Ruth Ellis]] is [[hanged]] for murder in London, becoming\n        the last woman ever to be executed in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        The [[American Broadcasting Company]] broadcasts a sneak preview of [[Disneyland]]\n        in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n** [[Disneyland]] opens to the public in [[Anaheim,\n        California]].\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** The first nuclear-generated electrical power\n        is sold commercially, partially powering the town of [[Arco, Idaho]].\\n**\n        The Illinois Governor, [[William Stratton]], signs the \\\"Loyalty Oath Act\\\",\n        passed by the State Legislature, which mandates all public employees take\n        a loyalty oath to Illinois and the United States, or lose their jobs.\\n**\n        The first Geneva Summit meeting between the United States, the Soviet Union,\n        the United Kingdom, and France begins. It ends on July 23.\\n* [[July 27]]\n        – [[El Al Flight 402]] from [[Vienna]], Austria to [[Tel Aviv]] via\n        [[Istanbul]] is shot down over [[Bulgaria]]. All 58 passengers and crewmen\n        aboard the [[Lockheed Constellation]] airplane are killed.\\n* [[July 28]]\n        – The first [[Interlingua]] Congress in [[Tours]], France, leading to\n        foundation of the [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main\n        article|August 1955}}\\n[[File:Diane 1955 track.png|thumb|120px|right| [[August\n        19]]: [[Hurricane Diane]]]]\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** The [[First Sudanese Civil\n        War]] begins.\\n** First meeting of the [[Organization of Central American\n        States]] (''''Organizaci\\u00f3n de Estados Centroamericanos'''', ODECA), in\n        [[Antigua Guatemala]].\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Hurricane Diane]] hits the\n        northeastern United States, killing over 200 people, and causing over $1.0\n        billion in damage.\\n* [[August 20]] – Hundreds of people are killed\n        in anti-French rioting in [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]].\\n* [[August 22]] –\n        Eleven schoolchildren are killed when their school bus is hit by a freight\n        train in [[Spring City, Tennessee]].\\n* [[August 25]] – The last [[Soviet\n        Army]] occupation forces leave Austria.\\n* [[August 26]] – Release in\n        India of [[Satyajit Ray]]''s film ''''[[Pather Panchali]]''''.\\n* [[August\n        27]] – First edition of the ''''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'''' is\n        published, in London.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main article|September 1955}}\\n[[File:Rockall\n        Union flag hoisted 1955.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|[[September 18]]: Britain\n        annexes [[Rockall]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – Under the guidance of Dr.\n        [[Humphry Osmond]], [[Christopher Mayhew]] ingests 400 mg of [[Mescaline|mescaline\n        hydrochloride]] and allows himself to be filmed as part of a ''''[[Panorama\n        (TV series)|Panorama]]'''' special for BBC TV in the U.K. that is never broadcast.\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Istanbul pogrom]]: [[Istanbul]]''s Greek minority\n        is the target of a government-sponsored [[pogrom]].\\n* [[September 10]] –\n        The long-running program ''''[[Gunsmoke]]'''' debuts on the [[CBS|CBS-TV]]\n        network.\\n* [[September 14]] – Pope Pius XII elevates many of the [[Apostolic\n        vicariate]]s in Africa to [[Metropolitan Archdiocese]]s\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – [[Vladimir Nabokov]]''s controversial novel ''''[[Lolita]]'''' is\n        published in Paris by [[Olympia Press]].\\n* [[September 18]] – The United\n        Kingdom formally annexes the uninhabited island of [[Rockall]].\\n* [[September\n        19]]–[[September 21]] – The [[President of Argentina]], [[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n]], is ousted in a military coup.\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Hurricane\n        Hilda (1955)|Hurricane Hilda]] kills about 200 people in Mexico.\\n* [[September\n        22]] – Independent Commercial Television ([[ITV (TV network)|ITV]])\n        begins broadcasting in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]], President of the United States suffers a [[coronary thrombosis]]\n        while on vacation in [[Denver, Colorado]]. Vice President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]\n        serves as Acting President while Eisenhower recovers.\\n* [[September 30]]\n        –[[James Dean]] was killed in a fatal car crash.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main\n        article|October 1955}}\\n* [[October 2]] – ''''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]''''\n        debuts on the [[CBS]] TV network in the United States.\\n* [[October 3]] –\n        ''''[[The Mickey Mouse Club]]'''' debuts on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC-TV]]\n        network in the United States.\\n* [[October 4]] – The Reverend [[Sun\n        Myung Moon]] is released from prison in [[Seoul]], South Korea.\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Disneyland Hotel (California)|Disneyland Hotel]] opens to the\n        public in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n* [[October 11]] – 70-mm film for\n        projection is introduced with the theatrical release of Rodgers and Hammerstein''s\n        musical film, ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]''''.\\n* [[October 14]]\n        – [[Organization of Central American States]] secretariat inaugurated.\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Disc jockey]] [[Bill Randle]] of [[WERE]] ([[Cleveland]])\n        is the key presenter of a concert at [[Brooklyn High School (Ohio)]], featuring\n        [[Pat Boone]] and [[Bill Haley & His Comets]] and opening with [[Elvis Presley]],\n        Elvis''s first filmed performance, for a documentary on Randle titled ''''[[The\n        Pied Piper of Cleveland]]''''.\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** After the last [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allied]] troops have left [[Austria]] and following the provisions\n        of the [[Austrian Independence Treaty]], the country declares its [[Neutral\n        country|permanent neutrality]].\\n** [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh\n        Di\\u1ec7m]] proclaims [[Vietnam]] to be a republic with himself as its President\n        (following the [[State of Vietnam referendum, 1955|State of Vietnam referendum]]\n        on [[October 23]]) and forms the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]].\\n* [[October\n        27]] – Film ''''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'''', starring [[James Dean]],\n        is released in the United States.\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Italian battleship\n        Giulio Cesare#Novorossiysk|Soviet battleship ''''Novorossiysk'''']] explodes\n        at moorings in [[Sevastopol]] Bay, killing 608, the [[Soviet Union]]''s worst\n        naval disaster.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main article|November 1955}}\\n[[File:LocationAustria.svg|thumb|120px|right|\n        [[October 26]]: Austria free]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** The [[Vietnam War]] begins\n        between the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|South Vietnam Army]] and the\n        [[Vietnam People''s Army|North Vietnam Army]] in which the latter is allied\n        with the [[Viet Cong]].\\n** A time bomb explodes in the cargo hold of [[United\n        Airlines Flight 629]], a [[Douglas DC-6B]] airliner flying above [[Longmont,\n        Colorado]], killing all 39 passengers and 5 crew members on board.\\n* [[November\n        3]] – The [[Rimutaka Tunnel]] opens on the [[New Zealand Railways Department|New\n        Zealand Railways]], at 5.46 mi (8.79 km) the longest in the [[Southern\n        Hemisphere]] at this time.\\n* [[November 5]] – Racial segregation is\n        outlawed on trains and buses in [[interstate commerce]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[C. Northcote Parkinson]] first propounds ''[[Parkinson''s\n        law]]'', in ''''[[The Economist]]''''.\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Bo Diddley]]\n        makes his television debut on [[Ed Sullivan]]''s ''''Toast Of The Town''''\n        show for the [[CBS|CBS-TV]] network.\\n* [[November 23]] – The [[Cocos\n        Islands]] in the Indian Ocean are transferred from British to Australian control.\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – The British Governor of [[Cyprus]] declares a [[state\n        of emergency]] on the island.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{main article|December 1955}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – In [[Montgomery, Alabama]], [[Rosa Parks]] refuses\n        to obey bus driver James F. Blake''s order that she give up her seat to make\n        room for a white passenger and is arrested, leading to the [[Montgomery Bus\n        Boycott]].\\n[[File:Tappan Zee Bridge.JPG|thumb|120px|right| [[December 14]]:\n        [[Tappan Zee Bridge]] opens]]\\n* [[December 4]] – The [[International\n        Federation of Blood Donor Organizations]] was founded in [[Luxembourg]].\\n*\n        [[December 5]]\\n** The [[American Federation of Labor]] and the [[Congress\n        of Industrial Organizations]] merge to become the [[AFL\\u2013CIO]].\\n** The\n        [[Montgomery Improvement Association]] is formed in [[Montgomery, Alabama]],\n        by [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]], and other Black ministers to coordinate\n        a Black people''s boycott of all city buses.\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Adnan\n        Menderes]] of [[Democrat Party (Turkey, historical)|DP]] forms the new government\n        of [[Turkey]] (22nd government)\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** The [[Tappan Zee Bridge]]\n        over the [[Hudson River]] in [[New York (state)|New York]] State opens to\n        traffic.\\n** [[Albania]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Cambodia]], [[Finland]],\n        [[Hungary]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Jordan]], [[Laos]],\n        [[Libya]], [[Nepal]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], and [[Sri Lanka]]\n        join the [[United Nations]] simultaneously, after several years of moratorium\n        on admitting new members that began during the [[Korean War]].\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Cardiff]] is declared by the British Government as the capital\n        of Wales.\\n* [[December 22]] – American cytogeneticist [[Joe Hin Tjio]]\n        discovers the correct number of human [[chromosome]]s, forty-six.\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[General Motors]] becomes the first American corporation to\n        make a profit of over one billion dollars in one year.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        The [[Str\\u00f6msund Bridge]] in [[Sweden]] is completed, being the first\n        significant [[cable-stayed bridge]] of the modern era.{{cite web|title=Str\\u00f6msund\n        Bridge (1955)|work=Structurae|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000070|accessdate=2010-10-02}}\\n\\n===World\n        population===\\n* [[World population]]: 2,755,823,000\\n** Africa: 246,746,000\\n**\n        Asia: 1,541,947,000\\n** Europe: 575,184,000\\n** South America: 190,797,000\\n**\n        North America: 186,884,000\\n** Oceania: 14,265,000\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Mulatu\n        Teshome.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mulatu Teshome]]]]\\n[[File:Rowan Atkinson, 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rowan\n        Atkinson]]]]\\n[[File:JK Simmons 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J. K. Simmons]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin\n        Costner 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Costner]]]]\\n[[File:Rattle BPH-Rittershaus2-\n        Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Simon Rattle]]]]\\n[[File:Eddie Van Halen 2007-11-10.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Van Halen]]]]\\n[[File:File-Official roberts CJ cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        G. Roberts]]]]\\n[[File:Nicolas Sarkozy February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicolas\n        Sarkozy]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Mario Andreacchio]], Australian film director\\n**\n        [[Mary Beard (classicist)|Mary Beard]], English classicist\\n** [[Precious\n        (wrestling)|Precious]], Canadian professional wrestling valet\\n** [[Mulatu\n        Teshome]], Ethiopian politician and 8th [[President of Ethiopia]]\\n* [[January\n        2]] – [[Vivien Savage]], French singer\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Mamata\n        Banerjee]], Indian politician, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[Rowan Atkinson]], English comedian and actor\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – [[J. K. Simmons]], American actor\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Michael\n        Schenker]], German guitarist ([[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[UFO (band)|UFO]],\n        [[Michael Schenker Group]])\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Ran Ito]], Japanese actress\\n**\n        [[Paul Kelly (Australian musician)|Paul Kelly]], Australian musician\\n** [[Jay\n        McInerney]], American writer\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Andreas Gursky]], German\n        photographer\\n** [[Mayumi Tanaka]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Steve Earle]], American musician\\n** [[Mami Koyama]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Kevin Costner]], American actor, producer and director\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – Sir [[Simon Rattle]], English orchestral conductor\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Joe Doherty]], [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]\n        member\\n** [[Hiromi \\u014cta]], Japanese singer\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Jeff Koons]], American artist\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Keiko Takahashi]],\n        Japanese actress\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Petra Gerster]], German television\n        presenter and newscaster\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Andr\\u00e9sen]],\n        Swedish actor\\n** [[Eddie Van Halen]], Dutch-born American rock musician ([[Van\n        Halen]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[John Roberts]], [[Chief Justice of the United\n        States]]\\n** [[Alexander Stuart (writer)|Alexander Stuart]], British-born\n        author\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Vinod Khosla]], Indian-born American [[venture\n        capital]]ist\\n** [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], 23rd [[President of France]]\\n** [[George\n        Tokoro]], Japanese TV personality and singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Eddie Jordan (basketball)|Eddie Jordan]], American basketball player and\n        head coach\\n** [[Femi Pedro]], Deputy Governor of Lagos State, Nigeria\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Kelsey\n        Grammer May 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kelsey Grammer]]]]\\n[[File:Steve\n        Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Jobs]]]]\\n[[File:Gilbert_Gottfried_2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gilbert\n        Gottfried]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Hans Werner Olm]], German television\n        and film comedian\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Leszek Engelking]], Polish poet,\n        writer and translator\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Kirsty Wark]], Scottish\n        television presenter\\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Michael Pollan]], American journalist\\n**\n        [[Irinej Dobrijevi\\u0107]], American-born Serbian Bishop of Australia and\n        New Zealand\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Miguel Ferrer]], American actor (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[John Grisham]], American novelist\\n** [[Xu\n        Bing]], Chinese artist \\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Shaughnessy]], English actor\\n** [[Jim J. Bullock]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[February 10]]\\n** [[Chris Adams (wrestler)|Chris Adams]], English wrestler\n        and judoka (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Pablo Borges Delgado]], Cuban artist\\n** [[Greg\n        Norman]], Australian golfer\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Ai Sat\\u014d]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Akiko Yano]], Japanese singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[February 15]]      \\n** [[Janice Dickinson]], American model, photographer,\n        author and talent agent\\n** [[Christopher McDonald]], American actor\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Mo Yan]], Chinese writer\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Jeff\n        Daniels]], American actor\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Kelsey Grammer]], American\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Howard Jones (musician)|Howard\n        Jones]], English pop keyboardist and singer-songwriter\\n** [[Flip Saunders]],\n        American basketball coach (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Steve Jobs]],\n        American businessman and founder of [[Apple Inc.]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Alain\n        Prost]], French four-time [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Gilbert Gottfried]], American actor and comedian\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Penn\n        Jillette by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Penn Jillette]]]]\\n[[File:NinaHagenPremiereDerSiebteZwerg2014-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nina\n        Hagen]]]]\\n[[File:Gary Sinise 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary Sinise]]]]\\n[[File:\n        Federal Deputy Jair Bolsonaro at the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jair\n        Bolsonaro]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Willis by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce\n        Willis]]]]\\n[[File:Mariano_Rajoy_2016_(portrait).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariano\n        Rajoy]]]]\\n[[File:AngusYoung.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Angus Young]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] – Sir [[Timothy Laurence]], English admiral and second husband of\n        [[Anne, Princess Royal]]\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Shoko Asahara]], Japanese cult\n        leader ([[Aum Shinrikyo]])\\n** [[Jay Osmond]], American pop singer\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Kent Derricott]], Canadian TV personality in Japan\\n* [[March\n        4]] – [[Dominique Pinon]], French actor\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Julien\n        Dray]], French politician\\n** [[Penn Jillette]], American magician and comedian\n        ([[Penn & Teller]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Wendy Boglioli]], American swimmer\\n**\n        [[Jay Ilagan]], Filipino actor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Cyprien Ntaryamira]], Burundian\n        politician, 5th [[President of Burundi]] (d. [[1994]]) \\n** [[Alberta Watson]],\n        Canadian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Tommy Kramer]], American\n        football player\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Don Ashby]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Ornella Muti]], Italian actress\\n**\n        [[Franco Uncini]], Italian motorcycle racer\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Yousra]],\n        Egyptian actress and singer\\n** [[Marianne Rosenberg]], German singer\\n* [[March\n        11]] – [[Nina Hagen]], German pop singer\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Bruno\n        Conti]], Italian football player\\n** [[Glenne Headly]], American actress of\n        film, stage and television (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Robert Kabbas]],\n        Egyptian-born Australian weightlifter\\n** [[Dee Snider]], American rock singer\n        ([[Twisted Sister]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Bruno Barreto]], Brazilian film\n        director\\n** [[Jiro Watanabe]], Japanese boxer\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Gary\n        Sinise]], American actor, producer and director\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Guillermo\n        D\\u00e1vila]], Venezuelan actor and singer\\n** [[Dwayne Murphy]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Pino Daniele]], Italian music artist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Bruce Willis]], American actor\\n** [[Simon Yam]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Mariya Takeuchi]], Japanese singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\n** [[Jair Bolsonaro]], Brazilian congressman and politician\\n**\n        [[Philippe Troussier]], French football coach\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Lena Olin]],\n        Swedish actress\\n** [[Pete Sessions]], American politician\\n** [[Valdis Zatlers]],\n        7th [[President of Latvia]]\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Moses Malone]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Cel\\u00e2l \\u015eeng\\u00f6r]],\n        Turkish geologist\\n** [[Kim Johnston Ulrich]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Danny Arndt]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        [[Mariano Rajoy]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[John\n        Alderdice]], Irish politician\\n** [[Reba McEntire]], American country singer\n        and actress\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Earl Campbell]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Brendan Gleeson]], Irish actor\\n** [[Marina Sirtis]], English-born actress\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Angus Young]], lead guitarist of Australian rock group\n        [[AC/DC]]\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Akira_Toriyama.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Akira Toriyama]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Rooker Makeup and Hairstyling Symposium - Feb 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Rooker]]]]\\n[[File:Grand Duke Luxembourg Royal Wedding 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henri,\n        Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]]]\\n[[File:Kate Mulgrew Shankbone Metropolitan Opera\n        2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate Mulgrew]]]]\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Michael Burleigh]],\n        British historian\\n** [[Mick Mars]], American rock guitarist ([[M\\u00f6tley\n        Cr\\u00fce]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Janice Long]], English radio disc jockey\\n**\n        [[Akira Toriyama]], Japanese manga artist\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Michael\n        Rooker]], American actor\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Grace Hightower]], American\n        philanthropist, actress and singer\\n** [[Gregg Jarrett]], American lawyer\n        turned journalist\\n** [[Akira Nishino (footballer)|Akira Nishino]], Japanese\n        soccer player and manager\\n** [[Werner Stocker (actor)|Werner Stocker]], German\n        actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Kane Hodder]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Barbara Kingsolver]], American fiction writer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Kate\n        Heyhoe]], American food writer\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Kevin Brady]], American\n        politician\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Steve Camp]], American Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Hideki Saijo]], Japanese singer and actor\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Dodi\n        Fayed]], Egyptian businessman (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Henri, Grand\n        Duke of Luxembourg]]\\n** [[DJ Kool Herc]], Jamaican American DJ\\n* [[April\n        17]] – [[Bolland & Bolland|Rob Bolland]], Dutch musician, songwriter\n        and music producer ([[Bolland & Bolland]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Bobby\n        Castillo]], American baseball player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Ebiet\n        G. Ade]], Indonesian singer and songwriter\\n** [[Toninho Cerezo]], Brazilian\n        footballer and coach\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Judy Davis]], Australian actress\\n**\n        [[Fumi Hirano]], Japanese voice actress and essayist\\n** [[Tony Miles]], English\n        chess player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[John de Mol]], Dutch\n        media tycoon\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[John Nunn]], English [[chess]] player and\n        [[mathematician]]\\n** [[Parviz Parastui]], Iranian actor\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        [[Chen Daoming]], Chinese actor\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[James Risen]], American\n        Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative reporter and author\\n** [[Eric Schmidt]],\n        American software engineer and businessman, former CEO of [[Google]] (2001-2011)\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Eddie Jobson]], English musician\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Epcar]], American voice actor\\n** [[Kate Mulgrew]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Y\\u016bko Tanaka]], Japanese actress\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Zlatko Top\\u010di\\u0107]],\n        Bosnian writer and screenwriter\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:TomBergeronApr09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        Bergeron]]]]\\n[[File:Rick Steves cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rick Steves]]]]\\n[[File:Bill\n        Paxton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill Paxton]]]]\\n[[File:James Gosling\n        2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Gosling]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Ray Buttigieg]],\n        Maltese composer and poet\\n** [[Nick Feldman]], English musician ([[Wang Chung\n        (band)|Wang Chung]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Willie Miller]], Scottish footballer\\n**\n        [[Donatella Versace]], Italian designer\\n** [[Dave Winer]], American software\n        pioneer\\n* [[May 3]] – [[David Hookes]], Australian cricketer (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 4]]\\n** [[Avram Grant]], Israeli football manager\\n** [[Robert Ellis\n        Orrall]], American singer\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Tom Bergeron]], American\n        television host\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Mayra Alejandra]], Venezuelan actress\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Meles Zenawi]], 10th [[Prime Minister\n        of Ethiopia]] and 3rd [[President of Ethiopia]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 9]]\n        – [[Anne Sofie von Otter]], Swedish mezzo-soprano\\n* [[May 10]]\\n**\n        [[Chris Berman]], American sports broadcaster\\n** [[Mark David Chapman]],\n        American murderer of musician [[John Lennon]]\\n** [[Rick Steves]], American\n        author and television personality; host of [[Rick Steves'' Europe]]\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Andy Pask]], English bass player and composer ([[Landscape\n        (band)|Landscape]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Robert Tapert]], American TV producer\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Lee Horsley]],  American film, television, and theater\n        actor\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Olga Korbut]], Soviet gymnast\\n** [[Olli Kortekangas]],\n        Finnish composer\\n** [[Jack Morris]], American baseball player\\n** [[Hazel\n        O''Connor]], British rock musician\\n** [[Richard Phillips (merchant mariner)|Richard\n        Phillips]], American merchant mariner and captain of the ''''MV Maersk Alabama''''\\n**\n        [[Debra Winger]], American actress\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Bill Paxton]],\n        American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Chow Yun-fat]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Mark Staff Brandl]], American and Swiss artist\n        and art historian\\n** [[James Gosling]], Canadian software engineer\\n** [[Th.\n        Emil Homerin]], American theologian\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Diego Abatantuono]],\n        Italian actor\\n** [[Zbigniew Preisner]], Polish film composer\\n* [[May 22]]\\n**\n        [[Chalmers \\\"Spanky\\\" Alford]], American jazz guitarist (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Iva Davies]], Australian singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist\n        and record producer; lead singer of [[Icehouse (band)|Icehouse]] \\n** [[Dale\n        Winton]], English radio DJ and television presenter\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Rosanne\n        Cash]], American entertainer\\n** [[Rumiko Ukai]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Suguru Egawa]], Japanese baseball player\\n** [[Connie Sellecca]],\n        American actress\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Doris D\\u00f6rrie]], German actress and\n        screenplay writer\\n** [[Masaharu Morimoto]], Japanese chef\\n* [[May 29]] \\n**\n        [[Mike Porcaro]], American bass guitarist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[John Hinckley\n        Jr.]], attempted assassin of [[Ronald Reagan]]\\n* [[May 30]]\\n**[[Nakamura\n        Kanzabur\\u014d XVIII]], Japanese Kabuki actor\\n**[[Colm T\\u00f3ib\\u00edn]],\n        Irish novelist\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Tommy Emmanuel]], Australian guitarist\\n**\n        [[Susie Essman]], American actress\\n** [[Lynne Truss]], English writer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Sam\n        Simon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sam Simon]]]]\\n[[File:David Kennedy 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        A. Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:LaurieMetcalfFeb08 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laurie\n        Metcalf]]]]\\n[[File:Michel Platini 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michel Platini]]]]\\n[[File:Sir\n        Tim Berners-Lee.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Berners-Lee]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Chiyonofuji Mitsugu]], Japanese sumo wrestler (58th Yokozuna grand champion)\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Dana Carvey]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – [[Fernando Borrego Linares]], Cuban singer and songwriter\n        (aka Polo Monta\\u00f1ez)\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Sandra Bernhard]], American comedian,\n        actress, author and singer\\n** [[Chris Nyman]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Sam Simon]], American filmmaker (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Tim\n        Richmond]], American race car driver (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Tim\n        Berners-Lee]], English computer scientist and inventor\\n** [[Griffin Dunne]],\n        American actor and director\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Floyd Bannister]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Andrew Stevens]], American actor, producer and director\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Yuriy Sedykh]], Ukrainian hammer thrower\\n* [[June 14]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Lankford]], American actress, businesswoman and horse wrangler\\n** [[Paul\n        O''Grady]] (also known as \\\"Lily Savage\\\"), English talk show host and comedian\\n*\n        [[June 15]] \\n** [[Polly Draper]], American actress, screenwriter, playwright,\n        producer and director\\n** [[David A. Kennedy]], son of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Laurie Metcalf]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Sandy Allen]], American, world''s tallest woman (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Tor N\\u00f8rretranders]], Danish author\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Aloysius Amwano]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[Tim Bray]],\n        Canadian computer programmer\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Mader]], French singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Leigh McCloskey]], American actor\\n** [[Michel Platini]], French retired\n        football player and President of [[UEFA]]\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Glenn Danzig]],\n        American rock singer ([[Misfits (band)|The Misfits]], [[Samhain]], [[Danzig\n        (band)|Danzig]])\\n** [[Alan J. Gow]], Australian-born British motorsport executive\\n*\n        [[June 24]] – [[Gurumayi Chidvilasananda]], Indian head of [[Siddha\n        Yoga]]\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Mike McShane]], American actor, comedian and\n        voice actor\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Yoko Gushiken]], Japanese boxer\\n* [[June\n        27]]\\n**[[Isabelle Adjani]], French actress\\n**[[Brad Diller]], American cartoonist\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Amelia Kyambadde]], Ugandan politician\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:\n        Lindsey Graham 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lindsey Graham]]]]\\n[[File:Willem Dafoe\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willem Dafoe]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Sanma\n        Akashiya]], Japanese comedian and actor\\n** [[Nikolai Demidenko]], Russian\n        classical pianist\\n** [[Li Keqiang]], [[Premier of the People''s Republic\n        of China]]\\n** [[Lisa Scottoline]], American novelist\\n** [[Christian Estrosi]],\n        French sportsman and politician\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Stephen Walt]], American\n        political scientist\\n** [[Sylvie Le Noach]], French swimmer\\n** [[Randy Burchell]],\n        Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Chau Giang]], Vietnamese-born\n        American professional poker player\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[John Cramer (announcer)|John\n        Cramer]], American game show announcer\\n** [[Matt Keough]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Bruce Altman]], American actor\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Sebastian\n        Barry]], Irish playwright, novelist and poet\\n** [[Henry Lee Summer]], American\n        singer\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Rolf Saxon]], American actor\\n** [[Ludo Vika]],\n        Dominican actress\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Mihaela Mitrache]], Romanian actress\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Lindsey Graham]], American politician, lawyer, former [[United\n        States Army|U.S. Army]] soldier, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Republican\n        Party (United States)|R]]-[[South Carolina|Sc.]]), and unsuccessful [[United\n        States presidential election, 2016|2016]] presidential candidate\\n** [[Fred\n        Norris]], American radio personality\\n** [[Jimmy Smits]], American actor\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\n** [[Balaji Sadasivan]], Singaporean politician and neurosurgeon\\n**\n        [[S\\u00f8ren S\\u00e6tter-Lassen]], Danish actor\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Yoshitaka\n        Tamba]], Japanese actor\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Ritva Elomaa]], Finnish professional\n        female bodybuilding champion, pop singer and politician\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[Bernd Fasching]], Austrian painter and sculptor\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Adrienne\n        King]], American actress\\n** [[Marcelo Bielsa]], Argentine football player\n        and manager\\n** [[Howie Epstein]], American musician and producer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[B\\u00e9la Tarr]], Hungarian film director\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Willem\n        Dafoe]], American actor\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Iman (model)|Iman]], Somalian\n        model\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Michele Pillar]], American Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Asif Ali Zardari]], 11th President of Pakistan\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Allan\n        Border]], Australian cricketer\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jakie Quartz]], French\n        singer\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:BillyBobThorntonHWOFFeb2012crop.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Bob Thornton]]]]\\n[[File:Mike Huckabee by Gage Skidmore 6.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike\n        Huckabee]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Caleb Carr]], American writer\\n* [[August\n        3]] – [[Roger Gifford]], Lord Mayor of London 2013\\n* [[August 4]]\\n**\n        [[Gerrie Coetzee]], South African boxer, 1983-1984 [[World Boxing Association|WBA]]\n        heavyweight champion.\\n** [[Billy Bob Thornton]], American actor, director\n        and screenwriter\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Gordon J. Brand]], English golfer\\n**\n        [[Ron Davis (pitcher)|Ron Davis]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 7]]\\n**[[Wayne\n        Knight]], American actor and comedian\\n**[[David Learner]], British actor\\n**[[Vladimir\n        Sorokin]], Russian writer\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Didd\\u00fa]] (Sigr\\u00fan\n        Hj\\u00e1lmt\\u00fdsd\\u00f3ttir), Icelandic soprano and songwriter\\n* [[August\n        9]] – [[Doug Williams (American football)|Doug Williams]], American\n        football quarterback\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Mel Tiangco]], Philippine\n        television host and newscaster [[24 Oras]]\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Heintje\n        Simons]], Dutch singer and actor\\n** [[Gish Jen]], American fiction writer\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[Daryl (magician)|Daryl]], American magician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Gillian Taylforth]], English television actress\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Richard Hilton]], American businessman\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Peter Gallagher]], American actor\\n** [[Terry Harper (baseball)|Terry\n        Harper]], American baseball player\\n** [[Apisai Ielemia]], 10th Prime Minister\n        of Tuvalu\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Agnes Chan]], Hong Kong-born TV personality\n        in Japan\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Chiranjeevi]], Indian actor\\n** [[Gordon Liu]],\n        Chinese actor\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Mike Huckabee]], American politician,\n        former Governor and 2008 Presidential candidate\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Laura\n        Fygi]], Dutch singer\\n** [[Sergey Khlebnikov]], Soviet speed skater (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Mayumi Muroyama]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Helge Schneider]],\n        comedian, jazz musician and multi-instrumentalist, author, film and theatre\n        director\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Edwin Moses]], American athlete\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Billy\n        Blanks by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy Blanks]]]]\\n[[File:Zucchero\n        03.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Zucchero Fornaciari]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Billy\n        Blanks]], American martial artist; inventor of the [[Tae Bo]] exercise program\\n**\n        [[Bruce Foxton]], English musician\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Robert C. Duncan\n        (astrophysicist)|Robert Duncan]], American astrophysicist\\n** [[Claus Kleber]],\n        German television journalist\\n** [[Natalya Petrusyova]], Soviet speed skater\\n**\n        [[Michelle Yim]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Hiroshi Izawa]],\n        Japanese actor\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Raymond Benson]], American author\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – [[Efim Zelmanov]], Russian mathematician\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[John Kricfalusi]], Canadian cartoonist\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Peter Scolari]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[\\u017deljka\n        Antunovi\\u0107]], Croatian politician\\n** [[Brendan O''Carroll]], Irish actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Bruce Reitherman]], American filmmaker and voice actor\\n**\n        [[Renzo Rosso]], Italian clothing designer\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Janet\n        Ellis]], British children''s TV presenter\\n** [[Robin Yount]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Charles Martinet]], American voice-actor\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Richard Burmer]], American composer, sound designer\n        and musician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Richard Hieb]], American\n        astronaut\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Shinbo Nomura]], Japanese manga artist\\n*\n        [[September 25]] \\n**[[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]], German football player\\n**[[Zucchero\n        Fornaciari]], Italian singer-songwriter\\n* [[September 28]] – [[St\\u00e9phane\n        Dion]], Canadian politician\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Bill Gates June 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        Gates]]]]\\n[[File:Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) Executive Minister Brother Eduardo\n        Manalo (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eduardo V. Manalo]]]]\\n* [[October 2]]\n        – [[Philip Oakey]], Member of British pop group [[The Human League]]\\n*[[October\n        3]] – [[Tommy Wiseau]], American film director and actor, known for\n        the 2003 \\\"dark comedy\\\" ''''[[The Room (film)|The Room]]''''\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n**[[Bart D. Ehrman]], American religious studies scholar and writer,\n        specialist of [[textual criticism]]\\n** [[Jean-Jacques Lafon]], French singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Caroline Loeb]], French singer and actress\\n* [[October 7]]\\n**[[Clinton\n        Bennett]], British scholar of religions, specialist in the study of Islam\\n**[[Yo-Yo\n        Ma]], French-born Chinese American cellist\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**[[Bill Elliott]],\n        American racing driver \\n**[[Darrell Hammond]], Comedian ([[Saturday Night\n        Live|SNL]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Sergei Shepelev]], Russian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[James B. Aguayo-Martel]], Mexican-born physician,\n        surgeon, scientist and inventor\\n** [[Kulbir Bhaura]], Indian-born British\n        field hockey player\\n** [[Tanya Roberts]], American actress\\n** [[Emily Yoffe]],\n        American journalist and advice columnist\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Hiromi Go]],\n        Japanese singer\\n** [[Timmy Mallett]], English television presenter\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[LaSalle Ishii]], Japanese television personality\\n* [[October\n        21]]\\n** [[Yasukazu Hamada]], Japanese politician\\n** [[Rich Mullins]], American\n        Christian musician (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Karen Austin]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Katherine Knight]], Australian [[mariticide]]\\n* [[October 25]]\n        – [[Glynis Barber]], South African-born British actress\\n* [[October\n        28]]\\n** [[Bill Gates]], American businessman and co-founder of [[Microsoft]]\\n**\n        [[Indra Nooyi]], Indian business executive\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Kevin DuBrow]],\n        American rock singer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Roger O''Donnell]], English rock\n        keyboardist\\n** [[Etsuko Shihomi]], Japanese actress\\n* [[October 30]] –\n        [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]], British historian\\n* [[October\n        31]] – [[Eduardo V. Manalo]], 3rd Executive Minister (''''Tagapamahalang\n        Pangkalahatan'''') of the ''''[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]'''' (Church of Christ)\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Kris\n        Jenner shot by Jim Jordan at White Cross Studios.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kris Jenner]]]]\\n[[File:Maria\n        Shriver at Womens Conference book signing October 2010 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria\n        Shriver]]]]\\n[[File:Roland Emmerich Deauville 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roland\n        Emmerich]]]]\\n[[File:Whoopi Goldberg at a NYC No on Proposition 8 Rally.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Whoopi\n        Goldberg]]]]\\n[[File:Dianne de Leeuw 1974c.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dianne de Leeuw]]]]\\n[[File:Mary\n        Landrieu Senate portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary Landrieu]]]]\\n[[File:Miktai.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Najib\n        Mikati]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Nye 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill Nye]]]]\\n[[File:HowieMandelM07.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Howie\n        Mandel]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Idol - picture by Simone van den Boom.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Idol]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Joe Arroyo]], Colombian salsa and tropical\n        music singer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Chris Burnett]], American\n        saxophone player, composer, veteran of US military jazz bands and band leader\\n*\n        [[November 3]]\\n** [[Teresa De Sio]], Italian singer-songwriter\\n** [[Phil\n        Simms]], American football player\\n** [[Yukihiko Tsutsumi]], Japanese film\n        director\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Alhaj Moulana Ghousavi Shah|Moulana Ghousavi\n        Shah]], Sufi teacher and author, Secretary General of The Conference of World\n        Religions\\n** [[Matti Vanhanen]], [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\\n* [[November\n        5]]\\n** [[Pedro Brieger]], Argentine journalist and sociologist.\\n** [[Kris\n        Jenner]], American television personality\\n** [[Karan Thapar]], Indian journalist,\n        political analyst and commentator\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Maria Shriver]],\n        American television journalist, host; First Lady of California\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Detlef Ultsch]], German judo athlete\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Karen Dotrice]], Guernsey-born child actress\\n* [[November 10]] –\n        [[Roland Emmerich]], German film director\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Jigme\n        Singye Wangchuck]], [[King of Bhutan]]\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Whoopi\n        Goldberg]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Koichi Nakano]], Japanese bicycle racer\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Peter Cox (musician)|Peter Cox]], English singer-songwriter\n        ([[Go West (band)|Go West]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Dianne de Leeuw]],\n        Dutch figure skater\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Ray Ozzie]], American computer\n        programmer\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Kyle Gann]], American composer and music\n        critic\\n** [[Cedric Maxwell]], American basketball player\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[George Alagiah]], Ceylonese-born British newsreader, journalist\n        and television news presenter\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Steven Brust]], American\n        author\\n** [[Ludovico Einaudi]], Italian pianist and composer\\n** [[Peter\n        Douglas]], American television and film producer\\n** [[Mary Landrieu]], American\n        politician and former U.S. Senator from Louisiana\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** Sir\n        [[Ian Botham]], English cricketer\\n** [[Najib Mikati]], Lebanese politician,\n        2-Time [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]]\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Bruno Tonioli]],\n        film, music video and theater choreographer\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Tracy\n        Hickman]], American author\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Bill Nye]], American\n        science presenter and public television host\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Alessandro\n        Altobelli]], Italian football player\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Howie Mandel]],\n        Canadian actor and game show host\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Michael Beschloss]],\n        American historian\\n** [[Kevin Conroy]], American voice actor\\n** [[Billy\n        Idol]], born William Broad, British rock musician\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jane\n        Kaczmarek September 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jane Kaczmarek]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 3]]\\n** [[Melody Anderson]], Canadian actress and social worker\\n**\n        [[Steven Culp]], American actor\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Maurizio Bianchi]],\n        Italian musician\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Priscilla Barnes]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Ian Greig]], South African-born English cricketer\\n**\n        [[Martin Semmelrogge]], German actor\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Asashio Tar\\u014d\n        IV]], Japanese sumo wrestler\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki]],\n        Greek politician and businesswoman\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Chiharu Matsuyama]],\n        Japanese singer-songwriter\\n** [[Rob Levin]], American founder of the [[freenode]]\n        [[IRC]] network (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Brad Davis (basketball)|Brad\n        Davis]], American basketball player\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Jane Kaczmarek]],\n        American actress\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Keith Comstock]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Carol Ann Duffy]], Scottish poet\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Mizuho\n        Fukushima]], Japanese politician\\n** [[Clarence Gilyard]], American actor\n        and college professor\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Barbara Olson]], American\n        television commentator (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Liu Xiaobo]],\n        Chinese literary critic and human rights activist, [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Jim Tracy (baseball)|Jim Tracy]],\n        American baseball player\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Mark Marderosian]], American\n        cartoonist\\n* [[Anacleto Rapping]], American photographer and pedagogue\\n*\n        [[Sergey Zimov]], Russian geophysicist and creator of [[Pleistocene Park]]\\n*\n        [[Alan Myers (drummer)|Alan Myers]], former drummer of new wave band [[Devo]]\n        (d. 2013)\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Estatua_de_Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rem%C3%B3n_Cantera_-_Sede_de_la_Polic%C3%ADa_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1_(2012).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jose\n        Antonio Remon Cantera]]]]\\n[[File:Hans hedtoft.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hans Hedtoft]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar]], Indian scientist (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Rem\\u00f3n Cantera]], 19th [[President\n        of Panama]] (assassinated) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Yevgeny\n        Tarle]], Soviet historian (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Rodolfo\n        Graziani]], Italian general (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Johannes\n        Baader]], German artist (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Yves Tanguy]], French painter\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[August Duesenberg]], German-born\n        American automobile manufacturer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Robert\n        P. T. Coffin]], American poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Archie\n        Hahn]], American athlete (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Ira Hayes]],\n        U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[January 29]] –\n        [[Hans Hedtoft]], Prime Minister of Denmark (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 31]]\n        – [[John Mott]], American YMCA leader, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Ona Munson]],\n        American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Thomas J. Moore]],\n        Irish-American film actor (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[S. Z. Sakall]], Hungarian actor\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Oswald Avery]], American physician\n        and medical researcher (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Paul Claudel]],\n        French poet, dramatist, and diplomat (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        [[Trixie Friganza]], American actress (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Matthew\n        Henson 1910.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Matthew Henson]]]]\\n[[File:Synthetic Production\n        of Penicillin TR1468.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander Fleming|Sir Alexander Fleming]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Katharine Drexel]], American [[Roman Catholic]] [[saint]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[William C. deMille]], American screenwriter\n        and director (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Matthew Henson]], American\n        explorer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March 11]] – Sir [[Alexander Fleming]],\n        Scottish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1881]]){{cite web|title=BBC - History - Alexander Fleming|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/fleming_alexander.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=3\n        January 2017}}\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Charlie Parker]], American\n        saxophonist (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Nicolas de Sta\\u00ebl]],\n        Russian painter (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Mih\\u00e1ly K\\u00e1rolyi]],\n        1st President of Hungary and 20th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 22]] – [[Maurice Schutz]], French actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Arthur Bernardes]], 12th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[John W. Davis]], American politician, diplomat, and\n        lawyer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Ylla]], Hungarian photographer\n        (b. [[1911]]) (jeep accident)\\n\\n===April=== \\n[[File:Einstein 1933.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Albert\n        Einstein]]]]\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Theda Bara]], American film actress\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]], French\n        Jesuit priest, philosopher, paleontologist and geologist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Clifton Sprague]], American admiral (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – [[Peyton C. March]], United States Army General (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Albert Einstein]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Constance\n        Collier]], stage and screen actress; acting coach (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie]], 10th [[Governor-General\n        of Australia]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 4]]\\n**[[Louis Charles Breguet]], French\n        aircraft designer and builder and early aviation pioneer (b. [[1880]])\\n**[[George\n        Enescu]], Romanian composer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Tommy Burns\n        (boxer)|Tommy Burns]], American boxer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[John Radecki]],\n        Australian stained-glass artist (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Gilbert\n        Jessop]], English cricketer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Charles Pelot\n        Summerall]], American general (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Anwar Wagdi]], Egyptian\n        actor and filmmaker (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[James Agee]], American\n        writer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Owen Roberts]], American Supreme\n        Court Justice (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Mary McLeod Bethune]],\n        American educator (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Richard \\\"Skeets\\\"\n        Gallagher]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Alberto\n        Ascari]], Italian race-car driver (accident) (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Bill Vukovich]], American race-car driver (accident) (b. [[1918]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:PattilloHiggins.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pattillo\n        Higgins]]]]\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Pattillo Higgins]], American oil pioneer and\n        businessman (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Herbert Stanley]], Governor of Northern Rhodesia,\n        Ceylon and Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Walter\n        Hampden]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Carlyle Blackwell]],\n        American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Adrienne Monnier]],\n        French poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Engelbert Zaschka]], German\n        helicopter pioneer (b. 1895)\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Max Pechstein]], German\n        painter (b. 1881)\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Beatrice Chase]],\n        English writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Ruth Ellis]], Welsh-born\n        murderer, last woman to be executed in the United Kingdom (b. [[1926]])\\n**\n        [[Stanley Price]], American film and television actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] – [[Calouste Gulbenkian]], Armenian businessman and philanthropist\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Cordell Hull]], [[United States Secretary\n        of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July\n        31]] – [[Robert Francis (actor)|Robert Francis]], American actor (b.\n        [[1930]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[Image:Carmen Miranda (1944).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Carmen\n        Miranda]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Mann 1937.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Thomas Mann]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]]\\n**[[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria]], Bavarian military\n        leader and last Bavarian crown prince (b. [[1869]])\\n**[[Wallace Stevens]],\n        American poet (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Carmen Miranda]], Portuguese-born\n        Brazilian singer and actress (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Grace\n        Hartman (actress)|Grace Hartman]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Thomas Mann]], German novelist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[James B. Sumner]], American chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Florence Easton]], English-born operatic soprano (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Fernand L\\u00e9ger]], French painter and sculptor\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Augusto Turati]], Italian fascist\n        politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Emmett Till]], American\n        murder victim (b. [[1941]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:James Dean in Rebel\n        Without a Cause.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James Dean]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Philip Loeb]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Robert Riskin]], American screenwriter (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Martha Norelius]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Ib Sch\\u00f8nberg]], Danish actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Tamborini]], Argentine physician and politician (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Michael Chekhov]], Russian actor, theatre\n        director, and writer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[James Dean]], American actor (accident)\n        (b. [[1931]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Manuel Avila Camacho.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Manuel\n        \\u00c1vila Camacho]]]]\\n[[File:JoseOrtegayGasset.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Ortega y Gasset]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Charles Christie]], American\n        film studio owner (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Alexander Papagos]],\n        Greek Field Marshal (b. [[1883]]) \\n* [[October 7]] – [[Rodolphe Seeldrayers]],\n        German journalist and administrator, 4th [[President of FIFA]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Iry LeJeune]], Cajun musician (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[October\n        9]]\\n** [[Theodor Innitzer]], Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Alice Joyce]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 13]] –\n        [[Manuel \\u00c1vila Camacho]], 45th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Dimitrios Maximos]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ortega y Gasset]], Spanish\n        philosopher (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[John Hodiak]], American\n        actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[William Woodward, Jr.]], American\n        banker and horse breeder, shot to death by his wife (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Hajos.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alfr\\u00e9d\n        Haj\\u00f3s]]]]\\n[[File:ShempUgly.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Shemp Howard]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Dale Carnegie]], American writer and lecturer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – [[Cy Young]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Spiders]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] – [[Maurice Utrillo]], French artist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Tom Powers]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 11]]\n        – [[Jerry Ross (composer)|Jerry Ross]], American lyricist and composer\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Alfr\\u00e9d Haj\\u00f3s]], Hungarian\n        swimmer and architect (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Moshe Pessach]],\n        chief rabbi of Volos (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Robert E.\n        Sherwood]], American playwright (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Lloyd\n        Bacon]], American actor and director (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Helmuth Weidling]], German general (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Shemp Howard]], American actor and comedian ([[The Three Stooges]]) (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Arthur Honegger]], French-born Swiss\n        composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Alta Bates]], nurse anesthetist\n        and founder of Alta Bates Hospital (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Honus\n        Wagner (crop).JPG|thumb|120px|[[Honus Wagner]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[Chief Thundercloud]], American character actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Jir\\u014d Minami]], Japanese general and [[Governor-General\n        of Korea]] (1936-1942) (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[George Platt\n        Lynes]], American photographer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Honus Wagner]], American\n        baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Hermann Weyl]], German mathematician,\n        theoretical physicist and philosopher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[Ant\\u00f3nio Egas Moniz]], Portuguese neurologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        [[Otto Braun]], German politician, former Minister President of the [[Free\n        State of Prussia]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Garegin Nzhdeh]],\n        Armenian statesman (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Otto Eppers]],\n        American cartoonist (b. 1893)\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Harrison\n        Walker|Elizabeth Harrison]], daughter of President [[Benjamin Harrison]] and\n        [[Mary Dimmick Harrison]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Thomas J. Preston, Jr.]], professor\n        of [[Archeology]] at [[Princeton University]]; second husband of [[Frances\n        Cleveland]], widow of President [[Grover Cleveland]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter]], English soldier (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Willis Eugene Lamb]] and [[Polykarp Kusch]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Vincent du Vigneaud]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Axel Hugo Theodor\n        Theorell]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Halld\\u00f3r\n        Laxness|Halld\\u00f3r Kiljan Laxness]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] –\n        not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1955}}\\n[[Category:1955|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T11:50:36Z\",\"lastrevid\":799384741,\"length\":62602,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1955&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955\"},\"34672\":{\"pageid\":34672,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1956\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:41:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1956}}\\n{{Year nav|1956}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1956}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1956}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** The [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian\n        Condominium]] ends in [[Sudan]].\\n** A crowd crush and stampede during a New\n        Year''s event results in 124 deaths and 77 injuries at the [[Yahiko Shrine]]\n        in [[Niigata Prefecture]], [[Japan]].[[:ja:\\u5f4c\\u5f66\\u795e\\u793e\\u4e8b\\u4ef6]]''''''(Japanese\n        language)'''''' Retrieved January 7, 2017   \\n* [[January 3]] –\n        In the United States:\\n** By popular demand, ''''[[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Peter\n        Pan]]'''', starring [[Mary Martin]], is restaged live by [[Producers'' Showcase]]\n        on [[NBC-TV]].\\n** Columbia Records first releases [[Glenn Gould]]''s solo\n        piano recording of Bach''s ''''[[Bach: The Goldberg Variations (Glenn Gould\n        recording)|Goldberg Variations]]''''.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Operation\n        Auca]]: Five U.S. evangelical Christian [[Missionary|missionaries]], [[Nate\n        Saint]], [[Roger Youderian]], [[Ed McCully]], [[Jim Elliot]] and [[Pete Fleming]],\n        are killed for trespassing by the [[Huaorani people]] of [[Ecuador]] shortly\n        after making contact with them.\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Egypt]]ian leader\n        [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] vows to reconquer [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\u2013[[January 26|26]] – Finnish troops reoccupy [[Porkkala]]\n        after [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops vacate its military base. Civilians can\n        return [[February 4]].\\n* [[January 26]] – The [[1956 Winter Olympics]]\n        open in [[Cortina d''Ampezzo]], [[Italy]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main article|February\n        1956}}\\n* [[February 11]] – British [[Espionage|spies]] [[Guy Burgess]]\n        and [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald Maclean]] resurface in the [[Soviet Union]]\n        after being missing for 5 years.\\n* [[February 14]]\\u2013[[February 26|26]]\n        – [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February\n        16]] – Only a little more than four months after the release of the\n        70mm version of ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]'''', the film version\n        of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Carousel (film)|Carousel]]'''', starring\n        [[Gordon MacRae]] and [[Shirley Jones]], is released in [[CinemaScope 55]].\n        MacRae and Jones had previously starred in ''''Oklahoma!'''' ''''Carousel'''',\n        intended for showing in 55mm, ends up being shown only in 35mm.\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Elvis Presley]] enters the United States music charts for the\n        first time, with \\\"[[Heartbreak Hotel]]\\\".\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Norma\n        Jean Mortenson]] legally changes her name to [[Marilyn Monroe]].\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Doris Day]] records her most famous song, \\\"[[Que Sera, Sera\n        (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)]]\\\"; it is from [[Alfred Hitchcock]]''s ''''[[The\n        Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'''', in which\n        Day co-stars with [[James Stewart]].\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        attacks the veneration of [[Josef Stalin]] in a speech \\\"[[On the Cult of\n        Personality and Its Consequences]]\\\".\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        The [[International Air Transport Association]] finalizes a draft of the [[ICAO\n        spelling alphabet|radiotelephony spelling alphabet]] for the [[International\n        Civil Aviation Organization]].\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Morocco]] declares\n        its independence from France.\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** The British deport Archbishop\n        [[Makarios III|Makarios]] from [[Cyprus]] to the [[Seychelles]].\\n** [[Soviet\n        Armed Forces]] suppresses [[1956 Georgian demonstrations|mass demonstrations]]\n        in the [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]], reacting to [[Nikita Khrushchev]]''s\n        [[de-Stalinization]] policy.\\n* [[March 10]] – The [[Fairey Delta 2]]\n        broke the World Air Speed Record, raising it to {{convert|1132|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}\n        or Mach 1.73, an increase of some {{convert|300|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} over the\n        previous record, and thus becoming the first aircraft to exceed {{convert|1000|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}\n        in level flight.\\n* [[March 11]] – After having opened in London the\n        previous year, [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film, ''''[[Richard III (1955 film)|Richard\n        III]]'''', adapted from [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]''s play, has its\n        U.S. premiere in theatres and on [[NBC]] Television on the same day. On TV\n        it is not shown in prime time, but as an afternoon [[wikt:matinee|matin\\u00e9e]],\n        in a slightly cut version. It is one of the first such experiments of its\n        kind. Olivier is later nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] for his performance.\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** 96 [[U.S. Congress]]men sign the [[Southern Manifesto]],\n        a protest against the 1954 [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]\n        ruling (''''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'''') that [[desegregate]]d public\n        education.\\n** The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] closes above 500 for the\n        [[Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average|first time]] rising\n        2.40 points, or 0.48%, to 500.24.\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Elvis Presley]]\n        releases his first [[music recording sales certification|gold album]] titled\n        ''''Elvis Presley''''.\\n* [[March 15]] – The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]\n        musical ''''[[My Fair Lady]]'''' opens in New York City.\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        At age 48, Dutch [[Boxing|boxer]] [[Bep van Klaveren]] contests his last match\n        in [[Rotterdam]].\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Tunisia]] gains independence from\n        France.\\n* [[March 21]] – The [[28th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Pakistan]] becomes the first [[Islamic republic]],\n        and a [[Holiday#National holidays|national holiday]] is observed in the country\n        including the former [[East Pakistan]] state.\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:2-inch\n        Quad Tape Reel with miniDV cassette.jpg|thumb|A reel of 2-inch [[quadruplex\n        videotape]] compared with a modern-day [[miniDV]] videocassette.]]\\n* [[April\n        2]] – The first episode of ''''[[As the World Turns]]'''' is broadcast\n        on the [[CBS]] television network in the United States.\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        Spain relinquishes [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|its protectorate in Morocco]].\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Habib Bourguiba]] is elected [[President of the Assembly\n        of the Representatives of the People|President of the National Constituent\n        Assembly]] of the [[Kingdom of Tunisia]]; on April 15 he becomes [[Head of\n        Government of Tunisia|Prime Minister]].{{cite book|last1=Bessis|first1=Sophie|authorlink1=:fr:Sophie\n        Bessis|last2=Belhassen|first2=Souhayr|authorlink2=:fr:Souhayr Belhassen|title=Bourguiba|year=2012|publisher=[[:fr:\\u00c9ditions\n        Elyzad|Elyzad]]|location=Tunis|isbn=978-9973-58-044-3|language=fr}}\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – [[Videotape]] is first demonstrated at the 1956 NARTB\n        (now [[National Association of Broadcasters|NAB]]) convention in Chicago by\n        [[Ampex]]. It is the demonstration of the first practical and commercially\n        successful [[videotape]] format known as [[Quadruplex videotape|2\\\" Quadruplex]].\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – Queen [[Elizabeth II]] inaugurates the 4.9 km\\u00b2\n        [[Chew Valley Lake]] in [[Somerset]], England, as a reservoir for the [[Bristol]]\n        area.\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Maria Desylla-Kapodistria]] is elected [[mayor]]\n        of [[Corfu (city)|Corfu]] and becomes the first female mayor in Greece.\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** British [[Underwater diving|diver]] [[Lionel Crabb]] (working\n        for [[MI6]]) dives into [[Portsmouth]] harbour to investigate a visiting [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] cruiser and vanishes.\\n** American actress [[Grace Kelly]]\n        marries [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]].\\n* [[April 21]] – Former\n        U.S. [[First Family of the United States|First Daughter]] [[Margaret Truman]]\n        marries [[Clifton Daniel]].\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Heavyweight]] boxing\n        champion [[Rocky Marciano]] retires without losing a professional boxing match.\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 2]] \\n** The [[United Methodist Church]] in America decides at its General\n        Conference to grant women full [[ordination|ordained]] [[clergy]] status.\n        It also calls for an end to [[racial segregation]] in the denomination.\\n**\n        [[Violet Gibson]], who attempted to assassinate [[Mussolini]] in 1926, dies\n        in a mental hospital after a lifetime of imprisonment.\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** Austria\n        and [[Israel]] form [[Diplomacy|diplomatic relations]].{{noMention}}\\n** The\n        constitutional union between [[Indonesia]] and the Netherlands is dissolved.\\n**\n        [[John Osborne]]''s ''''[[Look Back in Anger]]'''' opens at the [[Royal Court\n        Theatre]], London, changing the scope of theatrical and other forms of drama\n        in the UK: the theatre''s press release describes the dramatist as among the\n        [[angry young men]] of the time.\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Manaslu]], eighth\n        highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Lhotse]]\n        (main), the fourth highest mountain, is first ascended.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        The [[NBC Peacock]] debuts  On Television \\n* [[May 23]] – French minister\n        [[Pierre Mend\\u00e8s France]] resigns due to his government''s policy on [[Algeria]].\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – The first [[Eurovision Song Contest]] is broadcast from\n        [[Lugano]], Switzerland. The winning song is the host country''s ''''Refrain''''\n        by [[Lys Assia]] (music by G\\u00e9o Voumard, text by \\u00c9mile Gardaz).\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – India announces the institution of diplomatic relations\n        with Spain (still under [[Francoist Spain|Franco''s rule]])\\n\\n===June===\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] resigns as foreign minister of the\n        [[Soviet Union]]; he later becomes [[ambassador]] in [[Mongolia]].\\n* [[June\n        3]] – [[British Rail]] renames ''Third Class'' passenger facilities\n        as ''Second Class'' (Second Class facilities had been abolished in [[1875]],\n        leaving just First Class and Third Class).\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Montgomery\n        Bus Boycott]] the related civil suit was heard in federal district court and\n        the court ruled in Browder v. Gayle (1956) that Alabama''s racial segregation\n        laws for buses were unconstitutional.\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Elvis Presley]]\n        performs \\\"[[Hound Dog (song)|Hound Dog]]\\\", on ''''[[The Milton Berle Show]]'''',\n        scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.\\n* [[June 6]]\n        – In [[Singapore]], chief minister [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David\n        Marshall]] resigns after the breakdown of talks about internal self-government\n        in London.\\n* [[June 8]] – [[General Electric]]/Telechron introduces\n        model 7H241 \\\"The Snooz Alarm\\\", first snooze [[alarm clock]] ever.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.telechron.net/eod/7h241.htm|title=7H241 The Snooz-Alarm}}\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[1956 Summer Olympics]]: [[Equestrianism at the 1956\n        Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] events open in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] (all\n        other events are held in November in [[Melbourne]], Australia).\\n* [[June\n        13]]\\n**The International Criminal Police Organization adopts [[Interpol]]\n        as its official name.\\n** [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[Stade Reims]]\n        4-3 at [[Parc des Princes]], Paris and wins the [[1955\\u201356 European Cup]]\n        (football).\\n* [[June 14]] – The [[Flag of the United States Army]]\n        is formally dedicated.{{cite web|title=US Army Flag|url=http://www.worldflags101.com/other-flags/us-army-flag.aspx|work=World\n        Flags 101|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gWo2JMqH?url=http://www.worldflags101.com/other-flags/us-army-flag.aspx\n        |archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-06}}\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] is founded in [[Eindhoven]],\n        The Netherlands.\\n* [[June 18]] – The last foreign troops leave [[Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – Playwright Arthur Miller appears before the [[House Un-American\n        Activities Committee]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Gamal\n        Abdel Nasser]] becomes the 2nd president of [[Egypt]], a post he holds until\n        his death in [[1970]].\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Pozna\\u0144 1956 protests]]: Labour\n        riots in [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland, are crushed with heavy loss of life. [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] troops fire at a crowd protesting high prices, killing 53 people.\\n**\n        The film version of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[The King and I]]'''',\n        starring [[Deborah Kerr]] and [[Yul Brynner]], is released only a few months\n        after the film version of R&H''s ''''Carousel''''. It becomes the most financially\n        successful film version of a Rodgers and Hammerstein musical up to this time,\n        and the only one to win an acting Oscar (Yul Brynner wins Best Actor for his\n        performance as the King of Siam). It is also one of two Rodgers and Hammerstein\n        films to be nominated for Best Picture (which it does not win).\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** Actress [[Marilyn Monroe]] marries playwright [[Arthur Miller]] in\n        [[White Plains, New York]].\\n** President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the\n        [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956]], creating the [[Interstate Highway System]]\n        in the United States.\\n* [[June 30]] – [[1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision]]:\n        A [[Trans World Airlines|TWA]] [[Lockheed Constellation]] and [[United Airlines]]\n        [[Douglas DC-7]] collide in mid-air over the [[Grand Canyon]] in [[Arizona]],\n        killing all 128 people aboard both aircraft in the deadliest civil [[aviation]]\n        disaster to date; the accident leads to sweeping changes in the regulation\n        of cross-country flight and [[air traffic control]] over the United States.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – A lab experiment involving scrap [[thorium]] at Sylvania\n        Electric Products in [[Bayside, New York]], results in an [[Sylvania Electric\n        Products explosion|explosion]].\\n* [[July 4]] – The first [[Lockheed\n        U-2]] spy plane flight over the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[July 8]] – The\n        mountain [[Gasherbrum II]], on the border of [[Pakistan]] and China, is first\n        ascended by an Austrian expedition.\\n* [[July 9]] – The 7.7 {{M|w}}\n        [[1956 Amorgos earthquake|Amorgos earthquake]] shakes the [[Cyclades]] island\n        group in the [[Agean Sea]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of IX (''''Violent''''). The shaking and the subsequent tsunami\n        leave fifty-three people dead.\\n* [[July 10]] – The British [[House\n        of Lords]] defeats the abolition of the death penalty.\\n* [[July 16]] –\n        With the closing of its \\\"Big Tent\\\" show in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Ringling Bros.\n        and Barnum & Bailey Circus]] announces all subsequent circuses will be \\\"arena\n        shows\\\" due to changing economics.\\n* [[July 24]] – At New York City''s\n        [[Copacabana (nightclub)|Copacabana]] nightclub, [[Dean Martin]] and [[Jerry\n        Lewis]] perform their last comedy show together (their act started on July\n        25, 1946).\\n* [[July 25]] – The Italian ocean liner {{SS|Andrea Doria}}\n        sinks after colliding with the Swedish ship [[MS Athena|SS ''''Stockholm'''']]\n        in heavy fog {{convert|72|km|mi|sp=us}} south of [[Nantucket]] island, killing\n        51.\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Egypt]]ian leader [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] nationalizes\n        the [[Suez Canal]] sparking international condemnation.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        A [[joint resolution]] of [[United States Congress|Congress]] is signed by\n        President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], authorizing \\\"[[In God we trust]]\\\" as\n        the U.S. national [[motto]].\\n* [[July 31]] \\n** [[Cricket]]: [[Jim Laker]]\n        sets an extraordinary record at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]\n        in the fourth [[Test cricket|Test]] between England and Australia, taking\n        19 wickets in a first class match (the previous best was 17).\\n** [[Luzhniki\n        Stadium]], as well known for sports venues of [[Russia]] (former  part of\n        [[Soviet Union]]), officially  open in [[Moscow]].{{citation needed |date=November\n        2016}}\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 6]] – After going bankrupt in 1955,\n        the American broadcaster [[DuMont Television Network]] airs its final broadcast,\n        an episode of its sports series ''''[[Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena]]''''.\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – 262 miners (chiefly Italian nationals) die in a fire\n        at the [[Bois du Cazier]] coal mine in [[Marcinelle]], Belgium.\\n* [[August\n        9]] – The exhibition ''''[[This Is Tomorrow]]'''' opens at [[Whitechapel\n        Art Gallery]] in London.\\n* [[August 12]] – Around 5,000 members of\n        the [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Romanian Greek-Catholic\n        Church]] hold a [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] outside [[Cluj-Napoca Piarists'' Church]]\n        to demonstrate that their church, proscribed by the government in 1948, has\n        not ceased to exist as the regime claims.\\n* [[August 17]] – West Germany\n        bans the [[Communist Party of Germany]].\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Elvis Presley]] appears on ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]''''\n        for the first time.\\n* [[September 13]] – The [[hard disk drive]] is\n        invented by an [[IBM]] team led by [[Reynold B. Johnson]].\\n* [[September\n        16]] – Television broadcasting [[television broadcasting in Australia|commences\n        in Australia]].\\n* [[September 21]] – Nicaraguan dictator [[Anastasio\n        Somoza Garc\\u00eda]] is assassinated.\\n* [[September 25]] – The [[submarine]]\n        [[transatlantic telephone cable]] opens.\\n* [[September 27]] – The [[Bell\n        X-2]] becomes the first manned aircraft to reach [[Mach number|Mach]] 3.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Cecil B. DeMille]]''s [[epic film]] ''''[[The Ten\n        Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]'''', starring [[Charlton Heston]]\n        as [[Moses]], is released in the United States. It will be in the top ten\n        of the worldwide [[list of highest-grossing films]] of all time adjusted for\n        inflation.{{cite web|title=Domestic Grosses, Adjusted for Ticket Price\n        Inflation|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm|work=[[Box\n        Office Mojo]]|accessdate=2013-01-11}}\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Baseball]]\n        [[pitcher]] [[Don Larsen]] of the [[New York Yankees]] throws the only [[perfect\n        game]] in [[World Series]] history in Game 5 of the [[1956 World Series]]\n        against the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]]. [[Yogi Berra]] catches the game. [[Dale\n        Mitchell (baseball)|Dale Mitchell]] is the final out. The [[New York Yankees]]\n        win the series. Larsen is named series [[MVP]].\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** Finland\n        joins [[UNESCO]].\\n** The prototype [[Lockheed L-1649 Starliner]], the final\n        [[Lockheed Constellation]] model, makes its first flight.\\n* [[October 14]]\\n**\n        [[Indira Kala Sangeet University]], [[Khairagarh]] is inaugurated by [[Prime\n        Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]].\\n** [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]: Dr.\n        [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Indian [[Dalit]] leader, converts to [[Buddhism]] along\n        with 385,000 followers.\\n* [[October 15]] – The British [[Royal Air\n        Force]] retires its last [[Avro Lancaster]] [[bomber]].\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**\n        The world''s first commercial [[nuclear power plant]] is opened at [[Sellafield|Calder\n        Hall]] in England.{{cite web|url=http://www.sellafieldsites.com/page/sellafield-site-operations/site-history|title=Sellafield\n        Sites, Site history|accessdate=2007-12-04}}\\n** [[The Game of the Century\n        (chess)]]: 13-year-old [[Bobby Fischer]] beats [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]\n        [[Donald Byrne]] in the Rosenwald Memorial Tournament in New York City.\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Suez Crisis]]: The United Kingdom, France, and [[Israel]]\n        secretly meet in and make plans to invade [[Egypt]].\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]] breaks out against the\n        pro-Soviet government, originating as a student demonstration in [[Budapest]].\n        Hungary attempts to leave the [[Warsaw Pact]].\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Red\n        Army]] troops invade Hungary.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Suez Crisis]]: [[Israel]]\n        invades the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and pushes [[Egypt]]ian forces back toward\n        the [[Suez Canal]].\\n** [[Tangier Protocol]]: The [[international city]] [[Tangier]]\n        is reintegrated into [[Morocco]].\\n** The ''''[[Huntley-Brinkley Report]]''''\n        debuts on [[NBC]]-TV in the United States.\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Suez Crisis]]:\n        The United Kingdom and France begin bombing [[Egypt]] to force the reopening\n        of the [[Suez Canal]].\\n** A [[United States Navy]] team becomes the third\n        group to reach the [[South Pole]] (arriving by air) and commences construction\n        of the first permanent [[Amundsen\\u2013Scott South Pole Station]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** The [[States Reorganisation Act]] of India reforms the\n        boundaries and names of Indian states. Three new states, [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]]\n        and [[Andhra Pradesh]], are formed.\\n** [[City Lights Bookstore]] in [[San\n        Francisco]] publishes ''''[[Howl]] and Other Poems'''' by [[Allen Ginsberg]],\n        a key work of the [[Beat Generation]].\\n** The film ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955\n        film)|Oklahoma!]]'''' (1955), previously released to select cities in [[Todd-AO]],\n        now receives a U.S. national release in [[CinemaScope]], since not all theatres\n        are yet equipped for Todd-AO. To accomplish this, the film had to be actually\n        shot twice, rather than printing one version in two different film processes\n        as was later done.\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Khan Yunis massacre]] ([[Suez Crisis]])\n        – Israeli soldiers shoot dead hundreds of Palestinian refugees and local\n        inhabitants in [[Khan Yunis Camp]].\\n** MGM''s film ''''[[The Wizard of Oz\n        (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'''' is the first major Hollywood film running\n        more than ninety minutes to be televised uncut in one evening.\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 Hungarian Revolution]]: More\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops invade Hungary to crush a revolt that started\n        on [[October 23]]. Thousands are killed, more are wounded, and nearly a quarter\n        million leave the country.\\n* [[November 6]] – [[United States presidential\n        election, 1956]]: [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] incumbent\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] defeats [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]\n        challenger [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai E. Stevenson]] in a rematch of their\n        contest 4 years earlier.\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Suez Crisis]]: The [[United\n        Nations]] General Assembly adopts a resolution calling for the United Kingdom,\n        France and [[Israel]] to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately.\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – ''''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'''': The [[United States\n        Supreme Court]] declares illegal the state and municipal laws requiring segregated\n        buses in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], thus ending the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – Fighting ends in Hungary.{{noMention}}\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Middle East Technical University]] is founded in [[Ankara]],\n        Turkey.\\n* [[November 18]] – At a reception at the Polish embassy in\n        Moscow [[Nikita Khrushchev]] utters his famous phrase \\\"[[We will bury you]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – In [[Yugoslavia]], former prime minister [[Milovan\n        \\u0110ilas]] is arrested after he criticizes [[Josip Broz Tito]].\\n* [[November\n        22]] – The [[1956 Summer Olympics]] begin in [[Melbourne]], Australia.\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – The [[Suez Crisis]] causes [[petrol]] [[rationing]]\n        in Britain.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/29/newsid_3247000/3247805.stm|publisher=BBC|work=On\n        This Day|title=29 - 1956: Motorists panic as petrol rations loom}}\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Fidel Castro]] and [[Che Guevara]] depart from [[Tuxpan,\n        Veracruz]], Mexico, en route to [[Santiago de Cuba]] aboard the yacht ''''[[Granma\n        (yacht)|Granma]]'''' with 82 men.\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Roger Vadim]]''s\n        drama film ''''[[And God Created Woman (1956 film)|And God Created Woman]]'''',\n        released in France as ''''Et Dieu ... cr\\u00e9a la femme'''', propels\n        [[Brigitte Bardot]] into the public spotlight as a \\\"[[wiktionary:sex kitten|sex\n        kitten]]\\\".\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Floyd Patterson]] wins the world\n        heavyweight boxing championship that is vacant after the retirement of [[Rocky\n        Marciano]].\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] and his\n        followers land in [[Cuba]] in the boat ''''[[Granma (yacht)|Granma]]''''.\\n**\n        A [[pipe bomb]] planted by [[George Metesky]] explodes at the Paramount Theater\n        in [[Brooklyn]], injuring 6 people.\\n* [[December 3]] – [[1956 Bush\n        Terminal explosion]] in Brooklyn\\n* [[December 4]] – The [[Million Dollar\n        Quartet]] ([[Elvis Presley]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Carl Perkins]], and [[Johnny\n        Cash]]) get together at [[Sun Studio]] for the first and last time in history.\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Rose Heilbron]] becomes Britain''s first female judge.\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810]] crashes into\n        a mountain in British Columbia. All 62 people on board are killed.\\n* [[December\n        12]] – Japan becomes a member of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December\n        18]] – ''''[[To Tell the Truth]]'''' debuts on [[CBS]]-TV.\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[John Bodkin Adams]] is arrested for the murder of 2 patients\n        in [[Eastbourne]], Great Britain.\\n* [[December 23]] – British and French\n        troops leave the [[Suez Canal]] region.\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Bob Barker]]\n        makes his TV debut as host of the game show ''''[[Truth or Consequences]]''''.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Influenza A virus subtype H2N2#Asian flu|Asian flu]] [[Influenza\n        pandemic|pandemic]] originates in China.\\n* [[Minamata disease]] is discovered.\\n*\n        The [[Alpine Club of Canada]], Toronto section, is founded.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n[[File:Mel Gibson Cannes 2016 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mel Gibson]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Caruso 2008.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Caruso]]]]\\n[[File:BillMaherSept10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bill\n        Maher]]]]\\n[[File:Geena Davis 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Geena Davis]]]]\\n[[File:Pat\n        Musick.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Pat Musick]]]]\\n[[File:MimiRogersApr09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mimi\n        Rogers]]]]\\n[[File:John Lydon - 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Lydon]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n** [[Mark R. Hughes]], American entrepreneur (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[K\\u014dji\n        Yakusho]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Christine Lagarde]], French lawyer and politician\\n**\n        [[Andrew Lesnie]], Australian cinematographer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n**\n        [[Mel Gibson]], American-born Australian/Irish actor and director\\n** [[Tomiko\n        Suzuki]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Celso\n        Blues Boy]], Brazilian singer and guitarist (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Chen Kenichi]],\n        Japan-born Chinese chef\\n** [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]], German politician\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[David Caruso]], American actor (''''NYPD Blue'''')\\n**\n        [[Uwe Ochsenknecht]], German actor\\n** [[Johnny Owen]], Welsh professional\n        boxer (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Kimberly Beck]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Imelda Staunton]], English actress\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Nikolai Noskov]],\n        Soviet and Russian rock singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Ronan\n        Bennett]], Northern Irish writer\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Martin Jol]],\n        Dutch football manager\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Paul Young]], English musician\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Tom Bailey (musician)|Tom Bailey]], English musician\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Adriana Acosta]], Argentine militant and field hockey\n        player\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Bill Maher]], American actor, comedian,\n        and political analyst\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Geena Davis]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Loun\\u00e8s Matoub]], Algerian Berber\n        Kabyle singer\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Bronwyn Pike]], Australian politician\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – [[Pat Musick]], American voice actress\\n* [[January\n        27]] \\n** [[Susanne Blakeslee]], American actress\\n** [[Mimi Rogers]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Peter Schilling]], German singer\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Jan Jakub Kolski]], Polish film director\\n** [[Irlene Mandrell]],\n        American musician, actress\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[John Lydon]], British punk\n        musician and TV personality\\n** [[Trevor Manuel]], South African politician\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:Nathan Lane - Butley.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nathan Lane]]]]\n        \\n[[File:Jay Nixon crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jay Nixon]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\n        – [[Mike Kitchen]], Canadian ice hockey player and coach\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Philip Franks]], English actor and director\\n* [[February 3]]\\n**\n        [[Nathan Lane]], American actor\\n** [[Lee Ranaldo]], American musician\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – [[Jon Walmsley]], British actor\\n* [[February 7]] \\n**\n        [[John Posey (actor)|John Posey]], American actor\\n** [[Heather Jones]], Australian\n        writer\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Enele Sopoaga]], 12th Prime Minister of\n        Tuvalu\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Catherine Hickland]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Didier Lockwood]], French jazz violinist\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Yiannis\n        Kouros]], Greek-Australian ultra marathoner\\n** [[Jay Nixon]], 55th [[Governor\n        of Missouri|Governor of]] [[Missouri]]\\n** [[Paul Stojanovich]], American\n        television producer\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Tom Burlinson]], Australian\n        actor\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Desmond Haynes]], West Indian cricketer\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Thomas Gradin]], Swedish hockey player\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\n** [[Kathleen Beller]], American actress\\n** [[Roderick MacKinnon]],\n        American biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n** [[Dave\n        Wakeling]], English musician\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Reinhold Beckmann]],\n        German television presenter\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Judith Butler]], American\n        philosopher\\n** [[Paula Zahn]], American television journalist\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\n** [[Davie Cooper]], Scottish footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Michel\n        Friedman]], German lawyer, politician and talk show host\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Kevin Dunn]], American actor\\n** [[Michel Houellebecq]], French author \\n**\n        [[Keisuke Kuwata]], Japanese musician\\n* [[February 29]]\\n** [[Mike Compton\n        (musician)|Mike Compton]], American mandolinist\\n** [[Tommy Remengesau]],\n        2-Time President of Palau\\n** [[Bob Speller]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Aileen\n        Wuornos]], American serial killer (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Tim\n        Daly Shankbone 2009 Tribeca.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tim Daly]]]]\\n[[File:Bryan Cranston\n        Peabody 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bryan Cranston]]]]\\n[[File:RobPaulsenJune2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rob\n        Paulsen]]]]\\n[[File:Ingemar Stenmark - 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ingemar Stenmark]]]]\\n[[File:Catherine\n        Ashton 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Catherine Ashton]]]]\\n[[File:Jose Manuel Barroso,\n        EU-kommissionens ordforande, under ett mote i Folketinget 2006-05-19 (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Manuel Barroso]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Tim Daly]], American screen actor\\n**\n        [[Dalia Grybauskait\\u0117]], [[President of Lithuania]]\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Eduardo Rodr\\u00edguez]], [[President of Bolivia]]\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Teena\n        Marie]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Marco Paolini]], Italian stage\n        actor, dramaturge and author\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Bryan Cranston]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Rob Paulsen]], American voice actor\\n* [[March\n        12]]  – [[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]], British musician,\n        composer ([[Iron Maiden]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Dana Delany]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Vladim\\u00edr God\\u00e1r]], Slovak composer\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Ingemar Stenmark]], Swedish alpine skier\\n* [[March\n        19]] – [[Yegor Gaidar]], Russian economist and politician\\n* [[March\n        20]]\\n** [[Catherine Ashton]], British politician\\n** [[Naoto Takenaka]],\n        Japanese actor, comedian, singer and director\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Manuel Barroso]], Prime Minister of Portugal\\n** [[Ingrid Kristiansen]], Norwegian\n        runner\\n** [[Win Lyovarin]], Thai author\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Steve Ballmer]],\n        American businessman, former CEO of Microsoft (2000\\u20132014), and current\n        owner of the [[Los Angeles Clippers]]\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Susan Ershler]],\n        American mountaineer\\n** [[Evelin Jahl]], German athlete\\n* [[March 29]] –\n        [[Evie (singer)|Evie]], American Christian musician\\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Shahla Sherkat]], Iranian feminist journalist\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Andy\n        Garcia at the 2009 Deauville American Film Festival-01A.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andy\n        Garc\\u00eda]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Roberts FSC 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric Roberts]]]]\\n[[File:Lars\n        Von Trier Cannes 2011 crop.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Lars von Trier]]]]\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n** [[Ray Combs]], American game show host and comedian (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Boris Miljkovi\\u0107]], Serbian TV & theatre director and video artist\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Kerry Chikarovski]], Australian politician\\n** [[David E.\n        Kelley]], American writer and television producer\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Diamond\n        Dallas Page]], former American professional wrestler\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Sebastian\n        Spreng]], American-Argentinean visual artist\\n** [[Dilip Vengsarkar]], Indian\n        cricketer\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Andy Garc\\u00eda]], Cuban-American actor\\n**\n        [[Herbert Gr\\u00f6nemeyer]], German musician and actor\\n** [[Yasuo Tanaka]],\n        Japanese politician, novelist\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Possum Bourne]], New\n        Zealand rally car driver (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Barbara Bonney]],\n        American soprano\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[David M. Brown|David Brown]], American\n        astronaut (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Lise-Marie Morerod]], Swiss skier\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[John James (actor)|John James]], American actor\\n** [[Melody Thomas\n        Scott]], American actress\\n** [[Eric Roberts]], American actor\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Sue Barker]], British tennis player and television presenter\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Phillip Longman]], American demographer\\n* [[April\n        22]] – [[Jukka-Pekka Saraste]], Finnish conductor\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        [[Koo Stark]], British actress\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Hanka Paldum]], Bosnian\n        singer\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Lars von Trier]], Danish film director\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Jan Peter Balkenende 2006.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jan Peter Balkenende]]]]\\n[[File:Ray\n        Leonard 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sugar Ray Leonard]]]]\\n[[File:La Toya Jackson\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[La Toya Jackson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Alexander\n        Ivanov (chess player)|Alexander Ivanov]], Russian-born American chess grandmaster\\n*\n        [[May 4]]\\n** [[David Guterson]], American writer\\n** [[Ulrike Meyfarth]],\n        German high jumper\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Lisa Eilbacher]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[Vladimir Lisin]], Russian [[business oligarch]]\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[Jan Peter Balkenende]], [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] (2002\\u20132010)\n        \\n** [[Jean Lapierre]], Canadian politician and television host\\n* [[May 9]]\n        – [[Wendy Crewson]], Canadian actress\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Vladislav\n        Listyev|Vladislav Nikolayevich Listyev]], Russian journalist (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Bikenibeu Paeniu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Kenneth\n        Eriksson]], Swedish rally driver\\n** [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]], Indian guru\\n**\n        [[Mirek Topol\\u00e1nek]], 7th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n**\n        [[Kirk Thornton]], American voice actor\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Dan Patrick]],\n        American sports commentator\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Sugar Ray Leonard]], African\n        American boxer\\n** [[Bob Saget]], American actor and television host\\n* [[May\n        20]]\\n** [[Ingvar Ambj\\u00f8rnsen]], Norwegian author\\n** [[Dean Butler (actor)|Dean\n        Butler]], American actor and producer\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Ursula Plassnik]],\n        Austrian politician\\n** [[Buck Showalter]], American baseball player and manager\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Michael Jackson (bishop)|Michael Jackson]], Irish Anglican\n        bishop\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Lisa Niemi]], American actress and dancer,\n        widow of [[Patrick Swayze]]\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Jerry Douglas]], American\n        [[dobro]] player\\n** [[John O''Donoghue (politician)|John O''Donoghue]], former\n        Irish [[Fianna F\\u00e1il]] politician\\n** [[Sayuri Yamauchi]], Japanese voice\n        actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[La Toya Jackson]], African-American\n        singer\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Yoshiko Sakakibara]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Bj\\u00f6rn Borg2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bj\\u00f6rn Borg]]]]\\n[[File:Randy\n        Jackson crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Randy Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:BorisTrajkovski1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Boris\n        Trajkovski]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Isaak 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris Isaak]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Peter Tomka]], Judge, International Court of Justice\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[George Burley]], Scottish football manager\\n* [[June\n        5]] – [[Kenny G]], American saxophonist\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Christopher\n        Adamson (actor)|Christopher Adamson]], British actor\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Borg]],\n        Swedish tennis player\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Antonio M. Reid]], American\n        record executive\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Udo Bullmann]], German politician\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Patricia Cornwell]], American novelist\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg]], German head of the [[House of Mecklenburg]]\\n*\n        [[June 11]]\\n** [[Joe Montana]], American football player\\n** [[Arthur Porter\n        (physician)|Arthur Porter]], Canadian physician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 14]]\n        – [[King Diamond]], Danish heavy metal musician\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Robin Curtis]], American actress\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Kelly Curtis]], American\n        actor\\n**  [[Andrew Bicknell]], English actor\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Cho\n        Chikun]], Korean professional Go player\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Randy Jackson]],\n        American musician and talent judge\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Anthony Bourdain]],\n        American chef, author and television personality\\n** [[Boris Trajkovski]],\n        [[President of the Republic of Macedonia]] (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Chloe Webb]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Catherine Samba-Panza]],\n        former President of the Central African Republic\\n** [[Chris Isaak]], American\n        musician\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Heiner Dopp]], German field hockey player\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Noel Mugavin]], [[Australian rules football]] player\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n[[File:Tom Hanks 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom Hanks]]]]\\n[[File:Sela\n        Ward 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sela Ward]]]]\\n[[File:Laura Bush and Dorothy Hamill.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dorothy\n        Hamill]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Alan Ruck]], American actor\\n* [[July 2]]\n        – [[Jerry Hall]], American model and actress\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Rick\n        Ducommun]], Canadian actor and comedian\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Sheila Walsh\n        (author/singer)|Sheila Walsh]], Scottish Christian artist and former talk-show\n        hostess\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Tom Hanks]], American actor and director\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** [[Amitav Ghosh]], Indian-American fiction writer\\n** [[Sela\n        Ward]], American actress\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Mel Harris]], American actress\\n*\n        [[July 13]] \\n** [[G\\u00fcnther Jauch]], German television host\\n** [[Koffi\n        Olomide]], Congolese soukous singer, dancer, producer, and composer\\n* [[July\n        14]] – [[Vladimir Kulich]], Czech actor\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Ian Curtis]],\n        English rock musician ([[Joy Division]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Barry Melrose]],\n        Canadian hockey player, coach, and commentator\\n** [[Toshihiko Seko]], Japanese\n        long-distance runner\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Jerry Doyle]], American talk show\n        host and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Tony Kushner]], American playwright\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Sheila Aldridge]], American singer\\n* [[July 19]] –\n        [[Yoshiaki Yatsu]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Charlie\n        Crist]], American politician\\n** [[Pat Finn]], American game show host and\n        producer\\n** [[Carmen Nebel]], German television presenter\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Andy Goldsworthy]], British sculptor and photographer\\n** [[Dorothy Hamill]],\n        American figure skater and Olympic Gold medalist\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Delta\n        Burke]], American actress\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Michael Biehn]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Deval Patrick]], American politician; first African-American Governor of\n        Massachusetts\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:BruceGreenwoodTIFFSept10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bruce\n        Greenwood]]]]\\n[[File:Kim Cattrall 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kim Cattrall]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Jim Neidhart]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[August\n        4]] – [[Gerry Cooney]], American boxer\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Bolland\n        & Bolland|Ferdi Bolland]], Dutch musician, songwriter, and music producer\n        ([[Bolland & Bolland]])\\n** [[Maureen McCormick]], American actress\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Stepfanie Kramer]], American actress\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Ernie Johnson, Jr.]], American sportscaster\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Chris\n        Foreman]], English rock guitarist\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Fred Ottman]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Charlie Peacock]], American Christian producer,\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Bruce Greenwood]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Jack\\u00e9e Harry]], American actress and television personality\\n**\n        [[Rusty Wallace]], American [[NASCAR]] race car driver\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[Dave Jones (footballer, born 1956)|Dave Jones]], English football manager\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Adam Arkin]], American actor\\n* [[August 20]] –\n        [[Joan Allen]], American actress\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Kim Cattrall]],\n        English-born Canadian actress\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Paul Molitor]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Andreas Floer]], German mathematician\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[John Culberson]], American politician\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Mark Mangino]], American football coach\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Mark Morris (choreographer)|Mark Morris]], American choreographer\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[Masashi Tashiro]], Japanese television performer\\n** [[Tsai\n        Ing-wen]], Taiwanese president\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:DCatAGT.JPG|thumb|110px|[[David\n        Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]]]]\\n[[File:2012-03-20 Almazbek\n        Atambayev.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Almazbek Atambayev]]]]\\n[[File:10.17.09LindaHamiltonByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Linda\n        Hamilton]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Bernie Wagenblast]], American editor\n        and broadcaster\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Angelo Fusco]], Provisional Irish\n        Republican Army member\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Pat McGeown]], Provisional\n        Irish Republican Army member (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Phillip\n        D. Bissett]], American politician\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Leslie Cheung]],\n        Hong Kong actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ricky Rudd]], American race car driver\\n**\n        [[Walter Woon]], law professor and former [[Nominated Member of Parliament]]\n        and [[Attorney-General of Singapore]]\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Kostas Karamanlis]],\n        Greek politician\\n** [[Ray Wilkins]], English footballer and coach\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[George Howard (jazz)|George Howard]], American jazz saxophone\n        musician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Sergei Beloglazov]], Russian\n        free-style wrestler\\n** [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]],\n        American illusionist\\n** [[Ross Greenberg]], American journalist and antivirus\n        pioneer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Brian Andreas]], American\n        writer, sculptor, painter, and publisher\\n** [[Almazbek Atambayev]], 3-Time\n        [[Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan]] and 4th [[President of Kyrgyzstan]]\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Tim McInnerny]], English actor\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Gary\n        Cole]], American actor\\n** [[Debbi Morgan]], African-American actress\\n* [[September\n        21]] – [[Jack Givens]], American basketball player\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Paolo Rossi]], Italian soccer player\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Greg Panos|Gregory Peter Panos]], American futurist, writer, inventor\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Jamie Hyneman]], American television co-host\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Linda Hamilton]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Sebastian Coe|Sebastian Coe, Baron Coe]], British athlete;\n        co-ordinator of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London 2012 Olympic Games]]\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Gordon Elliott]], British-Australian television\n        personality and talk show host\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:Theresa May UK Home\n        Office (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theresa May]]]]\\n[[File:Charlie Adler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charlie\n        Adler]]]]\\n[[File:Christoph Waltz Cannes 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christoph\n        Waltz]]]]\\n[[File:Craig Bartlett 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Craig Bartlett]]]]\\n[[File:Carrie\n        Fisher 2013-a straightened.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carrie Fisher]]]]\\n[[File:Mahmoud\n        Ahmadinejad 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n**\n        [[Tara Buckman]], American actress\\n** [[Andrus Ansip]], Estonian politician,\n        10th [[Prime Minister of Estonia]]\\n** [[Theresa May]], [[Prime Minister of\n        the United Kingdom]]\\n* [[October 2]]  – [[Charlie Adler]], American\n        voice actor and director\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Ralph Morgenstern]], German\n        actor\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Christoph Waltz]], German-Austrian actor\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Stephanie Zimbalist]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Amanda Burton]], Irish actress\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Nicanor\n        Duarte]], [[President of Paraguay]]\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Tr\\u1ea7n\n        \\u0110\\u1ea1i Quang]], [[President of Vietnam]]\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        [[Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah]], Bangladeshi poet (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[October\n        17]]\\n** [[Mae Jemison]], African American astronaut\\n** [[Stephen Palumbi]],\n        American academic and author\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Craig Bartlett]], American\n        animator and voice actor\\n** [[Martina Navratilova]], Czech-American tennis\n        player\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Carlo Urbani]], Italian physician (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Danny Boyle]], English film director\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Carrie Fisher]], American actress and novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Dwight Yoakam]], American country singer, musician\n        and actor\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Rita Wilson]], American actress and\n        producer\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], 6th [[President\n        of Iran]]\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Richard Curtis MFF 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard\n        Curtis]]]]\\n[[File:Bo Derek by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bo Derek]]]]\\n[[File:WilliamFichtnerApr2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William\n        Fichtner]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Rob Fisher (British musician)|Rob\n        Fisher]], British keyboardist and songwriter ([[Climie Fisher]]) (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Richard Curtis]], English film director, producer\n        and screenwriter\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Mohsen Badawi]], Egyptian entrepreneur,\n        political activist, and writer\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Avi Cohen]], Israeli\n        football player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Peter R. de Vries]], crime reporter\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Kelly Ward]], American actor\\n* [[November 18]]\\n**\n        [[Noel Brotherston]], Irish footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Warren Moon]],\n        American football player\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Bo Derek]], American actress\n        and model\\n** [[Olli Dittrich]], German actor, comedian, television personality\n        and musician\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Terri Welles]], American actress\n        and adult model\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Richard Kind]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Shane Gould]], Australian swimmer\\n** [[Nikolay Sidorov]],\n        Soviet athlete\\n** [[Jimmy Hibbert]], British comedian and script writer and\n        script editor\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Jouni Kaipainen]], Finnish composer\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Dale Jarrett]], American race car driver\\n* [[November\n        27]] \\n** [[Nazrin Shah of Perak]], 35th [[Sultan of Perak]]\\n** [[William\n        Fichtner]], American actor\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Kristine Arnold]], American\n        singer ([[Sweethearts of the Rodeo]])\\n** [[Lucy Gutteridge]], English actress\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Eric Laakso]], American football player\\n** [[Leo Laporte]],\n        American author and television host\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Iveta Radi\\u010dov\\u00e1\n        (jan. 2012).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Iveta Radi\\u010dov\\u00e1]]]]\\n[[File:Christine\n        Errath c1974.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christine Errath]]]]\\n* [[December 5]]\\n**\n        [[Klaus Allofs]], German football player\\n** [[Krystian Zimerman]], Polish\n        pianist\\n* [[December 6]] \\n** [[Peter Buck]], American guitarist\\n** [[Randy\n        Rhoads]], American guitarist (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[December 7]] \\n** [[Larry\n        Bird]], American basketball player\\n** [[Iveta Radi\\u010dov\\u00e1]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Slovakia]]\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Jean-Pierre Thiollet]],\n        French writer\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Lani Brockman]], American playwright\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Ana Alicia]], Mexican actress\\n** [[Johan van der Velde]],\n        Dutch cyclist\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Majida El Roumi]], Lebanese singer\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[B\\u00e9la R\\u00e9thy]], German sports journalist\\n*\n        [[December 16]] – [[Duncan Faure]], South African musician\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Ron White]], American comedian\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Masami\n        Akita]], Japanese [[noise music|noise]] musician (also known as [[Merzbow]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Cauty]], British musician ([[The KLF]], The Timelords)\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Anna Erlandsson]], Swedish filmmaker and animator\\n* [[December\n        23]] \\n** [[Michele Alboreto]], Italian race car driver (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Dave Murray (musician)|Dave Murray]], British musician (Iron Maiden)\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** [[Anil Kapoor]], Indian actor\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Kashif\n        (musician)|Michael Jones (aka Kashif)]], 59, musician, singer-songwriter ([[B.T.\n        Express]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[David Sedaris]], American essayist\\n* [[December\n        28]]\\n** [[Nigel Kennedy]], English violinist\\n** [[Jimmy Nicholl]], Canadian-born\n        footballer\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Fred MacAulay]], Scottish comedian\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Patricia Kalember]], American actress\\n** [[Sheryl Lee\n        Ralph]], African American actress\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Hussein Ahmed\n        Salah]], Djiboutian marathon player\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Gilma Jim\\u00e9nez]],\n        Colombian politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[Nancy Lynn]], American aerobatic pilot\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[Shelagh Rogers]], Canadian radio host\\n* [[Miladin \\u0160obi\\u0107]],\n        [[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] singer\\n* [[Susan Solomon]], American atmospheric\n        chemist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-105,_Joseph_Wirth.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Joseph\n        Wirth]]]]\\n[[File:Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Konstantin Pats]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 3]]\\n** [[Alexander Gretchaninov]], Russian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Wirth]], former [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Mistinguett]], French\n        singer and actress (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Marion Leonard]],\n        American actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Karl Ludwig Schmidt]],\n        German theologian (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Norman Kerry]],\n        American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Lyonel Feininger|Lyonel\n        Charles Feininger]], German painter (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Sheila Kaye-Smith]], English writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Konstantin P\\u00e4ts]], 1st [[President of Estonia]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Sam Langford]], Canadian boxer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 23]]\n        – Sir [[Alexander Korda]], Hungarian-born film director (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[Erich Kleiber]], German conductor (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[H. L. Mencken]], American writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[A. A. Milne]], English author (''''Winnie The Pooh'''')\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Elpidio R Quirino.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elpidio\n        Quirino]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Bob Burns (comedian)|Bob Burns]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Charley Grapewin]], American actor (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Robert Yerkes]], American psychologist and ethologist\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Connie Mack]], American baseball\n        executive and manager ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Hugh Trenchard,\n        1st Viscount Trenchard]], British marshal of the Royal Air Force (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Gustave Charpentier]], French composer (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]]\\n** [[Heinrich Barkhausen]], German physicist (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[James Cousins]], Irish writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Elsie\n        Janis]], American singer and actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 29]] –\n        [[Elpidio Quirino]], 6th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Joliot-curie.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Irene\n        Joliot-Curie]]]]\\n[[File:WilhelmMiklas37840v.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Wilhelm Miklas]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Boles\\u0142aw Bierut]], Polish Communist politician\n        and statesman, former [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister]] and [[President\n        of Poland|Presdident]] of Poland (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[David\n        Browning]], American Olympic diver (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Fred\n        Allen]], American comedian (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Ir\\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie]],\n        French physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Louis Bromfield]], American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Fanny Durack]], Australian swimmer (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Wilhelm\n        Miklas]], 3rd [[President of Austria]]  (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Edwin Thanhouser]], American actor, businessman, and film producer, founder\n        of the [[Thanhouser Company]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Eduardo\n        Lonardi]], Argentine military officer, (de facto) 30th [[President of Argentina]]\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Lou Moore]], American racing driver and\n        team owner (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Robert Newton]], English film actor (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – [[Thomas de Hartmann]], Russian composer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Edmund Clerihew Bentley]], English inventor (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Ralph DePalma]], Italian-born race car driver (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Alben\n        Barkley, Vice-President.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alben W. Barkley]]]]\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[P\\u00edo Valenzuela]], Filipino physician and one of the leaders\n        of the [[Katipunan]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Emil Nolde]],\n        German-Danish painter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Kathleen Howard]],\n        Canadian-born American actress and opera singer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 19]]\n        – [[Ernst Robert Curtius]], Alsatian philologist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April\n        21]]\\n** [[Samuel Gottesman]], American pulp-paper merchant (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Charles MacArthur]], American playwright and screenwriter (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[Henry Stephenson]], British character actor (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]], American actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Friedrich Schmidt-Ott]], German lawyer,\n        scientific organizer, and science policymaker (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Harold Bride]], English-born junior radio officer on RMS ''''Titanic''''\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb]], German field marshal (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Alben W. Barkley]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the\n        United States|35th]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[Rodney Collin]], British writer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Watson (arts benefactor)|Peter Watson]], English art collector and benefactor\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Louis Calhern]], American actor (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Austin Osman Spare]],  English artist and\n        occultist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Maurice Tate]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Max Beerbohm]], English essayist, parodist\n        and caricaturist (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Halmay]], Hungarian Olympic\n        swimmer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Gustav Suits]], Estonian poet\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Guy Kibbee]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Al Simmons]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia\n        Athletics]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Frank Beaurepaire]], Australian Olympic swimmer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – [[Diedrich Hermann Westermann]], German linguist (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===June===\\n*\n        [[June 2]]\\n** [[Richard S. Edwards]], American admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Jean Hersholt]], Danish actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Katherine\n        MacDonald]], American silent film actress (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 6]] \\n**\n        [[Hiram Bingham III|Hiram Bingham]], American explorer, discoverer of [[Machu\n        Picchu]] (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Margaret Wycherly]], English stage and film actress\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Frank Brangwyn]], Anglo-Welsh artist (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n** [[Ralph Morgan]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 17]]\n        – [[Paul Rostock]], German official, surgeon, and university professor\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Walter de la Mare]], English poet,\n        short story writer, and novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Reinhold\n        Gli\\u00e8re]], Russian composer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Ernest\n        King]], American Fleet Admiral (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Clifford\n        Brown]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1930]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 7]]\n        – [[Gottfried Benn]], German poet (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 8]] –\n        [[Giovanni Papini]], Italian essayist, poet, novelist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        10]] – [[Joe Giard]], American baseball player (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July\n        11]] – [[John T. Raulston]], Scopes Monkey Trial judge (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[James Alexander Calder]], Canadian politician (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Bertolt-Brecht.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bertolt\n        Brecht]]]]\\n[[File:Alfred Kinsey 1955.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alfred Kinsey]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Albert Woolson]], last surviving Union veteran of the\n        American Civil War (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\n** [[Jackson Pollock]],\n        American painter (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Mincho Neychev]], former Chairman of\n        the Presidium of the National Assembly (head of state) of Bulgaria (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Bertolt Brecht]], German playwright (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Konstantin von Neurath]], Nazi German diplomat and foreign minister (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Bela Lugosi]], Hungarian-born film actor\n        (''''Dracula'''') (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Lynde D. McCormick]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Bernard Griffin]], English Cardinal,\n        Catholic [[Archbishop of Westminster]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 23]] –\n        [[Peaches Browning]], American actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Kenji Mizoguchi]], Japanese film director (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 25]]\n        – [[Alfred Kinsey]], American sex researcher (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Billy\n        Bishop VC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Billy Bishop]]]]\\n[[File:Somoza_1952_(centr%C3%A9e).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anastasio\n        Somoza Garcia]]]]\\n* [[September 6]] \\n** [[Lee Jung-seob]], Korean oil painter\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Felix Borowski]], British-American composer and teacher\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\n** [[Billy Bishop]], Canadian World War\n        I flying ace (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Lucien Febvre]], French historian (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Flora Eldershaw]], Australian novelist, critic,\n        and historian (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Frederick Soddy]],\n        English chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]]\\n** [[Milburn G. Apt]], American test pilot (b. [[1924]])\\n**\n        [[Babe Zaharias]], American golfer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Anastasio Somoza Garc\\u00eda]], [[President of Nicaragua]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Risto Ryti.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Risto\n        Ryti]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Albert Von Tilzer]], American songwriter\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[George Bancroft (actor)|George Bancroft]],\n        American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Marie Doro]], American\n        stage & silent film actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 12]] – Don [[Lorenzo\n        Perosi]], Italian composer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 14]] – Don [[Jules\n        Richard]],  French mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 16]] – Don\n        [[Jules Rimet]],  French football administrator, 3rd [[president of FIFA]]\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Anne Crawford]], British actress\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Isham Jones]], American musician\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Hannah Mitchell]], English socialist\n        and suffragette (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Risto Ryti]], 23rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and 5th [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]] – [[Walter Gieseking]], French conductor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – [[Charles S. Johnson]], American sociologist (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[P\\u00edo Baroja]], Spanish novelist (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Pbadoglio.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Pietro\n        Badoglio]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Pietro Badoglio]], Italian general and\n        28th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Tommy Johnson (musician)|Tommy\n        Johnson]], American musician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Leo\n        Baeck]], German rabbi, scholar and theologian (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Jean Metzinger]], French painter, theorist and critic (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Art Tatum]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Paul Kelly (actor)|Paul Kelly]], American stage and\n        film actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Harry F. Sinclair]], American\n        entrepreneur (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Victor Young]], American composer (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Juan Negr\\u00edn]], 67th Prime Minister of Spain\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Francis L. Sullivan]], English\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Theodore Kosloff]], Russian-born\n        ballet dancer, choreographer and actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Guido Cantelli]], Italian conductor (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Tommy Dorsey]], American trombonist and bandleader (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November\n        27]] – [[Hugo Ballin]], American artist, film production designer, and\n        director (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Paasikivi fi01 06a.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Juho\n        Kusti Paasikivi]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Dell Henderson]], Canadian\n        actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Alexander Rodchenko]],  Russian\n        artist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 6]] – Dr [[B. R. Ambedkar]], A founding\n        father of modern India, the architect of its constitution and Indian dalit\n        leader (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Huntley Gordon]], Canadian\n        actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[David Shimoni]], Israeli\n        poet and writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Ewald Andr\\u00e9\n        Dupont]], German film director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Juho\n        Kusti Paasikivi]], twice [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and 7th [[President\n        of Finland]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Couzinet]],\n        French aeronautics engineer and aircraft manufacturer (suicide) (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Nina Hamnett]], Welsh artist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Eddie\n        Acuff]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Lewis Terman]],\n        American psychologist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Josep Puig\n        i Cadafalch]], Spanish architect (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        [[Holmes Herbert]], English actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Ruth Draper]], American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Lotte\n        Herrlich]], female photographer of German naturism {{Clarify|date=December\n        2014}}\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]],\n        [[Walter Houser Brattain]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        Sir [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]], [[Nikolay Semyonov]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric\n        Cournand]], [[Werner Forssmann]], [[Dickinson W. Richards]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[Juan Ram\\u00f3n Jim\\u00e9nez]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize|Peace]] – Not Awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n*\n        [http://www.coinpage.com/1956-pictures.html 1956 Coin Pictures]\\n* [http://www.brainyhistory.com/years/1956.html\n        1956 in History]\\n\\n==Further reading==\\n* London Institute of World Affairs,\n        ''''The Year Book of World Affairs 1957'''' (London 1957) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rKETAAAAIAAJ\n        full text online], comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy,\n        international affairs and politics for major nations and regions\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1956}}\\n[[Category:1956|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:41:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":799145932,\"length\":63444,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956\"},\"34606\":{\"pageid\":34606,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1957\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T14:40:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1957}}\\n{{Year nav|1957}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1957}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** The [[Saarland]] joins [[West Germany]].\\n** An [[Irish\n        Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] attack on the [[Brookeborough]]\n        police barracks in [[Northern Ireland]] leads to the deaths of [[Se\\u00e1n\n        South]] and [[Fergal O''Hanlon]].\\n** Italian [[Conducting|conductor]] [[Arturo\n        Toscanini]] suffers the [[stroke]] that leads to his death a little over two\n        weeks later in the United States.\\n* [[January 2]] – The San Francisco\n        and Los Angeles [[stock exchange]]s merge to form the [[Pacific Exchange|Pacific\n        Coast Stock Exchange]].\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Hamilton Watch Company]]\n        introduces the first electric [[watch]].\\n* [[January 4]] – After 69\n        years the last issue of ''''[[Collier''s Weekly]]'''' magazine is published\n        in the United States.\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Russell Endean]] becomes\n        the first [[batsman]] to be [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] for having ''''[[handled\n        the ball]]'''' in [[Test cricket]].\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Elvis Presley]]\n        appears on ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'''' for the 3rd and final time. He\n        is shown only from the waist up, even during the gospel segment, singing \\\"Peace\n        In The Valley\\\". [[Ed Sullivan]] describes Elvis thus: \\\"This is a real decent,\n        fine boy. We''ve never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big\n        name than we''ve had with you. You''re thoroughly all right.\\\"\\n* [[January\n        9]] – British Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]] resigns.\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Harold Macmillan]] becomes the [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]].\\n* [[January 11]] – The [[African Convention]] is founded\n        in [[Dakar]].\\n* [[January 13]] – ''''[[Wham-O]]'''' Company produces\n        the first [[Frisbee]].\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Kripalu Maharaj]] is named\n        fifth [[Jagadguru]] (world teacher) after giving seven days of speeches before\n        500 Hindu scholars. \\n** American screen actor [[Humphrey Bogart]] dies aged\n        57 in California after a long battle with cancer.\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        Release, in Japan, of the film ''''[[Throne of Blood]]'''', [[Akira Kurosawa]]''s\n        reworking of ''''[[Macbeth]]''''.\\n* [[January 16]] – [[The Cavern Club]]\n        opens in [[Liverpool]] as a jazz club.\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        is [[Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower|privately sworn in]] for\n        a second term as President of the United States.\\n** [[Israel]] withdraws\n        from the [[Sinai Peninsula]] (captured from [[Egypt]] on October 29, [[1956]]).\\n**\n        The New York City \\\"[[Mad Bomber]]\\\", [[George P. Metesky]], is arrested in\n        [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], and charged with planting more than 30 bombs.\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – President Dwight D. Eisenhower is publicly sworn in.\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Ku Klux Klan]] members force truck driver [[Willie\n        Edwards]] to jump off a bridge into the [[Alabama River]]; he drowns as a\n        result.\\n* [[January 26]] – The [[Ibirapuera]] [[Planetarium]] (the\n        first in the Southern Hemisphere) is inaugurated in the city of [[S\\u00e3o\n        Paulo]], [[Brazil]].\\n* [[January 31]] – Three students on a junior\n        high school playground in [[Pacoima, California]], are among the 8 persons\n        killed following a mid-air collision between a [[Douglas DC-7]] airliner and\n        a [[Northrop F-89 Scorpion]] fighter jet, in the skies above the [[San Fernando\n        Valley]] section of Los Angeles, U.S.\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – President [[Iskander Mirza]] of [[Pakistan]] lays the foundation-stone\n        of the [[Guddu Barrage]] across the [[Indus River]] near [[Sukkur]].\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** France prohibits U.N. involvement in [[Algeria]].\\n** The first [[Nuclear\n        marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] [[submarine]], the {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}},\n        logs its 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional ''''[[Nautilus\n        (Verne)|Nautilus]]'''' described in [[Jules Verne]]''s [[1870]] novel ''''[[Twenty\n        Thousand Leagues Under the Sea]]''''. It is decommissioned on [[March 3]],\n        [[1980]].\\n** A coal gas explosion at the giant Bishop coal mine in [[Bishop,\n        Virginia]], kills 37 men.\\n* [[February 6]] – The [[Soviet Union]] announces\n        that Swedish envoy [[Raoul Wallenberg]] had died in a Soviet prison \\\"possibly\n        of a [[heart attack]]\\\" on [[July 17]], [[1947]].\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        The [[Confederation of African Football]] is founded at a meeting in [[Khartoum]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Andrei Gromyko]] becomes foreign minister of the\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** The \\\"[[Toddlers'' Truce]]\\\", a controversial\n        television closedown between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m., is abolished\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n** [[Ingmar Bergman]]''s film ''''[[The Seventh Seal]]''''\n        opens at cinema in [[Sweden]].\\n* [[February 17]] – A fire at a home\n        for the elderly in [[Warrenton, Missouri]], kills 72 people.\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Kenya]]n rebel leader [[Dedan Kimathi]] is executed by the British\n        colonial government.\\n** The last person to be executed in New Zealand, [[Walter\n        James Bolton]], is [[hanged]] at [[Mount Eden Prison]] for poisoning his wife.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – The founding congress of the [[Senegalese Popular\n        Bloc]] opens in [[Dakar]].\\n* [[February 25]] – The [[Boy in the Box\n        (Philadelphia)|Boy In The Box]] is discovered along a sidewalk in Philadelphia,\n        Pennsylvania. The murder victim is described as Caucasian in appearance and\n        4 to 6 years old; the case is never solved.\\n* February 28 – ''''[[Gaston\n        (comics)|Gaston]]'''', a French comic strip, is introduced.\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Flag\n        of Ghana.svg|thumb|250px|[[Flag of Ghana]], the first country in colonial\n        Africa to gain independence]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[U Nu]] becomes Prime Minister\n        of [[Burma]].\\n** [[Arturo Lezama]] becomes President of the National Council\n        of Government of [[Uruguay]].\\n** [[Sud Aviation]] forms from a merger between\n        [[SNCASE]] (Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\\u00e9ronautiques\n        du Sud Est) and [[SNCASO]] (Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\\u00e9ronautiques\n        du Sud Ouest).\\n** [[Dr. Seuss]]'' ''''[[The Cat in the Hat]]'''' is published\n        in the United States.\\n* [[March 3]] – ''''[[Net als toen]]'''' sung\n        by [[Corry Brokken]] (music by Guus Jansen, lyrics by [[Willy van Hemert]])\n        wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1957]] (held at [[Frankfurt]]) for the\n        Netherlands.\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Standard & Poor''s]] first publishes\n        the [[S&P 500 Index]] in the United States.\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** United Kingdom\n        colonies [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] and [[British Togoland]]\n        become the independent nation of [[Ghana]].\\n** [[Zodi Ikhia]] founds the\n        [[Nigerien Democratic Front]] (FDN) in [[Niger]].\\n* [[March 7]] – The\n        [[United States Congress]] approves the [[Eisenhower Doctrine]] on assistance\n        to threatened foreign regimes.\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Egypt]] re-opens the\n        [[Suez Canal]].\\n* [[March 10]] – Floodgates of [[The Dalles Dam]] are\n        closed, inundating [[Celilo Falls]] and ancient Indian fisheries along the\n        [[Columbia River]] in [[Oregon]].\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** The United States [[Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation]] arrests [[labor union]] leader [[Jimmy Hoffa]] and\n        charges him with [[bribery]].\\n** The Anglo-Jordanian Treaty of [[1948]] expires.\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – President [[Sukarno]] declares [[martial law]] in [[Indonesia]].\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash]]: [[Philippines|Philippine]]\n        President [[Ramon Magsaysay]] and 24 others are killed in a plane crash.\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – The French news magazine ''''[[L''Express]]'''' reveals\n        that the French army tortures [[Algeria]]n prisoners.\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**\n        The [[Treaty of Rome]] (''''Patto di [[Rome|Roma]]'''') establishes the [[European\n        Economic Community]] (EEC; predecessor of the [[European Union]]) between\n        Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.\\n**\n        Copies of [[Allen Ginsberg]]''s ''''[[Howl and Other Poems]]'''' (first published\n        November 1, [[1956]]) printed in England are seized by [[United States Customs\n        Service]] officials in [[San Francisco]] on the grounds of [[obscenity]].{{cite\n        web|first=Jamie L.|last=Rehlaender|title=A Howl of Free Expression: the 1957\n        Howl Obscenity Trial and Sexual Liberation|date=2015-04-28|work=Young Historians\n        Conference|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2015/oralpres/1|publisher=Portland\n        State University|accessdate=2015-09-29}} On [[October 3]], in ''''People\n        v. Ferlinghetti'''', a subsequent prosecution of publisher [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]],\n        the work is ruled not to be obscene.{{cite web|title=\\u2018Howl\\u2019\n        obscenity prosecution still echoes 50 years later|publisher=First Amendment\n        Center|location=Nashville|date=2007-10-03|accessdate=2015-09-29|first=Lydia\n        Hailman|last=King|url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/%E2%80%98howl%E2%80%99-obscenity-prosecution-still-echoes-50-years-later}}\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – 22-year-old [[Elvis Presley]] buys [[Graceland]] on 3734\n        Bellevue Boulevard ([[U.S. Route 51|Highway 51]] South) for $US100,000. He\n        and his family move from the house on 1034 Audubon Drive.\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – The [[29th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held in [[Hollywood]]. ''''[[Around\n        the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'''' wins [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Rodgers and\n        Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Cinderella (musical)|Cinderella]]'''', the team''s\n        only musical written especially for television, is telecast live and in color\n        by CBS in the United States, starring [[Julie Andrews]] in the title role.\n        The production is seen by millions, but this 1957 version is not to be telecast\n        again for more than 40 years, when a [[kinescope]] of it is shown.\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:E.\n        M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|thumb|150px|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], head of the\n        first democratically elected communist government in the world]]\\n* April\n        – [[IBM]] sells the first compiler for the [[Fortran]] scientific [[programming\n        language]].\\n* [[April 1]] – The first new [[conscript]]s join the [[Bundeswehr]].\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – The [[Communist Party of India]] wins the elections in\n        [[Kerala]], making [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] its first chief minister.\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Egypt]] reopens the [[Suez Canal]] to all shipping.\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – The United Kingdom announces that [[Singapore]] will\n        gain self-rule on January 1, 1958.\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** The [[Distant Early\n        Warning Line]] is handed over by contractors to the U.S. and Canadian military.\\n**\n        [[White Rock, British Columbia|White Rock]] secedes from [[Surrey, British\n        Columbia]], following a referendum.\\n* [[April 17]] – Suspected English\n        [[serial killer]] Dr. [[John Bodkin Adams]] is found not guilty of murder\n        at the [[Old Bailey]].\\n* [[April 24]] – First broadcast of [[BBC Television]]\n        [[astronomy]] series ''''[[The Sky at Night]]'''' in the U.K., presented by\n        [[Patrick Moore]]. This will run with the same presenter until his death in\n        December 2012.\\n* [[April 24]]–[[April 25|25]] – [[1957 Fethiye\n        earthquakes]] on the Mediterranean coast of [[Turkey]].\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May\n        2]]\\n** [[Vincent Gigante]] fails to assassinate [[Sicilian Mafia|mafioso]]\n        [[Frank Costello]] in [[Manhattan]].\\n** [[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]], written\n        by [[Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven]], becomes the South African National Anthem.\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] owner [[Walter O''Malley]] agrees to\n        move the team from [[Brooklyn]], New York, to Los Angeles.\\n* [[May 15]].\\n**\n        [[Operation Grapple#Grapple Z|Operation Grapple]]: At [[Malden Island]] in\n        the Pacific, Britain tests its first [[hydrogen bomb]], which fails to detonate\n        properly.\\n** [[Stanley Matthews]] plays his final international game, ending\n        an [[England national football team|English]] [[England national football\n        team records|record]] international career of almost 23 years.\\n* [[May 16]]\n        – [[Paul-Henri Spaak]] becomes the new [[Secretary General of NATO]].\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – A 42,000-pound hydrogen bomb accidentally falls from a\n        bomber near [[Albuquerque]].{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08-27/news/mn-14421_1_hydrogen-bomb|newspaper=[[Los\n        Angeles Times]]|title=\\nAccident Revealed After 29 Years: H-Bomb Fell Near\n        Albuquerque in 1957|date=1986-08-27|accessdate=2015-09-29}}\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Anti-American]] riots erupt in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]].{{cite\n        web|title=HI Taipei 1957 Riot |url=http://www.msg-history.com/HistoricalItems/HI_Taipei_1957_Riot.html\n        |work= |accessdate=2017-02-20 |df=mdy }}{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]\n        2-0 at [[Santiago Bernab\\u00e9u Stadium]], [[Madrid]] to win the [[1956\\u201357\n        European Cup]] (football).\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]] – Three-year-old\n        [[thoroughbred]] [[Gallant Man]] wins the [[Peter Pan Stakes]] at [[Belmont\n        Park]].\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Broad Peak]], on the China-Pakistan border,\n        is first ascended.\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Oklahoma]] celebrates its semi-centennial\n        statehood. A brand new 1957 [[Plymouth Belvedere]] is buried in a time capsule\n        (to be opened 50 years later on June 15, [[2007]]).\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Gallant Man]] wins the [[Belmont Stakes]] at [[Belmont Park]] in record\n        time.\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Toru Takemitsu]]''s ''''Requiem for Strings''''\n        is first performed, by the [[Tokyo Symphony Orchestra]].{{cite web|title=Toru\n        Takemitsu - Chronology|url=http://www.schott-music.com/shop/persons/featured/toru-takemitsu/vitae/|publisher=[[Schott\n        Music]]|accessdate=2013-02-01}}\\n* [[June 21]] – [[John Diefenbaker]]\n        becomes the 13th [[Prime Minister of Canada]].\\n* [[June 25]] – The\n        [[United Church of Christ]] is formed in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], by the merger\n        of the [[Congregational Christian Churches]] and the [[Evangelical and Reformed\n        Church]].\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Hurricane Audrey]] demolishes [[Cameron,\n        Louisiana]], U.S., killing 400 people.\\n\\n===July===\\n* July\\n** The [[International\n        Geophysical Year]] begins.\\n** The [[University of Waterloo]] is founded in\n        Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.\\n** [[Hugh Everett III]] publishes the first scientifically\n        founded [[many-worlds interpretation]] of [[Interpretations of quantum mechanics|quantum\n        mechanics]].\\n** Production of the [[Citro\\u00ebn Traction Avant]] automobile,\n        begun in [[1934]], ceases.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[John Lennon]] and [[Paul\n        McCartney]] first meet as teenagers at a garden fete at [[St. Peter''s Church,\n        Woolton, Liverpool]], England, at which Lennon''s [[skiffle]] group, [[The\n        Quarrymen]], is playing, 3 years before forming [[The Beatles]].\\n* [[July\n        9]] – [[Elvis Presley]]''s ''''[[Loving You (1957 film)|Loving You]]''''\n        opens in theaters.\\n* [[July 11]] – His Highness Prince Karim [[Aga\n        Khan IV]] becomes the 49th Imam of the [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]] Muslims at age\n        20. His grandfather Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah [[Aga Khan III]] appoints Prince\n        Karim in his will.\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Rawya Ateya]] takes her seat in\n        the [[Parliament of Egypt|National Assembly of Egypt]], thereby becoming the\n        first female parliamentarian in the [[Arab world]].\\n* [[July 16]] –\n        [[United States Marine]] Major [[John Glenn]] flies an [[F8U Crusader|F8U]]\n        [[supersonic]] jet from [[California]] to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes\n        and 8 seconds, setting a new transcontinental speed record.\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Tunisia]] becomes a republic, with [[Habib Bourguiba]] its first\n        president.\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** The [[6th World Festival of Youth and Students]],\n        a high point of the [[Khrushchev Thaw]], kicks off in Moscow.\\n** Heavy rains\n        and mudslides at [[Isahaya]], western [[Ky\\u016bsh\\u016b]], Japan, kill 992.\\n**\n        A strong earthquake shakes Mexico City and Mexican port city [[Acapulco]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] is established.\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 4]] – [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], driving for [[Maserati in motorsport|Maserati]],\n        wins the [[Formula One]] [[German Grand Prix]], clinching (with 4 wins this\n        season) his record 5th [[List of Formula One World Drivers'' Champions|world\n        drivers championship]], including his 4th consecutive championship (also a\n        record); these 2 records endure for nearly half a [[century]].\\n* [[August\n        5]] – ''''[[American Bandstand]]'''', a local dance show produced by\n        [[WPVI-TV|WFIL-TV]] in Philadelphia, joins the ABC Television Network.\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] announces a\n        2-year suspension of nuclear testing.\\n* [[August 28]] – United States\n        Senator [[Strom Thurmond]] (D-SC) sets the record for the longest [[filibuster]]\n        with his 24-hour, 18-minute speech railing against a civil rights bill.\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – The [[Federation of Malaya]] gains independence from\n        the United Kingdom, subsequently celebrated as [[Malaysia]]''s National Day.\n        [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan]], [[Yang di-Pertuan Besar]] of [[Negeri\n        Sembilan]] becomes the first [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Federation of\n        Malaya|Malaya]]. The country''s new [[Constitution of Malaysia|Constitution]]\n        came into force on August 27.\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Flag of Belize.svg|thumb|250px|[[Flag\n        of Belize]], the first country in colonial Central America to gain independence]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – 175 die in [[Jamaica]]''s worst railway disaster.\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – The [[Wolfenden report]] on homosexuality is published\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Civil Rights Movement]]: [[Little\n        Rock Crisis]] – Governor [[Orval Faubus]] of [[Arkansas]] calls out\n        the [[National Guard of the United States]] to prevent African-American students\n        from enrolling in [[Little Rock Central High School]].\\n** The [[Ford Motor\n        Company]] introduces the [[Edsel]] on what the company proclaims as \\\"E Day\\\".\\n*\n        [[September 5]] – The first edition of [[Jack Kerouac]]''s novel ''''[[On\n        the Road]]'''' goes on sale in the United States.\\n* [[September 7]] –\n        [[NBC]] introduces an animated version of its famous \\\"living color\\\" [[peacock\n        logo]].\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** The [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] is enacted,\n        establishing the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]].\\n** [[Catholic\n        Memorial School]] opens its doors for the first time in [[Boston]], Massachusetts.\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – ''''[[Have Gun \\u2013 Will Travel]]'''' premieres\n        on CBS.\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Olav V of Norway|Olav V]] becomes King of\n        Norway on the death of his father [[Haakon VII of Norway|Haakon VII]].\\n**\n        The sailing ship ''''[[Pamir (ship)|Pamir]]'''' sinks off the [[Azores]] in\n        a hurricane.\\n** ''''[[Perry Mason (TV series)|Perry Mason]]'''' premiers\n        on [[CBS]].\\n** [[Belize]] gains independence from the United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – The [[Academy Award]]-winning movie ''''[[The Three\n        Faces of Eve]]'''' is released.\\n* [[September 24]] \\n** U.S. President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] sends federal troops to [[Arkansas]] to provide safe passage\n        into [[Little Rock Central High School]] for the \\\"[[Little Rock Nine]]\\\".\\n**\n        [[Camp Nou]], home-stadium of [[FC Barcelona]], officially opened in [[Barcelona]],\n        [[Spain]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.fr/club/installations/card/histoire-du-camp-nou|title=Histoire\n        du Camp Nou {{!}} FC Barcelona|website=FC Barcelona|language=fr-FR|access-date=2017-01-21}}\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s musical ''''[[West Side\n        Story]]'''' makes its first appearance on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and\n        runs for 732 performances.\\n* [[September 29]] – The [[Kyshtym disaster]]\n        occurs at the [[Mayak]] [[nuclear reprocessing]] plant in Russia.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        October\\n** ''''[[Which?]]'''' magazine is first published by The Consumers''\n        Association in the United Kingdom.\\n** The [[Africanized bee]] is accidentally\n        released in [[Brazil]].\\n* [[October 2]] – [[David Lean]]''s film ''''[[The\n        Bridge on the River Kwai]]'''' opens in the U.K.\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Space\n        Age]] – [[Sputnik program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Sputnik\n        1]], the first artificial [[satellite]] to orbit the earth.\\n** The [[Avro\n        Canada CF-105 Arrow]] [[delta wing]] [[interceptor aircraft]] is unveiled.\\n**\n        The sitcom ''''[[Leave It to Beaver]]'''' premieres on CBS in the United States.\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Neil H. McElroy]] is sworn in as [[United States Secretary\n        of Defense]].\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        apologizes to the finance minister of [[Ghana]], [[Komla Agbeli Gbedemah]],\n        after he is refused service in a [[Dover, Delaware]], restaurant.\\n** [[Windscale\n        fire]]: Fire at the [[Sellafield|Windscale]] [[nuclear reactor]] on the north-west\n        coast of England releases radioactive material into the surrounding environment,\n        including [[iodine-131]].\\n** [[Ayn Rand]]''s fourth, last and longest novel,\n        ''''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'''', is published in the United States.\\n* [[October\n        11]]\\n** The [[Jodrell Bank]] [[radio telescope]] opens in [[Cheshire]], England.\\n**\n        The [[orbit]] of the last stage of the [[R-7 Semyorka]] rocket (carrying [[Sputnik\n        I]]) is first successfully calculated on an [[IBM 704]] computer at the [[MIT\n        Computation Center]] as part of [[Operation Moonwatch]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Ant\\u00f4nio Vilas Boas]], a Brazilian farmer, claims\n        to have been abducted by [[extraterrestrials]]; the first famous [[alien abduction]]\n        case.\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** Two trains collide in [[Turkey]]; 95 die.\\n**\n        The U.S. military sustains its first combat fatality in [[Vietnam]], Army\n        Capt. Hank Cramer of the [[1st Special Forces Group]].\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Morocco]] begins its [[Ifni War|invasion of Ifni]].\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        [[American Mafia|Mafia]] boss [[Albert Anastasia]] is assassinated in a barber\n        shop, at the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City.\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] is re-elected [[president of Turkey]].\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Toyota]] begins exporting vehicles to the United States, beginning\n        with the [[Toyota Crown]] and the [[Toyota Land Cruiser]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** The [[Mackinac Bridge]], the world''s longest [[suspension\n        bridge]] between anchorages at this time, opens in the United States to connect\n        [[Michigan]]''s two [[peninsula]]s.\\n** The first (westbound) tube of the\n        [[Hampton Roads Bridge\\u2013Tunnel]] linking [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]\n        and [[Hampton, Virginia]] opens at a cost of $44 million.\\n* [[November 3]]\n        – [[Sputnik program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Sputnik 2]],\n        with the first [[animal]] to orbit the Earth (a dog named [[Laika]]) on board;\n        there is no technology available to return it to Earth.\\n* [[November 7]]\n        – [[Cold War]]: In the United States, the [[Gaither Report]] calls for\n        more American missiles and [[fallout shelter]]s. \\n* [[November 8]] –\n        Film ''''[[Jailhouse Rock (film)|Jailhouse Rock]]'''' opens across the U.S.\n        to reach #3, and [[Elvis Presley]] continues to gain more notoriety.\\n* [[November\n        13]]\\n** [[Gordon Gould]] invents the [[laser]].\\n** Flooding in the [[Po\n        Valley]] of Italy leads to flooding also in [[Venice]].\\n* [[November 14]]\n        – [[Apalachin Meeting]]: [[American Mafia]] leaders meet in [[Apalachin,\n        New York]] at the house of [[Joseph Barbara (mobster)|Joseph Barbara]]; the\n        meeting is broken up by a curious patrolman.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[1957\n        Aquila Airways Solent crash]]: A [[flying boat]] crash on the [[Isle of Wight]]\n        leaves 45 dead.\\n** [[Yugoslavia]] announces the end of an economic boycott\n        of [[Francoist Spain]] (although it does not reinstitute diplomatic relations).\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** [[Serial killer]] [[Edward Gein]] murders his last victim,\n        Bernice Worden of [[Plainfield, Wisconsin]], U.S.\\n** U.S. President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] has a [[stroke]].\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]] of the [[Democrat\n        Party (Turkey, historical)|Democrat Party]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]]\n        (23rd government, last government formed by DP and Menderes).\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Indonesia]]n president [[Sukarno]] survives a [[grenade]] attack\n        at the Cikini School in [[Jakarta]], but six children are killed.\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – In [[Indonesia]], [[Sukarno]] announces the [[nationalization]]\n        of 246 [[Netherlands|Dutch]] businesses.\\n* [[December 4]] – The [[Lewisham\n        rail crash]] in London leaves 92 dead.\\n* [[December 5]] – All 326,000\n        Dutch nationals are expelled from [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        The first U.S. attempt to launch a [[satellite]] fails when the [[Vanguard\n        TV3|Vanguard rocket]] blows up on the [[launch pad]].\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        Canadian diplomat [[Lester B. Pearson]] receives the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        for his peacekeeping efforts in the United Nations.\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        ''''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'''' is released in the U.S. It goes on\n        to win the [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\n        Additional Oscars go to [[Alec Guinness]] (Best Actor) and David Lean (Best\n        Director), among others. This is Lean''s first Oscar for directing.\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Meredith Willson]]''s classic musical ''''[[The Music Man]]'''',\n        starring [[Robert Preston (actor)|Robert Preston]], debuts on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – The [[Boeing 707]] airliner flies for the first time.\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – The [[CBS]] afternoon anthology series ''''[[The Seven\n        Lively Arts]]'''' presents [[Tchaikovsky]]''s ballet ''''[[The Nutcracker]]''''\n        on U.S. television for the first time, although heavily abridged.\\n\\n=== Date\n        unknown ===\\n* [[Mao Zedong]] admits that 800,000 \\\"[[Enemy of the people|class\n        enemies]]\\\" have been summarily [[Death|liquidated]] in [[China]] between\n        [[1949]] and [[1954]].\\n* Expected date for [[Operation Dropshot]], an all-out\n        U.S. war with the Soviet Union, triggered by a Soviet takeover of Western\n        Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia which does not materialize,\n        as prepared for by the [[United States Department of Defense]] in [[1949]].\\n*\n        [[Gruppe SPUR]], an artistic collaboration, is founded in Germany.\\n* The\n        so-called ''mound of [[Midas]]'', the Great [[Tumulus]] near [[Gordium]],\n        is excavated.\\n* Three new neo-[[Grotesque (typeface classification)|grotesque]]\n        [[sans-serif]] [[typeface]]s are released: [[Folio (typeface)|Folio]] (designed\n        by Konrad Bauer and Walter Baum), [[Helvetica|Neue Haas Grotesk]] (designed\n        by [[Max Miedinger]]) and [[Univers]] (designed by [[Adrian Frutiger]]); all\n        will be influential in the [[International Typographic Style]] of [[graphic\n        design]].\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:John Lasseter 2002.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Lasseter]]]]\\n[[File:SteveHarveyHWOFMay2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Harvey]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Isabel Ordaz]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Ewa\n        Kasprzyk (actress)|Ewa Kasprzyk]], Polish actress\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Bojan Kri\\u017eaj]], Slovenian alpine skier\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Charles\n        Allen, Baron Allen of Kensington|Charles Allen]], British television magnate\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Nancy Lopez]], American golfer\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**\n        [[Nicholson Baker]], American novelist\\n** [[Katie Couric]], American television\n        host\\n** [[Hannu Kamppuri]], Finnish ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Julian Sol\\u00eds]],\n        Puerto Rican boxer\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[David Lang (composer)|David Lang]],\n        American composer\\n** [[Dwight Clark]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Bibie]], Ghanaian singer\\n* [[January 11]] \\n** [[Bryan Robson]],\n        English footballer\\n** [[Claude Criquielion]], Belgian bike racer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[John Lasseter]], American director, writer and animator\\n*\n        [[January 13]]\\n** [[Lorrie Moore]], American writer\\n** [[Daniel Scioli]],\n        Argentine politician and sportsman\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Anchee Min]], Chinese\n        writer\\n** [[Wu Chengzhen]], Chinese Buddhist [[Abbot (Buddhism)|abbess]]\\n*\n        [[January 15]]\\n** [[Mario Van Peebles]], African-American actor and director\\n**\n        [[Patrick Dixon]], British business guru and author\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        [[Ricardo Dar\\u00edn]], Argentinian actor\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Steve\n        Harvey]], American comedian, television host, radio personality, actor and\n        author\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Greg Ryan]], American soccer coach\\n* [[January\n        22]]\\n** [[Mike Bossy]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Rene Requiestas]], Filipino\n        comedian (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Godfrey Thoma]], Nauruan politician\\n* [[January\n        23]] – [[Caroline, Princess of Hanover|Princess Caroline of Monaco]]\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Adrian Edmondson]], British comedian\\n*[[January\n        26]]  – [[Richard Portnow]], American actor\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Miller (comics)|Frank Miller]], American comic book writer\\n** [[Janick Gers]],\n        British heavy metal guitarist\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Gra\\u017cyna Miller]],\n        Polish poet\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Payne Stewart]], American golfer (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Kathy Najimy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathy\n        Najimy]]]]\\n[[File:Falco Ursela Monn 1986-3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Falco (musician)|Falco]]]]\\n[[File:Danny\n        Antonucci.png|thumb|100px|[[Danny Antonucci]]]]\\n[[File:John Turturro at the\n        2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Turturro]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Phil Barney]], French singer\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Elaine\n        Carbines]], Member of the [[Australian Labor Party]]\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[Jackie Woodburne]], Australian actress\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Kathy\n        Najimy]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Cindy\n        Wilson]], American rock singer ([[The B-52''s]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Gordon Strachan]], Scottish footballer and manager\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Mitchell Symons]], British writer\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Soile Isokoski]],\n        Finnish lyric soprano\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Shahriar Mandanipour]],\n        Iranian writer\\n* [[February 16]] – [[LeVar Burton]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Loreena McKennitt]], Canadian singer, composer,\n        harpist\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Vanna White]], American game show presenter\\n**\n        [[Marita Koch]], German athlete\\n* [[February 19]] \\n** [[Falco (musician)|Falco]],\n        Austrian rock musician (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Ray Winstone]], British actor\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Glen Hanlon]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Ria Brieffies]], Dutch singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n**\n        [[Adrian Smith]], British heavy metal guitarist\\n** [[Viktor Markin]], Russian\n        athlete\\n** [[Timothy Spall]], English actor\\n** [[Rob de Castella]], Australian\n        long-distance runner\\n** [[Danny Antonucci]], Canadian creator of the [[Cartoon\n        Network]] show ''''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]''''\\n* [[February 28]] \\n** [[Ainsley\n        Harriott]], British celebrity chef\\n** [[Ian Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Ian\n        Smith]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[John Turturro]], American actor, writer\n        and director\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Osama\n        bin Laden]]]]\\n[[File:Marlon Jackson 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marlon Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Joaquim\n        de Almeida.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joaquim de Almeida]]]]\\n[[File:Spike Lee at the\n        2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Spike Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Lucio Guti\\u00e9rrez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucio\n        Guti\\u00e9rrez]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher Lambert 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher\n        Lambert]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Eric Walters]], Canadian author\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Jim Dwyer (journalist)|Jim Dwyer]], American journalist and [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]] winner\\n** [[Rick Mast]], American NASCAR driver\\n* [[March 8]]\\n**\n        [[Clive Burr]], British heavy metal drummer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Mitsuko Horie]],\n        Japanese voice actress and singer\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Mona Sahlin]],\n        Swedish politician\\n* [[March 10]] \\n** [[Osama bin Laden]], Saudi-born founder\n        of [[al-Qaeda]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hans-Peter Friedrich]], German politician\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Marlon Jackson]], American singer\\n* [[March 13]] –\n        [[David Peaston]], American singer\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Joaquim de Almeida]],\n        Portuguese actor\\n** [[Park Overall]], American film and television actress\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Mal Donaghy]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[March\n        18]] – [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Pazdera]], Hungarian rock bassist ([[Pokolg\\u00e9p]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Vanessa Bell Calloway]], American actress\\n** [[John Grogan\n        (journalist)|John Grogan]], American journalist and non-fiction writer \\n**\n        [[Spike Lee]], American film director and actor\\n** [[Theresa Russell]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 23]] \\n** [[Teresa Ganzel]], American comedian and actress\\n**\n        [[Lucio Guti\\u00e9rrez]],  41st [[President of Ecuador]]\\n** [[Amanda Plummer]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Jack Edwards (sportscaster)|Jack\n        Edwards]], American play-by-play announcer\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Leeza\n        Gibbons]], American television personality\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Christopher\n        Lambert]], French actor\\n* [[March 30]] \\n** [[Paul Reiser]], American comedian\n        and actor\\n** [[Ian Shelton]],  Canadian astronomer who discovered [[SN 1987A]]\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\n** [[Alan Duncan]], British politician\\n** [[Marc McClure]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Terry Klassen]], Canadian voice actor and voice director\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Faustin\n        Touadera.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Faustin-Archange Touad\\u00e9ra]]]]\\n[[File:Donald\n        Tusk 2013-12-19.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Donald Tusk]]]]\\n[[File:Daniel Day-Lewis,\n        Jaguar, Mille Miglia 2013 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Day-Lewis]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[J. Karjalainen]], Finnish rock musician\\n** [[Denise Nickerson]],\n        American child actress\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Giuliana De Sio]], Italian\n        actress\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Aki Kaurism\\u00e4ki]], Finnish film director\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Ivan Corea]], Sri Lankan autism campaigner\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Simon Climie]], English singer-songwriter ([[Climie Fisher]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Henry Cluney]], Irish musician\\n* [[April 9]] –\n        [[Seve Ballesteros]], Spanish golfer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[\\u00dclle Kaljuste]], Estonian actress \\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Michael Card]],\n        American Christian musician\\n** [[Ian Stuart Donaldson|Ian Stuart]], singer\n        for [[white power skinhead]] band [[Skrewdriver]] (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Jim\n        Lauderdale]], bluegrass musician\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Suzzanne Douglas]],\n        American actress\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Mikhail Pletnev]], Russian pianist,\n        conductor and composer\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Susan Roman]], Canadian voice\n        actress\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Genie (feral child)|Genie]], American feral\n        child\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Jesse Orosco]], American baseball player\\n** [[Herbert\n        Wetterauer]], German artist and author\\n** [[Faustin-Archange Touad\\u00e9ra]],\n        8th [[President of the Central African Republic]]\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Donald Tusk]], [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Jan Hooks]],\n        American actress and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Kenji Kawai]], Japanese\n        composer\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Eric Bristow]], English darts player\\n** [[Roch\n        Marc Christian Kabor\\u00e9]], 7th Prime Minister and 8th President of Burkina\n        Faso\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Michel Barrette]], Canadian actor and stand-up\n        comedian\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Dinorah de Jes\\u00fas Rodriguez]], Cuban-born\n        experimental filmmaker\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], English-born\n        actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Richard E Grant 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        E. Grant]]]]\\n[[File:Vicious.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sid Vicious]]]]\\n[[File:Yoshihiko\n        Noda-3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yoshihiko Noda]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Michael\n        Coyle (composer)|Michael Coyle]], American composer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Jo\n        Brand]], English comedian\\n** [[William Clay Ford, Jr.]], American automobile\n        executive\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Richard E. Grant]], English actor\\n* [[May\n        6]] – [[Mbah Surip]], Indonesian singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Sid Vicious]] (John Beverly), English punk rock bassist ([[Sex Pistols]])\n        (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Carrie Lam]], Hong Kong civil servant\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Daniela Dess\\u00ec]], Italian operatic soprano (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Ibarretxe]], Basque Lehendakari (Prime\n        Minister)\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Joan Benoit]], American Olympic gold medal-winning\n        marathon runner\\n* [[May 17]] – [[G\\u00f6sta Sundqvist]], Finnish rock\n        singer and songwriter ([[Leevi and the Leavings]]) (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May\n        18]] \\n** [[Michael Cretu]], Romanian\\u2013German new-age musician ([[Enigma\n        (musical project)|Enigma]])\\n** [[Frank Plasberg]], German journalist and\n        television presenter\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Yoshihiko Noda]], 62nd [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]]\\n** [[Stewart Nozette]], American astronomer\\n* [[May 21]]\\n**\n        [[Judge Reinhold]], American actor\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9e Soutendijk]], Dutch actress\\n*\n        [[May 22]]\\n** [[Albert Boonstra]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Shinji Morisue]],\n        Japanese gymnast\\n** [[Gary Sweet]], Australian actor\\n* [[May 23]] –\n        [[Jimmy McShane]] (aka Baltimora), Northern Irish dancer (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Walter Moers]], German comic artist and writer\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[John G. Rowland]], American [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]\n        politician, [[Governor of Connecticut]] and felon\\n* [[May 26]] \\n**[[Pontso\n        Sekatle]], Lesotho academic and politician\\n**[[Dan Roodt]], South African\n        author and politician \\n* [[May 27]] – [[Siouxsie Sioux]], born Susan\n        Ballion, English post-punk singer ([[Siouxsie and the Banshees]])\\n* [[May\n        28]] – [[Kirk Gibson]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**  [[Bobby\n        Hamilton]], American stock car racing driver (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jeb Hensarling]],\n        American politician; U.S. Representative (R-TX)\\n** [[Ted Levine]], American\n        screen actor\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Georgi S. Parvanov.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Georgi\n        Parvanov]]]]\\n[[File:Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow_2012-09-11.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gurbanguly\n        Berdimuhamedow]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Dorota K\\u0119dzierzawska]], Polish\n        film director\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Horst-Ulrich H\\u00e4nel]], German field\n        hockey player\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Kim Tai-chung]], Korean martial artist\n        and former actor and [[Bruce Lee]] double (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[Jessica Diamond]], American artist\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Juan Luis Guerra]],\n        Dominican singer and songwriter\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Scott Adams]], American\n        cartoonist ([[Dilbert]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Hidetsugu Aneha]], Japanese\n        architect\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Timothy Busfield]], American actor\\n** [[Javed\n        Miandad]], Pakistani cricketer\\n** [[Ciro Pessoa]], Brazilian musician ([[Tit\\u00e3s]],\n        [[Cabine C]]), journalist, screenwriter and poet\\n* [[June 14]]\\n**[[Debbie\n        Arnold]], British actress and voice artiste\\n** [[Maxi Jazz|Maxwell Fraiser]],\n        African-British rapper for [[Faithless]], [[DJ]]\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Seppo\n        P\\u00e4\\u00e4kk\\u00f6nen]], Finnish actor\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Anna Lindh]],\n        Swedish politician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Michael Bowen (actor)|Michael\n        Bowen]], American actor\\n**[[Luis Antonio Tagle]], Filipino cardinal, [[Archbishop\n        of Manila]]\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Frances McDormand]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n**[[Lance Nethery]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Georgi\n        Parvanov]], [[President of Bulgaria]]\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Gurbanguly\n        Berdimuhamedow]], Turkmen politician, 2nd [[President of Turkmenistan]]\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Silvio Orlando]], Italian actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Mirziyoyev\n        cropped.jpg|100px|thumbnail|right|[[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]]]\\n[[File:Nellie\n        Kim 1980.jpg|100px|thumbnail|right|[[Nellie Kim]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[Hannu Kamppuri]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Bret\n        Hart]], Canadian professional wrestler\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Ken Ober]], American\n        actor and game show host (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Doug Wilson\n        (ice hockey)|Doug Wilson]], Canadian ice hockey\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Marc Almond]],\n        English singer\\n** [[Kelly McGillis]], American actress\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Cindy Sheehan]], American anti-war activist\\n* [[July 12]] – [[G\\u00f6tz\n        Alsmann]], German television presenter, musician and singer\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[L\\u00edlia Cabral]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Cameron Crowe]], American writer\n        and film director\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Fern Britton]], British television\n        presenter\\n** [[Shinobu Otake]], Japanese actress\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Nick\n        Faldo]], British golfer\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Stefan L\\u00f6fven]], 33rd Prime\n        Minister of Sweden\\n** [[Jon Lovitz]], American comedian and actor\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]], Dutch film director\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], Uzbek politician,\n        3rd [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan]] and 2nd [[President of Uzbekistan]]\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Yuen Biao]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Nana Visitor]], American\n        actress\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Hansi M\\u00fcller]], German footballer\\n** [[Matt\n        Osborne]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        [[Nellie Kim]], Russian gymnast\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Shan Goshorn]], Cherokee\n        artist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Life Ball 2013 - magenta carpet Melanie Griffith\n        02.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Melanie Griffith]]]]\\n[[File:Denis Leary by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denis\n        Leary]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Fry June 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Fry]]]]\\n[[File:Ivo\n        Josipovi\\u0107.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ivo Josipovi\\u0107]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] –\n        [[Taylor Negron]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Mojo\n        Nixon]], American singer, lyricist and actor\\n** [[Butch Vig]], American record\n        producer and drummer ([[Garbage (band)|Garbage]])\\n* [[August 4]] –\n        [[John Wark]], Scottish footballer\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Clayton Rohner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Jim McGreevey]], 52nd Governor of\n        New Jersey\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Alexander Dityatin]], Soviet gymnast\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Melanie Griffith]], American actress\\n* [[August 10]]\n        – [[Juli B\\u00e1sti]], Hungarian actress\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Richie\n        Ramone]], American rock drummer ([[Ramones]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Peter\n        Costello]], Australian politician\\n* [[August 15]] – [[\\u017deljko Ivanek]],\n        Slovenian-American actor\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Tim Farriss]], Australian\n        rock guitarist ([[INXS]])\\n** [[Laura Innes]], American actress and director\n        \\n* [[August 17]] – [[Robin Cousins]], British figure skater\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Carole Bouquet]], French actress\\n** [[Denis Leary]], American\n        comedian and actor\\n** [[Harald Schmidt]], German actor, writer, columnist,\n        comedian and television entertainer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Li-Young Lee]],\n        Indonesian-born poet\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Finlay Calder]], Scottish\n        rugby player\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Steve Davis]], British snooker player\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Stephen Fry]], British comedian, author and actor\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Simon McBurney]], British actor, writer and theatre\n        director\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Dr. Alban]], Nigerian-born Swedish singer\\n**\n        [[Uzo]], Nigerian-American film producer and director\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Bernhard Langer]], German golfer\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Ivo Josipovi\\u0107]],\n        [[President of Croatia]]\\n** [[Rick Rossovich]], American actor\\n** [[Daniel\n        Stern (actor)|Daniel Stern]], American actor\\n** [[Ai Weiwei]], Chinese artist,\n        philosopher\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Grzegorz Ciechowski]], Polish musician\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Shir\\u014d Sagisu]], Japanese composer\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Manu Tuiasosopo]], American football player\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[Ingrid Washinawatok]], Native American activist (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Gloria\n        Estefan 2009 White House.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gloria Estefan]]]]\\n[[File:Ricardo-Montaner.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricardo\n        Montaner]]]]\\n[[File:Brad bird cropped 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brad Bird]]]]\\n[[File:The\n        Hon. Kevin Rudd.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Rudd]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Gloria Estefan]], Cuban-born American singer\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Ewa\n        Kasprzyk (athlete)|Ewa Kasprzyk]], Polish athlete\\n** [[John McInerney]],\n        British-German singer-songwriter ([[Bad Boys Blue]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n**\n        [[Ricardo Montaner]], Argentine-born Venezuelan singer\\n** [[Heather Thomas]],\n        American actress and activist\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Preben Elkj\\u00e6r\n        Larsen]], Danish footballer\\n** [[Jeh Johnson]], American politician, 4th\n        Secretary of Homeland Security.\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Jan Egeland]], Norwegian\n        politician, diplomat and humanitarian\\n** [[Rachel Ward]], English-born actress\\n**\n        [[Hans Zimmer]], German composer\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Vinny Appice]],\n        American drummer\\n** [[Cesare Bocci]], Italian actor\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Brad Bird]], American animator and director\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[David McCreery]], Irish footballer\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Chris Roupas]],\n        Greek-American basketball player\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Sabine Christiansen]],\n        German journalist and television presenter\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Ethan\n        Coen]], American film director, producer, screenwriter and editor\\n** [[Kevin\n        Rudd]], 26th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Nick\n        Cave]], Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter and actor \\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Luigi De Canio]], Italian footballer and football\n        manager\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Peter Sellars]], American theatre director\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Luis Cluzeau Mortet]], Uruguayan composer and musician\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Andrew Dice Clay]], American comedian\\n* [[September\n        30]] – [[Fran Drescher]], American actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Paul\n        Kagame 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Kagame]]]]\\n[[File:Martin Luther King,\n        III 2007 NYC crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Luther King III]]]]\\n[[File:Nancy\n        Cartwright (12306390453).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nancy Cartwright]]]]\\n[[File:Dan\n        Castellaneta cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dan Castellaneta]]]]\\n* [[October 4]]\n        – [[Aleksandr Tkachyov (gymnast)|Aleksandr Tkachyov]], Soviet gymnast\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Bernie Mac]], American stand-up comedian and actor\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Michael W. Smith]], Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Jayne Torvill]], British ice skater\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Ewan Stewart]],\n        Scottish actor\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Rumiko Takahashi]], Japanese manga\n        artist\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Dawn French]], British comedian \\n** [[Eric\n        Keenleyside]], Canadian actor\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Kenny Neal]], American\n        guitarist\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Stacy Peralta]], American director and\n        skateboarder\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Wolfgang Ketterle]], German physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 23]]\\n**[[Paul\n        Kagame]], [[President of Rwanda]]\\n**[[Martin Luther King III]], American\n        human rights advocate and community activist, son of [[Martin Luther King\n        Jr.]] and [[Coretta Scott King]]\\n* [[October 24]] – [[John Kassir]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Nancy Cartwright]],\n        American voice actress\\n* [[October 26]] \\n** [[Julie Dawn Cole]], English\n        actress\\n** [[Bob Golic]], American football player\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Tsai Ming-liang]], Taiwanese film director\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Dan\n        Castellaneta]], American voice actor ([[Homer Simpson]] from ''[[The Simpsons]]'')\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Richard Jeni]], American comedian (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[Brian Stokes Mitchell]], American actor and singer\\n**\n        [[Robert Pollard]], American musician\\n** [[Shirley Phelps-Roper]], American\n        political and religious activist\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tony Abbott - 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tony\n        Abbott]]]]\\n[[File:Goodluck Jonathan World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Goodluck\n        Jonathan]]]]\\n[[File:Caroline Kennedy US State Dept photo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Caroline\n        Kennedy]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Dolph Lundgren]], Swedish actor and\n        martial artist\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Tony Abbott]], 28th [[Prime Minister\n        of Australia]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Jon-Erik Hexum]], American actor\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Cam Clarke]], American voice actor and\n        singer\\n** [[Klaus Kleinfeld]], German business executive\\n** [[Lori Singer]],\n        American actress and musician\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Christopher Knight\n        (actor)|Christopher Knight]], American actor \\n* [[November 12]] – [[C\\u00e9cilia\n        Attias]], wife of French Prime Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Roger Ingram]], American jazz musician, author, educator, trumpet\n        designer\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Gregg Burge]], American tap dancer and\n        choreographer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Kevin Eubanks]],\n        American jazz guitarist\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Debbie Thrower]], English\n        TV news presenter\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Olivia Heussler]], Swiss photojournalist\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\n** [[Ofra Haza]], Israeli singer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Tom\n        Virtue]], American actor\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[John Eriksen]], Danish footballer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Goodluck Jonathan]], President of Nigeria\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Denise Crosby]], American actress\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Matthias Reim]], German singer-songwriter\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Kenny\n        Acheson]], Irish race car driver\\n** [[Caroline Kennedy]], American author,\n        attorney and daughter of 35th President John F. Kennedy\\n** [[Edda Hei\\u00f0r\\u00fan\n        Backman]], Icelandic actress, singer, director and artist (d. 2016)\\n*[[November\n        30]] – [[Colin Mochrie]], Scottish-born Canadian comedian\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Andrew\n        Cuomo 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew Cuomo]]]]\\n[[File:MichaelClarkeDuncanJan09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Clarke Duncan]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Buscemi 2009 portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Buscemi]]]]\\n[[File:Ray Romano 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray Romano]]]]\\n[[File:Hamid\n        Karzai in August 2009 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hamid Karzai]]]]\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Maxim Korobov]], Russian businessman & politician \\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[Eric S. Raymond]], American open source software advocate\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Adrian Borland]], English musician and producer ([[The\n        Sound (band)|The Sound]]) (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Thomas Brinkman]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Andrew Cuomo]], 56th Governor of New York\\n* [[December 9]]\\n**\n        [[Peter O''Mara]], Australian jazz guitarist and composer\\n** [[Donny Osmond]],\n        American pop singer\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Michael Clarke Duncan]], American\n        actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Paul Hardcastle]], English musician\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Steve Buscemi]], American actor\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Ch\\u014d]],\n        Japanese voice actor and actor\\n** [[Laura Molina (artist)|Laura Molina]],\n        American artist, musician and actress\\n* [[December 17]] \\n** [[Masako Natsume]],\n        Japanese model and actress (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Doug Parker (voice actor)|Doug\n        Parker]], Canadian voice actor and voice director\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Kevin McHale (basketball)|Kevin McHale]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Billy Bragg]], British singer\\n** [[Joyce Hyser]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Anna Vissi]], Greek singer\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Tom Henke]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Ray Romano]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Hamid Karzai]], [[President of Afghanistan]]\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Shane MacGowan]], Irish singer and songwriter ([[The\n        Pogues]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**[[Matt Lauer]], American newscaster\\n**[[Joanna\n        Pacu\\u0142a]], Polish actress\\n\\n===Unknown date===\\n*[[Emily Alemika]], Nigerian\n        Professor of Law\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Humphrey Bogart 1945.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Humphrey\n        Bogart]]]]\\n[[File:BASA-3K-7-422-18-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Brendan Connolly]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Wilson Brown (admiral)|Wilson\n        Brown, Jr. Admiral]], American admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[Theodor K\\u00f6rner (Austrian president)|Theodor K\\u00f6rner]], Austrian\n        statesman, 5th [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Gabriela Mistral]], Chilean writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[A. E. Coppard]], English\n        writer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Jack Gilbert Graham]], American\n        mass murderer (executed)  (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Humphrey\n        Bogart]], American actor  (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Arturo\n        Toscanini]], Italian conductor (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[James\n        Brendan Connolly]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 21]]\n        – [[Guido Notari]], Italian actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n**\n        [[Helene Costello]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[William Eythe]],\n        American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Linhares]], Brazilian lawyer,\n        15th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1886]])\\n**[[Enoch J. Rector]], American\n        cinema technician, inventor, and film director (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January\n        29]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Mazurkiewicz (serial killer)|W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Mazurkiewicz]], Polish serial killer (b. [[1911]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif|thumb|100px|[[John\n        von Neumann]]]]\\n[[File:Horthy the regent.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikl\\u00f3s Horthy]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Friedrich Paulus]], German field marshal (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Miguel Covarrubias]], Mexican painter (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[Walther Bothe]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[John von Neumann]], Hungarian-born mathematician\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[John Axon]], English railwayman and\n        hero, in rail accident (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Mikl\\u00f3s Horthy]], Austro-Hungarian\n        admiral and regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]], American author (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Josef Hofmann]], Polish-born pianist and composer (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]]\\n** [[Walter James Bolton]], [[uxoricide]], last person to\n        be executed in New Zealand (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Dedan Kimathi]], Kenyan rebel\n        leader, executed (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Henry Norris Russell]], American astronomer\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[M\\u00e4rta Tor\\u00e9n]], Swedish\n        actress (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Marika Ninou]], Greek singer\n        (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Bugs Moran]], American gangster (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[B. P. Schulberg]], American film producer (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n[[File:Ramon-Magsaysay-01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ramon Magsaysay]]]]\\n[[File:Gheorghe\n        T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gheorghe T\\u0103t\\u0103rescu]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[William Cameron Menzies]], American film production\n        designer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Alexander Godley]], British\n        general (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Wyndham Lewis]], English painter\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[J\\u00e1nos Esterh\\u00e1zy]], Hungarian\n        politician in Czechoslovakia (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Richard\n        E. Byrd]], American explorer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Josephine\n        Hull]], American actress (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Eugenio Castellotti]],\n        Italian racing driver (car crash) (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Constantin\n        Br\\u00e2ncu\\u0219i]], Romanian sculptor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Ramon Magsaysay]], 7th [[President of the Philippines]] (killed in plane\n        crash) (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Herriot]], 3-time\n        Prime Minister of France (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Max Oph\\u00fcls]], German film\n        director and writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Gheorghe T\\u0103t\\u0103rescu]],\n        Romanian politician, 36th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\n** [[Laura Bowman]], American actress, singer (b. [[1881]]) \\n** [[Joyce\n        Cary]], Irish author (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Josefa Segovia Mor\\u00f3n]],\n        Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and venerable (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Gene Lockhart]], Canadian actor (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n[[File:Elinor Fair 1919.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elinor Fair]]]]\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Ned Sparks]], Canadian character actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[E. Herbert Norman]], Canadian diplomat (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April\n        5]] – [[Alagappa Chettiar]], Indian philanthropist (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Pierina Morosini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman,\n        martyr and blessed (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Dorothy Sebastian]],\n        American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Pedro Segura y S\\u00e1enz]], Spanish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop, archbishop and eminence (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Pedro Infante]], Mexican actor and singer (b. [[1917]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Johnny Torrio]], Italian-born American gangster (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Roy Campbell (poet)|Roy Campbell]], South\n        African poet (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Abdullah bin Jassim Al\n        Thani]], [[Emir of Qatar]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Elinor\n        Fair]], American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Joseph McCarthy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph\n        McCarthy]]]]\\n[[File:SelassiesSon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Makonnen]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Grant Mitchell (actor)|Grant Mitchell]], American actor\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Joseph McCarthy]], American Senator (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Katie Johnson (English actress)|Katie Johnson]],\n        British actress (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Filchner]], German\n        explorer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Zen\\u00f3n Noriega Ag\\u00fcero]], Peruvian general,\n        interim [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Ezio Pinza]],\n        Italian bass (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Heinrich Campendonk]], German-Dutch painter\n        and graphic designer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\n** [[Stefan I of Bulgaria]],\n        Bulgarian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] prelate and metropolitan (b.  [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Erich von Stroheim]], Austrian actor and director (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May\n        13]]\\n** [[Michael Fekete]], Hungarian-born Israeli mathematician (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Makonnen]] (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Robert Alfred Theobald|Robert \\\"Fuzzy\\\"\n        Theobald]], American admiral (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Marie Vassilieff]],\n        Russian artist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[John Brown (actor)|John Brown]],\n        British actor (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Eliot Ness]], American policeman (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Francesco Balilla Pratella]], Italian composer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[James Whale]], English film director (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – [[Leopold Staff]], Polish poet (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Johannes_Stark.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johannes\n        Stark]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Feliksas Baltu\\u0161is-\\u017demaitis]], Lithuanian\n        military leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Luisa Casati]], Italian patron of the\n        arts (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Russell Hicks]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Mary Hay (actress)|Mary Hay]], American actress and dancer\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Kulyash Baiseitova]], Soviet composer\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Robert Alton]], American dancer and choreographer\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Mario Urteaga Alvarado]], Peruvian painter (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Dorsey]], American jazz musician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Irving Baxter]], American athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Beatriz del Rosario Arroyo]], Filipino [[Roman Catholic]] nun (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Norina Matchabelli|Princess Norina Matchabelli]], Italian\n        perfumier (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Dorothy Richardson]], English\n        feminist writer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Augusto Samuel Boyd]], 20th [[President\n        of Panama]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Henry H. Goddard]], American\n        psychologist and eugenicist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Johannes\n        Stark]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June\n        23]] – Patriarch [[Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[Frantisek Kupka]], Czech painter and graphic artist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Alfred D\\u00f6blin]], German writer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Hermann Buhl]], Austrian mountaineer (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Malcolm\n        Lowry]], English novelist (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Tomasi di Lampedusa.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giuseppe\n        Tomasi di Lampedusa]]]]\\n[[File:FrankFentonLadyofBurlesque1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Frank\n        Fenton (actor)|Frank Fenton]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Richard Mohaupt]], German\n        composer and Kapellmeister (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Judy Tyler]], American actress\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Maria Crocifissa Curcio]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] and [[Carmelite]] nun (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Grace\n        Coolidge]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 10]]\n        – [[Sholem Asch]], Polish-Jewish novelist, dramatist and essayist (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Aga Khan III]], 48th Nizari Imam (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** [[George Cleveland]], Canadian actor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[James\n        M. Cox]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate for [[President\n        of the United States]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1920|election\n        of 1920]] (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Vasily Maklakov]], Russian liberal politician\n        and parliamentary orator (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Giuseppe Tomasi\n        di Lampedusa]], Sicilian writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Metodija\n        Andonov-\\u010cento]], Macedonian statesman (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Frank Fenton\n        (actor)|Frank Fenton]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Sacha Guitry]],\n        Russian-born playwright, actor and director (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        [[Carlos Castillo Armas]], 28th [[President of Guatemala]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Edith Abbott]], American social worker,\n        educator and author (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Isaac Heinemann]], German-born Israeli\n        scholar and professor of classical literature (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Oliver\n        Hardy Portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oliver Hardy]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Devdas Gandhi]], youngest son of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August\n        4]] – [[Washington Lu\\u00eds]], 13th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Oliver Hardy]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Irving\n        Langmuir]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[David Bomberg]], Vorticist painter\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Julio Lozano D\\u00edaz]], President\n        of Honduras (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Mait Metsanurk]], Estonian\n        writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Harold Gatty]], Australian\n        aviator (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Haakon7.jpg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Haakon VII of Norway]]]]\\n[[File:Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Archduke\n        Joseph Francis of Austria]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Dennis Brain]],\n        English French horn player (b. [[1921]]) (car crash)\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        [[Bobby Myers (racing driver)|Bobby Myers]], American [[NASCAR]] driver (b.\n        [[1927]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Muhammad al-Muqri]], grand vizier of\n        Morocco (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Lins do Rego]],\n        Brazilian novelist (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Lee Hill (actor)|Lee\n        Hill]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Qi Baishi]],\n        Chinese painter (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Jean Sibelius]],\n        Finnish composer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\n** [[Jimmy Callahan (actor)|Jimmy\n        Callahan]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Norma Gim\\u00e9nez]], Argentine\n        actress (b. [[1930]])\\n** King [[Haakon VII of Norway]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Toyoda Soemu]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Luis Cluzeau Mortet]], Uruguayan composer and musician (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[George Bagration of Mukhrani|Prince George\n        Bagration]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Jane Carr (actress; 1909\\u20131957)|Jane Carr]],\n        British actress (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Stamps of Romania,\n        2005-002.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Christian Dior]]]]\\n[[File:Gerty Theresa\n        Cori.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Gerty Cori]]]]\\n[[File:1904 jose patricio guggiari.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Patricio Guggiari]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] – [[L\\u0151rinc Szab\\u00f3]],\n        Hungarian poet (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Hassiba Ben Bouali]],\n        Algerian militant (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Vere Gordon Childe]],\n        Australian archaeologist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jack Buchanan]],\n        British actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Frederick Burton (actor)|Frederick\n        Burton]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Christian Dior]],\n        French fashion designer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef]], South\n        African artist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Albert Anastasia]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany|Edward\n        Plunkett, Baron Dunsany]], Irish author (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Gerty Cori]], Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Giovanni\n        Battista Caproni]], Italian aeronautical, civil and electrical engineer, aircraft\n        designer and industrialist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Louis\n        B. Mayer]], American film studio mogul, former head of [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]\n        (MGM) (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Patricio Guggiari]],\n        Paraguayan politician, 32nd [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Diego\n        Rivera with a xoloitzcuintle dog in the Blue House, Coyoacan - Google Art\n        Project.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Diego Rivera]]]]\\n[[File:Prince George of Greece\n        in 1902, High Commissioner in Crete.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince George of Greece\n        and Denmark]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Ted Meredith]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Charles Brabin]], American director\n        and screenwriter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Laika]], Soviet space dog\\n** [[Wilhelm\n        Reich]], Austrian psychoanalyst (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Shoghi\n        Effendi]], Bah\\u00e1''\\u00ed leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[William Haywood (architect)|William\n        Haywood]], British architect (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Grigore Preoteasa]], Romanian\n        activist (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Hasui Kawase]], Japanese\n        painter and printmaker (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Masao Maruyama\n        (Japanese Army officer)|Masao Maruyama]], Japanese general (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Anton\\u00edn Z\\u00e1potock\\u00fd]], 6th President\n        and 15th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – [[Andrzej Bursa]], Polish poet (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Cora Witherspoon]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Rudolf Diels]], German Nazi civil servant and ''''Gestapo'''' chief (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Diego Rivera]], Mexican painter (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark]] (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n** [[Raymond Griffith]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[William\n        V. Pratt]], American admiral (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Billy\n        Bevan]], Australian actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Petros Voulgaris]], Prime Minister\n        of Greece (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]],\n        Austrian composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Beniamino Gigli]],\n        Italian tenor (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:James Stevenson-Hamilton.png|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Stevenson-Hamilton]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Harrison Ford (silent film\n        actor)|Harrison Ford]], American silent film actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[John Lavarack]], Australian general, [[Governor of Queensland]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Reginald Sheffield]], English actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Maurice McLoughlin]], American\n        tennis champion (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[James Stevenson-Hamilton]],\n        first warden of South Africa''s [[Kruger National Park]] (b. 1867)\\n** [[Napoleon\n        Zervas]], Greek WW II Resistance leader (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[Musidora]], French actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Alfonso\n        Bedoya]], Mexican actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Dorothy\n        L. Sayers]], British crime writer, poet, playwright and essayist (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Eric Coates]], English composer (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Norma Talmadge]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Alfred Walton Hinds]], 17th [[Naval Governor of Guam]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Charles Path\\u00e9]], French film pioneer (b. [[1863]])\\n**\n        [[Stanley Vestal]], American writer, poet and historian (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Angelo Motta]], Italian entrepreneur (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[\\u00d3scar Dom\\u00ednguez]], Spanish painter (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Chen-Ning Yang]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Alexander R. Todd|Lord Alexander R. Todd]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Daniel Bovet]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[Albert Camus]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – [[Lester Bowles Pearson]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1957}}\\n\\n[[Category:1957|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T02:22:52Z\",\"lastrevid\":799080767,\"length\":69189,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1957&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957\"},\"34953\":{\"pageid\":34953,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1958\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T06:05:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1968}}\\n{{Year nav|1958}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1958}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events ==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** The [[European Economic Community]] (EEC)\n        comes into being.\\n** The first [[Carrefour]] store opens, in [[Annecy]].\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – [[Edmund Hillary]]''s [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic\n        Expedition]] completes the third overland journey to the [[South Pole]], and\n        the first to use powered vehicles.\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Sputnik 1]]\n        (launched on October 4, 1957) falls to Earth from its orbit and burns up.\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – 14-year-old [[Bobby Fischer]] wins the [[United States\n        Chess Championship]].\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** Armed [[Lumbee]] Indians confront\n        a handful of [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansmen]] in [[Maxton, North Carolina]].\\n**\n        The first of [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s ''''[[Young People''s Concerts]]''''\n        with the New York Philharmonic is telecast by CBS. The Emmy-winning series\n        (one concert approximately every three months except for the summer) will\n        run for more than fourteen years. It will make Bernstein''s name a household\n        word, and the most famous conductor in the U.S.\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        Dutch author [[Anne de Vries]] releases the fourth and final volume of ''''[[Journey\n        Through the Night]]'''', her children''s World War II novel.\\n* [[January\n        28]]\\n** [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] [[baseball]] player [[Roy\n        Campanella]] is involved in an automobile accident that ends his career and\n        leaves him paralyzed.\\n** [[Godtfred Kirk Christiansen]] files a patent for\n        the iconic plastic [[Lego brick]]. From its foundation, his company will make\n        400 billion Lego elements.\\n* [[January 31]] – The first successful\n        American [[satellite]], [[Explorer 1]], is launched into orbit.\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] unite to form the [[United\n        Arab Republic]].\\n* [[February 2]] – The word ''''Aerospace'''' is coined,\n        from the words Aircraft (aero) and Spacecraft (space), taking into consideration\n        that the Earth''s atmosphere and outerspace is to be one, or a single realm.\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] is nominated as the first president\n        of the [[United Arab Republic]].\\n** The [[Tybee Bomb]], a 7,600 pound (3,500 kg)\n        Mark 15 [[hydrogen bomb]], is lost in the waters off [[Savannah, Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – Seven [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]\n        footballers are among the 21 people killed in the [[Munich air disaster]]\n        in West Germany, on the return flight from a [[European Cup]] game in [[Yugoslavia]].\n        23 people survive, but four of them, including manager [[Matt Busby]] and\n        players [[Johnny Berry]] and [[Duncan Edwards]], are in a serious condition.\n        Busby and Berry would pullthrough although Berry would never play again.  Edwards\n        died fortnight later.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/6/newsid_2535000/2535961.stm\n        |work=BBC News |title=1958: United players killed in air disaster |date=February\n        6, 1958 |accessdate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917140201/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/6/newsid_2535000/2535961.stm\n        |archivedate=September 17, 2010 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}\\n* [[February\n        11]]\\n** The strongest ever known [[solar maximum]] is recorded.As of\n        2012. {{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/10mar_stormwarning.htm?list862664|title=Solar\n        Storm Warning|work=Science@NASA|date=2006-03-10|accessdate=2012-03-30}}\\n**\n        Marshal [[Chen Yi (communist)|Chen Yi]] succeeds [[Zhou Enlai]] as Chinese\n        Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\n** Ruth Carol Taylor is the first [[African\n        American]] woman hired as a [[flight attendant]]. Hired by [[Mohawk Airlines]],\n        her career lasts only six months, due to another discriminatory barrier –\n        the airline''s ban on married flight attendants.\\n* [[February 14]] –\n        The [[Hashemites|Hashemite]] Kingdoms of [[Iraq]] and [[Jordan]] unite in\n        the [[Arab Federation]] with King [[Faisal II of Iraq]] as head of state.\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] declares [[Clare of Assisi|Saint\n        Clare]] the [[patron saint]] of television.\\n* [[February 20]] – A test\n        rocket explodes at [[Cape Canaveral]].\\n* [[February 21]] – A [[peace\n        symbol]] is designed and completed by [[Gerald Holtom]], commissioned by the\n        [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], in protest against the [[Atomic Weapons\n        Research Establishment]].\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Cuba]]n rebels kidnap five-time\n        world driving champion [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], releasing him 28 hours later.\\n**\n        [[Arturo Frondizi]] is elected president of [[Argentina]].\\n* [[February 24]]\n        – In [[Cuba]], [[Fidel Castro]]''s ''''[[Radio Rebelde]]'''' begins\n        broadcasting from [[Sierra Maestra]].\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Bertrand\n        Russell]] launches the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]].\\n* [[February\n        28]] – One of the worst school bus accidents in U.S. history occurs\n        at [[Prestonsburg, Kentucky bus disaster|Prestonburg, Kentucky]]; 27 are killed.\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n* [[March 1]] – The Turkish passenger ship {{SS|\\u00dcsk\\u00fcdar||2}}\n        capsizes and sinks in the [[Gulf of \\u0130zmit]], Turkey; at least 300 die.\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – A British [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition]]\n        team led by Sir [[Vivian Fuchs]] completes the first overland crossing of\n        the Antarctic, using [[snowcat]] caterpillar tractors and dogsled teams, in\n        99 days, via the [[South Pole]].\\n* [[March 8]] – The {{USS|Wisconsin|BB-64|6}}\n        is decommissioned, leaving the United States Navy without an active battleship\n        for the first time since [[1896]] (it is recommissioned October 22, 1988).\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – A U.S. [[B-47]] bomber accidentally drops an [[atom bomb]]\n        on [[Mars Bluff, South Carolina]]. Without a fissile warhead, its conventional\n        explosives destroy a house and injure several people.\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        The Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization\n        ([[International Maritime Organization|IMCO]]) enters into force, founding\n        the IMCO as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – The United States launches the [[Vanguard 1]] [[satellite]].\\n* [[March\n        19]] – The [[Monarch Underwear Company fire]] occurs in New York, killing\n        twenty-four.\\n* [[March 24]] – The U.S. Army inducts [[Elvis Presley]],\n        transforming The King Of Rock & Roll into U.S. Private #53310761.\\n* [[March\n        25]] – Canada''s [[Avro Arrow]] makes its debut flight.\\n* [[March 26]]\\n**\n        The [[United States Army]] launches [[Explorer 3]].\\n** The [[30th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony takes place; ''''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'''' wins\n        seven awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].\\n* [[March 27]]\n        \\n** [[Nikita Khrushchev]] becomes [[Premier of the Soviet Union]].\\n**The\n        film: ''''[[Run Silent, Run Deep (1958 film)|Run Silent, Run Deep]]'''' is\n        released in the US.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* April – Unemployment in Detroit\n        reaches 20%, marking the height of the [[Recession of 1958]] in the United\n        States.\\n* [[April 1]] – The [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop]] is established.\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Fidel Castro|Castro]]''s revolutionary army begins its\n        attacks on [[Havana]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[April 7]] – In the first\n        protest march for the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] from [[Hyde Park,\n        London]] to [[Aldermaston]], [[Berkshire]], demonstrators demand the banning\n        of [[nuclear weapons]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Cheryl Crane]], daughter\n        of actress [[Lana Turner]], fatally stabs her mother''s gangster lover [[Johnny\n        Stompanato]] (the stabbing is eventually ruled as [[self-defense]]).\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]] divorces the Shah of Iran, [[Mohammad\n        Reza Pahlavi]] after she is unable to produce any children.\\n* [[April 14]]\\n**\n        The satellite [[Sputnik 2]] (launched 3 November 1957) disintegrates during\n        reentry from orbit.\\n** [[Van Cliburn]] wins the [[International Tchaikovsky\n        Competition]] for [[piano|pianists]] in Moscow, breaking [[Cold War]] tensions.\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – The [[San Francisco Giants]] beat the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]\n        8\\u20130 at [[San Francisco]]''s [[Seals Stadium]], in the first [[Major League\n        Baseball]] regular season game ever played in [[California]].\\n* [[April 17]]\n        – King [[Baudouin of Belgium]] officially opens the [[world''s fair]]\n        in [[Brussels]], also known as [[Expo 58]]. The [[Atomium]] forms the centrepiece.\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – The [[Montreal Canadiens]] win the [[Stanley Cup]] after\n        [[1958 Stanley Cup Finals|defeating]] the [[Boston Bruins]] in six games.\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[United Airlines Flight 736]] is involved in a mid-air\n        collision with a U.S. Air Force [[North American F-100 Super Sabre|F-100F]]\n        jet fighter near [[Las Vegas]]. All 49 persons in both aircraft are killed.\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – \\\"The Sunday Afternoon at Home\\\", one of the most famous\n        episodes of  the comedy radio series [[Hancock''s Half Hour]] is  broadcast\n        on the [[BBC]] Light Programme for the first time.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May\n        1]]\\n** [[Arturo Frondizi]] becomes [[President of Argentina]].\\n** The [[Nordic\n        Passport Union]] comes into force.\\n* [[May 9]] – Actor-singer [[Paul\n        Robeson]], whose passport has been reinstated, sings in a sold-out one-man\n        recital at [[Carnegie Hall]]. The recital is such a success that Robeson gives\n        another one at Carnegie Hall a few days later; but, after this, Robeson is\n        seldom seen in public in the United States again. His Carnegie Hall concerts\n        are later released on records and on [[CD]].\\n* [[May 10]] – Interviewed\n        in the Chave d''Ouro caf\\u00e9, when asked about his rival [[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        de Oliveira Salazar]], [[Humberto Delgado]] utters one of the most famous\n        comments in Portuguese political history: \\\"Obviamente, demito-o! (Obviously,\n        I''ll sack him!)\\\".\\n* [[May 12]] – A formal [[North American Aerospace\n        Defense Command]] agreement is signed between the United States and Canada.\\n*\n        [[May 13]]\\n** [[Pied-Noir|French Algerian]] protesters seize government offices\n        in [[Algiers]], leading to a military coup.\\n** During a visit to [[Caracas]],\n        [[Venezuela]], [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Richard\n        Nixon]]''s car is attacked by [[Anti-Americanism|anti-American]] demonstrators.\\n*\n        [[May 15]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Sputnik 3]].\\n** [[MGM]]''s\n        ''''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]'''' opens in New York City, beginning its run\n        in the U.S. after being shown at the Cannes film festival. The last of the\n        great MGM musicals, it will become a huge critical and box office success\n        and win nine Academy Awards including Best Picture. ''''Gigi'''' is [[Lerner\n        and Loewe]]''s first musical written especially for film, and is deliberately\n        written in a style evoking the team''s ''''[[My Fair Lady]]'''', which was\n        still playing on Broadway at the time and could not be filmed yet.\\n* [[May\n        18]] – An [[F-104 Starfighter]] sets a world speed record of {{Convert|1404.19|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Fulgencio Batista]]''s government launches a counteroffensive\n        against Castro''s rebels.\\n* [[May 21]] – [[United Kingdom Postmaster\n        General]] [[Ernest Marples]] announces that from December, [[subscriber trunk\n        dialling|Subscriber Trunk Dialling]] will be introduced in the [[Bristol]]\n        area.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2510000/2510289.stm\n        | work=BBC News | title=1958: Trunk dialling heralds cheaper calls | date=May\n        21, 1958}}\\n* [[May 22]] - [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Dwight D.\n        Eisenhower]] becomes the first American elected official to be broadcast on\n        color television. \\n* [[May 23]] – [[Explorer 1]] ceases transmission.\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[A.C. Milan|A.C.Milan]]\n        3-2 at [[Heysel Stadium]], [[Brussels]] and wins the [[1957-58 European Cup]]\n        (football).\\n* [[May 30]] – The bodies of unidentified United States\n        soldiers killed in action during World War II and the [[Korean War]] are buried\n        at the [[Tomb of the Unknowns]] in [[Arlington National Cemetery]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Charles de Gaulle]] is brought out of retirement\n        to lead France by decree for 6 months.\\n** [[Iceland]] extends its fishing\n        limits to 12 miles (22.2 km).\\n* [[June 2]] – In [[San Simeon,\n        California]], [[Hearst Castle]] opens to the public for guided tours.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hearstcastle.com|title=Hearst Castle|publisher=[[California\n        State Parks]]|accessdate=2011-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208001323/http://hearstcastle.com/\n        |archivedate=February 8, 2011|deadurl=no}}\\n* [[June 4]]\n        – French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] visits [[Algeria]].\\n* [[June\n        8]] – The {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}} is launched; she will be the largest\n        [[Lake freighter]] for more than a dozen years.\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Pizza\n        Hut]] is founded.\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Imre Nagy]] is hanged for treason\n        in Hungary.\\n* [[June 20]] – The iron [[barque]] ''''Omega'''' of [[Callao]],\n        [[Peru]] (built in Scotland, 1887), sinks on passage carrying [[guano]] from\n        the Pachacamac Islands for [[Huacho]], the world''s last [[full-rigged ship]]\n        trading under sail alone.{{cite web|title=Drumcliff|url=http://www.sjohistoriskasamfundet.se/LB/Nautica/Ships/Fourmast_ships/Drumcliff(1887).html|publisher=Sj\\u00f6historiska\n        Samfundet|year=1999|accessdate=2011-02-15}}\\n* [[June 27]] – The\n        [[Peronism|Peronist]] party becomes legal again in [[Argentina]].\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] beats [[Sweden national\n        football team|Sweden]] 5\\u20132 in the [[1958 FIFA World Cup Final|final game]]\n        to win the [[Association football|football]] [[1958 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]\n        in [[Sweden]].\\n* [[June 30]] – The [[Ifni War]] ends.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n*\n        July – The plastic [[hula hoop]] is first marketed in the United States.\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – [[Gasherbrum I]], the 11th highest mountain in the world,\n        is first ascended.\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** United States  President [[Dwight D.\n        Eisenhower]] signs the [[Alaska Statehood Act]] into law.\\n** The first International\n        House of Pancakes ([[IHOP]]) opens in [[Toluca Lake, Los Angeles]].\\n* [[July\n        9]] – [[1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami]]: A 7.8 {{M|w}} strike-slip earthquake\n        in [[Southeast Alaska]] causes a [[landslide]] that produces a [[megatsunami]].\n        The runup from the waves reaches {{convert|525|m|abbr=on}} on the rim of [[Lituya\n        Bay]].\\n* [[July 10]] – The first [[parking meter]]s are installed in\n        Britain.\\n* [[July 11]]  \\n** Count Michael Rh\\u00e9dey von Kis-Rh\\u00e9de,\n        direct descendant of [[Samuel Aba, King of Hungary]], at the age of 60 is\n        pistol-whipped and murdered over a few hectares of land by [[Czechoslovak]]\n        Communists during the collectivization process at his residence in [[Ko\\u0161ick\\u00e9\n        O\\u013e\\u0161any|Olcsvar]], [[Slovakia]].\\n** Scottish serial killer [[Peter\n        Manuel]], \\\"The Beast of Birkenshaw\\\" is hanged at [[HM Prison Barlinnie|Barlinnie\n        Prison]] in [[Glasgow]] for the murder of seven people.\\n* [[July 12]]  \\n**\n        [[The Beatles]], at this time known as [[The Quarrymen]], pay 17 shillings\n        and 6 pence to have their first recording session where they record [[Buddy\n        Holly]]''s \\\"[[That''ll Be the Day]]\\\" and \\\"[[In Spite of All the Danger]]\\\",\n        a song written by [[Paul McCartney]] and [[George Harrison]].\\n** [[Henri\n        Cornelis]] becomes Governor-General of the [[Belgian Congo]], the last Belgian\n        governor prior to independence.\\n* [[July 14]] – [[July 14 Revolution]]\n        in Iraq. King Faisal is killed. Abdul Qassim assumes power.\\n* [[July 15]]\n        – In [[Lebanon]], 5,000 [[United States Marines]] land in the capital\n        [[Beirut]] in order to protect the pro-Western government there.\\n* [[July\n        17]] – British paratroopers arrive in [[Jordan]]; King [[Hussein of\n        Jordan|Hussein]] has asked help against pressure from Iraq.\\n* [[July 20]]\n        – Various rebel groups in Cuba join forces but the communists do not\n        join them.\\n* [[July 24]] – The first [[life peerage]] under the [[Life\n        Peerages Act 1958]] is created in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Explorer\n        program]]: [[Explorer 4]] is launched.\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] gives her son\n        and [[heir apparent]] [[Charles, Prince of Wales|The Prince Charles]] the\n        customary title of [[Prince of Wales]].\\n* [[July 29]] – The [[United\n        States Congress|U.S. Congress]] formally creates the [[NASA|National Aeronautics\n        and Space Administration]] (NASA).\\n* [[July 31]] – The [[Protests and\n        uprisings in Tibet since 1950|Tibetan resistance movement]] against rule by\n        China receives support from the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]].\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n* [[August 3]] – The nuclear-powered submarine {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}}\n        becomes the first vessel to cross the [[North Pole]] under water.\\n* [[August\n        6]] – Australian athlete [[Herb Elliott]] clips almost three seconds\n        off the [[Mile run world record progression|world record]] for the [[mile\n        run]] at [[Santry Stadium]], [[Dublin]], recording a time of 3 minutes 54.5\n        seconds.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[KLM Flight 607-E]], operated by a [[Lockheed\n        L-1049 Super Constellation]] aircraft, crashes into the sea with 99 people\n        on board.\\n* [[August 17]] – The first [[Thor-Able]] rocket is launched,\n        carrying [[Pioneer 0]], from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch\n        Complex 17]]. The launch fails due to a first stage malfunction.\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Vladimir Nabokov]]''s controversial novel ''''[[Lolita]]'''' is\n        published in the United States.\\n** [[Brojen Das]] from [[East Pakistan]]\n        swims across the [[English Channel]] in a competition, as the first [[Bangali]]\n        as well as the first Asian to ever do it. He is first among 39 competitors.\\n*\n        [[August 23]]\\n** [[Chinese Civil War]]: The [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]]\n        begins with the [[People''s Liberation Army]]''s bombardment of [[Quemoy]].\\n**\n        President of the United States [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the [[Federal\n        Aviation Act of 1958|Federal Aviation Act]], transferring all authority over\n        aviation in the USA to the newly created [[Federal Aviation Agency]] (FAA,\n        later renamed [[Federal Aviation Administration]]).\\n* [[August 26]] –\n        A [[1958 Paraguayan general strike|general strike]] is called in [[Paraguay]].\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Operation Argus]]: The United States begins nuclear\n        tests over the South Atlantic.\\n* [[August 30]] – [[September 1]] –\n        [[1958 Notting Hill race riots|Notting Hill race riots]]: Riots occur between\n        blacks and whites in [[Notting Hill]], London.{{cite web|url=http://newsfilm.bufvc.ac.uk/article.php?story=2005100819205024|title=\\\"Notting\n        Hill Riot Special\\\", newsfilm online|accessdate=2008-03-05}}\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n* [[September 1]] – The [[first Cod War]] begins between\n        the United Kingdom and [[Iceland]].\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Hendrik Verwoerd]]\n        becomes the 6th [[Prime Minister of South Africa]].\\n** China''s first television\n        broadcasts start at Beijing Television Station, a predecessor of [[China Central\n        Television]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}      \\u3000\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Paul Robeson]] performs in concert at the Soviet [[Young Pioneer\n        camp]] [[Artek (camp)|Artek]].\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Jack Kilby]]\n        invents the first [[integrated circuit]]\\n* [[September 14]] – Two [[Mohr\n        Rocket|rockets]] designed by German engineer [[Ernst Mohr]] (the first German\n        post-war rockets) reach the upper atmosphere.\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Typhoon\n        Ida (1958)|Typhoon Ida]] kills at least 1,269 in [[Honsh\\u016b]], Japan.\\n**\n        [[Hurricane Helene (1958)|Hurricane Helene]], the worst storm of the North\n        Atlantic hurricane season, reaches category 4 status.\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – In France, a majority of 79% says yes to the constitution of the [[French\n        Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]].\\n* [[September 30]] – The [[U.S.S.R.]]\n        performs a [[nuclear test]] at [[Novaya Zemlya]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October\n        1]]\\n** [[Tunisia]] and [[Morocco]] join the [[Arab League]].\\n** [[NASA]]\n        starts operations and replaces the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]].\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Guinea]] declares itself independent from France.\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[British Overseas Airways Corporation|BOAC]] uses the\n        new [[De Havilland Comet]] jets, to become the first airline to fly jet passenger\n        services across the Atlantic.\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] dies.\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Pioneer 1]], the second and most successful of the\n        3 project [[Pioneer program|Able space probes]], becomes the first spacecraft\n        launched by the newly formed [[NASA]].\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Penelope\n        Coelen|Penny Coelen]] is crowned as [[Miss World 1958]] during the 8th Miss\n        World pageant, the first South African to win the title.\\n* [[October 16]]\n        – First broadcast of the long-running [[BBC Television]] children''s\n        programme ''''[[Blue Peter]]''''.{{cite book|title=Penguin\n        Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[October 17]] - ''''[[An Evening with Fred Astaire]]'''', the very first\n        television show recorded on color videotape, is broadcast on [[NBC]].\\n* [[October\n        18]] – The first video game, \\u201cTennis for Two,\\u201d invented by\n        William Higinbotham, is introduced at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Visitors''\n        Day Exhibit. \\n* [[October 19]] – Beginning of [[Great Chinese Famine]].\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – The [[Life Peerages Act 1958|Life Peerages Act]] entitles\n        women to sit in the British [[House of Lords]] for the first time. The Baronesses\n        Swanborough ([[Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading]]) and Wooton ([[Barbara\n        Wootton, Baroness Wootton of Abinger]]) are the first to take their seats.\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Nobel Committee]] announces [[Boris Pasternak]] as\n        the winner of the 1958 Prize for Literature\\n* [[October 26]] – First\n        transatlantic flight of a [[Pan American World Airways]] [[Boeing 707]].\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Pope John XXIII]] succeeds [[Pope Pius XII]] as the\n        261st pope.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n* [[November 3]] – The new [[UNESCO]]\n        building is inaugurated in Paris.\\n* [[November 10]] – The [[bossa nova]]\n        is born in [[Rio de Janeiro]], with [[Jo\\u00e3o Gilberto]]''s recording of\n        ''''[[Chega de Saudade]]''''.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Harry Winston]]\n        donates the [[Hope Diamond]] to the [[Smithsonian Institution]].\\n* [[November\n        18]] – En route to [[Rogers City, Michigan]], the [[lake freighter]]\n        {{SS|Carl D. Bradley}} breaks up and sinks in a storm on [[Lake Michigan]];\n        33 of the 35 crewmen on board perish.\\n* [[November 22]] – The [[Robert\n        Menzies|Menzies]] [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] government in Australia\n        is re-elected for a fifth term.\\n* [[November 23]] – The radio version\n        of ''''[[Have Gun \\u2013 Will Travel]]'''' premieres. It is one of the last\n        dramas to go on the air on commercial radio. Only some NPR stations will broadcast\n        radio dramas in years to come.\\n* [[November 25]] – [[French Sudan]]\n        gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the [[French Community|French\n        colonial empire]].\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Chad]], the [[Republic of\n        the Congo]], and [[Gabon]] become autonomous republics within the French colonial\n        empire.\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Gaullism|Gaullists]] win the [[French\n        legislative election, 1958|French parliamentary election]].\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Adolfo L\\u00f3pez Mateos]] takes office as [[President\n        of Mexico]].\\n** [[Our Lady of the Angels School fire]]: At least 90 students\n        and 3 nuns are killed in a fire in Chicago.\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Subscriber\n        trunk dialling]] (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by the Queen,\n        when she dials a call from [[Bristol]] to [[Edinburgh]] and speaks to the\n        [[Lord Provost]].{{cite web|url=http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/BTsHistory/1912to1968/1958.htm|title=Events\n        in Telecommunications History \\u2013 1958|accessdate=2008-01-27}}\\n**\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]]\n        personally inspects and opens the United Kingdom''s first ever motorway, the\n        [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] Bypass, to traffic for the first time. The\n        Bypass is now part of the [[M6 motorway|M6]] and [[M55 motorway|M55]] Motorways,\n        and was significantly upgraded in the mid 1990s. 11 months later the [[M1\n        motorway|M1]], [[M45 motorway|M45]] and [[M10 motorway (Great Britain)|M10]]\n        Motorways open.\\n* [[December 9]] – The right-wing [[John Birch Society]]\n        is founded in the United States by [[Robert W. Welch Jr.]], a retired candy\n        manufacturer.\\n* [[December 14]] – The ''''3rd [[Soviet Antarctic Expedition]]''''\n        becomes the first ever to reach the Southern [[Pole of Inaccessibility]].\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow|Arthur L. Schawlow]] and\n        [[Charles Hard Townes|Charles H. Townes]] of [[Bell Laboratories]] publish\n        a paper in ''''[[Physical Review|Physical Review Letters]]'''' setting out\n        the principles of the [[optical laser]].\\n* [[December 16]] – A fire\n        breaks out in the Vida Department Store in [[Bogot\\u00e1, Colombia]] and kills\n        84 persons.\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** The United States launches [[SCORE (satellite)|SCORE]],\n        the world''s first [[communications satellite]].\\n** The [[Bell XV-3]] [[Tiltrotor]]\n        makes the first true mid-air transition from vertical helicopter-type flight\n        to fully level fixed-wing flight.\\n* [[December 19]] – A message from\n        U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower is broadcast from the [[SCORE (satellite)|SCORE\n        satellite]].\\n* [[December 21]] – General [[Charles de Gaulle]] is elected\n        president of France with 78.5% of the votes.\\n* [[December 24]] – [[1958\n        BOAC Bristol Britannia crash]]: A [[BOAC]] [[Bristol Britannia]] (312 [[G-AOVD]])\n        crashes near Winkton, England during a test flight.\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Tchaikovsky]]''s [[ballet]] ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''' (the [[George Balanchine]]\n        version) is shown on prime-time television in color for the first time, as\n        an episode of the [[CBS]] [[anthology series]] ''''[[Playhouse 90]]''''.\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – In [[American football]], the [[Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore\n        Colts]] beat the [[New York Giants]] 23\\u201317 to win the [[1958 NFL Championship\n        Game|NFL Championship Game]], the first to go into [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden\n        death]] [[Overtime (sport)|overtime]] and \\\"The Greatest Game Ever Played\\\".Barnidge,\n        Tom. [http://www.nfl.com/insider/story/6032205 1958 Colts remember the ''Greatest\n        Game''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070507054703/http://www.nfl.com/insider/story/6032205\n        |date=May 7, 2007 }}, nfl.com, reprinted from Official [[Super Bowl XXXIII]]\n        Game Program, accessed March 21, 2007.\\n* [[December 29]] – Rebel\n        troops under [[Che Guevara]] begin to invade [[Santa Clara, Cuba]]. Fulgencio\n        Batista resigns two days later, on the night of the 31st.\\n* [[December 31]]\n        – Tallies reveal that, for the first time, the total of passengers carried\n        by air this year exceeds the total carried by sea in transatlantic service.\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Nikita Khrushchev]] orders the Western allies to evacuate\n        [[West Berlin]] within 6 months but backs down in the face of the Allies''\n        unity.\\n* The United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom agree\n        to stop testing atomic bombs for 3 years.\\n* During the [[International Geophysical\n        Year]], Earth''s [[magnetosphere]] is discovered.\\n* The last legal [[female\n        genital cutting]] occurs in the United States.\\n* [[Denatonium]], the [[bitter\n        (taste)|bitterest]] substance known, is discovered. It is used as an [[aversive\n        agent]] in products such as bleach to reduce the risk of children drinking\n        them.\\n* [[The Jim Henson Company]] is founded.\\n* [[Instant noodle]]s go\n        on sale for the first time.\\n* The Japanese [[10 yen coin]] ceases having\n        serrated edges after a 5-year period beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since\n        have smooth edges.\\n* The [[British Rally Championship]] begins its first\n        year.\\n* The [[University of New Orleans]] established\\n* [[Illinois]] observes\n        the centennial of the [[Lincoln\\u2013Douglas debates]].\\n* [[Sicily|Sicilian]]\n        writer [[Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa]]''s novel ''''[[The Leopard|Il Gattopardo]]''''\n        is published posthumously.\\n* Welsh cultural critic [[Raymond Williams]] publishes\n        ''''[[Culture and Society]]''''.\\n* Based on birth rates (per 1,000 population),\n        the post-war [[baby boom]] ends in the United States as an 11-year decline\n        in the birth rate begins (the longest on record in that country).\\n* The [[Professional\n        Bowlers Tour]] is established at its headquarters in [[Seattle]].\\n\\n== Births\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Boris Tadic 2010 Cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boris\n        Tadi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Ellen DeGeneres 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ellen DeGeneres]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Grandmaster Flash]], African-American hip-hop/rap\n        DJ\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Vladimir Ovchinnikov (pianist)|Vladimir Ovchinnikov]],\n        Russian pianist\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Matt Frewer]], Canadian/American actor\n        (''''Max Headroom'''')\\n** [[James J. Greco]], American businessman\\n** [[Julian\n        Sands]], English actor\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Mehmet Ali A\\u011fca]],\n        Turkish militant, would-be assassin of [[Pope John Paul II]]\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Stephen Neale]], British philosopher\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Samira Said]], Moroccan singer\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Vicki Peterson]],\n        American rock musician ([[The Bangles]])\\n** [[Trevor Taylor (singer)|Trevor\n        Taylor]], Jamaican-German singer and musician ([[Bad Boys Blue]]) (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Curt Fraser]], American ice hockey coach\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Ricardo Acu\\u00f1a]], Chilean tennis player\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Boris Tadi\\u0107]], Serbian president\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Lorenzo\n        Lamas]], American actor, martial artist and reality show participant\\n** [[Masuo\n        Amada]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Hussein Saeed|Hussein\n        Saeed Mohammed]], Iraqi football player\\n* [[January 24]] – [[William\n        Byers]], Australian citizen\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Jools Holland]], British\n        musician\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Anita Baker]], African-American soul and\n        R&B singer\\n** [[Ellen DeGeneres]], American actress, comedian, and television\n        host\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Kadri M\\u00e4lk]], Estonian artist and jewelry\n        designer\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Mait\\u00ea Proen\\u00e7a]], Brazilian\n        actress\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Stephen Lerner]], American labor and community\n        activist\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Ice T SVU March 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ice-T]]]]\\n[[File:Tim\n        Kaine, official 113th Congress photo portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Kaine]]]]\\n[[File:Maggie\n        Hassan, official portrait, 115th Congress.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maggie Hassan]]]]\n        \\n* [[February 1]] – [[Ry\\u014d Horikawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Tomasz Pacy\\u0144ski]], Polish writer (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[Sherri Martel]], American professional wrestler (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Michael Weiss (composer)|Michael Weiss]],\n        jazz pianist and composer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Michael Jackson (TV executive)|Michael\n        Jackson]], British broadcasting executive\\n** [[Regina Mar\\u0161\\u00edkov\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovakian tennis player\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Pernilla August]],\n        Swedish actress\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Grant Thomas (footballer)|Grant Thomas]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Francisco Javier L\\u00f3pez Pe\\u00f1a]],\n        Basque separatist\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Ice-T]], African-American rapper,\n        songwriter, and actor\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Steve Nieve]], English\n        musician\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Jamal Hamdan (actor)|Jamal Hamdan]],\n        Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Jake Burns]], Irish\n        punk singer\\n** [[Jake Steinfeld]], American actor\\n** [[Mary Chapin Carpenter]],\n        American singer\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Todd Fisher]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Kurt Rambis]], American basketball player\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Casal]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Susan Helms]], American\n        astronaut\\n** [[Tim Kaine]], American politician\\n* [[February 27]] \\n** [[Max\n        Crivello]], Italian artist\\n** [[Maggie Hassan]], U.S. Senator from New Hampshire\\n**\n        [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy]], American socialite (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] \\n** [[Natalya Estemirova]], Russian activist (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Phil\n        Hayes (actor)|Phil Hayes]], British voice actor\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Miranda\n        Richardson Met Opera 2010 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Miranda Richardson]]]]\\n[[File:PatriciaHeatonHWOFMay2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patricia\n        Heaton]]]]\\n[[File:Andy Gibb 1981.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andy Gibb]]]]\\n[[File:Sharon\n        Stone by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sharon Stone]]]]\\n[[File:Albert\n        II February 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Albert II, Prince of Monaco]]]]\\n[[File:Holly\n        Hunter by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Holly Hunter]]]]\\n[[File:Gary Oldman\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary Oldman]]]]\\n[[File:Maurice LaMarche\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maurice LaMarche]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        [[Nik Kershaw]], English singer\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Miranda Richardson]],\n        English actress\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Patricia Heaton]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Andy Gibb]], British singer (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[Rik Mayall]], English comedian and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Donna\n        Murphy]], American actress and singer\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Gary Numan]],\n        British singer\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Linda Fiorentino]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Mary Murphy (choreographer)|Mary Murphy]], Dance choreographer\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Steve Howe (baseball)|Steve Howe]], American baseball player (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Sharon Stone]], American actress and producer\\n** [[Frankie\n        Ruiz]], Puerto Rican singer (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Hiroshi Yanaka]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Linda Robson]], English actress\\n* [[March\n        14]]\\n** [[Bruno Dumont]], French film director and screenwriter\\n** [[Albert\n        II, Prince of Monaco]]\\n* [[March 15]] \\n** [[Anne Davies (British journalist)|Anne\n        Davies]], British television presenter and newsreader\\n** [[John Friedrich\n        (actor)|John Friedrich]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[John Elefante]],\n        American singer and producer (''''[[Kansas (band)|Kansas]]'''')\\n** [[Kayo\n        Hatta]], American film director (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Holly\n        Hunter]], American actress\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Gary Oldman]], English\n        actor and filmmaker\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Michael Sorich]], American voice\n        actor, actor, writer, director and voice director\\n* [[March 24]] –\n        [[Roland Koch]], German politician\\n* [[March 25]] – [[James McDaniel]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Todd Joseph Miles Holden]], American-born\n        social scientist, author, basketball coach\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Jessica\n        Soho]], Philippine television celebrity and reporter\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Bart\n        Conner]], American gymnast\\n** [[Edesio Alejandro]], Cuban music composer\\n**\n        [[Curt Hennig|Mr. Perfect]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Anu Lamp]], Estonian actress  \\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Maurice LaMarche]], Canadian voice actor\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Dietmar\n        Bartsch]], German politician\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Alec Baldwin by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alec Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Capaldi by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Capaldi]]]]\\n[[File:Andie MacDowell Cannes\n        2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andie MacDowell]]]]\\n[[File:President Luis Guillermo\n        Solis.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Luis Guillermo Sol\\u00eds]]]]\\n[[File:Michelle Pfeiffer\n        2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michelle Pfeiffer]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[D. Boon]],\n        American singer and guitarist (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Alec Baldwin]],\n        American actor \\n** [[Jaan Rekkor]], Estonian actor \\n* [[April 4]] \\n** [[Cazuza]],\n        Brazilian poet, singer and composer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Constance Shulman]],\n        American actress\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Sophie Muller]], British music video\n        director\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Shinobu Adachi]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Yefim Bronfman]], Russian-born pianist\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**\n        [[Hussniya Jabara]], Israeli Arab politician\\n** [[Luc Luycx]], Belgian coin\n        designer\\n** [[Stuart Adamson]], Scottish singer and guitarist ([[Big Country]])\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Ginka Zagorcheva]], Bulgarian athlete\\n*\n        [[April 14]]\\n** [[Peter Capaldi]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Junko Sakurada]],\n        Japanese actress and singer\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Keith Acton]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player and coach\\n** [[Benjamin Zephaniah]], British writer and\n        musician\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Saviour Pirotta]], British/Maltese children''s\n        author\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Andie MacDowell]], American actress\\n** [[Yoshito\n        Usui]], Japanese manga artist ([[Crayon Shin-chan]]) (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April\n        24]] – [[Brian Paddick]], British former deputy assistant commissioner\n        and most senior openly gay police officer\\n* [[April 25]] \\n** [[Fish (singer)|Fish]],\n        Scottish singer\\n** [[Luis Guillermo Sol\\u00eds]], [[President of Costa Rica]]\\n*\n        [[April 26]] \\n** [[Ingolf L\\u00fcck]], German actor, comedian and television\n        host\\n** [[Giancarlo Esposito]], Italian-American actor\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Hal Sutton]], American golfer\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Michelle Pfeiffer]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Eve Plumb]], American actress\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Ron\n        Reagan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ron Reagan]]]]\\n[[File:AnnetteBeningSept2013TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Annette\n        Bening]]]]\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Keith Haring]], American artist (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[Rick Santorum]], former U.S. Senator\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Christian Brando]], American actor and eldest child of Marlon Brando (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Dries van Noten]], Belgian designer\\n** [[Eric\n        Singer]], American rock drummer\\n** [[Tony Oliver]], American voice actor\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Ron Simmons]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Paul Whitehouse]], Welsh actor, writer and comedian\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Toyah Willcox]], English actress & singer\\n* [[May 20]] –\n        [[Ron Reagan]], political pundit and son of U.S. president [[Ronald Reagan]]\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[Tom Feeney]], American Republican politician from the\n        state of Florida\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Mitch Albom]], American author\\n** [[Drew\n        Carey]], American comedian and actor\\n** [[Lea DeLaria]], American comedian\n        and actress\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Paul Weller]], English singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Carrie Newcomer]], American singer-songwriter & musician\\n* [[May 26]] –\n        [[Margaret Colin]], American actress\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Moinul Ahsan\n        Saber]], [[Bangladesh]]i writer, editor.\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Neil Finn]],\n        New Zealand singer and songwriter\\n** [[Linnea Quigley]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 29]]\\n** [[Annette Bening]], American actress\\n** [[Juliano Mer-Khamis]],\n        Israeli actor, director, filmmaker and political activist (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Marie Fredriksson]], Swedish singer-songwriter\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Sambi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        at Coachella 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince (musician)|Prince]]]]\\n[[File:BarryAdamson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barry\n        Adamson]]]] \\n[[File:Bruce Campbell 2014 Phoenix Comicon (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce\n        Campbell]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Lex Luger]], former American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Margot K\\u00e4\\u00dfmann]], Lutheran theologian,\n        German bishop\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Gordon P. Robertson]], American televangelist\n        and son of [[Pat Robertson]]\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed\n        Sambi]], Comoroan businessman and politician, [[President of Comoros]]\\n*\n        [[June 7]] – [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], African-American musician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Cyril O''Reilly]], American actor\\n** [[Keenen\n        Ivory Wayans]], African-American comedian, actor, and director\\n* [[June 11]]\n        – [[Barry Adamson]], English singer and bass player\\n* [[June 12]]\\n**\n        [[Rebecca Holden]], American actress, singer, and entertainer\\n** [[Meredith\n        Brooks]], American singer/songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Gary Martin (actor)|Gary Martin]], British voice actor and actor\\n* [[June\n        14]]\\n** [[Masami Yoshida]], Japanese athlete (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Eric Heiden]],\n        American speed skater\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Wade Boggs]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Jello Biafra]], American punk musician and\n        activist ''''(Dead Kennedys)''''\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Chuck Wagner]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Teiy\\u016b Ichiry\\u016bsai]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June\n        21]] – [[Eric Douglas]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        [[John Murray (actor)|John Murray]], American actor\\n** [[Bruce Campbell]],\n        American actor, producer, writer and director\\n* [[June 24]] – [[John\n        Tortorella]], American ice hockey coach\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Magnus Lindberg]],\n        Finnish composer\\n* [[June 28]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Gray]], French singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Jeff Coopwood]], American actor, broadcaster\n        and singer\\n** [[Rosa Mota]], Portuguese long-distance runner\\n** [[Mohamed\n        Bendahmane]], Algerian swimmer\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Irina Vorobieva]], Russian\n        pair skater \\n** [[Karl Friesen]], Canadian ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Esa-Pekka\n        Salonen]], Finnish conductor and composer\\n** [[Vasily Yakusha]], Belarusian\n        rower\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Kevin Bacon SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin\n        Bacon]]]]\\n[[File:Wong Kar-wai Berlin cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wong Kar-wai]]]]\\n[[File:Kate\n        Bush at 1986 Comic Relief (cropped).png|thumb|100px|[[Kate Bush]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] – [[Tom Magee]], Canadian world champion powerlifter and strongman\n        competitor\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Thomas Bickerton]], American Methodist\n        bishop\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Didier Mouron]], Swiss artist\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        [[Avigdor Lieberman]], Israeli politician\\n** [[Bill Watterson]], American\n        cartoonist ([[Calvin and Hobbes]])\\n** [[Kyoko Terase]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Jennifer Saunders]], British comedian and actress\\n*\n        [[July 7]] – [[Michala Petri]], Danish recorder player\\n* [[July 8]]\\n**\n        [[Kevin Bacon]], American actor\\n** [[Pauline Quirke]], British actress\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** [[Austin Hayes]], Irish footballer (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Mac\n        Thornberry]], American politician\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Michael Flatley]],\n        Irish-born dancer\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Wong Kar-wai]], Hong Kong second\n        wave filmmaker\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Azumah Nelson]], Ghanaian boxer\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Billy Mays]], American infomercial salesperson (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] – [[Tatsunori Hara]], Japanese professional-baseball coach\n        and player\\n* [[July 27]] \\n** [[Kimmo Hakola]], Finnish composer\\n** [[Margarethe\n        Schreinemakers]], German television presenter\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Terry Fox]],\n        Canadian athlete and cancer activist (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Deon van der Walt]],\n        South African tenor (d. 2005)\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Kate Bush]], English\n        musician\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Mark Cuban]], American entrepreneur and\n        basketball team owner\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Madonna Rebel Heart Tour 2015\n        - Stockholm (23051472299) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]]]\\n[[File:Belinda\n        Carlisle June 2011.png|thumb|100px|[[Belinda Carlisle]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Guttenberg\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Guttenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Tim Burton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim\n        Burton]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Jackson 1988.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Adrian Dunbar]], Irish actor and director\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Sh\\u014d Hayami]], Japanese voice actor and singer\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Bruce Dickinson]], English musician ([[Iron Maiden]])\\n** [[Russell\n        Baze]], Canadian/American champion jockey\\n* [[August 10]] \\n** [[Don Swayze]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Rami Hamdallah]], Palestine politician\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**\n        [[Rondell Sheridan]], American actor\\n** [[Victor Shenderovich]], Russian\n        writer\\n** [[Chiharu Suzuka]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Angela Bassett]], African-American actress\\n** [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]],\n        American-born singer, songwriter, and actress\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Belinda\n        Carlisle]], American rock musician and lead singer of the [[Go-Gos]]\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Anthony Mu\\u00f1oz]], American football player\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Nicholas Bell]], English actor based in Australia\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Colm Feore]], American-born actor\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Steve Guttenberg]], American actor\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Tim Burton]],\n        American film director\\n** [[Christian LeBlanc]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        27]] – [[Normand Brathwaite]], African-Canadian comedian and television\n        and radio host\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Michael Jackson]], African-American\n        singer, songwriter and dancer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Julie\n        Brown]], American actress\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Us mil Foxworthy 0411\n        cropped.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jeff Foxworthy]]]]\\n[[File:Janez Jan\\u0161a 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Janez\n        Jan\\u0161a]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin Sorbo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin\n        Sorbo]]]]\\n[[File:Parker Stevenson Shaun Cassidy Hardy Boys 1977.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shaun\n        Cassidy]]]]\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Jeff Foxworthy]], American comedian,\n        actor, author\\n** [[Sione Vailahi]], Tongan professional wrestler (\\\"The Barbarian\\\")\\n*\n        [[September 8]]\\n** [[Mitsuru Miyamoto]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Reiko\n        Terashima]], Japanese manga artist and illustrator\\n** [[Stevie Vallance]],\n        Canadian actress, voice actress, stage performer, singer, casting director\n        and voice director\\n* [[September 9]] – Colin Murdock, Canadian voice\n        actor\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)]], American film\n        director/writer/producer\\n** [[Siobhan Fahey]], Irish singer ([[Bananarama]],\n        [[Shakespears Sister]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Julia Nickson-Soul]],\n        Singapore actress\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Pawe\\u0142 Przytocki]], Polish\n        conductor\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Silas Malafaia]], Brazilian evangelical\n        pastor, author, and televangelist\\n** [[Michael Bollner]], German actor\\n**\n        [[Jeff Crowe]], New Zealand cricketer\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Orel Hershiser]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Jennifer Tilly]], Canadian/American actress\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Janez Jan\\u0161a]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of\n        Slovenia]]\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Lita Ford]], British musician\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Bruno Fitoussi]], French poker player\\n* [[September\n        22]]\\n** [[Andrea Bocelli]], Italian tenor\\n** [[Joan Jett]], American rock\n        musician\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Marvin Lewis]], American football coach\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Kevin Sorbo]], American actor\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Madsen]], American actor\\n** [[Eamonn Healy]], Irish chemist\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Darby Crash]], American rock songwriter, singer\n        ([[Germs (band)|Germs]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Shaun Cassidy]],\n        American actor, producer and screenwriter\\n** [[Irvine Welsh]], Scottish writer\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n** [[Eduardo Cunha]], Brazilian politician, former President\n        of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil\\n** [[Tom Buhrow]], German journalist\n        and intendant of the WDR\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Marty Stuart]], American\n        singer\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:TimRobbinsTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim\n        Robbins]]]]\\n[[File:Viggo Mortensen Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Viggo Mortensen]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Chen Yanyin]], Chinese sculptor\\n* [[October 4]] \\n**\n        [[Ned Luke]], American actor\\n** [[Wendy Makkena]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]], American astrophysicist and science communicator\n        (Also host of many episodes of NOVA)\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Ursula von\n        der Leyen]], German politician who has been the Minister of Defence \\n* [[October\n        14]] \\n** [[Thomas Dolby]], English rock musician\\n** [[Peter Kloeppel]],\n        German television journalist \\n* [[October 15]] – [[Masako Katsuki]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Tim Robbins]], American\n        actor and film director\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Alan Jackson]], American\n        country singer and songwriter\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Mark King (musician)|Mark\n        King]], English singer and musician ([[Level 42]])\\n** [[Viggo Mortensen]],\n        American actor and businessman, founder of [[Perceval Press]]\\n** [[Scott\n        Hall]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Hiroyuki\n        Kinoshita]], Japanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Phil Daniels]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Kornelia Ender]], German swimmer\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Simon Le Bon]], English rock singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Bla\\u017eej\n        Bal\\u00e1\\u017e]], Slovak painter\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:GeorgeLowe-Painting\n        crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Lowe]]]]\\n[[File:Megan Mullally by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Megan\n        Mullally]]]]\\n[[File:Jamie Lee Curtis by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamie\n        Lee Curtis]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Willie McGee]], African-American\n        baseball player\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Robert Patrick]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[Dmitry Kozak]], Russian politician and deputy Prime\n        Minister of Russia\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Jeff Speakman]], American actor\n        and martial artist\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Vicky Rosti]], Finnish singer,\n        former Eurovision contestant\\n** [[George Lowe]], American voice actor and\n        comedian\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Megan Mullally]], American actress, singer\n        and media personality\\n** [[Hiromi Iwasaki]], Japanese singer\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Marg Helgenberger]], American actress\\n** [[Boris Krivokapi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian academic\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[November 18]] \\n** [[Laura Miller]], Mayor\n        of Dallas, Texas\\n** [[Karen Pence]], [[Second Lady of the United States]]\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Michael Wilbon]], American sportswriter\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[David Reivers]], Jamaican actor\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Jamie\n        Lee Curtis]], American actress\\n** [[Bruce Payne]], English actor and producer\\n**\n        [[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor]], [[Sultan of Johor]]\\n* [[November 25]] –\n        [[Darlanne Fluegel]], American actress\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Tetsuya\n        Komuro]], Japanese music producer and songwriter\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Dave Righetti]], American baseball player\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Juliette\n        Bergmann]], Dutch bodybuilder\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Nick Park, BBC Radio\n        2 Folk Awards 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nick Park]]]]\\n[[File:Limahl Audley End\n        concert cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Limahl]]]]\\n[[File:Drama League 2010 Bebe\n        Neuwirth (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bebe Neuwirth]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n**\n        [[Charlene Tilton]], American actress\\n** [[Javier Aguirre]], Mexican football\n        player and manager\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Mina Asami]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Dynamite Kid]], English professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Nick Park]], English filmmaker and animator\\n** [[Debbie\n        Rowe]], American ex-wife of pop star [[Michael Jackson]], and mother of two\n        of his children\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Cornelia Funke]], German author\\n**\n        [[Annelore Zinke]], East German gymnast\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Tom Shadyac]],\n        American director and producer\\n** [[Nikki Sixx]], American rock musician\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Monica Attard]], Australian journalist\\n** [[Lucie Guay]],\n        Canadian canoer\\n** [[Dag Ingebrigtsen]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Sheree\n        J. Wilson]], American actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Lynn-Holly Johnson]],\n        American ice skater and actress\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Mike Scott (musician)|Mike\n        Scott]], Scottish singer-songwriter ([[The Waterboys]])\\n** [[Spider Stacy]],\n        English musician ([[The Pogues]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Zocchetto]], French\n        politician\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Julia Wolfe]], American composer\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Limahl]], English singer\\n* [[December 21]] –\n        [[Kevin Blackwell]], English football manager\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Dimi\n        Mint Abba]], Mauritanian musician and singer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hanford Dixon]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Rickey Henderson]], African-American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Alannah Myles]], Canadian singer-songwriter\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – [[Mieko Harada]], Japanese actress\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Twila\n        Paris]], American Christian musician\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Lakhdar\n        Belloumi]], Algerian football player\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Bebe Neuwirth]],\n        American actress\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Helena Klakocar]], Dutch cartoonist\\n*\n        [[Yoshiteru Otani]], Japanese cartoonist\\n* [[Kenn Thomas]], American [[conspiracy\n        theory]] writer and publisher of ''''[[Steamshovel Press]]''''.\\n\\n== Deaths\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Cafer Tayyar Pasha.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cafer Tayyar\n        E\\u011filmez]]]]\\n[[File:Petru Groza Anefo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Petru Groza]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        Oskar of Prussia1888-1958.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Oskar of Prussia]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Edward Weston]], American photographer (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – [[Cafer Tayyar E\\u011filmez]], Turkish general (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Archie Alexander]], American designer and governor\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Margaret Anglin]], American stage actress\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Petru Groza]], Romanian politician, 46th [[Prime Minister\n        of Romania]] and head of the State (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 8]] –\n        [[Paul Pilgrim]], American athlete (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        [[Karl Reinhardt (philologist)|Karl Reinhardt]], German philologist. (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Edna Purviance]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – [[Jesse L. Lasky]], American film producer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[Aubrey Mather]], English actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[C\\u00e2ndido Rondon]], Brazilian military officer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Ata\\u00falfo Argenta]], Spanish conductor and pianist\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Prince Oskar of Prussia]] (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[January 30]] \\n** [[Jean Crotti]], Swiss artist (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Ernst\n        Heinkel]], German aircraft designer and manufacturer (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:Albrechtbavaria1922.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Heinrich\n        of Bavaria (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\n        – [[Clinton Davisson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Monta Bell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Henry Kuttner]], American author (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]]\\n** [[Geoff Bent]] (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Roger Byrne]] (b. [[1929]])\\n**\n        [[Eddie Colman]] (b. [[1936]])\\n** [[Mark Jones (footballer, born 1933)|Mark\n        Jones]] (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[David Pegg]] (b. [[1935]])\\n** [[Tommy Taylor]]\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Liam Whelan|Liam \\\"Billy\\\" Whelan]] (b. [[1935]]), all\n        footballers that perished  in the [[Munich air disaster]]\\n* [[February 7]]\n        – [[Walter Kingsford]], English actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – [[Aleksander Klumberg]], Estonian decathlete (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        13]]\\n** [[Christabel Pankhurst]], English suffragette (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Georges\n        Rouault]], French painter (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Helen Twelvetrees]], American\n        actress (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Prince Heinrich of Bavaria\n        (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]] (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Situ Qiao]], Chinese painter (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – [[Marguerite Snow]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Thurston Hall]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Duncan Edwards]] English footballer (b. [[1936]]), injury in\n        the [[Munich air disaster]]\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Harry Cohn]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Ingeborg of Sweden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess\n        Ingeborg of Denmark]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Giacomo Balla]], Italian\n        painter (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Anton Reinthaller]],  Austrian\n        right wing politician (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Ole Kirk Christiansen]],\n        Danish businessman (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Princess Ingeborg\n        of Denmark]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Adegoke Adelabu]], Nigerian\n        politician (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Cyril M. Kornbluth]], American\n        writer (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[March 22]] (in plane crash)\\n** [[Mike Todd]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Art Cohn]], American screenwriter (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Charlotte Walker (actress)|Charlotte Walker]], American\n        actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Herbert Fields]], American\n        librettist and screenwriter (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Tom Brown\n        (trombonist)|Tom Brown]], American musician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – [[Phil Mead]], English cricketer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n**\n        [[W. C. Handy]], African-American blues composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Chuck\n        Klein]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Phillies]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Ferdbavar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Ferdinand of Bavaria]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[Willie Maley]], Scottish football\n        player and manager (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[J\\u014dsei Toda]], Japanese educator\n        and activist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Mar\\u00eda Luisa Sep\\u00falveda]],\n        Chilean composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Prince Ferdinand of\n        Bavaria]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Alcib\\u00edades Arosemena]],\n        Panamanian politician, 15th [[President of Panama]] (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[George\n        Jean Nathan]], American drama critic (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Frank Eaton]], American\n        Deputy Marshal (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Estelle Taylor]], American\n        actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Rosalind Franklin]], English\n        crystallographer (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Maurice Gamelin]],\n        French general (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Billy Meredith]], Welsh\n        footballer (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Henry Cornelius]],\n        South African-born director (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Frank Foster\n        (cricketer)|Frank Foster]], English cricketer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 5]] –\n        [[James Branch Cabell]], American writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\n** [[Joan\n        Comorera]], Spanish politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Mihkel L\\u00fcdig]], Estonian\n        composer, organist and choir conductor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Jacob Fichman]], Israeli poet and essayist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n**\n        [[Ronald Colman]], English actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Marie Pujmanov\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovak poet and novelist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric\n        Fran\\u00e7ois-Marsal]], Prime Minister of France (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 26]]\n        – [[Constantin Cantacuzino (aviator)|Constantin Cantacuzino]], Romanian\n        aviator (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Juan Ram\\u00f3n Jim\\u00e9nez]],\n        Spanish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Kurt Alder Nobel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kurt Alder]]]]\\n* [[June\n        2]]\\n** [[Townsend Cromwell]], American oceanographer (plane crash) (b. [[1922]])\\n**\n        [[Bell M. Shimada]], American fisheries scientist (plane crash) (b. [[1922]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]]\\n** [[Lloyd Hughes]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Virginia\n        Pearson]], American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Nicola da\n        Gesturi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Robert Donat]], English actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] – [[Edwin Keppel Bennett]], British writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        14]] – [[Ibrahim Hashem]], Jordanian lawyer and politician, 3-time [[Prime\n        Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Alexander Chervyakov]],\n        Prime Minister of the [[Byelorussian SSR]] (suicide) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Imre\n        Nagy]], Hungarian politician, 44th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (executed)\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Nereu Ramos]], Brazilian politician, 20th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Kurt Alder]], German chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Herbert Brenon]], American film director (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Robert\n        L. Ghormley]], American admiral (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[George\n        Orton]], Canadian athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Vytautas\n        Augustauskas]], Soviet educator (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Alfred\n        Noyes]], English poet (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Faisalh.jpg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Faisal II of Iraq]]]]\\n[[File:Nori.png|thumb|100px|[[Nuri al-Said]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Martha Boswell]], American singer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe]], English politician,\n        4th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        Patriarch [[Vikentije II, Serbian Patriarch|Vikentije II]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[James H. Flatley]], American naval aviator and admiral\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July 14]] (killed during ''''coup d''\\u00e9tat''''):\\n**\n        King [[Faisal II of Iraq]] (b. [[1935]])\\n** [[''Abd al-Ilah]], Prince of\n        Iraq (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Julia Lennon]], English mother of\n        [[John Lennon]] (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Nuri al-Said]], Iraqi politician, 7th\n        [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Henri Farman]],\n        pioneer French aviator and aircraft company founder (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] – [[Franklin Pangborn]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Mabel Ballin]], American actress (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Harry Warner]], American studio executive (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        26]] – [[Iven Carl Kincheloe Jr.]], American Korean War fighter ace\n        and test pilot (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Claire Lee Chennault]],\n        American aviator and general, leader of the [[Flying Tigers]] (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[William A. Glassford]], American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n[[File:Ernest Lawrence.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ernest Lawrence]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Michele Navarra]], Italian Sicilian Mafia boss (b.\n        [[1931]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Peter Collins (racing driver)|Peter Collins]],\n        [[Formula 1]] driver (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Mario Zanin (bishop)|Mario\n        Zanin]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and monsignor (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – [[Barbara Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Felipe Boero]], Argentine composer (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Joliot-Curie]], French physicist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Gladys Presley]],\n        American, mother of [[Elvis Presley]] (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Domingues dos Santos]], Portuguese politician, 89th [[Prime Minister\n        of Portugal]] (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Paul Panzer]], German actor (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Bonar Colleano]], American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] \\n** [[Stevan Hristi\\u0107]], Yugoslav composer (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Kurt Neumann (director)|Kurt Neumann]], German film director (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – [[Roger Martin du Gard]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Paul Henry (painter)|Paul Henry]], Northern Irish artist (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], English composer (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Ernest Lawrence]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Marjorie\n        Flack]], American artist, illustrator and writer (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Estate Tatanashvili.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Estate Tatanashvili]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Hans Grundig]], German artist (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Robert\n        W. Service]], Scottish-born Canadian poet (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – [[Alma Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n**\n        [[Alfred Piccaver]], British-born American operatic tenor (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Friedrich Otto]], German classical philologist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[John B. Watson]], American psychologist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        27]] – [[Adolfo Salazar]], Spanish historian, composer and diplomat\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Estate Tatanashvili]], Soviet\n        general (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:His Holiness Pope Pius XII.png|thumb|100px|[[Pope\n        Pius XII]]]]\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Maurice de Vlaminck]], French painter (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] – [[Douglas Mawson]], Australian geologist and polar explorer (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Jack Norton]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Michalis Souyioul]], Greek composer (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        cardinal and eminence (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Charlie Townsend]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Paul Outerbridge]], American photographer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[G. E. Moore]], British philosopher of (''''Principia\n        Ethica'''') (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Herbert A. Bartholomew]],\n        American farmer and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Marshall\n        Neilan]], American actor and director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Zo\\u00eb Akins]], American playwright, poet and author (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Viduva Shironmani C.Ganeshiyer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[C. Ganesha\n        Iyer]]]]\\n[[File:Tyrone Power - still.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tyrone Power]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – [[Sam Zimbalist]], American film producer (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[C. Ganesha Iyer]], [[Ceylon Tamil]] Philologist (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Samuel Hopkins Adams]], American writer\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Tyrone Power]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Vittorio Ambrosio]], Italian general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[Mel Ott]], American baseball player ([[New York Giants (MLB)|New\n        York Giants]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood]], English politician\n        and diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Harry\n        Parke]], American comedian (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Artur Rodzi\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish conductor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Georgi Damyanov]], Bulgarian Communist\n        political, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly and head of\n        the State (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Oscar C. Badger II]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Willie Applegarth\n        and Sam Mussabini 1912.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willie Applegarth]]]]\\n[[File:Wolfgang\n        Pauli ETH-Bib Portr 01042.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wolfgang Pauli]]]]\\n[[File:Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja,_1997-1958.gif|thumb|100px|[[Mustafa\n        Merlika-Kruja]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Boots Mallory]], American actress\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Caro Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Chilean [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December\n        5]] \\n** [[Willie Applegarth]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Patras Bokhari]], Pakistani humorist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Tris Speaker]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland Indians]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Alberto\n        Meschi]], Italian anarchist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Albert\n        Walsh]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador|Lieutenant Governor\n        of Newfoundland]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Milutin Milankovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav\n        mathematician, astronomer, climatologist and geophysicist, (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Tim Moore (comedian)|Tim Moore]], American comedian\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Wolfgang Pauli]], Austrian-born\n        American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] \\n** [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], German novelist and playwright\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[H. B. Warner]], English actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Mustafa Merlika-Kruja]], 16th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Doris Humphrey]], American dancer\n        and choreographer (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Stylianos Lykoudis]],\n        Greek admiral (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[Thomas Chrostwaite]], American educator (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov]], [[Ilya\n        Mikhailovich Frank]], and [[Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Frederick Sanger]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[George Wells Beadle]], [[Edward Lawrie Tatum]], and\n        [[Joshua Lederberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Boris\n        Pasternak|Boris Leonidovich Pasternak]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] –\n        [[Georges Pire]]\\n\\n==Media==\\n* In Stephen King''s novel ''''[[11/22/63]]'''',\n        the time bubble in Al''s Diner sends the protagonist Jake Epping to 11:58\n        AM on the morning of September 9, 1958.\\n* The [[1988 in film|1988]] film\n        [[My Neighbor Totoro]] is set in 1958.\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1958}}\\n[[Category:1958|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T06:05:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":799682048,\"length\":69158,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958\"},\"34662\":{\"pageid\":34662,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1959\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-26T01:38:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1959}}\\n{{Events by month|1959}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1959}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1959}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Flag\n        of Alaska.svg|thumb|100px|right| [[January 3]]: American statehood for [[Alaska]]]]\\n[[File:Luis\n        Korda 02.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[January 8]]: [[Fidel Castro]] arrives in\n        [[Havana]]]]\\n[[File:Boeing 707 of American Airlines at Basle - April 1976.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[January\n        25]]: Boeing 707 begins service]]\\n{{Main|January 1959}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Cultivar]]s of plants named after this date must be named in a modern language,\n        not in [[Latin]].\\n** [[Cuba]]: [[Fulgencio Batista]] flees [[Havana]] when\n        the forces of [[Fidel Castro]] advance.\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[CBS Radio]]\n        discontinues four soap operas: ''''[[Backstage Wife]]'''', ''''Our Gal Sunday'''',\n        ''''The Road of Life'''', and ''''This is Nora Drake''''.\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] successfully launches the [[Luna 1]] spacecraft from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]].\\n*\n        [[January 3]]\\n** The island of [[Addu Atoll|Addu]] in the [[Maldives]] declares\n        independence.\\n** [[Alaska]] is admitted as the 49th U.S. state.\\n* [[January\n        4]]\\n** In [[Cuba]], rebel troops led by [[Che Guevara]] and [[Camilo Cienfuegos]]\n        enter the city of [[Havana]].\\n** In [[Kinshasa|L\\u00e9opoldville]], at least\n        49 people are killed during [[L\\u00e9opoldville Riots|clashes]] between the\n        police and participants of a meeting of the [[ABAKO|Abako]] Party.\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] arrives in Havana.\\n** The [[International Maritime\n        Organization]] is inaugurated.\\n* [[January 7]] – The United States\n        recognizes the new [[Cuba]]n government of [[Fidel Castro]].\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]] is inaugurated as the first president of\n        the [[French Fifth Republic]].\\n* [[January 10]] – The [[Soviet]] government\n        recognizes the new Castro government.\\n* [[January 11]] – The [[Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Mondiale des Activit\\u00e9s Subaquatiques]] is founded in [[Monaco]].\\n* [[January\n        12]]\\n** The [[Caves of Nerja]] are discovered in Spain.\\n** [[Motown Records]]\n        is founded by [[Berry Gordy|Berry Gordy, Jr.]]\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Communist\n        Party of Cuba|Cuban communists]] execute 71 supporters of [[Fulgencio Batista]].\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – The [[Soviet Union]] conducts its [[Soviet Census (1959)|first\n        census]] after [[World War II]].\\n* [[January 21]] – The [[European\n        Court of Human Rights]] is established.\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Knox Mine\n        disaster|Knox Mine Disaster]]: Water breaches the River Slope Mine in [[Port\n        Griffith, Pennsylvania]] near [[Pittston, Pennsylvania]]; 12 miners are killed.\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\n** The [[Boeing 707]] [[airliner]] begins service.\\n** [[Pope\n        John XXIII]] announces that the [[Second Vatican Council]] will be convened\n        in Rome.\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Walt Disney]] releases his 16th animated\n        film, ''''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'''' in [[Beverly\n        Hills, California|Beverly Hills]]. It is Disney''s first animated film to\n        be shown in [[70 mm film|70mm]] and modern [[Stereophonic sound|6-track stereophonic\n        sound]].''''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'''' had also used a multi-speaker\n        stereophonic sound system, but it was primitive compared to the one used in\n        ''''Sleeping Beauty''''. Also on the program is Disney''s new live-action\n        short subject ''''[[Grand Canyon (1958 film)|Grand Canyon]]'''', which uses\n        the music of [[Ferde Grof\\u00e9]]''s ''''[[Grand Canyon Suite]]''''. ''''Grand\n        Canyon'''' wins an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for [[Academy Award for Best Documentary\n        (Short Subject)|Best Documentary Short]].\\n* [[January 30]] – Danish\n        passenger/cargo ship {{MS|Hans Hedtoft}}, returning to [[Copenhagen]] after\n        its maiden voyage to [[Greenland]], strikes an iceberg and sinks off the Greenland\n        coast with the loss of all 95 on board.{{cite news|title=Three Rescue\n        Vessels Reach Ship-Iceberg Collision Scene|location=Oakland|newspaper=Tribune|date=1959-01-31|page=1}}\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main|February\n        1959}}\\n[[file:Vanguard 2 satellite sketch.jpg|right|thumb|[[February 17]]:\n        Technical drawing of [[Vanguard 2]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – A [[Swiss\n        women''s suffrage referendum, 1959|referendum in Switzerland]] turns down\n        [[Women''s suffrage|female suffrage]].\\n* [[February 2]] – Nine ski\n        hikers mysteriously perish in the northern [[Ural Mountains]] in the [[Dyatlov\n        Pass incident]] and are all found dead a few weeks later.\\n* [[February 3]]\\n**\n        A chartered plane transporting musicians [[Buddy Holly]], [[Ritchie Valens]]\n        and [[The Big Bopper]] with pilot [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]]\n        goes down in foggy conditions near [[Clear Lake, Iowa]], killing all four\n        on board. The tragedy is later termed \\\"[[The Day the Music Died]]\\\", popularized\n        in [[Don McLean]]''s [[1971]] song \\\"[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]\\\".\\n**\n        [[American Airlines Flight 320]], a [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] from Chicago\n        crashes into the [[East River]] on approach to New York City''s LaGuardia\n        Airport, killing 65 of the 73 people on board.\\n* [[February 6]] – At\n        [[Cape Canaveral, Florida]], the first successful test firing of a [[Titan\n        intercontinental ballistic missile]] is accomplished.\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Francoist Spain|Spain]]\n        set trade relations (not diplomatic ones).\\n* [[February 13]] – [[TAT-2]],\n        [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]''s second [[transatlantic telephone cable]] goes\n        into operation.\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] becomes Premier of\n        [[Cuba]].\\n** A [[blizzard]] causes a massive power outage in [[Newfoundland\n        and Labrador|Newfoundland]].\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Vanguard 2]], the\n        first [[weather satellite]], is launched to measure [[cloud cover]] for the\n        [[United States Navy]].\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Sosa Blanco]],\n        a  colonel in the  Cuban army of [[Fulgencio Batista]], is executed in [[Cuba]]\n        after being convicted of committing 108 murders for Batista.\\n** Women in\n        [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] vote for the first time.\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        The United Kingdom decides to grant independence to [[Cyprus]].\\n* [[February\n        20]] – The [[Politics of Canada|Canadian Government]] cancels the [[Avro\n        Canada CF-105 Arrow]] [[interceptor aircraft]] project.\\n* [[February 22]]\n        – [[Lee Petty]] wins the [[1959 Daytona 500|first Daytona 500]] at [[Daytona\n        International Speedway]].\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Potala.jpg|thumb|right|[[Potala|Potala\n        Palace]] in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]], [[Tibet]], traditional\n        residence of the [[Dalai Lama]] until March 1959. (2006 photo)]]\\n[[File:Miles\n        Davis by Palumbo.jpg|thumb|[[March 2]]: Jazz trumpeter [[Miles Davis]].]]\\n[[File:Marx\n        Brothers 1948.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[March 8]]: The [[Marx Brothers]] retire]]\\n[[File:USS\n        Skate (SSN-578) surfaced in Arctic - 1959.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[March 17]]:\n        USS ''''Skate'''' surfaces at the North Pole.]]\\n[[File:Edge-of-africa-giraffes.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[March\n        31]]: [[Busch Gardens]] opens in [[Florida]]]]\\n{{Main|March 1959}}\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** The {{USS|Tuscaloosa|CA-37|6}}, {{USS|New Orleans|CA-32|6}}, {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|6}}\n        and {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|6}} are struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register]].\\n**\n        [[Archbishop#Eastern Christianity|Archbishop]] [[Makarios III|Makarios]] returns\n        to [[Cyprus]] from exile.\\n* [[March 2]] – Recording sessions for the\n        album ''''[[Kind of Blue]]'''' by [[Miles Davis]] take place at [[CBS 30th\n        Street Studio|Columbia''s 30th Street Studio]] in New York City.\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Pioneer 4]] becomes first American object to escape dominance\n        by Earth''s gravity.\\n* [[March 8]] – The [[Marx Brothers]] make their\n        last television appearance, in ''''[[The Incredible Jewel Robbery]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Mattel]]''s [[Barbie]] doll debuts in the United States.\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – The [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprising]] erupts\n        in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] when Chinese officials attempt\n        to arrest the [[Dalai Lama]].\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** ''''Een beetje'''' by Teddy\n        Scholten (music by Dick Schallies, text by Willy van Hemert) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1959|Eurovision Song Contest]] for the Netherlands.\\n** ''''[[A\n        Raisin in the Sun]]'''' by [[Lorraine Hansberry]] opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – \\n** [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama]] escapes [[Tibet]],\n        arrives in [[India]].\\n** [[USS ''''Skate'''']] (SSN-578) surfaces at the\n        [[North Pole]].\\n* [[March 18]] – American President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        signs a [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]] to grant statehood to [[Hawaii]].\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – Two other islands join [[Addu Atoll|Addu]] in the [[United\n        Suvadive Republic]] (abolished September [[1963]]), in the Maldives Islands.\\n*\n        [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[saxophone|Tenor saxophon]]ist [[John Coltrane]] holds\n        initial record sessions for album [[Giant Steps]] with [[Cedar Walton]] and\n        [[Lex Humphries]]. \\n* [[March 28]] – The [[Kashag]], the government\n        of [[Tibet]], is abolished by an order signed by Chinese premier [[Zhou Enlai]].\n        The [[Dalai Lama]] is replaced in China by a puppet ruler, the Panchen Lama.\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** USA: [[Busch Gardens]] opens in [[Tampa, Florida]].\\n** [[India]]:\n        The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] is granted asylum.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main|April\n        1959}}\\n* [[April 6]] – The [[31st Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – The [[Inter-American Development Bank]] (IADB) is established.\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[NASA]] announces its selection of seven [[Aviator#Military|military\n        pilots]] to become the first U.S. [[astronaut]]s (later known as the ''''[[Mercury\n        Seven]]'''').\\n* [[April 10]] – Crown Prince [[Akihito]] of Japan marries\n        [[Empress Michiko|Sh\\u014dda Michiko]], the first commoner to marry into the\n        [[Imperial House of Japan]].\\n* [[April 22]] – Recording sessions for\n        the influential [[jazz]] album [[Kind of Blue]] by [[Miles Davis]] take place\n        at Columbia''s 30th Street Studio in New York City.\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        The  [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] linking the [[Great Lakes]] and the Atlantic\n        Ocean officially opens to shipping.\\n* [[April 27]] – [[National People''s\n        Congress]] elects [[Liu Shaoqi]] as [[President of the People''s Republic\n        of China|Chairman of the People''s Republic of China]], as a successor of\n        [[Mao Zedong]].\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Miss Baker in her bio-pack.jpg|thumb|[[May\n        28]]: [[Miss Baker]] awaits launch.]]\\n{{Main|May 1959}}\\n* May\\n** The first\n        [[Ten Tors]] event is held in [[Dartmoor]].\\n** [[Tariff|Import tariffs]]\n        are lifted in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[May 2]] – [[1959 FA Cup Final]]:\n        Nottingham Forest defeats Luton Town 2\\u20131.\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[saxophone|Tenor\n        saxophon]]ist [[John Coltrane]] begins two days of principal recording sessions\n        for [[jazz]] album [[Giant Steps]]. \\n* [[May 16]] – The [[Triton Fountain\n        (Malta)|Triton Fountain]] is inaugurated in [[Valletta]], [[Malta]].\\n* [[May\n        18]] – The [[National Liberation Committee of C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire]]\n        is launched in [[Conakry, Guinea]].\\n* [[May 21]] – ''''[[Gypsy: A Musical\n        Fable]]'''', starring [[Ethel Merman]] in her last new musical, opens on [[Broadway\n        theatre|Broadway]] and runs for 702 performances\\n* [[May 24]] – British\n        Empire Day is renamed [[Commonwealth Day]].\\n* [[May 28]] USA Florida, Cape\n        Canaveral: [[PGM-19 Jupiter#Biological flights|Jupiter AM-18]] launches two\n        [[monkey]]s, Miss Able and [[Miss Baker]], into space along with living microorganisms\n        and plant seeds. Successful recovery makes them the first living beings to\n        return safely to Earth after space flight.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main|June 1959}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]] \\n** [[Singapore]] becomes a self-governing crown colony of Britain\n        with [[Lee Kuan Yew]] as Prime Minister.\\n** [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]\n        beats [[Stade Reims]] 2\\u20130 at [[Neckarstadion]], [[Stuttgart]] and wins\n        the [[1958\\u201359 European Cup]] (football).\\n* [[June 5]] – A new\n        government of the [[Singapore|State of Singapore]] is sworn in by Sir William\n        Goode. Two former ministers are re-elected to the Legislative Assembly.\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – The [[USS Barbero (SS-317)|USS ''''Barbero'''']] and [[United\n        States Postal Service]] attempt the delivery of mail via [[Missile Mail]].\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – The [[USS George Washington (SSBN-598)|USS ''''George Washington'''']]\n        is launched as the first submarine to carry [[ballistic missile]]s.\\n* [[June\n        14]]\\n** [[Disneyland Monorail System]], the first daily operating monorail\n        system in the Western Hemisphere, opens to the public in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n**\n        A 3-front invasion of the [[Dominican Republic]] by exile forces backed by\n        [[Fidel Castro]] and [[Venezuela]] attempt to overthrow [[Rafael Trujillo]].\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – The film ''''[[The Nun''s Story (film)|The Nun''s Story]]'''',\n        based on the best-selling novel, is released. [[Audrey Hepburn]] stars as\n        the title character; she later says that this is her favorite film role. The\n        film is a [[box-office]] hit, and is nominated for several [[Academy Awards|Oscars]].\\n*\n        [[June 23]]\\n** [[Se\\u00e1n Lemass]] becomes the third [[Taoiseach]] of [[Republic\n        of Ireland|Ireland]].\\n** Convicted [[Manhattan Project]] spy [[Klaus Fuchs]]\n        is released after only nine years in a British prison and allowed to emigrate\n        to [[Dresden]], [[East Germany]] where he resumes a scientific career.\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – A [[KH-1]] [[Corona (satellite)|''''Corona'''']], believed\n        to be the first operational spy satellite, is launched as science mission\n        \\\"[[Discoverer 4]]\\\" from [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]] aboard a [[Thor-Agena]]\n        rocket.\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] ([[Queen of Canada]]) and United\n        States President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]] open the [[Saint\n        Lawrence Seaway]].\\n** ''''[[Darby O''Gill and the Little People]]'''', a\n        film based on [[Herminie Templeton Kavanagh|H. T. Kavanagh]]''s [[short story|short\n        stories]], is released in the U.S. by [[the Walt Disney Company]] two days\n        after a [[premiere|world premiere]] in Ireland.\\n* [[June 30]] – Twenty-one\n        students are killed and more than a hundred injured when an American North\n        American [[F-100 Super Sabre]] jet crashes into Miamori Elementary School\n        on the island of [[Okinawa]]. The pilot ejected before the plane struck the\n        school.\\\"21 Die as Jet Hits School On Okinawa\\\", ''''Oakland Tribune'''',\n        June 30, 1959, p1\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Plaque marking the discovery\n        of Australopithecus in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 17]]: Site of ''''Australopithecus\n        boisei'''' discovery in [[Tanzania]].]]\\n[[File:Kitchen debate.jpg|{{largethumb}}|[[July\n        24]]: Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and USA Vice President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] engage in the [[Kitchen Debate]]]]\\n{{Main|July 1959}}\\n* [[July 1]]\n        – Australia''s longest running children''s TV series, ''''[[Mr. Squiggle]]'''',\n        first airs on [[ABC Television]]. \\n* [[July 2]] – [[Albert II of Belgium|Prince\n        Albert of Belgium]] marries Italian [[Don (honorific)|Donna]] [[Queen Paola\n        of Belgium|Paola Ruffo di Calabria]].\\n* [[July 4]] – With the admission\n        of Alaska as the 49th [[U.S. state]] earlier in the year, the 49-star [[flag\n        of the United States]] debuts in [[Philadelphia]].\\n* [[July 7]] – At\n        14:28 UT [[Venus]] [[occultation|occults]] the star [[Regulus]]. The rare\n        event (which will next occur on October 1, 2044) is used to determine the\n        diameter of Venus and the structure of Venus'' atmosphere.\\n* [[July 9]] –\n        Wing Commander [[Michael Beetham]] flying a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Vickers\n        Valiant]] sets a record of 11 hours 27 minutes for a non-stop [[London]]-[[Cape\n        Town]] flight.{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Records.htm|title=\n        Records set by the RAF|publisher=Air of Authority \\u2013 A History of RAF\n        Organisation|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n* [[July 14]] – Groups\n        of [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Communism|communist]] militias rebel in\n        [[Kirkuk|Kirkuk, Iraq]] against the central government.{{cite news|title=Iraq\n        revolt Is Stil Reported Raging|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|location=St.\n        Petersburg, FL|date=July 21, 1959|page=A1|accessdate= June 27, 2012|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N9MNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FncDAAAAIBAJ}}\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – A [[Steel strike of 1959|strike]] occurs against the United\n        States'' [[steel]] industry.\\n* [[July 17]] – The first skull of [[Australopithecus]]\n        is discovered by [[Louis Leakey]] and his wife [[Mary Leakey]] in the [[Olduvai\n        Gorge]] of [[Tanzania]].\\n* [[July 22]] – A [[Kumamoto University]]\n        medical research group studying [[Minamata disease]] concludes that it is\n        caused by [[mercury (element)|mercury]].\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** At the opening\n        of the [[American National Exhibition]] in Moscow, [[United States Vice President]]\n        [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Premier of the Soviet Union|USSR Premier]] [[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]] engage in the \\\"[[Kitchen Debate]]\\\".\\n** In [[Long Beach]],\n        [[United States]], [[Akiko Kojima]] of [[Japan]] will crown [[Miss Universe\n        1959]].\\n* [[July 25]] – The [[SR.N1]] [[hovercraft]] crosses the [[English\n        Channel]] from [[Calais]] to [[Dover]] in just over 2 hours, on the 50th anniversary\n        of [[Louis Bl\\u00e9riot]]''s first crossing by [[heavier-than-air]] craft.\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Thor-Able\n        III Explorer 6.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[August 7]]: Launch of [[Explorer\n        6]]]]\\n[[File:Morris Mini interior 1959.jpg|thumb|right|[[August 26]]: Interior\n        of the [[Mini]]]]\\n\\n{{Main|August 1959}}\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Martial\n        law]] is declared in [[Laos]].\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Explorer program]]: The\n        United States launches [[Explorer 6]] from the Atlantic Missile Range in [[Cape\n        Canaveral]], [[Florida]].\\n** United States: The [[Roseburg blast|Roseburg,\n        Oregon blast]] kills 14 and causes $12 million worth of damage.\\n* [[August\n        8]] – A flood in [[Taiwan]] kills 2,000.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Explorer\n        6]] sends the first picture of Earth from orbit.\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Cyprus]] gains independence.\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** The [[1959 Hebgen Lake\n        earthquake]] in southwest Montana kills 28.\\n** [[Columbia Records]] releases\n        [[Miles Davis]] album ''''[[Kind of Blue]]''''.\\n* [[August 19]] – The\n        [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) is established.\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Hawaii]] is admitted as the 50th [[U.S. state]].\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Cyprus]] joins the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[August 26]] – The original\n        [[Mini]] designed by Sir [[Alec Issigonis]] is launched.\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Workers\\u2019 Stadium|Beijing Workers\\u2019 Stadium]], as known\n        well for sports venues in [[China]], officially opened.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}}\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Luna 2 Soviet moon probe.jpg|thumb|75px|\n        [[September 13]]: [[Luna 2]].]]\\n{{Storm path|Vera 1959 track.png|right|caption=[[September\n        26]]: [[Typhoon Vera]] storm path|alt=Track of a tropical cyclone as represented\n        by colored dots; each dot represents the storm''s position and intensity at\n        6-hour intervals.}}\\n{{Main|September 1959}}\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Luna\n        2]] becomes the first man-made object to crash on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Premier of the Soviet Union|USSR Premier]]\n        [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and his wife tour the United States, at the invitation\n        of U.S. President [[Dwight David Eisenhower]].\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        The [[Xerox 914]], the first plain paper copier, is introduced to the public.\\n*\n        [[September 17]]\\n**The first ''''Navy Navigation Satellite System'''' [[Transit\n        (satellite)|Transit 1A]] is launched but fails to reach orbit.\\n**The [[Hypersonic]]\n        [[North American X-15]] Research Vehicle, piloted by [[Scott Crossfield]],\n        makes its first powered flight at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California.\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – The ''''[[Princess of Tasmania|M/S Princess of Tasmania]]'''',\n        (Australia''s first passenger RO/RO [[Diesel engine|diesel]] ferry), makes\n        its maiden voyage across the [[Bass Strait]].\\n* [[September 25]] –\n        [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]''s prime minister [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]] is assassinated.\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[Typhoon Vera]] hits central [[Honsh\\u016b]], Japan,\n        killing an estimated 5,098, injuring another 38,921, and leaving 1,533,000\n        homeless. Most of the victims and damage are centered in the [[Nagoya]] area.\\n**\n        First large unit action of the [[Vietnam War]] takes place, when two companies\n        of the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|ARVN]] 23d Division are ambushed\n        by a well-organized [[Vietcong]] force of several hundred, identified as the\n        \\\"2d Liberation Battalion\\\".\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Soviet Union]]\n        leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] meets [[Mao Zedong]] in Beijing.\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Solomon-R-Guggenheim-Museum-Levels.jpg|right|thumb|287px|[[October\n        21]]: Atrium of the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] designed by [[Frank Lloyd\n        Wright]].]]\\n{{Main|October 1959}}\\n\\n* [[October 1]] – The [[10th anniversary\n        of the People''s Republic of China]] is celebrated with pomp across the country.\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Rod Serling]]''s classic anthology series ''''[[The\n        Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'''' premieres on [[CBS]].\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – The [[U.S.S.R.]] probe ''''[[Luna 3]]'''' sends back\n        the first ever photos of the [[far side of the Moon]].\\n* [[October 12]] –\n        At the national [[Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana|APRA]] Congress\n        in [[Peru]], a group of leftist radicals is expelled from the party; they\n        later form [[APRA Rebelde]].\\n* [[October 13]] – The United States launches\n        [[Explorer 7]].\\n* [[October 16]] – Founding of the [[Boston Patriots]],\n        [[American Football League|AFL]] [[American football]] club.\\n* [[October\n        21]] – In New York City, the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] (designed\n        by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]) opens to the public.\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        First appearance of [[Ast\\u00e9rix]] the Gaul.{{cite web|work=BDoubli\\u00e9es|title=Les\n        BD oubli\\u00e9es D''Ast\\u00e9rix|url=http://bdoubliees.com/journalpilote/series1/asterix.htm|language=French|accessdate=2013-10-03}}\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – Riots break out in the [[Belgian Congo]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main|November\n        1959}}\\n[[File:Charlton Heston in Ben Hur trailer.jpg|thumb|right|[[November\n        18]]: [[Charlton Heston]] in [[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – In [[Rwanda]], [[Hutu]] politician [[Dominique Mbonyumutwa]] is\n        beaten up by [[Tutsi]] forces, leading to a period of violence known as the\n        [[wind of destruction]].\\n* [[November 2]] – At a ceremony near [[Toddington,\n        Bedfordshire|Toddington]], British [[Secretary of State for Transport|Minister\n        of Transport]] [[Ernest Marples]] opens the first section of the [[M1 motorway|M1\n        Motorway]], between [[Watford]] and [[Crick, Northamptonshire|Crick]], along\n        with two [[Spur route|spur]] motorways, the [[M45 motorway|M45]] and [[M10\n        motorway (Great Britain)|M10]]. Three decades of large scale motorway construction\n        follow, leading to the rapid expansion of the UK [[List of motorways in the\n        United Kingdom|motorway network]].\\n* [[November 12]] – The [[Warner\n        Bros.]] religious epic ''''[[The Miracle (1959 film)|The Miracle]]'''', very\n        loosely based on the 1911 stage pantomime ''''[[Das Mirakel (play)|Das Mirakel]]'''',\n        is released. It is a critical and financial bomb.\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        The Clutter family of [[Holcomb, Kansas]] is brutally murdered, inspiring\n        [[Truman Capote]]''s ''''[[In Cold Blood]]''''.\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] releases widescreen [[Technicolor]] version of\n        ''''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'''', starring [[Charlton Heston]]. Film\n        goes on to win record number of [[Academy Award]]s. Last MGM film to win Best\n        Picture Oscar; ''''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'''' nominated\n        in 1965.\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[Declaration of the Rights of the\n        Child]] is adopted by the [[United Nations]].\\n\\n===December===\\n[[Image:Antarctica\n        6400px from Blue Marble.jpg|thumb|right|[[December 1]]: Twelve nations sign\n        the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]].]]\\n{{Main|December 1959}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Cold War]] – [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic\n        Treaty]]: 12 countries, including the United States and the [[Soviet Union]],\n        sign a landmark treaty that sets aside [[Antarctica]] as a scientific preserve\n        and bans military activity on the [[continent]] (the first [[arms control]]\n        agreement established during the Cold War).\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Malpasset\n        Dam]] in southern France collapses and water flows over the town of [[Fr\\u00e9jus]],\n        killing 412.\\n* [[December 8]] – The ''''[[RNLB Mona (ON 775)|Mona]]'''',\n        a lifeboat based at Broughty Ferry in Scotland, capsizes during a rescue attempt,\n        with the loss of 8 lives.\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Charles Robberts Swart]]\n        is appointed the 11th [[Governor-General of the Union of South Africa]].\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Makarios III]] is selected the first [[president\n        of Cyprus]].\\n* [[December 28]] – After having been shot two years earlier,\n        [[Ante Paveli\\u0107]] dies from his wounds in a Spanish hospital.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n[[File:Extantigerturanianwksciam97.jpg|thumb|Illustration of two\n        [[Caspian tiger]]s.]]\\n* The [[Daytona International Speedway]] completes\n        construction.\\n* Nylon tights, popularly called [[pantyhose]] or sheer tights,\n        first sold on the open market as ''Panti-Legs'' by Glen Raven Knitting Mills.\\n*\n        The [[Workers World Party]] is founded by [[Sam Marcy]].\\n* The first known\n        human with [[HIV]] dies in the [[Belgian Congo|Congo]].{{cite journal|title=An\n        African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic|pages=594\\u2013597|doi=10.1038/35400|pmid=9468138|first1=T.|last2=Zhu|first2=Tuofu|last3=Korber|first3=Bette\n        T.|last4=Nahmias|first4=Andre J.|last5= Hooper|first5=Edward|last6=Sharp|first6=Paul\n        M.|journal=Nature|volume=391|issue=6667|year=1998|author1=Zhu}}\\n* The\n        current (as of 2006) design of the Japanese [[10 yen coin]] is put into circulation.\\n*\n        The [[Caspian tiger]] becomes extinct in [[Iran]].\\n* The [[Henney Kilowatt]]\n        goes on sale in the United States, becoming the first mass-produced [[electric\n        car]] in almost three decades.\\n* [[Erving Goffman]] publishes his seminal\n        study in [[sociology]], ''''[[The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life]]''''.\\n*\n        The iconic 1959 [[Cadillac]] is introduced, with [[car tailfin|tailfin]] wars\n        peaking that had begun in 1948.\\n* Chevy El Camino is introduced.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Clancy\n        Brown by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Clancy Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Rigoberta\n        Menchu 2009 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rigoberta Mench\\u00fa]]]]\\n[[File:Larry\n        McReynolds.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Larry McReynolds]]]]\\n[[File:Keith Olbermann-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith\n        Olbermann]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Azali Assoumani]], [[President of\n        the Comoros]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Joe Bevilacqua]], American producer,\n        director, writer, actor\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Vanity (singer)|Vanity]], Canadian\n        singer and actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Yoshitomo Nara]], Japanese artist\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Clancy Brown]], American actor\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Andy Dog Johnson|Andrew Johnson]], English artist (d. 2016)\\n* [[January\n        9]]\\n** [[Rigoberta Mench\\u00fa]], Guatemalan recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]]\\n** [[Mark Martin]], American NASCAR driver\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Larry McReynolds]], American [[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]] commentator\n        \\n* [[January 12]] – [[Per Gessle]], Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist\n        ([[Roxette]]) \\n* [[January 16]] – [[Sade (singer)|Sade]], Nigerian-born\n        singer\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Susanna Hoffs]], American rock vocalist\\n**\n        [[Momoe Yamaguchi]], Japanese singer\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Alex McLeish]],\n        [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] player\\n** [[Paulo Miklos]],\n        Brazilian singer and actor\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Linda Blair]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Vic Reeves]], English comedian \\n* [[January\n        27]] – [[Keith Olbermann]], American news anchor and sportscaster \\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Mike Foligno]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Jody Watley]], African-American singer\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Kelly Lynch]], American model and actress\\n** [[Kelly Moore]], American\n        race car driver\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sillon de\n        Rivadavia (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mauricio Macri]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1984-0205-002, Joachim Kunz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joachim Kunz]]]]\\n[[File:Kyle\n        McLachlan Cannes 2017 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyle MacLachlan]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\n** [[Jari Tervo]], Finnish author\\n** [[Hella von Sinnen]], German TV-entertainer\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Tonga Fifita|UliUli Fifita]], Tongan professional\n        Wrestler aka(Haku/Meng)\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Pamelyn Ferdin]], American\n        former child actress; animal rights activist\\n** [[Raquel Morell]], Mexican\n        actress\\n** [[Lawrence Taylor]], American football player\\n* [[February 5]]\n        – [[Jennifer Granholm]], Canadian-American politician, 47th [[Governor\n        of Michigan]] (2003\\u20132011)\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Pat Bullard]], Canadian\n        game show host, comedian and writer\\n** [[Ken Nelson (British record producer)|Ken\n        Nelson]], English record producer\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Vladim\\u00edr\n        Havl\\u00edk]], Czech action artist\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Mauricio Macri]],\n        [[President of Argentina]] \\n* [[February 9]] – [[Joachim Kunz]], East\n        German Olympic weightlifter\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Dennis Gentry]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Ren\\u00e9e Fleming]],\n        American soprano\\n* [[February 16]] – [[John McEnroe]], American tennis\n        player\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Jayne Atkinson]], English-born American\n        film, theatre and television actress\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Kyle MacLachlan]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Renee M. Borges]], Indian ecologist\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[Rolando Blackman]], [[Panama]]nian basketball player\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Tom\n        Arnold by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]]]]\\n[[File:Jaime\n        Augusto Zobel de Ayala II - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jaime\n        Augusto Zobel de Ayala|Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala II]]]]\\n[[File:Jens Stoltenberg\n        February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jens Stoltenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew Modine\n        at the NY Knicks vs Miami Heat game (May 2012).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matthew Modine]]]]\\n[[File:Laura-Chinchilla-cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laura\n        Chinchilla]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Nick Griffin]], British politician\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Rick Ardon]], Australian news presenter\\n** [[Irina Strakhova]],\n        Russian race walker\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Mike Byster]], American [[mathematician]],\n        [[mental calculator]] and [[Mathematics education|math educator]]\\n** [[Vazgen\n        Sargsyan]], 8th Prime Minister of Armenia (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\n**\n        [[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Jaime\n        Augusto Zobel de Ayala]] II, Spanish Filipino businessman\\n**[[Lars Larson]],\n        American conservative talk show host\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Lester Holt]], American\n        television journalist and news anchor\\n** [[Aidan Quinn]], Irish-American\n        actor\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Giovanni di Lorenzo]], German-Italian journalist\n        and talk show host\\n** [[Takaaki Kajita]], Japanese nuclear physicist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Mike Wallace (racing\n        driver)|Mike Wallace]], American race car driver\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Nina\n        Hartley]], American pornographic actress and director\\n** [[Margus Oopkaup]],\n        Estonian actor \\n** [[Dejan Stojanovi\\u0107]], Serbian-American poet, writer,\n        essayist and businessman\\n* [[March 15]] \\n**[[Harold Baines]], American baseball\n        player\\n**[[Fabio Lanzoni]], Italian fashion model and actor\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[Flavor Flav]], American rapper\\n** [[Jens Stoltenberg]], 27th [[Prime Minister\n        of Norway]]\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Danny Ainge]], American basketball player,\n        coach and baseball player\\n** [[Ken Lo]], Hong Kong actor and member of the\n        [[Jackie Chan Stunt Team]]\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Luc Besson]], French film\n        producer, writer and director\\n** [[Irene Cara]], African-American singer\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Sting (wrestler)|Steve Borden]], American wrestler\\n**\n        [[Richard Drummie]], English guitarist and composer ([[Go West (band)|Go West]])\\n**\n        [[Steve McFadden]], British actor\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Nobuo Uematsu]],\n        Japanese composer\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Matthew Modine]], American actor\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Kazue Ikura]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Catherine Keener]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Jun''ichi Sugawara]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Laura Chinchilla]], 49th [[President\n        of Costa Rica]]\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Barry Blanchard]], Canadian mountaineer\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Andrew Bailey (banker)|Andrew Bailey]], [[Executive\n        Director]] [[Banking]] and [[Chief Cashier]] at the [[Bank of England]]\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Markus Hediger]], Swiss writer and translator\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:David\n        Hyde Pierce VF Shankbone 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Hyde Pierce]]]]\\n[[File:Emma\n        Thompson at climate march.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emma Thompson]]]]\\n[[File:Sean\n        Bean TIFF 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sean Bean]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Smith (musician)\n        crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen-Harper-Cropped-2014-02-18.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen\n        Harper]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Badou Ezzaki|Badou Zaki]], Moroccan football\n        player and manager\\n* [[April 3]] – [[David Hyde Pierce]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Brian Setzer]], American rock guitarist and\n        singer\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Ana Mar\\u00eda Polo]], Cuban-born judge and\n        television personality\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Steve Byrnes]], American\n        motorsports broadcaster (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Fruit Chan]],\n        Hong Kong film director\\n** [[Ray Neufeld]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[John Onoje]], Sierra Leonean-born Moldovan activist\\n** [[Emma Thompson]],\n        English actress\\n** [[Thomas F. Wilson]], American actor \\n* [[April 16]]\n        \\n** [[David Feiss]], American animator\\n** [[Alison Ramsay]], Scottish field\n        hockey player\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Sean Bean]], British actor\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Patricia Charbonneau]], American actress\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Clint Howard]], American actor and producer\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Robert\n        Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]], lead vocalist and guitarist of the British\n        rock group [[The Cure]]\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Terry Francona]], American baseball\n        player and manager\\n** [[Ryan Stiles]], American comedian\\n* [[April 24]]\n        – [[Paula Yates]], British television presenter (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] – [[Tony Phillips]], American baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – [[Sheena Easton]], Scottish singer\\n* [[April 30]] –\n        [[Stephen Harper]], 22nd [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Brian\n        Williams 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Brian Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Peter-molyneux-at-university-of-southampton.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter\n        Molyneux]]]]\\n[[File:Clary 2008.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Julian Clary]]]]\\n[[File:MorrisseySXSW2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Morrissey]]]]\\n[[File:RupertEverett\n        cropped-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rupert Everett]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Alan\n        Best (filmmaker)|Alan Best]], Canadian animation director and producer\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[Uma Bharti]], Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh\\n** [[Ben Elton]],\n        British comedian and writer\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Peter Molyneux]], British game\n        programmer\\n** [[Steve Stevens]], American guitarist\\n** [[Brian Williams]],\n        American news anchor\\n* [[May 9]] – [[J\\u00e1nos \\u00c1der]], [[President\n        of Hungary]]\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Victoria Rowell]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Ving Rhames]], American actor\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Patrick\n        Bruel]], French singer\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Andrew Eldritch]], British\n        singer/songwriter \\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Marcelo Loffreda]], Argentine rugby\n        player and coach\\n** [[Jim Nantz]], American sports announcer\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – [[Nicole Brown Simpson]], American ex-wife of [[O. J. Simpson]] and\n        murder victim (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Israel Kamakawiwo\\u02bbole]],\n        American singer (d. 1997)\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Brian Lenihan, Jnr|Brian Lenihan]],\n        Irish politician (d. 2011)\\n** [[Loretta Lynch]], [[United States Attorney\n        General]]\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[David Blatt]], Israeli-American professional\n        basketball player and coach\\n** [[Morrissey]], British singer\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Bob Mortimer]], English comedian\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Pelle Lindbergh]],\n        Swedish-born hockey player (d. 1985)\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Julian Clary]],\n        English comedian, actor, and author\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Kevin Gage (actor)|Kevin\n        Gage]], American actor\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Katherine Lanpher]], American\n        journalist\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Steve Strange]], Welsh singer ([[Visage\n        (band)|Visage]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Rupert Everett]], British\n        actor\\n\\n===June===\\n\\n[[File:Hugh Laurie 2009 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugh\n        Laurie]]]]\\n[[File:Klaus Iohannis at EPP Summit, March 2015, Brussels (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Klaus\n        Iohannis]]]]\\n[[File:Landtag Niedersachsen DSCF7770 cropped.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Christian\n        Wulff]]]]\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Paul Germain]], American television screenwriter\n        and producer\\n*[[June 7]] – [[Mike Pence]], 50th [[Governor of Indiana]],\n        [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|48th]] [[Vice President of\n        the United States]]\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Bernard White (actor)|Bernard\n        White]], Sri Lankan-born American actor, screenwriter and film director\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Miles O''Brien (journalist)|Miles O''Brien]], American\n        television news anchor, pilot\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Carlo Ancelotti]], Italian\n        football player and manager\\n** [[Eliot Spitzer]], American politician and\n        former [[List of Governors of New York|governor of New York]]\\n* [[June 11]]\\n**\n        [[Hugh Laurie]], British actor, comedian, and musician\\n** [[Magnum T.A.]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[June 12]] – [[John Linnell]], American\n        singer-songwriter, half of alternative rock duo [[They Might Be Giants]]\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Klaus Iohannis]], [[President of Romania]] \\n* [[June\n        14]] – [[Marcus Miller]], American bassist\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Eileen\n        Davidson]], American actress and author\\n* [[June 16]] – [[The Ultimate\n        Warrior]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**\n        [[Ulrike Richter]], German swimmer\\n** [[Kazuki Yao]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Joe Ansolabehere]], American television screenwriter\n        and producer\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Christian Wulff]], [[Federal President\n        of Germany]] \\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Wayne Federman]], American comedian, actor,\n        and author\\n** [[Ed Viesturs]], American mountaineer\\n* [[June 24]] –\n        [[Andy McCluskey]], English musician and songwriter ([[Orchestral Manoeuvres\n        in the Dark|OMD]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Mark McKinney]], Canadian actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[June 28]] – [[John Shelley (illustrator)|John Shelley]],\n        British illustrator\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Vincent D''Onofrio]], American\n        actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Richie Sambora at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richie\n        Sambora]]]]     \\n[[File:Governor NewMexico.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Susana Martinez]]]]                                                      \\n[[File:Kevin\n        Spacey, May 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Spacey]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[Dale Midkiff]], American actor\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Julie Burchill]],\n        British journalist\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Marc Cohn]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Richard Dacoury]], French basketball player\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Billy Campbell]], American actor\\n** [[Barbara Krause]], German\n        swimmer\\n** [[Ben Linder]], American engineer (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Kerr]], Scottish rock singer ([[Simple Minds]])\\n** [[Kevin Nash]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Richie Sambora]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Suzanne Vega]], American singer\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Charlie\n        Murphy]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 14]] –\n        [[Susana Martinez]], American politician, Governor of New Mexico\\n* [[July\n        16]] – [[Gary Anderson (placekicker)|Gary Anderson]], American football\n        player\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Margaret Becker]], American Christian singer\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Mel Purcell]], American tennis player\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – [[Juan J. Campanella]], Argentinian filmmaker\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        [[Anatoly Onoprienko]], Ukrainian serial killer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Rick Bragg]], American journalist\\n** [[Kevin Spacey]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Richard Pearce (British actor)|Richard Pearce]], British voice artist\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Hugh Green (American football)|Hugh Green]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** [[Sanjay Dutt]], Indian actor\\n** [[Ruud\n        Janssen]], Dutch artist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Rosanna Arquette - Monte-Carlo\n        Television Festival.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Rosanna Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Gustavo\n        Cerati.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gustavo Cerati]]]]\\n[[File:Earvin \\\"Magic\\\" Johnson\n        on ''07.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Magic Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Rebecca-de-Mornay.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rebecca\n        De Mornay]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Koichi Tanaka]], Japanese scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Robbin\n        Crosby]], American rock guitarist ([[Ratt]]) (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 5]]\n        – [[Pete Burns]], British singer ([[Dead or Alive (band)|Dead or Alive]])\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 6]] –  [[Rajendra Singh]] Indian [[water conservationist]],\n        [[Magsaysay Award]] (2001)\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Rosanna Arquette]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Gustavo Cerati]], Argentinian singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Yoshiaki Murakami]], Japanese investor\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – [[Danny Bonaduce]], American actor and disc jockey\\n* [[August 14]]\\n**\n        [[Marcia Gay Harden]], American actress\\n** [[Magic Johnson]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Scott Altman]], American astronaut\\n* [[August\n        17]]\\n** [[Sakamoto Chika]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Franzen]], American author\\n** [[David Koresh]], American spiritualist, leader\n        of the [[Branch Davidian]] religious cult (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Brad Wellman]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Anthony Sowell]], convicted\n        serial killer and rapist\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Jim McMahon]], American\n        football player\\n* [[August 25]] – [[S\\u00f6nke Wortmann]], German film\n        director\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Stan Van Gundy]], American basketball\n        coach\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Juan Fernando Cobo]], Colombian artist\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen\n        Becker]], German cabaret artist and actor\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Rebecca De\n        Mornay]], American actress\\n** [[Stephen Wolfram]], British scientist\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Mark \\\"Jacko\\\" Jackson]], [[Australian rules football]]er and\n        actor\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Tony DeFranco]], Canadian singer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Guy\n        Laliberte WPT.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Guy Lalibert\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Wikicoulier.png|thumb|100px|[[Dave\n        Coulier]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Alexander Fourth of July (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason\n        Alexander]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Kenny Mayne]], American sportscaster\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Guy Lalibert\\u00e9]], Canadian [[Cirque du Soleil]]\n        founder\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Kevin Harrington (actor)|Kevin Harrington]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Armin Kogler]], Austrian ski jumper\\n* [[September\n        8]]\\n** [[Daler Nazarov]], Tajik composer, singer, and actor\\n** [[Saeko Shimazu]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Michael Earl (puppeteer)|Michael\n        Earl]], American puppeteer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Sigmar\n        Gabriel]], German politician\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Kathy Johnson]],\n        American artistic gymnast\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Mary Crosby]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Morten Harket]], Norwegian rock singer ([[A-ha]])\\n** [[Haviland\n        Morris]], American actress\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Mike Reiss]], American\n        television comedy writer\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Charles Lawson]], Irish\n        actor\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[S\\u00e9rgio Britto]], Brazilian singer and\n        keyboardist\\n** [[Kirk Fogg]], American actor, game show host and singer\\n**\n        [[Ryne Sandberg]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Dave\n        Coulier]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Jason\n        Alexander]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Steve\n        Whitmire]], American puppeteer\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Dantes Tsitsi]],\n        Nauruan politician\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Benjamin Sehene]], Rwandan\n        writer\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Ettore Messina]], Italian basketball\n        coach\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Simon Cowell in December 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Simon\n        Cowell]]]]\\n[[File:MO DF-ST-92-07516.JPEG|thumb|100px|[[Marie Osmond]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah\n        Ferguson in Leeds 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah, Duchess of York]]]]\\n[[File:RichardRoeper06TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Roeper]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Watanabe 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ken Watanabe]]]]\\n[[File:AlYankovicByKristineSlipson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\\"Weird\n        Al\\\" Yankovic]]]]\\n[[File:Evo Morales 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Evo Morales]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Magufuli 2015.png|thumb|100px|[[John Magufuli]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Brian\n        P. Cleary]], American humorist, author, poet\\n** [[Youssou N''Dour]], Senegalese\n        singer\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Fred Couples]], American golfer\\n** [[Greg Proops]],\n        American comedian\\n** [[Jack Wagner (actor)|Jack Wagner]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Chris Lowe]], British musician\\n* [[October 5]] –\n        [[David Shannon]], American writer and illustrator\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Simon\n        Cowell]], English music producer and television talent show judge\\n** [[Lourdes\n        Flores]], Peruvian politician\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Nick Bakay]], American\n        actor, producer, and screenwriter\\n** [[Brad Byers]], American entertainer\\n**\n        [[Gavin Friday]], Irish singer-songwriter, actor, and producer ([[Virgin Prunes]])\\n**\n        [[Erik Gundersen]], Danish motorcycle racer\\n** [[Mike Morgan (baseball)|Mike\n        Morgan]], American baseball player and coach\\n** [[Carlos I. Noriega]], Peruvian-American\n        colonel and astronaut\\n* [[October 9]] \\n** [[Michael Par\\u00e9]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Boris Nemtsov]], Russian politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n**[[Kirsty MacColl]], British singer and songwriter (d. [[2000]])\\n**[[Julia\n        Sweeney]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Marie\n        Osmond]], American singer\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Emeril Lagasse]], American\n        chef and restaurant owner\\n** [[Sarah, Duchess of York]], British Princess\n        and former wife of [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        [[Richard Roeper]], American film critic\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Ken Watanabe]],\n        Japanese actor\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Arto Salminen]], Finnish writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Nancy Grace]], American television host\\n**\n        [[\\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic]], American singer and parodist\\n** [[Sam Raimi]],\n        American producer, writer and director\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Chrissy\n        Amphlett]], Australian rock singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Evo Morales]], [[President of Bolivia]]\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Rick\n        Carlisle]], American basketball coach\\n* [[October 29]] – [[John Magufuli]],\n        5th [[President of Tanzania]]\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Neal Stephenson]],\n        American writer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Bryan Adams Hamburg MG 0631 flickr\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bryan Adams]]]]\\n[[File:Allison Janney Oct 2014\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Allison Janney]]]]\\n[[File:Sean Young LF.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sean\n        Young]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Sa\\u00efd Aouita]], Moroccan athlete\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Timothy Patrick Murphy]], American actor (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Bryan Adams]], Canadian singer and photographer\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Nobuo Tobita]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Billy Gillispie]], American basketball coach\\n* [[November 8]]\n        – [[Sel\\u00e7uk Yula]], Turkish football player and top scorer\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Tony Slattery]], British comedian and actor\\n* [[November 10]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Cohn]], American sports reporter\\n** [[Mackenzie Phillips]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Mike McCarthy (American football)|Mike McCarthy]], American\n        football coach\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Christian Schwarzenegger]], Swiss\n        legal scientist and professor\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Paul McGann]],\n        British actor\\n* [[November 17]] – [[William R. Moses]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – [[Jimmy Quinn (Northern Ireland footballer)|Jimmy\n        Quinn]], Northern Irish footballer and football manager\\n* [[November 19]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Barron (bishop)|Robert Barron]], American bishop, author, and theologian\\n**\n        [[Jo Bonner]], American U.S. Representative for Alabama''s 1st congressional\n        district\\n** [[Allison Janney]], American actress\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Sean Young]], American actress\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Dominique Dunne]],\n        American actress (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Akio \\u014ctsuka]],\n        Japanese voice actor and actor\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Charles Kennedy]],\n        British politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Viktoria Mullova]],\n        Russian violinist\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Judd Nelson]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Rahm Emanuel]], American politician\\n** [[Platon Lebedev]],\n        Russian executive\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[George S. J. Faber|George Faber]],\n        British television producer\\n** [[Lorraine Kelly]], British presenter and\n        journalist\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Satoru Iwata - Game Developers Conference\n        2011 - Day 2 (1).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Satoru Iwata]]]]\\n[[File:Florence Griffith\n        Joyner2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Florence Griffith Joyner]]]]\\n[[File:Tracey Ullman\n        1990.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tracey Ullman]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Billy Childish]],\n        English painter, writer and musician\\n** [[Wally Lewis]], Australian sport\n        identity\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Christa Luding-Rothenburger]], German\n        speed skater\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Satoru Iwata]], Japanese president\n        of Nintendo (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Karl Shuker]], British\n        zoologist, crypto-zoologist, and author\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Johnny\n        Whitaker]], American actor\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Evan Ziporyn]], American\n        composer\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Alison LaPlaca]], American actress\\n** [[Steve\n        Mattsson]], American writer\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Gregg Araki]], American\n        director\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Waise Lee]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Stephen Chan Chi Wan]], general manager of [[TVB]]\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Florence Griffith Joyner]], American athlete (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Bernd Schuster]], German footballer and manager\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Keith Deller]], English darts player\\n* [[December\n        25]] – [[Michael P. Anderson]], American astronaut (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – [[Gerina Dunwich]], American author\\n* [[December\n        28]] – [[Ana Torroja]], Spanish singer\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Marco\n        Antonio Sol\\u00eds]], Mexican singer\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Tracey Ullman]],\n        British-American comedian and actress\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Val Kilmer]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Baron Waqa]], Nauruan politician and composer, 14th [[President\n        of Nauru]]\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*[[Jacki Randall]], American artist\\n*Tarek\n        Al-Arabi Tourgane, Syrian singer-songwriter\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Demille\n        - c1920.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Cecil B. DeMille]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[William\n        D. Francis]], Australian botanist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Edwin\n        Muir]], Scottish poet, novelist and translator (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Enrique Pedreira]], Puerto Rican composer (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Zhang Xi (PRC politician)|Zhang Xi]], Chinese politician\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Giuseppe Bottai]], Italian Fascist\n        journalist and politician (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\n** [[Eivind Berggrav]],\n        Norwegian [[Lutheran]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[G. D. H. Cole]],\n        English political theorist, economist and historian (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Eduardo Braun-Men\\u00e9ndez]], Argentine physiologist (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Jennie Ross Cobb]], American photographer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Roger Gray (actor)|Roger Gray]], American actor (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Cecil B. DeMille]], American film director\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Carl Switzer]], American actor (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Mike Hawthorn]], English race car driver (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] – [[William Flannery]], American director (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Margaret Elizabeth Egan]], American librarian (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[MacGillivray Milne]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]] and\n        the 27th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        [[Walter Beall]], American baseball player (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:DFMalanPortret.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Daniel\n        Fran\\u00e7ois Malan]]]]\\n[[File:Beatrix Jones Farrand cabinet card est 1890s-1910s.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Beatrix\n        Farrand]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Frank Shannon]], American actor (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[The Day the Music Died|Killed in the\n        crash of a private plane]]:\\n** [[The Big Bopper]] (J.P. Richardson), American\n        rock singer (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Buddy Holly]], American rock singer  (b. [[1936]])\\n**\n        [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]], pilot (b. [[1937]])\\n** [[Ritchie\n        Valens]], American rock singer (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Vincent\n        Astor]], American philanthropist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Francesco De Robertis]],\n        Italian screenwriter, editor and director (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 4]]\n        – [[Una O''Connor (actress)|Una O''Connor]], Irish actress (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 7]]\\n** [[Nap Lajoie]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland Indians]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Daniel Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Malan]], South African politician, 4th [[Prime Minister of South Africa]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Marshall Teague]], American race\n        car driver (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[George Antheil]], American\n        composer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Baby Dodds]], American\n        jazz musician (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Ralph Eastwood]], British\n        army officer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Owen Willans Richardson]], British physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Luigi Emanueli]], Italian engineer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Gago Coutinho]], Portuguese aviation pioneer (b. 1869)\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\n** [[Greg\\u00f3rio Bondar]], Russian-Brazilian agronomist (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Laurence Housman]], English playwright and writer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Helen Parrish]], American actress (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] \\n** [[Pierre Frieden]], Luxembourgish politician and writer, 18th [[Prime\n        Minister of Luxembourg]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Luis Pal\\u00e9s Matos]], Puerto\n        Rican poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Klawdziy Duzh-Dushewski]],\n        Soviet architect, diplomat and journalist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife]], eldest grandchild of King [[Edward\n        VII]] (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Selig Suskin]], Russian-born Israeli agronomist\n        and early Zionist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 28]] \\n** [[Maxwell Anderson]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Beatrix Farrand]], American gardener\n        and architect (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Lou Costello in Africa\n        Screams.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lou Costello]]]]\\n[[File:52 HatoyamaI.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ichir\\u014d\n        Hatoyama]]]]\\n[[File:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi Seated.png|thumb|110px|[[Abd al-Rahman\n        al-Mahdi]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Mack Gordon]], American composer and\n        lyricist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Zalman Ben-Ya''akov]], Israel\n        politician (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Eric Blore]], English actor (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Lou Costello]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Adolphe Danziger De Castro]], Israeli scholar (b.  [[1859]])\\n**\n        [[Maxie Long]], American athlete (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\n** [[Guido\n        Brignone]], Italian actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Fred Stone]], American actor\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Ichir\\u014d Hatoyama]], Japanese politician,\n        36th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\n** [[Shalva\n        Dadiani]], Soviet novelist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Lester Young]], American jazz\n        saxophonist (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Galaktion Tabidze]], Georgian\n        poet (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Umberto Barbaro]], Italian critic\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Edwin Balmer]], American science fiction\n        and mystery writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Dominick Trcka]],\n        Czechoslovak [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        24]] – [[Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi]], Sudanese political figure and religious\n        leader, Imam of the [[Ansar (Sudan)|Ansar]] and 1st [[Prime Minister of Sudan]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Billy Mayerl]], British pianist and\n        composer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Raymond Chandler]], American-born\n        novelist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Grant Withers]], American\n        actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Lyubov Golanchikova]], Soviet\n        pilot (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Barth\\u00e9lemy Boganda]], 1st\n        [[Prime Minister of the Central African Republic]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Reginald R. Belknap]], United States Navy rear admiral (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Frank Lloyd Wright portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frank\n        Lloyd Wright]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Nicholas Charnetsky]], Soviet [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Leo Aryeh Mayer]], Israeli professor and scholar of\n        Islamic art (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Mario de Bernardi]], Italian\n        aviator (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Marios Makrionitis]], Greek [[Jesuit]] prelate\n        and reverend (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Frank Lloyd Wright]],\n        American architect (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[James Gleason]],\n        American actor, playwright, and screenwriter (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 13]]\n        – [[Dagmar Hansen]], Danish singer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        [[Ram\\u00f3n Armando Rodr\\u00edguez]], Venezuelan writer (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Cecil Cunningham]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Irving Cummings]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Count Michael Mikhailovich of Torby]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[Alabert Fogarasi]], Hungarian philosopher and politician\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Guggiari Echeverr\\u00eda]], Paraguayan [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and venerable (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson]], British general (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Troy Sanders (composer)|Troy Sanders]], American film\n        score composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[William S. Pye]], American\n        admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[Georges-Fran\\u00e7ois-Xavier-Marie\n        Grente|Georges Grente]], French [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n** [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]], Argentine politician, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Maria Dul\\u0119ba]],\n        Polish actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 8]] \\n** [[Renato Caccioppoli]], Italian\n        mathematician (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Hector Choquette]], Canadian politician\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Marcella Albani]], Italian actress (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Sidney Bechet]], American musician (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] \\n** [[Joe Cook (actor)|Joe Cook]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Jeanne de Flandreysy]], French author (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 16]] –\n        [[Elisha Scott]], Irish footballer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\n** [[George\n        Albert Smith (film pioneer)|George Albert Smith]], English film pioneer (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n** [[Judite Teixeira]], Portuguese writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Apsley Cherry-Garrard]], Antarctic explorer (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Enrique\n        Guaita]], Argentinian footballer (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Alfred\n        Sch\\u00fctz]], Austrian sociologist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Henri\n        Marchand (actor)|Henri Marchand]], French actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 24]]\n        – [[John Foster Dulles]], [[United States Secretary of State]] (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Ed Walsh]], American baseball player ([[Chicago White\n        Sox]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 30]]\n        \\n** [[Hesperia (actress)|Hesperia]], Italian actress (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Ra\\u00fal\n        Scalabrini Ortiz]], Argentinian journalist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Ede Zathureczky]], Hungarian violinist (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Windaus.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolf\n        Otto Reinhold Windaus]]]]\\n[[File:Hitoshi Ashida.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hitoshi\n        Ashida]]]]\\n[[File:Elias von Parma Postkarte 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elias,\n        Duke of Parma]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Kinahan Cornwallis]], British diplomat\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Charles Vidor]], American director (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Pietro Canonica]], Italian sculptor (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[Sonnie Hale]], English actor and director (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n** [[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Clyde\n        E. Elliott]], American director, producer and writer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June\n        14]] – [[Jer\\u00f3nimo M\\u00e9ndez]], Chilean politician, former acting\n        [[Presidents of Chile|President of the Republic]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Kazimierz Bein]], Polish ophtlalmologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June\n        16]] – [[George Reeves]], American television actor (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Ethel Barrymore]], American stage and screen actress (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Vincenzo Cardarelli]], Italian poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        20]] – [[Hitoshi Ashida]], Japanese politician, 34th [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix Guignot]], French\n        physician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Bruce Harlan]], American Olympic diver (b. [[1926]])\\n*\n        [[June 23]] \\n** [[Cesare Maria De Vecchi]], Italian soldier (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Gorczy\\u0144ska]], Polish actress (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Boris Vian]],\n        French writer, poet, singer, and musician (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Farajallah el-Helou]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Charles Starkweather]],\n        American spree killer (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Elias, Duke of Parma]]\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Giovanni Pastrone]], Italian actor, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Vasconcelos]], Mexican politician,\n        writer and philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Billie Holiday\n        1949.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Billie Holiday]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Sergei Chetverikov]],\n        Russian biologist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Pedro Pablo Caro]], Chilean\n        lawyer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Johan Bojer]], Norwegian novelist and dramatist\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Jarabo]], Spanish\n        spree killer (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[George Grosz]], German\n        artist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Ernest Newman]], British music critic\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Hermenegildo Anglada Camarasa|Hermenegildo Anglada]],\n        Spanish painter (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Ferenc Tal\\u00e1nyi]],\n        Yugoslav writer, partisan and painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Marcel Nguy\\u1ec5n T\\u00e2n V\\u0103n]], Vietnamese [[Redemptorist]] brother\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Charlie Parker (cricketer)|Charlie\n        Parker]], English cricketer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Grock]],\n        Swiss clown (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Ernest Bloch]], Swiss composer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Agostino Gemelli]], Italian [[Franciscan]] friar and reverend\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Billie Holiday]], American singer (b.\n        [[1915]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[William D. Leahy]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog]], Polish-born Chief\n        Rabbi of Ireland, and later of [[Israel]] (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Naim Moghabghab]],\n        Lebanese political leader (b. [[1911]])\\n** King [[Mutara III of Rwanda]]\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Joseph Ayo Babalola]], Nigerian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] apostle (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Manuel Altolaguirre]], Spanish poet\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Heinie Conklin]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Gottfried Fr\\u00f6lich]], German general, recipient of the [[Knight''s Cross\n        of the Iron Cross]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Natividad Venegas de la\n        Torre]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] nun and saint (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Mary Teresa Norton]], American politician (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[August 3]]\\n** [[Herb Byrne]], Australian rules footballer (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Fernando Carpi]], Italian tenor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Ioan\n        B\\u0103lan]], Romanian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] prelate (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Edgar Guest]], English poet (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Preston Sturges]], American film director and writer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\n** [[Luigi Sturzo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and\n        politician (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Henry St. George Tucker (bishop)|Henry St.\n        George Tucker]], American [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] bishop\n        and reverend (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Luis Araquist\\u00e1in]], Spanish politician\n        and writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Emil Franti\\u0161ek Burian]],\n        Czechoslovak poet (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Blind Willie McTell]],\n        American Piedmont blues singer and guitarist (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Benny Fields]], American singer (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[William Halsey, Jr.]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Wanda Landowska]], Polish harpsichordist\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque]], Brazilian\n        military officer (b.  [[1885]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Claude Grahame-White]],\n        British aviation pioneer (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jacob Epstein]], American-born\n        sculptor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Alexander Evreinov]], Soviet\n        [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – [[Marie Luise Droop]], German writer, producer and director\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Raphael Lemkin]], international lawyer\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Bohuslav Martin\\u016f]], Czech composer (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_(1899-1959).jpg|thumb|110px|[[S.\n        W. R. D. Bandaranaike]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Jack Norworth]], American\n        singer and songwriter (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Edmund Gwenn]],\n        English actor (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Kay Kendall]], English actress (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]] \\n** [[Maurice Duplessis]], [[Premier of Quebec]] (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Virgilio Riento]], Italian actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Paul Douglas (actor)|Paul Douglas]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        13]] \\n** [[Adrian (costume designer)|Gilbert Adrian]], American costume designer\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Diomira Jacobini]], Italian actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Wayne Morris (American actor)|Wayne Morris]], American actor\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Chumbhotbongs Paribatra]], Prince\n        of Thailand (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Jack Llewelyn Davies]],\n        one of the ''Lost Boys'' for the [[Peter Pan]] book (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Adolf Ziegler]],  German painter (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September\n        20]] – [[Nikandr Chibisov]], Russian commander (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\n** [[Josef Matthias Hauer]], Austrian composer and music theorist (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n** [[Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside]], British Field Marshal\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]], 4th [[Prime\n        Minister of Ceylon]] (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Helen Broderick]], American actress\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Marcelle G\\u00e9niat]], French\n        actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Rimma Brailovskaya]], Russian\n        painter (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Rudolf Caracciola]], German race car driver (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n** [[Oscar Griswold]], American general (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Gerard\n        Hoffnung]], German-born English humorist (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Vinnie Richards]],\n        American tennis player (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Taylor\n        Holmes]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Enrico De\n        Nicola.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Enrico De Nicola]]]]\\n[[File:Errol Flynn1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Errol\n        Flynn]]]]\\n[[File:General George C. Marshall, official military photo, 1946.JPEG|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Marshall|George C. Marshall]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Enrico De Nicola]],\n        Italian jurist, politician and journalist, 1st [[President of Italy]] (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Bernard Berenson]], American art historian\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Mario Lanza]], American tenor (b.\n        [[1921]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Shir\\u014d Ishii]], Japanese microbiologist\n        and lieutenant general of [[Unit 731]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 11]] –\n        [[Bert Bell]], 2nd commissioner of the [[National Football League]] (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\n** [[Edward Keane (actor)|Edward Keane]], American actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Arnolt Bronnen]], Austrian playwright and director (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Errol Flynn]], Australian actor (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Stepan Bandera]], Ukrainian nationalist\n        leader (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Minor Hall]], American jazz musician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]], [[United States\n        Secretary of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[October 18]] – [[Boughera El Ouafi]], Algerian athlete (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Ebrahim Hakimi]], 29th [[Prime Minister of Iran]]\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Werner Krauss]], German actor (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Joseph Cahill]], Australian politician\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Genevieve R. Cline]], American jurist\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Domenchina]], Spanish\n        poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** [[Lili \\u00c1rkayn\\u00e9 Sztehl\\u00f3]],\n        Hungarian painter (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Camilo Cienfuegos]], Cuban revolutionary\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Jose P. Laurel.jpg|thumbnail|110px|[[Jose\n        P. Laurel]]]]\\n[[File:Alfonso L\\u00f3pez Pumarejo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alfonso\n        L\\u00f3pez Pumarejo]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]],\n        Tamil film actor and producer (b. 1909)\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Michael Considine]],\n        Australian politician (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Federico Tedeschini]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[George\n        (Karslidis) of Drama|George Karslidis]], Greek [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]\n        priest, elder and saint (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 P.\n        Laurel]], Filipino politician and judge, 3rd [[President of the Philippines]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Ivan Leonidov]], Russian architect (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\n** [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]], [[Nawab of Junagarh]] (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Victor McLaglen]], English actor and boxer (b. [[1886]]) \\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Frank S. Land]], founder of the [[Order of DeMolay]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – [[Lupino Lane]], British actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson]], Scottish physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]], Brazilian composer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 19]]\n        – [[Joseph Charbonneau]], Canadian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]], American\n        boxer and actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Molla Mallory]],\n        American tennis champion (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[Stepan Erzia]],\n        Russian sculptor (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Dally Messenger]], Australian rugby league\n        player (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[G\\u00e9rard Philipe]], French\n        actor (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Hans Henny Jahnn]],  German\n        playwright and novelist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Alfonso\n        L\\u00f3pez Pumarejo]], Colombian political figure, 2-time [[President of Colombia]]\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:HIH Kuni Asaakira.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Prince\n        Kuni Asaakira]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Giuseppe Zucca]], Italian screenwriter\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Juozapas Skvireckas]], Soviet [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] archbishop and reverend (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[Hubert Marischka]], Austrian film director (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]] \\n** [[Charlie Hall (actor)|Charlie Hall]], English actor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n** [[Prince Kuni Asaakira]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 9]] –\n        [[Donald MacDonald (actor)|Donald MacDonald]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – [[Jim Bottomley]], American baseball player ([[St.\n        Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] \\n** [[Marcella Craft]], American soprano (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Russell Simpson (actor)|Russell Simpson]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\n** [[Edna Wallace Hopper]], American stage actress (b. [[1872]])\\n**\n        [[Stanley Spencer]], British painter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Andr\\u00e9s Mart\\u00ednez Trueba]], 31st [[President of Uruguay]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Gilda Gray]], Polish-born dancer and actress (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]],\n        British politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Edmund Goulding]],\n        American director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Ante Paveli\\u0107|Ante\n        Pavelic]], Croatian fascist leader and WWII war criminal (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Morosoli]], Uruguayan writer (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n\\n===Unknown===\\n* [[Elena S\\u0103c\\u0103lici]], Romanian artistic\n        gymnast (b. [[1935]])\\n\\n==Nobel prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Emilio Gino Segr\\u00e8]], [[Owen\n        Chamberlain]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Jaroslav\n        Heyrovsk\\u00fd]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or\n        Medicine]] – [[Severo Ochoa]], [[Arthur Kornberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[Salvatore Quasimodo]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[Philip Noel-Baker]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1959}}\\n\\n[[Category:1959|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:56:53Z\",\"lastrevid\":797279886,\"length\":74724,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1959&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959\"},\"34664\":{\"pageid\":34664,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1960\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T17:05:15Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1960}}\\n{{Events by month|1960}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1960}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1960}} It is also\n        known as the \\\"[[Year of Africa]]\\\" because of major events\\u2014particularly\n        the independence of seventeen African nations\\u2014that focused global attention\n        on the continent and intensified feelings of [[Pan-Africanism]].\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1960}}\\n* January \\u2013 The [[state of emergency]] is lifted\n        in [[Kenya]], officially ending the [[Mau Mau Uprising]].\\n* [[January 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cameroon]] gains its independence from French-administered U.N. trusteeship.\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] (D-MA) announces\n        his candidacy for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential\n        nomination.\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 The [[Associations Law]] comes into force\n        in [[Iraq]], allowing registration of political parties.\\n* [[January 9]]\\u2013[[January\n        11|11]] \\u2013 [[Aswan High Dam]] construction begins in [[Egypt]].\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 British Prime Minister [[Harold Macmillan]] makes the [[Wind of\n        Change (speech)|Wind of Change]] speech for the first time (see [[February\n        3]]).\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 The [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]]\n        and [[Commonwealth Bank]] are created in Australia.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013\n        The first televised [[anime]], ''''[[Three Tales (anime)|Three Tales]]'''',\n        debuts on [[NHK]].\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 The [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation\n        and Security between the United States and Japan]] is signed in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 A coal mine collapses at [[Holly Country|Coalbrook]],\n        South Africa, killing 435 [[miner]]s.\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** In France, President\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]] fires [[Jacques Massu]], the commander-in-chief of the\n        French troops in [[Algeria]].\\n** [[Jacques Piccard]] and [[Don Walsh]] descend\n        into the [[Mariana Trench]] in the ''''[[bathyscaphe Trieste]]'''', reaching\n        the depth of 10,911 meters (35,797 feet) and become the first human beings\n        to reach the lowest spot on Earth.\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 A major insurrection\n        occurs in [[Algiers]] against French colonial policy.\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013\n        In Washington, D.C., the [[National Association of Broadcasters]] reacts to\n        the [[payola]] scandal by threatening fines for any [[disc jockey]]s who accepted\n        money for playing particular records.\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 The [[National\n        Football League]] announces expansion teams for [[Dallas Cowboys|Dallas]]\n        to start in the 1960 NFL season, and [[Minnesota Vikings|Minneapolis\\u2013St.\n        Paul]] for the 1961 NFL season.\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 The [[African National\n        Party]] is founded in [[Chad]], through the merger of traditionalist parties.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1960}}\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 In [[Greensboro, North Carolina]],\n        four black students from [[North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State\n        University]] begin a [[Greensboro sit-ins|sit-in]] at a segregated [[F. W.\n        Woolworth Company|Woolworth''s]] [[lunch counter]]. Although they are refused\n        service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many\n        similar non-violent protests throughout the [[Southern United States]], and\n        six months later the original four protesters are served lunch at the same\n        counter.\\n[[File:Greensboro sit-in counter.jpg|thumb|A section of lunch counter\n        from the [[Greensboro, North Carolina]] [[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth''s]]\n        where the [[Greensboro sit-ins]] began is now preserved in the [[Smithsonian\n        Institution]] [[National Museum of American History]]]]\\n* [[February 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Harold Macmillan]] makes\n        the [[Wind of Change (speech)|Wind of Change]] speech to the South African\n        Parliament in [[Cape Town]] (although he had first made the speech, to little\n        publicity, in [[Accra]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] \\u2014\n        now [[Ghana]] \\u2014 on [[January 10]]).\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 The first\n        [[CERN]] [[particle accelerator]] becomes operational in [[Geneva]], Switzerland.\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Joanne Woodward]] receives the first star on the [[Hollywood\n        Walk of Fame]].\\n** [[Adolph Coors III]], the chairman of the board of the\n        [[Coors Brewing Company]], is kidnapped, and his captors demand a ransom of\n        $500,000. Coors is later found murdered, and [[Joseph Corbett, Jr.]] is indicted\n        for the crime.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 A conference about the proposed independence\n        of the [[Belgian Congo]] begins in [[Brussels]], Belgium.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        The [[N-class blimp]] ''''[[ZPG-3W]]'''' of the U.S. Navy is destroyed during\n        a storm over [[Massachusetts]].\\n** Twelve Indian soldiers die in clashes\n        with [[People''s Republic of China|Red Chinese]] troops along their small\n        common border.\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 France tests its [[Gerboise Bleue|first\n        atomic bomb]] in the [[Sahara Desert]] of [[Algeria]].\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\u2013 The [[1960 Winter Olympics]] begin at the [[Squaw Valley Ski Resort]],\n        in [[Placer County, California]].\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 A New York-bound\n        [[Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane|Alitalia]] airliner crashes into a cemetery\n        at [[Shannon, Ireland]], shortly after takeoff, killing 34 of the 52 persons\n        on board.\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013 The 5.7 {{M|w}} [[1960 Agadir earthquake|Agadir\n        earthquake]] shakes coastal [[Morocco]] with a maximum perceived intensity\n        of [[Mercalli intensity scale|X (''''Extreme'''')]], destroying Agadir, and\n        leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March\n        1960}}\\n[[File:GuerrilleroHeroico.jpg|thumb|130px|The iconic picture of Che\n        Guevara.\\\"[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/books/21kaku.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all\n        Brand Che: Revolutionary as Marketer''s Dream] by [[Michiko Kakutani]], ''''[[The\n        New York Times]]'''', April 20, 2009]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Lucille\n        Ball]] files for divorce from husband [[Desi Arnaz]] after 19 years of marriage.\n        The divorce ends the ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' franchise.\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Elvis Presley]] returns home from Germany, after being away on military\n        duty for 2 years.\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Elvis Presley]] receives his honorable\n        discharge from the U.S. Army.\\n** [[Alberto Korda]] takes his iconic photograph\n        of [[Che Guevara]], ''''[[Guerrillero Heroico]]'''', in [[Havana]].\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The United States announces that 3,500 American soldiers\n        will be sent to [[Vietnam]].\\n** The [[Canton of Geneva]] in Switzerland gives\n        women the right to vote.\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Northwest Orient Airlines\n        Flight 710]] crashes near Tell City, Indiana, killing all 63 on board.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\u2013 The [[Sharpeville massacre]] in South Africa results in\n        more than 69 dead, 300 injured.\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow]]\n        and [[Charles Hard Townes]] receive the first [[patent]] for a [[laser]].\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\u2013 Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] meets French president\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]] in Paris.\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 \\\"[[Tom Pillibi]]\\\"\n        by [[Jacqueline Boyer]] (music by [[Andr\\u00e9 Popp]], text by [[Pierre Cour]])\n        wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1960]] for France.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1960}}\\n[[File:Tiros satellite navitar.jpg|thumb|upright|Tiros\n        I prototype on display at the Smithsonian [[National Air and Space Museum]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad]], 1st\n        [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]], dies in office. He is replaced\n        by [[Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah]], [[Sultan]]\n        of [[Selangor]].\\n** The United States launches the first [[weather satellite]],\n        [[TIROS-1]].\\n** The [[1960 United States Census]] begins. There are 179,323,175\n        U.S. residents on this day.[http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1961-02.pdf\n        Population] All people from [[Latin America]] are listed as white, including\n        blacks from the [[Dominican Republic]], European whites from [[Argentina]]\n        and Mexicans who resemble [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** At the [[32nd Academy Awards]] ceremony, ''''[[Ben-Hur (1959\n        film)|Ben-Hur]]'''' wins a record number of [[Oscars]], including [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n** [[Elvis Presley]]''s song \\\"[[Are\n        You Lonesome Tonight? (song)|Are You Lonesome Tonight?]]\\\" is recorded for\n        the first time.\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 Gunman [[David Pratt (assassin)|David\n        Pratt]] shoots [[South African Prime Minister]] [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] in [[Johannesburg]],\n        wounding him seriously.\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 Eric Peugeot, the youngest\n        son of the founder of the [[Peugeot Corporation]], is kidnapped in Paris.\n        Then, he is released on [[April 15]] in exchange for $300,000 in ransom.\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** United States launches [[navigation satellite]] Transit I-b.\\n**\n        The proposed mass-production of the [[Blue Streak missile]] is cancelled.\\n*\n        [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[April Revolution]]: South Korean students hold a nationwide\n        pro-democracy protest against President [[Syngman Rhee]], eventually leading\n        him to resign from that office.\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 In Brazil, the country''s\n        capital ([[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]) is relocated from\n        the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] to the new city, [[Bras\\u00edlia]], in the\n        highlands. The actual city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] becomes the [[State of Guanabara]].\\n*\n        [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Togo]] gains independence from France, with the French-administered\n        [[United Nations Trust Territory]] being terminated.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1960}}\\n[[File:RIAN archive 35172 Powers Wears Special Pressure\n        Suit.jpg|thumb|Francis Gary Powers wearing special pressure suit for stratospheric\n        flying]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** Several [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[surface-to-air\n        missile]]s [[1960 U-2 incident|shoot down]] an American [[Lockheed U-2]] spy\n        plane. Its pilot, [[Francis Gary Powers]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]],\n        is captured.\\n** In India, [[May 2]] is declared as ''Maharashtra Divas'',\n        i.e., [[Maharashtra Day]] (also celebrated as ''Kaamgaar Divas'', i.e., Workers\n        Day).\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** The [[European Free Trade Association]] (EFTA) is established.\\n**\n        ''''[[The Fantasticks]]'''', the world''s longest-running [[musical theatre|musical]],\n        opens at New York City''s [[Sullivan Street Playhouse]], where it will play\n        for 42 years.\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** West German refugee minister [[Theodor Oberl\\u00e4nder]]\n        is fired because of his past with [[Nazi Germany]].\\n** [[A. J. Liebling]]\n        promulgates Liebling''s Law in ''''[[The New Yorker]]'''' magazine: \\\"Freedom\n        of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one.\\\"\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013\n        United States President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the [[Civil Rights\n        Act of 1960]] into law.\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]]\n        announces that it will approve [[birth control]] as an additional [[indication\n        (medicine)|indication]] for [[G. D. Searle & Company|Searle]]''s Enovid, making\n        it the world''s first approved [[combined oral contraceptive pill|oral contraceptive\n        pill]].\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 The U.S. nuclear-powered submarine {{USS|Triton|SSRN-586|6}},\n        under the command of Captain [[Edward L. Beach Jr.]], completes the first\n        underwater [[circumnavigation]] of the Earth (codenamed [[Operation Sandblast]]).\\n*\n        [[May 11]] \\u2013 In [[Buenos Aires]], four [[Mossad]] agents abduct the fugitive\n        [[Nazi Germany|Nazi criminal against humanity]], [[Adolf Eichmann]], in order\n        that he can be taken to [[Israel]] and put on trial. (Eichmann is later convicted\n        and executed).\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 A joint Swiss and Austrian expedition\n        makes the first ascent of the Asian mountain, [[Dhaulagiri]], the world''s\n        7th highest mountain.\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 The Kenyan African National Congress\n        Party is founded in [[Kenya]], when 3 political parties join forces.\\n* [[May\n        15]] \\u2013 The [[satellite]] [[Sputnik program|Sputnik 4]] is launched into\n        orbit by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        demands an apology from [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] for the [[1960 U-2 incident|U-2 reconnaissance plane flights]]\n        over the [[Soviet Union]], thus aborting the summit meeting scheduled for\n        Paris in 1960.\\n** [[Theodore Maiman]] operates the first [[laser]].\\n* [[May\n        18]]  \\u2013 [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[Eintracht Frankfurt]]\n        7-3 at [[Hampden Park]], [[Glasgow]] and wins the [[1959\\u201360 European\n        Cup]] (football).\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 In Japan, police carry away [[socialist]]\n        members of the [[Diet of Japan]]. The Diet next approves a mutual security\n        treaty with the United States.\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 The [[1960 Valdivia earthquake|Great\n        Chilean earthquake]]: [[Chile]]''s subduction fault ruptures from [[Talcahuano]]\n        to [[Taitao Peninsula]], causing the most powerful earthquake on record (with\n        a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 9.5) and a [[tsunami]]. Because\n        of its power, the [[seismograph]]s in the city of [[Valdivia]] are overloaded\n        and malfunction through the entire earthquake.\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Prime\n        Minister of Israel]] [[David Ben-Gurion]] announces that [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war\n        criminal]] [[Adolf Eichmann]] has been captured.\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 In Turkey,\n        [[1960 Turkish coup d''\\u00e9tat|a bloodless military coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        removes President [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] and installs General [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]]\n        as the [[head of state]].\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]] forms\n        the new government of [[Turkey]] (its 24th government, composed mostly of\n        so-called \\\"technocrats\\\").\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1960}}\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 New Zealand''s first [[television station]] begins broadcasting\n        in the city of [[Auckland]].\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 The [[Lake Bodom murders]]\n        occur in Finland.\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        wins the [[California]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[primary\n        election|primary]].\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[1960 Pacific typhoon season|Typhoon\n        Mary]] kills 1,600 people in China.\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Domino''s Pizza]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** Violent [[Demonstration (protest)|demonstrations]]\n        at [[Tokyo University]] result in 182 arrests, 589 injuries.\\n** The [[BC\n        Ferries]] company, later to become the second-largest ferry operator in the\n        world, commences service between [[Tsawwassen]] and [[Swartz Bay, British\n        Columbia]], Canada.\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013 The [[Associated Broadcasting Company]]\n        (now TV5) is founded in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 The short-lived\n        [[Mali Federation]], consisting of the [[Sudanese Republic]] (now the [[Mali|Republic\n        of Mali]]) and [[Senegal]], gains independence from France.\\n* [[June 23]]\n        \\u2013 Japanese prime minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]] announces his resignation.\\n*\n        [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]] is elected as the first President\n        of the independent [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        The [[State of Somaliland]] (the former [[British Somaliland]] protectorate)\n        receives its independence from the United Kingdom. Five days later, it unites\n        as scheduled with the [[Trust Territory of Somalia]] (the former [[Italian\n        Somaliland]]) to form the [[Somali Republic]].\\n** The [[Malagasy Republic]],\n        now [[Madagascar]], becomes independent from France.\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[King\n        Bhumibol Adulyadej]] arrives in Washington, D.C. for a 4-day royal visit to\n        the U.S.\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** The [[Belgian Congo]] receives its independence\n        from Belgium as the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)]]. A [[civil\n        war]] follows closely on the heels of this.\\n** Public demonstrations by democratic\n        and left forces, against Italian government support of the post-fascist [[Italian\n        Social Movement]], are heavily suppressed by police.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1960}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ghana]] becomes a republic and [[Kwame\n        Nkrumah]] becomes its first [[President of Ghana|President]].\\n** [[Cold War]]:\n        A [[Soviet Air Force]] [[MiG-19]] [[fighter plane]] flying north of [[Murmansk]],\n        Russia, over the [[Barents Sea]] shoots down a six-man [[RB-47 Stratojet]]\n        [[reconnaissance plane]] of the U.S. Air Force. Four of the U.S. Air Force\n        officers are killed, and the two survivors are held prisoner in the [[Soviet\n        Union]].\\n** The [[Trust Territory of Somaliland]] (the former [[Italian Somaliland]])\n        gains its independence from Italy. Concurrently, it unites as scheduled with\n        the five-day-old [[State of Somaliland]] (the former [[British Somaliland]])\n        to form the [[Somali Republic]].\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 Following the admission\n        of the State of Hawaii as the 50th state in August 1959, the new 50-star [[Flag\n        of the United States]] is first officially flown over [[Philadelphia]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union national football team]] defeats the\n        [[Yugoslavian national football team]] 2\\u20131 in Paris to win the first\n        [[UEFA European Football Championship|European Soccer Championship]].\\n* [[July\n        11]]\\n** [[Congo Crisis]]: [[Moise Tshombe]] declares the Congolese province\n        of [[State of Katanga|Katanga]] independent. He requests and receives help\n        from Belgium.\\n** [[Harper Lee]] publishes her novel ''''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'''',\n        which later wins the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for the best American novel of 1960.\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Chin Peng]] is exiled from [[Malaysia]] to [[Thailand]]\n        and the Malayan [[Malayan Emergency|state of emergency]] is lifted.\\n* [[July\n        13]] \\u2013 [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] is nominated for President\n        of the United States at the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]] in Los\n        Angeles.\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations Security Council]] decides\n        to send troops to Katanga to oversee the withdrawal of Belgian troops.\\n*\n        [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] elects Mrs. [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]\n        as its Prime Minister, the world''s first elected female [[head of government]].\n        She takes office the following day.\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[Francis Chichester]],\n        English navigator and yachtsman, arrives at New York City aboard his [[sailboat|yacht]],\n        ''''Gypsy Moth II'''', crossing the Atlantic Ocean solo in a new record of\n        just forty days.\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[F. W. Woolworth Company|The Woolworth\n        Company]]''s lunch counter in [[Greensboro, North Carolina]], the location\n        of a sit-in that had [[F. W. Woolworth Company#Greensboro sit-in|sparked demonstrations]]\n        by [[Negro]]es across the [[Southern United States]], serves a meal to its\n        first black customer.\\n* [[July 25]]\\u2013[[July 28]] \\u2013 In Chicago, the\n        [[1960 Republican National Convention]] nominates [[Vice President of the\n        United States|Vice President]] [[Richard Nixon]] as its candidate for President\n        of the United States, and [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], as its candidate to become\n        the new Vice-President.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1960}}\\n* [[August\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Republic of Dahomey|Dahomey]], now known as [[Benin]], becomes\n        independent from France.\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Niger]] becomes independent\n        from France.\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Republic of Upper Volta|Upper Volta]],\n        now known as [[Burkina Faso]], becomes independent from France.\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Cuban Revolution]]: In response to a [[United States embargo against\n        Cuba]], [[Fidel Castro]] nationalizes all American and foreign-owned property\n        in [[Cuba]].\\n** In the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)]], now\n        the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Albert Kalonji]] declares the\n        independence of the \\\"Autonomous State of [[South Kasai]]\\\".\\n* [[August 7]]\\n**\n        The [[Ivory Coast]]  becomes independent from France.\\n** The world''s first\n        [[standard gauge]] passenger preserved railway, the [[Bluebell Railway]],\n        opens to the public in England.\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 The government of [[Laos]]\n        is overthrown in a coup.\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Chad]] becomes independent\n        from France.\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Ubangi-Shari]] becomes independent\n        from France, as the \\\"[[Central African Republic]]\\\". It later becomes the\n        \\\"[[Central African Empire]]\\\" for some years.\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Middle\n        Congo]] becomes independent from France, as [[Republic of Congo|Republic of\n        Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)]].\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Joseph Kittinger]] parachutes\n        from a balloon over [[New Mexico]] at an altitude of about 102,800 feet (31,333\n        meters). Kittinger sets world records for: high-altitude jump; [[free-fall]]\n        by falling 16.0 miles (25.7 [[kilometer]]s) before opening his parachute;\n        and the fastest speed attained by a human being without mechanical or chemical\n        assistance, about 982 k.p.h (614 m.p.h.). (Kittinger survives more or less\n        uninjured, and he is still alive in Florida {{as of|2013|lc=y}}. [[Felix Baumgartner]]\n        breaks his record in [[2012]].)\\n** The Mediterranean island of [[Cyprus]]\n        receives its independence from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** The\n        newly named [[Beatles]] begin a 48-night residency at the Indra club in [[Hamburg]],\n        West Germany.\\n** [[Gabon]] becomes independent from France.\\n** The trial\n        of the American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] pilot [[Francis Gary Powers]] begins\n        in Moscow.\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Cold War]]: In Moscow, American U-2 pilot\n        Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to 10 years in prison for [[espionage]].\\n**\n        [[Sputnik program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches the [[satellite]] [[Sputnik\n        5]], with the dogs [[Belka (dog)|Belka]] and [[Russian space dogs|Strelka]]\n        (the Russian for \\\"Squirrel\\\" and \\\"Little Arrow\\\"), 40 mice, two rats and\n        a variety of plants. This satellite returns to earth the next day and all\n        animals are recovered safely.\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Senegal]] breaks away\n        from the [[Mali Federation]], declaring its independence.\\n* [[August 25]]\\n**\n        The [[1960 Summer Olympic Games]] begin in Rome.\\n** The American [[nuclear\n        submarine]] {{USS|Seadragon|SSN-584|6}} surfaces through the [[Arctic ice\n        cap]] at the [[North Pole]], the first submarine ever to do so.\\n* [[August\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Hurricane Donna]] kills 50 people in [[Florida]] and [[New England]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1960}}\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah]],\n        [[Sultan]] of [[Selangor]] and 2nd [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]],\n        dies in office. He is replaced by [[Tuanku Syed Putra]], [[Raja]] of [[Perlis]].\\n**\n        Disgruntled railroad workers effectively halt operations of the [[Pennsylvania\n        Railroad]], marking the first shutdown in the company''s history (the event\n        lasts two days).\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 The first elections of the [[Parliament\n        of the Central Tibetan Administration]] are held. The Tibetan community observes\n        this date as Democracy Day.\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** [[1960 Summer Olympic Games]]:\n        [[Muhammad Ali]] (at this time Cassius Clay) wins the gold medal in [[light-heavyweight]]\n        boxing.\\n** [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|The Congolese]] president,\n        [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]], fires [[Patrice Lumumba]]''s entire government, and\n        also places Lumumba under [[house arrest]].\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Martin\n        and Mitchell defection|William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell]], two\n        American [[cryptologist]]s, announce their defection to the Soviet Union at\n        a press conference in Moscow.\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 In [[Huntsville, Alabama]],\n        U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] formally dedicates the [[Marshall\n        Space Flight Center]] (which had been activated by [[NASA]] on July 1).\\n*\n        [[September 9]] \\u2013 The first regular season [[American Football League]]\n        game takes place at Boston''s [[Nickerson Field]]. The [[Denver Broncos]]\n        defeated the [[Boston Patriots]] 13-10.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[1960\n        Summer Olympic Games]]: [[Abebe Bikila]] of [[Ethiopia at the 1960 Summer\n        Olympics|Ethiopia]] wins the gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer\n        Olympics \\u2013 Men''s marathon|marathon]], running barefoot in a world time\n        and becoming the first person from [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] to win Olympic gold.\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** Colonel [[Joseph Mobutu]] takes power in [[Democratic\n        Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]] via a [[military coup]].\\n**\n        The countries of [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Venezuela]]\n        form [[OPEC]].\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Mali]], the sole remaining member\n        of the \\\"Mali Federation\\\" following the withdrawal of [[Senegal]] one month\n        earlier, declares its full independence as the ''''Republic of Mali''''.\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 The leading candidates for [[President of the United\n        States]], [[Richard Nixon]] and [[John F. Kennedy]], make the first televised\n        debate.\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013 The television animated sitcom, ''''[[The\n        Flintstones]]'''' premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1960}}\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Nigeria]] becomes independent\n        from United Kingdom, and [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] becomes its first native-born\n        [[Governor General]].\\n** [[Cameroon]] declares independence from United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00e2nio Quadros]] is elected [[President of Brazil]]\n        for a five-year term.\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 White South Africans vote to\n        make the country a [[republic]].\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Nigeria]] becomes\n        the 99th member of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Cold War]]:\n        Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] [[shoe-banging incident|pounds his shoe\n        on a table]] at a meeting of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], his\n        way of protesting the discussion of the [[Soviet Union]]''s policies toward\n        Eastern Europe.\\n** [[Inejiro Asanuma]], chairman of the [[Japan Socialist\n        Party]], is assassinated by [[Otoya Yamaguchi]] using a ''''[[wakizashi]]''''\n        ([[samurai]] sword) during a political debate in Tokyo being taped for broadcast\n        on Japanese television.\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** The third [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard M. Nixon]] Presidential Debate takes place.{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/EventDetail.html?EventID=12|title=Our\n        Campaigns - Event - Third Kennedy-Nixon Debate - Oct 13, 1960|publisher=}}\\n**\n        The [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] defeat the [[New York Yankees]] in the seventh\n        game of the [[World Series]] on [[Bill Mazeroski]]''s series-clinching home\n        run.\\n* [[October 14]]\\n**  [[President of the United States|Presidential]]\n        candidate [[John F. Kennedy]] first suggests the idea for the [[Peace Corps]]\n        of the United States.\\n** The Premier of [[New South Wales]] officially opens\n        [[Warragamba Dam]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20131003030413/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/visit/warragamba-dam\n        Warragamba Dam.] one of the world''s largest domestic water supply dams.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Nedelin catastrophe]]: A large [[rocket]] explodes\n        on the launch pad at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], killing at least 90 people\n        of the [[Soviet space program]].\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\n        telephones [[Coretta Scott King]], the wife of [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]],\n        and secures King''s release from jail regarding a traffic violation in [[Atlanta]].\\n*\n        [[October 29]] \\u2013 In [[Louisville, Kentucky]], Cassius Clay (later [[Muhammad\n        Ali]]) wins his first professional [[boxing match]].\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        Dr. [[Michael Woodruff]] carries out the first successful [[kidney transplant]]\n        in the United Kingdom, at the [[Edinburgh Royal Infirmary]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1960}}\\n[[File:Polaris-a3.jpg|thumb|200px|[[November 15]]:\n        [[Polaris missile]] test]]\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Penguin Books]] is found\n        not guilty of [[obscenity]], in the case of [[D. H. Lawrence]]''s novel ''''[[Lady\n        Chatterley''s Lover]]''''.\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[United States presidential\n        election, 1960]]: In a close race, Democratic U. S. Senator [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        is elected over Republican U. S. Vice President [[Richard Nixon]], to become\n        (at 43) the second youngest man to serve as President of the United States,\n        and the youngest man elected to this position.\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Sammy\n        Davis Jr.]], marries [[Sweden|Swedish]] actress [[May Britt]].\\n* [[November\n        14]]\\n** Belgium threatens to leave the [[United Nations]] over criticism\n        of its policy concerning the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of\n        the Congo]].\\n** A collision between two trains in [[Pardubice]], [[Czechoslovakia]],\n        kills 117 people.\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 A [[Polaris missile]] is test-launched\n        from [[Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]]\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 The [[United\n        Nations]] supports the government of [[Joseph Kasavubu]] and [[Joseph Mobutu]]\n        in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]].\\n* [[November\n        24]] \\u2013 The [[professional basketball]] player [[Wilt Chamberlain]] of\n        the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] gets 55 rebounds in an [[NBA]] game versus the\n        [[Boston Celtics]].\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Mauritania]] becomes independent\n        of France.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1960}}\\n* December\\n**\n        The African and [[Madagascar|Malagasy]] Organisation for Economic Cooperation\n        (OAMCE) (Organisation Africain et Malagache de Coop\\u00e9ration \\u00c9conomique)\n        is established.\\n** [[\\u00c9dith Piaf]]''s recording of \\\"[[Non, je ne regrette\n        rien]]\\\" is released in France.\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Patrice Lumumba]],\n        deposed premier of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of the\n        Congo]], is arrested by the troops of [[Colonel]] [[Joseph Mobutu]].\\n** A\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] satellite containing live animals and plants is launched\n        into orbit. Due to a malfunction it burns up during [[atmospheric re-entry|re-entry]].\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the [[Most Rev.]] [[Geoffrey\n        Francis Fisher]], talks with [[Pope John XXIII]] for about one hour in [[Vatican\n        City]]. This is the first time that any chief of the [[Anglican Church]] had\n        ever visited the [[Pope]].\\n** U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] authorizes\n        the use of $1.0 million for the relief and resettlement of [[Cubans|Cuban]]\n        [[refugee]]s, who had been arriving in [[Florida]] at the rate of about 1,000\n        per week.\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 The admission of [[Mauritania]] to the\n        [[United Nations]] is vetoed by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[December 5]]\\n**\n        [[Pierre Lagaillarde]], who led the insurrections in [[1958]] and 1960 in\n        [[Algeria]], fails to appear in court in Paris, France. He had reportedly{{citation\n        needed|date=August 2013}} fled with his four fellow defendants to Spain ''''en\n        route'''' to Algeria.\\n** ''''[[Boynton v. Virginia]]'''': The [[Supreme Court\n        of the United States]] declares that [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]]\n        in public transportation is illegal in the United States.\\n* [[December 7]]\n        \\u2013 The [[United Nations Security Council]] is called into session by the\n        [[Soviet Union]] in order to consider Soviet demands for the Security Council\n        to seek the immediate release of former [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese\n        Premier]] [[Patrice Lumumba]].\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 For the first time,\n        [[Mary Martin]]''s ''''[[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Peter Pan]]'''' is presented\n        as a stand-alone two-hour special on [[NBC]] instead of as part of an anthology\n        series. This version, rather than being presented live, is shown on [[videotape]],\n        enabling NBC to repeat it as often as they wish without having to restage\n        it. Although nearly all of the adult actors repeat their original [[Broadway\n        theatre|Broadway]] roles, all of the original children have, ironically, outgrown\n        their roles and are replaced by new actors.\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** French President\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]]''s visit to [[Algeria]] is bloodied by European and\n        Muslim rioters in Algeria''s largest cities. These riots cause 127 deaths.\\n**\n        The classic British TV series ''''[[Coronation Street]]'''' premieres. Planned\n        as a 13-part drama, it becomes such a success among viewers it continues to\n        be shown five times per week through 2012.\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 MGM''s\n        ''''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'''' is rerun on [[CBS]]\n        only a year after its previous [[Broadcasting|telecast]], thus beginning the\n        tradition of annual telecasts of the film.\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 The [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States]] upholds a lower [[Federal Courts of the United\n        States|Federal Court]] ruling that the State of [[Louisiana]]''s [[Race (classification\n        of humans)|racial]] segregation laws are [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]],\n        and overturns them.\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[1960 Ethiopian coup attempt]]:\n        While Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] of [[Ethiopia]] visits Brazil, his [[Kebur\n        Zabagna]] (Imperial Bodyguard) leads a military coup against his rule, proclaiming\n        that the emperor''s son, [[Crown Prince]] [[Amha Selassie|Asfaw Wossen Taffari]],\n        is the new emperor.\\n** The countries of [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]],\n        and [[Nicaragua]] announce the formation of the [[Central American Common\n        Market]].\\n** The U.S. Navy''s Commander Leroy Heath (pilot) and Lieutenant\n        Larry Monroe (bombardier/navigator) establish a world flight-altitude record\n        of 91,450 feet (27,874 m), with [[payload]], in an [[A-5 Vigilante]] [[bomber]]\n        carrying {{convert|1000|kg|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}}, and better the previous\n        world record by over four miles (6 km).\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Antoine\n        Gizenga]] proclaims in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] that he has\n        taken over as the country''s premier.\\n** [[Tied Test#First tied Test, 1960|First\n        tied Test]] by the [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1960\\u201361|West\n        Indian cricket team in Australia]] in [[Brisbane]].\\n* [[December 15]]\\n**\n        King [[Mahendra of Nepal]] deposes the democratic government in his country\n        and takes direct control himself.\\n** King [[Baudouin of Belgium]] marries\n        Do\\u00f1a [[Fabiola de Mora y Arag\\u00f3n]].\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[U.S.\n        Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Christian Herter]] announces that\n        the United States will commit five [[nuclear submarine]]s and eighty [[Polaris\n        missiles]] to the defense of the [[NATO]] countries by the end of 1963.\\n**\n        [[1960 New York mid-air collision|New York mid-air collision]]: A [[United\n        Airlines]] [[DC-8]] collides in mid-air with a [[TWA]] [[Lockheed Constellation]]\n        over [[Staten Island]] in New York City. All 128 passengers and crewmembers\n        on the two airliners, and six people on the ground, are killed.\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\u2013 Troops loyal to Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] in [[Ethiopia]] overcome\n        the [[1960 Ethiopian coup attempt|coup]] that began on December 13, returning\n        the reins to the Emperor upon his return from a trip to Brazil. The Emperor\n        absolves his own son of any guilt.\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 Fire sweeps through\n        the [[USS Constellation (CV-64)|USS ''''Constellation'''']], to become the\n        U.S. Navy''s largest [[aircraft carrier]], while she is under construction\n        at the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]]; killing 50 workers and injuring 150.\\n* [[December\n        27]] \\u2013 France sets off its third [[nuclear weapons testing|A-bomb test]]\n        at its [[nuclear weapons]] testing range near [[Reggane]], [[Algeria]].\\n*\n        [[December 31]] \\u2013 Last day on which the [[Farthing (British coin)|farthing]],\n        a [[Coins of the pound sterling|coin]] first minted in England in the [[13th\n        century]], is [[legal tender]] in the United Kingdom.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*The\n        [[American Football League]] is established as a rival league to the NFL.\\n\\n===World\n        population===\\n* [[World population]]: 3,021,475,000\\n** Africa: 277,398,000\\n**\n        Asia: 1,701,336,000\\n** Europe: 604,401,000\\n** Latin America: 218,300,000\\n**\n        North America: 204,152,000\\n** Oceania: 15,888,000\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Michael\n        Stipe of REM photographed by Kris Krug.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Stipe]]]]\\n[[File:Aprilwinchellprofile.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[April\n        Winchell]]]]\\n[[File:Nigella2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nigella Lawson]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad\n        Javad Zarif 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohammad Javad Zarif]]]]\\n[[File:Oliver\n        Platt (2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oliver Platt]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Rylance Cannes\n        2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Rylance]]]]\\n[[File:Michael-hutchence-INXS-1986.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Hutchence]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Naoki Urasawa]], Japanese manga author\n        and artist\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Art Paul Schlosser]], American comedian,\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[Michael Stipe]], American rock singer ([[R.E.M.]])\\n**\n        [[April Winchell]], American writer and voice actress\\n* [[January 6]]\\n**\n        [[Kari Jalonen]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n** [[Howie Long]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Nigella Lawson]], English journalist, broadcaster, television\n        personality, gourmet, and food writer\\n** [[Miriam O''Callaghan (media personality)|Miriam\n        O''Callaghan]], Irish media personality\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Mohammad\n        Javad Zarif]], Iranian politician, diplomat\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Negro\n        Casas]], Mexican professional wrestler\\n** [[Brian Cowen]], [[Taoiseach]]\n        of Ireland\\n** [[Samira Said]], Moroccan singer\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Oliver\n        Platt]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Dominique Wilkins]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Anderson (actor)|Kevin Anderson]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Mark Rylance]], English actor, theatre director\n        and playwright\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Scott Thunes]], American rock musician\\n**\n        [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]], American computer game designer\\n*\n        [[January 21]]\\n** [[Toxey Haas]], American entrepreneur, founder of [[Haas\n        Outdoors, Inc.]]\\n** [[Mamoru Nagano]], Japanese designer\\n* [[January 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Michael Hutchence]], Australian rock musician ([[INXS]]) (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Patrick de Gayardon]], French skydiver and skysurfing\n        pioneer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Rick Leventhal]], American news\n        journalist\\n** [[M\\u00e1ria Bajzek Luk\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian Slovene writer,\n        adjunct of the University ELTE\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Gillingham]],\n        American keyboardist\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Robert von Dassanowsky]],\n        American cultural historian, writer and producer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Gia\n        Carangi]], American model (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Sean Kerly]], British field\n        hockey player\\n** [[Greg Louganis]], American diver\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013\n        Alex Titomirov, Russian-American businessman\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:\\u0e01\\u0e32\\u0e23\\u0e2b\\u0e32\\u0e23\\u0e37\\u0e2d\\u0e17\\u0e27\\u0e34\\u0e20\\u0e32\\u0e04\\u0e35\\u0e23\\u0e30\\u0e2b\\u0e27\\u0e48\\u0e32\\u0e07\\u0e19\\u0e32\\u0e22\\u0e01\\u0e23\\u0e31\\u0e10\\u0e21\\u0e19\\u0e15\\u0e23\\u0e35\n        \\u0e41\\u0e25\\u0e30\\u0e1b\\u0e23\\u0e30\\u0e18\\u0e32\\u0e19\\u0e32\\u0e18\\u0e34\\u0e1a\\u0e14\\u0e35\\u0e2a\\u0e32\\u0e18\\u0e32\n        - Flickr - Abhisit Vejjajiva CROP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benigno Aquino III]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        Andrew August 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]]]\\n[[File:Naruhito-2008-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Naruhito,\n        Crown Prince of Japan|Naruhito]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Jari Porttila]],\n        Finnish sports journalist\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Marty Jannetty]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Joachim L\\u00f6w]], German football manager\\n**\n        [[Kerry Von Erich]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** [[Yasunori Matsumoto]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Robert Smigel]],\n        American actor, comedian, and puppeteer\\n** [[James Spader]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[Benigno Aquino III]], 15th [[President of the Philippines]]\\n**\n        [[Alfred Gusenbauer]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Frederik Ndoci]], Albanian singer, songwriter, poet, writer, actor and international\n        Recording artist\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Pierluigi Collina]], Italian football\n        (soccer) referee\\n** [[Gary Patterson]], American football coach\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Jim Kelly]], American football player\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Cherie Chung]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Gazebo (musician)|Gazebo]],\n        Italian musician\\n** [[Tony Anselmo]], American animator and voice actor\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]], British prince and\n        second son of [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The\n        Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Wendee Lee]], American voice\n        actress\\n** [[Kee Marcello]], Swedish rock guitarist ([[Easy Action]], [[Europe\n        (band)|Europe]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Henry G. Brinton]], American writer\n        and minister\\n** [[Laurent Petitguillaume]], French radio and television host\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan]]\\n* [[February 27]]\n        \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s G\\u00f3mez]], Ecuadorian tennis player\\n** [[Kara Kennedy]],\n        American television producer, daughter of [[Ted Kennedy]] (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[T\\u014dru \\u014ckawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Dorothy\n        Stratten]], Canadian model and actress (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Ramirez]], American serial killer (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Adam\n        Clayton in Dublin, Nov 28 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam Clayton]]]]\\n[[File:Ayrton\n        Senna Imola 1989 Cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ayrton Senna]]]]\\n* [[March 2]]\\n**\n        [[Hector Calma]], Filipino basketball player\\n** [[Debra McMichael]], American\n        professional wrestling valet\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Mikko Kuustonen]], Finnish\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[John Mugabi]], Ugandan boxer and World Junior\n        Middleweight champion\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Joe Carter]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Ivan Lendl]], Czech tennis player\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Finn Carter]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Jeffrey Eugenides]], American author\\n* [[March 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Anne MacKenzie (journalist)|Anne MacKenzie]], Scottish broadcaster\\n*\n        [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Minoru Niihara]], Japanese singer ([[Loudness (band)|Loudness]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]]\\n** [[Adam Clayton]], Irish rock bassist ([[U2]])\\n** [[Joe Ranft]],\n        American animator (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Kirby Puckett]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Jenny Eclair]],\n        British comedian, actress and novelist\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Richard Biggs]],\n        American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Simo Aalto]], Finnish\n        magician\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Roxanne Kernohan]], Canadian actress (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Norm Magnusson]], American artist\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Ayrton Senna]],\n        Brazilian triple [[Formula One]] world champion (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Sweet (musician)|Robert Sweet]], American rock drummer ([[Stryper]])\\n* [[March\n        23]]\\n** [[Rafael Ferrer (actor)|Rafael Ferrer]], American actor\\n** [[Nicol\n        Stephen]], Scottish politician\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Kelly Le Brock]], American\n        model and actress\\n** [[Annabella Sciorra]], Italian-American actress\\n**\n        [[Jan Berglin]], Swedish cartoonist\\n** [[Nena]], German singer\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Marcus Allen]], American football player\\n* [[March 27]]\\n**\n        [[Hans Pfl\\u00fcgler]], German footballer\\n** [[Renato Russo]], Brazilian\n        singer ([[Legi\\u00e3o Urbana]]) (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[Hiromi\n        Tsuru]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hugo Weaving 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugo\n        Weaving]]]]\\n[[File:Jeremy_Clarkson_2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeremy Clarkson]]]]\\n[[File:BradGarrettApr2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brad\n        Garrett]]]]\\n[[File:Philippe de Belgique 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Philippe of\n        Belgium]]]]\\n[[File:ValerieBertinelliHWOFAug2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Valerie\n        Bertinelli]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Lohan 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Lohan]]]]\\n[[File:Steve_Blum_(14948090597).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Blum]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Michael Praed]], British actor\\n* [[April\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Linford Christie]], British athlete\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth\n        Gracen]], American beauty queen, actress and model\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013  [[Hugo\n        Weaving]], Nigerian-born Australian actor\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Fabio Golfetti]],\n        Brazilian musician and record producer ([[Violeta de Outono]], [[Gong (band)|Gong]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Jeremy Clarkson]], English journalist and television\n        show host\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Rudi V\\u00f6ller]], German footballer and\n        manager\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Brad Garrett]], American actor, comedian\n        and voice actor\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Myoma Myint Kywe]], Burmese Writer\n        and Historian\\n* [[April 15]] \\n** [[Susanne Bier]], Danish film director\\n**\n        King [[Philippe of Belgium]]\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Wahab Akbar]], Filipino\n        politician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Rafael Ben\\u00edtez]], Spanish football manager\\n**\n        [[Pierre Littbarski]], German footballer and coach\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Neo\n        Rauch]], German painter\\n** [[J. Christopher Stevens]], American diplomat,\n        U.S. Ambassador to Libya (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Frank Viola]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[John Altenburgh]], American\n        blues and jazz musician\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Tatiana Thumbtzen]], American\n        actress, model and dancer\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Valerie Bertinelli]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Steve Clark]], English guitarist ([[Def Leppard]]) (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[David Gedge]], English musician ([[The Wedding Present]] and [[Cinerama\n        (band)|Cinerama]])\\n** [[L\\u00e9o Jaime]], Brazilian writer, actor and musician\n        ([[Jo\\u00e3o Penca e Seus Miquinhos Amestrados]])\\n** [[Claude Julien (ice\n        hockey)|Claude Julien]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n** [[Craig Sheffer]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Michael Lohan]], American television\n        personality; father of [[Lindsay Lohan]]\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Steven Blum]],\n        American voice actor\\n** [[John Cerutti]], American baseball player and announcer\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Elena Kagan]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court\n        of the United States]]\\n** [[Ian Rankin]], Scottish crime novelist\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Munich\n        Security Conference 2010 - dett ivanov 0024.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gjorge Ivanov]]]]\\n[[File:Bono\n        November 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bono]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew_Denton_(cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew\n        Denton]]]]\\n[[File:Jeffrey Dahmer HS Yearbook.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeffrey Dahmer]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]]\\n** [[Gjorge Ivanov]], [[President of the Republic of Macedonia|President\n        of Macedonia]]\\n** [[Stephen Daldry]], English film director\\n* [[May 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Amy Steel (actress)|Amy Steel]], American film actress\\n* [[May 4]]\\n**\n        [[Andrew Denton]], Australian television presenter and comedian\\n** [[Werner\n        Faymann]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[John Flansburgh]],\n        American singer-songwriter, half of alternative rock duo [[They Might Be Giants]]\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Adam Bernstein]], American music video/television director\\n*\n        [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Eric Brittingham]], American rock bassist\\n* [[May 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tony Gwynn]], American baseball player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bono]], Irish rock singer ([[U2]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Ronan Tynan]],\n        Irish tenor\\n** [[\\\"Dr. Death\\\" Steve Williams]], American professional wrestler\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Julian Jarrold]], English film and television\n        director and producer\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Landon Deireragea]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[John Payne (voice actor)|John Payne]], British\n        voice actor\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Jari Kurri]], Finnish hockey player\\n** [[Yannick\n        Noah]], French tennis player\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Yazz]], British pop singer\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[John Billingsley]], American actor\\n** [[Tony Goldwyn]],\n        American actor, voice actor, and film director\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Jeffrey\n        Dahmer]], American serial killer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Mohanlal]],\n        South Indian Actor\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Hideaki Anno]], Japanese director\\n*\n        [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Linden Ashby]], American actor\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Guy\n        Fletcher]], British keyboardist ([[Dire Straits]])\\n** [[Kristin Scott Thomas]],\n        English actress\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Amy Klobuchar]], American politician\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Rob Murphy]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**\n        [[Thomas Baumer]], Swiss economist, interculturalist and personality assessor\\n**\n        [[Neil Crone]], Canadian actor\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Greg Adams (ice hockey,\n        born 1960)|Greg Adams]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Chris Elliott]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Thomas Haden Church at the\n        2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas Haden Church]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Elena Mukhina]], Soviet artistic gymnast (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June\n        2]]\\n** [[Tony Hadley]], British pop musician and was lead singer of [[Spandau\n        Ballet]]\\n** [[Kyle Petty]], former [[NASCAR]] driver and current sports commentator\\n**\n        [[Maria Lourdes Sereno]], Filipina jurist, 24th [[Chief Justice of the Supreme\n        Court of the Philippines]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Paul Taylor (Winger)|Paul Taylor]],\n        American musician ([[Winger (band)|Winger]])\\n** [[Bradley Walsh]], English\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Steve Vai]], American guitarist\\n*\n        [[June 8]]\\n** [[Diane Meredith Belcher]], American concert organist, teacher,\n        and church musician\\n** [[Mick Hucknall]], English rock singer and songwriter\n        ([[Simply Red]])\\n** [[Garth Smith (musician)|Garth Smith]], American pianist\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Corynne Charby]], French model, actress and singer\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Peter Mitchell (newsreader)|Peter Mitchell]], Australian\n        newsreader\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Peter Sterling]], Australian rugby player\\n*\n        [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Haden Church]], American actor and film director\\n*\n        [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Harlan]], American sports announcer\\n* [[June 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erin Brockovich]], American environmental activist\\n* [[June 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Elway]], American football player\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Angela\n        Raiola]], American television personality (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Tony Bellotto]],\n        Brazilian guitarist and writer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jane Lynch Peabody 2010\n        (8266458405) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jane Lynch]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013\n        [[K\\u014dji Ishii]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Vince Clarke]],\n        British musician and composer ([[Depeche Mode]], [[Erasure]])\\n** [[Perrine\n        Pelen]], French alpine skier\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Sid Eudy]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Barry Windham]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Pruitt Taylor Vince]], American actor\\n* [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Kevin\n        A. Ford]], American astronaut\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Thilo Martinho]], German\n        composer and singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Charles Gavin]], Brazilian\n        drummer and producer\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 [[Ian Hislop]], British journalist\n        and broadcaster\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Kyle Gass]], American music singer-songwriter-guitarist/actor\\n**\n        [[Jane Lynch]], American actress\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Kim Alexis]], American\n        model and actress\\n* [[July 16]] – [[PJ Powers]] aka Thandeka, South\n        African musician.\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Mark Burnett]], British and television\n        and film producer\\n** [[Robin Shou]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Jan Wouters]],\n        Dutch football player and manager\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Anne-Marie Johnson]],\n        American actress\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Atom Egoyan]], Armenian-Canadian film\n        maker\\n** [[Terrie Hall]], American anti-smoking and tobacco advocate\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Ezequiel Vi\\u00f1ao]], Argentine-born composer\\n** [[Fritz Walter\n        (footballer born 1960)|Fritz Walter]], German footballer\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Harald Lesch]], German physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, author,\n        television presenter, professor of physics\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Linklater]], American director\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Dale Hunter]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player and coach\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:J. L. R. Zapatero.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Luis Rodr\\u00edguez Zapatero]]]]\\n[[File:David Duchovny by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Duchovny]]]]\\n[[File:Antonio Banderas 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Antonio Banderas]]]]\\n[[File:Sean\n        Penn with Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez crop.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sean Penn]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Chuck D]], American rapper ([[Public Enemy (group)|Public\n        Enemy]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Dean Malenko]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Rodr\\u00edguez Zapatero]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n*\n        [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[David Duchovny]], American actor\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Ulrich Maly]], German politician and Mayor of Nuremberg\\n* [[August 10]]\\n**\n        [[Antonio Banderas]], Spanish actor and film director\\n** [[Kenny Perry]],\n        American golfer\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Laurent Fignon]], French road bicycle\n        racer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Koji Kondo]], Japanese composer\\n**\n        [[Phil Taylor (darts player)|Phil Taylor]], English darts player\\n* [[August\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Sarah Brightman]], English soprano singer and actress\\n* [[August\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Judy Holt]], British television actress\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Timothy Hutton]], American actor\\n** [[Martha Moxley]], American murder\n        victim (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Sean Penn]], American actor\n        and film director\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Morten Andersen]], American football\n        player\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Chris Potter (actor)|Chris Potter]], Canadian\n        actor and musician\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Cal Ripken Jr.]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Branford Marsalis]], African-American musician\\n**\n        [[Ola Ray]], American actress and model\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Viire Valdma]],\n        Estonian actress \\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Chalino S\\u00e1nchez]], Mexican\n        musician (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Hugh Grant 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugh\n        Grant]]]]\\n[[File:Colin Firth 2016 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Colin Firth]]]]\\n[[File:Melissa\n        Leo at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Melissa Leo]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Williams (musician)|Joseph Williams]], American\n        singer and film score composer\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[John S. Hall]],\n        American poet and spoken-word artist\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Kim Thayil]],\n        American rock guitarist ([[Soundgarden]])\\n** [[Damon Wayans]], African-American\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Karita Mattila]], Finnish soprano\\n*\n        [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[Phillip Rhee]], American actor, producer and writer\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** [[Mario Batali]], American chef and host\\n** [[Hugh Grant]],\n        English actor and activist\\n** [[Bob Stoops]], American football coach\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Colin Firth]], English actor\\n* [[September 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Annie Gosfield]], American composer\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[Evan\n        Jenkins (politician)|Evan Jenkins]], American politician\\n* [[September 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kevin Carter]], South African photojournalist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[September\n        14]]\\n** [[Melissa Leo]], American actress\\n** [[Callum Keith Rennie]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[John Franco]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Yianna Katsoulos]], French singer\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Clash]],\n        American actor and puppeteer\\n** [[Damon Hill]], British 1996 [[Formula 1]]\n        world champion\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Yolanda Sald\\u00edvar]], American\n        murderer of [[tejano]] singer [[Selena]]\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[David\n        James Elliott]], Canadian actor\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Scott Baio]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Jennifer Rush]], American singer\\n*\n        [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Alan McGee]], British music industry mogul and musician\\n*\n        [[September 30]] \\u2013 [[Blanche Lincoln]], American politician\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Jean-Claude\n        Van Damme 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean-Claude Van Damme]]]]\\n[[File:Maradona\n        at 2012 GCC Champions League final.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Diego Maradona]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 4]]\\n** [[Ana Patricia Bot\\u00edn]], Spanish banker\\n** [[Billy\n        Hatcher]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 5]] \\n** [[Daniel Baldwin]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio de Oliveira Filho]], Brazilian footballer\\n*\n        [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Richard Jobson (television presenter)|Richard Jobson]],\n        Scottish rock singer-songwriter, filmmaker, and television presenter ([[Skids\n        (band)|Skids]])\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Kyosuke Himuro]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Maddie Blaustein]], American voice actress (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Alexei Kudrin]], Russian Minister of Finance\\n* [[October\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Joey Belladonna]], American heavy metal singer ([[Anthrax (American\n        band)|Anthrax]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Guy Henry (actor)|Guy Henry]],\n        English actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Alex Ferrer]], Cuban-American television\n        personality, lawyer, and retired judge who presided as the arbiter on ''''[[Judge\n        Alex]]''''\\n** [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]], Belgian actor\\n* [[October 19]]\\n**\n        [[Kerry Sanders]], American news correspondent\\n** [[Jeremy Swift]], English\n        television actor\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Jaime Garz\\u00f3n]], Colombian journalist\n        and comedian (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[BD Wong]], American actor\\n* [[October 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jouke de Vries]], Dutch\\u2013[[Frisians|Frisian]] politician\\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Landon Curt Noll]], American astronomer, cryptographer, and\n        mathematician\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Finola Hughes]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Dieter Nuhr]], German comedian\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Diego Maradona]],\n        Argentine footballer\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince\n        of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], Crown Prince of Iran\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tim\n        Cook 2009 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Cook]]]]\\n[[File:Tilda Swinton by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tilda Swinton]]]]\\n[[File:Stanley Tucci 2017\n        Berlinale.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stanley Tucci]]]]\\n[[File:Jonathan Ross by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jonathan Ross]]]]\\n[[File:JFKJr2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        F. Kennedy Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Yulia Tymoshenko 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yulia Tymoshenko]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Tim Cook]], American businessman and current CEO of\n        [[Apple, Inc]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Francis Beckwith]], American philosopher\\n**\n        [[Karch Kiraly]], American volleyball player\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Frl.\n        Menke]], German pop singer\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Tilda Swinton]], British\n        actress\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Andreas Brehme]], German football player and\n        manager\\n** [[Jo\\u00eblle Ursull]], Guadeloupean singer\\n* [[November 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Neil Gaiman]], English author\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Stanley\n        Tucci]], American actor and film director\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Dave\n        Hackett]], professional skateboarder\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Susanne Lothar]],\n        German actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Jonathan Ross]],\n        English television presenter\\n* [[November 18]] \\n** [[Kim Wilde]], English\n        singer and gardener\\n** [[Elizabeth Perkins]], American actress\\n* [[November\n        19]]\\n** [[Miss Elizabeth]], American professional wrestling valet (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Hiroshi Naka]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Matt Sorum]], American drummer\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Marc Labr\\u00e8che]], Canadian actor and television\n        host\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Amanda Wyss]], American actress\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** [[Amy Grant]], American Christian and pop musician\\n** [[John F.\n        Kennedy Jr.]], American lawyer, journalist and son of 35th President [[John\n        F. Kennedy]] (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Danger Danger|Kasey Smith]], American keyboardist\n        ([[Danger Danger]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Harold Reynolds]], American\n        baseball player and broadcaster\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Eike Immel]], German\n        football player and manager\\n** [[Tim Pawlenty]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]\\n* [[November 30]]\\n**\n        [[Rich Fields]], American television personality\\n** [[Gary Lineker]], English\n        footballer and sports presenter\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Daryl Hannah.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Daryl\n        Hannah]]]]\\n[[File:Julianne Moore (15011443428).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julianne\n        Moore]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff \\\"Swampy\\\" Marsh (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff \\\"Swampy\\\"\n        Marsh]]]]\\n[[File:KennethBranaghApr2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenneth Branagh]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Carol Alt]], American model and actress\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[Rick Savage]], British rock musician ([[Def Leppard]])\\n** [[Sydney\n        Youngblood]], American singer\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Daryl Hannah]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Julianne Moore]], American actress\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Glynis Nunn]], Australian athlete\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Brian Bromberg]],\n        American jazz bassist and composer\\n** [[Jack Russell (musician)|Jack Russell]],\n        American rock singer ([[Great White]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Steve Doll]],\n        American professional wrestler (d. 2009)\\n** [[Jeff \\\"Swampy\\\" Marsh]], American\n        television director, writer, producer, storyboard artist, and actor\\n* [[December\n        10]]\\n** [[Kenneth Branagh]], Northern Irish actor and director\\n** [[Michael\n        Schoeffling]], American actor and model\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Volker\n        Beck (politician)|Volker Beck]], German politician\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Tarako (singer)|Tarako]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Kazuhide Uekusa]], Japanese economist\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Jon St. John]],\n        American Actor\\n** [[Mike Lookinland]], former American actor\\n* [[December\n        22]] \\n** [[Mark Brydon]], British musician ([[Moloko]])\\n** [[Jean-Michel\n        Basquiat]], American musician/graffiti painter (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Kassim\n        Majaliwa]], 10th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Ng]] \\u2013 Chinese-American serial killer\\n** [[Carol Vorderman]], British\n        television presenter\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Maryam d''Abo]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Fred Hammond]], African-American gospel musician\\n* [[December 28]]\\n**\n        [[Ray Bourque]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[John Fitzgerald (tennis)|John\n        Fitzgerald]], Australian tennis player\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Dave Pelzer]],\n        American author\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Heather Wilson]], U. S. Secretary\n        of the Air Force\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Steve Bruce]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[John Allen Muhammad]], African-American spree killer (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Randi Altschul]], American toy inventor\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Studio\n        publicity Margaret Sullavan.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Margaret Sullavan]]]]\\n[[File:Albert\n        Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, pos\\u00e9 au bureau, faisant\n        face \\u00e0 gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert Camus]]]]\\n[[File:Ferdinando\n        Pius.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria]]]]\\n[[File:Beno\n        Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Beno Gutenberg]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Gianni\n        Franciolini]], Italian director and screenwriter (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Margaret\n        Sullavan]], American actress (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Victor\n        Sj\\u00f6str\\u00f6m]], Swedish actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Albert\n        Camus]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] winner (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n** [[Dudley Nichols]], American screenwriter (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Donald Knight (cricketer)|Donald Knight]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Dorothea Chambers]], English tennis champion\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Elsie J. Oxenham]], British children''s novelist (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur S. Carpender]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Nevil Shute]], English writer (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Andrew Kennaway Henderson]], New Zealand\n        illustrator, cartoonist, and pacifist (b. 1879)\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Dadasaheb\n        Torne]], Indian filmmaker (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Matt Moore\n        (actor)|Matt Moore]], Irish-American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Edwin Fischer]],\n        Swiss pianist and conductor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[John Miljan]], American actor\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Diana Barrymore]], American stage and\n        film actress (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Rutland Boughton]], English composer (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n** [[Beno Gutenberg]], German-American seismologist (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Osvaldo Aranha]], Brazilian politician (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Zora Neale Hurston]], American folklorist and author\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[J. C. Kumarappa]], Indian economist\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Stepinac.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Blessed\n        [[Aloysius Stepinac]]]]\\n[[File:Adone Zoli.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Adone Zoli]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha]], Hindu teacher (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Fred Buscaglione]], Italian singer and\n        actor (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Jesse Belvin]], American urban\n        singer (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Igor Kurchatov]], Soviet physicist\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[J. L. Austin]], British philosopher\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Giles Gilbert Scott]], British architect (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Aloysius Stepinac]], Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]]\n        prelate and blessed (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Ern\\u0151 Dohn\\u00e1nyi]],\n        Hungarian conductor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Michel\n        Atlan]], French painter (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Masatomi\n        Kimura]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Leonard\n        Woolley]], English archaeologist (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Adone Zoli]], Italian\n        politician, 35th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 29]]\\n**\n        [[Jacques Becker]], French director (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Edwina Mountbatten,\n        Countess Mountbatten of Burma]] (b. [[1901]]), last Vicereine of India\\n**\n        [[Melvin Purvis]], American lawman (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Walter Yust]], American\n        encyclopedia editor (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Oliver Kirk LOC.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Oliver\n        Kirk]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Stanis\\u0142aw Taczak]], Polish general (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Leonard Warren]], American opera singer\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Jack Beattie]], Irish politician (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Roy Chapman Andrews]], American explorer,\n        adventurer and naturalist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Yosef Zvi\n        HaLevy]], Israeli rabbi and judge (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Oliver\n        Kirk]], American Olympic boxer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 [[Franklin\n        Pierce Adams]], American journalist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Ian\n        Keith]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Mario Talavera]],\n        Mexican songwriter (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Gregorio Mara\\u00f1\\u00f3n]],  Spanish\n        physician, scientist, historian and philosopher. (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-U0205-502, Max von Laue.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max von Laue]]]]\\n[[File:1912\n        Gustaf Lindblom2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Gustaf Lindblom (athlete)|Gustaf Lindblom]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad]],\n        King of Malaysia (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Cuthbert Burnup]], English\n        sportsman (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Peter Llewelyn Davies]], namesake for [[Peter\n        Pan]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Alma Kruger]], American actress (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Benjamin]], Australian composer (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Eddie Cochran]], American rock singer (b. [[1938]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Beardsley Ruml]], American economist and tax plan author\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Hope Emerson]], American actress and strongwoman\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Max von Laue]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[George Relph]], English actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]]\\n** [[Am\\u0101null\\u0101h Kh\\u0101n]], Emir and King of Afghanistan\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Turan Emeksiz]], Turkish student killed during the demonstrations\n        (b. [[1940]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Gustaf Lindblom (athlete)|Gustaf Lindblom]],\n        Swedish Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 28]] -- [[Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo]], Chilean army officer and political figure, 20th [[President of\n        Chile]] (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:John D. Rockefeller Jr..jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        D. Rockefeller Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Georges Claude 1926.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georges\n        Claude]]]]\\n[[File:James Montgomery Flagg (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[James Montgomery\n        Flagg]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Charles Holden]], British architect (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Caryl Chessman]], American criminal (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[May\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Masa Niemi]], Finnish actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Hersch\n        Lauterpacht]], British international lawyer (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[J. H. C. Whitehead]],\n        British mathematician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\n** [[Gottfried, Prince\n        of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], American\n        philanthropist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Prince Aly Khan]], Pakistani\n        [[United Nations]] ambassador (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Lucrezia\n        Bori]], Spanish opera singer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[\\u0130brahim\n        \\u00c7all\\u0131]], Turkish painter (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Georges\n        Claude]], French inventor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Avraham Arnon]],\n        Israeli educator and a recipient of the Israel Prize  (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Rafael G\\u00f3mez Ortega]], Spanish bullfighter (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Edward Brophy]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[James\n        Montgomery Flagg]], American artist and illustrator (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[George\n        Zucco]], English actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Boris Pasternak]],\n        Russian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (declined)  (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Walther Funk]], German Nazi politician (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kenneth McArthur.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ken McArthur]]]]\\n[[File:OttoEnder1929.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Otto\n        Ender]]]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Haller de Hallenburg]], Polish general\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Lucien Littlefield]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Ken McArthur]], South African athlete (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Ana Pauker]], Romanian communist politician (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Rosson]], English film director (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Shalva Aleksi-Meskhishvili]], Georgian politician (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Chris Bristow]], English race car driver\n        (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[William E. Fairbairn]], English soldier,\n        police officer, and hand-to-hand combat expert (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[John B.\n        Kelly Sr.]], American rower, father of [[Grace Kelly]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Walter Baade]], German astronomer (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Otto Ender]],\n        Austrian political figure, 8th [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Tommy Corcoran (baseball)|Tommy Corcoran]], American baseball player (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Lottie Dod]], English tennis player; Wimbledon\n        women''s champion, 1887\\u201388, 1891-93 (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n**\n        [[M\\u00f3ric Esterh\\u00e1zy]], Hungarian aristocrat and politician, 18th [[Prime\n        Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Jaume Vicens i Vives]], Spanish\n        historians (b. [[1910]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pavol Godjic.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Pavel\n        Peter Gojdi\\u010d]]]]\\n[[File:Hasan H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC Saka.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Hasan\n        Saka]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] -- [[Margherita Bagni]], Italian actress (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Aneurin Bevan]], British politician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July\n        12]] -- [[Francis Xavier Gsell]], Australian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and\n        missionary (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie]],\n        French physicist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Anton Giulio Bragaglia]],\n        Italian cinematographer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Set Persson]], Swedish politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Lawrence Tibbett]], American opera singer and actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Albert Kesselring]], German field marshal (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n** [[John P. Marquand]], American novelist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] -- [[Pavel Peter Gojdi\\u010d]], Czechoslovak [[Roman Catholic]] monk\n        and blessed (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Buddy Adler]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Hans Albers]], German\n        actor and singer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Cedric Gibbons]], Irish-American\n        art director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Enrique Amorim]], Uruguayan\n        novelist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Hasan Saka]], 7th Prime Minister\n        of Turkey (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Former PM Arthur Meighen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur\n        Meighen]]]]\\n[[File:Carlo Emilio Bonferroni.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlo Emilio\n        Bonferroni]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] -- [[Francesca French]], British [[Protestant]]\n        missionary (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Meighen]], 9th [[Prime\n        Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Walden L. Ainsworth|Walden\n        L. \\\"Pug\\\" Ainsworth]], American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Luis \\u00c1ngel\n        Firpo]], Argentine boxer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Richard Cramer]],\n        American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Frank Lloyd]], American\n        film director (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Oswald Veblen]], American mathematician,\n        geometer and topologist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Fred Clarke]],\n        American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Charles W. Ryder]],\n        American general (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 18]] -- [[Carlo Emilio Bonferroni]],\n        Italian mathematician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Eduard P\\u00fctsep]],\n        Estonian wrestler (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Johannes Sikkar]], Estonian politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Jersey Flegg]], English-Australian [[rugby\n        league]] player and chairman (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Oscar Hammerstein II]], American\n        librettist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Bruno Loerzer]], German aviator and air force\n        general (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Stanley Clifford Weyman]],\n        American impostor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[Charles Forbes (Royal\n        Navy officer)|Charles Forbes]], British Admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August\n        29]]\\n** [[Vicki Baum]], Austrian writer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[David Diop]],\n        French West African poet (b. [[1927]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:CO 1069-493-37\n        (7888168060).jpg|thumb|120px|King [[Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan\n        Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Hisamuddin Alam Shah\n        ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah]], King of Malaysia (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Alfred E. Green]], American film director (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[September 8]]\\n** [[Feroze Gandhi]], Indian politician (b. [[1912]])\\n**\n        [[Oscar Pettiford]], American jazz string player (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Jussi Bj\\u00f6rling]], Swedish tenor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Edwin Justus Mayer]], American screenwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Le\\u00f3 Weiner]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] \\n** [[Ida Rubinstein]], Russian ballet dancer (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Ernest William Goodpasture]], American pathologist and physician (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Melanie Klein]], Austrian-British psychoanalyst\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Kathlyn Williams]], American stage\n        and silent film actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s\n        Seiber]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 [[Sylvia\n        Pankhurst]], English [[suffragette]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013\n        [[St John Philby]], British Arabist (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Khalifa\n        bin Hareb.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Sultan [[Khalifa bin Harub of Zanzibar]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\u2014Sultan [[Khalifa bin Harub of Zanzibar]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Richard Cromwell (actor)|Richard Cromwell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Inejiro Asanuma]], Japanese\n        Socialist politician (assassinated) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Henny\n        Porten]], German actress (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Clara Kimball Young]], American\n        actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Ma Hongbin]], Chinese warlord\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Yevgeny Ostashev]], was the test\n        pilot of rocket and space complexes, head of the 1st control polygon NIIP-5\n        ([[Baikonur]]), Lenin prize winner, Candidate of Technical Sciences, engineer-Lieutenant\n        Colonel.(b. [[1924]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[H. L. Davis]], American author\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Anak pili.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julio\n        Nakpil]]]]\\n[[File:Clark Gable - publicity.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Clark Gable]]]]\\n[[File:Dirk\n        Jan de Geer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dirk Jan de Geer]]]]\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Dimitri\n        Mitropoulos]], Greek conductor, pianist and composer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Julio\n        Nakpil]], Filipino composer and general (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Otoya Yamaguchi]]\n        ultranationalist who assassinated Inejiro Asanuma, a politician and head of\n        the Japan Socialist Party (d. 1960)\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Bobby Wallace\n        (baseball)|Bobby Wallace]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis Browns]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Harold Spencer\n        Jones]], English astronomer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Ward Bond]],\n        American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[August Gailit]], Estonian writer (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Johnny Horton]], American country singer (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Mack Sennett]],\n        Canadian film producer and director (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Erich Neumann (psychologist)|Erich\n        Neumann]], German psychologist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Erich\n        Raeder]], German World War II naval leader (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[A. P. Carter]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Lord Buckley]], American [[monologist]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[November\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Walter Catlett]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Paul Faure (politician)|Paul Faure]], French Socialist politician\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Clark Gable]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Phyllis Haver]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Ya''akov Cohen (writer)|Ya''akov Cohen]], Israeli poet (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Allen Hobbs]], 32nd [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna\n        of Russia]], sister of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Mirabal sisters|Patria (b. 1924), Minerva (b. 1926),\n        and Maria Teresa Mirabal (b. 1935), three Dominican revolutionaries (and their\n        driver, Rufino de la Cruz)]]\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard\n        Wright]], American novelist (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Dirk Jan de Geer]], Dutch\n        nobleman, lawyer and politician, 26th [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Hashim\n        al-Atassi]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot]],\n        German architect, interior designer and designer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December\n        5]] -- [[Hashim al-Atassi]], Syrian statesman, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Syria]]\n        and 4th [[President of Syria]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 7]] \\n** [[Virginia\n        Balestrieri]], Italian actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Ioannis Demestichas]],\n        Greek admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Christopher Hornsrud]],\n        11th Prime Minister of Norway (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Charles Thomas]], American opera singer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Gregory Ratoff]], Russian actor and director\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 Sir\n        [[Godfrey Ince]], British civil servant (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Ninian Comper]], British architect (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 25]] -- [[Alberto\n        Maria de Agostini]], Italian missionary (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n**\n        [[Giuseppe Bellanca]], Italian-American aircraft designer and company founder\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Watsuji Tetsuro]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Boixcar|Guillermo S\\u00e1nchez Boix]], Spanish cartoonist\n        (b. 1917)\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Donald Arthur Glaser]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Willard Libby]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]],\n        [[Peter Medawar]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Saint-John\n        Perse]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Albert Lutuli]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1960}}\\n[[Category:1960|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T17:05:15Z\",\"lastrevid\":799925658,\"length\":78016,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960\"},\"34659\":{\"pageid\":34659,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1961\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T17:45:54Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1961}}\\n{{Events by month|1961}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1961}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1961}} As ''''[[MAD\n        Magazine]]'''' pointed out on its cover for the March ''''''1961'''''' issue,\n        this was the first \\\"upside-up\\\" year \\u2014 i.e., one in which the numerals\n        that form the year look the same as when the numerals are rotated upside down,\n        a [[strobogrammatic number]] \\u2014 since [[1881]].{{cite web|url=http://www.madcoversite.com/mad061.html|title=Doug\n        Gilford''s Mad Cover Site - Mad #61|publisher=}} The next such year\n        will be 6009.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orz0SDEakpYC&pg=PA194|title=The\n        Colossal Book of Mathematics|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|author=Gardner,\n        Martin|year=2001|page=194}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1961}}\\n\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** United States President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] announces that the [[United States]] has severed diplomatic\n        and consular relations with [[Cuba]]. [[Cuba\\u2013United States relations]]\n        are later restored in [[2015]].\\n** At the National Reactor Testing Station\n        near [[Idaho Falls]], [[atomic reactor]] [[SL-1]] explodes, killing three\n        military technicians.\\n** [[Aero Flight 311]] (Koivulahti air disaster): [[Douglas\n        DC-3]]C OH-LCC of Finnish airline [[Finnair|Aero]] crashes near [[Kvevlax]]\n        (Koivulahti) on approach to [[Vaasa Airport]] in Finland killing all 25 on\n        board, due to [[pilot error]]: an investigation finds that the [[Captain (civil\n        aviation)|captain]] and [[First officer (civil aviation)|first officer]] were\n        both exhausted for lack of sleep and had taken excessive alcohol at the time\n        of the crash. It remains the deadliest air disaster to occur in the country.\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n** Italian sculptor [[Alfredo Fioravanti]] marches into the\n        U.S. Consulate in Rome, and confesses that he was part of the team that forged\n        the [[Etruscan terracotta warriors]] in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].\\n**\n        [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (25th government).\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – Following a four-day conference in [[Casablanca]], five\n        African chiefs of state announce plans for a [[NATO]]-type African organization\n        to ensure common defense. The Charter of Casablanca involves the [[Casablanca\n        Group]]: [[Morocco]], the [[United Arab Republic]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]],\n        and [[Mali]].\\n* [[January 8]] – In France, a [[referendum]] supports\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]]''s policies on independence for [[Algeria]].\\n* [[January\n        9]] – British authorities announce that they have discovered a large\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[spy]] ring in London.\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** President\n        [[Dwight Eisenhower]] gives his final [[State of the Union Address]] to Congress.  In\n        a Farewell Address the same day, he warns of the increasing power of a \\\"[[military\\u2013industrial\n        complex]].\\\"\\n** [[Patrice Lumumba]] of [[Republic of Congo]] is assassinated.\\n[[File:Jfk\n        inauguration.jpg|thumb|200px| [[January 20|Jan. 20]]: [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        inaugurated as President of the U.S.]]\\n* [[January 20]] – [[John F.\n        Kennedy]] is [[Inauguration of John F. Kennedy|sworn in]] as the 35th President\n        of the United States.\\n* [[January 24]] – A [[B-52 Stratofortress]],\n        with two [[nuclear bomb]]s, [[1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash|crashes]] near [[Goldsboro,\n        North Carolina]].\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** In Washington, D.C., President [[John\n        F. Kennedy]] delivers the first live presidential [[news conference]]. In\n        it, he announces that the [[Soviet Union]] has freed the two surviving crewmen\n        of a [[USAF]] [[RB-47]] reconnaissance plane shot down by Soviet flyers over\n        the [[Barents Sea]] [[July 1]], [[1960]] (see RB-47H shot down).\\n** ''''[[One\n        Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'''' is released in cinemas.\\n** Acting to halt\n        ''leftist excesses'', a [[Military dictatorship|junta]] composed of two army\n        officers and four civilians takes over [[El Salvador]], ousting another junta\n        that had ruled for three months.\\n** [[J\\u00e2nio Quadros]] is elected president\n        of [[Brazil]]. He later resigns on [[August 25]].\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        President [[John F. Kennedy]] appoints [[Janet G. Travell]] to be his physician,\n        the first woman to hold this appointment.\\n* [[January 28]] – ''''[[Supercar\n        (TV series)|Supercar]]'''', the first family sci-fi TV series filmed in [[Supermarionation]]\n        debuts on [[Associated Television|ATV]].\\n* [[January 30]] – President\n        [[John F. Kennedy]] delivers his first [[State of the Union Address]].\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Ham the Chimp]], a 37-pound (17-kg) male, is rocketed\n        into space aboard [[Mercury-Redstone 2]], in a test of the [[Project Mercury]]\n        capsule, designed to carry United States [[astronaut]]s into space.\\n\\n===February===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1961}}\\n\\n* [[February 1]] – The United States tests\n        its first [[Minuteman I]] intercontinental ballistic missile.{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/6555th/6555c3-8.htm|title=The\n        6555th, Chapter III, Section 8, The MINUTEMAN Ballistic Missile Test Program|publisher=}}\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – China buys grain from Canada for $60 million.\\n* [[February\n        4]] – The [[Portuguese Colonial War]] begins in [[Angola]].\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[February 9]] – In [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]],\n        President [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]] names [[Joseph Il\\u00e9o]] as the new Prime\n        Minister.\\n* [[February 9]] – [[The Beatles]] perform for the first\n        time at [[The Cavern Club]].\\n* [[February 12]] – The [[USSR]] launches\n        ''''[[Venera 1]]'''' towards [[Venus]].\\n* [[February 13]] – The [[Republic\n        of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]] government announces that villagers\n        have killed [[Patrice Lumumba]].\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Discovery of\n        the chemical elements]]: Element 103, [[Lawrencium]], is first synthesized\n        in [[Berkeley, California]].\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** President [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]]\n        warns the [[Soviet Union]] to avoid interfering with the [[United Nations]]\n        pacification of the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm\n        |title=Selected Milestones of the Kennedy Presidency - John F. Kennedy Presidential\n        Library & Museum |publisher=Jfklibrary.org |accessdate=2012-04-27 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521194254/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/Selected%2BMilestones%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPresidency%2Bof%2BJohn%2BF.%2BKennedy.htm\n        |archivedate=May 21, 2010 |df= }}\\n** A [[Sabena]] [[Boeing 707]] crashes\n        near [[Brussels]], Belgium, killing 73, including the entire United States\n        [[figure skating]] team and several coaches.\\n** A total [[solar eclipse]]\n        occurs in the southern part of Europe.\\n* [[February 25]] – The last\n        public [[trams in Sydney]], Australia, cease operation, bringing to an end\n        the Southern Hemisphere''s largest tramway network.\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] is pronounced King of [[Morocco]].\\n\\n===March===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1961}}\\n\\n* March–April – Drilling for [[Project\n        Mohole]] is undertaken off the coast of [[Guadalupe Island]], Mexico.\\n* [[March\n        1]] – United States President [[John F. Kennedy]] establishes the [[Peace\n        Corps]].\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] is crowned\n        [[King of Morocco]].\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Max Conrad]] circumnavigates the\n        earth in 8 days, 18 hours and 49 minutes, setting a new world record.\\n**\n        The first U.S. [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] [[submarine]]s arrive at [[Holy\n        Loch]].\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** Black and white [[\\u00a35 note]]s cease to be\n        [[legal tender]] in the UK.\\n** A [[1961 Kurenivka mudslide|dam bursts]] in\n        [[Kiev]], [[USSR]], killing 145.\\n** United States delegate to the [[United\n        Nations Security Council]] Adlai Stevenson votes against Portuguese policies\n        in Africa.\\n** United States President [[John F. Kennedy]] proposes a long-term\n        \\\"[[Alliance for Progress]]\\\" between the United States and Latin America.[http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm\n        JFK Library.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521194254/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/Selected%2BMilestones%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPresidency%2Bof%2BJohn%2BF.%2BKennedy.htm\n        |date=May 21, 2010 }}\\n** [[Cyprus]] joins the [[Commonwealth of Nations]],\n        becoming the first small country in the Commonwealth.{{cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=W.\n        David|authorlink=W. David McIntyre|date=April 2008|title=The Expansion of\n        the Commonwealth and the Criteria for Membership|journal=[[The Round Table\n        Journal|Round Table]]|volume=97|issue=395|pages=273\\u201385|doi=10.1080/00358530801962089}}\\n**\n        [[Monash University]] in Melbourne, Australia, takes in its first students.\\n**\n        A second [[B-52]] [[1961 Yuba City B-52 crash|crashes]] near [[Yuba City,\n        California]] after cabin pressure is lost and the fuel runs out. Two [[nuclear\n        weapon]]s are found unexploded.\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** South Africa announces\n        it will withdraw from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] upon becoming a republic\n        (31 May). The nation rejoins the organization in [[1994]].\\n** The Union of\n        Peoples of Angola, led by [[Holden Roberto]], attacks strategic locations\n        in the north of [[Angola]]. These events result in the beginning of the colonial\n        war with Portugal.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** A [[ceasefire]] takes effect in the\n        [[Algerian War of Independence]].\\n** ''''Nous les amoureux'''' by Jean-Claude\n        Pascal (music by Jacques Datin, text by Maurice Vidalin) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1961]] for [[Luxembourg]].\\n* [[March 29]] – The [[Twenty-third\n        Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is ratified, allowing residents\n        of [[Washington, D.C.]] to vote in [[President of the United States|presidential]]\n        elections.\\n* [[March 30]] – The [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]]\n        is signed at New York.\\n\\n===April===\\n\\n{{Main article|April 1961}}\\n\\n[[File:Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[April\n        12]]: Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]] through [[outer space]].]]\\n* [[April\n        5]] – The [[New Guinea Council]] of [[West Papua (region)|Western Papua]]\n        is installed.\\n* [[April 8]] – The British passenger ship ''''[[MV Dara|Dara]]''''\n        blows up and sinks off Dubai; 238 passengers and crew are killed.\\n* [[April\n        11]] – The trial of [[Nazi]] [[Adolf Eichmann]] begins in [[Jerusalem]].\\n*\n        [[April 12]]\\n** ''''[[Vostok 1]]'''': Soviet [[cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]]\n        becomes the first human in space, orbiting the Earth once.\\n** [[Albert Kalonji]]\n        takes the title ''''Emperor Albert I Kalonji'''' of [[South Kasai]].\\n* [[April\n        13]] – In Portugal, a [[coup]] attempt against [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira\n        Salazar]] fails.\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** The [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of [[Cuba]]\n        begins; it fails by [[April 19]].\\n** The [[33rd Academy Awards]] ceremony\n        is held.\\n* [[April 18]] – Portugal sends to [[Angola]] its first military\n        reinforcement.\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Fidel Castro]] announces that the\n        [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] has been defeated.\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Algiers\n        putsch]]: Four French generals who oppose [[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]]''s\n        policies in [[Algeria]] fail in a [[coup]] attempt.\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[Judy Garland]] performs in a legendary comeback concert at [[Carnegie Hall]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[April 24]] – The Swedish ship ''''[[Vasa (ship)|Vasa]]''''\n        is removed from the water after being sunk 333 years earlier.\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        President [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] urges newspapers to consider national\n        interest in times of struggle against \\\"a monolithic and ruthless conspiracy\\\"\n        in an address before the American Newspaper Publishers Association''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8093|author=John F. Kennedy|title=The\n        President and the Press. Before the American Newspaper Publishers Association,\n        New York City|date=April 27, 1961|work=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=June\n        5, 2015}}\\n** [[Sierra Leone]] becomes independent from the United Kingdom.\\n\\n===May===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1961}}\\n* [[May 4]] – U.S. [[Freedom Riders]] begin interstate\n        bus rides to test the new [[U.S. Supreme Court]] [[Discrimination|integration]]\n        [[Boynton v. Virginia|decision]].\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Mercury program]]:\n        [[Alan Shepard]] becomes the first American in space aboard [[Mercury-Redstone\n        3]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]] becomes the first team\n        in the 20th century to win the [[Football in England|English]] league and\n        cup double. This being the last time Tottenham won the English League.\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – Briton [[George Blake]] is sentenced to 42 years imprisonment\n        for spying.\\n* [[May 9]] – In a speech on \\\"[[Television and the Public\n        Interest]]\\\" to the [[National Association of Broadcasters]], [[Federal Communications\n        Commission|FCC]] chairman [[Newton N. Minow]] describes commercial television\n        programming as a \\\"vast wasteland\\\".\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Civil Rights\n        Movement]]: A [[Freedom Riders]] bus is fire-bombed near [[Anniston, Alabama]]\n        and the civil rights protestors are beaten by an [[angry mob]] of [[Ku Klux\n        Klan]] members.\\n* [[May 15]] – [[J. Heinrich Matthaei]] alone performs\n        the Poly-U-Experiment and is the first person to recognize and understand\n        the [[genetic code]]. This is the birthdate of modern [[genetics]].Hans-J\\u00f6rg\n        Rheinberger, \\\"Experimentalsysteme – Eine Geschichte der Proteinsynthese\n        im Reagenzglas\\\" Wallstein; {{ISBN|3-89244-454-4}}\\n* [[May 16]] –\n        [[Park Chung-hee]] takes over in a military coup in South Korea.\\n* [[May\n        19]] – ''''[[Venera 1]]'''' becomes the first man-made object to fly-by\n        another planet by passing [[Venus]] (however, the probe had lost contact with\n        Earth a month earlier and does not send back any data).\\n* [[May 21]] –\n        [[Civil Rights Movement]]: [[Alabama]] Governor [[John Malcolm Patterson|John\n        Patterson]] declares [[martial law]] in an attempt to restore order after\n        [[race riot]]s break out.\\n* [[May 22]] – An [[1961 New South Wales\n        earthquake|earthquake]] rocks New South Wales.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Civil\n        Rights Movement]]: [[Freedom Riders]] are arrested in [[Jackson, Mississippi]]\n        for \\\"disturbing the peace\\\" after disembarking from their bus.\\n* [[May 25]]\n        – [[Apollo program]]: [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] announces\n        before a special joint session of Congress his goal to put a man on the Moon\n        before the end of the decade.\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]],\n        Prime Minister of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], holds a press conference\n        in [[Singapore]], announcing his idea to form the Federation of [[Malaysia]],\n        comprising Malaya, [[Singapore]], [[Sarawak]], [[Brunei]] and North Borneo\n        ([[Sabah]]).\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Peter Benenson]]''s article \\\"The Forgotten\n        Prisoners\\\" is published in several internationally read newspapers. This\n        is later considered the founding of the [[human rights]] organization [[Amnesty\n        International]].\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Rafael Le\\u00f3nidas Trujillo]],\n        totalitarian despot of the [[Dominican Republic]] since [[1930]], is killed\n        in an ambush, putting an end to the second longest-running dictatorship in\n        Latin American history.\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** In France, rebel generals Maurice\n        Challe and Andre Zelelr are sentenced to 15 years in prison.\\n** South Africa\n        becomes a republic, and officially leaves the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n**\n        President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]] meet in Paris.\\n**\n        [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] beats [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] 3-2 at [[Wankdorf\n        Stadium]], [[Bern]] and wins the [[1960\\u201361 European Cup]] (football).\\n\\n===June===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1961}}\\n\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Ethiopia]] experiences its most\n        devastating earthquake of the 20th century, with a magnitude of 6.7. The town\n        of [[Majete]] is destroyed, 45% of the houses in [[Karakore]] collapse, {{convert|17|km|mi|sp=us}}\n        of the main road north of Karakore are damaged by landslides and fissures,\n        and 5,000 inhabitants in the area are left homeless.\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        [[Vienna summit]]: [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] meet during\n        two days in [[Vienna]]. They discuss nuclear tests, [[disarmament]] and Germany.\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – Russian ballet dancer [[Rudolf Nureyev]] requests asylum\n        in France while in Paris with the [[Kirov Ballet]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** A Paris-to-[[Strasbourg]]\n        train derails near [[Vitry-le-Fran\\u00e7ois]]; 24 are killed, 109 injured.\\n**\n        The [[New Democratic Party]] of Canada is founded with the merger of the Cooperative\n        Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the Canadian Labour Congress.\\n* [[June\n        19]] – The British [[protectorate]] ends in [[Kuwait]] and it becomes\n        an [[emirate]].\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Moise Tshombe]] is released for lack\n        of evidence of connection to the murder of [[Patrice Lumumba]].\\n* [[June\n        23]] – The [[Antarctic Treaty]] comes into effect.\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Iraq]]i president [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] announces he is going to annex\n        [[Kuwait]] (such an annexation of Kuwait would [[Gulf War|occur]] in [[1990]]).\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – Kuwait requests British help; the United Kingdom sends\n        in troops.\\n\\n===July===\\n\\n{{Main article|July 1961}}\\n\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] submarine ''''[[Soviet submarine K-19|K-19]]''''\n        reactor leak occurs in the North Atlantic.\\n* [[July 5]] – The first\n        Israeli rocket, ''''[[Shavit 2]]'''', is launched.{{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-18|url=\n        http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Missile/index.html|title=Missile\n        Overview|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105202129/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Missile/index.html\n        |archivedate=2008-01-05|deadurl=yes}}{{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-18|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1961-3.html|title=July\n        1961|publisher=NASA|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071117062555/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1961-3.html|\n        archivedate=2007-11-17|deadurl=no}}\\n* [[July 8]] –\n        A mine explosion in [[Czechoslovakia]] leaves 108 dead.\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        A Czechoslovakian [[Ilyushin Il-18]] crashes while attempting to land at [[Casablanca]],\n        Morocco, killing all 72 persons on board.\\n* [[July 17]] – Baseball\n        legend [[Ty Cobb]] dies at the age of 74 at [[Emory University Hospital]].\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – [[Mercury program]]: [[Gus Grissom]], piloting the [[Mercury-Redstone\n        4]] capsule ''''[[Liberty Bell 7]]'''', becomes the second American to go\n        into space (sub-orbital). Upon splashdown, the hatch prematurely opens, and\n        the capsule sinks (it is recovered in [[1999]]).\\n* [[July 25]] – U.S.\n        President [[John F. Kennedy]] gives a widely watched TV speech on the Berlin\n        crisis, warning \\\"we will not be driven out of Berlin.\\\"  Kennedy urges Americans\n        to build fallout shelters, setting off a four-month debate on civil defense.\\n*\n        [[July 31]]\\n** At [[Fenway Park]] in [[Boston]], the first [[Major League\n        Baseball All-Star Game]] tie occurs, when the game is stopped in the 9th inning\n        due to rain (the only tie until [[2002]]).\\n** Ireland submits the first application\n        from a non-founding country to join the [[European Economic Community]].\\n\\n===August===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1961}}\\n\\n* August – The United States founds the [[Alliance\n        for Progress]].\\n* [[August 1]] – The [[Six Flags Over Texas]] theme\n        park officially opens to the public.\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Vostok 2]]:\n        Soviet cosmonaut [[Gherman Titov]] becomes the second human to orbit the Earth,\n        and the first to be in outer space for more than one day.\\n* [[August 7]]\n        – Vostok 2 (with Titov on board) lands in the Soviet Union.\\n* [[August\n        10]] – The United Kingdom applies for membership in the [[European Economic\n        Community]].\\n* [[August 13]] – Construction of the [[Berlin Wall]]\n        begins, restricting movement between [[East Berlin]] and [[West Berlin]] and\n        forming a clear boundary between West Germany and [[East Germany]], [[Western\n        Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. On August 22 [[Ida Siekmann]] jumps from\n        a window in her tenement building trying to flee to the West, becoming the\n        [[List of deaths at the Berlin Wall|first of at least 138 people to die at\n        the Wall]].\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Jomo Kenyatta]] is released from prison\n        in [[Kenya]].\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Jo\\u00e3o Goulart]] replaces [[J\\u00e2nio\n        Quadros]] as [[President of Brazil]]. He is ousted in [[1964]].\\n\\n===September===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1961}}\\n\\n* [[September 1]] \\n** The [[Eritrean War of Independence]]\n        officially begins with the shooting of the Ethiopian police by Hamid Idris\n        Awate.\\n** The first meeting is held of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].  The\n        Soviet Union resumes nuclear testing, escalating fears over the ongoing Berlin\n        crisis.\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Tom and Jerry]] make a return with their\n        first episode since 1958, ''''[[Switchin'' Kitten]]''''. The new creator,\n        [[Gene Deitch]], makes 12 more Tom and Jerry episodes until 1962.\\n* [[September\n        10]] – During the [[1961 Italian Grand Prix|F1 Italian Grand Prix]]\n        on the [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|circuit of Monza]], German [[Wolfgang von\n        Trips]], driving a [[Ferrari]], crashes into a stand, killing 14 spectators\n        and himself.\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** The new military government of [[Turkey]]\n        sentences 15 members of the previous government to death.\\n** The [[Focolare\n        Movement]] opens its first North American center in New York.\\n* [[September\n        17]] – Military rulers in [[Turkey]] hang former prime minister [[Adnan\n        Menderes]].\\n* [[September 18]] – [[United Nations]] [[Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]] dies in\n        an air crash en route to [[Katanga Province|Katanga]], [[Republic of the Congo\n        (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]].\\n* [[September 21]] – In France, the [[Organisation\n        de l''arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]] slips an anti-[[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]]\n        message into TV programming.\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** The old [[Deutsche Opernhaus]]\n        in the Berlin neighborhood of [[Charlottenburg]] is returned to its newly\n        rebuilt house as the [[Deutsche Oper Berlin]].\\n** In the U.S., the [[Walt\n        Disney anthology television series]], renamed ''''Walt Disney''s Wonderful\n        World of Color'''', moves from ABC to NBC after seven years on the air, and\n        begins telecasting its programs in color for the first time. Years later,\n        after Disney''s death, the still-on-the-air program will be renamed ''''The\n        Wonderful World of Disney''''.\\n* [[September 28]] – A [[military coup]]\n        in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] effectively ends the [[United Arab Republic]],\n        the union between [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]].\\n* [[September 30]] – The\n        [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) is formed\n        to replace the [[Organisation for European Economic Co-operation]] (OEEC).\\n\\n===October===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1961}}\\n\\n* [[October 1]] – Baseball player [[Roger\n        Maris]] of the New York Yankees hits his 61st home run in the last game of\n        the season, against the [[Boston Red Sox]], setting a new record for the longer\n        baseball season. The record for the shorter season is still held by Babe Ruth.\\n*\n        [[October 10]] – A volcanic eruption on [[Tristan da Cunha]] causes\n        the whole population to be evacuated to Britain, where they will remain until\n        1963.\\n* [[October 12]] – The [[death penalty]] is abolished in New\n        Zealand.\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Paris massacre of 1961]]: French police\n        in Paris attack about 30,000 protesting a curfew applied solely to [[Algeria]]ns.\n        The official death toll is 3, but human rights groups claim 240 dead.\\n* [[October\n        18]] – ''''[[West Side Story (film)|West Side Story]]'''' is released\n        as a film in the United States.\\n* [[October 19]] – The [[Arab League]]\n        takes over protecting [[Kuwait]]; the last British troops leave.\\n* [[October\n        25]] – The first edition of ''''[[Private Eye]]'''', the British satirical\n        magazine, is published.\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]] becomes\n        the fourth president of Turkey. (His former title is head of state and government;\n        he is elected as president by constitutional referendum.)\\n* [[October 27]]\\n**\n        An [[armistice]] begins in [[Katanga Province|Katanga]], [[Republic of the\n        Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]].\\n** [[Mongolia]] and [[Mauritania]] join\n        the [[United Nations]].\\n** Confrontation at [[Checkpoint Charlie]]: A standoff\n        between [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and American tanks in Berlin, Germany heightens\n        [[Cold War]] tensions.\\n** [[Fahrettin \\u00d6zdilek]] becomes the acting prime\n        minister of Turkey.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[GMA Network|DZBB-TV Channel 7]],\n        the Philippines'' third TV station, is launched.\\n** [[Devrim]], the first\n        ever [[car]] designed and produced in [[Turkey]], is released. The project\n        has been completed in only 130 days almost from scratch, a period including\n        decision on the project, research, design, development and production of four\n        vehicles.\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Nuclear weapons testing]]: The [[Soviet\n        Union]] detonates a 58-megaton yield [[hydrogen bomb]] known as [[Tsar Bomba]]\n        over [[Novaya Zemlya]]. It remains the largest ever man-made explosion.\\n**\n        The [[Note Crisis]]: The Soviet Union issues a diplomatic note to Finland\n        proposing military co-operation.\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Hurricane Hattie]]\n        devastates [[Belize City]], [[Belize]] killing over 270. After the hurricane,\n        the capital moves to the inland city of [[Belmopan]].\\n** [[Joseph Stalin]]''s\n        body is removed from the Lenin Mausoleum.\\n\\n===November===\\n\\n{{Main article|November\n        1961}}\\n\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** The [[Hungry generation]] Movement is launched\n        in [[Calcutta]], [[India]].\\n** The Interstate Commerce Commission''s federal\n        order banning segregation at all interstate public facilities officially comes\n        into effect.\\n** The Madame Alexander Doll Club is founded by Margaret Doris\n        Winson of Sweet Springs, MO.\\n* [[November 2]] – ''''[[Kean (musical)|Kean]]''''\n        opens at Broadway Theater in New York City for 92 performances.\\n* [[November\n        3]] – The [[United Nations]] [[United Nations General Assembly|General\n        Assembly]] unanimously elects [[U Thant]] to the position of acting [[Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations|Secretary-General]].\\n* [[November 6]] – The U.S.\n        government issues a stamp honoring the 100th birthday of [[James Naismith]].\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Imperial Airlines Flight 201/8]] crashes while attempting\n        to land at [[Richmond, Virginia]], killing 77 persons on board.\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Neil Armstrong]] records a world record speed in a rocket plane\n        of 6,587 km/h flying a [[X-15]].\\n* [[November 10]] – ''''[[Catch-22]]''''\n        by [[Joseph Heller]] is first published.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** Congolese\n        soldiers murder 13 Italian [[United Nations]] pilots.\\n** Stalingrad is renamed\n        [[Volgograd]].\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Michael Rockefeller]], son of\n        [[Govenor of New York|New York Governor]] and later [[Vice President of the\n        United States|Vice President]] [[Nelson Rockefeller]], disappears in the jungles\n        of [[New Guinea]].\\n* [[November 18]] – U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        sends 18,000 military advisors to South Vietnam.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** The\n        funeral of longtime House Speaker [[Sam Rayburn]] is held in Washington, D.C.\n        Two former Presidents ([[Harry S. Truman|Truman]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]])\n        and one future one ([[Lyndon B. Johnson]]) join [[John F. Kennedy|President\n        Kennedy]] in paying their respects.\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        of [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]] forms the new government of\n        [[Turkey]] (26th government, first coalition in Turkey, partner [[Justice\n        Party (Turkey)|AP]])\\n* [[November 21]] – The \\\"[[La Ronde (restaurant)|La\n        Ronde]]\\\" opens in [[Honolulu]], the first [[revolving restaurant]] in the\n        United States\\n* [[November 24]] – The [[World Food Programme]] (WFP)\n        is formed as a temporary [[United Nations]] program.\\n* [[November 30]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union]] vetoes [[Kuwait]]''s application for [[United Nations]]\n        membership.\\n\\n===December===\\n\\n{{Main article|December 1961}}\\n\\n* [[December\n        1]] – [[Netherlands New Guinea]] raises the new Morning Star flag and\n        changes its name to [[Republic of West Papua|West Papua]].\\n* [[December 2]]\n        – [[Cold War]]: In a nationally broadcast speech, [[Cuba]]n leader [[Fidel\n        Castro]] announces he is a [[Marxist\\u2013Leninist]], and that Cuba will adopt\n        [[socialism]].\\n* [[December 5]] – U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        gives support to the [[Akosombo Dam|Volta Dam]] project in [[Ghana]].\\n* [[December\n        9]]\\n** [[Tanganyika]] gains independence as a [[Commonwealth realm]], with\n        [[Julius Nyerere]] as its first Prime Minister, with Queen Elizabeth II as\n        [[Queen of Tanganyika]], and represented locally by the [[Governor-General\n        of Tanganyika]].\\n** The Australian government of [[Robert Menzies]] is re-elected\n        for a sixth term.\\n* [[December 10]] – The [[Soviet Union]] severs [[diplomatic\n        relations]] with [[Albania]].\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** The American involvement\n        in the [[Vietnam War]] officially begins, as the first American helicopters\n        arrive in Saigon along with 400 U.S. personnel.\\n** [[Adolf Eichmann]] is\n        pronounced guilty of crimes against humanity by a panel of three [[Israel]]i\n        judges, and sentenced to death.\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Walt Disney]]''s\n        first live-action Technicolor musical, ''''[[Babes in Toyland (1961 film)|Babes\n        in Toyland]]'''', a remake of the famous Victor Herbert operetta, is released,\n        but flops at the box office.\\n* [[December 15]] – An Israeli war crimes\n        tribunal sentences [[Adolf Eichmann]] to death for his part in [[The Holocaust]].\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – A [[circus]] tent fire in [[Niter\\u00f3i]], [[Brazil]]\n        kills 323.{{cite web|accessdate=2011-06-01|url=http://grancircusincendio.blogspot.com/|title=Inc\\u00eandio\n        Gran-Circus Norte-Americano 1961|publisher=Blogger}}\\n* [[December 18]]\n        – India opens hostilities in [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|its annexation]]\n        of [[Portuguese India]], the colonies of [[Goa]], [[Damao]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]].\\n*\n        [[December 19]]\\n** The [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa#Portuguese surrender|Portuguese\n        surrender Goa]] to India after 400 years of Portuguese rule.\\n** [[Indonesia]]n\n        president [[Sukarno]] announces that he will take [[West Irian]] by force\n        if necessary.\\n* [[December 21]] – In [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]],\n        Katangan prime minister [[Moise Tshombe]] recognizes the Congolese constitution.\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Luxembourg]]''s [[National Day|national holiday]],\n        the [[Grand Duke''s Official Birthday]], is set on [[June 23]] by Grand Ducal\n        decree.\\n* [[December 30]] – Congolese troops capture [[Albert Kalonji]]\n        of [[South Kasai]] (who soon escapes).\\n* [[December 31]] – Ireland''s\n        first national television station, ''''Telef\\u00eds \\u00c9ireann'''' (later\n        [[Raidi\\u00f3 Teilif\\u00eds \\u00c9ireann|RT\\u00c9]]), begins broadcasting.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n\\n* \\\"[[Barbie]]\\\" gets a boyfriend when the \\\"[[Ken (doll)|Ken]]\\\"\n        doll is introduced in the United States.\\n* [[Sheila Burnford]]''s ''''[[The\n        Incredible Journey]]'''', a story of three pets travelling through the Canadian\n        wilderness, is published in the United Kingdom.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n=== January\n        ===\\n\\n[[File:Wayne Coyne outside Wal-Mart.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wayne Coyne]]]]\\n[[File:Julia_Louis-Dreyfus_VF_\n        2012_Shankbone_3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Louis-Dreyfus]]]]\\n[[File:Wayne Gretzky\n        2006-02-18 Turin 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wayne Gretzky]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Sergei Babayan]], American classical pianist\\n** [[Sam Backo]], Australian\n        rugby league footballer\\n* [[January 2]] \\n** [[Neil Dudgeon]], English actor\\n**\n        [[Todd Haynes]], American film director\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Iris DeMent]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Supriya Pathak]], Indian\n        actress\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Calvin Smith]], American athlete\\n* [[January\n        9]] \\n** [[Candi Milo]], American voice actress\\n** [[Al Jean]], American\n        television writer\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Mark Venturini]], American actor\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Jasper Fforde]], British fantasy novelist\\n**\n        [[Karl von Habsburg|Karl Habsburg-Lothringen]], Austrian politician and noble\n        \\n* [[January 12]] – [[Sean Blowers]], English actor\\n* [[January 13]]\\n**\n        [[Wayne Coyne]], American musician and frontman of the band [[The Flaming\n        Lips]]\\n** [[Julia Louis-Dreyfus]], American actress, producer and comedian\n        \\n** [[Suggs (singer)|Suggs]], British singer and TV presenter\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Mike Tramp]], Danish rock singer (''''[[White Lion]]'''')\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[Peter Tanfield]], British concert violinist\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Maia Chiburdanidze]], Georgian chess player\\n* [[January 18]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Beardsley]], English footballer \\n** [[Mark Messier]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n* [[January 19]] – [[William Ragsdale]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        22]]\\n** [[Daniel Johnston]], American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist\\n**\n        [[Shigeru Nakahara]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Guido\n        Buchwald]], German football player\\n* [[January 26]] \\n** [[Sharyl Attkisson]],\n        American author and former television journalist and investigative correspondent\\n**\n        [[Wayne Gretzky]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Li Cunxin]], Artistic Director\n        for [[Queensland Ballet]]\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Arnaldur Indri\\u00f0ason]],\n        Icelandic writer\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Petra Th\\u00fcmer]], German swimmer\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – [[Dexter Scott King]], son of [[Martin Luther King,\n        Jr.]]\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Lloyd Cole]], British singer and songwriter\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:HenryRollins2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henry Rollins]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Volker Fried]], German field hockey player\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Jim Balsillie]], Canadian CEO and [[philanthropist]]\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Yuko Kobayashi]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[February 8]] –\n        [[Vince Neil]], American singer\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[John Kruk]], American\n        baseball player and commentator\\n** [[Jussi Lampi]], Finnish musician and\n        actor\\n* [[February 10]] – [[George Stephanopoulos]], American political\n        consultant and commentator\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Mary Docter]], American\n        speed skater\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Henry Rollins]], American musician\n        and activist\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Latifa (singer)|Latifa]], Tunisian\n        singer\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Meir Kessler]], Israeli rabbi\\n** [[Andrey\n        Korotayev]], Russian anthropologist, economic historian, and sociologist\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Hironobu Kageyama]], Japanese singer\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\n** [[Phil Powers (climber)|Phil Powers]], American alpinist\\n** [[Dwayne\n        McDuffie]], American writer of comics and television (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Geoff Moore]], American Christian musician\\n* [[February 22]]\n        – [[Akira Takasaki]], Japanese guitarist\\n* [[February 25]] –\n        [[Davey Allison]], American race car driver (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[February 27]]\n        – [[James Worthy]], American basketball player and analyst\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Mark Latham]], Australian politician\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March\n        3]]\\n** [[Mary Page Keller]], American actress\\n** [[John Matteson]], Pulitzer\n        Prize-winning American biographer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Ray Mancini]], American\n        boxer\\n** [[Steven Weber (actor)|Steven Weber]], American actor\\n** [[Roger\n        Wessels]], South African golfer\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Mike Leach (American\n        football coach)|Mike Leach]], American college football coach\\n** [[Rick Steiner]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Mike Bullard (ice hockey)|Mike\n        Bullard]], American hockey player\\n** [[Laurel Clark]], American astronaut\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Mitch Gaylord]], American gymnast\\n* [[March 14]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Boyce]], American Christian musician \\n** [[Gary Dell''Abate]], American\n        radio producer\\n** [[Marc Koska]], English businessman and inventor\\n* [[March\n        16]]\\n** [[Brett Kenny]], Australian rugby league player\\n** [[Michiru \\u014cshima]],\n        Japanese composer\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Umayya Abu-Hanna]], Palestine-born\n        Finnish writer and politician\\n** [[Alexander Bard]], Swedish musician ([[Army\n        of Lovers]])\\n** [[Sam Bowie]], American basketball player\\n** [[Dana Reeve]],\n        American actress, singer and activist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\n** [[Lothar\n        Matth\\u00e4us]], German footballer\\n** [[Kassie DePaiva]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\n** [[Ali Hewson]], Irish activist and businesswoman\\n** [[Helmi\n        Johannes]], Indonesian television newscaster\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Yanis\n        Varoufakis]], Greek economist, current Greek Finance Minister \\n* [[March\n        25]] – [[Reggie Fils-Aim\\u00e9]], American businessman\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Tak Matsumoto]], Japanese guitarist ([[B''z]])\\n* [[March 28]] –\n        [[Byron Scott]], American basketball player and coach\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Amy Sedaris]], American actress, comedian and writer\\n** [[Gerardo Teissonniere]],\n        Puerto Rican pianist\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Eddie Murphy by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Murphy]]]]                          \\n[[File:George Lopez at Kids'' Inaugural\n        1-19-09 hires 090119-N-1928O-136a (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Lopez]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Susan Boyle]], Scottish singer\\n** [[Kujira]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Christopher Meloni]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Eddie Murphy]], African-American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Lisa Zane]], American actress\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[Gene Eugene]], Canadian actor and singer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        [[Thurl Bailey]], American basketball player\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Vincent\n        Gallo]], American actor\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Lisa Gerrard]], Australian\n        musician\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Robert Carlyle]], Scottish film and television\n        actor\\n** [[Neil Dougherty]], American basketball coach (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April\n        17]]\\n** [[Frank J. Christensen]], American labor leader\\n** [[Daphna Kastner]],\n        Canadian actress\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Jane Leeves]], English actress\\n*\n        [[April 20]]\\n** [[Konstantin Lavronenko]], Russian actor\\n** [[Don Mattingly]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Cathy Cavadini]], American\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 23]] \\n** [[Dirk Bach]], German actor and comedian\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[George Lopez]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Anthony Cumia]], American radio personality\\n* [[April 27]]\n        – [[Moana Pozzi]], Italian porn actress (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 28]]\n        – [[Futoshi Matsunaga]], Japanese serial killer\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Fumihiko Tachiki]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Isiah\n        Thomas]], African-American basketball player, coach, and team owner\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Joe Murray publicity shot.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe Murray (animator)|Joe\n        Murray]]]]\\n[[File:George Clooney 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Clooney]]]]\\n[[File:Tim\n        Roth by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Roth]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        [[Marilyn Milian]], American judge\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Steve James (snooker\n        player)|Steve James]], English snooker player\\n* [[May 3]] \\n** [[Joe Murray\n        (animator)|Joe Murray]], American animator\\n** [[David Vitter]], U.S. Senator\n        (R-LA)\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Jay Aston]], British singer ([[Bucks Fizz (band)|Bucks\n        Fizz]])\\n** [[Mary Elizabeth McDonough]], American actress, producer, director\n        and author\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Hiroshi Hase]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n**\n        Sarah Zivale, American actress\\n* [[May 6]] – [[George Clooney]], American\n        actor\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Robert Spano]], American conductor and pianist\\n*\n        [[May 8]]\\n** [[Janet McTeer]], British actress\\n** [[Akira Taue]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Rene Capo]], American judoka\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Danny Carey]], American drummer ([[Tool\n        (band)|Tool]], [[Pigmy Love Circus]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Paul Begala]], American\n        political commentator\\n** [[Lar Park Lincoln]], American actress\\n* [[May\n        12]] – [[Billy Duffy]], British guitarist ([[The Cult]])\\n* [[May 13]]\n        – [[Dennis Rodman]], American basketball player and actor\\n* [[May 14]]\n        \\n** [[Tim Roth]], English actor\\n** [[Urban Priol]], German Kabarett artist\n        and comedian\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Kevin McDonald]], Canadian comedian and actor\\n**\n        [[Charles Wright (wrestler)|Charles Wright]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Enya]], Irish musician\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Jim Bowden]],\n        American baseball executive\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Clive Allen]], British\n        footballer\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Mike Breen]], American sports announcer\\n**\n        [[Ann Cusack]], American actress\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Karen Duffy]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Peri Gilpin]], American actress\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Roland Gift]], British singer and musician ([[Fine Young Cannibals]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Melissa Etheridge]], American musician\\n* [[May 30]]\n        \\n** [[Ralph Carter]], American actor\\n** [[Harry Enfield]], English comedian,\n        actor, writer and director\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Ray Cote]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n** [[Justin Madden]], Australian footballer and politician\\n** [[Lea\n        Thompson]], American actress\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Michael J. Fox 2012 (cropped)\n        (2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael J. Fox]]]]\\n[[File:Boy George by Dean Stockings.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boy\n        George]]]]\\n[[File:Vidhya_Bhandari2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]]]]\\n[[File:Joko_Widodo_2014_official_portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joko\n        Widodo]]]]\\n[[File:Curt Smith 08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Curt Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ricky\n        Gervais 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricky Gervais]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Paul\n        Coffey]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Dez Cadena]], American\n        musician\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Lawrence Lessig]], American academic and political\n        activist\\n** [[Ed Wynne (guitarist)|Ed Wynne]], English musician ([[Ozric\n        Tentacles]])\\n*  [[June 4]] – [[El DeBarge]], African-American singer\n        \\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Mary Kay Bergman]], American voice actress (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Anthony Burger]], American musician and singer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Rosie\n        Kane]], Member of Scottish Parliament\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Tom Araya]],\n        Chilean-born rock musician ([[Slayer]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Katy Garbi]],\n        Greek singer\\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[Michael J. Fox]], Canadian-American actor,\n        producer, and author\\n** [[Aaron Sorkin]], American screenwriter, producer,\n        and playwright\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Kim Deal|Kim]] and [[Kelley Deal]], American\n        musicians\\n** [[Maxi Priest]], born Max Elliott, British reggae singer\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Boy George]], born George O''Dowd, British singer-songwriter\n        and music producer\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Dave McAuley]], Northern Irish\n        boxer\\n* [[June 17]] – [[K\\u014dichi Yamadera]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s Galarraga]], Venezuelan baseball player\\n**\n        [[Alison Moyet]], English singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Bidhya\n        Devi Bhandari]], 2nd [[President of Nepal]]\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Karin\n        Enke|Karin Kania]], German speed skater\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Manu Chao]],\n        French singer\\n** [[Joko Widodo]], [[President of Indonesia]]\\n* [[June 23]]\\n**\n        [[Zoran Janjetov]], Serbian comic artist\\n** [[David Leavitt]], American novelist\\n*\n        [[June 24]]         \\n** [[Lisa Bevill]], American Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Curt Smith]], British musician and lead singer and keyboardist of rock group\n        [[Tears For Fears]]\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Mike Breen]], American broadcaster\\n**\n        [[Ricky Gervais]], English comedian, actor, writer and director. Former singer\n        in [[Seona Dancing]]\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Greg LeMond]], American cyclist\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – [[Meera Syal]], British-Indian comedian and actress\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[Jeff Malone]], American basketball player\\n** [[Eliezer\n        Melamed]], Israeli rabbi\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Greg Hetson]], American\n        rock guitarist ([[Bad Religion]], [[Circle Jerks]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0434\\u043e-\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f\n        18 (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Diana, Princess of Wales]]]]\\n[[File:Forest\n        Whitaker 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Forest Whitaker]]]]\\n[[File:Ant\\u00f3nio Costa\n        12.\\u00aa Cimeira Brasil-Portugal 2016-11-01.png|thumb|100px|[[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Costa]]]]\\n[[File:Woody Harrelson October 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Woody Harrelson]]]]\\n[[File:Gary\n        Cherone-Extreme-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary Cherone]]]]\\n[[File:Laurence Fishburne\n        2009 - cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laurence Fishburne]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Vito Bratta]], American rock guitarist ([[White Lion]])\\n** [[Ivan Kaye]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], British Princess and first\n        wife of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Carl Lewis]], American\n        athlete\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Andrew Zimmern]], American television personality\n        ([[Bizarre Foods]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Patrizia Scianca]], Italian voice\n        actress\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Eric Jerome Dickey]], American writer\\n* [[July\n        8]] – [[Toby Keith]], American country music singer\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        \\n** [[Jacky Cheung]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Ulla Kock am Brink]],\n        German television presenter\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Jackie Earle Haley]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Forest Whitaker]], American actor\n        and film director\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Copycat (software)#External links|J.\n        Alan Brogan]], Irish programmer\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Jonathan Potts]], Canadian\n        actor\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio Costa]], Portuguese politician, [[Prime Minister\n        of Portugal|119th Prime Minister]] (2015\\u2013present)\\n* [[July 19]]\\n**\n        [[Maria Filatova]], Soviet gymnast\\n** [[Beno\\u00eet Mariage]], Belgian film\n        director\\n** [[Noriyuki Abe]], Japanese anime director\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        [[Keith Sweat]], American singer\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**[[Milind Gunaji]], Indian\n        actor, model, television show host\\n**[[Woody Harrelson]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Hugo Teufel III]], 2nd [[Chief Privacy\n        Officer, Department of Homeland Security]]\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Keiko Matsui]],\n        Japanese pianist and composer\\n** [[Gary Cherone]],  American rock singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Laurence Fishburne]], American actor\n        and film director\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Barack\n        Obama]]]]\\n[[File:Lauren Tom by Gage Skidmore.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Lauren Tom]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Key February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Key]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Hillenburg\n        by Carlos Cazurro.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Hillenburg]]]]\\n[[File:R orzabal.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roland\n        Orzabal]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Ray Cyrus 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Ray Cyrus]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Molly Hagan]], American actress\\n** [[Nick\n        Harvey]], English politician\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Robin Carnahan]], [[Secretary\n        of State of Missouri]]\\n** [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United\n        States]]\\n** [[Lauren Tom]], American actress\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Clayton\n        Rohner]], American actor\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Brian Conley]], English presenter,\n        comedian, singer and  actor\\n** [[Yelena Davydova]], Soviet gymnast\\n** [[Maggie\n        Wheeler]], American actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[The Edge]], Irish rock guitarist\n        ([[U2]])\\n** [[Bruce Matthews (American football)|Bruce Matthews]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Rikki Rockett]], American rock drummer ([[Poison (American\n        band)|Poison]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[John Key]], 38th [[Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand]]\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Sunil Shetty]], Indian Bollywood film\n        actor\\n** [[Jukka Tapanim\\u00e4ki]], Finnish game programmer (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Susan Olsen]], American actress and animal welfare\n        advocate\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**[[Elpidia Carrillo]], Mexican-American actress\\n**[[Urara\n        Takano]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Huw Edwards (journalist)|Huw\n        Edwards]], [[BAFTA]] award-winning Welsh journalist and presenter\\n** [[Bob\n        Woodruff]], American television journalist\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Stephen\n        Hillenburg]], American marine biologist, cartoonist, and animator\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Roland Orzabal]], British musician and songwriter\\n* [[August\n        24]] – [[Jared Harris]], English actor\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Billy\n        Ray Cyrus]], American actor and singer\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Tom Ford]],\n        American fashion designer and film director\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Brian\n        Mitchell (boxer)|Brian Mitchell]], South African boxer\\n* [[August]] ''''Date\n        Unknown''''– [[Joseph Kony]], leader of the [[Lord''s Resistance Army]]\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:BamBamBigelow.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bam Bam Bigelow]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        Gandolfini in Kuwait City 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Gandolfini]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Dee 2014.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jack Dee]]]]\\n[[File:Edward M. Kennedy Jr. (aka\n        Ted Kennedy Jr.), 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edward M. Kennedy Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Julia\n        Gillard 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Gillard]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\n** [[Bam\n        Bam Bigelow]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[C\\u00e9cilia\n        Rodhe]], Miss Sweden\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Carlos Valderrama]], Colombian\n        footballer\\n** [[Anthony Wong Chau Sang|Anthony Wong Chau-sang]], Hong Kong\n        actor\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Felix Wong]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Karim Abdul Razak]], Ghanaian footballer\\n* [[September 6]]\\n**\n        [[Akira Kuroiwa]], Japanese speed skater\\n** [[Paul Waaktaar-Savoy]], Norwegian\n        rock musician and songwriter ([[A-ha]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Kevin\n        Kennedy (actor)|Kevin Kennedy]], British actor\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Elizabeth\n        Daily]], American voice actress and singer\\n** [[Virginia Madsen]], American\n        actress\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Myl\\u00e8ne Farmer]], Canadian singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Dave Mustaine]], American metal\n        singer, guitarist ([[Megadeth]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Martina Gedeck]],\n        German actress\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Dan Marino]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Lidia Yusupova]], Chechen human-rights lawyer\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        Jen Tolley, American-Canadian voice actress\\n* [[September 18]] – [[James\n        Gandolfini]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Caroline\n        Flint]], British Labour MP \\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Bonnie Hunt]], American\n        actress, comedian, writer, director and television producer\\n** [[Catherine\n        Oxenberg]], British actress\\n* [[September 23]] – [[William C. McCool]],\n        U.S. Army Commander and astronaut (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Jack Dee]], English stand-up comedian, actor and writer\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\n** [[Heather Locklear]], American actress\\n** [[Steve Scott (journalist)|Steve\n        Scott]], British journalist and presenter\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Edward\n        M. Kennedy Jr.]], son of [[U.S. Senator]] [[Ted Kennedy]]\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – [[Andy Lau]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[September 28]] \\n**\n        [[Yordanka Donkova]], Bulgarian athlete\\n** [[Wayne Westner]] A South African\n        Golfer who won twice on the [[European Tour]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Julia Gillard]], 27th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\\n* [[September\n        30]]\\n** [[Crystal Bernard]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Eric Stoltz]],\n        American actor and director\\n** [[Sally Yeh]], Hong Kong singer and actress\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:Amr_Abdul_Baset_Diab.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amr Diab]]]]\\n[[File:Rachel\n        de thame.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rachel De Thame]]]]\\n[[File:Dylan McDermott 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dylan\n        McDermott]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Jackson SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Gary Ablett, Sr.|Gary Ablett]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Rico Constantino]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[October 2]] –\n        [[Edmond Yu]], Chinese student (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Ludger\n        St\\u00fchlmeyer]], German cantor, composer and musicologist\\n* [[October 4]]\\n**\n        [[Philippe Russo]], French singer\\n** [[Jon Secada]], Cuban-American singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Matthew Kauffman]], American journalist\n        and [[George Polk Award]] winner\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Mark Shasha]],\n        American artist, author, illustrator\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Jodi Benson]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Amr Diab]], Egyptian singer\\n**\n        [[Steve Young]], American football player\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Rachel De\n        Thame]], English gardener and television presenter\\n** [[Doc Rivers]], American\n        basketball player and coach\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Jim Burns]], British\n        science-fiction illustrator \\n* [[October 16]] – [[Randy Vasquez]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Wynton Marsalis]], African-American\n        trumpeter and composer\\n** [[Rick Moody]], American writer\\n** [[Gladstone\n        Small]], Barbadian-English cricketer \\n* [[October 20]] – [[Michie Tomizawa]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Dave Meltzer]], American\n        wrestling journalist\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Pat Sharp]], British radio DJ\n        and host\\n** [[Chad Smith]], American musician\\n** [[Ward Burton]], American\n        [[NASCAR]] driver\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Dylan McDermott]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)|Randy Jackson]],\n        African-American musician\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Alonzo Babers]], American\n        runner\\n** [[Peter Jackson]], New Zealand film director\\n** [[Larry Mullen,\n        Jr.]], Irish rock drummer ([[U2]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Ralph Macchio\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ralph Macchio]]]]\\n[[File:Nadia Com\\u0103neci\n        at the 2012 BRD N\\u0103stase \\u021airiac Trophy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nadia Com\\u0103neci]]]]\\n[[File:Meg\n        Ryan 2009 portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Meg Ryan]]]]\\n[[File:Mariel Hemingway\n        headshot, free use.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariel Hemingway]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\n        – [[Anne Donovan]], American basketball player\\n* [[November 2]] –\n        [[k.d. lang]], Canadian singer and songwriter\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Daron\n        Hagen]], American composer\\n** [[Dominic Heale]], British journalist and newsreader\n        \\n** [[Ralph Macchio]], American actor\\n** [[Jeff Probst]], American television\n        personality\\n** [[Jerry Sadowitz]], American-born British stand-up comic and\n        card magician\\n** [[Nigel Worthington]], Northern Irish footballer and football\n        manager\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Jill Dando]], British journalist and television\n        presenter (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Jackie Kay]], Scottish poet and novelist\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Nadia Com\\u0103neci]], Romanian gymnast\\n* [[November\n        14]]\\n** [[Jurga Ivanauskait\\u0117]], Lithuanian writer (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[D. B. Sweeney]], American actor\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Corinne Herm\\u00e8s]],\n        French singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest 1983|1983]]\n        winner\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Jan Kuehnemund]], American guitarist ([[Vixen\n        (band)|Vixen]]) (d. 2013)\\n** [[Steven Moffat]], Scottish screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Anthony Warlow]], Australian singer\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Meg Ryan]],\n        American actress and film director\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Dave Watson]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Maria Kawamura]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Mariel Hemingway]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Randal L. Schwartz]], American computer programmer\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Arundhati Roy]], Indian writer and activist\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Alfonso\n        Cuar\\u00f3n]], Mexican film director, screenwriter and producer\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:Bill Hicks at the Laff Stop in Austin, Texas, 1991 (2) cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        Hicks]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew Waterhouse - Gallifrey 2011 (cropped etc).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matthew\n        Waterhouse]]]]\\n[[File:Lech Kaczynski Ilham Alijew (10).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ilham\n        Aliyev]]]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Marcelo Fromer]], Brazilian guitarist\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Roy Dennis]], disabled American boy (d. [[1978]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Reich]], American football player\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Ann\n        Coulter]], American author, conservative commentator and attorney\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[David Anthony Higgins]], American actor\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        [[Nia Peeples]], American actress\\n* [[December 11]] – [[DJ Yella]],\n        American DJ and Record Producer\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Daniel O''Donnell]],\n        Irish singer\\n** [[Sarah Sutton]], British actress\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[Karen Witter]], American actress and model\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Karin\n        Resetarits]], Austrian journalist and politician\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Shane\n        Black]], American film director\\n** [[Bill Hicks]], American comedian (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n** [[Sam Robards]], American actor\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Eric\n        Allin Cornell]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Matthew\n        Waterhouse]], British actor\\n** [[Reggie White]], American football player\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Mohammad Fouad]], Arab singer and\n        actor\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Francis Ng]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Ezzat el Kamhawi]], Egyptian novelist\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Ilham Aliyev]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Azerbaijan]] and 4th [[President\n        of Azerbaijan]]\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[\\u00cdngrid Betancourt]], Colombian\n        senator\\n** [[David Thompson (Barbadian politician)|David Thompson]], 6th\n        Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[John\n        Lynch (actor)|John Lynch]], Northern Irish actor\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Guido Westerwelle]], German politician (d. 2016)\\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Jim Reid]], Scottish musician\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Douglas Coupland]],\n        Canadian author\\n** [[Bill English]], [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n**\n        [[Blue Man Group|Matt Goldman]], American performance artist\\n** [[Sean Hannity]],\n        American radio/television host and conservative commentator\\n** [[Ben Johnson\n        (sprinter)|Ben Johnson]], Canadian athlete\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n\\n* [[Judie\n        Bamber]], American artist\\n* [[Jaime Crespo]], Mexican-American artist\\n*\n        [[James Rolfe (composer)|James Rolfe]], Canadian composer\\n*[[Acharya S]],\n        American writer and proponent of the [[Christ myth theory]] (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[Lefred Thouron]], French cartoonist\\n* [[Taha al-Hashimi]], 13th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iraq]] (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Erwin\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger (1933).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]]]]\\n[[File:Anefo\n        910-9740 De Congolese2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patrice Lumumba]]]]\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Auvergne Doherty]], Australian businesswoman (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]], Austrian physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Franti\\u0161ek Flos]],\n        Czech novelist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Emily Greene Balch]],\n        American writer and pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[Dashiell Hammett]], American writer (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]] \\n** [[Nino Marchesini]], Italian actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Blanche\n        Ring]], American singer and actress (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Barry Fitzgerald]], Irish actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 17]] –\n        [[Patrice Lumumba]], 1st [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the\n        Congo]] (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Thomas Anthony Dooley III]],\n        physician (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\n** [[Blaise Cendrars]], Swiss\n        writer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[John J. Becker]], American composer and pianist\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Alfred Carlton Gilbert]], American\n        swimmer and inventor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Stan Nichols]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Jesse Wallace]],\n        American naval officer, 29th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – [[Dorothy Thompson]], American journalist (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:CarlosLuz.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Carlos\n        Luz]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammed V.jpg|thumb|110px|right|King [[Mohammed V of Morocco]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – [[Anna May Wong]], Chinese-American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil|Viscount\n        Dunrossil]], Australian Governor-General (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[William Duncan (actor)|William Duncan]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Carlos Luz]], Brazilian politician, 19th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Richmond K. Turner]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Arthur Ripley]],\n        American film director (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Laurence\n        Owen]], American figure skater (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Dazzy\n        Vance]], American baseball player ([[Brooklyn Dodgers]]) and a member of the\n        [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Nita Naldi]],\n        American actress (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Percy Grainger]],\n        Australian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Nick LaRocca]],\n        American jazz musician (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[George de Cuevas]], Chilean-American\n        ballet impresario and choreographer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Karl\n        Albiker]], German sculptor (b. [[1878]])\\n** King [[Mohammed V of Morocco]]\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Aaron S. Merrill|Aaron S. \\\"Tip\\\"\n        Merrill]], American admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Victor d%27Arcy\n        and Harold Abrahams 1920.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Victor d''Arcy]]]]\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Paul Wittgenstein]], Austrian-born pianist (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[George Formby]], British singer, comedian & actor (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** Sir [[Thomas Beecham]], English conductor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Gala Galaction]], Romanian writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Victor d''Arcy]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Belinda\n        Lee]], English actress (b. [[1935]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Susanna M.\n        Salter]], first woman mayor in the United States (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Nikolai Massalitinov]], Soviet-born Bulgarian actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Valentin Bondarenko]], Russian [[cosmonaut]] (b. [[1937]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] – [[Arthur Drewry]], English administrator, 5th [[President\n        of FIFA]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Carlos Duarte Costa]], Brazilian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and saint, founder of the Brazilian Catholic\n        Apostolic Church (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ahmet\n        Zog]]/[[Zog I of Albania|Zog I, Skanderberg III]]]]\\n[[File:BASA-3K-7-422-22-1896\n        Summer Olympics.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Garrett]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Wallingford Riegger]],  American music composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Jules Bordet]], Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April\n        7]] \\n** [[Vanessa Bell]], English artist and interior designer (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[Jes\\u00fas Guridi]], Spanish Basque composer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Ahmet Zog]]/[[Zog I of Albania|Zog I, Skanderberg III]], Albanian\n        political leader, 11th [[Prime Minister of Albania]], 7th [[President of Albania]]\n        and [[King of Albania]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Padma Shumsher\n        Jang Bahadur Rana]], 16th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] \\n** [[Mbarek Bekkay]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Morocco]] (b. [[1907]])\\n**\n        [[Aziz Ezzat Pasha]], Egyptian politician (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        [[James Melton]], American tenor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Lee\n        Moran]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Robert Garrett]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[George Melford]], American actor\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**[[Roy Del Ruth]], American film director\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n**[[Minoru Sasaki]], Japanese general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        30]] – [[Jessie Redmon Fauset]],  American editor, writer and educator\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Gary Cooper 1936.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gary\n        Cooper]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Lajos Dinny\\u00e9s]], 41st Prime Minister of\n        Hungary (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], French phenomenological\n        philosopher (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Lucian Blaga]], Romanian\n        poet and philosopher (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Gary Cooper]],\n        American actor, better known for his role in ''''[[High Noon]]'''' (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Albert S\\u00e9vigny]], Canadian politician (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[George A. Malcolm]], American jurist & educator (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Joan Davis]], American actress (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Rafael Trujillo]], Dominican politician and soldier, 2-time\n        [[President of the Dominican Republic]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Walter Little (politician)|Walter Little]], Canadian politician (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jung\n        1910-crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carl Jung]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[George S.\n        Kaufman]], American playwright (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Carl\n        Jung]], Swiss psychiatrist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Camille Gu\\u00e9rin]],\n        French bacteriologist and immunologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Eddie Polo]], Austrian-American actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Peyami Safa]], Turkish journalist and writer (b. [[1899]]) \\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Marcel Junod]], Swiss physician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jeff Chandler (actor)|Jeff Chandler]], American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n**\n        [[Thomas Darden]], American [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear admiral]],\n        37th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Nikolai\n        Malko]], Soviet conductor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**[[William J. Connors]],\n        American politician (b. [[1891]]) \\n**[[George Washington Vanderbilt III]],\n        American philanthropist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[John Alexander\n        Douglas McCurdy|John A D McCurdy]], Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia & pilot\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Paul Guilfoyle (actor, born 1902)|Paul\n        Guilfoyle]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Lee de\n        Forest]], American inventor (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:ErnestHemingway.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ernest\n        Hemingway]]]]\\n[[File:1913 Ty Cobb portrait photo.png|thumb|110px|[[Ty Cobb]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Nasuhi al-Bukhari]], Syrian soldier and politician, 12th\n        [[Prime Minister of Syria]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Louis-Ferdinand C\\u00e9line]],\n        French writer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Ernest Hemingway]], American\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – [[Franklyn Farnum]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July\n        6]]\\n** [[Konstantinos Logothetopoulos]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Woodall Rodgers]], American politician, Mayor of Dallas, Texas (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Ty Cobb]], American baseball player ([[Detroit Tigers]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**\n        [[Esther Dale]], American actress (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Valentine Davies]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Shigeko Higashikuni|Princess Teru]]\n        (b. [[1925]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Domingo P\\u00e9rez\n        C\\u00e1ceres]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Tildy]], 39th Prime Minister of Hungary (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Maurice Tourneur]], French film director (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Sidney Holland]], 25th Prime Minister of New Zealand\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Mei Lanfang]], Beijing opera star\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Walter Bedell Smith]], American general\n        and diplomat (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[William Jackson (gangster)|William\n        Jackson]], American gangster (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\n** [[Henri Breuil]],\n        French priest, archaeologist, anthropologist and ethnologist (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Clark Ashton Smith]], American writer and sculptor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Percy Williams Bridgman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n**[[Gotthard\n        Sachsenberg]], German World War I naval aviator and fighter ace (b. [[1891]])\\n**[[Beals\n        Wright]], American tennis player (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Howard\n        P. Robertson]], American physicist (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Gail Russell]], American\n        actress (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Charles Coburn]], American\n        actor (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Adnan Menderes VI. Yasama D\\u00f6nemi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adnan\n        Menderes]]]]\\n[[File:Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Eero Saarinen]], Finnish architect (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] \\n** [[Richard Mason (explorer)|Richard Mason]], British explorer\n        (b. [[1934]])\\n** [[Fay-Cooper Cole]], American anthropologist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Isidore Fattal]], Syrian [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Orthodox]]\n        bishop (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Leo Carrillo]], American\n        actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[George Irving (American\n        actor)|George Irving]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Hasan Fehmi (Ata\\u00e7)|Hasan Fehmi]], Turkish politician (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[September 17]] \\n** [[Miguel G\\u00f3mez Bao]], Spanish-born Argentine actor\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]], Turkish statesman, 9th [[Prime Minister\n        of Turkey]] (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish diplomat, politician and author, 2nd [[Secretary General of the United\n        Nations]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1905]])\\n*[[File:Georgia\n        Ann Robinson.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Georgia Ann Robinson]]September 21 –\n        [[Georgia Ann Robinson]], community worker and first [[African Americans|African\n        American]] woman to be appointed a [[Los Angeles]] [[police officer]] (b.\n        1879)\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Marion Davies]], American actress (b.\n        [[1897]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\n** [[Elmer Diktonius]], Finnish poet and composer\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[John Eldredge (actor)|John Elderdge]], American actor\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Sumner Welles]], American diplomat\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Frank Fay (American actor)|Frank\n        Fay]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Robert L. Eichelberger]],\n        American general (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Juanita Hansen]], American actress (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n[[File:Mariondavies.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Marion Davies]]]]\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Donald Cook (actor)|Donald Cook]], American actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Essington Lewis]], Australian industrialist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** Metropolitan [[Benjamin (Fedchenkov)|Benjamin]],\n        Soviet [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] missionary and writer, [[Exarch]] of  [[Russian\n        Orthodox Church|Russian Church]] in North America (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Max\n        Weber (artist)|Max Weber]], Polish-American artist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October\n        11]]\\n** [[Lucy Tayiah Eads]], Kaw tribal chief (b. [[1888]])\\n**[[File:Chico\n        Marx - signed.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chico Marx]]]][[Chico Marx]], American comedian\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Maya Deren]], Russian-born filmmaker\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Korda]], Hungarian screenwriter and director\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Dun Karm Psaila]], Maltese writer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October\n        14]]\\n** [[Paul Ramadier]], Prime Minister of France (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Harriet\n        Shaw Weaver]], English political activist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n**\n        [[\\u015eemsettin G\\u00fcnaltay]], Turkish historian and politician, 8th [[Prime\n        Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Sergio Osme\\u00f1a]], Filipino politician,\n        4th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        [[Karl Korsch]], German Marxist theoretician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 22]]\n        \\n** [[Joseph Schenck]], Russian-born film studio executive (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Aloys Van de Vyvere]], 25th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Luigi Einaudi]], Italian politician, 2nd [[President\n        of Italy]] (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Anselmo Alliegro y Mil\\u00e1.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Anselmo\n        Alliegro y Mil\\u00e1]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Mordecai Ham]], American\n        evangelist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[James Thurber]], American\n        humorist (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa I]], 12th [[Hakim\n        of Bahrain]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Thomas Flynn (bishop\n        of Lancaster)|Thomas Flynn]], British [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Ferdinand Bie]], Norwegian Olympic\n        athlete (b.  [[1888]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Elsie Ferguson]], American\n        actress (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Johanna Westerdijk]], Dutch plant pathologist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Sam Rayburn]], [[Speaker of the\n        United States House of Representatives]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[Anselmo Alliegro y Mil\\u00e1]], Cuban politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Cuba]], leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Ruth Chatterton]], American actress, novelist, and aviator (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Adelina de Lara]], British composer (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Anna Gould]], American heiress and socialite; daughter\n        of financier [[Jay Gould]] (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ehrenfried Pfeiffer]], German\n        scientist (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Earle Page 1950.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Earle\n        Page]]]]\\n[[File:Edith Wilson cropped 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edith Wilson]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Herbert Pitman]], British sailor, third officer of\n        the [[RMS Titanic]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Frantz Fanon]],\n        German philosopher (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[December 13]] – Anna Mary Robertson\n        Moses aka [[Grandma Moses]], painter (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        [[Gioacchino Failla]], Italian-born American physicist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December\n        20]]\\n** [[Moss Hart]], American dramatist (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Earle Page]],\n        Australian politician, 11th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Kurt Meyer|Kurt \\\"Panzermeyer\\\" Meyer]], German\n        ''''Generalmajor der Waffen-SS'''' and war criminal (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] – [[Otto Loewi]], German-born pharmacologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 28]]\n        – [[Edith Bolling Galt Wilson]], [[First Lady of the United States]]\n        from 1915-21 (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Anton Flettner]], German\n        aviation engineer and inventor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Sibyl Morrison]], first\n        female barrister in New South Wales, Australia (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Wyncie King]], American illustrator\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Robert\n        Hofstadter]], [[Rudolf M\\u00f6ssbauer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Melvin Calvin]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Georg von B\\u00e9k\\u00e9sy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Ivo Andri\\u0107]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]]\n        (posthumously)\\n\\n== See also ==\\n* [[Upside down year]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1961}}\\n[[Category:1961|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T17:45:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":799759437,\"length\":74942,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1961&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961\"},\"34717\":{\"pageid\":34717,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1962\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-01T11:06:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1962}}\\n{{Events by month|1962}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1962}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1962}}\\n{{TOC limit|3}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1962}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Samoa|Western Samoa]] became\n        one with New Zealand.\\n** The [[United States Navy SEALs]], elite [[special\n        forces]], are activated. SEAL Team One is commissioned in the [[United States\n        Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]] and SEAL Team Two in the [[United States Atlantic\n        Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]].\\n** [[The Beatles]] [[The Decca audition|audition]]\n        for [[Decca Records]] but are rejected.\\n** [[NBC]] introduces the \\\"[[Logo\n        of NBC#1962.E2.80.931975|Laramie peacock]]\\\" before a midnight showing of\n        the series ''''[[Laramie (TV series)|Laramie]]'''' in the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[NAACP]] Executive Secretary [[Roy Wilkins]] praises\n        U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]''s \\\"personal role\\\" in advancing civil\n        rights.\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Pope John XXIII]] [[Excommunication|excommunicates]]\n        [[Fidel Castro]].\\n* [[January 4]] – New York City introduces a subway\n        train that operates without a crew on board.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Harmelen\n        train disaster]]: 93 die in the worst [[Netherlands|Dutch]] rail disaster.\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – Cuba and the [[Soviet Union]] sign a trade pact.\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – An avalanche on [[Nevado Huascar\\u00e1n]] in Peru causes\n        4,000 deaths.\\n* [[January 12]] – The Indonesian Army confirms that\n        it has begun operations in [[West Irian]].\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Albania]]\n        allies itself with the [[People''s Republic of China]].\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – Portugal abandons the [[United Nations General Assembly|U.N. General\n        Assembly]] due to the debate over Angola.\\n* [[January 16]] – A [[military\n        coup]] occurs in the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[January 19]] – A counter-coup\n        occurs in the Dominican Republic; the old government returns except for the\n        new president [[Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly]].\\n* [[January 22]] – The\n        [[Organization of American States]] suspends Cuba''s membership. The suspension\n        is lifted in [[2009]].\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** The [[East Germany|East German]]\n        government readopts [[conscription]].\\n** The [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te]]\n        (OAS) bombs the French Foreign Ministry.\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Ranger\n        3]] is launched to study the Moon; it later misses the Moon by 22,000 miles.\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government changed all\n        place names honoring [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]], [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and [[Georgy Malenkov]].\\n* [[January 30]] – Two of the high-wire \\\"[[Flying\n        Wallendas]]\\\" are killed, when their famous seven-person pyramid collapses\n        during a performance in [[Detroit]].\\n* January – [[Stena Line]] established\n        as a ferry operator by Sten A. Olsson in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1962}}\\n* [[February 3]] – The [[United States embargo\n        against Cuba]] is announced.\\n* [[February 4]] – ''''[[The Sunday Times]]''''\n        in the United Kingdom became the first paper to print a colour supplement.\\n*\n        [[February 4]]–[[February 5]] – During a [[new moon]] and [[solar\n        eclipse]], an extremely rare [[grand conjunction]] of the [[classical planets]]\n        occurs (it includes all five of the [[naked-eye planet]]s plus the Sun and\n        Moon), all of them within 16\\u00b0 of one another on the [[ecliptic]].\\n*\n        [[February 5]] – [[President of France|French President]] [[Charles\n        de Gaulle]] calls for [[Algeria]] to be granted independence.\\n* [[February\n        6]] – Negotiations between [[U.S. Steel]] and the [[United States Department\n        of Commerce]] begin.\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** The [[United States embargo against\n        Cuba]] comes into effect, prohibiting all U.S.-related Cuban imports and exports.\\n**\n        [[Luisenthal Mine Disaster]]: A coal mine explosion in [[Saarland]], West\n        Germany kills 299.\\n* [[February 9]] – The Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporation\n        opens.\\n* [[February 10]] – Captured American spy pilot [[Francis Gary\n        Powers]] is exchanged for captured Soviet spy [[Rudolf Abel]] in Berlin.\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – The inaugural [[24 Hours of Daytona]] sports car endurance\n        race is run as a 3-hour event at [[Daytona Beach, Florida]].\\n* [[February\n        12]] – Six members of the Committee of 100 of the [[Campaign for Nuclear\n        Disarmament]] in the U.K. are found guilty of a breach of the [[Official Secrets\n        Act]].\\n* [[February 14]] – [[First Lady of the United States|First\n        Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] takes television viewers on a tour of the [[White\n        House]].\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Urho Kekkonen]] is re-elected president\n        of Finland.\\n* [[February 16]] – Heavy storms flood Germany''s [[North\n        Sea]] coast, mainly around [[Hamburg]]; more than 300 people die and thousands\n        lose their homes.\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Project Mercury]]: While aboard\n        ''''[[Friendship 7]]'''', [[John Glenn]] became the first American to orbit\n        the Earth, three times in 4 hours, 55 minutes.\\n* [[February 21]] –\n        [[Margot Fonteyn]] and [[Rudolf Nureyev]] first dance together in a [[Royal\n        Ballet]] performance of ''''[[Giselle]]'''' in London.\\n[[File:JFK inspects\n        Mercury capsule, 23 February 1962.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[February 23]]: ''''[[Friendship\n        7]]'''' inspected by [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] and Astronaut [[John\n        Glenn]]]]\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1962}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[American\n        Airlines Flight 1]] (a [[Boeing 707]]) crashes on takeoff at [[John F. Kennedy\n        International Airport|New York International Airport]], after a rudder malfunction\n        causes an uncontrolled roll, resulting in the loss of control of the aircraft,\n        with the loss of all 95 on board.\\n** The S. S. Kresge Company opens its first\n        [[Kmart]] discount store in [[Garden City, Michigan]].\\n* [[March 2]]\\n**\n        A military coup in [[Burma]] brings General [[Ne Win]] to power.\\n** [[Wilt\n        Chamberlain''s 100-point game]]: [[Wilt Chamberlain]] scored 100 points in\n        a single [[National Basketball Association]] basketball game.\\n* [[March 7]]\n        – [[Ash Wednesday Storm]]: A snow storm batters the Mid-Atlantic.\\n*\n        [[March 8]]–[[March 12|12]] – In [[Geneva]], France and the [[Algeria]]n\n        [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] begin negotiations.\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[State of Katanga|Katanga]]n Prime Minister [[Moise Tshombe]]\n        begins negotiations to rejoin the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[Flying Tiger Line Flight 739]], a [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed\n        L-1049H Super Constellation]] chartered by the United States [[Military Air\n        Transport Service]] and carrying mainly [[United States Army]] personnel bound\n        for [[South Vietnam]], vanishes over the western Pacific Ocean with the loss\n        of all 107 on board. No wreckage or bodies are ever found.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**\n        [[\\u00c9vian Accords]]: France and Algeria sign an agreement in [[\\u00c9vian-les-Bains]]\n        ending the [[Algerian War]].\\n** ''''Un premier amour'''', sung by [[Isabelle\n        Aubret]] (music by Claude-Henri Vic, lyrics by Roland Stephane Valade), wins\n        the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1962]] for France.\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** An [[armistice]]\n        begins in Algeria; however, the [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]]\n        continues its [[Terrorism|terrorist]] attacks against Algerians.\\n** [[Bob\n        Dylan]]''s [[Bob Dylan (album)|debut album]] is released in the United States.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Taco Bell]] fast food restaurant chain is founded by\n        [[Glen Bell]] in [[Downey, California]].\\n* [[March 23]] – The Scandinavian\n        States of the [[Nordic Council]] sign the [[Helsinki]] Convention on Nordic\n        Co-operation.\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]]\n        leader [[Edmond Jouhaud]] is arrested in [[Oran]].\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** France\n        shortens the term for [[Conscription|military service]] from 26 months to\n        18.\\n** ''''[[Baker v. Carr]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that federal\n        courts can order state legislatures to reapportion seats.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1962}}\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is elected\n        de facto Prime Minister of India.\\n* [[April 4]] – [[James Hanratty]]\n        is hanged in Bedford Gaol (England) for the [[A6 murder]]; many believe he\n        was innocent.\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** Belgium reestablishes [[diplomatic relations]]\n        with the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n** [[New York Philharmonic\n        concert of April 6, 1962]]: [[Leonard Bernstein]] causes controversy with\n        his remarks before a concert featuring [[Glenn Gould]] with the [[New York\n        Philharmonic]], when he (Bernstein) announces that although he disagrees with\n        Gould''s style of playing Brahms'' Piano Concerto No. 1, he finds Gould''s\n        ideas fascinating and will conduct the piece anyway. Bernstein''s action receives\n        a withering review from ''''The New York Times'''' music critic [[Harold C.\n        Schonberg]].\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Milovan \\u0110ilas]], author and former\n        vice-president of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        is re-arrested.\\n* [[April 8]] – In France, the [[\\u00c9vian Accords]]\n        are adopted in a referendum with a majority of 90%.\\n* [[April 9]] –\n        The [[34th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held; ''''[[West Side Story (film)|West\n        Side Story]]'''' wins [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – In [[Los Angeles]], the first MLB baseball game is played\n        at [[Dodger Stadium]].\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]]\n        leader [[Edmond Jouhaud]] is sentenced to death in France.\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – A Cuban [[military tribunal]] convicts 1,179 [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay\n        of Pigs]] attackers.\\n* [[April 18]] – The Commonwealth Immigration\n        Bill in the United Kingdom removes free [[immigration]] from the citizens\n        of member states of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        OAS leader [[Raoul Salan]] is arrested in [[Algiers]].\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        The [[Century 21 Exposition]] [[World''s Fair]] opens in [[Seattle]].\\n* [[April\n        26]] – The [[Ranger 4]] spacecraft crashes into the [[Moon]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1962}}\\n* May – [[Larry Allen Abshier]] defects to [[North\n        Korea]] becoming the first of six (possibly seven) American defectors to the\n        country.\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Norwich City F.C.]] wins the English [[Football\n        League Cup]], beating [[Rochdale F.C.|Rochdale]] in the final.\\n** Dayton\n        Hudson Corporation opens the first of its [[Target Corporation|Target]] discount\n        stores in [[Roseville, Minnesota]].\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** An OAS bomb explodes\n        in [[Algeria]] – this and other attacks kill 110 and injure 147.\\n**\n        [[S.L. Benfica]] beats [[FC Barcelona]] 5-3 at the [[Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)]]\n        to win the [[1961\\u201362 European Cup]] in association football.\\n* [[May\n        3]] – [[Mikawashima train crash]]: 160 die in a triple-train disaster\n        near Tokyo.\\n* [[May 5]] – Twelve [[East Germany|East Germans]] escape\n        via a tunnel under the [[Berlin Wall]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Antonio Segni]]\n        is elected [[President of the Italian Republic]].\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Juan\n        Carlos of Spain]] marries the Greek [[Queen Sof\\u00eda of Spain|Princess Sophia]]\n        in Athens.\\n** [[Milovan \\u0110ilas]] is given a further sentence in Yugoslavia\n        for publishing ''''[[Conversations with Stalin]]''''.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Continental Airlines Flight 11]] crashes near [[Unionville, Missouri]],\n        after the in-flight detonation of a bomb near the rear lavatory. All 45 passengers\n        and crew aboard are killed.\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** Drilling for the new [[Montreal]]\n        [[Rapid transit|subway]] commences.\\n** [[Raoul Salan]], founder of the French\n        terrorist [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te]], is sentenced to life imprisonment\n        in France.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Project Mercury]]: [[Scott Carpenter]]\n        orbits the Earth 3 times in the ''''[[Aurora 7]]'''' [[space capsule]].\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – The new [[Coventry Cathedral]] is consecrated in England.\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Acker Bilk]]''s \\\"[[Stranger on the Shore]]\\\" becomes\n        the first British recording to reach number one in the US Billboard Hot 100.\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – The [[Centralia mine fire]] is ignited in [[Pennsylvania]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – Negotiations between the OAS and the FLA lead to a real\n        armistice in [[Algeria]].\\n* [[May 30]] – The beginning of the [[1962\n        FIFA World Cup]] in Chile.\\n* [[May 31]] – Nazi [[Adolf Eichmann]] is\n        hanged at a prison in [[Ramla]], Israel. His body is cremated and his ashes\n        scattered over the Mediterranean.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1962}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Air France Flight 007]] (a [[Boeing 707]]) crashes on\n        take-off at [[Orly Airport]] in [[Paris]]; 130 of 132 people on board are\n        killed, 2 [[flight attendant]]s survive. Most victims are cultural and civic\n        leaders of [[Atlanta]].\\n* [[June 6]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        gives the commencement address at the [[United States Military Academy]] at\n        [[West Point, New York]].\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** President John F. Kennedy gives\n        the [[commencement address]] at [[Yale University]].\\n** [[Frank Morris (prisoner)|Frank\n        Morris]], [[John Anglin (criminal)|John Anglin]] and [[Clarence Anglin]] escape\n        from the [[Alcatraz Island]] prison; the men are never heard from again.\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Students for a Democratic Society]] in the United States\n        complete the [[Port Huron Statement]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**The [[Organisation\n        arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]] signs a truce with the [[National Liberation\n        Front (Algeria)|FLN]] in Algeria, but a day later announces that it will continue\n        the fight on behalf of French Algerians.\\n**[[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]\n        beats [[Czechoslovakia national football team|Czechoslovakia]] 3\\u20131 to\n        win the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]].\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Air France Flight\n        117]] (a [[Boeing 707]] jet) crashes into terrain during bad weather in [[Guadeloupe]],\n        West Indies, killing all 113 on board, the airline''s second fatal accident\n        in just 3 weeks, and the third fatal [[Boeing 707|707]] crash of the year.\\n*\n        [[June 25]]\\n** ''''[[Engel v. Vitale]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]]\n        rules that mandatory prayers in public schools are unconstitutional.\\n** ''''[[MANual\n        Enterprises v. Day]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that photographs\n        of nude men are not obscene, decriminalizing nude male pornographic magazines.\\n**\n        [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] of [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]]\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (27th government, coalition partners;\n        YTP and [[Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)|CKMP]])\\n* [[June 26]] – A 2-day\n        steel [[Strike action|strike]] begins in Italy in support of increased wages\n        and a five-day working week.\\n* [[June 28]] – The [[United Lutheran\n        Church in America]], [[Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America]], [[American\n        Evangelical Lutheran Church]] and [[Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church]]\n        merge to form the [[Lutheran Church in America]].\\n* [[June 30]] – The\n        last soldiers of the [[French Foreign Legion]] leave Algeria.\\n* June –\n        [[Rachel Carson]]''s ''''[[Silent Spring]]'''' begins serialization in ''''[[The\n        New Yorker]]''''; it is released as a book on September 27 in the U.S., giving\n        rise to the modern [[Environmentalism|environmentalist]] movement.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1962}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]] gain independence.\\n**\n        [[Algerian independence referendum, 1962]]: Supporters of Algerian independence\n        win 99% majority in a referendum.\\n** A heavy [[Smog#London|smog]] develops\n        over London.\\n** Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation of March 23 comes\n        into force in the Nordic countries.\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        accepts Algerian independence; France recognizes it the next day.\\n** The\n        first [[Walmart]] store, at this time known as ''''Wal-Mart'''' (which remains\n        the corporate name), opens for business in [[Rogers, Arkansas]].\\n* [[July\n        5]] – [[Algeria]] becomes independent from France.\\n* [[July 6]] –\n        [[Gay Byrne]] presents the first edition of ''''[[The Late Late Show (Ireland)|The\n        Late Late Show]]'''' on [[Raidi\\u00f3 Teilif\\u00eds \\u00c9ireann|RT\\u00c9]]\n        in the Republic of Ireland. Byrne goes on to present the show for 37 years,\n        the longest period through which any individual hosts a televised [[talk show]]\n        anywhere in the world, and the show itself becomes the world''s second longest-running\n        talk show.\\n* [[July 9]] – American artist [[Andy Warhol]] premieres\n        his ''''[[Campbell''s Soup Cans]]'''' exhibit in Los Angeles.\\n* [[July 10]]\n        – [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]''s [[Telstar]], the world''s first commercial\n        [[communications satellite]], is launched into orbit and activated the next\n        day.\\n* [[July 12]] – The [[Rolling Stones]] make their debut at London''s\n        [[Marquee Club]], Number 165 Oxford Street, opening for [[Long John Baldry]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – In what the press dubs \\\"[[Night of the Long Knives (1962)|the\n        Night of the Long Knives]]\\\", United Kingdom [[Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]]\n        dismisses one-third of his [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]].\\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Norma Nolan]] of [[Argentina]] will crown [[Miss Universe 1962]].\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Nuclear testing]]: The \\\"Small Boy\\\" test shot [[Little\n        Feller I]] became the last atmospheric test detonation at the [[Nevada Test\n        Site]].\\n* [[July 19]] – The first annual Swiss & Wielder [[Hoop rolling|Hoop\n        and Stick]] Tournament is held.\\n* [[July 20]] – France and [[Tunisia]]\n        reestablish [[diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Mariner program]]:\n        The [[Mariner 1]] spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch\n        and has to be destroyed.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Telstar]] relayed the first\n        live trans-[[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] television signal.\\n* [[July 25]]\\n**\n        The first armed [[helicopter]] company of the [[United States Army]] is formed\n        at [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]], [[Japan]].{{cite book|last=Scutts|first=Colin|year=1976|title=Helicopter\n        Gunships|page=2|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Ltd}}\\n** The [[International\n        Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos]] is signed in [[Geneva]].\\n* [[July 31]]\\n**\n        [[Algeria]] proclaims independence; [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] is the first President.\\n**\n        A crowd assaults the rally of Sir [[Oswald Mosley]]''s right-wing [[Union\n        Movement]] in London.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1962}}\\n* [[August\n        5]]\\n** [[Death of Marilyn Monroe]]: [[Marilyn Monroe]] is found dead from\n        an overdose of sleeping pills and chloral hydrate at her home in [[Brentwood,\n        Los Angeles]]; officially ruled a \\\"probable suicide\\\" (the exact cause has\n        been disputed).\\n**[[Nelson Mandela]] is arrested by the South African government\n        near [[Howick, KwaZulu-Natal|Howick]] and charged with incitement to rebellion\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Jamaica]] becomes independent.\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        The [[New York Agreement]] is signed, trading the [[Western New Guinea|West\n        New Guinea]] colony to Indonesia.\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Algeria]] joins the\n        [[Arab League]].\\n* [[August 17]] – [[East Germany|East German]] border\n        guards kill 18-year-old [[Peter Fechter]] as he attempts to cross the [[Berlin\n        Wall]] into West Berlin\\n* [[August 22]] – A failed assassination attempt\n        is made against French President [[Charles de Gaulle]].\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        A group of armed [[Cuban exile]] terrorists fire at a hotel in [[Havana]]\n        from a speedboat.\\n* [[August 27]] – [[NASA]] launches the ''''[[Mariner\n        2]]'''' space probe.\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Trinidad and Tobago]] becomes\n        independent.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September 1962}}\\n* [[September\n        1]]\\n** A [[referendum]] in Singapore supports the Malayan Federation.\\n**\n        Typhoon Wanda strikes Hong Kong, killing at least 130 and injuring more than\n        600.\\n* [[September 2]] – The [[Soviet Union]] agrees to send arms to\n        Cuba.\\n* [[September 8]] – Newly independent Algeria, by referendum,\n        adopts a constitution.\\n* [[September 12]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]],\n        at a speech at [[Rice University]], reaffirms that the U.S. will put a man\n        on the moon by the end of the decade.\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Atlantic\n        College]] opens its doors for the first time in [[Wales]], marking the birth\n        of the pioneering United World College educational movement.{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcollege.org|title=UWC\n        Atlantic College|accessdate=2015-12-16}}\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        A border conflict between China and India erupts into fighting.\\n* [[September\n        22]] – 21-year-old [[Bob Dylan]] premieres one of his most preeminent\n        songs, \\\"[[A Hard Rain''s a-Gonna Fall]]\\\", in the U.S.\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – The animated sitcom ''''[[The Jetsons]]'''' premieres on [[American\n        Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] in the U.S.\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Sonny\n        Liston]] knocks out [[Floyd Patterson]] two minutes into the first round of\n        his fight for the boxing world title in [[Chicago]].\\n* [[September 26]] –\n        [[North Yemen Civil War]] erupts.\\n* [[September 27]] – A [[flash flood]]\n        in [[Barcelona]], Spain, kills more than 440 people.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        The Canadian ''''[[Alouette 1]]'''', the first satellite built outside the\n        United States and the Soviet Union, is launched from [[Vandenberg Air Force\n        Base]] in [[California]].\\n* [[September 30]] – [[CBS]] broadcasts the\n        final episodes of ''''[[Suspense]]'''' and ''''[[Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar]]'''',\n        marking the end of the [[Golden Age of Radio]] in the United States.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1962}}\\n[[File:Cuban missiles.jpg|thumb|200px| [[October 14]]:\n        Pictures of Soviet missile silos in Cuba, taken by US spy planes]]\\n* [[October\n        1]]\\n** The first black student, [[James Meredith]], registers at the [[University\n        of Mississippi]], escorted by Federal Marshals.\\n** [[Johnny Carson]] takes\n        over as permanent host of [[NBC]]''s ''''[[The Tonight Show]]'''' in the U.S.,\n        a post he will hold [[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|for 30 years]].\\n**\n        [[Lucille Ball]] and [[Vivian Vance]] returned to TV with ''''[[The Lucy Show]]'''',\n        two years after the end of ''''[[I Love Lucy]]''''. (Vance was the first person\n        to portray a divorc\\u00e9e on a weekly series.)\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Project\n        Mercury]]: [[Mercury-Atlas 8]] – [[Walter Schirra]] orbits the [[Earth]]\n        six times in the ''''Sigma 7'''' [[space capsule]].\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** The\n        [[French National Assembly]] censures the proposed referendum to sanction\n        presidential elections by popular mandate; Prime Minister [[Georges Pompidou]]\n        resigns, but [[Charles de Gaulle|President de Gaulle]] asks him to stay in\n        office.\\n** [[The Beatles]]'' first [[Single (music)|single]] in their own\n        right, \\\"[[Love Me Do]]\\\"/\\\"P.S. I Love You\\\", is released in the U.K. on\n        [[EMI]]''s [[Parlophone]] label.''''[[New Musical Express]]'''' 21 September\n        1962. This version was recorded on September 4 at [[Abbey Road Studios]]\n        in [[London]] with [[Ringo Starr]] as drummer.\\n** ''''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr.\n        No]]'''', the first [[James Bond in film|James Bond film]], premieres at the\n        [[London Pavilion]], featuring [[Sean Connery]] as the hero.\\n* [[October\n        8]]\\n** The German magazine ''''[[Der Spiegel]]'''' publishes an article about\n        the [[Bundeswehr]]''s poor preparedness; the [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel''''\n        scandal]] erupts.\\n** [[Algeria]] is accepted into the [[United Nations]].\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – Uganda becomes independent within the [[Commonwealth\n        of Nations]].\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Second Vatican Council]]: [[Pope\n        John XXIII]] convenes the first [[ecumenical council]] of the [[Roman Catholic\n        Church]] in 92 years.\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** The infamous [[Columbus Day Storm]]\n        strikes the U.S. Pacific Northwest with wind gusts up to 170 mph (270 km/h);\n        46 are killed, 11 billion board feet (26 million m\\u00b3) of timber is blown\n        down, with $230 million U.S. in damages.\\n** [[Jazz]] bassist/composer [[Charles\n        Mingus]] invites the public to a live recording session at [[The Town Hall\n        (New York City)]], but the public is expecting a formal concert. Along with\n        technical problems the event is the worst moment of his career.\\n* [[October\n        13]] – [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut of [[Edward Albee]]''s drama\n        ''''[[Who''s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]''''.\\n* [[October 14]] – The\n        beginning of the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]: A [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] flight over\n        Cuba in the [[Caribbean]] photographs Soviet [[nuclear weapon]]s being installed.\n        A stand-off then ensues for another 12 days after [[John F. Kennedy|President\n        Kennedy]] is told of the pictures, between the United States and the [[Soviet\n        Union]], threatening the world with [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]].\\n* [[October\n        19]] – Establishment of Th\\u00e1i Nguy\\u00ean City, under [[Th\\u00e1i\n        Nguy\\u00ean]], in Vietnam.\\n* [[October 20]] – The beginning of [[Sino-Indian\n        War]], a border dispute involving two of the world''s largest nations (India\n        and the People''s Republic of China).\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Cuban Missile\n        Crisis]]: In a televised address, U.S. President John F. Kennedy announces\n        to the nation the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba.\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – Cuban Missile Crisis: First confrontation between the U.S. Navy and\n        a Soviet cargo vessel. The vessel changes course.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel'''' scandal]]: German police occupy ''''[[Der\n        Spiegel]]'''' offices in [[Hamburg]].\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** The end of the\n        [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]: Soviet Union leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] announces\n        that he has ordered the removal of Soviet missile bases in Cuba. In a secret\n        deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev, Kennedy agrees to the withdrawal of U.S.\n        missiles from Turkey. The fact that this deal was not made public makes it\n        look as though the Soviets have backed down.{{dubious|date=April 2012}}\\n**\n        A referendum in France favors the election of the president by universal suffrage.\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] asks the United\n        Kingdom to suspend enforcement of the new constitution in Southern Rhodesia\n        (now Zimbabwe), but it comes into effect on [[November 1]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main\n        article|November 1962}}\\n* November – [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]''s\n        [[novella]] ''''[[One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich]]'''' ({{lang-ru|\\u041e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0301\\u043d\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0418\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0301\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430}},\n        ''''Odin den'' Ivana Denisovicha''''), the author''s semi-autobiographical\n        account of life in the [[gulag]], is published in ''''[[Novy Mir]]'''' in\n        an unprecedented acknowledgement of the [[Soviet Union]]''s [[Stalinist]]\n        past.\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** The Soviets begin dismantling their missiles in\n        Cuba.\\n** First appearance of comic book antihero [[Diabolik]] in Italy.\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – Earliest recorded use of the term \\\"[[personal computer]]\\\"\n        in the report of a speech by computing pioneer [[John Mauchly]] in ''''[[The\n        New York Times]]''''.{{cite news|title=Pocket Computer May Replace Shopping\n        List|work=The New York Times|date=1962-11-03}}\\n* [[November 5]]\\n**\n        [[Franz Josef Strau\\u00df]], the West German defense minister, is relieved\n        of his duties over the [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel'''' scandal]], due to\n        his alleged involvement in police action against the magazine.\\n** Saudi Arabia\n        breaks off diplomatic relations with Egypt, following a period of unrest partly\n        caused by the defection of several Saudi princes to Egypt.\\n** A coal mining\n        disaster in [[Ny-\\u00c5lesund]] killed 21 people. The Norwegian government\n        is forced to resign in the aftermath of this accident in August [[1963]].\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Apartheid]]: The [[United Nations General Assembly]]\n        passes a resolution condemning South Africa''s [[Racism|racist]] [[apartheid]]\n        policies and calls for all UN member states to cease military and economic\n        relations with the nation.\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Richard M. Nixon]]\n        loses the [[California]] governor''s race. In his concession speech, he states\n        that this is \\\"[[Richard Nixon''s last press conference]]\\\" and \\\"you won''t\n        have Nixon to kick around any more\\\".\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Dulles\n        International Airport]] in Washington, D.C., dedicated by President [[John\n        F. Kennedy]].\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Cuban missile crisis]]: In response\n        to the [[Soviet Union]] agreeing to remove its missiles from Cuba, President\n        John F. Kennedy ends the blockade of the island.\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        The [[Sino-Indian War]] ends with a Chinese ceasefire.\\n* [[November 23]]\n        – [[United Airlines Flight 297]] crashes in [[Columbia, Maryland]],\n        killing all 17 on board.\\n* [[November 24]] – The first episode of the\n        groundbreaking satirical comedy program ''''[[That Was the Week That Was]]'''',\n        hosted by [[David Frost]] is broadcast on [[BBC Television]] in the U.K.\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel'''' scandal]]: German police\n        end their occupation of ''''[[Der Spiegel]]''''''s offices.\\n** [[Mies Bouwman]]\n        starts presenting the first live TV-marathon fundraising show (''''[[Open\n        Het Dorp]]'''' in the Netherlands), which lasts 23 hours non-stop.\\n* [[November\n        27]] – French President Charles De Gaulle orders [[Georges Pompidou]]\n        to form a government.\\n* [[November 29]] – An agreement is signed between\n        Britain and France to develop the ''''[[Concorde]]'''' supersonic airliner.\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] elects [[U\n        Thant]] of [[Burma]] as the new [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1962}}\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Vietnam War]]: After a\n        trip to Vietnam at the request of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]], U.S.\n        Senate Majority Leader [[Mike Mansfield]] becomes the first American official\n        to make a non-optimistic public comment on the war''s progress.\\n* [[December\n        7]] – [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]] revises the [[principality]]''s\n        [[Constitution of Monaco|constitution]], devolving some of his formerly autocratic\n        power to several advisory and legislative councils.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        The first period of the [[Second Vatican Council]] closes.\\n** The North [[Kalimantan]]\n        National Army revolts in [[Brunei]], in the first stirrings of the [[Indonesian\n        Confrontation]].\\n** The [[1962\\u201363 New York City newspaper strike]] begins,\n        affecting all of the city''s major newspapers; It will last for 114 days.\\n**\n        Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]], who died on November 28, is buried\n        at the [[Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)]].\\n* [[December 9]] – Tanganyika (modern-day\n        [[Tanzania]]) becomes a republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], with\n        [[Julius Nyerere]] as president.\\n** [[December 10]] – [[David Lean]]''s\n        epic film ''''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'''', featuring\n        [[Peter O''Toole]], [[Omar Sharif]], [[Alec Guinness]], [[Jack Hawkins]] and\n        [[Anthony Quinn]], premieres in London. Six days later it opens in the U.S.\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** In West Germany, a coalition government of Christian Democrats,\n        Christian Socialists and Free Democrats is formed.\\n** The last execution\n        by hanging in Canada\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** U.S. spacecraft [[Mariner 2]]\n        passes by [[Venus]], becoming the first probe to transmit data successfully\n        from another planet.\\n** [[Leonardo da Vinci]]''s early 16th-century painting\n        the ''''[[Mona Lisa]]'''' is assessed for insurance purposed at US$100 million\n        before touring the United States for several months, the highest insurance\n        value for a painting in history. However, the [[Louvre]], its owner, chooses\n        to spend the money that would have been spent on the insurance premium on\n        security instead.\\n* [[December 15]] – Storm over the [[North Sea]]:\n        Belgian [[pirate radio]] station Radio Uylenspiegel is knocked off the airwaves,\n        never to operate again.\\n* [[December 19]] – Britain acknowledged the\n        right of Nyasaland (modern-day [[Malawi]]) to secede from the [[Federation\n        of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Central African Federation]].\\n* [[December 21]]\n        – Britain agrees to purchase [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] missiles from\n        the U.S.\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Winter of 1962\\u201363 in the United Kingdom]]:\n        The \\\"Big Freeze\\\" begins; there are no frost-free nights until March 5, 1963.\\n**\n        [[Telstar (song)]] by [[The Tornados]] becomes the first single by a British\n        Group to reach No.1 on the US charts, predating the first No.1 by The Beatles\n        by thirteen months.\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Cuba]] releases the last\n        1,113 participants in the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] to the U.S., in exchange\n        for food worth $53 million.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[United Nations]] troops\n        occupy the last rebel positions in [[State of Katanga|Katanga]]; [[Moise Tshombe]]\n        moves to [[South Rhodesia]].\\n** An unexpected storm buries Maine under five\n        feet of snow, forcing the ''''[[Bangor Daily News]]'''' to miss a publication\n        date for the only time in history. The same day, also the Netherlands were\n        covered with several feet of snow.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* American advertising\n        man [[Martin K. Speckter]] invents the [[interrobang]], a new English-language\n        [[punctuation mark]].\\n* Publication of [[Helen Gurley Brown]]''s ''''[[Sex\n        and the Single Girl]]'''' in the U.S.\\n* Irish folk band [[The Dubliners]]\n        is formed at [[O''Donoghue''s Pub]] in [[Dublin]].\\n* Invention of the [[Laser\n        Diode]].\\n* [[Slavery in Yemen]] is abolished.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n=== January\n        ===\\n[[File:Guy Pratt On An Island Tour Cropped.png|thumb|100px|[[Guy Pratt]]]]\\n[[File:Suzy\n        Amis 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Suzy Amis Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Carrey 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Carrey]]]]\\n[[File:The King of Jordan in 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Abdullah II\n        of Jordan]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Guy Pratt]], English musician and\n        songwriter\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Natalya Bochina]], Russian athlete\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Suzy Amis Cameron]], American actress and model\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Mark Ellis (footballer, born 1962)|Mark Ellis]], English\n        footballer\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**[[Kiiri Tamm]], Estonian actress \\n**[[Hallie\n        Todd]], American actress\\n* [[January 10]] – [[C. Martin Croker]], animator\n        and voice actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Kim Coles]], American\n        actress and comedian\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Alfred Sch\\u00f6n]], German\n        manager and former footballer\\n* [[January 13]]\\n**[[Trace Adkins]], American\n        [[country music]] singer\\n**[[Kevin Mitchell (baseball)|Kevin Mitchell]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Michael McCaul]], American\n        politician\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Jim Carrey]], Canadian actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Mike Lynch (cartoonist)|Mike Lynch]], American cartoonist\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Ikko (makeup artist)|IKKO]], Japanese make-up artist\\n**\n        [[Sakiko Tamagawa]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Sophie Thompson]], English\n        actress\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Tyler Cowen]], American economist\\n** [[Marie\n        Trintignant]], French actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Mizan\n        Zainal Abidin]], [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]]\\n** [[Lyudmila\n        Dzhigalova]], Russian athlete\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Stephen Keshi]], Nigerian\n        footballer and manager\\n** [[Richard Roxburgh]], Australian actor\\n* [[January\n        25]] – [[Chris Chelios]], American ice hockey player\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – [[Anna LaCazio]], American singer ([[Cock Robin (band)|Cock Robin]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]]\\n** [[Creflo Dollar]], American evangelist\\n** [[Sam Phillips]],\n        American singer\\n* [[January 30]] – King [[Abdullah II of Jordan]]\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:GNR London Stadium 2017 7.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Axl Rose]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Bryan of Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Bryan]]]]\\n[[File:EddieIzzard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie Izzard]]]]\\n[[File:TobyParker.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Timothy\n        Britten Parker]]]]\\n[[File:Sheryl Crow - November 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sheryl\n        Crow]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Irwin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Irwin]]]]\\n[[File:Adam\n        Baldwin by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam Baldwin]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] – [[Takashi Murakami]], Japanese pop artist\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[Andy Fordham]], English darts player\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Michele\n        Greene]], American actress\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Clint Black]], American\n        country musician\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Jennifer Jason Leigh]], American\n        actress\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Axl Rose]], American rock singer ([[Guns\n        N'' Roses]])\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Garth Brooks]], American country musician\\n**\n        [[David Bryan]], American keyboardist ([[Bon Jovi]])\\n** [[Eddie Izzard]],\n        British actor and comedian\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Malorie Blackman]], British-born\n        author \\n** [[Timothy Britten Parker]], American actor\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Lolo Ferrari]], French actress (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Dany Roland]], Brazilian\n        drummer ([[Metr\\u00f4 (band)|Metr\\u00f4]]), actor, sound designer, film director\n        and record producer\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Cliff Burton]], American bassist\n        ([[Metallica]]) (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Bobby Czyz]], American boxer\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Sheryl Crow]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        [[Nana Ioseliani]], Georgian chess player\\n** [[Jimmy Kirkwood]], Irish-born\n        field hockey player\\n* [[February 13]] – [[An\\u00edbal Acevedo Vil\\u00e1]],\n        Puerto Rican politician\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Lou Diamond Phillips]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Julie Strain]], American actress\n        and model\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Vanessa Feltz]], British television presenter\\n**\n        [[Chuck Palahniuk]], American author\\n** [[David Foster Wallace]], American\n        writer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Steve Irwin]], Australian herpetologist\n        and TV personality (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Lenda Murray]], American [[female bodybuilder|bodybuilder]]\\n*\n        [[February 25]]\\n** [[Birgit Fischer]], German kayaker\\n** [[Junko Ogata]],\n        Japanese serial killer\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Adam Baldwin]], American\n        actor\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Angela Bailey]], Canadian athlete\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Jon\n        Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon Bon Jovi]]]]\\n[[File:Jackie\n        Joyner-Kersee Eugene 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]]]\\n[[File:Chris\n        Sanders, Golden Globes 2014 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris Sanders]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew\n        Broderick 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matthew Broderick]]]]\\n[[File:Rosie O''Donnell\n        by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rosie O''Donnell]]]]\\n[[File:Life Ball\n        2014 red carpet 080 Marcia Cross.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marcia Cross]]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** [[Jon Bon Jovi]], American singer ([[Bon Jovi]])\\n** [[Raimo Summanen]],\n        Finnish ice hockey player and coach\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Herschel Walker]], American football player\\n* [[March\n        4]] – [[Simon Bisley]], British comic book artist\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Andreas Felder]], Austrian ski jumper\\n** [[Erika Hess]], Swiss alpine skier\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Taylor Dayne]], American singer\\n* [[March 8]] –\n        [[Cecilia Yip]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[March 10]] \\n** [[Jasmine Guy]] American\n        actor\\n** [[Seiko Matsuda]], Japanese pop singer/songwriter\\n* [[March 12]]\n        \\n** [[Chris Sanders]], American animator and voice actor\\n** [[Darryl Strawberry]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Branco Mello]], Brazilian\n        singer, actor and writer\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Thomas Ian Griffith]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Mike Rowe]], American TV show host\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Iv\\u00e1n\n        Calder\\u00f3n (baseball)|Iv\\u00e1n Calder\\u00f3n]], Puerto Rican [[Major League\n        Baseball]] player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Stephen Sommers]],\n        American film director\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Matthew Broderick]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Rosie O''Donnell]], American comedian, actress and talk-show host\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Steve Redgrave]], English rower\\n** [[Jenny Wright]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Star Jones]], American talk show host and\n        publisher\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Marcia Cross]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\n** [[Eric Allan Kramer]], American actor\\n** [[John Stockton]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Jann Arden]], Canadian singer\\n**\n        [[John O''Farrell (author)|John O''Farrell]], British author and broadcaster\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Ted Failon]], Filipino broadcast journalist and radio\n        commentator\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Bil Dwyer]], American actor\\n** [[MC Hammer]]\n        (Stanley Kirk Burrell), American rapper\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Clark Gregg\n        WonderCon 2016.png|thumb|100px|[[Clark Gregg]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Kane.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        Kane]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Samboy Lim]], Filipino basketball player\\n**\n        [[Phillip Schofield]], British TV presenter\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**[[Clark Gregg]],\n        American actor\\n**[[Mark Shulman (author)|Mark Shulman]], American children''s\n        author\\n* [[April 3]] \\n**[[Mike Ness]], American Musician \\n* [[April 5]]\n        – [[Kirsan Ilyumzhinov]], President of [[Kalmykia]] and [[FIDE]]\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Steven Levitan]], American director, writer, and producer\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Hugh O''Connor]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April\n        9]] – [[Imran Sherwani]], British field hockey player\\n* [[April 10]]\\n**\n        [[Rick Florian]], American Christian musician and real estate agent\\n** [[Steve\n        Tasker]], American football player\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Carlos Sainz]], Spanish\n        rally driver\\n** [[Nobuhiko Takada]], Japanese mixed martial arts fighter\n        and professional wrestler\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Jennifer Rubin (actress)|Jennifer\n        Rubin]], American actress/model\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Tom Kane]], American\n        voice actor\\n** [[Nawal El Moutawakel]], Moroccan hurdler\\n** [[Nick Kamen]],\n        English singer, songwriter, musician and model\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Jeff\n        Dunham]], American ventriloquist\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Al Unser, Jr.]],\n        American race car driver\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Hank the Angry Drunken\n        Dwarf]] (Henry Joseph Nasiff Jr.), American comedian (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April\n        23]] – [[John Hannah (actor)|John Hannah]], Scottish actor\\n* [[April\n        24]] – [[Steve Roach (rugby league)|Steve Roach]], Australian champion\n        [[rugby league]] prop forward\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Colin Anderson (footballer)|Colin\n        Anderson]], English footballer\\n** [[Michael Damian]], American singer and\n        actor\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Stephan Burger]], German Roman Catholic archbishop\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Emilio Estevez and Martin Sheen (cropped to Emilio).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emilio\n        Estevez]]]]\\n[[File:Craig Ferguson by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Craig\n        Ferguson]]]]\\n[[File:Genie Francis 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Genie Francis]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        de Fran\\u00e7ois-Henri Pinault pris aux journ\\u00e9e de la terre en 2011 \\u00e0\n        l''unesco paris.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois-Henri Pinault]]]]\\n* [[May\n        2]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Berridge (actress)|Elizabeth Berridge]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Jimmy White]], British snooker player\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Anders Graneheim]],\n        Swedish bodybuilder\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Kaoru Wada]], Japanese composer\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Natalia Molchanova]], Russian free-diver\\n* [[May 9]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Gahan]], English singer-songwriter ([[Depeche Mode]])\\n** [[Paul Heaton]],\n        English singer-songwriter ([[The Housemartins]], [[The Beautiful South]])\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Emilio Estevez]], American actor\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Paul\n        McDermott]], Australian comedian\\n** [[Eduardo Palomo]], Mexican actor (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Ian Astbury]], English singer\\n** [[Danny Huston]],\n        American actor and film director\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Lise Lyng Falkenberg]],\n        Danish writer\\n** [[Craig Ferguson]], Scottish-American actor, comedian, and\n        TV host (''''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson|The Late Late Show]]'''',\n        ''''[[Celebrity Name Game]]'''')\\n** [[Kim Mulkey]], American basketball player/coach\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Sandra (singer)|Sandra]], German pop singer\\n* [[May\n        19]] – [[Frances Ondiviela]], Spanish/Mexican actress\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – [[Mike Jeffries (soccer)|Mike Jeffries]], American soccer coach\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Brian Pillman]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Gene Anthony Ray]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May\n        26]]\\n** [[Black (singer)|Black]], English singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Genie Francis]], American actress\\n** [[Bobcat Goldthwait]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Ravi Shastri]], Indian cricketer\\n* [[May\n        28]]\\n** [[Brandon Cruz]], American child actor and punk rocker\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois-Henri\n        Pinault]], French businessman\\n** [[James Michael Tyler]], American actor\\n*\n        [[May 29]]\\n** [[Perry Fenwick]], English actor\\n** [[Debra Sandlund]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Timo Soini]], Finnish politician\\n* [[May\n        31]]\\n** [[Corey Hart (singer)|Corey Hart]], Canadian singer\\n** [[Noriko\n        Hidaka]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Sebastian Koch]], German actor\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Carolyn Hennesy 2010 Daytime Emmy Awards.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carolyn\n        Hennesy]]]]\\n[[File:Paula Abdul February 9, 2011.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Paula Abdul]]]]\\n[[File:Campino\n        at the Echo music award 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Campino (singer)|Campino]]]]\\n[[File:Bussunda\n        AgBrasil.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bussunda]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Ball -Cardiff 21Oct2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Ball (singer)|Michael Ball]]]]\\n[[File:Ollanta Humala 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ollanta\n        Humala]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Sherri Howard]], American athlete\\n* [[June\n        4]]\\n** [[Paul Baloche]], American Christian worship leader\\n** [[John P.\n        Kee]], American gospel singer\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Jeff Garlin]], American\n        comedian\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Thierry Hazard]], French singer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Suzy Gorman]], American photographer\\n* [[June 10]]\\n**\n        [[Gina Gershon]], American actress and musician\\n** [[Carolyn Hennesy]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Ralf Schumann]], German sport shooter\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** [[Olga\n        Charv\\u00e1tov\\u00e1]], Czech alpine skier\\n** [[Erika Salum\\u00e4e]], Estonian\n        cyclist\\n** [[Toshihiko Seki]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Camilla\n        Scott]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Jodi Thelen]], American actress\\n* [[June\n        13]]\\n** [[Ally Sheedy]], American actress\\n** [[Hannah Storm]], American\n        TV personality\\n** [[Bence Szab\\u00f3]], Hungarian fencer\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Emilija Er\\u010di\\u0107]], Yugoslav (Serbian) handball player\\n* [[June\n        15]]\\n** [[Thomas Mikal Ford]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Andrea\n        Rost]], Hungarian lyric soprano\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Arnold Vosloo]],\n        South African actor\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Bap Kennedy]], Northern Irish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Lio]], Belgian singer/actress\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Mitsuharu Misawa]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Lisa Randall]], American theoretical\n        physicist\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Paula Abdul]], American dancer, choreographer\n        and singer\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Alex Di Gregorio]], Italian editorial\n        cartoonist\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Pipilotti Rist]], Swiss video artist\\n** [[Viktor\n        Tsoi]], Soviet underground singer and songwriter (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        [[Campino (singer)|Campino]], German singer, band [[Die Toten Hosen]]\\n**\n        [[Stephen Chow]], Hong Kong actor and director\\n** [[Clyde Drexler]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[June 23]] \\n** [[Kari Takko]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Mark DeCarlo]], American actor\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Bussunda]], Brazilian\n        comedian (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Michael Ball (singer)|Michael\n        Ball]], British stage actor and singer\\n** [[Ollanta Humala]], Peruvian politician,\n        65th [[President of Peru]]\\n** [[Tony Leung Chiu-wai]], Hong Kong actor\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Don Chambers]], American newspaper comic strip artist\\n*\n        [[June 29]]\\n** [[Amanda Donohoe]], English actress\\n** [[George Zamka]],\n        American astronaut\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Tony Fern\\u00e1ndez]], Dominican baseball\n        player\\n** [[Deirdre Lovejoy]], American actress\\n** [[Julianne Regan]], British\n        singer/songwriter ([[All About Eve (band)|All About Eve]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Andre\n        Braugher 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andre Braugher]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Reacher- Never Go Back Japan Premiere Red Carpet- Tom Cruise (35375035831).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        Cruise]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Gibson by Dan Huse (2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas\n        Gibson]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Kenny FSC 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Kenny]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos\n        Alazraqui 2005.png|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Alazraqui]]]]\\n[[File:Sergey_Kiriyenko_December_2011-1.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Sergey\n        Kiriyenko]]]]\\n[[File:Wesleysnipes cropped 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wesley Snipes]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Andre Braugher]], American actor\\n** [[Dominic Keating]],\n        English actor\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Tom Cruise]], American actor\\n** [[Thomas\n        Gibson]], American actor\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Neil Morrissey]], British actor\\n**\n        [[Pam Shriver]], American tennis player\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Amrozi bin\n        Nurhasyim]], Indonesian terrorist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Klaus\n        Tange]], Danish actor\\n** [[Tom Conroy]], American state legislator\\n** [[MC\n        Jazzy Jeff]], American rapper\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Joan Osborne]], American\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Trond Helleland]], Norwegian\n        politician\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Pauline McLynn]], Irish actress\\n* [[July\n        12]]\\n** [[Dan Murphy (musician)|Dan Murphy]], American rock guitarist ([[Soul\n        Asylum]])\\n** [[Dean Wilkins]], English football manager\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Tom Kenny]], American voice actor and comedian\\n** [[Zlata Petrovi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian pop singer\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Patricio Toledo]], Chilean footballer\n        \\n** [[Jeff Olson (musician)|Jeff Olson]], American percussionist ([[Trouble\n        (band)|Trouble]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Michelle Ford]], Australian swimmer\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – [[Grigory Leps]], Russian singer\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Lee\n        Arenberg]], American actor\\n** [[Jack Irons]], American drummer\\n* [[July\n        19]] \\n** [[Cynthia Farrelly Gesner]], American actress\\n** [[Anthony Edwards]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Carlos Alazraqui]], American actor and\n        comedian\\n** Giovana Amati, Italian race car driver\\n** [[Emmanuel Niyonkuru]],\n        Burundian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Gabi Bauer]], German\n        journalist and TV presenter\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Eriq La Salle]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Johnny O''Connell]], American race car driver\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Galina Chistyakova]], Ukrainian athlete\\n** [[Sergey Kiriyenko]],\n        Russian politician and statesman, 31st [[Prime Minister of Russia]]\\n* [[July\n        28]] – [[Ray Shero]], American hockey manager\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        [[Scott Steiner]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Alton\n        Brown]], American TV show host and chef\\n** [[Lavinia Greenlaw]], British\n        poet and novelist\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Damien Frawley]], Australian rugby\n        union player\\n** [[John Laurinaitis]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Wesley Snipes]], American actor and martial artist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Cesar\n        Montano.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cesar Montano]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Carell November\n        2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Carell]]]]\\n[[File:Felipe Calderon 20090130.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Felipe\n        Calder\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:Sophie.Aldred.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sophie Aldred]]]]\\n[[File:Dee\n        Bradley Baker by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dee Bradley Baker]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Robert Clift]], British field hockey player\\n** [[Cesar\n        Montano]], Filipino actor\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Cynthia Stevenson]], American\n        actress\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Roger Clemens]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Patrick Ewing]], Jamaican-born basketball player\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Michelle Yeoh]], Malaysian-born Hong Kong actress\\n*\n        [[August 7]] \\n** [[Doon Mackichan]], British actress and comedian\\n** [[Bruno\n        Pelletier]], Canadian singer\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Y\\u016bji Machi]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n** [[Mike Zanier]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – [[John Slattery]], American actor and film director\\n* [[August 14]]\n        – [[Kevin Harris]], Canadian skateboarder\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Tom\n        Colicchio]], American chef\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Abdul-Majid al-Khoei]],\n        [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] cleric (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Christian Cameron]], Canadian-American\n        writer\\n** [[Steve Carell]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[August 17]]\n        – [[Pierre Sanoussi-Bliss]], German actor and director\\n* [[August 18]]\n        – [[Felipe Calder\\u00f3n]], Mexican politician, 50th [[President of\n        Mexico]]\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Val\\u00e9rie Kaprisky]], French actress\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** [[Sophie Aldred]], British actress and television presenter\\n**\n        [[James Marsters]], American actor\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]],\n        Japanese serial killer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Gilberto Santa Rosa]], Puerto Rican\n        salsa singer\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Shaun Ryder]], English musician, singer-songwriter,\n        actor, television personality, author, and newspaper columnist\\n* [[August\n        24]]\\n** [[Craig Kilborn]], American talk show host\\n** [[David Koechner]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Mary Ellen Weber]], American astronaut\\n* [[August 25]]\n        – [[Theresa Andrews]], American swimmer\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Princess\n        Lalla Meryem of Morocco]]\\n** [[Bob Mionske]], American cyclist and attorney\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Vic Mignogna]], American voice actor\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Craig Anton]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[David Fincher]], American\n        film director\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Ian James Corlett]], Canadian voice actor\\n**\n        [[Jutta Kleinschmidt]], German rally driver\\n** [[Lycia Naff]], American actress/journalist\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Alexander Litvinenko]], Russian ex-KGB colonel and\n        ex-FSB lieutenant-colonel (d. 2006)\\n* [[August 31]]\\n** [[Dee Bradley Baker]],\n        American comedian, announcer and voice actor\\n** [[Mark L. Walberg]], American\n        TV show host\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Chris Christie April 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris\n        Christie]]]]\\n[[File:Dina Lohan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dina Lohan]]]]\\n[[File:Asvenup.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hesham\n        Qandil]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Ruud Gullit]], Dutch footballer\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Shinya Yamanaka]], Japanese physician and researcher\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Chris Christie]], American politician and 55th [[Governor\n        of New Jersey]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Kylie InGold]], Australian fantasy\n        artist\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Thomas Kretschmann]], German actor\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Kristy McNichol]], American actress\\n** [[Victoria\n        Poleva]], Ukrainian composer\\n** [[Andrew Jackson (actor)|Andrew Jackson]],\n        Canadian voice actor\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Dino Merlin]], Bosnian singer-songwriter,\n        musician and producer\\n** [[Amy Yasbeck]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        13]] – [[Hisao Egawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n*[[September 14]] –\n        [[Robert Herjavec]], Croatian-born Canadian businessman, investor, author,\n        dancer, and television personality \\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Dina Lohan]],\n        American television personality\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Bloemhof]], South African\n        author\\n** [[Scott McNeil]], Australian voice actor\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Stephen Jones (Babybird)]], English singer and musician\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Baz Luhrmann]], Australian film director\\n** [[Hesham Qandil]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Egypt]]\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Gottfried von Bismarck]],\n        German aristocrat and socialite (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Rob Morrow]], American actor\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Martin Crowe]],\n        New Zealand cricketer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Jack Dee]],\n        English comedian\\n** [[Rosamund Kwan]], Hong Kong actress\\n** [[Ally McCoist]],\n        Scottish footballer and TV pundit\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Aida Turturro]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Melissa Sue Anderson]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Gregory Crewdson]], American photographer\\n** [[Steve Moneghetti]],\n        Australian long-distance runner\\n** [[Al Pitrelli]], American guitarist\\n**\n        [[Jacky Wu]], Taiwanese talk show host, singer and actor\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – [[Kimberly Carson]], American pornographic actress\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Grant Fuhr]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Frank Rijkaard]], Dutch football player and manager\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Micky\n        Flanagan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Micky Flanagan]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Andretti at\n        Carb Day 2015 at the Indianapolis 500 - Sarah Stierch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Andretti]]]]\\n[[File:Joan Cusack June 2010 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joan\n        Cusack]]]]\\n[[File:Kelly Preston.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kelly Preston]]]]\\n[[File:Mike\n        Judge by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike Judge]]]]\\n[[File:Evander Holyfield\n        LA 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Evander Holyfield]]]]\\n\\n[[File:David\n        Furnish 1 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Furnish]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Lintern\n        in Alpbach, Austria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Lintern]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\n        \\n** [[Micky Flanagan]], English comedian\\n** [[Esai Morales]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\n** [[Jeff Bennett]], American voice actor and singer\\n** [[James\n        Hunter (singer)|James Hunter]], English singer\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Tommy\n        Lee]], American rock musician and drummer\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Michael Andretti]],\n        American race car driver\\n** [[Caron Keating]], British TV presenter (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Rich Yett]], American baseball player\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Joan Cusack]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[October 12]]\\n**\n        [[Branko Crvenkovski]], [[President of the Republic of Macedonia|President\n        of Macedonia]]\\n** [[Deborah Foreman]], American actress\\n* [[October 13]]\\n**\n        [[T''Keyah Crystal Keym\\u00e1h]], American actress and comedian\\n** [[Margareth\n        Menezes]], Brazilian singer\\n** [[Kelly Preston]], American actress\\n** [[Jerry\n        Rice]], American football player\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Manute Bol]], Sudanese\n        basketball player and activist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Flea (musician)|Flea]],\n        Australian rock bassist ([[Red Hot Chili Peppers]])\\n** [[Dmitri Hvorostovsky]],\n        Russian baritone\\n** [[Durga McBroom]], American singer ([[Blue Pearl]])\\n**\n        [[Tamara McKinney]], American alpine skier\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Mike\n        Judge]], American animator\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Tracy Chevalier]], American\n        author\\n** [[Evander Holyfield]], American boxer\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Anatoly Khrapaty]], Soviet Olympic weightlifter (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Miki It\\u014d]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 23]]\\n**\n        [[Doug Flutie]], American football player\\n** [[Mike Tomczak]], American football\n        player\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Jay Novacek]], American football player\\n*\n        [[October 25]]\\n** [[David Furnish]], Canadian filmmaker, director and producer\\n**\n        [[Nick Hancock]], British actor and television presenter\\n** [[Richard Lintern]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Darlene Vogel]], American actress\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Cary Elwes]], British actor\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Jun''ichi Kanemaru]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Ang Peng Siong]], Singaporean sportsman\\n* [[October\n        28]] – [[Daphne Zuniga]], American actress\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Courtney\n        Walsh]], West Indian cricketer\\n** [[Stefan Kuntz]], German former football\n        player, and currently coach\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Anthony Kiedis at Prudential\n        Center.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony Kiedis]]]]\\n[[File:Demi Moore by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Demi\n        Moore]]]]\\n[[File:Kirk Hammett by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kirk Hammett]]]]\\n[[File:Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Maduro in meeting with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani in Saadabad Palace.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Maduro]]]]\\n[[File:Jon Stewart MFF 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon Stewart]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** [[Sharron Davies]], British swimmer/television presenter\\n**\n        [[Magne Furuholmen]], Norwegian musician ([[A-ha]])\\n** [[Anthony Kiedis]],\n        American rock singer ([[Red Hot Chili Peppers]])\\n* [[November 3]]\\n**[[Phil\n        Katz]], American computer programmer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Gabe Newell]], American\n        business executive\\n** [[Jacqui Smith]], UK politician\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        [[Aznil Nawawi]], Malaysian TV host\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Bettina Hoy]],\n        German equestrienne\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Teryl Rothery]], Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Gerard Horan]], English actor\\n** [[Mic Michaeli]],\n        Swedish keyboardist\\n** [[Demi Moore]], American actress\\n** [[James Morrison\n        (musician)|James Morrison]], Australian musician\\n** [[Nicole P. Stott]],\n        American astronaut\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Neal Shusterman]], American author\\n**\n        [[Naomi Wolf]], American feminist author and political consultant\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Steve Altes]], American humorist\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Jessica\n        Straus]], American voice actress\\n** [[Atsuko Tanaka (voice actress)|Atsuko\n        Tanaka]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Judy Gold]],\n        American comedian and actress\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Jamie Moyer]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Kirk Hammett]], American\n        rock musician ([[Metallica]])\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Jodie Foster]], American\n        actress and director\\n** [[Sean Parnell]], American politician\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[Steven Curtis Chapman]], American [[Christian]] musician\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Sumi Jo]], Korean operatic soprano\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Nicol\\u00e1s Maduro]], [[President of Venezuela]]\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[John Kovalic]], American cartoonist\\n* [[November 27]] –\n        [[Marumi Shiraishi]], Japanese actress\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Jon Stewart]],\n        American actor, comedian, media critic, television personality, and former\n        host of ''''[[The Daily Show]]'''' (1999-2015)\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Andrew\n        McCarthy]], American actor\\n** [[Ronny Jordan]], English guitarist (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Bo Jackson]], American football and baseball player\\n**\n        [[Daniel Keys Moran]], American writer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:FelicityHuffmanHWoFMar2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Felicity\n        Huffman]]]]\\n[[File:European 2011 Denise Biellmann.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denise\n        Biellmann]]]]\\n[[File:Ben Browder 2014 Phoenix ComicCon (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben\n        Browder]]]]\\n[[File:41st Annie Awards, Jill Talley.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill\n        Talley]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Sylvie Daigle]], Canadian speed skater\\n**\n        [[Sh\\u014dz\\u014d Hayashiya IX]], Japanese [[rakugo]]ka, [[tarento]] and [[voice\n        actor]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Tammy Jackson]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Julie Lemieux]], Canadian voice actress\\n** [[Anna Walker\n        (television presenter)|Anna Walker]], British television presenter\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]], Argentine tenor\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        [[Janine Turner]], American actress\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Albert Grajales]],\n        INTERPOL Director of Puerto Rico and martial artist\\n** [[Felicity Huffman]],\n        American actress\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Scott Capurro]], American comedian\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Denise Biellmann]], Swiss figure skater\\n** [[Ben Browder]],\n        American actor\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Tracy Austin]], American tennis player\\n**\n        [[Arturo Barrios]], Mexican long-distance runner\\n** [[Max Raabe]], German\n        singer\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Yvonne Ryding]], Swedish pageant winner\n        ([[Miss Universe]] [[1984]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Maruschka Detmers]],\n        Dutch actress\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Paul Dobson (footballer)|Paul Dobson]],\n        English footballer\\n** [[Richard Jewell]], American security guard and media\n        figure (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Galina Malchugina]], Russian athlete\\n** [[Rocco\n        Mediate]], American golfer\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Jill Talley]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Ralph Fiennes]], English actor\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Keiji Mutoh]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Mark Few]], American basketball coach\\n** [[Bill Self]], American\n        basketball coach\\n** [[Sherri Steinhauer]], American golfer\\n* [[December\n        28]]\\n** [[Michelle Cameron]], Canadian synchronised swimmer\\n** [[Choi Soo-jong]],\n        South Korean actor\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Alessandra Mussolini]], Italian\n        politician\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Don Diamont]], American actor\\n** [[Lance\n        Reddick]], American actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Gunnar Krantz (artist)|Gunnar\n        Krantz]], Swedish comic artist\\n* [[Nemat Shafik]], Egyptian-born international\n        banker.\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Diego Mart\\u00ednez Barrio.JPG|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Diego\n        Mart\\u00ednez Barrio]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Diego Mart\\u00ednez Barrio]],\n        Spanish politician, 2-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January\n        4]] – [[Hans Lammers]], German Nazi minister (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[Marziyya Davudova]], Soviet actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Ernie Kovacs]], American TV comedian (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[R. H. Tawney]], English historian and social critic (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Snub Pollard]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Robinson Jeffers]], American poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Arturo Bragaglia]], Italian actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Beltr\\u00e1n]], Spanish cinematographer\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\n** [[Lucky Luciano]], American gangster\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Fritz Kreisler]], Austrian violinist\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hu Shih 1960 color.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Hu\n        Shih]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Carey Wilson (writer)|Carey Wilson]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Shlomo Hestrin]],\n        Canadian-born Israeli biochemist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Daniel\n        Hal\\u00e9vy]], French historian (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Jacques\n        Ibert]], French composer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Roy Atwell]],\n        American actor, comedian and composer (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[C\\u00e2ndido Portinari]],\n        Brazilian painter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Clara Nordstr\\u00f6m]],\n        German writer and translator (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Eduard\n        von Steiger]], Swiss politician, 51st [[President of Switzerland]] (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Indalecio Prieto]], Spanish Socialist politician\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Hugh Dalton]], British Labour politician\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Joseph Kearns]], American actor (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n** [[Bruno Walter]], German conductor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\n** [[James Barton (actor)|James Barton]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Georgios Papanikolaou]], Greek inventor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 20]]\n        – [[Halliwell Hobbes]], English-born film actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Hu Shih]], Chinese philosopher (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Antonina De Angelis|Mar\\u00eda Ludovico De Angelis]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] professed sister and blessed (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Willie Best]], American actor (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Chic Johnson]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Arthur\n        Compton 1927.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur Compton]]]]\\n[[File:Auguste Piccard\n        at 1927 Solvay Conference.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Auguste Piccard]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[Roscoe Ates]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Richard L. Conolly]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[W. Alton Jones]], American industrialist\n        and philanthropist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Arnold Kirkeby]], American hotelier,\n        art collector and real estate investor (b. [[1901]])\\n** Louise Lindner Eastman,\n        American wife of [[Lee Eastman]] and mother of [[Linda McCartney]] (b. [[1911]])\\n**\n        [[Emelyn Whiton]], American Olympic sailor (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Walt Kiesling]], American football player ([[Chicago Cardinals]]) and a\n        member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Pierre Benoit (novelist)|Pierre Benoit]], French novelist (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Giovanna Berneri]], Italian educationalist and anarchist\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Arthur Compton]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n**\n        [[C. Wright Mills]], American sociologist (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[A. E. Douglass]],\n        American astronomer and founder of dendrochronology (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March\n        24]]\\n** [[Jean Goldkette]], Greek-born jazz musician (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Auguste\n        Piccard]], Swiss physicist, aeronaut and explorer (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Jussi Kekkonen]], Finnish major (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Benny Paret]], Cuban welterweight boxer (died as result of [[Benny\n        Paret vs. Emile Griffith III|injuries in the ring]]; b. [[1937]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Juan Belmonte]], Spanish bullfighter (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April\n        10]]\\n** [[Michael Curtiz]], Austrian-born film director (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Manton S. Eddy]], American general (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Stuart Sutcliffe]],\n        British artist and rock guitarist, [[The Beatles]] (b. [[1940]])\\n* [[April\n        13]] – [[Culbert Olson]], American politician, [[Governor of California]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Clara Blandick]], American actress (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Arsenio Lacson]], Filipino politician and sportswriter (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Louise Fazenda]], American actress (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[April 21]] – Sir [[Frederick Handley Page]], English\n        aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Vera Reynolds]],\n        American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Milt Franklyn]],\n        American film composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Josefa Toledo\n        de Aguirre]], Nicaraguan pioneer educator (d. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Gianna Beretta Molla]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] pediatrician and saint\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Hajime Tanabe]], Japanese philosopher\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Pedro-p-ramirez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Pablo Ramirez]]]]\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Ernest Tyldesley]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Shunroku Hata]], Marshal of the Imperial\n        Japanese Army (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Pedro Pablo Ramirez]],\n        Argentinan military general, 26th [[President of Argentina]], leader of the\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Henry Trendley Dean]],\n        American dental researcher (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Franz Kline]], American painter\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\n** [[Wilfrid Wilson Gibson]], English poet (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n** [[Aida de Acosta]], American socialite (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May\n        27]] – [[Egon Petri]], German pianist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 28]] –\n        [[Robert Francis Anthony Studds]], American admiral and engineer, fourth Director\n        of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] – [[Henry Fountain Ashurst]], American politician (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Eugeniusz\n        Baziak.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Eugeniusz Baziak]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Adolf Eichmann]], German SS officer and a major organiser of the Holocaust\n        (executed) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Vita Sackville-West]], English\n        writer and landscape gardener (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Charles\n        William Beebe]], American naturalist, ornithologist, marine biologist and\n        entomologist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Abba Ahimeir]], Soviet-born\n        Israeli journalist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Yves Klein]], French painter (b. [[1928]])\\n**\n        [[Guinn Williams (actor)|Guinn Williams]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Joe Profaci]], Italian-American mobster (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Korneli Kekelidze]], Georgian philologist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[Eug\\u00e8ne Freyssinet]], French civil engineer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June\n        12]] – [[John Ireland (composer)|John Ireland]], English composer (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Eugene Aynsley Goossens|Sir Eugene Goossens]],\n        English composer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Eugeniusz Baziak]], Polish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Alfred Cortot]], Swiss pianist\n        and conductor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Aleksei Antonov]], General\n        of the Soviet Army (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Frank Borzage]], American\n        film director (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Will Wright (actor)|Will Wright]], American\n        character actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Lucile Watson]], Canadian\n        actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Paul Viiding]], Estonian poet,\n        author and literary critic (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Mickey Cochrane]],\n        American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member of the\n        [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Carl Van Vechten\n        - William Faulkner.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William Faulkner]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], Indian physician and politician, [[Chief Minister\n        of West Bengal]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi]],\n        Italian soldier (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Rex Bell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[John Anderson (philosopher)|John Anderson]],\n        British-born Australian philosopher (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Paul Boffa]], Maltese\n        politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[William Faulkner]],\n        American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Archduke Joseph August of Austria]], Austrian field marshal and former regent\n        of Hungary (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Georges Bataille]], French\n        writer and philosopher (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Yehuda Leib\n        Maimon]], Bassarabian-born Israeli rabbi and government minister (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Roger Wolfe Kahn]], American band leader (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Jerry Wald]], American screenwriter and producer (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[G. M. Trevelyan]], English historian (b.\n        [[1876]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Victor Moore]], American actor (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Raquel Meller]], Spanish singer and actress (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Richard Aldington]], English poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July\n        29]] \\n** [[Leonardo De Lorenzo]], Italian flautist (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ronald\n        Fisher]], English statistician and biologist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 30]]\n        – [[Myron McCormick]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Monroecirca1953.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Marilyn\n        Monroe]]]]\\n[[File:Charles Rigoulot 1923.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Rigoulot]]]]\\n[[File:DusanSImovicPedroIIDeYugoslaviaYKnezevicEnLondres21061941.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Du%C5%A1an\n        Simovi%C4%87]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Marilyn Monroe]], American actress\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[\\u00c1ngel Borlenghi]], Argentine\n        labor leader and politician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Hermann\n        Hesse]], German-born writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Lei Feng]], Chinese soldier (b. [[1940]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Cleo Ridgely]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Ahmad bin Ibrahim]], Malaysian-born Singaporean politician\n        (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Charles Rigoulot]], French Olympic\n        weightlifter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Hoot Gibson]], American\n        actor and film director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Mykolas Bir\\u017ei\\u0161ka]],\n        Lithuanian politician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Du%C5%A1an\n        Simovi%C4%87]], Yugoslav general, 18th [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]] (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Leopoldo Panero]], Spanish poet (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[John Collum]], American actor (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Georgina de Albuquerque]], Brazilian painter (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Felicjan S\\u0142awoj Sk\\u0142adkowski]], Prime Minister\n        of Poland (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:YemenAhmad.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ahmad\n        bin Yahya]]]]\\n[[File:Ouyang Yuqian1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ouyang Yuqian]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Hans-J\\u00fcrgen von Arnim]], German general (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[E. E. Cummings]], American poet (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Juan Atilio Bramuglia]], Argentine\n        composer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Hanns Eisler]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Karen Blixen]], Danish writer\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Morris Louis]], American painter (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Graham\n        Walker (motorcycle racer)|Graham Walker]], English motorcycle racer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Ahmad bin Yahya]], King of Yemen (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Nikolai Pogodin]], Soviet playwright (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Conrad Helfrich]], Dutch admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Ouyang Yuqian]], Chinese playwright, director and\n        Peking opera performer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Louis de Soissons]],\n        Canadian-born English architect (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Patrick Hamilton (writer)|Patrick\n        Hamilton]], English dramatist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Sam\n        McDaniel]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Charles Reisner]], American\n        silent film actor and director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Bernard\n        Rawlings (Royal Navy officer)|Bernard Rawlings]], British admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Henri\n        Oreiller 1948.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henri Oreiller]]]]\\n[[File:Gaston Bachelard\n        1965.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gaston Bachelard]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Ludwig\n        Bemelmans]], Austro-Hungarian born American writer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October\n        2]]\\n** [[Henry Louis Larsen]], American Marine Corps general; [[Governor\n        of American Samoa]] and [[Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Frank Lovejoy]],\n        American actor (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[K. Kanagaratnam]],\n        Ceylon Tamil civil servant and politician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        [[Tod Browning]], American film director (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        [[Henri Oreiller]], French Olympic alpine skier (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[October\n        9]] – [[Milan Vidmar]], Slovenian chess player (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Stancho Belkovski]], Bulgarian architect and lecturer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Erich von Tschermak]], Austrian agronomist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Alberto Teisaire]], Argentine Navy officer and [[Vice\n        President of Argentina|Vice President of the Republic]] (assassinated) (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Irma Gramatica]], Italian actress (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Gaston Bachelard]], French philosopher\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Natalia Goncharova]],  Russian artist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jes\\u00fas Herrera Alonso|Jes\\u00fas\n        Herrera]], Spanish international footballer (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October 26]]\n        – [[Louise Beavers]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n**\n        [[Otto Froitzheim]], German tennis player (d. [[1884]])\\n** [[Enrico Mattei]],\n        Italian politician (plane crash) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Louis\n        Massignon]], French Catholic scholar of Islam (b. [[1883]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Eleanor\n        Roosevelt cph.3b16000.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]]]]\\n[[File:Niels\n        Bohr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Niels Bohr]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|110px|Queen\n        [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]]]]\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Eleanor Roosevelt]],\n        American politician, diplomat and activist, [[First Lady of the United States]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[William Bailey (actor)|William Bailey]],\n        American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Alwi bin Thahir al-Haddad]],\n        Yemeni-born Malaysian [[Islamic]] scholar (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Manuel G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        Argentine writer and historian (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Irene\n        Lentz]], American costume designer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\n** [[Domingo\n        Arrieta Le\\u00f3n]], Mexican general and statesman (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Niels\n        Bohr]], Danish physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Coty]], 17th [[President\n        of France]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Forrest Smithson]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Aleksandr\n        Antonov (actor)|Aleksandr Antonov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Albert\n        Sarraut]], 2-time Prime Minister of France (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n**\n        [[K. C. Dey]], Indian singer, composer, actor and teacher (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Erik Scavenius]], 12th [[Prime Minister of Denmark]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Joseph Lade Pawsey]], Australian radio astronomer. (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sy\n        nami.png|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Ahmad Nami]]]]\\n[[File:Switalski K.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Kazimierz\n        \\u015awitalski]]]]\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Harry Bauler]], American politician\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Kirsten Flagstad]], Norwegian soprano\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Robert C. Giffen]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\n** [[John Cunningham (Royal Navy officer)|John\n        Cunningham]], British admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Ahmad Nami]], Prince of\n        the Ottoman Empire, 5th [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 2nd [[President of\n        Syria]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Charles Laughton]], English\n        actor and director (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Lew Landers]],\n        American TV and film director (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Thomas\n        Mitchell (actor)|Thomas Mitchell]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Garrett Mattingly]], American historian (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Emil Artin]], Austrian mathematician (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Giral]], Spanish politician, former [[Prime Minister\n        of Spain|Prime Minister]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Ackermann]],\n        German mathematician (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Eveline Adelheid von Maydell]], German\n        artist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Kazimierz \\u015awitalski]],\n        Polish diplomat, politician, soldier and military officer, 18th [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Arthur Lovejoy]], American\n        philosopher and historian (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Abdallah\n        Beyhum]], 10th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[Henry Matthew\n        Talintyre]], British comic strip artist (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Lev\n        Landau]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Max Perutz]],\n        [[John Kendrew]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or\n        Medicine]] – [[Francis Crick]], [[James Watson]], [[Maurice Wilkins]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[John Steinbeck]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Linus Pauling]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1962}}\\n\\n[[Category:1962|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:02Z\",\"lastrevid\":798347954,\"length\":82035,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962\"},\"34648\":{\"pageid\":34648,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1963\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T16:44:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1963}}\\n{{Events by month|1963}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1963}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1963}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1963}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Osamu Tezuka]]''s ''''Tetsuwan\n        Atomu ([[Astro Boy (1963 TV series)|Astro Boy]])'''', Japan''s first serialized\n        animated series based on the popular [[manga]], debuts on Japanese television\n        station [[Fuji Television]].\\n** [[Bogle\\u2013Chandler case]]: [[Commonwealth\n        Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle\n        and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland\n        near the [[Lane Cove River]], Sydney, Australia.\\n[[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo\n        da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[January 8]]: ''''[[Mona\n        Lisa]]'''' in Washington, D.C.]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Vietnam War]]:\n        The [[Viet Cong]] win their first major victory in the [[Battle of Ap Bac]].\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Leonardo da Vinci]]''s ''''[[Mona Lisa]]'''' is exhibited\n        in the United States for the first time, at the [[National Gallery of Art]]\n        in Washington, D.C.\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[George Wallace]] becomes governor\n        of [[Alabama]]. In his inaugural speech, he defiantly proclaims \\\"segregation\n        now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!\\\"{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/timeline/index_2.html|work=The\n        American Experience|title=Timeline of George Wallace''s Life, 1952–1972|publisher=[[Public\n        Broadcasting Service]]|year=2000|accessdate=2013-03-21}}{{cite\n        journal|first=Michael J.|last=Klarman|title=''''Brown v. Board'''': 40 Years\n        Later|journal=Humanities: The Magazine of the [[National Endowment for the\n        Humanities]]|date=March\\u2013April 2004}}\\n** The steam locomotive ''''[[LNER\n        Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|Flying Scotsman]]'''' (British Railways No.\n        60103) makes its last scheduled run, before going into the hands of [[Alan\n        Pegler]] for preservation.\\n* [[January 18]] – Due to severe winter\n        conditions the twelfth ''''[[elfstedentocht]]'''' skating tour in the Netherlands\n        turns into an almost total disaster. Of the 9,294 participants only 69 manage\n        to finish, making this the heaviest ''''elfstedentocht'''' ever held.\\n* [[January\n        22]] – France and West Germany sign the [[\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e Treaty]].\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – The [[Australia Day]] shootings rock [[Perth]]; 2 people\n        are shot dead and 3 others injured by [[Eric Edgar Cooke]].\\n* [[January 28]]\n        – Black student [[Harvey Gantt]] enters [[Clemson University]] in [[South\n        Carolina]], the last [[U.S. state]] to hold out against racial integration.\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] vetoes the United\n        Kingdom''s entry into the [[European Common Market]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1963}}\\n* [[February 5]] – The [[European Court of\n        Justice]]''s ruling in ''''[[Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie\n        der Belastingen]]'''' establishes the principle of [[direct effect]], one\n        of the basic tenets of [[European Union law]].\\n* [[February 8]] – Travel,\n        financial and commercial transactions by United States citizens to [[Cuba]]\n        are made illegal by the John F. Kennedy Administration.\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part of [[Ky\\u016bsh\\u016b]]\n        are merged and become the city of [[Kitaky\\u016bsh\\u016b]], with a population\n        of more than 1 million.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** The [[Central Intelligence\n        Agency]]''s Domestic Operations Division is created in the United States.\\n**\n        [[The Beatles]] record their debut album ''''[[Please Please Me]]'''' in a\n        single day at the [[Abbey Road Studios]] in London.\\n** American-born poet\n        [[Sylvia Plath]] commits suicide in London.\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Northwest\n        Airlines Flight 705]] crashes in the Florida [[Everglades]], killing all 43\n        aboard.\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Harold Wilson]] becomes leader of the\n        opposition [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the United Kingdom;{{cite\n        web| url=http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1950-75/1963.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628220806/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1950-75/1963.html\n        |archivedate=June 28, 2002 |title=Dallas: JFK is shot dead}} in October\n        1964 he became prime minister. \\n* [[February 19]] – The publication\n        of [[Betty Friedan]]''s ''''[[The Feminine Mystique]]'''' launches the reawakening\n        of the [[Second-wave feminism|Women''s Movement]] in the United States as\n        women''s organizations and [[consciousness raising]] groups spread.\\n* [[February\n        21]] – An [[earthquake]] destroys the village of [[Marj]], [[Libya]],\n        killing 900.\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Juan Bosch]] takes office as the 41st\n        president of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n** [[Women''s suffrage|Female suffrage]]\n        is enacted in [[Iran]].\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Dorothy Schiff]] resigns\n        from the New York Newspaper Publishers'' Association, feeling that the city\n        needs at least one paper as New York''s 83-day newspayer strike ensued. Her\n        paper, the ''''[[New York Post]]'''', resumes publication on March 4.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1963}}\\n* March\\n** The divorce case of [[Ian Campbell, 11th\n        Duke of Argyll|The Duke]] and [[Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll|Duchess\n        of Argyll]] causes scandal in the United Kingdom.\\n[[File:Alcatraz Island.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[March\n        21]]: [[Alcatraz Island|Alcatraz]] closes]]\\n* [[March 4]] – In Paris,\n        six people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate President\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]]. De Gaulle pardons five, but the other conspirator,\n        [[Jean Bastien-Thiry]], is executed by [[Execution by firing squad|firing\n        squad]] several days later.\\n* [[March 5]] – In [[Camden, Tennessee]],\n        country music superstar [[Patsy Cline]] (Virginia Patterson Hensley) is killed\n        in a plane crash along with fellow performers Hawkshaw Hawkins, Cowboy Copas\n        and Cline''s manager and pilot Randy Hughes, while returning from a benefit\n        performance in [[Kansas City, Kansas]], for country radio disc jockey \\\"Cactus\\\"\n        Jack Call.\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Mount Agung]] erupts on [[Bali]], killing\n        approximately 1,500.\\n* [[March 18]] – ''''[[Gideon v. Wainwright]]'''':\n        The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that state courts are required\n        to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who cannot afford to pay\n        their own attorneys.\\n* [[March 21]] – The [[Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary]]\n        on [[Alcatraz Island]] in [[San Francisco Bay]] closes; the last 27 prisoners\n        are transferred elsewhere at the order of [[United States Attorney General]]\n        [[Robert F. Kennedy]].\\n* [[March 22]] – [[The Beatles]] release their\n        first album, ''''[[Please Please Me]]'''', in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[March\n        23]] – ''''Dansevise'''' by Grethe & J\\u00f8rgen Ingmann (music by Otto\n        Francker, text by Sejr Volmer-S\\u00f8rensen) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        1963]] for Denmark.\\n[[File:Beeching2.svg|150px|thumb|right|[[March 27]]:\n        British Rail network, as it would have become, if \\\"[[Beeching cuts|Beeching\n        axe]]\\\" plans had been fully implemented (only bolded rail lines would have\n        remained).]]\\n* [[March 27]] – In Britain, Dr. [[Richard Beeching, Baron\n        Beeching|Richard Beeching]] issues a report, ''''The Reshaping of British\n        Railways'''', calling for [[Beeching cuts|huge cuts]] to the country''s rail\n        network.\\n* [[March 28]] – Director [[Alfred Hitchcock]]''s film ''''[[The\n        Birds (film)|The Birds]]'''' is released in the United States.\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Indigenous Australians]] are legally allowed to drink alcohol\n        in [[New South Wales]].''''Tracker'''', \\\"Footprints Tracker\\\", August\n        2012, p. 46.\\n* [[March 31]] – The [[1962\\u201363 New York City\n        newspaper strike]] ends after 114 days.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1963}}\\n* [[April 1]] – The long-running [[soap opera]] ''''[[General\n        Hospital]]'''' debuts on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Television\n        in the United States.\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Southern Christian Leadership\n        Conference]] volunteers kick off the [[Birmingham campaign]] ([[Birmingham,\n        Alabama]]) against [[racial segregation in the United States]] with a [[sit-in]].\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        is proclaimed to be a [[socialist republic]], and [[Josip Broz Tito]] is named\n        [[President for Life]].\\n* [[April 8]] – The [[35th Academy Awards]]\n        ceremony is held. ''''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''''\n        wins [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n* [[April 9]] –\n        British statesman Sir [[Winston Churchill]] becomes an [[honorary citizen\n        of the United States]].\\n* [[April 10]] – The U.S. nuclear submarine\n        ''''[[USS Thresher (SSN-593)|Thresher]]'''' sinks {{convert|220|smi|nmi km|abbr=on}}\n        east of [[Cape Cod]]; all 129 aboard (112 crewmen plus yard personnel) die.\\n*\n        [[April 12]]\\n** [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Ralph Abernathy]], [[Fred Shuttlesworth]]\n        and others are arrested in a Birmingham, Alabama protest for \\\"parading without\n        a permit\\\".\\n** The Soviet nuclear powered submarine ''''[[Soviet submarine\n        K-33|K-33]]'''' collides with the Finnish merchant vessel M/S ''''Finnclipper''''\n        in the Danish Straits. Although severely damaged, both vessels make it to\n        port.\\n* [[April 14]] – The [[Institute of Mental Health (Belgrade)]]\n        is established.\\n* [[April 15]] – 70,000 marchers arrive in London from\n        [[Aldermaston]], to demonstrate against [[nuclear weapons]].\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – Martin Luther King, Jr. issues his \\\"[[Letter from Birmingham Jail]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – In [[Quebec]], Canada, members of the terrorist group\n        [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration du Qu\\u00e9bec]] bomb a [[Canadian Army]] recruitment\n        center, killing night watchman Wilfred V. O''Neill.\\n* [[April 21]]–[[April\n        23]] – The first election of the Supreme Institution of the [[Bah\\u00e1''\\u00ed\n        Faith]] (known as the [[Universal House of Justice]], whose seat is at the\n        [[Bah\\u00e1''\\u00ed World Centre]] on [[Mount Carmel]] in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]])\n        is held.\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Lester Bowles Pearson]] becomes the 14th\n        [[Prime Minister of Canada]].\\n* [[April 28]] – A [[Italian general\n        election, 1963|general election]] is held in [[politics of Italy|Italy]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Buddy Rogers (wrestler)|Buddy Rogers]] becomes the\n        first [[WWE World Heavyweight Championship|WWWF Champion]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1963}}\\n* [[May 1]] – [[The Coca-Cola Company]] introduces\n        its first diet drink, [[Tab (soft drink)|Tab]] cola.\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** Thousands\n        of blacks, many of them children, are arrested while protesting segregation\n        in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. Public Safety Commissioner [[Bull Connor|Eugene\n        \\\"Bull\\\" Connor]] later unleashes fire hoses and police dogs on the demonstrators.\\n**\n        [[Seliger Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH|Berthold Seliger]]\n        launches near [[Cuxhaven]] a 3-stage rocket with a maximum flight altitude\n        of more than 62 miles (the only sounding rocket developed in Germany).\\n*\n        [[May 4]] – The Le Monde Theater fire in Dioirbel, [[Senegal]] kills\n        64.\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** ''''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'''', the first James Bond\n        film, is shown in U.S. theaters.\\n** [[Hu\\u1ebf Ph\\u1eadt \\u0110\\u1ea3n shootings]]:\n        The [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] opens fire on Buddhists who defy a\n        ban on the flying of the [[Buddhist flag]] on [[Vesak]], the birthday of [[Gautama\n        Buddha]], killing 9. (Earlier, President [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]]\n        allowed the flying of the [[Vatican flag]] in honour of his brother, Archbishop\n        [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Th\\u1ee5c]].) Start of [[Buddhist crisis]] in South\n        Vietnam.\\n** [[CVS Pharmacy]] opens in Lowell, Massachusetts.\\n* [[May 12]]\n        –  ''''[[The Shanty]]'''' is established in [[New Castle, Indiana]].\\n*\n        [[May 13]] – A [[smallpox]] outbreak hits [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]],\n        lasting until July.\\n* [[May 14]] – Kuwait becomes the 111th member\n        of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Project Mercury]]: [[NASA]]\n        launches [[Gordon Cooper]] on [[Mercury-Atlas 9]], the last mission (on [[June\n        12]] NASA Administrator [[James E. Webb]] tells Congress the program is complete).\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[A.C. Milan]] beats [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] 2-1 at [[Wembley\n        Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], London and wins the [[1962\\u201363 European\n        Cup]] (football).\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Fidel Castro]] visits the [[Soviet\n        Union]].\\n* [[May 25]] – The [[Organisation of African Unity]] is established\n        in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[May 27]] – ''''[[The Freewheelin''\n        Bob Dylan]]'''' is singer-songwriter [[Bob Dylan]]''s second [[studio album]],\n        and most influential, opening with the song \\\"[[Blowin'' in the Wind]]\\\",\n        released by [[Columbia Records]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1963}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]]\\n** [[Hu\\u1ebf chemical attacks]]: The [[Army of the Republic of\n        Vietnam]] rains [[chloroacetone|liquid chemicals]] on the heads of Buddhist\n        protestors, injuring 67 people. The United States threatens to cut off aid\n        to the regime of [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]].\\n**[[Pope John XXIII]]\n        dies.\\n* [[June 4]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]] signs [[Executive\n        Order 11110]], authorizing the [[Secretary of the Treasury]] to issue [[Silver\n        certificate (United States)|silver certificates]].\\n* [[June 5]] – The\n        first annual [[National Hockey League]] [[NHL Entry Draft|Entry Draft]] is\n        held in [[Montreal]].\\n* [[June 10]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        delivers his [[American University speech]], \\\"A Strategy of Peace\\\", in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[June 10]] – The [[University of Central Florida]] is established\n        by the Florida legislature.\\n* [[June 11]]\\n[[File:Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c\n        self-immolation.jpg|thumb|250px|Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c''s self-immolation]]\\n**\n        In [[Saigon]], [[Buddhist monk]] [[Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c]] commits\n        [[self-immolation]] to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the [[Ng\\u00f4\n        \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]] administration.\\n** Alabama Governor [[George Wallace]]\n        stands in the door of the University of Alabama to protest against integration,\n        before stepping aside and allowing blacks [[James Hood]] and [[Vivian Malone]]\n        to enroll.\\n** President [[John F. Kennedy]] broadcasts a historic [[Civil\n        Rights Address]], in which he promises a Civil Rights Bill, and asks for \\\"the\n        kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves\\\".\\n* [[June\n        12]]\\n** [[Medgar Evers]] is murdered in [[Jackson, Mississippi]]. (His killer,\n        [[Byron De La Beckwith]], is convicted in 1994.)\\n** The film ''''[[Cleopatra\n        (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'''' is released.\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** The cancellation\n        of [[Mercury-Atlas 10]] effectively ends the United States'' manned [[spaceflight]]\n        [[Project Mercury]].\\n** The New York Commodity Exchange begins trading silver\n        [[futures contract]]s.\\n* [[June 15]] – The [[AC Cobra]] makes its first\n        appearance at the [[1963 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]]. It would\n        go on to win its class [[1964 24 Hours of Le Mans|the following year]].\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – ''''[[Vostok 6]]'''' carries Soviet cosmonaut [[Valentina\n        Tereshkova]], the first woman into space.\\n* [[June 17]] – ''''[[Abington\n        School District v. Schempp]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that state-mandated\n        Bible reading in public schools is unconstitutional.\\n* [[June 19]] –\n        [[Valentina Tereshkova]] the first woman in space, returns to Earth.\\n* [[June\n        20]]\\n** Establishment of the [[Moscow\\u2013Washington hotline]] (officially,\n        the Direct Communications Link or DCL; unofficially, the \\\"red telephone\\\";\n        and in fact a [[teleprinter]] link) is authorized by signing of a Memorandum\n        of Understanding in Geneva by representatives of the Soviet Union and the\n        United States.{{cite book|chapter=Hot Line Agreements (1963, 1971, 1984)|title=Historical\n        Dictionary Of Arms Control And Disarmament|first1=Jeffrey A.|last1=Larsen|first2=James\n        M.|last2=Smith|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2005|page=107}}{{cite\n        book|first=David|last=Kahn|title=The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History\n        of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet|publisher=Simon\n        and Schuster|year=1996|page=715}}\\n** Swedish Air Force Colonel [[Stig\n        Wennerstr\\u00f6m (spy)|Stig Wennerstr\\u00f6m]] is arrested as a spy for the\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] (Giovanni Battista\n        Montini) succeeds [[Pope John XXIII]] as the 262nd [[pope]].\\n* [[June 23]]\n        – [[Walt Disney''s Enchanted Tiki Room]] opens at [[Disneyland]], premiering\n        the first [[Audio-Animatronics]] in the park. \\n* [[June 26]] – [[John\n        F. Kennedy]] gives his \\\"[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]\\\" speech in [[West Berlin]],\n        [[East Germany]].\\n* June – [[UNESCO]] ''''History of Mankind'''', vol.\n        1 published.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1963}}\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[ZIP code]]s are introduced by the [[United States Postal Service]].\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** Diplomatic relations between the [[Israel]]i and the Japanese governments\n        are raised to embassy level.\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Double Seven Day scuffle]]:\n        Secret police loyal to [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Nhu]], brother of President\n        [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]], attack American journalists including\n        [[Peter Arnett]] and [[David Halberstam]] at a demonstration during the [[Buddhist\n        crisis]] in South Vietnam.\\n* [[July 11]] – South Africa: police raid\n        [[Liliesleaf Farm]] to the north of [[Johannesburg]], arresting a group of\n        [[ANC]] leaders.\\n* [[July 12]] – Pauline Reade (16) is abducted by\n        [[Ian Brady and Myra Hindley]] in [[Manchester]], England, the first victim\n        of the [[Moors murders]]; her remains are located in July [[1987]].\\n* [[July\n        19]] – American test pilot [[Joseph A. Walker|Joe Walker]], flying the\n        [[X-15]], reaches an altitude of 65.8 miles (105.9 kilometers), making it\n        a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards.\\n* [[July\n        26]]\\n** An [[1963 Skopje earthquake|earthquake]] in [[Skopje]], [[Yugoslavia]]\n        (present-day [[Republic of Macedonia]]) leaves 1,800 dead.\\n** [[NASA]] launches\n        [[Syncom]] 2, the world''s first [[geostationary orbit|geostationary]] ([[geosynchronous\n        orbit|synchronous]]) [[satellite]].\\n* [[July 30]] – The Soviet newspaper\n        ''''[[Izvestia]]'''' reports that British diplomat and [[double agent]] [[Kim\n        Philby]] has been given asylum in Moscow.\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:March on\n        Washington edit.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[August 28]]: [[March on Washington\n        for Jobs and Freedom]]]]\\n{{Main article|August 1963}}\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        The United States, United Kingdom, and [[Soviet Union]] sign the [[Partial\n        Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]].\\n* [[August 8]] – The [[Great Train Robbery\n        (1963)|Great Train Robbery]] takes place in [[Buckinghamshire]], England.\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Trois Glorieuses (1963)|Trois Glorieuses]]: President\n        [[Fulbert Youlou]] is overthrown in the [[Republic of Congo]] after a three-day\n        uprising in the capital, [[Brazzaville]].\\n* [[August 18]] – [[American\n        civil rights movement]]: [[James Meredith]] becomes the first black person\n        to graduate from the [[University of Mississippi]].\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[X\\u00e1 L\\u1ee3i Pagoda raids]]: The [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special\n        Forces]] loyal to [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Nhu]], brother of President [[Ng\\u00f4\n        \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]], vandalise Buddhist pagodas across South Vietnam,\n        arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead. In the wake of\n        the raids, the [[Kennedy administration]] by [[Cable 243]] orders the [[United\n        States Embassy, Saigon]] to explore alternative leadership in the country,\n        opening the way towards a coup against Di\\u1ec7m.\\n* [[August 22]] –\n        American test pilot [[Joseph A. Walker|Joe Walker]] again achieves a sub-orbital\n        spaceflight according to international standards, this time by piloting the\n        [[X-15]] to an altitude of 67.0 miles (107.8 kilometers).\\n* [[August 24]]\n        – [[Bundesliga]], as known well for professional football league of\n        world, first games in [[West Germany]], replacing from West German Oberliga.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Martin Luther King\n        Jr.]] delivers his \\\"[[I Have a Dream]]\\\" speech on the steps of the [[Lincoln\n        Memorial]] to an audience of at least 250,000, during the [[March on Washington\n        for Jobs and Freedom]]. It is, at that point, the single [[Largest protests\n        in American history|largest protest in American history]].\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n{{Main article|September 1963}}\\n* [[September 1]] – The [[Language\n        legislation in Belgium|language border]] in Belgium is fixed. This will become\n        the foundation for the further [[state reform in Belgium|federalization of\n        the county]].\\n* [[September 5]] – British prostitute [[Christine Keeler]]\n        is arrested for [[perjury]] for her part in the [[Profumo affair]]. On [[December\n        6]] she is sentenced to 9 months in prison.\\n* [[September 6]] – The\n        [[Centre for International Intellectual Property Studies]] (CEIPI) is founded.\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] opens in [[Canton,\n        Ohio]] with 17 charter members.\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Sicilian Mafia|Mafia]]\n        boss [[Bernardo Provenzano]] is indicted for murder (he is captured 43 years\n        later, on [[April 11]], [[2006]]).\\n* [[September 15]] – [[American\n        civil rights movement]]: The [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]], in [[Birmingham,\n        Alabama]], kills 4 and injures 22.\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Malaysia]]\n        is formed through the merging of the [[Federation of Malaya]] and the British\n        [[crown colony]] of [[Singapore]], [[North Borneo]] (renamed [[Sabah]]) and\n        [[Sarawak]].\\n* [[September 18]] – Rioters burn down the British Embassy\n        in [[Jakarta]], to protest the formation of [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals]] is established\n        by a Saudi Royal Decree as the ''''College of Petroleum and Minerals''''.\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – The [[United States Senate]] ratifies the [[Partial\n        Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]].\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** The Denning Report on the\n        [[Profumo affair]] is published in Great Britain.\\n** In the [[Dominican Republic]],\n        [[Juan Bosch]] is deposed by a coup d''\\u00e9tat led by the military with\n        civilian support.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** The second period of the [[Second\n        Vatican Council]] in Rome opens.\\n** The [[University of East Anglia]] is\n        established in [[Norwich]], England.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1963}}\\n* [[October 1]] – [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]]\n        Toasts of the President and Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] at a Luncheon in Rockville,\n        Maryland.\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Nigeria]] becomes a [[republic]]; The [[First\n        Nigerian Republic|1st Republican Constitution]] is established.\\n** In the\n        U.S., the [[Presidential Commission on the Status of Women|President''s Commission\n        on the Status of Women]] issues its final reports to President Kennedy.\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[1963 Honduran coup d''\\u00e9tat]]: A violent coup\n        in [[Honduras]] pre-empts the October 13 election, ends a period of reform\n        under President [[Ram\\u00f3n Villeda Morales]] and begins two decades of military\n        rule under General [[Oswaldo L\\u00f3pez Arellano]].\\n* [[October 4]] –\n        [[Hurricane Flora]], one of the worst Atlantic storms in history, hits [[Hispaniola]]\n        and [[Cuba]], killing nearly 7,000 people.\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Sam\n        Cooke]] and his band are arrested after trying to register at a \\\"whites only\\\"\n        motel in Louisiana. In the months following, he records the song \\\"[[A Change\n        Is Gonna Come]]\\\".\\n* [[October 9]] – In northeast Italy, over 2,000\n        people are killed when a large landslide behind the [[Vajont Dam]] causes\n        a giant wave of water to overtop it.\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**The [[Partial Nuclear\n        Test Ban Treaty]], signed on [[August 5]], takes effect.\\n**The second James\n        Bond film, ''''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'''',\n        opens in the UK.\\n* [[October 14]] – A revolution starts in [[Radfan]],\n        [[South Yemen]], against British colonial rule.\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        The [[A Thousand Days|thousandth day]] of [[John F. Kennedy]]''s presidency.\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Alec Douglas-Home]] succeeds [[Harold Macmillan]]\n        as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].\\n* [[October 24]] – the\n        fire at the spaceport [[Baikonur]] in one of the martial mines missiles [[R-9\n        Desna|R-9]]. Seven people were killed.\\n* [[October 28]] – Demolition\n        of the [[1910]] [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]]\n        begins in New York City, continuing until [[1966]].\\n* [[October 30]] –\n        The car manufacturing firm [[Lamborghini]] is founded in Italy.\\n* [[October\n        31]] – 74 die in a gas explosion during a [[Holiday on Ice]] show at\n        the [[Fairgrounds Coliseum|Indiana State Fair Coliseum]] in [[Indianapolis]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1963}}\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Arecibo Observatory]],\n        a [[radio telescope]], officially begins operation in [[Puerto Rico]].\\n*\n        [[November 2]] – [[1963 South Vietnamese coup]]: [[Arrest and assassination\n        of Ngo Dinh Diem]], the [[South Vietnam]]ese President.\\n* [[November 6]]\n        – [[1963 South Vietnamese coup]]: Coup leader General [[D\\u01b0\\u01a1ng\n        V\\u0103n Minh]] takes over as leader of [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[November 7]]\n        – 11 German miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days in\n        what becomes known as the \\\"[[Wunder von Lengede]]\\\" (\\\"miracle of [[Lengede]]\\\").\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Finnair]] aircraft OH-LCA crashes before landing\n        at [[Mariehamn Airport]] on the [[\\u00c5land Islands]].\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – Two disasters in Japan:\\n** [[Miike coal mine]] explosion: A [[Coal\n        mining|coal mine]] explosion kills 458 and sends 839 [[carbon monoxide poisoning]]\n        victims to hospital.\\n** [[Tsurumi rail accident]]: A triple train disaster\n        in [[Yokohama]] kills 161.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Malcolm X]] makes\n        an historic speech in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] (\\\"[[Message to the Grass\n        Roots]]\\\").\\n* [[November 14]] – A volcanic eruption under the sea near\n        [[Iceland]] creates a new island, [[Surtsey]].\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        A newspaper strike begins in [[Toledo, Ohio]].\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** The\n        [[QEII Bridge]] opens in England.\\n** The first [[push-button telephone]]\n        is made available to [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] customers.\\n[[File:Lyndon B.\n        Johnson taking the oath of office, November 1963.jpg|right|thumb|[[November\n        22]]: [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] is sworn in as U.S. President after [[Assassination\n        of John F. Kennedy|assassination]] of [[John F. Kennedy]].]]\\n* [[November\n        22]]\\n** [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy]]: In a motorcade in [[Dallas]],\n        [[Texas]], U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] is fatally shot by [[Lee Harvey\n        Oswald]], and [[Governor of Texas]] [[John Connally]] is seriously wounded.\n        Upon Kennedy''s death, Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] becomes the 36th\n        President of the United States. A few hours later, President Johnson is [[First\n        inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn in]] aboard [[Air Force One]], as\n        Kennedy''s body is flown back to Washington, D.C. Stores and businesses shut\n        down for the entire weekend and Monday, in tribute. \\n** English-born writer\n        [[Aldous Huxley]], author of ''''[[Brave New World]]'''', dies of cancer in\n        the United States. \\n** Irish-born theologian and writer [[C. S. Lewis]],\n        author of works including ''''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'''', ''''[[The\n        Screwtape Letters]]'''' and ''''[[Mere Christianity]]'''', dies of [[renal\n        failure]] at his home in Oxford (England). \\n** [[Phil Spector]]''s ''''[[A\n        Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector]]'''' is released.\\n** [[The Beatles]]''\n        second UK album, ''''[[With the Beatles]]'''', is released.\\n* [[November\n        23]]\\n** [[Moors murders]]: John Kilbride (12) is abducted by [[Ian Brady\n        and Myra Hindley]] in England.\\n** The [[An Unearthly Child|first episode]]\n        of the [[BBC]] television series ''''[[Doctor Who]]'''' is broadcast in the\n        United Kingdom.\\n** The [[Golden Age Nursing Home fire]] kills 63 elderly\n        people near [[Fitchville, Ohio]].\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Lee Harvey Oswald]],\n        assassin of John F. Kennedy, is shot dead by [[Jack Ruby]] in [[Dallas]],\n        an event seen on live national television. \\n** [[Vietnam War]]: New U.S.\n        President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue\n        supporting [[South Vietnam]] militarily and economically.\\n* [[November 25]]\n        – [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy]]: President Kennedy is buried\n        at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Schools around the nation cancel classes\n        that day; millions watch the funeral on live international television.\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] establishes the [[Warren\n        Commission]] to investigate the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].\\n**\n        [[Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831]], a [[Douglas DC-8]] crashes into a wooded\n        hillside after taking-off from [[Dorval International Airport]] near [[Montreal]],\n        killing all 118 on board, the worst [[Aviation accidents and incidents|air\n        disaster]] for many years in Canada''s history.\\n** Foundation stone for [[Mirzapur\n        Cadet College]] is laid in East Pakistan (present-day [[Bangladesh]]).\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1963}}\\n* [[December 3]] – The [[Warren Commission]]\n        begins its investigation into the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – The second period of the [[Second Vatican Council]]\n        closes.\\n* [[December 5]] – The Seliger Forschungs-und-Entwicklungsgesellschaft\n        mbH demonstrates rockets for military use to military representatives of non-NATO-countries\n        near [[Cuxhaven]]. Although these rockets land via parachute at the end of\n        their flight and no allied laws are violated, the [[Soviet Union]] protests\n        this action.\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Tony Verna]], a CBS-TV director,\n        debuts an improved version of [[instant replay]] during his direction of a\n        live televised sporting event, the [[Army\\u2013Navy Game]] of [[college football]]\n        played in Philadelphia.  This instance is notable as it was the first instant\n        replay system to use [[videotape]] instead of film.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        A lightning strike causes the crash of [[Pan Am Flight 214]] near [[Elkton,\n        Maryland]], killing 81 people.\\n** [[Frank Sinatra, Jr.]] is kidnapped at\n        [[Harrah''s Lake Tahoe]].\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** In the United States, the\n        [[X-20 Dyna-Soar]] [[spaceplane]] program is cancelled.\\n** [[Chuck Yeager]]\n        narrowly escapes death while testing an NF-104A rocket-augmented aerospace\n        trainer when his aircraft goes out of control at 108,700 feet (nearly 21 miles\n        up) and crashes. He parachutes to safety at 8,500 feet after vainly battling\n        to gain control of the powerless, rapidly falling craft. In this incident\n        he becomes the first pilot to make an emergency ejection in the full pressure\n        suit needed for high altitude flights.\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Kenya]]\n        gains independence from the United Kingdom, with [[Jomo Kenyatta]] as prime\n        minister.\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Zanzibar]] gains independence from\n        the United Kingdom, as a constitutional monarchy under Sultan [[Jamshid bin\n        Abdullah of Zanzibar|Jamshid bin Abdullah]].\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Cyprus\n        Emergency]]: Inter-communal fighting erupts between [[Greek Cypriots|Greek]]\n        and [[Turkish Cypriots]].\\n* [[December 22]] – The cruise ship ''''[[TSMS\n        Lakonia|Lakonia]]'''' burns {{convert|180|mi|km}} north of [[Madeira]], with\n        the loss of 128 lives.\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Walt Disney]] releases his\n        18th feature-length animated motion picture ''''[[The Sword in the Stone (film)|The\n        Sword in the Stone]]'''', about the boyhood of [[King Arthur]]. It is the\n        penultimate animated film personally supervised by Disney.\\n** [[\\u0130smet\n        \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] of the [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|Republican\n        People''s Party]] (CHP) forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (28th government,\n        coalition partners; independents, \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc has served 10 ten times\n        as a prime minister, this is his last government).\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        [[The Beatles]]'' \\\"[[I Want to Hold Your Hand]]\\\" and \\\"[[I Saw Her Standing\n        There]]\\\" are released in the United States, marking the beginning of Beatlemania\n        on an international level.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[David H. Frisch]] and\n        J.H. Smith prove that the [[radioactive decay]] of [[meson]]s is slowed by\n        their motion (see [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]''s [[special relativity]] and\n        [[general relativity]]).\\n* The [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment]] for\n        the defense of the United States is fully deployed.\\n* The [[TAT-3]] [[transatlantic\n        communications cable]] goes into operation.\\n* [[Ivan Sutherland]] writes\n        the revolutionary [[Sketchpad]] program and runs it on the [[Lincoln TX-2]]\n        computer at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].\\n* Construction of\n        Moscow''s [[Ostankino Tower]] begins.\\n* The [[IEEE Computer Society]] is\n        founded.\\n* The [[Urdu keyboard]] is standardised by the Central Language\n        Board in [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[Harvey Ball]] invents the ubiquitous [[smiley]]\n        face symbol.\\n* The [[Reformed Druids of North America]] is founded.\\n* The\n        1955 film ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]'''', an adaptation of the\n        famed Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is re-released.\\n* The iconic [[Porsche\n        911]] is first produced.\\n* [[Conference Premier]] football club [[Welling\n        United]] is formed.\\n* [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s ''''[[The Castafiore Emerald]]''''\n        is published.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Dave Foley 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dave\n        Foley]]]]\\n[[File:Jos\\u00e9 Mourinho in Kyiv, October 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mourinho]]]]\\n*[[January 1]] – [[Linda Henry]], English actress\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[David Cone]], American baseball player\\n** [[Edgar Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Dave Foley]], Canadian actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Till Lindemann]], German singer ([[Rammstein]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Jiang Wen]], Chinese actor, film director, and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Tony Halme]], Finnish boxer and politician (d. 2010)\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[Rand Paul]], U.S Senator from Kentucky\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Steven Soderbergh]], American film director\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Mathias D\\u00f6pfner]], journalist and chief executive officer of\n        German media group Axel Springer SE\\n* [[January 16]] – [[James May]],\n        English motoring journalist and television show host\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Ian Crook]], English footballer\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Kai Hansen]],\n        German [[power metal]] guitarist and singer\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Caron\n        Wheeler]], British singer-songwriter ([[Soul II Soul]])\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – [[Firebreaker Chip]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[January\n        21]]\\n** [[Hakeem Olajuwon]], Nigerian basketball player\\n** [[Detlef Schrempf]],\n        German basketball player\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Gail O''Grady]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Arnold Vanderlyde]], Dutch boxer\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Chin Siu-ho]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Jazzie B]], British DJ, music\n        producer ([[Soul II Soul]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Mourinho]], Portuguese football\n        manager\\n** [[Andrew Ridgeley]], English singer\\n* [[January 29]] –\n        [[Octave Octavian Teodorescu]], Romanian composer, vanguard rock musician,\n        multi-instrumentist \\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Daphne Ashbrook]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Thomas Brezina]], Austrian author\\n** [[Sh\\u014dko Tsuda]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Michael Jordan in 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Jordan]]]]\\n[[File:Larry the Cable Guy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Larry the Cable Guy]]]]\\n[[File:Seal\n        2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Seal (musician)|Seal]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Baldwin, GLAAD\n        Awards 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Baldwin]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[Eva Cassidy]], American vocalist (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Gretel Killeen]], Australian journalist\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Pirmin\n        Zurbriggen]], Swiss alpine skier\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Joshua Kadison]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Gene Steratore]], American football official\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[Smiley Culture]], British reggae singer (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Diane Franklin]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Brent Jones]], American football player\\n* [[February 14]]\n        \\n** [[Enrico Colantoni]], Canadian actor\\n** [[D''wayne Wiggins]], American\n        singer-songwriter and record producer ([[Tony! Toni! Ton\\u00e9!]])\\n* [[February\n        17]]\\n** [[Michael Jordan]], American former professional basketball player\\n**\n        [[Larry the Cable Guy]], American actor and comedian \\n* [[February 18]] –\n        [[Rob Andrew]], English rugby union player\\n* [[February 19]] \\n** [[Seal\n        (musician)|Seal]], English singer\\n** [[Jessica Tuck]], American actress\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Charles Barkley]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[William Baldwin]], American actor\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Vijay Singh]], Fiji golfer\\n** [[Don Wakamatsu]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Bobby Bonilla]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[Chase Masterson]], American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Virginie Boutaud]], Brazilian singer and actress\n        ([[Metr\\u00f4 (band)|Metr\\u00f4]], Virginie & Fruto Proibido)\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Daniel\n        Roebuck.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Roebuck]]]]\\n[[File:RickRubinSept09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rick\n        Rubin]]]]\\n[[File:Homenaje Gustavo Cerati (15528982867).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fito\n        P\\u00e1ez]]]]\\n[[File:BretMichaels.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Bret Michaels]]]]\\n[[File:VanessaWilliamsHWoFMar2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vanessa\n        Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Susan Ann Sulley - Clapham 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Susan\n        Ann Sulley]]]]\\n[[File:Quentin Tarantino by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Quentin\n        Tarantino]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Thomas Anders]], German singer ([[Modern\n        Talking]])\\n** [[Russell Wong]], American actor\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Tuff\n        Hedeman]], American PRCA World Champion Bull Rider\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Mart\\u00edn Fiz]], Spanish long-distance runner\\n* [[March 4]] \\n** [[Jason\n        Newsted]], American bassist \\n** [[Daniel Roebuck]], American actor\\n* [[March\n        5]]\\n** [[Thomas Hermanns]], German TV-presenter, director, TV-author and\n        comedian\\n** [[Joel Osteen]], American televangelist and son of [[John Osteen]]\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n**[[Kathy Kelly (musician)|Kathy Kelly]], American musician\\n**[[Gary\n        Stevens (jockey)|Gary Stevens]], American jockey\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Kim\n        Ung-yong]], Korean child prodigy\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Rick Rubin]], American\n        music producer\\n* [[March 12]] \\n** [[Farahnaz Pahlavi]], Iranian princess\\n**\n        [[Joaquim Cruz]], Brazilian runner\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]],\n        Argentine musician\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Bruce Reid]], Australian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Mike Rochford]], Major League Baseball pitcher\\n** [[Andrew Fleming]], American\n        film director\\n** [[Mahiro Maeda]], Japanese animators\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        [[Bret Michaels]], American rock singer ([[Poison (American band)|Poison]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]]\\n** [[Lise Simms]], American actress\\n** [[Alex Fong (actor)|Alex\n        Fong]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Jeff LaBar]], American rock\n        guitarist\\n** [[Ratna Pathak]], Indian film actress\\n** [[Vanessa Williams]],\n        African-American beauty queen, actress, and singer\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Mary Scheer]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Annacone]], American tennis player and coach\\n** [[Kathy Ireland]], American\n        model and actress\\n** [[David Thewlis]], English actor\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Ronald Koeman]], Dutch football player and manager\\n* [[March 22]] –\n        [[Susan Ann Sulley]], British musician\\n* [[March 23]] – [[M\\u00edchel\n        (footballer)|Jose Miguel Gonzalez Martin del Campo]], Spanish football player\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[John T. Chisholm]], American prosecutor; District Attorney\n        of [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] (2007\\u2013present)  \\n* [[March 25]] –\n        [[Andrew O''Connor (actor)|Andrew O''Connor]], English actor, comedian, magician,\n        television presenter and executive producer\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Natsuhiko\n        Kyogoku]], Japanese writer\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Charly Alberti]], Argentinian\n        musician\\n** [[Dave Koz]], American jazz musician\\n** [[Quentin Tarantino]],\n        American actor, director, writer, and producer\\n** [[Xuxa]], Brazilian television\n        personality\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Chieko Honda]], Japanese voice actress\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Graham Norton Crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Graham\n        Norton]]]]\\n[[File:Rafael Correa in France (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rafael\n        Correa]]]]\\n[[File:Julian Lennon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julian Lennon]]]]\\n[[File:Dean\n        Norris by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dean Norris]]]]\\n[[File:Kasparov-34.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Garry\n        Kasparov]]]]\\n[[File:Joel Murray Deauville 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joel Murray]]]]\\n[[File:Conan\n        O''Brien by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Conan O''Brien]]]]\\n[[File:Jet\n        Li 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jet Li]]]]\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Karl Beattie]],\n        British director, husband of [[Yvette Fielding]]\\n** [[Criss Oliva]], American\n        metal guitarist ([[Savatage]]) (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Jack Del\n        Rio]], American football player and coach\\n** [[Dale Hawerchuk]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Graham Norton]], Irish comedian and talk show host\\n**\n        [[Frank Yallop]], Canadian footballer\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Rafael Correa]],\n        [[President of Ecuador]]\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Julian Lennon]], British\n        musician, son of [[John Lennon]]\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Joe Scarborough]],\n        American newscaster\\n* [[April 10]] \\n** [[Warren DeMartini]], American rock\n        guitarist\\n** [[Doris Leuthard]], Swiss politician and lawyer\\n** [[Dean Norris]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Chris Ferguson]], American poker\n        player\\n* [[April 12]] \\n** [[Michael English (American singer)|Michael English]],\n        American Christian musician\\n** [[Tracy Camilla Johns]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Ai Orikasa]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Garry Kasparov]], Russian chess player\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Beata Szyd\\u0142o]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Jimmy Osmond]], American\n        singer\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Joel Murray]], American actor\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[Eric McCormack]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Conan O''Brien]], American\n        television entertainer and talk show host\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Valerie\n        Plame]], former United States CIA Operations officer\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Ken\n        Caminiti]], American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Roy Dupuis]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[April 24]] – [[T\\u00f5nu Trubetsky]], Estonian rock musician\n        ([[Vennaskond]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Pascal of Bollywood]], French singer\\n*\n        [[April 26]]\\n** [[Jet Li]], Chinese martial artist and actor\\n** [[Colin\n        Scotts]], Australian-born American football player\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Russell\n        T. Davies]], Welsh television producer and writer\\n** [[Cali Timmins]], Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Mike Babcock]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Michael Waltrip]], American race car driver\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Mike Myers David Shankbone 2010 NYC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike\n        Myers]]]]\\n[[File:Viktor Orb\\u00e1n 2016-02-17.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Viktor Orb\\u00e1n]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Benjamin LaGuer]], American prisoner proclaiming innocence\n        for more than two decades\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Ray Traylor]], American professional\n        wrestler (\\\"Big Boss Man\\\") (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[James LaBrie]],\n        Canadian vocalist ([[Dream Theater]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Gary Daniels]],\n        British martial artist and actor\\n* [[May 10]] – [[A. Raja]], Indian\n        politician\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Natasha Richardson]], English actress (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Jerry Trimble]], American actor and martial\n        artist\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Jon Coffelt]], American artist\\n** [[Mercedes Echerer]],\n        Austrian actress and politician\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Wally Dallenbach Jr.]],\n        American race car driver and announcer\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Michael Chabon]],\n        American author\\n** [[Joe Dumars]], American basketball player\\n** [[Rich\n        Rodriguez]], American football coach\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Mike Myers]], Canadian\n        actor and comedian\\n** [[Eha R\\u00fcnne]], Estonian shot putter and discus\n        thrower\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Clive Cowdery]], English insurance entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Musetta Vander]], South African actress\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Lisa Whelchel]],\n        American actress, singer and writer\\n** [[Tracey E. Bregman]], American actress\n        and designer\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Viktor Orb\\u00e1n]], [[Prime Minister of\n        Hungary]]\\n** [[Wesley Willis]], American outsider musician (d. [[2003]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Lopatka\n        Cazeneuve (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bernard Cazeneuve]]]]\\n[[File:JohnnyDeppHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny\n        Depp]]]]\\n[[File:HelenHunt@ambiente2015.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Helen Hunt]]]]\\n[[File:George_Michael_02_(cropped_4).jpg|thumb|100px|[[George\n        Michael]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[David Westhead]], English actor and producer\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Sean Fitzpatrick]], New Zealand rugby union player\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – [[Joe Rud\\u00e1n]], Hungarian heavy metal singer\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Jason Isaacs]], British actor\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Johnny\n        Depp]], American actor and film director\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Warwick Capper]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Tim DeKay]], American character actor\\n**\n        [[Jerry Lynn]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Bettina\n        Bunge]], German tennis player\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Rambo Amadeus]], Montenegrin\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Helen Hunt]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[The Sandman (wrestler)|The Sandman]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Greg Kinnear]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Juan Chioran]], Argentine-Canadian actor\\n** [[Rumen Radev]], [[President\n        of Bulgaria]]\\n** [[Bruce Smith (defensive end)|Bruce Smith]], American football\n        player\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Amir Derakh]], American musician\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Tiger Huang]], Taiwanese popular singer\\n** [[Ignasius Jonan]],\n        Indonesian Minister \\n** [[Rene Medve\\u0161ek]], Croatian actor\\n** [[Jan\n        Pinkava]], Czech director and writer\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Randy Couture]],\n        American [[mixed martial arts]] fighter\\n** [[Hokutoumi Nobuyoshi]], Japanese\n        sumo wrestler \\n** [[John Tenta]], Canadian wrestler (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[Marianne Berglund]], Swedish former road racing cyclinst\\n** [[Laureen\n        Harper]], wife of Prime Minister of Canada [[Stephen Harper]]\\n** [[Shin Ji-ho]],\n        South Korean politician\\n** [[Liu Cixin]], Chinese science fiction writer\\n**\n        [[Colin Montgomerie]], Scottish golfer\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Preki]], Serbia-born\n        American footballer\\n** [[S\\u00fckhbaataryn Batbold]], Mongolian politician\\n**\n        [[Mike Wieringo]], American comic-book artist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jascha Richter]],\n        Danish single and songwriter, frontman of [[Michael Learns to Rock]]\\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Doug Gilmour]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Yann Martel]], Canadian\n        author\\n** [[George Michael]], British pop musician, lead singer of [[Wham!]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Mikhail Khodorkovsky]], Russian businessman,\n        activist and former oligarch\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Anne-Sophie Mutter]], German\n        violinist\\n** [[Thomas W. Gabrielsson]], Swedish actor\\n* [[June 30]] \\n**\n        [[Rupert Graves]], English actor\\n** [[Yngwie Malmsteen]], Swedish guitarist,\n        composer, and bandleader\\n** [[Jaddy Simai Jaddy]], Tanzanian CCM politician\\n**\n        [[Paul Newallo]], Trinidad and Tobago swimmer\\n** [[Vladimir Vermezovi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian football former player and current coach\\n** [[Mark Bourneville]],\n        New Zealander rugby league player\\n** [[In-Jin Yoon]], South Korean sociologist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Brigitte\n        Nielsen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brigitte Nielsen]]]]\\n[[File:Phoebe Cates at 81st\n        Academy Awards.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Phoebe Cates]]]]\\n[[File:Matti Nyk\\u00e4nen\n        2014-01-30 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matti Nyk\\u00e4nen]]]]\\n[[File:Panama.MartinTorrijos.01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mart\\u00edn\n        Torrijos]]]]\\n[[File:Lisa Kudrow 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lisa Kudrow]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Kenneth Erskine]], British serial killer\\n** [[Rick Hunolt]], American\n        heavy metal guitarist\\n** [[Igor Zhelezovski]], Belarusian speed skater\\n**\n        [[Zhang Zhicheng]], Chinese fencer\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Christopher G.\n        Kennedy]], son of [[Attorney General]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\\n* [[July 6]]\n        – [[Miguel Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina]], Basque separatist\\n* [[July 7]]\\n**\n        [[Vonda Shepard]], American pop/rock singer, songwriter, and actress\\n** [[Doug\n        Dunakey]], American professional golfer\\n** [[Ferm\\u00edn Alvarado Arroyo]],\n        Mexican politician\\n** [[Janni Larsen]], Danish female darts player\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Larra\\u00f1aga]], Peruvian swimmer\\n** [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]],\n        Indian filmmaker and screenwriter\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Luis de Jes\\u00fas Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Dominican attorney, businessman, and entrepreneur\\n** [[Dmitry Pevtsov]],\n        Russian actor\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Fatemeh Goudarzi]], Iranian actress\\n**\n        [[Ian Lougher]], British motorcycle racer\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Lisa Rinna]],\n        American actress\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Spud Webb]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Brigitte Nielsen]], Danish actress\\n** [[Joy\n        Smithers]], Australian actress\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Phoebe Cates]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Mikael Pernfors]], Swedish professional tennis player\\n* [[July\n        17]]\\n** [[Suha Arafat]], widow of [[Yasser Arafat]]\\n** King [[Letsie III\n        of Lesotho]]\\n** [[Regina Belle]], American singer\\u2013songwriter and actress\\n**\n        [[Matti Nyk\\u00e4nen]], Finnish ski jumper\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Mart\\u00edn\n        Torrijos]], [[President of Panama]]\\n** [[Al Snow]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Giant Silva]], Brazilian former national\n        basketball player for the Brazilian national basketball team and later mixed\n        martial artist and professional wrestler\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Emilio Butrague\\u00f1o]],\n        Spanish football player\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Julie Krone]], American jockey\\n**\n        [[Karl Malone]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Donnie\n        Yen]], Hong Kong actor and martial artist\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Beverley\n        Craven]], British singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** [[Jim Beglin]], Irish\n        football commentator\\n** [[Graham Poll]], English football referee\\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Lisa Kudrow]], American actress\\n** [[Chris Mullin (basketball)|Chris\n        Mullin]], American basketball player and executive\\n** [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]\n        (aka Yasmeen Joseph), Indian Bollywood actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:JamesHetfield2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Hetfield]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Strong (Berlin Film Festival 2011).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark\n        Strong]]]]\\n[[File:Sridevi05.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sridevi]]]]\\n[[File:Emmanuelle\n        B\\u00e9art Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emmanuelle B\\u00e9art]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Stamos at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Stamos]]]]\\n[[File:King Mohammed\n        VI.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mohammed VI of Morocco]]]]\\n[[File:Hideo Kojima 20100702\n        Japan Expo 1.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Hideo Kojima]]]]\\n[[File:Miroslav Cerar (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Miro\n        Cerar]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**[[Demi\\u00e1n Bichir]], Mexican actor\\n**[[Coolio]],\n        African-American rapper\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Laura Bennett]], American\n        fashion designer\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Tasmin Archer]], English singer\\n**\n        [[James Hetfield]], American musician ([[Metallica]])\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**[[Mark\n        Strong]], English actor\\n**[[Doris Schr\\u00f6der-K\\u00f6pf]], German journalist\n        and  wife of German chancellor [[Gerhard Schr\\u00f6der]]\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Kevin Mitnick]], American computer hacker\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Ramon Estevez]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Hiroaki Hirata]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Harold Perrineau]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Wendy van der Plank]], Welsh actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n**\n        [[Rica Fukami]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Emi Shinohara]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n** [[Stephen Walkom]], Canadian ice hockey official and executive\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Whitney Houston]], African-American singer (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – [[Andrew Sullivan]], British-born American blogger and\n        political commentator\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Sridevi]], Indian actress\\n**\n        [[Steve Higgins]], American writer, producer, announcer, actor, and comedian\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Emmanuelle B\\u00e9art]], French actress\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** [[Alejandro Gonz\\u00e1lez I\\u00f1\\u00e1rritu]], Mexican film director,\n        producer and screenwriter\\n** [[Valery Levaneuski]], entrepreneur, politician,\n        former political prisoner\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Christine Cavanaugh]],\n        American voice actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[James Whitbourn]],\n        British composer\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Heino Ferch]], German actor\\n*\n        [[August 19]]\\n** [[John Stamos]], American actor\\n** [[Joey Tempest]], Swedish\n        singer-songwriter ([[Europe (band)|Europe]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\n** [[Richmond\n        Arquette]], American actor\\n** King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco]]\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Tori Amos]], American singer\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Gl\\u00f3ria\n        Pires]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Hans-Henning Fastrich]], German field hockey\n        player\\n** [[Park Chan-wook]], South Korean film director and screenwriter\n        \\n** [[Kenny Wallace]], American race car driver\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Hideo Kojima]], Japanese director, screenwriter, video\n        game designer and video game producer\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Miro Cerar]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]]\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Liu Huan]], Chinese\n        singer\\n** [[Michael Tao]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Chiklis]], American actor\\n** [[Phil Mills]], British race car driver\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Todd Carty]], Irish actor\\n** [[Egyptian Lover]], African-American\n        rapper, DJ and producer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Eazy-E.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eazy-E]]]]\\n[[File:Dan\n        Povenmire Comic-Con 2009.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Dan Povenmire]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Carola Smit]], Dutch musician\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Geert\n        Wilders]], Dutch politician\\n* [[September 7]]\\n**[[Eazy-E]], African-American\n        rapper (d. [[1995]])\\n**[[Karen Dianne Baldwin]], [[Miss Universe 1982]]\\n*\n        [[September 8]] – [[Li Ning]], Chinese gymnast\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        [[Markus Wasmeier]], German alpine-skier\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Randy\n        Johnson]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Joey Dedio]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Norberto Barba]], American cinematographer\n        and film director\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Robert Herjavec]], Canadian\n        businessman, investor, and television personality\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Stephen C. Spiteri]], Maltese military historian\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Richard Marx]], American pop/rock singer\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Masahiro\n        Chono]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**[[Christopher\n        Heyerdahl]], Canadian actor\\n**[[Dan Povenmire]], American animator and voice\n        actor\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jarvis Cocker]], English rock musician ([[Pulp\n        (band)|Pulp]])\\n** [[David Seaman]], English football goalkeeper\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Cecil Fielder]], American baseball player\\n** [[Angus Macfadyen]],\n        Scottish actor\\n** [[Mamoru Samuragochi]], Japanese impostor\\n* [[September\n        28]] \\n** [[Steve Blackman]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Elliot\n        Levine]], Keyboardist ([[Heatwave]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Dave Andreychuk]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Les Claypool]], American bassist ([[Primus (band)|Primus]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Elisabeth\n        Shue at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elisabeth Shue]]]]\\n[[File:Norm\n        Macdonald.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Norm Macdonald]]]]\\n[[File:FarinUrlaub credit\n        JoergSteinmetz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Farin Urlaub]]]]\\n[[File:Lauren Holly lf.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lauren\n        Holly]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah Brown 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah Jane Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny\n        Marr University of Salford 2012 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny Marr]]]]\\n[[File:Rob\n        Schneider, USO tour, Nov 16 2001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rob Schneider]]]]\\n* [[October\n        1]] – [[Mark McGwire]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**\n        Dame [[Laura Davies]], English golfer\\n** [[Ronni Le Tekr\\u00f8]], Norwegian\n        guitarist ([[TNT (band)|TNT]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Elisabeth Shue]],\n        American actress\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Anita Mui]], Hong Kong singer (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n** [[Daniel Pearl]], American journalist (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Jolanda\n        de Rover]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Mabi de Almeida]], Angolan\n        professional football coach (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Lane Frost]], American rodeo\n        champion (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Satoshi Kon]], Japanese anime director (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Dave Legeno]], English actor and mixed martial artist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October\n        14]]\\n** [[Alan McDonald (association football)|Alan McDonald]], Northern\n        Irish footballer\\n** [[Lori Petty]], American actress, director, and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Norm Macdonald]], Canadian comedian\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[Sinitta]], Anglo-US singer\\n* [[October 20]] – [[John\n        Storg\\u00e5rds]], Finnish conductor and violinist\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Brian Boitano]], American figure skater\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Thomas Di\n        Leva]], Swedish singer\\n** [[Wilson Yip]], Hong Kong actor and director\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – [[John Lev\\u00e9n]], Swedish bassist ([[Europe (band)|Europe]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]]\\n** [[Natalie Merchant]], American singer, songwriter, and\n        musician\\n** [[Ted Demme]], American director and producer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]] \\n** [[Johnny Adair]], Northern Irish/Ulster loyalist\\n** [[Feyyaz\n        U\\u00e7ar]], Turkish footballer\\n** [[Farin Urlaub]], German singer, band\n        [[Die \\u00c4rzte]]\\n** [[Marla Maples]], American actress and television personality\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Lauren Holly]], American actress\\n* [[October 30]]\n        – [[Kristina Wagner]], American actress\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Sarah\n        Jane Brown]], wife of British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]]\\n** [[Johnny\n        Marr]], English musician\\n** [[Fred McGriff]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Dermot Mulroney]], American actor\\n** [[Rob Schneider]], American actor,\n        comedian, and film director\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Gabby Concepcion at\n        the KC Concepcion Live US Concert Tour, November 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gabby\n        Concepcion]]]]\\n[[File:Nicollette Sheridan at the Beowulf premiere.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicollette\n        Sheridan]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Rick Allen (drummer)|Rick Allen]], British\n        rock musician ([[Def Leppard]])\\n** [[Mark Hughes]], Welsh football player\n        & manager\\n** [[Katja Riemann]], German actress\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Dall]], American rock bassist ([[Poison (American band)|Poison]])\\n** [[Craig\n        Saavedra]], American filmmaker\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Lena Zavaroni]],\n        Scottish entertainer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Gabby Concepcion]],\n        Filipino actor\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Rozz Williams]], American singer\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[John Barnes (footballer)|John Barnes]],\n        Jamaican-born English footballer\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Paul Butcher\n        (American football)|Paul Butcher]], American football linebacker\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Hugh Bonneville]], British actor\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[Kip James]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Vinny\n        Testaverde]], American football player\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Benny\n        Elias]], Australian rugby player\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Dante Bichette]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Terry Farrell (actress)|Terry\n        Farrell]], American actress\\n** [[Jon Potter]], British field hockey player\\n**\n        [[Peter Schmeichel]], Danish football player\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Nicollette\n        Sheridan]], English actress\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Winsor Harmon]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Troy Hurtubise]], Canadian inventor\\n**\n        [[Yoshino Takamori]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Holly\n        Cole]], Canadian jazz singer\\n** [[Bernie Kosar]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Kevin Chamberlin]], American actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jcvarela.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Juan\n        Carlos Varela]]]]\\n[[File:Benjamin Bratt - parade Grand Master.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benjamin\n        Bratt]]]]\\n[[File:Brad Pitt Fury 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brad Pitt]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer\n        Beals at GLAAD Awards cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jennifer Beals]]]]\\n[[File:TilSchweiger\n        2009 Toronto International Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Til Schweiger]]]]\\n[[File:Joel\n        Gretsch by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joel Gretsch]]]]\\n[[File:LarsUlrichComicCon.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Lars\n        Ulrich]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Ann Patchett]], American novelist\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Terri Schiavo]], American right-to-die cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Sergey Bubka]], Ukrainian pole vaulter\\n*\n        [[December 7]] \\n** [[Mark Bowen (footballer)|Mark Bowen]], Welsh footballer\\n**\n        [[Paul Dobson (actor)|Paul Dobson]], British voice actor\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Greg Howe]], American guitarist\\n** [[Toshiaki Kawada]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[December 9]] – [[B\\u00e1rbara Palacios]], [[Miss Universe\n        1986]]\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Juan Carlos Varela]], Panamian politician\n        and 37th [[President of Panama]]\\n** [[Ai Orikasa]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[December 13]]\\n** [[Uwe-Jens Mey]], German speed skater\\n** [[Jake White]],\n        South African rugby coach\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Cynthia Gibb]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Vytautas Juozapaitis]], Lithuanian baritone, professor and television\n        host\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Benjamin Bratt]], American actor\\n** [[Jeff\n        Carson]], American singer\\n** [[B\\u00e4rbel Sch\\u00e4fer]], German television\n        presenter and talk show host\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Pauline Ester]], French\n        singer\\n** [[Rikiya Koyama]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Charles Oakley]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Brad Pitt]], American actor and film producer,\n        co-founder of [[Plan B Entertainment]]\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[Jennifer\n        Beals]], American actress\\n** [[Til Schweiger]], German actor\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Joel Gretsch]], American actor \\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Govinda\n        Ahuja]], Indian actor and politician\\n** [[Jacques Simonet]], Belgian politician\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Vladdo|Vladimir Fl\\u00f3rez]], Colombian\n        cartoonist\\n** [[Bryan Gunn]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[Russell Lewis]],\n        British television writer and former child actor\\n** [[Luna H. Mitani]], Japanese-American\n        Surrealist painter\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Jim Harbaugh]], American football\n        player and coach\\n** [[Jess Harnell]], American voice actor\\n** [[Donna Tartt]],\n        American author\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Sanjay Mehrotra]], Indian entrepreneur\n        \\n* [[December 26]] – [[Lars Ulrich]], Danish rock drummer ([[Metallica]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Francisco Bustamante]], Filipino billiard player\\n**\n        [[Sean Payton]], American football coach\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Kim\n        Hill (singer)|Kim Hill]], American Christian singer\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Wei Brian]], Chinese entrepreneur\\n* [[Gregory Henriquez]], Canadian architect\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Sylvanus\n        Olympio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sylvanus Olympio]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad Ali of Bogra.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mohammad\n        Ali Bogra]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Frost NYWTS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Frost]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Filippo Del Giudice]], Italian film producer (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Robert S. Kerr]], American businessman and politician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Jack Carson]], Canadian actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Al Mamaux]], professional\n        baseball player and manager (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Dick Powell]], American actor\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Rogers Hornsby]], American baseball player,\n        ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Erik Strandmark]], Swedish film actor (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n**\n        [[Frank Tuttle]], American film director (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Stark Young]],\n        American teacher, playwright, novelist, painter, literary critic, and essayist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Erik Lundqvist]], Swedish athlete\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Boris Morros]], American movie producer\n        and FBI double agent (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Jack Okey]], American art director\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Kay Sage]], American poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – [[Enea Bossi, Sr.]], Italian-born American aerospace engineer and\n        aviation pioneer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Franz Planer]],\n        European film cinematographer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Arthur\n        Nock]], English classicist, theologian, and [[Harvard University]] professor\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Sonny Clark]], American jazz pianist\n        (b. [[1931]])\\n** [[Sylvanus Olympio]], Togolese politician, 1st [[President\n        of Togo]] (assassinated) (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n G\\u00f3mez de la Serna]],\n        Spanish writer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Gustav Regler]],\n        German Socialist novelist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Cesare\n        Fantoni]], Italian actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Gilardo Gilardi]],\n        Argentine composer, pianist, and conductor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Mario Ruspoli,\n        2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Hugh Gaitskell]],\n        British politician, leader of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh]], British mathematician (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Fyodor Terentyev]], Soviet Olympic cross-country skiier (b.\n        [[1925]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Al St. John]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]]\\n** [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]], Pakistani statesman, politician\n        and diplomat, 3rd [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Gos\\u0142awski (sculptor)|J\\u00f3zef Gos\\u0142awski]], Polish sculptor and\n        medallic artist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Otto Harbach]], American\n        lyricist and librettist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Kenneth Western]], part of The\n        Western Brothers (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Marion Sunshine]],\n        American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Ole Olsen (comedian)|Ole\n        Olsen]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Jean Piccard]],\n        Swiss-born chemist and engineer (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Evelyn Francisco]], silent\n        film actress (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[John Farrow]], American\n        film director (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Anthony Coldeway]], American\n        screenwriter (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Robert Frost]], American poet (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Lee Meadows]], professional baseball player (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Jane Gail]], American silent movie and stage actress (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Cecil\n        McGivern]], British broadcasting executive and writer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Francis\n        Poulenc]], French composer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Alasgar Alakbarov]],\n        Azerbaijani actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Ossie Vitt]], professional baseball\n        player and manager (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Qasim in uniform.png|thumbnail|110px|[[Abd\n        al-Karim Qasim]]]]\\n[[File:Fernando Tambroni-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fernando\n        Tambroni]]]]\\n[[File:Food Minister Rajendra Prasad during a radio broadcast\n        in Dec 1947 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rajendra Prasad]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Louis D. Lighton]], American screenwriter and producer (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Wyndham Standing]], English actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[William Gaxton]], star of vaudeville, film, and theatre (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]] \\n** [[Abd el-Krim]], Riffian political and military leader\n        (b. [[1882/83]])\\n** [[Piero Manzoni]], Italian artist (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[February\n        8]]\\n** [[George Dolenz]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Ernst Glaeser]],\n        German writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]],\n        Iraqi general, 24th [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] (executed) (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Sylvia Plath]], American poet and novelist (b. [[1932]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n** [[Edgardo Donato]], Uruguayan tango composer and orchestra\n        leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Louis J. Gasnier]], French film director (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Bump Hadley]], Major League Baseball pitcher (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Else Jarlbak]], Danish film actress (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        Lajtha]], Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist and conductor (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]]\\n** [[Monte Blue]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Beppe\n        Fenoglio]], Italian writer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Tokugawa Iemasa]], Japanese\n        politician, 17th head of the former [[Tokugawa shogunate]] (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Fernando Tambroni]], Italian politician and 36th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n** Patriarch [[Zareh I]] (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Benny Mor\\u00e9]], Cuban singer (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ferenc\n        Fricsay]], Hungarian conductor (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Jacob Gade]], Danish violinist\n        and composer (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Bill Hinchman]], American professional baseball\n        player (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Arthur Guy Empey]], British\n        soldier, author, screenwriter, and actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 24]]\n        – [[Herbert Asbury]], American journalist and writer (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Rajendra Prasad]], Indian politician, 1st [[President\n        of India]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Eppa Rixey]], American baseball player ([[Cincinnati\n        Reds]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Irish Meusel]], American professional baseball player\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[William Carlos Williams]], American\n        writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Patsy Cline]], American singer [[plane\n        crash]] (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Cowboy Copas]], American country music singer\n        [[plane crash]] (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Ludde Gentzel]], Swedish film actor (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n** [[Hawkshaw Hawkins]], American country music singer [[plane\n        crash]] (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Cyril Smith (actor)|Cyril Smith]], Scottish actor\n        [[heart attack]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Robert E. Cornish]],\n        scientist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Joachim Holst-Jensen]], Norwegian\n        film actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Ignat Bednarik]], Romanian\n        painter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Joe Judge]], American professional baseball player\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\n** [[Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[William Beveridge]], British economist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]]\\n** [[Thomas Lennon (screenwriter, born 1896)|Thomas Lennon]],\n        screenwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Lizzie Miles]], African American blues singer\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Hubert Gough]], British general (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Wanda Hawley]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Manuel\n        Arteaga y Betancourt]], Cuban cardinal (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Felice Minotti]], Italian film actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Cilly\n        Aussem]], German tennis champion (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Abraham Ellstein]], American\n        composer for Yiddish entertainments (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Mih\\u00e1ly Sz\\u00e9kely]],\n        Hungarian bass singer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Thoralf Skolem]],\n        Norwegian mathematician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Felix Adler\n        (screenwriter)|Felix Adler]], American screenwriter (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Jean Bruce]], French writer (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        [[Harry Piel]], German actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Antoine Balp\\u00eatr\\u00e9]], French film\n        actor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Frank J. Marion]], American motion picture pioneer\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Alec Templeton]], Welsh composer, pianist and satirist\n        \\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Pola Gojawiczy\\u0144ska]], Polish writer (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Wilcy Moore]], American professional baseball player (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Henry\n        Bordeaux]], French writer and lawyer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 31]] –\n        [[Harry Akst]], American songwriter (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:AlmaRichards.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alma\n        Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Catanoso.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Gaetano Catanoso]]]]\\n[[File:Felix\n        Manalo 2014 stamp of the Philippines.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Felix Manalo]]]]\\n[[File:Yitzhak\n        Ben-Zvi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Agnes\n        Mowinckel]], Norwegian actress and stage producer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Alma Richards]], American Olympic gold medalist (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Gaetano Catanoso]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and\n        saint (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jason Robards, Sr.]], American stage and screen\n        actor, [[heart attack]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Oskari Tokoi]], leader of the\n        Social Democratic Party of Finland (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Mario\n        Fabrizi]], comedian and actor, [[Stress (biology)|stress]]-related illness\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Otto Struve]], Russian\\u2013American astronomer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Amedeo Maiuri]], Neapolitan archaeologist (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]]\\n** [[Eddie Edwards (musician)|Eddie Edwards]], American jazz\n        trombonist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Benno Moiseiwitsch]], Jewish-Ukrainian pianist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Xul Solar]], Argentine painter, sculptor, writer (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Nando Bruno]], Italian film actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]]\\n** [[Felix Manalo]], 1st Executive Minister, Iglesia ni Cristo\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Herbie Nichols]], American jazz pianist and composer (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Abdel Messih El-Makari]], Egyptian [[Coptic\n        Orthodox]] monk, priest and saint (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Arthur Jonath]], German\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Kod\\u014d Nomura]], Japanese novelist\n        and music critic (b. [[1882]])\\n** Mahapandit [[Rahul Sankrityayan]], Indian\n        historian, writer, and scholar (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Guy\n        Edward Hearn|Edward Hearn]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 23]]\\n**\n        [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]], Israel historian and politician, 2nd [[President of Israel]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Ferruccio Cerio]], Italian film writer and director (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n** [[Paul Fejos]], Hungarian film director (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Harry\n        Harper]], professional baseball player (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Don C. Harvey]],\n        American television and film actor, [[cardiac arrest]] (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Frederick\n        Peters (actor)|Frederick Peters]], American film actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Rino Corso Fougier]], Italian air force general (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Leonid Lukov]], Soviet film director and screenwriter (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] – [[Christopher Hassall]], English actor, dramatist, librettist,\n        lyricist, and poet (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Roland Pertwee]],\n        English playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Kenneth Macgowan]], American film producer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]]\\n** [[Giovanni Grasso]], Italian film actor (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[William C. Mellor]], American cinematographer, [[heart attack]] (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Bryant Washburn]], American film actor, [[heart attack]] (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bobby\n        Kerr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Kerr (athlete)|Robert Kerr]]]]\\n[[File:MehdiFrasheri.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mehdi\n        Frasheri]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Lope K. Santos]], Filipino writer, Father\n        of [[Filipino language|Philippine National Language and Grammar]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Van Wyck Brooks]], American literary critic and writer\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Mohamed Khemisti]], [[Minister of Foreign\n        Affairs of Algeria]] (assassinated) (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Monty\n        Woolley]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\n** [[Theodore von K\\u00e1rm\\u00e1n]],\n        Hungarian-American engineer and physicist (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Max Miller (comedian)|Max\n        Miller]], British music hall performer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]], American physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Kerr (athlete)|Robert Kerr]], Canadian Olympic athlete (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[A.\n        W. Tozer]], American Protestant pastor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Ernie Davis]], American football player, first African-American to win the\n        [[Heisman Trophy]] (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Elmore James]], American\n        blues guitarist (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Mehdi Frash\\u00ebri]],\n        Albanian politician, 15th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Netta Muskett]], British novelist (b. 1887)\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Edith Hamilton]], German-born author (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Pope\n        John XXIII - 1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope John XXIII]]]]\\n[[File:Madre Lupita.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maria\n        Guadalupe Garcia Zavala]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Pope John XXIII]] (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[N\\u00e2z\\u0131m Hikmet]], Turkish poet (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[William Baziotes]], American painter (b. [[1912]])       \\n* [[June 7]]\n        – [[ZaSu Pitts]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Antony\n        Thachuparambil]], Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] priest and servant of God\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Jacques Villon]], French painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June\n        10]] – [[Anita King]], American actress and race-car driver (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]]\\n** [[Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c]], Vietnamese Buddhist\n        monk (suicide) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Syed Abdul Rahim]], First Indian national\n        football manager (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Alfred V. Kidder]], American archaeologist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\n** [[Medgar Evers]], African-American civil\n        rights activist (b. [[1925]]) \\n** [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham\n        of Hyndhope|Andrew Cunningham]], British admiral (b. [[1883]]) \\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n**[[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Alan Brooke]], British Field\n        Marshal (b. [[1883]])\\n**[[Robert James Hudson]], [[Governor of Southern Rhodesia]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[John Cowper Powys]], novelist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Pedro Armend\\u00e1riz]], Mexican actor (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[Maria Guadalupe Garcia Zavala]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]]\n        religious professed and saint (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[John\n        Maurice Clark]], American economist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Frank\n        Baker]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        Sultan [[Abdullah bin Khalifa of Zanzibar]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[July 6]] –\n        [[George, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Teddy Wakelam]], English sports broadcaster\n        and rugby union player (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Slatan Dudow]],\n        Bulgarian film director (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Carlos Manuel\n        Rodr\\u00edguez Santiago]], Puerto Rican [[Roman Catholic]] layperson and blessed\n        (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Jack Solomon]], American restaurateur\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Georges Braque, 1908, photograph published\n        in Gelett Burgess, The Wild Men of Paris, Architectural Record, May 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georges\n        Braque]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Theodore Roethke]], American poet (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Oliver La Farge]], American writer (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Tom Keene (actor)|Tom Keene]], American\n        actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy]], American\n        infant son of President and Mrs. Kennedy\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Estes\n        Kefauver]], American politician (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Clem\n        Bevans]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Clifford\n        Odets]], American playwright (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Richard\n        Barthelmess]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Joan\n        Vo\\u00fbte]], Dutch astronomer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[William\n        Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield]], British businessman and a philanthropist\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Larry Keating]], American actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[James Kirkwood, Sr.]], American film\n        director (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], American\n        civil rights activist (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi]], Indian\n        founder of the Khaksar Movement (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Guy\n        Burgess]], British spy, one of the [[Cambridge Five]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[Georges Braque]], French painter (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Linkomies\n        1960.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edwin Linkomies]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Louis\n        MacNeice]], Irish poet (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Robert Schuman]],\n        French statesman, a [[Founding fathers of the European Union|founding father\n        of the European Union]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Edwin Linkomies]],\n        25th [[Prime Minister of Finland]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Suzanne Duchamp]], French painter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Eduardo Barrios]],  Chilean writer and poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] – [[Modest Altschuler]], Belarus-born American composer (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – [[Feng Zhanhai]], Chinese military leader and government\n        official (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Eduard Spranger]], German\n        philosopher and psychologist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[David\n        Low (cartoonist)|David Low]], New Zealand cartoonist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September\n        25]]\\n** [[Alexander Sakharoff]], Russian dancer and choreographer (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Kurt Zeitzler]], German Army officer (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-S01144, Berlin, Gustav Gr%C3%BCndgens als %27Hamlet%27.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustaf\n        Grundgens]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00c9dith Piaf 914-6440.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9dith\n        Piaf]]]] \\n[[File:Jean Cocteau b Meurisse 1923.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean Cocteau]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 4]] \\n** [[Lloyd Fredendall]], American general (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Kate Gordon Moore]], American psychologist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 7]]\n        – [[Gustaf Gr\\u00fcndgens]], German actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October\n        9]] – [[Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt]] (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[\\u00c9dith Piaf]], French singer and actress (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Jean Cocteau]], French writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October\n        15]] – [[Alan Goodrich Kirk]], American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Diana Churchill]], daughter of Winston Churchill (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Jean Decoux]], French admiral, [[Governor-General\n        of French Indochina]] (1940-1945) (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Karl\n        B\\u00fchler]], German psychologist and linguist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Beverly\n        Wills]], American actress (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\n** [[Roger D\\u00e9sormi\\u00e8re]],\n        French conductor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn \\u00de\\u00f3r\\u00f0arson]],\n        9th [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Adolphe Menjou]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 31]] –\n        [[Henry Daniell]], English actor (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ngo\n        Dinh Diem - Thumbnail - ARC 542189.png|thumb|110px|[[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ng\\u00f4\n        \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]]]]\\n[[File:John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        F. Kennedy]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Elsa Maxwell]], American gossip columnist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[L\\u00ea Quang Tung]], South Vietnamese military leader\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1923]]) \\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh\n        Di\\u1ec7m]], Vietnamese politician, 1st [[President of South Vietnam]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1901]]) \\n** [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Nhu]], South Vietnamese military\n        leader (assassinated) (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Carlos Magalh\\u00e3es\n        de Azeredo]], Brazilian poet and writer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        [[Luis Cernuda]], Spanish poet (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 12]]\\n**[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Gatica]], Argentine boxer (b. [[1925]])\\n**[[John R. Hodge]], United\n        States Army general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Fritz Reiner]],\n        Hungarian conductor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Albert H. Pearson]],\n        American politician (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Carmen Amaya]],\n        Spanish dancer (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Robert Stroud]],\n        American prisoner, known as the \\\"[[Birdman of Alcatraz]]\\\" (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Beiglb\\u00f6ck]], German [[Nazism|Nazi]] physician\n        at [[Dachau concentration camp]] (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Aldous Huxley]], British\n        writer (''''[[Brave New World]]'''') (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[John F. Kennedy]],\n        American politician, 35th [[President of the United States]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[C. S. Lewis]], Irish-born British critic, novelist (''''[[The\n        Chronicles of Narnia]]'''') and Christian apologist (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[J.\n        D. Tippit]], American [[police officer]] with the [[Dallas Police Department]]\n        (b. [[1924]]) \\n* [[November 24]] – [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], American\n        assassin of President John F. Kennedy (assassinated) (b. [[1939]])[[Warren\n        Commission]] Report.\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Amelita Galli-Curci]],\n        Italian opera singer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Ernesto Lecuona]],\n        Cuban composer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Phil Baker (comedian)|Phil\n        Baker]], American comedian and radio personality (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Cyril\n        Newall, 1st Baron Newall]], British Air Marshal and State servant, 6th [[Governor-General\n        of New Zealand]] (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        146-1983-098-20a, Heuss.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theodor Heuss]]]]\\n[[File:Hubert\n        Pierlot 1947.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hubert Pierlot]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Hindemith 1923.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul\n        Hindemith]]]]\\n* December – [[Andy Kennedy (footballer, born 1897)|Andy\n        Kennedy]], Northern Ireland footballer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 2]]\\n**\n        [[Sabu Dastagir]], Indian-American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Thomas Hicks\n        (athlete)|Thomas Hicks]], American runner (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 5]]\n        – [[Karl Amadeus Hartmann]], German composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December\n        10]] – [[K. M. Panikkar]], Indian scholar, diplomat and journalist (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Theodor Heuss]], German politician, 5th\n        [[President of Germany]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Yasujir\\u014d Ozu]], Japanese\n        filmmaker (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Hubert Pierlot]], Belgian\n        lawyer and jurist, 32nd [[Prime Minister of Belgium]], leader of the [[World\n        War II]] (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Dinah Washington]], African-American jazz/blues\n        singer (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Rikid\\u014dzan]], Korean-born\n        Japanese professional wrestler (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Jack\n        Hobbs]], English cricketer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Tristan\n        Tzara]], French poet (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Gorgeous George]],\n        American professional wrestler (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Hindemith]], German composer (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[A. J. Liebling]], American\n        journalist (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*[[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Eugene Wigner]], [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]],\n        and [[J. Hans D. Jensen]]\\n*[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Karl Ziegler]] and [[Giulio Natta]]\\n*[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Sir John Carew Eccles]], [[Alan Lloyd Hodgkin]], and\n        [[Andrew Huxley]]\\n*[[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Giorgos\n        Seferis]]\\n*[[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[International Committee\n        of the Red Cross]], League of Red Cross Societies\\n\\n==References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1963}}\\n\\n[[Category:1963|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:02Z\",\"lastrevid\":798562574,\"length\":86602,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963\"},\"34550\":{\"pageid\":34550,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1964\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T03:45:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1964}}\\n{{Events by month|1964}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1964}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1964}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1964}}\\n[[File:Lbj2.jpg|thumb|115px|right| [[January 8]]:\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''s [[War on Poverty]]]]\\n* January –\n        The [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] is dissolved.\\n* [[January 5]]\\n**\n        U.S. Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] announces that he will seek the Republican\n        nomination for President.\\n** In the first meeting between leaders of the\n        Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches since the [[15th century]], [[Pope Paul\n        VI]] and [[Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople]] meet in Jerusalem.\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – A British firm, the Leyland Motor Corp., announces the\n        sale of 450 buses to the Cuban government, challenging the United States blockade\n        of [[Cuba]].\\n* [[January 8]] – In his first State of the Union Address,\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] declares a \\\"[[War on Poverty]]\\\".\\n* [[January\n        9]] – ''''[[Martyrs'' Day (Panama)|Martyrs'' Day]]'''': Armed clashes\n        between United States troops and Panamanian civilians in the [[Panama Canal\n        Zone]] precipitate a major international crisis, resulting in the deaths of\n        21 Panamanians and 4 U.S. soldiers.\\n* [[January 10]] – ''''[[Introducing...\n        The Beatles]]'''' is released by Chicago''s Vee-Jay Records to get the jump\n        on Capitol Records'' release of ''''[[Meet the Beatles!]]'''', scheduled for\n        January 20. The two record companies fight over Vee-Jay''s release of this\n        album in court.\\n* [[January 11]] – [[United States Surgeon General]]\n        [[Luther Terry]] reports that smoking may be hazardous to one''s health (the\n        first such statement from the U.S. government).\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Zanzibar\n        Revolution]]: The predominantly Arab government of [[Zanzibar]] is overthrown\n        by African nationalist rebels; a United States Navy destroyer evacuates 61\n        U.S. citizens.\\n** Routine U.S. naval patrols of the [[South China Sea]] begin.\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – In [[Manchester, New Hampshire]], 14-year-old Pamela\n        Mason is murdered. Edward Coolidge is tried and convicted of the crime, but\n        the conviction is set aside by the landmark [[Fourth Amendment to the United\n        States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] case \\\"[[Coolidge v. New Hampshire|Coolidge\n        vs. New Hampshire]] (1971).\\\"\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** Musical ''''[[Hello, Dolly!\n        (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'''' opens in New York''s St. James Theatre.\\n**\n        [[John Glenn]], the first American to orbit the Earth, resigns from [[NASA]].\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\n** [[John Glenn]] announces that he will seek the Democratic\n        nomination for U.S. Senator from [[Ohio]].\\n** [[Roald Dahl]]''s ''''[[Charlie\n        and the Chocolate Factory]]'''' is published by [[Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.]]\n        in the United States. It will later be published by [[George Allen & Unwin]]\n        in the United Kingdom on November 23.\\n* [[January 18]] – Plans to build\n        the New York City [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] are\n        announced.\\n* [[January 20]] – ''''[[Meet the Beatles!]]'''', the first\n        [[Beatles]] album from [[Capitol Records]] in the United States, is released\n        ten days after Chicago''s [[Vee-Jay Records]] releases ''''[[Introducing...\n        The Beatles]]''''. The two record companies battle it out in court for months,\n        eventually coming to a conclusion.\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Kenneth Kaunda]]\n        is inaugurated as the first Prime Minister of [[Northern Rhodesia]].\\n* [[January\n        23]]\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] institutes the World Day of Prayer for Vocations.\n        During this celebration the Pope reminds the universal Church that still today\n        salvation comes to everyone. It continues to be celebrated every Fourth Sunday\n        of Easter also known as Good Shepherd Sunday.\\n** Thirteen years after its\n        proposal and nearly 2 years after its passage by the [[United States Senate]],\n        the [[24th Amendment to the United States Constitution]], prohibiting the\n        use of [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]]es in national elections, is ratified.\\n**\n        [[Arthur Miller]]''s [[After the Fall (play)|''''After the Fall'''']] opens\n        [[Off-Broadway]]. A semi-autobiographical work, it arouses controversy over\n        his portrayal of late ex-wife [[Marilyn Monroe]].\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** France\n        and the People''s Republic of China announce their decision to establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** U.S. Senator [[Margaret Chase Smith]], 66, announces her candidacy\n        for the Republican presidential nomination.\\n* [[January 28]] – A U.S.\n        Air Force jet training plane that strays into [[East Germany]] is shot down\n        by Soviet fighters near [[Erfurt]]; all 3 crew men are killed.\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\u2013[[February 9]] – The [[1964 Winter Olympics]] are held in\n        [[Innsbruck]], Austria.\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] launches\n        2 scientific [[satellite]]s, Elektron I and II, from a single rocket.\\n**\n        [[Ranger 6]] is launched by [[NASA]], on a mission to carry television cameras\n        and crash-land on the Moon.\\n* [[January 30]] – General [[Nguy\\u1ec5n\n        Kh\\u00e1nh]] leads a bloodless military coup d''\\u00e9tat, replacing [[D\\u01b0\\u01a1ng\n        V\\u0103n Minh]] as Prime Minister of South Vietnam.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|February 1964}}\\n* [[February 1]] – [[The Beatles]] vault to\n        the #1 spot on the U.S. singles charts for the first time, with \\\"[[I Want\n        to Hold Your Hand]]\\\", starting the [[British Invasion]] in America.\\n* [[February\n        3]] – Protesting against alleged de facto school [[racial segregation]],\n        Black and Puerto Rican groups in New York City boycott [[Public school (government\n        funded)|public schools]].\\n* [[February 4]] – The [[Federal government\n        of the United States|Government of the United States]] authorizes the [[Twenty-fourth\n        Amendment to the United States Constitution]], outlawing the [[Poll tax (United\n        States)|poll tax]].\\n* [[February 5]] – India backs out of its promise\n        to hold a plebiscite in the disputed territory of Kashmir. In 1948, India\n        had taken the issue of Kashmir to the United Nations Security Council and\n        offered to hold a plebiscite in the held Kashmir under UN supervision.\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – [[Cuba]] cuts off the normal water supply to the United\n        States [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]], in reprisal for the U.S. seizure 4 days\n        earlier of 4 Cuban fishing boats off the coast of [[Florida]].\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** A [[Jackson, Mississippi]], jury, trying [[Byron De La Beckwith]]\n        for the murder of [[Medgar Evers]] in June [[1963]], reports that it cannot\n        reach a verdict, resulting in a mistrial.\\n** [[The Beatles]] arrive from\n        England at New York City''s [[JFK International Airport]], receiving a tumultuous\n        reception from a throng of screaming fans, marking the first occurrence of\n        \\\"[[Beatlemania]]\\\" in the United States.\\n* [[February 9]] – [[The\n        Beatles]] appear on ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'''', marking their first\n        live performance on American television. Seen by an estimated 73 million viewers,\n        the appearance becomes the catalyst for the mid-1960s \\\"[[British Invasion]]\\\"\n        of American popular music.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** Greeks and Turks begin fighting\n        in [[Limassol]], [[Cyprus]].\\n** The [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) severs\n        diplomatic relations with France because of French recognition of the People''s\n        Republic of China.\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** ''''[[Wesberry v. Sanders]]''''\n        (376 US 1 1964): The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that [[Congress\n        of the United States|congressional]] districts have to be approximately equal\n        in population.\\n** Gabonese president [[L\\u00e9on M''ba]] is toppled by [[1964\n        Gabon coup d''\\u00e9tat|a military coup]] and his archrival, [[Jean-Hilaire\n        Aubame]], is installed in his place. However, French intervention restores\n        M''ba''s government the next day.\\n* [[February 23]] – Chrysler''s [[Chrysler\n        Hemi engine#426: The Elephant|second generation hemi]] racing engine debuts\n        at the [[1964 Daytona 500|Daytona 500]]. The 426 hemi-powered [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]]\n        of [[Richard Petty]] (#43) wins. Hemi-powered Plymouths finish 1-2-3.\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Cassius Clay]] (later [[Muhammad Ali]]) beats [[Sonny Liston]]\n        in [[Miami Beach, Florida]], and is [[Ali versus Liston|crowned the heavyweight\n        champion of the world]].\\n* [[February 26]] – U.S. politician [[John\n        Glenn]] slips on a bathroom rug in his [[Columbus, Ohio]], apartment and hits\n        his head on the bathtub, injuring his left inner ear, and prompting him (later\n        that week) to withdraw from the race for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic\n        Party]] Senate nomination.\\n* [[February 27]] – The government of Italy\n        asks for help to keep the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]] from toppling over.\\n*\n        [[February 29]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces that\n        the United States has developed a jet airplane (the [[YF-12A|A-11]]), capable\n        of sustained flight at more than {{convert|2,000|mi/h|km/h}} and of altitudes\n        of more than {{convert|70,000|ft|m}}.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{main article|March\n        1964}}\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Teamsters]] President [[Jimmy Hoffa]] is convicted\n        by a federal jury of tampering with a federal jury in [[1962]].\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]] becomes King of Greece,\n        upon the death of his father King [[Paul of Greece|Paul]].\\n** [[Malcolm X]],\n        suspended from the [[Nation of Islam]], says in New York City that he is forming\n        a black nationalist party.\\n** Boxer [[Cassius Clay]] announces the change\n        of his name to [[Muhammad Ali]].http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2016/06/muhammad_ali_changed_his_name_in_1964_newspapers_called_him_cassius_clay.html\\n*\n        [[March 9]]\\n** ''''[[New York Times Co. v Sullivan]]'''' (376 US 254 1964):\n        The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that under the [[First Amendment\n        to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]], speech criticizing political\n        figures cannot be censored.\\n** [[London Fisheries Convention]] signed, giving\n        signatories the right of full access to fishing grounds within 12 nautical\n        miles of the western European coastline.\\n** The first [[Ford Mustang]] rolls\n        off the [[assembly line]] at [[Ford Motor Company]].\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] military forces shoot down an unarmed reconnaissance bomber\n        that had strayed into [[East Germany]]; the 3 U.S. flyers parachute to safety.\\n**\n        [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], Ambassador to [[South Vietnam]], wins the [[New\n        Hampshire]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] primary.\\n* [[March\n        12]] – [[Malcolm X]] leaves the [[Nation of Islam]].\\n* [[March 13]]\n        – ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' misreports that 38 neighbors of [[Kitty\n        Genovese]], 28, fail to respond to her cries, as she is being stabbed to death\n        in Queens, New York City, prompting investigation into the [[bystander effect]].\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – A [[Dallas, Texas]], jury finds [[Jack Ruby]] guilty\n        of killing [[John F. Kennedy]] assassin [[Lee Harvey Oswald]].\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Richard Burton]] and [[Elizabeth Taylor]] marry (for the first\n        time) in [[Montreal]].\\n* [[March 18]] – Approximately 50 Moroccan students\n        [[1964 Moscow protest|broke into the embassy of Morocco in the Soviet Union]]\n        and staged an all\\u2010day [[sit-in]] protesting against sentencing of 11\n        people to death for the alleged assassination attempt of King [[Hassan II\n        of Morocco]].\\n* [[March 19]] – The American [[Jerrie Mock|Geraldine\n        Jerrie Mock]] is the first woman to fly solo around the world from March 19\n        to April 17.\\n* [[March 20]]\\u2013[[June 6]] – The first [[United Nations\n        Conference on Trade and Development]] takes place.\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        The precursor of the [[European Space Agency]], [[ESRO]] (European Space Research\n        Organization) is established per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – ''''Non ho l''et\\u00e0'''' by Gigliola Cinquetti (music\n        by [[Nicola Salerno]], text by [[Mario Panzeri]]) wins the [[Eurovision Song\n        Contest 1964]] for Italy.\\n* [[March 26]] – U.S. Defense Secretary [[Robert\n        McNamara]] delivers an address that reiterates American determination to give\n        South Vietnam increased military and economic aid, in its war against the\n        [[Communist]] insurgency.\\n* [[March 27]] ([[Good Friday]]) – The [[1964\n        Alaska earthquake|Great Alaskan earthquake]], the second most powerful known\n        (and the most powerful earthquake recorded in [[North America]]n history)\n        at a [[moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 9.2, strikes [[Southcentral Alaska]],\n        killing 125 people and inflicting massive damage to the city of [[Anchorage,\n        Alaska|Anchorage]].\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** King [[Saud of Saudi Arabia]] abdicates\n        the throne.\\n** [[Radio Caroline]] becomes the United Kingdom''s first [[Pirate\n        radio in the United Kingdom|\\\"Pirate\\\" radio]] station, broadcasting from\n        a ship anchored just outside UK [[territorial waters]] on the east coast.\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Merv Griffin]]''s game show ''''[[Jeopardy!]]'''' debuts\n        on [[NBC]]; [[Art Fleming]] is its first host.\\n* [[March 31]] – The\n        military overthrows [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]] [[Jo\\u00e3o\n        Goulart]] in a [[Brazilian military coup of 1964|coup]], starting 21 years\n        of [[Brazilian military dictatorship|dictatorship]] in Brazil. It ends in\n        [[1985]].\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main article|April 1964}}\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        Deployed military rule in [[Brazil]] ended the then government democratically\n        elected president [[Jo\\u00e3o Goulart]].\\n* [[April 2]] – Mrs. Malcolm\n        Peabody, 72, mother of [[Massachusetts]] Governor [[Endicott Peabody]], is\n        released on $450 bond after spending 2 days in a [[St. Augustine, Florida]],\n        jail, for participating in an anti-segregation demonstration there.\\n* [[April\n        4]]\\n** [[The Beatles]] hold the top 5 positions in the Billboard Top 40 singles\n        in America, an unprecedented achievement. The top songs in America as listed\n        on April 4, in order, are: [[Can''t Buy Me Love]], [[Twist and Shout]], [[She\n        Loves You]], [[I Want to Hold Your Hand]], and [[Please Please Me]].\\n** Three\n        high school friends in Hoboken, N.J., open the first [[Blimpie]] on Washington\n        Street.\\n[[File:Gemini 1.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[April 8]]: [[Gemini 1]]\n        launched.]]\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Jigme Palden Dorji]], premier of the\n        Himalayan kingdom of [[Bhutan]], is shot dead by an unidentified assassin\n        in Puncholing, near the Indian border.\\n* [[April 7]] – [[IBM]] announces\n        the [[System/360]].\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** Four of 5 railroad operating [[trade\n        union|union]]s strike against the Illinois Central Railroad without warning,\n        bringing to a head a 5-year dispute over railroad work rules.\\n** [[Gemini\n        1]] is launched, the first unmanned test of the 2-man spacecraft.\\n** ''''[[From\n        Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'''' premiers in U.S. movie\n        theaters.\\n* [[April 9]] – The [[United Nations Security Council]] adopts\n        by a 9\\u20130 vote a resolution deploring a British air attack on a fort in\n        [[Yemen]] 12 days earlier, in which 25 persons were reported killed.\\n* [[April\n        10]] – Demolition of the [[Polo Grounds]] sports stadium commences in\n        New York City.\\n* [[April 11]] – The Brazilian Congress elects Field\n        Marshal [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]] as President of [[Brazil]].\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – In [[Detroit]], [[Malcolm X]] delivers a speech entitled\n        \\\"The Ballot or the Bullet\\\"\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** The [[36th Academy Awards]]\n        ceremony is held.\\n** [[Sidney Poitier]] is the first African-American to\n        win an [[Academy Award]] in the category [[Best Actor in a Leading Role]]\n        in ''''[[Lilies of the Field (1963 film)|Lilies of the Field]]''''.\\n* [[April\n        14]] – A [[Delta rocket]]''s third-stage motor ignites prematurely in\n        an assembly room at [[Cape Canaveral]], killing 3.\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[The\n        Rolling Stones]] release their debut album, ''''[[The Rolling Stones (album)|The\n        Rolling Stones]]''''.\\n** Sentences totaling 307 years are passed on 12 men\n        who stole \\u00a32.6m in used bank notes, after holding up the night mail train\n        traveling from [[Glasgow]] to London in August 1963 – a heist that became\n        known as the [[Great Train Robbery (1963)|Great Train Robbery]].\\n* [[April\n        17]]\\n** In the United States, the [[Ford Mustang]] is officially unveiled\n        to the public.\\n** [[Shea Stadium]] opens in [[Flushing, New York]].\\n* [[April\n        19]] – In [[Laos]], the coalition government of Prince [[Souvanna Phouma]]\n        is deposed by a right-wing military group, led by Brig. Gen. [[Kouprasith\n        Abhay]]. Not supported by the U.S., the coup is ultimately unsuccessful, and\n        Souvanna Phouma is reinstated, remaining Prime Minister until [[1975]].\\n*\n        [[April 20]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] in New York, and Soviet\n        Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in Moscow, simultaneously announce plans to\n        cut back production of materials for making [[nuclear weapon]]s.\\n** [[Nelson\n        Mandela]] makes his \\\"I Am Prepared to Die\\\" speech at the opening of the\n        [[Rivonia Trial]], a key event for the anti-apartheid movement.\\n** [[BBC\n        Two|BBC2]] starts broadcasting in the UK.\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** British businessman\n        [[Greville Wynne]], imprisoned in Moscow since 1963 for [[spying]], is exchanged\n        for Soviet spy [[Gordon Lonsdale]].\\n[[File:Unisphere.jpg|thumb|220px|right|\n        [[April 22]]: [[1964 New York World''s Fair]]]]\\n** The [[1964 New York World''s\n        Fair]] opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken\n        over by British forces under the Duke of York (later [[James II of England|King\n        James II]]) and being renamed New York in 1664. The fair runs until October\n        18, 1964, and reopens April 21, 1965, finally closing October 17, 1965. (Not\n        sanctioned, due to being within 10 years of the [[Century 21 Exposition|Seattle\n        World''s Fair]] in [[1962]], some countries decline, but many countries have\n        pavilions with exotic crafts, art and food.)\\n* [[April 25]] – Thieves\n        steal the head of the [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|Little Mermaid]] statue\n        in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark (Henrik Bruun confesses in [[1997]]).\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Tanganyika]] and [[Zanzibar]] merge to form [[Tanzania]].\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{main article|May 1964}}\\n* [[May 1]] – At 4:00 a.m.,\n        [[John George Kemeny]] and [[Thomas Eugene Kurtz]] ran the first computer\n        program written in [[BASIC programming language|BASIC]] (Beginners'' All-purpose\n        Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy to learn high level [[programming language]]\n        which they created. BASIC was eventually included on many [[computer]]s and\n        even some games consoles.\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] receives\n        more than 75% of the votes in the [[Texas]] Republican Presidential primary.\\n**\n        Some 400\\u20131,000 students march through [[Times Square]], New York, and\n        another 700 in [[San Francisco]], in the first major student demonstration\n        against the Vietnam War. Smaller marches also occur in Boston, Seattle, and\n        Madison, Wisconsin.\\n** [[Henry Hezekiah Dee]] and [[Charles Eddie Moore]],\n        hitchhiking in [[Meadville, Mississippi]], are kidnapped, beaten, muredered\n        by members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. Their badly [[Decomposition|decomposed]]\n        bodies are found by chance in July during the search for [[Murders of Chaney,\n        Goodman, and Schwerner|missing activists Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner]].\\n*\n        [[May 4]] – The [[United States Congress]] recognized [[Bourbon whiskey]]\n        as a \\\"distinctive product of the United States\\\".\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Pacific\n        Air Lines Flight 773]] crashes near [[San Ramon, California]], killing all\n        44 aboard; the [[FBI]] later reports that a cockpit recorder tape indicates\n        that the pilot and co-pilot had been shot by a suicidal passenger.\\n** At\n        a [[Rocket mail|mail rockets]] demonstration by [[Gerhard Zucker]] on Hasselkopf\n        Mountain near [[Braunlage]] (Lower Saxonia, Germany), 3 persons are killed\n        by a rocket explosion.\\n* [[May 9]] – South Korean President [[Park\n        Chung-hee]] reshuffles his Cabinet, after a series of student demonstrations\n        against his efforts to restore diplomatic and trade relations with Japan.\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Terence Conran]] opens the first [[Habitat (retailer)|Habitat]]\n        store on London''s [[Fulham Road]].\\n* [[May 12]] – Twelve young men\n        in New York City publicly [[Draft-card burning|burn their draft cards]] to\n        protest the war; the first such act of war resistance.{{cite book |last=Flynn\n        |first1=George Q. |url=https://books.google.dk/books?hl=da&id=ArLuAAAAMAAJ\n        |title=The Draft, 1940-1973 |series=Modern War Studies |location=[[Lawrence,\n        Kansas]] |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |year=1993 |page=175 |isbn=978-0700605866\n        |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}{{cite book |last=Gottlieb |first1=Sherry\n        Gershon |url=https://books.google.dk/books?hl=da&id=ksttP_xGaLUC |title=Hell\n        no, we won''t go!: Resisting the draft during the Vietnam War |location=[[New\n        York, New York]] |publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking Penguin]] |year=1991 |page=xix\n        |isbn=978-0670839353 |accessdate=2016-02-13 |quote=1964: May 12\\u2014Twelve\n        students at a New York rally burn their draft cards... }}\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – The [[United States State Department]] says that more than 40 hidden\n        microphones have been found embedded in the walls of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow.\\n*\n        [[May 23]]\\n** Mrs. Madeline Dassault, 63, wife of a French plane manufacturer\n        and politician, is kidnapped while leaving her car in front of her Paris home;\n        she is found unharmed the next day in a farmhouse {{convert|27|mi|km}} from\n        Paris.\\n** [[Pablo Picasso]] paints his fourth\n        ''''Head of a Bearded Man''''.\\n* [[May 24]]\\u2013[[May 25|25]] – The\n        crowd at a [[soccer|football]] match in [[Lima]], [[Peru]] [[1964 Lima football\n        riot|riots]] over a referee''s decision in the Peru-[[Argentina]] game; 319\n        are killed, 500 injured.\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Nelson Rockefeller]] defeats\n        [[Barry Goldwater]] in the [[Oregon]] Republican primary, slowing but not\n        stalling Goldwater''s drive toward the nomination.\\n* [[May 27]] – Prime\n        Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] dies; he is succeeded by [[Lal Bahadur\n        Shastri]].\\n* [[May 28]] – The Charter of the [[Palestine Liberation\n        Organization]] (PLO) is released by [[Arab League]].\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Eddie Sachs]] and [[Dave MacDonald]] are killed in a fiery crash during\n        the [[1964 Indianapolis 500]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{main article|June 1964}}\\n*\n        [[June 2]]\\n** Senator Barry Goldwater wins the [[California]] Republican\n        Presidential primary, making him the overwhelming favorite for the nomination.\\n**\n        Five million shares of stock in the Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat)\n        are offered for sale at $20 a share, and the issue is quickly sold out.\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – South Korean President [[Park Chung-hee]] declares [[martial\n        law]] in [[Seoul]], after 10,000 student demonstrators overpower police.\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – With a temporary order, the [[Rocket experiments in the\n        area of Cuxhaven|rocket launches at Cuxhaven]] are terminated.\\n* [[June 9]]\n        – In Federal Court in [[Kansas City, Kansas]], army deserter George\n        John Gessner, 28, is convicted of passing United States secrets to the Soviet\n        Union.\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** The U.S. Senate votes [[cloture]] of the Civil Rights\n        Bill after a 75-day filibuster.\\n** The [[Deacons for Defense and Justice]]\n        (Black self-defense organization) is founded in [[Jonesboro, Louisiana]].\\n*\n        [[June 11]]\\n** Greece rejects direct talks with [[Turkey]] over [[Cyprus]].\\n**\n        [[Cologne school massacre]]: In [[Cologne]], West Germany, [[Cologne school\n        massacre#Perpetrator|Walter Seifert]] attacks students and teachers in an\n        elementary school with a [[flamethrower]], killing 10 and injuring 21.\\n*\n        [[June 12]]\\n** [[Pennsylvania]] Governor [[William Scranton]] announces his\n        candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination, as part of a ''stop-Goldwater''\n        movement.\\n** [[Nelson Mandela]] and 7 others are sentenced to [[life imprisonment\n        in South Africa]], and sent to the [[Robben Island]] prison.\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – Keith Bennett, 12, is abducted by [[Myra Hindley]] and [[Ian Brady]].\n        His body was never recovered.\\n* [[June 17]] – Author [[Ken Kesey]]\n        and his [[Merry Pranksters]] embark on their cross-country trip aboard [[Further\n        (bus)]] spreading the gospel of [[Lysergic acid dithylamide|LSD]].\\n* [[June\n        19]] – U.S. Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]], 32, is seriously\n        injured in a private plane crash at Southampton, Massachusetts; the pilot\n        is killed.\\n* [[June 20]] – The [[Ford GT40]] makes its first appearance\n        at the [[1964 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]]. It does not see its\n        first victory, however, until [[1966 24 Hours of Le Mans|1966]]. At the same\n        event, the [[AC Cobra]] wins its class in its second Le Mans appearance.\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Civil Rights Movement]]: [[Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and\n        Schwerner]] – Three [[Congress of Racial Equality]] workers, [[Michael\n        Schwerner]], [[Andrew Goodman]] and [[James Chaney]], are abducted and murdered\n        near [[Philadelphia, Mississippi]], by local members of the [[White Knights\n        of the Ku Klux Klan]] with local law enforcement officials involved in the\n        conspiracy. Their bodies are not found until August 4.\\n** [[Spain national\n        football team|Spain]] beats the [[USSR national football team|Soviet Union]]\n        2\\u20131 to win the [[1964 UEFA European Football Championship|1964 European\n        Nations Cup]].\\n** [[Jim Bunning]] pitches a [[perfect game]] for the [[Philadelphia\n        Phillies]], the first in the [[National League]] since 1880.\\n* [[June 26]]\n        – [[Moise Tshombe]] returns to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]\n        from exile in Spain.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Manx Radio]] commences broadcasting\n        from Douglas, [[Isle of Man]] after receiving its first Low power broadcast\n        licence from the United Kingdom''s [[General Post Office]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{main\n        article|July 1964}}\\n* [[July 2]] – President Lyndon Johnson signs the\n        [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] into law, officially abolishing [[racial segregation\n        in the United States]].\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Malawi]] receives its independence\n        from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 8]] – U.S. military personnel announce\n        that U.S. casualties in Vietnam have risen to 1,387, including 399 dead and\n        17 MIA.\\n* [[July 16]] – At the [[Republican National Convention]] in\n        [[San Francisco]], U.S. presidential nominee [[Barry Goldwater]] declares\n        that \\\"extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice\\\", and \\\"moderation\n        in the pursuit of justice is no virtue\\\".\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** Six days of [[race\n        riot]]s begin in [[Harlem]].\\n** [[Judith Graham Pool]] publishes her discovery\n        of [[cryoprecipitate]], a frozen blood clotting product made from plasma primarily\n        to treat [[hemophilia]]cs around the world.\\n** \\\"[[False Hare]]\\\" is the\n        final Warner Bros. cartoon with \\\"[[Bullseye (target)|target]]\\\" titles.\\n*\n        [[July 19]] – [[Vietnam War]]: At a rally in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]],\n        [[South Vietnam]]ese Prime Minister [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Kh\\u00e1nh]] calls for expanding\n        the war into [[North Vietnam]].\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** Vietnam War: [[Viet Cong]]\n        forces attack a provincial capital, killing 11 South Vietnamese military personnel\n        and 40 civilians (30 of which are children).\\n** The [[National Movement of\n        the Revolution]] is instituted as the sole legal [[political party]] in the\n        [[Republic of the Congo]].\\n* [[July 21]] – [[1964 race riots in Singapore|Race\n        riots]] begin in [[Singapore]] between ethnic Chinese and Malays.\\n* [[July\n        22]] – The second meeting of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] is\n        held.\\n* [[July 24]] – There is a minor criticality accident at a United\n        Nuclear Corporation Fuels recovery plant in [[Wood River Junction, Rhode Island|Wood\n        River Junction]], [[Richmond, Rhode Island|Richmond]], [[Rhode Island]]. 37-year-old\n        Robert Peabody dies two days after the incident.\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The U.S. sends 5,000 more military advisers to South Vietnam, bringing\n        the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.\\n* [[July 31]]\n        – [[Ranger program]]: [[Ranger 7]] sends back the first close-up photographs\n        of the Moon (images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from Earth-bound\n        [[telescope]]s).\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{main article|August 1964}}\\n* [[August\n        1]]\\n** The Final [[Looney Tunes|Looney Tune]], \\\"[[Se\\u00f1orella and the\n        Glass Huarache]]\\\", is released before the Warner Bros. Cartoon Division is\n        shut down by Jack Warner.\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Vietnam War]]: United\n        States destroyers [[USS Maddox (DD-731)|USS ''''Maddox'''']] and [[USS Turner\n        Joy (DD-951)|USS ''''Turner Joy'''']] are attacked in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]].\n        Air support from the carrier [[USS Ticonderoga (CV-14)|USS ''''Ticonderoga'''']]\n        sinks one gunboat, while the other two leave the battle.\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**\n        Vietnam War: [[Operation Pierce Arrow]] – Aircraft from carriers [[USS\n        Ticonderoga (CV-14)|USS ''''Ticonderoga'''']] and [[USS Constellation (CV-64)|USS\n        ''''Constellation'''']] bomb [[North Vietnam]] in retaliation for strikes\n        against U.S. destroyers in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]].\\n** The Simba rebel army\n        in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] captures [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]],\n        and takes 1,000 Western hostages.\\n* [[August 7]] – Vietnam War: The\n        United States Congress passes the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]], giving U.S.\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese\n        attacks on U.S. forces.\\n* [[August 8]] – A [[The Rolling Stones|Rolling\n        Stones]] [[Gig (musical performance)|gig]] in [[Scheveningen]] gets out of\n        control. Riot police end the gig after about 15 minutes, upon which spectators\n        start to fight the riot police.\\n* [[August 13]] – Murderers [[Gwynne\n        Owen Evans]] and [[Peter Anthony Allen]] become the last people to be executed\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[August 16]] – Vietnam War: In a [[coup]],\n        General [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Kh\\u00e1nh]] replaces [[D\\u01b0\\u01a1ng V\\u0103n Minh]]\n        as South Vietnam''s chief of state and establishes a new [[constitution]],\n        drafted partly by the U.S. Embassy.\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Margaret Harshaw]],\n        Metropolitan Opera soprano, sings the role of Turandot in Puccini''s opera\n        ''''[[Turandot]]'''' at the New York World''s Fair.\\n* [[August 18]] –\n        The International Olympic Committee bans South Africa from the [[1964 Summer\n        Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]] on the grounds that its teams are racially segregated.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – The International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium\n        ([[Intelsat]]) began to work.\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Fannie Lou Hamer]], civil\n        rights activist and Vice Chair of the [[Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party]],\n        addresses the Credentials Committee of the [[Democratic National Convention]],\n        challenging the all-white [[Mississippi]] delegation.\\n** Goalkeeper Derek\n        Foster of Sunderland becomes the youngest-ever player to play in the [[Football\n        League]], aged 15 years and 185 days.\\n* [[August 24]]\\u2013[[August 27|27]]\n        – The [[Democratic National Convention]] in [[Atlantic City]] nominates\n        incumbent President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] for a full term, and U.S. Senator\n        [[Hubert Humphrey]] of [[Minnesota]] as his running mate.\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Walt Disney]]''s ''''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'''' has\n        its world premiere in Los Angeles. It will go on to become Disney''s biggest\n        moneymaker, and winner of 5 Academy Awards, including a [[Academy Award for\n        Best Actress|Best Actress]] award for [[Julie Andrews]], who accepted the\n        part after she was passed over by [[Jack L. Warner]] for the leading role\n        of Eliza Doolittle in the film version of ''''My Fair Lady''''. ''''Mary Poppins''''\n        is the first Disney film to be nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best\n        Picture]].\\n* [[August 28]]\\u2013[[August 30|30]] – [[Philadelphia 1964\n        race riot]]: Tensions between [[African American]] residents and police lead\n        to 341 injuries and 774 arrests.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{main article|September\n        1964}}\\n* [[September 2]] – Indian [[Hungry generation]] poets are arrested\n        on charges of conspiracy against the state and obscenity in literature.\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – The [[Forth Road Bridge]] opens over the [[Firth of\n        Forth]].\\n* [[September 10]] – The [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)\n        is founded.\\n* [[September 11]] – In [[Jacksonville, Florida]], [[John\n        Lennon]] announces that the [[Beatles]] will not play to a segregated audience.\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** The third period of the [[Second Vatican Council]] opens.\\n**\n        The London ''''[[Daily Herald (UK newspaper)|Daily Herald]]'''' ceases publication,\n        replaced by ''''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]''''.\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – ''''[[Shindig!]]'''' premieres on the ''''[[American Broadcasting\n        Company|ABC]]'''', featuring the top musical acts of the Sixties.\\n* [[September\n        17]]\\n** ''''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'''' opens in the UK.\\n** ''''[[Bewitched]]'''',\n        starring [[Elizabeth Montgomery]], premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – In [[Athens]], King [[Constantine II of Greece]]\n        marries [[Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark]], who becomes Europe''s youngest\n        Queen at age 18 years, 19 days.\\n** ''''[[Jonny Quest (TV series)|Jonny Quest]]''''\n        premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]; featured voices include\n        [[Mike Road]], [[Tim Matheson]], [[Don Messick]], [[John Stephenson (actor)|John\n        Stephenson]], and [[Danny Bravo]].\\n* [[September 20]] – At the [[autumnal\n        equinox]], the [[Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids]] (OBOD) is founded in\n        England.\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** The island of [[Malta]] obtains independence\n        from the United Kingdom.\\n** The [[North American XB-70 Valkyrie]] makes its\n        first flight at [[Palmdale, California]].\\n* [[September 24]] – The\n        [[Warren Commission]] Report, the first official investigation of the assassination\n        of United States President [[John F. Kennedy]], is published.\\n* [[September\n        25]] – The [[Mozambican War of Independence]] is launched by [[FRELIMO]].\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{main article|October 1964}}\\n[[File:Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics\n        logo.svg|140px|thumbnail|right|[[1964 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n* October –\n        Dr. [[Robert Moog]] demonstrates the prototype [[Moog synthesizer]].{{cite\n        journal|last=Moog|first=R. A.|year=1965|title=Voltage-Controlled Electronic\n        Music Modules|journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=200\\u2013206}}\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** Three thousand student activists at [[University of California,\n        Berkeley]], surround and block a police car from taking a [[Congress of Racial\n        Equality|CORE]] volunteer arrested for not showing his ID, when he violated\n        a ban on outdoor activist card tables. This protest eventually explodes into\n        the [[Berkeley Free Speech Movement]].\\n** The ''''[[Shinkansen]]'''' [[high-speed\n        rail]] system, the world''s first such system, is inaugurated in Japan, for\n        the first sector between Tokyo and [[Osaka]].\\n* [[October 2]] – [[The\n        Kinks]] release their first album, ''''[[Kinks (album)|Kinks]]''''.\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n** Twenty-three men and thirty-one women escape to [[West Berlin]] through\n        a narrow tunnel under the [[Berlin Wall]].\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince\n        Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]] begin an 8-day visit to\n        Canada.\\n* [[October 10]]\\u2013[[October 24|24]] – The [[1964 Summer\n        Olympics]] are held in Tokyo.\\n* [[October 12]] – The Soviet Union launches\n        ''''[[Voskhod 1]]'''' into Earth [[orbit]] as the first spacecraft with a\n        multi-person crew and the first flight without [[space suit]]s. The flight\n        is cut short and lands again on [[October 13]] after 16 orbits.\\n* [[October\n        14]] – American civil rights movement leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]\n        becomes the youngest recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], which was awarded\n        to him for leading non-violent resistance to end [[racism|racial prejudice]]\n        in the United States.\\n* [[October 14]]\\u2013[[October 15|15]] – [[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]] is deposed as leader of the Soviet Union; [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        and [[Alexei Kosygin]] assume power.\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** The [[Labour Party\n        (UK)|Labour Party]] wins the parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom,\n        ending 13 years of Conservative Party rule. The new prime minister is [[Harold\n        Wilson]].{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/basics/4393293.stm\n        |title=1964: Labour scrapes through |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]]\n        |date=2005-04-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213202904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/basics/4393293.stm\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n** [[Craig Breedlove]]''s\n        jet-powered car ''''[[Spirit of America (automobile)|Spirit of America]]''''\n        goes out of control in [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in [[Utah]] and makes skid\n        marks 9.6 km long.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Harold Wilson]] becomes British\n        Prime Minister after leading the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] to a narrow\n        [[United Kingdom general election, 1964|election win]] over the [[Conservative\n        Party (UK)|Conservative]] government of [[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]],\n        which had been in power for 13 years and had four different leaders during\n        that time.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3993000/3993883.stm\n        |title=\\t1964: Labour voters are ''bonkers'' says Hogg |work=BBC On This Day\n        |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213203138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3993000/3993883.stm\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n** [[596 (nuclear\n        test)|596]]: The People''s Republic of China explodes an [[atomic bomb]] in\n        [[Xinjiang|Sinkiang]].\\n* [[October 18]] – The [[1964 New York World''s\n        Fair|New York World''s Fair]] closes for the year (it reopens April 21, 1965).\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – The [[My Fair Lady (film)|film version]] of the hit\n        Broadway stage musical ''''My Fair Lady'''' premieres in New York City. The\n        movie stars [[Audrey Hepburn]] in the role of Eliza Doolittle and [[Rex Harrison]]\n        repeating his stage performance as Professor Henry Higgins, and which will\n        win him his only Academy Award for Best Actor. The film will win seven other\n        Academy Awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]],\n        but Audrey Hepburn will not be nominated. Critics interpret this as a rebuke\n        to Jack L. Warner for choosing Ms. Hepburn over Julie Andrews.\\n* [[October\n        22]]\\n** Canada: A Federal Multi-Party Parliamentary Committee selects a design\n        to become the new official [[Flag of Canada]].\\n** A 5.3 [[kiloton]] nuclear\n        device is detonated at the Tatum Salt Dome, {{convert|21|mi|km}} from [[Hattiesburg,\n        Mississippi]], as part of the [[Vela Uniform]] program. This test is the Salmon\n        phase of the Atomic Energy Commission''s Project Dribble.\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – Northern [[Rhodesia]], a former British protectorate, becomes the\n        independent Republic of [[Zambia]], ending 73 years of British rule.\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Eric Edgar Cooke]] becomes the last man executed in Western\n        Australia, for murdering 8 citizens in [[Perth]] between [[1959]] and [[1963]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – In the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], rebel\n        leader Christopher Gbenye takes 60 Americans and 800 Belgians [[hostage]].\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – A collection of irreplaceable [[gemstone]]s, including\n        the {{convert|565|carat|g}} [[Star of India (gem)|Star of India]], is stolen\n        from the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in New York City.\\n* [[October\n        31]] – Campaigning at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square\n        Garden]], New York, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson pledges the creation of\n        the [[Great Society]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main article|November 1964}}\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – Mortar fire from North Vietnamese forces rains on the\n        [[Bien Hoa Air Base]], killing four U.S. servicemen, wounding 72, and destroying\n        five [[B-57 Canberra|B-57]] jet bombers and other planes.\\n* [[November 3]]\\n**\n        [[United States presidential election, 1964]]: Incumbent President Lyndon\n        B. Johnson defeats [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger\n        [[Barry Goldwater]] with over 60 percent of the [[Direct election|popular\n        vote]].\\n** The [[Bolivia]]n government of President [[V\\u00edctor Paz Estenssoro]]\n        is overthrown by a military rebellion led by General [[Alfredo Ovando Cand\\u00eda]],\n        commander-in-chief of the armed forces.\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Mariner\n        program]]: [[Mariner 3]], a U.S. space probe intended for [[Mars]], is launched\n        from [[Cape Kennedy]] but fails.\\n* [[November 9]] – The [[House of\n        Commons of the United Kingdom]] votes to abolish the death penalty for murder\n        in Britain.\\n* [[November 10]] – Australia partially reintroduces [[compulsory\n        military service]] due to the [[Indonesian Confrontation]].\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Bob Pettit]] ([[St. Louis Hawks]]) becomes the first American\n        [[National Basketball Association]] player to score 20,000 points.\\n* [[November\n        19]] – The [[United States Department of Defense]] announces the closing\n        of 95 military bases and facilities, including the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]],\n        the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and [[Fort Jay]], New York.\\n* [[November 21]]\\n**\n        [[Second Vatican Council]]: The third period of the [[Catholic Church]]''s\n        [[ecumenical council]] closes. ''''[[Lumen gentium]]'''', the Dogmatic Constitution\n        on the Church, is promulgated.\\n** The [[Verrazano-Narrows Bridge]] across\n        [[New York Bay]] opens to traffic (the world''s longest [[suspension bridge]]\n        at this time).\\n* [[November 24]] – Belgian paratroopers and mercenaries\n        capture [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]], but a number of [[hostage]]s die in the\n        fighting, among them American [[Evangelical Covenant Church]] missionary Dr.\n        [[Paul Carlson]].\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Mariner program]]: NASA launches\n        the [[Mariner 4]] space probe from Cape Kennedy toward Mars to take television\n        pictures of that [[planet]] in July [[1965]].\\n** Vietnam War: [[United States\n        National Security Council]] members, including [[Robert McNamara]], [[Dean\n        Rusk]], and [[Maxwell Taylor]], agree to recommend a plan for a 2-stage escalation\n        of bombing in North Vietnam, to President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].\\n** France\n        performs an underground nuclear test at [[Ecker]], Algeria.\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n{{main article|December 1964}}\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Gustavo D\\u00edaz\n        Ordaz]] takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n** Vietnam War: U.S. President\n        Lyndon B. Johnson and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb\n        North Vietnam (after some debate, they agree on a 2-phase bombing plan).\\n*\n        [[December 3]]\\n** [[Berkeley Free Speech Movement]]: Police arrest about\n        800 students at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], following their\n        takeover of and massive sit-in at the Sproul Hall administration building.\n        The sit-in most directly protested the U.C. Regents'' decision to punish student\n        activists for what many thought had been justified civil disobedience earlier\n        in the conflict.\\n** The Danish football club [[Br\\u00f8ndby IF]] was founded\n        as a merger between the two local clubs Br\\u00f8ndby\\u00f8ster Idr\\u00e6tsforening\n        and Br\\u00f8ndbyvester Idr\\u00e6tsforening. The club has won the national\n        championship [[Danish Superliga]] 10 times, and has won the national [[Danish\n        Cup]]s six times since the club joined the Danish top-flight football league\n        in 1981.\\n* [[December 6]] – The 1-hour stop-motion animated special\n        ''''[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)|Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]]'''',\n        based on the popular Christmas song, premieres on [[NBC]]. It becomes a beloved\n        [[Christmas]] tradition, still being shown on television more than 50 years\n        later.\\n* [[December 9]] – [[A Love Supreme]] recorded by [[John Coltrane]]\n        with his quartet at [[Van Gelder Studio]], [[Englewood Cliffs, New\n        Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States]]{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-love-supreme-mw0000187827 |title=A\n        Love Supreme AllMusic Review |last=Samuelson |first=Sam |publisher=[[AllMusic]]\n        |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213203703/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-love-supreme-mw0000187827\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n* [[December 10]]\n        – Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] is awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        in [[Oslo]], Norway.\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Sam Cooke]], African-American\n        singer and songwriter was shot and killed at a motel in Los Angeles, California\n        (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Che Guevara]] addresses the U.N.\n        General Assembly.{{cite book |last=Guevara |first1=Ernesto Che |authorlink=Che\n        Guevara |url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=ierlWAqZ_8cC |title=Che: The\n        Diaries of Ernesto Che Guevara |chapter=Chronology of Ernesto Che Guevara\n        |chapter-url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=ierlWAqZ_8cC&pg=PA6 |location=[[North\n        Melbourne, Victoria]], Australia |publisher=Ocean Press |year=2009 |page=6\n        |isbn=978-1920888930 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n* [[December 12]] –\n        [[Jamhuri Day]]: [[Kenya]] becomes a republic, with [[Jomo Kenyatta]] as its\n        first [[President of Kenya|President]].\\n* [[December 14]] – ''''[[Heart\n        of Atlanta Motel v. United States]]'''' (379 US 241 1964): The U.S. Supreme\n        Court rules that, in accordance with the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], establishments\n        providing public accommodation must refrain from racial discrimination.\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – ''''[[The Washington Post]]'''' publishes an article\n        about [[James Hampton (artist)|James Hampton]], who has built a glittering\n        religious throne out of recycled materials.\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** In the\n        wake of deadly riots in January over control of the [[Panama Canal]], the\n        U.S. offers to negotiate a new canal treaty.\\n** The deadly [[Christmas flood\n        of 1964]] begins; It becomes one of the most destructive weather events to\n        affect Oregon in the 20th century.\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** The [[James Bond]]\n        film ''''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'''' begins its run in U.S. theaters.\n        It becomes one of the most successful and popular Bond films ever made.\\n**\n        The [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark]] makes its first flight.\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[Comedian]] [[Lenny Bruce]] is sentenced to 4 months in prison,\n        concluding a 6-month [[obscenity]] trial.\\n** A cyclone in the [[Palk Strait]]\n        destroys the Indian town of [[Dhanushkodi]], killing 1800 people.\\n** The\n        [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird]] makes its first flight at [[Palmdale, California]].\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Wonderful Radio London]] becomes the United Kingdom''s\n        fourth [[Pirate radio in the United Kingdom|\\\"Pirate\\\" radio]] station, broadcasting\n        from MV ''''Galaxy'''' (a former US Navy minesweeper) anchored off the east\n        coast of England, with an American-style [[Top 40]] (\\\"[[Fab 40]]\\\") [[playlist]]\n        of popular records.\\n* [[December 24]] – [[1964 Brinks Hotel bombing|Bombing\n        of the Brinks Hotel]] in Saigon.\\n* [[December 26]] – Lesley Ann Downey,\n        10, is abducted by [[Ian Brady]] and [[Myra Hindley]] in Manchester, England.\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – The [[1964 Cleveland Browns season|Cleveland Browns]]\n        defeat the [[1964 Baltimore Colts season|Baltimore Colts]], 27-0, in the [[National\n        Football League]] Championship Game.\\n* [[December 30]] – [[United Nations\n        Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) established as a permanent\n        organ of the [[UN General Assembly]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Spring –\n        First recognition of [[cosmic microwave background radiation]] as a detectable\n        phenomenon.In a brief paper by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] astrophysicists\n        [[A. G. Doroshkevich]] and [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov|Igor Novikov]]. {{cite\n        web|last=Penzias|first=A. A.|year=2006|title=The origin of elements|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/penzias-lecture.pdf|work=Nobel\n        lecture|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=2006-10-04}}\\n* [[Jerome\n        Horwitz]] synthesizes [[zidovudine]] (AZT), an [[antiviral drug]] which will\n        later be used in treating [[HIV]].\\n* [[Farrington Daniels]]'' book ''''Direct\n        Use of the Sun''s Energy'''' is published by [[Yale University Press]].\\n*\n        [[Rudi Gernreich]] designs the original [[monokini]] topless swimsuit in the\n        U.S.{{cite web |url=http://gernreich.steirischerbst.at/pages/bio1.htm\n        |title=Biografie Rudi Gernreich |language=German |publisher=Steirischer Herbst\n        Festival GmbH |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213205151/http://gernreich.steirischerbst.at/pages/bio1.htm\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n* The [[Vishva Hindu\n        Pari\\u1e63ad]] is founded in India.\\n* The [[Centre for Contemporary Cultural\n        Studies]] is established at the [[University of Birmingham]], England, by\n        [[Richard Hoggart]].\\n* The first fatality occurs at [[Disneyland]] in California:\n        a 15-year-old boy is injured while riding the [[Matterhorn Bobsleds]] and\n        dies three days later as a result of his injuries.\\n* The [[Pontiac GTO]],\n        the first vehicle to be officially dubbed a \\\"[[muscle car]]\\\", debuts as\n        a trim of the [[Pontiac Tempest]].\\n* [[Germaine Greer]] becomes the first\n        full female member of Cambridge University [[Footlights]] revue after joining\n        in her first week at [[Newnham College, Cambridge]].\\n* [[Pete Townshend]]\n        of [[The Who]] destroys his first guitar in the name of [[auto-destructive\n        art]] at the Railway Hotel, London.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Dadis\n        Camara portrait.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Moussa Dadis Camara]]]]\\n[[File:Nicolas\n        Cage Deauville 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolas Cage]]]]\\n[[File:YolandaFosterHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yolanda\n        Hadid]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Addy.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Mark Addy]]]]\\n[[File:Penelope\n        Ann Miller.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Penelope Ann Miller]]]]\\n[[File:Michelle Obama\n        2013 official portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michelle Obama]]]]\\n[[File:Bridget\n        Fonda.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bridget Fonda]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Moussa Dadis\n        Camara]], Guinean general and 3rd [[President of Guinea]]\\n** [[Juliana Donald]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Dedee Pfeiffer]], American film and television actress\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Pernell Whitaker]], American boxer\\n* [[January 3]]\n        – [[Jon Gibson (Christian musician)|Jon Gibson]], American Christian\n        musician\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Dot Jones]], American actress and retired\n        athlete\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel Jim\\u00e9nez]], Spanish\n        golfer\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Colin Cowherd]], American talk show host\\n**\n        [[Henry Maske]], German boxer\\n** [[Jacqueline Moore|Jacqueline DeLois Moore]],\n        American wrestler\\n** [[Rafael Vidal]], Venezuelan swimmer and sports commentator\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Nicolas Cage]], American actor\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Jeff Bezos]], American Internet entrepreneur\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Yolanda Hadid]], Dutch American television personality\\n* [[January\n        13]]\\n** [[Penelope Ann Miller]], American actress\\n** [[Bill Bailey]], British\n        comedian\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Mark Addy]], English actor\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Osmo Tapio R\\u00e4ih\\u00e4l\\u00e4]], Finnish composer\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Chris Dittmar]], Australian squash player\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Michelle Fairley]], Northern Irish actress\\n** [[Michelle Obama]], [[First\n        Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Jane Horrocks]], British\n        actress\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Ricardo Arjona]], Guatemalan singer\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Aquilino Pimentel III]], Filipino politician, 28th\n        [[President of the Senate of the Philippines]]\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Mariska\n        Hargitay]], American actress\\n** [[Bharrat Jagdeo]], Guyanese politician and\n        7th [[President of Guyana]]\\n** [[Kelly Parsons]], American actress and model\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[Bridget Fonda]], American actress\\n* [[January 29]]\n        – [[Andre Reed]], NFL player, 2014 [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] inductee\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Jeff Hanneman]], American rock guitarist ([[Slayer]])\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n=== February === \\n[[File:Laura Linney Berlinale 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Laura\n        Linney]]]]\\n[[File:Matt Dillon 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Dillon]]]]\\n* [[February\n        5]]\\n** [[Laura Linney]], American actress\\n** [[Duff McKagan]], American\n        rock musician, songwriter\\n* [[February 8]] – [[German Gref]], Minister\n        of Economics and Trade of Russia\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Glenn Beck]], American\n        conservative broadcaster\\n** [[John Campbell (broadcaster)|John Campbell]],\n        New Zealand broadcaster\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Sarah Palin]], American politician,\n        former Governor of Alaska\\n** [[Ken Shamrock]], American [[mixed martial arts]]\n        fighter\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Chris Farley]], American actor and comedian\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Mark Price]], American basketball player\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Bebeto]], Brazilian footballer\\n** [[Christopher Eccleston]], British\n        actor\\n** [[Valentina Yegorova]], Russian Olympic athlete\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\n** [[Matt Dillon]], American actor and film director\\n** [[Tommy Scott (musician)|Tommy\n        Scott]], British musician and frontman of [[Space (English band)|Space]]\\n*\n        [[February 19]]\\n** [[Jonathan Lethem]], American author\\n** [[Richard A.\n        Scott]], American illustrator\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Willie Garson]],\n        American character actor\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Diane Charlemagne]],\n        English singer ([[52nd Street (band)|52nd Street]], [[Urban Cookie Collective]])\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Todd Field]], American actor and director\\n**\n        [[Ute Geweniger]], German swimmer\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Lee Evans (comedian)|Lee\n        Evans]], British comedian and actor\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Djamolidine\n        Abdoujaparov]], Uzbekistan cyclist\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Emilia Eberle\n        1980b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emilia Eberle]]]]\\n[[File:Movie Juliette Binoche dans\n        les Yeux.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juliette Binoche]]]]\\n[[File:10.14.12SteveWilkosByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        Wilkos]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Edward February 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Edward,\n        Earl of Wessex]]]]\\n[[File:Rob Lowe 2012 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Rob\n        Lowe]]]]\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Paul Bostaph]], American drummer\\n** [[Emilia\n        Eberle]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Tom Lampkin]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Skip Ewing]], American country singer\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[Bret Easton Ellis]], American author\\n** [[Vladimir Smirnov (skier)|Vladimir\n        Smirnov]], Kazakh cross-country skier\\n** [[Wanda Sykes]], African-American\n        comedian and actress\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Juliette Binoche]], French actress\\n**\n        [[Steve Wilkos]], American retired police officer; talk show host\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Neneh Cherry]], Swedish-born singer-songwriter\\n** [[Prince Edward,\n        Earl of Wessex]], British prince and third son (youngest child) of [[Elizabeth\n        II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n* [[March\n        11]] – [[Shane Richie]], British actor\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Pascal\n        Richard]], Swiss road bicycle racer\\n** [[Gore Verbinski]], American film\n        director\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Rob Lowe]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**\n        [[Bonnie Blair]], American speed skater\\n** [[Mika Kanai]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n** [[Rozalla]], Zambian singer\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Yoko Kanno]],\n        Japanese composer\\n** [[Jake Weber]], English actor\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[Michael Keith Smith]], American bass player and builder\\n* [[March 23]]\n        – [[Hope Davis]], American actress\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Liz McColgan]],\n        British long-distance runner athlete\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Lisa Gay Hamilton]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Vince Offer]], American writer, director, comedian\n        and pitchman\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Martin Donnelly (racing driver)|Martin\n        Donnelly]], Northern Irish racecar driver\\n** [[Ed Wasser]], American actor\\n*\n        [[March 27]] – [[Jessica Soho]], Filipino broadcast journalist\\n* [[March\n        29]]\\n** [[Catherine Cortez Masto]], U.S. Senator from [[Nevada]]\\n** [[Ming\n        Tsai]], Chinese-American chef\\n** [[Michael A. Jackson (sheriff)|Michael A.\n        Jackson]], former sheriff of Prince George''s County, Maryland\\n* [[March\n        30]]\\n** [[Tracy Chapman]], African-American singer\\n** [[Sigurd Haveland]],\n        Gibraltarian triathlete and cyclist\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Dave Wyman]], Former\n        American football player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Arrested Development 2011\n        Reunion xvi crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Cross]]]]\\n[[File:David Woodard (Seattle,\n        2013).jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Woodard]]]]\\n[[File:Russell Crowe.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Russell\n        Crowe]]]]\\n[[File:Caroline Rhea1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Caroline Rhea]]]]\\n[[File:Andy\n        Serkis by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andy Serkis]]]]\\n[[File:Hankazaria05.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hank\n        Azaria]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Erik Breukink]], Dutch cyclist and manager\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n** [[Nigel Farage]], English politician and MEP, head of UK Independence\n        Party ([[UKIP]])\\n** [[Gary Love]], British actor and film director\\n** [[Bjarne\n        Riis]], Danish cyclist\\n** [[Yelena Ruzina]], Russian Olympic athlete\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[David Cross]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[David Woodard]], American businessman\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Russell Crowe]],\n        New Zealand-born actor\\n** [[Steve Graves]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Lisa Guerrero]], Hispanic American actress, model and\n        sportscaster/reporter\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Caroline Rhea]], Canadian\n        actress and comedian\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Takumi Yamazaki]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Esbj\\u00f6rn Svensson]] Swedish jazz\n        pianist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Louren\\u00e7o Mutarelli]],\n        Brazilian underground comic book writer\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Harris Barton]],\n        American football player\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Crispin Glover]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Andy Serkis]], English actor\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Ludmila\n        Engquist]], Russian-born Swedish athlete\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Pooky Quesnel]],\n        English actress\\n* [[April 24]]\\n**[[Cedric the Entertainer]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n**[[Augusta Read Thomas]], American composer\\n* [[April 25]]\\n**\n        [[Hank Azaria]], American actor, voice artist and comedian\\n** [[Andy Bell\n        (singer)|Andy Bell]], English singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[L''Wren Scott]], American fashion designer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Federico Castelluccio]], Italian-born actor\\n** [[Radek Jaro\\u0161]], Czech\n        mountaineer\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Misa Watanabe]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Heike Henkel cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heike Henkel]]]]\\n[[File:Melissa\n        Gilbert after Drug Free America shoot - cropped (5242325680).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melissa\n        Gilbert]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Colbert November 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stephen\n        Colbert]]]]\\n[[File:Lenny Kravitz by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lenny\n        Kravitz]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Yvonne van Gennip]], Dutch speed-skater\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Ron Hextall]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[May 4]]\n        – [[Zsuzsa Mathe]], Hungarian born painter and visual artist, founder\n        of Transrealism{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Heike\n        Henkel]], German Olympic athlete\\n** [[Minami Takayama]], Japanese voice actress\n        and singer ([[Two-Mix]] and [[DoCo]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Dana Hill]],\n        American voice actress (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Doug Benson]], American\n        comedian\\n** [[Ronnie Harmon]], American football player\\n** [[Leslie O''Neal]],\n        American football player\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Melissa Gilbert]], American actress\n        and president of the Screen Actors Guild\\n** [[Bobby Labonte]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Dave Rowntree]], English drummer ([[Blur (band)|Blur]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[Mark Andre]], French-born German composer\\n* [[May 11]]\n        – [[John Parrott]], English snooker player\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Stephen\n        Colbert]], American comedian and television personality; host of [[The Late\n        Show with Stephen Colbert]]\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Suzy Kolber]], American\n        sportscaster\\n* [[May 16]] – [[John Salley]], American basketball player\n        and talk show host\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|Charles\n        Edward Maurice Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]], British aristocrat, author, print\n        journalist and broadcaster. Younger brother of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]].\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[Danny Bailey]], English footballer\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Marcus Dupree]], American football player\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Ruth Metzler-Arnold]],\n        member of the Swiss Federal Council\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Adrian Moorhouse]],\n        British swimmer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Ray Stevenson (actor)|Ray Stevenson]],\n        Northern Irish-born actor\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Caitl\\u00edn R. Kiernan]], American\n        author and paleontologist\\n** [[Lenny Kravitz]], American singer, songwriter,\n        and actor\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Adam Carolla]], American comedic radio personality\n        and television personality\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Jeff Fenech]], Australian\n        boxer\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Wynonna Judd]], American country singer\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:CourteneyCoxFeb09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Courteney Cox]]]]\\n[[File:Boris\n        Johnson FCA.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Boris Johnson]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Deirdre\n        Bolton]], American broadcast journalist and business news and commentator\\n*\n        [[June 3]]\\n** [[James Purefoy]], British actor\\n** [[Kerry King]], American\n        musician, guitarist [[Slayer]]\\n* [[June 5]]\\n**[[Dukagjin Pupovci]], Kosovo\n        Albanian professor\\n**[[Rick Riordan]], American author\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[Guru Josh]], British musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Gia Carides]],\n        Greek-Australian actress\\n** [[Petr Hru\\u0161ka (poet)|Petr Hru\\u0161ka]],\n        Czech poet\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Gloria Reuben]], Canadian-American actress\\n**\n        [[Wayman Tisdale]], American NBA basketball star and smooth jazz musician\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Ben Daniels]], British actor\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Kathy Burke]], English actress and comedian\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Lance\n        Mountain]], American skateboarder\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Courteney Cox]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Michael Laudrup]], Danish footballer and manager\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Martin Streek]], Canadian radio personality (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June\n        17]] – [[Erin Murphy]], American actress\\n* [[June 19]] \\n** [[Boris\n        Johnson]], American-born British politician, former [[Mayor of London]] (2008-2016)\\n**\n        [[Laura Ingraham]], American radio host and political commentator\\n* [[June\n        21]] \\n** [[Doug Savant]], American actor\\n** [[Sammi Davis]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Josh Pais]], American actor\\n** [[Patrice Bailly-Salins]], French biathlete\\n**\n        [[Tania Mathias]], British ophthalmologist and Conservative Party politician\\n**\n        [[Keith Stevens]], English professional footballer\\n** [[Dean Saunders]],\n        Welsh football manager and former professional footballer\\n** [[Kiyoshi Okuma]],\n        Japanese football player and manager\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Amy Brenneman]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Dan Brown]], American author\\n** [[Hiroshi Abe (actor)|Hiroshi\n        Abe]], Japanese model and actor\\n** [[Cadillac Anderson]], American professional\n        basketball player\\n** [[Miroslav Kadlec]], Czech football defender\\n** [[Nico\n        Jalink]], Dutch footballer and football manager\\n** [[Angelo Tsarouchas]],\n        Canadian comedian/actor\\n** [[Henrik Mestad]], Norwegian actor\\n** [[Tom Crebbin]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Astrid Carolina Herrera]],\n        Venezuelan actress \\n** [[Tomonohana Shinya]], Japanese sumo wrestler\\n**\n        [[Tara Morice]], Australian actress, singer, and dancer\\n** [[Joey Allen]],\n        American guitarist\\n** [[Clete Blakeman]], American football official\\n**\n        [[Lou Yun]], Chinese gymnast\\n** [[Juan Ignacio Mart\\u00ednez]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Joss Whedon]],  American screenwriter\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Kari Kennell]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Christopher Steele]], British intelligence officer\\n*\n        [[June 25]]\\n** [[Johnny Herbert]], English race car driver\\n** [[Matt Gallant]],\n        American television host\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Tommi M\\u00e4kinen]], Finnish\n        rally driver\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Kai Diekmann]], German journalist\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Mark Grace]], American baseball player\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Life\n        Ball 2014 Courtney Love Crop.png|thumb|110px|[[Courtney Love]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Leguizamo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Leguizamo]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Spade.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Spade]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Bullock (9189702847).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sandra\n        Bullock]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Yu Long]], Chinese conductor\\n** [[Clayton\n        Lamb]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Paul Coyne]], American TV producer\n        and editor\\n** [[Bernard Laporte]], French rugby player and coach\\n* [[July\n        2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Canseco|Jos\\u00e9]] and [[Ozzie Canseco]], Cuban-born\n        American baseball players; twin brothers\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Joanne Harris]],\n        English novelist\\n** [[Yeardley Smith]], American voice actress\\n* [[July\n        4]]\\n** [[Martin Flood]], Australian quiz show winner\\n** [[Edi Rama]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Albania|current Prime Minister of Albania]]\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        [[Jimmy Demers]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Karina\n        Galvez]], Ecuadorian poet\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Courtney Love]], American\n        musician/actress\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Craig Charles]], British actor\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Gaby Roslin]], British TV presenter\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Charlie Hides]], American drag queen and comedian\\n** [[Leanne Benjamin]],\n        Australian ballet dancer\\n** [[Kujtim Shala]], Kosovo born Croatian football\n        player of Albanian descent\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Andy Abraham]], British singer\\n**\n        [[Miguel Indurain]], Spanish cyclist\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Heather Langenkamp]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Craig Morgan]], American country music singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Wendy Williams]], African-American former radio host\n        and current talk show host\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Masahiko Kond\\u014d]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Chris Cornell]], American singer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Ross Kemp]], British actor\\n* [[July\n        22]]\\n** [[Adam Godley]], British actor\\n** [[Bonnie Langford]], British actress\\n**\n        [[John Leguizamo]], Colombian-American actor\\n** [[David Spade]], American\n        comedian, actor and television personality\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Nick Menza]],\n        German-born American drummer ([[Megadeth]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        [[Barry Bonds]], African-American baseball player\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Lisa\n        LaFlamme]], Canadian journalist and news anchor\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Sandra\n        Bullock]], American actress and film producer\\n** [[Anne Provoost]], Belgian\n        author\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Vivica A. Fox]], American actress\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen\n        Klinsmann]], German footballer-manager and retired player\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        [[C.C. Catch]], Dutch-born German singer\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Mary-Louise\n        Parker by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary-Louise Parker]]]]\\n[[File:Abhisit\n        royal.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Abhisit Vejjajiva]]]]\\n[[File:Tom McGrath by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]]]]\\n[[File:Melinda\n        Gates - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melinda\n        Gates]]]]\\n[[File:William Salyers by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William\n        Salyers]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Mary-Louise Parker]], American actress\\n*\n        [[August 3]]\\n** [[Lucky Dube]], South African reggae musician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Ye Qiaobo]], Chinese speed skater\\n** [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]], 27th [[Prime\n        Minister of Thailand]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Adam Yauch]], American rapper\n        ([[Beastie Boys]]) (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 6]]  – [[Gary Valenciano]],\n        Filipino musician\\n* [[August 7]]  – [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]],\n        American animator and voice ctor\\n* [[August 8]] \\n** [[Nina Hoekman]], Dutch\n        draughts players (d. 2014)\\n** [[Jan Josef Liefers]], German actor, producer,\n        director and musician\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Brett Hull]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[William Martens]], American computer engineer\\n* [[August 10]]\n        – [[Hiro Takahashi]], Japanese singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 15]]\n        – [[Melinda Gates]], American wife of [[Bill Gates]]\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Arias]], American tennis player\\n** [[William Salyers]], American\n        voice actor\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Dermott Brereton]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Diane Setterfield]], British author\\n**\n        [[Mats Wilander]], Swedish tennis player\\n** [[Andrew Wilson (actor)|Andrew\n        Wilson]], American film actor and director\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Salizhan\n        Sharipov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Maxim Kontsevich]],\n        Russian mathematician\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Dave Boyes]], Canadian male rower\\n**\n        [[Kevin Burns (Illinois mayor)|Kevin Burns]], American politician\\n** [[Allegra\n        Huston]], English-American author\\n** [[Bobby Jurasin]], Canadian football\n        defensive lineman\\n** [[Chad Kreuter]], Major League Baseball catcher\\n**\n        [[Zadok Malka]], Israeli footballer\\n** [[Torsten Schmitz]], German boxer\\n**\n        [[Carsten Wolf]], German male cyclist\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Paul Bernardo]],\n        Canadian serial killer and rapist\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Keanu Reeves\n        2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Keanu Reeves]]]]\\n[[File:Fico Juncker (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert\n        Fico]]]]\\n[[File:Maggie Cheung2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maggie Cheung]]]]\\n[[File:Monica\n        Bellucci, Women''s World Awards 2009 b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Monica Bellucci]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]]\\n** [[Brian Bellows]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Ray\n        D''Arcy]], Irish radio and television host\\n** [[Holly Golightly (comics)|Holly\n        Golightly]], American author and illustrator\\n** [[Gary Mavers]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Nabeel Rajab]], Bahraini activist\\n** [[Charlie Robison]], American\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Andrea Illy]], Italian\n        businessman\\n** [[Keanu Reeves]], Lebanese-born Canadian actor and musician\\n*\n        [[September 3]]\\n** [[Adam Curry]], American-Dutch businessman and television\n        host, co-founded mevio\\n** [[Spike Feresten]], American screenwriter and producer\n        \\n** [[Junaid Jamshed]], Pakistani singer-songwriter and guitarist ([[Vital\n        Signs (band)|Vital Signs]])\\n** [[Holt McCallany]], American actor\\n** [[Nigel\n        Rhodes]], English actor and guitarist\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Anthony\n        Weiner]], U.S. Representative for New York''s 9th congressional district\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Todd Palin]], American husband of former governor\n        Sarah Palin\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Andy Hug]], Swiss Seidokaikan [[karateka]]\n        and kickboxer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Michael Johns (policy\n        analyst)|Michael Johns]], American health care executive and Presidential\n        speechwriter\\n** [[Raven (wrestler)|Raven]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Jack Ma]], Chinese business magnate and billionaire\n        internet entrepreneur; in [[Hangzhou]]\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Ellis\n        Burks]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Faith Ford]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Robert Fico]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Slovakia]]\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Trisha Yearwood]], American country\n        singer\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Jorge Drexler]], Uruguayan musician\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Maggie Cheung]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September\n        22]]\\n** [[Ian Culverhouse]], English footballer\\n** [[Juha Turunen]], Finnish\n        politician turned criminal\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Koshi Inaba]], Japanese\n        singer ([[B''z]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Rafael Palmeiro]], Cuban-American\n        baseball player\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Kikuko Inoue]], Japanese singer\n        and voice actress\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Stephan Jenkins]], American\n        musician\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Janeane Garofalo]], American actress\n        and comedian\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Trey Anastasio]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Monica Bellucci]], Italian actress and model\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1982-1019-024, Maxi Gnauck.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maxi Gnauck]], 1980\n        Olympic gold medalist]]\\n[[File:David Kaye at an autograph session at Botcon\n        2008 in Cincinnati, Ohio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Kaye]]]]\\n[[File:Grant Gee.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Grant\n        Gee]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin Michael Richardson by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kevin\n        Michael Richardson]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Harry Hill]], English comedian,\n        writer and actor\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Dirk Brinkmann]], German field hockey\n        player\\n** [[Makharbek Khadartsev]], Russian free-style wrestler\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Clive Owen]], English actor\\n* [[October 4]] \\n**[[Francis Magalona]],\n        Filipino rapper (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Yvonne Murray]], Scottish athlete                   \\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\n**[[Keiji Fujiwara]], Japanese voice actor\\n**[[Korina Sanchez]],\n        Filipino broadcast journalist\\n* [[October 8]] \\n** [[Martin Marquez]], English\n        actor\\n** [[CeCe Winans]], African-American Christian musician\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Quinton Flynn]], American voice actor\\n** [[Maxi Gnauck]], East\n        German gymnast\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Masaya Onosaka]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Joe Girardi]], American baseball player-manager\\n**\n        [[David Kaye]], Canadian voice actor\\n** [[Jim Rome]], American sports T.V.\n        and radio host\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Kathryn Edwards]], American reality\n        television star\\n* [[October 18]] – [[John Swasey]], American voice\n        actor\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Jorge Luis Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Cuban boxer\\n**\n        [[Ty Pennington]], American carpenter, model and television personality\\n*\n        [[October 20]]\\n** [[Kamala Harris]], U.S. Senator from California\\n* [[October\n        22]]\\n** [[Dra\\u017een Petrovi\\u0107]], Croatian basketball player (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Paul McStay]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[TobyMac]], American-born Christian\n        musician\\n* [[October 23]] – [[David Sobolov]], Canadian voice actor\n        and director\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Rosana Arbelo]], Spanish singer and composer\\n**\n        [[Paul Bonwick]], Canadian House of Commons member\\n** [[Grant Gee]], English\n        film maker, photographer and cinematographer\\n* [[October 25]] \\n** [[Nicole\n        (German singer)|Nicole]], German singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1982\n        winner\\n** [[Kevin Michael Richardson]], American voice actor\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Marc L\\u00e9pine]], Canadian mass murderer (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Onofrio Catacchio]], Italian artist\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Yasmin Le Bon]], British model\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Marco\n        van Basten]], Dutch footballer and manager\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Daran\n        Norris.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Daran Norris]]]]\\n[[File:Magnus Scheving 2 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Magn\\u00fas\n        Scheving]]]]\\n[[File:Calista Flockhart at the 2009 Deauville American Film\n        Festival-01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Calista Flockhart]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Warburton\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patrick Warburton]]]]\\n[[File:Vbruni2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Valeria\n        Bruni Tedeschi]]]]\\n[[File:Nicholas Patrick 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicholas\n        Patrick]]]]\\n[[File:Don Cheadle UNEP 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Don\n        Cheadle]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Daran Norris]], American voice actor\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Paprika Steen]], Danish actress\\n* [[November 4]]\\n**\n        [[Kurt Krakowian]], American child actor\\n** [[Douglas Wilson (interior designer)|Douglas\n        Wilson]], American television personality and interior designer\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Greg Graffin]], American rock musician ([[Bad Religion]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[Dana Plato]], American actress (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November\n        10]]\\n** [[Kenny Rogers (baseball)|Kenny Rogers]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Magn\\u00fas Scheving]], Icelandic producer\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Calista\n        Flockhart]], American actress\\n** [[Ai-Ai delas Alas]], Filipino actress\\n*\n        [[November 12]] \\n** [[David Ellefson]], American rock bassist ([[Megadeth]])\\n**\n        [[Barbara St\\u00fchlmeyer]], German musicologist, church musician and writer\n        \\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Rev Run]], African-American rapper ([[Run\\u2013D.M.C.]])\\n**\n        [[Patrick Warburton]], American actor\\n* [[November 16]] \\n** [[Diana Krall]],\n        Canadian jazz pianist and singer\\n** [[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]], Italian-French\n        actress, screenwriter and film director\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Mitch\n        Williams]], American baseball player\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Rita Cosby]],\n        American television personality\\n** [[Seth Joyner]], African-American football\n        player\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Susie Dent]], British lexicographer\\n** [[Fred\n        Diamond]], 21st mathematician-century American\\n** [[Mike Gregory]], English\n        rugby player and coach (d. 2007)\\n** [[Shawn Holman]], American baseball pitcher\\n**\n        [[Phil Hughes (footballer born 1964)|Phil Hughes]], Irish footballer and coach\\n**\n        [[Eric Musselman]], Sacramento Kings head coach\\n** [[Nicholas Patrick]],\n        English astronaut\\n** [[Peter Rohde]], Carlton Football Club player\\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[Shane Douglas]], American wrestler\\n** [[Liza Tarbuck]], British\n        actress and broadcaster\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Boyd Kestner]], American\n        actor\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Garret Dillahunt]], American actor\\n** [[Alistair\n        McGowan]], British actor and comedian\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Vreni Schneider]],\n        Swiss alpine skier\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Robin Givens]], African-American\n        actress\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Giorgi Bagaturov]], Georgian-Armenian chess\n        grandmaster\\n** [[Michael Bennet]], American lawyer, businessman and politician\\n**\n        [[Jorge Capitanich]], Argentine politician\\n** [[Ken Charlery]], St Lucian\n        international footballer\\n** [[Naoto Hori]], Japanese football player\\n**\n        [[Paul Kostacopoulos]], American college baseball coach\\n** [[Eugene Licorish]],\n        Grenadian long jumper\\n** [[Michelle McKormick]], American talk radio personality\\n**\n        [[Oscar Mu\\u00f1oz (wrestler)|Oscar Mu\\u00f1oz]], Colombian wrestler\\n** [[Zurab\n        Sturua]], Georgian chess grandmaster\\n** [[Roy Tarpley]], American former\n        professional basketball player\\n** [[Craig Wilson (third baseman, born 1964)|Craig\n        Wilson]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Don\n        Cheadle]], African-American actor\\n** [[Cork Graham]], American author\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Hape\n        Kerkeling cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hape Kerkeling]]]]\\n[[File:Tony Roper.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony\n        Roper (racing driver)|Tony Roper]]]]\\n[[File:Osaka07 Opening Heike Drechsler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heike\n        Drechsler]], 1992 Olympic gold medalist]]\\n[[File:Steve Austin by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stone\n        Cold Steve Austin]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Salvatore Schillaci]], Italian\n        footballer\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Darryl Hamilton]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Scott George Huckabay]], American guitarist\\n* [[December\n        4]]\\n** [[Sertab Erener]], Turkish singer-songwriter, [[Eurovision Song Contest]]\n        2003 winner\\n** [[Jonathan Goldstein (actor)|Jonathan Goldstein]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Marisa Tomei]], American actress \\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Roberta\n        Close]], Brazilian transgender model\\n** [[Curtis Hughes]], American wrestler\\n**\n        [[Peter Laviolette]], American ice hockey coach\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Teri Hatcher]], American actress\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Larry Emdur]],\n        Australian game-show host\\n** [[Hape Kerkeling]], German actor, presenter\n        and comedian\\n** [[Johannes B. Kerner]], German TV personality and sportscaster\\n**\n        [[Paul Landers]], German rock musician ([[Rammstein]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n**\n        [[Bobby Flay]], American chef and host\\n** [[Edith Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Mexican\n        actress\\n* [[December 11]] – [[John Mark Karr]], American murder suspect\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Sabu (wrestler)|Sabu]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[December 13]]\\n**[[Hide (musician)|Hideto \\\"hide\\\" Matsumoto]], Japanese\n        musician (d. [[1998]])\\n**[[Tony Roper (racing driver)|Tony Roper]], American\n        racing driver (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Rebecca Gibney]], New\n        Zealand-born actress\\n** [[Antje Vowinckel]], German radio artist and musician\\n*\n        [[December 15]] \\n** [[Jerry Ball]], American football player\\n** [[Denis\n        Scheck]], German literary critic and journalist\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Heike\n        Drechsler]], German track-and-field athlete\\n** [[Billy Ripken]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Frank Musil]], Czech ice hockey\n        player and scout\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[Ben Becker]], German film\n        and theatre actor\\n** [[Arvydas Sabonis]], Lithuanian basketball player\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Mike Jackson (right-handed pitcher)|Mike Jackson]],\n        former [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] pitcher\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Eddie\n        Vedder]], American rock singer ([[Pearl Jam]])\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        [[Elizabeth Kostova]], American author\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Michael\n        Cudlitz]], American actor\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[George Newbern]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Sophie Ward]], British actress\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Michael\n        McDonald (comedian)|Michael McDonald]], American actor and comedian\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Juan Carlos Alom]], Cuban photographer\\n* [[Fiona Joy Hawkins]],\n        Australian composer and pianist\\n* [[Famke Janssen]], Dutch actress. Estimated\n        year of birth. \\n* [[Jiang Yu]], Chinese politician\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Julius-Raab-1961.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julius\n        Raab]]]]\\n[[File:Bechara elkhoury.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bechara El Khoury]]]]\\n[[File:Alan\n        Ladd 1950s.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Alan Ladd]]]]\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Leslie\n        Holdsworth Allen]], Australian academic and poet (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Julius Raab]], Austrian politician, 14th [[Chancellor of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Halide Edib Ad\\u0131var]], Turkish\n        novelist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Bechara El Khoury]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister and 2-Time President of Lebanon (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January\n        15]]\\n** [[Tawfiq Canaan]], Palestinian doctor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Jack Teagarden]],\n        American jazz trombonist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 17]] – [[T. H. White]],\n        British author (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Joe Weatherly]],\n        [[NASCAR]] championship driver (b. 1922)\\n* [[January 21]] \\n** [[Joseph Baumgartner]],\n        German politician (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Joseph Schildkraut]], Austrian actor\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\n** [[Lissy Arna]], German actress (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Marc Blitzstein]], American composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n**\n        [[Benedetta Bianchi Porro]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and venerable\n        (b. [[1936]])\\n** [[Lucila Gamero de Medina]], Honduranian novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi]], Nigerian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Norman Z. McLeod]],\n        American film director (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Waite Phillips]], American oil\n        man, banker and real estate investor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Adolfo\n        Diaz|Adolfo Diaz Recinos]], 2-time [[President of Nicaragua]] (d. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Alan Ladd]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Emilio\n        Aguinaldo ca. 1919 (Restored).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]]]\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** [[Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        Amato]], Italian producer, director and screenwriter (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[Matilde Moisant]], American pilot (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], Filipino general and 1st [[President of\n        the Philippines]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Sofoklis Venizelos]],\n        3-Time Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Boshir\\u014d\n        Hosogaya]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Ernst Kretschmer]], German\n        psychiatrist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Eugen S\\u00e4nger]],\n        Austrian aerospace engineer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Gerald\n        Gardner (Wiccan)]], founder of Wiccan religion (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Paulino Alc\\u00e1ntara]], Filipino-Spanish footballer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Joseph-Armand Bombardier]], Canadian inventor of\n        the [[snowmobile]] and founder of [[Bombardier Inc.]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[February\n        25]]\\n** [[Alexander Archipenko]], Ukrainian-American sculptor (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Johnny Burke (lyricist)|Johnny Burke]], American lyricist (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Mariano Jes\\u00fas Cuenco]], Filipino politician and writer (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Maurice Farman]], French aircraft designer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Grace Metalious]],\n        American writer (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas]],\n        British World War II hero (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Orry-Kelly]],\n        Australian-born costume designer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 29]] –\n        [[Frank Albertson]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Paul\n        I of Greece.jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Paul of Greece]]]]\\n[[File:Sigfrid Edstrom.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sigfrid\n        Edstrom]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Dav\\u00ed\\u00f0 Stef\\u00e1nsson]], Icelandic\n        poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Edwin August]], American actor\n        and director (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Paul of Greece]], [[King of\n        Greece]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Edward Van Sloan]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]], German general (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Abb\\u0101s al-Aqq\\u0101d]], Egyptian journalist (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Friedrich Lahrs]], German architect (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Sigfrid Edstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish industrialist,\n        4th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Norbert Wiener]], American mathematician (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Leo Maximilian Baginski]], German entrepreneur (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Brendan Behan]], Irish poet and writer (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Addison Richards]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Peter Lorre]], Hungarian-born actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March\n        25]] – [[Alfredo Bigatti]], Argentine sculptor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Birinchi Kumar Barua]], Indian folklorist (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:MacArthur\n        Manila.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Douglas MacArthur]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Bo\\u017eidar\n        Kunc]], Yugoslav composer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Franz Joseph,\n        Prince of Hohenzollern-Emden]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Georgia\n        Caine]], American actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Douglas MacArthur]],\n        U.S. Army general, Supreme Allied Commander in Japan after World War II (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Jigme Palden Dorji]], 1st [[Prime Minister\n        of Bhutan]] (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Veit Harlan]], German\n        film director (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** [[Tatyana Afanasyeva]], Soviet\n        mathematician and physicist (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Rachel Carson]], American\n        biologist and environmental writer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\n** [[Fumio\n        Asakura]], Japanese sculptor (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Ben Hecht]], American screenwriter\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\n** [[Joseph-Alphida Crete]], Canadian politician\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Dimitar Ganev]], Bulgarian communist politician, head\n        of the State (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Gerhard Domagk]], German\n        [[bacteriologist]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (declined) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[E. J. Pratt]], Canadian\n        poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[J. M. Kerrigan]], Irish actor (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Wenceslao Fern\\u00e1ndez Fl\\u00f3rez]], Spanish journalist\n        and novelist (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Jnehru.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]]]]\\n[[File:Leo Szilard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor]], American-born politician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Tadao Ikeda]], Japanese director and\n        screenwriter (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Maza Fern\\u00e1ndez]],\n        Chilean politician, lawyer and diplomat (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        [[Carol Haney]], American dancer and actress (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Diana Wynyard]], English actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Steve\n        Owen (American football)|Steve Owen]], American football coach ([[New York\n        Giants]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[James Franck]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]], Indian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of India]] (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]]\\n** [[Dave MacDonald]], sports car driver (b. 1936)\\n** [[Eddie\n        Sachs]], auto racing driver (b. 1927)\\n** [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]], Hungarian-born\n        American physicist (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Frans\n        Eemil Sillanp\\u00e4\\u00e4]], Finnish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 6]] \\n** [[Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\n        (1886\\u20131964)|Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Robert Warwick]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Violet\n        Attlee, Countess Attlee]], wife of former British PM Clement Attlee (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Charlie Llewellyn]], first non-white South African Test cricketer (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Carlos Quintanilla]], 44th [[President of Bolivia]] (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook]], Canadian-born\n        newspaper publisher and politician (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** [[John\n        Eke]], Swedish Olympic athlete (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]],\n        Thai field marshal and 3rd [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] (1938-1944), leader\n        of the [[World War II]] & (1948-1957) (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Paul Carpenter (actor)|Paul Carpenter]], American actor (b. [[1921]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Clarence G. Badger]], American film director (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Giorgio Morandi]], Italian painter (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[James Chaney]], American civil rights activist (killed in\n        Mississippi) (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Andrew Goodman]], American civil rights activist\n        (killed in Mississippi) (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Michael Schwerner]], American\n        civil rights activist (killed in Mississippi) (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – [[Stuart Davis (painter)|Stuart Davis]], American painter (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Gerrit Rietveld]], Dutch architect (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Salvatore Aldisio]], Italian politician (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Mona Barrie]], English actress (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Lillian\n        Copeland 1938.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lillian Copeland]]]]\\n[[File:Princeaxel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Axel of Denmark]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Pierre Monteux]], French conductor\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Fireball Roberts|Glenn \\\"Fireball\\\"\n        Roberts]], American race car driver and a member of the [[NASCAR Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Henry (Hank) Sylvern|Hank Sylvern]],\n        U.S. [[radio]] personality (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Zeng Junchen]],\n        Sichuan''s ''King of Opium'' (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Lillian\n        Copeland]], American athlete (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Maurice\n        Thorez]], leader of the [[French Communist Party]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July\n        13]] – [[Stephen Galatti]], Director of [[American Field Service|AFS,\n        American Field Service]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Prince Axel\n        of Denmark]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Luis Batlle Berres]],\n        30th [[President of Uruguay]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Alfred\n        Junge]], German-born art director (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Jean\n        Fautrier]],  French painter and sculptor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n**\n        [[Leonid Baratov]], Soviet director (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Gildo Bocci]], Italian\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Thakin Kodaw Hmaing]], Burmese\n        poet and politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[William A. Seiter]],\n        American film director (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Vean Gregg]],\n        American baseball player (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jim Reeves]],\n        American country singer (b. [[1923]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Aleksander Zawadzki\n        01.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Aleksander Zawadzki]]]]\\n[[File:Gracie Allen CBS.JPG|100px|thumbnail|[[Gracie\n        Allen]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Flannery O''Connor]], American writer\n        (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[August 6]] – Sir [[Cedric Hardwicke]], English actor\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Aleksander Zawadzki]], Polish political\n        figure, 12th [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Fontaine Fox]], American cartoonist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 11]] –\n        [[Andr\\u00e9 Aymard]], French historian (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n**\n        [[Isidro Fabela]], Mexican judge and politician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Ian Fleming]],\n        British writer (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Ernst K\\u00fchnel]], German art historian\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov]], Soviet astronomer and inventor\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]], Indian musician\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Johnny Burnette]], American singer\n        (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Mohammad Gul Khan Momand]], Afghani\n        politician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Anthony de Francisci]],\n        Italian-born American sculptor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Palmiro\n        Togliatti]], leader of the [[Italian Communist Party]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Symeon Lukach]], Soviet [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Orthodox]]\n        bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Estella\n        Canziani]], British painter (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Gracie\n        Allen]], American actress and comedian, known as part of the comedy duo ''''[[Burns\n        and Allen]]'''' (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Lumsden Hare]], Irish-born\n        actor, theatre director, and theatre producer\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Aleksei\n        Aleksandrovich Grechkin]], Soviet commander (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Alferes Francisco Craveiro Lopes, Mo%C3%A7ambique, 1918 (c.).png|thumb|100px|[[Francisco\n        Craveiro Lopes]]]]\\n[[File:Harpo Marx.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harpo Marx]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 2]]\\n** [[Glenn Albert Black]], American archaeologist (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Francisco Craveiro Lopes]], Portuguese military officer and politician,\n        12nd [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Alvin C. York|Alvin Cullum\n        York]], American hero of [[World War I]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 5]]\n        – [[Angel Cruchaga Santa Mar\\u00eda]], Chilean writer (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[San Tiago Dantas]], Brazilian journalist (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[September 9]] \\n** [[Sir George Abercromby, 8th Baronet]], British baronet\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Herschel Bennett]], American baseball player of [[St.\n        Louis Browns]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Herbert Heywood\n        (actor)|Herbert Heywood]], American actor (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**\n        [[Clive Bell]], English art critic (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Se\\u00e1n O''Casey]],\n        Irish writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Otto Grotewohl]],\n        East German Communist politician, 1st [[Leadership of East Germany|Prime Minister\n        of the German Democratic Republic]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        [[Fred M. Wilcox]], American motion picture director (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        28]]\\n** [[Nacio Herb Brown]], American songwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Harpo\n        Marx]], American comedian (''''Marx Brothers'''') (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Fred Tootell]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Herbert\n        Hoover.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Herbert Hoover]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Ernst\n        Toch]], Austrian composer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Eddie\n        Cantor]], American actor, comedian and dancer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[Cole Porter]], American composer (''''You''re The Top'''') (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Russ Brown (actor)|Russ Brown]], American actor (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Herbert Hoover]], American politician,\n        31st [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        [[Margaret Gibson (actress)|Margaret Gibson]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Whip Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Eric Edgar Cooke]], Australian serial killer (b. [[1931]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Pierre Cartier (jeweler)|Pierre Cartier]], French jeweller\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Rudolph Mat\\u00e9]], Polish cinematographer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Claudio Ermelli]], Italian actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Henry\n        Larsen (explorer)|Henry Larsen]], Canadian explorer (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\n** [[Charles Walter Allfrey]], British general (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Ram\\u00f3n Guizado]], Panamanian politician, 17th [[President\n        of Panama]] (assassinated) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Mabel Lucie\n        Attwell]], British illustrator (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[John S. Robertson]], Canadian\n        film director (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Hans von Euler-Chelpin]],\n        German-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\n** [[Jimmie Dodd]], American actor and TV personality\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Sam Newfield]], American movie director (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\n** [[Franciszek Barda]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman\n        and servant of God (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Juan de Dios Filiberto]], Argentine\n        violinist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Eduard Steuermann]], Austrian-American pianist\n        and composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Rickard Sandler]],\n        20th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Oskar\n        Becker]], German philosopher (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Heinrich\n        von Brentano]], German politician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Tommaso Besozzi]], Italian journalist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November 25]] –\n        [[Clarence Kolb]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Charles Meredith (actor)|Charles Meredith]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Anne de Vries]], Dutch writer (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Hess.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Victor\n        Francis Hess]]]]\\n[[File:Rossell-y-arellano.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariano Rossell\n        y Arellano]]]]\\n[[File:Olafur Thors.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Olafur Thors]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]]\\n** [[Marie-Cl\\u00e9mentine Anuarite Nengapeta]], Congolese\n        [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, martyr and blessed (b. [[1939]])\\n**\n        [[J. B. S. Haldane]], British geneticist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Charles P. Snyder (admiral)|Charles P. Snyder]], American admiral (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[V. Veerasingam]], Ceylon Tamil teacher and politician\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Consuelo Vanderbilt]], Duchess of\n        Marlborough (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 9]] – Dame [[Edith Sitwell]],\n        British poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Mariano Rossell y\n        Arellano]], Guatemalan [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December\n        11]]\\n** [[Sam Cooke]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1931]])\\n** [[Percy\n        Kilbride]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Alma Mahler|Alma Schindler\n        Mahler]], wife of [[Gustav Mahler]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[Ernesto Almirante]], Italian actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n**\n        [[William Bendix]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Francisco Canaro]],\n        Uruguayan-born composer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Victor\n        Francis Hess]], Austrian-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Carl Van Vechten]], American\n        writer and photographer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Rosa Borja\n        de Ycaza]], Ecuadorian writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Kuksha\n        of Odessa]], Soviet [[Orthodox patriarch]] and saint (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Francesco Spoto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Cliff Sterrett]], American cartoonist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Vladimir Favorsky]], Russian artist\n        and engraver (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Gertrude Michael]], American\n        actress (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur Thors]], Icelandic politician, 8th\n        [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Henry Maitland Wilson]],\n        British field marshal (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Charles Hard Townes]], [[Nicolay\n        Gennadiyevich Basov]], [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov|Aleksandr Prokhorov]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Konrad\n        Bloch]], [[Feodor Lynen]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]]\\n\\n==See also==\\n\\n* [[1964 (film)]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1964}}\\n[[Category:1964|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T03:45:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":799668532,\"length\":100290,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964\"},\"34750\":{\"pageid\":34750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1965\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-08T21:38:18Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1965}}\\n{{Events by month|1965}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1965}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1965}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1965}}\\n* [[January 1]] – Canadian ship {{SS|Catala}}\n        is driven onto the beach in [[Ocean Shores, Washington]], stranding her.\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] proclaims his \\\"[[Great\n        Society]]\\\" during his [[State of the Union address]].\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        The [[Mirzapur Cadet College]] formally opens for academic activities in East\n        Pakistan (now [[Bangladesh]]).\\n* [[January 14]] – The Prime Minister\n        of [[Northern Ireland]] and the [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]]\n        meet for the first time in 43 years.\\n* [[January 19]] – The unmanned\n        ''''[[Gemini 2]]'''' is launched on a suborbital test of various spacecraft\n        systems.\\n* [[January 20]] \\n** [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] is [[Second inauguration\n        of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn in]] for a full term as President of the United\n        States.\\n** [[Indonesia]]n President Sukarno announces the withdrawal of the\n        Indonesian government from the United Nations.\\n* [[January 26]] – Anti-Hindi\n        agitations break out in India, because of which [[Hindi]] does not get \\\"National\n        Language\\\" status and remains one of the 23 official languages of India.\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – The state [[State funeral of Winston Churchill|funeral]]\n        of Sir [[Winston Churchill]] takes place in London with the largest assembly\n        of statesmen in the world until the 2005 funeral of [[Pope John Paul II]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4421081.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Holding\n        history''s largest funeral|date=2005-04-08|accessdate=2010-03-29}}\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|February 1965}}\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Trofim Lysenko]] is removed\n        from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the [[Russian Academy\n        of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]] in the Soviet Union and [[Lysenkoism|Lysenkoist]]\n        theories subjected to criticism as pseudoscience.{{cite journal|url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/229.short\n        |title=The descent of Lysenko |last=Cohen |first=Barry M. |journal=The Journal\n        of Heredity |volume=56 |pages=229\\u2013233 |year=1965 |issue=5 |accessdate=2015-01-01\n        |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VXNmwwHu?url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/229.short\n        |archivedate=January 12, 2015 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}{{cite book|last=Joravsky|first=David|title=The\n        Lysenko Affair|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1970|series=Russian\n        Research Center studies, 61|isbn=0-674-53985-0}}\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        English footballer Sir [[Stanley Matthews]] plays his final [[Football League\n        First Division|First Division]] game, at the record age of 50 years and 5\n        days.\\n* [[February 12]] – The African and [[Malagasy Republic|Malagasy]]\n        Common Organization (''''{{lang|fr|Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache}}'''';\n        OCAM) is formed as successor to the Afro-Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation\n        (''''{{lang|fr|Union Africaine et Malgache de Cooperation Economique}}'''';\n        UAMCE), formerly the [[African and Malagasy Union]] (''''{{lang|fr|Union Africaine\n        et Malgache}}''''; UAM).\\n* [[February 15]] – A new red and white [[maple\n        leaf]] design is inaugurated as the [[flag of Canada]], replacing the [[Union\n        Flag]] and the [[Canadian Red Ensign]].\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Joan\n        Rivers]] makes her [[Tonight Show]] debut.\\n* [[February 18]] – [[The\n        Gambia]] becomes independent from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n**\n        ''''[[Ranger 8]]'''' crashes into the Moon, after a successful mission of\n        photographing possible landing sites for the [[Apollo program]] [[astronaut]]s.\\n**\n        {{lang|tr|[[Suat Hayri \\u00dcrg\\u00fcpl\\u00fc]]}} forms the new (interim)\n        government of [[Turkey]] (29th government).\\n* [[February 21]] – African-American\n        Muslim minister and human rights activist [[Malcolm X]] is assassinated in\n        New York City.\\n* [[February 22]] – A new, revised, color production\n        of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Cinderella (musical)|Cinderella]]''''\n        airs on CBS. [[Lesley Ann Warren]] makes her TV debut in the title role. The\n        show becomes an annual tradition.\\n[[File:Flag of Canada.svg|thumb|180px|The\n        newly adopted [[Flag of Canada]]]]\\n[[File:Flag of the Gambia.svg|thumb|180px|Flag\n        of the newly independent [[Gambia]]]]\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main article|March\n        1965}}\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] –\n        The [[United States Air Force]] [[2d Air Division]], [[United States Navy]]\n        and Republic of [[Vietnam Air Force]] begin a 3\\u00bd-year aerial bombardment\n        campaign against [[North Vietnam]].\\n** The film of ''''[[The Sound of Music\n        (film)|The Sound of Music]]'''' premieres at the Rivoli Theater in New York\n        City.\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Bloody Sunday (1965)|Bloody Sunday]]: Some\n        200 Alabama State Troopers attack 525 civil rights demonstrators in [[Selma,\n        Alabama]], as they attempt to [[Selma to Montgomery marches|march to the state\n        capitol of Montgomery]].\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Some 3,500\n        [[United States Marines]] arrive in [[Da Nang]], [[South Vietnam]], becoming\n        the first American ground combat troops in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[March 9]] –\n        The second attempt to march from Selma to [[Montgomery, Alabama]], under the\n        leadership of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], stops at the bridge that was the\n        site of Bloody Sunday, to hold a prayer service and return to Selma, in obedience\n        to a court [[Injunction|restraining order]]. [[White supremacist]]s beat up\n        white [[Unitarian Universalist]] minister [[James J. Reeb]] later that day\n        in Selma.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** An engagement is announced between [[Princess\n        Margriet of the Netherlands]] and [[Pieter van Vollenhoven]], who will become\n        the first commoner and the first Dutchman to marry into the [[Dutch Royal\n        Family]].\\n** [[Goldie (eagle)|Goldie]], a [[London Zoo]] [[golden eagle]],\n        is recaptured 12 days after her escape.\\n* [[March 11]] – White [[Unitarian\n        Universalist]] minister [[James J. Reeb]], beaten by [[White supremacists]]\n        in [[Selma, Alabama]], on [[March 9]] following the second march from Selma,\n        dies in a hospital in [[Birmingham, Alabama]].\\n* [[March 15]] – President\n        Lyndon B. Johnson makes his \\\"We Shall Overcome\\\" speech.\\n* [[March 16]]\n        – Police clash with 600 [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee|SNCC]]\n        marchers in [[Montgomery, Alabama]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** In [[Montgomery,\n        Alabama]], 1,600 civil rights marchers demonstrate at the Courthouse.\\n**\n        In response to the events of March 7 and 9 in Selma, Alabama, President [[Lyndon\n        B. Johnson]] sends a bill to Congress that forms the basis for the Voting\n        Rights Act of 1965. It is passed by the Senate May 26, the House July 10,\n        and signed into law by President Johnson August 6.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Cosmonaut]]\n        [[Alexey Leonov]], leaving his spacecraft ''''[[Voskhod 2]]'''' for 12 minutes,\n        becomes the first person to walk in space.\\n** A [[United States federal judge]]\n        rules that [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference|SCLC]] has the lawful\n        right to march to [[Montgomery, Alabama]], to petition for ''redress of grievances''.\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – The wreck of the {{SS|Georgiana}}, reputed to have been\n        the most powerful Confederate cruiser ever built, is discovered off the [[Isle\n        of Palms, South Carolina]], by teenage diver [[E. Lee Spence]], exactly 102\n        years after she was sunk with a million dollar cargo, while attempting to\n        run past the Union blockade into [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]].\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** \\\"[[Poup\\u00e9e de cire, poup\\u00e9e de son]]\\\", sung by\n        [[France Gall]] (music and lyrics by [[Serge Gainsbourg]]) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1965]] for [[Luxembourg]].\\n** The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]\n        begins.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Ranger program]]: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Ranger\n        9]]'''', which is the last in a series of unmanned [[Moon|lunar]] [[space\n        probe]]s.''''\\n** [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] leads 3,200 [[Civil Rights Movement|civil\n        rights]] activists in the third march from Selma, Alabama, to the capitol\n        in Montgomery.\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Nicolae Ceau\\u0219escu]] becomes\n        the first secretary of the [[Romanian Communist Party]].\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Events of March 23, 1965]]: Large student demonstration in Morocco, joined\n        by discontented masses, meets with violent police and military repression.\n        \\n**''''[[Gemini 3]]'''': [[NASA]] launches the United States'' first 2-person\n        crew ([[Gus Grissom]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]]) into [[Earth\n        orbit]].\\n**The first issue of ''''[[The Vigilant]]'''' is published from\n        [[Khartoum]].\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and 25,000\n        civil rights activists successfully end the 4-day march from Selma, Alabama,\n        to the capitol in Montgomery.\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** Funeral services are held\n        for Detroit homemaker [[Viola Liuzzo]], who was shot dead by 4 Klansmen as\n        she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the civil rights march.\\n**\n        The second [[ODECA]] charter, signed on 12 December 1962, becomes effective.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main\n        article|April 1965}}\\n* [[April 3]] – The world''s first space nuclear\n        power reactor, ''''[[SNAP-10A]]'''', is launched by the United States from\n        Vandenberg AFB, California. The reactor operates for 43 days and remains in\n        [[low Earth orbit]].\\n* [[April 5]] – At the [[37th Academy Awards]],\n        ''''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'''' wins 8 Academy Awards, including\n        Best Picture and Best Director. [[Rex Harrison]] wins an Oscar for [[Academy\n        Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]. ''''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]''''\n        takes home 5 Oscars. [[Julie Andrews]] wins an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]\n        for her performance in the title role. [[Sherman Brothers]] receives 2 Oscars\n        including [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Song]], \\\"[[Chim Chim\n        Cher-ee]]\\\".\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** The [[Intelsat I]] (\\\"Early Bird\\\") [[communications\n        satellite]] is launched. It becomes operational [[May 2]] and is placed in\n        commercial service in [[June]].\\n** The British Government announces the cancellation\n        of the [[TSR-2]] aircraft project.\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** The West German parliament\n        extends the [[statute of limitations]] on [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war crime]]s.\\n**\n        In [[Houston]], the Harris County Domed Stadium (more commonly known as the\n        [[Astrodome]]) opens.\\n** [[Charlie Brown]] and the ''''[[Peanuts]]'''' Gang\n        appear on the cover of ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''''.\\n* [[April 11]] –\n        The [[1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak]]: An estimated 51 tornadoes (47 confirmed)\n        hit in 6 Midwestern states, killing between 256 and 271 people and injuring\n        some 1,500 more.\\n* [[April 14]] – ''''[[In Cold Blood]]'''' killers\n        [[Richard Hickock]] and [[Perry Smith (murderer)|Perry Smith]], convicted\n        of murdering 4 members of the [[Herbert Clutter]] family of [[Holcomb, Kansas]],\n        are executed by hanging at the Kansas State Penitentiary for Men in [[Lansing,\n        Kansas]].\\n* [[April 17]] – The first [[Students for a Democratic Society]]\n        march against the Vietnam War draws 25,000 protestors to Washington, D.C.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – Consecration of Saint [[Clement of Ohrid]] Macedonian\n        Orthodox Cathedral in Toronto, Canada.\\n* [[April 21]] – The [[1964\n        New York World''s Fair|New York World''s Fair]] in [[Flushing Meadows]], New\n        York, reopens.\\n* [[April 23]] – The [[Pennine Way]] officially opens.\\n*\n        [[April 24]]\\n** The [[1965 Yerevan demonstrations]] start in Yerevan, demanding\n        recognition of the [[Armenian Genocide]].\\n** The bodies of Portuguese opposition\n        politician [[Humberto Delgado]] and his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos\n        are found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno, Spain (they were killed\n        [[February 12]]).\\n** In the [[Dominican Republic]], officers and civilians\n        loyal to deposed President [[Juan Bosch]] mutiny against the right-wing junta\n        running the country, setting up a [[provisional government]]. Forces loyal\n        to the deposed military-imposed government stage a countercoup the next day,\n        and civil war breaks out, although the new government retains its hold on\n        power.\\n* [[April 25]] – Teenage [[sniper]] Michael Clark kills 3 and\n        wounds others shooting at cars from a hilltop along [[Highway 101]] just south\n        of [[Orcutt, California]]. Sixteen-year-old Clark kills himself as police\n        rush the hilltop.\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Rede Globo]], the 3rd largest\n        TV broadcaster of the world, is founded, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]].\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[American occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965\\u201366)|U.S.\n        troops occupy the Dominican Republic.]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Prime Minister\n        of Australia [[Robert Menzies]] announces that the country will substantially\n        increase its number of troops in [[South Vietnam]], supposedly at the request\n        of the [[Saigon]] government (it is later revealed that Menzies had asked\n        the leadership in Saigon to send the request at the behest of the Americans).\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – Australia announces that it is sending an [[infantry]]\n        battalion to support the [[South Vietnam]] government.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{main\n        article|May 1965}}\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Robert Askin|Bob Askin]] replaces [[Jack\n        Renshaw]] as Premier of [[New South Wales]].\\n** The [[Battle of Dong-Yin]]\n        occurs as a conflict between [[Taiwan]] and the People''s Republic of China.\\n**\n        Liverpool wins the FA Cup Final, beating Leeds Utd 2\\u20131.\\n* [[May 5]]\n        – Forty men [[Draft-card burning|burn their draft cards]] at the [[University\n        of California, Berkeley]], and a coffin is marched to the Berkeley [[Conscription\n        in the United States|Draft Board]].\\n* [[May 6]] – A [[Early-May 1965\n        tornado outbreak sequence|tornado outbreak]] near the [[Minneapolis\\u2013Saint\n        Paul|Twin Cities]] in [[Minnesota]] kills 13 and injures 683.\\n* [[May 7]]\n        – The [[U.S. Steel]] freighter {{SS|Cedarville}} collides with the SS\n        ''''Topdalsfjord'''' and sinks near the [[Mackinac Bridge]], killing 25. 10\n        are rescued from the ''''Cedarville'''', the 3rd largest lake ship to sink\n        after its sister the {{SS|Carl D. Bradley}}, and the {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}.\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – Pianist [[Vladimir Horowitz]] returns to the stage after\n        a 12-year absence, performing a legendary concert in [[Carnegie Hall]] in\n        New York.\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** West Germany and [[Israel]] establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** The Italian liner {{SS|Michelangelo}} enters service.\\n* [[May\n        13]] – A West German [[court of appeals]] condemns the behavior of ex-defense\n        minister [[Franz Josef Strauss]] during the [[Spiegel scandal]].\\n* [[May\n        21]] – The largest antiwar [[teach-in]] to date begins at [[Berkeley,\n        California]], attended by 30,000.\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** Several hundred Vietnam\n        War protesters in Berkeley, California, march to the Draft Board again to\n        burn 19 more cards. [[Lyndon Johnson]] is hung in [[effigy]].\\n** The first\n        [[skateboarding]] championship is held.\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Muhammad Ali]]\n        knocks out [[Sonny Liston]] in the first round of their championship rematch\n        with the \\\"[[Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston|Phantom Punch]]\\\" at the [[Central\n        Maine Civic Center]] in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]].\\n* [[May 27]] –\n        [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] beats [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] 1-0 at the [[San\n        Siro]], [[Milan]] and wins the [[1964-65 European Cup]] (football).\\n* [[May\n        29]] – A mining accident in [[Dhanbad]], India kills 274.\\n* [[May 31]]\n        – [[Auto racing|Racing driver]] [[Jim Clark]] wins the [[Indianapolis\n        500]], and later wins the [[Formula One]] world driving championship in the\n        same year.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{main article|June 1965}}\\n[[File:FIU Green Library.JPG|right|thumb|170px|Green\n        Library at [[Florida International University]] in [[Miami, FL]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]]\\n** [[Florida International University]] is founded in [[Miami]].\\n**\n        A [[Coal mining|coal mine]] explosion in [[Fukuoka]], Japan kills 237.\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The first contingent of Australian combat\n        troops arrives in [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[June 3]] – ''''[[Gemini 4]]'''':\n        Astronaut [[Edward Higgins White]] makes the first U.S. [[space walk]].\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – The single \\\"[[(I Can''t Get No) Satisfaction]]\\\" by [[The\n        Rolling Stones]] is released. It becames the band''s first number one in the\n        United States and is often thought to be one of the greatest rock ''n'' roll\n        songs of all time. \\n* [[June 7]] – [[Kakanj mine disaster]]: A mining\n        accident in [[Kakanj]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], results in 128 deaths.\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Battle of Dong Xoai]]: About\n        1,500 [[Viet Cong]] mount a mortar attack on [[\\u0110\\u1ed3ng Xo\\u00e0i]],\n        overrunning its military headquarters and the adjoining militia compound.\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – A planned [[Opposition to United States involvement in\n        the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War protest]] at [[The Pentagon]] becomes a teach-in,\n        with demonstrators distributing 50,000 leaflets in and around the building.\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Houari Boumediene]]''s Revolutionary Council ousts [[Ahmed\n        Ben Bella]], in a bloodless [[coup]] in [[Algeria]].\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        Police in [[Algiers]] break up demonstrations by people who have taken to\n        the streets chanting slogans in support of deposed President [[Ahmed Ben Bella]].\\n*\n        [[June 22]] – The [[Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the\n        Republic of Korea]] is signed in Tokyo.\\n* [[June 25]] – A U.S. Air\n        Force [[Boeing C-135 Stratolifter]] bound for Okinawa crashes just after takeoff\n        at [[MCAS El Toro]] in [[Orange County, California]], killing all 85 on board.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – The DeFeo family moves from Brooklyn, New York, to 112\n        Ocean Avenue in Amityville, Long Island, New York, in the United States. The\n        murder of all but one of the DeFeos  nine years later, on November 13, [[1974#November|1974]],\n        by the oldest son, [[Ronald DeFeo Jr.|Ronald/Ronnie \\\"Butch\\\" DeFeo, Jr.]],\n        and the subsequent claims of a haunting at 112 Ocean Avenue by the Lutz family,\n        would lead to [[The Amityville Horror]] franchise of books and movies.\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{main article|July 1965}}\\n* July – The [[Commonwealth of\n        Nations|Commonwealth]] secretariat is created.\\n* [[July 14]] – U.S.\n        spacecraft ''''[[Mariner 4]]'''' flies by [[Mars]], becoming the first spacecraft\n        to return images from the Red Planet.\\n* [[July 15]] – Greek Prime minister\n        [[Georgios Papandreou]] and his government are dismissed by King [[Constantine\n        II of Greece|Constantine II]].\\n* [[July 16]] – The [[Mont Blanc Tunnel]]\n        is inaugurated by presidents [[Giuseppe Saragat]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]].\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Four [[F-4 Phantom II|F-4C Phantoms]]\n        escorting a [[Strategic bombing|bombing raid]] at Kang Chi are targeted by\n        [[antiaircraft missile]]s, in the first such attack against American planes\n        in the war. One is shot down and the other 3 sustain damage.\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Bob Dylan]] elicits controversy among folk purists by \\\"going electric\\\"\n        at the [[Newport Folk Festival]].\\n* [[July 26]] – The [[Maldives]]\n        receive full independence from Great Britain.\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Edward\n        Heath]] becomes Leader of the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative\n        Party]].\\n* [[July 28]] – Vietnam War: U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]\n        announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in [[South\n        Vietnam]] from 75,000 to 125,000, and to more than double the number of men\n        drafted per month - from 17,000 to 35,000.\\n* [[July 29]] – [[The Beatles]]\n        second movie ''''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'''' premieres.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[War on Poverty]]: U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Social\n        Security Act of 1965]] into law, establishing [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]\n        and [[Medicaid]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{main article|August 1965}}\\n* [[August\n        1]] – [[Tobacco advertising|Cigarette advertising]] is banned on British\n        television.\\n* [[August 6]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs\n        the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] into law.\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Tunku\n        Abdul Rahman]], [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]], recommends the expulsion of\n        [[Singapore]] from the [[Federation of Malaysia]], negotiating its separation\n        with [[Lee Kuan Yew]], Prime Minister of Singapore.\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Singapore]]\n        is expelled from the Federation of [[Malaysia]], which recognises it as a\n        [[Sovereignty|sovereign nation]]. [[Lee Kuan Yew]] announces Singapore''s\n        independence and assumes the position of Prime Minister of the new island\n        nation \\u2013 a position he holds until [[1990]].\\n** An explosion at an [[Arkansas]]\n        missile plant kills 53.\\n** [[Indonesia]]n president [[Sukarno]] collapses\n        in public.\\n* [[August 11]] – The [[Watts Riots]] begin in Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – The rock group [[Jefferson Airplane]] debuts at the\n        Matrix in [[San Francisco]] and begins to appear there regularly.\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[The Beatles]] perform the first stadium concert in the history\n        of music, playing before 55,600 persons at [[Shea Stadium]] in New York City.\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation Starlite]]: 5,500\n        [[United States Marines]] destroy a [[Viet Cong]] stronghold on the Van Tuong\n        peninsula in [[Qu\\u1ea3ng Ng\\u00e3i Province]], in the first major American\n        ground battle of the war. The Marines were tipped-off by a Viet Cong deserter\n        who said that there was an attack planned against the U.S. base at [[Chu Lai]].\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – At the conclusion of the [[Frankfurt Auschwitz trials]],\n        66 ex-[[SS]] personnel receive [[life sentence]]s, 15 others smaller ones.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Jonathan Myrick Daniels]], an [[Episcopal Church (United\n        States)|Episcopal]] seminarian from [[Keene, New Hampshire]], is murdered\n        in [[Hayneville, Alabama]], while working in the [[civil rights movement]].\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – ''''[[Gemini 5]]'''' ([[Gordon Cooper]], [[Pete Conrad]])\n        is launched on the first 1-week flight, as well as the first test of [[fuel\n        cell]]s for electrical power.\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Casey Stengel]] announces\n        his retirement after 55 years in baseball.\\n** [[Rock music]]ian [[Bob Dylan]]\n        releases his influential album ''''[[Highway 61 Revisited]]'''', featuring\n        the song \\\"[[Like a Rolling Stone]]\\\".\\n** An [[avalanche]] buries a [[dam]]\n        construction site at [[Saas-Fee]], Switzerland, killing 90 workers.\\n* [[August\n        31]] – President Johnson signs a law penalizing the burning of draft\n        cards with up to 5 years in prison and a $1,000 fine.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{main\n        article|September 1965}}\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Pakistan]]i troops enter\n        the Indian sector of [[Kashmir]], while Indian troops try to invade [[Lahore]].\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – The [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] observes its\n        [[Defence Day]], on account of successful defence of [[Lahore]] and other\n        important areas against India.\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Pakistan]] celebrates\n        Air Force Day on account of heavy retaliations to India.\\n** The People''s\n        Republic of China announces that it will reinforce its troops on the Indian\n        border.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: In a follow-up to August''s [[Operation Starlite]],\n        [[United States Marines]] and [[South Vietnam]]ese forces initiate Operation\n        Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula, {{convert|23|mi|km}} south of the Chu Lai\n        Marine base.\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** India opens 2 additional fronts against\n        Pakistan.\\n** The Pakistan Navy raids Indian coasts without any resistance\n        in [[Operation Dwarka]] (Pakistan celebrates [[Victory Day (Pakistan)|Victory\n        Day]] annually).\\n** [[Dorothy Dandridge]] dies of a drug overdose.\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Sandy Koufax]] of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] pitches a [[perfect\n        game]] in a [[baseball]] match against the [[Chicago Cubs]]. The opposing\n        pitcher, [[Bob Hendley]], allows only 1 run, which is unearned, and only one\n        hit, making this the lowest-hit game (1) in baseball history. It is Koufax''s\n        fourth no-hitter in as many seasons.\\n** [[United Nations Secretary-General|U.N.\n        Secretary General]] [[U Thant]] negotiates with Pakistan President [[Ayub\n        Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]].\\n** [[U Thant]] recommends China\n        for [[United Nations]] membership.\\n** [[Hurricane Betsy]] roars ashore near\n        [[New Orleans]] with winds of {{convert|145|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, causing 76\n        deaths and $1.42 billion in damage. The storm is the first hurricane to cause\n        $1 billion in unadjusted damages, giving it the nickname \\\"Billion Dollar\n        Betsy\\\". It is the last major hurricane to strike New Orleans until [[Hurricane\n        Katrina]] 40 years later.\\n* [[September 13]] – The [[Congress of Arab\n        Countries]] begins in [[Casablanca]]; [[Habib Bourguiba]] of [[Tunisia]] boycotts\n        the meeting.\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** The fourth and final period of the [[Second\n        Vatican Council]] opens.\\n** The infamous \\\"bad sitcom\\\" ''''[[My Mother The\n        Car]]'''' premieres on NBC.\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** China protests against\n        Indian provocations in its border region.\\n** In [[Iraq]], Prime Minister\n        [[Arif Abd ar-Razzaq]]''s attempted coup fails.\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        King [[Constantine II of Greece]] forms a new government with Prime Minister\n        [[Stephanos Stephanopoulos]], in an attempt to end a 2-year-old political\n        crisis.\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** In Denmark, [[Palle S\\u00f8rensen]] shoots\n        4 policemen in pursuit; he is apprehended the same day.\\n** [[Comet Ikeya\\u2013Seki]]\n        is first sighted by Japanese astronomers.\\n** [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet\n        Premier]] [[Alexei Kosygin]] invites the leaders of India and Pakistan to\n        meet in the Soviet Union to negotiate.\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: An [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[F-104 Starfighter]] piloted by\n        Captain Philip Eldon Smith is shot down by a Chinese [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19|MiG-19\n        Farmer]]. The pilot is held until 15 March [[1973]].\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Gambia]], [[Maldives]] and [[Singapore]] are admitted as [[Members of the\n        United Nations|members]] of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Radio Peking]] announces that Indian troops have dismantled their equipment\n        on the Chinese side of the border.\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** Fighting resumes\n        between Indian and Pakistani troops.\\n** The British governor of [[Aden]]\n        cancels the constitution and takes direct control of the protectorate, due\n        to the bad security situation.\\n* [[September 25]] – The ''''[[Tom and\n        Jerry|Tom & Jerry]]'''' cartoon series makes its world broadcast premiere\n        on [[CBS Television|CBS]].\\n* [[September 27]] – The largest tanker\n        ship at this time, ''''Tokyo Maru'''', is launched in [[Yokohama]], Japan.\\n*\n        [[September 28]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] announces that anyone who wants to can\n        emigrate to the United States.\\n** [[Taal Volcano]] in [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]],\n        erupts, killing hundreds.\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** The [[Indonesia]]n army,\n        led by General [[Suharto]], crushes an alleged communist coup attempt (see\n        [[Transition to the New Order]] and [[30 September Movement]]).\\n** The classic\n        family sci-fi show ''''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'''' debuts\n        on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] in the United Kingdom.\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{main\n        article|October 1965}}\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] announces that\n        [[Che Guevara]] has resigned and left the country.\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon\n        B. Johnson]] signs the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] which ends\n        quotas based on [[national origin]].\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** At least 150 are\n        killed when a commuter train derails at the outskirts of [[Durban]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]],\n        South Africa.\\n** Prime minister [[Ian Smith]] of [[Rhodesia]] and [[Arthur\n        Bottomley]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] begin negotiations in London.\\n**\n        [[Pope Paul VI]] visits the United States. He appears for a Mass in [[Yankee\n        Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] and makes a speech at the [[United Nations]].\\n**\n        The [[University of California, Irvine]] opens its doors.\\n* [[October 5]]\n        – [[Pakistan]] severs [[diplomatic relations]] with [[Malaysia]] because\n        of their disagreement in the UN.\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Ian Brady]], a\n        27-year-old stock clerk from [[Hyde, Greater Manchester|Hyde]] in [[Cheshire]],\n        is arrested for allegedly hacking to death (with a hatchet) 17-year-old apprentice\n        electrician Edward Evans at a house on the [[Hattersley]] [[housing estate]].\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – Seven Japanese fishing boats are sunk off [[Guam]] by\n        super typhoon Carmen; 209 are killed.\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Indonesian killings\n        of 1965\\u201366]]: The Indonesian army instigates the arrest and execution\n        of communists which last until next March.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}\\n**\n        The 7 Fundamental Principles of the [[Red Cross and Red Crescent]] are adopted\n        at the XX International Conference in Vienna, Austria.\\n** The [[International\n        Olympic Committee]] admits [[East Germany]] as a member.\\n** The [[Post Office\n        Tower]] opens in London.\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Yale University]] presents\n        the ''''[[Vinland map]]''''.\\n** A brigade of South Korean soldiers arrive\n        in [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[October 10]] – The first group of [[Cuba]]n\n        refugees travels to the U.S.\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Per Borten]] forms a\n        government in Norway.\\n** The U.N. General Council recommends that the United\n        Kingdom try everything to stop a rebellion in [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[October 13]]\n        – Congo President [[Joseph Kasavubu]] fires Prime Minister [[Moise Tshombe]]\n        and forms a provisional government, with [[\\u00c9variste Kimba]] in a leading\n        position.\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Catholic Worker\n        Movement]] stages an anti-war protest in Manhattan. One draft card burner\n        is arrested, the first under the new law.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Moors murders]]:\n        Police find a girl''s body on [[Saddleworth Moor]] near [[Oldham]] in [[Lancashire]].\n        The body is quickly identified as that of 10-year-old [[Lesley Ann Downey]],\n        who disappeared on [[Boxing Day]] the previous year from a fairground in the\n        [[Ancoats]] area of [[Manchester]]. [[Ian Brady]], arrested for the murder\n        of a 17-year-old man in nearby [[Hattersley]], is charged with murdering Lesley,\n        as is his 23-year-old girlfriend [[Myra Hindley]].\\n** Anti-war protests draw\n        100,000 in 80 U.S. cities and around the world.\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        The [[1964 New York World''s Fair|New York World''s Fair]] at Flushing Meadows,\n        closes. Due to financial losses, some of the projected site park improvements\n        fail to materialize.\\n* [[October 18]] – The Indonesian government outlaws\n        the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Ludwig Erhard]] is re-elected Chancellor of West\n        Germany (he had first been elected in 1963).\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Comet\n        Ikeya\\u2013Seki]] approaches perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometers from the\n        sun.\\n** The [[Organization of African Unity]] meets in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]].\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** French authors Andr\\u00e9 Figueras and [[Jacques Laurent]]\n        are fined for their comments against [[Charles de Gaulle]].\\n** African countries\n        demand that the United Kingdom use force to prevent [[Rhodesia]] from declaring\n        unilateral independence.\\n** Colonel [[Christophe Soglo]] stages a second\n        coup in [[Dahomey]].\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** British Prime Minister [[Harold\n        Wilson]] and Commonwealth Secretary [[Arthur Bottomley]] travel to [[Rhodesia]]\n        for negotiations.\\n** British police find the decomposed body of a boy on\n        [[Saddleworth Moor]].\\n* [[October 25]] – The Soviet Union declares\n        its support of African countries in case Rhodesia unilaterally declares independence.\\n*\n        [[October 26]]\\n** Anti-government demonstrations occur in the [[Dominican\n        Republic]].\\n** Police discover the body of [[Sylvia Likens]] in [[Indianapolis]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Brazil]]ian president [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]]\n        removes power from parliament, legal courts and opposition parties.\\n** [[S\\u00fcleyman\n        Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]]\n        (30th government).\\n[[File:St Louis night expblend cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|The\n        [[Gateway Arch]]]]\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[French Foreign Minister]] [[Maurice\n        Couve de Murville]] travels to Moscow.\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] promulgates ''''[[Nostra\n        aetate]]'''', a \\\"Declaration on the Relation of the (Roman Catholic) Church\n        with Non-Christian Religions\\\" by the [[Second Vatican Council]] which includes\n        a statement that Jews are not collectively responsible for the death of [[Jesus]]\n        ([[Jewish deicide]]).\\n** In [[St. Louis, Missouri]], the {{convert|630|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall\n        inverted catenary steel [[Gateway Arch]] is completed.\\n** [[Mehdi Ben Barka]],\n        a Moroccan politician, is kidnapped in Paris and never seen again.\\n* [[October\n        29]]\\n** [[Moors murders]]: [[Ian Brady]] and [[Myra Hindley]] appear in court,\n        charged with the murders of Edward Evans (17), Lesley Ann Downey (10), and\n        John Kilbride (12) from [[Manchester]].\\n** An 80-kiloton nuclear device is\n        detonated at [[Amchitka Island]], Alaska, as part of the [[Vela Uniform]]\n        program, code-named Project Long Shot.\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]:\n        Near [[Da Nang]], [[United States Marines]] repel an intense attack by [[Viet\n        Cong]] forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions is found\n        on the dead body of a 13-year-old [[Vietnam]]ese boy who sold drinks to the\n        Marines the day before.\\n** In Washington, D.C., a pro-Vietnam War march draws\n        25,000.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{main article|November 1965}}\\n* [[November\n        1]] – A [[trolleybus]] plunges into the [[Nile]] at [[Cairo]], killing\n        74 passengers.\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** Republican [[John Lindsay]] is elected\n        [[mayor of New York City]].\\n** [[Quaker]] [[Norman Morrison]], 32, sets himself\n        on fire in front of [[The Pentagon]].\\n* [[November 3]] – [[President\n        of France|French President]] [[Charles de Gaulle]] announces that he will\n        stand for re-election.\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Martial law]] is announced\n        in [[Rhodesia]]. The [[United Nations General Assembly]] accepts British intent\n        to use force against Rhodesia if necessary by a vote of 82\\u20139.\\n* [[November\n        6]] – Freedom Flights begin: [[Cuba]] and the United States formally\n        agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States (by\n        [[1971]] 250,000 Cubans take advantage of this program).\\n* [[November 7]]\n        – [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]]''s world-famous mascot, the [[Pillsbury\n        Doughboy]], is created.\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation\n        Hump]]: The [[173rd Airborne]] is ambushed by over 1,200 [[Viet Cong]].\\n**\n        The [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] is created, consisting of [[Chagos\n        Archipelago]], [[Aldabra]], [[Farquhar Group|Farquhar]] and [[Desroches Island|Desroches]]\n        islands (on June 23, 1976 Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches are returned to\n        the [[Seychelles]]).\\n** The [[Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965]]\n        is given Royal Assent, suspending the [[death penalty]] for murder in the\n        United Kingdom; renewal of the Act in 1969 makes the abolition permanent.\\n**\n        The [[soap opera]] ''''[[Days of Our Lives]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]].\\n* [[November\n        9]]\\n** [[Northeast blackout of 1965]]: Several U.S. states (VT, NH, MA, CT,\n        RI, NY and portions of NJ) and parts of Canada are hit by a series of [[Power\n        outage|blackouts]] lasting up to 13\\u00bd hours.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: In New\n        York City, 22-year-old [[Catholic Worker Movement]] member [[Roger Allen LaPorte]]\n        sets himself on fire in front of the [[United Nations]] building in protest\n        against the war.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** In [[Rhodesia]] (modern-day [[Zimbabwe]]),\n        the white-minority government of [[Ian Smith]] [[Rhodesia''s Unilateral Declaration\n        of Independence|unilaterally declares ''''de facto'''' independence]] (''UDI'').\\n**\n        [[United Airlines Flight 227]] a [[Boeing 727-22]], crashes short of the runway\n        and catches fire at [[Salt Lake City International Airport]] in [[Salt Lake\n        City]]; 43 out of 91 passengers and crew perish.\\n* [[November 12]] –\n        A [[United Nations Security Council resolution|UN Security Council resolution]]\n        (voted 10\\u20130) recommends that other countries not recognize independent\n        Rhodesia.\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** The {{SS|Yarmouth Castle}} burns and sinks\n        {{convert|60|mi|km}} off [[Nassau, Bahamas]], with the loss of 90 lives.\\n**\n        British Theatre Critic [[Kenneth Tynan]] says [[fuck]] during a discussion\n        on [[BBC]] satirical programme [[BBC-3]] for what many believed was the first\n        time on British television. The corporation later issued a public apology.\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – Vietnam War – [[Battle of Ia Drang]]: In the\n        [[Ia Drang Valley]] of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]\n        in [[Vietnam]], the first major engagement of the war between regular United\n        States and [[North Vietnam]]ese forces begins.\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        U.S. racer [[Craig Breedlove]] sets a new [[land speed record]] of {{convert|600.601|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Venera program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches\n        the ''''[[Venera 3]]'''' space probe from [[Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]] toward\n        [[Venus]] (on March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the\n        surface of another [[planet]]).\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[United Nations\n        Security Council]] recommends that all states stop trading with Rhodesia.\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Mireille Mathieu]] sings on France''s [[:fr:T\\u00e9l\\u00e9\n        Dimanche|T\\u00e9l\\u00e9-Dimanche]] and begins her successful singing career\n        (Dimanche is French for Sunday).\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** ''''[[Man of La Mancha]]''''\n        opens in a Greenwich Village theatre in New York and eventually becomes one\n        of the greatest musical hits of all time, winning a [[Tony Award]] for its\n        star, [[Richard Kiley]].\\n** The [[United Nations Development Programme]]\n        (UNDP) is established as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – Soviet general Mikhail Kazakov assumes command of\n        the [[Warsaw Pact]].\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Democratic Republic of the\n        Congo|Congolese]] [[lieutenant general]] [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Mobutu]] ousts\n        [[Joseph Kasavubu]] and declares himself president.\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        At the [[Hammaguir]] launch facility in the [[Sahara Desert]], France launches\n        a [[Diamant A]] rocket with its first [[satellite]], ''''[[Asterix-1]]''''\n        on board, becoming the third country to enter [[outer space]].\\n* [[November\n        27]]\\n** Tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters picket the [[White House]],\n        then march on the [[Washington Monument]].\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[The Pentagon]]\n        tells U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] that if planned major sweep operations\n        to neutralize [[Viet Cong]] forces during the next year are to succeed, the\n        number of American troops in [[Vietnam]] will have to be increased from 120,000\n        to 400,000.\\n* [[November 28]] – Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President\n        [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''s call for \\\"more flags\\\" in [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]]\n        [[President-elect]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]] announces he will send troops to\n        help fight in [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[November 29]] – The Canadian satellite\n        ''''[[Alouette 2]]'''' is launched.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{main article|December\n        1965}}\\n[[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 005.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[December\n        8]]: End of the [[Second Vatican Council|2nd Vatican Council]].]]\\n[[File:Ferdinand\n        Marcos at the White House.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[December 30]]: [[Ferdinand\n        E. Marcos]] is the 10th [[President of the Philippines]].]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] – The [[Border Security Force]] is established in India as a special\n        force to guard the borders.\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** The first British aid flight\n        arrives in [[Lusaka]]; [[Zambia]] had asked for British help against Rhodesia.\\n**\n        Members of the [[Organization of African Unity]] decide to sever diplomatic\n        relations with the United Kingdom, unless the [[British Government]] ends\n        the rebellion of Rhodesia by mid-December.\\n** The Beatles release their sixth\n        album ''''[[Rubber Soul]]''''.\\n** The first album by [[The Who]], ''''[[My\n        Generation (album)|My Generation]]'''', is released in the United Kingdom.\n        An edited version was released in the United States under the title ''''The\n        Who Sings My Generation'''' in April 1966.\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Charles\n        de Gaulle]] is re-elected as French president with 10,828,421 votes.\\n** The\n        \\\"[[Glasnost Meeting]]\\\" in Moscow becomes the first spontaneous political\n        demonstration, and the first demonstration for civil rights in the Soviet\n        Union.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** Rhodesian prime minister [[Ian Smith]] warns\n        that [[Rhodesia]] will resist a [[trade embargo]] by neighboring countries\n        with force.\\n** The [[Race Relations Act 1965|Race Relations Act]] becomes\n        the first legislation to address racial discrimination in the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        The [[Second Vatican Council]] closes.\\n* [[December 9]] – ''''[[A Charlie\n        Brown Christmas]]'''', the first ''''[[Peanuts]]'''' television special, debuts\n        on [[CBS]], quickly becoming an annual tradition.\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** The\n        [[Caribbean Free Trade Association]] (CARIFTA) is formed.\\n** [[Tanzania]]\n        and [[Guinea]] sever [[diplomatic relations]] with the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        ''''[[Gemini 6]]'''' and ''''[[Gemini 7]]'''' perform the first controlled\n        rendezvous in Earth orbit.\\n* [[December 17]] – The British government\n        begins an oil embargo against Rhodesia; the United States joins the effort.\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – The [[World Food Programme]] is made a permanent agency\n        of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] announces\n        that it has shipped rockets to [[North Vietnam]].\\n** In West Germany, [[Konrad\n        Adenauer]] resigns as chairman of the Christian Democratic Party.\\n** The\n        [[United Nations]] adopts the [[International Convention on the Elimination\n        of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]].\\n** A new 1-hour German-American\n        production of the ballet ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''', with an international\n        cast that includes [[Edward Villella]] in the title role, makes its U.S. television\n        debut. It is repeated annually by CBS over the next 3 years but after that\n        is virtually forgotten until issued on DVD in 2009 by Warner Archive.\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[Military coup]] occurs in [[Dahomey]].\\n** A {{convert|70|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}\n        [[speed limit]] is imposed on British roads.\\n** [[David Lean]]''s film of\n        ''''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'''', starring [[Omar Sharif]]\n        and [[Julie Christie]], is released.\\n* [[December 25]] – The [[Yemen]]i\n        [[Nasserist Unionist People''s Organisation]] is founded in [[Ta''izz]].\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – The British [[oil platform]] ''''Sea Gem'''' collapses\n        in the [[North Sea]].\\n* [[December 28]] – Italian Foreign Minister\n        Amintore Fanfani resigns.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** President [[Kenneth Kaunda]]\n        of [[Zambia]] announces that Zambia and the United Kingdom have agreed on\n        a deadline before which the Rhodesian white government should be ousted.\\n**\n        [[Ferdinand Marcos]] becomes [[President of the Philippines]].\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Bokassa]] takes power in the [[Central African Republic]].\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n[[File:Downtown Dallas 1965.jpg|200px|thumb]]\\n* Tokyo officially\n        becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from New York City.{{cite\n        web|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm|title=Largest\n        Cities Through History|work=About.com Geography}}\\n* The [[Council for\n        National Academic Awards]] is established in the UK.\\n* [[TAT-4]] cable goes\n        into operation.\\n* Aborigines are given the vote in Queensland.\\n\\n=== World\n        population ===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=\\\"7\\\"|[[World population]]\\n|-\\n!\\n!1965\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1960]]\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1970]]\\n|-\\n![[File:Globe.svg|50px]]\n        World\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''3,334,874,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,021,475,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 313,399,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,692,492,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 357,618,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Africa satellite orthographic.jpg|50px]]\n        Africa\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''313,744,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|277,398,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 36,346,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|357,283,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 43,539,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Two-point-equidistant-asia.jpg|50px]]\n        Asia\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''1,899,424,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1,701,336,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 198,088,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,143,118,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 243,694,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Europe satellite orthographic.jpg|50px]]\n        Europe\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''634,026,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|604,401,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 29,625,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|655,855,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 21,829,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Latin America terrain.jpg|50px]]\n        Latin America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''250,452,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|218,300,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 32,152,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|284,856,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 34,404,000\\n|-\\n![[File:LocationWHNorthernAmerica.png|50px]]\n        Northern America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''219,570,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|204,152,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 15,418,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|231,937,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,367,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Oceania (World-Factbook).jpg|50px]]\n        Oceania\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''17,657,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15,888,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,769,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19,443,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,786,000\\n|}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Julia\n        Ormond Cannes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Ormond]]]]\\n[[File:JoelyRichardsonSept11TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joely\n        Richardson]]]]\\n[[File:Butch Hartman by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Butch\n        Hartman]]]]\\n[[File:James Nesbitt 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Nesbitt]]]]\\n[[File:Sophie,\n        grevinna av Wessex.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sophie, Countess of Wessex]]]]\\n[[File:Diane\n        Lane (Berlin Film Festival 2011) 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Diane Lane]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Lisa Roberts Gillan]], American actress and producer\\n* [[January\n        4]]\\n** [[Beth Gibbons]], English singer, lead singer of the band [[Portishead\n        (band)|Portishead]]\\n** [[Julia Ormond]], British actress\\n** [[Aditya Pancholi]],\n        Indian actor\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Vinnie Jones]], British footballer-turned-actor\\n**\n        [[Patrik Sj\\u00f6berg]], Swedish high jumper\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Konnan]],\n        Cuban-born professional wrestler\\n* [[January 9]] \\n** [[Haddaway]], German\n        singer\\n** [[Farah Khan]], Indian choreographer, film director\\n** [[Joely\n        Richardson]], British actress\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Butch Hartman]],\n        American animator\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Nikolai Borschevsky]], Russian professional\n        ice hockey player (retired)\\n** [[Maybrit Illner]], German television journalist\n        and presenter\\n** [[Rob Zombie]], American musician\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Shamil Basayev]], Chechen terrorist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Marc Delissen]],\n        Dutch field hockey player\\n** [[Bob Essensa]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall]], British chef\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[James\n        Nesbitt]], Northern Irish actor\\n** [[Jill Saward]], English rape victim and\n        activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Dave Attell]], American comedian\\n**\n        [[Paudge Behan]], Irish actor\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Sophie, Countess\n        of Wessex]], wife of [[Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex]]\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Jam Master Jay]], American DJ, rapper and producer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January\n        22]]\\n** [[DJ Jazzy Jeff]], African-American rapper and actor\\n** [[Diane\n        Lane]], American actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Mike Awesome]], American\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Esa Tikkanen]],\n        Finnish ice hockey player\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Natalia Yurchenko]],\n        Soviet artistic gymnast\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Alan Cumming]], Scottish actor\\n**\n        [[Ignacio No\\u00e9]], Argentine artist\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Dominik\n        Ha\\u0161ek]], Czech hockey player\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Peter Sagal]],\n        American [[playwright]], [[screenwriter]], [[actor]], humorist, essayist,\n        [[journalist]], radio host\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bruce Lee - son.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brandon\n        Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Rock WE 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Chris Rock]]]]\\n[[File:Adama\n        Barrow 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adama Barrow]]]]\\n[[File:MichaelBay08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Bay]]]]\\n[[File:Dr. Dre.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dr. Dre]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Callaghan]], South African cricketer\\n** [[Brandon Lee]], Chinese-American\n        actor (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Sherilyn Fenn]], American actress\\n** [[Princess\n        St\\u00e9phanie of Monaco]]\\n* [[February 3]]  \\n** [[Mattanya Cohen]], Israeli\n        diplomat\\n** [[Maura Tierney]], American actress\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Jerome Brown]], American football player (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February 5]]\n        – [[Gheorghe Hagi]], Romanian footballer\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Chris\n        Rock]], African-American actor, comedian, and film director\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Dicky Cheung]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Stephen\n        Gregory (actor)|Stephen Gregory]], American actor\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        [[Andy Buckley]], American actor\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Adama Barrow]],\n        Gambian politician, 3rd [[President of Gambia]]\\n* [[February 17]] –\n        [[Michael Bay]], American film director\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Dr. Dre]],\n        African-American rapper and music producer\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Dean Karr]],\n        American director and photographer\\n** [[Wilfredo Alicdan]], Filipino artist\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[Kristin Davis]], American actress\\n** [[Michael Dell]],\n        American computer manufacturer\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Sylvie Guillem]],\n        French ballerina\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Joakim Sundstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish\n        sound editor, sound designer and musician\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Park\n        Gok-ji]], South Korean film editor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Aamir_Khan_March_2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aamir\n        Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah Jessica Parker at Miami Rhapsody 30th Anniversary Celebration.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah\n        Jessica Parker]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Stewart Elliott]], Canadian jockey\\n**\n        [[Booker Huffman]], American professional wrestler, 5-time WCW World Champion\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Dragan Stojkovi\\u0107]], Serbian footballer and coach\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Paul W. S. Anderson]], British filmmaker, producer and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Ron Gant]], American baseball player\\n** [[Jonathan Shearer]], Scottish\n        castaway\\n** [[WestBam]], German rave techno DJ\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Jesper\n        Parnevik]], Swedish golfer\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Kenny Smith]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Benito Santiago]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Mike Pollock (voice actor)|Mike Pollock]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Rod Woodson]], American football\n        player\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Jesse Jackson, Jr.]], African-American politician\\n**\n        [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]], British designer and television presenter\\n**\n        [[Andy Sturmer]], American musician ([[Jellyfish (band)|Jellyfish]])\\n** [[Barbara\n        Alyn Woods]], American actress\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Steve Finley]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Liza Umarova]], Chechen singer and actress\\n* [[March\n        14]]\\n** [[Kevin Brown (right-handed pitcher)|Kevin Brown]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Aamir Khan]], Indian Bollywood actor, film director, producer,\n        film editor and script writer\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Joseph D. Kucan]],\n        American video game developer\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Taeko Kawata]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Wakana Yamazaki]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Marti Pellow]], Scottish singer ([[Wet Wet\n        Wet]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[The Undertaker]], American professional wrestler\n        (\\\"The Undertaker\\\")\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Avery Johnson]], American basketball\n        player and coach\\n** [[Stefka Kostadinova]], Bulgarian high jumper and president\n        of the [[Bulgarian Olympic Committee]]\\n** [[Sarah Jessica Parker]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Francisco Ribeiro]], Portuguese musician\n        and composer ([[Madredeus]]) (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Voula\n        Patoulidou]], Greek athlete\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Piers Morgan]], British\n        journalist and television personality\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Robert Downey\n        Jr 2014 Comic Con (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Downey Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:JonCryerHWOFSept2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon\n        Cryer]]]]\\n[[File:MartinLawrenceHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Lawrence]]]]\\n[[File:William\n        Mapother 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Mapother]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin James 2011\n        (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin James]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Bekir Bozda\\u011f]],\n        Turkish theologian, lawyer, and politician\\n** [[Mark Jackson (basketball)|Mark\n        Jackson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Rodney King]],\n        African-American criminal (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Julie Anne Haddock]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Nazia Hassan]], Pakistani pop singer (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[Robert Downey Jr.]], American actor\\n* [[April 6]]\\n**\n        [[Frank Black]], American musician\\n** [[Rica Reinisch]], German swimmer\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Bill Bellamy]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[April\n        9]] – [[Paulina Porizkova]], Swedish-American  model and actress\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Eelco van Asperen]], Dutch computer scientist\\n* [[April\n        12]] \\n**[[Kim Bodnia]], Danish actor and director\\n**[[Tom O''Brien (actor)|Tom\n        O''Brien]], American actor-producer\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Patricio Pouchulu]],\n        Argentine architect\\n** [[The Real Darren Stevens]], Canadian radio personality\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[Linda Perry]], American musician\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        [[Jon Cryer]], American actor                                                                                                                                \\n**\n        [[Martin Lawrence]], African-American actor, comedian, and producer\\n* [[April\n        17]] – [[William Mapother]], American actor\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        [[Wil Johnson]], English actor\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Suge Knight]], African-American\n        record producer\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Tommy DeCarlo]], American singer and\n        songwriter\\n** [[Leni Robredo]], 14th [[Vice President of the Philippines]]\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Kevin James]], American comedian and actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Owen\n        Hart.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Owen Hart]]]]\\n[[File:JohnCReillyJune09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        C. Reilly]]]]\\n[[File:Yahya Jammeh.png|thumb|100px|[[Yahya Jammeh]]]]\\n[[File:Brooke\n        Shields 2011 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brooke Shields]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Gary Mitchell]], Irish playwright\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Aykut Kocaman]],\n        Turkish footballer\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Owen Hart]], Canadian professional wrestler\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Norman Whiteside]], Northern Irish football player\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Steve Yzerman]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[May 10]]\n        \\n** [[Linda Evangelista]], Canadian supermodel\\n** [[Kiyoyuki Yanada]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Monsour del Rosario]], Filipino Olympic\n        athlete and actor\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ren\\u00e9e Simonsen]], Danish model\n        and writer\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Tim Chapman]], American bounty hunter\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Antonio Delgado]], Venezuelan mountain climber (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Hikari\n        \\u014cta]], Japanese comedian\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Eoin Colfer]], Irish\n        novelist\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Rodica Dunca]], Romania artistic gymnast\\n**\n        [[Krist Novoselic]], American rock bassist ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Trent Reznor]], American rock musician ([[Nine Inch Nails]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Philippe Dhondt]], French singer known as Boris\\n* [[May\n        23]]\\n** [[Manuel Sanch\\u00eds Hontiyuelo]], Spanish footballer\\n** [[Liina\n        Tennosaar]], Estonian actress\\n** [[Kappei Yamaguchi]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[May 24]]\\n** [[Carlos Franco]], Paraguayan golfer\\n** [[John C. Reilly]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Shinichir\\u014d Watanabe]], Japanese anime director\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Yahya Jammeh]], [[President of the Gambia]]\\n* [[May\n        27]] – [[Todd Bridges]], African-American actor\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Brooke\n        Shields]], American actress and supermodel\\n** [[Yoko Soumi]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Larisa Lazutina]], Russian cross-country\n        skier\\n** [[Nigel Short]], English chess player\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Steve\n        Waugh|Steve]] and [[Mark Waugh]], Australian cricketers\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        [[Mick Doohan]], Australian motorcycle racer\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Cam Neely]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Megumi Ogata]], Japanese voice actress and\n        singer\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Mick Foley]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Jean-Pierre Fran\\u00e7ois]], French footballer and singer\\n** [[Damien Hirst]],\n        British artist\\n** [[Christine Roque]], French singer\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Chris\n        Chavis]] (\\\"Tatanka\\\"), American professional wrestler\\n** [[Frank Grillo]],\n        American actor \\n** [[Kevin Ritz]], American former MLB pitcher\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** [[Veronica Ferres]], German actress\\n** [[Scott Graham]], American\n        sportscaster\\n** [[Elizabeth Hurley]], English model and actress\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[Manuel Uribe]], morbidly obese Mexican (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Bernard Hopkins]], American boxer\\n* [[June 17]] \\n**[[Dan\n        Jansen]], American speedskater\\n**[[Dara O''Kearney]], Irish ultra runner\n        and professional poker player\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Paul Arthurs]], British\n        rock guitarist ([[Oasis (band)|Oasis]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Ashley Richardson]],\n        American model\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Belayneh Dinsamo]], Ethiopian long-distance\n        runner\\n** [[Sonny Strait]], American voice actor\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Matthew\n        Weiner]], American writer, director, and producer of television drama\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Slash\n        live in Rome by Paride.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Slash (musician)|Slash]]]]\\n[[File:JeremyPivenFeb09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeremy\n        Piven]]]]\\n[[File:J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J. K. Rowling]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Harald Zwart]], Norwegian film director\\n** [[Teddy McCarthy]],\n        hurler and Gaelic footballer \\n** [[Carl Fogarty]], motorcycle racer\\n** [[Oscar\n        Pelliccioli]], Italian cyclist\\n** [[Mohammed Abdul Hussein]], Iraqi former\n        footballer\\n** [[Simon Youl]], Australian professional tennis player\\n* [[July\n        3]]\\n** [[Shinya Hashimoto]], Japanese professional wrestler (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Connie Nielsen]], Danish actress\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Horace Grant]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Jo Whiley]], British radio DJ\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Kathryn\n        Erbe]], American actress\\n** [[Eyran Katsenelenbogen]], Israeli jazz pianist\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Jeremy Kyle]], English radio and television presenter\\n**\n        [[Paula Devicq]], Canadian actress\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Ernesto Hoost]],\n        Dutch kickboxer\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Ken Evraire]], Canadian television journalist,\n        host and former professional football league player with Hamilton Tiger Cats\\n**\n        [[Martin Kelly (Heavenly)]], British musician, music manager, record label\n        boss, music publisher and author\\n** [[Craig Morgan]], American country music\n        artist\\n** [[Santiago Segura]], Spanish actor, screenwriter, producer and\n        director\\n** [[Alex Winter]], American actor\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** Dame [[Evelyn\n        Glennie]], Scottish virtuoso percussionist\\n** [[Stuart Scott]], American\n        sports reporter and [[ESPN]] anchor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Gu\\u00f0ni\n        Bergsson]], Icelandic footballer\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Shawn Michaels]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Grace Mugabe]], First\n        Lady of Zimbabwe\\n** [[Slash (musician)|Slash]] (Saul Hudson), American rock\n        musician ([[Guns N'' Roses]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Brian Blades]], American\n        National Football League wide receiver\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Steven Weil]],\n        [[Orthodox Union]] Executive Vice-President\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Vladimir\n        Cruz]], Cuban actor\\n** [[Jeremy Piven]], American actor\\n* [[July 27]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Chilavert]], Paraguayan footballer\\n** [[Trifon Ivanov]],\n        Bulgarian footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[J. K. Rowling]],\n        English author\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Sam Mendes, Charlie and the Chocolate\n        Factory, 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sam Mendes]]]]\\n[[File:Viola Davis June 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Viola\n        Davis]]]]\\n[[File:KyraSedgwickJune09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyra Sedgwick]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Sam Mendes]], English film director\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Sandra Ng]], Hong Kong actress\\n** [[Hisanobu Watanabe]], Japanese baseball\n        player and coach\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Dennis Lehane]], American crime writer\\n**\n        [[Fredrik Reinfeldt]], Swedish Prime Minister\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[David\n        Robinson (basketball)|David Robinson]], American basketball player\\n** [[Mark\n        Speight]], British television presenter (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Chin Ka-lok]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Claudia Christian]],\n        American actress, writer, singer, musician, and director\\n** [[Mike E. Smith]],\n        American jockey\\n** [[John Starks (basketball)|John Starks]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Viola Davis]], African-American actress\\n**\n        [[Duane Martin]], American actor\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Deborah Falconer]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Terry Richardson]], American fashion\n        photographer\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Vincent Kok|Vincent Kuk]], Hong Kong director\n        and actor\\n** [[Mark Labbett]], British mathematician\\n* [[August 18]]\\n**\n        [[K\\u014dji Kikkawa]], Japanese singer\\n** [[Ikue \\u014ctani]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Kyra Sedgwick]], American actress\\n* [[August\n        25]] – [[Mia Zapata]], American singer (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Satoshi Tajiri]], Japanese video game designer and ''''[[Pok\\u00e9mon]]''''\n        creator\\n** [[Amanda Tapping]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Shania Twain]], Canadian\n        country singer and songwriter\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Peter Grant (footballer,\n        born 1965)|Peter Grant]], Scottish football player and manager\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Charlie\n        Sheen 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlie Sheen]]]]\\n[[File:Bashar al-Assad in\n        Russia (2015-10-21) 08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bashar al-Assad]]]]\\n[[File:Dmitry\n        Medvedev 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dmitry Medvedev]]]]\\n[[File:Kyle Chandler\n        at the Texas Film Hall of Fame Awards, March 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyle Chandler]]]]\\n[[File:Cheryl\n        Hines 2011 AA.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cheryl Hines]]]]\\n[[File:Petro Porochenko\n        au Conseil de l\\u2019Europe Strasbourg 26 juin 2014 04.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Craig McLachlan]], Australian\n        actor and singer\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Lennox Lewis]], British boxer\\n*\n        [[September 3]]\\n** [[Charlie Sheen]], American actor\\n** [[Costas Mandylor]],\n        Australian actor\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Bowie Lam]], Hong Kong actor\n        and singer\\n* [[September 7]] – [[J\\u00f6rg Pilawa]], German television\n        presenter\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Tutilo Burger]], German Benedictine monk\n        and abbot\\n** [[Darlene Zschech]], Australian singer and worship leader\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** [[Dan Majerle]], American basketball player\\n** [[Constance\n        Marie]], American actress\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Marco Pastors]], Dutch\n        politician\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Bashar al-Assad]], [[President of Syria]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Heyman]], American wrestling promoter, ECW\\n** [[Moby]], American musician\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Einstein Kristiansen]], Norwegian cartoonist, designer\n        and TV host\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[President of Russia]]\\n**\n        [[Ron Pearson]], American actor, comedian and juggler\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – [[Katy Kurtzman]], American actress, director, and producer\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Kyle Chandler]], American actor\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Sabine\n        Paturel]], French singer\\n** [[Tshering Tobgay]], [[Prime Minister of Bhutan]]\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Robert Rusler]], American actor\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Cheryl Hines]], American actress\\n** [[Johanna Vuoksenmaa]], Finnish\n        film director\\n** [[David Wenham]], Australian actor\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Saffron Henderson]], Canadian voice actress and singer\\n** [[Scottie Pippen]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[September 26]] \\n** [[Alexandra Lencastre]],\n        Portuguese actress\\n** [[Petro Poroshenko]], [[President of Ukraine]]\\n* [[September\n        27]]\\n** [[Steve Kerr]], American basketball player\\n** [[Peter MacKay]],\n        Canadian politician\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Scott Fellows]], American\n        animator\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Kathleen Madigan]], American comedian\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Julianne\n        McNamara 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julianne McNamara]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Coogan\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Coogan]]]]\\n[[File:Tompkin upload.png|thumb|100px|[[Stephen\n        Tompkinson]]]]\\n[[File:DJ JudgeJules.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Judge Jules]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Andreas Keller]], German field hockey player\\n** [[Cliff\n        Ronning]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Jan-Ove Waldner]],\n        Swedish table tennis player\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Marcus Bentley]], British\n        actor, broadcaster and voice-over artist\\n** [[John Melendez]], American television\n        announcer\\n** [[Michiko Neya]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Rykers Solomon]],\n        Nauruan politician\\n** [[Micky Ward]], American boxer\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**\n        [[Mario Lemieux]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Patrick Roy]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Kumiko Watanabe]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Dionicio Cer\\u00f3n]], Mexican long-distance\n        runner\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Chris Penn]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]]\\n** [[Julianne McNamara]], American artistic gymnast\\n** [[Ronit\n        Roy]], Indian film and television actor\\n** [[Ivo Uukkivi]], Estonian actor,\n        singer and producer\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]],\n        Indian film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Steve Coogan]],\n        British comedian and actor\\n** [[Constantine Koukias]], Australian composer\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Stephen Tompkinson]], English actor\\n* [[October\n        16]]\\n** [[Kang Kyung-ok]], South Korean artist\\n** [[Steve Lamacq]], British\n        radio DJ\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Aravinda de Silva]], Sri Lankan cricketer\\n*\n        [[October 18]]\\n** [[Zakir Naik]], Indian Islamic speaker and doctor\\n** [[Curtis\n        Stigers]], American jazz vocalist and saxophonist\\n* [[October 19]] –\n        [[Ty Pennington]], American television presenter\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Mikhail Shtalenkov]], Russian ice hockey player\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Aaron\n        Kwok]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Judge Jules|Julius O''Riordan]],\n        British [[dance music]] DJ, producer and entertainment [[lawyer]]\\n** [[Sakari\n        Oramo]], Finland Conductor and violinist\\n** [[Kelly Rowan]], Canadian actress\\n**\n        [[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Kenneth Rutherford]], New Zealand cricketer\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – [[Christy Clark]], Canadian politician\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shah\n        Rukh Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Bj%C3%B6rk_performing_at_Cirque_en_Chantier_1_edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bj\\u00f6rk]]]]\\n[[File:Ben-Stiller-(MS1411200222).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben\n        Stiller]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Mia Korf]], American actress\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Shah Rukh Khan]], Indian actor, film/television producer and\n        television presenter\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Ann Scott]], French novelist\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\n** [[Wayne Static]], American singer ([[Static-X]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Kiersten Warren]], American actress\\n* [[November 5]]  – [[Agnese\n        Nano]], Italian actress\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Greg Graffin]], American\n        rock singer ([[Bad Religion]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\n** [[Sigrun Wodars]], German\n        athlete\\n** [[Steve Parkin]], English former footballer and manager\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Bryn Terfel]], Welsh baritone\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Eddie\n        Irvine]], Northern Irish racecar driver\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Rick\n        Roberts (actor)|Rick Roberts]], Canadian actor\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        [[Walter Stern (director)|Walter Stern]], English music video and film director\\n*\n        [[November 19]]\\n** [[Paulo S. L. M. Barreto|Paulo Barreto]], Brazilian cryptographer\\n**\n        [[Laurent Blanc]], French football player and manager\\n* [[November 20]]\\n**\n        [[Mike D|Michael Diamond]], American rapper ([[Beastie Boys]])\\n** [[Yoshiki\n        Hayashi]], Japanese rock composer, piano and drummer ([[X Japan]])\\n** [[Takeshi\n        Kusao]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rk]], Icelandic\n        singer-songwriter and musician\\n** [[Alexander Siddig]], Sudanese-born English\n        actor\\n** [[Yuriko Yamaguchi (voice actress)|Yuriko Yamaguchi]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Mads Mikkelsen]], Danish actor\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Don Frye]], American [[professional wrestler]] and mixed\n        martial arts fighter\\n** [[Radion Gataullin]], Uzbek-born, Russian pole-vaulter\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Cris Carter]], American football player\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[Peter Beagrie]], English footballer\\n* [[November 30]]\\n**\n        [[Ben Stiller]], American actor\\n** [[Tashi Tenzing]], Indian mountaineer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:14-01-10-tbh-260-katarina-witt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Katarina\n        Witt]]]]\\n[[File:Andy Dick 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Andy Dick]]]]\\n[[File:Salman\n        Khan filmfare.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Salman Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Gong Li Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gong\n        Li]]]]\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Steve Harris (actor)|Steve Harris]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Katarina Witt]], German figure skater\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        [[Anthony DeSando]], American actor\\n* [[December 5]] \\n**[[Carlton Palmer]],\n        English footballer\\n**[[Johnny Rzeznik]], American rock singer and guitarist\n        ([[Goo Goo Dolls]])\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**[[Teruyuki Kagawa]], Japanese actor\\n**[[Jeffrey\n        Wright (actor)|Jeffrey Wright]], American actor\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Carina Lau Kar-ling]], Chinese actress\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[J Mascis]],\n        American rock singer, guitarist and drummer ([[Dinosaur Jr.]])\\n** [[Greg\n        Giraldo]], American comedian (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Craig\n        Biggio]], American baseball player\\n** [[Ted Raimi]], American actor, producer\n        and writer\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Luis Fabi\\u00e1n Artime]], Argentine footballer\\n**\n        [[Ted Slampyak]], American comic strip cartoonist ([[Little Orphan Annie]])\\n*\n        [[December 18]] – [[John Moshoeu]], South African footballer\\n* [[December\n        19]]  – [[Jessica Steen]], Canadian actress\\n* [[December 21]] \\n**\n        [[Andy Dick]], American actor\\n** [[Anke Engelke]], German comedian, actress\n        and voice-over actress\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Lee R. Berger|Lee Berger]]\n        American-born explorer and paleoanthropologist\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Salman Khan]], Indian actor, television presenter\\n* [[December 28]] –\n        [[Allar Levandi]], Estonian Nordic combined skier\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Heidi\n        Fleiss]], American madam\\n** [[Zoe Kelli Simon]], American actress\\n* [[December\n        31]]\\n** [[Nicholas Sparks]], American author\\n** [[Gong Li]], Chinese actress\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Niko Barun]], Croatian artist\\n* [[Lauren Child]], American\n        author\\n* [[Jeffrey Colwell]], American lawyer\\n* [[Antonio Helguera]], Mexican\n        cartoonist\\n* [[Bradley Joseph]], American composer, pianist and keyboardist\\n*\n        [[John Parry (American football official)|John Parry]], American football\n        official\\n* [[Paul Seawright]], Irish photographer\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Thomas\n        Stearns Eliot by Lady Ottoline Morrell (1934).jpg|thumb|100px|[[T. S. Eliot]]]]\\n[[File:Sir\n        Winston S Churchill.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Winston Churchill]]]]\\n[[File:Hassan\n        Ali Mansur.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hassan Ali Mansur]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[T. S. Eliot]], American-born British poet, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Ludwig Hirschfeld\n        Mack]], German-born Australian artist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n**\n        [[Nahim Abraham]], Lebanese-born American merchant (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Anton\\u00edn\n        Be\\u010dv\\u00e1\\u0159]], Czechoslovak astronomer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Frederick\n        Fleet]], British sailor and lookout aboard the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''''Titanic'''']]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Lorraine Hansberry]], American writer\n        (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Jeanette MacDonald]], American actress\n        and singer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Alan Freed]], American\n        disc jockey (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Winston Churchill]],\n        British politician and statesman, 2-time [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Hassan Ali Mansur]], Iranian liberal\n        and politician, 69th [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (assassinated) (b. [[1923]])\\n**\n        [[Abraham Walkowitz]], American painter (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n**\n        [[Taimur bin Feisal]], [[Sultan of Muscat and Oman]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Tich\n        Freeman]], English cricketer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Maxime Weygand]], French\n        general (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[John Larkin (actor, born\n        1912)|John Larkin]], American actor (b. [[1912]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Nat\n        King Cole (Gottlieb 01511).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Nat King Cole]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm\n        X NYWTS 4.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Malcolm X]]]]\\n[[File:Stan Laurel c1920.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Stan\n        Laurel]]]]\\n[[File:Adolf Sch%C3%A4rf 1961.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Adolf Sch\\u00e4rf]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[J. B. Danquah]], Ghanaian scholar and opposition\n        leader (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Irving Bacon]], American\n        actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Nance O''Neil]], American stage\n        & film actress, friend of [[Lizzie Borden]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah]], Pakistani educationist, philosopher, social reformer\n        and Sufi thinker (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Joaquin Miguel Elizalde]], Filipino statesman\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Arthur C. Davis]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Loyal Blaine Aldrich]], American\n        astronomer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Humberto Delgado]], Portuguese\n        general and opposition politician (assassinated) (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Gloria\n        Morgan Vanderbilt]], Swiss-born socialite (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February 15]]\n        – [[Nat King Cole]], American singer and musician (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\n** [[Koreshige Inuzuka]], Japanese military officer (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Forrest Taylor]], American stage, film and television actor (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Tom Wilson (actor)|Tom Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Th\\u00e9ophile Marie Br\\u00e9bant]], French army officer (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Mariano Simon Garriga]], American [[Roman\n        Catholic]] prelate (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Malcolm X]], American activist (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Felix Frankfurter]], [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court Justice]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Stan Laurel]], British actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[February 24]]\n        – [[Takeo It\\u014d]], Japanese general (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Adolf Sch\\u00e4rf]], Austrian politician, 6th [[President of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gral-castaneda.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Salvador\n        Castaneda Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg|100px|thumb|King [[Farouk\n        of Egypt]]]]\\n[[File:Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mary,\n        Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|Princess Mary]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] –\n        [[Salvador Castaneda Castro]], 31st [[President of El Salvador]] (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Margaret Dumont]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Louise Mountbatten]], Queen of Sweden and second wife\n        of [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden|King Gustaf VI Adolf]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Francesco Carnelutti]], Italian jurist and lawyer (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]]\\n** [[Corrado Gini]], Italian statistician (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Fan S. Noli]], Albanian bishop, poet and politician, 13th [[Prime Minister\n        of Albania]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Nancy Cunard]], English writer,\n        heiress and political activist (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Amos Alonzo Stagg]], American\n        baseball, basketball, and football player and coach (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March\n        18]]\\n** King [[Farouk of Egypt]] (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Jack Quinlan]], American\n        Chicago Cubs radio broadcaster (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Gheorghe\n        Gheorghiu-Dej]], Romanian communist leader and [[President of Romania|head\n        of State of Romania]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Fidel D\\u00e1vila\n        Arrondo|Fidel D\\u00e1vila]], Spanish general and minister (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Mae Murray]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March\n        28]]\\n** [[Richard Beesly]], British [[Gold medal|Olympic gold medal]]-winning\n        rower (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Jack Hoxie]], American actor, rodeo performer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Philip Showalter Hench]], American physician, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:OwneyMadden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Owney\n        Madden]]]]\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Ray Enright]], American film director (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n** [[Ernst Kirchweger]], Austrian communist and resistance fighter\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[William M. Branham]], American Christian\n        minister (b. 1909)\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Lars Hanson]], Swedish actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Linda Darnell]], American actress (b.\n        [[1923]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Perry Smith (murderer)|Perry Smith]] (b.\n        [[1928]]) and [[Dick Hickock]] (b. [[1931]]), American murderers of the [[In\n        Cold Blood|Clutters]] in [[1959]] (executed)\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Sydney\n        Chaplin]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Guillermo\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez Camarena]], Mexican inventor (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[George Davis (actor)|George Davis]], Dutch-born American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Edward Victor Appleton]], English physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[George Adamski]], Polish-American UFO writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n**\n        [[Louise Dresser]], American actress (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Owney Madden]], British-born\n        American gangster (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Edward R. Murrow]],\n        American journalist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Helen Chandler]],\n        American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Figl leopold 01b.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leopold\n        Figl]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Spike Jones]], American musician and bandleader\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Charles Sheeler]], American photographer\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Leopold Figl]], 14th [[Chancellor of\n        Austria]] and acting [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Hubertus van Mook]], Acting [[Governor-General of the Dutch East\n        Indies]] from [[1942]] to [[1948]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Ignacio\n        Barraquer]], Spanish ophthalmologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Frances\n        Perkins]], First woman appointed as a United States Presidential cabinet member\n        (Labor) (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Yisrael Bar-Yehuda]], Zionist\n        activist and Israel politician (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Maria\n        D\\u0105browska]], Polish writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Eli\n        Cohen]], Israeli spy (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Anastasius (Gribanovsky)|Anastasius]],\n        Metropolitan of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Christopher\n        Stone (broadcaster)|Christopher Stone]], first disc jockey in the United Kingdom\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Rosina Anselmi]], Italian actress (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[David Smith (sculptor)|David Smith]], American sculptor (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Earl Webb]], American baseball player (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 25]] –\n        [[Sonny Boy Williamson II|Sonny Boy Williamson]], American [[blues]] musician\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Vilhelmofsodermanland.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Wilhelm, Duke of S\\u00f6dermanland]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait of Piaras B\\u00e9asla\\u00ed\n        1919.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Piaras B\\u00e9asla\\u00ed]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Curly Lambeau]], American football coach ([[Green Bay Packers]]) and a member\n        of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Eleanor\n        Farjeon]], British author of children''s literature (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Wilhelm, Duke of S\\u00f6dermanland]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Judy\n        Holliday]], American actress (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mendes Cabe\\u00e7adas]], Portuguese navy officer, 94th [[Prime Minister of\n        Portugal]] and 9th [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 13]]\n        – [[Martin Buber]], Austrian-born Israeli philosopher (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[H. V. Kaltenborn]], American radio commentator (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Steve Cochran]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[William\n        Jennings Gardner|Bill Gardner]], American law enforcement agent and one of\n        [[Eliot Ness]]''s [[Untouchables (law enforcement)|Untouchables]] (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[E. A. Speiser]], American [[Biblical theology|Bible scholar]] (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – [[Bernard Baruch]], American financier and presidential\n        adviser (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Piaras B\\u00e9asla\\u00ed]], Irish\n        author (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Castagnetti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        layman and servant of God (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[David O. Selznick]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Mary Boland]], American\n        veteran stage & screen actress (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Kenneth\n        Macdonald Beaumont]], English legal pioneer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Burr Shafer]], American cartoonist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        [[Reginald Beckwith]], English actor (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June 28]] –\n        [[Red Nichols]], American jazz cornettist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 30]] –\n        [[Bessie Barriscale]], American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Moshe\n        Sharett - 1955.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Moshe Sharett]]]]\\n[[File:Rhee Syng-Man in\n        1956.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Syngman Rhee]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Wally Hammond]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Moshe Sharett]], 2nd\n        [[Prime Minister of Israel]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Ray Collins\n        (actor)|Ray Collins]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Laureano G\\u00f3mez|Laureano G\\u00f3mez Castro]], 43th [[President of Colombia]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]], American\n        politician (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Max Woosnam]], English sportsman (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** [[Clyde Beatty]], American animal trainer (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Ingrid Jonker]], South African Afrikaans poet (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Syngman\n        Rhee]], Korean statesman, 1st [[President of South Korea]] (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Constance Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Freddie Mills]], British boxing champion (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Rampo Edogawa]], Japanese author and critic (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]]\\n** [[Fedor Baranov]], Soviet fisherman (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Pier\n        Ruggero Piccio]], Italian World War I fighter ace and air force general (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Jun''ichir\\u014d Tanizaki]], Japanese writer (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hayato\n        Ikeda 1962.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hayato Ikeda]]]]\\n[[File:Le Corbusier 1933.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Le\n        Corbusier]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[John Miller (rower)|John Miller]],\n        American Olympic rower - Men''s eights (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Nancy\n        Carroll]], American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Everett Sloane]], American\n        actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Shirley Jackson]], American\n        author (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Creighton Hale]], American\n        actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Hayato Ikeda]], Japanese politician,\n        38th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Guillermo\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez-Shaw]], Spanish poet and journalist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August\n        25]]\\n** [[Moonlight Graham]], American baseball player (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[Johnny Hayes]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 26]]\n        – [[Maria Corsini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and blessed\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Le Corbusier]], Swiss architect (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]], 9th [[Prime Minister\n        of Iraq]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Giulio Racah]], Israeli physicist (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Paul Waner]], American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh\n        Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 4]]\\n** [[Alfred Bossom]], English architect and politician (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n** [[Tommy Hampson]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1907]])\\n**\n        [[Albert Schweitzer]], [[Alsace|Alsatian]] physician and missionary, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Dorothy\n        Dandridge]], American actress (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Hermann Staudinger]], German\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Bobby Jordan]], American actor (b. [[1923]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Raja Aziz Bhatti]], Pakistan army officer (b. [[1928]])\\n**\n        [[Lucian Truscott]], American general (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 14]] –\n        [[J. W. Hearne]], English cricketer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Steve Brown (bass player)|Steve Brown]], American musician (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Fred Quimby]], American animated film producer\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Alejandro Casona]], Spanish poet\n        and playwright (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Henry Hugh Tudor]],\n        British general (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Clara Bow]], American\n        silent film actress (b. [[1905]])\\n** Sir [[William Stanier]], English steam\n        locomotive engineer ([[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]) (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Samir\n        Al-Rifai portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Samir Al-Rifai]]]]\\n[[File:Beregi Oszk\\u00e1r.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Beregi\n        Oszk\\u00e1r]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Katamso Darmokusumo]], Indonesian military\n        officer (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Gareth Hughes]], Welsh actor (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Zachary Scott]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Moors murders|Edward Evans]], Murder victim (b. [[1948]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]]\\n** [[Dorothea Lange]], American photographer (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Walther Stampfli]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Samir Al-Rifai]], 6-time [[Prime Minister of Jordan]]\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Paul Hermann M\\u00fcller]], Swiss\n        chemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Randall Jarrell]], American poet (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Abraham Fraenkel]], Israeli mathematician and recipient\n        of the [[Israel Prize]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Bart King|John\n        Barton King]], American cricketer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Oscar\n        Beregi (actor, born 1876)|Oscar Beregi]], Hungarian actor (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Travers]], English actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Tom\n        Kennedy (actor)|Tom Kennedy]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 21]]\n        – [[Marie McDonald]], American actress (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – [[Paul Tillich]], German American Christian existentialist philosopher\n        and theologian (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Hans Meerwein]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Sylvia Likens]],\n        American murder victim (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Miller Anderson\n        (diver)|Miller Anderson]], American Olympic diver (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Bill\n        McKechnie]], American baseball manager ([[Cincinnati Reds]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Arthur\n        M. Schlesinger, Sr.]], American historian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Rita Johnson]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Khalid\n        al-Azm.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Khalid al-Azm]]]]\\n[[File:Shaikh Abdullah III Al-Salim\n        Al-Sabah.jpg|100px|thumb|Emir [[Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix Paiva]], 28th [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Herbert Vere Evatt]], Australian Labour leader and minister (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[William Leo Hansberry]], African American Scholar\n        and Uncle of Playwright Lorraine Hansberry (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 4]]\n        – [[Dickey Chapelle]], American photojournalist (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Edgard Var\\u00e8se]], French-born composer\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Clarence Williams (musician)|Clarence Williams]], American\n        musician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood\n        Ahmad]], 2nd [[Caliph]] of [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] in [[Islam]] (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\n** [[Dorothy Kilgallen]], American newspaper\n        columnist (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Emma Gramatica]], Italian actress (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Syedna Taher Saifuddin]], Indian Bohra spiritual\n        leader (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Harry Blackstone, Sr.]], American\n        magician (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[W. T. Cosgrave]], Irish politician, former president\n        of the [[Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State|Provisional\n        Government]] and the [[President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free\n        State|Executive Council]] of the [[Irish Free State]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November\n        18]] \\n** [[Khalid al-Azm]], 5-time [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and acting\n        [[President of Syria]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Henry A. Wallace]], 33rd [[Vice\n        President of the United States]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[Astrojildo Pereira]], Brazilian politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 24]]\n        – [[Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah]], Emir of Kuwait (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – Dame [[Myra Hess]], English pianist (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Maugham\n        retouched.jpg|100px|thumb|[[W. Somerset Maugham|Somerset Maugham]]]]\\n[[File:Laichuanzhu.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lai\n        Chuanzhu]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Joseph Erlanger]], American physiologist\n        and academic, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Branch Rickey]], American baseball executive\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Dutch Sterrett|Charles Hurlbut \\\"Dutch\\\" Sterrett]], American\n        professional baseball player (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Henry\n        Cowell]], American composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[George\n        Constantinescu]], Romanian scientist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[W. Somerset Maugham]], English writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Dimbleby]], English broadcaster (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Ritz Brothers|Al\n        Ritz]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\n** [[John Black\n        (businessman)|John Black]], English businessman and chairman of [[Standard\n        Motor Company|Standard-Triumph]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[William M. Branham]],\n        American minister (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Lai Chuanzhu]], Chinese general (b.\n        [[1910]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Frank S. Nugent]], American journalist\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Kosaku Yamada]], Japanese composer and conductor (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n==\n        Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Physics]] – [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]], [[Julian Schwinger]], [[Richard\n        Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Robert Burns Woodward]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Jacob]], [[Andr\\u00e9 Michel Lwoff]],\n        [[Jacques Monod]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Michail\n        Aleksandrovich Sholokhov]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[UNICEF|United\n        Nation''s Children''s Fund (UNICEF)]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1965}}\\n[[Category:1965|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T21:38:18Z\",\"lastrevid\":799628445,\"length\":91329,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965\"},\"34691\":{\"pageid\":34691,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1966\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T10:48:38Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1966}}\\n{{Events by month|1966}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1966}}\\n{{Year article header|1966}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1966}}\\n* [[January 1]] – In a coup, Colonel [[Jean-B\\u00e9del\n        Bokassa]] takes over as military ruler of the [[Central African Republic]],\n        ousting President [[David Dacko]].\\n* [[January 2]] – [[1966 New York\n        City transit strike|A strike]] of [[public transportation]] workers in New\n        York City begins. (It would end [[January 13]]).\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        The first [[Acid Tests|Acid Test]] is conducted at [[the Fillmore]], [[San\n        Jose, California|San Jose]].\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** A military coup occurs in\n        [[Republic of Upper Volta|Upper Volta]] (later [[Burkina Faso]]).\\n** The\n        prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet in Moscow.\\n** A [[Feyzin disaster|gas\n        leak]] fire at the Feyzin oil refinery near [[Lyon]], France, kills 18 and\n        injures 84.\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Pakistan]]i–Indian peace negotiations\n        end successfully in [[Tashkent]]. Indian prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]\n        dies the next day.\\n** The French paper ''''[[L''Express (France)|L''Express]]''''\n        publishes a story by [[Georges Figon]], who took part in the kidnapping of\n        [[Mehdi Ben Barka]].\\n** [[Georgia House of Representatives]] refuses to seat\n        [[Julian Bond]].\\n** Home of civil rights activist [[Vernon Dahmer]] in [[Hattiesburg,\n        Mississippi]], is firebombed. Dahmer''s family escapes but he dies the next\n        day from severe burns. ([[White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan]] Imperial Wizard\n        [[Samuel Bowers]] will be unsuccessfully tried for this murder on four occasions,\n        and then convicted in 1998.)\\n** [[January 1966 Commonwealth Prime Ministers''\n        Conference|Commonwealth Prime Ministers'' Conference]] convenes in [[Lagos]],\n        [[Nigeria]].\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** A conference on [[Rhodesia]] begins in\n        Lagos, Nigeria.\\n** The first [[SR-71 Blackbird]] spy plane goes into service\n        at [[Beale AFB]].\\n* [[January 12]] – United States President [[Lyndon\n        Johnson]] states that the United States should stay in [[South Vietnam]] until\n        [[Communism|Communist]] aggression there is ended.\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Robert C. Weaver]] becomes the first [[African-American]] Cabinet member,\n        by being appointed [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]].\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – A bloody [[1966 Nigerian coup d''\\u00e9tat|military\n        coup]] is staged in [[Nigeria]], deposing the civilian government.\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Chicago Bulls]], a member of [[National Basketball Association]]''s\n        club, officially founded.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[January\n        17]]\\n** The Nigerian [[coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup]] is overturned by another\n        faction of the military, leaving a military government in power. This is the\n        beginning of a long period of military rule.\\n** A [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52]]\n        bomber collides with a [[KC-135 Stratotanker]] over Spain, dropping three\n        70-kiloton [[hydrogen bomb]]s near the town of [[Palomares, Almer\\u00eda|Palomares]],\n        and one into the sea, in the [[1966 Palomares B-52 crash]].\\n** [[Carl Brashear]],\n        the first African-American [[United States Navy]] diver, is involved in an\n        accident during the recovery of a lost H-bomb which results in the amputation\n        of his leg.\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** French police announce that [[Georges Figon]]\n        has committed suicide, prior to his arrest for the kidnapping of [[Mehdi Ben\n        Barka]].\\n** About 8,000 U.S. soldiers land in [[South Vietnam]]; U.S. troops\n        now total 190,000.\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Indira Gandhi]] is elected\n        [[Prime Minister of India]]; she is sworn in [[January 24]].\\n* [[January\n        20]] – Demonstrations occur against high food prices in Hungary.\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – Italian Prime Minister [[Aldo Moro]] resigns due to\n        a power struggle in his party.\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** The military government\n        of [[Nigeria]] announces that ex-prime minister [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]]\n        was killed during the coup.\\n** The [[Chad]]ian Muslim insurgent group [[FROLINAT]]\n        is founded in [[Sudan]], starting the [[Chadian Civil War (1965\\u201379)|Chadian\n        Civil War]].\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Air India Flight 101]] crashes into\n        [[Mont Blanc]], killing all 117 persons on board, including Dr. [[Homi J.\n        Bhabha]], chairman of the [[Indian Atomic Energy Commission]].\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Harold Holt]] becomes Prime Minister of Australia when [[Robert\n        Menzies]] retires.\\n** [[Beaumont children disappearance]]: Three children\n        disappear on their way to [[Glenelg, South Australia]], never to be seen again.\\n*\n        [[January 27]]\\n**The British government promises the U.S. that British troops\n        in [[Malaysia]] will stay until more peaceful conditions occur in the region.\\n**Britain''s\n        [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] unexpectedly retains the parliamentary\n        seat of Hull North in a by-election, with a swing of 4.5% to their candidate\n        from the opposition Conservatives, and a majority up from 1,181 at the 1964\n        General Election to 5,351.\\n* [[January 29]] – The first of 608 performances\n        of ''''[[Sweet Charity]]'''' opens at the Palace Theatre in New York City.\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – The United Kingdom ceases all trade with [[Rhodesia]].\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n{{main article|February 1966}}\\n* [[February 1]] – [[West\n        Germany]] procures some 2,600 [[political prisoner]]s from [[East Germany]].\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – The unmanned Soviet [[Luna 9]] spacecraft makes the\n        first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**[[All\n        Nippon Airways Flight 60]] plunges into Tokyo Bay; 133 are killed.\\n**[[Winnie\n        the Pooh and the Honey Tree]] becomes the first [[Winnie the Pooh]] [[featurette]]\n        to be released\\n* [[February 6]] – The TV series ''''[[Mister Ed]]''''\n        airs its final episode (ran 1961\\u201366).\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Lyndon\n        Johnson]] of the United States and [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Cao K\\u1ef3]] of South Vietnam\n        convene with other officials in [[Honolulu, Hawaii]] to discuss the course\n        of the [[Vietnam War]].David C. Humphrey & David S. Patterson (eds),\n        [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/ch2 \\\"January\n        31\\u2013March 8: The Honolulu Conference; Congressional Hearings on the War]\\\",\n        ''''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964\\u20131968, Volume IV, Vietnam,\n        1966'''', 1998. \\n* [[February 8]] – The [[National Hockey League]]\n        announces it will expand to 12 teams for the 1967 season.\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – Soviet writers [[Yuli Daniel]] and [[Andrei Sinyavsky]] are sentenced\n        to five and seven years, respectively, for \\\"anti-Soviet\\\" writings.\\n* [[February\n        14]] – The [[Australian dollar]] is introduced at a rate of 2 dollars\n        per pound, or 10 shillings per dollar.\\n* [[February 19]] – The naval\n        minister of the United Kingdom, [[Christopher Mayhew]], resigns.\\n* [[February\n        20]] – While Soviet author and translator [[Valery Tarsis]] is abroad,\n        the [[Soviet Union]] negates his citizenship.\\n* [[February 23]] – An\n        intra-party military [[1966 Syrian coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup d''\\u00e9tat in\n        Syria]] replaces the previous government of [[Amin al-Hafiz]] by one led by\n        [[Salah Jadid]].\\n* [[February 24]] – A coup d''\\u00e9tat led by the\n        police and military of [[Ghana]] raises the [[National Liberation Council]]\n        to power while president [[Kwame Nkrumah]] is abroad.\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        A [[curfew]] is declared in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**British\n        Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] calls a General Election in the United Kingdom,\n        to be held on 31 March.\\n**U.S. astronauts [[Charles Bassett]] and [[Elliot\n        See]] are killed in an aircraft accident in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{main article|March 1966}}\\n* March – The [[DKW]] automobile\n        ceases production in Germany.{{Cite web|url=http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/555/|title=DKW\n        F102|accessdate=October 14, 2012|work=motorbase.com}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**The\n        British Government announces plans for the [[decimalisation]] of the [[pound\n        sterling]] (hitherto denominated in 20 shillings and 240 pence to the \\u00a3),\n        to come into force in February 1971 ([[Decimal Day]]).\\n**Soviet [[space probe]]\n        ''''[[Venera 3]]'''' crashes on [[Venus]], becoming the first spacecraft to\n        land on another planet''s surface.\\n**The [[Ba''ath Party]] takes power in\n        [[Syria]].\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Kwame Nkrumah]] arrives in [[Guinea]]\n        and is granted [[right of asylum|asylum]].\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**[[Canadian Pacific\n        Air Lines Flight 402]] crashes during a night landing in poor visibility at\n        [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]] in Japan, killing 64 of 72\n        persons on board.\\n**In an interview with ''''[[London Evening Standard]]''''\n        reporter [[Maureen Cleave]], [[John Lennon]] of [[The Beatles]] states that\n        they are \\\"[[more popular than Jesus]] now\\\".\\n* [[March 5]]\\n**[[BOAC Flight\n        911]] crashes in severe [[clear-air turbulence]] over [[Mount Fuji]] soon\n        after taking off from Tokyo International Airport in Japan, killing all 124\n        people on board.\\n**A massive theft of nuclear materials is revealed in [[Brazil]].\\n**''''[[Merci,\n        Ch\\u00e9rie]]'''' by [[Udo J\\u00fcrgens]] (music by Udo J\\u00fcrgens, lyrics\n        by Udo J\\u00fcrgens and Thomas H\\u00f6rbiger) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        1966]] for Austria.\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]] asks U.S.\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] for negotiations about the state of [[NATO]]\n        equipment in France.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n**Anti-communist demonstrations occur\n        at the [[Indonesia]]n Foreign Ministry.\\n**[[Vietnam War]]: The U.S. announces\n        it will substantially increase the number of its troops in [[Vietnam]].\\n**[[Nelson''s\n        Pillar]] in [[O''Connell Street]], [[Dublin]], is clandestinely blown up by\n        former [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] volunteers\n        marking this year''s 50th anniversary of the [[Easter Rising]].\\n* [[March\n        9]] – Ronnie, one of the [[Kray twins]], shoots [[George Cornell]] (an\n        associate of rivals [[The Richardson Gang]]) dead at [[The Blind Beggar]]\n        pub in [[Whitechapel]], east London, a crime for which he is finally convicted\n        in [[1969]].\\n* [[March 10]] \\n**[[Crown Prince]]ss [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]\n        marries [[Claus von Amsberg]]. Some spectators demonstrate against the groom\n        because he is German.\\n**''''[[The Frost Report]]'''', which launched the\n        television careers of [[John Cleese]], [[Ronnie Barker]] and [[Ronnie Corbett]]\n        and also the careers of other writers and performers, is first broadcast on\n        [[BBC]].\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**[[Transition to the New Order]] in [[Indonesia]]:\n        President [[Sukarno]] gives all [[executive power]]s to General [[Suharto]]\n        by signing the \\\"[[Supersemar]]\\\" order.\\n**French President [[Charles de\n        Gaulle]] states that French troops will be taken out of [[NATO]] and that\n        all French NATO bases and HQ''s must be closed within a year.\\n* [[March 12]]\n        – [[Bobby Hull]] of the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] sets the [[National Hockey\n        League]] single season scoring record against the [[New York Rangers]] with\n        his 51st goal.\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 Racial riots erupt in the Watts section\n        of Los Angeles.\\n* [[March 16]] – [[NASA]] spacecraft ''''[[Gemini 8]]''''\n        ([[David Scott]], [[Neil Armstrong]]) conducts the first docking in space,\n        with an [[Agena target vehicle]].\\n* [[Paul Van Doren]] established the [[Vans]]\n        shoe company in [[California]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n**More anti-communist demonstrations\n        occur in [[Indonesia]].\\n**Off the Mediterranean coast of Spain, the United\n        States Navy [[submersible]] [[DSV Alvin|DSV ''''Alvin'''']] finds a missing\n        U.S. [[hydrogen bomb]].\\n* [[March 19]] – The [[Texas Western Miners]]\n        defeat the [[Kentucky Wildcats]] with five African-American starters, ushering\n        in desegregation in athletic recruiting.\\n* [[March 20]] – Football''s\n        [[FIFA World Cup Trophy|Jules Rimet Trophy]] is stolen while on exhibition\n        in London; it is found seven days later by a mongrel dog named \\\"[[Pickles\n        (dog)|Pickles]]\\\" and his owner David Corbett, wrapped in newspaper in a south\n        London garden.\\n* [[March 22]] – In Washington, D.C., [[General Motors]]\n        President James M. Roche appears before a Senate subcommittee, and apologizes\n        to consumer advocate [[Ralph Nader]] for the company''s intimidation and harassment\n        campaign against him.\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] and [[Michael\n        Ramsey]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], meet in Rome.\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – Demonstrations are held across the United States against the [[Vietnam\n        War]].\\n* [[March 27]] – In [[South Vietnam]], 20,000 Buddhists march\n        in demonstrations against the policies of the military government.\\n* [[March\n        28]]\\n**[[Cevdet Sunay]] becomes the fifth president of [[Turkey]].\\n**[[Indira\n        Gandhi]] visits Washington, D.C.\\n* [[March 29]] – The [[23rd Congress\n        of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|23rd Communist Party Conference]]\n        is held in the [[Soviet Union]]; [[Leonid Brezhnev]] demands that U.S. troops\n        leave Vietnam, and announces that [[Sino-Soviet split|Chinese-Soviet relations]]\n        are not satisfactory.\\n* [[March 31]]\\n**The British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour\n        Party]] led by [[Harold Wilson]] wins the [[United Kingdom general election,\n        1966|United Kingdom General Election]], gaining a 96-seat majority (compared\n        with a single seat majority when the election was called on February 28).{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/31/newsid_4693000/4693142.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1966: Harold Wilson wins sweeping victory|date=March 31, 1966}}\\n**\n        The [[Soviet Union]] launches ''''[[Luna 10]]'''', which later becomes the\n        first [[space probe]] to enter orbit around the Moon.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{main\n        article|April 1966}}\\n* [[April 1]] – ''''[[The Flintstones]]'''' aired\n        its last episode on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] network.\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – The [[Indonesia]]n army demands that the country rejoin\n        the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[April 3]] – ''''[[Luna 10]]'''' is the\n        first manmade object to enter lunar orbit.\\n* [[April 7]] – The United\n        Kingdom asks the [[United Nations Security Council]] for authority to use\n        force to stop [[oil tanker]]s that violate the embargo against [[Rhodesia]]\n        (authority is given [[April 10]]).\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** Buddhists in [[South\n        Vietnam]] protest against the fact that the new government has not set a date\n        for [[Election#Difficulties with elections|free elections]].\\n** [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]] becomes General Secretary of the [[Soviet Union]], as well as Leader\n        of the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R.\\n** ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''''\n        magazine cover story asks \\\"[[Is God Dead]]?\\\"\\n* [[April 9]] – The\n        captain of English football league club [[Norwich City F.C.]], [[Barry Butler\n        (footballer born 1934)|Barry Butler]], is killed in a car accident.\\n* [[April\n        13]]\\n**United States'' magazine [[Time (magazine)|''''Time'''']]''s cover\n        story is \\u2018London: The Swinging City\\u2019 \\n**United States president\n        [[Lyndon Johnson]] signs the 1966 [[Uniform Time Act]], dealing with [[daylight\n        saving time]].\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** Kenyan Vice President [[Oginga Odinga]]\n        resigns, saying \\\"invisible government\\\" representing foreign interests now\n        runs the country. Will head a new party, the [[Kenya People''s Union]]. \\n**The\n        [[South Vietnam]]ese government promises free elections in 3\\u20135 months.\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – An anti-[[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] conspiracy is exposed\n        in [[Egypt]].\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** China declares that it will stop economic\n        aid to [[Indonesia]].\\n** The [[38th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Bobbi Gibb]] becomes the first woman to run the Boston\n        Marathon.\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** An [[artificial heart]] is installed in the\n        chest of Marcel DeRudder in a [[Houston, Texas]] hospital.\\n** The opening\n        of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] is televised for the first time.\\n**\n        [[Haile Selassie]] visits [[Jamaica]] for the first time, meeting with [[Rastafari\n        movement|Rasta]] leaders.\\n** [[Ian Brady]] and [[Myra Hindley]] go on trial\n        at [[Chester Crown Court]], for the murders of 3 children who vanished between\n        November [[1963]] and October [[1965]].\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Uniform\n        Time Act|Uniform]] [[daylight saving time]] is first observed in most parts\n        of North America.\\n* [[April 26]] \\n** A new government is formed in the [[Republic\n        of the Congo]], led by [[Ambroise Noumazalaye]].\\n** The magnitude 5.1 [[1966\n        Tashkent earthquake|Tashkent earthquake]] affects the largest city in [[Soviet\n        Central Asia]] with a maximum [[Medvedev\\u2013Sponheuer\\u2013Karnik scale|MSK\n        intensity]] of VII (''''Very strong''''). [[Tashkent]] is mostly destroyed\n        and 15\\u2013200 are killed.\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] and Soviet\n        Foreign Minister [[Andrei Gromyko]] meet in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] (the\n        first meeting between leaders of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Soviet\n        Union]]).\\n* [[April 28]] – In [[Rhodesia]], security forces kill seven\n        [[ZANLA]] men in combat; ''''[[Chimurenga]]'''', the [[ZANU]] rebellion, begins.\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – U.S. troops in [[Vietnam]] total 250,000.\\n* [[April\n        30]]\\n** Regular [[hovercraft]] service begins over the [[English Channel]]\n        (discontinued in 2000 due to the [[Channel Tunnel]]).\\n** The [[Church of\n        Satan]] is formed by [[Anton Szandor LaVey]] in [[San Francisco]].\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{main article|May 1966}}\\n* [[May 1]] – Floods occur on the\n        Finnish coast.\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Swinging Radio England]] and Britain\n        Radio commence broadcasting on [[AM broadcasting|AM]], with a combined potential\n        100,000 watts, from the same ship anchored off the south coast of England\n        in international waters.\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Fiat]] signs a contract with\n        the Soviet government to build a car factory in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May\n        5]] – The [[Montreal Canadiens]] defeat the [[Detroit Red Wings]] to\n        win the [[Stanley Cup]].\\n* [[May 6]] \\n**The [[Moors murders]] trial ends\n        with [[Ian Brady]] being found guilty on all three counts of murder and sentenced\n        to three concurrent terms of life imprisonment. [[Myra Hindley]] is convicted\n        on two counts of murder and of being an accessory in the third murder committed\n        by Brady, and receives two concurrent terms of life imprisonment and a seven-year\n        fixed term for being an accessory.\\n**The hit song \\\"[[Paint It Black]]\\\"\n        by [[The Rolling Stones]] is released.\\n* [[May 7]] – Irish bank workers\n        [[Irish bank strikes (1966\\u201376)|go on strike]]. \\n* [[May 12]]\\n** African\n        members of the UN Security Council say that the British army should blockade\n        Rhodesia.\\n** The [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] opens in [[St Louis, Missouri]].\\n**\n        [[China Radio International|Radio Peking]] claims that U.S. planes have shot\n        down a Chinese plane over [[Yunnan]] (the U.S. denies the story the next day).\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Turkey]] and Greece intend to start negotiations about\n        the situation in [[Cyprus]].\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Indonesia]] asks [[Malaysia]]\n        for peace negotiations.\\n** The [[South Vietnam]]ese army besieges [[Da Nang]].\\n**\n        Tens of thousands of anti-war demonstrators again picket the [[White House]],\n        then rally at the [[Washington Monument]].\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** The [[Communist\n        Party of China]] issues the ''[[Cultural Revolution#The May 16 Notification|May\n        16 Notice]]'', marking the beginning of the [[Cultural Revolution]].\\n** A\n        seamen''s strike is called in Britain.\\n** The legendary album ''''[[Pet Sounds]]''''\n        by [[The Beach Boys]] is released.\\n** [[Bob Dylan]]''s seminal album, ''''[[Blonde\n        on Blonde]]'''' is released in the U.S.\\n** In New York City, Dr. [[Martin\n        Luther King Jr.]] makes his first public speech on the [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Gertrude Baniszewski]] is found guilty of murdering and\n        torturing [[Sylvia Likens]] and is sentenced to life in prison (she is released\n        on parole in December [[1985]]).\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Battle of Mengo Hill]]:\n        [[Uganda]]n army troops arrest [[Mutesa II of Buganda]] and occupy his palace.\\n**\n        The [[Nigeria]]n government forbids all political activity in the country\n        until January 17, 1969.\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Explorer program]]: ''''[[Explorer\n        32]]'''' is launched.\\n** [[No. 9 Squadron RAAF]] becomes part of the 4,500\n        strong [[Australia]]n Task Force assigned to duties in [[Vietnam]], leaving\n        for [[Southeast Asia]] aboard the aircraft carrier [[HMAS Sydney (R17)|HMAS\n        ''''Sydney'''']].Scutts, Colin (1976), ''''Helicopter Gunships'''', p.\n        5. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISSN|0307-2886}}\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Guyana]]\n        achieves independence.\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** ''''[[It''s a Small World]]'''' opens\n        at [[Disneyland]].\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] declares [[martial law]] in Cuba because\n        of a possible U.S. attack.\\n** The [[Indonesia]]n and [[Malaysia]]n governments\n        declare that the [[Indonesia\\u2013Malaysia confrontation]] is over (a treaty\n        is signed on [[August 11]]).\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Azteca Stadium]], as\n        known well for sports venues in [[Mexico]], officially opened in [[Mexico\n        City]], before [[1968 Summer Olympics]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – The [[Philippines]] reestablishes [[diplomatic relations]]\n        with [[Malaysia]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{main article|June 1966}}\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        The final new episode of ''''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show]]'''' airs (the first\n        episode aired on [[October 3]], 1961).\\n** [[White House Conference on Civil\n        Rights]]\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] is re-elected as Irish\n        president.\\n** [[Surveyor program]]: ''''[[Surveyor 1]]'''' lands in Oceanus\n        Procellarum on the [[Moon]], becoming the first U.S. [[spacecraft]] to soft-land\n        on another world.\\n** Four former cabinet ministers including [[\\u00c9variste\n        Kimba]] are executed in the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Democratic\n        Republic of the Congo]], for alleged involvement in a plot to kill [[Mobutu\n        Sese Seko]].\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Joaqu\\u00edn Balaguer]] is elected president\n        of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[June 5]] – ''''[[Gemini 9]]'''':\n        [[Gene Cernan]] completes the second U.S. spacewalk (2 hours, 7 minutes).\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – [[Civil Rights Movement|Civil rights]] activist [[James\n        Meredith]] is shot by a sniper while traversing Mississippi in the [[March\n        Against Fear]].\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** An [[XB-70 Valkyrie]] prototype is destroyed\n        in a mid-air collision with a [[F-104 Starfighter]] chase plane during a photo\n        shoot. [[NASA]] pilot [[Joseph A. Walker]] and [[USAF]] test pilot Carl Cross\n        are both killed.\\n** [[Topeka, Kansas]] is devastated by a tornado that registers\n        as an \\\"F5\\\" on the [[Fujita scale]], the first to exceed US $100 million\n        in damages. Sixteen people are killed, hundreds more injured, and thousands\n        of homes damaged or destroyed, and the campus of [[Washburn University]] suffers\n        catastrophic damage.{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/top/events/66tornado.php|title=NOAA.gov|publisher=|accessdate=October\n        6, 2014}}\\n* [[June 12]] – Chicago''s [[Division Street riots]]\n        begin, in response to police shooting of a young Puerto Rican man. \\n* [[June\n        13]] – ''''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of the United\n        States]] rules that the police must inform [[suspect]]s of their rights before\n        questioning them.\\n* [[June 14]] – The [[Holy See|Vatican]] abolishes\n        the ''''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'''' (index of banned books).\\n* [[June\n        17]] – An [[Air France]] personnel strike begins.\\n* [[June 18]] –\n        [[CIA]] chief [[William Raborn]] resigns; [[Richard Helms]] becomes his successor.\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] starts his visit\n        to the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June 21]] – Opposition leader [[Arthur\n        Calwell]] is shot after attending a political meeting in Mosman, Sydney, Australia.\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Frank Zappa]] and [[The Mothers of Invention]]''s debut\n        album, ''''[[Freak Out!]]'''', is released. It is an initial failure, but\n        gains a massive cult following in subsequent years.\\n** The gothic soap opera\n        ''''[[Dark Shadows]]'''' premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – In [[Argentina]], a [[military dictatorship|junta]] calling\n        itself [[Argentine Revolution|''''Revoluci\\u00f3n Argentina'''']] deposes\n        president [[Arturo Umberto Illia]] in a coup, and appoints General [[Juan\n        Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]] to lead.\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]\n        comes to power in \\\"[[Revoluci\\u00f3n Argentina|Argentine Revolution]]\\\" coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat. \\n** A sailors'' strike, organised by the [[National Union of\n        Seamen]], ends in the United Kingdom.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. planes begin\n        bombing [[Hanoi]] and [[Haiphong]].\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** France formally leaves\n        [[NATO]].\\n** The [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) is founded in\n        Washington, D.C.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main article|July 1966}}\\n* July –\n        British [[gangster]] [[Charlie Richardson]] is arrested by police and sentenced\n        to 25 years in prison in the following year for his part in the [[The Richardson\n        Gang|Torture Gang]] assaults.\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Joaqu\\u00edn Balaguer]]\n        becomes president of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[July 3]]\\n**31 people\n        are arrested when a demonstration by approximately 4,000 anti-[[Vietnam War]]\n        protesters in front of the U.S. Embassy in London''s [[Grosvenor Square]]\n        turns violent\\n**[[Ren\\u00e9 Barrientos]] is elected [[president of Bolivia]].\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[North Vietnam]] declares general [[mobilization]].\\n** American\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Freedom of Information Act (United\n        States)|Freedom of Information Act]], which goes into effect the following\n        year.\\n** [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) endorses goal of [[Black\n        Power]] at well attended convention in [[Baltimore]]. Martin Luther King,\n        Jr., and Roy Wilkins criticize this declaration.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Malawi]]\n        becomes a republic.\\n* [[July 7]] – A [[Warsaw Pact]] conference ends\n        with a promise to support North Vietnam.\\n* [[July 8]] – King [[Mwambutsa\n        IV Bangiriceng of Burundi]] is deposed by his son [[Ntare V]], who is in turn\n        deposed by prime minister [[Michel Micombero]].\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** The [[1966\n        FIFA World Cup]] begins in England.\\n** [[British Motor Corporation]] and\n        [[Jaguar Cars]] announce plans to merge as British Motor Holdings.\\n* [[July\n        12]]\\n** [[Indira Gandhi]] visits Moscow.\\n** [[Zambia]] threatens to leave\n        the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] because of British peace overtures to [[Rhodesia]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]\n        is founded in New York City by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].\\n*\n        [[July 14]]\\n** [[Israel]]i and [[Syria]]n jet fighters clash over the [[Jordan\n        River]].\\n** [[Richard Speck]] murders 8 student nurses in their Chicago dormitory.\n        He is arrested on [[July 17]].\\n** [[Gwynfor Evans]], President of [[Plaid\n        Cymru]], becomes Member of the United Kingdom Parliament for [[Carmarthen]],\n        taking the previously Labour-held Welsh seat at a by-election with a majority\n        of 2,435 on an 18% swing, and giving Plaid Cymru its first representation\n        at Westminster in its forty-one year history.\\n* [[July 16]] – British\n        Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] flies to Moscow to try to start peace negotiations\n        about the [[Vietnam War]] (the Soviet government rejects his ideas).\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** ''''[[Gemini 10]]'''' ([[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]], [[Michael\n        Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]) is launched. After docking with an\n        [[Agena target vehicle]], the astronauts then set a world altitude record\n        of 474 miles (763 km).\\n** The [[Hough Riots]] break out in [[Cleveland,\n        Ohio]], the city''s first [[Mass racial violence in the United States|race\n        riot]].\\n** The [[International Court of Justice]] rules in favour of South\n        Africa in a case on the administration of [[South West Africa]] which was\n        brought before them by [[Ethiopia]] and [[Liberia]].\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        Following the death of engineer [[death of Hsu Tsu-tsai|Hsu Tsu-tsai]] in\n        The Hague, the Chinese government declares Dutch delegate G. J. Jongejans\n        [[persona non grata]], but tells him not to leave the country before his fellow\n        Chinese engineers have left the Netherlands.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Katanga\n        Province|Katangese]] troops in [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]], [[Democratic Republic\n        of the Congo|Congo]], revolt for several weeks in support of the exiled minister\n        [[Moise Tshombe]].\\n* [[July 24]] – U.N. Secretary General [[U Thant]]\n        visits Moscow.\\n* [[July 24]] – A USAF [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom\n        II|F-4C Phantom]] #63-7599 was shot down by a North Vietnamese [[S-75 Dvina|SAM-2]]\n        {{convert|45|mi}} northeast of [[Hanoi]], in the first loss of a US aircraft\n        to a Vietnamese SAM in the Vietnam War.{{cite book|last=Van Staaveren|first=Jacob|title=Gradual\n        Failure: The air war over North Vietnam 1965-1966|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=2002|isbn=9781428990180|pages=163\\u20134}}\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – Lord Gardiner issues the [[Practice Statement]] in the\n        [[House of Lords]], stating that the House is not bound to follow its own\n        previous [[precedent]].\\n* [[July 28]] – The U.S. announces that a [[Lockheed\n        U-2]] reconnaissance plane has disappeared over Cuba.\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** A\n        [[Nigerian Counter-Coup of 1966|military counter-coup]] in [[Nigeria]]: army\n        officers from the north of the country execute head of state General [[Johnson\n        Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] and install [[Yakubu Gowon]].\\n** ''''[[La Noche\n        de los Bastones Largos]]'''': Junta takes over Argentine universities.\\n**\n        [[Bob Dylan]] is injured in a motorcycle accident near his home in [[Woodstock,\n        New York]]. He is not seen in public for over a year.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[England national football team|England]] beats [[Germany national football\n        team|West Germany]] 4\\u20132 to win the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]] at [[Wembley\n        Stadium (1923)|Wembley]] after [[extra time]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main article|August\n        1966}}\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** Sniper [[Charles Whitman]] kills 14 people and\n        wounds 32 from atop the [[University of Texas at Austin]] Main Building tower,\n        after earlier killing his wife and mother.\\n** British [[Colonial Office]]\n        merges with [[Commonwealth Relations Office]] to form new [[Commonwealth Office]].\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – The Spanish government forbids overflights of British\n        military aircraft.\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** Groundbreaking takes place for the\n        [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]].\\n** [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]] leads a civil rights march in Chicago, during which he is struck\n        by a rock thrown from an angry white mob.\\n** The [[Caesars Palace]] hotel\n        and casino opens in [[Las Vegas]].\\n** [[The Beatles]]'' ''''[[Revolver (The\n        Beatles album)|Revolver]]'''' LP is released in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Braniff Flight 250]] crashes in [[Falls City, Nebraska]], killing\n        all 42 on board.\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Barrientos]] takes office as the president\n        of [[Bolivia]].\\n** The [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]] Bridge\n        (now the [[25 de Abril Bridge]]) opens in [[Lisbon]], Portugal.\\n* [[August\n        7]] – Race riots occur in [[Lansing, Michigan]].\\n* [[August 10]]\\n**\n        An East German court sentences G\\u00fcnter Laudahn to life imprisonment for\n        spying for the United States.\\n** [[Lunar Orbiter 1]], the first U.S. spacecraft\n        to orbit the moon, is launched.\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** Indonesia and Malaysia\n        issue joint peace declaration, formally ending the [[Indonesia\\u2013Malaysia\n        confrontation]] which began in 1963.\\n**[[The Beatles]] hold a press conference\n        in Chicago, during which [[John Lennon]] apologizes for his \\\"more popular\n        than Jesus\\\" remark, saying, \\\"I didn''t mean it as a lousy anti-religious\n        thing.\\\"\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Massacre of Braybrook Street]]: Harry\n        Roberts, John Duddy and Jack Witney shoot dead 3 plainclothes policemen in\n        London; they are later sentenced to life imprisonment.\\n* [[August 13]]\\n**\n        In the People''s Republic of China, [[Mao Zedong]] begins the [[Cultural Revolution]]\n        to purge and reorganize China''s Communist Party.\\n** An [[1966 Varto earthquake|earthquake\n        in Varto town]], [[Turkey]], kills 2,394 and injures 10,000.\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**\n        [[Syria]]n and [[Israel]]i troops clash over Lake Kinneret (also known as\n        the [[Sea of Galilee]]) for 3 hours.\\n** It is announced that the ''''[[New\n        York Herald Tribune]]'''' will not resume publication.\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        [[Vietnam War]]: The [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] starts investigating\n        Americans who have aided the [[Viet Cong]], with the intent to make these\n        activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupt the meeting and 50 are\n        arrested.\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab\n        Republic]] begin negotiations in [[Kuwait]] to end the war in [[Yemen]].\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Battle of Long Tan]]: D Company,\n        6th Battalion of the [[Royal Australian Regiment]], meets and defeats a [[Viet\n        Cong]] force estimated to be four times larger, in Phuoc Tuy Province, [[Republic\n        of Vietnam]].\\n* [[August 19]] – An earthquake in eastern [[Turkey]]\n        destroys whole cities.\\n* [[August 21]] – Seven men are sentenced to\n        death in [[Egypt]], for anti-[[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] agitation.\\n* [[August\n        22]]\\n** The [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) established.\\n** The United\n        Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), predecessor of the [[United Farm\n        Workers|United Farm Workers of America]] (UFW), is formed.\\n* [[August 24]]\n        – [[The Doors]] record their [[The Doors (album)|self-titled]] debut\n        [[album|LP]].\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** Riots occur in [[French Somaliland]].\\n**\n        The first battle of the South African Air Force and the [[South African Police]]\n        with [[People''s Liberation Army of Namibia|PLAN]], the armed wing of the\n        [[South West Africa People''s Organization]] (SWAPO), takes place at [[Ongulumbashe]]\n        in Northern [[South West Africa]] during Operation Blue Wildebeest. This battle\n        starts the [[South African Border War]] which continues until [[1989]].\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[The Beatles]] end their [[The Beatles'' 1966 US tour|US\n        tour]] with a concert at [[Candlestick Park]] in [[San Francisco]]. It is\n        their last performance as a live touring band.\\n* [[August 30]] – France\n        offers independence to French Somaliland (later [[Djibouti]] in 1977).\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main\n        article|September 1966}}\\n[[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[September\n        30]]: [[Botswana]] formerly [[Bechuanaland]], independence from [[United Kingdom]]\n        as a republic and parliament democracy.]]\\n[[File:SeretseKhama.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[September\n        30]]: [[Seretse Khama]] is 1st [[President of Botswana]].]]\\n* [[September\n        1]]\\n** [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[U Thant]] declares that he\n        will not seek re-election, because U.N. efforts in Vietnam have failed.\\n**\n        98 British tourists die in an air crash in [[Ljubljana]], [[Yugoslavia]].\\n**\n        While waiting at a bus stop [[Ralph Baer]], an inventor with [[Sanders Associates]],\n        writes a four-page document that lays out the basic principles for creating\n        a video game to be played on a television: the beginning of a multibillion-dollar\n        industry.\\n* [[September 6]] – South African Prime Minister [[Hendrik\n        Verwoerd]] is stabbed to death in Parliament by [[Dimitri Tsafendas]].\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – The ocean liner {{SS|Hanseatic}} catches fire and\n        burns in New York Harbor.\\n* [[September 8]] – ''''[[Star Trek]]'''',\n        the science fiction television series, debuts on [[NBC]] in the United States\n        with its first episode, titled \\\"[[The Man Trap]]\\\".\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        [[NATO]] decides to move [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|SHAPE]]\n        headquarters to Belgium.\\n* [[September 12]] \\n** ''''[[Gemini 11]]'''' ([[Richard\n        F. Gordon, Jr.]], [[Pete Conrad]]) docks with an [[Agena target vehicle]].\\n**\n        [[B. J. Vorster]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of South Africa]].\\n* [[September\n        13]] – Clashes between the Chinese Communist Party and the Red Guards\n        are reported by [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|TASS]] in the Soviet\n        Union.\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** In South Vietnam, [[Th\\u00edch Tr\\u00ed Quang]]\n        ends a 100-day hunger strike.\\n** The [[Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln\n        Center)|Metropolitan Opera House]] opens at [[Lincoln Center]] in New York\n        City with the world premiere of [[Samuel Barber]]''s opera ''''[[Antony and\n        Cleopatra (opera)|Antony and Cleopatra]]''''.\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        Valerie Percy, 21-year-old daughter of U.S. Senate candidate [[Charles H.\n        Percy]], is stabbed and bludgeoned to death in the family mansion on Chicago''s\n        North Shore.\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Scotland Yard]] arrests [[Buster Edwards]],\n        suspected of involvement in the Great Train Robbery.\\n** [[Timothy Leary]]\n        forms the spiritual group [[League for Spiritual Discovery]].\\n** Indonesian\n        military commander (later President) [[Suharto]] announces the resumption\n        of Indonesian participation in the United Nations.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Hurricane Inez]] strikes Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and tens of\n        thousands homeless in the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Haiti]].\\n* [[September\n        30]]\\n** The [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] in Africa achieves independence\n        from the United Kingdom as [[Botswana]], with [[Seretse Khama]] as its first\n        [[President of Botswana|President]].\\n** [[Baldur von Schirach]] and [[Albert\n        Speer]] are released from [[Spandau Prison]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main article|October\n        1966}}\\n* October\\n** [[Bobby Seale]] and [[Huey P. Newton]] found the [[Black\n        Panther Party]].\\n** The [[Toyota Corolla]] car is introduced.\\n* [[October\n        1]] – [[West Coast Airlines Flight 956]] crashes with 18 fatal injuries\n        and no survivors {{convert|5.5|mi|km}} south of [[Wemme, Oregon]]. This accident\n        marks the first loss of a [[DC-9]].[http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR67-AF.pdf\n        Aircraft Accident Report. West Coast Airlines, Inc DC-9 N9101. Near Wemme,\n        Oregon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216033755/http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR67-AF.pdf\n        |date=February 16, 2008 }}, Adopted:December 11, 1967.\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Tunisia]] severs diplomatic relations with the [[United Arab\n        Republic]].\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Israel]] applies for membership in the\n        [[European Economic Community|EEC]].\\n** [[Basutoland]] becomes independent\n        and takes the name [[Lesotho]].\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[UNESCO]] signs the\n        Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers. This event is now celebrated\n        as World Teachers'' Day.\\n** An experimental Reactor at the [[Enrico Fermi\n        Nuclear Generating Station]] suffers a partial meltdown when its cooling system\n        fails.\\n* [[October 6]] \\n** LSD is made illegal in the United States and\n        controlled so strictly that not only are possession and recreational use criminalized,\n        but all legal scientific research programs on the drug in the US are shut\n        down as well.\\n** The Love Pageant Rally takes place in the [[Panhandle (San\n        Francisco)|Panhandle]] of Golden Gate Park, a narrower section that projects\n        into San Francisco''s [[Haight-Ashbury]] district.\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union]] declares that all Chinese students must leave the country\n        before the end of October.\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Binh Tai\n        Massacre]].\\n* [[October 11]] – France and the [[Soviet Union]] sign\n        a treaty for cooperation in nuclear research.\\n* [[October 14]] \\n** Closure\n        of [[Intra Bank]] begins crisis of Lebanese banking system.\\n** The city of\n        [[Montreal]] inaugurates its [[rapid transit|metro]] system (see [[Montreal\n        Metro]]).\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs\n        a bill creating the [[United States Department of Transportation]].\\n** The\n        U.S. Congress passes a bill for the creation of [[Pictured Rocks National\n        Lakeshore]].\\n** [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC-TV]] telecasts a highly\n        acclaimed 90-minute television adaptation of the musical ''''[[Brigadoon]]'''',\n        starring [[Robert Goulet]], [[Peter Falk]], and [[Sally Ann Howes]]. It wins\n        many [[Emmy Award]]s and inaugurates a short-lived series of special television\n        adaptations of famous Broadway musicals on ABC. Goulet stars in all but one\n        of these specials.\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Grace Slick]] performs live\n        for the first time with [[Jefferson Airplane]].\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        [[Lesotho]] and [[Botswana]] are admitted to the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October\n        21]]\\n** The [[Aberfan disaster]] occurs in [[South Wales]], United Kingdom.\\n**\n        The [[AFL-NFL merger]] is approved by the U.S. Congress.\\n* [[October 22]]\\n**\n        British spy [[George Blake]] escapes from [[Wormwood Scrubs (HM Prison)|Wormwood\n        Scrubs]] prison; he is next seen in Moscow.\\n** Spain demands that the United\n        Kingdom stop military flights to [[Gibraltar]]; Britain refuses the next day.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – Negotiations about the [[Vietnam War]] begin in [[Manila]],\n        [[Philippines]].\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** A military court in [[Jakarta]] sentences\n        ex-foreign minister Subandrio to death.\\n** Spain closes its [[Gibraltar]]\n        border to non-pedestrian traffic.\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[NATO]] moves its\n        HQ from Paris to [[Brussels]].\\n** A fire aboard the aircraft carrier {{USS|Oriskany|CV-34|6}}\n        in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] kills 44 crewmen.\\n* [[October 27]] – The\n        [[United Nations]] terminates the mandate given by the [[League of Nations]]\n        and proclaims that South West Africa will be administrated by the United Nations.\n        This is rejected by South Africa.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** The first ever regeneration\n        in ''''[[Doctor Who]]'''' of the Doctor: [[William Hartnell]]''s face transforms\n        into that of [[Patrick Troughton]].\\n** The [[Guinea]]n delegation to the\n        [[Organization of African Unity|OAU]] meeting in [[Ethiopia]], become hostages\n        of the [[Ghana]]ian government in [[Accra]].\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{main article|November\n        1966}}\\n*[[November 1]] – The [[National Football League]] awards the\n        league''s sixteenth franchise to the city of [[New Orleans]]. The team would\n        be named the [[New Orleans Saints]].\\n* [[November 2]] – The [[Cuban\n        Adjustment Act]] comes into force, allowing 123,000 [[Cubans]] the opportunity\n        to apply for [[permanent residency|permanent residence]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – In Italy, a [[1966 flood of the Arno River|flood of\n        the Arno River]] hits [[Florence]], flooding it to a maximum depth of {{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        leaving thousands homeless and destroying millions of masterpieces of art\n        and rare books. In addition, a [[1966 Venice flood|severe tidal flood]] hits\n        [[Venice]].\\n* [[November 5]] – Thirty-eight African states demand that\n        the [[United Kingdom]] use force against the [[Rhodesia]]n government.\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Lunar Orbiter 2]] is launched.\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        Former [[Massachusetts]] Attorney General [[Edward Brooke]] becomes the first\n        [[African American]] elected to the [[United States Senate]] since [[Reconstruction\n        Era|Reconstruction]].\\n** Actor [[Ronald Reagan]] is elected [[Governor of\n        California]].\\n* [[November 9]] – [[John Lennon]] meets [[Yoko Ono]]\n        at the [[Indica Gallery]], London.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Se\\u00e1n\n        Lemass]] retires as [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]] to be replaced\n        in the role by fellow [[Fianna F\\u00e1il]] member [[Jack Lynch]].\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** A mine kills 3 [[Israeli]] paratroopers on the [[West Bank]] border.\\n**\n        Spain declares general amnesty for crimes committed during the [[Spanish Civil\n        War]] (effective only for the [[Falangists]]'' side).\\n* [[November 14]] –\n        [[Jack L. Warner]] sells [[Warner Bros.]] to [[Seven Arts Productions]], which\n        eventually becomes [[Warner Bros.-Seven Arts]].\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** ''''[[Gemini\n        12]]'''' ([[James A. Lovell]], [[Buzz Aldrin]]) splashes down safely in the\n        Atlantic Ocean, {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[the Bahamas]].\\n**\n        [[Harry Maurice Roberts]], who killed three policemen in August, is caught\n        near London.\\n** A [[Boeing 727]] carrying [[Pan Am Flight 708]] crashes near\n        Berlin, Germany, killing all three people on board.\\n** Two young couples\n        in Point Pleasant, West Virginia reportedly see a strange [[moth]]-like creature\n        better known as the [[Mothman]].\\n* [[November 16]] – American doctor\n        [[Sam Sheppard]] is acquitted in his second trial for the murder of his pregnant\n        wife in 1954.\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** The U.N. General Assembly decides to\n        found the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]].\\n** A spectacular\n        [[Leonids|Leonid]] meteor shower passes over [[Arizona]], at the rate of 2,300\n        a minute for 20 minutes.\\n* [[November 21]] – In [[Togo]], the army\n        crushes an attempted coup.\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[The Beatles]] begin recording\n        sessions for their ''''[[Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'''' L.P.\\n**\n        Bulgarian [[TABSO Flight 101]] crashes near [[Bratislava]], Czechoslovakia,\n        killing all 82 people on board.\\n* [[November 26]] – The [[Saskatchewan\n        Roughriders]] defeat the [[Ottawa Rough Riders]] to win the [[54th Grey Cup]]\n        at [[Vancouver]]''s [[Empire Stadium (Vancouver)|Empire Stadium]] 29-14. Saskatchewan\n        were led by quarterback [[Ron Lancaster]].\\n* [[November 27]] – The\n        [[Washington Redskins]] defeat the [[New York Giants]] 72\\u201341 in the highest\n        scoring game in [[NFL]] history.\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Truman Capote]]''s\n        [[Black and White Ball]] (''The Party of the Century'') is held in New York\n        City.\\n* [[November 29]] – The {{SS|Daniel J. Morrell}} sinks in a storm\n        on [[Lake Huron]], killing 28 of its 29 crewmen.\\n* [[November 30]] –\n        [[Barbados]] achieves [[Barbados Independence Act 1966|independence]].\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{main article|December 1966}}\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Kurt\n        Georg Kiesinger]] is elected [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor\n        of West Germany]].\\n** British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] and [[Rhodesia]]n\n        Prime minister [[Ian Smith]] negotiate on the [[HMS Tiger (C20)|HMS ''''Tiger'''']]\n        in the Mediterranean.\\n* [[December 2]] – [[U Thant]] agrees to serve\n        a second term as U.N. Secretary General.\\n* [[December 3]] – Anti-Portuguese\n        demonstrations occur in [[Macau]]; a [[curfew]] is declared the next day.\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – U.S. Supreme Court rules in ''''[[Bond v. Floyd]]''''\n        that the Georgia House of Representatives must seat Julian Bond, having violated\n        his [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth\n        Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] rights.\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[B\\u00ecnh H\\u00f2a massacre]]: [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** [[Syria]] offers weapons to rebels in [[Jordan]].\\n** [[Barbados]]\n        is [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 230|admitted to the United\n        Nations]].\\n* [[December 8]] – The Typaldos Line''s ferry {{SS|Heraklion}}\n        sinks in rough seas, in the [[Aegean Sea]] near [[Crete]], leaving 217 dead.\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Walt Disney]] dies while producing ''''[[The Jungle\n        Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'''', the last animated feature under his\n        personal supervision.\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** The U.N. Security Council approves\n        an oil embargo against [[Rhodesia]].\\n** The [[International Covenant on Economic,\n        Social and Cultural Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and\n        Political Rights]] are adopted by the General Assembly, as Resolution 2200\n        A (XXI).\\n* [[December 17]] – South Africa does not join the [[trade\n        embargo]] against [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[December 18]] – ''''[[How the Grinch\n        Stole Christmas (television special)|How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]'''',\n        narrated by [[Boris Karloff]], is shown for the first time on [[CBS]], beginning\n        an annual [[Christmas]] tradition in the USA.\\n* [[December 19]] – The\n        [[Asian Development Bank]] begins operations.\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Harold\n        Wilson]] withdraws all his previous offers to the [[Rhodesia]]n government,\n        and announces that he will agree to independence only after the founding of\n        a Black majority government.\\n* [[December 22]] – Prime Minister [[Ian\n        Smith]] declares that Rhodesia is already a republic.\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        New York television station [[WPIX]] broadcasts its Christmas tradition, [[Yule\n        Log (TV program)|\\\"The Yule Log\\\"]] for the first time.\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – The first [[Kwanzaa]] is celebrated by [[Maulana Karenga]], founder\n        of Organization US (a black nationalist group) and later chair of [[Black\n        Studies]] at [[California State University, Long Beach]], from 1989 to 2002.\\n*\n        [[December 31]]\\n** East German Premier [[Walter Ulbricht]] discusses negotiations\n        about [[German reunification]].\\n** Thieves steal millions'' worth of paintings\n        from the [[Dulwich Art Gallery]] in London.\\n** The Congolese government takes\n        over the [[Union Mini\\u00e8re du Haut Katanga]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n*\n        [[Konstantin Chernenko]], later leader of the [[Soviet Union]], becomes a\n        candidate member of the [[Central Committee]].\\n* [[Paramount Pictures Corporation]]\n        becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Gulf+Western Industries, Inc.\\n* The\n        [[Surrealist Movement in the United States]] is founded by [[Franklin Rosemont|Franklin]]\n        and [[Penelope Rosemont]].\\n* [[Lise Meitner]] and [[Otto Hahn]] are awarded\n        the [[Fermi Prize]].\\n* The [[Congress of the United States]] creates the\n        National Council for Marine Resources and Engineering Development.\\n* [[Martin\n        Richards (computer scientist)|Martin Richards]] designs the programming language\n        [[BCPL]].\\n* The World Buddhist [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] Council is convened\n        by [[Theravada|Theravadins]] in [[Sri Lanka]], with the hope of bridging differences\n        and working together.\\n* ''''The [[Jerusalem Bible]]'''', a [[Roman Catholic]]\n        translation, is published in English.\\n* [[Peter L. Berger]] and [[Thomas\n        Luckmann]] publish ''''[[The Social Construction of Reality]]''''.\\n* [[Long-term\n        potentiation]] (LTP), the putative [[cell (biology)|cellular]] mechanism of\n        [[learning]] and [[memory]], is first observed by [[Terje L\\u00f8mo]] in [[Oslo]],\n        Norway.\\n* In or about this year, one person returning to [[Haiti]] from the\n        [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] is thought to have first brought [[HIV]] to\n        the [[Americas]].{{cite journal|title=Solved: the mystery of how AIDS\n        left Africa|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=November 3, 2007|page=20}}\\n*Chevrolet\n        Camaro is introduced.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Christian Kern\n        2016 (portrait).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christian Kern]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Dempsey\n        2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick Dempsey]]]]\\n[[File:Lena Philipsson 2012-11-07\n        001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lena Philipsson]]]]\\n[[File:Senador Rom\\u00e1rio (Retrato\n        oficial).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rom\\u00e1rio]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Anna\n        Burke]], Australian politician\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Christian Kern]], Austrian\n        politician, 24th [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n** [[Deana Carter]], American\n        singer\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Yuri Amano]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Kate\n        Schellenbach]], American musician\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Sharon Cuneta]],\n        Filipino actress, host and singer\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy]],\n        American actress and model, wife of [[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]] (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Igor Vyazmikin]], Russian ice hockey player\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Patrick Dempsey]], American actor and race car driver\\n* [[January\n        17]]\\n** [[George Morikawa]], Japanese author and illustrator\\n** [[Shabba\n        Ranks]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Floris Jan Bovelander]],\n        Dutch field-hockey player\\n** [[Stefan Edberg]], Swedish tennis player\\n**\n        [[Lena Philipsson]], Swedish singer and media personality\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – [[Rainn Wilson]], American actor\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Jegath\n        Gaspar Raj]], Tamil Maiyam Founder\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Jimeoin]],\n        Northern Irish-Australian comedian and actor\\n* [[January 28]] \\n** [[Andrea\n        Berg]], German singer\\n** [[Seiji Mizushima]], Japanese anime director\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Rom\\u00e1rio]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Neal Chase]], American [[Exilarch]] religious educator\\n** [[Hans\n        Tutschku]], German composer\\n* [[January 31]] – [[The Wealdstone Raider|Gordon\n        Hill]], British internet celebrity and meme known as The Wealdstone Raider\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Rick\n        Astley Dallas.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rick Astley]]]]\\n[[File: Sarah Montague -NHS\n        Confederation annual conference, Manchester-11July2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah\n        Montague]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Zane Cannes 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy Zane]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Michelle Akers]], American footballer\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Jimmy Thunder]], Samoan boxer\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Ky\\u014dko\n        Koizumi]], Japanese actress and singer\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Olaz\\u00e1bal]], Spanish golfer\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Rick\n        Astley]], British pop musician\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Kristin Otto]],\n        German swimmer\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Sean Harris]], English actor\\n** [[Sarah\n        Montague]], English journalist and radio host\\n** [[Hristo Stoichkov]], Bulgarian\n        footballer\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Christoph Maria Herbst]], German actor\\n**\n        [[Ellen van Langen]], Dutch athlete\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Daryl Johnston]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Stephen Gregory (actor)|Stephen\n        Gregory]], American actor\\n** [[Cristina Elena Grigoras]], Roman artistic\n        gymnast\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Neal McDonough]], American actor\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Martin Perscheid]], German cartoonist\\n* [[February 17]] –\n        [[Luc Robitaille]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Richard\n        A Collins|Richard A. Collins]], British scientist and author\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Cindy Crawford]], American model and actress\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Yahya Ayyash]], Palestinian bombmaker\\n** [[Rachel Dratch]], American\n        actress and comedian\\n** [[Brian Greig]], Australian politician\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Michael Arata]], American actor\\n* [[February 24]] –\n        [[Billy Zane]], American actor\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Samson Kitur]], Kenyan\n        athlete\\n** [[T\\u00e9a Leoni]], American actress\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Jennifer\n        Grant]], American actress\\n** [[Najwa Karam]], Lebanese singer\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Alison Gertz]], American AIDS activist (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Ickey Woods]], former NFL running back famous for the Ickey\n        Shuffle\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Zack Snyder by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zack\n        Snyder]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Zack Snyder]], American actor, film director,\n        screenwriter and producer\\n* [[March 2]]\\n**[[Sheren Tang]], Hong Kong actress\\n**[[David\n        Wickham]], English concert pianist, musical director and conductor\\n* [[March\n        3]]\\n** [[Tone L\\u014dc]], African-American R&B musician\\n** [[Nick Rhodes\n        (biochemist)|Nick Rhodes]], English biochemist\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Daniela\n        Amavia]], American actress and international model\\n** [[Ant Banks]], African-American\n        rapper\\n** [[Steve Bastoni]], Australian actor\\n** [[Kevin Johnson]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Dav Pilkey]], American writer\\n** [[Wash West]], English-born\n        film director\\n* [[March 5]] \\n** [[Mark Z. Danielewski]], American author\\n**\n        [[Michael Irvin]], American football player\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Maurice\n        Ashley]], American chess grandmaster\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Jeff Feagles]],\n        [[American football]] kicker\\n** [[Atsushi Sakurai]], Japanese singer ([[Buck-Tick]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Tony Lockett]], [[Australian rules football]]er\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Edie Brickell]], American singer\\n** [[Mike Timlin]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Chico Science]], Brazilian musician\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Elise Neal]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[Rodney Peete]], African-American football quarterback\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Espen Hammer]], Norwegian philosopher\\n* [[March 18]]\n        \\n**[[Anne Will]], German television journalist\\n**[[Jerry Cantrell]], American\n        guitarist and singer\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Nigel Clough]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Roy Niederhoffer]], American hedge fund manager and\n        philanthropist\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio Pinto (athlete)|Antonio\n        Pinto]], Portuguese long-distance runner\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Tom Glavine]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Jeff Healey]], Canadian guitarist (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Anton Rogan]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Michael\n        Imperioli]], American actor\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Cheryl James]], African-American\n        rapper ([[Salt-n-Pepa]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Krasimir Balakov]], Bulgarian\n        footballer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Chris Evans 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris\n        Evans (presenter)|Chris Evans]]]]\\n[[File:Robin Wright 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robin\n        Wright]]]]\\n[[File:Samantha Fox in Lombardy crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Samantha\n        Fox]]]]\\n[[File:Phil Tufnell August 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil\n        Tufnell]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Chris Evans (presenter)|Chris Evans]],\n        British radio disc-jockey\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Teddy Sheringham]], British\n        footballer\\n** [[Bill Romanowski]], American football player\\n* [[April 3]]\n        \\n** [[Michael Mittermeier]], German comedian\\n** [[Miina Tominaga]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Riduan Isamuddin]], [[2002 Bali bombings|Bali\n        bombing]] suspect\\n** [[Mike Starr (musician)|Mike Starr]], American bassist\n        ([[Alice in Chains]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Bobby Ologun]], Nigerian\n        television personality and martial artist\\n** [[Robin Wright]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[John Hammond (weather forecaster)|John Hammond]], British\n        weather forecaster\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Lisa Stansfield]], British soul\n        singer\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Ali Boumnijel]], Tunisian footballer\\n* [[April\n        14]]\\n** [[David Justice]], African-American baseball player\\n** [[Greg Maddux]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Samantha Fox]], British model\n        and singer\\n** [[Beverly Thomson]], Canadian television personality, journalist,\n        and correspondent for [[CTV Television Network]]\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Trine\n        Hattestad]], Norwegian athlete\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[El Samurai]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Oliver Welke]], German television presenter, actor,\n        comedian and sports journalist\\n* [[April 20]] – [[David Chalmers]],\n        Australian philosopher\\n* [[April 22]] \\n** [[Dana Barron]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Jeffrey Dean Morgan]], American actor\\n* [[April 25]] \\n** [[Man Arenas]],\n        Spanish comic creator\\n** [[Tim Easton]], American songwriter\\n* [[April 26]]\n        – [[Natasha Trethewey]], Pulitzer Prize\\u2013winning poet\\n* [[April\n        27]] \\n** [[Siw Anita Andersen]] Norwegian actress\\n** [[Dorian Lough]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Yoshihiro Togashi]], Japanese author and illustrator\\n* [[April\n        28]]\\n** [[John Daly (golfer)|John Daly]], American golfer\\n** [[Ali-Reza\n        Pahlavi]], titular prince of Iran (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Phil\n        Tufnell]], British cricketer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Stephen Baldwin by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Darius Rucker.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Darius\n        Rucker]]]]\\n[[File:JanetJacksonUnbreakableTourSanFran2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Janet\n        Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Helena Bonham Carter (Berlin Film Festival 2011) 3 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Helena\n        Bonham Carter]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Charlie Schlatter]], American actor\n        and voice actor\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Firdous Bamji]], Indian-American actor\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Lyubov Yegorova (cross-country skier)|Lyubov Yegorova]],\n        Russian cross-country skier\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Andrea Chiesa]], Swiss Formula\n        One driver\\n** [[Cindy Hsu]], American Emmy-Award-winning journalist\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[Anderson Cummins]], Canadian cricketer\\n** [[Jes H\\u00f8gh]], Danish\n        footballer\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Robert J. Behnen]], American genealogist and\n        a former member of the Missouri House of Representatives\\n** [[Kamil Ka\\u0161\\u0165\\u00e1k]],\n        Czech ice hockey player\\n** [[Marta S\\u00e1nchez]], Spanish female vocalist,\n        entertainer\\n** [[Rocko Schamoni]], German entertainer, author, musician,\n        club proprietor and member of the comedy ensemble [[Studio Braun]]\\n** [[Cl\\u00e1udio\n        Taffarel]], Brazilian goalkeeper\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Mikael Andersson (ice\n        hockey, born 1966)|Mikael Andersson]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Edwards (athlete)|Jonathan Edwards]], British athlete\\n** [[Anne Elvebakk]],\n        Norwegian biathlete\\n** [[Genaro Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Mexican-American boxer\\n*\n        [[May 12]]\\n** [[Stephen Baldwin]], American actor\\n** [[Dez Fafara]], American\n        singer\\n** [[Bebel Gilberto]], Brazilian popular singer\\n* [[May 13]]\\n**\n        [[Nereus Acosta]], Filipino politician, academician, and political scientist\\n**\n        [[Cheryl Dunye]], Liberian-born film director, producer, screenwriter, editor\n        and actress\\n** [[Alison Goldfrapp]], English musician, [[Goldfrapp]].\\n**\n        [[Darius Rucker]], African-American country singer\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Raphael\n        Saadiq]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Juan Manuel Funes]],\n        Guatemalan footballer and coach\\n** [[Janet Jackson]], African-American singer\\n**\n        [[Thurman Thomas]], American football player\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Hill\n        Harper]], American actor\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Sophia Crawford]], actress,\n        stuntwoman and martial artist\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Mindy Cohn]], American actress\n        and comedian\\n** [[Joey Gamache]], American boxer\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Lisa\n        Edelstein]], American actress and playwright\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Omam-Biyik]],\n        Cameroonian football player\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Francisco Blake Mora]], Mexican\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Siri Eftedal]], Norwegian team handball player\n        and Olympic medalist\\n** [[Johnny Gill]], American singer\\n* [[May 23]] \\n**\n        [[H Jon Benjamin]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Graeme Hick]], English\n        cricketer\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Eric Cantona]], French footballer\\n** [[Francisco\n        Javier Cruz]], Mexican football player\\n** [[Ricky Craven]], American race\n        car driver and sportscaster \\n** [[Russell Kun]], Nauruan politician\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Ahmad Reza Abedzadeh]], Iranian goalkeeper\\n** [[Jeff Cross (American\n        football)|Jeff Cross]], American football player\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Helena\n        Bonham Carter]], English actress\\n** [[Zola Budd]], South African athlete\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Heston Blumenthal]], British chef\\n** [[Carol Campbell (actress)|Carol\n        Campbell]], Afro-German actress, model and presenter\\n** [[Sean Kinney]],\n        drummer for the rock band [[Alice in Chains]]\\n** [[Titi DJ]], Indonesian\n        pop singer\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Theo Bleckmann]], German vocalist and composer\\n**\n        [[Larry Davis (criminal)|Larry Davis]], American criminal (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Robert Anderson (murderer)|Robert Anderson]], American\n        child murderer (executed) (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Frank Goosen]],\n        German cabaret artist and novel author\\n** [[Thomas H\\u00e4\\u00dfler]], German\n        football player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Emmanuelle Seigner Cannes 2013 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emmanuelle\n        Seigner]]]]\\n[[File:J. J. Abrams by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J. J.\n        Abrams]]]]\\n[[File:John Cusack Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Cusack]]]]\\n[[File:Mike\n        Tyson Portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike Tyson]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Candace\n        Gingrich]], American [[LGBT]] rights activist\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Wasim\n        Akram]], Pakistani cricketer\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Cecilia Bartoli]], Italian\n        mezzo-soprano\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Faure Gnassingb\\u00e9]], President of\n        Togo\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]], American\n        film director and actor \\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Jens Kidman]], Swedish musician\\n**\n        [[Julianna Margulies]], American actress\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Grigori\n        Perelman]], Russian mathematician\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Matt Freeman]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Indira Radi\\u0107]], Bosnian Serb singer\\n** [[Eduardo Waghorn]],\n        Chilean musician\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Roberto Carnevale]], Italian musician\\n*\n        [[June 16]]\\n**[[Phil Vischer]], American voice actor, puppeteer, writer,\n        animator, creator of [[VeggieTales]].\\n**[[Jan \\u017delezn\\u00fd]], Czech\n        javelin thrower\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Kurt Browning]], Canadian figure\n        skater\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Samuel West]], British actor\\n* [[June 21]]\n        – [[Rudi Bakhtiar]], American journalist\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Park (co-driver)|Michael Park]], British rally co-driver (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Emmanuelle Seigner]], French actress\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Richie Jen]],\n        Taiwanese musician\\n** [[Eric Thomas (L-Soft)|Eric Thomas]], Inventor of LISTSERV\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Dikembe Mutombo]], Congolese basketball player\\n* [[June\n        27]] – [[J. J. Abrams]], American television writer and producer\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[John Cusack]], American actor\\n** [[Mary Stuart Masterson]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Cheryl Bernard]], Canadian Olympic curler\\n**\n        [[Marton Csokas]], New Zealand actor\\n** [[Mike Tyson]], African-American\n        boxer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pamela Adlon at San Diego Comic-Con 2011 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pamela\n        Adlon]]]]\\n[[File:Tamsin Greig 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tamsin Greig]]]]\\n[[File:Dan\n        O''Brian-edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dan O''Brien]]]]\\n[[File:Presidente Enrique\n        Pe\\u00f1a Nieto. Fotograf\\u00eda oficial.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Enrique Pe\\u00f1a\n        Nieto]]]]\\n[[File:Tim Brown.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim\n        Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Horvitz Smiling (14696743266).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Steven Horvitz]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Enrico Annoni]], Italian footballer\\n*\n        [[July 3]]\\n** [[Mois\\u00e9s Alou]], American baseball player\\n** [[Robin\n        Burgener]], Canadian programmer, inventor of [[20Q]]\\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek\n        \\u0160torm]], Czech musician ([[Master''s Hammer]]) and typographer\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** [[Claudia Wells]], American actress\\n** [[Gianfranco Zola]], Italian\n        footballer\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Brian Posehn]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[July 7]] – [[Gundula Krause]], German violinist\\n* [[July 8]]\\n**\n        [[Ralf Altmeyer]], German virologist\\n** [[Shadlog Bernicke]], Nauruan politician\\n*\n        [[July 9]] \\n** [[Jon Schmidt]], American pianist\\n** [[Pamela Adlon]], American\n        voice actress\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Gina Bellman]], British actress\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** [[Mick Molloy]], Australian comedian\\n** [[Kentaro Miura]],\n        Japanese author and illustrator\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Tamsin Greig]], English\n        actress\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Matthew Fox]], American actor\\n* [[July 15]]\n        – [[Ir\\u00e8ne Jacob]], French-born actress\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Dan\n        O''Brien]], American athlete\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Enrique Pe\\u00f1a Nieto]],\n        [[President of Mexico]], Governor of the State of Mexico (2005\\u20132011)\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – [[Sarah Waters]], British novelist\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        [[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim Brown]], American football player\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Wataru Takagi]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Miguel\n        \\u00c1ngel Nadal]], Spanish footballer\\n** [[Shikao Suga]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – [[Richard Steven Horvitz]], American voice actor\\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Murilo Bustamante]], Brazilian mixed martial artist\\n** [[Allan\n        Langer]], Australian rugby league footballer\\n** [[Sean Patrick Maloney]],\n        Canadian-American politician and [[United States House of Representatives|U.S.\n        Representative]] of [[New York (state)|New York]] since 2013\\n* [[July 31]]\n        – [[Dean Cain]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Wikimania 2016\n        - Press conference with Jimmy Wales and Katherine Maher 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy\n        Wales]]]]\\n[[File:Halle Berry by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Halle Berry]]]]\\n[[File:Rodney\n        Mullen PopTech 2013 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rodney Mullen]]]]\\n[[File:Enrico\n        Letta 2013.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Enrico Letta]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Tim Wakefield]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Brent\n        Butt]], Canadian comedian and TV producer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Kensuke\n        Sasaki]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[August 7]] \\n** [[Jimmy Wales]],\n        American co-founder of Wikipedia{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206\n        |title=Wikipedia: 50 languages, 1/2 million articles |accessdate=April 10,\n        2009 |date=April 25, 2004 |work=|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|quote=''''The\n        Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by internet entrepreneur Jimmy\n        Wales and philosopher [[Larry Sanger]]''''}}. Quoted from the April 25, 2004,\n        first-ever press release issued by the Wikimedia Foundation.\\n** [[Harith\n        Iskander]], Malaysian actor and comedian\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Charlie Dimmock]],\n        English TV gardening expert\\n** [[Hossam Hassan]], Egyptian footballer\\n*\n        [[August 11]] – [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Solare]], Argentine composer\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Sharon D. Clarke]], English actress and singer\\n** [[Les Ferdinand]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Halle Berry]], African-American\n        actress and fashion model\\n** [[Freddy Rinc\\u00f3n]], Colombian footballer\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Scott Brosius]], American baseball player\\n** [[Neil Stuke]],\n        English actor\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Rodney Mullen]], American skateboarder\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Lee Ann Womack]], American musician\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – [[Enrico Letta]], Italian Prime Minister\\n* [[August 23]] –\n        [[Rik Smits]], Dutch basketball player\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** [[Robert Maschio]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Sandra Maischberger]], German journalist, talk show host,\n        and author\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Jacques Brinkman]], Dutch field hockey\n        player\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Jeroen Duyster]], Dutch rower\\n** [[Juhan Parts]],\n        Estonian Prime Minister\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Priya Dutt]], Indian social\n        worker and politician\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Salma Hayek Cannes 2015 2\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Salma Hayek]]]]\\n[[File:Toby Jones.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Toby\n        Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Carola H\\u00e4ggkvist.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carola H\\u00e4ggkvist]]]]\\n[[File:Adam\n        Sandler 2011 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam Sandler]]]]\\n[[File:Prince and\n        Princess Akishino during their visit to M\\u00e9xico City (2014) (3) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kiko,\n        Princess Akishino|Princess Akishino]]]]\\n[[File:Maria Canals Barrera 2, 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria\n        Canals-Barrera]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Tim Hardaway]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Salma Hayek]], Mexican-American actress\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Yanka Dyagileva]], Russian singer\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Eduardo Maruri]], Ecuadorian businessman and politician\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n** [[Vladimir Andreyev (racewalker)|Vladimir Andreyev]], Russian race\n        walker\\n** [[Toby Jones]], English actor\\n** [[Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann]],\n        German speed skater\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Carola H\\u00e4ggkvist]],\n        Swedish pop singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        1991|1991]] winner\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Georg Hackl]], German [[skiing|luger]]\\n**\n        [[Adam Sandler]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 12]] \\n** [[Steve\n        Ells]], American entrepreneur and founder of [[Chipotle Mexican Grill]] \\n**\n        [[Kiko, Princess Akishino|Princess Akishino]] of Japan\\n* [[September 19]]\n        – [[Soledad O''Brien]], American television journalist and news anchor\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Nuno Bettencourt]], Portuguese-American guitarist\n        and singer-songwriter\\n* [[September 21]] – [[James Richardson (presenter)|James\n        Richardson]], English television presenter and journalist\\n* [[September 22]]\\n**\n        [[Moustafa Amar]], Egyptian singer \\n** [[Mike Richter]], American ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Michael J. Varhola]], American author\n        and publisher\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Jason Flemyng]], English actor\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Maria Canals-Barrera]], American actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:David\n        Cameron official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Luke Perry by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Luke Perry]]]]\\n[[File:Jon Favreau 2016.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Jon\n        Favreau]]]]\\n[[File:Roman Abramovich 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roman Abramovich]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\n** [[Scott Innes]] American voice actor and singer \\n** [[George\n        Weah]], Liberian politician and football player\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Yokozuna\n        (wrestler)|Rodney Anoa''i]], Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – Rabbi [[Binyamin Ze''ev Kahane]], Israeli settler leader\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Inessa Kravets]], Ukrainian athlete\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Niall Quinn]], Irish footballer\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        [[Sherman Alexie]], Native American author\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Aaron\n        Callaghan (footballer, born 1966)|Aaron Callaghan]], Irish football club executive\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[David Cameron]], former [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]]\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Tony Adams]], English footballer\\n** [[Bai\n        Ling]], Chinese actress\\n** [[Elana Meyer]], South African athlete\\n* [[October\n        11]]\\n** [[Luke Perry]], American actor\\n** [[Stephen Williams (politician)|Stephen\n        Williams]], British politician\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Brian Kennedy (singer)|Brian\n        Kennedy]], Northern Irish musician and author\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Savanna\n        Samson]], American porn star\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Eric Benet]], African-American\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[Jorge Campos]], Mexican footballer and coach\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Mary Elizabeth McGlynn]], American voice actress\n        \\n* [[October 18]] – [[Angela Visser]], Miss Universe 1989\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[Jon Favreau]], American actor and director\\n* [[October 20]]\n        – [[Stefan Raab]], German entertainer, television host, comedian, and\n        musician\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Valeria Golino]], Italian-Greek film\n        and television actress\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Roman Abramovich]], UK-based\n        Russian billionaire businessman \\n* [[October 25]] – [[Wendel Clark]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Steve Valentine]], Scottish\n        actor\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Matt Drudge]], American conservative journalist\\n*\n        [[October 28]]\\n** [[Steve Atwater]], American football player\\n** [[Andy\n        Richter]], American actor, writer, comedian, and late night talk show announcer\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Zoran Milanovi\\u0107]], Prime Minister of Croatia\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n**[[Ad-Rock|Adam Horovitz]], American rapper ([[Beastie Boys]])\\n**[[Koji\n        Kanemoto]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n**[[Mike O''Malley]], American\n        actor and playwright\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:David Schwimmer 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Schwimmer]]]] \\n[[File:Peter DeLuise 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter DeLuise]]]]\n        \\n[[File:Vincent Cassel Cannes 2015 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vincent Cassel]]]]\\n[[File:GarcelleBeauvaisNilon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Garcelle\n        Beauvais]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Ben Miles]], English actor\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\n** [[Yoshinari Ogawa]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n** [[David Schwimmer]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Joe Hachem]], Lebanese-born Australian\n        poker player\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Kae Araki]], Japanese voice actress\\n**\n        [[Christian Lorenz]], German rock musician (''''[[Rammstein]]'''')\\n** [[Peter\n        DeLuise]], American actor\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Gordon Ramsay]], Scottish\n        chef, restaurateur, and television personality\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Lori\n        Lively]], American actress\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Vanessa Angel]], English\n        model and actress\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Benedicta Boccoli]], Italian\n        model and actress\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Susanna Haapoja]], Finnish\n        politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Curt Schilling]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Rachel True]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Jeff Buckley]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Daisy Fuentes]], Cuban-born American model and television personality\\n**\n        [[Sophie Marceau]], French actress\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Shmuley Boteach]],\n        American rabbi\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Troy Aikman]], American sports\n        commentator and former pro football player\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Vincent\n        Cassel]], French actor\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Tim Armstrong]], American\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Garcelle Beauvais]], Haitian-American actress, singer\n        and former fashion model\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Andy Merrill]], American\n        voice actor\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Narumi Yasuda]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[John Bradshaw Layfield]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Wil Mara]], American author\\n** [[David\n        Nicholls (writer)|David Nicholls]], English novelist and screenwriter\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Fred\n        Armisen at 2014 Imagen Awards.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred Armisen]]]]\\n[[File:Patricia\n        Kaas Cannes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patricia Kaas]]]]\\n[[File:FIL 2013 - Sin\\u00e9ad\n        O''Connor 01.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sin\\u00e9ad O''Connor]]]]\\n[[File:Kiefer Sutherland\n        2 SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kiefer Sutherland]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[Larry Walker]], Canadian [[Major League Baseball]] player\\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[Fred Armisen]], American actor, comedian and musician\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Patricia Kaas]], French singer and actress\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[C. Thomas Howell]], American actor\\n** [[Linn Ullmann]], Norwegian journalist\n        and author\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Sin\\u00e9ad O''Connor]], Irish pop\n        singer\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Tim Bull]], Australian politician\\n** [[Michael\n        Foster (musician)|Michael Foster]], drummer for rock band FireHouse\\n** [[Montserrat\n        Gil Torn\\u00e9]], Andorran politician\\n** [[Kirsten Gillibrand]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Dave Harold]], English professional snooker player\\n** [[Toby\n        Huss]], American actor\\n** [[Dana Murzyn]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Julio\n        Rodas|Julio Alberto Rodas Hurtarte]], former soccer player\\n** [[Mateo Romero\n        (artist)|Mateo Romero]], Native American painter\\n** [[Gideon Sa''ar]], Israeli\n        politician\\n** [[Kadyrbek Sarbayev]], foreign minister of Kyrgyzstan\\n** [[Martin\n        Taylor (footballer, born 1966)|Martin Taylor]], footballer coach\\n** [[Natee\n        Thongsookkaew]], Thailand footballer\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Gary Dourdan]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Leon Lai]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Royce Gracie]], Brazilian martial artist\\n** [[Greg Long (singer)|Greg\n        Long]], American Christian musician\\n** [[\\u00daltimo Drag\\u00f3n]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Lydia Zimmermann]], Spanish filmmaker\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Don Roff]], American writer and filmmaker\\n* [[December 14]]\n        \\n** [[Bill Ranford]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Helle Thorning-Schmidt]],\n        Danish Prime Minister\\n** [[Anthony Mason (basketball)|Anthony Mason]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Katja von Garnier]],\n        German film director\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Dennis Wise]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Milo\\u0161 Tich\\u00fd]], Czech astronomer\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Tim Sk\\u00f6ld]], Swedish multi-instrumentalist musician\\n** [[Alberto\n        Tomba]], Italian alpine skier\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Ed de Goeij]],\n        Dutch footballer\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Kiefer Sutherland]], Canadian\n        actor and film director\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Dmitry Bilozerchev]],\n        Soviet gymnast\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Stephen Twigg]], British politician\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Jay Yuenger]], American musician and producer\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – [[Bill Goldberg]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – [[Kaliopi]], Macedonian singer-songwriter\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\n** [[Eric Kot]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Bennett Miller]],\n        American film director\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Charbel Iskandar]], Lebanese\n        actor\\n* [[Sharon D. Clarke]], British theatre and television actress and\n        singer\\n* [[Kivi Larmola]], Finnish artist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in January 1966}}\\n[[File:VincentAuriol.png|110px|thumb|[[Vincent\n        Auriol]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Vincent Auriol]], French politician,\n        16th [[President of France]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Marguerite\n        Higgins]], American journalist (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Rex Lease]], American actor\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Georges Theunis]], 24th [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Ignacy Oziewicz]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Alberto Giacometti]],\n        Swiss sculptor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Hannes Kolehmainen]], Finnish Olympic athlete\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], Indian activist, 2nd [[Prime Minister\n        of India]] (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\n** [[Sergei Korolev]], Soviet\n        rocket engineer and spacecraft designer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Bill Carr]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]],\n        Nigerian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Nigeria]] (assassinated) (b.\n        [[1912]])\\n** [[Samuel Akintola]], Nigerian premier of the [[Western Nigeria|Western\n        region]] and Aare Ona Kakanfo XIII of the Yoruba (assassinated) (b. [[1910]])\\n**\n        [[Ahmadu Bello]], Nigerian premier of the [[Premier of Northern Nigeria|Northern\n        region]] (assassinated) (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Vincent\n        J. Donehue]], American stage director (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Kathleen Norris]], American writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 22]] –\n        [[Herbert Marshall]], English actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Saul Adler]], Russian-born British-Israeli expert on parasitology (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Patterson (actress)|Elizabeth Patterson]],\n        American actress (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Arthur Percival]], British general (b.[[1887]])\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in February 1966}}\\n[[File:Busterkeaton edit.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Buster\n        Keaton]]]]\\n[[File:Tarzan the-Tiger Merrill2.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Frank Merrill\n        (actor)|Frank Merrill]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Hedda Hopper]], American\n        actress and gossip columnist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Buster Keaton]], American\n        actor and film director (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Joseph R. Knowland]], American\n        politician and newspaper publisher (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[June Walker]], American actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        [[Narcisa de Leon]], Filipino film mogul (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Sophie Tucker]], American singer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        [[Billy Rose]], American composer and band leader (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Frank Merrill (actor)|Frank Merrill]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\n** [[Gerard Antoni Cio\\u0142ek|Gerard Cio\\u0142ek]], Polish\n        architect and historian of gardens (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Camilo Torres Restrepo]],\n        Colombian socialist and [[Roman Catholic]] priest (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Hans Hofmann]], German-American painter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Robert Rossen]], American film director (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Chester W. Nimitz]], American admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Gino Severini]], Italian painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Jonathan Hale]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in March 1966}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Fritz Houtermans]], German\n        physicist (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[William R. Munroe]], American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Donald Stewart (actor)|Donald Stewart]], American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** [[Joseph Fields]], American playwright (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[William\n        Frawley]], American actor (''''I Love Lucy'''') (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Maxfield\n        Parrish]], American artist (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Alice Pearce]], American actress\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Anna Akhmatova]], Russian poet (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Michitaro Totsuka]], Japanese admiral (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Donald B. Beary]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[William Astor, 3rd Viscount Astor]], British\n        politician (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Abdel Hadi Al Gazzar]], Egyptian painter (b.\n        [[1925]])\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Frank O''Connor]], Irish writer (b. 1903)\\n**\n        [[Frits Zernike]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Laurence Abrams]], English professional\n        footballer (b. 1889)\\n** [[Johnny Morrison (baseball)|Johnny Morrison]], American\n        professional baseball player (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Helen\n        Menken]], American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Stylianos\n        Gonatas]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Erwin Piscator]], German theater director (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in April 1966}}\\n[[File:Evelynwaugh.jpeg|110px|thumb|[[Evelyn\n        Waugh]]]]\\n[[File:President Abd al-Salam Arif.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Abdul Salam\n        Arif]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Flann O''Brien]], Irish humorist (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[C. S. Forester]], English author (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Battista Farina]], Italian car designer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Julia Faye]], American actress (b. 1893)\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Evelyn Waugh]], English author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Carlo\n        Carr\\u00e0]], Italian painter (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Georges Duhamel]], French\n        author (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Abdul Salam Arif]], Iraqi military office and statesman,\n        2nd [[President of Iraq]] (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Mario Serandrei]],\n        Italian editor and screenwriter (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Javier\n        Sol\\u00eds]], Mexican singer (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Prince\n        Frederick of Prussia (1911\\u20131966)|Prince Frederick of Prussia]] (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Sepp Dietrich]], Nazi German military leader (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 23]] – [[George Ohsawa]], Japanese diet founder (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[Tino Pattiera]], Yugoslav-born Italian tenor (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Eugene O''Brien (actor)|Eugene O''Brien]], American\n        actor (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===May===\\n{{main article|Deaths in May 1966}}\\n[[File:Hernandez\n        Martinez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez]]]]\\n* [[May 8]]\n        – [[Erich Pommer]], German film producer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 11]]\n        – [[Alfred Wintle]], British army officer and eccentric (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] \\n** [[Maximiliano Hern\\u00e1ndez Mart\\u00ednez]], 30th [[President\n        of El Salvador]] (assassinated) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Titien Sumarni]], Indonesian\n        actress (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Pat O''Malley (actor)|Pat O''Malley]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Tom Goddard]], English\n        cricketer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Demchugdongrub]], Mongolian\n        politician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Jim Barnes]], English golf\n        champion (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Vernon Sturdee]], Australian\n        general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Don Castle]], American actor\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[John and James Woolf|James Woolf]],\n        British film producer (b. [[1919]])\\n\\n===June===\\n{{main article|Deaths in\n        June 1966}}\\n[[File:Ed Wynn All Star Revue.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Ed Wynn]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Papa Jack Laine]], American jazz musician (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Nicholas Straussler]], Hungarian engineer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – [[Ethel Clayton]], American actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June\n        7]] – [[Jean Arp]], Alsatian sculptor, painter, and poet (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Anton Melik]], Slovenian geographer (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Wallace Ford]], English-born American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – [[Hermann Scherchen]], Austrian conductor (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Sankichi Takahashi]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Ed Wynn]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 20]]\n        – [[Georges Lema\\u00eetre]], Belgian priest and astrophysicist (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]]\\n** [[Margery Allingham]], British detective fiction writer (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Farina]], Italian race car driver (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in July 1966}}\\n[[File:Clift, Montgomery.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Montgomery\n        Clift]]]]\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Jan Brzechwa]], Polish poet (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[John of Shanghai and San Francisco|John the Wonderworker]], Chinese [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] bishop, American archbishop and saint (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – [[Deems Taylor]], American composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July\n        5]] \\n** [[Pete Fox]], American baseball player (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[George\n        de Hevesy]], Hungarian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Harold Breen]], Australian public servant\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Sad Sam Jones]], American baseball player (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Anne Nagel]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Carmelita\n        Geraghty]], American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Marija\n        Petkovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]] foundress, blessed, venerable\n        and servant of God (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Delmore Schwartz]],\n        American poet (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Vera Franceschi]], Italian-born\n        American pianist (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[D. T. Suzuki]], Japanese philosopher\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Julie Manet]], French painter (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Bobby Fuller]], American rock and roll musician (b.\n        [[1942]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Francesco Paolo Cantelli]], Italian mathematician\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Montgomery Clift]], American actor (b.\n        [[1920]])\\n** [[Douglass Montgomery]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Frank O''Hara]], American poet (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – [[Jean-Edouard de Castella]], Swiss painter (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        31]]\\n** [[Alexander von Falkenhausen]], German general (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Bud Powell]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1924]])\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in August 1966}}\\n[[File:Jan Kiepura 1933.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jan\n        Kiepura]]]]\\n[[File:Vicente Mejia Colindres.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Vicente Mej\\u00eda\n        Colindres]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Lenny Bruce]], American comedian (b.\n        [[1925]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Cordwainer Smith]], American author (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ed \\\"Strangler\\\" Lewis]], professional\n        wrestler (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Artur Alliksaar]], Estonian\n        poet (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Jan Kiepura]], Polish tenor and\n        actor (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Seena Owen]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Fritz Bleyl]], German painter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Francis X. Bushman]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August\n        24]] \\n** [[Tadeusz B\\u00f3r-Komorowski]], Polish general and statesman, 33rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Vicente Mej\\u00eda Colindres]],\n        29th [[President of Honduras]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Art Baker\n        (actor)|Art Baker]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[W. W. E. Ross]], Canadian\n        geophysicist and poet (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main article|Deaths\n        in September 1966}}\\n[[File:HF Verwoerd Transvaler.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Hendrik\n        Verwoerd]]]]\\n[[File:Cemal G\\u00fcrsel (1).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Reynaud 1933.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Paul Reynaud]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Fleming 1961.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Eric\n        Fleming]]]]\\n* September – [[Stepan Bogomyagkov]], Sovier red army commander\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Fu Lei]], Chinese translator (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Dezs\\u0151 Lauber]], Hungarian sportsman\n        and architect (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Shams Ali Qalandar]],\n        Pakistani [[Sufu]] saint (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Margaret Sanger]], American birth\n        control advocate (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Hendrik Verwoerd]], 2nd [[Prime Minister\n        of South Africa]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[C. E. Woolman]],\n        American Airlines founder (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Gertrude\n        Berg]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Hiram Wesley Evans]], American\n        leader of the Ku Klux Klan (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]], Turkish\n        general and statesman, 10th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] and 4th [[President\n        of Turkey]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Fritz Wunderlich]],\n        German tenor (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Vladimir Grigoryevich\n        Fyodorov]], Soviet scientist and general (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 20]]\n        – [[Fritz Delius (actor)|Fritz Delius]], German actor and artist (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Paul Reynaud]], French lawyer and\n        politician, 77th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Helen Kane]], American singer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September\n        28]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Breton]], French poet and writer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Eric\n        Fleming]], American actor (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Te Kani\n        te Ua]], New Zealand tribal leader (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in October 1966}}\\n[[File:Elizabeth Arden NYWTS.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Elizabeth\n        Arden]]]]\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Smiley Lewis]], American urban musician (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n** [[Johnny Kidd (singer)|Johnny Kidd]], English singer (b. [[1935]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] \\n** [[Charlotte Cooper (tennis)|Charlotte Cooper]], English\n        tennis champion (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Wilfrid Lawson (actor)|Wilfrid Lawson]],\n        English actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Sergio and Domenica\n        Bernardini|Sergio Bernardini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] layman and venerable\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Clifton Webb]], American actor,  dancer,\n        and singer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[George O''Hara (actor)|George\n        O''Hara]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Elizabeth\n        Arden]], Canadian-born beautician and cosmetics entrepreneur (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Claire McDowell]], American silent screen actress\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Hans Dreier]], German art director\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Alma Cogan]], English singer (b. [[1932]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Morton (actor)|Charles Morton]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Serjius]], French actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Robert\n        Charpentier]], French Olympic cyclist (b. [[1916]])\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in November 1966}}\\n[[File:SteingrimurSteinthorsson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steingr\\u00edmur\n        Stein\\u00fe\\u00f3rsson]]]]\\n[[File:O Ceallaigh.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean T. O''Kelly]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[Peter Debye]], Dutch chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Mississippi John Hurt]], African-American\n        singer and guitarist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Dietrich von\n        Choltitz]], Nazi German military governor of Paris in [[World War II]] (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Bernhard Zondek]] German-born Israeli\n        gynecologist, developer of first reliable pregnancy test (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Jisabur\\u014d Ozawa]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Shakeb Jalali]], Pakistani poet (b. [[1934]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** [[Steingr\\u00edmur Stein\\u00fe\\u00f3rsson]], 11th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Zengo Yoshida]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[James Jabara|James \\\"Jabby\\\" Jabara]],\n        American aviator, the first American jet fighter ace (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Arthur Haynes]], English comedian (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Bortnowski]], Polish historian and military\n        commander (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Se\\u00e1n T. O''Kelly]],\n        2nd [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===December===\\n{{main article|Deaths\n        in December 1966}}\\n[[File:Walt disney portrait.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Walt Disney]]]]\\n[[File:Husayn\n        Al-Khalidi portrait.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Husayn Al-Khalidi]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Luitzen Brouwer]], Dutch mathematician and philosopher (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai]], Egyptian historian (b.  [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Maria Donati]], Italian actress (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Juan Natalicio Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Paraguayan poet,\n        37th [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Verna\n        Felton]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Richard Whorf]], American actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Walt Disney]], American animated\n        film producer and founder of The Walt Disney Company and Disneyland Resort\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Betty Kuuskemaa]], Estonian actress\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Arturo Riccardi]], Italian general\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Harry Beaumont]], American film director\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Robert Keith (actor)|Robert Keith]], American actor (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[David J. Stewart]], American actor\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Husayn Al-Khalidi]], Jordanian\n        statesman, 29th [[Prime Minister of Jordan]]  (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Guillermo St\\u00e1bile]], Argentine football player and manager\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Christian Herter]], United States\n        Secretary of State (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Alfred Kastler]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Robert S. Mulliken]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Peyton Rous]] and\n        [[Charles Brenton Huggins]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] and [[Nelly Sachs]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – not awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{commons category|1966|position=left}}\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1966}}\\n[[Category:1966|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T10:48:38Z\",\"lastrevid\":799708532,\"length\":96787,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966\"},\"34749\":{\"pageid\":34749,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1967\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:37:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        song \\\"1967\\\" by Tom Robinson|1967 (song)}}\\n{{Year dab|1967}}\\n{{Use mdy\n        dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events by month|1967}}\\n{{Year nav|1967}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1967}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1967}}\\n* [[January 1]] –\n        Canada begins a year-long celebration of the 100th anniversary of the [[Constitution\n        Act, 1867|British North America Act, 1867]], featuring the [[Expo 67]] World''s\n        Fair.\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Ronald Reagan]], past movie actor and future\n        President of the United States, is inaugurated the new governor of California.\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[The Doors]] release their d\\u00e9but album ''''[[The\n        Doors (album)|The Doors]]''''. The album contained their later number one\n        hit, \\\"[[Light My Fire]]\\\".\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** Spain and [[Romania]] sign\n        in Paris an agreement establishing full consular and commercial relations\n        (not diplomatic ones).\\n** [[Charlie Chaplin]] launches his last film, ''''[[A\n        Countess from Hong Kong]]'''', in the UK.\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] and [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|ARVN]]\n        troops launch ''''[[Operation Deckhouse Five]]'''' in the [[Mekong Delta]].\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – Vietnam War: [[Operation Cedar Falls]] starts.\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Racial segregation in the United States|Segregationist]] [[Lester\n        Maddox]] is sworn in as [[Governor of Georgia (U.S. state)|Governor of Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – Dr. [[James Bedford]] becomes the first person to be\n        [[cryonics|cryonically preserved]] with the intent of future resuscitation.\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Togo]] under the leadership\n        of [[\\u00c9tienne Eyadema]].\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** ''''[[The New York Times]]''''\n        reports that the U.S. Army is conducting secret [[germ warfare]] experiments.\\n**\n        The [[Human Be-In]] takes place in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[San Francisco]];\n        the event sets the stage for the [[Summer of Love]].\\n* [[January 15]]\\n**\n        [[Louis Leakey]] announces the discovery of pre-human fossils in [[Kenya]];\n        he names the species ''''[[Proconsul nyanzae|Kenyapithecus africanus]]''''.\\n**\n        The United Kingdom enters the first round of negotiations for [[European Economic\n        Community]] membership in Rome.\\n** [[American football]]: The [[Green Bay\n        Packers]] defeat the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] 35-10 in the [[Super Bowl I|First\n        AFL-NFL World Championship Game]] at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]].\\n*\n        [[January 18]]\\n** [[Albert DeSalvo]] is convicted of numerous crimes and\n        sentenced to life in prison.\\n** [[Jeremy Thorpe]] becomes leader of the UK''s\n        [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]].\\n** ''''[[A Fistful of Dollars]]'''',\n        the first significant \\\"[[spaghetti Western]]\\\" film, is released in the United\n        States.\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** In [[Munich]], the trial begins of [[Wilhelm\n        Harster]], accused of the murder of 82,856 Jews (including [[Anne Frank]])\n        when he led German security police during the German occupation of the Netherlands.\n        He is eventually sentenced to 15 years in prison.\\n** [[Milton Keynes]] (England)\n        is founded as a [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new town]] by [[Order in\n        Council]], with a planning brief to become a city of 250,000 people. Its initial\n        designated area enclosed three existing towns and twenty one villages. The\n        area to be developed was largely farmland,  with [[History of Milton Keynes|evidence\n        of permanent settlement]] dating back to the [[Bronze Age]].\\n* [[January\n        26]] – The [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] decides to nationalise\n        90% of the British [[steel]] industry.\\n** [[1967 Chicago blizzard|Chicago''s\n        largest-ever blizzard]] begins.\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** ''''[[Apollo 1]]'''':\n        U.S. astronauts [[Gus Grissom]], [[Edward Higgins White]], and [[Roger Chaffee]]\n        are killed when fire breaks out in their [[Apollo program|Apollo]] spacecraft\n        during a launch pad test.\\n** The United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom\n        sign the [[Outer Space Treaty]].\\n* [[January 31]] – West Germany and\n        [[Romania]] establish [[diplomatic relations]].\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1967}}\\n* [[February 2]] – The [[American Basketball\n        Association]] is formed.\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Ronald Ryan]] becomes\n        the last man hanged in Australia, for murdering a guard while escaping from\n        prison in December [[1965]].\\n* [[February 4]] – The [[Soviet Union]]\n        protests the demonstrations before its embassy in Beijing.\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Lunar Orbiter 3]]''''.\\n** Italy''s first [[guided\n        missile cruiser]], the ''''[[Italian cruiser Vittorio Veneto (550)|Vittorio\n        Veneto]]'''', is launched.\\n** General [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] becomes\n        president of [[Nicaragua]].\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Alexei Kosygin]] arrives\n        in the UK for an 8-day visit. He meets [[Elizabeth II|The Queen]] on [[February\n        9]].\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** The Chinese government announces that it can no\n        longer guarantee the safety of Soviet diplomats outside the Soviet Embassy\n        building.\\n** Serious [[bushfire]]s in southern [[Tasmania]] claim 62 lives,\n        and destroys 2,642.7 square kilometres (653,025.4 acres) of land.\\n**\n        [[Mazenod College, Victoria]] opens in Australia.\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        The [[25th Amendment to the United States Constitution]] (presidential succession\n        and disability) is ratified.\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Burgess Ice Rise]],\n        lying off the west coast of [[Alexander Island]], Antarctica is first mapped\n        by the [[British Antarctic Survey]] (BAS).\\n* [[February 13]] – American\n        researchers discover the Madrid Codices by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] in the [[Biblioteca\n        Nacional de Espa\\u00f1a|National Library of Spain]].[http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html\n        The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci''s Adding Machine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529140741/http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html\n        |date=May 29, 2011 }}\\n* [[February 15]] – The [[Soviet Union]]\n        announces that it has sent troops near the Chinese border.\\n* [[February 18]]\n        – [[New Orleans]] District Attorney [[Jim Garrison]] claims he will\n        solve the John F. Kennedy assassination, and that a conspiracy was planned\n        in New Orleans.\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Suharto]] takes power from [[Sukarno]]\n        in [[Indonesia]] (see [[Transition to the New Order]] and [[Supersemar]]).\\n**\n        [[Donald Sangster]] becomes the new Prime Minister of [[Jamaica]], succeeding\n        [[Alexander Bustamante]].\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Trinidad and Tobago]] is\n        the first [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] nation to join the [[Organization\n        of American States]].\\n** The [[25th Amendment to the United States Constitution]]\n        is enacted.\\n* [[February 24]] – Moscow forbids its [[satellite state]]s\n        to form diplomatic relations with West Germany.\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** The\n        Chinese government announces that it has ordered the army to help in the spring\n        seeding.\\n** Britain''s second [[Polaris missile]] submarine, [[HMS Renown\n        (S26)|HMS ''''Renown'''']], is launched.\\n* [[February 26]] – A Soviet\n        nuclear test is conducted at the [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]], Eastern [[Kazakhstan]].\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] government supports British\n        [[European Community|EEC]] membership.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March\n        1967}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** The city of [[Hatogaya, Saitama|Hatogaya]], [[Saitama\n        Prefecture|Saitama]], Japan is founded.\\n** [[Brazil]]ian police arrest [[Franz\n        Stangl]], ex-commander of [[Treblinka extermination camp|Treblinka]] and [[Sobib\\u00f3r\n        extermination camp]]s.\\n** The [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] return to\n        schools in China.\\n** The [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]] is opened in London.\\n**\n        [[\\u00d3scar Diego Gestido|\\u00d3scar Gestido]] is sworn in as [[President\n        of Uruguay]] after 15 years of [[National Council of Government (Uruguay)|collegiate\n        government]].\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** The first [[North Sea gas]] is pumped ashore\n        at [[Easington, East Riding of Yorkshire]].\\n** [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens\n        Park Rangers]] become the first 3rd Division side to win the English [[Football\n        League Cup]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], defeating [[West\n        Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] 3\\u20132.\\n* [[March 5]] –\n        [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] (or Mosaddeq; {{lang-fa|\\u0645\\u064f\\u062d\\u064e\\u0645\\u064e\\u062f\n        \\u0645\\u064f\\u0635\\u064e\\u062f\\u0650\\u0642}}; {{IPA-fa|moh\\u00e6m\\u02c8m\\u00e6d(-e)\n        mos\\u00e6d\\u02c8de\\u0263|IPA|Fa-\\u0645\\u0635\\u062f\\u0642.ogg}}), deposed Iranian\n        prime minister, dies after fourteen years of house arrest.\\n* [[March 6]]\n        – ''''[[Mark Twain Tonight]]'''' starring [[Hal Holbrook]] as Mark Twain,\n        premieres on CBS television in the United States.\\n* [[March 7]] – U.S.\n        labor union leader [[Jimmy Hoffa]] begins his 8-year sentence for attempting\n        to bribe a jury.\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Joseph Stalin]]''s daughter, [[Svetlana\n        Alliluyeva]], defects to the United States via the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi.\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – The first phase of the [[Cambodian Civil War]] begins\n        between the [[Kingdom of Cambodia]] and the [[Khmer Rouge]].\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        The [[Indonesia]]n State Assembly takes all presidential powers from [[Sukarno]]\n        and names [[Suharto]] as acting president (Suharto resigned in [[1998]]).\\n**\n        [[The Velvet Underground]]''s first album, ''''[[The Velvet Underground &\n        Nico]]'''', is released in the United States. It is initially a commercial\n        failure but receives widespread critical and commercial acclaim in later years.\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Moise Tshombe]], ex-prime minister of [[Democratic\n        Republic of Congo|Congo]], is sentenced to death [[trial in absentia|''''in\n        absentia'''']].\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** The body of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        is moved to a permanent burial place at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].\\n**\n        Nine executives of the German pharmaceutical company Grunenthal are charged\n        for breaking German drug laws because of [[thalidomide]].\\n* [[March 16]]\n        – In the Aspida case in Greece, 15 officers are sentenced to 2\\u201318\n        years in prison, accused of treason and intentions of staging a [[coup]].\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\n** [[Torrey Canyon oil spill|''''Torrey Canyon'''' oil spill]]:\n        The supertanker {{SS|Torrey Canyon}} runs aground between [[Land''s End]]\n        and the [[Scilly Isles]] off the coast of Britain.\\n** The classic [[Pirates\n        of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]] attraction opens\n        at [[Disneyland]], California.\\n* [[March 19]] – A referendum in [[French\n        Somaliland]] favors the connection to France.\\n* [[March 21]]  \\n**A military\n        coup takes place in [[Sierra Leone]].\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: In ongoing campus\n        unrest, [[Howard University]] students protesting the Vietnam War, the [[ROTC]]\n        program on campus and the draft, confront Gen. [[Lewis Blaine Hershey|Lewis\n        Hershey]], then head of the U.S. [[Selective Service System]], and as he attempts\n        to deliver an address, shout him down with cries of \\\"America is the Black\n        man''s battleground!\\\"\\n** [[Charles Manson]] is released from [[Terminal\n        Island]]. Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested\n        permission to stay. Upon his release, he relocates to San Francisco where\n        he spends the [[Summer of Love]].{{cite book|last1=Bugliosi|first1=Vincent|title=Helter\n        Skelter \\u2013 The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition|date=1994|publisher=W.W.\n        Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-08700-X|pages=137\\u2013146}}\\n* [[March\n        26]]\\n** In New York City, 10,000 gather for the [[Central Park be-in]].\\n**\n        [[Jim Thompson (designer)|Jim Thompson]], co-founder of the Thai Silk Company,\n        disappears from the [[Cameron Highlands]].\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Pope\n        Paul VI]] issues the [[encyclical]] ''''[[Populorum progressio]]''''.\\n* [[March\n        29]]\\n** A 13-day TV strike begins in the United States.\\n** The first French\n        nuclear submarine, ''''[[French submarine Redoutable (S611)|Le Redoutable]]'''',\n        is launched.\\n** The [[SEACOM (Asian cable system)|SEACOM]] Asian telephone\n        cable is inaugurated.\\n** [[Torrey Canyon oil spill|''''Torrey Canyon''''\n        oil spill]]: British [[Fleet Air Arm]] and [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft bomb\n        and sink the grounded supertanker {{SS|Torrey Canyon}}.\\n* [[March 31]] –\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] signs the Consular Treaty.\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n{{Main article|April 1967}}\\n\\n* [[April 2]] – A [[United Nations]]\n        delegation arrives in [[Aden]] as its independence approaches. The delegation\n        leaves [[April 7]], accusing British authorities of lack of cooperation. The\n        British say the delegation did not contact them.\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Martin\n        Luther King Jr.]] denounces the Vietnam War during his sermon at the Riverside\n        Church in New York City.\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Georges Pompidou]] begins\n        to form the next French government.\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Six-Day War]]\n        (approach): [[Israel]]i fighters shoot down 7 Syrian [[MIG-21]]s.\\n* [[April\n        8]] – ''''[[Puppet on a String]]'''' by Sandie Shaw (music and lyrics\n        by Bill Martin and Phil Coulter) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1967]]\n        for the United Kingdom.\\n* [[April 9]] – The first [[Boeing 737]] (a\n        100 series) takes its maiden flight.\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** The AFTRA strike\n        is settled just in time for the [[39th Academy Awards]] ceremony to be held,\n        hosted by [[Bob Hope]]. [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] goes\n        to ''''[[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|A Man for All Seasons]]''''.\\n**\n        Oral arguments begin in the landmark [[Supreme Court of the United States]]\n        case ''''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'''', 388 U.S. 1 (1967), challenging the State\n        of Virginia''s statutory scheme to prevent marriages between persons solely\n        on the basis of racial classifications.\\n* [[April 12]] – The [[Ahmanson\n        Theatre]] opens in Los Angeles.\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Conservative Party\n        (UK)|Conservatives]] win the [[Greater London Council]] elections.\\n* [[April\n        14]] – In [[San Francisco]], 10,000 march against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[April 15]] \\n** Large demonstrations are held against the [[Vietnam War]]\n        in New York City and [[San Francisco]]. The march, organized by the [[National\n        Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]], from Central Park to the\n        United Nations drew hundreds of thousands of people, including Dr. Martin\n        Luther King Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, and Dr. Benjamin Spock, who\n        marched and spoke at the event. A simultaneous march in San Francisco was\n        attended by Coretta Scott King.\\n** Scotland defeats England 3-2 at Wembley\n        Stadium, with goals from Law, Lennox and McCalligog, in the British Championships.\n        This is England''s first defeat since they won the World Cup, and ends a 19-game\n        unbeaten run.\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** The [[Surveyor 3]] [[unmanned space missions|probe]]\n        lands on the Moon.\\n** A Globe Air [[Bristol Britannia]] turboprop crashes\n        at [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]], killing 126 people.{{cite web|title=Aviation\n        accidents |url=http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1967/1967-31.htm |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gX4LEIUg?url=http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1967/1967-31.htm\n        |archivedate=May 5, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-04-06 |df=mdy }}{{cite\n        web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19670420-1&lang=en\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-04-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gX4LfrAL?url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19670420-1&lang=en\n        |archivedate=May 5, 2009 |df= }}\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** Greece suffers\n        a military coup by a group of military officers, who establish a [[Greek military\n        junta of 1967\\u20131974|military dictatorship]] led by [[Georgios Papadopoulos|George\n        Papadopoulos]]; future-Prime Minister [[Andreas Papandreou]] remains a political\n        prisoner to [[December 25]]. The dictatorship ends in [[1974]].\\n** An outbreak\n        of tornadoes strikes the upper Midwest section of the United States (in particular\n        the Chicago area, including the suburbs of [[Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere]]\n        and [[Oak Lawn, Illinois]], where 33 people are killed and 500 injured).\\n*\n        [[April 23]] – A group of young leftist radicals are expelled from the\n        [[Nicaraguan Socialist Party]] (PSN). This group goes on to found the [[Communist\n        Party of Nicaragua|Socialist Workers Party]] (POS).\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** ''''[[Soyuz\n        1]]'''': [[Vladimir Komarov]] becomes the first Soviet [[cosmonaut]] to die,\n        when the parachute of his space capsule fails during re-entry.\\n** In the\n        [[NBA]], the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] defeat the [[San Francisco Warriors]]\n        125-122 in game six to win the title.  Some say this team is arguably the\n        greatest of all time.\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], ''''[[Expo\n        67]]'''', a [[World''s Fair]] to coincide with the [[Canadian Confederation]]\n        centennial, officially opens with Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] igniting\n        the Expo Flame in the Place des Nations.\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** In [[Houston,\n        Texas]], boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] refuses military service. He is stripped of\n        his boxing title and barred from professional boxing for the next three years.\\n**\n        [[Expo 67]] opens to the public, with over 310,000 people attending. Al Carter\n        from Chicago is the first visitor as noted by Expo officials.\\n** The U.S.\n        [[aerospace manufacturer]] [[McDonnell Douglas]] is formed through a merger\n        of [[McDonnell Aircraft]] and [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas Aircraft]]\n        (it becomes part of [[The Boeing Company]] three decades later).\\n* [[April\n        29]] – [[Fidel Castro]] announces that all [[intellectual property]]\n        belongs to the people and that [[Cuba]] intends to translate and publish technical\n        literature without compensation.\\n* [[April 30]] – Moscow''s 537m-tall\n        [[Ostankino Tower|TV tower]] is finished.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main|May 1967}}\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Elvis Presley]] and [[Priscilla Beaulieu]] are married in\n        Las Vegas.\\n** [[GO Transit]], Canada''s first interregional public transit\n        system, is established.\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** The [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] win the\n        [[Stanley Cup]]. It is their last Stanley Cup and last finals appearance to\n        date. It will turn out to be the last game in the [[Original Six]] era. Six\n        more teams will be added in the fall.\\n** [[Harold Wilson]] announces that\n        the United Kingdom has decided to apply for [[European Economic Community|EEC]]\n        membership.\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Lunar Orbiter 4]] is launched by the United\n        States.\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** Dr. [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]\n        is the first Muslim to become president of India.\\n** Four hundred students\n        seize the administration building at Cheyney State College, now [[Cheyney\n        University of Pennsylvania]], the oldest institute for higher education for\n        African Americans.\\n** [[Hong Kong 1967 riots]]: Clashes between striking\n        workers and police kill 51 and injure 800.\\n* [[May 8]] – The [[Provinces\n        of the Philippines|Philippine province]] of Davao is split into three: [[Davao\n        del Norte]], [[Davao del Sur]], and [[Davao Oriental]].\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        The Greek military government accuses [[Andreas Papandreou]] of treason.\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – The United Kingdom and Ireland apply officially for [[European\n        Economic Community]] membership.\\n* [[May 12]] – [[The Jimi Hendrix\n        Experience]] release their debut album, ''''[[Are You Experienced]]''''.\\n*\n        [[May 15]] [[Waiting period (Six-Day War)|Waiting period]] leading up to the\n        [[Six-Day War]] begins\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Syria]] mobilizes against [[Israel]].\\n**\n        President [[Gamal Abdal Nasser]] of [[Egypt]] demands withdrawal of the peacekeeping\n        [[UN Emergency Force]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]. U.N. Secretary-General\n        [[U Thant]] complies ([[May 18]]).\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Tennessee]] [[Buford\n        Ellington|Governor Ellington]] repeals the \\\"Monkey Law\\\" (officially the\n        Butler Act; see the [[Scopes Trial]]).\\n** In Mexico, schoolteacher [[Lucio\n        Caba\\u00f1as]] begins [[guerrilla warfare]] in Atoyac de Alvarez, west of\n        [[Acapulco]], in the state of [[Guerrero]].\\n** [[NASA]] announces the crew\n        for the ''''[[Apollo 7]]'''' space mission (first manned Apollo flight): [[Wally\n        Schirra]], [[Donn F. Eisele]], and [[R. Walter Cunningham]].\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        The [[Soviet Union]] ratifies a treaty with the United States and the United\n        Kingdom, banning nuclear weapons from outer space.\\n** [[Yuri Andropov]] becomes\n        [[KGB]] chief.\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2014 The Spring Mobilization Conference, a\n        gathering of 700 antiwar activists is held in Washington D.C. to chart the\n        future moves for the U.S. antiwar movement\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** The ''''Innovation''''\n        department store in the centre of [[Brussels]], Belgium burns down. It is\n        the most devastating fire in Belgian history, resulting in 323 dead and missing\n        and 150 injured.\\n* [[May 23]] – Egypt closes the [[Straits of Tiran]]\n        to Israeli shipping, blockading Israel''s southern port of [[Eilat]], and\n        Israel''s entire [[Red Sea]] coastline.\\n* [[May 25]] \\n** The Celtic Football\n        Club becomes the first [[Northern Europe]]an football club to win the European\n        Cup/Champions League. \\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Naxalite]] [[guerrilla warfare|Guerrilla\n        War]]: Beginning with a peasant uprising in the town of Naxalbari, this Marxist/Maoist\n        rebellion sputters on in the Indian countryside. The guerrillas operate among\n        the impoverished peasants, fighting both the government security forces and\n        private paramilitary groups funded by wealthy landowners. Most fighting takes\n        place in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]] and\n        [[Madhya Pradesh]].\\n** The [[Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)|Australian\n        referendum, 1967]] passes with an overwhelming 90% support, removing, from\n        the Australian Constitution, 2 discriminatory sentences referring to [[Indigenous\n        Australians]]. It signifies Australia''s first step in recognising [[Indigenous\n        rights]].\\n** The [[folk rock]] band [[Fairport Convention]] plays their first\n        gig in [[Golders Green]], North London.\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Biafra]],\n        in eastern [[Nigeria]], announces its independence.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main|June\n        1967}}\\n[[File:Six Day War Territories.svg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[June 5]]:\n        [[Six Day War]], Israel defeats Arab countries.]]\\n* [[June]] – [[Moshe\n        Dayan]] becomes [[Israel]]''s Minister of Defense.\\n* [[June 1]] – [[The\n        Beatles]] release ''''[[Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'''', nicknamed\n        \\\"The Soundtrack of the [[Summer of Love]]\\\"; it will be number one on the\n        albums charts throughout the summer of 1967.\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** Protests in\n        [[West Berlin]] against the arrival of the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of\n        Iran]] turn into fights, during which 27-year-old [[Benno Ohnesorg]] is killed\n        by a police officer. His death results in the founding of the [[terrorism|terrorist]]\n        group ''''[[2 June Movement]]''''.\\n** [[Luis Monge]] is executed in [[capital\n        punishment in Colorado|Colorado]]''s [[gas chamber]], in the last [[Furman\n        v. Georgia|pre-''''Furman'''']] execution in the United States.\\n* [[June\n        4]] – [[Stockport air disaster]]: [[British Midland International|British\n        Midland]] flight G-ALHG crashes in Hopes Carr, [[Stockport]], killing 72 passengers\n        and crew.\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Six-Day War]] begins: Israel launches [[Operation\n        Focus]], a preemptive strike on [[Egyptian Air Force]] bsir fields; the allied\n        armies of [[Egypt]] [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], and Iraq invade Israel.\n        [[Battle of Ammunition Hill]], start of the [[Jordanian campaign (1967)|Jordanian\n        campaign]]\\n** Murderer [[Richard Speck]] is sentenced to death in the electric\n        chair for killing 8 student nurses in Chicago.\\n* [[June 7]] – \\n**Capture\n        of East Jerusalem in a battle conducted by Israeli forces without the use\n        of artillery in order to avoid damage to the Holy City. \\n**Two [[Moby Grape]]\n        members are arrested for contributing to the delinquency of minors.\\n* [[June\n        8]] [[USS Liberty incident]]\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Six-Day War]] ends: [[Israel]]\n        and [[Syria]] agree to a [[United Nations]]-mediated cease-fire.\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] severs diplomatic relations with Israel.\\n** [[Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe]],\n        heir apparent to the throne of Denmark, marries French count [[Henri de Laborde\n        de Monpezat]].\\n* [[June 11]] – A [[race riot]] occurs in [[Tampa, Florida]]\n        after the shooting death of Martin Chambers by police while allegedly robbing\n        a camera store.  The unrest lasts several days.\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** ''''[[Loving\n        v. Virginia]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]] declares all [[U.S.\n        state]] laws prohibiting [[interracial marriage]] to be unconstitutional.[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/loving.html\n        Loving v. Virginia] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5gX4M35KC?url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/loving.html\n        |date=May 5, 2009 }}\\n** [[Venera program]]: ''''[[Venera 4]]'''' is\n        launched by the [[Soviet Union]] (the first [[space probe]] to enter another\n        [[planet]]''s atmosphere and successfully return data).\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        Solicitor General [[Thurgood Marshall]] is nominated as the first [[African\n        American]] justice of the [[United States Supreme Court]].{{cite web\n        |url=http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/082.html\n        |title=Thurgood Marshall |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050903020328/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/082.html\n        |archivedate=September 3, 2005}}\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Mariner program]]:\n        ''''[[Mariner 5]]'''' is launched toward [[Venus]].\\n* [[June 14]]\\u2013[[June\n        15]] – [[Glenn Gould]] records [[Prokofiev]]''s Seventh Piano Sonata,\n        Op. 83, in New York City (his only recording of a Prokofiev composition).\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – The [[Monterey Pop Festival]] begins and is held for 3\n        days.\\n* [[June 17]] – The People''s Republic of China tests its first\n        [[hydrogen bomb]].{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/cpc2011/2011-06/17/content_12725624.htm\n        |title=June 17, 1967: China''s first hydrogen bomb is successfully detonated\n        |publisher=China Daily |date=2011-06-17 |accessdate=2014-08-17}}\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – Eighteen British soldiers are killed in the [[Aden]] police\n        mutiny.{{cite book | last=Grant | first= Neil| authorlink= | title=Chronicle\n        of 20th Century Conflict | year=1993 | publisher=Reed International Books\n        Ltd. & SMITHMARK Publishers Inc.| location=New York City | isbn=0-8317-1371-2|\n        pages=18\\u201319}}\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Cold War]]: U.S. President\n        [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] meets with Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] in [[Glassboro,\n        New Jersey]], for the 3-day [[Glassboro Summit Conference]]. Johnson travels\n        to Los Angeles for a dinner at the Century Plaza Hotel where earlier in the\n        day thousands of war protesters clashed with L.A. police.{{cite web|url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/diary/1967/670623.asp\n        |title=PRESIDENT''S DAILY DIARY, June 23, 1967 |publisher=Lbjlib.utexas.edu\n        |date=1967-06-23 |accessdate=2011-11-29}}\\n* [[June 25]] – 400\n        million viewers watch ''''[[Our World (TV special)|Our World]]'''', the first\n        live, international, satellite television production. It features the live\n        debut of [[The Beatles]]'' song \\\"[[All You Need Is Love]]\\\".\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        [[Pope Paul VI]] ordains 27 new cardinals (one of whom is the future [[Pope\n        Saint John Paul II]]).\\n** The [[Buffalo riot of 1967|Buffalo Race Riot]]\n        begins, lasting until July 1; leads to 200 arrests.\\n[[Image:Atmplaque.jpg|thumb|150px|Plaque\n        commemorating installation of world''s first bank cash machine]]\\n* [[June\n        27]] – The first automatic cash machine (voucher-based) is installed,\n        in the office of [[Barclays Bank]] in [[Enfield Town|Enfield]], England.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Israel]] declares the annexation of East [[Jerusalem]].\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Moise Tshombe]], former President of [[State of Katanga|Katanga]]\n        and former prime minister of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], is\n        kidnapped to [[Algeria]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main|July 1967}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        Canada celebrates its [[Canadian Centennial|first one hundred years of Confederation]].\\n**\n        The [[European Economic Community|EEC]] joins with the [[European Coal and\n        Steel Community]] and the European Atomic Community, to form the [[European\n        Communities]] (from the 1980s usually known as [[European Community]] [EC]).\\n**\n        Seaboard Air Line Railroad merges with Atlantic Coast Line railroad, to become\n        Seaboard Coast Line railroad, first step to today''s CSX Transportation.\\n**\n        The first UK [[colour television]] broadcasts begin on [[BBC Two|BBC2]]. The\n        first one is from the [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon tennis championships]].\n        A full colour service begins on BBC2 on [[December 2]].\\n** [[American Samoa]]''s\n        first constitution becomes effective.\\n* [[July 3]] – A military rebellion\n        led by Belgian mercenary [[Jean Schramme]] begins in [[Katanga Province|Katanga]],\n        [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].\\n* [[July 4]] – The British Parliament\n        decriminalizes [[homosexuality]].\\n* [[July 5]] – Troops of Belgian\n        [[mercenary]] commander [[Jean Schramme]] revolt against [[Mobutu Sese Seko]],\n        and try to take control of [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]], [[Democratic Republic\n        of the Congo|Congo]].\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Nigerian Civil War]]: [[Nigeria]]n\n        forces invade the secessionist [[Biafra]] [[May 30]].\\n** A [[level crossing]]\n        collision between a train loaded with children and a tanker-truck near [[Magdeburg]],\n        [[East Germany]] kills 94 people, mostly children.\\n* [[July 7]] – ''''[[All\n        You Need Is Love]]'''' is released in the UK.\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** Heavy massive\n        rains and a landslide at [[Kobe]] and [[Kure, Hiroshima]], Japan, kill at\n        least 371.\\n** New Zealand decimalises its currency from [[New Zealand pound|pound]]\n        to [[New Zealand dollar|dollar]] at \\u00a31 to $2 ($1 = 10/-).\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        The Greek military regime strips 480 Greeks of their [[citizenship]].\\n**\n        [[1967 Newark riots]]: After the arrest of an African-American cab driver\n        for allegedly illegally driving around a police car and gunning it down the\n        road, [[race riot]]s break out in [[Newark, New Jersey]], lasting 5 days and\n        leaving 26 dead.\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** The [[Bee Gees]] release their first\n        international album ''''[[Bee Gees'' 1st]]'''' in the UK.\\n** Near Newark,\n        New Jersey, the [[1967 Plainfield riots|Plainfield, NJ, riots]] take place.\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – A prison riot in [[Jay, Florida]] leaves 37 dead.\\n* [[July\n        18]] – The United Kingdom announces the closing of its [[military base]]s\n        in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. Australia and the U.S. disapprove.\\n* [[July\n        19]]\\n**A race riot breaks out in the North Side of Minneapolis on Plymouth\n        Street during the [[Minneapolis Aquatennial]] Parade; businesses are vandalized\n        and fires break out in the area, although the disturbance is quelled within\n        hours.  However, the next day a shooting sets off another incident in the\n        same area that leads to 18 fires, 36 arrests, 3 shootings, 2 dozen people\n        injured, and damages totaling 4.2 million.  There will be two more such incidents\n        in the following two weeks.\\n**Eighty-two people are killed in a collision\n        between [[Piedmont Airlines Flight 22]] and a [[Cessna 310]] near Hendersonville,\n        North Carolina.\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Chile]]an poet [[Pablo Neruda]] receives\n        the first Viareggio-Versile prize.\\n* [[July 21]] – The town of [[Winneconne,\n        Wisconsin]], announces secession from the United States because it is not\n        included in the official maps and declares war. Secession is repealed the\n        next day.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[July 31]] – [[1967 Detroit riot|12th\n        Street Riot]]: In [[Detroit]], one of the worst riots in United States history\n        begins on 12th Street in the predominantly [[African American]] inner city:\n        43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned.\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        During an official state visit to Canada, French President [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in [[Montreal]]: ''''[[Vive le Qu\\u00e9bec\n        libre|Vive le Qu\\u00e9bec libre!]]'''' (Long live free Quebec!). The statement,\n        interpreted as support for [[Quebec independence]], delights many Quebecers\n        but angers the Canadian government and many [[English Canada|English Canadians]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]]\\n** An explosion and fire aboard the U.S. Navy [[aircraft carrier]]\n        {{USS|Forrestal|CV-59|6}} in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] leaves 134 dead.\\n** [[Georges\n        Bidault]] moves to Belgium where he receives [[political asylum]].\\n** An\n        [[1967 Caracas earthquake|earthquake]] in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] leaves\n        240 dead.\\n* [[July 30]] – The [[1967 Milwaukee riot|1967 Milwaukee\n        race riots]] begin, lasting through August 3 and leading to a ten-day shutdown\n        of the city from August 1.\\nJuly 1967 and the evacuation of British Families\n        from Aden, featured in the book \\\"From Barren Rocks to Living Stones\\\". The\n        evacuation was a major British operation at the time.\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main|August\n        1967}}\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Race riot]]s in the United States spread\n        to Washington, D.C..\\n* [[August 2]] – The Turkish football club [[Trabzonspor]]\n        is established in [[Trabzon]].\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Pink Floyd]] releases\n        their debut album ''''[[The Piper at the Gates of Dawn]]'''' in the United\n        Kingdom.\\n* [[August 6]] – A [[pulsar]] is noted by [[Jocelyn Bell]]\n        and [[Antony Hewish]]. The discovery is first recorded in print in 1968: \\\"An\n        entirely novel kind of star came to light on ''''Aug. 6 last year'''' [...]\\\".\n        The date of the discovery is not recorded.\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]:\n        The People''s Republic of China agrees to give [[North Vietnam]] an undisclosed\n        amount of aid in the form of a grant.\\n** A general strike in the old quarter\n        of [[Jerusalem]] protests Israel''s unification of the city.\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – The [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) is founded\n        in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Vietnam War]] –\n        Operation Cochise: [[United States Marines]] begin a new operation in the\n        Que Son Valley.\\n* [[August 10]] – Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme''s\n        troops take the Congolese border town of [[Bukavu]].\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        The first line-up of [[Fleetwood Mac]] makes their live debut at the Windsor\n        Jazz and Blues Festival.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Wonderful Radio London]]\n        shuts down at 3:00 PM in anticipation of the [[Marine Broadcasting Offences\n        Act]].  Many fans greet the staff upon their return to London that evening\n        with placards reading \\\"Freedom died with Radio London.\\\"\\n* [[August 15]]  –\n        The United Kingdom [[Marine Broadcasting Offences Act]] declares participation\n        in offshore [[pirate radio]] illegal. [[Radio Caroline]] defies the Act and\n        continues broadcasting.\\n* [[August 19]] – West Germany receives 36\n        [[East German]] prisoners it has \\\"purchased\\\" through the border posts of\n        Herleshausen and [[Wartha (Eisenach)|Wartha]].\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** A truce\n        is declared in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].\\n** Two U.S. Navy\n        jets stray into the airspace of the People''s Republic of China following\n        an attack on a target in North Vietnam and are shot down.  Lt. [[Robert J.\n        Flynn]], the only survivor, is captured alive and will be held prisoner by\n        China until 1973.  \\n* [[August 25]] – [[American Nazi Party]] leader\n        [[George Lincoln Rockwell]] is assassinated in [[Arlington, Virginia]].\\n*\n        [[August 27]]\\n** The [[East Coast Wrestling Association]] is established.\\n**\n        Beatles manager [[Brian Epstein]] is found dead in his locked bedroom.\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – The final episode of ''''[[The Fugitive (TV series)|The\n        Fugitive]]'''' airs on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. The broadcast\n        attracts 78 million viewers, one of the largest audiences for a single episode\n        in U.S. television history.\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Thurgood Marshall]]\n        is confirmed as the first [[African American]] Justice of the [[Supreme Court\n        of the United States|United States Supreme Court]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main|September\n        1967}}\\n* [[September 1]]\\n**The [[Khmer\\u2013Chinese Friendship Association]]\n        is banned in [[Cambodia]].\\n** [[Ilse Koch]], known as the \\\"Witch of Buchenwald\\\",\n        commits suicide in the [[Bavaria]]n prison of [[Aichach]].\\n* [[September\n        3]]\\n** [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]] is elected President of [[South\n        Vietnam]].\\n** At 5:00 a.m. local time, all road traffic in [[Sweden]]\n        [[Dagen H|switches from left-hand traffic pattern to right-hand traffic]].\\\"Sweden\n        Goes to Right\\u2014 Momentous Traffic Change\\\", ''''Amarillo (TX) Globe-Times'''',\n        February 15, 1967, p42\\\"Swedes Freeze Traffic\\u2014 Silence Precedes\n        Shift\\\", ''''Minneapolis Star'''', September 3, 1967, p1\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation Swift]]: The [[United States\n        Marines]] launch a search and destroy mission in [[Qu\\u1ea3ng Nam Province|Qu\\u1ea3ng\n        Nam]] and [[Qu\\u1ea3ng T\\u00edn Province|Qu\\u1ea3ng T\\u00edn]] provinces.\n        The ensuing 4-day battle in Que Son Valley kills 114 Americans and 376 [[North\n        Vietnam]]ese.\\n* [[September 5]] – The television series ''''[[The Prisoner]]''''\n        has its world broadcast premiere on the [[CTV Television Network]] in Canada.\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – In a [[Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 1967|Gibraltar\n        sovereignty referendum]], only 44 out of 12,182 voters in the British [[Crown\n        colony]] of [[Gibraltar]] support union with Spain.\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        A riot during a football match in Kayseri, Turkey leaves 44 dead, about 600\n        injured.\\n** [[Jim Morrison]] and [[The Doors]] defy [[CBS]] censors on ''''[[The\n        Ed Sullivan Show]]'''', when Morrison sings the word \\\"higher\\\" from their\n        #1 hit ''''[[Light My Fire]]'''', despite having been asked not to.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – ''''[[Love Is a Many Splendored Thing (TV series)|Love Is a Many\n        Splendored Thing]]'''' debuts on U.S. daytime television and is the first\n        [[soap opera]] to deal with an interracial relationship. [[CBS]] censors find\n        it too controversial and ask for it to be stopped, causing show creator [[Irna\n        Phillips]] to quit.\\n* [[September 27]] – The {{RMS|Queen Mary}} arrives\n        in [[Southampton]] at the end of her last [[transatlantic crossing]].\\n* [[September\n        29]] – The classic sci-fi TV series ''''[[Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons]]''''\n        broadcasts on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]].\\n* [[September 30]] – In the\n        United Kingdom, [[BBC Radio]] completely restructures its national programming:\n        the [[Light Programme]] is split between new national pop station [[BBC Radio\n        1|Radio 1]] (modelled on the successful pirate station [[Wonderful Radio London|Radio\n        London]]) and [[BBC Radio 2|Radio 2]]; the cultural [[Third Programme]] is\n        rebranded as [[BBC Radio 3|Radio 3]]; and the primarily-talk [[BBC Home Service|Home\n        Service]] becomes [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October\n        1967}}\\n* [[October 3]] – An [[X-15]] research aircraft with test pilot\n        [[William J. Knight]] establishes an unofficial world fixed-wing speed record\n        of Mach 6.7.\\n* [[October 4]] \\n** [[Omar Ali Saifuddin III]] of [[Brunei]]\n        abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan [[Hassanal Bolkiah]].\\n**The\n        [[Shag Harbour UFO incident]] occurs.\\n* [[October 6]] – Southern California''s\n        [[Pacific Ocean Park]], known as the \\\"Disneyland By The Sea\\\",  closes down.\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – Guerrilla leader [[Che Guevara]] and his men are captured\n        in [[Bolivia]]; they are executed the following day.\\n* [[October 12]]\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] states during a news\n        conference that, because of [[North Vietnam]]''s opposition, proposals by\n        the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] for peace initiatives\n        are futile.\\n** ''''[[The Naked Ape]]'''', by [[Desmond Morris]], is published.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3116000/3116329.stm|title=1967:\n        The Naked Ape steps out|work=On This Day|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2011-08-24|date=1967-10-12}}\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – Quebec Nationalism: [[Ren\\u00e9 L\\u00e9vesque]] leaves\n        the Liberal Party.\\n* [[October 16]] – Thirty-nine people, including\n        singer-activist [[Joan Baez]], are arrested in Oakland, California, for blocking\n        the entrance of that city''s military induction center.\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**The\n        musical ''''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'''' opens off-Broadway. It moves to Broadway\n        the following April.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Battle of Ong Thanh]] takes\n        place.\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Students at the [[University\n        of Wisconsin\\u2013Madison]] protest over recruitment by [[Dow Chemical]] on\n        the University campus; 76 are injured in the resulting riot.\\n** [[Walt Disney]]''s\n        19th full-length animated feature ''''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle\n        Book]]'''', the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, is released\n        and becomes an enormous box-office and critical success. On a double bill\n        with the film is the (now) much less well-known true-life adventure, ''''Charlie\n        the Lonesome Cougar''''.\\n**The [[Venera 4]] probe descends through the [[Venus]]ian\n        atmosphere.\\n* [[October 19]] – The [[Mariner 5]] probe flies by [[Venus]].\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Patterson\\u2013Gimlin film]]: Roger Patterson and\n        Robert Gimlin''s famous film of an unidentified animate [[cryptid]], thought\n        to be [[Bigfoot]] or [[Sasquatch]], is recorded at Bluff Creek, California.\\n*\n        [[October 21]]\\n** Approximately 70,000 [[Vietnam War]] protesters march in\n        Washington, D.C. and rally at the Lincoln Memorial; in a  successive march\n        that day, 50,000 people march to [[the Pentagon]], where [[Allen Ginsberg]],\n        [[Abbie Hoffman]], and Jerry Rubin symbolically chant to \\\"levitate\\\" the\n        building and \\\"exorcise the evil within.\\\"\\n** An [[Egypt]]ian surface-to-surface\n        missile sinks the [[Israel]]i destroyer ''''[[HMS Zealous (R39)|Eilat]]'''',\n        killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries\n        along the [[Suez Canal]].\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        becomes the first French [[Co-Prince of Andorra]] to visit his Andorran subjects.  In\n        addition to being [[President of France]], de Gaulle is a joint ruler (along\n        with [[Spain]]''s [[Bishop of Urgel]] of the tiny nation located in the mountains\n        between France and Spain, pursuant to the [[1278]] agreement creating the\n        nation.[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/10/24/page/18/article/andorra-has-lordly-visit-by-de-gaulle|\\\"Andorra\n        Has Lordly Visit by de Gaulle\\\"], ''''Chicago Tribune'''', October 24, 1967,\n        p1A-4\\n* [[October 25]] – The [[Abortion Act 1967]] passes in\n        the British Parliament and receives royal assent two days later.\\n* [[October\n        26]]\\n** The coronation ceremony of Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran]],\n        ruler of the nation since 1941, takes place.\\n** U.S. Navy pilot [[Early life\n        and military career of John McCain#Prisoner of war|John McCain]] is shot down\n        over North Vietnam and taken prisoner.  His capture is confirmed two days\n        later, and he remains a prisoner of war for more than five years.  \\n* [[October\n        27]]\\n** French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] vetoes British entry into\n        the [[European Economic Community]] for the second time in the decade.\\n**\n        London criminal [[Jack McVitie]] is murdered by the [[Kray twins]], a crime\n        that eventually leads to their imprisonment and downfall.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n**\n        President Joseph Mobutu of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] launches\n        an offensive against mercenaries in [[Bukavu]].\\n** [[Expo 67]] closes in\n        [[Montreal]], after having attracted more than 50 million visitors in six\n        months.\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Hong Kong 1967 riots]]: British troops\n        and Chinese demonstrators clash on the border of China and Hong Kong.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main|November 1967}}\\n* November – [[Islamabad]] officially\n        becomes [[Pakistan]]''s political capital, replacing [[Karachi]].{{clarify|date=November\n        2016}}  {{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] holds a secret meeting with a\n        group of the nation''s most prestigious leaders (\\\"the Wise Men\\\") and asks\n        them to suggest ways to unite the American people behind the war effort. They\n        conclude that the American people should be given more optimistic reports\n        on the progress of the war.\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Vietnam War]] –\n        [[Battle of Dak To]]: Around [[\\u0110\\u1eafk T\\u00f4]] (located about 280 miles\n        north of [[Saigon]] near the [[Cambodia]]n border), heavy casualties are suffered\n        on both sides (the Americans narrowly win the battle on [[November 22]]).\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\u2013[[November 5]] – In the [[Democratic Republic of\n        the Congo]], mercenaries of [[Jean Schramme]] and Jerry Puren withdraw from\n        Bukavu, over the Shangugu Bridge, to [[Rwanda]].\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        The [[Rhodesia]]n parliament passes pro-[[Apartheid]] laws.\\n* [[November\n        7]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Public Broadcasting\n        Act of 1967]], establishing the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].\\n**\n        [[Carl B. Stokes]] is elected [[List of mayors of Cleveland|mayor]] of [[Cleveland]],\n        [[Ohio]], becoming the first [[African American]] to be elected mayor of a\n        major United States city.\\n** The 50th anniversary of the [[Great October\n        Socialist Revolution]] is celebrated in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[November\n        8]] – The [[BBC]]''s first [[BBC Local Radio|local radio]] station ([[BBC\n        Radio Leicester]]) is launched.\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Apollo program]]:\n        [[NASA]] launches the first [[Saturn V]] rocket, successfully carrying the\n        unmanned ''''[[Apollo 4]]'''' test spacecraft from [[Cape Kennedy]] into Earth\n        orbit.\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Vietnam War]]: In a ceremony in [[Phnom\n        Penh]], [[Cambodia]], 3 United States prisoners of war are released by the\n        [[Viet Cong]] and turned over to American \\\"New Left\\\" antiwar activist [[Tom\n        Hayden]].\\n* [[November 14]] – The [[Congress of Colombia]], in commemoration\n        of the 150-year anniversary of the death of [[Policarpa Salavarrieta]], declares\n        this day as the \\\"Day of the Colombian Woman\\\".\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** General\n        [[Georgios Grivas]] and his 10,000 strong Greek Army division are forced to\n        leave Cyprus, after 24 [[Turkish Cypriot]] civilians are killed by the [[Greek\n        Cypriot National Guard]] in the villages of Kophinou and Ayios Theodhoros;\n        relations sour between Nicosia and Athens. Turkey flies sorties into Greek\n        territory, and masses troops in Thrace on her border with Greece.\\n** Test\n        pilot [[Michael J. Adams|Michael Adams]] is killed when his [[X-15]] rocket\n        plane tumbles out of control during atmospheric re-entry and disintegrates.\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** Vietnam War: Acting on optimistic reports he was given\n        on [[November 13]], U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] tells the nation\n        that, while much remains to be done, \\\"We are inflicting greater losses than\n        we''re taking...We are making progress.\\\" (2 months later the [[Tet Offensive]]\n        by the Viet Cong is widely reported as a Viet Cong victory by the U.S. press\n        and thus as a major setback to the U.S.''s pursuit of the war.)\\n** French\n        author [[R\\u00e9gis Debray]] is sentenced to 30 years imprisonment in [[Bolivia]].\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – The UK [[pound sterling|pound]] is devalued from \\u00a31\n        = [[United States dollar|US$]]2.80 to \\u00a31 = US$2.40.\\n* [[November 20]]\n        The \\\"[[U.S. and World Population Clock|population clock]]\\\" of the [[United\n        States Census Bureau]] records the U.S. population at 200 million people at\n        11:03 a.m. Washington, D.C. time.\\\"Nation Reaches 200 Million, And\n        Then Some\\\", ''''Salt Lake (UT) Tribune'''', November 21, 1967, p1\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Vietnam War]]: United States General [[William Westmoreland]]\n        tells news reporters: \\\"I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy\n        was winning, today he is certainly losing.\\\"\\n* [[November 22]] – [[UN\n        Security Council Resolution 242]] is adopted by the [[UN Security Council]],\n        establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an [[Arab]]\\u2013[[Israel]]i\n        peace settlement.\\n* [[November 26]] – Major floods hit [[Lisbon]],\n        Portugal, killing 462.\\n* [[November 27]] – [[The Beatles]] release\n        ''''[[Magical Mystery Tour (album)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'''' in the U.S.\n        as a full album. The songs added to the original six songs on the double EP\n        include \\\"[[All You Need Is Love]]\\\", \\\"[[Penny Lane]]\\\", \\\"[[Strawberry Fields\n        Forever]]\\\", \\\"[[Baby, You''re a Rich Man]]\\\" and \\\"[[Hello, Goodbye]]\\\".\n        Release as a double EP will not take place in the UK until December.\\n* [[November\n        28]] – The first [[pulsar]] to be discovered by Earth observers is found\n        in the constellation of [[Vulpecula]] by astronomers [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]]\n        and [[Antony Hewish]], and is given the name [[PSR B1919+21]].\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]]\n        announces his resignation to become president of the [[World Bank]]. McNamara''s\n        resignation follows U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''s outright rejection\n        of McNamara''s early November recommendations to freeze troop levels, stop\n        the bombing of [[North Vietnam]], and hand over ground fighting to [[South\n        Vietnam]].\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] founds the [[Pakistan\n        People''s Party]] and becomes its first chairman. It has gone on to become\n        one of Pakistan''s major political parties (alongside the ''''[[Pakistan Muslim\n        League]]'''') that is broken into many factions, bearing the same name under\n        different leaders, such as the Pakistan''s Peoples Party Parliamentarians\n        (PPPP).\\n** The [[Yemen|People''s Republic of South Yemen]] becomes independent\n        of the United Kingdom.\\n** Pro-Soviet communists in the Philippines establish\n        [[Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataan Pilipino]] as its new youth wing.\\n** U.S.\n        Senator [[Eugene McCarthy]] announces his candidacy for the [[Democratic Party\n        (United States)|Democratic Party]] presidential nomination, challenging incumbent\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] over the [[Vietnam War]].\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n{{Main|December 1967}}\\n[[File:Christiaan Barnard 1969.jpg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[December\n        3]]: Doctor [[Christiaan Barnard]] carries out first heart transplant.]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\n** [[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]] releases ''''[[Axis: Bold\n        as Love]]''''.\\n** The [[RMS Queen Mary|RMS ''''Queen Mary'''']] is retired.\n        Her place is taken by the [[RMS Queen Elizabeth 2|RMS ''''Queen Elizabeth\n        2'''']].\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Christiaan Barnard]] carries out the\n        world''s first heart transplant at [[Groote Schuur Hospital]] in [[Cape Town]],\n        South Africa.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** At 6:50 PM, a [[volcano]] erupts\n        on [[Deception Island]] in Antarctica.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. and [[South\n        Vietnam]]ese forces engage [[Viet Cong]] troops in the [[Mekong Delta]] (235\n        of the 300-strong Viet Cong battalion are killed).\\n* [[December 5]] –\n        In New York City, [[Benjamin Spock]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]] are arrested for\n        protesting against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[December 6]] – Vice President\n        [[Jorge Pacheco Areco]] is sworn in as [[List of Presidents of Uruguay|President\n        of Uruguay]] after President [[Oscar Gestido]] dies in office.\\n* [[December\n        8]] – ''''[[Magical Mystery Tour (album)|Magical Mystery Tour]]''''\n        is released by [[The Beatles]] as a double EP in the U.K., whilst the only\n        psychedelic rock album by [[The Rolling Stones]], ''''[[Their Satanic Majesties\n        Request]]'''', is released in the U.K and in the U.S.A.\\n* [[December 9]]\\n**\n        [[Nicolae Ceau\\u0219escu]] becomes the Chairman of the Romanian State Council,\n        making him the de facto leader of [[Romania]].\\n** [[Jim Morrison]] is arrested\n        on stage in [[New Haven, Connecticut]] for attempting to spark a riot in the\n        audience during a Doors-concert. \\n* [[December 11]] – [[Supersonic\n        airliner]] [[Concorde]] is unveiled in [[Toulouse]], France.\\n* [[December\n        12]] – ''''[[Guess Who''s Coming to Dinner]]'''', one of the seminal\n        race relations films of the 1960s, is released to theaters.\\n* [[December\n        13]] – King [[Constantine II of Greece]] flees the country when his\n        coup attempt fails.\\n* [[December 15]] – The Silver Bridge over the\n        [[Ohio River]] in [[Point Pleasant, West Virginia]], collapses, killing 46\n        people. \\n* [[December 17]] – [[Harold Holt]], Australian prime minister,\n        disappears when swimming at a beach 60 km from [[Melbourne]].\\n* [[December\n        19]] – Professor [[John Archibald Wheeler]] coined the astronomical\n        term ''''[[black hole]]''''.\\n* [[December 26]] – [[The Beatles]]''\n        film ''''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'''' receives\n        its world premi\\u00e8re on [[BBC Television]] in the UK\\n* [[December 31]]\\n**\n        The Green Bay Packers become the first team in the modern era to win their\n        third consecutive NFL Championship, 21-17 over the Dallas Cowboys in what\n        became known as \\\"The Ice Bowl\\\".\\n** Motorcycle daredevil [[Evel Knievel]]\n        attempts to jump 141 feet over the [[Caesars Palace]] Fountains on the\n        [[Las Vegas Strip]].  Knievel crashes on landing and the accident is caught\n        on film.\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Warner Bros.]] becomes a wholly owned\n        subsidiary of [[Seven Arts Productions]], thus becoming [[Warner Bros.-Seven\n        Arts]].\\n* The [[Jari project]] begins in the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]].\\n*\n        [[Albania]] is officially declared an [[atheism|atheist]] state by its leader,\n        [[Enver Hoxha]].\\n* The [[University of Winnipeg]] is founded in Canada.\\n*\n        [[Lonsdaleite]] (the rarest [[allotrope]] of [[carbon]]) is first discovered\n        in the [[Barringer Crater]], [[Arizona]].\\n* A [[lost city]] is discovered\n        on the island of [[Santorini|Thera]], buried under [[volcano|volcanic]] debris.\n        It has been suggested that [[Plato]] may have heard legends about this, and\n        used them as the germ of his story of [[Atlantis]].\\n* [[St Christopher''s\n        Hospice]], the world''s first purpose-built secular [[hospice]] specialising\n        in [[palliative care]] of the [[terminally ill]], is established in South\n        London by [[Cicely Saunders]] with the support of [[Albertine Winner]].{{cite\n        web|first=Mary|last=Baines|title=History|url=http://www.stchristophers.org.uk/about/history|publisher=St\n        Christopher''s|accessdate=2012-08-08}}\\n* [[PAL]] is first introduced\n        in Germany.\\n* ''''[[Gunsmoke]]'''', after 12 seasons and with declining ratings,\n        almost gets cancelled, but protests from viewers, network affiliates and even\n        members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] and especially [[William S.\n        Paley]], the head of the network, lead the network to move the series from\n        its longtime late Saturday time slot to early Mondays for the fall\\u2014displacing\n        ''''[[Gilligan''s Island]]'''', which initially had been renewed for a fourth\n        season but is cancelled instead.  ''''Gunsmoke'''' would remain on CBS until\n        1975.\\n* The [[Summer of Love]] is held in San Francisco.\\n* [[Lech Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]]\n        goes to work in [[Gda\\u0144sk]] [[shipyard]]s.\\n* [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] joins\n        the Israeli Army.\\n* The Greek [[military junta]] exiles [[Melina Mercouri]].\\n*\n        [[Parker Morris Committee|Parker Morris Standards]] become mandatory for all\n        housing built in [[new towns in the United Kingdom]].\\n* [[Sabon]] [[typeface]],\n        designed by [[Jan Tschichold]], introduced.\\n* [[Gabriel Garc\\u00eda M\\u00e1rquez]]''s\n        influential novel ''''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'''' is published (in\n        Spanish).\\n* The first edition of the book, ''''[[A Short History of Pakistan]]'''',\n        is published by [[Karachi University]], [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[Fernand Braudel]]\n        begins publication of ''''Civilisation mat\\u00e9rielle, \\u00e9conomie et capitalisme,\n        XVe-XVIIIe si\\u00e8cle''''.\\n*The [[National Hockey\n        League]] adds six more teams, doubling its size. The teams are the [[St. Louis\n        Blues]], [[Oakland Seals]], [[Minnesota North Stars]], [[Los Angeles Kings]],\n        [[Philadelphia Flyers]], and [[Pittsburgh Penguins]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ballasyrkellypic.jpg|thumb|100px|[[R.\n        Kelly]]]]\\n[[File:Ecaterina Szabo 1985cr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ecaterina Szabo]]]]\\n[[File:Phil.lamarr.2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil\n        LaMarr]]]]\\n[[File:RandyBernard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Randy Bernard]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Sunny Chan]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Tia\n        Carrere]], American actress\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Marina Orsini]], Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Joe Flanigan]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[A R Rahman]], Indian Music composer\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Nick\n        Clegg]], British politician\\n** [[Irrfan Khan]], Indian actor\\n** [[Mark Lamarr]],\n        British comedian/TV and radio presenter\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[R. Kelly]],\n        American R&B singer and songwriter\\n** [[Ma\\u0142gorzata Foremniak]], Polish\n        actress\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Dale Gordon]], English footballer\\n** [[Dave\n        Matthews]], South African\\u2013born American musician\\n* [[January 11]] –\n        [[Michael Healy-Rae]], Irish politician, son of  [[Jackie Healy-Rae]]\\n* [[January\n        12]] – [[Vendela Kirsebom]], Swedish supermodel\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Sharon Beshenivsky]], West Yorkshire police constable (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Leonardo Ortolani|Leo Ortolani]], Italian comic book author\\n** [[Kerri\n        Green]], American actress and film director\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Andrea\n        James]], American producer and author \\n* [[January 17]] – [[Song Kang-ho]],\n        Korean actor\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Iv\\u00e1n Zamorano]], Chilean footballer\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Wigald Boning]], German actor, singer, writer and\n        television presenter\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Artashes Minasian]], Armenian\n        chess grand master\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Eleanor McEvoy]], Irish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Ecaterina Szabo]], Romanian gymnast\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Naim S\\u00fcleymano\\u011flu]],\n        Turkish weightlifter\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Phil LaMarr]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[John Myung]], American musician\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Nozomu\n        Sasaki]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Voltaire (musician)|Voltaire]], Cuban\n        singer\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Toshiyuki Morikawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[January 28]] – [[Jan Lamb]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n* [[January\n        29]] – [[Khalid Skah]], Moroccan long-distance runner\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Joey Wong]], Taiwanese actress\\n** [[Roberto Palazuelos]], Mexican actor\\n**\n        [[Randy Bernard]], CEO of [[Professional Bull Riders]] and [[Indycar]]\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hermione\n        Norris cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hermione Norris]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Rutte-6.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark\n        Rutte]]]]\\n[[File:Benicio Del Toro - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benicio del Toro]]]]\\n[[File:Nirvana around\n        1992.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Kurt Cobain]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Meg Cabot]],\n        American teen author\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Frederick Pitcher]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Chris Parnell]], American actor and\n        comedian (''''[[Saturday Night Live]]'''')\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Izumi\n        Sakai]], Japanese singer ([[Zard]]) (d. 2007)\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Cheung\n        Man]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Todd Pratt]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Dan Shulman]], Canadian sports announcer\\n* [[February 10]]\\n**\n        [[Laura Dern]], American actress\\n** [[Vince Gilligan]], American writer,\n        director and producer\\n** [[Armand Serrano]], Filipino animator\\n*  [[February\n        11]] \\n** [[Hank Gathers]], American college basketball player (d. 1990)\\n**\n        [[Paul McLoone]], Irish radio presenter, voice actor, former radio producer\n        and frontman with [[The Undertones]]\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Hermione Norris]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Chitravina N. Ravikiran]], Indian composer and musician\\n*\n        [[February 13]] – [[Carolyn Lawrence]], American actress and voice actress\\n*\n        [[February 14]] \\n** [[Mark Rutte]], Dutch politician, 50th [[Prime Minister\n        of the Netherlands]] since 2010.\\n** Sir [[Stelios Haji-Ioannou]], British-Greek\n        entrepreneur, Founder of [[EasyJet]] low-cost airline\\n* [[February 15]]\\n**\n        [[Dan Farr]], American entrepreneur, Founder of [[Salt Lake Comic Con]]\\n**\n        [[Trond Egil Soltvedt]], Norwegian footballer\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Marco\n        Aur\\u00e9lio Cunha dos Santos|Marco Aur\\u00e9lio]], Brazilian footballer\\n**\n        [[Roberto Baggio]], Italian football player\\n** [[Benicio del Toro]], Puerto\n        Rican actor\\n** [[John Valentin]], American baseball player\\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Sven Erik Kristiansen]], Norwegian black metal and hardcore\n        punk singer. He used the stage name ''''Maniac'''' as a member of [[Mayhem\n        (band)|Mayhem]]. \\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Kurt Cobain]], American musician\n        ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]) (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[David Herman]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Andrew Shue]], American actor\\n** [[Lili Taylor]], American actress\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[Paul Lieberstein]], American screenwriter and actor\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Kelly Manison]], American voice actress\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** [[Currie Graham]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Kazuyoshi Miura]], Japanese\n        footballer\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Jonathan Ive]], Apple Corporation\n        designer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Lauren Graham August 2014.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Lauren\n        Graham]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** [[George Eads]], American actor\\n** [[Rosyam\n        Nor]], Malaysian actor\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Hans Teeuwen]], Dutch comedian\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Daryll Cullinan]], South African cricketer\\n** [[Tim Vine]],\n        English Comedian and actor\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Mihai Tudose]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Romania]]\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Jean-Pierre Barda]], Swedish\n        singer ([[Army of Lovers]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Aura Cristine Geithner]],\n        Colombian actress\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Omer Tarin]], Pakistani/South\n        Asian poet, writer and scholar\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[John Barrowman]], Scottish-born\n        actor\\n** [[George Gray (television personality)|George Gray]], American comedian\n        and game show announcer\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Massimiliano Frezzato]],\n        Italian comic writer\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Andr\\u00e9s Escobar]], Colombian\n        football player (d. 1994)\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Naoko Takeuchi]], Japanese\n        artist\\n* [[March 16]] \\n** [[Lauren Graham]], American actress\\n** [[John\n        Mangum]], Professional football player\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Billy Corgan]],\n        American musician and songwriter\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Andre Rison]],\n        American pro football player\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Jonas Berggren]], Swedish\n        musician ([[Ace of Base]])\\n** [[Adrian Chiles]], British television and radio\n        presenter\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Mario Cipollini]], Italian cyclist\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** [[Matthew Barney]], American sculptor, photographer and filmmaker\\n**\n        [[Debi Thomas]], American figure skater\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Mark Carroll\n        (rugby league)|Mark Carroll]], Australian rugby league footballer\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n** [[Kenta Kobashi]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n** [[Talisa Soto]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Brian Jordan]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Albert-L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Barab\\u00e1si]], Romanian-born\n        Hungarian-American physicist\\n** [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Megumi Hayashibara]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:MariaBelloSept2013TIFF.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Maria\n        Bello]]]]\\n[[File:Koning-willem-alexander-okt-15-s.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Willem-Alexander\n        of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Philipp Kirkorov cropped.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Philipp\n        Kirkorov]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Ren\\u00e9e Estevez]], American actress\n        and writer\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Andy Parsons]], English comedian and writer\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Anu Garg]], Indian-American writer and speaker\\n* [[April\n        6]] \\n** [[Kathleen Barr]], Canadian voice actress\\n** [[Mika Koivuniemi]],\n        Finnish ten-pin bowler\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Artemis Gounaki]], Greek-German\n        singer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Alex Kahn]], American artist\\n* [[April 11]]\n        – [[Liina Olmaru]], Estonian actress \\n* [[April 14]] \\n** [[Jeff Jarrett]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Tim Holmes (actor)|Tim Holmes]], American\n        actor and musician\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Frankie Poullain]], British rock\n        bassist ([[The Darkness (band)|The Darkness]])\\n** [[Dara Torres]], American\n        swimmer\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Kimberly Elise]], African-American actress\\n**\n        [[Marquis Grissom]], American baseball player\\n** [[Liz Phair]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Henry Ian Cusick]], Peruvian actor\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        [[Maria Bello]], American actress\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Raymond van Barneveld]],\n        Dutch darts player\\n** [[Lara Jill Miller]], American actress and former child\n        star\\n** [[Mike Portnoy]], American musician\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Sheryl\n        Lee]], American actress\\n** [[Sherri Shepherd]], American comedian and TV\n        show host\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Melina Kanakaredes]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 26]]\\n** [[Glenn Jacobs]] (Kane), American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Marianne Jean-Baptiste]], English actress, singer-songwriter, composer and\n        director\\n** [[Corrinne Wicks]], English actress\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Willem-Alexander\n        of the Netherlands]]\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Curtis Joseph]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Rachel Williams]], American model, actress and TV presenter\\n*\n        [[April 30]]\\n** [[Steven Mackintosh]], English actor\\n** [[Philipp Kirkorov]],\n        Soviet and Russian pop singer, actor and producer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Chris\n        Benoit in the Ring.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Chris Benoit]]]]\\n[[File:Gascoigne, Paul.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Paul\n        Gascoigne]]]]\\n[[File:KristenSkjeldal.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Kristen Skjeldal]]]]\\n[[File:Noel\n        Gallagher at Razzmatazz, Barcelona, Spain-5March2012 (3).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Noel\n        Gallagher]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\n** [[Kenny Hotz]], Canadian entertainer\\n** [[Scott\n        Coffey]], American actor and director\\n** [[Tim McGraw]], American country\n        singer\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Akiko Yajima]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Ana\n        Gasteyer]], American actress\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Takehito Koyasu]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n** [[Bill Ward (actor)|Bill Ward]], English actor\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Nobuhiro Takeda]], Japanese footballer and sportscaster\\n* [[May\n        11]] – [[G\\u00e9za R\\u00f6hrig]], Hungarian actor and poet\\n* [[May\n        13]]\\n** [[Chuck Schuldiner]], American singer and guitarist (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Melanie Thornton]], American singer ([[La Bouche]]) (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May\n        14]] – [[Tony Siragusa]], American football player\\n* [[May 15]] \\n**\n        [[Madhuri Dixit]], Indian actress\\n** [[John Smoltz]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Geraldine Somerville]], Irish actress\\n** [[Massimo Taccon]],\n        Italian painter, sculptor and writer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Chris Benoit]],\n        Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Brooke\n        Smith (actress)|Brooke Smith]], American actress\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Andrey\n        Borodin]], Russian banker\\n** [[Heavy D]], Jamaican-born American actor, rapper\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Bruno Putzulu]], French actor\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Poppy\n        Z. Brite]], American author\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Stacy Compton]], American\n        racing driver\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** [[Paul Gascoigne]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Kai Pflaume]], German television presenter and game show host\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Glen Rice]], American basketball player\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Noel\n        Gallagher]], British musician ([[Oasis (band)|Oasis]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Phil\n        Keoghan]], New Zealand-born television host (''''[[The Amazing Race]]'''')\\n**\n        [[Kenny Lofton]], American baseball player\\n** [[Sandrine Bonnaire]], French\n        actress\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:PaulGiamattiSept2013TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul\n        Giamatti]]]]\\n[[File:Fred Tatasciore cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred Tatasciore]]]]\\n[[File:Nicole\n        Kidman Cannes 2017 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicole Kidman]]]]\\n[[File:9153ri-Yingluck\n        Shinawatra.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yingluck Shinawatra]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Roger Sanchez]], American DJ\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Anderson Cooper]], American\n        television journalist\\n** [[Tam\\u00e1s Darnyi]], Hungarian swimmer\\n** [[Christopher\n        Walker (athlete)|Christopher Walker]], Gibraltarian triathlete and cyclist\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Joe DeLoach]], American athlete\\n** [[Ron Livingston]], American\n        actor\\n* [[June 6]] \\n** [[Max Casella]], American actor\\n** [[Tristan Gemmill]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Paul Giamatti]], American actor\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Olli Mustonen]], Finnish pianist and composer\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Efan Ekoku]],\n        Nigerian footballer\\n** [[Jasmin Tabatabai]], German/Iranian actress and musician\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Rub\\u00e9n Maza]], Venezuelan long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Darren \\\"Buffy, the Human Beatbox\\\" Robinson]], African-American\n        rapper ''''(The Fat Boys)'''' (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Y\\u016bji\n        Ueda]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Fred Tatasciore]], American voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[J\\u00fcrgen Klopp]], German footballer\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Bj\\u00f8rn D\\u00e6hlie]], Norwegian Olympic skier\\n** [[Mia Sara]], American\n        actress\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Nicole Kidman]], American-born Australian\n        actress\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Jim Breuer]], former ''''[[Saturday Night Live]]''''\n        cast member and stand-up comedian\\n** [[Yingluck Shinawatra]], Thai politician,\n        28th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Lane Napper]],\n        American actor\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Yoko Minamino]], ''''Japanese Idol''''\n        star and actress\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Bill Huard]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Michael Kessler]], German actor, comedian and author\\n** [[Richard Z. Kruspe]],\n        German rock musician ([[Rammstein]])\\n** [[Janez Lapajne]], Slovenian film\n        director\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Kaori Asoh]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n**\n        [[Luisito Espinosa]], Filipino boxer\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Gil Bellows]], Canadian\n        film and television actor\\n** [[Lars Riedel]], German Olympic athlete\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Jeff Burton]], American race car driver\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pam\n        Anderson 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pamela Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:2015_White_House_Astronomy_Night_with_the_MythBusters_(cropped_to_Adam_Savage).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam\n        Savage]]]]\\n[[File:Will Ferrell 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Will Ferrell]]]]\\n[[File:Vin\n        Diesel by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vin Diesel]]]]\\n[[File:Reed Diamond\n        April 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Reed Diamond]]]]\\n[[File:Matt LeBlanc, Arqiva\n        British Academy Television Awards, 2013 (tone crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matt\n        LeBlanc]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Statham 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason Statham]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Pamela Anderson]], Canadian actress and model\\n** [[Luca\n        Bottale]], Italian voice actor\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Brian Cashman]], American\n        baseball executive\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Vinny Castilla]], Mexican Major League\n        Baseball player\\n** [[Andy Walker (journalist)|Andy Walker]], Canadian television\n        personality\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Silvia Ziche]], Italian comics artist\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Heather Nova]], Bermudian singer-songwriter\\n* [[July\n        7]] – [[Tom Kristensen (racing driver)|Tom Kristensen]], Danish racing\n        car driver \\n* [[July 8]] – [[Jordan Chan]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Gunnar Ax\\u00e9n]], Swedish politician\\n** [[Mark Stoops]],\n        American football coach\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Tom Meents]], American monster\n        truck driver. \\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[John Henson]], American TV show host\\n**\n        [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], British-born Indian-American author\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Martin Lynes]], Australian actor\\n** [[John Petrucci]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Count Jefferson von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth]]\\n** [[Richard Herring]], British\n        comedian and writer\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Akira Hokuto]], Japanese women''s\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Robin Ventura]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Patrick J. Kennedy]], American politician\\n* [[July 15]]\\n**\n        [[Adam Savage]], American TV show host\\n** [[Michael Tse]], Hong Kong actor\\n*\n        [[July 16]]\\n** [[Will Ferrell]], American actor, comedian, and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Mihaela Stanulet]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Brian Baker (actor)|Brian\n        Baker]], American actor\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Vin Diesel]], American actor\n        and film director\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Rageh Omaar]], broadcaster\\n* [[July\n        20]] – [[Reed Diamond]], American actor\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Rhys Ifans]],\n        Welsh actor and musician\\n** [[Irene Bedard]], American actress\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July\n        25]] \\n** [[Matt LeBlanc]], American actor\\n** [[Wendy Raquel Robinson]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Margarita Zavala]], Mexican lawyer and politician,\n        [[First Lady of Mexico]]\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Jason Statham]], English\n        actor, martial artist, and former diver\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Jakob Augstein]],\n        German journalist and publisher\\n** [[Taka Hirose]], Japanese musician ([[Feeder\n        (band)|Feeder]])\\n* [[July 30]] – [[A. W. Yrj\\u00e4n\\u00e4]], Finnish\n        rock musician and poet\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Rodney Harvey]], American actor\n        and model (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Minako Honda]], Japanese singer and musical\n        actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Elizabeth Wurtzel]], author and feminist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Rock\n        en Seine soad 1.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Serj Tankian]]]]\\n[[File:Ty Burrell 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ty\n        Burrell]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Hollander 1.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Tom Hollander]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 3]] – [[Mathieu Kassovitz]], French movie director and actor\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Michael Marsh (athlete)|Michael Marsh]], American athlete\\n**\n        [[Tom Anderson (politician)|Tom Anderson]], American partner at Optima Public\n        Relations\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Thomas Lang]], Austrian drummer\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Charlotte Lewis]], English actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Y\\u016bki\n        Amami]], Japanese actress\\n** [[Sable (wrestler)|Sable]], American wrestler,\n        model and actress\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Deion Sanders]], African-American\n        pro football and baseball player\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Riddick Bowe]],\n        American boxer\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Enrique Bunbury]], Spanish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Collin Chou]], Taiwanese martial arts actor\\n** [[Joe Rogan]], American\n        comedian and television host\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Andy Hui]], Hong Kong\n        singer and actor\\n** [[Emil Kostadinov]], Bulgarian football player\\n** [[Regilio\n        Tuur]], Dutch boxer\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Am\\u00e9lie Nothomb]], Belgian\n        writer\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Brahim Boutayeb]], Moroccan long-distance\n        runner\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Ulrika Jonsson]], Swedish-born television personality\\n**\n        [[Pamela Smart]], American murderer\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Daler Mehndi]],\n        Indian singer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Satya Nadella]], Indian-American\n        businessman and current CEO of [[Microsoft]]\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Carrie-Anne\n        Moss]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Serj Tankian]], Lebanese-born singer ([[System\n        of a Down]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje]], Nigerian-British\n        actor and model\\n** [[Ty Burrell]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Yukiko\n        Okada]], Japanese idol singer (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Layne Staley]], American\n        rock musician ([[Alice in Chains]]) (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** [[Tom\n        Hollander]], English actor\\n** [[Eckart von Hirschhausen]], German physician\n        and comedian\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Ogie Alcasid]], Filipino singer-songwriter,\n        comedian, parodist, and actor\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Masaaki Endoh]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Neil Gorsuch]], Associate Justice of\n        the U.S. Supreme Court since 2017\\n** [[Anton Newcombe]], American musician\n        ([[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Frederique van\n        der Wal]], Dutch supermodel\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Michael_Johnson_at_London_Olympic_Stadium_2010-07_1.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Johnson (sprinter)|Michael Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Tara Fitzgerald (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tara\n        Fitzgerald]]]]\\n[[File:Kristen Johnston by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kristen\n        Johnston]]]]\\n[[File:Montreuil - Salon du livre jeunesse 2011 - Emmanuelle\n        Houdard - 001.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Emmanuelle Houdart]]]]\\n* [[September\n        3]] – [[Luis Gonzalez (outfielder)|Luis Gonzalez]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** [[Koichi Morishita]], Japanese long-distance\n        runner\\n** [[Arnel Pineda]], Filipino singer-songwriter\\n** [[Matthias Sammer]],\n        German football player\\n** [[Jane Sixsmith]], English field hockey player\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Macy Gray]], American urban musician\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Akshay Kumar]], Bollywood Actor\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Harry Connick Jr.]], American singer and actor\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Louis\n        C.K.]], American comedian and actor\\n** [[Rob Renzetti]], American animator\\n*\n        [[September 13]]\\n** [[Michael Johnson (sprinter)|Michael Johnson]], American\n        athlete\\n** [[Tim \\\"Ripper\\\" Owens]] American rock singer ([[Judas Priest]],\n        [[Iced Earth]], [[Yngwie Malmsteen]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Tara Fitzgerald]],\n        British actress\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Aleksandr Karelin]], Russian\n        Greco-Roman wrestler\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Kristen Johnston]], American\n        actress\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Faith Hill]], American country singer\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix Sav\\u00f3n]], Cuban boxer\\n** [[Michelle\n        Ruff]], American voice actress\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Masashi Nakayama]],\n        Japanese footballer\\n** [[Jenna Stern]], American actress\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Issel]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Audrey Wasilewski]], American\n        actress and voice actress\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Debi Derryberry]],\n        American voice actress\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Mira Sorvino]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Moon Unit Zappa]], American actress, musician and author\\n*\n        [[September 30]]\\n** [[Emmanuelle Houdart]], Swiss artist\\n** [[Andrea Roth]],\n        Canadian actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Liev Schreiber 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liev\n        Schreiber]]]]\\n[[File:Guy Pearce Cannes 2012 (revised).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Guy\n        Pearce]]]]\\n[[File:EDDIE GUERRERO.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Eddie Guerrero]]]]\\n[[File:Kate\n        Walsh 2011 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate Walsh (actress)|Kate Walsh]]]]\\n[[File:Julia\n        Roberts Cannes 2016 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Roberts]]]]\\n[[File:Joely Fisher\n        at An Evening With Women 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joely Fisher]]]]\\n* [[October\n        2]] – [[Frankie Fredericks]], Namibian athlete\\n* [[October 3]] \\n**\n        [[Rob Liefeld]], American author and illustrador\\n** [[Tiara Jacquelina]],\n        Malaysian actress\\n** [[Denis Villeneuve]], Canadian film director and writer\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Liev Schreiber]], American actor and film director\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Guy Pearce]], English-born Australian actor\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Bruno Bichir]], Mexican actor\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Toni\n        Braxton]], African-American R&B singer\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Eddie Guerrero]],\n        Mexican-American professional wrestler (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 11]]\\n**\n        [[Artie Lange]], American actor, comedian and radio personality\\n** [[David\n        Starr]], American racecar driver\\n** [[Tazz]], American professional wrestler\n        and commentator\\n** [[Peter Thiel]], German-American entrepreneur and venture\n        capitalist \\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Hannu Lintu]], Finnish conductor\\n** [[Trevor\n        Hoffman]], American Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Javier Sotomayor]],\n        Cuban high jumper\\n** [[Kate Walsh (actress)|Kate Walsh]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Davina McCall]], British TV presenter and UK ''''Big\n        Brother'''' host\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Dif]], Danish-Algerian\n        singer (''''Aqua'''')\\n** [[Venus Terzo]], Canadian actress/voice actress\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** [[Salvatore Di Vittorio]], Italian composer-conductor\\n**\n        [[Ulrike Maier]], Austrian alpine skier (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Carlos Mencia]],\n        Latino-American actor and standup comedian\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Jacqueline\n        McKenzie]], Australian actress\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Keith Urban]],\n        New Zealand-born Australian country music singer\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Scott Weiland]], American musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Julia\n        Roberts]], American actress\\n** [[Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein]]\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Joely Fisher]], American actress\\n** [[P\\u00e9ter Kun]],\n        Hungarian guitarist (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Rufus Sewell]], English actor\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Brad Aitken]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Ty Detmer]], American\n        NFL quarterback; 1990 Heisman Trophy winner\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Vanilla\n        Ice]], American rapper\\n** [[Buddy Lazier]], American race car driver\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Rebecca\n        Schaeffer 86-88.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Rebecca Schaeffer]]]]\\n[[File:David Guetta\n        2013-04-12 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Guetta]]]]\\n[[File:JimmyKimmelHWOFJan2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy\n        Kimmel]]]]                                                    \\n[[File:Boris\n        Becker 14.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boris Becker]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Ruffalo June 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark\n        Ruffalo]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Tina Arena]], Australian singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\n** [[Akira Ishida]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Scott Walker\n        (politician)|Scott Walker]], American legislator and politician; 45th Governor\n        of Wisconsin (2011\\u2013present)\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Steven Wilson]],\n        British musician\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Judy Reyes]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Rebecca Schaeffer]], American actress (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]]\\n** [[David Guetta]], French DJ and songwriter\\n** [[Sharleen\n        Spiteri]], Scottish singer-songwriter\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Courtney\n        Thorne-Smith]], American actress\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Gil de Ferran]],\n        Brazilian race car driver\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Juhi Chawla]], Indian former\n        beauty queen and actress\\n** [[Jimmy Kimmel]], American comedian and talk\n        show host\\n** [[Steve Zahn]], American actor\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Letitia\n        Dean]], English actress\\n** [[Mary Woodvine]], British actress\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ozon]], French writer and director\\n* [[November\n        16]] – [[Lisa Bonet]], American actress\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Teoman]],\n        Turkish rock singer and songwriter\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Ken Block]],\n        American racing driver\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Boris Becker]], German tennis\n        player\\n** [[Mark Ruffalo]], American actor\\n** [[Bart Veldkamp]], Dutch-born\n        speed skater\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Salli Richardson]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Anthony Nesty]], Surinamese swimmer\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[Anna Nicole Smith]], American model and actress (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jamie\n        Foxx by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamie Foxx]]]]\\n[[File:Criss angel\n        (cropped version).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Criss Angel]]]]\\n[[File:Saakashvili76589.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikheil\n        Saakashvili]]]]\\n[[File:Carla Bruni-Sarkozy (3).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carla Bruni]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\n** [[Nestor Carbonell]], American actor\\n** [[Reggie Sanders]],\n        American Major League Baseball outfielder\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Adamski]],\n        English dance music producer\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Knez (singer)|Knez]],\n        Montenegrin singer\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Judd Apatow]], American screenwriter\n        and producer\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Hacken Lee]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n**\n        [[Tino Martinez]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Kotono\n        Mitsuishi]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Joshua Bell]],\n        American violinist\\n** [[Caryn Kadavy]], American figure skater\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Mo''Nique]], African-American actress and comedian \\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Peter Kelamis]], Australian voice actor\\n* [[December 12]]\n        – [[John Randle]], American football player\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Jamie\n        Foxx]], African-American actor and singer\\n** [[Y\\u016bji Oda]], Japanese\n        singer and actor\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Ewa Bia\\u0142o\\u0142\\u0119cka]],\n        Polish writer                                                                                                                                    \\n**\n        [[Louise Lear]], BBC Weather Prestnter\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Mo Vaughn]],\n        American Baseball player\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Donovan Bailey]], Canadian\n        athlete\\n** [[Miranda Otto]], Australian actress\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Gigi D''Agostino]], Italian musician and DJ\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Toine\n        van Peperstraten]], Dutch sports journalist\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Criss\n        Angel]], American musician, magician, illusionist, escapologist, and stunt\n        performer\\n** [[Charles Austin]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[December 20]]\n        – [[Eugenia Cauduro]], Mexican actress and model\\n* [[December 21]]\n        – [[Mikheil Saakashvili]], Georgian politician, 3rd [[President of Georgia]]\n        and [[Governor of Odessa Oblast]]\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[Dan Petrescu]],\n        Romanian footballer\\n** [[Juan Manuel Bernal]], Mexican actor\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Carla Bruni]], Italian-French model, singer-songwriter, former\n        First Lady of France\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Richard Manning]], British\n        cycling legend, Ironman\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Timo Karppinen]], Finnish\n        orienteer\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Andr\\u00e1s Roszt\\u00f3czy]], Hungarian\n        gastroenterologist\\n* [[Joan Vizcarra]], Spanish artist\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n[[File:CE5301C.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Ruby]]]]\\n[[File:Barney\n        Ross.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barney Ross]]]]\\n[[File:Eddie Tolan 1932.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Tolan]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Moon Mullican]], American country singer\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Mary Garden]], Scottish opera singer\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Jack Ruby]], American killer of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Donald Campbell]], English water and\n        land speed record seeker (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Mohamed Khider]], Algerian politician\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Waldo Frank]], American novelist\n        and historian (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Holland Smith]], American\n        general (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Mikl\\u00f3s K\\u00e1llay]],\n        34th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Evelyn\n        Nesbit]], American actress and model (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Barney Ross]], American\n        boxer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Harry Antrim]], American actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Ann Sheridan]], American actress\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Luigi Federzoni]], Italian Fascist\n        politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl\n        of Kilmuir]], British politician, lawyer, and judge (b. [[1900]])\\n** Crew\n        of [[Apollo 1]] (launch pad fire):\\n*** [[Edward Higgins White|Edward White]],\n        American astronaut (b. [[1930]])\\n*** [[Gus Grissom]], American astronaut\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n*** [[Roger Chaffee]], American astronaut (b. [[1935]])\\n**\n        [[Alphonse Juin]], Marshal of France (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Luigi Tenco]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Eddie Tolan]],\n        American athlete (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J.\n        Robert Oppenheimer]]]]\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Albert Orsborn]], 6th General\n        of The Salvation Army (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Martine Carol]],\n        French actress (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]], [[United States\n        Secretary of the Treasury]] during [[World War II]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]   [[David Unaipon]], Australian author and inventor (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[Victor Gollancz]], British publisher (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Sig Ruman]], German actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February\n        15]] – [[Antonio Moreno]], Spanish actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Smiley Burnette]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Ciro Alegr\\u00eda]],  Peruvian journalist, politician, and\n        novelist (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]],\n        American physicist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Charles Beaumont]],\n        American writer (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Franz Waxman]], German-American\n        composer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Hilliard Almond Wilbanks]], Medal of Honor recipient\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Henry Luce]], American publisher\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Mossadeghmohammad.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohammad\n        Mosaddegh]]]]\\n[[File:Kod\\u00e1ly Zolt\\u00e1n 1930s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zolt\\u00e1n\n        Kod\\u00e1ly]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Gordon Harker]], English actor (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Mart\\u00ednez Ruiz|Jos\\u00e9 Mart\\u00ednez Ruiz, ''Azor\\u00edn'']],\n        Spanish writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\n** [[Mischa Auer]], Russian-born\n        actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]], Iranian politician, 35th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iran]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Georges Vanier]], Canadian Governor\n        General (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[John Haden Badley]], English author\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Nelson Eddy]], American singer and actor (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Harlan]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Kod\\u00e1ly]],\n        Hungarian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Alice B. Toklas]],\n        American personality (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Geraldine Farrar]],\n        American soprano (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Hanns Lothar]], German actor (b. [[1929]])\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Marcellus Boss]], American politician, member of the\n        [[Kansas Senate]] and the 5th [[Civilian Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]] – [[Jaroslav Heyrovsk\\u00fd]], Czech chemist, Nobel Prize\n        laureate (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Jean Toomer]], American writer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Don Alvarado]], American actor (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[Image:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004,\n        Konrad Adenauer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Konrad Adenauer]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Laura Evangelista Alvarado Cardozo]], Venezuelan [[Roman Catholic]] religious\n        professed and blessed (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Guy Chamberlin]],\n        American football player and coach and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall\n        of Fame]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Al Lewis (lyricist)|Al Lewis]], American songwriter\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Hermann Joseph Muller]], American geneticist,\n        recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Buster Bailey]], American jazz clarinetist (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – Luis Somoza Debayle]], 26th President of Nicaragua (b.\n        [[1922]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Tot\\u00f2]], Italian actor (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Red Allen]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Friedrich Heiler]], German theologian and historian\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[Konrad Adenauer]], German statesman,\n        27th [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany]]\n        and Christian Democratic leader (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[William Boyle, 12th Earl\n        of Cork and Orrery|William Boyle]], British Admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April\n        22]] – [[Tom Conway]], British actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[Edgar Neville]], Spanish playwright and film director (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April\n        24]] \\n** [[Vladimir Komarov]], Soviet cosmonaut (parachute failure) (b. [[1927]])\\n**\n        [[Jacques Brunius]], French actor and director (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Frank Overton]],\n        American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Joseph Boxhall]], British\n        sailor, fourth officer of the {{RMS|Titanic}} (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Benjamin\n        Foulois]], American Brigadier General (USAF), first rated U.S. military pilot,\n        trained by the [[Wright brothers]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[William\n        Douglas Cook]], founder of [[Eastwoodhill Arboretum]] and [[Pukeiti, Taranaki|Pukeiti]],\n        (New Zealand) (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Anthony Mann]], American\n        actor and director (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[Image:John Masefield 1913.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Masefield]]]]\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Zhou Zuoren]], Chinese writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Judith Evelyn]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** [[The Andrews Sisters|Laverne Andrews]], American singer (b. [[1911]])\\n**\n        [[Barbara Payton]], American actress (b. [[1927]])\\n** [[Elmer Rice]], American\n        playwright (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Philippa Schuyler]], American\n        journalist (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Lorenzo Bandini]], Italian\n        Formula One driver (b. [[1935]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[John Masefield]],\n        English poet and novelist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\n** [[Edward Hopper]],\n        American painter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Italo Mus]], Italian painter (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Andy Clyde]], Scottish actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 21]]\n        \\n** [[G\\u00e9za Lakatos]], Hungarian general and politician, 36th [[Prime\n        Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Rexhep Mitrovica]], Albanian politician,\n        18th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Langston\n        Hughes]], American writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Johannes Itten]],\n        Swiss painter (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Georg Wilhelm Pabst]],\n        Austrian film director (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Claude Rains]],\n        British actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Billy Strayhorn]], American\n        composer and pianist (b. [[1915]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Young Dorothy Parker.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Dorothy\n        Parker]]]]\\n[[File:Spencer tracy state of the union.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Spencer\n        Tracy]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Arthur Tedder]], British air force general,\n        Marshal of the Royal Air Force (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Arthur\n        Biram]], Israeli philosopher and educator, and [[Israel Prize]] recipient\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Dorothy Parker]], American writer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Spencer Tracy]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Wolfgang K\\u00f6hler]], German psychologist (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] \\n** [[Gerald Patterson]], Australian tennis champion (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Edward Leonard Ellington]], British military,  Marshal of the Royal Air\n        Force (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Eddie Eagan]], American sportsman\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Reginald Denny (actor)|Reginald Denny]],\n        English actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Vernon Huber]], American\n        admiral and 36th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 26]]\n        – [[Fran\\u00e7oise Dorl\\u00e9ac]], French actress (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** [[Primo Carnera]], Italian boxer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Jayne Mansfield]],\n        American actress (car accident) (b. [[1933]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Vivien\n        Leigh Gone Wind Restored.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vivien Leigh]]]]\\n[[File:Carl Sandburg\n        NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carl Sandburg]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Gerhard\n        Ritter]], German historian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Fatima Jinnah]],\n        Pakistani ''Mother of the Nation'' (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Vivien Leigh]], English\n        actress (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Douglas MacLean]], American actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Eugen Fischer]], German professor of medicine, anthropology\n        and eugenics (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Tommy Lucchese]], Italian-American\n        gangster (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Tudor Arghezi]], Romanian\n        writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[John Coltrane]], American jazz saxophonist\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[Cyril Ring]], American film actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July\n        18]] – [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]], 26th [[President of Brazil]]\n        (plane crash) (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Lewis H. Brereton]],\n        American aviation pioneer and air force general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n**\n        [[Jimmie Foxx]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Albert Lutuli]],\n        South African politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize\\n** [[Basil Rathbone]],\n        British actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Carl Sandburg]], American\n        poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Margaret Kennedy]], English writer\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:President Don Manuel Prado.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Manuel\n        Prado Ugarteche]]]]\\n[[File:Nathaniel Cartmell 1908.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nathaniel\n        Cartmell]]]]\\n[[File:Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Retouched).png|thumb|100px|[[Stanley\n        Bruce]]]]\\n[[Image:Brian Epstein 1965.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Epstein]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Richard Kuhn]], Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Walter Terence Stace]], British philosopher\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Joe Orton]], English playwright (murdered)\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Anton Walbrook]], Austrian actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Jane Darwell]], American actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Magritte]], Belgian painter (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Manuel\n        Prado Ugarteche]], 2-Time [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Hugo Gernsback]], Luxembourg-born editor and publisher (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Isaac Deutscher]], British Marxist historian (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – [[Gregory Goodwin Pincus]], American biologist and researcher (b.\n        [[1903]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Nathaniel Cartmell]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Henry J. Kaiser]], American industrialist\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Lam Bun]], Hong Kong radio commentator (b. [[1930]])\\n*\n        [[August 25]]\\n** [[Stanley Bruce]], 8th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n** [[Paul Muni]], Polish actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[George Lincoln\n        Rockwell]], American Nazi Party leader (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Brian Epstein]], English band manager (''''[[The Beatles]]'''') (b. [[1934]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Ad Reinhardt]], American painter (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], Russian writer (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[Image:Siegfried Sassoon by George Charles Beresford (1915).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Siegfried\n        Sassoon]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[James Dunn (actor)|James Dunn]], American\n        actor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Ilse Koch]], Nazi German war criminal (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Siegfried Sassoon]], British poet (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        [[Francis Ouimet]], American professional golfer (b.[[1893]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] – [[Tadeusz \\u017byli\\u0144ski]], Polish technician and textilist\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Vladimir Bartol]], Slovene author\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Varian Fry]], American journalist\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Ethel May Halls]], American theatrical\n        and film actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[John Cockcroft]],\n        English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Stanislaus Zbyszko]], professional wrestler (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September\n        27]] – Prince [[Felix Yusupov]], Russian assassin of Rasputin (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n** [[Ludwig Donath]], Austrian actor (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Carson\n        McCullers]], American writer (brain hemorrhage) (b. [[1917]])\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n[[Image:Clement Attlee.png|thumb|100px|[[Clement Attlee]]]]\\n[[Image:CheHigh.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Che\n        Guevara]]]]\\n[[File:Aisin-Gioro Puyi 01.jpg|thumb|100px|Emperor [[Puyi|Xuantong]]]]\\n[[File:Shigeru\n        Yoshida smiling2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shigeru Yoshida]]]]\\n* [[October 3]]\\n**\n        [[Woody Guthrie]], American folk musician (Huntington''s disease) (b. [[1912]])\\n**\n        Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]], English conductor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Pinto Colvig]],\n        American vaudeville actor, radio actor, newspaper cartoonist, prolific movie\n        voice actor, and circus performer (original voice of [[Goofy]]) (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Claude C. Bloch]], American admiral (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – [[Norman Angell]], British politician, recipient of\n        the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Clement Attlee]],\n        British politician, 60th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\n** [[Che Guevara]], Argentine communist revolutionary (executed)\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]], English chemist, Nobel Prize\n        laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Edith Storey]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Pilates]], German physical culturist and developer of [[Pilates]]\n        (b. 1883)\\n** [[Gordon Allport]], American psychologist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Nat Pendleton]], American actor and Olympic wrestler (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Puyi|Xuantong Emperor]], last Emperor of China (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Shigeru Yoshida]], Japanese diplomat\n        and politician, 32nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Helen Palmer Geisel]], Dr. Seuss'' first wife (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – [[Margaret Ayer Barnes]], American playwright, novelist,\n        and short-story writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Julien Duvivier]],\n        French film director (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[Image:JohnNanceGarner.png|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Nance Garner]]]]\\n[[File:L%C3%A9on_M%27ba_1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[L\\u00e9on\n        M''ba]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Joseph Kesselring]], American playwright\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[John Nance Garner]], [[List of Vice\n        Presidents of the United States|32nd]] [[Vice President of the United States]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\n** [[Charles Bickford]], American actor\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Leslie Brooke (racing driver)|Leslie Brooke]], English\n        racing driver (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Harriet Cohen]],\n        English pianist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Alice Lake]], American\n        actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Casimir Funk]], Polish biochemist\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Charles J. Watters]], U.S. Army chaplain, Medal of Honor\n        recipient (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[C. M. Eddy Jr.]], American\n        writer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Florence Reed]], American stage actress (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Ossip Zadkine]], Russian sculptor, painter and lithographer\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Albert Warner]], American film\n        producer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[L\\u00e9on M''ba]], 1st\n        [[President of Gabon]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Ferenc M\\u00fcnnich]],\n        47th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Theodore Marcuse]], American\n        actor (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Bert Lahr Circa 1940s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bert\n        Lahr]]]]\\n[[File:Otis Redding (2).png|thumb|100px|[[Otis Redding]]]]\\n[[File:HaroldHolt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harold\n        Holt]]]]\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]],\n        British phonetician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Bert Lahr]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Wismer]], American broadcaster and pro football owner (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]] – [[House Peters, Sr.]], British-born actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] (in an air crash):\\n** [[Otis Redding]], American singer (b.\n        [[1941]])\\n** [[Ronnie Caldwell]], American musician (b. [[1948]])\\n** [[Phalon\n        Jones]], American musician (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Harold Holt]],\n        17th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (body never found) (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Perrin]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\n** [[Stuart\n        Erwin]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Ejnar Hertzsprung]],  Danish chemist\n        and astronomer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Karl Ristenpart]],\n        German conductor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Sydney Barnes]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Katharine McCormick]],\n        American feminist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Paul Whiteman]],\n        American bandleader (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Vincent Massey]],\n        former Canadian Governor General (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 31]] –\n        [[Rodger Penzabene]], [[Motown]] songwriter (b. [[1944]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n[[File:Sepahdar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fathollah Khan Akbar]]]]\\n* [[Fathollah\n        Khan Akbar]], Iranian cabinet minister, 17th [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[Bhikhan Lal Atreya]], Indian writer and scholar (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[Ali Akbar Bahman]], Iranian diplomat and politician (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[Ferran\n        Sunyer i Balaguer]], Spanish mathematician (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[Barbara Freire-Marreco]],\n        British anthropologist and folklorist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[Ken Battefield]],\n        American artist (b. ? )\\n* [[Charles Exeter Devereux Crombie]], Scottish cartoonist\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Hans Albrecht Bethe]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Manfred Eigen]], [[Ronald George\n        Wreyford Norrish]], [[George Porter]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Ragnar Granit]], [[Haldan Keffer Hartline]], [[George\n        Wald]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel\n        Asturias]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==Sources==\\n*\n        [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847844\n        1967 \\u2013 Headlines] A report from Michael Wallace of WCBS Newsradio 880\n        (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years of newsradio.\\n*\n        [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847869\n        1967 \\u2013 The Year in Sound] An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS\n        Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years\n        of newsradio.\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1967-pictures.html 1967 Coin Pictures]\\n*\n        [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about\n        the Expo 67]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1967}}\\n[[Category:1967|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T21:37:52Z\",\"lastrevid\":799791608,\"length\":104063,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967\"},\"34655\":{\"pageid\":34655,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1968\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T10:54:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{redirect|''68|the\n        1988 film|''68 (film)|the American rock band|''68 (band)|the 2013 album|''68\n        (album)|the comic book series|''68 (comic book)}}\\n{{Year dab|1968|the song|An\n        American Carol}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year nav|1968}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1968}} This was the year of the [[Protests\n        of 1968]].\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Captain\n        Franklin P. Eller during Tet Offensive Vietnam.jpg|thumb|125px|right| [[January\n        30]]: [[Tet Offensive|Tet]] begins.]]\\n* [[January 5]] – ''''[[Prague\n        Spring]]'''': [[Alexander Dub\\u010dek]] is chosen as the leader of the Communist\n        Party in [[Czechoslovakia]].{{cite book|last=Navazelskis|first=Inabhfghh|title=Alexander\n        Dubcek|publisher=Chelsea House Publications|year=1990|isbn=1-55546-831-4}}\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] endorses the\n        ''''[[I''m Backing Britain]]'''' campaign for working an additional half-hour\n        each day without pay.{{cite news|first=John|last=Chartres|title=Wilson\n        Joins ''I Back Britain''|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=9 January\n        1968|page=1}}\\n* [[January 14]] – The [[1967 Green Bay Packers\n        season|Green Bay Packers]] defeat the [[1967 Oakland Raiders season|Oakland\n        Raiders]] by the score of 33-14 in [[Super Bowl II]] at the [[Miami Orange\n        Bowl]].\\n* [[January 15]] – An [[1968 Belice earthquake|earthquake]]\n        in Sicily kills 380 and injures around 1,000.{{cite news|title=Italy:\n        The Day the Earth Shook|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837724,00.html|newspaper=[[Time\n        (magazine)|Time]]|date=26 January 1968|accessdate=2 August 2011}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI99/CPTI_finestre.html|title=Catalogo\n        Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani}}\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Lyndon\n        B. Johnson]] calls for the non-conversion of the U.S. dollar.\\n* [[January\n        21]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Battle of Khe Sanh]]: One of the most publicized\n        and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on [[April 8]].\\n** A\n        U.S. [[B-52 Stratofortress]] [[1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash|crashes in Greenland]],\n        discharging 4 [[nuclear bomb]]s.\\n* [[January 22]] – ''''[[Rowan & Martin''s\n        Laugh-In]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]].\\n* [[January 23]] – [[North Korea]]\n        seizes the {{USS|Pueblo|AGER-2|6}}, claiming the ship violated its territorial\n        waters while spying.\\n* [[January 25]] – The [[Israel]]i submarine {{INS|Dakar}}\n        sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 69.\\n[[File:USS Pueblo (AGER-2).jpg|thumb|125px|right|\n        [[January 23]] ''''[[USS Pueblo (AGER-2)|USS Pueblo]]'''']]\\n* [[January 28]]\n        – The [[France|French]] submarine ''''[[French submarine Minerve (S647)|Minerve]]''''\n        sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 52.\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The [[Tet Offensive]] begins, as [[Viet Cong]] forces launch a series\n        of surprise attacks across [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Vi\\u1ec7t\n        C\\u1ed9ng]] soldiers attack the [[US Embassy, Saigon]].\\n** [[Nauru]] president\n        [[Hammer DeRoburt]] declares independence from [[Australia]].\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: A [[Viet Cong]] officer named [[Nguy\\u1ec5n\n        V\\u0103n L\\u00e9m]] is executed by [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Ng\\u1ecdc Loan]], a [[South\n        Vietnam]]ese National Police Chief. The event is photographed by [[Eddie Adams\n        (photographer)|Eddie Adams]]. The photo makes headlines around the world,\n        eventually winning the [[1969 Pulitzer Prize]], and sways U.S. public opinion\n        against the war.\\n** The [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] and the [[New York Central\n        Railroad]] merge to form [[Penn Central]], the largest ever corporate [[Mergers\n        and acquisitions|merger]] up to this date.\\n* [[February 6]]–[[February\n        18]] – The [[1968 Winter Olympics]] are held in [[Grenoble]], France.\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[American civil rights movement]]: A [[Orangeburg\n        massacre|civil rights protest]] staged at a white-only [[bowling alley]] in\n        [[Orangeburg, South Carolina]] is broken up by highway patrolmen; 3 college\n        students are killed.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**  Border clashes take place between\n        [[Israel]] and [[Jordan]].\\n** [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City\n        opens at its current location.\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Vietnam War]]:\n        [[Phong Nh\\u1ecb and Phong Nh\\u1ea5t massacre]].\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        Civil rights disturbances occur at the [[University of Wisconsin\\u2013Madison]]\n        and the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]].\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – Administrative reforms in [[Romania]] divide the country into 39 [[jude\\u021b|counties]].\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\n** The [[Florida Education Association]] (FEA) initiates\n        a mass resignation of teachers to protest state funding of education. This\n        is, in effect, the first statewide [[Florida statewide teachers'' strike of\n        1968|teachers'' strike]] in the United States.\\n** [[National Educational\n        Television|NET]] televises the very first episode of ''''[[Mister Rogers''\n        Neighborhood]]''''.\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Tet\n        Offensive]] is halted; [[South Vietnam]] recaptures [[Hu\\u1ebf]].\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[H\\u00e0 My massacre]].\\n* [[February 27]]\n        – Ex-[[The Teenagers|Teenagers]] singer [[Frankie Lymon]] is found dead\n        from a [[heroin]] [[overdose]] in [[Harlem]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[First\n        Battle of Saigon]] ends.\\n* [[March 8]] – The first student protests\n        spark the [[1968 Polish political crisis]].\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Battle\n        of Lima Site 85]], the largest single ground combat loss of United States\n        Air Force members (12) during the then-secret war later known as the [[Laotian\n        Civil War]].\\n* [[March 11]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]\n        mandates that all computers purchased by the federal government support the\n        [[ASCII]] [[character encoding]].[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (March 11, 1968).\n        [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28724 Memorandum Approving\n        the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information\n        Interchange]. ''''The American Presidency Project''''. Accessed 2008-04-14.\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Mauritius]] achieves independence from British rule.\\n**\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] barely edges out antiwar candidate [[Eugene\n        McCarthy]] in the [[New Hampshire Democratic primary]], a vote which highlights\n        the deep divisions in the country, and the party, over [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[March\n        13]] – The first [[Rotaract]] club is chartered in [[North Charlotte]],\n        North Carolina.\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Nerve gas]] leaks from the U.S.\n        Army [[Dugway Proving Ground]] near [[Skull Valley (Utah)|Skull Valley, Utah]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – British [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth\n        Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[George Brown, Baron George-Brown|George Brown]]\n        resigns.\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[My Lai Massacre]]:\n        American troops kill scores of civilians. The story will first become public\n        in November 1969 and will help undermine public support for the U.S. efforts\n        in Vietnam.\\n** U.S. Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] enters the race for the\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] presidential nomination.\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – A demonstration in London''s [[Grosvenor Square]] against\n        U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] leads to violence; 91 people are injured,\n        200 demonstrators arrested.\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Gold standard]]: The\n        [[United States Congress]] repeals the requirement for a [[gold]] reserve\n        to back U.S. currency.\\n* [[March 19]]–[[March 23]] – [[Afrocentrism]],\n        [[Black Power]], [[Vietnam War]]: Students at [[Howard University]] in Washington,\n        D.C., signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in\n        the U.S. Students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege\n        to the administration building, shutting down the university in protest over\n        its [[ROTC]] program and the Vietnam War, and demanding a more Afrocentric\n        curriculum.\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]] (\\\"Danny the Red\\\")\n        and 7 other students occupy the administrative offices of the [[University\n        of Nanterre]], setting in motion a chain of events that lead France to the\n        brink of revolution in May.\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Aer Lingus Flight 712]]\n        crashes en route from [[Cork Airport|Cork]] to London near [[Tuskar Rock,\n        Ireland|Tuskar Rock, Wexford]], killing 61 passengers and crew.\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Joan Baez]] marries activist [[David Harris (protester)|David\n        Harris]] in New York.\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Brazil]]ian high school student\n        [[Edson Lu\\u00eds de Lima Souto]] is shot by the police in a protest for cheaper\n        meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death\n        is one of the first major events against the military dictatorship.\\n* [[March\n        31]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces he will not seek\n        re-election.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** Bombs explode at midnight\n        in two department stores in [[Frankfurt-am-Main]]; [[Andreas Baader]] and\n        [[Gudrun Ensslin]] are later arrested and sentenced for [[arson]].\\n** The\n        film  ''''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'''' premieres\n        in Washington, D.C.\\n* [[April 3]] – The American movie ''''[[Planet\n        of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'''' is released in theaters.\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] is [[Assassination of Martin Luther\n        King Jr.|shot dead]] at the [[Lorraine Motel]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]].\n        [[King assassination riots|Riots erupt]] in major American cities, lasting\n        for several days afterwards.\\n** [[Apollo program]]: Apollo-Saturn mission\n        502 (''''[[Apollo 6]]'''') is launched, as the second and last unmanned test-flight\n        of the [[Saturn V]] launch vehicle.\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** ''''[[La, la, la]]''''\n        by [[Massiel]] (music and lyrics by Manuel de la Calva and Ram\\u00f3n Arcusa)\n        wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1968]] for Spain, at the [[Royal Albert\n        Hall]] in London.\\n** A shootout between [[Black Panthers]] and [[Oakland,\n        California|Oakland]] police results in several arrests and deaths, including\n        16-year-old Panther [[Bobby Hutton]].\\n** A [[Richmond, Indiana explosion|double\n        explosion]] in downtown [[Richmond, Indiana]] kills 41 and injures 150.\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – Racing driver [[Jim Clark]] is killed in a [[Formula 2]]\n        race at [[Hockenheimring|Hockenheim]].\\n* [[April 8]] – The [[Bureau\n        of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]] (under [[United States Department of Justice|Department\n        of Justice]]) (BNDD) is created.\\n* [[April 10]] – The ferry {{ship|TEV|Wahine}}\n        strikes a [[reef]] at the mouth of [[Wellington Harbour]], New Zealand, with\n        the loss of 53 lives, in Cyclone Giselle, which created the windiest conditions\n        ever recorded in New Zealand.\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Josef Bachmann]] tries\n        to assassinate [[Rudi Dutschke]], leader of the left-wing movement ([[Ausserparlamentarische\n        Opposition|APO]]) in Germany, and tries to commit suicide afterwards, failing\n        in both, although Dutschke dies of his brain injuries 11 years later.\\n**\n        German left-wing students blockade the [[Axel Springer AG|Springer Press]]\n        HQ in Berlin and many are arrested (one of them [[Ulrike Meinhof]]).\\n** U.S.\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]].\\n**\n        [[MGM]]''s classic film ''''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''''\n        makes its [[NBC]] debut after being telecast on [[CBS]] since 1956. It will\n        remain on NBC for the next 8 years.\\n* [[April 18]] – [[John Rennie\n        the Elder|John Rennie]]''s 1831 New [[London Bridge]] is sold to [[Arizona]]\n        entrepreneur [[Robert P. McCulloch]] and is rebuilt in [[Lake Havasu City,\n        Arizona]], reopening on October 5, 1971.\\n* [[April 20]] \\n** [[Pierre Elliott\n        Trudeau]] becomes the 15th Prime Minister of Canada.\\n\\\"Pierre Elliott\n        Trudeau.\\\" Prime Minister of Canada. August 26, 2013. Accessed April 8, 2015.\\n**\n        English politician [[Enoch Powell]] makes his controversial [[Rivers of Blood\n        speech]].\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** President [[Mobutu]] releases captured [[mercenary|mercenaries]]\n        in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n** Surgeons at the H\\u00f4pital\n        de la Piti\\u00e9, Paris, perform Europe''s first heart transplant, on Clovis\n        Roblain.\\n** The [[United Methodist Church]] is created by the union of the\n        former Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren churches.\\n* [[April 23]]–[[April\n        30]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Student protesters at [[Columbia University]]\n        in New York City take over administration buildings and shut down the university\n        (see main article [[Columbia University protests of 1968]]).\\n* [[April 26]]\n        – The [[nuclear weapon]] \\\"Boxcar\\\" is [[nuclear weapons testing|tested]]\n        at the [[Nevada Test Site]] in the biggest detonation of [[Operation Crosstie]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – The musical ''''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'''' officially\n        opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        The [[Israel Broadcasting Authority]] commences television broadcasts.\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Braniff Flight 352]] crashes near [[Dawson, Texas]], killing\n        all 85 persons on board.\\n* [[May 13]] – [[May 1968 protests in France|Paris\n        student riots]]: One million march through the streets of Paris.\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] wins the  [[1967\\u201368\n        Football League First Division]] by 2 clear points, over club rivals Manchester\n        United\\n* [[May 14]] – [[The Beatles]] announce the creation of [[Apple\n        Records]] in a New York press conference.\\n* [[May 15]] – An outbreak\n        of severe thunderstorms produces [[May 1968 tornado outbreak|tornadoes]],\n        causing massive damage and heavy casualties in [[Charles City, Iowa]], [[Oelwein,\n        Iowa]], and [[Jonesboro, Arkansas]].\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Ronan Point]],\n        a 23 floor tower block in Canning Town, east London, partially collapses after\n        a gas explosion, killing 5.\\n* [[May 17]] – The [[Catonsville Nine]]\n        enter the [[Selective Service]] offices in [[Catonsville, Maryland]], take\n        dozens of selective service draft records, and burn them with [[napalm]] as\n        a protest against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[May 18]] – West Bromwich\n        Albion win the Football Association Cup, defeating Everton 1-0 after extra\n        time. The winning goal was scored by Jeff Astle.\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Italian\n        general election, 1968|A general election]] is held in Italy.\\n** Nigerian\n        forces capture [[Port Harcourt]] and form a ring around the [[Nigerian Civil\n        War|Biafrans]]. This contributes to a humanitarian disaster as the surrounded\n        population already suffers from hunger and starvation.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        The U.S. nuclear-powered [[submarine]] [[USS Scorpion (SSN-589)|''''Scorpion'''']]\n        sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the [[Azores]].\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] wins the [[European\n        Champion Clubs'' Cup|European Cup Final]], becoming the first English team\n        to do so.\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Bobby Unser]] wins the [[Indianapolis 500]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Radical feminism|Radical feminist]] [[Valerie\n        Solanas]] shoots [[Andy Warhol]] as he enters his studio, wounding him.\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – The [[S&P 500|Standard & Poor''s 500]] index closes above\n        100 for the first time, at 100.38.\\n* [[June 5]] – U.S. presidential\n        candidate [[Robert F. Kennedy]] is [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|shot]]\n        at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles.\n        [[Sirhan Sirhan]] is arrested. Kennedy dies from his injuries the next day.\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[James Earl Ray]] is arrested for the assassination of\n        [[Martin Luther King Jr.]].\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Italy national football\n        team|Italy]] beats [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] 2\\u20130\n        in a replay to win the [[UEFA Euro 1968|1968 European Championship]]. The\n        original final on [[June 8]] ended 1\\u20131.\\n* [[June 12]] – The film\n        ''''[[Rosemary''s Baby (film)|Rosemary''s Baby]]'''' premieres in the U.S.\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – The [[Malayan Communist Party]] launches a second insurgency\n        and the [[Second Malayan Emergency|state of emergency]] is again imposed in\n        [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Austin Currie]], Member of Parliament\n        at [[Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)|Stormont]] in [[Northern Ireland]],\n        along with others, squats a house in [[Caledon, County Tyrone|Caledon]] to\n        protest discrimination in housing allocations.\\n* [[June 23]] – A [[Supercl\\u00e1sico#Puerta\n        12 tragedy|football stampede]] in [[Buenos Aires]] leaves 74 dead and 150\n        injured.\\n* [[June 24]] – Giorgio Rosa declares the independence of\n        his [[Republic of Rose Island]], an artificial island off [[Rimini]], Italy.\n        Italian troops demolish it not long after.\\n* [[June 26]] – The [[Bonin\n        Islands]] are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United\n        States Navy.\\n* [[June 30]] – The [[Lockheed C-5 Galaxy]] heavy [[military\n        transport aircraft]] first flies in the U.S. This model will still be in service\n        40 years later.\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Central Intelligence\n        Agency]]''s [[Phoenix Program]] is officially established.\\n** The [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] opens for signature.\\n* [[July 4]] – Yachtsman\n        [[Alec Rose]], 59, receives a hero''s welcome as he sails into [[Portsmouth]],\n        England after his 354-day round-the-world trip.\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** –\n        The [[soap opera]] ''''[[One Life to Live]]'''' premieres on [[American Broadcasting\n        Company|ABC]].\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Saddam Hussein]] becomes Vice Chairman\n        of the Revolutionary Council in [[Iraq]] after a ''''[[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]''''.\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – The semiconductor company [[Intel]] is founded.\\n* [[July\n        20]] – The first International [[Special Olympics]] Summer Games are\n        held at [[Soldier Field]] in Chicago, Ill, with about 1,000 athletes with\n        intellectual disabilities. \\n* [[July 23]]–[[July 28]] – Black\n        militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police\n        in the [[Glenville Shootout]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio]], in the United States.\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] publishes the [[encyclical]] entitled\n        ''''[[Humanae vitae]]'''', condemning [[birth control]].\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        Vietnam War: [[South Vietnam]]ese opposition leader [[Tr\\u01b0\\u01a1ng \\u0110\\u00ecnh\n        Dzu]] is sentenced to 5 years [[hard labor]], for advocating the formation\n        of a [[coalition government]] as a way to move toward an end to the [[war]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – [[Arenal Volcano]] erupts in [[Costa Rica]] for the first\n        time in centuries.\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Thames Television]] starts transmission\n        in London.\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 5]]–[[August 8]] – The\n        [[Republican National Convention]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida]] nominates [[Richard\n        Nixon]] for U.S. President and [[Spiro Agnew]] for Vice President.\\n* [[August\n        11]] – The last steam passenger train service runs in Britain. A selection\n        of [[British Railways]] steam [[locomotive]]s make the 120-mile journey from\n        [[Liverpool]] to [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] and return to Liverpool –\n        the journey is known as the [[Fifteen Guinea Special]].\\n* [[August 18]] –\n        Two charter buses are pushed into the [[Hida River]] on National Highway Route\n        41 in Japan, in an accident caused by heavy rain; 104 are killed.\\n* [[August\n        20]]–[[August 21]] – The ''''[[Prague Spring]]'''' of political\n        liberalization ends, as 750,000 [[Warsaw Pact]] troops and 6,500 [[tank]]s\n        with 800 planes [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invade]] [[Czechoslovakia]].\n        It is dated as the biggest operation in Europe since WWII ended.\\n* [[August\n        21]] – The [[Medal of Honor]] is posthumously awarded to [[James Anderson\n        Jr.]]\\u2013he was the first black [[U.S. Marine]] to be awarded the Medal\n        of Honor.\\n* [[August 24]] – France explodes its first hydrogen bomb.\\n*\n        [[August 22]]–[[August 30]] – Police clash with anti-war protesters\n        in Chicago, [[Illinois]], outside the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]],\n        which nominates [[Hubert Humphrey]] for U.S. President, and [[Edmund Muskie]]\n        for Vice President. The riots and subsequent trials were an essential part\n        of the activism of the [[Youth International Party]].\\n* [[August 28]] –\n        [[John Gordon Mein]], US Ambassador to Guatemala, is assassinated on the streets\n        of Guatemala City. First US Ambassador assassinated in the line of duty.\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Harald V of Norway|Crown Prince Harald]] of Norway\n        marries [[Sonja Haraldsen]], the commoner he has dated for 9 years, in [[Oslo]].\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Swaziland]] becomes independent.\\n** 150 women (members\n        of [[New York Radical Women]]) arrive in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] to\n        [[No More Miss America|protest against]] the [[Miss America]] Pageant, as\n        exploitative of women. Led by activist and author [[Robin Morgan]], it is\n        one of the first large demonstrations of [[Second Wave Feminism]] as [[Women''s\n        Liberation]] begins to gather much media attention.\\n* [[September 11]]\\n**\n        The [[International Association of Classification Societies]] (IACS) is founded.\\n**\n        French General [[Ren\\u00e9 Cogny]] and 94 others die in an [[Air France]]\n        [[Sud Aviation Caravelle|Caravelle]] jetliner crash near [[Nice]] in the [[Mediterranean]].\\n*\n        [[September 13]]\\n** [[Albania]] officially retreats from the Warsaw Pact\n        upon the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, having already\n        ceased to participate actively in Pact activity since [[1962]].\\n** US Army\n        Maj. Gen. [[Keith L. Ware]], WWII Medal of Honor recipient, is killed when\n        his helicopter is shot down in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]]. He is posthumously\n        awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service\n        Cross]].\\n** Agreement for [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] between the\n        [[General Electric Company plc|General Electric Company]] and [[English Electric]],\n        the largest industrial merger in the UK up to this date.\\n* [[September 14]]\n        – [[Detroit Tigers|Detroit Tiger]] [[Denny McLain]] becomes the first\n        baseball pitcher to win 30 games in a season since 1934. He remains the last\n        to accomplish the feat.\\n* [[September 17]] – The [[D''Oliveira affair]]:\n        The [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] tour of South Africa is cancelled when the\n        South Africans refuse to accept the presence of [[Basil D''Oliveira]], a [[Cape\n        Coloured]], in the side.\\n* [[September 20]] – ''''[[Hawaii Five-O]]''''\n        debuts on [[CBS]], and eventually becomes the longest-running crime show in\n        television history, until ''''[[Law & Order]]'''' overtakes it in 2003.\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – The Soviet''s [[Zond 5]] unmanned lunar flyby mission\n        returns to earth, with its first of a kind biological payload intact.\\n* [[September\n        23]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Tet Offensive]] comes to an end in [[South\n        Vietnam]].\\n* [[September 24]] – ''''[[60 Minutes]]'''' debuts on [[CBS]]\n        and is still on the air as of [[2016]].\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Marcelo\n        Caetano]] becomes [[prime minister]] of Portugal.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        A [[referendum]] in Greece gives more power to the military junta.\\n* [[September\n        30]] – At Paine Field, near Everett, Washington in the United States,\n        [[Boeing]] officially rolls out its new [[Boeing 747|747]] for the media and\n        the public.\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:1968 Mexico emblem.svg|220px|thumbnail|right|[[1968\n        Summer Olympics]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Night of the Living Dead]]\n        premieres in the United States. \\n* [[October 2]] – [[Tlatelolco massacre]]:\n        A student demonstration ends in bloodbath at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas\n        in [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]], Mexico City, Mexico, 10 days before\n        the inauguration of the [[1968 Summer Olympics]].\\n* [[October 3]] –\n        In [[Peru]], [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] takes power in a revolution.\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Royal Ulster Constabulary|Police]] baton [[Northern Ireland\n        Civil Rights Association|civil rights]] demonstrators in [[Derry]], [[Northern\n        Ireland]], marking the beginning of [[The Troubles]].\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Feliciano]] At the height of protests against the Vietnam War,\n        Jose Feliciano performed  \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\" at Tiger Stadium in\n        Detroit during Game 5 pre-game ceremonies of the 1968 World Series between\n        the Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals. His personalized, slow, Latin jazz\n        performance[6] proved highly controversial, opening the door for later interpretations\n        of the national anthem.\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation\n        Sealords]]: United States and [[South Vietnam]]ese forces launch a new operation\n        in the [[Mekong Delta]].\\n* [[October 10]] – [[1968 World Series]]:\n        The [[Detroit Tigers]] defeat the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] in 7 games (4-3)\n        after being down 3 games to 1, completing an unlikely comeback against the\n        heavily favored Cardinals led by the overpowering right-handed pitcher [[Bob\n        Gibson]].\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Apollo program]]: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Apollo\n        7]]'''', the first manned Apollo mission ([[Wally Schirra]], [[Donn Eisele]],\n        [[Walter Cunningham]]). Mission goals include the first live [[television]]\n        broadcast from [[orbit]] and testing the [[lunar module]] docking maneuver.\\n**\n        In [[Panama]], a military ''''coup d''\\u00e9tat'''', led by Col. Boris Martinez\n        and Col. [[Omar Torrijos]], overthrows the democratically elected (but highly\n        controversial) government of President [[Arnulfo Arias]]. Within a year, Torrijos\n        ousts Martinez and takes charge as de facto [[Head of Government]] in Panama.\\n*\n        [[October 12]]–[[October 27]] – The [[Games of the XIX Olympiad]]\n        are held in Mexico City, Mexico.\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Equatorial Guinea]]\n        receives its independence from Spain.\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The [[United States Department of Defense]] announces that the [[United\n        States Army]] and [[United States Marines]] will send about 24,000 troops\n        back to [[Vietnam]] for involuntary second tours.\\n* [[October 15]] –\n        [[Led Zeppelin]] makes their first live performance, at [[Surrey University]]\n        in England{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/led-zeppelin\n        |title=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717033456/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/led-zeppelin/\n        |archivedate=July 17, 2015 }}\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** In Mexico City,\n        African-American athletes [[Tommie Smith]] and [[John Carlos]] raise their\n        arms in a [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|black power salute]] after winning,\n        respectively, the gold and bronze medals in the Olympic men''s 200 metres.\\n**\n        [[Kingston, Jamaica]] is rocked by the [[Rodney Riots]], provoked by the banning\n        of [[Walter Rodney]] from the country.\\n* [[October 18]] – US athlete\n        [[Bob Beamon]] breaks the long jump world record by 55 cm / 21 3/4ins\n        at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] in [[Mexico City]]. His record stands for\n        23 years, and is still the second longest jump in history. \\n* [[October 20]]\n        – Former U.S. First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] marries Greek shipping\n        tycoon [[Aristotle Onassis]] on the Greek island of [[Skorpios]].\\n* [[October\n        22]] – The [[Gun Control Act of 1968]] is enacted.\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Vietnam War]]: Citing progress in the Paris peace talks, U.S. President\n        [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete\n        cessation of \\\"all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of [[North Vietnam]]\\\"\n        effective [[November 1]].\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[U.S. presidential\n        election, 1968]]: [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger\n        [[Richard Nixon]] defeats the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]\n        candidate, Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]], and [[American Independent\n        Party]] candidate [[George Wallace|George C. Wallace]].\\n** [[Luis A. Ferr\\u00e9]],\n        of the newly formed [[New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico|New Progressive\n        Party]] is elected [[Governor of Puerto Rico]], by beating incumbent governor\n        [[Roberto S\\u00e1nchez Vilella]] of the [[People''s Party (Puerto Rico)|People''s\n        Party]], [[Luis Negr\\u00f3n L\\u00f3pez]] of the [[Popular Democratic Party\n        of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]] and Antonio J. Gonzalez of the [[Puerto\n        Rican Independence Party]], he also becomes the first \\\"statehooder\\\" governor\n        of the Island.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Operation Commando\n        Hunt]] is initiated to interdict men and supplies on the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]],\n        through [[Laos]] into [[South Vietnam]]. By the end of the operation, 3 million\n        tons of bombs are dropped on Laos, slowing but not seriously disrupting trail\n        operations.\\n** A second [[republic]] is declared in the [[Maldives]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Yale University]] announces it is going to admit\n        women.\\n* [[November 17]] – The [[Heidi Game]]: [[NBC]] cuts off the\n        final 1:05 of an [[Oakland Raiders]]\\u2013[[New York Jets]] football game\n        to broadcast the pre-scheduled ''''[[Heidi (1968 film)|Heidi]]''''. Fans are\n        unable to see Oakland (which had been trailing 32\\u201329) score 2 late touchdowns\n        to win 43\\u201332; as a result, thousands of outraged football fans flood\n        the NBC switchboards to protest.\\n* [[November 19]] – In [[Mali]], President\n        [[Modibo Ke\\u00efta]]''s regime is overthrown in a bloodless [[military coup]]\n        led by [[Moussa Traor\\u00e9]].{{citation|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Mali.pdf|title=Mali\n        country profile|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|location=Washington,\n        D.C. |page=3 |date=January 2005}}\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[Farmington\n        Mine disaster]] in Farmington, West Virginia, kills seventy-eight men.\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[The Beatles]] release their self-titled album popularly\n        known as the ''''[[White Album]]''''.\\n**\\\"[[Plato''s Stepchildren]]\\\", 12th\n        episode of ''''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'''' 3rd season\n        is aired, featuring the first-ever interracial kiss on U.S. national television\n        between Lieutenant [[Nyota Uhura|Uhura]] and Captain [[James T. Kirk]].\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – 4 men [[Aircraft hijacking|hijack]] [[Pan Am Flight\n        281]] from [[JFK International Airport]], New York to [[Havana]], [[Cuba]].\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[United States Air Force]] First\n        Lieutenant and [[Bell UH-1F]] helicopter pilot [[James P. Fleming]] rescues\n        an Army [[Special Forces]] unit pinned down by [[Viet Cong]] fire, earning\n        a [[Medal of Honor]] for his bravery.\\n* [[November 27]]\\u2013[[November 30|30]]\n        – First National Women''s Liberation Conference in [[Lake Villa, Illinois]].\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – If I Can Dream marks the concert return of [[Elvis\n        Presley]].\\n* [[December 6]] – [[The Rolling Stones]] release ''''[[Beggars\n        Banquet]]'''', which contains the classic song \\\"[[Sympathy for the Devil]].\\\"\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Douglas Engelbart]] publicly demonstrates his pioneering\n        [[hypertext]] system, [[NLS (computer system)|NLS]], in [[San Francisco]],\n        together with the [[computer mouse]], at what becomes retrospectively known\n        as \\\"[[The Mother of All Demos]]\\\".\\n* [[December 10]] – Japan''s biggest\n        heist, the never-solved \\\"[[300 million yen robbery]]\\\", occurs in Tokyo.\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\n** The film ''''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]'''', based on\n        the hit London and [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical, opens in the U.S.\n        after being released first in England. It goes on to win the [[Academy Award]]\n        for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n** ''''[[The Rolling\n        Stones Rock and Roll Circus]]'''' is filmed but is not released until [[1996]].\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – Prompted by growing unrest and proliferation of pro-communist\n        terrorist actions, [[Brazil]]ian [[President of Brazil|president]] [[Artur\n        da Costa e Silva]] enacts the so-called [[AI-5]], the fifth of a series of\n        non-constitutional emergency decrees that helped stabilize the country after\n        the turmoils of the early 1960s.\\n* [[December 17]] – 11-year-old [[Mary\n        Bell]] is found guilty of murdering two small boys and sentenced to life in\n        [[Detention (imprisonment)|Detention]], but is later released from prison\n        in [[1980]] and granted anonymity.\\n* [[December 20]] – The [[Zodiac\n        Killer]] is believed to have shot Betty Lou Jensen and David Faraday on Lake\n        Herman Road, [[Benicia]], [[San Francisco Bay]], [[California]].\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[David Eisenhower]], grandson of former U.S. President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]], marries [[Julie Nixon]], the daughter of U.S. President-elect\n        [[Richard Nixon]].\\n** [[Mao Zedong]] advocates that educated youth in urban\n        China be re-educated in the country. It marks the start of the [[Down to the\n        Countryside Movement|\\\"Up to the mountains and down to the villages\\\" movement]].\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Apollo program]]: U.S. spacecraft ''''[[Apollo 8]]''''\n        enters orbit around the [[Moon]]. Astronauts [[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell]]\n        and [[William A. Anders]] become the first humans to see the [[Far side (Moon)|far\n        side]] of the [[Moon]] and planet [[Earth]] as a whole. Anders photographs\n        ''''[[Earthrise]]''''. The crew also [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading|reads from\n        Genesis]].\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Led Zeppelin]] make their American\n        debut in [[Denver, CO]].\\n* [[December 28]] – Israeli forces launch\n        [[1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon|an attack on Beirut airport]], destroying more\n        than a dozen aircraft.\\n\\n===Dates\n        unknown===\\n* The [[Khmer Rouge]] is officially formed in [[Cambodia]] as\n        an offshoot movement of the [[Vietnam People''s Army]] from [[North Vietnam]]\n        to bring communism to the nation. A few years later, they will become bitter\n        enemies.\\n* [[Mattel]]''s ''''[[Hot Wheels]]'''' toy cars are introduced.\\n*\n        [[United Artists]] pulls eleven [[Looney Tunes]] and [[Merrie Melodies]] cartoons\n        in its library from television due to the depiction of racist stereotypes\n        towards African-Americans. These cartoons come to be known as the [[Censored\n        Eleven]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Cuba Gooding Jr. 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cuba\n        Gooding Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Retton-m.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary Lou Retton]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        of Spain 2015 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Felipe VI of Spain]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Davor \\u0160uker]], Croatian footballer\\n* [[January 2]] –\n        [[Cuba Gooding Jr.]], American actor\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Andrzej Go\\u0142ota]],\n        Polish boxer\\n** [[Carrie Ann Inaba]], American choreographer, game show host\n        and singer\\n* [[January 6]] – [[John Singleton]], American film director\n        and writer\\n* [[January 7]] – [[James Brokenshire]], British politician\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Joey Lauren Adams]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        12]]\\n** [[Keith Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Rachael Harris]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Pat Onstad]], Canadian footballer\\n* [[January 14]] – [[LL Cool J]],\n        American rapper and actor\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Chad Lowe]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Stephan Pastis]], American cartoonist\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Svetlana Masterkova]], Russian athlete\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Matt Hill]], Canadian voice actor\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Charlotte Ross]], American actress\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Yasuhiro\n        Takato]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Michael Kiske]], German\n        musician\\n** [[Mary Lou Retton]], American gymnast\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Novala\n        Takemoto]], Japanese author and fashion designer\\n** [[Eric Davis (American\n        football)|Eric Davis]], American football player\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Mike Patton]], American singer\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Sarah McLachlan]],\n        Canadian singer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Edward Burns]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Sora Jung]], Korean actress\\n* [[January 30]] – King [[Felipe VI of\n        Spain]]\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Gary Coleman cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary\n        Coleman]]]]\\n[[File:Lavinia Agache 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lavinia Agache]]]]\\n[[File:Josh\n        Brolin Berlin 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Josh Brolin]]]]\\n[[File:Molly Ringwald\n        in Greece (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Molly Ringwald]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Lisa Marie Presley]], American singer\\n** [[Mark Recchi]], Canadian ice\n        hockey player\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Kenny Albert]], American sports\n        announcer\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Vlade Divac]], Serbian basketball player\\n**\n        [[Marwan Khoury]], Lebanese singer and composer\\n** [[David Scarboro]], British\n        actor (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Roberto Alomar]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Marcus Gr\\u00f6nholm]], Finnish rally driver\\n** [[Qasim Melho]],\n        Syrian television actor\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Peter Bondra]], Slovakian\n        [[ice hockey]] player\\n** [[Porntip Nakhirunkanok]], Miss Universe 1988\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[April Stewart]], American voice actress\\n** [[Gary Coleman]],\n        American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Atika Suri]], Indonesian\n        television newscaster\\n** [[Laurie Foell]], New Zealand/Australian actress\\n*\n        [[February 11]] \\n** [[Mo Willems]], American animator\\n** [[Lavinia Agache]],\n        Romanian artistic gymnast\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Josh Brolin]], American\n        actor\\n* [[February 13]]  \\n** [[Kelly Hu]], American actress \\n** [[Niamh\n        Kavanagh]], Irish singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1993 winner\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Jules Asner]], American model and television personality\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Gloria Trevi]], Mexican singer and actress\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Molly Ringwald]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n** [[Dennis\n        Satin]], German film director\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Nitin Ganatra]],\n        Kenyan-born English actor\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Delphine Bo\\u00ebl]], purported\n        out-of-wedlock daughter of King [[Albert II of Belgium]]\\n** [[Bradley Nowell]],\n        American musician (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Jeri Ryan]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Mitch Hedberg]], American comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\n** [[Thomas G:son]], Swedish composer and musician, co-writer of [[Euphoria\n        (Loreen song)|Euphoria]] \\n** [[Sandrine Kiberlain]], French actress\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Matt Stairs]], Canadian baseball player\\n* [[February 29]]\n        – [[Sam Sneed]], American producer and rapper\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Daniel\n        Craig - Film Premiere \\\"Spectre\\\" 007 - on the Red Carpet in Berlin (22387409720)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Craig]]]]\\n[[File:Bajnai Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gordon\n        Bajnai]]]]\\n[[File:Damon Albarn @Plymouth 2012 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Damon Albarn]]]]\\n[[File:Celine\n        Dion Live 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Celine Dion]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Kat\n        Cressida]], American voice actress\\n** [[Kunjarani Devi]], Indian weightlifter\\n**\n        [[Muho Noelke]], German Zen master\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Daniel Craig]],\n        British actor\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Brian Leetch]], American ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Giovanni Carrara]], Venezuelan Major League Baseball\n        player\\n** [[Patsy Kensit]], British actress\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Gordon\n        Bajnai]], Hungarian Prime Minister\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Moira Kelly]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Jeff Kent]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Thio Li-ann]], Singaporean law academic and Nominated\n        Member of Parliament\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Lisa Loeb]], American singer\\n*\n        [[March 12]] \\n** [[Jason Lively]], American former actor\\n** [[Aaron Eckhart]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Akira Nogami]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Masami Okui]], Japanese singer\\n* [[March 14]] – [[James\n        Frain]], British actor\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Mark McGrath]], American singer\n        ([[Sugar Ray]])\\n** [[Terje Riis-Johansen]], Norwegian politician\\n* [[March\n        16]] – [[Trevor Wilson (basketball)|Trevor Wilson]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Shinichiro Miki]], Japanese [[Voice acting\n        in Japan|voice actor]]\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Mots''eoa Senyane]], [[Lesotho]]\n        diplomat\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Carlos Almeida (athlete)|Carlos Almeida]],\n        Cape Verdean long-distance runner\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Euronymous]],\n        Norwegian musician (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Damon Albarn]], English\n        singer-songwriter and musician ([[Blur (band)|Blur]])\\n** [[Mike Atherton]],\n        English cricketer\\n** [[Mitch Cullin]], American novelist\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Cathy Dennis]], British singer-songwriter, record producer and actress\\n*\n        [[March 26]] \\n** [[Kenny Chesney]], American [[country music]] singer\\n**\n        [[James Iha]], American rock musician\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Ben Koldyke]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Iris Chang]], American author (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Nasser Hussain]], English cricketer\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Lucy Lawless]],\n        New Zealand actress and singer\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Celine Dion]], Canadian\n        singer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Patricia Arquette 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patricia\n        Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Carnie Wilson Oct 2014 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carnie\n        Wilson]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Julia Boutros]], Lebanese singer\\n** [[Andreas\n        Schnaas]], German director\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Paula Cole]], American singer\n        \\n** [[Stewart Lee]], English stand-up comedian\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Stretch\n        (rapper)|Stretch]], American rapper and record producer (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Patricia Arquette]], American actress\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Adam Graves]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Ott (record producer)|Ott]], English musician\n        and record producer\\n* [[April 13]] – [[J\\u00f8rn Stubberud]], Norwegian\n        musician\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Anthony Michael Hall]], American actor\n        and singer\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Stacey Williams]], American model\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Martin Dahlin]], Swedish football player\\n* [[April\n        17]] – [[Julie Fagerholt]], Danish fashion designer\\n* [[April 18]]\n        – [[David Hewlett]], English-born Canadian actor, writer and director\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Ashley Judd]], American actress\\n* [[April 20]]\\n**\n        [[J.D. Roth]], American television host\\n** [[Yelena V\\u00e4lbe]], Russian\n        cross-country skier\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Timothy McVeigh]], American\n        terrorist (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Stacy Haiduk]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Yuji Nagata]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Howard\n        Donald]], British singer ([[Take That]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[Carnie Wilson]],\n        American singer and television host\\n** [[Michael Herbig]], German film director,\n        actor and author\\n** [[Darren Matthews]], English professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen Vogel]], German actor\\n* [[April 30]] – [[T. T. Boy]],\n        American porn producer and actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Skater Tony Hawk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tony\n        Hawk]]]]\\n[[File:Kyle Eastwood.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyle Eastwood]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Ortiz (23864094899).jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Ortiz]]]]\\n[[File:Kylie Brazil\n        2015 (2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kylie Minogue]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Oliver\n        Bierhoff]], German footballer\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Hikaru Midorikawa]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Traci Lords]], American actress/porn\n        star\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Marie-Jos\\u00e9 P\\u00e9rec]], French athlete\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\n** [[Tony Hawk]], American skateboarder\\n** [[Catherine Tate]],\n        English actress, comedian, and writer\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Sonja Zietlow]],\n        German television presenter\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Chingmy Yau]], Hong Kong\n        actress\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Constance Menard]], French professional dressage\n        rider\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Kyle Eastwood]], American jazz bass musician\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Timothy Olyphant]], American actor\\n** [[Waisale Serevi]],\n        Fijian rugby player\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Julie Vega]], Filipino child actress\n        and singer (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Michael Kelly (American actor)|Michael\n        Kelly]], American actor\\n** [[Graham Linehan]], Irish television writer and\n        director\\n* [[May 23]] – [[John Ortiz]], American actor\\n* [[May 24]]\n        – [[Charles De''Ath]], English actor\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Crown Prince\n        Frederik of Denmark]]\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Jeff Bagwell]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Frank Thomas (AL baseball player)|Frank Thomas]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Kylie Minogue]], Australian actress and singer\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Zacarias Moussaoui]], French-Moroccan 9/11 conspirator\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:James\n        Patrick Stuart 2010 SDCC (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Patrick Stuart]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Rodriguez SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Rodriguez]]]]\\n[[File:Maldini2008.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Paolo\n        Maldini]]]]\\n[[File:Chayannemn.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chayanne]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Jason Donovan]], Australian actor and singer\\n** [[Karen Mulder]], Dutch\n        model and singer\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Beetlejuice (entertainer)|Beetlejuice]],\n        member of the [[Wack Pack]] (''''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'''')\\n** [[Jon\n        Culshaw]], English impressionist\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Alexander Vladimirovich\n        Konovalov|Alexandr Konovalov]], Russian lawyer and [[politician]]\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** [[Bill Burr]], American comedian\\n** [[Nobutoshi Canna]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Yasmine Bleeth]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[James Patrick Stuart]], American actor and voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – [[Robert Rodriguez]], American film director\\n* [[June\n        21]] – [[Sonique (musician)|Sonique]], British singer\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        [[Paolo Maldini]], Italian football player\\n** [[Iwan Roberts]], Welsh footballer\\n**\n        [[Shannon Sharpe]], American football player and commentator\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        [[Chayanne]], Puerto Rican singer\\n** [[Adam Woodyatt]], British actor\\n*\n        [[June 29]]\\n** [[Theoren Fleury]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Brian\n        d''Arcy James]], American actor and musician\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Phil\n        Anselmo|Philip Anselmo]], American musician\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Stephanie\n        Seymour.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephanie Seymour]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Korzeniowski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Korzeniowski]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Ramush Haradinaj]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Kosovo]]\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Ken Akamatsu]], Japanese [[Mangaka|manga\n        artist]]\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Jorja Fox]], American actress\\n** [[Allen Payne]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Jeff VanderMeer]], American writer\\n* [[July 8]]\\n**\n        [[Billy Crudup]], American actor\\n** [[Akio Suyama]], Japanese [[Voice acting\n        in Japan|voice actor]]\\n** [[Josephine Teo]], Singaporean politician.\\n**\n        [[Michael Weatherly]], American actor\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Eduardo Santamarina]],\n        Mexican actor\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Hassiba Boulmerka]], Algerian athlete\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Omi Minami]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[July 15]]\n        – [[Eddie Griffin]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[Dhanraj Pillay]], Indian field hockey player\\n** [[Barry Sanders]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Darren Day]], British actor and TV\n        presenter\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Robert Flynn]], American vocalist and guitarist\n        ([[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Johnnie Barnes]],\n        American football player\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Gary Payton]], American basketball\n        player\\n** [[Stephanie Seymour]], American model and actress\\n* [[July 24]]\\n**\n        [[Laura Leighton]], American actress  \\n** [[Kristin Chenoweth]], American\n        soprano and actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Julian McMahon]], Australian\n        actor\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Terry Crews]], American actor and former NFL\n        player\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Robert Korzeniowski]], Polish athlete\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Gillian\n        Anderson Berlinale 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gillian Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Eric\n        Bana 2 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eric Bana]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\n        – [[Rod Beck]], American baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 4]]\n        \\n** [[Lee Mack]], British actor and stand-up comedian \\n** [[Olga Neuwirth]],\n        Austrian composer\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Terri Clark]], American country music\n        singer\\n** [[Marine Le Pen]], French politician\\n** [[Colin McRae]], Scottish\n        [[rally car]] driver (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Gillian Anderson]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Eric Bana]], Australian actor\\n** [[James Roy (writer)|James\n        Roy]], Australian author\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Greg Hawgood]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Noordin Mohammad Top]], Malaysian\n        Islamist terrorist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Pablo Rey]], Spanish\n        painter \\n** [[Paul Tucker (musician)|Paul Tucker]], English songwriter and\n        record producer ([[Lighthouse Family]]) \\n** [[K\\u014dji Yusa]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Catherine Bell (actress)|Catherine Bell]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Darren Clarke]], Northern Irish professional golfer\\n**\n        [[Jason Leonard]], English rugby player\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Debra Messing]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Ed McCaffrey]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Bruno van Pottelsberghe]], Belgian economist\\n*  [[August 20]]\n        – [[Yuri Shiratori]] Japanese actress and singer\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Dina Carroll]], British singer\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Shoichi Funaki]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n** [[Hiroshi Kitadani]], Japanese singer\\n**\n        [[Tim Salmon]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Rachael\n        Ray]], American television chef and host\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Luis Tasc\\u00f3n]],\n        Venezuelan politician (d. [[2010]]) \\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Billy Boyd (actor)|Billy\n        Boyd]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Tom Warburton]], American animator\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Valdon Dowiyogo]], Nauruan politician and Australian football player\\n**\n        [[Hideo Nomo]], Japanese baseball player\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:John DiMaggio\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John DiMaggio]]]]\\n[[File:Big Daddy Kane\n        at Hip Hop Kemp 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Big Daddy Kane]]]]\\n[[File:GuyRitchiebyKathyHutchins.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Guy\n        Ritchie]]]]\\n[[File:Laura Cutina.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laura Cutina]]]]\\n[[File:Ricki\n        Lake May 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricki Lake]]]]\\n[[File:Will Smith\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Will Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ms. Mari KIVINIEMI.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mari\n        Kiviniemi]]]]\\n[[File:Naomi Watts Cannes 2015 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Naomi\n        Watts]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\n** [[Mohamed Atta]], 9/11 ringleader of the\n        hijackers and pilot of [[American Airlines Flight 11]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Atsuko\n        Yuya]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Ray Coulthard|Raymond\n        Coulthard]], English actor\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[John DiMaggio]], American\n        voice actor\\n** [[Phill Lewis]], American actor\\n** [[Mike Piazza]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Thomas Levet]], French golfer\\n*\n        [[September 7]]\\n** [[Marcel Desailly]], French footballer\\n** [[Lucy Robinson\n        (actress)|Lucy Robinson]], British actress\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Paul\n        Mazurkiewicz]], American drummer, [[Cannibal Corpse]]\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Louise Minchin]], British journalist and news presenter\\n* [[September 9]]\n        – [[Julia Sawalha]], English actress\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Big Daddy\n        Kane]], American hip-hop artist\\n** [[Guy Ritchie]], British film director\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Kay Hanley]], American musician\\n** [[Tetsuo Kurata]],\n        Japanese actor\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Laura Cutina]], Romanian artistic\n        gymnast\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Danny Nucci]], American actor\\n* [[September\n        17]]  \\n** [[Anastacia|Anastacia Newkirk]], American singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Tito Vilanova]], Spanish football manager (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 18]]\n        – [[Toni Kuko\\u010d]], Croatian basketball player\\n* [[September 20]]\\n**\n        [[Darrell Russell (dragster driver)|Darrell Russell]], American race car driver\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Philippa Forrester]], British TV presenter\\n** [[Leah\n        Pinsent]], Canadian actress\\n* [[September 21]] \\n** [[Ricki Lake]], American\n        actress, producer, and television presenter\\n** [[Lisa Angell]], French singer\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[Megan Hollingshead]], American voice actress\\n*\n        [[September 23]]\\n** [[Yvette Fielding]], English television presenter\\n**\n        [[Michelle Thomas]], American actress (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau]] (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Heather Stewart-Whyte]],\n        British model\\n** [[John A. List]], American economist\\n** [[Will Smith]],\n        American rapper and actor\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[James Caviezel]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Michelle Meldrum]], American guitarist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ben\n        Shenkman]], American television, film and stage actor\\n** [[Tricia O''Kelley]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Mari Kiviniemi]], 62nd [[Prime\n        Minister of Finland]]\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Mika H\\u00e4kkinen]], Finnish\n        double [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n** [[Naomi Watts]], English-born Australian\n        actress\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Patrick Burns (paranormal investigator)|Patrick\n        Burns]], American paranormal investigator and television personality\\n** [[Alex\n        Skolnick]], American jazz/heavy metal guitarist\\n** [[Samir Soni]], Indian\n        film and TV actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:World Premiere Logan Berlinale\n        2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugh Jackman]]]]\\n[[File:Didier Deschamps.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Didier\n        Deschamps]]]]\\n[[File:Juan Orlando Hern\\u00e1ndez, May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Juan\n        Orlando Hern\\u00e1ndez]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Mark Durden-Smith]], British\n        television presenter\\n** [[Jay Underwood]], American actor\\n* [[October 2]]\\n**\n        [[Lucy Cohu]], English actress\\n** [[Victoria Derbyshire]], British radio\n        presenter\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Paul Crichton]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[October 7]] \\n** [[Lumini\\u021ba Anghel]], Romanian dance/pop recording\n        artist, songwriter, TV personality and politician\\n** [[Thom Yorke]], British\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Daniela Castelo]], Argentine journalist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Emily Procter]], American actress\\n* [[October 9]] \\n**\n        [[Troy Davis]], American high-profile death row inmate and human rights activist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Pete Docter]], American animator, director\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Bart Brentjens]], Dutch mountainbiker\\n** [[Feridun D\\u00fcza\\u011fa\\u00e7]],\n        Turkish rock singer-songwriter\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Tiffany Grant]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Jane Krakowski]], American actress\\n** [[Brett Salisbury]],\n        Author, QB\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Hugh Jackman]], Australian actor\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Tisha Campbell-Martin]], American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Matthew Le Tissier]], English footballer\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Didier Deschamps]], French footballer\\n** [[Jyrki 69]], Finnish\n        singer\\n** [[Vanessa Marcil]], American actress\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        [[Ziggy Marley]], Jamaican musician and oldest son of [[Bob Marley]]\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Damien Timmer]], British joint-managing director, television\n        producer, television executive producer\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Shaggy\n        (musician)|Shaggy]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Mark Walton\n        (story artist)|Mark Walton]] American story artist, actor\\n* [[October 27]]\n        – [[Alain Auderset]], Swedish writer\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Juan\n        Orlando Hern\\u00e1ndez]], 55th [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[October 29]]\n        – [[Tsunku]], Japanese singer, music producer, and song composer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tracy_Morgan_3_Shankbone_2009_NYC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tracy\n        Morgan]]]]\\n[[File:Owen Wilson Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Owen Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:JillHennessyTIFFSept10.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill\n        Hennessy]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Silvio Fauner]], Italian cross-country\n        skier\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Debbie Rochon]], Canadian actress\\n* [[November\n        4]]\\n** [[Lee Germon]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Daniel Landa]], Czech\n        composer, singer and actor\\n** [[Miles Long]], American [[pornographic actor]]\n        and [[film director|director]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Sam Rockwell]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Caesar Meadows]], American cartoonist\\n**\n        [[Kelly Rutherford]], American actress\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Parker Posey]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Zara Whites]], Dutch actress\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Nazzareno Carusi]], Italian classical pianist\\n* [[November 10]] –\n        [[Tracy Morgan]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[November 11]] – [[David\n        L. Cook]], American Christian recording star\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Aya\n        Hisakawa]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Sammy Sosa]], Dominican [[Major League\n        Baseball]] player\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Pat Hentgen]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Janine Lindemulder]], American adult film\n        actress\\n** [[Serge Postigo]], Canadian actor\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Ol''\n        Dirty Bastard]], American rapper (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Fausto Brizzi]], Italian\n        screenwriter and film director\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Tammy Lauren]],\n        American actress\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Barry Hunter (footballer)|Barry\n        Hunter]], Northern Irish footballer and football manager\\n** [[Luizianne Lins]],\n        Brazilian politician\\n** [[Gary Sheffield]], American retired baseball player\\n**\n        [[Owen Wilson]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Chew\n        Chor Meng]], Singaporean Chinese television actor\\n** [[John Trobaugh]], American\n        artist and photographer\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Qiao Hong]], Chinese table\n        tennis player\\n** [[Sean Schemmel]], American voice actor\\n** [[Alex James\n        (musician)|Alex James]], English bassist ([[Blur (band)|Blur]]) and cheesemaker\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Sidse Babett Knudsen]], Danish actress\\n** [[Rasmus\n        Lerdorf]], Danish-Greenlandic creator of [[PHP]]\\n* [[November 23]] –\n        [[Hamid Hassani]], Iranian scholar\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Phil Starbuck]],\n        former English [[footballer]]\\n** [[yukihiro (musician)|yukihiro]], Japanese\n        musician ([[L''Arc-en-Ciel]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Tunde Baiyewu]], British\n        singer ([[Lighthouse Family]])\\n** [[Jacqueline Hennessy]], Canadian actress\n        and talk show host\\n** [[Jill Hennessy]], Canadian actress\\n* [[November 27]]\n        – [[Michael Vartan]], French actor\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Ken\n        (musician)|Ken]], Japanese musician ([[L''Arc-en-Ciel]])\\n* [[November 29]]\n        – [[Jonathan Knight]], American singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Des''ree]], British singer\\n** [[Rica Matsumoto]], Japanese\n        voice actress and singer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Lucy Liu Comic-Con 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucy\n        Liu]]]]\\n[[File:7.27.08BrendanFraser.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brendan Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:Eula\n        Valdez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eula Valdez]]]]\\n[[File:Rachel Griffiths 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rachel\n        Griffiths]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Lucy Liu]], American actress\\n*\n        [[December 3]]\\n** [[Brendan Fraser]], Canadian-born American actor\\n** [[Montell\n        Jordan]], American singer\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Margaret Cho]], American\n        actress and comedian\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Greg Ayres]], American voice\n        actor\\n** [[Mark Geyer]], Australian [[rugby league]] player\\n** [[Filip Naudts]],\n        Belgian photographer\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Michael Cole (wrestling)|Michael\n        Cole]], American television sports commentator\\n** [[Wendi Deng]], Chinese-born\n        American businesswoman\\n** [[Mike Mussina]], American baseball player\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Kurt Angle]], American amateur and professional wrestler, [[1996\n        Summer Olympics|1996 Olympic]] gold medalist\\n* [[December 11]] \\n** [[Monique\n        Garbrecht-Enfeldt]], German speed skater\\n** [[Eula Valdez]], Filipino actress\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Paul Tracy]], Canadian race car driver\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Rachel Griffiths]], Australian actress\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Ken Marino]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Khrystyne\n        Haje]], American actress\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Dina Meyer]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Manuel Rivera-Ortiz]], American photographer\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Choi Jin-sil]], South Korean actress and model\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Helena Christensen]], Danish model\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\n** [[Dennis Knight]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Malcolm\n        L. McCallum]], American herpetologist, conservation biologist, and environmental\n        scientist\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Corey Scott]], American motorcycle\n        stunt rider (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Tricia Leigh Fisher]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Fabrice Guy]], French\n        Olympic skier\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Gerry Dee]], Canadian actor and\n        stand-up comedian\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Jeff Forshaw]], British particle\n        physicist\\n* [[Andrei Ivanovitch]], Russian classical pianist\\n* [[George\n        Henry Smyth]], Irish artist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Duke_Kahanamoku_c1912.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Duke\n        Kahanamoku]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Joseph Pholien]], Belgian politician,\n        37th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Karl Kobelt]], 2-time President of the Swiss Confederation (b. [[1891]])\n        \\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Hugo Butler]], Canadian screenwriter (b. [[1914]])\\n**\n        [[Gholamreza Takhti]], Iranian wrestler (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Mario Roatta]],\n        Italian general (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Theophilus Ebenhaezer\n        D\\u00f6nges]], acting [[Prime Minister of South Africa]] and elected [[President\n        of South Africa]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Moshe Zvi Segal]],\n        Israeli linguist and Talmudic scholar, and [[Israel Prize]] recipient (b.\n        [[1876]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Bill Masterton]], Canadian hockey player\n        (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Bert Wheeler]], American actor and\n        comedian (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Ray Harroun]], American\n        race car driver (b. [[1879]]), winner of the first [[Indianapolis 500]] (1911)\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Will Lang Jr.]], American journalist (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Duke Kahanamoku]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – [[Merrill C. Meigs]], American newspaper publisher\n        and aviation promoter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Robert Wood\n        Johnson II|Robert Wood Johnson]], American business leader and philanthropist\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Georg Hackenschmidt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Georg\n        Hackenschmidt]]]]\\n[[File:CamilleHuysmans1966cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Camille\n        Huysmans]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Jacob van der Hoeden]], Dutch-Israeli\n        veterinary scientist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Lawson Little]], American golfer\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Neal Cassady]], American writer\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)|Nick\n        Adams]], American actor (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Howard\n        Lindsay]], American playwright (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Mae\n        Marsh]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[John\n        Westdahl]], American politician (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Georg\n        Hackenschmidt]], German strongman and professional wrestler (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Anthony Asquith]], British director and writer (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Howard Florey]], Australian-born pharmacologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[Peter Arno]], American cartoonist (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Fannie Hurst]], American novelist (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Camille Huysmans]], Belgian politician, 34th [[Prime\n        Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Frankie Lymon]],\n        American singer (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Tore \\u00d8rjas\\u00e6ter]],\n        Norwegian poet (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yuri\n        Gagarin]]]]\\n[[File:Khuang Aphaiwong.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Khuang Aphaiwong]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[L\\u00e9on Mathot]], French actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        10]] – [[Helen Walker]], American actress (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[March 15]]\n        – [[Khuang Aphaiwong]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]], leader of\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Leon Cadore]], American\n        baseball pitcher (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[June Collyer]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Charles Chaplin Jr.]], American actor (b. [[1925]])\\n**\n        [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]], Danish film director (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 23]]\n        – [[Edwin O''Connor]], American novelist and [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]\n        winner (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Alice Guy-Blach\\u00e9]], French\n        film director (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Yuri Gagarin]], Soviet\n        cosmonaut, first human in space (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Bobby\n        Driscoll]], American child actor (b. [[1937]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Martin\n        Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Lev Landau]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April 4]] – Rev. [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]], American civil rights activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (assassinated) (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Jim Clark]],\n        Scottish race car driver (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Gustavs Celmi\\u0146\\u0161]],\n        Latvian politician (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Al Benton]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Fay Bainter]], American\n        actress (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Edna Ferber]], American writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** [[Poul Reumert]], Danish actor (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Ronald\n        Urquhart]], British general (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Stephen\n        H. Sholes]], American record executive (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 24]] –\n        [[Tommy Noonan]], American actor (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Walter\n        Tewksbury]], American athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        [[Jack Adams]], Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May\n        5]] – [[Albert Dekker]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n**\n        [[Mike Spence]], British race car driver (b. [[1936]])\\n** [[Craig Wood (golfer)|Craig\n        Wood]], American golfer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Mercedes de Acosta]],\n        American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        [[Finlay Currie]], Scottish actor (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Marion Lorne]], American\n        actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Scotty Beckett]], American actor\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Husband E. Kimmel]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Doris Lloyd]], English actress (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[James Burke (actor)|James Burke]], American actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Georg von K\\u00fcchler]], German field marshal\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Kees van Dongen]], Dutch-French painter\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Arnold Susi]], Estonian lawyer and politician\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Preben Uglebjerg]], Danish actor (b.\n        [[1931]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Hellen Keller circa 1920.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Helen\n        Keller]]]]\\n[[File:Robert F Kennedy crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Helen Keller]], American spokeswoman for the deaf and\n        blind (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Jouett Shouse]], American politician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[R. Norris Williams|Dick Williams]], American tennis champion\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Dorothy Gish]], American actress (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Nash]], 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June\n        6]]\\n** [[Randolph Churchill]], British politician, son of [[Winston Churchill]]\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Robert F. Kennedy]], U.S. Senator and [[U.S. Attorney\n        General]] (assassinated) (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Dan Duryea]],\n        American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Salvatore Quasimodo]],\n        Italian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Sam Crawford]], American baseball player ([[Detroit Tigers]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Wes Montgomery]],\n        American jazz guitarist (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Sally O''Neil]],\n        American actress (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Ingeborg Spangsfeldt]],\n        Danish actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Tony Hancock]], British\n        comedian (b. [[1924]]) (suicide)\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Paddy Driscoll]],\n        American football player ([[Chicago Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[Pro\n        Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Ugo Frigerio.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ugo\n        Frigerio]]]]\\n[[File:Otto Hahn (Nobel).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Otto Hahn]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Virginia Weidler]], American actress (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Johnny Indrisano]], American boxer and actor (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Ugo Frigerio]], Italian Olympic athlete (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Ellsworth Johnson]], American gangster (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Ilias Tsirimokos]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 18]]\n        – [[Corneille Heymans]], Belgian physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Ruth\n        St. Denis]], American dancer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Henry\n        Hallett Dale]], English scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Lilian Harvey]], British-German\n        actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Otto Hahn]], German chemist, discoverer\n        of nuclear fission, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Herrera Oria]], Spanish journalist, [[Roman Catholic]]\n        politician, cardinal and servant of God (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Alexander Hall]], American Theatrical Motion Picture Director (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Jack Pizzey]], Premier of Queensland, Australia (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 19]] – [[George Gamow]], Ukrainian-born\n        physicist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Kay Francis]], American\n        actress (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Robert Z. Leonard]], American\n        film director (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark|Princess\n        Marina, Duchess of Kent]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Ulysses\n        S. Grant III]], American soldier and planner (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Dennis O''Keefe]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Padre\n        Pio.jpg|thumb|100px|Saint [[Pio of Pietrelcina]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Castro]], Argentine composer and conductor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – [[Lucio Fontana]], Italian painter and sculptor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Luther Perkins]], American guitarist\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Tommy Armour]], Scottish golfer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Armand Blanchonnet]], French Olympic\n        cyclist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Francis McDonald]], American\n        actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Franchot Tone]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Red Foley]], American singer (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[September\n        23]] – [[Pio of Pietrelcina]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and\n        saint (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Virginia Valli]], American\n        actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Lipman Heilprin]], Israeli\n        physician and Israel Prize recipient (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[September 28]] –\n        [[Norman Brookes]], Australian tennis champion (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Marcel\n        Duchamp 01.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Marcel Duchamp]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Marcel\n        Duchamp]], French artist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Hitoshi\n        Imamura]], Japanese general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pierre\n        Mulele]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] [[revolutionary]]\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Trevor Housley]], Australian public\n        servant (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Bea Benaderet]], American\n        actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Lee Tracy]], American actor\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Bud Flanagan]], British entertainer\n        and comedian (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Lise Meitner]], German-Austrian\n        physicist, discoverer of nuclear fission (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 30]]\\n**\n        [[Pert Kelton]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Rose Wilder Lane]],\n        American author and reporter (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Ramon Novarro]], Mexican\n        actor (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Conrad Richter]], American writer (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Charles\n        Bacon 1909.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles Bacon]]]]\\n[[File:Dobi Istv\\u00e1n 1948-06.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Istv\\u00e1n\n        Dobi]]]]\\n[[File:Upton Beall Sinclair Jr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Upton Sinclair]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Georgios Papandreou]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Vern Stephens]], American baseball player\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Michel Kikoine]], Belarusian painter\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Charles Munch (conductor)|Charles\n        Munch]], French conductor and violinist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 7]] –\n        [[Gordon Coventry]], [[Australian rules football]]er (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November\n        8]]\\n** [[Wendell Corey]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Peter Mohr Dam]],\n        2-time Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – [[Gerald Mohr]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November 13]] –\n        [[Berthold Bartosch]], Czech animator (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        [[Charles Bacon]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 18]]\n        – [[Walter Wanger]], American film producer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] \\n** [[Helen Gardner (actress)|Helen Gardner]], American actress (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Cathy Lewis]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Shangguan Yunzhu]], Chinese actress (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Istv\\u00e1n Dobi]], Hungarian politician, 42nd [[Prime Minister\n        of Hungary]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Upton Sinclair]],\n        American writer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Arnold Zweig]],\n        German writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Enid Blyton]], British\n        children''s writer (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Tallulah Bankhead\n        1941.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Tallulah Bankhead]]]]\\n[[File:JohnSteinbeck crop.JPG|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Steinbeck]]]]\\n[[File:Trygve Lie 1938.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Trygve Lie]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Adamson-Eric]], Estonian artist (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Archie Mayo]], American actor and director (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Fred Clark]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Enoch L. Johnson]], American political boss and racketeer (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Karl Barth]], German Protestant theologian\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Thomas Merton]], American author (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Tallulah Bankhead]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Margarete Klose]], German soprano (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Jess Willard]], American boxer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Jian Bozan]], Chinese historian (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Giovanni Messe]], Italian general, field marshal and politician\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Norman Thomas]], American politician\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[John Steinbeck]], American writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Vittorio Pozzo]], Italian football player and manager (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Leo Otis Colbert]], American admiral and engineer,\n        third Director of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Weegee]], Ukrainian photographer and photojournalist\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Trygve Lie]], 1st [[United Nations\n        Secretary General|Secretary General of the United Nations]]  (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Peter Tytla]], American animator (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 31]]\n        – [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]], American musician (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Alan Stuart Paterson]], New Zealand cartoonist\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[Sami as-Solh]], 5-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Luis Walter Alvarez]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Lars Onsager]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Robert W. Holley]], [[Har Gobind Khorana]], [[Marshall\n        W. Nirenberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Yasunari\n        Kawabata]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Cassin]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* Sherman, Daniel J. et al. eds. ''''The Long 1968: Revisions and\n        New Perspectives'''' (Indiana University Press; 2013) 382 pages; essays by\n        scholars on the cultural and political impact of 1968 in France, Mexico, Northern\n        Ireland, the United States, etc.\\n* Kurlansky, Mark. (2004). ''''1968: The\n        Year that Rocked the World''''. London: Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|978-0-224-06251-0}}\\n*\n        NPR \\\"[http://www.npr.org/templates/archives/archive.php?thingId=89372462&startNum=16\n        Echoes of 1968]\\\" report series.\\n* [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847884\n        1968 – The Year in Sound] An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS\n        Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years\n        of newsradio.\\n* ''''TIME'''' Magazine, 40th Anniversary Special (2008). \\\"1968:\n        The Year That Changed the World.\\\"\\n* ''''NEWSWEEK'''' Magazine. \\\"[http://prnwire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/11-11-2007/0004702702&EDATE=\n        1968: The Year That Made Us Who We Are].\\\" November 19, 2007.\\n* [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19880111,00.html\n        1968: The Year That Shaped a Generation], time.com, January 11, 1988.\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1968-pictures.html\n        1968 Coin Pictures]\\n* [http://www.magnum1968.com Magnum Photos, Historic\n        photos from 1968]\\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/1968/ BBC Radio 4 –\n        1968 Myth or Reality?] – six months of ''news on this day'' programmes\n        and documentaries\\n* [http://www.glyphingthehum.com/1968/1968.html Interactive\n        1968 Timeline]\\n* [http://people.mnhs.org/ugcs/home.cfm?sysid=6 Reflections\n        on 1968] Read people''s memories of the year 1968. [[Minnesota Historical\n        Society]]\\n\\n==External links==\\n* {{cite web |publisher=[[Digital Public\n        Library of America]] |title=1968 |work=Timeline |url= http://dp.la/timeline#1968\n        |location=USA }}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1968}}\\n[[Category:1968| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap\n        years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T10:54:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":799879597,\"length\":78168,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968\"},\"34610\":{\"pageid\":34610,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1969\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T03:00:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1969}}\\n{{year nav|1969}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1969}} The year is associated with the first\n        manned landing on the Moon ([[Apollo 11]]).\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n[[k34]]\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** Australian media baron [[Rupert\n        Murdoch]] purchases the largest-selling British Sunday newspaper, ''''The\n        [[News of the World]]''''.\\n** [[People''s Democracy (Ireland)|People''s Democracy]]\n        begins a march from [[Belfast]] to [[Derry|Derry City]], [[Northern Ireland]]\n        to gain publicity and to promote its cause. \\n** [[Ohio State University|Ohio\n        State]] defeats [[University of Southern California|USC]] in the [[Rose Bowl\n        Game|Rose Bowl]] to win the national title for the 1968 season.\\n* [[January\n        4]] – The Government of [[Spain]] hands over [[Ifni]] to [[Morocco]].\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Venera 5]] toward [[Venus]].\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – The final passenger train traverses the [[Waverley Line]],\n        which subsequently closes to passengers.\\n* [[January 10]] – The [[Soviet\n        Union]] launches [[Venera 6]] toward [[Venus]].\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** ''''[[Led\n        Zeppelin (album)|Led Zeppelin]]'''', the first [[Led Zeppelin]] album, is\n        released in the United States.\\n** [[Martial law]] is declared in [[Madrid]],\n        as the University is closed and over 300 students are arrested.\\n** [[American\n        football]]: The [[1968 New York Jets season|New York Jets]] upset the [[1968\n        Baltimore Colts season|Baltimore Colts]] in [[Super Bowl III]], 16-7. [[Joe\n        Namath]] is the MVP of the game.\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** An explosion aboard\n        the aircraft carrier [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''''Enterprise'''']] near\n        [[Hawaii]] kills 27 and injures 314.\\n** The Soviet Union launches [[Soyuz\n        4]].\\n*[[January 15]] – The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Soyuz 5]], which\n        docks with Soyuz 4 for a transfer of crew.\\n*[[January 16]] – Student\n        [[Jan Palach]] sets himself on fire in [[Prague]]''s [[Wenceslas Square]]\n        to protest the Soviet invasion of [[Czechoslovakia]]; 3 days later he dies.\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – In [[Washington, D.C.]], the [[Smithsonian Institution]]\n        displays the art of [[Winslow Homer]] for 6 weeks.\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        [[Richard Nixon]] is [[First inauguration of Richard Nixon|sworn in]] as the\n        37th President of the United States.[[File:Richard M. Nixon, ca. 1935 - 1982\n        - NARA - 530679.jpg|thumb|37th President Richard M. Nixon]]\\n* [[January 22]]\n        – An assassination attempt is carried out on [[Leonid Brezhnev]] by\n        deserter Viktor Ilyin. One person is killed, several are injured. Brezhnev\n        escaped unharmed.\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Elvis Presley]] steps into American\n        Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, recording \\\"Long Black Limousine\\\", thus beginning\n        the recording of what becomes his landmark comeback sessions for the albums\n        ''''[[From Elvis in Memphis]]'''' and ''''Back in Memphis''''. The sessions\n        yield the popular and critically acclaimed singles \\\"Suspicious Minds\\\", \\\"In\n        the Ghetto\\\", and \\\"Kentucky Rain\\\".\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** Fourteen men, 9\n        of them [[Jews]], are executed in [[Baghdad]] for spying for [[Israel]].\\n**\n        Reverend [[Ian Paisley]], Northern Irish Unionist leader and founder of the\n        [[Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster]] is jailed for three months for illegal\n        assembly.\\n** The modern-day powerhouse of [[Hetch Hetchy#The Hetch Hetchy\n        Project|the Hetch Hetchy Project]] at [[Moccasin, Tuolumne County, California|Moccasin,\n        California]], rated at 100,000 kVA, is completed and placed in operation.\n        On February 7, the original is removed from service.\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        [[1969 Santa Barbara oil spill]]: A [[Blowout (well drilling)|blowout]] on\n        [[Union Oil]]''s Platform A spills 80,000 to 100,000 barrels of crude oil\n        into a channel and onto the beaches of [[Santa Barbara County]] in [[Southern\n        California]]; on February 5 the [[oil spill]] closes [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa\n        Barbara]]''s harbor. The incident inspires [[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]]\n        [[Gaylord Nelson]] to organize the first [[Earth Day]] in [[1970]].\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[The Beatles]] give their last public performance, of several\n        tracks on the roof of [[Apple Records]], [[London]] (featured in [[Let It\n        Be (1970 film)|''''Let It Be'''' (1970 film)]]).\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February\n        2]]\\n** Two cosmonauts transfer from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4 via a spacewalk while\n        the two craft are docked together, the first time such a transfer takes place.\n        The two spacecraft undock. Soyuz 4 will reenter Earth''s atmosphere and land\n        February 17 while Soyuz 5 will have a hard landing February 18.\\n** Ten paintings\n        are defaced in New York''s [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].\\n* [[February 4]]\n        – In [[Cairo]], [[Yasser Arafat]] is elected [[Palestine Liberation\n        Organization]] leader at the [[Palestinian National Congress]].\\n* [[February\n        8]]\\n** The [[Allende meteorite]] explodes over Mexico.\\n** The last issue\n        of ''''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'''' in its original form hits magazine\n        stands in the United States after 147 years.\\n* [[February 9]] – The\n        [[Boeing 747]] makes its maiden flight at [[Everett, Washington]].\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration du Qu\\u00e9bec]] (FLQ) terrorists\n        bomb the [[Montreal Exchange|Montreal Stock Exchange]].\\n* [[February 14]]\n        – [[Pope Paul VI]] issues ''''[[Mysterii Paschalis]]'''', a ''''[[motu\n        proprio]]'''', deleting many names from the [[Roman calendar of saints]] (including\n        [[Valentine''s Day|Valentine]], who was celebrated on this day).\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Aquanaut]] [[Berry L. Cannon]] dies of [[carbon dioxide poisoning]]\n        while attempting to repair the [[SEALAB#SEALAB III|SEALAB III]] habitat off\n        [[San Clemente Island, California]].\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** The [[Mariner\n        6]] Mars probe is launched from the United States.\\n** ''''[[Tinker v. Des\n        Moines Independent Community School District]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of\n        the United States]] rules that the [[First Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution]] applies to public schools.\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Aircraft\n        burning on USS Enterprise (CVN-65).jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[January 14]]: Explosion\n        kills 27 on [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''''Enterprise'''']]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** In [[Toulouse]], France the first [[Concorde]] test flight is conducted.\\n**\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and Chinese forces clash at a border outpost on the\n        [[Ussuri River]].\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** In a [[Los Angeles]] court, [[Sirhan\n        Sirhan]] admits that he killed presidential candidate [[Robert F. Kennedy]].\\n**\n        [[Apollo program]]: [[NASA]] launches [[Apollo 9]] ([[James McDivitt]], [[David\n        Scott]], [[Rusty Schweickart]]) to test the [[lunar module]].\\n** The United\n        States Navy establishes the [[United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor\n        program|Navy Fighter Weapons School]] (also known as Top Gun) at [[Marine\n        Corps Air Station Miramar|Naval Air Station Miramar]].\\n* [[March 4]] –\n        [[Jim Morrison]] is arrested in [[Florida]] for indecent exposure during a\n        [[The Doors|Doors]] concert three days earlier. \\n* [[March 10]]\\n** In [[Memphis,\n        Tennessee]], [[James Earl Ray]] pleads guilty to assassinating [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]] (he later retracts his guilty plea).\\n** The novel [[The Godfather\n        (novel)|''''The Godfather'''']] by [[Mario Puzo]] is published.{{clarify|date=August\n        2013}}\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Apollo\n        program]]: [[Apollo 9]] returns safely to Earth after testing the [[Apollo\n        Lunar Module|Lunar Module]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** The [[Longhope, Orkney|Longhope]]\n        [[Lifeboat (rescue)|life-boat]] is lost after answering a mayday call during\n        severe storms in the [[Pentland Firth]] between [[Orkney]] and the northern\n        tip of Scotland; the entire crew of 8 die.[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/82797-orkney-remembers-longhope-disaster/\n        \\\"Orkney remembers Longhope disaster\\\", STV News, 17 March 2009]. Accessed\n        27 June 2013\\n** [[Golda Meir]] becomes the first female prime minister\n        of [[Israel]].\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Operation Breakfast]], the covert\n        bombing of Cambodia by U.S. planes, begins.\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** British paratroopers\n        and Marines land on the island of [[Anguilla]].\\n** A {{Convert|385|m|ft}}\n        tall [[Emley Moor transmitting station|TV mast at Emley Moor]], England, collapses\n        due to ice build-up.\\n* [[March 20]] – [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]]\n        are married at [[Gibraltar]], and proceed to their honeymoon \\\"[[Bed-In]]\\\"\n        for peace in [[Amsterdam]].\\n* [[March 22]] – The landmark art exhibition\n        ''''When Attitudes become Form'''', curated by [[Harald Szeemann]], opens\n        at the [[Kunsthalle Bern]] in Bern, Switzerland.\\n* [[March 29]] – The\n        [[Eurovision Song Contest 1969]] is held in Madrid, and results in four co-winners,\n        with 18 votes each, from Spain, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and France.\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – The body of former United States General and President\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is brought by caisson to the [[United States Capitol]]\n        to lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda; Eisenhower had died two days earlier,\n        after a long illness, in the [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center]], Washington,\n        D.C.\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] – The [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]]\n        enters service with the [[Royal Air Force]].\\n* [[April 4]] – Dr. [[Denton\n        Cooley]] implants the first temporary [[artificial heart]].\\n* [[April 9]]\\n**\n        The [[Harvard University]] Administration Building is seized by close to 300\n        students, mostly members of the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960\n        organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]]. Before the takeover ends,\n        45 will be injured and 184 arrested.\\n** Ferm\\u00edn Monasterio P\\u00e9rez\n        is murdered by the [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] in [[Biscay]], [[Spain]];\n        the 4th victim in the name of [[Basque nationalism]].\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Queensland]]: The [[Trams in Brisbane|Brisbane Tramways]] end service after\n        84 years of operation.\\n* [[April 15]] – The [[EC-121 shootdown incident]]:\n        [[North Korea]] shoots down the aircraft over the [[Sea of Japan]], killing\n        all 31 on board.\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** British troops arrive in [[Northern Ireland]]\n        to reinforce the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]].\\n** A grassroots movement\n        of Berkeley community members seizes an empty lot owned by the [[University\n        of California]], to begin the formation of \\\"[[People''s Park (Berkeley)|People''s\n        Park]]\\\".\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Robin Knox-Johnston]] becomes the first\n        person to sail around the world solo without stopping.\\n* [[April 24]] –\n        Recently formed [[British Leyland]] launches their first new model, the [[Austin\n        Maxi]] in [[Portugal]].\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]] steps\n        down as president of [[France]] after suffering defeat in a [[French constitutional\n        referendum, 1969|referendum the day before]].\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 10]]\\n**\n        [[Zip to Zap]], a harbinger of the Woodstock Concert, ends with the dispersal\n        and eviction of youths and young adults at [[Zap, North Dakota]] by the [[National\n        Guard of the United States|National Guard]].\\n** The Battle of Dong Ap Bia,\n        also known as [[Battle of Hamburger Hill|Hamburger Hill]], begins during the\n        [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[May 13]] – [[May 13 Incident]]: [[Race riot]]s\n        occur in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[May 14]] – Colonel [[Muammar\n        Gaddafi]] visits Mecca, [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n* [[May 15]] – An [[United\n        States|American]] teenager known as ''[[Robert R.]]'' dies in [[St. Louis,\n        Missouri]], of a baffling medical condition. In 1984 it will be identified\n        as the first confirmed case of [[HIV/AIDS]] in [[North America]].\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Venera program]]: [[Venera 5]], a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spaceprobe,\n        lands on [[Venus]].\\n* [[May 17]] –  Venera program: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        probe ''''[[Venera 6]]'''' begins to descend into [[Venus]]'' atmosphere,\n        sending back atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure.\\n* [[May 18]]\n        – [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 10]] ([[Thomas Patten Stafford|Tom Stafford]],\n        [[Gene Cernan]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]]) is launched, on the\n        full dress-rehearsal for the [[Moon]] landing.\\n* [[May 20]] – [[United\n        States National Guard]] helicopters spray skin-stinging powder on anti-war\n        protesters in [[California]].\\n* [[May 21]] – ''''[[Rosariazo]]'''':\n        Civil unrest breaks out in [[Rosario, Argentina]], following the death of\n        a 15-year-old student.\\n* [[May 22]] – Apollo program: [[Apollo 10]]''s\n        lunar module flies to within 15,400 m of the [[Moon]]''s surface.\\n* [[May\n        25]] – ''''[[Midnight Cowboy]]'''', an [[X-rated]], [[Academy Award|Oscar-winning]]\n        [[John Schlesinger]] film, is released.\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** The [[Andean Pact]]\n        (Andean Group) is established.\\n** Apollo program: [[Apollo 10]] returns to\n        [[Earth]], after a successful 8-day test of all the components needed for\n        the upcoming first manned [[Moon]] landing.\\n* [[May 26]]–[[June 2]]\n        – [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]] conduct their second [[Bed-In]].\n        The follow-up to the Amsterdam event is held at the [[Queen Elizabeth Hotel]]\n        in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].  Lennon composes and records the song ''''[[Give\n        Peace a Chance]]'''' during the Bed-In.\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''':\n        A general strike and civil unrest break out in [[C\\u00f3rdoba, Argentina]].\\n**\n        Guided tours begin at the [[Kremlin]] and other government sites in [[Moscow]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – Riots in [[Cura\\u00e7ao]] mark the start of an Afro-Caribbean\n        [[civil rights]] movement on the island.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] –\n        While operating at sea on SEATO maneuvers, the Australian aircraft carrier\n        [[HMAS Melbourne (R21)|HMAS ''''Melbourne'''']] accidentally rams and slices\n        into the American destroyer [[USS Frank E. Evans (DD-754)|USS ''''Frank E.\n        Evans'''']] in the South China Sea, killing 74 American seamen.\\n* [[June\n        5]] – An [[1969 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties|international\n        communist conference]] begins in [[Moscow]].\\n* [[June 7]] – The rock\n        group [[Blind Faith]] plays its first gig in front of 100,000 people in London''s\n        [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]].\\n* [[June 8]] –  U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] and [[South Vietnam]]ese President [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]]\n        meet at [[Midway Atoll|Midway Island]].   Nixon announces that 25,000 U.S.\n        troops will be withdrawn by September.\\n* [[June 17]] – After a 23-game\n        match, [[Boris Spassky]] defeats [[Tigran Petrosian]] to become the World\n        Chess Champion in Moscow.\\n* [[June 18]]–[[June 22]] – The National\n        Convention of the [[Students for a Democratic Society]], held in [[Chicago]],\n        collapses, and the [[Weather Underground|Weatherman]] faction seizes control\n        of the SDS National Office. Thereafter, any activity run from the National\n        Office or bearing the name of SDS is Weatherman-controlled.\\n* [[June 20]]\n        – [[Georges Pompidou]] is elected President of France.\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        The [[Cuyahoga River]] fire helps spur an avalanche of [[water pollution]]\n        control activities resulting in the [[Clean Water Act]], [[Great Lakes Water\n        Quality Agreement]] and the creation of the federal [[United States Environmental\n        Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]].\\n** [[Judy Garland]]\n        dies of a drug overdose in her London home.\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Warren\n        E. Burger]] is sworn in as [[Chief Justice of the United States]] by retiring\n        Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]].\\n* [[June 24]] – The [[United Kingdom]]\n        and [[Rhodesia]] sever diplomatic ties.\\n* [[June 28]] – The [[Stonewall\n        riots]] in [[New York City]] mark the start of the modern [[gay rights movement]]\n        in the U.S.\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Apollo 11 first step.jpg|thumb|[[Neil Armstrong]]\n        descends a ladder to become the first human to step onto the surface of the\n        Moon during [[Apollo 11]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Charles, Prince of Wales]],\n        is invested with his title at [[Caernarfon]].\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Brian\n        Jones]], musician and founder of [[The Rolling Stones]], drowns in his swimming\n        pool at his home in [[Sussex]], England.\\n* [[July 4]] – Michael Mageau\n        and Darlene Ferrin are shot at [[Blue Rock Springs]] in California. They are\n        the second (known) victims of the [[Zodiac Killer]]. Mageau survives the attack\n        while Ferrin is pronounced dead-on-arrival at [[Kaiser Foundation Hospital\n        - Richmond]].\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Tom Mboya]], [[Kenya]]n Minister of\n        Development, is assassinated.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Francisco Franco]] orders\n        the closing of the border and communications between [[Gibraltar]] and Spain\n        in response to the [[1967]] [[Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 1967|Gibraltar\n        sovereignty referendum]].\\n* [[July 7]] – French is made equal to English\n        throughout the Canadian national government.\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The very first U.S. troop withdrawals are made.\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Donald Crowhurst]]''s [[trimaran]] ''''Teignmouth Electron'''' is found\n        drifting and unoccupied. It is assumed that Crowhurst might have committed\n        suicide.\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Football War]]: After [[Honduras]] loses a soccer\n        game against [[El Salvador]], rioting breaks out in Honduras against Salvadoran\n        migrant workers. Of the 300,000 Salvadoran workers in Honduras, tens of thousands\n        are expelled, prompting a brief Salvadoran invasion of Honduras. The [[Organization\n        of American States|OAS]] works out a cease-fire on [[July 18]], which takes\n        effect on [[July 20]].\\n** The [[Act of Free Choice]] commences in [[Merauke]],\n        [[Western New Guinea|West Irian]].\\n** The United States'' $500, $1,000, $5,000\n        and $10,000 bills are officially withdrawn from circulation.\\n* [[July 16]]\n        – [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 11]] ([[Neil Armstrong]], [[Buzz Aldrin]],\n        [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]) lifts off toward the first\n        landing on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Chappaquiddick incident]]\n        – [[Edward M. Kennedy]] drives off a bridge on his way home from a party\n        on [[Chappaquiddick Island]], [[Massachusetts]]. [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], a former\n        campaign aide to his brother, dies in the early morning hours of [[July 19]]\n        in the submerged car.\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[John Fairfax (rower)|John Fairfax]]\n        lands in [[Hollywood Beach, Florida]] near [[Miami]] and becomes the first\n        person to row across an ocean solo, after 180 days spent at sea on board  25''\n        ocean rowboat ''Britannia'' (left [[Gran Canaria]] on January 20, 1969).\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Apollo program]]: The lunar module ''''Eagle''''/[[Apollo\n        11]] lands on the lunar surface. An estimated 500 million people worldwide\n        watch in awe as [[Neil Armstrong]] takes his historic first steps on the [[Moon\n        landing|Moon]] at 10:56 pm ET (02:56 UTC July 21), the largest television\n        audience for a live broadcast at that time.{{cite web|title=Manned Space\n        Chronology: Apollo_11|url=http://www.spaceline.org/flightchron/apollo11.html|publisher=spaceline.org|accessdate=2008-02-06|\n        archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080214213826/http://www.spaceline.org/flightchron/apollo11.html|archivedate=February\n        14, 2008 |deadurl=no}}{{cite web|title=Apollo Anniversary: Moon\n        Landing \\\"Inspired World\\\"|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|publisher=nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2008-02-06|\n        archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080209140059/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|archivedate=February\n        9, 2008 |deadurl=no}} \\n* [[July 22]] – Spanish dictator and head\n        of state [[Francisco Franco]] appoints Prince [[Juan Carlos]] his successor.\\n*\n        [[July 24]]\\n** The [[Apollo 11]] astronauts return from the first successful\n        Moon landing, and are placed in biological isolation for several days, on\n        the chance they may have brought back lunar germs. The airless lunar environment\n        is later determined to preclude microscopic life.\\n** The [[Soviet Union]]\n        returns [[Gerald Brooke]] to the  United Kingdom in exchange for spies Peter\n        and Helen Kroger ([[Morris Cohen (spy)|Morris]] and [[Lona Cohen]]).\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] declares the\n        [[Nixon Doctrine]], stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies\n        to take care of their own military defense. This starts the \\\"Vietnamization\\\"\n        of the war.\\n* [[July 26]] – The New York Chapter of the [[Young Lords]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] makes an unscheduled visit to [[South Vietnam]], meeting with President\n        [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]] and U.S. military commanders.\\n* [[July\n        31]] \\n** The [[Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)|halfpenny]] ceases to\n        be [[legal tender]] in the UK.\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] arrives in [[Entebbe]],\n        [[Uganda]] for the first visit by a reigning [[Pope]] to [[Africa]].{{cite\n        web|title=Pope Paul VI''s Apostolic Pilgrimage to Uganda, 31st July - 2nd\n        August 1969|url=http://www.totus2us.co.uk/universal/uganda/pvi-pilgrim-visit-1969/|accessdate=2016-10-29}}\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Woodstock\n        redmond stage.JPG|thumb|230px|right|[[August 15]]–[[August 18|18]]:\n        [[Woodstock]]]]\\n* [[August 4]] – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French\n        intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative [[Henry Kissinger]]\n        and North Vietnamese representative [[Xuan Thuy]] begin secret peace negotiations.\n        They eventually fail since both sides cannot agree to any terms.\\n* [[August\n        5]] – [[Mariner program]]: [[Mariner 7]] makes its closest fly-by of\n        [[Mars]] (3,524 kilometers) and proto-punk band The Stooges releases their\n        homonym debut album.\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[The Beatles]] at 11:30 have photographer\n        [[Iain Macmillan]] take their photo on a zebra crossing on [[Abbey Road]].\\n**\n        A fire breaks out in [[Bannerman''s Castle]] in the [[Hudson River]]; most\n        of the roof collapses and crashes down to the lower levels.\\n* [[August 9]]\\n**\n        The Haunted Mansion attraction opens at Disneyland California. Later versions\n        open in Florida, Tokyo and Paris.\\n** Followers of [[Charles Manson]] murder\n        [[Sharon Tate]], (who was 8 months pregnant), and her friends: [[Folgers]]\n        coffee heiress [[Abigail Folger]], [[Wojciech Frykowski]], and Hollywood hairstylist\n        [[Jay Sebring]] at the home of Tate and her husband, [[Roman Polanski]], in\n        [[Los Angeles]]. Also killed is [[Steven Parent]], leaving from a visit to\n        the Polanski''s caretaker. More than 100 stab wounds are found on the victims,\n        except for Parent, who had been shot almost as soon as the Manson Family entered\n        the property.\\n* [[August 10]] – The Manson Family kills [[Leno and\n        Rosemary LaBianca]], wealthy Los Angeles businessman and his wife.\\n* [[August\n        12]] – Violence erupts after the [[Apprentice Boys of Derry]] march\n        in [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]], resulting in a three-day communal riot\n        known as the [[Battle of the Bogside]].\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Sino-Soviet\n        border conflict|Serious border clashes]] occur between the [[Soviet Union]]\n        and the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[August 14]] – British troops\n        are deployed in [[Northern Ireland]] following the three-day Battle of the\n        Bogside.\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Captain D''s]] is founded as \\\"Mr. D\\u2019s\n        Seafood and Hamburgers\\\" by Ray Danner with its first location opening in\n        Donelson, Tennessee.\\n* [[August 15]]–[[August 18]] – The [[Woodstock\n        Festival]] is held in upstate New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians\n        of the era.\\n* [[August 17]] – Category 5 [[Hurricane Camille]], the\n        most powerful tropical cyclonic system at landfall in history, hits the [[Mississippi]]\n        coast, killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars).\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument]] is established\n        in Florissant, CO, USA\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** Donald and Doris Fisher open the\n        first [[Gap Inc.|Gap]] store on Ocean Avenue in San Francisco.\\n** Australian\n        [[Denis Michael Rohan]] sets the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] on fire.\\n** Strong violence\n        on demonstration in [[Prague]] and [[Brno]], Czechoslovakia. Military force\n        contra citizens. [[Prague Spring|Prague spring]] finally beaten.\\n* [[August\n        29]] – A [[Trans World Airlines]] flight from Rome to Tel Aviv is [[TWA\n        Flight 840 hijacking|hijacked]] and diverted to Syria.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[1969 Libyan coup d''\\u00e9tat]]: A bloodless coup\n        in [[Libya]] ousts King [[Idris I of Libya|Idris]], and brings Colonel [[Muammar\n        Gaddafi]] to power.\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** The first [[automatic teller machine]]\n        in the United States is installed in [[Rockville Centre, New York]].\\n** [[Ho\n        Chi Minh]], former [[president]] of the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]],\n        dies.\\n* [[September 5]] – Lieutenant [[William Calley]] is charged\n        with 6 counts of premeditated murder, for the [[1968]] [[My Lai Massacre]]\n        deaths of 109 [[Vietnam]]ese civilians in [[My Lai]], [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Allegheny Airlines Flight 853]] [[Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] collides\n        in flight with a [[Piper Aircraft|Piper]] [[Piper PA-28|PA-28]], and crashes\n        near [[Fairland, Indiana]], killing all 83 persons in both aircraft.\\n* [[September\n        13]] – ''''[[Scooby-Doo]]'''' airs its first episode on the [[CBS]]\n        network in the United States.\\n* [[September 20]] – The very last theatrical\n        Warner Bros. cartoon is released: the [[Merrie Melodies]] short ''''[[Injun\n        Trouble (1969 film)|Injun Trouble]]''''.\\n* [[September 22]] – [[San\n        Francisco Giant]] [[Willie Mays]] becomes the first player since [[Babe Ruth]]\n        to hit 600 career [[home runs]].\\n* [[September 22]] – [[September 25]]\n        – An Islamic conference in [[Rabat]], Morocco, following the al-Aqsa\n        Mosque fire (August 21), condemns the Israeli claim of ownership of [[Jerusalem]].\\n*\n        [[September 23]] \\n** China carries out an [[underground nuclear testing|underground\n        nuclear bomb test]].\\n** ''''[[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]'''' (directed\n        by [[George Roy Hill]] and starring [[Paul Newman]] and [[Robert Redford]])\n        opens to limited release in the United States.\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        The ''''[[Chicago Eight]]'''' trial begins in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation\n        of the Islamic Conference]] is founded.\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[The Beatles]]\n        release their ''''[[Abbey Road]]'''' album which is an enormous commercial\n        success and, although receiving mixed reviews at this time, comes to be viewed\n        by many as the group''s best.\\n** ''''[[The Brady Bunch]]'''' is broadcast\n        for the first time on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n* [[September\n        28]] – The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] and\n        the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democrats]] receive a majority\n        of votes in the [[Germany|German]] parliamentary elections, and decide to\n        form a common government.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** In [[Sweden]],\n        [[Olof Palme]] is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Worker''s Party,\n        replacing [[Tage Erlander]] as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]]\n        on [[October 14]].\\n** The [[Beijing Subway]] begins operation.\\n* [[October\n        2]] – A 1.2 [[TNT equivalent|megaton]] thermonuclear device is tested\n        at [[Amchitka Island]], [[Alaska]]. This test is code-named Project Milrow,\n        the 11th test of the [[Operation Mandrel]] 1969\\u2013[[1970]] underground\n        nuclear test series. This test is known as a \\\"calibration shot\\\" to test\n        if the island is fit for larger underground nuclear detonations.\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n**''''[[Monty Python''s Flying Circus]]'''' first airs on [[BBC One]].\\n**''''[[Sazae-san]]''''\n        first airs on [[Fuji Television]].\\n* [[October 9]]–[[October 12]] –\n        [[Days of Rage]]: In [[Chicago]], the [[United States National Guard]] is\n        called in to control demonstrations involving the radical [[Weatherman (organization)|Weathermen]],\n        in connection with the \\\"[[Chicago Eight]]\\\" Trial.\\n* [[October 11]]–[[October\n        16]] – The [[1969 New York Mets season|New York Mets]] defeat the [[1969\n        Baltimore Orioles season|Baltimore Orioles]] four games to one in one of the\n        greatest [[1969 World Series|World Series]] upsets in [[baseball]] history.\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n** [[UK miners'' strike (1969)|An unofficial strike amongst\n        British mineworkers]] begins over the working hours of surface workers.\\n*\n        [[October 15]]\\n** [[Radio Philippines Network|DZKB-TV Channel 9]], the Philippines\n        TV station, owner by Roberto S. Benedicto, is launched.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]:\n        Hundreds of thousands of people take part in [[Moratorium to End the War in\n        Vietnam]] demonstrations across the [[United States]].\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**\n        Willard S. Boyle and George Smith invent the [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]]\n        at [[Bell Laboratories]] (30 years later, this technology is widely used in\n        digital cameras).\\n** Fourteen black athletes are kicked off the [[University\n        of Wyoming]] football team for wearing black armbands into their [[Lloyd Eaton|coach''s]]\n        office.\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Willy Brandt]] becomes Chancellor of [[West\n        Germany]].\\n** General [[Siad Barre]] comes to power in [[Somalia]] in a coup,\n        6 days after the assassination of President [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]].\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Led Zeppelin]] release ''''[[Led Zeppelin II]]''''\n        to critical acclaim and commercial success.\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Pink\n        Floyd]] release their ''''[[Ummagumma]]'''' album.\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        The first message is sent over [[ARPANET]], the forerunner of the [[internet]].\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[Wal-Mart]] incorporates as ''''''Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.''''''\\n**\n        The [[disappearance of Patricia Spencer and Pamela Hobley]] occurs.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 3]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] addresses\n        the nation on television and radio, asking the \\\"[[silent majority]]\\\" to\n        join him in solidarity with the [[Vietnam War]] effort, and to support his\n        policies. Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] denounces the President''s critics\n        as ''an effete corps of impudent snobs'' and ''nattering nabobs of negativism''.\\n**\n        [[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government\n        of Turkey (31st government).\\n* [[November 9]] – A group of American\n        Indians, led by [[Richard Oakes (activist)|Richard Oakes]], seizes [[Alcatraz\n        Island]] for 19 months, inspiring a wave of renewed Indian pride and government\n        reform.\\n* [[November 10]] – ''''[[Sesame Street]]'''' aired its first\n        episode on the [[National Educational Television|NET]] network.\\n* [[November\n        12]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[My Lai Massacre]]: Independent investigative\n        journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] breaks the My Lai story.\\n* [[November 14]] \\n**[[Apollo\n        program]]: [[NASA]] launches [[Apollo 12]] ([[Pete Conrad]], [[Richard F.\n        Gordon, Jr.|Richard Gordon]], [[Alan Bean]]), the second manned mission to\n        the [[Moon]].\\n** The [[SS United States]] the last active [[United States\n        Lines]] passenger ship is withdrawn from service.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Cold\n        War]]: The [[Soviet submarine K-19]] collides with the American submarine\n        [[USS Gato (SSN-615)|USS ''''Gato'''']] in the [[Barents Sea]].\\n** [[Vietnam\n        War]]: In Washington, D.C., 250,000\\u2013500,000 protesters stage a peaceful\n        demonstration against the war, including a symbolic \\\"March Against Death\\\".\\n**\n        Regular [[colour television]] broadcasts begin on [[BBC1]] and [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n** [[Dave Thomas (businessman)|Dave Thomas]] opens\n        his first restaurant in a former steakhouse in downtown [[Columbus, Ohio]].\n        He names the chain ''''[[Wendy''s]]'''' after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda\n        Lou (nicknamed \\\"Wendy\\\" by her siblings).\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Cold\n        War]]: Negotiators from the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] meet\n        in [[Helsinki]], to begin the [[SALT I]] negotiations aimed at limiting the\n        number of strategic weapons on both sides.\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Apollo\n        program]]: [[Apollo 12]] astronauts [[Pete Conrad|Charles Conrad]] and [[Alan\n        Bean]] land at [[Oceanus Procellarum]] (\\\"Ocean of Storms\\\"), becoming the\n        third and fourth humans to walk on the [[Moon]].\\n** Soccer great [[Pel\\u00e9]]\n        scores his 1,000th goal.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: ''''[[The\n        Plain Dealer]]'''' publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the\n        [[My Lai Massacre]] in [[Vietnam]].\\n** [[Richard Oakes (activist)|Richard\n        Oakes]] returns with 90 followers and offers to buy Alcatraz for $24 (he leaves\n        the island January 1970).\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] and Japanese Premier [[Eisaku Sat\\u014d]] agree in Washington, D.C.\n        to the return of [[Okinawa]] to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms\n        of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island,\n        but they must be nuclear-free.\\n** The first [[ARPANET]] link is established\n        (the progenitor of the global [[Internet]]).\\n** The [[United States Senate]]\n        votes down the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] nomination\n        of [[Clement Haynsworth]], the first such rejection since [[1930]].\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Apollo program]]: The [[Apollo 12]] spacecraft splashes down\n        safely in the [[Pacific Ocean]], ending the second manned mission to the Moon.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[John Lennon]] returns his [[Member of the Order\n        of the British Empire|MBE]] medal to protest the British government''s involvement\n        in the [[Nigerian Civil War]].\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[Vietnam War]]: The first [[Draft lottery (1969)|draft lottery]] in the United\n        States is held since World War II (on January 4, 1970, ''''[[The New York\n        Times]]'''' will run a long article, \\\"Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery\n        Was Not Random\\\").\\n* [[December 2]] – The [[Boeing 747]] jumbo jet\n        makes its first passenger flight. It carries 191 people, most of them reporters\n        and photographers, from [[Seattle]], to New York City.\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        [[Black Panther Party]] members [[Fred Hampton]] and [[Mark Clark (Black Panther)|Mark\n        Clark]] are shot dead in their sleep during a raid by 14 Chicago police officers.\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[The Rolling Stones]] release Let it Bleed.\\n* [[December\n        6]] – The [[Altamont Free Concert]] is held at the Altamont Speedway\n        in northern California. Hosted by [[The Rolling Stones]], it is an attempt\n        at a \\\"Woodstock West\\\" and is best known for the uproar of violence that\n        occurred. It is viewed by many as the \\\"end of the sixties.\\\"\\n* [[December\n        12]] – The [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] in Italy (Strage di Piazza Fontana)\n        takes place.\\n* [[December 14]] – The [[murder of Diane Maxwell]] takes\n        place, when the 25-year-old phone operator is found sexually assaulted and\n        killed (the case remains unsolved until [[2003]]).\\n* [[December 24]]\\n**\n        [[Charles Manson]] is allowed to defend himself at the Tate-LaBianca murder\n        trial.\\n** The oil company [[Phillips Petroleum]] made the first [[oil]] discovery\n        in the Norwegian sector of [[North Sea]].\\n** Nigerian troops capture [[Umuahia]],\n        the last [[Biafra]]n capital before its dissolution became [[Owerri]]\\n* [[December\n        27]] – The [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]\n        wins 47.6% of the votes in the [[Japanese general election, 1969]]. Future\n        prime ministers [[Yoshir\\u014d Mori]] and [[Tsutomu Hata]] and future kingmaker\n        [[Ichir\\u014d Ozawa]] are elected for the first time.\\n* [[December 28]] –\n        The [[Young Lords]] take over the First Spanish Methodist Church in [[East\n        Harlem]].\\n* [[December 30]] – The [[Linwood bank robbery]] leaves two\n        police officers dead.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Summer – Invention of\n        [[Unix]] under the potential name \\\"Unics\\\" (after [[Multics]]).[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html\n        Dennis M. Ritchie, \\\"The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System\\\", Lucent\n        Technologies, 1996] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408054606/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html\n        |date=April 8, 2015 }}; accessed 27 June 2013.\\n* Fall – Second-generation\n        [[Dodge Challenger]] automobile introduced in the United States.\\n* Common\n        [[Africa]]n, [[Madagascar|Malagasy]] and [[Mauritius|Mauritian]] Organization\n        (OCAMM) (Organisation Commune Africaine Malgache et Mauricienne).\\n* [[International\n        Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage]], a maritime treaty,\n        is adopted.\\n* The first strain of the [[AIDS virus]] ([[HIV]]) migrates to\n        the United States via [[Haiti]].{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-10-30-voa66.html\n        |title=AIDS Virus Came to US Via Haiti|publisher=Voanews.com|accessdate=2014-05-05}}\\n*\n        Women are allowed membership in the Future Farmers of America (the later [[National\n        FFA Organization]]).\\n* [[Long John Silver''s]] restaurant chain opens its\n        first store in [[Lexington, Kentucky]].\\n* [[Arthur Treacher''s]] Fish and\n        Chips is founded by S. Robert Davis and Dave Thomas and its first location\n        in [[Columbus, Ohio]] opens for business.\\n* The [[Montreal Expos]] debut\n        as [[Major League Baseball]]''s first team outside the United States.\\n\\n==\n        Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Schumacher china 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael\n        Schumacher]]]]\\n[[File:Foo Fighters Tenacious D concert in 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dave\n        Grohl]]]]\\n[[File:Patton Oswalt by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patton\n        Oswalt]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Dean Francis Alfar]], Filipino author\\n**\n        [[Tommy Morrison]], American boxer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Christy Turlington]],\n        American fashion model\\n** [[Robby Gordon]], American race car driver\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Michael Schumacher]], German seven-time [[Formula 1]] world\n        champion\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Marilyn Manson]], American rock musician\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Norman Reedus]], American actor\\n* [[January 11]]\n        – [[Ky\\u014dko Hikami]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Stephen Hendry]], British snooker player\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Jason Bateman]],\n        American actor, director and producer\\n** [[Dave Grohl|David Grohl]], American\n        rock drummer and composer ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Foo Fighters]])\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Meret Becker]], German actress and musician\\n* [[January\n        16]]\\n** [[Roy Jones Jr.]], American boxer\\n** [[Per \\\"Dead\\\" Ohlin]], Norwegian\n        vocalist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Lukas Moodysson]], Swedish\n        film director\\n** [[Ti\\u00ebsto]], Dutch trance DJ\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Dave Bautista]], American actor, professional mixed martial artist and professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Junior Seau]], American NFL player (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Patrick K. Kroupa]], American writer,\n        hacker\\n* [[January 27]]\\n**[[Cornelius (musician)|Cornelius]], Japanese rock\n        musician, singer and producer ([[Flipper''s Guitar]])\\n**[[Patton Oswalt]],\n        American stand-up comedian, writer, actor and voice actor\\n* [[January 28]]\n        – [[Kathryn Morris]], American actress\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Hyde\n        (musician)|Hyde]], Japanese rock musician, singer and guitarist\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:JenniferAnistonHWoFFeb2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jennifer\n        Aniston]]]]                                              \\n[[File:Birdman\n        at hot 97 summer jam 2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]]]]\\n[[File:INXS\n        TO ROCK THE HUNTER! - Train.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patrick Monahan]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]]\\n** [[Gabriel Batistuta]], Argentine footballer\\n** [[Andrew Breitbart]],\n        American writer and publisher (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Dambisa\n        Moyo]], Zambian-born economist\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Beau Biden]], 44th\n        Attorney General of Delaware (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Retief Goosen]], South African\n        golfer\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Bobby Brown]], African-American singer\\n**\n        [[Michael Sheen]], Welsh actor\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Ian Eagle]], American\n        sports announcer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Jennifer Aniston]], American actress,\n        director, producer and businesswoman\\n** [[Bill Warner (motorcycle racer)|Bill\n        Warner]], American motorcycle racer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Darren\n        Aronofsky]], American film director\\n** [[Hong Myung-bo]], South Korean footballer\\n**\n        [[Brad Werenka]], Canadian ice-hockey player\\n* [[February 13]] \\n** [[Ahlam]],\n        Arabic singer\\n** [[J. B. Blanc]], French voice actor\\n* [[February 15]] –\n        [[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]], American rapper, entertainer, and record producer\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Burton C. Bell]], American rock vocalist/lyricist\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Gedo (wrestler)|Keiji Takayama]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Bosson]], Swedish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Petra Kronberger]], Austrian alpine skier\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Thomas\n        Jane]], American actor\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Michael Campbell]], New Zealand\n        golfer\\n** [[Marc Wauters]], Belgian cyclist\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Christine\n        Ng]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Robert Sean Leonard]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Patrick Monahan]], American musician and singer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:JavierBardemHWOFNov2012\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Javier Bardem]]]]\\n[[File:Terrence Howard TIFF 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Terrence\n        Howard]]]]\\n[[File:Ali Daei in Child Labours Association cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ali\n        Daei]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin Corrigan 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kevin Corrigan]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[Javier Bardem]], Spanish actor\\n** [[Dafydd Ieuan]], Welsh\n        rock drummer\\n** [[Litefoot]], Native American actor\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Chaz\n        Bono]], American LGBT rights activist \\n** [[Annie Yi|Annie Shizuka Inoh]],\n        Taiwanese actress\\n** [[Patrick Roach]], Canadian actor\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Todd Williams (athlete)|Todd Williams]], American long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Paget Brewster]], American actress\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[Terrence Howard]], American actor and singer\\n** [[Soraya (musician)|Soraya]],\n        Colombian singer and multi-instrumentalist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Graham Coxon]], English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist ([[Blur\n        (band)|Blur]]) and painter\\n** [[Akemi Okamura]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Susanna M\\u00e4lkki]], Finnish conductor\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n** [[Timo Kotipelto]], Finnish musician\\n** [[Yutaka Take]], Japanese\n        jockey\\n** [[Kim Raver]], American actress\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Markus\n        Lanz]], German-Italian television presenter\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Alexander\n        McQueen]], British fashion designer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 18]] –\n        [[Vassily Ivanchuk]], Ukrainian chess grandmaster\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Patrick\n        Tam (actor)|Patrick Tam]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Connor Trinneer]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Ali Daei]], Iranian football player\\n* [[March\n        24]] – [[Stephan Eberharter]], Austrian alpine skier\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Jeffrey Walker]], English musician\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Kevin Corrigan]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Pauley Perrette]], American actress\\n* [[March 28]] \\n**[[Rodney\n        Atkins]], America country music singer-songwriter\\n**[[Laurie Brett]], Scottish\n        actress\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Chiaki Ishikawa]], Japanese singer ([[See-Saw]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Samantha Brown]], American television host\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Paul\n        Rudd (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Rudd]]]]\\n[[File:Ren\\u00e9e Zellweger\n        Berlinale 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ren\\u00e9e Zellweger]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Fadl Shaker]], Lebanese singer\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Ajay\n        Devgan]], Bollywood actor\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Lance Storm]], Canadian\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Bret Boone]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Paul Rudd]], American actor, comedian, writer and producer\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Debbie Schlussel]], political commentator and film critic\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Billy Jayne]], American actor\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Barnaby\n        Kay]], English actor\\n** [[Cerys Matthews]], Welsh singer\\n** [[Caren Miosga]],\n        German journalist and television presenter\\n** [[Chisato Moritaka]], Japanese\n        singer\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Michael Jackson (wide receiver)|Michael Jackson]],\n        former [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        19]]\\n** [[Shannon Lee]], Chinese-American actress\\n** [[Susan Polgar]], Hungarian\n        chess player\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Marietta Slomka]], German journalist\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Toby Stephens]], English actor\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Dion Dublin]], English footballer\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Yelena Shushunova]],\n        Soviet gymnast\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Vanessa Beecroft]], Italian artist\\n**\n        [[Joe Buck]], American sports announcer\\n** [[Gina Torres]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Ren\\u00e9e Zellweger]], American actress and producer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Wes\n        Anderson-20140206-85.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wes Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Cate Blanchett\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cate Blanchett]]]]\\n[[File:David Boreanaz\n        Comic-Con 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Boreanaz]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Wes\n        Anderson]], American director, producer, screenwriter and actor\\n* [[May 2]]\n        – [[Brian Lara]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Daryl\n        F. Mallett]], American author and actor\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Micah Aivazoff]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Christina Billotte]], American musician\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Hideki Irabu]], Japanese baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[Jim Magilton]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[May 7]]\n        – [[Eagle-Eye Cherry]], Swedish-born musician\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Amber\n        (singer)|Amber]], Dutch musician\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Dennis Bergkamp]],\n        Dutch soccer player\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Kevin Nalty]], American YouTube\n        comedian\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Nikos Aliagas]], French-born television host\\n**\n        [[Buckethead|Brian Carroll]] (a.k.a. Buckethead), American guitarist\\n* [[May\n        14]]\\n** [[Cate Blanchett]], Australian actress\\n** [[Danny Wood]], American\n        singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Assala Nasri|Asalah\n        Nasri]], Syrian singer\\n** [[Emmitt Smith]], American football player\\n* [[May\n        16]]\\n** [[David Boreanaz]], American actor\\n** [[Tracey Gold]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Steve Lewis (sprinter)|Steve Lewis]], American athlete\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Martika]], American singer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]], Ukrainian journalist (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Anne Heche]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Stacy London]], American fashion consultant and media\n        personality\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Siri Lindley]], American triathlete\\n*[[May\n        28]] – [[Rob Ford]], Canadian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:JP\n        Manoux.jpg|thumb|110px|[[J.P. Manoux]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Dinklage by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter\n        Dinklage]]]]\\n[[File:Steffi Graf in Hamburg 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steffi\n        Graf]]]]\\n[[File:Ice-Cube 2014-01-09-Chicago-photoby-Adam-Bielawski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ice\n        Cube]]]]\\n[[File:Oliver Kahn 06-2004.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Oliver Kahn]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Jamie Thraves]], English film writer, director and music\n        video director\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Takako Minekawa]], Japanese musician,\n        composer and writer\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Rob Huebel]], American comedian\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Alina Astafei]], Romanian-German high jumper\\n** [[Prince\n        Joachim of Denmark]]\\n** [[Kim Rhodes]], American actress\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[J. P. Manoux]], American actor\\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Peter Dinklage]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Steven Drozd]], American rock drummer ([[The Flaming Lips]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\n** [[Zsolt Daczi]], Hungarian rock guitarist (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Heinz-Christian Strache]], Austrian politician\\n* [[June 13]] – [[S\\u00f8ren\n        Rasted]], Danish musician ([[Aqua (band)|Aqua]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Steffi\n        Graf]], German tennis player\\n** [[Eugene Chung]], Korean-American football\n        player\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Ice Cube]], African-American rapper and actor\\n**\n        [[Oliver Kahn]], German football goalkeeper\\n** [[Jansher Khan]], Pakistani\n        squash player\\n** [[Maurice Odumbe]], Kenyan cricketer\\n* [[June 16]] \\n**\n        [[MC Ren]], American rapper ([[N.W.A]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Paul Tergat]],\n        Kenyan athlete\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Haki Doku]], Albanian para-cyclist\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Trine Pallesen]], Danish actress\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Paulo Bento]], Portuguese football player and coach\\n* [[June 23]] \\n**\n        [[Fernanda Ribeiro]], Portuguese long-distance runner\\n** [[Achinoam Nini|Achinoam\n        Nini (Noa)]], Israeli singer\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Rich Eisen]], American\n        television journalist\\n** [[Sissel Kyrkjeb\\u00f8]], Norwegian singer\\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Storm Large]], American singer and actor\\n** [[Zim Zum]], American\n        guitarist\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Tichina Arnold]], African-American actress\n        (''''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'''')\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[T\\u014dru Hashimoto]],\n        Japanese local governor\\n** [[Ilan Mitchell-Smith]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        30]] – [[Sanath Jayasuriya]], Sri Lankan cricketer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Ken\n        Jeong March 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ken Jeong]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer Lopez at\n        GLAAD Media Awards.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jennifer Lopez]]]]\\n[[File:Alexis Arquette\n        2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexis Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Simon Baker 2013 4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Simon\n        Baker]]]]\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Matthew Cox]], American criminal\\n** [[Tim Rodber]],\n        English rugby player\\n** [[Jenni Rivera]], Mexican-American singer-songwriter,\n        producer and actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Gedeon Burkhard]],\n        German actor\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Jordan Sonnenblick]], American teacher\n        and novelist\\n* [[July 5]] – [[John LeClair]], American hockey player\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Sylke Otto]], German luger\\n** [[Joe Sakic]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Cree Summer]], American-Canadian actress and singger\\n* [[July\n        8]] \\n** [[George Fisher (musician)|George Fisher]], American vocalist, [[Cannibal\n        Corpse]]\\n** [[Sugizo]], Japanese guitarist and singer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**\n        [[Gale Harold]], American actor\\n** [[Jonas Kaufmann]], German operatic tenor\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[David Tao]], Taiwanese singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 13]]\n        – [[Ken Jeong]], American actor, comedian and physician\\n* [[July 16]]\n        – [[Sahra Wagenknecht]], German politician\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Kazuki\n        Kitamura]], Japanese actor\\n* [[July 18]] – [[The Great Sasuke|Masanori\n        Murakawa]], Japanese wrestler\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Josh Holloway]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Godfrey (comedian)|Godfrey]], American comedian\n        and actor\\n** [[Avraam Russo]], Russian singer\\n** [[Isabell Werth]], German\n        equestrian\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[James Arnold Taylor]], American voice actor\\n**\n        [[Despina Vandi]], Greek singer\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Jennifer Lopez]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Tanni Grey-Thompson]],\n        born Carys Grey, British Paralympian\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Pavel Hapal]], Czech\n        footballer\\n** [[Jonty Rhodes]], South African cricketer.\\n** [[Triple H]]\n        (aka Paul Levesque), American wrestler\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Alexis Arquette]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Michael Amott]], English musician \\n*\n        [[July 29]] – [[Timothy Omundson]], American actor\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Simon Baker]], Australian actor and director\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Antonio\n        Conte]], Italian football player and manager\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Michael\n        DeLuise.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael DeLuise]]]]\\n[[File:Kenny Irwin Jr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kenny\n        Irwin Jr.]]]]\\n[[FIle:Edward Norton 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edward Norton]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew\n        Perry.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matthew Perry]]]]\\n[[File:2016 RiP Tenacious D - Jack\n        Black - by 2eight - 8SC8891.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack Black]]]]\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Jan Axel Blomberg]], Norwegian drummer\\n** [[Fernando Couto]], Portuguese\n        footballer\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Anne Marie DeLuise]], Canadian actress\\n*\n        [[August 4]] \\n** [[Max Cavalera]], Brazilian musician and singer ([[Soulfly]])\\n**\n        [[Michael DeLuise]], American actor\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Kenny Irwin\n        Jr.]], NASCAR Driver (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[August 6]] \\n** [[Elliott Smith]],\n        American musician (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger|Jonathan\n        Aibel]], American script writer\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Faye Wong]], Hong\n        Kong singer and actress\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Troy Percival]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Brian Drummond]], Canadian voice\n        actor\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Ashley Jensen]], British actress\\n** [[Vanderlei\n        de Lima]], Brazilian long-distance runner\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Tanita\n        Tikaram]], German-born British singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[Midori Ito]], Japanese figure skater\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Justin Broadrick]],\n        British musician\\n** [[Kevin Cheng]], Hong Kong television actor and singer\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Kate Higgins]] American voice actress\\n* [[August\n        17]] \\n** [[Donnie Wahlberg]], American singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n**\n        [[Dick Togo]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Timothy\n        Snyder]], American author and historian \\n** [[Everlast (musician)|Everlast]],\n        American singer, rapper, and songwriter\\n** [[Edward Norton]], American actor,\n        film director, screenwriter, and social activist\\n** [[Christian Slater]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Nate Dogg]], African-American rapper\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Matthew Perry]], Canadian-American actor\\n** [[Clay Walker]],\n        American singer\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Oliver Geissen]], German television\n        presenter\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger|Glenn\n        Berger]], American scriptwriter\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Jack Black]], American\n        actor and musician\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Lucero (entertainer)|Lucero]], Mexican\n        singer and actress\\n** [[Joe Swail]], Northern Irish snooker player\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:82nd\n        Academy Awards, Tyler Perry - army mil-66455-2010-03-09-180359 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tyler\n        Perry]]]]\\n[[File:Simona P%C4%83uc%C4%83 1984b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Simona P\\u0103uc\\u0103]]]]\\n[[File:Catherine\n        Zeta-Jones VF 2012 Shankbone 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Catherine Zeta-Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Erika\n        Eleniak 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Erika Eleniak]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[K-Ci\n        & JoJo|Cedric \\\"K-Ci\\\" Hailey]], American singer, one half of R&B duo [[K-Ci\n        & JoJo]]\\n** [[Dave Naz]], American photographer\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        [[Robert Karlsson]], Swedish golfer\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]],\n        president of Georgia\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Dweezil Zappa]], American\n        actor and musician\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Jean-Beno\\u00eet Dunckel]], French\n        musician ([[Air (French band)|Air]])\\n** [[Diane Farr]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Urine]], American singer \\n* [[September 8]] – [[Gary Speed]],\n        Welsh footballer and manager (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Rachel\n        Hunter]], New Zealand model and actress\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Ai Jing]],\n        Chinese singer\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Crystal Lewis]], American Christian\n        musician\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Cabrera]], Argentine golfer\\n**\n        [[Shigeki Maruyama]], Japanese golfer\\n* [[September 13]]\\n**[[Tyler Perry]],\n        American actor, film director, and screenwriter\\n**[[Shane Warne]], Australian\n        cricketer\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Bong Joon-ho]], South Korean screenwriter\n        and film director\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Ken Doherty]], Irish snooker\n        player\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Simona P\\u0103uc\\u0103]], Romanian gymnast\\n**\n        [[Michael Symon]], American chef and television personality\\n* [[September\n        24]]\\n** [[Shawn Crahan|Shawn \\\"Clown\\\" Crahan]], American rock percussionist\n        \\n** [[DeVante Swing]], American music producer\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Yves\n        Amyot]], Qu\\u00e9b\\u00e9cois actor\\n** [[Hansie Cronje]], South African cricketer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Bill Simmons]], American sports columnist\\n** [[Hal Sparks]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n** [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]],  Welsh actress\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[Victor N''Gembo-Mouanda]], Congolese author\\n** [[Paul\n        Warhurst]], English football player\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Erika Eleniak]],\n        American model and actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Zach Galifianakis 2012\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Zach Galifianakis]]]]\\n[[File:Julia Ann 2 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julia\n        Ann]]]]\\n[[File:Steve McQueen holding Best Picture Oscar (cropped).JPG|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]]]]\\n[[File:Wendi McLendon-Covey 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wendi\n        McLendon-Covey]]]]\\n[[File:Wendy Wilson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wendy Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Wyclefjean2\n        (300dpi).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wyclef Jean]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Trey Parker by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Trey\n        Parker]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Zach Galifianakis]], American actor and\n        stand-up comedian\\n** [[Igor Ulanov]], Russian hockey player\\n* [[October\n        2]] – [[Mitch English]], American actor and television host\\n* [[October\n        3]]\\n** [[Gwen Stefani]], Lead singer of American rock group [[No Doubt]]\n        and television host\\n** [[Tetsuya (musician)|Tetsuya]], Japanese musician\n        \\n* [[October 5]] – [[Elizabeth Azcona Bocock]], Honduran politician\\n*\n        [[October 6]]\\n** [[Muhammad V of Kelantan]], current [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]\n        of Malaysia and [[Sultan of Kelantan]]\\n** [[Og\\u00fcn Temizkano\\u011flu]],\n        Turkish football player\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Benny Chan (actor)|Benny Chan\n        Ho Man]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Benny Chan (film director)|Benny Chan Muk-Sing]],\n        Hong Kong film director\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Julia Ann]], American porn\n        actress\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Jun Akiyama]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[PJ Harvey]], British singer-songwriter\\n** [[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve\n        McQueen]], English film director, producer and screenwriter\\n* [[October 10]]\n        \\n** [[Brett Favre]], American football player\\n** [[Molly Kiely]], American\n        cartoonist\\n** [[Wendi McLendon-Covey]], American actress\\n* [[October 12]]\n        – [[Judit Masc\\u00f3]], Spanish model, television host and writer\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n** [[Rhett Akins]], American country singer\\n** [[Nancy Kerrigan]],\n        American figure skater\\n** [[Cady McClain]], American actress and director\n        \\n* [[October 14]] \\n** [[K\\u014dsuke Okano|Kosuke Okano]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n** [[David Strickland]], American actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October\n        16]] – [[Wendy Wilson]], American singer and television personality\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Ernie Els]], South African golfer\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas \\u00c1ngel\n        Garc\\u00eda Bragado|Jes\\u00fas \\u00c1ngel Garc\\u00eda]], Spanish race walker\\n**\n        [[Wood Harris]], American actor\\n** [[Wyclef Jean]], Haitian rapper\\n** [[Nancy\n        Sullivan (American actress)|Nancy Sullivan]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[Trey Parker]], American voice actor, comedian, screenwriter,\n        composer, director and producer\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Laurie Daley]], Australian\n        rugby league player\\n** [[Juan Gonz\\u00e1lez (baseball)|Juan Gonz\\u00e1lez]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Michael Hancock (rugby\n        league)|Michael Hancock]], Australian rugby league footballer\\n* [[October\n        24]]\\n**[[Peter Dolving]], Swedish musician\\n**[[Adela Noriega]], Mexican\n        actress\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Josef Ber\\u00e1nek]], Czech ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Oleg Salenko]], Russian football player\\n** [[Alex Webster]], American bassist\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – [[Ha Hee-ra]], Korean actress\\n* [[October 30]] \\n**\n        [[Snow (musician)|Snow]], Canadian singer\\n** [[Stanislav Gross]], [[Prime\n        Minister of the Czech Republic]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Kim\n        Rossi Stuart]], Italian actor and director\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Sean\n        Combs 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean Combs]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew McConaughey -\n        Goldene Kamera 2014 - Berlin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matthew McConaughey]]]]\\n[[File:Tomas\n        N''evergreen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tomas N''evergreen]]]]\\n[[File:Gerard Butler\n        (29681162176).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerard Butler]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] –\n        [[Diane Parish]], English actress\\n*[[November 2]] – [[Reginald Arvizu]]\n        (aka Fieldy Snuts), American bassist\\n*[[November 3]] – [[Robert Miles]],\n        Italian record producer and DJ (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Sean\n        Combs]], African-American rapper (aka Puff Daddy, P. Diddy)\\n** [[Matthew\n        McConaughey]], American actor\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Michelle Clunie]], American\n        actress\\n** [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Grimaud]], French pianist\\n* [[November 8]]\n        – [[Roxana Zal]], American actress\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Sandra Denton]],\n        African-American rapper ([[Salt-n-Pepa]])\\n** [[Allison Wolfe]], American\n        musician\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Faustino Asprilla]], Colombian football\n        player\\n** [[Jens Lehmann]], German football player\\n** [[Ellen Pompeo]],\n        American actress\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Carson Kressley]], American\n        fashion expert\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Johnny Gosch]], American child kidnap\n        victim\\n** [[Tomas N''evergreen]], Danish singer\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Gerard\n        Butler]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Josh Mancell]], American freelance composer\n        and multi-instrumentalist\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Ry\\u014dtar\\u014d Okiayu]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Jean-Michel Saive]], Belgian table tennis player\\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n** [[Kathleen Van Brempt|Kathleen van Brempt]], Belgian politician\\n**\n        [[Sam Cassell]], American basketball player\\n** [[Ahmed Helmy]], Egyptian\n        actor\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Ertu\\u011frul Sa\\u011flam]], Turkish football\n        coach and former player\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Sakura (musician)|Sakura]],\n        Japanese musician\\n** [[Dabo Swinney]], American college football coach\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Ken Griffey Jr.]], American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Robin Padilla]], Filipino actor\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[David Adeang]], Nauruan politician\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Lexington\n        Steele]], American actor and film director\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Chris\n        Baker (racing driver)|Chris Baker]], American race car driver\\n** [[Pierre\n        van Hooijdonk]], Dutch footballer\\n** [[Kasey Keller]], [[United States|American]]\n        [[Major League Soccer]] player\\n** [[Mariano Rivera]], [[Panama]]nian [[Major\n        League Baseball]] player\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jay-Z @ Shawn ''Jay-Z''\n        Carter Foundation Carnival (crop 2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jay Z]]]] \\n[[File:VishyAnand09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Viswanathan\n        Anand]]]]\\n[[File:Ed Miliband June 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ed Miliband]]]]\\n[[File:Vabariigi\n        Presidendi ametisse astumise tseremoonia 2016, crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kersti\n        Kaljulaid]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Richard Carrier]], American historian\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Bill Steer]], English musician\\n* [[December 4]]\n        – [[Jay Z]], African-American rapper\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Alex\n        Kapp Horner]], American actress\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Patrice O''Neal]],\n        American comedian and radio personality (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Kerry Earnhardt]], American race car driver \\n* [[December 9]] \\n**[[Jakob\n        Dylan]], American singer-songwriter ([[The Wallflowers]])\\n**[[Lori Greiner]],\n        American investor, entrepreneur, and television personality\\n* [[December\n        11]]\\n** [[Phil Spencer]], UK television property percenter and estate agent\\n**\n        [[Viswanathan Anand]], Indian chess Grandmaster\\n** [[Sean Grande]], American\n        basketball announcer\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Hideo Ishikawa]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Archie Kao]], Chinese-American film\n        and television actor\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Rick Law]], American illustrator\n        and producer\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Michelle Smith]], Irish swimmer\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Chuck Liddell]], American [[mixed martial arts]] fighter\\n**\n        [[Michael V.]], Filipino comedian and actor\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Irvin\n        Duguid]], Scottish rock keyboard player ([[Stiltskin]])\\n** [[Mille Petrozza]],\n        German-Italian rock vocalist and guitarist ([[Kreator]])\\n** [[Joe Randa]],\n        American [[Major League Baseball]] player and radio talk-show host\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Richard Hammond]], British TV presenter\\n** [[Lauren S\\u00e1nchez]],\n        American news anchor\\n** [[Kristy Swanson]], American actress\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Chisa Yokoyama]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 21]]\\n**\n        [[Julie Delpy]], French actress\\n** [[Magnus Samuelsson]], Swedish bodybuilder,\n        [[World''s Strongest Man]]\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Greg Biffle]], American\n        race car driver\\n** [[Martha Byrne]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Rob\n        Pelinka]], American sports agent\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Brad Anderson (wrestler)|Brad\n        Anderson]], American wrestler\\n** [[Milan Blagojevic (footballer)|Milan Blagojevic]],\n        Australian soccer player\\n** [[Pernille Fischer Christensen]], Danish film\n        director\\n** [[Taro Goto]], Japanese soccer player\\n** [[Leavander Johnson]],\n        American lightweight boxer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Ryuji Kato]], Japanese soccer\n        player\\n** [[Nick Love]], English film director and writer\\n** [[Miyuki Matsushita]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Clinton McKinnon (musician)|Clinton McKinnon]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Sean Cameron Michael]], South African actor and singer\\n**\n        [[Ed Miliband]], English academic and politician, [[Minister for the Cabinet\n        Office]]\\n** [[Mark Millar]], Scottish author\\n** [[Luis Musrri]], Chilean\n        soccer player\\n** [[Mariko Shiga]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[1989]])\\n**\n        [[Oleg Skripochka]], Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Gintaras Stau\\u010d\\u0117]],\n        Lithuanian soccer player\\n** [[Chen Yueling]], American race walker\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Zittrain]], American professor\\n** [[Michael Zucchet]], American economist\n        and politician, [[Mayor of San Diego]]\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Nicolas\n        Godin]], French musician ([[Air (French band)|Air]])\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Chyna]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 28]]\n        – [[Linus Torvalds]], Finnish computer programmer\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**\n        [[Matt Goldman]], American record producer\\n** [[Jay Kay]], English singer\n        ([[Jamiroquai]])\\n** [[Kersti Kaljulaid]], [[President of Estonia]]\\n* [[December\n        31]] \\n** [[Dominik Diamond]], Scottish presenter and newspaper columnist\\n**\n        [[Margaret Travolta]], American actress\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Russ\n        Kick]], American writer and founder of [[The Memory Hole (web site)|The Memory\n        Hole]].\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Anukul as a boy.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Anukulchandra\n        Chakravarty]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Barton MacLane]], American actor\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Gilbert Miller]] (''''aka Gilbert\n        Heron'''') American theatrical producer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\n**\n        [[Commodore Cochran]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Howard\n        McNear]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Daisy and Violet\n        Hilton]], English conjoined twin actresses (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[William M.\n        Zachacki]], American politician (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Albert\n        Hill (athlete)|Albert Hill]], British athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 16]]\n        – [[Vernon Duke]], Russian-American songwriter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Jan Palach]], Czech student protester (suicide) (b. [[1948]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[Vernon and Irene Castle|Irene Castle]], English dancer\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Anukulchandra Chakravarty]], Indian\n        god man (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Charles Winninger]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Allen Dulles]], American director of the Central\n        Intelligence Agency (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Li Zongren]], Chinese\n        commander, acting [[President of the Republic of China]] (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Dominique Pire|Georges Pire]], Belgian monk, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Meher Baba]], Indian spiritual\n        master (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Borris Karloff still.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Boris\n        Karloff]]]]\\n[[File:Saud of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Saud of Saudi\n        Arabia|Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait of prime minister Levy\n        Eshkol. August 1963. D699-070.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Levi Eshkol]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Boris Karloff]], British actor  (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** [[C. N. Annadurai]], Indian politician, 1st [[Chief Minister of Tamil\n        Nadu]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Eduardo Mondlane]], Mozambican FRELIMO leader (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\n** [[Conrad Hilton Jr.|Conrad Hilton, Jr.]],\n        American heir and socialite (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[Thelma Ritter]], American\n        actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[George \\\"Gabby\\\" Hayes]],\n        American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Paltiel Daykan]],\n        Russian-born Israeli jurist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Florence\n        Mary Taylor]], Australia''s first female architect (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Vito Genovese]], Italian-American mobster (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Pee Wee Russell]], American jazz musician (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Paul Barbarin]], American jazz musician (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ernest Ansermet]], Swiss conductor (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Ingram (actor)|Jack Ingram]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February\n        23]]\\n** [[Frank Ellis (actor)|Frank Ellis]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], [[King of Saudi Arabia]]\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Levi Eshkol]], 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Israel]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Karl Jaspers]], German psychiatrist and philosopher\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Marius Barbeau]], Canadian ethnographer\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[John Boles (actor)|John Boles]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ali\n        Al-Ayoubi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi]]]]\\n[[File:Oscar Osorio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00d3scar\n        Osorio]]]]\\n[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29,\n        1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]]]\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Ali Jawdat\n        al-Aiyubi]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Martin Lucas]],\n        Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] archbishop (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 4]] –\n        [[Nicholas Schenck]], Russian-born film impresario (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Keisai Aoki]], Japanese missionary (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[\\u00d3scar\n        Osorio]], Salvadorian revolutionary leader, 32nd [[President of El Salvador]]\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Charles Brackett]], American novelist and\n        screenwriter (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Richard Crane (actor)|Richard Crane]], American\n        actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Daniel E. Barbey]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[John Wyndham]], British author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[Ben Shahn]], Lithuanian-American artist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March\n        18]] – [[Barbara Bates]], American actress (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Henri Longchambon]], French politician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Pinky Higgins]], American baseball player and manager (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** [[Billy Cotton]], English entertainer and bandleader (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n** [[Max Eastman]], American writer (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Alan Mowbray]],\n        English actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[John Kennedy Toole]], American\n        author (b. [[1937]])\\n** [[B. Traven]], German writer\\n* [[March 28]] –\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], American general and politician, 34th [[President\n        of the United States]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Botong Francisco]],\n        Filipino artist (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[George de la Warr]], British alternative\n        physician (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:R\\u00f3mulo Gallegos 1940s.jpg|thumb|110px|[[R\\u00f3mulo\n        Gallegos]]]]\\n[[File:Rene barrientos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rene Barrientos]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Fortunio Bonanova]], Spanish actor and singer (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Conde Falc\\u00f3n]], American army soldier,\n        recipient of the [[Medal of Honor]] (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Alberto\n        Bonucci]], Italian actor and director (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Ain-Ervin Mere]],\n        Estonian Nazi war criminal (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Shelby Storck]], American television\n        producer (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Gabriel Chevallier]], French\n        writer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Aleksandra Artyukhina]], Russian\n        revolutionary hero (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[R\\u00f3mulo Gallegos]], Venezuelan\n        novelist and politician, 48th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Harley Earl]], American designer and executive (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Matilde Mu\\u00f1oz Sampedro]], Spanish\n        actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]],\n        former Queen consort of Spain (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Abu\n        Hussain Sarkar]], Bengali politician (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Benny Benjamin]], American urban and jazz musician (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[April\n        22]] – [[Husain Bey, Crown Prince of Tunisia]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Morihei Ueshiba]], Japanese martial artist and founder of [[aikido]]\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Barrientos]], Bolivian general\n        and statesman, 56th and 58th [[President of Bolivia]] (plane crash) (b. [[1919]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Vonpapen1.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Franz\n        von Papen]]]]\\n[[File:Jeffrey Hunter Sgt Rutledge.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jeffrey\n        Hunter]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Ella Logan]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Franz von Papen]], German and Prussian nobleman, general\n        and politician, 22nd [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of\n        Germany]] and 26th [[Prime Minister of Prussia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 3]]\n        \\n** [[Karl Freund]], German cinematographer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Amy Ashwood\n        Garvey]], Jamaican [[pan-African]] activist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Zakir Husain\n        (politician)|Zakir Hussain]], Indian politician, 3rd [[President of India]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Osbert Sitwell]], English writer (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Vincenzo Musolino]], Italian actor, director,\n        producer and screenwriter (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Salom\\u00e3o\n        Barbosa Ferraz]], Brazilian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and bishop (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]]\\n** [[Enid Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Frederick\n        Lane]], Australian swimmer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[William Gould\n        (actor)|William Gould]], Canadian-American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Rayford|Robert R.]], American HIV/AIDS victim (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – [[Coleman Hawkins]], American musician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – [[Fred Sherman (actor)|Fred Sherman]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[William Lincoln Bakewell]], American aboard (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Jimmy McHugh]], American composer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Mitzi Green]], American actress (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n**\n        [[Muhammad Fareed Didi]], [[Sultan of Maldives]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Jeffrey\n        Hunter]], American actor (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Emilio Bigi]],\n        Paraguay musician (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Rhys Williams (Welsh-American actor)|Rhys\n        Williams]], Welsh actor (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Judy Garland-publicity.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Judy\n        Garland]]]]\\n[[File:Volmari Iso-Hollo 1936.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Volmari Iso-Hollo]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]]\\n** [[Ivar Ballangrud]], Norwegian Olympic speed skater (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Attilio Degrassi]], Italian scholar (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        [[Leo Gorcey]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Rafael\n        Osuna]], Mexican tennis champion (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Miles\n        Dempsey]], British general (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Robert Taylor\n        (actor)|Robert Taylor]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Aleksandr Deyneka]], Russian painter and sculptor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] – [[Martita Hunt]], English actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 15]]\n        – [[Sargis Abrahamyan]], Russian writer (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis]], British field marshal\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Edgar Anderson]], American botanist\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Natalie Talmadge]], American actress\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi]], Egyptian\n        Qur'' anic reciter (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Maureen Connolly]],\n        American tennis player (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Judy Garland]],\n        American actress and pop singer (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Volmari\n        Iso-Hollo]], Finnish Olympic athlete (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[June 24]] –\n        [[Willy Ley]], German science writer and space advocate (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June\n        28]] \\n** [[Charles Carpenter (bishop)|Charles Carpenter]], American Episcopal\n        Diocese bishop (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Gerald Fitzgerald (priest)|Gerald Fitzgerald]],\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] priest (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Francesco\n        Mottola]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Mo\\u00efse Tshombe]], Congolese politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Zaire]]\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Roman Richard Atkielski]], American [[Roman\n        Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Max Fabian]], Polish-born Israeli cinematographer\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Brian Jones 1965.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian\n        Jones]]]]\\n[[File:WalterGropius-1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Walter Gropius]]]]\\n[[File:Ram\\u00f3n\n        Grau San Mart\\u00edn.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ram\\u00f3n Grau]]]]\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Mikio Naruse]], Japanese film director (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Michael DiBiase]],\n        American wrestler (b [[1923]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Brian Jones]], British\n        rock musician ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Ben\n        Alexander (actor)|Ben Alexander]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Walter\n        Gropius]], German architect (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Tom Mboya]], Kenyan politician\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Lambert Hillyer]], American film director\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Leo McCarey]], American film director (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Laura Latorre Mendoza]], Filipino [[Roman Catholic]]\n        widow, catechist and saint (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Charlotte Armstrong]],\n        American author (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Gladys Swarthout]], American opera singer\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Raiz\\u014d Tanaka]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Muhammad Shahidullah]], Bengali educationist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Peter van Eyck]], German-American actor\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 El\\u00edas Moreno]], Mexican actor (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Harry Benham]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], American teacher, secretary, and political\n        campaign specialist (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Barbara Pepper]], American actress\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Cathy Wayne]], pop entertainer, first\n        Australian woman killed in Vietnam War (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        [[Witold Gombrowicz]], Polish novelist and dramatist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Otto Dix]], German painter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        [[Raymond Walburn]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Loesser]], American songwriter (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Grau]], Cuban\n        physician, 7th [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Adorno.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theodor\n        W. Adorno]]]]\\n[[File:Otto Stern 1950s.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Otto Stern]]]]\\n[[File:Ismail\n        al-Azahri.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ismail al-Azhari]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Chang\n        Taek-sang]], Korean policeman and politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister of South\n        Korea]]\\n** [[Donald Keith (actor)|Donald Keith]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Leslie Cliff (figure skater)|Leslie Cliff]], British\n        pair figure skater (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Duke Adolf Friedrich\n        of Mecklenburg]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Theodor W. Adorno]],\n        German sociologist and philosopher (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Choi\n        Seung-hee]], Korean modern dancer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Tate\n        murders|Abigail Folger]], American socialite, [[Folgers]] Coffee heiress,\n        and social worker (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[C. F. Powell|Cecil Frank Powell]], British\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Jay Sebring]], American celebrity hair stylist (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Sharon\n        Tate]], American actress (murdered) (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[August 11]] –\n        [[\\u00c9mile Bonvouloir]], Canadian politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – [[Nicol\\u00e1s Fasolino]], Argentine [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Leonard Woolf]], English writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]]\\n** [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], German-American architect\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Otto Stern]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Mildred Davis]],\n        American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Dudley D. Watkins]],\n        Scottish illustrator for [[D. C. Thomson & Co.]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August\n        25]]\\n** [[Harry Hammond Hess]], American geologist and [[United States Navy]]\n        officer in World War II (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Maria Troncatti]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n**\n        [[Alejandro G. Abadilla]], Filipino poet (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Ismail al-Azhari]],\n        Sudanese political figure, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] and 3rd [[President\n        of Sudan]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** Dame [[Ivy Compton-Burnett]],\n        English novelist (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Erika Mann]], German writer (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Vladislav Anisovich]], Russian painter and educator\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Rocky Marciano]], American professional\n        boxer (b. [[1923]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ho Chi Minh 1946.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ho\n        Chi Minh]]]]\\n[[File:Adolfo L\\u00f3pez Mateos (1963).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolfo\n        L\\u00f3pez Mateos]]]]\\n[[File:TOGO PRES. NICOLAS GRUNITSKY - CROPPED.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolas\n        Grunitzky]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Sue Hamilton (actress)|Sue Hamilton]],\n        American actress (b. [[1945]])\\n** [[Ho Chi Minh]], Vietnamese Communist revolutionary\n        leader, 1st [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]], 1st [[President of Vietnam|President]]\n        and [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] leader of [[Vietnam]] (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[John Lester]], American [[cricket]]er\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Vicente Faria Lima]],\n        Brazilian engineer and politician (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[Mario Berlinguer]], Italian lawyer and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Arthur Friedenreich]], Brazilian [[Association football|footballer]]\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Gavin Maxwell]], Scottish naturalist\n        and author (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Bud Collyer]], American\n        radio and television personality (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.]], American general (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[\\u00c5ke Gr\\u00f6nberg]], Swedish actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] – [[Tidemann Flaata Evensen]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Giovanni Urbani]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Rex Ingram (actor)|Rex Ingram]],\n        American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Adolfo L\\u00f3pez\n        Mateos]], Mexican politician, 48th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[Nicolas Grunitzky]], 2nd [[President of Togo]]\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sonja Henie 1936.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Sonja\n        Henie]]]]\\n[[File:Francisco J. Orlich.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos\n        arroyo del rio.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Alberto Arroyo del R\\u00edo]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Natalino Otto]], Italian singer (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Walter Hagen]], American golf champion (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October\n        7]]\\n** [[Natalya Lisenko]], Russian actress (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Johnnie Morris\n        (actor)|Johnnie Morris]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Ture Nerman]],\n        Swedish politician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Eduardo Ciannelli]],\n        Italian actor and singer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Mathew Kavukattu]],\n        Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] archbishop and servant of God (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]]\\n** [[Enrique Ballestrero]], Uruguay footballer (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]], General of the Polish Army (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] \\n** [[Friedrich von Arnauld de la Peri\\u00e8re]], German aviator (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n** [[Sonja Henie]], Norwegian figure skater (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Julius\n        Saaristo]], Finnish Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Arnie\n        Herber]], American football player ([[Green Bay Packers]]) and a member of\n        the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[August Sang]], Estonian\n        poet and literary translator (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Rod La\n        Rocque]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]], 3rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Somalia]] and 2nd [[President of Somalia]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Jack Kerouac]], American author (b.\n        [[1922]])\\n** [[Wac\\u0142aw Sierpi\\u0144ski]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Paul Bailliart]], French ophtalomogist (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Sholto Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Kirtleside]], British commander (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[Pops Foster]], American musician (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Pavel\n        Mironov]], Russian general (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich]],\n        34th [[President of Costa Rica]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Carlos\n        Alberto Arroyo del R\\u00edo]], 26th [[President of Ecuador]], leader of the\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:LiuShaoqi Colour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Liu\n        Shaoqi]]]]\\n[[File:Iskander Mirza.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Iskander Mirza]]]]\\n[[File:Joseph\n        P. Kennedy, Sr. 1938.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Pauline Bush (actress)|Pauline Bush]], American actress (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Ikbal Ali Shah]], Indian-born Afghan\n        diplomat and author (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Lloyd Corrigan]],\n        American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Ricardo Aguirre]], Venezuela\n        surburbian musician (b. [[1939]])\\n** [[Dave O''Brien (actor)|Dave O''Brien]],\n        American actor (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Vesto Slipher]], American astronomer (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Frank Mills (politician)|Frank Mills]],\n        American politician in Ohio legislature (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 12]]\\n**\n        [[William F. Friedman]], American cryptanalyst (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Liu Shaoqi]],\n        Chinese revolutionary and statesman and 2nd [[President of the People''s Republic\n        of China]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Iskander Mirza]], Pakistani\n        politician, 1st [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[Roy D''Arcy]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Ignacio Aldecoa]], Spanish\n        writer (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Billy Southworth]], American baseball manager ([[St.\n        Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]], American politician (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\n** [[Norman Lindsay]], Australian painter (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Mutesa II of Buganda]], [[Kabaka of Buganda]] and 1st [[President\n        of Uganda]] (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Eugenio Duse]], Italian\n        actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Malcolm Barclay-Harvey]],\n        British politician, 22nd [[Governor of South Australia]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Roy Barcroft]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 102-03504A, Claudius Dornier.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Claude Dornier]]]]\\n[[File:Lefty-odoul.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lefty\n        O''Doul]]]]\\n[[File:Costa e Silva.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Artur da Costa e Silva]]]]\\n[[File:Penaranda.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Enrique\n        Pe\\u00f1aranda]]]]\\n* December – [[Swami Ashokananda]], Indian monk\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Magic Sam]], American musician (b.\n        [[1937]])\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Arguedas]], Peruvian\n        novelist, poet, and anthropologist  (b. [[1911]]).\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Ruth White (actress)|Ruth White]], American actress (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[December\n        4]]\\n** [[Mark Clark (Black Panther)|Mark Clark]], American Black Panther\n        (b. [[1947]])\\n** [[Fred Hampton]], American Black Panther (b. [[1948]])\\n**\n        [[Oswald Short|Hugh Oswald Short]], aviation pioneer; CEO, Short Brothers\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Princess Alice of Battenberg]] (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Claude Dornier]], German airplane builder (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 7]]\n        \\n** [[Lefty O''Doul]], American baseball player (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Eric\n        Portman]], English actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Calogero\n        Bagarella]], Italian criminal (b. [[1935]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Raymond\n        A. Spruance]], American admiral and ambassador (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Spencer\n        Williams (actor)|Spencer Williams]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December\n        16]] – [[Alphonse Castex]], French rugby union player (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Artur da Costa e Silva]], Brazilian general, 27th\n        [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Georges\n        Catroux]], French Army general and colonial governor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] \\n** [[Josef von Sternberg]], Austrian film director (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Enrique Pe\\u00f1aranda]], Bolivian general, 45th [[President of Bolivia]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Donald\n        Foster (actor)|Donald Foster]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw B\\u0142eszy\\u0144ski]], Polish entomologist (b.\n        [[1927]])\\n** [[Cortelia Clark]], African American blues singer and guitarist\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Olivia FitzRoy]], British author of children''s books\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Seabury Quinn]], American author (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Alfred\n        B. Skar]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Ricardo\n        Adolfo de la Guardia Arango|Ricardo de la Guardia]], 11th [[President of Panama]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Salvatore\n        Baccaloni]], Italian opera (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Joseph Yablonski]], murdered\n        American labor leader (b. [[1910]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Physics]] – [[Murray Gell-Mann]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Derek Harold Richard Barton]], [[Odd Hassel]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Max Delbr\\u00fcck]], [[Alfred\n        Hershey]], [[Salvador Luria]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Samuel Beckett]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[International\n        Labour Organization]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]]\n        – [[Ragnar Frisch]], [[Jan Tinbergen]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n*\n        [[1969: The Year Everything Changed]] by [[Rob Kirkpatrick]]. Skyhorse Publishing,\n        2009. {{ISBN|978-1-60239-366-0}}.\\n* [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847931\n        1969 – Headlines] A report from Rich Lamb of WCBS Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM\n        New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years of newsradio.\\n* [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847934\n        1969 – The Year in Sound] An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS\n        Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years\n        of newsradio.\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOG69ALfuvU ''''1969: The\n        Year Everything Changed''''] – YouTube video\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1969}}\\n[[Category:1969|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T03:00:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":799664305,\"length\":90361,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1969&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Sun, 10 Sep 2017 19:35:12 GMT\n- request:\n    method: get\n    uri: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&inprop=url&prop=revisions%7Cinfo&redirects=true&rvprop=content%7Ctimestamp&titles=1970%7C1971%7C1972%7C1973%7C1974%7C1975\n    body:\n      encoding: US-ASCII\n      string: ''\n    headers:\n      User-Agent:\n      - Infoboxer/0.3.0 (https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer; zverok.offline@gmail.com)\n      Accept-Encoding:\n      - gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\n      Accept:\n      - \"*/*\"\n  response:\n    status:\n      code: 200\n      message: OK\n    headers:\n      Date:\n      - Sun, 10 Sep 2017 19:35:13 GMT\n      Content-Type:\n      - application/json; charset=utf-8\n      Transfer-Encoding:\n      - chunked\n      Connection:\n      - keep-alive\n      Server:\n      - mw1191.eqiad.wmnet\n      X-Powered-By:\n      - HHVM/3.18.2\n      X-Content-Type-Options:\n      - nosniff\n      Cache-Control:\n      - private, must-revalidate, max-age=0\n      P3p:\n      - CP=\"This is not a P3P policy! 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Between 10,000\\u201314,621 were killed\n        and 26,783 were injured.\\n* [[January 5]] – The first episode of United\n        States [[soap opera]] ''''[[All My Children]]'''' is broadcast on the [[American\n        Broadcasting Company|ABC television network]].\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Biafra]]\n        capitulates, ending the [[Nigerian Civil War]].\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Diana Ross]] and [[The Supremes]] perform their farewell live concert together\n        at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas. Ross''s replacement, [[Jean Terrell]],\n        is introduced onstage at the end of the last show.\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        After a 32-month fight for independence from [[Nigeria]], [[Biafra]]n forces\n        under [[Philip Effiong]] formally surrender to General [[Yakubu Gowon]].\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – The [[Greater London Council]] announces its plans\n        for the [[Thames Barrier]] at [[Woolwich]] to prevent flooding (the barrier\n        opens in [[1981]]).\\n* [[January 21]]\\n**Five lifeboatmen are killed when\n        a [[Fraserburgh]], Scotland vessel, ''''The Duchess of Kent'''', capsizes.\\n**\n        [[Pan American Airways]] offers the first commercially scheduled Boeing 747\n        service from [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] to [[London Heathrow\n        Airport]].\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Joseph Fielding Smith]] becomes the\n        10th President of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]\\n* [[January\n        26]] – [[Mick Jagger]] is fined \\u00a3200 for possession of [[cannabis]].\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – The [[Benavidez rail disaster]] near [[Buenos Aires]],\n        Argentina kills 236.\\n* [[February 10]] – An [[avalanche]] at [[Val-d''Is\\u00e8re]],\n        France kills 41 tourists.\\n* [[February 11]] – ''''[[\\u014csumi (satellite)|\\u014csumi]]'''',\n        Japan''s first satellite, is launched on a [[Lambda-4]] rocket.\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Black Sabbath]]''s [[Black Sabbath (album)|eponymous debut\n        album]] is released; often regarded as the first true [[Heavy metal music|heavy\n        metal]] album.\\n* [[February 14]] – The iconic live album ''''[[The\n        Who]]: [[Live at Leeds]]'''' is recorded.\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**MacDonald\n        family massacre: [[Jeffrey R. MacDonald]] kills his wife and children at [[Fort\n        Bragg, North Carolina]], claiming that drugged-out \\\"[[hippie]]s\\\" did it.[[File:Ohsumi.jpg|thumb|150px|\n        [[February 11]]: [[\\u014csumi (satellite)]] launched]]\\n**Author [[David Irving]]\n        is ordered to pay \\u00a340,000 [[libel]] damages to Capt. [[Jack Broome|John\n        Broome]] over his book [[Convoy PQ 17|''''The Destruction of Convoy PQ17'''']].\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – A jury finds the [[Chicago Seven]] defendants not\n        guilty of [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiring]] to incite a [[riot]], in charges\n        stemming from the violence at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]].\n        Five of the defendants are found guilty on the lesser charge of crossing state\n        lines to incite a riot.\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Poseidon bubble]]: shares\n        in Australian [[nickel]] mining company Poseidon NL, which stood at $0.80\n        in September 1969, peak at around $280 before the speculative bubble bursts.\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – Construction begins on the [[Bosphorus Bridge|Bo\\u011fazi\\u00e7i\n        Bridge]] crossing the [[Bosphorus]] in [[Istanbul]].\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Guyana]] becomes a Republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Chevrolet]] releases the second generation [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]].\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Rhodesia]] severs its last tie with the United Kingdom,\n        declaring itself a [[republic]].\\n* [[March 5]] – The [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation\n        Treaty]] goes into effect, after ratification by 56 nations.\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**A\n        bomb being constructed by members of the [[Weatherman (organization)|Weathermen]]\n        and meant to be planted at a military dance in New Jersey, explodes, killing\n        three members of the organization.\\n** [[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice\n        Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (32nd government).\\n*\n        [[March 7]]\\n** [[Citro\\u00ebn]] introduces the [[Citro\\u00ebn SM|SM]] at\n        the [[Geneva Auto Salon]].\\n**A [[solar eclipse]] passes along the Atlantic\n        coast region. Totality is visible across southern Mexico and across the southeast\n        coast of the United States, [[Nantucket]], and [[Nova Scotia]].\\n* [[March\n        12]] – Teenagers in the United Kingdom vote for the first time, in a\n        [[by-election]] in [[Bridgwater (UK Parliament constituency)|Bridgwater]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – The [[Expo ''70]] World''s Fair opens in Suita, Osaka,\n        Japan.\\n* [[March 16]] – The complete [[New English Bible]] is published.\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – The United States Army charges 14 officers with suppressing\n        information related to the [[My Lai Massacre]].\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**General\n        [[Lon Nol]] ousts Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]] of [[Cambodia]].\\n** [[United\n        States Postal Service]] workers in New York City go on [[Strike action|strike]];\n        the strike spreads to the state of [[California]] and the cities of [[Akron,\n        Ohio]], [[Philadelphia]], Chicago, [[Boston]], and [[Denver]]; 210,000 out\n        of 750,000 U.S. postal employees walk out. President Nixon assigns military\n        units to New York City post offices. The strike lasts two weeks.\\n* [[March\n        20]] – The Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation ([[Agence\n        de Coop\\u00e9ration Culturelle et Technique|ACCT]]) (Agence de Coop\\u00e9ration\n        Culturelle et Technique) is founded.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n**The first [[Earth\n        Day]] proclamation is issued by [[Mayor of San Francisco|San Francisco Mayor]]\n        [[Joseph Alioto]].\\n**\\\"[[All Kinds of Everything]]\\\", sung by [[Dana Rosemary\n        Scallon|Dana]] (music and text by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith), wins the\n        [[Eurovision Song Contest 1970]] for Ireland.\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[NASA]]''s\n        ''''[[Explorer 1]]'''', the first American [[satellite]] and [[Explorer program]]\n        spacecraft, reenters [[Earth''s atmosphere]] after 12 years in orbit.\\n**\n        [[Japan Airlines Flight 351]], carrying 131 passengers and 7 crew from Tokyo\n        to [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], is hijacked by [[Japanese Red Army]] members.\n        All passengers are eventually freed.\\n[[File:Apollo 13 crew postmission onboard\n        USS Iwo Jima.jpg|thumb|130px| [[April 17]]: ''''[[Apollo 13]]'''' crew after\n        [[splashdown]].]]\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**American President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] signs the [[Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act]] into law, banning\n        [[cigarette]] television advertisements in the United States from January\n        1, 1971.\\n** [[American Motors Corporation]] introduces the [[AMC Gremlin|Gremlin]].\\n**The\n        [[1970 United States Census]] begins. There are 203,392,031 United States\n        residents on this day.\\n* [[April 4]] – Fragments of burnt human remains\n        believed to be those of [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Eva Braun]], [[Joseph Goebbels]],\n        [[Magda Goebbels]] and the [[Goebbels children]] are crushed and scattered\n        in the [[Biederitz]] river at a [[KGB]] center in [[Magdeburg]], [[East Germany]].\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[BBC]] [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]] broadcasts the first edition\n        of ''''[[PM (Radio 4)|PM]]''''.\\n* [[April 8]]\\n**A huge gas explosion at\n        a [[Subway (rail)|subway]] construction site in [[Osaka]], Japan kills 79\n        and injures over 400.\\n**Israeli Air Force [[F-4 Phantom II]] fighter bombers\n        kill 47 Egyptian school children at an elementary school in what is known\n        as [[Bahr el-Baqar massacre]]. The single-floor school is hit by five bombs\n        and two air-to-ground missiles.\\n* [[April 10]]\\n**In a press release written\n        in mock-interview style, that is included in promotional copies of [[McCartney\n        (album)|his first solo album]], [[Paul McCartney]] announces that he has left\n        [[The Beatles]].{{cite book|first=Nicholas|last=Schaffner|title=The Beatles\n        Forever|location=New York|publisher=Cameron House|year=1977|page=135}}\\n*\n        [[April 11]]\\n**An [[avalanche]] at a [[tuberculosis]] [[sanatorium]] in the\n        [[French Alps]] kills 74, mostly young boys.\\n** [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo\n        13]]'''' ([[Jim Lovell]], [[Fred Haise]], [[Jack Swigert]]) is launched toward\n        the [[Moon]].\\n* [[April 13]] – An oxygen tank in the [[Apollo 13]]\n        spacecraft explodes, forcing the crew to abort the mission and return in four\n        days.\\n[[File:1974 Gremlin.jpg|thumb|130px| [[April 1]]: New car: [[AMC Gremlin]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 16]]\\n**Rev. [[Ian Paisley]] wins a [[by-election]] to gain a seat\n        in the [[House of Commons of Northern Ireland]].\\n**The [[NatWest|National\n        Westminster Bank]] begins trading in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[April 17]] –\n        [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 13]]'''' [[Splashdown|splashes down]] safely\n        in the Pacific.\\n* [[April 21]] – The [[Principality of Hutt River]]\n        \\\"secedes\\\" from [[Australia]] (it remains unrecognised by Australia and other\n        nations).\\n* [[April 22]] – The first [[Earth Day]] is celebrated in\n        the U.S.\\n* [[April 24]] – China''s first satellite (''''[[Dong Fang\n        Hong 1]]'''') is launched into orbit using a [[Long March (rocket family)|Long\n        March]]-1 Rocket (CZ-1).\\n* [[April 26]] – The [[World Intellectual\n        Property Organization]] (WIPO) is founded.\\n* [[April 29]] – The U.S.\n        invades [[Cambodia]] to hunt out the [[Viet Cong]]; widespread, large antiwar\n        protests occur in the U.S.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] – Demonstrations\n        against the trial of the [[New Haven Nine]], [[Bobby Seale]], and [[Ericka\n        Huggins]] draw 12,000.  President [[Richard Nixon]] orders U.S. forces to\n        cross into neutral Cambodia, threatening to widen the [[Vietnam War]], sparking\n        nationwide riots and leading to the [[Kent State shootings]].\\n* [[May 4]]\n        – [[Kent State shootings]]: Four students at [[Kent State University]]\n        in [[Ohio]], USA are killed and nine wounded by [[Ohio National Guard]]smen,\n        at a protest against the incursion into [[Cambodia]].\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Arms\n        Crisis]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]]: [[Charles Haughey]] and [[Neil Blaney]]\n        are dismissed as members of the [[Irish Government]], for accusations of their\n        involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the [[Provisional IRA]] in\n        [[Northern Ireland]].\\n** [[Feyenoord]] wins the [[UEFA Champions League|European\n        Cup]] after a 2\\u20131 win over [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]].\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Hard\n        Hat Riot]]: Unionized construction workers attack about 1,000 students and\n        others protesting the [[Kent State shootings]] near the intersection of [[Wall\n        Street]] and [[Broad Street, Manhattan|Broad Street]] and at [[New York City\n        Hall]].\\n** [[The Beatles]] release their 12th and final album, ''''[[Let\n        It Be (The Beatles album)|Let It Be]]''''.\\n**The [[New York Knicks]] win\n        their first [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] championship, defeating\n        the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] 113-99 in Game 7 of the [[1970 NBA Finals|world\n        championship series]] at [[Madison Square Garden]].\\n* [[May 9]] – In\n        [[Washington, D.C.]], 100,000 people demonstrate against the Vietnam War.\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – The [[Boston Bruins]] win their first [[Stanley Cup]] since\n        1941 when [[Bobby Orr]] scores a goal 40 seconds into overtime for a 4\\u20133\n        victory which completes a four-game sweep of the [[St. Louis Blues]].\\n* [[May\n        11]]\\n** [[Killing of Henry Marrow|Henry Marrow is killed]] in an alleged\n        [[hate crime]] in [[Oxford, North Carolina]].\\n** [[1970 Lubbock tornado|Lubbock\n        tornado]]: An ''''F5'''' [[tornado]] hits downtown [[Lubbock, Texas]], the\n        first to hit a downtown district of a major city since [[Topeka, Kansas]]\n        in [[1966]]; 28 are killed.\\n* [[May 12]] – The [[1976 Winter Olympics]]\n        are awarded to [[Denver]], [[Colorado]] but it is later rejected in [[1972]].\\n*\n        [[May 14]]\\n** [[Ulrike Meinhof]] helps [[Andreas Baader]] escape and create\n        the [[Red Army Faction]] which exists until [[1998]].\\n**In the second day\n        of violent demonstrations at [[Jackson State University]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi]],\n        state law enforcement officers fire into the demonstrators, killing 2 and\n        injuring 12.\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Thor Heyerdahl]] sets sail from [[Morocco]]\n        on the [[papyrus]] boat ''''[[Thor Heyerdahl#Boats Ra and Ra II|Ra II]]'''',\n        to sail the Atlantic Ocean.\\n* [[May 23]] – A fire occurs in the [[Britannia\n        Bridge]] over the [[Menai Strait]] near [[Bangor, Gwynedd|Bangor]], [[Caernarfonshire]],\n        [[Wales]], contributing to its partial destruction and amounting to approximately\n        \\u00a31,000,000 worth of fire damage.\\n* [[May 24]] – The [[scientific\n        drilling]] of the [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]] begins in the [[USSR]].\\n* [[May\n        26]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Tupolev Tu-144]] becomes the first\n        commercial transport to exceed [[speed of sound|Mach]] 2.\\n* [[May 27]] –\n        A British expedition climbs the south face of [[Annapurna I]].\\n* [[May 31]]\\n**The\n        7.9 {{M|w}} [[1970 Ancash earthquake|Ancash earthquake]] shakes [[Peru]] with\n        a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe'''')\n        and a [[landslide]] buries the town of [[Yungay, Peru]]. Between 66,794\\u201370,000\n        were killed and 50,000 were injured.\\n**The [[1970 FIFA World Cup]] is inaugurated\n        in [[Mexico]].\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]] – ''''[[Soyuz 9]]'''', a\n        two-man spacecraft, is launched in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        Norway announces it has rich oil deposits off its [[North Sea]] coast.\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Tonga]] gains independence from the United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[June 7]] – [[The Who]] become the first act to perform rock music\n        (their [[rock opera]], ''''[[Tommy (album)|Tommy]]'''') at the [[Metropolitan\n        Opera House (Lincoln Center)|Metropolitan Opera House]], New York.\\n* [[June\n        8]] – A [[coup]] in [[Argentina]] brings a new [[military junta|junta]]\n        of service chiefs; on [[June 18]], [[Roberto M. Levingston]] becomes President.\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – The United States gets its first female generals, [[Anna\n        Mae Hays]] and [[Elizabeth P. Hoisington]].\\n* [[June 12]] – [[NDFLOAG]]\n        guerrillas attack military garrisons at [[Izki]] and [[Nizwa]] in [[Oman]].\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[The Long and Winding Road]] becomes [[the Beatles]]''\n        20th and final single to reach number one on the US [[Billboard Hot 100]]\n        chart. \\n* [[June 15]] – [[Dymshits\\u2013Kuznetsov hijacking affair|Operation\n        Wedding]]: fifteen refuseniks try to escape from the Soviet Union by hijacking\n        a plane.\\n* [[June 18]] – [[United Kingdom general election, 1970]]:\n        the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] wins and [[Edward Heath]]\n        becomes Prime Minister, ousting the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government\n        of [[Harold Wilson]] after nearly six years in power. The election result\n        is something of a surprise, as most of the opinion polls had predicted a third\n        successive Labour win.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/19/newsid_3829000/3829819.stm|work=On\n        This Day|date=2016-06-19|title=Shock election win for Heath|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2016-04-10}}\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – The [[Patent Cooperation Treaty]] is signed into [[international\n        law]], providing a unified procedure for filing [[patent application]]s to\n        protect inventions.\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]\n        defeats [[Italy national football team|Italy]] 4\\u20131 to win the [[1970\n        FIFA World Cup]] in Mexico.\\n** [[Penn Central]] declares Section 77 [[bankruptcy]],\n        the largest ever US corporate bankruptcy up to this date.\\n* [[June 23]] –\n        The film: ''''[[Kelly''s Heroes]]'''' is released in the US.\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – The [[United States Senate]] repeals the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]]\n        of [[1964]].\\n* [[June 28]] – U.S. ground troops withdraw from [[Cambodia]].\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Riverfront Stadium]] in [[Cincinnati]] opens.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Colorado State College]] changes its name to [[University\n        of Northern Colorado]].\\n**The [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S.\n        Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) is subordinated to [[Public Health Service]].\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – The French Army detonates a 914 kiloton thermonuclear device\n        in the [[Mururoa Atoll]]. It is their fourth and largest nuclear test.\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n**A chartered [[Dan-Air]] [[De Havilland Comet]] crashes into\n        the mountains north of [[Barcelona]]; at least 112 people are killed.\\n**\n        [[Bob Hope]] and other entertainers gather in [[Washington, D.C.]] for ''''Honor\n        America Day'''', a nonpartisan holiday event.\\n**Longtime radio music countdown\n        show [[American Top 40]] debuts on 5 U.S. stations with [[Casey Kasem]] as\n        host.\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Air Canada Flight 621]] crashes at [[Toronto\n        Pearson International Airport|Toronto International Airport]], [[Toronto]],\n        [[Ontario]]; all 109 passengers and crew are killed.\\n* [[July 11]] –\n        The first tunnel under the [[Pyrenees]] links the towns of [[Aragnouet]] (France)\n        and [[Bielsa]] (Spain).\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Thor Heyerdahl]]''s papyrus\n        boat ''''Ra II'''' arrives in [[Barbados]].\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Three\n        Rivers Stadium]] in [[Pittsburgh]] opens.\\n* [[July 21]] – The [[Aswan\n        High Dam]] in [[Egypt]] is completed.\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Said bin Taimur]],\n        [[Sultan of Muscat]] and [[Oman]], is deposed in a palace [[coup]] by his\n        son, [[Qaboos of Oman|Qaboos]].\\n**Two [[CS gas]] canisters are thrown into\n        the chamber of the [[British House of Commons]].\\n* [[July 30]] – Damages\n        totalling \\u00a3485,528 are awarded to 28 [[Thalidomide]] victims.\\n* [[July\n        31]] – [[NBC]] anchor [[Chet Huntley]] retires from full-time broadcasting.\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 7]] – [[Harold Haley]], Marin County Superior Court Judge,\n        is taken hostage and murdered, in an effort to free [[George Jackson (Black\n        Panther)|George Jackson]] from police custody.\\n* [[August 17]]\\n**The United\n        States sinks 418 containers of [[nerve gas]] into the [[Gulf Stream]] near\n        the [[Bahamas]].\\n** [[Venera program]]: ''''[[Venera 7]]'''' is launched\n        toward Venus. It later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit\n        data from the surface of another [[planet]].\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]] protesters [[Sterling Hall bombing|bomb]] Sterling Hall at the [[University\n        of Wisconsin\\u2013Madison]], leading to an international manhunt for the perpetrators.\n        \\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Women''s Strike for Equality]] takes place down [[Fifth\n        Avenue]] in New York City.\\n** The [[Isle of Wight Festival 1970]] begins\n        on East Afton Farm off the coast of England. Some 600,000 people attend the\n        largest rock festival of all time. Artists include [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[The\n        Who]], [[The Doors]], [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]], [[Richie Havens]], [[John\n        Sebastian]], [[Joan Baez]], [[Ten Years After]], [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]],\n        [[The Moody Blues]] and [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]].\\n* [[August 29]]\n        – [[Chicano Moratorium]] against the [[Vietnam War]], [[East Los Angeles,\n        California]]. Police riot kills three people, including journalist [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Salazar]].\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 1]] – An assassination\n        attempt against King [[Hussein of Jordan]] precipitates the [[Black September\n        in Jordan|Black September]] crisis.\\n* [[September 3]] – [[September\n        6]] – [[Israel]]i forces fight [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] guerillas\n        in southern [[Lebanon]].\\n* [[September 5]] \\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation\n        Jefferson Glenn]]: The [[101st Airborne Division|United States 101st Airborne\n        Division]] and the [[South Vietnam]]ese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new\n        operation in [[Thua Thien]] Province (the operation ends in October 1971).\\n**\n        [[Formula One]] driver [[Jochen Rindt]] is killed in qualifying for the [[1970\n        Italian Grand Prix|Italian ''''Grand Prix'''']]. He becomes [[List of Formula\n        One World Drivers'' Champions|World Driving Champion]] anyhow, first to earn\n        the honor posthumously.\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Dawson''s Field hijackings]],\n        The [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] hijacks 4 passenger\n        aircraft from [[Pan Am]], [[TWA]] and [[Swissair]] on flights to [[New York\n        City|New York]] from [[Brussels]], [[Frankfurt]] and [[Z\\u00fcrich]].\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n**An anti-war rally is held at [[Valley Forge, Pennsylvania]], attended\n        by [[John Kerry]], [[Jane Fonda]] and [[Donald Sutherland]].\\n**Fighting breaks\n        out between Arab guerillas and government forces in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]].\\n*\n        [[September 8]] –[[September 10]] – The [[Jordan]]ian government\n        and Palestinian guerillas make repeated unsuccessful truces.\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Guinea]] recognizes the [[German Democratic Republic]].\\n** [[Elvis\n        Presley]] begins his first concert tour since [[1958]] in [[Phoenix, Arizona]],\n        at the [[Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum|Veterans Memorial Coliseum]].\\n*\n        [[September 10]]\\n** [[Cambodia]]n government forces break the siege of Kompong\n        Tho after three months.\\n**The [[Chevrolet Vega]] is introduced.\\n* [[September\n        11]] – The [[Ford Pinto]] is introduced.\\n* [[September 13]]\\n**The\n        covert incursion of [[Operation Tailwind]] is instigated by the American forces\n        in southeast [[Laos]].\\n**The first [[New York City Marathon]] begins.\\n*\n        [[September 15]] – King [[Hussein of Jordan]] forms a military government\n        with Muhammad Daoud as the prime minister.\\n* [[September 18]] – American\n        musician [[Jimi Hendrix]] [[Death of Jimi Hendrix|dies]] from an overdose\n        of sleeping pills.\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Syria]]n armored forces cross\n        the [[Jordan]]ian border.\\n**''''[[Luna 16]]'''' lands on the Moon and lifts\n        off the next day with samples. It lands on Earth [[September 24]].\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n**Palestinian armored forces reinforce [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]]\n        guerillas in [[Irbidi]], [[Jordan]].\\n**''''[[Monday Night Football]]''''\n        debuts on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]; the [[Cleveland Browns]]\n        defeat the [[New York Jets]] 31\\u201321 in front of more than 85,000 fans\n        at [[Cleveland Stadium]].\\n* [[September 22]]\\n**The [[International Hydrographic\n        Organization]] (IHO) is founded.\\n** [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] resigns as prime\n        minister of [[Malaysia]], and is succeeded by his deputy [[Tun Abdul Razak]].\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – The first women''s only tennis tournament begins\n        in Houston, known as the [[1970 Houston Women''s Invitation|Houston Women''s\n        Invitation]].\\n* [[September 26]] – The [[Laguna Fire]] starts in [[San\n        Diego County]], burning {{convert|175,425|acre|km2}}.\\n* [[September 27]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Nixon]] begins a tour of [[Europe]], visiting [[Italy]], [[Yugoslavia]],\n        [[Spain]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].\\n**\n        [[Pope Paul VI]] names [[Saint Teresa of \\u00c1vila]] as the first female\n        [[Doctor of the Church]].\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]\n        dies; Vice President [[Anwar Sadat]] is named temporary [[president of Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n**The U.S. Congress gives President [[Richard Nixon]] authority\n        to sell arms to [[Israel]].\\n**In [[Berlin]], [[Red Army Faction]] members\n        rob three banks, with loot totaling over [[Deutsche Mark|DM]]200,000.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{redirect|October\n        1970}}\\n* [[October 2]]\\n**Under the [[National Environmental Policy Act]]\n        (NEPA) the [[Environmental Science Services Administration]] (ESSA) Corps,\n        one of seven federal [[Uniformed services of the United States|uniformed services]]\n        of the United States, is renamed to [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n        Commissioned Officer Corps|NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps]] under the soon\n        to be formed [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA).\\n**The\n        [[Wichita State University]] football team''s \\\"Gold\\\" plane [[Wichita State\n        University football team plane crash|crashes]] in [[Colorado]], killing most\n        of the players. They were on their way (along with administrators and fans)\n        to a game with [[Utah State University]].\\n** [[Pink Floyd]] releases ''''[[Atom\n        Heart Mother]]''''. It becomes their first number one album.\\n* [[October\n        3]]\\n**In [[Lebanon]], the government of Prime Minister [[Rashid Karami]]\n        resigns.\\n**The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA)\n        is formed.\\n**The Weather Bureau is renamed to [[National Weather Service]],\n        as part of NOAA.\\n**Pope Paul VI names [[Saint Catherine of Siena]] as the\n        second female Doctor of the Church.\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Jochen Rindt]]\n        becomes [[Formula One]] [[List of Formula One World Drivers'' Champions|World\n        Driving Champion]], first to earn the honor posthumously.\\n**In [[Bolivia]],\n        Army Commander General [[Rogelio Miranda]] and a group of officers rebel and\n        demand the resignation of President [[Alfredo Ovando Cand\\u00eda]], who fires\n        him.\\n** [[National Educational Television]] ends operations, being succeeded\n        by [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]].\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**U.S. President\n        [[Richard Nixon]]''s European tour ends.\\n**The [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration\n        du Qu\\u00e9bec]] (FLQ) kidnaps [[James Cross]] in Montreal and demands release\n        of all its imprisoned members. The next day the Canadian government announces\n        it will not meet the demand, beginning [[Quebec]]''s [[October Crisis]].\\n**The\n        [[Public Broadcasting Service]] begins broadcasting.\\n* [[October 6]]\\n**Bolivian\n        President [[Alfredo Ovando Cand\\u00eda]] resigns; General [[Rogelio Miranda]]\n        takes over but resigns soon after.\\n**French President [[Georges Pompidou]]\n        visits the Soviet Union.\\n* [[October 7]] – General [[Juan Jos\\u00e9\n        Torres]] becomes the new [[President of Bolivia]].\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**The\n        U.S. Foreign Office announces that renewal of arms sales to [[Pakistan]].\\n**Soviet\n        author [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] is awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]]: In Paris, a [[Communism|Communist]] delegation rejects U.S.\n        President [[Richard Nixon]]''s [[October 7]] peace proposal as \\\"a maneuver\n        to deceive world opinion.\\\"\\n* [[October 9]] – The [[Khmer Republic]]\n        is proclaimed in [[Cambodia]] which begins the [[Cambodian Civil War|Civil\n        War]] with the [[Khmer Rouge]].\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Fiji]] becomes independent.\\n**\n        [[October Crisis]]: In [[Montreal]], a national crisis hits Canada when [[Quebec]]\n        Minister of Labour [[Pierre Laporte]] becomes the second statesman kidnapped\n        by members of the [[FLQ]] terrorist group.\\n* [[October 11]] – Eleven\n        French soldiers are killed in a shootout with rebels in [[Chad]].\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that\n        the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before [[Christmas]].\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n**Canada and the People''s Republic of China establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** [[Saeb Salam]] forms a government in [[Lebanon]].\\n* [[October\n        14]] – A Chinese nuclear test is conducted in [[Lop Nor]].\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n**In [[Egypt]], a referendum supports [[Anwar Sadat]] 90.04%.\\n**A section\n        of the new [[West Gate Bridge]] in [[Melbourne]] collapses into the river\n        below, killing 35 construction workers.\\n**The domestic [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        [[Aeroflot Flight 244]] is hijacked and diverted to [[Turkey]].\\n* [[October\n        16]] – [[October Crisis]]: The Canadian government declares a [[state\n        of emergency]] and outlaws the [[Quebec Liberation Front]].\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**October\n        Crisis: [[Pierre Laporte]] is found murdered in south Montreal.\\n**A [[cholera]]\n        epidemic breaks out in [[Istanbul]].\\n** [[Anwar Sadat]] officially becomes\n        President of Egypt.\\n* [[October 20]]\\n**The Soviet Union launches the ''''[[Zond\n        8]]'''' lunar probe.\\n**Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names [[Mahmoud Fawzi]]\n        as his prime minister.\\n* [[October 21]] – A U.S. Air Force plane makes\n        an emergency landing near [[Leninakan]], [[Soviet Union]]. The Soviets release\n        the American officers, including two generals, [[November 10]].\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Chile]]an army commander [[Ren\\u00e9 Schneider]] is shot in\n        Santiago; the government declares a state of emergency. Schneider dies [[October\n        25]].\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Salvador Allende]] is elected President\n        of [[Chile]].\\n* [[October 25]] – The wreck of the Confederate submarine\n        ''''[[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|Hunley]]'''' is found off [[Charleston, South\n        Carolina|Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], by pioneer [[underwater archaeologist]],\n        [[Dr. E. Lee Spence]],[https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070624/2hunley_2.htm\n        Cover Story: Time Capsule From The Sea – ''''U.S. News & World Report'''',\n        July 2\\u20139, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133235/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070624/2hunley_2.htm\n        |date=2007-09-29 }} then just 22 years old. ''''Hunley'''' was the first\n        submarine in history to sink a ship in warfare.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Garry Trudeau]]''s [[comic strip]] ''''[[Doonesbury]]'''' debuts in approximately\n        two dozen newspapers in the United States.\\n* [[October 28]]\\n**In Jordan,\n        the government of Ahmed Toukan resigns; the next prime minister is [[Wasfi\n        al-Tal]].\\n**A [[cholera]] outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to\n        close its border with Czechoslovakia.\\n** [[Gary Gabelich]] drives the rocket-powered\n        ''''[[Blue Flame (automobile)|Blue Flame]]'''' to an official [[land speed\n        record]] at {{convert|622.407|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/7D4955E7190F1A25C12572FB00559369/$FILE/Records_List_Cat-C.pdf|title=FIA\n        land speed records, Cat C|publisher=FIA|accessdate=2009-07-12}} on the\n        dry lake bed of the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in Utah. The record, the first\n        above 1 000 km/h, stands for nearly 13 years.\\n* [[October 30]]\n        – In [[Vietnam]], the worst [[monsoon]] to hit the area in 6 years causes\n        large [[flood]]s, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the\n        [[Vietnam War]].\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]] \\n** [[Club Cinq-Sept\n        fire]] in [[Saint-Laurent-du-Pont]], France, kills 146.\\n** Polish vice president\n        killed at Karachi airport, Pakistan\\n* [[November 3]]\\n**Democrats sweep the\n        U.S. Congressional midterm elections; [[Ronald Reagan]] is reelected governor\n        of California; [[Jimmy Carter]] is elected governor of Georgia.\\n** [[Salvador\n        Allende]] becomes president of [[Chile]].\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Vietnam\n        War]] – [[Vietnamization]]: The United States turns control of the [[air\n        base]] in the [[Mekong Delta]] to [[South Vietnam]].\\n**Social workers in\n        [[Los Angeles]] take custody of [[Genie (feral child)|Genie]], a girl who\n        had been kept in solitary confinement since her birth.\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        Vietnam War: The United States Military Assistance Command in [[Vietnam]]\n        reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in 5 years (24 soldiers\n        die that week, which is the fifth consecutive week the death toll is below\n        50; 431 are reported wounded that week, however).\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Egypt]],\n        [[Libya]] and [[Sudan]] announce their intentions to form a federation.\\n**\n        [[Tom Dempsey]], who was born with a deformed right foot and right hand, sets\n        a [[National Football League]] record by kicking a 63-yard field goal to lift\n        the [[New Orleans Saints]] to a 19\\u201317 victory over the [[Detroit Lions]]\n        at [[Tulane Stadium]].\\n**The British comedy television series, ''''[[The\n        Goodies (TV series)|The Goodies]]'''' debuts on [[BBC 2]].\\n* [[November 9]]\\n**The\n        Soviet Union launches ''''[[Luna 17]]''''.\\n**Vietnam War: The [[Supreme Court\n        of the United States]] votes 6\\u20133 not to hear a case by the state of [[Massachusetts]],\n        about the constitutionality of a state law granting Massachusetts residents\n        the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war.\\n* [[November 10]]\n        – Vietnam War – [[Vietnamization]]: For the first time in five\n        years, an entire week ends with no reports of United States combat fatalities\n        in Southeast Asia.\\n* [[November 12]] – Soviet author [[Andrei Amalrik]]\n        is sentenced to three years for ''anti-Soviet'' writings.\\n* [[November 13]]\\n**\n        [[Hafez al-Assad]] comes to power in [[Syria]], following [[Corrective Movement\n        (Syria)|a military coup]] within the [[Ba''ath Party]].\\n** [[1970 Bhola cyclone]]:\n        A 120-mph (193 km/h) [[tropical cyclone]] hits the densely populated\n        [[Ganges Delta]] region of [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), killing\n        an estimated 500,000 people (considered the [[20th century]]''s worst cyclone\n        disaster). It gives rise to the temporary island of [[New Moore / South Talpatti]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** [[Southern Airways Flight 932]] crashes in [[Wayne County,\n        West Virginia]]; all 75 on board, including 37 players and 5 coaches from\n        the [[Marshall University]] [[American football|football]] team, are killed.\\n**The\n        Soviet Union enters the [[ICAO]], making Russian the fourth official language\n        of the organization.\\n* [[November 16]] – The [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]]\n        flies for the first time.\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Lieutenant\n        [[William Calley]] goes on trial for the [[My Lai Massacre]].\\n** [[Luna programme]]:\n        The [[Soviet Union]] lands ''''[[Lunokhod 1]]'''' on [[Mare Imbrium]] (Sea\n        of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to\n        land on another world, and is released by the orbiting [[Luna 17]] spacecraft.\\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n**U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] asks the [[Congress of\n        the United States|U.S. Congress]] for US$155 million in supplemental aid for\n        the [[Cambodia]]n government (US $85 million is for military assistance to\n        prevent the overthrow of the government of Premier [[Lon Nol]] by the [[Khmer\n        Rouge]] and [[North Vietnam]]).\\n**The [[United Nations Security Council]]\n        demands that no government recognize [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[November 19]] –\n        [[European Economic Community]] prime ministers meet in [[Munich]].\\n* [[November\n        20]] – The [[Miss World 1970]] beauty pageant, hosted by [[Bob Hope]]\n        at the [[Royal Albert Hall]], London is disrupted by Women''s Liberation protesters.\n        Earlier on the same evening a bomb is placed under a [[BBC]] outside broadcast\n        vehicle by [[The Angry Brigade]], in protest at the entry of separate black\n        and white contestants by [[South Africa]].\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Syria]]n\n        Prime Minister [[Hafez al-Assad]] forms a new government but retains the post\n        of defense minister.\\n**In [[Ethiopia]], the [[Eritrean Liberation Front]]\n        kills an Ethiopian general.\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation Ivory\n        Coast]]: A joint [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] and Army team raids\n        the [[S\\u01a1n T\\u00e2y (Hanoi)|S\\u01a1n T\\u00e2y]] prison camp in an attempt\n        to free American [[prisoner of war|POW]]s thought to be held there (no Americans\n        are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp; all U.S.\n        POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this\n        raid).\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Guinea]]n president [[Ahmed S\\u00e9kou\n        Tour\\u00e9]] accuses Portugal of an attack when hundreds of mercenaries land\n        near the capital [[Conakry]].\\n* [[November 23]]–[[November 24|24]]\n        – The Guinean army repels the landing attempts.\\n* [[November 23]] \\n**\n        [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Oklahoma!]]'''' makes its network TV\n        debut, when [[CBS]] telecasts the [[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|1955 film version]]\n        as a 3-hour [[Thanksgiving]] special.\\n** The [[American Indian Movement]]\n        seizes a replica of the [[Mayflower]] in [[Boston]]. \\n* [[November 25]]–[[November\n        29]] – A U.N. delegation arrives to investigate the Guinea situation.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – In Tokyo, author and [[Tatenokai]] militia leader\n        [[Yukio Mishima]] and his followers take over the headquarters of the [[Japan\n        Self-Defense Forces]] in an attempted [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]. After Mishima''s\n        speech fails to sway public opinion towards his right-wing political beliefs,\n        including restoration of the powers of the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]], he\n        commits [[seppuku]] (public ritual suicide).\\n* [[November 26]]\\n**East Pakistan\n        leader [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] accuses the central government of negligence\n        in catastrophe relief.\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] begins an Asian tour.\\n* [[November\n        27]] – Bolivian artist Benjamin Mendoza tries to assassinate [[Pope\n        Paul VI]] during his visit in [[Manila]].\\n* [[November 28]] – The [[Montr\\u00e9al\n        Alouettes]] defeated the [[Calgary Stampeders]] to become victors in the [[58th\n        Grey Cup]] 23\\u201310.{{cite web |url=https://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1970\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823210808/http://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1970\n        |archivedate=2010-08-23 |title=1970 \\u2013 Montreal Alouettes 23, Calgary\n        Stampeders 10}}\\n* [[November 30]] – [[British Caledonian]] Airways\n        Ltd. (BCal) is formed.\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n**The Italian\n        House of Representatives accepts the new divorce law.\\n** [[Ethiopia]] recognizes\n        the People''s Republic of China.\\n**The [[Basques|Basque]] [[ETA (separatist\n        group)|ETA]] kidnaps West German Eugen Beihl in [[San Sebasti\\u00e1n]].\\n**\n        [[Luis Echeverr\\u00eda]] becomes [[president of Mexico]].\\n* [[December 2]]\n        – The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] is established.\\n*\n        [[December 3]] \\n** October Crisis: In [[Montreal]], kidnapped British Trade\n        Commissioner [[James Cross]] is released by the [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration\n        du Qu\\u00e9bec]] terrorist group after being held hostage for 60 days. Police\n        negotiate his release and in return the Government of Canada grants 5 terrorists\n        from the FLQ''s Chenier Cell their request for safe passage to [[Cuba]].\\n**\n        Burgos Trial: In [[Burgos]], Spain, the trial of 16 [[Basque people|Basque]]\n        terrorism suspects begins.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n**The Spanish government declares\n        a 3-month martial law in the Basque county of Guipuzco, over strikes and demonstrations.\\n**The\n        U.N. announces that Portuguese navy and army units were responsible for the\n        attempted invasion of Guinea.\\n* [[December 5]]\\n**The Asian and Australian\n        tour of Pope Paul VI ends.\\n** [[Fluminense]] wins the Brazil Football Championship.\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n**Giovanni Enrico Bucher, the Swiss ambassador to Brazil,\n        is kidnapped in [[Rio de Janeiro]]; kidnappers demand the release of 70 political\n        prisoners.\\n**The U.N. General Assembly supports the isolation of South Africa\n        for its [[apartheid]] policies.\\n**During his visit to the Polish capital,\n        [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|German Chancellor]] [[Willy Brandt]]\n        goes down on his knees in front of a monument to the victims of the [[Warsaw\n        Ghetto]], which will become known as the [[Warschauer Kniefall]] (\\\"Warsaw\n        Genuflection\\\").\\n* [[December 12]] – A [[landslide]] in western [[Colombia]]\n        leaves 200 dead.\\n* [[December 13]] – The government of Poland announces\n        food price increases. Riots and looting lead to a bloody confrontation between\n        the rioters and the government on [[December 15]].\\n* [[December 15]]\\n**The\n        USSR''s ''''[[Venera 7]]'''' becomes the first spacecraft to land successfully\n        on Venus and transmit data back to Earth.\\n**The South Korean ferry ''''Namyong\n        Ho'''' capsizes off [[Korea Strait]]; 308 people are killed.\\n* [[December\n        16]] – The Ethiopian government declares a [[state of emergency]] in\n        the county of Eritrea over the activities of the [[Eritrean Liberation Front]].\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Polish 1970 protests]]: Soldiers fire on civilians\n        returning to work in [[Gdynia]]. Martial law is imposed in the country until\n        December 22.\\n* [[December 20]]\\n**General Secretary of the [[Polish United\n        Workers'' Party]], [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Gomu\\u0142ka]], resigns; [[Edward\n        Gierek]] replaces him.\\n**An Egyptian delegation leaves for Moscow to ask\n        for [[economic aid|economic]] and [[military aid]].\\n* [[December 21]] –\n        The [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat]] makes its first flight.\\n* [[December 22]]\\n**The\n        [[Libya]]n Revolutionary Council declares that it will nationalize all foreign\n        banks in the country.\\n** [[Franz Stangl]], the ex-commander of [[Treblinka]],\n        is sentenced to life imprisonment.\\n* [[December 23]]\\n**The Polish government\n        freezes food prices for two years.\\n**The [[Bolivia]]n government releases\n        [[R\\u00e9gis Debray]].\\n**The North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World\n        Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] is topped out at 1,368 feet (417 m),\n        making it the tallest building in the world.\\n**Law 70-001 is enacted in the\n        [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], amending article 4 of the constitution\n        and making the country a [[one-party state]].\\n* [[December 25]] – The\n        [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] releases Eugen Beihl.\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        India''s president declares new elections.\\n* [[December 28]]\\n**Burgos Trial:\n        Three Basques are sentenced to death, twelve others sentenced to imprisonment\n        (terms from 12 to 62 years), and one is released.\\n**The suspected killers\n        of [[Pierre Laporte]], Jacques and Paul Rose and Francis Sunard, are arrested\n        near Montreal.\\n* [[December 29]] – U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]]\n        signs into law the [[Occupational Safety and Health Act]].\\n* [[December 30]]\n        – In [[Biscay (Spanish Congress Electoral District)|Viscaya]] in the\n        [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque country]] of Spain, 15,000\n        go on strike in protest at the Burgos trial death sentences. [[Francisco Franco]]\n        commutes the sentences to 30 years in prison.\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Paul\n        McCartney]] sues in Britain to dissolve [[The Beatles]]'' legal partnership.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n*The first [[Institutes of Technology in Ireland|Regional Technical\n        Colleges]] open in Ireland.\\n* [[Sada Abe]], Japanese former [[prostitute]]\n        and later actress, disappears.\\n*The [[Sweet Track]] is discovered in England.\n        It was the world''s oldest engineered roadway at the time of its discovery.\\n*\n        [[Alvin Toffler]] publishes his book ''''[[Future Shock]]''''.\\n* [[Sammlung\n        zeitgen\\u00f6ssischer Kunst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland]], the Federal\n        collection of contemporary art, is established in Germany.\\n* [[Xerox PARC]]\n        computer laboratory opens in [[Palo Alto, California]].\\n*The [[American Football\n        League]] and NFL merge, creating the [[National Football Conference]] and\n        [[American Football Conference]]. All AFL teams go to the AFC with a few NFL\n        teams while the NFC is composed entirely of NFL teams.\\n\\n===World population===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!colspan=\\\"7\\\"|[[World\n        population]]\\n|-\\n!\\n!1970\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1965]]\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1975]]\\n|-\\n!World\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''3,692,492,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,334,874,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 357,618,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4,068,109,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 375,617,000\\n|-\\n!Africa\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''357,283,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|313,744,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 43,539,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|408,160,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 50,877,000\\n|-\\n!Asia\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''2,143,118,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1,899,424,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 243,694,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,397,512,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 254,394,000\\n|-\\n!Europe\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''655,855,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|634,026,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 21,829,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|675,542,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 19,687,000\\n|-\\n!Latin America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''284,856,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|250,452,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 34,404,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|321,906,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 37,050,000\\n|-\\n!North America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''231,937,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|219,570,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,367,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|243,425,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 11,488,000\\n|-\\n!Oceania\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''19,443,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|17,657,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,786,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|21,564,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 2,121,000\\n|}\\n\\n==Births==\\n{{BD ToC|births|sectionu=2}}\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:\\u041e\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u044f\\u043d\\u0447\\u0438\\u043a.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Oksana\n        Omelianchik]]]]\\n[[File:Lara Fabian 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lara Fabian]]]]\\n[[File:Genndy\n        Tartakovsky, 2012-crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Genndy Tartakovsky]]]]\\n[[File:Skeet\n        Ulrich 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Skeet Ulrich]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew Lillard 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matthew\n        Lillard]]]]\\n[[File:HeatherGrahamByDimitriSarantis2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heather\n        Graham]]]]\\n[[File:Speaker Paul Ryan official photo (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul\n        Ryan]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Sergei Kiriakov]], Russian footballer\n        and manager\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Royce Clayton]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Oksana Omelianchik]], Soviet artistic gymnast\\n** [[Eric Whitacre]], American\n        composer\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Christian Duguay (actor)|Christian Duguay]],\n        American comic actor\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Chris Kanyon]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Julie Chen]], American television\n        news anchor and host\\n** [[Keenan McCardell]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Gabrielle Reece]], American volleyball player and model\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**\n        [[Todd Day]], American basketball player\\n** [[Doug E. Doug]], American comedian,\n        actor and director\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Nick Miller (weather forecaster)|Nick\n        Miller]], British weather forecaster\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Lara Fabian]],\n        Canadian/Belgian singer\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Zack de la Rocha]], American\n        musician\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Marco Pantani]], Italian cyclist (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Shonda Rhimes]], American TV producer and writer\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        [[Jamie Bishop (cricketer)]], Welsh cricketer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jeremy Roenick]], American hockey player\\n** [[Genndy Tartakovsky]], Russian\n        animator\\n* [[January 18]] – [[DJ Quik]], American rapper and producer\\n*\n        [[January 19]]\\n** [[Tim Foster]], British rower\\n** [[Udo Suzuki]], Japanese\n        comedian\\n* [[January 20]] \\n** [[Edwin McCain]], American singer-songwriter\n        and musician\\n** [[Skeet Ulrich]], American actor\\n* [[January 22]] –\n        [[Alex Ross (comic illustrator)|Alex Ross]], American comic artist\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Matthew Lillard]], American actor\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Adam Brand (musician)|Adam Brand]], Australian singer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Janice Kawaye]], American voice actress\\n** [[Heather Graham]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]], Indian shooter\\n** [[Paul Ryan]],\n        American politician, long-time [[U.S. Representative]] since 1999 and [[Speaker\n        of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] since\n        2015; [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]] Republican nominee\n        for [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] under [[Mitt Romney]]\\n*\n        [[January 31]] \\n** [[Minnie Driver]], English actress\\n** [[Chen Lin (singer)]],\n        Chinese Mandopop singer (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Simon Pegg\n        Premiere of Kill Me Three Times (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Simon Pegg]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Malik Sealy]], American basketball player (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – [[Andrew J. Olmsted]], major in the U.S. Army. (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\n** [[Keith Carney]], American hockey player\\n**\n        [[Warwick Davis]], English actor\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Stephanie Courtney]],\n        American actress and comedian\\n** [[John Filan]], Australian footballer\\n**\n        [[Alonzo Mourning]], American basketball player\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Glenn McGrath]], Australian test cricketer\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Sarah\n        Aldrich]], American actress\\n** [[Ardy Wiranata]], Indonesian badminton player\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Fredrik Thordendal]], Swedish musician \\n* [[February\n        14]]\\n** [[Sean Hill]], American hockey player\\n** [[Simon Pegg]], British\n        comedian, actor, and screenwriter\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Armand Van\n        Helden]], American DJ and music producer\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Tommy Moe]],\n        American Alpine skier\\n** [[Dominic Purcell]], English-Australian actor\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Miisa]], Finnish Eurodance artist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Dayna Devon]], American news anchor\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Dominic Roussel]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Jeff Garcia]], American football player\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Brava]], Finnish violinist\\n** [[Cathrine Lindahl]], Swedish curler\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Matthias Lechner]], German art director\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** [[Rupert Hamer (journalist)]], British journalist (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Noureddine Morceli]], Algerian athlete\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Julie Bowen\n        at 2015 PaleyFest.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julie Bowen]]]]\\n[[File:Rachel Weisz Cannes\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rachel Weisz]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Latifah performing BET.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Queen\n        Latifah]]]]\\n[[File:Vince Vaughn by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vince\n        Vaughn]]]]\\n[[File:Alenka Bratusek photo (cropped).JPG|thumb|110px|[[Alenka\n        Bratusek]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Jason V Brock]], American author, filmmaker,\n        artist, scholar and musician \\n* [[March 2]] – [[Alexander Armstrong]],\n        English comedian, actor and presenter\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Julie Bowen]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[John Frusciante]], American rock musician\\n**\n        [[Lisa Robin Kelly]], American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Aleksandar Vu\\u010di\\u0107]],\n        President of Serbia\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Vladislav Adelkhanov]], Russian classical\n        violinist and writer\\n** [[Jeff Hordley]], English actor\\n** [[Rachel Weisz]],\n        British-American actress\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Jason Elam]], American football\n        player\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Simon Monjack]], British screenwriter, film\n        director (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\n** [[Michel van der Aa]], Dutch composer\\n**\n        [[Antonio Edwards]], American football player\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Jane\n        Slavin]], British actress and author\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Carme Chac\\u00f3n]],\n        Spanish politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Paul Oscar]] (P\\u00e1ll\n        \\u00d3skar Hj\\u00e1lmt\\u00fdsson), Icelandic pop singer, songwriter and disc\n        jockey\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Queen Latifah]], American rapper and actress\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\n** [[Bernhard Ho\\u00ebcker]], German comedian\\n** [[Michele\n        Jaffe]], American novelist\\n** [[Michael Rapaport]], American actor\\n* [[March\n        21]]\\n** [[Jaya (singer)|Jaya]], Filipino pop singer\\n** [[Shiho Niiyama]],\n        Japanese voice actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Leontien van\n        Moorsel]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Lara Flynn Boyle]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Sharon Corr]], Irish musician\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Mariah Carey]],\n        American singer\\n** [[Elizabeth Mitchell]], American actress\\n** [[Leila Pahlavi]],\n        Iranian princess (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Vince Vaughn]], American\n        actor, writer, and producer\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Alenka Bratu\\u0161ek]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]]\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Barry Pepper.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barry\n        Pepper]]]]\\n[[File:PM Andrej Plenkovi\\u0107.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andrej Plenkovi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Q-Tip\n        at Commonwealth Washington, D.C. in 2008.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Q-Tip (musician)|Q-Tip]]]]\\n[[File:Rick\n        Schroder.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ricky Schroder]]]]\\n[[File:Redman (rapper).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Redman\n        (rapper)|Redman]]]]\\n[[File:Luismigueltour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Luis Miguel]]]]\\n[[File:NicoleSullivanByEricSchwabel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicole\n        Sullivan]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Lee - Away and Back premiere (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jason\n        Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Melania Trump Official Portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melania\n        Trump]]]]\\n[[File:Nicklas Lidstr\\u00f6m in Jan 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicklas\n        Lidstr\\u00f6m]]]]\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Sean Kelly (Canadian musician)|Sean\n        Kelly]], Canadian musician\\n** [[Barry Pepper]], Canadian actor\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Rosey (wrestler)]], Japanese singer and songwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Andrej Plenkovi\\u0107]], Prime Minister of Croatia\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Q-Tip (musician)|Q-Tip]], American musician and actor\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Trevor Linden]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Nick Hexum]], American musician\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Eduardo\n        Capetillo]], Mexican actor and singer\\n** [[Ricky Schroder]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Matt Allwright]], English television presenter and journalist\n        notable for [[Rogue Traders (TV series)|Rogue Traders]], which became part\n        of [[Watchdog (TV series)|Watchdog]]\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Flex Alexander]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]], American\n        rapper and actor\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Saad Hariri]], 2-Time Prime Minister\n        of Lebanon\\n** [[Heike Friedrich]], German swimmer\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Luis Miguel]], Mexican singer\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Adriano Moraes]],\n        Brazilian rodeo performer\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Rob Riggle]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Nicole Sullivan]], American actress, comedian, and writer\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Regine Velasquez]], Filipino singer and actress\\n*\n        [[April 23]]\\n** [[Sadao Abe]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Andrew Gee]], Australian\n        rugby league footballer\\n** [[Hans V\\u00e4lim\\u00e4ki]], Finnish cook\\n* [[April\n        25]]\\n** [[Tomoko Kawakami]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jason\n        Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]], American skateboarder and actor\\n* [[April 26]] \\n**\n        [[Melania Trump]], Slovenian-American model, [[First Lady of the United States]],\n        wife of [[Donald Trump]]\\n** [[Tionne Watkins]], American actress and singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\n** [[Nicklas Lidstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish hockey player\\n** [[Diego\n        Simeone]], Argentine footballer and manager\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Andre Agassi]],\n        American tennis player\\n** [[Uma Thurman]], American actress\\n* [[April 30]]\n        – [[Halit Ergen\\u00e7]], Turkish actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Will Arnett\n        2012 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Will Arnett]]]]\\n[[File:Tina Fey Muppets\n        Most Wanted Premiere (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tina Fey]]]]\\n[[File:Mat\n        flynn concert.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Flynn (musician)|Matt Flynn]]]]\\n[[File:N.Campbell\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Naomi Campbell]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Jeffrey Sebelia]],\n        American fashion designer\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Will Arnett]], Canadian actor\\n**\n        [[Karla Homolka]], Canadian serial killer and rapist\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Kyan\n        Douglas]], American television personality\\n** [[Todd Newton]], American television\n        personality\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Roland Kun]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[Kavan\n        Smith]], Canadian actor\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Michael Bevan]], Australian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Luis Enrique Mart\\u00ednez Garc\\u00eda|Luis Enrique]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Naomi Klein]], American cultural critic\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Doug Christie\n        (basketball)|Doug Christie]], American basketball player and TV personality\\n**\n        [[Ghostface Killah]], American rapper\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Angelica Agurbash]],\n        Belarusian singer and model\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Eric Champion]], American\n        Christian musician\\n** [[Samantha Mathis]], American actress\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[Ronald de Boer|Ronald]] and [[Frank de Boer]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] footballers\\n**\n        [[Rod Smith (wide receiver)|Rod Smith]], American football player\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Gabriela Sabatini]], Argentine tennis player\\n* [[May 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jordan Knight]], American singer\\n** [[Fadwa Soliman]], Syrian actress and\n        voice actress\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Tina Fey]], American comedian and actress\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Choi Kyung-Ju|K.J. Choi]], South Korean golfer\\n** [[Mario\n        Dumont]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Jason Gray-Stanford]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Juliana Pasha]], Albanian singer\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Naomi Campbell]], British model and actress\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Matt Flynn\n        (musician)|Matt Flynn]], American musician\\n** [[Robert Peirce]], American\n        attorney\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Jeff Zgonina]], American football player\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Jamie Kennedy]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Octavia\n        Spencer]], American actress\\n** [[Satsuki Yukino]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Nobuhiro Watsuki]], Japanese cartoonist\\n* [[May 27]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph Fiennes]], British actor\\n** [[Bianka Panova]], Bulgarian rhythmic\n        gymnast\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Glenn Quinn]], Irish actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Jeffrey Sebelia]], American fashion designer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Gabrielle\n        Giffords official portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gabrielle Giffords]]]]\\n[[File:Rivers\n        Cuomo Performing in 2015 - Photo by Peter Dzubay.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rivers\n        Cuomo]]]]\\n[[File:Will Forte April 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Will Forte]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Thomas Anderson 2007 crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Chris\n        ODonnell Max Payne 2008.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris O''Donnell]]]]\\n[[File:Sean\n        Hayes (portrait).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean Hayes (actor)|Sean Hayes]]]]\\n[[File:Nick\n        Offerman at UMBC (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nick Offerman]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\n        – [[Alexi Lalas]], American soccer player Alison Hinds Queen of Soca\n        popular female soca artiste Of Barbados\\n\\n* [[June 2]] – [[B-Real]],\n        American rapper\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Ammon McNeely]], American rock climber\\n**\n        [[Peter T\\u00e4gtgren]], Swedish musician\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Donald Farley]],\n        Canadian cross-country skier (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Izabella Scorupco]], Polish\n        model and actress\\n* [[June 5]] \\n** [[John Marquez (actor)|John Marquez]],\n        British actor and cinematographer\\n** [[Deborah Yates]], American dancer and\n        actress\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Dulmatin]],  militant group Jemaah Islamiyah (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Angad Paul]], British businessman and film producer. (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Ronaldo da Costa]], Brazilian long-distance runner\\n** [[Mike\n        Modano]], American hockey player\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Gabrielle Giffords]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Kelli Williams]], American actress\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Katsuhiro Harada]], Japanese game designer\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Rivers\n        Cuomo]], American musician\\n** [[Mikael Ljungberg]], Swedish wrestler (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Cheryl \\\"Coko\\\" Clemons]], American singer\\n* [[June 15]]\\n**\n        [[Claus Norreen]], Danish musician\\n** [[Leah Remini]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 16]]\\n** [[Younus AlGohar]], Pakistani spiritualist\\n** [[Phil Mickelson]],\n        American golfer\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Will Forte]], American actor and comedian\\n**\n        [[Sasha Sokol]], Mexican singer\\n** [[Michael Showalter]], American actor,\n        writer, and director\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Katie Derham]], British newsreader\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Quincy Watts]], American athlete\\n* [[June 20]]\\n**\n        [[Russell Garcia (field hockey)|Russell Garcia]], British field hockey player\\n**\n        [[Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco|Moulay Rachid]], Prince of Morocco\\n** [[Michelle\n        Reis]], Hong Kong actress and beauty queen\\n** [[Athol Williams]], South African\n        poet and social philosopher\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Pete Rock]], American\n        rapper and DJ\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Michel Elefteriades]], Greek-Lebanese politician,\n        artist, producer and businessman\\n** [[Freddy Soto]], American comedian and\n        actor\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Zen Gesner]], American actor\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Glenn Medeiros]], American singer and songwriter\\n** [[Andres Raag]], Estonian\n        actor and singer\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Lucy Benjamin]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Roope Latvala]], Finnish guitarist\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Paul Thomas Anderson]],\n        American screenwriter and director\\n** [[Sean Hayes]], American actor\\n**\n        [[David Teeuwen]], managing editor of USA Today where he helped pioneer digital\n        news. (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Patrick Norton]], American writer and television\n        host\\n** [[Chris O''Donnell]], American actor\\n** [[Nick Offerman]], American\n        actor, writer and carpenter\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Jim Edmonds]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Jo Frost]], English nanny and television host\\n* [[June 28]]\n        – [[Steve Burton (actor)|Steve Burton]], American actor\\n* [[June 29]]\n        – [[Mike Vallely]], American skateboarder, actor, and musician\\n* [[June\n        30]] – [[Stephen O''Connor]], Australian citizen\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Derrick\n        Adkins.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Derrick Adkins]]]]\\n[[File:Teemu Selanne on the ice\n        November 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Teemu Sel\\u00e4nne]]]]\\n[[File:Audra McDonald\n        (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Audra McDonald]]]]\\n[[File:Detour 2006 - Beck.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Beck]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher\n        Nolan, London, 2013 (crop).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christopher Nolan]]]]\\n* [[July\n        2]] \\n** [[Derrick Adkins]], American Olympic athlete\\n** [[Steve Morrow]],\n        Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Teemu Sel\\u00e4nne]], Finnish\n        hockey player\\n** [[Shawnee Smith]], American actress\\n** [[Audra McDonald]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Mac Dre]], American rapper\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[O.G. Style]], American hip hop duo (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July\n        6]] – [[Demonaz Doom Occulta]], Norwegian musician \\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Wayne McCullough]], Northern Irish boxer\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Beck]],\n        American singer\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Trent Green]], American football quarterback\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Jason Orange]], British singer\\n** [[John Simm]], British\n        actor\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Justin Chambers]], American actor and fashion model\\n**\n        [[Saj Karim]], British politician\\n* [[July 17]] – [[William C. Kuebler]],\n        American lawyer (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Thea Dorn]], German writer\\n**\n        [[Saulius Skvernelis]], [[Prime Minister of Lithuania]]\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        [[Julien Fountain]], English cricket coach\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Andi Peters]],\n        British TV presenter and producer\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Christopher Nolan]],\n        English screenwriter and director\\n** [[MC Trouble]], African American rapper\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Kevin Smith 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kevin\n        Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Lee Byung-hun 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lee Byung-hun]]]]\\n[[File:Claudia\n        Schiffer 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Claudia Schiffer]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Rania in\n        Washington, DC.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Queen Rania of Jordan]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**\n        [[Quentin Coryatt]], American football player\\n** [[David James (footballer)|David\n        James]], English football goalkeeper\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Elijah Alexander]],\n        linebacker (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Kevin Smith]], American screenwriter, film\n        director, and actor\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Masahiro Sakurai]], Japanese\n        video game director, designer and writer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Pete Abrams]],\n        American webcomic artist\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Konstantin Yeryomenko]],\n        Russian futsal (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[M. Night Shyamalan]],\n        Indian-American film director and writer \\n* [[August 9]] – [[Thomas\n        Lennon (actor)|Thomas Lennon]], American actor, comedian, and writer\\n* [[August\n        10]]\\n** [[Doug Flach]], American tennis player\\n** [[Bret Hedican]], American\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Brendon Julian]], New Zealand cricket player\\n** [[Steve\n        Mautone]], Australian football player and coach\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Jim\n        Schlossnagle]], American baseball coach\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Will Clarke\n        (novelist)|Will Clarke]], American novelist\\n** [[Lee Byung-hun]], South Korean\n        actor\\n** [[Alan Shearer]], English footballer\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Leah\n        Purcell]], Australian actress\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Anthony Anderson]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Bonnie Bernstein]], American sportscaster\\n**\n        [[Dean Del Mastro]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Saif Ali Khan]], Indian actor\\n**\n        [[Manisha Koirala]], Indian actress\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Jim Courier]],\n        American tennis player\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Malcolm-Jamal Warner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Fat Joe]], American rapper\\n* [[August\n        20]]\\n** [[Ove J\\u00f8rstad]], Norwegian footballer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Fred\n        Durst]], American rapper\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Erik Dekker]], Dutch professional\n        cyclist\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Giada De Laurentiis]], Italian-American celebrity\n        chef\\n** [[Ricco Gro\\u00df]], German biathlete\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Jay\n        Mohr]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[River Phoenix]], American actor\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Fabian Wilnis]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Claudia Schiffer]], German model\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Olimpiada Ivanova]],\n        Russian race walker\\n** [[Melissa McCarthy]], American actress, comedian,\n        and film producer\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Peter Ebdon]], English snooker player\\n**\n        [[Karl Unterkircher]], Italian mountaineer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Henny van Schoonhoven]], Dutch professional footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]], Indian director and poet. (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Nyimpine Chissano]], eldest son of former Mozambican (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Guang Liang]], Malaysian singer\\n* [[August 31]]\\n**\n        [[Debbie Gibson]], American singer\\n** [[Epic Mazur]], American singer and\n        rapper\\n** [[Queen Rania of Jordan]], Queen consort of Jordan\\n** [[Zack Ward]],\n        Canadian actor\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Hwang Jung-Min.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hwang\n        Jung-min]]]]\\n[[File:-Hidden Figures- Film Celebration (NHQ201612100020) (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Taraji\n        P. Henson]]]]\\n[[File:Tony Hale at the 2010 Streamy Awards (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony\n        Hale]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Hwang Jung-min]], South Korean actor\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[Jeremy Glick]],  passenger on board United Airlines\n        Flight 93 (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Daisy Dee]], Dutch singer\n        and actress\\n** [[Ione Skye]], British-born American actress\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Liam Lynch (musician)|Liam Lynch]], American musician, comedian,\n        and puppetteer\\n* [[September 7]] \\n** [[Gao Min (diver)|Gao Min]], Chinese\n        diver\\n** [[Tom Everett Scott]], American actor\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Benny\n        Ibarra]], Mexican singer\\n** [[Latrell Sprewell]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[September 10]]\\n** [[Molly McKay]], LGBT activist\\n** [[M\\u00e9n\\u00e9lik]],\n        French rapper\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Taraji P. Henson]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Laura Wright]], American actress\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Susumu Chiba]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Mike Burns (soccer)|Mike Burns]],\n        American soccer player\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Valeria Cappellotto]],\n        Italian racing cyclist. (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Darren\n        Gough]], English cricketer\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Dan Bylsma]], American\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Yuka Imai]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Takanori\n        Nishikawa]], Japanese singer\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Gert Verheyen]],\n        Belgian footballer\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Samantha Power]], Irish-American\n        government official and writer\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Mike Matheny]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Mystikal]], American rapper\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        [[Ani DiFranco]], American musician\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Aja Kong]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Marco Etcheverry]],\n        Bolivian football player\\n** [[Frank Guinta]], American politician\\n** [[Yukio\n        Iketani]], Japanese gymnast\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Yoshiharu Habu]],\n        Japanese professional shogi player\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Isabelle Brasseur]],\n        Canadian figure skater\\n** [[Kimiko Date-Krumm]], Japanese tennis player\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n** [[Joe Doucet]], American designer, inventor and artist\\n**\n        [[Emily Lloyd]], English actress\\n** [[Yoshihiro Tajiri]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Natasha Gregson Wagner]], American actress\\n* [[September 30]]\n        \\n** [[Mark Smith (Gladiator)|Mark Smith]], English actor and bodybuilder\\n**\n        [[Tony Hale]], American actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kelly Ripa, Red Dress\n        Collection 2007 140x190.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kelly Ripa]]]]\\n[[File:NASA Journey\n        to Mars and \\u201cThe Martian\\\" (201508180006HQ).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Damon]]]]\\n[[File:Sadiq\n        Khan November 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sadiq Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Kirk Cameron by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kirk Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Nolan North by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nolan North]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Moses\n        Kiptanui]], Kenyan athlete\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Kelly Ripa]], American\n        actress and TV personality\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Richard Hancox]], English\n        footballer\\n** [[Zdravko Zdravkov]], Bulgarian footballer\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**\n        [[Matt Damon]], American actor\\n** [[Sadiq Khan]], British politician; [[Mayor\n        of London]]\\n** [[Tetsuya Nomura]], Japanese video game and film director\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Annika S\\u00f6renstam]], Swedish golfer\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Jokelyn Tienstra]], Dutch handball player (d. [[2010]])\\n**Sir\n        [[Matthew Pinsent]], British rower\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Lee Bong-Ju]],\n        South Korean long-distance runner\\n** [[Andy Marriott]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** [[Kirk Cameron]], American actor and Christian activist\\n**\n        [[Charlie Ward]], American football and basketball player\\n* [[October 14]]\n        – [[Daniela Pe\\u0161tov\\u00e1]], Czech supermodel\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[Chris Mims]], American football (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 16]]\n        – [[Mehmet Scholl]], German footballer\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Anil\n        Kumble]], Indian cricketer\\n** [[Marciano Vink]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[October\n        18]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Padilla (alleged terrorist)|Jose Padilla]], American\n        gang member and convicted terrorist\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Michelle Malkin]],\n        American political commentator\\n* [[October 21]] \\n** [[Louis Koo]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n** [[Tony Mortimer]], English singer\\n* [[October 24]] –\n        [[Stephen Kipkorir]], Kenyan middle distance runner (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Adam Goldberg]], American actor\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Adrian\n        Erlandsson]], Swedish drummer\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Toby Smith]], British\n        musician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Edwin van der Sar]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Ben Bailey]], American host\\n** [[Nia Long]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Xie Jun]], Chinese chess grandmaster\\n* [[October 31]] \\n** [[Nolan North]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Linn Berggren]], Swedish singer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ethan\n        Hawke (29143642294).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ethan Hawke]]]]\\n[[File:Tonya harding\n        mac club 1994 crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tonya Harding]]]]\\n[[File:Martha Plimpton\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Martha Plimpton]]]]\\n[[File:Walter Jones by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Walter\n        Emanuel Jones]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Merle Palmiste]], Estonian actress\\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[Ely Buendia]], Filipino rock lead singer and rhythm guitarist\n        ([[Eraserheads]])\\n** [[Sharmell Sullivan-Huffman]], American wrestling valet\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Dawn Marie Psaltis]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\n** [[Tony Sly]], American singer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Delapierre]], French politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Heather\n        Pick]], American television news anchor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        [[Ethan Hawke]], American actor, writer, and film director\\n* [[November 7]]\\n**\n        [[Neil Hannon]], Northern Irish musician \\n** [[Morgan Spurlock]], American\n        filmmaker and activist\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Tom Anderson]], American\n        co-founder of [[Myspace]]\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Imam Samudra]], Bali bombings,\n        an act of terrorism. (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Scarface (rapper)|Scarface]], American\n        rapper\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Orny Adams]], American comedian\\n** [[Warren\n        G]], American rapper\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Tonya Harding]], American figure\n        skater\\n** [[Alina Mar\\u00eda Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Cuban transgender (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Patrick M''Boma]], Cameroonian footballer\\n** [[Jack\n        Ingram]], American country music singer\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Matt Healy]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Martha Plimpton]], American actress\\n* [[November 17]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Allender]], English guitarist\\n** [[Tania Zaetta]], Australian actress\n        and television presenter\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Peta Wilson]], Australian\n        actress\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Joe Zaso]], American actor and producer\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Karen Davila]], Filipina journalist, TV host and\n        news personality\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Stel Pavlou]], British novelist\n        and screenwriter\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Zo\\u00eb Ball]], British television\n        and radio presenter\\n** [[Oded Fehr]], Israeli-American actor\\n* [[November\n        26]] – [[Dave Hughes]], Australian comedian\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Mr.\n        Lobo]], television personality\\n** [[Jorge Luis Gonz\\u00e1lez Tanquero]],\n        Cuban dissident. (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Richard Osman]], English\n        television presenter, producer and director.\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Walter\n        Emanuel Jones]], American actor\\n** [[Natalie Williams]], American basketball\n        player\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sarah Silverman DNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sarah\n        Silverman]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer Connelly 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jennifer Connelly]]]]\n        \\n[[File:Krissada Sukosol 20070116.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Krissada Sukosol Clapp]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Sarah Silverman]], American comedian\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[Joshua Seth]], American voice actor and hypnotist\\n** [[Treach]],\n        American rapper\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Jimmy Shergill]], Indian actor\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Kevin Sussman]], American actor\\n* [[December 5]]\n        – [[Tim Hetherington]], English-born photojournalist (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Ulf Ekberg|Ulf \\\"Buddha\\\" Ekberg]], Swedish musician\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Kara DioGuardi]], American songwriter\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Jennifer Connelly]], American actress\\n** [[Regina Hall]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Bart Johnson]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Andrew Lewis (boxer)]], Guyanese professional boxer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Przemys\\u0142aw Tru\\u015bci\\u0144ski]], Polish artist\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Craig Doyle]], Irish television presenter\\n* [[December\n        18]]\\n** [[DMX (rapper)|DMX]], American rapper and actor\\n** [[Miles Marshall\n        Lewis]], American author\\n** [[Victoria Pratt]], Canadian-born actress and\n        model\\n** [[Rob Van Dam]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[December 20]]\\n**\n        [[Nicole de Boer]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Massimo Ellul]], Maltese entrepreneur\n        and philanthropist\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[Ted Cruz]], Canadian-American\n        politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Republican Party (United\n        States)|R]]-[[Texas|Tx.]]) since 2013, and [[United States presidential election,\n        2016|2016]] presidential candidate\\n** [[Gary Anderson (darts player)|Gary\n        Anderson]], Scottish darts player\\n** [[Clay Dreslough]], American game designer\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Catriona Le May Doan]], Canadian speed skater\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Emmanuel Amuneke]], Nigerian footballer\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Krissada Sukosol Clapp]], Thai actor and singer\\n* [[December\n        28]] – [[Francesca Le]], American porn actress and director\\n* [[December\n        29]]\\n** [[Aled Jones]], Welsh singer and television presenter\\n** [[Kevin\n        Weisman]], American actor\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Bryon Russell]], American\n        basketball player\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Max Born.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Max\n        Born]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Alfred Lauck Parson]], British chemist\n        and physicist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Jean-\\u00c9tienne Valluy]],\n        French general (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[David John Williams]], Welsh-language writer\n        and Welsh nationalist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Max Born]],\n        German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[Robert Barrat]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Pavel Belyayev]], Soviet cosmonaut (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Harry M. Woods]], American songwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] – [[David O. McKay]], 9th president of [[The Church of Jesus Christ\n        of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Aldo De Benedetti]],\n        Italian screenwriter (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Hal March]], American actor (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\n** [[Jane Bathori]], French mezzo-soprano (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Eiji Tsuburaya]], Japanese film director and special effects designer (''''[[Godzilla]]'''',\n        ''''[[Ultraman]]'''') (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Rita Angus]],\n        New Zealand painter (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Erich Heckel]], German painter (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Thomas J. Ryan (admiral)|Thomas J. Ryan]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Lawren Harris]], Canadian\n        painter. (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Basil Liddell Hart]], British military historian\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Thelma Morgan]], American socialite (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Fritz Bayerlein]], German general (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[John of Saint-Denis]],\n        French [[Orthodox Church of France|Orthodox]] priest and saint (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Slim Harpo]], American singer (b. [[1924]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Honourable\n        Bertrand Russell.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bertrand Russell]]]]\\n[[Image:Hugh Dowding.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hugh\n        Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding|Hugh Dowding]]]]\\n[[File:Cafe Filho.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joao\n        Cafe Filho]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Lawrence Gray]], American actor (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n** [[Bertrand Russell]], British logician and philosopher, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Italo Gariboldi]], Italian general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Louise Bogan]], American poet (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Rudy\n        York]], American baseball player (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Roscoe\n        Karns]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 10]] \\n** [[John Davidson\n        (botanist)|John Davidson]], Scottish-Canadian botanist. (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Tobias Geffen]], Lithuanian-born, American [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]]\n        rabbi. (b.[[1870]])\\n** [[Alfred Roberts]], English lay preacher, politician,\n        and father of [[Margaret Thatcher]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Arthur\n        Edeson]], American cinematographer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Sasha Siemel]], adventurer,\n        hunter, guide, actor, writer, photographer, and lecturer. (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Stradling]], American cinematographer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Herbert\n        Strudwick]], English cricketer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Hugh\n        Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding|Hugh Dowding]], British [[RAF Fighter Command]]er\n        during the [[Battle of Britain]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Francis Peyton Rous]], American pathologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Shmuel\n        Yosef Agnon]], Israeli writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Alfred Newman (composer)|Alfred Newman]], American film\n        composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Jules Munshin]], American\n        actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[February 20]] \\n** [[Sophie Treadwell]], American\n        playwright and journalist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Fernandes Campos Caf\\u00e9\n        Filho|Jo\\u00e3o Caf\\u00e9 Filho]], Brazilian politician, 18th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Johannes Semper]],\n        Estonian writer and translator (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Edward\n        Selzer]], American film producer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 24]] –\n        [[Conrad Nagel]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\n** [[Mannathu\n        Padmanabha Pillai]], Indian social reformer (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Mark Rothko]],\n        Latvian-born painter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Arthur Henry\n        Knighton-Hammond]], English painter (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Br\\u00fcning.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Joseph Vialatoux]], French [[Roman Catholic]] philosopher\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Erle Stanley Gardner]], American crime\n        writer (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Lucille Hegamin]], American singer and entertainer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Waldo Peirce]], American painter (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Nicholas Timasheff]], Russian sociologist\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Alec Clunes]], English actor (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Ma Hongkui]],  prominent warlord in China during the\n        Republic of China era (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Tammi Terrell]],\n        African-American singer (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[William Beaudine]],\n        American film director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Del Lord]],\n        Canadian film director (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Fortune Gallo]],\n        Italian-born opera impresario (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Vera\n        Brittain]], British writer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Heinrich\n        Br\\u00fcning]], German academic and politician, 21st [[Chancellor of Germany]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\n** [[Semyon Timoshenko]], Soviet general,\n        Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[George Wootten]], Australian\n        soldier, public servant, political activist and solicitor (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0421\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Patriarch\n        Alexy I of Moscow]]]]\\n[[File:Ed Begley 1958.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ed Begley]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Alfred Henry Sturtevant]], American geneticist (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[El Deif Ahmed]], Egyptian actor (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] \\n** [[Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Julius Pokorny]],\n        Austrian-born Czech linguist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Cathy O''Donnell]],\n        American actress (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Richard Neill]], American actor of the\n        silent era (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Joseph Schechtman]], writer and Revisionist\n        political activist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Richard Neutra]],\n        Austrian-born American architect (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Patriarch\n        Alexy I of Moscow]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Micha\\u0142 Kalecki]],\n        Polish economist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Herb Shriner]], American\n        humorist (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Anita Louise]], American\n        actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Francisco Cunha Leal]], Portuguese\n        politician, 84th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Gypsy\n        Rose Lee]], American actress (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Arthur\n        Shields]], Irish actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Ed Begley]],\n        American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Inger Stevens]], Swedish-born\n        actress (b. [[1934]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Crown Prince of Korea Yi Un.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Yi\n        Un]]]]\\n[[File:Nelly Sachs 1966.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nelly Sachs]]]]\\n[[File:Episcopul\n        Iuliu.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Iuliu Hossu]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Yi Un]], Crown\n        Prince of Korea (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Ralph Hartley]], American inventor (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\n** [[Giovanni Giuriati]], Italian Fascist politician\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Helen Kinnear]], Canadian lawyer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        9]]\\n** [[Andrew Watson Myles]], Canadian politician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Walter\n        Reuther]], American labor union leader (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Mari\n        Blanchard]], American actress (b. [[1927]])\\n** [[Leslie H. Sabo, Jr.]], [[Medal\n        of Honor]] recipient (b. [[1948]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Johnny Hodges]],\n        American jazz musician (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Anders]], General of the Polish Army (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Nelly Sachs]], German\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 13]] – [[Sir William Dobell]], Australian artist (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Billie Burke]], American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Heinz Hartmann]], Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Ray Schalk]], American baseball player ([[Chicago\n        White Sox]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[E. L. Grant Watson]], Australian scientist and writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Joseph Wood Krutch]], American writer and naturalist.\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II]], King\n        of the Ashanti (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Iuliu Hossu]], Romanian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and servant of God (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**\n        [[John Gunther]], American writer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Eva Hesse]], German-born\n        American sculptor (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Terry Sawchuk]], Canadian\n        hockey player (b. [[1929]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:PEAramburu.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pedro\n        Eugenio Aramburu]]]]\\n[[File:Calder\\u00f3n Guardia 1940 cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rafael\n        \\u00c1ngel Calder\\u00f3n Guardia]]]]\\n[[File:Alexander Kerensky LOC 24416.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander\n        Kerensky]]]]\\n[[File:Presiden Sukarno.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sukarno]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]]\\n** [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], Argentine army general, 31st [[President\n        of Argentina]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[George Watkins (baseball)|George Watkins]],\n        American baseball player (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Albert Lamorisse]],\n        French filmmaker (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Bruce McLaren]], Formula 1 driver (b.\n        [[1937]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\n** [[Ruth Sawyer]], American storyteller and writer  (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Hjalmar Schacht]], Nazi German economic minister (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Sonny Tufts]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June\n        7]] – [[E. M. Forster]], English writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 8]]\n        – [[Abraham Maslow]], American psychologist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Rafael \\u00c1ngel Calder\\u00f3n Guardia]], Costa Rican doctor\n        and politician, 19th [[President of Costa Rica]], leader of the [[World War\n        II]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Blanche]], Chilean\n        military officer, provisional [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] \\n** [[Alexander Kerensky]], Russian revolutionary politician (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Laubach]], working at a remote location in the Philippines (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Gonzalo Roig]], Cuban musician, composer, musical director\n        and founder of several orchestras. (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[William\n        H. Daniels]], American cinematographer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[John Noble Kennedy]], British Army officer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        [[Heino Eller]], Estonian composer and composition teacher (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Brian Piccolo]], American football star (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[June 21]] –\n        [[Sukarno]], 1st [[President of Indonesia]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Frank J. Wilson]], Chief of the United States Secret Service (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Leopoldo Marechal]], Argentine writer (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Daniel Kinsey]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n**\n        [[Edwin La Dell]], British artist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Arthur\n        Leslie]], British actor (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Bjarni Benediktsson\n        1964 cropped.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908)|Bjarni Benediktsson]]]]\\n[[File:Antonio\n        Salazar-1.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]]]]\\n* [[July\n        6]] – [[Marjorie Rambeau]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        10]]\\n** [[Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908)|Bjarni Benediktsson]], Icelandic\n        Foreign Minister and 11th [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Orsola Bussone]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] student and venerable\n        (b. [[1954]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Lur\\u00e7at]], French modernist\n        architect, landscape architect, (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[L.\n        Wolfe Gilbert]], Russian-born American songwriter. (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July\n        13]] – [[Lazar Drlja\\u010da]], Yugoslav-Bosnian painter (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]] – [[Luis Mariano]], Spanish tenor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Frits Lugt]], self-taught collector and connoisseur of Dutch\n        drawings and prints and a selfless  (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Ernst\n        Wellmann]], highly decorated German Army officer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n**\n        [[Egon Eiermann]], German architect (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Panagiotis Pipinelis]],\n        Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Bob Kalsu]],\n        American football player (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Fritz Kortner]],\n        Austrian-born director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Peter de Noronha]],\n        Indian businessman (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Milner Baily Schaefer|Milner\n        Baily \\\"Bernie\\\" Schaefer]], American fisheries scientist (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]], Portuguese economist\n        and politician, 100th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        28]] – [[Baba Bujha Singh]], Indian revolutionary\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[John Barbirolli]], English conductor (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[George Szell]],\n        Hungarian conductor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Wilfrid Kent Hughes]],\n        Australian Olympian and politician (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Frances\n        Farmer publicity.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frances Farmer]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**\n        [[Delia Akeley]], American explorer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Lula Wardlow]], American\n        businesswoman (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Doris Fleeson]], American journalist (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n** [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]], German physician and physiologist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] laureate (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Frances\n        Farmer]], American actress and television host (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        Pizzardo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] –[[Victor W. Voorhees]], American architect (b. [[1876]]) \\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Soledad Miranda]], Spanish actress (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Efisio Melis]], Sardinian folk musician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Zeki Velidi Togan]], Turkish historian (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Vladimir Propp]], Soviet folklorist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Abdallah Khalil]], 3rd Prime Minister of Sudan (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\n** [[Thomas Hunton]], Royal Marines officer (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[William McCance]], Scottish artist (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jimi\n        Hendrix 1967.png|120px|thumb|[[Jimi Hendrix]]]]\\n[[File:Nasser portrait2.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Gamal\n        Abdel Nasser]]]]\\n* September – [[Mahmud al-Muntasir]], 1st [[Prime\n        Minister of Libya]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Mauriac]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Marie-Pierre Koenig]], French general\n        and politician (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Agnes E. Meyer]], American journalist,\n        a philanthropist(b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Vince Lombardi]],\n        American football player and coach after whom the [[National Football League|NFL''s]]\n        [[Super Bowl]] trophy is named (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** [[Jesse\n        Pennington]], English footballer (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Simon (wine)]],\n        French-born wine merchant, gourmet, and prolific writer about wine (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – [[Yitzhak Gruenbaum]], noted leader of the [[Zionism|Zionist]]\n        movement in the [[interwar period]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 14]] –\n        [[Virgil T. McCroskey]], American conservationist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Jimi Hendrix|James Marshall \\\"Jimi\\\" Hendrix]], American rock\n        musician (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Alice Hamilton]], the\n        first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – [[Bourvil|Andr\\u00e9 Bourvil]], French actor (b.\n        [[1917]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Erich Maria Remarque]], German author\n        (''''All Quiet On The Western Front'''') (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n**\n        [[John Dos Passos]], American novelist (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]],\n        31st [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] and 2nd [[President of Egypt]] (b. [[1918]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Edward Everett Horton]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Benedetto Aloisi Masella]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        cardinal (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Janis Joplin seated 1970.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Janis\n        Joplin]]]]\\n[[File:Daladier 1924.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Edouard Daladier]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Petar Konjovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav composer (b.  [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Janis Joplin]], American rock singer (''''Mercedes\n        Benz'''') (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Fadh\\u00e9la Dziria]],\n        Algerian singer (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[\\u00c9douard Daladier]],\n        72nd [[Prime Minister of France]], signed [[Munich Agreement]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Falc\\u00f3n]], Peruvian writer, journalist\n        and politician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Julia Culp]], mezzo-soprano\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Jack Harrison (boxer)|Jack Harrison]],\n        British boxer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Quincy Wright]], American\n        political scientist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Prince Zeid\n        bin Hussein]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Antoni Bohdziewicz]],\n        Polish screenplay, writer and director (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n**\n        [[Ernest Haller]], American cinematographer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Corneliu Calotescu]],\n        Romanian Major-General during World War II (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – [[George Austin Welsh]], Republican member (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Robert Delafield Rands]], Estonian painter (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        B 145 Bild-F010324-0002, Flughafen K\\u00f6ln-Bonn, Adenauer, de Gaulle-cropped.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Charles\n        de Gaulle]]]]\\n[[File:Constantine Tsaldaris.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Konstantinos\n        Tsaldaris]]]]\\n[[File:Sir CV Raman.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Chandrasekhara Venkata\n        Raman]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Otto Kreisler]], Austrian film director\n        of the silent era (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[Abram Samoilovitch\n        Besicovitch]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Fernand Gravey]],\n        French actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]],\n        [[King of Yugoslavia]], leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Agust\\u00edn Lara]], Mexican composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Eddie Peabody]], American musician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Napoleon Hill]], American author in the area of the new thought\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]], French general\n        and statesman, 98th [[Prime Minister of France]] and 18th [[President of France]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Louis Rich]], American entrepreneur\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Howard Winkler]], Canadian politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Konstantinos Tsaldaris]], Greek politician, 2-time\n        [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Andrei\n        Yeremenko]], Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – [[John Louis Clarke]], Blackfoot wood carver from\n        Montana. (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[C. V. Raman]], Indian\n        physicist. (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Yusof bin Ishak]], Singaporean\n        politician, 1st [[President of Singapore]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Louise Glaum]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Yukio Mishima]], Japanese\n        novelist (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[David Brown (footballer,\n        born 1887)|David Brown]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November\n        27]] – [[Helene Madison]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Robert T. Frederick]], American combat commander\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Rube Goldberg]],\n        American cartoonist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Christopher Kelk\n        Ingold]], British chemist (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Philip Edward Smith]], American\n        endocrinologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Evelyn Temple Emmett]],\n        first Director of the Tasmanian Government Tourist Bureau (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Doris Blackburn]], Australian politician (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Ernest Marsden]], English-New Zealand physicist.(b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Charles Ruggles]], American actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Charles M. Cooke, Jr.]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[John Harvey (American actor)|John\n        Harvey]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Lee Barnes]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Prince\n        Adalbert of Bavaria (1886\\u20131970)|Prince Adalbert of Bavaria]] (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]] – [[Lenore Ulric]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] \\n** [[Ray Henderson]], American songwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Cyril Scott]], English composer, writer, and poet (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Hannes Alfv\\u00e9n]], [[Louis N\\u00e9el]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Luis Federico Leloir]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]\n        – [[Sir Bernard Katz]], [[Ulf von Euler]], [[Julius Axelrod]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Aleksandr\n        Isaevich Solzhenitsyn]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Norman Borlaug|Norman\n        E. Borlaug]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] – [[Paul\n        Samuelson]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1970}}\\n[[Category:1970|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":798652642,\"length\":96356,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970\"},\"34748\":{\"pageid\":34748,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1971\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T03:26:02Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1971}}\\n{{Events by month|1971}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1971}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1971}}\\n\\nThe world\n        population increased by 2.1% this year; the highest in history.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/14/global-population-10-billion-worry|title=A\n        global population of 10 billion is nothing to worry about|author=Danny Dorling|work=The\n        Guardian}}\\n\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[1971 Ibrox disaster|Ibrox disaster]]: A stairway crush at the Rangers\n        vs. Celtic [[association football|football]] match in [[Glasgow]], Scotland,\n        kills 66.\\n** A ban on radio and television [[cigarette]] advertisements goes\n        into effect in the United States.\\\"Cigarette Maker Phillip Morris Agrees\n        to Remove Advertising Signs from Sports Stadiums Where They Were Shown on\n        TV\\\" (1995) [http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/Pre_96/June95/315.txt.html DOJ315\n        United States Department of Justice].\\n* [[January 3]] – [[BBC]]\n        [[Open University]] begins in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        The 1st ever [[One Day International|ODI cricket]] match is played between\n        Australia & England at the M.C.G.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Tupamaros]] kidnap\n        Geoffrey Jackson, British ambassador to [[Uruguay]], in [[Montevideo]], keeping\n        him captive until September.\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Uruguay]]an president\n        [[Jorge Pacheco Areco]] demands emergency powers for 90 days due to kidnappings,\n        and receives them the next day.\\n* [[January 12]] – The landmark television\n        sitcom ''''[[All in the Family]]'''', starring [[Carroll O''Connor]] as [[Archie\n        Bunker]], debuts on [[CBS]].\\n* [[January 14]] – Seventy [[Brazil]]ian\n        political prisoners are released in [[Santiago]], Chile; Giovanni Enrico Bucher\n        is released [[January 16]].\\n* [[January 15]] – The [[Aswan High Dam]]\n        officially opens in Egypt.\\n* [[January 18]] \\n** Strikes in Poland demand\n        the resignation of Interior Minister [[Kazimierz \\u015awita\\u0142a]]. He resigns\n        January 23 and is replaced by Franciszek Szlachcic.\\n**[[Ivan Koloff]] defeats\n        [[Bruno Sammartino]] for the [[WWE Championship|WWWF World Heavyweight Championship]]\n        ending a Seven and two thirds years reign. (the longest in the Championships\n        history)\\n* [[January 19]] – Representatives of 23 western oil companies\n        begin negotiations with [[OPEC]] in [[Tehran]] to stabilize [[Petroleum|oil]]\n        prices; [[February 14]] they sign a treaty with 6 [[Khalij el-Arab]] countries.\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – The [[Guinea]]n government sentences to death 92 Guineans\n        who helped Portuguese troops in the failed landing attempts in November [[1970]];\n        72 are sentenced to [[hard labor]] for life; 58 of the sentenced are hanged\n        the next day.\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** In [[Uganda]], [[Idi Amin]] deposes [[Milton\n        Obote]] in a coup, and becomes president.\\n** In Los Angeles, [[Charles Manson]]\n        and 3 female \\\"Family\\\" members are found guilty of the 1969 [[Tate\\u2013LaBianca\n        murders]].\\n** [[Himachal Pradesh]] becomes the 18th Indian state.\\n** ''''Intelsat\n        IV'''' (F2) is launched; it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean\n        [[March 26]].\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 14]]''''\n        (carrying astronauts [[Alan Shepard]], [[Stuart Roosa]], and [[Edgar Mitchell]])\n        lifts off on the third successful lunar landing mission.\\n[[File:AswanHighDam\n        Egypt.jpg|thumb| [[January 15]]: [[Aswan Dam]] opens in [[Egypt]].]]\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n* [[February 4]] – In Britain, [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]\n        goes bankrupt and is nationalised.\\n* [[February 5]] – ''''[[Apollo\n        14]]'''' lands on the Moon.\\n* [[February 6]] – The 4.6 [[Body wave\n        magnitude|Mb]] [[List of earthquakes in Italy|Tuscania earthquake]] shook\n        the Italian province of Viterbo with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe''''), causing 24 deaths, 150 injuries, and\n        extreme damage.\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** Switzerland gives women voting rights\n        in state elections, but not in all [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]]-specific\n        ones.\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Gomu\\u0142ka]] is expelled from the Central\n        Council of the Polish Communist Party.\\n* [[February 8]] – A new [[stock\n        market index]] called the [[Nasdaq Composite]] debuts.\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        The 6.5\\u20136.7 {{M|w}} [[1971 San Fernando earthquake|Sylmar earthquake]]\n        hits the [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity\n        scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''), killing 64 and injuring\n        2,000.\\n** [[Satchel Paige]] becomes the first [[Negro league baseball|Negro\n        League]] player to become voted into the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] from the\n        Negro League.\\n** [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 14]]'''' returns to Earth\n        after the third manned Moon landing.\\n* [[February 11]] – The US, UK,\n        USSR and others sign the [[Seabed Treaty]], outlawing [[nuclear weapon]]s\n        on the ocean floor.\\n* [[February 11]]–[[February 12]] – Palestinian\n        and Jordanian fighters clash in [[Amman]].\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: Backed by American air and artillery support, [[South Vietnam]]ese\n        troops invade [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Decimal Day]]:\n        – The United Kingdom and Ireland both switch to [[decimal currency]]\n        (see also [[decimalisation]]).\\n** Protesting Belgian farmers bring 3 live\n        cows to crash the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] meeting in [[Brussels]].\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – In Italy, a local parliament elects the city of [[Catanzaro]]\n        as the capital of [[Calabria]]; residents of [[Reggio di Calabria]] riot for\n        5 days because of the decision.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** Fifty [[tornado]]es\n        rage in [[Mississippi]], killing 74 people.\\n** The U.S. [[Emergency Broadcast\n        System]] sends an erroneous warning, meant to be a standard weekly test conducted\n        by [[NORAD]] in Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado; many radio stations just ignore\n        it. The most notorious warning was of [[WOWO (AM)]] in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – The [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] is signed\n        at [[Vienna]].\\n* [[February 26]] – Secretary General [[U Thant]] signs\n        the [[United Nations]] proclamation of the [[vernal equinox]] as [[Earth Day]].\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – Doctors in the first Dutch [[abortion clinic]] (Mildredhuis\n        in [[Arnhem]]) start to perform [[abortus provocatus]].\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Evel Knievel]] sets a world record and jumps 19 cars in [[Ontario,\n        California]].\\n[[File:Apollo 14 Shepard.jpg|thumb| [[February 5]]: [[Apollo\n        14]] on Moon]]\\n[[File:Tuscania.jpg|thumb| [[February 6]]: Earthquake in [[Tuscania]],\n        Italy.]]\\n[[Image:Dszpics1.jpg|thumb| [[February 20]]: [[Tornado]]es kill\n        74 in [[Mississippi]].]]\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** A bomb explodes\n        in the men''s room at the [[United States Capitol]]; the [[Weather Underground]]\n        claims responsibility.\\n** Pakistani President [[Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]]\n        indefinitely postpones the pending National Assembly session, precipitating\n        massive civil disobedience in [[East Pakistan]].\\n** Canadian [[John Robarts]]\n        ends his term of office as the 17th [[Premier of Ontario]].\\n* [[March 4]]\n        – The southern part of [[Quebec]], and especially [[Montreal]], receive\n        16\\u00bd\\\" (42 cm) of snow in what becomes known as the [[Eastern Canadian\n        blizzard of March 1971|Century''s Snowstorm]] (''''la temp\\u00eate du si\\u00e8cle'''').\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – The [[Pakistan]]i army occupies [[East Pakistan]]. In\n        [[Belfast]], a [[Led Zeppelin]] show includes the first public performance\n        of [[Stairway to Heaven]], a song from the [[Led Zeppelin IV|fourth album]].\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – A fire in a mental hospital at [[Burgh\\u00f6lzli]], Switzerland,\n        kills 28 people.\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** The British postal workers'' strike, led\n        by [[Union of Post Office Workers|UPW]] General Secretary [[Thomas Jackson\n        (trade unionist)|Tom Jackson]], ends after 47 days.\\n** [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]],\n        political leader of then [[East Pakistan]] (present day-[[Bangladesh]]), delivers\n        his famous speech in the Racecourse Field in [[Dhaka]], calling on the masses\n        to be prepared to fight for national independence.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** The\n        [[Citizens'' Commission to Investigate the FBI]] breaks into the [[Media,\n        Pennsylvania]] offices of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and removes\n        all the files.\\n** ''[[Fight of the Century]]'': Boxer [[Joe Frazier]] defeats\n        [[Muhammad Ali]] at [[Madison Square Garden]].\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Hafez\n        al-Assad]] becomes president of [[Syria]].\\n* [[March 12]]–[[March 13]]\n        – [[The Allman Brothers Band]] plays their legendary concert at the\n        [[Fillmore East]].\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Trygve Bratteli]] forms a government\n        in Norway.\\n* [[March 18]] – A landslide at Chungar, [[Peru]] crashes\n        into [[Yanawayin Lake]], killing 200.\\n* [[March 23]] – General [[Alejandro\n        Lanusse]] of [[Argentina]] takes power in a military coup.\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – The [[Pakistan]]i army starts [[Operation Searchlight]] in [[East\n        Pakistan]] from midnight, after President [[Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]], a\n        military ruler, voids election results that gave the [[Awami League]] an overwhelming\n        majority in the parliament.\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]])\n        independence is declared by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and transmitted using [[East\n        Pakistan Rifles]] (now [[Border Guards Bangladesh]]) radio.{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Independence|title=Declaration\n        of Independence - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|access-date=2016-03-29}}\\n**\n        [[Nihat Erim]] (a former [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]] member)\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (33rd government, composed mostly of\n        technocrats).\\n* [[March 27]] – [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]])\n        independence is repeatedly declared by Army Major (later President of Bangladesh)\n        [[Ziaur Rahman]] on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Kalurghat Radio Station,\n        [[Chittagong]].\\n* [[March 28]] – ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'''' airs\n        its final episode.\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** U.S. Army Lieutenant [[William Calley]]\n        is found guilty of 22 murders in the [[My Lai Massacre]] and sentenced to\n        life in prison (he is later pardoned).\\n** A [[Los Angeles]] jury recommends\n        the [[death penalty]] for [[Charles Manson]] and 3 female followers.\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n* [[April 1]] – The United Kingdom lifts all restrictions\n        on gold ownership.\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** In [[Ceylon]], a group calling themselves\n        the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|People\\u2019s Liberation Front]] begins a\n        rebellion against the [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike|Bandaranaike]] government.\\n**\n        [[Chile]] and [[East Germany]] establish [[diplomatic relations]].\\n** [[Mount\n        Etna]] erupts in Sicily.\\n* [[April 7]] – Greece releases 261 [[political\n        prisoner]]s, 50 of whom are sent into internal exile.\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        A right-wing coup attempt is exposed in [[Laos]].\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Charles\n        Manson]] is sentenced to death; in 1972, the sentence for all California Death\n        Row inmates is commuted to life imprisonment.\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Veterans\n        Stadium]] in [[Philadelphia]] opens.\\n* [[April 12]] – Palestinians\n        retreat from [[Amman]] to the north of [[Jordan]].\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** The\n        People''s Republic of [[Bangladesh]] forms, under [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]],\n        at Mujibnagor.\\n** [[Libya]], [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]] sign an agreement to\n        form a [[confederation]].\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** The government of [[Bangladesh]]\n        flees to India.\\n** [[Sierra Leone]] becomes a [[republic]].\\n** The Soviet\n        Union launches ''''[[Salyut 1]]''''.\\n** Followers of [[Charles Manson]],\n        the Manson Family, are sentenced to the gas chamber.\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** ''''[[Swann\n        v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of\n        the United States]] rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered\n        to achieve racial [[desegregation]].\\n** [[Cambodia]]n Prime Minister [[Lon\n        Nol]] resigns, but remains effectively in power until the next elections.\\n*\n        [[April 21]]\\n** [[Siaka Stevens]] is elected the first president of [[Sierra\n        Leone]].\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Duvalier]], president of [[Haiti]], dies; his\n        son [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] follows him as [[president-for-life]].\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** ''''[[Soyuz 10]]'''' docks with ''''[[Salyut 1]]''''.\\n** Five hundred\n        thousand people in Washington, D.C. and 125,000 in [[San Francisco]] march\n        in protest against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Todor Zhivkov]]\n        is re-elected as the leader of the [[Bulgaria]]n Communist Party.\\n** [[Franz\n        Jonas]] is re-elected as president of Austria.\\n* [[April 26]] – The\n        government of [[Turkey]] declares a [[state of siege]] in 11 provinces, [[Ankara]]\n        included, due to violent [[Demonstration (protest)|demonstration]]s.\\n* [[April\n        28]] – The first number of ''''Il Manifesto'''' is issued in Italy.\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Bolivia]] nationalizes the American-owned Matilde zinc\n        mine.\\n* [[April 30]] – The [[Milwaukee Bucks]] win the [[National Basketball\n        Association|NBA]] World Championship, sweeping the [[Washington Wizards|Baltimore\n        Bullets]] in 4 straight games.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Amtrak]]\n        begins inter-city rail passenger service in the United States.\\n** The [[Ceylon]]ese\n        government promises [[amnesty]] for those guerillas who surrender before [[April\n        5]].\\n* [[May 2]] – In [[Ceylon]], left-wing guerillas launch a series\n        of assaults against public buildings.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Arsenal F.C.]] wins\n        the English Division 1 [[association football|football]] league championship\n        at the home of their bitter rivals, [[Tottenham Hotspur]], with [[Ray Kennedy]]\n        scoring the winner. (Arsenal FC will go on to win the league and cup ''double''\n        6 days later by defeating [[Liverpool]] in the [[FA Cup]] final).\\n** The\n        Harris Poll claims that 60% of Americans are against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n**\n        East German leader [[Walter Ulbricht]] resigns as Communist Party leader but\n        retains the position of head of state.\\n** [[1971 May Day Protests]]: Anti-war\n        militants attempt to disrupt government business in [[Washington, D.C.]];\n        police and military units arrest as many as 12,000, most of whom are later\n        released.\\n* [[May 5]] – The [[US dollar]] floods the European [[currency\n        market]]s and threatens especially the [[Deutsche Mark]]; the central banks\n        of Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland stop the currency trading.\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – The [[Ceylon]] government begins a major offensive against\n        the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|People''s Liberation Front]].\\n* [[May 9]]\\n**\n        [[Arsenal FC]] beats [[Liverpool F.C.]] 2-1 to win the English [[FA Cup]],\n        thus completing the league and cup ''double''.\\n** [[Mariner 8]] fails to\n        launch.\\n* [[May 12]] – An [[earthquake]] in [[Turkey]] destroys most\n        of the city of [[Burdur]].\\n* [[May 15]] – Efraim Elrom, [[Israel]]i\n        ambassador to Turkey, is kidnapped; he is found killed in [[Istanbul]] [[May\n        25]].\\n* [[May 16]] – A coup attempt is exposed and foiled in [[Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[May 18]]\\n** The U.S. Congress formally votes to end funding for the American\n        Supersonic Transport program.\\n** The [[Montr\\u00e9al Canadiens]] win the\n        [[Stanley Cup]] against the [[Chicago Blackhawks]]. The Canadiens became only\n        the second team in [[NHL]] history to win the Cup in game 7 on the road. This\n        also marked the last NHL game that the late [[Jean B\\u00e9liveau]] played.\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Mars probe program]]: ''''[[Mars 2]]'''' is launched\n        by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May 22]] – An [[earthquake]] lasting 20\n        seconds destroys most of [[Bing\\u00f6l]], [[Turkey]] – more than 1,000\n        are killed, 10,000 made homeless.\\n* [[May 23]] – An air crash at [[Rijeka\n        Airport]], [[Yugoslavia]] kills 78 people, mostly British tourists.\\n* [[May\n        26]]\\n** Austria and the People''s Republic of China establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** [[Qantas]] agrees to pay $500,000 to bomb hoaxer-extortionist\n        Mr. Brown (Peter Macari), who is later arrested.\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** Six armed\n        passengers hijack a [[Romania]]n passenger plane and force it to fly to [[Vienna]].\\n**\n        [[Christie''s]] auctions a diamond known as [[Deepdene (diamond)|Deepdene]];\n        it is later found to be artificially colored.\\n* [[May 28]] – Portugal\n        resigns from [[UNESCO]].\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Mariner program]]: ''''[[Mariner\n        9]]'''' is launched toward [[Mars]].\\n* [[May 31]] – The birth of [[Bangladesh]]\n        is declared by the government in exile, in territory formerly part of [[Pakistan]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* June – [[Massachusetts]] passes its Chapter 766 laws enacting\n        [[Special Education]].\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Vietnam Veterans\n        for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who\n        served in [[Southeast Asia]], speak against war protests.\\n* [[June 6]]\\n**\n        [[Soyuz program]]: ''''[[Soyuz 11]]'''' ([[Vladislav Volkov]], [[Georgi Dobrovolski]],\n        [[Viktor Patsayev]]) is launched.\\n** A midair collision between [[Hughes\n        Airwest Flight 706]] [[Douglas DC-9]] jetliner and a U.S. Marine Corps [[McDonnell\n        Douglas F-4 Phantom]] jet fighter near [[Duarte, California]], claims 50 lives.\\n*\n        [[June 10]]\\n** The U.S. ends its [[trade embargo]] of China.\\n** Corpus Thursday:\n        A student rally on the streets of Mexico City is roughly dispersed.\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[Neville Bonner]] becomes the first [[Indigenous Australian]]\n        to sit in the [[Parliament of Australia|Australian Parliament]].\\n* [[June\n        13]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' begins to publish\n        the [[Pentagon Papers]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051204121721/https://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/48.htm].\\n**\n        [[Gijs van Lennep]] (The Netherlands) and co-driver [[Helmut Marko]] (Austria)\n        win the [[1971 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] in the [[Martini\n        Racing]] [[Porsche 917]]K.\\n* [[June 14]] – Norway begins oil production\n        in the [[North Sea]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** Representatives of Japan and the\n        United States sign the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, whereby the U.S. will\n        return control of [[Okinawa]].[http://www.niraikanai.wwma.net/pages/archive/rev71.html\n        www.niraikanai.wwma.net]\\n** President [[Richard Nixon]] declares the\n        U.S. [[War on Drugs]].\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Southwest Airlines]], a [[low-cost\n        carrier]], begins its first flights between [[Dallas]], [[Houston]], and [[San\n        Antonio]].\\n* [[June 20]] – Britain announces that Soviet space scientist\n        Anatoli Fedoseyev has been granted asylum.\\n* [[June 21]] – Britain\n        begins new negotiations for [[European Economic Community|EEC]] membership\n        in Luxembourg.\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Madagascar]] accuses the U.S. of being\n        connected to the plot to oust the current government; the U.S. recalls its\n        ambassador.\\n* [[June 27]] – Concert promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill\n        Graham]] closes the legendary [[Fillmore East]], which first opened on 2nd\n        Avenue (between 5th and 6th Streets) in New York City on March 8, 1968.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – Assassin Jerome A. Johnson shoots [[Joseph Colombo|Joe\n        Colombo]] in the head in a middle of an [[Italian-American]] rally, putting\n        him in a coma.\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** After a successful mission aboard ''''[[Salyut\n        1]]'''', the world''s first manned space station, the crew of the ''''[[Soyuz\n        11]]'''' spacecraft are killed when their air supply leaks out through a faulty\n        valve.\\n** ''''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme\n        Court]] rules that the [[Pentagon Papers]] may be published, rejecting government\n        injunctions as unconstitutional prior restraint.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n* July –\n        [[Nordic Council]] secretariat inaugurated.\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Jim Morrison]],\n        lead singer of [[The Doors]] is found dead in his bathtub in Paris, France.\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – [[Michael S. Hart]] posts the first [[e-book]], a copy\n        of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]], on the [[University\n        of Illinois at Urbana\\u2013Champaign]]''s [[mainframe computer]], the origin\n        of [[Project Gutenberg]].{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:The_History_and_Philosophy_of_Project_Gutenberg_by_Michael_Hart|publisher=Project\n        Gutenberg|title=The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg|first=Michael|last=Hart\n        |accessdate=2011-10-05 |date=August 1992}}.\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Right\n        to vote]]: The [[26th Amendment to the United States Constitution]], formally\n        certified by President [[Richard Nixon]], lowers the voting age from 21 to\n        18.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Hastings Banda]] is proclaimed [[President for\n        Life]] of [[Malawi]].\\n* [[July 9]] – The United Kingdom increases its\n        troops in [[Northern Ireland]] to 11,000.\\n* [[July 10]]–[[July 11]]\n        – Coup attempt in [[Morocco]]: 1,400 cadets take over the king''s palace\n        for 3 hours and kill 28 people; 158 rebels die when the king''s troops storm\n        the palace (10 high-ranking officers are later executed for involvement).\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[Gloria Steinem]] makes her [[Address to the Women of\n        America]].\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Copper]] mines in [[Chile]] are nationalized.\\n*\n        [[July 13]]\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur J\\u00f3hannesson]] forms a government in [[Iceland]].\\n**\n        [[Jordan]]ian army troops launch an offensive against Palestinian guerillas\n        in Jordan.\\n** The [[Yugoslavia]]n government begins allowing foreign companies\n        to take their profits from the country.\\n** Paced by a prodigious home run\n        by [[Reggie Jackson]], which hits a transformer on the roof of [[Tiger Stadium\n        (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]], the [[American League]] defeats the [[National\n        League]] 6-4 in the [[Major League Baseball]] All-Star Game in [[Detroit,\n        Michigan|Detroit]].\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Libya]] severs its diplomatic\n        ties with [[Morocco]].\\n* [[July 15]] – American President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] announces his [[1972 Nixon visit to China|1972 visit to China]].\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – Italy and Austria sign a treaty that ends the schism about\n        [[South Tyrol]].\\n* [[July 18]] – The [[Trucial States]] are formed\n        in the [[Persian Gulf]].\\n* [[July 19]] – The South Tower of the [[World\n        Trade Center (1973\\u20132001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] is\n        topped out at {{convert|1,362|ft|m}}, making it the second tallest building\n        in the world.\\n* [[July 19]]–[[July 23]] – Major Hashem al-Atta\n        ousts Jaafar Muhammad al-Nimeiri in a military coup in [[Sudan]]. Fighting\n        continues until on [[July 22]], when pro-Nimeiri troops win. Al-Atta and 3\n        officers are executed.\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Georgina Rizk]] of [[Lebanon]]\n        will crown [[Miss Universe 1971]].\\n* [[July 25]]–[[July 30]] –\n        [[Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli]] records in [[Munich]] two [[Debussy]] works\n        for [[Deutsche Grammophon]]; it''s his fifth recording.\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        ''''[[Apollo 15]]'''' (carrying astronauts [[David Scott]], [[Alfred Worden]],\n        and [[James Irwin]]) is launched.\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Abdel Khaliq Mahjub]],\n        [[Sudan]]ese communist leader, is hanged.\\n* [[July 29]] – The United\n        Kingdom opts out of the [[Space Race]], with the cancellation of its [[Black\n        Arrow]] launch vehicle.\\n* [[July 30]] – In Japan, an [[All Nippon Airways]]\n        [[Boeing 727]] collides with a Japanese fighter jet; 162 people are killed.\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – ''''[[Apollo 15]]'''' astronauts [[David Scott]] and [[James\n        Irwin]] become the first to ride in a [[lunar rover]], a day after landing\n        on the Moon.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n* August – [[Camden, New Jersey]] erupts\n        in [[race riot]]s following the beating death of a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto\n        Rican]] motorist by city police. Looting and arson occurred. This is a turning\n        point in Camden''s decline to one of the poorest and highest-crime municipalities\n        in the United States. Camden was, however, the site of a 1949 shooting rampage\n        by [[Howard Unruh]], considered by some to be the first [[mass murder]]er\n        in the United States. The riots result in the demise of Camden''s [[Sears]]\n        and [[The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company|A&P]] branches. Also in 1971,\n        [[Philadelphia International Records]] is established, with Camden native\n        Leon Huff as co-founder.\\n* [[August 1]] – In New York City, 40,000\n        attend [[The Concert for Bangladesh]].\\n* [[August 2]] – [[J. C. Penney]]\n        debuts its trademark [[Helvetica]] wordmark which has been used ever since.\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – The [[South Pacific Forum]] (SPF) is established.\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – A [[lunar eclipse]] lasting 1 hour, 40 minutes, and 4\n        seconds is observed.\\n* [[August 7]] – ''''[[Apollo 15]]'''' returns\n        to [[Earth]].\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** India signs a 20-year treaty of friendship\n        and cooperation with the [[Soviet Union]].\\n** [[Internment]] in [[Northern\n        Ireland]]: British security forces arrest hundreds of [[Irish nationalism|nationalists]]\n        and detain them without trial in [[Maze (HM Prison)|Long Kesh]] prison; 20\n        people die in the riots that follow.\\n* [[August 11]] – Construction\n        begins on the [[Louisiana Superdome]] in [[New Orleans]].\\n* [[August 12]]\\n**\n        Three thousand people from [[Belfast]] and [[Derry]] flee to the [[Republic\n        of Ireland]] because of the violence.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}\\n**\n        [[Syria]] severs diplomatic relations with [[Jordan]] because of border clashes.\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** British troops are stationed on the Ireland border to stop\n        arms smuggling.\\n** [[Bahrain]] declares independence as the State of Bahrain\n        (Kingdom of Bahrain as of February 2002).\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Jackie Stewart]]\n        becomes [[Formula One]] World Drivers'' Champion in the [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]\n        [[Tyrrell 003|003]]-[[Cosworth]].\\n** The number of British troops in Northern\n        Ireland is raised to 12,500.\\n** President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that\n        the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value,\n        effectively ending the [[Bretton Woods system]]. He also imposes a 90-day\n        freeze on wages, prices and rents.\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Australia\n        and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from [[Vietnam]].\\n** British\n        troops are engaged in a firefight with the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] in\n        [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[August 19]]–[[August 22]] –\n        A right-wing coup ignites a rebellion in [[Bolivia]]. Miners and students\n        join troops to support president [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Torres]], but eventually\n        [[Hugo Banzer]] takes over.\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[International Telecommunications\n        Satellite Organization]] (Intelsat) (effective 12 February 1973).\\n** The\n        [[USS Manatee (AO-58)]] spills {{convert|1,000|USgal|L}} of fuel oil on [[Richard\n        Nixon|President Nixon]]''s Western White House beach in [[San Clemente, California]].\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – A bomb made of two hand grenades by communist rebels\n        explodes in the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] campaign party\n        in [[Plaza Miranda bombing|Plaza Miranda]] in [[Quiapo, Manila]] the [[Philippines]],\n        injuring several anti-[[Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos]] political candidates.\\n*\n        [[August 25]]\\n** Border clashes occur between [[Tanzania]] and [[Uganda]].\\n**\n        [[Bangladesh]] and eastern [[Bengal]] are flooded; thousands flee the area.\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – A civilian government takes power in Greece.\\n* [[August\n        30]] – The [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive\n        Conservatives]] under [[Peter Lougheed]] defeat the [[Social Credit Party\n        of Alberta|Social Credit]] government under [[Harry Strom|Harry E. Strom]]\n        in a [[general election]], ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social\n        Credit in [[Alberta]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n* September – [[Operation\n        Sourisak Montry VIII]] opens when forces of the [[Royal Thai Army]] recapture\n        several positions in the territory of [[Laos]] on the south bank of the [[Mekong]]\n        in response to an encroaching Chinese presence to the north.\\n* [[September\n        3]]\\n** [[Qatar]] gains independence from the United Kingdom. Unlike most\n        nearby [[emirate]]s, Qatar declines to become part of either the [[United\n        Arab Emirates]] or [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n** [[Manlio Brosio]] resigns as [[NATO]]\n        Secretary General.\\n* [[September 4]] – A [[Boeing 727]] ([[Alaska Airlines\n        Flight 1866]]) crashes into the side of a mountain near [[Juneau, Alaska]],\n        killing all 111 people on board.\\n* [[September 8]] – In Washington,\n        D.C., the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] is inaugurated,\n        with the opening feature being the premiere of [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s ''''[[Mass\n        (Bernstein)|Mass]]''''.\\n* [[September 9]] – [[September 13]] –\n        [[Attica Prison riot]]: – A revolt breaks out at the maximum-security\n        prison in [[Attica (town), New York|Attica, New York]]. In the end, [[state\n        police]] and the [[United States National Guard]] storm the facility; 42 are\n        killed, 10 of them hostages.\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Trams in Ballarat]]\n        (Victoria, Australia) cease to run.\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Pakistan]]\n        declares a [[state of emergency]].\\n* [[September 24]] – Britain expels\n        90 KGB and GRU officials; 15 are not allowed to return.\\n* [[September 27]]–[[October\n        11]] – Japanese Emperor [[Hirohito]] travels abroad.\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[J\\u00f3zsef Mindszenty]],\n        who has taken refuge in the U.S. Embassy in [[Budapest]] since [[1956]], is\n        allowed to leave Hungary.\\n* [[September 29]] – A [[cyclone]] in the\n        [[Bay of Bengal]], in the Indian state of [[Odisha]], kills 10,000.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n* Over a four-day period, [[Pink Floyd]] recorded their groundbreaking\n        film, ''''[[Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii]]'''' at the [[Amphitheatre of Pompeii]].\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Walt Disney World]] opens in [[Orlando, Florida]].\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Greenpeace]] is founded in Vancouver, British Columbia,\n        Canada.\\n* [[October 18]] – In New York City, the [[Knapp Commission]]\n        begins public hearings on police corruption.\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** U.S. President\n        [[Richard Nixon]] nominates [[Lewis Franklin Powell Jr.]] and [[William H.\n        Rehnquist]] to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].\\n** The [[Clarkston explosion]]\n        in Scotland kills 22 people.\\n* [[October 25]] – The [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] admits the People''s Republic of China and expels the [[Republic\n        of China]] (or Taiwan).\\n* [[October 27]] – The [[Democratic Republic\n        of the Congo]] is renamed [[Zaire]].\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** The [[House of\n        Commons of the United Kingdom]] votes 356\\u2013244 in favour of joining the\n        [[European Economic Community]].\\n** The United Kingdom becomes the sixth\n        nation successfully to launch a satellite into orbit using its own [[launch\n        vehicle]], the [[Prospero (satellite)|Prospero]] (X-3) experimental communications\n        satellite, using a [[Black Arrow]] carrier rocket from [[Woomera, South Australia]].\\n**\n        The [[Khedivial Opera House]] in [[Cairo]] (Egypt) burns down.\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Vietnamization]]: The total number\n        of American troops still in [[Vietnam]] drops to a record low of 196,700 (the\n        lowest since January 1966).\\n* [[October 30]] – Rev. [[Ian Paisley]]''s\n        [[Democratic Unionist Party]] is founded in [[Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[October\n        31]] – A bomb explodes at the top of the [[Post Office Tower]] in London.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n* [[November 3]] – The ''''[[Unix|UNIX]] Programmer''s\n        Manual'''' is published.\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Operation Grommet]]:\n        The U.S. tests a thermonuclear warhead at [[Amchitka Island]] in Alaska, code-named\n        Project Cannikin. At around 5 [[megatons]], it is the largest ever U.S. [[underground\n        nuclear testing|underground detonation]].\\n* [[November 8]] – Led Zeppelin\n        releases their Fourth Studio album \\\"Led Zeppelin IV\\\", which goes on to sell\n        23,000,000 copies.\\n* [[November 9]] – A [[Royal Air Force]] [[C-130]]\n        crashes into the [[Ligurian Sea]] near [[Leghorn, Italy]], killing all 51\n        people on board.\\n* [[November 10]] – In [[Cambodia]], [[Khmer Rouge]]\n        forces attack [[Phnom Penh]] and its airport, killing 44, wounding at least\n        30 and damaging 9 [[airplane]]s.\\n* [[November 12]] – Vietnam War –\n        [[Vietnamization]]: U.S. President [[Richard M. Nixon]] sets February 1, 1972,\n        as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from [[Vietnam]].\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Mariner program]]: ''''[[Mariner 9]]'''' becomes\n        the first spacecraft to enter [[Mars]] orbit successfully.\\n* [[November 14]]\n        – [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria]] is enthroned.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[Intel]] releases the world''s first [[microprocessor]], the [[Intel 4004]].\\n**\n        International Organization and System of Space Communications ([[Intersputnik]])\n        (effective 12 July 1972).\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Oman]] gains independence\n        from the [[United Kingdom]].\\n* [[November 20]] – A bridge still in\n        construction, called Elevado Engenheiro Freyssinet, falls over the Paulo de\n        Frontin Avenue, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]; 48 people are killed and\n        several injured. Reconstructed, the bridge is currently a part of the Linha\n        Vermelha elevate.\\n* [[November 23]] – The People''s Republic of China\n        takes the [[Republic of China]]''s seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]]\n        (see [[China and the United Nations]]).\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** During a severe\n        storm over [[Washington (state)|Washington]] State, a man calling himself\n        [[D. B. Cooper]] parachutes from the [[Northwest Orient Airlines]] plane he''d\n        just hijacked, with US$200,000 in ransom money, and is never seen again (as\n        of March 2008, this case remains the only unsolved skyjacking in history).\\n**\n        A [[Brussels]] court sentences pretender [[Alexis Brimeyer]] to 18 months\n        in jail for falsely using a noble title; Brimeyer has already fled to Greece.\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – The 59th [[Grey Cup]] Game sees the [[Calgary Stampeders]]\n        beat the [[Toronto Argonauts]] 14-11.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Cambodian Civil War]]: [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels intensify assaults\n        on [[Cambodia]]n government positions, forcing their retreat from Kompong\n        Thmar and nearby Ba Ray, 10 kilometers northeast of [[Phnom Penh]].\\n* [[December\n        2]] – Six [[Persian Gulf]] sheikdoms found the [[United Arab Emirates]].\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] begins with [[Operation\n        Chengiz Khan]] as Pakistan launches preemptive attacks on nine Indian airbases.\n        The next day India launches a massive invasion of East Pakistan.\\n* [[December\n        3]]–[[December 4|4]] – The [[Pakistan]]i [[submarine]] [[PNS Ghazi|PNS\n        ''''Ghazi'''']] (former {{USS|Diablo}}) sinks mysteriously near the Indian\n        coast while laying mines.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** The [[Montreux]] Casino burns\n        down during a [[Frank Zappa]] concert (the event is memorialized in the [[Deep\n        Purple]] song \\\"[[Smoke on the Water]]\\\"). The casino is rebuilt in [[1975]].\\n**\n        The [[McGurk''s Bar bombing]] by the [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] in [[Belfast]]\n        kills 15.\\n* [[December 8]] – U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] orders\n        the 7th Fleet to move towards the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean.\\n* [[December\n        10]] – The [[John Sinclair Freedom Rally]] in support of the imprisoned\n        activist features a performance by [[John Lennon]] at [[Crisler Arena]], [[Ann\n        Arbor, Michigan]].\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Nihat Erim]] forms the new\n        government of [[Turkey]] (34th government; Nihat Erim has served two times\n        as prime minister).\\n* [[December 16]] – ''''Victory Day of Bangladesh'''':\n        The [[Pakistan|Pakistan Army]] in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) surrenders\n        to the freedom fighters of Bangladesh, ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation\n        War]].\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** The [[U.S. dollar]] is devalued for the second\n        time in history.\\n** The world''s largest [[hydroelectric plant]] in [[Krasnoyarsk]],\n        [[Soviet Union]], begins operations.\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Clube Atl\\u00e9tico\n        Mineiro]] wins the Brazil Football Championship.\\n** Intelsat IV (F3) is launched;\n        it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean February 18, 1972.\\n**\n        The controversial dystopian crime film ''''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork\n        Orange]]'''' directed by [[Stanley Kubrick]] is released in New York City.\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – Two groups of French doctors involved in [[humanitarian\n        aid]] merge to form [[M\\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\\u00e8res]].\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Giovanni Leone]] is elected [[President of the Italian Republic]].\\n**\n        [[Juliane Koepcke]] survives a fall of 10,000 feet following disintegration\n        of [[LANSA Flight 508]].\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** In the longest [[American\n        football]] game in [[National Football League]] history, the [[Miami Dolphins]]\n        beat the [[Kansas City Chiefs]].\\n** A fire at a 22-story hotel in [[Seoul]],\n        South Korea kills 158 people.\\n* [[December 29]] – The United Kingdom\n        gives up its military bases in [[Malta]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Ray\n        Tomlinson]] sends the first [[ARPANET]] [[e-mail]] between host computers.\\n*\n        The [[Free State of Christiania]] is founded.\\n* [[Seychelles International\n        Airport]] in [[Victoria, Seychelles]] ([[Mah\\u00e9, Seychelles|Mahe]]) is\n        completed.\\n* [[Crude oil]] production peaks in the [[continental United States]]\n        at approximately {{convert|4.5|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}}.\\n* The [[Center for Science\n        in the Public Interest]] is established.\\n* The [[National Institute on Alcohol\n        Abuse and Alcoholism]] is established.\\n* The British crime magazine ''''Master\n        Detective'''', in an attempt to capitalize on the [[murder of Diane Maxwell]],\n        illegally takes photo negatives from [[Houston, Texas]] and uses them for\n        a 1971 edition.\\n* [[Kamuzu Banda]], president of [[Malawi]], becomes the\n        first Black President to visit South Africa.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January\n        ===\\n[[File:Jeremy Renner SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeremy Renner]]]]\\n[[File:MaryJBligeJan10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary\n        J. Blige]]]]\\n[[File:Guardiola 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pep Guardiola]]]]\\n[[File:Seamus\n        ORegan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Seamus O''Regan]]]]\\n[[File:Gary barlow in concert\n        face.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gary Barlow]]]]\\n[[File:Lee Young-ae in 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lee\n        Young-ae]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Sammie Henson]], American wrestler, Olympic\n        silver medalist\\n** [[Bridget Pettis]], American basketball player\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Lisa Harrison]], American basketball player\\n** [[Taye Diggs]],\n        African-American actor\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9e Elise Goldsberry]], American actress,\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Cory Cross]], Canadian ice\n        hockey player\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Mayuko Takata]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[DJ \\u00d6tzi]], Austrian entertainer and singer\\n** [[Jeremy\n        Renner]], American actor, singer and producer\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Scott\n        Thornton (ice hockey)|Scott Thornton]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[January\n        11]] – [[Mary J. Blige]], African-American singer\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Jay Burridge]], British artist and television presenter\\n* [[January\n        13]] – Matt McIntosh, American rock singer\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Lasse Kjus]], Norwegian alpine skier\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Regina\n        King]], African-American actress\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Kid Rock]], American\n        rock singer\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Pep Guardiola]], Spanish football manager\\n**\n        [[Seamus O''Regan]], Canadian-Irish politician and former television personality\\n**\n        [[Fabian Ribauw]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[Jonathan Davis]], American musician\n        ([[Korn]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Shawn Wayans]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Gary Barlow]], British singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 21]]\n        – [[Alan McManus]], Scottish snooker player\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Luca Badoer]], Italian race car driver\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Li Ming\n        (footballer, born 1971)|Li Ming]], Chinese footballer and football executive\\n*\n        [[January 27]]\\n** [[Fann Wong]], Singaporean Chinese actress, model, and\n        singer\\n** [[Lil Jon]], American rapper and producer\\n** [[Karin Tammaru]],\n        Estonian actress\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Clare Balding]], British sports\n        presenter\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Lizzie Grubman]], American publicist\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Lee Young-ae]], South Korean actress\\n** [[Patrick Kielty|Patrick\n        \\\"Pat\\\" Kielty]], Northern Irish comedian and television presenter\\n** [[Patricia\n        Vel\\u00e1squez]], Venezuelan actress and model\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Michael\n        C. Hall 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael C. Hall]]]]\\n[[File:Damian Lewis Berlin\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Damian Lewis]]]]\\n[[File:Alex Borstein by Gage Skidmore\n        4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alex Borstein]]]]\\n[[File:Gillian_Flynn_2014_(cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gillian\n        Flynn]]]]\\n[[File:Sean Astin by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean Astin]]]]\\n[[File:DanielPowterJan09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Daniel\n        Powter]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Michael C. Hall]], American actor\\n** [[Hynden\n        Walch]], American voice actress\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Andrus Veerpalu]],\n        Estonian cross-country skier\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Jayne Middlemiss]], English\n        television and radio presenter\\n** [[Sarah Kane]], English playwright (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Fatmir Limaj]], Albanian politician\\n**\n        [[Rob Corddry]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Brian\n        Stepanek]], American actor\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Sharon Case]], American\n        model and actress\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Annie Wood]], American actress,\n        writer and television personality\\n** [[Lisa Marie Varon]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Lorena Rojas]], Mexican actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Damian Lewis]], English actor and producer\\n* [[February 13]]\n        – [[Mats Sundin]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n* [[February 14]]\\n**\n        [[Kris Aquino]], Filipina actress\\n** [[Tommy Dreamer]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Viscera (wrestler)|Nelson Frazier Jr.]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Alex Borstein]], American\n        actress, voice artist, producer, and screenwriter\\n** [[Renee O''Connor]],\n        American actress\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Amanda Holden]], British actress\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Denise Richards]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Thomas Bj\\u00f8rn]], Danish golfer\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Gil Shaham]], Israeli/American violinist\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Calpernia\n        Addams]], American actress\\n** [[Jari Litmanen]], Finnish footballer\\n** [[Joost\n        van der Westhuizen]], South African rugby football player (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Melinda Messenger]], English television presenter\\n*\n        [[February 24]]\\n** [[Pedro de la Rosa]], Spanish [[Formula One]] driver\\n**\n        [[Gillian Flynn]], American author, comic book writer, and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[February 25]]\\n** [[Sean Astin]], American actor\\n** [[Daniel Powter]],\n        Canadian rock musician\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Erykah Badu]], American singer-songwriter\n        and record producer\\n** [[Max Martin]], Swedish music producer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Rozonda Thomas]], African-American singer\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** [[Amanda Davis]], American writer and teacher (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Tristan\n        Louis]], French Internet entrepreneur\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Allen Johnson\n        2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Allen Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Yuri Lowenthal by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yuri\n        Lowenthal]]]]\\n[[File:Sarsgaard at WUSTL 2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Sarsgaard]]]]\\n[[File:Jon\n        Hamm at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jon Hamm]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny Knoxville\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Johnny Knoxville]]]]\\n[[File:Nathan Fillion\n        @ Nerd HQ (29339543812).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nathan Fillion]]]]\\n[[File:Ewan\n        McGregor Cannes 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ewan McGregor]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        [[Allen Johnson]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Method Man]],\n        African-American rapper, record producer, and actor\\n** [[Roman \\u010cechm\\u00e1nek]],\n        Czech hockey goalie\\n** [[Karel Rada]], Czech footballer\\n** [[Manami Toyota]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Iain Baird]], Canadian\n        soccer player\\n** [[Shavar Ross]], American actor and filmmaker\\n* [[March\n        5]] – [[Yuri Lowenthal]], American voice actor\\n* [[March 6]] –\n        [[Val Venis]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Peter\n        Sarsgaard]], American actor\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Diego Torres]], Argentine\n        singer\\n** [[Kinga Rusin]], Polish journalist\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Jon\n        Hamm]], American actor, director and producer\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Johnny\n        Knoxville]], American actor, comedian, and stunt performer\\n* [[March 16]]\n        – [[Alan Tudyk]], American actor\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Iben Hjejle]],\n        Danish actress\\n** [[Keegan-Michael Key]], American actor, writer, and comedian\\n**\n        [[Will Yun Lee]], Korean-American actor\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Karen McDougal]],\n        American model\\n** [[Alexander Selivanov]], Russian ice hockey player\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Behzad Ghorbani]], Iranian scientist\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[David\n        Coulthard]], Scottish racing driver\\n** [[Nathan Fillion]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[March 29]]\\n** [[Attila Csihar]], Hungarian vocalist\\n** [[Robert Gibbs]],\n        White House Press Secretary\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Pavel Bure]], Russian ice\n        hockey player\\n** [[Craig McCracken]], American animator\\n** [[Ewan McGregor]],\n        Scottish actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Shannen Doherty 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shannen\n        Doherty]]]]\\n[[File:2009 07 31 David Tennant smile 09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David\n        Tennant]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Jessica Collins]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Todd Woodbridge]], Australian tennis player\\n** [[Zeebra]],\n        Japanese rapper\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Picabo Street]], American skier\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Jacques Villeneuve]], Canadian 1997 [[Formula 1]] world\n        champion\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Oliver Riedel]], German musician ([[Rammstein]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – [[Shannen Doherty]], American actress\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Billingsley]], American actor, director and producer\\n** [[Moses Chan]],\n        Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Selena]], Mexican-American singer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[David Tennant]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Fredro Starr]], American\n        rapper\\n** [[Samantha Cameron]], British businesswoman\\n* [[April 19]]\\n**\n        [[Scott McCord]], Canadian voice actor\\n** [[Wendy Powell]], American voice\n        actress\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Carla Geurts]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Allan Houston]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Mikey Welsh]], American musician and artist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Daisuke Enomoto]], first Japanese\n        space tourist\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Bridget Moynahan]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Darby Stanchfield]], American actress\\n** [[Tamara Johnson-George]],\n        American singer\\n** [[Sini\\u0161a Vuco]], Croatian musician\\n* [[April 30]]\n        – [[John Boyne]], Irish novelist\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Sofia Coppola\n        Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sofia Coppola]]]]\\n[[File:Matt Stone by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Stone]]]]\\n[[File:George Osborne.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Osborne]]]]\\n[[File:Marco Rubio (24999272054) (cropped) 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Marco\n        Rubio]]]]\\n[[File:Idina Menzel Defense.gov Crop.png|thumb|110px|[[Idina Menzel]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Stuart Appleby]], Australian golfer\\n** [[Ajith Kumar]], Indian\n        film actor\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Dresta]], American rapper\\n* [[May 8]] –\n        [[Ross Anderson (skier)|Ross Anderson]], American pro speed skier\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[Kim Jong-nam]], eldest son of North Korean leader [[Kim Jong-il]]\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Doug Basham]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Sofia Coppola]], American filmmaker\\n* [[May\n        15]] – [[Phil Pfister]], American strength athlete\\n* [[May 17]]\\n**\n        [[Vernie Bennett]], English singer ([[Eternal (band)|Eternal]])\\n** [[Queen\n        M\\u00e1xima of the Netherlands]]\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Peter Bostr\\u00f6m]],\n        Swedish music producer and songwriter, co-writer of [[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Tony Stewart]], American race car driver\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[George Osborne]], British politician\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Emily\n        Hamilton]], British actress\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Kristina Orbakait\\u0117]],\n        Lithuanian-Russian singer and actress\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Matt Stone]],\n        American actor and producer\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Mathew Batsiua]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n** [[Paul Bettany]], British actor\\n** [[Wayne Carey]], Australian\n        rules footballer\\n** [[Lisa Lopes]], African-American rapper ([[TLC (band)|TLC]])\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Marco Rubio]], Cuban-American politician,\n        [[United States Senate|U.S Senator]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Florida|Fl.]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Idina Menzel]], American singer, songwriter and actress\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Mark\n        Wahlberg May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mark Wahlberg]]]]\\n[[File:Elon\n        Musk 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elon Musk]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Mario Cimarro]],\n        Cuban actor and singer\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Joseph Kabila]], [[List of heads\n        of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President of the Democratic\n        Republic of the Congo]]\\n** [[Noah Wyle]], American actor\\n* [[June 5]]\\n**\n        [[Susan Lynch]], Northern Irish actress\\n** [[Mark Wahlberg]], American actor,\n        producer, businessman, model and retired rapper formerly known as ''''Marky\n        Mark''''\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Jeff Douglas]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Troy Vincent]],\n        American football player\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Bobby Jindal]], American [[Governor]]\n        of [[Louisiana]]\\n** [[Kyle Sandilands]], Australian DJ, ''''[[Australian\n        Idol]]'''' judge and TV presenter\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Kenjiro Tsuda]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Arman Alizad]], Finnish tailor,\n        columnist and TV personality\\n** [[Mark Henry]], American professional wrestler,\n        former Olympian\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Taavi Eelmaa]], Estonian actor\\n** [[Ism\\u00e9nia\n        do Frederico]], Cape Verdean sprinter\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Eva P\\u00fcssa]],\n        Estonian actress\\n** [[Tupac Shakur]], African-American rapper and actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Paulina Rubio]], Mexican singer\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Nathan Morris]], African-American singer ([[Boyz II Men]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – [[Josh Lucas]], American actor\\n* [[June 21]] –\n        [[Anette Olzon]], Swedish singer ([[Nightwish]], [[Alyson Avenue]])\\n* [[June\n        22]] – [[Kurt Warner]], former American football player\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Neil Lennon]], Northern Irish footballer\\n** [[Scott Maslen]], English actor\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Max Biaggi]], Italian motercycle racer\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        King [[Dipendra of Nepal]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Kieren Keke]], Nauruan politician\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], Iraqi Islamic extremist leader\\n**\n        [[Fabien Barthez]], French football player\\n** [[Norika Fujiwara]], Japanese\n        actress and television personality\\n** [[Aileen Quinn]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Elon Musk]], South African-born, Canadian-American entrepreneur, engineer,\n        inventor and investor\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Matthew Good]], Canadian musician\\n**\n        [[Junko Noda]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Jamie McLennan]],\n        retired professional ice hockey goaltender, radio sports analyst\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Julian\n        Assange 20091117 Copenhagen 1 cropped to shoulders.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julian\n        Assange]]]]\\n[[File:2014-09-12 - Vitali Klitschko - 9019.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vitali\n        Klitschko]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Oh 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sandra Oh]]]]\\n[[File:Charlotte\n        Gainsbourg Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charlotte Gainsbourg]]]]\\n[[File:Tom\n        Green in 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom Green]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Amira Casar]],\n        French actress\\n** [[Missy Elliott|Missy \\\"Misdemeanor\\\" Elliott]], African-American\n        rapper, singer, and songwriter\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Julian Assange]], Australian\n        activist\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Marc Andreessen]], American software developer\\n**\n        [[Scott Grimes]], American actor\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Brett Hauer]], American\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Robert Allenby]], Australian golfer\\n**\n        [[Kristi Yamaguchi]], American figure skater\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Craig\n        Elliott]], American illustrator\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Alison Bartlett-O''Reilly]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Mark LoMonaco]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Joey Styles]], American professional wrestling announcer\\n** [[Howard Webb]],\n        English referee\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Corey Feldman]], American actor\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Cory Doctorow]], Canadian author and activist\\n* [[July\n        18]] – [[Penny Hardaway]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – [[Vitali Klitschko]], Ukrainian boxer\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Sandra\n        Oh]], Korean actress\\n** [[DJ Screw]], American hip hop DJ (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Charlotte Gainsbourg]], French actress and singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Nuno Markl]], Portuguese comedian and radio host\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Ahmed\n        Ezz (actor)|Ahmed Ezz]], Egyptian actor\\n** [[Alison Krauss]], American country\n        singer\\n** [[Scott Krippayne]], American Christian musician\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Khaled Mahmud]], Bangladeshi cricketer\\n** [[Scott Cawthon]], American independent\n        video game developer and animator\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Jeffrey S. Williams]],\n        American sportswriter\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Tom Green]], Canadian entertainer\\n**\n        [[Mzukisi Sikali]], South African triple world champion boxer (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Jeff\n        Gordon wins Phoenix - February 27, 2011 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeff Gordon]]]]\\n[[File:Justin\n        Theroux at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Justin Theroux]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Walliams.JPG|thumb|110px|[[David Walliams]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Armitage 2014\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Armitage (actor)|Richard Armitage]]]]\\n[[File:Carla\n        Gugino 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carla Gugino]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Juan\n        Camilo Mouri\\u00f1o]], Mexican politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Michael Hughes (footballer)|Michael Hughes]], Northern Irish footballer\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Jeff Gordon]], American race car driver\\n** [[Yo-Yo (rapper)|Yo-Yo]],\n        African-American rapper\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ali Liebegott]], American\n        author and poet\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Roy Keane]], Irish footballer\\n** [[Mario\n        C\\u00e9sar Kindel\\u00e1n Mesa]], Cuban amateur boxer\\n** [[Justin Theroux]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Patrick Carpentier]], Canadian race\n        car driver\\n** [[Pete Sampras]], American tennis player\\n** [[Phil Western]],\n        Canadian musician\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Moritz Bleibtreu]], German actor\\n**\n        [[Heike Makatsch]], German actress\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Anthony Kearns]],\n        Irish tenor\\n** [[Jorge Posada]], Puerto Rican baseball player\\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Aphex Twin]], Irish-born British electronic musician\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Guido Cantz]], German television presenter\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – [[David Walliams]], English comedy actor\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Robert Harvey (footballer)|Robert Harvey]], Australian rules footballer\\n*\n        [[August 22]]\\n** [[Richard Armitage (actor)|Richard Armitage]], English actor\\n**\n        [[Beno\\u00eet Violier]], French-born chef (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n**\n        [[Crash Holly|Mike Lockwood]], American wrestler (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ayumi\n        Miyazaki]], Japanese singer\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Gaynor Faye]], British\n        actress\\n** [[Thal\\u00eda]], Mexican actress and singer\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Julian Cheung]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Janet\n        Evans]], American swimmer\\n** [[Daniel Goddard (actor)|Daniel Goddard]], Australian\n        actor and model\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Carla Gugino]], American actress\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[P\\u00e1draig Harrington]], Irish golfer\\n** [[Chris Tucker]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:David Arquette 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David\n        Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Martin Freeman during filming of Sherlock cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Martin\n        Freeman]]]]\\n[[File:Stella McCartney 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stella\n        McCartney]]]]\\n[[File:Amy Poehler 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Amy Poehler]]]]\\n[[File:Lance\n        Armstrong (Tour Down Under 2009).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lance Armstrong]]]]\\n[[File:Jada\n        Pinkett Smith at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jada Pinkett\n        Smith]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Hakan \\u015e\\u00fck\\u00fcr]], Turkish\n        footballer\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Kjetil Andr\\u00e9 Aamodt]], Norwegian\n        alpine skier\\n** [[Arnold Arre]], Filipino graphic novelist\\n** [[Tommy Maddox]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Shauna Sand]], American model and actress\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Anita Yuen]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September 6]]\n        – [[Dolores O''Riordan]], Irish singer\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[David\n        Arquette]], American actor\\n** [[Brooke Burke-Charvet]], American model\\n**\n        [[Martin Freeman]], English actor\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Eric Stonestreet]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Henry Thomas]], American actor\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Richard Ashcroft]], English musician and former lead singer of [[The Verve]]\\n*\n        [[September 13]] – [[Stella McCartney]], British fashion designer, daughter\n        of [[Paul McCartney]]\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Colleen O''Shaughnessey]],\n        American voice actress\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Amy Poehler]], American\n        actress\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Jens Voigt]], German cyclist\\n* [[September\n        18]]\\n** [[Lance Armstrong]], American cyclist\\n** [[Anna Netrebko]], Russian\n        operatic soprano\\n** [[Jada Pinkett Smith]], African-American actress, singer,\n        and songwriter\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Sanaa Lathan]], African-American\n        actress\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Henrik Larsson]], Swedish footballer\\n*\n        [[September 21]]\\n** [[Luke Wilson]], American actor\\n** [[Alfonso Ribeiro]],\n        American actor, television director, dancer, and current host of [[America''s\n        Funniest Home Videos]]\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Chesney Hawkes]], English\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Ted Leonard]], American singer ([[Enchant (band)|Enchant]])\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – [[Lee Mi-yeon]], South Korean actress\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Michael S. Engel]], American paleontologist and entomologist\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Jessie Wallace]], English actress\\n* [[September\n        27]] – [[Horacio Sandoval]], Mexican artist\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Sibel T\\u00fcz\\u00fcn]], Turkish pop/rock/jazz singer\\n* [[September 30]]\\n**\n        [[Jenna Elfman]], American actress\\n** [[Jeff Whitty]], American playwright\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sacha\n        Baron Cohen, 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sacha Baron Cohen]]]]\\n[[File:Snoop Dogg\n        2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Snoop Dogg]]]]\\n[[File:Craig Robinson 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Craig\n        Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]]]]\\n[[File:Winona Ryder 2010 TIFF adjusted.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Winona\n        Ryder]]]]\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Chris Savino]], American animator\\n** [[Xavier\n        Naidoo]], German singer\\n** [[Tiffany Darwish|Tiffany]], American singer\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Kevin Richardson (musician)|Kevin Richardson]], American\n        pop singer\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Samuel Vincent]], Canadian voice actor\\n*\n        [[October 10]]\\n** [[Tiffany Mynx]], American porn actress and director\\n**\n        [[Evgeny Kissin]], Russian pianist\\n* [[October 12]] – [[\\u0110\\u00e0m\n        V\\u0129nh H\\u01b0ng]], Vietnamese singer\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Sacha Baron\n        Cohen]], English comedian and actor\\n** [[Pyrros Dimas]], Greek weightlifter\\n*\n        [[October 14]]\\n** [[Andy Cole]], English Footballer\\n** [[Jorge Costa]],\n        Portuguese footballer\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Mirko Reisser]] ([[DAIM]]),\n        German graffiti-artist\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Martin Heinrich]], American\n        politician and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Democratic Party (United\n        States)|D]]-[[New Mexico]])\\n** [[Chris Kirkpatrick]], American singer ([[''N\n        Sync]])\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Snoop Dogg]], African-American rapper\\n**\n        [[Dannii Minogue]], Australian singer\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Jade Jagger]],\n        English jewelry designer\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Bohuslav Sobotka]], 11th\n        [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Caprice Bourret]],\n        American model and actress\\n** [[Aaron Bailey (American football)|Aaron Bailey]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Gustavo Jorge]], Argentina rugby union player\\n**\n        [[Zephyr Teachout]], American academic\\n** [[Diane Guthrie-Gresham]], Jamaican\n        track and field athletes\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Athena Chu]], Hong Kong actress\n        and singer\\n** [[Midori Got\\u014d]], Japanese violinist\\n** [[Pedro Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        Dominican baseball player\\n** [[Craig Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]], American\n        actor, comedian and singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Winona Ryder]], American\n        actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:David DeLuise 2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David\n        DeLuise]]]]\\n[[File:Super Bowl-2-2 (6833658879).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael\n        Strahan]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Hardwick by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris\n        Hardwick]]]]\\n[[File:Christina Applegate 2014 Comic Con (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christina\n        Applegate]]]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Piret Laurimaa]], Estonian actress\\n**\n        [[Dylan Moran]], Irish comedian, actor, and writer\\n* [[November 4]] –\n        [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], Indian actress\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Jonny\n        Greenwood]], English musician and composer\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Robin Finck]],\n        American guitarist\\n** [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Indian film actress\\n* [[November\n        8]]\\n** [[Carlos Atanes]], Spanish film director\\n** [[Tech N9ne]], American\n        rapper\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Big Pun]], American/Latin rapper (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Niki Karimi]], Iranian actress and movie director\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[David DeLuise]], American actor\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Yasuo Aiuchi]],\n        Japanese snowboarder\\n** [[Chen Guangcheng]], Chinese civil rights activist\\n**\n        [[Gert Thys]], South African long-distance runner\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Adam\n        Gilchrist]], Australian cricketer\\n** [[Marco Leonardi]], Italian actor\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Alexander Popov (swimmer)|Alexander Popov]], Russian\n        swimmer\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Michael Adams (chess player)|Michael\n        Adams]], British chess player\\n* [[November 18]] – [[\\u00d6zlem Tekin]],\n        Turkish singer\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Sundeep Malani]], Indian film\n        director\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Dion Nash]], New Zealand cricket captain\\n**\n        [[Joel McHale]], Italian-born American actor\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Michael\n        Strahan]], American-German television personality and American football player\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Kyran Bracken]], English rugby player\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Chris Hardwick]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Keith Primeau]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Christina Applegate]], American actress\\n** [[Magnus Arvedson]], Swedish\n        hockey player\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Fenriz]], Norwegian musician\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Jessalyn Gilsig]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Iv\\u00e1n\n        Rodr\\u00edguez|Iv\\u00e1n \\\"Pudge\\\" Rodr\\u00edguez]], Puerto Rican baseball\n        player and actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ricky Martin in store appearance,\n        Sydney Australia (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ricky Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Giorgos_Alkaios_03.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giorgos\n        Alkaios]]]]\\n[[File:Justin Trudeau APEC 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Justin\n        Trudeau]]]]\\n[[File:Jared Leto, San Diego Comic Con 2016 (2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jared\n        Leto]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Jason Keng-Kwin Chan]], Malaysian-Australian\n        actor\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Mine Yoshizaki]], Japanese [[manga artist]]\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Kali Rocha]], American actress\\n* [[December 6]]\\n**\n        [[Helena Bulaja]], Croatian multimedia artist\\n** [[Richard Krajicek]], Dutch\n        tennis player\\n** [[Katariina Unt]], Estonian actress\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Akopian]], Armenian chess player\\n** [[Larisa Alexandrovna]], Ukrainian-American\n        feminist\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Abdullah Ercan]], Turkish football player\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\n** [[Daniel Betts]], British actor\\n** [[Michele Mahone]],\n        American television entertainment reporter and former make-up artist and hair\n        stylist\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Sammy Korir]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Arne Quinze]], Belgian conceptual artist\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** [[Michael McCary]], African-American singer ([[Boyz II Men]])\\n**\n        [[Paul van Dyk]], German dance music DJ, musician and record producer\\n* [[December\n        17]]\\n** [[Antoine Rigaudeau]], French basketball player\\n** [[Alan Khan]],\n        South African media and radio personality\\n** [[Sinan Akku\\u015f]], Turkish-German\n        actor\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Jason Hughes (actor)|Jason Hughes]], Welsh\n        actor\\n** [[Arantxa S\\u00e1nchez Vicario]], Spanish tennis player\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Simon O''Neill]], New Zealand opera singer\\n* [[December 22]]\n        – [[Khalid Khannouchi]], Moroccan long-distance runner\\n* [[December\n        23]]\\n** [[Corey Haim]], Canadian actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Tara Palmer-Tomkinson]],\n        English socialite (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Ricky Martin]], Puerto\n        Rican singer\\n** [[Giorgos Alkaios]], Greek recording artist\\n** [[Christopher\n        Daniels]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Dido (singer)|Dido]],\n        English singer\\n** [[Ain M\\u00e4eots]], Estonian actor and director\\n** [[Justin\n        Trudeau]], 23rd and current [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – [[Jared Leto]], American actor and musician ([[Thirty Seconds to Mars]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Brent Barry]], American basketball player\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Vic Pratt]], English writer\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[Image:Coco\n        Chanel, 1920.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Coco Chanel]]]]\\n[[File:Arbenz-Vilanova.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jacobo\n        \\u00c1rbenz]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Arthur Ford (psychic)|Arthur Ford]],\n        American psychic spiritual medium, clairaudient (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Douglas Shearer]], Canadian film sound engineer (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Elmer Flick]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Indians]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Coco Chanel]], French fashion designer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] – [[John Tovey]], British admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 14]]\n        – [[Guillermo de Torre]], Spanish Dadaist author (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[John Dall]], American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – [[Gilbert M. ''Broncho Billy'' Anderson]], American actor, director,\n        writer, and producer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Fritz Feigl]],\n        Austria-born chemist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[St. John Greer\n        Ervine]], Northern Irish dramatist and author (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Bill W.|\n        Bill W. (William Griffith Wilson)]], co-founder [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Barry III]], Guinean politician (b. [[1923]])\\n**\n        [[Hermann Hoth]], German general (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Isobel Lennart]], American\n        screenwriter (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Jacobo \\u00c1rbenz]],\n        19th [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Donald\n        Winnicott]], British psychoanalyst (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky]], Russian literary historian, linguist (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Pierino Gabetti.JPG|thumb|110px|right|[[Pierino\n        Gabetti]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Robert Gordon (actor)|Robert Gordon]],\n        American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Secundino Zuazo]],\n        Spanish architect and city planner (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Jay C. Flippen]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Charles Lahr]], German-born anarchist, London bookseller and publisher (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Samuel Fox (1884\\u20131971)|Samuel Fox]],\n        American music publisher and founder of the Sam Fox Publishing Company (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s R\\u00e1kosi]], 43rd Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Charles Walter Simpson (English\n        artist)|Charles Walter Simpson]], English painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[James Cash Penney]], American founder of [[J. C. Penney]] (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Emil Fuchs (theologian)|Emil Fuchs]],\n        German theologian (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Jaime de Barros\n        C\\u00e2mara]], Brazilian archbishop (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Edwin North McClellan]], United States Marine Corps (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[William B. Hartsfield]], American politician (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Theodor Svedberg]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        [[Yahei Miura]], Japanese athlete (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 28]] –\n        [[Pierino Gabetti]], Italian Olympic weightlfter (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n=== March\n        ===\\n[[File:Harold Lloyd - A Pictorial History of the Silent Screen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harold\n        Lloyd]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Jean Grenier]], French philosopher and\n        writer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Herbert McLean Evans]], U.S.\n        anatomist and embryologist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Barney Balaban]],\n        American studio executive (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Borden Chase]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Harold Lloyd]], American actor and\n        filmmaker (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[James Tait Plowden-Wardlaw]], Vicar of St Clement\\u2019s\n        Cambridge and a barrister (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Pope Cyril\n        VI of Alexandria]], Coptic Orthodox Patriarch (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[Philo T. Farnsworth]], American television pioneer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[C.\n        D. Broad]], English philosopher (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[David\n        Burns (actor)|David Burns]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[Bebe Daniels]], American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Thomas E. Dewey]],\n        Governor of New York; American presidential candidate (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] – [[Elizabeth Okie Paxton]], American painter (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Leland Hayward]], American film and theatrical agent\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Winifred Horrabin]], British socialist\n        activist and journalist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Basil Dearden]],\n        English film director (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Arne Jacobsen]],\n        Danish architect and designer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Arthur Metcalfe (public\n        servant)|Arthur Metcalfe]], Australian public servant (b. 1895)\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Karl King]], United States march music (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[Image:Igor\n        Stravinsky LOC 32392u.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Igor Stravinsky]]]]\\n[[File:Duvalier\n        (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Fran\\u00e7ois Duvalier|Papa Doc Duvalier]]]]\\n[[File:Albin\n        Stenroos.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Albin Stenroos]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Ramiro\n        Arrue]], Basque painter, illustrator, and ceramist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Joseph Valachi]], American gangster (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April\n        6]]\\n** [[Igor Stravinsky]], Russian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Margaret\n        Newton]], Canadian plant pathologist and mycologist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Ivan Vurnik]], Slovene architect that helped found the Ljubljana\n        School of Architecture (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Igor Tamm]],\n        Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – [[Juhan Smuul]], Estonian writer (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Friedebert Tuglas]], Estonian writer and critic (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[William Eckert]], Commissioner of American baseball\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[William Corbett (politician)|William\n        Corbett]], American attorney, acting [[Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Earl Thomson]], Canadian athlete (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April\n        20]] – [[Cecil Parker]], English actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n**\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Duvalier]], [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Edmund\n        Lowe]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[T. V. Soong]],\n        [[Republic of China]] businessman and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April\n        29]] – [[Nikolai P. Barabashov]], Russian astronomer (b.[[1894]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Albin Stenroos]], Finnish athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Glenda Farrell]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Cheridah\n        de Beauvoir Stocks]], the second British woman to gain a Royal Aero Club aviator\n        licence, in 1911 (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Semaun]], first chairman\n        of the Communist Party (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Frederick Sheffield]],\n        American Olympic rower - Men''s eights (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Se\\u00e1n Lemass]], [[Taoiseach]] of Ireland (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n**\n        [[Harold Lea Fetherstonhaugh]], Canadian architect from Montreal, Quebec (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n** [[Tor Johnson]], Swedish wrestler and actor (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Heinie Manush]], American baseball player (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[Goose Goslin]], American baseball player (b. [[1900]])\\n** Sir [[Tyrone\n        Guthrie]], English film director, producer, and writer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Georg Muschner]], German cinemagratopher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[G. Owen Bonawit]], stained glass artist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Bruno\n        Villabruna]], Italian lawyer and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        [[Ogden Nash]], American poet (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Bernard Wagenaar]], Dutch/American\n        composer, conductor and violinist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Dennis\n        King]], English actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Laurence Wild]],\n        American basketball player, coach, and 30th [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Chips Rafferty]], Australian actor (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Eduardo Blanco Acevedo]], Uruguayan political\n        figure and physician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Garnet Kearney]], Canadian doctor,\n        teacher, and pioneer (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Kim Iryeop]], Korean writer, journalist,\n        feminist activist, [[bhikkhuni|Buddhist nun]] (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Thomas McLaughlin (engineer)|Thomas McLaughlin]], Irish\n        engineer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Audie Murphy]], American World War II hero and\n        actor (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Alfred Rose (bishop)]], the sixth Bishop of Dover\n        in the modern era (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Miriam Soljak]], New Zealand feminist\n        and communist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jean Vilar]], French stage actor (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Marcel Dupr\\u00e9]], French composer (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Carlos\n        P Garcia photo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos P. Garcia]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Reinhold Niebuhr]], American theologian (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Luk\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian Marxist philosopher, aesthetician,\n        literary historian, and critic (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Virginia\n        True Boardman]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Michael Rennie]], English\n        actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Ambrose (bandleader)|Ambrose]],\n        English violinist and bandleader (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Carlos\n        P. Garcia]], 8th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June\n        15]]\\n** [[Herbert Gundelach]], German general during the Second World War\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Arthur Kaufmann (artist)|Arthur Kaufmann]], German painter,\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]], American chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[John Reith, 1st Baron Reith]], British broadcasting executive (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Thomas Gomez]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Libby\n        Holman]], American singer and actress (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Paul Karrer]], Swiss\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Prajnalok Mahasthavir]], scholar, writer and orator (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Mildred\n        Veitch]], last member of the Veitch family of horticulturists (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[John Boyd Orr]], Scottish physician and biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Herbert Biberman]],\n        Jewish-American screenwriter and film director (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Alexander\n        Curt Brade]], German botanist (b. [[1881]])\\n** Crew of Soyuz 11:\\n*** [[Georgy\n        Dobrovolsky]] (b. [[1928]])\\n*** [[Viktor Patsayev]] (b. [[1933]])\\n*** [[Vladislav\n        Volkov]] (b. [[1935]])\\n** [[Gaston Balande]], French painter and illustrator\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jim Morrison 1969.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Jim\n        Morrison]]]]\\n[[Image:Louis Armstrong restored.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Louis Armstrong]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[William Lawrence Bragg]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Learie Constantine|Learie\n        Constantine, Baron Constantine]], Trinidadian cricketer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Jim Morrison]], American singer ([[The Doors]]) (b. [[1943]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Maurice Bowra]], British critic (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[August\n        Derleth]], American author and anthologist (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Thomas C. Hart]],\n        American admiral and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Louis\n        Armstrong]], African-American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n**\n        [[Claude Gauvreau]], Canadian writer (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Ub Iwerks]], American\n        animator (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[George Kenner]], German artist\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Joseph J. Clark]], American admiral,\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Bill Thompson (voice actor)|Bill Thompson]],\n        American voice actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Cliff Edwards]],\n        American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron\n        Astor of Hever]], British businessman (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Harry W. Hill]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Norman Reilly Raine]], American screenwriter\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Ars\\u00e8ne Roux]], French Arabist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] – [[Michael Somogyi]], Hungarian-American professor of biochemistry\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[W. Ross Thatcher]], Premier of Saskatchewan,\n        Canada ([[1964]]–1971) (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Van Heflin]],\n        American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[William Tubman]], 19th President of Liberia\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Christl Mardayn]], German actress (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Alan Rawsthorne]], British Composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        [[Alfred Michael \\\"Chief\\\" Venne]], Ojibwa/Chippewa Native American leader\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Diane Arbus]], American photographer\n        (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Charlie Tully]], Northern Irish footballer\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Kenneth Slessor]], Australian poet\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Satyananda Giri]], Indian\n        monk and Yukteswar Giri\\u2019s chief in Dubai, India (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[John\n        McDermott (golfer)|John McDermott]], American golfer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        3]] – [[Beatrice Kerr]], Australian swimmer, diver, and aquatic performer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[E. Barrett Prettyman]], United States\n        federal judge (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Royal Rife]], American\n        inventor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Antoine Mostaert]], CICM\n        Missionaries (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[John Burton Cleland]],\n        Australian naturalist, microbiologist, mycologist and ornithologist (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] – [[James T. Berryman]], American political cartoonist,\n        recipient of the 1950 [[Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning]] (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[King Curtis]], American saxophonist (b. [[1934]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Albrecht Goetze]], German-American Hittitologist (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Paul Lukas]], Hungarian-born American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 17]]\n        – [[Horace McMahon]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – [[Matiur Rahman (military pilot)|Matiur Rahman]], Bangladeshi war\n        hero (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Carl Blegen]], American archaeologist\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Ted Lewis (musician)|Ted Lewis]],\n        American musician and entertainer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Margaret\n        Bourke-White]], American photographer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Bennett Cerf]],\n        American publisher and television personality (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey]], British Judge during the Nuremberg\n        trials after World War II (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Reuvein Margolies]], Austrian-Hungarian-born\n        Israeli author and Talmudic scholar (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Picture\n        of Martin Emmett Toppino.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Emmett Toppino]]]]\\n[[Image:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-B0628-0015-035, Nikita S. Chruchstschow.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]]]\\n* [[September 5]] – [[George Trafton]], American football\n        player (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Spring Byington]], American\n        actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Emmett Toppino]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Pier Angeli]],\n        Italian actress (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Bella Darvi]], Polish-born\n        actress (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Percy Helton]], American film and television actor\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Nikita Khrushchev]], Soviet leader (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] – [[Lin Biao]], Chinese defense minister (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Carlos Lamarca]], Brazilian military officer turned guerrilla\n        leader (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Giorgos Seferis]], Greek\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Bernardo Houssay]], Argentine physiologist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Lilian Bland]], British journalist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        23]]\\n** [[James Waddell Alexander II]], mathematician and topologist (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n** [[Billy Gilbert]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Hedwiga Reicher]], German actress (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Hugo Black]], American [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme\n        Court]] Justice (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Jessie\n        Arms Botke]], American artist (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Richard H. Jackson]], four-star\n        admiral (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Leah Baird]], American actress\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Debaki Bose]], Bengali director,\n        writer, and actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Henry Shoemaker\n        Conard]], authority on bryophytes and water lilies (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October\n        8]] – [[Johanna Bordewijk-Roepman]], Dutch composer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Peter Rindskopf]], American civil rights lawyer (b.\n        [[1942]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Cyril Burt]], British educational psychologist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Chester Conklin]], American comedic\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Dean Acheson]], [[United States\n        Secretary of State]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Gene Vincent]], American singer (b.\n        [[1935]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Benito Can\\u00f3nico]], Venezuelan composer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Hans Ledersteger]], Austrian art director (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 16]]\\n** [[Richard Thomas Alexander]], American educator and influential\n        education theorist.(b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Robin Boyd]], Australian architect\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Betty Bronson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Raymond Hatton]], American actor (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n** [[Naoya Shiga]], Japanese writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October\n        24]] – [[Carl Ruggles]], American composer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        27]] – [[Gustave Baumann]], American printmaker and painter (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Duane Allman]], American rock guitarist (b. [[1946]])\\n**\n        [[Arne Tiselius]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:GladysCooper.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gladys\n        Cooper]]]]\\n[[File:Alberione.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[James Alberione]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Gertrud von Le Fort]], German writer of novels, poems\n        and essays (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Martha Vickers]], American\n        actress (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Guillermo Le\\u00f3n Valencia]],\n        21st [[President of Colombia]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Maude\n        Fealy]], American stage and film actor (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n**\n        [[A. P. Herbert]], English humorist, novelist, playwright and law reform activist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Walther Kittel]], German general during World War II (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Lucien Chopard]], French entomologist (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n** [[Edie Sedgwick]], American actress and model (b. [[1943]])\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Debaki Bose]], Indian actor, director and writer (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n** Dame [[Gladys Cooper]], British actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November\n        22]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Zakari\\u00e1s]], Hungarian soccer player (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Hank Mann]], American comedic actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[James Alberione]], Italian Roman Catholic priest\n        and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Joe Guyon]], American football\n        player (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Harunur Rashed]], Bangladeshi freedom fighter (b.\n        [[1948]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Knud Jessen]], Danish botanist and\n        quaternary geologist (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Roy O. Disney\n        with Company at Press Conference.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roy O. Disney]]]]\\n[[File:Jo\n        Cals 1966.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jo Cals]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[E. M.\n        Almedingen]], Russian-British novelist, biographer and children''s author\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Mathilde Kschessinska]], Russian\n        ballerina (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Ferdinand Pecora]], American\n        lawyer and judge (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Ralph Bunche]],\n        African-American diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Torrance Gillick|Torrance \\\"Torry\\\" Gillick]], Scottish\n        footballer (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Nikolai Kudryavtsev]], Soviet Russian petroleum\n        geologist (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Yechezkel Kutscher]], Israeli philologist and\n        Hebrew linguist (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Alan Morton]], Scottish footballer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[David Sarnoff]], Radio and television pioneer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Gotthard Heinrici]], German general (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Paul L\\u00e9vy (mathematician)|Paul Levy]], French\n        mathematician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Bobby\n        Jones]], American golfer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Diana Lynn]], American actress\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[December 20]]\\n** [[Gustavo Bacarisas]], Gibraltarian painter\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Roy O. Disney]], American studio executive (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Godfried Bomans]], Dutch writer (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** [[Dora Altmann]], German actress (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Maria\n        Koepcke]], German ornithologist (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Robert\n        Lowery (actor)|Robert Lowery]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December\n        28]] – [[Max Steiner]], Austrian-born film composer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Stuart Holmes]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Jo Cals]], Dutch politician and jurist, [[Prime Minister\n        of the Netherlands]] (1965\\u20131966) (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Dorothy Comingore]],\n        American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Pete Duel]], American\n        actor (''''[[Alias Smith and Jones]]'''') (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Eduardo Zamacois]],\n        Spanish novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Reg Bunn]], British\n        artist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[Hussein Al Oweini]], 18th Prime Minister of Lebanon\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Dennis Gabor]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Gerhard Herzberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Earl W. Sutherland, Jr]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Pablo Neruda]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[Willy Brandt]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Economics]] – [[Simon Kuznets]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n{{Portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1971}}\\n[[Category:1971|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T19:11:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":798461519,\"length\":87149,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971\"},\"34671\":{\"pageid\":34671,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1972\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:31:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=July\n        2017}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1972}}\\n{{Events by\n        month|1972}}\\n{{Year nav|1972}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1972}}\\n\\nWithin\n        the context of [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) it was the longest year\n        ever, as two [[leap second]]s were added during this 366-day year, an event\n        which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using\n        [[Solar time|mean solar time]] [the legal time scale], its duration was 31622401.141\n        seconds of [[Terrestrial Time]] (or [[Ephemeris Time]]), which is slightly\n        shorter than [[1908 in science#Astronomy|1908]]).{{cite journal|journal=Philosophical\n        Transactions of the Royal Society A|author1=Stephenson, F. R. |author2=Morrison,\n        L. V. |year=1984|volume=313|issue=1524|pages=47\\u201370|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RSPTA.313...47S|title=Long-Term\n        Changes in the Rotation of the Earth: 700 B. C. to A. D. 1980|publisher=[[Royal\n        Society]]|accessdate=May 15, 2012|doi=10.1098/rsta.1984.0082|bibcode=1984RSPTA.313...47S}}\\n{{TOC\n        limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main article|January 1972}}\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Waldheim]] becomes [[Secretary-General of the\n        United Nations]].\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Pierre Hotel Robbery]]: Six men\n        rob the [[safe deposit box]]es of [[The Pierre]] hotel in New York City of\n        at least $4 million.\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 MGM''s 1951 ''''[[Show Boat (1951\n        film)|Show Boat]]'''' is presented on television by [[NBC]] for the first\n        time. This marks the first complete network telecast of any version of ''''Show\n        Boat'''' (it had already been filmed as a part-talkie in 1929, and as a full-sound\n        musical in 1936).\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** The first scientific hand-held calculator\n        ([[HP-35]]) is introduced (price $395).\\n** [[Rose Heilbron]] becomes the\n        first woman judge at the [[Old Bailey]] in London.\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013\n        U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] orders the development of a [[Space Shuttle\n        program]].\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Iberia Airlines Flight 602]] crashes into\n        a 462-meter peak on the island of [[Ibiza]]; 104 are killed.\\n** [[Howard\n        Hughes]] speaks to the press by telephone to denounce [[Clifford Irving]]''s\n        hoax biography of him.\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 The [[RMS Queen Elizabeth|RMS\n        ''''Queen Elizabeth'''']] is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbor.\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] returns to [[Bangladesh]] from [[Pakistan]].\\n*\n        [[January 13]] \\u2013 Prime Minister of [[Ghana]] [[Kofi Abrefa Busia]] is\n        overthrown in a military coup.\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 Queen [[Margrethe\n        II of Denmark]] succeeds her father, King [[Frederick IX of Denmark|Frederick\n        IX]], on the throne of Denmark.\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 The [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]]\n        enclave [[Republic of Minerva|Minerva]] on a platform in the South Pacific,\n        sponsored by the [[Phoenix Foundation]], declares independence. Soon neighboring\n        [[Tonga]] annexes the area and dismantles the platform.\\n* [[January 20]]\\n**\n        President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] announces that Pakistan will immediately\n        begin a [[nuclear weapon]]s program.\\n** Fears are growing about the economy\n        of the United Kingdom, where unemployment is now exceeding 1 million for the\n        first time since World War II.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/20/newsid_2506000/2506897.stm|title=UK\n        unemployment tops one million|publisher=BBC|work=On This Day|accessdate=14\n        January 2012|date=January 20, 1972}}\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** A New Delhi\n        [[moonshine|bootlegger]] sells [[methanol|wood alcohol]] to a wedding party;\n        100 die.\\n** [[Tripura]], part of the former independent [[Twipra Kingdom]],\n        becomes a full [[States and union territories of India|state of India]].\\n*\n        [[January 24]] \\u2013 Japanese soldier [[Shoichi Yokoi]] is discovered in\n        [[Guam]]; he had spent 28 years in the jungle.\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Shirley\n        Chisholm]], the first [[African American]] Congresswoman, announces her candidacy\n        for President.\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]]\n        air stewardess [[Vesna Vulovi\\u0107]] is the only survivor when her plane\n        crashes in [[Czechoslovakia]]. She survives after falling 10,160 meters (33,330\n        feet) in the tail section of the aircraft.\\n** The [[Aboriginal Tent Embassy]]\n        is set up on the lawn of [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] in\n        [[Canberra]].\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Bloody Sunday (1972)|Bloody Sunday]]:\n        The British Army kills 14 unarmed [[Irish nationalism|nationalist]] civil\n        rights marchers in [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]].\\n** [[Pakistan]] withdraws\n        from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 King [[Birendra\n        of Nepal|Birendra]] succeeds his father as King of [[Nepal]].\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n[[File:Sapporo1972.png|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1972 Winter Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1972}}\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** A bomb explodes at the British\n        Yacht Club in [[West Berlin]], killing Irwin Beelitz, a German boat builder.\\n**\n        The German militant group [[2 June Movement]] announces its support of the\n        [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].\\n** Anti-British riots take place throughout\n        Ireland. The British Embassy in [[Dublin]] is burned to the ground, as are\n        several British-owned businesses.\\n** The last draft lottery is held, a watershed\n        event in the wind-down of military [[conscription in the United States]] during\n        the Vietnam era. These draft candidates are never called to duty.\\n* [[February\n        3]] \\u2013 [[February 13]] \\u2013 The [[1972 Winter Olympics]] are held in\n        [[Sapporo]], Japan.\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 ''''[[Mariner 9]]'''' sends pictures\n        as it orbits [[Mars]].\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** U.S. airlines begin mandatory\n        inspection of passengers and baggage.\\n** [[Bob Douglas]] becomes the first\n        [[African American]] elected to the [[Basketball Hall of Fame]].\\n* [[February\n        9]] \\u2013 The British government declares a [[state of emergency]] over a\n        miners'' strike.\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** President of [[Ecuador]] [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Velasco Ibarra]] is deposed for the fourth time.\\n** [[Sound recording\n        and reproduction|Phonorecord]]s are granted U.S. federal [[copyright]] protection\n        for the first time.\\n* [[February 17]] \\u2013 [[Volkswagen Beetle]] sales\n        exceed those of the [[Ford Model T]] when the 15,007,034th Beetle is produced.\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 The [[California Supreme Court]] voids the state''s\n        [[death penalty]], commuting all death sentences to life in prison.\\n* [[February\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Asama-Sans\\u014d incident]]: Five [[United Red Army]] members\n        break into a lodge below [[Mount Asama]], taking the wife of the lodge keeper\n        hostage.\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] unmanned [[Spacecraft|spaceship]]\n        ''''[[Luna 20]]'''' lands on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[February\n        28]] \\u2013 U.S. President [[Richard M. Nixon]] makes an unprecedented [[1972\n        Nixon visit to China|8-day visit]] to the People''s Republic of China and\n        meets with [[Mao Zedong]].\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[1972 Aldershot bombing|Aldershot\n        Bombing]]: An [[Official IRA]] bomb kills 7 in [[Aldershot]], England.\\n**\n        [[Lufthansa Flight 649]] is hijacked and taken to [[Aden]]. Passengers are\n        released the following day after a ransom of 5 million US dollars is agreed.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Angela Davis]] is released from jail. A [[Caruthers,\n        California]] farmer, Rodger McAfee, helps her make bail.\\n* [[February 24]]\n        \\u2013 North Vietnamese negotiators walk out of the Paris Peace Talks to protest\n        U.S. air raids.\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** A [[Buffalo Creek flood|coal sludge\n        spill]] kills 125 people in [[Buffalo Creek (South Branch Potomac River)|Buffalo\n        Creek]], [[West Virginia]].\\n** ''''[[Luna 20]]'''' comes back to Earth with\n        55 grams (1.94 oz) of lunar soil.\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 The\n        Asama-Sanso incident ends in a standoff between 5 members of the Japanese\n        United Red Army and the authorities, in which 2 policemen are killed and 12\n        injured.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1972}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        The Thai province [[Yasothon Province|Yasothon]] is created after being split\n        off from the [[Ubon Ratchathani Province]].\\n** The [[Club of Rome]] publishes\n        its report ''''[[The Limits to Growth]]''''.\\n** [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Bordaberry]]\n        is sworn in as [[President of Uruguay]] amid accusations of election fraud.\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** The ''''[[Pioneer 10]]'''' spacecraft is launched from [[Cape\n        Kennedy]], to be the first man-made satellite to leave the solar system.\\n**\n        [[Jean-B\\u00e9del Bokassa]] becomes President of the [[Central African Republic]].\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** Sculpted figures of [[Jefferson Davis]], [[Robert E. Lee]],\n        and [[Stonewall Jackson]] are completed at [[Stone Mountain]] in the U.S.\n        state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].\\n** [[Mohawk Airlines Flight 405]]\n        crashed into a house on Edgewood Avenue in [[Albany, New York]], killing 16\n        of the 47 persons on board, and one person in an upstairs apartment. The impact\n        happened at 8:48 pm after the commuter plane lost power during a snowstorm.\\n**\n        [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] released ''''[[Thick as a Brick]]'''',\n        a concept album supposedly written by an 8-year-old boy, [[Gerald Bostock]].\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Libya]] and the [[Soviet Union]] sign a cooperation treaty.\\n**\n        The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of the Islamic Conference]]\n        Charter is signed (effective 28 February 1973).\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 Greek\n        composer [[Mikis Theodorakis]] leaves the [[Greek Communist Party]].\\n* [[March\n        13]]\\n** The United Kingdom and the People''s Republic of China elevate diplomatic\n        exchanges to the ambassadorial level after 22 years.\\n** [[Clifford Irving]]\n        admits to a New York court that he had fabricated [[Howard Hughes]]'' \\\"autobiography\\\".\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 ''''[[The Godfather]]'''' has its premiere at the [[Loew''s\n        State Theatre (New York City)|Loew''s State Theatre]] in [[New York City]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] \\u2013 The first building of the [[Pruitt\\u2013Igoe]] housing\n        development in [[St. Louis]] is destroyed.\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 India and\n        [[Bangladesh]] sign the [[Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation\n        and Peace]].\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 The [[92nd U.S. Congress]] votes to send\n        the proposed [[Equal Rights Amendment]] to the states for ratification.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] \\u2013 The British government announces the prorogation of the\n        [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] and the introduction of ''[[Direct Rule]]''\n        of [[Northern Ireland]], after the [[Unionist (Ireland)|Unionist]] government\n        refuses to cede security powers.\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 \\\"[[Apr\\u00e8s toi]]\\\"\n        sung by [[Vicky Leandros]] (music by Klaus Munro & Mario Panas, lyric by Klaus\n        Munro & Yves Dessca) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1972]] for [[Luxembourg]].\\n*\n        [[March 26]]\\n** An [[avalanche]] on [[Mount Fuji]] kills 19 climbers.\\n**\n        The last trolleybus system in the United Kingdom closes in [[Bradford]], West\n        Riding of Yorkshire after over 60 years of operation.\\n** After 14 years,\n        the last of [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s ''''[[Young People''s Concerts]]''''\n        is telecast by CBS. This last concert is devoted to [[Gustav Holst]]''s ''''[[The\n        Planets]]''''.\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 The [[First Sudanese Civil War]] ends.\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Easter Offensive]] begins after [[North\n        Vietnam]]ese forces cross into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of [[South Vietnam]]\\n**\n        The [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] is suspended.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1972}}\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]] veteran [[Richard\n        McCoy, Jr.]] hijacks a [[United Airlines]] jet and extorts $500,000; he is\n        later captured.\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some\n        70 nations in signing the [[Biological Weapons Convention]], an agreement\n        to ban [[biological warfare]].\\n** [[Yinqueshan Han Tombs|Tombs]] containing\n        [[Yinqueshan Han Slips|bamboo slips]], among them [[Sun Tzu]]''s ''''[[The\n        Art of War|Art of War]]'''' and [[Sun Bin]]''s lost [[Sun Bin''s Art of War|military\n        treatise]], are accidentally discovered by construction workers in [[Shandong]].\\n**\n        The 6.7 {{M|w}} [[1972 Qir earthquake|Qir earthquake]] shook southern Iran\n        [[earthquake]] with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing\n        5,374 people in the province of [[Fars Province|Fars]].\\n** The 44th Annual\n        Academy Awards are held at the [[Dorothy Chandler Pavilion]] in Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[April 12]] \\u2013 The X-rated animated movie ''''[[Fritz the Cat (film)|Fritz\n        the Cat]]'''' is released.\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 The [[Universal Postal Union]]\n        decides to recognize the People''s Republic of China as the only legitimate\n        Chinese representative, effectively expelling the [[Republic of China]] administering\n        [[Taiwan]].\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** ''''[[Apollo 16]]'''' ([[John Young (astronaut)|John\n        Young]], [[Ken Mattingly]], [[Charlie Duke]]) is launched. During the mission,\n        the astronauts achieve a [[lunar rover]] speed record of 18 km/h.\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]] \\u2013 Nguyen Hue Offensive: Prompted by the [[North Vietnam]]ese\n        offensive, the United States resumes bombing of [[Hanoi]] and [[Haiphong]].\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 The first [[Boston Marathon]] in which women are officially\n        allowed to compete.\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 Sylvia Cook and [[John Fairfax\n        (rower)|John Fairfax]] finish rowing across the Pacific.\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013\n        The [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] enters service with [[Eastern Airlines]].\\n*\n        [[April 27]]\\n** The [[Burundian Genocide]] against the [[Hutu]] begins; more\n        than 500,000 Hutus die.\\n** A no-confidence vote against [[Chancellor of Germany\n        (Federal Republic)|German Chancellor]] [[Willy Brandt]] fails under obscure\n        circumstances.\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 The fourth anniversary of the Broadway\n        musical ''''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'''' is celebrated with a free concert\n        at a Central Park bandshell, followed by dinner at the Four Seasons. There,\n        13 [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] protesters and the show''s co-author,\n        [[Jim Rado]], are arrested for disturbing the peace and for using marijuana.\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1972}}\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 Fire in a [[silver]]\n        mine in [[Idaho]] kills 91.\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 An [[Alitalia]] [[DC-8]] [[Alitalia\n        Flight 112|crashes]] west of [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]; 115 die.\\n* [[May 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Italian general election, 1972|General elections]] are held in Italy.\\n*\n        [[May 8]] \\u2013 U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] orders the [[Operation Pocket\n        Money|mining]] of [[Haiphong]] Harbor in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Operation Linebacker]] and [[Operation Custom Tailor]] begin with large-scale\n        bombing operations against North Vietnam by tactical fighter aircraft.\\n*\n        [[May 13]] \\u2013 A [[Sennichi Department Store Building fire|Fire in a nightclub\n        atop the Sennichi department store]] in [[Osaka]], Japan, kills 115.\\n* [[May\n        15]]\\n** [[Okinawa]] is returned to Japan after 27 years of [[United States\n        Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands|United States occupation]].\\n**\n        Governor [[George C. Wallace]] of [[Alabama]] is shot and paralyzed by [[Arthur\n        Herman Bremer]] at a [[Laurel, Maryland]], political rally.\\n* [[May 16]]\n        \\u2013 The first financial derivatives exchange, the [[International Monetary\n        Market]] (IMM), opens on the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]].\\n* [[May 18]]\n        \\u2013 Four troopers of the British [[Special Air Service]] and [[Special\n        Boat Service]] are parachuted onto the ocean liner ''''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]''''\n        {{convert|1000|mi|km}} across the Atlantic after a bomb threat and ransom\n        demand which turn out to be bogus.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 Three out of 6 bombs\n        explode in the [[Axel Springer AG]] media company offices in [[Hamburg]],\n        Germany, injuring 17; the [[Red Army Faction]] claims responsibility.\\n* [[May\n        21]] \\u2013 In [[St. Peter''s Basilica]] ([[Vatican City]]), [[Laszlo Toth]]\n        attacks [[Michelangelo]]''s ''''[[Piet\\u00e0 (Michelangelo)|Piet\\u00e0]]''''\n        statue with a [[geologist''s hammer]], shouting that he is [[Jesus Christ]].\\n*\n        [[May 22]]\\n** The [[Dominion of Ceylon]] becomes the republic of [[Sri Lanka]]\n        under prime minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], when its new [[constitution]]\n        is ratified.\\n** [[Ferit Melen]] forms the new (interim) government of [[Turkey]]\n        (35th government)\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 The Tamil United Front (later known\n        as [[Tamil United Liberation Front]]), a pro-[[Tamils|Tamil]] organization,\n        is founded in Sri Lanka.\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** Scottish [[Association football]]\n        club [[Rangers F.C.]] win the [[UEFA Cup Winners'' Cup]], defeating [[FC Dynamo\n        Moscow]] 3-2 in the [[1972 European Cup Winners'' Cup Final|final]] at [[Camp\n        Nou]] in [[Barcelona]] (Spain). A [[pitch invasion]] by their supporters leads\n        to the team being banned from defending the trophy the following season.\\n**\n        A [[Red Army Faction]] bomb explodes in the [[Campbell Barracks]] of the U.S.\n        Army Supreme European Command in [[Heidelberg]], West Germany; 3 U.S. soldiers\n        (Clyde Bonner, Ronald Woodard and Charles Peck) are killed.\\n** The [[Magnavox\n        Odyssey]] video game system is first demoed, marking the dawn of the video\n        game age; it goes on sale to the public in August.\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Nixon]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] sign the [[SALT I treaty]] in Moscow, as well\n        as the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] and other agreements.\\n** [[Wernher\n        von Braun]] retires from [[NASA]], frustrated by the agency''s unwillingness\n        to pursue a manned trans-orbital space program.\\n** [[Willandra National Park]]\n        is established in Australia.\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 [[Mark Donohue]] wins the\n        [[1972 Indianapolis 500|Indianapolis 500]] in the [[Penske Racing]] [[McLaren]]\\u2013[[Offenhauser]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]]\\n** [[The Angry Brigade]] goes on trial in the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        Three [[Japanese Red Army]] members kill 24 and injure 100 in [[Lod Airport]],\n        [[Israel]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1972}}\\n* June \\u2013 [[Iraq]]\n        [[nationalization|nationalizes]] the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]].\\n* [[June\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Andreas Baader]], [[Jan-Carl Raspe]], [[Holger Meins]] and some\n        other members of the [[Red Army Faction]] are arrested in [[Frankfurt am Main]]\n        after a shootout.\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Sally Priesand]] becomes the first\n        female U.S. rabbi.\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Angela Davis]] is found not guilty\n        of murder.\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[June 16]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations Conference\n        on the Human Environment]] is held in Stockholm, [[Sweden]]\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        Seven men and three women hijack a plane from [[Czechoslovakia]] to West Germany.\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]]: [[Associated Press]] photographer [[Nick Ut]] takes his [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]]-winning photograph of a naked nine-year-old [[Phan Thi Kim Phuc]]\n        running down a road after being burned by [[napalm]].\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013\n        The [[Black Hills flood]] kills 238 in [[South Dakota]].\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013\n        [[Henri Pescarolo]] (France) and co-driver former [[List of Formula One World\n        Drivers'' Champions|World Drivers'' Champion]] [[Graham Hill]] (Britain) win\n        the [[1972 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] in the [[Equipe Matra\n        Sports|Equipe Matra]] MS670.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Hurricane\n        Agnes]] kills 117 on the U.S. East Coast.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Japan Airlines\n        Flight 471]] crashes outside of New Delhi airport, killing 82 of 87 occupants.\\n*\n        [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Ulrike Meinhof]] and Gerhard M\\u00fcller of the [[Red\n        Army Faction]] are arrested in a teacher''s apartment in [[Langenhagen]],\n        West Germany.\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[June 18]] \\u2013 The first U.S. [[Libertarian\n        Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] National Convention is held in Denver,\n        [[Colorado]].\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 108 die as 2 passenger trains hit the\n        debris of a collapsed railway tunnel near [[Soissons]], France.\\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n** [[Watergate scandal]]: Five [[White House]] operatives are arrested\n        for burglarizing the offices of the [[Democratic National Committee]].\\n**\n        The United States returns [[Okinawa]], occupied and governed since the World\n        War II [[Battle of Okinawa]], to Japan.\\n** [[Chile]]an president [[Salvador\n        Allende]] forms a new government.\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Staines air disaster]]:\n        118 die when a [[Hawker Siddeley Trident|Trident 1]] jet airliner crashes\n        2 minutes after take off from [[London Heathrow Airport]].\\n** [[Germany national\n        football team|West Germany]] beats the [[USSR national football team|Soviet\n        Union]] 3\\u20130 to win [[1972 European Football Championship|Euro 72]].\\n**\n        Hong Kong''s worst flooding and landslides in recorded history with {{convert|653.2|mm}}\n        of rainfall in the previous 3 days. 67 people die due to building collapses\n        in Mid-levels districts landslide and building collapses, with a further 83\n        due to flooding-related fatalities. It is the second worst fatality due to\n        building collapses, and the worst flooding in Hong Kong''s recorded history.\\n*\n        [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Watergate scandal]]: U.S. President [[Richard M. Nixon]]\n        and [[White House]] chief of staff [[H. R. Haldeman]] are taped talking about\n        using the [[Central Intelligence Agency|C.I.A.]] to obstruct the [[Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation|F.B.I.]]''s investigation into the Watergate break-ins.\\n*\n        [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Nolan Bushnell]] and [[Ted Dabney]] co-found [[Atari]].\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\u2013 U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that no new\n        draftees will be sent to [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 ''''[[Furman v.\n        Georgia]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that [[capital\n        punishment]] is unconstitutional.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Time Bureau]] adds the first [[leap second]] (23:59:60) to [[Coordinated Universal\n        Time]] (UTC) at the end of the month.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main article|July\n        1972}}\\n* [[July]] \\u2013 U.S. actress [[Jane Fonda]] tours [[North Vietnam]],\n        during which she is photographed sitting on a North Vietnamese anti-aircraft\n        gun.\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The Canadian ketch ''''[[Greenpeace#First campaigns\n        after Amchitka|Vega]]'''', flying the [[Greenpeace]] III banner, collides\n        with the French naval minesweeper ''''La Paimpolaise'''' while in [[international\n        waters]], to protest French nuclear weapon [[Moruroa|tests]] in the [[Oceania|South\n        Pacific]].\\n** The [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] becomes independent\n        from the [[U.S. Internal Revenue Service|IRS]].\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 Following\n        [[Pakistan]]''s surrender to India in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]],\n        both nations sign the historic [[Simla Agreement]], agreeing to settle their\n        disputes bilaterally.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 The first [[Rainbow Gathering]]\n        is held in [[Colorado]].\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 The U.S. sells [[cereal|grain]]\n        to the Soviet Union for $750 million.\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 India''s news\n        agency reports that at least 24 people have been killed in separate incidents,\n        in the Chandka Forest in India, by elephants crazed by heat and drought.\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[July 14]] \\u2013 The [[Democratic National Convention]]\n        meets in [[Miami Beach]]. Senator [[George McGovern]], who backs the immediate\n        and complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from [[South Vietnam]], is nominated\n        for President. He names fellow Senator [[Thomas Eagleton]] as his running\n        mate.\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 The [[Pruitt\\u2013Igoe]] housing development is\n        demolished in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Anwar Sadat]]\n        expels 20,000 Soviet advisors from [[Egypt]].\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Bloody\n        Friday (1972)|Bloody Friday]]: 22 bombs planted by the [[Provisional IRA]]\n        explode in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]; nine people are killed and 130\n        seriously injured.{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm\n        |title=CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict \\u2013 1972 |publisher=Cain.ulst.ac.uk\n        |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17}}\\n** Comedian [[George Carlin]] is arrested\n        by [[Milwaukee]] police for public [[obscenity]], for reciting his \\\"Seven\n        Words You Can Never Say On Television\\\" at [[Summerfest]].\\n** A collision\n        between two trains near [[Seville]], Spain kills 76 people.\\n* [[July 23]]\n        \\u2013 The United States launches [[Landsat 1]], the first Earth-resources\n        [[satellite]].\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 King [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] succeeds\n        his father [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] as king of [[Bhutan]].\\n* [[July 25]]\n        \\u2013 U.S. health officials admit that African-Americans were used as guinea\n        pigs in the [[Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male]].\\n*\n        [[July 27]] \\u2013 The [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle]] makes its first flight.\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 A national dock strike begins in Britain.\\n* [[July 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[The Troubles]], [[Northern Ireland]]:\\n** [[Operation Motorman]]\n        4:00 AM: The British Army begins to regain control of\n        the \\\"[[no-go area]]s\\\" established by [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]]\n        [[paramilitary|paramilitaries]] in [[Belfast]], [[Derry]] (\\\"[[Free Derry]]\\\")\n        and [[Newry]].\\n** [[Claudy bombing]] (\\\"Bloody Monday\\\"),\n        10:00 AM: Three [[car bombs]] in [[Claudy]], [[County\n        Londonderry]], kill 9. It becomes public knowledge only in [[2010]] that a\n        local [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]]\n        was an [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] officer believed to be involved\n        in the bombings but his role was covered up by the authorities.{{cite\n        news|title=Claudy bomb: conspiracy allowed IRA priest to go free|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|publisher=BBC\n        News Northern Ireland|date=2010-08-24|accessdate=2010-08-25| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100825014212/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|\n        archivedate=August 25, 2010| deadurl= no}}\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n{{Main article|August 1972}}\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 U.S. Senator [[Thomas\n        Eagleton]], the Democratic vice-presidential nominee, withdraws from the race\n        after revealing he was once treated for mental illness.\\n* [[August 4]]\\n**\n        [[Arthur Bremer]] is jailed for 63 years for shooting [[George Wallace]].\\n**\n        Dictator [[Idi Amin]] declares that [[Uganda]] will expel 50,000 Asians with\n        British passports to Britain within 3 months.\\n** A huge [[solar flare]] (one\n        of the largest ever recorded) knocks out cable lines in U.S. It begins with\n        the appearance of sunspots on August 2; an August 4 flare kicks off high levels\n        of activity until [[August 10]].\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 A brilliant, daytime\n        [[1972 Great Daylight Fireball|meteor]] skips off the Earth''s atmosphere\n        due to an [[Apollo asteroid]] streaking over the western US into Canada.{{cite\n        journal\\n |url=http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9806/impact.html \\n\n        |title=Observation of Meteoroid Impacts by Space-Based Sensors \\n |first=Edward\n        \\n |last=Tagliaferri \\n |publisher=astrosociety.org \\n |magazine=Mercury Magazine\n        \\n |volume=27 \\n |issue=6 \\n |date=November\\u2013December 1998 \\n |deadurl=yes\n        \\n |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025037/http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9806/impact.html\n        \\n |archivedate=October 20, 2007 \\n |df= \\n}}\\n\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        Oil tankers [[Oswego-Guardian\\u2013Texanita collision|''''Oswego-Guardian''''\n        and ''''Texanita'''']] collide near [[Stilbaai]], South Africa.\\n* [[August\n        14]] \\u2013 An [[East Germany|East German]] [[Ilyushin]] airliner crashes\n        near [[East Berlin]]; all 156 on board perish.\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013 As\n        part of a coup attempt, members of the [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] fire upon,\n        but fail to bring down, [[Hassan II of Morocco]]''s plane while he is traveling\n        back to [[Rabat]].\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 The [[Republican National Convention]]\n        in [[Miami Beach, Florida]] renominates U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] and\n        Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] for a second term.\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Rhodesia]]\n        is expelled by the [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] for its racist\n        policies.\\n** [[John Wojtowicz]], 27, and Sal Naturile, 18, hold several Chase\n        Manhattan Bank employees hostage for 17 hours in Gravesend, Brooklyn, N.Y.\n        (an event later dramatized in the film ''''[[Dog Day Afternoon]]'''').\\n**\n        In the Almirante Zar Naval Base, Argentina, 16 detainees are executed by firing\n        squad in the [[Trelew massacre]].\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[September 11]]\n        \\u2013 The [[1972 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Munich]], West Germany.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1972}}\\n[[File:Martiallawjf9906 09.JPG|thumbnail|180px|right|[[September\n        21]]: [[Martial law]] in the [[Philippines]].]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Fischer]] defeats [[Boris Spassky]] in a [[chess]] match in [[Reykjav\\u00edk]],\n        Iceland, becoming the first American [[World Chess Championship 1972|world\n        chess champion]].\\n** The [[Cod Wars#Second Cod War|Second Cod War]] begins\n        between the United Kingdom and [[Iceland]].\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 The\n        first episode of ''''[[The Price Is Right]]'''' is aired on [[CBS]] by [[Bob\n        Barker]]. ''''Gambit'''' and ''''The Joker''s Wild'''' also premiere.\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Munich massacre]]: Eleven [[Israel]]i\n        athletes at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] in [[Munich]] are murdered after\n        8 members of the Arab [[terrorism|terrorist]] group [[Black September Organization|Black\n        September]] invade the Olympic Village; 5 guerillas and 1 policeman are also\n        killed in a failed [[hostage]] rescue.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 The Brazilian\n        driver [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] wins the Italian Grand Prix at [[Monza]] and\n        becomes the youngest [[Formula One]] World Champion.\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013\n        West Germany and Poland renew diplomatic relations.\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Uganda]] announces that there are [[Tanzania]]n troops in its territory.\\n**\n        The television series ''''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'''' begins its run\n        on [[CBS]].\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[S\\u00e3o Paulo Metro]] is inaugurated\n        in [[Brazil]].\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 A [[parcel bomb]] sent to the [[Israel]]i\n        Embassy in London kills 1 diplomat.\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Philippines|Philippine]]\n        [[President of the Philippines|president]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]] issues [[Proclamation\n        No. 1081]]{{cite web|url=http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html\n        |title=Full Text \\u2013 Proclamation 1081 |publisher=Lawphil.net |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804032402/http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html\n        |archivedate=August 4, 2012 |df=}} placing the entire country under\n        [[martial law]].\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 An [[F-86]] fighter aircraft leaving\n        an air show at [[Sacramento Executive Airport]] fails to become airborne and\n        crashes into a [[Farrell''s Ice Cream Parlour]], killing 12 children and 11\n        adults.{{cite web |url=http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm\n        |title=Crash at Farrell''s |accessdate=2008-03-16 |work=| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080320003854/http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm|\n        archivedate=March 20, 2008| deadurl= no}}\\n* [[September\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Norwegian EC referendum, 1972]]: Norway rejects membership in\n        the European Economic Community.\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 The [[Canada men''s\n        national ice hockey team|Canadian national men''s hockey team]] defeats the\n        [[Soviet national ice hockey team]] in Game 8 of the 1972 [[Summit Series]]\n        (French: La S\\u00e9rie du Si\\u00e8cle, Russian: \\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u2014 \\u041a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430), 6\\u20135,\n        to win the series 4\\u20133\\u20131.\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Sino-Japanese\n        relations]]: The Joint Communiqu\\u00e9 of the Government of Japan and the\n        Government of the People''s Republic of China is signed in Beijing, which\n        normalizes diplomatic relations with the People''s Republic of China after\n        breaking official ties with the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan).\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n{{Main article|October 1972}}\\n* [[October]] \\u2013 The government of\n        former President of Somalia [[Mohamed Siad Barre]] formally introduces the\n        [[Somali alphabet]] as [[Somalia]]''s official writing script.Economist\n        Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), ''''Middle East annual review'''', (1975),\n        p.229\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** The first publication reporting the production\n        of a recombinant [[DNA]] molecule marks the birth of modern [[molecular biology]]\n        methodology.{{cite journal | last = Jackson | first= David A. | last2=Symons\n        |first2=Robert H | last3= Berg |first3= Paul | year=1972 | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/69/10/2904\n        | title = Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA\n        of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes\n        and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli | journal = Proceedings of the\n        National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume = 69\n        | issue=10 | pages = 2904\\u20132909 | doi=10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904 | pmid=4342968\n        | pmc=389671}}\\n** [[Alex Comfort]]''s bestselling manual ''''[[The\n        Joy of Sex]]'''' is published.\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 Denmark joins the [[European\n        Community]]; the [[Faroe Islands]] stay out.\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 The [[United\n        Reformed Church]] is founded out of the [[Congregational church|Congregational]]\n        and [[Presbyterian]] Churches.\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 A train crash in [[Saltillo]],\n        Mexico kills 208 people.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**A\n        major breakthrough occurs in the [[Paris Peace Accords#Breakthrough and agreement|Paris\n        peace talks]] between [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[L\\u00ea \\u0110\\u1ee9c Th\\u1ecd]].\\n**\n        [[R. Sargent Shriver]] is chosen to replace [[Thomas Eagleton]] as the U.S.\n        vice-presidential nominee of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic\n        Party]].\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 En route to the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], an anti-war\n        protest, the [[USS Kitty Hawk riot]] led by African-Americans and interpreted\n        by some as a [[race riot]] involving more than 200 sailors, breaks out aboard\n        the [[United States Navy]] aircraft carrier [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''''Kitty\n        Hawk'''']]; nearly 50 sailors are injured.\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Uruguayan\n        Air Force Flight 571]]: A [[Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild FH-227D]] passenger\n        [[aircraft]] transporting a [[rugby union]] team crashes at about 14,000''\n        in the [[Andes]] mountain range, near the Argentina/Chile border. Sixteen\n        of the survivors are found alive [[December 20]] but they have had to resort\n        to [[cannibalism]] to survive.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** A plane carrying U.S.\n        Congressman [[Hale Boggs]] of Louisiana and 3 other men vanishes in Alaska.\n        The wreckage has never been found, despite a massive search at the time.\\n**\n        Rioting [[Maze Prison]] inmates cause a fire that destroys most of the camp.\\n*\n        [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth II]] visits [[Socialist Federal Republic\n        of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** The first female [[Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents are hired.\\n** Belgian [[Eddy Merckx]]\n        sets a new world [[hour record]] in cycling in Mexico City.\\n* [[October 26]]\n        \\u2013 Following a visit to [[South Vietnam]], [[U.S. National Security Advisor]]\n        [[Henry Kissinger]] suggests that \\\"peace is at hand.\\\"\\n* [[October 28]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Airbus A300]] flies for the first time.\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Lufthansa Flight 615]] is hijacked and threats are made to be blown up if\n        the three surviving perpetrators of the [[Munich massacre]] are not released\n        from prison in West Germany. The demands are accepted, leading to fierce condemnation\n        by Israel.{{cite news|last=Greenfeter|first=Yael|title=Israel\n        in shock as Munich killers freed|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/israel-in-shock-as-munich-killers-freed-1.322811|accessdate=27\n        July 2013|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=4 November 2010}}\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] approves legislation to increase\n        [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] spending by US$5.3 billion.\\n**\n        A [[Metra Electric|commuter train]] collision in Chicago kills 45, injures\n        hundreds.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1972}}\\n[[File:1972\n        Electoral Map.png|thumb|[[Richard Nixon]]''s [[landslide victory]] in the\n        electoral college during the [[U.S. presidential election, 1972|1972 Election]].]]\\n[[File:PongVideoGameCabinet.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[arcade game|arcade]] version of ''''[[Pong]]'''' is released.]]\\n* November\\n**\n        At a scientific meeting in [[Honolulu]], [[Herbert Boyer]] and [[Stanley N.\n        Cohen]] conceive the concept of [[recombinant DNA]]. They publish their results\n        in November 1973 in [[PNAS]]. Separately in 1972, [[Paul Berg]] also recombines\n        DNA in a test tube. Recombinant DNA technology has dramatically changed the\n        field of biological sciences, especially [[biotechnology]], and opened the\n        door to [[genetically modified organisms]].\\n** The [[Saitama Seibu Lions#Nishitetsu\n        Lions (1951\\u20131972)|Nishitetsu Lions]] baseball club, part of the [[Nippon\n        Professional Baseball|NPB]]''s [[Pacific League]], is sold to the [[Fukuoka\n        Baseball Corporation]], a subsidiary of [[Nishi-Nippon Railroad]]. The team\n        is renamed the Taiheiyo Club Lions.\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 A group of Amerindians\n        occupies the Bureau of Indian Affairs.\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[U.S. presidential\n        election, 1972]]: [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] incumbent\n        [[Richard Nixon]] defeats [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator\n        [[George McGovern]] in a landslide (the election had the lowest voter turnout\n        since 1948, with only 55 percent of the electorate voting).\\n* [[November\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]] \\u2013 [[Vietnamization]]: The [[United States\n        Army]] turns over the massive Long Binh military base to [[South Vietnam]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]] \\u2013 The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] closes above 1,000\n        (1,003.16) for the first time.\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations\n        Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] adopts the Convention\n        Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage{{cite\n        web | title = Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and\n        Natural Heritage | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/ | author\n        = UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)\n        | publisher = UNESCO World Heritage Centre| accessdate = 17 October 2012|\n        date = 16 November 1972}}\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Se\\u00e1n Mac\n        St\\u00edof\\u00e1in]], a leader of the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]],\n        is arrested in [[Dublin]] after giving an interview to [[Raidi\\u00f3 Teilif\\u00eds\n        \\u00c9ireann|RT\\u00c9]].\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]]: The United\n        States loses its first [[B-52 Stratofortress]] of the war.\\n* [[November 28]]\n        \\u2013 The last executions in Paris, France. Roger Bontems and Claude Buffet\n        \\u2013 the Clairvaux Mutineers \\u2013 are guillotined at [[La Sant\\u00e9 Prison]]\n        by chief executioner [[Andr\\u00e9 Obrecht]] . Bontems had been found innocent\n        of murder by the court, but as Buffet''s accomplice is condemned to death\n        anyway. President [[Georges Pompidou]], in private an abolitionist, upholds\n        both death sentences in deference to French public opinion.\\n* [[November\n        29]]\\n** [[Atari Games|Atari]] kicks off the first generation of [[video game]]s\n        with the release of their seminal [[arcade game|arcade]] version of ''''[[Pong]]'''',\n        the first game to achieve commercial success.\\n** The \\\"tea house\\\" Mellow\n        Yellow opens on the [[Amstel|Amstel River]] in [[Amsterdam]], pioneering the\n        legal sale of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] in the Netherlands.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/book/nov29.html |title=*\\u00d8* Wilson''s\n        Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | November 29 | International\n        Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People Die Gr\\u00fcnen Petra Kelly\n        |publisher=Wilsonsalmanac.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17}}\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** Vietnam War: [[White House]] Press Secretary [[Ron Ziegler]] tells\n        the press that there will be no more public announcements concerning United\n        States troop withdrawals from [[Vietnam]], due to the fact that troop levels\n        are now down to 27,000.\\n** [[Cod War#The Second Cod War|Cod War]]: British\n        [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]]\n        Sir [[Alec Douglas-Home]] says that [[Royal Navy]] ships will be stationed\n        to protect British trawlers off [[Iceland]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1972}}\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Edward Gough Whitlam]] becomes the first\n        [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] [[Prime Minister of Australia]] for\n        23 years. He is sworn in on 5 December and his first action using executive\n        power is to withdraw all Australian personnel from the [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** ''''[[Apollo 17]]'''' ([[Gene Cernan]], [[Ronald Evans\n        (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]], [[Harrison Schmitt]]), the last manned [[Moon]]\n        mission to date, is launched and \\\"[[The Blue Marble]]\\\" photograph of the\n        [[Earth]] is taken.\\n** The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] kidnaps\n        [[Jean McConville]] in [[Belfast]].\\n** [[Imelda Marcos]] is stabbed and seriously\n        wounded by an assailant; her bodyguards shoot him.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[United\n        Airlines Flight 553]] crashes short of the runway, killing 43 of 61 passengers\n        and 2 people on the ground.\\n** Over $10,000 cash is found in the purse of\n        [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] conspirator [[Howard Hunt]]''s wife.\\n** [[International\n        Human Rights Day]] is proclaimed by the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December\n        11]]\\u2013 [[Apollo 17]] lands on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] is the last person to walk on the moon,\n        after he and [[Harrison Schmitt]] complete the third and final [[Extra-vehicular\n        activity]] (EVA) of [[Apollo 17]]. This is the last manned mission to the\n        moon of the 20th century.\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** The Commonwealth of Australia\n        ordains equal pay for women.\\n** The [[United Nations Environment Programme]]\n        is established as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** The [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] comes into effect.\\n** The Portuguese\n        army kills 400 Africans in [[Tete]], [[Mozambique]].\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 17]]'''' returns to [[Earth]], concluding\n        the program of lunar exploration.\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[East Germany]]\n        and West Germany recognize each other.\\n** [[ZANLA]] troopers attack Altera\n        Farm in north-east [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** Australia establishes\n        diplomatic relations with China and East Germany.\\n** A peace delegation that\n        includes singer-activist [[Joan Baez]] and human rights attorney [[Telford\n        Taylor]] visit [[Hanoi]] to deliver Christmas mail to American [[prisoners\n        of war]] (they will be caught in the [[Operation Linebacker II|Christmas bombing\n        of North Vietnam]]).\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** The 6.2 {{m|w|link=y}} [[1972\n        Nicaragua earthquake|Nicaragua earthquake]] kills 5,000\\u201311,000 people\n        in the capital [[Managua]]. President [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] is later\n        accused of not distributing millions of dollars worth of [[foreign aid]].\\n**\n        The Pittsburgh Steelers win their first ever post-season [[NFL]] game, defeating\n        the Oakland Raiders 13\\u20137, on a last second play that becomes known as\n        The [[Immaculate Reception]].\\n** Swedish [[Prime minister of Sweden|Prime\n        minister]] [[Olof Palme]] compares the American bombings of North [[Vietnam]]\n        to [[Nazism|Nazi]] massacres. The U.S. breaks [[Sweden\\u2013United States\n        relations|diplomatic contact]] with Sweden.\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Operation Linebacker II|Christmas bombing of North Vietnam]] causes widespread\n        criticism of the U.S. and President [[Richard Nixon]].\\n* [[December 26]]\n        \\u2013 Former [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] dies in [[Kansas City, Missouri]].\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 The\n        bones of [[Martin Bormann]] are identified in Berlin.\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 401]] crashes into the [[Everglades]] in Florida,\n        killing 101 of 176 on board. It is the first [[hull-loss]] of a [[wide-body\n        aircraft]].\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Roberto Clemente]] dies in a plane crash\n        off the coast of [[Puerto Rico]] while en route to deliver aid to Nicaraguan\n        earthquake victims.\\n** For the first and last time, a 2nd [[leap second]]\n        is added (23:59:60) to a year, making 1972 366 days and two seconds long,\n        the longest year ever within the context of [[UTC]].\\n** The US ban on the\n        pesticide [[DDT]] takes effect.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* The ''''International\n        Year of the Book'''' is designated by [[UNESCO]].\\n* The [[1972 Yugoslav smallpox\n        outbreak|last major epidemic of smallpox in Europe]] breaks out in [[Yugoslavia]].\\n*\n        The United Kingdom begin to train [[Special Air Service]] for anti-terrorist\n        duties in response to the [[Munich massacre]]\\n* The first women are admitted\n        to [[Dartmouth College]] in the United States.\\n* [[Colombia]]n looters find\n        [[Ciudad Perdida]] but keep it a secret until the government reveals it in\n        [[1975]].\\n* The [[Yellow River]] dries up for the first time in known history.\\n*\n        Worship of [[List of Germanic deities|Norse gods]] is officially approved\n        in [[Iceland]].\\n* The [[Climatic Research Unit]] is founded by climatologist\n        [[Hubert Lamb]] at the [[University of East Anglia]].\\n* The [[Socialist Federal\n        Republic of Yugoslavia]] bans the cultural organization [[Matica hrvatska]],\n        founded in 1842.\\n* The German company [[SAP AG]] is founded.\\n* [[Kadir Nurman]]\n        introduces a sandwich made with [[d\\u00f6ner kebab]] meat as a fast-food item\n        in Berlin.{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24685617|title=Doner\n        kebab ''inventor'' Kadir Nurman dies in Berlin|date=26 October 2013|work=[[BBC\n        News]]|accessdate=2013-10-27}}{{cite\n        web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/oct/28/kadir-nurman-invent-doner-kebab\n        |title=Did Kadir Nurman really invent the doner kebab? |author=James Ramsden\n        |date=October 28, 2013 |website=The Guardian |accessdate=May 6, 2016}}\\n*\n        [[Burt Reynolds]] poses nude for the centerfold of the April edition of [[Cosmopolitan\n        (magazine)]].\\n* Film director [[Stanley Kubrick]] asks [[Warner Bros.]] to\n        withdraw ''''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'''' from exhibition\n        in the UK following death threats made against his family. The film does not\n        receive a public viewing in the country for another 27 years.\\n* [[Motown]]\n        moves all of its operations from [[Detroit]] to [[Los Angeles]] in June.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Lilian Thuram - F\\u00e9vrier 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lilian\n        Thuram]]]]\\n[[File:Jang Seo-hee at The Exhibition of Three Korean Artists\n        at Today Art Museum in Beijing, China.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jang Seo-hee]]]]\\n[[File:Sakis\n        Rouvas in Moscow.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sakis Rouvas]]]]\\n[[File:Amanda Peet September\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amanda Peet]]]]\\n[[File:Claudia Winkleman.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Claudia\n        Winkleman]]]]\\n[[File:Take That (3604354113).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Owen]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Yoon Chan]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Jennifer Hale]],\n        American voice actress\\n** [[Barron Miles]], Canadian defensive back for the\n        [[BC Lions]] in the [[Canadian Football League|CFL]]\\n** [[Lilian Thuram]],\n        French football player\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Brad Zavisha]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Jang Seo-hee]], South Korean actress\\n**\n        [[Sakis Rouvas]], Greek recording, film and television artist; model; businessman\n        and former pole vaulter\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Mat Hoffman]], American\n        BMX rider\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Alsgaard]], Norwegian cross-country\n        skier\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Amanda Peet]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Espen Knutsen]], Norwegian hockey player\\n* [[January 13]]\\n**\n        [[Nicole Eggert]], American actress\\n** [[Yukiko Iwai]], Japanese voice actress\\n**\n        [[Vitaly Scherbo]], Belarusian gymnast\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Il Mi Chung]],\n        South Korean golfer\\n** [[Claudia Winkleman]], British television presenter\\n**\n        [[Yang Yong-eun]], South Korean golfer\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Ruben Bagger]],\n        Danish footballer\\n** [[Ang Christou]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Dameon\n        Clarke]], Canadian actor and voice actor\\n** [[Yuri Alekseevich Drozdov]],\n        Russian footballer\\n** [[Ezra Hendrickson]], Vincentian footballer\\n** [[Salah\n        Hissou]], Moroccan long-distance runner\\n** [[Joe Horn]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Greg Page (musician)|Greg Page]], Australian musician and actor\\n**\n        [[Alen Peternac]], Croatian footballer\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Ken Hirai]],\n        Japanese singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Mike Lieberthal]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Angham]], Egyptian singer,\n        record producer and actress\\n* [[January 20]] - [[Nikki Haley]], Indian-American\n        politician, [[Governor of South Carolina]] since 2010 and nominee for [[U.S.\n        Ambassador to the United Nations]]\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Billel Dziri]],\n        Algerian footballer\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Gabriel Macht]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Romi Park]], Japanese [[Voice acting in Japan|voice actress]]\\n* [[January\n        23]]\\n** [[Ewen Bremner]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Marcel Wouda]], Dutch swimmer\\n*\n        [[January 27]]\\n** [[Wynne Evans]], Welsh operatic tenor\\n** [[Mark Owen]],\n        British pop singer ([[Take That]])\\n** [[Keith Wood]], Irish rugby player\\n*\n        [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Matt Brandstein]], American writer\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Dana\n        International Euro 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dana International]]]]\\n[[File:Robyn\n        Lively - November 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robyn Lively]]]]\\n[[File:Jaromir\n        Jagr Prague.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jarom\\u00edr J\\u00e1gr]]]]\\n[[File:RiP2013 GreenDay\n        Billie Joe Armstrong 0021.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billie Joe Armstrong]]]]\\n[[File:Valeria\n        Mazza.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Valeria Mazza]]]]\\n[[File:Alexandra Timoshenko 1992\n        Alicante.PNG|thumb|100px|[[Olexandra Timoshenko]]]]\\n[[File:Keith Ferguson\n        - VO Actor.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith Ferguson (voice actor)|Keith Ferguson]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]]\\n** [[Dana International]], Israeli transsexual singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1998 winner\\n** [[Kl\\u00e1ra Dobrev]], wife of Hungarian Prime\n        Minister [[Ferenc Gyurcs\\u00e1ny]]\\n** [[Hendrick Ramaala]], South African\n        long-distance runner\\n** [[Hisashi (musician)|Hisashi Tonomura]], Japanese\n        musician\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Jesper Kyd]], Danish video game composer\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Giovanni Silva de Oliveira]], Brazilian footballer\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark]]\\n** [[Koriki Ch\\u014dsh\\u016b]],\n        Japanese comedian\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Robyn Lively]], American actress\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Big Show]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[February\n        9]]\\n** [[Crispin Freeman]], American voice actor\\n** [[Norbert R\\u00f3zsa]],\n        Hungarian swimmer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Craig Jones (musician)|Craig Jones]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Steve McManaman]], British footballer\\n** [[Kelly\n        Slater]], American professional surfer\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Drew Bledsoe]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]], American\n        singer-songwriter ([[Matchbox Twenty]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Jarom\\u00edr\n        J\\u00e1gr]], Czech hockey player\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Jerome Bettis]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Billie Joe Armstrong]],\n        American rock musician and lead singer/guitarist ([[Green Day]])\\n** [[Philippe\n        Candeloro]], French figure skater\\n** [[Yuki Isoya]], Japanese singer\\n**\n        [[Valeria Mazza]], Argentinean model and businesswoman\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Olexandra Timoshenko]], Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast\\n* [[February\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Malky Mackay]], Scottish footballer\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Seo Taiji]], Korean musician\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Michael Chang]], American\n        tennis player\\n** [[Claudia Pechstein]], German speed-skater\\n* [[February\n        24]]\\n** [[Pooja Bhatt]], Indian actress\\n** [[Richard Chelimo]], Kenyan athlete\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Jaak Mae]], Estonian cross-country\n        skier\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Keith Ferguson (voice actor)|Keith Ferguson]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[February 29]]\\n** [[Antonio Sab\\u00e0to, Jr.]],\n        Italian actor\\n** [[Dave Williams (singer)|Dave Williams]], American musician\n        and singer of [[Drowning Pool]] (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Saul Williams]], American\n        singer, poet and actor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Shaquille O''Neal in 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shaquille\n        O''Neal]]]]\\n[[File:Leigh-Allyn Baker February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leigh-Allyn\n        Baker]]]]\\n[[File:9.13.11CommonByLuigiNovi2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Common (rapper)|Common]]]]\\n[[File:Mark\n        Hoppus 2004.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Hoppus]]]]\\n[[File:Dane Cook ComicCon (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Dane\n        Cook]]]]\\n[[File:Nick Frost by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nick Frost]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Darren Anderton]], English footballer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**\n        [[Nocturno Culto]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Pae Gil-su]], North Korean gymnast\\n**\n        [[Ivy Queen]], Puerto Rican-American actress, singer-songwriter and record\n        producer\\n** [[Jos Verstappen]], Dutch race car driver\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Shaquille O''Neal]], African-American basketball player\\n** [[Jaret Reddick]],\n        American singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Ronald Cheng]],\n        Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Spencer Howson]], Australian radio announcer\\n**\n        [[Travis Lane Stork]], American emergency room physician and television personality\\n**\n        [[Kerr Smith]], American actor\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Takashi Fujii]] (Matthew\n        Minami), Japanese television performer\\n** [[Matt Kenseth]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Michael Lucas (director)|Michael Lucas]], Russian gay pornographic\n        actor and director\\n** [[Timbaland]], American record producer, songwriter\n        and rapper\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Leigh-Allyn Baker]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Common (rapper)|Common]], African-American rapper and actor\\n** [[Trent\n        Dilfer]], American football player\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Mark Hoppus]],\n        American musician\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Mia Hamm]], American soccer player\\n**\n        [[Paige Hemmis]], American television personality\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Dane\n        Cook]], American comedian\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Chris Candido]], American\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Bal\\u00e1zs Kiss]], Hungarian Olympic\n        athlete\\n** [[Derartu Tulu]], Ethiopian long-distance runner\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Shawn Bradley]], American basketball player\\n** [[Cory Lidle]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Elvis Stojko]], Canadian figure skater\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Joe Calzaghe]], Welsh boxer\\n** [[Judith Godr\\u00e8che]],\n        French actress\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Leslie Mann]], American actress and\n        comedian\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Ignacio Garrido]], Spanish golfer\\n** [[Charlie\n        Haas]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink]], Dutch\n        footballer\\n** [[Ben Richards (actor)|Ben Richards]], British actor, better\n        known for his role in ''''[[The Bill]]''''\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Nick Frost]],\n        English actor, comedian and screenwriter\\n** [[Eby J. Jose]], Indian journalist\n        and human rights activist\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Hera Bj\\u00f6rk]], Icelandic\n        singer\\n** [[Junichi Suwabe]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Karel Poborsk\\u00fd]], Czech Republic football player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Peaketim.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim\n        Peake]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer Garner 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jennifer Garner]]]]\\n[[File:Carmen\n        Electra 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carmen Electra]]]]\\n[[File:\\u017deljko Joksimovi\\u0107\n        (Eurovision Song Contest 2012) 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\u017deljko Joksimovi\\u0107]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Jennie Garth]], American actress\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Tag\n        Adams]], American pornographic film actor\\n** [[Bastian Pastewka]], German\n        comedian and actor\\n** [[Lisa Ray]], Canadian model and actress\\n* [[April\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Junko Takeuchi]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Jason Hervey]], American actor\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Ariel Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (boxer)|Ariel Hernandez]], Cuban boxer\\n** [[Sung Kang]], Korean actor\\n*\n        [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Tim Peake]], British astronaut.\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Bernard Ackah]], Ivorian mixed martial artist and comedian\\n* [[April 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Vincent Zhao]], Chinese actor and martial artist\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**\n        [[Balls Mahoney]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Jason\n        Varitek]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[\\u015eebnem Ferah]],\n        Turkish singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Mariusz Czerkawski]],\n        Polish ice hockey player\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Dean Potter]], American\n        free climber (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Arturo Gatti]], Canadian\n        boxer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Conchita Mart\\u00ednez]], Spanish\n        tennis player\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Tony Boselli]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Jennifer Garner]], American actress\\n** [[Muttiah Muralitharan]], Sri Lankan\n        cricketer\\n** [[Terran Sandwith]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[April 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rivaldo]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[L\\u00ea Hu\\u1ef3nh\n        \\u0110\\u1ee9c]], Vietnamese footballer\\n** [[Carmen Electra]], American actress\n        and singer\\n** [[\\u017deljko Joksimovi\\u0107]], Serbian singer, composer songwriter,\n        multi-instrumentalist and producer\\n** [[Marko Kon]], Serbian composer, producer\n        and singer\\n** [[Stephen Marley (musician)|Stephen Marley]], Jamaican-American\n        musician\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 [[Choky Ice]], Hungarian porn actor\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Chad I Ginsburg]], American musician and record producer ([[CKY\n        (band)|CKY]])\\n** [[Chipper Jones]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Avi Nimni]], Israeli footballer\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Fredrik\n        Kempe]], Swedish songwriter and opera and pop singer\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Takako Tokiwa]], Japanese actress\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Dwayne Johnson 2,\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dwayne Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Ray Whitney.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray\n        Whitney (ice hockey)|Ray Whitney]]]]\\n[[File:Daniela Siliva\\u015f 1987.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniela\n        Silivas]]]]\\n[[File:Khary Payton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Khary\n        Payton]]]]\\n[[File:Alison Eastwood 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alison Eastwood]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Julie Benz]], American actress\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Adcock]], English footballer\\n** [[Dwayne Johnson]], American professional\n        wrestler and actor\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Vyacheslav Kozlov]], Russian hockey\n        player\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Mike Dirnt]], American rock musician and bassist\n        ([[Green Day]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[James Cracknell]], British Olympic winning\n        rower\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Janne Blomqvist]], Finnish swimmer\\n** [[Martin Brodeur]],\n        Canadian hockey goaltender\\n** [[Naoko Takahashi]], Japanese long-distance\n        runner\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Asghar Farhadi]], Iranian film director\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** [[Darren Hayes]], Australian musician\\n** [[Ray Whitney (ice hockey)|Ray\n        Whitney]], Canadian former NHL player\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Lisa Ann]], American\n        pornographic actress\\n** [[Daniela Siliva\\u0219]], Romanian gymnast\\n* [[May\n        10]]\\n** [[Rados\\u0142aw Majdan]], Polish goalkeeper\\n** [[Katja Seizinger]],\n        German alpine skier\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Amma Asante (politician)|Amma Asante]],\n        Dutch politician\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Richard Blackwood]], English comedian,\n        actor and rapper\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Derek Mears]], American actor/stuntman\\n**\n        [[Khary Payton]], American actor\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Tyson Cane]], American\n        gay pornographic actor\\n** [[Roman Genn]], Russian artist\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        [[Jenny Berggren]], Swedish rock singer ([[Ace of Base]])\\n** [[Claudia Karvan]],\n        Australian actress\\n** [[Stephanie Nadolny]], American voice actress and singer\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Andreas Lundstedt]], Swedish singer and actor ([[Alcazar\n        (band)|Alcazar]])\\n** [[Busta Rhymes]], African-American rapper and actor\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], African-American rapper (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Kaoru Fujino]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Max Brooks]],\n        American horror author and screenwriter\\n** [[Alison Eastwood]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Rubens Barrichello]], Brazilian race car driver\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Karan Johar]], Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Jules Jordan]], American pornographic movie director, actor, and producer\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Dhani]], Indonesian rock musician, songwriter, arranger,\n        and producer\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Michael Boogerd]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Stanislas Renoult]], French singer\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Manny\n        Ram\\u00edrez]], Dominican baseball player\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Frode Estil]],\n        Norwegian cross-country skier\\n** [[Dave Roberts (outfielder)|Dave Roberts]],\n        American baseball player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Wayne Brady 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wayne\n        Brady]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Urban by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Urban]]]]\\n[[File:Ricardo\n        RikRok Ducent.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rikrok]]]]\\n[[File:C. H. Greenblatt SDCC 2009\n        (crop 2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[C. H. Greenblatt]]]]\\n[[File:Jean Dujardin C\\u00e9sars\n        2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean Dujardin]]]]\\n[[File:XII Prix Di\\u00e1logo (18485723248)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zinedine Zidane]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria Butyrskaya]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Rick Gomez]], American actor\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Wayne Brady]],\n        African-American comedian\\n** [[Wentworth Miller]], American actor and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[June 4]]\\n** [[Derian Hatcher]], American ice hockey player\\n** [[Debra\n        Stephenson]], English actress\\n** [[Stoja]], Serbian [[pop-folk]] singer\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Mike Bucci]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Pawe\\u0142\n        Kotla]], Polish conductor\\n** [[Chokoleit]], Filipino comedian and actor\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Cristina Scabbia]], Italian singer\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Karl Urban]], New Zealand actor\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Chapman To]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Steven Fischer]], American film producer\n        and director\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Matthias Ettrich]], German computer scientist\\n*\n        [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Andy Pettitte]], American baseball player\\n* [[June 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Cho]], Korean-American actor and musician\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**\n        [[Rikrok]], British-Jamaican singer\\n** [[Iztok \\u010cop]], Slovenian rower\\n**\n        [[C. H. Greenblatt]], American animator\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Infernus|Roger\n        \\\"Infernus\\\" Tiegs]], Norwegian black metal musician, original member of [[Gorgoroth]]\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Jean Dujardin]], French actor, comedian, and film director\\n**\n        [[Rayveness]], American porn actress\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Shane Hamman]],\n        American Olympic weightlifter and powerlifter\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Irene\n        van Dyk]], South African and New Zealand netball player\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Miguel del Toro]], Mexican baseball player\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Zinedine\n        Zidane]], French footballer\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Robbie McEwen]], Australian\n        professional road bicycle racer\\n** [[Denis \\u017dvegelj]], Slovenian rower\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Delgado]], Puerto Rican baseball player\\n* [[June\n        28]]\\n** [[Maria Butyrskaya]], Russian figure skater\\n** [[Jon Heidenreich]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Samantha Smith]], American\n        peace activist (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Nawal Al Zoghbi]], Lebanese singer\\n* [[June\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Molly Parker]], Canadian actress\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Robert-esmie.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Esmie]]]]\\n[[File:Sof\\u00eda Vergara May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sof\\u00eda\n        Vergara]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew Holness cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew Holness]]]]\\n[[File:Maya\n        Rudolph.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maya Rudolph]]]]\\n[[File:6.29.13WilWheatonByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wil\n        Wheaton]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] - [[Darren Shan]], British author\\n* [[July 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Asha Gill]], British-born television host\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Alexei\n        Shirov]], Spanish chess Grandmaster\\n** [[Craig Spearman]], New Zealand cricketer\\n*\n        [[July 5]] -- [[Robert Esmie]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Mark Gasser]], British concert pianist\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Stoney Case]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Lisa Leslie]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Sourav Ganguly]], Indian cricketer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**\n        [[Sof\\u00eda Vergara]], Colombian actress and model\\n** [[Tilo Wolff]], German\n        musician\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Travis Best]], American basketball player\\n**\n        [[Jake Wood]], English actor\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Justin Edwards (actor)|Justin\n        Edwards]], English actor and writer\\n** [[Sean Waltman]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Masami Suzuki]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Fredrik \\u00c5kesson]], Swedish guitarist\\n* [[July 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Daedalus Howell]], American writer and filmmaker\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Catherine Ndereba]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Andrew\n        Holness]], 9th [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]]\\n** [[Keyshawn Johnson]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Marlon Wayans]], American actor, comedian,\n        producer, and screenwriter\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Nathan Buckley]], Australian\n        rules footballer\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Takako Fuji]], Japanese actress\\n**\n        [[Maya Rudolph]], American actress, comedian\\n** [[Takashi Shimizu]], Japanese\n        director\\n** [[Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]], Malaysian orthopaedic surgeon and\n        the first commercial astronaut\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Berkley]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Yum Jung-ah]], South Korean actress\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Wil\n        Wheaton]], American actor\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Tami Stronach]], Iranian-born\n        dancer and former actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:D-Von Dudley WrestleMania\n        32 Axxess.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Devon Hughes]]]]\\n[[File:Geri Halliwell attends\n        New Year''s Eve Party.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Geri Halliwell]]]]\\n[[File:Ben Affleck\n        by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben Affleck]]]]\\n[[File:Denise Lewis\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denise Lewis]]]]\\n[[File:CameronDiazByCarolineRenouard2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cameron\n        Diaz]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Marc Costanzo]], Canadian musician\\n** [[Devon\n        Hughes]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Chris Bender\n        (singer)|Chris Bender]], American musician (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Kelly Richardson]],\n        Canadian contemporary artist\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Patrik Isaksson (singer)|Patrik\n        Isaksson]], Swedish singer and songwriter\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Geri Halliwell]],\n        British pop singer ([[Spice Girls]])\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Sarah Cawood]],\n        British television presenter\\n** [[Karen Disher]], American voice actress\\n**\n        [[Brad Patton]], Swedish pornographic actor\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[A-mei]],\n        Taiwanese singer\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Angie Harmon]], American actress\\n*\n        [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Jonathon Prandi]], American model and actor\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Demir Demirkan]], Turkish rock musician and songwriter\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Coachman]], American World Wrestling Entertainment announcer\\n* [[August 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kevin Plank]], American entrepreneur ([[Under Armour]])\\n* [[August\n        14]]\\n** [[Takako Honda]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Yoo Jae-suk]], South\n        Korean comedian and television comedy show host\\n** [[Ed O''Bannon]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Ben Affleck]], American actor and\n        film director\\n** [[Mikey Graham]], Irish singer ([[Boyzone]])\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Slinger]], British actor\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Frankie Boyle]], Scottish\n        comedian\\n** [[Emily Robison]], American country music performer ([[Dixie\n        Chicks]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Ken Ryker]], American pornographic actor\\n*\n        [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Leo Ku]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[August 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Sammi Cheng]], Hong Kong singer and actress\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Chaney Kley]], American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Anthony\n        Calvillo]], Canadian Football League quarterback\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Marvin\n        Harrison]], American football player\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Samar Kokash]],\n        Syrian actress and voice actress\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Denise Lewis]], English\n        track and field athlete,\\n** [[Jimmy Pop]], American musician\\n** [[Mike Smith\n        (actor)|Mike Smith]], Canadian actor\\n** [[The Great Khali]], ([[Dalip Singh\n        Rana]]), Indian promoter, actor, powerlifter and professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Bae Yong-joon]], South Korean actor\\n* [[August 30]]\\n**\n        [[Cameron Diaz]], American actress\\n** [[Pavel Nedv\\u011bd]], Czech footballer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Idris\n        Elba 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Idris Elba]]]]\\n[[File:Natasha Kaplinsky 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natasha\n        Kaplinsky]]]]\\n[[File:Jimmy Carr, 2015-04-13 3 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy\n        Carr]]]]\\n[[File:Vebjorn Rodal Klabu2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vebj\\u00f8rn Rodal]]]]\\n[[File:Liam\n        Gallagher.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liam Gallagher]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Pilkington 2008\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Pilkington]]]]\\n[[File:GwynethPaltrowByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gwyneth\n        Paltrow]]]]\\n[[File:Dita Von Teese at Cannes 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dita Von\n        Teese]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Sergejs \\u017doltoks]], Latvian hockey\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Fran\\u00e7oise Yip]], Chinese-Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Idris Elba]], English actor\\n** [[Martin\n        Gooch]], English filmmaker\\n** [[Anika Noni Rose]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Sean Daley]], American hip-hop musician ([[Atmosphere (music\n        group)|Atmosphere]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Lisa Kennedy Montgomery]], American\n        disc jockey and political satirist\\n** [[Os du Randt]], South African rugby\n        player\\n** [[Tomokazu Seki]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Natasha Kaplinsky]], English newsreader\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Sara Groves]],\n        American Christian musician\\n** [[Bledar Sejko]], Albanian guitarist, composer,\n        and singer\\n** [[Ghada Shouaa]], Syrian athlete\\n** [[Rio Tahara]], Japanese\n        snowboarder\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[Budi Putra]], Indonesian journalist,\n        writer and blogger\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Kelly Chen]], Hong Kong actress\n        and singer\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Queen Letizia of Spain]]\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Carr]], British comedian\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Sprent Dabwido]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n** [[Alessandro Nunziati|Alessandro \\\"Lord Vampyr\\\" Nunziati]],\n        Italian singer, record producer and writer ([[Theatres des Vampires]], [[Cain\n        (band)|Cain]], [[Lord Vampyr''s Shadowsreign]])\\n** [[Vebj\\u00f8rn Rodal]],\n        Norwegian Olympic athlete\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Lee]], Asian-American\n        comedian\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jim Druckenmiller]], National Football\n        League quarterback\\n** [[Ashot Nadanian]], Armenian chess player, theoretician\n        and coach\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Liam Gallagher]], British singer ([[Oasis\n        (band)|Oasis]])\\n** [[Jon Kitna]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Sergio Di Zio]], Canadian actor\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Dana\n        Vespoli]], American porn actress and director\\n** [[Matthew Rush (pornographic\n        actor)|Matthew Rush]], American gay pornographic actor\\n* [[September 23]]\\n**\n        [[Ana Marie Cox]], American author and blogger\\n** [[Karl Pilkington]], English\n        radio producer\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Karyn Bosnak]], American author\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Shawn Stockman]], American singer and musician ([[Boyz\n        II Men]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Sylvia Crawley]], American basketball\n        player\\n** [[Gwyneth Paltrow]], American actress\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Dita Von Teese]], American [[burlesque]] artist\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Robert Webb]], comedian and actor\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Ari Behn]],\n        Norwegian author\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Lima]], Dominican baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Indian singer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Eminem DJ\n        Hero.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eminem]]]]\\n[[File:GabrielleUnionFeb09 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gabrielle\n        Union]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Kim.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sandra Kim]]]]\\n[[File:Tarkan\n        (9).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tarkan (singer)|Tarkan]]]]\\n[[File:Matt Dawson UNICEF\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matt Dawson]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Jean Paulo\n        Fernandes]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Konstantinos Papadakis\n        (pianist)|Konstantinos Papadakis]], Greek pianist\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Kim\n        Joo-hyuk]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Guy Oseary]], Israeli-American businessman\\n*\n        [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Van Darkholme]], Vietnamese-American gay pornographic\n        actor, director, and photographer\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Aaron Guiel]], Canadian\n        baseball player\\n** [[Grant Hill]], African-American basketball player\\n*\n        [[October 6]]\\n** [[Anders Iwers]], Swedish musician\\n** [[Ko So-young]],\n        South Korean actress\\n** [[J. J. Stokes]], American football player\\n* [[October\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Kim Myung-min]], South Korean actor\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Etan\n        Patz]], missing American schoolboy\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Jun Lana]],\n        Filipino playwright and screenwriter\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Claudia Black]],\n        Australian actress\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Mechele Linehan]], American\n        murderer\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Sandra Kim]], Belgian singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1986 winner\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Eminem]], American rapper\n        and actor\\n** [[Sharon Leal]], American actress and director\\n** [[Tarkan\n        (singer)|Tarkan]], Turkish singer\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Sayaka Aoki (voice\n        actress)|Sayaka Aoki]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Evgeny\n        Afineevsky]], Russian-born American film director and producer\\n** [[Masakazu\n        Morita]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Evhen Tsybulenko]], Ukrainian professor\n        of international law\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[D''Lo Brown]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Saffron Burrows]], British actress\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Kim\n        Ji-soo (actress)|Kim Ji-soo]], South Korean actress\\n** [[Scott Peterson]],\n        American convicted murderer\\n** [[Pat Williams (American football)|Pat Williams]],\n        American football player\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Lee Clark (footballer)|Lee\n        Clark]], English footballer\\n** [[Elissa (Lebanese singer)|Elissa]], Lebanese\n        singer\\n** [[Marika Krook]], Finnish singer ([[Edea (musical group)|Edea]])\\n**\n        [[Maria de Lurdes Mutola]], Mozambican athlete\\n** [[Brad Radke]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Terrell Davis]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Brad Paisley]], American [[country music]] singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Takafumi Horie]], Japanese entrepreneur\\n** [[Tracee\n        Ellis Ross]], American actress\\n** [[Gabrielle Union]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Matt Dawson]], English rugby player and TV personality\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Jenny\n        McCarthy at E3 2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jenny McCarthy]]]]\\n[[File:Samantha\n        Womack 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Samantha Womack]]]]\\n[[File:Thandie Newton by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thandie Newton]]]]\\n[[File:Rebecca Romijn\n        in Marchesa 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rebecca Romijn]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Dane March\n        2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eric Dane]]]]\\n[[File:Josh Duhamel SXSW 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Josh\n        Duhamel]]]]\\n[[File:Jonny Lee Miller Comic-Con 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jonny\n        Lee Miller]]]]\\n[[File:Arjun Rampal 12.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Arjun Rampal]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** [[Mario Barth]], German comedian\\n** [[Toni Collette]],\n        Australian actress, singer, and musician\\n** [[Jenny McCarthy]], American\n        actress and model\\n** [[Naoki Yanagi]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\n** [[Vladimir Vorobiev]], Russian ice hockey player\\n** [[Samantha Womack]],\n        British actress\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Lu\\u00eds Figo]], Portuguese footballer\\n*\n        [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Krassimir Avramov]], Bulgarian singer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[November 6]]\\n** [[Adonis Georgiades]], Greek historian and politician,\n        [[Ministry of Health and Social Security (Greece)|Greek Minister of Health]]\\n**\n        [[Thandie Newton]], British actress\\n** [[Rebecca Romijn]], American actress\n        and model\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Danny Grewcock]], British rugby player\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Maja Marijana]], Serbian pop-folk singer\\n** [[Gretchen\n        Mol]], American actress\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Eric Dane]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Doug Russell (radio personality)|Doug Russell]], American sports media personality\\n**\n        [[Naomi Shind\\u014d]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Lou Ferrigno]], American\n        bodybuilder, actor\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Lou Brutus]], American radio host,\n        musician and photographer\\n** [[Shawn Green]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Adam Beach]], Canadian actor\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Takuya Kimura]], Japanese actor\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Matt Bloom]], American\n        wrestler\\n** [[Josh Duhamel]], American actor and model\\n* [[November 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jonny Lee Miller]], English American actor\\n* [[November 16]]\\n**\n        [[Aurelia Dobre]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Missi Pyle]], American\n        actress and singer\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Veronica Avluv]], American porn\n        actress\\n** [[Alf-Inge H\\u00e5land]], Norwegian footballer\\n* [[November 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Arjun Rampal]], Indian actor\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Jesper Str\\u00f6mblad]],\n        Swedish musician\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Andreas Goldberger]], Austrian\n        ski jumper\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Christopher Fitzgerald (actor)|Christopher\n        Fitzgerald]], American actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Daniel Alfredsson 2013-05-24.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Daniel\n        Alfredsson]]]]\\n[[File:Miranda Hart in 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Miranda Hart]]]]\\n[[File:9.12.15AlyssaMilanoByLuigiNovi17.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alyssa\n        Milano]]]]\\n[[File:Jude Law - Headshot.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jude Law]]]]\\n* [[December\n        4]]\\n** [[Marc Bator]], German journalist and television presenter\\n** [[Y\\u016bko\n        Miyamura]], Japanese voice actress, actress and singer\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Cole Youngblood]], American pornographic actor\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013\n        [[M\\u00f3nica Santa Mar\\u00eda]], Peruvian model and TV host (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** [[Hermann Maier]], Austrian skier\\n** [[Tammy Lynn Sytch]],\n        American wrestling manager and personality\\n** [[Jason Winer]], American actor,\n        comedian, writer, director and producer\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Tr\\u00e9\n        Cool]], American rock musician and drummer ([[Green Day]])\\n* [[December 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Brian Molko]], American musician ([[Placebo (band)|Placebo]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Daniel Alfredsson]], Swedish-Canadian former ice hockey\n        player\\n** [[LaMont Smith]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[December 12]]\\n**\n        [[Wilson Kipketer]], Kenyan-Danish athlete\\n** [[Brandon Teena]], American\n        murder victim (d. 1993)\\n** [[Quan Yeomans]], Australian musician; leader\n        singer of [[Regurgitator]]\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Chris Grant (footballer)|Chris\n        Grant]], Australian footballer\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Miranda Hart]],\n        British Comedian and Actress\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Rodney Harrison]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Lee Jung-jae]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Stuart Townsend]],\n        Irish actor\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Angela Bloomfield]], New Zealand actress\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], Indian actor\\n**\n        [[Laurie Holden]], American-Canadian actress and human rights activist\\n*\n        [[December 18]] – [[Eimear Quinn]], Irish Celtic singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1996 winner\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Alyssa Milano]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Rosa Blasi]], American actress\\n** [[Warren Sapp]], American\n        football player\\n* [[December 20]] - [[Gen Urobuchi]], Japanese writer\\n*\n        [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Vanessa Paradis]], French singer and actress\\n* [[December\n        23]]\\n** [[Morgan (singer)|Morgan]], Italian singer, composer, multi-instrumentalist\n        and [[X Factor (Italy)]] judge\\n** [[Christian Potenza]], Canadian actor/voice\n        actor\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Klaus Schnellenkamp]], German-Chilean author\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Josh Freese]], American musician and drummer\\n** [[Qu\n        Yunxia]], Chinese middle-distance runner\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Shane\n        Meadows]], English director\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Colin Charvis]], Welsh\n        rugby player\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Patrick Rafter]], Australian tennis\n        player\\n** [[Adam Vinatieri]], American football player\\n* [[December 29]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jude Law]], British actor\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Kerry Collins]],\n        American football player\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Joey McIntyre]], American\n        actor and singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Imaani]],\n        English singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1998 runner-up\\n* [[Marente de\n        Moor]], Dutch writer\\n* [[Artur \\u017burawski]], Polish cinematographer and\n        director\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Frederick IX of Denmark.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Frederick IX of Denmark]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad Daoud Profile Picture.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mohammad\n        Al-Abbasi]]]]\\n[[File:Mahalia Jackson 1962, van Vechten, LC-USZ62-91314.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mahalia\n        Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mahendra of\n        Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Maurice Chevalier]],\n        French singer and actor (b. [[1888]])\\n** Patriarch [[Maximus V of Constantinople]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Jane Morgan (actress)|Jane Morgan]], British-born American\n        actor and singer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Chen Yi (general)|Chen\n        Yi]], Chinese communist military commander and politician (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Emma P. Carr]], American spectroscopist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Edwin Hugh Lundie]], American architect (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Patchen]], American poet and painter (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Wesley\n        Ruggles]], American film director (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Ted\n        Shawn]], American dancer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Aksel Larsen]],\n        Danish politician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 King [[Frederick\n        IX of Denmark]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Ross Bagdasarian,\n        Sr.]], American record producer (''''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks]]'''') (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Rochelle Hudson]], American actress (b.\n        [[1916]])\\n** [[Betty Smith]], American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        18]]\\n** [[Clarence Earl Gideon]], Defendant during civil rights court case\n        (''''[[Gideon v. Wainwright]]'''') (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[George Mitchell (actor)|George\n        Mitchell]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\n** [[Mohammad\n        Al-Abbasi]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and 45th [[Prime Minister of\n        Jordan]] (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Richard Fraser (actor)|Richard Fraser]], British\n        actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Jerome Cowan]], American actor\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi]], Emir\n        of United Arab Emirates\\n** [[Erhard Milch]], German field marshal and ''''Luftwaffe''''\n        officer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Mahalia Jackson]], American\n        gospel singer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[January 29]] -- [[Hugh McDermott (actor)|Hugh\n        McDermott]], British actor and golfer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]] (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Maria\n        Goeppert-Mayer.jpg|[[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]]|thumb|110px|[[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Jessie Royce Landis]], American actress (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[John Litel]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Orlando Ward]], American general (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Marianne Moore]], American poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 7]]\\n**\n        [[Walter Lang]], American film director (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Bob Woodward (actor)|Bob\n        Woodward]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Jan Wils]],\n        Dutch architect (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[John Grierson]],\n        Scottish documentary filmmaker (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Maria\n        Goeppert-Mayer]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Walter Winchell]], American journalist (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Zhang Guohua]], Chinese general and politician (b.\n        [[1914]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Tedd Pierce]], American animator (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Dan Katchongva]], Native American traditional leader (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Pat Brady]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[February 29]]\n        -- [[Pietro Ubaldi]], Italian author, teacher, philosopher (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Harold Barrowclough]], New Zealand general, lawyer and\n        chief justice (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Fredric Brown]], American\n        science fiction and mystery writer (b. [[1906]]).\\n** [[Zack Wheat]], American\n        baseball player ([[Brooklyn Dodgers]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Len Ford]], American football player ([[Cleveland\n        Browns]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1926]])\\n**\n        [[Tony Ray-Jones]], British photographer (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Pie Traynor]], American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Marilyn\n        Maxwell]], American actress (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[David McCallum,\n        Sr.]], British violinist and father of actor David McCallum (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Crist\\u00f3bal Balenciaga]], Spanish couturier (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Margaret Dale (actress)|Margaret Dale]], American actress (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]]\\n** [[Sharkey Bonano]], American jazz musician (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[M. C. Escher]], Dutch artist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[J. Arthur\n        Rank]], British industrialist and film producer (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Ferde\n        Grof\\u00e9.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ferde Grof\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        146-1994-034-22A, Heinrich L\\u00fcbke.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heinrich L\\u00fcbke]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 102-11032, August Zaleski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[August Zaleski]]]]\\n[[File:Kwame\n        Nkrumah (JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Kwame Nkrumah]]]]\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Franz Halder]], German general (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Gil Hodges]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Ferde Grof\\u00e9]],\n        American pianist and composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Adam Clayton\n        Powell, Jr.]], American politician (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Elsa Ratassepp]], Estonian\n        actress (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Stefan Wolpe]], German-born composer (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Isabel Jewell]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April\n        6]]\\n** [[Ralph D. Cornell]], American architect (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Brian\n        Donlevy]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Heinrich L\\u00fcbke]], 6th [[President\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Betty Blythe]], American actress\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** Patriarch [[Ephraim II of Georgia]] (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Abeid\n        Karume]], President of Zanzibar (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Victor Wong (actor born\n        1906)|Victor Wong]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[August Zaleski]],\n        Polish economist, politician and diplomat, 6th [[President of Poland]] (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[James F. Byrnes]], [[United States Secretary\n        of State]] and Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme\n        Court]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Carlo Gualandri]], Italian actor\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[George H. Plympton]], American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Dorothy Dalton]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] -- [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis de Oriol y Urig\\u00fcen]], Spanish businessman,\n        architect and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Yasunari Kawabata]],\n        Japanese writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] -- [[Elizabeth Clark (author)|Elizabeth Clark]], British author\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[George Sanders]], British actor (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Fernando Amorsolo]], Filipino painter (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Kwame Nkrumah]], Ghanaian politician, 1st\n        [[Prime Minister of Ghana]] and 1st [[President of Ghana]] (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 King [[Ntare V of Burundi]] (b. [[1947]])\\n* [[April 30]]\n        \\u2013 [[Gia Scala]], British actress (b. [[1934]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:FBIHoover.jpg|thumb|110px|[[J.\n        Edgar Hoover]]]]\\n[[File:%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%94%EC%84%9D.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Lee\n        Beom-seok (prime minister)|Lee Beom-seok]]]]\\n[[File:Edward Prince of Wales\n        during his visit to Canada in 1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edward VIII]]]]\\n* [[May\n        2]] \\u2013 [[J. Edgar Hoover]], American Federal Bureau of Investigation director\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Bruce Cabot]], American actor (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Edward Calvin Kendall]], American chemist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 5]]\\n**\n        [[Reverend Gary Davis]], American gospel musician and reverend (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Martiros Saryan]], Armenian painter (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Frank Tashlin]],\n        American film director (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Deniz Gezmi\\u015f]],\n        Turkish revolutionary (b. [[1947]])\\n* [[May 11]] -- [[Lee Beom-seok (prime\n        minister)|Lee Beom-seok]], Korean activist, 1st [[Prime Minister of South\n        Korea]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Steve Ihnat]], American actor\n        (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Dan Blocker]], American actor (''''Bonanza'''')\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Sidney Franklin (director)|Sidney Franklin]],\n        American film director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Cecil Day-Lewis]],\n        British poet (b. [[1904]])\\n** Dame [[Margaret Rutherford]], English actress\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]],\n        Canadian art director (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Tarcisio Vincenzo\n        Benedetti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Asta Nielsen]],\n        Danish silent film actress (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Ismail Yassine]], Egyptian\n        comedian and actor (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[May 25]] -- [[Jos\\u00e9 Sebasti\\u00e3o\n        e Silva]], Portuguese mathematician (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 The\n        Duke of Windsor (the former King [[Edward VIII]]) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 29]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Indian actor and director (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Walter Freeman (neurologist)|Walter Freeman]], American physician\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Joe Deakin 1908.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joe\n        Deakin]]]]\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Edward Milford]], Australian general (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Saul Alinsky]], American political activist\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]], Austrian biologist (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Edmund Wilson]], American writer and critic (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 13]]\\n**\n        [[Georg von B\\u00e9k\\u00e9sy]], Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Stephanie von Hohenlohe]],\n        Austrian-born German World War II spy (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Clyde McPhatter]],\n        American singer (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Felix Stump]], American admiral (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] -- [[J\\u00f3hannes Gunnarsson]], Icelandic [[Roman Catholic]]\n        prelate and venerable (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Milton Humason]],\n        American astronomer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Vladimir Durkovi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian footballer (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Nicholas Hannen (actor)|Nicholas\n        Hannen]], British actor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Jan Matulka]], American painter\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Charles Sullivan (actor)|Charles Sullivan]], American\n        actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 30]] -- [[Joe Deakin]], British Olympic athlete\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal Leoni 1965.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Leoni]]]]\\n[[File:Talal of Jordan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Talal of Jordan]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] -- [[Norman Cottom]], American basketball player (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Fielding Smith]], 10th president of [[The Church\n        of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 3]] -- [[Abdulkadir\n        Dheel]], Somali military figure\\n* [[July 4]] -- [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]],\n        Argentine entrepreneur (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Ra\\u00fal Leoni]],\n        55th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Brandon\n        deWilde]], American actor (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** Patriarch [[Athenagoras\n        I of Constantinople]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Pedro Laurenz]], Argentine composer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n** King [[Talal of Jordan]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[July 11]] --\n        [[Celina Guimar\\u00e3es Viana]], Brazilian professor and suffragist (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] -- [[Dolores Della Penna]], American murder victim (b. [[1954]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]] -- [[Mikl\\u00f3s Dud\\u00e1s (bishop)|Mikl\\u00f3s Dud\\u00e1s]],\n        Hungarian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and servant of God (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Ralph Craig]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n** King\n        [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Max Aub]],\n        Mexican-born Spanish novelist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 23]] -- [[Adolfo Casais\n        Monteiro]], Portuguese essayist, poet and writer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[July 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lance Reventlow]], American playboy and race car driver (b. [[1936]])\\n*\n        [[July 25]]\\n** [[Am\\u00e9rico Castro]], Spanish historian and philologist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Oscar Elton Sette]], American fisheries scientist (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 Count [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]],\n        Austrian-Japanese politician, geopolitician and philosopher (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Helen Traubel]], American soprano (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July\n        31]]\\n** [[Alfons Gorbach]], Austrian politician, 15th [[Chancellor of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Paul-Henri Spaak]], Belgian politician and statesman,\n        31st [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] and 2nd [[Secretary General of NATO]] (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Max Theiler nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max\n        Theiler]]]]\\n[[File:Juan Manuel Galvez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan Manuel G\\u00e1lvez]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 7]]\\n** [[Joi Lansing]], American actress (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Tom\n        Neal]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Andrea Feldman]],\n        American actress (b. [[1948]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Teresa Franchini]],\n        Italian actress (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Max Theiler]], South African-born American\n        virologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Oscar Levant]], American pianist and actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Jules Romains]], French poet and writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Pierre Brasseur]], French actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Mohamed\n        Oufkir]], Moroccan general (assassinated) (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**\n        [[Rudolf Belling]], German sculptor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[James Patterson (actor)|James\n        Patterson]], American actor (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[Juan Manuel\n        G\\u00e1lvez]], 39th [[President of Honduras]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Harold Rainsford\n        Stark]], American admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Heinz Ziegler]],\n        German general (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 23]] -- [[Salvatore Naturale]], American\n        criminal (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Jinichi Kusaka]], Japanese\n        admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Juan Carlos Paz]], Argentine\n        composer and music theorist (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Francis\n        Chichester]], British sailor and aviator (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Yung Fung-shee]], Hong Kong philanthropist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prince William of Gloucester]] (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Ren\\u00e9 Leibowitz]], French composer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[August 30]] --\n        [[Augusto Bertazzoni]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and servant\n        of God (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Warren Kealoha 1924.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Warren\n        Kealoha]]]]\\n[[File:MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Max Fleischer]]]]\\n*\n        September – [[Prince Ismail Imaduddeen]] (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[September\n        1]] \\u2013 [[He Xiangning]], Chinese revolutionary, feminist, politician,\n        painter and poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Yumashev (admiral)|Ivan\n        Yumashev]], Soviet admiral (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 5]] ([[Munich massacre]]):\\n**\n        [[Yossef Romano]], Israeli weightlifter (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Moshe Weinberg]],\n        Israeli wrestling coach (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[September 6]] ([[Munich massacre]]):\\n**\n        [[David Mark Berger]], Israeli weightlifter (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Ze''ev Friedman]],\n        Israeli weightlifter (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Yossef Gutfreund]], Israeli wrestling\n        referee (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Eliezer Halfin]], Israeli wrestler (b. [[1948]])\\n**\n        [[Amitzur Shapira]], Israeli athletics coach (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Kehat Shorr]],\n        Israeli shooting coach (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Mark Slavin]], Israeli wrestler\n        (b. [[1954]])\\n** [[Andre Spitzer]], Israeli fencing coach (b. [[1945]])\\n**\n        [[Yakov Springer]], Israeli weightlifting judge (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Warren Kealoha]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Max Fleischer]], American animator (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 [[William Boyd (actor)|William Boyd]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Lane Chandler]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[September 15]]\\n** [[\\u00c1sgeir \\u00c1sgeirsson]], 2nd President of Iceland\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Fisher]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Kent Hewitt]], American admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Thomas L. Sprague]], American admiral (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Peter Stephens\n        (actor)|Peter Stephens]], British actor (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Akim Tamiroff]],\n        Soviet actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Robert Casadesus]],\n        French pianist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Henry de Montherlant]],\n        French writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Charles Correll]], American\n        radio actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Robert E. Dolan]], American composer (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Louis\n        Leakey.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Louis Leakey]]]]\\n[[File:Edward Cook (athlete) 1908.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Edward\n        Cook (athlete)|Edward Cook]]]]\\n[[File:Sikorsky, Igor.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Igor\n        Sikorsky]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Louis Leakey]], British paleontologist\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[October 4]] -- [[Taro Shoji]], Japanese singer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Yefremov]], Soviet paleontologist and science\n        fiction author (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[October 8]] -- [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Cuenco]],\n        Filipino [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and servant of God (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\n** [[Dave Bancroft]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Indians]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Miriam\n        Hopkins]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 13]] -- [[Jose Villa\n        Panganiban]], Filipino lexicographer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Leo G. Carroll]], English actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 17]] -- [[George,\n        Crown Prince of Serbia]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\n** [[Esma Cannon]],\n        British actress (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Edward Cook (athlete)|Edward Cook]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Harlow Shapley]],\n        American astronomer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 21]] -- [[Marcelino Olaechea]],\n        Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and servant of God (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]]\\n** [[Jackie Robinson]], African-American baseball player ([[Brooklyn\n        Dodgers]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Claire\n        Windsor]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Igor\n        Sikorsky]], Soviet aviation engineer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Mitchell Leisen]], American film director (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 29]]\n        \\u2013 [[Victor Milner]], American cinematographer (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ezra\n        Pound passport photograph undated.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ezra Pound]]]]\\n[[File:Arnold\n        Jackson 1912.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Arnold Jackson (athlete)|Arnold Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Ezra Pound]], American poet (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Harry Richman]], American entertainer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Reginald Owen]], English actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rudolf Friml]], Czech composer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 13]]\\n**\n        [[Arnold Jackson (athlete)|Arnold Jackson]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Margaret Webster]], American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Martin Dies, Jr.]], American politician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 17]]\\n**\n        [[L\\u00e9opold Dion]], Canadian sex offender and serial killer (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Thomas C. Kinkaid]], American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Eug\\u00e8ne Minkowski]],\n        French psychiartist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Danny Whitten]],\n        American musician (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Marie Wilson (American\n        actress)|Marie Wilson]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[November 25]]\n        \\n** [[Henri Coand\\u0103]], Romanian aerodynamics pioneer (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Mary M. Crawford]], American surgeon (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Havergal Brian]], English composer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Carl Stalling]], American composer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Hans Erich Apostel]], Austrian composer (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Antonio\n        Segni Official.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antonio Segni]]]]\\n[[File:Rene Mayer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ren\\u00e9\n        Mayer]]]]\\n[[File:Harry S. Truman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harry Truman]]]]\\n[[File:Lester\n        B. Pearson with a pencil.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lester B. Pearson]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]]\\n** [[Antonio Segni]], Italian politician, 34th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        (1955\\u20131957, 1959\\u20131960), and 4th [[President of Italy]] (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Andreas Tzimas]], Greek communist politician and Resistance leader (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Ettore Bastico]], Italian field marshal (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Lim\\u00f3n]], Mexican choreographer (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Yip Man]],\n        master of [[Wing Chun]] Kung Fu (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Bill\n        Johnson (double-bassist)|Bill Johnson]], American musician (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Janet Munro]], British actress (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[December\n        9]]\\n** [[William Dieterle]], German film director (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Louella\n        Parsons]], American gossip columnist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Thomas H. Robbins, Jr.]], American admiral (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 13]]\n        -- [[Ren\\u00e9 Mayer]], French politician, 91st [[Prime Minister of France]]\n        (b. [[1895]]) \\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Edward Earle]], Canadian actor\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Gabby Hartnett]], American baseball\n        player ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Paul Hausser]], German Waffen SS general (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy Wallington]], American radio personality (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Andrei Tupolev]], Soviet aircraft designer\n        (b. [[1888]]).\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Charles Atlas]], Italian-born American\n        [[strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] and [[sideshow]] performer (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Gisela Richter]], English art historian (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Daniel McVey]], Australian public servant (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[C. Rajagopalachari]], Indian politician and freedom-fighter. Last\n        Governor-General of India (1948\\u201350) (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Harry S. Truman]], 33rd [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Lester B. Pearson]], Canadian scholar, statesman,\n        soldier and politician, 8th [[President of the United Nations General Assembly]]\n        and 14th [[Prime Minister of Canada]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Link Lyman]], American football\n        player ([[Chicago Bears]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Clemente]], Puerto Rican\n        baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]] (b. [[1934]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[John Bardeen]], [[Leon Neil Cooper]],\n        [[John Robert Schrieffer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013\n        [[Christian B. Anfinsen]], [[Stanford Moore]], [[William H. Stein]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Gerald M.\n        Edelman]], [[Rodney R. Porter]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Heinrich B\\u00f6ll]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]] \\u2013 [[John Hicks]],\n        [[Kenneth Arrow]]\\n\\n==Other academic awards==\\n* [[Turing Award]] \\u2013\n        [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1972}}\\n[[Category:1972|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T13:31:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":799725517,\"length\":101821,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972\"},\"34751\":{\"pageid\":34751,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1973\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-08T14:50:09Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}} \\n{{Year dab|1973}}\\n{{Events by month|1973}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1973}} \\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1973}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1973}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** The [[United Kingdom]], the [[Republic\n        of Ireland]] and [[Denmark]] enter the [[European Economic Community]], which\n        later becomes the [[European Union]].\\n** [[Columbia Broadcasting System|CBS]]\n        sells the [[New York Yankees]] for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led\n        by [[George Steinbrenner]] (3.2 million dollars less than CBS bought the Yankees\n        for).\\n* [[January 5]] – American rock band [[Aerosmith]] releases their\n        debut album.\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Mark Essex]] kills 9 people at the\n        [[Howard Johnson''s]] hotel in downtown [[New Orleans]].\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Elvis Presley]]''s [[Aloha from Hawaii|concert]] in Hawaii is the first\n        worldwide telecast by an entertainer, that is watched by more people than\n        watched the Apollo moon landings.\\n** [[American football]]: The [[Miami Dolphins]]\n        complete the first and only [[1972 Miami Dolphins season|perfect season]]\n        in [[National Football League]] history by defeating the [[Washington Redskins]]\n        14-7 in [[Super Bowl VII]] at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]]. \\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Citing progress in peace negotiations, U.S.\n        President [[Richard Nixon]] announces the suspension of offensive action in\n        [[North Vietnam]].\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Anna Christian Waters]], 5\n        years old, disappears from her home in Purisima Canyon, near [[Half Moon Bay,\n        California]].\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Ferdinand Marcos]] becomes [[President\n        for Life]] of the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[January 18]] – Eleven [[Labour\n        Party (UK)|Labour Party]] councillors in [[Clay Cross]], [[Derbyshire]], England,\n        are ordered to pay \\u00a36,985 for not enforcing the Housing Finance Act.\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Richard Nixon]] is [[Second inauguration of Richard\n        Nixon|sworn in]] for a second term as President of the United States.\\n* [[January\n        21]] – The [[Communist League (Denmark)|Communist League]] is founded\n        in Denmark.\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** ''''[[Roe v. Wade]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme\n        Court]] overturns state bans on abortion.\\n** [[George Foreman]] defeats [[Joe\n        Frazier]] to win the heavyweight world [[boxing]] championship.\\n** A [[Royal\n        Jordanian]] [[Boeing 707]] flight from [[Jeddah]] crashes in [[Kano]], [[Nigeria]];\n        176 people are killed.\\n** Former U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] dies\n        at his [[Stonewall, Texas]], ranch, leaving no former U.S. President living\n        until the resignation of [[Richard Nixon]] in [[1974]].\\n** The crew of [[Apollo\n        17]] addresses a joint session of Congress after the completion of the final\n        Apollo moon landing mission.\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Eldfell]] on the [[Iceland]]ic\n        island of [[Heimaey]] erupts.\\n** U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces\n        that a peace accord has been reached in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        English actor [[Derren Nesbitt]] is convicted of assaulting his wife [[Anne\n        Aubrey]].\\n* [[January 27]] – U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]]\n        ends with the signing of the [[Paris Peace Accords]].\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American]] and [[Trans World Airlines]] cancelled\n        their options to buy 13 [[Concorde]] airliners.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|February 1973}}\\n* [[February 6]] – Toronto: Construction on\n        the [[CN Tower]] begins.\\n* [[February 8]] – A military insurrection\n        in [[Uruguay]] poses an institutional challenge to President [[Juan Mar\\u00eda\n        Bordaberry]].\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The first American\n        prisoners of war are released from [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 12]] –\n        [[Ohio]] becomes the first U.S. state to post distance in [[SI|metric]] on\n        signs (see [[Metrication in the United States]]).\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        The [[United States dollar]] is devalued by 10%.\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        The [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales]] rules that ''''[[The Sunday Times]]''''\n        can publish articles on [[thalidomide]] and [[Distillers Company]], despite\n        ongoing legal actions by parents (the decision is overturned in July by the\n        [[Judicial functions of the House of Lords|House of Lords]]).\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114]] ([[Boeing 727]]) is shot\n        down by [[Israel]]i [[fighter aircraft]] over the [[Sinai Desert]], after\n        the passenger plane is suspected of being an enemy military plane. Only 5\n        (1 crew member and 4 passengers) of 113 survive.\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Sino-American relations]]: Following President [[Richard Nixon]]''s [[1972\n        Nixon visit to China|visit]] to [[mainland China]], the United States and\n        the People''s Republic of China agree to establish liaison offices.\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Edward Heath]]''s British government publishes a Green Paper\n        on prices and incomes policy.\\n[[Image:Flag of the American Indian Movement.svg|right|150px|thumb|Flag\n        of the American Indian Movement]]\\n* [[February 27]] – The [[American\n        Indian Movement]] occupies [[Wounded Knee, South Dakota]].\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**\n        The [[Republic of Ireland]] general election is held. [[Liam Cosgrave]] becomes\n        the new [[Taoiseach]].\\n** The landmark postmodern novel ''''[[Gravity''s\n        Rainbow]]'''' by [[Thomas Pynchon]] is published.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main article|March\n        1973}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** ''''[[Charlotte''s Web (1973 film)|Charlotte''s\n        Web]]'''', the animated film based on the children''s book of the same name,\n        is released.\\n** [[Dick Taverne]], having resigned from the [[Parliament of\n        the United Kingdom]] on leaving the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], is\n        re-elected as a ''Democratic Labour'' candidate.\\n** [[Pink Floyd]]''s ''''[[The\n        Dark Side of the Moon]]'''', one of rock''s landmark albums, is released in\n        the US. It is released in the UK on March 24.\\n*  [[March 2]] – [[Wellington\n        Street bus station]] in [[Perth]], Australia, is opened by  western Australia''s\n        premier [[John Tonkin]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham\n        Hotspur]] wins the [[Football League Cup]] final at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]],\n        beating [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] 1\\u20130.\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Comet Kohoutek]] is discovered.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Northern Ireland sovereignty\n        referendum, 1973|Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum]] (the \\\"Border Poll\\\"):\n        98.9% of those voting in the province want [[Northern Ireland]] to remain\n        within the [[United Kingdom]]. Turnout is 58.7%, although less than 1% for\n        Catholics.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9/newsid_2516000/2516477.stm|work=On\n        This Day|title=Northern Ireland votes for union|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=1973-03-09|accessdate=2012-06-19}}\n        This is the first referendum on regional government in the U.K.\\n** [[Provisional\n        Irish Republican Army]] bombs explode in [[Whitehall]] and the [[Old Bailey]]\n        in London.\\n* [[March 10]] – Sir [[Richard Sharples]], Governor of [[Bermuda]],\n        is assassinated in Government House.\\n* [[March 12]]  – Last episode\n        of original ''''Laugh-In'''' airs on NBC. The show will continue with re-runs\n        until May 14, 1973.\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] opens the modern\n        [[London Bridge#Modern London Bridge|London Bridge]].\\n** Many of the few\n        remaining United States soldiers begin to leave [[Vietnam]]. One reunion of\n        a former POW with his family is immortalized in the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning\n        photograph ''''[[Burst of Joy]]''''.\\n* [[March 20]] – A British government\n        White Paper on [[Northern Ireland]] proposes the re-establishment of an Assembly\n        elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – The [[Lofthouse Colliery disaster]] occurs in Great Britain.  Seven\n        miners are trapped underground; none survive.{{Cite web|title=The Lofthouse\n        Colliery Disaster|date=January 2003|work=[[BBC]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/sense_of_place/lofthouse_colliery_disaster.shtml|accessdate=28\n        July 2011}}\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Watergate scandal]] (United States):\n        In a letter to [[John Sirica|Judge John Sirica]], Watergate burglar [[James\n        W. McCord, Jr.]] admits that he and other defendants have been pressured to\n        remain silent about the case.  He names former [[John N. Mitchell|Attorney\n        General John Mitchell]] as ''overall boss'' of the operation.\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – TV [[soap opera]] ''''[[The Young and the Restless]]'''' debuts on\n        [[CBS]].\\n* [[March 27]] – At the 45th Academy Awards, ''''[[The Godfather]]''''\n        wins best picture.https://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/45th-winners.html\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – The last United States soldier leaves Vietnam.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main\n        article|April 1973}}\\n* [[April 2]] – The [[LexisNexis]] computerized\n        legal research service begins.\\n* [[April 3]] – The first handheld [[mobile\n        phone]] call is made by [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]] of [[Motorola]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[April 4]] – The [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World\n        Trade Center]] complex in New York City is officially dedicated with a [[ribbon-cutting\n        ceremony]].\\n* [[April 5]][[Image:Pioneer G (Pioneer 11) launch.jpg|thumb|px200|The\n        launch of the [[Atlas-Centaur]] carrying the Pioneer G (11) spacecraft on\n        April 5, 1973.]]\\n** [[Fahri Korut\\u00fcrk]] becomes the sixth president of\n        [[Turkey]].\\n** ''''[[Pioneer 11]]'''' is launched on a mission to study the\n        [[Solar System]].\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Ron Blomberg]] of the [[New York\n        Yankees]] becomes the first [[designated hitter]] in [[Major League Baseball]].\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – ''''[[Tu te reconna\\u00eetras]]'''' by [[Anne-Marie David]]\n        (music by [[Claude Morgan]], text by [[Vline Buggy]]) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1973]] for [[Luxembourg]]. \\n* [[April 8]] – Artist [[Pablo\n        Picasso]] dies at his home in France.\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Israel]]i\n        commandos raid [[Beirut]], assassinating 3 leaders of the [[Palestinian political\n        violence|Palestinian Resistance Movement]]. The Lebanese army''s inaction\n        brings the immediate resignation of Prime Minister [[Saeb Salam]], a [[Sunni]]\n        Muslim.\\n* [[April 11]] – The [[British House of Commons]] votes against\n        restoring [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|capital punishment]]\n        by a margin of 142 votes.\\n* [[April 12]] – The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour\n        Party]] wins control of the [[Greater London Council]].\\n* [[April 15]] –\n        [[Naim Talu]], a former civil servant, forms the new government of [[Turkey]]\n        (36th government).\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** The German counter-terrorist force\n        [[GSG 9]] is officially formed in response to the [[Munich\n        massacre]].\\n** [[FedEx|Federal Express]] officially begins operations, with\n        the launch of 14 small aircraft from [[Memphis International Airport]]. On\n        that night, Federal Express delivers 186 packages to 25 U.S. cities from [[Rochester,\n        New York]], to [[Miami, Florida]].\\n** The [[Morganza Spillway]] on the Mississippi\n        River is opened for the first time in order to prevent catastrophic flooding\n        of New Orleans.\\n* [[April 20]] – An [[Indian Pacific]] train en route\n        to [[Perth]] derails near [[Broken Hill, New South Wales]], destroying a quarter\n        mile of track.\\n* [[April 26]] – The first day of trading on the [[Chicago\n        Board Options Exchange]].\\n* [[April 28]] \\n**The last section of the [[IRT\n        Third Avenue Line]] from [[149th Street (IRT Third Avenue Line)|149th Street]]\n        to [[Gun Hill Road (IRT Third Avenue Line)|Gun Hill Road]] in [[The Bronx]]\n        is closed.\\n**Six Irishmen, including [[Joe Cahill]], are arrested by the\n        [[Irish Naval Service]] off [[County Waterford]], on board a coaster carrying\n        5 tons of weapons destined for the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: President [[Richard Nixon]] announces\n        that White House Counsel [[John Dean]] has been fired and that Attorney General\n        [[Richard Kleindienst]] has resigned along with staffers [[H. R. Haldeman]]\n        and [[John Ehrlichman]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{main article|May 1973}}\\n* [[May\n        1]] – An estimated 1,600,000 workers in the United Kingdom stop work\n        in support of a [[Trades Union Congress]] \\\"day of national protest and stoppage\\\"\n        against the Government''s anti-inflation policy.\\n[[image:Sears Tower ss.jpg|thumb|250px|Willis\n        Tower]]\\n* [[May 3]] – The [[Willis Tower]] in Chicago is topped-out,\n        becoming the world''s tallest building at {{convert|1451|ft|m}}.\\n* [[May\n        5]]\\n** [[Shambu Tamang]] becomes the youngest person to climb to the summit\n        of [[Mount Everest]]. \\n** [[Sunderland\n        A.F.C.]] defeats [[Leeds United A.F.C.]] in the [[1973 FA Cup Final]].\\n**\n        [[Secretariat (horse)|Secretariat]] wins the [[Kentucky Derby]] in a dramatic\n        come from behind victory and setting a new Derby record of 1:59 2/5ths.\\n**\n        [[Led Zeppelin]] plays before 56,800 persons at [[Tampa Stadium]] on the band''s\n        [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1973|1973 North American Tour]], thus breaking\n        the August 15, 1965, record of 55,600 set by [[The Beatles]] at [[Shea Stadium]].\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – A 71-day standoff between federal authorities and [[American\n        Indian Movement]] activists who were occupying the [[Pine Ridge Reservation]]\n        at [[Wounded Knee, South Dakota]], ends with the surrender of the militants.\n        \\n* [[May 10]]\\n** The [[Montreal\n        Canadiens]] win the [[Stanley Cup]] 4 games to 2 over the [[Chicago Blackhawks]],\n        Yvan Cournoyer was voted MVP. \\n** The [[Polisario Front]], a Sahrawi movement\n        dedicated to the independence of [[Spanish Sahara]], is formed.\\n** The [[New\n        York Knicks]] defeat the [[Los Angeles Lakers]], 102\\u201393 in Game 5 of\n        the [[NBA Finals]] to win the [[NBA]] title.\\n* [[May 11]] – The [[Data\n        Act]] (Sw. ''''Datalagen'''') \\u2212 the world''s first national data protection\n        law \\u2212 is enacted in Sweden.\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Bobby Riggs]] challenges\n        and defeats [[Margaret Court]], the world''s #1 women''s player, in a nationally\n        televised tennis match set in Ramona, CA northeast of San Diego. Riggs wins\n        6-2, 6-1 which leads to the huge [[Battle of the Sexes (tennis)|Battle of\n        the Sexes]] match against [[Billie Jean King]] later in the year on September\n        20.\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** ''''[[Skylab]]'''', the United States'' first [[space\n        station]], is launched.\\n** The [[British House of Commons]] votes to abolish\n        [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|capital punishment]] in [[Northern\n        Ireland]].\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: Televised hearings\n        begin in the [[United States Senate]].\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Second Cod\n        War]]: [[Joseph Godber]], British [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and\n        Food]], announces that [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]]s will protect British trawlers\n        fishing in the disputed 50-mile limit round [[Iceland]].\\n* [[May 19]] –\n        [[Secretariat (horse)|Secretariat]] wins the [[Preakness Stakes]] by 2 1/2\n        lengths over the amazingly quick 2nd placed Sham. A malfunction in the track''s\n        timing equipment prevented a confirmed new track record.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Antony Lambton|Lord Lambton]] resigns from the British government over a\n        ''[[Prostitution|call girl]]'' scandal.\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Royal Canadian\n        Mounted Police]] celebrate 100 year anniversary.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[George\n        Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe|Earl Jellicoe]], [[Lord Privy Seal]] and [[Leader\n        of the House of Lords]] in Britain, resigns over a separate prostitution scandal.\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** ''''[[Skylab 2]]'''' ([[Pete Conrad]], [[Paul J. Weitz|Paul\n        Weitz]], [[Joseph Kerwin]]) is launched on a mission to repair damage to the\n        recently launched ''''[[Skylab]]'''' space station.\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9\n        C\\u00e1mpora]] becomes democratic president of the [[Argentine Republic]]\n        ending the 1966 to 1973 [[Revoluci\\u00f3n Argentina]] military dictatorship.\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – By virtue of the non-retroactivity of Soviet copyright\n        laws, all works published before this date are [[public domain]]. This applies\n        worldwide.{{noMention}}\\n* [[May 30]]\\u2013[[Gordon Johncock]] wins the [[1973\n        Indianapolis 500|Indianapolis 500]] in the [[Patrick Racing|''''Patrick Racing\n        Special'''']] [[All American Racers|Eagle]]-[[Offenhauser]], after only 133\n        laps, due to rain. (The race was begun [[May 28]] but called due to rain.)\\n\\n===June===\\n{{main\n        article|June 1973}}\\n* [[June 1]] – The Greek military junta abolishes\n        the [[monarchy]] and proclaims a [[republic]].\\n* [[June 3]] – A [[Tupolev\n        Tu-144]] crashes at the Paris air show; 15 are killed.\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        A [[patent]] for the [[automated teller machine|ATM]]\n        is granted to [[Donald Wetzel]], Tom Barnes and George Chastain.\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Secretariat (racehorse)|Secretariat]] wins the [[Belmont Stakes]]\n        shattering the record\\\"Secretariat\\\" by Raymond G. Woolfe Jr. by\n        an unbelievable 2 3/5ths seconds, becoming the first [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred\n        Racing]] winner since 1948.\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Henri Pescarolo]] and\n        co-driver [[G\\u00e9rard Larrousse]] (both France) win the [[1973 24 Hours\n        of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] in the [[Equipe Matra Sports|''''Equipe Matra'''']]\n        [[Matra MS670|MS670]]B.\\n* [[June 17]] – The submersible ''''[[Johnson\n        Sea Link]]'''' becomes [[Johnson Sea Link accident|entangled]] on the wreckage\n        of the {{USS|Fred T. Berry|DD-858|6}} off [[Key West, Florida]]. The submersible\n        is brought to the surface the following day, but 2 of the 4 men aboard die\n        of [[carbon dioxide poisoning]].\\n* [[June 18]] – U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] begins several talks with Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]].\\n* [[June\n        20]] – The [[Ezeiza massacre]] occurs in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]].  Snipers\n        shoot at left-wing Peronists, killing at least 13 and injuring more than 300.\\n*\n        [[June 22]] – [[W. Mark Felt]] (\\\"Deep Throat\\\")\n        retires from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]].\\n* [[June 23]] –\n        A house fire in [[Kingston upon Hull]], England, which kills a 6-year-old\n        boy is passed off as an accident; it later emerges as the first of 26 fire\n        deaths caused over the next 7 years by arsonist [[Bruce George Peter Lee|Peter\n        Dinsdale]].\\n* [[June 24]] – Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] addresses\n        the American people on television, the first to do so.\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Erskine Hamilton Childers]] is elected the 4th [[President of Ireland]].\\n**\n        [[Watergate scandal]]: Former [[White House]] counsel [[John Dean]] begins\n        his testimony before the Senate Watergate Committee.\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        At [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]], 9 persons are killed in\n        the explosion of a Cosmos 3-M rocket.\\n* [[June 27]] – [[1973 Uruguayan\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|Coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Uruguay]]: pressed by the military,\n        President [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Bordaberry]] dissolves Parliament; a 12-year-long\n        [[Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay|civic-military dictatorship]] begins.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – Elections are held for the [[Northern Ireland Assembly,\n        1973|Northern Ireland Assembly]], which will lead to power-sharing between\n        [[Unionism in Ireland|unionists]] and [[Irish nationalism|nationalists]] in\n        [[Northern Ireland]] for the first time.\\n* [[June 30]] – A [[Solar\n        eclipse of June 30, 1973|very long total solar eclipse]] occurs. During the entire 2nd millennium, only 7 total solar eclipses exceeded\n        7 minutes of totality.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main article|July 1973}}\\n* [[July\n        1]] – The United States [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] is founded.\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – The [[United States Congress]] passes the Education of\n        the Handicapped Act (EHA) mandating [[Special Education]] federally.\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (CSCE).\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – [[MLB]]: The [[New York Mets]] fall 12\\u00bd games back\n        in last place of the [[National League]] Eastern Division.\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        The [[Isle of Man Post]] begins to issue its own [[postage stamp]]s.\\n** The\n        catastrophic [[BLEVE]] (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) occurs in\n        [[Kingman, Arizona]], following a fire that broke out as [[propane]] was being\n        transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, killing 11 firefighters.  This\n        explosion becomes a classic incident, studied in fire department training\n        programs worldwide.\\n[[image:Saint Andrew''s Cathedral, Singapore - 20090911.jpg|thumb|300px|Saint\n        Andrew''s Cathedral, Singapore]]\\n* [[July 6]] – [[St Andrew''s Cathedral,\n        Singapore]] is gazetted as a [[National Monuments of Singapore|national monument]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** The [[Bahamas]] gains full independence within the [[Commonwealth\n        of Nations]].\\n** The grandson of [[J. Paul Getty]] is kidnapped in Rome.{{noMention}}\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[Varig Flight 820]] crashes near [[Orly]], France; 123\n        are killed.\\n* [[July 12]] – [[National Personnel Records Center fire]]:\n        A major fire destroys the entire 6th floor of the [[National Personnel Records\n        Center]] in St. Louis, Missouri.\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Watergate scandal]]:\n        Former [[White House]] aide [[Alexander Butterfield]] informs the [[United\n        States Senate]] Watergate Committee that President [[Richard Nixon]] had secretly\n        recorded potentially incriminating conversations.\\n* [[July 17]] – King\n        [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] of Afghanistan is deposed by his cousin [[Mohammed\n        Daoud Khan]] while in Italy undergoing eye surgery.\\n* [[July 20]] –\n        \\n**France resumes nuclear bomb tests in [[Mururoa Atoll]], over the protests\n        of Australia and New Zealand.\\n** [[Bruce Lee]], American actor, philosopher,\n        founder of [[Jeet Kune Do]], dies in Hong Kong of [[cerebral edema]] (six\n        days later his final film, ''''[[Enter the Dragon]]'''', is released).\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – The [[Avianca]] Building in [[Bogot\\u00e1]], [[Colombia]]\n        suffers a serious fire.\\n* [[July 25]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        ''''[[Mars 5]]'''' space probe is launched.\\n* [[July 27]] – The New\n        York Dolls release their debut album.\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** The [[Summer Jam\n        at Watkins Glen]], a massive rock festival featuring the [[Grateful Dead]],\n        [[The Allman Brothers Band]] and [[The Band]], attracts over 600,000 music\n        fans.\\n** ''''[[Skylab 3]]'''' ([[Owen Garriott]], [[Jack Lousma]], [[Alan\n        Bean]]) is launched, to conduct various medical and scientific experiments\n        aboard ''''[[Skylab]]''''.\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Formula One]] racing driver\n        [[Roger Williamson]] dies in an accident, witnessed live on European television,\n        during the [[1973 Dutch Grand Prix]].\\n* [[July 30]] – An 11-year legal\n        action for the victims of [[Thalidomide]] ends.{{noMention}}\\n* [[July 31]]\\n**\n        Militant protesters led by [[Ian Paisley]] disrupt the first sitting of the\n        [[Northern Ireland Assembly]].\\n** A [[Delta Air Lines]] [[DC-9]] aircraft\n        flying as [[Delta Air Lines Flight 173]] lands short of Boston''s [[Logan\n        Airport]] runway in poor visibility, striking a sea wall about 165 feet (50\n        m) to the right of the runway centerline and about 3,000 feet (914 m) short.   All\n        6 crew members and 83 passengers are killed, 1 of the passengers dying several\n        months after the accident.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main article|August 1973}}\\n[[image:Flag\n        of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).svg|thumb|150px|Flag of CARICOM]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Caribbean Community and Common Market]] (CARICOM) inaugurated.\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – A flash fire kills 51 at the [[Summerland disaster|Summerland]]\n        amusement centre at [[Douglas, Isle of Man]].{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-23449990|title=Isle\n        of Man ''Shame'' over Summerland Fire Disaster|access-date=5 August 2017|newspaper=BBC\n        News|date=2 August 2013}}\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Black September\n        Organization|Black September]] members open fire at the [[Athens]] airport;\n        3 are killed, 55 injured.\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** South Korean politician [[Kim\n        Dae-jung]] is kidnapped in Tokyo by the [[KCIA]].\\n** American [[serial killer]],\n        [[rapist]], [[kidnapping|kidnapper]] and [[torturer]] [[Dean Corll]] is shot\n        to death by one of his teenage accomplices, [[Elmer Wayne Henley]], at Corll''s\n        [[Pasadena, Texas]] home. Henley turns himself in and confesses, uncovering\n        the Houston Mass Murders, a series of murders in which 28 young boys have\n        been abducted, tortured and murdered by Corll and his accomplices Henley and\n        David Brooks (who is also arrested).\\n* [[August 11]] – [[DJ Kool Herc]]\n        originates the [[hip hop music]] genre in New York City.{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/birthplace-of-hip-hop/|title=Birthplace\n        of Hip Hop|work=[[History Detectives]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2017-08-11}}\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – The U.S. bombing of [[Cambodia]] ends, officially halting\n        12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia according to the [[Case\\u2013Church\n        Amendment]]-an act that prohibites military operations in [[Laos]], Cambodia,\n        and [[North Vietnam|North]] and [[South Vietnam|South]] [[Vietnam]] as a follow\n        up of the [[Paris Peace Accords]]. \\n* [[August 23]] – The [[Norrmalmstorg\n        robbery]] occurs, famous for the origin of the term [[Stockholm syndrome]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main\n        article|September 1973}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The British [[Trades Union\n        Congress]] expels 20 members for registering under the [[Industrial Relations\n        Act 1971]].\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Jackie Stewart]] places fourth at\n        the [[1973 Italian Grand Prix|Italian ''''Grand Prix'''']] at [[Autodromo\n        Nazionale Monza|Monza]], becoming [[List of Formula One World Drivers'' Champions|World\n        Drivers'' Champion]], in the [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]] [[Tyrrell 003|003]]-[[Cosworth]].\\n*\n        [[September 11]] \\n** [[Chile]]''s democratically elected government is overthrown\n        in [[1973 Chilean coup d''\\u00e9tat|a military coup]] after serious instability.\n        President [[Salvador Allende]] allegedly [[Death of Salvador Allende|commits\n        suicide]] during the coup in the [[La Moneda Palace|presidential palace]],\n        and General [[Augusto Pinochet]] heads a U.S.-backed [[military junta]] that\n        governs Chile for the next 16 years.\\n** [[Art Garfunkel]] finally releases\n        his solo debut album ''''[[Angel Clare]]'''', 17 years after starting his\n        career.\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]] dies. His\n        grandson, [[Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden|Carl XVI Gustaf]], becomes king.\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – The two German Republics, the [[West Germany|Federal\n        Republic of Germany]] (West Germany) and the [[German Democratic Republic]]\n        (East Germany), are admitted to the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 20]]\n        – The ''''[[Battle of the Sexes (tennis)|Battle of the Sexes]]'''':\n        [[Billie Jean King]] defeats [[Bobby Riggs]] in a televised tennis match,\n        6\\u20134, 6\\u20134, 6\\u20133, at the [[Astrodome]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]].  With\n        an attendance of 30,492, this remains the largest live audience ever to see\n        a tennis match in US history.  The global audience that viewed on television\n        in 36 countries was estimated at 90 million.\\n* [[September 20]] – Singer-songwriter\n        [[Jim Croce]] dies following a gig at [[Northwestern State University]] in\n        [[Natchitoches, Louisiana]]. Croce boarded a small chartered plane that crashed\n        on takeoff. All six people aboard were killed.\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Henry Kissinger]], [[United States National Security Advisor]], starts his\n        term as [[United States Secretary of State]].\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        The [[Oakland Raiders]] defeat the [[Miami Dolphins]] 12-7, ending the Dolphins''\n        unbeaten streak at 18. It is the Miami Dolphins'' first loss since [[January\n        16]], [[1972]] in [[Super Bowl VI]].\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Soviet space\n        program]]: [[Soyuz 12]], the first Soviet manned flight since the [[Soyuz\n        11]] tragedy in 1971, is launched.\\n** [[Lu\\u00eds Cabral]] declares the independence\n        of the [[Republic of Guinea-Bissau]] from the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado\n        Novo regime]] in [[Portugal]]. It is later granted in September 1974.\\n* [[September\n        28]] – The [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] Building in New York City is bombed\n        in protest at ITT''s alleged involvement in the [[Chilean coup of 1973|September\n        11, 1973, coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Chile]].\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Yankee\n        Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], known as \\\"The House That Ruth Built\\\", closes\n        for a two-year renovation at a cost of $160 million. The [[New York Yankees]]\n        play all of their home games at [[Shea Stadium]] in [[1974]] and [[1975]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main\n        article|October 1973}}\\n[[File:Sydney Opera House Sails.jpg|thumb|[[October\n        20]]: [[Sydney Opera House]] is opened by [[Elizabeth II]]]]\\n* [[October\n        6]] \\n** [[Yom Kippur War]] begins: The fourth and largest [[Arab\\u2013Israeli\n        conflict]] begins, as [[Egypt]]ian and [[Syria]]n forces attack Israeli forces\n        in the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and [[Golan Heights]] on [[Yom Kippur]].\\n** French\n        [[Formula One]] driver [[Fran\\u00e7ois Cevert]] is killed  in the [[Tyrrell\n        Racing|Tyrrell]] [[Tyrrell 003|003]]-[[Cosworth]] during the [[1973 United\n        States Grand Prix|U.S. ''''Grand Prix'''']]. Cevert''s teammate, World Champion\n        [[Jackie Stewart]], announces his retirement after the event.\\n* [[October\n        8]] – [[LBC]] Radio begins broadcasting on 97.3 FM in London.\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Spiro T. Agnew]] resigns as Vice President of the United States\n        and then, in federal court in [[Baltimore]], pleads no contest to charges\n        of [[income tax]] evasion on $29,500 he received in [[1967]], while he was\n        governor of [[Maryland]]. He is fined $10,000 and put on 3 years'' probation.\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[1973 Thai popular uprising|Thai popular uprising]]\n        Students revolt in Bangkok – In the Thammasat student uprising over\n        100,000 people protest in Thailand against the Thanom military government,\n        77 are killed and 857 are injured by soldiers, Thailand.\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[1973 Pacific typhoon season#Typhoon Ruth .28Narsing.29|Typhoon Ruth]]\n        crosses [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]], killing 27 people and causing $5 million\n        in damage.\\n* [[October 17]] – An [[OPEC]] oil embargo against several\n        countries supporting Israel triggers the [[1973 energy crisis]].\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** The [[Saturday Night Massacre]]: U.S. President\n        [[Richard Nixon]] orders Attorney General [[Elliot Richardson]] to dismiss\n        [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] Special Prosecutor [[Archibald Cox]].   Richardson\n        refuses and resigns, along with Deputy Attorney General [[William Ruckelshaus]].   Solicitor\n        General [[Robert Bork]], third in line at the [[United States Department of\n        Justice|Department of Justice]], then fires Cox.   The event raises calls\n        for Nixon''s impeachment.\\n** The [[Sydney Opera House]] is opened by [[Elizabeth\n        II]] after 14 years of construction work.\\n[[File:Bosphorus Bridge.jpg|thumb|[[October\n        30]]: [[Bosphorus Bridge]] was opened by [[Turkish President]] [[Fahri Korut\\u00fcrk]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – The [[Yom Kippur War]] ends.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        The [[United Nations]] recognizes the independence of [[Guinea-Bissau]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – The [[Meteorite fall|Canon City meteorite]], a 1.4 kilogram chondrite type [[meteorite]], strikes Earth in [[Fremont\n        County, Colorado]].\\n* [[October 30]] – The [[Bosphorus Bridge]] in\n        [[Istanbul]], Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and\n        Asia over the [[Bosporus]] for the first time in history.\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape]]: Three [[Provisional Irish Republican\n        Army]] members escape from [[Mountjoy Prison]], [[Dublin]], Republic of Ireland\n        after a hijacked helicopter lands in the exercise yard.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main\n        article|November 1973}}\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: Acting\n        Attorney General [[Robert Bork]] appoints [[Leon Jaworski]] as the new Watergate\n        Special Prosecutor.{{cite news |author=\n        |title=Attorney General, Prosecutor Picked |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q00iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k6wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2082%2C4677\n        |work=The Argus-Press |agency=Associated Press |date=November 1, 1973}}\\n[[Image:Mariner\n        10 1975 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|220px|Mariner 10 Space probe, [[U.S. Space Exploration\n        History on U.S. Stamps|on U.S. Stamps, Space Exploration History, Issue of\n        1975]]]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Pan Am]] cargo flight 160, a [[Boeing 707#Notable\n        accidents|Boeing 707-321C]], crashes at [[Logan International Airport]], [[Boston]],\n        killing 3 people.\\n** [[Mariner program]]: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Mariner\n        10]]'''' toward [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] (on March 29, 1974, it becomes\n        the first [[space probe]] to reach that planet).\\n* [[November 7]] –\n        The [[Congress of the United States]] overrides President [[Richard Nixon]]''s\n        veto of the [[War Powers Resolution]], which limits presidential\n        power to wage war without congressional approval.\\n* [[November 8]] –\n        [[Millennium ''73]], a festival hosted by [[Prem Rawat|Guru Maharaj Ji]] at\n        the [[Astrodome]], is called by supporters the \\\"most significant event in\n        human history\\\".\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Egypt]] and [[Israel]] sign\n        a United States-sponsored cease-fire accord.\\n* [[November 14]] – In\n        the United Kingdom, [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] marries Captain\n        [[Mark Phillips]] in [[Westminster Abbey]] (they divorce in 1992).\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Skylab]] program: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Skylab 4]]'''' ([[Gerald\n        P. Carr|Gerald Carr]], [[William Pogue]], [[Edward Gibson]]) from [[Cape Canaveral,\n        Florida]], on an 84-day mission.\\n** U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] signs\n        the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act]] into law, authorizing the\n        construction of the [[Alaska Pipeline]].\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Watergate\n        scandal]]: In [[Orlando, Florida]], U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] tells\n        400 [[Associated Press]] managing editors \\\"I am not a crook.\\\"\\n** The [[Athens\n        Polytechnic uprising]] occurs against the military regime in [[Athens]], Greece.\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]]''s attorney, [[J.\n        Fred Buzhardt]], reveals the existence of an 18\\u00bd-minute gap in one of\n        the [[White House]] tape recordings related to [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]].\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – Greek dictator [[Georgios Papadopoulos|George Papadopoulos]]\n        is ousted in a military [[coup]] led by Brigadier General [[Dimitrios Ioannidis]].\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – The [[United States Senate]] votes 92\\u20133 to confirm\n        [[Gerald Ford]] as [[Vice President of the United States]].\\n* [[November\n        29]] – 104 people are killed in a Taiyo department store fire in [[Kumamoto]],\n        [[Ky\\u016bsh\\u016b]], Japan.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{main article|December 1973}}\\n*\n        December – [[Chile]] breaks diplomatic contacts with [[Sweden]].{{noMention}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] –  [[Papua New Guinea]] gains self-government from Australia.\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Pioneer program]]: ''''[[Pioneer 10]]'''' sends back\n        the first close-up images of [[Jupiter]].\\n* [[December 6]] – The [[United\n        States House of Representatives]] votes 387\\u201335 to confirm [[Gerald Ford]]\n        as Vice President of the United States; he is sworn in the same day.\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Rhodesia]] executes two Blacks at Salisbury Central Prison\n        for murder http://www.truecrimelibrary.com/crime_series_show.php?series_number=13&id=1049\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Gay rights]]: The [[American Psychiatric Association]]\n        removes [[homosexuality]] from its [[DSM-II]].\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[O. J. Simpson]] of the [[Buffalo Bills]] became the first running back to\n        rush for 2,000 yards in a pro football season.\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        The [[Islamic Development Bank]] is created as a specialized agency of the\n        [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of the Islamic Conference]]\n        (OIC) (effective 12 August 1974).\\n* [[December 20]] – Spanish prime\n        minister [[Luis Carrero-Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero-Blanco|Luis Carrero Blanco]]\n        is assassinated in [[Madrid]] by the separatist organization [[ETA (separatist\n        group)|ETA]].\\n* [[December 23]] – [[OPEC]] doubles the price of [[crude\n        oil]].{{noMention}}\\n* [[December 25]] – The movie premiere of ''''[[The\n        Sting]]'''', starring [[Robert Redford]] and [[Paul Newman]], is held in [[Manhattan]].http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070735/releaseinfo\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – The movie premiere of ''''[[The Exorcist (film)|The\n        Exorcist]]'''' starring [[Ellen Burstyn]] and [[Linda Blair]] is opened in\n        the United States. \\n* [[December 28]] – The [[Endangered Species Act]]\n        is passed in the United States.\\n* [[December 30]] – Terrorist [[Ilich\n        Ram\\u00edrez S\\u00e1nchez|Carlos]] fails in his attempt to assassinate British\n        businessman Joseph Sieff.{{noMention}}\\n* [[December 31]] – In the United\n        Kingdom, due to coal shortages caused by industrial action, the [[Three-Day\n        Week]] electricity consumption reduction measure comes into force.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[ODECA]] functions are suspended.\\n* Economist [[E. F. Schumacher]]\n        publishes his book ''''[[Small Is Beautiful]]''''.\\n* The [[Biblica|New York\n        Bible Society International]]''s [[New International Version]] of the [[New\n        Testament]] translated into modern [[American English]] is published.\\n* The\n        [[National House Building Council]] is formed in the United Kingdom.\\n* The\n        [[COSC]] The Swiss Official [[chronometer watch|Chronometer]] testing Institute\n        is founded in Switzerland by 5 [[Watch]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|Cantons]]\n        & [[Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry]].\\n* The title [[Queen of Australia]]\n        is created by the Royal Style and Titles Act.\\n* A large [[Song dynasty]]\n        trade ship of c. [[1277]] A.D. is dredged up from the waters near the southern\n        coast of China with 12 compartments in its [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]]. It\n        confirms the descriptions of [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]ed hull compartments\n        for [[Junk (ship)|junk]]s in [[Zhu Yu (author)|Zhu Yu]]''s ''''Pingzhou Table\n        Talks'''' of [[1119]].\\n* The [[Sentosa Musical Fountain]] opens alongside\n        the Fountain Gardens in [[Sentosa]], [[Singapore]].\\n* 5 teams tie for the\n        rugby championship: Wales, England, France, Ireland, and Scotland.\\n* [[Miller\n        Lite|Lite Beer]] is introduced in the U.S. by the [[Miller Brewing Company]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Seanpaul01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean\n        Paul]]]]\\n[[File:Portia de Rossi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Portia de Rossi]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Danny Lloyd]], American actor\\n** [[Bryan Thao Worra]],\n        Lao writer\\n** [[Jimi Mistry]], English actor\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Greg\n        de Vries]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[January 5]] \\n** [[Uday Chopra]],\n        Indian actor\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Scott Ferguson]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Jonna Tervomaa]], Finnish singer\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Sean Paul]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Joseph\n        M. Smith]], American actor, writer and producer\\n** [[Hande Yener]], Turkish\n        singer\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Nikolai Khabibulin]], Russian hockey player\\n**\n        [[Gloria Yip]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Giancarlo Fisichella]],\n        Italian race car driver\\n** [[Katie Griffin]], Canadian actress and singer\\n*\n        [[January 15]]\\n** [[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Gal\\u00e1sek]], Czech football player\\n**\n        [[Essam El-Hadary]], Egyptian goalkeeper\\n** [[Maksim Martynov]], Russian\n        engineer\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Josie Davis]], American actress\\n** [[Scott\n        Greenall]], musician, recording engineer, producer, and performance artist\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Cuauht\\u00e9moc Blanco]], Mexican football player\\n*\n        [[January 18]] \\n** [[Burnie Burns]], American filmmaker\\n** [[Crispian Mills]],\n        British musician ([[The Jeevas]], [[Kula Shaker]])\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Ann\n        Kristin Aar\\u00f8nes]], Norwegian footballer\\n** [[Wang Junxia]], Chinese\n        long-distance runner\\n** [[Karen Lancaume]], French actress (d. 2005)\\n**\n        [[Antero Manninen]], Finnish cellist\\n** [[Yevgeny Sadovyi]], Russian swimmer\\n**\n        [[Aaron Yonda]], American YouTube celebrity\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Chris\n        Kilmore]], American rock DJ ([[Incubus (band)|Incubus]])\\n* [[January 22]]\n        – [[Abi Tucker]], Australian actor and singer\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Brendan Rodgers]], Northern Irish football manager\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Shadmehr Aghili]], Iranian pop singer, musician and composer\\n* [[January\n        29]] \\n** [[Louise Hindsgavl]], Danish artist\\n** [[Jason Schmidt]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Jalen Rose]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Shingo Katayama]], Japanese golfer\\n** [[Portia\n        de Rossi]], American actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Oscar De La Hoya, Feb\n        2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Oscar De La Hoya]]]]\\n[[File:Svetlana Boginskaya.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Svetlana\n        Boginskaya]]]]\\n[[File:Mishal Husain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mishal Husain]]]]\\n[[File:Tara\n        Strong Portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tara Strong]]]]\\n[[File:ATB in 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[ATB]]]]\\n[[File:Alexei\n        Kovalev 2011-04-23.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Alexei Kovalev]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Yuri Landman]], Dutch artist and musician\\n** [[Nick Mitchell]], American\n        wrestler\\n** [[Makiko Ohmoto]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[\\u00d3scar P\\u00e9rez\n        Rojas]], Mexican football goalkeeper\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Aleksander\n        Tammert]], Estonian discus thrower\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Ilana Sod]],\n        Mexican journalist\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[James Hird]], former [[Australian\n        rules football]]er for Essendon\\n** [[Brett Hestla]], American musician and\n        record producer.\\n** [[Oscar De La Hoya]], American boxer\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[Trijntje Oosterhuis]], Dutch pop singer\\n** [[Deng Yaping]], Chinese table\n        tennis player\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Turki Al-Dakhil]], Saudi journalist\\n**\n        [[Juwan Howard]], American retired professional basketball player\\n** [[Angel\n        Aquino]], Filipina model, actress and host\\n** [[Mie Sonozaki]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n** [[Kate Thornton]], British television presenter\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Sonia Deol]], British-Asian presenter\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Svetlana Boginskaya]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Gunn-Rita\n        Dahle]], Norwegian mountain biker\\n** [[N\\u00faria A\\u00f1\\u00f3]], Spanish\n        writer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Jeon Do-yeon]], South Korean actress\\n** [[Mishal\n        Husain]], British news presenter for the [[BBC]]\\n** [[Craig Jones (musician)|Craig\n        Jones]], American rock sampler ([[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]])\\n** [[Varg Vikernes]],\n        Norwegian rock musician\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Tara Strong]], Canadian-American\n        voice actress\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Steve McNair]], American football\n        player (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Anna Dogonadze]], German trampoline\n        gymnast\\n** [[Amy Van Dyken]], American swimmer\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Cathy Freeman]], Australian athlete\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Claude\n        Mak\\u00e9l\\u00e9l\\u00e9]], French footballer\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Kimberley\n        Davies]], Australian actress\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Heri Joensen]],\n        Faroese musician ([[T\\u00fdr (band)|T\\u00fdr]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Shota\n        Arveladze]], Georgian football player\\n** [[Gustavo Assis-Brasil]], Brazilian\n        guitarist\\n** [[Scott Phillips (musician)|Scott Phillips]], American rock\n        drummer\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Alexei Kovalev]], Russian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Yordan Yovchev]], Bulgarian gymnast\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Julio Iglesias\n        Jr.]], Spanish singer\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[ATB]], German DJ and music\n        producer\\n** [[Anders Bj\\u00f6rler|Anders]] and [[Jonas Bj\\u00f6rler]], guitarists\\n**\n        [[Marshall Faulk]], American football player\\n** [[Ole Gunnar Solskj\\u00e6r]],\n        Norwegian footballer\\n** [[Jenny Thompson]], American swimmer\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Peter Andre]], English singer and television personality\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Eric Lindros]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Masato\n        Tanaka]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Jim Parsons\n        at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jim Parsons]]]]\\n[[File:Larry Page in\n        the European Parliament, 17.06.2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Larry Page]]]]\\n[[File:AdamGoldsteinDec08.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adam\n        Goldstein]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Jack Davenport]], English actor\\n** [[Anton\n        Gunn]], American politician\\n** [[Ahmed El Sakka]], Egyptian action actor\\n**\n        [[Deltalina|Kathrine Lee-Hinton]], American flight attendant\\n** [[Chris Webber]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Dejan Bodiroga]], Serbian\n        basketball player\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Jennifer Cole]], American actress,\n        model and game show hostess\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Ryan Franklin]], American\n        baseball pitcher\\n* [[March 6]] \\n** [[Peter Lindgren (musician)|Peter Lindgren]],\n        Swedish musician\\n** [[Rumi Ochiai]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[March 7]]\n        – [[Rick Emerson]], American talk show host and author\\n* [[March 9]]\n        – [[Aaron Boone]], American baseball player\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Eva\n        Herzigov\\u00e1]], Czech model and actress\\n** [[John LeCompt]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Dan Swan\\u00f6]], Swedish musician\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Edgar Davids]],\n        Dutch footballer\\n** [[David Draiman]] songwriter and lead singer for the\n        band [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur Darri \\u00d3lafsson]],\n        Icelandic actor\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Lee Jung-jae]], South Korean actor\n        and model\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Caroline Corr]], Irish musician ([[The\n        Corrs]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Luci Christian]], American voice actress\\n*\n        [[March 19]]\\n** [[Magnus Hedman]], Swedish footballer\\n** [[Simmone Jade\n        Mackinnon]], Australian actor\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Arjun Atwal]], Indian\n        golfer\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Jason Kidd]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Jacek B\\u0105k]], Polish footballer\\n** [[Jim Parsons]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Anders Frid\\u00e9n]],\n        Swedish musician\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[T. R. Knight]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Larry Page]], American entrepreneur, founder of and former CEO of [[Google]]\n        (2011-2015)\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Sayaka Aoki (comedian)|Sayaka Aoki]],\n        Japanese comedian\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** [[Matt Nathanson]], American singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Umaga (wrestler)|Umaga]], American wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Marc Overmars]], Dutch footballer\\n** [[Brandi Love]], American porn actress\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Adam Goldstein]], American DJ (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Pharrell\n        Williams - Global Citizen Festival Hamburg 02.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pharrell Williams]]]]\\n[[File:ChristianOConnell.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christian\n        O''Connell]]]]\\n[[File:Adrien Brody Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adrien Brody]]]]\\n[[File:Olympic\n        great Haile Gebrselassie speaking at the Olympic hunger summit in Downing\n        Street, 12 August 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Haile Gebrselassie]]]]\\n[[File:Lee\n        Westwood by Eugene Goh.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lee Westwood]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        [[Stephen Fleming]], New Zealand cricket captain\\n** [[Rachel Maddow]], American\n        political commentator\\n** [[Kris Marshall]], British actor\\n* [[April 2]]\n        – [[Roselyn S\\u00e1nchez]], Puerto Rican-American actress\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n** [[Jamie Bamber]], English actor\\n** [[Matthew Ferguson]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[David Blaine]], American magician\\n** [[Loris Capirossi]],\n        Italian motorcycle racer\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[\\u00c9lodie Bouchez]], French\n        actress \\n** [[Cho Sung-min]], South Korean baseball pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Pharrell Williams]], American musician and producer\n        ([[The Neptunes]])\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Lori Heuring]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Franck Marchis]], American astronomer\\n** [[Rie Miyazawa]], Japanese actress\n        and singer\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Christian O''Connell]], British radio\n        DJ and presenter\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Emma Caulfield]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Roberto Carlos]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[April 11]]\n        – [[Jennifer Esposito]], American actress\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Amr\n        Waked]],  Egyptian film, television, and stage actor\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Sergey Shnurov]], Russian singer\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Adrien Brody]],\n        [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Academy Award]]-winning American actor\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Emanuel Rego]], Brazilian beach volleyball player\\n* [[April\n        16]]\\n** [[Akon]], [[Senegalese American]] rapper, R&B singer, songwriter,\n        and record producer\\n** [[Teddy Cobe\\u00f1a]], Spanish-Ecuadorian Sculptor.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Haile Gebrselassie]], Ethiopian long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[George Gregan]], Australian rugby union footballer\\n*\n        [[April 21]]\\n** [[Mark Dexter]], British actor\\n** [[Katsuyuki Konishi]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Christopher Sabat]], American\n        voice actor\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Sachin Tendulkar]], Indian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Lee Westwood]], English golfer\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Fredrik Larzon]],\n        Swedish rock musician ([[Millencolin]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Sharlee\n        D''Angelo]], Swedish guitarist\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Melissa Fahn]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Elisabeth R\\u00f6hm]], German-American actress\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[David Belle]], French actor\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Jeff Timmons]],\n        American singer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Tori Spelling at The Heart Truth 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tori\n        Spelling]]]]\\n[[File:Sasha Alexander 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sasha Alexander]]]]\\n[[File:Ruslana\n        in Cologne, Germany 04.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Ruslana]]]]\\n[[File:Demetri Martin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Demetri\n        Martin]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Paul Burke (rugby union)|Paul Burke]], Irish\n        rugby player\\n** [[Diana Hayden]], former [[Miss World]] and Indian actress\\n**\n        [[Oliver Neuville]], German footballer\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Florian Henckel\n        von Donnersmarck]], German director\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Brad Martin]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Michael Reiziger]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Guillermo\n        Barros Schelotto]], Argentine footballer\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Johan Hedberg]],\n        Swedish retired hockey goaltender also known as \\\"Moose\\\"\\n* [[May 7]] –\n        [[Paolo Savoldelli]], Italian professional road racing cyclist\\n* [[May 8]]\\n**\n        [[Hiromu Arakawa]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Marcus Brigstocke]], British\n        comedian\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Tegla Loroupe]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[May 10]]\\n** [[Gareth Ainsworth]], English footballer\\n** [[R\\u00fc\\u015ft\\u00fc\n        Re\\u00e7ber]], Turkish football goalkeeper\\n* [[May 12]] \\n** [[Forbes March]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Robert Tinkler]], Canadian voice actor\\n** [[Mackenzie\n        Astin]], American actor\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Natalie Appleton]], Canadian singer\n        ([[All Saints (group)|All Saints]])\\n** [[Shanice]], African-American singer\\n*\n        [[May 16]]\\n** [[Jason Acu\\u00f1a]], American skateboarder and actor\\n** [[Tori\n        Spelling]], American actress\\n** [[K\\u014dsuke Toriumi]], Japanese voice actor\\n**\n        [[Muna AbuSulayman]], Influential Arab and Muslim Media personality\\n* [[May\n        17]]\\n** [[Sasha Alexander]], American actress\\n** [[Joshua Homme]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Tamsier Joof]], British dancer, choreographer and entrepreneur\n        (of Senegalese and Gambian descent) \\n* [[May 18]] – [[Kaz Hayashi]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Dario Franchitti]],\n        former Scottish racecar driver\\n* [[May 20]] \\n** [[Kaya Yanar]], German comedian\\n**\n        [[Elsa Lunghini]], French actress and singer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Noel\n        Fielding]], British comedian\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Emperor Magus Caligula]],\n        Swedish Musician\\n** [[Jacopo Gianninoto]], Italian musician\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Bartolo Col\\u00f3n]], Dominican baseball player\\n** [[Dermot O''Leary]],\n        British TV presenter\\n** [[Ruslana]], Ukrainian pop star, activist,  [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 2004 winner\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Canlis]], American\n        glass artist\\n** [[Demetri Martin]], American comedian\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Leigh Francis]], British comedian\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Cadaveria]], Italian\n        singer ([[Opera IX]])\\n** [[Dominique van Roost]], Belgian tennis player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Heidi\n        Klum Judges Red Carpet event April 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heidi\n        Klum]]]]\\n[[File:Neil Patrick Harris in LG Electronics'' ''Art of the Pixel''\n        New-Media Competition, September 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Neil Patrick Harris]]]]\\n[[File:Carson\n        Daly.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carson Daly]]]]\\n[[File:Maria Naumova 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Marie\n        N]]]] \\n[[File:AL Medaillengewinner im Viererbob bei den Olympischen Spielen\n        2002 cropped.JPEG|thumb|110px|[[Andre Lange]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Fred Deburghgraeve]],\n        Belgian swimmer\\n** [[Adam Garcia]], Australian actor and singer\\n** [[Heidi\n        Klum]], German model\\n** [[Derek Lowe]], American baseball player\\n* [[June\n        2]]\\n** [[Carlos Acosta]], Cuban-born ballet dancer\\n** [[Kevin Feige]], American\n        film producer and president of Marvel Studios\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Lexa\n        Doig]], Canadian actress\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Tedy Bruschi]], American\n        football player\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Faith Evans]], American singer\\n*\n        [[June 12]]\\n** [[Mitsuki Saiga]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Darryl White]],\n        Australian footballer\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Sam Adams (American football)|Sam\n        Adams]], American football player\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Ceca Raznatovic]],\n        Serbian folk singer\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Dean McAmmond]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Neil Patrick Harris]], American actor, comedian, singer, presenter,\n        and host\\n** [[Greg Vaughan]], American actor\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Yumi\n        Kakazu]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Yuko Nakazawa]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Chino Moreno]], American musician\\n*\n        [[June 21]] \\n** [[Fedja van Hu\\u00eat]], Dutch actor\\n** [[Juliette Lewis]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Carson Daly]], American television\n        personality, host of [[NBC]]''s ''''[[The Voice (U.S. TV series)|The Voice]]''''\n        and ''''[[Last Call with Carson Daly]]''''\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Marija\n        Naumova]] (Marie N), Latvian singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest 2002]] winner\\n*\n        [[June 24]] – [[Alexander Beyer]], German actor\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Jamie Redknapp]], English footballer\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Billie Mintz]],\n        American filmmaker\\n** [[Pawe\\u0142 Ma\\u0142aszy\\u0144ski]], Polish actor\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Olve Eikemo]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Gonzalo L\\u00f3pez-Gallego]],\n        Spanish film director\\n** [[Razaaq Adoti]], British actor, producer and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\n** [[Adri\\u00e1n Annus]], Hungarian athlete\\n** [[Kjetil-Vidar\n        Haraldstad|Frost]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Andre Lange]], German Olympic\n        bobsledder\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Robert Bales]], United States Army staff-sergeant\n        and suspect of the [[Kandahar massacre]]\\n** [[Chan Ho Park]], Korean [[Major\n        League Baseball]] player\\n** [[Hidetada Yamagishi]], Japanese bodybuilder\\n**\n        [[Rose Beleng \\u00c0 Ngon]], Cameroonian female volleyball player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Peter\n        Kay comedy masterclass at University of Salford 12 December 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter\n        Kay]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Austin Green.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian Austin Green]]]]\\n[[File:Peter\n        Forsberg 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Forsberg]]]]\\n[[File:Rufus Wainwright\n        Met Opera 2010 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rufus Wainwright]]]]\\n[[File:Kate\n        Beckinsale 2011 Comic-Con (truer color).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kate Beckinsale]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Peter Kay]], British comedian \\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Emma\n        Cunniffe]], British actress\\n** [[Patrick Wilson (American actor)|Patrick\n        Wilson]], American actor\\n** [[Owen H.M. Smith]], American television producer,\n        writer, actor and comedian\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Gackt]], Japanese singer-songwriter\n        and actor\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Charizma]], African-American rapper (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Dominic Power]], English actor\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Natsuki Takaya]], Japanese manga artist\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Luciano Nassyn|pt|3=Luciano Nassyn}}, Brazilian singer\\n** [[Yoon Kyung-shin]],\n        South Korean handball player\\n** [[Troy Garity]], American actor\\n* [[July\n        8]] – [[Medi Sadoun]], French actor\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Enrique Murciano]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Kelly Holcomb]], American football player\\n* [[July 10]]\n        \\n** [[Neil Bannister]], English cricketer\\n** [[Craig Heap]], English gymnast\\n**\n        [[Martin S. Jensen]], Danish professional football goalkeeper\\n** [[McNeil\n        Hendricks]], South African rugby union player\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Konstantinos\n        Kenteris]], Greek athlete\\n** [[Marcelo Charpentier]], Argentine tennis player\\n**\n        [[Link Abrams]], American-New Zealand basketball player\\n** [[Andrew Bird]],\n        American violinist, singer, and songwriter\\n** [[Kris Steele]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Mohsen Torky]], Iranian football player\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Christian\n        Vieri]], Italian footballer\\n* [[July 13]] \\n** [[Danny Williams (boxer)|Danny\n        Williams]], British professional boxer\\n** [[Roberto Mart\\u00ednez]], Spanish\n        football manager \\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Halil Mutlu]], Bulgaria-born Turkish\n        weightlifter\\n** [[Candela Pe\\u00f1a]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]],\n        South Indian actress\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[John Dolmayan]], Lebanese-born rock\n        drummer for the band [[System of a Down]]\\n** [[Brian Austin Green]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Stefano Garzelli]], Italian professional road racing\n        cyclist\\n** [[Graham Robertson]], American filmmaker and author\\n* [[July\n        17]]\\n** [[Daimaou Kosaka]], Japanese comedian\\n** [[Eric Moulds]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Liam Kyle Sullivan]], American comedian\\n** [[Adeel\n        Hashmi]], Pakistani television/film actor, comedian, social worker, producer,\n        filmmaker, and screenwriter\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Chi In-jin]], South Korean\n        boxer\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Nathalie Boltt]], South African actress\\n** [[A\\u00edlton\n        Gon\\u00e7alves da Silva]], Brazilian football player\\n** [[Sa\\u00efd Taghmaoui]],\n        French-American actor and screenwriter\\n** [[Wayne Rigby]], British boxer\\n**\n        [[Diether Ocampo]], Filipino actor, singer and model\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Forsberg]], Swedish hockey player\\n** HRH [[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway|Crown\n        Prince Haakon of Norway]]\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Daniel Jones (musician)|Daniel\n        Jones]], Australian musician and record producer\\n** [[Rufus Wainwright]],\n        American-Canadian musician\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Omar Epps]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Nomar Garciaparra]], American baseball player\\n** [[Fran Healy (musician)|Fran\n        Healy]], Scottish singer-songwriter \\n** [[Monica Lewinsky]], American former\n        White House intern\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Dani Filth]], British vocalist\\n**\n        [[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]], English footballer\\n** [[Tony\n        Vincent]], American actor and singer\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Kate Beckinsale]],\n        English actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Gorden Tallis]], Australian rugby\n        league player\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Steve Staios]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Wanya Morris]], American singer \\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Markus N\\u00e4slund]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n** [[Sonu Nigam]],\n        Indian singer\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jacob Aagaard]], Danish-Scottish chess\n        player\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Edurne Pasaban recibe el Premio Vasco Universal\n        2010 4 (crop).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edurne Pasaban]]]]\\n[[File:Vera Farmiga 2,\n        2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vera Farmiga]]]]\\n[[File:Kristen Wiig TIFF 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kristen\n        Wiig]]]]\\n[[File:Sergey Brin cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sergey Brin]]]]\\n[[File:Howie\n        D NKOTBSB Newcastle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Howie D.]]]]\\n[[File:Grey DeLisle''s\n        Official Wikipedia Pic..JPG|thumb|110px|[[Grey DeLisle]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\n        – [[Edurne Pasaban]], Basque Spanish mountaineer\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Miguel Mendonca]], Anglo-Azorean writer\\n** [[Susie O''Neill]], Australian\n        swimmer\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Asia Carrera]], American actress\\n** [[Vera\n        Farmiga]], American actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Jessica Calvello]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Scott Stapp]], American singer and songwriter ([[Creed\n        (band)|Creed]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Filippo Inzaghi]], Italian footballer\\n**\n        [[Oleksandr Ponomariov]], Ukrainian singer\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Carolyn\n        Murphy]], American model\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Richard Reid]], English\n        terrorist\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Ryoko Shinohara]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Jared Borgetti]], Mexican footballer\\n** [[Jay-Jay Okocha]],\n        Nigerian footballer\\n** [[Kieren Perkins]], Australian swimmer\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** [[Adnan Sami]], Turkish music composer, pianist, singer\\n** [[Kris\n        Mangum]], Professional football player\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Damian Jackson]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** HRH [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess\n        of Norway|Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway]]\\n** [[Marco Materazzi]],\n        Italian football player\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Todd Helton]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Sergey Brin]], Russian-born American\n        entrepreneur, co-founder of [[Google]]\\n** [[Steve McKenna]], American hockey\n        player\\n** [[Nikolai Valuev]], Russian heavyweight boxing champion\\n* [[August\n        22]]\\n** [[Howie D.]], American singer ([[Backstreet Boys]])\\n** [[Kristen\n        Wiig]], American actress, comedian, and screenwriter\\n* [[August 24]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Brown (comedian)|Dave Brown]], English comedian\\n** [[Inge de Bruijn]],\n        Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Dave Chappelle]], African-American actor, comedian\\n**\n        [[Grey DeLisle]], American voice actress\\n** [[Carmine Giovinazzo]], American\n        actor\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Kirby Morrow]], Canadian voice actor\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Abdo Hakim]], Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Lisa Ling]], American journalist\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Paddy\n        Considine at the \\\"Tyrannosaur\\\" Q&A at the Quad in Derby (6202793361).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paddy\n        Considine]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew Lincoln by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andrew\n        Lincoln]]]]\\n[[File:Nas July 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nas]]]]\\n[[File:Puffy\n        AmiYumi 20090704 Japan Expo 65.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ami Onuki]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Ram Kapoor]], Indian actor\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Jennifer\n        Paige]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[September 4]]  \\n** [[Jason David\n        Frank]], American actor and martial artist\\n** [[Diosbelys Hurtado]], Cuban\n        boxer\\n* [[September 5]] \\n** [[Paddy Considine]], British actor, filmmaker\n        and musician\\n** [[Rose McGowan]], American actress\\n* [[September 6]]\\n**\n        [[Carlo Cudicini]], Italian footballer\\n** [[Greg Rusedski]], Canadian-British\n        tennis player\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Shannon Elizabeth]], American actress\\n*\n        [[September 9]] – [[Kazuhisa Ishii]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[September\n        12]]\\n** [[Darren Campbell]], British athlete\\n** [[Paul Walker]], American\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Fabio Cannavaro]], Italian\n        footballer\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Andrew Lincoln]], British actor\\n** [[Nas]],\n        African-American rapper\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Indira Levak]], Croatian\n        lead vocalist of [[Colonia (music group)|Colonia]]\\n** [[Lidija Perkov]],\n        Croatian writer and journalist\\n** [[Julie Cox]], English actress\\n** [[Prince\n        Daniel, Duke of V\\u00e4sterg\\u00f6tland]], n\\u00e9 Olof Daniel Westling, Swedish\n        prince, married to [[Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden|Crown Princess Victoria]]\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Ada Choi]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Brousseau]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[James Marsden]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Ami Onuki]], Japanese singer\\n** [[Mark Shuttleworth]], South\n        African entrepreneur\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Azevedo]], Portuguese\n        cyclist\\n** [[David Zepeda]], Mexican actor, model and singer\\n* [[September\n        20]] – [[Jo Pavey]], British athlete\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Oswaldo\n        S\\u00e1nchez]], Mexican footballer\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Craig McRae]],\n        Australian footballer\\n** [[Yoo Chae-yeong]], South Korean singer and actress\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Eddie George]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Bridgette Wilson-Sampras]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Lainey Lui]], Canadian television personality; one of the co-hosts\n        of [[etalk]]\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Alfie Boe]], English tenor\\n** [[Joe\n        Hulbig]], American ice hockey player\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Mario Lopez\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mario Lopez]]]]\\n[[File:Alex Tagliani -\n        2015 500 Festival Parade - Stierch.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alex Tagliani]]]]\\n[[File:Seth\n        MacFarlane (7607033712).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Seth MacFarlane]]]]\\n[[File:Adam\n        Copeland, 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edge (wrestler)|Adam Copeland]]]]\\n[[File:Verka\n        Serduchka ESC 2007.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Verka Serduchka]]]]\\n[[File:Kari Korhonen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kari\n        Korhonen]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Christian Borle]], American actor\n        and singer\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Melissa Harris-Perry]], African-American\n        political commentator\\n** [[Lene Nystr\\u00f8m]], Norwegian singer ([[Aqua\n        (band)|Aqua]])\\n** [[Verka Serduchka]], Ukrainian Drag queen, comedian and\n        singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 2007 runner-up\\n** [[Proof (rapper)|Proof]],\n        American rapper (D12) (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Neve Campbell]],\n        Canadian actress\\n** [[Richard Ian Cox]], Welsh voice actor and radio host\\n*\n        [[October 4]] \\n** [[Abyss (wrestler)|Chris Parks]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Craig Robert Young]], British actor and singer ([[Deuce (band)|Deuce]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Annabelle Chvostek]], Canadian singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Ioan Gruffudd]], Welsh actor\\n* [[October 8]] –\n        [[Kari Korhonen]], Finnish cartoonist\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Steve Burns]],\n        ''''[[Blue''s Clues]]'''' actor\\n** [[Fabio Lione]], Italian singer \\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Mario Lopez]], American actor\\n* [[October 11]] \\n** [[Takeshi\n        Kaneshiro]], [[Taiwan]]ese/Japanese actor\\n** [[Daisuke Sakaguchi]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Matt Hughes (fighter)|Matt Hughes]], American\n        [[mixed martial arts]] fighter\\n** [[Nanako Matsushima]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Lasha Zhvania]], Georgian politician\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Susy Pryde]], New Zealand cyclist\\n** [[Dax Riggs]], American musician\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Todd van der Heyden]], Canadian journalist and news\n        anchor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Rachel Nichols (journalist)|Rachel Nichols]],\n        American sports journalist\\n** [[Alex Tagliani]], Canadian race car driver\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Joaquin Gage]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Beverley Turner]], British TV and radio presenter\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Ichiro Suzuki]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – [[Levi Leipheimer]], American professional cyclist\\n* [[October 25]]\\n**\n        [[Lamont Bentley]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Seth\n        MacFarlane]], American animator and voice actor; creator of [[Family Guy]]\n        and [[American Dad!]]\\n** [[Taka Michinoku]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[October 28]] \\n** [[Maryam Nawaz]], Pakistani politician\\n** [[Montel Vontavious\n        Porter]], [[WWE Raw]] wrestler\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Robert Pir\\u00e8s]],\n        French football player\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Edge (wrestler)|Adam Copeland]],\n        retired Canadian professional wrestler and 4-time [[WWE]] Champion\\n** [[Silvia\n        Corzo]], Colombian newsreader\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Aishwarya Rai Cannes\n        2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Aishwarya Rai]]]]\\n[[File:Dana Snyder (14739598153).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dana\n        Snyder]]]]\\n[[File:Cskamu 17.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ryan Giggs]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Assia (singer)|Assia]], Algerian singer\\n** [[Li Xiaoshuang]], Chinese\n        gymnast \\n** [[Aishwarya Rai]], Indian actress, [[Miss\n        World]] 1994\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Mick Thomson]], American guitarist\\n**\n        [[Sticky Fingaz|Kirk Jones]], African-American rapper ([[Onyx (hip hop group)|Onyx]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Johnny Damon]], baseball player\\n** [[Peter Emmerich]],\n        American illustrator\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Rumi Shishido]], Japanese\n        voice actress and singer\\n* [[November 8]] – [[David Muir]], American\n        journalist and news anchor \\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Alyson Court]], Canadian\n        actress \\n** [[Nick Lachey]], American singer \\n** [[Maija Vilkkumaa]], Finnish\n        pop rock singer\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Jacqui Abbott]], English singer \\n**\n        [[R\\u00f3bert Gulya]], Hungarian composer\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Betsy Brandt]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Lawyer Milloy]], American football player\\n** [[Dana\n        Snyder]], American voice actor\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Marcus Lemonis]],\n        Lebanese-American businessman, investor, and television personality\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\n** [[Billy Currington]], American country singer\\n** [[Savion Glover]],\n        American tap dancer\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Sav Rocca]], American football\n        player and Australian rules footballer\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Cassie\n        Campbell]], Canadian ice hockey forward and CBC commentator\\n* [[November\n        26]] – [[Peter Facinelli]], American actor\\n* [[November 27]] –\n        [[Sharlto Copley]],  South African producer, actor, and director\\n* [[November\n        28]]\\n** [[Rob Conway]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Jade Puget]],\n        American guitarist\\n** [[Gina Tognoni]], American actress \\n* [[November 29]]\\n**\n        [[Ryan Giggs]], Welsh footballer\\n** [[Raphael Smith]], South African screenwriter\n        and songwriter\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Nimr\\u00f3d Antal]], Hungarian-American\n        film director, screenwriter and actor\\n** [[Im Chang-jung]], South Korean\n        actor\\n** [[Christian (wrestler)|Jason Reso]], Canadian professional wrestler\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Monica\n        Seles 1991.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Monica Seles]]]]\\n[[File:Banks2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tyra\n        Banks]]]]\\n[[File:Stephenie Meyer by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stephenie\n        Meyer]]]]\\n[[File:Seth Meyers by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Seth Meyers]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Monica Seles]], Hungarian-Yugoslavian tennis player\\n**\n        [[Jan Ullrich]], German professional road bicycle racer\\n* [[December 3]]\n        \\n** [[Super Crazy|Francisco Islas Rueda]], Mexican professiomal wrestler\\n**\n        [[Holly Marie Combs]], American actress\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Tyra Banks]],\n        American supermodel, talk show host\\n** [[Steven Menzies]], Australian [[rugby\n        league]] player\\n** [[Michael Jackson (footballer)|Michael Jackson]], former\n        English football defender\\n* [[December 5]] \\n** [[Sorin Grindeanu]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Romania]]\\n** [[Mikelangelo Loconte]], Italian singer\\n** [[Neil\n        Codling]], Member of Suede\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Terrell Owens]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Damien Rice]], Irish singer-songwriter, musician and\n        record producer\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Corey Taylor]], American rock\n        vocalist ([[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]], ''''[[Stone Sour]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[B\\u00e1rbara Padilla]], American operatic soprano\\n* [[December\n        10]] – [[Arden Myrin]], American comedian\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[Mos Def]], African-American rapper and actor\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Tomasz\n        Radzinski]], Canadian footballer\\n** [[Thuy Trang]], Vietnamese-born actress\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Surya Bonaly]], French figure skater\\n*\n        [[December 16]] – [[Scott Storch]], American hip-hop producer\\n* [[December\n        17]] – [[Paula Radcliffe]], British athlete\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Darryl Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Darryl Brown]], Trinidad and West Indian\n        cricketer\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Antti Kasvio]], Finnish swimmer\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Mike Alstott]], American football player\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Paul Foot (comedian)|Paul Foot]], English comedian\\n** [[Stephenie\n        Meyer]], American novelist \\n** [[Kerry Nettle]], Australian politician\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Shalom Harlow]], Canadian model and actress\\n** [[Chris\n        Harris (wrestler)|Chris Harris]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Wilson Cruz]], American actor\\n** [[Kristoffer Zegers]], Dutch\n        composer\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Seth Meyers]], American actor and comedian,\n        currently hosts [[Late Night with Seth Meyers]]\\n** [[Ids Postma]], Dutch\n        speed skater\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Theo Epstein]], American baseball general\n        manager\\n** [[Pimp C]], American rap artist\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Jason\n        Behr]], American actor\\n** [[Ato Boldon]], West Indian athlete\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Nikolay Tsiskaridze]], Russian dancer\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n*\n        [[Hayko]], Armenian singer\\n* [[Tiago Carneiro da Cunha]], Brazilian artist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Eleazar\n        L\\u00f3pez Contreras.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Eleazar L\\u00f3pez Contreras]]]]\\n[[File:37\n        Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n** [[Sir Arthur Elton, 10th Baronet|Sir Arthur Elton]], pioneer of the\n        British documentary film industry (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Sergei Kourdakov]],\n        former KGB agent (b. [[1951]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Eleazar L\\u00f3pez\n        Contreras]], 45th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 7]]\n        – [[Mark Essex]], American spree killer (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Dudley Foster]], English actor (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[Turk Edwards]], American football player ([[Washington Redskins]]) and a\n        member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[January 17]]\n        – [[Herbert D. Riley]], United States Navy admiral (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Max Adrian]], Northern Irish actor (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], 36th [[President of the United\n        States]] (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Kid Ory]], American musician\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[J. Carrol Naish]], American actor\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Edward G. Robinson]], American actor\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[John Banner]], Austrian-born actor\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Ludwig St\\u00f6ssel]], Austrian\n        actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Ragnar Frisch]], Norwegian\n        economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jensen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans D. Jensen]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[J. Hans D. Jensen]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Wally\n        Cox]], American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Tim Holt]], American actor (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Francisco Caama\\u00f1o]], Dominican politician (b.\n        [[1932]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Harold Saxton Burr]], American scientist\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Joseph Szigeti]], Hungarian violinist\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Bowen]], Irish novelist (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n** [[Katina Paxinou]], Greek actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Dickinson W. Richards]], American physician, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Cecil Kellaway]], South African actor (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Pearl\n        Buck (Nobel).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pearl S. Buck]]]]\\n[[File:Cropped screenshot\n        of Ken Maynard in In Old Santa Fe film, 1934.png|thumb|110px|[[Ken Maynard]]]]\\n[[File:No\\u00ebl\n        Coward 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[No\\u00ebl Coward]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Vera\n        Panova]], Soviet-Russian writer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Marie-Anne\n        Desmarest]], French novelist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Pearl\n        S. Buck]], American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Benjam\\u00edn de Arriba y Castro]], Spanish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and cardinal (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Ron \\\"Pigpen\\\"\n        McKernan]], American rock musician ([[Grateful Dead]]) (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Bull Connor]], Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of [[Birmingham,\n        Alabama]], during the [[American Civil Rights Movement]] and member of the\n        [[Ku Klux Klan]] during the 1920s (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Robert Siodmak]], German-born\n        American director (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Frankie Frisch]],\n        American baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Melville Cooper]],\n        British actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Rafael Godoy]], Colombian\n        composer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Chic Young]], American cartoonist (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Giuseppe Ferretto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Johannes Aavik]], Estonian philologist\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Lauritz Melchior]], Danish opera singer (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – [[Adolf Strauss]], German general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Ken Maynard]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Edward Steichen]], American photographer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        26]]\\n** [[Safford Cape]], American composer and musicologist (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        Sir [[No\\u00ebl Coward]], English composer and playwright (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[George Sisler]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis Browns]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Douglas\n        Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton]], Scottish nobleman and pioneering\n        aviator (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Xu Lai 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Xu\n        Lai (actress)|Xu Lai]]]]\\n[[File:Pablo picasso 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pablo Picasso]]]]\\n[[File:Arthur\n        Fadden.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur Fadden]]]]\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Xu Lai\n        (actress)|Xu Lai]], Chinese actress and secret agent (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Pablo Picasso]],  Spanish artist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n**\n        [[Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar]], Palestinian militant (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1930]])\\n** [[Peter T. Snowe]], American politician and businessman (b.\n        [[1943]])\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Henry Darger]], reclusive American [[outsider\n        art]]ist (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Arthur Freed]], American film producer (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[M\\u00e1rio Roberto Emmett Anglim]], American-born Brazilian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and venerable (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Dudley Senanayake]],\n        2nd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[K\\u00e1roly\n        Ker\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian philologist and mythologist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April\n        16]]\\n** [[Nino Bravo]], Spanish singer (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Kert\\u00e9sz\n        (conductor)|Istvan Kertesz]], Hungarian conductor (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Hans Kelsen]], Austrian-born legal theorist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – [[Robert Armstrong (actor)|Robert Armstrong]], American\n        actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Merian C. Cooper]], American aviator,\n        director, and producer (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Arthur Fadden]], Australian politician,\n        13th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Armand\n        Annet]], French colonial official (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Fuad Chehab]], 8th President\n        of Lebanon (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Frank Jack Fletcher]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Irene Ryan]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Jacques Maritain]], Catholic philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[V\\u00e1clav Ren\\u010d]], Czech poet, dramatist and\n        translator (b. [[1911]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Asger Jorn]],\n        Danish painter (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Alan Carney]], American\n        actor and comedian (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Myrna Fahey]], American\n        actress (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Alexander Vandegrift]], American\n        general (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Jack E. Leonard]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Lex Barker]], American actor (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Guerrero Galv\\u00e1n]], Mexican artist (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Frances Marion]], American screenwriter (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Jean Gebser]], German author, linguist and poet (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Jacques Lipchitz]], French American sculptor (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]]\\n** [[Dieudonn\\u00e9 Costes]], French aviator (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Jeannette Rankin]], first U.S. Congresswoman (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – [[Jarno Saarinen]], Finnish motorcycle racer (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] \\n** [[Ivan Konev]], Marshal of the [[USSR]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Vaughn\n        Monroe]], American singer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Joseph Francis\n        Flannelly]], American [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        26]] \\n** [[Jay C. Higginbotham]], American musician (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Karl\n        L\\u00f6with]], German philosopher (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Constantin\n        Daicoviciu]], Romanian historian and archaeologist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[P. Ramlee]], Malaysian film actor, director, singer, songwriter,\n        composer, and producer (b. [[1929]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Mary\n        Kornman]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Dory Funk]],\n        American professional wrestler (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Arna\n        Bontemps]], African-American Harlem Renaissance writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June\n        5]] – [[Max Terhune]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[Emmy G\\u00f6ring]] ''''nee'''' Sonnemann, German actress, second wife of\n        [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Erich von Manstein]],\n        German field marshal (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[William Inge]],\n        American playwright (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Thomas Leonard\n        Harrold]], American army general (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Roger\n        Delgado]], English actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Fay Holden]],\n        American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Mary Carr]], American\n        actress (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Ernest Truex]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Nancy Mitford]], English novelist (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Vasyl Velychkovsky|Vasyl Velychkovsky C.Ss.R]], Ukrainian Catholic bishop,\n        martyr and blessed (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===July===\\n\\n\\n[[File:Robert Ryan in\n        Marine Raiders.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Robert Ryan]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Lee as Kato\n        1967.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bruce Lee]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Yosef Alon]],\n        Israeli pilot, co-founder of the Israeli Air Force, assassinated in the United\n        States (b. [[1929 in the British Mandate of Palestine|1929]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Betty Grable]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Chick Hafey]], American\n        baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[George Macready]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Swede Savage]], American race car driver (b. [[1946]])\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Ellen Kaarma]], Estonian actress (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Golwalkar]],\n        Second [[sarsanghchalak]] of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]]\\n** [[Joe E. Brown]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Otto Klemperer]], German-born conductor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n**\n        [[Max Horkheimer]], German philosopher and sociologist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Veronica\n        Lake]], American actress (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Arthur Calwell]],\n        Australian labor politician (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Ben-Zion Dinur]], Russian-born\n        Israeli educator, historian and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Wilfred Rhodes]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Alexander Mosolov]],\n        Russian composer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Robert Ryan]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Lon Chaney Jr.]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[David Bauer (actor)|David Bauer]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n**\n        [[Willy Fritsch]], German actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Jack\n        Hawkins]], British actor (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Bruce Lee]], Chinese-American\n        martial artist and actor (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Robert Smithson]], American artist\n        (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], American [[World\n        War I]] flying ace and race car driver (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        [[Juli\\u00e1n Acu\\u00f1a Gal\\u00e9]], Cuban botanist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July\n        25]]\\n** [[Amy Jacques Garvey]], Jamaican-born journalist and activist (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n** [[Louis St. Laurent]], 12th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Konstantinos Georgakopoulos]], Greek lawyer\n        and professor, 152nd [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n** [[Henri Charri\\u00e8re]], French writer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Roger\n        Williamson]], British race car driver (b. [[1948]])\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        [[Annibale Bergonzoli]], Italian general (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-J1231-1002-002 Walter Ulbricht, Neujahrsansprache.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Walter\n        Ulbricht]]]]\\n[[File:Fulgencio Batista, 1938.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Fulgencio Batista]]]]\\n[[File:Karl\n        Ziegler Nobel.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Karl Ziegler]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Gian\n        Francesco Malipiero]], Italian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Walter Ulbricht]],\n        German politician, East German leader (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Jean-Pierre Melville]], French film director (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 4]]\n        – [[Eddie Condon]], American jazz musician (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Fulgencio Batista]], 2-time [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[James Beck]], British actor (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Charles\n        Daniels (swimmer)|Charles Daniels]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – [[Douglas Kennedy (actor)|Douglas Kennedy]], American\n        actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Dayanand Bandodkar]], Chief Minister\n        of Goa (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Walter Rudolf Hess]], Swiss physiologist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Ziegler]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Willy Rey]], American model (b. [[1949]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Veda Ann Borg]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Selman\n        Waksman]], Ukrainian-born biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Conrad Aiken]], American\n        writer (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Jean Barraqu\\u00e9]], French composer (b. [[1928]])\\n**\n        [[Paul Williams (The Temptations)|Paul Williams]], American singer ([[The\n        Temptations]]) (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Bonlieu]],\n        French Olympic alpine skiier (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Tol\n        Avery]], American actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Michael Dunn\n        (actor)|Michael Dunn]], American actor (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[John Ford]], American film director (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Tolkien\n        1916.jpg|110px|thumb|[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]]]\\n[[File:Salvador Allende Gossens-.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Salvador\n        Allende]]]]\\n[[File:Gustaf VI Adolf av Sverige som kronprins.jpg|110px|thumb|King\n        [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]]]]\\n[[File:Shaykh Abdullah Daghestani.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Abdullah\n        Fa''izi ad-Daghestani]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Diana Sands]], American\n        actress (b. [[1934]])\\n** [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], British writer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Salvador Allende]], 30th [[President of Chile]] (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n** [[Martha Angelici]], French soprano (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Betty Field]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Sajjad Zaheer]],\n        Urdu writer and revolutionary (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** King [[Gustaf\n        VI Adolf of Sweden]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], Chilean politician\n        and singer-songwriter (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Robert B. McClure]], American general\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Al Sherman]], American songwriter (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] – [[Rafael Franco]], 33rd [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Ken Harada (diplomat)|Ken Harada]], first diplomat\n        from Japan to the [[Holy See]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Gram\n        Parsons]], American musician (b. [[1946]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Jim Croce]],\n        American songwriter (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Glenn Strange]], American actor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Pablo Neruda]], Chilean poet, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**\n        [[Ted Adams (actor)|Ted Adams]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Josu\\u00e9\n        de Castro]], Brazilian writer, physician, geographer and activist against\n        hunger (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Ralph Earnhardt]], American\n        race car driver (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Anna Magnani]], Italian actress (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Norma Crane]], American actress (b. [[1928]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[W. H. Auden]], English poet (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        30]]\\n** [[Abdullah Fa''izi ad-Daghestani]], Syrian Sufi leader (b.  [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Pitseolak]], Inuit photographer and author (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Paavo\n        Nurmi (Antwerp 1920).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paavo Nurmi]]]]\\n[[File:Abebe Bikila,\n        1972 card.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Abebe Bikila]]]]\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Paul Hartman]],\n        American dancer and actor (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Paavo Nurmi]], Finnish Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Sidney Blackmer]], American actor\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Cevert]], French race car driver (b. [[1944]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Gabriel Marcel]], French Catholic existential thinker\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Ludwig von Mises]], Austrian economist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], Austrian mountaineer\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Edmund A. Chester]], American broadcaster\n        and journalist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Ahmed Hamdi]], Egyptian general who fought\n        in [[Yom Kippur]] (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\n** [[Gene Krupa]], American\n        jazz drummer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Thevarparampil Kunjachan]], Indian [[Syro-Malabar\n        Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Ingeborg\n        Bachmann]], Austrian poet and author (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Walt\n        Kelly]], American cartoonist (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Crane Wilbur]], American\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Margaret Caroline Anderson]],\n        American magazine publisher (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Pablo\n        Casals]], Spanish cellist and conductor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Zainal Abidin Ahmad (writer)]], Malaysian nationalist writer\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Abebe Bikila]], Ethiopian Olympic athlete (b. [[1932]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]] – [[Semyon Budyonny]], Cossack cavalryman and Marshal\n        of the Soviet Union (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Allan Lane|Allan\n        \\\"Rocky\\\" Lane]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Cleo\n        Moore]], American actress (b. [[1928]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Virtanen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Artturi\n        Ilmari Virtanen]]]]\\n[[File:LilaLee.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lila Lee]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Greasy Neale]], American football coach ([[Philadelphia Eagles]])\n        and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Marc All\\u00e9gret]], French film director (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[Kiyohide Shima]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Apostol Karamitev]], Bulgarian actor (b. [[1923]])\\n*\n        [[November 10]]\\n** [[David \\\"Stringbean\\\" Akeman]], American banjo player\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Morton Deyo]], American admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Hassan al-Hudaybi]], Egyptian general (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Artturi\n        Ilmari Virtanen]], Finnish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Lila Lee]], American actress\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Alan Watts]], British philosopher\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Allan Sherman]], American comedy\n        writer, television producer, and song parodist (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[November\n        23]]\\n** [[Robert Ellis (actor, born 1933)|Robert Ellis]], American actor\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Sessue Hayakawa]], Japanese-born American actor and film\n        director (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Constance Talmadge]], American actress (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]]\\n** [[Albert DeSalvo]], American criminal, suspect in the\n        [[Boston Strangler]] case (b. [[1931]])\\n** [[Laurence Harvey]], English actor\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Frank Christian (trumpeter)|Frank\n        Christian]], American musician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[John\n        Rostill]], English bassist, musician and composer ([[The Shadows]]) (b. [[1942]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Philip D. Gallery]], American admiral (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[Salvatore Calabrese]], Italian physician (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ben\n        Gurion 1959.jpg|110px|thumb|[[David Ben-Gurion]]]]\\n[[File:Bobby Darin 1959.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Bobby\n        Darin]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[David Ben-Gurion]], 1st [[Prime Minister\n        of Israel]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai]],\n        Pakistani nationalist and political leader (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Giacomo Carboni]],\n        Italian general (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Richard G. Colbert]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\n** [[Emile Christian]], American musician\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Adolfo Ruiz Cortines]], 47th [[President of Mexico]] (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\n** [[Lauri Lehtinen]], Finnish Olympic athlete\n        (b.  [[1908]])\\n** [[Michael O''Shea (actor)|Michael O''Shea]], American actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[December 5]] – Sir [[Robert Watson-Watt]], Scottish\n        engineer, [[radar]] pioneer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Atilio\n        Garc\\u00eda]], Argentine-born Uruguayan football player (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Giuseppe Beltrami]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Antoninho]], Brazilian football player\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Claro Ab\\u00e1nades L\\u00f3pez]], Spanish journalist,\n        publisher, historian and activist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]], Bengali politician (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Luis Carrero Blanco]], Spanish admiral and politician,\n        69th [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (assassinated) (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Raffaele\n        Cadorna, Jr.]], Italian general (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Bobby Darin]], American\n        singer, songwriter, musician, actor, dancer, impressionist and TV presenter\n        (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Joe Caldwell (archaeologist)|Joe Caldwell]],\n        American archaeologist (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Gerard Kuiper]], Dutch-born American\n        astronomer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Vittoria Crispo]], Italian\n        actress (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Fritz Gause]], German historian (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]], Turkish general and\n        statesman, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] and 2nd [[President of Turkey]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Adrian Scott]], American\n        screenwriter, one of the [[Hollywood Ten]] (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Gabriel Voisin]],\n        French aviation pioneer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[William Haines]],\n        American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Harold B. Lee]], American president of\n        [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Marcel-Bruno Gensoul]], French admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Leo Esaki]], [[Ivar Giaever]], [[Brian David Josephson]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Ernst Otto Fischer]], [[Geoffrey\n        Wilkinson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] –\n        [[Karl von Frisch]], [[Konrad Lorenz]], [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Patrick White]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[Henry Kissinger]], [[L\\u00ea \\u0110\\u1ee9c Th\\u1ecd]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]] – [[Wassily\n        Leontief]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1973}}\\n[[Category:1973|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T14:50:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":799571872,\"length\":94512,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973\"},\"34654\":{\"pageid\":34654,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1974\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-27T19:45:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1974}}\\n{{Year nav|1974}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1974}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Rosenkowitz sextuplets|David, Elizabeth, Emma, Grant,\n        Jason and Nicolette Rosenkowitz]] are born in [[Cape Town]], the first [[sextuplets]]\n        in the world where all six babies survive.\\n* [[January 17]] – Two [[commercial\n        diver]]s, Pier Skipness and Robert John Smyth, die from rapid [[Decompression\n        (diving)|decompression]] and drowning in the Norwegian Sector of the [[North\n        Sea]] after their [[diving bell]] [[Drill Master diving accident|abruptly\n        surfaces]] from a depth of {{Convert|320|ft}}.{{cite\n        book|title=North Sea Divers \\u2013 a Requiem|last=Limbrick|first=Jim|pages=96\\u201398|location=Hertford|publisher=Authors\n        OnLine|year=2001|isbn=0 7552 0036 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPp68NAoUF0C&pg=PA96}}{{cite\n        book|title=Into the Lion''s Mouth: The Story of the ''''Wildrake'''' Diving\n        Accident|last=Smart|first=Michael|location=[[Medford, Oregon]]|publisher=Lion''s\n        Mouth Publishing|year=2011|pages=34\\u201335, 148|isbn=978-0-615-52838-0}}\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – The [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] makes\n        its first flight at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California.\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – [[B\\u00fclent Ecevit]], of [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]]\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (37th government, partner [[National\n        Salvation Party|MSP]]).\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Joelma fire|Fire]]\n        breaks out in the [[Joelma Building]] in [[S\\u00e3o Paulo]], Brazil; 177 die,\n        293 are injured, 11 die later of their injuries.\\n** [[Kuala Lumpur]], the\n        capital of [[Malaysia]], is declared a [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|Federal\n        Territory]].\\n* [[February 4]] – Heiress [[Patty Hearst]] is kidnapped\n        outside her [[Berkeley, California]] apartment by the [[Symbionese Liberation\n        Army]].\\n* [[February 8]] – After a record 84 days in [[orbit]], the\n        crew of ''''[[Skylab 4]]'''' returns to Earth.\\n* [[February 12]] –\n        The first episode of children''s television series ''''[[Bagpuss]]'''' airs\n        in Britain.\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Zamalek disaster]]: a [[soccer]]\n        stampede occurs in [[Cairo]], killing 49.\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Turkish Airlines Flight 981]] travelling from Paris to London crashes in\n        a wood near Paris, killing all 346 aboard. This becomes the deadliest single\n        aircraft accident with no survivors.\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** Following a [[hung\n        parliament]] in the [[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|United\n        Kingdom general election]], [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] prime\n        minister [[Edward Heath]] resigns and is succeeded by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]''s\n        [[Harold Wilson]], who previously led the country from [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1964|1964]] to [[United Kingdom general election, 1970|1970]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393301.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1974 Feb: Hung parliament looms|date=April 5, 2005}}\\n**\n        ''''[[People (magazine)|People]]'''' magazine''s first issue released in the\n        U.S. with [[Mia Farrow]] on the cover.\\n* [[March 8]] \\n**[[Charles de Gaulle\n        Airport]] opens in Paris, France. \\n**[[The Brady Bunch]] is cancelled after\n        5 seasons on ABC. \\n**[[Queen (band)|Queen]] releases [[Queen II]] with the\n        single [[Seven Seas of Rhye]].\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Japanese holdout]]:\n        A Japanese World War II soldier, Second Lieutenant [[Hiroo Onoda]], surrenders\n        in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** End of five month [[Petroleum|oil]]\n        [[embargo]] by most [[OPEC]] nations against the United States, Europe and\n        Japan which had caused the [[1973 oil crisis]].\\n** After 23 consecutive years\n        on television, [[Lucille Ball]] airs the finale of ''''[[Here''s Lucy]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – A group of peasant women in [[Chamoli district]], [[Uttarakhand]],\n        India, use their bodies to surround trees in order to prevent loggers from\n        felling them, giving rise to the [[Chipko movement]].\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        The [[Terracotta Army]] of [[Qin Shi Huang]] is discovered at [[Xi''an]],\n        China.{{cite web|title=1974 - Terracotta Army Discovered in China|first=Jennifer|last=Rosenberg|url=http://history1900s.about.com/od/1970s/qt/terracottaarmy.htm|work=About.com\n        20th Century History|accessdate=2013-03-05}}\\n** Launch of the [[Volkswagen\n        Golf]] in [[West Germany]], a modern front-wheel drive hatchback which is\n        expected to replace the iconic [[Volkswagen Beetle]], holder of the world\n        record for the car with the most units produced.\\n\\n===April===\\nApril –\n        The [[world population]] reaches 4 billion people estimated by the [[United\n        States Census Bureau]].\\n\\n* [[April 2]] – French president [[Georges\n        Pompidou]], dies of cancer at 63. [[Alain Poher]] succeeds him immediately;\n        [[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard d''Estaing]] wins the presidential contest in May 1974.\\n*\n        [[April 3]]–[[April 4|4]] – An enormous [[tornado outbreak]] strikes\n        the central parts of the United States, killing around 319 people. Known as\n        the \\\"[[1974 Super Outbreak]]\\\", the event was the largest of its kind until\n        the [[2011 Super Outbreak]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Hank Aaron]] ties [[Babe\n        Ruth]] for the all-time home run record with his 714th at [[Riverfront Stadium]]\n        in [[Cincinnati]].\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Stephen King]] publishes ''''[[Carrie\n        (novel)|Carrie]]'''', his first novel.\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Sweden|Swedish]]\n        pop group [[ABBA]]''s song \\\"[[Waterloo (ABBA song)|Waterloo]]\\\" wins the\n        [[1974 Eurovision Song Contest]] in [[Brighton]], [[England]], UK.\\n** [[California\n        Jam]] is held at the [[Ontario Motor Speedway]] in [[Ontario, California]],\n        attracting 250,000 fans.\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Hank Aaron]] became the\n        all-time [[MLB]] home run leader with his 715th at [[Atlanta]] in front of\n        a national television audience.\\n* [[April 11]] – The [[Kiryat Shmona\n        massacre]] takes place in [[Israel]].\\n* [[April 15]] – As \\\"Tania\\\",\n        [[Patty Hearst]] is photographed wielding an M1 carbine while robbing the\n        Sunset District branch of the Hibernia Bank in San Francisco.\\n* [[April 24]]\n        – ''''[[Guillaume Affair]]'''': exposure of an [[East Germany|East German]]\n        spy [[G\\u00fcnter Guillaume]] within the [[West Germany|West German]] government,\n        leading to the resignation of West German Chancellor [[Willy Brandt]].\\\"[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vc5dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f14NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5274%2C5720303\n        Aide to Willy Brandt arrested for spying]\\\", Observer-Reporter no. 7499, 26\n        April 1974, A5.\\n* [[April 25]] – ''''[[Carnation Revolution]]'''':\n        A left-wing military [[coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup]] in Portugal restores [[democracy]],\n        ending 48 years of [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] and [[Ditadura Nacional]]\n        dictatorship in the country. [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Portuguese Prime\n        Minister]] [[Marcelo Caetano]] flees to [[Brazilian military government|Brazil]]\n        and is granted political asylum by [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]]\n        [[Ernesto Geisel]].\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** An all-female Japanese team\n        summits [[Manaslu]] in [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], becoming the first women\n        to climb an 8,000 metre peak.\\n** The [[Expo ''74]] [[world''s fair]] opens\n        in [[Spokane, Washington]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Willy Brandt]] West Germany''s\n        chancellor resigns; replaced by [[Helmut Schmidt]]\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Dublin\n        and Monaghan bombings]]: The [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] (UVF), explode four\n        car bombs in [[Dublin]] and [[Monaghan]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. The\n        attacks kill 33 civilians and wound almost 300, the highest number of casualties\n        in any single day during \\\"[[The Troubles]]\\\".\\n** A massive, two-hour shootout\n        between the Los Angeles Police Department and members of the [[Symbionese\n        Liberation Army]] leaves six SLA members, including SLA leader [[Donald DeFreeze]],\n        dead. \\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Nuclear test]]: Under Project [[Smiling Buddha]],\n        India successfully detonates its first [[nuclear weapon]], becoming the 6th\n        nation to do so.\\n** The [[Warsaw radio mast]] is completed, the second tallest\n        structure ever built (it collapses on August 8, [[1991]]).\\n* [[May 19]] –\n        The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] defeat the [[Boston Bruins]] to become the first\n        team from the [[1967 NHL expansion]] class to win the [[Stanley Cup]] in the\n        North American [[National Hockey League]].\\n* [[May 30]] – [[NASA]]''s\n        [[ATS-6]] [[satellite]] is launched.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 4]] – The\n        [[Cleveland Indians]] stage an ill-advised [[Ten Cent Beer Night]] for a game\n        against the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] at [[Cleveland Municipal\n        Stadium]]. Cleveland forfeits after alcohol-fueled mayhem and violence spreads\n        from the stands onto the field.\\n* [[June 13]] – The [[1974 FIFA World\n        Cup]] begins in West Germany.\\n* [[June 26]] – The [[Universal Product\n        Code]] is scanned for the first time, to sell a package of [[Wrigley Company|Wrigley]]''s\n        [[chewing gum]] at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio.\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Isabel Per\\u00f3n]] is sworn in as the first female [[President of Argentina]],\n        replacing her sick husband [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]], who dies 2 days later.\\n**\n        [[America Sings]] attraction opens to the public for the first time at [[Disneyland]]\n        in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Germany\n        national football team|West Germany]] beats [[Netherlands national football\n        team|the Netherlands]] 2\\u20131 to win the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]]. The West\n        German football team are awarded the new [[FIFA World Cup Trophy]].\\n* [[July\n        8]] – Two weeks after the attraction''s opening, an 18-year-old employee\n        is crushed to her death while working on [[America Sings]] at [[Disneyland]].\n        This is the first casualty to occur to an employee at a [[Walt Disney Parks\n        and Resorts|Disney Park]].\\n* [[July 15]] – [[News anchor]] [[Christine\n        Chubbuck]] commits suicide during a live broadcast on [[WWSB|WXLT-TV]] in\n        [[Sarasota, Florida]].\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Elmer Wayne Henley]] is sentenced\n        to [[life imprisonment]] for assisting [[Dean Corll]] in murdering 28 [[Texas]]\n        boys from 1970 to 1973.\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Railcar]] explosion in [[Decatur,\n        Illinois]]. A tanker car collides with a [[Norfolk and Western Railway|Norfolk\n        & Western]] boxcar. Seven people are killed, 349 are injured and $18 million\n        in property damage.{{cite web|url=http://www3.gendisasters.com/illinois/13000/decatur-il-tank-cars-explode-july-1974|title=Decatur,\n        IL Tank Cars Explode, July 1974|work=GenDisasters|accessdate=2017-07-23}}\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – The [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] occurs.\\n* [[July 23]]\n        – The [[Greek military junta of 1967\\u201374]] is replaced by a civilian\n        government, the ''''[[metapolitefsi]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Ford sworn-in.jpg|thumb|150px|38th\n        US President Gerald R. Ford]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Italicus Express bombing\n        1974|A bomb explodes]] in a train between Italy and West Germany, killing\n        12 and wounding 48. Italian neo-fascists take responsibility.\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Philippe Petit]] crosses between Twin Towers of the [[World\n        Trade Center (1973\\u20132001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] high-wire\n        walking\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] announces his resignation (effective [[August 9]]).\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – Vice President [[Gerald Ford]] becomes the 38th President of the United\n        States, upon President Nixon''s resignation.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Turkey]]\n        [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invades Cyprus for the second time]], occupying\n        37% of the island''s territory.\\n* [[August 30]] – An express train\n        bound for Germany from [[Belgrade]] [[Zagreb train disaster|derails]] in [[Zagreb]],\n        [[Yugoslavia]] (now [[Croatia]]), killing more than 150 passengers.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n* [[September 8]]\\n**[[TWA Flight 841 (1974)|TWA Flight 841]]\n        crashes into the [[Ionian Sea]] 18 minutes after take off from [[Athens]],\n        after a bomb explodes in the cargo hold, and kills 88 people. \\n**[[Gerald\n        Ford|President Gerald Ford]] pardons former president [[Richard Nixon]].\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – The Portuguese military junta grants independence\n        to [[Guinea-Bissau]].\\n* [[September 12]] – Emperor [[Haile Selassie]]\n        of [[Ethiopia]] is deposed by the [[Derg]], bringing an end to the [[Solomonic\n        dynasty]]''s rule since [[1270]]. The [[Ethiopian Civil War]] begins.\\n* [[September\n        13]] – [[Japanese Red Army]] members [[1974 French Embassy attack in\n        The Hague|seize the French Embassy]] in [[The Hague]], Netherlands.\\n* [[September\n        20]] – The [[Kootenai War]] is declared, and 10-cent tolls are charged\n        on [[U.S. Highway 95]].\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Ceefax]] (one of the\n        first public service information systems) is started by the [[BBC]].\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – The UK Labour government of Harold Wilson wins the\n        [[United Kingdom general election, October 1974|second general election of\n        the year]], forming a three-seat majority. Wilson, who has led the party for\n        a total of 11 years, has now won four of the five general elections he has\n        contested.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393307.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1974 Oct: Wilson makes it four|date=April 5, 2005}}\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[The Rumble in the Jungle]] takes place in [[Kinshasa]], [[Zaire]],\n        where [[Muhammad Ali]] knocks out [[George Foreman]] in 8 rounds to regain\n        the [[Heavyweight]] title, which had been stripped from him 7 years earlier.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** The [[World Tourism Organization]] (WTO or WToO) is established.\\n**\n        The German [[Electronic music|electronic]] band [[Kraftwerk]] releases their\n        studio album ''''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]''''.\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] makes big gains\n        nationwide in [[United States elections, 1974|House, Senate and Gubernatorial\n        elections]].\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Ronald DeFeo, Jr.]], murders his entire\n        family in their home in [[Amityville, New York|Amityville]] on [[Long Island]],\n        an event that inspires the story of ''''[[The Amityville Horror]]''''.\\n**\n        [[McDonald''s]] open their first UK restaurant in Woolwich, South East London.http://metro.co.uk/2015/05/15/someones-dug-up-the-first-ever-uk-mcdonalds-menu-from-1974-guess-how-much-a-value-meal-cost-5198551/\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Arecibo message]]: The [[radio telescope]] at the\n        [[Arecibo Observatory]] on [[Puerto Rico]] sends an interstellar radio message\n        towards [[Messier 13]], the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. The message\n        will reach its destination around the year [[Timeline of the far future#Spacecraft\n        and space exploration|27,000]].\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Birmingham pub\n        bombings]]: In [[Birmingham]], England, two [[pub]]s are bombed, killing 21\n        people in an attack widely believed at the time to be linked to the [[Provisional\n        Irish Republican Army]]. The [[Birmingham Six]] are later sentenced to life\n        in prison for this, but their convictions are quashed after a lengthy campaign.{{cite\n        news|title=1974: Birmingham pub blasts kill 19|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549953.stm|publisher=BBC|work=On\n        This Day|accessdate=2013-02-06|date=November 21, 1974}}\\n* [[November\n        18]] – The [[International Energy Agency]] is founded.\\n* [[November\n        22]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] grants the [[Palestine\n        Liberation Organization]] [[observer status]].\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        A skeleton from the [[Hominidae|hominid]] species ''''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''''\n        is discovered and named [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].\\n* [[November 26]]\n        – [[Anneline Kriel]] is crowned as [[Miss World 1974]], the second South\n        African to hold the title after [[Penelope Coelen|Penny Coelen]] [[1958 in\n        South Africa|in 1958]], when [[Helen Morgan (Miss World)|Helen Morgan]] resigns\n        four days after winning the 24th Miss World pageant.\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        In a rare public performance, former [[Beatle]] [[John Lennon]] joins [[Elton\n        John]] on stage at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City.\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – A [[Boeing 727]] carrying [[TWA Flight 514]] crashes\n        25 miles (40 km) northwest of [[Dulles International Airport]] during\n        bad weather, killing all 92 people on board.\\n* [[December 9]] – The\n        Paris summit, reuniting the [[European Communities]]'' heads of state and\n        government, commences.\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Malta]] becomes a republic.\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – The [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO)\n        becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 24]]–[[December\n        25|25]] – [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] is almost\n        completely destroyed by [[Cyclone Tracy]].\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Japanese\n        holdout]]: The last Japanese World War II soldier, [[Taiwan under Japanese\n        rule|Taiwan]]-born Private [[Teruo Nakamura]], surrenders on the [[Indonesia]]n\n        island of Morota, 34 years after beginning service in the [[Imperial Japanese\n        Army]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Rubik''s Cube]] [[mechanical puzzle|puzzle]]\n        is invented by Hungarian architecture professor [[Ern\\u0151 Rubik]].{{cite\n        book|first=William|last=Fotheringham|title=Fotheringham''s Sporting Pastimes|publisher=Anova\n        Books|year=2007|page=50|isbn=1-86105-953-1}}\\n* ''''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''''\n        fantasy [[tabletop role-playing game]], designed by [[Gary Gygax]] and [[Dave\n        Arneson]], is first released, in the United States.\\n* [[PepsiCo]] becomes\n        the first American company to sell products in the [[Soviet Union]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/30/business/setting-up-an-island-in-the-soviet-storm.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=Setting\n        Up an Island in the Soviet Storm|first=Allen R.|last=Myerson|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=1990-12-30}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:KateMoss.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate\n        Moss]]]]\\n[[File:Maulik pancholy cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maulik Pancholy]]]]\\n[[File:EdHelmsJune09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ed\n        Helms]]]]\\n[[File:Christian Bale 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christian\n        Bale]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Reem Maged]], Egyptian journalist\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Alessandro Petacchi]], Italian professional road cyclist\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Shelbee Myne]], American former pornographic actress\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[MF Doom]], English recording artist and producer\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[Hrithik Roshan]], Bollywood actor\\n* [[January 12]]\\n**\n        [[Melanie Chisholm]], English singer-songwriter ([[Spice Girls]])\\n** [[Tor\n        Arne Hetland]], Norwegian cross-country skier\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Kate\n        Moss]], English model\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Maulik Pancholy]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Gustavo Kupinski]], Argentine guitarist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[\\u00c9va Novodomszky]], Hungarian\n        journalist and presenter\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Rae Carruth]], former\n        NFL wide receiver\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Maxwell Atoms]], American animator\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Joseph Muscat]], 13th Prime Minister of Malta\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Tiffani Thiessen]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Ed Helms]], American actor and stand-up comedian\\n* [[January\n        27]] – [[Ole Einar Bj\\u00f8rndalen]], Norwegian biathlete\\n* [[January\n        28]] – [[Kari Traa]], Norwegian freestyle skier\\n* [[January 29]] \\n**\n        [[K\\u014dji Wada]], Japanese rock singer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Michael Andersen]],\n        Danish basketball player\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Christian Bale]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Olivia Colman]], English actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Seth\n        Green Comic-Con 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Seth Green]]]]\\n[[File:Elizabeth Banks\n        Sept 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elizabeth Banks]]]]\\n[[File:Robbie Williams\n        Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robbie Williams]]]]\\n[[File:JerryO''ConnellHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry\n        O''Connell]]]]\\n[[File:James-Blunt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Blunt]]]]\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** [[Urmila Matondkar]], Indian actress\\n** [[Shahab Hosseini]], Iranian\n        actor and film director\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Aljo Bendijo]], Filipino\n        journalist, broadcaster, TV/radio host\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Cheryl Cosim]],\n        Filipino journalist, news anchor, TV host\\n** [[J Dilla]], also known as Jay-Dee,\n        African-American hip-hop producer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Steve Nash]], Canadian\n        basketball player\\n** [[Jun Seba]], also known as Nujabes, Japanese hip-hop\n        producer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Seth Green]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]], French musician and record\n        producer ([[Daft Punk]])\\n** [[Kimbo Slice]], Bahamian-born American boxer\n        and mixed martial artist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Elizabeth\n        Banks]], American actress and film director\\n** [[Ivri Lider]], Israeli singer\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Naseem Hamed]], British professional boxer\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Robbie Williams]], Singer of British pop group [[Take That]]\\n*\n        [[February 14]]\\n** [[Philippe L\\u00e9onard]], Belgian footballer\\n** [[Valentina\n        Vezzali]], Italian fencer\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Miranda July]], American\n        author, director, actor, musician and spoken-word artist\\n** [[Mr Lordi]],\n        Finnish rock singer (''''[[Lordi]]'''')\\n** [[Alexander Wurz]], Austrian racing\n        driver\\n** [[Gina Lynn]], American porn actress\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Mahershala Ali]], American actor and rapper\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Jerry\n        O''Connell]], American actor\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Jillian Michaels]],\n        American personal trainer, businesswoman, author and TV personality \\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Lezley Zen]], American porn actress\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[James Blunt]], English singer\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Divya Bharti]], Indian\n        actress \\n** [[Chad Hugo]], American rock musician and producer\\n** [[Bonnie\n        Somerville]], American actress\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[S\\u00e9bastien Loeb]],\n        French rally driver\\n** [[Mikee Cojuangco-Jaworski]], Filipino actress and\n        equestrienne\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Hiroyasu Shimizu]], Japanese speed\n        skater\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Eva Mend\\u00e8s 66\\u00e8me Festival de Venise\n        (Mostra).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eva Mendes]]]]\\n[[File:Percy Montgomery 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Percy\n        Montgomery]]]]\\n[[File:Ted Kravitz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ted Kravitz]]]]\\n[[File:Alyson\n        Hannigan May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alyson Hannigan]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        [[Mark-Paul Gosselaar]], American actor\\n* [[March 3]] – [[David Faustino]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Karol Ku\\u010dera]], Slovakian tennis\n        player\\n** [[Ariel Ortega]], Argentine football player\\n* [[March 5]]\\n**\n        [[Jens Jeremies]], German footballer\\n** [[Matt Lucas]], English comedian\\n**\n        [[Eva Mendes]], American actress and model\\n** [[Barbara Sch\\u00f6neberger]],\n        German actress, singer, and TV host\\n** [[Hiten Tejwani]], Indian model and\n        actor\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Santino Marella|Anthony Carelli]], Canadian professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Cooper Manning]], television host, brother of football players\n        [[Peyton Manning|Peyton]] and [[Eli Manning]]\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Jenna Fischer]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Antonio de la R\\u00faa]], Argentine lawyer\\n* [[March\n        8]] \\n**[[Danny Corkill]], American child actor \\n**[[Cesar Velasco Broca]],\n        Spanish actor \\n* [[March 12]] – [[Hekiru Shiina]], Japanese voice actress\n        and J-pop singer\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Grace Park (actress)|Grace Park]],\n        American born Canadian actress\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Percy Montgomery]],\n        South African [[rugby union]] player\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Carsten Ramelow]],\n        German footballer\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Ted Kravitz]], British presenter\n        and [[Formula One]] pit-lane reporter\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Marcus Camby]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Kidada Jones]], American actress\\n** [[Bassem\n        Youssef]], Egyptian journalist\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Alyson Hannigan]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Lark Voorhies]], American actress\n        and singer\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Daisuke Kishio]], Japanese voice actor\\n**\n        [[Scott Mills]], British radio DJ, television presenter and occasional actor\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Miguel G\\u00f3mez (photographer)|Miguel G\\u00f3mez]],\n        Colombian photographer\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Miho Komatsu]], Japanese\n        pop singer and songwriter\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Jani Sievinen]], Finnish\n        former swimmer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Jenna Jameson 2 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jenna\n        Jameson]]]]\\n[[File:Victoria Beckham 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Victoria Beckham]]]]\\n[[File:Pen\\u00e9lope\n        Cruz TIFF 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pen\\u00e9lope Cruz]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        [[Marcos Balter]], Brazilian composer\\n* [[April 2]] – [[H\\u00e5kan\n        Hellstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish musician\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Jenna Jameson]],\n        American pornographic actress\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Chris Kyle]], most\n        lethal sniper in American military history (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**\n        [[Tricia Helfer]], Canadian actress and model\\n** [[Alexander Kuoppala]],\n        Finnish guitarist (ex-[[Children of Bodom]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Marley\n        Shelton]], American actress\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Marta Jandov\\u00e1]],\n        Czech musician and actress\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Danny Pino]], Cuban American\n        actor\\n** [[Tim Thomas (ice hockey)|Tim Thomas]], American ice hockey goaltender\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Xu Jinglei]], Chinese actress and director\\n* [[April\n        17]]\\n** [[Mikael \\u00c5kerfeldt]], Swedish musician ([[Opeth]])\\n** [[Victoria\n        Beckham]], English singer and fashion designer\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Edgar\n        Wright]], English film director\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Tina Cousins]],\n        English singer\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Faust (musician)|Faust]], Norwegian\n        drummer\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Shavo Odadjian]], Armenian-born rock bassist\n        (''''[[System of a Down]]'''')\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Barry Watson (actor)|Barry\n        Watson]], American actor\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Pen\\u00e9lope Cruz]], Spanish\n        actress and model\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Anggun]], Indonesian-French singer-songwriter\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Breckin\n        Meyer by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Breckin Meyer]]]]\\n[[File:Laura\n        Pausini 2009.04.30 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laura Pausini]]]]\\n[[File:Milo%C5%9Fovici,\n        %C3%93nodi, Lysenko 1992 Olympics.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henrietta Onodi]]]]\\n[[File:4.17.16SteveCardenasByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Cardenas]]]]\\n[[File:Kenan Dogulu.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Kenan Do\\u011fulu]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Kellie Crawford]], Australian singer and actress (Hi-5 and\n        Teen Queens)\\n** [[Lornah Kiplagat]], Kenyan-Dutch runner\\n* [[May 2]]\\n**\n        [[Matt Berry]], English actor and singer\\n** [[Horacio Carbonari]], Argentinian\n        footballer and manager\\n** [[Gar\\u00f0ar Th\\u00f3r Cortes]], Icelandic tenor\n        and actor\\n** [[Andy Johnson (Welsh footballer)|Andy Johnson]], English-Welsh\n        footballer\\n** [[Janek Meet]], Estonian footballer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Princess\n        Haya bint Al Hussein]] of Jordan\\n** [[Peter Everitt]], Australian footballer\n        and radio host\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Miguel Cairo]], Venezuelan baseball player\n        and coach\\n** [[Tony McCoy]], Irish jockey and sportscaster\\n* [[May 6]]\\n**\n        [[Bernard Barmasai]], Kenyan runner\\n** [[Daniela B\\u00e1rtov\\u00e1]], Czech\n        pole vaulter and gymnast\\n** [[Faruk Namdar]], German-Turkish footballer\\n**\n        [[Patrick Tang]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[May 7]] \\n** [[Breckin Meyer]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Lawrence Johnson (athlete)|Lawrence Johnson]], American\n        pole vaulter\\n** [[Ian Pearce]], English footballer and manager\\n* [[May 8]]\\n**\n        [[Marge K\\u00f5rkjas]], Estonian swimmer\\n** [[Korey Stringer]], American\n        football player (d. 2001)\\n** [[Jon Tickle]], English television host\\n* [[May\n        10]]\\n** [[Liu Fang]], Chinese pipa player\\n** [[Sylvain Wiltord]], French\n        footballer\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Laura Pausini]], Italian singer\\n** [[Adam\n        Richman (actor)|Adam Richman]], American actor and television personality\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Andrea Corr]], Irish singer\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Colette\n        Wong]], Singaporean sports anchor\\n** [[Mikael Stanne]], Swedish singer\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Henrietta Onodi]], Hungarian artistic gymnast\\n* [[May\n        23]] – [[Jewel (singer)|Jewel]], American singer\\n* [[May 26]] –\n        [[Lars Fr\\u00f6lander]], Swedish swimmer\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Misbah-ul-Haq]],\n        Pakistani cricketer \\n* [[May 29]] – [[Steve Cardenas]], American martial\n        artist and retired actor\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Big L]], American rapper\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Kenan Do\\u011fulu]], Turkish pop musician\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Alanis\n        Morissette 5-19-2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alanis Morissette]]]]\\n[[File:Coventry\n        Scouts groups have a visit from Bear Grylls.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bear Grylls]]]]\\n[[File:Joel\n        Edgerton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joel Edgerton]]]]\\n[[File:Jeter\n        receives 2009 World Series Champion ring.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Derek Jeter]]]]                                                                    \\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Alanis Morissette]], Canadian-American singer\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Gata Kamsky]], American chess player\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Mart\\u00edn\n        Karpan]], Argentinian actor\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], Indian\n        tennis player\\n** [[Bear Grylls]], British survivalist\\n* [[June 9]] –\n        [[Samoth]], Norwegian musician\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Katharina Bellowitsch]],\n        Austrian radio and TV presenter.\\n** [[Takahiro Sakurai]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n** [[Selma Bj\\u00f6rnsd\\u00f3ttir|Selma]], Icelandic singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1999 runner-up\\n** [[Steve-O]], American actor\\n* [[June 19]]\n        – [[Bumper Robinson]], American actor\\n* [[June 22]]  \\n** [[Jo Cox]],\n        British Labour Party politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Donald Faison]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], Indian actor\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Joel\n        Edgerton]], Australian actor\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Karisma Kapoor]], Indian\n        actress\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Jason Craig]], American artist\\n** [[Derek Jeter]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Nicole Saba]], Lebanese singer and actress\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – [[Christopher O''Neill]], British-American businessman;\n        husband of Princess Madeleine of Sweden\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Rob Dyrdek]],\n        American skateboarder\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Tony Rock]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Hezeki\\u00e9l Sepeng]], South African middle distance athlete\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jefferson-Perez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jefferson\n        Perez]]]]\\n[[File:Friske Schanna.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeanna Friske]]]]\\n[[File:Jeremy\n        Enigk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeremy Enigk]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Dante DiMartino by\n        Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Dante DiMartino]]]]\\n[[File:Josh\n        Radnor (9448570254).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Josh Radnor]]]]\\n[[File:Hilary Swank\n        at 28th Tokyo International Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hilary Swank]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Jefferson P\\u00e9rez]], Ecuadorean Olympic athlete\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Rocky Gray]], American musician\\n* [[July 3]] –\n        [[Taiga Ishikawa]], Japanese politician and LGBT activist\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Jennifer Jones (curler)|Jennifer Jones]], Canadian [[Olympic Games|Olympic]]\n        curling champion\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Dragoslav Jevri\\u0107]], Montenegrin\n        footballer\\n** [[Jeanna Friske]], Russian singer, actress, model and socialite\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Sharon den Adel]], Dutch singer\\n** [[Gregory\n        Helms]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[David Mitchell\n        (comedian)|David Mitchell]], British comedian and actor\\n** [[Martina Hill]],\n        German actress, comedian and impersonator\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Jeremy\n        Enigk]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Michael Dante\n        DiMartino]], American animator\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Terry Coldwell]],\n        English singer ([[East 17]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Franka Potente]], German\n        actress\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Kathryn Hahn]], American actress\\n** [[Maurice\n        Greene (athlete)|Maurice Greene]], American athlete\\n** [[Stephanie March]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Rik Verbrugghe]], Belgian professional road racing\n        cyclist\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Lauren Faust]], American cartoonist\\n* [[July\n        26]] – [[Daniel Negreanu]], Canadian poker player\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[Alexis Tsipras]], Greek politician\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Josh Radnor]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Hilary Swank]], American actress\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Emilia Fox]], English actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Chico\n        Benymon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chico Benymon]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Shannon (32205688420).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Shannon]]]]\\n[[File:Derek Fisher Thunder.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Derek Fisher]]]]\\n[[File:Natasha\n        Henstridge in March 2012 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natasha Henstridge]]]]\\n[[File:Amy\n        Adams 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amy Adams]]]]\\n[[File:RayParkHSJun2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray\n        Park]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Kajol]], a Bollywood actress\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Ever Carradine]], American actress\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Chico\n        Benymon]], American actor\\n** [[Michael Shannon]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        8]] – [[Brian Harvey]], English singer ([[East 17]])\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – [[Derek Fisher]], American basketball player\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        [[Karl Stefanovic]], Australian TV host\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Niklas\n        Sundin]], Swedish musician\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Christopher Gorham]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Natasha Henstridge]], Canadian actress\n        and model\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Didier Cuche]], Swiss alpine skier\\n** [[Krisztina\n        Egerszegi]], Hungarian Olympic champion swimmer\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[Amy\n        Adams]], American actress\\n** [[Misha Collins]], American actor\\n** [[Maxim\n        Vengerov]], Russian violinist\\n* [[August 22]]\\n**[[Jenna Leigh Green]], American\n        actress and singer\\n**[[Lee Sheppard (cartoonist)|Lee Sheppard]], Australian\n        cartoonist\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Ray Park]], Scottish actor, martial artist\\n**\n        [[Ovidiu Cern\\u0103u\\u021beanu|Ovi]], Romanian-Norwegian singer-songwriter,\n        producer and musician\\n** [[Shifty Shellshock]], American singer ([[Crazy\n        Town]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Jennifer Lien]], American actress\\n* [[August\n        28]] – [[Carsten Jancker]], German soccer player\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Mylene\n        dizon nyc.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mylene Dizon]]]]\\n[[File:Jimmy Fallon, Montclair\n        Film Festival, 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy Fallon]]]]\\n[[File:Joo Jin-Mo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joo\n        Jin-mo]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Jen Royle]], American sports reporter\n        and chef\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Carmit Bachar]], American singer\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Tim Henman]], English tennis player\\n** [[Mylene Dizon]],\n        Filipino actress and lead singer and guitarist of rock group, [[Pin Up Girls]]\\n**\n        [[Nina Persson]], Swedish singer\\n*[[September 7]] – [[Glenn Ljungstr\\u00f6m]],\n        Swedish guitarist\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Mirko Filipovi\\u0107]], Croatian\n        kickboxer; mixed martial arts fighter\\n** [[Kerry Harvick]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Ryan Phillippe]], American actor\\n** [[Ben Wallace]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Jennifer Nettles]], American country\n        music artist ([[Sugarland]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Hicham El Guerrouj]],\n        Moroccan athlete\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Wael Kfoury]], Lebanese singer,\n        musician, and songwriter\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Rasheed Wallace]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Austin St. John]], American actor and martial artist\\n*\n        [[September 18]]\\n** [[Sol Campbell]], English footballer\\n** [[Xzibit]],\n        American rapper\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jimmy Fallon]], American actor,\n        comedian, and television personality\\n** [[Victoria Silvstedt]], Swedish model\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – [[Matt Hardy]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[September 24]]\\n** [[Niels Brinck]], Danish singer and songwriter\\n** [[Kati\n        Wolf]], Hungarian singer\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Gary Hall, Jr.]], American\n        swimmer\\n** [[Joo Jin-mo]], South Korean actor\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Yul B\\u00fcrkle]], Venezuelan actor and model\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Hoang\n        Xuan Vinh.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hoang Xuan Vinh]]]]\\n[[File:Charlotte Perrelli\n        1c310 7029.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlotte Perrelli]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Kariya 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul\n        Kariya]]]]\\n[[File:Joaquin Phoenix Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joaquin Phoenix]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Keith Duffy]], Irish singer ([[Boyzone]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Marianne Timmer]], Dutch speed skater\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        [[Hoang Xuan Vinh]], Vietnamese shooter\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Allison Munn]],\n        American actress \\n** [[Charlotte Perrelli]], Swedish singer and occasional\n        television host, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1999 winner\\n* [[October 8]]\n        – [[Koji Murofushi]], Japanese hammer thrower\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        [[Dale Earnhardt, Jr.]], American race car driver\\n** [[Chris Pronger]], Canadian\n        hockey player\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Jason Arnott]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Jessica Drake]], American porn actress\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Shumon Basar]], British writer and editor\\n* [[October\n        16]]\\n** [[Aurela Ga\\u00e7e]], Award-winning Albanian singer\\n** [[Paul Kariya]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Matthew Macfadyen]], English\n        actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Jeremy Scahill]], writer and documentary film\n        maker\\n** [[Zhou Xun]], Chinese actress and singer\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Bashar Rahal]], American actor\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Lera Auerbach]],\n        Russian composer and pianist\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Aravind Adiga]], Indian-Australian\n        author\\n** [[Sander Westerveld]], Dutch soccer player\\n* [[October 24]] –\n        [[Catherine Sutherland]], Australian actress\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Nelly\n        Ciobanu]], Moldovan singer\\n** [[Joaquin Phoenix]], Puerto Rican actor and\n        music video director\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Akashdeep Saigal]], Indian television\n        actor and model\\n** [[Yenny Wahid]], a political activist and Islamic Indonesia\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – [[Natasja Saad]], Danish rapper and reggae singer (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Cornell-Haynes-Jr Nelly 2010-06-05 photoby\n        Adam-Bielawski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nelly]]]]\\n[[File:RyanAdams06.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryan\n        Adams]]]]\\n[[File:Leonardo DiCaprio October 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leonardo\n        DiCaprio]]]] \\n[[File:StephenMerchantAltNov09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Merchant]]]]                                                                                  \\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[Nelly]], American rapper\\n** [[Prodigy (rapper)|Prodigy]],\n        American rapper (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Cedric Bixler-Zavala]],\n        Mexican-American singer/lyricist\\n** [[Louise Nurding]], English singer\\n**\n        [[Carl Steven]], former American child actor\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Ryan\n        Adams]], American singer and songwriter\\n** [[Jerry Stackhouse]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Penelope Heyns]], South African\n        swimmer\\n** [[Masashi Kishimoto]], Japanese manga author\\n** [[Matthew Rhys]],\n        Welsh actor\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Alessandro Del Piero]], Italian football\n        player\\n** [[Manav Gohil]], Indian television actor\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], American actor\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Kerim Seiler]],\n        Swiss artist and architect\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Chad Kroeger]], Canadian\n        singer\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Paul Scholes]], English football player\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – [[Petter Solberg]], Norwegian rally driver\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Kurt Kr\\u00f6mer]], German television presenter, comedian and\n        actor\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Tiit Sukk]], Estonian actor, director and\n        television presenter\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Stephen Merchant]], English\n        comedian and actor\\n* [[November 27]]\\n**[[Wendy Houvenaghel]], British racing\n        cyclist\\n**[[Zs\\u00f3fia Polg\\u00e1r]], Hungarian-born chess player\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Ferenc Merkli]], Hungarian Slovene priest, writer, translator\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[Wallace Chung]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Allsaints4.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicole\n        Appleton]]]]\\n[[File:GiovanniRibisiDec09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giovanni Ribisi]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        linger2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Linger]]]]\\n[[File:Ryan Seacrest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryan\n        Seacrest]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Costinha]], Portuguese footballer\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Tadahito Iguchi]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Kid Koala]], Canadian DJ, turntablist, musician and graphic\n        novelist\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Nicole Appleton]], Canadian singer ([[All\n        Saints (group)|All Saints]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Luisa Bradshaw-White]],\n        English actress\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Meg White]], American rock drummer\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Ben Shephard]], English television presenter\\n** [[Rey\n        Mysterio]], American wrestler\\n** [[Gete Wami]], Ethiopian long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Michelle Saram]], [[Chindian]] Singaporean singer\n        and actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Nick McCarthy]], English rock guitarist\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Giovanni Ribisi]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        18]]\\n** [[Kari Byron]], American artist and television personality\\n** [[Viki\n        Miljkovi\\u0107]], Serbian singer\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Eduard Ivakdalam]],\n        Indonesian footballer\\n** [[Ricky Ponting]], Australian cricketer\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\n** [[Jacqui Oatley]], British sports presenter\\n** [[Paul Linger]],\n        English professional footballer\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Marcelo Salas]],\n        Chilean footballer\\n** [[Ryan Seacrest]], American television personality\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\n** [[Fumiko Orikasa]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n**\n        [[Alena Vinnitskaya]], Ukrainian singer ([[Nu Virgos]])\\n* [[December 29]]\n        – [[Mekhi Phifer]], American actor\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Tony\n        Kanaan]], Brazilian racing driver\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Glenn\n        Morris and Leni Riefenstahl 1936.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Glenn Morris]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Jimmy Smith (baseball)|Jimmy Smith]], American [[Major\n        League Baseball]] infielder (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Tex Ritter]],\n        American country musician and actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Red Snapp]], American baseball player (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        [[Dewey Mayhew]], American football coach (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Lech Pijanowski]], Polish screenwriter, film critic, broadcaster and director\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Wang Shusheng]], Chinese general\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Charles-\\u00c9douard Ferland]], Canadian\n        jurist, Liberal politician and Senator (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Charles G. Bond]], U. S. House of Representatives from New York (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Antonio Bautista]], Filipino pilot with the [[Philippine\n        Air Force]] (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Jack Jacobs]], American-born\n        [[National Football League]] and [[Canadian Football League]] player (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – [[Joseph Dippolito]], Italian [[American Mafia]] member\n        of the Los Angeles crime syndicate (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        [[Harold D. Cooley]], U.S. House of Representatives (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Clara Edwards (composer)|Clara Edwards]], American singer,\n        pianist and composer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Bill Finger]],\n        American comic strip and book writer (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[January 19]] –\n        [[Edward Seago]], British artist (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Leonard\n        Freeman]], American actor ''''[[Hawaii Five-O|Hawaii Five-0]]'''' (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Oskar Herman]], Croatian Jewish painter (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[William Fawcett (actor)|William Fawcett]], American\n        character actor, mostly in [[B-movies]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Julius Patzak]], Austrian [[tenor]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n**[[Georgios\n        Grivas]], Greek-Cypriot colonel (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg]],\n        German general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Oswald Cornwallis]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[H. E. Bates]],\n        English writer and author (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Pina Gallini]],\n        Italian actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Samuel Goldwyn]], Polish-born American\n        film studio executive (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Einar Texas Ljungberg]], Swedish\n        Socialist politician (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Glenn Morris]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1912]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:SatyenBose1925.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Satyendra\n        Nath Bose]]]]\\n[[File:Gral.Manuel A. Odr\\u00eda.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Manuel A.\n        Odr\\u00eda]]]]\\n[[File:George Van Biesbroeck.jpg|110px|thumb|[[George Van\n        Biesbroeck]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Imre Lakatos]], Hungarian philosopher\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Juan de Ordu\\u00f1a]], Spanish director\n        ''''[[Peque\\u00f1eces]]'''' ([[1950]]) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], Indian mathematician and physicist (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]] – [[Manuel dos Reis Machado]], Brazilian martial arts\n        Master (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Edward Beck (British Army\n        officer)|Edward Beck]], British Army (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 8]] –\n        [[Fritz Zwicky]], Swiss astronomer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Raymond A. Wheeler]], Lieutenant-General United States Armed Forces (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]], Indian\n        playback singer and music composer (b. [[1922]]) \\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Kurt\n        Atterberg]], Swedish composer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[George W. Snedecor]], American\n        mathematician and statistician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Horace\n        Kallen]], American philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Ralph\n        W. Gerard]], American neurophysiologist and behavioural scientist (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\n** [[Manuel A. Odr\\u00eda]], Peruvian military officer,\n        34th [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Duncan Archibald Graham]],\n        Canadian physician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Tim Horton]],\n        Canadian hockey defenseman with [[Toronto Maple Leafs]], [[New York Rangers]],\n        [[Pittsburgh Penguins]], and [[Buffalo Sabres]]. Co-Founder of the [[Tim Hortons]]\n        restaurant chain. (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Samuel Byck]],\n        American airplane hijacker and murderer (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n**\n        [[William F. Knowland]], American politician and newspaper owner (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[George Van Biesbroeck]], Belgian-born American astronomer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]]\\n** [[Margaret Leech]], American historian and fiction writer\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Robert A. Stemmle]], German screenwriter and film director\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia]],\n        Russian great-granddaughter of Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia]] (b. [[1901]])  \\n*\n        [[February 28]] – [[Carole Lesley]], British actress (b. [[1935]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Red\n        Wing 1914.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Red Wing (actress)|Red Wing]]]]\\n[[File:Eduardo\n        Santos Montejo 1.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Eduardo Santos]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] \\n** [[H\\u00fcseyin Kemal G\\u00fcrmen]], Turkish theatre and cinema actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Bobby Timmons]], American jazz pianist and composer (b.\n        [[1935]])\\n* [[March 2]] – [[P\\u00e9ter Schell]], Hungarian politician\n        (b. [[1898]]) \\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Barbara Ruick]], American actress and\n        singer (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Frank Wilcox]], American character actor (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Adolph Gottlieb]], American abstract expressionist painter\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[John Samuel Bourque]], French-Canadian\n        politician, Cabinet Minister, military member, and businessman from [[Qu\\u00e9bec,\n        Canada]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Billy De Wolfe]], American character actor (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Ernest Becker]], American anthropologist\n        and writer; who won the 1974 [[Pulitzer Prize]] (posthumously) for his book\n        ''''[[The Denial of Death]]'''' (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Moriji\n        Mochida]], last person ever awarded the 10th dan rank in kendo (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Hans Sachs (poster collector)|Hans Sachs]], Holocaust survivor and poster\n        collector (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Martha Wentworth]], American\n        actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.]],\n        American physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Alexander John Majeski]],\n        American architect and former Naval Lieutenant (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[March 12]]\n        \\n** [[Oleksii Shovkunenko]], Ukrainian painter (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Red Wing\n        (actress)|Red Wing]], American actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 14]] –\n        [[Maulana Shams-ud-din Harifal]], Pakistani [[Islamic]] scholar (b. [[1944]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Toh\\u00e1]], Chilean Socialist politician,\n        former minister (assassinated) (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Louis\n        Kahn]], Russian-born American architect (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Edward Platt]], American actor known as, \\\"[[Get Smart|The Chief]]\\\" on\n        NBC/CBS''s ''''[[Get Smart]]'''' (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Chet\n        Huntley]], American television reportor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Candy Darling]], American actress (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[March 22]] –\n        [[Peter Revson]], American race car driver (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[March 24]] –\n        [[Lewie G. Merritt]], U. S. Marine, major general and aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Herget]], German [[Luftwaffe]] flying ace (b. [[1910]])\\n**\n        [[Eduardo Santos]], Colombian publisher and politician, 15th [[President of\n        Colombia]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\n** [[Andrea Checchi]], Italian\n        actor (''''[[Two Women|La ciociara]]'''') (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Joe Stecher]],\n        American professional wrestler (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Frank\n        Seno]], American football running back and defensive back (b. [[1921]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Georges\n        Pompidou - Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F020538-0006.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Georges\n        Pompidou]]]]\\n[[File:Muhammad Ayub Khan.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub\n        Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Franz Jonas 1965.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Franz Jonas]]]]\\n[[File:Agnes\n        Moorehead Bewitched 1969.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Agnes Moorehead]]]]\\n* [[April\n        2]] \\n** [[Douglass Dumbrille]], Pioneering Canadian actor in Hollywood (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Georges Pompidou]], 100th [[Prime Minister of France]] and\n        19th [[President of France]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Ossie\n        Newton-Thompson]], South African cricketer and politician (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[A. Y. Jackson]], Canadian painter and a founding member\n        of the Group of Seven (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\n** [[Willem Marinus Dudok]],\n        Dutch modernist architect (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Roy Wood (baseball)|Roy Wood]],\n        American professional baseball player (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        [[K. A. C. Creswell]], English architectural historian (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April\n        10]] – [[Patricia Collinge]], Irish-born American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Edward Alexander Bott]], psychologist at the University\n        of Toronto (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Howard Pease]], American adventure\n        novelist (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Michael Whalen (actor)|Michael Whalen]], American\n        actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Betty Compson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Marcel Pagnol]], French novelist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]], Pakistanian general and politician,\n        2nd [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Peter\n        Lee Lawrence]], German actor in [[Spaghetti Westerns]]; such as (''''[[For\n        a Few Dollars More]]'''') (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Mirja Mane]],\n        Finnish actress (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Cy Williams]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Bud Abbott]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Franz Jonas]], Austrian political figure, 7th\n        [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Hans W. Petersen]],\n        Danish actor of over 40 films (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Paul\n        Page (actor)|Paul Page]], American actor of the 1920s and 1930s (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Agnes Moorehead]], American actress (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Duke\n        Ellington restored.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Duke Ellington]]]]\\n[[File:1912 Athletics\n        men%27s 110 metre hurdles - Frederick Kelly.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Fred Kelly (athlete)|Fred\n        Kelly]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Frank Packer]], Australian media proprietor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[James O. Richardson]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[William Wantling]], American ex-Marine, poet and novelist\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], Indian actor\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Ralph McCabe]], Canadian-born [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Ludwig Karl Koch]], German-born\n        broadcaster and sound recordist in the United Kingdom (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May\n        6]] – [[Robert Maestri]], American of [[Italian people|Italian]] heritage\n        who served as [[mayor of New Orleans]] from ([[1936]] to [[1946]]) (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]]\\n** [[Abu Bakar of Pahang]], Fourth [[Sultan of Pahang]] (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Fred Kelly (athlete)|Fred Kelly]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Fred Conyngham]], Australian actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[Takeshi Sakamoto]], Japanese versatile actor (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Wayne Maki]], Canadian [[National Hockey League]] player\n        with [[Chicago]], [[St. Louis]], and [[Vancouver]]; (died of [[brain cancer]])\n        (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Jacob L. Moreno]], Austrian-born American\n        leading psychiatrist and psychosociologist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 15]] –\n        [[Guy Simonds]], English-born, Canadian [[Lieutenant-General]] who commanded\n        the [[Canadian Armed Forces]] in [[World War II]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 16]]\n        – [[Billy Welu]], American profession bowler (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] Los Angeles police shootout of\n        its members\\n** [[Angela Atwood]], American founding member of the [[Symbionese\n        Liberation Army]] (b. [[1949]])\\n** [[Donald DeFreeze]], American leader of\n        the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]; who went by the [[nom de guerre]] \\\"Field\n        Marshall Cinque\\\" (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Camilla Hall]], American member of the\n        [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]; one of main kidnappers of heiress [[Patricia\n        Hearst]] (b. [[1945]])\\n** [[Nancy Ling Perry]], An American member of the\n        [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] (b. [[1947]])\\n** [[Patricia Soltysik]], American\n        member of the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] (b. [[1950]])\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Harry Ricardo]], broadcaster and sound recordist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May\n        19]] – [[Allal al-Fassi]], Moroccan politician, poet, writer, and scholar\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Lily Kronberger]], Hungarian figure\n        skater (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Duke Ellington]], American jazz\n        pianist and bandleader (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Donald Crisp]], British-born\n        American actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Arturo Jauretche]], Argentine writer, politician, and philosopher (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Kitty Gordon]], English stage and silent film actress.\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Rudolf Altstadt]], German soldier in\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Francesco Fausto Nitti]],\n        Italian journalist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Adelle Davis]], American\n        author and nutritionist (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Frederick George Topham]], Canadian\n        soldier and recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]] (b. [[1917]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Mamer-urriol.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mamerto\n        Urriolagoit\\u00eda]]]]\\n[[File:GASPARDUTRA.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eurico Gaspar\n        Dutra]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]  – [[Henry Clay Sevier]], American lawyer and\n        member from [[Louisiana House of Representatives]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June\n        2]]  – [[Roger C. Slaughter]], American lawyer and [[U. S. Representative]]\n        from [[Missouri]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 3]]  – [[Rashid Nezhmetdinov]],\n        Soviet chess player (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Smokey Harris]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Mamerto Urriolagoit\\u00eda]], 50th [[President\n        of Bolivia]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 5]]  – [[Larry Cabrelli]], American\n        football player and assistant coach [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (b. [[1917]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]]  –  [[Abdul Rahman Hashim]], Malaysian Inspector-General\n        of Police (b. [[1925]]) \\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel Asturias]],\n        Guatemalan writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n** [[Katharine Cornell]], Berlin-born, American stage actress,\n        writer, theatre owner, and producer (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Carlo Pisacane (actor)|Carlo\n        Pisacane]], Italian actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Prince Henry,\n        Duke of Gloucester]], [[Governor-General of Australia]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] \\n** [[Julius Evola]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Eurico\n        Gaspar Dutra]], Brazilian marshal and 16th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Marie]], French Radical politician (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Knud Jeppesen]], Danish [[musicologist]], composer,\n        and songwriter (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Kevin Gately]], English\n        mathematics student at [[University of Warwick]] involved in the [[Red Lion\n        Square disorders]] (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Mauritz Hugo]],\n        Swedish-born American film and television actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 17]]\n        – [[Austin Gunsel]], 3rd commissioner of the [[National Football League]]\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Georgy Zhukov]], Soviet general ([[World\n        War II]]) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Katsutaro Kouta]], Japanese\n        female geisha and ry\\u016bk\\u014dka singer (b. [[1904]]) \\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Darius Milhaud]], French composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Calvin\n        B. Hoover]], noted U. S. economist and professor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – [[J\\u00f3zsef Juh\\u00e1sz]], Hungarian stage and film actor (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Cornelius Lanczos]], Hungarian mathematician and physicist\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Ernest Gruening]], American journalist,\n        [[Governor]] of [[Alaska Territory]] from [[1939]] to [[1953]], and [[United\n        States Senator]] from [[1959]] to [[1969]] (b. [[1887]]) \\n* [[June 27]] –\n        [[Fred DeStefano]], American football player and physician; who won the [[National\n        Football League]] title with the [[Chicago Cardinals]] of [[1925]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[Vannevar Bush]], American engineer, inventor and science\n        administrator (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Frank Sutton]], American actor (b. [[1923]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Maria Ferreira de Castro]], Portuguese writer\n        and journalist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Alberta Williams King]],\n        American civil rights champion, wife of [[Martin Luther King, Sr.]], and mother\n        of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] (Shot) (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Peron\n        tomando un caf\\u00e9.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Juan Per\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:James Chadwick.jpg|110px|thumb|[[James\n        Chadwick]]]]\\n[[File:Erich K\\u00e4stner 1961.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Erich\n        K\\u00e4stner]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]], Argentine army\n        general and politician, 2-time [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[July 2]]\\n** [[Sonia Holm]], English actress (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Edith L.\n        Sharp]], Canadian writer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Georgette Heyer]],\n        British writer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Randall]], French actor (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Joseph Baldacchino]], Maltese archaeologist\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Leon Shamroy]], American [[Academy Award]]-winning\n        cinematographer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Cornelius Vanderbilt IV]], American publisher\n        and member of the [[Vanderbilt Family]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[M\\u00e1rio\n        Sim\\u00f5es Dias]], Portuguese violinist (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Margaret Furse]],\n        British [[Academy Award]]-winning costume designer for ''''[[Anne of the Thousand\n        Days]]'''' (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Earl Warren]], Governor of\n        California and [[Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court]] (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[Nancy Wickwire]], American soap opera actress (b. [[1925]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[P\\u00e4r Lagerkvist]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Sonja Ludvigsen]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett|Patrick Blackett]], British physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (1898\\u20131974)|Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe]]\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**Dame [[Sibyl Hathaway]], [[Seigneur of Sark]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n**[[Carl Andrew Spaatz]], American general (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** [[William Albrecht]], Chairman of the Department of Soils\n        at the University of Missouri (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Christine Chubbuck]], American\n        TV personality (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Victor Negus]], British surgeon (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – [[Oduvaldo Vianna Filho]], Brazilian playwright (b. [[1936]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Dizzy Dean]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis\n        Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[July\n        19]] – [[Joe Flynn (US actor)|Joe Flynn]], American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Charles Rudolph d''Olive]], American [[World War I]]\n        ace (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Wayne Morse]], American lawyer,\n        politician, and [[United States Senator]] from [[Oregon]] (1945\\u20131969)\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Peter Lei]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese\n        of Hong Kong|Bishop of Hong Kong]] (b. [[1922]]) \\n* [[July 24]] – Sir\n        [[James Chadwick]], British physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Robert Hanbidge]], Canadian\n        lawyer, {municipal, provincial, & federal} politician; including the Mayor\n        of [[Kerrobert]], and 12th [[Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan]] (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] \\n** [[Lightnin'' Slim]], American blues musician (b. [[1913]])\\n**\n        [[Joop Pelser]], Dutch footballer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Truman\n        Bradley (actor)|Truman Bradley]], American radio actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n** [[Cass Elliot|\\\"Mama Cass\\\" Elliot]], American vocalist (b. [[1941]])\\n**\n        [[Erich K\\u00e4stner]], German author (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Lev Knipper]], Soviet composer (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Col\n        Charles Lindbergh.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Charles Lindbergh]]]]\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Cyril Smith (pianist)|Cyril Smith]], English virtuoso concert\n        pianist (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 3]]  \\n** [[Edna Murphy]], American actress\n        of the [[silent era]] (b. [[1899]]) \\n** [[Almira Sessions]], American character\n        actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Kondrat]], Polish\n        stage and film actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Friedrich F.\n        Tippmann]], Hungarian entomologist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Gunboat\n        Smith]], Irish-born American boxer and referee (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 7]]\n        – [[Rosario Castellanos]], M\\u00e9xican poet and author (b. [[1925]])\n        \\n* [[August 8]] – [[Baldur von Schirach]], Nazi German [[Hitler Youth]]\n        leader (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Falc\\u00f3n]], Portuguese\n        matador (gored to death by bull) (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Jan Tschichold]], German-born\n        typographer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Romuald Bourque]], French-Canadian\n        politician from [[Qu\\u00e9bec]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Edmund\n        Cobb]], American actor whose career spanner nearly 55 years (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Aldo Palazzeschi]], Italian novelist, poet, journalist\n        and essayist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[J. C. Winslow]], British\n        missionary to India for Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Rodger Davies]], American diplomat (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Magda Sonja]], Austrian actress (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Buford Pusser]], American Sheriff of\n        [[McNairy County, Tennessee]] (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Jacob\n        Bronowski]], Polish-Jewish British mathematician, biologist and science historian\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Roberto Assagioli]], Italian psychiatrist\n        and pioneer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Alexander P. de Seversky]],\n        Russian-American aviation pioneer and inventor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 26]]\n        – [[Charles Lindbergh]], American aviator (''''Spirit of St. Louis'''')\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Otto Strasser]], Nazi German politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Aleksandar Sekulovi\\u0107]], Montenegrin\n        cinematographer (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Judith Furse]], English\n        actress (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Fred W. Preller]], American politician (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]], Indian-British\n        writer and hunter (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\n** [[Ali bin Abdullah Al\n        Thani]], [[Emir of Qatar]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Norman Kirk]], 29th Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Gianna Manzini]], Italian writer (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Mary\n        Walker 1934.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Mary Broadfoot Walker]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Nikita\n        of Russia.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia]]]]\\n[[File:Cliff\n        Arquette 1941.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Cliff Arquette]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Mary Broadfoot Walker]], English physician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Walter Strenge]], American cinematographer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[Harry Partch]], American composer (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]]\\n** [[Creighton Williams Abrams]], American general (b. [[1914]])\\n**\n        [[Marcel Achard]], French playwright and scriptwriter (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September\n        6]]\\n** [[Olga Baclanova]], Soviet stage and screen actress, operatic singer,\n        and ballerina (b. c. [[1893]])\\n** [[Otto Kruger]], American actor of German\n        descent (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Juan Antonio Ipi\\u00f1a]],\n        Spanish football manager (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\n** [[Bert Niehoff]],\n        American [[Major League Baseball]] player (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Jimmy Swinnerton]],\n        American cartoonist, ''''[[Little Jimmy]]'''' (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[Melchior Wa\\u0144kowicz]], Polish army officer, writer, journalist,\n        and publisher (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Robert Nodar, Jr.]],\n        American [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politician from [[New\n        York (state)|New York]] and its member of the [[United States House of Representatives]]\n        (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia]]\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Craig Woods]], American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Capistr\\u00e1n Garza]], M\\u00e9xican Association\n        of Catholic Youth leader, lawyer, screenwriter, and film critic (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Phog Allen]], American basketball and baseball\n        player (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Claudia Morgan]], American\n        actress, ''''[[The Edge of Night]]'''' in the 1950s (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Edna Best]], British actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 19]]\n        \\n** [[Tr\\u00e1nsito Cocomarola]], Argentine musician and folklorist (b. [[1918]])\\n**\n        [[Zack Taylor (baseball)|Zack Taylor]], American baseball player and manager\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mojica|Fray Jos\\u00e9\n        de Guadalupe Mojica]], Mexican [[Franciscan]] friar, singer, and actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Walter Brennan]], American actor;\n        3-time Best Supporting [[Academy Award]]-winning actor ([[1936]], [[1938]],\n        and [[1940]]) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Winfried Otto Schumann]],\n        German physicist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[George Spahn]], American rancher connected\n        to the Manson family (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Cliff Arquette]],\n        American comedian who created the character ''''[[Charlie Weaver]]'''' (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dorothy Stone (actress)|Dorothy Stone]],\n        American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Jean Gale]],\n        American [[vaudeville]] performer (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Silvio\n        Frondizi]], Argentine intellectual and lawyer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[James R.\n        Webb]], American soldier and screenwriter who won the 1963 [[Academy Award]]\n        for ''''[[How the West Was Won (film)]]'''' (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – [[Arnold Fanck]], German film director who pioneered in the [[mountain\n        film]] genre (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ed Sullivan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ed\n        Sullivan]]]]\\n[[File:Elie Lescot portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elie Lescot]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n**[[Frederick Moosbrugger]], American admiral (b. [[1900]])\\n**[[Stephen\n        Latchford]], American diplomat and aviation expert (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October\n        2]] – [[Vasily Shukshin]], Soviet actor, writer, screenwriter, and director\n        from the [[Altai Krai|Altai]] region (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[October 3]] –\n        [[Bessie Louise Pierce]], American historian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 4]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Lee Moore]], American mathematician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Anne Sexton]],\n        American poet and writer (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Virgil Miller]],\n        American cinematographer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[V. K. Krishna\n        Menon]], Indian statesman, diplomat and nationalist (b. [[1896]]) \\n* [[October\n        7]] – [[Henry J. Cadbury]], American biblical scholar and Quaker (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Harry Carney]], American jazz musician\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\n** [[Theodore Foley]], American [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and servant of God (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Oskar Schindler]], Sudetgerman\n        businessman (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Werner Heyking]], Danish\n        actor, ''''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'''' (1971) (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Frank Kowalski]], American soldier [[United States\n        Army]] and [[United States Representatives]] from [[Connecticut]] (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n** [[Josef Krips]], Austrian conductor and violinist (b. [[1902]])\\n**\n        [[Sam Rice]], American baseball player ([[History of the Washington Senators\n        (1901\\u201360)|Washington Senators]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Ed Sullivan]], American television host (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Sattar Bahlulzade]], [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]]\n        landscape painter (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Vlasta Dekanova]],\n        Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Tomotaka\n        Tasaka]], Japanese film director (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Anders\n        Lange]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Farrukh\n        Ahmad]], Bangladeshi poet and writer (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Nur Ali Elahi]],\n        Iranian jurist, musician, and spiritual thinker (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[\\u00c9lie Lescot]], 29th [[President of Haiti]], leader of\n        the [[World War II]] (b. [[1883]])  \\n* [[October 21]] – [[Donald Goines]],\n        American witer of [[urban fiction]] (b. [[1936]])  \\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Melchior Lengyel]], Hungarian writer, dramatist, and film screenwriter (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[David Oistrakh]], Ukrainian violinist\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Fahrettin Altay]], Ottoman military\n        officer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Bidia Dandaron]], Buryat\n        Buddhist practitioner in the [[USSR]] (b. [[1914]]) \\n* [[October 27]] \\n**\n        [[Paul Frankeur]], French actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[C. P. Ramanujam]], Indian\n        mathematician (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Begum Akhtar]], Indian\n        singer (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Mikheil Chiaureli]], Soviet\n        [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] filmmaker (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:S\n        Kragujevic, Vittorio De Sica, 1959.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Vittorio De Sica]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        II, Duke of Parma.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma]]]]\\n[[File:U\n        Thant (1963).jpg|thumb|110px|[[U Thant]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Ralf\n        Harolde]], American character actor (b, [[1899]])\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Kroner]], German neo-Hegelian philosopher (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Farid-ud-Din\n        Qadri]], Pakistani Islamic scholar (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 3]] –\n        [[Mam\\u00e1 Ting\\u00f3]], Dominican activist (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[November 4]]\n        – [[Harry Fritz]], American baseball player [[Chicago Whales]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] \\n** [[Marguerite Namara]], American lyric [[soprano]] (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n** [[Stafford Repp]], American actor noted for his work on the\n        ''''[[Batman (TV Series)]]'''' (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Rodolfo\n        Acosta]], Mexican-American actor (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Eric Linklater]], British\n        author (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Ivory Joe Hunter]], American\n        rhythm & blues singer, songwriter, and pianist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Egon Wellesz]], British composer, teacher and musicologist (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Jasper Goodwill]], American municipal\n        politician, Mayor of [[Minden, Louisiana]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 13]]\n        \\n** [[Vittorio De Sica]], Italian actor and film director (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Karen Silkwood]], American chemical technician and labour union activist\n        (b. [[1946]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Johnny Mack Brown]], American football\n        star and actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 15]] \\n** [[Robert Hugo, Duke of\n        Parma]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Konstantin Shayne]], Russian-born, American actor\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Walther Meissner]], German technical\n        physicist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Erskine Hamilton Childers]],\n        Irish politician, 4th [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[G\\u00f6sta Lillieh\\u00f6\\u00f6k]], Swedish pentathlete and\n        [[1912 Olympic Games]] champion (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Alessandro\n        Momo]], Italian actor (b. [[1956]]) \\n* [[November 21]] – [[Frank Martin\n        (composer)|Frank Martin]], Swiss composer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 23]]\\n**\n        [[Cornelius Ryan]], Irish-born American writer (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Massacre\n        of the Sixty]] in Ethiopia of government and military officials.\\n*** [[Abiye\n        Abebe]], politician and army officer (b. [[1918]])\\n*** [[Aklilu Habte-Wold]],\n        politician and 6th [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia]] (b. [[1912]])\\n*** [[Aman\n        Andom]], army officer and 1st [[List of Presidents of Ethiopia|President of\n        Ethiopia]] (b. [[1924]])\\n*** [[Asrate Medhin Kassa]], aristocrat and army\n        officer (b. 1922)\\n*** [[Endelkachew Makonnen]], politician and 4th [[Prime\n        Minister of Ethiopia]] (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Nick Drake]],\n        British musician (b. [[1948]])\\n** [[U Thant]], Burmese diplomat and 3rd [[Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[T. A. Madhuram]],\n        Tamil stage & film actress and film producer (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 28]]\n        – [[Konstantin Melnikov]], Soviet architect (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November\n        29]]\\n** [[James J. Braddock]], American boxer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Peng Dehuai]],\n        Chinese leader (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Harry Hooper 1915.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Harry\n        Hooper]]]]\\n[[File:Nanny and the Professor Richard Long 1970.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Richard\n        Long (actor)|Richard Long]]]]\\n[[File:Jack Benny - 1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack\n        Benny]]]]\\n[[File:Sir Vincent Zachary Cope.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Zachary Cope]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Ellis.gif|110px|thumb|[[Robert Ellis (actor, born 1892)|Robert Ellis]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\n** [[Sophie Carmen Eckhardt-Gramatt\\u00e9]], Russian-born,\n        Canadian composer, [[virtuoso]] [[pianist]], & violinist (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Max Weber (Swiss politician)|Max Weber]], Swiss Federal Councilor (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] –  [[Hans Leibelt]], German film actor (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Lee Kinsolving]], American actor (b. [[1938]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] \\n** [[Pietro Germi]], Italian actor, screemwriter and director\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Zaharia Stancu]], Romanian prose writer (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Frederik Jacobus Johannes Buytendijk]], Dutch anthropologist,\n        biologist and psychologist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov]],\n        Russian admiral (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Luigi Salvatorelli]], Italian historian\n        and publicist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Ariyavangsagatayana,\n        17th Supreme Patriarch of Thailand]], Member of the Chetupon Temple (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] – [[Nadia Benois]], Russian painter and stage designer;\n        also the mother of English actor [[Peter Ustinov]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December\n        9]]\\n** [[Hans Traut]], German General-Lieutenant in the Nazi [[Wehrmacht]]\n        in [[World War II]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Ludwig Weber]], Austrian bass (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Paul Richards (actor)|Paul Richards]],\n        American actor, ''''[[Beneath the Planet of the Apes]]'''' (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Maravillas de Jes\\u00fas]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        professed member of the [[Discalced Carmelites]] and saint (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Reed Hadley]], American radio, television, & film actor (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Booker McDaniels]], American baseball pitcher in\n        the [[Negro Leagues]] with ([[Kansas City Monarchs]]) (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[John G. Bennett]], British mathematician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Walter Lippmann]], American writer and journalist (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Anatole Litvak]], Ukrainian-born film director (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Kostas Varnalis]], Greek poet (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Luis Almarcha Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish cleric, politician\n        and [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Bing Slamet]], Indonesian\n        singer, songwriter, comedian and actor (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Harry Hooper]], American baseball player ([[Boston Red Sox]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n**[[Bernd von\n        Brauchitsch]], German air force officer (b. [[1911]])\\n**[[Catrano Catrani]],\n        Italian-born Argentine director & producer (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December 20]]\n        – [[Andr\\u00e9 Jolivet]], French composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Richard Long (actor)|Richard Long]], American actor (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Gordon Purdy]], Canadian [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n        politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Jules Rykovich]], Croatian-born,\n        American football player (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Sentar\\u014d\n        \\u014cmori]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Gorman\n        Kennedy]], Canadian executive and general manager of the [[Montr\\u00e9al Alouettes]]\n        from (1957 to 1959) (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Jack Benny]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Frank Hussey]], American Olympic athlete (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Bob Custer]], American film actor (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Fock]], Soviet physicist (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Ned Maddrell]], last\n        surviving [[first language|native speaker]] of the [[Manx language]] (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – [[Zachary Cope]], British physician and surgeon (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Robert Ellis (actor, born 1892)|Robert\n        Ellis]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[William Charles Fuller]], Welsh\n        soldier and recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]] (b. [[1884]]\\n* [[December\n        30]]\\n** [[George Howard Earle III]], American politician and diplomat; served\n        as [[Governor of Pennsylvania]] from 1935\\u20131939 (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Sid\n        Terris]], American boxer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Dogen Handa]],\n        Japanese professional Go player (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Robert Pache]], Swiss\n        footballer (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – Sir [[Martin Ryle]], [[Antony Hewish]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Paul J. Flory]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Albert Claude]], [[Christian\n        de Duve]], [[George E. Palade]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Eyvind Johnson]], [[Harry Martinson]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – [[Se\\u00e1n MacBride]], [[Eisaku Sat\\u014d]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize\n        in Economic Sciences|Economics]] – [[Gunnar Myrdal]], [[Friedrich Hayek]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1974}}\\n[[Category:1974|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":797548746,\"length\":79914,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974\"},\"34752\":{\"pageid\":34752,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1975\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T03:00:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1975|the band|The 1975}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1975}}\\n{{Year nav|1975}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1975}}\\nIt was also declared the ''''[[International Women''s Year]]''''\n        by the [[United Nations]] and the European Architectural Heritage Year by\n        the [[Council of Europe]].\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1975}}\\n** [[Altair 8800]] is released, sparking the [[microcomputer\n        revolution]].\\n** [[Volkswagen]] introduces the [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]],\n        its new front-wheel-drive economy car, in the United States and Canada as\n        the [[Volkswagen Golf|Volkswagen Rabbit.]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Stevie Nicks]]\n        and [[Lindsey Buckingham]] join [[Fleetwood Mac]].\\n** [[Watergate scandal]]\n        (United States): [[John N. Mitchell]], [[H. R. Haldeman]] and [[John Ehrlichman]]\n        are found guilty of the [[Watergate]] cover-up.\\n** [[Malawi]] changes its\n        capital city from [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]] to [[Lilongwe]].\\n* [[January 2]]\\n**\n        The [[Federal Rules of Evidence]] are approved by the [[United States Congress]].\\n**\n        Bangladesh revolutionary leader [[Siraj Sikder]] is killed by police while\n        in custody.\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Tasman Bridge disaster]]: The [[Tasman\n        Bridge]] in [[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]], Australia, is struck by the bulk ore\n        carrier {{MV|Lake Illawarra}}, killing 12 people.\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        United States television debuts:\\n** Game show ''''[[Wheel of Fortune (U.S.\n        game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]'''' premieres on [[NBC]].\\n** ''''[[AM America]]''''\n        makes its [[television]] debut on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[OPEC]] agrees to raise [[crude oil]] prices by 10%.\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Ella Grasso]] becomes [[Governor of Connecticut]], the\n        first female U.S. governor who does not succeed her husband.\\n** U.S. President\n        [[Gerald Ford]] appoints Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller]] to head a special\n        commission looking into alleged domestic abuses by the [[CIA]].\\n* [[January\n        14]] – Heiress [[Lesley Whittle]], 17, is kidnapped from her home in\n        [[Shropshire]], England by [[Donald Neilson]].\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Alvor\n        Agreement]]: Portugal announces that it will grant independence to [[Angola]]\n        on [[November 11]].\\n** [[International Women''s Year]] is launched in [[United\n        Kingdom|Britain]] by [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess\n        Alexandra]] and [[Barbara Castle]].\\n** [[Steel roller coaster]] [[Space Mountain\n        (Magic Kingdom)]] opens at [[Walt Disney World]] in Florida, becoming one\n        of the park''s most popular attractions into the 21st century.\\n* [[January\n        18]] – The [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]] is divided between\n        the [[Energy Research and Development Administration]] and the [[Nuclear Regulatory\n        Commission]], partly in response to the 1973 oil crisis.\\n* [[January 19]]\n        – [[1975 Kinnaur earthquake]]: An earthquake strikes [[Himachal Pradesh]],\n        India.\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** In [[Hanoi]], [[North Vietnam]], the [[Politburo]]\n        approves the final military offensive against [[South Vietnam]].\\n** American\n        talent agent [[Michael Ovitz]] founds the [[Creative Artists Agency]].\\n**\n        Work is abandoned on the British end of the [[Channel Tunnel]].\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Jazz]] [[pianist]] [[Keith Jarrett]] plays the solo [[improvisation]]\n        ''[[The K\\u00f6ln Concert]]'' at the [[Cologne Opera]], which, recorded live,\n        becomes the best-selling piano recording in history.{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=7984\n        |title=Keith Jarrett \\u2013 Biography |work=[[All About Jazz]] |accessdate=2011-04-09\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318092416/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=7984\n        |archivedate=March 18, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Immaculata University]] defeats the [[Maryland Terrapins women''s basketball|University\n        of Maryland]] 80-48 in the first nationally televised [[women''s basketball]]\n        game in the United States.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TYZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iQUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3918,4742960&dq=immaculata&hl=en\n        \\\"Women Cagers Make TV Debut\\\"], ''''Ocala (FL) Star-Banner\\\", January 27,\n        1975, p. 2B\\n* [[January 29]] – The [[Weather Underground]] radical\n        student group bombs the [[United States Department of State]] main office\n        in Washington, D.C.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main article|February 1975}}\\n* [[February\n        1]] – The [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation]] is launched\n        in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[February 4]] – The [[1975 Haicheng earthquake|Haicheng\n        earthquake]], the first successfully [[Earthquake prediction|predicted earthquake]],\n        kills 2,041 and injures 27,538 in [[Haicheng, Liaoning]], China.\\n* [[February\n        5]] – The Argentine president [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabelita\n        Per\\u00f3n]] decrees [[Operativo Independencia]], aiming to neutralize or\n        annihilate the \\\"subversive elements\\\" in the province of Tucuman. Isabelita\n        takes advantage to take a self-coup and assume extraordinary powers.\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Kankesanthurai Electoral District by-election, 1975|A crucial\n        by-election]] is held in Kankesanthurai, Sri Lanka.\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        The ''''[[Soyuz 17]]'''' crew ([[Georgy Grechko]], [[Aleksei Gubarev]]) returns\n        to Earth after 1 month aboard the ''''[[Salyut 4]]'''' space station.\\n* [[February\n        11]]\\n** [[Margaret Thatcher]] defeats [[Edward Heath]] for the [[Conservative\n        Party (UK) leadership election, 1975|leadership]] of the opposition [[Conservative\n        Party (UK)|UK Conservative Party]]. Thatcher, 49, is Britain''s first female\n        leader of any political party.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539451.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1975: Tories choose first woman leader|date=February 11, 1975}}\\n**\n        Colonel [[Richard Ratsimandrava]], President of [[Madagascar]], is assassinated.\\n*\n        [[February 13]]\\n** A \\\"[[Turkish Federative State of North Cyprus|Turkish\n        Federated State of North Cyprus]]\\\" is declared as an unsuccessful first step\n        to international recognition of a [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|Turkish\n        Cypriot separatist state]] in [[Cyprus]]. \\n** A fire breaks out in the [[World\n        Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]].\\n* [[February 21]] –\n        [[Watergate scandal]]: Former [[United States Attorney General]] [[John N.\n        Mitchell]], and former [[White House]] aides [[H. R. Haldeman]] and [[John\n        Ehrlichman]], are sentenced to between 30 months and 8 years in prison.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – In response to the [[1973 energy crisis|energy crisis]],\n        [[daylight saving time]] commences nearly 2 months early in the United States.\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – A fleeing [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] member\n        [[Murder of Stephen Tibble|shoots and kills off-duty London police officer\n        Stephen Tibble]], 22, as he gives chase.\\n* [[February 27]] – The [[2\n        June Movement]] kidnaps West German politician [[Peter Lorenz]]. He is released\n        on [[March 4]] after most of the kidnappers'' demands are met.\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** A [[Moorgate tube crash|major tube train crash]] at [[Moorgate station]],\n        London kills 43 people.\\n** In [[Lom\\u00e9]], [[Togo]], the [[European Economic\n        Community]] and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial\n        and economic treaty, known as the first [[Lom\\u00e9 Convention]].\\n** The\n        [[National Liberation Front of Angola]] (FNLA) approaches the South African\n        Embassy in London and requests 40 to 50 artillery pieces to assist their cause\n        in the [[Angolan Civil War]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1975}}\\n*\n        [[March 1]] \\n**[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] win the [[Football League\n        Cup]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]], beating [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich\n        City]] 1\\u20130 in the final.\\n** Australian television switches to full-time\n        colour.\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Charlie Chaplin]] is knighted by [[Elizabeth\n        II]].\\n** A Canadian parliamentary committee is televised for the first time.\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n** [[1975 Algiers Agreement|Algiers Accord]]: [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]]\n        announce a settlement in their border dispute.\\n** A bomb explodes in the\n        Paris offices of the [[Axel Springer AG|Springer Press]]. The 6 March Group\n        (connected to the [[Red Army Faction]]) demands amnesty for the [[Baader-Meinhof\n        Group]].\\n* [[March 7]] – The body of teenage heiress [[Lesley Whittle]],\n        kidnapped 7 weeks earlier by the \\\"[[Donald Neilson|Black Panther]]\\\", is\n        discovered in [[Staffordshire]], England.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** The [[United\n        Nations]] proclaims [[International Women''s Day]].\\n** First appearance of\n        [[Davros]] in ''''[[Doctor Who]]''''.\\n* [[March 9]] – Construction\n        of the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]] begins.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Vietnam\n        War]]: [[North Vietnam]]ese troops attack [[Ban M\\u00ea Thu\\u1ed9t]], [[South\n        Vietnam]], on their way to capturing [[Saigon]].\\n** ''''[[The Rocky Horror\n        Show]]'''' opens on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in New York City; closed\n        after 3 previews and 45 performances.  \\n** An extended portion of ''''[[Sany\\u014d\n        Shinkansen]]'''' between [[Okayama Station]] and [[Hakata Station]] opens,\n        thus making Shinkansen reach the second island, [[Kyushu]], Japan.\\n* [[March\n        11]] – The leftist military government in Portugal defeats a rightist\n        coup attempt.\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[South Vietnam]] President\n        [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]] orders the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central\n        Highlands]] evacuated. This turns into a mass exodus involving troops and\n        civilians (the ''''Convoy of Tears'''').\\n* [[March 15]] – In Brazil,\n        [[Guanabara (state)|Guanabara State]] merges into the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|state\n        of Rio de Janeiro]]. The state''s capital moves from the city of [[Niter\\u00f3i]]\n        to the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]].\\n* [[March 22]] – ''''Ding-a-dong''''\n        by Teach-In (music by Dick Bakker, text by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens)\n        wins the 20th [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975]] for the Netherlands.\\n* [[March\n        25]] – King [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]] is shot and killed by his nephew.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/years/1975/default.stm\n        BBC News archive ''On This Day'' - 1975]\\n* [[March 27]] – The\n        South African government announces that it will consolidate the 113 separate\n        [[homeland]] areas into 36.\\n* [[March 28]] – A fire in the maternity\n        wing at Kucic Hospital in [[Rijeka]], former [[Yugoslavia]], kills 25 people.\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n**[[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]]\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (39th government, a four-party coalition,\n        so-called First National Front ({{lang-tr|Milliyet\\u00e7i cephe|links=no}})).\\n**In\n        his final game on the sideline, [[John Wooden]] coaches [[UCLA Bruins men''s\n        basketball|UCLA]] to its 10th national championship in 12 seasons when the\n        Bruins defeat [[Kentucky Wildcats men''s basketball|Kentucky]] 92-85 in the\n        [[1975 NCAA Men''s Division I Basketball Tournament|title game]] at [[San\n        Diego]].\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1975}}\\n* [[April 3]] –\n        [[Bobby Fischer]] refuses to play in a [[chess]] match against [[Anatoly Karpov]],\n        giving Karpov the title.\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The first military\n        [[Operation Babylift]] flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27 minutes after takeoff,\n        killing 138 on board; 176 survive the crash.\\n** [[Bill Gates]] and [[Paul\n        Allen]] found [[Microsoft]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]].\\n*[[April 5]]\n        – The Soviet manned space mission ''''[[Soyuz 18a]]'''' ends in failure\n        during its ascent into [[orbit]] when a critical malfunction occurs in the\n        second and third stages of the [[Soyuz rocket|booster rocket]] during staging,\n        resulting in the cosmonauts and their [[Soyuz spacecraft]] having to be ripped\n        free from the vehicle. Both cosmonauts survive.\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** Asia''s\n        first professional [[basketball]] league, the [[Philippine Basketball Association]],\n        plays its first game at the [[Araneta Coliseum]].\\n** Eight people in South\n        Korea, who are involved in the [[People''s Revolutionary Party Incident]],\n        are hanged.\\n** ''''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]'''' is released.\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Bus massacre]]: The [[Kataeb]] militia kills 27 [[Palestinians]]\n        during an attack on their bus in Ain El Remmeneh, [[Lebanon]], triggering\n        the [[Lebanese Civil War]] which lasts until [[1990]].\\n** A [[Chadian coup\n        of 1975|coup d''\\u00e9tat in Chad]] led by the military overthrows and kills\n        President [[Fran\\u00e7ois Tombalbaye]].\\n* [[April 17]] – The [[Khmer\n        Republic]] surrenders, when the [[Communism|Communist]] [[Khmer Rouge]] guerilla\n        forces capture [[Phnom Penh]] ending the [[Cambodian Civil War]], with mass\n        evacuation of American troops and Cambodian civilians. \\n* [[April 18]] –\n        The [[Khmer Rouge]] beings prompting a forcible [[emergency evacuation|mass\n        evacuation]] of the city and starting the [[Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia|genocide]].\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Nico Diederichs]] becomes the 4th [[State President\n        of South Africa]].[http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/sa_pres1/\n        Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices: South Africa: Heads\n        of State: 1961-1994] (Accessed on 14 April 2017)\\n* [[April 24]] –\n        Six [[Red Army Faction]] terrorists take over the West German embassy in [[Stockholm]],\n        take 11 hostages and demand the release of the group''s jailed members; shortly\n        after, they are captured by Swedish police (See [[West German Embassy siege]]).\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: As [[People''s Army of Vietnam|North\n        Vietnamese Army]] forces close in on the [[South Vietnam]]ese capital [[Saigon]],\n        the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day\n        since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[Vietnam War]]:\\n** [[Operation Frequent Wind]] – Americans\n        and their allies are evacuated from [[South Vietnam]] by helicopter.\\n** North\n        Vietnam concludes its [[East Sea Campaign]] by capturing all of the [[Spratly\n        Islands]] that were being held by South Vietnam.\\n* [[April 30]] – The\n        [[Vietnam War]] ends with the [[Fall of Saigon]]: The Vietnam War concludes\n        as [[Communism|Communist]] [[People''s Army of Vietnam|forces]] from [[North\n        Vietnam]] take [[Saigon]], resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American\n        troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken, [[South Vietnam]]\n        surrenders unconditionally and is replaced with the temporary [[Provisional\n        Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|Provisional Government]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1975}}\\n* [[May 1]] – The [[Cold war (general term)|Cold\n        War]] between [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]] begins, which eventually leads\n        to the [[Cambodian\\u2013Vietnamese War]]. \\n* [[May 3]] – [[West Ham\n        United F.C.|West Ham United]] wins the FA Cup at Wembley, beating Fulham 2\\u20130\n        in the final. Both goals are scored by Alan Taylor. West Ham legend [[Bobby\n        Moore]], appears for Fulham.\\n* [[May 5]] – The [[Busch Gardens Williamsburg]]\n        [[theme park]] opens in [[Virginia]].\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** The South African government\n        announces that it will provide all Black children with free and compulsory\n        education.\\n** A [[1975 Omaha tornado outbreak|violent F4 tornado]] hits the\n        [[Omaha metropolitan area]], killing 3 and injuring more than 137.\\n* [[May\n        12]] – [[Mayaguez incident]]: [[Khmer Rouge]] forces in [[Cambodia]]\n        seize the United States merchant ship {{SS|Mayaguez||2}} in international\n        waters.\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Mayaguez incident]]: The American merchant\n        ship ''''Mayaguez'''', seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S.\n        Navy and Marines; 38 Americans are killed.\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Sikkim]] accedes\n        to India after a referendum and abolishes the [[Chogyal]], its monarchy.\\n**\n        [[Junko Tabei]] from [[Japan]] becomes the first woman to reach the summit\n        of [[Mount Everest]].\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Elton John]]''s ''''[[Captain\n        Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy]]'''' becomes the first album to enter\n        the US [[Billboard 200|''''Billboard'''' 200]] album chart at Number One.\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Bobby Unser]] wins the [[Indianapolis 500]] for a second\n        time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 435 mile (696 km) race.\\n** The\n        [[Golden State Warriors]] win the [[1975 NBA Playoffs|1975 NBA basketball\n        championship]].\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** The [[Dibbles Bridge coach crash]] near\n        [[Grassington]], [[North Yorkshire]], England results in 32 deaths (the highest\n        ever toll in a United Kingdom road accident).\\n**  In the [[1974\\u201375 NHL\n        season|National Hockey League]], The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] defeat the [[Buffalo\n        Sabres]] 2-0 in game six of the finals to claim their second straight [[1975\n        Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]].\\n* [[May 28]] – Fifteen West African\n        countries sign the [[Treaty of Lagos]], creating the [[Economic Community\n        of West African States]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1975}}\\n* [[June\n        5]]\\n** The [[Suez Canal]] opens for the first time since the [[Six-Day War]].\\n**\n        The United Kingdom votes yes in a [[United Kingdom European Communities membership\n        referendum, 1975|referendum]] to stay in the [[European Community]].\\n* [[June\n        6]] – The [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] Agreement, formally creating\n        the [[ACP Group]], is signed.\\n* [[June 9]] – The [[Order of Australia]]\n        is awarded for the first time.\\n* [[June 10]] – In Washington, D.C.,\n        the [[United States President''s Commission on CIA Activities within the United\n        States|Rockefeller Commission]] issues its report on [[CIA]] abuses, recommending\n        a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence.\\n* [[June 11]]\n        – After a referendum and seven years of military rule, modern day [[Greece]]\n        is established as the [[Third Hellenic Republic|Hellas Republic]].\\n* [[June\n        19]] – [[Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan]] is found guilty [[trial\n        in absentia|''''in absentia'''']] of the murder of nanny Sandra Rivett.\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – ''''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'''' is released in theaters and\n        becomes a popular summer hit, setting the standard for Hollywood blockbusters\n        for years to come.\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declares\n        [[The Emergency (India)|a state of emergency]] in India, suspending civil\n        liberties and elections.\\n** [[Mozambique]] gains [[independence]] from Portugal.\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – Two [[FBI]] agents and one [[American Indian Movement|AIM]]\n        member die in a shootout, at the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] in [[South\n        Dakota]].\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1975}}\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[Postmaster-General''s Department]] is disaggregated into the [[Australian\n        Telecommunications Commission]] (trading as [[Telecom Australia]]) and the\n        [[Australia Post|Australian Postal Commission]] (trading as [[Australia Post]]).\n        \\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Zion Square refrigerator bombing]]. A terrorist attack\n        in downtown [[Jerusalem]] kills 15 civilians and wounds 77.\\n** Sydney newspaper\n        publisher [[Juanita Nielsen]] disappears, and is presumed to have been murdered.\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – [[Cape Verde]] gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese\n        rule.\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** The [[Comoros]] declares and is granted their independence\n        from France.\\n** [[Ruffian (horse)|Ruffian]], an American champion [[thoroughbred\n        racehorse]] breaks down in a [[match race]] against [[Kentucky Derby]] winner,\n        [[Foolish Pleasure]]; she has to be [[euthanized]] the following day.\\n* [[July\n        9]] – The National Assembly of [[Senegal]] passes a law that will pave\n        way for a  [[multi-party system]] (albeit highly restricted).\\n* [[July 12]]\n        – [[S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 and Pr\\u00edncipe]] declare independence from\n        Portugal.\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Apollo\\u2013Soyuz Test Project]]: A manned\n        American [[Apollo spacecraft]] and the manned Soviet [[Soyuz spacecraft]]\n        for the ''''[[Soyuz 19]]'''' mission, docks in [[orbit]], marking the first\n        such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        In [[Detroit]], former [[Teamsters Union]] president [[Jimmy Hoffa]] is reported\n        missing.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1975}}\\n* The first Cuban\n        forces arrive in Angola to join Russian personnel who are there to assist\n        the [[MPLA]] who controls less than a quarter of Angolan territory.{{Jeffery-People''s\n        War|pages=11\\u201312, 14\\u201315}}\\n* The [[United States]], [[Zaire]]\n        and [[Zambia]] request South Africa to provide training and support for the\n        [[FNLA]] and [[UNITA]].\\n* [[August 1]] – The\n        [[Helsinki Accords]], which officially recognize Europe''s national borders\n        and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        The [[Louisiana Superdome]] opens in [[New Orleans]].\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        U.S. President [[Gerald Ford|Ford]] posthumously restores the U.S. citizenship\n        of General [[Robert E. Lee]], military leader of the Confederate States of\n        America during the American Civil War.\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** The [[Banqiao Dam]],\n        in China''s [[Henan Province]], fails after [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon\n        Nina]]; over 200,000 people perish.\\n** Samuel Bronfman II, son of the president\n        of [[Seagram]]''s, is kidnapped in [[Purchase, New York]].\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**\n        [[British Leyland]] Motor Corporation comes under British government control.\\n**\n        Governor [[M\\u00e1rio Lemos Pires]] of [[Portuguese Timor|Portuguese East\n        Timor]] abandons the capital [[Dili]], following a [[Timorese Democratic Union|UDT]]\n        coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and [[Fretilin]].\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** The [[Birmingham Six]] are wrongfully sentenced to life imprisonment\n        in Great Britain (they are released [[1991]]).\\n** Founder President [[Sheikh\n        Mujibur Rahman]] of [[Bangladesh]] is killed during a [[coup]] led by Major\n        [[Syed Faruque Rahman]].\\n** Some members of [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]] believe\n        that [[Armageddon]] will occur this year based on the group''s chronology''''[[The\n        Watchtower]]'''', August 15, 1968, pp. 494\\u2013501; ''''Awake!'''', May 22,\n        1969, p. 15; ''''The Watchtower'''', March 15, 1980, p. 17, para. 5\\u20136.\n        and some sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise\n        which they believe will be created when [[Jesus]] establishes God''s Kingdom\n        on Earth.\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Viking program]]: [[NASA]] launches the\n        ''''[[Viking 1]]'''' planetary probe toward [[Mars]].\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced\n        to death in [[Athens]]. The sentences are later commuted to [[life imprisonment]].\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – The [[Victoria Falls Conference (1975)|Victoria Falls\n        Conference]] between Rhodesian Prime Minister [[Ian Smith]] and the [[United\n        African National Council]] is held in a [[South African Railways]] coach on\n        the [[Victoria Falls Bridge]], officiated by [[Zambia]]n President [[Kenneth\n        Kaunda]] and South African Prime Minister [[B.J. Vorster|John Vorster]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1975}}\\n* September–October – In New Zealand,\n        [[M\\u0101ori people|M\\u0101ori]] leader [[Whina Cooper]] leads a march of\n        5,000 people, in support of Maori claims to their land.\\n* [[September 5]]\\n**\n        In [[Sacramento, California]], [[Lynette Fromme]], a follower of jailed cult\n        leader [[Charles Manson]], [[Gerald Ford assassination attempt in Sacramento|attempts\n        to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford]], but is thwarted by a [[United\n        States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent.\\n** The [[London Hilton Hotel]]\n        is bombed by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]; 2 people are killed\n        and 63 injured.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/5/newsid_2499000/2499203.stm\n        |title=1975: London Hilton bombed |publisher=BBC News |date=1975-09-05 |accessdate=2013-11-24}}\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – An earthquake with a [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter\n        magnitude]] of 6.7 kills at least 2,085 in [[Diyarbak\\u0131r]] and [[Lice,\n        Turkey]].\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Riverfront Coliseum]] opens in [[Cincinnati]].\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Seton]] is canonized, becoming the first\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] saint.\\n** [[Rembrandt]]''s painting \\\"[[The Night\n        Watch]]\\\" is slashed a dozen times at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.\\n* [[September\n        15]] – The French department of \\\"''''Corse''''\\\", comprising the entire\n        island of [[Corsica]], is divided into two departments: [[Haute-Corse]] (Upper\n        Corsica) and [[Corse-du-Sud]] (Southern Corsica).\\n[[Image:Flag of Papua New\n        Guinea.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Papua New Guinea]]]]\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – [[Papua New Guinea]] gains its independence from Australia.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – Fugitive [[Patty Hearst]] is captured in [[San Francisco]].\\n*\n        [[September 19]]\\n** General [[Vasco Gon\\u00e7alves]] is ousted as Prime Minister\n        of Portugal.\\n** The British comedy sitcom ''''[[Fawlty Towers]]'''' airs\n        on [[BBC 2]].\\n* [[September 20]] – The term of [[Tuanku Al-Mutassimu\n        Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan\n        Badlishah]], as the 5th [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]], ends. Bruce\n        marries Cathie in Parma, Ohio.\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Sultan Yahya\n        Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra]] of [[Kelantan]], becomes the 6th\n        [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[September 22]] – U.S.\n        President [[Gerald Ford]] survives a second assassination attempt, this time\n        by [[Sara Jane Moore]] in [[San Francisco]].\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dougal\n        Haston]] and [[Doug Scott]] on the [[1975 British Mount Everest Southwest\n        Face expedition]] become the first people to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]]\n        by any of its faces and the first Britons to reach the summit by any route.\\n*\n        [[September 27]]\\n** [[Francoist Spain]] executes 5 [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]]\n        and [[Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front|FRAP]] members, the last executions\n        in Spain to date.\\n** The [[Norwood Football Club]] beats the [[Glenelg Football\n        Club]] in the [[South Australian National Football League]] (SANFL) [[Australian\n        rules football]] Grand Final.\\n* [[September 28]] – The [[Spaghetti\n        House siege]] takes place in London.\\n* [[September 30]] –  The [[Hughes\n        Helicopters]] (later [[McDonnell-Douglas]], now [[Boeing IDS]]) [[AH-64 Apache]]\n        makes its first flight.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October 1975}}\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – ''''[[Thrilla in Manila]]'''': Muhammad Ali defeats\n        Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.\\n* [[October 2]] –\n        A blast at an explosives factory kills 6 in [[Beloeil, Quebec]].\\n* [[October\n        9]] – A bomb explosion outside the [[Green Park tube station]] near\n        [[Piccadilly]] in London kills 1 and injures 20.\\n* [[October 11]] –\n        [[NBC]] airs the first episode of ''''[[Saturday Night Live]]'''' ([[George\n        Carlin]] is the first host; [[Billy Preston]] and [[Janis Ian]] the first\n        musical guests).\\n* [[October 14]] – The South African Defence Force\n        invades Angola during [[Operation Savannah (Angola)|Operation Savannah]] in\n        support of the [[National Liberation Front of Angola|FNLA]] and [[UNITA]]\n        prior to the Angolan elections scheduled for 11 November.Malan,\n        Magnus (2006). ''''My lewe saam met die SA Weermag'''' (1st ed.). Pretoria:\n        Protea Boekhuis. p. 121. {{ISBN|978-1-86919-113-9}}.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n**\n        The \\\"[[Balibo Five]]\\\" Australian television journalists are killed at [[Balibo]]\n        by [[Indonesian Army]] special forces in the buildup to the [[Indonesian invasion\n        of East Timor]].\\n** The last naturally occurring case of [[smallpox]] is\n        diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old [[Rahima Banu]].Image caption of U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp\n        Public Health Image LibraryC image number 7762].\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        [[1975 World Series]]: The [[Boston Red Sox]] defeated the [[Cincinnati Reds]]\n        in Game Six off [[Carlton Fisk]]''s 12th-inning home run to cap off what many\n        consider to be the best World Series game ever played.\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        The Reds defeat the Red Sox 4 games to 3 in a broadcast that breaks records\n        for a televised sporting event.\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Robert Poulin]]\n        kills 1 and wounds 5 at [[St. Pius X High School (Ottawa)|St. Pius X High\n        School]] in [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada before shooting himself.\\n*\n        [[October 30]]\\n** [[Peter Sutcliffe]] (the \\\"Yorkshire Ripper\\\") commits\n        his first murder, that of Wilma McCann.\\n** [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]] becomes\n        acting [[head of state]] after dictator [[Francisco Franco]] concedes that\n        he is too ill to govern.\\n* [[October 31]] – The [[Queen (band)|Queen]]\n        single \\\"[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]\\\" is released. It later becomes one of their\n        most popular songs.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November 1975}}\\n* [[November\n        3]]\\n** An independent audit of [[Mattel]], one of the United States'' largest\n        toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated [[press release]]s\n        and financial information to \\\"maintain the appearance of continued corporate\n        growth.\\\"\\n** The first petroleum pipeline opens from [[Cruden Bay]] to [[Grangemouth]],\n        Scotland.\\n** The long-running television game show ''''[[The Price Is Right]]''''\n        expands from 30 minutes to its current hour-long format on [[CBS]].\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\n** The [[Green March]] begins: 300,000 unarmed [[Morocco|Moroccans]]\n        converge on the southern city of [[Tarfaya]] and wait for a signal from King\n        [[Hassan II of Morocco]] to cross into [[Western Sahara]].\\n** The [[Sex Pistols]]\n        play their first gig at [[Central Saint Martins|Saint Martins College]], London.\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility\n        in [[Geleen]], Netherlands leaves 14 dead and 109 injured, with fires lasting\n        for 5 days.\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution\n        3379]]: By a vote of 72\\u201335 (with 32 abstentions), the [[United Nations]]\n        General Assembly approves a resolution equating [[Zionism]] with [[racism]].\n        The resolution provokes an outcry among Jews around the world. It is repealed\n        in [[1991]].\\n** The {{convert|729|ft|m|adj=on}}-long freighter {{SS|Edmund\n        Fitzgerald}} sinks during a storm {{convert|17|mi|km}} from the entrance to\n        [[Whitefish Bay]] on [[Lake Superior]], killing all 29 crew members on board\n        (an event immortalized in song by [[Gordon Lightfoot]]).\\n** Lev Leshchenko\n        revives \\\"[[Den Pobedy]]\\\", one of the most popular World War II songs in\n        the [[USSR]].\\n[[Image:Flag of Angola.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Angola]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 11]]\\n** [[Angola]] becomes independent from Portugal and [[Angolan\n        Civil War|civil war]] erupts.\\n** [[Australian constitutional crisis of 1975]]:\n        [[Governor-General of Australia]] Sir [[John Kerr (governor-general)|John\n        Kerr]] dismisses the government of [[Gough Whitlam]] and commissions [[Malcolm\n        Fraser]] as [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]].\\n** The first\n        annual [[Vogalonga]] rowing \\\"race\\\" is held in [[Venice]], Italy.\\n* [[November\n        14]] – [[Madrid Accords]]: Spain abandons [[Western Sahara]].\\n* [[November\n        15]] – The \\\"[[Group of 6]]\\\" (G-6) industrialized nations is formed.\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – Beginning of the [[Third Cod War]] between UK and\n        Iceland, which lasts until June 1976.\\n* [[November 19]] – The [[United\n        States Congress]] approves the [[Clark Amendment]], ending aid to the [[FNLA]]\n        and [[UNITA]].\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** Former [[California]] Governor [[Ronald\n        Reagan]] enters the race for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]\n        presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President [[Gerald Ford]].\\n**\n        Spanish dictator [[Francisco Franco]] dies in [[Madrid]], effectively marking\n        the end of the dictatorship established following the [[Spanish Civil War]]\n        and the beginning of Spain''s [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition\n        to democracy]].\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]]\n        is declared [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]] following the death\n        of dictator [[Francisco Franco]]; he would reign until his abdication in [[2014]].\\n[[Image:Flag\n        of Suriname.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Suriname]].]]\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Suriname]] gains independence from the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].\\n**\n        The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] is outlawed in the United Kingdom.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2013}}\\n* [[November 26]] – The 1975 cult classic\n        movie ''''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'''' is released in the United\n        States.\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Ross McWhirter]], co-founder of the ''''[[Guinness\n        Book of Records]]'''', is shot dead by the [[Provisional Irish Republican\n        Army]] for offering reward money to informers.\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Portuguese\n        Timor]] declares its independence from Portugal as [[East Timor]].\\n** [[South\n        African Navy]] [[Rothesay-class frigate|frigates]] evacuate 26 SADF members\n        from behind enemy lines at [[Ambrizete]], {{convert|160|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}\n        north of [[Luanda]] in Angola.\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** The name \\\"Micro-soft\\\"\n        (for [[microcomputer]] [[software]]) is used by [[Bill Gates]] in a letter\n        to [[Paul Allen]] for the first time ([[Microsoft]] becomes a [[registered\n        trademark]] on November 26, 1976).\\n** While disabled, the submarine tender\n        {{USS|Proteus|AS-19|6}} discharges radioactive coolant water into [[Apra Harbor]],\n        Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor''s public beaches shows 100 millirems/hour,\n        50 times the allowable dose.\\n* [[Formula One]] world champion [[Graham Hill]]\n        is killed when the [[Piper Aztec]] aeroplane he was piloting crashed in foggy\n        conditions near Arkley golf course in North London.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1975}}\\n* [[December 2]] – In [[Laos]], the [[Communism|communist]]\n        party of the [[Pathet Lao]] takes over [[Vientiane]] and defeats the [[Kingdom\n        of Laos]], forcing King [[Sisavang Vatthana]] to abdicate and creating the\n        Lao People''s Democratic Republic. This ends the [[Laotian Civil War]], with\n        mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians.\\n* [[December 3]]\n        – The ongoing [[Insurgency in Laos]] begins with the Pathet Lao fighting\n        the Hmongs, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings.\\n** The [[1916]] wreck\n        of {{HMHS|Britannic}} is found in the [[Kea Channel]] by [[Jacques Cousteau]].\\n*\n        [[December 8]] – New York City is approved for bailout of 2.3 billion\n        each year through to [[1978]] – 6.9 billion total.\\n* [[December 7]]\n        – [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor]]: [[Indonesia]] invades [[East\n        Timor]]; the occupation continues until 1999, when U.N. peacekeepers take\n        over control until 2002.\\n* [[December 18]] – The Lutz family moves\n        into 112 Ocean Avenue, [[Amityville, New York|Amityville]], [[Long Island]],\n        [[New York (state)|New York]], in the [[United States]], only to flee from\n        the house after 28 days, which would go on to inspire the story of [[The Amityville\n        Horror]].\\n* [[December 21]] – Six people, including [[Carlos the Jackal]],\n        kidnap delegates of an [[OPEC]] conference in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[December 25]]\n        – The [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Iron Maiden]] is formed\n        by Steve Harris in London.\\n* [[December 29]] – A bomb explosion at\n        [[LaGuardia Airport]] in New York City kills 11 people.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        The Spanish Army quits [[Spanish Sahara]] (modern-day Western Sahara), last\n        remnant of the [[Spanish Empire]]. The [[Western Sahara|Sahrawi]] Republic\n        (RASD) is created. [[Morocco]] invades the former territory.\\n* The government\n        of [[Colombia]] announces the finding of [[Ciudad Perdida]].\\n* [[Benoit Mandelbrot]]\n        coins the mathematical term ''''[[fractal]]''''.\\n* [[Lyme disease]] is first\n        diagnosed at [[Lyme, Connecticut]].\\n* [[Victoria (Australia)]] abolishes\n        [[capital punishment]].\\n* [[South Australia]] becomes the first Australian\n        state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.\\n* [[Peter\n        Gabriel]] departs [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], and is replaced on lead vocals\n        by drummer [[Phil Collins]].\\n* The first [[monster truck]], [[Bigfoot (truck)|Bigfoot]],\n        is created by Bob Chandler.\\n\\n===World population===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=\\\"7\\\"|[[World\n        population]]\\n|-\\n!\\n!1975\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1970]]\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1980]]\\n|-\\n!World\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''4,068,109,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,692,492,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 375,617,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4,434,682,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 366,573,000\\n|-\\n!Africa\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''408,160,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|357,283,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 50,877,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|469,618,001\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 61,458,000\\n|-\\n!Asia\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''2,397,512,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,143,118,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 254,394,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,632,335,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 234,823,000\\n|-\\n!Europe\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''675,542,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|655,855,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 19,687,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|692,431,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 16,889,000\\n|-\\n!Latin America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''321,906,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|284,856,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 37,050,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|361,401,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 39,495,000\\n|-\\n!Northern America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''243,425,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|231,937,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 11,488,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|256,068,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,643,000\\n|-\\n!Oceania\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''21,564,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19,443,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 2,121,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|22,828,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,264,000\\n|}\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Dax\n        Shepard Paleyfest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dax Shepard]]]]\\n[[File:Bradley Cooper\n        (3699322472) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bradley Cooper]]]]\\n[[File:Matteo\n        Renzi cropped.png|thumb|100px|[[Matteo Renzi]]]]\\n[[File:Sara Gilbert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sara\n        Gilbert]]]]\\n[[File:Yumi Yoshimura 20090704 Japan Expo 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yumi\n        Yoshimura]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Sonali Bendre]], Indian actress\\n** [[Eiichiro\n        Oda]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Tammy Homolka]], Canadian murder victim\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 2]] \\n** [[Dax Shepard]], American actor\\n** [[Doug\n        Robb]], American musician ([[Hoobastank]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\n** [[Jason Marsden]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Thomas Bangalter]], French DJ ([[Daft Punk]])\\n** [[Danica\n        McKellar]], American actress and education advocate\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Bradley\n        Cooper]], American actor\\n** [[Mike Grier]], American hockey player\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Yukana Nogami]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Ricardo Santos (beach\n        volleyball)|Ricardo Santos]], Brazilian beach volleyball player\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Chris Simmons]], British actor\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Jake\n        Delhomme]], American football player\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Rory Fitzpatrick]],\n        American hockey player\\n** [[Matteo Renzi]], 56th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        \\n* [[January 13]] – [[Shazia Mirza]], British comedian\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\n** [[Marc Cartwright]], American photographer\\n** [[Mary Pierce]],\n        French tennis player\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Anthony Taberna]], Filipino\n        broadcast journalist and radio commentator\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Tony Brown\n        (rugby union)|Tony Brown]], New Zealand rugby union footballer\\n** [[Freddy\n        Rodriguez (actor)|Freddy Rodriguez]], Puerto Rican actor\\n* [[January 20]]\\n**\n        [[David Eckstein]], American baseball player\\n** [[Mark Allan Robinson]],\n        Canadian recall leader\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Balthazar Getty]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Tito Ortiz]], American [[mixed martial arts]]\n        fighter\\n** [[B.G. Knocc Out]], American rapper\\n* [[January 24]] –\n        [[Paul Marazzi]], English singer ([[A1 (band)|A1]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n**\n        [[Mia Kirshner]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Tim Montgomery]], American athlete\\n**\n        [[John Wade (American football)|John Wade]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        28]]\\n** [[Lee Latchford-Evans]], English singer ([[Steps (group)|Steps]])\\n**\n        [[David Zingler]], American writer\\n** [[Terri Conn]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Hiroshi Kamiya]], Japanese voice actor and singer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Sharif Atkins]], American television actor\\n** [[Sara Gilbert]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Yumi Yoshimura]], Japanese singer ([[Puffy\n        AmiYumi]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Jackie O (radio host)|Jackie O]], Australian\n        radio DJ and TV presenter\\n** [[Preity Zinta]], Indian actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Natalie\n        Imbruglia Cannes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natalie Imbruglia]]]]\\n[[File:DrewBarrymoreMusicLyrics.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Drew\n        Barrymore]]]]\\n[[File:Gary Neville University of Salford.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary\n        Neville]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Littrell 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Littrell]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Big Boi]], American rapper\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Todd Bertuzzi]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Ieroklis Stoltidis]], Greek\n        footballer\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Natalie Imbruglia]], Australian actress\n        and singer\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Tomoko Kawase]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Vladimir Guerrero]], Dominican baseball player\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[Hiroki Kuroda]], Japanese baseball pitcher\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Jacque Vaughn]], American basketball player\\n* [[February 14]]\n        – [[Malik Zidi]], French actor\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Nanase Aikawa]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Harisu]], South Korean singer, model\n        and actress\\n** [[Todd Harvey]], Canadian National Hockey League player\\n**\n        [[V\\u00e1clav Prospal]], Czech National Hockey League player\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Igor Dodon]], [[President of Moldova]]\\n** [[Keith Gillespie]],\n        Northern Irish footballer\\n** [[Gary Neville]], English footballer\\n** [[Sarah\n        Brown (actress)|Sarah Brown]], American actress\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Mohamed Aly]], Egyptian reformist and writer\\n* [[February 20]] –\n        [[Brian Littrell]], American pop singer ([[Backstreet Boys]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Mark Ross]], American rock singer and entrepreneur\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Drew Barrymore]], American actress and film producer, co-founder\n        of [[Flower Films]]\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Wilfred Kigen|Wilfred Kibet\n        Kigen]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Chiemi Chiba]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Chelsea Handler]], American comedian and television\n        host\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Valentina Monetta, ESC2014 Meet & Greet 05 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Valentina\n        Monetta]]]]\\n[[File:Eva Longoria Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eva Longoria]]]]\\n[[File:Fergie\n        2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** [[Maya\n        Kulenovic]], Canadian painter\\n** [[Valentina Monetta]], Sammarinese singer\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Myrna Veenstra]], Dutch field hockey player\\n** [[Jerod\n        Turner]], American professional golfer\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Jolene Blalock]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Niki Taylor]], American model\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Audrey\n        Marie Anderson]], American actress\\n** [[Leon Dunne]], Australian swimmer\\n**\n        [[T. J. Thyne]], American actor\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Roy Makaay]], Dutch footballer\\n**\n        [[Lisa Miskovsky]], Swedish musician\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Eric the Midget]],\n        American TV personality (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Buvaisar Saitiev]], Chechen wrestler,\n        Olympic gold-medalist\\n** [[David Ca\\u00f1ada]], Spanish cyclist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[K\\u00e9ll\\u00e9 Bryan]], English singer ([[Eternal\n        (band)|Eternal]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Eva Longoria]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Veselin Topalov]], Bulgarian chess player\\n** [[will.i.am]], African-American\n        rapper and singer ([[The Black Eyed Peas]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\n** [[Test (wrestler)|Andrew\n        Martin]], Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Natalie Zea]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 18]] \\n** [[Brian Griese]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Sutton Foster]], American actress\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Vivian\n        Hsu]], Taiwanese singer, actress and model\\n** [[Le Jingyi]], Chinese swimmer\\n**\n        [[Matthew Richardson (footballer)|Matthew Richardson]], Australian rules footballer\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** [[Ladislav Ben\\u00fd\\u0161ek]], Czech ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Melanie Blatt]], English singer ([[All Saints (group)|All Saints]])\\n* [[March\n        27]] – [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]], American pop/R&B singer/rapper of\n        the Black Eyed Peas and actress\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Richard Kelly (director)|Richard\n        Kelly]], American director \\n* [[March 29]] – [[Jan Bos]], Dutch speed\n        skater\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Bahar Soomekh]], American actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Deedee\n        Magno Hall (2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Deedee Magno]]]]\\n[[File:Zach Braff 2011\n        Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Zach Braff]]]]\\n[[File:Anouk, ESC2013 press conference\n        09 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anouk (singer)|Anouk]]]]\\n[[File:Jasey-Jay Anderson\n        FIS World Cup Parallel Slalom Jauerling 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jasey-Jay Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny\n        Galecki by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny Galecki]]]]\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Deedee Magno]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Adam Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Yoshinobu Takahashi]], Japanese professional\n        baseball player\\n** [[Koji Uehara]], Japanese baseball pitcher\\n* [[April\n        4]]\\n** [[Delphine Arnault]], French businesswoman and entrepreneur\\n** [[Scott\n        Rolen]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Juicy J]], American\n        rapper, songwriter and record producer\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Zach Braff]],\n        American actor\\n** [[S\\u00f3nia Lopes]], Cape Verdean middle distance and\n        long-distance runner\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Ronde Barber]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Tiki Barber]], American football player\\n** [[John Cooper (musician)|John\n        Cooper]], America musician, bass guitarist and lead singer ([[Skillet (band)|Skillet]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Anouk (singer)|Anouk]], Dutch singer-songwriter and\n        producer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Robbie Fowler]], British footballer\\n* [[April\n        10]] – [[Matthew Phillips]], Italian rugby union footballer\\n* [[April\n        13]]\\n** [[Bruce Dyer]], English footballer\\n** [[Jasey-Jay Anderson]], Canadian\n        snowboarder\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Amy Dumas]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Stefano Miceli]], Italian conductor and pianist\\n** [[Anderson Silva]],\n        Brazilian UFC Middleweight Champion\\n** [[Takayoshi Tanimoto]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[Paul Dana]], American race car driver  (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Lee Hyun-il]], South Korean badminton player\\n* [[April\n        21]] – [[Danyon Loader]], New Zealand swimmer \\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Greg\n        Moore (racing driver)|Greg Moore]], Canadian race car driver (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Carlos Sastre]], Spanish road bicycle racer\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Olga\n        Kern]], Russian pianist\\n* [[April 26]] \\n** [[India Summer]], American pornographic\n        actress\\n** [[Joey Jordison]], American metal drummer ([[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]],\n        [[Murderdolls]], [[Scar The Martyr]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Chris Lilley\n        (comedian)|Chris Lilley]], Australian actor, comedian, and writer\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]], Japanese ski jumper\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Eric Koston]], American skateboarder\\n* [[April 30]] \\n** [[Johnny Galecki]],\n        Belgian-born American actor\\n** [[Mike Chat]], American actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Christina\n        Hendricks at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christina Hendricks]]]]\\n[[File:Enrique\n        Iglesias 2011, 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Enrique Iglesias]]]]\\n[[File:H\\u00e9lio\n        Castroneves at Pit Stop Challenge - 2015 - Stierch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[H\\u00e9lio\n        Castroneves]]]]\\n[[File:Irina Karavayeva 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Irina Karavayeva]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew\n        Sega]]]]\\n[[File:Keiko Fujimori 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keiko Fujimori]]]]\\n[[File:Andre\n        Benjamin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andr\\u00e9 3000]]]]\\n[[File:Jamie Oliver (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamie\n        Oliver]]]]\\n[[File:David Burtka 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Burtka]]]]\\n[[File:CEELOGREENGBB.jpg|thumb|100px|[[CeeLo\n        Green]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Marc-Vivien Fo\\u00e9]], Cameroonian footballer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[David Beckham]], English footballer\\n** [[Ahmed\n        Hassan]], Egyptian footballer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Andreea Bibiri]], Romanian\n        film and stage actress, dubber and theatre director\\n** [[Christina Hendricks]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Kimora Lee Simmons]], American fashion designer\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Jason Tunks]], Canadian Olympic discus thrower\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** [[Enrique Iglesias]], Spanish singer\\n** [[Jussi Markkanen]], Finnish\n        hockey player\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Chris Diamantopoulos]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[May 10]]\\n** [[Torbj\\u00f8rn Brundtland]], Norwegian musician ([[R\\u00f6yksopp]])\\n**\n        [[H\\u00e9lio Castroneves]], Brazilian race car driver\\n** [[Hazem Emam]],\n        Egyptian footballer\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Jonah Lomu]], New Zealand rugby\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Itat\\u00ed Cantoral]], Mexican\n        actress\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Peter Iwers]], Swedish rock bassist ([[In Flames]])\\n**\n        [[Ray Lewis]], American football player\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Tony Kakko]],\n        Finnish singer\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Jonti Picking]], British animator,\n        voice actor and internet personality\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[John Higgins (snooker\n        player)|John Higgins]], Scottish snooker player\\n** [[Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack\n        Johnson]], American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Irina Karavayeva]], Russian trampolinist\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[London Fletcher]], American football player\\n** [[Jonas Renkse]],\n        Swedish musician \\n** [[Mitsutoshi Shimabukuro]], Japanese manga artist\\n**\n        [[Zhang Ning]], Chinese badminton player \\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Al Bano]], Italian singer\\n** [[Tahmoh Penikett]], Canadian\n        actor\\n** [[Miriam Quiambao]], Filipina actress\\n** [[Andrew Sega]], American\n        musician\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Janne Niinimaa]], Finnish hockey player\\n*\n        [[May 23]]\\n** [[Michiel van den Bos]], Dutch composer\\n** [[Molly Wood]],\n        executive editor at [[CNET.com]]\\n* [[May 25]] \\n** [[Lauryn Hill]], African-American\n        singer\\n** [[Keiko Fujimori]], Peruvian politician\\n** [[Harriet Toompere]],\n        Estonian actress \\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 3000]], American rapper,\n        singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor\\n** [[Jamie\n        Oliver]], English chef, restaurateur and television personality\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Charmaine Sheh]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Jason Allison]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Melanie Brown]], British singer ([[Spice Girls]])\\n**\n        [[Daniel Tosh]], American stand-up comedian\\n** [[David Burtka]], American\n        actor and chef\\n* [[May 30]] – [[CeeLo Green]], American singer\\n* [[May\n        31]] – [[Toni Nieminen]], Finnish ski jumper\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Bryan\n        Konietzko by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bryan Konietzko]]]]\\n[[File:Arthur\n        Russell Brand (5622506846).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Russell Brand]]]]\\n[[File:Angelina\n        Jolie 2 June 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Angelina Jolie]]]]\\n[[File:Linda\n        Cardellini Deauville 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Linda Cardellini]]]]\\n[[File:Tobey\n        Maguire 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tobey Maguire]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Gareth\n        Edwards (director)|Gareth Edwards]], British director\\n** [[Bryan Konietzko]],\n        American animator\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Russell Brand]], English actor and comedian\\n**\n        [[Angelina Jolie]], American actress\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Karen Strassman]],\n        American actress and voice actress\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Shane Bond]], New Zealand\n        fast bowler\\n** [[Allen Iverson]], American basketball player\\n* [[June 8]]\n        – [[Shilpa Shetty]], Bollywood actress\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Andrew\n        Symonds]], Australian cricketer\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Darren Eadie]], English\n        footballer\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Choi Ji-woo]], South Korean actress and\n        model\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Chris Onstad]], American cartoonist\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Elizabeth Reaser]], American actress\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[Anabel Conde]], Spanish singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1995|1995]] runner-up\\n* [[June 17]] \\n** [[Chloe Jones]], American\n        pornstar (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Phiyada Akkraseranee]], Thai actress\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Martin St. Louis]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Oksana Chusovitina]], German artistic gymnast\\n** [[Ed Coode]], British\n        rower\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Jack Guzman]], American actor\\n* [[June 23]]\n        – [[KT Tunstall|Kate Tunstall]], Scottish singer-songwriter\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[Christie Rampone]], American footballer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Cardellini]], American actress\\n** [[Vladimir Kramnik]], Russian chess\n        player\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Tobey Maguire]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        28]]\\n** [[Ning Baizura]], Malaysian singer\\n** [[Jon N\\u00f6dtveidt]], Swedish\n        singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Ralf Schumacher]], German racing\n        car driver\\n** [[Angela Tong]], Hong Kong actress\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:50\n        Cent cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[50 Cent]]]]\\n[[File:Jack White at the White\n        House (detail).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack White]]]]\\n[[File:Judy Greer July 14,\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Judy Greer]]]]\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Kip Gamblin]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Hern\\u00e1n Crespo]], Argentinian footballer\\n** [[Ai\n        Sugiyama]], Japanese tennis player\\n* [[July 6]] – [[50 Cent]], American\n        rapper\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Shelton Benjamin]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Robert Koenig (filmmaker)|Robert Koenig]], American film director and producer\\n**\n        [[Jack White]], American rock and blues musician\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**[[Alain\n        Nasreddine]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**[[Stef\\u00e1n Karl Stef\\u00e1nsson]],\n        [[Iceland]]ic film and stage actor\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Flore Zo\\u00e9]],\n        Dutch photographer\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Jill Halfpenny]], British actress\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Elena Anaya]], Spanish actress\\n** [[C\\u00e9cile de France]],\n        Belgian actress\\n** [[Harlette]], British fashion designer of [[lingerie]]\\n**\n        [[Konnie Huq]], English television presenter\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Torii Hunter]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Daron Malakian]], Armenian-American guitarist\n        ([[System of a Down]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Patricia Ja Lee]], American\n        model/actress\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Judy Greer]], American actress and author\\n**\n        [[Ray Allen]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Fredrik\n        Johansson (musician)|Fredrik Johansson]], Swedish musician\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – [[Kenshin Kawakami]], Japanese baseball pitcher\\n* [[July 24]]\\n**\n        [[Eric Szmanda]], American actor\\n** [[Torrie Wilson]], American professional\n        wrestler and model\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[H\\u00e5vard Ellefsen]], Norwegian\n        rock (metal) musician \\n** [[Evgeni Nabokov]], Kazakh-Russian former hockey\n        goaltender ([[1995]]-[[2015]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Shea Hillenbrand]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Alex Rodriguez]], American baseball player\\n* [[July\n        29]] – [[Terrence Wilkins]], American football player\\n* [[July 30]]\n        – [[Graham Nicholls]], British artist\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Simon\n        Hirst]], British DJ\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Charlize Theron Cannes 2015 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlize\n        Theron]]]]\\n[[File:Casey Affleck at the Manchester by the Sea premiere (30199719155)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Casey Affleck]]]]\\n[[File:Dante Basco 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dante\n        Basco]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**[[Danny Chan Kwok-kwan]], Hong Kong actor\\n**[[Vhrsti]],\n        Czech illustrator\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Yoyo Mung]], Hong Kong actress\\n*\n        [[August 4]] – [[Jason Crump]], Australian [[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway]]\n        rider, three times world champion\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Kajol Devgan]], Indian\n        actress\\n** [[Eicca Toppinen]], Finnish cellist ([[Apocalyptica]])\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Gaahl]] (Kristian Eivind Espedal), Norwegian metal musician\\n**\n        [[Megan Gale]], Australian model and actress\\n** [[Charlize Theron]], South\n        African actress\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Roger Craig Smith]], American voice\n        actor\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Casey Affleck]], American actor and film\n        director. Brother of actor [[Ben Affleck]]\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Shoaib\n        Akhtar]], Pakistani fast bowler\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Kara Wolters]],\n        American women''s basketball player\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Kaitlin Olson]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Sheree Murphy]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Rodrigo Santoro]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Hayato Sakurai]],\n        Japanese martial artist\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Raymond Wong Ho-yin]],\n        Hong Kong actor\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Bj\\u00f6rn Gelotte]], Swedish musician\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Dante Basco]], American actor\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[Sara Ramirez]], American Actress\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:MichaelBubleSmileeb2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Bubl\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Sudeikis 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jason\n        Sudeikis]]]]\\n[[File:Moon Bloodgood 2012 Dark Horse Comics booth (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Moon\n        Bloodgood]]]]\\n[[File:Marion Cotillard Cabourg 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marion\n        Cotillard]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Natalie Bassingthwaighte]], Australian\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Elvira Rahi\\u0107]], Bosnian singer\\n** [[Scott Speedman]],\n        Canadian actor\\n* [[September 2]] – [[David Jahn]], Czech neo-burlesque\n        impresario\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Redfoo]], American disc jockey ([[LMFAO]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Mark Ronson]], English DJ, record producer, and\n        singer\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Derrek Lee]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Ryoko Tani]], Japanese judoka\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Renato Sobral|Renato\n        \\\"Babalu\\\" Sobral]], Brazilian martial artist\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Michael\n        Bubl\\u00e9]], Canadian musician\\n* [[September 10]] – [[R. Luke DuBois]],\n        American composer and artist\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Brad Fischetti]],\n        American musician\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Peter Ho]], American-Taiwanese\n        singer and actor\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Gal Fridman]], Israeli windsurfer\\n**\n        [[Shannon Noll]], Australian singer\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Jimmie Johnson]],\n        American race car driver\\n** [[Constantine Maroulis]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Juan Pablo Montoya]], Colombian race car driver\\n** [[Austin St. John]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 18]] \\n** [[Richard Appleby]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Jason Sudeikis]], American actor, comedian, and screenwriter\\n* [[September\n        20]]\\n** [[Asia Argento]], Italian actress, singer, and director\\n** [[Moon\n        Bloodgood]], American actress\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Mireille Enos]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Ethan Moreau]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        [[Kim Dong-moon]], South Korean badminton player\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Declan\n        Donnelly]], British TV presenter, actor and singer \\n** [[Matt Hasselbeck]],\n        American football player\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Sam Lee (actor)|Sam\n        Lee]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Ana Brnabi\\u0107]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Serbia]]\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Marion Cotillard]], French\n        actress, singer, songwriter, and musician\\n** [[Christopher Jackson (actor)|Christopher\n        Jackson]], American actor, musician, and composer\\n** [[Georges-Alain Jones]],\n        French singer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kate Winslet at The Dressmaker event\n        TIFF (headshot).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate Winslet]]]]\\n[[File:Sean Lennon Saint\n        Asbury Park NJ 09272013 LHCollins 400.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sean Lennon]]]]\\n[[File:Jesse\n        Tyler Ferguson May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jesse Tyler Ferguson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Michel Trudeau]], son of Canadian Prime Minister [[Pierre\n        Trudeau]] and brother of Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Alanna Ubach]], American actress and singer\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n** [[Parminder Nagra]], British actress\\n** [[Monica Rial]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Kate Winslet]], British actress\\n** [[Gao Yuanyuan]],\n        Chinese actress\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Terry Gerin]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Kaspars Znoti\\u0146\\u0161]], Latvian actor\\n* [[October 9]]\n        – [[Joseph McFadden|Joe McFadden]], British actor\\n* [[October 9]] –\n        [[Sean Lennon]], American musician\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Ihsahn]], Norwegian\n        musician\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Floyd Landis]], American cyclist\\n** [[Shaznay\n        Lewis]], English singer\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Mich\\u00e9l Mazingu-Dinzey]],\n        German-Congolese footballer \\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Sally Biddulph]], British\n        journalist and presenter\\n** [[Jacques Kallis]], South African Cricket All-Rounder\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Janne Aikala]], Finnish murder victim (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Benjamin Heckendorn]], American electronics modifier\n        and independent filmmaker\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Natalie Gregory]], American\n        child actress\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Henrique Hil\\u00e1rio]], Portuguese\n        footballer\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[Jesse Tyler Ferguson]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Mike Riley (cartoonist)|Mike Riley]], American cartoonist\\n* [[October 23]]\\n**\n        [[Odalys Garc\\u00eda]], Cuban-born actress\\n** [[Keith Van Horn]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Michelle Beadle]], Sports reporter/host\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Zadie Smith]], English writer\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Ian\n        D''Sa]], Canadian guitarist\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Director X]], Canadian\n        music video director\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tara Reid July 14, 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tara\n        Reid]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Lezak 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason Lezak]]]]\\n[[File:Anthony\n        McPartlin (of Ant and Dec).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony McPartlin]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Danny Cooksey]], American actor\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Marta\n        Dom\\u00ednguez]], Spanish athlete\\n* [[November 4]] – [[\\u00c9ric Fichaud]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Lisa Scott-Lee]], Welsh singer\n        ([[Steps (group)|Steps]])\\n** [[Jamie Spaniolo]] (Jamie Madrox), American\n        rapper\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Corella]], Spanish dancer\\n** [[Tara\n        Reid]], American actress\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Markko M\\u00e4rtin]],\n        Estonian race car driver\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Daisuke Ohata]], Japanese\n        rugby union player\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Jason Lezak]], American swimmer\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Faye Tozer]], English singer ([[Steps (group)|Steps]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Hiromi Ominami]], Japanese long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** [[Yuki Uchida]], Japanese actress\\n** [[Julio Lugo]],\n        Dominican baseball player\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Anthony McPartlin]], British\n        TV presenter, actor and singer\\n** [[David Ortiz]], Dominican baseball player\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Sushmita Sen]], Indian beauty queen and actress\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – [[Dierks Bentley]], American country music singer\\n*\n        [[November 21]]\\n** [[Chris Moneymaker]], American poker player\\n** [[Aaron\n        Solowoniuk]], Canadian drummer\\n* [[November 22]] – [[James Madio]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Thomas Kohnstamm]], American writer\\n**\n        [[Lee Wan Wah]], Malaysian badminton player\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Eka\n        Kurniawan]], Indonesian writer\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Ben Thatcher]],\n        Welsh international footballer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Kevin Harvick at\n        the Daytona 500.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Harvick]]]]\\n[[File:DeLonge2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        DeLonge]]]]\\n[[File:Mayim Bialik at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mayim\n        Bialik]]]]\\n[[File:Milla Jovovich Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Milla Jovovich]]]]\\n[[File:Charles\n        Michel (politician).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles Michel (politician)|Charles\n        Michel]]]]\\n[[File:Tiger Woods drives by Allison.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tiger Woods]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Malinda Williams]], American actress\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Csaba Cz\\u00e9bely]], Hungarian heavy metal drummer ([[Pokolg\\u00e9p]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]]\\n** [[Sofi Marinova]], Bulgarian pop-folk and ethno-pop singer\\n**\n        [[Ronnie O''Sullivan]], British snooker player\\n** [[Paula Patton]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Ashin]], Taiwanese rock lead singer ([[Mayday\n        (Taiwanese band)|Mayday]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Kevin Harvick]], American\n        race car driver\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Joe Mays]], American baseball\n        pitcher\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Gerben de Knegt]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Mayim Bialik]], Israeli-American actress and neuroscientist\\n**\n        [[Houko Kuwashima]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Tom\n        DeLonge]], American guitarist and vocalist\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Frode\n        Fjerdingstad]], Norwegian photographer\\n** [[Ben Kowalewicz]], Canadian vocalist\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Tim Clark (golfer)|Tim Clark]], South African golfer\\n**\n        [[Nick Dinsmore]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Susanthika Jayasinghe]],\n        Sri Lankan athlete\\n** [[Hilje Murel]], Estonian actress\\n** [[Milla Jovovich]],\n        Ukrainian-born American actress and model\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Sia Furler]]\n        (aka Sia), Australian singer-songwriter and music video director\\n** [[Trish\n        Stratus]], Canadian professional wrestler and fitness model\\n** [[Randy Houser]],\n        American country music singer\\n** [[Masaki Sumitani]], Japanese television\n        performer\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Bartosz Bosacki]], Polish footballer\\n*\n        [[December 21]]\\n** [[Paloma Herrera]], Argentine ballet dancer\\n** [[Charles\n        Michel (politician)|Charles Michel]], Belgian politician, 51st [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]]\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Vadim Sharifijanov]], Russian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[December 26]] \\n** [[Ed Stafford]], English explorer\\n** [[Marcelo\n        R\\u00edos]], Chilean tennis player\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Heather O''Rourke]],\n        American child actress (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Nike Ardilla]], Indonesian singer\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Shawn Hatosy]], American actor\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Yoma Komatsu]], Japanese singer\\n** [[Tiger Woods]],\n        American golfer\\n*[[December 31]] – [[Mikko Sir\\u00e9n]], Finnish drummer\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n*[[Nazma Akter]],  Banglahdesi trade unionist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Gral.\n        Gustavo Rojas Pinilla.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]]]]\\n[[File:Larrydisorder.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Larry\n        Fine]]]]\\n[[File:Anton%C3%ADn Novotn%C3%BD 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Antonin\n        Novotny]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Victor Kraft]], Austrian philosopher\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Ole R\\u00f8mer Aagaard Sandberg]],\n        Norwegian military officer and farmer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Harry Gunnison Brown]], American economist teaching at Yale in 20th century\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Louis P. Lochner]], American political\n        activist, journalist, and author (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Pierre\n        Fresnay]], French actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Georgi Traykov]],\n        former head of [[List of heads of state of Bulgaria|State of Bulgaria]] as\n        Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (b. [[1898]])\\t\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Band\\u014d Mitsugor\\u014d VIII]], Japanese actor (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]], 19th [[President of Colombia]]\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Evelyn Greeley]], American silent\n        film actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Thomas Hart Benton\n        (painter)|Thomas Hart Benton]], American artist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        23]] – [[Prince Karl Franz of Prussia]] (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n**\n        [[Larry Fine]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Erich Kempka]],\n        German chauffeur of Adolf Hitler (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Anton\\u00edn\n        Novotn\\u00fd]],  Czechoslovak Communist leader and 7th [[President of Czechoslovakia]]\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Bill Walsh (producer)|Bill Walsh]], American film producer\n        and writer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Ola Raknes]], Norwegian\n        psychoanalyst and philologist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Don Kaye]],\n        co-founder of [[TSR, Inc.]] (b. [[1938]])\\n** [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th\n        Duke of Norfolk]], English peer and Earl Marshal (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hux-Oxon-72.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julian\n        Huxley]]]]\\n[[File:PGWodehouse.jpg|thumb|110px|[[P. G. Wodehouse]]]]\\n[[File:Morgan\n        Taylor 1928.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Morgan Taylor]]]]\\n* [[February 3]]\n        – [[Umm Kulthum]], Egyptian actress and singer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] – [[Louis Jordan]], American musician (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[George Rowe (actor)|George Rowe]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\n** [[Robert Robinson (organic chemist)|Robert Robinson]],\n        British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Jan Muka\\u0159ovsk\\u00fd]],\n        Czech literary, linguistic and aesthetic theorist. (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] – [[Nikos Kavvadias]], Greek poet and writer (stroke) (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Richard Ratsimandrava]], Military [[President of\n        Madagascar]] (assassinated) (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Giovanni\n        Brancaccio]], Italian painter (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Bernard Knowles]], English\n        film director (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Beaufre]],\n        French general (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Julian Huxley]], British\n        biologist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[P. G. Wodehouse]], English writer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Micha\\u0142 Sopo\\u0107ko]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and saint, the ''''Apostle of [[Divine Mercy]]'''' (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Morgan Taylor]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[George Marshall (director)|George Marshall]], American\n        film director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Chivu Stoica]], Romanian\n        Communist politician, 48th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] and head of State\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Luigi Dallapiccola]], Italian composer\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Aleksander Ansberg]], Russian politician\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Robert Strauss (actor)|Robert Strauss]], American actor\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Nikolai Bulganin]], [[Premier of\n        the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Elijah Muhammad]],\n        American Nation of Islam leader (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Stephen\n        Tibble]], London police officer (shot) (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        [[Muriel Hazel Wright]], American author and historian (b. 1885)\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Neville Cardus|Sir Neville Cardus]], British music and cricket\n        writer (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Joseph Bech (detail).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph\n        Bech]]]]\\n[[File:George Stevens with Oscar for Giant.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[George\n        Stevens]]]]\\n[[File:Susan Hayward - 1940s.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Susan Hayward]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Faisal of Saudi Arabia on on arrival ceremony welcoming 05-27-1971 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|right|King\n        [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Therese Giehse]], German\n        actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Mikhail Bakhtin]], Russian philosopher\n        and literary scholar (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Ben Blue]], Canadian actor and comedian\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Joseph Bech]], [[Prime Minister of Luxembourg]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[George Stevens]], American director, producer and cinematographer\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Gleb W. Derujinsky]], Russian-American\n        sculptor (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Joseph Dunninger]], American mentalist (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Arthur W. Hummel, Sr.]], American Christian missionary\n        to China (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Margarita Fischer]], German\n        silent film actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Ivo Andri\\u0107]],\n        Serbo-Croatian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 14]]\n        – [[Susan Hayward]], American actress (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[March 15]]\n        – [[Aristotle Onassis]], Greek shipping magnate (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[March\n        16]] \\n** [[T-Bone Walker]], American blues performer (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Richard\n        W. DeKorte]], American New Jersey Energy Administrator and former member of\n        the New Jersey General Assembly (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Harry\n        Lachman]], American set designer and film director (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Roy\n        Middleton]], Australian cricketer and administrator (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]], (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Joe Medwick]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 22]] –\n        [[Cass Daley]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** King [[Faisal\n        of Saudi Arabia]] (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Deiva Zivarattinam]], Indian politician\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 27]] – Sir [[Arthur Bliss]], British composer\n        and Master of the Queen''s Music (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Boots\n        Adams]], American business magnate, president of [[Phillips Petroleum Company]]\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Chiang Kai-shek Colour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chiang\n        Kai-shek]]]]\\n[[File:Baker Banana.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Josephine Baker]]]]\\n[[File:Radhakrishnan.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Sarvepalli\n        Radhakrishnan]]]]\\n[[File:Fran\\u00e7ois Tombalbaye p1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Tombalbaye]]]]\\n[[File:Ranieri Mazzilli (1961).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pascoal Ranieri\n        Mazzilli]]]]\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Mary Ure]], Scottish actress (b. [[1933]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]]\\n** [[Chiang Kai-shek]], 1st [[President of the Republic of China]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Harold Osborn]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Victor Marijnen]], Dutch politician and jurist, 40th [[Prime Minister of\n        the Netherlands]] (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Percival Gordon]],\n        Canadian lawyer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Walker Evans]], American\n        photographer (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Marjorie Main]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – [[Josephine Baker]], American dancer (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Larry Parks]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Tombalbaye]], Chadian teacher and activist, 1st [[President of Chad]] (b.\n        [[1918]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Fredric March]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Michael Flanders]], English actor and songwriter (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Richard Conte]], American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[April 17]]\n        – [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], Indian philosopher and politician, 2nd\n        [[President of India]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Abu Bakr Ahmad\n        Haleem]], Pakistani scientist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[William\n        Anderson (cricketer, born 1909)|William Anderson]], English cricketer (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n** [[Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli]], Brazilian politician, 2-time [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[William Hartnell]], British\n        actor (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Pete Ham]], Welsh musician (b.\n        [[1947]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Gen Paul]], French artist (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Disorder\n        in the Court.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Moe Howard]]]]\\n[[File:Avery Brundage 1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Avery\n        Brundage]]]]\\n[[File:Archduke Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Archduke\n        Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]]]]\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Moe Howard]],\n        American actor and comedian (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Mary Stocks,\n        Baroness Stocks]], British writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Avery\n        Brundage]], 5th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]]\\n** [[Philip Dorn]], Dutch actor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Archduke Franz\n        Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Richard Hollingshead]], American inventor of the drive-in theatre (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]]\\n** [[Leroy Anderson]], American composer (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[An\\u00edbal\n        Troilo]], Argentine tango musician (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Lefty\n        Grove]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Amanda Labarca]], Chilean\n        diplomat, educator, writer and feminist (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Torben Meyer]],\n        Danish actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n**[[Paul Legentilhomme]], French\n        general (b. [[1884]])\\n**[[Moms Mabley]], American comedian (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Guy La Chambre]], French politician (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Count Dante]], American martial artist (b. [[1939]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]]\\n** [[Philip Mairet]], American designer, writer and journalist.\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Steve Prefontaine]], American distance runner (b. [[1951]])\\n**\n        [[Tatsuo Shimabuku]], Japanese martial artist and founder of Isshin-ryu karate\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Michel Simon]], Swiss actor (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Eisaku\n        Sato 1960.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Eisaku Sato]]]]\\n[[File:Rafaelarevalomartinez30.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rafael\n        Ar\\u00e9valo Mart\\u00ednez]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Ozzie Nelson]], American\n        actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Eisaku Sat\\u014d]], Japanese politician, 39th [[Prime\n        Minister of Japan]], recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June\n        4]] – [[Evelyn Brent]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 5]]\n        – [[Paul Keres]], Estonian chess grandmaster (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Larry Blyden]], American actor (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June 12]]\n        – [[Rafael Ar\\u00e9valo Mart\\u00ednez]], Guatemalan writer (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Pablo Antonio]], Filipino modernist architect (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[William Austin (actor)|William Austin]], English actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Hugo Bergmann]], German and Israeli\n        Jewish philosopher (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[William Hansen (actor)|William\n        Hansen]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Josemar\\u00eda\n        Escriv\\u00e1]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, saint and founder of Opus\n        Dei (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[G. I. Taylor]], British physicist,\n        mathematician and expert on fluid dynamics and wave theory (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Rod Serling]], American television screenwriter (b.\n        [[1924]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Tim Buckley]], American singer-songwriter\n        (b. [[1947]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Howard I. Chapelle]], American naval\n        architect, museum curator and author (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Z.A.Bukhari.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Zulfiqar\n        Ali Bukhari]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] – [[James Robertson Justice]], British\n        actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Luigi Carlo Borromeo]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Olive Pink]],\n        Australian botanical illustrator and anthropologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Barbara Brown (American actress)|Barbara Brown]], American actress\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Henri Deglane]], French wrestler (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July\n        12]] – [[Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari]], Pakistan broadcaster (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – [[Charles Weidman]], American choreographer and dancer\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Konstantine Gamsakhurdia]], Georgian writer\n        and public benefactor (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[L. F. Powell]], English literary\n        scholar (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Vaughn Bod\\u0113]], American\n        artist and psychedelic cartoonist (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Lefty\n        Frizzell]], American singer (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Charles Alan Pownall]], American\n        admiral and third Military Governor of Guam (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 21]] –\n        [[Billy West (silent film actor)|Billy West]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Emlen Tunnell]], American football player ([[New York\n        Giants]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1925]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Barbara Colby]], American actress (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Anne Spencer]], American poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n**\n        [[James Blish]], American science fiction writer (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Hoffa]], American labor leader, disappeared on this date (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Dmitri\n        Shostakovich credit Deutsche Fotothek adjusted.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dmitri Shostakovich]]]]\\n[[File:Sheikh\n        Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]]]\\n[[File:Haile\n        Selassie in full dress.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Haile Selassie I]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00c9amon\n        de Valera.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9amon de Valera]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Andreas Embirikos]], Greek poet (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Satchidanandendra\n        Saraswati]], founder of the Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya in Holenarasipura\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], Russian composer\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Robert Barton]], Irish politician\n        and last surviving signatory of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        11]]\\n** [[Rachel Katznelson-Shazar]], Zionist political figure and wife of\n        third President of Israel (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Anthony McAuliffe]], American\n        general (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Charles Pollard Olivier]],\n        American astronomer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Sheikh Mujibur\n        Rahman]], Bengali political figure, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] and\n        2-time [[President of Bangladesh]] (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        [[Vladimir Kuts]], Soviet runner (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Sig\n        Arno]], German actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Mark Donohue]],\n        American race car driver (b. [[1937]])\\n** [[Frank Shields]], American tennis\n        player (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Sidney Buchman]], American screenwriter\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Hank Patterson]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Cullen Landis]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Haile Selassie I]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]], leader of the [[World\n        War II]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Fritz Wotruba]], Austrian\n        sculptor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Bob Baker (actor)|Bob Baker]],\n        American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]], Irish politician\n        and statesman, 3rd [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Pierre Blaise]], French actor (b. [[1955]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Mabel Vernon]], American suffragist and pacifist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Alice Catherine Evans]], American\n        microbiologist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Minta Durfee]], American\n        actress (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Ethel Griffies]], British actress (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[George Paget Thomson]], British physicist, Nobel\n        Prize laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Ivan Afanasenko]],\n        Soviet red army general (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Mudicondan\n        Venkatarama Iyer]], Indian musician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Irene Hayes]], American Ziegfeld girl and businesswoman (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Pamela Brown (actress)|Pamela Brown]], English\n        actress (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Saint-John Perse]], French\n        diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Ian Hunter (actor)|Ian Hunter]], British actor (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Earle Cabell]], American politician (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[C. H. Waddington]], British biologist, paleontologist,\n        geneticist and philosopher (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Jack\n        Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]], Australian politician (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Casey Stengel]], American baseball player ([[Brooklyn\n        Dodgers]]) and manager ([[New York Yankees]], [[New York Mets]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Gustav\n        Hertz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustav Ludwig Hertz]]]]\\n* [[October 4]] – [[May\n        Sutton]], American tennis champion (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        [[Chiura Obata]], Japanese-American artist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        [[Charles A. Dana (philanthropist)|Charles A. Dana]], American businessman,\n        politician and philanthropist (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Norman Levinson]], American\n        mathematician (b. 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The [[Great Siberian Ice March]] ensues.\\n** The [[New\n        York State Assembly]] refuses to seat five duly elected [[Socialist Party\n        of America|Socialist]] assemblymen.\\n* [[January 9]] – Thousands of\n        onlookers watch as \\\"The Human Fly\\\" [[George Polley]] climbs the [[Woolworth\n        Building]] in New York City. He reaches the 30th floor before being arrested.\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[League of Nations Covenant]] enters into force. On\n        [[January 16]] the organization holds its first council meeting, in Paris.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – The [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] is recognised\n        [[de facto]] by European powers in [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://today.az/news/politics/53534.html|title=Azerbaijani Foreign\n        Ministry official: result of overcoming obstacles by first Azerbaijani diplomats\n        was international recognition in Versailles|work=Today.az|date=2009-07-03|accessdate=2013-03-13}}\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' [[Robert H. Goddard#Publicity\n        and criticism|ridicules]] the American rocket scientist [[Robert H. Goddard]].\n        \\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Prohibition in the United States]] begins with the\n        [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment\n        to the Constitution]] coming into effect.\\n** The [[Allies of World War I]]\n        demand that the Netherlands [[extradition|extradite]] the German [[Kaiser]]\n        [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], who fled there in [[1918]].\\n**\n        [[Zeta Phi Beta]] Sorority, Incorporated, is founded on the campus of [[Howard\n        University]] in Washington, D.C.\\n* [[January 19]] – The [[United States\n        Senate]] votes against joining the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[January 22]]\n        – The Australian [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] is officially\n        formed, led by Nelson Pollard.\\n* [[January 23]] – The Netherlands refuses\n        to extradite the German [[Kaiser]].\\n* [[January 28]] – ''''El Tercio\n        de Extranjeros'''', the \\\"Regiment of Foreigners\\\", later the [[Spanish Legion]],\n        is established by [[decree]] of King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]].\\n* [[January\n        30]] – The oldest surviving pro wrestling match on film takes place,\n        with [[Joe Stecher]] defeating [[Earl Caddock]].\\n\\n===February===\\n\\n* [[February\n        1]] – The [[South African Air Force]] (SAAF) is established, the second\n        autonomous Air Force in the world after the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF).N\\u00f6thling, Kol C.J., Martins, Maj du P. (1990). ''''Kroniek\n        van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag (1920-1990)'''', (1st ed.). Direktoraat Openbare\n        Betrekkinge, SAW. Uitgewer: Staatsdrukkery, Pretoria. Gedruk deur Promedia\n        Drukkers, Posbus 255, Silverton, 0127.\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Estonian\n        War of Independence]]: The [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian\\u2013Estonian)|Tartu\n        Peace Treaty]] is signed, ending the war and recognizing the independence\n        of both the [[Republic of Estonia]] and the [[Russian Socialist Federative\n        Soviet Republic]].\\n** [[French Third Republic|France]] occupies [[Klaip\\u0117da\n        Region|Memel]].\\n** Sayyid Muhammad, Khan of [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]] abdicates.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – [[Alexander Kolchak|Admiral Kolchak]] and [[Viktor\n        Pepelyayev]] are [[execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] near\n        [[Irkutsk]].\\n* [[February 9]] – The [[Svalbard Treaty]], signed by\n        members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty of [[Norway]]\n        over the [[Arctic]] archipelago of [[Svalbard]] (at this time called Spitzbergen)\n        while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands.\\n* [[February\n        10]] – General [[J\\u00f3zef Haller]] first performs [[Poland''s Wedding\n        to the Sea]], a symbolic celebration of the restitution of Polish access to\n        the [[Baltic Sea]].\\n* [[February 12]]–[[February 24|24]] – [[Conference\n        of London (1920)|Conference of London]]: Leaders of the United Kingdom, France\n        and Italy meet to discuss the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]].\\n* [[February\n        13]] – Switzerland rejoins the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[February\n        14]] – The [[League of Women Voters]] is founded in Chicago.\\n* [[February\n        17]] – A woman named [[Anna Anderson]] tries to commit suicide in Berlin\n        and is taken to a mental hospital, where she claims she is [[Grand Duchess\n        Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia]].\\n* [[February\n        19]] – The [[United States Senate]] refuses to ratify the [[Treaty of\n        Versailles]].\\n* [[February 20]] – [[1920 Gori earthquake]]: An earthquake\n        hits [[Gori, Georgia|Gori]] in the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], killing\n        114.\\n* [[February 21]] – The island province of [[Marinduque]] in the\n        [[Philippines]] archipelago is founded.\\n* [[February 22]] – In [[Emeryville,\n        California]], the first [[greyhound racing|dog racing]] track to employ an\n        imitation [[rabbit]] opens.\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] presents\n        his [[National Socialist Program]] in [[Munich]] to the [[German Workers''\n        Party]] (''''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'''') which renames itself as the [[Nazi\n        Party]] (''''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'''').\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** Hungarian [[Admiral]] and statesman [[Mikl\\u00f3s Horthy]]\n        becomes the [[Regent]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Hungary]].\\n**\n        The [[United States Railroad Administration]] returns control of American\n        railroads to its constituent railroad companies.\\n* [[March 7]] – Syrian\n        National Congress proclaims [[Arab Kingdom of Syria|Syria]] independent with\n        [[Faisal I of Iraq]] as king.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** The world''s first peaceful\n        establishment of a [[social democracy|social democratic]] government takes\n        place in [[Sweden]] as [[Hjalmar Branting]] takes over as [[Prime Minister\n        of Sweden|Prime Minister]] when [[Nils Ed\\u00e9n]] leaves office.\\n** The\n        [[Baylor University|Baylor]] Business Men''s Club changes its name to the\n        [[Baylor University Chamber of Commerce]].\\n* [[March 13]]–[[March 17|17]]\n        – [[Wolfgang Kapp]] and [[Walther von L\\u00fcttwitz]]''s ''[[Kapp Putsch]]'',\n        an attempted [[coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup]] in Germany, briefly ousts the [[Weimar\n        Republic]] government from Berlin but fails due to public resistance and a\n        general strike.\\n* [[March 15]] – The [[Ruhr Red Army]], a communist\n        army 60,000 men strong, is formed in [[Weimar Republic|Germany]].\\n* March\n        15–[[March 16|16]] – [[Occupation of Constantinople#Military occupation\n        of Constantinople|Military occupation of Constantinople]] by [[British Empire]]\n        forces acting for the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] against the\n        [[Turkish National Movement]]. Retrospectively, the [[Grand National Assembly\n        of Turkey]] regards this as the dissolution of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman\n        regime]] in [[Istanbul]].Declaration of 1 November [[1922]].\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] begins using the [[Gregorian\n        calendar]].\\n* [[March 19]] – The [[United States Congress]] refuses\n        to ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]].\\n* [[March 23]] – Admiral [[Mikl\\u00f3s\n        Horthy]] declares that [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Hungary]] is a\n        monarchy without anyone on the throne.\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Irish War\n        of Independence]]: British recruits to the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] begin\n        to arrive in Ireland. They become known from their improvised uniforms as\n        the \\\"[[Black and Tans]]\\\".{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Cottrell|title=The\n        War for Ireland, 1913-1923|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84603-9966}}\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – The German government asks France for permission to use\n        its own troops against the rebellious [[Ruhr Red Army]] in the French-occupied\n        area.\\n* [[March 28]] – The [[1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak]] hits\n        the [[Great Lakes region]] and [[Deep South]] of the United States.\\n* [[March\n        29]] – [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|Sir William Robertson]]\n        is promoted to [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]], the first\n        man to rise from [[Private (rank)|private]] (enlisted [[1877]]) to the highest\n        rank in the [[British Army]].{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35786|title=Robertson,\n        Sir William Robert, first baronet (1860\\u20131933)|first=David R.|last=Woodward\n        |edition=Online|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35786|accessdate=2007-12-07 |date=September\n        2004}} {{ODNBsub}}\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 2]] – The German\n        army marches to the [[Ruhr]] to fight the [[Ruhr Red Army]].\\n* [[April 4]]\n        – [[1920 Palestine riots]]: Violence erupts between Arab and Jewish\n        residents in [[Jerusalem]]; 9 killed, 216 injured.\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        The short-lived [[Far Eastern Republic]] is declared in eastern [[Siberia]].\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]]\n        flees from Mexico City during a trial intended to ruin his reputation; he\n        flees to [[Guerrero]] where he joins Fortunato Maycotte.\\n* [[April 19]]–[[April\n        26|26]] – [[San Remo conference]]: Representatives of Italy, France,\n        the United Kingdom and Japan meet to determine the [[League of Nations mandate]]s\n        for administration of territories following [[partitioning of the Ottoman\n        Empire]].\\n* April 19 – Germany and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist\n        Republic|Bolshevist Russia]] agree to the exchange of prisoners of war.\\n[[File:1920\n        olympics poster.jpg|thumb|115px|right|[[1920 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n* [[April\n        20]]\\n** [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]] announces in\n        [[Chilpancingo]] that he intends to fight against the rule of [[Venustiano\n        Carranza]].\\n** The [[1920 Summer Olympics]] open in [[Antwerp]], Belgium.\n        The [[Olympic symbols]] of five interlocking rings and the associated flag\n        are first displayed at the games.\\n* [[April 23]] – The [[Grand National\n        Assembly of Turkey]] is founded by [[Mustafa Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]] in [[Ankara]].\n        It denounces the government of Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] and announces a temporary\n        constitution.\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: [[Second\n        Polish Republic|Polish]] and anti-Soviet [[Ukrainian People''s Republic|Ukrainian]]\n        troops attack the [[Red Army]] in Soviet Ukraine.\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        The [[Khorezm People''s Soviet Republic]] is officially created by [[Russian\n        Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist Russia]] as the successor\n        to the [[Khanate of Khiva]].\\n* [[April 28]] – The [[Azerbaijan Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]] is officially created.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        The first game of [[Negro National League (1920\\u201331)|Negro National League\n        baseball]] is played in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]].\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        A [[1920 Georgian coup attempt|Bolshevik coup]] fails in the [[Democratic\n        Republic of Georgia]].\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: [[Second\n        Polish Republic|Polish]] troops occupy [[Kiev]]. The government of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] returns to the city.\\n** [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Venustiano\n        Carranza]] leaves Mexico City in a large train.\\n** [[Treaty of Moscow (1920)]]:\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] recognizes\n        independence of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] only to invade the\n        country six months later.\\n* [[May 15]] – [[October Revolution|Russian\n        Revolution]]: Russian White soldier [[Maria Bochkareva]] is executed in Soviet\n        Russia.\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Canonization of Joan of Arc]]. Over 30,000 people\n        attend the ceremony in Rome, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc''s family.\n        [[Pope Benedict XV]] presides over the rite, for which the interior of [[St.\n        Peter''s Basilica]] in Rome is richly decorated.\\n** A [[referendum]] in Switzerland\n        is favorable to joining the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** French\n        and Belgian troops leave the cities they have occupied in Germany.\\n** The\n        first flight of Dutch air company [[KLM]], from [[Amsterdam]] to London, takes\n        place.\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]]''s\n        troops enter Mexico City.\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Venustiano\n        Carranza]] arrives in San Antonio Tlaxcalantongo. Troops of [[Rodolfo Herrero]]\n        attack him at night and shoot him.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Venustiano Carranza]]\n        is buried in Mexico City; all of his mourning allies are arrested. [[Adolfo\n        de la Huerta]] is elected provisional president.\\n* [[May 26]] – [[1920\n        Ganja revolt|Ganja revolt]]: [[Anti-Soviet]] opposition in the [[Azerbaijan\n        SSR]] launches an abortive revolt in [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]].\\n* [[May\n        27]] – [[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk]] becomes president of [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – Great [[Louth, Lincolnshire#Floods|Floods at Louth, Lincolnshire]]\n        in England kill 23.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Treaty of Trianon]]:\n        Peace is restored between the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] and\n        [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]]. Hungary loses 72% of its territory.\\n* [[June\n        5]] – Bolshevik Cavalry break through Polish and Ukrainian lines south\n        of Kiev, precipitating eventual withdrawal.\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet\n        War]]: The [[Red Army]] retakes [[Kiev]].\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Essad Pasha\n        Toptani]], nominal ruler of [[Principality of Albania|Albania]], is assassinated\n        by [[Avni Rustemi]] in Paris.\\n** The [[United States Postal Service|United\n        States Post Office Department]] rules that children may not be sent via parcel\n        post.[http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jun13.htm\n        June 13] On-This-Day.com\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** A new border treaty between\n        [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] and Denmark gives northern [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]]\n        to Denmark.\\n** The [[Estonian Constituent Assembly]] adopts the [[Constitution\n        of Estonia#First Constitution (1934\\u20131938)|first constitution]] of [[Estonia]],\n        which will come into effect on [[December 21]] the same year.\\n* [[June 22]]\n        – [[Greek Summer Offensive (1920)|Greek Summer Offensive]]: [[Kingdom\n        of Greece|Greece]] attacks [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] troops.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] declares its neutrality in\n        the war between [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and [[Russian Soviet Federative\n        Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]].\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet\n        War]]: [[Red Army]] continues offensive into [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\n*\n        [[July 7]] – [[Arthur Meighen]] becomes Canada''s ninth [[Prime Minister\n        of Canada|prime minister]].\\n* [[July 11]] – The [[East Prussian plebiscite]]\n        is held.\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Soviet\\u2013Lithuanian Peace Treaty]]: The\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] recognizes independent [[Lithuania]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[London County Council]] bars foreigners from council\n        jobs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}\\n* [[July 19]] – [[August\n        7]] – The [[2nd World Congress of the Comintern|Second Congress]] of\n        the [[Comintern|Communist International]] takes place in [[Saint Petersburg]]\n        and Moscow. The notorious [[Twenty-one Conditions]] are adopted.\\n* [[July\n        20]] – The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the key [[Black\n        Sea]] port of [[Batumi|Batum]] to the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – The [[Interallied Mission to Poland]] takes place.\\n*\n        [[July 22]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]\n        sues for peace with [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist\n        Russia]] (refused).\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Battle of Maysalun]]: The [[French\n        Third Republic|French]] defeat the [[Greater Syria|Syrian]] army whose leader\n        [[Yusuf al-''Azma]] is killed. French troops occupy [[Damascus]] and depose\n        [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I of Syria]] as king.{{cite book|title=World War I|last=Carlisle|first=Rodney|year=2007|page=291|publisher=Facts\n        on File|isbn=0-8160-6061-4}}\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]:\n        [[Pancho Villa]] takes over [[Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo Le\\u00f3n|Sabina]] and\n        contacts de la Huerta to offer his conditional surrender. He signs his surrender\n        on [[July 28]].\\n* [[July 29]] – The [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]]\n        begins construction of the [[Link River Dam]] as part of the [[Klamath Reclamation\n        Project]].\\n* [[July 30]]–[[August 8]] – [[1st World Scout Jamboree]]\n        held at [[Olympia, London]].{{cite web|url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/1920-jamboree.htm|title=1st\n        World Jamboree|work=The Pine Tree Web|year=1998|accessdate=2011-02-23}}\\n*\n        [[July 31]]\\n** Irish-born Australian [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Bishop\n        [[Daniel Mannix]] is detained onboard ship off [[Cobh|Queenstown]] and prevented\n        from landing in Ireland or from speaking in the main Irish Catholic communities\n        elsewhere in the United Kingdom.{{cite web|first=Patrick|last=O''Farrell|title=Mannix,\n        Daniel (1864\\u20131963)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/55446|accessdate=2011-11-11|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/55446}}\\n**\n        France prohibits the sale or prescription of [[birth control|contraceptives]].\\n**Representatives\n        of [[British people|British]] [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]]\n        groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel in [[London]] and agree to form the\n        [[Communist Party of Great Britain]].\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Irish War of Independence]]: [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] riots in [[Belfast]]\n        in protest at the continuing [[British Army]] presence.\\n* [[August 10]] –\n        [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman Sultan]] [[Mehmed VI]]''s representatives sign the\n        [[Treaty of S\\u00e8vres]] with the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]],\n        confirming arrangements for [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]].\\n* [[August\n        11]] – [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Russia]]\n        [[Latvian\\u2013Soviet Peace Treaty|recognizes]] independent [[Latvia]].\\n*\n        [[August 13]]–[[August 25|25]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: The\n        [[Red Army]] is defeated in the [[Battle of Warsaw (1920)|Battle of Warsaw]].\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]: The [[Restoration of\n        Order in Ireland Act 1920|Restoration of Order in Ireland Act]], passed by\n        the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], receives [[Royal Assent]], providing\n        for [[Irish Republican Army]] activists to be tried by [[court-martial]] rather\n        than by [[jury]] in criminal courts.\\n* [[August 19]]–[[August\n        25|25]] – [[Silesian Uprisings#Second Silesian Uprising (1920)|Second\n        Silesian Uprising]]: The Poles in [[Upper Silesia]] rise up against the Germans.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – The first commercial radio station in the United States,\n        8MK ([[WWJ (AM)|WWJ]]), begins operations in [[Detroit]]. It is owned by the\n        ''''Detroit News'''', the first U.S. radio station owned by a newspaper.\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – The [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]\n        is passed, guaranteeing [[women''s suffrage]].\\n* [[August 28]]–[[September\n        2]] – [[Bukhara operation (1920)|Bukhara operation]]: The [[Russian\n        Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian]] [[Red Army]] and [[Young Bukharians]]\n        overthrow the [[Emirate of Bukhara]], leading to establishment of the [[Bukharan\n        People''s Soviet Republic]].\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        Presidential elections begin in Mexico.\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Gabriele\n        D''Annunzio]] proclaims the [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]] in the city of\n        [[Rijeka|Fiume]].\\n* [[September 16]] – The [[Wall Street bombing]]:\n        A bomb in a horse wagon explodes in front of the [[J. P. Morgan]] building\n        in New York City, killing 38 and injuring 400.\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        The [[National Football League]] is established as the American Professional\n        Football Association.\\n* [[September 20]] – The first soldier joins\n        ''''El Tercio de Extranjeros'''', the \\\"Regiment of Foreigners\\\", later the\n        [[Spanish Legion]], established on January 28, in Spain; today is celebrated\n        as the unit''s anniversary. Under the command of [[Jos\\u00e9 Mill\\u00e1n Astray]]\n        and [[Francisco Franco]], its first duties are against [[Riffian people|Rif]]\n        rebels in the [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco]].\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Communist Party of Uruguay]] is founded. \\n* [[September 22]] – The\n        London [[Metropolitan Police]] forms the [[Flying Squad]], a motorised mobile\n        detective patrol unit.\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]:\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist Russia]] sues for\n        peace with Poland.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** The first domestic radio sets come\n        to stores in the United States; a [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]]\n        radio costs $10.\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] makes his first public political speech,\n        in Austria.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Prix de l''Arc de\n        Triomphe]] horse race first run in Paris.\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\n        War]]: Polish troops take [[Vilnius]].\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Carinthian\n        Plebiscite]]: A large part of [[Carinthia (province)|Carinthia Province]]\n        votes to become part of Austria rather than [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – A peace treaty between the Soviet and the Finnish governments\n        is concluded at [[Tartu]].\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet\n        War]]: After the Polish army captures [[Ternopil|Tarnopol]], [[Dubno]], [[Minsk]],\n        and Dryssa, the ceasefire is enforced.\\n* [[October 18]] – Thousands\n        of unemployed demonstrate in London; 50 are injured.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]] is announced the elected [[president of Mexico]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – \\n**The [[League of Nations]] moves its headquarters\n        to [[Geneva]], Switzerland. \\n**Baron [[Louis Gerhard De Geer|Louis De Geer\n        the younger]] becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[United States presidential election, 1920]]: Republican\n        [[United States Senator|U. S. Senator]] [[Warren G. Harding]] defeats [[Democratic\n        Party (United States)|Democratic]] Governor of [[Ohio]] [[James M. Cox]] and\n        Socialist [[Eugene V. Debs]], in the first national U.S. election in which\n        women have the right to vote.\\n** In the United States, [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA AM]]\n        of [[Pittsburgh]] (owned by [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]])\n        starts broadcasting as a commercial [[radio broadcasting|radio station]].\n        The first broadcast is the results of the [[United States presidential election,\n        1920|presidential election]].\\n** [[Meiji Shrine]], one of a landmark spot\n        in [[Tokyo]], officially built in [[Japan]].[[:ja:\\u660e\\u6cbb\\u795e\\u5bae#\\u6cbf\\u9769]]\n        ''''''(Japanese language)'''''' Retrieved January 15, 2016.\\n* [[November\n        11]] – [[The Unknown Warrior]] is buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – The evacuation of the [[White Army]]''s last units\n        and civilian refugees from the [[Crimea]] on board 126 ships, [[Wrangel''s\n        fleet|the remnants of the Russian Imperial Navy]], to [[Turkey]], [[Tunisia]]\n        and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], accompanied by wide-scale\n        civilian massacres. The total number of evacuees amounted to approximately\n        150,000 people, of which ~20% were civilians.\\n* [[November 14]] – The\n        [[Edmonton Symphony Orchestra]] holds its first concert.\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – In [[Geneva]], the first assembly of the [[League of Nations]] is\n        held.\\n* [[November 16]] – Queensland and Northern Territory Aviation\n        Services (''''[[Qantas]]'''') is founded by [[Hudson Fysh]] and [[Paul McGinness]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – The council of the [[League of Nations]] accepts the\n        [[constitution]] for the [[Free City of Danzig]].\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]] is appointed the 3rd [[Governor-General of\n        the Union of South Africa]].\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]:\n        [[Bloody Sunday (1920)|Bloody Sunday]]: The [[Irish Republican Army]], on\n        the instructions of [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]], shoot\n        dead the \\\"Cairo gang\\\", fourteen British undercover agents in [[Dublin]],\n        most in their homes. Later that day in retaliation the [[Auxiliary Division]]\n        of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] open fire on a crowd at a [[Gaelic Athletic\n        Association]] Football match in [[Croke Park]], killing thirteen spectators\n        and one player and wounding 60.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell''s Chronology\n        of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=488\\u2013490}}\n        Three men are shot this night in [[Dublin Castle]] \\\"while trying to escape\\\".\n        \\n* [[November 28]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]: [[Kilmichael Ambush]]:\n        The flying column of the [[3rd Cork Brigade]] of the [[Irish Republican Army]],\n        led by [[Tom Barry (soldier)|Tom Barry]], ambushes two lorries carrying men\n        of the [[Auxiliary Division]] of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] at [[Kilmichael,\n        County Cork]], killing seventeen (with three of its men also dying), which\n        leads to official reprisals.\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December\n        1]] – The [[Mexican Revolution]] ends with a new regime coming to power,\n        which couples with the end of the [[American frontier|Old West]].\\n* [[December\n        5]] – A [[referendum]] in [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] is favorable\n        to the reinstatement of the monarchy.\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Irish War\n        of Independence]]: [[Martial law]] is declared in Counties [[County Cork|Cork]],\n        [[County Kerry|Kerry]], [[County Limerick|Limerick]] and [[County Tipperary|Tipperary]].\\n* [[December 11]] – [[The Burning of Cork]] in Ireland:\n        British forces set fire to some {{convert|5|acre|m2}} of the centre of [[Cork\n        (city)|Cork]], including the City Hall, in reprisal attacks after a British\n        auxiliary is killed in a guerilla ambush.\\n[[File:1920 Gansu earthquake.svg|thumb|115px|[[1920\n        Haiyuan earthquake|Haiyuan earthquake]]]]\\n* [[December 15]]–[[December\n        22|22]] – The Brussels Conference establishes a timetable for German\n        war reparations intended to extend for over 42 years.\\n* [[December 16]]\\n**\n        Finland joins the [[League of Nations]].\\n** An 8.6 [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter\n        scale]] [[1920 Haiyuan earthquake|Haiyuan earthquake]] causes a [[landslide]]\n        in [[Gansu|Gansu Province]], China, killing 180,000.\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        South Africa is granted a [[League of Nations mandate|League of Nations Class\n        C mandate]] over [[South West Africa]].\\n* [[December 22]] – The 8th\n        [[Congress of Soviets|Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR]] adopts the\n        [[GOELRO plan]], the major plan of the economical development of the country.\\n*\n        [[December 23]] \\n** United Kingdom and France ratify the border between French-held\n        [[Syria]] and British-held [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].\\n** [[Government\n        of Ireland Act 1920]], passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]],\n        receives [[Royal Assent]] from [[George V]] providing for the [[partition\n        of Ireland]] into [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Southern Ireland (1921\\u201322)|Southern\n        Ireland]] with separate parliaments, granting a measure of [[home rule]].\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        The [[Rosicrucian Fellowship]]''s spiritual healing temple ''''The Ecclesia''''\n        is dedicated at [[Mount Ecclesia]], [[Oceanside, California]].\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Hydrocodone]], a narcotic analgesic closely related to codeine\n        is first synthesized in Germany by [[Carl Mannich]] and Helene L\\u00f6wenheim.\\n*\n        Approximate date – The [[HIV]] [[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|pandemic]]\n        almost certainly originates in L\\u00e9opoldville, modern-day [[Kinshasa]],\n        the capital of the [[Belgian Congo]].Based on its genetic history. {{cite\n        web|title=HIV pandemic''s origins located|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-10-03-hiv-pandemics-origins-located#|publisher=[[University\n        of Oxford]]|date=2014-10-03|accessdate=2014-10-29}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Javier\n        P\\u00e9rez de Cu\\u00e9llar.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Javier P\\u00e9rez de Cu\\u00e9llar]]]]\\n[[File:Federico\n        Fellini.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Federico Fellini]]]]\\n[[File:DEFOREST KELLEY.jpg|thumb|110px|[[DeForest\n        Kelley]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Bottiroli]], Argentinean\n        composer and poet (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Virgilio Savona]], Italian singer and\n        songwriter (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Heinz Zemanek]], Austrian computer pioneer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Isaac Asimov]], American author (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[George Herbig]], American astronomer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anne-Sofie \\u00d8stvedt]],\n        Norwegian resistance leader (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Renato Carosone]],\n        Italian musician and singer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Abbas Ali (Indian National\n        Army)|Abbas Ali]], Indian freedom fighter and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli]], Italian pianist (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[John Maynard Smith]], English biologist (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Early Wynn]], American baseball player (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Vincent Gardenia]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Gordon Kahl]], American tax protester and cop-killer (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]]\\n** [[Clive Dunn]], British actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Hakim\n        Said]], Pakistani scholar and philanthropist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 10]]\n        – [[Roberto M. Levingston]], Argentinian general and politician, 36th\n        President of Argentina (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Bill Reid]],\n        Canadian artist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[John Joseph O''Connor|John\n        O''Connor]], American Catholic cardinal (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n**\n        [[Al Morgan]], American novelist and television producer (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Elliott Reid]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Walter Frederick Morrison]],\n        American entrepreneur and inventor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 19]]\\n**[[Buddy\n        O''Grady]], American basketball player and coach (d. [[1992]])\\n**[[Javier\n        P\\u00e9rez de Cu\\u00e9llar]], Peruvian [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Federico Fellini]], Italian film director and screenwriter\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[DeForest Kelley]], American actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Errol Barrow]], 1st Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Gottfried B\\u00f6hm]], German architect\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Jerry Maren]], American actor\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Heinz\n        Kessler]], German politician and military officer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January\n        27]]\\n** [[Hiroyoshi Nishizawa]], Japanese fighter ace (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Helmut\n        Zacharias]], German violinist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]], English film director\\n** [[Delbert\n        Mann]], American television and film director (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Farouk\n        of Egypt]]]]\\n[[File:Lady Hartington.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kathleen Cavendish,\n        Marchioness of Hartington]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Heikki Suolahti]],\n        Finnish composer (d. [[1936]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Henry Heimlich]],\n        American physician and medical researcher (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 4]]\n        \\n** [[Giriraj Kishore]], Indian activist and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Janet Waldo]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[Frank Muir]], British actor, comedy writer and raconteur (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\n** [[Oscar Brand]], Canadian-born American folk singer-songwriter\n        and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[An Wang]], Chinese-born computer pioneer (d.\n        [[1990]]) \\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Farouk of Egypt|Farouk I, King of Egypt]]\n        (d. [[1965]])\\n** [[Billy Halop]], American actor (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[February\n        12]] \\n** [[William Roscoe Estep]], American Baptist historian (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Yoshiko Yamaguchi]], Chinese-Japanese actress and singer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\n** [[Seneka Bibile]], Sri Lankan pharmacologist (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Ann\\u00e6us Schj\\u00f8dt, Jr.]], Norwegian barrister (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Ivo Caprino]], Norwegian film director (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Bill Cullen]], American game show host (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Eddie\n        Slovik]], U.S. Army private (executed) (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[February 20]] –\n        [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington]] (d. [[1948]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Burt L. Talcott]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Sun Myung Moon]], Korean evangelist, founder of the Unification\n        Church (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Tony Randall]], American actor\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Lucjan Wolanowski]], Polish journalist, writer, and traveler\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Jadwiga Pi\\u0142sudska]], Polish pilot\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Zaim Top\\u010di\\u0107]], Yugoslav and Bosnian writer (d.\n        [[1990]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\n** [[Howard Nemerov]], American poet (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Michele Morgan]], French actress (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March\n        3]]\\n** [[James Doohan]], Canadian-born actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Ronald Searle]],\n        British cartoonist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Jean Lecanuet]], French\n        politician (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Alan MacNaughtan]], Scottish actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[Rachel Gurney]], British actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Del\n        Latta]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Lewis\n        Gilbert]], British film director, producer and screenwriter\\n* [[March 9]]\n        – [[Franjo Mihali\\u0107]], Croatian-Serbian athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]]\\n** [[Alfred Peet]], Dutch American entrepreneur, founder of\n        [[Peet''s Coffee & Tea]] (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Boris Vian]], French writer,\n        poet, singer, and musician (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Nicolaas\n        Bloembergen]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Hank Ketcham]], American cartoonist\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Lawrence Sanders]], American novelist\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[E. Donnall Thomas]], American physician, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], Founder of [[Bangladesh]], 2-time President\n        & 2nd Prime Minister of [[Bangladesh]] (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[March 16]] –\n        [[Leo McKern]], Australian actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Kjell\n        Aukrust]], Norwegian poet and artist (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Paul Hagen]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Pamela Harriman]], English-born\n        United States diplomat, socialite (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Vickie Panos]], Greek-Canadian\n        female professional baseball player (d. unknown)\\n** [[Rosemary Timperley]],\n        British author (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Werner Klemperer]], German\n        actor (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ross Martin]], Polish-American actor (d. [[1981]])\\n**\n        [[Albert H. Pearson]], American farmer and politician (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Tetsuharu Kawakami]], Japanese baseball player and coach (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Corbin Harney]], elder and spiritual leader\n        of the Newe (Western Shoshone) people (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 25]] –\n        [[Patrick Troughton]], British actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        [[Robin Jacques]], English illustrator (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Deborah\n        Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Marga Minco]], Dutch\n        journalist and writer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Toshiro Mifune 1954 Scan10003\n        160913.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Toshiro Mifune]]]]\\n[[File:Jackwebbbbigseptemberman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack\n        Webb]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1991-039-11, Richard v. Weizs\\u00e4cker.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard\n        von Weizs\\u00e4cker]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Toshiro Mifune]], Japanese\n        actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Jack Webb]], American actor,\n        director, and producer (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[\\u00c9ric Rohmer]],\n        French film director (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Barend Biesheuvel]],\n        Dutch politician, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] from 1971 until 1973\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Arthur Hailey]], American writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Edmond H. Fischer]], [[Swiss American]] biochemist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Ravi\n        Shankar]], Indian sitar player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Carmen\n        McRae]], American jazz singer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\n** [[Emilio\n        Colombo]], 40th Prime Minister of Italy (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Peter O''Donnell]],\n        British author and writer of comic strips (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 12]] –\n        [[Buck Young]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Roberto\n        Calvi]], Italian banker (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Liam Cosgrave]], fifth [[Taoiseach]]\n        of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]\\n** [[Jack Lambert (actor)|Jack Lambert]],\n        American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Thomas Szasz]], Hungarian-born\n        psychiatrist and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Richard von Weizs\\u00e4cker]],\n        German politician, [[President of Germany]] (1984\\u20131994) (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Prince George Valdemar of Denmark]] (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Gene Leis]], American jazz guitarist and educator (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[John Paul Stevens]], [[Associate Justice\n        of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Edmund\n        Adamkiewicz]], German footballer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Valeri\n        Petrov]], Bulgarian poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Guido Cantelli]],\n        Italian conductor (d. [[1956]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Harold Shapero]],\n        American composer (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:John Paul II Medal of\n        Freedom 2004.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope John Paul II]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Jean-Marie\n        Auberson]], Swiss conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Otto Buchsbaum]], Austrian-born\n        writer and ecological activist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Preben Neergaard]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Sir Kamisese\n        Mara]], first [[Prime Minister of Fiji]] and [[President of Fiji]] (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Rendra Karno]], Indonesian actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[May\n        8]] – [[Touko Laaksonen]], Finnish artist, pseudonym Tom of Finland\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Saul Bass]], American graphic designer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Richard Adams]], English novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Mitsuko Mori]], Japanese actress (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Michael Dauncey]],\n        British Army brigadier (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Denver Pyle]],\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Gerald Stapleton]], South\n        African [[Battle of Britain]] fighter pilot. (d. 2010)\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Gareth Morris]], British flautist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Pope\n        John Paul II]] (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Lucia Mannucci]], Italian singer ([[Quartetto\n        Cetra]]) (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Domenico Leccisi]], Italian\n        politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Helen Andelin]], American\n        author (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Helen O''Connell]], American\n        singer (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Arthur Wint]], Jamaican runner\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[John Dall]], American actor (d. [[1971]])\\n**\n        [[Peggy Lee]], American singer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Gene\n        Levitt]], American television writer, producer, and director (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\n**[[John Harsanyi]], Hungarian-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2000]])\\n**[[Clifton\n        James]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Godfrey Binaisa]],\n        [[President of Uganda]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Franklin Schaffner]], American\n        film and television director (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Sh\\u014dtar\\u014d Yasuoka]],\n        Japanese writer (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jose Lopez Portillo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        L\\u00f3pez Portillo]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Amos Yarkoni]], Israeli soldier\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 2]] \\n** [[Marcel Reich-Ranicki]], German literary\n        critic and member of the literary group Gruppe 47 (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Tex\n        Schramm]], American football executive (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Johnny Speight]],\n        British television scriptwriter (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Ruth\n        Graham]], American evangelist, wife of Billy Graham (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[King Mahendra]], king of Nepal (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[June 12]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Berg (cartoonist)|Dave Berg]], American cartoonist (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Jim Siedow]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Eva Estrada-Kalaw]],\n        Filipino politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez Portillo]],  51st\n        President of Mexico (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Jacob H. Gilbert]],\n        American politician (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Setsuko Hara]], Japanese actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Jacob]], French biologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 18]] –\n        [[Utta Danella]], German writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Danny\n        Cedrone]], American guitarist and bandleader (d. [[1954]])\\n* [[June 21]]\n        – [[Hans Gerschwiler]], Swiss figure skater\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Lester\n        Wunderman]], American executive\\n** [[Jack Karwales]], U.S. American football\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Walt Masterson]], American right-handed pitcher\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Paul Frees]], American actor, primarily known as a voice\n        actor (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Jovito Salonga]], Filipino statesman (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[June 23]] – [[Saleh Ajeery]], Kuwaiti astronomer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Lassie Lou Ahern]], American actress \\n** [[Ozan Marsh]], American pianist\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Jean-Pierre Roy]], Canadian pitcher\n        in Major League Baseball (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Fernando Riera]],\n        Chilean football player and manager (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Clarissa\n        Eden]], Widow of British Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]]\\n** [[A. E. Hotchner]],\n        American editor, novelist, playwright, and biographer\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[El\\u00f3i\n        (Portuguese footballer)|El\\u00f3i]], Portuguese footballer\\n** [[Ray Harryhausen]],\n        American animator (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Zeno Colo]], Italian\n        Olympic alpine skiier (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n===July===\\n\\n[[File:Juan Antonio Samaranch\n        DF-ST-01-00128.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan Antonio Samaranch]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph G. Williams]], American musician\\n** [[George I. Fujimoto]], American\n        chemist of Japanese descent\\n** [[Aziz Sedky]], Egyptian politician and engineer\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Lucidio Sentimenti]], Italian footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Paul Bannai]], American politician\\n** [[Anthony Barber]],\n        British Conservative politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Leona Helmsley]], American\n        hotel operator, real estate investor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Mary\n        Louise Hancock]], American politician\\n** [[Rosemarie Springer]], German equestrian\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Sandy Tatum]], American golfer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[William\n        Thaddeus Coleman Jr.]], American attorney and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Williams Hise]], U.S General (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Tom\n        Currigan]], 39th Mayor of Denver (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Owen\n        Chamberlain]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[J. T. White]], American college football assistant\n        coach (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Milo Anstadt]], Dutch Jewish writer and journalist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Yul Brynner]], Russian-born American actor\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Zecharia Sitchin]], Soviet-born American author (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\n** [[Randolph Quirk]], British linguist and life peer\\n** [[Bob\n        Fillion]], Canadian professional ice hockey player (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Keith\n        Andes]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Anna Halprin]],\n        American dancer\\n** [[Don Ralke]], American music arranger (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Bill Towers]], English footballer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Tom\n        Neil]], English pilot [[Royal Air Force]]\\n** [[Marijohn Wilkin]], American\n        songwriter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Theresa Kobuszewski]], American\n        professional baseball player and World War II veteran (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Michael Andreevich of Russia]], Russian prince (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 16]]\n        \\n** [[Ulysses S. Washington]], American college football player and coach\\n**\n        [[Phillip Pine]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Larry Jansen]], American\n        right-handed pitcher and coach (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Henry Williams Hise]],\n        United States Marine Corps Brigadier General (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]], Spanish International Olympic Committee president\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gordon Gould]], American physicist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[June\n        Vincent]], American actress (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Dolph Sweet]],\n        American actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Id\\u00e9e]],\n        French professional road bicycle racer \\n** [[Robert Mann]], American violinist\\n**\n        [[Frank Maznicki]], American football player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[George Dawkes]],\n        English cricketer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Jasper Blackall]], British\n        sailor\\n** [[James B. Owens]], American engineer and former executive\\n**\n        [[Byron Krieger]], American foil, sabre and \\u00e9p\\u00e9e fencer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Jean Daniel]],  Algerian-born French-Jewish journalist and\n        author\\n** [[Gunnar Thoresen (footballer)|Gunnar Thoresen]], Norwegian footballer\\n**\n        [[Constant Nieuwenhuys]], Dutch painter (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Isaac Stern]],\n        Ukrainian-born violinist (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Bella Abzug]],\n        American feminist politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[July 25]] \\n** [[Rosalind\n        Franklin]], British crystallographer (d. [[1958]])\\n** [[David P. Buckson]],\n        American lawyer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ella\n        Raines in Cry Havoc trailer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ella Raines]]]]\\n[[File:Maureen\n        O''Hara in April 1942.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maureen O''Hara]]]]\\n[[File:Studio\n        publicity Shelley Winters.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Shelley Winters]]]]\\n[[File:Ray\n        Bradbury (1975) -cropped-.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ray Bradbury]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**[[Sammy\n        Lee (diver)|Sammy Lee]], Korean-American diver (d. [[2016]])\\n**[[Thomas McGuire]],\n        American World War II fighter ace (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Hugh\n        Hickling]], English lawyer, colonial civil servant, law academic and author\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[P. D. James]], English mystery novelist\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[John Figueroa]], Jamaican poet (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Helen Thomas]], American author and news service reporter, member of the\n        [[White House press corps]] and columnist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        [[Mickey Shaughnessy]], Irish American character actor and comedian (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Ella Raines]], American actress (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[August\n        8]]\\n** [[Leo Chiosso]], Italian poet (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jimmy Witherspoon]],\n        American singer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Milton G. Henschel]],\n        American member of the Governing Body of Jehovah''s Witnesses and 5th President\n        of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 10]]\\n**\n        [[Ann Harnett]], American female baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Red Holzman]],\n        American basketball coach (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Neville\n        Brand]], highly decorated combat soldier of World War II, and American actor\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Charles Bukowski]], American writer\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Maureen O''Hara]], Irish-American\n        actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Bob Kennedy]], American baseball\n        player and manager (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Shelley Winters]], American actress\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Christopher Robin Milne]], English\n        author and bookseller (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Ray Bradbury]],\n        American science fiction writer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Mauri\n        Fav\\u00e9n]], Finnish painter (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Prem Tinsulanonda]], Thai\n        prime minister\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Baptiste Manzini]], American football\n        player (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Charlie Parker]], African-American\n        saxophonist and composer (d. [[1955]])\\n** [[Herb Simpson]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===September=== \\n[[File:Mickey Rooney still.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mickey\n        Rooney]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Richard Farnsworth]], American actor\n        and stuntman (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Les Medley]], English\n        footballer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Catherine Bennett (baseball)|Catherine\n        Bennett]], Canadian female professional baseball player\\n* [[September 10]]\n        – [[Fabio Taglioni]], Italian motorcycle engineer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September\n        12]]\\n** [[Darussalam (actor)|Darussalam]], Indonesian actor (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Lore Lorentz]], German cabaret artist/standup comedian (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** [[Mario Benedetti]], Uruguayan writer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Cascarita]] [''''a.k.a. Orlando Guerra''''], Cuban music singer (d. [[1975]])\\n**\n        [[Lawrence Klein]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Jack Warden]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Kim Yong-ju]], North Korean politician, younger brother of Kim Il-Sung\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[William H. Riker]], American political scientist\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\n** [[Alexander Arutiunian]], Armenian\n        composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Mickey Rooney]], American actor, dancer and entertainer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dick Bong]], American fighter\n        ace (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[William Conrad]], American\n        actor, film director, and producer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Peter D. Mitchell]], English chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Walter Matthau.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Walter\n        Matthau]]]]\\n[[File:Frank Herbert - 1984.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frank Herbert]]]]\\n[[File:Clift,\n        Montgomery.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Montgomery Clift]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Daudelin]], Canadian sculptor (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Walter Matthau]], American\n        actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Pietro Consagra]], Italian\n        sculptor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Frank Herbert]], American\n        author (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[October 9]]\\n**[[Jens Bj\\u00f8rneboe]], Norwegian\n        author (d. [[1976]])\\n**[[Yusef Lateef]], American jazz musician and composer\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jason Wingreen]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        13]] – [[Laraine Day]], American actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October\n        15]] – [[Mario Puzo]], American author (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 17]]\n        \\n** [[Claire Barry]], American singer ([[The Barry Sisters]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Montgomery Clift]], American actor (d. [[1966]])\\n** [[Miguel Delibes]],\n        Spanish novelist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Pandurang Shastri\n        Athavale]], founder of the Swadhyay Movement (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[October 20]]\\n**\n        [[Janet Jagan]], 6th President of Guyana (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Siddhartha Shankar\n        Ray]], Indian politician, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Ruth Terry]], American singer and actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Timothy Leary]], American psychologist and author,\n        proponent of [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Vern Stephens]], American baseball player (d. [[1968]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Nanette Fabray]], American actress, dancer and singer\\n**\n        [[K. R. Narayanan]], [[President of India]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 29]]\n        – [[Baruj Benacerraf]], Venezuelan-born immunologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 31]]\\n**\n        [[Dick Francis]], British jockey-turned-novelist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Joseph\n        Gelineau]], French composer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Fritz Walter]], German footballer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[John H. Land]], American\n        politician, mayor of Apopka, Florida (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Douglass North]],\n        American economist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\n** [[Sitara Devi]], Indian\n        dancer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Esther Rolle]], American actress (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] – [[Walter Krupinski]], German World War II fighter\n        ace and postwar general (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Josip Boljkovac]],\n        Croatian politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Jack Elam]], American\n        actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Georg Olden (graphic designer)|Georg Olden]], African-American\n        graphic designer (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[George Dunning]],\n        cartoon director and animator (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Mustafa\n        Khalil]], 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 19]] –\n        [[Gene Tierney]], American actress (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Ralph\n        Meeker]], American actor (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Stan Musial]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Anne Crawford]], British\n        actress (d. [[1956]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Ricardo Montalb\\u00e1n]], Mexican\n        actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Noel Neill]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Buster Merryfield]], British actor (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Patrick Campbell Rodger]], Scottish Anglican bishop\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\n** [[Bob Wolff]], American sportscaster\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yegor Ligachev]], Soviet politician\\n* [[November 30]]\n        – [[Virginia Mayo]], American actress (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ciampi\n        ritratto.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]]]]\\n[[File:Clark Terry in\n        1981.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Clark Terry]]]]\\n[[File:Rex Allen and Koko 1952.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Rex\n        Allen]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Peter Baptist Tadamaro Ishigami]], Japanese\n        Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Dave Brubeck]],\n        American jazz pianist and composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[George Porter]], English\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]], 49th [[Prime Minister of\n        Italy]] and 10th [[President of Italy]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        [[Stanko Todorov]], Bulgarian communist politician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\n** [[Sally Mansfield]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Kaysone\n        Phomvihane]], 2nd President and 11th Prime Minister of Laos (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[George P. Shultz]], American economist and politician, 60th [[United States\n        Secretary of State]]\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Clark Terry]], American\n        musician and composer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Ewa Paradies]],\n        German Nazi war criminal (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[David Susskind]],\n        American producer and host (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Little Jimmy Dickens]], American\n        country music singer/songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Alicia\n        Alonso]], Cuban ballerina\\n** [[J. Roderick MacArthur]], American businessman\n        and philanthropist (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Yevgeniya Rudneva]],\n        Soviet World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Josefa\n        Iloilo]], 3rd President of Fiji (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Viveca Lindfors]], Swedish-American\n        actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Jack Lord]], American actor\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Rex Allen]], American actor, singer,\n        songwriter (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===Possible===\\n* [[Isaac Asimov]], Russian-born\n        author (born between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive;{{cite\n        book |author=Isaac Asimov |title=In Memory Yet Green |quote=The date of my\n        birth, as I celebrate it, was January 2, 1920. It could not have been\n        later than that. It might, however, have been earlier. Allowing for the uncertainties\n        of the times, of the lack of [[civil registry|records]], of the [[Hebrew calendar|Jewish]]\n        and [[Julian calendar]]s, it might have been as early as October 4, 1919.\n        There is, however, no way of finding out. My parents were always uncertain\n        and it really doesn''t matter. I celebrate January 2, 1920, so let it be.}}\n        d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Cezmi Kartay]], Turkish civil servant\n        and politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[\\u0130lhan Arsel]], Turkish academic, writer,\n        researcher, and senator (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Edmund\n        Barton.PNG|thumb|110px|right|[[Edmund Barton]]]]\\n[[File:Amedeo Modigliani\n        Photo.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Amedeo Modigliani]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] –\n        [[Paul Adam (French novelist)|Paul Adam]], French writer (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – [[Zygmunt Janiszewski]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Benito P\\u00e9rez Gald\\u00f3s]], Spanish novelist\n        (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** [[Heinrich Lammasch]], Austrian statesman,\n        last minister-president of Austria (as part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]])\n        in 1918 (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Walter Cunliffe]], English banker (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Hieronymus Georg Zeuthen]], Danish mathematician (b.\n        [[1839]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Edmund Barton]], Prime Minister of Australia\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[John Francis Dodge]], American automobile\n        manufacturer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Giovanni Capurro]],\n        Italian poet (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Georg Lurich]], Estonian\n        Greco-Roman wrestler and strongman (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[William\n        Percy French]], Irish songwriter and entertainer (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Amedeo\n        Modigliani]], Italian painter and sculptor (tuberculosis) (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[Jeanne H\\u00e9buterne]], French artist, model, and\n        common-law wife of [[Amedeo Modigliani]] (suicide) (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===February===\n        \\n[[File:RobertPeary.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robert Peary]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – [[Field E. Kindley]], American World War I aviator (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Frank Brown (governor)|Frank Brown]], Governor of\n        Maryland (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Augustus F. Goodridge]],\n        Canadian merchant and politician (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Richard\n        Dehmel]],  German poet and writer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[Alexander Kolchak]], Russian naval commander (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Gaby Deslys]], French dancer, actress & spy (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n**[[Aleksander Aberg]], Estonian professional wrestler and\n        strongman (b. [[1881]])\\n**[[Joseph Burton Sumner]], founder of Sumner, Mississippi\n        (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Robert Peary]], American Arctic explorer\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Jacinta Marto]], beatified, witnessed apparitions of the\n        Blessed Virgin Mary in 1917 at F\\u00e1tima, Portugal (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[William Sherman Jennings]], Governor of Florida (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[John H. Bankhead]], U.S. Senator from Alabama (b. [[1842]])\\n**\n        [[William A. Stone]], Governor of Pennsylvania (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Joseph\n        Trumpeldor]], Russian Zionist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Theodor\n        Philipsen]], Danish painter (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Roswell\n        P. Bishop]], U.S. Congressman from Michigan (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Jaan Poska]], Estonian barrister and politician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March\n        11]] – [[Julio Garavito Armero]], Colombian astronomer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Rudolf Berthold]], German World War I fighter ace (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Evelina Haverfield]] British suffragette\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[William Chester Minor]], American surgeon\n        (b. [[1834]])\\n** [[Mary Augusta Ward]], Tasmanian novelist (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** [[Paul Bachmann]], German mathematician (b. [[1837]])\\n**\n        [[Lothar von Trotha]], German military commander (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Edwin\n        Warfield]], Governor of Maryland (b. [[1848]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[Image:Srinivasa\n        Ramanujan - OPC - 1.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\n        – [[Walter Simon (philanthropist)|Walter Simon]], German philanthropist\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[John Brashear]], American astronomer (b.\n        [[1840]])\\n** [[Charles Tomlinson Griffes]], American composer (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Moritz Cantor]], German historian of mathematics (b.\n        [[1829]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Walter Edwards (director)|Walter Edwards]],\n        American film director (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Maria L. Sanford]],\n        American educator (b. [[1836]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]],\n        Indian mathematician (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Princess\n        Margaret of Connaught]], Crown Princess of Sweden (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 8]]\n        – [[Johan Reinhold Sahlberg]], Finnish entomologist\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        [[John Wesley Hyatt]], American inventor (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[James\n        Colosimo]], Italian-born American gangster (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[William Dean\n        Howells]], American writer (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Owen Morgan Edwards]],\n        Welsh writer and educator (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Maria Bochkareva]], Russian\n        White soldier (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 G\\u00f3mez Ortega|Joselito]],\n        Spanish bullfighter (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Levi P. Morton]], [[List of Vice Presidents\n        of the United States|22nd]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1824]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[Venustiano Carranza]], [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1859]])\\n**\n        [[Eleanor H. Porter]], American novelist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 23]] –\n        [[Svetozar Boroevi\\u0107]], Austro-Hungarian field marshal (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[Hardwicke Rawnsley]], English clergyman, poet, writer\n        of hymns and conservationist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[George\n        Ernest Morrison]], Australian adventurer (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Essad\n        Pasha Toptani.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Essad Pasha Toptani|Essad Pasha]]]]\\n[[File:Max\n        Weber 1894.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max Weber]]]]\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Rhoda Broughton]],\n        Welsh writer (b. [[1840]])\\n** [[Julia A. Moore]], American poet (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – [[James Dunsmuir]], Canadian politician (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Essad Pasha Toptani|Essad Pasha]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Albania]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Gabrielle R\\u00e9jane]], French\n        actress (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Max Weber]], German political economist (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Jewett W. Adams]], Governor of Nevada (b. [[1835]])\\n**\n        [[John Macoun]], Irish born naturalist (b. [[1831]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Marie-Adolphe\n        Carnot]], French chemist, mining engineer, and politician (b. [[1839]])\\n**\n        [[John Grigg (astronomer)|John Grigg]], New Zealand astronomer (b. [[1838]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]], Canadian judge, author and\n        lyricist (b. [[1839]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Delfim Moreira]],\n        former [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[William\n        Louis Marshall]], American general and engineer (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[July 3]]\n        – [[William Crawford Gorgas]], American Army surgeon (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – [[Max Klinger]], German painter and sculptor (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1841]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Empress Eug\\u00e9nie]] of France (b. [[1826]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]] – [[Albert Keller]], German painter (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] \\n** [[Sir Edmund Elton, 8th Baronet]] (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Charles E.\n        Courtney]], American rower and rowing coach (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        [[William Kissam Vanderbilt]], American heir (b. [[1849]])\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Frank Hanly]], Governor of Indiana (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Bal\n        Gangadhar Tilak]], Indian nationalist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Ormer Locklear]], American stunt pilot and film actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        9]] – [[Samuel Griffith]], Australian politician and judge (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]]\\n** [[James O''Neill (actor)|James O''Neill]], American actor\n        (b. [[1847]])\\n** [[\\u00c1d\\u00e1m Politzer]], Austrian otologist (b. [[1835]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] – [[Hermann Struve]], Russian-born astronomer (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Henry Daglish]], [[Premier of Western Australia]] (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n** [[Joseph Norman Lockyer]], English astronomer (b. [[1836]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Ray Chapman]], baseball player (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Anders Zorn]], Swedish painter (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August 26]]\n        – [[James Wilson (U.S. politician)|James Wilson]], Scottish-born American\n        politician (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Wilhelm Wundt]], German\n        physiologist and psychologist (b. [[1832]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Karl\n        Gustavovich Faberge.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Carl Faberg\\u00e9]]]]\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Simon-Napol\\u00e9on Parent]], Premier of Quebec (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Olive Thomas]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Robert Beaven]], Canadian politician (b. [[1836]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Peter Carl Faberg\\u00e9]], Russian jeweler (b.\n        [[1846]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Jacob Schiff]], German-born banker\n        and philanthropist (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[William Wilfred\n        Sullivan]], Canadian journalist, politician, and jurist (b. [[1843]])\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 2]]\\n** [[Winthrop M. Crane]], Governor of Massachusetts and Senator\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Max Bruch]], German composer (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[William Heinemann]], English publisher (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        7]] – [[Yves Delage]], French zoologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 10]]\n        – [[Hudson Stuck]], English mountaineer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 17]]\n        \\n**[[Reginald Farrer]], English botanist (b. [[1880]])\\n**[[John Reed (journalist)|John\n        Reed]], American journalist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Grand\n        Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia]] (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        [[Alexander of Greece]], Greek king (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Kevin Barry]], Irish republican (hanged) (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\n** [[Louise Imogen Guiney]], American poet and essayist (b. [[1861]])\\n**\n        [[James Daly (mutineer)|James Daly]], Irish mutineer (firing squad)\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Warren Terhune]], [[United States Navy]] [[Commander (United\n        States)#Naval rank|Commander]], and the 13th [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Ludwig Struve]], Russian astronomer\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Alberto Blest Gana]], Chilean novelist\n        and diplomat (b. [[1830]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Luc-Olivier Merson]],\n        French painter and illustrator (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Michael\n        Hogan (Gaelic footballer)|Michael Hogan]], Irish activist shot during a [[Gaelic\n        football]] match by the British army, who also killed 14 Irish supporters\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Manuel P\\u00e9rez y Curis]], [[Uruguayan\n        people|Uruguayan]] poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[George\n        Callaghan]], British admiral (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Madeline\n        McDowell Breckinridge]], leader of the women''s suffrage movement and one\n        of Kentucky''s leading progressive reformers (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Gaston Chevrolet]],\n        Swiss-born race car driver and manufacturer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 27]]\n        – [[Alexius Meinong]], Austrian philosopher (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Eugene W. Chafin]], American politician (b. [[1852]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – [[Olive Schreiner]], South African writer (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Edward Gawler Prior]], Canadian mining engineer\n        and politician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[December 14]] – [[George Gipp]], American\n        football player (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Manuel de la C\\u00e1mara\n        y Libermoore]], Spanish admiral (b. [[1835]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Charles\n        \\u00c9douard Guillaume]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Walther Nernst]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] –\n        [[Schack August Steenberg Krogh]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Knut Hamsun]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[L\\u00e9on\n        Bourgeois|L\\u00e9on Victor Auguste Bourgeois]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n===Primary\n        sources and year books===\\n* [https://archive.org/details/NewInternationalYearBookFor1920\n        ''''New International Year Book 1920'''' (1921)], Comprehensive coverage of\n        world and national affairs,  844   pp\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1920}}\\n[[Category:1920|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T20:52:32Z\",\"lastrevid\":799785941,\"length\":68975,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1920&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920\"},\"34724\":{\"pageid\":34724,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1921\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:34:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{About|the\n        year 1921|the song by [[The Who]]|Tommy (album)|the 1988 Indian film about\n        Mappila Uprising|1921 (film)}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1921}}\\n{{Year nav|1921}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1921}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n\\n* [[January 1]] – In [[American football]], the [[University\n        of California, Berkeley]] defeats [[Ohio State University|Ohio State]] 28\\u20130\n        in the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]].\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** The [[association\n        football|football]] club [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube]] from [[Belo Horizonte]]\n        is founded as Palestra Italia in [[First Brazilian Republic|Brazil]].\\n**\n        The first religious [[radio]] broadcast is heard over station [[KDKA AM]]\n        in [[Pittsburgh]].\\n** The Spanish liner ''''[[SS Santa Isabel (1915)|Santa\n        Isabel]]'''' sinks off Villa Garcia; 244 die.\\n** The [[De Young (museum)|De\n        Young Museum]] opens in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[San Francisco]].\\n* [[January\n        20]] – The [[British K-class submarine]] [[HMS K5|HMS ''''K5'''']] sinks\n        in the [[English Channel]]; all 56 on board die.\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** The\n        [[Italian Communist Party]] is founded in [[Livorno]].\\n** The [[Marxist Left\n        in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine]] holds its founding congress\n        in [[\\u013duboch\\u0148a]].\\n** [[Women''s suffrage]] is attained in [[Sweden]].\\n**\n        The full-length [[Silent film|silent]] [[comedy-drama]] film ''''[[The Kid\n        (1921 film)|The Kid]]'''', written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie\n        Chaplin (in his Tramp character), with [[Jackie Coogan]], is released in the\n        United States.\\n* [[January 25]] – The [[Italian battleship Leonardo\n        da Vinci|Italian battleship ''''Leonardo da Vinci'''']] is righted in [[Taranto]]\n        Harbour.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Red Army invasion of Georgia]]: The [[Democratic Republic of\n        Georgia]] is invaded by forces of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist\n        Russia]].\\n* [[February 20]] – The [[Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[February 21]] – [[1921 Persian coup d''\\u00e9tat]]:\n        [[Rez\\u0101 Sh\\u0101h|Rez\\u0101 Khan]] and [[Zia''eddin Tabatabaee]] stage\n        a [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Qajar dynasty|Iran]].\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        The moderately conservative public official [[Oscar von Sydow]] takes over\n        the Swedish premiership from Baron Louis De Geer the younger.\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Red Army invasion of Georgia]]: The [[Red Army]] enters the\n        [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgian]] capital [[Tbilisi]] and installs\n        a Moscow-directed communist government.\\n* [[February 27]] – The [[International\n        Working Union of Socialist Parties]] is formed in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[February\n        28]] – The [[Kronstadt rebellion]] is initiated by sailors of the [[Soviet\n        Navy]]''s [[Baltic Fleet]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n\\n[[File:Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[March\n        4]]: [[Warren G. Harding]] is 29th [[President of the United States]].]]\\n*\n        March – [[Group Settlement Scheme]] in [[Western Australia]] begins.\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – The city of [[Kiry\\u016b, Gunma|Kiry\\u016b]], located\n        in [[Gunma Prefecture]], Japan, is founded.\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Warren\n        G. Harding]] is [[Inauguration of Warren G. Harding|sworn in]] as the 29th\n        President of the United States.\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]:\n        [[Clonbanin Ambush]]: [[Irish Republican Army]] kills [[Brigadier General]]\n        [[Hanway Robert Cumming|Cumming]].\\n* [[March 6]] – The [[Portuguese\n        Communist Party]] is founded.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** Spanish Premier [[Eduardo\n        Dato e Iradier]] is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in\n        [[Madrid]].\\n** Allied forces occupy [[D\\u00fcsseldorf]], Ruhrort and [[Duisburg]].\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – The ''''[[\\u0130stikl\\u00e2l Mar\\u015f\\u0131]]'''' (Independence\n        March), the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted.\\n* [[March 13]]\n        – [[Occupation of Mongolia]]: The Russian [[White Army]] captures [[Mongolia]]\n        from China. [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg]] declares himself ruler.\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[Armenia]]n Soghomon Tehlirian assassinates Mehmed Talaat, former\n        Interior Minister of [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]], in [[Charlottenburg]], Berlin.\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – Six [[Irish Republican Army]] men of the [[Forgotten\n        Ten]] are hanged in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin.\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** The [[Red\n        Army]] crushes the [[Kronstadt rebellion]] and a number of sailors flee to\n        Finland.\\n** Dr. [[Marie Stopes]] opens the first [[birth control]] clinic\n        in London, England.\\n** The [[Second Polish Republic]] adopts the [[March\n        Constitution of Poland|March Constitution]].\\n* [[March 18]]  – The\n        second [[Peace of Riga]] ends the [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]. A permanent\n        border is established between the Polish and Soviet states.\\n* [[March 20]]\n        – [[Upper Silesia plebiscite]] votes for re-annexation to Germany.\\n*\n        [[March 21]]\\n** [[New Economic Policy]] starts in [[Russian Soviet Federative\n        Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]].\\n** [[Irish War of Independence]]: [[Headford\n        Ambush]]: [[Irish Republican Army]] kills at least nine British Army troops.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – The [[1921 Women''s Olympiad]] begins in Monte Carlo,\n        first international [[women''s sports]] event\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Socialist\n        Soviet Republic of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] becomes a republic [[Abkhazian SSR]].\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n\\n* April – The [[United States\n        Figure Skating Association]] is formed.\\n* [[April 11]] – The [[Emirate\n        of Transjordan]] is created, with [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]] as emir.\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – In Britain, labour unions for mining, railway and transportation\n        workers call for a [[industrial action|strike]]; the government threatens\n        to call in the army.\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Ferenc Moln\\u00e1r]]''s play\n        ''''[[Liliom]]'''' is first produced on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in English.\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – The [[Allies of World War I]] reparations commission\n        announce that Germany has to pay 132 billion gold marks ($33 trillion) in\n        annual installments of 2.5 billion.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n\\n* [[May 1]]–[[May 7]] – [[Jaffa riots]]: Riots at [[Jaffa]]\n        in [[Mandatory Palestine]] result in 47 Jewish and 48 Arab deaths.\\n* [[May\n        2]]–[[July 5]] – [[Silesian Uprisings#Third Silesian Uprising\n        (1921)|Third Silesian Uprising]]: Poles in [[Upper Silesia]] rise against\n        the Germans.\\n* [[May 3]] – The province of [[Northern Ireland]] is\n        created within the United Kingdom.\\n* [[May 5]] – Only thirteen spectators\n        attend the football match between [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] and\n        [[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]], the lowest attendance in [[The\n        Football League]]''s history.\\n* [[May 6]] – German-Russian Provisional\n        Agreement signed, Germany recognised Soviet regime in Russia. \\n* [[May 14]]–[[May\n        15]] – Major [[May 1921 geomagnetic storm|geomagnetic storm]].\\n* [[May\n        14]]–[[May 17]] – Violent anti-European riots occur in [[Cairo]]\n        and [[Alexandria]].\\n* [[May 16]]  – The [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[May 19]] – The [[Emergency Quota Act]] is passed by\n        the [[United States Congress]], establishing national quotas on immigration.\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – In Leipzig the [[Leipzig War Crimes Trials]] start. They\n        will end on July 16.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Northern Ireland general election,\n        1921|First Northern Ireland general election]] for the new [[Parliament of\n        Northern Ireland]] is held.\\n* [[May 26]] – A [[general strike]] begins\n        in Norway.\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Tulsa race riot]] begins in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]].\n        The official death toll is 39, but later investigations suggest the actual\n        toll may be much higher.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n\\n* [[June\n        21]] – [[International Hydrographic Organization|International Hydrographic\n        Bureau]] (IHB) established as an agency of the [[League of Nations]]; continues\n        in this form until April 19, 1946.\\n* [[June 27]] – The first signings\n        of [[Treaty 11]], an agreement between [[George V]], King of Canada, and various\n        Canadian [[First Nations]], are conducted at [[Fort Providence]].\\n* [[June\n        28]] – The Constitutional Assembly of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats\n        and Slovenes]] passes the [[Vidovdan Constitution]], despite a boycott of\n        the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties.\\n* [[June 30]]\n        – The [[death penalty]] is abolished in Sweden.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Communist Party of China]]\n        (CPC) is founded.\\n** A coal strike ends in England.\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        U.S. President [[Warren Harding]] signs a joint congressional resolution declaring\n        an end to America''s state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.{{cite\n        news|last=Staff|title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator''s Home.\n        Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=3 July 1921}}\\n* [[July 4]] – A new conservative\n        government is formed in Italy by [[Ivanoe Bonomi]].\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** The\n        [[Irish War of Independence]] (aka the Anglo-Irish War) comes to a halt after\n        a truce is signed between the belligerents.\\n** The [[Red Army]] captures\n        [[Mongolia]] from the [[White Army]] and establishes the [[Mongolian People''s\n        Republic]].\\n* [[July 14]] – A Massachusetts jury finds [[Sacco and\n        Vanzetti|Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti]] guilty of first degree murder\n        following a widely publicized trial.\\n* [[July 17]] – The [[Republic\n        of Mirdita]] is proclaimed near the [[Albania]]n-[[Serbia]]n border with [[Kingdom\n        of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] support.\\n* [[July 18]] – The first [[Bacillus\n        Calmette-Gu\\u00e9rin|BCG]] vaccination against [[tuberculosis]] is given.\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – [[Rif War]] – [[Battle of Annual]]: Spanish troops\n        are dealt a crushing defeat at the hands of [[Abd el-Krim]].\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – The Anglo-Irish truce, agreed 10 days earlier, is officially declared\n        in London. \\n* [[July 23]] – The [[Communist\n        Party of China]] (CPC) launched the first time of [[1st National Congress\n        of the Communist Party of China|founding National Congress]], [[Communist\n        party]] in China are established.\\n* [[July 26]] – U.S. President [[Warren\n        G. Harding]] receives Princess Fatima of [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]\n        and [[Stanley Clifford Weyman]].\\n* [[July 27]] – Researchers at the\n        [[University of Toronto]] led by biochemist [[Frederick Banting]] announce\n        the discovery of the hormone [[insulin]].\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        becomes [[F\\u00fchrer]] of the [[Nazi Party]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n\\n* August – The United States formally ends World War I.\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – The first radio baseball game is broadcast; [[Harold\n        Arlin]] announces the Pirates-Phillies game from [[Forbes Field]] over Westinghouse\n        KDKA, in [[Pittsburgh]].\\n* [[August 11]] – The temperature reaches\n        39 degrees Celsius in [[Breslau]]; the heat wave continues elsewhere in Europe\n        as well.\\n* [[August 23]] – King [[Faisal I of Iraq]] is crowned in\n        [[Baghdad]].\\n* [[August 24]] – [[R38-class airship]] ZR-2 explodes\n        on her fourth test flight near [[Kingston upon Hull]], England, killing 44\n        of the 49 Anglo-American crew on board.{{cite journal|last=Driggs|first=Laurence\n        La Tourette|date=September 7, 1921|title=The Fall of the Airship|journal=[[The\n        Outlook (New York)|The Outlook]]|volume=129|pages=14\\u201315|location=New\n        York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVroBrOJL64C&pg=PA14|accessdate=2009-07-30}}\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Franklin Roosevelt]], 39, is diagnosed with [[poliomyelitis]]\n        following a two-week illness characterized by paralysis and fevers. He would\n        be permanently disabled after this illness.\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** Rising prices\n        cause major riots in [[Munich]].\\n** The assassination of German politician\n        [[Matthias Erzberger]] causes the government to declare martial law.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        Poplar Strike in London: Nine members of the [[Poplar, London|Poplar]] [[borough\n        council]] are arrested.\\n* [[September 7]] – In [[Atlantic City, New\n        Jersey]], the first [[Miss America Pageant]] is held.\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        Sixteen-year-old [[Margaret Gorman]] wins the Atlantic City Pageant''s Golden\n        Mermaid trophy; pageant officials later dub her the first [[Miss America]].\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – The [[Lotta Sv\\u00e4rd]] women''s paramilitary auxiliary\n        is founded in Finland.\\n* [[September 13]] – [[White Castle (restaurant)|White\n        Castle]] [[hamburger]] restaurant opens in [[Wichita, Kansas]], the foundation\n        of the world''s first [[fast food]] chain.\\n* [[September 21]] – The\n        [[Oppau explosion]] occurs at [[BASF]]''s [[nitrate]] factory in Oppau, Germany;\n        500\\u2013600 are killed.\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October 1921}}\\n* [[October\n        5]]  – The first broadcast of a [[World Series]] game on the radio,\n        by [[Newark, New Jersey]], station WJZ; [[Pittsburgh]] station KDKA; and a\n        group of other commercial and amateur stations throughout the eastern United\n        States.\\n* [[October 8]]  – The first [[Sweetest Day]] is staged in\n        [[Cleveland, Ohio]].\\n* [[October 10]] – Teaching at the [[University\n        of Szeged]] starts in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].\\n* [[October 13]]\\n**The\n        [[Treaty of Kars]] is signed between the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]\n        and the Soviet Socialist Republics of [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]],\n        [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan]] and [[Georgian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic|Georgia]], establishing the boundaries between [[Turkey]]\n        and the states of the [[south Caucasus]]. \\n**Swedish Social Democratic party\n        leader [[Hjalmar Branting]] becomes yet again Prime Minister, after strong\n        general election gains for his party.\\n* [[October 19]] – ''[[Bloody\n        Night]]'' (''''Noite Sangrenta''''): A massacre in [[Lisbon]] claims the lives\n        of Portuguese Prime-Minister [[Ant\\u00f3nio Granjo]] and other politicians.\\n*\n        [[October 21]]\\n** A peace conference between Ireland and the United Kingdom\n        begins in London.\\n** [[George Melford]]''s wildly successful silent film\n        ''''[[The Sheik (film)|The Sheik]]'''', which will propel its leading actor\n        [[Rudolph Valentino]] to international stardom, is premiered in Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – The Spanish Army defeats rifkabyl rebels in [[Morocco]].\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – In the United States\\n** Construction of the [[Link\n        River Dam]], a part of the [[Klamath Project]] in [[Oregon]], is completed.\\n**\n        [[Centre College]]''s [[American football]] team, led by quarterback [[Bo\n        McMillin]], defeats [[Harvard Crimson football|Harvard University]] 6\\u20130\n        to break Harvard''s five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this\n        is called \\\"football''s upset of the century.\\\"\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main|November\n        1921}}\\n* [[November 4]] – After a speech by [[Adolf Hitler]] in the\n        [[Hofbr\\u00e4uhaus]] in [[Munich]] (Germany), members of the ''''[[Sturmabteilung]]''''\n        (\\\"brownshirts\\\") physically assault his opposition.\\n* [[November 9]]\\n**\n        The [[National Fascist Party]] (''''Partito Nazionale Fascista'''' or PNF)\n        is founded in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]].\\n** [[Albert Einstein]] is awarded\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work with the [[photoelectric effect]].\\n**\n        Riots in [[Reykjav\\u00edk]] injure most of the small police force.{{Clarify|date=December 2012}}\\n* [[November 11]] – During an [[Armistice\n        Day]] ceremony at [[Arlington National Cemetery]], the [[Tomb of the Unknowns|Tomb\n        of the Unknown Soldier]] is dedicated by [[Warren G. Harding]], President\n        of the United States.\\n* [[November 14]] – The [[Spanish Communist Party]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[November 23]] – The [[Sheppard\\u2013Towner Act]] is\n        signed by President Harding, providing federal funding for maternity and child\n        care.\\n* Undated – [[Hyperinflation]] rampant in Germany, where 263\n        [[German Papiermark|marks]] are now needed to buy a single American dollar,\n        more than 20 times greater than the 12 marks needed in April 1919.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm |title=Weimar Germany\n        1919-1933|publisher=Historyhome.co.uk|date=2011-01-05|accessdate=2013-03-19}}\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{Main|December 1921}}\\n[[File:King1922.jpg|180px|thumb|[[December\n        29]]: [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] becomes the 10th Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – Rising prices cause riots in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[December\n        6]]\\n** The [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] establishing the [[Irish Free State]],\n        an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland''s 32 counties, is signed\n        in London.\\n** [[Agnes Macphail]] becomes the first woman to be elected to\n        the Canadian Parliament.\\n* [[December 13]] – In the [[Four-Power Treaty]]\n        on Insular Possessions, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], the United States, United\n        Kingdom, and [[French Third Republic|France]] agree to recognize the status\n        quo in the Pacific.\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Visva-Bharati College]] is\n        founded by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in [[Santiniketan]], [[Bengal Presidency]],\n        [[British India]].\\n* [[December 29]] – [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]\n        becomes Canada''s tenth [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]].\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Russian famine of 1921|Russian famine]]: Roughly 5,000,000\n        people die.\\n* Jewish immigration to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] grows\n        rapidly after the United States drastically limits immigration from [[Eastern\n        Europe]].\\n* Regular radio broadcasting services begin in Italy.\\n* [[Edward\n        Harper (engineer)|Edward Harper]], the \\\"father of broadcasting\\\" in [[Ceylon]],\n        arrives in [[Colombo]] to take up his post as Chief Engineer of the Ceylon\n        Telegraph Department.\\n* The [[vibraphone]] in its original form is invented\n        in the United States.\\n* [[E. W. Scripps]] and [[William Emerson Ritter]]\n        found ''''Science Service'''', later renamed [[Society for Science and the\n        Public]], in the United States with the goal of keeping the public informed\n        of scientific developments.\\n* The [[Sauerl\\u00e4nder Heimatbund]] is founded\n        in [[Meschede]], Germany.\\n* [[Weimar Republic]] makes its first payment of\n        reparations.{{Clarify|date=December 2012}}\\n\\n==\n        Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Friedrich duerrenmatt 19890427.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Friedrich\n        D\\u00fcrrenmatt]]]]\\n[[File:Donna Reed.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Donna Reed]]]]\\n[[File:Carol\n        Channing 1960.png|110px|thumb|[[Carol Channing]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar\n        Baldaccini]], French sculptor (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Doris Tetzlaff]], American\n        female professional baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Friedrich\n        D\\u00fcrrenmatt]], Swiss writer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]\\n*\n        [[January 9]]\\n** [[Fraser Barron]], New Zealand bomber pilot during WWII\n        (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[\\u00c1gnes Keleti]], Hungarian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Lister\n        Sinclair]], Canadian broadcaster and playwright (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Rodger Ward]], American race car driver (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Murray Bookchin]], American libertarian socialist (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Yoichiro Nambu]], Japanese-American Nobel physicist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Patricia Highsmith]], American author\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Howard Unruh]], American spree killer\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Beatrice Mintz]], American biologist\n        \\n* [[January 26]] – [[Akio Morita]], Japanese businessman, co-founder\n        of Sony (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Donna Reed]], American actress\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Carol Channing]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Mario Lanza]], American tenor and actor (d. [[1959]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Betty\n        Friedan 1960.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Betty Friedan]]]]\\n[[File:Lana Turner - 1940\n        publicity.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lana Turner]]]]\\n[[File:Betty Hutton.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Betty\n        Hutton]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Peter Sallis]], English actor (''''[[Last\n        of the Summer Wine]]''''; ''''[[Wallace and Gromit]]'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Betty Friedan]], American feminist (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[John Pritchard (conductor)|John Pritchard]], English\n        conductor (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Ken Adam|Sir Ken Adam]], German-born British\n        production designer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Nexhmije Hoxha]],\n        widow of [[Enver Hoxha]]\\n** [[Betsy Jochum]], American female baseball player\\n**\n        [[Lana Turner]], American actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Lloyd Bentsen]], American politician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 14]] –\n        [[Hugh Downs]], American game show host and journalist\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\n**[[Jefferson J. DeBlanc]], World War II United States Marine Corps fighter\n        ace (d. [[2007]])\\n**[[Martha Farkas Glaser]], Civil Rights Activist and Manager\n        of Jazz Musician [[Erroll Garner]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Hua\n        Guofeng]], former [[Chairman of the Communist Party of China]] and [[Premier\n        of the People''s Republic of China|Premier of China]] (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Vera-Ellen]],\n        American actress and dancer (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Muriel\n        Coben]], Canadian professional baseball and curling player (d. [[1979]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Brian Faulkner]], 6th Prime Minister of Northern\n        Ireland (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[\\\"Nature Boy\\\" Buddy Rogers|\\\"Nature\n        Boy\\\" Rogers]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\n** [[Jean-B\\u00e9del Bokassa]], 2nd President of the Central African\n        Republic (1966-1976) and Emperor of Central Africa (1976-1979) (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Wayne C. Booth]], American literary critic (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Giulietta\n        Masina]], Italian actress (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Abe Vigoda]],\n        American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Pierre Laporte]],\n        Canadian statesman (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Betty Hutton]],\n        American actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Pierre Clostermann]],\n        French World War II pilot (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gordon MacRae\n        1953.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Gordon MacRae]]]]\\n[[File:Fahd bin Abdul Aziz.jpg|110px|thumb|King\n        [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Jack Clayton]], British film\n        director (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Terence Cooke|Terence Cardinal Cooke]], American\n        Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Richard Wilbur]], American poet\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Robert Simpson (composer)|Robert Simpson]], English\n        composer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Diana Barrymore]], American actress\n        (d. [[1960]])\\n** [[Paul Guimard]], French writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Halim El-Dabh]], Egyptian-born U.S. composer, performer, ethnomusicologist\n        and educator (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Joan Greenwood]], British actress (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Elmer Valo]], Czechoslovakia-born [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Alan Hale, Jr.]], American actor\n        (''''[[Gilligan''s Island]]'''') (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Cec\n        Linder]], Polish-born Canadian actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**[[Frank\n        Harary]], American mathematician (d. [[2005]])\\n**[[Astor Piazzolla]], Argentine\n        tango composer, bandoneon player and arranger (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Gianni Agnelli]], Italian auto executive (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Gordon MacRae]],\n        American singer and actor (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Al Jaffee]],\n        American cartoonist (''''MAD Magazine'''')\\n** [[Cyril Poole]], English cricketer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 16]] – King [[Faud of Saudi Arabia]] (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Lis Hartel]], Danish equestrian athlete (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Meir Amit]], Israeli politician and general (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Tommy Cooper]], Welsh prop comedian and magician (d.\n        [[1984]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Alfr\\u00e9d R\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian mathematician\n        (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[March 21]]\\n**  [[Arthur Grumiaux]], Belgian violinist\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Xu Zuyao]], Chinese expert in materials science (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Wilson Harris]], Guyanese writer\\n** [[Vasily Smyslov]],\n        Soviet chess player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Simone Signoret]],\n        French actress (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Dirk Bogarde]], English\n        actor (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Yitzhak Navon 1.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Yitzhak\n        Navon]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Schelling.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Thomas Schelling]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Beau Jack]], American boxer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n** [[Robert Karvelas]], American actor (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Jan Sterling]],\n        American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Franco Corelli]],\n        Italian opera singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\n** [[Frankie Thomas]],\n        American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Yitzhak Navon]], Israeli politician (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Chuck Connors]], American basketball and baseball\n        player turned actor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Sheb Wooley]], American actor, singer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Thomas Schelling]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[Georgy Beregovoy]], Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Peter Ustinov]], English actor and director (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Sergio Sollima]], Italian director (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Roberto Tucci]], Italian cardinal and theologian (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Vivian Dandridge]], African-American actress\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Judy Agnew]], [[Second Lady of the United\n        States]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Janet Blair]], American actress (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Warren Spahn]], American baseball player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Karel Appel]], Dutch painter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Jimmy\n        Giuffre]], American jazz musician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[John\n        Stott]], British Christian leader and Anglican cleric (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hans-Joachim\n        Kulenkampff]], German television host and entertainer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[April\n        30]]\\n** [[Dottie Green]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Tove Ma\\u00ebs]], Danish actress (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Satyajit\n        Ray with Ravi Sankar recording for Pather Panchali cropped Ray.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Satyajit\n        Ray]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Satyajit Ray]], Indian filmmaker (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Sugar Ray Robinson]], American boxer (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow]], American physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 6]] –\n        [[Erich Fried]], Austrian author (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Sophie Scholl]],\n        Anti-Nazi Resistance fighter (d. [[1943]])\\n** [[Mona Van Duyn]], American\n        poet (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Hildegard Hamm-Br\\u00fccher]],\n        German politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Joseph Beuys]], German\n        artist (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Cor van der Hoeven]], Dutch footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Farley Mowat]], Canadian writer and naturalist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 14]]\n        – [[Richard Deacon (actor)|Richard Deacon]], American actor (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Harry Carey, Jr.]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Dennis Brain]], English musician (d. [[1957]])\\n* [[May 18]]\n        – Sir [[Michael A. Epstein]], British medical researcher\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – [[Karel van het Reve]], Dutch writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n**\n        [[Wolfgang Borchert]], German writer (d. [[1947]])\\n** [[Hal Newhouser]],\n        baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Andrei Sakharov]], Soviet\n        physicist and human rights activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        (which he declined) (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]], Indian philosopher,\n        author of the socio-economic [[Progressive Utilization Theory]] (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]]\\n** [[James Blish]], American science fiction author (d. [[1975]])\\n**\n        [[Humphrey Lyttelton]], British jazz musician and radio personality (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Hal David]], American songwriter and lyricist (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[James C. Quayle]], American newspaper publisher (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Steinberger]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[May 26]] \\n** [[Stan Mortensen]], English footballer (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Anatoly Chernyaev]], Russian historian and writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        28]]\\n** [[Tom Uren]], Australian soldier and politician (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Heinz G. Konsalik]], German author (d. [[1999]])\\n*[[May 29]]\\n**[[Norman\n        Hetherington]], Australian puppeteer & artist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 30]]\n        – [[Jamie Uys]], South African actor and film director. (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:President\n        Suharto, 1993.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Suharto]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Philip March 2015.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Prince\n        Philip]]]]\\n[[File:Jane Russell in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes trailer 3.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jane\n        Russell]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Nelson Riddle]], American bandleader (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Forbes Carlile]], Australian athlete (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[John Shelton Wilder]], American politician, former Lieutenant Governor of\n        Tennessee (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Myrtle Edwards]], Australian cricketer\n        and softball player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bernard Lown]], American medical innovator;\n        awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] \\n** [[Brian Talboys]], New Zealand politician,\n        7th [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        [[Alexis Smith]], Canadian-born American actress (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Suharto]],\n        former [[President of Indonesia]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Margaret\n        Danhauser]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], consort of [[Elizabeth\n        II]]\\n* [[June 12]] \\n** [[Christopher Derrick]], British writer (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Johan Witteveen]], Dutch politician and economist, [[International Monetary\n        Fund|5th Managing Director of the IMF]]\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Nancy Warren\n        (baseball)|Nancy Warren]], American female professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2001]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Erroll Garner]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Louis Jourdan]], French actor (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Fernando Hoyos]], Colombian sports shooter\\n** [[Thomas\n        Morrow Reavley]], American judge\\n** [[Gebhard B\\u00fcchel]], Liechtenstein\n        decathlete\\n** [[Jane Russell]], American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June\n        22]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Agdamag]], Filipino sports shooter (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Ralph K. Hofer]], American fighter pilot (d. [[1942]])\\n* [[June 23]] \\n**\n        [[Marius Mora]], French cross-country skier\\n** [[Paul Findley]], American\n        politician\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Zappy Max|fr|3=Zappy Max}}, French\n        radio presenter\\n** [[Colin Pinch]], Australian Cricketer (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 24]]\\n** [[Gerhard Sommer]], German soldier\\n** Marianne Schubarth,\n        German actress\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** A.K. Kamalan, Indian actress\\n** [[Celia\n        Franca]], Canadian ballet dancer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Violette\n        Szabo]], French World War II heroine (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Muriel\n        Pavlow]], English actress\\n** Frances E. Neal, American actress\\n* [[June\n        28]] – [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], [[Prime Minister of India]] (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – [[Bob Kennedy (American football, born 1921)|Bob Kennedy]],\n        American football player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Washington SyCip]],\n        Filipino accountant\\n** [[Oswaldo L\\u00f3pez Arellano]], 42th and 44th President\n        of Honduras (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jules Amez-Droz]], Swiss fencer (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Nancy\n        Reagan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nancy Reagan]]]]\\n[[File:Programa Radial Testimonio\n        Pol\\u00edtico en la Radio de la Asamblea Nacional invitado el Arq. Sixto Dur\\u00e1n\n        Ballen ex Presidente de la Rep\\u00fablica del Ecuador (5985373958).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sixto\n        Dur\\u00e1n Ball\\u00e9n]]]]\\n[[File:John Glenn Low Res.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        Glenn]]]]\\n[[File:Rosalyn Yalow.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rosalyn Yalow]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Egan 1949.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Richard Egan (actor)|Richard Egan]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Arthur Johnson (canoeist)|Arthur Johnson]], Canadian sprint canoeist\\n**\n        [[Teddy Long (footballer)|Teddy Long]], Australian rules footballer (d. [[2008]])\n        \\n** [[Seretse Khama]], 1st President of Botswana (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Levi Yitzchak Horowitz]], [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[rebbe]]\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Nasser Sharifi]], Iranian sports shooter\\n**\n        [[G\\u00e9rard Debreu]], French economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Tibor Varga (violinist)|Tibor\n        Varga]], Hungarian violinist and conductor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Nanos Valaoritis]], Greek writer\\n** [[Vito Ortelli]], Italian racing cyclist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Al Kozar]], American second baseman (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July\n        6]] \\n** [[Billy and Bobby Mauch]], American actors (d. [[2006]]) and (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Ed Erban]], American professional basketball player (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Nancy Reagan]], actress; [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Allan MacEachen]], Canadian politician\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Johnny Van Cuyk]],\n        American relief pitcher (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Dragomir Felba]], Serbian actor\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Joe Wade]], English footballer and manager (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[July 8]]\\n** [[Frank Prihoda]], Australian alpine skier\\n** [[Edgar Morin]],\n        French philosopher and sociologist\\n** [[Don Ray (basketball)|Don Ray]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[John Money]], New Zealand psychologist,\n        sexologist and author (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[John K. Singlaub]],\n        U.S Army Major General\\n** [[Harvey Ball]], American designer (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]], member of the Kennedy family (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Jake LaMotta]], American boxer\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Claude Bonin-Pissarro]],\n        French painter and graphic designer\\n** [[Petter Hugsted]], Norwegian Olympic\n        ski jumper (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ilse Werner]], German actress (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Brother Blue]], African American educator, storyteller,\n        actor, musician and street performer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Friedrich Peter]], Austrian politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**\n        [[Leon Garfield]], English writer (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Armand Gaudreault]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Wilkinson]], English\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Sixto Dur\\u00e1n Ball\\u00e9n]], President of Ecuador (d. [[2016]]) \\n* [[July\n        15]]\\n** [[Jean Heywood]], British actress\\n** [[Patricia Wright (actress)|Patricia\n        Wright]], American actress\\n** [[Barrie Dexter]], Australian senior diplomat\\n**\n        [[Carl Richardson]], American football coach\\n** Madge Meredith, American\n        actress\\n** [[Robert Bruce Merrifield]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Nilo Floody]],\n        Chilean modern pentathlete (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Bernard W. Rogers]], United\n        States Army general (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Boscoe Holder]], Trinidadian artist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Acquanetta]], American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[P\\u00edo Corcuera]], Argentine football striker (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hannah\n        Szenes]], Hungarian World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek\n        Zvar\\u00edk]], Slovakian actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Aaron T.\n        Beck]], American psychiatrist\\n** [[John Glenn]], American astronaut and former\n        U.S. Senator (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Heinz Bennent]], German actor (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Gerry Mays]], Scottish football player and manager (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Richard\n        Leacock]], Documentary filmmaker, Pioneer of Cin\\u00e9ma V\\u00e9rit\\u00e9\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Elizabeth Spencer (writer)|Elizabeth Spencer]],\n        American writer\\n** [[Bertil Antonsson]], Swedish heavyweight wrestler (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]], American physicist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Diana Elles,\n        Baroness Elles]], barrister and United Nations representative from the United\n        Kingdom (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]], American medical physicist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 21]] – {{Interlanguage link multi|Carminha Brand\\u00e3o|pt|3=Carminha\n        Brand\\u00e3o}}, Brazilian actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Jim Rivera]],\n        American former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder\\n** [[Tandy Little]],\n        American politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Al LaMacchia]], American professional\n        baseball player and scout (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[William V. Roth, Jr.|William\n        Roth]], U.S. Senator (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Billy Taylor]],\n        American jazz musician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Richard Egan\n        (actor)|Richard Egan]], American actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Grant Johannesen]], American concert pianist (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Esther\n        Williams - portrait.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Esther Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Julia Hartwig\n        Warsaw October21 2009 Fot Mariusz Kubik 05.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julia Hartwig]]]]\\n[[File:Gene\n        roddenberry 1976.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Gene Roddenberry]]]]\\n* [[August\n        3]] \\n** [[Richard Adler]], American Broadway composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Edward\n        Tipper]], American World War II veteran (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 4]] –\n        [[Maurice Richard]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – [[Esther Williams]], American swimmer and actress (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]]\\n** [[Ernest Angley]], American televangelist, author and station\n        owner\\n** [[J. James Exon]], Governor of Nebraska and U.S. Senator (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Patricia Marmont]], American actress, daughter of [[Percy Marmont]]\\n* [[August\n        10]] – [[Yuki Shimoda]], American actor (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[August 11]]\n        \\n**[[August 11]] – [[Tom Kilburn]] the co-inventor of the [[Williams_tube|Williams-Kilborn\n        tube]] used for memory in early computer systems (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Barney Liddell]], American musician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August\n        14]] – [[Julia Hartwig]], Polish author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 15]]\n        – [[K. Kailasanatha Kurukkal]], Researcher, Writer and Professor of\n        [[Jaffna]], Sri Lanka (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Zdzis\\u0142aw\n        \\u017bygulski, Jr.]], Polish art historian (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 19]]\n        – [[Gene Roddenberry]], American television producer (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[John Osteen]], American televangelist (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Kenneth Arrow]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        25]]\\n** [[Monty Hall]], Canadian-born American game show host \\n** [[Brian\n        Moore (novelist)|Brian Moore]], Northern Irish-born Canadian writer (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]]\\n** [[Shimshon Amitsur]], Israeli mathematician and [[Israel\n        Prize]] recipient (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Benjamin Bradlee]], American journalist,\n        executive editor of ''''[[The Washington Post]]'''' (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August\n        27]] – [[Georg Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House\n        of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[John Herbert\n        Chapman]], Canadian physicist (d. [[1979]]) \\n** [[Nancy Kulp]], American\n        actress (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Lidia Gueiler Tejada]], [[President of Bolivia]]\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:President Virgilio Barco.png|thumb|110px|[[Virgilio\n        Barco Vargas]]]]\\n[[File:Deborah Kerr in colour Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Deborah\n        Kerr]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Josephine Lenard]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Thurston Dart]],\n        English harpsichordist and conductor (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n**\n        [[Mosie Lister]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Harry Secombe]], Welsh\n        entertainer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Lem]],\n        Polish science fiction writer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Frank McGee (journalist)|Frank\n        McGee]], American television personality (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[September 13]]\n        \\n** [[Gunnar Eriksson]], Swedish Olympic cross-country skiier (d. [[1982]])\\n**\n        [[Sergey Nepobedimy]], Soviet rocket weaponry designer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Dario Vittori]], Argentine actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Norma MacMillan]], voice actress (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] – [[Mohamed Talbi]], Tunisian historian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Virgilio Barco Vargas]], 27th President of Colombia (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Paulo Freire]], Brazilian educator and philosopher  (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Jim McKay]], American sportscaster (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n** [[Charlene Pryer]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Robert Muldoon]], 31st [[Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand]] (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Mikl\\u00f3s Jancs\\u00f3]],\n        Hungarian film director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bernard Waber]], American children''s\n        author (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Deborah Kerr]], Scottish actress\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jorge Loring Mir\\u00f3]], Spanish Jesuit priest, public\n        speaker and author (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:James Whitmore.jpg|110px|thumb|[[James\n        Whitmore]]]]\\n[[File:JesseHelms.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jesse Helms]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Michael I of Romania by Emanuel Stoica.jpg|110px|thumb|[[King Michael I]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[James Whitmore]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Robert Runcie]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d.\n        [[2000]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Francisco Morales Berm\\u00fadez]], President\n        of Peru\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Bill Willis]], American football player\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Tommy Farrell]], American supporting\n        actor and comedian (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Abraham Sarmiento]],\n        Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Shaw McCutcheon]], American cartoonist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n**[[Enrico Cocozza]], Scottish filmmaker (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Yves\n        Montand]], French singer and actor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Arra\\u00f1o Acevedo]], Chilean historian (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Zizinho|Thomaz\n        Soares da Silva]], Brazilian football player (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 17]]\n        – [[Maria Gorokhovskaya]], Soviet gymnast (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[October\n        18]]\\n** [[Jerry Cooke (photographer)|Jerry Cooke]], American photographer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jesse Helms]], U.S. Senator from North Carolina (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[George Nader]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Gunnar\n        Nordahl]], Swedish footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Malcolm\n        Arnold]], British music composer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld]],\n        Dutch astronomer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Georges Brassens]],\n        French singer-songwriter (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Turcat]], French aviator and first pilot of [[Concorde]] (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Sena Jurinac]], Bosnian operatic soprano (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – King [[Michael I of Romania]]\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Frances Scott Fitzgerald]], writer; daughter of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald|F.\n        Scott]] and [[Zelda Fitzgerald]] (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Warren\n        Allen Smith]], American gay rights activist, writer and humanities humanist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Brian Keith - still.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian\n        Keith]]]]\\n[[File:Jackie Stallone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jackie Stallone]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Charles Bronson]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – Princess [[Fawzia Fuad of Egypt]] (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[James Jones (author)|James Jones]], American writer\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Gene Saks]], American actor and\n        film director (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Owen Bush]], American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Molly Dodd]], American actress\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Ron Greenwood]], English football manager (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]]  – [[Joonas Kokkonen]], Finnish composer (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]]  – [[Brian Keith]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Albert Bertelsen]], Danish artist\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Dan Frazer]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[Rodney Dangerfield]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – [[Fred Buscaglione]], Italian singer and actor (d.\n        [[1960]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[John Lindsay]], American lawyer and\n        politician, [[Mayor of New York City]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 27]] –\n        [[Alexander Dub\\u010dek]], Slovak politician and First Secretary of the Central\n        Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Jackie Stallone]], American astrologer and mother of [[Sylvester\n        Stallone]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jayne Meadows Steve Allen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        Allen]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Carlo Furno]], Italian cardinal (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Phyllis Curtin]], American soprano (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Deanna Durbin]], Canadian singer (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Alvy Moore]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Hansen (actor)|Peter Hansen]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        6]] – [[Otto Graham]], American football player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Liz Smith (actress)|Liz Smith]], British actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Alan Freed]], American [[disc jockey]], known for\n        introducing [[rock and roll]] to mainstream radio (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[December\n        17]] – [[Anne Golon]], French writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 19]]\n        – [[Bla\\u017ee Koneski]], Macedonian poet and linguist (d. [[1993]])\n        \\n* [[December 21]] – [[Luigi Creatore]], American songwriter and record\n        producer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Marge Callaghan]], Canadian\n        female professional baseball player\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Steve Allen]],\n        American actor, composer, comedian, and author (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Rashid Karami]], 8-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Maurice Yam\\u00e9ogo]], [[President of Upper Volta]]\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]], 7th Prime\n        Minister of Swaziland (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[Abdullahi Issa]], 1st Prime Minister\n        of Somalia (d. [[1988]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January–June ===\\n[[File:Theobald\n        von Bethmann-Hollweg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Nikola of Montenegro.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]]]]\\n[[File:EDato.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Eduardo\n        Dato]]]]\\n[[File:%C3%89mile_Combes_(1835%E2%80%931921).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emile\n        Combes]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]], 5th\n        [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Adolf von Hildebrand]], German sculptor (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[Justiniano Borgo\\u00f1o]], 37th Prime Minister of\n        Peru (b. [[1836]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[H. G. Haugan]], Norwegian-born\n        American railroad and banking executive (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\n**\n        [[Andrea Carlo Ferrari]], Italian Catholic cardinal and blessed (b. [[1850]])\\n**\n        [[Antonio Jacobsen]], American maritime artist (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[John J. Gardner]], American politician (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[February\n        8]]\\n** [[George Formby Snr]], English entertainer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Kropotkin]], Russian anarchist (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Ernst\n        Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        [[Carl Menger]], Austrian economist (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        [[Schofield Haigh]], English cricketer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** King\n        [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]] (b. [[1841]])\\n** King [[Nikola I Petrovic-Njegos]]\n        (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Eduardo Dato]], Spanish politician,\n        3-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1856]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Talaat Pasha]], Ottoman Turkish ruler, initiator of the Armenian\n        Genocide (b. [[1874]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[March 29]] – [[John Burroughs]],\n        American naturalist and essayist (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Edmund\n        Po\\u00eb]], British admiral (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Augusta\n        Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein]], last German Empress, wife of [[Wilhelm II,\n        German Emperor]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Manwel Dimech]],\n        Maltese philosopher and social reformer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        [[Tom O''Brien (second baseman)|Tom O''Brien]], American [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Arthur Mold]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Alfred Hermann Fried]], Austrian writer\n        and pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May\n        9]] – [[William Henry Chamberlin (philosopher)|William Henry Chamberlin]],\n        American philosopher (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Emilia Pardo Baz\\u00e1n]],\n        Spanish writer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Edward Douglass White]],\n        9th [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1845]])\\n** [[Michael Llewelyn\n        Davies]], one of the ''Lost Boys'' for the [[Peter Pan]] book (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[\\u00c9mile Combes]], French statesman, 69th [[Prime Minister\n        of France]] (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Georges Feydeau]], French\n        playwright (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 11]] – Patriarch [[Leonid of Georgia]]\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Eduardo Acevedo D\\u00edaz]], Uruguayan\n        writer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Alfred Percy Sinnett]], British\n        writer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Gyorche Petrov]], Macedonian\n        and Bulgarian revolutionary (b. [[1865]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**[[Lady\n        Randolph Churchill]], mother of [[Winston Churchill]] (b. [[1854]])\\n**[[Otto\n        Seeck]], German classical historian (b. [[1850]])\\n\\n=== July–December\n        ===\\n[[File:Enrico Caruso XV.png|thumb|100px|[[Enrico Caruso]]]]\\n[[File:Humperdinck\n        Postcard-1910.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)|Engelbert\n        Humperdinck]]]]\\n[[File:John Boyd Dunlop 418px.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Boyd\n        Dunlop]]]]\\n[[File:Takashi_Hara_posing.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hara Takashi]]]]\\n[[File:Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns_in_1900_by_Pierre_Petit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Camille\n        Saint-Saens]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Maurice Bailloud]], French general\n        (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]\n        (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Gabriel Lippmann]], Luxembourger-French\n        physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – [[Howard Vernon (Australian actor)|Howard Vernon]], Australian actor\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Enrico Caruso]], Italian tenor (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Alexander Blok]], Russian poet (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – [[Juhani Aho]], Finnish author and journalist (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Peter I of Serbia]], King of Yugoslavia (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Georges Darien]], French writer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[S\\u00e1ndor Wekerle]], 3-Time Prime Minister of Hungary (b.\n        [[1848]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Karl von B\\u00fclow]], German field marshal\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Henry Austin Dobson]], English\n        poet (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Alfred William Rich]], English\n        watercolour painter (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** [[William Campbell\n        (missionary)|William Campbell]], British missionary in Taiwan (b. [[1841]])\\n**\n        [[Virginia Rappe]], American model and actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[John Tengo Jabavu]], editor of South Africa''s first newspaper\n        in Xhosa. (b. 1859)\\n* [[September 11]] \\n** [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]],\n        British naval officer and German prince (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Subramania Bharati]],\n        Tamil poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Philipp, Prince of\n        Eulenburg]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Engelbert Humperdinck\n        (composer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]], German composer (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October\n        2]] – King [[William II of Wurttemberg]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Philander C. Knox]], American politician (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[October\n        15]] – [[Haydar Khan Amo-oghli]], Iranian revolutionary (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Yaa Asantewaa]], Asante warrior queen (b. c. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[October 18]] – [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]], last king of Bavaria (b.\n        [[1845]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[William Wallace Wotherspoon]], American\n        general (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[John Boyd Dunlop]], Irish\n        British-born inventor and veterinary surgeon (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[October 25]]\n        – [[Bat Masterson]], American gunfighter (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] – [[William Egan (gangster)|William Egan]], American gangster (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Hara Takashi]], Japanese politician,\n        10th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1856]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Charles, 6th Prince of Lowenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg]], German\n        nobleman (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Fernand Khnopff]], Belgian\n        painter (b. [[1858]]) \\n* [[November 14]]  – [[Isabel, Princess Imperial\n        of Brazil]], daughter of Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Christina Nilsson]], Swedish operatic soprano (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]] \\n** [[Charles White Whittlesey|Charles Whittlesey]], United\n        States Army officer, commander of the \\\"[[Lost Battalion (World War I)|Lost\n        Battalion]]\\\" in World War I (suicide) (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Cartailhac]],\n        French prehistorian (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Douglas Colin\n        Cameron]], Canadian politician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[`Abdu''l-Bah\\u00e1]],\n        Persian religious leader (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[George\n        Ashlin]], Irish architect (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Henrietta\n        Swan Leavitt]], American astronomer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[Camille Saint-Sa\\u00ebns]], French composer (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[December\n        20]]\\n**[[Dmitri Parsky]], Russian general (b. [[1866]])\\n**[[Julius Richard\n        Petri]], German microbiologist (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Boies\n        Penrose]], U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes\n        ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Albert Einstein]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Frederick Soddy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]\n        – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Anatole\n        France]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Karl Hjalmar Branting]],\n        [[Christian Lous Lange]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Sources==\\n{{commons\n        and category}}\\n* ''''New International Year Book: 1921'''' (1922) [https://books.google.com/books?id=F11MAAAAMAAJ&dq=intitle:international+intitle:year+intitle:book&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=1&source=gbs_navlinks_s\n        online edition]\\n* [http://pwnhc.ca/timeline/1900/Airplane_1921.html 1921\n        Aviation Comes North- NWT Historical Timeline- A Prince of Wales Northern\n        Heritage Centre Online Exhibit]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1921}}\\n[[Category:1921|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T13:34:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":799725835,\"length\":55448,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1921&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921\"},\"34866\":{\"pageid\":34866,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1922\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T22:52:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1922|the committee of British Conservative\n        MPs|1922 Committee|the novella by Stephen King|1922 (novella)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1922}}\\n{{Year nav|1922}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1922}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main|January\n        1922}}\\n[[File:Insulincrystals.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[January 11]]: Use of\n        [[insulin]] for [[diabetes]].]]\\n* January \\u2013 The year begins with the\n        [[British Empire]] at its largest extent, covering a quarter of the world\n        and ruling over one in four people on [[Earth]].\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[D\\u00e1il\n        \\u00c9ireann (Irish Republic)|D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]], the parliament of\n        the [[Irish Republic]], ratifies the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] by 64\\u201357\n        votes.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell''s\n        Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=491\\u2013493}}\\n*\n        [[January 8]] \\u2013 The [[Socialist Youth League of Norway|Social Democratic\n        Youth League of Norway]] is founded.\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 Julieta founded\n        the Chilean communist party.\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Griffith]]\n        is elected [[President of D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]].\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013\n        The first successful [[insulin]] treatment of diabetes is made, by [[Frederick\n        Banting]] in Toronto.\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 The British government releases\n        the remaining Irish prisoners captured in the [[Irish War of Independence|War\n        of Independence]].\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 The [[flu]] epidemic has claimed\n        804 victims in Britain.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Michael Collins (Irish\n        leader)|Michael Collins]] becomes [[Chairman of the Provisional Government\n        of the Irish Free State|Chairman of the Irish Provisional Government]].\\n*\n        [[January 24]] \\u2013 Christian K. Nelson patents the ''''[[Eskimo Pie]]''''.\\n*\n        [[January 26]] \\u2013 Italian forces occupy [[Misrata]] in [[Italian Libya|Libya]].\n        The [[Pacification of Libya|reconquest of Libya]] begins.\\n* [[January 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Knickerbocker Storm]]: Snowfall from the biggest-ever recorded snowstorm\n        in Washington, D.C., causes the roof of the [[Knickerbocker Theatre (Washington,\n        D.C.)|Knickerbocker Theatre]] to collapse, killing 98.\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013\n        The union of [[Costa Rica]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]] and [[El Salvador]]\n        is dissolved.\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 Radio [[KZKZ-AM]], the second radio\n        station in the [[Philippines]], begins broadcasting.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main|February\n        1922}}\\n[[File:WilliamDesmondTaylor.jpg|thumb|80px|right|[[February 1]]: [[William\n        Desmond Taylor]] murdered.]]\\n[[File:UlyssesCover.jpg|thumb|80px|right|[[February\n        2]]: Publication of [[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]].]]\\n* February \\u2013 ''''[[The\n        Ring (magazine)|Ring Magazine]]'''' is first published.\\n* [[February 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Irish American]] [[film director]] [[William Desmond Taylor]] is\n        found murdered at his home in Los Angeles; the case is never solved.\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\u2013 ''''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'''', by [[James Joyce]], is published\n        in Paris on his 40th birthday by [[Sylvia Beach]].\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013\n        [[DeWitt Wallace|DeWitt]] and [[Lila Wallace]] publish the first issue of\n        ''''[[Reader''s Digest]]''''.\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Pope Pius XI]] (Achille\n        Ratti) succeeds [[Pope Benedict XV]], to become the 259th [[pope]].\\n** [[Washington\n        Naval Treaty|Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty]] signed between the United\n        States, United Kingdom, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], [[French Third Republic|France]]\n        and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]. Japan returns some of its control over the\n        [[Shandong Peninsula]] to China.\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[President of the\n        United States]] [[Warren G. Harding]] introduces the first radio in the [[White\n        House]].\\n** In the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], the\n        [[Cheka]] becomes the [[Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie]] (GPU),\n        a section of the [[NKVD]].\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** Finnish Minister of the\n        Interior [[Heikki Ritavuori]] is assassinated by [[Ernst Tandefelt]].\\n**\n        ''''[[MV Baragoola|Baragoola]]'''', last of the Binngarra class [[Manly ferry\n        services|Manly ferries]], is launched at [[Balmain, New South Wales]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\u2013 Inaugural session of the [[Permanent Court of International\n        Justice]] (PCIJ).\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 French serial killer [[Henri D\\u00e9sir\\u00e9\n        Landru]] is [[Decapitation|beheaded]] by the [[guillotine]].\\n* [[February\n        26]] \\u2013  A [[Leser v. Garnett|challenge]] to the [[Nineteenth Amendment\n        to the United States Constitution]], allowing women the right to vote, is\n        rebuffed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].\\n* [[February 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence]] by the United Kingdom\n        ends its [[protectorate]] over [[Egypt]] and grants the country nominal [[Kingdom\n        of Egypt|independence]], reserving control of military and diplomatic matters.{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin\n        Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}{{cite book|last=King|first=Joan\n        Wucher|title=Historical Dictionary of Egypt|series=Books of Lasting Value|year=1989|origyear=1984|publisher=American\n        University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-213-7|pages=259\\u2013260}}{{cite\n        book|editor1-first=Albert P.|editor1-last=Blaustein|editor1-link=Albert Blaustein|editor2-first=Jay\n        A.|editor2-last=Sigler|editor3-first=Benjamin R.|editor3-last=Beede|title=Independence\n        Documents of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feyI5kisdBcC&pg=PA204|volume=1|year=1977|publisher=Oceana\n        Publications|location=Dobbs Ferry, NY|isbn=978-0-379-00794-7|pages=204\\u2013205}}\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main|March 1922}}\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** An ice mass breaks the [[Oder\n        Dam]] in [[Breslau]].\\n** The [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|British\n        Civil Aviation Authority]] is established.\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 The movie\n        ''''[[Nosferatu]]'''' is released.\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        is arrested in [[Bombay]] for [[sedition]].\\n* March 10\\u201314 \\u2013 The\n        [[Rand Rebellion]], a strike by white South African mine workers, begins on\n        28 December 1921 and becomes open rebellion against the state.\\n* [[March\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], inaugurates the ''''[[Rashtriya\n        Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]]''''\n        in [[Dehradun]], India, marking a capitulation of the [[Governor-General of\n        India|Governor General]] and [[Secretary of State for India]] to growing pressure\n        for Indianization of the officer cadre of the [[British Indian Army|Indian\n        Army]].\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] having gained self-government\n        from the United Kingdom, [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]] becomes [[King of Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 In [[British India]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is sentenced\n        to six years in prison for [[sedition]] (he serves only two).\\n* [[March 20]]\n        \\u2013 The [[USS Langley (CV-1)|USS ''''Langley'''']] is commissioned as the\n        first [[United States Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]].\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013\n        Radio station [[WLW]] in [[Cincinnati]] begins broadcasting.{{cite web|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2002/03/17/tem_wlw_700_turns_80.html|first=John|last=Kiesewetter|title=WLW\n        700 turns 80|date=2002-03-17|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|accessdate=2012-10-18}}\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\u2013 Queensland, Australia abolishes the Legislative Council\n        (Upper House).\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 The [[German Social Democratic Party\n        of Poland|German Social Democratic Party]] is founded in Poland.\\n* [[March\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Hinterkaifeck]] murders occur on a late evening.\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n{{Main|April 1922}}\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 The South African Railways\n        takes control of all railway operations in [[South West Africa]].{{Paxton-Bourne|pages=99,\n        110, 115\\u2013117, 121, 149}}''''Statement\n        Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each\n        Section of Railway'''', Statement No. 19, p. 188, ref. no. 200954-13\\n*\n        [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stalin]] is appointed General Secretary of the\n        Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Teapot\n        Dome scandal]]: The [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] leases [[Teapot\n        Dome]] [[Petroleum|oil]] reserves in [[Wyoming]].\\n** The first midair collision\n        occurs, between a [[Daimler Airway]] [[de Havilland DH.18]] and a [[Grands\n        Express A\\u00e9riens]] [[Farman F.60|Farman Goliath]] over [[Poix-de-Picardie]],\n        [[Amiens]], France.\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 The historic [[Genoa Conference]]\n        commences in [[Genoa]]. The representatives of 34 countries convene to speak\n        about monetary economics in the wake of World War I.\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013\n        The United Kingdom''s [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]] arrives in Yokohama\n        aboard [[HMS Renown (1916)|HMS ''''Renown'''']] and rides by train to Tokyo,\n        starting a one-month visit to Japan.{{cite\n        web|url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220404-1.2.8.aspx|title=Prince''s\n        Visit to Japan|publisher=newspapers.nl.sg|work=[[The Straits Times]]|location=Singapore|date=4\n        April 1922|accessdate=2013-12-28}}{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Sir\n        Percival|title=The Prince of Wales'' Eastern book, a pictorial record of the\n        voyages of H.M.S. \\\"Renown\\\", 1921-1922|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=New\n        York|year=1922|pages=192\\u2013193|url=https://archive.org/download/princeofwaleseas00philrich/princeofwaleseas00philrich.pdf\\n|accessdate=2013-12-28}}\\n*\n        [[April 13]] \\u2013 The State of [[Massachusetts]] opens all public offices\n        to women.\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 The [[Treaty of Rapallo (1922)|Treaty of\n        Rapallo]] marks a rapprochement between the [[Weimar Republic]] and [[Bolshevik\n        Russia]].\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 The Lambda Chapter of the Joe Whelan Sorority,\n        Incorporated (the first chapter of a black sorority in New York State) is\n        chartered.\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 The first portion of the [[Imperial Wireless\n        Chain]], a strategic international [[wireless telegraphy]] network created\n        to link the [[British Empire]], is opened, from England to Egypt.\\n\\n=== May\n        ===\\n{{Main|May 1922}}\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 The leader of the underground [[Estonian\n        Communist Party]] [[Viktor Kingissepp]] is executed in [[Estonia]].\\n* [[May\n        5]] \\u2013 In [[The Bronx]], construction begins on [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee\n        Stadium]].\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013 In [[Moscow]], eights priests, two layman,\n        and one woman are sentenced to death for opposition to the Soviet government''s\n        confiscation of church property\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 Radio station [[KGU (AM)|KGU]]\n        begins broadcasting in Hawaii.\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Sergei Diaghilev]],\n        [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Marcel Proust]], [[James Joyce]],\n        [[Erik Satie]] and [[Clive Bell]] dine together in Paris, at the Majestic\n        hotel, their only joint meeting.{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Kevin|title=Constellation\n        of Genius – 1922: Modernism Year One|location=London|publisher=Hutchinson|year=2012|isbn=978-0-091-93097-4}}\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 The [[Young Pioneer Organization of the Soviet Union|All-Russian\n        Young Pioneer Organisation]] is established.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 British\n        Liberal MP [[Horatio Bottomley]] is jailed for seven years for [[fraud]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 In Washington, D.C., the [[Lincoln Memorial]] is dedicated.\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main|June 1922}}\\n[[File:SphinxGiza.jpg|thumb|125px|right|[[February\n        28]]: Egypt independent.]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** The [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]]\n        is officially founded.\\n** [[Bolshevik]] forces defeat [[Basmachi]] troops\n        under [[Enver Pasha]].\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 U.S. premi\\u00e8re of [[Robert\n        J. Flaherty]]''s ''''[[Nanook of the North]]'''', the first commercially successful\n        feature-length [[documentary film]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 U.S. President\n        [[Warren G. Harding]] makes his first speech on the radio.\\n* [[June 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] agents\n        assassinate British Army field marshal [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|Sir\n        Henry Wilson]] in London; the assassins are sentenced to death on [[July 18]].\\n*\n        [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Weimar Republic]] foreign minister [[Walther Rathenau]]\n        is assassinated; the murderers are captured on [[July 17]].\\n* [[June 26]]\n        \\u2013 Louis Honor\\u00e9 Charles Antoine Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince\n        [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]] of [[Monaco]].\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013\n        The [[Irish Civil War]] and [[Battle of Dublin]] begin when the Irish [[National\n        Army (Ireland)|National Army]], using [[artillery]] loaned by the British,\n        begins to bombard the [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u20131969)|anti-Treaty\n        Irish Republican Army]] forces occupying the [[Four Courts]] in [[Dublin]].\n        Fighting in Dublin lasts until [[July 5]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main|July 1922}}\\n[[File:Lincoln\n        memorial dc 20041011 095847 1.3008x2000.jpg|thumb|200px|[[May 30]]: [[Lincoln\n        Memorial]] dedicated.]]\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 The [[Hollywood Bowl]] opens.\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 The final signings of [[Treaty 11]], an agreement between\n        [[George V]], King of Canada, and various Canadian [[First Nations]], are\n        conducted at [[Fort Liard]].\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 The German protectorate\n        of [[Togoland]] is divided into the [[League of Nations mandate]]s of [[French\n        Togoland]] and [[British Togoland]].\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Adyghe Autonomous\n        Oblast|Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast]] established within the [[Russian\n        SFSR]].\\n* July \\u2013 [[Hyperinflation]] in Germany means that 563 [[German\n        Papiermark|marks]] are now needed to buy a single American [[dollar]] \\u2013\n        almost double the 263 needed eight months before and dwarfing the mere 12\n        needed in April 1919 and even the 47 needed in December of that year.\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n{{Main|August 1922}}\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 A [[1922 Swatow typhoon|typhoon]]\n        hits [[Shantou]], China, killing more than 5,000 people.\\n* [[August 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Irish Civil War]]: General [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael\n        Collins]] is assassinated in West Cork.\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Spanish protectorate\n        in Morocco|Morocco]] revolts against the Spanish.\\n** The Turkish large-scale\n        attack opened against Greek forces in Afyon. Turkish victory is achieved on\n        [[August 27]].\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] agrees to\n        withdraw its troops from [[Siberia]].\\n* August \\u2013 Hyperinflation in Germany\n        sees the value of the Papiermark against the dollar rise to 1,000.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main|September 1922}}\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Autodromo\n        Nazionale Monza|Monza Circuit]], as known well for [[Motor racing|motor racing\n        place]] in [[Italy]], officially opened in [[Lombardy Region]].{{citation\n        needed|date=December 2016}}\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 Turkish forces pursuing\n        withdrawing Greek troops enter [[\\u0130zmir]], effectively ending the [[Greco-Turkish\n        War (1919\\u201322)]].\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** ''''The Sun News-Pictorial'''',\n        a predecessor of the [[Melbourne]], Australia, ''''[[Herald Sun]]'''', is\n        founded.\\n** The [[Mandate of Palestine]] is approved by the Council of the\n        [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 The [[Gdynia]] Seaport Construction\n        Act is passed by the [[Second Polish Republic|Polish]] Parliament.\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\u2013[[September 15|15]] \\u2013 The [[Great Fire of Smyrna]] destroys\n        most of [[\\u0130zmir]]. Responsibility is disputed.{{cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Matthew|url=http://www.historytoday.com/matthew-stewart/catastrophe-smyrna|title=Catastrophe\n        at Smyrna|journal=[[History Today]]|volume=54|issue=7}}\\n* [[September\n        17]] \\u2013 Dutch cyclist [[Piet Moeskops]] becomes World Champion Sprinter.\\n*\n        [[September 18]] \\u2013 The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] joins the [[League of Nations]].\\n*\n        [[September 29]] \\u2013 ''''[[Drums in the Night]]'''' (''''Trommeln in der\n        Nacht'''') becomes the first play by [[Bertolt Brecht]] to be staged, at the\n        [[Munich Kammerspiele]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October 1922}}\\n[[File:Mussd.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Benito\n        Mussolini]] and [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] [[Blackshirts]] during the [[March\n        on Rome]].]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[G. I. Gurdjieff]] opens his Institute\n        for the Harmonious Development of Man at [[Fontainebleau]] in France.\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013  Rebecca L. Felton becomes the first female US senator, when Georgia''s\n        governor gives her a temporary appointment, pending an election to replace\n        Senator Thomas Watson, who had died suddenly.\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Rose\n        Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl Stadium]], officially opened in [[Pasadena, California]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[T. S. Eliot]] establishes\n        ''''[[The Criterion (magazine)|The Criterion]]'''' magazine, containing the\n        first publication of his poem ''''[[The Waste Land]]''''. This first appears\n        in the United States later this month in ''''[[The Dial]]'''' (dated November\n        1) and is first published complete with notes in book form by Boni and Liveright\n        in New York in December.\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 The [[British Broadcasting\n        Company]] is formed.\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013\n        The [[Third D\\u00e1il]] enacts the [[Constitution of the Irish Free State]].\\n*\n        [[October 26]] \\u2013 The [[Hogarth Press]] published [[Jacob''s Room]], a\n        novel by [[Virginia Woolf]]\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[Southern Rhodesia]]ns\n        vote on a [[Southern Rhodesia government referendum, 1922|referendum]] and\n        reject union with South Africa.\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** In Italy, the [[March\n        on Rome]] brings the [[National Fascist Party]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] to\n        power. [[Italy]] begins a dark period of dictatorship that lasts until the\n        end of the [[Second World War]], but at the same time with [[Mussolini]]''s\n        [[Italy]] becomes the first power in the [[Mediterranean]].\\n** The [[Red\n        Army]] occupies [[Vladivostok]].\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Benito Mussolini]]\n        becomes the youngest ever [[Prime Minister of Italy]] at age 39.\\n* October\\n**\n        3,000 German marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar \\u2013 triple\n        the figure three months ago.\\n** The [[Russian Civil War]] ends with the colonies\n        remaining part of Russia.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main|November 1922}}\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** The [[Ottoman Empire]] is abolished after 600 years and its last [[sultan]]\n        [[Mehmed VI]], abdicates.\\n** A [[broadcasting license fee]] of ten [[shilling]]s\n        is introduced in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 In [[Egypt]],\n        English archaeologist [[Howard Carter]] and his men find the entrance to [[Pharaoh]]\n        [[Tutankhamun]]''s tomb in the [[Valley of the Kings]].\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Sigma Gamma Rho]] (\\u03a3\\u0393\\u03a1)\n        Sorority, Incorporated is founded by seven educators in [[Indianapolis]],\n        [[Indiana]]. The group becomes an incorporated national collegiate sorority\n        on December 30, 1929, when a charter is granted to the Alpha Chapter at [[Butler\n        University]] in Indianapolis.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 The [[British Broadcasting\n        Company]] (BBC) begins radio service in the United Kingdom, broadcasting from\n        station [[2LO]] in London.\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 In the [[United Kingdom\n        general election, 1922|United Kingdom general election]] forced by the Conservatives''\n        withdrawal from the coalition government, the Conservative Party wins an overall\n        majority. (The [[1922 Committee]], popularly believed to take its name from\n        this occasion, is not founded until the following year.)\\n* [[November 17]]\n        \\u2013 Former [[Ottoman sultan]] [[Mehmed VI]] leaves for exile in [[Kingdom\n        of Italy|Italy]].\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Abd\\u00fclmecid II]], [[Crown\n        Prince]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], is elected [[Caliph]].\\n* [[November 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rebecca Felton]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] takes the oath\n        of office, becoming the first woman [[United States Senate|United States Senator]].\\n*\n        [[November 24]] \\u2013 Popular author and anti-Treaty [[Irish republicanism|Republican]]\n        [[Robert Erskine Childers|Erskine Childers]] is executed by firing squad in\n        Dublin after conviction by an [[Irish Free State]] military court for the\n        unlawful possession of a gun, a weapon presented to him by [[Michael Collins\n        (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]] in 1920 as a gift.{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Cottrell|title=The\n        War for Ireland, 1913-1923|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84603-9966}}\\n[[File:Howard\n        Carter in the King Tutankhamen''s tomb.jpg|thumb|115px|right|[[Howard Carter]]\n        in King Tutankhamen''s tomb]]\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Howard Carter]]\n        and [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]] become the first\n        people to enter the [[KV62|tomb]] of [[Pharaoh]] [[Tutankhamun]] in over 3,000\n        years.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main|December 1922}}\\n[[File:Coat of arms of\n        the Soviet Union (1923\\u20131936).svg|thumb|125px|The Union of Soviet Socialist\n        Republics is created. ([[Coat of arms of the Soviet Union|Coat of arms]] until\n        1936).]]\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 The British Parliament enacts the Irish\n        Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new [[Constitution\n        of the Irish Free State]].\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 The [[Irish Free State]]\n        officially comes into existence. [[George\n        V]] becomes the [[Monarchy in the Irish Free State|Free State''s monarch]].\n        [[Tim Healy (politician)|Tim Healy]] is appointed first [[Governor-General\n        of the Irish Free State]] and [[W. T. Cosgrave]] becomes [[President of the\n        Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive Council]].\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013 End of the trial of [[Edith Thompson and Frederick\n        Bywaters]] at the [[Old Bailey]] in London for the murder of Thompson''s husband;\n        both are found guilty and sentenced to death.\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Gabriel\n        Narutowicz]], sworn on [[December 11]] as first president of the [[Second\n        Polish Republic]], is assassinated by a right-wing sympathizer in Warsaw.\\n*\n        [[December 20]] \\u2013 ''''[[Antigone (Cocteau play)|Antigone]]'''' by [[Jean\n        Cocteau]] appears on stage in Paris, with settings by [[Pablo Picasso]], music\n        by [[Arthur Honegger]] and costumes by [[Gabrielle Chanel]].{{cite web|url=http://www.jeancocteau.net/bio1_en.php|title=Jean\n        Cocteau - biography 1889-1922|publisher=Jean Cocteau Committee|accessdate=2013-08-07}}\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 Commissioning of [[Japanese aircraft carrier H\\u014dsh\\u014d|Japanese\n        aircraft carrier ''''H\\u014dsh\\u014d'''']], the first purpose-designed [[aircraft\n        carrier]] to be [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]].\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]], [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukraine]],\n        [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Belarus]] and the [[Transcaucasian\n        Socialist Federative Soviet Republic|Transcaucasian Republic]] ([[Armenia]],\n        [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) [[Treaty on the Creation\n        of the USSR|come together to form]] the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist\n        Republics]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] in [[1991]].\\n*\n        December \\u2013 The year ends with hyperinflation showing no sign of slowing\n        down in Germany, with 7,000 marks now needed to buy a single American dollar.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm |title=Weimar Germany\n        1919-1933|publisher=Historyhome.co.uk|date=2011-01-05|accessdate=2012-02-28}}\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* Wracked by rapid inflation and political assassinations\n        and motivated by hostility and arrogance as well, the [[Weimar Republic]]\n        announces its inability to pay more and proposes a moratorium on reparations\n        for 3 years.\\n* ''''Kurd Istigdul Djemijetin'''', the Kurdish Independence\n        Committee, is founded.\\n* [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]].\\n* [[Earl W. Bascom]],\n        rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo''s first hornless bronc saddle\n        at [[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]] Canada.\\n* ''''[[Vegemite]]'''' is invented\n        by Australian entrepreneur [[Fred Walker (entrepreneur)|Fred Walker]].\\n*\n        The [[Molly Pitcher Club]] is formed to promote the [[repeal of Prohibition\n        in the United States]].\\n* Thompson Webb founds the [[Webb School of California]]\n        for boys in [[Claremont, California|Claremont]].\\n* The [[Barbary lion]] becomes\n        extinct in the wild, with the last killed in [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]],\n        in the area of the Zelan and Beni Mguild Forests.{{cite web|url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/heywood/geog358/extinctm/BarbLion.htm\n        |title=Extinction: Barbary Lion UWSP GEOG358 [Heywood] |publisher=Uwsp.edu\n        |accessdate=2012-02-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318022204/http://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/heywood/geog358/extinctm/BarbLion.htm\n        |archivedate=March 18, 2012 |df= }}\\n* The [[Amur tiger]] becomes extinct\n        in [[South Korea]].{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/savethetiger.htm\n        |title=Save the Tiger |publisher=Koreanhistoryproject.org |accessdate=2012-02-28\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311225748/http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/savethetiger.htm\n        |archivedate=March 11, 2012 |df= }}\\n* The California [[grizzly bear]]\n        becomes extinct.\\n* [[Bronis\\u0142aw Malinowski]]''s influential [[Ethnology|ethnological]]\n        text ''''[[Argonauts of the Western Pacific]]'''' is published.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\n        \\n[[File:Betty White 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Betty White]]]]\\n[[File:Savalas\n        1980.png|thumb|100px|[[Telly Savalas]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Scofield Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul\n        Scofield]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Hollings|Ernest \\\"Fritz\\\" Hollings]],\n        U.S. Senator from South Carolina\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Helen Smith (baseball)|Helen\n        Smith]], American female baseball player\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Alvin Dark]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Rampal]],\n        French flutist (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Jan Nieuwenhuys]], Dutch\n        painter (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Abbey Simon]], American classical pianist\\n* [[January\n        9]]\\n** [[Har Gobind Khorana]], Indian biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Ahmed S\\u00e9kou Tour\\u00e9]],\n        Guinean politician, President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984 (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Terence Kilmartin]], Irish journalist and translator\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Tadeusz \\u017bychiewicz]], Polish\n        journalist, art historian and publicist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Albert Lamorisse]], French film director (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ernesto Bonino]], Italian singer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Luis Echeverr\\u00eda]], President of Mexico from 1970 to 1976\\n** [[Nicholas\n        Katzenbach]], United States Attorney General (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[Bell M. Shimada]],\n        American fisheries scientist (d. [[1958]])\\n** [[Betty White]], American actress,\n        television personality and animal welfare activist\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Guy Madison]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Lincoln\n        Alexander]], Canadian politician (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Sam Mele]], American\n        baseball player and manager (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Telly Savalas]], American\n        actor and singer (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Paul Scofield]], English actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]],\\n** [[Leonel Brizola]], Brazilian politician (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Annabelle Lee]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Howard Moss]], American poet, dramatist, and critic (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Charles Socarides]], American psychiatrist (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[January 26]]\\n** [[Bob Thomas (reporter)|Bob Thomas]], American Hollywood\n        biographer and reporter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ellen Vogel]], Dutch film and\n        television actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Robert W. Holley]],\n        American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Gerda Steinhoff]], German Nazi war\n        criminal (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Dick Martin (comedian)|Dick\n        Martin]], American comedian (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Joanne\n        Dru]], American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Audrey Meadows\n        1959.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Audrey Meadows]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Renata\n        Tebaldi]], Italian soprano (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\n** [[Stoyanka\n        Mutafova]], Bulgarian actress\\n** [[James L. Usry]], American politician,\n        first [[African-American]] [[List of mayors of Atlantic City, New Jersey|mayor]]\n        of [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Patrick\n        Macnee]], British actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Denis Norden]], British television\n        and radio scriptwriter and personality\\n** [[Haskell Wexler]], American cinematographer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Hattie Jacques]], English actress\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Audrey Meadows]], American actress\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Kathryn Grayson]], American actress\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jim Laker]], British cricketer (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c1rp\\u00e1d G\\u00f6ncz]], [[President of Hungary]] (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Hussein Onn]], third [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n**[[Hal Moore]], American [[Lieutenant general\n        (United States)|Lieutenant general]] and non-fiction writer (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Gordon\n        Tullock]], American economist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[John\n        Bayard Anderson]], American Congressman and Presidential candidate\\n** [[Poul\n        Thomsen]], Danish actor (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**[[Enrico Banducci]],\n        American nightclub owner (d. [[2007]])\\n**[[Tommy Edwards]], American singer\n        and songwriter (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Helen Gurley Brown]],\n        American editor and publisher (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Eric Gairy]], 1st Prime\n        Minister of Grenada (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Connie Wisniewski]], American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Esperanza\n        Magaz]], Cuban-born Venezuelan actress (d. [[2013]]) \\n* [[February 24]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Hamilton (artist)|Richard Hamilton]], British painter (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Steven Hill]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[William\n        Baumol]], American economist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill\n        Johnston]], Australian cricketer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Margaret Leighton]],\n        British actress (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Karl Aage Pr\\u00e6st]], Danish football\n        player (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Yitzhak\n        Rabin]]]]\\n[[File:Cyd Charisse - 1949.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Cyd Charisse]]]]\\n[[File:Arch\n        Johnson 1961.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Arch Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:CarlReinerHWOFSept2011.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Carl\n        Reiner]]]]\\n[[File:Albrechtbavaria1922.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Prince Heinrich of\n        Bavaria (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Flanders]], English actor and songwriter (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[William\n        Gaines]], American magazine publisher (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Yitzhak Rabin]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Israel]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1995]])\n        \\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Hilarion Capucci]], Syrian catholic Bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[N\\u00e1ndor Hidegkuti]], Hungarian footballer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Richard E. Cunha]], American cinematographer and film director\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Martha O''Driscoll]], American film actress (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[Dina Pathak]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] theatre and film actress (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], Italian film director\n        (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Wanda Klaff]], German Nazi war criminal\n        (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Ralph H. Baer]], German-born American inventor\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Cyd Charisse]], American actress and dancer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Yevgeny Matveyev]], Russian actor and film director (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Mizuki\n        Shigeru]], Japanese author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Flemming\n        Valdemar, Count of Rosenborg]], (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Abdul\n        Razak Hussein]], second [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Jack Kerouac]], American author (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Lane Kirkland]],\n        American union leader (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Jim Wiggins (actor)|Jim\n        Wiggins]], English actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Arch Johnson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[China Zorrilla]], Uruguayan actress, director\n        and producer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Karl-Otto Apel]], German\n        philosopher  (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Harding Lemay]], American\n        television scriptwriter and playwright\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Patrick Suppes]],\n        American philosopher (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\\n** [[Egon Bahr]],\n        German politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Karl Kordesch]], Austrian-American inventor\n        (d. [[2011]]) \\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Hiroo Onoda]], Japanese officer and\n        holdout (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Carl Reiner]], American film\n        director, producer, actor, and comedian\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Russ Meyer]],\n        American film director and producer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Simons]], English cricketer and cricket administrator (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n**[[Josephine Kabick]], American professional baseball player ([[AAGPBL]])\n        (d. [[1978]])\\n**[[Stefan Wul]], French writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n**\n        [[Felice Chiusano]], Italian singer ([[Quartetto Cetra]]) (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Joey Maxim]], American boxer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Prince Heinrich of Bavaria\n        (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]] (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[March 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard Kiley]], American actor and singer (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Julius\n        Nyerere cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julius Nyerere]]]]\\n[[File:Leo_Tindemans_(2009).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leo\n        Tindemans]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[William Manchester]], American writer (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Saad el-Shazly]], Egyptian military commander (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n**[[Doris Day]], American singer and actress. Some sources give\n        her year of birth as [[1924]].\\n**[[Maurice Riel]], Canadian senator (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Elmer Bernstein]], American composer (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]]\\n** [[Tom Finney]], English footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Gale\n        Storm]], American singer and actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Mongo\n        Santamar\\u00eda]], Cuban jazz musician  (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Julius Nyerere]], [[President of Tanzania]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ali Akbar Khan]], Indian musician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Michael Ansara]], Syrian-born American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        [[Kingsley Amis]], English novelist (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Leo Tindemans]], 43rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Barbara\n        Hale]], American actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Luigi Barbarito]],\n        Italian prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Erich Hartmann]], German World War II\n        fighter pilot, highest-scoring ace in world history (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Rose\n        Marie McCoy]], African American songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Alistair MacLean]], Scottish writer (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Mingus]], American musician (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Marjorie Cameron]], American writer, painter, actress and occultist (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\n** [[Susanna Agnelli]], Italian politician (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Antun Bogeti\\u0107]], Croatian Prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        27]]\\n** [[Martin Gray (writer)|Martin Gray]], Polish writer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Klugman]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Toots\n        Thielemans]], Belgian jazz musician (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bea\n        Arthur.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bea Arthur]]]]\\n[[File:FranjoTudman.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Franjo\n        Tu\\u0111man]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher Lee at the Berlin International Film Festival\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Lee]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Vitaly Popkov]],\n        Russian fighter ace (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Roscoe Lee Browne]],\n        African-American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Eugenie Clark]],\n        American marine biologist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Anna Elizabeth\n        Botha|Elize Botha]], first wife of [[State President of South Africa|South\n        African State President]] [[P. W. Botha]] (d. 1997)\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Darren\n        McGavin]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Joe O''Donnell (photojournalist)|Joe\n        O''Donnell]], American [[Documentary photography|documentary photographer]],\n        [[photojournalist]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Walker]], American\n        actress, singer and director (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Ameurfina\n        Melencio-Herrera]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]\n        jurist\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Jean Bishop]], Charity Fundraiser for AgeUK, Fundraiser\n        of the Year, 2013 (Pride of Britain Awards): Kingston-upon-Hull''s \\\"Bee Lady\\\"])\\n**\n        [[Wilburn K. Ross]], American WWII veteran (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Murray Gershenz]],\n        American character actor and entrepreneur (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n**\n        [[Otl Aicher]], German graphic artist (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Michael Ainsworth]],\n        British cricketer (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Bea Arthur]], American actress and comedian\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Franjo Tu\\u0111man]], first [[President\n        of Croatia]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Jakucho Setouchi]], Japanese\n        writer and Buddhist nun\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Gerda Boyesen]], Norwegian-born\n        body psychotherapist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Bill Macy]], American actor (''''[[Maude\n        (TV series)|Maude]]'''') \\n** [[Kai Winding]], Danish-born musician (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Joe Gilmore]], Irish barman (Savoy Hotel''s American Bar)\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[James Lopez Watson]], American judge\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Quinn Martin]], American television producer\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Enrico Berlinguer]], Italian politician\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Otto Carius]], German tank commander (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Christopher Lee|Sir Christopher Lee]], English actor and singer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Lou Duva]], American boxing trainer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Tuomas Gerdt]], Finnish soldier, last living Knight of the\n        [[Mannerheim Cross]]\\n** [[Pompeyo M\\u00e1rquez]], Venezuelan politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Eleanor Coerr]], American writer (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Iannis Xenakis]], Greek composer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Hal\n        Clement]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Denholm Elliott]],\n        English actor (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Judy Garland-publicity.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Judy\n        Garland]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Povel Ramel]], Swedish musician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Bibi Ferreira]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Sifford]],\n        American golfer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Alain Resnais]], French\n        film director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Sheila Sim]], English actress\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Robert Alan Aurthur]], American screenwriter\n        (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Judy Garland]], American singer and actress (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Margherita Hack]], Italian astrophysicist (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Claude Helffer]], French pianist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Aage Bohr]], Danish physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Armando Tre Re]], Italian\n        football (soccer) player\\n** [[Osvaldo Fattori]], Italian football (soccer)\n        player\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Roland Amar|fr|3=Roland Amar}}, French\n        footballer\\n** [[Mona Lisa (actress)|Mona Lisa]], Filipino actress\\n* [[June\n        23]] \\n** [[Dennis Warrior]], English rugby league footballer\\n** [[Wu Yingyin]],\n        Chinese singer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Morris R. Jeppson]], American lieutenant\n        and physicist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Francis Thorne]], American composer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Abou Rejaile Bechara]], Lebanese wrestler\\n**\n        [[Jack Carter (comedian)|Jack Carter]], American comedian (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Tata Giacobetti]], Italian singer and lyricist (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[June 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Alex Garbowski]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] \\n** [[Enzo Apicella]], London-based artist, cartoonist, designer,\n        and restaurateur\\n** [[Eleanor Parker]], American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Milton Clark]], Australian rules footballer\\n** Joe D''orazio,\n        British wrestler\\n** [[George Walker (composer)|George Walker]], African-American\n        composer\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Hans Frauenfelder]], physicist and biophysicist\n        notable\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Roger Golias|fr|3=Roger\n        Golias}}, French player, then golf coach\\n** [[John William Vessey Jr.]],\n        American military officer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Vasko Popa]], Yugoslavian poet\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[Al Besselink]], American professional\n        golfer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pierre Cardin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre Cardin]]]]\\n[[File:Anker-j\\u00f8rgensen.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Anker\n        J\\u00f8rgensen]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Robards-1968-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason Robards]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Mordechai Bibi]], Israeli politician\\n** [[Derek Riley]],\n        Canadian rower\\n** [[Warren Winkelstein]], American epidemiologist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[July 2]] \\n** [[Pierre Cardin]], French fashion designer\\n** [[Paula Valenska]],\n        Czech actress\\n** [[Howard Wesley Johnson]], U.S. educator (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 3]]\\n** [[Theo Brokmann Jr.]], Dutch football player\\n** [[Howie Schultz]],\n        American baseball and basketball (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Guillaume Cornelis van\n        Beverloo]] painter, called Corneille (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Viggo Rivad]], Danish\n        photographer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[R. James Harvey]], American\n        Politician and jurist\\n** [[Edwin Pepping]], American soldier\\n** [[Noble\n        Frankland]], British historian\\n** [[Damon Keith]], American judge\\n* [[July\n        5]] \\n** [[Zeynep Korkmaz]], Turkish scholar and dialectologist\\n** [[Doris\n        Margaret Anderson]], Canadian nutritionist and retired senator\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|H\\u00e9lio Bicudo|pt|3=H\\u00e9lio Bicudo}}, Brazilian politician\n        and jurist\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Saito Shin Ichi|fr|3=Saito\n        Shin Ichi}}, Japanese painter\\n** [[William Schallert]], American actor (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Toni Seven]], American cover girl and actress (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Reidar Torp]], Norwegian military officer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[P. Gopinathan Nair]], Indian social worker\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Ayrton\n        Lol\\u00f4 Cornelsen|pt|3=Ayrton Lol\\u00f4 Cornelsen}}, Brazilian civil engineer,\n        modernist architect and former footballer\\n** [[James D. Hughes]], American\n        Air Force lieutenant general\\n** [[Francis Jeanson]], French philosopher (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Eugenio Mart\\u00ednez]], alias Musculito, current\n        real estate agent who was a member of the anti-Castro movement in the early\n        1960s\\n** [[Yoshinobu Nishioka]], Japanese director and producer\\n* [[July\n        9]]  \\u2013 [[Angelines Fern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish-born Mexican actress (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Jack Arthurs]], American politician\\n** [[Petar\n        Nikolov]], Bulgarian cross country skier\\n** [[Petar Kovachev]], Bulgarian\n        cross country skier\\n** [[Fred Furniss]], English former footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Herb McKenley]], Jamaican Olympic athlete (b. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\n**\n        [[Annette Warren]], American actress\\n** [[Jerald terHorst]], American journalist\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Fran Hopper]], American comic book artist\\n**\n        [[Fred Fiedler]], American psychologist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Leslie Brooks]],\n        American actress and dancer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Louis R. Harlan]], American\n        academic historian (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Anker J\\u00f8rgensen]], Danish politician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ken Mosdell]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]]\\n** [[Bernie Agrons]], American politician\\n** [[Elfriede Rinkel]],\n        German SS officer\\n** [[Gerald Myrden]], American businessman\\n** Donald Stratton,\n        American World War II Navy seaman, survivor of the attack on the U.S.S. Arizona\\n**\n        [[Bill Millin]], English personal piper (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Julio Cozzi]],\n        Argentine football goalkeeper (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[K\\u00e4bi Laretei]], Estonian\n        and Swedish concert pianist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Robin Olds]], American fighter\n        pilot. (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Richard]], French writer\n        and literary critic\\n** [[Henri Bangou]], French politician\\n** [[Leon M.\n        Lederman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Rajan Kadiragamar]], Sri Lankan Admiral\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Richard]], French\n        writer and literary critic\\n** [[Ghulam Nabi Firaq]], Kashmiri poet, writer\n        and an educationist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[B. Rajam Iyer]], Carnatic singer from\n        South India (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Khagapati Pradhani]],  Indian politician (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Anatoli Levitin]], Soviet Russian painter\n        and art educator\\n** [[Samuel Conti]], American politician\\n* [[July 17]]\n        \\n** [[Jane Cronin Scanlon]], American mathematician \\n** [[Tetsur\\u014d Tamba]],\n        Japanese actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Harry Kermode]], Canadian\n        basketball player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Thomas Kuhn]], American philosopher\n        of science (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Ray Lambert]], Welsh footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Hedy Stenuf]], Austrian figure skater (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Rachel\n        Robinson]], American actress\\n** [[George McGovern]], American politician,\n        historian and author (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Stig Sundqvist]], Swedish professional\n        footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman]],\n        King of Malaysia (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Alan Stephenson Boyd]],\n        American attorney and 1st [[United States Secretary of Transportation]]\\n**\n        [[Wolfgang Klausewitz]], German zoologist, ichthyologist, marine biologist\n        and biohistorian\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Luz Pozo Garza|gl|3=Luz\n        Pozo Garza}}, Spanish poet\\n** [[Demeter Bitenc]], Slovenian film actor\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Christian Alers|fr|3=Christian Alers}}, French\n        actor\\n** [[Mollie Sugden]], British actress (d. [[2009]]) \\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Juana Ginzo|es|3=Juana Ginzo}}, Spanish actress\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Jacqueline Cartier|fr|3=Jacqueline Cartier}}, French\n        actress, writer and journalist\\n** [[Julia Farron]], English ballerina\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Hoyt Wilhelm]], American Major League Baseball pitcher (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Gilberto Agustoni]], Swiss prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Blake\n        Edwards]], American director (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jason Robards]], American\n        actor (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Hoyt Wilhelm]], baseball [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall\n        of Fame]]r (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Norman Lear]], American television\n        writer and producer\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Mac Wilson (footballer, born 1922)|Mac\n        Wilson]], Australian rules footballer (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Bill Kaysing]], American writer (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ren\\u00e9\n        L\\u00e9vesque BAnQ P243S1D865.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ren\\u00e9 L\\u00e9vesque]]]]\\n[[File:Sosuke\n        Uno 1977.png|thumb|100px|[[S\\u014dsuke Uno]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Fitzgerald (painter)|Paul Fitzgerald]], Australian painter (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Robert Sumner]], American evangelist and author (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Charles Winick]], American anthropologist,\n        sociologist and author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Sandy Kenyon]],\n        American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Alberto Granado]], Cuban\n        writer and scientist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Philip Larkin]],  English\n        poet (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Milo\\u0161 Jake\\u0161]], [[Czech\n        Republic|Czech]] communist politician\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Lukas Foss]],\n        German-born composer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Agostinho Neto]],\n        Angolan politician (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Mel Fisher]], American\n        [[treasure hunter]] and founder of the [[Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Museum]]\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\n** [[T\\u00f4nia Carrero]], Brazilian actress\\n**\n        [[George Kell]], baseball player (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9\n        L\\u00e9vesque]], 23rd [[Premier of Quebec]] (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Howard Zinn]],\n        American social activist and historian (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013\n        [[S\\u014dsuke Uno]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1998]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Yvonne_De_Carlo_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yvonne\n        De Carlo]]]]\\n[[File:Sid Caesar - 1961.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sid Caesar]]]]\\n[[File:Agostinho\n        Neto (1975).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Agostinho Neto]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Yvonne\n        De Carlo]], Canadian-born American actress and dancer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Vittorio\n        Gassman]], Italian actor and director (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 3]]\\n**\n        [[Steffan Danielsen]], Faroese painter (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Salli Terri]],\n        Canadian mezzo-soprano (d. [[1996]])\\n*[[September 7]]\\n** [[Paulo Autran]],\n        Brazilian actor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[David Croft (TV producer)|David Croft]],\n        British writer, producer and actor (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Necdet Calp]], Turkish\n        civil servant and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Sid Caesar]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Lyndon LaRouche]],  American\n        self-styled economist and political activist\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Hans\n        Georg Dehmelt]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Manolis Glezos]], Greek Resistance fighter\\n**\n        [[Warwick Kerr]], Brazilian geneticist\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[Jackson\n        Mac Low]], American poet (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Jackie Cooper]],\n        American actor and director (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gaetano Cozzi]], Italian historian\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Phyllis Koehn]], American female professional baseball\n        player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mary Soames, Baroness Soames]] (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\n** [[Guy Hamilton]], French-English director and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Janis Paige]], American actress\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Agostinho Neto]], 1st President of Angola (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Vance Bourjaily]],\n        American writer, novelist, playwright, journalist, and essayist (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Emil Zatopek]], Czechoslovakian athlete (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Rosa Nell Speer]], American southern gospel singer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Floyd Levin]], American-born musicologist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Hammer DeRoburt]], first [[President\n        of Nauru]] (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\n** [[Karl-Heinz K\\u00f6pcke]],\n        German television presenter and news speaker (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Lizabeth\n        Scott]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 1]]\n        \\n**[[Burke Marshall]], American lawyer and politician (d. [[2003]])\\n**[[Chen-Ning\n        Yang]], Chinese-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[October 4]] -- [[Gianna Beretta Molla]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] pedatrician\n        and saint (b. [[1962]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]],\n        Argentine race car driver (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Fyvush Finkel]],\n        American comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Yumeji Tsukioka]],\n        Japanese actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Luigi Giussani]],\n        Italian Catholic priest (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Jack Anderson\n        (columnist)|Jack Anderson]], American journalist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[John Chafee]], American politician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Coleen Gray]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[George Miller (Arizona politician)|George Miller]], American politician\n        who served as the Mayor of Tucson, Arizona (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Madelyn Dunham]], American maternal grandmother of Barack Obama,\n        44th President of the United States (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Poul\n        Bundgaard]], Danish actor and singer (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Ruby Dee]], American\n        actress, poet, activist, journalist and second wife of [[Ossie Davis]] (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n** [[Michel Galabru]], French actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ralph Kiner]],\n        baseball [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]r (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Butch van Breda Kolff]], American basketball coach (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[Barbara Bel Geddes]], American former actress and children''s\n        book author (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e1s Heged\\u00fcs]], 45th Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Norodom Sihanouk]], former [[King of Cambodia]]\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boutros\n        Boutros-Ghali]]]]\\n[[File:JSJoseSaramago.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Jos\\u00e9 Saramago]]]]\\n[[File:Charles\n        Schulz NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles M. Schulz]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Townsend Cromwell]], American oceanographer (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[November\n        5]]\\n** [[Sydney Kentridge]], South African lawyer\\n** [[Yitzchok Scheiner]],\n        rabbi\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Vivian Kellogg]], American professional baseball\n        player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Christiaan Barnard|Chris Barnard]],\n        South African cardiac surgeon and heart transplant pioneer (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]]\\n** [[Dorothy Dandridge]], American actress (d. [[1965]])\\n**\n        [[Raymond Devos]], French humorist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Abdullahi\n        Issa]], Somalian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Somalia]] (d. [[1988]])\\n**\n        [[Kurt Vonnegut]], American novelist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Kim Hunter]], American actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Oskar\n        Werner]], Austrian actor (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]],\n        Egyptian [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Veronica\n        Lake]], American actress (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[David Sidney\n        Feingold]], American biochemist\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Patricia Barry]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ho\\u00e0ng Minh Ch\\u00ednh]], Vietnamese\n        politician and dissident (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Sidney Mintz]], American anthropologist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Saramago]], Portuguese author, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]], American physician, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Luis Somoza Debayle]], 26th President of Nicaragua (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Yuri Knorozov]], Russian linguist and epigrapher (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Rosi]], Italian film director (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Don Tennant|Donald Tennant]], American advertising agency\n        executive (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[V\\u00f5 V\\u0103n Ki\\u1ec7t]], Vietnamese politician\n        and statesman (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Shelagh Fraser]],\n        British actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Charles M. Schulz]],\n        American cartoonist (d. [[2000]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Redd Foxx 1977.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Redd\n        Foxx]]]]\\n[[File:DilipKumar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dilip Kumar]]]]\\n[[File:Ava\n        Gardner barefoot contessa crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ava Gardner]]]]\\n[[File:Tweede\n        Kamer, Drees jr. - NL-HaNA 2.24.01.05 0 926-6454 WM208.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willem\n        Drees Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Stan Lee by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Stan Lee]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Leo Gordon]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December\n        5]]\\n** [[Bill Davidson (businessman)|William Davidson]], American sports\n        owner (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Don Robertson (songwriter)|Don Robertson]], American\n        songwriter and pianist (d. [[2015]])\\n*  [[December 6]]\\n** [[Benjamin A.\n        Gilman]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Lucian\n        Freud]], German born painter (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gerhard L\\u00f6wenthal]],\n        German journalist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Redd Foxx]], African-American\n        comedian (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Luc\\u00eda Hiriart]], former\n        First Lady of Chile\\n* [[December 11]] \\n** [[Dilip Kumar]], Indian actor\\n**\n        [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Noah Hutchings]], American president of Southwest Radio Ministries (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Christian Dotremont]], Belgian painter and writer (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n** [[Edythe Perlick]], American female baseball player (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]]\\n** [[Nikolay Basov]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Antonio Larreta]], Uruguayan\n        theatre actor, critic and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Voorhees]], American engineer and urban planner (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Jack Brooks (American politician)|Jack Brooks]], American politician\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Charita Bauer]], American actress/soap\n        opera star (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\n** [[Itubwa Amram]], Nauruan\n        pastor and politician (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Paul Winchell]], American actor\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Micheline Ostermeyer]], French athlete\n        and musician (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\n** [[Ava Gardner]], American\n        actress (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Willem Drees Jr.]], Dutch politician (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Miller Anderson (diver)|Miller Anderson]], American\n        diver (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Stan Lee]], American comics\n        creator\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[William Gaddis]], American writer (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Boes Boestami]], Indonesian actor (d.\n        [[1970]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Maphevu Dlamini]], 2nd Prime Minister\n        of Swaziland (d. [[1979]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Sir Ernest\n        Henry Shackleton in 1917 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ernest Shackleton]]]]\\n[[File:Shigenobu\n        Okuma 5.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Okuma Shigenobu]]]]\\n[[File:Benedictus XV.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Pope\n        Benedict XV]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Istv\\u00e1n K\\u00fch\\u00e1r]], [[Prekmurje\n        Slovenes|Prekmurje Slovene]] writer and politician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Shackleton]], Irish explorer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[\\u014ckuma Shigenobu]], 2-time [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1838]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] British\n        explorer (b. [[1832]])\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Pope Benedict XV]] (b. [[1854]])\\n**\n        [[Fredrik Bajer]], Danish politician and pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1837]])\\n** [[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce]], Irish-born\n        politician, diplomat and historian (b. [[1838]])\\n** [[William Christie (astronomer)|William\n        Christie]], British astronomer (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Nikisch]], Hungarian conductor (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Nellie\n        Bly]], American undercover journalist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Giovanni Verga]],\n        Italian writer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich Reinhardt\n        (composer)|Heinrich Reinhardt]], Austrian composer (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Yamagata\n        Aritomo.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Yamagata Aritomo]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Yamagata\n        Aritomo]], Japanese field marshal and 3rd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1838]])\\n** [[William Desmond Taylor]], Irish-born film director (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]]\\n**[[Christiaan de Wet]], Boer general, rebel leader, and politician\n        (b. [[1854]]) \\n**[[John Butler Yeats]], Northern Irish artist (b. [[1839]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Henry Jones (philosopher)|Henry Jones]], British explorer\n        (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Kabayama Sukenori]], Japanese ''''samurai'''',\n        general, and statesman (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Heikki Ritavuori]],\n        Finnish Minister of Interior (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Joseph Jolly Kyle]], Argentine chemist (b. [[1838]]).\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Henri D\\u00e9sir\\u00e9 Landru]], French serial killer (executed) (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Rafael Moreno Aranzadi]], Spanish footballer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Bert Williams]], American entertainer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Harry Kellar]], American magician (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[March\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Max von Hausen]], German general (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[March 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Walter Parr]], British preacher (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Charles\n        I of Austria.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles I of Austria]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013\n        Emperor [[Charles I of Austria]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Hermann\n        Rorschach]], Swiss psychiatrist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Erich\n        von Falkenhayn]], German general (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n**[[Hans Fruhstorfer]],\n        German lepidopterist (b. [[1866]])\\n**[[Patrick Manson]], Scottish physician\n        (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Cap Anson]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Paul Deschanel]],\n        President of France (b. [[1855]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Ernest Solvay 1900s.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Ernest\n        Solvay]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Mayr.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Michael Mayr]]]]\\n* [[May\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Kingissepp]], Estonian Communist politician (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Max Wagenknecht]], German composer (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May\n        12]] \\u2013 [[John Martin Poyer]], [[United States Navy]] [[Commander (United\n        States)#Naval rank|Commander]] and the 12th [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Leslie Ward]], English portrait artist\n        and caricaturist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Rudolf Montecuccoli]],\n        Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Charles Louis\n        Alphonse Laveran]], French physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Son Byong-hi]], Korean\n        activist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Michael Mayr]], Austrian politician,\n        2nd [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Ernest\n        Solvay]], Belgian chemist, philanthropist and entrepreneur (b. [[1838]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Prince\n        Albert I of Monaco - circa 1910.jpg|thumb|120px|Prince [[Albert I, Prince\n        of Monaco|Albert I of Monaco]]]]\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[William Halse Rivers\n        Rivers]], English doctor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Lillian Russell]],\n        American singer and actress (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Richard A. Ballinger]], American\n        politician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Jacobus Kapteyn]], Dutch\n        astronomer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Vittorio Monti]], Italian\n        Composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet]],\n        British field marshal and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Rathenau]], German statesman and [[Weimar Republic]] foreign minister (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 Prince [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert\n        I of Monaco]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Prince Higashifushimi\n        Yorihito]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Velimir Khlebnikov]], Russian\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[Lothar\n        von Richthofen]], German World War I flying ace (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ioannis Svoronos]], Greek numismatist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Muhammad V an-Nasir]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Andrey\n        Markov]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Jokichi\n        Takamine]], Japanese chemist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Paul Maistre]],\n        French general (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9douard Harl\\u00e9]],\n        French engineer and prehistorian (b. [[1850]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Alexander\n        Graham Bell.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander Graham Bell]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u0449\\u043c\\u0447.\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d (\\u041a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Saint\n        Benjamin of Petrograd]]]]\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**[[Alexander Graham Bell]], Scottish-born\n        inventor (b. [[1847]])\\n**[[Harry Boland]], Irish republican (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Ture Malmgren]], Swedish journalist and politician (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[August 4]] \\n** [[Nikolai Nebogatov]], Russian admiral (b.\n        [[1849]])\\n** [[Enver Pasha]], Ottoman military leader and Turkish revolutionary\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Tommy McCarthy]], American baseball\n        player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Griffith]], Irish republican, [[President of D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Saint Benjamin of Petrograd]] (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe]], British\n        newspaper magnate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Felip Pedrell]],\n        Spanish composer (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Michael Collins (Irish\n        leader)|Michael Collins]], Irish republican and revolutionary, Chairman of\n        the Provisional Government (b. [[1890]]) (assassinated)\\n** [[Thomas Brock]],\n        British sculptor (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Georges Sorel]],\n        French philosopher and theorist of revolutionary syndicalism (b. [[1847]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Chrysostomos\n        of Smyrna.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Chrysostomos of Smyrna]]]]\\n* [[September\n        4]] \\u2013 [[James Young (footballer, born 1882)|James Young]], Scottish footballer,\n        motorcycle accident (b. [[1882]]){{cite web|url=http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/football_player_profile.cfm?page=823&playerID=112866&CFID=449150&CFTOKEN=69345798\n        |title=Player & Result Finder: Scottish Football Association |publisher=The\n        Scottish FA |date=1922-09-04 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Sarah Winchester]], American builder of the Winchester Mystery\n        House (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[William Stewart Halsted]],\n        American surgeon (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\n** Saint [[Chrysostomos\n        of Smyrna]] (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Wilfrid Scawen Blunt]], British poet (b. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Carlo Caneva]], Italian general (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Thomas E. Watson]], American politician and senator\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Oskar Hertwig.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Oscar\n        Hertwig]]]]\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Marie Lloyd]], British singer (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Oscar Hertwig]], German zoologist (b.\n        [[1849]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[G\\u00e9za G\\u00e1rdonyi]], Hungarian\n        author (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Marcel Proust 1900-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marcel\n        Proust]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Lima Barreto]], Brazilian writer (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Sam Thompson]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Godfrey\n        Chevalier]], American naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – [[Dimitrios Gounaris]], 94th Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Marcel Proust]], French author  (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Eduard Seler]], Prussian scholar and Mesoamericanist\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Robert Erskine Childers]], Irish\n        novelist and nationalist (executed) (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Demetrio Castillo Duany]], Cuban revolutionary, soldier, and politician\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9 Crest\\u00e9]], French\n        actor and director (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:President of Poland\n        Gabriel Narutowicz.PNG|thumb|90px|[[Gabriel Narutowicz]]]]\\n* [[December 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Wanamaker]], American businessman (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Hannes Hafstein]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Henry Pierrepoint]], British executioner (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Gabriel Narutowicz]], Polish professor and politician,\n        1st [[President of Poland]] (assassinated) (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[David Lindsay (explorer)|David Lindsay]], Australian explorer (b.\n        [[1856]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Niels Bohr|Niels Henrik David Bohr]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Francis William Aston]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Archibald\n        Vivian Hill]], [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jacinto Benavente]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Fridtjof\n        Nansen]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1922-pictures.html\n        1922 Coin Pictures]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1922}}\\n[[Category:1922| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T22:52:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":799800302,\"length\":66912,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1922&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922\"},\"34863\":{\"pageid\":34863,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1923\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T02:35:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1923}}\\n{{Events by month|1923}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1923}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1923}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1923}}\\n* [[January 1]]\n        – The Grouping: All major British railway companies are grouped into\n        four larger companies, under terms of the [[Railways Act 1921]].\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\u2013[[January 7|7]] – [[Rosewood massacre]], a violent, racially\n        motivated conflict in [[Florida]]. At least eight people are killed, and the\n        town of [[Rosewood, Florida|Rosewood]] is abandoned and destroyed.\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Lithuania]] begins the [[Klaip\\u0117da Revolt]] to annex the\n        [[Klaip\\u0117da Region]] (Memel Territory).\\n* [[January 11]] – Despite\n        strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium [[Occupation of the\n        Ruhr|occupy the Ruhr area]] to force Germany to make reparation payments.\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Juan de la Cierva]] invents the [[autogyro]], a rotary-winged\n        aircraft with an unpowered rotor.\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Elon College]]''s\n        campus in [[North Carolina]] is destroyed by a fire.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1923}}\\n*[[Norman Albert]] calls the first live broadcast\n        of an ice hockey game, the third period of an [[Ontario Hockey League]] Intermediate\n        playoff game on the [[Toronto]] station CFCA.{{cite news |work=Toronto\n        Star |date=February 9, 1923 |page=12 |author=Albert, Norman |title=Conacher\n        Scored Six for North Toronto}}{{cite book |author=Kitchen, Paul\n        |title=Win, Lose or Wrangle: The Inside Story of the Old Ottawa Senators -\n        1883-1935 |publisher=Penumbra Press |location=Manotick Ontario |page=246 |year=2008}}\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Billy Hughes]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Australia]],\n        after the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] refuses to govern\n        in coalition with him as the leader of the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist\n        Party]]. Hughes is succeeded by his [[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]],\n        [[Stanley Bruce]].\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Albert Einstein]] visits [[Barcelona]],\n        Spain, at the invitation of scientist [[Esteban Terradas i Illa]].\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1923}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** The {{USS|Connecticut|BB-18|6}}\n        is decommissioned.\\n** [[Eskom]], largest electricity producer in Africa,\n        is established in South Africa.\\n** Greece adopts the [[Gregorian calendar]].\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – This is the [[cover date]] of the first issue of ''''[[Time\n        (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine. Retired U.S. [[Speaker of the United States\n        House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph\n        G. Cannon]] appears on the first cover.\\n* [[March 6]] – The [[Egyptian\n        Feminist Union]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u062a\\u062d\\u0627\\u062f\n        \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0633\\u0627\\u0626\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0635\\u0631\\u064a),\n        the first nationwide [[Feminism|feminist]] movement in [[Egypt]], was founded\n        at the home of activist [[Huda Sha''arawi]].{{cite journal|author=Mariz\n        Tadros |title=Unity in diversity |journal=Al Ahram Weekly |date=18\\u201324\n        March 1999 |issue=421 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/421/li1.htm |accessdate=30\n        September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530205258/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/421/li1.htm\n        |archivedate=May 30, 2014 |df= }}{{cite book|author=Earl L. Sullivan|title=Women\n        in Egyptian Public Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y900ymkaKX4C&pg=PA172|accessdate=6\n        October 2014|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2354-0|page=172}}{{cite\n        web|author=Nadje S. Al Ali|title=Women\\u2019s Movements in the Middle East:\n        Case Studies of Egypt and Turkey|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/4889/2/UNRISD_Report_final.pdf|publisher=SOAS|accessdate=21\n        September 2014|format=Report}}\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Vladimir Lenin]]\n        suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak;\n        consequently he retires from his position as Chairman of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        government.\\n*[[March 14]] – [[Pete Parker]] calls the play-by-play\n        of the first ice hockey game ever broadcast on the radio in its entirety,\n        between the Regina Capitals and the [[Edmonton Eskimos (ice hockey)|Edmonton\n        Eskimos]] of the [[Western Canada Hockey League]].{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html?url=http%3A//www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php%3Fid%3D173\n        |title=Hooper, Albert W. \\\"Bert\\\" |last= |first= |date= |website=The History\n        of Canadian Broadcasting |publisher= |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}\n        \\n* [[March 28]] – ''''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'''', the air force of Fascist\n        Italy, is founded.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1923}}\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[Warner Bros.]] film studio is formally incorporated in the United\n        States as Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc. \\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Louis Armstrong]]\n        makes his first recording, \\\"Chimes Blues\\\", with [[King Oliver]]''s Creole\n        Jazz Band.\\n** The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed in [[Victoria\n        Institution]], [[Federated Malay States]].\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Kandersteg\n        International Scout Centre]] comes into existence in Switzerland.\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] opens its doors as the home\n        park of the [[New York Yankees]] [[baseball]] team in [[The Bronx]].\\n** [[Russia]]n\n        professional sports society club, [[Dynamo Sports Club|Dynamo Moscow]] founded.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** Hjalmar Branting leaves office\n        as [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], after the Swedish Riksdag has rejected a\n        government proposal regarding unemployment benefits.\\n** Right-wing academic\n        and jurist [[Ernst Trygger]] becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.\\n** [[Egyptian\n        Constitution of 1923]] adopted, introducing a [[parliamentary system]] of\n        democracy in the country.{{cite web|title=Constitutional history at a\n        glance|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/732/eg3.htm|work=Al-Ahram Weekly\n        On-line|date=3\\u20139 March 2005|issue=732|accessdate=2013-12-11}}\\n*\n        [[April 23]] – The [[Gdynia]] seaport is inaugurated on the [[Polish\n        Corridor]].\\n* [[April 26]] – Prince Albert, Duke of York (later [[George\n        VI]], King of the United Kingdom) [[Wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York,\n        and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|marries]] Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later [[Queen\n        Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]) in [[Westminster Abbey]].\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        The original [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] opened its doors for\n        the first time to the British public staging the [[FA Cup Final]] between\n        [[Bolton Wanderers]] and [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham Utd]].\\n\\n=== May\n        ===\\n{{Main article|May 1923}}\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Rahula College]] is\n        established in [[Ceylon]] with the name of \\\"Parakramabhahu Vidyalaya\\\".\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Liseberg]], an amusement park in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]],\n        opens.\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** Southeastern [[Michigan]] receives a record {{convert|15|cm|in}}\n        of snow after temperatures plummeted from 17 to 1 degrees between 1 and 6\n        pm on the previous day.{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/talesmay.php\n        |title=National Weather Service |publisher=Crh.noaa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-08-25}}\\n**\n        The premiere of [[Bertolt Brecht]]''s play ''''[[In the Jungle of Cities|In\n        the Jungle (Im Dickicht)]]'''' at the [[Residenz Theatre|Residenztheater]]\n        in [[Munich]] is interrupted by [[Nazism|Nazi]] demonstrators.\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – British Prime Minister [[Bonar Law | Andrew Bonar Law]] resigns due\n        to ill health.\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Stanley Baldwin]] appointed British Prime\n        Minister.\\n** Belgium''s ''''[[Sabena]]'''' Airlines is created.\\n \\n* [[May\n        24]] – The [[Irish Civil War]] ends.\\n* [[May 26]] – The first\n        [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] motor race is held, and is won by Andr\\u00e9 Lagache\n        and Ren\\u00e9 L\\u00e9onard.\\n* [[May 27]] – The [[Ku Klux Klan#The second\n        Klan: 1915\\u20131944|Ku Klux Klan]] in the United States defies a law requiring\n        publication of its members.\\n* [[May 28]] – Sri [[N. T. Rama Rao]] was\n        born\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1923}}\\n[[File:BASA-950K-3-110-1-Aleksandar\n        Stamboliyski in Paris, 1921 (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[June 9]]: Aleksandar\n        Stamboliyski]]\\n* [[June 9]] – A [[Bulgarian coup d''\\u00e9tat of 1923|military\n        coup]] in [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] ousts prime minister [[Aleksandar\n        Stamboliyski]] (he is killed [[June 14]]).\\n*[[June 12]] – [[William\n        Walton]]''s ''''[[Fa\\u00e7ade (suite)|Fa\\u00e7ade]]'''' is performed for the\n        first time.\\n* [[June 13]] – President [[Li Yuanhong]] of [[Republic\n        of China (1912\\u201349)|China]] abandons his residence because a warlord has\n        commanded forces to surround the mansion and cut off its water and electric\n        supplies, in order to force him to abandon his post.\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        The storming of [[Ayan, Russia|Ayan]] in [[Siberia]] concludes the [[Yakut\n        Revolt]] and the [[Russian Civil War]].\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Mount Etna]]\n        erupts in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], making 60,000 homeless.\\n* [[June 25]]\n        – [[FC Rapid Bucure\\u0219ti]] is formed on the initiative of the [[Grivi\\u021ba]]\n        railroad workers (first named CFR Bucure\\u0219ti).\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1923}}\\n* [[July 10]] – Large hailstones kill 23 in [[Rostov]],\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[July 13]] \\n** The [[Hollywood Sign]] is inaugurated\n        in [[California]] (originally reading ''''Hollywoodland'''').\\n** American\n        explorer [[Roy Chapman Andrews]] discovers the first dinosaur eggs near [[Flaming\n        Cliffs]], Mongolia.\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Pancho Villa]] is assassinated\n        at [[Hidalgo del Parral]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].\\n* [[July 24]]\n        – The [[Treaty of Lausanne]], settling the boundaries of the modern\n        [[Republic of Turkey]], is signed in Switzerland by [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]],\n        [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and other countries that fought in the First\n        World War, bringing an end to the [[Ottoman Empire]] after 624 years.\\n* ''''Undated''''\n        – Hyperinflation in Germany has seen the number of marks needed to purchase\n        a single American dollar reach 353,000 – more than 200 times the amount\n        needed at the start of the year.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1923}}\\n[[File:Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[August\n        3]]:  [[Calvin Coolidge]] is 30th [[President of the United States of America]].]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – President [[Warren G. Harding]], dies of a heart attack\n        and is succeeded by Vice President [[Calvin Coolidge]], who becomes the 30th\n        President of the United States.\\n* [[August 3]] – President Calvin Coolidge\n        is [[First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge|sworn in]].\\n* [[August 13]]\\n**\n        The first major seagoing ship arrives at Gdynia, the newly constructed [[Second\n        Polish Republic|Polish]] seaport.\\n** [[Gustav Stresemann]] is named [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] and founds a [[coalition\n        government]] for the [[Weimar Republic]], where hyperinflation means that\n        more than 4,600,000 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar.\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Club Necaxa|Necaxa]] football club is founded by engineer\n        William H. Frasser.\\n* [[August 30]] – Hurricane season begins, with\n        a tropical storm northeast of the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]].\\n* [[August\n        31]] – The Italian navy [[Corfu incident|occupies Corfu]] in retaliation\n        for the murder of an Italian officer. The [[League of Nations]] protests and\n        the occupation ends on [[September 30]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1923}}\\n* [[September 1]] – The [[Great Kant\\u014d earthquake]] devastates\n        Tokyo and [[Yokohama]], killing an estimated 142,807 people, but according\n        to a Japanese construction research center report in 2005, 105,000 are confirmed\n        dead.\\n* [[September 4]] – The [[United States Navy]]''s first home-built\n        rigid [[airship]] {{USS|Shenandoah|ZR-1}} makes her first flight at [[Naval\n        Air Engineering Station Lakehurst|Naval Air Station Lakehurst]] (New Jersey);\n        she contains most of the world''s extracted reserves of [[helium]] at this\n        time.Named and commissioned October 10. {{cite journal|last=Hayward|first=John\n        T.|title=Comment and Discussion|journal=United States Naval Institute Proceedings|date=August\n        1978}}\\n* [[September 7]] – At the International Police Conference\n        in Vienna, the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), better known\n        as [[Interpol]], is set up.\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Honda Point disaster]]:\n        Nine United States Navy [[destroyer]]s run aground off the [[California]]\n        coast.\\n* [[September 9]] – Turkish head of state [[Mustafa Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]]\n        founds the [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|Republican People''s Party]]\n        (CHP).\\n* [[September 10]] – The [[Irish Free State]] joins the [[League\n        of Nations]].\\n* [[September 13]] – Military coup in Spain: [[Miguel\n        Primo de Rivera]] takes over, setting up a [[dictatorship]]. [[Trade union]]s\n        are prohibited for 10 years.\\n* [[September 17]] – [[1923 Berkeley Fire]]:\n        A major fire in [[Berkeley, California]], erupts, consuming some 640 structures,\n        including 584 homes in the densely built neighborhoods north of the campus\n        of the [[University of California]].\\n* [[September 18]]–[[September\n        26|26]] – Newspaper printers strike in New York City.\\n* [[September\n        24]] – Second storm of the [[Atlantic hurricane season]], a major hurricane\n        north of [[Hispaniola]].\\n* [[September 26]] – In [[Bavaria]], [[Gustav\n        Ritter von Kahr]] takes dictatorial powers.\\n* [[September 29]] – The\n        [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate for Palestine]]\n        ([[1922]]) comes into effect, officially creating the [[protectorate]]s of\n        [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] as a [[homeland for the Jewish people]]\n        under British administration and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] as\n        a separate [[emirate]] under [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]].{{cite\n        book|url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F\n        |title=Palestine Royal Commission Report, Presented by the Secretary of State\n        for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty |series=Cmd. 5479\n        |publisher=His Majesty\\u2019s Stationery Office |location=London |date=July\n        1937 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127035141/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F\n        |archivedate=January 27, 2012 |df= }}\\n* September 29 – The [[French\n        Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]] takes effect.\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[K\\u00fcstrin Putsch]]: Outside Berlin, Major Ernst von Buchrucker, the leader\n        of the [[Black Reichswehr]] attempts a ''''putsch'''' by seizing several forts.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1923}}\\n[[File:Atat\\u00fcrk.jpg|thumb|145px|right|\n        [[October 29|Oct.29]]: [[Atat\\u00fcrk|Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]].]]\\n* [[October\n        2]] – After two days of siege, Major Buchrucker and his men surrender.\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – The great powers of World War I withdraw from [[Occupation\n        of Constantinople|Constantinople]].\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Ankara]] replaces\n        [[Constantinople]] as the capital of [[Turkey]].\\n** The first recorded example\n        of a [[1923 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Six|storm crossing from the\n        Eastern Pacific into the Atlantic]], occurred in [[Oaxaca]].\\n* [[October\n        14]] – Fourth tropical storm of the year, formed just north of [[Panama]].\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – Fifth tropical storm of the year, formed north of the\n        [[Leeward Islands]].\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** A sixth tropical storm develops\n        in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]; a rare occurrence, it consists of four active [[tropical\n        storm]]s simultaneously.\\n** [[Roy O. Disney|Roy]] and [[Walt Disney]] found\n        [[The Walt Disney Company]].\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Hamburg Uprising]]:\n        In Germany, the Communists attempt a \\\"[[putsch]]\\\" in Hamburg, which results\n        in street battles in that city for the next two days, when it ends unsuccessfully.\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – In Germany, General [[Hans von Seeckt]] orders the\n        ''''Reichswehr'''' to dissolve the Social Democratic-Communist government\n        of Saxony, which is refusing to accept the authority of the ''''Reich''''\n        government.\\n* [[October 28]] – In [[Qajar Dynasty|Persia]], [[Rez\\u0101\n        Sh\\u0101h|Reza Khan]] becomes [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]''s prime minister.\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Turkey]] becomes a [[republic]] following the dissolution of\n        the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]] is elected as first president.\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] is appointed as\n        the first prime minister of Turkey.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1923}}\\n* [[November 1]] – The Finnish flag carrier airline [[Finnair]]\n        is started as Aero oy.\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Beer Hall Putsch]]: In\n        [[Munich]], [[Adolf Hitler]] leads the [[Nazism|Nazis]] in an unsuccessful\n        attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the\n        attempt the next day.\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] is arrested\n        for his leading role in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], two days after the Putsch\n        was crushed by the government. 20 people died as a result of the associated\n        violence.\\n* [[November 12]] – Her Highness [[Princess Maud, Countess\n        of Southesk|Princess Maud of Fife]] marries Captain Charles Alexander Carnegie\n        in Wellington Barracks, London.\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Hyperinflation\n        in the Weimar Republic]]: [[Hyperinflation]] in Germany reaches its height.\n        One United States dollar is worth 4,200,000,000,000 [[German Papiermark|Papiermark]]{{cite\n        web|first=Stephen|last=Tonge|title=Weimar Germany 1919-1933|work=A Web of\n        English History|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm|accessdate=2012-03-14}}\n        (4.2 trillion on the [[short scale]]). [[Gustav Stresemann]] abolishes the\n        old currency and replaces it with the [[Rentenmark]] at an exchange rate of\n        one Rentenmark to 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion on the short scale) Papiermark\n        with effect from November 20.\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Gustav Stresemann]]''s\n        coalition government collapses in Germany.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1923}}\\n* [[December 1]] – In [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], the [[Gleno\n        Dam]] on the Gleno River in the Valle di Scalve in the northern Province of\n        Bergamo bursts, killing at least 356 people.d4ew220\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        In the [[United Kingdom general election, 1923 | general election]], the governing\n        [[Conservative Party (UK) | Conservatives]] under [[Stanley Baldwin]] are\n        reduced to a minority status, with the [[Labour Party (UK) | Labour party]]\n        gaining second party status. \\n* [[December 10]] – Sigma Alpha Kappa\n        (the first social fraternity at a Jesuit college in the United States) is\n        founded as a fraternal organization until the ban on social fraternities is\n        lifted.\\n* [[December 20]] – BEGGARS Fraternity (the second social fraternity\n        at a Jesuit college in the United States) is founded by nine men who have\n        secured permission to do so from the Pope.\\n* [[December 21]] – The\n        [[Nepal\\u2013Britain Treaty of 1923|Nepal\\u2013Britain Treaty]] is the first\n        to define the international status of [[Nepal]] as an independent sovereign\n        country.\\n* [[December 27]] – The crown prince of Japan survives an\n        assassination attempt in Tokyo.\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]]\n        files his first [[patent]] (in the United States) for \\\"television systems\\\".\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* Struggling for a foothold in southern [[Republic of China\n        (1912\\u201349)|China]], [[Sun Yat-sen]] decides to ally his Nationalist [[Kuomintang]]\n        party with [[Comintern]] and the [[Communist Party of China]].\\n* [[Johor\\u2013Singapore\n        Causeway]] completed.\\n* Police strike in Australia.\\n* The [[American Law\n        Institute]] is established.\\n* The [[Moderation League of New York]] becomes\n        part of the movement for the [[repeal of Prohibition in the United States]].\\n*\n        [[Marcel Duchamp]]''s artwork ''''[[The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors,\n        Even]]'''' (''''La mari\\u00e9e mise \\u00e0 nu par ses c\\u00e9libataires, m\\u00eame''''\n        or ''''The Large Glass'''') is completed in the United States.\\n* [[Rainbow\n        trout]] introduced into the upper [[Firehole River]] in [[Yellowstone National\n        Park]], United States.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Paavo Lonkila.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paavo\n        Lonkila]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Valentina Cortese]], Italian actress\\n**\n        [[Vulo Radev]], Bulgarian film director (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Rom\\u00e9o Sabourin]],\n        Canadian World War II spy  (d. [[1944]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Abdel\n        Aziz Mohamed Hegazy]], 38th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Hank Stram]], American football coach and broadcaster (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Sam Phillips]], American record producer (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]]\\n** [[Norman Kirk]], 29th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d.\n        [[1974]])\\n** [[Jacobo Timerman]], Argentine writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Hugh Kenner]], Canadian literary critic (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January\n        8]]\\n** [[Larry Storch]], American actor\\n** [[Johnny Wardle]], English cricketer\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\n** [[Paavo Lonkila]], Finnish Olympic cross-country\n        skiier\\n** [[Ernst Nolte]], German historian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Ira Hayes]], U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. [[1955]])\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Lee Teng-hui]], Taiwanese politician, 4th [[President\n        of the Republic of China (Taiwan)]] and the \\\"father of Taiwan''s democracy\\\"\\n*\n        [[January 16]]\\n** [[Anthony Hecht]], American poet (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Walther\n        Wever (pilot)|Walther Wever]], German fighter ace (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Jean Stapleton]], American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] \\n** [[Slim Whitman]], American country and western musician (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Nora Brockstedt]], Norwegian singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 22]] –\n        [[Diana Douglas]], British-born American actress; mother of actor/producer\n        [[Michael Douglas]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Cot Deal]], American\n        major league baseball player and coach (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Stephanie Kwolek]],\n        inventor of \\\"[[Kevlar]] fibers\\\" (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Arvid Carlsson]], Swedish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Anne Jeffreys]], American actress\n        and singer\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Paddy Chayefsky]], American writer\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Norman Mailer]], American writer\n        and journalist (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[James\n        Dickey]], American poet and author (''''Deliverance'''') (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Red Schoendienst]], American baseball player\\n** [[Liz Smith (journalist)|Liz\n        Smith]], American gossip columnist\\n** [[Clem Windsor]], Australian rugby\n        union player and surgeon (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Edith Barney]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**\n        [[Conrad Bain]], Canadian-born actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Belisario Betancur]],\n        Colombian politician and the 26th [[President of Colombia]]\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[Fatmawati]] First Lady of Indonesia (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood]] and first grandchild\n        of King George V (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Urpo Korhonen]],\n        Finnish Olympic cross-country skiier (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Brendan Behan]], Irish author (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n**[[Allie\n        Sherman]], American professional football coach (d. [[2015]])\\n**[[Cesare\n        Siepi]], Italian opera singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Franco\n        Zeffirelli]], Italian film and opera director\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Yfrah\n        Neaman]], Lebanese-born violinist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Chuck Yeager]], American\n        test pilot and ''''NASA'''' official\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Samuel Willenberg]],\n        Polish-born Israeli sculptor and painter, last surviving member of the [[Treblinka\n        extermination camp]] revolt (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Jun\n        Fukuda]], Japanese film director (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 20]] –\n        [[Forbes Burnham]], Guyanese politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Guyana]]\n        and 2nd [[President of Guyana]] (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Wilbur\n        R. Ingalls, Jr.]], American architect (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Norman Smith (record producer)|Norman Smith]], English singer and record\n        producer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Mary Francis Shura]], American\n        writer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Ioannis Grivas]], Greek judge and politician, 176th\n        [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[John van Hengel]], American\n        \\\"Father of Food Banking\\\" (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[David\n        Soyer]], American cellist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Dexter\n        Gordon]], American jazz saxophone player and actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** [[Jean Carson]], American actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Charles Durning]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Orrin\n        Keepnews]], American record producer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Robert H. Michel]],\n        American Republican Party politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Doc Watson]], American folk guitarist and songwriter (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March\n        4]] \\n** [[Piero D''Inzeo]], Italian Olympic show jumping rider (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        Sir [[Patrick Moore]], British astronomer and broadcaster (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n** [[Ed McMahon]], American television personality (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Wes Montgomery]], American musician (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Mahlon Clark]], American musician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Louk\n        Hulsman]], Dutch criminologist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n**[[James L.\n        Buckley]], American politician and [[United States Senator]] 1971-77\\n**[[Walter\n        Kohn]], Austrian-born physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Val Logsdon Fitch]], American nuclear\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 11]]\\n** [[Paul Muller (actor)|Paul Muller]], Swiss actor\\n** [[Agatha\n        Barbara]], Maltese politician (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Hjalmar\n        Andersen]], Norwegian speed-skater (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Wally Schirra]], American\n        astronaut (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mae Young]], American wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Diane Arbus]], American photographer (d. [[1971]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]]\\n** [[Willy Semmelrogge]], German actor (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Lou\n        Richards]], Australian footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Merle\n        Keagle]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1960]])\\n** Shri\n        Mataji [[Nirmala Srivastava]], Indian founder of Sahaja Yoga (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[March 22]] – [[Marcel Marceau]], world-renowned French [[Mime artist|mime]]\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Murray Hamilton]], American actor (d.\n        [[1986]])\\n** [[Michael Legat]], English writer (d. 2011)\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Wim van Est]], Dutch cyclist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 26]] –\n        [[Bob Elliott (comedian)|Bob Elliott]], American comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]] – [[Louis Simpson]], Jamaican-born poet (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – [[Thad Jones]], American jazz musician (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Geoff Duke]], British motorcycle racer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Milton Acorn]], Canadian writer (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Shoshana Damari]], Yemenite-Israeli singer (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n[[File:Aaron Spelling TWA ad photo.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Aaron Spelling]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Alice Haylett]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[G. Spencer-Brown]], British mathematician (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Gloria Henry]], American actress\\n** [[Johnny Paton]], Scottish football\n        player, coach and manager (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Gene Reynolds]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Peter Vaughan]], English actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April\n        5]] – [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]], President of South Vietnam\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[George Fisher (cartoonist)|George Fisher]],\n        American political cartoonist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Edward Mulhare]], Irish-born\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Don Adams]], American\n        actor and comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Roberto De Vicenzo]],\n        Argentine professional golfer and winner of the [[1967 Open Championship]]\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Douglas Wass]], British civil servant\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Mother Angelica]], American nun; founder\n        of the Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Irene Lieblich]],\n        Polish-born painter (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Geoffrey Hattersley-Smith]],\n        English/Canadian [[geologist]] and [[glacier|glaciologist]] (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Bettie Page]], American model (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Paula Fox]], American\n        writer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Aaron Spelling]], American television producer\n        and writer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Dolph Briscoe]], Governor\n        of Texas (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[B\\u00fclent Ulusu]], 18th\n        Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Albert King]],\n        American musician (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[April 30]]\\n** [[Al Lewis (actor)|Al\n        Lewis]], American actor (''''The Munsters'''') (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Francis\n        Tucker]], South African Rally Driver (d. [[2008]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Heydar\n        Aliyev 1997.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Heydar Aliyev]]]]\\n[[File:Horst Tappert retouched.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Horst\n        Tappert]]]]\\n[[File:Henry Kissinger Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henry\n        Kissinger]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\n** [[Joseph Heller]], American novelist (''''Catch-22'''')\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Frank Brian]], American basketball player (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Fernando Cabrita]], Portuguese football forward and manager (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Patrick Hillery]], [[President of Ireland]] (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Ralph Hall]], American politician\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Assi\n        Rahbani]], [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] composer, musician, conductor, poet and author\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Eric Sykes]], English actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 5]]\n        \\n** [[Richard Wollheim]], English philosopher (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Konrad\n        Repgen]], German historian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Josep Seguer]],\n        Spanish football defender and manager (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Anne\n        Baxter]], American actress (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[J. Mack Robinson]], American\n        businessman (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jim Lowe]], American singer-songwriter (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Heydar Aliyev]], 3rd [[President of Azerbaijan]]\n        (1993\\u20132003) (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Louise Arnold (baseball)|Louise\n        Arnold]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May\n        14]]\\n** [[Willis Blair]], Canadian politician (d. [[2014]]) \\n** [[Mrinal\n        Sen]], Indian filmmaker\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Doris Dowling]], American actress\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Gholamreza Pahlavi]], Persian prince (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[John Lanchbery]], English composer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Merton\n        Miller]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\n** [[David Wasawo]], Kenyan\n        zoologist, conservationist, and university administrator (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Mennin]], American composer, teacher and administrator (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Hugh Shearer]], [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]] (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[Armand Borel]], Swiss mathematician (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Dorothy\n        Hewett]], Australian writer (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Evelyn Ward]], American actress\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Ara Parseghian]], American football coach\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Kalidas Shrestha]], Nepalese artist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Knut Ahnlund]], Swedish literary historian and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Seijun Suzuki]], Japanese filmmaker, actor, and screenwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]]\\n** [[James Arness]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Roy Dotrice]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Horst Tappert]], German television actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Alfonso Wong]], Hong Kong cartoonist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Henry\n        Kissinger]], [[United States Secretary of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Sumner Redstone]], American businessman\\n* [[May 28]]\\n**\n        [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Ligeti]], Hungarian composer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Nandamuri Taraka\n        Rama Rao]], Indian (Telugu) film actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[T. M. Thiagarajan]],\n        Carnatic musicologist from Tamil Nadu in Southern India (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] \\n** [[Robert O. Becker]], American orthopedic surgeon (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]] (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Ellsworth Kelly]], American\n        artist (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Ted Leehane]], Australian\n        rules footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Lloyd Shapley]], American mathematician\n        and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Peter\n        Thorne (RAF officer)|Peter Thorne]], Royal Air Force pilot (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Elizabeth Jolley]], Australian writer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\n** [[V. C. Andrews]], American novelist (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Jeff\n        Dwire]], American small businessman (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[June 7]] \\n** [[Jean\n        Baratte]], French international footballer who played as striker, and manager\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Giorgio Belladonna]], Italian bridge player, one of the\n        greatest of all time (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Gerald G\\u00f6tting]],\n        German politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Robert Maxwell]],\n        Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\n** [[Herta\n        Elviste]], Estonian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Juan Arza]], Spanish football\n        forward and manager (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Lloyd Conover]],\n        American scientist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Jack Hayward]],\n        English businessman (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Herbert Chitepo]],\n        Leader of Zimbabwe African National Union (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Johnny Most]],\n        American basketball radio announcer (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Arnold\n        S. Relman]], American internist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Enrique Angelelli]], Argentine\n        bishop (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[W. M. Gorman]], Irish economist and academic (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n** [[William G. Adams]], ninth mayor of St. John''s and a member\n        of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Anthony\n        Bevilacqua]], American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Jan Vesel\\u00fd (cyclist)|Jan Vesel\\u00fd]], Czech cyclist (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Szymon Szurmiej]], Polish-Jewish actor, director, and\n        general manager (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Bj\\u00f8rn Watt-Boolsen]],\n        Danish actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Johann Eyfells]], Master of\n        Fine Arts\\n** [[John Oldham (basketball)|John Oldham]], American college player,\n        athletic director and basketball coach\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Barbara Perry\n        (actress)|Barbara Perry]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n** [[Felo\n        Ram\\u00edrez]], Cuban-American Spanish language radio voice of the Miami Marlins\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 23]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Antunes]], Portuguese sports\n        shooter\\n** [[Doris Johnson]], American politician\\n** [[Makhmut Gareev]],\n        Russian general\\n** [[Jerry Rullo]], American professional basketball player\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]], Sri Lanka statesman, 3rd [[President\n        of Sri Lanka]] (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[John E. Sarno]], American medical writers\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|N\\u00e9govan\n        Rajic|fr|3=N\\u00e9govan Rajic}}, Newsreader and playwright from Quebec\\n**\n        [[Yves Bonnefoy]], French poet and art historian (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Cesare\n        Romiti]], Italian economist\\n** [[T-Model Ford]], American blues musician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Stan Clements]], English footballer who\n        played\\n** [[Vatroslav Mimica]], Croatian film director and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Doug Everingham]], Australian politician and minister (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Sam Francis]], American painter (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Ed Bearss]],\n        American veteran of World War II\\n** [[Musa''id bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Saudi\n        prince (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Mitchell Flint]], American lawyer\n        and a veteran aviator\\n** [[Beth Chatto]], British plantswoman, garden designer\n        and author\\n** [[Gus Zernial]], American baseball player and sports commentator\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Giff Roux]], American basketball player\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gaye Stewart]], Canadian ice hockey forward (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Daniil Khrabrovitsky]], Soviet film director (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[June 29]]\n        \\n** [[Alfred Goodwin]],  senior judge on the United States Court of Appeals\n        for the Ninth Circuit\\n** [[Chou Wen-chung]], Chinese-American composer and\n        educator\\n** [[Olav Thon]], Norwegian real estate magnate\\n* [[June 30]] \\n**\n        [[Andy Jack]], English footballer\\n** [[Ivo Orlandi]], Venezuelan sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Gad Beck]], Israeli-German educator, author, activist, and survivor of the\n        Holocaust (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Wojciech Jaruzelski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wojciech\n        Jaruzelski]]]]\\n[[File:Harrison Dillard 1952.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harrison Dillard]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Scotty Bowers]], American Marine and author\\n** [[Herman\n        Chernoff]], American applied mathematician, statistician and physicist\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Wis\\u0142awa Szymborska]], Polish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Hugo\n        Machado (cyclist)|Hugo Machado]], Uruguayan cyclist\\n** [[Felipe Zetter]],\n        Mexican football defender (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Rudolf Friedrich]],\n        Swiss Federal Councilor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[George Mostow]], American mathematician,\n        renowned for his contributions to Lie theory (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Mitsuye Yamada]],  Japanese American activist, feminist, essayist, poet,\n        story writer, editor, and former professor of English.\\n** [[Hermann Gummel]],\n        German pioneer in the semiconductor industry\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Wojciech\n        Jaruzelski]], Polish Communist politician, 8th [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\n        and [[List of Polish heads of state (1918\\u2013present)|President of Poland]]\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Chandrashekhar]], Indian film actor\\n**\n        [[Whitney North Seymour, Jr.]], American administrator\\n** [[Leonardo Ferrel]],\n        Bolivian football player\\n** [[Kitty White]], American jazz singer (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 8]] \\n** [[Harrison Dillard]], American athlete\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Jeanine Collard|fr|3=Jeanine Collard}}, French singer\\n** [[Ivor\n        Germain]], Barbadian professional light/welterweight boxer\\n** [[Eric Hill\n        (cricketer)|Eric Hill]], English cricketer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 9]] –\n        [[Jill Knight]], British politician\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s\n        T\\u00edm\\u00e1r]], Hungarian politician and economist\\n** [[Rudolf Kehrer]],\n        Soviet and Russian classical pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[John Bradley (United\n        States Navy)|John Bradley]], U.S. Navy flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\n** [[Roy Neighbors]], American politician\\n** [[Richard Pipes]],\n        Polish-American academic who specializes in Russian history\\n** [[Olavo Rodrigues\n        Barbosa]], Brazilian football player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gilbert Morand]],\n        French non-commissioned officer and skier (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\n**\n        [[James E. Gunn (writer)|James E. Gunn]],  American science fiction writer,\n        editor, scholar, and anthologist\\n** [[Francisco Castro (athlete)|Francisco\n        Castro]], Puerto Rican long jumper and triple jumper\\n** [[Freddie Fields]],\n        American theatrical agent and film producer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Erich Lessing]], Austrian photographer\\n** [[Shmuel Laviv-Lubin]], Israeli\n        sports shooter\\n** [[Alexandre Astruc]], French film critic and director (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Norma Zimmer]], American singer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Dale Robertson]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 15]] –\n        [[Francisco de Andrade]], Portuguese competitive sailor and Olympic medalist\\n*\n        [[July 16]]\\n** [[Mari Evans]], African-American poet (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Len\n        Okrie]], American catcher\\n** [[Chris Argyris]], American business theorist\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Madini]], Italian professional football player\\n*\n        [[July 18]]\\n** [[Michael Medwin]], English actor\\n** [[Jerome H. Lemelson]],\n        American inventor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[July 19]] – {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Jos\\u00e9 Mo\\u00ebs|fr|3=Jos\\u00e9 Mo\\u00ebs}}, Belgian footballer\\n*\n        [[July 20]]\\n** [[James Bree (actor)|James Bree]], British actor (d. [[2008]])\\n**[[Stanis\\u0142aw\n        Albinowski]], Polish economist and journalist (d. [[2005]])\\n**[[Elisabeth\n        Becker]], German Nazi war criminal (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Rudolph\n        A. Marcus]], Canadian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Walter Brenner]], American professor\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Anthony Enahoro]],\n        Nigerian politician (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bob Dole]], American politician and\n        Presidential candidate\\n** [[The Fabulous Moolah]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Indian singer (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Luis Aloma|Witto Aloma]], Cuban [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Estelle Getty]], American actress\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[H. S. S. Lawrence]], Indian educator\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\n** [[Jim Marshall (businessman)|Jim Marshall]],\n        founder of [[Marshall Amplification]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Edgar Cortright]],\n        American scientist and engineer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Stephanie\n        Kwolek]], American chemist noted for inventing Kevlar (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jean-Jacques\n        Moreau]], French mathematician and mechanician (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n[[File:Shimon Peres by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shimon Peres]]]]\\n[[File:Chuck\n        Kennedy - The Official White House Photostream - P060409CK-0199 (pd).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope\n        Shenouda III of Alexandria]]]]\\n[[File:Rhonda Fleming - publicity.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Rhonda\n        Fleming]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Shimon Peres]], 8th [[Prime Minister\n        of Israel]], 9th [[President of Israel]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Jean Hagen]], American actress (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria]], Pope of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church\n        of Alexandria]] (d. 2012)\\n* [[August 5]] \\n** Sir [[Michael Kerry]], [[Queen''s\n        Counsel|QC]], British civil servant, [[Treasury Solicitor|Procurator General\n        and Treasury Solicitor]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Devan Nair]], third [[President\n        of Singapore]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Moira Lister]], Anglo-South\n        African film, stage and television actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 8]] –\n        [[Eve Miller]], American actress (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[David\n        H. Rodgers]], American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Rhonda Fleming]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Fred Ridgway]], English cricketer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[Rose Marie]], American actress\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Mill\\u00f4r\n        Fernandes]], Brazilian cartoonist and playwright (d. 2012)\\n* [[August 19]]\n        \\n** [[Dill Jones]], Welsh jazz stride pianist (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Esmeralda\n        Agoglia]], Argentinian ballerina (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Jim\n        Reeves]], American country singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Larry\n        Grayson]], English comedian and game show host (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – [[Carolina Slim]], American [[Piedmont blues]] singer and guitarist\n        (d. [[1953]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Henry F. Warner]], American soldier,\n        Medal of Honor (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Siti Hartinah]], First Lady of Indonesia\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Arthur Jensen]], American educational\n        psychologist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Luis Abanto Morales]],\n        Peruvian singer and composer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Wolfgang\n        Sawallisch]], German conductor and pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Hun Neang]], father of Cambodian Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] (d.\n        [[2013]]) \\n* [[August 29]]\\n** Sir [[Richard Attenborough]], English actor\n        and film director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North\n        Bradley]], chairman of the BBC (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Giacomo\n        Rondinella]], Italian singer and actor (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Lee\n        Kuan Yew.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lee Kuan Yew]]]]\\n[[File:ReginaAnaARomaniei.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Queen\n        Anne of Romania|Anne of Romania]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Rocky Marciano]],\n        American boxer (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet|Kenneth\n        Thomson]], Canadian businessman and art collector (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Ram\\u00f3n Vald\\u00e9s]], Mexican actor, Don Ram\\u00f3n in El\n        Chavo del Ocho (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Glen Bell]], American\n        entrepreneur and founder of [[Taco Bell]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Mort Walker]],\n        American cartoonist, creator of ''''Beetle Bailey''''\\n* [[September 4]] –\n        [[Ram Kishore Shukla]], Indian politician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 6]]\n        – King [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]] (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n**\n        [[Madeleine Dring]], British composer and actress (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Lawford]], English actor (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[September 9]]\\n**[[Daniel Carleton\n        Gajdusek]], American virologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (d. [[2008]])\\n**[[Cliff Robertson]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Vasilije Mokranjac]], Serbian composer (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime\n        Minister]] of [[Singapore]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Hank\n        Williams]], American country musician (d. [[1953]])\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Queen Anne of Romania]], born Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, French-born\n        queen consort (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Geraldine Clinton\n        Little]], Northern Ireland-born poet (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Dannie Abse]], Welsh poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Li\n        Yuan-tsu]], Taiwanese politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\n** [[Dev\n        Anand]], Indian actor, film producer, writer and director (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Aleksandr Alov]], Soviet film director and screenwriter (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[James Condon]], Australian actor (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Donald Swann]], Welsh composer (d. [[1994]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Charlton\n        Heston - 1953.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charlton Heston]]]]\\n[[File:Roy Lichtenstein.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roy\n        Lichtenstein]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Eugenio Cruz Vargas]], Chilean poet\n        and painter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Absal\\u00f3n Castellanos Dom\\u00ednguez]],\n        Mexican politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Shih Chun-jen]], Taiwanese neurosurgeon\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Edward Oliver LeBlanc]], Dominican politician\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Skrowaczewski]], Polish-born orchestral\n        conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Charlton Heston]], American\n        actor, best known for his role in ''''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The\n        Ten Commandments]]'''' (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Albert Gu\\u00f0mundsson]],\n        Icelandic football player and politician (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Glynis Johns]],\n        South African-born Welsh actress\\n** [[Ricardo Lavi\\u00e9]], Argentine actor\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Yasar Kemal]], Turkish writer (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Irma Grese]], German Nazi concentration\n        camp guard, war criminal (executed [[1945]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[James\n        Jabara|James \\\"Jabby\\\" Jabara]], American aviator, the first American jet\n        fighter ace  (d. [[1966]])\\n** [[Murray Walker]], British motor racing commentator\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Faas Wilkes]], Dutch football (soccer) player (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Italo Calvino]], Italian writer (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Charles McClendon]], American Hall of\n        Fame college football coach (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Otfried\n        Preu\\u00dfler]], German children''s books author (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Frank Sutton]], American actor (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        \\n** Sir [[Robin Day]], British political broadcaster (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Denise\n        Levertov]], British-born American poet (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        [[J. Esmonde Barry]], Canadian healthcare activist and political commentator\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Roy Lichtenstein]],  American pop\n        artist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\n** [[Carl Djerassi]], American chemist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs]], Dutch athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Alan B. Shepard 1970.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alan Shepard]]]]\\n[[File:Nadine\n        Gordimer 01.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Nadine Gordimer]]]]\\n[[File:Mauno Koivisto.png|110px|thumb|[[Mauno\n        Koivisto]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Victoria de los \\u00c1ngeles]], Catalan\n        soprano (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Gordon R. Dickson]], Canadian author (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[November 2]] – [[Cesare Rubini]], Italian basketball player and coach\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Tom\\u00e1s \\u00d3 Fiaich|Tom\\u00e1s\n        Cardinal \\u00d3 Fiaich]], Irish Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[John Herbers]], American journalist, author, editor, World War\n        II veteran, and Pulitzer Prize finalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n**\n        [[Rudolf Augstein]], German journalist, founder and part-owner of German magazine\n        Der Spiegel (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Kay Lionikas]], Greek-American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Yisrael Friedman (Pashkaner\n        Rebbe)|Yisrael Friedman]], Romanian-born Israeli rabbi (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Kilby]], American electrical engineer, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[P. K. van der Byl]], Rhodesian\n        politician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Vicco von B\\u00fclow]],\n        German actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Linda Christian]],\n        Mexican film actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Cleyde Y\\u00e1conis]],\n        Brazilian actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Misael Pastrana Borrero]], 23rd President\n        of Colombia (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Aristides Pereira|Aristides\n        Maria Pereira]], [[President of Cape Verde]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 18]]\n        – [[Alan Shepard]], first American astronaut, fifth person to walk on\n        the moon (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Nadine Gordimer]], South\n        African writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Arthur Hiller]], Canadian film director (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n**[[Billy Haughton]], American harness driver and trainer\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n**[[Julien J. LeBourgeois]], American vice admiral (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[Gloria\n        Whelan]], American poet, short story writer, and novelist\\n* [[November 25]]\n        – [[Mauno Koivisto]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and 9th [[President\n        of Finland]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Pat Phoenix]], English\n        actress (d. [[1986]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Dick Shawn 1964.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Dick\n        Shawn]]]]\\n[[File:Maria Callas (La Traviata) 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Maria Callas]]]]\\n[[File:Ted\n        Knight 1977.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ted Knight]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Barker at WWE crop.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Bob\n        Barker]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\n**[[Dick Shawn]], American actor (d. [[1987]])\\n**[[Stansfield\n        Turner]], American admiral and Director of Central Intelligence\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Maria Callas]], Greek soprano (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[December 3]]\\n**[[Dede\n        Allen]], American film editor (\\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\") (d. [[2010]])\\n**[[Moyra\n        Fraser]], British actress (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Abe Pollin]], American sports\n        owner (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Eleanor Dapkus]], American\n        female professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 7]] –\n        [[Ted Knight]], American actor (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Philip\n        Slier]], Dutch Jewish typesetter (d. [[1943]])\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[Betsy Blair]], American film actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 12]] –\n        [[Bob Barker]], American game show host (''''The Price Is Right'''')\\n* [[December\n        13]]\\n** [[Philip Warren Anderson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Larry Doby]], baseball player (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Antoni T\\u00e0pies]], Catalan painter (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n**\n        [[Gerard Reve]], Dutch writer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Sully Boyar]], American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Freeman Dyson]], English-born\n        physicist\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Jaroslav Pelikan]], American historian\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Gordon Jackson (actor)|Gordon Jackson]],\n        Scottish actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[TL Osborn]], American\n        televangelist, singer and author (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[James Stockdale]], U.S.\n        Navy admiral and vice presidential candidate (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[George Patton IV]], American general (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December\n        25]]\\n** [[Luis \\u00c1lamos]], Chilean football manager (d. [[1983]])\\n**\n        [[Sonya Olschanezky]], World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Satyananda\n        Saraswati]], Founder of Satyananda Yoga and Bihar Yoga (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Girard]], French-American historian (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Lucas Mangope]], President of Bophuthatswana Bantustan\\n* [[December 29]]\n        – [[Dina Merrill]], American actress, heiress, socialite, and philanthropist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n=== January–June ===\\n[[File:Constantine_I_of_Greece.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Constantine I of Greece]]]]\\n[[File:Ribot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexandre Ribot]]]]\\n[[File:Roentgen2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm\n        R\\u00f6ntgen]]]]\\n[[File:Freycinet2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles de Freycinet]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Willie Keeler]], American baseball player and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Jaroslav Ha\\u0161ek]],\n        Czech writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Katherine Mansfield]], British\n        novelist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters]], British\n        couple hanged for murder (Thompson b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 11]] –\n        [[Constantine I of Greece]], King of Greece (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Herbert Silberer]], Austrian psychoanalyst (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Alexandre Ribot]], French statesman, 4-Time [[Prime Minister\n        of France]] (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Wallace Reid]], American\n        actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Max Nordau]], Hungarian author,\n        philosopher, and Zionist leader (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Eligiusz\n        Niewiadomski]], Polish artist, political activist and assassin (executed)\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Ernst Troeltsch]], German theologian\n        (b. [[1865]]).\\n* [[February 3]] – Count [[Kuroki Tamemoto]], Japanese\n        general (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Prince Fushimi Sadanaru]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Count Erich Kielmansegg]], former\n        Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Wilhelm\n        R\\u00f6ntgen]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Th\\u00e9ophile Delcass\\u00e9]],\n        French statesman (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Edward W. Morley]],\n        American physicists and chemist (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Joseph\n        McDermott (actor)|Joseph McDermott]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Sarah\n        Bernhardt]], French actress (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[March 27]] – Sir [[James\n        Dewar]], British chemist (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Michel-Joseph\n        Maunoury]], French general (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Prince Naruhisa\n        Kitashirakawa]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[John Venn]], British\n        mathematician (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[George Herbert, 5th Earl\n        of Carnarvon]], British financier of Egyptian excavations (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Madre Teresa Nuzzo]], Maltese [[Roman Catholic]] nun\n        and blessed (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Princess Louise of Prussia]],\n        Grand Duchess of Baden (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[William Ernest,\n        Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Charles\n        de Freycinet]], French statesman, 4-time [[Prime Minister of France]] (b.\n        [[1828]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg]] (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\n** [[Hans Goldschmidt]], German chemist (b. [[1861]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Kent (actor)|Charles Kent]], British actor (b.  [[1852]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Albert Deullin]], French flying ace of World War I (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom]], third daughter\n        of [[Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Pierre Loti]],\n        French writer and naval officer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Isabelle\n        Bogelot]], French philanthropist (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Hristo\n        Smirnenski]], Bulgarian poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Edith\n        S\\u00f6dergran]], Finnish author (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n=== July–December\n        ===\\n[[File:Dupuy.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Charles Dupuy]]]]\\n[[File:Warren\n        G Harding-Harris & Ewing.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Warren G. Harding]]]]\\n[[File:Kat%C5%8D_Tomosabur%C5%8D.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Kato\n        Tomosaburo]]]]\\n[[File:Juliusthirumeni.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Antonio\n        Francisco Xavier Alvares]]]]\\n[[File:Gustave Eiffel 1888 Nadar2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustave\n        Eiffel]]]]\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Albert Chevalier]], British music hall\n        comedian (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Pancho Villa]], Mexican revolutionary\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Charles Dupuy]], French\n        statesman, 3-Time [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 30]]\n        – [[Charles Hawtrey (actor born 1858)|Charles Hawtrey]], British actor\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Warren G. Harding]], 29th [[President\n        of the United States]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Victor II,\n        Duke of Ratibor]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Joaqu\\u00edn Sorolla]],\n        Spanish painter (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Henry C. Mustin]],\n        American naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Kat\\u014d\n        Tomosabur\\u014d]], Imperial Japanese naval officer, 21st [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Edward Hill (painter)|Edward\n        Hill]], American painter (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Hermes\n        Rodrigues da Fonseca]], Brazilian soldier and politician, 8th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Stefanos Dragoumis]],\n        92nd [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Antonio\n        Francisco Xavier Alvares]], Indian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b.\n        [[1836]])\\n** [[Carl L. Boeckmann]], Norwegian-American artist (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn]], British politician and\n        editor (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** [[Theodor Reuss]], German occultist\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Stojan Proti\\u0107]], Serbian statesman, former Prime\n        Minister of Yugoslavia (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Bonar Law]],\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 9]] (among\n        those killed in [[Munich]] Beer Hall Putsch):\\n** [[Oskar K\\u00f6rner]], businessman\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Karl Laforce]], student (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Ludwig Maximilian\n        Erwin von Scheubner-Richter]], diplomat and revolutionary (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Prince Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and\n        Teviotdale]] (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan]],\n        former Emir of Afghanistan (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Martha\n        Mansfield]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Tom\\u00e1s\n        Bret\\u00f3n]], Spanish composer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[John\n        William Brodie-Innes]], British member of Golden Dawn (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Raymond Radiguet]], French author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Th\\u00e9ophile Steinlen]], Swiss painter (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Georg Luger]], German firearms designer (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] – [[William Ludwig (singer)|William Ludwig]], Irish opera singer\n        (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Gustave Eiffel]], French engineer\n        and architect ([[Eiffel Tower]]) (b. [[1832]])\\n** [[Llu\\u00eds Dom\\u00e8nech\n        i Montaner]], Spanish architect (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Frank\n        Hayes (actor)|Frank Hayes]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n* [[Edmund William Berridge]], British medical doctor (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[Dorila Antommarchi]], Colombian poet (b. 1850s)\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Robert\n        Andrews Millikan]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Fritz\n        Pregl]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]\n        – [[Frederick Banting|Frederick Grant Banting]], [[John James Rickard\n        Macleod]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[William Butler\n        Yeats]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{commons category|1923|position=left}}\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1923}}\\n[[Category:1923|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T02:35:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":799826491,\"length\":61034,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1923&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923\"},\"34675\":{\"pageid\":34675,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1924\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T21:03:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=February\n        2017}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events by month|1924}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1924}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1924}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:1924WOlympicPoster.jpg|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1924\n        Winter Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main article|January 1924}}\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        The British submarine ''''[[HMS L24|L-24]]'''' sinks in the [[English Channel]];\n        43 lives are lost.\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Gopinath Saha]] shoots a man\n        he erroneously thinks is [[Charles Tegart|Sir Charles Tegart]], the police\n        commissioner of [[Calcutta]], and is arrested soon after.\\n* [[January 21]]\\n**\n        [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|The Earl of Athlone]] is appointed\n        the [[Governor-General of the Union of South Africa]] and [[High Commissioner\n        for Southern Africa]].[http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/sa_gg/\n        Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices: South Africa: Governors-General:\n        1910-1961] (Accessed on 14 April 2017)\\n** Following the death of [[Vladimir\n        Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]] immediately begins to purge his rivals to clear\n        the way for his leadership.\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Ramsay MacDonald]]\n        becomes the first [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]].\\n* [[January 23]] – The [[Soviet Union]] officially declares\n        that [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] died [[January 21]].\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        The [[1924 Winter Olympics]] open in [[Chamonix]], in the French [[Alps]].\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – Petrograd ([[Saint Petersburg]]) is renamed [[Leningrad]].\n        It reverts to Saint Petersburg in [[1991]].\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Vladimir\n        Lenin|Lenin]] is buried in [[Lenin''s Mausoleum]] in Moscow''s [[Red Square]].\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1924}}\\n* [[February 1]] – The\n        [[United Kingdom]] recognizes the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[GMT]]: A radio time signal is broadcast for the first time from the [[Royal\n        Greenwich Observatory]].\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Capital punishment]]:\n        The first state execution using [[gas]] in the United States takes place in\n        [[Nevada]].\\n* [[February 12]] – ''''[[Rhapsody in Blue]]'''', by [[George\n        Gershwin]], is first performed in New York City at [[Aeolian Hall (Manhattan)|Aeolian\n        Hall]].\\n* [[February 14]] – The [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]]\n        (CTR), based in the U.S. state of New York, is renamed [[IBM|International\n        Business Machines (IBM)]].\\n* [[February 16]]-[[February 26]] – Dock\n        strikes break out in various U.S. harbors.\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Treaty\n        of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]]: Agreement for the [[Kingdom of Italy]] to\n        annexe the [[Free State of Fiume]] and for the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats\n        and Slovenes]] to absorb [[Su\\u0161ak, Rijeka|Su\\u0161ak]].\\n** [[Calvin Coolidge]]\n        becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast\n        from the [[White House]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1924}}\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** The 1,400-year-old Islamic [[caliph]]ate is abolished when\n        [[Caliph]] [[Abd\\u00fclmecid II]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] is deposed. The\n        last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed [[Turkey]] of President\n        [[Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]].\\n** The [[Free State of Fiume]] is annexed by the\n        [[Kingdom of Italy]].\\n* [[March 6]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in Turkey (2nd government).\\n* [[March 8]] –\n        The [[Castle Gate Mine disaster]] kills 172 coal miners in [[Utah]], United\n        States.\\n* [[March 25]] – The [[Second Hellenic Republic]] is proclaimed\n        in Greece.\\n* [[March 29]] – In France, the Third Ministry of [[Raymond\n        Poincar\\u00e9]] begins.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1924}}\\n* [[April\n        1]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] is sentenced to 5 years in jail for his participation\n        in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] (he serves only 8 months).\\n** The first revenue\n        flight for Belgium''s [[Sabena]] Airlines takes place.\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[Fascist]]s [[Italian general election, 1924|win the elections]] in Italy\n        with a \\u2154 majority.\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** A [[Greek republic referendum,\n        1924|referendum]] in Greece favors the formation of the [[Second Hellenic\n        Republic]].\\n** The ''''[[A.E.K. (sports club)|A.E.K.]]'''' is founded in\n        Greece.\\n* [[April 16]] – American [[Mass media|media]] company ''''[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]''''\n        (''''MGM'''') is founded in [[Los Angeles]].\\n* [[April 23]] – [[British\n        Empire Exhibition]] opens. It was the largest [[colonial exhibition]] with\n        58 countries of the empire dramatically represented.\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        [[Harry Grindell Matthews]] demonstrates his \\\"[[death ray]]\\\" in London but\n        fails to convince the British [[War Office]].\\n* [[April 27]] – A group\n        of [[Alawites]] kill several [[nun]]s in [[Syria]]; French troops march against\n        them.\\n* [[April 28]] – An explosion in a mine at the Wheeling Steel\n        Corporation in [[Benwood, West Virginia]] kills 119 men.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1924}}\\n* [[May 3]] – The [[Aleph Zadik Aleph]], the oldest\n        Jewish youth fraternity, is founded in [[Omaha, Nebraska]].\\n* [[May 4]] –\n        The [[1924 Summer Olympics]] opening ceremonies are held in Paris, France.\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Lithuania]] signs the [[Klaip\\u0117da Convention]] with\n        the nations of the [[Conference of Ambassadors]], taking the [[Klaip\\u0117da\n        Region]] from [[East Prussia]] and making it into an autonomous region.\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[J. Edgar Hoover]] is appointed head of the [[Bureau of\n        Investigation]].\\n* [[May 11]] – ''''[[Mercedes-Benz]]'''' is formed\n        by the merging companies owned by [[Gottlieb Daimler]] and [[Karl Benz]].\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[University of Chicago]] students [[Leopold and Loeb|Richard\n        Loeb and Nathan Leopold, Jr.]] murder 14-year-old [[Bobby Franks]] in a [[thrill\n        killing]].\\n* [[May 24]] – The [[Immigration Act of 1924]] is signed\n        into law in the United States, including the [[Asian Exclusion Act]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1924}}\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Harry Grindell\n        Matthews]] returns from Paris to London; he tries to use a ''''[[Path\\u00e9]]''''\n        film to demonstrate that his [[death ray]] works.\\n* [[June 2]] – U.S.\n        President [[Calvin Coolidge]] signs the [[Indian Citizenship Act]] into law,\n        granting [[citizenship]] to all [[Native Americans in the United States|Native\n        Americans]] born within the territorial limits of the United States.\\n* [[June\n        5]] – [[Ernst Alexanderson]] sends the first [[Fax|facsimile]] across\n        the [[Atlantic Ocean]], which goes to his father in [[Sweden]].\\n* [[June\n        8]] – [[George Mallory]] and [[Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)|Andrew Irvine]]\n        are last seen \\\"going strong for the top\\\" of [[Mount Everest]] by teammate\n        [[Noel Odell]] at 12:50 P.M. The two [[Mountaineering|mountaineers]]\n        are never seen alive again.\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Fascist]]s kidnap and\n        kill Italian socialist leader [[Giacomo Matteotti]] in Rome.\\n* [[June 12]]\n        – Rondout Heist: Six men of the [[Egan''s Rats]] gang rob a mail train\n        in [[Rondout, Illinois]]; the robbery is later found to have been an inside\n        job.\\n* [[June 13]] – In Hungary, a most devastating tornado called\n        \\\"Wildkansas\\\" struck, and left a 500-1500m wide and 70 km long path\n        of destruction, landed at Bia, and after 3 hours it ended near V\\u00e1c, destroyed\n        a village called P\\u00e1ty completely, and left many people homeless, killed\n        9 people, and 50 people got wounded. This was one of the strongest tornadoes\n        ever not only in Hungary but in Europe also. It was estimated to be an F4.\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[Whampoa Military Academy]] is founded in China.\\n* [[June\n        23]] – American airman [[Russell Maughan]] flies from New York to San\n        Francisco in 21 hours and 48 minutes on a dawn-to-dusk flight in a Curtiss\n        pursuit.\\n* [[June 28]] – A tornado touches down in [[Lorain, Ohio]]\n        and kills 78 people.\\n* [[June 30]] – [[James Barry Munnik Hertzog|J.B.M.\n        Hertzog]] becomes the third [[Prime Minister of South Africa]].\\n\\n=== July\n        ===\\n{{Main article|July 1924}}\\n* [[July 4]] – Supposed invention of\n        [[Caesar salad]] by [[Caesar Cardini]] in [[Tijuana]].\\n* [[July 9]] –\n        [[John W. Davis]] of [[West Virginia]] is nominated by the [[Democratic Party\n        (United States)|Democrats]] to oppose [[Calvin Coolidge]] in the presidential\n        election.\\n* July 12 \\u2013 The [[United States occupation of the Dominican\n        Republic (1916\\u201324)|American military occupation of the Dominican Republic]]\n        comes to an end. The constitutional government headed by General [[Horacio\n        V\\u00e1squez|Horacio V\\u00e1zquez]], elected in the elections held in March,\n        is established.\\n* [[July 19]] – The [[Napalp\\u00ed massacre]] occurs\n        in [[Argentina]].\\n* [[July 20]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] sports\n        newspaper ''''[[Sovetsky Sport]]'''' is founded.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1924}}\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Koshien Stadium]], as well\n        known for sports venues in [[Japan]], open in [[Nishinomiya]], suburb of [[Osaka]].\n        {{Cite news|url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/lifestyle/magazine-survey-picks-japans-10-best-places-to-live-in|title=Magazine\n        survey picks Japan\\u2019s 10 best places to live in|work=Japan Today|access-date=2017-06-13|language=en}}{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[August 16]] – The [[Dawes Plan]] is\n        accepted.\\n* [[August 18]] – France begins to withdraw its troops from\n        Germany.\\n* [[August 28]] – [[August Uprising]]: [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]\n        rises against rule by the [[Soviet Union]] in an abortive rebellion in which\n        several thousands die.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1924}}\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** The [[Hanapepe massacre]] occurs on [[Kauai]], Hawaii.\\n**\n        The [[8-hour work day]] is introduced in Belgium.\\n* [[September 9]]–[[September\n        11]] – The [[1924 Kohat riots|Kohat riots]] break out in India.\\n* [[September\n        28]] – U.S. Army pilots John Harding and Erik Nelson complete the [[first\n        aerial circumnavigation]]. It has taken them 175 days and 74 stops before\n        their return to [[Seattle]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1924}}\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – The [[Geneva Protocol (1924)|Geneva Protocol]] is adopted\n        by the [[League of Nations]] Assembly as a means to strengthen the League,\n        but later fails to be ratified.\\n* [[October 10]] \\n**Voting in federal elections\n        becomes compulsory in Australia, after a private member''s bill proposed by\n        [[Tasmania]]n [[National Party of Australia|Nationalist]] senator Herbert\n        Payne results in the passing of the Commonwealth Electoral (Compulsory Voting)\n        Act 1924.\\n**The [[Alpha Delta Gamma]] fraternity is founded at the Lake Shore\n        Campus of [[Loyola University Chicago|Loyola University]], Chicago.\\n* [[October\n        12]]– [[October 15]] – [[Zeppelin]] ''''[[USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)|LZ-126]]''''\n        makes a [[transatlantic flight|transatlantic]] delivery flight from [[Friedrichshafen]],\n        Germany, to [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]].\\n* [[October 15]] – The first\n        [[Surrealist Manifesto]] is published, in which [[Andr\\u00e9 Breton]] defines\n        the movement as \\\"pure psychic [[surrealist automatism|automatism]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[October 18]] – [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Sweden''s Prime Minister]]\n        [[Ernst Trygger]] and his cabinet, is replaced by Hjalmar Branting and his\n        third and last government.\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Ibn Saud|Abdul Aziz]]\n        declares himself protector of holy places in [[Mecca]].\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – The [[Toastmasters International|Toastmasters]] Club is founded.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] \\n**The British Foreign Office publishes the [[Zinoviev letter]].\\n**[[Dixie\n        Dean]] scores a [[Hat-trick#Association football|hat-trick]] for [[Tranmere\n        Rovers F.C.|Tranmere Rovers]] to become the youngest ever player to score\n        three goals for The Superwhites.\\n* [[October 25]] – British authorities\n        in India arrest [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and jail him for the next 2\\u00bd\n        years. \\n* [[October 27]] – The [[Uzbek SSR]] joins the Soviet Union.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1924}}\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Nellie\n        Tayloe Ross]] of [[Wyoming]] is elected as the first woman governor in the\n        United States.\\n** [[U.S. presidential election, 1924]]: Republican [[Calvin\n        Coolidge]] defeats Democrat [[John W. Davis]] and Progressive [[Robert M.\n        La Follette, Sr.]]\\n* [[November 19]] – In [[Los Angeles]], famous [[silent\n        film]] director [[Thomas H. Ince|Thomas Ince]] (\\\"The Father of the Western\\\")\n        dies, reportedly of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], in his bed (rumors\n        soon surface that he was shot dead by publishing tycoon [[William Randolph\n        Hearst]]).\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Ali Fethi Okyar]] forms new government\n        in [[Turkey]]. (3rd government)\\n* [[November 26]] – The [[Mongolian\n        People''s Republic]] is founded.\\n* [[November 27]]\\n**129 communists, including\n        several members of the [[Riigikogu]], are convicted during the [[Trial of\n        the 149]] in [[Estonia]].\\n**In New York City the first [[Macy''s Thanksgiving\n        Day Parade]] is held.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1924}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]]\\n** A Soviet-backed communist [[1924 Estonian coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        attempt|coup attempt]] fails in [[Estonia]].\\n** [[George Gershwin]]''s ''''[[Oh,\n        Lady Be Good!|Lady Be Good]]'''' and ''''[[Fascinating Rhythm]]'''' (book\n        by [[Guy Bolton]] and [[Fred Thompson]], lyrics by [[Ira Gershwin]]) premiere\n        in New York, NY.\\n* [[December 19]] – German serial killer [[Fritz Haarmann]]\n        is sentenced to death for a series of murders.\\n* [[December 20]] –\n        In Germany [[Adolf Hitler]] is released from Landsberg Prison. Hitler served\n        nine months for his crucial role in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] from [[1923]].\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** An [[1924 Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34 crash|air\n        crash]] at [[Croydon Airport|Croydon Air Field]] in London kills 8.\\n** [[Albania]]\n        becomes a [[republic]].\\n** A [[Babbs Switch fire|flash fire]] at a Christmas\n        celebration in a one-room schoolhouse in [[Babbs, Oklahoma]] kills 36 people,\n        mostly small children.\\n* [[December 30]] – Astronomer [[Edwin Hubble]]\n        announces that [[Andromeda Galaxy|Andromeda]], previously believed to be a\n        [[nebula]], is actually another [[galaxy]], and that the [[Milky Way]] is\n        only one of many such galaxies in the [[universe]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n*\n        The [[Taung Child]] is discovered.\\n* Spring – Francophone explorer,\n        spiritualist and former operatic soprano [[Alexandra David-N\\u00e9el]], disguised\n        as a male pilgrim, makes a 2-month stay in the forbidden city of [[Lhasa (prefecture-level\n        city)|Lhasa]], Tibet.''''My Journey to Lhasa'''' (1927).\\n* International\n        Union of Official Organizations for Tourist [[Propaganda]].\\n* The powerful\n        opiate [[hydromorphone]] is developed in Germany.\\n* [[Earl W. Bascom]], rodeo\n        cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo''s first one-hand bareback rigging\n        at [[Stirling]], [[Alberta]] Canada.\\n* [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]], a wealthy\n        heiress, founds the [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] in New\n        York\\n* HRH [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]] makes state visit to Japan\n        aboard {{HMS|Renown}}. \\n* U.S. bootleggers begin to use [[Thompson submachine\n        gun]]s.\\n* The [[Earth inductor compass]] is invented in New York City.\\n*\n        In the United States both the [[Renegade period of the Apache Wars|Renegade\n        Period]] and the [[Apache Wars]] end which brings the [[American Indian Wars]]\n        to a close after 302 years.\\n*The [[National Hockey League]] expands to the\n        United States for the first time, adding the [[Boston Bruins]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n[[File:Benny Hill.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Benny Hill]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Francisco Mac\\u00edas Nguema]], 1st President of Equatorial\n        Guinea (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Walter Ris]], American freestyle\n        swimmer (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** [[Ali Shariatmadari]], Iranian\n        academic and educationist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Kim Dae-Jung]], 15th [[President\n        of South Korea]], recipient of [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Earl\n        Scruggs]], American musician (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Geoffrey\n        Bayldon]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\n** [[Geeta Mukherjee]],\n        Indian politician (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[James Clinkscales Hill]], American jurist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ron Moody]], English actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        10]]\\n** [[Earl Bakken]], American inventor of the modern [[Artificial pacemaker]]\\n**\n        [[Max Roach]], American percussionist, drummer, and composer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]]\\n** [[Roger Guillemin]], French neuroendocrinologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Sam B. Hall]], American\n        politician (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Slim Harpo]], American musician (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]] \\n** [[Chris Chase]] (also known as [[Irene Kane]]), American\n        model, film actress, writer and journalist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Olivier Gendebien]],\n        Belgian race car driver (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Roland Petit]],\n        French choreographer/dancer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Carole\n        Cook]], American actress and singer\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Katy Jurado]],\n        Mexican actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Revel]], French author (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Benny Hill]],\n        English comedian and singer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Frank\n        Lautenberg]], American businessman and politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        25]]\\n** [[Husein Mehmedov]], Bulgarian-Turkish Olympic wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Speedy West]], American musician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Annette\n        Strauss]], American philanthropist and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Armand\n        Gatti]], French playwright, poet, journalist, screenwriter, filmmaker and\n        World War II resistance fighter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alice Babs]], Swedish\n        singer and actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Sabu Dastagir|Sabu]],\n        Indian actor (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Betty Tucker]], American\n        female baseball player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Luigi Nono]],\n        Italian composer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Lloyd Alexander]],\n        American writer (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Lee marvin 1971.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Lee\n        Marvin]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Mugabe cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robert Mugabe]]]]\\n[[File:Takeshita.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Noboru\n        Takeshita]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Elfi von Dassanowsky]], Austrian-born\n        U.S. musician/producer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Dorothy Harrell]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        – [[Khamtai Siphandon]], 4th President and 12th Prime Minister of Laos\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[George Guest]], Welsh choral conductor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]]\\n** [[Gabe Pressman]], American journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Juan Ponce Enrile]], Filipino politician, [[President of the Senate of the\n        Philippines]] since 2008.\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Margaret Truman]],\n        American novelist and only child of U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] and\n        [[Bess Truman]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Lee Marvin]], American\n        actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Gerson Goldhaber]], American\n        particle physicist and astrophysicist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gloria Vanderbilt]],\n        American heiress and entrepreneur\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Robert Mugabe]],\n        1st [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Allan McLeod\n        Cormack]], South African physicist and [[1979#Nobel Prizes|1979 Nobel Prize\n        laureate]] (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Teresa Bracco]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, martyr and blessed (d. [[1944]])\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** [[Freda Betti]], French opera singer (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Noboru Takeshita]],\n        Japanese politician (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 29]]\\n** [[Carlos Humberto\n        Romero]], Salvadorian politician, 37th  [[President of El Salvador]] (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Al Rosen]], American baseball player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Norman\n        Fell 1970.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Norman Fell]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Deke\n        Slayton]], American [[astronaut]] (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Lys Assia]],\n        Swiss singer, first winner of [[Eurovision Song Contest]] (1956)\\n** [[Tomiichi\n        Murayama]], former [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Lilian Velez]], Filipino\n        actress (d. [[1948]])\\n** [[John Woodnutt]], British actor (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Kenneth O''Donnell]], aide to U.S. President John F.\n        Kennedy (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Ed Mierkowicz]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[K\\u014db\\u014d Abe]], Japanese\n        novelist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Georges Charpak]], Polish-French\n        physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 9]]\n        – [[Peter Scholl-Latour]], German professor, journalist and author (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Pierre Arpaillange]], French author, senior\n        judge and Government Minister (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Walter\n        Gotell]], German actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Al Neuharth]],\n        American businessman and journalist (d. [[2013]]) \\n** [[Ivan Minatti]], Slovenian\n        poet, translator, and editor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Yevgeny Ostashev]], was the\n        test pilot of rocket and space complexes, head of the 1st control polygon\n        NIIP-5 ([[Baikonur]]), Lenin prize winner, Candidate of Technical Sciences,\n        engineer-Lieutenant Colonel.(d. [[1960]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Norman\n        Fell]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Roberts Blossom]],\n        American actor and poet (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zsef Zakari\\u00e1s]], Hungarian\n        footballer (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Machiko Ky\\u014d]], Japanese actress\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n** [[Sarah Vaughan]], American jazz singer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Herbert\n        Zangs]], German artist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Hideko Takamine]], Japanese actress\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Freddie Bartholomew]], British actor\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Alan Davidson (food writer)|Alan Davidson]],\n        British author (d. [[2003]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Marlon Brando.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Marlon\n        Brando]]]]\\n[[File:Raymond Barre.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Raymond Barre]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Brendan Byrne]], Governor of New Jersey\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Marlon\n        Brando]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Errol Brathwaite]], New Zealand\n        author (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Pullein-Thompson sisters|Josephine Pullein-Thompson]],\n        British author (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Gil Hodges]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Jimmy Roberts (singer)|Jimmy\n        Roberts]], American singer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Johannes\n        Mario Simmel]], Austrian writer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Milburn\n        G. Apt]], American test pilot (d. [[1956]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\n** [[Enrique\n        Morea]], Argentine tennis player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Libu\\u0161e Havelkov\\u00e1]],\n        Czech actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Raymond Barre]], French\n        politician and Prime Minister (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Jack\n        Chick]], American fundamentalist Christian illustrator and publisher (d. [[2016]])\n        \\n* [[April 14]] – [[Philip Stone]], English actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – Sir [[Neville Marriner]], English conductor and violinist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Rikki Fulton]], Scottish comedian\n        and actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\n** [[Henry Mancini]], American composer\n        and arranger (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Rudy Pompilli]], American musician (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]]\\n** [[Clarence \\\"Gatemouth\\\" Brown]], American blues musician\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Henry Hyde]], Member of the U.S. House of Representatives\n        from Illinois (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Nina Foch]], Dutch-born\n        American actress (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Leslie Phillips]], English actor\\n* [[April\n        23]] \\n** [[Ruth Leuwerik]], German film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bobby\n        Rosengarden]], American jazz drummer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Clement\n        Freud]], British writer, radio personality, and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Vicente Sota]], Chilean politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Nahuel Moreno]],\n        Argentine Trotskyist leader (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Kenneth\n        Kaunda]], former [[President of Zambia]]\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Al Balding]],\n        Canadian golfer (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Dawda Jawara (1979).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dawda\n        Jawara]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Art Fleming]], American television host and\n        presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Gr\\u00e9goire Kayibanda]], 2nd [[President of\n        Rwanda]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Jamal Abro]], Sindhi writer (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Theodore Bikel]], Austrian-American actor, folk singer and\n        musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Zahrad]], [[Western Armenian]]\n        poet (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Maria Mauban]], French actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May\n        11]] – [[Antony Hewish]], English radio astronomer, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Tony Hancock]], English\n        comedian (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\n** [[Bruno A. Boley]], Italian-born\n        American engineer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Giovanni Sartori]], Italian political\n        scientist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Maria Koepcke]], German ornithologist\n        (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Dawda Jawara]], 1st [[President of the\n        Gambia]]\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Priscilla Pointer]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Sandy Wilson]], British composer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Hector Fautario]], Argentine Air Force general (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Charles Aznavour]], French singer, actor, and songwriter\\n*\n        [[May 24]]\\n** [[Vincent Cronin]], British historical writer and biographer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Victor Griffin]], Irish Anglican clergyman and theologian\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Jaime Lusinchi]], Venezuelan politician\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Lars Bo]], Danish artist and writer (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n** [[Pepper Paire|Lavonne \\\"Pepper\\\" Paire Davis]], American female\n        baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:George H. W. Bush, President\n        of the United States, 1989 official portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George H. W.\n        Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Ezatollah Entezami.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ezzatolah Entezami]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – Dr. [[William Sloane Coffin]], American clergyman (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[June Callwood]], Canadian journalist, author & social\n        activist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Ken Armstrong (footballer, born\n        1924)|Ken Armstrong]], English association football player (d. [[1984]])\\n**\n        [[Herk Harvey]], American film director (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Jimmy Rogers]],\n        American musician (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Torsten Wiesel]], Swedish scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Colleen Dewhurst]],\n        Canadian-American actress (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Karunanidhi]], Indian Politician,\n        Tamil Nadu Former Chief Minister, fondly called as Kalaignar \\n** [[Bernard\n        Glasser]], American film producer and director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 4]]\n        \\n** [[Dennis Weaver]], American actor (d. [[2006]]) \\n** [[Tofilau Eti Alesana]],\n        Samoan politician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Robert Abernathy]],\n        American science fiction author (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Sheldon\n        Allman]], American-Canadian actor, singer, and songwriter (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] \\n** [[Colin Cameron Davies]], Spanish-born Kenyan prelate (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Friedrich L. Bauer]], German computer scientist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Adib Boroumand]], Iranian poet, politician, and lawyer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[George H. W. Bush]], 41st [[President\n        of the United States]]\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Bronis\\u0142aw Baczko]], Polish\n        philosopher and historian of ideas (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[James\n        W. Black]], British doctor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Ezer Weizman]],\n        7th [[President of Israel]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Charlotte\n        Armstrong (baseball)|Charlotte Armstrong]], American female baseball player\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\n** [[Efren Reyes Sr.]], Filipino actor and\n        director (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[George Mikan]], American basketball player (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Anneliese Rothenberger]], German operatic\n        soprano  (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\n** [[Chet Atkins]], American country\n        guitar player and producer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Rainer Barzel]], German politician\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Marga L\\u00f3pez]], Argentine-born Mexican\n        actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Pierre Charles (homme\n        politique, 1924)|fr|3=Pierre Charles (homme politique, 1924)}}, French politician\\n**\n        [[Ezzatolah Entezami]], Iranian actor\\n** [[Alojz Rebula]], Slovene writer,\n        playwright, essayist, and translator\\n** [[Wally Fawkes]], British-Canadian\n        jazz clarinetist and a satirical cartoonist\\n** [[Ricardo Infante]], Argentine\n        football player and manager (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Frank Bolle]],\n        American comic strip artist, comic book artist and illustrator\\n** June Elvin,\n        English actress\\n** Jacques Foti, Hungarian-American actor and singer\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Ted Gordon|fr|3=Ted Gordon}}, American drawer and\n        painter of art brut\\n** [[Bayezid Osman]], surname as required by the Turkish\n        Republic (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]], 3rd President and 8th\n        Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. [[1993]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Arno\n        Stern|fr|3=Arno Stern}}, French researcher and educator\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Kurt Furgler]], 3-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[David Rubinger]], Israeli photographer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Eric Neal]],\n        Australian businessman and public officer\\n** [[Leonard Everett Fisher]],\n        American artist known best for children''s books\\n** [[Brian Bevan]], Australian\n        rugby league footballer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Yatsuko Tan''ami|ja|3=\\u4e39\\u963f\\u5f25\\u8c37\\u6d25\\u5b50}}, Japanese\n        actress\\n** [[William J. Castagna]], American lawyer and judge \\n** [[Luis\n        Su\\u00e1rez Fern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish historian\\n** [[Milton Shadur]], Senior\n        United States District Court Judge\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Hisao Sasaki|ja|3=\\u7345\\u5b50\\u3066\\u3093\\u3084}},\n        Japanese writer and novelist\\n** [[Dimitar Isakov]], Bulgarian football player\\n**\n        [[Sidney Lumet]], American film director (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\n**\n        [[James W. McCord Jr.]], former CIA officer\\n** [[Richard Bull (actor)]],\n        American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ramon T. Jimenez]], Filipino attorney (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Epit\\u00e1cio Cafeteira]], Brazilian politician\\n**\n        [[John Chandler (sport shooter)|John Chandler]], British sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Maria Van Den Brand]], Belgian former swimmer\\n** [[Charles Norman Shay]],\n        American Penobscot tribal elder, writer, and decorated veteran of both World\n        War II and the Korean War\\n** [[Maud Linder]], French journalist, film historian\n        and documentary film director\\n** [[Paul Conrad]], American cartoonist (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Bob Appleyard]], English cricketer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        28]] – [[Roy Austen-Smith]], Royal Air Force officer who served as Commander\n        of British Forces Cyprus\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Philip H. Hoff]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Ezra Laderman]], American composer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Gustaw Lutkiewicz]],\n        Polish actor and singer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Flo Sandon''s]], Italian singer\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Mattis Mathiesen]], Norwegian photographer\n        and film director (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Maino Neri]], Italian footballer and\n        manager (d. [[1995]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Eva Marie Saint 1990.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Eva\n        Marie Saint]]]]\\n[[File:Don Knotts Barney Fife 1966.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Don\n        Knotts]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ralph Parr]], American double-flying ace (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n** [[Wang Huo]], Chinese novelist and screenwriter \\n** [[Curtis\n        W. Harris]], American minister, civil rights activist, and politician in Virginia\\n**\n        [[Georges Rivi\\u00e8re]], French actor who worked in Argentine cinema in the\n        1950s\\n** [[Jan Azam]], Pakistani sports shooter\\n** [[Antoni Ramallets]],\n        Spanish footballer and manager (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Charley\n        Winner]], American football player\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Amalia Aguilar]], Cuban\n        born Mexican film actress and dancer\\n** [[Arjun Naidu]], Indian first-class\n        cricketer\\n** [[Michael Barrington]], British actor (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[S.\n        R. Nathan]], 6th [[President of Singapore]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Eva Marie Saint]], American actress\\n** [[Delia Fiallo]], Cuban author and\n        screenwriter\\n** [[Roy Gibson]], Director General of ESRO\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        [[Edward Cassidy]], Australian Roman Catholic cardinal priest\\n** [[Niels\n        Jannasch]], Canadian historian and museum curator (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Osman\n        Lins]], Brazilian novelist (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos Starker]], Hungarian\n        cellist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Robert Michael White]], American\n        military aircraft test pilot, fighter pilot, electrical engineer, and a major\n        general in the United States Air Force (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Graham\n        Dunscombe]],  Australian rules footballer \\n** [[Amir Murtono]], Indonesian\n        General during Suharto''s New Order regime\\n** [[Donald Prell]], Venture capitalist\n        & futurist\\n** [[Lennart Samuelsson]], Swedish association football player\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Sam Cathcart]], American football halfback and defensive\n        back (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Benedikt Sigur\\u00f0sson Gr\\u00f6ndal|Benedikt Gr\\u00f6ndal]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Charles C.\n        Droz]], American politician \\n** [[Penait Calcai]], Romanian sports shooter\\n*\n        [[July 9]] \\n** [[Jill Knight]], British Conservative Member of Parliament\\n**\n        [[Domenico Pace]], Italian fencer\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Ip Chun]], Chinese\n        martial artist specialising in Wing Chun\\n** Janina Maris\\u00f3wna, Polish\n        actress\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[F. James Rutherford]], American science professor\\n**\n        [[Ilie Tudor]], Romanian fencer\\n** [[Ragnar Rommetveit]], Norwegian psychologist\\n**\n        [[Oscar Wyatt]], American businessman and self made millionaire\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Jeandel]], French cross-country and Nordic combined skier\\n** [[Brett Somers]],\n        Canadian actress (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Al Federoff]], American professional\n        baseball infielder and manager (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Charlie Tully]], Northern\n        Irish footballer (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Eve Branson]], British\n        philanthropist, child welfare advocate, and the mother of [[Richard Branson]]\\n**\n        [[Rolf Forsberg]], Swedish-American playwright, film and theater director\\n**\n        [[Faidon Matthaiou]], Greek basketball coach and basketball player (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Shirley Neil Pettis]], U.S. Representative from California, wife of her\n        predecessor, Jerry Pettis (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Maria Koterbska]],\n        Polish singer\\n** [[Carlo Bergonzi]], Italian tenor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Johnny\n        Gilbert]], American game show announcer\\n** [[Piero Trapanelli]], Italian\n        football player and coach\\n** [[Alejandro Roces]], Filipino author, essayist\n        and dramatist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Marianne\n        Anderberg|sv|3=Marianne Anderberg}}, Swedish actress\\n** [[Val Avery]], American\n        character actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[David Evans (RAF officer)|David Evans]],\n        retired senior commander of the Royal Air Force\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[David\n        Cox (statistician)|David Cox]], British statistician\\n** [[Marianne Bernadotte]],\n        Swedish actress\\n** [[Makhmud Esambayev]], Russian actor (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Stretton]], Australian historian (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Peter Armitage]],\n        English statistician specialising in medical statistics\\n* [[July 16]]\\n**\n        [[Mohamed Selim Zaki]], Egyptian equestrian\\n** [[Kemal \\u00d6z\\u00e7elik]],\n        Turkish equestrian\\n** [[James L. Greenfield]], American administrator\\n**\n        [[Bess Myerson]], American politician, model and television actress (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Claude Abravanel]], Swiss pianist and composer of classical music\\n* [[July\n        17]] – [[Li Li-Hua]], Chinese Hong-Kong actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July\n        18]] \\n** [[Tullio Altamura]], Italian film actor \\n** [[Inge S\\u00f8rensen]],\n        Danish swimmer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Frank Ivancie]], American\n        businessman and politician\\n** [[Sergio Sorrentino]], Italian former sailor\\n**\n        [[Chandamama Artist Shankar]], Indian artist\\n** [[Bob Johnston (economist)|Bob\n        Johnston]], Australian economist \\n** [[Pat Hingle]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Arthur Rankin Jr.]], American film director and producer, co-founder of\n        [[Rankin/Bass Productions]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Lola Albright]],\n        American singer and actress (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Vivean Gray]], Australian\n        television and film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Tatyana Lioznova]], Soviet\n        film director (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Robert D. Maurer]], American industrial\n        physicist\\n** [[Elias Sarkis]], 11th President of Lebanon (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\n** [[Rahimuddin Khan]], four-star general of the Pakistan Army\\n**\n        [[Morando Morandini]], Italian film critic, author, journalist and actor (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Don Knotts]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Leonardo Villar]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Anne\n        Braden]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[Lloyd Bochner]], Canadian actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Lillian Faralla]], American\n        female professional baseball player\\n** [[Robert Horton (actor)|Robert Horton]],\n        American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Elizabeth Short]] ([[The Black Dahlia]]),\n        American actress and murder victim (d. [[1947]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Carrol\n        O''Connor as Archie Bunker.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Carroll O''Connor]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Abdullah bin Abdul al-Saud January 2007.jpg|120px|thumb|King [[Abdullah of\n        Saudi Arabia]]]]\\n[[File:Jamesbaldwin.jpg|120px|thumb|[[James Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Phyllis\n        Schlafly by Gage Skidmore.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Phyllis Schlafly]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]]\\n** King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Georges Charpak]],\n        Ukrainian-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Michael Stewart (playwright)]], American playwright and\n        librettist for the stage (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[James Baldwin]],\n        American author (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Carroll O''Connor]], American actor (d.\n        [[2001]])\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Leon Uris]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Max Oldmeadow]], Australian politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 4]] –\n        [[Antonio Maccanico]], Italian constitutional specialist and social liberal\n        politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Ben Jones (Grenada)|Ben\n        Jones]], 7th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Ella Jenkins]], American folk singer of children''s music\\n* [[August 7]]\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Kendall]], British newsreader and presenter (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Cecil\n        Abbott]], Commissioner of the New South Wales Police in Australia (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Marta Becket]], American dancer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] \\n** [[Martha Hyer]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Nancy Buckingham]],\n        British romance novelist\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Derek Shackleton]], English\n        cricketer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], leader of Pakistan (d.\n        [[1988]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n** [[Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (born 1924)|Prince\n        Alexander of Yugoslavia]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Pierre Lardinois]], Belgian\n        politician (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\n** [[Holger Juul Hansen]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Georges Pr\\u00eatre]], French orchestral and opera\n        conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Werner Abrolat]], German actor\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Robert Bolt]], English writer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Phyllis\n        Schlafly]], American activist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Jo Benkow]], Norwegian politician\n        and writer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Ralf Bendix]], German Schlager\n        singer, music producer, composer and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Fess Parker]],\n        American former television actor, businessman (wine maker, resort operator)\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Inez Voyce]], American female baseball player\\n* [[August\n        17]] \\n** [[Evan S. Connell, Jr.]], American novelist, poet, and short story\n        writer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Charles Simmons (author)|Charles Simmons]], American\n        author (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jean-Paul Alata]], Frenchman who was a political\n        prisoner in Camp Boiro, Guinea from January 1971 to July 1975 (d. [[1978]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Frank Logue]], 25th mayor of New Haven, Connecticut\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Willard Boyle]], Canadian physicist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Dalia Wood]], Canadian politician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Orlando Ram\\u00f3n Agosti]], Argentine\n        general (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Elaine Sturtevant]], American\n        artist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Robert Solow]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Alyn\n        Ainsworth]], British musician, singer and conductor of light entertainment\n        music (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]], former [[President of Cameroon]]\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Jimmy Gardner (actor)|Jimmy Gardner]], British actor (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Sergio Bergonzelli]], Italian director,\n        screenwriter, producer and actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Peggy\n        Ryan]], American dancer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Berislav Klobu\\u010dar]], Croatian\n        opera conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Dinah Washington]],\n        American singer and pianist (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Buddy\n        Hackett]], American comedian and actor (d. [[2003]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Daniel\n        arap Moi 1979b.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Daniel arap Moi]]]]\\n[[File:Daniel Inouye\n        Official Photo 2009.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Daniel Inouye]]]]\\n[[File:Jane Greer\n        - 1947.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Jane Greer]]]]\\n[[File:Lauren Bacall 1945 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lauren\n        Bacall]]]]\\n[[File:Mastroianni 1991.2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Marcello Mastroianni]]]]\\n[[File:Truman\n        Capote by Jack Mitchell.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Truman Capote]]]]\\n* [[September\n        2]]\\n** [[Daniel arap Moi]], 2nd [[President of Kenya]]\\n** [[Sidney Phillips]],\n        Physician and WW2 marine (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Mary Grace\n        Canfield]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Joan Aiken]],\n        English writer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Anita Snellman]], Finnish painter (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]] \\n** [[Roy Andrew Miller]], American linguist (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Paul Dietzel]], College football coach (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 7]]\n        – [[Daniel Inouye]], American politician who was the senior United States\n        Senator from Hawaii and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\n** [[Hazel Brooks]], American actress (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Mimi Parent]], Canadian painter (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Jane Greer]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Rik Van Steenbergen]],\n        Belgian cyclist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Tom Landry]], American\n        football player and coach (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Rudolf Vrba]], Noted Holocaust\n        survivor; escapee from Auschwitz (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Maurice Jarre]], French composer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\n**\n        [[Abioseh Nicol]], Sierra Leonean diplomat and author (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Jerry\n        Coleman]], Major League Baseball  (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Gy\\u00f6rgy\n        L\\u00e1z\\u00e1r]], 50th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bobby\n        Short]], American entertainer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Lauren\n        Bacall]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Elo\\u00edsa\n        Mafalda]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Alma W. Byrd]], American politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Don Harron]], Canadian entertainer (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Suchitra Mitra]], Indian singer and composer (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Hermann Buhl]], Austrian mountaineer (d. [[1957]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]]\\n** [[Charles Keeping]], English illustrator (d. [[1988]])\\n**\n        [[Gerald Schoenfeld]], American chairman (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Rosamunde Pilcher]],\n        English novelist\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Heinrich Schultz]], Estonian\n        cultural functionary (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**[[Nina Bocharova]],\n        Soviet gymnast\\n**[[Marcello Mastroianni]], Italian actor (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Hilda Rebello|pt|3=Hilda\n        Rebello}}, Brazilian actress\\n** [[Truman Capote]], American author (d. [[1984]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jimmy Carter]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Jimmy Carter]], 39th [[President of the United States]],\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[William Rehnquist]], 16th [[Chief\n        Justice of the United States]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Ruby\n        Stephens]], American female baseball player (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n**\n        [[Harvey Kurtzman]], influential editor/cartoonist and creator of ''''[[Mad\n        (magazine)|Mad]]'''' (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Samuel Lamb]],\n        Chinese Christian pastor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[John Nelder]],\n        British statistician (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Othman Wok]], Singaporean politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Alfonso Oiterong]], 2nd President\n        of Palau (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Buddy MacMaster]], American\n        artist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Margaret Fulton]], Australian food writer\\n** [[Ed\n        Wood]], American filmmaker (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Mal Whitfield]],\n        American Olympic athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Moturu\n        Udayam]], Indian women''s activist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Robert Webber]], American actor (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Lee\n        Iacocca]], American industrialist\\n** [[Mark Lenard]], American actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Joyce Randolph]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Christine Glanville]], English puppeteer (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – [[Billy Barty]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October\n        27]] – [[Bonnie Lou]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n[[File:Suleyman_Demirel_1998.jpg|thumb|120px|[[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]]]]\\n[[File:Shirley\n        Chisholm.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Shirley Chisholm]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] –\n        [[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]], former [[President of Turkey]] (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Alice Colonieu]], French artist (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]]\\n** [[Harlon Block]], U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d.\n        [[1945]])\\n** [[Jeanette Schmid]], famous German whistler (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Robert Frank]], Swiss photographer\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Russell Johnson]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Sunder Lal Patwa]], Indian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Evelyn\n        Wawryshyn]], Canadian professional baseball player\\n* [[November 13]]\\n**\n        [[Motoo Kimura]], Japanese population geneticist (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Edward\n        F. Welch, Jr.]], American admiral (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        [[Mel Patton]], American athlete (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[William\n        Russell (actor)|William Russell]], British actor\\n** [[J. D. Sumner]], American\n        gospel singer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Beno\\u00eet Mandelbrot]],\n        Polish-born mathematician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Joseph\n        Campanella]], American actor\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Geraldine Page]],\n        American actress (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Anita Linda]],\n        Filipino actress\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Joanne Winter]], American female\n        professional baseball pitcher and LPGA player (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** [[Paul Desmond]], American jazz alto saxophonist and composer (d.\n        [[1977]])\\n** [[Takaaki Yoshimoto]], Japanese poet, critic, and philosopher\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Bhekimpi Dlamini]], 4th Prime Minister\n        of Swaziland (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\n** [[Calvin J. Spann]], Tuskegee\n        Airman and fighter pilot (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Dennis Brutus]], South African\n        poet and anti-Apartheid activist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Allan\n        Sherman]], American comedy writer, television producer, and song parodist\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Shirley Chisholm]], American politician (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n[[File:Secretary of State Alexander Haig.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander\n        Haig]]]]\\n[[File:M%C3%A1rio_Soares_Dec2008.jpg|thumb|120px|[[M\\u00e1rio Soares]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Masao Horiba]], Japanese businessman (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Alexander Haig]], American politician and former\n        U.S. Secretary of State (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Francisco\n        Sionil Jos\\u00e9]], Filipino novelist, [[National Artist of the Philippines|Philippine\n        National Artist for Literature]]\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Wally Cox]],\n        [[television]] and [[motion picture]] actor (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[Bent Fabric]], Danish pianist and composer\\n** [[M\\u00e1rio Soares]], 105th\n        [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 17th [[President of Portugal]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Frank Sturgis]], one of the five Watergate burglars\n        whose capture led to the end of the Presidency of Richard Nixon (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] – [[Michael Manley]], 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Heinz Schenk]], German television\n        moderator and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Ed Koch]],\n        Mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989 (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n**\n        [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]], 29th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Robert Coogan]], American actor (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Margaret Wigiser]], American female professional baseball player\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Cicely Tyson]], American actress\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Michel Tournier]], French writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 23]] –\n        [[Bob Kurland]], American basketball player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n**\n        [[Abdirizak Haji Hussein]], Somali diplomat and politician, 4th [[Prime Minister\n        of Somalia]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Mohammed Rafi]], Indian [[playback singer]]\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Moktar Ould Daddah]], 1st [[President\n        of Mauritania]] (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Rod Serling]], American television screenwriter\n        (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], 10th [[Prime Minister of India]]\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Frank Broyles]], American college football coach\n        and athletic director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Taylor Mead]],\n        American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Robert Ravenstahl]], American politician\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Frank J. Kelley]], the 50th [[Michigan Attorney General]]\\n**\n        [[J. Donald Monan]], American academic administrator (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Tim Dinsdale]], British aeronautical engineer and [[Loch\n        Ness Monster]] seeker (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[Harley D. Nygren]], American admiral\n        and engineer, first Director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n        Commissioned Officer Corps\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:LeninEnSuizaMarzo1916--barbaroussovietr00mcbr.png|thumb|110px|[[Vladimir\n        Lenin]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Sabine Baring-Gould]], British composer\n        and novelist (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[John Peters (shortstop)|John\n        Peters]], American 19th century baseball player (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[January\n        13]]\\n** [[Albert Abrams]], American doctor (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Georg Hermann\n        Quincke]], German physicist (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Luther\n        Emmett Holt]], American pediatrician (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        [[Licerio Ger\\u00f3nimo]], Filipino military leader (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Vladimir Lenin]], Russian revolutionary and first [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union|Premier]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] \\n** [[Auguste-Louis-Alberic, prince d''Arenberg]] (b. [[1837]])\\n**\n        [[Marie-Ad\\u00e9la\\u00efde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg]] (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]] – [[Te\\u00f3filo Braga]], Portuguese writer (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – [[Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier]] (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Woodrow\n        Wilson]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Woodrow Wilson]], 28th [[President\n        of the United States]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[John William Kendrick]], American railroad executive\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer)|Wilhelm Schmidt]], German pioneer\n        of superheated steam for use in locomotives (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**\n        [[Henry Bacon]], American architect (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Augustin Bou\\u00e9\n        de Lapeyr\\u00e8re]], French admiral (b. [[1852]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Wollert_Konow_(SB),_Stortinget.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wollert\n        Konow (Prime Minister of Norway)|Willert Konow]]]]\\n[[File:Nilo_Pe%C3%A7anha_02.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nilo\n        Pecanha]]]]\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Panagiotis Danglis]], Greek military leader\n        and politician (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Daniel Ridgway Knight]], American artist\n        (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Wollert Konow (Prime Minister of Norway)|Wollert\n        Konow]], Norwegian politician, 4th [[Prime Minister of Norway]] (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[March 22]] \\n** [[Robert Nivelle]], French World War I general (b. [[1856]])\\n**\n        [[Louis Delluc]], French film director (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[William Macewen]],\n        British surgeon (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Prince Kach\\u014d\n        Hirotada]] of Japan (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Charles Villiers\n        Stanford]], Irish composer, resident in United Kingdom (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Nilo Pe\\u00e7anha]], Brazilian politician and 7th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Frank\n        Capone]], American gangster and brother of [[Al Capone]] (b. [[1895]]) \\n*\n        [[April 10]] \\n** [[Rafael Yglesias Castro]], Costa Rican politician, 16th\n        [[President of Costa Rica]] (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Hugo Stinnes]], German industrialist\n        and politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Louis Sullivan]], American\n        architect (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Paul Boyton]], Irish American\n        extreme water sports pioneer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Eleonora\n        Duse]], Italian actress (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[G. Stanley\n        Hall]], American psychologist and educator (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:George_Kennan_1885.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Kennan (explorer)|George Kennan]]]]\\n* [[May 4]] – [[E. Nesbit]], British\n        author (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Kate Claxton]], American actress\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Carel Steven Adama van Scheltema]], Dutch\n        poet (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[George Kennan (explorer)|George\n        Kennan]], American explorer (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Paul-Henri-Benjamin\n        d''Estournelles de Constant]], French diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Victor Herbert]], Irish dramatist\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Charles Stockton]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Kafka1906.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz Kafka]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Franz Kafka]], Austrian author (''''The Trial'''') (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)|Andrew Irvine]],\n        British mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[George\n        Mallory]], British mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Giacomo Matteotti]], Italian socialist politician (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Th\\u00e9odore Dubois]], French composer\n        and teacher (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jacob Isra\\u00ebl de Haan]],\n        Dutch Jewish literary writer and journalist (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ferruccio\n        Busoni]]]]\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Isabella Ford]], British socialist, feminist,\n        trade unionist and writer (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Isabella Stewart Gardner]],\n        American art collector and philanthropist (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[July 23]] –\n        [[Frank Frost Abbott]], American classical scholar (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Ferruccio Busoni]], Italian pianist and composer (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Joseph Conrad]], Polish-born author (b.\n        [[1857]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[John Edward Bruce|Bruce Grit]], ex-slave\n        and African-American historian (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ernestine\n        von Kirchsberg]], Austrian painter (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 15]] –  [[Francis\n        Knollys, 1st Viscount Knollys]], British Private Secretary to King [[Edward\n        VII]]. (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Pavel Samuilovich Urysohn|Pavel\n        Urysohn]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Antoine\n        de Mitry]], French general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Heinrich\n        Bert\\u00e9]], Austrian operetta composer (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Mariano \\u00c1lvarez]], Filipino general (b. [[1818]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Todor Aleksandrov]], Bulgarian revolutionary (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:Sultan_Muhammad_Jamalul_Alam_II(Brunei).jpg|thumb|110px|Sultan\n        [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam II]]]]  \\n* [[September 1]] – [[Samuel Baldwin\n        Marks Young]], American general, first [[Chief of Staff of the United States\n        Army]] (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Archduchess Marie Valerie\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Muhammad Jamalul\n        Alam II]], [[Sultan of Brunei]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Frank Chance]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Lotta Crabtree]], American stage actress (b. [[1847]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:F H Burnett.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frances Hodgson Burnett]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Anatole France]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        [[Giovanni Ancillotto]], Italian World War I flying ace (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October\n        29]]\\n** [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]], Anglo-American writer (b. [[1849]])\\n**\n        [[John Marden]], Australian headmaster and pioneer of women''s education (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:GiacomoPuccini.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giacomo\n        Puccini]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Mario di Carpegna]], Italian general\n        and politician\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Gabriel Faur\\u00e9]], French composer\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], American politician\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** Sir [[Archibald Geikie]], British geologist\n        (b. [[1835]])\\n** [[Dean O''Banion]], American gangster (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Thomas H. Ince|Thomas Ince]], American film producer (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Florence Kling Harding]], [[First Lady of the United\n        States]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[Peter Milne (missionary)|Peter\n        Milne]], British missionary to the New Hebrides (b. [[1834]])\\n** [[Fernando\n        Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva]], Portuguese general (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Giacomo Puccini]], Italian composer (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:Cipriano Castro 1908.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cipriano Castro]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Kazimieras B\\u016bga]], Lithuanian linguist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Cipriano Castro]], Venezuelan military officer, politician\n        and 38th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        [[Gene Stratton-Porter]], American author, screenwriter and naturalist (b.\n        [[1863]])\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Samuel Gompers]], American labor leader\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Ricardo Bellver]], Spanish sculptor\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Carl Spitteler]], Swiss writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Samuel William Knaggs|Sir Samuel William Knaggs]], British\n        civil servant (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Konstantinos Koumoundouros]],\n        Greek army officer and politician (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Manne\n        Siegbahn]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – Not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Willem\n        Einthoven]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Reymont|W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Stanis\\u0142aw Reymont]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – Not awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1924}}\\n[[Category:1924|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:53:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":798600607,\"length\":60039,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1924&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924\"},\"34867\":{\"pageid\":34867,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1925\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T13:01:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1925}}\\n{{Events by month|1925}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1925}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1925}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1925}}\\n* [[January 1]] – Kristiania, the capital of\n        Norway, reverts to its original name of [[Oslo]].\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Benito Mussolini]] makes a pivotal speech in the Italian [[Chamber of Deputies\n        (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]].{{cite book|editor1-last=Pugliese|editor1-first=Stanislao\n        G.|date=2004|title=Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919\n        to the Present|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|page=69|isbn=0-7425-3123-6}}\n        Historians now trace this speech to the beginning of Mussolini''s dictatorship.{{cite\n        book|last=Dell''Orto|first=Giovanna|date=2013|title=American Journalism and\n        International Relations|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=90 |isbn=978-1-107-03195-1\n        |accessdate= }}\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]] becomes\n        the first female governor (Wyoming) in the United States. Twelve days later,\n        [[Ma Ferguson]] becomes first female governor of Texas.\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – [[Hjalmar Branting]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]]\n        of [[Sweden]] because of ill health, and is replaced by the minister of trade,\n        [[Rickard Sandler]] .\\n* [[January 27]]\\u2013[[February 1]] – The [[1925\n        serum run to Nome]] (the \\\"Great Race of Mercy\\\") relays [[diphtheria]] [[antitoxin]]\n        by [[dog sled]] across the [[Alaska Territory|U.S. territory of Alaska]],\n        to combat an [[epidemic]].\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1925}}\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – The [[Alice Comedies|Alice Comedy]] ''''[[Alice Solves\n        the Puzzle]]'''' is released by [[Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio]], introducing\n        [[Bootleg Pete]] (an early prototype for ''''''Pegleg Pete'''''') for the\n        first time.\\n* [[February 21]] – The [[cover date]] of the very first\n        issue of ''''[[The New Yorker]]''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/780/why-are-magazines-dated-ahead-of-the-time-they-actually-appear\n        |title=Why are magazines dated ahead of the time they actually appear? |last=Adams\n        |first=Cecil |date=June 22, 1990 |website=[[The Straight Dope]] |publisher=[[Sun-Times\n        Media Group]] |accessdate=January 2, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqPAAJG?url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/780/why-are-magazines-dated-ahead-of-the-time-they-actually-appear\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* [[February 25]]\n        – [[Art Gillham]] records for [[Columbia Records]] the first Western\n        Electric masters to be commercially released.\\n* [[February 28]] – The\n        [[1925 Charlevoix\\u2013Kamouraska earthquake]] strikes northeastern North\n        America.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1925}}\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**\n        [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] is appointed as the prime minister in\n        [[Turkey]] (Turkey''s 4th and \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc''s 3rd government).\\n**\n        [[Calvin Coolidge]] is [[Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge|sworn in]]\n        for a full term as President of the United States, the first inauguration\n        to be broadcast on [[radio]].{{cite web|url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/facts-and-firsts\n        |title=Facts, Firsts and Precedents |last= |first= |date= |website=Fifty-Seventh\n        Presidential Inauguration |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |accessdate=2015-01-03\n        |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqbV6ML?url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/facts-and-firsts\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* [[March 6]] –\n        ''''[[Pionerskaya Pravda]]'''', one of the oldest children''s newspapers in\n        Europe, is founded in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[March 9]]\\u2013[[May 1]]\n        – [[Pink''s War]]: The British [[Royal Air Force]] bombards mountain\n        strongholds of [[Mahsud]] tribesmen in [[South Waziristan]].\\n* [[March 10]]\n        – [[Greece]]''s most successful football club, [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]]\n        is founded  in [[Athens]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[March\n        15]] – The [[Phi Lambda Chi]] fraternity (original name \\\"The Aztecs\\\")\n        is founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teacher''s College in [[Conway,\n        Arkansas]] (now the [[University of Central Arkansas]]).\\n* [[March 18]] –\n        The [[Tri-State Tornado]], the deadliest in U.S. history, rampages through\n        [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], and [[Indiana]], killing 695 people and injuring\n        2,027. It hits the towns of [[Murphysboro, Illinois]]; [[Gorham, Illinois]];\n        [[Ellington, Missouri]]; and [[Griffin, Indiana]].\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Tennessee]] Governor [[Austin Peay]] signs the [[Butler Act]], prohibiting\n        the teaching of [[evolution]] in the state''s public schools.\\n* [[March 31]]\n        – Radio station ''''[[WOWO (AM)|WOWO]]'''' in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]\n        begins broadcasting.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1925}}\\n* April\\u2013October\n        – The ''''{{lang|fr|[[Exposition Internationale des Arts D\\u00e9coratifs\n        et Industriels Modernes]]}}'''' is held in Paris, giving a name to the [[Art\n        Deco]] style.\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** Frank Heath and his horse ''''Gypsy Queen''''\n        leaves Washington, D.C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states.\\n**\n        The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|Patent and Trademark Office]]\n        is transferred to the [[Department of Commerce]].\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] publishes ''''[[The Great Gatsby]]''''.\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Fritz Haarmann]], a serial killer convicted of the murder of\n        24 boys and young men, is [[Decapitation|beheaded]] in Germany.\\n[[File:BASA-1577K-1-61-14-Sofia,\n        Bulgaria.JPG|thumb|150px|St Nedelya Church after assault]]\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – The Communist assault on St. Nedelya Church claims roughly 150 lives\n        in [[Sofia, Bulgaria]].\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Colo-colo]], a well-known\n        football club of [[Chile]], is founded in [[Macul]], suburb  of [[Santiago]].{{cite\n        web|title=Colo-Colo: Sitio Oficial del Eterno Campe\\u00f3n|url=http://www.colocolo.cl/historia/fundacion/la-fundacion-del-club-1920-1930/|website=La\n        fundaci\\u00f3n del club (1920-1930)|accessdate=10 September 2017}}\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – Iranian forces of [[Rez\\u0101 Sh\\u0101h]] occupies [[Ahvaz]]\n        and arrests [[Sheikh Khaz''al]].\\n* [[April 28]] – Presenting the [[Stanley\n        Baldwin]] government''s budget, [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Winston\n        Churchill]] announces Britain''s return to the [[gold standard]].{{cite\n        book |last=Mercer |first=Derrik |date=1989 |editor-last= |editor-first= |title=Chronicle\n        of the 20th Century |url= |location=London |publisher=Chronicle Communications\n        Ltd. |pages=328\\u2013329 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3 |accessdate= }}\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1925}}\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** In the [[Destruction of early Islamic\n        heritage sites in Saudi Arabia]], the [[al-Baqi'']] mausoleums are destroyed\n        by King [[Ibn Saud]].\\n** The [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]], the\n        world''s largest [[trade union]] organisation, is founded in [[Guangzhou]],\n        [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]].\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Scopes\n        Trial]]: [[Dayton, Tennessee]], biology teacher [[John T. Scopes]] is arrested\n        for teaching [[Charles Darwin]]''s [[Theory of Evolution]].\\n** The [[General\n        Election Law]] is passed in Japan.\\n* [[May 8]] – African American Tom\n        Lee rescues 32 people from the sinking [[steamboat]] ''''[[M.E. Norman]]''''\n        on the [[Mississippi River]].\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Scopes Trial]]: [[John T.\n        Scopes]] is indicted for teaching [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]''s theory of [[evolution]].\\n**\n        The [[National Forensic League]] is founded.\\n* [[May 29]] – British\n        explorer [[Percy Fawcett]] sends a last telegram to his wife before he disappears\n        in the [[Amazon River|Amazon]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1925}}\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Percy and Florence Arrowsmith]] are married.\\n* [[June\n        6]] – The [[Chrysler Corporation]] is founded by [[Walter Percy Chrysler]].\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Charles Francis Jenkins]] achieves the first synchronized\n        transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines and a mechanical system\n        in \\\"the first public demonstration of radiovision\\\".\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** The\n        [[Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]] in Greece is founded.\\n** The Turkish\n        football club [[G\\u00f6ztepe A.\\u015e.|G\\u00f6ztepe]] is founded.\\n* [[June\n        29]] – The 6.8 {{M|w}} [[1925 Santa Barbara earthquake|Santa Barbara\n        earthquake]] affects the central coast of California with a maximum [[Mercalli\n        intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''''Violent''''), destroying much\n        of downtown [[Santa Barbara, California]] and leaving 13 people dead.\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1925}}\\n* [[July 9]] – In [[Dublin]],\n        Ireland, Oonagh Keogh becomes the first female member of a [[stock exchange]]\n        in the world.\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Scopes Trial]]: In [[Dayton, Tennessee]],\n        the so-called \\\"Monkey Trial\\\" begins with [[John T. Scopes]], a young high\n        school science teacher accused of teaching [[evolution]] in violation of a\n        [[Tennessee]] state law.\\n** [[Meher Baba]] begins his 44-year silence.\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] publishes Volume 1 of his personal manifesto\n        ''''[[Mein Kampf]]''''.\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Scopes Trial]]: In [[Dayton,\n        Tennessee]], high school biology teacher [[John T. Scopes]] is found guilty\n        of teaching [[evolution]] in class and fined $100.\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        The [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union]] (TASS) is established.\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n{{Main article|August 1925}}\\n* [[August 1]] – The New Cape\n        Central Railway between [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]] and [[Mossel\n        Bay|Voorbaai]] is incorporated into the [[South African Railways]].''''Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of\n        Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway'''', Statement No. 19,\n        p. 189, ref. no. 200954-13\\n* [[August 8]] – The [[Ku Klux Klan]],\n        the largest fraternal organization in the United States, demonstrates its\n        popularity by holding a parade in Washington DC.\\n* [[August 14]] –\n        The original Hetch Hetchy [[Moccasin, Tuolumne County, California|Moccasin]]\n        Powerhouse is completed and goes on line.\\n* [[August 25]] – The French\n        [[Occupation of the Ruhr|completes their evacuation]] of the Ruhr region of\n        Germany.{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1925.htm\n        |title=Chronology 1925 |last= |first=  |date=2002 |website=indiana.edu |publisher=\n        |accessdate=January 2, 2015 }}\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1925}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The U.S. Navy dirigible [[USS Shenandoah\n        (ZR-1)|''''Shenandoah'''']] breaks up in a [[squall line]] near [[Caldwell,\n        Ohio]], killing 14 crewmen.\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Feast of the Cross]]\n        according to the [[Old Calendar]]; A celestial cross appears over [[Athens]],\n        Greece, while the Greek police pursues a group of [[Greek Old Calendarists]].\n        The phenomenon lasts for half an hour.{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodox.net/articles/cross-in-athens.html|title=The\n        Appearance of the Cross Near Athens in 1925|author=Priest Seraphim Holland|publisher=}}\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1925}}\\n* October – The major money\n        forgery and fraud of [[Alves dos Reis]] is exposed in Portugal.\\n* [[October\n        1]] – [[Mount Rushmore]] National Memorial is dedicated in [[South Dakota]].\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-R03618, Locarno, Gustav Stresemann, Chamberlain, Briand.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Locarno\n        Treaties]] with [[Gustav Stresemann]], [[Austen Chamberlain]] and [[Aristide\n        Briand]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – In London\\n** [[John Logie Baird]] successfully\n        transmitts the first television pictures with a greyscale image.{{cite\n        book|first=R. W.|last=Burns|title=Television: An International History of\n        the Formative Years|location=London|publisher=Institution of Electrical Engineers|isbn=978-0-85296-914-4|page=264}}\\n**\n        The city''s first enclosed [[double-decker bus]]es sre introduced.\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\u2013[[October 16|16]] – The [[Locarno Treaties]] are negotiated.\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Cubana de Aviaci\\u00f3n]] is founded.\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n{{Main article|November 1925}}\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Secret agent]]\n        [[Sidney Reilly]] is executed by the [[State Political Directorate|OGPU]],\n        the [[secret police]] of the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[November 9]] – Formal\n        foundation date of the ''''[[Schutzstaffel]]'''' (SS) as a personal bodyguard\n        for [[Adolf Hitler]] in Germany.\\n* [[November 14]] – The first [[Surrealism|Surrealist]]\n        art exhibition opens in Paris.{{cite\n        book|last=Mercer|first=Derrik|date=1989|title=Chronicle of the 20th Century|location=London|publisher=Chronicle\n        Communications Ltd.|page=335|isbn=978-0-582-03919-3}}\\n* [[November\n        24]] – The silent film ''''[[El H\\u00fasar de la Muerte]]'''' is released\n        in [[Santiago]], Chile.\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII)\n        is crowned as [[King of Siam]].\\n* [[November 28]] – The weekly [[country\n        music]]-variety [[Radio programming|radio program]] ''''[[Grand Ole Opry]]''''\n        is first broadcast on [[WSM (AM)|WSM radio]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]],\n        as the \\\"WSM Barn Dance\\\".\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1925}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – The [[Locarno Treaties]] are signed in London.\\n*[[December\n        11]] – [[Pope Pius XI]]''s [[encyclical]] ''''[[Quas primas]]'''', on\n        the [[Feast of Christ the King]], is promulgated.{{cite web|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius11/P11PRIMA.HTM|title=QUAS\n        PRIMAS|publisher=}}\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Reza Shah]] becomes [[shah]]\n        of [[Imperial State of Iran|Persia]].\\n** [[Alpha Phi Omega]], a National\n        service fraternity, is founded at [[Lafayette College]].\\n** [[Colombo Radio]]\n        launches in Ceylon; the station subsequently becomes known as ''''[[Radio\n        Ceylon]]''''.\\n* [[December 25]] – [[IG Farben]] is formed by the merger\n        of six chemical companies in Germany.\\n[[File:Paris Montmartre in 1925.jpg|thumb|115px|Paris\n        Rue de [[Montmartre]] in 1925]]\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Spring – [[Leica\n        Camera|Leica]] I [[35 mm film]] [[still camera]] is introduced.\\n* The Australian\n        state of Queensland introduces a 44-hour working week.\\n* The [[Brisbane City\n        Council]], (Brisbane, Australia), is created from the amalgamation of 20 smaller\n        cities, towns and shires.\\n* New York City becomes the largest city in the\n        world, taking the lead from London.{{cite web|title=Largest Cities Through\n        History|publisher=[[About.com]]|author=[http://geography.about.com/mbiopage.htm\n        Matt Rosenberg]|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm|\n        accessdate= 13 November 2008 }}{{Unreliable source?|date=November\n        2008}}\\n* The [[Thompson submachine gun]] is sold for $175 in the 1925 [[Sears,\n        Roebuck and Company]] mail order catalog.\\n* The [[National Football League]]\n        adds 5 teams: the [[New York Giants]], [[Detroit Panthers]], [[Providence\n        Steam Roller]], a new [[Canton Bulldogs]] team, and the [[Pottsville Maroons]].\\n*\n        In Germany, the [[Bauhaus]] moves to a building in [[Dessau]] designed by\n        [[Walter Gropius]].\\n* [[Lion Feuchtwanger]]''s novel ''''[[Jud S\\u00fc\\u00df\n        (Feuchtwanger novel)|Jud S\\u00fc\\u00df]]'''' is published.{{cite book|first=Q.D.|last=Leavis|authorlink=Q.\n        D. Leavis|title=Fiction and the Reading Public|edition=rev.|location=London|publisher=Chatto\n        & Windus|year=1965}}\\n* The [[Shueisha]] Publishing Company is founded\n        in Tokyo.\\n* The [[Wheel gymnastics]] is invented in [[Germany]].\\n\\n== Births\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n\\n[[File:Paul Newman in Carnation, Washington June\n        2007 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Newman]]]]\\n[[File:Douglas Engelbart in\n        Redwood City 2006.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas Engelbart]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Bomani]], Tanzanian politician and ambassador (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Wahiduddin\n        Khan]], noted Islamic scholar and peace activist \\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Larry\n        Harmon]], American entertainer and TV producer (''''[[Bozo the Clown]]'''')\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Era\\u00f1o Manalo|Era\\u00f1o de Guzman Manalo]], 2nd Executive\n        Minister (''''Tagapamahalang Pangkalahatan'''') of the ''''[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]''''\n        (Church of Christ) (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Henry Gleitman]],\n        Professor Emeritus of Psychology (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Veikko Hakulinen]], Finnish\n        cross-country skier (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Betty Kennedy]], Canadian broadcaster\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[John DeLorean]], American car maker\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Gerald Durrell]], British naturalist,\n        zookeeper, author, and television presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Helmuth H\\u00fcbener]], German youth political activist against\n        the [[Hitler]] regime (d. [[1942]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Lee Van Cleef]],\n        American actor (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Georgi Kaloyanchev]],\n        Bulgarian actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Gwen Verdon]], American actress and dancer\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Elwyn Welch]], New Zealand farmer, ornithologist, conservationist\n        and Open Brethren missionary (d. [[1961]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Yukio\n        Mishima]], Japanese writer (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\n** [[August Englas]],\n        Estonian wrestler (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ignacio L\\u00f3pez Tarso]], Mexican\n        actor\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Harold Switzer]], American child actor (d. [[1967]])\\n**\n        [[Jesse J. Taylor]], United States Navy naval aviator (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Duane Hanson]], American sculptor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Charles Aidman]], American actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Bobby Young]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\n** [[Barbara Carroll]], American jazz pianist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Gilles Deleuze]], French philosopher (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n**\n        [[Joan Leslie]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Paul Newman]], American\n        actor, film director, entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Dub Garrett]], American football guard (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Robert\n        W. McCollum]], American epidemiologist, (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Douglas Engelbart]], American inventor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Dorothy Malone]],\n        American actress\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Bernardino Rivera \\u00c1lvarez]],\n        Bolivian bishop (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jack Lemmon - 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack\n        Lemmon]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Altman - 1983.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Altman]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\n** [[Bobby Laing]], Scottish professional footballer (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n** [[Mary Nesbitt Wisham|Mary Nesbitt]], American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Elaine Stritch]],\n        American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Shelley Berman]], American\n        comedian and actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Fiedler]], American actor (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Leon Schlumpf]], Swiss Federal Councillor (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Jutta Hipp]], German born American jazz pianist and\n        composer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Hans Schmidt (wrestler)|Hans\n        Schmidt]], Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        – [[Jack Lemmon]], American actor and film director, better known for\n        his role in ''''[[The Odd Couple (film)|The Odd Couple]]'''' (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Billy Williamson (guitarist)|Billy Williamson]],\n        American musician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Pierre Mondy]],\n        French film and theatre actor and director (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        [[Virginia E. Johnson]], American sexologist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Amparo Rivelles]],\n        Spanish actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Kim Stanley]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Ted Innes]], Australian politician (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Romolo Bizzotto]], Italian professional football\n        player and coach (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Ron Goodwin]], English\n        composer and conductor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Hal Holbrook]], American actor\n        (''''Mark Twain Tonight'''')\\n* [[February 18]] – [[George Kennedy]],\n        American actor (''''Cool Hand Luke'''') (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 20]] \\n**\n        [[Robert Altman]], American film director (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Pat Lanigan]],\n        Australian public servant (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Sam Peckinpah]],\n        American director (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[\\u0160tefan Vrablec]], Slovak Roman\n        Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Eric Prabhakar]],\n        Indian sprinter (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Bud Day]], United\n        States Air Force colonel (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Maddy English]],\n        American female baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Wing Luke]], Assistant\n        Attorney General of Washington (d. [[1965]])\\n** [[Aino Seep]], Estonian singer\n        and actress (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Shehu Shagari]], President of Nigeria from\n        1979 to 1983\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Dave Pell]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Everton Weekes]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Samuel Dash]], American Watergate Congressional counsel (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Ed Quirk]], American football fullback (d. [[1962]])\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Inezita Barroso]], Brazilian sertanejo singer, guitarist, actress,\n        TV presenter, librarian, folklorist and teacher (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Paul Mauriat]],\n        French musician (''''[[L''amour est bleu|Love is Blue]]'''') (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Clyde Biggers]], American football coach (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Rene Gagnon]], U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Leo Esaki]], Japanese physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 14]] – [[John Jacobs\n        (English golfer)|John Jacobs]], English golfer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[Cornell Borchers]], German actress (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Luis E. Miramontes]],\n        Mexican chemist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Gabriele Ferzetti]],\n        Italian actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Alessandro Alessandroni]],\n        Italian musician and composer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Gerard\n        Hoffnung]], German-born English humorist (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Robie Lester]], American Grammy-nominated voice artist and singer (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[David Watkin (cinematographer)|David Watkin]], British cinematographer (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Flannery O''Connor]], American writer (d.\n        [[1964]])\\n** [[Kishori Sinha]], Indian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Pierre Boulez]], French composer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Ian Robinson (Australian politician)|Ian Robinson]], Australian\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Bobby Hutchins]], [[Our\n        Gang]] child star (d. [[1945]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hans Rosenthal Autogrammbild.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans\n        Rosenthal]]]]\\n[[File:Rod Steiger Al Capone 2.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Rod Steiger]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\n** [[Piero Livi]], Italian director and screenwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Qassem Al-Nasser]], Jordanian General (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Hans Rosenthal]], German radio editor, director, one of the most popular\n        German radio and TV hosts of the 1970s and 1980s (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Tony Benn]], British politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 4]]\n        – [[Fariza Magomadova]], Chechen educator and boarding school director\n        \\n* [[April 5]] – [[Donald Burgett]], American writer and World War\n        II veteran (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Chaturanan Mishra]], Indian\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Gene Ammons]], American jazz\n        saxophonist (d. [[1974]])\\n** [[Rod Steiger]], American actor, better known\n        for his role in ''''[[In the Heat of the Night (film)|In The Heat Of The Night]]''''\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Beryl Te Wiata]], New Zealand actor,\n        author, and scriptwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Moawad]], 13th President of Lebanon (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        [[Bob Hastings]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Hugh\n        O''Brian]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Elena Verdugo]],\n        American actress (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ernie Stautner]], German-born American\n        football player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Solomon Perel]], Israeli\n        motivational speaker\\n* [[April 22]] – [[George Cole (actor)|George\n        Cole]], English actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Faye Dancer]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Theda Marshall]], American basewoman (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Eugen Weber]], Romanian-born historian (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] \\n** [[Janete Clair]], Brazilian television, radio play, and novel writer\n        (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Kay E. Kuter]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] \\n** [[Michele Ferrero]], Italian businessman (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[J\\u00f8rgen\n        Ingmann]], Danish musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Joey LaMotta]],\n        brother and one time manager of former world middleweight boxing champion,\n        Jake LaMotta (d. [[1991]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Akio Kimura|ja|3=\\u6728\\u6751\\u660e\\u751f}},\n        Japanese professor of Russian studies (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[John Compton]], Saint Lucian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of\n        Saint Lucia (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Johnny Horton]], American\n        [[country music]] and [[rockabilly]] singer (d. [[1960]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Yogi\n        Berra 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Yogi Berra]]]]\\n[[File:PolPot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pol\n        Pot]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm X NYWTS 4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Malcolm X]]]]\\n* [[May\n        1]]\\n** [[Scott Carpenter]], American astronaut (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anna May\n        Hutchison]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May\n        2]]\\n** [[Maria Barroso]], Portuguese politician and actress (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Eddie Garcia]], Filipino actor and director\\n** [[Inga Gill]], Swedish actress\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[John Neville (actor)|John Neville]], English actor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n** [[Lou Rowan]], Australian Test cricket match umpire (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[Ngiratkel Etpison]], 5th President of Palau (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Jean S\\u00e9guy]], French sociologist of religions (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May\n        4]]\\n** [[Maurice R. Greenberg]], American businessman\\n** [[Olive Osmond]],\n        Osmond family matriarch (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Jen\\u0151 Buz\\u00e1nszky]], Hungarian\n        footballer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Charles Chaplin Jr.]], American\n        actor (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]], Tanzanian\n        president\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Vladimir Tadej]], Croatian production designer,\n        screenwriter and film director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Yogi\n        Berra]], American baseball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Marvin\n        Traub]], American businessman and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Sophie Kurys]],\n        American professional baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Patrice Munsel]],\n        American opera singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Andrei Eshpai]],\n        Russian pianist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Herb Henson]], American\n        country music (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[G\\u00e9rard Corboud]],\n        Swiss entrepreneur, art collector and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        19]]\\n** [[Pol Pot]], Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Brian\n        Moll]], Australian character actor, director and producer (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Malcolm X]], African-American civil rights activist (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[May\n        22]]\\n** [[James King (tenor)|James King]], American tenor (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Jean Tinguely]], Swiss painter and sculptor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Joshua Lederberg]], American molecular biologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 24]] –\n        [[Mai Zetterling]], Swedish actress and film director (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Jeanne Crain]], American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Gatica]], Argentine boxer (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Alec\n        McCowen]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Carmen Montejo]], Cuban-born\n        Mexican actress (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[B\\u00fclent Ecevit]], 3-time\n        Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]], German\n        lyric baritone and conductor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Pavel \\u0160t\\u011bp\\u00e1n]],\n        Czech pianist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Thomas Collier Platt Jr.]],\n        American judge (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Frei Otto]], German architect\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Tony Curtis portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony\n        Curtis]]]]\\n[[File:Barbara Bush portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barbara Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Presidente\n        Napolitano.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giorgio Napolitano]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Dilia D\\u00edaz Cisneros]], Venezuelan teacher\\n* [[June 2]] \\n** [[Julius\n        Blank]], semiconductor pioneer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Buddy Elias]], Swiss actor\n        and president of the Anne Frank Fonds (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 3]] –\n        [[Tony Curtis]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Warren\n        Frost]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Hideji \\u014ctaki]],\n        Japanese actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Ernestina Herrera de Noble]],\n        Argentine publisher and executive (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Biddle (yachting\n        cinematographer)|John Biddle]], American yachting cinematographer and lecturer\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Robert Smithdas]], American deaf-blind teacher, advocate\n        and author (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 8]] \\n** [[Eddie Gaedel]], American with\n        dwarfism (d. [[1961]])\\n** [[Barbara Bush]], [[First Lady of the United States]]\\n**\n        [[Claude Estier]], French politician and journalist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Don Ritchie]], Australian official (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Nat Hentoff]], American historian, novelist, jazz and country music\n        critic, and syndicated columnist for United Media (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[William Styron]], American writer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 13]]\n        – [[Du\\u0161an Trbojevi\\u0107]], Serbian pianist, composer, musical\n        writer and university professor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Hideyuki\n        Fujisawa]], Japanese professional Go player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Pierre Salinger]],\n        White House Press Secretary (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Vasily Golubev]],\n        Soviet, Russian painter (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Attil\\u00e2 \\u0130lhan]], Turkish\n        poet, novelist, essayist, journalist and reviewer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June\n        16]] – [[Lewis Morley]], American Photographer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n** [[Mervyn Finlay]], Australian former member of the Supreme Court\n        of New South Wales and Queen''s Counsel (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Luce d''Eramo]],\n        Italian writer and literary critic (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e1s\n        Kov\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian filmmaker (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Audie Murphy]], American\n        World War II hero and actor (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Stanley Moss]],\n        American poet, publisher, and art dealer\\n** [[Larisa Avdeyeva]], Russian  mezzo-soprano\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Giovanni Spadolini]], Prime Minister of Italy (d. [[1994]])\\n**\n        [[Maureen Stapleton]], American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Ben\n        Jarvis]], American politician\\n** [[Frank Hindle]], English footballer player\\n**\n        [[Nat Boxer]], American sound engineer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Anna\n        Chennault]], Chinese widow of World War II leader Lieutenant General [[Claire\n        Lee Chennault]]\\n** [[Oliver Smithies]], British-American geneticist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Art Modell]], American businessman (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Miiko\n        Taka]], Japanese-American actress\\n** [[Sergio Realini]], Italian professional\n        football player\\n** [[Ogden R. Reid]], United States Representative from New\n        York\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Clay Evans (pastor)|Clay Evans]], African American\n        Baptist pastor\\n** [[P. Viswambharan]], Indian politician, socialist, trade\n        unionist and journalist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Robert Venturi]], American architect\\n**\n        [[June Lockhart]], American actress\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Jean Frydman]], French\n        resistant and businessman\\n** [[Richard X. Slattery]], American actor (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Wayne Terwilliger]], American second baseman,\n        coach, and manager in Major League Baseball\\n* [[June 28]] –  [[Ray\n        Boyle]], American actor\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Cara Williams]], American actress\\n**\n        [[John Fujioka]], American actor of Japanese descent \\n** [[Giorgio Napolitano]],\n        Italian politician and 11th [[President of Italy]]\\n** [[Frank Brilando]],\n        American former cyclist\\n** [[Marilyn Mason]], American concert organist,\n        recording artist, and teacher\\n** [[Robert H\\u00e9bras]], Oradour-sur Glane\n        massacre survivor\\n** [[Nancy Saunders]], American actress\\n** [[Mervyn Alexander]],\n        English Bishop (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Arthur Storch]], American actor and Broadway\n        director (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Ebrahim Amini]], Iranian politician\\n**\n        [[Philippe Jaccottet]], Swiss poet and translator\\n** [[Ros Mey]], Cambodian-born\n        American Buddhist monk and survivor of the Khmer Rouge regime (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Fred Schaus]], American basketball player, head coach and athletic director\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Merv Griffin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Merv Griffin]]]]\\n[[File:QuettMasire1980\n        (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Quett Masire]]]]\\n[[File:Ana Mar\\u00eda Matute.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ana\n        Mar\\u00eda Matute]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Aubyn Curtiss]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Harry Gesner]], American architect\\n** [[Farley Granger]], American actor\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 2]] \\n** [[Marvin Rainwater]], American country and\n        rockabilly singer and songwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Medgar Evers]], African-American\n        civil rights activist (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Patrice Lumumba]], Congolese independence\n        leader (d. [[1961]])\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Roger Chesneau]], French steeplechaser\\n**\n        [[Keiji Hase]], Japanese swimmer\\n** [[Terry Moriarty]], Australian rules\n        footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Danny Nardico]], American professional boxer\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Dorothy Head Knode]], American tennis player\\n**\n        [[Jim Kettle]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Ciril Zlobec]], Slovene\n        poet, writer, translator, journalist and former politician\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Unto Wiitala]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n** [[Ali \\u00c7etiner]], Turkish\n        cyclist\\n** [[Carlos Vel\\u00e1zquez (pentathlete)|Carlos Vel\\u00e1zquez]],\n        Argentine modern pentathlete\\n** [[Fernando de Szyszlo]], Peruvian painter,\n        sculptor, printmaker, and teacher\\n** [[Jean Raspail]], French author, traveler\n        and explorer\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Gazi Ya\\u015fargil]], Turkish medical scientist\n        and neurosurgeon\\n** [[Ruth Cracknell]], Australian actress and author (d.\n        [[2002]]) \\n** [[Merv Griffin]], American game show developer and host (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Bill Haley]], American musician (''''[[Bill Haley & His Comets]]'''')\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Erich Hartstein]], German journalist and\n        contributing editor\\n** [[Hong Jong-o]], Chinese swimmer\\n** [[Marc Breslow]],\n        American television director (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Fernand Decanali]], French\n        cyclist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jud Kinberg]], American producer and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Lies Bonnier]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Nicholas\n        Brathwaite]], Prime minister of Grenada (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Dominique Nohain]],\n        Actor, dramaturge, screenwriter and French director\\n** [[Arthur Imperatore\n        Sr.]], Italian-American businessman from New Jersey\\n** [[Bill Mackrides]],\n        American football quarterback\\n** [[Dominique Nohain]], French actor, dramatist,\n        screenwriter and theatre director\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Mary de Rachewiltz]],\n        American poet and translator \\n** [[Tom Luken]], American politician\\n** [[Marion\n        Gay Wofford]], American politician\\n** [[Ronald I. Spiers]], United States\n        Ambassador\\n** [[Borislav Stankovi\\u0107]], Serbian former basketball player\n        and coach\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Mahathir bin Mohamad]], fourth Prime Minister\n        of Malaysia\\n** [[Susan Cummings (actress)|Susan Cummings]], German-American\n        actress\\n** [[Jerome Kohlberg Jr.]], American businessman (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Mildred Kornman]], American child actress\\n** [[Murray Waxman]], Canadian\n        basketball player\\n** [[Elwy Yost]], Canadian television host (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** [[Mattiwilda Dobbs]], African-American coloratura soprano\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Nicolai Gedda]], Swedish operatic tenor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[David Graham (actor)|David Graham]], British actor and voice artist\\n**\n        [[Fernando Matthei]], Chilean Air Force General\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Roger\n        Bonham Smith]], former chairman and CEO of [[General Motors]] (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Don Campbell (ice hockey)|Don Campbell]], Canadian ice hockey (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Rosie Harris]], English author\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Suzanne Zimmerman]],\n        American competition swimmer and Olympic medalist\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Elmo\n        Bovio]], Argentine professional football player\\n** [[Sheila Guyse]], African-American\n        singer and actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Carlos Vel\\u00e1zquez (pentathlete)|Carlos\n        Vel\\u00e1zquez]], Argentine modern pentathlete\\n** [[Bruce L. Douglas]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Francisco \\u00c1lvarez Mart\\u00ednez]], archbishop of the\n        Spanish see of Toledo and a Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church\\n** [[Hugh\n        Gillin]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[D. A. Pennebaker]],\n        American documentary filmmaker\\n** [[Gaston Rousseau]], French racing cyclist\\n**\n        [[Badal Sarkar]], Indian dramatist and theatre director (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July\n        16]] \\n** [[Rosita Quintana]], Argentine actress\\n** [[Yuri Sergeev]], Russian\n        speed skater\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Anita Lasker-Wallfisch]], German cellist,\n        and a surviving member of the Women''s Orchestra in Auschwitz\\n** [[Ted Vogel]],\n        American marathon runner\\n** [[Carla Boni]], Italian singer (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 18]]\\n** [[Hubert Doggart]], English sports administrator, cricketer\n        and schoolmaster\\n** [[Allan Elsom]], New Zealand rugby union player (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Raymond Jones (architect)|Raymond Jones]], Australian architect\\n** [[Windy\n        McCall]], relief pitcher in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Glen Wood]], American\n        NASCAR driver\\n** [[Friedrich Zimmermann]], German politician  (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** [[Sue Thompson]], American pop and country music singer\\n**\n        [[Jack Petchey]], British businessman\\n** [[Henri Beaujean]], French politician\\n**\n        [[Jean-Pierre Faye]], French philosopher and writer of fiction and prose poetry\\n**\n        [[Michael Pfeiffer]], German former professional football player\\n** [[John\n        Dossetor]], Canadian physician and bioethicist\\n** [[Hans Aarsleff]], emeritus\n        professor of English at Princeton University,\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Frantz\n        Fanon]], French-Algerian psychiatrist and philosopher (d. [[1961]])\\n** [[Jacques\n        Delors]], French politician\\n** [[Stanley Hovdebo]], New Democratic Party\n        member of the Canadian House of Commons\\n** [[Eric Watson (cricketer)|Eric\n        Watson]], New Zealand former cricketer\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Johnny Peirson]],\n        Canadian Hockey player\\n** [[Hans Meyer (actor)|Hans Meyer]], South African\n        actor\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Irving Sandler]], American art critic, art historian,\n        and educator\\n** [[Joseph Sargent]], American film director (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] \\n** [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d.\n        [[1975]])\\n** [[Gloria DeHaven]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Govind\n        Talwalkar]], Indian journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Quett Masire]], 2nd [[President\n        of Botswana]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Benny Benjamin]], American\n        musician, known as the main drummer used by [[Motown]] for studio recordings\n        (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Neil O''Reilly]], Australian rules footballer\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Ana Mar\\u00eda Matute]], Spanish writer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Baruch S. Blumberg]], American scientist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[Shivram Dattatreya Phadnis]], Indian cartoonist\\n** [[Mikis Theodorakis]],\n        Greek composer \\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Stan Stennett]], Welsh comedian, actor\n        and jazz musician (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Alexander Trocchi]], Scottish writer\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Harry Malmberg]], American second baseman\n        and coach (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Carmel Quinn]], Irish-American singer and performer\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Jorge\n        Rafael Videla 1976.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]]]]\\n[[File:Izetbegovic.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alija\n        Izetbegovi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Oscar Peterson.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Oscar Peterson]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Cor Edskes]], Dutch organ builder and restorer (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Pam Gems]], English playwright (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jimmy Caci]], Los Angeles\n        crime family member and a Caporegime (Captain) in the family (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Roy Mackal]], American biologist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Jorge\n        Rafael Videla]], 42nd President of Argentina (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Alan Whicker]],\n        British television presenter (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 3]] \\n** [[Dom Um Rom\\u00e3o]],\n        Brazilian jazz drummer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Guy Degrenne]], French businessman\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Betty Trezza]], Italian-American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Eddie Baily]],\n        England international footballer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Barbara Bates]], American\n        actress and singer (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Yogini Joglekar]], Marathi writer,\n        poet and also a renowned classical singer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Olavi Rokka]],\n        American gardener and horticulturist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[M. S. Swaminathan]], Indian scientist\\n* [[August 8]] \\n** [[Alija Izetbegovi\\u0107]],\n        President of Bosnia-Herzegovina (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Aziz Sattar]], Malaysian\n        actor, comedian, singer and director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Frank Lauterbur]],\n        American football player and coach (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Ginny\n        Tyler]], American voice actress (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[David A. Huffman]], American\n        computer scientist (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Valent\\u00edn Pimstein]], Chilean-Mexican\n        producer of telenovelas (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Olavi Rokka]], Finnish modern\n        pentathlete (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Stanislav Brebera]],\n        Czech chemist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Arlene Dahl]], American\n        actress\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Thor Vilhj\\u00e1lmsson]], Icelandic writer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Guillermo Cano Isaza]], Colombian journalist (d. [[1986]])\\n**\n        [[Dean Sensanbaugher]], American football halfback and defensive back (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Norris McWhirter]] (d. [[2004]]) and his twin brother,\\n**\n        [[Ross McWhirter]] (d. [[1975]]), Scottish co-founders of the ''''Guinness\n        Book of Records''''\\n** [[Lois Jurgens]], American convicted murderer (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Leopold Barschandt]], Austrian footballer (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Guillermo Cano Isaza]], Colombian journalist (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[George\n        Wetherill]], Director Emeritus, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Dale Bumpers]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Alfredo Mart\\u00ednez de Hoz]], Argentine executive and policy\n        maker (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Peter Beaven]], New Zealand architect based in Christchurch\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Benny Bailey]], American bebop and hard-bop jazz trumpeter\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Mike Connors]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Ruth Lessing]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Oscar Peterson]], Canadian jazz pianist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Bill Pinkney]],\n        American performer and singer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Aldo Ciccolini]], Italian-born\n        French pianist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n** [[Idriss ibn al-Hassan\n        al-Alami]], Moroccan poet and translator (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mal Waldron]],\n        American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[William\n        G. Hundley]], American criminal defense attorney (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Kirke\n        Mechem]], American composer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Madhav Dalvi]], Indian\n        cricketer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Henning Larsen]], Danish\n        architect (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Toma Caragiu]], Romanian\n        theatre, television and film actor (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Honor\n        Blackman]], English actress\\n** [[Terry Donahue (baseball)|Terry Donahue]],\n        Canadian female professional baseball player\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Thea\n        Astley]], Australian writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Jack\n        Hirshleifer]], American economist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Jaswant\n        Singh Neki]], Indian academic and poet (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Nat Lofthouse]],\n        English footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Donald O''Connor]],\n        American actor, singer, and dancer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Parra Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        Spanish footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Demetrio B. Lakas|Demetrio\n        Basilio Lakas Bahas]], former [[President of Panama]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August\n        30]]\\n** [[Chris Anderson (footballer, born 1925)|Chris Anderson]], cottish\n        footballer, educator and football administrator (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Laurent\n        de Brunhoff]], French writer and illustrator\\n* [[August 31]]\\n**[[Maurice\n        Pialat]], French actor and director (d. [[2003]])\\n**[[Pete Vonachen]], American\n        restaurateur and baseball team owner (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Peter\n        Sellers at home in Belgravia, London, 1973.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Sellers]]]]\\n[[File:B.B.\n        King in 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[B. B. King]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] \\n** [[Shoista\n        Mullojonova]], [[Tajikistan|Tajik]]-born [[Shashmakom]] singer (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Maureen Haughey]], Irish political figure (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 7]]\n        – [[Laura Ashley]], Welsh designer (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[September 8]]\n        – [[Peter Sellers]], English comedian and actor, better known for his\n        role in ''''[[The Pink Panther (1963 film)|The Pink Panther]]'''' (d. [[1980]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Boris Tchaikovsky|Boris Alexandrovich Tchaikovsky]],\n        Russian composer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\n** [[Mel Torm\\u00e9]],\n        American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Marshall Flaum]], American television\n        director, producer and screenwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September 14]] –\n        [[Winston Cenac]], 3rd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Helle Virkner]], Danish actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September\n        16]]\\n** [[Charles Haughey]], sixth [[Taoiseach]] (head of government of the\n        [[Republic of Ireland]]) (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Eugene Garfield]], American linguist\n        and businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[B.B. King]], American singer-songwriter\n        and guitarist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Franklin Sousley]],\n        U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Ananda Mahidol]], King Rama VIII of Siam (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Denis Twitchett]], Cambridge scholar and Chinese historian (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Autar Singh Paintal]], Indian medical scientist\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\n** [[Paul B. MacCready, Jr.]], American\n        aeronautical engineer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Silvana Pampanini]], Italian actress\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Marty Robbins]], American singer,\n        songwriter, racing driver (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Robert\n        G. Edwards]], British Nobel physiologist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n**\n        [[Cromwell Everson]], South African composer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Carolyn Morris]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[John Tower]], American politician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] – [[Arkady Ostashev]], Soviet, Russian [[scientist]], participant\n        in the launch of the first artificial [[Earth]] [[Sputnik 1|satellite]] and\n        the [[Yuri Gagarin|first cosmonaut]], [[Kandidat|Candidate of Technical Sciences]],\n        [[Docent]], [[laureate]] of the [[Lenin Prize|Lenin]] and [[USSR State Prize|state]]\n        [[prize]]s (d. [[1998]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Margaret Thatcher cropped2.png|thumb|110px|[[Margaret\n        Thatcher]]]] \\n[[File:Angela Lansbury (8356239174).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Angela\n        Lansbury]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny Carson 1970.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Johnny Carson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Pullein-Thompson sisters|Christine Pullein-Thompson]],\n        British author (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Pullein-Thompson sisters|Diana Pullein-Thompson]],\n        British author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Gore Vidal]], American\n        author (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Fyodor Terentyev]], Soviet\n        Olympic cross-country skiier (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Gail\n        Davis]], American actress (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Mildred\n        Earp]], American female professional baseball player\\n* [[October 8]] –\n        [[\\u00c1lvaro Maga\\u00f1a]], 38th President of El Salvador (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] – [[Anne Pippin Burnett]], American classics scholar\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Elmore Leonard]], American novelist\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Lenny Bruce]], American comic (d. [[1966]])\\n**\n        [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from 1979\n        to 1990 (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Phillip V. Tobias]], South\n        African palaeoanthropologist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Bob\n        Rowland Smith]], Australian politician (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        [[Angela Lansbury]], English-born U.S. actress\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Ramiz\n        Alia]], 13th President of Albania (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 19]] –\n        [[Emilio Eduardo Massera]], Argentine Naval military officer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 20]]\\n** [[Art Buchwald]], American humorist and columnist (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Gene Wood]], American game show announcer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 21]]\n        \\n** [[Celia Cruz]], Cuban-American singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Surjit Singh\n        Barnala]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Robert\n        Rauschenberg]], American painter and graphic artist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Johnny Carson]], American comedian and television host (''''The\n        Tonight Show'''') (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Bob Azzam]], Egyptian\n        singer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Luciano Berio]], Italian composer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Al Feldstein]], American artist and comic book creator (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – [[Warren Christopher]], American diplomat (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Dominick Dunne]], American writer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Hardy]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Klaus Roth]], German-born British\n        mathematician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[John Pople]], English\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:1963\n        Cleopatra trailer screenshot 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Burton]]]]\\n[[File:Rock\n        Hudson in Giant trailer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rock Hudson]]]]\\n[[File:Robert F\n        Kennedy crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:Jos\\u00e9 Napole\\u00f3n\n        Duarte 1987c.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Napole\\u00f3n Duarte]]]]\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Doris Roberts]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Giovanni Coppa]], Italian cardinal (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Richard Burton]], Welsh actor, better known for his role in\n        ''''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'''' (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 11]]\n        \\n** [[Nigel Cecil]], British naval officer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jonathan Winters]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[John Guillermin]], British\n        director (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Heinz Schubert (actor)|Heinz\n        Schubert]], German actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Rock Hudson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Gene Mauch]], baseball\n        manager (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Zygmunt Bauman]], Polish\n        military officer, sociologist and philosopher (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        20]]\\n** [[Kaye Ballard]], American comedian (''''The Mothers-in-Law'''')\\n**\n        [[Robert F. Kennedy]], American politician and [[Attorney General of the United\n        States]] (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[Mark Miller (actor)|Mark Miller]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Maya Plisetskaya]], Russian ballerina (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Gunther Schuller]], American musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\n**\n        [[Gene Brito]], American football Defensive end (d. [[1965]])\\n** [[Maria\n        di Gerlando]], American operatic soprano (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Tony Russel]],\n        American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Napole\\u00f3n Duarte]], Salvadoran\n        politician, 39th [[President of El Salvador]] (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]], American journalist, author, and commentator\n        (''''The Firing Line'''') (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Simon van der Meer]], Dutch\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Gregorio Conrado \\u00c1lvarez]], Uruguayan general and\n        former dictator (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Eugene Istomin]], American pianist (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[John Maddox]], Welsh science writer (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Ernie Wise]], English comedian (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[Grace Berg Schaible]], American lawyer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[William H. Gates Sr.]], American attorney, father\n        of [[Bill Gates]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Julie Harris 1973.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Julie\n        Harris (actress)|Julie Harris]]]]\\n[[File:Sammy Davis Jr 1989 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sammy\n        Davis, Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Dick Van Dyke by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dick\n        Van Dyke]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Martin Rodbell]], American scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Julie Harris (American actress)|Julie Harris]], American\n        actress (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Erik M\\u00f8rk]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Lino Lacedelli]], Italian\n        mountaineer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]],\n        2-Time President of Nicaragua (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Sammy\n        Davis Jr.]], American singer, dancer, musician, and actor (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Hank Thompson (baseball)|Hank Thompson]], American player in the Negro leagues\n        and Major League Baseball (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Paul\n        Greengard]], American neuroscientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Vladimir Shainsky]], Soviet and\n        Russian composer\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Dick Van Dyke]], American actor,\n        singer, dancer and comedian (''''The Dick Van Dyke Show'''')\\n* [[December\n        15]]\\n** [[Hiroshi Motoyama]], Japanese scientist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Kasey\n        Rogers]], American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Rabah Bitat]],\n        former [[President of Algeria]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Tankred Dorst]], German\n        playwright (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert B. Sherman]], American songwriter (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\n** [[John Harlan (announcer)|John Harlan]],\n        American game show announcer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Dorothy Kamenshek]], American\n        professional baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\n** [[Duncan\n        Hallas]], prominent member of the Trotskyist movement in Great Britain (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Harry Guardino]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] \\n** [[Ned Garver]], American professional baseball pitcher (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Dorothy Mueller]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Natalia Revuelta Clews]], Cuban socialite (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]]\\n** [[Hildegard Knef]], German actress, singer and writer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Milton Obote]], [[President of Uganda]] (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Pete Dye]], American golf course architect\\n** [[Luis\n        Alberto Monge]], Costa Rican politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Shirley Herz]], American Broadway theatre (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Godrej Sidhwa]], Pakistani theologist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[Shafik Wazzan]],\n        27th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Nellie Cashman]], Irish-born prospector (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Rafaela Porras Ayll\\u00f3n]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        religious professed and saint (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[George\n        Bellows]], American artist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Camille Decoppet]],\n        Swiss Federal Councilor (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Harry Furniss]], British cartoonist,\n        illustrator and pioneer animator (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Aleksey\n        Kuropatkin]], Russian general and Imperial Russian Minister of War (b. [[1848]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Charles Lanrezac]], French general (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Fanny Bullock Workman]], American geographer, writer\n        and mountain climber (b. [[1859]])Literature of Travel and Exploration:\n        R to Z, index  By Jennifer Speake page 1296\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Alexander Kaulbars]], Russian general and explorer (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Caspar F. Goodrich]], American admiral (b. [[1847]])\\n** [[Sir\n        James Mackenzie]], Scottish cardiologist (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[George Washington Cable]], American writer (b. [[1844]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hjalmar\n        branting stor bild.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hjalmar Branting]]]]\\n[[File:Friedrich\n        Ebert face.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Friedrich Ebert]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[Jaap Eden]], Dutch speed skater (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Oliver Heaviside]], British mathematician (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[February 4]]\n        – [[Robert Koldewey]], German architect and archaeologist (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[Aristide Bruant]], French singer and nightclub owner\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[H. E. Beunke]], Dutch writer (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Ignacio Andrade]], Venezuela military\n        and politician, 23rd [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[James Lane Allen]], American writer (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Fernando De Lucia]], Italian tenor (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Samuel Berger (boxer)|Samuel Berger]], American Olympic boxer\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Hjalmar Branting]], 19th [[Prime\n        Minister of Sweden]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Louis Feuillade]], French silent film director (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Friedrich Ebert]], 1st [[President\n        of Germany (Weimar Republic)]] (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Sun Yat-sen\n        2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sun Yat-sen]]]]\\n[[File:Lucille Ricksen pictureplay0123.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lucille\n        Ricksen]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Luigj Gurakuqi]], Albanian writer and\n        politician (assassinated) (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Moritz Moszkowski]],\n        Polish composer (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[James Ward (psychologist)|James Ward]],\n        British philosopher and psychologist (b. [[1843]])\\n** [[John Montgomery Ward]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March\n        7]] – [[Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov]], [[Prime Minister of Russia]] (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Manuel M\\u00edguez Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Spanish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1831]])\\n**[[Juliette Wytsman]],\n        Belgian painter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Myer Prinstein]],\n        American track athlete (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Gergely Luth\\u00e1r]],\n        Hungarian Slovene writer (b. [[1841]])\\n** [[Sun Yat-sen]], Chinese revolutionary\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Lucille Ricksen]], American [[silent\n        film]] actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Walter Camp]], American\n        football coach (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[George Curzon, 1st\n        Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]], Viceroy of India (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[March\n        28]] – [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson]], British general (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Rudolf Steiner]], Austrian philosopher\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Friedrich Haarmann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fritz\n        Haarmann]]]]\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Alexandra Kitchin]], British model for\n        [[Lewis Carroll]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Patriarch Tikhon\n        of Moscow]], Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April\n        13]] – [[Elwood Haynes]], American inventor (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April\n        14]] – [[John Singer Sargent]], American artist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[April\n        15]]\\n** [[Fritz Haarmann]], German serial killer (executed) (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[August Endell]], German architect (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        [[Gunther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[John Walter Smith]], American politician (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Andr\\u00e9 Caplet]], French composer and conductor (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:William\n        Ferguson Massey 1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William Massey]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\\n**\n        [[Johann Palisa]], Austrian astronomer (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Antun Branko \\u0160imi\\u0107]],\n        Croatian poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Clement Ader]], French\n        Army Captain and aviation pioneer (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Giovanni\n        Battista Grassi]], Italian physician and zoologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[William Hesketh Lever]], British industrialist, philanthropist and\n        politician (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Doveton Sturdee]], British admiral (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[William Massey]], 19th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\n        (b.[[1856]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Amy Lowell]], American poet (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Mangin]], French general (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[H.\n        Rider Haggard]], British writer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Nelson\n        A. Miles]], American general (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n**[[Elias M. Ammons]],\n        Governor of Colorado (b. [[1860]])\\n**[[Joseph Howard (Prime Minister)|Joseph\n        Howard]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 21]] –\n        [[Hidesabur\\u014d Ueno]], Japanese agricultural scientist and guardian of\n        Hachik\\u014d (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[John French, 1st Earl of\n        Ypres]], British World War I field marshal (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[John Palm]], [[Cura\\u00e7ao]] born composer (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Lucien\n        Guitry.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lucien Guitry]]]]\\n[[File:Christian Michelsen portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christian\n        Michelsen]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Lucien Guitry]], French actor (b. [[1860]])\\n**\n        [[Thomas R. Marshall]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|28th]]\n        [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        [[James Ellsworth (industrialist)|James Ellsworth]], American mine owner and\n        banker (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Camille Flammarion]], French\n        astronomer (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Emmett Hardy]], American\n        jazz cornetist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Adolf Pilar von Pilchau]],\n        Baltic German politician, regent of the United Baltic Duchy and baron (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Robert M. La Follette Sr.]], American politician\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Josef Breuer]], Austrian neurologist\n        (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Felix Klein]], German mathematician\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Christian Michelsen]], Norwegian politician\n        and 1st [[Prime Minister of Norway]] (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pancho\n        Villa BNF.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Francisco Guilledo|Pancho Villa]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] – [[Erik Satie]], French composer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        [[Nikolai Golitsyn]], last Prime Minister of the Russian Empire (executed)\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Pier Giorgio Frassati]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] social activist and blessed (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Clarence Hudson White]] American photographer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Francisco Guilledo|Pancho Villa]], Filipino world boxing champion\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Lovis Corinth]], German painter (b.\n        [[1858]])\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Francisco Jose Fernandes Costa]], Portuguese\n        lawyer and politician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[John Indermaur]], British lawyer\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Antonio Ascari]], Italian race car driver\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[William Jennings Bryan]], American lawyer and politician\n        (b. [[1860]]) (diabetes and fatigue)\\n** [[Gottlob Frege]], German mathematician\n        and philosopher (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[July 30]] – [[William Wynn Westcott]],\n        British Freemason (b. [[1848]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:SEVERO_FERN%C3%81NDEZ_ALONSO_CABALLERO.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Severo\n        Fernandez]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Jennie Lee (actress)|Jennie Lee]],\n        American actress (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro]],\n        Italian mathematician (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Severo Fern\\u00e1ndez]],\n        29th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Konrad\n        M\\u00e4gi]], Estonian landscape painter (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[Ioan Slavici]], Romanian writer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Franz\n        Conrad von H\\u00f6tzendorf]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1852]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Viviani_5126118262_30fe269c8a_o.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Rene\n        Viviani]]]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Viviani]], 81st [[Prime\n        Minister of France]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Alexander\n        Alexandrovich Friedman]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Carl Eytel]], German-American artist working in [[Palm Springs,\n        California]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[L\\u00e9on Bourgeois]],\n        French statesman, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Anna Sch\\u00e4ffer]], German [[Roman Catholic]] mystic,\n        stigmatist and saint (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Christy Mathewson]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] – [[Eugen Sandow]], German-born bodybuilder, physical culturist\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jonah of Hankou]], [[Russian Orthodox]]\n        priest and saint (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[George Anderson (criminal)|George\n        Anderson]], Danish criminal (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Mikhail Frunze]], Russian\n        Bolshevik leader (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Max Linder]], French silent film actor\n        (b. [[1883]]) (suicide)\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:King Vajiravudh (Rama VI)\n        in British General''s uniform.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vajiravudh]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Lester Cuneo]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 3]]\n        – [[Lucile McVey]], American actress, part of comedy team with her late\n        husband Sidney Drew (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Kh\\u1ea3i \\u0110\\u1ecbnh]],\n        Emperor of Vietnam (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen\n        Alexandra]], consort of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1844]])\\n**\n        [[Clara Morris]], Victorian stage actress (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November 21]]\n        – [[Robert Wrenn]], American tennis player (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Margaret Sinclair (nun)|Margaret Sinclair]], British nun and\n        venerable (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 25]] – King [[Vajiravudh]] of\n        [[Thailand|Siam]] (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Wladyslaw Reymont\n        1924.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Reymont]]]]\\n[[File:D._Antonio_Maura.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antonio\n        Maura]]]]\\n[[File:Meline.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jules M\\u00e9line]]]]\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Reymont]], Polish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Marguerite Marsh]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 9]] –\n        [[Pablo Iglesias Posse|Pablo Iglesias]], co-founder of the Spanish Socialist\n        Workers Party (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Antonio Maura]],\n        Spanish conservative politician, 5-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Battling Siki]], Senegalese boxer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ignacio Quint\\u00f3n]], Puerto Rican composer\n        and pianist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Lottie Lyell]], Australian\n        female pioneer film director and producer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Jules M\\u00e9line]],\n        French statesman, 50th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[Alice Heine|Alice, Princess Dowager of Monaco]], consort of [[Albert\n        I, Prince of Monaco|Albert I of Monaco]] (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Mary Thurman]],\n        American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Karl Abraham]],\n        German psychoanalyst (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Raymond P. Rodgers]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1849]])\\n** [[Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin]], Russian\n        lyrical poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Vallotton]],\n        Swiss painter (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[J. Gordon Edwards]],\n        Canadian film director (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Emma Curtis\n        Hopkins]], American spiritual writer (b. [[1849]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[James\n        Franck]] and [[Gustav Ludwig Hertz]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[George Bernard Shaw]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Austen\n        Chamberlain]] and [[Charles Gates Dawes]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1925}}\\n[[Category:1925|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T13:01:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":799893282,\"length\":68300,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1925&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925\"},\"34609\":{\"pageid\":34609,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1926\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T18:20:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1926}}\\n{{Events by month|1926}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1926}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1926}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1926}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** Flooding of the [[Rhine]] River\n        struck [[Cologne]]; 50,000 were forced to evacuate their homes.{{cite\n        news |last= |first= |date=January 2, 1926 |title=Floods Drive 50,000 out of\n        Homes on Rhine |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]]  |page=5\n        |accessdate= }}\\n** Ireland''s first regular radio service, [[2RN]]\n        (later ''''Radio \\u00c9ireann''''), began broadcasting.\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]] declared himself dictator\n        in Greece.\\n* [[January 6]] – The airline [[Deutsche Luft Hansa]] was\n        founded in Berlin.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud]] was crowned\n        King of [[Kingdom of Hejaz|Hejaz]].\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Freeman Gosden]]\n        and [[Charles Correll]] premiered their [[radio]] program ''''[[Sam ''n''\n        Henry]]'''', in which the two white performers portray two black characters\n        from [[Harlem]] looking to strike it rich in the big city. It was a precursor\n        to Gosden and Correll''s more popular later program, ''''[[Amos ''n'' Andy]]''''.\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – A [[BBC]] comic radio play broadcast by [[Ronald Knox]]\n        about a workers'' revolution caused a panic in London.{{cite web|url=http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/the_bbc_radio_panic\n        |title=The BBC Radio Panic, 1926 |last= |first= |date= |website=[[Museum of\n        Hoaxes]] |publisher= |accessdate=January 3, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqsrtCF?url=http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/the_bbc_radio_panic\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        The Belgian Parliament accepted the [[Locarno Treaties]].\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – Scottish inventor [[John Logie Baird]] demonstrated a mechanical television\n        system for members of the [[Royal Institution]] and a reporter from ''''[[The\n        Times]]'''' at his London laboratory.\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Eugene O''Neill]]''s\n        ''''[[The Great God Brown]]'''' opened at the [[Greenwich Theatre]].\\n* [[January\n        31]] – British and Belgian troops left [[Cologne]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1926}}\\n* [[February 1]] – Land on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        and [[Wall Street]] in New York City was sold at a record $7 per sq inch.\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[Se\\u00e1n O''Casey]]''s ''''[[The Plough and the\n        Stars]]'''' opened at the [[Abbey Theatre]] in [[Dublin]].\\n* [[February 9]]\n        – Flooding hit London suburbs.\\n* [[February 12]] – The Irish\n        minister for Justice, [[Kevin O''Higgins]], appointed the [[Committee on Evil\n        Literature]].\\n* [[February 20]] – The [[Berlin International Green\n        Week]] debuted in Berlin.\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Francisco Franco]]\n        became General of Spain.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1926}}\\n[[File:Goddard\n        and Rocket.jpg|thumb|130px|[[March 16]]: [[Robert H. Goddard|Goddard]] with\n        rocket in 1926.]]\\n* [[March 6]] – The [[Shakespeare Memorial Theatre]]\n        in [[Stratford-upon-Avon]] is destroyed by fire.\\n* [[March 6]] – The\n        first commercial air route to [[South Africa]] is established by [[Alan Cobham]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[Robert H. Goddard|Robert Goddard]] launches the first\n        [[liquid-fuel rocket]], at [[Auburn, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[March 23]] –\n        [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] organises [[Fianna F\\u00e1il]] in Ireland.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1926}}\\n* [[April 4]] – Greek dictator [[Theodoros Pangalos\n        (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]] won the [[Greek presidential election, 1926|presidential\n        election]] with 93.3% of the vote. Turnout was light as the result was considered\n        a foregone conclusion.{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 5, 1926\n        |title=Pangalos Named Greek President in Poll Farce |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago\n        Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]] |page=16 |accessdate= }}\\n* [[April\n        7]] – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader [[Benito\n        Mussolini]] fails.\\n* [[April 12]] – By a vote of 45\\u201341, the [[United\n        States Senate]] unseats [[Iowa]] Senator [[Smith W. Brookhart]] and seats\n        [[Daniel F. Steck]], after Brookhart had already served for over one year.\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Zhang Zuolin]]''s army captured [[Beijing]].{{cite\n        news |last=Dailey |first=Charles |date=April 18, 1926 |title=Chang''s Son,\n        at Head of Troops, Invades Peking |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago\n        Daily Tribune]] |page=13 |accessdate= }}\\n* [[April 21]] – Princess\n        Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor, later [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom,\n        was born in [[Mayfair]], [[London]].\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Treaty of Berlin\n        (1926)|Treaty of Berlin]]: Germany and the Soviet Union each pledged neutrality\n        in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for the next five\n        years.\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Rez\\u0101 Khan]] was crowned [[Shah of Iran]]\n        under the name \\\"Pahlevi\\\".\\n* [[April 30]] – African-American pilot\n        [[Bessie Coleman]] was killed after falling  {{convert|500|ft|m}} from an\n        airplane.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1926}}\\n* [[May 3]] – Coal\n        miners were locked out in Britain.\\n* [[May 4]] – The [[1926 United\n        Kingdom general strike|United Kingdom general strike]] began at midnight in\n        support of the coal strike.\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Martial law]] was declared\n        in Britain because of the general strike.\\n** The French navy bombarded [[Damascus]]\n        because of the [[Druze]] riots.\\n** Explorer [[Richard E. Byrd]] and co-pilot\n        [[Floyd Bennett]] claimed to be the first to fly over the [[North Pole]] in\n        the ''''Josephine Ford'''' monoplane, taking off from [[Spitsbergen]], Norway\n        and returning 15 hours and 44 minutes later. Both men were immediately hailed\n        as national heroes, though some experts have since been skeptical of the claim,\n        believing that the plane was unlikely to have covered the entire distance\n        and back in that short an amount of time.{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/28727-byrd-didn-t-fly-over-north-pole.html\n        |title=Did Admiral Byrd Fly Over The North Pole Or Not? |last=Thompson |first=Andrea  |date=April\n        15, 2013 |website=[[LiveScience]] |publisher=[[Purch]] |accessdate=January\n        3, 2015 }} An entry in Byrd''s diary discovered in 1996 suggested that\n        the plane actually turned back 150 miles short of the North Pole due to an\n        oil leak.{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/byrd-flies-over-the-north-pole\n        |title=May 9, 1926: Byrd flies over the North Pole? |last= |first= |date=\n        |website=This Day in History |publisher=A&E Television Networks |accessdate=January\n        3, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqyU4NV?url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/byrd-flies-over-the-north-pole\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }} \\n* [[May 10]]\\n**\n        Talks between the government and strikers began in the U.K.\\n** Planes piloted\n        by Major [[Harold Geiger]] and [[Horace Meek Hickam]], students at the [[Air\n        Corps Tactical School]], collided in mid-air at Langley Field, Virginia. Hickam\n        parachutes to safety.\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Roald Amundsen]] and his crew flew\n        over the [[North Pole]] in the [[Norge (airship)|airship ''''Norge'''']].\\n**\n        [[UK General Strike 1926]]: In the United Kingdom, a [[general strike]] by\n        [[trade union]]s ended (the strike began on [[May 3]]).\\n* [[May 12]]–[[May\n        14]] – [[May Coup (Poland)|May Coup]]: [[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]]\n        took over in Poland.\\n* [[May 18]] – Evangelist [[Aimee Semple McPherson]]\n        disappeared while visiting a [[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice, California]] beach.\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – The [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Air Commerce\n        Act]], licensing pilots and planes.\\n* [[May 23]] – The first [[Lebanon|Lebanese]]\n        constitution was established.\\n* [[May 26]] – The [[Rif War]] ended\n        when [[Riffian people|Rif]] rebels surrendered in [[Morocco]].\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – The [[28 May 1926 coup d''\\u00e9tat|1926 coup d''\\u00e9tat]] commanded\n        by [[Manuel Gomes da Costa]] in Portugal installed the [[Ditadura Nacional]]\n        (National Dictatorship), followed by [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]]''s\n        [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June\n        1926}}\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Ignacy Mo\\u015bcicki]] became [[president of\n        Poland]].\\n* [[June 7]] The Liberal politician [[Carl Gustaf Ekman]] succeeds\n        [[Rickard Sandler]] as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of [[Sweden]].\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[DeFord Bailey]] was the first African-American to perform\n        on Nashville''s [[Grand Ole Opry]].\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Arthur Meighen]]\n        briefly returned to office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]] during the [[King-Byng\n        Affair]].\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1926}}\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[Mammoth Cave National Park]] is authorized by the [[United States Congress]].\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – The [[Kuomintang]] began a [[Northern Expedition|military\n        unification campaign in northern China]].\\n* [[July 3]] – A [[Caudron\n        C.61]] aircraft operated by [[Compagnie Internationale de Navigation A\\u00e9rienne]]\n        crashed in Czechoslovakia.\\n* [[July 9]] – General [[\\u00d3scar Carmona]]\n        took power in a military coup in Portugal.\\n* [[July 10]] – A bolt of\n        lightning struck [[Picatinny Arsenal]] in New Jersey. The resulting fire caused\n        several million pounds of explosives to blow up in the next two to three days.\n        \\n* [[July 15]] – [[Bombay Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] buses\n        made their d\\u00e9but in [[Bombay]].\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Fox Film]] bought\n        the patents of the [[Movietone sound system]] for recording sound onto film.\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – The [[National Bar Association]] incorporated in the United\n        States.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1926}}\\n*[[August 1]] –\n        In Mexico, the entry into force of anticlerical measures stipulated in the\n        constitution of 1917 caused the [[Cristero War]].\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Gertrude\n        Ederle]] became the first woman to swim the [[English Channel]] from France\n        to England.\\n** In New York, the [[Warner Brothers]]'' [[Vitaphone]] system\n        premiered with the movie ''''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]'''' starring\n        [[John Barrymore]].\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** The British miners'' union began\n        negotiations with the government.\\n** A weather map was televised for the\n        first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the [[Weather Bureau]] office in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[August 22]] – In Greece, [[Georgios Kondylis]] ousted [[Theodoros\n        Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]].\\n* [[August 23]] – The sudden\n        death of popular film actor and sex symbol [[Rudolph Valentino]] at the age\n        of only 31 years old caused mass grief and hysteria around the world.\\n* [[August\n        25]] – [[Pavlos Kountouriotis]] announced that [[dictatorship]] had\n        ended in Greece and he was now the president.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1926}}\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Lebanon]] under the [[French Mandate for\n        Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]] got its first constitution, thereby\n        becoming a republic. [[Charles Debbas]] was elected president.\\n* [[September\n        8]] – The German [[Weimar Republic]] joined the [[League of Nations]].\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Aloha Tower]] was officially dedicated at [[Honolulu\n        Harbor]] in the [[Territory of Hawaii|Territory of Hawai''i]].\\n** In Rome,\n        Italy, [[Gino Lucetti]] threw a bomb at Benito Mussolini''s car, but Mussolini\n        was unhurt.\\n* [[September 14]] – The [[Locarno Treaties]] of [[1925]]\n        were ratified in [[Geneva]] and came into effect.\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        Philip Dunning and George Abbott''s play ''''Broadway'''' premieres in New\n        York City.\\n* [[September 18]] – [[1926 Miami hurricane|Great Miami\n        Hurricane]]: A strong hurricane devastated [[Miami]], leaving over 100 dead\n        and causing several hundred million dollars in damage (equal to nearly $100\n        billion today).\\n* [[September 19]] – [[San Siro|Giuseppe Meazza (San\n        Siro) Stadium]], as known well for sports venues of [[Italy]], officially\n        opened in [[Milan]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[September\n        20]] – The [[North Side Gang]] attempted to assassinate [[Al Capone]],\n        spraying his headquarters in [[Cicero, Illinois]] with over a thousand rounds\n        of machine gun fire in broad daylight as Capone was eating there. Capone escaped\n        harm.{{cite book |last=Mercer |first=Derrik |date=1989 |editor-last=\n        |editor-first= |title=Chronicle of the 20th Century |url= |location=London\n        |publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd. |page=346 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3\n        |accessdate= }}{{cite book |last=Russo |first=Gus |date=2001 |title=The\n        Outfit: The Role of Chicago''s Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America\n        |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury |page=35 |isbn=978-1-59691-897-9\n        |accessdate= }}\\n* [[September 21]] – French war ace [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Fonck]] and three others attempted to fly the Atlantic in pursuit of the [[Orteig\n        Prize]]. Before the newsreel cameras at Roosevelt Field New York, the modified\n        [[Sikorsky S-35]] crashes on take-off and bursts into flames. Fonck survived\n        but two of his men are killed.\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Gene Tunney]]\n        defeated [[Jack Dempsey]] and became heavyweight boxing champion of the world.\\n*\n        [[September 25]]\\n** The [[League of Nations]] [[1926 Slavery Convention|Slavery\n        Convention]] abolished all types of [[slavery]].\\n** [[William Lyon Mackenzie\n        King]] returned to office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]] after winning the\n        [[Canadian federal election, 1926|Canadian federal election]].\\n** Detroit\n        Cougers, a professional [[ice hockey]] club ([[National Hockey League]]) founded.\n        (a predecessor of [[Detroit Red Wings]]){{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1926}}\\n* [[October 2]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]]\n        became prime minister of Poland.\\n* [[October 12]] – British miners\n        agreed to end their strike.\\n* [[October 14]] – [[A. A. Milne]]''s children''s\n        book ''''[[Winnie-the-Pooh (book)|Winnie-the-Pooh]]'''' was published in London,\n        featuring the eponymous bear.\\n* [[October 19]] – The [[1926 Imperial\n        Conference]] opened in London.\\n* [[October 20]] – A [[hurricane]] killed\n        650 in [[Cuba]].\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Leon Trotsky]] and [[Lev Kamenev]]\n        were removed from the [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union]].\\n** A decree in Italy banned women from holding\n        public office.\\n** The [[Fazal Mosque]], the first purpose-built in London\n        and the first [[Ahmadiyya]] [[mosque]] in Britain, is completed.\\n* [[October\n        31]] – Magician [[Harry Houdini]] died of [[gangrene]] and [[peritonitis]]\n        that has developed after his [[vermiform appendix|appendix]] ruptured.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1926}}\\n* [[November 5]] – The [[APOEL FC]] is founded.\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – In [[San Francisco]], a necrophiliac [[serial killer]]\n        named [[Earle Nelson]] (dubbed \\\"Gorilla Man\\\") killed and then rapes his\n        9th victim, a [[boarding house]] landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds.\\n* [[November\n        11]] – The [[United States Numbered Highways|United States Numbered\n        Highway System]], including [[U.S. Route 66]], was established.\\n* [[November\n        15]]\\n** The ''''[[NBC]]'''' radio network opened with 24 stations (formed\n        by [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]], [[General Electric]] and\n        [[RCA]]).\\n** The [[Balfour Declaration of 1926|Balfour Declaration]] was\n        approved by the [[1926 Imperial Conference]], making the [[Commonwealth of\n        Nations|Commonwealth]] dominions equal and independent.\\n* [[November 24]]\\n**\n        The village of Rocquebillier in the [[French Riviera]] was almost destroyed\n        in a massive hailstorm.\\n** [[Sri Aurobindo]] retired, leaving ''''[[Mirra\n        Alfassa|The Mother]]'''' to run the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in [[Puducherry]],\n        India.\\n* [[November 25]] – The [[death penalty]] was re-established\n        in Italy.\\n* [[November 26]] – All [[Italian Communist Party|Italian\n        Communist]] [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|deputies]] were arrested.\\n* [[November\n        27]] – The restoration of [[Colonial Williamsburg]] began in [[Williamsburg,\n        Virginia]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1926}}\\n[[File:Hirohito\n        in dress uniform.jpg|thumbnail|180px|right|[[December 25]]: Emperor [[Hirohito]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – British prime minister [[Stanley Baldwin]] ended the\n        [[martial law]] that had been declared due to general strike.\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Agatha Christie]] disappeared from her home in Surrey; on [[December\n        14]] she was found at a [[Harrogate]] hotel.\\n* [[December 7]] – The\n        Council for the Preservation of Rural England (CPRE) founded; now the [[Campaign\n        to Protect Rural England]].\\n* [[December 17]] – [[1926 Lithuanian coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat]]: A democratically elected government was overthrown in [[Lithuania]];\n        [[Antanas Smetona]] assumed power.\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Turkey]] converted\n        to the [[Gregorian calendar]], making the next day [[January 1]] [[1927]].\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – Nicaraguan President [[Adolfo D\\u00edaz]] requested\n        U.S. military assistance in the ongoing [[Nicaraguan civil war (1926\\u201327)|civil\n        war]]. American peacekeeping troops immediately set up neutral zones in [[Puerto\n        Cabezas]] and at the mouth of the [[Rio Grande]] to protect American and foreign\n        lives and property.{{cite web |url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/nicaragua-1909-present/\n        |title=Nicaragua (1909-present) |last= |first=  |date= |website=[[University\n        of Central Arkansas]] |publisher= |accessdate=January 3, 2015 }}{{cite news |last= |first= |date=December 24,\n        1926 |title=U.S. Troops Take 2 Nicaraguan Ports |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago\n        Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]] |page=1 |accessdate= }}\\n* [[December\n        26]] – In the [[history of Japan]], the [[Sh\\u014dwa period]] began\n        from this day due to the death of [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]] on the day before.\n        His son [[Hirohito]] reigned as [[Emperor of Japan]] until [[1989]]. Showa\n        1 in the Japanese calendar was just six days long, prior to January 1 Showa\n        2 (1927).\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Dr. [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]] became the first\n        woman appointed to a legislature in India, the [[Madras Legislative Council]].\\n*\n        [[Stephen Herbert Langdon|Stephen H. Langdon]] began excavations in [[Jemdet\n        Nasr]] finding proto-cuneiform clay tablets (3100\\u20132900 [[BCE]])\\n* [[Phencyclidine]]\n        ''''(PCP, angel dust)'''' was first synthesized.\\n* Widows'' pensions were\n        introduced in [[New South Wales]], Australia.\\n* The short-lived Western Australian\n        Secession League was founded.\\n* [[Earl W. Bascom]], rodeo cowboy and artist,\n        designed and marked rodeo''s first high-cut rodeo chaps at [[Stirling, Alberta]]\n        Canada.\\n* The [[International African Institute]] is founded in London.\\n*\n        [[Raymond Pearl]] published his landmark book, ''''Alcohol and Longevity''''.\\n*\n        American microbiologist [[Selman Waksman]] published ''''Enzymes''''.\\n* [[The\n        Pike School]] of Andover, Massachusetts was founded.\\n* Industrial output\n        surpassed the level of [[1913]] in the [[USSR]].{{Clarify|date=December 2012}}{{citation\n        needed|date=December 2012}}\\n* [[Al Capone]] was at the apex of his power.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Patricia\n        Neal in The Fountainhead trailer.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Patricia Neal]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] \\n** [[Claudio Villa]], Italian singer (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Rolf Fjeldv\\u00e6r]],\n        Norwegian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 2]] \\n** [[John Stroppa]],\n        Canadian football player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Harold Bradley]], American session\n        guitarist on country music records\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Felicitas Kuhn]],\n        Austrian illustrator\\n** [[George Martin]], English producer of ''''[[The\n        Beatles]]'''' (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Betty Kennedy]], Canadian\n        broadcaster, journalist, author, and Senator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 5]]\n        – [[William De Witt Snodgrass]], American poet (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Mickey Hargitay]], Hungarian actor and bodybuilder (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[Kim Jong-pil]], South Korean politician\\n* [[January\n        8]]\\n** [[Chester Feldman]], American television game show producer (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Evelyn Lear]], American soprano (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Hanae Mori]], Japanese\n        fashion designer\\n** [[Soupy Sales]], American comedian (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] \\n** [[Lev Dyomin]], cosmonaut (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Giusto Pio]], Italian\n        musician and songwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Grant Tinker]], American television\n        executive (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Ray Price (musician)|Ray\n        Price]], American singer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Shumon Miura]], Japanese novelist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Michael Bond]], English fiction\n        writer, creator of [[Paddington Bear]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Tom Tryon]], American actor and novelist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Maria Schell]], Austrian actress (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Antonio Domingo Bussi]], Argentine Army General and former Governor of Tucuman\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Moira Shearer]], Scottish actress and dancer (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Fritz Weaver]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January\n        20]]\\n** [[Patricia Neal]], American actress (''''The Day The Earth Stood\n        Still'''') (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[David Tudor]], American pianist and composer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Steve Reeves]], American actor (d.\n        [[2000]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Bal Thackeray]], Indian politician (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Franco Evangelisti (composer)|Franco\n        Evangelisti]], Italian composer (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Fritz\n        Spiegl]], Austrian journalist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ingrid Thulin]], Swedish\n        actress (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Amin al-Hafez (Lebanon)|Amin\n        al-Hafez]], 22nd Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Amelita Ramos]], former First Lady of the Philippines\\n** [[Abdus Salam]],\n        Pakistani physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Chuck Willis]], American singer and songwriter (d.\n        [[1958]]). Some sources give his year of birth as 1928.\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Val\\u00e9ry\n        Giscard d\\u2019Estaing 1978(3).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard d''Estaing]]]]\\n[[File:Leslie\n        Nielsen.jpg|120px|thumb|right|[[Leslie Nielsen]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Richards.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob\n        Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Verne Gagne 1964.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Verne Gagne]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]]  \\n** [[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard d''Estaing]], [[President of France]]\\n**\n        [[Lia Laats]], Estonian actress (d. [[2004]]) \\n** [[Miguel Obando y Bravo]],\n        Nicaraguan Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of Managua and cardinal\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Hans-Jochen Vogel]], German politician\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Gyula Grosics]], Hungarian footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 7]]\\n**\n        [[Keiko Tsushima]], Japanese actress (d. [[2012]]) \\n** [[Konstantin Feoktistov]],\n        Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Bill Hoest]], American cartoonist (d.\n        [[1988]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Neal Cassady]], American writer (d.\n        [[1968]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Garret FitzGerald]], Irish lawyer and\n        politician, 7th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n**\n        [[Danny Blanchflower]], Northern Irish footballer and football manager (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n** [[Mimi Sheraton]], Chef and Author\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Bocuse]], French chef\\n** [[Alexander Gibson (conductor)|Alexander Gibson]],\n        British conductor and founder of the Scottish Opera (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Leslie\n        Nielsen]], Canadian-American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Joe\n        Garagiola Sr.]], American baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Charles Van\n        Doren]], American professor and subject of film, [[Quiz Show (film)]]\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Al Brodax]], American film and television producer (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[Margot Frank]], sister of [[Anne Frank]] (d. [[1945]])\\n**\n        [[John Schlesinger]], British film director (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**\n        [[John Meyendorff]], Orthodox scholar, protopresbiter, and educator (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Peter T. Flawn]], American geologist and educator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Pierre Gu\\u00e9nin]], French journalist and gay rights activist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Whitney Blake]], American actress (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Richard Matheson]], American author (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Bob\n        Richards]], American track and field athlete\\n** [[Maria de la Purisima Salvat\n        Romero]], Spanish nun and saint (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Kenneth\n        Williams]], English actor (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Lawrence\n        Holofcener]], American-British sculptor, poet, lyricist, playwright, novelist,\n        actor and director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Knut Kleve]], Norwegian\n        philologist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Dave Sands]], Australian boxer (d. [[1952]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\n** [[Verne Gagne]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Miroslava (actress)|Miroslava]], Czechoslovakian-born Mexican actress (d.\n        [[1955]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[David H. Hubel]], Canadian neuroscientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] – [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]], Russian author (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:2008.04.22.\n        Andrzej Wajda by Kubik 02.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Andrzej Wajda]]]]\\n[[File:Jerry\n        Lewis - 1960s.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jerry Lewis]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145\n        Bild-F030757-0015, Siegfried Lenz.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Siegfried Lenz]]]]\\n[[File:Heikki\n        Hasu 2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Heikki Hasu]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Pete Rozelle]],\n        American commissioner of the National Football League (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Clary]], French-American actor, author and lecturer\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Murray Rothbard]], American economist (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[James Merrill]], American poet (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[DeVan\n        Dallas]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Richard DeVos]], American\n        billionaire, co-founder of ''''[[Amway]]''''\\n** [[James J. Eagan]], former\n        Mayor of Florissant, Missouri (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Fran Warren]], American\n        popular singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Alan Greenspan]], American\n        economist and former Chairman of the Federal Reserve\\n** [[Andrzej Wajda]],\n        Polish film director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 8]] \\n** Sultan [[Salahuddin\n        of Selangor]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Dick Teed]], American Major League Baseball\n        player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Joe Franklin]], American radio\n        and television personality (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 10]] – {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Seto Wan''ya |ja|3=\\u702c\\u6238\\u308f\\u3093\\u3084}}, Japanese writer\n        and novelist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Derek Benfield]], English\n        playwright and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Thomas Starzl]], American physician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Carlos Roberto Reina]], [[President\n        of Honduras]] (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Norm Van Brocklin]],\n        American football player (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Edwar al-Kharrat]],\n        Egyptian novelist, writer and critic (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Charles Goodell]],\n        American politician (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Jerry Lewis]], American comedian and\n        humanitarian (''''Muscular Dystrophy Telethon'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        17]]\\n** [[Jaynne Bittner]], American female baseball player\\n** [[Siegfried\n        Lenz]], German writer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Peter Graves]],\n        American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\n** [[Beatriz Aguirre]], Mexican\n        film and television actress\\n** [[Heikki Hasu]], Finnish Olympic cross-country\n        skiier\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Berta Loran]], Brazilian-Polish actress\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Dario Fo]], Italian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Desmond Connell]], Irish cardinal (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Ventsislav Yankov]], Bulgarian pianist\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**\n        [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Papp]], Hungarian boxer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Gene Shalit]],\n        American film critic and television personality\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Cayetana\n        Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba]], Spanish aristocrat (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Ingvar Kamprad]], Swedish businessman\\n** [[Peter Marshall\n        (entertainer)|Peter Marshall]], American singer and television host (''''[[Hollywood\n        Squares]]'''')\\n** [[Sydney Chaplin (American actor)|Sydney Chaplin]], American\n        actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[John Fowles]], English writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hugh Hefner Glamourcon 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hugh\n        Hefner]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Elizabeth II March 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elizabeth\n        II]]]]\\n[[File:HarperLee 2007Nov05.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Harper Lee]]]]\\n[[File:ClorisLeachmanJune09.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cloris\n        Leachman]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Charles Bressler]], American tenor (d.  [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Anne McCaffrey]], American author (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Jack\n        Brabham]], Australian race car driver (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Robert Holmes (scriptwriter)|Robert\n        Holmes]], British scriptwriter (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\n** [[Gus Grissom]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[R. W. Schambach]], American televangelist,\n        speaker and author (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Ri Kun-mo]], North\n        Korean politician\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Alexander Butterfield]], US politician\\n**\n        [[Jeanne Martin Ciss\\u00e9]], Guinean teacher and nationalist politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Sergio Franchi]], Italian tenor and actor (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Gil Kane]], Latvian-born cartoonist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ian Paisley]], Northern\n        Irish politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Prem Nazir]], Indian actor\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Miyoko As\\u014d]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Hugh Hefner]], American magazine editor (''''Playboy'''')\\n* [[April\n        10]] – [[Gustav Metzger]], German-born stateless auto-destructive artist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Gervase de Peyer]], English clarinetist\n        and conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\n**[[Khozh-Akhmed Bersanov]],\n        Chechen ethnographer\\n**[[Jane Withers]], American actress\\n* [[April 13]]\n        \\n** [[Neil Betts]], Australian rugby union player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Egon\n        Wolff]], Chilean playwright and author (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Daniel]], Czech-born writer, producer, director, teacher (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[George Robledo]], Chilean soccer player (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo]],\n        Spanish politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Gerry McNeil]],\n        Canadian hockey player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Rawya Ateya]],\n        Egyptian politician and first female parliamentarian in the Arab world (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom\\n**\n        [[Arthur Rowley]], English footballer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Ted\n        Hibberd]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Charlotte Rae]],\n        American actress and singer\\n** [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]],\n        Scottish architect (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Thorbj\\u00f6rn\n        F\\u00e4lldin]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 25]]\n        \\n** [[Patricia Castell]], Argentine actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Gertrude\n        Fr\\u00f6hlich-Sandner]], Austrian politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n**\n        [[David Coleman]], British TV sports broadcaster (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Mathias Prechtl]], German illustrator (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\n** [[Alvin\n        Baldus]], American Democratic politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Tim LaHaye]],\n        American evangelist, speaker and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Vladim\\u00edr\n        \\u010cern\\u00fd]], Czechoslovakian modern pentathlete (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Alvin\n        Baldus]], American Democratic politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Harper Lee]], American novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Paul\n        Baran]], American internet pioneer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 30]]\\n** [[Edmund\n        Cooper]], British author and poet (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Cloris Leachman]], American\n        actress\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:David Attenborough (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[David\n        Attenborough]]]]\\n[[File:Don Rickles 1973.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Don Rickles]]]]\\n[[File:Miles\n        Davis by Palumbo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Miles Davis]]]]\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Ann\n        B. Davis]], American actress (''''The Brady Bunch'''') (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bing\n        Russell]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** Sir [[David Attenborough]],\n        British broadcaster, naturalist and producer\\n** [[Don Rickles]], American\n        comedian and actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Hugo Banzer]], 62nd and\n        75th President of Bolivia (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Tichi Wilkerson Kassel]], American\n        film personality and publisher of ''''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'''' (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 13]] – [[Joy Coghill]], Canadian actress, director, and writer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Eric Morecambe]], English comedian and\n        author (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Anthony Shaffer (writer)|Anthony\n        Shaffer]], English novelist and playwright (d. [[2001]]) and his twin brother\n        [[Peter Shaffer]], English playwright (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 17]] –\n        [[Franz Sondheimer]], German-born British chemist (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[May 17]]\n        – [[Dietmar Sch\\u00f6nherr]], Austrian film actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Dirch Passer]], Danish actor (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Douglas Henry]],\n        American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[John Lucarotti]],\n        TV writer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Robert Creeley]], American\n        Poet (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Aileen Hernandez]], African-American\n        union organizer, civil rights activist, and women''s rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Desmond Carrington]], British actor and broadcaster (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Claude Akins]], American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Bill Sharman]],\n        American basketball player and coach (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Miles\n        Davis]], American musician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Rashidi Kawawa]],\n        1st Prime Minister of Tanzania (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Kees Rijvers]], Dutch football\n        player and manager\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Colin Hutton]], English rugby union\n        and professional rugby league (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\n** [[Halaevalu\n        Mata\\u02bbaho \\u02bbAhome\\u02bbe]], Queen Consort of Tonga (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Abdoulaye Wade]], 3rd [[President of Senegal]]\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Tony\n        Terran]], American trumpet player and session musician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Johnny\n        Gimble]], American country musician and fiddler (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Tsuneo\n        Watanabe]], Japanese businessman\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Monroecirca1953.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Marilyn\n        Monroe]]]]\\n[[File:Allen Ginsberg 1979 - cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Allen Ginsberg]]]]\\n[[File:MelBrooksApr10.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mel\n        Brooks]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Andy Griffith]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Marilyn Monroe]], American actress (d. [[1962]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Roxcy\n        Bolton]], American feminist and civil and women''s rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Roscoe Bartlett]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] member\n        of the [[United States House of Representatives]]\\n** [[Allen Ginsberg]],\n        American poet (''''Howl'''') (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\n** [[Emile Capgras]],\n        Martinican politician (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Peter George Peterson|Peter Peterson]]-\n        US Secretary of Commerce 1972\\u20131973 [[US Secretary of Commerce]]\\n* [[June\n        6]] \\n** [[Klaus Tennstedt]], German conductor (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio\n        Ribeiro de Oliveira]], Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Happy Rockefeller]], American socialite (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Henri Minczeles|fr|3=Henri Minczeles}},\n        French journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Lionel Jeffries]], British film director\n        and actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Frank Plicka]], Czech-born\n        photographer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Gaspare di Mercurio]],\n        Italian doctor and author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** [[Paul Lynde]],\n        American comedian (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[June Krauser]], American swimmer (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Don Newcombe]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Shigeru Kayano]], Japanese [[Ainu people|Ainu]] activist\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Efra\\u00edn R\\u00edos Montt]], Guatemalan\n        career military officer and politician\\n** [[William F. Roemer, Jr.]], United\n        States [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Taketoshi\n        Naito]], Japanese actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Allan Sandage]],\n        American astronomer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Arno Mayer]], American\n        historian and writer \\n* [[June 21]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Yvette\n        L\\u00e9vy|fr|3=Yvette L\\u00e9vy}}, French Survivor and a Holocaust witness\\n**\n        [[Johanna Quandt]], German business woman (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Fred Cone (American\n        football)|Fred Cone]], former professional American football fullback\\n* [[June\n        22]]\\n** [[George Englund]], American film editor, director, producer and\n        actor\\n** [[Elyakim Haetzni]], Israeli lawyer\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Sietze\n        Haarsma|nl|3=Sietze Haarsma}}, Dutch rower\\n** [[Tadeusz Konwicki]], Polish\n        filmmaker (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Rachid Solh]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ray Szmanda]], American radio and television announcer\\n*\n        [[June 23]] \\n** [[Magda Herzberger]], Romanian author, poet and composer,\n        survivor of the Holocaust\\n** [[Annette Mbaye d''Erneville]], Senegalese writer\\n**\n        [[Arnaldo Pomodoro]], Italian sculptor\\n** [[Yoshihiro Hamaguchi]], Japanese\n        freestyle swimmer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Barbara Scofield]], American\n        tennis player\\n** [[Aldo Brovarone]], chief stylist for Pininfarina\\n** [[Muslim\n        Arogundade]], Nigerian sprinter\\n** [[Hans G\\u00fcnter Winkler]], German show\n        jumping rider\\n** [[Blackie Gejeian]], American race car driver, race car\n        builder, and hot rod enthusiast (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Virginia\n        Patton]], American actress\\n** [[Stig Sollander]], Swedish alpine skier\\n**\n        [[Gordon Robertson (ice hockey)|Gordon Robertson]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        Dame [[Margaret Anstee]], British diplomat (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ingeborg Bachmann]],\n        Austrian writer (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Betty Edwards]], American\n        art teacher and author\\n** [[Paddy Fahey]], Irish composer and fiddler\\n**\n        [[Mahendra Bhatnagar]], Hindi and Indian English poet from India\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Monnier]], French ski jumper \\n** [[Fritz Zwazl]], Austrian former swimmer\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Len Ceglarski]], American hockey player\\n** [[Galina Vecherkovskaya]],\n        Russian rower\\n** [[Bruce Tozer]], Australian former cricketer\\n** [[Giambattista\n        Bonis]], Italian professional football player\\n** [[Geza de Kaplany]], Hungarian-born\n        physician\\n** [[Don Raleigh]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\n** [[Mel Brooks]], American entertainer (''''The Producers'''')\\n**\n        [[Elisabeta Abrudeanu]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Satoru Abe]], American\n        sculptor and painter\\n** [[George Booth (cartoonist)|George Booth]], New Yorker\n        cartoonist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Julius W. Becton, Jr.]], U.S.\n        Army lieutenant general\\n** [[Bobby Morgan (baseball)|Bobby Morgan]], American\n        professional baseball player\\n** [[Roger Stuart Bacon]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], [[Emir of Kuwait]] (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]]\\n** [[Bo\\u017eena Moserov\\u00e1]], Czech alpine skier\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Dufraisse]], French cyclo-cross racer\\n** [[Reg Newton]], English professional\n        football goalkeeper\\n** [[Paul Berg]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[David Berglas]], magician and mentalist\\n**\n        [[Peter Alexander (Austrian performer)|Peter Alexander]], Austrian actor,\n        singer and entertainer (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Atilio\n        Stampone]], Argentine pianist, composer and arranger\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Juan Jaime Cesio|es|3=Juan Jaime Cesio}}, Argentine brigadier general\\n**\n        [[Fernando J. Corbat\\u00f3]], American computer scientist\\n** [[Stan Obst]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Carl Hahn]], German automotive executive,\n        chairman of [[Volkswagen]] \\n** [[Robert Fogel]], American economist, [[Nobel\n        Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Hans Werner Henze]], German composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Lupe Gigliotti]],\n        Brazilian television, stage and film actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Clara LaMore]], American former competition swimmer\\n** [[Carlo Rolandi]],\n        Italian sailor\\n** [[Alfons Oehy]], Swiss swimmer\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Jacques Gautheron|fr|3=Jacques Gautheron}}, French sports director\\n**\n        [[Liu Dajun]], Chinese agricultural scientist, educator and an academician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Lorenza Barreneche]], former\n        First Lady of Argentina (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Rae Allen]], American actress\n        and director of stage, film and television, and singer.\\n** [[Laurence Street]],\n        Australian jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South\n        Wales\\n** [[Sybille Haynes]], British expert on Etruscology\\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Lop\\u00f6n Tenzin Namdak]], Tibetan religious leader\\n** [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]],\n        Argentine-born footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Amos Elon]], Israeli writer\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mary Stuart (actress)|Mary Stuart]], American soap actress\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Ed Koffenberger]], American stand-out basketball and lacrosse\n        player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Anthony John Richard Purssell]],\n        English brewing executive, businessman and former athlete\\n** [[Roy Hawes]],\n        American first baseman in Major League Baseball \\n** [[Viola Harris]], American\n        actress (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ivo Pitanguy]], Brazilian plastic surgeon (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Mario Picone]]. American pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 6]]\n        \\n** [[Dorothy E. Smith]], Canadian sociologist\\n** [[Serge Roullet]], French\n        film director and screenwriter\\n** Marian Carr, American actress\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Yvonne Ciannella]], American coloratura soprano in opera and concert\\n**\n        [[Armand Lemieux]], Canadian professional hockey player\\n** [[Kamil Sedl\\u00e1\\u010dek]],\n        Czech tibetologist and comparative Sino-Tibetan linguist\\n** [[Thorkild Simonsen]],\n        Danish politician\\n** [[Nuon Chea]], Cambodian former communist politician\n        who was the chief ideologist of the Khmer Rouge\\n** [[Anand Mohan Zutshi Gulzar\n        Dehlvi]], Urdu poet\\n** [[Mel Clark]], American Major League Baseball outfielder\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Len Tolhurst]], Australian sports shooter (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Bobby McIlvenny]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 8]]\n        \\n** [[John Dingell]], American politician\\n** [[Martin Riesen]], Swiss professional\n        ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Elisabeth K\\u00fcbler-Ross]], Swiss-born psychiatrist\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[David Malet Armstrong]], Australian philosopher (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Mathilde Krim]], founding chairman of amfAR, the American\n        Foundation for AIDS Research\\n** [[Jens Juul Eriksen]], Danish cyclist\\n**\n        [[Ben Roy Mottelson]], American-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Murphy Anderson]], American comic book artist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Mullins]], Australian decathlete (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**\n        [[Carleton Carpenter]], American actor\\n** [[Aldo Tortorella]], Italian journalist,\n        former politician and partisan\\n** [[Tony Settember]], American racing driver\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Donald Geary]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Macpherson]], American pitcher (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Fred Gwynne]],\n        American actor and author (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Teddy Reno]],\n        Italian singer, actor and record producer\\n** [[Frederick Buechner]], American\n        author and theologian\\n** [[Joe Houston]], American saxophonist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]], wife of the Prime Minister of\n        Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad \\n** [[Martin Bott]], English geologist\n        and now Emeritus Professor\\n** [[Abe Addams]], American footballer (soccer)\n        player\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Miroslav Baumruk|cs|3=Miroslav Baumruk}},\n        Czech footballer\\n** [[Cec Thompson]], British professional rugby league footballer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Cheng Chi-sen]], Taiwanese sports shooter\\n**\n        [[T. Loren Christianson]], American politician\\n** [[Thomas Clark (Long Beach)|Thomas\n        Clark]], American politician\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Bengt-Arne Wallin|sv|3=Bengt-Arne\n        Wallin}}, Swedish jazz musician (trumpet), composer, music arranger and trained\n        aircraft technicians (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Wallace Jones]], American\n        professional basketball player (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Harry Dean Stanton]], American\n        film and television actor\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Jean Cottard|fr|3=Jean\n        Cottard}}, French fencer\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Jan Krenz|fr|3=Jan\n        Krenz}}, Polish composer and conductor\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Hyacinth Walters]],\n        Jamaican sprinter \\n** [[Sir John Graham, 4th Baronet]], English diplomat\\n**\n        [[Leopoldo Galtieri]], Argentine dictator (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Raymond Gosling]],\n        English physicist (d. [[2015]]) \\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Stef Wertheimer]], German-born\n        Israeli industrialist, investor, philanthropist and former politician\\n**\n        [[Paul M. Ellwood, Jr.]], prominent figure in American health care\\n** [[Emile\n        Degelin]], Belgian film director and novelist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Prateep\n        Polphantin]], Thai sports shooter\\n** [[Patrick Desmond Callaghan]], Pakistani\n        Air Force officer\\n** Sonya O''Shea, American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Stanley\n        Clements]], American actor (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Irwin Rose]], American biologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Otedola]], Nigerian politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Arrigo Levi]],\n        Italian journalist, essayist and TV anchorman\\n** [[Charles Zwick]], American\n        civil servant\\n** [[William Pierson]], American television, motion picture\n        and stage actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Willis Carto]], American far right (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Carpentier]], Canadian professional wrestler\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Nita Bieber]], American actress\\n** Marcel\n        Sigiran, French wrestler\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Fran\\u00e7ois Fassone|fr|3=Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Fassone}}, French footballer\\n** [[Dan Sandberg]], president and Chief Executive\n        officer TVC Lab/Video.\\n** [[Bernard Pons]], French politician and medical\n        doctor\\n** [[Maunu Kurkvaara]], Finnish film director and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Guillermo Geary]], Argentine swimmer\\n** [[Robert Sloman]], English writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Joshua Fishman]], American linguist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Richard Pasco]], British stage, screen and TV actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July\n        19]]\\n** [[Helen Gallagher]], American actress, dancer, singer, and makeup\n        artist\\n** [[Robert E. Lavender]], American Justice\\n** [[Lathan Lenon]],\n        Montford Point Marine, Congressional Gold Medal\\n** [[Terry Cavanagh (politician)|Terry\n        Cavanagh]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Edmund Reggie]], American Democratic\n        politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Russ Gorman]], Australian politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Charles David Ganao]], Congolose politician (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Odd Kallerud]], Norwegian politician\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Rahimuddin Khan]],\n        four-star general of the Pakistan Army\\n** [[Norman Jewison]], American film\n        director\\n** [[Otto Beyeler]], Swiss cross country skier\\n** [[Arthur Edgehill]],\n        American hard bop jazz\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Jerry Clack]], Professor of Classical\n        Languages at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh\\n** [[J. I. Packer]], British-born\n        Canadian Christian theologian in the low church Anglican and Reformed traditions\\n**\n        [[Bryan Forbes]], English film director (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Guy\n        Severin]], American professor (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Lew Schwartz]], American\n        comic book artist, advertising creator and filmmaker (d. [[2011]]) \\n** [[Hans\n        G\\u00fcnter Winkler]], German equestrian and show jumper\\n* [[July 25]] \\n**\n        [[Beatriz Segall]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Whitey Lockman]], American player,\n        coach, manager (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Ray Solomonoff]], American inventor (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Lennox Sebe]], President of Ciskei bantustan\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[James Best]], American actor and acting coach (''''The\n        Dukes of Hazzard'''') (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Moacir Santos]], Brazilian composer,\n        multi-instrumentalist and music educator (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 27]] –\n        [[Doris Satterfield]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Walt Brown]], American presidential candidate\\n* [[July\n        29]] – [[Franco Sensi]], Italian oil tycoon (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July\n        30]] \\n** [[Thomas Patrick Russell|Sir Patrick Russell]] [[Queen''s Counsel|QC]],\n        [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]], judge of the High Court of England\n        and Wales (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Rosa Taikon]], Swedish silversmith and Romani\n        people activist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Nina Kulagina]], Russian woman who claimed\n        to have psychic powers, particularly in psychokinesis (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[July\n        31]] \\n** [[Hilary Putnam]], American philosopher, mathematician and computer\n        scientist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bernard Nathanson]], American medical doctor\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Tony Bennett in 2003.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tony\n        Bennett]]]]\\n[[File:Fidel Castro - MATS Terminal Washington 1959.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fidel\n        Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Konstantinos Stefanopoulos 2000.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Konstantinos\n        Stephanopoulos]]]]\\n[[File:Jiang Zemin St. Petersburg2002.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jiang\n        Zemin]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Hannah Hauxwell]], English TV personality\\n*\n        [[August 2]]\\n** [[Sy Mah]], Canadian marathoner (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[George\n        Habash]], Palestinian Christian politician (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[W. Carter Merbreier]],\n        American television host (Captain Noah) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Hang Thun Hak]],\n        Cambodian radical politician, academic and playwright (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[August\n        3]]\\n** [[Rona Anderson]], Scottish stage, film, and television actress (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Loris Campana]], Italian road and track cyclist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Tony Bennett]], American singer (\\\"I Left My Heart in San Francisco\\\")\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Clifford Husbands]], 6th Governor-General of Barbados\\n*\n        [[August 6]]\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos R\\u00f3zs\\u00e1s]], Hungarian writer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Finlay]], English stage, film and television actor (d. [[2016]]) \\n**\n        [[Elisabeth Beresford]], British author (''''[[The Wombles]]'''') (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Norman Wexler]], Academy Award nominated Screenwriter (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Luis Bord\\u00f3n]], English author (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Moritz, Landgrave\n        of Hesse]], son of Prince Philip, Landgrave of Hesse (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Stan Freberg]], American author, recording artist and comedian\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Silvio Amadio]], Italian film director\n        and screenwriter (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Arturo Garc\\u00eda Bustos]], Mexican\n        painter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jimmy Brown (musician)|Jimmy Brown]], American\n        trumpeter, saxophonist and singer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Angelo Bonfietti]],\n        Brazilian basketball player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Willie Finlay]],\n        Scottish professional football player and coach (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Frank\n        M. Robinson]], American science fiction and techno-thriller writer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]]\\n** [[Michel Breitman]], French writer and translator (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Arthur Maxwell House]], Canadian neurologist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Marie-Claire\n        Alain]], French organist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda\n        Ortiz de Mend\\u00edbil]], Spanish referee (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Charles Cooper\n        (actor)|Charles Cooper]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Claus von B\\u00fclow]],\n        Danish-born British socialite\\n** [[Ron Bontemps]], American basketball player\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Douglas Croft]], American child actor\n        (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Vignal]], French footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Hiroshi Koizumi]], Japanese actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Wallace Markfield]],\n        American writer (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Osamu Ishiguro]], Japanese tennis player\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]], Cuban revolutionary and\n        politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Roy Heath]], Guyanese writer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Norris Bowden]], Canadian figure skater (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Dennis Eagan]],\n        British field hockey player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Buddy Greco]],\n        American jazz and pop singer and pianist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Goscinny]],\n        French comic book writer (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Martin Broszat]], German historian\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Konstantinos Stephanopoulos]], former\n        [[President of Greece]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Lionel Van Brabant]], Belgian\n        cyclist (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]], Bengali poet and playwright\n        (d. [[1947]])\\n** [[Julius Katchen]], American concert pianist (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]] \\n** [[Eivind Hjelmtveit]], Norwegian cultural administrator\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Roger Agache]], French archaeologist (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Christopher Polge]], English biologist, most noted for his work in cryopreservation\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jack Britto]], Pakistani Olympic field hockey player (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Bollywood character actress\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Yu Min (physicist)|Yu Min]], Chinese [[Nuclear physics|nuclear\n        physicist]]\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Maurice Lusien]], French swimmer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Jean Poiret]], French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Jiang Zemin]], former [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]]\n        and [[President of the People''s Republic of China]]\\n* [[August 18]]\\n**\n        [[Franca Marzi]], Italian film actress (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Orlando Bosch]],\n        Cuban exile (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Luis Bord\\u00f3n]], Paraguayan\n        musician and composer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Martin Halliday]], British physician\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[George Daniels (watchmaker)|George Daniels]], British\n        horologist (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Angus Scrimm]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Arthur Rock]], American venture capitalist\\n* [[August 20]] \\n** [[Nobby\n        Wirkowski]], American and Canadian football player and coach (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Hocine A\\u00eft Ahmed]], Algerian politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n**\n        [[Lois Hall]], American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jacqueline Grennan Wexler]],\n        American Roman Catholic nun and university president (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\n** [[Clifford Geertz]], American anthropologist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Vasco\n        Cabral]], Guinea-Bissauan writer and politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Robert Vickrey]], American artist and author (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\n** [[Pat Coombs]], British actress (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Albert\n        H. Owens Jr.]], American oncologist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Ramakrishna\n        Hegde]], Indian politician (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rafael Ithier]], Puerto Rican\n        musician\\n** [[Betty Lynn]], American actress\\n* [[August 30]] \\n** [[Robert\n        Pierre Sarrab\\u00e8re]], Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bali Mauladad]],\n        Kenian big game hunter (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Mayer Hersh]],\n        Polish Jew who survived the Auschwitz concentration camp (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:James\n        Lipton by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James Lipton]]]]\\n[[File:Julie\n        London 1958.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Julie London]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]], 11th President of Bangladesh\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[Armando Cossutta]], Italian communist politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ibrahim\n        Nasir|Ibrahim Nasir Rannabanderyi Kilegefan]], [[Maldives|Maldivian]] president\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]]\n        actor (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Irene Papas]], Greek actress and singer\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Elias Hrawi]], 14th President of Lebanon (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Mishaal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Saudi prince (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Prince Claus of the Netherlands|Claus van Amsberg]],\n        German born [[List of Dutch consorts|Prince Consort of the Netherlands]] (d.\n        2002)\\n** [[Maurice Cowling]], British historian (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Maurice\n        Prather]], American photographer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Gilbert]], American folk singer and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Don Messick]],\n        American voice actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Sergio Pininfarina]],\n        Italian automobile designer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Yusuf\n        al-Qaradawi]], Egyptian Islamic theologian\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** [[Dick\n        Dale (singer)|Dick Dale]], American singer and musician (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[John F. Kurtzke]], American neurologist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – [[Jean-Pierre Serre]], French mathematician\\n* [[September 16]]\\n**\n        [[John Knowles]], American author (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Robert H. Schuller]],\n        American televangelist, motivational speaker and author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Bill Black]], American [[rock and roll]] musician and bandleader\n        (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Masatoshi Koshiba]], Japanese physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[James Lipton]], American\n        television personality and writer\\n** [[Duke Snider]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Donald A. Glaser]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Noor Jehan]],\n        Pakistani singer and actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[John\n        Coltrane]], American jazz saxophonist (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Heng Freylinger]],\n        Luxembourgian wrestler (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Aage Birch]], Danish competitive\n        sailor and Olympic medalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Aubrey\n        Burl]], British archaeologist\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Charles J. Colgan]],\n        American politician and businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\n**\n        [[Julie London]], American actress and singer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Tulsi Giri]],\n        former Prime Minister of Nepal\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Jerry Clower]],\n        American country comedian (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Robin Roberts\n        (baseball)|Robin Roberts]], American baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Dave\n        Hunt (Christian apologist)|Dave Hunt]], American apologist, speaker, radio\n        commentator and author (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Jean Peters\n        - 1951.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean Peters]]]]\\n[[File:Chuck Berry 1957.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Chuck\n        Berry]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Max Morath]], American musician\\n* [[October\n        2]] \\n** [[Jan Morris]], travel writer\\n** [[John Ross (chemist)|John Ross]],\n        Austrian-born American chemist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Senaida\n        Wirth]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[October\n        7]] – [[Czes\\u0142aw Ryll-Nardzewski]], Polish mathematician (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Ruth Ellis]], British murderer (d. [[1955]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Richard Jaeckel]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] \\n** [[Zohurul Hoque]], Indian Islamic scholar (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yvon\n        Dupuis]], Canadian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n**[[Jesse L.\n        Brown]], first African-American aviator in the United States Navy (d. [[1950]])\\n**[[Kazuo\n        Nakamura]], Japanese-Canadian painter, part of the [[Painters Eleven]] (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Michel Foucault]], French philosopher (d.\n        [[1984]])\\n** [[Jean Peters]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Karl Richter\n        (conductor)|Karl Richter]], German conductor (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Jeffrey Hayden]],\n        American television director and producer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**\n        [[Julie Adams]], American actress\\n** [[Beverly Garland]], American actress\n        and businesswoman (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Chuck Berry]], American\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Klaus Kinski]], German\n        actor (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Pauline Pirok]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Vsevolod Murakhovsky]], Ukrainian-Russian\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\n** [[Bob Rosburg]], American\n        golfer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Waldir Pires]], Brazilian politician\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Gloria Carter Spann]], sister of former President [[Jimmy Carter]]\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Galina Vishnevskaya]], Russian soprano\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Bowie Kuhn]], American Commissioner\n        of Baseball (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Necmettin Erbakan]], 25th\n        Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jon Vickers]], Canadian operatic\n        tenor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Lois Wyse]], American advertising\n        executive, author and columnist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Earle Hyman]], American\n        actor (The [[Cosby Show]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Jimmy Savile]], English\n        DJ and television presenter (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Valdas_Adamkus_in_2005.JPEG|thumb|120px|[[Valdas\n        Adamkus]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Betsy Palmer]], American actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Valdas Adamkus]], Lithuanian politician,\n        3rd [[President of Lithuania]]\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Kim Jong-gil]], South\n        Korean poet (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Berger]], English art critic, novelist\n        and painter (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Frank Carson]], Northern\n        Irish comedian (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 7]] – Dame [[Joan Sutherland]],\n        Australian soprano (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Jack Mendelsohn]],\n        American writer-artist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Maria Teresa\n        de Filippis]], Italian automobile racing driver (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Helmut Fischer]], German actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Amy Applegren]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Ton de Leeuw]], Dutch composer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Christopher Weeramantry]], Sri Lankan lawyer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]], American ambassador (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[John Gardner (British writer)|John Gardner]], English spy novelist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Sathya Sai Baba]], Indian spiritual\n        leader (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[R. L. Burnside]], American musician (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], Chinese physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Poul Anderson]],\n        American science fiction author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\n** [[Peter\n        van Pels]], German-Dutch love interest of [[Anne Frank]] (d. [[1945]])\\n**\n        [[Rabi Ray]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\n** [[David\n        Alexander (Royal Marines officer)|David Alexander]], British Royal Marines\n        general (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Umberto Veronesi]], Italian oncologist and politician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Beji Caid Essebsi]], Tunisian politician\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Richard Crenna]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Andrew\n        Schally]], Polish-born American endocrinologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n**\n        [[Allyn Ann McLerie]], Canadian-American actress and dancer\\n** [[Robert Symonds]],\n        American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Charley Marouani]],\n        Tunisian impresario and celebrity agent (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\n**\n        [[Henry Way Kendall]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Raif Dizdarevi\\u0107]], Bosnian politician\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n** [[Guitar Slim]], American [[New Orleans blues]] guitarist\n        (d. [[1959]])\\n** [[Giorgos Ioannou]], Greek artist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Diego Natale Bona]], Italian Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[George Rhoden]], Jamaican athlete\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Nikos Koundouros]], Greek film director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** [[James McCracken]], American tenor (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[A. N. R.\n        Robinson]], 3rd President and 3rd Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Allan V. Cox]], American geologist (d.\n        [[1987]])\\n** [[Bill Keightley]], American [[equipment manager]] for the [[University\n        of Kentucky]] men''s [[basketball]] team from 1962 to 2008 (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Herbert Stempel]], subject of film [[Quiz Show (film)]]\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Geoffrey Howe]], British politician (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Otto Graf Lambsdorff]], German politician (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[David Levine]],\n        U.S. [[caricaturist]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Joe Paterno]],\n        [[American football]] coach and philanthropist (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Elisabeth\n        Elliot]], American Christian author and speaker (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Alcides Ghiggia]], Uruguayan footballer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December\n        23]] \\n** [[Robert Bly]], American poet\\n** [[Metakse]], Armenian poet, writer,\n        translator and public activist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Eugene\n        Gendlin]], Austrian-born American philosopher (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Gina Pell\\u00f3n]], Cuban painter (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Billy Snedden]], Australian politician (d. [[1987]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January–March===\\n[[File:Camillo\n        Golgi.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Camillo Golgi]]]]\\n[[File:Takaaki Kato suit.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kato\n        Takaaki]]]]\\n[[File:Kamerlingh Onnes signed.jpg|110px|right|thumb|[[Heike\n        Kamerlingh Onnes]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Margherita of Savoy]], queen\n        consort of Italy (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Louis Majorelle]],\n        French furniture designer (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Camillo\n        Golgi]], Italian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine]] (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Kat\\u014d Takaaki]], Japanese\n        politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Ernest Troubridge]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Barbara La Marr]],\n        American film actress (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[February 1]] – Saint [[Theodosius\n        of Skopje]], Bulgaria religious leader (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        [[Carrie Clark Ward]], stage and film character actress  (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[William Bateson]], British geneticist (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Art Smith (pilot)|Art Smith]], American pilot (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]], Dutch physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[February\n        24]]\\n** [[John Jacob Bausch]], German-American optician who co-founded [[Bausch\n        & Lomb]] (b. [[1830]])\\n** [[Eddie Plank]], American baseball player and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March 4]] – Patriarch [[Macarius\n        II]] (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Usui Mikao]], Japanese founder\n        of [[Reiki]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[E. W. Scripps]], American\n        newspaper publisher (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Sergeant Stubby]],\n        [[World War I]] American hero war dog (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Aleksei Brusilov]], Russian general (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[March 24]] –\n        [[Sizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Constantin\n        Fehrenbach]], German politician and 13th [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Prince Philippe, Duke\n        of Orleans (1869-1926)|Prince Philippe, Duke of Orleans]] (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===April–June===\\n[[File:Emperor\n        Sunjong.jpg|thumb|120px|Emperor [[Sunjong of Korea|Sunjong]]]]\\n[[File:S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg|thumb|120px|Sultan\n        [[Mehmed VI]]]]\\n[[File:Antoni Gaudi 1878.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Antoni Gaudi]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Jacob Pavlovich Adler]], Russian actor (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Henry Miller (actor)|Henry Miller]], English-born American\n        stage actor and producer (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[\\u014cshima\n        Yoshimasa]], Japanese general (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Billy\n        Quirk]], American actor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Sunjong of\n        Korea|Sunjong]], last [[Emperor of Korea]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Ellen Key]], Swedish feminist writer (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Kawamura Kageaki]], Japanese field marshal (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 30]]\n        – [[Bessie Coleman]], African-American pilot (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May\n        3]] – [[Victor, Prince Napoleon]] (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[May 9]] –\n        [[J. M. Dent]], British publisher (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Alton\n        B. Parker]], American judge and political candidate (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Mehmed VI]], last [[Ottoman Sultan]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May\n        26]] –  [[Symon Petliura]], Ukrainian independence fighter (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Emily Hobhouse]], British welfare campaigner (b. [[1860]])\n        \\n* [[June 9]] – [[Sanford B. Dole]], [[President of Hawaii]] and 1st\n        [[Territorial Governor of Hawaii]] (b. [[1844]]) \\n* [[June 10]] – [[Antoni\n        Gaud\\u00ed]], Catalan architect (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Mary\n        Cassatt]], American artist (b. [[1844]])\\n\\n===July–September===\\n[[File:Ugyen\n        Wangchuk, 1905.jpg|thumb|right|110px|King [[Ugyen Wangchuck]]]]\\n[[File:Rudolph\n        Valentino.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Rudolph Valentino]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        [[\\u00c9mile Cou\\u00e9]], French psychologist (b. 1857)\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Gertrude Bell]], British archaeologist, writer, spy, and administrator;\n        known as the \\\"Uncrowned Queen of Iraq\\\" (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[John W. Weeks]],\n        American politician in the Republican Party (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Mariano de Jesus Euse Hoyos]], Colombian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Willard Louis]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Friedrich von Wieser]], Austrian economist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], American statesman and businessman, son of\n        16th President [[Abraham Lincoln]] (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Israel\n        Zangwill]], British novelist and playwright (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 14]]\n        – [[John H. Moffitt]], American politician (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[August\n        21]] – [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], King of Bhutan (b. 1861)\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – [[Charles W. Eliot]], [[President of Harvard University]] (b. [[1834]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Rudolph Valentino]], Italian actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[John Rodgers (naval officer, World War I)|John Rodgers]],\n        American naval officer and naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Eddie Lyons]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[L\\u00e9on\n        Charles Th\\u00e9venin]], French telegraph engineer (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Herbert Booth]], third son of [[William Booth|William]] and\n        [[Catherine Booth]] (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===October–December===\\n[[File:HarryHoudini1899.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Harry\n        Houdini]]]]\\n[[File:Annie Oakley by Baker''s Art Gallery c1880s-crop.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Annie\n        Oakley]]]]\\n[[File:Claude Monet 1899 Nadar crop.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Claude\n        Monet]]]]\\n[[File:Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Emperor Taisho]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – [[Emil Kraepelin]], German psychiatrist (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Josias von Heeringen]], German general (b. [[1850]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Hymie Weiss]], American gangster (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Princess Frederica of Hanover]] (b. [[1848]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Victor Babe\\u0219]], Romanian bacteriologist (b.\n        [[1854]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Eugene V. Debs]], American labor and\n        political leader (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Harry Houdini]], Hungarian-born\n        escapologist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Charles Vance Millar]], Canadian businessman\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Annie Oakley]], American sharpshooter\n        and entertainer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Carl Swartz]], 14th\n        Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Tom Forman\n        (actor)|Tom Forman]], American actor and director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[G\\u00e9rard Cooreman]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Ivana Kobilca]], Slovenian painter (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Claude Monet]], French painter (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[December\n        10]] – [[Nikola Pa\\u0161i\\u0107]], Serbian and Yugoslav statesman, 4-Time\n        [[Prime Minister of Serbia]] and 3-Time [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]] (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[William Larned]], American tennis champion\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Lars Magnus Ericsson]], Swedish\n        inventor and founder of [[Ericsson]] (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[December 22]] –\n        [[Mina Arndt]], New Zealander painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Johan Castberg]], Norwegian Radical politician (b. 1862)\\n* [[December 25]]\n        – [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]], 123rd [[Emperor of Japan]], one of the leaders\n        of [[World War I]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Robert Felkin]],\n        British writer (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Rainer Maria Rilke]],\n        Austrian poet (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Jean Baptiste Perrin]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Theodor Svedberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Johannes Andreas\n        Grib Fibiger]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Grazia\n        Deledda]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Aristide Briand]], [[Gustav\n        Stresemann]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1926}}\\n[[Category:1926|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T18:20:52Z\",\"lastrevid\":799765277,\"length\":73009,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1926&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926\"},\"34939\":{\"pageid\":34939,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1927\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T21:42:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1927|the Australian band|1927 (band)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1927}}\\n{{Year nav|1927}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1927}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1927}}\\n* [[January 1]] – The [[Cristero War]] erupts\n        in Mexico when [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] rebels attack the government,\n        which had placed heavy restrictions on the Catholic Church. \\n* [[January\n        7]] – The first transatlantic telephone call is made ''''via radio''''\n        from New York City to London.\\n* January 7 – The [[Harlem Globetrotters]]\n        play their first ever road game in [[Hinckley, Illinois]].\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – A military rebellion is crushed in [[Lisbon]], Portugal.\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Teddy Wakelam]] gives the first sports commentary on [[BBC\n        Radio]].\\n* [[January 19]] – Great Britain sends troops to China to\n        protect foreign nationals from spreading anti-foreign riots in Central China.\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – U.S. marines [[United States occupation of Nicaragua|invade\n        Nicaragua]] by orders of President [[Calvin Coolidge]], intervening in the\n        [[Nicaraguan civil war (1926\\u201327)|Nicaraguan Civil War]] and remaining\n        in the country until 1933.\\n* [[January 30]] – Right-wing [[veteran]]s\n        and the ''''[[Republikanischer Schutzbund]]'''' clash in [[Schattendorf]],\n        Austria, with two fatalities resulting (see also [[July 15]]).\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n{{Main article|February 1927}}\\n* February – [[Werner Heisenberg]]\n        formulates his famous [[uncertainty principle]] while employed as a lecturer\n        at [[Niels Bohr]]''s Institute for Theoretical Physics at the [[University\n        of Copenhagen]].\\n* [[February 12]] – The first British troops land\n        in Shanghai.\\n* [[February 14]] – An earthquake in [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        kills 100.\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** A [[general strike]] in Shanghai protests\n        the presence of British troops.\\n** In the United States, the [[Silent film|silent]]\n        [[romantic comedy film]] ''''[[It (1927 film)|It]]'''' starring [[Clara Bow]],\n        is released, popularising the concept of the \\\"[[It girl]]\\\".\\n* [[February\n        23]] – The U.S. [[Federal Radio Commission]] (later renamed the [[Federal\n        Communications Commission]]) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1927}}\\n* [[March 4]] – A [[diamond\n        rush]] in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major\n        companies to stake claims.\\n* [[March 7]] – The 7.0 {{M|w}} [[1927 Kita\n        Tango earthquake|Kita Tango earthquake]] kills at least 2,925 in the [[Toyooka,\n        Hy\\u014dgo|Toyooka]] and [[Kyoto Prefecture|Mineyama]] areas, western [[Honshu]],\n        Japan.\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Albanian Republic|Albania]] mobilizes in\n        case of an attack by Yugoslavia.\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** In New York City, the\n        [[Roxy Theatre (New York City)|Roxy Theatre]] is opened by [[Samuel Roxy Rothafel]].\\n**\n        The [[first armored car robbery]] is committed by the Flatheads Gang near\n        [[Pittsburgh]].\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Fritz Lang]]''s culturally influential\n        film ''''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'''' premieres in Germany.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Nanking Incident]]: After six foreigners have been\n        killed in [[Nanking]] and it appears that [[Kuomintang]] and [[Communist Party\n        of China]] forces would overrun the foreign consulates, warships of the [[U.S.\n        Navy]] and the British [[Royal Navy]] fire shells and shot to disperse the\n        crowds.{{cite news|title=U.S. and British Warships Shell Cantonese Army|newspaper=[[Miami\n        Daily News]]|date=1927-03-24|page=1}}\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1927}}\\n* [[April 1]] – The U.S. [[Bureau of Prohibition]] is founded\n        (under the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]]).\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – In Britain, the [[Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act\n        1927]] forbids strikes of support.\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Bell Telephone\n        Company|Bell Telephone Co.]] transmits an image of [[Herbert Hoover]] (then\n        the Secretary of Commerce), which becomes the first successful long distance\n        demonstration of television.\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** The [[Royal and Parliamentary\n        Titles Act 1927]] renames the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]\n        as the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]. The change\n        acknowledges that the [[Irish Free State]] is no longer part of the Kingdom.\\n**\n        [[Kuomintang]] troops kill a number of communist-supporting workers in Shanghai.\n        The incident is called the [[April 12 Incident]], or the Shanghai Massacre.\n        The 1st United Front between the Nationalists and Communist ends, and the\n        Civil War lasting until 1949 begins.\\n* [[April 14]] – The first [[Volvo\n        Cars|Volvo automobile]] rolled off the production line in [[Gothenburg]],\n        [[Sweden]].\\n* [[April 18]] – The Kuomintang (Nationalist Chinese) set\n        up a government in [[Nanking]], China.\\n* [[April 21]] – A banking crisis\n        hits Japan.\\n* [[April 22]]–[[May 5]] – The [[Great Mississippi\n        Flood of 1927]] strikes 700,000 people in the greatest natural disaster in\n        American history through that time.\\n* [[April 23]]  – [[Cardiff City\n        F.C.|Cardiff City]] win the [[FA Cup]], beating [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] 1-0.\\n*\n        [[April 27]]\\n** The [[Carabineros de Chile]] ([[Chile]]an national police\n        force and [[gendarmery]]) are created.\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Ribeiro de Barros]]\n        becomes the first non-European to make a transatlantic flight, flying from\n        [[Genoa]], Italy, to [[Fernando de Noronha]], Brazil.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1927}}\\n* May – [[Philo Farnsworth]] of the United States\n        transmits his first experimental electronic TV [[motion picture]]s, as opposed\n        to the [[electromechanical]] TV systems that others had used before.\\n* [[May\n        9]] – The [[Australian Parliament]] convenes for the first time in [[Canberra]],\n        [[Australian Capital Territory]]. Previously, the Parliament had met in [[Melbourne]],\n        [[State of Victoria]].\\n* [[May 11]] – The ''''[[Academy of Motion Picture\n        Arts and Sciences]]'''', the \\\"Academy\\\" in \\\"[[Academy Awards]]\\\", is founded.\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – British police officers raid the office of the [[Soviet]]\n        trade delegation in London.\\n* [[May 13]] – King [[George V]] proclaims\n        the change of his title from King of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Ireland]] to King of [[Great Britain and Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[May\n        17]] – U.S. Army aviation pioneer Major [[Harold Geiger]] dies in the\n        crash of his [[Airco DH.4]] airplane, at Olmsted Field, [[Pennsylvania]].\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Bath School disaster]]: a series of violent attacks results\n        in 45 deaths, mostly of school children, in [[Bath Township, Michigan]].\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – By the [[Treaty of Jeddah (1927)|Treaty of Jeddah]], the\n        United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of [[Ibn Saud]] over the [[Kingdom\n        of Hejaz and Nejd]], the future [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n* [[May 20]]–[[May\n        21|21]] – [[Charles Lindbergh]] makes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic\n        airplane flight, carried out from New York City to Paris, France, in his single-engined\n        aircraft, the ''''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]''''.\\n* [[May 22]] – The 7.6\n        {{M|w}} [[1927 Gulang earthquake|Gulang earthquake]] affects [[Gansu]] in\n        northwest China with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (''''Extreme''''),\n        leaving over 40,000 dead.\\n* [[May 23]] – Nearly 600 members of the\n        [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]] and the [[Institute of Radio\n        Engineers]] view a live demonstration of television at the Bell Telephone\n        Building in New York City, just over a year after [[John Logie Baird]] of\n        Scotland had first demonstrated an ''''electromechanical television system''''\n        to the members of the [[Royal Society]] in London.\\n* [[May 24]] – The\n        United Kingdom cuts its [[diplomatic relations]] with the [[Soviet Union]]\n        due to revelations of [[espionage]] and underground agitation.\\n[[File:Spirit\n        of St. Louis.jpg|thumb|130px|right| [[May 20]]: Solo flight New York to Paris]]\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1927}}\\n* June – The [[volcanic island]]\n        of [[Krakatoa#Anak Krakatau|Anak Krakatau]] begins to form in the [[Sunda\n        Strait]].\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] severs\n        diplomatic relations with [[Albanian Republic|Albania]].\\n* June 4\\u20136\n        – [[Clarence Chamberlin]] and [[Charles Albert Levine]] take off from\n        Roosevelt Field, New York, and fly to Eisleben, Germany, in the [[Wright-Bellanca\n        WB-2 Columbia]] aircraft ''''Miss Columbia'''', two weeks after Charles Lindbergh''s\n        historic solo flight.\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Pyotr Voykov]], the Soviet ambassador\n        to Poland, is murdered.\\n* [[June 9]] – The Soviet Union executes 20\n        for alleged [[espionage]].\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Daudet]], the leader\n        of the French [[monarchist]]s, is arrested in France.\\n** A [[ticker tape\n        parade]] is held for the aviator [[Charles Lindbergh]] down Fifth Avenue in\n        New York City.\\n* [[June 28]] – Spanish airline [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]]\n        is established.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Solar eclipse of June 29, 1927]]:\n        A total eclipse of the sun takes place over Wales, northern England, southern\n        Scotland, Norway, northern Sweden, northmost Finland, and the northmost extremes\n        of Russia.\\n* June 29-July 1 – Commander [[Richard E. Byrd]], [[Bernt\n        Balchen]], George Noville, and [[Bert Acosta]] take off from Roosevelt Field,\n        New York, in the [[Fokker Trimotor]] airplane ''''America'''' and cross the\n        Atlantic to the coast of France, having to ditch there because of bad weather;\n        all four men survive the emergency landing.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main article|July\n        1927}}\\n* [[July 1]] – The [[Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration]]\n        (FDIA) is established as a United States federal agency.\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Kevin O''Higgins]], [[Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish\n        Free State]] and [[Minister for Justice and Equality|Minister for Justice]],\n        is assassinated by the anti-[[Anglo-Irish Treaty|Treaty]] [[Irish Republican\n        Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] in [[Dublin]].\\n* [[July 11]]\n        – The [[1927 Jericho earthquake]] strikes [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]],\n        killing around 300 people. The effects are especially severe in [[Nablus]],\n        but damage and fatalities are also reported in many areas of Palestine and\n        [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] such as [[Amman]], [[Salt, Jordan]],\n        and [[Lod|Lydda]].\\n*[[July 13]] (Wednesday, Tamuz 13, 5687): 12:30 –\n        [[Rebbe]] [[Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn]] is freed from the imprisonment which\n        began on June 15 (Wednesday, Sivan 15, 5687) at 02:15 in exile in the Russian\n        town of [[Kostroma]]. \\n* [[July 15]] – [[July Revolt of 1927]]: 85\n        protesters and five policemen are left dead after the police in [[Vienna]]\n        fire on an angry crowd, mostly members of the [[Social Democratic Party of\n        Austria]]; more than 600 people are injured.\\n* [[July 24]] –  The [[Menin\n        Gate]] is dedicated as a war memorial at [[Ypres]], Belgium.\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n{{Main article|August 1927}}\\n* [[August 1]] – The Communist Chinese\n        [[People''s Liberation Army]] is formed during the [[Nanchang Uprising]].\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] announces, \\\"I do\n        not choose to run for president in 1928.\\\"\\n* [[August 7]] – The [[Peace\n        Bridge]] opens between [[Fort Erie, Ontario]] and [[Buffalo, New York]].\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – The [[Mount Rushmore]] Park is rededicated. President\n        [[Calvin Coolidge]] promises national funding for the proposed carving of\n        the presidential figures.\\n* [[August 22]] – 200 people demonstrate\n        in [[Hyde Park, London]] against the death sentencing of Italian immigrant\n        anarchists [[Sacco and Vanzetti]].\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Sacco and Vanzetti]]\n        are executed.\\n* [[August 24]] – [[August 25]] – [[1927 Nova Scotia\n        hurricane|Hurricane]] hits the [[Atlantic Provinces]] of Canada, causing massive\n        damage and at least 56 deaths.\\n* [[August 26]] – Paul R. Redfern leaves\n        [[Brunswick, Georgia]], flying his Stinson Detroiter \\\"Port of Brunswick\\\"\n        to attempt a solo nonstop flight to [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil. He later crashes\n        in the [[Venezuela]]n jungle, but the crash site has never been found.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1927}}\\n* September – The [[Autumn\n        Harvest Uprising]] occurs in China.\\n* [[September 7]] – The [[University\n        of Minas Gerais]] is founded in Brazil.\\n* [[September 18]] – The Columbia\n        Phonographic Broadcasting System (later known as ''''[[CBS]]'''') is formed\n        and goes on the air with 47 [[radio station]]s.\\n* [[September 25]] –\n        A treaty signed by the [[League of Nations]] Slavery Commission abolishes\n        all types of [[slavery]].\\n* [[September 27]] – 79 are killed and 550\n        are injured in the East St. Louis Tornado, the 2nd costliest and at least\n        24th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1927}}\\n* October – The [[Solvay Conference#Fifth Conference|Fifth Solvay\n        Conference]], held in the latter half of the month, establishes the acceptance\n        of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]].\\n* [[October 4]] – The actual\n        carving begins at [[Mount Rushmore]], [[South Dakota]].\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        ''''[[The Jazz Singer]]'''' opens in the United States and it becomes a huge\n        success, although silent films continue to be made for some time.{{cite\n        book|author=Bill Bryson|title=One Summer: America, 1927|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kI-n6fWpq98C|date=1\n        October 2013|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-53782-7}}\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – ''''[[Murderers'' Row]]'''': The [[New York Yankees]]\n        complete a four-game sweep of the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] in the World Series.\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – The Mexican government crushes a rebellion in [[Veracruz\n        (city)|Veracruz]].\\n* [[October 18]] – The first flight of [[Pan American\n        Airways]] takes off from [[Key West, Florida]], bound for [[Havana, Cuba]].\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – The Italian steamer ship ''''[[SS Principessa Mafalda|Principessa\n        Mafalda]]'''' capsizes off [[Porto Seguro]], Brazil. At least 314 people are\n        killed.\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] opens\n        the Meuse-Waal Canal in [[Nijmegen]], Holland\\n** At 5:50 a.m. a ground\n        fault gives way, causing the mine and part of the town of [[Walden, Ontario#Worthington|Worthington]]\n        to collapse into a large chasm located in [[Ontario]]. Nobody is injured in\n        the incident, as the area had been evacuated the night before after a mine\n        foreman noticed abnormal rock shifts in the mine.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1927}}\\n* [[November 1]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in [[Turkey]] (The 5th government).\\n* [[November 3]]\n        – [[November 4]] – [[Great Vermont Flood of 1927|Floods devastating\n        Vermont]] cause the \\\"worst natural disaster in the state''s history\\\".http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/events/27flood.shtml\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – Frank Heath and his horse ''''Gypsy Queen'''' return\n        to Washington, D.C., having completed a two-year journey of 11,356 miles to\n        all 48 of the states (of that time).\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Mahatma Gandhi]]\n        makes his first and last visit to [[Ceylon]].\\n** [[Leon Trotsky]] is expelled\n        from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving [[Joseph Stalin]] with undisputed\n        control of the [[Soviet Union]].\\n** The [[Holland Tunnel]] opens to traffic\n        as the first vehicular tunnel under the [[Hudson River]] linking [[New Jersey]]\n        with New York City.\\n* [[November 14]] – The [[Pittsburgh gasometer\n        explosion]]: Three ''''Equitable Gas'''' storage tanks in the [[North Side\n        (Pittsburgh)|North Side]] of [[Pittsburgh]] explode, killing 26 people and\n        causing damage estimated between $4.0 million and $5.0 million.\\n* [[November\n        21]] – The [[Columbine Mine massacre|Colorado state police open fire]]\n        on 500 rowdy but unarmed miners during a strike, killing six of them.\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1927}}\\n* December – The [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] Congress condemns all ''''deviation\n        from the general party line'''' in the [[USSR]].\\n* [[December 2]] –\n        Following 19 years of [[Ford Model T]] production, the [[Ford Motor Company]]\n        unveils the [[Ford Model A (1927\\u201331)|Ford Model A]] as its new automobile.\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] gains independence from the\n        United Kingdom.\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Marion Parker]], 12, is kidnapped\n        in Los Angeles. Her dismembered body is found on [[December 19]], prompting\n        the largest manhunt to date on the West Coast for her killer, [[William Edward\n        Hickman]], who is arrested on [[December 22]] in [[Oregon]].\\n* [[December\n        17]] – The [[United States Navy]] submarine {{USS|S-4|SS-109|2}} is\n        accidentally rammed and sunk by the [[United States Coast Guard]] cutter ''''John\n        Paulding'''' off [[Provincetown, Massachusetts]], killing everyone aboard\n        despite several unsuccessful attempts to raise the submarine.\\n* [[December\n        19]] –3 Indian [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Revolutionaries]],\n        viz Pandit [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], Thakur [[Roshan Singh]], and [[Ashfaqulla\n        Khan]], are executed by the [[British Raj]]. [[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]] had\n        been executed two days before.\\n* [[December 27]] – Kern and Hammerstein''s\n        musical play, ''''[[Show Boat]]'''', based on [[Show Boat (novel)|Edna Ferber''s\n        novel]], opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and then goes on to become\n        the first great classic of the American musical theater.\\n* [[December 30]]\n        –  The first Japanese [[rapid transit|commuter metro line]], the [[Tokyo\n        Metro Ginza Line]], opens.\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* The [[British Broadcasting\n        Corporation]] is granted a Royal Charter of Incorporation.\\n* [[Harold Stephen\n        Black]] invents the [[feedback amplifier]].\\n* The [[Voluntary Committee of\n        Lawyers]] is founded to bring about the [[Repeal of Prohibition in the United\n        States]].\\n* [[World population]] reaches two billion.\\n* In Britain, 1,000\n        people a week die from an [[influenza]] epidemic.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Barbara\n        Rush.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Barbara Rush]]]]\\n[[File:Johnnie Ray Allan Warren.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Johnnie\n        Ray]]]]\\n[[File:Olof Palme 1974 (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Olof Palme]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Vernon L. Smith]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Doak Walker]], American\n        football player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Barbara Rush]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 5]] – Satguru [[Sivaya Subramuniyaswami]], American-born\n        Hindu guru (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Tim Flood (hurler)|Tim\n        Flood]], Irish hurler (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Gisele MacKenzie]],\n        Canadian-born singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Johnnie Ray]], American singer (d.\n        [[1990]])\\n** [[Otto Stich]], member of the Swiss Federal Council  (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]]\\n** [[Brock Adams]], American politician (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Sydney Brenner]], South African biologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Kirti Nidhi Bista]],\n        Nepali politician\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**[[Thomas Anthony Dooley III]], American\n        physician and humanitarian (d. [[1961]])\\n**[[Eartha Kitt]], African-American\n        actress and singer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Marvin Kaplan]],\n        American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Lasse P\\u00f6ysti]], Finnish writer and\n        playwright\\n* [[January 25]] \\n** [[Marian and Vivian Brown#Vivian Brown|Vivian\n        Brown]], American celebrity icon (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Marian and Vivian Brown#Marian\n        Brown|Marian Brown]], American celebrity icon (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio\n        Carlos Jobim]], Brazilian composer (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Gregg Palmer]], American\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Azcona del Hoyo]],\n        26th [[President of Honduras]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Bob\n        DeMoss]], American football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Per\n        Oscarsson]], Swedish actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Hiroshi Teshigahara]], Japanese\n        director (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Edward Abbey]], American environmentalist\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Lewis Urry]], Canadian inventor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Olof Palme]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[1986]])\\n**\n        [[Roberto Gottardi]], Italian architect (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bendapudi Venkata\n        Satyanarayana]], Indian dermatologist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Jean Speegle Howard]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Sidney\n        Poitier-NPS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sidney Poitier]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] –\n        [[Galway Kinnell]], American poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Stan\n        Getz]], American musician (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Doris Sams]], American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Val Doonican]],\n        Irish singer and entertainer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Joseph A. Palaia]], American\n        politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Blas Ople]], Filipino politician (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Sarah Jim\\u00e9nez]], Mexican artist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Vasant Sarwate]],\n        Indian cartoonist and writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Horst\n        Ehmke]], German lawyer, law professor and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** [[Juliette Gr\\u00e9co]], French singer and actress\\n** [[Vladimir\n        Kuts]], Russian runner (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Leontyne\n        Price]], African-American soprano\\n* [[February 11]] \\n** [[Nalda Bird]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Robert Squires]],\n        Royal Navy officer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Rita Meyer (baseball)|Rita\n        Meyer]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Buck Hill (musician)|Buck Hill]], American jazz tenor and soprano\n        saxophonist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Seiz\\u014d Kat\\u014d]],\n        Japanese voice actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Lois Maxwell]], Canadian actress\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Harvey Korman]], American actor and\n        comedian (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Luis Gimeno]], Uruguayan-born Mexican actor (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[June Brown]], British actress\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[John Selfridge]], American mathematician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February\n        20]]\\n** [[Roy Cohn]], American lawyer and anti-Communist (d. [[1986]])\\n**\n        [[Sidney Poitier]], African-American actor and film director\\n* [[February\n        21]]\\n** [[Erma Bombeck]], American writer and humorist (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Hubert de Givenchy]], French fashion designer\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Emil Bobu]], Romanian Communist activist and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[R\\u00e9gine Crespin]], French operatic soprano (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Mirtha Legrand]], Argentinian actress and TV presenter\\n** [[Silvia Legrand]],\n        Argentinian actress\\n* [[February 24]] \\n**[[Mark Lane (author)|Mark Lane]],\n        American conspiracy theorist (d. [[2016]])\\n**[[Emmanuelle Riva]], French\n        actress (d. 2017)\\n* [[February 25]] \\n** [[Ralph Stanley]], American [[Bluegrass\n        music|bluegrass]] banjo player and vocalist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Dick Jones\n        (actor)|Dick Jones]], American actor and singer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Tom Kennedy (television presenter)|Tom Kennedy]], American\n        game show host\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Lynn Cartwright]], American actress\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Harry Belafonte 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Harry\n        Belafonte]]]]\\n[[File:James Broderick 1959.JPG|thumb|110px|[[James Broderick]]]]\\n[[File:Gabriel\n        Garcia Marquez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gabriel Garc\\u00eda M\\u00e1rquez]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[George O. Abell]], American astronomer, professor at UCLA, science\n        popularizer, and skeptic (d. 1983)\\n** [[Harry Belafonte]], American musician\n        and actor\\n** [[Robert Bork]], American conservative law professor (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Roger Walkowiak]], French road bicycle racer (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Pierre Aubert]], member of the Swiss Federal Council\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Philip Batt]], 29th Governor of the U.S.\n        state of Idaho\\n** [[Thayer David]], American actor (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Orben]], American comedy writer\\n** [[Dick Savitt]], American tennis player\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n** [[William J. Bell]], American soap creator (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Gordon Cooper]], American astronaut (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Gabriel Garc\\u00eda\n        M\\u00e1rquez]], Colombian author, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[James Broderick]],\n        American actor (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[March 8]] \\n** [[Dick Hyman]], American\n        composer and pianist\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Kania]], Polish communist politician\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\n** [[Jupp Derwall]], German football player and manager (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Marlia Hardi]], Indonesian actress (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Bill\n        Fischer (American football)|Bill Fischer]], American football offensive lineman\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Barbara Sinatra]] American model, wife of Frank Sinatra\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Ron Todd (trade unionist)|Ron Todd]],\n        British trade union leader (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Joachim Fuchsberger]], German-Australian\n        actor, television host, lyricist and businessman (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[March\n        12]] – [[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn|Ra\\u00fal Ricardo Alfons\\u00edn]],\n        former [[President of Argentina]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\n** [[Robert\n        Denning]], American interior designer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jozef Zlat\\u0148ansk\\u00fd]],\n        Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Annastasia Batikis]],\n        Greek-American female professional baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Hanns-Joachim\n        Friedrichs]], German journalist (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Vladimir\n        Komarov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]],\n        U.S. Senator from New York (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Roberto\n        Suazo C\\u00f3rdova]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[March 18]] – [[George\n        Plimpton]], American writer and actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[John\n        Joubert (composer)|John Joubert]], South African\\u2013born British composer\\n**\n        [[Earlene Risinger]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]], German politician (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Mato Damjanovi\\u0107]], Croatian chess grandmaster\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Martin Walser]], German author\\n*\n        [[March 25]] \\n** [[Tina Anselmi]], Italian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bill\n        Barilko]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[1951]])\\n** [[Monique van Vooren]],\n        Belgian-American actress\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Robert Rosencrans]], American\n        public affairs television network (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\n** [[Mstislav\n        Rostropovich]], Russian cellist and conductor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Karl Stotz]],\n        Austrian football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[John Vane]],\n        British pharmacologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar Ch\\u00e1vez]], American\n        labor activist, United Farm Workers founder (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[William Daniels]],\n        American actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:\\u00c9va Sz\\u00e9kely 1956.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9va\n        Sz\\u00e9kely]]]]\\n[[File:Benedykt XVI (2010-10-17) 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope\n        Benedict XVI]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0313-300, Margot Honecker,\n        Minister f\\u00fcr Volksbildung.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Margot Honecker]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] \\n** [[Maria Eug\\u00e9nia]], Portuguese actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Cundall]], Australian horticulturist and television presenter\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Rita Gam]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ferenc Pusk\\u00e1s]], Hungarian\n        footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Kenneth Tynan]], English theatre critic (d.\n        [[1980]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Richard Haynes (criminal lawyer)|Richard Haynes]],\n        American lawyer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[\\u00c9va Sz\\u00e9kely]], Hungarian swimmer\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[Frederick I. Ordway III]], American space scientist\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Chao-Li Chi]], Shanxi-born actor (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Thanin Kraivichien]], Thai lawyer and politician\\n* [[April 6]] \\n** [[Gerry\n        Mulligan]], American musician (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Harry Beitzel]], Australian\n        football umpire and broadcaster (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Tilly\n        Armstrong]] (alias [[Tania Langley]] and [[Kate Alexander]]), British writer\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Marshall Warren Nirenberg]], American\n        scientist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Alan MacDiarmid]], New Zealand chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Robert Mills (physicist)|Robert Mills]], American physicist\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Doris McLemore]], American linguist (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Pope Benedict XVI]]  \\n** [[Peter Mark Richman]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Margot Honecker]], East German politician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\n** [[Samuel P. Huntington]], American political\n        scientist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Charles Pasqua]], French businessman and politician\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Phil Hill]], American race car driver\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Karl Alexander M\\u00fcller]], Swiss physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Daniel McKinnon\n        (ice hockey)|Daniel McKinnon]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 26]]\\n** [[Anita Darian]], American singer and actress (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Gallatin]], American basketballer and coach (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Coretta Scott King]], African-American civil rights leader,\n        wife of [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Lois Florreich]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Ellen Alak\\u00fcla]], Estonian actress (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] \\n** [[Duncan McMullin]], New Zealand jurist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Albert\n        Zafy]], Malagasy politician\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Jean-Paul Martin-du-Gard]],\n        French runner (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Hal Hudson]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Terry Scott]], English actor and comedian\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Pat Carroll (actress)|Pat Carroll]],\n        American actress\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Ettore Manni]], Italian actor (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Manfred Eigen]], German biophysicist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n** [[Wim Thoelke]], German television\n        entertainer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Bernard Fox (actor)|Bernard\n        Fox]], English actor (''''[[Bewitched]]'''') (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Mort Sahl]],\n        Canadian-born comedian, political commentator\\n** [[Gene Savoy]], American\n        author, explorer, scholar and cleric (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Herbert\n        Ross]], American film director (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Marilyn\n        Hall]], Canadian-born American television producer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        20]] – [[Bud Grant]], Canadian and American football coach\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Chuck Stewart]], American photographer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        22]] – [[George Andrew Olah]], Hungarian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Dieter\n        Hildebrandt]], German comedian (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\n** [[Robert Ludlum]],\n        American author (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Paul Oliver]], British architecture and\n        blues historian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Endel Tulving]], Estonian-Canadian\n        experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Ralph\n        Carmichael]], American composer and arranger\\n** [[William A. Hilliard]],\n        American journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\n** [[Byron Dobell]], American\n        writer, editor, and artist (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Clint Walker]], American actor\\n**[[Elly\n        Stone]], American singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:JerryStillerNYC05.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jerry\n        Stiller]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Boots Randolph]], American saxophone player\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)]], British actor\n        [[As Time Goes By (UK TV series)]]\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Alan Seymour]], Australian\n        playwright and author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ralph Wetton]], English professional\n        footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Herbert R. Axelrod]], American\n        ichthyologist and musical instrument collector (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 8]]\n        – [[Jerry Stiller]], American comedian and actor\\n* [[June 10]] \\n**\n        [[Ladislao Kubala]], Hungarian football player and manager (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Bede Morris]], Australian immunologist (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Al Fairweather]], Scottish jazz musician (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        [[Yoshiro Hayashi (politician)|Yoshiro Hayashi]], Japanese politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Ariano Suassuna]], Brazilian playwright and author (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Wally Wood]], American cartoonist (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Paul Eddington]], British actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 19]]\n        – [[Luciano Benjam\\u00edn Men\\u00e9ndez]], Argentine general\\n* [[June\n        20]] – [[Bernard Cahier]], French F1 photo journalist (d. 2008)\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Iranganie Serasinghe]], Sri Lankan actress\\n** [[Hugh Rossi]],\n        British Conservative politician\\n** [[Don Jessop]], Australian politician\\n**\n        [[Carl Stokes]], American politician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Karl Sch\\u00fcgerl]], Hungarian chemical engineering studies \\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[John Habgood]], British retired Anglican bishop, academic, and\n        life peer\\n** [[Leonid Bogdanov]], Soviet Olympic fencer\\n** [[Bob Fosse]],\n        American choreographer and director (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Frederick\n        Vreeland]], American diplomat and writer\\n** [[Hal Nerdal]], Australian skier\\n**\n        [[Martin Lewis Perl]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[James B. Edwards]], American politician\n        and administrator (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Arnold Wolfendale]],\n        British astronomer\\n** [[Patricia Martin Bates]], Canadian artist\\n** [[Gerald\n        Freedman]], American theatre director, librettist, and lyricist, and a college\n        dean\\n** [[Kjell T\\u00e5nnander]], Swedish decathlete\\n** [[Chuck Smith (pastor)|Chuck\n        Smith]], American pastor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Jerry Schatzberg]],\n        photographer and film director\\n** [[Ben Turok]], former anti-apartheid activist,\n        Economics Professor and former South African member of parliament and a member\n        of the African National Congress\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Gracia\n        Barrios|es|3=Gracia Barrios}}, Chilean painter\\n** [[John Barber (basketball)|John\n        Barber]], American professional basketball player\\n** [[Cino Tortorella]],\n        Italian television presenter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bobby Myers (racing driver)|Bobby\n        Myers]], American [[NASCAR]] driver (d. [[1957]])\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Correlli\n        Barnett]], English military historian\\n** [[Dick Lane (baseball)|Dick Lane]],\n        American professional baseball player\\n** [[Boris Shilkov]], Soviet speed\n        skater (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Frank Sherwood Rowland]], American chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\n**\n        [[Viola Myers]], Canadian sprinter\\n** [[Pierre Savard]], Canadian politician\\n**\n        [[Roy Radner]], American economist\\n** [[Bert Hubbard]], American synchronized\n        swimmer, choreographer and coach\\n** [[Pat McGeer]], Canadian physician, professor,\n        baskebtall player and medical researcher\\n** [[Kenneth Snelson]], American\n        contemporary sculptor and photographer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Shirley\n        Fry Irvin]], American tennis player\\n** [[Frank McCabe (basketball)|Frank\n        McCabe]], American basketball player\\n** [[Wayne Knox]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Mario Lanfranchi]], Italian film, theatre and television director, screenwriter,\n        producer, collector and actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Gina Lollobrigida 1991.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gina\n        Lollobrigida]]]]\\n[[File:The Naked Spur-Janet Leigh.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Janet\n        Leigh]]]]\\n[[File:Kurt masur.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kurt Masur]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\n        \\n** [[Chandra Shekhar]], 8th [[Prime Minister of India]] (d. 2007)\\n** [[Mirghani\n        Alnasri]], Sudanese politician\\n** [[Richard Chaloner, 3rd Baron Gisborough]],\n        British Peer\\n** [[Winfield Dunn]], Politician; Governor of Tennessee \\n**\n        [[Leo Klejn]], Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist\\n* [[July\n        2]] \\n** [[James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern]], British advocate\\n**\n        [[Fern Villeneuve]], Canadian Army officer\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Salome \\u00deorkelsd\\u00f3ttir]],\n        Icelandic politician and first woman to be Speaker of the unicameral Althing\\n**\n        [[Tim O''Connor (actor)|Tim O''Connor]], American actor\\n** [[Peter Muller\n        (architect)|Peter Muller]], Canadian architect\\n** [[Ken Rowlands]], Welsh\n        boxer \\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Gina Lollobrigida]], Italian actress\\n** [[Neil\n        Simon]], American playwright, screenwriter and author\\n** [[Teresita Castillo]],\n        Filipino religious (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Derek Bond (bishop)|Derek Bond]], English\n        bishop\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Kah Kyung Cho]], Korean-American philosopher\\n**\n        [[Thomas Fleming (historian)|Thomas Fleming]], American military historian\n        and historical novelist \\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Dolores Claman]], Canadian composer\n        and pianist\\n** [[Alan Freeman]], Australian-born broadcaster and disc jockey\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Janet Leigh]], American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Pat\n        Paulsen]], American comedian and political satirist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Henri Dirickx]], Belgian international footballer played \\n** [[Doc\n        Severinsen]] American musician [[Johnny Carson Show]]\\n** [[Martin Ransohoff]],\n        American cinema and television producer, and member of the Ransohoff family\\n**\n        [[George C. Lodge]], American professor and former politician\\n** [[Lewis\n        Arthur Tambs]], American ambassador to Colombia and Costa Rica\\n** [[Henry\n        Kajura]],  Ugandan administrator and politician\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Lisa\n        Lu]], Chinese-born American actress and singer\\n** [[Maurice Hayes]], Irish\n        politician\\n** [[Khensur Lungri Namgyel]], Tibetan religious leader\\n** [[Cal\n        Christensen]], American basketball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Ed Ames]], American popular singer and actor\\n** [[Red Kelly]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player \\n** [[Richard N. Gardner]], United States Ambassador to\n        Spain and the United States Ambassador to Italy \\n** [[Ronnie Stonham]], Special\n        Assistant to the Director of Personnel at the BBC (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[David\n        Diop]], French West African poet (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** Elvira Corona,\n        American dancer and actress\\n** [[Park Seong-tae]], South Korean sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Grigory Barenblatt]], Russian mathematician\\n** [[Jack Kelley (ice hockey)|Jack\n        Kelley]], American ice hockey coach\\n** [[David Dinkins]], African-American\n        [[Mayor of New York City]] from [[1989]] through [[1993]]\\n** [[William Smithers]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Marcel Azzola]], French accordionist\\n* [[July 11]]\\n**\n        [[Theodore H. Maiman]], American inventor and physicist who developed the\n        [[laser]] (d. 2007)\\n** [[Julio Sobrera]], Uruguayan cyclist\\n** [[Gregorio\n        Salvador Caja]], Spanish linguist\\n** [[Chris Leonard]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[Abune Antonios]], third Patriarch of the Eritrean Orthodox\n        Tewahedo Church\\n** [[Tom Benson]], American footballer \\n** [[Frank Windsor]],\n        English actor\\n**  [[Gert Grigoleit]], American sprint canoer\\n** [[Muhammad\n        Iqbal (athlete)|Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistani hammer thrower\\n** [[Jack Harshman]],\n        American professional baseball pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 13]] \\n** [[Chin\n        Kung]], Buddhist monk from the Mahayana tradition\\n** [[Simone Veil]], French\n        lawyer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ian Reed]], Australian discus thrower\\n*\n        [[July 14]] \\n** [[John Chancellor]], American news anchorman for NBC (d.\n        1996)\\n** [[Paul V. Priolo]], American politician\\n** [[Ray Hannigan]], Canadian\n        professional ice hockey right winger\\n** [[Aimo Vartiainen]], Finnish alpine\n        skier\\n** [[Henri Skiba]], French football player\\n** [[Eero Lohi]], Finnish\n        modern pentathlete \\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Ann Jellicoe]], British playwright,\n        theatre director and actress\\n** [[Carmen Zapata]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[H\\u00e5kon Brusveen]], Norwegian cross-country skier\\n** [[Leo C. Zeferetti]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Joe Turkel]], American actor\\n** [[Nan Martin]],\n        American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Caerwyn Roderick]], British Labour Party\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gloria Pall]], American model, showgirl, actress,\n        author and businesswoman (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Ted Slevin]], English professional\n        rugby league footballer\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Shirley Hughes]], English author\n        and illustrator\\n** [[Derek Hawksworth]], English footballer\\n** [[Geoffrey\n        Martin (footballer)|Geoffrey Martin]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Serge\n        Baudo]], French conductor\\n** [[Jules Witcover]], American journalist, author,\n        and columnist\\n** [[Alois Eisentr\\u00e4ger]], German footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[John Warr]], English cricketer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Ed Leede]],\n        American former professional basketball player \\n** [[Roy Stuart (actor)|Roy\n        Stuart]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Keith MacDonald]],\n        Canadian politician\\n** [[Robert E. Haebel]], American major general\\n** [[Antonio\n        Garc\\u00eda-Trevijano]], Spanish republican, political activist, and author\\n**\n        [[Kurt Masur]], German conductor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Jack Harshman]], American\n        professional baseball pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Don Bagley]], American jazz\n        bassist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Alma Carlisle]], African American\n        architect and architectural historian\\n** [[Tom Blake (American football)|Tom\n        Blake]], American football player\\n** [[Herv\\u00e9 Pinoteau]], French historian\n        and royalist apologist \\n** [[Billy Gardner]], American former professional\n        baseball player, coach and manager\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Zhang Sizhi]], active\n        rights lawyer in China\\n** [[Robert Wahl]], American football player \\n**\n        [[Michael Gielen]], Austrian conductor and composer\\n** [[Heather Chasen]],\n        English actress\\n** [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]], Russian historian\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\n** [[Dick Smith (third baseman)|Dick Smith]], former Major League Baseball\n        infielder\\n** [[Joan Benedict Steiger]], American actress\\n** [[Hal Hatfield]],\n        Canadian football player\\n** [[William Liller]], American astronomer\\n* [[July\n        22]] \\n** [[Dagoberto Moll]], Uruguayan footballer and manager\\n** [[Hsing\n        Yun]], Chinese Buddhist monk\\n** [[Bill Detrick]], American college basketball\n        and golf coach (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Danny La Rue]], Irish\n        drag queen (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[John Seigenthaler]], American\n        journalist, writer, and political figure (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[John Ashbery]], American poet (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 30]] \\n** [[Richard\n        Johnson (actor)|Richard Johnson]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Victor\n        Wong (actor born 1927)|Victor Wong]], American actor (d. [[2001]])\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Eddie Kamae]], American ''ukulele (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jess\n        Thomas]], American tenor (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Eddie Kamae]], American ukuleleist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Arturo Armando Molina]], former President\n        of El Salvador\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Rocky Bridges]], American middle infielder\n        and third baseman (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Edwin W. Edwards]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Carl Switzer]], American actor (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Johnny\n        Temple]], American baseball player (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Marvin\n        Minsky]], American computer scientist, [[Turing Award]] winner ([[Artificial\n        intelligence]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Eivind Eckbo]], Norwegian\n        politician, lawyer and farmer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Stuart\n        Rosenberg]], American director (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Porter\n        Wagoner]], American country singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[David Padilla]], 64th President of Bolivia (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 14]]\n        – [[Roger Carel]] (Bancharel), French actor\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[F. Ray Keyser Jr.]], American lawyer and politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Rosalynn Carter]], [[First Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[L. Q. Jones]], American actor\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Peter\n        Oakley]], also known as geriatric1927,  British vlogger (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\n** [[Dick Bruna]], Dutch artist, graphic designer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Philippe Mestre]], French high-ranking civil servant, media executive and\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Althea Gibson]], African-American\n        tennis player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Ma Jir Bo]], Chinese Realism\n        oil painter (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Jill Amos]], New Zealand politician and community\n        leader (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Fouad al-Tikerly]], prominent\n        Iraqi novelist and writer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[A. Ross\n        Eckler Jr.]], American logologist, statistician and author (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Buford A. Johnson]], African-American World War II pilot\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Beene]], American fashion designer (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Bill Daily]], American comedian and dramatic actor\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Columbo\n        Peter Falk 1973.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Peter Falk]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        Br. [[John Hamman]] S.M. (d. [[2000]]), [[close-up magic]]ian, inventor, [[Marianist]]\n        brother (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Ant\\u00f4nio Carlos Magalh\\u00e3es]],\n        Brazilian politician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Eric Hill]],\n        English author and illustrator (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Johnny\n        Keating]], Scottish musician and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n**\n        [[Vernon Corea]], Sri Lankan broadcaster (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[G. David Schine]],\n        American businessman (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Laura Cardoso]],\n        Brazilian actress\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Peter Falk]], American actor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n** [[Jack Kelly (actor)|Jack Kelly]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Sadako Ogata]], Japanese diplomat, former United Nations High Commissioner\n        for Refugees\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Rosemary Harris]], American actress\\n**\n        [[William Hickey (actor)|William Hickey]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Nick Massi]], Former Bassist for ''The Four Seasons'' (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\n** [[Owen Aspinall]], 45th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Joan Hotchkis]], American actress, writer and performance artist\\n* [[September\n        22]]\\n** [[Kika de la Garza]], American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Gordon\n        Astall]], English footballer\\n** [[Tommy Lasorda]], American baseball manager\n        ([[Los Angeles Dodgers]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Thomas Vose Daily]],\n        American Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Arthur Malet]], English actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\n** [[Colin\n        Davis|Sir Colin Davis]], English conductor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Val Jellay]],\n        Australian actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Steve Stavro]],\n        Canadian businessman and sports team owner (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – Al\\u00edcia Raquel de Videla, former first Lady of Argentina\\n* [[September\n        29]] \\n** [[Cid Moreira]], Brazilian journalist and TV presenter,\\n** [[Adhemar\n        Ferreira da Silva]], Brazilian athlete (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[W. S. Merwin]], American poet\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sir Roger Moore 3\n        3x4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roger Moore]]]]\\n[[File:G\\u00fcnter Grass auf dem Blauen\n        Sofa.jpg|thumb|110px|[[G\\u00fcnter Grass]]]]\\n[[File:Jorge Batlle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jorge\n        Batlle]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Tom Bosley]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Antony Grey]], English gay rights activist (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]], Argentine scientist; received\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 10]]\n        – [[Dana Elcar]], American actor and director (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Princess Jos\\u00e9phine Charlotte of Belgium]], Grand Duchess\n        of Luxembourg (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Lee Konitz]], American\n        jazz composer and alto saxophonist\\n** [[Turgut \\u00d6zal]], 8th President\n        and 26th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Roger Moore]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Peter\n        Pollen]], Canadian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[G\\u00fcnter\n        Grass]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[George C. Scott]], American actor\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Pierre Alechinsky]], Belgian painter\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Leszek Ko\\u0142akowski]], Polish philosopher (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Cal Hogue]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\n** [[Jorge Batlle]], [[President of Uruguay]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Barbara Cook]], American singer and actress (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Roza Makagonova]], Russian actress (d. [[1995]])\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 2]] – [[Steve Ditko]], American comic-book writer and artist\\n*\n        [[November 3]] \\n** [[Marius Barnard (surgeon)|Marius Barnard]], South African\n        cardiac surgeon (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Peggy McCay]], American actress\\n** [[Jan\n        Stoeckart]], Dutch composer, conductor, trombonist and former radio producer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Odvar Nordli]], Norwegian politician and 10th [[Prime\n        Minister of Norway]]\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Bobby Breen]], Canadian-born\n        American actor and singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Kenneth\n        Waller]], English actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Hiroshi\n        Yamauchi]], Japanese businessman and president of [[Nintendo]] (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Ken Dodd]], English comedian\\n** [[Patti Page]], American\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\n** [[Gerry Glaude]], Canadian professional\n        ice hockey defenceman (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Sabah (singer)|Sabah]], Lebanese\n        singer and actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[McLean Stevenson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**[[Gregor Mackenzie]], British\n        politician (d. [[1992]])\\n**[[Bill Rowling]], 30th [[Prime Minister of New\n        Zealand]] (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Fenella Fielding]], English\n        actress\\n** [[Nicholas Taylor]], Geologist, businessman and politician and\n        former Canadian Senator\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Hank Ballard]], American\n        musician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\n** [[Georgia Frontiere]], co-owner\n        of the [[Los Angeles Rams|Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams]] (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Gordon\n        Christian]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 23]] –\n        [[Guy Davenport]], American author, artist, and scholar (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[Ahmadou Kourouma]], Ivorian writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Alfredo\n        Kraus]], Spanish tenor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 de\n        Jes\\u00fas Madera Uribe]], American Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Arnold Clark]], Scottish billionaire businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        28]] \\n** [[Abdul Halim of Kedah]], Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia\\n**\n        [[Chuck Mitchell]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Vin Scully]], American baseball broadcaster\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Tod\n        Sloan (ice hockey)|Tod Sloan]], Canadian professional ice hockey player (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert Guillaume]], American actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:King\n        Bhumibol Adulyadej 2010-9-29.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]]]\\n[[File:Stein\n        Eriksen 1952.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stein Eriksen]]]]\\n[[File:Kim Young Sam 1996.png|thumb|110px|[[Kim\n        Young-sam]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Prabhakar Thokal]], Indian cartoonist\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\n** [[Andy Williams]], American singer (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n** [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], British\n        academic (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]], King\n        Rama IX of Thailand (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[W. D. Amaradeva]], Sri Lanka maestro\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[\\u00d3scar M\\u00edguez]], Uruguayan football player (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Erich Probst]], Austrian football player (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Marcel Pelletier (ice hockey)|Marcel Pelletier]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Helen\n        Watts]], Welsh contralto (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Vladimir\n        Shatalov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Pierre Henry]],\n        French composer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Bob Farrell (motivational\n        speaker)|Bob Farrell]], American motivational speaker, author, and founder\n        of Farrell''s Ice Cream Parlour and Restaurant (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Stein Eriksen]], Norwegian Olympic skiier (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Robert Noyce]], Intel cofounder (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[James Wright (poet)|James Wright]], American poet\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Akihiko Hirata]], Japanese actor\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Richard Long (actor)|Richard Long]],\n        American actor (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Rom\\u00e9o LeBlanc]],\n        25th [[Governor General of Canada]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\n**[[Charlie\n        Callas]], American comedian and singer (d. [[2011]])\\n**[[Kim Young-sam]],\n        South Korean politician, 7th [[President of South Korea|President of the Republic\n        of Korea]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Mary Higgins Clark]],\n        American novelist\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Nellie Fox]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Ram Narayan]], Indian [[sarangi]] player\\n* [[December\n        26]]\\n** [[Akihiko Hirata]], Japanese actor (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Alan King]],\n        American comedian (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Denis Quilley]], British actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]]\\n** [[Audrey Wagner|Genevieve Audrey Wagner]], American professional\n        baseball player and Doctor of Medicine (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Luciano Frosini]],\n        Italian racing cyclist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Edward Babiuch]],\n        Polish Communist political figure\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Giorgio Capitani]],\n        Italian film director and screenwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Andy Stanfield]],\n        American athlete (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\n** [[Jan Kub\\u00ed\\u010dek]],\n        Czech constructivist painter and sculptor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Hamed Karoui]],\n        Prime Minister of Tunisia\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]], English-German author (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – Empress [[Carlota of Mexico]] (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Charles Warren]], British police officer and archeologist (b.\n        [[1840]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Janko Vukoti\\u0107]],\n        Montenegrin general (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Brooks Adams]],\n        American historian (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Carl Theodore\n        Vogelgesang]], American admiral (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 19]]\\n**[[Fernand\n        de Langle de Cary]], French general (b. [[1849]])\\n**[[Robert Fuchs]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1847]])\\n**[[Georg Brandes]], Danish critic and scholar (b.\n        [[1842]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\n** [[Austin M. Knight]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1854]])\\n** [[Hermann Obrist]], German sculptor (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n=== March\n        ===\\n\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Ira Remsen]], American chemist, discoverer of [[saccharin]]\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Max Th\\u00e9on]], Polish Jewish occultist (b. [[1848]])\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – [[Xenophon Stratigos]], Greek general (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[J\\u0101nis \\u010cakste]], Latvian politician, first\n        president of Latvian Republic (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Charles\n        Emmett Mack]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Templin\n        Potts]], American naval officer; 11th [[Naval Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Paul C\\u00e9sar Helleu]], French artist (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] – [[Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas]], Palestinian Catholic\n        nun, canonized (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Joe Start]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1842]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Gaston\n        Leroux]], French journalist and author (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Enrique Simonet]], Spanish painter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Earle Williams]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Wooster\n        and Davis|Noel Guy Davis]], American naval officer and aviator (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Wooster and Davis|Stanton Hall Wooster]], American\n        naval officer and aviator (b. 1895]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        [[Ernest Starling]], English physiologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Ernest Ball]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 8]]\n        – [[Charles Nungesser]], French aviator and World War I fighter ace\n        (date of disappearance) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Francois Coli]],\n        French aerial navigator and WW1 veteran (date of disappearance) (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Juan Gris]], Spanish sculptor and painter (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Henri Hubert]], French archaeologist and sociologist\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Lizzie borden.jpg|110px|thumb|right|[[Lizzie\n        Borden]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Lizzie Borden]], American accused murderer;\n        acquitted of killing her father and stepmother (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[J. B. Bury]],\n        Irish historian (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Hannibal di Francia]], Italian priest\n        and saint (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Robert McKim (actor)|Robert\n        McKim]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Victoria Woodhull]],\n        American feminist and spiritualist; first woman to ever run for U.S. President\n        (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[William Attewell]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Jerome K. Jerome]], English writer\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[Image:Albrecht Kossel nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albrecht\n        Kossel]]]]\\n[[File:King Ferdinand of Romania.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Ferdinand\n        of Romania]]]]\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Marcelino Crisologo]], Filipino politician,\n        playwright, writer and poet (b. [[1844]])\\n** [[Albrecht Kossel]], German\n        physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b.\n        [[1853]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Max Hoffmann]], German general (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[John Drew, Jr.]], American stage actor (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – King [[Ferdinand of Romania]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Ry\\u016bnosuke Akutagawa]], Japanese poet and writer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[June Mathis]], American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Leonard Wood]], American general (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[James Oliver Curwood]], American novelist\n        and conservationist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Johannes Theodor\n        Baargeld]], German painter and poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Nicola\n        Sacco]], Italian anarchist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Bartolomeo Vanzetti]], Italian\n        anarchist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Manuel D\\u00edaz Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Venezuelan writer (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Amelia Bingham]], American stage actress (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 5]]\n        \\n** [[Marcus Loew]], American theatre chain founder (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Wayne\n        Wheeler]], American temperance movement leader (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Lloyd W. Bertaud]], American aviator (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September\n        14]]\\n** [[Hugo Ball]], German poet, founder of ''''Dadaism'''' (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Isadora Duncan]], British-based American dancer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September\n        19]] – [[Michael Ancher]], Danish painter (b. [[1849]])\\n[[File:Willem\n        Einthoven.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Willem Einthoven]]]]\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – [[Leopold Wharton]], American film director (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Willem Einthoven]], Dutch inventor, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Charles Kilpatrick (cyclist)|Charles Kilpatrick]], American one-legged trick\n        cyclist (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Svante\n        Arrhenius]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Sam Warner]], Hollywood studio executive\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Gustave Whitehead]], German-born\n        aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[David Macpherson\n        (engineer)|David Macpherson]], Canadian-born American civil engineer (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** [[Borisav Stankovi\\u0107|Borisav \\\"Bora\\\" Stankovi\\u0107]],\n        [[Serbia]]n writer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Ross Youngs]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Squizzy\n        Taylor|Joseph \\\"Squizzy\\\" Taylor]], Australian underworld figure (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Florence Mills]], American cabaret\n        singer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n**[[Hawthorne C. Gray]], record-setting\n        American balloonist (b. [[1889]])\\n**[[Valli Valli]], actress (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] – [[Wilhelm Johannsen]], Danish botanist, physiologist\n        and geneticist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Emma Carus]], American\n        opera [[contralto]], (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Alfred III,\n        Prince of Windisch-Gr\\u00e4tz]], former Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n* [[December 17]]\\n**[[Hubert Harrison]], African-American writer,\n        critic, and activist (b. [[1883]])\\n**[[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]], Indian [[Revolutionary]],\n        Hindustan Republican Association (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil]], Indian [[Revolutionary]], Hindustan Republican\n        Association (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n**[[Ashfaqulla Khan]], Indian\n        [[Revolutionary]], Hindustan Republican Association (b. [[1900]])\\n**[[Thakur\n        Roshan Singh]], Indian [[Revolutionary]], Hindustan Republican Association  (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Arthur Holly Compton]], [[Charles Thomson\n        Rees Wilson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Heinrich\n        Otto Wieland]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]\n        – [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Henri Bergson]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Ferdinand\n        Buisson]], [[Ludwig Quidde]]\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[One Summer: America, 1927]],\n        a book by [[Bill Bryson]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Further reading==\\n*\n        [[Charles J. Shindo]]. ''''1927 and the Rise of Modern America'''' (University\n        Press of Kansas; 244 pages; 2010).\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1927}}\\n[[Category:1927|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-06T21:42:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":799301415,\"length\":62232,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927\"},\"34674\":{\"pageid\":34674,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1928\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:08:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1928}}\\n{{Events by month|1928}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1928}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1928}}\\n[[File:1928-ford-archives.jpg|right|thumb|120px|A\n        1928 [[Ford Model A (1927\\u201331)|Ford Model A]]]]\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1928}}\\n* January \\u2013 English [[bacteriologist]] [[Frederick\n        Griffith]] reports the results of [[Griffith''s experiment]], indirectly proving\n        the existence of [[DNA]].{{cite journal|last=Griffith|first=Fred.|title=The\n        Significance of Pneumococcal Types|journal=Journal of Hygiene|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press |volume=27|issue=2|pages=113\\u2013159|jstor=4626734|pmid=20474956|pmc=2167760|doi=10.1017/S0022172400031879\n        |date=January 1928}}{{cite journal|last=Downie|first=A. W.|title=Pneumococcal\n        transformation \\u2013 a backward view: Fourth Griffith Memorial Lecture|journal=[[Microbiology\n        (journal)|Journal of General Microbiology]]|url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/73/1/1.full.pdf|format=PDF|volume=73|issue=1|pages=1\\u201311|year=1972|doi=10.1099/00221287-73-1-1|pmid=4143929|accessdate=2011-11-30}}\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Estonia]] changes its currency from the [[Estonian mark|mark]]\n        to the [[Estonian kroon|kroon]].\\n** Abolition of domestic [[slavery]] in\n        the British Protectorate of [[Sierra Leone]] comes into effect.{{cite\n        news|date=January 3, 1928|title=250,000 Slaves in Sierra Leone, Africa, Freed|work=[[Chicago\n        Daily Tribune]]|page=3}}\\n** [[Eastern Bloc emigration and defection]]:\n        [[Boris Bazhanov]], [[Joseph Stalin]]''s personal secretary, crosses the border\n        to [[Iran]] to defect from the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[January 6]]\\u2013[[January\n        7|7]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Thames flood|River Thames floods]] in London; 14 drown.\n        On January 7 the [[moat]] at the [[Tower of London]] (drained in 1843 and\n        planted with grass) is completely refilled by the river.\\n* [[January 12]]\n        \\u2013 Convicted American murderer [[Ruth Snyder]] is executed at [[Sing Sing]].\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\u2013 The [[OGPU]] arrests [[Leon Trotsky]] in Moscow; he\n        assumes a status of passive resistance.\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 The [[High\n        island|volcanic island]] [[Anak Krakatau]] appears.{{cite web|title=Anak\n        Krakatoa|url=http://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_29.htm|work=Today in Science\n        History|publisher=Todayinsci|accessdate=2012-01-30}}{{cite book|first=Amie\n        Jane|last=Leavitt|title=Anatomy of a Volcanic Eruption|publisher=Capstone\n        Press|year=2011}} \\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Leon Trotsky]] is exiled\n        to [[Alma-Ata]].\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1928}}\\n[[File:1928\n        Winter Olympics poster.jpg|thumbnail|right|120px|[[1928 Winter Olympics]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\u2013 British inventor [[John Logie Baird]] broadcasts a transatlantic\n        television signal from London to [[Hartsdale, New York]].{{cite web|title=Transatlantic\n        Television in 1928|url=http://www.bairdtelevision.com/1928.html|work=Baird\n        Television|accessdate=2015-09-29}} Extract from ''''[[The New York Times]]''''\n        1928-02-09.\\n* [[February 11]]\\u2013[[February 19|19]] \\u2013 The [[1928\n        Winter Olympics]] are held in [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland, the first as a\n        separate event. [[Sonja Henie]] of Norway wins her first [[gold medal]] in\n        women''s [[figure skating]].\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 Heavy [[hail]] kills\n        11 in Britain.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 The [[Japanese general election,\n        1928|Japanese general election]] produces a hung parliament.\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Charles Jenkins Laboratories]] of Washington, D.C., becomes\n        the first holder of a television license from the [[Federal Radio Commission]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1928}}\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 In [[California]], the [[St. Francis\n        Dam]] north of Los Angeles fails, killing 600.\\n* [[March 15]]\\n:* [[March\n        15 incident]]: The Japanese government cracks down on socialists and communists.\\n:*\n        Chinese warlord [[Shi Yousan]] sets fire to the [[Shaolin Monastery]] in [[Henan]],\n        destroying some of its ancient structures and artifacts.{{cite book |last=Shahar\n        |first=Meir |authorlink=Meir Shahar |title=The Shaolin Monastery: History,\n        Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]\n        |location=Honolulu |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8248-3349-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiNEB0H6S0EC&pg=PA27\n        |page=27}}\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Charles Lindbergh]] is presented\n        with the [[Medal of Honor]] for his first [[Transatlantic flight]].\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\u2013 The [[China Academy of Art]] is founded in Hangzhou (originally\n        named the National Academy of Art).\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1928}}\\n*\n        [[April 10]] \\u2013 \\\"[[Pineapple Primary]]\\\": The United States [[Republican\n        Party (United States)|Republican Party]] primary elections in Chicago are\n        preceded by violence, bombings and assassination attempts (two politicians\n        are killed,  Octavius C. Granady and Giuseppe Esposito).\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013\n        A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader [[Benito Mussolini]] in Milan\n        kills 17 bystanders.\\n* [[April 12]]\\u2013[[April 14|14]] \\u2013 The first\n        ever east\\u2013west [[transatlantic flight]] by aeroplane takes place from\n        [[Dublin]], Ireland, to [[Greenly Island, Canada]], using German [[Junkers\n        W 33]] ''''[[Bremen (aircraft)|Bremen]]''''.\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 Two earthquakes\n        in [[Chirpan]] and [[Plovdiv]] in [[Bulgaria]] destroy more than 21,000 buildings\n        and kill almost 130 people.\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 The last section (\\\"wise\n        \\u2013 wyze\\\") of the original ''''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'''' is completed\n        and published.''''OED'''' (1933, 1978 vol. 1, pp. xxv, xxvl).\\n*\n        [[April 22]] \\u2013 An [[List of earthquakes in Greece|Ms 6.0 earthquake]]\n        affects southern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''''Violent''''),\n        leaving 20 dead, and destroying 3,000 homes in [[Corinth]]. A non-destructive\n        tsunami was also observed.\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 28 inches of snow fall\n        in southern-central Pennsylvania.{{cite web|first1=Gina|last1=Cherundolo|first2=Carly|last2=Porter|title=Is\n        Winter Finally Over?|url=http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/26025/is-winter-finally-over.asp|work=AccuWeather.com|date=2010-03-11|accessdate=2012-01-30}}\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1928}}\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Jinan incident]]: An armed conflict\n        between the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] allied with Northern Chinese warlords\n        against the [[Kuomintang]]''s southern army, occurs in [[Jinan]], China.\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 Passage of the [[Representation of the People (Equal Franchise)\n        Act 1928|Representation of the People Act]] in the United Kingdom lowers the\n        voting age for women from 30 to 21 giving them equal suffrage with men from\n        [[July 2]].{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket\n        On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[May 10]] \\u2013 The first regular schedule of television programming begins\n        in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], New York by the [[General Electric]]''s\n        television station [[W2XB]] (the station is popularly known as WGY Television,\n        after its sister radio station [[WGY (AM)|WGY]]).\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** The [[Royal\n        Flying Doctor Service of Australia]] commences operations.\\n** The [[animation|animated\n        short]] ''''[[Plane Crazy]]'''' is released by [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney\n        Studios]] in Los Angeles, featuring the first appearances of [[Mickey Mouse|Mickey]]\n        and [[Minnie Mouse]].\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 A bomb attack against the Italian\n        consulate in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, kills 22 and injures 43.\\n* [[May\n        24]] \\u2013 The [[Airship Italia|airship ''''Italia'''']] crashes at the [[North\n        Pole]]; one of the occupants is Italian general [[Umberto Nobile]]. A rescue\n        expedition leaves for the Pole on [[May 30]].\\n*[[May 30]] \\u2013 Rookie driver\n        [[Louis Meyer]] wins his first [[Indianapolis 500]]. He would win that race\n        again in [[1933]] and [[1936]].\\n[[File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg|thumb|120px|South\n        African flag]]\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 South Africa adopts a new national flag,\n        based upon the Van Riebeeck flag or Prinsevlag (originally the Dutch flag),\n        to replace the [[Red Ensign]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1928}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]] \\u2013 American [[serial killer]] [[Albert Fish]] kidnaps and kills\n        10-year-old Grace Budd.\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Huanggutun incident]]: [[Zhang\n        Zuolin]], a warlord, is killed by Japanese agents.\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 By\n        seizing [[History of Beijing|Beijing]] and renaming it B\\u011bip\\u00edng,\n        the [[National Revolutionary Army]] puts an end to the ''[[Fengtian clique|Fengtian]]\n        [[Warlord Era|warlords]]'' [[Beiyang government]] there.\\n* [[June 9]] \\n**\n        Australian aviator [[Charles Kingsford Smith]] and his crew complete the first\n        flight across the [[Pacific Ocean]] from the mainland United States to Australia\n        in [[Fokker F.VII]] aircraft ''''[[Southern Cross (aircraft)|Southern Cross]]''''.\n        Having left [[Oakland, California]] on May 31, they reach [[Brisbane]] via\n        [[Honolulu]] and [[Fiji]].\\n** [[Ellis Park Stadium]], as known well for sport\n        venues of [[South Africa]], officially opens in [[Johannesburg]].{{citation\n        needed|date =November 2016}}\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 A medical doctors'' strike\n        begins in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 Students take over the medical\n        wing of Rosario University in [[Argentina]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\u2013[[June 18|18]]\n        \\u2013 Aviator [[Amelia Earhart]] becomes the first woman to make a successful\n        [[Transatlantic flight]], as a passenger in a [[Fokker F.VII]]b/3m piloted\n        by [[Wilmer Stultz]] from [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] to Wales.\n        \\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Puni\\u0161a Ra\\u010di\\u0107]] kills three opposition\n        representatives in the [[Yugoslavia]]n Parliament, and injures three others\n        in gun attack.\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 A [[Sweden|Swedish]] aeroplane rescues\n        part of the Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. The Soviet\n        icebreaker ''''Krasin'''' saves the rest [[July 12]].\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013\n        The [[International Railway (New York\\u2013Ontario)]] switches to one-man\n        crews for its [[tram|trolleys]] in Canada. The keel of the first 1000 ft-long\n        [[Ocean Liner]] ''''[[Oceanic (unfinished ship)|Oceanic (III)]]'''' is laid;\n        construction is delayed and later cancelled the following year.\\n* [[June\n        29]] \\u2013 At the [[1928 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Houston]],\n        [[Governor of New York]] [[Al Smith]] becomes the first [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]\n        nominated by a major political party for President of the United States.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1928}}\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Charles Jenkins Laboratories]]''\n        [[W3XK]] station begins broadcasting on 6.42 [[megahertz|MHz]] using 48 lines.\\n*\n        [[July 3]] \\u2013 British inventor [[John Logie Baird]] demonstrates the world''s\n        first [[colour television]] transmission.{{cite book|title=The Hutchinson\n        Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1 }}\\n* [[July\n        7]] \\u2013 The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold\n        in [[Chillicothe, Missouri]], using [[Otto Frederick Rohwedder]]''s technology.\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\u2013 Mexican [[aviator]] [[Emilio Carranza]] dies in a solo\n        plane crash in the [[New Jersey Pine Barrens]], while returning from a goodwill\n        flight to New York City.\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 de Le\\u00f3n Toral]]\n        assassinates [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]], president of Mexico.\\n* [[July\n        25]] \\u2013 The United States recalls its troops from China.\\n* [[July 27]]\\n**\n        English [[cricket]]er [[Tich Freeman]] becomes the only [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]]\n        ever to take 200 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] wickets before the end\n        of July.\\n** [[Radclyffe Hall]]''s novel ''''[[The Well of Loneliness]]'''',\n        with its theme of [[lesbian]] love, is published in London.\\n* [[July 28]]\\u2013[[August\n        12]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Amsterdam]], opening\n        with the lighting of the [[Olympic flame]]. Women''s [[sport of athletics|athletics]]\n        and [[gymnastics]] debut at these games and [[discus throw]]er [[Halina Konopacka]]\n        of Poland became the first female Olympic gold medal winner for a track or\n        field event. [[Coca-Cola]] enters Europe as sponsor of the games.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1928}}\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 Italy and [[Ethiopia]] sign the\n        [[Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928|Italo-Ethiopian Treaty]].\\n* [[August 16]]\n        \\u2013 Serial killer [[Carl Panzram]] is arrested in Washington, D.C., for\n        burglary. According to his confession, \\\"In my lifetime I have murdered 21\n        human beings, I have committed thousands of burglaries, robberies, larcenies,\n        arsons and, last but not least, I have committed sodomy on more than 1,000\n        male human beings. For all these things I am not in the least bit sorry.\\\"\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Al Smith]] accepts the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]\n        presidential nomination, with ''''WGY/W2XB'''' simulcasting the event on radio\n        and television.\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 Ahmet Zogu proclaims himself King\n        [[Zog of Albania]]; he is crowned [[September 1]].\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013\n        In Scotland, May Donoghue finds the remains of a snail in her [[ginger beer]],\n        leading to the landmark [[negligence]] case ''''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]''''.{{cite\n        book|last=Chapman|first=Matthew|title=The Snail and the Ginger Beer: the story\n        of Donoghue v Stevenson|location=London|publisher=Wildy, Simmons & Hill|year=2010|isbn=0-85490-049-7}}\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\u2013 The [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand Pact]] is signed in Paris,\n        the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war.\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[C.D.\n        Motagua]] is founded as an [[association football]] club in [[Honduras]].\\n*\n        [[August 31]] \\u2013 ''''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'''' ({{lang-de|Die Dreigroschenoper|links=no}})\n        by [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Kurt Weill]] opens at the [[Theater am Schiffbauerdamm]],\n        Berlin.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September 1928}}\\n* [[September\n        1]]\\n** Ahmet Zogu, President of the [[Albanian Republic]], declares the country\n        to be a constitutional monarchy, the [[Albanian Kingdom (1928\\u201339)|Albanian\n        Kingdom]], with himself as [[Zog I of Albania|King Zog I]].\\n** [[Richard\n        E. Byrd]] leaves New York for the Arctic.\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Philo Farnsworth]]\n        demonstrates to the Press in [[San Francisco]] the world''s first working\n        [[History of television#Electronic television|all-electronic television]]\n        system, employing electronic scanning in both the pickup and display devices.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html |title=Philo Taylor Farnsworth\n        (1906\\u20131971) |work=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |accessdate=2011-06-22\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622033654/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html\n        |archivedate=June 22, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite book|last=Farnsworth|first=Elma\n        G.|year=1989|title=Distant Vision: Romance & Discovery on an Invisible Frontier|location=Salt\n        Lake City|publisher=PemberleyKent|page=108|isbn=0-9623276-0-3}}\\n**\n        [[Alexander Fleming]], at [[St Mary''s Hospital, London]], accidentally rediscovers\n        the [[antibiotic]] [[Penicillin]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.rsc.org/pdf/pressoffice/2003/penicillin.pdf|publisher=Royal\n        Society of Chemistry|location=London|title=Culture shock will highlight penicillin\n        discovery|format=PDF|date=2003-09-02|accessdate=2011-11-30}}\\n* [[September\n        11]] \\u2013 ''''The Queen''s Messenger'''' is the first melodrama broadcast\n        by Ernst F. W. Alexanderson at W2XAD ([[Schenectady, New York]]); WMAK ([[Kenmore,\n        New York|Kenmore]]) begins broadcasting in [[Buffalo, New York]].\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|Okeechobee hurricane]] hits [[Guadeloupe]],\n        killing 1,200 people.\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Tich Freeman]] sets an\n        all-time record for the number of wickets taken in an English [[cricket]]\n        season.\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|Okeechobee\n        hurricane]] kills at least 2,500 people in [[Florida]].\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Paul Galvin (businessman)|Paul and Joseph Galvin]] incorporate the\n        Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (later known as [[Motorola]] and [[Freescale]]).\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1928}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stalin]] launches\n        the [[First Five-Year Plan]] (1928\\u20131932 \\u2013 The average nonfarm wage\n        falls by 50% in the [[Soviet Union]]).\\n* [[October 2]] \\n**[[Josemar\\u00eda\n        Escriv\\u00e1]] founds [[Opus Dei]].\\n**[[Arvid Lindman]] returns as [[Prime\n        Minister of Sweden]], with his right-wing rival [[Ernst Trygger]] as [[Foreign\n        Minister of Sweden]].\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Haile Selassie]] is crowned\n        king (not yet emperor) of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]].\\n* [[October 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chiang Kai-shek]] is named as [[Generalissimo]] (Chairman of the\n        National Military Council) of the [[Nationalist Government]] of the [[Republic\n        of China]].\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 An [[Negative pressure ventilator|iron\n        lung]] respirator is used for the first time at Children''s Hospital, [[Boston]].\\n*\n        [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[William Edward Hickman]] is executed at [[San Quentin\n        State Prison]] for the 1927 murder of 12-year-old [[Marion Parker]].\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 The [[Phi Sigma Alpha]] Fraternity is founded at the [[University\n        of Puerto Rico, R\\u00edo Piedras Campus]].\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) is formally established, with\n        the adoption of the \\\"Statutes of the [[International Red Cross]]\\\"\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1928}}\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Turkey]] passes a law switching\n        the country from the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] to the [[Latin]]-based modern\n        [[Turkish alphabet]].\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Rothstein]], New York\n        City''s most notorious gambler, is shot to death over a poker game in a Manhattan  hotel.\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[United States presidential election, 1928]]: [[Republican\n        Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Herbert Hoover]] wins by a wide margin\n        over [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Governor of New York\n        [[Al Smith]].\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** The enthronement ceremony of [[Emperor\n        of Japan]] [[Hirohito]], is held two years after he actually took the imperial\n        throne on December 26, 1926, following the death of [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]].\\n**\n        The [[Leo the Lion (MGM)|MGM lion roars]] for the first time at the beginning\n        of the film ''''[[White Shadows in the South Seas]]''''.\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 The {{SS|Vestris}} develops a severe starboard list, is abandoned and\n        sinks approximately 200 miles off [[Hampton Roads, Virginia]]. Estimates of\n        the dead range from 110 to 127.\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Boston Garden]]\n        opens in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Mickey Mouse]]\n        appears in ''''[[Steamboat Willie]]'''', the third Mickey Mouse cartoon released,\n        but the first [[sound film]] and the first such film to be generally distributed.\\n*\n        [[November 22]] \\u2013 The one-movement ballet ''''[[Bol\\u00e9ro]]'''' with\n        music by [[Maurice Ravel]] and choreography by [[Bronislava Nijinska]] premi\\u00e8res\n        at the [[Palais Garnier|Paris Op\\u00e9ra]] to a commission by [[Ida Rubinstein]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1928}}\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 In [[Rio de Janeiro]], a\n        [[seaplane]] sent to greet [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] crashes near [[Cap Arcona]],\n        killing all on board.\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 The [[United States Congress]]\n        approves the construction of Boulder Dam, later renamed [[Hoover Dam]].\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Eliot Ness]] begins to lead the [[prohibition]] unit in Chicago.\\n*\n        The old [[Canaan]]ite city of [[Ugarit]] is rediscovered.\\n* [[Margaret Mead]]''s\n        influential [[cultural anthropology]] text ''''[[Coming of Age in Samoa]]''''\n        is published in the U.S.\\n* The [[Episcopal Church in the United States of\n        America]] ratifies a new revision of the [[Book of Common Prayer]].\\n* W2XBS,\n        [[RCA]]''s first television station, is established in New York City.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Zulfikar\n        Ali Bhutto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]]]\\n[[File:U.S Vice-President\n        Walter Mondale.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Walter Mondale]]]]\\n[[File:Eduard shevardnadze.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Eduard\n        Shevardnadze]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Abdul Sattar Edhi]], Pakistani\n        philanthropist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Avie Bennett]], Canadian\n        businessman and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Howard Caine]], American\n        character actor (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Alberto Zedda]], Italian conductor and\n        musicologist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert Goralski]], American journalist (d.\n        [[1988]])\\n** [[Daisaku Ikeda]], Japanese religious leader, the [[Soka Gakkai#List\n        of presidents|3rd President]] of [[Soka Gakkai]]\\n** [[Ellen Kaarma]], Estonian\n        actress (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Kate Molale]], South African anti-Apartheid activist\n        (d. 1980)\\n** [[Dan Rostenkowski]], American politician from [[Illinois]]\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Jan Kmenta]], Czech-American economist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Maurice Rigobert Marie-Sainte]], Martinique\n        Roman Catholic clergyman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Girish Chandra\n        Saxena]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Qian Qichen]], Chinese diplomat\n        and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], [[President of Pakistan]]\n        and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Walter Mondale]], U.S.\n        Senator, [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|42nd]] [[Vice President\n        of the United States]] and Presidential candidate\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013\n        [[George H. Ross]], American businessman\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[William\n        Peter Blatty]], American writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Bab\n        Christensen]], Norwegian actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Domenico\n        Modugno]], Italian singer, songwriter, actor and politician (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Philip Levine (poet)|Philip Levine]], American poet\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Mitchell Ryan]], American actor\\n**\n        [[David L. Wolper]], American television producer (d. [[2010]])\\n** Toshie\n        Kusunoki, Japanese singer, actress and voice actress\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Bengt Gustavsson]], Swedish footballer and manager (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Joanne Linville]], American actress\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[William\n        Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]], American author\\n** [[Pilar Lorengar]],\n        Spanish soprano (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Roman Frister]], Polish\n        writer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Jean Barraqu\\u00e9]], French composer (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Vidal Sassoon]], English hairdresser (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Malang (painter)|Malang]], Filipino artist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 21]]\n        \\n** [[Abraham S. Fischler]], American academic (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Gene Sharp]],\n        American political theorist of nonviolent action\\n** [[Reynaldo Bignone]],\n        45th [[President of Argentina]] \\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Yoshihiko Amino]],\n        Japanese historian (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Chico Carrasquel]],\n        Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jeanne Moreau]],\n        French actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Desmond Morris]], English\n        anthropologist and writer\\n** [[Michel Serrault]], French actor (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\n** [[Cor van der Hart]], Dutch footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], [[Georgia SSR|Georgian]] politician, 2nd [[President\n        of Georgia]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[J\\u00e9r\\u00f4me Choquette]], Canadian lawyer\n        and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Roger Vadim]], French\n        film director (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Hans Modrow]], [[Premier\n        of the German Democratic Republic|East German Premier]]\\n* [[January 28]]   [[Jorge\n        Zorreguieta]], Argentine businessman and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Mitch Leigh]], American musical theatre composer and theatrical\n        producer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Hal Prince]], American stage producer and director\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Chuck Willis]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[1958]]).\n        Some sources give his year of birth as 1926.\\n** [[Miltinho]], Brazilian singer\n        of samba and bolero music (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jean Kennedy\n        Smith and Vicki Kennedy.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean Kennedy Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ariel\n        Sharon, by Jim Wallace (Smithsonian Institution).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ariel Sharon]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Tom Lantos]], American Congressman (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Sam Edwards (physicist)|Sam Edwards]], Welsh physicist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Stuart Whitman]], American film and television actor\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Felix Pirani]], British theoretical physicist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ciriaco\n        De Mita]], Italian politician\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Frankie Vaughan]],\n        British singer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\n** [[Vincent Wong (UK actor)|Vincent\n        Wong]], British actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Kim Yong-nam]], North Korean politician\\n*\n        [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Andrew Greeley]], American Roman Catholic priest and\n        fiction novelist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Gene Lees]], Canadian\n        biographer and lyricist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Frank Frazetta]],\n        American illustrator (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Rinus Michels]], Dutch association\n        football player and coach (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Roger Mudd]], American journalist\n        \\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Alicia Quiroga|es|3=Alicia\n        Quiroga}}, Chilean actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Refik\n        Erduran]], Turkish playwright, columnist and writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Norman Bridwell]], American cartoonist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Porfi Jim\\u00e9nez]], Dominican-Venezuelan musician (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[John Ostrom]], American paleontologist (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Onuora Nzekwu]], Nigerian writer (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Jean Kennedy Smith]], American diplomat\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\n** Sir [[Bruce Forsyth]], English entertainer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Pushpa\n        Mittra Bhargava]], Indian scientist, writer, and administrator (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[David Somerset, 11th Duke of Beaufort]], British peer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ralph Earnhardt]], American race car driver (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Vasily Lazarev]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Naqsh Lyallpuri]], Indian ghazal (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Fats\n        Domino]], African-American musician\\n** [[Anatoly Filipchenko]], Russian cosmonaut\\n**\n        [[Ariel Sharon]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Israel]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Cl\\u00e1udio Correia e Castro|pt|3=Cl\\u00e1udio\n        Correia e Castro}}, Brazilian actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Michael Henshall]], English bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ramos\n        Pentagon.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fidel V. Ramos|Fidel Valdez Ramos]]]]\\n[[File:Alexander\n        Grothendieck.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander Grothendieck]]]]\\n[[File:Gordie Howe\n        Chex card.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gordie Howe]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Jacques\n        Rivette]], French filmmaker (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Gudrun Pausewang]],\n        German young fiction writer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel\n        Adler]], American composer\\n** [[Alan Sillitoe]], English writer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\n** [[Delbert Daisey]], American waterfowl wood carver and decoy\n        maker (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Zoe Duc\\u00f3s]], Argentine actress (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Dan Towler]], American football player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Arthur Dion Hanna]], Bahamian politician\\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013 [[Gerald\n        Bull]], Canadian engineer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Robert Adeyinka\n        Adebayo]], Nigerian politician and military officer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Kiyoshi Atsumi]], Japanese actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[James Earl\n        Ray]], American assassin (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Sandy Mactaggart]],\n        Scottish-born Canadian educator and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Edward Albee]], American dramatist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Aldemaro\n        Romero]], Venezuelan musician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix\n        Rodr\\u00edguez de la Fuente]], Spanish naturalist and broadcaster (d. [[1980]])\\n**\n        [[Earl Smith (1950s outfielder)|Earl Smith]], American baseball center fielder\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Karlheinz B\\u00f6hm]], Austrian actor\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Wakanohana Kanji I]], Japanese sumo wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Christa Ludwig]], German mezzo-soprano\\n** [[Victor Maddern]], English actor\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Eunice Gayson]], British actress\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Fidel V. Ramos|Fidel Valdez Ramos]], 12th [[President\n        of the Philippines]]\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Arthur Cook (sport shooter)|Arthur\n        Cook]], American sport shooter\\n** [[Hans K\\u00fcng]], Swiss Roman Catholic\n        theologian\\n** [[Patrick McGoohan]], American-born British-based actor of\n        Irish descent (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Fred Rogers]], American\n        children''s television host (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Surya Bahadur\n        Thapa]], 24th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 24]] \\n**\n        [[Ivar Aronsson]], Swedish rower (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Byron Janis]], American\n        pianist\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Jim Lovell]], American astronaut\\n* [[March\n        28]]\\n** [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], Polish-born U.S. National Security Advisor\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alexander Grothendieck]], German-born mathematician (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[Vincent Gigante]], [[American Mafia]] gangster\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Lefty Frizzell]], American country music\n        performer (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Gordie Howe]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Maya\n        Angelou visits YCP Feb 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Maya Angelou]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        D Watson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James D. Watson]]]]\\n[[File:EthelKennedySmile1968.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ethel\n        Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:Temple Black 1990.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Shirley Temple]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[George Grizzard]], American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        2]]\\n** [[Serge Gainsbourg]], French singer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Piet R\\u00f6mer]],\n        Dutch actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Maya Angelou]], African-American\n        poet and novelist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Estelle Harris]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Iakovos Garmatis]], Greek-born American Orthodox hierarch (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]]\\n** [[Joi Lansing]], American actress (b. [[1972]])\\n** [[James\n        D. Watson]], American geneticist; recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[James Garner]], American actor and producer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Alan J. Pakula]], American producer and director (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[James White (author)|James White]], Irish writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Eric Porter]], English actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n**\n        [[Floyd Spence]], American politician (d. [[2001]]) \\n** [[Tom Lehrer]], American\n        songwriter and satirist\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Earl Hurlburt]],\n        Canadian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Ethel Kennedy]],\n        wife of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\\n* [[April 12]] \\n** [[Hardy Kr\\u00fcger]],\n        German actor\\n** [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois Paillard]], French conductor (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Egil Monn-Iversen]], Norwegian composer and pianist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Vida Alves]], Brazilian actress (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[April 17]] \\n** [[Cynthia Ozick]], American writer\\n** [[Victor\n        Lownes]], American businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Karl\n        Josef Becker]], German cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Alexis\n        Korner]], British musician (d. [[1984]])\\n** Sultan [[Azlan Shah of Perak]],\n        King of Malaysia (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[Robert Byrne (chess\n        player)|Robert Byrne]], American chess player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Shirley Temple]], American actress and diplomat (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] \\n** [[Cy Twombly]], American artist (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Fitzmaurice]], English professional snooker player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] \\n** [[Fred Weintraub]], American film and television producer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Brigitte Auber]], French actress\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Yves Klein]],\n        French artist (d. [[1962]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Hosni Mubarak ritratto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hosni\n        Mubarak]]]]\\n[[File:KevorkianUCLARoyce.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jack Kevorkian]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] \\n** [[Marcelo Pinto Carvalheira]], Roman Catholic archbishop (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio Delfim Netto|Delfim Netto]], Brazilian economist,\n        former Minister of Finance, Agriculture, and Planning of Brazil, professor\n        and congressman\\n** [[Sonny James]], American country singer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Sisavath Keobounphanh]], 13th Prime Minister of Laos\\n** [[Desmond Titterington]],\n        British race car driver (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Hans Trass]],\n        Estonian ecologist and botanist (d. [[2017]]) \\n* [[May 3]] \\n** [[Dave Dudley]],\n        American singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jacques-Louis Lions]], French mathematician\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Maynard Ferguson]], Canadian jazz trumpeter\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Elem\\u00e9r Hankiss]], Hungarian sociologist and philosopher\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Hosni Mubarak]], 4th [[President of Egypt]]\\n** [[Joseph\n        Tydings]], former Democratic United States Senator\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Marshall\n        Grant]], American musician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[John Ingle]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Gregory Scarpa]], American\n        [[American Mafia|mobster]] (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Theodore Sorenson]], American\n        lawyer and speechwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Pancho Gonzales]],\n        American tennis player (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Barbara Ann Scott]], Canadian figure\n        skater (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jean Smith (baseball)|Jean Smith]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Mel Lewis]], American jazz\n        drummer and band leader (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Lothar Schmid]], German chess\n        player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Arnold R\\u00fc\\u00fctel]], [[President of Estonia]]\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Burt Bacharach]], American composer\\n* [[May 13]] \\n**\n        [[\\u00c9douard Molinaro]], French film director and screenwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Enrique Bola\\u00f1os]], former President of Nicaragua\\n** [[Jim Shoulders]],\n        American rodeo cowboy (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Algirdas \\u0160ocikas]],\n        Lithuanian amateur heavyweight boxer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Billy\n        Martin]], American baseball player and manager (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[May 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Pernell Roberts]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        [[Colin Chapman]], Founder of Lotus Cars (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Dolph Schayes]],\n        American basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Alice Drummond]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Jeannie Carson]], English\n        actress and comedian \\n** [[Rosemary Clooney]], American singer and actress\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\n** [[Adrian Frutiger]], Swiss typeface designer\n        and cutter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[William Trevor]], Irish novelist, playwright\n        and short story writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Jack Kevorkian]],\n        American right-to-die advocate (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Tony richardson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tony\n        Richardson]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Fabiola of Belgium.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Queen Fabiola\n        of Belgium]]]]\\n[[File:Richard M Sherman april 2014 retouched cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard\n        M. Sherman]]]]\\n[[File:John Forbes Nash, Jr. by Peter Badge.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John\n        Forbes Nash, Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:CheHigh.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Che Guevara]]]]\\n[[File:Martin\n        Landau-Mission-1968.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Martin Landau]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Georgi Dobrovolski]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Bob Monkhouse]],\n        English comedian and game show host (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Donald\n        Judd]], American artist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Tony Richardson]],\n        English film and theater director (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Maurice\n        Sendak]], American children''s author/illustrator (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Queen Fabiola of Belgium]], Spanish Queen Consort of [[Baudouin\n        of Belgium|King Baudouin of Belgium]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard M. Sherman]], American songwriter\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** [[Giacomo\n        Biffi]], Italian Cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[John Forbes Nash Jr.]], American\n        mathematician, recipient of the [[Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize in Economics]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 Ernesto Rafael Guevara\n        de la Serna aka [[Che Guevara]], Argentine-born Cuban revolutionary (d. [[1967]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Annie Cordy]], Belgian actress and singer \\n* [[June\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Bordaberry]], Uruguayan dictator (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Tommy DeVito (musician)|Tommy DeVito]], American musician\n        and former guitarist of ''[[The Four Seasons (band)|The Four Seasons]]''\\n**\n        [[Nancy Marchand]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\n** [[Eric\n        Dolphy]], American jazz musician (d. [[1964]])\\n** [[Martin Landau]], American\n        actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Avraham Bendori]], Israeli footballer\\n**\n        [[Charles D. Baker (businessman)|Charles D. Baker]], American businessman\n        and former U.S. government official\\n** [[Wolfgang Haken]], German mathematician\\n**\n        [[Fiorella Mari]], Brazilian-Italian actress\\n** [[Al Mengert]],  American\n        former professional golfer\\n** [[Margit Bara]], Hungarian actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[June 22]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Kiyohara Kiyoshi|ja|3=\\u5409\\u539f\\u516c\\u4e00\\u90ce}},\n        Japanese journalist\\n** [[Alfred M. Gray, Jr.]], American general \\n** [[Ralph\n        Waite]], American actor and political activist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Cholakis]], Canadian football player\\n** [[Klaus von Dohn\\u00e1nyi]],\n        German politician\\n** [[Ray Hyman]], Professor Emeritus of Psychology\\n**\n        [[Pete Ladygo]], American football player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\n**\n        [[Ivan \\u0160traus]], Bosnian architect\\n** [[Lawrence A. Skantze]], United\n        States Air Force general \\n** [[Wolfgang Altenburg]], German general\\n** [[Lester\n        Grinspoon]], Associate Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical\n        School\\n** [[Gil Stein (ice hockey)|Gil Stein]], American lawyer, law instructor\n        and former professional ice hockey executive\\n** [[Lawrence A. Skantze]],\n        American four-star general\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Gloria Ruiz]], Cuban outfielder\\n**\n        [[Giselda Leirner]], Brazilian writer, illustrator, and plastic artist\\n**\n        [[Edwin Mills (economist)|Edwin Mills]], American economist \\n** [[John A.\n        Wickham Jr.]], United States Army General\\n** [[Michael Paine]], American\n        engineer\\n** [[Moray Watson]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alexei Alexeyevich\n        Abrikosov]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Michel Brault]], Canadian cinematographer, cameraman,\n        film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        [[Samuel Belzberg]], Canadian businessman and philanthropist\\n** [[Yoshiro\n        Nakamatsu]], Japanese inventor\\n** [[Bill Sheffield]], American Democratic\n        politician\\n** [[Danford B. Greene]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        27]]\\n** [[Emmanuel Bodjoll\\u00e9]], former President of Togo\\n** [[Edward\n        B. Cottingham]], American politician \\n** [[Lin Ho-ming]], Taiwanese former\n        sports shooter\\n** [[Antoinette Spaak]], Belgian politician\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Gina Cabrera|es|3=Gina Cabrera}}, Cuban actress\\n**\n        [[Patrick Hemingway]], [[Ernest Hemingway]]''s second son\\n** [[Hans Blix]],\n        Swedish diplomat and politician\\n** [[Harold Evans]], British newspaper editor\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\n** [[Bill Bagley]], American politician\\n** [[Alfredo Biondi]],\n        Italian policitian and lawyer\\n** [[Nick Testa]], American professional baseball\n        catcher and coach\\n** [[Hans Cavalli-Bj\\u00f6rkman]], Swedish lawyer\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|K\\u014dya Matsuo|ja|3=\\u677e\\u5c3e\\u6d69\\u4e5f}}, Japanese jurist\\n**\n        [[Jean-Louis Pesch]], French writer\\n** [[Gene Verble]], American shortstop\\n**\n        [[James Lincoln Collier]], American journalist, professional musician and\n        author of books\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Helga B\\u00eersan|pl|3=Helga\n        B\\u00eersan}}, Romanian gymnast\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Martin]],\n        French singer and songwriter\\n** [[Hassan Hasanzadeh Amoli]], Islamic philosopher\n        and theologian and Mathematician\\n** [[Tony Conyers]], British journalist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Vincent Edwards Ben Casey 1963.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Vince\n        Edwards]]]]\\n[[File:Cossiga Francesco.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Francesco Cossiga]]]]\\n[[File:JosephJackson2007(cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Joe\n        Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:KubrickForLook.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Stanley\n        Kubrick]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Jim Hankinson]], English footballer\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Birgitta Ulfsson|fi|3=Birgitta Ulfsson}}, Finnish actress\\n** [[Bucky\n        McConnell]], American former professional basketball player\\n** [[Andreas\n        Aarflot]], Norwegian theologian and bishop emeritus in the Church of Norway\\n**\n        [[Gunnar M\\u00f6ller]], German television and film actor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Ram Naresh Yadav]], Indian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Line\n        Renaud]], French actress\\n** [[Tatyana Piletskaya]], Soviet and Russian film\n        and stage actress\\n** [[Sidney Kibrick]], American former child actor \\n**\n        [[Pierre Breteche]], French sailor\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Jacques\n        Bimbenet|fr|3=Jacques Bimbenet}}, French politician\\n** [[Neil Dansie]], former\n        Australian first-class cricketer\\n** [[Iven Carl Kincheloe, Jr.]], American\n        Korean War fighter ace and test pilot (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Evelyn\n        Anthony]], British female writer \\n** [[Georges-Jean Arnaud]], French author\\n**\n        [[Pierrette Bloch]], Swiss painter and textile artist\\n** [[Raymond Setlakwe]],\n        Canadian entrepreneur, lawyer, and former senator\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Teofisto\n        Guingona, Jr.]], 13th Vice President of the Philippines\\n** [[Giampiero Boniperti]],\n        Italian football player\\n** [[Patrick Tilley]], British science fiction author\\n**\n        [[Constantin Enache]], Romanian cross country skier\\n** [[Babe Birrer]], American\n        pitcher in Major League Baseball (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Lorraine\n        Fisher]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Juris\n        Hartmanis]], prominent computer scientist and computational theorist\\n** [[Ernie\n        Kell]], American politician\\n** [[Pierre Mauroy]], Prime Minister of France\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Bruce Nickells]], American harness racing driver and trainer\\n**\n        [[Warren Oates]], American actor (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor Tomasi]],\n        Argentine bobsledde\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Bernard Malgrange]], French mathematician\\n**\n        [[Richard R. Larson]], American politician\\n** [[Antony Hignell]], English\n        cricketer and javelin thrower (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Wally Osterkorn]], American\n        professional basketball player (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[N\\u00e9stor de Villa]],\n        Filipino actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Patricia Hitchcock]], English\n        actress\\n** [[Seneleleni Ndwandwe]], Queen consort of Swaziland\\n** [[Paul\n        Wyss]], Swiss politician\\n** [[Henry Sommerville]], Australian fencer\\n**\n        [[Charles James McDonnell]], American bishop\\n** [[Barbara Granlund]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Charles J. McDonnell]], American army officer\\n** [[Tom Chambers\n        (politician)|Tom Chambers]], Canadian politician\\n** [[S\\u00f8ren Elung Jensen]],\n        Danish actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Pat Adams]], American painter\n        and printmaker\\n** [[Balakh Sher Mazari]], former Prime Minister of Pakistan\\n**\n        [[Gordon Hill (referee)|Gordon Hill]], English football player\\n** [[Rafael\n        Hechanova]], Filipino basketball player\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Tulio Zof]], Argentine\n        footballer and coach (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Rudolf Kortokraks]], German painter\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Nikos Milas]], Greek basketball player\n        and basketball coach\\n** [[Vince Edwards]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Federico Bahamontes]], Spanish road bicycle racer\\n** [[Juan Rodr\\u00edguez\n        (rower)|Juan Rodr\\u00edguez]], Uruguayan rower\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Jack Nel]],\n        South African cricketer\\n** [[John Glenn (1960s outfielder)|John Glenn]],\n        Major League Baseball outfielder\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Hubert Monteilhet|fr|3=Hubert\n        Monteilhet}}, French writer\\n** [[Herb Johnson (American football)|Herb Johnson]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Moshe Greenberg]], American Bible scholar (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Jane Gardam]], English writer of children''s\n        and adult fiction\\n** [[Dor Bahadur Bista]], Nepalese anthropologist, social\n        scientist and activist\\n** [[Andrea Veneracion]], Filipina choral conductor\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Carmelita Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Mexican actress (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Greville Janner]], British politician, barrister and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\n** [[Muhammad Naqi Mallick]], Pakistani cyclist\\n** [[Elias\n        James Corey]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n** [[Hayden White]], American historian\\n** [[Paul Ronty]], Canadian\n        ice hockey centre\\n** [[S. R. Janakiraman]], Carnatic vocalist and a musicologist\\n**\n        [[Alastair Burnet]], British journalist and broadcaster (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[Al Rex]], American musician\\n** [[Mace Neufeld]], American film\n        and television producer\\n** [[Edgar Espinoza (sport shooter)|Edgar Espinoza]],\n        Venezuelan former sports shooter\\n** [[Tommaso Buscetta]], Italian [[Made\n        man|mafioso]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Daryl Spencer]], American professional baseball\n        player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Leroy Vinnegar]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]]\\n** [[Nancy Olson]], American actress\\n** [[Pal Benko]], French\n        chess grandmaster, author, and composer of endgame studies and chess problems\n        \\n** [[Bedabrata Barua]], Indian politician\\n** [[Ion Ioni\\u021b\\u0103 (cyclist)|Ion\n        Ioni\\u021b\\u0103]], Romanian cyclist\\n** [[Haydn Morris]], British and Irish\n        Lions international rugby union wing three-quarter\\n** Laurie Mitchell, American\n        actress\\n** [[William Rees-Mogg]], English journalist and public servant (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Viramachaneni Vimla Devi]], Indian parliamentarian\\n**\n        [[Hans Andersson-Tvilling]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n** [[Stig Andersson-Tvilling]],\n        Swedish ice hockey player (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Tom Troupe]], American actor\n        and writer \\n** [[Aleksandr Zasukhin]], Soviet boxer\\n** [[A. Dean Jeffs]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Nicholas Rescher]], German-American philosopher\\n**\n        [[Carlo Lenci]], Italian professional football player\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|C\\u00e9lio Borja|pt|3=C\\u00e9lio Borja}}, Brazilian lawyer, professor,\n        jurisconsult and politician\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Eliane\n        Lage|pt|3=Eliane Lage}}, Brazilian-French actress\\n** [[Bella Davidovich]],\n        Jewish Soviet-born American pianist\\n** [[Concha Vald\\u00e9s Miranda]], Cuban\n        songwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jim Rathmann]], American race car driver (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Robert Nixon (politician)|Robert Nixon]], Canadian\n        politician\\n** [[Chris Giles (Irish footballer)|Chris Giles]], Irish footballer\\n**\n        [[David Leach (admiral)|David Leach]], senior officer of the [[Royal Australian\n        Navy]]\\n** [[Joe Morello]], American jazz drummer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Baddiewinkle]], born Helen Ruth Elam Van Winkle, American internet\n        personality\\n** [[Manuel Guerra (swimmer)|Manuel Guerra]], Spanish swimmer\\n**\n        [[Stig Grybe]], Swedish actor, comedian, writer and film director (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Simon Vinkenoog]], Dutch poet and writer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Billy Harrell]],\n        American reserve infielder in Major League Baseball (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July\n        19]] \\n** [[Choi Yun-chil]], South Korean long-distance runner\\n** [[Samuel\n        John Hazo]], American author\\n** [[Lal Chand (athlete)|Lal Chand]], Indian\n        long-distance runner\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Belaid Abdessalam]], Algerian politician\\n**\n        [[Peter Ind]], British jazz double-bassist and record producer\\n** [[Jan Meyers]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Sheldon Solow]], American real estate developer\n        in New York\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Anne Harris (sculptor)|Anne Harris]], Canadian\n        sculptor\\n** [[Jervis Percy]], British modern pentathlete\\n** [[Hirofumi Uzawa]],\n        Japanese economist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Freda Dowie]], English\n        actress \\n** [[Orson Bean]], American film, television, and stage actor\\n**\n        [[Hugh Edighoffer]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Robert Bergland]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Jimmy Hill]], English football professional and personality\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Stu Locklin]], Major League Baseball outfielder (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Keter Betts]], American jazz bassist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Denis\n        Mahony]], Irish Gaelic footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Vera Rubin]], American\n        astronomer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Alan Rafkin]], American director, producer,\n        and actor for television (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Jardel Filho]],\n        Brazilian actor (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Dolphy]], Filipino actor\n        and comedian (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Mario Montenegro]], Filipino actor (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Francesco Cossiga]], Italian politician; 8th [[President\n        of Italy]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]], manager\n        and father of [[Michael Jackson]]\\n** [[Stanley Kubrick]], American film director\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Bernice Rubens]], British novelist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n**[[Philippe B\\u00e4r]], Dutch Roman Catholic bishop\\n**[[Li Ka-shing]],\n        Asia''s & Hong Kong''s richest person and major philanthropist\\n* [[July 30]]\n        \\n** [[Joe Nuxhall]], American baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Paul Bisciglia]],\n        French film actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Gilles Carle]], Canadian\n        film director and screenwriter (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Andy\n        Warhol 1975.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Andy Warhol]]]] \\n[[File:RANDI.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Randi]]]]\\n[[File:James Coburn The Californians 1959.JPG|120px|thumb|[[James\n        Coburn]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[M. R. Khan]], Bangladeshi pediatrician (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[James R. Dixon]], American professor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Shen\n        Daren]], Chinese politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jack Shea (director)|Jack\n        Shea]], American film and television director (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yoko Tani]], French-born Japanese actress and nightclub entertainer\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 3]] \\n** [[Janet Abu-Lughod]], American sociologist\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Henning Moritzen]], Danish actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[C\\u00e9cile\n        Aubry]], French film actress, author, television screenwriter and director\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Udham Singh (field hockey)|Udham Singh]],\n        member of Indian Hockey team and won three gold and a silver medals (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Fl\\u00f3ra K\\u00e1d\\u00e1r]], Hungarian actress (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Gerard\n        Damiano]], American director of adult films (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**\n        [[Chung Won-shik]], South Korean politician, educator, soldier, and author\\n**\n        [[Albrecht Dold]], German mathematician (d. [[2011]]) \\n** [[Bogdan Maglich]],\n        American physicist\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Jean-Christophe Averty]], French\n        television and radio director (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Mary Grant (politician)|Mary\n        Grant]], Ghanaian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Michel Clouscard]], French\n        Marxist philosopher and sociologist (d. [[2009]]) \\n** [[Andy Warhol]], American\n        artist (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Jean Carri\\u00e8re]], French writer (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[August 7]]\\n** [[Helen Vita]], Swiss chanson singer, actress, and comedian\n        (d. [[2001]]) \\n** [[James Randi]], Canadian-American retired stage magician\n        and scientific skeptic\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Lubor B\\u00e1rta]], Czech composer\n        (d. [[1972]])\\n** [[Sim\\u00f3n D\\u00edaz]], Venezuelan folk composer and singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jane Stoll]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2000]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Dolores Wilson]], American coloratura soprano\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Milan Bjegojevi\\u0107]], Yugoslav basketball player and\n        coach (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Bob Cousy]], American basketball player\\n** [[Gerd\n        Ruge]], German journalist, author and filmmaker\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Barry]], Irish Fine Gael politician and businessman (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Dean]], American musician, entrepreneur (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Eddie Fisher (singer)|Eddie\n        Fisher]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Beniamino\n        Andreatta]], Italian economist and politician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bob Buhl]], American baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[August 13]]   [[Pedro\n        Pedrossian]], Brazilian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Jacques\n        Rouffio]], French film director and screenwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Gunnar\n        Andersson (footballer)|Gunnar Andersson]], football player from Sweden (d.\n        [[1969]])\\n** [[Jo\\u00eblle Bernard]], French film and television actressc\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[August 15]] \\n** [[Carl Joachim Classen]], German classical\n        scholar (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal]], 2-Time Prime Minister\n        of Somalia (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan]], Indian sitar player\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Simone Silva]], Egyptian-born French film actress (d.\n        [[1957]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Levan Sanadze]], Georgian athlete who competed\n        mainly in the 100 metres (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Sh\\u014dji Yasui]], Japanese\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[George Ahlgren]], American rower who competed at\n        the 1948 Summer Olympics (d. [[1951]]) \\n** [[Eydie Gorm\\u00e9]], American\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ann Blyth]], American actress and singer \\n* [[August\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Willem Duys]], Dutch radio and television presenter, tennis\n        player and music producer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\n** [[Marge Schott]],\n        American baseball team owner (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[John Liu Shi-gong]], Chinese\n        Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alan R. Katritzky]], British-born\n        American chemist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Queen Ratna of Nepal]]\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Frank Rosolino]], American jazz trombonist (d. [[1978]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]]\\n** [[Wu Chuanyu]], Indonesian-born Chinese swimmer who competed\n        in the Olympic Games in 1948 and 1952 (d. [[1954]])\\n** [[Chris Brasher]],\n        British track and field athlete, sports journalist and co-founder of the London\n        Marathon (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Art Farmer]], American jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn\n        player (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\n** [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]], German\n        composer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Roberto Aizenberg]], Argentine painter and sculptor\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Marian Seldes]], American actress\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Herbert Kroemer]], German-born physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Zden\\u011bk\n        Veselovsk\\u00fd]], Czech zoologist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[P\\u00e9ter\n        Boross]], Hungarian politician\\n** [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]], leader of the\n        [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] of South Africa\\n** [[Francesco Saverio Salerno]],\n        Italian Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[Ed\n        Salem]], American football quarterback and defensive back (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[A. W. Pryor]], Australian physicist (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[James Coburn]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Jaime Sin|Jaime Cardinal\n        Sin]], Filipino Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:RoddyMcDowall.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Roddy\n        McDowall]]]]\\n[[File:AdamWest1989.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Adam West]]]]\\n[[File:Elie\n        Wiesel 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Elie Wiesel]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Muhammad Dandamayev]], Russian Babylonia historian (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Gaston Thorn]], [[Luxembourg]] Prime Minister (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Dick York]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]]\\n** [[Damayanti Joshi]], Indian classical dancer of [[Kathak]]\n        (d.  [[2004]])\\n** [[Albert Mangelsdorff]], German jazz musician (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Robert M. Pirsig]], American philosopher and author\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yevgeny Svetlanov]], Russian conductor and composer (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Miros\\u0142awa Litmanowicz]], Polish chess player (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Sid Watkins]], English neurosurgeon (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Donald Henderson]], American epidemiologist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Sol LeWitt]], American artist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 10]]\n        \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Selma Lopes|pt|3=Selma Lopes}}, Brazilian\n        actress and dubbing\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[William X. Kienzle]], American\n        author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[M. V. Rajasekharan]], Indian\n        member of [[Rajya Sabha]]\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Robert Indiana]], American\n        contemporary artist\\n** [[Tzannis Tzannetakis]], Prime Minister of Greece\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Park Honan]], American academic\n        and author (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Cannonball Adderley]],\n        American saxophonist (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Hironoshin\n        Furuhashi]], Japanese swimmer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Roddy\n        McDowall]], British actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[Sigrid\n        Kahle]], Swedish journalist and writer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Adam West]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Donald\n        Hall]], American poet and [[United States Poet Laureate]]\\n** [[Ruth Richard]],\n        American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Kirsten Rolffes]], Danish\n        actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Con Devitt]], Scottish-born\n        New Zealand trade unionist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[James\n        Lawson (American activist)|James Lawson]], African-American civil rights activist\n        and minister\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Bernie Custis]], American and Canadian\n        football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Victor Gold (journalist)|Victor\n        Gold]], American journalist and press secretary (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Koko Taylor]], African-American singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Elie Wiesel]], [[Romania|Rumanian]]-born [[Holocaust]] survivor,\n        writer, and lecturer; recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Laurence Harvey]], Lithuanian-born South African actor\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Sivaji Ganesan]], Indian stage and actor (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[George Peppard]], American film and television actor (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Zhu\n        Rongji]], former Premier of the People''s Republic of China\\n* [[October 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[George \\\"Spanky\\\" McFarland]], American actor and singer (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Edward L. Moyers]], American railroad executive (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Muriel Bevis]], American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Abraham Woods]], American civil rights\n        leader (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Sohrab Sepehri]], Persian poet and painter (d.\n        [[1980]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Bill Maynard]], British actor\\n* [[October\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], Finnish composer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Sheila Walsh (novelist)|Sheila F. Walsh]], English novelist\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Dilbagh Singh Athwal]], Indian geneticist\n        and agriculturist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Arnfinn Bergmann]],\n        Norwegian Olympic ski jumper (b. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Giambarba]], American graphic designer\\n* [[October 17]] \\n** [[Michael Palmer\n        (British Army officer)|Michael Palmer]], senior British Army officer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Breslin]], American journalist and author (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alejandro\n        V\\u00e9gh Villegas]], Uruguayan political figure (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Li Peng]], former [[Premier of the People''s Republic of China]]\\n*\n        [[October 21]] \\n** [[Vern Mikkelsen]], American professional basketball player\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Whitey Ford]], American baseball player\\n** [[Ed Nelson]],\n        American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Mohammad Beheshti]],\n        Chief Justice of Iran (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Jeanne Cooper]],\n        American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anthony Franciosa]], American actor (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Marion Ross]], American actress\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Shulamit Aloni]], Israeli politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Daniel Nathans]], American microbiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ennio\n        Morricone Cannes 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ennio Morricone]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos\n        Fuentes.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carlos Fuentes]]]]\\n[[File:RanceHoward.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Rance\n        Howard]]]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Osamu Tezuka]], Japanese manga artist (d.\n        [[1989]])\\n** [[George Yardley]], American basketball player (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Nick Holonyak]], American electrical engineer and inventor \\n* [[November\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Ursula Haverbeck]], German historian \\n* [[November 9]] \\n**\n        [[Anne Sexton]], American poet (d. [[1974]])\\n** [[Werner Veigel]], German\n        journalist and news presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Ennio\n        Morricone]], Italian composer\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Fuentes]],\n        Mexican writer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\n** [[Patricia Giles]], Australian\n        activist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Clu Gulager]], American actor and director\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Arman]], French artist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Rance Howard]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Amata Kabua]], 1st President of the Marshall Islands\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Anna Meyer]], American female professional baseball player\\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n** [[Inge Bandekow]], wife of German industrialist [[Harald\n        Quandt]] (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Otar Gordeli]], Georgian composer (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Ina van Faassen]], Dutch actress and comedian (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Aleksey Batalov]], Russian actor.\\n*\n        [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Augustin Bubn\\u00edk]], Czech ice hockey player,\n        coach and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Timothy Beaumont,\n        Baron Beaumont of Whitley]] (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Pat Smythe]], British showjumper\n        and author (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Toaripi Lauti]], 1st Prime\n        Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Arthur Melvin Okun]], American economist\n        (d. [[1980]]) \\n** [[Piet Steenbergen]], Dutch footballer  (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Bano Qudsia]], Pakistani writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Paul Simon (politician)|Paul Simon]], U.S. Senator from Illinois (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Takako Doi]], Japanese politician  (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Joe B. Hall]], American basketball coach\\n** [[Peter Hans Kolvenbach]],\n        Dutch Superior General of the [[Society of Jesus]] (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Noam\n        Chomsky, 2004.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Noam Chomsky]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\n** [[Guy\n        Bourdin]], French fashion photographer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Edwin Kessler]],\n        American atmospheric scientist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Karin\n        Bang]], Norwegian writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Hebe de\n        Bonafini]], Argentine activist\\n* [[December 7]] \\u2013 [[Noam Chomsky]],\n        American linguist\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Dick Van Patten]], American actor\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Ernst-Hugo J\\u00e4reg\\u00e5rd]],\n        Swedish actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Nati Mistral]], Spanish\n        actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]],\n        Austrian artist (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\n** [[Philip K. Dick]],\n        American science fiction author (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Bruce Ames]], American\n        biochemist\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[George Lindsey]], American actor (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Donald Adams]], British actor and opera\n        singer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\n** [[Irish McCalla]], American actress\n        and model (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Dick Miller]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], American \\\"Father\n        of the [[mobile phone]]\\\"\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[George W. Stocking Jr.]],\n        German-born American scholar (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Piers\n        Dixon]], British Conservative Party politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\n** [[Bo Diddley]], African-American musician (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Christian\n        Millau]], French food critic and author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\n**\n        [[Veijo Meri]], Finnish writer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Sin\\u00e9]], French cartoonist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Sidney Kimmel]], Philanthropist and\n        Film Producer [[Sidney Kimmel Entertainment]]\\n* [[Norman Carlberg]], American\n        sculptor\\n* [[George Parrish]], retired American [[NASCAR]] [[Sprint Cup Series|Cup\n        Series]] driver\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January\\u2013March===\\n[[File:Bernhard_III_(Saxe-Meiningen).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Bernhard\n        III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]]]]\\n[[File:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Hendrik\n        Lorentz]]]]\\n[[File:Herbert Henry Asquith.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Herbert\n        Henry Asquith]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Loie Fuller]], American dancer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Dorothy Donnelly]], American actress\n        and songwriter (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Emily Stevens (actress)|Emily Stevens]],\n        American actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Alvin Kraenzlein]],\n        American athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Hardy]],\n        British writer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Snyder]], American\n        murderer (executed) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Bernhard III,\n        Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[John de Robeck]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Nikolai Astrup]], Norwegian painter (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Charles Gorman (actor)|Charles Gorman]],\n        American actor (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Vicente Blasco Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez]],\n        Spanish novelist and screenwriter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Douglas\n        Haig]], British soldier (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Johannes\n        Fibiger]], Danish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Hughie Jennings]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Hendrik Lorentz]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Adolfo de Carolis]],\n        Italian painter (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Theodor Curtius]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Count Manfred von\n        Clary-Aldringen|Manfred von Clary-Aldringen]], Austro-Hungarian nobleman and\n        statesman, former Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[H. H. Asquith]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Eddie Foy]], American vaudevillian (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] -- [[Toribio Romo Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest, martyr and saint (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Juan V\\u00e1zquez\n        de Mella]], Spanish scholar and politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky]], German diplomat and noble (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Armando Diaz]], Italian general and Marshal of Italy\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Robert Abbe]], American surgeon (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[March 10]] -- [[Mateo Elias Nieves Castillo]], Mexican [[Roman\n        Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Nora\n        Bayes]], American singer and actress (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Edward Walter Maunder]], British astronomer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Medardo Rosso]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n===April\\u2013June===\\n[[File:Amundsen\n        in fur skins.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Roald Amundsen]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Theodore William Richards]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Roy Kilner]], English\n        cricketer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Dorus Rijkers]], famous Dutch\n        sailor and savior of over 500 men, women and children (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[April\n        22]]\\n** [[Warner B. Bayley]], United States Navy rear admiral (b. [[1845]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Currier]], American actor (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Floyd\n        Bennett]], American aviator (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Alessandro\n        Guidoni]], Italian air force general (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Clara\n        Williams]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 10]] -- [[Ivan Merz]],\n        Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]] blessed (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Big\n        Bill Haywood]], American labor leader (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n**[[Max\n        Scheler]], German philosopher (b. [[1874]])\\n**[[Henry F. Gilbert]], American\n        composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Francisco L\\u00f3pez Merino]],\n        Argentine poet (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Alexander Hamilton (priest)|Alexander\n        Hamilton]], American priest and blessed (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Zhang Zuolin]], Chinese warlord (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Liege\n        Hulett]], South African politician and [[sugar]] magnate (b. 1838)\\n* [[June\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Salvador D\\u00edaz Mir\\u00f3n]], Mexican poet (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], British women''s suffrage campaigner\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Mark Keppel]], Superintendent of Los\n        Angeles County Schools (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Roald Amundsen]],\n        Norwegian polar explorer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[A. B. Frost]],\n        American illustrator (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[George Siegmann]], American actor\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Holbrook Blinn]], American actor (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Leo Ditrichstein]], Austrian born actor\n        and playwright (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===July\\u2013September===\\n[[File:Wilhelm\n        Wien 1911.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Wilhelm Wien]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Frankie\n        Yale]], American gangster (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[\\u00c1lvaro\n        Obreg\\u00f3n]], Mexican military officer, 39th [[President of Mexico]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Giovanni Giolitti]], Italian politician and 13th [[Prime\n        Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n**[[Mihail Savov]], Bulgarian\n        general (b. [[1857]])\\n**Dame [[Ellen Terry]], British actress (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[William M. Folger]], American admiral (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]]\\n** [[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden]] (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Stjepan\n        Radi\\u0107]], Croatian politician (assassinated) (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Leo\\u0161 Jan\\u00e1\\u010dek]], Czech composer (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]] \\u2013 [[Carlo del Prete]], Italian aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Stephanos Skouloudis]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1838]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9mile Fayolle]], French general (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Hugh Evan-Thomas]], British admiral (b. [[1862]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Wien]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Urban Shocker]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Italo Svevo]],\n        Italian writer and businessman (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Devoy]], Irish rebel leader and exile (b. [[1842]])\\n\\n===October\\u2013December===\\n[[File:Andrewfisher2.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Andrew\n        Fisher]]]]\\n[[File:HeinrichXXVII.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Heinrich XXVII, Prince\n        Reuss Younger Line]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Cecilia Eusepi]], Italian\n        religious leader and blessed (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Larry\n        Semon]], American film actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Maria\n        Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dagmar of Denmark, later Maria Fyodorovna]],\n        wife of [[Alexander III of Russia|Tsar Alexander III]] and Empress Consort\n        of Russia (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Andrew Fisher]], Australian\n        politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Bowen Davies]], American artist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Robert Lansing]], U.S. Secretary of State (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\u2013 [[John William Wood, Sr.]], North Carolinian politician, founder\n        of [[Benson, North Carolina]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Arnold\n        Rothstein]], Jewish-American businessman and gangster (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Vlasios Tsirogiannis]], Greek general (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Alexander Trepov]], former Prime Minister of the Russian Empire\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Oskar Victorovich Stark]], Russian\n        admiral and explorer (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Enrico Cecchetti]],\n        Italian ballet dancer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Lala Lajpat\n        Rai]] \\\"The Lion of Punjab\\\", a leader of the [[Indian independence movement]]\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Mauritz Stiller]], Finnish screenwriter\n        and director (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich XXVII, Prince\n        Reuss Younger Line]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Reinhard Scheer]],\n        German admiral (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Frank Hedges Butler]],\n        British wine merchant and foundering member of the [[Aero Club of Great Britain]]\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Arthur Gore (tennis)|Arthur Gore]],\n        British tennis player (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Eustasio Rivera]], Colombian\n        writer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron\n        Tennyson|Hallam Tennyson]], 2nd Governor-General of Australia (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]], British architect (b.\n        [[1868]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Lewis Latimer]], American inventor (b.\n        [[1848]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 Patriarch [[Gregory IV of Antioch]] (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n**[[Theodore Roberts]], American actor (b. [[1861]])\\n**[[Pierre\n        Ruffey]], French general (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Elinor\n        Wylie]], American poet and novelist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Eglantyne Jebb]], British human rights activist and co-founder of ''''Save\n        the Children'''' (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Luigi Cadorna]],\n        Italian general (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Fred Thomson]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Owen Willans Richardson]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        Jules Henri Nicolle]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Sigrid\n        Undset]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n==In fiction==\\n*\n        This year is the setting of the [[video game]] ''''[[Blood (video game)|Blood]]''''\n        ([[1997 in video gaming|1997]]) retroactively dated in the game''s sequel\n        ''''[[Blood II: The Chosen]]'''' ([[1998 in video gaming|1998]])\\n* This is\n        the year that the [[Stargate (device)|Stargate]] is discovered in [[Giza]],\n        [[Egypt]], near the [[Giza Necropolis|Great Pyramids]], as seen in the film\n        ''''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]'''' ([[1994]]).\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1928}}\\n[[Category:1928|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:08:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":799142491,\"length\":73136,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1928&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928\"},\"34656\":{\"pageid\":34656,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1929\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T22:54:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1929}}\\n{{Events by month|1929}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1929}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1929}}\\n\\nThis year\n        marked the end of a period known in American history as the [[Roaring Twenties]]\n        after the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] ushered in a worldwide [[Great Depression]].\n        In the Americas, an agreement was brokered to end the [[Cristero War]], a\n        Catholic counter-revolution in Mexico. The [[Judicial Committee of the Privy\n        Council]], a British high court, ruled that Canadian  women are persons in\n        the ''''[[Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General)]]'''' case. The [[1st Academy\n        Awards]] for film were held in Los Angeles, while the [[Museum of Modern Art]]\n        opened in New York City. The [[Peruvian Air Force]] was created.\\n\\nIn Asia,\n        the Republic of China and the Soviet Union engaged in a [[Sino-Soviet conflict\n        (1929)|minor conflict]] after the Chinese seized full control of the [[Manchurian\n        Chinese Eastern Railway]], which ended with a resumption of joint administration.\n        In the Soviet Union, [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet\n        Union|General Secretary]] [[Joseph Stalin]] expelled [[Leon Trotsky]] and\n        adopted a policy of [[collectivization]]. [[The Grand Trunk Express]] began\n        service in India. [[1929 Palestine riots|Rioting]]  between Muslims and Jews\n        in Jerusalem over access to the [[Western Wall]] took place in the Middle\n        East. The [[centenary of Western Australia]] was celebrated.\\n\\nThe [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand\n        Pact]], a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, went\n        into effect. In Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed the [[Lateran\n        Treaty]]. The [[Idionymon]] law was passed in Greece to outlaw political dissent.\n        Spain hosted the [[Ibero-American Exposition]] which featured pavilions from\n        Latin American countries. The German airship [[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|LZ 127\n        ''''Graf Zeppelin'''']] flew around the world in 21 days.\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Summary==\\n\\n===Middle\n        East, Asia, and Pacific Isles===\\nOn [[August 1]] of this year the [[1929\n        Palestine riots]] broke out between [[Palestinians]] and [[Jews]] over control\n        of the [[Western Wall]]. The rioting, initiated in part when British police\n        tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall,{{cite\n        book|last=Segev|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Segev|title=One Palestine, Complete|year=1999|publisher=Metropolitan\n        Books|isbn=0-8050-4848-0|pages=295\\u2013313}} continued until the end\n        of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians were killed.{{cite\n        news|first=Matthew B.|last=Stannard|title=A Time of Change; Israelis, Palestinians\n        and the Disengagement|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/08/09/MNGF6E53GL1.DTL|work=San\n        Francisco Chronicle|date=2005-08-09}}NA 59/8/353/84/867n, 404 Wailing\n        Wall/279 and 280, Archdale Diary and Palestinian Police records. Two\n        of the more famous incidents occurring during these riots were the August\n        23\\u201324 [[1929 Hebron massacre]], in which almost 70 Jews were killed by\n        Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to stay at [[Hebron]]. The\n        Palestinians had been told that Jews were killing Palestinians. Jews would\n        not return to Hebron until after the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967.[[Tom Segev|Segev,\n        Tom]] (2000). ''''One Palestine, Complete; Jews and Arabs under the British\n        Mandate.'''' Translated by Haim Watzman of Metropolitan Books, Little, Brown\n        and company. pp. 318\\u2013319; {{ISBN|0-8050-4848-0}} and {{ISBN|0-316-64859-0}}.\n        The other major clash was the [[1929 Safed massacre]], in which 18\\u201320\n        Jews were killed by Palestinians in [[Safed]] in similar fashion.{{cite\n        book|title=Early Arab-Zionist Negotiation Attempts, 1913-1931|last=Kaplan|first=Neil|year=1983|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-7146-3214-7|page=82}}\n        Elsewhere in the Middle East, [[Iraq]] took a big step toward gaining independence\n        from the British. The Iraqi government had, since the end of World War I and\n        the beginning of the British Mandate in the Middle East, consistently resisted\n        British hegemony. In September, Great Britain announced it would support Iraq''s\n        inclusion in the [[League of Nations]], signaling the beginning of the end\n        of their direct control of the region.{{cite book|title=Britain''s Informal\n        Empire in the Middle East|first=Daniel|last=Silverfarb|author2=Majid Khadduri|pages=13\\u201320|isbn=0-19-503997-1|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=1986|location=New York}}\\n\\nEarly in 1929 the\n        Afghan leader [[King Amanullah]] lost power through revolution and civil war\n        to [[Habibull\\u0101h Kalak\\u0101ni]]. Habibull\\u0101h''s rule, however, only\n        lasted nine months. [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|Nadir Shah]] replaced him in October,\n        starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years.pp. 41\\u201344\n        {{ISBN|0-8133-4019-5}} In India, a general strike in Bombay continued\n        throughout the year despite efforts by the British.Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan.\n        ''''Imperial Power and Popular Politics.'''' Cambridge: Cambridge University\n        Press, 1998. pp. 170\\u2013178 {{ISBN|0-521-59692-0}} On [[December 29]],\n        the [[All India Congress]] in [[Lahore]] declared Indian [[independence]]\n        from Britain, something it had threatened to do if Britain did not grant India\n        dominion status.Vohra, Ranbir. ''''The Making of India.'''' Armonk: M.E.\n        Sharpe, 2001. pp. 147\\u2013148 {{ISBN|0-7656-0712-3}} China and Russia\n        engaged in a [[Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)|minor conflict]] after China seized\n        full control of the [[Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway]]. Russia counterattacked\n        and took the cities of [[Hailar District|Hailar]] and [[Manchouli]] after\n        issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated.\n        The Chinese agreed to the terms on [[November 26]]. The Japanese would later\n        see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, leading to their taking control\n        of Manchuria.Elleman, Bruce. ''''Diplomacy and Deception.'''' Armonk:\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1997. pp. 282\\u2013283 {{ISBN|0-7656-0143-5}} The Far East\n        began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the\n        Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as\n        its exports (spice, rubber, and other commodities) were more sensitive to\n        economic problems.Tarling, Nicholas. ''''The Cambridge History of Southeast\n        Asia.'''' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. pp. 182\\u2013184 {{ISBN|0-521-66371-7}}\n        In the Pacific, on [[December 28]] – \\\"[[Mau movement#Black Saturday|Black\n        Saturday]]\\\" in [[Samoa]] – New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed\n        demonstrators, an event which led the [[Mau movement]] to demand independence\n        for Samoa.\\n\\n===Europe===\\n\\n====Western====\\nIn 1929,\n        the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist Party in Italy]] tightened its control. National\n        education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by\n        the agenda of indoctrination.{{cite book|title=Hitler,\n        Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century|last=Pauley|first=Bruce\n        F.|year=2003|publisher=Harlan Davidson|location=Wheeling|page=117}}\n        In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of\n        all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath\n        of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the\n        same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.\\n\\nOn\n        February 11, Mussolini signed the [[Lateran Treaty]], making [[Vatican City]]\n        a sovereign state.{{cite book|title=Italy from Revolution  to Republic|last=Scala|first=DI|author2=M.\n        Spencer; D.I. Scala|year=2004|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder|isbn=0-8133-4176-0|pages=262\\u2013263}}\n        On [[July 25]], [[Pope Pius XI]] emerged from the [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]]\n        and entered St. Peter''s Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000\n        persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of [[Prisoner in the Vatican|papal self-imprisonment\n        within the Vatican]].{{cite book|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|last=Kertzer|first=David|year=2004|publisher=Houghton\n        Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=0-618-22442-4|pages=292\\u2013293}} Italy\n        used the diplomatic prestige associated with this successful agreement to\n        adopt a more aggressive foreign policy.{{cite book|title=The Vatican\n        and Italian Fascism, 1929-32|last=Pollard|first=John|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-02366-1|pages=74\\u201376}}\n        Germany experienced a major turning point in this year due to the economic\n        crash. The country had experienced prosperity under the government of the\n        [[Weimar Republic]] until foreign investors withdrew their German interests.\n        This began the crumbling of the Republican government in favor of Nazism.{{cite\n        book|title=Weimar and Nazi Germany|last=Lee|first=Stephen|year=1996|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|isbn=0-435-30920-X|pages=38\\u201339}}\n        In 1929, the number of unemployed reached three million.Gilbert, Martin.\n        ''''A History of the Twentieth Century.'''' New York: Avon books, 1998. {{ISBN|0-380-71393-4}}\n        On [[July 27]], the [[Geneva Convention (1929)|Geneva Convention]], held in\n        Switzerland, addressed the treatment of prisoners of war in response to problems\n        encountered during World War I.[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/305?OpenDocument\n        Geneva Convention (1929):Introduction]\\n\\nOn [[May 31]], the [[United\n        Kingdom general election, 1929|British general election]] returned a hung\n        parliament yet again, with the Liberals in position to determine who would\n        have power. These elections were known as the \\\"Flapper\\\" elections due to\n        the fact that it was the first British election in which women under 30 could\n        vote.{{cite book|title=Gender, Modernity, and the Popular Press in Inter-War\n        Britain|last=Bingham|first=Adrian|year=2004|publisher=Clarendon|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-927247-6|page=125}}\n        A week after the vote, on [[June 7]] the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]]\n        conceded power rather than ally with the Liberals. [[Ramsay MacDonald]] founded\n        a new [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government the next day.{{cite book|title=Twentieth-Century\n        Britain|first=William|last=Rubinstein|year=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=0-333-77224-5|pages=165\\u2013169}}\\n\\n1929\n        is regarded as a turning point by French historians, who point out that it\n        was last year in which prosperity was felt before the effects of the Great\n        Depression. The [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] had been in power\n        since before World War I. On July 24, French prime minister [[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]]\n        resigned for medical reasons; he was succeeded by [[Aristide Briand]]. Briand\n        adopted a foreign policy of both peace and defensive fortification. The [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand\n        Pact]], renouncing [[war]] as an instrument of [[foreign policy]], went into\n        effect in this year (it was first signed in Paris in [[1928]] by most leading\n        world powers).{{cite book|title=Triumph and Downfall|last=Louria|first=Margot|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood\n        Press|location=Westport|isbn=0-313-31272-9|pages=137\\u2013138}} The\n        French began work on the [[Maginot Line]] in this year, as a defense against\n        a possible German attack, and on September 5 Briand presented a plan for the\n        ''''United States of Europe''''.{{cite book|title=The Decline of the\n        Third Republic, 1914-1938|last=Bernard|first=Philippe|year=1985|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-35854-X|page=173}} On\n        October 22, Briand was replaced as Prime Minister by [[Andr\\u00e9 Tardieu]].{{cite\n        book|title=The Lights That Failed |last=Steiner|first=Zara|year=2005|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-822114-2|page=828}} [[Primo\n        de Rivera]]''s dictatorship in Spain experienced growing dissatisfaction among\n        students and academics, as well as businessmen who blamed the government for\n        recent economic woes. Many called for a fascist regime, like that in Italy.{{cite\n        book|title=Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977|last=Payne|first=Stanley|year=1999|publisher=University\n        of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison|isbn=0-299-16564-7|pages=36\\u201337}}\\n\\n====\n        Eastern ====\\nIn May, [[Joseph Stalin]] consolidated his power in the [[Soviet\n        Union]] by sending [[Leon Trotsky]] into exile. The only country that would  grant\n        Trotsky asylum was Turkey, in return for his help during Turkey''s civil war.\n        He and his family left the USSR aboard ship on February 12.Brackman,\n        Roman. ''''The Secret File of Joseph Stalin''''. London: Frank Cass, 2001.\n        pp. 202\\u2013203 {{ISBN|0-7146-5050-1}} Stalin turned on his former\n        political ally, [[Nikolai Bukharin]], who was the last real threat to his\n        power. By the end of the year Bukharin had been defeated. {{Clarify|date=February\n        2013}} Once Stalin was in power, he turned his former support for Lenin''s\n        [[New Economic Policy]] into opposition.Alexander, Robert. ''''International\n        Trotskyism, 1929-1985.'''' Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. p. 3 {{ISBN|0-8223-1066-X}}\n        In November, Stalin declared that it \\\"The Year of the Great Breakthrough\\\"\n        and stated that the country would focus on industrial programs as well as\n        on collectivizing the  grain supply. He hoped to surpass the West not only\n        in agriculture, but in industry.[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]].\n        ''''Joseph Stalin: a Biographical Companion''''. City: ABC-Clio Inc, 1999.\n        p. 119 {{ISBN|1-57607-084-0}} Millions of Soviet farmers were removed\n        from their private farms, their property was collected, and they were moved\n        to state-owned farms. Stalin emphasized in 1929 a campaign demonizing [[kulak]]s\n        as a plague on society. Kulak property was taken and they were deported by\n        cattle train to areas of frozen tundra.Gilbert, 761\\u20132\\n\\nThe\n        timber market in Finland began to decline in 1929 due to the Great Depression,\n        as well as the Soviet Union''s entrance into the market. Financial and political\n        problems culminated in the birth of the fascist [[Lapua Movement]] on [[November\n        23]] in a demonstration in [[Lapua]]. The movement''s stated aim was Finnish\n        democracy and anti-communism.Singleton, Frederick and Anthony Upton.\n        ''''A Short History of Finland''''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,\n        1998. p. 117; {{ISBN|0-521-64701-0}} The Finnish legislature received\n        heavy pressure to remove basic rights from Communist groups.Capoccia,\n        Giovanni. Defending Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,\n        2005. p. 153\\u2013154 {{ISBN|0-8018-8038-6}} Politics in Lithuania was\n        heated, as President Voldemaras was unpopular in some quarters, and survived\n        an assassination attempt in [[Kaunas]].[http://www.lituanus.org/1984_3/84_3_06.htm\n        Kristina Vai\\u010dikonis. ''''Augustinas Voldemaras'''']. Lituanus, Vol. 30,\n        No. 3, Fall 1984, ed. Antanas Klimas; {{ISSN|0024-5089}} Later, while\n        attending a meeting of the [[League of Nations]], he was  ousted in a coup\n        by President [[Antanas Smetona|Smetona]], who made himself dictator. Upon\n        Voldemaras'' removal from office, [[Iron Wolf (organization)|Gele\\u017einis\n        Vilkas]] went underground and received aid and encouragement in its activities\n        from Germany. Yugoslavia was renamed the \\\"Kingdom\n        of Yugoslavia\\\" as [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|King Alexander]] sought to\n        unite the Balkans under his rule.Lukic, Reneo and Allen Lynch. Europe\n        from the Balkans to the Urals. Solna: SIPRI, 1996. p. 68 {{ISBN|0-19-829200-7}}\n        The state''s new Monarchy replaced the old parliament, which had been dominated\n        by Serbs.Payne, Stanley. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. New York: Routledge,\n        1996. pp. 143\\u2013144 {{ISBN|1-85728-595-6}}\\n\\n=== North America ===\\n{{Main\n        article|1929 in the United States}}\\nIn October 1929, the British [[Judicial\n        Committee of the Privy Council]] overturned a ruling by the [[Supreme Court\n        of Canada]] that women could not be members of the legislature. This case,\n        which came to be known as the [[Persons Case]], had important ramifications\n        not just for the rights of women but because in overturning the case, the\n        Judicial Committee of the Privy Council engendered a radical change in the\n        Canadian judicial approach to the Canadian constitution, an approach that\n        has come to be known as the \\\"[[living tree doctrine]]\\\". The five women who\n        initiated the case are known in Canada as the [[The Famous Five (Canada)|Famous\n        Five]].{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Brennan|title=Alberta\n        Originals: Stories of Albertans Who Made a Difference|year=2001|publisher=Fifth\n        House|page=14|isbn=1-894004-76-0}} In November, the [[1929 Grand Banks\n        earthquake]] occurred off the south coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]\n        in the Atlantic Ocean. It registered as a [[Richter magnitude]] 7.2 [[submarine\n        earthquake]] centered on [[Grand Banks]], broke 12 submarine [[transatlantic\n        telegraph cable]]s and triggered a [[tsunami]] that destroyed many south coast\n        communities in the [[Burin Peninsula]] area, killing 28 (as of 1997, Canada''s\n        most lethal earthquake).\\n\\nThe Mexican [[Cristero\n        War]] continued in 1929 as clerical forces attempted an assassination of the\n        provisional president in a train bombing in February. The attempt failed.\n        [[Plutarco Calles]], at the center of power for the anti-clerics, continued\n        to gather power in Mexico City. His government was considered an enemy to\n        more conservative Mexicans who held to traditional forms of government and\n        more religious  control. Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early\n        in the year to increase his power; a party which was, ironically, seen by\n        foreigners as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right. A\n        special election was held in this year, which Jose Vasconselos lost to Ortiz\n        Rubio.  By this time, the war had ended.Sherman, John. ''''The Mexican\n        Right'''' New York: Praeger, 1997. {{ISBN|0-275-95736-5}} pp. 18\\u201323\n        The last group of rebels was defeated on June 4, and in the same month US\n        Ambassador [[Dwight Morrow]] initiated talks between parties. On [[June 21]]\n        an agreement was brokered ending the Cristero War. On [[June 27]], church\n        bells rang and mass was held publicly for the first time in three years. The\n        agreement heavily favored the government, as priests were required to  register\n        with the government and religion was banned from schools.Scheina, Robert.\n        ''''Latin America''s Wars'''' Volume II: the Age of the Professional Soldier,\n        1900-2001. City: Potomac Books Inc, 2003. {{ISBN|1-57488-452-2}}; pp. 32\\u201333\\n\\nThe\n        major event of the year for the United States was the [[Wall Street Crash\n        of 1929|stock market crash on Wall Street]], which was to have international\n        effects. On September 3, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] (DJIA) peaked\n        at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November  1954. Then, from\n        [[October 24]]–[[October 29]], stock prices suffered three multi-digit\n        percentage drops, wiping out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock\n        Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).Gilbert,\n        767\\u20139 On\n        [[December 3]] U.S. President [[Herbert Hoover]] announced to the [[United\n        States Congress|U.S. Congress]] that the worst effects of the recent [[stock\n        market]] crash were behind the nation, and that the American people had regained\n        faith in the [[Economics|economy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=22021|first=Herbert|last=Hoover|title=Annual\n        Message to Congress on the State of the Union|work=The American Presidency\n        Project|accessdate=2013-02-26}}\\n\\n=== Literature, arts, and entertainment\n        ===\\n{{Main article|1929 in the arts (disambiguation)}}\\nLiterature of the\n        time reflected the memories many harbored of the horrors of World War I. A\n        major seller was ''''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'''' by [[Erich Maria\n        Remarque]]. Remarque was a German who had fought in the war at age eighteen\n        and been wounded in the [[Third Battle of Ypres]]. He stated that he intended\n        the book to tell the story \\\"of a generation of men who, even though they\n        may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war.\\\" Another 1929 book\n        reflecting on World War I was [[Ernest Hemingway]]''s ''''[[A Farewell to\n        Arms]]'''', as well as ''''[[Good-Bye to All That]]'''' by [[Robert Graves]].Gilbert,\n        pp. 769\\u201370 In lighter media, a few stars of the comic industry\n        made their debut, including ''''[[The Adventures of Tintin|Tintin]]'''', a\n        [[comic book]] character created by [[Herg\\u00e9]], who would appear in over\n        200  million comic books in 60 languages. ''''[[Popeye]]'''', another [[comic\n        strip]] character created by [[Elzie Crisler Segar]], also appeared in this\n        year.\\n\\nWithin the film industry, on [[May 16]] the [[1st Academy Awards]]\n        were presented at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]], with ''''[[Wings (1927\n        film)|Wings]]'''' winning [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\n        Also, ''''[[Hallelujah! (film)|Hallelujah!]]'''' became the first Hollywood\n        film to contain an entirely black cast, and ''''[[Atlantic (film)|Atlantic]]'''',\n        a film about the ''''[[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'''', is an early\n        sound-on-film movie. The arts were in the midst of the [[Modernist]] movement,\n        as [[Pablo Picasso]] painted two [[cubist]] works, ''''Woman in a Garden''''\n        and ''''Nude in an Armchair'''', during this year. The [[surrealist]] painters\n        [[Salvador Dal\\u00ed]] and [[Ren\\u00e9 Magritte]] completed several works,\n        including ''''[[The First Days of Spring]]'''' and ''''[[The Treachery of\n        Images]]''''. On [[November 7]] in New York City, the [[Museum of Modern Art]]\n        opened to the public. The latest in [[modern architecture]] was also represented\n        by the [[Barcelona Pavilion]] in Spain, and the [[Fairmont Royal York|Royal\n        York Hotel]] in Toronto, at its completion the tallest building in the British\n        Empire.\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|1929 in science}}\\nThe\n        year saw several advances in technology and exploration. On [[June 27]] the\n        first public demonstration of color TV was held by H. E. Ives and his colleagues\n        at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images were a bouquet\n        of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system was used to transmit 50-line\n        color television images between New York and Washington. The [[BBC]] broadcast\n        a television transmission for the first time. By November, [[Vladimir Zworykin]]\n        had taken out the first patent for color television. On [[November 29]], [[Bernt\n        Balchen]], U.S. Admiral [[Richard E. Byrd|Richard Byrd]], Captain Ashley McKinley,\n        and [[Harold June]], became the first to fly over the [[South Pole]]. Within\n        the year, Britain, Australia and New Zealand began a joint [[British Australian\n        and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition|Antarctic Research Expedition]],\n        and the German airship ''''[[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|Graf Zeppelin]]'''' began\n        a round-the-world flight (ended [[August 29]]). This year [[Ernst Schwarz]]\n        describes [[Bonobo]] (''''Pan paniscus'''') as a different species from [[chimpanzee]]\n        (''''Pan troglodites''''), both closely related phylogenetically to human\n        beings.\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1929}}\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** The [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] airplane ''''[[Question Mark\n        (aircraft)|?]]'''' begins a six-day non-stop endurance flight over [[Southern\n        California]] using [[aerial refueling]].\\n** The [[British Columbia]]n municipalities\n        of [[Point Grey]] and [[South Vancouver (electoral district)|South Vancouver]]\n        are amalgamated into Vancouver.\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[6 January Dictatorship]]:\n        King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]\n        suspends his country''s  constitution.\\n** The [[Albania]]n missionary [[Nun|sister]]\n        Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later known as [[Mother Teresa]], arrives in [[Calcutta]]\n        from Ireland to begin her work in India.\\n* [[January 10]] – First appearance\n        of [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s Belgian [[comic book]] hero [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]]\n        as ''''[[Tintin in the Land of the Soviets]]'''' (''''Les Aventures de Tintin,\n        reporter..., au pays des Soviets''''), begins serialization in children''s\n        newspaper supplement, ''''[[Le Petit Vingti\\u00e8me]]''''.\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – ''''[http://www.editions.ehess.fr/revues/annales-histoire-sciences-sociales/\n        Annales d''histoire \\u00e9conomique et sociale]'''' begins publication in\n        France.\\n* [[January 17]] – First appearance of [[comic strip]] hero\n        [[Popeye]] in ''''Thimble Theatre''''.{{cite web|work=Don Markstein''s\n        Toonopedia|title=Popeye the Sailor|url=http://www.toonopedia.com/popeye.htm|accessdate=2011-09-22}}\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – ''''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'''' (''''Im\n        Westen nichts Neues''''), by [[Erich Maria Remarque]], is published in book\n        form.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1929}}\\n[[File:Park Dedication\n        in 1929 in Grand Teton NP-NPS.jpg|thumb|120px|[[February 26]]: [[Grand Teton\n        National Park]].]]\\n* [[February 9]] – \\\"[[Litvinov''s Pact]]\\\" is signed\n        in Moscow by the [[Soviet Union]], Poland, [[Estonia]], [[Romania]] and [[Latvia]]\n        who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves.{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vceInEkXX74C|title=The Soviet Union\n        and Iran|first=Miron|last=Rezun|pages=148|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1981|isbn=90-286-2621-2}}\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[La Liga|Liga Espanola]], a professional football\n        league of [[Spain]], founded.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} \\n* [[February\n        11]] – The [[Kingdom of Italy]] and the [[Holy See]] of the [[Catholic\n        Church]] sign the [[Lateran Treaty]] to establish the [[Vatican City]] as\n        an independent sovereign [[enclave]] within Rome, resolving the \\\"[[Roman\n        Question]]\\\".\\n* [[February 14]] – \\\"[[Saint Valentine''s Day Massacre]]\\\":\n        Five [[gangster]]s (rivals of [[Al Capone]]), plus two civilians, are shot\n        dead in Chicago. \\n* [[February 26]] – The [[Grand Teton National Park]]\n        is established by the [[United States Congress]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1929}}\\n[[File:President_Hoover_portrait.tif|thumb|120px|right|[[March\n        4]]: [[Herbert Hoover]] is 31st [[President of the United States of America]].]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – The longest bridge in the world at this time, the [[San\n        Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge]], opens.\\n* [[March 3]] – A revolt by Generals\n        Jos\\u00e9 Gonzalo Escobar and Jes\\u00fas Mar\\u00eda Aguirre fails in Mexico.\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Herbert Hoover]] is [[Inauguration of Herbert Hoover|sworn\n        in]] as the 31st President of the United States. \\n** Establishment of the\n        [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|National Revolutionary Party]] (''''Partido\n        Nacional Revolucionario'''') in Mexico by ex-President [[Plutarco El\\u00edas\n        Calles]]. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously\n        for the next 71 years.\\n* [[March 28]] – Japanese forces withdraw from\n        [[Shandong]] province to their garrison in [[Tsingtao]] bringing an end to\n        the [[Jinan Incident]].\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Imperial Airways]] begins\n        operating the first commercial flights between London and [[Karachi]].{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin\n        Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006|page=91}}\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n{{Main article|April 1929}}\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Persia]] signs the\n        [[Litvinov Protocol]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Karl Benz]]\n        the creator of the first [[automobile]] dies.\\n* [[April 14]] – The\n        inaugural [[Monaco Grand Prix]] is won by [[William Grover-Williams]] driving\n        a [[Bugatti]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1929}}\\n* May – The\n        [[Wickersham Commission]] begins its investigation of [[organized crime]]\n        following alcohol [[Prohibition in the United States]].\\n*[[May 1]] –\n        The 7.2 {{M|w}} [[1929 Kopet Dag earthquake|Kopet Dag earthquake]] shakes\n        the Iran-Turkmenistan border region with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of IX (''''Violent''''), killing up to 3,800 and injuring 1,121.\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – \\\"The Battle Of Blood Alley\\\" is fought by a [[razor gang]]\n        in Sydney, Australia\\n* [[May 16]] – The [[1st Academy Awards]] are\n        presented in a 15-minute ceremony at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]], honoring\n        the best movies of 1927 and 1928, ''''[[Wings (1927 film)|Wings]]'''' (1927)\n        winning [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]. [[Gerald Duffy]]\n        (died 1928) receives the only Academy Award for Best Title Writing ever awarded\n        (for his [[intertitle]]s to the [[silent film]] ''''[[The Private Life of\n        Helen of Troy]]'''' (1927)).\\n* [[May 31]] – The [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1929|United Kingdom general election]] again returns a [[hung parliament]];\n        the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]] in Parliament determine which party will\n        govern.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1929}}\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        The [[1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America]] is held in\n        [[Buenos Aires]].\\n* [[June 3]] – The [[Treaty of Lima]] settles a border\n        dispute between [[Peru]] and [[Chile]].\\n* [[June 7]] – The [[Lateran\n        Treaty]], making [[Vatican City]] a sovereign state, is ratified.\\n* [[June\n        8]] – [[Ramsay MacDonald]] forms the United Kingdom''s [[Second MacDonald\n        ministry|second Labour government]].\\n* [[June 21]] – An agreement brokered\n        by U.S. Ambassador [[Dwight Whitney Morrow]] helps end the [[Cristero War]]\n        in Mexico.\\n* [[June 27]] – The first public demonstration of [[color\n        TV]] is held, by [[H. E. Ives]] and his colleagues at [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]]\n        in New York. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an [[American flag]].\n        A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between\n        New York and Washington.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1929}}\\n* [[July\n        11]] – In the Soviet Union, a secret decree of the [[Sovnarkom]] creates\n        the backbone of the [[Gulag]] system.\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** French prime minister\n        [[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]] resigns and is succeeded by [[Aristide Briand]].\\n**\n        The [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand Pact]], renouncing war as an instrument of [[foreign\n        policy]], goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928,\n        by most leading world powers).\\n** [[Union Airways]] Pty. Ltd. is founded,\n        to be nationalised as [[South African Airways]] on 1 February 1934.\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Pope Pius XI]] emerges from the [[Apostolic Palace]] and enters\n        [[St. Peter''s Square]] in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons,\n        thus ending nearly 60 years of self-imposed status by the papacy as [[Prisoner\n        in the Vatican]].\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** The [[Geneva Convention (1929)|Geneva\n        Convention]] addresses the treatment of prisoners of war.\\n** [[Red Crescent]]\n        adopted as an additional emblem of the [[International Federation of Red Cross\n        and Red Crescent Societies|League of Red Cross Societies]].\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n{{Main article|August 1929}}\\n* [[August 8]]–[[August 29|29]] –\n        German [[rigid airship]] [[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|LZ 127 ''''Graf Zeppelin'''']]\n        makes a [[circumnavigation]] of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] eastabout out\n        of [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]], including the first nonstop flight of any kind\n        across the [[Pacific Ocean]] ([[Tokyo]]–[[Los Angeles]]).\\n* [[August\n        16]] – The [[1929 Palestine riots]] break out between [[Palestinians]]\n        and [[Jew]]s in [[Mandatory Palestine]] and continue until the end of the\n        month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed.\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – First transmissions of [[John Logie Baird]]''s experimental 30-line\n        television system by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]].{{cite\n        book|title=The Hutchinson Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1\n        }}\\n* [[August 23]]\\u2013[[August 24|24]] – The [[1929 Hebron\n        massacre]], in which 65\\u201368 Jews are killed by Palestinians and the remaining\n        Jews are forced to leave [[Hebron]].\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** The [[1929 Safed\n        massacre]], in which 18\\u201320 Jews are killed in [[Safed]] by Palestinian\n        Arabs.\\n** The {{SS|San Juan}} collides with the oil tanker ''''S.C.T. Dodd''''\n        off the [[California]] coast, causing the ''''San Juan'''' to sink in 3 minutes,\n        killing 77 people.\\n* [[August 31]] – The [[Young Plan]], which sets\n        the total [[World War I reparations]] owed by Germany at [[US$]]26,350,000,000\n        to be paid over a period of 58\\u00bd years, is finalized.\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n{{Main article|September 1929}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The [[Dow\n        Jones Industrial Average]] peaks at 381.17, a height it will not reach again\n        until November 1954.\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Aristide Briand]] presents\n        his plan for the ''''United States of Europe''''.\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        A coup ousts [[Augustinas Voldemaras]] in [[Lithuania]]; the new president\n        is [[Antanas Smetona]].\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Fritz von Opel]] pilots\n        the first [[rocket-powered aircraft]], the [[Opel RAK.1]], in front of a large\n        crowd in [[Frankfurt am Main]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1929}}\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Serie A]], as known well for professional\n        football league of [[Italy]], replacing from Divisione Nazionale.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[October 14]] – The [[Philadelphia Athletics]]\n        win the [[World Series]] four games to one over the [[Chicago Cubs]], taking\n        Game Five by a 3-2 score at [[Shibe Park]].\\n* [[October 18]] – On appeal\n        from the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]  on behalf of \\\"[[The Famous Five (Canada)|The\n        Famous Five]]\\\" Canadian women in the landmark case of ''''[[Edwards v. Canada\n        (Attorney General)]]'''', the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]\n        in the United Kingdom announces that women are \\\"persons\\\" under the [[British\n        North America Acts]] and thus eligible for appointment to the [[Senate of\n        Canada]].\\n* [[October 22]] – The government of [[Aristide Briand]]\n        falls in France.\\n[[File:Crowd outside nyse.jpg|thumb|120px|The Wall Street\n        Crash of 1929, the beginning of the Great Depression]]\\n* [[October 24]]–[[October\n        29|29]] – [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]]: Three multi-digit percentage\n        drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10\n        times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).\\n* [[October\n        25]] – Former [[U.S. Interior Secretary]] [[Albert B. Fall]] is convicted\n        of [[bribery]] for his role in the [[Teapot Dome scandal]], becoming the first\n        Presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1929}}\\n* November – [[Vladimir\n        Zworykin]] takes out the first patent for color television.\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** An [[solar eclipse#Types|annular solar eclipse]] is seen over the\n        Atlantic Ocean and Africa.\\n** [[Conscription in Australia]] ends.{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzMZAr41dn4C|title=The Torch and\n        the Sword: A History of the Army Cadet Movement in Australia|first=Craig|last=Stockings|pages=86|publisher=UNSW\n        Press|year=2007|isbn=0-86840-838-7}}\\n* [[November 7]] – In New\n        York City, the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) opens to the public. The first\n        exhibition ''C\\u00e9zanne, Gauguin, van Gogh and Seurat'' (Nov 7 \\u2013 Dec\n        7) was seen by 47.000 visitors, curator is Alfred H. Barr.\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – U.K. release of ''''[[Atlantic (film)|Atlantic]]'''', a film about\n        the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] which\n        is one of the first British [[sound-on-film]] movies and, in its simultaneously-shot\n        German-language version, the first to be released in Germany.\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[1929 Grand Banks earthquake]].{{citation|title=The\n        1929 Tsunami In St. Lawrence, Newfoundland |url=http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf\n        |first=Alan |last=Ruffman |year=1997 |location=Ottawa |publisher=Office of\n        Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=2013-02-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113024644/http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf\n        |archivedate=January 13, 2013 |df= }}\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Bernt\n        Balchen]], U.S. Admiral [[Richard E. Byrd|Richard Byrd]], Captain Ashley McKinley\n        and Harold June become the first to fly over the [[South Pole]].\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n{{Main article|December 1929}}\\n* [[December 28]] – \\\"[[Mau movement#Black\n        Saturday|Black Saturday]]\\\" in [[Samoa]]: New Zealand colonial police kill\n        11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which leads the [[Mau movement]] to demand\n        independence for Samoa.{{cite book|last=Meleisea|first=Malama|title=Lagaga:\n        A Short History of Western Samoa|publisher=University of the South Pacific|year=1987|isbn=982-02-0029-6|pages=137\\u20138}}\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – The All India Congress in [[Lahore]] demands Indian\n        [[independence]].{{Clarify|date=February 2013}}\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Sergio\n        Leone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sergio Leone]]]]\\n[[File:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Martin\n        Luther King Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Jacques plante.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jacques Plante]]]]\\n[[File:Mossbauer.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rudolf\n        M\\u00f6ssbauer]]]]\\n[[File:Studio publicity Jean Simmons.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean\n        Simmons]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Joseph Lombardo]], American mafioso\\n**\n        [[Haruo Nakajima]], Japanese actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Sergio\n        Leone]], Italian director (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Ernst Mahle]], Brazilian composer\\n**\n        [[Gordon Moore]], American computing entrepreneur and benefactor\\n* [[January\n        4]] \\n** [[Aldo Monti]], Mexican actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[G\\u00fcnter Schabowski]],\n        official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Wilbert Harrison]], American singer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Terry Moore (actress)|Terry Moore]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        8]]\\n** [[Saeed Jaffrey]], Indian-born actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Erich Jantsch]],\n        Austrian astrophysicist (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Brian Friel]],\n        Irish dramatist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Irena Homola-Sk\\u0105pska]],\n        Polish historian (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alasdair MacIntyre]], Scottish-born American\n        philosopher\\n** [[Jaakko Hintikka]], Finnish philosopher and logician (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], American civil\n        rights leader, Nobel laureate (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Shigeru\n        K\\u014dyama]], Japanese actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Eilaine\n        Roth]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Elaine\n        Roth]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Tan\n        Boon Teik]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jacques\n        Plante]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Kush]], American football player and coach (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Arte Johnson]],\n        American actor\\n* [[January 23]] – [[John Charles Polanyi]], Canadian\n        chemist, Nobel laureate\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Benny Golson]], American\n        jazz musician\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]], Japanese anti-nuclear\n        weapons activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Claes Oldenburg]],\n        American artist [[Clothespin (Oldenburg)]]\\n* [[January 29]] – [[George\n        Ross Anderson, Jr.]], United States federal judge\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], Egyptian business magnate \\n* [[January 30]] &ndash/\n        [[Richard Long, 4th Viscount Long]], British peer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Rudolf M\\u00f6ssbauer]], German physicist, Nobel laureate\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jean Simmons]], English-American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:James\n        Hong 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James Hong]]]]\\n[[File:Patriarch Alexey II of\n        Russia.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Patriarch Alexy II of Russia|Alexy II]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] – [[Basilio Lami Dozo]], Argentine dictator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\n** [[V\\u011bra Chytilov\\u00e1]], Czech director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[John\n        Henry Holland]], American computer scientist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 3]]\n        – [[Huntington Hardisty]], American admiral (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** [[Thomas H. Paterniti]], American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jerry\n        Adler]], American actor\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Luc Ferrari]], French composer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Fred Sinowatz]], 18th Chancellor of Austria (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]]\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Mart\\u00ednez P\\u00e9rez]], Spanish footballer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Colin Murdoch]], New Zealand  pharmacist, veterinarian\n        and inventor (d. [[2008]]) \\n** [[Sixten Jernberg]], Swedish Olympic cross-country\n        skier (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Pierre Brice]], French actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] \\n** [[Hallgeir Brenden]], Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Jerry Goldsmith]], American composer and conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Vic Morrow]], American actor and director (d. [[1982]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n** [[Graham Hill]], English race car driver (d. [[1975]])\\n**\n        [[Kauko Armas Nieminen]], Finnish physicist\\n** [[James Schlesinger]], American\n        politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\n** [[Omar Monza]], Argentine\n        basketball player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Patricia Routledge]], English actress\n        and singer\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Len Deighton]], British author \\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Chespirito]], Mexican actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[James Hong]], Chinese American actor and director\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Patriarch Alexy II of Russia]] (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] – [[Zdzis\\u0142aw Beksi\\u0144ski]], Polish surrealist\n        painter (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Fazil_Iskander_in_2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fazil\n        Iskander]]]]\\n[[File:Lennart Meri 1998.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lennart Meri]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Georgi Markov]], Bulgarian dissident (d. [[1978]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Fazil Iskander]], Abkhaz writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March\n        8]]\\n**[[Hebe Camargo]], Brazilian television presenter, actress and singer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[Nicodemo Scarfo]], American mafioso (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        9]]\\n** [[Desmond Hoyte]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Guyana]] and 4th [[President\n        of Guyana]] (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Zillur Rahman]], [[President of Bangladesh]]\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Peter Breck]], American actor and\n        drama teacher (d.  [[2012]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Christa Wolf]], German\n        literary critic, novelist, and essayist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Miquel Mart\\u00ed i Pol]], Catalan poet (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n**\n        [[Germ\\u00e1n Robles]], Spanish-Mexican film, theater, television, and voice\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[William Andrew MacKay]], Canadian lawyer and judge\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Herbert Wilson]], Welsh physicist and biophysicist (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[P. Ramlee]], Malaysian film actor, director,\n        singer, songwriter, composer, and producer (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[March 23]] –\n        [[Roger Bannister|Sir Roger Bannister]], British athlete\\n* [[March 25]] –\n        [[Cecil Taylor]], American free jazz pianist and composer\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Rita Briggs]], American female professional baseball player (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Lennart Meri]], [[President of Estonia]]\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Max von Sydow Cannes 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Max\n        von Sydow]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Barbara Bryne]], British actress\\n** [[Milan\n        Kundera]], Czech writer\\n** [[Jane Powell]], American actress and dancer\\n**\n        [[Bo Schembechler]], American football coach \\n* [[April 2]] – [[Ed\n        Dorn]], American poet (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Poul Schl\\u00fcter]],\n        Danish politician\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Lucina da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws]],\n        Dutch Antillean politician (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Ivar Giaever]], Norwegian physicist,\n        Nobel Prize laureate\\n**[[Nigel Hawthorne]], English actor (d. [[2001]])\\n**[[Joe\n        Meek]], English record producer, sound engineer, and songwriter (d. [[1967]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Fred Hollows]], New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist\n        (d. [[1993]]) \\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Mike Hawthorn]], British racing driver\n        (d. [[1959]])\\n** [[Max von Sydow]], Swedish actor\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** [[Gerry\n        Anderson]], English television and film producer, director, writer, better\n        known as the producer of ''''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]''''\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Paavo Berglund]], Finnish conductor and violinist (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Chadli Bendjedid]], 3rd [[President of\n        Algeria]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Roy Hamilton]], American\n        singer (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[James Last]], German composer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Michael Atiyah]], British-Lebanese\n        mathematician\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Abderrahmane Mahjoub]], French and\n        Moroccan international football (soccer) midfielder (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Alexandre Lamfalussy]], Hungarian-born Belgian economist and\n        central banker (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Klausj\\u00fcrgen Wussow]],\n        German theatre- and television actor (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Audrey\n        Hepburn 1956.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Audrey Hepburn]]]]\\n[[File:Betty Carter in\n        Pori July 1978.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Betty Carter]]]]\\n[[File:Nobel Prize 24 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter\n        Higgs]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Ralf Dahrendorf]], Anglo-German sociologist\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Link Wray]], American rock and roll musician\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Balladur]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]] \\n** [[Denise Lor]], American popular music singer and actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Per-Ingvar Br\\u00e5nemark]], Swedish physician and \\\"father\n        of modern dental implantology\\\" (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Ronald Golias]],\n        Brazilian comedian and actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Audrey Hepburn]], British\n        actress and activist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Ilene Woods]], American\n        singer and actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Paul Lauterbur]],\n        American chemist, Nobel laureate (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Miyoshi\n        Umeki]], Japanese singer and actress (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jane Roberts]], American\n        writer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Betty Foss]], American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Margaret\n        Kerry]], American actress\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Sam Nujoma]], first [[President\n        of Namibia]]\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Betty Carter]], American jazz singer (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n** [[Adrienne Rich]], American poet and essayist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Ahmed Hamdi]], Egyptian soldier (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] – [[Beverly Sills]], American operatic soprano; later director\n        of the [[New York City Opera]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Lloyd\n        Reckord]], Jamaican actor, filmmaker and director (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 29]]\n        – [[Peter Higgs]], British theoretical physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Karolos_Papoulias.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karolos\n        Papoulias]]]]\\n[[File:Fmr_CDN_PM_John_Turner.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John Turner]]]]\\n[[File:AnneFrankSchoolPhoto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anne\n        Frank]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Werner Arber]], Swiss microbiologist, Nobel\n        laureate\\n** [[Chuck Barris]], American television game show host and producer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Karolos Papoulias]], [[President of\n        Greece]]\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Sunil Dutt]], Hindi film actor (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]] – [[John Turner]], 17th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Johnny Ace]], American [[rhythm and blues]] singer (d. [[1954]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]]\\n** [[Harald Juhnke]], German actor and comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[E. O. Wilson]], American biologist\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Anne Frank]],\n        German-born diarist and Holocaust victim (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[Paul Cain (minister)|Paul Cain]], American Pentecostal Christian evangelist\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[J\\u00fcrgen Habermas]], German sociologist and philosopher\n        \\n* [[June 20]] \\n** [[Anne Weale]], British writer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Larry\n        Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]], American novelist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June\n        21]] \\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Luis Rivera]], Puerto Rican politician\\n** [[Stephen\n        B. Wiley]], American politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Bob Gain]], American football\n        player (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Alex P. Garcia]], American politician\\n*\n        [[June 23]]\\n** [[Gail Peters]], American former competition swimmer\\n** [[Gerald\n        Eustis Thomas]], American naval officer, diplomat and academic\\n** [[Mario\n        Ghella]], Italian racing cyclist \\n** [[Claude Goretta]], Swiss internationally\n        successful television producer and film director\\n** [[Bart Carlier]], Dutch\n        football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker]],\n        American astronomer\\n** [[Yaakov Agmon]], Israeli theatre producer, manager,\n        and director\\n** [[Vic Carrabotta]], American comic-book artist and advertising\n        art director\\n** [[Connie Hall]], American country music singer \\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Benny Schmidt]], Danish modern pentathlete\\n** [[Eric Carle]],\n        American designer, illustrator, and writer\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Milton\n        Glaser]], American graphic designer, illustrator and teacher\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[J. C. Duncan]], American politician\\n** [[H. Ian Macdonald]], Canadian economist,\n        civil servant\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Glenn D. Paige]], American political\n        scientist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Pat Crawford Brown]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Pete George]], American weightlifter\\n** [[Lalla Fatima Zohra]], Moroccan\n        aristocrat (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Oriana Fallaci]], Italian journalist and author\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Yang Ti-liang]], retired senior Hong Kong\n        judge\\n** [[Othmar M\\u00e1ga]], German conductor\\n** [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n\n        Phan]], Vietnamese swimmer\\n** [[Atli Steinarsson]], Icelandic former swimmer\\n**\n        [[Ron Phoenix]], English footballer\\n** [[Ivor Seemley]], English professional\n        footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Imelda Marcos.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Imelda\n        Marcos]]]]\\n[[File:DF-SC-83-08526.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hassan II of Morocco]]]]\\n[[File:JBK\n        In Ft Worth (11-22-63).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Jack Storey (footballer)|Jack Storey]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n** [[Gerald Edelman]], American biologist, Nobel laureate (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Imelda Marcos]], First Lady of the Philippines\\n**\n        [[Daphne Hasenjager]], South African athlete\\n** [[Abraham Avigdorov]], Israeli\n        soldier (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Joanne Herring]], American socialite,\n        businesswoman, political activist, philanthropist, diplomat, and former television\n        talk show host\\n** [[Lavelle White]], American Texas blues and soul blues\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Dar\\u00edo Castrill\\u00f3n Hoyos]],\n        Colombian cardinal of the Catholic Church\\n** [[Bill Tremel]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Chikao \\u014ctsuka]], Japanese\n        actor and voice actor, father of [[Akio \\u014ctsuka]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Katherine\n        Helmond]], American actress\\n** [[Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se Quentin]], French actress\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Russell Middlemiss]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n** [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Carr\\u00e8re d''Encausse]], secretary of\n        the Acad\\u00e9mie fran\\u00e7aise and a historian specializing in Russian history\\n**\n        [[Jack Edwards (footballer, born 1929)|Jack Edwards]], Welsh former professional\n        footballer and football manager\\n** [[Angelo LiPetri]], American former professional\n        baseball player\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|M\\u00e1rio S\\u00e9rgio\n        (ator)|pt|3=M\\u00e1rio S\\u00e9rgio (ator)}}, Brazilian actor\\n** [[Colin Walker\n        (footballer, born 1929)|Colin Walker]], English footballer\\n** [[Sergio Romano\n        (writer)|Sergio Romano]], Italian writer, journalist, and historian\\n* [[July\n        8]]\\n** [[Milena Greppi]], Italian hurdler\\n** [[Vern Bakalich]], New Zealand\n        rugby league player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Hans Sinniger]], Swiss\n        former sports shooter\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor L\\u00f3pez]], Panamanian left fielder\n        and third baseman in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Elon Lages Lima]], Brazilian\n        mathematician\\n** [[Christopher Morahan]], English stage and television director\n        and production executive\\n** King [[Hassan II of Morocco]] (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Chi Haotian]], Chinese general\\n** [[Franco Graziosi]],\n        Italian actor \\n** [[Winnie Ewing]], Scottish nationalist\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Vicente Rangel]], Venezuelan leftist politician\\n* [[July 11]] – [[David\n        Kelly (actor)|David Kelly]], Irish actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\n**\n        [[Brian Woodward]], English former professional footballer\\n** [[Barry Griffiths\n        (footballer)|Barry Griffiths]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Bill Nolan\n        (footballer, born 1929)|Bill Nolan]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[Luciano Panetti]], Italian professional football player (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Sofia Muratova]], Soviet artistic gymnast (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**\n        [[Adam Inglis (footballer)|Adam Inglis]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Jean Konan Banny]], Ivorian politician\\n** [[Sonja Kastl]], Croatian film\n        and stage actress, teacher, dancer and choreographer\\n** [[V. C. Kulandaiswamy]],\n        Indian academic and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Kailash Chandra Joshi]], politician\n        belonging to Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)\\n** [[Syed Rahim]], Indian cricketer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Patricia Scott]], American pitcher (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Alain Porthault]], French former sprinter\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[Gaby Tanguy]], French former swimmer\\n** [[Horace Ladymon]], American politician\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Arthur Frommer]], American writer, publisher and consumer\n        advocate\\n** [[Vasco Modena]], Italian racing cyclist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Dick Button]], American figure skater\\n** [[Enore Boscolo]], Italian\n        professional football player\\n** [[Roy Killin]], Canadian professional footballer\\n**\n        [[A V Swamy]], Indian politician\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Gaston Glock]], Austrian\n        Inventor and Businessman\\n** [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]], French historian\\n**\n        [[Ronald Melzack]], Canadian psychologist and emeritus professor\\n** [[Orville\n        Turnquest]], Bahamian politician\\n** [[Alice Pollitt]], American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Irving Wardle]], English\n        writer and theatre critic\\n** [[Hosbet Suresh]], American judge\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Albert Kwesi Ocran]], Ghanaian soldier and politician\\n** [[Antonia\n        Handler Chayes]], American lawyer and educator\\n** [[Idrissa Dione]], French\n        boxer \\n** [[Albert Kwesi Ocran]], Ghanaian soldier and politician\\n** [[John\n        Woodvine]], English stage and screen actor\\n** [[Paul V. Gadola]], American\n        judge (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Midhat J. Gazal\\u00e9]], French\n        international telecommunications and space consultan\\n** [[Percy Borucki]],\n        German fencer\\n** [[U. A. Fanthorpe]], British poet (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Peter Yates]], English film director and producer (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Vasily Shukshin]], Russian actor, writer, screenwriter\n        and film director (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Patrick Flores]],\n        American Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Jean Baudrillard]],\n        French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist and political commentator\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jack Higgins]], British novelist\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[July 31]] \\n** [[Johnny Carlyle]], British ice hockey player and coach (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Don Murray (actor)|Don Murray]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:YasserArafat.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Yasser\n        Arafat]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Samuel Charters]], American writer, music\n        historian and record producer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Hafizullah Amin]], Afghan\n        politician and statesman (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Vellore G.\n        Ramabhadran]], Mridangam artiste from Tamil Nadu, India. (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\n** [[Nathalia Timberg]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Ott\\u00f3\n        Boros]], Hungarian water polo player (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Don Larsen]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ronnie\n        Biggs]], British criminal (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[George Scott\n        Wallace]], British Columbia physician and politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August\n        12]] – [[Jean Miller]], English actress and painter (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Derek Fielding]], Australian librarian and author\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Louise Shivers]], American author\n        and writer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[William Copeland]], Australian\n        Test cricket match umpire (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Francis\n        Gary Powers]], American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 spy plane]] pilot (d. [[1977]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Ahmed Kathrada]], South African politician, former\n        political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 23]]\n        – [[Zolt\\u00e1n Czibor]], Hungarian footballer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[August\n        24]] \\n** [[Yasser Arafat]], Palestinian leader, Nobel laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Alberto Zalamea Costa]], Colombian journalist, politician, and diplomat\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Chuck Renslow]], American businessman\n        and LGBT activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Ralph T. Coe]], American\n        art historian of Native American art (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[George Scott (wrestler)|George\n        Scott]], Canadian professional wrestler, booker and promoter (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Lorenz Weinrich]], German historian\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Ian McNaught-Davis]], British television presenter (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Whitey\n        Bulger US Marshals Service Mug1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Whitey Bulger]]]]\\n[[File:Comedian\n        Bob Newhart.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob Newhart]]]]\\n[[File:Arnold Palmer (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Arnold\n        Palmer]]]]\\n[[File:Lata Mangeshkar at an event.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Maurice Vachon|\\\"Mad Dog\\\" Vachon]], Canadian professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 3]] \\n** [[Whitey Bulger]], incarcerated\n        Irish-American [[organized crime]] [[boss (crime)|boss]] ([[Winter Hill Gang]])\\n**[[Armand\n        Vaillancourt]], [[Quebec|Qu\\u00e9b\\u00e9cois]] [[Canadians|Canadian]] sculptor,\n        painter, and performance artist\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Thomas Eagleton]],\n        [[Senate of the United States|United States Senator]] for [[Missouri]] (1969\\u201387)\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Bob Newhart]], American comedian\n        and actor\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Arnold Palmer]], American golfer (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Eve Brent]], American actress (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Hans Clarin]], German actor (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[September 15]] – [[Murray Gell-Mann]], American physicist, Nobel laureate\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Maxine Kline]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Mel Stewart]], African-American actor (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond]], British peer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Anne Meara]], American actress\n        and comedian (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[S\\u00e1ndor Kocsis]],\n        Hungarian football player (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Bernard Williams]], English\n        philosopher (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[H\\u00e9di V\\u00e1radi]],\n        Hungarian actress (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\n** [[Barbara Walters]],\n        American journalist\\n** [[Ronnie Barker]], English actor, comedian and writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Indian singer\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Giorgio B\\u00e0rberi Squarotti]], Italian academic\n        and poet (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 30]] \\n** [[Helen M. Marshall]], American\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Leticia Ramos-Shahani]], Filipino senator and\n        writer (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:UrsulaLeGuin.01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ursula\n        K. Le Guin]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Maitama Sule]], Nigerian politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Moses Gunn]], African-American actor\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Robin Hardy (film director)|Robin Hardy]], English author\n        and film director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Tony Beckley]],\n        English character actor (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Arthur Bisguier]],\n        American chess Grandmaster, chess promoter, and writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Liselotte Pulver]], Swiss actress\\n* [[October 13]] –\n        [[Walasse Ting]], Chinese-American painter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n**\n        [[Hubert Dreyfus]], American philosopher (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Antonino Zichichi]],\n        Italian physicist\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Fernanda Montenegro]], Brazilian\n        actress\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Violeta Chamorro]], [[President of Nicaragua]]\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Henri Cueco]], French painter (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Colin Jeavons]], Welsh actor\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Ursula\n        K. Le Guin]], American science-fiction and fantasy author\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – [[Lev Yashin]], Russian footballer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – [[Clifford Rose]], British classical actor\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Yevgeny Primakov]], Russian politician and diplomat (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Jean Chapman]], English romantic novelist\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Bud Spencer]], Italian actor (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Grace\n        Kelly MGM photo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Grace Kelly]]]]\\n[[File:Ed Asner - 1985.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ed\n        Asner]]]]\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Rachel Ames]], American actress\\n** [[Muhammad\n        Rafiq Tarar]], 9th President of Pakistan\\n** [[Richard E. Taylor]], Canadian-born\n        physicist, Nobel laureate\\n* [[November 6]] – [[June Squibb]], American\n        actress\\n* [[November 7]] \\n** [[Tadeusz Rybak]], Roman Catholic bishop (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Eric R. Kandel]], Austrian-born neuroscientist, Nobel laureate\\n**\n        [[Lila Kaye]], British actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Bert\n        Berns]], American songwriter and record producer (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Jona\n        Senilagakali]], Prime Minister of Fiji (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Imre Kert\\u00e9sz]], Hungarian writer, Nobel laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\n** [[Grace Kelly]], American actress; later Princess of Monaco (d.\n        [[1982]])\\n** [[Michael Ende]], German writer of fantasy (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Fred Phelps]], American pastor, activist ([[Westboro\n        Baptist Church]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Jimmy Piersall]],\n        American baseball center fielder (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**[[Ed\n        Asner]], American actor\\n**[[Joe Hinton]], American [[soul music]] singer\n        (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Gor\\u014d Naya]], Japanese actor,\n        voice actor, narrator and theatre director, older brother of [[Rokur\\u014d\n        Naya]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[John McMartin]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\n** [[Shirley Palesh]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Hal Lindsey]], American Christian evangelist\\n*\n        [[November 24]]\\n** [[Franciszek Kokot]], Polish nephrologist\\n** [[George\n        Moscone]], American attorney and politician, 37th [[Mayor of San Francisco]]\n        (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Marcel De Corte]], Belgian footballer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Slavko Avsenik]], Slovene musician\n        and composer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Berry Gordy]], American\n        record producer and songwriter\\n** [[Thomas Remengesau Sr.]], 4th President\n        of Palau\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Dick Clark]], American television entertainer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:ChristopherPlummer09TIFF.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Christopher\n        Plummer]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[David Doyle (actor)|David Doyle]],\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Nikolaus Harnoncourt]],\n        Austrian conductor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Bob Hawke]],\n        23rd Prime Minister of Australia\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Christopher\n        Plummer]], Canadian actor\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Nicholas Courtney]],\n        British actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[William Safire]],\n        American author, columnist, journalist, and presidential speechwriter (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Chet Baker]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Kathleen Crowley]], American actress\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 29]] \\n** [[Susie Garrett]], American actress\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], English cricketer (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Selim Hoss]], 3-Time Prime Minister of\n        Lebanon\\n** [[Lucien Xavier Michel-Andrianarahinjaka]], Malagasy writer and\n        politician (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[V\\u00f5 Qu\\u00fd]], Vietnamese\n        zoologist (d. [[2017]]) \\n** [[Mies Bouwman]], Dutch television presenter\\n**\n        [[Robert B. Silvers]], American editor (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Wyatt\n        Earp portrait.png|thumb|120px|[[Wyatt Earp]]]]\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Marc\n        McDermott]], Australian-American actor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Grand Duke Nicholas\n        Nikolaevich of Russia (1856\\u20131929)|Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of\n        Russia]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Wyatt Earp]], American\n        gunfighter (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[George Cope (artist)|George\n        Cope]], American painter (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[William Boyd Dawkins]], British\n        geologist and archaeologist (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Wilfred\n        Baddeley]], English tennis player (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Franklin\n        J. Drake]], American admiral (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[La Goulue]], French dancer\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jose Gutierrez Guerra.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jose\n        Gutierrez Guerra]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Burke 1918.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Thomas Burke\n        (athlete)|Thomas Burke]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Jose Gutierrez Guerra|Jos\\u00e9\n        Guti\\u00e9rrez Guerra]], 28th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Maria Christina of Austria]], Queen Regent of Spain (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein]] (b. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Lillie Langtry]], British singer and actress (b.\n        [[1853]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Thomas Burke (athlete)|Thomas Burke]],\n        American sprinter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[William Russell\n        (American actor)|William Russell]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Frank Keenan]], American actor (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Briton Hadden]], co-founder of ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''''\n        magazine (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ferdinand Foch by Melcy, 1921.png|thumb|120px|[[Ferdinand\n        Foch]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Royal H. Weller]], American politician (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Edward Hobart Seymour|Sir Edward Hobart\n        Seymour]], British admiral (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[David Dunbar\n        Buick]], Scottish-American inventor  (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March 12]] –\n        [[Asa Griggs Candler]], American businessman and politician (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Pinetop Smith]], American blues pianist (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[William P. Cronan]], [[Naval Governor of Guam]] (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Ferdinand Foch]], French commander of\n        Allied forces in World War I (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Carl-Benz\n        coloriert.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karl Benz]]]]\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Karl Benz]],\n        German automotive pioneer (b. [[1844]])\\n** [[William Michael Crose]], [[United\n        States Navy]] [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] and the seventh [[List\n        of governors of American Samoa|Naval Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – [[Enrico Ferri]],  Italian criminologist (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Henry Lerolle]], French painter (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[April\n        24]] – [[Caroline R\\u00e9my de Guebhard]], French feminist (b. [[1855]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Archibald\n        Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery - 1890s.jpg|thumb|70px|[[Archibald Primrose,\n        5th Earl of Rosebery|Archibald Primrose]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Segundo de\n        Chom\\u00f3n]], Spanish film director (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Charalambos Tseroulis]],\n        Greek general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Charles Swickard]], German-American\n        film director (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Archibald Primrose, 5th\n        Earl of Rosebery|Archibald Primrose]], former [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]] (b. [[1847]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Bliss Carman]],\n        Canadian poet (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[William D. Boyce|William\n        Dickson Boyce]], American entrepreneur and founder of the Boy Scouts of America\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Bramwell Booth]], General of The Salvation\n        Army (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Amandus Adamson]], Estonian sculptor\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Edward Carpenter]], English poet (b.\n        [[1844]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Gladys Brockwell]], American\n        actress (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Dustin Farnum]], American actor\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Robert Henri]], American painter (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]], Austrian writer\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Hertha Hanfstaengl]], second child\n        and only daughter of [[Ernst Hanfstaengl]] (b. [[1924]])\\n* August –\n        [[Mary MacLane]], Canadian feminist writer (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Emile\n        Berliner.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emile Berliner]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Emile\n        Berliner]], German-born inventor (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Thorstein Veblen]], Norwegian-American\n        economist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 5]] – Dame [[Millicent Fawcett]],\n        British suffragist and feminist (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Henry\n        Horne, 1st Baron Horne]], British general (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 19]] –\n        [[Sergei Diaghilev]], Russian ballet impresario (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Otto Liman von Sanders]], German general (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – Sir [[Ernest Satow]], British diplomat and scholar (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Herman Poto\\u010dnik|Herman Poto\\u010dnik Noordung]],\n        Slovenian rocket engineer (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Tanaka\n        Giichi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tanaka Giichi]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Paul\n        Leni]], German filmmaker (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Rainis]],\n        Latvian poet and playwright (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Richard\n        Adolf Zsigmondy]], Austrian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Mahidol Adulyadej]],\n        Thai doctor and father of King [[Rama IX]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 25]]\n        – [[Miller Huggins]], American baseball manager and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Aby Warburg]], German historian\n        and cultural theorist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Johnny Hill]].\n        British, European, and World flyweight boxing champion (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Tanaka Giichi]], 26th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-1989-040-27, Gustav Stresemann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustav Stresemann]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-2004-0098A, Bernhard von B\\u00fclow.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bernhard von\n        B\\u00fclow]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Antoine Bourdelle]], French sculptor\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Jeanne Eagels]], American actress (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n** [[Gustav Stresemann]], [[Chancellor of Germany]], recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Batlle y Ord\\u00f3\\u00f1ez]], 3-time President of Uruguay (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Vasil Radoslavov]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]]\n        (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 27]] \\n** [[Georg von der Marwitz]], German general\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Th\\u00e9odore Tuffier]], French surgeon (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Bernhard von B\\u00fclow]], [[Chancellor of Germany\n        (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Emily Robin]], English Madame (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Jos\\u00e9 de Almeida]], 6th President of Portugal and 64th Prime Minister\n        of Portugal (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Georges Clemenceau 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georges\n        Clemenceau]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Habibull\\u0101h Kalak\\u0101ni]],\n        deposed [[Emir of Afghanistan]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Prince\n        Maximilian of Baden]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November\n        14]] – [[Joe McGinnity]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]]r (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[L\\u00e9on Delacroix]],\n        former [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Herman Hollerith]], American businessman and inventor (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[Georges Clemenceau]], [[Premier of France]] (b. [[1841]])\\n** [[Raymond\n        Hitchcock (actor)|Raymond Hitchcock]], American actor (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Loubet.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emile\n        Loubet]]]]\\n[[File:Wilhelm-maybach-1900.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm Maybach]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n**[[Frederick Abberline]], [[Chief Inspector]] of the [[London]]\n        [[Metropolitan Police]] and investigator in the [[Jack the Ripper]] murders\n        (b. [[1843]])\\n**[[Harry Crosby]], American publisher and poet (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Henry Jackson (Royal Navy officer)|Henry B. Jackson]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n**[[Manuel de Oliveira Gomes\n        da Costa]], Portuguese general and politician, tenth President of the Portuguese\n        Republic (b. [[1863]])\\n**[[Arthur G. Jones-Williams]], British aviator (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[\\u00c9mile Loubet]], French politician,\n        8th [[President of France]] (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[I.\n        L. Patterson]], American politician, 18th [[Governor of Oregon]] (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Albert Giraud]], Belgian poet (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December\n        29]] – [[Wilhelm Maybach]], German automobile designer (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n==\n        [[Nobel Prize]]s ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Physics]] – [[Louis de Broglie]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Arthur Harden]], [[Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Christiaan\n        Eijkman]], Sir [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Thomas Mann]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Frank Billings\n        Kellogg]]\\n\\n{{Portal|1920s}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==\n        Sources ==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1929/1929fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1929] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1929}}\\n[[Category:1929| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T22:54:24Z\",\"lastrevid\":799800564,\"length\":74213,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1929&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929\"},\"34911\":{\"pageid\":34911,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1930\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:31:55Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1930|the Merzbow album|1930 (album)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1930}}\\n{{Year nav|1930}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1930}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main article|January\n        1930}}\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** The first diesel engine automobile trip is completed\n        ([[Indianapolis]], Indiana, to [[New York City]]) by [[Clessie Cummins]],\n        founder of the Cummins Motor Co..\\n** An early literary character licensing\n        agreement is signed by [[A. A. Milne]], granting [[Stephen Slesinger]] U.S.\n        and Canadian merchandising rights to the [[Winnie-the-Pooh]] works.\\n* [[January\n        13]] – The [[Mickey Mouse]] comic strip makes its first appearance.\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called\n        perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. This is\n        the closest moon distance at 356,397 km in recent memory and the next\n        one will be on January 1, 2257 at 356,371 km.{{cite web|url=http://www.idialstars.com/clfumo.htm|title=Closest\n        Full Moon since March 8, 1993|publisher=}}\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        The [[Indian National Congress]] declares this date as Independence Day or\n        as the day for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence).\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        The first [[patent]] for a [[field-effect transistor]] is granted in the United\n        States to [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]].{{US patent|1745175}} ''''Method\n        and apparatus for controlling electric currents'''', first filed in Canada\n        on October 22, 1925. {{cite book|first=Thomas H.|last=Lee|title=The Design\n        of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits|edition=New|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780521835398|pages=167ff}}\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Pavel Molchanov]] launches a [[radiosonde]] from [[Pavlovsk,\n        Saint Petersburg|Pavlovsk]] in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        The [[3M]] company markets [[Scotch Tape]], invented by [[Richard Gurley Drew]],\n        in the United States.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main article|February 1930}}\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – The [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] is established.\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – The [[Vi\\u1ec7t Nam Qu\\u1ed1c D\\u00e2n \\u0110\\u1ea3ng]]\n        launch the [[Y\\u00ean B\\u00e1i mutiny]] in the hope of ending [[French Indochina|French\n        colonial rule]] in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** While studying photographs\n        taken in January, [[Clyde Tombaugh]] confirms the existence of [[Pluto]],\n        a celestial body considered a planet until redefined as a [[dwarf planet]]\n        in [[2006]].\\n** [[Elm Farm Ollie]] becomes the first [[cow]] to fly in a\n        [[fixed-wing aircraft]], and also the first cow to be milked in an aeroplane.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1930}}\\n[[File:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|thumbnail|180px|right|[[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] informs the British [[viceroy\n        of India]] that [[civil disobedience]] will begin the following week.\\n* [[March\n        5]] – Danish painter Einar Wegener begins [[sex reassignment surgery]]\n        in Germany and takes the name [[Lili Elbe]].\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[International\n        Unemployment Day]].\\n** The first [[frozen food]]s of [[Clarence Birdseye]]\n        go on sale in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]] sets off on a 200-mile protest march towards the sea with 78 followers\n        to protest at the British monopoly on salt; more will join them during the\n        [[Salt March]] that ends on April 5.\\n* [[March 28]] – The government\n        of [[Turkey]] requests the international community to adopt [[Istanbul]] and\n        [[Ankara]] as the official names for [[Constantinople]] and Angora.\\n* [[March\n        29]] – [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] is appointed [[Chancellor of Germany#Chancellor\n        of the Weimar Republic (1919\\u20131933)|Chancellor of Germany]].\\n* [[March\n        31]] – The [[Motion Picture Production Code]] (\\\"Hays Code\\\") is instituted\n        in the United States, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex,\n        crime, religion and violence in films for the next 40 years.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1930}}\\n* [[April 4]] – The [[Communist Party of Panama]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[April 5]] – In an act of [[civil disobedience]], [[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]] breaks the [[History of the British salt tax in India|Salt laws of\n        British India]] by making salt by the sea at the end of the [[Salt March]].{{clarify|date=April\n        2015}}\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Left Opposition|International Left Opposition]]\n        (ILO) is founded in Paris, France.\\n** Hostess [[Twinkie]]s are invented.\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Neoprene]] is invented by [[DuPont]].\\n* [[April 18]]\\n**\n        The Chittagong Rebellion begins in India with the [[Chittagong armoury raid]].\\n**\n        [[BBC Radio]] from London reports on this day that \\\"There is no news\\\".\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Warner Bros.]] in the United States release their first\n        cartoon series called ''''[[Looney Tunes]]'''' which runs until 1969.\\n* [[April\n        21]]\\n** A fire in the [[Ohio Penitentiary]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]\n        kills 320 people.\\n** The [[Turkestan\\u2013Siberia Railway]] is completed.\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign\n        the [[London Naval Treaty]] to regulate [[submarine]] warfare and limit naval\n        shipbuilding.\\n* [[April 28]] – The first night game in organized [[baseball]]\n        history takes place in [[Independence, Kansas]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May\n        1930}}\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is re-arrested.\\n* [[May 6]]\n        – The 7.1 {{M|w}} [[1930 Salmas earthquake|Salmas earthquake]] shakes\n        northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity\n        scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''''Extreme''''). Up to three-thousand people\n        were killed.\\n* [[May 10]] – The [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] is\n        founded in [[Washington, D.C.]].\\n* [[May 15]] – Nurse [[Ellen Church]]\n        becomes the world''s first [[flight attendant]], working on a [[Boeing Air\n        Transport]] trimotor.\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Rafael Le\\u00f3nidas Trujillo]]\n        is elected president of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[May 17]] –\n        French Prime Minister [[Andr\\u00e9 Tardieu]] decides to withdraw the remaining\n        French troops from the [[Rhineland]] (they depart by [[June 30]]).\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Amy Johnson]] lands in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin,\n        Australia]], becoming the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia\n        (she left on [[May 5]] for the 11,000 mile flight).\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Sergei\n        Eisenstein]] arrives in [[California]] to work for [[Paramount Pictures]];\n        they part ways by October.\\n** [[Canadians|Canadian]] adventurer [[William\n        \\\"Red\\\" Hill, Sr.]], makes a five-hour journey down the [[Niagara Gorge]]\n        rapids.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1930}}\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Carl\n        Gustaf Ekman]] becomes the [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of\n        [[Sweden]] for the second and final time.\\n* [[June 9]] – ''''[[Chicago\n        Tribune]]'''' journalist [[Jake Lingle]] is shot in Chicago, [[Illinois]].\n        Newspapers promise $55,000 reward for information. Lingle is later found to\n        have had contacts with [[organized crime]].\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Bureau\n        of Narcotics]] established under the [[United States Department of the Treasury]],\n        replacing the Narcotics Division of the Prohibition Unit.\\n* [[June 17]] –\n        [[President of the United States]] [[Herbert Hoover]] signs the [[Smoot\\u2013Hawley\n        Tariff Act]] into law.\\n* [[June 21]] – One-year [[conscription]] comes\n        into force in France.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1930}}\\n* [[July\n        4]] – The dedication of [[George Washington]]''s sculpted head is held\n        at [[Mount Rushmore]] in [[South Dakota]].\\n* [[July 5]] – The [[Lambeth\n        Conferences#Seventh Conference (1930)|Seventh Lambeth Conference]] of Anglican\n        bishops opens. This conference approves the use of [[birth control]] in limited\n        circumstances, a move away from the [[Christian views on contraception]] expressed\n        by the Sixth Conference a decade earlier\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** The [[Lapua Movement]]\n        marches in [[Helsinki]], Finland.\\n** Building of the Boulder Dam (later known\n        as the [[Hoover Dam]]) is started on the [[Colorado River]] in the United\n        States.\\n* [[July 11]] – Australian [[cricket]]er [[Donald Bradman]]\n        scores a world record 309 runs in one day, on his way to the [[List of Test\n        cricket records#Innings or series|highest individual Test innings]] of 334,\n        during a [[Test cricket|Test match]] against [[England cricket team|England]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – The first [[1930 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]] starts:\n        [[Lucien Laurent]] scores the first goal, for [[France national football team|France]]\n        against [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]].\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Georges\n        Simenon]]''s detective character Inspector [[Jules Maigret]] makes his first\n        appearance in print under Simenon''s own name when the novel ''''Pietr-le-Letton''''\n        (known in English as ''''[[The Strange Case of Peter the Lett]]'''') begins\n        serialization in a French weekly magazine.{{cite web|url=http://www.trussel.com/maig/momlet.htm|title=Maigret\n        of the Month: ''''Pietr-le-Letton'''' (Maigret and the Enigmatic Lett) |accessdate=2013-04-05\n        |date=July 2004}} Simenon will eventually write 75 novels (as well as\n        28 short stories) featuring the pipe-smoking Paris detective.\\n* [[July 21]]\n        – [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] established.\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Laurence Olivier]] marries actress [[Jill Esmond]].\\n* [[July\n        26]] – [[Charles Creighton]] and James Hargis of Missouri begin their\n        return journey to Los Angeles using only a reverse gear; the 11,555 km\n        trip lasts 42 days.\\n* [[July 28]] – [[R. B. Bennett]] defeats [[William\n        Lyon Mackenzie King]] in federal elections and becomes the [[Prime Minister\n        of Canada]].\\n* [[July 29]] – British [[airship]] [[R100]] sets out\n        for a successful 78-hour passage to Canada.\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Uruguay national\n        football team|Uruguay]] beats [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]\n        4\\u20132 to win the first [[Association football]] [[1930 FIFA World Cup|FIFA\n        World Cup]] final at [[Estadio Centenario]] in [[Montevideo]].\\n** New York\n        station [[W2XBS]] is put in charge of [[NBC]] [[broadcast engineering|broadcast\n        engineers]].\\n* [[July 31]] – The radio drama ''''[[The Shadow]]''''\n        airs for the first time in the United States.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1930}}\\n[[File:Viscount Bennett.jpg|thumb|180px|[[August 7]]: [[R. B. Bennett]]\n        becomes the 11th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]]]\\n* August – The [[volcanic\n        island]] of [[Krakatoa#Anak Krakatau|Anak Krakatau]] begins to form permanently\n        in the [[Sunda Strait]].\\n* [[August 6]] – Judge [[Joseph Force Crater]]\n        disappears in New York City.\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[R. B. Bennett]] takes office\n        as the eleventh [[Prime Minister of Canada]].\\n** [[Lynching of Thomas Shipp\n        and Abram Smith]] in [[Marion, Indiana]]. They are hanged; [[James Cameron\n        (activist)|James Cameron]] survives. This will be the last recorded lynching\n        of [[African American]]s in the [[Northern United States]].\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – Cartoon character [[Betty Boop]] premieres in the [[animated film]]\n        ''''[[Dizzy Dishes]]''''.\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Turkey|Turkish]] troops\n        move into [[Iran|Persia]] to fight [[Kurds|Kurdish]] insurgents.\\n* [[August\n        16]] – The [[1930 British Empire Games|first British Empire Games]]\n        open in [[Hamilton, Ontario]], Canada.{{cite\n        book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=978-0-14-102715-9|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess Margaret\n        Rose]] is born at [[Glamis Castle]] in Scotland, younger daughter of Prince\n        Albert, Duke of York (second son of King [[George V]] and Queen Mary, and\n        later King [[George VI]]) and [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Elizabeth,\n        Duchess of York]], and sister to [[Elizabeth II|The Princess Elizabeth]].\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – A [[military junta]] takes over in [[Peru]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1930}}\\n* [[September 3]] – [[1930 Dominican Republic\n        hurricane|A huge hurricane]] in the Caribbean demolishes most of the city\n        of [[Santo Domingo]] in the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[September 6]] –\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]] carries out a [[military coup]], overthrowing\n        [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], President of [[Argentina]].\\n* [[September 12]]\n        – [[England cricket team|England]] [[cricket]]er [[Wilfred Rhodes]]\n        ends his 1,110-game first-class career by taking 5 for 95 for H. D. G. Leveson\n        Gower''s XI against the [[Australia national cricket team|Australians]].\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – [[German federal election, 1930]]: [[Nazism|National\n        Socialists]] win 107 seats in the German Parliament, the [[Reichstag (Weimar\n        Republic)|Reichstag]] (18.3% of all the votes), making them the second largest\n        party.\\n* [[September 20]] – The Eastern Catholic Rite [[Syro-Malankara\n        Catholic Church]] is formed.\\n* [[September 27]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in [[Turkey]] (6th government).\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1930}}\\n* October – The [[Indochinese Communist Party]]\n        is formed.\\n* [[October 1]] – End of [[Weihaiwei under British rule]]\n        as it is returned to China.\\n* [[October 3]] – The [[German Socialist\n        Labour Party in Poland \\u2013 Left]] founded following a split in [[German\n        Socialist Labour Party in Poland|DSAP]] in [[\\u0141\\u00f3d\\u017a]].\\n* [[October\n        5]] – British [[airship]] [[R101]] crashes in France en route to India\n        on its maiden long-range flight resulting in the loss of 48 lives.\\n* [[October\n        8]] – The [[Philadelphia Athletics]] win their second straight [[World\n        Series]] in baseball, defeating the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] 7-1 in Game 6.\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – A [[Passfield white paper|British White Paper]] demands\n        restrictions on Jewish immigration into [[Mandatory Palestine]].{{cite\n        book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology\n        of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=372\\u2013373|isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0}}\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930]]: [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]]\n        establishes a [[dictatorship]].\\n* [[October 27]] – Ratifications exchanged\n        in London on the first [[London Naval Treaty]] signed in April modifying the\n        [[Washington Naval Treaty]] of 1925. Its arms limitation provisions go into\n        effect immediately, hence putting more limits on the expensive naval arms\n        race between its five signatories (the United Kingdom, the United States,\n        the [[Japanese Empire]], France, and Italy.)\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1930}}\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Haile Selassie]] is crowned emperor of\n        [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]] becomes president\n        of [[Brazil]].\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** An earthquake in the [[Izu Peninsula]]\n        of Japan kills 223 people and destroys 650 buildings.\\n** Cecil George Paine,\n        a [[pathologist]] at the [[Sheffield Royal Infirmary]] in England, achieves\n        the first recorded cure (of an eye infection) using [[penicillin]].{{cite\n        journal|last1=Wainwright|first1=M.|last2=Swan|first2=H.T.|title=C.G. Paine\n        and the earliest surviving clinical records of penicillin therapy|journal=Medical\n        History|volume=30|pages=42\\u201356|year=1986|pmid=3511336|pmc=1139580|doi=10.1017/S0025727300045026}}\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1930}}\\n* December – All adult [[Turkey|Turkish]] women\n        are given the right to vote in elections.\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Great\n        Depression]]: President [[Herbert Hoover]] goes before the [[United States\n        Congress]] to ask for a $150 million public works program to help create jobs\n        and to stimulate the American economy.\\n* [[December 7]] – The television\n        station [[W1XAV]] in [[Boston]] broadcasts video and audio from the radio\n        orchestra program ''''The Fox Trappers''''. This broadcast also includes the\n        first [[television commercial]] in the United States, an advertisement for\n        the I. J. Fox Furriers company which sponsored the telecast.\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Mount Merapi]] volcano in central [[Java]], [[Indonesia]],\n        erupts, destroying numerous villages and killing thirteen hundred people.\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – In London, inventor [[Harry Grindell Matthews]] demonstrates\n        his device to project pictures on clouds.\\n* [[December 29]] – Sir [[Muhammad\n        Iqbal]]''s presidential address in [[Allahabad]] introduces the [[two-nation\n        theory]], outlining a vision for the creation of [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[December\n        31]] – The [[Papal encyclical]] ''''[[Casti connubii]]'''' issued by\n        [[Pope Pius XI]] stresses the sanctity of marriage, prohibits [[Catholic Church|Roman\n        Catholic]]s from using any form of artificial [[birth control]], and reaffirms\n        the Catholic prohibition on [[abortion]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* A \\\"Jake\n        paralysis\\\" outbreak occurs in the United States resulting from adulterated\n        [[Jamaica ginger]] sold as an alcohol substitute during [[Prohibition in the\n        United States|Prohibition]].\\n* [[Bernhard Schmidt]] invents the [[Schmidt\n        camera]].{{cite web |url=http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/history/schmidt |title=The\n        Schmidt Camera |publisher=ast.ac.uk |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524175425/http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/history/schmidt/\n        |archivedate=May 24, 2008}}\\n* The [[chocolate chip cookie]] is invented\n        by [[Ruth Wakefield]] of the [[Toll House Inn]] in [[Whitman, Massachusetts]].\\n*\n        The experimental [[television station]], W9XAP, in [[Chicago]], broadcasts\n        the election for the [[United States Senate]], the first time that a senatorial\n        race, with continual tallies of the votes, is televised.\\n* [[Greater Sudbury]]\n        is incorporated as a city in northern [[Ontario]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Robert\n        Loggia.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Robert Loggia]]]]\\n[[File:Aldrin.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Buzz\n        Aldrin]]]]\\n[[File:GeneHackmanJun2108.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gene Hackman]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\n** [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], 4th [[President of Sudan]] (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Ty Hardin]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Julius\n        La Rosa]], American singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Robert Loggia]],\n        American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Barbara Stuart]], American actress (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Sorrell Booke]], American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Rosas Marcano]], Venezuelan poet (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[M.R. Srinivasan]], Indian nuclear scientist\\n** [[Saxa (musician)|Saxa]],\n        Jamaican-born British saxophonist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Kalani, Jr.]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Vic Tayback]], American\n        actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Pavel Kolchin]], Soviet Olympic\n        cross-country skiier (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Lyle Ritz]], American\n        jazz ukulele musician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Roy E. Disney]], American film and\n        television executive (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Rod Taylor]],\n        Australian actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Bruce Lansbury]], British-American\n        television producer and television writer and screenwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Jennifer Johnston]], Irish novelist\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Frances\n        Sternhagen]], American actress\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Tippi Hedren]],\n        American actress\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Buzz Aldrin]], American pilot\n        and astronaut, [[Apollo 11]] second person to set foot on the [[Moon]]\\n*\n        [[January 23]]\\n** [[Derek Walcott]], West Indian writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[William R. Pogue]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Rita Lakin]],\n        American author\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Usko Meril\\u00e4inen]], Finnish composer\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Bobby Bland]], American singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Samuel Byck]], American airplane hijacker and murderer (d. [[1974]])\\n**\n        [[Gene Hackman]], American actor\\n** [[Magnus Malan]], South African soldier\n        and Minister of Defence in the 1980s (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hussain\n        M. Ershad - 2.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Wagner It Takes a Thief 1969.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Robert Wagner]]]]\\n[[File:Joanne\n        Woodward 1960.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Joanne Woodward]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] –\n        [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]], former [[President of Bangladesh]]\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Mani Krishnaswami]], Carnatic music Vocalist of Tamil Nadu,\n        India (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Jim Loscutoff]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Allan King]],\n        Canadian director (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]],\n        Japanese engineer and entrepreneur (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Erich\n        Bohme]], German journalist and television host (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Jim Dooley]],\n        American football coach (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Alejandro Rey]], Argentine-American\n        actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Rafiq Subaie]], Syrian actor,\n        writer and director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Robert Wagner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Arlen Specter]], American politician\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Ernst Fuchs (artist)|Ernst Fuchs]],\n        Austrian painter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Sara Jane Moore]],\n        American convicted of attempted murder of President [[Gerald Ford]]\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Peter Adamson (actor)|Peter Adamson]], British actor (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Noah Weinberg]], American-born Israeli rabbi, founder of Aish HaTorah (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Ruth Rendell]], British author (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[John Frankenheimer]], American film\n        director (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Ken Jones (actor)|Ken\n        Jones]], British actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 21]] – Dr. Dame [[Joan\n        Metge]], New Zealand social anthropologist, educator, lecturer and writer\\n*\n        [[February 22]]\\n** [[James McGarrell]], American painter\\n** [[Marni Nixon]],\n        American vocalist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Fanie du Plessis]],\n        South African athlete (d. 2001)\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Joan Diener]], American\n        musical theatre actress and singer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Barbara Jo Lawrence|Barbara\n        Lawrence]], American actress and model (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anita Steckel]],\n        American feminist artist (d. [[2012]])\\n* February 25 -- [[Wendy Beckett]],\n        British nun and Author\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Robert Francis (actor)|Robert\n        Francis]], American actor (d. [[1955]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Peter Stone]],\n        American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[John Straffen]], British serial killer\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Joanne Woodward]], American actress\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Leon Cooper]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:James Coco 1973.JPG|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Coco]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Sondheim - smoking.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Stephen Sondheim]]]]\\n[[File:Steve\n        McQueen 1959.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Steve McQueen]]]]\\n[[File:Rolf Harris.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rolf\n        Harris]]]]\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Heiner Gei\\u00dfler]], German politician\\n**\n        [[Ion Iliescu]], 2nd [[President of Romania]]\\n** [[K. S. Rajah]], Senior\n        Counsel and former Judicial Commissioner of the Supreme Court of Singapore\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Allison Hayes]], American actress (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Lorin Maazel]], French-born American orchestral conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon]], English\n        photographer and royal spouse (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Hector\n        Lombana]], Colombian sculptor, painter and architect (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[March\n        9]] – [[Ornette Coleman]], American jazz saxophonist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Claude Bolling]], French jazz pianist and composer\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Win Tin]], Burmese journalist and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Liz Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Helga Feddersen]], German actress\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Zhores Alferov]], Russian physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 17]] – [[James\n        Irwin]], American astronaut (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Adam Maida|Adam\n        Cardinal Maida]], American Roman Catholic prelate; [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese\n        of Detroit|Archbishop of Detroit]] (1990\\u20132009)\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[Willie Thrower]], American football player (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 21]]\n        – [[James Coco]], American actor, the unemployed actor in [[Only When\n        I Laugh (film)|Only When I Laugh]], and Sancho Panza in [[Man of La Mancha\n        (film)|Man of La Mancha]] (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Stephen Sondheim]],\n        American composer and lyricist\\n** [[Pat Robertson]], American televangelist,\n        motivational speaker, author and television host\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[David\n        Dacko]], 1st [[President of the Central African Republic]] (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Steve McQueen]], American actor (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[John\n        Keel]], American journalist and ufologist (d. 2009)\\n* [[March 26]] –\n        [[Sandra Day O''Connor]], American politician and [[Associate Justice of the\n        Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* March 27 -- [[James Tayoun]] Member\n        of Pennsylvania State House of Representatives\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Ashley]], American composer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jerome Isaac Friedman]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Lima Duarte]], Brazilian actor\\n** [[Anerood Jugnauth]], Maurituian politician,\n        3-time [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]] and 4th [[President of Mauritius]]\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[John Astin]], American actor\\n** [[Rolf Harris]], Australian-born\n        entertainer\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F074398-0021,\n        Bonn, Pressekonferenz Bundestagswahlkampf, Kohl.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Helmut Kohl]]]]\\n[[File:Carolyn\n        Jones 1956.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Carolyn Jones]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Grace\n        Lee Whitney]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Roddy\n        Maude-Roxby]], English actor\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Lawton Chiles]], U.S. Senator\n        and the Governor of Florida (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Helmut Kohl]], [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor of Germany]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[Netty Herawaty]], Indonesian actress (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Andrew Sachs]], German-born British actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Spede Pasanen]], Finnish television personality (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[Anton LaVey]], American Satanist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 12]]\n        – [[Micha\\u0142 \\u017byczkowski]], Polish Professor of Engineering (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Vigd\\u00eds Finnbogad\\u00f3ttir]], [[President\n        of Iceland]]\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Carol Bly]], American author of short stories,\n        essays and nonfiction; teacher (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Herbie Mann]], American\n        jazz flutist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Dick Sargent]], American\n        actor and gay activist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Silvana Mangano]],\n        Italian actress (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Alan Oppenheimer]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Richard Donner]], American film director\n        and producer\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Sarney]], 31st [[President of Brazil]]\\n* [[April\n        25]] – [[Paul Mazursky]], American director and writer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[James Baker]], former [[United States Secretary of State]]\\n**\n        [[Carolyn Jones]], American actress (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Richard C. Sarafian]],\n        American film and television director, writer and actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April\n        29]]\\n** [[Jean Rochefort]], French actor\\n** [[Henri Coppens]], Belgian football\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Malcolm Fraser 1977 - crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Malcolm\n        Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:Sonia Rykiel.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sonia Rykiel]]]]\\n[[File:Clint\n        Eastwood at 2010 New York Film Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Clint Eastwood]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Little Walter]], American blues singer, musician, and\n        songwriter (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Juan Gelman]], Argentine poet\n        and writer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bob Havens]], American musician\\n* [[May 4]]\\n**\n        [[Lois de Banzie]], UK-born American actress\\n** [[Katherine Jackson]], [[Jackson\n        Five|Jackson family]] matriarch\\n** [[Roberta Peters]], American soprano (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Babe Parilli]], American football player\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Heather Harper]], Northern Irish soprano\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Joan Sims]], English actress (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Pat Summerall]], American football player and broadcaster (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]]\\n** [[Edsger Dijkstra]], Dutch computer scientist (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Bud Ekins]], American stuntman (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Vernon\n        Shaw]], 5th President of Dominica (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Jasper\n        Johns]], American painter\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Lorraine Hansberry]], American\n        playwright (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Malcolm Fraser]], 22nd [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[John Barth]], American\n        writer\\n** [[Harvey Milk]], American politician and civil rights activist\n        of San Francisco (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Tiny Topsy]], American [[rhythm and blues]]\n        singer (d. [[1964]])\\n** [[Agust\\u00edn Tosco]], Argentine union leader (d.\n        [[1975]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Sonia Rykiel]], French fashion designer\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Frank Drake]], American radio astronomer\n        and pioneer in [[SETI]]\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Clint Eastwood]], American\n        actor, director, and producer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Vilmos Zsigmond KVIFF.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Vilmos\n        Zsigmond]]]]\\n[[File:Magdalena Abakanowicz crop 3x4.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Magdalena\n        Abakanowicz]]]]\\n[[File:ItamarFranco.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Itamar Franco]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Edward Woodward]], British actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Pete Conrad|Charles Conrad]], American astronaut and moonwalker,\n        commander of Apollo 12 (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Marion Zimmer\n        Bradley]], American writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Morgana King]],\n        American jazz singer and actress\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Robert Aumann]],\n        German-born mathematician, recipient of the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences]]\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Monique Serf]], French singer (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Grace Mirabella]], American editor of Vogue\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[Charles B. Rangel]], American politician\\n* [[June 12]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Nabors]], American actor, musician, and comedian\\n** [[Son Sen]], Cambodian\n        politician and criminal (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Vilmos Zsigmond]],\n        Hungarian-American cinematographer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Brian\n        Statham]], English cricketer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Gena Rowlands]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Magdalena Abakanowicz]], Polish\n        sculptor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[John E. McCarthy]], American Roman\n        Catholic bishop\\n** [[Gerald Kaufman]], British Labour politician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[June 22]]\\n** [[Yury Artyukhin]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Sa''dun\n        Hammadi]], 33rd Prime Minister of Iraq (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Patricia Nielsen]],\n        British former swimmer\\n** [[Fred Benners]], American football player\\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[John Elliott (historian)|John Elliot]], British historian\\n** [[Ben\n        Speer]], American singer, musician, music publisher and record company executive\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Peter Mazzaferro]], American football coach\\n**\n        [[Dave Creighton]], Canadian ice hockey forward\\n** [[Herb Klein (politician)|Herb\n        Klein]], American businessman, attorney, and politician\\n** [[Dave Creighton]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[James Sedin]],\n        American ice hockey player\\n** [[Memo Luna]], Mexican professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[Vic Keeble]], English former footballer\\n** [[George Thomas (footballer,\n        born 1930)|George Thomas]], Welsh professional footballer\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        Antal]], Hungarian linguist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Wolfgang Schwanitz]],\n        German Leader of the Office for National Security Head of the Stasi\\n** [[Jackie\n        Fargo]], American wrestler and trainer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Ross\n        Perot]], American computer billionaire and politician\\n** [[Ryszard Ronczewski]],\n        Polish actor\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Taty Almeida|es|3=Taty\n        Almeida}}, Argentine writer and activist\\n** [[William C. Campbell (scientist)|William\n        C. Campbell]], Irish-American biologist and parasitologist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Ernesto Domingo]],\n        National Scientist of the Philippines\\n** [[Maureen Howard]], American writer,\n        editor, and lecturer\\n** [[Itamar Franco]], President of Brazil (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]]\\n** [[Viola L\\u00e9ger]], Acadian-Canadian actress and former\n        Canadian Senator\\n** [[Robert Evans]], American producer\\n** [[Hans D\\u00e4scher]],\n        Swiss ski jumper\\n** [[Frank Johnston (priest)|Frank Johnston]], Anglican\n        priest and military chaplain\\n** [[Edward Johnson III]], American investor\n        and businessman\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** Elena Espejo, Moroccan actress\\n** [[W.\n        C. Gorden]], American football player and coach\\n** [[Isaac Levi]], American\n        philosopher\\n** [[Ben Atchley]], American former politician\\n** [[Ahmed Zaki\n        Yamani]], Saudi Arabian politician\\n** [[Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad]],\n        Syrian bishop\\n** [[Thomas Sowell]], American economist and author\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Menem\n        con banda presidencial.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carlos Menem]]]]\\n[[File:Fran\\u00e7oise\n        Mallet-Joris.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fran\\u00e7oise Mallet-Joris]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Gonzalo S\\u00e1nchez de Lozada]], Bolivian politician and businessman\\n**\n        [[Frank Joranko]], American former football and baseball player and coach\\n**\n        [[Jerome A. Cohen]], American professor of law at New York University School\n        of Law\\n** [[Ron Hughes (footballer, born 1930)|Ron Hughes]], English professional\n        footballer who played as a full-back\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Carlos Menem]], [[President\n        of Argentina]]\\n** [[Jane Moffet]], American utility player\\n** [[Pete Burnside]],\n        American professional baseball player\\n** [[Randy Starr]], American dentist\n        and singer-songwriter\\n** [[Vojislav Stanov\\u010di\\u0107]], Serbian political\n        scientists and theorists\\n** [[Magdalen Redman]], American professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[Ahmad Jamal]], American jazz pianist and composer\\n** [[Joe Scudero]],\n        American football safety\\n** [[Sylve Bengtsson]], Swedish association football\n        forward (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Ku Feng]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[N.\n        Venkatachala]], Indian judge\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Lamadrid]], Mexican football\n        forward\\n** [[Ronnell Bright]], American jazz pianist\\n** [[Ferdinando Riva]],\n        Swiss football forward (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Carlos Kleiber]], Austrian conductor\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Jack Van Mark]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Peter Angelos]], American trial lawyer\\n** [[Mohamed Demagh]], Algerian\n        sculptor\\n** [[Yury Tyukalov]], Russian rower \\n** [[George Steinbrenner]],\n        American big businessman and then baseball team owner (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** [[Tommy Cook (actor)|Tommy Cook]], American actor\\n** [[Billy Howton]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Putzi Frandl]], Austrian alpine ski racer\\n**\n        [[Charles Beaulieu]], Canadian academic, civil servant, and businessman\\n**\n        [[Donald Wilhelms]], United States Geological Survey geologist\\n* [[July 6]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Baume]], Australian former Liberal Party politician\\n** [[George\n        Armstrong (ice hockey)|George Armstrong]], Canadian professional ice hockey\n        centre\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise Mallet-Joris]], Belgian writer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], Indian Carnatic vocalist, multi-instrumentalist,\n        playback singer, composer and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Biljana\n        Plav\\u0161i\\u0107]], 2nd President of Republika Srpska\\n** [[Sherwin Carlquist]],\n        American botanist and photographer\\n** [[Hamish MacInnes]], Scottish mountaineer,\n        mountain search and rescuer, author and advisor\\n** [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]],\n        American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church\\n** [[Tadao Kobayashi]], Japanese\n        football player and manager\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Chris Adams (general)|Chris\n        Adams]], American author and retired United States Air Force officer\\n** [[Jim\n        Mooney (basketball)|Jim Mooney]], American professional basketball player\\n**\n        [[John Little (footballer)|John Little]], Scottish football defender (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Juan Carlos Frecia]], Argentine fencer\\n** [[Hugh Morrow\n        (footballer)|Hugh Morrow]], Irish footballer and manager\\n** [[Slavko Dacevski]],\n        Macedonian football player and manager\\n** [[Hugh Morrow (footballer)|Hugh\n        Morrow]], Irish footballer and manager\\n** [[Yu So-chow]], Chinese actress\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Buddy Bregman]], American musical arranger (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Josephine Veasey]], British mezzo-soprano\\n** [[Tom Jones\n        (footballer, born 1930)|Tom Jones]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Pete\n        Carril]], American basketball coach\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]],\n        Indian politician\\n** [[Harold Bloom]], American literary critic\\n** [[Jack\n        Alabaster]], played 21 Tests for New Zealand\\n** [[Ezra Vogel]], American\n        professor\\n** [[Dick Beyer]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Irene Sutcliffe]], English actress\\n** [[Orlando Nannini]], Argentine fencer\\n*\n        [[July 13]]\\n** [[Richard D. Lewis]], British polyglot, cross-cultural communication\n        consultant, and author\\n** [[Dick Bunt]], American basketball player\\n* [[July\n        14]]\\n** [[Beno\\u00eet Sinzogan]], Beninese military officer and politician\\n**\n        [[Polly Bergen]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Einosuke\n        Akiya]], Japanese Buddhist leader\\n** [[Lee Wallace (actor)|Lee Wallace]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Jacques Derrida]], Algerian-born French literary critic\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Betty Wagoner]], American professional baseball player\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Bert Rechichar]], American football defensive\n        back and kicker\\n** [[Michael Bilirakis]], American politician\\n** [[Horst\n        Rittner]], German correspondence chess Grandmaster\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Sue\n        England]], American actress\\n** [[Sigvard Ericsson]], Swedish speed skater\\n**\n        [[William Heseltine]], Australian Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II\\n**\n        [[Ray Galton]], English scriptwriter\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Judy Gamin]], Australian\n        politician\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[David Rubadiri]], Malawian diplomat, academic\n        and poet, playwright and novelist\\n** [[Darko Suvin]], Croatian born academic\n        and critic\\n** [[Vincent Lumsden]], Jamaican cricketer\\n* [[July 20]]\\n**\n        [[Alex S\\u00e1nchez Cruz]], Costa Rican football player\\n** [[Sally Ann Howes]],\n        English actress and singer\\n** [[Ronnie MacGilvray]], American professional\n        basketball player\\n** [[Oleg Anofriyev]], Soviet and Russian stage and screen\n        actor, voice actor, singer, songwriter, film director, and poet\\n** [[Bryan\n        Conquest]], Australian politician\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Helen Merrill]], American\n        jazz vocalist\\n** [[Gene Littler]], American professional golfer\\n* [[July\n        22]]\\n** [[Dinny Flanagan]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Jeremy Lloyd]],\n        British actor and screenwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Sebastiano Mannironi]],\n        Italian weightlifter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Murray Chapple]],\n        New Zealand cricketer (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Maureen Forrester]], Canadian contralto\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Andy White (drummer)|Andy White]],\n        Scottish drummer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Firoza Begum (singer)|Firoza\n        Begum]], Bengali singer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jean Roba]], Belgian comics author\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Neil Armstrong pose.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Neil\n        Armstrong]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Culp 1965.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Robert Culp]]]]\\n[[File:Princess\n        Margaret.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess\n        Margaret]]]]\\n[[File:SeanConneryJune08.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sean Connery|Sir\n        Sean Connery]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Pierre Bourdieu]], French sociologist\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Lawrence Eagleburger]], [[United States Secretary of State]]\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[K\\u00e1roly Gr\\u00f3sz]], 51st Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Holder]], Trinidadian-American dancer, choreographer\n        and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Ali al-Sistani]], Shia Ayatollah\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Neil Armstrong]], [[astronaut]], [[Apollo 11|first\n        human to set foot on the Moon]], Commander of Apollo 11. He was also an [[aerospace\n        engineering|aerospace engineer]], [[United States Naval Aviator|naval aviator]],\n        [[test pilot]], and [[university professor]]. (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 6]]\n        – [[Abbey Lincoln]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Jacques Parizeau]], French-Canadian politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] – [[Jorma Panula]], Finnish conductor and composer\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Vali Myers]], Australian visionary artist, dancer, bohemian and\n        muse (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[George Soros]], Hungarian-born investor\\n** [[Peter\n        Weck]], Austrian film director and actor\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Don Ho]],\n        Hawaiian singer & musician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Bob Wiesler]], American pitcher\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jack Daugherty (musician)|Jack Daugherty]], American musician\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Wilmer Mizell]], American left-handed pitcher (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Earl Weaver]], American [[professional baseball]]\n        player and [[manager (baseball)|manager]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Selma James]], American-born feminist writer\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Culp]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Frank Gifford]], American football\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Leslie Manigat]], 34th President of Haiti (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Ted Hughes]], English poet (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Rafael Pineda Ponce]], Honduran educator and politician. (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Denis McLean]], New Zealand diplomat, academic, author and civil servant\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Frank McCourt]], Irish-American writer\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon]]\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Gylmar dos Santos Neves]], Brazilian\n        footballer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Mickey McMahan]], American\n        big band musician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Sean Connery|Sir\n        Sean Connery]], Scottish actor\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Gholamreza Takhti]],\n        Iranian wrestler (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Walmor Chagas]], Brazilian\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ben Gazzara]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Warren Buffett]], American billionaire [[entrepreneur]]\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Baudouin\n        of Belgium 1969.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Baudouin I of Belgium]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Charles Correa]], Indian architect (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Rita Riggs]], American costume designer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] – [[Cherry Wilder]], New Zealand author (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Norman Dorsen]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]]\\n** King [[Baudouin I of Belgium]] (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Sonny\n        Rollins]], American jazz saxophonist\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Mario Adorf]],\n        German actor\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Frank Lucas (drug dealer)|Frank\n        Lucas]], African-American drug lord\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Cathryn Damon]],\n        American actress (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Renzo Montagnani]], Italian actor (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Akira Suzuki (chemist)|Akira Suzuki]],\n        Japanese chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Mary Baumgartner]], American female professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Bola Ige]], Nigerian politician (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Anne Francis]], American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Edgar\n        Mitchell]], American astronaut (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[David Huddleston]] American\n        actor [[The Big Lebowski]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Kenneth\n        Mopeli]], Chief Minister of QwaQwa bantustan (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September\n        21]] – [[Dawn Addams]], British actress (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[T. S. Sinnathuray]], Judge of the [[High Court of Singapore]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Colin Blakely]], Northern Irish actor\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Ray Charles]], American singer, musician, and actor (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Angelo Muscat]], Maltese actor (d.\n        [[1977]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Shel Silverstein]], American author,\n        poet, and humorist (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Philip Bosco]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Fritz Wunderlich]], German tenor singer (d. [[1966]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Colin Dexter]], English author (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Hafez\n        al-Assad official portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hafez al-Assad]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        collins.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Richard Harris]], Irish actor and singer (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Philippe Noiret]], French actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** Rev. Dr. [[George F. Regas]],\n        American Episcopal priest and activist; rector of All Saints Episcopal Church,\n        Pasadena, California (1967\\u201395)\\n** [[Erica Yohn]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 5]]\\n** [[Pavel Popovich]], Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Reinhard\n        Selten]], German economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Hafez al-Assad]], [[President of Syria]]\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Richie Benaud]], Australian cricketer and commentator\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[T\\u014dru Takemitsu]], Japanese composer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Yves Chauvin]], Belgian-born chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Harold\n        Pinter]], English playwright, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Sam Johnson]], American politician\\n*\n        [[October 14]]\\n** [[Schafik Handal]], Salvadoran politician (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], President of Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Robert Atkins (nutritionist)|Robert Atkins]], American\n        nutritionist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jimmy Breslin]], American newspaper columnist\n        and author\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Jody Lawrance]], American actress (d.\n        [[1986]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Leila Seth]], Indian judge (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[The Big Bopper]], American singer (d. [[1959]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Bernie Ecclestone]], English auto racing tycoon\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Bertha Brouwer]], Dutch athlete (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Natalie\n        Sleeth]], American composer (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Omara Portuondo]], Cuban singer\n        and dancer\\n** [[Niki de Saint Phalle]], French artist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Daniel Boone]], American jazz trumpeter (d. [[1956]])\\n** [[Timothy\n        Findley]], Canadian author (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Michael\n        Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], American astronaut, second person to\n        fly around the Moon solo, [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command Module]]\n        pilot on [[Apollo 11]], the first human [[lunar landing]]\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Barack\n        Obama greets Burton Richter and Mildred Dresselhaus (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mildred\n        Dresselhaus]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Mathias 1952.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob Mathias]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Mabandla Dlamini]], 3rd Prime Minister of Swaziland\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[D. James Kennedy]], American evangelist (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – [[Dick MacPherson]], American football coach (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Hans Mommsen]], German historian (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]]\\n** [[Derrick Bell]], American law professor (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Wilma Briggs]], American female baseball player\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Stuart\n        Briscoe]], British-American pastor, motivational speaker and author\\n** [[Mildred\n        Dresselhaus]], American scientist and educator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] – [[Bob Crewe]], American singer, songwriter, manager, and producer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Shirley Crabtree]] (\\\"Big Daddy\\\"),\n        British professional wrestler (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Edward Higgins White]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[J. G. Ballard]],\n        English writer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Chinua Achebe]], Nigerian\n        writer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Salvatore Riina]], Italian multiple murderer\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Bob Mathias]], American athlete (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – [[Bernard Horsfall]], British actor (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – [[Bob Friend]], American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Clarke Scholes]], American freestyle swimmer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Rex Shelley]], Singaporean author (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[David Goldblatt]], South African [[photographer]]\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[G. Gordon Liddy]], organizer of the [[Watergate\n        scandal|Watergate burglaries]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jean-Luc Godard at\n        Berkeley, 1968 (2).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean-Luc Godard]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Joachim Hoffmann]], German historian (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Gary Becker]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in\n        Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Jean-Luc Godard]], French film director\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Jim Hall\n        (musician)|Jim Hall]], American jazz guitarist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Corbett]], Scottish comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Daniel\n        Lisulo]], [[Prime Minister of Zambia]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 7]] –\n        [[Christopher Nicole]], Guyanese-born British writer\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Stan Richards]], English actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Maximilian Schell]],\n        Swiss-Austrian actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Edoardo Sanguineti]],\n        Italian writer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Jean-Louis Trintignant]],\n        French actor\\n** [[James Arthur Williams|Jim Williams]], American antique\n        dealer and preservationist (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Silvio\n        Santos]], Brazilian TV show host and entrepreneur\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[G\\u00fcnter\n        Siebert (footballer)|G\\u00fcnter Siebert]], German football player and executive\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Edna O''Brien]], Irish writer\\n[[File:Armin mueller-stahl.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Armin\n        Mueller-Stahl]]]]\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Armin Mueller-Stahl]], German\n        actor\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Adebayo Adedeji]], Nigerian UN official\\n**\n        [[Kalevi Sorsa]], Prime Minister of Finland (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 25]]\n        – [[Salah Jahin]], Egyptian poet, lyricist, playwright and cartoonist\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Wilfrid Sheed]], English-born American\n        writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Mariam A. Aleem]], Egyptian\n        artist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gladys Ambrose]], English actress (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[Franzl Lang]], German yodeler (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Frank\n        Dezelan]], American baseball umpire (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Tu Youyou]], Chinese pharmaceutical chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Odetta]], American\n        singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Jaime Escalante]], American teacher (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Rashid Bakr]], 10th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[Kevin Budden]], Australian herpetologist (d. [[1950]])\\n* [[Barney Glaser]],\n        American sociologist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January–June===\\n[[File:Thomas\n        Mackenzie.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Thomas Mackenzie]]]]\\n[[File:AhmadShahQajar2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ahmad\n        Shah Qajar]]]]\\n[[File:William Howard Taft 1909b.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William\n        Howard Taft]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09414, Primo de Rivera.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Miguel\n        Primo de Rivera]]]]\\n[[File:Gws balfour 02.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Arthur Balfour]]]]\\n[[File:Fridtjof\n        Nansen LOC 03377u-3.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Fridtjof Nansen]]]]\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Guglielmo Pl\\u00fcschow]], German photographer (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Edward Bok]], American author (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[John Nathan Cobb]], American author, naturalist, conservationist,\n        fisheries researcher, and educator (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Dewa Shiget\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Michele Bianchi]], Italian fascist leader (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 14]]\n        – [[Thomas Mackenzie|Sir Thomas MacKenzie]], New Zealand politician\n        and explorer, 18th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] and High Commissioner\n        (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Giulio Douhet]], Italian general\n        and [[air power]] theorist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Ahmad\n        Shah Qajar]], [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah of Persia]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February\n        23]]\\n** [[Mabel Normand]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Horst Wessel]],\n        Nazi ideologue and composer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Perceval\n        Maitland Laurence|Sir Perceval Maitland Laurence]], British classical scholar,\n        South African judge and a benefactor of the University of Cambridge (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[D. H. Lawrence]], British writer (''''Lady Chatterley''s\n        Lover'''') (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Alfred von Tirpitz]], German\n        politician and admiral (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[William Howard\n        Taft]], 27th [[President of the United States]], 10th [[Chief Justice of the\n        United States]] (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[William George Barker]],\n        Canadian pilot (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]],\n        Spanish military officer and [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Arthur Balfour]], British politician and statesman,\n        48th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[March 24]]\n        – [[Eugeen Van Mieghem]], Belgian painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 2]]\n        – Empress [[Zewditu I]] of Ethiopia (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 4]] –\n        [[Victoria of Baden]], [[Queen consort of Sweden]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – Patriarch [[Dimitrije, Serbian Patriarch|Dimitrije]] (b. [[1846]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Heinrich Ritter von Wittek]], Austrian politician and\n        statesman (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Alfred Williams]], British\n        poet (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]], Russian poet\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[John B. Sheridan]], Irish American sports journalist (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Robert Bridges]], British poet (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Jeppe Aakj\\u00e6r]], Danish poet and novelist (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – Patriarch [[George V of Armenia]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Fridtjof Nansen]], Norwegian explorer, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Herbert Croly]], American\n        political author (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Randall Davidson]], [[Archbishop\n        of Canterbury]] (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Archduke Rainer of Austria (1895-1930)|Archduke\n        Rainer of Austria]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Pascin]], Bulgarian\n        painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Adolf von Harnack]], German\n        Lutheran theologian and church historian (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Henry Segrave]], British racer and speed record holder (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===July–December===\\n[[File:Conan\n        doyle.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]]]\\n[[File:Sir Joseph Ward,\n        1928.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joseph Ward]]]]\\n[[File:Alfred Wegener ca.1924-30.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alfred\n        Wegener]]]]\\n[[File:Nikolai Alexandrov.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nikolai Alexandrov\n        (actor)|Nikolai Alexandrov]]]]\\n[[File:FACTA Luigi.gif|thumb|120px|[[Luigi\n        Facta]]]]\\n[[File:Konstantinos VI.jpg|thumb|120px|Patriarch [[Constantine\n        VI of Constantinople|Constantine VI]]]]\\n* [[July 7]] – Sir [[Arthur\n        Conan Doyle]], British-born fiction writer (''''[[Sherlock Holmes]]'''') (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[July 8]] – Sir [[Joseph Ward]], 17th [[Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Leopold Auer]], Hungarian\n        violinist (b. [[1845]])\\n** [[Rudolph Schildkraut]], Ottoman-born Austrian\n        actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Juan Luis Sanfuentes]], 16th\n        President of Chile (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Robert Stout]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1844]])\\n** [[Oku Yasukata]], Japanese\n        field marshal and a leading figure in the early Imperial Japanese Army (b.\n        [[1847]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Glenn Curtiss]], American aviation pioneer\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Pavlos Karolidis]], Greek historian\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Allvar Gullstrand]], Swedish ophthalmologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[Joan Gamper]], Swiss-born businessman and founder of\n        [[FC Barcelona]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Horace Smith-Dorrien]],\n        English general (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Florian Cajori]],\n        Swiss-born historian of mathematics (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Aston Webb]], British architect (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Tom\n        Norman]], British [[freak show|freak]] [[showman]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Lon Chaney]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 29]]\n        – [[William Archibald Spooner]], British scholar and Anglican priest\n        (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Peeter P\\u00f5ld]], Estonian pedagogical\n        scientist and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Aubrey\n        Faulkner]], South African cricketer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Milton Sills]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Gombojab Tsybikov]], Russian explorer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[September 21]]\n        – [[John T. Dorrance]], American chemist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[William A. MacCorkle]], American lawyer, Governor of West Virginia\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Daniel Guggenheim]], American mining\n        magnate and philanthropist (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Prince Leopold of Bavaria]]\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Gordon Stewart Northcott]], American\n        serial killer (executed) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Herbert\n        Dow]], Canadian-born chemical industrialist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 20]]\n        – [[Valeriano Weyler, 1st Duke of Rub\\u00ed]], Spanish general (b. [[1838]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]] – [[Harry Payne Whitney]], American businessman and horse\n        breeder (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Mary Harrison McKee]], ''''de\n        facto'''' [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* November –\n        [[Alfred Wegener]], German geophyscist and meteorologist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Nikolai Alexandrov (actor)|Nikolai Alexandrov]],\n        Soviet actor and director (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Christiaan\n        Eijkman]], Dutch physician and pathologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. 1858)\\n** [[Luigi Facta]], Italian politician,\n        26th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Alexander\n        Bedward]], Jamaican preacher (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Tasker\n        H. Bliss]], American general (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[William\n        B. Hanna]], American sportswriter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Constantine VI of Constantinople|Constantine VI]], Turkish-born bishop,\n        briefly Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Mary Harris Jones]], American labor leader (b. [[1837]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]]\\n** [[Rube Foster|Andrew \\\"Rube\\\" Foster]], American [[Negro\n        league baseball]] player (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Laura Muntz Lyall]], Canadian\n        painter (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Nikolai Pokrovsky]], Russian\n        politician and the last foreign minister of the Russian Empire (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Fritz Pregl]], Austrian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 14]] –\n        [[F. Richard Jones]], American director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Peter Warlock]], British composer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Eugen Goldstein]], German physicist (b. [[1850]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Sir\n        Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Hans Fischer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or\n        Medicine]] – [[Karl Landsteiner]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Sinclair Lewis]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Nathan\n        S\\u00f6derblom]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{portal|1930s}}\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Sources==\\n*\n        [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1930/1930fr.html The 1930s Timeline:\n        1930] – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1930}}\\n[[Category:1930|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T21:31:55Z\",\"lastrevid\":799790936,\"length\":60530,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1930&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930\"},\"34608\":{\"pageid\":34608,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1931\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T18:36:12Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1931}}\\n{{Events by month|1931}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1931}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1931}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1931}}\\n* January \\u2013 The [[National Committee for Modification\n        of the Volstead Act]] is formed to work for the [[repeal of Prohibition in\n        the United States]].\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[South Dakota]] native [[Ernest\n        Lawrence]] invents the [[cyclotron]], used to accelerate particles to study\n        [[nuclear physics]].\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Albert Einstein]] begins doing\n        research at the [[California Institute of Technology]], along with astronomer\n        [[Edwin Hubble]].\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 German pilot [[Elly Beinhorn]] begins\n        her flight to Africa.\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Edison]] submits his\n        last [[patent]] application.\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 Sir [[Isaac Isaacs]]\n        is sworn in as the first Australian-born [[Governor-General of Australia]].\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]] is again released from imprisonment\n        in India.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Pierre\n        Laval]] forms a government in France.\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 Release of\n        the movie ''''[[City Lights]]'''' starring [[Charlie Chaplin]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1931}}\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[1931 Hawke''s Bay earthquake|Hawke''s\n        Bay earthquake]]: Much of the New Zealand cities of Napier and Hastings are\n        destroyed in an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter\n        scale]] killing 256 people.\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 Soviet leader [[Joseph\n        Stalin]] gives speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only\n        strong industrialized countries will win wars while \\\"weak\\\" nations are \\\"beaten\\\".\n        Stalin states : \\\"We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries.\n        We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will\n        crush us.\\\" Intensification of the [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|First\n        Five-Year Plan]] in the Soviet Union for industrialization and collectivization\n        of agriculture.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 Official inauguration ceremonies\n        for New Delhi as the capital of India begin.{{cite news|title=New Delhi:\n        The Inaugural Ceremony|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=1931-02-11|issue=45744|page=12}}\\n*\n        [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Nazi Party|National Socialist]] (NSDAP) and [[German\n        National People''s Party]] (DNVP) members walk out of the German [[Reichstag\n        (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] in protest against changes in the parliament''s\n        protocol intended to limit heckling.  \\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 ''''[[Vatican\n        Radio]]'''' first broadcasts.\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 The original film\n        version of ''''[[Dracula (1931 English-language film)|Dracula]]'''' with [[Bela\n        Lugosi]] is released in the United States.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Pehr\n        Evind Svinhufvud]] is elected president of Finland.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013\n        [[California]] gets the go-ahead by the [[United States Congress]] to build\n        the [[San Francisco\\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge]].\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Peru]]vian\n        revolutionaries hijack a [[Ford Trimotor]] aeroplane and demand that the pilot\n        drop [[propaganda]] [[Flyer (pamphlet)|leaflet]]s over [[Lima]].\\n\\n[[File:Delhi\n        India Government.jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[February 10]]: New Delhi becomes\n        India''s capital]]\\n[[File:Ford Trimotor.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[February 21]]:\n        [[Ford Trimotor]] hijacked]]\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1931}}\\n*\n        [[March 1]] \\u2013 The [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''''Arizona'''']] is placed\n        back in full commission after a refit.\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 Sir [[Oswald\n        Mosley]] founds the [[New Party (UK)|New Party]] as a breakaway from the [[Labour\n        Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the United Kingdom. \\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 ''''[[The\n        Star-Spangled Banner]]'''' is adopted as the United States'' [[National anthem]].\\n*\n        [[March 5]] \\u2013 The British [[viceroy]] of India and [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        sign the [[Gandhi\\u2013Irwin Pact]].\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 The new House of\n        Representatives opens in [[Helsinki]], Finland.\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 The\n        ''''[[Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR]]'''' programme, abbreviated\n        as GTO, is introduced in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Nevada]]\n        legalizes [[gambling]].\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Westminster St George''s\n        by-election, 1931|Westminster St George''s by-election]] in the U.K. results\n        in the victory of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] candidate [[Duff\n        Cooper]]. The by-election has been treated virtually as a referendum on the\n        leadership of the Conservative leader [[Stanley Baldwin]], and Duff Cooper''s\n        victory ends the campaign by the press barons [[Lord Beaverbrook]] and [[Harold\n        Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere|Viscount Rothermere]] to oust Baldwin.\n        \\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 Indian revolutionary leaders [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shivaram\n        Rajguru]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]] are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the\n        [[British Raj]].\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 The [[Scottsboro Boys]] are arrested\n        in [[Alabama]] and charged with rape.\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 English writer\n        [[Arnold Bennett]] dies of [[typhoid]] in London shortly after returning from\n        a visit to Paris, where he drank local water to prove it was safe.\\n* [[March\n        31]] \\u2013 An [[1931 Nicaragua earthquake|earthquake]] destroys [[Managua]],\n        [[Nicaragua]], killing 2,000 people.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1931}}\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 The [[Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi\n        Soviet]] in China is launched by the [[Kuomintang]] government to destroy\n        the Communist forces in [[Jiangxi]] province. \\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 The Portuguese\n        government declares martial law in [[Madeira]] and in the [[Azores]] because\n        of an attempted military takeover in [[Funchal]].\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 Argentinian\n        anarchist Severino Digiovanni is executed.\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 Municipal\n        elections in Spain, which are treated as a virtual referendum on the monarchy,\n        result in the triumph for the republican parties. \\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013\n        The [[Second Spanish Republic]] is proclaimed in [[Madrid]]. Meanwhile, as\n        a result of the victory of the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]], [[Francesc\n        Maci\\u00e0]] proclaims in [[Barcelona]] the [[Catalan Republic]], as state\n        of the Iberian Federation.\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 The [[Castellammarese War]]\n        ends with the murder of [[Joe Masseria|Joe \\\"The Boss\\\" Masseria]], briefly\n        leaving [[Salvatore Maranzano]] as [[capo dei capi]] (\\\"boss of all bosses\\\")\n        of the [[American Mafia]]. Maranzano is himself murdered less than 6 months\n        later, leading to the creation of the [[The Commission (mafia)|Commission]].\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 After the negotiations between the republican ministers\n        of Spain and Catalonia, the [[Catalan Republic]] becomes into [[Generalitat\n        of Catalonia]], a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.\\n*\n        [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Austria]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Denmark]], [[Weimar\n        Republic|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Sweden]] and the United\n        States recognize the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]].\\n* [[April\n        25]] \\u2013 The automobile manufacturer [[Porsche]] is founded by [[Ferdinand\n        Porsche]] in [[Stuttgart]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1931}}\\n[[File:Manhattan\n        at Dusk by slonecker.jpg|thumb|188x188px| [[May 1]]: [[Empire State Building]]\n        is completed.]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 Construction of the [[Empire State Building]]\n        is completed in New York City.\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]]\n        is re-elected president of [[Turkey]].\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in Turkey (7th government).\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 The\n        ''''[[Creditanstalt]]'''', Austria''s largest bank, goes bankrupt, beginning\n        the banking collapse in Central Europe that causes a worldwide financial meltdown.\\n*\n        [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Paul Doumer]] is elected president of France.\\n* [[May\n        14]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c5dalen shootings]]: Five people are killed in [[\\u00c5dalen]],\n        Sweden, when soldiers open fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.\\n*\n        [[May 15]]\\n** The Chinese Communists inflict a sharp defeat on the Kuomintang\n        forces.\\n** [[Pope Pius XI]] issues the [[encyclical]] ''''[[Quadragesimo\n        anno]]'''' on the \\\"reconstruction of the social order\\\".\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013\n        The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet ends in defeat of\n        the Kuomintang.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1931}}\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Salvador Dal\\u00ed]]''s ''''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'''' is put on\n        display for the first time in Paris at the Galerie Pierre Colle.\\n* [[June\n        5]] \\u2013 German Chancellor Dr. [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] visits London,\n        where he warns the British Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]] that the collapse\n        of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the ''''Creditanstalt'''',\n        has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.\\n* [[June\n        12]] \\u2013 English cricketer [[Charlie Parker (cricketer)|Charlie Parker]]\n        equals [[J. T. Hearne]]''s record for the earliest date to reach 100 wickets.\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Saint-Philibert disaster]]: the overloaded pleasure craft\n        ''''Saint-Philibert'''', carrying trippers home to Nantes from the \\u00cele\n        de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the river [[Loire]] in France; over\n        450 drown.\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** In an attempt to stop the banking crisis in\n        Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown, U.S. President\n        [[Herbert Hoover]] issues the [[Hoover Moratorium]].\\n** The [[Geneva Convention\n        (1929)]] relative to the treatment of [[prisoners of war]] enters into force.\\n*\n        [[June 23]]\\u2013[[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Wiley Post]] and [[Harold Gatty]] accomplish\n        the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout\n        from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]], New York, in 8 days, 15\n        hours, 51 minutes.{{cite web|url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Wiley_Post/EX27.htm|publisher=centennialofflight.gov|title=Wiley\n        Post|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008043851/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Wiley_Post/EX27.htm\n        |archivedate=October 8, 2012}}\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1931}}\\n*\n        July \\u2013 [[John Haven Emerson]] of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] perfects\n        his [[negative pressure ventilator]] (\\\"iron lung\\\") just in time for the\n        growing [[polio]] epidemic.\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 Rebuilt [[Milano Centrale\n        railway station]] officially opens in Italy.\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 Irish racing\n        driver [[Kaye Don]] breaks the world [[water speed record]] at Lake Garda,\n        Italy.''''BBC History'''', July 2011, p12.\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013\n        Royal soldiers shoot and kill 22 people demonstrating against the [[Maharaja]]\n        [[Hari Singh]] of the Indian princely state of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely\n        state)|Kashmir and Jammu]].{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/jandk-observes-martyrs-day-cm-omar-pays-tributes_719325.html|title=J&K\n        observes Martyrs` day: CM Omar pays tributes|date=2011-07-13|work=Zee News|accessdate=2011-12-18}}\\n*\n        [[July 16]] \\u2013 Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] signs the first [[1931 Constitution\n        of Ethiopia|constitution of Ethiopia]].\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 The millennialist\n        [[Bible Student movement]] adopts the name [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]] at a meeting\n        in [[Columbus, Ohio]].\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 The [[May Report]] in the United\n        Kingdom recommends extensive cuts to government expenditure. This produces\n        a political crisis as many members of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]\n        (at this time in government) object to the proposals.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1931}}\\n* The [[1931 China floods]] reach their peak in possibly\n        the deadliest natural disaster yet recorded.\\n* [[Warner Brothers]] releases\n        the first [[Merrie Melodies]] cartoon, ''''[[Lady, Play Your Mandolin!|Lady,\n        Play Your Mandolin]]''''.\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 Referendum in [[Free State\n        of Prussia|Prussia]] for dissolving the ''''Landtag'''' ends with the \\\"yes\\\"\n        side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early\n        elections. The elections are intended to remove the [[Social Democratic Party\n        of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) government of [[Otto Braun]], which\n        is one of the strongest forces for democracy in Germany. Supporting the \\\"yes\\\"\n        side were the [[NSDAP]], the [[DNVP]] and the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist\n        Party]] (KPD) while supporting the \\\"no\\\" side were the SPD and ''''[[Zentrumspartei|Zentrum]]''''.\n        \\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 Run on the British pound leads to political and economic\n        crisis in Britain. (See [[European banking crisis of 1931]]) leading to ...\\n*\n        [[August 24]] \\u2013 The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] Government of [[Ramsay\n        MacDonald]] resigns in Britain, replaced by a [[National Government (United\n        Kingdom)|National Government]] of people drawn from all parties, also under\n        MacDonald.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September 1931}}\\n[[File:J\\u012duy\\u012bb\\u0101\n        L\\u00ecsh\\u012d B\\u00f3w\\u00f9gu\\u0103n\\u4e5d\\u30fb\\u4e00\\u516b\\u6b74\\u53f2\\u535a\\u7269\\u9928106997.JPG|thumb|[[September\n        18]]: The [[Mukden Incident]]: Incident Museum in [[Shenyang]]|230x230px]]\\n*\n        [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[John Thomson (footballer, born 1909)|John Thomson]],\n        Scottish [[association football|football]] player, dies as the result of an\n        accident during a [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]\\u2013[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] match.\\n*\n        [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Second Round Table\n        Conference (September \\u2013 December 1931)|Second Round Table Conference]]\n        on the constitutional future of India opens in London. [[Mahatma Gandhi]]\n        represents the [[Indian National Congress]].\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 The\n        worst [[1931 Belize hurricane|hurricane]] in [[Belize|British Honduras]] history\n        kills an estimated 1,500.\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Invergordon Mutiny]]:\n        [[Strike action|Strikes]] are called in the British [[Royal Navy]] due to\n        decreased pay.\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 Hanging of resistance leader [[Omar\n        Mukhtar]] in [[Italian Libya]].\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** Japanese military\n        stage the [[Mukden Incident]] as a pretext for the [[Japanese invasion of\n        Manchuria]].\\n** [[Geli Raubal]] commits suicide in her uncle [[Adolf Hitler]]''s\n        apartment.\\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 With a gun literally pointed to his\n        head the Chinese commander of [[Jilin|Kirin]] province announces the annexation\n        of that territory to Japan.\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 The United Kingdom\n        abandons the [[gold standard]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October 1931}}\\n*\n        October \\u2013 The [[Caltech]] Department of Physics faculty and graduate\n        students meet with [[Albert Einstein]] as a guest.\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Dick Tracy]], the comic strip detective character created by cartoonist\n        [[Chester Gould]], makes his debut appearance in the ''''[[Detroit Mirror]]''''\n        newspaper.\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 American aviators [[Clyde Edward Pangborn]]\n        and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first [[non-stop flight]] across the Pacific\n        Ocean, from [[Misawa, Aomori|Misawa, Japan]], to [[East Wenatchee, Washington]],\n        in 41\\u00bd hours.{{cite web|title=Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/aviation/pan.htm|work=Aviation:\n        From Sand Dunes To Sonic Booms|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|accessdate=2012-05-31}}\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 Rally in Bad Harzburg, Germany leads to the [[Harzburg\n        Front]] being founded, uniting the NSDAP, the DNVP, the ''''Stahlhelm''''\n        and various other right-wing fractions. \\n* [[October 17]]\\n** American gangster\n        [[Al Capone]] is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion in Chicago.\\n**\n        [[Leeds Bradford International Airport]] is opened as Leeds and Bradford Municipal\n        Aerodrome in England.\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 The [[George Washington Bridge]]\n        across the [[Hudson River]] in the United States is dedicated; it opens to\n        traffic the following day. At {{convert|3500|ft|m}}, it nearly doubles the\n        previous record for the [[List of longest suspension bridge spans|longest\n        main span in the world]].\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1931|United Kingdom general election]] results in the victory of\n        the [[National Government (United Kingdom)|National Government]] and the defeat\n        of [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the country''s greatest ever electoral\n        landslide.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November 1931}}\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\n** The [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] is proclaimed by [[Mao Zedong]].\\n**\n        Red China News Agency, a predecessor for [[Xinhua News Agency]], officially\n        founded and news wire service start in [[Ruijin]], [[Jiangxi Province]], [[China]].{{citation\n        needed|date=January 2017}}     \\n* [[November 8]]\\n** French police launch\n        a large-scale raid against [[Corsica]]n bandits.\\n** The [[Panama Canal]]\n        is closed for a couple of weeks due to damage caused by earthquakes.\\n*[[November\n        21]] \\u2013 The infamous Red-and-White Party, given by [[Arthur Jeffress]]\n        in [[Maud Allan]]''s [[Regent''s Park]] townhouse in London, marks the end\n        of the \\\"[[Bright young things]]\\\" subculture in [[United Kingdom|Britain]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://elvirabarney.wordpress.com/2011/10/26/the-red-and-white-party/|title=The\n        Red and White Party|work=Cocktails With Elvira|date=2011-10-26|accessdate=2014-01-30}}\\n*\n        [[November 25]]\\n** [[Ali Fethi Okyar]] forms a new government in Turkey (third\n        government).\\n** Release of [[James Whale]]''s film of ''''[[Frankenstein\n        (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'''' in New York City.\\n*[[November 26]] \\u2013\n        Heavy hydrogen, later named [[deuterium]], is discovered by American chemist\n        [[Harold Urey]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1931}}\\n* [[December\n        5]] \\u2013 Original [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] in [[Moscow]] ([[1883]])\n        is dynamited by order of [[Joseph Stalin]].\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Carl\n        Friedrich Goerdeler]] is appointed Reich Price Commissioner in Germany to\n        enforce the deflationary policies of the Br\\u00fcning government.\\n* [[December\n        9]] \\u2013 The Spanish [[Constituent Cortes]] approves the [[Spanish Constitution\n        of 1931]], effectively establishing the [[Second Spanish Republic]].\\n* [[December\n        10]]\\n** [[Jane Addams]] became the first American woman to be awarded the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]].\\n** [[Niceto Alcal\\u00e1-Zamora]] is elected president\n        of the Spanish Republic.\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 The [[Parliament of the\n        United Kingdom]] enacts the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]],\n        which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing\n        dominions of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], the [[Dominion of Canada]],\n        the [[Irish Free State]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], the [[Dominion\n        of New Zealand]] and the [[Union of South Africa]].\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Wakatsuki Reijir\\u014d]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Japan]].\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Phi Iota Alpha]], the oldest surviving [[National Association\n        of Latino Fraternal Organizations|Latino fraternity]], is founded in the United\n        States.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Ust-Abakanskoye becomes [[Abakan]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Toshiki\n        Kaifu 1960.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Toshiki Kaifu]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Duvall 2 by\n        David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robert Duvall]]]]\\n[[File:Caterina Valente\n        1966.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Caterina Valente]]]]\\n[[File:James Earl Jones (8516667383).jpg|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Earl Jones]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Mohammad Ali Samatar]], 5th Prime\n        Minister of Somalia (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Toshiki Kaifu]],\n        2-Time Prime Minister of Japan\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Cleopa Msuya]],\n        3rd Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Alvin Ailey]], American\n        choreographer (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Alfred Brendel]], Austrian pianist\\n** [[Robert\n        Duvall]], American actor and director\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Fern Battaglia]],\n        American professional baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[E. L. Doctorow]],\n        American author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill\n        Graham]], German concert promoter (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Nik\n        Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]], Malaysian politician and Muslim cleric (d. [[2015]])\n        \\n** [[Peter Barnes (playwright)|Peter Barnes]], English playwright and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Roland Alphonso]], Jamaican musician\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Charles Nelson Reilly]], American\n        actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Caterina Valente]], French\n        singer and actress\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Ellen Holly]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Johannes Rau]], [[President of Germany]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[James Earl Jones]], American actor\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Chun\n        Doo-hwan]], [[President of South Korea]]\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Pat Hunt]],\n        New Zealand National Party politician\\n** [[Robert MacNeil]], Canadian journalist\\n*\n        [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[David Lee (physicist)|David Lee]], American physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Sam\n        Cooke]], American singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Lars H\\u00f6rmander]],\n        Swedish mathematician (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Dean Jones\n        (actor)|Dean Jones]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Lynch]], English actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Mordecai\n        Richler]], Canadian author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Ferenc\n        M\\u00e1dl]], [[President of Hungary]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Allan W. Eckert]], American historian, naturalist, and author (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Ernie Banks]], American baseball player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:\\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\n        \\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0438\\u043d.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Boris\n        Yeltsin]]]]\\n[[File:Dries_van_Agt,_2011_(cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dries\n        van Agt]]]]\\n[[File:James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Dean]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Boris Yeltsin]], 1st [[President of Russia]]\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Dries van Agt]], Dutch politician, 46th\n        [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]\\n** [[Les Dawson]], British comedian\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Hillel Zaks]], Polish-born Israeli rabbi (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Burkert]], German writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Isabel\n        Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n]], 41st [[President of Argentina]]\\n* [[February\n        6]]\\n** [[Rip Torn]], American actor and director\\n** [[Mamie Van Doren]],\n        American actress and author\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[James Dean]], American\n        actor (d. [[1955]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Thomas Bernhard]], Austrian author\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Jack Van Impe]], American televangelist\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Larry Merchant]], American author and boxing commentator\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Geoff Edwards]], American actor and game show host\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Claire Bloom]], English actress\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[George E. Sangmeister]], American politician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Ken Takakura]], Japanese actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Johnny\n        Hart]], American cartoonist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Toni Morrison]], American\n        writer, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]\\n** [[Bob St. Clair]],\n        American football player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n**[[Dominic Chianese]],\n        American actor and singer\\n**[[Brian Close]], English cricketer\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Eric Edgar Cooke]], Australian serial killer (d. [[1964]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Gavin MacLeod]], American actor and Mayor of [[Pacific\n        Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]]\\n** [[Dean Smith]], American basketball\n        coach (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 850809 General Secretary\n        of the CPSU CC M. Gorbachev (crop).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]]]]\\n[[File:Rupert\n        Murdoch - Flickr - Eva Rinaldi Celebrity and Live Music Photographer.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rupert\n        Murdoch]]]]\\n[[File:William Shatner Sydney 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William\n        Shatner]]]]\\n[[File:Leonard Nimoy by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Leonard\n        Nimoy]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[President of the Soviet\n        Union]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Tom Wolfe]], American\n        novelist and journalist\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[John Smith (actor)|John Smith]],\n        American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Wally Bruner]], American\n        journalist and television host (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[William Cardinal Keeler]],\n        American Roman Catholic prelate\\n** [[Ludvig Hope Faye]], Norwegian politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alice Rivlin]], American economist\\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Neil Postman]], American media theorist and cultural critic (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\n** [[Jackie Healy-Rae]], Irish Politician (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Le\\u00f3n Febres Cordero]], President of Ecuador (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[March\n        11]] \\n** [[Janosch]], German writer\\n** [[Rupert Murdoch]], Australian-born\n        publisher\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Herb Kelleher]], American businessman\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Ted Marchibroda]], American football player (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\n** [[Shirley Stovroff]], American female professional baseball\n        player (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Vlastimil Bubn\\u00edk]], Czech ice hockey and football\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Hal Linden]], American actor and\n        singer\\n** [[Karen Steele]], American actress (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Burton Richter]], American physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics]]\\n** [[William Shatner]], Canadian actor and science fiction novelist\\n*\n        [[March 24]] \\u2013 [[Connie Hines]], American actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Leonard Nimoy]], American actor and director (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[David Janssen]], American actor (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[March\n        29]]\\n** [[Aleksei Gubarev]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Norman\n        Tebbit]], British politician\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Ita Ever]],\n        Estonian actress\\n** [[Rolf Hochhuth]], German writer\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Olivera (film director)|H\\u00e9ctor Olivera]], Argentine film\n        director, producer and screenwriter\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Suchitra Sen]]\n        (Roma Dasgupta), legendary [[Bengali people|Bengali]] actress (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]]\\n** [[Lu\\u00eds Cabral|Luis Cabral]], 1st [[President of Guinea-Bissau]]\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mustafa Da\\u011f\\u0131stanl\\u0131]], Turkish free-style\n        wrestler\\n** [[Johnny Sheffield]], American child actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] \\n** [[Helen Maksagak]], Canadian, first [[Inuit|Inuk]] and woman to\n        be the Commissioner of both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Tomas Transtr\\u00f6mer]], Swedish poet and translator, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Kobie\n        Coetsee]], South African politician\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Igor Oistrakh]],\n        Ukrainian violinist\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Frank Auerbach]], German-born painter\\n**\n        [[Lonnie Donegan]], Scottish musician (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Willie\n        Mays cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Willie Mays]]]]\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Willie\n        Mays]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Teresa Brewer]], American\n        pop and jazz singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Ichir\\u014d Nagai]],\n        Japanese voice actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e1s Hajnal]],\n        Hungarian mathematician\\n** [[Jim Jones]], American cult leader (d. [[1978]])\\n**\n        [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed Petr]], Czech university president\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Alvin\n        Lucier]], American composer\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.]],\n        Chairman of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse\\n** [[Ken\n        Venturi]], American golfer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Jack Dodson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Natwar Singh]], Indian politician\\n* [[May\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Marshall Applewhite]], [[Heaven''s Gate (religious group)|Heaven''s\n        Gate]] religious sect founder (d. 1997)\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Don Martin (cartoonist)|Don\n        Martin]], American artist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Robert Morse]], American actor\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9ric Tappy]], Swiss tenor\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Ken\n        Boyer]], American baseball player (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Barbara\n        Barrie]], American actress \\n** [[Patience Cleveland]], American actress and\n        diarist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Georgy Grechko]], Russian cosmonaut\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 [[Faten Hamama]], Egyptian actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Carroll Baker]], American actress\\n* [[May\n        30]] \\u2013 Father [[John O''Brien (priest)|John O''Brien]], Irish priest\n        and musician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[John Robert Schrieffer|John\n        Schrieffer]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Shirley Verrett]], American mezzo-soprano (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Castro, July 2012.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Ra\\u00fal Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Fhc-color.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fernando\n        Henrique Cardoso]]]]\\n[[File:OlympiaDukakisHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Olympia\n        Dukakis]]]]\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Viktor Tsaryov]], Russian footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Larry Jackson]], American baseball player (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n**\n        [[Ra\\u00fal Castro]], [[President of Cuba]]\\n** [[Lindy Remigino]], American\n        athlete\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 [[Malcolm Morley]], English-born painter\\n* [[June\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Dana Wynter]], German-born American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]]\\n** [[Jackie Mason]], American comedian\\n** [[Joe Santos]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Jo\\u00e3o Gilberto]], Brazilian\n        musician\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Moys\\u00e9s Baumstein]], Brazilian holographer\n        and artist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Kenneth Cope]], English actor\\n**\n        [[Ross Higgins]], Australian actor\\n** [[Marla Gibbs]], American comedic actress\n        and singer\\n** [[Junior Walker]], American saxophonist and singer (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Gerson Poyk|id|3=Gerson Poyk}},\n        Indonesian author and journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Fernando\n        Henrique Cardoso]], [[President of Brazil]]\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Olympia Dukakis]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Arne Nordheim]], Norwegian composer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]] \\n** [[Margaret Heckler]], American Secretary of Health and Human\n        Services\\n** [[David Kushnir]], Israeli former Olympic long-jumper\\n** [[Les\n        Vandyke]], American musician\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Martin Lipton]], American\n        lawyer\\n** [[Ian Browne (cyclist)|Ian Browne]], Australian track cyclist \\n**\n        [[Teruyuki Okazaki]], Japanese [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in\n        [[Shotokan Karate]]\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Doris Cook]], American pitcher and\n        outfielder\\n** [[Ola Ullsten]], Swedish politician and diplomat\\n** [[Charles\n        Keith Taylor]], Canadian politician\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Juanita Quigley]],\n        American child actress\\n** [[Emilio Fede]], Italian anchorman, journalist\n        and writer\\n** [[\\u00c1rp\\u00e1d B\\u00e1r\\u00e1ny]], Hungarian fencer\\n**\n        [[George Petchey]], English former footballer\\n** [[Gaston Flosse]], French\n        politician\\n** [[Billy Casper]], American golfer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Stan Dromisky]], Canadian liberal party\\n** [[V. P. Singh]], [[Prime Minister\n        of India]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[George Lois]], American art\n        director, designer, and author\\n** [[Robert Colbert]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Alan Bailey]], former senior British civil servant\\n** [[Colin Wilson]],\n        British writer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Graziella Galvani]], Italian\n        stage, television and film actress\\n** [[Charles Bronfman]], Canadian / American\n        businessman and philanthropist\\n** [[Geoffrey Harcourt]], Australian academic\n        economist\\n** [[Martinus J. G. Veltman]], Dutch physicist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Tom Stolhandske]], American\n        football linebacker\\n** [[Junior Johnson]], American NASCAR driver of the\n        1950s and 1960s\\n** [[Jenny Glusker]], British biochemist and crystallographer\\n**\n        [[Aleksandar Ivo\\u0161]], Serbian footballer\\n** [[Hans Alfredson]], Swedish\n        actor, film director, writer and comedian\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Palmirinha Onofre|pt|3=Palmirinha Onofre}}, Brazilian culinary\n        artist and television presenter \\n** [[Alina Obidniak]], Polish theatre director\n        and actress\\n** [[Brian Hutton, Baron Hutton]], Lord Chief Justice of Northern\n        Ireland and British Lord of Appeal in Ordinary\\n** [[Richard L. Berkley]],\n        American politician\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Allan Jay]], British foil and \\u00e9p\\u00e9e\n        fencer\\n** [[Don Gross (baseball)|Don Gross]], American baseball player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jerry\n        Van Dyke (253701039) cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jerry Van Dyke]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Leslie Caron]], French actress\\n** [[Stanislav Grof]], Czech psychiatrist\\n**\n        [[Marilyn Hickey]], American televangelist, speaker and author\\n** [[Seyni\n        Kountch\\u00e9]], former [[President of Niger]] (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Chris Strachwitz]],\n        German-born American record label executive and record producer\\n* [[July\n        2]] \\n** [[Robert Ito]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Oddur P\\u00e9tursson]], Icelandic\n        cross country skier\\n** [[Frank Williams (actor)|Frank Williams]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Mohammad Yazdi]], Iranian cleric\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Claude-Henri\n        Chouard]], French surgeon\\n** [[Mick Cullen]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[Dickie\n        Dowsett]], English former professional footballer\\n** [[Ed Roebuck]], American\n        relief pitcher in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Ray Rogers (politician)|Ray\n        Rogers]], American politician\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Stephen Boyd]], Irish actor\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Bill Gleeson]], Australian rules footballer \\n** [[Bobby\n        Malkmus]], American infielder and scout in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Lyndell\n        Petersen]], American former politician\\n** [[Peter Richardson (cricketer)|Peter\n        Richardson]], English former cricketer\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Aloysius Gordon]],\n        British-based Jamaican jazz pianist and singer\\n** [[Gerd Lauck]], German\n        footballer\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Macedo]], Portuguese filmmaker and later\n        a writer, university professor and lecturer\\n** [[Ismail Mahomed]], South\n        African and Namibian [[Chief Justice]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ryuzo Sato]], Japanese\n        economist\\n** [[Peter Silverman]], Canadian broadcast journalist\\n* [[July\n        6]]\\n** [[Jean Campeau]], French Canadian businessman and politician\\n** [[Robert\n        Dunham]], American actor and writer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Maralou Gray]], American\n        film, television, and theater actress\\n** [[Antonella Lualdi]], Italian actress\n        and singer\\n** [[Louis Mexandeau]], French politician\\n** [[Emily Nasrallah]],\n        Lebanese writer and women''s rights activist\\n** [[Della Reese]], American\n        actress, singer and evangelist\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Russo\n        (assistente de palco)|pt|3=Russo (assistente de palco)}}, Brazilian stage\n        assistant at Rede Globo (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alex South]], English former footballer\n        \\n** [[Charles Oakley (American football)|Charles Oakley]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Sunaryati Hartono]], Indonesian attorney, lawyer, professor of\n        law and government official\\n** [[J. Joseph Curran Jr.]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Palle Kj\\u00e6rulff-Schmidt]], Danish film director and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[David Eddings]], American novelist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Zach\n        Monroe]], American baseball player\\n** [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]], Norwegian\n        politician\\n** [[Lowell N. Lewis]], American plant physiology professor\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Sylvia Bacon]], American judge\\n** [[Rodney Anderson]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Thomas A. Pankok]], American Democratic Party politician\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Morris Chang]], Chairman of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing\n        Company Ltd. (TSMC) in 1987\\n** [[Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)|Nick Adams]],\n        American actor (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[Julian May]], American science fiction,\n        fantasy, horror, science\\n** [[Alice Munro]], Canadian writer, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] \\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Tab Hunter]], American\n        actor and singer, better known for his role in ''''[[Damn Yankees (film)|Damn\n        Yankees]]''''\\n** [[Yasuo \\u014ctsuka]], Japanese animator\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[James Cellan Jones]], British television and film director\\n** [[Jim Cairney]],\n        Scottish former professional footballer\\n** [[Arthur Hurst (footballer)|Arthur\n        Hurst]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Ernie Col\\u00f3n]], American born\n        Puerto Rico comics artist known\\n** [[Frank Ramsey (basketball)|Frank Ramsey]],\n        American former professional basketball player and coach\\n* [[July 14]] \\n**\n        [[Maria Musso]], Italian sprinter and pentathlete\\n** [[Ray Martini]], Australian\n        rules footballer \\n** [[NK Lu\\u010dko]], Croatian football player\\n* [[July\n        15]]\\n** [[Joanna Merlin]], American actress \\n** [[Clive Cussler]], American\n        author\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Andrzej Kry\\u0144ski]], Polish fencer\\n** [[Fergus\n        Gordon Kerr]], Scottish Roman Catholic priest of the English Dominican Province\\n**\n        [[Norm Sherry]], American former catcher, manager, and coach in Major League\n        Baseball\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Caroline Graham]], English playwright, screenwriter\n        and novelist\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Mark Pharaoh]], English track and field\n        athlete\\n** [[Maury Duncan]], American quarterback\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Mary\n        Lou Studnicka]], American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Allan\n        Slaight]], Canadian rock and roll pioneer, media mogul, and philanthropist\\n**\n        [[Marilyn Lewis]], American politician\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Gilles Morin]],\n        Canadian politician\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Te Atairangikaahu|Te Arikinui\n        Dame Te Atairangikaahu]], M\\u0101ori queen  (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Fred Foster]], American songwriter and record producer\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Jerry Van Dyke]], American comedian and actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Life\n        Ball 2013 - magenta carpet Barbara Eden 01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Barbara Eden]]]]\\n[[File:Regis\n        Philbin at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Regis Philbin]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Maria Kubitschek]], German actress\\n* [[August\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Charles E. \\\"Charlie\\\" Rice]], American legal scholar and author\\n*\n        [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[M\\u00e1rio Zagallo]], Brazilian football player and\n        manager\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Tom Laughlin]], American actor ([[Billy\n        Jack]]) (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[William Goldman]], American\n        author\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Joe Feeney]], American singer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Richard F. Heck]], American chemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Janice Rule]], American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August\n        16]]\\n** [[Marion Patrick Jones]], Trinidadian writer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Harold\n        Bernard St. John]], 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Hans van Mierlo]], Dutch politician, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs\n        (Netherlands)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and [[Deputy Prime Minister of\n        the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bramwell Tillsley]],\n        General of The Salvation Army\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Willie Shoemaker]],\n        American jockey (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don\n        King]], American boxing promoter\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Barbara Eden]], American\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Lyle Lahey]], American cartoonist (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Hamilton O. Smith]], American microbiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Hal Fishman]], Los Angeles\n        based local news anchor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Regis Philbin]], American television\n        personality\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Sri Chinmoy]], Bengali spiritual teacher,\n        poet, artist and athlete who immigrated to the U.S. in 1964 (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]] \\n** [[Shunichiro Okano]], Japanese football player and manager\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Shirley-Quirk]], English bass-baritone (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Jacques Braunstein]], Romanian-born Venezuelan economist,\n        publicist and disc jockey (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Jack Swigert]], American astronaut\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[August 31]]\\n** [[Jean B\\u00e9liveau]], Canadian hockey\n        player (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Kenny Burrell]], American jazz musician\\n** [[Noble\n        Willingham]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ian\n        Holm.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ian Holm]]]]\\n[[File:Barbara Bain.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Barbara\n        Bain]]]]\\n[[File:LarryHagmanToronto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Larry Hagman]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]]\\n** [[Cecil Parkinson]], British politician (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Javier Sol\\u00eds]], Mexican ranchera & bolero singer (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Paulo Maluf]], Brazilian politician\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Mitzi Gaynor]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Jack Rosenthal]], English playwright (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Philip Baker Hall]], American actor\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Ian Holm]],\n        British actor\\n** [[George Jones]], American country music singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Bain]], American actress\\n*\n        [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Brian Henderson (television presenter)|Brian Henderson]],\n        Australian broadcaster\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Anne Bancroft]], American\n        actress (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Hiroto Muraoka]], Japanese\n        football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Gertrude Alderfer]],\n        American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Gloria Cordes]], American\n        female professional baseball player\\n** [[Larry Hagman]], American actor and\n        director (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Fay Weldon]], British author\\n**\n        [[George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie]], British politician (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Gerald Merrithew]], Canadian educator\n        and statesman (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Tom Adams (politician)|Tom\n        Adams]], 2nd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[September 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Freddy Quinn]], Austrian singer and actor\\n* [[September 29]]\\n**\n        [[James Cronin]], American nuclear physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Anita Ekberg]], Swedish actress (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]]\\n** [[Angie Dickinson]], American actress \\n** [[Wesley L.\n        Fox]], U.S. Marine Corps officer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Desmond\n        Tutu]]]]\\n[[File:Apj abdul kalam.JPG|thumb|120px|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Alan Wagner]], American opera critic (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Morris Cerullo]], American televangelist\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Denise Scott Brown]], American architect\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Riccardo Giacconi]], Italian-born physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics]]\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Cotton Fitzsimmons]], American basketball\n        coach (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Desmond Tutu]], South African Anglican archbishop\n        and activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Eddie Mathews]], baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013\n        [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], President of India (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 16]]\\n**\n        [[James Chace]], American historian (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rosa Rosal]], Filipino\n        actress and humanitarian\\n** [[Charles Colson]], American politician; [[Watergate]]\n        conspirator (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Alencar]], Brazilian\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Ernst Hinterberger]], Austrian writer (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[John le Carr\\u00e9]], English novelist\\n** [[Manolo Escobar]],\n        Spanish singer and actor. (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Mickey\n        Mantle]], American baseball player (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Shammi Kapoor]], Indian film actor and director (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Ann Rule]], American true-crime writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        23]]\\n** [[Jim Bunning]], American baseball player and U.S. Senator\\n** [[Diana\n        Dors]], English actress (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy McIlroy]],\n        Irish footballer and football manager\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Hank Garrett]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Harold Battiste]],\n        American composer and arranger (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Dan\n        Rather]], American television news reporter\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Mwai\n        Kibaki (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mwai Kibaki]]]]\\n[[File:Adolfo-P\\u00e9rez-Esquivel-wsf-2003.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Adolfo\n        P\\u00e9rez Esquivel]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Shunsuke Kikuchi]], Japanese\n        composer\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Phil Woods]], American saxophonist (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\n** [[Michael Fu Tieshan]], Chinese Catholic\n        Patriotic Association bishop (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Monica Vitti]], Italian actress\\n*\n        [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Marie Mansfield]], American professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Ike Turner]], African-American singer and\n        songwriter (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Mike Nichols]], German-American\n        television actor, writer and director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        [[Darla Hood]], American child actress (''''[[Our Gang]]''''), voice actress\n        and singer (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Morley Safer]], Canadian journalist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Whitey Herzog]], American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Don Henderson]], British actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mary Louise Wilson]], American actress and singer\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Mwai Kibaki]],\n        third [[President of Kenya]]\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[Hubert Sumlin]],\n        American blues musician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Revaz Dogonadze]],\n        Georgian physicist (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Malcolm Williamson]], Australian composer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Adolfo P\\u00e9rez Esquivel]], Argentine\n        activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Dervla\n        Murphy]], Irish author\\n** [[Tomi Ungerer]], French book illustrator and writer\\n*\n        [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Shintaro Katsu]], Japanese actor (d. [[1997]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Rita\n        Moreno face.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rita Moreno]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Lyons]], American musician (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Jim Nesbitt]], American country\n        music singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Nigel Calder]], British\n        science writer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Edwin Meese]], American attorney, law professor,\n        and author; 75th Attorney General of the United States (1985\\u20131988)\\n*\n        [[December 3]]  \\u2013 [[Jaye P. Morgan]], American singer, chanteuse\\n* [[December\n        9]]  \\u2013 [[Ladislav Smoljak]], Czech film and theater director, actor and\n        screenwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Rita Moreno]], Puerto\n        Rican-American actress \\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Lionel Blair]], British\n        actor, choreographer, dancer, headmaster and TV presenter\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Klaus Rifbjerg]], Danish writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[Dave Madden]], Canadian American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Carlos Gra\\u00e7a]], 6th Prime Minister of S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9\n        and Pr\\u00edncipe (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Ronnie Schell]],\n        American actor\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Mauricio Kagel]], Argentine composer\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Edward E. Hammer]], American electrical\n        engineer and inventor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[John Charles]], Welsh international\n        footballer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Martin Milner]], American\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Skeeter Davis]], American\n        singer  (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Bob Shaw]], Irish writer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Anna Pavlova as the Dying\n        Swan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anna Pavlova]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Joffre]],\n        French [[World War I]] general (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Art Acord]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Roger Connor]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Louise, Princess Royal]], British\n        royal, eldest daughter of [[Edward VII]] of the United Kingdom (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[James Milton Carroll]], Baptist pastor, historian,\n        and author (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Hardy Richardson]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Grand Duke Peter\n        Nikolaevich of Russia]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Alma Rubens]],\n        American actress (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\n** [[Anna Pavlova]], Soviet\n        ballerina (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg]], former Minister-President\n        of Austria (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Sir\n        Percy FitzPatrick]], South African author, politician and mining financier\n        (b. 1862)\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Otto Wallach 1880s.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Otto\n        Wallach]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendome]]\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Charles Algernon Parsons]], British\n        inventor (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm von Gloeden]],\n        German photographer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Louis Wolheim]],\n        American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]],\n        Armenian general (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Eduard von Capelle]],\n        German admiral (b. [[1855]])\\n** Dame [[Nellie Melba]], Australian soprano\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke\n        of Oldenburg]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Otto Wallach]], German\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Thomas S. Rodgers]], American admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Friedrich\n        Wilhelm Murnau.jpg|thumb|120px|[[F. W. Murnau]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Tooth]], Anglican clergyman (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\n** [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]],\n        Finnish painter (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Theo van Doesburg]], Dutch painter (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[F. W. Murnau]], German director (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Alfred Giles (explorer)|Alfred Giles]], Australian explorer\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Hermann M\\u00fcller (politician)|Hermann M\\u00fcller]],\n        German journalist and politician, 12th Chancellor of Germany (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph B. Murdock]], United States Navy admiral and New Hampshire politician\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Bhagat Singh]], Indian revolutionary\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy]],\n        Irish lawyer and politician (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 23]] -- [[Bhagat Singh]],\n        Indian revolutionary hero (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 [[Robert Edeson]],\n        American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Ida Wells]], [[African-American]]\n        [[lynching]] crusader.\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Bennett]], British\n        novelist (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\u2013 [[Ban Johnson]], American baseball\n        executive (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Knute Rockne]], American\n        football coach (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Giuseppe \\u201eJoe\\u201c\n        Masseria.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joe Masseria]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Macklyn\n        Arbuckle]], American actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Erik Axel\n        Karlfeldt]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas Longworth]], American politician,\n        Speaker of the House (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Khalil Gibran]],\n        Lebanese poet and painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Richard Armstedt]],\n        German historian (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Joe Masseria]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Prince Thomas, Duke of Genoa]] (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Ernesto Rossi (gangster)|Ernesto Rossi]], American gangster\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 Sir [[Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet|Cosmo\n        Duff-Gordon]], British baronet and ''''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'''' survivor\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[George Herbert Mead]], American philosopher,\n        sociologist and psychologist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Albert,\n        Duke of Schleswig-Holstein]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Sammy\n        Woods]], English cricketer (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013\n        [[George Fisher Baker]], American financier and philanthropist (b. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Albert Abraham Michelson]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013\n        [[David Belasco]], American Broadway impresario, theater owner and playwright\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Joseph W. Farnham]], American\n        screenwriter (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif\n        of Mecca]], Arab nationalist\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Virginia Frances Sterrett]],\n        American artist and illustrator (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Pio\n        del Pilar]], Filipino activist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Armand\n        Falli\\u00e8res]], President of France (b. [[1841]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July\n        4]] \\n** [[Buddie Petit]], American jazz musician\\n** Prince [[Prince Emanuele\n        Filiberto, Duke of Aosta|Emanuele Filiberto]], 2nd Duke of Aosta (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[William Jasper Spillman]], American economist (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Nathan S\\u00f6derblom]], Swedish archbishop, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hamaguchi\n        Osachi 1.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Hamaguchi Osachi]]]]\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Bix\n        Beiderbecke]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013\n        Patriarch [[Damian I of Jerusalem]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Nigar Shikhlinskaya]], Azerbaijani [[World War I]] nurse (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]]\\n** [[Frank Harris]], Irish author and editor (b. [[1856]])\\n**\n        [[Hamaguchi Osachi]], Japanese politician and 27th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Francis Marion Smith]], American businessman\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Carl Pietzner - Erzherzog Leopold\n        Salvator von %C3%96sterreich-Toskana, 1905 (LC-DIG-ggbain-06226).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Archduke\n        Leopold Salvator of Austria]]]]\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Archduke Leopold\n        Salvator of Austria]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[John Thomson\n        (footballer, born 1909)|John Thomson]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Salvatore Maranzano]], Italian mobster (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Francis J. Higginson]], United States Navy admiral\n        (b. [[1843]])\\n** [[Joseph Le Brix]], French aviator and naval officer (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia]]\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 [[Omar Mukhtar]], the leader of [[Libya]]n\n        resistance (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Marcello Amero D''Aste]],\n        Italian admiral and politician (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Marvin Hart]], American\n        World Heavyweight Boxing Champion (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Geli Raubal]], Hitler''s niece (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[David Starr Jordan]], American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and\n        peace activist (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Thomas Edison.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Thomas\n        Edison]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Carl Nielsen]], Danish composer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernst Didring]], Swedish writer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[October\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Edison]], American inventor (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[October\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Schnitzler]], Austrian author and dramatist (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] \\u2013 Sir [[Murray Bisset]], South African cricketer and Governor\n        of Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Robert-Ames001.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Ames (actor)|Robert Ames]]]]\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Buddy Bolden]], American\n        musician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Jack Chesbro]], American\n        baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Shibusawa Eiichi]], Japanese industrialist (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Fichev]], Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military\n        historian, and academician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Julius\n        Drewe]], British businessman, retailer and entrepreneur  (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Bruno von Mudra]], German general (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Robert Ames (actor)|Robert Ames]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Antonio Salandra.png|thumb|110px|[[Antonio\n        Salandra]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Vincent d''Indy]], French composer\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Vachel Lindsay]], American poet (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Antonio Salandra]], Italian statesman,\n        21st [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Legs\n        Diamond|Jack Diamond]], American gangster (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tyrone Power Sr]], English-born American actor (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Melvil Dewey]], American librarian, inventor of [[Dewey Decimal\n        Classification]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Figueroa\n        Alcorta]], Argentinan politician, 16th [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Carl\n        Bosch]], [[Friedrich Bergius]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Jane\n        Addams]], [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1931/1931fr.html The 1930s\n        Timeline: 1931] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University of\n        Virginia\\n* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/31171 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth\n        Century by Henry Hartshorne]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1931}}\\n[[Category:1931| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T18:36:12Z\",\"lastrevid\":799767488,\"length\":56138,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1931&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931\"},\"34775\":{\"pageid\":34775,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1932\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:35:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1932}}\\n{{Events by month|1932}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1932}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1932}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main|January\n        1932}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 The United States Post Office Department issues\n        [[1932 Washington Bicentennial|a set of 12 stamps]] commemorating the 200th\n        anniversary of [[George Washington]]''s birth.\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 The\n        British arrest and intern [[Mohandas Gandhi]] and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 The [[Stimson Doctrine]] is proclaimed, in response to\n        the Japanese invasion of [[Manchuria]].\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 In Great Britain\n        the [[Cosmo Gordon Lang|Archbishop of Canterbury]] forbids Anglican church\n        remarriage of divorced persons.\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Sakuradamon Incident\n        (1932)|Sakuradamon Incident]], Korean nationalist [[Lee Bong-chang]] fails\n        in his effort to assassinate [[Hirohito]] Emperor of Japan. The [[Kuomintang]]''s\n        official newspaper runs an editorial expressing regret that the attempt failed,\n        which is used by the Japanese as a pretext to attack Shanghai later in the\n        month. \\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Hattie W. Caraway]] becomes the first woman\n        elected to the [[United States Senate]].\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Maurice\n        Ravel]]''s [[Concerto in G (Ravel)|Concerto in G]] debuts with piano soloist\n        [[Marguerite Long]] and Ravel conducting the Lamoureux Orchestra.\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\u2013 About 6 million are unemployed in Germany.\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013\n        The [[1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising]] begins, it is suppressed by the government\n        of [[Maximiliano Hern\\u00e1ndez Mart\\u00ednez]]\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 Marshal\n        [[Pietro Badoglio]] declares the end of [[Libya]]n resistance.\\n* [[January\n        26]] \\u2013 The British submarine [[HMS M2|''''M2'''']] sinks with all 60\n        hands.\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 Conflict between Japan and China in the [[January\n        28 Incident|Battle of Shanghai]].\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 The minority government\n        of [[Karl Buresch]] in Austria ends the governmental crisis.\\n* [[January\n        31]] \\u2013 Japanese warships arrive in [[Nanking]].\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:1932\n        Winter Olympics logo.png|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1932 Winter Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main|February\n        1932}}\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 ''''[[Brave New World]]'''', a novel by [[Aldous\n        Huxley]], is first published.\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** A general [[World Disarmament\n        Conference]] begins in [[Geneva]]. The principal issue at the conference is\n        the demand made by Germany for ''''gleichberechtigung'''' (\\\"equality of status\\\"\n        i.e. abolishing Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany)\n        and the French demand for ''''s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9'''' (\\\"security\\\" i.e. maintaining\n        Part V).\\n** The [[League of Nations]] again recommends negotiations between\n        the [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]] and Japan.\\n**\n        The [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] begins operations in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** The [[1932 Winter Olympics]] open in [[Lake Placid,\n        New York]].\\n** Japan occupies [[Harbin]], China.\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Junnosuke Inoue]], prominent Japanese businessman, banker and former governor\n        of the Bank of Japan is assassinated by right-wing extremist group the League\n        of Blood in the [[League of Blood Incident]].\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Pope\n        Pius XI]] meets [[Benito Mussolini]] in [[Vatican City]].\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 ''''Clara, Lu & Em'''', generally regarded as the first daytime network\n        [[soap opera]], debuts in its morning time slot over the [[Blue Network]]\n        of [[NBC]] Radio, having originally been a late evening program.\\n* [[February\n        18]] \\u2013 Japan declares [[Manchukuo]] (Japanese name for [[Manchuria]])\n        formally independent from China.\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 The first [[Purple\n        Heart]] is awarded.\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Women''s suffrage]] is granted\n        in Brazil.\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] obtains German citizenship\n        by [[naturalization]], opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932\n        election for [[Reichspr\\u00e4sident]].\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 The [[M\\u00e4nts\\u00e4l\\u00e4\n        rebellion]] occurs in Finland.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main|March 1932}}\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[Charles Lindbergh, Jr.]], the infant son of [[Anne Morrow Lindbergh]]\n        and [[Charles Lindbergh]], is kidnapped from the family home near [[Hopewell,\n        New Jersey]].\\n** Japan proclaims [[Manchuria]] an independent state and installs\n        [[Puyi]] as [[puppet emperor]].\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 The [[M\\u00e4nts\\u00e4l\\u00e4\n        rebellion]] ends in failure; Finnish democracy prevails. The [[Lapua Movement]]\n        is condemned by conservative Finnish President [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]] in\n        a radio speech.\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Dan Takuma]], prominent Japanese businessman\n        and director of the [[Mitsui]] ''''[[Zaibatsu]]'''' conglomerate is assassinated\n        by the radical right-wing League of Blood group. \\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 Four\n        people are killed when police fire upon 3,000 unemployed autoworkers marching\n        outside the [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[River Rouge Plant]] in [[Dearborn,\n        Michigan]].\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] is elected [[President\n        of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive\n        Council]] of the [[Irish Free State]]. It is the first change of government\n        in the Irish Free State since its foundation 10 years previously.\\n* [[March\n        14]] \\u2013 [[George Eastman]], founder of [[Kodak]], commits suicide.\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 Peace negotiations between China and Japan begin.\\n* [[March\n        19]] \\u2013 The [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] opens.\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 The\n        ''''[[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|Graf Zeppelin]]'''' begins a regular route to South\n        America.\\n*[[March 21]]\\u2013 A series of deadly tornadoes in the south kills\n        more than 220 people in [[Alabama]], 34 in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]\n        and 17 in [[Tennessee]] during a two-day period.\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 ''''[[Tarzan\n        the Ape Man (1932 film)|Tarzan the Ape Man]]'''' opens, with Olympic gold\n        medal swimmer [[Johnny Weissmuller]] in the title role. (Weissmuller will\n        star in a total of twelve ''''[[Tarzan]]'''' films.)\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main|April\n        1932}}\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** 10,000 disgruntled Newfoundlanders march on their\n        legislature to show discontent with their current political situation; this\n        is a flash point in the demise of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]].\\n** ''''Kreuger\n        & Toll'''', the company of the \\\"Match King\\\" [[Ivar Kreuger]], collapses.\\n**\n        The first [[Alko]] stores are opened in Finland at 10 in the morning (local\n        time) following the end of Prohibition in that country, resulting in a new\n        [[mnemonic]] \\\"543210\\\".\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** U.S. president [[Herbert Hoover]]\n        supports armament limitations at the World Disarmament Conference.\\n** The\n        trial against fraudulent art dealer [[Otto Wacker]] begins in Berlin.\\n* [[April\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Paul von Hindenburg]] is re-elected president of Germany.\\n*\n        [[April 13]] \\u2013 German Chancellor [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] bans the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]]\n        and the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] as threats to public order, arguing that they\n        are chiefly responsible for the wave of political violence afflicting Germany.{{cite book|last=Feuchtwanger|first=Edgar|title=From Weimar\n        to Hitler|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Macmillan|year=1993|pages=270\\u20139|ISBN=0333274660}}\n        \\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[John Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Walton]] focus a proton\n        beam on lithium and split its nucleus.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Haile Selassie]]\n        announces an anti-[[slavery]] law in [[Ethiopia|Abyssinia]].\\n* [[April 19]]\n        \\u2013 German art dealer [[Otto Wacker]] is sentenced to 19 months in prison\n        for selling [[art forgery|fraudulent]] paintings he attributed to [[Vincent\n        van Gogh]].\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 Two of the companions of Islamic prophet\n        [[Muhammad]] are moved from their graves upon informing of water in the graves\n        in the dream of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]] of [[Iraq]] in Salmaan Paak,\n        Iraq. Their names are [[Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman]] and [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 Korean pro-independence paramilitary [[Yun Bong-gil]]\n        detonates a bomb at a gathering of Japanese government and mililtary officials\n        in [[Shanghai]]''s [[Lu Xun Park (Shanghai)|Hongkou Park]], killing General\n        [[Yoshinori Shirakawa]] and injuring [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]] and Vice Admiral\n        [[Kichisabur\\u014d Nomura]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main|May 1932}}\\n* [[May 2]]\n        \\u2013 Comedian [[Jack Benny]]''s radio show airs for the first time.\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Paul Gorguloff]] shoots French president [[Paul Doumer]] in Paris;\n        Doumer dies the next day.\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 The politically powerful General\n        [[Kurt von Schleicher]] meets secretly with [[Adolf Hitler]].[[Ian\n        Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998,\n        p. 366. Schleicher tells Hitler that he is scheming\n        to bring down the Br\\u00fcning government and asks for Nazi support of the\n        new \\\"presidential government\\\" Schleicher is planning to form.\n        Schleicher and Hitler negotiated a \\\"gentlemen''s agreement\\\" where in exchange\n        for lifting the ban on the SA and SS and having the ''''Reichstag'''' dissolved\n        for early elections that summer, the Nazis will support Schleicher''s new\n        chancellor. \\n* [[May 10]]\\n**[[Albert Lebrun]] becomes the new [[president\n        of France]].\\n** Violent scenes in the ''''Reichstag'''' as [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        and other Nazi MRDs attack the Defense Minister General [[Wilhelm Groener]]\n        for his lack of belief in a supposed Social Democratic ''''[[putsch]]''''. After the debate, General Schleicher tells Groener that he\n        has lost the confidence of the Army and must resign at once.\\n*\n        [[May 12]]\\n**Ten weeks after his abduction, the infant son of [[Charles Lindbergh]]\n        is found dead just a few miles from the Lindbergh home.\\n**General Wilhelm\n        Groener resigns as Defense Minister. Schleicher takes\n        control of the Defense Ministry.\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 The [[Premier of New\n        South Wales]], [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]], is dismissed\n        by the State Governor, Sir [[Philip Game]].\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 Japanese\n        troops leave Shanghai. Back in Japan, the [[May 15 Incident]] as an attempted\n        military coup is known occurs. The Japanese prime minister [[Tsuyoshi Inukai]]\n        is assassinated by naval officers. \\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 Massive riots between\n        Hindus and Muslims in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] leave thousands dead and injured.\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\u2013[[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Amelia Earhart]] flies from the United\n        States to [[County Londonderry]], [[Northern Ireland]] in 14 hours 54 minutes.\\n*\n        [[May 20]] \\u2013 ''''[[Federaci\\u00f3n Obrera de la Industria de la Carne]]''''\n        initiates a major [[strike action|strike]] in the [[Argentina|Argentinian]]\n        meat-packing industry.\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 Judgement in [[Donoghue v Stevenson]]\n        handed down in the [[House of Lords]], creating the neighbour principle in\n        English law.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 The first of approximately 15,000 [[World\n        War I]] veterans arrive in [[Washington, D.C.]] demanding the immediate payment\n        of their military bonus, becoming known as the [[Bonus Army]].\\n* [[May 30]]\n        \\u2013 German chancellor [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] is dismissed by President\n        von Hindenburg. President Hindenburg asks [[Franz von Papen]] to form a new\n        government, known as the \\\"Government of the President''s Friends\\\", which\n        is openly dedicated to the destruction of democracy and the [[Weimar Republic]].\n        The downfall of Br\\u00fcning is largely the work of Schleicher, who been scheming\n        against him since the beginning of May. Schleicher\n        takes the position of Defense Minister in his friend Papen''s government.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main|June\n        1932}}\\n* June \\u2013 The [[Chaco War]] begins between [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]].\\n*\n        [[June 4]] \\n** A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Chile]].\\n** The Papen government\n        dissolves the ''''Reichstag'''' for elections on 31 July 1932 in the full\n        expectation that the Nazis will win the largest number of seats.Wheeler-Bennett,\n        John. ''''The Nemesis of Power'''', London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 250.\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The [[Revenue Act of 1932]] is enacted,\n        creating the first [[gas tax]] in the United States at 1 cent per US gallon\n        (0.26 \\u00a2/L) sold.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 The Papen government lifts the\n        ban against the SS and [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] in Germany. \\n* [[June 16]]\\u2013  [[Lausanne\n        Conference of 1932|Lausanne conference]] opens to discuss [[World War I reparations|reparations]],\n        which Germany had not paying since the [[Hoover Moratorium]] of June 1931.  \\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 The [[Benelux]] customs union is negotiated.\\n* [[June\n        24]] \\u2013 After a relatively bloodless military rebellion, [[Thailand|Siam]]\n        becomes a [[constitutional monarchy]].\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[India]] played\n        its first [[Test Cricket]] Match with [[England]] at [[Lord''s]].\\n* [[June\n        29]] \\u2013 The comedy serial ''''[[Vic and Sade]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]] Radio.\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:1932\n        Summer Olympics logo.png|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1932 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main|July\n        1932}}\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]] becomes the\n        [[fascist]] prime minister of Portugal (for the next 36 years).\\n* [[July\n        7]] \\u2013 The French submarine ''''[[Prom\\u00e9th\\u00e9e (Q153)|Prom\\u00e9th\\u00e9e]]''''\n        sinks off [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]]; 66 are killed.\\n* [[July 8]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] reaches its lowest level of the\n        [[Great Depression]], bottoming out at 41.22.\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**The [[Constitutionalist\n        Revolution]] starts in Brazil, with the uprising of the [[state of S\\u00e3o\n        Paulo]].\\n**Lausanne conference ends, agrees to cancel [[World War I reparations|reparations]]\n        against Germany.\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** Norway annexes northern [[Greenland]].\\n**\n        [[Hedley Verity]] establishes a new [[first-class cricket]] record by taking\n        all ten wickets for only ten runs against Nottinghamshire on a pitch affected\n        by a storm.\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Altona Bloody Sunday]]: In Altona, Germany,\n        armed [[communist]]s attack a [[National Socialist German Workers Party|National\n        Socialist]] demonstration; 18 are killed and many other political street fights\n        follow.\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 The [[Preu\\u00dfenschlag]] in Germany. The Papen\n        government sends out the ''''Reichswehr'''' under General [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]\n        to depose the elected SPD government in Prussia under [[Otto Braun]].Wheeler-Bennett,\n        John. ''''The Nemesis of Power'''', London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 253. The coup gives Papen control of Prussia, the most powerful\n        ''''Land'''' in Germany, and is a major blow to German democracy.[[Ian\n        Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998,\n        pp. 368-69.\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[British Empire\n        Economic Conference]] opens in Ottawa, Canada. \\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 U.S.\n        President [[Herbert Hoover]] orders the U.S. Army to forcibly evict the [[Bonus\n        Army]] of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C. Troops disperse\n        the last of the Bonus Army the next day.\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** The [[1932 Summer\n        Olympics]] open in [[Los Angeles]].\\n** Walt Disney''s ''''[[Flowers and Trees]]'''',\n        the first animated cartoon to be presented in full [[Technicolor]], premieres\n        in Los Angeles. It releases in theaters, along with [[Strange Interlude (film)|the\n        film version]] of [[Eugene O''Neill]]''s ''''[[Strange Interlude]]'''' (starring\n        [[Norma Shearer]] and [[Clark Gable]]); ''''Flowers and Trees'''' goes on\n        to win the first Academy Award for Best Animated Short.\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013\n        [[German federal election, July 1932|''''Reichstag'''' election]] sees the\n        Nazis win 37% of the vote, becoming the largest party in the ''''Reichstag''''.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main|August\n        1932}}\\n* August \\u2013 A farmers'' revolt begins in the [[Midwestern United\n        States]].\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** The second [[International Polar Year]], an\n        international scientific collaboration, begins.\\n** [[Forrest Edward Mars,\n        Sr.|Forrest Mars]] produces the first [[Mars bar]] in his [[Slough]] factory\n        in England.{{cite web|url=http://www.sopse.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=slough&f=generic_theme%2ehtm&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&%3dtheme_record_id=sl%2dsl%2dmars&s=MUhpLhrsY1I|title=Mars\n        \\u2013 the chocolate planet|work=Slough History Online|accessdate=2010-02-08}}\\n*\n        [[August 2]] \\u2013 The first [[positron]] is discovered by [[Carl D. Anderson]].\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 Hitler meets with Schleicher and reneges on the \\\"gentlemen''s\n        agreement\\\", demanding that he be appointed Chancellor.Wheeler-Bennett,\n        John. ''''The Nemesis of Power'''', London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 257. Schleicher agrees to support Hitler as Chancellor provided\n        that he can remain minister of defense.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]].\n        ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 371. \n        Schleicher sets up a meeting between Hindenburg and Hitler on for the 13 August\n        to discuss Hitler''s possible appointment as chancellor. \\n* [[August 6]]\\n**\n        The first [[Venice Film Festival]] is held.\\n** In Germany the first worldwide\n        [[Autobahn]] opened by [[Konrad Adenauer]]: [[Bundesautobahn 555]].\\n** [[Carl\n        Gustaf Ekman]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of [[Sweden]],\n        and is replaced by his Minister of Finance [[Felix Hamrin]].\\n* [[August 7]]\n        \\u2013 Raymond Edward Welch becomes the first one legged man to scale the\n        6,288 ft. [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington, New Hampshire]].\n        \\n* [[August 9]]\\n**The Papen government in Germany, which likes to take a\n        tough \\\"law and order\\\" stance, passes via Article 48 a law proscribing the\n        death penalty for a variety of offenses and with the court system simplified\n        so that the courts can hand down as many death sentences as possible.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New\n        York: Norton, 1998, p. 382.\\n** The Potempa Murder\n        case: In the German town of [[Pot\\u0119pa|Potempa]], five Nazi \\\"[[Brownshirts]]\\\"\n        break into the house of Konrad Pietrzuch, a Communist miner, and proceed to\n        castrate and beat him to death in front of his mother.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw,\n        Ian]]. ''''Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 381;\n        {{ISBN|0-393-04671-0}} The case attracts much media attention in Germany.\n        The murderers were released from jail after [[Adolf Hitler]] became [[Chancellor\n        of Germany]].[[Michael Burleigh|Burleigh, Michael]] ''''The Third Reich:\n        A New History'''' New York: Hill & Wang, 2000. p. 159; {{ISBN|0-8090-9325-1}}\\n*\n        [[August 10]] \\u2013 A 5.1 kg [[chondrite]]-type [[meteorite]] breaks\n        fragments and strikes earth near the town of [[Archie, Missouri]].\\n* [[August\n        11]] \\u2013 To celebrate Constitution Day in Germany, Chancellor [[Franz von\n        Papen]] and his interior minister Baron [[Wilhelm von Gayl]] present proposed\n        amendments to the Weimar constitution for a \\\"New State\\\" to deal with the\n        problems besetting Germany.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir\n        Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 372. \\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 Hitler meets President von Hindenburg and\n        asks to be appointed as Chancellor.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]].\n        ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 373. Hindenburg refuses\n        under the grounds that Hitler is not qualified to be Chancellor and asks him\n        instead to serve as Vice-Chancellor in Papen''s government.\n        Hitler announces his \\\"all or nothing\\\" strategy in which he will oppose any\n        government not headed by himself and will accept no office other than Chancellor.\n        \\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Auguste Piccard]] reaches an altitude of {{convert|16197|m|ft|abbr=on}}\n        with a [[hot air balloon]].\\n* [[August 18]]\\u2013[[August 19|19]] \\u2013\n        Scottish aviator [[Jim Mollison]] becomes the first pilot to make an East-to-West\n        solo [[transatlantic flight]], from [[Portmarnock]], [[County Dublin]], Ireland\n        to [[RCAF Station Pennfield Ridge]], [[New Brunswick]], Canada, in his [[de\n        Havilland Puss Moth]] biplane ''''The Heart''s Content''''.{{cite journal|title=Mollison''s\n        Atlantic Flight|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%200851.html|journal=[[Flight\n        International|Flight]]|volume=24|issue=35|date=1932-08-26|accessdate=2012-08-21|pages=795\\u20138}}\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 The Ottawa conference ends with the adoption of [[Imperial\n        Preference]] tariff, turning the British Empire into one economic zone with\n        a series of tariffs meant to exclude non-empire states from competing within\n        the markets of Britain; the Dominions; and the rest of the empire. \\n* [[August\n        22]] \\u2013 The five SA men involved in the torture and murder of Konrad Pietrzuch\n        are quickly convicted and sentenced to death under an emergency law introduced\n        by the Papen government on 8 August. The Potempa case\n        becomes a ''''[[wikt:cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre|cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre]]''''\n        in Germany with the Nazis demonstrating for amnesty for the \\\"Potempa five\\\"\n        under the grounds they were justified in killing the Communist Pietrzuch.\n        Hitler sends a telegram congratulating the \\\"Potempa five\\\".\n        Many Germans argue that the \\\"Potempa five\\\" are patriotic heroes who should\n        not be executed while others maintain the death sentences are appropriate\n        given the brutality of the torture and murder.  \\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Civil Aviation Authority (Panama)|Panama Civil Aviation Authority]] is established.\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] is elected as Speaker of the\n        German ''''Reichstag''''.\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 A [[total solar eclipse]]\n        is visible from northern Canada through northeastern Vermont, New Hampshire,\n        southwestern Maine and the Capes of Massachusetts.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main|September\n        1932}}\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 Despite the court''s sentence of death against\n        the \\\"Potempa five\\\", Chancellor von Papen in his capacity as ''''Reich Commissioner\n        of Prussia'''' refuses to have the \\\"Potempa five\\\" executed under the grounds\n        that they were not aware of the emergency law at the time they committed the\n        murder, but in reality because he is still hoping for Nazi support for his\n        government.\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** The [[Cortes Generales]]\n        (Parliament) of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]] approved\n        the [[Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932|Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia]],\n        which granted full autonomy for [[Catalonia]] for the first time during the\n        [[Modern history|late modern period]].\\n** Beginning of the [[Chaco War]]\n        a conflict between [[Paraguay]] and [[Bolivia]] because of delimitation problems\n        and others.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 The [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]], at\n        this time the world''s longest [[rapid transit|subway]] line ({{convert|31|mi|km}}),\n        begins operation in [[Manhattan]].{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm\n        |title=New York City Transit \\u2013 History and Chronology |publisher=[[Metropolitan\n        Transportation Authority]] |year=2009 |accessdate=2012-01-03 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019203759/http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm\n        |archivedate=October 19, 2002 |df= }}\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** Canadian\n        operations end on the [[International Railway (New York\\u2013Ontario)]].\\n**\n        A bronze statue of [[Youssef Bey Karam]] was erected in his memory outside\n        the Cathedral of Saint Georges, [[Ehden]].\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 The\n        very unpopular Papen government is defeated on a massive motion of no-confidence\n        in the ''''Reichstag''''. With the exceptions of the [[German People''s Party]]\n        and the [[German National People''s Party]], every party in the ''''Reichstag''''\n        votes for the no-confidence motion. Papen has Hindenburg dissolve the ''''Reichstag''''\n        for new elections in November. \\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]]\n        begins a [[hunger strike]] in [[Poona]] prison, India.\\n* [[September 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333]] begins, millions starve to death\n        as a result of forced collectivization and as part of the government''s effort\n        to break rural resistance to its policies. The Soviet regimes denies the famine\n        and allows millions to die. \\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 The [[Kingdom of Hejaz\n        and Nejd]] is proclaimed the Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]], concluding the country''s\n        [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|unification]] under the rule of [[Ibn Saud of\n        Saudi Arabia|Ibn Saud]].\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 After his party`s victory\n        in the election to the Swedish Riksdag`s second chamber, Social Democrat [[Per\n        Albin Hansson]] becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden, after [[Felix Hamrin]].\\n*\n        [[September 27]] \\u2013 [[Ryutin Affair]] at its height in the Soviet Union.\n        The Politburo meets and condemns the so-called \\\"Ryutin Platform\\\" and agrees\n        to expel those associated with it from the Communist Party, but refuses Stalin''s\n        request to execute those associated with the \\\"Ryutin Platform\\\".\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main|October\n        1932}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Babe Ruth]] makes his famous [[Babe Ruth''s\n        called shot|called shot]] in the fifth inning of game 3 of the [[1932 World\n        Series]].\\n** [[Gyula G\\u00f6mb\\u00f6s]] becomes Prime Minister of Hungary,\n        the first time a member of the radical right has become Hungary''s head of\n        government. \\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Iraq]] becomes an independent kingdom\n        under [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]].\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 Chief Justice\n        [[Charles Evans Hughes]] lays the cornerstone for a new U.S. Supreme Court\n        building.\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** Tata Airlines (later to become [[Air India]])\n        makes its first flight.\\n** The [[Michigan Marching Band]] (at this time called\n        the Varsity band) debuts [[Script Ohio]] at the Michigan versus Ohio State\n        game in Columbus.\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of\n        V\\u00e4sterbotten|Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden]] marries [[Princess Sibylla\n        of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]].\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Fred Allen]]''s radio\n        comedy show debuts on [[CBS]] in the United States.\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013\n        Twenty-one-year-old Michael D''Oyly Carte, grandson of theatrical impresario\n        and hotelier [[Richard D''Oyly Carte]], is killed in a car crash in Switzerland.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main|November\n        1932}}\\n[[File:Enigma-plugboard.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The [[Polish Cipher\n        Bureau|Cipher Bureau]] breaks the German Enigma cipher and overcomes the ever-growing\n        structural and operating complexities of the evolving [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]\n        with [[plugboard]], the main German cipher device during World War II.]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 The [[War Memorial Opera House (San Francisco)|San Francisco\n        Opera House]] opens.\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 Strike by transport workers\n        in Berlin. The Nazis and the Communists both co-operate in support of the\n        strike. The Nazi-Communist co-operation hurts the Nazis at the upcoming election\n        with many right-wing voters switching back to the [[German National People''s\n        Party]]. \\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 The [[German federal election, November\n        1932|''''Reichstag'''' election]] is held. The Nazis remain the largest party,\n        but their share of the seats drops from 37% to 32%.\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013\n        ''''[[Buck Rogers|Buck Rogers in the 25th Century]]'''' debuts on American\n        [[radio]]. It is the first science fiction program on radio.\\n* [[November\n        8]] \\u2013 [[U.S. presidential election, 1932]]: [[Democratic Party (United\n        States)|Democratic]] Governor of [[New York (state)|New York]] [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] defeats Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide\n        victory.\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** A [[hurricane]] and huge waves kill about 2,500\n        in [[Santa Cruz del Sur]] in the worst [[natural disaster]] in [[Cuba]]n history.\\n**\n        Geneva massacre: [[Military of Switzerland]] fire on a socialist ant-fascist\n        demonstration in [[Geneva]] leaving 13 dead and 60 injured.\\n* [[November\n        16]] \\u2013 New York City''s [[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace Theatre]]\n        fully converts to a [[Movie theater|cinema]], which is considered the final\n        death knell of [[vaudeville]] as a popular entertainment in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\u2013 The second wife of [[Joseph Stalin]] is found dead\n        in her home.\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013 German president [[Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]]\n        begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government.\\n*\n        [[November 24]] \\u2013 In Washington, D.C., the [[FBI]] Scientific Crime Detection\n        Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opens.\\n* [[November\n        30]] \\u2013 The [[Polish Cipher Bureau]] breaks the German [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]\n        cipher.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main|December 1932}}\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013\n        Germany returns to the [[World Disarmament Conference]] after the others powers\n        agree to accept ''''gleichberechtigung'''' {{Clarify|date=December 2014}}\n        \\\"in principle\\\". Henceforward, it is clear that Germany will be allowed to\n        rearm beyond the limits imposed by the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. \\n* [[December\n        3]] \\u2013 Hindenburg names [[Kurt von Schleicher]] as German chancellor after\n        he ousts Papen. Papen is deeply angry about how his former friend Schleicher\n        has brought him down and decides that he will do anything to get back into\n        power.\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 Chancellor Schleicher meets with [[Gregor\n        Strasser]] and offers to appoint him Vice-Chancellor and ''''Reich'''' Commissioner\n        for Prussia out of the hope that if faced with a split in the NSDAP, Hitler\n        will support his government.Turner, Henry Ashby. ''''Hitler''s Thirty\n        Days to Power'''', New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996, p. 25. \\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 At a secret meeting of the Nazi leaders,\n        Strasser urges Hitler to drop his \\\"all or nothing\\\" strategy and accept Schleicher''s\n        offer to have the Nazis serve in his cabinet.Turner, Henry\n        Ashby. ''''Hitler''s Thirty Days to Power'''', New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996,\n        p. 26. Hitler gives a dramatic speech saying that\n        Schleicher''s offer is not acceptable and he will stick to his \\\"all or nothing\\\"\n        strategy whatever the consequences might be and wins the Nazi leadership over\n        to his viewpoint.  \\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Gregor\n        Strasser]] resigns as the chief of the NSDAP''s organizational department\n        in protest against Hitler''s \\\"all or nothing\\\" strategy.Turner, Henry\n        Ashby. ''''Hitler''s Thirty Days to Power'''', New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996,\n        pp. 27-28.\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 Japan and the\n        [[Soviet Union]] reform their diplomatic connections.{{clarify|date=December\n        2016}}\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 [[BBC World Service]] begins broadcasting\n        as the BBC Empire Service.\\n* [[December 23]] or [[December 24|24]] \\u2013\n        A methane gas explosion causes the [[Moweaqua Coal Mine Disaster]] which claims\n        54 lives. \\n* [[December 25]]\\n** The 7.6 {{M|s}} [[1932 Changma earthquake|Changma\n        earthquake]] shakes the [[Kansu|Kansu Province]] in China with a maximum [[Mercalli\n        intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''''Extreme''''). Two-hundred and\n        seventy-five people were killed.\\n** [[IG Farben]] file a [[patent]] application\n        in Germany for the medical application of the first [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]]\n        oral [[antibiotic]], which will be marketed as [[Prontosil]], following [[Gerhard\n        Domagk]]''s laboratory demonstration of its properties as an antibiotic.{{cite\n        book|last=Lesch|first=J. E.|title=The First Miracle Drugs: How the Sulfa Drugs\n        Transformed Medicine|chapter=Prontosil|pages=51\\u201361|location=New York|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-518775-5}}\\n* [[December 27]]\\n**''''[[Radio\n        City Music Hall]]'''' opens in New York City.\\n** Internal passports are introduced\n        in the Soviet Union.\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 The Cologne banker [[Kurt Baron\n        von Schr\\u00f6der|Kurt von Schr\\u00f6der]]-who is a close friend of Papen\n        and a NSDAP member-meets with [[Adolf Hitler]] to tell him that Papen wants\n        to set up a meeting to discuss how they can work together. Papen wants Nazi\n        support to return to the Chancellorship while Hitler wants Papen to convince\n        Hindenburg to appoint him Chancellor. Hitler agrees to meet Papen on 3 January\n        1933.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n\\n* [[Dust\n        storm]]s begin in [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]] and\n        [[Texas]], the start of the [[Dust Bowl]] in the United States.1959 ''''[[Encyclopedia\n        Americana]]''''.\\n* [[Zippo]] lighters are developed.\\n* [[Zero-length\n        spring]]s are invented, revolutionizing [[seismometer]]s and [[gravimeter]]s.\\n*\n        The [[Kennedy\\u2013Thorndike experiment]] shows that measured time as well\n        as length are  affected by motion, in accordance with the theory of [[special\n        relativity]].\\n* [[James Chadwick]] discovers the [[neutron]].\\n* Geneticist\n        [[J. B. S. Haldane]] publishes ''''The Causes of Evolution'''', unifying the\n        findings of Mendelian [[genetics]] with those of [[evolution]]ary science.\\n*\n        The [[heath hen]] becomes extinct in North America.\\n* [[Walter B. Pitkin]]\n        publishes ''''[[Life Begins at Forty]]'''' in the United States.\\n* The [[Republican\n        Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition]] is established for the [[repeal\n        of Prohibition in the United States]].\\n* Yezd [[Fire temple]] (''''Atash\n        Behram'''') becomes established in [[Yazd]], Iran.\\n* [[Association for Research\n        and Enlightenment]], Inc. (ARE) founded in [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]], as\n        an open-membership group to research the collected transcripts of [[Edgar\n        Cayce]]''s continuing trances, stored at the Edgar Cayce Foundation.\\n* \\\"The\n        Noah of Washington Mud Flats\\\" predicts a Deluge in 1936, building an [[Noah''s\n        Ark|Ark]] and demon-proof armor.\\n* Unemployment in the United States \\u2013\n        ca. 33% \\u2013 14 million. A similar level of unemployment affects Germany.\n        Many people in depressed countries do not receive unemployment benefit due\n        to governments not being able to afford benefit payments.[http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm\n        US unemployment statistics], historyhome.co.uk; accessed December 10, 2014.\\n*\n        [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s ''''[[Tintin in America]]'''' is published in black and\n        white.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Umberto Eco 04.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Umberto\n        Eco]]]]\\n[[File:Piper Laurie 1951-still.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Piper Laurie]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Tzaims Luksus]], American artist and fashion designer\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Jean Little]], Canadian author\\n* [[January 3]]\\n**\n        [[Dabney Coleman]], American actor\\n** [[Frederick K. C. Price]], American\n        evangelist and author\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Johnny Adams]], American singer\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Umberto Eco]], Italian scholar and novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Stuart A. Rice]], American chemist\\n* [[January 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zsef Sz\\u00e9cs\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian track and field athlete\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Takk\\u014d Ishimori]], Japanese voice\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Cardinal Zen]], Catholic\n        Bishop of Hong Kong\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Cleven \\\"Goodie\\\" Goudeau]],\n        American art director and cartoonist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Dian Fossey]], American zoologist (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Sheree North]], American actress and singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Robert Anton Wilson]], American author (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Piper Laurie]], American actress\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[George\n        Allen (footballer)|George Allen]], English footballer\\n** [[Cyril Davies]],\n        British blues musician (d. [[1964]])\\n** [[Jack Gilbert Graham]], American\n        mass murderer (d. [[1957]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Nikolay Anikin]], Soviet\n        cross-country skier (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Coxsone Dodd]],\n        Jamaican record producer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Don McMichael]],\n        Australian public servant\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Tommy Taylor]], English\n        footballer (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Kazuo Inamori]], Japanese\n        businessman\\n** [[Knock Yokoyama]], Japanese comedian and politician (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:John\n        Williams tux.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[John Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Ted Kennedy,\n        official photo portrait crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ted Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Johnny\n        Cash]]]]\\n[[File:Taylor, Elizabeth posed.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elizabeth Taylor]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[John Nott]], British politician\\n** [[Hassan Al-Turabi]],\n        Sudanese spiritual leader (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Peggy Ann\n        Garner]], American actress (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Blaise Rabetafika]], Malagasy\n        diplomat (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Cesare Maldini]], Italian\n        football player and manager (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Truffaut]], French film director (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Gay\n        Talese]], American author\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Jean Saunders]], English\n        writer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[John Williams]], American composer and conductor\\n*\n        [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[Gerhard Richter]], German painter\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        [[Margit Carlqvist]], Swedish actress \\n** [[Jerome Lowenthal]], American\n        pianist\\n** [[Dennis Skinner]], British politician\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Julian Lincoln Simon]], American economist and author (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Susan Oliver]], American actress (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Alexander Kluge]], German author and film director\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Harry Goz]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ahmad Tejan Kabbah|Alhaji\n        Ahmad Tejan Kabbah]], former [[President of Sierra Leone]] (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Antonio Ord\\u00f3\\u00f1ez]], Spanish bullfighter (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Gretchen\n        Wyler]], American dancer, actress and animal rights activist (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Milo\\u0161 Forman]], Czech film director\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Adrian Cristobal]], Filipino writer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Ted Kennedy]], American politician (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Robert Opron]],\n        French automotive designer\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Majel Barrett]], American\n        actress (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Bill Bonds]], American former television newscaster\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Michel Legrand]], French composer\\n*\n        [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Faron Young]], American country singer (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Cash]], American country singer (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[February 27]] \\u2013 Dame [[Elizabeth Taylor]], British-American actress\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Don Francks]], Canadian actor (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ryszard Kapuscinski by Kubik 17.05.1997.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ryszard\n        Kapu\\u015bci\\u0144ski]]]]\\n[[File:John Updike with Bushes new.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[John\n        Updike]]]]\\n* March \\u2013 [[Dennis O''Neill (manslaughter victim)|Dennis\n        O''Neill]], young victim of manslaughter by foster parents (d. [[1945]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Ryszard Kapu\\u015bci\\u0144ski]], Polish journalist (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Miriam Makeba]], South African singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ed Roth]], American\n        car designer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Frank Wells]], American entertainment businessman\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Marc Bazin]], 4th Prime Minister of Haiti\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bronis\\u0142aw Geremek]], Polish social historian and\n        politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Momoko K\\u014dchi]], Japanese\n        actress (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**[[Don Drummond]], Jamaican [[ska]]\n        musician (d. [[1969]])\\n**[[Andrew Young]], American Ambassador to the United\n        Nations\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Mark Murphy (singer)|Mark Murphy]], American\n        jazz singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Don Blasingame]], [[Major\n        League Baseball]] player and Japanese baseball manager (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Donald N. Langenberg]], American physicist\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\n        [[John Updike]], American author (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Gilbert]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[Els Borst]], Dutch politician, [[Deputy Prime Minister\n        of the Netherlands]] (1998-2002) (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013 [[Ted\n        Morgan (writer)|Ted Morgan]], French-born biographer and journalist\\n* [[March\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Nagisa Oshima]], Japanese film director (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Omar\n        Sharif 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Omar Sharif]]]]\\n[[File:TinyTim (cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|right|[[Tiny\n        Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]]]]\\n[[File:Loretta Lynn.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Loretta\n        Lynn]]]]\\n[[File:Casey Kasem.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Casey Kasem]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]]\\n** [[Gordon Jump]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Debbie Reynolds]],\n        American actress, singer and dancer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[Michael\n        Vernon]], Australian consumer activist (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Edward Egan]],\n        American cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Anthony Perkins]], American\n        actor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], Russian film director (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]]\\n** [[J\\u00f3zsef Antall]], 53rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n** Sultan [[Iskandar of Johor]], also the 8th [[Yang di-Pertuan\n        Agong]] of Malaysia (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[Armin Jordan]], Swiss\n        conductor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Carl Perkins]], American musician (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]]\\n** [[Omar Sharif]], Egyptian actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Blaze\n        Starr]], American burlesque artist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Kishori Amonkar]],\n        Indian vocalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Joel Grey]], American\n        actor, singer and dancer\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Lakshman Kadirgamar]], Sri\n        Lankan politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], American\n        musician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Loretta Lynn]], American country\n        singer\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[Elaine May]], American movie director\\n* [[April\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Halston]], American fashion designer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] \\u2013 [[William Roache]], English actor  \\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Michael\n        Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]], English-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Pik Botha]], South African\n        politician.\\n** [[Casey Kasem]], American disc jockey and voice actor (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n** [[Gian-Carlo Rota]], Italian-born mathematician and philosopher\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n**[[Anouk Aim\\u00e9e]], French actress\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Brownie Ledbetter]], American civil rights activist (d. 2010)\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Ahmet Haxhiu]], Albanian political activist (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]]\\n** [[Jordi Bonet]], Canadian artist (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Jenny Joseph]],\n        English poet\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Phyllida Law]], Scottish actress\\n** [[Sonny\n        Liston]], American boxer (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Geraldine McEwan]],\n        Scottish actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Valentino (fashion designer)|Valentino]],\n        Italian fashion designer \\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Chris Ballingall]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Alma Cogan]], English singer (d. [[1966]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Leonidas Vasilikopoulos]], Greek admiral and intelligence\n        chief (d. [[2014]])\\n*[[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Wesker]], British playwright\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Roger Bowen]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[John Gregory Dunne]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[K. C. Jones]],\n        American basketball player and coach\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Paul R. Ehrlich]],\n        American biologist\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Mario Cuomo NY Governor 1987.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mario\n        Cuomo]]]]\\n[[File:Pat Morita 1971 publicity photo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pat Morita]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 4]]\\n** [[John Drew Barrymore]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Maurice\n        Shadbolt]], New Zealand writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Gardner\n        McKay]], American actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Athol Fugard]],\n        South African author and dramatist.\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Mimi Coertse]], South\n        African opera [[soprano]].\\n** [[Rona Jaffe]], American novelist (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Mamo Wolde]], Ethiopian Olympic athlete (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Rainer K. Sachs]], German-American physicist and biologist\\n* [[June 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mario Cuomo]], American politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 18]]\\n**\n        [[Dudley R. Herschbach]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Geoffrey Hill]], English poet (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Sanchis Grau]], Spanish comic writer (d. 2011)\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Eloisa Cianni]], Italian former actress, model and beauty\n        pageant titleholder\\n** [[Ilka Soares]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Lalo Schifrin]],\n        Argentine pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor\\n** [[Gene White (American\n        football)|Gene White]], defensive back in the National Football League\\n**\n        [[O. C. Smith]] American musician (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Soraya\n        Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]], princess of [[Iran]], Queen Consort of [[Mohammad\n        Reza Pahlavi]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Prunella Scales]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Salvador Farf\\u00e1n]], Mexican football midfielder\\n** [[John Wakeham]],\n        British businessman and Conservative Party politician\\n** [[Sharad Moreshwar\n        Hardikar]], Indian orthopedic surgeon\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Bob Blair (cricketer)|Bob\n        Blair]], cricketer who played 19 Tests for New Zealand\\n** [[Jim Granberry]],\n        American politician\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Margit Korondi]], Hungarian former\n        gymnast\\n** [[Hirohisa Fujii]], Japanese politician\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Julian\n        Robertson]], American billionaire former hedge fund manager\\n** [[Peter Blake\n        (artist)|Peter Blake]], English artist\\n** [[Hank Cicalo]], American recording\n        engineer\\n** [[Valeriu Soare]], Romanian football forward\\n** [[Tim Parnell]],\n        British former racing driver\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Harry Bromfield]], South\n        African cricketer\\n** [[Marguerite Pindling]], Governor-General of the Bahamas\n        since 8 July 2014\\n** [[Don Valentine]], American influential venture capitalist\\n**\n        [[Marvin York]], American politician\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Eddie Kasko]],\n        American Major League Baseball\\n** [[Alan Warren (priest)|Alan Warren]], Anglican\n        priest and author\\n** [[Anna Moffo]], American operatic soprano (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\n** [[Jack H. McDonald]], American politician\\n** [[Pat Morita]],\n        Asian-American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Ken Eikenberry]],\n        United States Republican politician\\n** [[Alice Langtry]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Evrard Godefroid]], Belgian cyclist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Rumsfeld1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Donald\n        Rumsfeld]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Rod Driver]], American retired professor\n        of mathematics\\n** [[Joseph Duffey]], American academic, educator and political\n        appointee\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Gustavo Mart\\u00ednez (cyclist)|Gustavo Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        Guatemalan cyclist\\n** [[Waldemar Matu\\u0161ka]], Czech singer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Dave Thomas (businessman)|Dave Thomas]], American fast-food entrepreneur\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Josef Musil]], Czech volleyball player\\n**\n        [[Bobby Clatterbuck]], American football quarterback\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Matt\n        Crowe]], Scottish former professional footballer\\n** [[Otis Young]], African-American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Alan Cooke Kay]], American lawyer\n        and judge\\n** [[Kazimiera Utrata]], Polish actress\\n** [[Victor Saul Navasky]],\n        American journalist, editor and academic\\n** [[Gyula Horn]], Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Richard Secord]], United States\n        Air Force officer\\n** [[John O''Brien (tennis)|John O''Brien]], Australian\n        tennis player\\n** [[Herman Hertzberger]], Dutch architect and professor emeritus\\n*\n        [[July 7]] \\n** [[Eileen Lemass]], Irish politician\\n** [[James H. DeCoursey,\n        Jr.]], American politician\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Roy Proverbs]], English former\n        professional football (soccer) player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Pascal]], American\n        playwright, screenwriter, author, and journalist (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[July 9]]\n        \\n** [[Tex Clevenger]], American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher\n        and spot starter\\n** [[Donald Rumsfeld]], former U.S. Secretary of Defense\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos B\\u00f3dy]], Hungarian modern pentathlete\\n**\n        [[Carlo Maria Abate]], Italian former auto racing driver\\n** [[George Black\n        (RAF officer)|George Black]], Royal Air Force officer\\n** [[Neile Adams]],\n        Filipino-American actress\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Guy Talbot]], Canadian\n        ice hockey defenceman and coach\\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Monte Hellman]], American\n        film director, producer, writer, and editor\\n** [[Rene Goulet]], Canadian\n        retired professional wrestler\\n** [[Otis Davis]], American runner\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[Dana Ghia]], Italian actress, singer and model\\n** [[Per N\\u00f8rg\\u00e5rd]],\n        Danish composer\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Helga Lin\\u00e9]], German-born Portuguese-Spanish\n        film actress and circus acrobat\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Giovanna Pala]], Italian\n        actress\\n** [[Nina van Pallandt]], Danish singer and actress\\n* [[July 16]]\\n**\n        [[Ron Marciniak]], American football guard in the National Football League\\n**\n        [[Bill Byrge]], American character actor and comedian\\n** [[Dick Thornburgh]],\n        American lawyer and Republican politician\\n** [[Tim Asch]], Anthropologist,\n        photographer and ethnographic filmmaker (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Max McGee]], American\n        football player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Yukio Aoshima]], Japanese\n        politician and comedian (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Quino]], Argentine cartoonist\\n*\n        [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Yevgeny Yevtushenko]], Russian poet (d. [[2017]]) \\n*\n        [[July 20]]\\n** [[Michael Papps (sport shooter)|Michael Papps]], Australian\n        sports shooter\\n** [[Dick Giordano]], American comic book artist and editor\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Ove Verner Hansen]], Danish actor\\n** [[Nam June Paik]],\n        Korean-born American artist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Otto Schily]], German politician\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Norman Geisler]], American Christian author, theologian,\n        and philosopher \\n** [[Ernie Warlick]], American football player (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Jean Barthe]], French rugby league and rugby union player\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra]], Brazilian colonel (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Kassebaum Baker|Nancy Landon Kassebaum\n        Baker]], U.S. Senator\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[John Searle]], American philosopher\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Peter\n        O''Toole in Lawrence of Arabia.png|thumb|120px|[[Peter O''Toole]]]]\\n[[File:Banharn\n        Silpa-archa (cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Banharn Silpa-archa]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]]\\n** [[Meir Kahane]], American-born Israeli rabbi and ultra-nationalist\n        figure (d. [[1990 in Israel|1990]])\\n** [[Meena Kumari]], Indian actress (d.\n        [[1972]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Lamar Hunt]], American sportsman (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Peter O''Toole]], British-Irish actor (d. [[2013]]) \\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Howard Hodgkin]], British painter and print-maker (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Abebe Bikila]], Ethiopian long-distance runner (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Maurice Rabb, Jr.]], African-American ophthalmologist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Mel Tillis]], American country singer\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013\n        [[Fernando Arrabal]], Spanish writer\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Charlie O''Donnell]],\n        American game show announcer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Sirikit]], Queen mother of\n        Thailand (from [[1950]] to present)\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Abby Dalton]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Jim Lange]], American-Canadian disc jockey and game\n        show host (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[V. S. Naipaul]], West Indian-born\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 18]]\n        \\n** [[William R. Bennett]], Premier of British Columbia (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Luc Montagnier]], French virologist and [[Nobel Prize]] winner\\n* [[August\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Banharn Silpa-archa]], 32nd Prime Minister of Thailand (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Vasily Aksyonov]], Russian writer (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Houari Boumediene]], 2nd President of Algeria (d.\n        [[1978]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[W. Morgan Sheppard]], British actor\\n*\n        [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Luis F\\u00e9lix L\\u00f3pez]], Ecuadorian writer and\n        politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Mohamed Hamri]], Moroccan\n        artist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Saye Zerbo]], 3rd President and 4th Prime Minister\n        of Burkina Faso (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Adolfo Suarez 03\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Adolfo Su\\u00e1rez]]]]\\n[[File:IBSA-leaders Manmohan\n        Singh.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Manmohan Singh]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Sunny\n        von B\\u00fclow]], American socialite (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Derog Gioura]], Nauruan\n        politician and former President of Nauru (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[September 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Eileen Brennan]], American actress and singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Dinsdale Landen]], British actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Carol Lawrence]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n* [[September\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Marguerite Pearson]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[John Paul Getty, Jr.]], American-born\n        philanthropist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Patsy Cline]], American\n        singer (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Peter Anderson (footballer,\n        born 1932)|Peter Anderson]], English footballer\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Atli Dam]], 3-Time Prime Minister of Faroe Islands (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Fernando Gonz\\u00e1lez Pacheco]], Colombian television host,\n        announcer, journalist and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Khalifa\n        bin Hamad Al Thani]], Qatari Emir (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Nikolay Rukavishnikov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Mickey Kuhn]], American child actor\\n* [[September 22]] \\n**\n        [[Algirdas Brazauskas]], [[President of Lithuania]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Ingemar\n        Johansson]], Swedish boxer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Glenn Gould]],\n        Canadian pianist (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Charles Stanley]], American televangelist\\n**\n        [[Adolfo Su\\u00e1rez]], 1st Spanish Prime Minister after the dictatorship\n        of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Donna\n        Douglas]], American actress (''''The Beverly Hillbillies'''') (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Richard Herd]], American actor\\n** [[Joyce Jameson]], American actress (d.\n        [[1987]])\\n** [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Prime Minister of India]]\\n* [[September\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Oliver E. Williamson]], American economist\\n* [[September 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], Chilean singer-songwriter (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]], Indian actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Shintaro Ishihara|Shintar\\u014d Ishihara]], Japanese author\n        and politician\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Robert Reed 1971.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Robert\n        Reed]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Hugh Austin Curtis|Hugh Curtis]], Canadian\n        politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Milan Chvostek]], Canadian\n        television director\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Michael John Rogers]], English\n        ornithologist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Ray Reardon]], Welsh\n        snooker player\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[David Plowden]], American photographer\\n*\n        [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Harry Smith (footballer, born 1932)|Harry Smith]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Dottie West]], American singer/songwriter\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Dick Gregory]], American comedian and\n        activist\\n** [[Ned Jarrett]], American racing driver and broadcaster\\n** [[Yuichiro\n        Miura]], Japanese alpinist\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Jean Edward Smith]],\n        American political scientist and biographer\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Wolf\n        Vostell]], German artist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Vytautas\n        Landsbergis]], Lithuanian politician\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Robert Reed]],\n        American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Rosey Brown]], American\n        football player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rokur\\u014d Naya]], Japanese voice actor\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]], French physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Mundell]], Canadian economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Harry Gregg]], Northern Irish footballer\n        and football manager\\n** [[Dolores Moore]], American baseball player (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Sylvia Plath]], American poet and author (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Jean-Pierre\n        Cassel]], French actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Spyros Kyprianou]],\n        [[President of Cyprus]] (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Suzy Parker]], American fashion\n        model and actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Iemasa Kayumi]],\n        Japanese voice actor, actor and narrator (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Roy\n        Scheider 2007.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Roy Scheider]]]]\\n[[File:Ninoy Aquino 3.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Benigno\n        Aquino Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Chirac Lula ABr62198 (without light).jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Jacques\n        Chirac]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Albert Reynolds]], eighth [[Taoiseach]]\n        of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Thomas\n        Klestil]], [[President of Austria]] (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Noam Pitlik]], American\n        actor and director (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Paul Bley]], Canadian\n        pianist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Germano Mosconi]], Italian journalist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Douglas (actor)|Jerry Douglas]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Richard Mulligan]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Petula Clark]], British singer, actress, and songwriter\n        \\n** [[Clyde McPhatter]], American singer (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[November 18]]\\n**\n        [[Trevor Baxter]], British actor and playwright (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yoyoy\n        Villame]], Filipino singer and actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Dawson]], British-born comedian and game show host (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen]], Danish composer\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Robert Vaughn]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Keith\n        Wickenden]], British politician (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Claudio\n        Naranjo]], Chilean psychiatrist\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Benigno Aquino\n        Jr.]], Filipino politician and senator (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Jacques Chirac]], [[President of France]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Nichelle\n        Nichols by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nichelle Nichols]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] \\u2013 Dame [[Heather Begg]], New Zealand mezzo-soprano (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Sergio Bonelli]], Italian comic book author and publisher\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Corry Brokken]], Dutch singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1957 winner (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Roh Tae-woo]],\n        [[President of South Korea]]\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]],\n        American physicist\\n** [[Little Richard]], American singer and evangelist\n        \\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Paul Caponigro]], American photographer\\n** [[Rosemary\n        Rogers]], Sri Lankan-born American novelist\\n** [[J. B. Sumarlin]], Indonesian\n        economist and a former Minister of Finance\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Morton\n        Downey, Jr.]], American television personality (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Bill Hartack]],\n        American jockey (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Enrique Berm\\u00fadez]],\n        Nicaraguan Contra leader (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Tatsuya\n        Nakadai]], Japanese actor\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Jesse Belvin]], American\n        [[rhythm and blues]] singer, pianist, and songwriter (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Kelly E. Taggart]], American admiral and civil engineer, second\n        Director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned\n        Officer Corps]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Roger Smith (actor)|Roger\n        Smith]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Edward Hoagland]],\n        American essayist\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013  [[Earl Dodge]], American temperance\n        movement leader (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Dorsey Burnette]],\n        American singer (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Katy B\\u00f8dtger]], Danish singer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Roy Hattersley|Roy Hattersley, Baron Hattersley]], British\n        politician and life peer\\n** [[Nichelle Nichols]], American actress \\n** [[Manuel\n        Puig]], Argentinian writer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Titien Sumarni]], Indonesian\n        actress (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Inga Swenson]], American\n        actress and singer\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Felix Rexhausen]], German journalist,\n        editor and author (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Basil Blackshaw]],\n        Northern Irish artist\\n* [[Irene Jai Narayan]], Fiji politician (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Paul Pau]], French general (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 Maginot]], French soldier and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Antoni Maria Alcover i Sureda]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and writer (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Eurosia Fabris]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        nun and blessed (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Mangnall]],\n        English football manager (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Lytton Strachey]],\n        British writer and biographer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 Sir [[Alfred\n        Yarrow]], British shipbuilder and philanthropist (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n**[[Edward Stinson|Edward \\\"Eddie\\\" Stinson]], American aviator and\n        aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1893]])\\n**[[William Wrigley, Jr.]],  American\n        chewing gum industrialist (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 102-13109, Edgar Wallace.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Edgar Wallace]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Farabundo Mart\\u00ed]], Salvadorean revolutionary\n        (murdered) (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Yordan Milanov]], Bulgarian\n        architect (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Mad Dog Coll]], American gangster (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Edgar Wallace]], British novelist and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Minnie Maddern Fiske]], American\n        actress (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Ferdinand Buisson]], French\n        pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Albert Johnson (criminal)|Albert Johnson]], Canadian criminal\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony|Frederick Augustus\n        III]], last [[King of Saxony]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        Luk\\u00e1cs]], 17th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[February\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Ramon Casas i Carb\\u00f3]], Spanish painter (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Santa\n        angela.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint [[Angela of the Cross]]]]\\n[[File:Paolo Boselli.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paolo\n        Boselli]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Frank Teschemacher]], American musician (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n** [[Dino Campana]], Italian poet (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Angela of the Cross]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] nun and saint (b.\n        1932)\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Fawcet Wray]], British admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[John Philip Sousa]], American band leader, conductor,\n        and composer (''''The Stars and Stripes Forever'''') (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March\n        7]] \\n** [[Heinrich Clam-Martinic]], Austrian statesman, former Prime Minister\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Aristide Briand]], French statesman, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Dora Carrington]],\n        British painter (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Paolo Boselli]], 22nd\n        [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Iliaz Vrioni]],\n        Albanian statesman, former Prime Minister (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013\n        [[George Eastman]], American inventor (''''Kodak'''') (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Chauncey Olcott]], American stage actor and singer-songwriter\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Eben Byers]], American steel tycoon\n        and socialite (radiation poisoning) (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Wilhelm\n        Ostwald by Nicola Perscheid.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm Ostwald]]]]\\n* [[April\n        2]] \\n**[[Rose Coghlan]], English actress (b. [[1851]])\\n**[[Bill Pickett]],\n        African-American cowboy whose parents were slaves (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Ostwald]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Grigore Constantinescu]],\n        Romanian priest and journalist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe\n        Peano]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Ferenc\n        Oslay]], [[Hungarians|Hungarian]]-[[Slovenes|Slovene]] historian, writer and\n        irredenta (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[William Lockwood (cricketer)|William\n        Lockwood]], English cricketer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Hart\n        Crane]], American poet (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 F\\u00e9lix\n        Uriburu]], 22nd President of Argentina (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Paul\n        Doumer 1931.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Doumer]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Henri de\n        Gaulle]], father of [[Charles de Gaulle]] (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Charles Fort]],\n        American researcher of the unusual (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Doumer]], [[President of France]] (assassinated) (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tsuyoshi Inukai]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (assassinated) (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Frederick C. Billard]], [[Commandant of the\n        Coast Guard|Commandant of the United States Coast Guard]] (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Augusta, Lady Gregory]], Irish writer and folklorist (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Franz von Hipper]], German admiral (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[John Hubbard (admiral)|John Hubbard]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Dorabji Tata]], Indian\n        businessman (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Theo Heemskerk]], Prime\n        Minister of the Netherlands (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Alexander\n        Bethell]], British admiral (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Felipe Segundo\n        Guzm\\u00e1n]], 35th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Sol Plaatje]], South African journalist, politician and writer. (b.\n        1876)\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Major Taylor]], American cyclist (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Ernst P\\u00f5dder]], Estonian military commander (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Francis P. Duffy]], Canadian American Roman\n        Catholic priest (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[William Humble Ward,\n        2nd Earl of Dudley]], 4th Governor-General of Australia (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:SMF\n        Manoel II.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Manuel II of Portugal]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013\n        King [[Manuel II of Portugal]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth\n        Grahame]], British-born author (''''The Wind In The Willows'''') (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Henry Eyster Jacobs]], American Lutheran theologian (b.\n        [[1844]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven]], South African\n        playwright, poet and politician. (b. 1873)\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Herbert\n        Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer]], British general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        [[Reginald Fessenden]], Canadian inventor (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Errico Malatesta]],\n        Italian anarchist (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Florenz Ziegfeld]], Broadway impresario\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Tenby Davies]], Welsh half-mile world champion\n        runner (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], Brazilian aviation pioneer\n        (suicide) (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Archduchess Gisela of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Kate M. Gordon.png|110px|thumb|[[Kate\n        M. Gordon]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\n** [[Dan Brouthers]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Ignaz Seipel]], two-time Chancellor\n        of Austria (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Johann Schober]], three-time\n        Chancellor of Austria (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Kate M. Gordon]],\n        American suffragette (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Duke_Alexander_Petrovich_of_Oldenburg_(1844-1932).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Duke\n        Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg]]]]\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Paul Bern]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Duke Alexander\n        Petrovich of Oldenburg]] (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Christian\n        von Ehrenfels]], Austrian philosopher (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n**[[Ronald\n        Ross]], British physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine]] (b. [[1857]])\\n**[[Peg Entwistle]], film actress (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Wovoka]], Paiute visionary (''''Ghost Dance'''')\n        (b. c. [[1856]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Jules Ch\\u00e9ret]], French\n        poster designer (b. [[1836]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Joel R. P. Pringle]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Christopher\n        Brennan]], Australian poet and scholar (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Lucy Bacon]], American painter (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Molly\n        Brown]], Denver socialite, noted survivor of the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking\n        of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen]], British field marshal (b. [[1845]])\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Belle Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Charles Waddell Chesnutt]], African American author,\n        essayist and political activist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Jay\n        Hunt (director)|Jay Hunt]], American film director (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[November\n        22]] \\u2013 [[William Walker Atkinson]], American writer (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Amadeo Vives]], Spanish composer (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Gustav Meyrink]], Austrian writer (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Gertrude Jekyll]], English garden designer, writer\n        and artist (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\n** [[Roquia Sakhawat Hussain]],\n        Bangladeshi writer and social worker (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa]],\n        [[Ruler of Bahrain|Hakim of Bahrain]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Eduard Bernstein]], German socialist (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Yun Bong-gil]], Korean resister against Japanese occupation of Korea (b.\n        [[1908]]; executed)\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Malcolm Whitman]], American\n        tennis player (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Vittorio Alinari]],\n        Italian photographer (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Werner Heisenberg|Werner Karl\n        Heisenberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Irving Langmuir]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 Sir\n        [[Charles Scott Sherrington]], [[Edgar Douglas Adrian]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[John Galsworthy]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1932/1932fr.html The 1930s\n        Timeline: 1932] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University of\n        Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1932}}\\n[[Category:1932| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years\n        in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T13:35:39Z\",\"lastrevid\":799726017,\"length\":69385,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1932&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932\"},\"34864\":{\"pageid\":34864,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1933\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T13:32:55Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1933}}\\n{{Events by month|1933}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1933}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1933}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1933}}\\n[[File:Golden\n        Gate Bridge from underneath.jpg|thumb|140px|right| [[January 5]]: [[Golden\n        Gate Bridge]] begun.]]\\n[[File:LocationPhilippines.png|thumb|140px|right|[[January\n        17]]: Vote on [[Philippines]].]]\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 Construction of the\n        [[Golden Gate Bridge]] begins in [[San Francisco Bay]].\\n* [[January 11]]\n        \\u2013 Sir [[Charles Kingsford Smith]] makes the first commercial flight between\n        Australia and New Zealand.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 Political violence causes\n        almost 100 deaths in Spain.\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 The [[United States Congress]]\n        votes favorably for [[Philippines]] independence, against the view of U.S.\n        President [[Herbert Hoover]].\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 The [[Twentieth Amendment\n        to the United States Constitution]] is ratified, changing Inauguration Day\n        from March 4 to January 20 starting in 1937.\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 ''''[[Pakistan\n        Declaration]]'''': [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]] publishes (in [[Cambridge]], England)\n        a pamphlet entitled ''''Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?''''\n        in which he calls for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that\n        he calls \\\"[[Pakistan|Pakstan]]\\\" which is influential on the [[Pakistan Movement]].\\n*\n        [[January 30]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Daladier]] forms a government in France.\\n**\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] leader [[Adolf Hitler]] is appointed [[Chancellor of Germany\n        (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] by President of Germany [[Paul von\n        Hindenburg]].\\n** ''''[[The Lone Ranger]]'''' debuts on American radio.\\n*\n        January \\u2013 The [[Tube map|London Underground diagram]] designed by [[Harry\n        Beck]] is introduced to the public.{{cite book|last=Garland|first=Ken|title=Mr\n        Beck''s Underground Map|year=1994|publisher=Capital Transport|location=Harrow\n        Weald|isbn=1-85414-168-6}}\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February\n        1933}}\\n[[File:Reichstagsbrand.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[February 27]]: [[Reichstag\n        fire]].]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] gives his \\\"Proclamation\n        to the German People\\\" in Berlin.\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 A second  international\n        conference on disarmament ends without results. It tries to limit the army\n        sizes of the major powers, while Germany is entitled to 200,000; Germany leaves\n        the conference because a plan postpones the limitations for 4 years.\\n* [[February\n        5]] \\u2013 A [[mutiny]] starts on the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] [[coastal\n        defence ship]] [[HNLMS De Zeven Provinci\\u00ebn (1909)|''''De Zeven Provinci\\u00ebn'''']]\n        in the [[Dutch East Indies]]. After 6 days, it is bombed by a Dutch aircraft,\n        killing 23 men, and the remaining mutineers surrender. \\n* [[February 6]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] goes\n        into effect.\\n* [[February 6]]\\u2013[[February 7|7]] \\u2013 Officers on the\n        [[USS Ramapo (AO-12)|USS ''''Ramapo'''']] record a 34-meter high sea-wave\n        in the Pacific Ocean.\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[The King and Country debate]]:\n        The [[Oxford Union]] student debating society in England passes a resolution\n        stating, \\\"That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and\n        country.\\\"{{cite journal|last=Ceadel|first=Martin|title=The King and\n        Country Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism and the Dictators|journal=[[The\n        Historical Journal]]|volume=22|issue=2|year=1979|pages=397\\u2013422|doi=10.1017/s0018246x00016885}}\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces\n        the first [[singing telegram]].\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 In [[Miami]], [[Giuseppe\n        Zangara]] attempts to assassinate President-elect [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],\n        but instead fatally wounds the [[Mayor of Chicago]], [[Anton Cermak]].\\n*\n        [[February 17]]\\n** ''''[[Newsweek]]'''' magazine is published for the first\n        time in the United States.\\n** The [[Blaine Act]] passes the [[United States\n        Senate]], submitting the proposed [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution|Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution]] to the states for\n        ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending [[prohibition\n        in the United States]].\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Reichstag fire]]: Germany''s\n        parliament building in Berlin, the [[Reichstag building]], is set on fire\n        under controversial circumstances.\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 The [[Reichstag\n        Fire Decree]] is passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many\n        German civil liberties.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1933}}\\n[[File:FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.tif|thumb|200px|[[March\n        4]]: [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] is 32nd [[President of the United States\n        of America]] bring out of this country under economic protection.]]\\n* [[March\n        2]] \\u2013 The original film version of [[King Kong (1933 film)|''''King Kong'''']],\n        starring [[Fay Wray]], premieres at [[Radio City Music Hall]] and the RKO\n        Roxy Theatre in New York City.\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Ching Yun University]]\n        is established.\\n** [[Mount Rushmore National Memorial]] is dedicated.\\n**\n        A powerful [[1933 Sanriku earthquake|earthquake]] and [[tsunami]] hit [[Honsh\\u016b]],\n        Japan, killing approximately 3,000 people.\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Franklin D.\n        Roosevelt]] (FDR) is [[First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|sworn in]]\n        as the 32nd President of the United States, who in reference to the [[Great\n        Depression]], proclaims \\\"The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself\\\"\n        in his inauguration speech. It is the last time [[Inauguration Day]] in the\n        United States occurs on March 4.\\n** [[Frances Perkins]] becomes [[United\n        States Secretary of Labor]], and the first female member of the [[United States\n        Cabinet]].\\n** The [[Parliament of Austria]] is suspended because of a quibble\n        over procedure; [[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellor]] [[Engelbert Dollfuss]]\n        initiates authoritarian rule by decree (see [[Austrofascism]]).\\n* [[March\n        5]]\\n** The [[Great Depression]]: President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] declares\n        a \\\"[[Emergency Banking Act|Bank holiday]]\\\", closing all United States banks\n        and freezing all financial transactions (the ''holiday'' ends on [[March 13]]).\\n**\n        [[German election, 1933]]: [[Nazism|National Socialists]] gain 43.9% of the\n        votes.\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 Mayor [[Anton Cermak]] of Chicago dies of the\n        wound he received on February 15.\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 the real-estate trading\n        board game [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] is invented.\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013\n        Great Depression: The [[United States Congress]] begins its first 100 days\n        of enacting [[New Deal]] legislation.\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 The 6.4 {{M|w}}\n        [[1933 Long Beach earthquake|Long Beach earthquake]] shakes [[Southern California]]\n        with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe''''),  killing\n        115 people.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Great Depression]]: [[Franklin Delano\n        Roosevelt]] addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United\n        States, in the first of his \\\"[[Fireside chats]]\\\".\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** The\n        [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] rises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day''s gain\n        of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains to\n        date as the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index.\\n** Austrian Chancellor\n        [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] keeps members of the [[National Council of Austria|National\n        Council]] from convening, starting the [[Austrofascism|Austrofascist]] dictatorship.\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], the first [[Nazi\n        concentration camp]], is completed (it opens [[March 22]]).\\n* [[March 22]]\n        \\u2013 President Franklin Roosevelt signs an amendment to the Volstead Act\n        known as the [[Cullen\\u2013Harrison Act]], allowing the manufacture and sale\n        of \\\"3.2 beer\\\" (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume)\n        and light wines.\\\"Roosevelt Authorizes Beer Sale By Signing Bill For\n        3.2 Brew\\\", ''''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'''', March 23, 1933, p.1.\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\u2013 The ''''[[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]''''\n        passes the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]], making [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        [[dictator]] of Germany.\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 Jewish protesters in New York\n        City call for a boycott of German goods in response to the persecution of\n        German Jews by the [[Nazis]].\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 Japan announces to leave\n        the [[League of Nations]] (due to a cancelation period of exactly two years,\n        the egression becomes effective March 27, 1935)[http://www.zaoerv.de/04_1934/4_1934_1_b_148_151_1.pdf\n        pdf] \\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] is\n        established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United\n        States.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1933}}\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013\n        The recently elected [[Nazism|Nazis]] under [[Julius Streicher]] organize\n        a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany.\\n* [[April 2]]\n        \\u2013 In a [[cricket]] test match against New Zealand, [[England cricket\n        team|England]] batsman [[Wally Hammond]] scores a record 336 runs.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell''s Chronology\n        of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=510\\u2013512}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n** An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam ([[Thailand]]).\\n**\n        First flight over [[Mount Everest]], a British expedition, led by the [[Douglas\n        Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton|Marquis of Clydesdale]], and funded\n        by [[Lucy, Lady Houston]].\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 The American airship ''''[[USS\n        Akron (ZRS-4)|Akron]]'''' crashes off the coast of [[New Jersey]], killing\n        73 of its 76 crewmen. It is the worst aviation accident in history up to this\n        date and until [[1950]].\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** The [[International Court of Justice]]\n        in [[The Hague]] decides that [[Greenland]] belongs to Denmark and condemns\n        [[Erik the Red''s Land|Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland]]. Norway submits\n        to the decision.\\n** [[President of the United States]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        declares a national emergency and issues [[Executive Order 6102]], making\n        it illegal for U.S. citizens to own substantial amounts of monetary gold or\n        [[bullion]].\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** Sale of some beer is legalized in the United\n        States under the Cullen-Harrison Act of March 22, eight months before the\n        full repeal of [[Prohibition]] in December.\\n** The [[Law for the Restoration\n        of the Professional Civil Service]] is passed in Germany, the first law of\n        the new regime directed against Jews (as well as political opponents).\\n*\n        [[April 11]] \\u2013 Aviator [[Bill Lancaster (aviator)|Bill Lancaster]] takes\n        off in England, in an attempt to make a speed record to the [[Cape of Good\n        Hope]], but vanishes (his body is not found in the [[Sahara Desert]] until\n        [[1962]]).\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 The [[Children and Young Persons Act 1933|Children\n        and Young Persons Act]] is passed in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013\n        The United States officially goes off the [[gold standard]].\\n* [[April 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nazi Germany]] outlaws the [[kosher]] ritual [[shechita]].\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Persecution of Jehovah''s Witnesses in Nazi Germany]] begins with\n        seizure of the Bible Students'' office in [[Magdeburg]].\\n** Jewish physicians\n        in Nazi Germany are excluded from official insurance schemes, forcing many\n        to give up their practices.{{cite book|first1=Margarete|last1=Limberg|first2=Hubert|last2=R\\u00fcbsaat|title=Germans\n        No More: Accounts of Jewish Everyday Life, 1933\\u20131938|publisher=Berghahn\n        Books|year=2006|pages=17\\u20138}}\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** The [[Gestapo]]\n        [[secret police]] are established in Nazi Germany by [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]].\\n**\n        Editors of the ''''[[Harvard Lampoon]]'''' steal the [[Sacred Cod of Massachusetts]]\n        from the State House (it is returned two days later).\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        The [[John Lewis (department store)|Jessop & Son]] [[department store]] in\n        [[Nottingham]], England, is acquired by [[John Lewis Partnership]] (its first\n        store outside of London).\\n** The [[Stahlhelm]] organization joins the [[Nazism|Nazi]]\n        party.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1933}}\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** The first\n        alleged modern sighting of the [[Loch Ness Monster]] occurs.\\n** ''''[[Gleichschaltung]]'''':\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] prohibits [[trade union]]s.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** In the [[Irish\n        Free State]], [[D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] abolishes the [[oath of allegiance]]\n        to the [[British Crown]].\\n** [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]] becomes the first woman\n        to be named director of the [[United States Mint]].\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 The\n        detection by [[Karl Jansky]] of radio waves from the center of the [[Milky\n        Way]] Galaxy is reported in ''''The New York Times''''. The discovery leads\n        to the birth of [[radio astronomy]].\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        begins a 3-week [[hunger strike]] because of the mistreatment of the lower\n        castes.\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** In Germany, the [[Nazis]] stage massive public [[book\n        burning]]s.\\n** [[Paraguay]] declares war on [[Bolivia]].\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Agricultural Adjustment Act]] is enacted in the USA.\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Vidkun Quisling]] and [[Johan Bernhard Hjort]] form The [[Nasjonal Samling]]\n        (the National-Socialist Party) of Norway.\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[New Deal]]:\n        President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] signs an act creating the [[Tennessee\n        Valley Authority]].\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 The [[Nazism|Nazi]] Party in Germany\n        introduces a law to legalize [[eugenics|eugenic]] [[Human sterilization|sterilization]].\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[New Deal]]: The [[Federal Securities Act]] is signed into\n        law, requiring the registration of securities with the [[Federal Trade Commission]].\\n**\n        The ''''[[Century of Progress]]'''' [[World''s Fair]] opens in Chicago.\\n**\n        Walt Disney''s classic ''''[[Silly Symphony]]'''' cartoon ''''[[Three Little\n        Pigs (film)|The Three Little Pigs]]'''' is first released by [[United Artists]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1933}}\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 The [[Congress of\n        the United States|U.S. Congress]] abrogates the United States'' use of the\n        [[gold standard]] by enacting a joint resolution48 Stat. 112. nullifying\n        the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The\n        first [[drive-in theater|drive-in movie theater]] opens in [[Pennsauken Township,\n        New Jersey|Pennsauken Township]], near [[Camden, New Jersey]].\\n* [[June 12]]\n        \\u2013 The [[London Economic Conference]] is held.\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Kansas\n        City massacre|Union Station massacre]]: In [[Kansas City, Missouri]], [[Pretty\n        Boy Floyd]] kills an FBI agent, 3 local police, and the person they intended\n        to rescue, captured bank robber [[Frank Nash]].  \\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 All\n        non-[[Nazism|Nazi]] parties are forbidden in Germany.\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013\n        Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in Berlin to protest against\n        the [[persecution of Jehovah''s Witnesses in Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[June 26]]\n        \\u2013 The ''''American Totalisator Company'''' unveils its first electronic\n        pari-mutuel betting machine at the [[Arlington Park]] race track near Chicago.\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1933}}\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 The [[London Passenger\n        Transport Board]] is founded.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]\n        is sentenced to prison in India.\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 The first [[Major League\n        Baseball All-Star Game]] is played at [[Comiskey Park]] in Chicago.\\n* [[July\n        8]] \\u2013 The first [[rugby union]] [[Test match (rugby union)|test match]]\n        is played between the [[Australia national rugby union team|Wallabies of Australia]]\n        and the [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks of South Africa]]\n        at Newlands in [[Cape Town]].\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 In [[Nazi Germany]]:\\n**\n        Formation of new political parties is forbidden.\\n** The [[Law for the Prevention\n        of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring]] is enacted,Coming into force January\n        1934. {{cite book|title=[[IBM and the Holocaust]]|first=Edwin|last=Black|authorlink=Edwin\n        Black|year=2001|publisher=Crown / Random House|page=93}} allowing [[compulsory\n        sterilization]] of citizens suffering from a list of alleged [[genetic disorders]].\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** Signing of the [[Four-Power Pact]] by Britain, France, Germany\n        and Italy.\\n** [[Left Opposition|International\n        Left Opposition]] (ILO) is renamed International Communist League (ICL).\\n*\n        [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Reichskonkordat]]: Vatican state secretary Eugenio Pacelli\n        (later [[Pope Pius XII]]) signs an accord with Germany.\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        [[Wiley Post]] becomes the first person to fly solo around the world, landing\n        at [[Floyd Bennett Field]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York, after traveling eastabout\n        {{convert|15596|mi|km|abbr=on}} in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes.\\n** \\\"[[Machine\n        Gun Kelly]]\\\" and [[Albert Bates (criminal)|Albert Bates]] kidnap Charles\n        Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200,000 ransom.\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013\n        Several members of the [[Barrow Gang]] are injured or captured during a running\n        battle with local police near [[Dexter, Iowa]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1933}}\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 The [[Blue Eagle]] emblem of\n        the [[National Recovery Administration]] is displayed publicly for the first\n        time.\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 Opening of the [[White Sea\\u2013Baltic Canal|Stalin\n        White Sea\\u2013Baltic Sea Canal]], a 227 [[km]] [[ship canal|navigable waterway]]\n        constructed using [[forced labour]] in the [[Soviet Union]] connecting the\n        [[White Sea]] with [[Lake Onega]] and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]].\\n* [[August\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Simele massacre]]: More than 3,000 [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]\n        Iraqis are killed by [[Iraq]] government troops.\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Winston\n        Churchill]] makes his first speech publicly warning of the dangers of German\n        rearmament.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The\n        Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=376\\u2013377|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 Loggers cause a [[forest fire]] in the [[Oregon Coast\n        Range|Coast Range]] of [[Oregon]], later known as the first forest fire of\n        the [[Tillamook Burn]]. It is extinguished on [[September 5]], after destroying\n        {{convert|240,000|acre|km2}}.\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 The [[1933 Diexi earthquake|Diexi\n        earthquake]] shakes [[Mao County]], [[Sichuan]], China and kills 9,000 people.\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\u2013 German Jewish philosopher [[Theodor Lessing]] is assassinated\n        in Marienbad ([[Mari\\u00e1nsk\\u00e9 L\\u00e1zn\\u011b]]), [[Czechoslovakia]],\n        dying the following day.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1933}}\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Alejandro Lerroux]] forms a new government in Spain.\\n**\n        [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]], waiting for a red light on [[Southampton Row]]\n        in [[Bloomsbury]], conceives the idea of the [[nuclear chain reaction]].\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 A [[1933 Tampico hurricane|hurricane]] destroys the\n        town of [[Tampico]], [[Mexico]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1933}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 A failed assassination attempt against [[Engelbert\n        Dollfuss]], leader of the [[Fatherland''s Front]] in Austria, seriously injures\n        him.\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Air France]] is formed by the merger of five\n        French airline companies, beginning operations with 250 planes.\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[1933 United Airlines Boeing 247 mid-air explosion]]: A bomb\n        destroys a [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 247]] on a transcontinental flight\n        in mid-air near [[Chesterton, Indiana]], killing all 7 on board, in the first\n        proven case of sabotage in civil aviation, although no suspect is ever identified.\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on [[Alcatraz]]\n        is acquired by the [[United States Department of Justice]], which plans to\n        incorporate the island into its [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] as a federal\n        [[Prison|penitentiary]].\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 The [[British Interplanetary\n        Society]] is founded.\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 Germany announces its withdrawal\n        from the [[League of Nations]] and the World Disarmament Conference, after\n        the U.S., the U.K. and France deny its request to increase its defense armaments\n        under the Versailles Treaty.\\n* [[October 14]]-[[October 16|16]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Constitution of Estonia#Second Constitution (1934\\u20131938)|new constitution]]\n        of [[Estonia]] is approved only on the [[Estonian constitutional referendum,\n        October 1933|third consecutive referendum]].\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 Scientist\n        [[Albert Einstein]] arrives in the United States where he settles permanently\n        as a refugee from [[Nazi Germany]] and takes up a position at the [[Institute\n        for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton, New Jersey]].\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1933}}\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 Spanish [[Basque people]]\n        [[Basque autonomy referendum, 1933|vote for autonomy]].\\n* [[November 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[New Deal]]: U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] unveils the\n        [[Civil Works Administration]], an organization designed to create jobs for\n        more than 4 million of the unemployed.\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Dust Bowl]]:\n        In [[South Dakota]], a very strong [[dust storm]], (\\\"the great black blizzard\\\"),\n        strips [[topsoil]] from desiccated farmlands (one of a series of disastrous\n        dust storms that year).\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 The United States and the\n        [[Soviet Union]] establish formal [[diplomacy|diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[November\n        17]] \\u2013 The [[Marx Brothers]]'' [[anarchic comedy film]] ''''[[Duck Soup\n        (1933 film)|Duck Soup]]'''' is released in the U.S.\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Second Spanish Republic]]: General elections result in victory by the right-wing\n        parties.\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 The [[Fujian People''s Government]] is\n        declared in [[Fujian Province]], China.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1933}}\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 The [[21st Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution]] is passed, repealing [[Prohibition]].\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013\n        The US 21st Amendment officially goes into effect, alcohol becomes legal in\n        the US.\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] returns\n        to [[Crown colony]] status following financial collapse.\\n**\n        The British Plastics Federation (the oldest in the world) is founded.\\n* [[December\n        24]] \\u2013 A [[Lagny-Pomponne rail accident|train crash]] in [[Lagny, Oise|Lagny]],\n        France kills over 200.\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** The [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]]\n        Motor Company is organized in Tokyo, Japan.\\n** [[Frequency modulation|FM\n        radio]] is patented.\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 Members of the [[Iron Guard]]\n        assassinate [[Ion Gheorghe Duca]], prime minister of [[Romania]].\\n\\n=== Date\n        unknown ===\\n* The [[Federal government of the United States|United States\n        Federal Government]] outlaws [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].\\n* A coup attempt\n        against [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] fails in the United States (''''see''''\n        [[Smedley Butler]]).\\n* US President Roosevelt rejects [[socialism]] and government\n        ownership of industry.\\n* [[Nazi Germany]] forms the ''''Expert Committee\n        on Questions of Population and Racial Policy'''' under Reich Interior Minister\n        [[Wilhelm Frick]].\\n* The [[Holodomor]] genocide takes place in [[Ukraine]].\n        The average life expectancy for a Ukrainian male born in 1933 was 7.3 years.{{cite\n        journal |last1= Vallin |first1= Jacques |last2= Mesl\\u00e9 |first2= France\n        |last3= Adamets |first3= Serguei |last4= Pyrozhkov |first4= Serhii |title=\n        A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s |url= http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/VallinNewEstimate.pdf\n        |journal= [[Population Studies]] |volume= 56 |issue= 3 |year= 2002 |pages=\n        249\\u2013264 |ref= harv |doi=10.1080/00324720215934 |pmid=12553326}}\\n*\n        The first [[doughnut]] store under the [[Krispy Kreme]] name opens in [[Nashville,\n        Tennessee]].{{cite web |url=http://www.tennessean.com/article/20090718/COLUMNIST0102/907180302/1097/COLUMNIST|title=First\n        Krispy Kreme doughnut shop found home in Nashville|work=[[The Tennessean]]}}\\n*\n        [[Jimmie Angel]] becomes the first foreigner to see the [[Angel Falls]], [[Venezuela]]\n        (they are named after him).\\n* The ''''[[Ad\\u00e9la\\u00efde Concerto]]'''',\n        a spurious work attributed to [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], is published as\n        \\\"edited\\\" (actually composed) by [[Marius Casadesus]].\\n* 15 million unemployed\n        in the USA.\\n* Five coalition cabinets form and fall in France.\\n* [[Turkey]]\n        concludes a treaty with the creditors of the former [[Ottoman Empire]] to\n        schedule the payments in Paris. (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt\n        in less than twenty years.)\\n* The first dated [[ISCF]] group is started in\n        Australia at [[North Sydney Boys High School]], with the group still running\n        today.\\n* [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932\\u201333]]: The [[England\n        cricket team]] wins [[The Ashes]] using the controversial [[bodyline]] tactic.\\n* The [[Mexican Indian Wars]] end after\n        414 years.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Dalida 1961.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dalida]]]]\\n[[File:Corazon\n        Aquino 1986.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Corazon Aquino]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Orton]], British playwright (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[On Kawara]],\n        Japanese conceptual artist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Morimura Seiichi]], Japanese\n        novelist and author\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov|Oleg\n        Makarov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Emil Steinberger (actor)|Emil\n        Steinberger]], Swiss comedian, director, and writer\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Osgood]], American journalist and commentator \\n** [[Straub-Huillet|Jean-Marie\n        Straub]], French filmmaker\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Robert Garcia (New York\n        politician)|Robert Garc\\u00eda]], American politician\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Stan Brakhage]], American filmmaker (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Susan Sontag]], American author (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Dalida]],\n        French singer (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Shari Lewis]], American ventriloquist (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n** [[Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan]], French U.N. High Commissioner\n        for Refugees (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[John Boorman]], English\n        film director\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Chita Rivera]], American actress\n        and dancer\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Corazon Aquino]], 11th [[President of\n        the Philippines]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 27]]   [[Ary Fontoura]], Brazilian\n        actor, writer, director, poet and TV-presenter\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Yokoono2.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Yoko\n        Ono]]]]\\n[[File:Nina Simone 1965.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Nina Simone]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] \\n** [[M''el Dowd]], American actress and singer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Tony Jay]], British-American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Polde Bibi\\u010d]], Slovenian film and stage actor and memoir writer (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Leslie Crowther]], British TV comedian\n        & game show host (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[John Anderton]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Elly Ameling]], Dutch soprano\\n*\n        [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Costa-Gavras]], Greek-born director and writer\\n*\n        [[February 13]]\\n** [[Paul Biya]], 2nd [[President of Cameroon]]\\n** [[Kim\n        Novak]], American film actress\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Madhubala]], Indian\n        actress (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\n** [[Craig L. Thomas]], American\n        Senator (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah]], 13th Chief Justice of\n        Pakistan (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Yoko Ono]], Japanese-born\n        singer and artist, widow of [[John Lennon]]\\n** Sir [[Bobby Robson]], English\n        soccer player and manager (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Nina Simone]],\n        American singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Katharine, Duchess\n        of Kent]]\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Donna J. Stone]], American poet and\n        philanthropist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Berry]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Miro Ster\\u017eaj]],\n        Slovenian bowler and businessman\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Michael Caine -\n        Viennale 2012 g (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michael Caine]]]]\\n[[File:Ab\\u016b\n        l-Hasan Ban\\u012bsadr IMG 2044 edit.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abolhassan Banisadr]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Lee Radziwill]], American socialite, sister of Jacqueline\n        Kennedy Onassis\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Ted Abernathy]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Jackie Blanchflower]], Northern\n        Irish footballer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell]],\n        Argentine poet and translator (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Myrna Fahey]],\n        American actress (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Barbara Feldon]], American actress and\n        model \\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Gil]], Spanish right-wing politician, construction\n        businessman, and football team owner (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Mike Stoller]], American songwriter\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Michael Caine|Sir\n        Michael Caine]], British actor \\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Felber]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n**\n        [[Quincy Jones]], American music producer and composer\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United\n        States]]\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Sandy Weill]], American financier and philanthropist\\n*\n        [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Philip Roth]], American author\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Abolhassan Banisadr]], first [[President of Iran]]\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013\n        [[L\\u00ea V\\u0103n H\\u01b0ng]], South Vietnam army generals (d. [[1975]])\\n\\n===\n        April === \\n[[File:Jean-Paul Belmondo 2001.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Mark_Eyskens_1986.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mark\n        Eyskens]]]]\\n[[File:Willie Nelson at Farm Aid 2009 - Cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Willie\n        Nelson]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]], French physicist\n        and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Renae Youngberg]]. American professional baseball player\\n* [[April 5]]\\n**\n        [[Larry Felser]], American sports columnist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Frank Gorshin]],\n        American actor (''''Batman'''') (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Roy\n        Goode]], British legal academic\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Wayne Rogers]], American\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\n** [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]], French actor\\n**\n        [[Gian Maria Volont\\u00e8]], Italian actor (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 12]]\\n**\n        Dame [[Montserrat Caball\\u00e9]], Catalan soprano\\n** [[Ben Nighthorse Campbell]],\n        U.S. Senator\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Morton Subotnick]], American electronic\n        composer\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Roy Clark]], American country musician\\n**\n        [[Elizabeth Montgomery]], American actress (''''Bewitched'''') (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] \\u2013 Dame [[Joan Bakewell]], British broadcaster\\n* [[April\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Michael Bradshaw]], British actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jayne Mansfield]], American actress (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n**\n        [[Patricia Bosworth]], American writer and biographer\\n** [[Claire Davenport]],\n        British actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Jerry Leiber]], American\n        composer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Joyce Ricketts]], American baseball player [AAGPBL]\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Carol Burnett]], American actress, singer\n        and comedian\\n** [[Ilkka Kuusisto]], Finnish composer\\n** [[Arno Allan Penzias]],\n        German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Mark Eyskens]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]\\n** [[Rod\n        McKuen]], American singer-songwriter and poet (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 30]]\n        \\n** [[Vittorio Merloni]], Italian entrepreneur (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Willie\n        Nelson]], American country singer and songwriter\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Joan\n        Collins - Monte-Carlo Television Festival.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Joan Collins]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[James Brown]], African-American soul musician (''''I Feel\n        Good'''') (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Steven Weinberg]], American physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[J. Fred Duckett]],\n        Texan Sports announcer and teacher (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Ratnasiri\n        Wickremanayake]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[Johnny Unitas]], American football player (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Nexhmije\n        Pagarusha]], Albanian singer and actress\\n** [[Roger Perry]], American actor\\n*\n        [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Jessica Steele]], English romance novelist\\n* [[May 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Barbara Taylor Bradford]], English writer\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Louis\n        Farrakhan]], African-American Muslim leader\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Si\\u00e2n\n        Phillips]], Welsh actress\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Carol Habben]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Maurice Andr\\u00e9]],\n        French trumpeter (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Chen Jingrun]], Chinese\n        mathematician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Joan Collins]], English actress\n        (''''Dynasty'''')\\n** [[Sh\\u014dz\\u014d Iizuka]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Ray Spencer]], English footballer\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Edward Whittemore]], American writer and CIA agent (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Helmuth Rilling]], German conductor\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Joan\n        Rivers 2010 - David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joan Rivers]]]]\\n[[File:Gene\n        Wilder 1970.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Gene Wilder]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Charlie\n        Wilson (Texas politician)|Charles Wilson]], American politician (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Haruo Remeliik]], 1st President of Palau (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Heinrich Rohrer]], Swiss physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Joan Rivers]], American comedic\n        actress, comedian (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Gene Wilder]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Marly Bueno|pt|3=Marly\n        Bueno}}, Brazilian actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Vladislav\n        Rastorotsky]], Soviet gymnastics coach\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Mohammad-Ali\n        Rajai]], 2nd President of Iran and 47th Prime Minister of Iran (d. [[1981]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]]\\n** [[Harry Browne]], American writer and Presidential candidate\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Maurice Stokes]], American basketball player (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Patsayev]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1971]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Danny Aiello]], American actor\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Bernie\n        Kopell]], American actor and comedian \\n** [[Aleksandar Vasin]], Yugoslav\n        fencer\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Dianne Feinstein]], American policitian and\n        former mayor of [[San Francisco]]\\n* [[June 23]] \\n** [[Dave Bristol]], American\n        baseball manager\\n** [[Hermenegildo S\\u00e1bat]], Uruguayan-Argentine caricaturist\\n*\n        [[June 24]]\\n** [[Ngina Kenyatta]], former [[First Lady of Kenya]]\\n** [[Sam\n        Jones (basketball)|Sam Jones]], American professional basketball player at\n        shooting guard\\n** [[Bernard Grandma\\u00eetre]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Mariano\n        Antonelli]], Italian sports shooter\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Bob Cole (sportscaster)|Bob\n        Cole]], Canadian sports television announcer\\n** [[Hong Sook-ja]], South Korean\n        politician and feminist\\n** [[James Meredith]], American Civil Rights Movement\n        figure, writer, political adviser and Air Force veteran\\n** [[\\u00c1lvaro\n        Siza]], Portuguese Architect\\n** [[Israel Zilber]], Latvian chess player\\n*\n        [[June 26]] \\n** [[Gerry Weiner]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Ralph Guglielmi]],\n        American football quarterback\\n** [[David Winnick]], British Labour Party\n        politician\\n** [[McNeil Moore]], American football player\\n** [[Claudio Abbado]],\n        Italian conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[L. James Sullivan]],\n        American firearms inventor\\n** [[Louise Bishop]], American politician\\n* [[June\n        28]]\\n** [[Antonio Flamand]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Morris Hirsch]], American\n        mathematician\\n** [[V. Sasisekharan]], Indian Molecular biologist\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** [[Piero Barucci]], Italian academic\\n** [[John Bradshaw (author)|John\n        Bradshaw]], American theologian and educator\\n** [[Roy Harris (boxer)|Roy\n        Harris]], American heavyweight boxer\\n** [[John D. Hawke, Jr.]], American\n        politician\\n** [[David Nething]], American politician\\n** [[Bob Fass]], American\n        radio personality\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Lea Massari]], Italian actress and\n        singer\\n** [[Don Head (ice hockey)|Don Head]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Orval Tessier]], Canadian professional ice hockey centre and coach\\n** [[Mauricio\n        Rosencof]], Uruguayan playwright, poet and journalist\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Mt_vasudevan_nayar.jpg|thumb|120px|[[M.\n        T. Vasudevan Nair]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Joe Buick]], Scottish footballer\\n**\n        [[Frank Baumann (baseball)|Frank Baumann]], American pitcher in Major League\n        Baseball\\n** [[Radivoje Ognjanovi\\u0107]], Serbian football manager and former\n        player\\n** [[Hamza Qasim]], Iraqi football goalkeeper\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Kenny Wharram]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n**\n        [[Maximilian, Margrave of Baden]], German prince\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[La Prieta\n        Linda]], Mexican singer and actress\\n** [[Jan Breytenbach]], South African\n        colonel\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Lisa Janti]], American actress\\n* [[July 6]]\n        \\u2013 [[Frank Austin (footballer)|Frank Austin]], English footballer (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Murray Halberg]], New Zealand runner\\n** [[David\n        McCullough]], American historian and author\\n** [[Bruce Wells]], English boxer\n        and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Bucky Bockhorn]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[John Devine (footballer, born 1933)|John\n        Devine]], English footballer\\n** [[Oliver Sacks]], English-born [[neurologist]]\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Bob McGrath]], American actor \\n** [[Gy\\u00f6rgy\n        Czak\\u00f3]], Hungarian figure skater \\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Guido Crepax]],\n        Italian comics artist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Julian Bream]], English guitarist\n        and lutenist\\n** [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], Indian writer\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Julian Klymkiw]], Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender\\n* [[July\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici]], 9th Prime Minister of Malta\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Syd Mead]], American industrial and conceptual designer\\n** [[Jean\n        Yanne]], French film actor and director (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Buddy\n        Knox]], American singer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Cormac McCarthy]], [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]] winning and [[National Book Award]] winning author\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Gardner (American writer)|John Gardner]], American novelist\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Bert Convy]], American game show host,\n        actor and singer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[John Aniston]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Doug Sanders]], American former golfer\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Kathryn\n        Hays]], American television and soap opera actress \\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Nick\n        Reynolds]], American folk singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ted Whitten]], Australian\n        rules footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Hodge (ice\n        hockey)|Charlie Hodge]], Canadian former ice hockey goaltender\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Baldwin (actor)|Peter Baldwin]], British actor\\n** [[Lou Albano]],\n        American professional wrestler and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Robert Fuller\n        (actor)|Robert Fuller]], American former actor and current rancher \\n* [[July\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Edd Byrnes]], American actor and singer\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Julie\n        Newmar - 1965.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Julie Newmar]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**\n        [[Dom DeLuise]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Aquinas Ryan]],\n        Canadian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jesse Corti]], Venezuelan-born actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Masaichi Kaneda]], Japanese baseball pitcher \\n* [[August\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Tom Bell (actor)|Tom Bell]], English actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Elinor Ostrom]], American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jerry Pournelle]], American science fiction writer\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Joe Tex]], African-American soul singer (d. [[1982]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]]\\n** [[Silvia Caos]], Cuban-Mexican actress (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Doyle Brunson]], American poker player\\n** [[Rocky Colavito]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Falwell]], American evangelist\n        and conservative political activist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard R. Ernst]], Swiss chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Julie Newmar]], American actress \\n** [[Stuart\n        Roosa]], American astronaut (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Gene Kranz]],\n        American [[NASA]] [[Flight Director]]\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Roman Polanski]],\n        Polish film director\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Bettina Cirone]], American\n        photographer and model \\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[George J. Mitchell]], United\n        States Senator\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Janet Baker|Dame Janet Baker]], English\n        mezzo-soprano\\n** [[Barry Norman]], English film critic (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Robert Curl]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Tom Skerritt]], American actor\\n*\n        [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Robert Chartoff]], American film producer\\n* [[August\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Jean Weaver]], American female professional baseball player\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Koller]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:Mathieu K\\u00e9r\\u00e9kou 2006Feb10.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Mathieu\n        K\\u00e9r\\u00e9kou]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Lagerfeld 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Karl\n        Lagerfeld]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Ann Richards]], Governor of Texas (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[T. Thirunavukarasu]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. [[1982]])\\n**\n        [[Conway Twitty]], American country music artist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\n** [[Victor Spinetti]], British actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Mathieu K\\u00e9r\\u00e9kou]],\n        5th [[President of Benin]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Michael\n        Novak]], American philosopher and author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**\n        [[Yevgeny Khrunov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Karl Lagerfeld]],\n        German fashion designer and artist\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[William Luther\n        Pierce]], American author and activist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Eileen Fulton]], American stage and soap opera actress \\n* [[September 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Hillevi Rombin]], [[Miss Universe 1955]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September\n        15]]\\n** [[Henry Darrow]], Puerto-Rican American actor \\n** [[Rafael Fr\\u00fchbeck\n        de Burgos]], Spanish conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Monica Maughan]], Australian\n        actress (d. 2010)\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Dorothy Loudon]], American\n        actress and singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 18]]                                                                                                       \\n**\n        [[Scotty Bowman]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[David\n        McCallum]], Scottish actor \\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Dennis Viollet]],\n        English former footballer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Dick\n        Simon]], American racing driver\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Raffaele Farina]],\n        Archivist of the Holy Roman Church and cardinal\\n** [[Mel Taylor]], American\n        drummer ([[The Ventures]]) (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Hubie\n        Brown]], American basketball coach and broadcaster\\n* [[September 27]]\\n**\n        [[Greg Morris]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Kathleen Nolan]], American\n        actress and first female president of the Screen Actors Guild\\n** [[Will Sampson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Samora Machel]],\n        [[President of Mozambique]] (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[September 30]] \\n** [[Cissy\n        Houston]], American singer\\n** [[Michel Aoun]], [[President of Lebanon]]\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n\\n[[File:Peter Mansfield Leipzig.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter Mansfield]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[John Gurdon]], British developmental biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Abdon\n        Pamich]], Italian Olympic athlete\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Joan Berger]], American\n        female professional baseball player\\n** [[Peter Mansfield]], British physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Jay Sebring]], American hair stylist (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Clayton Jacobson II]], American inventor of the [[Jet\n        Ski]]\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Jeanine Deckers]], Belgian nun, known as\n        \\\"The Singing Nun\\\" (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Lois Youngen]],\n        American professional baseball player\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Reginald Kray]],\n        British gangster (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ronald Kray]], British gangster (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Norman Rush]], American writer\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Sydney Ball]],\n        Australian abstract painter (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Didier\n        Ratsiraka (cropped).jpeg|120px|thumb|[[Didier Ratsiraka]]]]\\n[[File:Keiko\n        Tanaka-Ikeda 1964.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda]]]]\\n[[File:LarryKingSept10\n        (cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Larry King]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\n**[[Samir Roychoudhury]],\n        Indian Bengali poet and philosopher of [[Hungry generation]]\\n**[[Huub Oosterhuis]],\n        Dutch poet, theologian and liturgy reformer\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[John Barry\n        (composer)|John Barry]], British film score composer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Ken\n        Berry]], American actor\\n** [[Jeremy Brett]], British actor (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Aneta Corsaut]], American actress (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Michael Dukakis]],\n        American politician and 1988 Democratic Presidential candidate\\n** [[Amartya\n        Sen]], Indian economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Didier Ratsiraka]], 2nd [[President\n        of Madagascar]]\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Knut Johannesen]], Norwegian speed-skater\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Jim Perry (television personality)|Jim Perry]], American\n        game show host (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Don Clarke]], Rugby\n        football player of New Zealand (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Kay\n        Arthur]], American Bible teacher, speaker and author\\n** [[Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda]],\n        Japanese artistic gymnast\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Jalal Talabani]], [[President\n        of Iraq]]\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Fred Haise]], American astronaut who\n        flew in [[Apollo 13]]\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Jack Burns]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Larry King]], American talk show host\\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[T. Rasalingam]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician\\n** [[Jean Shepard]],\n        American country singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Krzysztof Penderecki]], Polish composer\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Kathryn\n        Crosby|Kathryn Grant]], American actress\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Robert Goulet]],\n        American entertainer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Tony Verna]], American inventor of\n        [[instant replay]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Hope Lange]],\n        American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[John Mayall]], English\n        singer\\n** [[Francisco Cuoco]], Brazilian actor\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_050511-D-9880W-053_Abel_Pacheco_cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abel\n        Pacheco]]]]\\n[[File:Emperor Akihito cropped Emperor Akihito and Gene Castagnetti\n        20090715.jpg|thumb|120px|Emperor [[Akihito]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Fujiko\n        F. Fujio]], Japanese cartoon artist (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Lou Rawls]], African-American\n        singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Mike Larrabee]], American\n        Olympic athlete (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Paul J. Crutzen]],\n        Dutch chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Wink Martindale]], American game show host and disc jockey\\n*\n        [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Henryk G\\u00f3recki]], Polish composer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Orville Moody]], American golfer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Bryan]], American labor leader (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Eva Wilma]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tim Conway]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[December 17]] \\n**\n        [[Shirley Abrahamson]], American jurist; Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme\n        Court \\n** [[Walter Booker]], American jazz bassist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Jean Carnahan]], American politician\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Abel Pacheco]], 44th [[President of Costa Rica]]\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Akihito]], [[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor of Japan]]\\n* [[December\n        26]]\\n** [[Ugly Dave Gray]], Australian television personality\\n** [[Caroll\n        Spinney]], American puppeteer\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Zoran Laki\\u0107]],\n        Montenegrin historian\\n* [[Augusto and Michaela Odone|Augusto Odone]], creator\n        of ''''[[Lorenzo''s Oil]]'''' (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January\\u2013March\n        ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2002-0625-505, Dr. Wilhelm Cuno.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Wilhelm\n        Cuno]]]]\\n[[File:Calvin Coolidge, bw head and shoulders photo portrait seated,\n        1919.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Calvin Coolidge]]]]\\n[[File:Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Prince\n        Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi]]]]\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Cuno]],\n        [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Pickford]], Canadian-born actor, film director, and producer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n**[[Calvin Coolidge]], 30th [[President of the United States]]\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n**[[J. M. Robertson]], British [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal\n        Party]] politician, writer, and journalist, [[Parliamentary Secretary to the\n        Board of Trade]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Bert Hinkler]], Australian\n        pioneer aviator (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 9]] -- [[Kate Gleason]], American\n        engineer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Mantovani]], Italian\n        geologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]],\n        stained glass artist and jewelry designer, son of Charles Lewis Tiffany\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Lewis J. Selznick]], American film producer (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]]\\n** [[Thomas Coward]], British ornithologist (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[Sara Teasdale]], American lyrical poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013\n        [[John Galsworthy]], British writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[James Banning]], American aviation\n        pioneer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Josiah Thomas]], Australian politician (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] \\n** [[Henri Duparc (composer)|Henri Duparc]], French composer\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n** Sir [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|William Robertson]],\n        British Field Marshall (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Carl Correns]],\n        German botanist and geneticist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Pat\n        Sullivan (film producer)|Pat Sullivan]], Australian-born director and producer\n        of animated films (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[James J. Corbett]],\n        American boxer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Spottiswoode Aitken]],\n        British-American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich\n        of Russia]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Walter Hiers]], American\n        actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[U\\u0142adzimir \\u017dy\\u0142ka]],\n        Belarusian poet (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Anton Cermak]], Mayor\n        of Chicago (assassinated) (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Ahmed Sharif\n        as-Senussi]], Chief of the [[Senussi]] order in [[Libya]] (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] \\n** [[Anton Dimitrov]], Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[Robert T. A. Innes]], South African astronomer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March\n        14]]\\n** [[Balto]], American sled dog (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Antonio Garbasso]],\n        Italian physcist and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Gustavo\n        Jim\\u00e9nez]], Interim [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi]], Italian mountaineer,\n        explorer, and admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Zangara]],\n        attempted assassin of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Eddie Lang]], American musician (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n=== April\\u2013June\n        ===\\n[[File:S\\u00e1nchez Cerro.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Luis Miguel S\\u00e1nchez\n        Cerro]]]]\\n[[File:2008.04.24.HildegardBurjan.Pramerg7.Vienna.JPG|thumb|120px|Blessed\n        [[Hildegard Burjan]]]]\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[William A. Moffett]], U.S.\n        admiral (crash of airship {{USS|Akron|ZRS-4}}) (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 7]]\n        -- [[Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria]] (d. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Harriet Brooks]], Canadian physicist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 20]] -- [[William\n        Courtenay (actor)|William Courtenay]], Canadian actor and director (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]]\\n** [[Prince Ludwig Philipp of Thurn and Taxis]] (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Royce]], English car manufacturer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Tim Keefe]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Luis Miguel S\\u00e1nchez Cerro]], 77th [[Prime Minister\n        of Peru]] and 48th [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Leonard Huxley (writer)|Leonard Huxley]], British writer (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Kerr]], English actor (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Li Ching-Yuen]], Chinese herbalist, martial artist, tactical\n        advisor (b. [[1677]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Torrence]], British actor\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[John Henry Mackay]], German writer (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Thomas J. O''Brien (Michigan politician)|Thomas\n        J. O''Brien]], American politician and diplomat (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Ludovic Arrachart]], French aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Percy C. Mather]],\n        British Protestant missionary (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron\n        Wester Wemyss]], British admiral (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Jimmie\n        Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]], American country singer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Frank Jarvis]], American athlete (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June\n        15]] -- [[Hildegard Burjan]], German [[Roman Catholic]] nun and blessed (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[June 25]] -- [[Giovanni Giacometti]], Swiss painter (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Roscoe Arbuckle]], American actor, comedian, film director,\n        and screenwriter (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n=== July\\u2013September ===\\n[[File:Yrigoyen\n        en ventanilla del ferrocarril viaje a Santa Fe campa\\u00f1a electoral de 1926..jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Hip\\u00f3lito\n        Yrigoyen]]]]\\n[[File:SulejmanDelvina.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Sulejman\n        Delvina]]]]\\n[[File:Hasan Pristina.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Hasan Prishtina]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Faisal I of Iraq.png|120px|thumbnail|right|King [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal\n        of Iraq]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], 18th [[President\n        of Argentina]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[July 11]] -- [[Edward Dillon (actor)|Edward\n        Dillon]], American actor and director (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Irving\n        Babbitt]], American literary critic (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Freddie Keppard]],\n        American jazz musician (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[L\\u00e9on de Witte de Haelen]],\n        Belgian general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[July 18]] -- [[Charles Prince (actor)|Charles\n        Prince]], French actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Nobuyoshi Mut\\u014d]],\n        Japanese field marshal and ambassador (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Sulejman Delvina]], Albanian politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Hasan Prishtina]], Albanian politician,\n        8th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[James\n        Williamson (film pioneer)|James Williamson]], British film director (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Alexandros Kontoulis]], Greek general (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] \\n** [[Marie Cahill]], American singer and actress (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Adolf Loos]], Austrian-Czechoslovak architect (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Kustaa Ahmala]], Finnish politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Francesco de Pinedo]], Italian aviator (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n** [[Max Adalbert]], German actor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Edward Grey, 1st\n        Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]], British statesman (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[September 8]] \\u2013 King [[Faisal I of Iraq]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Campari]], Italian opera singer and Grand Prix driver\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Jules Culot]], French entomologist\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Joseph De Piro]], Maltese [[Roman Catholic]] priest, missionary\n        and Servant of God (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Annie Besant]],\n        British Theosophist, women''s rights activist, writer and orator (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Dorothea Baird]], British actress (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]]\\n** [[Paul Ehrenfest]], Austrian-Dutch physicist (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Ring Lardner]], American writer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013\n        [[William Kennedy-Cochran-Patrick]], British-born flying ace (b. 1896)\\n*\n        [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[G. R. S. Mead]], British writer (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===\n        October\\u2013December ===\\n[[File:Ismael Montes 1914.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Ismael\n        Montes]]]]\\n[[File:Nadir Khan of Afghanistan.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|King\n        [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]]]]\\n[[File:Yamamoto_Gonnohyoe_2.jpg|thumb|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Yamamoto\n        Gonnohyoe]]]]\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9e Ador\\u00e9e]], French actress\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[John Lister (UK politician)|John\n        Lister]], British politician (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Ismael\n        Montes]], Bolivian general and political figure, 26th [[President of Bolivia]]\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\n** [[George Luks]], American painter (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n** [[Albert Calmette]], French bacteriologist and immunologist\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Paul Painlev\\u00e9]], 2-Time Prime Minister of France\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9mile Roux]], French physician\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Texas Guinan]], American actress,\n        producer, and entrepreneur (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Andrey\n        Lyapchev]], 22nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        [[Pietro Albertoni]], Italian psychologist and politician (b. [[1849]])\\n**\n        [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]], King of Afghanistan (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kyrillos III of Cyprus]], archbishop of the Cypriot Orthodox Church\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November 18]] -- [[Francisco Javier Gaxiola]], Mexican\n        diplomat, lawyer and politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 21]] -- [[Inez\n        Clough]], American actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Francois\n        Albert]], French journalist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Currie]], Canadian general (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 2]] -- [[Clarence Burton]],\n        American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Stefan George]], German\n        poet (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 6]] -- [[Auguste Chapuis]], French composer\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Yamamoto Gonnohyoe]], Imperial Japanese\n        army officer and 8th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Jatho]], German airplane pioneer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[John Joly]], Irish physicist\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[J\\u00e1nos Hadik]], 19th Prime\n        Minister of Hungary (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Robert W. Chambers]],\n        American writer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n**[[Thubten Gyatso, 13th\n        Dalai Lama]] (b. [[1876]])\\n**[[Oskar Potiorek]], Austro-Hungarian general,\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[George Jackson Churchward]], Great\n        Western Railway chief mechanical engineer (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Friedrich von\n        Ingenohl]], German admiral (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Prince\n        Aribert of Anhalt]]\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Francesc Macia|Francesc Maci\\u00e0]],\n        President of the Generalitat (autonomous government of Catalonia) (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] \\n** [[Eduard Vilde]], Estonian writer (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Anatoly\n        Lunacharsky]], Russian Marxist revolutionary (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes\n        ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]], and [[Paul Dirac|Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Norman Angell|Sir Norman Angell (Ralph\n        Lane)]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1933/1933fr.html The 1930s Timeline:\n        1933] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1933}}\\n[[Category:1933|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T21:14:02Z\",\"lastrevid\":798540795,\"length\":58772,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1933&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933\"},\"34981\":{\"pageid\":34981,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1934\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:13:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{no\n        footnotes|date=November 2015}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year\n        dab|1934|the novel by Alberto Moravia|1934 (novel)}}\\n{{Events by month|1934}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1934}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1934}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main|January 1934}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013\n        [[International Telecommunication Union]] established.\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013\n        The ''''[[Flash Gordon]]'''' [[comic strip]] is first published, in the United\n        States.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 The 8.0 {{M|w}} [[1934 Nepal\\u2013Bihar earthquake|Nepal\\u2013Bihar\n        earthquake]] strikes [[Nepal]] and [[Bihar]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity\n        scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''), killing an estimated 6,000\\u201310,700\n        people.\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 The Japanese company [[Fuji Photo Film]]\n        is established.\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 The 10 year [[German\\u2013Polish\n        Non-Aggression Pact]] is signed by [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Second Polish\n        Republic]].\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 In [[Nazi Germany]] the political power\n        of the federal states such as [[Prussia]] is substantially abolished by the\n        \\\"Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich\\\" (''''Gesetz \\u00fcber den Neuaufbau\n        des Reiches'''').\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main|February 1934}}\\n* [[February\n        6]] \\u2013 [[6 February 1934 crisis|French political crisis]]: The French\n        [[far-right leagues]] rally in front of the [[Palais Bourbon]] in an attempted\n        [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] against the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]].\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Gaston Doumergue]] forms a new government in [[France]].\\n**\n        [[Second Hellenic Republic|Greece]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Turkey]]\n        and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] form the [[Balkan Pact]].\\n* [[February\n        12]] \\u2013 [[February 16|16]] \\u2013 [[Austrian Civil War]]: the [[Fatherland\n        Front (Austria)|Fatherland Front]] consolidates its power in a series of clashes\n        across the country.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Commission of Government]]\n        sworn in as form of direct rule for the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]].\\n* [[February\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Augusto C\\u00e9sar Sandino]] is assassinated in [[Managua]]\n        by the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]].\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] succeeds to the throne, following the death\n        (February 17) of his father King [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]].\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main|March 1934}}\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Manchuria]] becomes\n        [[Manchukuo]], following an invasion by the Japanese.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013\n        Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder [[Konstantin P\\u00e4ts]] and General\n        [[Johan Laidoner]] stage a coup in [[Estonia]] to neutralize the popular right\n        wing [[Vaps Movement]], starting the [[Era of Silence]]. Their actions are\n        initially approved by the [[Riigikogu]].\\n* [[March 13]] - [[John Dillinger]]\n        and their gang rob the First National Bank in [[Mason City, Iowa]], stealing\n        $52,000.\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 The [[Great Hakodate Fire]] kills at least\n        2,166 people in southern [[Hokkaido]], Japan.\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 The [[Tydings\\u2013McDuffie\n        Act]] is passed, allowing the [[Philippines]] a greater degree of [[self-government]]\n        from the United States.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main|April 1934}}\\n* [[April 6]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rudyard Kipling]] and [[William Butler Yeats]] are awarded the Gothenburg\n        Prize for Poetry.\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[Loch Ness Monster|Surgeon''s Photograph]]:\n        London gynaecologist Robert Kenneth Wilson takes a photograph of the Loch\n        Ness Monster before being proven in 1994 it was an elaborate [[hoax]].\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{Main|May 1934}}\\n[[File:Bonnieclyde f.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[May\n        23]]: [[Bonnie and Clyde]] killed in a police ambush.]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013\n        The [[May Constitution of 1934]] heralds the beginning of the [[Austrofascism|Austrofascist]]\n        [[Federal State of Austria]].\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 The first [[Three Stooges]]\n        short, ''''[[Woman Haters]]'''', is released. \\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[K\\u0101rlis\n        Ulmanis]] establishes an authoritarian government in [[Latvia]].\\n* [[May\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Kimon Georgiev]] stages a [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in Bulgaria.\\n*\n        [[May 23]] \\u2013 American outlaws [[Bonnie and Clyde]] are ambushed and killed\n        by police in [[Bienville Parish, Louisiana]].\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 Near [[Callander,\n        Ontario]], the [[Dionne quintuplets]] are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne,\n        becoming the first [[quintuplet]]s to survive infancy.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main|June\n        1934}}\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 The Disney animated short, ''''[[The Wise Little\n        Hen]]'''' featuring the debut of [[Donald Duck]] is released.\\n* [[June 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Italy national football team|Italy]] beats [[Czechoslovakia national\n        football team|Czechoslovakia]] 2\\u20131 after extra time to win the [[1934\n        FIFA World Cup|1934 World Cup]].\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013 Political parties are\n        banned in [[Bulgaria]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito\n        Mussolini]] meet for the first time, at the [[Venice Biennale]].\\n* [[June\n        18]] \\u2013 The [[Indian Reorganization Act]] is enacted.\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013\n        The [[Emir]] of [[Yemen]] and ibn Saud of [[Saudi Arabia]] conclude a peace\n        treaty.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Night of the Long Knives]]\n        in Germany: [[Nazism|Nazis]] purge the ''''[[Sturmabteilung]]'''' (SA), the\n        left-wing [[Strasserism|Strasserist]] faction of the [[Nazi Party]] and prominent\n        conservative anti-Nazis in a series of political murders.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013\n        The [[Nazi Party]] [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] camp [[Oranienburg]] becomes a national\n        camp, taken over by the ''''[[Schutzstaffel]]'''' (SS).\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main|July\n        1934}}\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 Hitler gives a speech to the [[Reichstag (Nazi\n        Germany)|Reichstag]] justifying his purge.\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 The American\n        film industry begins to rigorously enforce the [[Motion Picture Production\n        Code]]. \\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[July Putsch]]: Austrian [[Nazism|Nazis]]\n        assassinate chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] during a failed coup attempt.\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n{{Main|August 1934}}\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] becomes\n        ''''[[F\\u00fchrer]]'''' of Germany, or head of state combined with that of\n        Chancellor following the death of President [[Paul von Hindenburg]].\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 The [[Wehrmacht]] swears a personal oath of loyalty to [[Adolf\n        Hitler]]. \\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 The [[United States Marine Corps]] leaves\n        [[Haiti]].\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[German referendum, 1934]]: In a referendum,\n        90% of the German population approves of Hitler''s assumption of [[President\n        of Germany|presidential powers]] as [[F\\u00fchrer]] and [[Reichskanzler]].\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main|September 1934}}\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-16196,\n        N\\u00fcrnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Nuremberg\n        Rally]] of 1934]]\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[September 10|10]] \\u2013 6th\n        [[Nuremberg Rally]] staged by the German [[Nazi Party]].\\n* [[September 8]]\n        \\u2013 Off the [[New Jersey]] coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner {{SS|Morro\n        Castle|1930|6}} kills 134 people.\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]]\n        joins the [[League of Nations]].\\n** [[Bruno Richard Hauptmann]] is arrested\n        in connection with the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]] case in the U.S.\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\u2013 [[1934 Muroto typhoon|Muroto typhoon]] in [[Honsh\\u016b]], Japan\n        kills 3,036 people, and destroys the temple, schools, and other buildings\n        in [[Osaka]].\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 A [[Gresford disaster|gas explosion]]\n        at [[Gresford Colliery]] in [[Wrexham]], north-east Wales, kills 266 miners\n        and rescuers.\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Afghanistan]] joins the [[League\n        of Nations]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October 1934}}\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013\n        A [[tornado]] in [[Osaka]] and [[Kyoto]] kills 1,660, injures 5,400, and destroys\n        the rice harvest.\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Events of October the 6th]]: the\n        President of [[Catalonia]], [[Llu\\u00eds Companys]], declared the [[Catalan\n        State]] of the Spanish Federal Republic, but Spanish troops swiftly crushed\n        the Catalan forces and arrested him and the members of the Catalan government.\n        The autonomy of Catalonia was suspended until 1936.\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013\n        King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander of Yugoslavia]] and French foreign\n        minister [[Louis Barthou]] are assassinated during the king''s state visit\n        in [[Marseille]].\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 The [[Long March]] of the [[People''s\n        Liberation Army]] of the [[Communist Party of China]] begins.\\n* [[October\n        17]] - [[Harry Pierpont]] is executed on the [[electric chair]] for killing\n        Sheriff Jess Sarber while breaking [[John Dillinger]] out of jail in [[Lima,\n        Ohio]]\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 Start of [[MacRobertson Air Race]] from London\n        to Melbourne\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main|November 1934}}\\n* [[November 23]]\n        \\u2013 An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the [[Ogaden]] discovers\n        an Italian garrison at [[Walwal]], which lays well within [[Ethiopia]]n territory.\n        This encounter leads to the [[Abyssinia Crisis]].\\n* [[November 27]]\\u2013\n        [[Daniel Salamanca Urey]], [[President of Bolivia]], is deposed in a military\n        coup and replaced by [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Tejada Sorzano]].\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main|December\n        1934}}\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Abyssinia Crisis]]: Ethiopian and Italian\n        troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and\n        for the Italians 50.\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 Persia becomes [[Iran]].\\n*\n        [[December 29]] \\u2013 Japan renounces the [[Washington Naval Treaty]] of\n        1922 and the [[London Naval Treaty]] of 1930.\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* Winter\n        \\u2013 [[Tadj ol-Molouk]], Empress consort of [[Iran]], and her daughters\n        appear publicly in [[Tehran]] without a [[veil]], leading to its abolition\n        in the country.\\n* [[Abidjan]] becomes the capital of the French colony of\n        [[Ivory Coast]].\\n* The [[sonoluminescence]] effect is discovered at the [[University\n        of Cologne]].\\n* The [[Australian frontier wars]] end after 146 years.\\n*\n        [[Yomiuri Giants]], a successful professional baseball club in Japan, founded\n        in [[Tokyo]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===\n        January===\\n[[File:Jean Chretien 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean Chr\\u00e9tien]]]]\\n[[File:Bill\n        Bixby The Magician 1973.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Bill Bixby]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\n        \\n** [[George D. Behrakis]], Greek American philanthropist\\n** [[Alan Berg]],\n        Jewish talk show host (d. 1984)\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Hellmuth Karasek]],\n        German journalist, literary critic, novelist (d. 2015)\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Eddy Pieters Graafland]], Dutch football goalkeeper\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**\n        [[Jean Corbeil]], Canadian politician (d. 2002)\\n** [[Charles Jenkins Sr.|Charles\n        Jenkins]], American sprinter\\n** [[Joseph Naso]], American serial killer\\n**\n        [[Tassos Papadopoulos]], Cypriot politician, 5th [[President of Cyprus]] (d.\n        2008)\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Piet Dankert]], Dutch politician (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Bart Starr]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Leonid Kravchuk]], [[President of Ukraine]]\\n* [[January 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jean Chr\\u00e9tien]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Mick Sullivan]], English rugby league footballer\\n* [[January\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Richard Briers]], English actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Marilyn Horne]], American mezzo-soprano\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Cedar Walton]], jazz pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Raymond\n        Briggs]], British writer and illustrator\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Tom Baker]],\n        British actor \\n** [[Dave Hull]], American former radio personality\\n* [[January\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Ann Wedgeworth]], American actress\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Bill\n        Bixby]], American actor and director (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Graham Kerr]], British\n        television personality\\n** [[Nolan Strong]], Detroit doo-wop singer with The\n        Diablos (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Lou Antonio]], American actor\n        and director\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Stanis\\u0142aw Grochowiak]], Polish\n        poet and dramatist (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Tammy Grimes]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n=== February===\\n[[FIle:Hank Aaron - Baseball\n        HOF Induction 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hank Aaron]]]]\\n[[File:Niklaus Wirth,\n        UrGU.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Niklaus Wirth]]]]\\n[[File:Bobby Unser - 2015 Indianapolis\n        500 - Stierch.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bobby Unser]]]]\\n[[File:Bettino Craxi-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bettino\n        Craxi]]]]\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Hank Aaron]], African-American baseball\n        player\\n* [[February 7]]\\n**[[Eddie Fenech Adami]], 10th [[Prime Minister\n        of Malta]] and 7th [[President of Malta]]\\n**[[Earl King]], American musician\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Fleur Adcock]], New Zealand poet\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Tina Louise]], American actress\\n**[[Manuel Noriega]],\n        Panamanian military dictator (1983\\u20131989) (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Mary Quant]],\n        British fashion designer\\n** [[John Surtees]], British race car driver (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Mel Carnahan]], American politician (d. [[2000]]) \\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Anne Osborn Krueger|Anne Krueger]], American economist\\n** [[Bill\n        Russell]], American basketball player\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[George Segal]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Michel Corboz]], Swiss conductor\\n**\n        [[Florence Henderson]], American actress, singer and television personality\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Niklaus Wirth]], Swiss computer\n        scientist\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Kalin Twins|Harold \\\"Hal\\\" & Herbert\n        \\\"Herbie\\\" Kalin]], American singers (The Kalin Twins) (d. [[2005]] and [[2006]],\n        respectively)\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** Sir [[Alan Bates]], British actor (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n** [[Barry Humphries]], Australian actor and comedian\\n* [[February\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Ronald F. Marryott]], American admiral (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Unser]], American race car driver\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Rue McClanahan]], American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n**\n        [[Sparky Anderson]], American baseball manager (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Van Williams]],\n        American actor \\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Augusto Alguer\\u00f3]], Spanish\n        composer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Bettino Craxi]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Italy]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Renata Scotto]], Italian soprano\\n** [[Bingu\n        wa Mutharika]], Malawian President and economist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Bernard Bresslaw]], British actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Vincent Fourcade]], French-born interior designer and socialite\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Ralph Nader]], American consumer activist and presidential\n        candidate\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yuri\n        Gagarin]]]]\\n[[File:Alan Arkin - 1975.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alan Arkin]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Chamberlain DF-ST-83-03559.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Chamberlain]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[Jean-Michel Folon]], Belgian sculptor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Joan Hackett]],\n        American actress (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Mario Davidovsky]], Argentinian\n        composer\\n** [[John Duffey]], American bluegrass musician (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Anne Haney]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Barbara McNair]], African-American\n        singer and actress (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Janez Strnad]], Slovenian physicist\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[Daniel Kahneman]], Israeli economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize\n        in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Nicholas Smith (actor)|Nicholas\n        Smith]], English actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Franklin Clarke]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Willard Scott]], American television weather\n        reporter \\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Del Close]], American actor, improviser, writer\n        and teacher (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Yuri Gagarin]], Russian cosmonaut, first human\n        in space (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[Joyce Van Patten]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Sam Donaldson]], American reporter\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Barry\n        Hughart]], American author\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Eugene Cernan]], American\n        astronaut (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Paul Rader]], General of The Salvation Army\\n**\n        [[Dionigi Tettamanzi]], Italian cardinal (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard]], British economist\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Ray Hnatyshyn]], [[Governor General of Canada]] (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Frederick T. Mackenzie]],  American sedimentary and global biogeochemist\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Willie Brown (politician)|Willie Brown]], Mayor of San\n        Francisco\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Orrin Hatch]], U.S. Senator from Utah\\n**\n        [[Larry Martyn]], British comic actor  (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**[[Johnny\n        Burnette]], American [[rockabilly]] singer, songwriter, and musician (d. [[1964]])\\n**[[Gloria\n        Steinem]], American feminist\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Alan Arkin]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Laurie Taitt]], British sprint hurdler (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Lester R. Brown]], American Author and Environmentalist. \\n* [[March 31]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Chamberlain]], American actor\\n** [[Shirley Jones]], American singer,\n        actress, and first wife of [[Jack Cassidy]]\\n** [[Carlo Rubbia]], Italian\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Orion Samuelson]],\n        American television personality\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Roman Herzog 2012.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Roman\n        Herzog]]]]\\n[[File:Shirley MacLaine - 1960jpg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shirley MacLaine]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Jim Ed Brown]], American country singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Don Hastings]], American actor\\n** [[Rod Kanehl]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Vladimir Posner]], Russian journalist\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Avery]], American journalist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Paul Cohen]], American\n        mathematician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Brian Glover]], British actor and wrestler\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Jane Goodall]], British zoologist\\n*\n        [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Roman Herzog]], 9th [[President of Germany]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Anton Geesink]], Dutch 10th-dan judoka (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Bill Birch]], New Zealand politician\\n* [[April 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mark Strand]], Canadian-born American poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Vince Hill]], English singer-songwriter, producer and playwright\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[James Drury]], American actor\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[John Malecela]], 6th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Jayakanthan]],\n        Tamil writer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Shirley MacLaine]], American actress, dancer,\n        writer\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Peter McParland]], Irish footballer\\n** [[Denny\n        Miller]], American actor (''''Wagon Train'''') (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Pedro Pires|Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires]], [[President of Cape Verde]]\\n**\n        [[Akira Takarada]], Japanese actor\\n\\n=== May===\\n[[File:Frankie Valli 2012-10-27\n        2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frankie Valli]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Henry Cooper]], British\n        boxer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Frankie Valli]], American musician\\n* [[May 4]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tatiana Samoilova]], Russian actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Shelby]], U. S. senator from Alabama\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Bennett]], British actor and writer\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Gary Owens]], American\n        disc jockey, voice actor and announcer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Leon Wagner]], American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013\n        [[George Roper]], British comedian (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Dwayne\n        Hickman]], American actor \\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Jim Lehrer]], American television\n        journalist\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Bengt I. Samuelsson]], Swedish biochemist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Peter Nero]], American pianist\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Robert Moog]], American\n        inventor of the synthesizer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Barry Rose]],\n        British choir director and organist\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 [[Harlan Ellison]],\n        American writer\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Dionne quintuplets]], Canadian quintuplets\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Nanette Newman]], English actress and author\\n* [[May\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Alexey Leonov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n\\n=== June===\\n[[File:Albert\n        II of Belgium.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert II of Belgium]]]]\\n[[File:Harry Blackstone,\n        Jr. 1976.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Harry Blackstone, Jr.]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Pat\n        Boone]], American actor and singer\\n** [[Ken Rex McElroy]], American criminal\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Rolland D. McCune]], American theologian\\n*\n        [[June 4]]\\n** Dame [[Monica Dacon]], Saint Vincent and the Grenadines schoolteacher,\n        educator and politician\\n** Dame [[Daphne Sheldrick]], Kenyan conservationist\n        and author\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Bill Moyers]], American journalist\\n* [[June\n        6]] \\u2013 King [[Albert II of Belgium]]\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Koloa Talake]],\n        7th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Aguirre]], Mexican actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** Dame [[Eileen Atkins]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Kumari Kamala]], Indian dancer and actress\\n** [[William\n        F. Sharpe]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Samuel Zoll]], Massachusetts jurist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Josef Stoer]], German mathematician \\n**\n        [[Ken Matthews]], English race walker\\n** [[Luigi Albertelli]], Italian lyricist\\n**\n        [[Maro Kontou]], Greek actress and politician\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Ragnar\n        Svensson (wrestler)|Ragnar Svensson]], Greco-Roman wrestler from Sweden\\n**\n        [[Nancy R. Stocksdale]], American politician\\n** [[Russ Snyder]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Virbhadra Singh]], Indian\n        politician\\n** [[Jack W. Hayford]], American author, Pentecostal minister,\n        and Chancellor of The King''s University\\n** [[Keith Sutton (bishop)|Keith\n        Sutton]], British bishop\\n** [[Marino Casem]], American football coach and\n        athletic administrator\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Rodney Pepp\\u00e9]], British author\n        and illustrator \\n** [[Gloria Christian]], Italian Canzone Napoletana singer\\n**\n        [[Peter Stoddart]], English cricketer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Beatriz Sheridan]],\n        Mexican actress and director (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Willie Rodriguez]], West\n        Indian cricketer\\n** [[Jack Hayford]], American evangelist and author\\n* [[June\n        26]] \\n** [[Toru Goto]], Japanese freestyle swimmer\\n** [[Gustav Wiklund]],\n        Finnish actor\\n** [[Josef Sommer]], German-American stage and film actor\\n**\n        [[Jeremy Wolfenden]], British journalist (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[Ed Hobaugh]], Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Bill Hay (footballer)|Bill\n        Hay]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1934)|Bob\n        Wilson]],  Scottish former professional association football player\\n* [[June\n        28]] \\n** [[Carl Levin]], United States Senator\\n** [[Shiraz Ali]], Bermudian\n        cricketer\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Susan George (political scientist)|Susan George]],\n        American and French political and social scientist, activist and writer\\n**\n        [[Duane Wilson]], American former professional baseball player\\n** [[Bob Burrow]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Chuck Schaden]], American television presenter\\n**\n        [[Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1934)|Bob Wilson]], Scottish football player\\n**\n        [[Malcolm Handscombe]], English footballer\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Richard Jolly]],\n        leading development economist\\n** [[C. N. R. Rao]], Indian chemist\\n** [[Harry\n        Blackstone Jr.]], American magician (d. [[1997]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n[[File:Sydney\n        Pollack.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sydney Pollack]]]]\\n[[File:GiorgioArmani.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giorgio\n        Armani]]]]\\n[[File:Soyinka, Wole (1934).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wole Soyinka]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Jamie Farr]], American actor\\n** [[Jean Marsh]], British\n        actress\\n** [[Ester Pajusoo]], Estonian actress \\n** [[Ilselil Larsen]], Danish\n        film actress\\n** [[Paddy Jones]], British salsa dancer\\n** [[Sydney Pollack]],\n        American film director (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Tom Springfield]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Gordan Irovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav football goalkeeper\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – [[Stefan Abadzhiev]], Bulgarian football player\\n* [[July\n        4]] \\n** [[James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Abercorn]], British nobleman, peer,\n        and politician\\n** [[Abdul Aziz (cricketer, born 1934)|Abdul Aziz]], Pakistani\n        first-class cricketer\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Erik Uddebom]], Swedish athlete\\n*\n        [[July 8]] \\n** [[Fred Stewart (Alberta politician)|Fred Stewart]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Ole Lund]], Norwegian barrister and industrial leader\\n**\n        [[Edward D. DiPrete]], American politician\\n** [[Marty Feldman]], English\n        comedy writer, comedian and actor (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[John\n        Clegg (actor)|John Clegg]], Indian-born English actor\\n** [[Michael Graves]],\n        American architect (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Alfred Biolek]], German\n        entertainer and television producer\\n** [[Jerry Nelson]], American puppeteer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Giorgio Armani]], Italian fashion designer\\n**\n        [[Jim Ridlon]], American football safety \\n** [[Dick Treleaven]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Barney Cooney]], Australian politician\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Van Cliburn]], American pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Wole\n        Soyinka]], Nigerian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Aleksei Yeliseyev]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[\\u00c1ngel\n        del Pozo]], Spanish acto\\n** [[Jun Hazumi]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Lee\n        Elder]], American professional golfer\\n** [[John Tyndall (politician)|John\n        Tyndall]], British politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Eva Kr\\u00ed\\u017eikov\\u00e1]],\n        Slovak actress\\n** [[Harrison Birtwistle]], British composer \\n** [[Frank\n        Vargas Pazzos]], commander of the Ecuadorian Air Force\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[George Hilton (actor)|George Hilton]], Uruguayan-English actor\\n** [[Katherine\n        D. Ortega]], 38th Treasurer of the United States \\n** [[Marjorie McQuade]],\n        Australian swimmer\\n** [[Albert Aguayo]], Canadian neurologist\\n** [[George\n        Perles]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Joan\n        Evans (actress)|Joan Evans]], American actress\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013 [[Francisco\n        de S\\u00e1 Carneiro]], Prime Minister of Portugal  (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Jonathan Miller]], British theatre director\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        [[Louise Fletcher]], American actress\\n** [[Oluyemi Adeniji]], Nigerian career\n        diplomat and politician\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[P. S. Soosaithasan]], Sri\n        Lankan Tamil politician\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 Luang Por [[Ajahn Sumedho]],\n        [[Theravada]] Buddhist representative in the West\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013  [[Bud\n        Luckey]], American voice actor and [[Pixar]] animator\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Bud Selig]], American [[Major League Baseball]] commissioner\\n\\n=== August===\\n[[File:Akbar\n        Hashemi Rafsanjani at Expediency Discernment Council.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Akbar\n        Hashemi Rafsanjani]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Valery Bykovsky]], Russian\n        cosmonaut\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Jonas Savimbi]], Angolan political and\n        rebel leader (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Dallas Green (baseball)|Dallas\n        Green]], American baseball manager and executive\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Cammie\n        King]], American child actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Wendell Berry]], American\n        novelist, essayist, poet\\n** [[Gay Byrne]], Irish broadcaster\\n* [[August\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Billy Boston]], Welsh rugby league footballer\\n* [[August 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[James Tenney]], American experimental composer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Nino Ferrer]], French singer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Donnie Dunagan]], American actor\\n** [[Ed van Thijn]], Dutch politician\\n**\n        [[Diana Wynne Jones]], British writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Vincent\n        Bugliosi]], American prosecutor and author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ronnie Carroll]],\n        Northern Irish singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Roberto Clemente]], Puerto Rican\n        [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9e\n        Richards]], American transsexual physician and tennis player\\n* [[August 20]]\\n**\n        [[Armi Kuusela]], [[Miss Universe 1952]]\\n** [[Tom Mangold]], British journalist\n        and author\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Norman Schwarzkopf]], U.S. Army general\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Sonny Jurgensen]], American football\n        player\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]],\n        English actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Eddie Ilarde]], Filipino\n        broadcaster and politician\\n** [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani|Ayatollah Akbar\n        Hashemi Rafsanjani]], 4th [[President of Iran]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Tom Heinsohn]], American basketball player, coach, and broadcaster\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Helen Craig]], English children''s author, illustrator\n        (''''[[Angelina Ballerina]]'''')\\n** [[Anatoly Solonitsyn]], Russian actor\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Tamara Manina 1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tamara\n        Manina]]]]\\n[[File:Nicholas Liverpool.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicholas Liverpool]]]]\\n[[File:Sophia\n        Loren - 1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sophia Loren]]]]\\n[[File:Leonard Cohen concert\n        of the 2008 tour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leonard Cohen]]]]\\n[[File:Brigitte Bardot\n        - 1962.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brigitte Bardot]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Grady\n        Nutt]], American humorist (d. 1982)\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Clive Granger]],\n        Welsh-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Eduard Khil]], Russian baritone singer (\\\"[[Eduard\n        Khil|Trololo]]\\\") (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Marshall Rosenberg]],\n        American psychologist and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Little\n        Milton]], American musician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Omar Karami]], 2-Time Prime\n        Minister of Lebanon (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Peter Maxwell\n        Davies]], English composer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas\n        Liverpool]], Dominican lawyer and politician, 6th [[List of Presidents of\n        Dominica|President of Dominica]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Kuralt]], American journalist  (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ian Abercrombie]], English-American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Fred Nile]], Australian Christian politician\\n* [[September\n        16]]\\n** [[Elgin Baylor]], American basketball player and executive\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Drew]], Irish singer with [[The Dubliners]] band (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Tamara\n        Manina]], Soviet artistic gymnast\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Maureen Connolly]],\n        American tennis player (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Binoy Majumdar]], Indian [[Hungryalist]]\n        poet (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Brian Epstein]], British manager\n        of [[the Beatles]] and co-founder of [[Northern Songs]] (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[September\n        20]]\\n** [[David Marquand]], English academic and politician\\n** [[Jeff Morris\n        (actor)|Jeff Morris]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rajinder Puri]],\n        Indian cartoonist, veteran columnist and political activist (d. 2015)\\n**\n        [[Sophia Loren]], Italian actress\\n** [[Tony Alamo (evangelist)|Tony Alamo]],\n        American religious leader and convicted criminal\\n** [[Takayuki Kubota]],\n        martial artist and founder of the [[Gosoku-ryu]] style of karate\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Leonard Cohen]], Canadian poet, novelist and singer/songwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[David J. Thouless]], Scottish-born condensed-matter physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Lute\n        Olson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Shah\n        Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan]]\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Tommy Anderson\n        (footballer)|Tommy Anderson]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[Robert Lang (actor)|Robert\n        Lang]], English stage and television actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n**\n        [[Beverly Armstrong]], American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Wilford\n        Brimley]], American actor\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Brigitte Bardot]],\n        French actress, animal rights activist\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Alan A''Court]],\n        English footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Udo J\\u00fcrgens]], Austrian-Swiss\n        composer and singer of popular music (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Anna Kashfi]], Welsh\n        actress (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:Nana Mouskouri 919-2233.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nana\n        Mouskouri]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Chuck Hiller]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Emilio Bot\\u00edn]], Spanish banker (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Shakeb Jalali]], Urdu poet (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Earl\n        Wilson (baseball)|Earl Wilson]], baseball player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Harold Henning]], South African golfer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Sam Huff]], American football player\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Amiri Baraka]], African-American poet, playwright and activist (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] \\n** [[Jill Ker Conway]], Australian-born author\\n** [[Abdullah\n        Ibrahim]], South African pianist and composer\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Nana\n        Mouskouri]], Greek singer\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Rico Rodriguez (musician)|Rico\n        Rodriguez]], Cuban-born Jamaican trombonist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chuck Swindoll]], American evangelist\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Gl\\u00f3ria\n        Menezes]], Brazilian actress \\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Michael Dunn (actor)|Michael\n        Dunn]], a.k.a. Gary Neil Miller, dwarf American actor and singer (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Charles S. Liebman]], American-Israeli political scientist and author (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Frans Br\\u00fcggen]], Dutch flutist, recorder\n        player and conductor\\n** [[Hamilton Camp]], English-American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Carl Sagan Planetary Society.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Carl Sagan]]]]\\n[[File:JKRUK\n        20080604 KRZESINSKA ELZBIETA DSC02053.jpg|thumb|110px|[[El\\u017cbieta Krzesi\\u0144ska]]]]\\n[[File:Charles-mansonbookingphoto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles\n        Manson]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Umberto Agnelli]], Swiss-born automobile\n        executive (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Ken Rosewall]], Australian\n        tennis champion\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Barton Myers]], American/Canadian\n        architect\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Jackie Joseph]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 9]]\\n** [[Ingvar Carlsson]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden\\n**\n        [[Carl Sagan]], American astronomer and writer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Joanna Moore]], American actress (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Suzanne Lloyd]], Canadian film and television actress\\n** [[El\\u017cbieta\n        Krzesi\\u0144ska]], Polish athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Manson]], American cult leader and criminal\\n* [[November 13]] \\n**\n        [[John Gowans]], General of The Salvation Army (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Garry Marshall]],\n        American film producer, director and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Dave Mackay]], Scottish football player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Ir\\u00e9n Pavlics]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] author in Hungary\\n*\n        [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Jim Inhofe]], United States Senator\\n* [[November\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Laurence Luckinbill]], American actor\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Lew Hoad]], Australian tennis champion (d. 1994)\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Schnittke]], Volga German composer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n**\n        [[Ammo Baba]], Assyrian soccer player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Gilbert Strang]],\n        American mathematician\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Willie Morris]], American\n        writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Lansana Cont\\u00e9]], [[President\n        of Guinea]] (d. [[2008]])\\n\\n=== December===\\n[[File:Judi Dench at the BAFTAs\n        2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Judi Dench|Dame Judi Dench]]]]\\n[[File:Stjepan Mesic\n        (2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stjepan Mesic]]]]\\n[[File:Latinina portret.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Larissa\n        Latynina]]]]\\n[[File:Dame Maggie Smith-cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maggie Smith|Dame\n        Maggie smith]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Billy Paul]], American singer\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Andre Rodgers]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Gorbatko]], Russian\n        cosmonaut\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Victor French]], American actor and director\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Joan Didion]], American novelist\n        \\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Nick Bockwinkel]], American professional wrestler\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Judi Dench]], British actress\\n** [[Junior\n        Wells]], American harmonica player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Howard Martin Temin]], American geneticist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Miguel\n        de la Madrid]], 52nd President of Mexico (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard D. Zanuck]], American producer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]], 6th President of Somalia (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Boris Volynov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Aki Aleong]], Trinidad and Tobago actor\\n** [[Al Kaline]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Rudi Carrell]], Dutch singer and entertainer (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Pratibha Patil]], [[President of India]]\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Stjepan\n        Mesi\\u0107]], 2nd [[President of Croatia]]\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Larisa\n        Latynina]], Russian gymnast\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Maggie Smith]], British\n        actress \\n** [[Yujiro Ishihara]], Japanese actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[December\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Ed Flanders]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**\n        [[John N. Bahcall|John Norris Bahcall]], American astrophysicist (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph P. Hoar]], U.S. Marine commander\\n** [[Del Shannon]], American singer\n        (''''Runaway'''') (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Russ Tamblyn]], American film and television\n        actor\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Fritz Haber.png|110px|thumb|[[Fritz\n        Haber]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Jakob Wassermann]], German writer (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Herbert Chapman]], English football manager\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Auguste Dubail]], French general (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Andrei Bely]], Russian writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Marinus van der Lubbe]], Dutch communist accused of\n        setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Hermann Bahr]], Austrian writer and playwright (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Henry Walter Barnett]], Australian photographer and filmmaker\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Aref Qazvini]], Iranian poet, lyricist\n        and musician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Robert Brady (criminal)|Robert\n        Brady]], American criminal (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Fritz\n        Haber]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n=== February===\\n[[File:Portrait of Albert I of Belgium.jpg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Albert I of Belgium]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Maria Domenica Mantovani]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Eleonora de Cisneros]], American opera (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zsef Pusztai]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] writer,\n        poet and journalist in Hungary (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\u2013 King\n        [[Albert I of Belgium]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Augusto\n        C\\u00e9sar Sandino]], Nicaraguan revolutionary and rebel (murdered) (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[Edward Elgar]], British composer (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Geevarghese\n        Dionysius of Vattasseril]], Indian [[Orthodox priest]] and saint (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[John McGraw]], American baseball manager and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n=== March===\\n\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**[[Wilhelm Diegelmann]], German actor (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n**[[Charles Webster Leadbeater]], British author and Theosophist\n        (b.[[1854]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o do Canto e Castro]], Portuguese\n        army officer, 67th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 5th [[President of Portugal]]\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Davidson Black]], Canadian-born paleoanthropologist (b.[[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]], Dutch Queen and regent (b.[[1858]])\\n**\n        [[Sydney Deane]], Australian cricketer and actor (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March\n        21]]\\n** [[Nicanor Abelardo]], Filipino composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Lilyan\n        Tashman]], American actress (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[Francis\n        William Reitz]], president of the [[Orange Free State]]. (b. 1844)\\n* [[March\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Mahmoud Mokhtar]], Egyptian sculptor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Otto Hermann Kahn]], German-born philanthropist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Paul Cazeneuve]], French politician (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Ronald\n        Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar]], Scottish politician, former Governor-General\n        of Australia (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[B\\u00e9atrice\n        Ephrussi de Rothschild]], French socialite (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Karl von Einem]],\n        German general (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Safvet-beg Basagic]],\n        Yugoslav writer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Gerald du Maurier]], British\n        actor (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[John Collier (painter)|John Collier]], British painter\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Karl Dane]], Danish actor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Raffaele Garofalo]], Italian criminologist and jurist\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Arturs Alberings]], Prime Minister of\n        Latvia (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[John Hamilton (gangster)|John Hamilton]], Canadian\n        gangster (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Joe Vila]], American sportswriter\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Hugh L. Scott]], Major General of the\n        US Army (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n=== May===\\n[[File:Edward_William_Nelson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Edward\n        William Nelson]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]  \\u2013 [[William Woodin]], American politician\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Cass Gilbert]], American architect (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Edward William Nelson]], American naturalist\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[James Durkin (actor)|James Durkin]],\n        Canadian-born American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Clyde Barrow]],\n        American outlaw, member of [[Barrow Gang]] (shot) (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Bonnie\n        Parker]], American outlaw, member of [[Barrow Gang]] (shot) (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Brand Whitlock]], American journalist and politician (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Gustav Holst]], British composer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013  [[Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta]] (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[May\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Bela Barabas]], Hungarian politician (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[May\n        30]]\\n** [[T\\u014dg\\u014d Heihachir\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1848]])\\n**\n        [[Julia Lopes de Almeida]], Brazilian advocate and writer (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Lew Cody]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n=== June===\\n[[File:SchleicherEn1933.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Kurt\n        von Schleicher]]]]\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Dorothy Dell]], American actress (b.\n        [[1915]]) \\n** [[Jesse Root Grant]], Son of President [[Ulysses S. Grant]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Medeiros e Albuquerque]], Brazilian poet\n        and politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Delius]], British\n        composer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Lev Vygotsky]], Russian developmental\n        psychologist (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe\n        (1872-1934)|Prince Bernhard of Lippe]] (b.  [[1872]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Andrew Jackson Zilker]], American philanthropist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Buhagiar]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]] \\u2013 Murdered during the [[Night of the Long Knives]]:\\n**[[Fritz\n        Gerlich]], German journalist (b. [[1883]])\\n**[[Gustav von Kahr]], German\n        politician (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Karl Ernst]], Nazi SA leader in Berlin (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n** [[Edmund Heines]], Deputy SA leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Gregor\n        Strasser]], German politician, early Nazi leader (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Kurt\n        von Schleicher]], 23rd [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of\n        Germany]] (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Marie Curie c1920.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Marie\n        Curie]]]]\\n[[File:Engelbert Dollfuss.png|thumb|110px|[[Engelbert Dollfuss]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Ernst R\\u00f6hm]], Nazi SA Leader (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Prince Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Marie Curie]], Polish-born scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry]] and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]] (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[Hayim Nahman Bialik]] considered Israel''s national poet (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Zaki Pasha]], Egyptian philologist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]]\\n**[[Alec B. Francis]], English actor (b. [[1867]])\\n**[[Prince\n        Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Benjamin Baillaud]], French astronomer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[July 13]] \\n**\n        [[Kate Sheppard]], most prominent member of New Zealand Women''s suffrage\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez Mej\\u00edas]], Spanish bullfighter\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Louis F. Gottschalk]], American composer\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Jules Renkin]], Belgian politician and 28th [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Carlo Bergamini (sculptor)|Carlo\n        Bergamini]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Sy Sanborn]],\n        American sportswriter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Padre Cicero|Cicero\n        Romao Batista]], Brazilian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and reverend (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[Hubert Lyautey]], Marshal of France (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[John Dillinger]], American criminal (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Mar\\u00eda Pilar L\\u00f3pez de Maturana Ortiz de Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] religious blessed and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Hans Hahn (mathematician)|Hans Hahn]], Austrian mathematician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Coty]], French perfume manufacturer\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Engelbert Dollfuss]], Austrian statesman and 10th [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]] (assassinated) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Nestor Makhno]], Ukrainian\n        anarchist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Winsor McCay]], American comic\n        creator and animator (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Marie Dressler]],\n        Canadian actress (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Louis Tancred]], South African cricketer\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Edith Yorke]], British actress (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n=== August===\\n[[File:President\n        Hindenburg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul von Hindenburg]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Paul von Hindenburg]], German general and politician, 2nd [[President of\n        Germany]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Wilbert Robinson]], American\n        baseball manager and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Steux]], Belgian road racing cyclist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[George W. Hill]], American director (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mary Hunter Austin]], American writer of fiction and non-fiction\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Hood]], American architect\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Homer Van Meter]], American criminal\n        and bank robber (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Linda Agostini]],\n        British-born Australian victim (b. [[1905]])\\n\\n=== September===\\n* [[September\n        2]]\\n** [[Russ Columbo]], American singer and actor (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Alcide\n        Nunez]], American musician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Roger\n        Fry]], British artist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Serafina\n        Astafieva]], Russian ballet dancer (b.  [[1876]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013\n        [[George Cromwell]], American politician (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n=== October===\\n[[File:Raymond\n        Poincar\\u00e9.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]]]]\\n* [[October 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jean Vigo]], French film director (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[October 9]]\\n**\n        King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]] (b. [[1888]]) (assassinated)\\n** [[Vlado\n        Chernozemski]], Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** Saint [[Innocencio\n        of Mary Immaculate]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Willy Clarkson]], British costume designer and wigmaker\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Mikhail Matyushin]], Russian painter\n        and composer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]],\n        58th [[Prime Minister of France]] and 10th [[President of France]], Leaders\n        of [[World War I]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Santiago Ram\\u00f3n\n        y Cajal]], Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Alexander\n        von Kluck]], German general (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Pretty\n        Boy Floyd]], American bank robber (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[October 24]] -- [[Giacomo\n        Montalto]], Italian socialist leader and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Lou Tellegen]], Dutch actor (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n=== November===\\n[[File:Carl\n        von Linde 1925.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carl von Linde]]]]\\n[[File:Baby face nelson.png|thumb|120px|[[Baby\n        Face Nelson]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Edmond James de Rothschild]], French\n        philanthropist (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Sir Robert McAlpine,\n        1st Baronet|Robert McAlpine]], Scottish builder (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Ion Farris]], American politician, former [[Speaker of the Florida\n        House of Representatives]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\n** [[Alice Liddell]],\n        English inspiration for ''''[[Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland]]'''' (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n** [[Carl von Linde]], German scientist and engineer (b. [[1842]])\\n**[[Georgi\n        Todorov (general)|Georgi Todorov]], Bulgarian general (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Willem de Sitter]], Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Harry Steppe]], American vaudeville\n        performer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Baby Face Nelson]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Boucher]],\n        French aviator (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n=== December===\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Sergey\n        Kirov]], Soviet politician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Oskar\n        von Hutier]], German general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Alceste De Ambria]], Italian syndicalist\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Wallace Thurman]], American writer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\n** [[Lowell Sherman]], American actor and\n        director (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Pablo Gargallo]], Spanish sculptor and painter\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 Not awarded this year\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Harold Clayton Urey]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[George Hoyt Whipple]],\n        [[George Richards Minot]], [[William Parry Murphy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Luigi Pirandello]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Henderson]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1934/1934fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1934] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1934}}\\n[[Category:1934| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:13:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":799772266,\"length\":49546,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934\"},\"34980\":{\"pageid\":34980,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1935\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-08T03:41:44Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1935}}\\n{{Events by month|1935}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1935}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1935}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1935}}\\n* January \\u2013\n        Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] of [[Ethiopia]] creates a military school at [[Holeta]].[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0163)\n        Ethiopia Military Tradition in National Life.] [[Library of Congress]].\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\u2013 The Italian colonies of [[Tripoli]] and [[Cyrenaica]]\n        are joined together as [[Libya]].\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 The trial of [[Bruno\n        Richard Hauptmann]], accused of the [[Lindbergh kidnapping|kidnapping and\n        murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr.]], begins in [[Flemington, New Jersey]].\\n*\n        [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Dry Tortugas National Park]] is established.\\n* [[January\n        7]] \\u2013 Italian premier [[Benito Mussolini]] and French Foreign Minister\n        [[Pierre Laval]] conclude [[Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935|an agreement]]\n        in which each power agrees not to oppose the other''s colonial claims.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Amelia Earhart]] becomes the first person to fly solo\n        from Hawaii to [[California]].\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 A [[plebiscite]] in\n        the [[Saar (League of Nations)|Territory of the Saar Basin]] shows that 90.3%\n        of those voting wish to join Germany.\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 The [[FBI]]\n        kills the Barker Gang, including [[Ma Barker]], in a shootout.\\n* [[January\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Coopers Inc.]] sells the world''s first men''s [[briefs]], as\n        \\\"jockeys\\\", in Chicago.\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 The first canned [[beer]]\n        is sold in [[Richmond, Virginia]], United States, by [[Gottfried Krueger Brewing\n        Company]].[http://keglined.pssht.com/main.html Keglined.com: ''''An Illustrated\n        History of the American Beer Can'''']\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Iceland]]\n        legalizes [[abortion]] on medical grounds.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February\n        1935}}\\n*[[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Parker Brothers]] begins selling the [[board\n        game]] [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] in the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/business/fool/article/The-One-Monopoly-America-Will-Never-Break-Up-4255801.php|title=The\n        One Monopoly America Will Never Break Up|last=Planes|first=Alex|date=2013-02-06|website=[[Seattle\n        Post-Intelligencer]]|accessdate=2015-07-24}}\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Hauptmann]] is convicted and sentenced to death for the kidnapping\n        and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr., in the United States\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 The discovery and clinical development of [[Prontosil]], the first\n        broadly effective [[antibiotic]], is published in a series of articles by\n        [[Gerhard Domagk]] and others in Germany''s pre-eminent medical journal, ''''[[Deutsche\n        Medizinische Wochenschrift]]''''.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Caroline Mikkelsen]]\n        becomes the first woman to set foot on Antarctica\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013\n        Airplanes are banned from flying over the [[White House]] in [[Washington,\n        D.C.]]\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 The classic [[Mickey Mouse]] cartoon ''''[[The\n        Band Concert]]'''' is released by [[United Artists]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** In [[Nazi Germany]], [[Adolf Hitler]] orders reinstatement\n        of the air force, the [[Luftwaffe]], in violation of the [[1919]] [[Treaty\n        of Versailles]].\\n** [[Robert Watson-Watt]] first demonstrates the use of\n        [[radar]] to detect aircraft at [[Daventry]] in England.\\n* [[February 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ladby ship]]: Viking ship grave discovered in Denmark.\\n\\n=== March\n        ===\\n{{Main article|March 1935}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[1935 Greek coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        attempt]]: [[Nikolaos Plastiras]], [[Anastasios Papoulas]] and other [[Venizelism|Venizelist]]s\n        lead a coup against the [[People''s Party (Greece)|People''s Party]] government\n        in Greece. The attempt is suppressed by March 11 and the leaders condemned\n        to death for treason.\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] forms the new\n        government in [[Turkey]]. (8th government; During [[Atat\\u00fcrk]]''s presidency,\n        \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc has served seven times as a prime minister.)\\n* [[March\n        2]] \\u2013 King [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII) of [[Thailand|Siam]] abdicates\n        the throne. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old-nephew [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama\n        VIII).\\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013 Faithful dog [[Hachik\\u014d]] dies on the spot\n        where he had awaited his dead owner for nine years in Japan.\\n* [[March 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Porky Pig]] makes his debut as the first major [[Looney Tunes]] character\n        in ''''[[I Haven''t Got a Hat]]''''.\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        announces [[German re-armament]] in violation of the [[1919]] [[Treaty of\n        Versailles]].\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Harlem riot of 1935]]: A [[race riot]]\n        breaks out in [[Harlem]] (New York City) after a rumor circulates that a teenage\n        [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]] [[Shoplifting|shoplifter]]\n        in the [[S. H. Kress & Co.]] department store has been brutally beaten.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Iran]] requests that this name be internationally adopted\n        for the country in place of \\\"Persia\\\".\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 The world''s\n        first television program by ''''[[Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow]]'''' is transmitted\n        from the [[Funkturm]] in Berlin, Germany.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1935}}\\n[[File:DustStormInSpearmanTexas19350414.jpg|thumb|[[Dust Bowl|Dust\n        storm]] approaching [[Spearman, Texas]]]]\\n* April 1 \\u2013 The [[North American\n        NA-16]], prototype of the [[North American T-6 Texan|North American T-6 Texan\n        or Harvard]] flying trainer, flies for the first time.Hagedorn 1997, p. 15.\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Dust Bowl]]: The\n        great dust storm in the United States hits eastern [[New Mexico]] and [[Colorado]],\n        and western [[Oklahoma]] the hardest. It will be made famous by [[Woody Guthrie]]\n        in his \\\"dust bowl ballads\\\".\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Roerich Pact]], a Pan-American\n        treaty on the protection of cultural artefacts, is signed in Washington D.C.\\n*\n        [[April 16]] \\u2013 ''''[[Fibber McGee and Molly]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]] Radio\n        in the United States.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Sun Myung Moon]], a teenage\n        [[Presbyterian]] convert in [[Korea under Japanese rule]], claims to have\n        a revelation from [[Jesus]] telling him to complete his mission from almost\n        2,000 years ago.\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.]],\n        the [[United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union]], hosts the elaborately\n        prepared [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.#The Spring Ball of the Full Moon|Spring\n        Ball of the Full Moon]] which is said to have surpassed all other embassy\n        parties in Moscow''s history.\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[FA Cup]] ([[Association\n        football]]): [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.]] beat [[West Bromwich Albion]] 4\\u20132\n        at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] in England.\\n* [[April 29]]\n        \\u2013 The first edition of the [[1935 Vuelta a Espa\\u00f1a|Vuelta a Espa\\u00f1a]]\n        is raced and goes on to become one of the 3 [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tour]]s\n        of road bicycle racing.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1935}}\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 [[New Deal]]: Executive Order 7034 creates the [[Works Progress\n        Administration]] (WPA) in the United States.\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Northamptonshire\n        County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] gains (over [[Somerset County Cricket\n        Club|Somerset]] at Taunton by 48 runs) what proves to be their last victory\n        for 99 matches, easily a record in the [[County Championship]]. Their next\n        Championship win is not until 29 May 1939.\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stalin]]\n        opens the [[Moscow Metro]] to the public.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[T. E. Lawrence]]\n        (\\\"Lawrence of Arabia\\\") dies as the result of a motorcycle accident in [[Dorset]],\n        England.\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 In [[Nazi Germany]], [[Adolf Hitler]] announces\n        the reintroduction of [[conscription]] to the [[Wehrmacht]] in violation of\n        the [[1919]] [[Treaty of Versailles]].\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 The first nighttime\n        [[Major League Baseball]] game is played between the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and\n        [[Philadelphia Phillies]] at [[Crosley Field]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].\\n*\n        [[May 27]] \\u2013 ''''[[Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States]]'''' (the\n        \\\"Sick Chicken Case\\\"): The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] declares\n        that the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]], a major component of the [[New\n        Deal]], is unconstitutional.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 The French [[Compagnie G\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale\n        Transatlantique]] [[ocean liner]] {{SS|Normandie}} sets out on her [[maiden\n        voyage]] from [[Le Havre]] to New York, which she will reach in 4 days, 3\n        hours and 14 minutes, taking the [[Blue Riband]]; she gains the eastbound\n        record on her return passage. \\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 Eventual [[Baseball Hall\n        of Fame]]r [[Babe Ruth]] appears in his last career game, playing for the\n        [[Atlanta Braves|Boston Braves]] in [[Philadelphia]] against the [[Philadelphia\n        Phillies|Phillies]].\\n* [[May 31]]\\n**  [[1935 Quetta earthquake]]: A 7.1\n        magnitude earthquake destroys [[Quetta]] in modern-day Pakistan, killing 40,000.\\n**\n        20th Century Pictures, Inc., becomes [[20th Century Fox]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1935}}\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[He\\u2013Umezu Agreement]]: China''s\n        [[Kuomintang]] government concedes Japanese military control of north-eastern\n        China.\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] is founded in [[Akron,\n        Ohio]] by [[William G. Wilson]] and Dr. [[Bob Smith (doctor)|Robert Smith]].\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Huey Long]] of [[Louisiana]]\n        makes the longest speech on Senate record, taking 15\\u00bd hours and containing\n        150,000 words.{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Huey_Long_Filibusters.htm|title=U.S.\n        Senate: June 12-13, 1935 - Huey Long Filibusters|date=June 22, 2015|publisher=}}\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 End of the [[Chaco War]], a war between [[Paraguay]] and\n        [[Bolivia]].\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[James J. Braddock]] defeats [[Max Baer\n        (boxer)|Max Baer]] at [[Madison Square Garden Bowl]] to win the heavyweight\n        [[boxing]] championship of the world.\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Anglo-German\n        Naval Agreement]]: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own\n        naval tonnage.\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Gardel]], the legendary Franco-Argentine\n        \\\"Father of Tango\\\", dies in a plane crash in [[Medell\\u00edn]], [[Colombia]].\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1935}}\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 The [[RMS Mauretania\n        (1906)|RMS Mauretania]] sails from [[Southampton]] to [[Jarrow]].\\n* [[July\n        16]] \\u2013 The world''s first [[parking meter]]s are installed in [[Oklahoma\n        City]].\\n* [[July 25]]\\u2013 [[August 20]] \\u2013 The seventh and last congress\n        of the [[Comintern]] is held.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main article|August 1935}}\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 The [[Leo Burnett]] Advertising Agency opens in Chicago.\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 United States President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs\n        the [[Social Security Act]] into law.\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 Humorist [[Will\n        Rogers]] and aviator [[Wiley Post]] are killed when Post''s plane crashes\n        shortly after takeoff near [[Barrow, Alaska]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1935}}\\n[[File:Manuel L. Quezon (November 1942).jpg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[Manuel\n        L. Quezon]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[1935 Labor Day hurricane]]: The\n        strongest hurricane ever to strike the United States landfalls in the Upper\n        [[Florida Keys]] as a Category 5 storm with 185 mph winds, killing 423.\\n*\n        [[September 3]] \\u2013 Sir [[Malcolm Campbell]] becomes the first person to\n        drive an automobile at 300 miles per hour, establishing a new record land\n        speed of 301.337 mph (484.620 km/h) at the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]]\n        in [[Utah]], driving the ''''[[Campbell-Railton Blue Bird|Blue Bird]]''''.{{cite book|last=Mercer|first=Derrik|date=1989|title=Chronicle\n        of the 20th Century|location=London|publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd|isbn=978-0-582-03919-3}}\n        \\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Carl Weiss]] kills [[Huey Long]], [[United States\n        Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Louisiana]], in the Louisiana Capitol Building\n        in [[Baton Rouge]].\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Howard Hughes]], flying the\n        [[Hughes H-1 Racer]], sets an airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h).\\n*\n        [[September 15]] \\u2013 The [[Nuremberg Laws]] go into effect in Germany,\n        removing citizenship from Jews.\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Manuel L. Quezon]]\n        is the 2nd [[President of the Philippines]].\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Earl\n        W. Bascom]] and his brother Weldon produce the first night [[rodeo]] held\n        outdoors under electric lights at [[Columbia, Mississippi]].\\n* [[September\n        29]] \\u2013 The [[London and North Eastern Railway]]''s first [[LNER Class\n        A4|A4 Class]] streamlined steam locomotive [[LNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link|A4\n        2509 ''''Silver Link'''']] makes her inaugural journey from [[London King''s\n        Cross railway station|London King''s Cross]].\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** U.S.\n        President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dedicates [[Hoover Dam]].\\n** The [[London\n        and North Eastern Railway]] commences the ''''[[Silver Jubilee (train)|Silver\n        Jubilee]]'''', Britain''s first [[Streamliner|streamline train]] service.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1935}}\\n[[File:Sixday.jpg|thumb|October\n        22 page from a [[Soviet revolutionary calendar]] with six-day weeks.]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[October 3]] \\u2013 The [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]\n        begins as General [[Emilio De Bono]] of Italy [[De Bono''s invasion of Abyssinia|invades\n        Ethiopia]].\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013 A tornado destroys the 160 metre tall\n        wooden [[Radio masts and towers|radio tower]] in [[Langenberg transmission\n        tower|Langenberg]], Germany. As a result of this catastrophe, wooden radio\n        towers are phased out.\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 In the [[Canadian federal\n        election, 1935|Canadian federal election]], the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal\n        Party]] of [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] wins a [[majority government]],\n        defeating the [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867\\u20131942)|Conservative\n        Party]] of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[R. B. Bennett]].\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1935}}\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 A [[Greek\n        monarchy referendum, 1935|Greek monarchy referendum]] is held by self-proclaimed\n        Regent [[Georgios Kondylis]]. Almost 98% of the votes favor restoration of\n        the monarchy, although the referendum''s integrity is dubious.{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1935.htm|title=Chronology\n        1935|date=2002|work=League of Nations Photo Archive|accessdate=2015-11-03}}\\n*\n        [[November 8]] \\u2013 A dozen [[labor union|labor]] leaders come together\n        to announce the creation of the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO),\n        an organization charged with pushing the cause for [[industrial unionism]]\n        in North America.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 In the [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1935|United Kingdom general election]], [[Prime Minister of the\n        United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Stanley Baldwin]] returns to office at the\n        head of a National Government led by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative\n        Party]] with a large but reduced majority.\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 The [[flying\n        boat]] ''''[[China Clipper]]'''' takes off from [[Alameda, California]] to\n        deliver the first [[airmail]] cargo across the Pacific Ocean; on [[November\n        29]] the aircraft reaches its final destination, [[Manila]], and delivers\n        over 110,000 pieces of [[mail]].\\n*  [[November 23]] \\u2013 Jacques and Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se\n        Tr\\u00e9fou\\u00ebl, [[Daniel Bovet]] and Federico Nitti, in the laboratory\n        of [[Ernest Fourneau]] at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris, discover that\n        [[sulfanilamide]] is the active component of [[Prontosil]].J. et T. Tr\\u00e9fou\\u00ebl,\n        F. Nitti et D. Bovet, \\\"Activit\\u00e9 du ''''p''''-aminoph\\u00e9nylsulfamide\n        sur l''infection streptococcique exp\\u00e9rimentale de la souris et du lapin\\\",\n        ''''C. R. Soc. Biol.'''', ''''''120'''''', 23 November 1935, p. 756.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] \\u2013 After 11 years in exile, [[George II of Greece|George\n        II]] returns to Greek soil  as [[King of the Hellenes]] at Corfu from London.\\n*\n        [[November 30]] \\u2013 The 1935 British-made film ''''[[Scrooge (1935 film)|Scrooge]]'''',\n        the first all-talking film version of the [[Charles Dickens]] classic ''''[[A\n        Christmas Carol]]'''', opens in the U.S. after its British release.\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1935}}\\n* [[December 5]]  \\u2013 [[Mary\n        McLeod Bethune]] founds the [[National Council of Negro Women]] in the United\n        States.\\n* [[December 9]]  \\u2013 American newspaper editor [[Walter Liggett]]\n        is killed in a gangland murder plot.\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Hanshin Tigers]],\n        as well known for professional baseball club of [[Japan]], founded in [[Osaka]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Lebensborn]] program\n        in support of [[Nazi eugenics]] is founded by [[Heinrich Himmler]] in Germany.\\n**\n        Opening of the [[De La Warr Pavilion]] at [[Bexhill-on-Sea]], designed by\n        [[Erich Mendelsohn]] and [[Serge Chermayeff]], a pioneering example of [[International\n        Style (architecture)|International Style architecture]] in the British Isles.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.buildingopinions.com/Archive/DE/delawarrpavilion.html|title=Modernist|work=Building\n        Opinions|accessdate=22 September 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.delawarrpavilion.com/default.aspx\n        |title=Modernist style |publisher=De La Warr Pavilion |accessdate=22 September\n        2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811132942/http://www.delawarrpavilion.com/default.aspx\n        |archivedate=August 11, 2010 |deadurl=no |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.delawarrpavilion.net|title=Modern\n        movement|publisher=De La Warr Pavilion|accessdate=22 September 2010}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/delawarr/index.htm|title=De La Warr\n        Pavilion Sussex by Mendelsohn and Chermayeff|accessdate=22 September 2010}}\\n*\n        [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] DST, prototype\n        of the [[Douglas DC-3]] airliner, first flies, in the United States. More\n        than 16,000 of the model will eventually be produced.\\n* [[December 18]]\\n**\n        [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]] resigns as British\n        [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|foreign secretary]]\n        and is replaced by [[Anthony Eden]].\\n** The [[socialist]] party of [[Sri\n        Lanka]], the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]], is founded.\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Mao Zedong]] issues the [[Wayaobu Manifesto]], ''''On Tactics Against Japanese\n        Imperialism'''', calling for a National United Front against the [[Second\n        Sino-Japanese War|Japanese invasion]].\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 ''''[[Pravda]]''''\n        publishes a letter from [[Pavel Postyshev]], who revives the [[New Year tree]]\n        tradition in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* The house [[Fallingwater]]\n        in southwestern [[Pennsylvania]], designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], is completed.\\n*\n        [[Lectorium Rosicrucianum]] is founded.\\n* The [[Melody Inn (nightclub)|Melody\n        Inn]] opens as a piano bar in [[Indianapolis]].{{cite web|last=Allan|first=Marc\n        D.|title=Owners enjoy Melody Inn''s niche as well-worn music venue|url=http://www.ibj.com/owners-enjoy-melody-inns-niche-as-wellworn-live-music-venue/PARAMS/article/22348|work=IBJ\n        News|publisher=Indianapolis Business Journal|accessdate=2013-10-06}}\\n\\n==\n        Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Floyd Patterson 1962.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Floyd\n        Patterson]]]]\\n[[File:Elvis Presley promoting Jailhouse Rock.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elvis\n        Presley]]]]\\n[[File:Elsa Martinelli 1964.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Elsa Martinelli]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Floyd Patterson]], American boxer (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[Kenny Davern]], American jazz clarinetist (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Valeri Kubasov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Elvis Presley]], American rock & roll singer, guitarist and film actor (d.\n        [[1977]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Bob Denver]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Earl G. Graves, Sr.]] African-American publisher\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Hawkins]], American musician\\n** [[Sherrill Milnes]], American baritone\\n*\n        [[January 12]] \\u2013 The Amazing [[Kreskin]], American mentalist\\n* [[January\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Rip Taylor]], American comedian\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Lucile\n        Wheeler]], Canadian skier\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[A. J. Foyt]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Udo Lattek]], German football coach (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Ann Minner]], Governor of Delaware\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Jon Stallworthy]], English poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Soumitra\n        Chatterjee]], Indian actor\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Ant\\u00f3nio Ramalho\n        Eanes]], 16th [[President of Portugal]]\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Roger Payne]],\n        American biologist\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Richard Brautigan]], American writer\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Elsa Martinelli]], Italian film actress (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Kenzabur\\u014d \\u014ce]], Japanese writer, Nobel Prize\n        laureate\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Sonny Bono.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sonny Bono]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Doreen Kartinyeri]], Ngarrindjeri elder and historian\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Martti Talvela]], Finnish bass (d.\n        [[1989]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Alex Harvey (musician)|Alex Harvey]],\n        Scottish rock singer (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Gene Vincent]],\n        American guitarist and vocalist  (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Rob\n        McConnell]], Canadian jazz musician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Sonny Bono]], American singer, actor and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Christina Pickles]], English-born American character actress\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Ciar\\u00e1n Bourke]], Irish singer (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Hisako Ky\\u014dda]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[February\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Tom Murphy (playwright)|Tom Murphy]], Irish playwright\\n* [[February\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Mirella Freni]], Italian soprano\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Mahmoud\n        Abbas.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mahmoud Abbas]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Robert Conrad]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Zhelyu Zhelev]], [[President of Bulgaria]]\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Bent Larsen]], Danish chess player (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Paul Sand]] (born Paul Sanchez), American\n        comedic actor\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Ron Delany]], Irish runner\\n* [[March\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Jacques Benveniste]], French immunologist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n** [[Jimmy Swaggart]], American televangelist\\n** [[Judd Hirsch]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Patrick Etolu]], Ugandan high jumper\\n* [[March\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Ole Barndorff-Nielsen]], Danish mathematician\\n* [[March 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[M. Emmet Walsh]], American actor\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 [[Peter Bichsel]],\n        Swiss writer\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Gabriel Elorde]], Filipino boxer (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\n** [[Ernesto Maceda]], Filipino politician, lawyer,\n        and columnist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Mahmoud Abbas]], President of the Palestine\n        National Authority\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Abelardo Castillo]], Argentine writer\\n**\n        [[John Henry Dowse]], Australian rugby union player\\n** [[Julian Glover]],\n        English actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Jeanie Descombes]], American professional\n        baseball player\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Szmidt]], Polish athlete\\n* [[March 31]]\n        \\n** [[Herb Alpert]], American trumpeter\\n** [[Judith Rossner]], American\n        writer (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Dudley M.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dudley\n        Moore]]]]\\n* [[April 4]]  \\u2013 [[Kenneth Mars]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]]  \\u2013 [[Enrique \\u00c1lvarez F\\u00e9lix]], Mexican actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[April 8]]  \\u2013 [[Francis D. Moran|Francis D. \\\"Bill\\\" Moran]],\n        American admiral, third director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n        Commissioned Officer Corps\\n* [[April 9]]  \\u2013 [[Aulis Sallinen]], Finnish\n        composer\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Ken Squier]], [[motorsport]]s broadcaster\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Katie Horstman]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Paul A. Rothchild]], American record producer\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Dudley Moore]], English actor, comedian\n        and composer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Charles Grodin]], American\n        actor and journalist\\n** [[Thomas Kean]], Governor of New Jersey and 9/11\n        Commission Chairman\\n** [[Dolores Lee]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Paul Chambers]], American jazz musician (d.\n        [[1969]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 [[Bunky Green]], American jazz musician\\n*\n        [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Bob Gutowski]], American athlete (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[April\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Murray McBride]], Canadian politician, Yale graduate\\n* [[April\n        29]] \\u2013 [[April Ashley]], English model\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Josemujica.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jose\n        Mujica]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Bolger at press conference.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jim Bolger]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Lance LeGault]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Isobel Warren]], Canadian author\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Doug\n        McClure]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Felipe Alou]],\n        Dominican Major League Baseball player and manager\\n** [[Gary Peacock]], American\n        jazz double-bassist\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Luciano Benetton]], Italian entrepreneur,\n        owner of [[Benetton Group]]\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Dennis Potter]], English writer\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Ryke Geerd Hamer]], German cancer researcher\\n* [[May\n        19]] \\u2013 [[David Hartman (TV personality)|David Hartman]], American actor\n        and television journalist\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Mujica]], 40th\n        [[President of Uruguay]]\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Barry Rogers]], American jazz\n        and salsa trombonist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Joan Micklin Silver]],\n        American director\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Cookie Gilchrist]], American football\n        player  (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Victoria Shaw (actress)|Victoria Shaw]], American\n        actress (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Carole Lesley]], English actor (d.\n        [[1974]]) \\n** [[Lee Meriwether]], American beauty queen and actress\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 Brink]], South African writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Ruta Lee]], Canadian-born American-based actress\\n* [[May 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jim Bolger]], 35th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:RodrigoBorja-Harvard2016.png|thumb|120px|[[Rodrigo Borja Cevallos]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[Reverend Ike]], American televangelist (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]]\\n** [[Carol Shields]], American-born writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Dimitri\n        Kitsikis]], Greek Turkologist\\n** [[Roger Brierley]], English actor (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Wieben]], German journalist, actor and author\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Evangelia Samiotaki|el|3=\\u0395\\u03c5\\u03b1\\u03b3\\u03b3\\u03b5\\u03bb\\u03af\\u03b1\n        \\u03a3\\u03b1\\u03bc\\u03b9\\u03c9\\u03c4\\u03ac\\u03ba\\u03b7}}, Greek actress (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Yoshihiro Tatsumi]], Japanese manga artist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]], Bulgarian\n        & Moroccan-born American installation artists (Jeanne-Claude d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Samak Sundaravej]], 25th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] (2008) (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Peggy Seeger]], American folk singer\\n* [[June 19]] \\n**\n        [[Derren Nesbitt]], English actor\\n** [[Rodrigo Borja Cevallos]], [[President\n        of Ecuador]]\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Jim Barker (politician)|Jim Barker]],\n        American politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Pratap Chauhan]], Indian\n        cricketer\\n** [[Tom Pratt (American football)|Tom Pratt]], American football\n        coach\\n** [[John Abbey (actor)|John Abbey]], American actor\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise\n        Sagan]], French writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Floyd Norman]],\n        American animator\\n** [[Donald A. Bonner]], American politician\\n** [[Koro\n        W\\u0113tere]], New Zealand politician\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[N. Bhaskara Rao]],\n        Indian politician\\n** [[Keith Burkinshaw]], English professional footballer\n        and football manager\\n** [[Pete Hamill]], American journalist, novelist, essayist,\n        editor and educator\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Jean Milesi]], French professional\n        racing cyclist\\n** [[Charlie Dees]], American professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Juan Bautista Ag\\u00fcero]], Paraguayan football striker\\n** [[Ron Kramer]],\n        American National Football League tight end (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Terry Riley]],\n        American composer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Taufiq Ismail]], Indonesian poet and\n        activist\\n** [[Margaret Sparrow]], New Zealand medical doctor, reproductive\n        rights advocate, and author\\n** [[Udey Chand]], Indian wrestler and wrestling\n        coach\\n** [[Don Demeter]], American outfielder, third baseman, and first baseman\n        in Major League Baseball\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Carlo Facetti]], Italian racing\n        driver\\n** [[Sandro Riminucci]], Italian basketball player\\n** [[Edwin Hodgeman]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Bogdan Dochev]], Bulgarian football referee\\n* [[June\n        27]] \\n** [[Larry Krutko]], American football player\\n** [[Dan Currie]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Colin Bazley]], English bishop\\n** [[Ramon Zamora]],\n        Filipino martial arts actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Roy Faulkner\n        (footballer, born 1935)|Roy Faulkner]], English footballer\\n** [[Bob Hobert]],\n        Canadian football player\\n** [[Bob Blaylock]], American professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[John Inman]], English comic actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Jill Briscoe]], British American author, editor, and speaker\\n** [[Derek\n        Partridge]], British television presenter, spokesman and voice-over artist,\n        formerly a film and TV actor\\n** [[Zvonko Bezjak]], Croatian hammer thrower\n        of Slovenian origin\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Valentino Gasparella]], Italian\n        track cyclist\\n** [[Ken Turner (Australian rules footballer)|Ken Turner]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Animesh Chakravorty]], Bengali Indian academic\n        and a professor of chemistry\\n** [[Les Savill]], English cricketer\\n** [[Shane\n        Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis]], British peer\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Dalai\n        Lama 1430 Luca Galuzzi 2007crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[14th Dalai Lama]]]] \\n[[File:Donald\n        Sutherland - Monte-Carlo Television Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Donald Sutherland]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[David Prowse]], English actor\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Guruvayur\n        Dorai]], Indian percussionist\\n** [[Amar Singh Sokhi]], Indian cyclist\\n**\n        [[Dick Dolman]], Dutch politician\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Osvaldo Bagnoli]], Italian\n        football coach and player\\n** [[Bill Reichart]], American ice hockey\\n* [[July\n        4]]\\n** [[Erich Barnes]], American football defensive back\\n** [[Alan Preen]],\n        Australian rules football\\n** [[Roy Wilt]], American politician\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** [[Shirley Collins]], English folk singer\\n** [[Christian Doermer]],\n        German actor\\n** [[Brendan McCann]], American profes** [[Erich Barnes]], American\n        football defensive backsional basketball player\\n** [[Van B. Poole]], American\n        politician\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 Tenzin Gyatso, the [[14th Dalai Lama]], recipient\n        of the Nobel Peace Prize and [[spiritual leader]] of [[Tibet]]\\n* [[July 7]]\n        \\n** [[Chan Wing-chan]], Chinese politician\\n** [[Billy Russell (footballer,\n        born 1935)|Billy Russell]], English footballer\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Steve\n        Lawrence]], American singer and actor\\n** [[Vitaly Sevastyanov]], Russian\n        cosmonaut (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Wim Duisenberg]], Dutch economist\n        and politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Kevin Parks]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Isabel Sarli]], Argentine actress and glamour model\\n** [[Mercedes Sosa]],\n        Argentine singer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mighty Sparrow]], Grenadian singer\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[P. K. Gurudasan]], Indian politician\\n* [[July 11]] \\n**\n        [[Darrell Dess]], American football offensive lineman\\n** [[Oliver Napier]],\n        Northern Irish politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Ed Rubinoff]],\n        American tennis player\\n** [[Hans Tilkowski]], German footballer\\n** [[Satoshi\n        \\u014cmura]], Japanese biochemist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Gregorio Casal]], Mexican actor\\n**\n        [[Eduardo Ermita]], Filipino politician\\n** [[Jack Kemp]], American football\n        player and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Qiu Xigui]],\n        Chinese historian, palaeographer and professor\\n** [[Kurt Westergaard]], Danish\n        cartoonist\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Ei-ichi Negishi]], Japanese chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Durval Guimar\\u00e3es]], Brazilian\n        sport shoote\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Andra Martin]], American actress\\n** [[William\n        G. Stewart]], English television producer and presenter\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[Nicolae Rotaru]], Romanian sport shooter\\n** [[Tina Scala]], actress, model,\n        singer, poet and author of Italian and Irish descent\\n** [[Lynn Wyatt]], American\n        socialite and philanthropist\\n** [[T\\u00f4n Th\\u1ea5t H\\u1ea3i]], Vietnamese\n        fencer\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Diahann Carroll]], American television and stage\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Mohamed Mehrez]], Egyptian sports shooter\\n** [[Benjamin\n        Civiletti]], United States Attorney General\\n** [[Peter Schickele]], American\n        composer and comedian\\n** [[Donald Sutherland]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Edward\n        J. Nell]], American economist\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Vasile Alexandru]], Romanian\n        footballer\\n** [[Luo Gan]], Chinese politician\\n** [[Jayendra Saraswathi]],\n        Hindu religious leader, 69th Shankaracharya Guru and head or pontiff (P\\u00ef\\u021bh\\u0101dhipati)\n        of the Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham\\n** [[Hall Whitley]], American football player\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** [[George Breen]], American competition swimmer\\n** [[Vasily\n        Livanov]], Russian film actor, screenwriter and animator\\n** [[David Parry-Evans]],\n        Royal Air Force commander\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Peter Palumbo, Baron Palumbo]],\n        English real estate developer, art collector and connoisseur of architecture\\n**\n        [[Val\\u00e9r \\u0160vec]], Slovak football player and coach\\n* [[July 21]]\\n**\n        [[Jeanne Arth]], American Wimbledon and US Championships doubles tennis title\n        holder\\n** [[Larry Hayes (American football)|Larry Hayes]], American football\n        player\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Grover Dale]], American actor, dancer, choreographer\n        and theatre director\\n** [[Tuppy Diack]], New Zealand rugby union player\\n**\n        [[Steve Junker]], American football player\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Adnan Khashoggi]],\n        Saudi Arabian international arms dealer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Larry Sherry]],\n        American right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]]\\n** [[Billy McCullough]], Northern Irish footballer\\n** [[Sarah\n        Jane Sands]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Simon Dee]], English radio and television presenter (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Peter Schreier]], German tenor\\n* [[July 31]] \\n** [[Mort Crim]],\n        American television newscaster\\n** [[Geoffrey Lewis (actor)|Geoffrey Lewis]],\n        American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Hifikepunye Pohamba.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hifikepunye\n        Pohamba]]]]\\n[[File:Frank Robinson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frank Robinson]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Mohinder Pratap Chand]], Urdu poet and language advocate\\n*\n        [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Georgi Shonin]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[Yon\\u00e1 Magalh\\u00e3es]], Brazilian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] \\n** [[J\\u00e1n Popluh\\u00e1r]], Slovak footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[John Cazale]], American actor (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Rod\n        Hull]], English entertainer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Jim Dale]],\n        English actor, singer and songwriter\\n** [[Lionel Taylor]], American football\n        player\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Rafer Johnson]], American athlete\\n** [[Hifikepunye\n        Pohamba]], 2nd [[President of Namibia]]\\n* [[August 19]] \\n** [[Tereza Rachel]],\n        Brazilian actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bobby Richardson]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Ron Paul]], United States Congressman\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[E. Annie Proulx]], American novelist\\n* [[August 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tsutomu Hata]], 80th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Geraldine Ferraro]], U.S. Congresswoman and Vice Presidential\n        candidate (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Garai]],\n        Hungarian scientist, psychologist\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Daniel L. Norris]],\n        Canadian [[Commissioner of the Northwest Territories]] (d. 2008)\\n** [[John\n        Phillips (musician)|John Phillips]], American singer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Eldridge Cleaver]], African-American activist (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Robinson]], African-American baseball player\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Abdou\n        Diouf.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdou Diouf]]]]\\n\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Seiji\n        Ozawa]], Japanese conductor\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[D. Wayne Lukas]],\n        American horse trainer\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Dieter Hallervorden]],\n        German comedian, comic actor, singer and cabaret artist\\n* [[September 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Abdou Diouf]], 2nd [[President of Senegal]]\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Chaim Topol]], Israeli actor and singer\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Arvo P\\u00e4rt]],\n        Estonian composer\\n** [[Gherman Titov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Fujio Akatsuka]], Japanese cartoonist (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Dinkha IV|Dinkha]], Iraqi patriarch (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]]\\n** [[Carl Andre]], American artist\\n** [[Jules Bass]], American\n        film director and producer, co-founder of [[Rankin/Bass Productions]] \\n**\n        [[Bob Kiley]], American public transit planner\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Ken\n        Kesey]], American author (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Serge and Beate Klarsfeld]],\n        Romanian Nazi hunter\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[John Spencer (snooker player)|John\n        Spencer]], English snooker player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Hansj\\u00f6rg Wyss]], Swiss businessman and philanthropist\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Benjamin Abalos]], Filipino politician, COMELEC Chairman\\n*\n        [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Prem Chopra]], Indian actor\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Adrien Douady]], French mathematician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Ronald Lacey]], English actor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[September 29]]\n        \\n** [[David Daker]], English actor\\n** [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], American rock\n        & roll musician\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Z. Z. Hill]], American blues singer\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Johnny Mathis]], African-American singer\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n[[File:Julie Andrews Park Hyatt, Sydney, Australia 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Julie\n        Andrews]]]]\\n[[File:Pavarotticrop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Luciano Pavarotti]]]]\\n[[File:Isao\n        Takahata.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Isao Takahata]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** Dame [[Julie\n        Andrews]], English singer and actress\\n** [[Teruyoshi Nakano]], Japanese special\n        effects director\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Sinikka Kurkinen]], Finnish painter\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\n** [[Peter Brown (actor)|Peter Brown]], American actor (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Tarc\\u00edsio Meira]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[October 6]]\\n**\n        [[Bruno Sammartino]], Italian professional wrestler\\n** [[Charito Solis]],\n        Filipino actress (d. 1998)\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Prince Edward, Duke of\n        Kent]], member of the British Royal family\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Luciano\n        Pavarotti]], Italian tenor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[La Monte\n        Young]], American composer\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Barry McGuire]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Bobby Morrow]], American athlete\\n** [[Willie O''Ree]], Canadian\n        hockey player\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Michael Eavis]], English dairy farmer\n        and founder of the [[Glastonbury Festival]]\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Peter\n        Boyle]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Orbach]],\n        American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Derek Bell (musician)|Derek\n        Bell]], Irish musician (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[JacSue Kehoe]],\n        American Neuroscientist \\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Rosamaria Murtinho]],\n        Brazilian actress\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Gloria Conyers Hewitt]], African-American\n        mathematician\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[Frank Adonis]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Isao Takahata]], Japanese animated film director\\n*\n        [[October 30]]\\n** [[Robert Caro]], American biographer\\n** [[Agota Kristof]],\n        Hungarian writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Ronald Graham]],\n        American mathematician\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Hussein of Jordan 1997.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hussein\n        of Jordan]]]]\\n[[File:DianeLaddHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Diane Ladd]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Edward Said]], Palestinian-born literary critic (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas Maw]], English composer (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Alain Delon]], French actor\\n* [[November\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Bob Gibson]], African-American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov]], Russian astrophysicist\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\u2013 [[William Tallon]], English ''''Steward and Page of the Backstairs'''';\n        servant of 50 years to the British Royal family (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] \\u2013 [[George Carey]], English Archbishop of Canterbury\\n* [[November\n        14]] \\u2013 King [[Hussein of Jordan]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Toni Sailer]], Austrian skier (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Havlish]], American professional baseball and bowling player\\n** [[Vladislav\n        Volkov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Salim\n        Khan]], Indian Bollywood screenwriter\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Pat Fordice]],\n        First Lady of Mississippi from 1992 to 2000 (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n**\n        [[Diane Ladd]], American actress\\n** [[Thomas J. O''Brien (bishop)|Thomas\n        J. O''Brien]], American Roman Catholic prelate (bishop); convicted of felony\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n[[File:Woody Allen Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Woody Allen]]]]\\n[[File:Lee\n        Ann Remick, London, 1974.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lee Remick]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Woody Allen]], American actor and film director\\n* [[December 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Calvin Trillin]], American writer\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Dharmendra]],\n        Indian film actor, producer and politician\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Jaromil\n        Jire\\u0161]], Czechoslovak filmmaker (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n**\n        [[Ron Carey (actor)|Ron Carey]], American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Pranab\n        Mukherjee]], Indian politician, 13th [[President of India]]\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Hall (American football)|Ken Hall]] (\\\"Sugar Land Express\\\"),\n        American football player\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Lee Remick]], American actress\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Anthony Wilden]], English author and social theorist,\n        noted translator of Jaques Lacan\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Cal Ripken, Sr.]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Bobby Timmons]], American jazz pianist (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n**[[Paul\n        Hornung]], American football player\\n**[[Johnny Kidd (singer)|Johnny Kidd]],\n        English [[rock and roll]] singer and songwriter (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[December\n        25]]\\n** [[Stephen Barnett]], American legal scholar (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Sadiq\n        al-Mahdi]], [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] (1966\\u201367, 1986\\u201389)\\n** [[Anne\n        Roiphe]], American author and feminist\\n* [[December 26]] \\n** [[Gnassingb\\u00e9\n        Eyad\\u00e9ma]], [[President of Togo]] (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Al Jackson]], American\n        baseball pitcher\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Omar Bongo]], President of Gabon\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Sandy Koufax]], American baseball player\\n* [[December\n        31]] \\u2013 King [[Salman of Saudi Arabia]]\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[F\\u00e9licien\n        Kabuga]], Rwandan businessman, accused of bankrolling and participating in\n        the [[Rwandan Genocide]]\\n* [[\\u00dcmit Kaftanc\\u0131o\\u011flu]], Turkish\n        writer (d. [[1980]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Edwin flack\n        side profile.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edwin Flack]]]]\\n* January \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Bia\\u0142ynia Cho\\u0142odecki]], Polish historian (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Edwin Flack]], Australian athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January\n        16]]\\n**[[Ma Barker]], American criminal (b. [[1873]])\\n**[[Fred Barker]],\n        American criminal, youngest son of [[Ma Barker]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Lloyd Hamilton]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Adolf von Brauchitsch]], German general (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Shivabalayogi]], Yogi (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov]], Russian composer (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Warde]], English actor (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Max Liebermann]], German painter (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Harry Todd]], American actor (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Gerhard Louis De Geer]], 17th Prime Minister of Sweden (b.\n        [[1854]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Roque Rua\\u00f1o]], Spanish\n        priest-civil engineer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\n** [[Oliver Wendell Holmes,\n        Jr.]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1841]])\\n** [[Baron Max Hussarek von\n        Heinlein]], former Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 15]]\n        – [[Johan Ramstedt]], 9th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[John James Rickard Macleod]], Scottish-born physician\n        and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Aleksand\\u00ebr Moisiu]], Albanian actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Florence Moore]], American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Noether.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emmy\n        Noether]]]]\\n[[File:Jozef Pilsudski1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]]]]\\n[[File:Magnus\n        Hirschfeld.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Magnus Hirschfeld]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Dukas 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul\n        Dukas]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Bennie Moten]], American jazz pianist (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Basil Champneys]], English architect (b.\n        [[1842]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Edwin Arlington Robinson]], American poet\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Adolph Ochs]], American newspaper publisher\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Emmy Noether]], German mathematician\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Panait Istrati]], Romanian writer (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon]], British fashion\n        designer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Anastasios Papoulas]], Greek\n        general (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Antero Rub\\u00edn]],\n        Spanish general and politician (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Junior\n        Durkin]], American actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]],\n        Polish politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Clarence Geldart]],\n        Canadian-American actor (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Magnus Hirschfeld]],\n        German sex researcher and gay rights advocate (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kazimir Malevich]], Polish-Russian painter and art theoretician (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Paul Dukas]], French composer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[T. E. Lawrence|T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)]], English\n        soldier (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Charles Martin Loeffler]], American composer (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\n** [[Jane Addams]], American social worker, recipient\n        of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Hugo de Vries]], Dutch botanist\n        and geneticists (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Josef Suk (composer)|Josef\n        Suk]], Czech composer and violinist (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Arz von Strau\\u00dfenburg]], Austro-Hungarian official,\n        last Chief of the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]]\\n**[[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy]], British general,\n        12th [[Governor General of Canada]] (b. [[1862]])\\n**[[George Grossmith, Jr.]],\n        British actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Gardel]], Argentine\n        tango songwriter (b. either [[1887]] or [[1890]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Hayashi\n        Fubo]], Japanese novelist (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Daniel Salamanca\n        Urey.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Daniel Salamanca Urey]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Citro\\u00ebn]], French automobile pioneer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Dreyfus]], French military officer (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        [[James Moore (cyclist)|James Moore]], English winner of the first ever cycle\n        race (b. [[1849]])\\n** [[George William Russell]], Irish nationalist, poet\n        and artist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Daniel Salamanca Urey]], 39th [[President of\n        Bolivia]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Meletius IV of Constantinople]],\n        Greek Patriarch of Alexandria (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Will\n        Rogers 1922.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Will Rogers]]]]\\n[[File:AlmiranteCoundouritis--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pavlos\n        Kountouriotis]]]]\\n[[File:Crown princess Astrid 1926.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Astrid\n        of Sweden|Queen Astrid of Belgium]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[David Townsend\n        (art director)|David Townsend]], American art director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Friedrich Schottky]], German mathematician (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e9once Perret]], French film actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Paul Signac]], French painter (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Wiley\n        Post]], American pilot (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Will Rogers]], American humorist\n        and actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Edith Roberts]], American\n        actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[John Hartley (tennis)|John\n        Hartley]], English tennis player, double winner of Wimbledon (b. [[1849]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]]\\n**[[Frantz Jourdain]], Belgian architect (b. [[1847]])\\n**[[Pavlos\n        Kountouriotis]], Greek admiral and two-time president of Greece (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Mack Swain]], American actor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Childe Hassam]], American painter (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Astrid of Sweden|Queen Astrid of Belgium]] (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Henri Barbusse]], French novelist and journalist (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Tsiolkovsky.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Konstantin\n        Tsiolkovsky]]]]\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Takejir\\u014d Tokonami]], Japanese\n        politician, Home Minister, Railway Minister, and Minister of Communication\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Carl Weiss]], American physician and murderer of [[Huey\n        Long]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Huey Long]], American politician\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Charles Norris (medical examiner)|Charles\n        Norris]], Americal medical examiner  (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], Russian rocket scientist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September\n        23]] \\u2013 [[DeWolf Hopper]], American actor & comedian  (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Iv\\u00e1n Persa]], [[Hungarian Slovenes|Hungarian\n        Slovene]] writer and catholic priest (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013\n        [[William Kennedy Dickson]], Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Francis Wilson\n        (actor)|Francis Wilson]], American stage actor and comedian (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Gaston Lachaise]], French-American sculptor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Henderson]], Scottish politician, recipient\n        of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Tommy Tucker\n        (baseball)|Tommy Tucker]], American baseball pioneer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        23]]\\n** [[Charles Demuth]], American artist (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Dutch Schultz]],\n        American gangster (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Jock Cameron]], South African cricketer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November 6]]\n        \\u2013 [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]], American geologist, paleontologist, and\n        eugenist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl\n        Jellicoe]], British admiral (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Iyasu\n        V]], deposed Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1895/1896)\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Erich von Hornbostel]], Austrian musicologist (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:TucholskyParis1928.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kurt Tucholsky]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]] \\u2013 [[James Henry Breasted]], American Egyptologist (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom]], daughter\n        of King [[Edward VII]] and the younger sister of King [[George V]] (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Johan Halvorsen]], Norwegian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Richet]], French physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1850]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet]], English tank and\n        vehicle designer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Victor Grignard]],\n        French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Stanley G. Weinbaum]], American science-fiction author (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Thelma Todd]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Juan Vicente G\\u00f3mez]], Venezuelan military dictator\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Martin O''Meara]], Australian soldier\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Tucholsky]], German journalist\n        and satirist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Alban Berg]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Photios II of Constantinople|Photios\n        II]], Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 30]]\n        \\u2013 [[Hunter Liggett]], American general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Miguel de Unamuno]],  Spanish novelist and philosopher (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===Date\n        Unknown===\\n* [[Charles Debbas]], 1st President and 5th Prime Minister of\n        Lebanon (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[James Chadwick]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Joliot]], [[Ir\\u00e8ne\n        Joliot-Curie]] (\\\"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements\\\")\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Hans\n        Spemann]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Carl von Ossietzky]]\\n\\n== References\n        ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1935/1935fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1935] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at the [[University\n        of Virginia]]\\n* [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1935-wwii-timeline.htm\n        1935 WWII Timeline]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1935}}\\n[[Category:1935| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T03:41:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":799506866,\"length\":52606,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1935&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935\"},\"34673\":{\"pageid\":34673,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1936\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:52:44Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1936}}\\n{{Events by month|1936}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1936}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1936}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1936}}\\n* [[January 4]] – England celebrates its first\n        ever win over the [[All Blacks]] in [[rugby union]], in particular the two\n        famous tries by \\\"The Prince\\\" HH [[Alexander Obolensky]].\\n* [[January 11]]\n        – ''''[[I Wanna Play House]]'''' marks the first Warner Bros. cartoon\n        with \\\"[[Bullseye (target)|target]]\\\"\\n* [[January 15]] – The first\n        building to be completely covered in [[glass]] is completed in [[Toledo, Ohio]],\n        for the [[Owens-Illinois Glass Company]].\\n* [[January 16]] – Serial\n        killer [[Albert Fish]] is executed in [[Sing Sing]] Prison.\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – King [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]] dies. His eldest\n        son succeeds to the throne, becoming [[Edward VIII]]. The title [[Prince of\n        Wales]] is not used for another 22 years.\\n* [[January 31]] – ''''[[The\n        Green Hornet (radio series)|The Green Hornet]]'''' radio show debuts.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1936}}\\n* February – [[John Maynard Keynes]]'' book\n        ''''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'''' is published\n        in the UK.\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Radium]] E (bismuth-210) becomes the\n        first [[radioactive]] element to be made synthetically.\\n* [[February 5]]\n        – [[Japanese Baseball League]], a first professional baseball league\n        in Asia, founded. (as predecessor of [[Nippon Professional Baseball]]){{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[February 6]] – The [[1936 Winter Olympics|IV\n        Olympic Winter Games]] open in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], Germany.\\n* [[February\n        10]]\\u2013[[February 19|19]] – [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]: [[Battle\n        of Amba Aradam]] in [[Ethiopia]], ending in a decisive tactical victory for\n        Italian forces, effectively neutralizing the army of the [[Ethiopian Empire]].\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – The first [[superhero]] to wear a skin-tight costume\n        and mask, ''''[[The Phantom]]'''', makes his first appearance in U.S. newspapers.\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[February 26 Incident]] (\\u4e8c\\u30fb\\u4e8c\\u516d\\u4e8b\\u4ef6,\n        ''''Niniroku Jiken''''): The [[Imperial Way Faction]] engineers a failed coup\n        against the Japanese government; some politicians are killed.\\n* [[February\n        29]] – Emperor [[Hirohito]] orders the Japanese army to arrest 123 conspirators\n        in Tokyo government offices; 19 of them are executed in July.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1936}}\\n[[File:Hoover Dam - Arizona.jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[March\n        1]]: [[Hoover Dam]] is completed]]\\n* [[March 1]] – Construction of\n        [[Hoover Dam]] is completed in the United States.\\n* [[March 7]] – In\n        violation of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] and [[Locarno Treaties]], [[Nazi\n        Germany]] [[Remilitarization of the Rhineland|reoccupies the Rhineland]].{{cite\n        book|first=R. W.|last=Davies|title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia,\n        Volume ''''''6'''''': The Years of Progress: The Soviet Economy, 1934-1936|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=iM9CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA275|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave\n        Macmillan|page=275}}{{cite book|authorlink=A.\n        J. P. Taylor|first=A. J. P.|last=Taylor|title=English History 1914-1945|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=l4CbmiuJe50C&pg=PA386|year=2001|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|page=386}} According to several historians, like Samuel\n        Mitcham,{{cite book|first=Samuel W.|last=Mitcham|title=The\n        Rise of the Wehrmacht|volume=1|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=DW66ejQS2xoC&pg=PA66|year=2008|publisher=Praeger|page=66}}\n        this is the last time when the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] could have\n        stopped Hitler with the odds overwhelmingly on their side. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]\n        and other Nazis admit that the French army alone could have destroyed the\n        [[Wehrmacht]].{{cite\n        book|author1=[[William L. Shirer|Shirer, William L.]] |author2=[[Ron Rosenbaum|Rosenbaum,\n        Ron]] |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=6QngAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA293|year=1960|publisher=Simon\n        & Schuster|page=293}}\\n* [[March 9]] – Pro-democratic militarist\n        [[Keisuke Okada]] steps down as [[Prime Minister of Japan]] and is replaced\n        by radical militarist [[K\\u014dki Hirota]].\\n* [[March 17]]–[[March\n        18|18]] – [[Pittsburgh Flood of 1936]] (\\\"Saint Patrick''s Day Flood\\\"):\n        [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, suffers the worst flooding in its history.\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – The longest game in the history of the [[National Hockey\n        League]] is played when the [[Montreal Maroons]] and [[Detroit Red Wings]]\n        go scoreless until 16 and a half minutes into the sixth OT when [[Mud Bruneteau]]\n        ends it at 2:25 in the morning.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1936}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Richard Hauptmann]], convicted of the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]]\n        and murder in 1932, is executed by [[electrocution]] in [[New Jersey State\n        Prison]].\\n* [[April 5]] – A tornado hits [[Tupelo, Mississippi]], killing\n        216 and injuring over 700 (the 4th deadliest tornado in U.S. history).\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – Two tornadoes strike [[Gainesville, Georgia]]. The smaller\n        tornado hits north Gainesville, the stronger tornado the west side of town.\n        203 die and 1,600 are injured in the 5th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Billy Butlin]] opens his first [[Butlins]] [[holiday\n        camp]], [[Butlins Skegness]], in [[Skegness]] ([[Ingoldmells]]), [[Lincolnshire]],\n        England.{{cite web|url=http://www.butlinsmemories.com/skegness/index.htm|title=Skegness|work=Butlins\n        Memories|accessdate=2010-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701110630/http://www.butlinsmemories.com/skegness/index.htm\n        |archivedate=July 1, 2010|deadurl=no}} It is officially opened by [[Amy\n        Johnson]] of [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] (the first woman to fly solo from\n        England to Australia).\\n* [[April 19]] – The [[1936\\u201339 Arab revolt\n        in Palestine]] against the British government and opposition to Jewish immigration\n        begins.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1936}}\\n* [[May 2]] – ''''[[Peter\n        and the Wolf]]'''', a Russian fairy tale of [[Sergei Prokofiev]]''s composition,\n        debuts at the Nezlobin Theater in Moscow, [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May 5]] –\n        \\\"[[March of the Iron Will]]\\\": Italian forces occupy [[Addis Ababa]] unopposed.\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – Italy annexes [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Italian\n        East Africa]] is formed from the Italian territories of [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]],\n        and [[Italian Somaliland]].\\n* [[May 12]] – The [[Atchison, Topeka and\n        Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]] railroad in the United States inaugurates the\n        all-Pullman ''''[[Super Chief]]'''' passenger train between [[Chicago]] and\n        [[Los Angeles]].\\n* [[May 25]] – The [[Remington Rand strike of 1936\\u201337]]\n        begins, spawning the notorious \\\"[[Mohawk Valley formula]]\\\", a corporate\n        plan for [[strikebreaking]].\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** The first flight by the Irish\n        airline [[Aer Lingus]] takes place.\\n** British luxury liner {{RMS|Queen Mary}}\n        leaves [[Southampton]] on her [[maiden voyage]] across the Atlantic.\\n* [[May\n        28]] – [[Alan Turing]] submits his paper \\\"[[On Computable Numbers]]\\\"\n        to the [[London Mathematical Society]] for publication, introducing the concept\n        of the \\\"[[Turing machine]]\\\". Its formal publication is on November 12.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1936}}\\n* June\\n** A [[1936 North American heat wave|major heat\n        wave]] strikes North America; high temperature records are set and thousands\n        die.\\n** The first production model [[PCC streetcar]], built by St. Louis\n        Car Company, is placed in service by [[Pittsburgh Railways]].\\n* [[June 7]]\\n**\n        The general strike in France is ended by the [[Matignon Agreements (1936)|Matignon\n        Agreements]].\\n** The [[Steel Workers Organizing Committee]] is founded in\n        the United States.\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Margaret Mitchell]]''s epic historical\n        romance ''''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone with the Wind]]'''' is first\n        published in the United States.\\n* [[June 15]] – An army ammunition\n        depot explosion kills 60 in [[M\\u00e4nniku, Saku Parish|M\\u00e4nniku]], [[Estonia]].\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Max Schmeling]] knocks out [[Joe Louis]] in the 12th\n        round of their [[heavyweight]] [[boxing]] match at [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee\n        Stadium]] in New York City.\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Per Albin Hansson]] resigns\n        as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of [[Sweden]], over the issue\n        of defence policy. He is replaced by the leader of the Farmer`s League ( ''''Bondef\\u00f6rbundet''''\n        ) [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]], whom also becomes Minister of Agriculture.\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Focke-Wulf Fw 61]], the first fully controllable [[helicopter]],\n        makes its maiden flight.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[United States Maritime Commission]]\n        is formed.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1936}}\\n* [[July 11]] –\n        The [[Triborough Bridge]] in New York City is opened to traffic – the\n        bridge was renamed Robert F. Kennedy Bridge in 2008.\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[July 14|14]] – Peak of July 1936 heat wave: The [[U.S. state]]s of\n        [[Wisconsin]], [[Michigan]], and [[Indiana]] all set new state records for\n        high temperature. At Mio in northern Michigan, it soars to 113 \\u00b0F\n        (45 \\u00b0C).\\n* [[July 17]] – The [[Spanish Army of Africa]] launches\n        a ''''coup d''\\u00e9tat'''' against the [[Second Spanish Republic]], beginning\n        the [[Spanish Civil War]].\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Montreux Convention Regarding\n        the Regime of the Straits]] is signed in [[Montreux]], allowing [[Turkey]]\n        to fortify the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosphorus]] but guaranteeing free\n        passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1936}}\\n[[File:1936 berlin logo.jpg|thumbnail|180px|right|[[1936 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – The [[1936 Summer Olympics]] open in Berlin, Germany,\n        and mark the first live television coverage of a sports event in world history.\n        Note that [[John Logie Baird]] had previously broadcast the Derby horse race\n        in Britain in 1931.\\n* [[August 3]] – [[African-American]] athlete [[Jesse\n        Owens]] wins the 100-meter dash at the [[Berlin Olympics]].\\n* [[August 14]]\\n**\n        [[Rainey Bethea]] was hanged in [[Owensboro, Kentucky]], in the last public\n        [[capital punishment in the United States|execution in the United States]]\\n**\n        [[1936 Summer Olympics]]: The [[United States men''s national basketball team]]\n        wins the first Olympic basketball tournament in the final game over Canada,\n        19\\u20138.\\n* [[August 19]] – The first of the [[Moscow Trials]] begins\n        in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Anglo-Egyptian Treaty\n        of 1936]] is signed.\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Ernest Nash]] flees Germany for\n        Rome.\\n** President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] attends the dedication of [[Thomas\n        Jefferson]]''s head at [[Mount Rushmore]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1936}}\\n[[File:\\\"Benjamin\\\".jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[September 7]]: Extinction\n        of [[Thylacine]].]]\\n* [[September 4]]\\u2013[[September 5|5]] – English-born\n        aviator [[Beryl Markham]] becomes the first woman to make an East-to-West\n        solo [[transatlantic flight]], from [[Abingdon-on-Thames]], England, to [[Baleine,\n        Nova Scotia]].\\n*[[September 5]] – [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Robert Capa]]''s\n        photograph ''''[[The Falling Soldier]]'''' is taken.\\n* [[September 7]] –\n        The last known [[thylacine]] (\\\"Tasmanian tiger\\\"), named Benjamin, dies in\n        [[Hobart Zoo]] in [[Tasmania]].\\n*[[September 9]]\\n**[[1936 Naval Revolt (Portugal)]]:\n        The crews of [[Portuguese Navy]] frigate [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque|NRP ''''Afonso\n        de Albuquerque'''']] and [[Portuguese destroyer D\\u00e3o|destroyer ''''D\\u00e3o'''']]\n        mutiny while anchored in Lisbon harbour. Opposed to the [[Ant\\u00f3nio de\n        Oliveira Salazar|Salazar dictatorship]]''s support of [[General Franco]]''s\n        coup in Spain, they declare their solidarity with the [[Spanish Republic]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17281307|title=Portuguese Mutiny:\n        Why it Failed|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=1936-10-02|page=17}}\\n**The\n        [[Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence]] is signed.\\n* [[September 10]] –\n        The first [[World Speedway Championship]] is held at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley\n        Stadium]] in London, England. It is won by Australian [[Lionel Van Praag]],\n        with Englishman [[Eric Langton]] second and Australian [[Bluey Wilkinson]]\n        third.\\n* [[September 12]] – The Walt Disney animated short ''''[[Donald\n        and Pluto]]'''' is released.\\n* [[September 28]] – After the election\n        to the Swedish Riksdag`s second chamber, [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]] and his\n        \\\"Holiday Cabinet\\\" ( \\\"''''Semesterregeringen''''\\\" ) resign  (though he\n        remains as Minister of Agriculture) and [[Per Albin Hansson]] returns as Prime\n        Minister, staying in office to his death from a heart attack in [[1946]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1936}}\\n* October – Start of [[Joseph Stalin]]''s [[Great\n        Purge]] in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n**The [[M\\u00e4stermyr chest]] is discovered\n        in the [[M\\u00e4stermyr]] mire (after which it is later named) west of [[Hemse]]\n        on the island of [[Gotland]], Sweden.\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Earl W.\n        Bascom|Earl Bascom]], [[rodeo]] cowboy and artist, designs and builds [[Mississippi]]''s\n        first permanent rodeo arena at [[Columbia, Mississippi]].\\n* [[October 19]]\n        – H.R. Ekins, reporter for the ''''[[New York World-Telegram]]'''',\n        wins a race to travel around the world on commercial airline flights, beating\n        [[Dorothy Kilgallen]] of the ''''[[New York Journal]]'''' and Leo Kieran of\n        the ''''[[New York Times]]''''. The flight takes 18\\u00bd days.\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Rome-Berlin Axis]] is formed.\\n* [[October 29]] – The\n        historic [[Uptown Theater (Washington, D.C.)]] opens.\\n[[File:Poor mother\n        and children, Oklahoma, 1936 by Dorothea Lange.jpg|thumb|Family during the\n        [[Great Depression]], Oklahoma, 1936]]\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1936}}\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** The [[BBC]] launches the world''s first regular\n        (then) high-definition television service.\\n** The [[Canadian Broadcasting\n        Corporation]] (CBC) begins [[radio]] in Canada.\\n* [[November 3]] –\n        [[U.S. presidential election, 1936]]: [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] is reelected to a second term in a landslide victory over [[Kansas]]\n        Governor [[Alf Landon]]. Farmers support Roosevelt.\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        American fashion designer [[Ruth Harkness]] encounters and captures a nine-week-old\n        panda cub in Sichuan, China; it becomes the first live giant panda to enter\n        the United States.\\n* [[November 12]] – In [[California]], the [[San\n        Francisco\\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge]] opens to traffic.\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        A levee failure and continued massive rain at the [[Mitsubishi]] Osarizawa\n        mine, [[Kazuno]], northeastern [[Akita Prefecture|Akita]], Japan, results\n        in at least 375 deaths.\\n* [[November 23]] – This is the [[cover date]]\n        of the first issue of ''''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'''', a weekly news magazine\n        in the United States under the management of [[Henry Luce]].\\n* [[November\n        25]] – The [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] is signed by Germany and Japan.\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – In London, [[the Crystal Palace]] is destroyed in\n        a fire (it had been built for the 1851 [[Great Exhibition]]).\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1936}}\\n* [[December 1]] – Hitler mandates that all\n        German boys aged 10 to 18 join the [[Hitler Youth]] paramilitary organization.\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – Radio station [[WFME (AM)|WQXR]] is officially founded\n        in New York City.\\n* [[December 5]] – [[1936 Soviet Constitution]],\n        promulgated by [[Stalin]], is adopted in the [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Transcaucasian\n        Socialist Federative Soviet Republic]] is dissolved and [[Armenian SSR|Armenia]],\n        [[Azerbaijan SSR|Azerbaijan]], and [[Georgian SSR|Georgia]] become full [[Republics\n        of the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Edward VIII abdication\n        crisis]]: King [[Edward VIII]] of the United Kingdom signs an instrument of\n        [[abdication]] at [[Fort Belvedere, Surrey]] in the presence of his three\n        brothers, [[George VI|The Duke of York]], [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|The\n        Duke of Gloucester]] and [[Prince George, Duke of Kent|The Duke of Kent]].\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – Edward VIII abdication crisis:\\n** The British Parliament\n        passes [[His Majesty''s Declaration of Abdication Act 1936]] on behalf of\n        the U.K., Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The King performs his last\n        act as sovereign by giving [[Royal Assent]] to the Act, and his brother Prince\n        Albert, Duke of York, becomes King, reigning as [[George VI|King George VI]].\\n**\n        The abdicated King Edward VIII, now HRH Prince Edward, makes a broadcast to\n        the nation explaining his decision to abdicate. He leaves the country for\n        Austria.\\n** Taking the opportunity to free itself further from ties to the\n        United Kingdom, the [[Oireachtas of the Irish Free State]] passes the [[Constitution\n        (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936]], removing most powers from the office of [[Governor-General\n        of the Irish Free State]], and the [[Executive Authority (External Relations)\n        Act 1936]] (signed into law December 12) assenting to the abdication and restricting\n        the power of the monarch in relation to Ireland to international affairs.\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Xi''an Incident]]: Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]]\n        of the Republic of China is kidnapped by Marshal [[Zhang Xueliang]].\\n* [[December\n        24]] – Release of the film ''''[[Natalka Poltavka (opera)|Natalka Poltavka]]''''\n        in [[Ukraine]], the first filmed Russian opera.\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        The [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade]] sails from New York City on its way to the\n        [[Spanish Civil War]].\\n* [[December 30]] – The [[United Auto Workers]]\n        begins the [[Flint Sit-Down Strike]] in [[Flint, Michigan]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        West China [[Famine]]: five million die.\\n* [[Ipswich Town Football Club]]\n        turns professional.\\n* The [[YMCA Youth and Government]] program is founded\n        in [[Albany, New York]].\\n* [[Mordecai Ham]] begins his radio ministry.\\n*\n        [[Stress (medicine)|Stress]] is first recognised as a medical condition.\\n*\n        [[Polaroid sunglasses]] and Ambre Solaire [[sunblock]] both first marketed.\\n*\n        [[Cocoa bean|Cocoa]] production in the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold\n        Coast]] reaches 305,000 tons.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:PresidenteSanguinettti.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julio\n        Mar\\u00eda Sanguinetti]]]]\\n[[File:Lebanon.EmileLahoud.01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9mile\n        Lahoud]]]]\\n[[File:Troy Donahue Hawaiian Eye 1959.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Troy Donahue]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Roger Miller]], American singer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Florence King]], American writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Nida Blanca]], Filipina actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Julio Mar\\u00eda\n        Sanguinetti]], Uruguay politician, lawyer and politician, 2-Time [[President\n        of Uruguay]]\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Stephen Ambrose]], American historian\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Burnum Burnum]], Australian Aboriginal activist, author\n        and actor (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Robert Woodrow Wilson|Robert Wilson]], American\n        physicist and radio astronomer, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 11]]\n        – [[Eva Hesse]], American artist (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[\\u00c9mile Lahoud]], 15th [[President of Lebanon]]\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Reiner Klimke]], German equestrian (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        [[The Honourable]] [[Frances Shand Kydd]], mother of [[Princess Diana]] (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Ong Teng Cheong]], 5th President of\n        Singapore (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Arlene Golonka]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Jerry Kramer]], American football player\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Troy Donahue]], American actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Alan\n        Alda]], American actor \\n** [[Ismail Kadare]], Albanian writer\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Patrick Caulfield]], English artist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[James Jamerson]],\n        American bass guitarist for [[Motown#Major divisions|Motown Records]] (d.\n        1983)\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Burt Reynolds 1991 portrait crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Burt\n        Reynolds]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] \\n** [[Jim Marshall (photographer)|Jim Marshall]],\n        American photographer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Elizabeth Peer]], American journalist\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[David Brenner]], American comedian (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n** [[Gary Conway]], American actor \\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Kent\n        Douglas]], Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Amaro Sr.]], Mexican professional baseball player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Larry Verne]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Stompin'' Tom Connors]], Canadian country/folk singer\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Clive Swift]], British actor\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Burt Reynolds]], American actor \\n* [[February 14]] – [[Andrew Prine]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Jim Brown]], African-American\n        football player\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Sam Myers]], American musician\n        and songwriter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Larry Hovis]], American\n        actor (''''Hogan''s Heroes'''') (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Shigeo Nagashima]], Japanese\n        professional baseball player and coach\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Elizabeth\n        MacRae]], American actress\\n* [[February 24]] \\n** [[Lance Reventlow]], English\n        playboy, entrepreneur, and race car driver (d. [[1972]])\\n** [[Luis Aguil\\u00e9]],\n        Argentine singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Roger Cardinal\n        Mahony]], fourth Archbishop of Los Angeles\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Alex\n        Rocco]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:\\u0419\\u043e\\u0437\\u0435\\u0444\n        \\u0411\\u043b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sepp Blatter]]]]\\n[[File:F.\n        W. de Klerk 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[F. W. De Klerk]]]]\\n[[File:Ursula Andress\n        Galer\\u00eda Elmyr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ursula Andress]]]]\\n[[File:Vargas Llosa\n        Madrid 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mario Vargas Llosa]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Alan Scott (blacksmith)|Alan Scott]], blacksmith and brick oven constructor\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Jim Clark]], Scottish race car driver (d.\n        [[1968]])\\n** [[Aribert Reimann]], German composer\\n* [[March 5]] –\n        [[Dean Stockwell]], American actor \\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Marion Barry]], Mayor\n        of Washington, D.C. (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Choummaly Sayasone]], 5th President\n        of Laos\\n** [[Elmira Zherzdeva]], Soviet singer and voice actress\\n* [[March\n        7]] \\n** [[Loren Acton]], American astronaut\\n** [[Julio Terrazas Sandoval]],\n        Bolivian cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Sue Ane Langdon]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Mickey Gilley]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Marty Ingels]], American actor and agent (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Tom Sestak]],\n        American football player (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Sepp Blatter]],\n        president of [[FIFA]]\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Antonin Scalia]], [[Associate\n        Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Howard Greenfield]], American songwriter (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March\n        16]] \\n** [[Raymond Vahan Damadian]], Armenian-American [[Magnetic resonance\n        imaging|MRI]] practitioner\\n** [[Elisabeth Volkmann]], German actress (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Patty Maloney]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        18]] – [[F. W. de Klerk]], 10th [[President of South Africa]] (1989\\u201394);\n        7th and last head of state of South Africa under the apartheid era.\\n* [[March\n        19]] \\n** [[Ursula Andress]], Swiss actress \\n** [[Uri Aviram]], Israeli university\n        professor\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Lee \\\"Scratch\\\" Perry]], Jamaican musician\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Don Covay]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[Harry Kalas]], American sportscaster (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], Peruvian writer, politician,\n        journalist, essayist and Nobel Prize laureate\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Marge\n        Piercy]], American poet and activist\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Glen Campbell\n        1967.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Glen Campbell]]]]\\n\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Jean-Pascal\n        Delamuraz]], 2-time President of Switzerland (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Valerie Solanas]], American feminist and writer who attempted to\n        kill [[Andy Warhol]] (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[John Howell (athlete)|John\n        Howell]], British long jumper\\n** [[John Madden]], American football coach\n        and television sportscaster\\n** [[Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer)|Bobby\n        Smith]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 12]] –\n        [[Charles Napier (actor)|Charles Napier]], American actor  (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed Grygar]], Czech astronomer\\n* [[April\n        21]] – [[James Dobson]], American child psychologist and conservative\n        political activist (''''Focus On The Family'''') \\n* [[April 22]] \\n** [[Glen\n        Campbell]], American singer and actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Dieter Kronzucker]],\n        German journalist and television presenter\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Roy Orbison]],\n        American singer-songwriter (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Glen Hobbie]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jill Ireland]], English actress\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Tariq Aziz]], Iraqi political (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bobby Darin 1959.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Bobby Darin]]]]\\n[[File:DennisHopperSideMar10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dennis\n        Hopper]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Straub-Huillet|Dani\\u00e8le Huillet]], French\n        filmmaker (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Sam DeLuca]], American football\n        offensive lineman and sports broadcaster (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Engelbert Humperdinck\n        (singer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]], British singer\\n** [[Perdita Huston]], American\n        journalist (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Norma Aleandro]], Argentinian actress\\n* [[May\n        7]] – [[Jimmy Ruffin]], American singer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n**\n        [[Albert Finney]], English actor\\n** [[Glenda Jackson]], British actress and\n        politician \\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Guillermo Endara]], 32nd [[President of Panama]]\n        (1989\\u20131994) (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Tom Snyder]], American talk show host\n        (''''Tomorrow'''') (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Frank Stella]], American minimalist\n        painter\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Bobby Darin]], American singer (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Dick Howser]], American baseball shortstop/manager (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[May\n        15]] \\n** [[Wavy Gravy]], American anti-war activist\\n** [[Paul Zindel]],\n        American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Dennis Hopper]], American\n        actor and director  (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Ingeborg Hallstein]],\n        German opera singer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Tom T. Hall]], American country\n        singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Volodymyr_Holubnychy_1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Volodymyr\n        Holubnychy]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Dern by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bruce\n        Dern]]]]\\n[[File:Ronald Venetiaan.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ronald Venetiaan]]]]\\n[[File:Kristofferson\n        - 78.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kris Kristofferson]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Volodymyr\n        Holubnychy]], Soviet Olympic athlete\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Colin Meads]],\n        New Zealand rugby union player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Bruce\n        Dern]], American actor\\n* [[June 8]] – [[James Darren]], American actor\n        and singer\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Marcus Belgrave]], American jazz trumpeter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Ken Loach]], British director\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Barack Obama Sr.]], father of US President [[Barack Obama]] (d.\n        [[1982]])\\n** [[Ronald Venetiaan]], [[President of Suriname]]\\n** [[Dick Wimmer]],\n        American novelist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Takeshi Aono]], Japanese\n        voice actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Harold E. Puthoff]], American\n        physicist\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Bep van Ipenburg]], Dutch artistic gymnast\\n**\n        [[Hans K\\u00f6hler]], German swimmer\\n** [[Georgios Pangalos]], Greek sports\n        shooter\\n** [[Joseph Gosnell]], Nisga''a statesman\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Hermeto\n        Pascoal]], Brazilian composer and multi-instrumentalist\\n** [[Derek Porter\n        (footballer)|Derek Porter]], English footballer\\n** [[Dick Huddart]], English-Australian\n        professional rugby league footballer\\n** [[Ferran Olivella]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Jim Bronstad]], American Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Kris Kristofferson]],\n        American actor, singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Gordon Lewis (rugby)|Gordon\n        Lewis]], Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer\\n** [[Jim\n        Halligan]], American politician\\n** [[Richard Johnstone]], New Zealand track\n        and road cyclist\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Sumith Liyanage]], Ceylonese sportsman\\n**\n        [[Robert Downey Sr.]], American actor, filmmaker and father of actor Robert\n        Downey Jr\\n** [[Tony Brown (English cricketer)|Tony Brown]], English cricketer\n        and administrator\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]], 3rd [[President\n        of Indonesia]]\\n** [[Gloria Vaughn]], American politician\\n** [[Bert H\\u00f6lldobler]],\n        German sociobiologist and evolutionary biologist\\n** [[Leo John]], Trinidadian\n        cricketer\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Hal Greer]], American professional basketball\n        player\\n** [[Herbert Obst]], Canadian fencer\\n** [[Lee Ming-liang]], Taiwanese\n        geneticist\\n** [[Jerry Armstrong]], American amateur boxer\\n** [[Jean-Claude\n        Turcotte]], Canadian cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        Fontanel]], French stage and film actress\\n** [[Tadanori Yokoo]], Japanese\n        graphic designer, illustrator, printmaker and painter\\n** [[Joe Doyle]], Irish\n        politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Walter K\\u00f6stner]], German\n        fencer\\n** [[Malcolm Harding (bishop of Brandon)|Malcolm Harding]], English-born\n        Canadian Anglican Bishop\\n** [[Chuck Howley]], American football player\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\n** [[Leon O. Chua]], American electrical engineer and computer\n        scientist\\n** [[Willie Jones (basketball)|Willie Jones]], American basketball\n        player\\n** [[David Jenkins (figure skater)|David Jenkins]], American figure\n        skater\\n** [[Kigeli V]], last king of Rwanda (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Harmon Killebrew]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Eddie Mabo]], Australian Indigenous\n        rights activist (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Malcolm Hickman]], English\n        cricketer\\n** [[Nancy Dussault]], American singer and actress\\n** [[Alan Hamel]],\n        Canadian entertainer, producer and television host\\n** [[Barry Gration]],\n        senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force\\n** [[Assia Djebar]], Algerian\n        writer (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Shirley Knight 1960s.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Shirley\n        Knight]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ron Masak]], American actor\\n** [[Mihir Rakshit]],\n        Indian economist\\n** [[E. Ponnuswamy]], Indian politician\\n** [[Antonio Salines]],\n        Italian actor and director\\n* [[July 2]] \\n** [[Eusebio Escobar]], Colombian\n        footballer\\n** [[Rex Gildo]], German singer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        [[Shirley Knight]], American actress\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Johan Du Preez]],\n        Rhodesian-Zimbabwean sprinter\\n** [[Tony Warren]], English television screenwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Pronovost]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n** [[Richard Wilson (Scottish actor)|Richard Wilson]], Scottish actor\n        and director\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Herbert Boyer]], Biotechnology entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Tunne Kelam]], Estonian politician\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Marisa Allasio]],\n        Italian actress\\n* [[July 15]] – [[George Voinovich]], American politician;\n        United States Senator (R-OH) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Miria Obote]],\n        former First Lady of Uganda\\n** [[Venkataraman Subramanya]], Indian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Leo Sterckx]], Belgian cyclist\\n** [[Yasuo Fukuda]], 58th [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]]\\n** [[Buddy Merrill]], American musician (''''[[The Lawrence Welk\n        Show]]'''')\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Ted Harris (ice hockey)|Ted Harris]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Barbara Mikulski]], American\n        politician; [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] ([[Democratic Party (United\n        States)|D]]-[[Maryland|Md.]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Klaus Bresser]], German\n        journalist and television presenter\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**[[Don Drysdale]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1993]])\\n**[[Anthony Kennedy]], [[Associate Justice\n        of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Ruth Buzzi]],\n        American actress and comedian \\n** [[Mark Goddard]], American actor and teacher\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Mary Millar]], British actress (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[July\n        28]] – [[Russ Jackson]], Canadian football player\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        [[Elizabeth Dole]], American politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]]\n        ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[North Carolina|Nc.]])\\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Buddy Guy]], American blues guitarist and singer\\n** [[Ted Rogers\n        (comedian)|Ted Rogers]], English comedian and game show host (d. [[2001]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Robert\n        Redford (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Redford]]]]\\n[[File:Wilt Chamberlain3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilt\n        Chamberlain]]]]\\n[[File:John McCain official portrait 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        McCain]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Bradford Bishop]], American fugitive\\n**\n        [[Donald Neilson]], British serial killer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Yves Saint Laurent\n        (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]], Algerian-born French fashion designer (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Robert Gnaizda]], lawyer and social justice\n        advocate\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Andre Dubus]], American short-story writer\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Kolingba]], [[President of\n        Central African Republic]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Tom McAvoy]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Margaret Hamilton (scientist)|Margaret\n        Hamilton]], American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Robert Redford]], American actor and film director\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Wilt Chamberlain]], African-American basketball player\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Rudy Lewis]], American [[rhythm and\n        blues]] singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Kenny Guinn]], American\n        politician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Ahmad Ibrahim Jbara a.k.a\n        Abu Sukkar]], Palestinian Terrorist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Giridharilal Kedia]], Former Working President of KVK (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Benedict Anderson]], American academic (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[John McCain]], Panamanian-born American politician, [[U.S.\n        Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Arizona|Az.]])\n        since [[1986]], and [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] Republican\n        Presidential nominee\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Zine\n        El Abidine Ben Ali]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Henson (1989) headshot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jim\n        Henson]]]]\\n[[File:Berlusconi-2010-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Silvio Berlusconi]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 2]]\\n** [[Andrew Grove]], Hungarian-American businessman, engineer\n        and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[K\\u00e1roly Krajcz\\u00e1r]], [[Hungarian Slovenes|Hungarian\n        Slovene]] teacher, writer and collector \\n* [[September 3]] – [[Zine\n        El Abidine Ben Ali]], 2nd [[President of Tunisia]]\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[Bill Mazeroski]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Buddy\n        Holly]], American rock and roll singer (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Charles Dierkop]], American actor\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Walter Koenig]],\n        American actor, better known for his role in ''''[[Star Trek: The Original\n        Series]]''''.\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Anna Karen]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Al Oerter]], American Olympic athlete (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 21]]\n        – [[Yury Luzhkov]], mayor of Moscow\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Valent\\u00edn\n        Paniagua]], President of Per\\u00fa (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Jim Henson]], American puppeteer, filmmaker, and television producer (d.\n        [[1990]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Ken Forsse]], American inventor and producer,\n        creator of [[Teddy Ruxpin]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Moussa Traor\\u00e9]], [[President\n        of Mali]]\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Don Cornelius]], African-American television\n        personality (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Joselo]], Venezuelan actor and comedian (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Silvio Berlusconi]], 50th [[Prime\n        Minister of Italy]], media entrepreneur\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Brian Blessed\n        2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian Blessed]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Wyman 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bill\n        Wyman]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Landon 1990.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael Landon]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Duncan Edwards]], English footballer (d. [[1958]])\\n**[[Kailayar\n        Sellanainar Sivakumaran]], Sri Lankan writer, art & literary critic, journalist\n        and radio & TV personality.\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Steve Reich]], American\n        composer\\n* [[October 5]] – [[V\\u00e1clav Havel]], Czech playwright,\n        writer and politician, 10th [[President of Czechoslovakia]] and 1st [[President\n        of the Czech Republic]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Fereydoun\n        Farrokhzad]], Iranian entertainer (d. [[1992]]) \\n* [[October 9]] –\n        [[Brian Blessed]], English actor\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Gerhard Ertl]],\n        German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Larry Staverman]], American professional basketball player\n        and coach (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Christine N\\u00f6stlinger]],\n        Austrian writer\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Carrie Nye]], American actress\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Dolores Mantez]], British actress\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[James Bevel]], American civil rights\n        activist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Tony Lo Bianco]], American actor\\n* [[October\n        24]] \\n**[[David Nelson (actor)|David Nelson]], American actor and singer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n**[[Bill Wyman]], British musician ([[The Rolling Stones]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] \\n** [[Martin Gilbert]], British historian (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Masako Nozawa]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Shelley\n        Morrison]], American actress\\n** [[Etelka Ken\\u00e9z Heka]], Hungarian writer,\n        poet, singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Akiko Kojima]], Japanese model\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Polina Astakhova]], Soviet artistic gymnast (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – [[Michael Landon]], American actor and director (d.\n        [[1991]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Rose Bird]], American\n        judge (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Roy Emerson]], Australian\n        tennis player\\n* [[November 4]] – [[C. K. Williams]], American poet\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Ivan Stamboli\\u0107]], Serbian politician (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Uwe Seeler]], German football player and manager\\n** [[Billy Sherrill]],\n        American record producer, arranger and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Virna Lisi]], Italian actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – [[Teddy Infuhr]], American child actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November\n        11]] – [[Susan Kohner]], American actress\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        [[Wolf Biermann]], German singer-songwriter and former East German dissident\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Lazarus Salii]], 3rd President of Palau (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Dick Cavett]], American talk show host and television\n        personality\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Don DeLillo]], American author\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Robert Barnard]], British writer, critic and lecturer\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Steve Landesberg]], American actor and director (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Dahlia Ravikovitch]], Israeli poet (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:David\n        Carradine Polanski Unauthorized.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Carradine]]]]\\n[[File:Franciscus\n        in 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope Francis]]]]\\n[[File:Mary Tyler Moore rework.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary\n        Tyler Moore]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] – [[James Lee Burke]], American writer\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Kenneth Copeland]], American televangelist\\n* [[December\n        8]]\\n** [[David Carradine]], American actor, director, martial artist (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Michael Hobson]], American publisher\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        [[Minoru Murayama]], Japanese baseball pitcher (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Tom Fuccello]], American actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Iolanda Bala\\u0219]], Romanian high jumper (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Donald Goines]], American novelist (d. [[1973]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Pope Francis]]\\n** [[Klaus Kinkel]], German politician\\n*\n        [[December 22]]\\n** [[James Burke (science historian)|James Burke]], British\n        broadcaster, science historian, author and television producer\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor\n        Elizondo]], American actor\\n* [[December 23]] – [[James Stacy]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable\n        Lady Ogilvy]], British aristocrat and socialite; youngest granddaughter of\n        King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] \\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Mary Tyler Moore]], American actress, producer, diabetes awareness activist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Siw Malmkvist]], Swedish singer\\n**\n        [[Szilveszter E. Vizi]], Hungarian physician, neuroscientist and pharmacologist\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Kamuta Latasi]], 4th Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[Aliou Mahamidou]],\n        3rd Prime Minister of Niger (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Rudyard\n        Kipling (portrait).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rudyard Kipling]]]]\\n[[File:Kinggeorgev1923.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Harry\n        B. Smith]], American composer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[James\n        Churchward]], British writer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Ram\\u00f3n\n        del Valle-Incl\\u00e1n]], Spanish writer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Louise Bryant]], American journalist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        [[John Gilbert (actor)|John Gilbert]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\n** [[Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster|Henry Foster]], British Conservative\n        Party politician, former Governor-General of Australia (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[George\n        Landenberger]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]] and the 23rd\n        [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Albert\n        Fish]], American serial killer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Rudyard\n        Kipling]], British writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 20]] – King [[George V|George V of the United\n        Kingdom]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Mills Brothers|John Mills,\n        Jr.]], \\\"Mills Brothers\\\" basso and guitarist (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n**[[Harry\n        T. Morey]], American actor (b. [[1873]])\\n**[[Harry Peach]], British furniture\n        manufacturer and social campaigner (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        [[Richard Loeb]], American murderer (b. [[1905]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Charles\n        Curtis-portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Curtis]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Princess Sophie of Sch\\u00f6nburg-Waldenburg]], consort of [[William, Prince\n        of Albania|William of Wied, Prince of Albania]] (b.[[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] – [[Wilhelm Gustloff]], German leader of the Swiss Nazi Party (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Charles Curtis]], [[List of Vice Presidents\n        of the United States|31st]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Billy Mitchell]], U.S. general and military aviation\n        pioneer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Georges Vacher de Lapouge]],\n        French anthropologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[William Adamson]],\n        British Labour politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 26]] – in the\n        \\\"[[February 26 Incident]]\\\":\\n** [[Takahashi Korekiyo]], 11th [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]] (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Sait\\u014d Makoto]], Japanese admiral, 19th\n        [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Ivan Pavlov]],\n        Russian psychologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n** [[Mulugeta Yeggazu]], Ethiopian government official and\n        military leader\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Charles Nicolle]], French bacteriologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Francis Bell (New Zealand politician)|Francis\n        Bell]], 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 16]] –\n        [[Marguerite Durand]], French journalist and feminist leader (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], Greek Statesman, several times\n        Prime Minister (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Alexander Glazunov]],\n        Russian composer and conductor (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Oscar\n        Asche]], Australian actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Archibald\n        Garrod]], English physician (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Fuad I of\n        Egypt.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Fuad I of Egypt]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Alberico\n        Albricci]], Italian general (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Richard\n        Hauptmann|Bruno Richard Hauptmann]], German killer of [[Lindbergh kidnapping|Charles\n        Lindbergh, Jr.]] (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Edmund\n        Breese]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Marilyn Miller]],\n        American actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[R\\u00f3bert B\\u00e1r\\u00e1ny]],\n        Austrian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Ottorino Respighi]], Italian composer,\n        musicologist, and conductor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Teresa\n        de la Parra]], Venezuelan writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Tammany\n        Young]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Fuad I of\n        Egypt]], King of [[Egypt]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Alfred\n        Edward Housman]], English poet (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 4]] –\n        [[Ludwig von Falkenhausen]], German general (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[May 8]] –\n        [[Oswald Spengler]], German philosopher (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 14]] –\n        [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby]], British soldier and administrator\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Leonidas Paraskevopoulos]], Greek general\n        and senator (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Panagis Tsaldaris]], Prime\n        Minister of Greece (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Elmer Fowler Stone]],\n        American aviator, the first United States Coast Guard aviator (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Norman Chaney]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n\\n===June===\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Walther Wever (general)|Walther Wever]], German general\n        and ''''Luftwaffe'''' commander (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Robert\n        E. Howard]], American author (suicide) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Krays]], Austrian writer and journalist, (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[G. K. Chesterton]], English author (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Henry B. Walthall]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Maxim Gorky]], Russian writer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] – [[William Hall-Jones]], English-New Zealand politician, 16th\n        Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Moritz\n        Schlick]], German philosopher and physicist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Colin Clive]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Alexander\n        Berkman]], Russian anarchist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[J\\u00e1nos\n        Szlepecz]], Slovene priest and writer (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500,_Georg_Michaelis.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georg\n        Michaelis]]]]\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Thomas Meighan]], American actor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[James Murray (American actor)|James Murray]],\n        American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Auguste Adib Pacha]],\n        2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Calvo Sotelo]], Spanish politician (b. [[1893]]) \\n* [[July 16]] – [[Alan\n        Crosland]], American film director (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Sanjurjo]], Spanish general (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Georg Michaelis]],\n        6th [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Louis\n        Bleriot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Louis Bleriot]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Louis\n        Bl\\u00e9riot]], French aviation pioneer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Lincoln Steffens]], American journalist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        Blessed [[Victoria D\\u00edez Bustos de Molina]], Spanish teacher and religious\n        woman (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Grazia Deledda]], Italian writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Federico Garc\\u00eda Lorca]], Spanish writer (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Patrick Lygon]], English aristocrat (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Oscar von Sydow]],\n        18th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n**[[Ivan Nikitich\n        Smirnov]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] activist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Lev Kamenev]], Soviet politician (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Grigory\n        Zinoviev]], Soviet politician (b. [[1883]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Buresch,\n        Karl, Chancellor of Austria, Agence Mondial, BNF Gallica.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Karl\n        Buresch]]]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Kenneth Robert Balfour]], British\n        Conservative Party politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Irving\n        Thalberg]], American film producer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Karl Buresch]], 9th [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Henri Louis Le Chatelier]], French chemist (Le Chatelier''s\n        principle) (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]],\n        Indian musician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Antoine Meillet]],\n        French linguist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Klekl\n        (writer)|J\\u00f3zsef Klekl]], Slovene writer and journalist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[William Sims]], American admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Friedrich Sixt von Armin]], German general (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:J. E. Sunila.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juho Sunila]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Juho Sunila]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[John Heisman]], American football\n        coach (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Gyula G\\u00f6mb\\u00f6s]], 30th\n        Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\n** [[Cheiro]],\n        Irish astrologer (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[William Henry Stark]], American businessman\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Anne Sullivan]], American teacher\n        of [[Helen Keller]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Rodney Heath]],\n        Australian tennis player (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Ramiro\n        de Maeztu]], Spanish writer (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Martin Lowry]], English physical chemist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Chic Sale]], American vaudevillian (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November\n        17]]\\n** [[John Bowers (actor)|John Bowers]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Alexandros Papanastasiou]], 2-time Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\n** [[Buenaventura Durruti]], Spanish anarchist (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Primo de Rivera]], Spanish fascist politician (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Andrew Harper]], Scottish\\u2013Australian biblical\n        scholar and teacher (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Edward Bach]],\n        British physician, homeopath and bacteriologist (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Arvid\n        Lindman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arvid Lindman]]]]\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Jean\n        Mermoz]], French aviator (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Juan de la\n        Cierva]], Spanish civil engineer, aviator, aeronautical engineer, inventor\n        of the [[autogyro]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Arvid Lindman]], 12th [[Prime Minister\n        of Sweden]] (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Lottie Pickford]], Canadian actress (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n** [[Bobby Abel]], English cricketer (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Luigi\n        Pirandello]], Italian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Myron Grimshaw]], American baseball\n        player (b. 1875)\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]],\n        Spanish engineer and mathematician (b. 1852)\\n* [[December 23]] – [[William\n        Henry Harrison (cricketer)|William Henry Harrison]], English cricketer (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Irene Fenwick]], American actress (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Carl Stumpf]],  German philosopher\n        and psychologist (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Hans von Seeckt]],\n        German general (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Lucy, Lady Houston]],\n        British philanthropist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Miguel de\n        Unamuno]], Spanish writer (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Victor\n        F. Hess]], [[Carl D. Anderson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Peter Debye|Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Sir Henry\n        Hallett Dale]], [[Otto Loewi]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Eugene Gladstone O''Neill]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] –\n        [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n*\n        [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1936-wwii-timeline.htm 1936 WWII\n        Timeline]\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1936/1936fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1936] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at the [[University\n        of Virginia]]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1936}}\\n[[Category:1936| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap\n        years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T10:00:33Z\",\"lastrevid\":799727918,\"length\":53274,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1936&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936\"},\"34684\":{\"pageid\":34684,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1937\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T17:31:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1937}}\\n{{Events by month|1937}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1937}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1937}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Howard\n        Hughes.jpg|thumb|130px|right| [[January 19]]: [[Howard Hughes]] sets record.]]\\n[[File:FDR\n        1944 Color Portrait.tif|thumb|right|[[January 20]]: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        is sworn in as [[US President]] for his second term.]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Anastasio Somoza Garc\\u00eda]] became [[President of Nicaragua]].\\n* [[January\n        11]] \\u2013 The first issue of ''''[[Look (American magazine)|Look]]'''' magazine\n        went on sale in the United States.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil\n        War]]: [[Second Battle of the Corunna Road]] (begun 13 December 1936) concluded\n        with both sides withdrawing.\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Howard Hughes]] established\n        a record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes\n        and 25 seconds.\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is [[Second\n        inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|sworn in]] for a second term as President\n        of the United States. This is the first time [[Inauguration Day]] in the United\n        States is on this date, on which continues to occur; the change is due to\n        the ratification in 1933 of the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution]].\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Moscow Trials]]: Trial of the Anti-Soviet\n        Trotskyist Center \\u2013 In the [[Soviet Union]] seventeen leading [[Communist]]s\n        go on trial, accused of participating in a plot led by [[Leon Trotsky]] to\n        overthrow [[Joseph Stalin]]''s regime and assassinate its leaders.\\n* [[January\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Michigan]] celebrated its [[centennial]] anniversary as a [[U.S.\n        state]].\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Ingrid Christensen]] became the first\n        woman to set foot on the continent of [[Antarctica]].\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013\n        The Soviet Union executed 31 people for alleged [[Trotskyism]].\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 5]] \\u2013 U.S President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] proposes a plan\n        to enlarge the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013\n        [[John Steinbeck]]''s [[novella]] of the [[Great Depression]] ''''[[Of Mice\n        and Men]]'''' is published in the United States.\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Spanish Civil War]]: Falangist troops take [[M\\u00e1laga]].\\n* [[February\n        8]] \\u2013 [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]] \\u2013 [[Battle of\n        Jarama]]: Nationalist and government troops fight to a stalemate.\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 A sit-down strike ends when [[General Motors]] recognizes the\n        [[United Automobile Workers]] union.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Wallace H.\n        Carothers]] receives a [[patent]] for [[nylon]].\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** Airliner\n        VH-UHH (''''Stinson'''') goes down over [[Lamington National Park]], bound\n        for Sydney, killing five people.\\n** [[Yekatit 12]]: During a public ceremony\n        at the Viceregal Palace (the former Imperial residence) in [[Addis Ababa]],\n        [[Ethiopia]], two [[Eritrea]]n nationalists attempt to kill viceroy [[Rodolfo\n        Graziani]] with a number of grenades. The Italian security guard fire into\n        the crowd of Ethiopian onlookers. Authorities exact further reprisals, which\n        include indiscriminately slaughtering native Ethiopians over the next three\n        days, detaining thousands of Ethiopians at [[Danan, Ethiopia|Danan]] and slaughtering\n        almost 300 monks at [[Debre Libanos]] monastery.\\n** The flag of the Netherlands\n        is officially adopted.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Mar\\u00eda Ortiz|Roberto\n        Ortiz]] is elected president of [[Argentina]].\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 The\n        [[League of Nations]] [[Non-Intervention Committee]] prohibits foreign nationals\n        from fighting in the [[Spanish Civil War]].\\n* February \\u2013 [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s\n        [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]] adventure ''''[[The Broken Ear]]'''' (''''L''Oreille\n        cass\\u00e9e'''') concludes serialization in the Belgian weekly newspaper supplement\n        ''''[[Le Petit Vingti\\u00e8me]]'''' and soon afterwards is published as a\n        book in black and white.\\n\\n===March===\\n* March\\n** The first issue of ''''[[Detective\n        Comics]]'''' is published in the United States. It goes on to become the longest\n        continually published [[comic book]] in American history; it is still published\n        {{as of|lc=y|2017}}.\\n** [[Napoleon Hill]]''s [[self-help]] book ''''[[Think\n        and Grow Rich]]'''' is first published in the United States.\\n* [[March 10]]\n        (dated [[March 14]] ([[Passion Sunday]])) \\u2013 The [[encyclical]] ''''[[Mit\n        brennender Sorge]]'''' (\\\"With burning concern\\\") of [[Pope Pius XI]] is published\n        in Germany in the German language. Largely the work of Cardinals [[Michael\n        von Faulhaber|von Faulhaber]] and [[Pope Pius XII|Pacelli]], it condemns breaches\n        of the [[1933]] [[Reichskonkordat]] agreement signed between the Nazi government\n        and the [[Catholic Church]], and criticises [[Nazism]]''s views on race and\n        other matters incompatible with Catholicism. \\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 The [[Atherton\n        Report]] (private investigator [[Edwin Atherton]]''s report detailing vice\n        and police corruption in [[San Francisco]]) is released.\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\n        [[New London School explosion]]: In the worst school disaster in American\n        history in terms of lives lost, the New London School in [[New London, Texas]],\n        suffers a catastrophic [[natural gas]] explosion, killing in excess of 295\n        students and teachers. [[Mother Frances Hospital]] opens in [[Tyler, Texas]],\n        a day ahead of schedule in response to the explosion.\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013\n        The encyclical ''''[[Divini Redemptoris]]'''' of [[Pope Pius XI]], critical\n        of [[communism]], is published.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Ponce massacre]]: A  police\n        squad, acting under orders from [[Governor of Puerto Rico]] [[Blanton Winship]],\n        opens fire on demonstrators protesting at the arrest of [[Puerto Rican Nationalist\n        Party]] leader [[Pedro Albizu Campos]], killing 17 people and injuring over\n        200.\\n** The first successful flying car, [[Waldo Waterman]]''s ''''[[Waterman\n        Arrowbile|Arrowbile]]'''', makes its initial flight.\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** In\n        [[Crystal City, Texas]], [[spinach]] growers erect a statue of the [[cartoon\n        character]] [[Popeye]].\\n** [[William H. Hastie]] becomes the first [[African\n        American]] appointed to a federal judgeship in the United States.\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Colony of Aden|Aden]] becomes a British [[crown colony]].\\n**\n        [[Bombing of Ja\\u00e9n]] in Spain by the [[Condor Legion]] of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi\n        German]] [[Luftwaffe]].\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 The ''''[[Kamikaze (1937 aircraft)|Kamikaze]]''''\n        arrives at [[Croydon Airport]] in London; it is the first Japanese-built aircraft\n        to fly to Europe.\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Frank Whittle]] ground-tests the world''s\n        first [[jet engine]] designed to power an aircraft, at [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby,\n        England]].\\n** ''''[[NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.]]'''': The [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States]]  rules that the [[National Labor Relations Act]]\n        is constitutional.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 The animated short ''''[[Porky''s\n        Duck Hunt]]'''', directed by [[Tex Avery]] for the [[Looney Tunes]] series,\n        featuring the debut of [[Daffy Duck]], is released in the United States.\\n*\n        [[April 20]] \\u2013 A fire in an elementary school in [[Kilingi-N\\u00f5mme]],\n        [[Estonia]], kills seventeen students and injures fifty.\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Bombing of Guernica]] in Spain by the [[Condor Legion]]\n        of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Luftwaffe]] in support of the [[Francoist\n        Spain|Francoist]]s. Three-quarters of the town is destroyed and hundreds killed.Journalist\n        [[George Steer]]''s report to ''''[[The Times]]'''' (London) connects Germany\n        with the attack.\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Hindenburg burning.jpg|thumb|right|[[May\n        6]]: The [[Hindenburg disaster|''''Hindenburg'''' disaster]] occurs.]]\\n[[File:Golden\n        Gate Bridge 0002.jpg|thumb|[[May 27]]: The [[Golden Gate Bridge]] opens.]]\\n*\n        May\\n** The [[D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] passes the Executive Authority (Consequential\n        Provisions) Act, 1937, which abolishes the office of Governor-General of the\n        Irish Free State,  retrospectively dated to December [[1936]].\\n** 17 million\n        unemployed in the USA.\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 A [[general strike]] occurs in\n        [[Paris]], [[France]].\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Hindenburg disaster|''''Hindenburg''''\n        disaster]]: In the United States, the German [[LZ 129 Hindenburg|airship ''''Hindenburg'''']]\n        bursts into flame when mooring  to a mast in [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]]. Of\n        the 36 passengers and 61 crew on board, 13 passengers and 22 crew die, as\n        well as one member of the ground crew.\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil\n        War]]: The German [[Condor Legion|Condor Legion Fighter Group]], equipped\n        with [[Heinkel He 51]] biplanes, arrives in Spain to assist [[Francisco Franco]]''s\n        forces.\\n* [[May 8]]: [[Wydad Athletic Club (Football)|Wydad Athletic Club]]\n        (WAC;(Arabic: \\u0646\\u0627\\u062f\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u062f\\u0627\\u062f\n        \\u0627\\u0644\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0636\\u064a; Berber: ''''Wydad Dar al-Beida'''';\n        commonly: ''''Wydad al ouma'''' is established in [[Casablanca]], Morocco;\n        it will be best known for its Casablanca [[Association football]] team.\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\u2013 The [[coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth]]\n        takes place at [[Westminster Abbey]], London.\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** A [[Soviet\n        and Russian manned drifting ice stations|Soviet station]] becomes the first\n        scientific research settlement to operate on the [[drift ice]] of the Arctic\n        Ocean.\\n** As one of the reprisals for the attempted assassination of Italian\n        viceroy [[Rodolfo Graziani]], a detachment of Italian troops massacres the\n        entire community of [[Debre Libanos]], killing 297 monks and 23 laymen.\\n*\n        [[May 27]] \\u2013 In [[California]], the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] opens to pedestrian\n        traffic, creating a vital link between [[San Francisco]] and [[Marin County,\n        California|Marin County]]. The next day, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        pushes a button in Washington, D.C., signaling the start of vehicle traffic\n        over the bridge.\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Neville Chamberlain]] becomes [[Prime\n        Minister of the United Kingdom]] following the retirement of [[Stanley Baldwin]].\\n**\n        In Germany, [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen]] is established to build a [[Volkswagen\n        Beetle|\\\"people''s car\\\"]]. A new town, [[Wolfsburg]], is set to be created\n        to house the thousands of workers who will be involved in its production.\n        \\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Spanish Civil War]]: Spanish ship ''''Ciudad de Barcelona''''\n        is torpedoed.\\n** The [[Chicago Police Department]] shoot and kill ten unarmed\n        demonstrators in Chicago in what is known as the [[Memorial Day massacre of\n        1937|Memorial Day massacre]].\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Wallis\n        Simpson]] marries The Duke of Windsor (the former [[Edward VIII]]) in France.\\n*\n        [[June 8]]\\n** The first total [[solar eclipse]] to exceed seven minutes of\n        totality in over 800 years is visible in the Pacific and Peru.\\n** [[Carl\n        Orff]]''s ''''[[Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana]]'''' premieres in [[Frankfurt]],\n        Germany.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Pennsylvania]] becomes the first (and only)\n        of the United States to celebrate [[Flag Day]] officially as a [[Public holiday|state\n        holiday]].\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 The [[coalition government]] of [[L\\u00e9on\n        Blum]] resigns in France.\\n* June \\u2013 [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]] completes\n        his painting ''''[[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]''''.\\n* June\\u2013July \\u2013\n        The [[D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] debates and passes the draft new [[Constitution\n        of Ireland]], which is then submitted for public approval by [[plebiscite]].\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Earhart.jpg|thumb|[[July\n        2]]: [[Amelia Earhart]] disappears from [[New Guinea]].]]\\n[[File:Diagram\n        of the 1937 Fox vault fire.jpg|thumb|[[July 9]]: The silent film archives\n        of [[Fox Film Corporation]] are destroyed by the [[1937 Fox vault fire]].]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Gestapo]] arrests pastor [[Martin Niem\\u00f6ller]] in\n        Germany.\\n** In a referendum the people of the [[Irish Free State]] accept\n        the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.\\n** First alleged sighting\n        of the [[White River Monster]].\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Amelia Earhart]] and navigator\n        [[Fred Noonan]] disappear after taking off from [[New Guinea]] during Earhart''s\n        attempt to become the first woman to fly around the world.\\n** A guard takes\n        his place at the [[Tomb of the Unknowns]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]; continuous\n        guard has been maintained there ever since.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 ''''[[Lost\n        Colony (play)|The Lost Colony]]'''' historical drama is first performed at\n        an outdoor theater in the location where it is set, [[Roanoke Island]], [[North\n        Carolina]].\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** The canned precooked meat product [[Spam (food)|Spam]]\n        is introduced by the [[Hormel]] company in the United States\\n** The highest\n        recorded temperature in Canada, at [[Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan]], is 45 \\u00b0C\n        (113 \\u00b0F).\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese\n        War]]: Battle of Lugou Bridge (aka [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]]): Japanese\n        forces invade China (often seen as the beginning of World War II in Asia).\\n**\n        [[Peel Commission]] proposes partition of the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]\n        into separate Arab and Jewish states.{{cite book|title=League of Nations\n        Mandates \\u2013 Palestine: Report of the Palestine Royal Commission |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html|accessdate=2012-03-08\n        |date=July 1937}}{{cite book|title=Population Transfers in Asia|first=Joseph\n        B.|last=Schechtman|authorlink=Joseph Schechtman|location=New York|publisher=Hallsby\n        Press|year=1949|url=https://archive.org/stream/Schechtman-Population-Transfers-in-Asia/Schechtman--PopulationTransfersInAsia_djvu.txt|accessdate=2012-03-08}}\\n*\n        [[July 9]] \\u2013 The silent film archives of [[Fox Film Corporation]] are\n        destroyed by the [[1937 Fox vault fire]].\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 American popular\n        composer [[George Gershwin]] dies in Los Angeles of a brain tumor, age 38.\\n*\n        [[July 20]] \\u2013 The [[Geibeltbad Pirna]] is opened in [[Dresden]], Germany.\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] is elected [[President of the\n        Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive Council]]\n        (prime minister) of the [[Irish Free State]] by the [[D\\u00e1il]] (parliament).\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[New Deal]]: The [[United States Senate]] votes down President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''s proposal to add more justices to the [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States]].\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Alabama]] drops [[rape]]\n        charges against the so-called ''''[[Scottsboro Boys]]''''.\\n* [[July 25]]\\u2013[[July\n        31|31]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]]: [[Battle of\n        Beiping\\u2013Tianjin]], a series of actions fought around [[Beijing|Beiping]]\n        and [[Tianjin]], resulting in Japanese victory.\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] attempts the\n        assassination by bomb of [[George VI]] in [[Belfast]].\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Tungchow Mutiny]]: units of the [[East Hopei Army]] mutiny and kill Japanese\n        troops and civilians in [[Tongzhou District, Beijing|T\\u014dngzh\\u014du]].\\n*\n        [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[NKVD]] operative order 00447 \\\"\\u041e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044e\n        \\u0431\\u044b\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u044d\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\\" (\\\"The operation\n        for repression of former kulaks, criminals and other anti-Soviet elements\\\")\n        is approved by the Politburo of the [[Soviet Union]], initially as a 4-month\n        plan for 75,950 people to be executed and an additional 193,000 to be sent\n        to the [[Gulag]].\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 The [[Marihuana Tax\n        Act of 1937|Marihuana Tax Act]]Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551.\n        Subsequently, commonly referred to using the modern spelling as the Marijuana\n        Tax Act of 1937. in the United States is a significant bill on the path\n        that will lead to the criminalization of cannabis. It was introduced to U.S.\n        Congress by Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Harry Anslinger.\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union]] commences one of the largest campaigns\n        of the [[Great Purge]], to \\\"eliminate anti-Soviet elements.\\\" Within the\n        following year, at least 724,000 people are killed{{citation needed|date=October\n        2012}} on order of the [[NKVD troika|troika]]s, directed by [[Joseph Stalin]].\n        This is an offensive that targets social classes (such as the [[kulak]]s),\n        ethnic or racial backgrounds which are seen as non-Russian{{citation needed|date=October\n        2012}} and Stalin''s personal opponents from the [[Communist Party]] and their\n        sympathizers. \\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]]: Falangist artillery\n        bombards [[Madrid]].\\nJim Lentz born in [[Decorah]], [[Iowa]]\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 Japan occupies Beijing.\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 The [[Polish Operation\n        of the NKVD (1937\\u201338)]] is signed by [[Nikolai Yezhov]] as a continuation\n        of the [[Great Purge]].\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]:\n        The [[Battle of Shanghai]] opens.\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese\n        War]]: Japanese aircraft attack the car carrying the ambassador of Great Britain\n        during a raid on Shanghai.\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03\n        Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa)-3 new.jpg|thumb|[[September 17]]: [[Abraham\n        Lincoln|Lincoln]]''s head is dedicated at [[Mount Rushmore]].]]\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\u2013 The [[1937 Great Hong Kong typhoon|Great Hong Kong Typhoon]] kills\n        an estimated 11,000 persons.\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]]:\n        The city of [[Llanes]] falls to the Falangists.\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[CBS]] broadcasts a two-and-a-half hour memorial concert nationwide on radio\n        in memory of George Gershwin, live from the [[Hollywood Bowl]]. Many celebrities\n        appear, including [[Oscar Levant]], [[Fred Astaire]], [[Otto Klemperer]],\n        [[Lily Pons]] and members of the original cast of ''''[[Porgy and Bess]]''''.\n        The concert is recorded and released complete years later in what is excellent\n        sound for its time, on [[CD]]. The [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] is the featured\n        orchestra.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 Nine nations meet in the [[Nyon Conference]],\n        led by the United Kingdom and France, to address international [[piracy]]\n        in the Mediterranean.\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Abraham Lincoln]]''s head\n        is dedicated at [[Mount Rushmore]].\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 Swiss professional\n        [[ice hockey]] club [[HC Ambr\\u00ec-Piotta]] founded.\\n* [[September 21]]\n        \\u2013 George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. of London publishes the first edition of\n        [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]''s ''''[[The Hobbit]]''''.\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: [[Battle of Pingxingguan]]: The Communist Chinese\n        [[National Revolutionary Army]] defeats the Japanese.\\n* [[September 27]]\n        \\u2013 The last [[Bali tiger]] dies.{{cite web|url=http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/bali.html|title=The\n        Balinese Tiger|author=Loadstar}}\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 1]]\\n**\n        The [[Marihuana Tax Act of 1937|Marihuana Tax Act]] becomes law in the United\n        States.\\n** [[U.S. Supreme Court]] associate justice [[Hugo Black]], in a\n        nationwide radio broadcast, refutes allegations of past involvement in the\n        [[Ku Klux Klan]].\\n* [[October 2]]\\u2013[[October 8|8]] \\u2013 [[Parsley Massacre]]:\n        Under the orders of President [[Rafael Trujillo]], Dominican troops kill thousands\n        of [[Haitians]] living in the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: Japanese troops advance toward [[Nanking]],\n        capital of the [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]].\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] gives his famous\n        ''''[[Quarantine Speech]]'''' in Chicago.\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Jimmie\n        Angel]] lands his plane on top of Devil''s Mountain; however, the plane gets\n        damaged and he has to trek through the rainforest for help.\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 Germany, in a note to [[Brussels]], guarantees the inviolability and\n        integrity of Belgium so long as the latter abstains from military action against\n        Germany.\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Hemingway]]''s novel ''''[[To Have\n        and Have Not]]'''' is first published, in the United States.\\n* [[October\n        18]]\\u2013[[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]]: The whole Spanish northern\n        seaboard falls into the Falangists'' hands; [[Second Spanish Republic|Republic]]an\n        forces in [[Gij\\u00f3n]], Spain, set fire to petrol reserves prior to retreating\n        before the advancing [[Falangists]].\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Cel\\u00e2l\n        Bayar]] forms the new (ninth) government of Turkey.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Maurice J. Tobin]] resoundingly defeats former governor and mayor\n        [[James Michael Curley]] in Boston''s mayoral election.\\n* [[November 5]]\\n**\n        [[World War II]]: In the [[Reich Chancellery]], [[Adolf Hitler]] holds a secret\n        meeting and states his plans for acquiring \\\"living space\\\" for the German\n        people (recorded in the [[Hossbach Memorandum]]).\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013\n        Italy joins the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]].\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Second\n        Sino-Japanese War]]: Japanese troops take Shanghai.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013\n        Brazilian president [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]] announces the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado\n        Novo]] (\\\"New State\\\"), thence becoming [[dictator]] of [[Brazil]] until 1945.\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 The Kogushi sulfur mine collapse, in western [[Gunma]],\n        Japan, kills at least 245 people.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{multiple image\\n|align     =\n        right\\n|direction = vertical\\n|image1    = Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot\n        (2).jpg\\n|image2    = Walt Disney Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot (13).jpg\\n|image3    =\n        Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Original Theatrical Trailer 1) 1937 (La Blancaneu).ogv\\n|image4    =\n        Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Original Theatrical Trailer 2) 1937 (La Blancaneu).ogv\\n|footer    =\n        [[December 21]]: [[Walt Disney]]''s ''''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\n        (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'''' is released, the first full-length\n        traditional-animated feature film, the first Disney film, and the first film\n        to feature a [[Disney Princess]]. The top image shows the [[Seven Dwarfs]]\n        singing \\\"[[Heigh-Ho]]\\\" while walking on a [[Trunk (botany)|log]]. The second\n        top image shows [[Walt Disney]] introducing the Seven Dwarfs in the trailer.\n        The middle image is [[Snow White (Disney character)|Snow White]], while the\n        bottom images are the trailers.}}\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese\n        War]]: The [[Battle of Nanking]] begins.\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 ''''[[The\n        Dandy]]'''' [[Comic book|comic]] is first published in Scotland; it will still\n        be running {{as of|lc=y|2011}}.\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 Italy withdraws\n        from the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[USS Panay incident|USS\n        ''''Panay'''' incident]]: Japanese bombers sink the American gunboat {{USS|Panay|PR-5|6}}.\\n**\n        [[Mae West]] makes a risqu\\u00e9 guest appearance on [[NBC]]''s ''''[[Chase\n        and Sanborn Hour]]'''', which eventually results in her being banned from\n        radio.\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: The [[Battle\n        of Nanking]] ends with the Japanese occupying the city. In the [[Nanking Massacre]]\n        which follows, Japanese soldiers kill over 300,000 Chinese in 3 months. A\n        few days previously, the [[Nationalist government]] of China has moved its\n        capital to the southwestern city [[Chongqing|Chungking (Chongqing)]].\\n* [[December\n        16]] \\u2013 The original production of the musical ''''[[Me and My Girl]]''''\n        opens at the [[West End theatre|West End]] [[Victoria Palace Theatre]] in\n        London. A later revival will win an award.\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Walt\n        Disney]]''s ''''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and\n        the Seven Dwarfs]]'''', the first feature-length [[Traditional animation|traditionally\n        animated]] film, premieres in selected theaters.\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013\n        At the age of 70, legendary conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducts the [[NBC\n        Symphony Orchestra]] on radio for the first time, beginning his successful\n        17-year tenure with that orchestra. This first concert consists of music by\n        [[Vivaldi]] (at a time when he is seldom played), [[Mozart]], and [[Brahms]].\n        Millions tune in to listen, including U.S. President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].\\n*\n        [[December 29]] \\u2013 The new [[Constitution of Ireland]] (''''Bunreacht\n        na h\\u00c9ireann'''') comes into force. The [[Irish Free State]] becomes \\\"[[Republic\n        of Ireland|Ireland]]\\\", and [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] becomes the first [[Taoiseach]]\n        (prime minister) of the new state. A [[Presidential Commission (Ireland)|Presidential\n        Commission]] (made up the Chief Justice, the Speaker of D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann,\n        and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency,\n        pending the popular election of the first [[President of Ireland]] in June\n        1938. The new constitution prohibits [[divorce]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        Switzerland begins construction of its [[Border Line (Switzerland)|Border\n        Line]] defences.\\n* The [[Vibora Luviminda]] trades union''s sugar plantation\n        strike on [[Maui]] island, Hawaii.\\n* Italian psychiatrist [[Amarro Fiamberti]]\n        is the first to document a transorbital approach to the brain, which becomes\n        the basis for the controversial medical procedure of [[transorbital lobotomy]].\\n*\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] industry produces about four times as much as it had\n        in [[1928]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Vanessa Redgrave April\n        2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vanessa Redgrave]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Anne\n        Aubrey]], British actress\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Grace Bumbry]], American\n        opera singer\\n** [[Dyan Cannon]], American actress, film director and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[January 6]]\\n** [[Paolo Conte]], Italian singer, pianist and composer\\n**\n        [[Underwood Dudley]], American mathematician\\n* [[January 8]]  \\u2013 Dame\n        [[Shirley Bassey]], Welsh singer\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[George Reisman]],\n        American economist\\n** [[Ati George Sokomanu]], [[President of Vanuatu]]\\n*\n        [[January 14]] \\n** [[Ken Higgs]], English cricketer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Leo\n        Kadanoff]], American physicist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Margaret\n        O''Brien]], American child actress\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Francis George]],\n        American cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Yukio Endo]], Japanese\n        gymnast (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[John Hume]], Northern Irish politician; [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Giovanna Marini]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria]],\n        heir to the Bavarian Royal House\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Wambaugh]],\n        American author\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Ange-F\\u00e9lix Patass\\u00e9]],\n        5th [[President of Central African Republic]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Ogdon]], English pianist (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Bobby Scott (musician)|Bobby Scott]], American musician, producer and songwriter\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Vanessa Redgrave]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Boris Spassky]], Russian chess grandmaster\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Philip\n        Glass]], American composer\\n** [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Gaston Roelants 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gaston\n        Roelants]]]]\\n[[File:Rupiah Banda.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rupiah Banda]]]]\\n[[File:H.M.\n        Kong Harald taler (10308347696)- edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harald V of Norway]]]]\\n[[File:Tom\n        Courtenay Berlin 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Courtenay]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Don Everly]], American [[rock and roll]] musician\\n** [[Garrett Morris]],\n        American comedian and actor\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Remak Ramsay]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Tom Smothers]], American musician and comedian\\n** [[Eric Arturo\n        Delvalle]], Panamanian lawyer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Billy\n        Meier]], Swiss Prophet\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Magnar Solberg]], Norwegian\n        biathlete\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Gaston Roelants]], Belgian Olympic athlete\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\n**[[Manfred Krug]], German actor and singer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Wu]], Chinese human rights activist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Francis William Lawvere]], American [[Mathematics|mathematician]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Walker (musician)|Robert \\\"Bilbo\\\" Walker Jr.]], American [[blues]] [[guitar]]ist\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Anne Anderson (researcher)|Anne Anderson]], Scottish\n        physiologist (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Bill Lawry]], Australian\n        cricketer\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Charles Dumas]], American athlete (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Rupiah Banda]], 4th [[President of Zambia]]\\n*\n        [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Magic Sam]], American musician (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Mary Ann Mobley]], American actress; Miss America 1959 (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]]\\n** [[Robert Huber]], German chemist; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[George Leonardos]], Greek journalist and author\\n**\n        [[Roger Penske]], American race car driver\\n** [[Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)|Nancy\n        Wilson]], American singer\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Ron Clarke]], Australian\n        runner (d. [[2015]])\\n** King [[Harald V of Norway]]\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        Sir [[Tom Courtenay]], English actor\\n** [[Bob Schieffer]], American television\n        journalist\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Babcock]], American [[Character\n        actor|character actress]]\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Bouteflika (Algiers, Feb\n        2006).jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]]]\\n[[File:Olusegun Obasanjo\n        2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]]]]\\n[[File:Warren Beatty - 1975.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Warren\n        Beatty]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], [[President of\n        Algeria]]\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Driscoll]], American actor, primarily\n        known as a child actor and voice actor (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Graham\n        Dowling]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Leslie H. Gelb]], American foreign\n        policy expert, President of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1993\\n**\n        [[Yuri Senkevich]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Barney Wilen]],\n        French jazz saxophonist (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Olusegun Obasanjo]],\n        [[President of Nigeria]]\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Valentina Tereshkova]], Russian\n        cosmonaut, first woman in space\\n* [[March 8]]\\n**[[Richard Fari\\u00f1a]],\n        American [[folk music]] singer and novelist (d. [[1966]])\\n**[[Juv\\u00e9nal\n        Habyarimana]], 3rd [[President of Rwanda]] (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Harry Neale]], Canadian ice hockey coach and broadcaster\\n* [[March 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Benny Paret]], Cuban welterweight boxer (d. [[1962]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Valentin Rasputin]], Russian writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Frank Calabrese, Sr.]], American gangster in the Chicago Outfit\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Reed]], American country musician  (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[Armin Hary]], German athlete\\n* [[March\n        23]]\\n** [[Craig Breedlove]], American race car driver\\n** [[Tony Burton]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Lloyd\n        Erskine Sandiford]], 4th Prime Minister of Barbados\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Thomas Aquinas Daly]], American painter\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013 [[Warren\n        Beatty]], American actor and director\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Colin Powell\n        2005.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Colin Powell]]]]\\n[[File:JosephEstradajf1486.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Joseph\n        Estrada]]]]\\n[[File:Loz takei 2015 side.png|thumb|100px|[[George Takei]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Nicholson cropped 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Nicholson]]]]\\n[[File:Iraq,\n        Saddam Hussein (222).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Saddam Hussein]]]]\\n* [[April 4]] –\n        [[Obed Dlamini]], 6th Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Colin Powell]], [[U.S. Secretary of State]]\\n* [[April 6]]\\n**\n        [[Merle Haggard]], American country musician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Billy Dee\n        Williams]], American actor\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Valerie Singleton]], English\n        television presenter\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Bella Akhmadulina]], Russian\n        poet (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[Gene Lenz]], American competition\n        swimmer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Robert W. Gore]], American\n        inventor\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[George Steele|George \\\"The Animal\\\" Steele]],\n        American professional wrestler (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Don Buchla]],\n        American electronic-instrument designer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ferdinand Pi\\u00ebch]],\n        Austrian engineer and business magnate\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Jan Kaplick\\u00fd]],\n        British architect of Czech origin (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Elinor\n        Donahue]], American actress\\n** [[Joseph Estrada]], Filipino actor and politician,\n        13th [[President of the Philippines]]\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[George Takei]],\n        Japanese American actor, director and author\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Jack\n        Nicholson]], American film actor and director\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Henderson (gospel singer)|Joe Henderson]], American [[rhythm and blues]] and\n        [[gospel music]] singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Pierre\n        Beltoise]], French race car driver (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Sandy\n        Dennis]], American actress (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Robin Eames]], Anglican prelate;\n        Northern Irish clergyman and peace activist\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Saddam\n        Hussein]], 5th [[President of Iraq]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Jill Paton Walsh]], English novelist\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Tran Duc Luong,\n        Nov 17, 2004.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Tr\\u1ea7n \\u0110\\u1ee9c L\\u01b0\\u01a1ng]]]]\\n[[File:Jesus\n        is coming.. Look Busy (George Carlin).jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Carlin]]]]\\n[[File:Yvonne\n        Craig Batgirl.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Yvonne Craig]]]]\\n[[File:Mengistu Haile Mariam\n        3.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Una Stubbs]],\n        British actress\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Gisela Elsner]], German writer (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Lorenzo Music]], American voice actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Hans Cieslarczyk]], German football player\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Ron Carter]],\n        American jazz musician\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Tr\\u1ea7n \\u0110\\u1ee9c L\\u01b0\\u01a1ng]],\n        [[President of Vietnam]]\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Rubin Carter|Rubin \\\"Hurricane\\\"\n        Carter]], American boxer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Carlos Gaviria D\\u00edaz]],\n        Colombian justice and politician\\n** [[Thomas Pynchon]], American writer\\n*\n        [[May 9]] - [[Rafael Moneo]], Spanish architect\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[George\n        Carlin]], American comedian (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Trevor Baylis]],\n        English inventor\\n** [[Roch Carrier]], Canadian writer\\n** [[Roger Zelazny]],\n        American writer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Madeleine Albright]], [[U.S.\n        Secretary of State]]\\n** [[Trini Lopez]], American musician\\n* [[May 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yvonne Craig]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Hazel R. O''Leary]], [[U.S. Secretary of Energy]]\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Brooks\n        Robinson]], American baseball player\\n** [[Jacques Santer]], Luxembourg politician,\n        [[President of the European Council]]\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Sofiko Chiaureli]],\n        Georgian actress (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[John Fairfax]], British ocean rower (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n** [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], [[President of Ethiopia]]\\n* [[May\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Facundo Cabral]], Argentine singer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]], pilot who flew the plane\n        on [[The Day the Music Died]] (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Deanna\n        Lund]], actress\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Morgan Freeman - Discovery Shoot (6559314831).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Morgan\n        Freeman]]]]\\n[[File:Keizo Obuchi.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Keiz\\u014d Obuchi]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Coleman Richardson.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Robert Coleman Richardson]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\n** [[Morgan Freeman]], American actor\\n** [[Rosaleen Linehan]], Irish\n        actress\\n** [[Colleen McCullough]], Australian author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ezio\n        Pascutti]], Italian footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Sally\n        Kellerman]], American actress and singer\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Phyllis Baker]],\n        American professional baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Crawford Hallock\n        Greenewalt, Jr.]], American archaeologist (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Solomon P. Ortiz]],\n        U.S. congressman from Texas\\n* [[June 4]] \\n** [[Gorilla Monsoon]], American\n        professional wrestler and announcer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Hugo Carvana]], Brazilian\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 7]]  \\u2013\\n** [[Neeme J\\u00e4rvi]], Estonian\n        conductor\\n** [[Roberto Blanco]], German singer\\n* [[June 8]]  \\u2013 [[Toni\n        Harper]], American child singer\\n* [[June 9]]  \\u2013 [[Harald Rosenthal]],\n        German biologist\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Luciana Paluzzi]], Italian actress\\n*\n        [[June 11]] \\n** [[Robin Warren]], Australian pathologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Reginaldo Faria]], Brazilian\n        actor and film director\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Herbert Feuerstein]], German\n        cabarettist and entertainer\\n** [[Waylon Jennings]], American country singer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Alan Thornett]], British Trotskyist activist\\n* [[June\n        16]]\\n** [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], 48th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]]\n        (2001-2005).\\n** [[Charmian May]], British actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[June\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Clodovil Hernandes]], Brazilian fashion designer, television\n        presenter and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Wray Carlton]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Vitaly Zholobov]], Soviet cosmonaut\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 Glucksmann]], French philosopher and author (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Barbara Carlson]], American politician\\n** [[John Edrich]],\n        English cricketer\\n** [[Jon Huntsman Sr.]], American businessman and philanthropist\\n**\n        [[Gerald Clarke (author)|Gerald Clarke]], American writer\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Martti Ahtisaari]], 10th [[President of Finland]]\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Nawaf\n        Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], Crown Prince of Kuwait\\n** [[Keiz\\u014d Obuchi]],\n        54th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Coleman Richardson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Jules Accorsi]], French football\n        player and manager\\n** [[Abraham Karem]], American aerospace engineer\\n**\n        [[Joseph P. Allen]], American astronaut\\n** [[Alona Frankel]], Polish-born\n        Israeli writer and illustrator\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Ron Luciano]], American\n        baseball umpire and writer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Yair Nossovsky]],\n        Israeli footballer\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Ron Husmann]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Walton McLeod]], American politician\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:US Navy 100915-N-4790M-040\n        Lanier Phillips, left, Bill Cosby and Ed LeBaron pose for a picture before\n        receiving the Lone Sailor Award at the Nation (cropped to Cosby).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        Cosby]]]]\\n[[File:Yoshiro Mori cropped 3 Tim Hitchens and Yoshiro Mori 20150623.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yoshir\\u014d\n        Mori]]]]\\n[[File:Hashimoto meets Cohen cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryutaro Hashimoto]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Lydia Makhubu]], Swazi chemist and former professor of chemistry\\n**\n        [[Ali Chekr]], Lebanese fencer\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Polly Holliday]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Richard Petty]], American seven-time [[NASCAR Winston Cup]]\n        champion\\n** [[Dee Palmer]], English composer, arranger,[1] and keyboardist\\n**\n        [[Dennis Keeney]], American scientist in soil science and water chemistry\\n*\n        [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Brian Garvey (footballer)|Brian Garvey]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Queen Sonja of Norway|Sonja Haraldsen]], Queen of Norway\n        and wife to King [[Harald V of Norway]]\\n** [[Wolf von Lojewski]], German\n        television journalist\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Jo de Roo]], Dutch former professional\n        road racing cyclist\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]], Russian pianist\\n**\n        [[Ned Beatty]], American actor\\n** [[Ernesto Figueiredo]], Portuguese footballer\\n**\n        [[Michael Sata]], Zambian president (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Jocelyn\n        Newman]], Australian politician\\n** [[Lars-Erik Larsson (rower)|Lars-Erik\n        Larsson]], Swedish rowing coxswain\\n** [[Carroll Hubbard]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Tung Chee-hwa]], Hong Kong administrator\\n** [[Carol Nugent]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Nanami Shiono]], Japanese author and novelist\\n** [[Valery Anisimov]],\n        Soviet wrestler\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[David Hockney]], English-born artist\\n**\n        [[Josef Vacenovsk\\u00fd]], Czech football forward\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Bill\n        Cosby]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek Valo\\u0161ek]],\n        Czech football player\\n** [[Fritz Kehl]], Swiss football defender\\n** [[Lionel\n        Jospin]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 [[Ghillean Prance]],\n        British botanist and ecologist\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Yoshir\\u014d Mori]],\n        55th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Duncan MacKay (footballer)|Duncan MacKay]],\n        Scottish footballer\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Jaberi Bidandi Ssali]], Ugandan politician\n        and businessman\\n** [[Alan Hopper]], English professional footballer\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Peter Smith (footballer, born 1937)|Peter Smith]], Scottish footballer\\n**\n        [[Roald Hoffmann]], Polish-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Hunter S. Thompson]], American author and journalist  (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Ilie Datcu]], Romanian football goalkeeper\n        and coach\\n** [[Dick Hafer (comics)|Dick Hafer]], American Christian cartoonist\n        (d. 2003)\\n** [[Ken Ogata]], Japanese actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Neville Bannister]], English footballer\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Anna Dawson]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Don Galloway]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]  \\n** [[Ryutaro Hashimoto]], 53rd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Daniel McFadden]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Dustin Hoffman - 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dustin\n        Hoffman]]]]\\n[[File:Francesco Musso 1960.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Francesco Musso]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Coenraad Bron]], Dutch computer scientist (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[David Bedford]], American musician (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Herb Brooks]], American hockey coach (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Windsor]], English actress\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Dustin Hoffman]], American actor\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Alberta Nelson]],\n        American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Bounnhang Vorachith]],\n        14th Prime Minister and 6th President of Laos\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[David\n        Anderson (British Columbia politician)|David Anderson]], Canadian politician\\n**\n        [[Ian Deans]], Canadian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Alingu\\u00e9 Bawoyeu]], [[Chad]]ian politician and former Prime Minister\\n**\n        [[Willie Rushton]], English comedian and cartoonist (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August\n        20]]\\n** [[Jim Bowen]], English stand-up comedian and TV personality\\n** [[Jean-Louis\n        Petit]], French composer, conductor and organist\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Donald\n        Dewar]], [[First Minister of Scotland]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Robert Stone (novelist)|Robert\n        Stone]], American novelist\\n** [[Chuck Traynor]], American pornographer (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Gustavo Noboa]], [[President of Ecuador]]\\n* [[August 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Francesco Musso]], Italian Olympic boxer\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Kenji\n        Utsumi]], Japanese voice actor and actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Gennady Yanayev]],\n        former Soviet leader (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Alice Coltrane]],\n        American jazz harpist, organist, pianist and composer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] \\u2013 [[James Florio]], Governor of New Jersey\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Bruce McLaren]], Founder of McLaren Racing (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bobby Parker (guitarist)|Bobby Parker]], American rock musician (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Dawn_Fraser_1958.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dawn\n        Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:William Devane 1974.JPG|thumb|100px|[[William Devane]]]]\\n[[File:Fernando\n        de la R\\u00faa con bast\\u00f3n y banda de presidente.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fernando\n        de la R\\u00faa]]]]\\n[[File:Harald_Norpoth,_Bob_Schul,_Bill_Dellinger_1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bob\n        Schul]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Len Carlson]], Canadian voice actor\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Dawn Fraser]], Australian swimmer\\n**\n        [[Mikk Mikiver]], Estonian actor and director (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[William Devane]], American actor\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Kirtanananda\n        Swami]] Bhaktipada (Keith Gordon Ham), American-born [[International Society\n        for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] guru (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jo Anne\n        Worley]], American comedian\\n* [[September 7]]   \\n** [[C\\u00fcneyt Ark\\u0131n]],\n        Turkish film actor\\n** [[John Phillip Law]], American actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Tommy Overstreet]], American country singer (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Paola Ruffo di Calabria]], Italian-born\n        Queen of the Belgians\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Don Bluth]], American director,\n        producer\\n** [[Meeli S\\u00f6\\u00f6t]], Estonian actress \\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Jean-Claude Decaux]], French advertising executive (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[King\n        Curtis Iaukea]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Lucas, Jr.]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Pino Puglisi|Giuseppe Puglisi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], [[President\n        of Argentina]]\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 [[Keith Bosley]], British broadcaster,\n        poet and translator\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Orlando Cepeda]], Puerto Rican\n        baseball player\\n** [[Ilarion Ionescu-Gala\\u021bi]], Romanian conductor\\n*\n        [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Abner Haynes]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Weintraub]], American film producer and talent agent (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[September 28]] \\n** [[Rod Roddy]], American television announcer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Bob Schul]], American Olympic athlete\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Jackie\n        Collins.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Jackie Collins]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Johnnie\n        Cochran]], American attorney (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Jackie Collins]],\n        English author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Franz Vranitzky]], former [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]]\\n* [[October 5]]  \\u2013 [[Barry Switzer]], American football\n        coach\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Charlton]], English footballer\\n* [[October\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Linda Lavin]], American actress (''''Alice'''')\\n* [[October\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Paxton Whitehead]], English actor\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Juan\n        Marichal]], Dominican baseball player\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Lamarca]],\n        Brazilian military turned guerrilla leader (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n**\n        [[John Goetz]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[M.\n        Rosaria Piomelli]], born Agrisano, Italian-born American architect\\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Lenny Wilkens]], American basketball player and coach\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Tom Paxton]], American folk singer-songwriter\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Loretta\n        Swit MASH 1972.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Loretta Swit]]]]\\n[[File:Marlo Thomas - 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marlo\n        Thomas]]]]\\n[[File:NASA Journey to Mars and \\u201cThe Martian\\\" (201508180030HQ).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ridley\n        Scott]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\n** [[Bill Anderson (singer)|\\\"Whisperin''\\\"\n        Bill Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter and game show host\\n**\n        [[Witta Pohl]], German actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Earl\n        Carroll (vocalist)|Earl Carroll]], American lead vocalist for [[The Cadillacs]]\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n**[[Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)|Michael\n        Wilson]], Canadian politician and diplomat \\n** [[Loretta Swit]], American\n        actress\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Chan Sek Keong]], third [[Chief Justice of\n        Singapore]]\\n** [[Harris Yulin]], American actor\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Joe Warfield]], American actor\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Paul Foot]], British\n        journalist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Zden\\u011bk Zik\\u00e1n]],\n        Czech football player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Stephen Lewis]],\n        Canadian politician and diplomat\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**[[Little Willie John]],\n        American [[rock and roll]] and [[rhythm and blues]] singer (d. [[1968]])\\n**[[Yaphet\n        Kotto]], American actor\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Peter Cook]], English comedian\n        and writer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Manuel F\\u00e9lix L\\u00f3pez]], Ecuadorian\n        politician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Ruth Laredo]], American\n        pianist (d. 2005)\\n** [[Eero M\\u00e4ntyranta]], Finnish Olympic cross-country\n        skiier (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Ingrid Pitt]], Polish-born British\n        actress (d. [[2010]]) \\n** [[Marlo Thomas]], American actress, producer and\n        social activist\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Boris Yegorov]], Russian cosmonaut\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Ridley Scott]], British film director\n        and producer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ministru prezidenta tik%C5%A1an%C4%81s\n        ar eksprezidenti (4108711953).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vaira V\\u012b\\u0137e-Freiberga]]]]\\n[[File:Jane\n        Fonda Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jane Fonda]]]]\\n[[File:Maumoon-Abdul-Gayoom.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maumoon\n        Abdul Gayoom]]]]\\n[[File:AnthonyHopkins10TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony Hopkins]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]]\\n** [[Chuck Low]], American actor\\n** [[Vaira V\\u012b\\u0137e-Freiberga]],\n        7th [[President of Latvia]]\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Allison]], American\n        race car driver\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Ramon Torrents]], Spanish artist\\n*\n        [[December 7]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Colley]], British actor\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Bowen (artist)|Michael Bowen]], American artist (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[James MacArthur]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Arne N\\u00e6ss, Jr.]],\n        Norwegian mountaineer and businessman (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Darwin Joston]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013\n        [[Jim Harrison]], American writer\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Willie Stokes]],\n        American mobster (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Kerry Packer]],\n        Australian businessman (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Jane Fonda]],\n        American actress and social activist\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Pierluigi\n        Chicca]], Italian fencer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[John Horton\n        Conway]], mathematician\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Ratan Tata]], Indian industrialist\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]], [[President of the Maldives]]\n        (1978\\u20132008)\\n** [[Dieter Thomas Heck]], German television presenter,\n        singer and actor\\n** [[Barbara Steele]], British actress\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**\n        [[Gordon Banks]], English footballer\\n** [[John Hartford]], American musician\n        and composer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Jim Marshall (gridiron football)|Jim Marshall]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Noel Paul Stookey]], American singer ([[Peter,\n        Paul and Mary]])\\n** [[Zaldy Zshornack]], Filipino actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]]\\n** [[Avram Hershko]], Israeli biologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n** [[Anthony Hopkins]], British actor\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Cathie Jung]], owner of the smallest waist on a living\n        person (measuring just 15 in.).\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Saint\n        Andr%C3%A9 Bessette.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint [[Andr\\u00e9 Bessette]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n** [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], Indian spiritual teacher (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[John Gresham Machen]], American [[Presbyterian]] theologian (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Ross Alexander]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[January\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Paul Behncke]], German admiral (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n**\n        [[Alberto de Oliveira]], Brazilian poet (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Ernst L\\u00f6fstr\\u00f6m]],\n        Finnish general, leaders of [[World War I]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n**\n        [[Andr\\u00e9 Bessette]], Canadian religious leader and saint (b. [[1845]])\\n**\n        [[Albert Gleaves]], American admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Martin and Osa Johnson|Martin Johnson]], American adventurer and documentary\n        filmmaker (plane crash) (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\n** [[Pietro Biginelli]],\n        Italian chemist (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Georges Hilaire Bousquet]], French scholar\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Pyotr Bark]], Soviet statesman (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Richard Boleslavsky]], Polish film director\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Jaime Hilario Barbal]], Spanish [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and saint (executed) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        21]]\\n** [[Yasin al-Hashimi]], Iraqi politician and 4th [[Prime Minister of\n        Iraq]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Marie Prevost]], Canadian actress (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Orso Mario Corbino]], Italian physicist and politician\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Pedro de Jes%C3%BAs Maldonado.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint\n        [[Peter of Jesus Maldonado]]]]\\n[[File:George Hassell in Becky Sharp.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George\n        Hassell (actor)|George Hassell]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Asano Nagakoto]],\n        Japanese diplomat and politician (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Reinhold\n        Hanisch]], Austrian politician and worker (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[Lou Andreas-Salom\\u00e9]], Russian-born writer (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Nicoletti Filho]], Italian revolutionary hero (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Elihu Root]], American statesman and diplomat, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Walter Burley\n        Griffin]], American architect and town planner (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Vasily\n        Gurko]], Russian general (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Maria Luisa Josefa]], Mexican\n        [[Roman Catholic]] nun and venerable (b.  [[1866]])\\n** [[Peter of Jesus Maldonado]],\n        Mexican priest, martyr and saint (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Francisco\n        Bergam\\u00edn y Garc\\u00eda]], Spanish lawyer, economist and politician (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Vicente Vilar David]], Spanish [[Roman\n        Catholic]] priest, saint and martyr (killed in battle) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[George Hassell (actor)|George Hassell]], British actor (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[James P. Buchanan]], American politician (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]]\\n** [[Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky]], Soviet scientist and\n        botanist (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Beyene Merid]], Ethiopian military commander\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Guy Standing]], British actor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Douglas Carnegie]], British politician (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Charles\n        Donnelly (poet)|Charles Donnelly]], Irish poet (killed in battle) (b. [[1915]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Conchita\n        Cabrera de Armida2.jpg|thumb|120px|right|Blessed [[Concepcion Cabrera de Armida]]]]\\n[[File:H.\n        P. Lovecraft, June 1934.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[H. P. Lovecraft]]]]\\n* [[March\n        6]] \\u2013 [[John Ellis Martineau]], American politician (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Concepcion Cabrera de Armida]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]]\n        mystic and blessed (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Yuriy Kotsiubynsky]],\n        Soviet politician and activist (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Howie Morenz]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Paul Elmer More]],\n        American critic and essayist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Joseph\n        S. Cullinan]], American oil industrialist, founder of ''''[[Texaco]]'''' (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Julius Geppert]], German philosopher (b. [[1856]])\\n**\n        [[Jen\\u0151 Hubay]], Hungarian composer and violinist (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Charles-Marie\n        Widor]], French organist and composer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        [[H. P. Lovecraft]], American writer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Edith Clark]], French aviator and parachutist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[Austen Chamberlain]], British statesman, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March 18]] \\n** [[M\\u00e9lanie Bonis]], French\n        composer (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Felix Graf von Bothmer]], German general (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Julio Sanchez Gardel]], Argentinan dramatist\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Arthur Bern\\u00e8de]], French writer,\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Harry Vardon]], English golf professional\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Thorvald Aagaard]], Danish composer (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n** [[Alfred Dyke Acland]], British military officer (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Maksimov (actor)|Vladimir Maksimov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford]], British aviator and ornithologist (plane\n        crash) (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[John Drinkwater (playwright)|John\n        Drinkwater]], British poet and dramatist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Victor Gustav Bloede (chemist)|Victor Gustav Bloede]], Swedish chemist (b.\n        [[1849]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\u2013 [[Josef Kli\\u010dka]], Czechoslovak organist,\n        violinist and composer (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Fyodor Keneman]],\n        Soviet pianist and composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Karol Szymanowski]], Polish\n        composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Kim You-jeong]], Korean novelist (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Ahmed Izzet Pasha]], Turkish general (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Abdelhafid.jpg|thumb|120px|Sultan\n        [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]]]]\\n[[File:Lucy Beaumont.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lucy\n        Beaumont]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Nathan Birnbaum]], Austrian writer and\n        journalist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** Sultan [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]]\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Maria Teresa Casini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] nun\n        and blessed (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Jose Benlliure y Gil]],\n        Spanish painter (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Gyula Juh\\u00e1sz (poet)|Gyula\n        Juh%C3%A1sz]], Hungarian poet (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Helen\n        Burgess]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Billy Bassett]],\n        English association footballer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Ralph Ince]],\n        American film director (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar]], Indian\n        sociologist and historian (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Ned Hanlon\n        (baseball)|Ned Hanlon]], American baseball manager and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Jay Johnson Morrow]], American military\n        engineer and politician, 3rd [[Governor of the Panama Canal Zone]] (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** [[William Martin Conway]], British art critic and mountaineer\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[William Morton Wheeler]], American entomologist (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[April 20]]\\n** [[Gaston Ch\\u00e9rau]], French journalist (b. [[1872]])\\n**\n        [[Josef Ma\\u0159atka]], Czech sculptor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Saima Harmaja]], Finnish poet (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Edmund Carewe]], Armenian-American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Caroline Harris]], American actress (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Lucy Beaumont]], British actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Micha\\u0142\n        Drzyma\\u0142a]], Polish rebel (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Antonio\n        Gramsci]], Italian Communist writer and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April\n        29]] \\n** [[Wallace Carothers]], American chemist, inventor of nylon (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[William Gillette]], American actor (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:NoelRosa.gif|thumb|110px|[[Noel\n        Rosa]]]]\\n[[File:John D. Rockefeller 1885.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John D. Rockefeller]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Snitz Edwards]], Hungarian actor (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Herbert\n        Hughes (composer)|Herbert Hughes]], Irish composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Takuji Iwasaki]], Japanese meteologist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Noel Rosa]], Brazilian songwriter (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 5]]\\n**\n        [[Camillo Berneri]], Italian philosopher and anarchist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[C.K.G.\n        Billings]], American horseman (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Ernst A.\n        Lehmann]], German captain of the  ''''[[LZ 129 Hindenburg|Hindenburg]]''''\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Harry Barton (architect)|Harry Barton]],\n        American architect (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Maurice Conner]], Canadian politician\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[James Blindell]], British politician\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Afonso Costa]], Prime Minister of Portugal\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Percy Lee Gassaway]], American politician\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[John D. Rockefeller]], American industrialist\n        and philanthropist (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Luis F. \\u00c1lvarez]],\n        Spanish physician (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Francis Bird (architect)|Francis Bird]],\n        Australian architect  (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Henry Ossawa Tanner]],\n        American artist (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Bertha May Crawford]],\n        Canadian opera singer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Adler]],\n        Austrian psychologist (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jean Harlow 1937.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Jean\n        Harlow]]]]\\n[[File:Borden-sm.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Robert Borden|Robert\n        Laird Borden]]]]\\n[[File:Gaston Doumergue.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Gaston Doumergue]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        Matthew Barrie00.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[J. M. Barrie]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Louis Vierne]], French composer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Hugo Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish public servant and politician (b. [[1845]])\\n** [[Emilio Mola]], Spanish\n        Nationalist commander (plane crash) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Fernand\n        Cabrol]], French theologian (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Keke Geladze]], mother of\n        [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Leader of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Jean Harlow]], American actress (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n**\n        [[Jane Foss Barff]], American activist (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Robert Borden]],\n        Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1854]])\\n**\n        [[Malcolm Williams (actor)|Malcolm Williams]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], Soviet Army officer and Red Army\n        commander-in-chief (executed) (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Alexander\n        Chervyakov]], [[Leader of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 18]]\\n**\n        [[Pierre Bodard]], French painter (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Gaston Doumergue]],\n        60th [[Prime Minister of France]] and 13th [[President of France]] (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[J. M. Barrie]], British novelist and dramatist (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Andreu Nin P\\u00e9rez]], Spanish politician (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]]\\n** [[Colin Clive]], British actor (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Marta Cunningham]],\n        American opera singer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Minoru Murata]],\n        Japanese actor, director and screenwriter (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Sandro Akhmeteli]], Soviet director (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:George\n        Gershwin 1937.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George Gershwin]]]]\\n[[File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Guglielmo\n        Marconi]]]]\\n[[File:Nazzareno Formosa.jpg|thumb|120px|Reverend [[Nazzareno\n        Formosa]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ilya Garkavyi]], Soviet general (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Matvei Vasilenko]], Soviet komkor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Amelia\n        Earhart]], American aviator (missing on this date) (b. [[1897]]) \\n* [[July\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Boris Gorbachyov]], Soviet general (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n**\n        [[Bohdan Ihor Antonych]], Soviet poet (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Ernesto Badini]],\n        Italian opera singer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[William H. Carlton]],\n        American developer and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[\\u00c5ke Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish diplomat and lawyer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Oliver Law]],\n        American labor organizer and Army officer (killed in Spanish Civil War) (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[George Gershwin]], American composer (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Rodrigues Ottolengui]], American writer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Mykhailo Boychuk]], Soviet painter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Victor Laloux]],\n        French architect (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Julius Meier]], American\n        businessman and politician (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Joseph Taylor Robinson]], American\n        politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Walter Gay]], American painter\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Vladimir Kirillov]], Soviet poet (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Percy Gardner]], British archaeologist (b.\n        [[1846]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Julian Bell]], British poet (killed in Spanish\n        Civil War) (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Grigol Giorgadze]], Soviet historian, jurist\n        and politician (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Guglielmo Marconi]],\n        Italian-born inventor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Nazzareno Formosa]],\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] priest and reverend (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Paolo\n        Iashvili]], Soviet poet (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Varnava, Serbian\n        Patriarch]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[No\\u00eb Bloch]], Soviet\n        producer (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Alexander Hotovitsky.jpg|thumb|100px|Saint\n        [[Alexander Hotovitzky]]]]\\n[[File:Christos Christovasilis.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christos\n        Christovasilis]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Jean Louis Conneau]], French aviator\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Adeodato Barreto]], Portuguese poet (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n** [[F. C. S. Schiller]], German-British philosopher (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Martin R\\u00e1zus]], Czechoslovakian poet, writer and\n        politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Na Woon-gyu]], Korean actor,\n        director and screenwriter (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Edith Wharton]],\n        American writer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Sigizmund Levanevsky]],\n        Soviet aircraft pilot (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Alexander Hotovitzky]],\n        Soviet priest, missionary and saint (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Asaichi Isobe]], Japanese\n        army officer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Ivan Kataev]], Soviet novelist and writer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Owen Burns]], American entrepreneur (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n** [[Gelegdorjiin Demid]], Soviet political military figure (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Gervase Beckett]], British politician\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Christos Christovasilis]], Greek journalist\n        and author (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Andrew W. Mellon]], American\n        banker and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[August 30]]\\n**\n        [[Gaetano Bisleti]], Italian cardinal (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Tom\\u00e1s Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Garcia Rosado]], Portuguese general (b. [[1854]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Pierre\n        de Coubertin Anefo2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pierre de Coubertin]]]]\\n[[File:Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1\n        Garrigue Masaryk 1925.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk]]]]\\n[[File:Ray\n        Ewry 1908b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ray Ewry]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Virendranath\n        Chattopadhyaya]], Indian revolutionary hero (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Pierre de\n        Coubertin]], 2nd [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b.\n        [[1863]])\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Fran\\u00e7ois Guiguet]], French painter\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Daniel Alexander Cameron]], Canadian\n        politician (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Juan Campisteguy]], Uruguayan lawyer, soldier\n        and 25th [[President of Uruguay]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013\n        [[David Hendricks Bergey]], American bacteriologist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Harry Charles Purvis Bell]], British civil servant and commissioner\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Frank Alexander (actor)|Frank Alexander]],\n        American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** [[Moritz Geiger]], German\n        philosopher (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[G\\u00e9za Horv\\u00e1th]], Hungarian doctor\n        and entomologist (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Nazmi Ziya G\\u00fcran]],\n        Turkish painter (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Ellis Parker Butler]],\n        American humorist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161\n        Garrigue Masaryk]], Czechoslovakian politician, sociologist and philosopher,\n        1st [[President of Czechoslovakia]] (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Anders Bundgaard]], Danish sculptor (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Clifford Heatherley]],\n        British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Maksymilian Horwitz]],\n        Polish movement (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Lev Karakhan]], Soviet revolutionary hero\n        and diplomat (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Osgood Perkins]],\n        American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Roland]], American\n        actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Bessie Smith]], American\n        blues singer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Ray Ewry]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kuni Taka.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Prince\n        Kuni Taka]]]]\\n[[File:PeterPol.jpg|thumb|120px|Metropolitan [[Peter of Krutitsy]]]]\\n[[File:Ernest\n        Rutherford LOC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ernest Rutherford]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Prince Kuni Taka]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[October 3]] \\n** [[Baden Baden-Powell]],\n        American aviator pioneer (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Richard Hertwig]], German zoologist\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Angelo Musco (actor)|Angelo Musco]],\n        Italian actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[August de Boeck]], Flemish\n        composer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Peter of Krutitsy]], Soviet\n        [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and metropolitan (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kazimierz Novak]], Polish traveller (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Salvatore Micalizzi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable\n        (b.  [[1856]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[James Marcus (American actor)|James\n        Marcus]], American actor (b.  [[1867]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Jean de\n        Brunhoff]], French writer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[J. Bruce Ismay]],\n        British businessman (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio Parreiras]], Brazilian\n        painter and illustrator (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Pedro Chutro]],\n        Argentine physician (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Ernest Rutherford]], New Zealand physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nikolai Klyuev]], Soviet poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Dowbor-Mu\\u015bnicki]], Polish general (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October\n        27]]\\n** [[Joseph-F\\u00e9lix Bouchor]], French painter (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Abdul\n        Karim Khan]], Indian classical singer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Kazimierz Cichowski]], Polish-born Soviet politician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Mendel Khatayevich]], Soviet politician (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Ivan\n        Zhukov]], Soviet politician (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ramsay\n        MacDonald ggbain 35734.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ramsay MacDonald]]]]\\n[[File:JosephPetrovikh.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Metropolitan\n        Joseph (Petrovykh)]]]]\\n[[File:Professor Alexandr Glagolev.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint\n        [[Aleksandr Glagolev]]]]\\n[[File:Genden.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peljidiin Genden]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Ivar Bauck]], Norwegian general (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November\n        2]] \\u2013 [[F\\u00e9lix Gaffiot]], French philologist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November\n        4]]\\n** [[William Bennett (English politician)|William Bennett]], British\n        politician (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Alfred Walter Campbell]], Australian neurologist\n        (b.  [[1868]])\\n** [[Gustav Gartner]], Austrian pathologist (b. [[1855]])\\n**\n        [[Emil Hassler]], Swiss physician and botanist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Naoe Kinoshita]], Japanese Christian socialist (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Johnston Forbes-Robertson]], British stage actor (b.\n        [[1853]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Francis de Croisset]], Belgian-born French\n        playwright (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Ramsay MacDonald]], British\n        statesman, 2-time [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Nikolai Batalov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Ury\\u016b Sotokichi]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Mrs. Leslie Carter]] (Caroline Louise Dudley), American\n        actress  (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Prince Alexander of Hesse\n        and by Rhine (1933-1937)|Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]] (b. [[1933]])\\n**\n        [[N\\u00e9m\\u00e8se Garneau]], Canadian politician (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[November\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Jack Worrall]], Australian cricketer and coach (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Metropolitan Joseph (Petrovykh)]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Mikl\\u00f3s Kov\\u00e1cs (poet)|Mikl\\u00f3s Kov\\u00e1cs]],\n        Hungarian-born Yugoslav poet (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]],\n        Indian physicist (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[George Albert Boulenger]], Belgian naturalist\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Aleksandr Glagolev]], Russian [[Orthodox\n        priest]], religious philosopher and saint (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Alessandro Padoa]],\n        Italian mathematician (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Raymond Stanton Patton]], American\n        admiral and engineer, second Director of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic\n        Survey]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Peljidiin Genden]], Mongolian\n        political figure, 9th [[Prime Minister of Mongolia]] and 2nd [[President of\n        Mongolia]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Vsevolod Balitsky]], [[Leader\n        of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Eero Haapalainen]], Finnish Communist\n        leader and activist (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Felix Hamrin]], 22nd Prime Minister\n        of Sweden (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Vasyl Lypkivsky]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]]\n        and metropolitan (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Weinberg]], German physician\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Magn\\u00fas Gu\\u00f0mundsson]],\n        Icelandic politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Prosper\n        poullet.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prosper Poullet]]]]\\n[[File:Calugareanu.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dimitrie\n        C\\u0103lug\\u0103reanu]]]]\\n[[File:Maurice Ravel 1925.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maurice\n        Ravel]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Josep Comas i Sol\\u00e0]], Andorran astronomer\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Attila J\\u00f3zsef]], Hungarian poet\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Prosper Poullet]], Belgian politician, 26th [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Lewis (actor)|Ralph\n        Lewis]], American actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Hans Molisch]],\n        Czech-Austrian botanist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Lilias Armstrong]],\n        British phonetician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Gustaf Dal\\u00e9n]], Swedish physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Robert Bolder]], British actor (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[December 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Alfred Abel]], German actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Fabi\\u00e1n de la Rosa]], Filipino painter (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Giorgi Mazniashvili]], Soviet general (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Dimitrie C\\u0103lug\\u0103reanu]], Romanian physician, naturalist\n        and physiology (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Robert Worth Bingham]],\n        American politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Erich Ludendorff]],\n        German general (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Meliton Balanchivadze]],\n        Soviet composer (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Ted Healy]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Frank B. Kellogg]], [[United States Secretary of State]], recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Osman Nuri\n        Had\\u017ei\\u0107]], Yugoslav writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Newton D. Baker]], [[United States Secretary of War]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December\n        28]] \\n** [[Herbert Bullmore]], Scottish Rugby Union international, grandfather\n        of [[Kerry Packer]] (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Maurice Ravel]], French composer (''''Bolero'''')\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Frederik Beichmann]], Norwegian jurist\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Don Marquis]], American poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Hans Niels Andersen]], Danish businessman, founder of the [[East\n        Asiatic Company]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Dezs\\u0151 Czig\\u00e1ny]],\n        Hungarian painter (b. [[1883]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Clinton Joseph Davisson]], [[George\n        Paget Thomson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Haworth]], [[Paul Karrer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Albert Szent-Gy\\u00f6rgyi|Albert von Szent-Gy\\u00f6rgyi\n        Nagyrapolt]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Roger Martin\n        du Gard]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount\n        Cecil of Chelwood|Robert Cecil]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Links==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n*\n        [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1937-wwii-timeline.htm 1937 WWII\n        Timeline] \\n*[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1937/1937fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1937] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1937}}\\n[[Category:1937| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T17:31:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":799757258,\"length\":73865,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937\"},\"19283852\":{\"pageid\":19283852,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1938\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T18:24:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1938|the EP by Soul-Junk|1938 (EP)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1938}}\\n{{Year nav|1938}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1938}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg|thumb|95px|right|\n        [[January 20]]: [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]]]]\\n[[File:BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg|thumb|130px|right|\n        [[January 16]]: [[Benny Goodman]] in New York City]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        The [[California Golden Bears football#Bowl history|California Golden Bears]]\n        defeat the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 1938 Rose Bowl with a final score 13-0.\\n**\n        The Company 1938 OEM Industrial Groups is officially registered.\\n** The [[Constitution\n        of Estonia#Third Constitution (de facto 1938\\u20131940, de jure 1938\\u20131992)|new\n        constitution]] of [[Estonia]] enters into force, which many consider to be\n        the ending of the [[Era of Silence]] and the authoritarian regime.\\n** Sir\n        [[Alexander Cadogan]] succeeds Sir [[Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart|Robert\n        Vansittart]] as permanent under-secretary at the British Foreign Office; Vansittart\n        is \\\"kicked upstairs\\\" by being given the new and unimportant office of Chief\n        Diplomatic Advisor to the Government.\\n** The ''''[[Merrie Melodies]]''''\n        cartoon short ''''[[Daffy Duck & Egghead]]'''' is released, being the first\n        cartoon to give [[Daffy Duck]] his continuing name, as well as his second\n        appearance.\\n** Creation of [[state-owned enterprise|state-owned]] [[railroad]]\n        networks by merger in [[France]] ([[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Nationale des Chemins\n        de fer Fran\\u00e7ais]] – SNCF) and the [[Netherlands]] ([[Nederlandse\n        Spoorwegen]] – NS).{{cite web|title=Nederlandse Spoorwegen|url=http://nols-maatschappij.info/Exploitanten/Nederlandse-spoorwegen.htm|date=2011-06-12|accessdate=2011-12-27}}\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – The [[March of Dimes]] is established as a foundation\n        to combat infant [[polio]] by President of the United States [[Franklin D.\n        Roosevelt]].\\n* [[January 12]] – The German War Minister Field Marshal\n        [[Werner von Blomberg]] marries Eva Gruhn in Berlin; [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        is best man at the wedding.\\n* [[January 16]] – Two landmark live [[sound\n        recording]]s are produced this day: the very first of [[Symphony No. 9 (Mahler)|Mahler''s\n        Ninth]] by the [[Vienna Philharmonic]] under [[Bruno Walter]] in the face\n        of [[Anschluss|dire circumstance]]; and [[Benny Goodman]] and his orchestra\n        become the first jazz musicians to [[The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert|headline\n        a concert]] at [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York City.\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        King [[Farouk of Egypt]] marries Safinaz Zulficar, who becomes [[Farida of\n        Egypt|Queen Farida]], in [[Cairo]].\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Thornton Wilder]]''s\n        play ''''[[Our Town]]'''' is performed for the first time anywhere in [[Princeton,\n        New Jersey]]. It premieres in New York City on February 4.\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – A brilliant [[aurora borealis]] described variously as \\\"a curtain\n        of fire\\\" and a \\\"huge blood-red beam of light\\\" startles people across Europe\n        and is visible as far south as [[Gibraltar]].\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** The Niagara\n        Bridge at [[Niagara Falls, New York]] collapses due to an ice jam.\\n** German\n        War Minister Field Marshal [[Werner von Blomberg]] resigns following the revelation\n        that his new wife had previously posed for pornographic photos.\\n* [[January\n        28]] – The first [[ski tow]] in America begins operation in [[Vermont]].\\n[[File:Niagara\n        Falls, New York from Skylon Tower.jpg|thumb|200px|right| [[January 27]]: [[Niagara\n        Falls|Niagara Bridge]] collapses in ice.]]\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] abolishes the War Ministry and creates the [[Oberkommando\n        der Wehrmacht]] (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control\n        of the German military. In addition, Hitler dismisses political and military\n        leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General [[Werner\n        von Fritsch]] is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army\n        following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General [[Walther\n        von Brauchitsch]]. Foreign Minister Baron [[Konstantin von Neurath]] is dismissed\n        and replaced by [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]].\\n** Walt Disney''s ''''[[Snow\n        White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'''',\n        the first [[cel]]-animated feature in motion picture history, is released\n        in the United States following a premiere the previous year.\\n* [[February\n        6]] – Black Sunday at [[Bondi Beach]], [[Sydney]], Australia: 300 swimmers\n        are dragged out to sea in 3 freak waves; 80 [[lifesaving|lifesavers]] save\n        all but 5.\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Carol II of Romania]] takes dictatorial\n        powers.\\n* [[February 12]] – Chancellor [[Kurt von Schuschnigg]] of\n        Austria meets [[Adolf Hitler]] at [[Berchtesgaden]] and, under threat of invasion,\n        is forced to yield to German demands for greater [[Nazi]] participation in\n        the Austrian government.\\n* [[February 14]] – The British naval base\n        at [[Singapore]] begins operations.\\n* [[February 20]] – Sir [[Anthony\n        Eden]] resigns as British Foreign Secretary following major disagreements\n        with Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] over the best policy to follow\n        in regards to Italy, and is succeeded by [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord\n        Halifax]].\\n* [[February 24]] – A [[nylon]] bristle [[toothbrush]] becomes\n        the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** The [[Santa Ana River]] in [[California]] spills over its\n        banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County and causing\n        trouble as far inland as Palm Springs.{{cite web|title=Daily Pilot -\n        Serving Newport Beach & Costa Mesa, California |url=http://dailypilot.com/articles/2009/05/17/topstory/dpt-alookback051709.txt\n        |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gujSnck0?url=http://dailypilot.com/articles/2009/05/17/topstory/dpt-alookback051709.txt\n        |archivedate=May 20, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-05-18 |df=mdy }}\\n**\n        [[Petroleum|Oil]] is discovered in [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n** Sir [[Nevile Henderson]],\n        British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international\n        consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading\n        role) in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her\n        frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer.\\n* [[March 12]] – ''''[[Anschluss]]:''''\n        German troops occupy Austria; annexation is declared the following day.\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – French Premier [[L\\u00e9on Blum]] reassures the Czechoslovak\n        government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        in event of German invasion.\\n* [[March 15]] – Soviet Union announces\n        officially that [[Nikolai Bukharin]] has been executed.\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        Poland [[1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania|presents an ultimatum]] to [[Lithuania]],\n        to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the [[Vilnius\n        Region]].\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned [[Petroleum|oil]]\n        properties within its borders.\\n** General [[Werner von Fritsch]] is acquitted\n        of charges of homosexuality at his court-martial.\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        Italian mathematician [[Ettore Majorana]] disappears suddenly under mysterious\n        circumstances while travelling by ship from [[Palermo]] to [[Naples]].\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – At a meeting with [[Hitler]] in Berlin [[Konrad Henlein]]\n        is instructed to make increasing demands concerning the status of the [[Sudetenland]]\n        but to avoid reaching an agreement with the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]]\n        authorities.\\n* [[March 30]] – Italy''s ''''[[Duce]]'''' [[Benito Mussolini]]\n        is granted equal power over the Italian military to that of King [[Victor\n        Emmanuel III]] as [[First Marshal of the Empire]] held exclusively by Victor\n        Emmanuel and Mussolini.\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard\n        Daladier]] becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister\n        a leading advocate of the policy of [[appeasement]], [[Georges Bonnet]], effectively\n        negating Blum''s reassurances of March 14.\\n** In a result that astonished\n        even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approved [[Anschluss]]\n        by an overwhelming 99.73%.\\n* [[April 16]] – London and Rome sign an\n        agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia in return\n        for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its troops from Spain at the conclusion\n        of the civil war there.\\n* [[April 18]] – First appearance of [[Superman]]\n        (as a backup story), in ''''Action Comics'''' #1 (cover date June). The date\n        is established in court documents released during the legal battle over the\n        rights to Superman.\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Konstantin P\\u00e4ts]] becomes\n        the first [[President of Estonia]].\\n* [[April 25]] – ''''[[Erie Railroad\n        Co. v. Tompkins]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] overturns a century of federal\n        common law.\\n* [[April 28]] – The towns of [[Dana, Massachusetts|Dana]],\n        [[Enfield, Massachusetts|Enfield]], [[Greenwich, Massachusetts|Greenwich]],\n        and [[Prescott, Massachusetts|Prescott]] in [[Massachusetts]] are disincorporated\n        to make way for the [[Quabbin Reservoir]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 5]]\\n**\n        The [[Holy See|Vatican]] recognizes [[Francisco Franco]]''s government in\n        Spain.\\n** General [[Ludwig Beck]], Chief of the German Army''s General Staff,\n        submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing ''''[[Fall Gr\\u00fcn (Czechoslovakia)|Fall\n        Gr\\u00fcn]]'''' (Case Green), the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under\n        the grounds that Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result\n        from such an attack.\\n* [[May 12]] – U.S. Secretary of State [[Cordell\n        Hull]] rejects the Soviet Union''s offer of a joint defence pact to counter\n        the rise of Nazi Germany.\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Chile]] withdraws from the\n        [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[May 17]] – ''''[[Information Please]]''''\n        debuts on [[NBC Radio]] in the United States.\\n* [[May 19]] – [[May\n        Crisis 1938|May Crisis]] begins when [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] intelligence\n        receives reports of menacing [[Germany|German]] military concentrations. (It\n        later appears the reports are false.)\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        orders a partial mobilization of its armed forces along the German border.\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in a village in [[Okayama]],\n        [[Japan]], in the [[Tsuyama massacre]], the world''s worst [[spree killing]]\n        by an individual until 1982.\\n* [[May 23]] – No evidence of German troop\n        movements against [[Czechoslovakia]] is found and [[May Crisis 1938|May Crisis]]\n        subsides. [[Germany]] is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the\n        face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity but the\n        issue of the future of the [[Sudetenland]] is far from resolved.\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Alicante]] is [[Bombing of Alicante|bombed\n        by fascist rebels]], resulting in 313 deaths.\\n** The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        ambassador to the United States, A. A. Troyanovsky, declares Moscow ready\n        to defend [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n**[[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti]],\n        a notable sports venue in [[Argentina]], officially opens in [[Buenos Aires]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[May 28]] – In a conference at the [[Reich\n        Chancellery]], [[Hitler]] declares his decision to destroy [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Hitler]] issues a revised directive for ''''[[Fall Gr\\u00fcn\n        (Czechoslovakia)|Fall Gr\\u00fcn]]'''' (\\\"Case Green\\\") - the invasion of [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        - to be carried out by 1 October 1938.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June 5]] & [[June\n        7|7]] – [[1938 Yellow River flood]], created by the [[Nationalist government]]\n        in central [[China]] breaching embankments during the early stage of the [[Second\n        Sino-Japanese War]] in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of Japanese forces.\n        The floods kill at least 400,000, cover and destroy thousands of square kilometers\n        of farmland and shifts the mouth of the [[Yellow River]] hundreds of kilometers\n        to the south.\\n* [[June 11]] – Fire destroys 214 buildings in [[Ludza]],\n        [[Latvia]].\\n* [[June 15]] – [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 B\\u00edr\\u00f3]] patents\n        the [[ballpoint pen]] in Britain.\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Italy national\n        football team|Italy]] beats [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] 4\\u20132\n        to win the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938 World Cup]].\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Heavyweight]] [[boxing]] champion [[Joe Louis]] knocks out [[Max Schmeling]]\n        in the first round of their rematch at [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** The [[Civil Aeronautics Act]] is signed\n        into law, forming the [[Civil Aeronautics Authority]] as an independent agency\n        in the United States with effect from August 22.\\n** [[Marineland of Florida|Marineland]]\n        opens near [[St. Augustine, Florida]].\\n* [[June 24]] – A {{convert|sp=us|450|MT|ST|0|lk=on|adj=on}}\n        [[meteorite]] explodes about {{convert|sp=us|12|mi|km|0}} above the earth\n        near [[Chicora, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[June 25]] – Dr. [[Douglas Hyde]]\n        is elected the first [[President of Ireland]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n* July –\n        The [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] is built in Austria.\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[South African Press Association]] is established with offices in [[Cape\n        Town]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Durban]], [[Bloemfontein]] and [[Pretoria]].\\n*\n        [[July 3]]\\n** The [[steam locomotive]] ''''[[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|Mallard]]''''\n        sets the world speed record for steam by reaching 125.88 mph on the [[London\n        and North Eastern Railway]].\\n** The last reunion of the Blue and [[Confederate\n        States of America|Gray]] commemorates the 75th anniversary of the [[Battle\n        of Gettysburg]] in [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[July 5]] – The\n        [[Non-Intervention Committee]] reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign\n        volunteers from the [[Spanish Civil War]]. The agreement is respected by most\n        [[International Brigades|Republican foreign volunteers]], notably by those\n        from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany\n        and Italy.\\n* [[July 6]] – The [[Evian Conference|Evian Conference on\n        Refugees]] is convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept\n        Jews fleeing persecution and the United States will only take 27,370.\\n* [[July\n        14]] – [[Howard Hughes]] sets a new record by completing a 91-hour [[airplane]]\n        flight around the world.\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Wrong Way Corrigan]] takes\n        off from New York, ostensibly heading for California.  He lands in Ireland\n        instead.\\n* [[July 22]] – Britain rejected a proposal from its ambassador\n        in Berlin, [[Nevile Henderson]], for a four power summit on Czechoslovakia\n        consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R.  London would under\n        no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.\\n* [[July 24]]\n        – First ascent of the [[Eiger]] north face.\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** A [[1938\n        Greek coup d''\\u00e9tat attempt|revolt against]] the [[Ioannis Metaxas]] dictatorship\n        is put down in [[Chania]], Greece.\\n** ''''[[Hawaii Clipper]]'''' disappears\n        with six passengers and nine crew en route from [[Guam]] to [[Manila]].\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – The first ever issue of ''''[[The Beano]]'''' children''s\n        comic is published in Britain.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n*August – In the face\n        of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] withdraws\n        his government to [[Chungking]].\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Lord Runciman]],\n        sent by [[Neville Chamberlain]], arrives in [[Prague]] on his [[Runciman Mission|Mission]]\n        of mediation in the [[Sudetenland]] dispute.\\n* [[August 10]] – At a\n        secret summit with his leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck''s arguments\n        against ''''Fall Gr\\u00fcn'''', winning the majority of his senior officers\n        over to his point of view.\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** The [[Thousand Islands Bridge]],\n        connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by U.S. President [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]].\\n** Colonel General [[Ludwig Beck]], convinced that [[Hitler]]''s\n        decision to attack [[Czechoslovakia]] will lead to a general European war,\n        resigns his position as Chief of the Army General Staff in protest.\\n** [[Ewald\n        von Kleist-Schmenzin]] arrives in London looking for British support for an\n        anti-Nazi ''''putsch'''', using the looming crisis over the [[Sudetenland]]\n        as a pretext. His private mission is dismissed by [[Neville Chamberlain]]\n        as unimportant (Chamberlain refers to von Kleist as a \\\"Jacobite\\\"), but he\n        finds a sympathetic if powerless audience in [[Winston Churchill]].\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Hitler]], hosting a dinner on board the ocean liner ''''Patria''''\n        in [[Kiel Bay]], tells the Regent of Hungary, [[Admiral Horthy]], that action\n        against [[Czechoslovakia]] is imminent and that \\\"he who wants to sit at the\n        table must at least help in the kitchen\\\", a reference to Horthy''s designs\n        on [[Carpathian Ruthenia]].\\n* [[August 27]] – General Beck leaves office\n        as Chief of the General Staff; he is replaced by General [[Franz Halder]].\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[Lord Runciman]]''s mission to mitigate the [[Sudetenland]]\n        crisis begins to break down. British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]]\n        recalls the British Ambassador [[Nevile Henderson]] from Berlin, to instruct\n        Henderson to set up a personal meeting between Chamberlain and [[Hitler]].\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Winston Churchill]], still believing France and Britain\n        mean to honor their promises to defend [[Czechoslovakia]] against [[Nazi]]\n        aggression, suggests in a personal note to [[Neville Chamberlain]] that His\n        Majesty''s Government may want to set up a broad international alliance including\n        the United States (specifically mentioning U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        as possibly receptive to the idea) and the Soviet Union.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        September – The European crisis over German demands for annexation of\n        the [[Sudetenland|Sudeten]] borderland of [[Czechoslovakia]] heats up.\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – Soviet Ambassador to Britain [[Ivan Maisky]] calls\n        on [[Winston Churchill]], to tell him that Soviet Foreign Commissar [[Maxim\n        Litvinov]] has expressed to the French charg\\u00e9 d''affaires in Moscow that\n        the Soviet Union is willing to fight over the territorial integrity of [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – During the ceremony marking the unveiling of a plaque\n        at Pointe de Grave, France celebrating Franco-American friendship, American\n        Ambassador [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.|William Bullitt]] in a speech\n        states, \\\"France and the United States were united in war and peace\\\", leading\n        to much speculation in the press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia,\n        then the United States would join the war on the Allied side.\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Czechoslovakia]]n President [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]] invites mid-level\n        representatives of the [[Sudeten Germans]] to the [[Hrad\\u010dany]] palace,\n        to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the\n        [[Sudetenland]] remains part of the [[Republic of Czechoslovakia]].\\n* [[September\n        6]] – What eventually proves to be the last of the \\\"[[Nuremberg Rallies]]\\\"\n        begins. It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed [[Hitler]],\n        in his closing remarks, will signal whether there will be peace with or war\n        over [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n* [[September 7]] – ''''[[The Times]]''''\n        publishes a lead article which calls on [[Czechoslovakia]] to cede the [[Sudetenland]]\n        to Germany.\\n* [[September 9]] – U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt''s speech at a press conference\n        at the White House. Roosevelt states it is \\\"100% wrong\\\" the U.S. would join\n        a \\\"stop-Hitler bloc\\\" under any circumstances and makes it quite clear that\n        in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the U.S. would remain\n        neutral.\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]], in a speech\n        at [[Nuremberg]], calls the [[Czechs]] a \\\"miserable pygmy race\\\" who are\n        \\\"harassing the human race.\\\" That same evening, [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]], President\n        of [[Czechoslovakia]], makes a broadcast in which he appeals for calm.\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Hitler]] makes his much-anticipated closing address\n        at [[Nuremberg]], in which he vehemently attacks the [[Czechs|Czech]] people\n        and President [[Bene\\u0161]]. American news commentator [[H. V. Kaltenborn|Hans\n        von Kaltenborn]] begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the\n        [[CBS]] Radio Network with a summation of Hitler''s address.\\n* [[September\n        13]] – The followers of [[Konrad Henlein]] begin an armed revolt against\n        the Czechoslovak government in [[Sudetenland]]. Martial law is declared and\n        after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored. [[Neville\n        Chamberlain]] personally sends a telegram to [[Hitler]] urgently requesting\n        that they both meet.\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Neville Chamberlain]] arrives\n        in [[Berchtesgaden]] to begin negotiations with [[Hitler]] over the [[Sudetenland]].\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Lord Runciman]] is recalled to London from [[Prague]]\n        in order to brief the British government on the situation in the [[Sudetenland]].\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Neville Chamberlain]] returns temporarily to London\n        to confer with his cabinet. The U.S.S.R. [[Red Army]] masses along the Ukrainian\n        frontier. Rumania agrees to allow Soviet soldiers free passage across her\n        territory to defend Czechoslovakia.\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**During a meeting\n        between [[Neville Chamberlain]], the recently elected Premier of France, [[\\u00c9douard\n        Daladier]], and Daladier''s Foreign Minister, [[Georges Bonnet]], it becomes\n        apparent neither the British nor the French governments are prepared to go\n        to war over the [[Sudetenland]]. The [[Soviet Union]] declares it will come\n        to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to\n        defend Czechoslovak independence.\\n**Mussolini makes a speech in Trieste,\n        Italy where he indicates that Italy is supporting Germany in the Sudeten crisis.\\n*\n        [[September 21]]\\n** In the early hours of the day, representatives of the\n        French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]]\n        to tell him France and Britain will not fight [[Hitler]] if he decides to\n        annex the [[Sudetenland]] by force. Late in the afternoon the Czechoslovak\n        government capitulates to the French and British demands.\\n** [[Winston Churchill]]\n        warns of grave consequences to European security if [[Czechoslovakia]] is\n        partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar [[Maxim Litvinov]] makes\n        a similar statement in the [[League of Nations]].\\n** The [[1938 New England\n        hurricane]] strikes [[Long Island]] and southern New England, killing over\n        300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether.\\n** Following the\n        capitulation of the Czech government to Germany''s demands, both Poland and\n        Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside.\\n*\n        [[September 22]]\\n** Unable to survive the previous day''s capitulation to\n        the demands of the English and French governments, Czechoslovak premier [[Milan\n        Hod\\u017ea]] resigns. General [[Jan Syrov\\u00fd]] takes his place.\\n** [[Neville\n        Chamberlain]] arrives in the city of [[Bad Godesberg]] for another round of\n        talks with [[Hitler]] over the [[Sudetenland]] crisis. Hitler raises his demands\n        to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1. That\n        night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and advises\n        the Czechoslovaks to mobilize.\\n** [[Olsen and Johnson]]''s musical comedy\n        revue ''''[[Hellzapoppin (musical)|Hellzapoppin]]'''' begins its 3-year run\n        on Broadway.\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** The Czechoslovak army mobilizes.\\n**\n        As the Polish army masses along the Czech border the [[Soviet Union]] warns\n        Poland if it crosses the Czech frontier Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression\n        pact between the two countries void.\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** Sir [[Eric Phipps]],\n        British Ambassador to France, reports to London, \\\"all that is best in France\n        is against war, almost at any price\\\", being opposed only by a \\\"small, but\n        noisy and corrupt, war group\\\". Phipps''s report creates major doubts about\n        the ability and/or willingness of France to go to war.\\n** At 1:30 AM, [[Adolf\n        Hitler]] and [[Neville Chamberlain]] conclude their talks on the [[Sudetenland]].\n        Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler''s demands, codified in the [[Godesberg\n        Memorandum]], personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects\n        the demands, as does Chamberlain''s own cabinet. The French Government also\n        initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilization of the French\n        army.\\n* [[September 26]] – In a vitriolic speech at Berlin''s Sportpalast,\n        Hitler defies the world and implies war with [[Czechoslovakia]] will begin\n        at any time.\\n* [[September 28]] – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline\n        for occupation of the [[Sudetenland]] approaches, [[Adolf Hitler]] invites\n        Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier and British\n        Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] to one last conference in [[Munich]].\n        The Czechs themselves are not invited.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** Colonel [[Graham\n        Christie]], former British military attach\\u00e9 in Berlin, is told by [[Carl\n        Friedrich Goerdeler]] that the mobilization of the [[Royal Navy]] has badly\n        damaged the popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that\n        ''''[[Fall Gr\\u00fcn (Czechoslovakia)|Fall Gr\\u00fcn]]'''' is likely to cause\n        a world war.\\n** [[Munich Agreement]]: German, Italian, British and French\n        leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the [[Sudetenland]]\n        in [[Czechoslovakia]]. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from\n        the negotiations and is not a signatory to the agreement.\\n** The [[Republic\n        of Hatay]] is declared in [[Syria]]\\n* [[September 30]] – Neville Chamberlain\n        returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler and declares \\\"[[Peace for\n        our time]]\\\".\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* October – The [[Imperial Japanese\n        Army]] largely overruns [[Guangzhou|Canton]].\\n* [[October 1]] – German\n        troops march into the [[Sudetenland]]. The Polish government gives the Czech\n        government an ultimatum stating that [[Zaolzie]] region must be handed over\n        within twenty-four hours. The Czechs have little choice but to comply. Polish\n        forces occupy Zaolzie.\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[1938 Tiberias massacre|Tiberias\n        massacre]]: Arab raiders murder 19 Jewish immigrants.\\n** Disgusted with [[Neville\n        Chamberlain]]''s conduct at Munich, [[Duff Cooper]] resigns his post as [[First\n        Lord of the Admiralty]]. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the\n        [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] on the [[Munich Agreement]], but with\n        Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty''s\n        Government will receive a vote of confidence.\\n* [[October 3]] – Production\n        of the Jefferson nickel begins in the United States, replacing the Buffalo\n        nickel (last struck in April). The new nickel is released on November 15.Bowers,\n        Q. David (2007). ''''A Guide Book of Buffalo and Jefferson Nickels''''. Atlanta,\n        Ga.: Whitman Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7948-2008-4}}.\\n* [[October 4]]\n        – The Republican forces in the [[Spanish Civil War]] begin withdrawing\n        their foreign volunteers from combat as agreed on July 5.\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**[[Edvard\n        Bene\\u0161]], president of [[Czechoslovakia]], resigns.\\n**[[Nuremberg Laws]]\n        In Nazi Germany, Jews'' passports are invalidated and those who need a passport\n        for emigration purposes are given one marked with the letter J (\\\"Jude\\\" \\u2013\n        \\\"Jew\\\").[http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/crucial_year.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        Nazi Germany and the Jews: 1938 \\u2013 \\u201cThe Fateful Year\\u201d] on the\n        [[Yad Vashem]] website\\n* [[October 10]] – The [[Blue Water Bridge]]\n        opens, connecting [[Port Huron, Michigan]] and [[Sarnia, Ontario]].\\n* [[October\n        16]] – [[Winston Churchill]], in a broadcast address to the United States,\n        condemns the [[Munich Agreement]] as a defeat and calls upon America and western\n        Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler.\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish\n        government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who\n        are forced to live in the no-man''s land on the German-Polish frontier.\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – In direct contravention of the recently signed [[Munich\n        Agreement]], [[Adolf Hitler]] circulates among his high command a secret memorandum\n        stating that they should prepare for the \\\"liquidation of the rest of [[Czechoslovakia]]\\\"\n        and the occupation of [[Klaip\\u0117da Region|Memel]].\\n* [[October 24]]\\n**\n        The [[minimum wage]] is established by law in the United States.\\n** French\n        Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] carries out a major purge of the [[Ministry\n        of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)|Ministry of Foreign\n        Affairs]], dismissing or exiling a number of anti-appeasement officials such\n        as [[Pierre Comert]] and [[Ren\\u00e9 Massigli]].\\n** At a \\\"friendly luncheon\\\"\n        in [[Berchtesgaden]], German foreign minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] tells\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Lipski]], the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the [[Free City\n        of Danzig]] must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial\n        rights in the [[Polish Corridor]], and that Poland must sign the [[Anti-Comintern\n        Pact]].\\n* [[October 27]]\\n**[[DuPont]] announces a name for its new synthetic\n        yarn: \\\"[[nylon]]\\\".\\n** Jews with Polish citizenship are evicted from Nazi\n        Germany.\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Orson Welles]]''\n        radio adaptation of ''''[[The War of the Worlds (radio drama)|The War of the\n        Worlds]]'''' is broadcast, causing panic in various parts of the United States.\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – [[Great Depression]]: In an effort to try restore investor\n        confidence, the [[New York Stock Exchange]] unveils a 15-point program aimed\n        to upgrade protection for the investing public.\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:The\n        day after Kristallnacht.jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[November 9]]-[[November 10|10]]:\n        [[Night of Broken Glass]].]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Horse racing]]: [[Seabiscuit]]\n        defeats [[War Admiral]] by four lengths in their famous match race at [[Pimlico\n        Race Course]] in [[Baltimore]].\\n* [[November 2]] – Arising from The\n        Munich Agreement Hungary is \\\"[[First Vienna Award|awarded]]\\\" the [[Felvidek]]\n        region of South [[Slovakia]] and Ruthenia.\\n* [[November 4]] – At a\n        public meeting in [[Epping, Essex|Epping]], [[Winston Churchill]] narrowly\n        survives an attempt by fellow Conservative and constituent Sir [[Colin Thornton-Kemsley]]\n        to remove him from Parliament.{{clarify|date=November 2014}}\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Ernst vom Rath]], the Third Secretary at the German Embassy\n        in Paris, is assassinated by [[Herschel Grynszpan]].\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Holocaust]] – [[Kristallnacht]]: In Germany, the \\\"night of broken\n        glass\\\" begins as [[Nazism|Nazi]] activists and sympathizers loot and burn\n        Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed,\n        267 [[synagogue]]s burned, 91 Jews killed and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).[http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/kristallnacht/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        It Came From Within... 71 Years Since Kristallnacht] - Online exhibition from\n        Yad Vashem, including survivor testimonies, archival footage, photos and stories.\\n*\n        [[November 10]]\\n** On the eve of [[Armistice Day]], [[Kate Smith]] sings\n        [[Irving Berlin]]''s ''''[[God Bless America]]'''' for the first time on her\n        weekly radio show.\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] becomes the second\n        president of [[Turkey]].\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] forms\n        the new government of [[Turkey]]. (10th government; Celal Bayar had served\n        twice as a prime minister)\\n* [[November 12]] – French Finance Minister\n        [[Paul Reynaud]] brings into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French\n        productivity (thus aiming to undo the economic weaknesses which led to Munich),\n        and undoes most of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front.\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** Britain formally recognises Italy''s control of Ethiopia. In return\n        Mussolini agrees to withdraw 10,000 troops from Spain.\\n** [[LSD]] is first\n        synthesized by [[Albert Hofmann]] from ergotamine at the Sandoz Laboratories\n        in Basel.[[Albert Hofmann]]; translated from the original German (LSD\n        Ganz Pers\\u00f6nlich) by J. Ott. [http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06346hof.html\n        MAPS-Volume 6, Number 69, Summer 1969].\\n** The first reported \\\"attack\\\"\n        of the [[Halifax Slasher]] [[mass hysteria]] incident in England.\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[Trade union]] members elect [[John L. Lewis]] as the first\n        president of the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] informs\n        [[L\\u00e9on No\\u00ebl]], the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should\n        find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** The Czechoslovak parliament elects [[Emil H\\u00e1cha]] as the new\n        president of Czechoslovakia.\\n** [[Benito Mussolini]] and his Foreign Minister\n        Count [[Galeazzo Ciano]] order \\\"spontaneous\\\" demonstrations in the Italian\n        Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and\n        French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian\n        relations that lasts until March 1939.\\n** [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]], leader\n        of the Romanian fascist [[Iron Guard]], is murdered on the orders of King\n        [[Carol II of Romania]]. Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard\n        leaders are \\\"shot while trying to escape\\\".\\n** A general strike is called\n        in France by the [[French Communist Party]] to protest the laws of November\n        12.\\n\\n===December===\\n* December – President Roosevelt agrees to loan\n        $25 million to [[Chiang Kai-shek]], cementing the Sino-American relationship\n        and angering the Japanese government.\\n* [[December 1]] – Slovakia granted\n        the status of an autonomous state under the Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso.\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]\n        visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister [[Georges\n        Bonnet]] that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany''s\n        exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet''s alleged statement (he subsequently\n        always denies making the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German\n        policy in 1939.\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary\n        election, 1938|Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election]]: The opposition\n        gains votes but not seats.\\n** Following elections in the Lithuanian city\n        of Memel the Lithuanian Nazi party wins over 90% of the votes.\\n* [[December\n        13]] – The [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] opens near [[Hamburg]].\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – Government of the [[Netherlands]] closes its border\n        to refugees.\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** The cornerstone of the [[Voortrekker Monument]]\n        is laid in [[Pretoria]].\\n** [[MGM]] releases its successful film version\n        of [[Charles Dickens]]''s ''''[[A Christmas Carol]]''''.\\n* [[December 17]]\n        – [[Otto Hahn]] discovers the [[nuclear fission]] of uranium, the scientific\n        and technological basis of [[nuclear power]], which marks the beginning of\n        the [[Atomic Age]]. \\n* [[December 23]] – A [[coelacanth]], a fish thought\n        to have been [[extinct]], is caught off the coast of South Africa near [[Chalumna\n        River]].\\n* [[December 27]] – A massive avalanche of snow hits a construction\n        worker dormitory site in [[Kurobe]], Japan, killing 87.\\n* [[December 30]]\n        – The [[ballet]] ''''[[Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)|Romeo and Juliet]]''''\n        with music by [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]] receives its first full performance\n        at the [[Mahen Theatre]] in [[Brno]], [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n* Establishment of Majlis [[Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya]] by [[Khalifat-ul Masih]]\n        II, [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad]], the second [[Caliph]] of the [[Ahmadiyya\n        Muslim Community]].\\n* In [[West Java]], Daeng Soetigna tunes the traditional\n        [[pentatonic]] [[angklung]] to play the [[diatonic]] [[Scale (music)|scale]].\\n*\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] is ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine''s \\\"[[Time\n        Person of the Year|Man of the Year]]\\\", as the most influential person of\n        the year.\\n* The [[Walther P38]] pistol is introduced in Germany.\\n* The [[Schomburgk''s\n        deer]] becomes extinct by this date.\\n* [[Herbert E. Ives]] and G. R. Stilwell\n        execute the [[Ives\\u2013Stilwell experiment]], showing that [[ion]]s radiate\n        at [[Frequency|frequencies]] affected by their motion.{{cite journal|last=Ives|first=Herbert\n        E.|author2=Stilwell, G. R.|year=1938|title=An Experimental Study of the Rate\n        of a Moving Atomic Clock|journal=[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]]|volume=28|issue=7|pages=215\\u201319|bibcode=1938JOSA...28..215I|url=http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-28-7-215|accessdate=2011-09-23|doi=10.1364/JOSA.28.000215}}\\n*\n        Family plots produce 22% of all [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] agricultural produce\n        on only 4% of all cultivated land.\\n* Women are limited by law to a maximum\n        of 10% of the better-paying jobs in industry and government in Italy.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:President\n        Masum in Iran.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fuad Masum]]]]\\n[[File:Busto de Juan Carlos\n        I de Espa\\u00f1a (2009).jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]]]]\\n[[File:Morihiro\n        Hosokawa cropped 1 Morihiro Hosokawa 19930927.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Morihiro Hosokawa]]]]\\n[[File:Prinses-beatrix-okt-15-s.jpg|thumb|100px|\n        Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Robert Jankel]],\n        British coachbuilder (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Frank Langella]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Fuad Masum]], 7th [[President of Iraq]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Farouk El-Baz]],\n        Egyptian American space scientist\\n** [[Ian Brady]], British serial killer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Hans Herbj\\u00f8rnsrud]], Norwegian author\\n** [[Goh Kun]],\n        Mayor of Seoul\\n** [[Bohumil Nemecek]], Czechoslovakian Olympic boxer (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Dana Ulery]], American computer scientist\\n* [[January 5]]\n        – King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]]\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Mario Rodr\\u00edguez\n        Cobos]] aka \\\"Silo\\\", Argentine author and spiritualist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Roland Topor]], French illustrator (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Bob Eubanks]], American game show host\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        [[Gary Starkweather]], American inventor \\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Donald Knuth]],\n        American mathematician and computer scientist\\n** [[Willie McCovey]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[January 11]] \\n** [[Fischer Black]], American economist\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Alastair Morton]], British railway executive (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]]\\n** [[Teresa del Conde]], Mexican art critic and historian\\n**\n        [[Lewis Fiander]], Australian actor\\n** [[Noel McNamara]], Australian justice\n        campaigner and commentator\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Paavo Heininen]], Finnish\n        composer\\n** [[Nachi Nozawa]], Japanese voice actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Shivkumar\n        Sharma]], Indian musician\\n** [[Daevid Allen]], Australian musician (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]]\\n** [[Jack Jones (singer)|Jack Jones]], American singer and\n        actor\\n** [[Allen Toussaint]], American musician and composer (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Morihiro Hosokawa]], Japanese politician and 50th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[John Bellairs]], American writer (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Curt Flood]], American baseball player (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Derek Dougan]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Wolfman Jack]], American disc-jockey and actor (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Georg Baselitz]], German painter and\n        sculptor\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Gyula Torok]], Hungarian Olympic boxer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Etta James]], American singer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Shotaro Ishinomori]], Japanese author, Father of \\\"Henshin heroes\\\" (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n** [[Vladimir Vysotsky]], Russian singer-songwriter, poet, actor\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Tomas Lindahl]], Swedish biochemist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Shuji\n        Tsurumi]], Japanese men''s artistic gymnast\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Islam\n        Karimov]], [[President of Uzbekistan]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\n**\n        Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]\\n** [[Lynn Carlin]], American actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Gammoudi.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mohammed\n        Gammoudi]]]]\\n[[File:SzaboIstvan1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Istv\\u00e1n Szab\\u00f3]]]]\\n[[File:philknightfootball.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil\n        Knight]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Sherman Hemsley]], American comedian\n        and actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Max Alvis]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Frank J. Dodd]], American businessman\n        and politician, president of the [[New Jersey Senate]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Prentice Gautt]], American football player (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Bevan Congdon]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Mohammed\n        Gammoudi]], Tunisian Olympic athlete\\n** [[Simone de Oliveira]], Portuguese\n        actress and singer\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Judy Blume]], American author\\n*\n        [[February 13]] – [[Oliver Reed]], English actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Lee Chamberlin]], African-American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] \\n** [[Barry Primus]], American actor\\n** [[John Corigliano]],\n        American composer\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Yvonne Romain]], English actress\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Istv\\u00e1n Szab\\u00f3]], Hungarian film director\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Mu\\u00f1oz]], Cuba-born actor, Mexico-based\n        telenovela/film screenwriter (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[James\n        Farentino]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Phil Knight]], American sportswear\n        entrepreneur\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Herb Elliott]], Australian runner\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Jake Thackray]], English singer-songwriter (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Tupua_Tamasese_Tupuola_Tufuga_Efi_00.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tufuga\n        Efi]]]]\\n[[File:Ricardo Lagos 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricardo Lagos Escobar]]]]\\n[[File:Nureyev\n        Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rudolf Nureyev]]]]\\n[[File:Nobel Laureate Sir\n        Anthony James Leggett in 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony James Leggett]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Tufuga Efi]], Samoa political figure, 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Samoa]] and [[O le Ao o le Malo]] of Samoa\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Ricardo\n        Lagos Escobar]], [[President of Chile]]\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Angus MacLise]],\n        American musician, occultist and calligrapher; drummer for [[The Velvet Underground]]\n        (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Don Perkins]], American football player\\n** [[Paula Prentiss]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[David Baltimore]], American biologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Janet Guthrie]],\n        American race car driver\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Bruno Pizzul]], Italian\n        sports journalist\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Charles Siebert]], American actor\n        and director\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Erma Franklin]], American singer (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Eleanor Bron]], English actress\\n* [[March\n        17]]\\n** [[Rudolf Nureyev]], Russian-born dancer and choreographer (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Keith O''Brien|Keith Michael Patrick O''Brien]], Roman Catholic prelate;\n        Archbishop of Edinburgh\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Timo M\\u00e4kinen]], Finnish\n        racing driver (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Shashi Kapoor]], Indian actor, director,\n        and producer\\n** [[Charley Pride]], American baseball player and country musician\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Joe Kapp]], American football player and coach\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Fritz Pleitgen]], German television journalist and author\\n*   March\n        21   – [[Luigi Tenco]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Maynard Jackson]], American mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[David Irving]], English historian and author \\n* [[March\n        25]] – [[Hoyt Axton]], American country music singer-songwriter and\n        actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Anthony James Leggett]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 30]]\n        – [[Klaus Schwab]], German economist and founder of the [[World Economic\n        Forum]]\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Joel Godard]], American announcer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Edmund\n        G Brown Jr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kofi\n        Annan]]]]\\n[[File:Claudia Cardinale, Women''s World Awards 2009 b.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Claudia\n        Cardinale]]]]\\n[[File:Nino Benvenuti.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giovanni Benvenuti]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[John Quade]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April\n        2]] – [[John Larsson]], the 17th General of [[The Salvation Army]]\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Jeff Barry]], American record producer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[A. Bartlett Giamatti]], American president of Yale University\n        and baseball commissioner (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Jerry Brown]],\n        American politician and lawyer, [[Governor of California]]\\n** [[Spencer Dryden]],\n        American rock drummer ([[Jefferson Airplane]]) (d. 2005)\\n** [[Freddie Hubbard]],\n        American jazz trumpeter (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Jerre Levy]], American psychologist\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Kofi Annan]], Ghanaian [[Secretary-General of the United\n        Nations]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Viktor\n        Chernomyrdin]], Russian politician (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Don Meredith]], American\n        football player and broadcaster (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Deaver]], American [[Deputy White House Chief of Staff]] in the Reagan administration\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Kurt Moll]], German bass\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Roger\n        Caron]], Canadian author\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Frederic Rzewski]], American\n        composer and pianist\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Claudia Cardinale]], Tunisian-born\n        Italian actress\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Kerry Wendell Thornley]], American\n        counterculture figure, writer and co-founder of [[Discordianism]] (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Stanley Fish]], American literary theorist and legal\n        scholar\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Betty Cuthbert]], Australian track athlete (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Tam\\u00e1si Eszter]], Hungarian television announcer and actress\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Alan Bond]], English-born Australian businessman\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Issey Miyake]], Japanese fashion designer\\n** [[Adam Raphael]],\n        English journalist and editor\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Giovanni Benvenuti]],\n        Italian Olympic boxer\\n** [[Duane Eddy]], American rock guitarist\\n** [[Maurice\n        Williams and the Zodiacs|Maurice Williams]], African American doo-wop vocalist\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Bernard Madoff]], American financial fraudster\\n** [[Larry\n        Niven]], American author\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 2]] – King [[Moshoeshoe\n        II of Lesotho]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Tyrone Davis]], American\n        singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Henry Fambrough]], American singer\n        (The Spinners)\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Fritz-Albert Popp]], German biophysicist\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Luana Anders]], American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Francine Pascal]], American novelist and playwright\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Jason Bernard]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 22]]\n        – [[Richard Benjamin]], American actor\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[William Bolcom]],\n        American composer and music arranger\\n** [[Pauline Parker]], New Zealand convicted\n        murderer  \\n** [[Teresa Stratas]], Canadian operatic soprano\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Jerry West]], American basketball player and executive\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Eugene Belliveau]], Canadian football defensive lineman\\n*\n        [[May 31]]\\n** [[Johnny Paycheck]], American country singer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Yarrow]], American singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:BillyMills cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Mills]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Khawar Rizvi]], Pakistani Poet and Scholar\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Karin Balzer]], German athlete\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Prince Luiz of Orl\\u00e9ans-Braganza]], [[pretender]] to the\n        [[Brazil]]ian [[Brazilian Imperial Family|throne]]\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Goose\n        Gonsoulin]], American football player\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Mack Vickery]],\n        American musician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Tom Oliver]], Australian\n        actor\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Shelby Stephenson]], American poet\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Billy Williams (left fielder)|Billy Williams]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[June 16]] – [[James Bolam]], British actor\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Wahoo McDaniel]], American football player and professional wrestler (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Ian Smith (actor)|Ian Smith]], Australian actor\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Ron Ely]], American actor (''''Tarzan'''')\\n** [[Mario Minieri]],\n        Italian professional road bicycle racer\\n** [[Celia Rodriguez]], Filipina\n        actress\\n** [[Rosemary S. Pooler]], U.S. federal judge\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Octavian Vintil\\u0103]], Romanian fencer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Dick Cochran]],\n        American track athlete\\n** [[John Gerovich]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Roger Davis (American football)|Roger Davis]], former professional American\n        football player\\n** [[Charles McDew]], American activist\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Boris Lagutin]], Soviet boxer\\n** [[Edoardo Vianello]], Italian singer,\n        composer and actor\\n** [[Lawrence Block]], American crime write\\n** [[Charles\n        Howerton]], American actor\\n** [[Abulfaz Elchibey]], Azerbaijani political\n        figure, 2nd [[President of Azerbaijan]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 25]] \\n**\n        [[Paul Dijoud]], ex-minister of state for Monaco\\n** [[Enver Yulgushov]],\n        Russian professional football coach and a former player\\n** [[Augusto Barbera]],\n        Italian judge and former constitutional law professor\\n** [[James Feast]],\n        British chemical scientist and academic\\n** [[Mick Allen (rower)|Mick Allen]],\n        Australian rower\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Gene Gaines]], American football (soccer)\n        player\\n** [[Ken Monteith]], Canadian politician\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Jake\n        Crouthamel]], American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator\\n**\n        [[Bob Baxt]], Australian lawyer\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Peter \\u010ceferin]],\n        Slovenian attorney\\n** [[Sergio Silvagni]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[John Byner]], American actor, comedian, and impressionist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Wollen]], British film theorist and filmmaker\\n** [[Herbert Polzhuber]],\n        Austrian fencer and modern pentathlete\\n** [[J\\u00f3zsef Gelei]], Hungarian\n        former professional football player and manager\\n** [[Giampaolo Menichelli]],\n        Italian footballer, who played as a winger\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Billy Mills]],\n        American Olympic athlete\\n** [[Michael Nudelman]], Israeli politician\\n**\n        [[Gene Prebola]], American football tight end\\n** [[Mirko Novosel]], Croatian\n        basketball player, referee and coach\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:BrianDennehyJul2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian\n        Dennehy]]]]\\n[[File:Natalie Wood publicity 1963.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natalie\n        Wood]]]]\\n[[File:Al Fujimori.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alberto Fujimori]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Ilana Karaszyk]], Israeli Olympic runner and long jumper\\n** [[Susan\n        Maughan]], English singer\\n** [[Diane Ravitch]], American historian of education,\n        an educational policy analyst\\n** [[Durai Murugan]], Indian lawyer and politician\\n**\n        [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], Indian classical flutist\\n** [[Dick Rutan]], record-breaking\n        aviator who piloted the Voyager\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[C. Kumar N. Patel]], Indian\n        electrical engineer\\n** [[Don Choate]], American former professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[Joseph Anthony Galante]], American prelate\\n** [[Frank G. Wisner]],\n        American businessman and former diplomat\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Ron Fogg]],\n        English former professional footballer\\n** [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt III]],\n        American economist and academic\\n** [[Sjaak Swart]], Dutch footballer\\n**\n        [[Bolo Yeung]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Bill Withers]], American\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[Cyril Mitchley]], South African cricket player,\n        umpire and match referee\\n** [[Ernie Pieterse]], South African racing driver\\n*\n        [[July 5]]\\n** [[Vera Oelschlegel]], German singer, actress, artistic director,\n        drama director and professor of drama\\n** [[Warren Livingston]], American\n        football cornerback\\n** [[Paul Van Riper]], United States Marine Corps officer\\n**\n        [[James Bond (speedway rider)|James Bond]], British motorcycle speedway rider\\n*\n        [[July 6]]\\n** [[Tony Lewis]], English cricketer\\n** [[Uli Maslo]], German\n        football player and manager\\n** [[Oleh Bazylevych]], Ukrainian footballer,\n        football (soccer) coach, and sport administrator\\n** [[Stuart Young (cricketer)|Stuart\n        Young]], English cricketer\\n** [[Luana Patten]], American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]] \\n** [[Ray Gripper]], Rodesian cricketer\\n** [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]],\n        Botswana politician\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Andrey Myagkov]], Soviet/Russian\n        film and theater actor\\n** [[Roger Palin]], Royal Air Force commander.\\n**\n        [[Bill Spanswick]], American professional baseball player\\n** [[Paul Cronin]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Vojtech Masn\\u00fd]], Slovak football player\\n** [[Justin\n        Leiber]], American philosopher and science fiction writer.  \\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Faanya Rose]], British-American business woman, conservationist, philanthropist,\n        and explorer\\n** [[Liya Akhedzhakova]], Russian actress \\n** [[Brian Dennehy]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Robert Fields]], American actor\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Vera\n        Shebeko]], Russian anchorwoman\\n** [[David Hugh Mellor]], English philosopher\\n**\n        [[Julio Londo\\u00f1o Paredes]], Colombian Army Lieutenant Colonel and diplomat\\n**\n        [[Tura Satana]], Japanese-born American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 11]]\n        \\n** [[Ted Schreiber]], American former professional baseball player\\n** [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed\n        Krampol]], Czech actor\\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Lin Shllaku]], Albanian footballer\\n**\n        [[Matt Ravlich]], Canadian ice hockey defenceman\\n** [[Stanley Meads]], rugby\n        union footballer\\n** [[Wieger Mensonides]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Thomas Savundaranayagam]], Sri Lanka Tamil priest and former Roman Catholic\n        Bishop of Jaffna\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Lillian Malkina]], Soviet and Russian\n        actress\\n** [[Tommy Vig]], Hungarian composer, arranger, vibraphonist\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Enrique Figuerola]], sprinter from Cuba\\n* [[July 16]]\\n**\n        [[Cynthia Enloe]], American feminist writer, theorist, and professor\\n** [[Colin\n        Rice]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July 17]] – [[J. R. Gray]],\n        American politician\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Valery Kerdemelidi]], artistic gymnast\n        from Russia\\n** [[Hampton Fancher]], American actor\\n** [[Britt Leach]], American\n        character actor\\n** [[Ian Stewart (musician)|Ian Stewart]], Scottish musician\n        ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Paul Verhoeven]], Dutch film\n        director\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Sergio Martino]], Italian film director and\n        producer\\n** [[Jayant Narlikar]], Indian astrophysicist\\n* [[July 20]]\\n**\n        [[David Pratt (cricketer)|David Pratt]], English cricketer\\n** [[Roger Hunt]],\n        English footballer\\n** [[Diana Rigg]], English actress\\n** [[Natalie Wood]],\n        American actress (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Dale Hackbart]], American\n        football defensive back\\n** [[Vladimir Radionov]], Russian football player,\n        coach and official\\n** [[Janet Reno]], American lawyer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July\n        22]] – [[Mark Rakita]], Russian sabreur and coach from the Soviet era\\n*\n        [[July 23]]\\n** [[Juliet Anderson]], American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Ronny\n        Cox]], American actor\\n** [[Bert Newton]], Australian actor and television\n        show host\\n** [[G\\u00f6tz George]], German actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 24]]\n        – [[Eugene J. Martin]], American painter, artist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Gary Gygax]], American author and game designer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]]\\n** [[Luis Aragon\\u00e9s]], Spanish football player and manager\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Alberto Fujimori]], [[President of Peru]]\\n* [[July 29]]\n        \\n**[[Anthony Joseph Burgess]], Papua New Guinean Roman Catholic bishop (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n**[[Peter Jennings]], Canadian-born television news reporter (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Kuchmaukraine.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leonid Kuchma]]]]\n        \\n[[File:KennyRogers0042-rededit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenny Rogers]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Martin in 2011 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Bounnhang Vorachith\n        2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bounnhang Vorachith]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] –\n        [[Edward Sokoine]], 2nd Prime Minister of Tanzania (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[August\n        3]] – Sir [[Terry Wogan]], Irish-British radio broadcaster and television\n        presenter/personality (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Otto Rehhagel]],\n        German football player and manager\\n** [[Connie Stevens]], American actress,\n        singer and businesswoman\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Leonid Kuchma]], [[President\n        of Ukraine]]\\n** [[Rod Laver]], Australian tennis player\\n* [[August 10]]\n        – [[Grit Boettcher]], German actress\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**[[Stephen Breyer]],\n        [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n**[[Janusz\n        A. Zajdel]], Polish writer (d. [[1985]])\\n**[[Bounnhang Vorachith]], Laotian\n        politician \\n* [[August 16]] – [[Bill Masterton]], Canadian hockey player\n        (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**[[Valentin Mankin]], Ukrainian Soviet sailor,\n        Olympic triple champion and silver medalist (d. [[2014]])\\n**[[Diana Muldaur]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Alain Vivien]], French politician\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Kenny Rogers]], American country singer\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Paul Maguire]], American football player\\n* [[August 24]]\\n**\n        [[Halld\\u00f3r Bl\\u00f6ndal]], Icelandic politician\\n** [[David Freiberg]],\n        American musician ([[Quicksilver Messenger Service]] and [[Jefferson Starship]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Susan Harrison]], American actress\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Maurizio Costanzo]], Italian television news reporter\\n** [[Paul Martin]],\n        21st [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Robert Rubin]],\n        American banker who served as the 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Martin Bell]], British journalist and politician\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Romy\n        Schneider 1973.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Romy Schneider]]]]\\n[[File:Wim_Kok_2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wim\n        Kok]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Per Kirkeby]], Danish artist\\n* [[September\n        2]]\\n** [[Clarence Felder]], American actor\\n** [[Giuliano Gemma]], Italian\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Ry\\u014dji Noyori]], Japanese\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Dennis Oppenheim]], American artist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Kenichi Horie]], Japanese adventurer\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**\n        [[David Hamilton (broadcaster)|David Hamilton]], British radio and TV personality\\n**\n        [[Tomasi Puapua]], 2nd Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Angus\n        Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton|Angus Alan Douglas Douglas-Hamilton]],\n        15th Duke of Hamilton/12th Duke of Brandon (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[John Smith\n        (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]], Scottish politician (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Gaylord Perry]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 18]]\n        – [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]], Kannada writer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Gene Mingo]], American football player\\n* [[September 23]]\\n**\n        [[Tom Lester]], American actor and evangelist\\n** [[Romy Schneider]], Austrian\n        actress (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Celestino Rocha da Costa]],\n        2nd Prime Minister of S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 and Pr\\u00edncipe (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Jonathan Motzfeldt]], [[Prime Minister of Greenland]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Ben E. King]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Wim Kok]], Dutch politician, 48th [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]\n        from 1994 until 2002\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kuczynski Pedro Pablo (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pedro\n        Pablo Kuczynski]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher Lloyd May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher\n        Lloyd]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Stella Stevens]], American actress and\n        model\\n* [[October 3]] \\n** [[Eddie Cochran]], American rock and roll singer\n        (d. [[1960]])\\n** [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], President of Peru \\n* [[October\n        4]] – [[Kurt W\\u00fcthrich]], Swiss chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Bronislovas Lubys]], 5th Prime\n        Minister of Lithuania (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Heinz Fischer]],\n        Austrian politician\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Christiane H\\u00f6rbiger]],\n        Austrian television and film actress\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Farah Diba]],\n        Empress of Iran\\n** [[Ron Lancaster]], Canadian Football League quarterback\n        and coach (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Fela Kuti]], Nigerian\n        musician and activist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Carl Gunter, Jr.]],\n        Louisiana State Representative (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Nico]], German-American\n        singer (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Evel Knievel]], American\n        motorcycle daredevil (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Dawn Wells]],\n        American actress\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Iain Macmillan]], ''''[[Abbey\n        Road]]'''' photographer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Christopher\n        Lloyd]], American actor\\n* [[October 23]] – [[H. John Heinz III]], U.S.\n        Senator (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Claude Mini\\u00e8re]], French\n        [[essayist]] and [[poet]]\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Anne Perry]], English-born\n        novelist\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Ralph Bakshi]], Israeli cartoonist, film\n        director, and video producer\\n** [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], 24th [[President\n        of Liberia]]\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Ed Lauter]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Spain.QueenSofia.01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Queen\n        Sof\\u00eda of Spain]]]]\\n[[File:Benjamin_William_Mkapa_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2010_-_3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benjamin\n        Mkapa]]]]\\n[[File:Camorra Jean Seberg.png|100px|thumb|[[Jean Seberg]]]]\\n[[File:Ted\n        Turner LF.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Ted Turner]]]]\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Pat Buchanan]],\n        American political operative, journalist, pundit and one-time presidential\n        candidate\\n** [[David Lane (white nationalist)|David Lane]], American white\n        nationalist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Queen Sof\\u00eda of Spain]]\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Frank McKinney]], American competition swimmer (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[En\\u00e9as Carneiro]], Brazilian politician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Joe Dassin]], French singer (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Ionatana Ionatana]], 5th\n        Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Mack Jones]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Branko Mikasinovich]], [[Serbs|Serbian]]-American\n        journalist\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Michael Schultz]], American film director\n        and producer\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Ants Antson]], Estonian speed skater\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Benjamin Mkapa]], 3rd [[President\n        of Tanzania]]\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Jean Seberg]], American actress\n        (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Robert Nozick]], American philosopher\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Gordon Lightfoot]], Canadian folk\n        singer\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Ted Turner]], American entrepreneur\\n*\n        [[November 24]]\\n**[[Oscar Robertson]], American basketball player\\n**[[Charles\n        Starkweather]], American spree killer (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Porter J. Goss]], American politician and Central Intelligence Agency director\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Connie\n        Francis 1961.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Connie Francis]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Snell 1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter\n        Snell]], 1964 Olympic gold medalist]]\\n[[File:Jon Voight 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon\n        Voight]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Luis Artime]], Argentine footballer\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Andre V. Marrou]], U.S. Presidential candidate\\n** [[Yvonne\n        Minton]], Australian soprano\\n* [[December 5]] – [[JJ Cale]], American\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Ken Delo]], American singer (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[John Kufuor|John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor]], [[President of Ghana]]\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Connie Francis]], American singer and actress\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Heino]], German singer\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        [[Billy Shaw]], American football player\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Frank Deford]],\n        American sportswriter\\n** [[Liv Ullmann]], Norwegian actress\\n* [[December\n        17]]\\n** [[Carlo Little]], British drummer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Peter Snell]],\n        New Zealand athlete\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Roger E. Mosley]], African-American\n        actor\\n* [[December 20]] – [[John Harbison]], American composer\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Brian Locking]], English bassist ([[The Shadows]])\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Bob Kahn]], American Internet pioneer\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Bobby Henrich]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Duane\n        Armstrong]], American painter\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Lagumot Harris]],\n        Nauruan politician and President (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Jon Voight]], American actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Michael Leader]],\n        British actor (d. 2016)\\n* [[Yusuf Lodhi]], Pakistani editor and cartoonist\n        (d. 1996)\\n* [[Neila Sathyalingam]], Singaporean classical Indian dancer,\n        choreographer and instructor (d. 2017)\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80\n        %D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Vladimir\n        Beneshevich]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[George H. Collin]], American politician\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Henry Victor Deligny]], French general\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Arturo Berutti]], Argentinian composer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Paola Drigo]], Italian novelist and\n        writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Karel Baxa]], Czechoslovakian\n        politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\n** [[Johnny Gruelle]], American\n        cartoonist and children''s book author (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Christian Rohlfs]],\n        German painter (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[William McCall (actor)|William\n        McCall]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Juan de la\n        Cierva y Pe\\u00f1afiel]], Spanish lawyer and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Isidore Konti]], Austrian-born Hungarian sculptor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Vladimir Beneshevich]], Soviet scholar and martyr (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[\\u00c9mile Cohl]], French caricaturist and animator\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Georges M\\u00e9li\\u00e8s]], French\n        film director (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Sergei Buturlin]],\n        Soviet ornithologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[J. P. Dahlen]],\n        Swedish worker and politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Bernd\n        Rosemeyer]], German racing driver (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 29]] –\n        [[Armando Palacio Vald\\u00e9s]], Spanish writer (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] – [[Marcella Cosgrave]], Irish nationalist leader (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Prince\n        Nicholas of Greece and Denmark.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Prince Nicholas of\n        Greece and Denmark]]]]\\n* [[February 6]] – [[George Auriol]], French\n        poet (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Harvey Firestone]], American\n        tire manufacturer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Mikhail Batorsky]],\n        Soviet komkor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark]]\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Arturo Caprotti]], Italian engineer\n        and architect (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Richard A. Whiting]],\n        American composer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Kazimierz Twardowski]],\n        Polish philosopher and logician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Hal\n        De Forrest]], Portuguese-born American actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – [[T. D. Crittenden]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\n** [[David King Udall]], American politician (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]], Argentine writer and journalist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 19]]\n        – [[Edmund Landau]], German mathematician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Matvei Petrovich Bronstein]], Soviet physicist (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Andreas\n        Michalakopoulos 1927.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Andreas Michalakopoulos]]]]\\n[[File:Cevat\n        Pasha.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Cevat \\u00c7obanl\\u0131]]]]\\n[[File:Laksminath\n        Bezbaruah.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] – [[Gabriele D''Annunzio]], Italian writer, war hero, and politician\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[William Blomfield]], New Zealand cartoonist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Ben Harney]], American composer and pianist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Andreas Michalakopoulos]], Greek politician and 47th\n        [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Ahn Changho]],\n        Korean independence activist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Lyda\n        Roberti]], Polish actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Cevat \\u00c7obanl\\u0131]],\n        Ottoman military commander and Turkish army officer (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Clarence\n        Darrow]], American attorney (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\n** [[Alexei Rykov]],\n        [[Premier of Russia]] and the [[Soviet Union]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Nikolai\n        Bukharin]], Soviet politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Lidia\n        Charskaya]], Soviet actress and writer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Ma\\u011fjan Jumabayev]], Soviet writer and pedagogue  (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Martin Burrell]], Canadian politician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Oscar Apfel]], American actor and director (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]], Indian writer, dramatist, novelist,\n        poet and editor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[William Stern (psychologist)|William\n        Stern]], German psychologist and philosopher (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 29]]\n        – [[Marcel Bloch (aviator)|Marcel Bloch]], Swiss aviator (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Khoren\n        I of Armenia.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|Patriarch [[Khoren I of Armenia]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Louis-Henri Foreau]], French painter (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Reine Davies]], American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Khoren I of Armenia]], Catholicos of the [[Armenian Apostolic\n        Church]] and patriarch (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Joe \\\"King\\\"\n        Oliver]], American jazz musician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Manuel\n        Carrasco Formiguera]], Spanish lawyer and politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Feodor Chaliapin]], Soviet bass (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – [[Gillis Grafstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish figure skater (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Vallejo]], Peruvian poet (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Steve Bloomer]], English footballer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]]\\n** [[Sultan Majid Afandiyev]], Soviet revolutionary and statesman\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Allama Iqbal]], Indian philosopher and poet (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[George Grey Barnard]], American sculptor (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Aleksander \\u015awi\\u0119tochowski]], Polish writer\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Edmund Husserl]], Austrian philosopher\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Carl von Ossietzky.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Carl\n        von Ossietzky]]]]\\n[[File:Cao Kun.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Cao Kun]]]]\\n* [[May\n        4]] – [[Carl von Ossietzky]], German pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Thomas B. Thrige]], Danish\n        industrialist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Benjamin Abrah\\u00e3o\n        Botto]], Brazilian photographer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Charles\n        \\u00c9douard Guillaume]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Miguel Cabanellas]], Spanish\n        army officer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Aaron Daggett]], American general during\n        [[American Civil War]] (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Cao Kun]], 6th\n        [[President of the Republic of China]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Fred\n        Baker (physician)|Fred Baker]], American physician (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Lewis\n        Bayly (Royal Navy officer)|Lewis Bayly]], British admiral (b. [[1857]])\\n**\n        [[Ivan Mrkvi\\u010dka]], Czechoslovakian-born Bulgarian painter (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Mikhail Babushkin]], Soviet polar aviator (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[William Glackens]], American painter (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Frederick Ruple]], American painter (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Rafael Colliander]], Finnish journalist and politician\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[John Jacob Abel]], American pharmacologist\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Miguel Fleta]], Spanish tenor (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kirchner\n        1919 portrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]]]]\\n[[File:Maria\n        Obligado.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Mar\\u00eda Obligado de Soto y Calvo]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Tulio Febres Cordero]], Venezuelan writer and journalist\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Oscar Bystrom (actor)|Oscar Bystrom]],\n        Swedish actor (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Jen\\u0151 Dsida]], Hungarian\n        poet and translator (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[John Broadbent]],\n        British army officer and politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Ernst\n        Ludwig Kirchner]], German painter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[George\n        E. Barnett]], American economist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Obligado de Soto y Calvo]], Argentinian painter\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Mathilde\n        Comont]], French-born American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Clement\n        Edwards]], British lawyer, journal and activist (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[William\n        Gillespie (actor)|William Gillespie]], British actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[C. Yarnall Abbott]], American photographer (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[James Weldon Johnson]], American author, politician,\n        and diplomat (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Shlomo Ben-Yosef]], Israeli\n        Zionist leader (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]], American\n        railway magnate (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Harvey Clark.gif|thumb|right|110px|[[Harvey\n        Clark (actor)|Harvey Clark]]]]\\n[[File:Franz I von Liechtenstein.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz\n        I, Prince of Liechtenstein]]]]\\n[[File:TomCreanPortrait.jpeg|thumb|right|110px|[[Tom\n        Crean (explorer)|Tom Crean]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Carrie Daumery]], Dutch-born\n        American actress (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[John James Burnet]],\n        British architect (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Otto Bauer]], Austrian\n        Social Democratic politician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Suzanne Lenglen]], French\n        tennis champion (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Archibald Berkeley Milne]], British admiral\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Benjamin N. Cardozo]], United States\n        Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Abel Adams]],\n        Finnish producer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Robert Wiene]], German\n        director (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Harvey Clark (actor)|Harvey\n        Clark]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[George Martley\n        Davis]], Australian politician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Pedro\n        Figari]], Uruguay, painter, writer and politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July\n        25]]\\n** [[Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein]] (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[K\\u014dsaku\n        Hamada]], Japanese academic, archaeologist and author (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Tom Crean (explorer)|Tom Crean]], Irish seaman and Antarctic\n        explorer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Yakov Alksnis]], Soviet aviator\n        and commander of Red Army Air Forces (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Yakov\n        Davydov]], Soviet general (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Peter David\n        Edstrom 1922.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter David Edstrom]]]]\\n\\n* [[August\n        1]] – [[Edmund Charles Tarbell]], American artist (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Edmund Duggan (playwright)|Edmund Dunggan]], Irish-born Australian\n        actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Pearl White]], American actress\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Warner Oland]], Swedish actor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Konstantin Stanislavsky]], Soviet theatre\n        practitioner (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[W. W. Conner]], American\n        politician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Peter David Edstrom]],\n        American sculptor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Hugh Trumble]],\n        Australian test cricketer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Sergey Aydarov]],\n        Soviet actor (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Robert Johnson]], American blues singer (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Tomasz D\\u0105bal]], Polish activist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Eduard Lepin]], Latvian-born Soviet\n        general (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Carlos Echandi]], Costa Rican\n        surgeon (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Frank Hawks]], American aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Teodor Axentowicz]], Polish-born Soviet painter (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[B\\u00e9la Kun]], Hungarian Communist\n        leader (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:A.E. Breen Portrait.png|thumb|110px|Reverend\n        [[Andrew Breen]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Arthur of Connaught colour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince\n        Arthur of Connaught]]]]\\n[[File:Mariat.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Maria Teresa\n        of St. Joseph]]]]\\n[[File:Aurelio Giorni.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Aurelio Giorni]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        of Paul Olaf Bodding (1865-1938).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Olaf Bodding]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Nikolai Bryukhanov]], Soviet statesman and political\n        figure who served as People''s Commissar of Finances (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] – [[Gustav Adolf Closs]], German illustrator and painter (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907-1938)|Alfonso\n        de Borb\\u00f3n y Battenberg]], [[Prince of Asturias]], former heir apparent\n        to the [[Kings of Spain|throne of Spain]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September 8]]\n        – [[Cecilio Apostol]], Filipino poet and laurate (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[Andrew Breen]], American [[Roman Catholic]] priest and reverend\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]] (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Robert L. Bacon]], American politician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Yannoulis Chalepas]], Greek sculptor (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Thomas Wolfe]],\n        American author (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Herman Baltia]], Belgian\n        general (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Valerie Bergere]], French-born American actress\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Bruno Jasie\\u0144ski]], Polish\n        poet (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Pauline Frederick]], American\n        actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Maria Teresa of St. Joseph]],\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] \\n** [[Andrew Arbuckle (actor)|Andrew Arbuckle]], American\n        actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Ivana Brli\\u0107-Ma\\u017eurani\\u0107]], Yugoslav\n        writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Philbert Maurice d''Ocagne]],\n        French engineer and mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Aurelio Giorni]], Italian\n        composer and pianist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Silouan the\n        Athonite]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]] and saint (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September\n        25]]\\n** [[Paul Olaf Bodding]], Norwegian missionary to India and creator\n        of the [[Santali Latin alphabet]] (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Anna Laurens Dawes]],\n        American author and suffragist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Con\n        Conrad]], American composer (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Le g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral\n        Averescu, commandant du 1er corps d%27arm%C3%A9e roumain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexandru\n        Averescu]]]]\\n[[File:Tejada s-6d1d4-ea69a-33ed0.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Luis Tejada Sorzano]]]]\\n[[File:200px-Faustina.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Faustina\n        Kowalska]]]]\\n[[Image:E. C. Segar.png|thumb|110px|right|[[E.C. Segar]]]]\\n[[Image:ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Ernst\n        Barlach]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Alexandru Averescu]], Romanian soldier\n        and politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Richard Teller Crane II]], American diplomat (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Tejada Sorzano]], Bolivian lawyer and\n        politician, 40th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\n**\n        [[Faustina Kowalska]], Polish nun and saint, the ''''Secretary of [[Divine\n        Mercy]]'''' (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Albert Ranft]], Swedish theatre director and\n        actor (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand\n        Duke of Russia]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[E. C. Segar]],\n        American comics artist and creator of [[Popeye]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] – [[Charles Dalmas]], French architect (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        17]]\\n** [[Eshref Frasheri]], Albanian politician (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Kautsky]], Austrian Marxist theoretician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\n**\n        [[Ni\\u00f1o Fidencio]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Fushimi Hiroyoshi]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[Chrysostomos\n        I of Athens]], Greek priest and metropolitan (b.  [[1868]])\\n** [[May Irwin]],\n        Canadian actress and singer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Ernst Barlach]],\n        German sculptor and poet (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Gilbert Greenall, 1st Baron Daresbury]],\n        British businessman (b.  [[1867]])\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Raoul Bensaude]],\n        French phyisician (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Alfonsina Storni]], Argentine poet (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Lascelles Abercrombie]], British poet and\n        critic (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Alma Gluck]], American soprano (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]]\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Franco|Ramon Franco]], Spanish aviation pioneer\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Fred Kohler]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Robert Woolsey]], American film comedian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\n** [[Sakari Ainali]], Finnish farmer, businessman and politician (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Jean Degoutte]], French general, leader of [[World War I]]\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ataturk mirror.png|thumb|110px|[[Mustafa\n        Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]]]]\\n[[File:Kaarlo Castr%C3%A9n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kaarlo\n        Castren]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Charles Weeghman]], American restaurateur\n        and owner of [[Chicago Cubs]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Samuel\n        W. Bryant]], American admiral (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Prince\n        Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Vasily\n        Blyukher]], Soviet military commander (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Ernst vom Rath]],\n        German diplomat (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Mustafa Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]],\n        1st [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] and 1st [[President of Turkey]] (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[James Barr (physician)|James Barr]], American physician\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Kaarlo Castren]], Finnish politician\n        and 4th [[Prime Minister of Finland]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 20]]\\n**\n        [[Arthur Elliott (photographer)|Arthur Elliott]], South African photographer\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Maud of Wales]], Queen of [[Haakon VII of Norway]] (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Sahachiro Hata]], Japanese bacteriologist\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Otto von Lossow]], Bavarian and\n        German general (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]],\n        Romanian fascist, leader of the [[Iron Guard]] (executed along other Guard\n        activists) (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:AnnieWalkerArmstrong.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Annie\n        Armstrong]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Thomas Octavius Callender]], British\n        engineer and businessman (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[F\\u00e9lix\n        C\\u00f3rdova D\\u00e1vila]], Puerto Rican political figure (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Gonzalo Bilbao]], Spanish painter (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]] – [[Anna Marie Hahn]], German-born American serial killer\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Paul Morgan (actor)|Paul Morgan]],\n        Austrian actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Christian Lous Lange]],\n        Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Maurice Emmanuel]], French composer (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]]\\n** [[Antonio Rafael Barcelo]], Puerto Rican lawyer, business\n        and politician (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Valery Chkalov]], Soviet aircraft pilot\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Ed Davis (criminal)|Ed Davis]],\n        American criminal (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Annie Armstrong]],\n        American [[Christian missions|missionary]] leader (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December\n        25]]\\n** [[Karel \\u010capek]], Czech author (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Richard Henry\n        Cummings]], American actor (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Theodor Fischer (architect)|Theodor\n        Fischer]], German archicture (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Calvin\n        Bridges]], American scientist (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Osip Mandelstam]], Soviet\n        poet (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Florence Lawrence]], Canadian\n        actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Eugenia de Reuss Ianculescu]],\n        Romanian teacher, writer and activist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 31]] –\n        [[Lucien Grant Berry]], American general (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Harry Grant Dart]], American cartoonist (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Enrico\n        Fermi]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Richard Kuhn]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Corneille\n        Jean Fran\\u00e7ois Heymans]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Pearl S. Buck]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Nansen International\n        Office for Refugees]], [[Geneva]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1938-wwii-timeline.htm\n        1938 WWII Timeline]\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1938/1938fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1938] – from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1938-pictures.html 1938 Coin Pictures]\\n*\n        [http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/crucial_year.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        1938 \\u2013 \\u201cThe Fateful Year\\u201d for the Jews in Nazi Germany] - About\n        the Holocaust- Yad Vashem\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1938}}\\n[[Category:1938| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T18:24:32Z\",\"lastrevid\":799765956,\"length\":85749,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1938&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938\"},\"34614\":{\"pageid\":34614,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1939\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T05:28:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1939|the 1989 film|1939 (1989 film)|the\n        2009 film|Glorious 39}}\\n{{Events by month|1939}}\\n{{Year nav|1939}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n[[File:Herd St Post Office (4420435469).jpg|thumb|The year\n        1939]]\\n{{Year article header|1939}} This year also marks the start of the\n        [[Second World War]], the deadliest conflict in human history. \\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\nBelow, events of [[World War II]] have the WWII prefix.\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n* [[January 3]] – [[EFE]], a [[news agency]], based in\n        [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], officially founded.{{citation needed|date=December  2016}}\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Amelia Earhart]] is officially declared dead after\n        her disappearance.\\n* [[January 6]] – ''''[[Naturwissenschaften]]''''\n        publishes evidence that [[nuclear fission]] has been achieved by [[Otto Hahn]].\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – [[Black Friday (1939)|Black Friday]]: 71 people die\n        across [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in one of Australia''s worst ever\n        [[bushfires in Australia|bushfires]].\\n* [[January 23]] – \\\"Dutch War\n        Scare\\\": Admiral [[Wilhelm Canaris]] of the ''''[[Abwehr]]'''' leaks misinformation\n        to the effect that Germany plans to invade the Netherlands in February, with\n        the aim of using Dutch air-fields to launch a strategic bombing offensive\n        against Britain. The \\\"Dutch War Scare\\\" leads to a major change in British\n        policies towards Europe.\\n* [[January 24]] – An [[1939 Chill\\u00e1n\n        earthquake|earthquake]] kills 30,000 in [[Chile]], and razes about {{convert|50000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[Refik Saydam]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]].\n        (11th government)\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Spanish Civil War]]: Spanish Nationalist\n        troops, aided by Italy, take [[Barcelona]].\\n** In Paris, French Foreign Minister\n        [[Georges Bonnet]], in response to rumours (which are true) that he is seeking\n        to end the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, gives a speech highlighting\n        his government''s commitment to the ''''[[cordon sanitaire]]''''.\\n* [[January\n        27]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] orders [[Plan Z]], a 5-year naval expansion\n        programme intended to provide for a huge German fleet capable of crushing\n        the [[Royal Navy]] by 1944. The ''''[[Kriegsmarine]]'''' is given the first\n        priority on the allotment of German economic resources.\\n* [[January 30]]\n        – Hitler gives a speech before the ''''Reichstag'''' calling for an\n        \\\"export battle\\\" to increase German foreign exchange holdings. The same speech\n        also sees Hitler''s \\\"prophecy\\\" where he warns that if \\\"Jewish financers\\\"\n        start a war against Germany, the...result will be the annihilation of the\n        Jewish race in Europe\\\".\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Alyssamcpherson.jpg|thumb|150px|right|\n        [[February 21]]: [[Golden Gate International Exposition]] opens.]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – Hungary joins the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]].\\n* [[February 6]]\\n**\n        British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] states in the House of Commons\n        that any German attack on France will be automatically considered an attack\n        on Britain.\\n** In a response to [[Georges Bonnet]]''s speech of January 26,\n        German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], referring to Bonnet''s\n        alleged statement of December 6, 1938, accepting Eastern Europe as being in\n        Germany''s exclusive sphere of influence, protests that all French security\n        commitments in that region are \\\"now off limits\\\".\\n* [[February 10]] \\n**\n        Spanish Nationalists complete their offensive in [[Catalonia]].\\n** [[Pope\n        Pius XI]] dies of a heart attack in Rome.\\n* [[February 15]] – ''''[[Stagecoach\n        (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'''' premieres in New York City and Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – The [[Golden Gate International Exposition]] opens\n        in San Francisco.\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** The United Kingdom and France recognize\n        [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]''s government.\\n** [[Borley Rectory]] in England\n        is destroyed by fire.\\n** [[Sitdown strike|Sit-down strikes]] are outlawed\n        by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* March –\n        The [[1936\\u201339 Arab revolt in Palestine]] ends.\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        An [[Imperial Japanese Army]] ammunition dump explosion on the outskirts of\n        [[Osaka]] kills 94.\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] (Cardinal Pacelli)\n        succeeds [[Pope Pius XI]] as the 260th pope.\\n* [[March 3]] \\n** In [[Bombay]],\n        [[Mohandas Gandhi]] begins a fast protesting against British rule in India.\\n**\n        Students at [[Harvard University]] demonstrate the new tradition of swallowing\n        [[goldfish]] to reporters.\\n** In [[Durban]], South Africa the [[Timeless\n        Test]] begins between England and South Africa, the longest game of cricket\n        ever played. It is abandoned twelve days later when the English team has to\n        catch the last ferry home.\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] advises [[Jozef\n        Tiso]] to declare Slovakia''s independence in order to prevent its partition\n        by Hungary and Poland.\\n** Irish writer [[Brian O''Nolan|Flann O''Brien]]''s\n        comic [[metafiction]] ''''[[At Swim-Two-Birds]]'''' is published in London\n        but attracts little attention at this time.\\n* [[March 14]] – The [[Slovakia|Slovak]]\n        provincial assembly proclaims independence; priest [[Jozef Tiso]] becomes\n        the president of the independent Slovak government.\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        German troops occupy the remaining part of [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]]; [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        ceases to exist. The Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia declares independence\n        as [[Carpatho-Ukraine]].\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** Princess [[Fawzia Fuad of Egypt]]\n        marries Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] of Iran.\\n** Hungary invades Carpatho-Ukraine;\n        final resistance ends on [[March 18]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** British Prime Minister\n        [[Neville Chamberlain]] gives a speech in [[Birmingham]], stating that Britain\n        will oppose any effort at world domination on the part of Germany.\\n** The\n        nationalist governments of Spain and Portugal sign the [[Iberian Pact]] in\n        Lisbon, pledging mutual defence of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and [[Country\n        neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] in the event of a general\n        European war.\\n* [[March 18]] – \\\"Romanian War Scare\\\": Virgil Tilea,\n        the Romanian Minister in London, spreads false rumours that [[Romania]] is\n        on the verge of a German attack.\\n* [[March 19]] – Hitler sends a registered\n        letter to the government of Lithuania stating that Germany intends to annex\n        the port of Memel.\\n* [[March 20]] – At an emergency meeting in London\n        to deal with the Romanian crisis, French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]]\n        suggests to [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]] that the ideal\n        state for saving Romania from a German attack is Poland.\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        In London: the [[Ordo Templi Orientis]] publish [[Aleister Crowley]]''s ''''Eight\n        Lectures on Yoga''''.\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** After an [[1939 German ultimatum\n        to Lithuania|ultimatum of March 20]], [[Nazi Germany]] takes [[Klaip\\u0117da\n        Region|Memelland]] from [[Lithuania]].\\n** In the U.S., undefeated [[LIU Blackbirds\n        men''s basketball|LIU]] tops undefeated [[Loyola Ramblers|Loyola of Chicago]]\n        in the championship game of the second annual [[1939 National Invitation Tournament|National\n        Invitation Tournament]], 44\\u201332.  LIU''s 24\\u20130 final record is the\n        first [[perfect season]] of [[college basketball]]''s postseason tournament\n        era.\\n* [[March 23]] – The [[Slovak\\u2013Hungarian War]] begins.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – Marks the seventh successive year of the worldwide boycott\n        of all German exports initiated by front page declarations in Britain and\n        the U.S. ''Judea declares war on Germany''\\n* [[March 27]] – The [[University\n        of Oregon]] defeats [[Ohio State University]] 46\\u201333 in [[Evanston, Illinois]],\n        to win the championship of the first [[NCAA Men''s Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA\n        men''s basketball tournament]].\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** Dictator [[Francisco Franco]]\n        assumes power in [[Madrid]], remaining in power until [[1975]].\\n** American\n        adventurer [[Richard Halliburton]] delivers a last message from a Chinese\n        junk, before he disappears on a voyage across the Pacific Ocean. In 1945,\n        some wreckage identified as a rudder and believed to belong to the junk, washed\n        ashore in [[San Diego]], [[California]].\\n* [[March 31]] – Neville Chamberlain\n        gives a speech in the House of Commons offering the British \\\"guarantee\\\"\n        of the independence of Poland.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 1]] \\n** The [[Spanish\n        Civil War]] comes to an end when the last of the Republican forces surrender.\\n**\n        The rumor that [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] is dead sweeps the United States as\n        millions of [[CBS]] radio listeners hear the F\\u00fchrer cut off in mid-speech\n        during a shortwave relay of his address at the dedication of the [[German\n        battleship Tirpitz|''''Tirpitz'''']] in [[Wilhelmshaven]].{{cite book|authorlink=William\n        L. Shirer|first=William L.|last=Shirer|title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Third\n        Reich]]''''}} \\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] orders the German\n        military to start planning for [[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall Wei\\u00df]], the codename\n        for the invasion of Poland.\\n** [[Refik Saydam]] forms the new government\n        in [[Turkey]] (12th government; Refik Saydam had served twice as a prime minister).\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Faisal II of Iraq|Faisal II]] becomes King of [[Iraq]] at\n        age 3 following the death of his father, [[Ghazi of Iraq|Ghazi]], in an automobile\n        incident.\\n** The [[Slovak\\u2013Hungarian War]] ends with Slovakia ceding\n        eastern territories to Hungary.\\n** Polish Foreign Minister Colonel [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Beck]], in London, signs a treaty designed to bilateralize [[Neville Chamberlain]]''s\n        \\\"Polish Guarantee\\\" of March 31.\\n* [[April 7]] – Italy invades [[Albania]];\n        [[Zog I of Albania|King Zog]] flees.\\n* [[April 9]] – African-American\n        singer [[Marian Anderson]] performs before 75,000 people at the [[Lincoln\n        Memorial]] in Washington, D.C., after having been denied the use both of [[Constitution\n        Hall]] by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]], and of a public high\n        school by the federally controlled [[District of Columbia]]. [[First Lady\n        of the United States]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] resigns from the DAR because\n        of their decision.\\n* [[April 11]] – Hungary leaves the [[League of\n        Nations]].\\n* [[April 13]] – Britain offers a \\\"guarantee\\\" to Romania\n        and Greece.\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[John Steinbeck]]''s novel ''''[[The Grapes\n        of Wrath]]'''' is first published, in the United States.\\n** At a meeting\n        in Paris, French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] meets with Soviet Ambassador\n        Jakob Suritz, and suggests that a \\\"peace front\\\" comprising France, the Soviet\n        Union, Great Britain, Poland and Romania would deter Germany from war.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – The Soviet Union proposes a \\\"peace front\\\" to resist\n        aggression.\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Billie Holiday]] records \\\"[[Strange\n        Fruit]]\\\", the first anti-lynching song.\\n* [[April 25]] – The [[Federal\n        Security Agency]] (FSA) is founded in the United States, along with the [[Civilian\n        Conservation Corps]] and [[United States Public Health Service|Public Health\n        Service]].\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Ely Racecourse]] in [[Cardiff]] closes.\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – In a speech before the ''''Reichstag'''', [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        renounces the [[Anglo-German Naval Agreement]] and the [[German\\u2013Polish\n        Non-Aggression Pact]].\\n* [[April 30]] – The [[1939 New York World''s\n        Fair]] opens.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* May – The [[H\\u00f2a H\\u1ea3o]] religious\n        sect is established by [[Hu\\u1ef3nh Ph\\u00fa S\\u1ed5]].\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        ''''[[Batman]]'''', created by [[Bob Kane]] and [[Bill Finger]] makes his\n        first appearance in Detective comics no. 27 .\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Major\n        League Baseball]]''s [[Lou Gehrig]], the legendary Yankee first baseman known\n        as \\\"The Iron Horse\\\", ends his  2,130 consecutive games played streak after\n        contracting [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]. The record stands for 56 years\n        before [[Cal Ripken, Jr.]] plays 2,131 consecutive games.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n**\n        [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] succeeds [[Maxim Litvinov]] as Soviet Foreign Commissar.\\n**\n        The [[All India Forward Bloc]] is formed by Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[Carl Friedrich Goerdeler]] tells the British government\n        that the German and Soviet governments are secretly beginning a rapprochement\n        with the aim of dividing Eastern Europe between them. Goerdeler also informs\n        the British of German economic problems which he states threaten the survival\n        of the Nazi regime, and advises that if a firm stand is made for Poland, then\n        Hitler will be deterred from war.\\n* [[May 9]] – Spain leaves the [[League\n        of Nations]].\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Lina Medina]], a 5-year-old [[Peru]]vian\n        girl, gives birth to a baby boy, becoming the youngest confirmed mother in\n        medical history.\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[King George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth\n        The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]] arrive in [[Quebec City]] to begin the\n        first-ever tour of Canada by [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada''s monarch]].\\n**\n        The British government issues the [[White Paper of 1939]], sharply restricting\n        Jewish immigration to [[Mandatory Palestine]].\\n** [[Sweden]], [[Norway]],\n        and [[Finland]] refuse Germany''s offer of non-aggression pacts.\\n* [[May\n        20]] – [[Pan American Airways]] begins transatlantic mail service with\n        the inaugural flight of its [[Boeing 314]] [[flying boat]] ''''Yankee Clipper''''  from\n        [[Port Washington, New York]], to [[Marseille]].\\n* [[May 22]] – Germany\n        and Italy sign the [[Pact of Steel]].\\n* [[May 24]] – First issue of\n        ''''[[Fashizmi]]'''' is published in [[Tirana]].\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Albania]]n\n        [[fascist]] leader [[Tefik Mborja]] is appointed as member of the Italian\n        Chamber of Fasces and Corporations.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Phutthamonthon\n        Buddha.gif|thumb|160px|right| [[June 24]]: Siam is renamed \\\"[[Thailand]]\\\".]]\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – The Soviet government offers its definition of what constitutes\n        \\\"aggression\\\", upon which the projected Anglo-Soviet-French alliance will\n        come into effect. The French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] accepts the\n        Soviet definition of aggression at once. The British reject the Soviet definition,\n        especially the concept of \\\"indirect aggression\\\", which they feel is too\n        loose a definition and phrased in such a manner as to imply the Soviet right\n        of inference in the internal affairs of nations of Eastern Europe.\\n* [[June\n        4]] – The [[MS St. Louis|''''St. Louis'''']], a ship carrying a cargo\n        of 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in [[Florida]] after\n        already having been turned away from [[Cuba]]. Forced to return to Europe,\n        many of its passengers later die in [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[death camps]] during\n        [[The Holocaust]].\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The first [[Little League Baseball]]\n        game is played in [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[June 10]] – MGM''s\n        first successful animated character, [[Barney Bear]], makes his debut in ''''[[The\n        Bear That Couldn''t Sleep]]''''. However, he didn''t have a name until 1942.\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – The [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum]] is officially\n        dedicated in [[Cooperstown, New York]].\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Tientsin\n        Incident]]: The Japanese blockade the British concession in [[Tianjin]], China,\n        beginning a crisis which almost causes an Anglo-Japanese war in the summer\n        of 1939.\\n* [[June 17]] – In the last ''''public'''' guillotining in\n        France, murderer [[Eugen Weidmann]] is decapitated by the [[guillotine]].\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – New York Yankees announce Lou Gehrig''s retirement after\n        doctors reveal he has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.See Wikipedia article:\n        [[Lou Gehrig]]\\n* [[June 23]] – Talks are completed in [[Ankara]]\n        between French Ambassador [[Ren\\u00e9 Massigli]] and Turkish Foreign Minister\n        [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]], resolving the Hatay dispute in Turkey''s\n        favor. [[Turkey]] annexes [[Hatay State|Hatay]].\\n* [[June 24]] – The\n        government of Siam changes its name to [[Thailand]], which means ''Free Land''.\\\"Thailand\n        ( Siam ) History\\\" (overview), CS Mngt, 2005, ''''CSMngt.com'''' webpage:\n        [http://www.csmngt.com/thailand_history.htm CSMngt-Thai].\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Ford N-Series tractor#N Series Models|Ford 9N tractor]] with\n        [[Harry Ferguson|Ferguson]] hydraulic [[three-point hitch]] first demonstrated\n        at [[Dearborn, Michigan]].{{cite book|first=Randy|last=Leffingwell|title=Classic\n        Farm Tractors: History of the Farm Tractor|year=1996|location=Osceola, WI,\n        USA|publisher=Motorbooks International|isbn=978-0760302460|page=99}}\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** The [[1st World Science Fiction Convention]] opens\n        in New York City.\\n** [[Theodore Roosevelt]]''s head is dedicated at [[Mount\n        Rushmore]].\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Lou Gehrig]] gives his last public speech,\n        following a diagnosis of [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS).  In it,\n        he says, \\\"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.\\\"\\n**\n        The [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] becomes autonomous.\\n* [[July 6]] –\n        The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed by the [[Nazi]]s.\\n*\n        [[July 8]] – The [[Pan American Airways]] [[Boeing 314]] [[flying boat]]\n        ''''Yankee Clipper'''' inaugurates the world''s first [[heavier-than-air]]\n        North Atlantic air passenger service between the United States ([[Port Washington,\n        New York]]) and Britain.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] the spiritual\n        leader from India writes a personal letter to [[Adolf Hitler]] addressing\n        him \\\"My friend\\\", requesting to prevent any possible war.\\n* [[July 27]]\n        – The first recorded snowfall in [[Auckland]], New Zealand since records\n        began in 1853.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n* [[August 2]] – The [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd\n        letter]] is signed, advising [[President of the United States]] [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] of the potential use of [[uranium]] to construct an [[atomic\n        bomb]].\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Neville Chamberlain]] dismisses Parliament\n        until October 3.\\n* [[August 15]] – MGM''s classic musical film ''''[[The\n        Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'''', based on [[The Wonderful\n        Wizard of Oz|L. Frank Baum''s famous novel]], and starring [[Judy Garland]]\n        as Dorothy, premieres at Grauman''s Chinese Theatre in [[Hollywood]].\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Adolf Hitler]], after evaluating the pace of the [[Molotov\\u2013Ribbentrop\n        Pact|non-aggression negotiations with the Soviet Union]], orders the [[Kriegsmarine]]\n        to begin the opening operations for ''''[[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall Weiss]]'''',\n        the invasion of Poland. The {{Ship|German pocket battleship|Admiral Graf Spee}},\n        along with the {{Ship|German pocket battleship|Deutschland}}, as well as dozens\n        of u-boats, cast off for their advance positions.  According to [[William\n        L. Shirer]], Hitler spends the next few days worrying that the Russians will\n        not come to terms in time for the rest of the invasion plans to unfold as\n        scheduled.\\n* [[August 20]] – Armored forces under the command of Soviet\n        General [[Georgy Zhukov]] deliver a decisive defeat to [[Imperial Japanese\n        Army]] forces in the Japanese-Soviet border war in [[Inner Mongolia]].\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Molotov\\u2013Ribbentrop Pact]] signed between Germany\n        and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agreed to division of\n        spheres of influence (Finland, [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], eastern Poland and\n        Bessarabia (today [[Moldova]]), north-east province of [[Romania]] to the\n        [[Soviet Union]]; [[Lithuania]] and western Poland to Germany). Its annex\n        reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.\\n* [[August 24]] – As details\n        of the [[Molotov\\u2013Ribbentrop Pact]] become public, [[Neville Chamberlain]]\n        recalls the Parliament of the United Kingdom several weeks early. In a burst\n        of legislation, a War Powers Act is approved; and HMG order the [[Royal Navy]]\n        to be put on a war footing, all leaves to be cancelled, and the Naval and\n        coast defense reserves to be called up, especially radar and anti-aircraft\n        units. In addition, the last British and French private citizens in Germany\n        are ordered home by their respective Governments.\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** The\n        German Foreign Ministry cuts off all telegraph and telephone communication\n        with the outside world in accordance with the plan for ''''[[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall\n        Weiss]]''''. At approximately 1830 Central European time, Adolf Hitler postpones\n        ''''Fall Weiss'''' for 5 days, after receiving a message from [[Benito Mussolini]]\n        that he will not honor the Pact of Steel if Germany attacks Poland, and because\n        Chamberlain''s government has not fallen as a result of the German-Soviet\n        Non-Aggression Pact. Some units already in their forward positions (the attack\n        is scheduled for 0430 the next day) do not get the word in time and attack\n        various targets along the border. That same day, [[Neville Chamberlain]] gives\n        [[Edward Rydz-\\u015amig\\u0142y]] his \\\"ironclad guarantee\\\" of assistance\n        if Poland is attacked by Germany.\\n** An [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish\n        Republican Army]] bomb explodes in the centre of [[Coventry]], England, killing\n        5 people.\\n** MGM''s classic musical film ''''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The\n        Wizard of Oz]]'''', based on [[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|L. Frank Baum''s\n        famous novel]], and starring [[Judy Garland]] as Dorothy, is released in theaters\n        everywhere.\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** The first televised [[Major League Baseball]]\n        games were shown on experimental station [[W2XBS]]: a double-header between\n        the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] at [[Ebbets Field]].\\n**\n        Division of Grazing renamed [[United States Grazing Service]].\\n** The [[Kriegsmarine]]\n        orders all German-flagged merchant ships to head to German ports immediately\n        in anticipation of the invasion of Poland.\\n* [[August 27]] – A [[Heinkel\n        He 178]], the first turbojet-powered aircraft, flies for the first time with\n        Captain Erich Warsitz in command.\\n* [[August 28]] – The {{SS|Normandie}}\n        heads into [[New York Harbor]] where she will be interned on 3 September and\n        cut up for scrap beginning in 1946.\\n* [[August 30]] – Poland begins\n        a [[mobilization]] against [[Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Operation\n        Himmler]]: Nazi German troops posing as Poles stage a series of [[false flag]]\n        operations on the border (including the [[Gleiwitz incident]]) giving a pretext\n        for the invasion of Poland.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Zniszczenia1939 0.jpg|160px|right|thumb|[[September\n        1]]: [[Wielu\\u0144]] destroyed by [[Luftwaffe]] bombing.]]\\n[[File:Armia Czerwona,\n        Wehrmacht 22.09.1939 wsp\\u00f3lna parada.jpg|160px|right|thumb|Common parade\n        of Wehrmacht and Red Army in Brest at the end of the Invasion of Poland. At\n        the center Major General [[Heinz Guderian]] and Brigadier [[Semyon Krivoshein]].]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – Beginning of WWII:\\n** Opening shots of [[World War\n        II]] and [[Invasion of Poland]]: At 4:45am Central European Time, under cover\n        of darkness, the German WW1-era battleship [[German battleship Schleswig-Holstein|''''Schleswig-Holstein'''']]\n        quietly slips her moorings at her wharf in Danzig harbor, drifts into the\n        center of the channel, and commences firing on the fortress [[Westerplatte]],\n        a Polish army installation at the northeastern mouth of the port of the internationalized\n        [[Free City of Danzig]]. Five minutes previously the [[bombing of Wielu\\u0144]]\n        in the western part of Poland had begun. Shock-troops of the German [[Wehrmacht]]\n        begin crossing the border into Poland. [[Bombing of Wielu\\u0144]] (two air-raids)\n        follows.\\n** The [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] passes a statement\n        stating that [[Adolf Hitler]]''s second-in-command [[Reichsmarschall]] [[Hermann\n        G\\u00f6ring]] should be appointed as Hitler''s successor as [[F\\u00fchrer]]\n        should Hitler die during the War. [[Rudolf Hess]] is to be appointed in G\\u00f6ring''s\n        place should anything befall G\\u00f6ring.\\n** Norway, Finland, Sweden and\n        Switzerland declare their neutrality.\\n* [[September 2]] – WWII:\\n**\n        Following the invasion of Poland, the Free City of Danzig (modern-day [[Gda\\u0144sk]],\n        Poland) is annexed to [[Nazi Germany]].\\n** Spain and the Irish Free State\n        declare their neutrality.\\n* [[September 3]] – WWII:\\n** The United\n        Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Australia and India (by its [[Governor-General\n        of India|Viceroy]]) declare war on Nazi Germany. [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\n        [[Mackenzie King]], in English, and [[Minister of Justice (Canada)|Justice\n        Minister]] [[Ernest Lapointe]], in French, give an international radio address\n        stating the Dominion''s intention to declare war also.{{cite web|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/on_this_day/09/10/|title=On\n        This Day - September 10, 1939|publisher=[[CBC.ca]]|accessdate=2011-09-15}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.junobeach.org/e/2/can-eve-eve-war-e.htm%7ctitle=War!%7cpublisher=junobeach.org%7caccessdate=2011-09-15|title=Canada\n        in the Second World War|work=Juno Beach Centre}}\\n** United States President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] advocates neutrality in a nationwide radio address.\\n**\n        [[Ocean liner]] {{SS|Athenia}} becomes the first British civilian casualty\n        of the war when she is [[torpedo]]ed and sunk by {{GS|U-30|1936|6}} in the\n        eastern Atlantic. Of the 1,418 aboard, 98 passengers and 19 crew are killed.\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – WWII:\\n** First [[bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World\n        War II]] by the British [[Royal Air Force]].\\n** [[Nepal]] declares war on\n        [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].\\n* [[September 5]] – WWII: The United States\n        declares its neutrality in the war.\\n* [[September 6]] – WWII: South\n        Africa declares war on [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Little\n        Sisters of Jesus]] founded in [[Algeria]] by [[Little Sister Magdeleine]].\\n**\n        WWII: Forward elements of General Hoeppner''s XVI Panzerkorps take up positions\n        outside [[Warsaw]]. The world is stunned by the rapidity of the German advance\n        and the Polish High Command is effectively isolated, but lack of infantry\n        support and effective civilian resistance cause Hoeppner to halt outside the\n        city itself.\\n** WWII: Polish troops on the [[Westerplatte]] are forced, due\n        to lack of food and ammunition, to surrender. The garrison of about two hundred\n        had held out against thousands of German forces (many of them Naval officer\n        cadets from the [[German battleship Schleswig-Holstein|''''Schleswig-Holstein,'''']])\n        for seven days.\\n[[File:Polish kid in the ruins of Warsaw September 1939.jpg|thumb|160px|September:\n        [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|Siege of Warsaw]].]]\\n* [[September 9]] – WWII:\n        Troops of the Polish [[Pozna\\u0144 Army]] under the command of [[Tadeusz Kutrzeba|General\n        Kutrzeba]] open the [[Battle of the Bzura]], the largest and best organized\n        counter-attack mounted by the Polish forces in the [[Invasion of Poland|campaign\n        of 1939.]] For the first few days all goes well and the Germans are forced\n        to retreat; but quick reaction by mechanized units and the Luftwaffe soon\n        take their toll and the operation bogs down.\\n* [[September 10]] – WWII:\n        Canada declares war on [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the only declaration of war\n        by Canada.\\n* [[September 15]] – WWII: Diverse elements of the German\n        Wehrmacht surround [[Warsaw]] and demand its surrender. The Poles refuse and\n        the [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|siege]] begins in earnest.\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – A ceasefire ends the undeclared [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol|Border War]]\n        between the [[Soviet Union]] (and [[Mongolia]]n allies) and Japan.\\n* [[September\n        17]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] [[Soviet invasion of Poland|invades\n        Poland]] and then [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|occupies\n        eastern Polish territories]].\\n** [[Royal Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Courageous|50|6}}\n        is torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-29|1936|6}} in the [[Western Approaches]]\n        with the loss of 519 crew, the first British warship loss of the War.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – WWII: [[Orze\\u0142 incident|''''Orze\\u0142'''' incident]]: The\n        Polish submarine ORP ''''Orze\\u0142'''' escapes internment from [[Tallinn]]\n        harbour, [[Estonia]], leading both the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Germany]] to\n        question Estonia''s neutrality.\\n* [[September 19]] – WWII: The Poznan\n        pocket collapses, and the Germans capture, according to many sources, over\n        150,000 men. Many elements of General [[Tadeusz Kutrzeba]]''s forces work\n        their way into Warsaw under extreme difficulty.\\n* [[September 21]]\\n**[[Reinhard\n        Heydrich]], chief of the Security Police, sends a directive, the Schnellbrief,\n        explaining that Jews living in towns and villages in the Polish occupation\n        zones are to be transferred to ghettos, and Jewish councils, [[Judenr\\u00e4te]],\n        will be established to carry out the German authorities\\u2019 orders.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/02/occupation.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        |title=The Conquest of Poland and the Beginnings of Jewish Persecution |work=The\n        Holocaust |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] |accessdate=2013-03-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108072837/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/02/occupation.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        |archivedate=November 8, 2012 |df= }}\\n**Radio station [[WJSV]] in Washington,\n        D.C. records an [[WJSV broadcast day|entire broadcast day]] for preservation\n        in the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]].\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – WWII: Joint [[victory parade]] of [[Wehrmacht]] and\n        [[Red Army]] in [[Brest-Litovsk]] at the end of the [[Invasion of Poland]].\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – WWII: The [[Soviet Union]] issues an ultimatum to\n        [[Estonia]] to allow Soviet military bases on its territory, which Estonia\n        accepts on September 28. Similar ultimatums are issued to [[Latvia]] on October\n        5 and to [[Lithuania]] on October 10, who are forced to accept them as well.\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – WWII:\\n** [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]]\n        agree on a division of Poland after their invasion.\\n** [[Warsaw]] surrenders\n        to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]; [[Modlin (Nowy Dw\\u00f3r Mazowiecki)|Modlin]]\n        surrenders a day later; the last Polish large operational unit surrenders\n        near [[Kock]] 8 days later.\\n* [[September 29]] – Gerald J. Cox, speaking\n        at an [[American Water Works Association]] meeting, becomes the first person\n        to publicly propose the [[Water fluoridation|fluoridation]] of public water\n        supplies in the United States.\\n* [[September 30]] – General [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Sikorski]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister]] of the [[Polish\n        government-in-exile]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October 6]] – WWII: Poland\n        Battle of Kock ends the Polish Campaign. [[Polish resistance movement in World\n        War II|Polish resistance]] moves underground.\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** WWII: [[Nazi\n        Germany|Germany]] annexes [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|Western Poland]].\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: [[Piotrk\\u00f3w Trybunalski Ghetto]], the first Jewish\n        [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe]], is proclaimed\n        in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|German-occupied Poland]].\\n* [[October\n        11]] – The [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter]] is delivered to [[President\n        of the United States]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] advising of the potential\n        use of [[uranium]] to construct an [[atomic bomb]], leading to the [[Manhattan\n        Project]].\\n* [[October 14]] – The {{GS|U-47|1938|6}} sinks the British\n        battleship {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|6}} at anchor in [[Scapa Flow]] (Scotland) with\n        the loss of 833 crew.\\n* [[October 15]] – The New York Municipal Airport\n        (later renamed [[LaGuardia Airport]]) is dedicated.\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        ''''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'''' premieres in Washington, D.C.\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – First meeting of the U.S. [[S-1 Uranium Committee|Advisory\n        Committee on Uranium]] under [[Lyman James Briggs]], authorized by President\n        Roosevelt to oversee [[neutron]] experiments, a precursor of the [[Manhattan\n        Project]].\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Nylon]] stockings go on sale for the\n        first time anywhere in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        ''''[[The Time of Your Life]]'''', a drama by [[William Saroyan]], debuts\n        in New York City.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Hedda-Hopper-1929.jpg|thumb|140px|right|[[November\n        6]]: [[Hedda Hopper]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]–[[November 2|2]] – WWII:\n        Physicist [[Hans Ferdinand Mayer]] writes the [[Oslo Report]] on German weapons\n        systems and passes it to the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]].\\n* [[November\n        4]] – WWII: U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] orders the [[United\n        States Customs Service]] to implement the [[Neutrality Acts of 1930s|Neutrality\n        Act of 1939]], allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons to non-belligerent\n        nations.\\n*[[November 4]] – [[Stewart Menzies]] is appointed head of\n        the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]].\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** ''''Hedda\n        Hopper''s Hollywood'''' debuts on radio with gossip columnist [[Hedda Hopper]]\n        as host (the show runs until 1951, making Hopper a powerful figure in the\n        [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] elite).\\n** WWII: [[Sonderaktion\n        Krakau]]: Germans take action against scientists from the [[University of\n        Krak\\u00f3w]] and other [[Krak\\u00f3w]] universities.\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        WWII: In [[Munich]], an attempt to kill [[Adolf Hitler]] is made by [[Georg\n        Elser]] while Hitler is celebrating the 16th anniversary of the [[Beer Hall\n        Putsch]].\\n** [[CBS]] television station [[W2XAB]] resumes test transmission\n        with an all-electronic system broadcast from the top of the [[Chrysler Building]]\n        in [[New York City]].{{cite web|title=Early Television Stations - W2XAB/W2XAX/WCBW\n        - CBS, New York|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/w2xab.html|work=Early Television\n        Museum|location=Hilliard, OH|accessdate=2014-11-26}}\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – WWII: [[Venlo Incident]]: Two British agents of [[Secret Intelligence\n        Service|SIS]] are captured by the Germans.\\n* [[November 15]] – In Washington,\n        D.C., U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] lays the cornerstone of the\n        [[Jefferson Memorial]].\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Al Capone]] is released\n        from [[Alcatraz]], due to deteriorating health caused by [[syphilis]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – WWII: To punish protests against the Nazi occupation\n        of the Czech homeland, the Nazis storm the University of Prague and murder\n        nine Czech graduate students, send over 1,200 to concentration camps, and\n        close all Czech universities, an event which will be commemorated as [[International\n        Students'' Day]].\\n* [[November 23]] – WWII: British [[armed merchantman]]\n        {{HMS|Rawalpindi}} is sunk in the [[GIUK gap]] in an action against the German\n        [[battleship]]s {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German\n        battleship|Gneisenau||2}}.\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Shelling of Mainila]]:\n        The [[Soviet Union]]''s [[Red Army]] shells the Russian village of Mainila,\n        then claims that the fire originated from [[Finland]], giving a ''''[[casus\n        belli]]'''' for the [[Winter War]].\\n* [[November 30]] – WWII:\\n** [[Winter\n        War]]: Soviet forces attack Finland and reach the [[Mannerheim Line]], starting\n        the war.\\n** Sweden declares itself a [[non-belligerent]] in the Winter War.\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n* [[December 2]] – [[LaGuardia Airport]] opens for business\n        in New York City.\\n* [[December 4]] – WWII:\\n** British battleship {{HMS|Nelson|28|6}}\n        strikes a [[Naval mine|mine]] (laid by {{GS|U-31|1936|2}}) off the coast of\n        Scotland and is laid up for repairs until August 1940.\\n** [[German submarine\n        U-36 (1936)|German submarine ''''U-36'''']] is torpedoed and sunk by British\n        submarine [[HMS Salmon (N65)|HMS ''''Salmon'''']] off [[Stavanger]], the first\n        enemy submarine lost to a British one during the War.\\n* [[December 9]]\\n**\n        WWII: First soldier of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British\n        Expeditionary Force]] killed: Corporal Thomas Priday triggers a French land\n        mine.\\n** Hugh Harman''s animated short Christmas film ''''[[Peace on Earth\n        (film)|Peace on Earth]]'''' is released by MGM in the United States.\\n* [[December\n        12]] – WWII: {{HMS|Duchess|H64|6}} sinks after a collision with {{HMS|Barham|04|6}}\n        off the coast of Scotland with the loss of 124 men.\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        WWII – [[Battle of the River Plate]]:  The [[German cruiser Admiral\n        Graf Spee|German heavy cruiser ''''Admiral Graf Spee'''']] is trapped by cruisers\n        {{HMS|Ajax|22|6}}, [[HMNZS Achilles|HMNZS ''''Achilles'''']], and {{HMS|Exeter|68|6}}\n        after a running battle off the coast of [[Uruguay]]. The ''''Graf Spee''''\n        is scuttled by its crew off [[Montevideo]] harbor on [[December 17]].\\n* [[December\n        14]] – WWII – [[Winter War]]: The [[League of Nations]] expels\n        the USSR for attacking Finland.\\n* [[December 15]] – The epic historical\n        romance film ''''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'''', starring\n        [[Vivien Leigh]], [[Clark Gable]], [[Olivia de Havilland]] and [[Leslie Howard\n        (actor)|Leslie Howard]], premieres at [[Loew''s Grand Theatre]] in [[Atlanta]].\n        Based on [[Margaret Mitchell]]''s [[Gone with the Wind (novel)|best-selling\n        novel]] of 1936, it is the longest American film made up to this date (at\n        nearly four hours) and rapidly becomes the [[Timeline of highest-grossing\n        films|highest-grossing film up to this time]].\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        WWII – [[Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)|Battle of the Heligoland\n        Bight]]: [[RAF Bomber Command]], on a daylight mission to attack ''''[[Kriegsmarine]]''''\n        ships in the [[Heligoland Bight]], is repulsed by [[Luftwaffe]] [[fighter\n        aircraft]].\\n* [[December 22]] – The second [[cel]]-animated feature\n        film and the first produced by an American studio other than [[Walt Disney\n        Productions]], ''''[[Gulliver''s Travels (1939 film)|Gulliver''s Travels]]''''\n        by [[Fleischer Studios]] and very loosely based upon the book by [[Jonathan\n        Swift]], is released. \\n* [[December 26]] – Miners [[Strike action|strike]]\n        in [[Borinage]], Belgium.\\n* [[December 27]] – The 7.8 {{M|w}} [[1939\n        Erzincan earthquake|Erzincan earthquake]] shakes eastern [[Turkey]] with a\n        maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XII (''''Extreme''''),\n        causing $20 million in damage, and leaving 32,700\\u201332,968 dead.\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Kirlian photography]] is invented by [[Semyon Kirlian]].\\n*\n        A logging crew sets off a second [[forest fire]] in the [[Tillamook Burn]]\n        of Oregon, which destroys {{convert|190,000|acre|km2}}.\\n* [[Sandia View Academy]],\n        a private [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Adventist]] school, is founded in\n        [[Corrales, New Mexico]],\\n* [[General Motors]] introduces the [[Hydra-Matic]]\n        drive, the first mass-produced, fully [[automatic transmission]], as an option\n        in 1940 model year [[Oldsmobile]] [[automobile]]s.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n\\n=== January===\\n[[File:Ali4th.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ali\n        Mahdi Muhammad]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Toomey 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill Toomey]]]]\\n[[File:Sal\n        mineo Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sal Mineo]]]]\\n[[File:Abdullah Ensour\n        2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdullah Ensour]]]]\\n[[File:Alfredo Palacio (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alfredo\n        Palacio]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], Somali entrepreneur\n        and politician, 4th [[President of Somalia]]\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Hull]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Ruben Reyes]], Associate Justice of the\n        Supreme Court of the Philippines\\n** [[Gene Summers]], American rock ''n roll\n        singer (member of [[Rockabilly Hall of Fame]])\\n** [[Arik Einstein]], Israeli\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi]], Ukrainian\n        footballer and manager (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Murray Rose]], Australian swimmer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Jimmy Boyd]], American singer, musician\n        and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Rik Kemp]], Australian cartoonist\\n** [[Tadahiro\n        Matsushita]], Japanese politician (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Susannah York]], British\n        actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Sal Mineo]], American actor\n        (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Bill Toomey]], American athlete\\n* [[January 11]] –\n        [[Anne Heggtveit]], Canadian skier\\n* [[January 12]] – [[William Lee\n        Golden]], American country and gospel singer, member of the [[Oak Ridge Boys]]\\n*\n        [[January 17]]\\n** [[Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens]] (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Maury Povich]], American talk show host\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Bo Gritz]],\n        U.S. Presidential candidate\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Phil Everly]], American\n        rock ''n'' roll musician (member of [[Rockabilly Hall of Fame]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Abdullah Ensour]], Jordanian economist, 75th [[Prime\n        Minister of Jordan]]\\n** [[Chandra Wickramasinghe]], British astronomer and\n        poet\\n* [[January 22]] \\n** [[Alfredo Palacio]], 42nd [[President of Ecuador]]\\n**\n        [[Ray Stevens]], American musician\\n* [[January 29]] \\n** [[Tony Green]],\n        British sportscaster\\n** [[Germaine Greer]], Australian feminist writer\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Karl-%C3%85ke\n        Asph Liding%C3%B6loppet 1967.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karl-Ake Asph]]]]\\n[[File:Defense.gov\n        News Photo 990520-D-9880W-077.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdelraouf Al-Rawabdeh]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Paul Gillmor]], American politician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Ekaterina Maximova]], Russian ballerina (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – [[Karl-Ake Asph]], Swedish Olympic cross-country skiier\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Michael Cimino]], American film director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Mike Farrell]], American actor\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Egon\n        Zimmermann]], Austrian Olympic alpine skiier\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Tsuyoshi\n        Yamanaka]], Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Adrienne Clarkson]],\n        26th [[Governor General of Canada]]\\n** [[Peter Purves]], British actor and\n        television presenter\\n** [[Roberta Flack]], American soul singer\\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Yael Dayan]], Israeli writer and politician\\n** [[Ray Manzarek]],\n        American keyboardist (''''[[The Doors]]'''') (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 13]]\n        – [[Beate Klarsfeld]], German-born Nazi hunter\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Adolfo Azcuna]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]\n        jurist\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Abdelraouf Al-Rawabdeh]], Jordanian political\n        figure, 65th [[Prime Minister of Jordan]]\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Erin\n        Pizzey]], author and founder of the first domestic violence shelter in the\n        modern worldhttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5JYrAQAAIAAJ&q=erin+pizzey+1939+february+19\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Frank Arundel]], English footballer (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Gert Neuhaus]], German artist\\n* [[February 23]]\n        – [[Rachel Elkind-Tourre]], American record producer\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**\n        [[Daniel C. Tsui]], Chinese-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Tommy Tune]], American dancer, choreographer, and actor\\n\\n===\n        March===\\n[[File:Mulroney 2011.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Brian Mulroney]]]]\\n[[File:Terence\n        Hill 2010.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Terence Hill]]]]\\n[[File:Volker Schloendorff Lodz\n        Poland November29 2009 Fot Mariusz Kubik 05.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Volker Schl\\u00f6ndorff]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[Tzvetan Todorov]], Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher,\n        structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayis (d. [[2017]]) \\n**\n        [[Leo Brouwer]], Cuban composer and guitarist\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Bill\n        Frindall]], English cricket scorer and statistician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Jack Fisher]], former American Major League baseball pitcher\\n**\n        [[Carlos Vereza]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Benyamin Sueb]],\n        Indonesian actor, comedian and singer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Lidiya\n        Skoblikova]], Russian speed-skater\\n** [[Robert Tear]], Welsh tenor (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Malcolm Bricklin]], American automotive pioneer\\n* [[March\n        12]] – [[Johnny Callison]], American baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Neil Sedaka]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[H\\u00e9ctor Bonilla]], Mexican actor\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        [[Alicia Freilich]],  Venezuelan writer and novelist\\n* [[March 16]] –\n        [[Carlos Bilardo]], Argentine football player and manager\\n* [[March 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Gary]], American sculptor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Giovanni Trapattoni]],\n        Italian football player and manager\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Peter Kraus]],\n        German singer\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Brian Mulroney]], 18th [[Prime Minister\n        of Canada]]\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Toni Cade Bambara]], African-American\n        writer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Leila Kasra]], Iranian poet\n        and lyricist (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Vic Vargas]], Filipino\n        actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Terence Hill]], Italian actor\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], [[President of Georgia]] (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Volker Schl\\u00f6ndorff]], German film director\\n** [[Karl-Heinz Schnellinger]],\n        German footballer\\n\\n===April===\\n\\n[[File:Francis Ford Coppola 2011 CC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Francis\n        Ford Coppola]]]]\\n[[File:David Frost Rumsfeld interview cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David\n        Frost]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Sorvino Shankbone 2010 NYC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Sorvino]]]]\\n[[File:Jaime\n        Paz Zamora.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jaime Paz Zamora]]]]\\n[[File:Jo\\u00e3o Bernardo\n        Vieira.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jo\\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        [[Ali MacGraw]], American model and actress \\n** [[Spider Martin]], American\n        photographer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Phil Niekro]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Marvin Gaye]], American singer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[Hugh Masekela]], South African musician\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Francis\n        Ford Coppola]], American film director\\n** Sir [[David Frost]], English television\n        personality (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Elizabeth Clare Prophet]],\n        American writer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[George Harrison (swimmer)|George\n        Harrison]], American competition swimmer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Claudio Magris]], Italian author\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Alan Ayckbourn]],\n        American dramatist\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Seamus Heaney]], Irish writer, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Paul Sorvino]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Jaime Paz Zamora]], 73rd [[President\n        of Bolivia]]\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Dusty Springfield]], English singer\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Jan Hoem]], Norwegian population scientist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Elspeth Ballantyne]], Australian actress\\n*\n        [[April 22]]\\n** [[Mark Jones (actor)|Mark Jones]], English actor (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Jason Miller (playwright)|Jason Miller]], American playwright and actor\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Ann Mitchell]], English actress\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[Lee Majors]], American actor\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Ted Kooser]], [[United\n        States Poet Laureate]]\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Erik Pevernagie]], Belgian painter\\n**\n        [[Jo\\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira]], [[President of Guinea-Bissau]] (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Judycollins 20090205.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Judy Collins]]]]\\n[[File:Ruud\n        Lubbers, 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ruud Lubbers]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Drayton,\n        Henry Carr, Edwin Roberts 1964.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Drayton (athlete)|Paul\n        Drayton]]]]\\n[[File:Harvey Keitel Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Harvey Keitel]]]]\\n[[File:SDCC13\n        - Ian McKellen.jpg|thumb|120px|Sir [[Ian McKellen]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        [[Judy Collins]], American singer and songwriter\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Taomati\n        Iuta]], [[Vice President of Kiribati]] (1991\\u201394)\\n* [[May 4]] –\n        [[Paul Gleason]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Sidney Altman]],\n        Canadian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Ruud Lubbers]], Dutch politician, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]],\n        1982\\u201394\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Paul Drayton (athlete)|Paul Drayton]],\n        American Olympic athlete (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Ralph Boston]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Pierre Desproges]], French humorist (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]]\\n** [[Milt Pappas]], American baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Dante Ti\\u00f1ga]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme\n        Court]] jurist\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ron Ziegler]], White House Press Secretary\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Harvey Keitel]], American actor\\n* [[May\n        14]] – [[Veruschka von Lehndorff]], German model, actress and artist\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Livio Berruti]], Italian athlete\\n** [[Sonny Fortune]], American\n        jazz musician\\n** [[James Fox (actor)|Jams Fox]], English actor\\n** [[Nancy\n        Kwan]], American actress\\n** [[Dick Scobee]], American astronaut (d. 1986)\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[Heinz Holliger]], Swiss oboist and composer\\n* [[May\n        22]] – [[Paul Winfield]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Reinhard Hauff]], German film director\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Dixie\n        Carter]], American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n** Sir [[Ian McKellen]], English\n        actor\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Brent Musburger]], American sports announcer\\n*\n        [[May 27]]– [[Don Williams]], American musician (d.[[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Al Unser]], American race car driver\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Michael J. Pollard]], American actor\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:JoeClark.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Joe\n        Clark]]]]\\n[[File:Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Osvaldo\n        Hurtado]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Cleavon Little]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Ron Baensch]], Australian racing cyclist\\n** [[Joe Clark]],\n        16th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n** [[Margaret Drabble]], English novelist\\n*\n        [[June 6]]\\n** [[Louis Andriessen]], Dutch composer\\n** [[Lawrence Stephen]],\n        Nauruan politician\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Ileana Cotruba\\u0219]], Romanian soprano\\n**\n        [[Dick Vitale]], American basketball broadcaster\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jackie\n        Stewart]], Scottish race car driver\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Steny Hoyer]],\n        American Democrat U.S. Representative for Maryland''s 5th congressional district\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Brian Jacques]], British writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Lou Brock]], American baseball player\\n** [[Jack Herer]], American\n        cannabis activist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[William Magee (politician)|William\n        Magee]], American politician\\n** [[Ken Catchpole]], Australian rugby union\n        footballer\\n** [[Marshall Younger]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Essop\n        Pahad]], South African politician\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Ada E. Yonath]], Israeli\n        crystallographer\\n** [[Heikki Sarmanto]], Finnish jazz pianist and composer\\n**\n        [[Ada Yonath]], Israeli crystallographer\\n** [[Kalbe Sadiq]], internationally\n        renowned Islamic scholar, thinker, reformer, educationist and preacher\\n**\n        [[Magdy Conyd]], Canadian fencer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Ardell Brede]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Jack MacIsaac]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Syed Shahid Hakim]],\n        Indian former Olympic football\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Annette Andre]], Australian\n        actress\\n** [[Michael Gothard]], British actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[June 25]]\n        \\n** [[David Ramage]], Australian rower\\n** [[Curtis McClinton]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Barbara Montgomery]], American actress\\n** [[Brian Lowe]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Barbara Chase-Riboud]],\n        American visual artist, bestselling novelist and award-winning poet\\n** [[Osvaldo\n        Hurtado]], 34th [[President of Ecuador]]\\n** [[Chuck Robb]], American politician\n        and former officer in the United States Marine Corps\\n** [[Bobby Henrey]],\n        Anglo-French child actor\\n** [[Arthur Sutton]], English cricketer\\n** [[Zainuddin\n        Maidin]], Malaysian politician\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Brereton Jones]], American\n        politician\\n** [[William Morris (American sport shooter)|William Morris]],\n        American sports shooter\\n** [[Ilija Dimovski (footballer)|Ilija Dimovski]],\n        Macedonian football manager and former player\\n** [[Antonio Mendoza (sport\n        shooter)|Antonio Mendoza]], Filipino former sports shooter\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        [[Jack Harbaugh]], American football player and coach\\n** [[Klaus Schmiegel]],\n        most famous for his work in organic chemistry\\n** [[Wally English]], American\n        football coach\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Sante Gaiardoni]], Italian cyclist\\n**\n        [[John Abel (politician)|John Abel]], Australian politician\\n** [[Hartmut\n        Keyler]], German architect\\n** [[Alan Connolly]], Australian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Ron Headley]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Tony Hatch]],\n        English composer for musical theatre and television\\n** [[Martin A. Herman]],\n        American politician\\n\\n=== July===\\n[[File:Visita de Estado do Presidente\n        Pe\\u00f1a Nieto a Portugal (2014-06-05) - Assinatura do Livro de Honra (cropped).png|thumb|120px|[[An\\u00edbal\n        Cavaco Silva]]]]\\n[[File:Ali Khamenei delivers Nowruz message 02.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ali\n        Khamenei]]]]\\n[[File:Milva in Pistoia 31-01-09 06.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Milva]]]]\\n[[File:Image-Howard2003upr.JPG|thumb|120px|[[John\n        Howard]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Volker Kempe]], German Scientist, Manager\n        and Entrepreneur\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Ferdinand Mount]], British journalist\n        and novelist\\n** [[John H. Sununu]], American politician\\n* [[July 3]] \\n**\n        [[Brian Bades]], English footballer\\n** [[Willy Vanden Berghen]], Belgian\n        professional road bicycle racer\\n** [[Andreas Neocleous]], Greek lawyer\\n*\n        [[July 4]] \\n** [[Abdelmajid Chetali]], Tunisian former footballer and manager\\n**\n        [[Thea Stabell]], Norwegian actress\\n** [[Lee Folkins]], American football\n        tight end\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Booker Edgerson]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Owen Gray]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Bruce Hunter (swimmer)|Bruce\n        Hunter]], American former competition swimmer\\n** [[Mary Peters (athlete)|Mary\n        Peters]], British athlete\\n** [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi]], sovereign\n        ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah\\n** [[Jet Harris]], British bassist, singer\n        and songwriter ([[The Shadows]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Gilbert\n        Ramano]], South African military commander\\n** [[Stanley Henig]], British\n        academic and politician\\n** [[Armand Sahadewsing]], Surinamese football player\n        and manager\\n** [[Satya Prakash Agarwal]], Indian politician\\n** [[Elena Obraztsova]],\n        Russian opera singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Abdelhamid Sharaf]],\n        Jordanian ambassdor to United States and Canada, 51st [[Prime Minister of\n        Jordan]] (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Pavel Parasca]], historian from the Republic\n        of Moldova\\n** [[Rambahadur Limbu]], Nepalese Gurkha recipient of the Victoria\n        Cross\\n** [[Likulia Bolongo]], Congolese former politician and general\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[Mario Da Pozzo]], Italian former football goalkeeper\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Mavis Staples]], American rhythm and blues and gospel singer,\n        actress, and civil rights activist\\n** [[Reg Stratton]], English former footballer\\n**\n        [[Garry Young (footballer)|Garry Young]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July\n        11]]\\n** [[Larry Laoretti]], American golfer\\n** [[Stephen Berger]], American\n        entrepreneur, investment banker, civil servant and political advisor\\n** [[Mick\n        Brown (footballer)|Mick Brown]], England football scout\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Barbara Crossette]], American journalist and author\\n** [[Arlen Ness]],\n        American motorcycle designer and entrepreneur\\n** [[Helen Frith]], Australian\n        athlete\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Daisaku Kimura]], Japanese film director and\n        cinematographer\\n** [[John Danielsen]], Danish former association football\n        midfielder\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Ayoub-Farid Michel Saab]], Lebanese banker\\n**\n        [[Karel Gott]], Czech Schlager singer\\n** [[Sid Haig]], American actor\\n**\n        [[George E. Slusser]], American scholar and writer\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Abdulhussain\n        Abdulredha]], Kuwaiti actor\\n** [[Peter Hirzel]], Swiss cyclist\\n** [[Reg\n        Pridmore]], English former professional motorcycle road racing national champion\n        \\n** [[An\\u00edbal Cavaco Silva]], 113th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and\n        19th [[President of Portugal]]\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Lido Vieri]], Italian\n        football manager and former football player\\n** [[Denise LaSalle]], American\n        blues and R&B/soul singer, songwriter, and record producer\\n** [[Corin Redgrave]],\n        British actor and political activist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Spencer\n        Davis]], Welsh musician and multi-instrumentalist,\\n** [[Ali Khamenei]], Supreme\n        Leader of Iran\\n** [[Norbert Felsinger]], Austrian figure skater\\n** [[Milva]],\n        Italian actress and singer\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Brian Auger]], English jazz\n        and rock keyboardist\\n** [[Eduard Mudrik]], former Soviet Russian footballer\n        of Jewish ethnicity\\n** [[Dion DiMucci]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[July\n        19]]\\n** [[Victor Kelleher]], Australian author\\n** [[Ray Turnbull (curler)|Ray\n        Turnbull]], Canadian curler\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Didier Tamayo]], Colombian\n        fencer\\n** [[Frans Fiolet]], retired field hockey player from the Netherlands\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Bogus\\u0142aw Hajdas]], Polish football player and coach\\n**\n        [[Barbara Scott]], Australian politician\\n** [[Frank Rankmore]], Welsh former\n        professional footballer and Wales international\\n** [[John Negroponte]], U.S.\n        Director of National Intelligence\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Gila Almagor]], Israeli\n        actress, film star, and author\\n** [[Raul Yzaguirre]], American civil rights\n        activist\\n** [[Robert Phelps (pentathlete)|Robert Phelps]], British modern\n        pentathlete\\n** [[Y. Balaretnarajah]], Sri Lankan military leader\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Raine Karp]], Estonian architect\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[John\n        Howard]], 25th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\\n** [[Bob Lilly]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 27]] \\n** [[Paulo Silvino]], Brazilian actor and\n        humorist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[William Eggleston]], American photographer\\n**\n        [[Michael Longley]], Northern Irish poet\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Susan Flannery]],\n        American soap opera actress\\n** [[France Nuyen]], French actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Prinses-irene-okt15-s.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Princess\n        Irene of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Romano Prodi in Nova Gorica (2c).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Romano\n        Prodi]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[Terry Kiser]], American actor\\n** [[Jambuwantrao\n        Dhote]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert James Waller]], American\n        novelist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 2]] \\n** [[Benjamin Barber]], American\n        political theorist and author (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John W. Snow]], 73rd United\n        States Secretary of the Treasury\\n** [[Wes Craven]], American film director\n        and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Princess Irene of the Netherlands]]\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – [[Jana Andrsov\\u00e1]], Czech actress and ballerina\\n*\n        [[August 9]] \\n**[[Bulle Ogier]], French actress\\n**[[Romano Prodi]], Italian\n        politician and economist, 52nd [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**[[Pilar\n        Feiss]], Spanish-American animator, writer, and storyboard artist\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Skip Caray]], American baseball broadcaster (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[George\n        Hamilton (actor)|George Hamilton]], American actor\\n** [[David Jacobs (writer)|David\n        Jacobs]], American producer and writer\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Carole Shelley]],\n        English actress\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Ginger Baker]], English drummer\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Fernando Poe, Jr.]], Filipino actor (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Clarence Williams III]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        22]]\\n** [[Valerie Harper]], American actress\\n** [[Carl Yastrzemski]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Bill Mulliken]], American competition\n        swimmer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Joel Schumacher]], American\n        film producer and director\\n* [[August 30]] \\n** [[John Peel]], English disc\n        jockey (d. 2004)\\n** [[Elizabeth Ashley]], American actress\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Lily Tomlin 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lily Tomlin]]]] \\n[[File:GeorgeLazenby11.14.08ByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George\n        Lazenby]]]]\\n[[File:Flickr - Saeima - 10.Saeimas deput%C4%81ts Guntis Ulmanis.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Guntis\n        Ulmanis]]]]\\n[[File:Jorge Sampaio 3.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jorge Sampaio]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Lily Tomlin]], American actress\\n* [[September 5]]\\n**\n        [[George Lazenby]], Australian actor\\n** [[Clay Regazzoni]], Swiss [[Formula\n        One]] driver (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Brigid Berlin]], American\n        actress and artist\\n** [[Susumu Tonegawa]], Japanese biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        [[Carsten Keller]], German field hockey player\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        [[Ron McDole]], American football player\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**[[Cynthia\n        Lennon]] 1st. wife of English musician John Lennon (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Richard Kiel]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Guntis Ulmanis]],\n        5th [[President of Latvia]]\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Ron Walker (Australian\n        businessman)|Ron Walker]], former Lord Mayor of Melbourne and Australian businessman\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Breyten Breytenbach]], South African writer and\n        painter\\n* [[September 17]] – [[David Souter]], [[Associate Justice\n        of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Jorge\n        Sampaio]], 17th [[President of Portugal]]\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Michu\n        Meszaros]], Hungarian-born American actor (''''[[ALF (TV series)|ALF]]'''')\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Janusz Gajos]], Polish actor\\n*\n        [[September 24]]\\n** [[Mark Elliot (voice-over artist)|Mark Elliott]], voice-over\n        artist for the Walt Disney Company\\n** [[Patrick Kearney]], American serial\n        killers\\n** [[Jacques Vall\\u00e9e]], French ufologist\\n* [[September 25]]\n        – [[Leon Brittan]], British politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Ricky Tomlinson]], British actor\\n* [[September 28]] –\n        [[Rudolph Walker]], Trinidadian actor\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Larry\n        Linville]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Jean-Marie\n        Lehn]], French chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ralph\n        Lauren 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ralph Lauren]]]]\\n[[File:Joaquim Chissano (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joaquim\n        Chissano]]]]\\n[[File:F Murray.Abraham cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[F. Murray\n        Abraham]]]]\\n[[File:John Cleese 2008 bigger crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John Cleese]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[George Archer]], American golfer (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Ivan Mauger]], New Zealand speedway rider, 6 times\n        World Speedway Champion\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Consuelo Ynares-Santiago]],\n        Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Melvyn Bragg]], English media arts presenter, critic and novelist\\n*\n        [[October 7]]\\n** [[John Hopcroft]], American computer scientist\\n** [[Clive\n        James]], Australian-born writer, humorist and television personality\\n** [[Harold\n        Kroto]], English organic chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bill Snyder]], American football coach\\n* [[October\n        8]]\\n** [[Lynne Stewart]], American defense attorney (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Paul\n        Hogan]], Australian film actor\\n* [[October 9]] \\n** [[Prince Bartholomew]],\n        Trinidadian cricketer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Pilger]], Australian-born journalist\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Austin Currie]], Irish politician\\n* [[October 13]]\n        – [[T. J. Cloutier]], American poker player\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Ralph Lauren]], American fashion designer\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Suely\n        Franco]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Flavio Cotti]], Swiss\n        Federal Councilor\\n** [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], American assassin of President\n        [[John F. Kennedy]] (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[Joaquim Chissano]],\n        [[President of Mozambique]]\\n** [[George Cohen]], English footballer\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[C. V. Vigneswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer, judge and politician\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[F. Murray Abraham]], American screen actor\\n* [[October\n        26]]\\n** [[Gelek Rimpoche]], Tibetan Buddhist lama (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Karel\n        Schoeman]], South African novelist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[John\n        Cleese]], English comic actor\\n** [[Suzy Covey]], American scholar of popular\n        culture (d. 2007)\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Jane Alexander]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – [[Malay Roy Choudhury]], Bengali poet and novelist,\n        creator of the Indian [[Hungry generation]] literary and cultural movement\\n*\n        [[October 30]]\\n** [[Leland H. Hartwell]], American scientist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Grace Slick]], American\n        rock singer\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Ron Rifkin]], American actor\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Emil Constantinescu.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Emil Constantinescu]]]]\\n[[File:Tina\n        turner 21021985 01 350.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tina Turner]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\n        – [[Barbara Bosson]], American actress\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Richard\n        Serra]], American sculptor\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Cecilia Alvear]], Ecuadorian-born\n        American journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Athanasios Angelopoulos]],\n        Greek academic\\n** [[Carlos Emilio Morales]], Cuban jazz guitarist\\n** [[Leonardo\n        Quisumbing]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]\n        jurist\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Dawn]], British actress\\n** [[Laila\n        Kinnunen]], Finnish singer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Meg Wynn Owen]], English actress\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Paul Cameron]], American psychologist\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Russell Means]], Native American activist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Wendy Carlos]], American electronic composer\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Michael Billington (critic)|Michael Billington]],\n        British drama critic\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Auberon Waugh]], English\n        journalist (d. [[2001]]) \\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Margaret Atwood]], Canadian\n        novelist\\n** [[Amanda Lear]], French model and singer\\n** [[Ian McCulloch\n        (actor)|Ian McCulloch]], Anglo-Scottish actor\\n** [[Brenda Vaccaro]], American\n        actress\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Emil Constantinescu]], [[President of\n        Romania]] \\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Budd Dwyer]], American politician (d.\n        [[1987]])\\n** [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], Indian politician\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[Stefan Dimitrov (bass)|Stefan Dimitrov]], [[Bulgaria]]n [[opera]]\n        [[Bass (voice type)|basso]] singer\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Bill Bissett]],\n        Canadian poet\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Shelagh Delaney]], English dramatist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Rais Khan]], Pakistani sitarist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        26]]\\n** [[Tina Turner]], American singer\\n** [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], 5th\n        [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Dudley Storey]], New\n        Zealand rower (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Laurent-D\\u00e9sir\\u00e9 Kabila]], 3rd [[President\n        of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Ulla Str\\u00f6mstedt]],\n        Swedish actress (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Chandra Bahadur\n        Dangi]], Nepalese dwarf, world''s shortest man (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Harry Reid]], American politician and U.S. Senate\n        Majority Leader\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Minita Chico-Nazario]], Filipino\n        [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n* [[December 8]]\n        – [[James Galway]], Irish flautist\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Thomas\n        McGuane]], American writer\\n* [[December 14]] \\n** [[Ernie Davis]], American\n        football player (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Jay Dickey]], \\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Eddie Kendricks]], American singer ([[The Temptations]]) (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[December 18]]\\n** [[Alex Bennett (broadcaster)|Alex Bennett]], American\n        radio personality\\n** [[Robert T. Bennett]], American politician\\n** [[Michael\n        Moorcock]], English science fiction writer\\n** [[Harold E. Varmus]], American\n        scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Dennis Karjala]], American law professor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Alfred J. Ferrara]], American baseball player\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[La Lupe]], Cuban singer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Dean Corll]], American [[serial killer]], [[rapist]], [[kidnapping|kidnapper]]\n        and [[torture]]r (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Hugo Judd]], New\n        Zealand diplomat and public servant (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Amos]], American\n        actor\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Michelle Urry]], American editor of ''''Playboy''''\\n\\n===Date\n        Unknown===\\n* [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]], 8th Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n==\n        Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Valdemar.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Valdemar\n        of Denmark]]]]\\n[[File:Yeats Boughton.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W. B. Yeats]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Roman Dmowski]], Polish politician (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[L\\u00e9on Abrami]], French politician (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Gustavs Zemgals]], 2nd President of Latvia (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Charles Eastman]], American author, physician, reformer,\n        helped found the Boy Scouts of America (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Arthur Barker]], American criminal, son of [[Ma Barker]] (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – [[Prince Valdemar of Denmark]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] – [[Ivan Mosjoukine]], Soviet actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[L\\u00e9opold Bernhard Bernstamm]], Soviet sculptor (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Matthias Sindelar]], Austrian footballer (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Maximilian Bircher-Benner]], Swiss physician and\n        nutritionist (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Helen Ware]], American\n        actress (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[W. B. Yeats]], Irish writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n[[File:Janez Fran%C4%8Di%C5%A1ek Gnidovec.jpg|thumb|110px|Venerable [[Janez\n        Fran\\u010di\\u0161ek Gnidovec]]]]\\n[[File:Papst Pius XI. 1JS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope\n        Pius XI]]]]\\n[[File:Henri Jaspar.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henri Jaspar]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] – [[Lawrence Marston]], American actor, playwright, and film director\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Janez Fran\\u010di\\u0161ek Gnidovec]],\n        Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[Teresa Ma\\u00f1\\u00e9 Miravet]], Spanish teacher, editor and\n        writer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]],\n        Maharada of Baroda (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Henry Balfour]],\n        British archaeologist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Pope Pius XI]]\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n** Patriarch [[Torkom Koushagian of Jerusalem]] (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Franz Schmidt]], Austrian composer (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Francis Xavier Ransdell]], American politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Potenciano Gregorio]], Filipino musician (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[S.\n        P. L. S\\u00f8rensen]], Danish chemist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        [[Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army officer, born 1859)|Alexander Hamilton-Gordon]],\n        British general (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Henri Jaspar]],\n        Belgian politician, 27th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Fred Gamble (actor)|Fred Gamble]], American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Okamoto Kanoko]], Japanese tanka poet (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Charles V. Blanchard]], American politician (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Antonio Machado]], Spanish poet (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne]],\n        British peer and soldier (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Ivan Fedko]],\n        Soviet army commander (b.  [[1897]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Nadezhda\n        Krupskaya]], [[Russians|Russian]] [[Marxist]] revolutionary, [[Vladimir Lenin]]''s\n        widow (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Howard carter.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Howard\n        Carter]]]]\\n[[File:Miron Cristia patriach of Romania.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Patriarch\n        Miron of Romania]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Manuel de C%C3%A9spedes y Quesada circa\n        1914.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada]]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]] – [[Howard Carter]], British archaeologist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Dimitrie Gerota]], Romanian anatomist and physician (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Herbert Mundin]], British actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Ginepro Cocchi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and Servant\n        of God (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Patriarch Miron of Romania]], Austro-Hungarian-born\n        Romanian cleric, politician, priest and 38th [[Prime Minister of Romania]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Immanuel Back]], Finnish clergyman and\n        politician (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Matvei Berman]], Soviet intelligence officer\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Lucien L\\u00e9vy-Bruhl]], French sociologist\n        and anthropologist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Agostino Borgato]],\n        Italian actor and director (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Lloyd L.\n        Gaines]], American civil rights activist\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Evald Aav]],\n        Estonian composer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Avril de Sainte-Croix]], French author\n        and journalist (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj\n        Muhammad]] Palestinian revolt (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Ferdinand\n        von Quast]], German general (b. [[1850]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio Xavier Pereira\n        Coutinho]], Portuguese botanist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Carlos\n        Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada]], Cuban diplomat, politician and writer, 6th\n        [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Francis Matthew John Baker]], Australian\n        politician (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Mario Lertora]], Italian artistic gymnast in\n        the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\n** [[Henri Bernard]],\n        French physicist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Gerardo Machado]], Cuban general, 5th\n        [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Ioannis Tsangaridis]],\n        Greek general (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Ghazi3.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Ghazi of Iraq]]]]\\n[[File:Joseph Lyons.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph Lyons]]]]\n        \\n* [[April 4]]\\n** King [[Ghazi of Iraq]] (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Joaqu\\u00edn\n        Garc\\u00eda Morato]], Spanish fighter ace (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[Bennie and Stella Dickson|Bennie Dickson]], American bank robber\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Joseph Lyons]], 10th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 J\\u00falio de Souza Pinto]], Portuguese painter\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Konstantin Petrovich Grigorovich]],\n        Soviet engineer and professor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Hugo\n        Charlemont]], Austrian painter (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Vladimir\n        \\u0106opi\\u0107]], Yugoslav politician, Communist leader (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Lucilio de Albuquerque]], Brazilian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 20]]\n        – [[Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 22]]\n        – [[Leandro Campanari]], Italian conductor, composer and violinist (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[John Foulds]], British classical music composer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Georges Ricard-Cordingley]], French painter (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Gola]], Argentinian actor (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Archduke Leo Karl of Austria]] (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:SAAVEDRA B.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Bautista Saavedra]]]]\\n[[File:Ursula\n        Leduhovskaya in 1907.jpg|110px|thumb|Saint [[Ursula Led\\u00f3chowska]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Bautista Saavedra]], 35th [[President of Bolivia]] (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Phillips Smalley]], American actor and director\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Wilhelm Groener]], German general (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[James A. Johnson (architect)|James A. Johnson]],\n        American architect (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Puig\n        Casauranc]], Mexican diplomat, journalist and politician (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Francesco Paleari]], Italian priest and blessed (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Mary, Lady Heath]], Irish aviator (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[James Parrott]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 13]]\n        – [[Victor Bernau]], Norwegian actor and director (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Charles deForest Chandler]], American military aviator (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Ahmet A\\u011fao\\u011flu]], Turkish politician,\n        author and writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Joseph Carr]], 2nd president\n        of the [[National Football League]] (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Alexandra \\u010cvanov\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovakian soprano (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Ernst Toller]],\n        German playwright and Communist politician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 23]] –\n        [[Witmer Stone]], American ornithologist and botanist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Aleksander Br\\u00fcckner]], German scholar (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Frank Watson Dyson]], British astronomer (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[Alfred A. Cunningham]], American aviator, the first United\n        States Marine Corps aviator (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Ursula Led\\u00f3chowska]],\n        Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and saint (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Floyd Roberts]], American race car driver (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Jean Boucher 1921.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean Boucher (artist)|Jean\n        Boucher]]]]\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Tommy Ladnier]], American jazz trumpeter\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[George Fawcett]], American actor (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Owen Moore]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Nicolae M. Condiescu]], Romanian novelist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[J\\u00e1nos Teleszky]], Hungarian politician (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[Chick Webb]], American musician (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n** [[Jean Boucher (artist)|Jean Boucher]], French sculptor (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Eugen Weidmann]], German serial killer, last person publicly executed in\n        France (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Grace Abbott]], American social\n        worker and activist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Benjamin Tucker]],\n        American anarchist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Ernest Alexander\n        Cruikshank]], Canadian general (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Richard\n        Seaman]], British motor racing driver (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        [[Ford Madox Ford]], British writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Margaret\n        Campbell]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Bobby\n        Vernon]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Eduardo Lopez\n        Bustamante]], Venezuelan poet, lawyer and journalist (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n[[File:Malietoa Tanumafili I.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Malietoa Tanumafili\n        I]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 G\\u00e1rate]], Spanish painter\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Malietoa Tanumafili I]], [[King of Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Deacon White]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Havelock Ellis]],\n        British sexologist (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Anna Pappritz]], German writer and\n        suffragist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Carlo Chiostri]], Italian painter\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Alphonse Laurencic]], French painter and architect (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Stiliyan Kovachev]], Bulgarian general\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Alphonse Mucha]], Czech painter and decorative\n        artist (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Neculai Cost\\u0103chescu]], Romanian chemist and\n        politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Bartholomeus Roodenburch]],\n        Dutch swimmer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Mar\\u00eda del Carmen\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez-Valerio]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] saint (b. [[1930]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Joseph Mendes da Costa]], Dutch sculptor (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Jack Duffy (actor)|Jack Duffy]], American actor (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Abdul Karim Ghaznavi]], Indian politician,\n        traveler and minister (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[William Mackay]],\n        American artist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Baczy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish writer,  journalist and soldier (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Salvatore A. Cotillo]],\n        Italian lawyer, politician and judge (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[Beryl Mercer]], Spanish actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Pio\n        Laporte]], Canadian physician and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Carlo\n        Galimberti.JPG|thumbnail|110px|[[Carlo Galimberti]]]]\\n[[File:Busch german.jpg|110px|thumb|[[German\n        Busch]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Harvey Spencer Lewis]], American mystic\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Mehmet Emin \\u00c7olako\\u011flu]],\n        Turkish army general (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Carlo Galimberti]],\n        Italian Olympic weightlifter (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Jean\n        Bugatti]], German automobile designer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        [[Eulalio Guti\\u00e9rrez]], President of Mexico (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[Federico Gamboa]], Mexican diplomat and writer (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] \\n** [[Sidney Howard]], American writer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Germ\\u00e1n\n        Busch]], Bolivian military officer, 2-time [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Piero Colonna]], Italian politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Arthur Asquith]], British general (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Rub\\u00e9n Gonz\\u00e1lez C\\u00e1rdenas]], Venezuelan\n        lawyer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Marthe de Florian]], French\n        painter (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Wilhelm B\\u00f6lsche]], German\n        journalist and science writer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Richard\n        Bouwens van der Boijen]], French architect (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Eliodoro Villaz%C3%B3n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eliodoro Villaz\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:Armand\n        Calinescu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Armand Calinescu]]]]\\n[[File:Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sigmund\n        Freud]]]]\\n[[File:CarlLaemmle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carl Laemmle]]]]\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Arthur Rackham]], British artist (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Ky\\u014dka Izumi]], Japanese author (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Swami Abhedananda]], Indian mystic (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[Wilhelm Fritz von Roettig]], German Waffen SS general, first\n        general killed in action during World War II (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] – [[Marion De Vries]], American politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] – [[Eliodoro Villaz\\u00f3n]], 32nd [[President of Bolivia]] (b.\n        [[1848]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Ludwig R. Conradi]], German evangelist\n        and missionary (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Kustro\\u0144]], Polish general\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Nikolaos Triantafyllakos]], Prime Minister\n        of Greece (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Stanis\\u0142aw Ignacy\n        Witkiewicz]], Polish writer and painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Bruchesi]], Canadian prelate (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Hermann Brunn]], German\n        mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin]],\n        French astronomer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Armand C\\u0103linescu]],\n        Romanian economist and politician, 39th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[Park Yeong-hyo]], Korean politician and diplomat (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]]\\n** [[Miko\\u0142aj Bo\\u0142tu\\u0107]], Polish army general\n        (killed in battle) (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Olszyna-Wilczy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Werner von Fritsch]], German general (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1880]]) \\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Sigmund Freud]], Austrian\n        psychiatrist (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Eugeniusz Kazimirowski]], Polish painter\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Francisco Leon de la Barra]], Mexican diplomat and political\n        figure, 32nd [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**\n        [[James P. Boyle]], American politician (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Danilo, Crown\n        Prince of Montenegro]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Carl Laemmle]], German film producer\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Samuel Dickstein (mathematician)|Samuel\n        Dickstein]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Yusuf Abu Durra]], Palestinan revolt leader (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n[[File:Prince Joachim Albrecht of Prussia, ca 1904.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince\n        Joachim Albert of Prussia]]]]\\n[[File:AlbrechtHerzogW%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albrecht,\n        Duke of Wurttemberg]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Edgar M. Lazarus]], American\n        architect (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Fay Templeton]], American\n        musical comedy star (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Giulio Gavotti]],\n        Italian aviator (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Harvey Cushing]],\n        American neurosurgeon (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Gustav Henriksen]],\n        Norwegian executive (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Ford Sterling]],\n        American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Polaire]], French\n        actress (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Bernardas Fridmanas]], Lithuanian\n        lawyer, judge, journalist and politician (b.  [[1859]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Zane Grey]], American writer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 24]] –\n        [[Prince Joachim Albert of Prussia]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 28]] –\n        [[Alice Brady]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Dwight B. Waldo]], American educator and historian (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Carlos De Valdez]], Peruvian actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\n** [[Albrecht, Duke of W\\u00fcrttemberg]], German field marshal (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n** [[Otto Rank]], Austrian psychoanalyst (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n[[File:Aurelio mosquera narvaez.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Aurelio Mosquera]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        Naismith with a basketball.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James Naismith]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-1979-122-29A, Philipp Scheidemann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Philipp Scheidemann]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[K\\u00e1lm\\u00e1n Dar\\u00e1nyi]], 31st Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 4]] \\n** [[Percy Douglas]], chairman\n        of the [[British Graham Land Expedition]] (BGLE) Advisory Committee (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Ma Xiangbo]], Chinese [[Jesuit]] priest and blessed (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Alicja Kotowska]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] nun, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Pedro Nolasco Cruz Vergara]], Chilean novelist and writer\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Norman Bethune]], Canadian humanitarian\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Lois Weber]], American actress\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Platon Ivanovich Ivanov]], Soviet-born\n        Finnish civil servant (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Henry, Duke\n        of Parma]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Aurelio Mosquera]],\n        Ecuadorian politician, 25th [[President of Ecuador]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[\\u00c9mile Paul Amable Gu\\u00e9pratte]], French admiral (b.  [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – King [[Daudi Cwa II of Buganda]] (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – [[John Harron]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[James Naismith]], Canadian inventor of basketball (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Eugen Kolisko]], Austrian-born German physician and\n        educator (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Krasnowolski]], Polish painter (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Philipp Scheidemann]], German politician, 11th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:Douglas Fairbanks Sr. - Private Life of Don Juan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas\n        Fairbanks]]]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess\n        Louise of the United Kingdom]], second youngest daughter of [[Queen Victoria]]\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Santiago Iglesias]], Puerto Rican\n        statesman (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Alimondo Ciampi]], Italian\n        sculptor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Louis de Chappedelaine]],\n        French politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Douglas Fairbanks]],\n        American actor and the father of [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr.]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Gildardo Maga\\u00f1a]], Mexican general, politician\n        and revolutionary (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Juan Dem\\u00f3stenes\n        Arosemena]], 18th [[President of Panama]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 18]]\n        – [[Bruno Liljefors]], Swedish artist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n**\n        [[Dmitry Grave]], Soviet mathematician (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Reginald F. Nicholson]],\n        United States Navy admiral (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Hans\n        Langsdorff]], German naval officer (suicide) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 22]]\n        – [[Ma Rainey]], American blues singer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n**\n        [[Anthony Fokker]], Dutch-born American aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Maxime Laubeuf]], French maritime engineer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[Walter Gordon (physicist)|Walter Gordon]], German physicist (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Ivan Dmitriyevich Borisov]], Soviet\n        aircraft pilot (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Rinaldo Cuneo]], American\n        artist (\\\"the painter of San Francisco) (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Napol\\u00e9on\n        Turcot]], Canadian politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Frank\n        Benson (actor)|Frank Benson]], British actor (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n* [[Keeleri Kunhikannan]], father of the Kerala Circus\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes\n        ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Ernest Lawrence]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt]], [[Leopold Ru\\u017ei\\u010dka]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Gerhard\n        Domagk]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Frans Eemil\n        Sillanp\\u00e4\\u00e4]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1939-wwii-timeline.htm\n        1939 WWII Timeline] \\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1939/1939fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1939] – from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1939-pictures.html 1939 Coin Pictures]\\n*\n        [http://www.zapmedia.com Paula Phelan, 1939 Into The Dark, 2009, ZAPmedia.]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1939}}\\n[[Category:1939|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T05:28:24Z\",\"lastrevid\":799846498,\"length\":89042,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1939&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939\"},\"34708\":{\"pageid\":34708,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1940\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:03:54Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1940}}\\n{{events by month|1940}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1940}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1940}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\nBelow, the events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Axis powers]]: [[Luftwaffe]] Col\n        [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] assumes control of most war industries in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].\\n*\n        [[January 6]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winter War]]: General [[Semyon Timoshenko]] takes\n        command of all [[Soviet]] forces.\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** WWII: [[Winter War]]\n        \\u2013 [[Battle of Suomussalmi]]: The [[44th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|Soviet\n        44th Rifle Division]] is destroyed by Finnish forces.\\n** WWII: [[Rationing\n        in the United Kingdom|Food rationing]] begins in Great Britain.\\n* [[January\n        9]] \\u2013 WWII; British submarine {{HMS|Starfish|19S|6}} is sunk.\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Mechelen incident]]: A German plane carrying secret plans\n        for the invasion of western Europe makes a forced landing in Belgium, leading\n        to mobilization of defense forces in the [[Low Countries]].\\n* [[January 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[The Three Stooges]] short subject comedy film ''''[[You Nazty Spy!]]''''\n        is released, the first Hollywood parody of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the Nazis,\n        with [[Moe Howard]] portraying \\\"Moe Hailstone\\\" as the Hitler-parody lead.\\n*\n        [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Brisbane]], Australia swelters through its hottest\n        day ever, 43.2 degrees Celsius (109.76 Fahrenheit).\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013\n        WWII: A peace resolution introduced in the [[Parliament of South Africa]]\n        is defeated 81\\u201359.\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 Three gasoline-powered trains\n        carrying factory workers crash and explode while approaching [[Ajikawaguchi\n        Station]], [[Yumesaki Line]] (Nishinari Line), [[Osaka]], Japan, killing at\n        least 181 people and injuring at least 92.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n* [[February\n        1]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winter War]] \\u2013 Soviet forces launch a major assault\n        on Finnish troops occupying the [[Karelian Isthmus]].\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Vsevolod Meyerhold]] is executed in the Soviet Union on charges of treason\n        and espionage. He is cleared of all charges 15 years later in the first waves\n        of [[de-Stalinization]]\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 ''''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Disney''s\n        Pinocchio]]'''' was released in [[theaters]] everywhere.\\n* [[February 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mae West]] & [[W. C. Fields]] join comedic forces for ''''[[My Little\n        Chickadee]]'''' with tremendous success. The film becomes one of the highest\n        grossing of the year.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Tom and Jerry]] make their\n        debut in ''''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]''''. However it is not until 1941 that\n        their current names are adopted.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Altmark\n        Incident|''''Altmark'''' Incident]]: The British destroyer {{HMS|Cossack|F03|6}}\n        pursues the [[German tanker Altmark|German tanker ''''Altmark'''']] into the\n        [[Country neutrality (international relations)|neutral waters]] of [[J\\u00f8ssingfjord]]\n        in southwestern Norway and frees the 290 British seamen held aboard.\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\u2013 In [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], province of [[Amdo|Ando]],\n        4-year-old [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso]] is proclaimed\n        the ''''[[tulku]]'''' ([[reincarnation|rebirth]]) of the thirteenth [[Dalai\n        Lama]].\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Martin Kamen]] and [[Sam Ruben]] discover\n        [[carbon-14]].\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013 [[Hattie McDaniel]] becomes the first\n        African-American to win an [[Academy Award]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March\n        2]] \\u2013 Cartoon character [[Elmer Fudd]] makes his debut in the animated\n        short ''''[[Elmer''s Candid Camera]]''''.\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 In [[Lule\\u00e5]],\n        [[Sweden]], a [[time bomb]] destroys the office of Swedish [[communism|communist]]\n        newspaper ''''[[Flamman|Norrskensflamman]]''''.\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Katyn\n        massacre]]: Members of the Soviet Politburo ([[Joseph Stalin]], [[Vyacheslav\n        Molotov]], [[Lazar Kaganovich]], [[Mikhail Kalinin]], [[Kliment Voroshilov]]\n        and [[Lavrentiy Beria]]) sign an order, prepared by Beria, for the execution\n        of 25,700 Polish intelligentsia, including 14,700 Polish POWs.\\n* [[March\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Ed Ricketts]], [[John Steinbeck]] and six others leave [[Monterey,\n        California]] for the [[Gulf of California]] on a collecting expedition.\\n*\n        [[March 12]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union]] and Finland sign a [[Moscow Peace\n        Treaty|peace treaty]] in Moscow ending the [[Winter War]]; Finns, along with\n        the world at large, are shocked by the harsh terms.\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Axis powers]]: [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] meet at [[Brenner\n        Pass]] in the [[Alps]]. After being informed by Hitler that the Germans are\n        ready to attack in the west, Mussolini agrees to bring Italy into the war\n        in due course.\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9douard Daladier]] resigns as\n        prime minister of France; [[Paul Reynaud]] succeeds him.\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Pakistan Movement]]: The [[Lahore Resolution]], calling for greater autonomy\n        for what will become [[Pakistan]] in [[British India]], is drawn up by the\n        [[All-India Muslim League]] during a three-day general session at [[Iqbal\n        Park]], [[Lahore]].\\n** ''''[[Truth or Consequences]]'''' debuts on [[NBC\n        Radio]].\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Commerce raiding]] {{Ship|German auxiliary\n        cruiser|Atlantis}} leaves the [[Wadden Sea]] for what will become the longest\n        warship cruise of the war. (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair).{{cite\n        book|author=Muggenthaler, August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|ISBN=0-13-354027-8|page=14}}\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n* April \\u2013 [[Robin the Boy Wonder]], [[Batman]]''s trusted\n        sidekick, makes his debut in ''''[[Detective Comics]]'''' #38.\\n* [[April\n        3]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Weser\\u00fcbung|Operation ''''Weser\\u00fcbung'''']]:\n        German ships set out for the [[Norwegian Campaign#German invasion|invasion\n        of Norway]].\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Prime Minister\n        of the United Kingdom]], in what proves to be a tragic misjudgment, declares\n        in a major public speech that [[Hitler]] has \\\"missed the bus\\\".\\n* [[April\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Booker T. Washington]] becomes the first [[African American]]\n        to be depicted on a United States [[postage stamp]].\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Operation Wilfred]]: The British fleet lays [[naval mine]]s off the\n        coast of neutral Norway.\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 WWII: Germany invades the [[Country\n        neutrality (international relations)|neutral countries]] of Denmark and Norway\n        in [[Operation Weser\\u00fcbung|Operation ''''Weser\\u00fcbung'''']], opening\n        the [[Norwegian Campaign]]. The British [[Royal Navy]] attempts to attack\n        elements of the German fleet off Norway. [[Vidkun Quisling]] proclaims a new\n        collaborationist [[Quisling regime|regime]] in Norway. The [[German invasion\n        of Denmark (1940)|German invasion of Denmark]] lasts for about six hours before\n        that country capitulates.\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 WWII: [[First Naval Battle\n        of Narvik]]: The British [[Royal Navy]] attacks the German fleet in the [[Ofotfjord]].\n        At [[Bergen]], [[German cruiser K\\u00f6nigsberg|German cruiser ''''K\\u00f6nigsberg'''']]\n        is sunk by British [[Fleet Air Arm]] [[Blackburn Skua]] [[dive bomber]]s flying\n        from [[RNAS Hatston]] in [[Orkney]].\\n* [[April 12]]\\n**The [[Faroe Islands]]\n        are [[British occupation of the Faroe Islands|occupied by British troops]],\n        following the German invasion of Denmark. This action is taken to avert a\n        possible German occupation of the islands with serious consequences for the\n        course of the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].\\n**Opening day at [[Jamaica Race\n        Course]] features the use of [[parimutuel betting]] equipment, a departure\n        from [[bookmaking]] heretofore used exclusively throughout New York. Other\n        tracks in the state follow suit later in 1940.\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** WWII: [[Second\n        Naval Battle of Narvik]]: The British [[Royal Navy]] causes all eight defending\n        German destroyers in the [[Ofotfjord]] to be sunk.\\n** The [[New York Rangers]]\n        win the [[1940 Stanley Cup Finals]] in [[ice hockey]]. It will be another\n        [[Curse of 1940|54 years]] before their [[1994 Stanley Cup Finals|next win]]\n        in [[1994]].\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Norwegian Campaign]]: First British\n        ground forces land in Norway at [[Namsos]] and [[Harstad]].\\n* [[April 16]]\n        \\u2013 In American baseball, the [[Cleveland Indians]], behind [[Bob Feller]]''s\n        [[Opening Day]] [[no-hitter]], defeat the [[Chicago White Sox]], 1-0.\\n* [[April\n        21]] \\u2013 ''''[[Take It or Leave It (radio show)|Take It or Leave It]]''''\n        makes its debut on [[CBS Radio]] in the United States, with [[Bob Hawk]] as\n        host.\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 The [[Rhythm Club fire]] at a dance hall in [[Natchez,\n        Mississippi]], kills 198.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Olympic Committee]] formally cancels the [[1940 Summer Olympics]].\\n* [[May\n        10]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Battle of France]] begins\\n** German forces invade\n        [[Low Countries]]\\n*** [[Battle of the Netherlands]] begins\\n*** [[Battle\n        of Belgium]] begins\\n*** [[German occupation of Luxembourg during World War\n        II|Invasion of Luxembourg]] begins\\n** British [[Invasion of Iceland]].\\n**\n        With the resignation of [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Winston Churchill]] becomes\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].\\n[[File:Churchill portrait NYP 45063.jpg|thumb|120px|[[May\n        10]]: [[Winston Churchill]]]]\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Winston Churchill]],\n        in his first address as Prime Minister, tells the [[House of Commons of the\n        United Kingdom]], \\\"I have nothing to offer you but [[blood, toil, tears,\n        and sweat]].\\\"\\n** German armies open a {{convert|60|mi|km|adj=on}} wide breach\n        in the [[Maginot Line]] at [[Sedan, France]].\\n* [[May 13]]\\u2013[[May 14]]\n        \\u2013 Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] and her government are evacuated\n        to London using the British destroyer {{HMS|Hereward|H93|6}}.\\n* [[May 14]]\n        \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Rotterdam]] is subjected to savage terror bombing by the\n        [[Luftwaffe]]; 980 are killed, and 20,000 buildings destroyed. General [[Henri\n        Winkelman]] announces surrender of the [[Royal Netherlands Army|Dutch army]]\n        (outside [[Zeeland]]) to German forces\\n** Recruitment begins in Britain for\n        a home defence force: the [[Local Defence Volunteers]], later known as the\n        Home Guard.\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** WWII: The [[Royal Netherlands Army|Dutch Army]]\n        formally signs a surrender document.\\n** The very first [[McDonald''s]] restaurant\n        opens in [[San Bernardino, California]].\\n** Women''s [[stocking]]s made of\n        [[nylon]] are first placed on sale across the United States. Almost five million\n        pairs are bought on this day.{{cite web|title=the history of nylon |url=http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32\n        |first=L. |last=Trossarelli |publisher=Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi\n        Materiali e Tecniche |year=2010 |accessdate=2012-02-28 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65r5ABsxp?url=http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32\n        |archivedate=March 2, 2012 |deadurl=no |df=mdy}}\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013\n        President of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], addressing a joint\n        session of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], asks for an extraordinary\n        credit of approximately $900 million to finance construction of at least 50,000\n        airplanes per year.\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Brussels]] falls to German\n        forces; the Belgian government flees to [[Ostend]].\\n** [[Zeeland]] is overrun\n        by German forces, ending the [[Battle of the Netherlands]] and beginning full\n        [[German occupation of the Netherlands]] ([[Noord-Beveland]] surrenders on\n        May 18 and remaining Dutch troops are withdrawn from [[Zeelandic Flanders]]\n        on May 19).\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 Marshal [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]] is named\n        vice-premier of France.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 General [[Maxime Weygand]] replaces\n        [[Maurice Gamelin]] as commander-in-chief of all French forces.\\n* [[May 20]]\\n**\n        WWII: German forces ([[2nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|2nd Panzer division]]),\n        under General [[Rudolf Veiel]], reach [[Noyelles-sur-Mer|Noyelles]] on the\n        [[English Channel]].\\n** [[Holocaust]]: The [[Nazi concentration camp]] and\n        [[extermination camp]] [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]], the largest of the German concentration\n        camps, opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] near\n        the town of [[O\\u015bwi\\u0119cim]]. From now until January [[1945]], around\n        1.1 million people will be killed here.\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Parliament\n        of the United Kingdom]] passes the [[Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939]],\n        giving the government full control over all persons and property.\\n* [[May\n        24]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Anglo-French Supreme War Council]] decides to withdraw\n        all forces under its control from Norway.\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** WWII: The [[Dunkirk\n        evacuation]] of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary\n        Force]] starts.\\n** First free flight of [[Igor Sikorsky]]''s [[Vought-Sikorsky\n        VS-300]] helicopter.\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** King [[Leopold III of\n        Belgium]] orders the Belgian forces to cease fighting, ending the 18-day [[Battle\n        of Belgium]]. Leaders of the Belgian government on French territory declare\n        Leopold deposed.\\n** In the [[land battle of Narvik]], German forces retire\n        giving the Allies their first victory on land in the war; however, the British\n        have already decided to evacuate [[Narvik]].\\n** [[Winston Churchill]] warns\n        the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] to \\\"prepare itself for hard\n        and heavy tidings.\\\"\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 The Vought XF4U-1, prototype of\n        the [[F4U Corsair]] U.S. fighter later used in WWII, makes its first flight.\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** WW11: Rear Admiral Sir William Frederic Wake-Walker''s\n        flagship the destroyer [[HMS Keith]] sunk by Stuka dive bombers.http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-14B-HMS_Keith.htm\\n\\n*\n        [[June 3]]\\n** WWII: Paris is bombed by the [[Luftwaffe]] for the first time.\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: [[Franz Rademacher]] proposes the [[Madagascar Plan]].\\n**\n        [[Weather Bureau]] transferred to the [[United States Department of Commerce]].\\n*\n        [[June 4]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[Dunkirk evacuation]] ends: The British and\n        French navies together with large numbers of civilian vessels from various\n        nations complete evacuating 300,000 troops from [[Dunkirk]] in France to England.\\n**\n        [[Winston Churchill]] tells the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]],\n        \\\"We shall not flag or fail. [[We shall fight on the beaches]]... on the landing\n        grounds... in the fields and the streets.... We shall never surrender.\\\"\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Daisy Duck]] debuts in ''''[[Mr. Duck Steps Out]]''''.\\n**\n        King [[Haakon VII of Norway]] and his government are evacuated from [[Troms\\u00f8]]\n        to London on [[HMS Devonshire (39)|HMS ''''Devonshire'''']].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|first=Lars|last=Borgersrud|authorlink=Lars Borgersrud|encyclopedia=[[Norsk\n        krigsleksikon 1940-1945]]|title=N\\u00f8ytralitetsvakt|editor=[[Hans Fredrik\n        Dahl|Dahl, Hans Fredrik]] |editor2=[[Guri Hjeltnes|Hjeltnes, Guri]] |editor3=[[Berit\n        N\\u00f8kleby|N\\u00f8kleby, Berit]] |editor4=[[Nils Johan Ringdal|Ringdal,\n        Nils Johan]] |editor5=[[\\u00d8ystein S\\u00f8rensen|S\\u00f8rensen, \\u00d8ystein]]\n        |url=http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/d2e8afecb1aba47bf48bb3cd246dd070#&struct=DIV314|accessdate=2012-06-29|year=1995|publisher=Cappelen|location=Oslo|isbn=82-02-14138-9|page=313|language=Norwegian}}\\n*\n        [[June 9]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[British Commandos]] are created.\\n* [[June 10]]\\n**\n        WWII: Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom.\\n** WWII: U.S.\n        President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] denounces Italy''s actions with his [ftp://webstorage2.mcpa.virginia.edu/library/nara/fdr/audiovisual/speeches/fdr_1940_0610.mp3\n        \\\"Stab in the Back\\\"] speech during the graduation ceremonies of the [[University\n        of Virginia]].\\n** WWII: Canada declares war on Italy.\\n** WWII: The [[Norwegian\n        Army]] surrenders to German forces.\\n** WWII: The French government flees\n        to [[Tours]].\\n** [[Jamaica]]n political activist [[Marcus Garvey]] dies of\n        a stroke in London.\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Western Desert Campaign]]\n        opens with British forces crossing the [[Frontier Wire (Libya)|Frontier Wire]]\n        into [[Italian Libya]].\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013 WWII: 13,000 British and French\n        troops surrender to [[Major-General]] [[Erwin Rommel]]''s 7th Panzer Division\n        at [[Saint-Valery-en-Caux]].\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 WWII: Paris is declared\n        an [[open city]].\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** WWII: The French government flees to\n        [[Bordeaux]] and Paris falls under German occupation.\\n** WWII: U.S. President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs the Naval Expansion Act into law, which aims\n        to increase the [[United States Navy]]''s tonnage by 11%.\\n** WWII: A group\n        of 728 Polish political prisoners from [[Tarn\\u00f3w]] become the first residents\n        of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]].\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** WWII: The Soviet\n        Union [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupies]] [[Lithuania]].\\n** WWII:\n        [[Verdun]] falls to German forces.\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** The [[Churchill war\n        ministry]] in the United Kingdom offers a [[Franco-British Union]] to [[Paul\n        Reynaud]], [[Prime Minister of France]], in the hope of preventing France\n        from agreeing to an [[Second Armistice at Compi\\u00e8gne|armistice with Germany]],\n        but Reynaud resigns when his own cabinet refuses to accept it.\\n** The [[Sturgis\n        Motorcycle Rally]] is held for the first time in [[Sturgis, South Dakota]].\\n*\n        [[June 17]]\\n** WWII: [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]] becomes [[Prime Minister of\n        France]] and immediately asks Germany for peace terms.\\n** WWII: The Soviet\n        Union [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupies]] [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Operation Ariel]] begins: [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] troops\n        start to evacuate France, following Germany''s takeover of Paris and most\n        of the nation.\\n** WWII: {{RMS|Lancastria}}, serving as a [[troopship]], is\n        bombed and sunk by [[Luftwaffe]] [[Junkers Ju 88]] aircraft while evacuating\n        British troops and nationals from [[Saint-Nazaire]] in France with the loss\n        of at least 4,000 lives, the largest single UK loss in any World War II event,\n        immediate news of which is suppressed in the British press.{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50E1FFD3558127A93C4AB178CD85F448485F9|title=Lancastria''s\n        end told by survivors; Italian and Nazi Planes Said to Have Shot at Swimmers\n        and Fired Oily Waters; Many Caught Below Deck; Rescue Craft Reported Set Ablaze;\n        Victims Include Women and Children|work=[[New York Times]]|date=26 July 1940|accessdate=22\n        May 2010}}{{cite book|last=Hooton|first=E. R.|title=Luftwaffe at\n        War: Blitzkrieg in the West|publisher=Chervron/Ian Allan|year=2007|location=London|page=88|isbn=978-1-85780-272-6}}\n        Destroyer {{HMS|Beagle|H30}} rescues around 600.\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** WWII:\n        [[Winston Churchill]] tells the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]:\n        \\\"The [[Battle of France]] is over. The [[Battle of Britain]] is about to\n        begin.\\\"\\n** WWII: [[Appeal of 18 June]]: General [[Charles de Gaulle]], ''''de\n        facto'''' leader of the [[Free French Forces]], makes his first broadcast\n        appeal over [[Radio Londres]] from London rallying [[French Resistance]],\n        calling on all French people to continue the fight against [[Nazi Germany]]:\n        \\\"France has lost a battle. But France has not lost the war\\\".\\n* [[June 22]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Second Armistice at Compi\\u00e8gne]]: The [[French Third Republic]]\n        and [[Nazi Germany]] sign an [[armistice]] ending the [[Battle of France]]\n        in the [[Forest of Compi\\u00e8gne]], in the same [[Compagnie Internationale\n        des Wagons-Lits]] railroad car used by Marshal [[Ferdinand Foch]] to agree\n        the [[Armistice with Germany]] in [[1918]]. This divides France into a ''''[[Zone\n        occup\\u00e9e]]'''' in the north and west under the [[Military Administration\n        in France (Nazi Germany)]] and a southern ''''[[Zone libre]]'''', [[Vichy\n        France]].\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013 WWII: German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] surveys\n        newly defeated Paris in now occupied France.{{cite web|title=Hitler Picture:\n        Hitler in Paris|url=http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blhitler38.htm|work=20th\n        Century History|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2013-03-25}}\\n* [[June\n        24]]\\n** United States politics: The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican\n        Party]] begins its [[1940 Republican National Convention|national convention]]\n        in [[Philadelphia]] and nominates [[Wendell Willkie]] as its candidate for\n        president.\\n** WWII: [[Vichy France]] signs armistice terms with Italy.\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\u2013 WWII: After the defeat of [[Armistice with France (Second\n        Compi\\u00e8gne)|France]], Hitler plans for an invasion of Switzerland, known\n        as [[Operation Tannenbaum]].\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Soviet calendar]]: The\n        Soviet Union reverts to a seven-day week for all purposes.\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        General [[Charles de Gaulle]] is officially recognized by Britain as the \\\"Leader\n        of all [[Free French]]men, wherever they may be.\\\"\\n** [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]\n        [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|cedes Bessarabia and\n        Northern Bukovina]] to the Soviet Union, after an ultimatum.\\n* [[June 30]]\\n**\n        WWII: German forces land in [[Guernsey]], marking the start of the 5-year\n        [[Occupation of the Channel Islands]].\\n** [[Federal government of the United\n        States]] reorganisation:\\n*** The [[Civil Aeronautics Administration (United\n        States)|Civil Aeronautics Administration]] is placed under the [[Department\n        of Commerce]].\\n*** The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) is placed\n        under the [[Federal Security Agency]].\\n*** The [[United States Fish and Wildlife\n        Service]] is placed under the [[Department of the Interior]].\\n\\n=== July\n        ===\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 The [[Galloping Gertie|first Tacoma Narrows Bridge]]\n        opens for business, built with an {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=on}} girder and {{convert|190|ft|m}}\n        above the water, as the third longest [[suspension bridge]] in the world.\\n*\n        [[July 2]] \\u2013 WWII: British-owned {{SS|Arandora Star}}, carrying [[Civilian\n        Internee|civilian internees]] and [[POW]]s of Italian and German origin from\n        [[Liverpool]] to Canada, is [[torpedo]]ed and sunk by the {{GS|U-47|1938|6}}\n        off northwest Ireland with the loss of around 865 lives.\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Attack on Mers-el-K\\u00e9bir]]: British naval units sink or seize\n        ships of the French fleet anchored in the [[Algeria]]n ports of [[Mers-el-Kebir]]\n        and [[Oran]] to prevent them falling into German hands. The following day,\n        [[Vichy France]] breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain.\\n* [[July 6]]\\n**\n        Opening of [[Story Bridge]] in [[Brisbane]].\\n** WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Shark|54S|6}}\n        is sunk.\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Battle of Britain]] begins.\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** WWII: British destroyer {{HMS|Escort|H66|6}} is torpedoed\n        and sunk by an Italian submarine.\\n** WWII: [[Vichy France]] begins with a\n        constitutional law which only [[The Vichy 80|80 members of the parliament]]\n        vote against. [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]] becomes [[Prime Minister of France]].\\n*\n        [[July 14]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winston Churchill]], in a worldwide broadcast,\n        proclaims the intention of Great Britain to fight alone against Germany whatever\n        the outcome: \\\"We shall seek no terms. We shall tolerate no parley. We may\n        show mercy. We shall ask none.\\\"\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 U.S. politics: The\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] begins its national\n        convention in Chicago, and nominates [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] for an unprecedented\n        third term as president.\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** WWII: Allied victory at the [[Battle\n        of Cape Spada]] {{HMAS|Sydney|D48|6}} and five destroyers sink the [[Italian\n        cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni|Italian cruiser ''''Bartolomeo Colleoni'''']].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Adolf Hitler]] makes a peace appeal to Britain in an address to the\n        [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]. [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord\n        Halifax]], the British foreign minister, flatly rejects peace terms in a broadcast\n        reply on [[July 22]].\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** After rigged parliamentary elections\n        in the three occupied countries on [[July 14]]\\u2013[[July 15|15]], the parliaments\n        proclaim the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonian]], [[Latvian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic|Latvian]] and [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]s.\\n**\n        The [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] fighter aircraft enters service, so named as 1940\n        roughly corresponds to the year 2600 on the Japanese Imperial calendar.\\n*\n        [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Welles Declaration]]: United States [[Under Secretary\n        of State]] [[Sumner Welles]] announces that the U.S. will not accord [[diplomatic\n        recognition]] to the [[Soviet Union]]''s [[occupation of the Baltic states]].\\n*\n        [[July 25]] \\u2013 General [[Henri Guisan]] addresses the officer corps of\n        the [[Swiss army]] at [[R\\u00fctli]] resolving to resist any invasion of the\n        country.\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Bugs Bunny]] makes his debut in the [[Academy\n        Awards|Oscar]]-nominated cartoon short, ''''[[A Wild Hare]]''''. However,\n        it is not until 1941 that his name is adopted.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n* [[August\n        1]] \\u2013 WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Spearfish|69S|6}} is sunk in the\n        English Channel by what is much later discovered to be a mine.\\n* [[August\n        3]] \\u2013 The [[Lithuanian SSR]] is annexed into the [[Soviet Union]], followed\n        by the [[Latvian SSR]] on [[August 5]] and the [[Estonian SSR]] [[August 6]],\n        just seven weeks after their occupation.\\n* [[August 3]]\\u2013[[August 19|19]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Italian conquest of British Somaliland]].\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013\n        Gen. [[John J. Pershing]], in a nationwide radio broadcast, urges all-out\n        aid to Britain in order to defend the Americas, while [[Charles Lindbergh]]\n        speaks to an [[isolationist]] rally at [[Soldier Field]] in Chicago.\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signs the \\\"[[Aufbau Ost (1940)|Aufbau\n        Ost]]\\\" directive, which eventually leads to the invasion of the [[Soviet\n        Union]].\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 WWII: British armed merchant cruiser {{HMS|Transylvania|F56|6}}\n        is torpedoed off [[Malin Head]], Ireland, by [[German submarine U-56 (1938)|German\n        submarine ''''U-56'''']].\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 WWII: The ''''[[Adlertag]]''''\n        (\\\"Eagle Day\\\") strike on southern England occurs, starting the rapid escalation\n        of the [[Battle of Britain]] air offensive of the ''''[[Luftwaffe]]'''' against\n        [[RAF Fighter Command]].\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 Italy, without having declared\n        war on Greece, sinks the Greek boat ''''Elli'''' (\\u0388\\u03bb\\u03bb\\u03b7).\\n*\n        [[August 18]]\\n** WWII: \\\"[[The Hardest Day]]\\\" in the [[Battle of Britain]]:\n        both sides lose more aircraft combined on this day than at any other point\n        during the campaign without the ''''Luftwaffe'''' achieving dominance over\n        RAF Fighter Command.\\n** [[Edward VIII|HRH The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor]],\n        is installed as [[Governor of the Bahamas]].{{cite book|last=Bloch|first=Michael|year=1982|title=The\n        Duke of Windsor''s War|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=0-297-77947-8}}\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** WWII: [[Winston Churchill]] pays tribute in the [[House\n        of Commons of the United Kingdom]] to the [[Royal Air Force]]: \\\"Never in\n        the field of human conflict was [[so much owed by so many to so few]].\\\"\\n**\n        [[Leon Trotsky]] is attacked with an [[ice axe]] in his Mexico home by [[NKVD]]\n        agent [[Ram\\u00f3n Mercader]].\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Leon Trotsky]] dies\n        of injuries sustained.\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Howard Florey]] and a team\n        including [[Ernst Chain]] and [[Norman Heatley]] at the [[Sir William Dunn\n        School of Pathology]], [[University of Oxford]], publish their laboratory\n        results showing the ''''[[in vivo]]'''' bactericidal action of [[penicillin]].\n        They have also purified the drug.{{cite journal|last=Drews|first=J\\u00fcrgen|date=March\n        2000|title=Drug Discovery: a Historical Perspective|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=287|issue=5460|pages=1960\\u20134|doi=10.1126/science.287.5460.1960|pmid=10720314}}{{cite\n        book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury\n        Press|year=1974|page=124}}\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 WWII: The first [[Bombing\n        of Berlin in World War II|Bombing of Berlin]] by the [[United Kingdom|British]]\n        [[Royal Air Force]].\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Chad]] is the first French\n        colony to proclaim its support for the Allies.\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Second\n        Vienna Award]]: Germany and Italy compel Romania to cede half of [[Transylvania]]\n        to Hungary.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n* September \\u2013 The [[45th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]] (previously a National\n        Guard Division in [[Arizona]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Oklahoma]]),\n        is activated and ordered into federal service for 1 year, to engage in a training\n        program in [[Ft. Sill]] and [[Louisiana]], prior to serving in WWII.\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\u2013 WWII: An agreement between America and Great Britain is announced\n        to the effect that 50 U.S. destroyers needed for escort work will be transferred\n        to Great Britain. In return, America gains 99-year leases on British bases\n        in the North Atlantic, [[West Indies]] and [[Bermuda]].\\n* [[September 4]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: In Berlin, [[Adolf Hitler]] declares in a speech that [[Nazi\n        Germany]] will avenge all night air raids carried out by Great Britain.\\n*\n        [[September 5]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Commerce raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser\n        Komet|German auxiliary cruiser ''''Komet'''']] enters the Pacific Ocean via\n        the [[Bering Strait]] after crossing the Arctic Ocean from the [[North Sea]]\n        with the help of Soviet icebreakers ''''Lenin'''', ''''Stalin'''', and ''''Kaganovich''''.{{cite\n        book | author=Muggenthaler, August Karl| title=German Raiders of WWII| publisher=Prentice-Hall|\n        year=1977| ISBN=0-13-354027-8| page=58}}\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Treaty\n        of Craiova]]: [[Romania]] loses [[Southern Dobruja]] to [[Bulgaria]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[The Blitz]] \\u2013 [[Nazi Germany]] begins to rain bombs on London\n        (the first of 57 consecutive nights of [[strategic bombing]]).\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Treznea massacre]]: The Hungarian Army, supported by [[Hungarians\n        in Romania|local Hungarians]] kill 93 [[Romanians|Romanian]] civilians in\n        [[Treznea, S\\u0103laj]], a village in [[Northern Transylvania]], as part of\n        attempts to [[ethnic cleansing]].\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** In [[Lascaux]],\n        France, 17,000-year-old [[cave painting]]s are discovered by a group of young\n        Frenchmen hiking through Southern France. The paintings depict animals and\n        date to the [[Stone Age]].\\n** The Hercules Munitions Plant in [[Succasunna-Kenvil,\n        New Jersey]] explodes, killing 55 people.\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Ip\n        massacre]]: The Hungarian Army, supported by [[Hungarians in Romania|local\n        Hungarians]], kill 158 [[Romanians|Romanian]] civilians in [[Ip, S\\u0103laj]],\n        a village in [[Northern Transylvania]], as part of attempts at [[ethnic cleansing]].\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Selective Training and Service Act of\n        1940]] is signed into law by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], creating the first\n        peacetime draft in U.S. history.\\n* [[September 17]]\\u2013[[September 18|18]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: {{SS|City of Benares}} is [[torpedo]]ed by {{GS|U-48|1939|6}}\n        in the Atlantic with the loss of 248 of the 406 on board, including child\n        evacuees bound for Canada. This results in cancellation of the British [[Children''s\n        Overseas Reception Board]]''s plan to relocate children overseas.\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|Japan enters French Indochina]]:\n        an agreement is signed in which Japan promises to station no more than 6,000\n        troops there, and never have more than 25,000 transiting the colony. Rights\n        were also given for three airfields.\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Occupation\n        of Norway by Nazi Germany]]: German ''''[[Reichskommissar]]'''' [[Josef Terboven]]\n        appoints a provisional council of state from the pro-Nazi [[Nasjonal Samling]]\n        party under [[Vidkun Quisling]] as a puppet government for Norway.\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 A group of Japanese officers in violation of an agreement signed\n        four days earlier with [[French Indochina]], take [[\\u0110\\u1ed3ng \\u0110\\u0103ng]]\n        and [[Lam S\\u01a1n]] with 40 Franco-Vietnamese troops killed and around 1,000\n        deserting. The same day the United States imposes a total [[embargo]] on all\n        scrap metal shipments to Japan.\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 WWII: Germany,\n        Italy and Japan sign the [[Tripartite Pact]].\\n* [[September 30]] (night to\n        1 October) \\u2013 [[Arson]]ists from the [[Hitler Youth]] destroy the [[Synagogue\n        du Quai Kl\\u00e9ber|Great Synagogue of Strasbourg]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013 The first section of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the United\n        States'' first long-distance [[controlled-access highway]], is opened.\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 Portuguese-born performer [[Carmen Miranda]] makes her\n        American film debut in ''''[[Down Argentine Way]]'''' one of the first films\n        produced to promote the [[Good Neighbor policy]].\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013\n        The [[Balham tube station disaster]] in London, England, occurs during the\n        Nazi [[Luftwaffe]] [[The Blitz|air raids on Great Britain]].\\n* [[October\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Chaplin]] releases his controversial wartime satire\n        ''''[[The Great Dictator]]'''', nine months after the Stooges'' ''''You Nazty\n        Spy!''''.\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 The draft registration of approximately\n        16 million men begins in the United States.\\n* [[October 18]]\\u2013[[October\n        19|19]] \\u2013 WWII: Thirty-two ships are sunk from [[Convoy SC 7]] and [[Convoy\n        HX 79]] by the most effective \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\" of\n        the war including [[List of U-boat aces|U-boat aces]] [[Otto Kretschmer|Kretschmer]],\n        [[G\\u00fcnther Prien|Prien]] and [[Joachim Schepke|Schepke]].\\n* [[October\n        26]]\\u2013[[October 28|28]] \\u2013 WWII: {{RMS|Empress of Britain|1930|6}},\n        serving as a [[troopship]] under the British flag, is bombed, torpedoed and\n        sunk off the [[Donegal]] coast with the loss of 45 lives. At 42,348 [[Gross\n        register tonnage|GRT]] she is the war''s largest merchant ship loss.\\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Greco-Italian War|Italian troops invade Greece]], meeting\n        strong resistance from Greek troops and civilians. This action signals the\n        beginning of the [[Balkan Campaign (World War II)|Balkan Campaign]].\\n* [[October\n        29]] \\u2013 The [[Selective Service System]] lottery is held in Washington,\n        D.C..\\n\\n=== November ===\\n* November \\u2013 In [[Cambodia]] the [[Khmer Issarak]]\n        is formed to overthrow the [[French Army]] within the nation.\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\u2013[[November 8|8]] \\u2013 WWII ([[Greco-Italian War]]): In the [[Battle\n        of Elaia\\u2013Kalamas]] in [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] outnumbered [[Kingdom\n        of Greece|Greek]] forces repel the [[Royal Italian Army during World War II|Italian\n        Army]].\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[German submarine U-69 (1940)|German submarine\n        ''''U-69'''']] is commissioned, the first [[German Type VII submarine#Type\n        VIIC|Type VIIC]] [[U-boat]] of [[Nazi Germany]]''s ''''[[Kriegsmarine]]''''\n        which will become its most numerous class with 568 commissioned during the\n        War.\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[United States presidential election, 1940]]:\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] incumbent [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        defeats [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger [[Wendell\n        Willkie]] and becomes the United States'' first and only third-term president.\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Agatha Christie]]''s mystery novel ''''[[And Then\n        There Were None]]'''' is published in book form in the United States.\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\u2013 In [[Tacoma, Washington]], the {{convert|600|ft|m|sing=on}}-long\n        center span of the [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)|Tacoma Narrows Bridge]]\n        (known as Galloping Gertie) collapses.\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 WWII: {{MS|City\n        of Rayville}} is sunk by a naval mine, the first [[United States Merchant\n        Marine]] loss of the war, off [[Cape Otway]], Australia.\\n* [[November 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Joaqu\\u00edn Rodrigo]]''s ''''[[Concierto de Aranjuez]]'''' premieres\n        in [[Barcelona]], Spain.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[1940 Vrancea earthquake]]:\n        An earthquake in [[Romania]] kills 1,000.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** WWII: The\n        British [[Royal Navy]] launches the first [[aircraft carrier]] strike in history,\n        on the Italian [[battleship]] fleet anchored at [[Battle of Taranto|Taranto]]\n        naval base.\\n** WWII: {{Ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis}} captures\n        [[Classified information|top secret]] British mail intended for [[British\n        Far East Command]] from the {{SS|Automedon}} and sends it to Japan.\\n** [[Armistice\n        Day Blizzard]]: An unexpected blizzard kills 144 in the [[Midwestern United\n        States]].\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Walt Disney]]''s ''''[[Fantasia (1940\n        film)|Fantasia]]'''' is released. It is the first box office failure for Disney,\n        though it eventually recoups its cost years later, and becomes one of the\n        most highly regarded of Disney''s films.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 WWII: The\n        city centre of [[Coventry]], England is destroyed by 500 [[Luftwaffe]] bombers:\n        150,000 [[Incendiary device|fire bombs]], 503 tons of high explosives, and\n        130 parachute mines level 60,000 of the city''s 75,000 buildings; 568 people\n        are killed, during the [[Coventry Blitz]].\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Abbott\n        and Costello]] make their film debut in ''''[[One Night in the Tropics]]''''.\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** WWII: In response to Germany levelling [[Coventry]] 2\n        days before, the [[Royal Air Force]] begins to bomb [[Hamburg]] (by war''s\n        end, 50,000 Hamburg residents will have died from [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        attacks).\\n** An unexploded [[pipe bomb]] is found in the [[Consolidated Edison]]\n        office building (only years later is the culprit, [[George Metesky]], apprehended).\\n**\n        The [[Jamaica Association of Local Government Officers]] is founded.\\n* [[November\n        18]] \\u2013 WWII: German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] and Italian Foreign Minister\n        [[Galeazzo Ciano]] meet to discuss [[Benito Mussolini]]''s disastrous invasion\n        of Greece.\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 WWII: Hungary, [[Romania]] and [[Slovakia]]\n        join the [[Axis powers]].\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Patria disaster|''''Patria''''\n        disaster]]: As British authorities attempt to deport [[Jewish refugees]] (originating\n        from [[German-occupied Europe]]) from [[Mandatory Palestine]] to [[Mauritius]]\n        aboard the requisitioned emigrant liner {{SS|Patria|1913|6}} at [[Haifa]],\n        the Jewish paramilitary organization [[Haganah]] sinks the ship with a bomb,\n        killing around 250 refugees and crew.\\n** [[de Havilland Mosquito]] and [[Martin\n        B-26 Marauder]] military aircraft both make their first flights.\\n** [[Woody\n        Woodpecker]] makes his debut in the animated short, ''''[[Knock Knock (1940\n        film)|Knock Knock]]''''.\\n* [[November 26]]\\u2013[[November 27|27]] \\u2013\n        [[Jilava Massacre]]: In [[Romania]], coup leader General [[Ion Antonescu]]''s\n        [[Iron Guard]] arrests and executes over 60 of exiled king [[Carol II of Romania]]''s\n        aides, starting at a penitentiary near [[Bucharest]]. Among the dead is former\n        minister and acclaimed historian [[Nicolae Iorga]].\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013\n        WWII: The British [[Royal Navy]] and Italian [[Regia Marina]] fight the [[Battle\n        of Cape Spartivento]].\\n\\n=== December ===\\n* December \\u2013 [[Timely Comics]]''\n        [[Captain America|Captain America Comics]] #1 (cover dated March 1941), [[first\n        appearance]] of [[Captain America]] and [[Bucky Barnes|Bucky]], hits newsstands\n        in the United States.\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Manuel \\u00c1vila Camacho]]\n        takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 British\n        submarine {{HMS|Regulus|N88|6}} is sunk near [[Taranto]].\\n* [[December 8]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Chicago Bears]], in what will become the most one-sided victory\n        in [[National Football League]] history, defeat the [[Washington Redskins]]\n        73\\u20130 in the 1940 NFL Championship Game.\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Operation Compass]] \\u2013 British forces in North Africa begin their first\n        major offensive with an attack on Italian forces at [[Sidi Barrani]], [[Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[December 12]] and [[December 15]] \\u2013 WWII: \\\"[[Sheffield Blitz]]\\\" (\\\"Operation\n        Crucible\\\") \\u2013 The [[Yorkshire]] city of [[Sheffield]] is badly damaged\n        by German air-raids.\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** WWII British destroyers {{HMS|Hereward|H93|6}}\n        and {{HMS|Hyperion|H97|6}} sink an Italian submarine off [[Bardia]].\\n** Royal\n        Navy [[Fairey Swordfish]] based on [[Malta]] bomb [[Tripoli]].\\n** [[Plutonium]]\n        is first synthesized in the laboratory by a team led by [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]\n        and [[Edwin McMillan]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].\\n* [[December\n        16]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Abigail Rachel]] \\u2013 [[Royal Air Force|RAF]]\n        bombing of [[Mannheim]].\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 President Roosevelt, at\n        his regular press conference, first sets forth the outline of his plan to\n        send aid to Great Britain that will become known as [[Lend-Lease]].\\n* [[December\n        23]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winston Churchill]], in a broadcast address to the people\n        of Italy, blames [[Benito Mussolini]] for leading his nation to war against\n        the British, contrary to Italy''s historic friendship with them: \\\"One man\n        has arrayed the trustees and inheritors of ancient Rome upon the side of the\n        ferocious pagan barbarians.\\\"\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Mahatma Gandhi]],\n        Indian spiritual non-violence leader writes his second letter to [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        addressing him \\\"My friend\\\", requesting him to stop the war Germany had begun.\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], in a [[fireside chat]] to the\n        nation, declares that the United States must become \\\"the great arsenal of\n        democracy.\\\"\\n** WWII: \\\"[[Second Great Fire of London]]\\\" \\u2013 [[Luftwaffe]]\n        carries out a massive incendiary bombing raid, starting 1,500 fires. Many\n        famous buildings, including the [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] and Trinity\n        House, are either damaged or destroyed.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[California]]''s\n        first modern [[freeway]], the future [[California State Route 110|State Route\n        110]], opens to traffic in [[Pasadena, California]], as the [[Arroyo Seco\n        Parkway]] (now the Pasadena Freeway).\\n** In Sweden, [[Victor Hasselblad]]\n        forms the [[Hasselblad|Victor Hasselblad AB]] Camera Company.\\n\\n=== Undated\n        ===\\n* In Korea, the ''''[[Hunminjeongeum]]'''' ([[1446]]) is discovered,\n        explaining the basis of the [[Hangul]] alphabet.\\n* US historian [[Arthur\n        Marder]] publishes ''''The Anatomy of British Sea Power: a history of British\n        naval policy in the pre-Dreadnought era, 1880-1905''''.\\n* [[Walter Knott]]\n        begins construction of a California [[ghost town]] replica which would soon\n        evolve into [[Knott''s Berry Farm]].\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Brian\n        Josephson, March 2004.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Josephson]]]]\\n[[File:14-01-10-tbh-012-kipchoge-keino.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kipchoge\n        Keino]]]]\\n[[File:JackNicklaus.cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Nicklaus]]]]\\n[[File:Joachim\n        Gauck (2014).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joachim Gauck]]]]\\n[[File:James Cromwell 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Cromwell]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Slim 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Slim]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Jim Bakker]], American televangelist and former husband\n        of [[Tammy Faye]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Leo de Berardinis]], Italian stage\n        actor and theatre director (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Brian Josephson]],\n        Welsh physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Gao\n        Xingjian]], Chinese-born writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Penny Lernoux]], American journalist and\n        author (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Costa Rican politician, lawyer, economist, and businessman\\n* [[January 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Julian Bond]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Franz M\\u00fcntefering]], German politician\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Kipchoge Keino]], Kenyan athlete\\n** [[Tabar\\u00e9 V\\u00e1zquez]], [[President\n        of Uruguay]]\\n** [[Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni]], Armenian Catholic Patriarch\n        of [[Cilicia]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Mike Reid (actor)|Mike\n        Reid]], English actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Carol Heiss]],\n        American figure skater\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Jeremy Jacobs]], American businessman,\n        owner ([[Boston Bruins]])\\n** [[Jack Nicklaus]], American golfer\\n* [[January\n        22]] \\u2013 [[John Hurt]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Joachim Gauck]], German president\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[James Cromwell]],\n        American actor\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Slim]], Mexican businessman\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:HR Giger 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[H. R. Giger]]]]\\n[[File:Willi_Holdorf_1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willi\n        Holdorf]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Fonda 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Fonda]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Ajmer Singh (athlete)|Ajmer Singh]], Indian athlete\n        and educator (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[David Jason]], English\n        actor\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Fran Tarkenton]], American football player\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[George A. Romero]], American film writer and director\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[H. R. Giger]], Swiss artist (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]]\\n** [[Tom Brokaw]], American television news reporter\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Tarbuck]], English comedian\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Tony Tan]], 7th President\n        of Singapore\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Ted Koppel]], American journalist\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Brian Bennett]], British drummer and songwriter ([[The\n        Shadows]])\\n** [[J. M. Coetzee]], South African writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Seamus Deane]], Irish poet and novelist\\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Ralph Bates]], English actor (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Richard Lynch]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Willi Holdorf]], German\n        Olympic athlete\\n** [[Gene Pitney]], American singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Fabrizio De Andr\\u00e9]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Smokey Robinson]], American musician\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy Greaves]], English footballer\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Akihiko\n        Kumashiro]], Japanese politician\\n** [[John Lewis (Georgia politician)|John\n        R. Lewis]], American politician and civil rights leader\\n* [[February 22]]\\n**\n        [[Aracy Balabanian]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Judy Cornwell]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Johnson Mlambo]], South African politician\\n** [[Billy Name]], American\n        photographer and [[Andy Warhol|Warhol]] archivist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Peter Fonda]], American actor\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Pete\n        Duel]], American actor (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Denis Law]], Scottish football\n        player\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Ron Santo]], American baseball player (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Howard Hesseman]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Mario Andretti]], American race car driver\\n** [[Joe\n        South]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Raul\n        Julia - Dracula.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ra\\u00fal Juli\\u00e1]]]]\\n[[File:Chuck Norris\n        May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chuck Norris]]]]\\n[[File:James Caan (1976).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Caan]]]]\\n[[File:Nancy Pelosi 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nancy Pelosi]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Nuala O''Faolain]], Irish journalist and author (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** [[Germ\\u00e1n Castro Caycedo]], Colombian writer and journalist\\n**\n        [[Owen Spencer-Thomas]], English broadcaster, journalist and clergyman\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Willie Stargell]], American baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Rudi Dutschke]], German radical student leader (d. [[1979]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] \\u2013 [[Susan Clark]], Canadian actress (''''Webster'''')\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Ra\\u00fal Juli\\u00e1]], Puerto Rican actor (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]]\\n** [[Chuck Norris]], American actor and martial artist\\n** [[Dean\n        Torrence]], American singer ([[Jan and Dean]])\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Al\n        Jarreau]], American singer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Candi Staton]],\n        American singer\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Phil Lesh]], American musician ([[Grateful\n        Dead]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Bernardo Bertolucci]], Italian writer and film\n        director\\n** [[Jan Pronk]], Dutch politician and diplomat\\n** [[James Wong\n        (lyricist)|James Wong]], Hong Kong composer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mark White]], Governor of Texas (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Solomon Burke]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Haing S. Ngor]], Cambodian actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**\n        [[Anita Bryant]], American entertainer\\n** [[Mina (singer)|Mina]], Italian\n        singer\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[James Caan]], American actor\\n** [[Nancy Pelosi]],\n        Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Ray Davis (musician)|Ray Davis]], American musician ([[P-Funk]]) (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Astrud Gilberto]], Brazilian-born singer\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Drottning\n        Margrethe av Danmark.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Margrethe II of Denmark]]]]\\n[[File:Al\n        Pacino.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Al Pacino]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Wangari Maathai]],\n        Kenyan environmentalist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Mike Hailwood]], English motorcycle racer (d. [[1981]])\\n**\n        [[Penelope Keith]], English actress\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[John Havlicek]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[John Hagee]], American [[televangelist]]\\n**\n        [[Herbie Hancock]], American musician\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Max Mosley]],\n        British motorsport boss\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Willie Davis (baseball)|Willie\n        Davis]], American baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Faimalaga Luka]], 6th\n        Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 Queen [[Margrethe\n        II of Denmark]]\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Joseph L. Goldstein]], American scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ray Griff]], Canadian country music singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Sue Grafton]], American novelist\\n* [[April 25]]\\n**\n        [[Al Pacino]], American actor and film director\\n** [[Tristram Powell]], English\n        television director, film director, writer and producer\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Giorgio Moroder]], Italian film composer\\n\\n=== May ===\\n\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Elsa Peretti]], Italian jewelry designer\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Manuel Esquivel]],\n        Belizean politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Belize]]\\n** [[Jo Ann Pflug]],\n        American former actress and motivational speaker\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Lance\n        Henriksen]], American actor and potter\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Angela Carter]],\n        English author and editor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Jim Connors]], American radio\n        personality (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Peter Benchley]], American author\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Ricky Nelson]], American singer (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Toni\n        Tennille]], American singer\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[James L. Brooks]], American\n        film producer and writer\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Juan Downey]], Chilean-born\n        video artist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Bruce Chatwin]], British\n        author (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[''H''. Jones]], British soldier\n        (VC recipient) (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Lainie Kazan]], American\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Don Nelson]], American basketball player and coach\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** [[Alan Kay]], American computer scientist\\n** [[Reynato Puno]],\n        Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] Chief Justice\\n*\n        [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Lenny Lipton]], American inventor\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Shorty\n        Long]], American [[soul music]] singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer\n        (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Stan Mikita]], Slovakian-born Canadian hockey player\\n**\n        [[Sadaharu Oh]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Bernard Shaw\n        (journalist)|Bernard Shaw]], American journalist and television news reporter\\n*\n        [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Brodsky]], Russian-born poet, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Sotsha\n        Dlamini]], 5th Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Farooq Leghari]], 8th [[President of Pakistan]] (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:Tom Jones concert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Nancy\n        Sinatra.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Nancy Sinatra]]]]\\n[[File:John Mahoney.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Mahoney]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9 Auberjonois]], American actor\\n*\n        [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Constantine II of Greece]]\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Ludwig\n        Schwarz]], Austrian bishop\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Richard Paul (actor)|Richard\n        Paul]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Monica Evans]], British\n        actress\\n** [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]], Welsh singer\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Nancy Sinatra]], American singer\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Carole Ann Ford]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Neil Goldschmidt]], Governor of Oregon\\n** [[Taylor\n        Gun-Jin Wang]], Chinese-American astronaut\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[George Akerlof]],\n        American economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Alan Murray (golfer)|Alan Murray]], Australian professional golfer\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Paul Shane]], English-born actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Mahoney]], English-born actor\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Mariette\n        Hartley]], American actress\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Abbas Kiarostami]], Iranian\n        film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Esther\n        Rantzen]], British broadcaster\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Adam Faith]], English\n        singer and actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg]],\n        [[Lord Chancellor|Lord Chancellor of England]]\\n** [[Wilma Rudolph]], American\n        athlete (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Stuart Sutcliffe]], British rock musician and\n        painter, better known as an early member of [[the Beatles]] (d. [[1962]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[A. J. Quinnell]], English writer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Anil Karanjai]], Indian painter of the [[Hungry generation]]\n        movement. (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Karpal Singh]], Malaysian politician\n        and lawyer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Muhammad Yunus]], founder of [[Grameen Bank]],\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Vyacheslav\n        Artyomov]], Russian composer\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Gil\n        Gomes|pt|3=Gil Gomes}}, Brazilian journalist, lawyer and radio and television\n        police reporter\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Ringo Starr and all his band (8470866906).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ringo\n        Starr]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Stewart Photo Call Logan Berlinale 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick\n        Stewart]]]]\\n[[File:James Brolin 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Brolin]]]]\\n[[File:Roy\n        walker 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roy Walker (comedian)|Roy Walker]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Craig Brown (footballer, born 1940)|Craig Brown]], Scottish former\n        professional football player and manager\\n** [[Abdul Razzak Ahmed]], Iraqi\n        football player\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Joshua Bryant]], American actor, director,\n        author and speaker\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Fontella Bass]], American soul singer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jose Alberto Laboy]], Puerto Rican Major League Baseball\n        player\\n** [[Lance Larson]], American former competition swimmer, Olympic\n        champion, and former world record-holder in four events\\n** [[Chuck Sieminski]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Mario Zanin (cyclist)|Mario Zanin]], Italian\n        cyclist\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar Tovar]], Venezuelan baseball player (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]] \\n** [[Karolyn Grimes]], American actress\\n** [[Nasser Madani]],\n        Iranian fencer\\n** [[Pat Stapleton (ice hockey)|Pat Stapleton]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Gene McDowell]], American college football coach\\n**\n        [[Deidre Catt]], English tennis player\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Reiko Kusamura]],\n        Japanese actress\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev]], [[President\n        of Kazakhstan]]\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Dora Baret]], Argentine actress\\n** [[Ringo\n        Starr]], British drummer ([[The Beatles]])\\n** [[Ir\\u00e8ne Sweyd]], Belgian\n        former swimmer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Lofty Drews]], Kenyan rally co-driver\\n**\n        [[Julie Payne (actress, born 1940)|Julie Payne]], American actress\\n** [[Tommy\n        Troelsen]], Danish former football player and manager, and television presenter\\n**\n        [[Jim Cadile]], American professional football offensive guard\\n** [[Gene\n        Alley]], American baseball player\\n** [[Helen Donath]], American soprano\\n**\n        [[Tom Farmer]], Scottish entrepreneur\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Anita Wall]],\n        Swedish actress\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Paul Prudhomme]], American celebrity\n        chef and cookbook author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Patrick Stewart]], English actor\\n*\n        [[July 16]]\\n** [[Lofty Drews]], Kenyan rally co-driver\\n** [[Tom Metcalf]],\n        American baseball pitcher \\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Tim Brooke-Taylor]], English\n        comedian\\n** [[Verne Lundquist]], American sportscaster\\n* [[July 18]]\\n**\n        [[James Brolin]], American actor and director\\n** [[Joe Torre]], American\n        baseball player and manager\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013 [[Anzor Kavazashvili]],\n        Soviet former football goalkeeper\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Alex Trebek]], Canadian\n        game show host\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Stanley Hauerwas]], American theologian\\n*\n        [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], American aide to [[Ted Kennedy]]\n        (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Pina Bausch]], German choreographer (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Bharati Mukherjee]], Indian-born novelist\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Clive Sinclair]], English inventor\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Roy Walker (comedian)|Roy\n        Walker]], Northern Irish comedian\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Sheen, Martin\n        (2008).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Sheen]]]]\\n[[File:Jack Thompson speaks at\n        the media.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Thompson (actor)|Jack Thompson]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Ram Loevy]], Israeli screenwriter and director\\n* [[August 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Martin Sheen]], American actor, father of [[Charlie Sheen]]\\n* [[August\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Luc Dehaene]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Dilip Sardesai]], former Indian cricketer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Hatfield]], American singer ([[The Righteous\n        Brothers]]) (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Dirk Sager]], German journalist\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Galen Hall]], American football coach\\n**\n        [[Max Schautzer]], Austrian born, German radio and television presenter\\n*\n        [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Jill St. John]], American actress\\n* [[August 20]]\\n**\n        [[Musa Geshaev]], Chechen poet and historian (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Hinojosa]], American politician\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Tom Baker (American\n        actor)|Tom Baker]], American actor (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9\n        van Dam]], Belgian bass-baritone\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Fernest Arceneaux]],\n        American musician (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Sonny Sharrock]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Bennie Maupin]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Johnny Paris]], American musician ([[Johnny and the Hurricanes]]) (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Wim Ruska]], Dutch wrestler and martial artist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Wilton Felder]], American saxophonist and bassist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Thompson (actor)|Jack Thompson]], Australian actor\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Pauline Collins in November 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pauline Collins]]]]\\n[[File:RaquelWelchApr2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Raquel\n        Welch]]]]\\n[[File:Linda Gray.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Linda Gray]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00d3scar\n        Arias.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\u00d3scar Arias]]]]\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Joseph\n        C. Strasser]], American admiral\\n** [[Eduardo Galeano]], Uruguayan writer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Pauline Collins]], English actress\\n** [[Joseph Warioba]],\n        5th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Raquel Welch]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Abdurrahman Wahid]], former [[President\n        of Indonesia]] (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Dario Argento]], Italian filmmaker.\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[David Mann (artist)|David Mann]], American artist\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Brian De Palma]], American film director\\n**\n        [[Ajit Singh (economist)|Ajit Singh]], Indian-born economist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Linda Gray]], American model and actress\\n** [[Skip\n        Hinnant]], American actor\\n** [[Mickey Lolich]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[\\u00d3scar Arias]], Costa Rican politician, 2-Time\n        [[President of Costa Rica]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[September\n        14]]\\n** [[Ventseslav Konstantinov]], Bulgarian writer and translator\\n**\n        [[Larry Brown (basketball)|Larry Brown]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Frankie Avalon]], American singer and actor\\n* [[September 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tar\\u014d As\\u014d]], 59th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n* [[September\n        23]]\\n** [[Mohammad-Reza Shajarian]], Iranian traditional singer\\n** [[Michel\n        Temer]], Brazilian politician, [[President of Brazil]] in 2016\\n* [[September\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Michiko Suganuma]], [[Urushi]] [[Japanese lacquer]] artist\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:JohnLennonpeace.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Lennon]]]]\\n[[File:Cliff\n        Richard Brussels.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cliff Richard]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Gambon\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Gambon]]]]\\n[[File:Pele200802FabioRodriguesPozzebomAgenciaBrasil.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pel\\u00e9]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Luc Bideau]], Swiss actor\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Ellen Travolta]], American actress\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[John Lennon]],\n        English musician and singer ([[The Beatles]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Pharoah Sanders]], American saxophonist\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Cliff Richard]], British pop musician\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Peter C.\n        Doherty]], Australian immunologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Della Mea]], Italian singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Michael Gambon|Sir Michael Gambon]],\n        Irish actor\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Robert Pinsky]], [[United States Poet\n        Laureate]]\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Geoffrey Boycott]], English cricketer\\n**\n        [[Manfred Mann (musician)|Manfred Mann]], South African rock musician\\n**\n        [[Marita Petersen]], 8th Prime Minister of Faroe Islands (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Pel\\u00e9]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[October 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yossi Sarid]], Israeli politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bobby Knight]], American basketball coach\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[John\n        Gotti]], American gangster (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Shahnaz Pahlavi]], Iranisn\n        princess\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Jack Shepherd (actor)|Jack Shepherd]],\n        English actor\\n\\n=== November ===\\n\\n[[File:Qabus bin Said.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Qaboos\n        bin Said al Said]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Lee as Kato 1967.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce\n        Lee]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]], [[Chief Justice\n        of India]]\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Carolin Reiber]], German television\n        presenter\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Jaime Rold\\u00f3s Aguilera]], 33rd [[President\n        of Ecuador]] (1979-1981) (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Turan Emeksiz]],\n        Turkish student killed in demonstrations (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Glenn Stetson]], Canadian singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[Roberto Cavalli]], Italian designer\\n** [[Sam Waterston]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Luke Kelly]], Irish ballad singer ([[The Dubliners]])\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]], [[Sultan\n        of Oman]]\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Helma Sanders-Brahms]], German film\n        director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Richard Marcinko]], U.S.\n        Navy SEAL team member and author\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Terry Gilliam]],\n        American-born British screenwriter, director and animator\\n** [[Andrzej \\u017bu\\u0142awski]],\n        Polish film director and writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Rockin''\n        Robin Roberts]], American [[rock and roll]] singer (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** [[Joe Gibbs]], American football coach\\n** [[Percy Sledge]], American\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Bruce Lee]], Chinese-American\n        martial artist and actor (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Chuck Mangione]],\n        American flugelhorn player\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Richard Pryor (1986)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Pryor]]]]\\n[[File:The famous mustache\n        and goatee.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Frank Zappa]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Pryor]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Freddy\n        Cannon]], American singer\\n** [[Gary Gilmore]], American murderer (d. [[1977]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Peter Pohl]], Swedish writer\\n* [[December 11]]\\n**\n        [[David Gates]], American singer-songwriter ([[The Bread]])\\n** [[Donna Mills]],\n        American actress and dancer\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Sharad Pawar]], Indian\n        politician\\n** [[Dionne Warwick]], American singer\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Volli K\\u00e4ro]], Estonian actor\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Valentin]],\n        Austrian actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Ilario Castagner]],\n        Italian football manager\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 [[Phil Ochs]], American\n        [[protest singer]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Pat Chapman]],\n        English author\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Frank Zappa]], American musician,\n        composer, and satirist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Noel Jones\n        (diplomat)|Noel Jones]], British ambassador to Kazakhstan (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]]\\n** [[Mamnoon Hussain]], 12th President of Pakistan\\n** [[Jorma\n        Kaukonen]], American musician ([[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Hot Tuna]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Labine]], former mayor of [[Gatineau, Quebec]]\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Janet\n        Carroll]], American actress and singer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Edward C. Prescott]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Fred Hansen]],\n        American Olympic athlete\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Michael Jackson (anthropologist)|Michael\n        Jackson]], New Zealand poet and anthropologist\\n* [[Michel Micombero]], 1st\n        President of Burundi (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[Ali Saibou]], 3rd President of Niger\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January===\\n* January \\u2013 [[Fusajiro\n        Yamauchi]], Japanese business executive (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Flora Finch]], English-born actress and comedian (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer]], Polish poet and writer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Isaac Babel]], Ukrainian writer (executed) (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Gunnar\n        H%C3%B6ckert 1936.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Gunnar H\\u00f6ckert]]]]\\n[[File:Michael_Hainisch.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Michael\n        Hainisch]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Philip Francis Nowlan]], American\n        [[science fiction]] writer, creator of ''''[[Buck Rogers]]'''' (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[February 2]]\\n** [[Vsevolod Meyerhold]], Russian theatre practitioner (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Mikhail Koltsov]], Soviet journalist (executed) (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Samuel M. Vauclain]], American engineer (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[William Dodd (ambassador)|William Edward Dodd]], American\n        historian and diplomat (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[John Buchan]],\n        1st Baron Tweedsmuir, Scottish-born novelist and [[Governor General of Canada]]\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Gunnar H\\u00f6ckert]], Finnish Olympic athlete (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Michael Hainisch]], 2nd [[President of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Peter Behrens]], German architect\n        and designer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013 [[Edward Frederic Benson]],\n        English writer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Selma Lagerl\\u00f6f.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Selma\n        Lagerl\\u00f6f]]]]\\n[[File:Spyridon Louis 1896.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Spyridon\n        Louis]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Anton Hansen Tammsaare]], Estonian writer\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Maxine Elliott]], American actress (b.\n        [[1868]])\\n** [[Cai Yuanpei]], Chinese educator (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], Russian writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Monk Saunders]], American writer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Selma Lagerl\\u00f6f]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Ploetz]], German\n        physician, biologist, and eugenicist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Spyridon Louis]], Greek Olympic athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 27]]\\n**\n        [[Madeleine Astor]], American survivor of the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking\n        of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Michael Joseph Savage]],\n        23rd [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013\n        [[George Egerton (Royal Navy officer)|George Egerton]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Tinsley Lindley]], English footballer (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Carl Bosch.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Carl\n        Bosch]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[John A. Hobson]], English economist (b.\n        [[1858]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[George Barnes (British politician)|George\n        Barnes]], British Labour politician (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Carl\n        Bosch]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Luisa Tetrazzini]], Italian opera singer\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[George Lansbury]], British\n        Labour politician (b. 1859)\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Chujiro Hayashi]], Japanese\n        Reiki Master (b. 1880)\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Emma Goldman]], Lithuanian-born\n        anarchist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Menno ter Braak]], Dutch writer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Diego Mazquiar\\u00e1n]], Spanish matador\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Verner von Heidenstam]], Swedish writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Joe De Grasse]], Canadian film director (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1906\\u20131940)|Wilhelm of Prussia]],\n        Prussian prince (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Prince Frederick Charles\n        of Hesse]] (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Walter Connolly]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Mary Anderson (actress, born 1859)|Mary Anderson]], American\n        stage actress (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:ArthurHarden.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Arthur\n        Harden]]]]\\n[[File:Janusz Kusoci%C5%84ski.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Janusz Kusocinski]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Klee 1911.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Paul Klee]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[Jan\n        F. E. Celliers]], South African poet, writer and dramatist. (b. 1865)\\n* [[June\n        7]]\\n** [[James Hall (actor)|James Hall]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Rodman]], American admiral (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Marcus\n        Garvey]], Jamaican-born publisher, entrepreneur, and black nationalist (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Alfred S. Alschuler]], American [[architect]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[George Fitzmaurice]], American director\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Henry W. Antheil Jr.]], American diplomat\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Harden]], English chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Maurice Jaubert]], French composer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Charley\n        Chase]], American comedian (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard\n        Vuillard]], French painter (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Smedley Butler]], U.S. general\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Janusz Kusoci\\u0144ski]], Polish athlete (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[John T. Thompson]], United States Army officer and inventor\n        of the [[Thompson gun]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Walter Hasenclever]],\n        German poet and playwright (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Italo Balbo]],\n        Italian Fascist leader (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Paul Klee]],\n        Swiss artist (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Ben Turpin]],\n        American actor and comedian (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Biniszkiewicz]], Silesian politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Wadlow]], tallest man ever (infection) (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Spencer S. Wood]], United States Navy rear admiral (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Trotsky\n        Portrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Leon Trotsky]]]]\\n[[File:paul-nipkow.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Paul\n        Nipkow]]]]\\n[[File:J.J Thomson.jpg|110px|thumb|[[J. J. Thomson]]]]\\n* [[August\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Albert Cook]], American explorer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Dodds]], American jazz clarinetist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August\n        13]]\\n** [[James Fairbairn]], Australian pastoralist, aviator, and politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** Sir [[Henry Gullett]], Australian politician (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Geoffrey Street]], Australian politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** Sir [[Brudenell\n        White]], Australian general (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Chrysler]], American automobile pioneer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 21]]\\n**\n        [[Hermann Obrecht]], Swiss Federal Councillor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Leon Trotsky]],\n        Russian revolutionary (assassinated) (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** Sir\n        [[Oliver Lodge]], British physicist (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Gerald Strickland,\n        1st Baron Strickland|Gerald Strickland]], 4th Prime Minister of Malta, 23rd\n        Governor of New South Wales, 15th Governor of Western Australia and 9th Governor\n        of Tasmania (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Mary Vaux Walcott]], American artist and naturalist\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Paul Nipkow]], German technician and\n        inventor (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[William Bowie (engineer)|William\n        Bowie]], American geodetic engineer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013\n        [[J. J. Thomson]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Lundeen]], American\n        lawyer and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:M_37_4_Charles_de_Brocqueville.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles\n        de Broqueville]]]]\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[George William de Carteret]],\n        author from Jersey island (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        de Broqueville]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Nikola Ivanov]], Bulgarian general (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Hale Holden]], president of [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy\n        Railroad]] 1914\\u20131918 and 1920-1929 (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Marguerite Clark]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Walter Benjamin]], German philosopher and cultural critic (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]], Austrian neuroscientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1857]])\\n**\n        [[Juli\\u00e1n Besteiro]], Spanish socialist politician (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Ballington Booth]], American co-founder\n        of Volunteers of America (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Lincoln Loy McCandless]], Hawaiian\n        politician and cattle rancher (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Silvestre Revueltas]], Mexican\n        composer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Wilfred Grenfell]], English\n        medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Berton Churchill]], Canadian actor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Adolf von Trotha]], German admiral (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Tom Mix]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Llu\\u00eds Companys]], President of the [[Generalitat of Catalonia]] (executed)\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[George Davis (baseball)|George Davis]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Right\n        Honourable Neville Chamberlain. Wellcome M0003096.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Neville\n        Chamberlain]]]]\\n[[File:Iorga_at_his_desk_Luceaferul_2,_1914.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolae\n        Iorga]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Manuel Aza\\u00f1a]], 2nd [[Spanish Second\n        Republic|President of the Spanish Second Republic]] and 55th [[Prime Minister\n        of Spain]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Otto Plath]], father of\n        American poet [[Sylvia Plath]], and entomologist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November\n        9]]\\n** [[Neville Chamberlain]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[John Henry Kirby]], Texas legislator and American businessman\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Eric Gill]], British sculptor and writer\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Raymond Pearl]], American biologist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[Ion Incule\\u021b]], President of Moldova (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Barnes (journalist)|Ralph W. Barnes]], American journalist\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Nicolae Iorga]], Romanian historian\n        and politician, 34th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Jean\n        Chiappe]], French civil servant (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Henri Guillaumet]], French\n        aviator (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio.png|thumb|right|110px|[[Kyosti\n        Kallio]]]]\\n[[File:F Scott Fitzgerald 1921.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[F. Scott\n        Fitzgerald]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Nikolai Koltsov]], Russian biologist\n        and genetist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Jan Kubel\\u00edk]],\n        Czech violinist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Anton Koro\\u0161ec]],\n        Slovenian political leader (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Billy\n        Hamilton (baseball, born 1866)|Billy Hamilton]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Eug\\u00e8ne\n        Dubois]], Dutch paleoanthropologist and geologist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Ky\\u00f6sti Kallio]], 4th President of Finland and 4-time Prime\n        Minister of Finland (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]],\n        American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Nathanael West]],\n        American writer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Eddie August Schneider]],\n        American aviator (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Agnes Ayres]],\n        American actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Daniel Frohman]],\n        American theater producer (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1940-wwii-timeline.htm 1940 WWII\n        Timeline]\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1940/1940fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1940] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n* [http://1940s.org The 1940s | 1940-1949 | History Fashion Movies\n        Music ]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1940}}\\n[[Category:1940| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years\n        in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:03:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":799771086,\"length\":76541,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1940&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940\"},\"34632\":{\"pageid\":34632,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1941\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T00:51:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1941}}\\n{{Events by month|1941}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1941}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1941}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        the events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" acronym.\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        January\\u2013August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and\n        physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber\n        at [[Hadamar Euthanasia Centre]] in [[Nazi Germany]] in the first phase of\n        mass killings under the [[Action T4]] program here.\\n* [[January 1]] –\n        [[Thailand]] Prime Minister [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]] decrees January 1 as\n        the official start of the [[Thai solar calendar]] new year (thus the previous\n        year that began [[April 1]] had only 9 months).\\n* [[January 3]] – A\n        decree (''''Normalschrifterlass'''') promulgated in [[Nazi Germany]] by [[Martin\n        Bormann]] on behalf of [[Adolf Hitler]] requires replacement of [[blackletter]]\n        [[typeface]]s by [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]].{{cite web|title=\\\"The\n        Bormann Decree\\\" banning the use of the Fraktur typeface|url=http://german.about.com/library/gallery/blfoto_fraktur06E.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2013-10-23}}\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – The short subject ''''[[Elmer''s Pet Rabbit]]'''' is\n        released, marking the second appearance of [[Bugs Bunny]], and also the first\n        to have his name on a title card.\\n* [[January 5]] – WWII: At the [[Battle\n        of Bardia]] in [[Libya]], Australian and British troops defeat [[Kingdom of\n        Italy|Italian]] forces, the first battle of the war in which an [[Australian\n        Army]] formation takes part.\\n* [[January 6]] – The keel of  the {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}\n        is laid at the [[New York Navy Yard]] in [[Brooklyn]].\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        The [[Lend-Lease]] Act is introduced into the [[United States Congress]].\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – The British [[Royal Navy]] light cruiser {{HMS|Southampton|83}}\n        is sunk off [[Malta]].\\n* [[January 13]] – All persons born in [[Puerto\n        Rico]] since this day are declared U.S. citizens by birth, through U.S. federal\n        law.{{UnitedStatesCode|8|1402}}.\\n* [[January 14]] – WWII:\n        [[Commerce raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin|German auxiliary cruiser\n        ''''Pinguin'''']] captures the Norwegian whaling fleet near [[Bouvet Island]],\n        effectively ending [[Southern Ocean]] [[whaling]] for the duration of the\n        war.{{cite book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders\n        of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|ISBN=0-13-354027-8|pages=140\\u2013143}}.\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[John Vincent Atanasoff]] and [[Clifford Berry]] describe\n        the workings of the [[Atanasoff\\u2013Berry computer]] in print.\\n* [[January\n        19]] – WWII: British troops attack Italian-held [[Eritrea]].\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is [[Third inauguration of Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt|sworn in]] for a third term as President of the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 22]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Tobruk (1941)|Battle of Tobruk]]: Australian\n        and British forces capture [[Tobruk]] from the Italians.\\n** In [[Sweden]],\n        [[Victor Hasselblad]] registers the [[Hasselblad]] camera company.\\n* [[January\n        23]] – Aviator [[Charles Lindbergh]] testifies before the [[United States\n        Congress|U.S. Congress]] and recommends that the United States negotiate a\n        [[Country neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] pact with [[Adolf\n        Hitler]].\\n* [[January 27]] – WWII:  [[Joseph Grew]], the U.S. ambassador\n        to Japan, reports to Washington a rumor overheard at a diplomatic reception\n        concerning a planned surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.\\n* [[January\n        30]] – WWII: Australians capture [[Derna, Libya]], from the Italians.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – WWII: The [[Nazis]] forcibly restore [[Pierre Laval]]\n        to office in occupied [[Vichy France]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – WWII: The [[United Service Organization]] (USO) is\n        created to entertain American troops.\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Air Training\n        Corps]]: The [[Air Training Corps]] is formed in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[February\n        5]]\\u2013[[April 1]] – WWII: [[Battle of Keren]] – British and\n        [[Free French Forces]] fight hard to capture the strategic town of [[Keren,\n        Eritrea|Keren]] in [[Italian Eritrea]].\\n* [[February 6]] – WWII: Fall\n        of [[Benghazi]] to the [[Western Desert Force]]. Lieutenant-General [[Erwin\n        Rommel]] is appointed commander of [[Afrika Korps]].\\n* [[February 8]] –\n        WWII: The U.S. House of Representatives passes the [[Lend-Lease]] Act.260\\u2013165.\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Winston Churchill]], in a worldwide broadcast, tells\n        the United States to show its support by sending arms to the British: \\\"Give\n        us the tools, and we will finish the job.\\\"\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** WWII: [[Erwin\n        Rommel]] arrives in [[Tripoli]].\\n** Reserve Constable [[Albert Alexander]],\n        a patient at the [[Radcliffe Infirmary]] in [[Oxford]], becomes the first\n        person treated with [[penicillin]] intravenously, by [[Howard Florey]]''s\n        team. He reacts positively but there is insufficient supply of the drug to\n        reverse his terminal infection. A successful treatment is achieved during\n        May.{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of\n        Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|pages=124\\u20135}}\\n*\n        [[February 13]] – Aircraft from {{HMS|Formidable|67|6}} attack [[Massawa]]\n        in Eritrea.\\n* [[February 14]] – WWII: Admiral [[Kichisabur\\u014d Nomura]]\n        begins his duties as Japanese Ambassador to the United States.\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\u2013[[February 22|22]] – WWII: [[Swansea Blitz|Three Nights''\n        Blitz]] over [[Swansea]], South Wales: Over these 3 nights of intensive bombing,\n        which lasted a total of 13 hours and 48 minutes, Swansea''s town centre is\n        almost completely obliterated by the 896 high explosive bombs employed by\n        the [[Luftwaffe]]; 397 casualties and 230 deaths reported.\\n* [[February 22]]\n        – WWII: {{HMS|Shropshire|73|6}} bombards [[Barawa]], on the coast between\n        [[Kismayo]] and [[Mogadishu]].\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]\n        isolates and discovers [[plutonium]].\\n* [[February 25]] – WWII:\\n**\n        The occupied [[Netherlands in World War II|Netherlands]] starts the first\n        popular uprising in Europe against the [[Axis powers]], the \\\"[[February strike]]\\\"\n        against German [[deportation]] of Jews in [[Amsterdam]] and surroundings.\\n**\n        British submarine {{HMS|Upright|N89|6}} attacks an Italian convoy, sinking\n        the [[Italian cruiser Armando Diaz|cruiser ''''Armando Diaz'''']].\\n* [[February\n        27]] – WWII: The [[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy|New Zealand\n        Division]] cruiser [[HMNZS Leander|HMS ''''Leander'''']] (1931) sinks Italian\n        armed merchant raider ''''[[Ramb I]]'''' off the [[Maldives]].\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** WWII: [[Bulgaria]] signs the [[Tripartite Pact]], thus joining\n        the [[Axis powers]].\\n** [[Arthur L. Bristol]] becomes Rear Admiral for the\n        United States Navy''s Support Force, [[U.S. Atlantic Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]].\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – WWII: [[Operation Claymore]] – British Commandos\n        carry out a successful raid on the [[Lofoten Islands]] off the north coast\n        of Norway.\\n* [[March 8]] – WWII: The U.S. Senate passes the [[Lend-Lease]]\n        Act.\\n* [[March 11]] – WWII: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of\n        the United States, signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, providing for the U.S.\n        to provide [[Lend-Lease]] aid to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Richard C. Hottelet]] is arrested by the [[Gestapo]]\n        on \\\"suspicion of espionage\\\", but eventually released in July as part of\n        a [[prisoner exchange]] with the U.S.\\n* [[March 16]] – A group of U.S.\n        warships arrive in [[Auckland]], New Zealand, on a goodwill visit. On March\n        20, they arrive in [[Sydney]], Australia.\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** In [[Washington,\n        D.C.]], the [[National Gallery of Art]] is officially opened by President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].\\n** British [[Secretary of State for Employment|Minister\n        of Labour]] [[Ernest Bevin]] calls for women to fill vital jobs.\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Washington (state)|Washington]] state''s [[Grand Coulee Dam]]\n        begins to generate electricity.\\n* [[March 24]] – WWII: Rommel launches\n        his first offensive in [[Cyrenaica]].\\n* [[March 25]] – WWII: The [[Kingdom\n        of Yugoslavia]] joins the [[Axis powers]] in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Cape Matapan]]: Off the [[Peloponnese]] coast in the\n        Mediterranean, [[Royal Navy|British naval forces]] defeat those of Italy,\n        sinking 5 warships. Battle ends on [[March 29]].\\n** An anti-Axis [[Yugoslav\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] led\n        by General [[Du\\u0161an Simovi\\u0107]] and forces [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia|Prince\n        Paul]] into exile; 17-year-old [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] assumes\n        power following the Coup [[Du\\u0161an Simovi\\u0107|Simovi\\u0107]] was elected\n        the new [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]].\\n** [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]ese\n        spy [[Takeo Yoshikawa]] arrives in [[Honolulu]] to study the [[United States\n        Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]] at [[Pearl Harbor]] in preparation for a future\n        attack.\\n* [[March 30]] – WWII:\\n** All German, Italian and Danish ships\n        anchored in United States waters are taken into \\\"protective custody\\\".\\n**\n        A German [[Lorenz cipher]] machine operator sends a 4,000-character message\n        twice, allowing British mathematician [[Bill Tutte]] to decipher the machine''s\n        coding mechanism.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100204035124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8492762.stm\n        BBC] (archived from [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8492762.stm the\n        original])\\n\\n===April===\\n* April – The [[Valley of Geysers]]\n        is discovered on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] of Russia by [[Tatyana Ustinova]].\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – WWII: Axis forces capture [[Benghazi]].\\n* [[April 6]]\n        – WWII: Germany invades [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Battle\n        of Greece|Greece]].\\n* [[April 9]] – The U.S. acquires full military\n        defense rights in [[Greenland]].\\n* [[April 10]] – WWII:\\n** The U.S.\n        destroyer {{USS|Niblack|DD-424|6}}, while picking up survivors from a sunken\n        Dutch freighter, drops depth charges on a German [[U-boat]] (the first \\\"shot\n        in anger\\\" fired by America against Germany).{{citation needed|date=May 2010|reason=there''s\n        doubt it was actually a sub}}\\n** The [[Independent State of Croatia]], a\n        [[puppet state]] of the [[Axis powers]], is established with [[Usta\\u0161e]]\n        leader [[Ante Paveli\\u0107]] as head (''''[[Poglavnik]]'''') of the government.\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – WWII: German troops enter [[Belgrade]].\\n* [[April 13]]\n        – [[Soviet\\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact]] signed.{{cite\n        book|last=Quigley|first=Carroll|title=Tragedy And Hope|year=1966|publisher=Macmillan|location=New\n        York|isbn=0-945001-10-X|pages=738|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope&dq=tragedy+and+hope&source=bl&ots=P_gAndEgun&sig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}\n        \\n* [[April 15]] – WWII:  Axis forces reach Halfaya Pass on the Libyan-Egyptian\n        frontier.\\n* [[April 18]] – WWII: The Yugoslav Royal Army capitulates.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – WWII: Prime Minister of Greece [[Alexandros Koryzis]]\n        commits suicide as German troops approach [[Athens]].\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Bertolt Brecht]]''s anti-war play ''''[[Mother Courage and Her Children]]''''\n        ({{lang-de|Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder}}) receives its first theatrical\n        production at the [[Schauspielhaus Z\\u00fcrich]].\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        WWII: Greece capitulates. [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] troops\n        and some elements of the [[Greek Army]] withdraw to [[Crete]].\\n* [[April\n        23]] – The [[America First Committee]] holds its first mass rally in\n        New York City, with [[Charles Lindbergh]] as keynote speaker.\\n* [[April 25]]\n        – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], at his regular press conference, criticizes\n        Charles Lindbergh by comparing him to the [[Copperhead (politics)|Copperheads]]\n        of the Civil War period. In response, Lindbergh resigns his commission in\n        the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve on [[April 28]].\\n* [[April 27]] – WWII:\n        German troops enter [[Athens]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** The breakfast\n        cereal ''''[[Cheerios]]'''' is introduced as ''''[[CheeriOats]]'''' by [[General\n        Mills]].\\n** [[Orson Welles]]'' film ''''[[Citizen Kane]]'''' premieres in\n        New York City.\\n** The first Defense Bonds and Defense Savings Stamps go on\n        sale in the United States, to help fund the greatly increased production of\n        military equipment.\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]: British combat\n        operations against the rebel government of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani|Rashid\n        Ali]] in the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] begin.{{cite book|first1=Major-General\n        I. S. O.|last1=Playfair|author1-link=|first2=Captain F. C.|last2=with Flynn\n        R. N.|first3=Brigadier C. J. C.|last3=Molony|first4=Air Vice-Marshal S. E.|last4=Toomer|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J.\n        R. M|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series|title=The\n        Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their\n        Ally (1941)|publisher=Naval & Military Press|year=2004|origyear=1st. pub.\n        HMSO 1956|isbn=1-84574-066-1|lastauthoramp=y|pages=182\\u20133}}\\n* [[May\n        5]] – WWII: Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] enters [[Addis Ababa]], which\n        has been liberated from Italian forces; this date is subsequently commemorated\n        as [[Liberation Day]] in [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[May 6]] – At [[California]]''s\n        [[March Air Reserve Base|March Field]], entertainer [[Bob Hope]] performs\n        his first [[United Service Organizations|USO]] Show.\\n* [[May 8]] –\n        WWII:  The [[German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin|German auxiliary cruiser ''''Pinguin'''']]\n        is sunk by {{HMS|Cornwall|56}} in the Indian Ocean; 555 are killed.\\n* [[May\n        9]] – WWII: The {{ship|German submarine|U-110|1940|6}} is captured by\n        the British [[Royal Navy]]. On board is the latest [[Enigma cryptography machine]],\n        which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.\\n* [[May\n        10]]\\n** WWII: The [[British House of Commons]] is damaged by the [[Luftwaffe]]\n        in an [[airstrike|air raid]].\\n** [[Rudolf Hess]] parachutes into Scotland,\n        claiming to be on a peace mission.\\n* [[May 11]]/[[May 12]] – WWII:\n        The Usta\\u0161e [[Glina massacres#First massacre|massacre]] 260\\u2013373 [[Serb]]\n        men in a Catholic church in [[Glina, Croatia]] where the men had assembled\n        to be received into the Catholic faith in exchange for their lives.\\n* [[May\n        12]] – [[Konrad Zuse]] presents the [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], the world''s\n        first working programmable, fully automatic [[computer]], in Berlin.\\n* [[May\n        15]]\\n** The first British jet aircraft, the [[Gloster E.28/39]], is flown.\\n**\n        [[Joe DiMaggio]]''s 56-game [[hitting streak]] begins as the [[New York Yankees]]''\n        [[center fielder]] goes one for four  against [[Chicago White Sox]] [[Pitcher]]\n        [[Eddie Smith (baseball)|Eddie Smith]].\\n* [[May 19]] – The [[Viet Minh]]\n        is formed in at [[P\\u00e1c B\\u00f3]] in [[Vietnam]] to overthrow [[French\n        colonial empire|French rule]] of the nation as an alliance between the Indochina\n        Communist party, led by [[Ho Chi Minh]], and the Nationalist party. It will\n        become the [[Viet Cong]] during the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[May 20]] –\n        WWII: The [[Battle of Crete]] begins as Germany launches an airborne invasion\n        of [[Crete]], the first mainly airborne invasion in military history.\\n* [[May\n        21]] – {{ship|German submarine|U-69|1940||6}} sinks the U.S.-flagged\n        {{SS|Robin Moor}} off the west African coast, having allowed the passengers\n        and crew to disembark.\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** WWII: In the North Atlantic, {{ship|German\n        battleship|Bismarck|}} sinks [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Hood|51|6}}, killing\n        all but 3 crewmen from a total of 1,418 aboard the pride of the [[Royal Navy]].\\n**\n        The British submarine {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}} torpedoes and sinks the Italian\n        ocean liner {{SS|Conte Rosso}}.\\n* [[May 26]] – WWII: In the North Atlantic,\n        [[Fairey Swordfish]] aircraft from the carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}  cripple\n        the steering of {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck}} in an [[aerial torpedo]]\n        attack.\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** WWII: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of the\n        United States, proclaims an \\\"unlimited national emergency.\\\"[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/410527a.html\n        Proclamation of Unlimited National Emergency], Franklin D. Roosevelt, President\n        of the United States, May 27, 1941\\n** WWII: [[German battleship Bismarck|German\n        battleship ''''Bismarck'''']] is sunk in the North Atlantic, killing 2,300.\n        It is eventually found in [[1989]].\\n** The [[Swiss Socialist Federation]]\n        is banned.{{cite book|last=Lang|first=Karl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMBEFai6EQkC&pg=PA268|title=Solidarit\\u00e9,\n        d\\u00e9bats, mouvement: cent ans de Parti socialiste suisse, 1888-1988|location=Lausanne|publisher=Editions\n        d''en bas|year=1988|pages=270\\u20132}}\\n* [[May 30]] – WWII: [[Manolis\n        Glezos]] and [[Apostolos Santas]] tear down the [[Nazi swastika]] on the [[Acropolis]]\n        in [[Athens]], and replace it with the [[Greek flag]].\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]: British troops complete the re-occupation of the [[Kingdom\n        of Iraq]], returning Prince [[''Abd al-Ilah]] to power as regent for [[Faisal\n        II of Iraq|Faisal II]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June 1]] – WWII: The [[Battle\n        of Crete]] ends as Crete surrenders to invading German forces.\\n* [[June 5]]\\n**\n        [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: Four thousand [[Chongqing]] residents are asphyxiated\n        in a bomb shelter during the [[Bombing of Chongqing]].\\n** A Serbian ammunition\n        depot explodes at [[Smederevo]] on the outskirts of [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]],\n        killing 2,500, and injuring over 4,500.\\n* [[June 8]] – WWII: British\n        and [[Free France|Free French]] forces invade [[Syria]].\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|TASS]], the official Soviet news agency,\n        denies reports of  tension between Germany and the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June\n        14]]\\n** [[June deportation]]: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] officials deport about\n        65,000 people from [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] to [[Siberia]].\\n**\n        All German and Italian assets in the United States are frozen.\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        All German and Italian consulates in the United States are ordered closed\n        and their staffs to leave the country by July 10.\\n** WWII: British [[Fleet\n        Air Arm]] aircraft sink the [[Vichy France|Vichy]] {{ship|French ship|Chevalier\n        Paul||6}}.\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[United States Army Air Corps]] [[1941 in aviation#June|becomes]]\n        the [[United States Army Air Forces]], with the earlier name reserved solely\n        for the new USAAF''s logistics and training elements.\\n** Walt Disney''s live-action\n        animated feature ''''[[The Reluctant Dragon (1941 film)|The Reluctant Dragon]]''''\n        is released.\\n* [[June 22]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Barbarossa]]: [[Nazi\n        Germany|Germany]] (with Finland and other allies) invades the [[Soviet Union]].\n        [[Winston Churchill]] promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet\n        Union in a worldwide broadcast: \\\"Any man or state who fights against Nazidom\n        will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.\\\"\n        Italy and [[Romania]] declare war on the Soviet Union.\\n** [[Rapid Vienna]]\n        beats [[Schalke 04]] in the final of the German Fottballchampionship after\n        0:3 with 4:3.\\n** The [[First Sisak Partisan Brigade]], the first anti-fascist\n        armed unit in occupied Europe, is founded by [[partisans (Yugoslavia)|Yugoslav\n        partisans]] near [[Sisak]], [[Croatia]].\\n** [[June Uprising in Lithuania]]\n        and establishment of a [[Provisional Government of Lithuania]] begun by the\n        [[Lithuanian Activist Front]] in an attempt to liberate [[Lithuania]] from\n        [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation]].\\n** Rapid escalation\n        of the [[Holocaust in Lithuania]], between June and the end of the year an\n        estimated 190,000-195,000 out of 210,000 [[Lithuanian Jews]] would be massacred;\n        killing an estimated 95% of the nation''s [[Jewish]] population.\\n* [[June\n        23]] – WWII: Hungary and [[Slovakia]] declare war on the Soviet Union.\\n*\n        [[June 24]] – The [[Soviet Information Bureau]], predecessor of [[RIA\n        Novosti]], is founded.\\n** The [[Rainiai massacre]] takes place; approximately\n        80 political prisoners are killed by the [[NKVD]].\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        WWII: Finland as a [[Co-belligerence|co-belligerent]] with Germany attacks\n        the [[Soviet Union]] to start the [[Continuation War]].\\n* [[June 28]] –\n        WWII: [[Albania]] declares war on the Soviet Union.\\n* [[June 29]] –\n        WWII: [[Hitler]]''s second-in-command [[Reichsmarshall]] [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        is appointed as Hitler''s successor in a written decree. The decree will come\n        into effect should Hitler die in the middle of the war. (The decree becomes\n        void in April 1945 after G\\u00f6ring tries to assume power while Hitler is\n        still alive, leading to G\\u00f6ring''s expulsion from the [[Nazi Party]].)\\n**\n        The [[Ia\\u0219i pogrom]] takes place killing \\\"at least 13,266\\\" [[Romanian\n        Jews]].\\n\\n===July===\\n* July – The British Army''s [[Special Air Service]]\n        is formed.\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** Commercial TV authorized by the FCC.\\n** [[NBC]]\n        television begins commercial operation on WNBT on channel 1. The world''s\n        first legal TV commercial, for [[Bulova]] watches, occurs at 2:29 PM over\n        WNBT before a baseball game between the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] and [[Philadelphia\n        Phillies]]. The 10-second spot displays a picture of a clock superimposed\n        on a map of the United States, accompanied by the voice-over \\\"America runs\n        on Bulova time.\\\"  http://www.bulova.com/about/about.aspx{{cite\n        web|url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/chronotv.html|title=A U. S. Television Chronology,\n        1875-1970|publisher=}} As a one-off special, the first quiz show called\n        \\\"Uncle Bee\\\" is telecast on WNBT''s inaugural broadcast day, followed later\n        the same day by [[Ralph Edwards]] hosting the second game show broadcast on\n        U.S. television, ''''[[Truth or Consequences]]'''', as simulcast on radio\n        and TV and sponsored by [[Ivory (soap)|Ivory]] soap. Weekly broadcasts of\n        the show commence in [[1956 in television|1956]], with [[Bob Barker]].\\n**\n        [[CBS Television Network|CBS television]] begins commercial operation on New\n        York station WCBW (modern-day [[WCBS-TV]]) on channel 2.\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        WWII: [[Empire of Japan]] calls up 1 million men for military service.\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – WWII: [[Joseph Stalin]], in his first address since the\n        German invasion, calls upon the Soviet people to carry out a \\\"[[scorched\n        earth]]\\\" policy of resistance to the bitter end.\\n* [[July 4]] – The\n        [[Massacre of Lviv professors|massacre of Polish scientists and writers]]\n        is committed by [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] troops in the occupied Polish\n        city of [[Lviv|Lw\\u00f3w]].\\n* [[July 5]] – WWII:\\n** Operation Barbarossa:\n        German troops reach the [[Dnieper River]].\\n** British [[troopship]] {{SS|Anselm}}\n        is torpedoed and sunk by {{ship|German submarine|U-96|1940|6}} in the Atlantic\n        Ocean with the loss of around 250 out of about 1310 on board.\\n* [[July 5]]\\u2013[[July\n        31|31]]: [[Ecuadorian\\u2013Peruvian War|War]] is fought between [[Peru]] and\n        [[Ecuador]].\\n* [[July 7]] – WWII: American forces take over the defense\n        of [[Iceland]] from the British. \\n* [[July 7]] – the [[League of Communists\n        of Yugoslavia|Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] raised an [[Uprising in Serbia\n        (1941)|uprising against the Nazi occupation]] The Uprising began when [[\\u017dikica\n        Jovanovi\\u0107 \\u0160panac]] and [[Mi\\u0161a Panti\\u0107]] killed two Nazi\n        [[gendarmes]] in the village of [[Bela Crkva (Krupanj)|Bela Crkva]], \\n* [[July\n        10]] – The Holocaust: [[Jedwabne pogrom]]: Local ethnic [[Poles]] massacre\n        at least 340 Jewish residents of [[Jedwabne]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]].{{cite web|title=The Jedwabne Tragedy|url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/J/|year=2000|publisher=Polish\n        Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo|accessdate=2012-07-10}}\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – The [[Northern Rhodesian Labour Party]] holds its first\n        congress in [[Nkana]].{{cite book|author=J. R. T. Wood|title=The\n        Welensky Papers: A History of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzhzAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Graham\n        Publishing|isbn=978-0-620-06410-1|page=80}}\\n* [[July 13]] – WWII:\n        [[Uprising in Montenegro]] against the Axis powers starts; the second popular\n        uprising in Europe (the first being the \\\"[[February strike]]\\\" of February\n        25 ''''(above)'''' in the Netherlands).\\n* [[July 14]] – WWII: [[Vichy\n        France]] signs armistice terms ending all fighting in [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]].\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Joe DiMaggio]]''s 56 game [[hitting streak]] ends.\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** WWII: A [[BBC]] broadcast by \\\"Colonel Britton\\\" calls on\n        the people of occupied Europe to resist the Nazis under the slogan \\\"V for\n        Victory\\\".\\n** The first episode ''''[[The Midnight Snack]]'''' in which [[Tom\n        and Jerry]] are officially named, more than a year after their first production\n        ''''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]''''\\n* [[July 23]] – WWII: Italian aircraft\n        damage the British destroyer {{HMS|Fearless|H67|6}} which has to be sunk.\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – Introduction of [[postal codes in Germany]].\\n* [[July\n        26]] – WWII:\\n** In response to the Japanese occupation of [[French\n        Indochina]], U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] orders the seizure of\n        all Japanese assets in the United States.\\n** General [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        is named commander of all U.S. forces in the [[Philippines]]; the Philippines\n        Army is ordered nationalized by President Roosevelt.\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        The [[Vichy Regime]] signs the Protocol Concerning Joint Defense and Joint\n        Military Cooperation with the [[Empire of Japan]], giving the Japanese a total\n        of eight airfields, allowing them greater troop presence and the use of the\n        Indochinese financial system in return for continued French autonomy.\\n* [[July\n        30]] – WWII: [[Glina massacres#July\\u2013August 1941|Glina massacre\n        of July\\u2013August 1941]] – The [[Usta\\u0161e]] brutally kill 200 [[Serbs]]\n        inside a Serbian Orthodox church in [[Glina, Croatia]], with a total of 700\\u20131,200\n        being killed in the area of the next few days.\\n* [[July 31]] – WWII:\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Under instructions from [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Nazism|Nazi]]\n        official [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] orders [[Schutzstaffel|S.S.]] General [[Reinhard\n        Heydrich]] to \\\"submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative\n        material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired [[Final\n        Solution]] of the Jewish question.\\\"{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook\n        of Holocaust Studies|editor1=Hayes, Peter |editor2=Roth, John K. |publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780199211869|page=122}}\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        August – [[Political Warfare Executive]] is formed in the United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – First production [[Willys MB]] U.S. Army [[Jeep]].\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Provisional Government of Lithuania]] dissolved.\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – Six-year-old [[Elaine Esposito]] goes to have an [[Vermiform\n        appendix|appendix operation]] in [[Florida]] and lapses into a [[coma]], dying\n        37 years later, still comatose. \\n* [[August 7]] – WWII: British submarine\n        {{HMS|Severn|N57|6}} sinks an Italian [[Marconi-class submarine]].\\n* [[August\n        9]] – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] meet onboard\n        ship at [[Naval Station Argentia]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]].\n        The [[Atlantic Charter]] (released [[August 14]]), setting goals for postwar\n        international cooperation, is created as a result.\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        {{HMS|Mercury|shore establishment|6}} Royal Navy Signals School and Combined\n        Signals School opens at Leydene, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire, England.\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – WWII: France: The German Occupation Authority announces\n        that anyone working for or aiding the [[Free French]] will be sentenced to\n        death.\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** WWII: A [[Luftwaffe]] bomb hits the [[Estonia]]n\n        steamer ''''[[Eestirand]]'''' with 3,500 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-mobilized\n        Estonian men on board, killing 598 of them.\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] orders a\n        halt to the [[Action T4]] program, [[Nazi Germany]]''s systematic [[euthanasia]]\n        of the [[Mental illness|mentally ill]] and [[Disability|handicapped]], due\n        to protests from the churches. However, graduates of the program are then\n        transferred to [[Nazi concentration camp]]s where they continue the killings.\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – WWII: The [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] begins.\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – WWII: [[Pierre Laval]] is shot in an assassination attempt\n        at [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France.\\n* [[August 27]] - [[August 28]];\n        the [[Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre]] takes place killing 23,600 Hungarian\n        and Soviet Jews. \\n* [[August 28]] – WWII:\\n** German troops capture\n        [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]] from the Soviet Union, while [[Soviet evacuation\n        of Tallinn|attacks on the evacuating Soviet ships]] leave more than 12,000\n        dead in one of the bloodiest naval battles of World War II. German forces\n        will capture the entire Estonian territory by 6 December.\\n** [[August 29]]\\u2013\n        WWII: The [[Government of National Salvation]] a [[Serbs|Serb]] [[puppet state]]\n        of the [[Axis powers]], is established General [[Milan Nedi\\u0107]] in [[Territory\n        of the Military Commander in Serbia|Nazi-occupied Serbia]] in [[Belgrade]]\n        under the military commander [[Heinrich Danckelmann]] the regime included\n        15 Ministers \\n* [[August 30]] – German Troopship Bahia Laura is sunk\n        by the [[HMS Trident (N52)]], 450 are killed.\\n* [[August 31]] – ''''[[The\n        Great Gildersleeve]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]] Radio in the United States.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[The Holocaust]]: ''''[[SS]]-[[Hauptsturmf\\u00fchrer]]''''\n        [[Karl Fritzsch]] first uses the pesticide [[Zyklon B]] to execute [[Soviet]]\n        [[prisoners of war]] ''''en masse'''' at [[Auschwitz concentration camp]];\n        eventually it will be used to kill about 1.2 million people.\\n* [[September\n        6]] – The Holocaust: The requirement to wear the [[Star of David]] with\n        the word \\\"Jew\\\" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied\n        areas.\\n* [[September 8]] – WWII: The [[Siege of Leningrad]] begins:\n        German forces begin a siege against the [[Soviet Union]]''s second-largest\n        city, [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]. Stalin orders the [[Volga German]]s\n        deported to Siberia.\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** WWII: [[Charles Lindbergh]],\n        at an [[America First Committee]] rally in [[Des Moines, Iowa]], accuses \\\"the\n        British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt administration\\\" of leading the United\n        States toward war. Widespread condemnation of Lindbergh follows.\\n** The [[Medvedev\n        Forest massacre]] of political prisoners takes place at the [[Oryol Prison]]\n        in the Soviet Union. \\n* [[September 12]]\\n** WWII: The first snowfall is\n        reported on the Russian front.\\n** Construction on [[The Pentagon]] begins\n        in [[Washington, D.C.]]\\n** Franklin Roosevelt gives one of his [[fireside\n        chats]] on the [[USS Greer (DD-145)|USS ''''Greer'''']] incident.\\n* [[September\n        14]] – The State of [[Vermont]] \\\"declares war\\\" on Germany, by defining\n        the United States to be in \\\"armed conflict\\\" in order to extend a wartime\n        bonus to Vermonters in the service.[http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-14/lifestyle/30156127_1_actor-adam-lamberg-actor-walter-koenig-danielle-peck\n        Vermont declares war on Germany]\\n* [[September 15]] – The [[Estonian\n        Self-Administration]], headed by [[Hjalmar M\\u00e4e]], is appointed by the\n        German military administration.\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Rez\\u0101 Sh\\u0101h]]\n        of [[Iran]] is forced to resign in favor of his son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]],\n        under pressure from the United Kingdom and the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[September\n        16]] - [[September 30]] The [[Nikolaev massacre]] takes place in [[Mykalaiv]];\n        35,782 men, women and children; mostly Jews, are killed by [[Einsatzgruppe\n        D]] and local collaborators.\\n* [[September 22]] – The town of [[Reshetylivka]]\n        in the [[Soviet Union]] is occupied by German forces.\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – WWII: The [[National Liberation Front (Greece)]], the main [[Greek\n        Resistance]] movement, is established and [[Georgios Siantos]] is appointed\n        its first acting leader.\\n* [[September 27]] – The first [[liberty ship]],\n        the {{SS|Patrick Henry}}, is launched at [[Baltimore]].\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – WWII: The [[Drama Uprising]] against the [[Bulgaria]]n [[Axis occupation\n        of Greece|occupation]] in northern Greece begins.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        WWII:  The [[Moscow Conference (1941)|Moscow Conference]] begins; U.S. representative  [[Averell\n        Harriman]] and British representative [[Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook|Lord\n        Beaverbrook]] meet with Soviet foreign minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]]\n        to arrange urgent assistance for Russia.\\n* [[September 29]]\\u2013[[September\n        30]] – The Holocaust: [[Babi Yar massacre]] – German troops, assisted\n        by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, kill 33,771 Jews.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: The [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Majdanek\n        concentration camp]] (''''Konzentrationslager Lublin'''') opens in [[Occupation\n        of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] on the outskirts of the town [[Lublin]].\n        Between October 1941 and July 1944 at least 200,000 people will be killed\n        in the camp.\\n** [[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy]] becomes the [[Royal\n        New Zealand Navy]]\\n* [[October 2]] – WWII: [[Operation Typhoon]] begins\n        as Germany launches an all-out offensive against Moscow.\\n* [[October 7]]\n        – [[John Curtin]] becomes the 14th [[Prime Minister of Australia]].\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – WWII: In their invasion of the [[Soviet Union]], Germany\n        reaches the [[Sea of Azov]] with the capture of [[Mariupol]].\\n* [[October\n        11]] – WWII: Armed insurgents from the [[People''s Liberation Army of\n        Macedonia]] attacked [[Axis powers|Axis]]-occupied zones in the city of [[Prilep]],\n        beginning the [[World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia|National Liberation War\n        of Macedonia]].\\n* [[October 11]]–[[October 12|12]] – Fire destroys\n        a [[American Printing Company (Fall River Iron Works)|Firestone Tire & Rubber\n        Co.]] plant in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], consuming 15,850 tons of [[rubber]]\n        and causing a setback to the United States war effort.{{cite news|title=No\n        Sabotage Found in Firestone Blaze by FBI Men Making Probe|location=Fall River|newspaper=[[The\n        Herald News]]|date=1941-10-14|page=1}}\\n* [[October 13]] – [[The\n        Holocaust]]: [[Heinrich Himmler]] instructs [[SS and Police Leader]] [[Odilo\n        Globocnik]] to begin construction of [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec extermination camp|Be\\u0142\\u017cec]];\n        the first of the [[Operation Reinhard]] [[extermination camp]]s.\\n* [[October\n        15]] – British submarine {{HMS|Torbay|N79|6}} bombards the port of [[Apollonia,\n        Cyrenaica]] in [[Italian Libya]].\\n* Mid-October – First production\n        [[P-38E Lightning]] fighter produced by [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]].\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – WWII: The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government moves\n        to Kuibyshev (modern [[Samara, Russia|Samara]]), but [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]\n        remains in Moscow.\\n* [[October 17]] – WWII: The destroyer {{USS|Kearny|DD-432|6}}\n        is torpedoed and damaged near [[Iceland]], killing 11 sailors (the first American\n        military casualties of the war).\\n* [[October 18]] – General [[Hideki\n        T\\u014dj\\u014d]] becomes the 40th [[Prime Minister of Japan]].\\n* [[October\n        20]]\\u2013[[October 21|21]] – WWII: [[Kragujevac massacre]] –\n        German soldiers and local auxiliaries massacre more than 2000 civilian men\n        at [[Kragujevac]] in [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|Nazi-occupied\n        Serbia]].\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Walt Disney]]''s fourth [[animated film]]\n        ''''[[Dumbo]]'''' is released.\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Franz von Werra]]\n        disappears during a flight over the North Sea.\\n* [[October 30]] – WWII:\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of the United States, approves US$1 billion\n        in [[Lend-Lease]] aid to the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** WWII:\n        The destroyer {{USS|Reuben James|DD-245|6}} is torpedoed by a German [[U-boat]]\n        near [[Iceland]], killing more than 100 [[United States Navy]] sailors.\\n**\n        Last day of carving on [[Mount Rushmore]] in [[South Dakota]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – WWII: US holds peace talks with Japan\\n* [[November\n        6]] – WWII: Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] addresses the [[Soviet Union]]\n        for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was\n        earlier this year on [[July 2]]). He states that 350,000 Soviet troops have\n        been killed in German attacks but that the Germans have lost 4.5 million{{Citation\n        needed|date=December 2015}} soldiers (a gross exaggeration) and that Soviet\n        victory is near.\\n* [[November 7]] – WWII: The Soviet hospital ship\n        ''''[[Armenia (Soviet hospital ship)|Armenia]]'''' is sunk by German aircraft\n        while evacuating refugees, wounded military and the staff of several [[Crimea]]n\n        hospitals. It is estimated that more than 5,000 die in the sinking.\\n* [[November\n        10]] – In a speech at the [[Mansion House, London]], [[Winston Churchill]]\n        promises \\\"should the United States become involved in war with Japan, the\n        British declaration will follow within the hour\\\".\\n* [[November 12]] –\n        WWII: \\n** As the [[Battle of Moscow]] begins, temperatures around Moscow\n        drop to -12 \\u00b0C, and the [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Ski warfare|ski\n        troops]] for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.\\n**\n        The Soviet cruiser [[Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina|''''Chervona Ukraina'''']]\n        is hit three times in the Severnaya Bay by bombs from German [[Junkers Ju\n        87]] Stuka [[dive bomber]]s from [[Sturzkampfgeschwader 77|II./StG 77]] during\n        the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941\\u201342)|Siege of Sevastopol]].Robert\n        Forczyk (2008). Sevastopol 1942, Von Manstein''s triumph, p. 40. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-221-9}}\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** WWII: The British [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}\n        sinks under tow off [[Gibraltar]] after being torpedoed the previous day by\n        {{ship|German submarine|U-81|1941|6}}.\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: In [[Slonim]]\n        ([[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]]), German forces\n        engaged in [[Operation Barbarossa]] murder 9000 Jews this day.\\n* [[November\n        17]] – WWII: [[Joseph Grew]], the United States ambassador to Japan,\n        cables to Washington, D.C., a warning that Japan may strike suddenly and unexpectedly.\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – WWII: [[Operation Crusader]], a [[British Eighth Army]]\n        operation to relieve the [[Siege of Tobruk]] in North Africa, begins.\\n* [[November\n        19]] – WWII: Both [[commerce raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran|German\n        auxiliary cruiser ''''Kormoran'''']] and Australian cruiser {{HMAS|Sydney|1934|6}}\n        sink following a battle off the coast of Western Australia. There are no survivors\n        from the 645 Australian sailors aboard ''''Sydney''''.{{cite book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August\n        Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|pages=186\\u2013191}}\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – The radio program ''''[[King Biscuit Time]]'''' is\n        broadcast for the first time (it later becomes the longest running daily radio\n        broadcast in history and the most famous live [[blues]] radio program).\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – WWII: {{HMS|Devonshire|39|6}} sinks [[commerce raiding]]\n        {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis||6}}, ending the longest warship\n        cruise of the war (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair).{{cite\n        book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|page=114}}\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – WWII: \\n** The [[Hull note]] (Outline of Proposed\n        Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan), named for [[Secretary\n        of State]] [[Cordell Hull]], is delivered to the [[Empire of Japan]] by the\n        United States.\\n** A fleet of 6 [[aircraft carrier]]s commanded by Japanese\n        Vice Admiral [[Ch\\u016bichi Nagumo]] leaves Hitokapu Bay for [[Pearl Harbor]]\n        under strict [[radio silence]].\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** WWII: Germans reach\n        their closest approach to Moscow. They are subsequently frozen by cold weather\n        and attacks by the [[Soviets]].\\n** A group of young men stop traffic on U.S.\n        Highway 99 south of [[Yreka, California]], handing out fliers proclaiming\n        the establishment of the [[Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)|State of Jefferson]].\\n**\n        [[November 30]] and [[December 8]]; The [[Rumbula massacre]] takes place killing\n        approximately 24,000 [[Latvian Jews]] and 1,000 [[German Jews]] outside of\n        [[Riga]].\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after\n        the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|300px|{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}\n        ablaze after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]]]   \\n* [[December 1]]\n        – WWII:\\n** [[Fiorello La Guardia]], Mayor of New York City and Director\n        of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]], signs [[s:Administrative Order 9|Administrative\n        Order 9]], creating the [[Civil Air Patrol]] under the authority of the [[United\n        States Army Air Forces]].\\n** A state of emergency is declared in [[British\n        Malaya]] and the [[Straits Settlements]].\\n* [[December 2]] – WWII:\n        The code message \\\"Climb Mount Niitaka\\\" is transmitted to the Japanese task\n        force, indicating that negotiations have broken down and that the attack on\n        Pearl Harbor is to be carried out according to plan.\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        The [[Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)|State of Jefferson]] is declared\n        in [[Yreka, California]], with a judge, John Childs, as governor.\\n* [[December\n        6]] – WWII:\\n** Soviet counterattacks begin against German troops encircling\n        Moscow. The [[Wehrmacht]] is subsequently pushed back over 200 miles.\\n**\n        The United Kingdom declares war on Finland and Romania.\\n* [[December 6]]\n        – WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Perseus|N36|6}} is sunk by a [[Naval\n        mine|mine]] off [[Cephalonia]].\\n* [[December 7]] ([[December 8]] –\n        3:18 a.m., [[Japan Standard Time]]) – WWII:\\n** [[Attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]: Aircraft flying from [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] [[Aircraft carrier|carrier]]s\n        launch a surprise attack on the United States fleet at [[Pearl Harbor]] in\n        [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], thus drawing the United States into World\n        War II. The attack begins at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Standard Time and is\n        announced on radio stations in the U.S. at about 11:26 p.m. [[Pacific\n        Time Zone|PST]] (19.26 [[GMT]]).\\n** The [[Japanese declaration of war on\n        the United States and the British Empire]] is published in Japanese evening\n        newspapers but not formally delivered to the U.S. until the following day.\n        Canada declares war on Japan.\\n** Adolf Hitler makes his ''''[[Nacht und Nebel]]''''\n        decree, declaring that all political prisoners and those involved in both\n        [[German resistance to Nazism]] and resistance to Nazism throughout [[German-occupied\n        Europe]] were to be apprehended by the [[Gestapo]], [[Sicherheitsdienst]]\n        and other security forces under [[Heinrich Himmler]]''s control.  \\n** [[Tobruk]]''s\n        British and Commonwealth garrison is relieved after Axis forces under Rommel\n        withdraw.\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** WWII: The [[Battle of Hong Kong]] begins\n        shortly after 8:00 a.m. ([[Hong Kong Time|local time]]), less than eight\n        hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Japanese forces invade [[British\n        Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], which is defended by British, Canadian and local troops.\n        The United Kingdom officially declares war on the [[Empire of Japan]].\\n**\n        WWII: Japanese Invasion of [[Shanghai International Settlement]], Began to\n        occupy the British and the American sectors after the attack on Pearl Harbor.\\n**\n        WWII: The [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]] begins ten hours after\n        the attack on Pearl Harbor when Japanese forces invade [[Luzon]] and destroy\n        U.S. aircraft on [[Clark Field]].{{cite book|first=Antony|last=Shaw|title=World\n        War II Day by Day|location=Staplehurst|publisher=Spellmount|year=2005|isbn=1-86227-304-9}}\\n**\n        WWII: President of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] delivers his\n        \\\"[[Infamy Speech]]\\\" to a [[Joint session of the United States Congress]]\n        at 12:30 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] (17.30 [[GMT]]). Transmitted\n        live over all four major national networks it attracts the largest audience\n        ever for an American radio broadcast, over 81% of homes.{{cite book|first=Robert\n        J.|last=Brown|title=Manipulating the Ether: the Power of Broadcast Radio in\n        Thirties America|pages=117\\u2013120|location=Jefferson, NC|publisher=McFarland\n        & Co|year=1998|isbn=0-7864-2066-9}} Within an hour, Congress agrees\n        to the President''s request for a [[United States declaration of war upon\n        Japan]] and he signs it at 4:10 p.m.\\n** WWII: [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]],\n        The Netherlands, the Free French, Yugoslavia, [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], [[El\n        Salvador]], [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]] also officially declare war on\n        Japan, and the [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]] declares\n        war on the [[Axis powers]].\\n** WWII: Japanese also attack\n        [[British Malaya]] and [[Thailand]].\\n** WWII: The German\n        advance on Moscow (Operation Typhoon) is suspended for the winter.\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Che\\u0142mno extermination\n        camp]] opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] near\n        the village of [[Che\\u0142mno nad Nerem]]. Between December 1941-April 1943\n        and June 1944-January 1945 at least 153,000 Jews will be killed in the camp.\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]] The first mass gassing of Jews began in [[Che\\u0142mno extermination\n        camp]] on 8 December 1941, when the Nazis used gas vans to murder people from\n        the Lodz ghetto.\\n* [[December 10]] – WWII: \\n**The British battleship\n        {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}} and battlecruiser [[HMS Repulse (1916)|HMS ''''Repulse'''']]\n        are sunk by Japanese aircraft in the [[South China Sea]] north of [[Singapore]].\\n**The\n        [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] officially declares war\n        on Japan.\\n* [[December 11]] – WWII:\\n** Germany and Italy declare war\n        on the United States. The U.S. responds in kind.\\n** [[Mildred Gillars]] (\\\"Axis\n        Sally\\\") delivers her first [[propaganda]] broadcast to [[Allies of World\n        War II|Allied]] troops.\\n* [[December 12]] – WWII:\\n** [[Kingdom of\n        Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] declare\n        war on the United States.\\n** [[British India]] declares war on the [[Empire\n        of Japan]].\\n** The United States seizes the French ship {{SS|Normandie}}.\\n**\n        The Kimura Detachment of the Japanese Imperial forces is occupied in [[Legaspi,\n        Albay]], [[Philippines]].\\n* [[December 13]] – Sweden''s low temperature\n        record of -53 \\u00b0C is set in a village within the [[Vilhelmina Municipality]].\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – WWII: The [[Independent State of Croatia]] declares\n        war on the United States and the United Kingdom.\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        WWII: \\n** Hitler becomes Supreme [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[German Army\n        (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].\\n** [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Raid on Alexandria]]:\n        Italian [[Regia Marina]] divers on [[human torpedo]]es place [[limpet mine]]s\n        on ships of the British [[Royal Navy]] [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in port at\n        [[Alexandria]], Egypt, disabling battleships {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913}}\n        and {{HMS|Valiant|1914}}.\\n** Twelve days after the Japanese raid on Pearl\n        Harbor, the [[United States Naval Academy]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland]] graduates\n        its \\\"Class of 1942\\\" a semester early so as to induct the graduating students\n        without delay into the U.S. Navy and/or Marine Corps as officers, for immediate\n        stationing in the war.[http://www.usna.com/page.aspx?pid=700 The United\n        States Naval Academy Alumni Association and the United States Naval Academy\n        Foundation website], usna.com; accessed December 4, 2014. \\n* [[December\n        21]]\\n** [[Thailand]] and Japan sign a military alliance.\\n** [[The Holocaust]]:\n        [[Stanis\\u0142aw\\u00f3w Ghetto]] established.\\n* [[December 22]] – WWII:\n        [[Arcadia Conference]] opens in Washington, D.C., the first meeting on military\n        strategy between the heads of government of the United Kingdom and the United\n        States following the latter''s entry into the war.\\n* [[December 23]] –\n        WWII: A second Japanese landing attempt on [[Wake Island]] is successful,\n        and the American garrison surrenders after a full night and morning of fighting.\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – WWII:\\n** British forces capture [[Benghazi]].\\n**\n        Dutch submarine [[HNLMS K XVI]] is the first Allied ship to sink a Japanese\n        warship, sinking the destroyer ''''[[Sagiri]]'''' near [[Sarawak]]; K XVI\n        is herself torpedoed the following day by Japanese submarine [[I 66]].\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of Hong Kong]] ends after 17\n        days with surrender of the British [[Crown colony]] to the Japanese.\\n** Admiral\n        [[\\u00c9mile Muselier]] seizes the archipelago of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]],\n        the first part of France to be liberated by the [[Free French Forces]].\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – WWII: [[Winston Churchill]] becomes the first British\n        Prime Minister to address a [[joint session of the United States Congress]].\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – WWII: [[British Commandos]] raid the Norwegian port\n        of [[V\\u00e5gs\\u00f8y|Vaagso]], causing Hitler to reinforce the garrison and\n        defenses, drawing vital troops away from other areas.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        ''''[[Classics Illustrated|Classic Comics]]'''' series launched in the United\n        States with a version of ''''[[The Three Musketeers]]''''.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Abdiqasimsalad.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdiqasim\n        Salad Hassan]]]]\\n[[File:Hayao Miyazaki.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hayao Miyazaki]]]]\\n[[File:Joan\n        Baez 1966.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joan Baez]]]]\\n[[File:Faye Dunaway - 1971 - PBS.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Faye\n        Dunaway]]]]                         \\n[[File:NielDiamondHWOFAug2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Neil\n        Diamond]]]]\\n[[File:Scott Glenn 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Scott Glenn]]]]\\n[[File:46\n        Dick Cheney 3x4.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dick Cheney]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Dardo\n        Cabo]], Argentine journalist and activist (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Martin Evans]],\n        British biologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan]], Somali politician, 5th [[President of Somalia]]\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Hayao Miyazaki]], Japanese film director\\n* [[January\n        7]]\\n** [[Iona Brown]], British violinist and conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Manfred Schellscheidt]], German soccer coach\\n** [[John E. Walker]], British\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Graham Chapman]], British comedian (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 9]]\n        \\n** [[Joan Baez]], American singer, songwriter and activist\\n** [[Robert\n        D. Putnam]], American political scientist \\n* [[January 10]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Greci]], Italian actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Dave Edwards\n        (musician)|Dave Edwards]], American musician (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Jimmy Velvit]],\n        American singer/songwriter\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Long John Baldry]],\n        British singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Faye Dunaway]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Milan Ku\\u010dan]], Slovenian politician and statesman\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Captain Beefheart]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] – [[David Ruffin]], American singer ([[The Temptations]]) (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Pat Patterson (wrestler)|Pat Patterson]], Canadian\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Clift Tsuji]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Allan Young]], English footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Richie Havens]], American musician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Neil\n        Diamond]], American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Aaron Neville]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Dan Shechtman]], Israeli chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Theo Berger]], German criminal (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – [[Scott Glenn]], American actor\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Beatrice Tinsley]], English astronomer (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Delbert Mann]], American television and film director (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Tineke Lagerberg]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Lynne Abraham]],\n        American lawyer; District Attorney of Philadelphia (1991\\u20132010)\\n** [[Dick\n        Gephardt]], American politician \\n** [[Eug\\u00e8ne Terre''Blanche]], South\n        African pro-apartheid politician, farmer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jessica Walter]],\n        American actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:NickNolte(cannesPhotocall).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nick\n        Nolte]]]]\\n[[File:SergioMENDESFeb2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sergio Mendes]]]]\\n[[File:Hipolito\n        mejia.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hipolito Mejia]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\n** [[Jerry\n        Spinelli]], American children''s author\\n** [[Karl Dall]], German comedian,\n        singer and television presenter\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Dory Funk, Jr.]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Howard Phillips (politician)|Howard Phillips]],\n        American politician\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Stephen J. Cannell]], American\n        director and producer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[David Selby]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Kaspar Villiger]], Swiss politician \\n* [[February 6]] – [[Stephen\n        Albert]], American composer. (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Nick\n        Nolte]], American actor\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Michael Apted]], British\n        film director\\n* [[February 11]] \\n** [[Sergio Mendes]], Brazilian jazz musician\\n**\n        [[Sonny Landham]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 12]] –\n        [[Naomi Uemura]], Japanese adventurer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n**\n        [[David Jeremiah]], American televangelist\\n** [[Sigmar Polke]], German painter\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Kim Jong-Il]], [[Leader of North Korea|Leader of\n        the Democratic People''s Republic of Korea]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 19]]\n        – [[David Gross]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Buffy Sainte-Marie]], Canadian\n        singer\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Yau Leung]], photographer in Hong Kong\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Sandy Bull]], American folk musician\n        and composer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Suzanne Mubarak]],\n        Egyptian first lady\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Mike Love.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mike\n        Love]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Dawkins Cooper Union Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard\n        Dawkins]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Joo Hyun]], South Korean actor\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[John Aprea]], American actor\\n** [[Adrian Lyne]], English film director\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Ernesto Miranda]], American criminal (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Erkki Salmenhaara]], Finnish composer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Wolfgang Petersen]], German film director\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Mike Love]], American musician \\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Gu\\u00e9\\u00ef]], military ruler of C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Chuck Woolery]], American game show host\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Paul\n        Kantner]], American rock guitarist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Wilson\n        Pickett]], American singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Kenji Kimihara]],\n        Japanese long-distance runner\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Jim Trelease]], American\n        educator and author\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Richard Dawkins]], British scientist\\n*\n        [[March 28]]\\n** [[Philip Fang]], Hong Kong [[simultaneous interpretation]]\n        specialist, United Nations official (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jim Turner (placekicker)|Jim\n        Turner]], American football player\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Joseph Hooton\n        Taylor, Jr.]], American astrophysicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[March 30]] \\n** [[Wasim Sajjad]], [[President of Pakistan]]\\n**\n        [[Graeme Edge]], British rock drummer and songwriter ([[The Moody Blues]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Michael\n        D. Higgins 2006.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michael D. Higgins]]]]\\n[[File:Ryan Oneal\n        - 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ryan O''Neal]]]]\\n[[File:Paavo Lipponen 2004.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paavo\n        Lipponen]]]]\\n[[File:Ann Margret 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ann-Margret]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Dr. Demento]] (n\\u00e9 Barret Eugene Hansen), American\n        radio disc jockey, novelty music collector\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Eric Braeden]],\n        German-born American actor\\n** [[Jorma Hynninen]], Finnish baritone\\n** [[Philipp\\u00e9\n        Wynne]], American musician (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Gorden Kaye]],\n        British actor (''''[[''Allo ''Allo!]]'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        [[Peggy Lennon]], American singer ([[The Lennon Sisters]])\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Kay Adams (singer)|Kay Adams]], American country singer\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[Shirley Stelfox]], English actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Bobby Moore]], English football player; World Cup winning captain\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Michael Stuart Brown]], American geneticist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – [[Pete Rose]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Michael\n        D. Higgins]], 9th [[President of Ireland]]\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Ryan\n        O''Neal]], American actor\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Eduardo Guedes]], U.S.\n        Portuguese film-maker (d. [[2000]]) \\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Paavo Lipponen]],\n        59th [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\\n** [[Ed Stewart]], British disc jockey\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ray Tomlinson]], American computer programmer (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]]\\n** [[Richard Holbrooke]], American diplomat (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[John Williams (guitarist)|John Williams]], Australian guitarist\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Lee Roy Jordan]], American football player\\n* [[April 28]]\\n**\n        [[Ann-Margret]], Swedish-born American actress, singer and dancer\\n** [[K.\n        Barry Sharpless]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n** [[Iryna Zhylenko]], Ukrainian poet (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:GohChokTong-WashingtonDC-20010614.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Goh\n        Chok Tong]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Dylan - Azkena Rock Festival 2010 1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob\n        Dylan]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Paul Ferris (composer)]], English film composer\n        and actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Alexander Ragulin]], Russian\n        hockey player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Ivica Osim]], Bosnian football\n        player and manager\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Yuri Voronov]], politician and academic\n        from Abkhazia (murdered) (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Howard Komives]],\n        American professional basketball player (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        [[Ayd\\u0131n G\\u00fcven G\\u00fcrkan]], Turkish academic and politician (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Eric Burdon]], British singer \\n* [[May\n        13]]\\n** [[Senta Berger]], Austrian actress\\n** [[Ritchie Valens]], American\n        singer (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Bobby Burgess]], American dancer\n        and singer\\n** [[Nora Ephron]], American film producer, director, and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Goh Chok Tong]], 2nd [[Prime Minister\n        of Singapore]]\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Bobby Cox]], American baseball manager\\n*\n        [[May 22]]\\n**[[Menzies Campbell]], British politician\\n**[[Paul Winfield]],\n        American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Bob Dylan]], born Robert\n        Allen Zimmerman, American poet and musician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]]\\n* [[May 26]] – [[John Kaufman]], British sculptor\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[Teppo Hauta-aho]], Finnish double bassist and composer\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – [[Louis Ignarro]], American pharmacologist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Charlie\n        Watts Berlinale 2008.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Charlie Watts]]]]\\n[[File:Vaclav Klaus.jpg|thumb|120px|[[V\\u00e1clav\n        Klaus]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Wayne Kemp]], American country music singer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[David Ruffin]], American soul singer and musician (d.\n        [[1991]])\\n** [[Alexander V. Zakharov|Alexander Zakharov]], Soviet (later\n        Russian) deputy scientist and astronomer \\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Stacy Keach]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Charlie Watts]], English musician ([[The Rolling Stones]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Martha Argerich]], Argentine pianist\\n** [[Spalding Gray]],\n        American actor and screenwriter (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Tony\n        Ray-Jones]], British photographer (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Bradford (Northern Irish politician)|Robert Bradford]], Northern Irish politician\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Fuzzy Haskins]], American musician ([[P-Funk]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Jon Lord]], organist of [[Deep Purple]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** [[Mickey Jones]], American actor and musician\\n** [[James A. Paul]],\n        American writer and non-profit executive\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen Prochnow]], German\n        actor\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Marv Albert]], American sports announcer\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Roy Harper (singer)|Roy Harper]], English guitarist\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Neal Adams]], American comic book artist\\n** [[Harry Nilsson]],\n        American musician (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Rosalind Baker]],\n        Australian author \\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Conchita Carpio-Morales]], Filipino\n        [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n** [[V\\u00e1clav\n        Klaus]], 2nd [[President of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Totto\n        Osvold]], Norwegian radio entertainer\\n** [[Liz Mohn]], widow of Reinhard\n        Mohn, the owner of the media conglomerate Bertelsmann\\n** [[Jimmy Rayl]],\n        American professional basketball player\\n** [[Bruce William Nickerson]], American\n        civil rights and gay rights\\n** [[Aloysius Paul D''Souza]], Bishop of the\n        Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore\\n** [[Mitty Collier]], American church\n        pastor, gospel singer and former rhythm and blues singer\\n** [[Eduardo Suplicy]],\n        Brazilian left-wing politician, economist and professor\\n** [[Joe Flaherty]],\n        American-Canadian actor and comedian\\n** [[Valeri Zolotukhin]], Soviet/Russian\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Howard Kindig]], American football\n        defensive end\\n** [[Ed Bradley]], American journalist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Lerner (actor)|Michael Lerner]], American actor\\n** [[Terttu Savola]], Finnish\n        politician\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Tsai Hsun-hsiung]], Taiwanese politician\\n**\n        [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]], Malayalam author\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Julia Kristeva]],\n        Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist, and\n        novelist\\n** [[Graham McKenzie]], Australian cricketer\\n** [[Erkin Koray]],\n        Turkish musician\\n** [[Nelson L\\u00f3pez]], Argentine football defender\\n**\n        [[Bill Reardon]], American politician and educator\\n** [[Charles Whitman]],\n        American mass murderer (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Miles Feinstein]],\n        American criminal law defense attorney, and legal commentator\\n** [[Kenneth\n        Walker (Australian cricketer)|Kenneth Walker]], Australian cricketer\\n** [[Eddie\n        Large]], British comedian\\n** [[Mike Stoker]], American firefighter, engineer\n        and captain\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Tamara Moskvina]], Russian pair skating\n        coach and former competitive skater\\n** [[Gil Garrido]], Panamanian baseball\n        player \\n** [[Nick Macarchuk]], American basketball head coach\\n** [[Thomas\n        Yeh Sheng-nan]], Taiwanese prelate\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Pavel Schenk]], Czech\n        former volleyball player\\n** [[John Goold]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Jerry Allen]], American football running back\\n** [[John Smyth (barrister)|John\n        Smyth]], British barrister\\n** [[Ian Black (swimmer)|Ian Black]], British\n        competitive swimmer\\n** [[Krzysztof Kie\\u015blowski]], Polish film director\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Ilana Adir]], Israeli Olympic runner and\n        long jumper\\n** [[Barbara Stolz]], German gymnast\\n** [[Len Boehmer]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar Bejarano]], Paraguayan fencer\\n**\n        [[Joseph Goguen]], American computer scientist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[David Johnston]],\n        28th [[Governor General of Canada]]\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Chieko Baisho]],\n        Japanese actress and singer\\n** [[Larry Stahl]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[David A. Bramlett]], United States Army four-star general\\n** [[Stokely\n        Carmichael]], Civil Rights Movement (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Margitta Gummel]],\n        German former Olympic gold medalist\\n** [[John Boccabella]], American professional\n        baseball player\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Cyril Atanassoff]], Bulgarian dancer\n        originally from France\\n** [[Roberto Castrillo]], Cuban sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Mike Leander]], English arranger, songwriter and record producer (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Jean-Baptiste Ou\\u00e9draogo]], 4th President of Burkina Faso\\n** [[Otto\n        Sander]], German actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Tai Kwok Yuen]], general authority\n        of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\\n** [[Nigel Walley]], English\n        golfer and tea-chest bass player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Epeli Nailatikau 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Epeli\n        Nailatikau]]]]\\n[[File:Presidente Sergio Mattarella.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sergio\n        Mattarella]]]]\\n[[File:PaulAnka07.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Anka]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Rod Gilbert]], Canadian professional ice hockey forward\\n** [[Ursula\n        Koch]], Swiss politician\\n** [[Twyla Tharp]], American dancer, choreographer,\n        and author\\n** [[Alf Duval]], Australian rower\\n** [[Jaakko Kailaj\\u00e4rvi]],\n        Finnish weightlifter\\n** [[Alfred G. Gilman]], American scientist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Denis\n        Michael Rohan]], Australian citizen who, on 21 August 1969, set fire to the\n        pulpit of the Al-Aqsa mosque, in Jerusalem (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Chris Noel]], American actress\\n** [[Mogens Frey]], Danish amateur cyclist\\n**\n        [[St\\u00e9phane Venne]], French-Canadian songwriter and composer\\n* [[July\n        3]] \\n** [[Gloria Allred]], American civil rights lawyer\\n** [[Hertha Haase]],\n        German swimmer\\n** [[Casey Cox]], American baseball player \\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Digger Phelps]], American former college basketball coach\\n** [[Jay Carty]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Epeli Nailatikau]], Fijian\n        chief, 4th [[President of Fiji]]\\n** [[Peggy Miley]], American actress and\n        writer\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Harold Leighton Weller]], American conductor\\n**\n        [[John DeCamp]], American politician\\n** [[Randall Robinson]], African-American\n        lawyer, author and activist\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[John Fru Ndi]], Cameroonian\n        politician\\n** [[Vivian Barbot]], Canadian-Haitian teacher, activist, and\n        politician\\n** [[Michael Howard|Michael Howard, Baron Howard of Lympne]],\n        Welsh politician\\n** [[Bill Oddie]], English writer, composer, musician, comedian\\n**\n        [[Alan Durban]], Welsh international footballer and manager\\n** [[Louis Friedman]],\n        American astronautics engineer and space spokesperson\\n** [[Marco Bollesan]],\n        Italian former rugby union player, coach and manager\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Ken\n        Sanders]], American Major League Baseball relief pitcher\\n** [[Thunderbolt\n        Patterson]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Dario Gradi]], Italian-English\n        former amateur football player, coach and manager\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Hans-Gunnar\n        Liljenwall]], Swedish modern pentathlete\\n** [[Jan Lehane]], Australian female\n        tennis player\\n** [[Cirilo Bautista]], Filipino poet, fictionist, critic and\n        writer of nonfiction\\n** [[Tom Black (basketball)|Tom Black]], American professional\n        basketball player\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Robert Pine]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Jackie Lane (actress)|Jackie Lane]], British actress\\n* [[July 11]] \\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen Schmidt]], German speed skater\\n** [[Clive Puzey]], Southern\n        Rhodesian racing driver\\n** [[Tommy Vance]], British disc jockey (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[John Lahr]], American drama critic\\n** [[Juha V\\u00e4\\u00e4t\\u00e4inen]],\n        Finnish athlete\\n** [[Dick Rusteck]], American left-handed pitcher\\n** [[Benny\n        Parsons]], American race car driver (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Forster]], American actor\\n** [[Affonso Beato]], Brazilian cinematographer\\n**\n        [[Zoila Mart\\u00ednez]], Dominican lawyer, prosecutor and diplomat\\n* [[July\n        14]]\\n** [[Maulana Karenga]], American author and activist\\n** [[Andreas Khol]],\n        Austrian politician\\n** [[Dennis Kassian]], Canadian professional ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Vicente Guillot]], Spanish footballer\\n** [[Archie\n        Clark (basketball)|Archie Clark]], American professional basketball player\\n**\n        [[Nikhil Kumar]], Indian politician\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Seijir\\u014d K\\u014dyama]],\n        Japanese film director\\n** [[Hans Wiegel]], Dutch politician\\n** [[Ken Herock]],\n        American college and professional football player\\n** [[K\\u00e1lm\\u00e1n M\\u00e9sz\\u00f6ly]],\n        Hungarian football (soccer) player and coach\\n** [[Lloyd Sisco]], American\n        football coach\\n** [[Valeri Butenko]], Soviet midfielder and football referee\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Namirembe Bitamazire]], Ugandan academic and politician\\n**\n        [[Morimichi Takagi]], Japanese baseball player\\n** [[Rob van Empel]], Dutch\n        breaststroke swimmer\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Marcia Jones-Smoke]], American sprint\n        canoer \\n** [[Winston Choo]], Singaporean diplomat, civil servant and former\n        general\\n** [[Duncan Worsley]], British cricketer\\n** [[Frank Farian]], German\n        record producer and songwriter\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Carlos Alberto \\u00c1lvarez]],\n        Argentine cyclist\\n** [[Vikki Carr]], American singer\\n** [[Neelie Kroes]],\n        Dutch politician\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Vladimir Veber]], Moldovan footballer\n        \\n** [[Frank Natterer]], German mathematician\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Gary Waslewski]],\n        American Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Mick Waters]], Irish sportsperson\\n**\n        [[Ron Corry]], Australian football (soccer) player and coach\\n* [[July 22]]\n        \\n** [[George Clinton (musician)|George Clinton]], American musician\\n** [[Rich\n        Jackson]], American football player\\n** [[Susie Berning]], American professional\n        golfer\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Sergio Mattarella]], Italian lawyer, judge\n        and politician, 12th [[President of Italy]]\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Margarita\n        Isabel]], Mexican actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Darlene Love]],\n        American singer and actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Bill Baxley]], Alabama\n        politician\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Peter Cullen]], Canadian voice actor\\n**\n        [[Riccardo Muti]], Italian conductor\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** [[Jennifer Dunn (politician)|Jennifer\n        Dunn]], American politician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[David Warner (actor)|David\n        Warner]], British actor\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Paul Anka]], Canadian-American\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]], Indian\n        politician\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hage Geingob.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hage Geingob]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Crosby 2006.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David Crosby]]]]\\n[[File:Ibrahim Babangida (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ibrahim\n        Babangida]]]]\\n[[File:Milosevic-Lopez cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Slobodan Milosevic]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Ede Staal]], Dutch singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 3]]\n        \\n** [[Martha Stewart]], American television personality and media entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Hage Geingob]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Namibia]] and 3rd [[President of\n        Namibia]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Ted Strickland]], American politician\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Lyle Berman]], American poker player\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – [[George Tiller]], American physician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – [[Shirlee Busbee]], American novelist\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Deborah\n        Walley]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[David Crosby]],\n        American musician \\n** [[Connie Smith]], American singer\\n** [[Lynne Cheney]],\n        [[Second Lady of the United States]], [[Chair of the National Endowment for\n        the Humanities]]\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Th\\u00e9oneste Bagosora]], Rwandan\n        army officer and alleged planner of the [[Rwandan Genocide]]\\n** [[David Dickinson]],\n        British antiques expert and television presenter\\n* [[August 17]] \\n** [[Ibrahim\n        Babangida]], [[President of Nigeria]]\\n** [[Lothar Bisky]], German politician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Fritz Wepper]], German actor\\n* [[August 20]] –\n        [[Slobodan Milo\\u0161evi\\u0107]], 3rd [[President of Yugoslavia]] and 1st\n        [[President of Serbia]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Ludwig M\\u00fcller\n        (footballer)|Ludwig M\\u00fcller]], German footballer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Bernie\n        Sanders New Orleans rally crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bernie Sanders]]]]\\n[[File:Otis\n        Redding (2).png|thumb|120px|[[Otis Redding]]]]\\n[[File:Ahmet Necdet Sezer.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ahmet\n        Necdet Sezer]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[George Saimes]], American football\n        player\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[David Bale]], South African-born businessman;\n        father of actor [[Christian Bale]] and husband of feminist activist [[Gloria\n        Steinem]] (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jyrki Otila]], Finnish quiz show judge and Member\n        of the European Parliament (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[John Thompson (basketball)|John\n        Thompson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Sergei\n        Dovlatov]], Russian short-story writer and novelist (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Sushilkumar Shinde]], Indian politician\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        [[Bernie Sanders]], American politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]]\n        ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Vermont|Vt.]]), and [[United States\n        presidential election, 2016|2016]] presidential candidate\\n* [[September 9]]\\n**\n        [[Otis Redding]], American singer and musician (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Dennis\n        Ritchie]], American computer scientist, creator of the [[C (programming language)|C\n        programming language]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Christopher\n        Hogwood]], English conductor and harpsichordist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Gunpei\n        Yokoi]], Japanese computer game producer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n**\n        [[Tadao Ando]], Japanese architect\\n** [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]], [[President\n        of Turkey]]\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Alberto Naranjo]], Venezuelan musician\\n*\n        [[September 15]] – [[Signe Toly Anderson]], American singer (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Bob Matsui]], U.S. Congressman from California\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Cass Elliot]], American singer\n        (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Dale Chihuly]], American glass\n        sculptor\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Guy Hovis]], American singer\\n** [[Linda\n        McCartney]], American activist, musician and photographer (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Martine Beswick]], British actress and model\\n*\n        [[September 27]]\\n** [[Gay Kayler]] Ashcroft, Australian country music singer\\n**\n        [[Sam Zell]], American publisher and investor\\n* [[September 28]] –\n        [[Edmund Stoiber]], German politician \\n* [[September 29]] – [[Fred\n        West]], British serial killer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Angela\n        Pleasence]], British actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Duhalde23012007.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Eduardo\n        Duhalde]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Simon at the 9-30 Club (b).jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Paul\n        Simon]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Chubby Checker]], American singer\\n*\n        [[October 4]]\\n** [[Roy Blount, Jr.]], American writer and comedian\\n** [[Elizabeth\n        Eckford]], American activist\\n** [[Anne Rice]], American writer\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Eduardo Duhalde]], 50th [[President of Argentina]]\\n* [[October\n        8]] – [[Jesse Jackson]], American clergyman and civil rights activist\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Trent Lott]], United States Senator (R-MS) \\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Peter Coyote]], American actor\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Paul\n        Simon]], American singer and composer\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Rosie Douglas]],\n        4th Prime Minister of Dominica (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Tim\n        McCarver]], American baseball commentator\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Anneke\n        Wills]], British actress\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Dickie Pride]], British\n        [[rock and roll]] singer (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Mel Winkler]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Helen Reddy]], Australian singer and\n        actress\\n** [[Anne Tyler]], American novelist\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Gerd\n        Brantenberg]], Norwegian feminist author and gay rights activist\\n* [[October\n        28]] – [[John Hallam]], Irish actor\\n** [[Hank Marvin]], British guitarist,\n        singer and songwriter ([[The Shadows]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Theodor\n        W. H\\u00e4nsch]], German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Sally Kirkland]], American actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Art\n        Garfunkel 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Art Garfunkel]]]]\\n[[File:Franco Nero.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Franco\n        Nero]]]]\\n[[File:Pete Best drumming.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pete Best]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Marina Baura]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Nigel Dempster]], British\n        journalist, author, broadcaster and diarist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Robert Foxworth]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Bruce Welch]], British guitarist,\n        singer and songwriter \\n* [[November 5]] – [[Art Garfunkel]], American\n        singer\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Guy Clark]], American singer-songwriter (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Doug Sahm]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Angelo Scola]], Italian cardinal\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Tom\n        Fogerty]], American guitarist ([[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]) (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Mae-Wan Ho]], geneticist known for her critical\n        views on genetic engineering and neo-Darwinism. (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Joseph L. Galloway]], American newspaper columnist and [[Vietnam\n        War]] historian\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Tova Traesnaes]], Norwegian-American\n        cosmetician and businesswoman; widow of actor [[Ernest Borgnine]]\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Dan Haggerty]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Oliver Sipple]], decorated US Marine and Vietnam War veteran\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Tom Conti]], British actor and\n        theatre director\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Derek Mahon]], Irish poet\\n** [[Franco\n        Nero]], Italian actor\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Pete Best]], English drummer\\n*\n        [[November 25]]\\n** [[Ralph Haben]], American politician, [[Speaker of the\n        Florida House of Representatives]]\\n** [[Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi]], Sufi, author,\n        poet \\n* [[November 26]] – [[G. Alan Marlatt]], Canadian-born American\n        psychologist\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Eddie Rabbitt]], American country musician\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Henry Carr]], American Olympic athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Aime Jacquet]], French football player and manager \\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Laura Antonelli]], Italian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Bill Freehan]], American baseball player\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Pi\\u00f1era - Lee Myung-bak (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lee Myung-bak]]]]\\n[[Image:Alex\n        Ferguson 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alex Ferguson]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Nigel Rodley]], n\\u00e9 Rosenfeld, English international human rights\n        lawyer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\n** [[David Johnston (newsreader)|David\n        Johnston]], Australian newsreader\\n** [[Leila S\\u00e4\\u00e4lik]], Estonian\n        actress \\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Vittorio Mezzogiorno]], Italian actor (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n** [[Richard Speck]], American mass murderer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Beau Bridges]], American actor\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Kyu\n        Sakamoto]], Japanese singer and actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[J. Frank Wilson]], American singer ([[J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers]])\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December 13]] – [[John Davidson (entertainer)|John\n        Davidson]], American singer and actor\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Prince\n        William of Gloucester]], member of the English royal family\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Lee Myung-bak]], 17th [[President of South Korea|President of the\n        Republic of Korea]]\\n** [[Maurice White]], American singer, songwriter, musician\n        and record producer, founder of [[Earth, Wind & Fire]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December\n        21]]\\n** [[Lo Hoi-pang]], Hong Kong-born Chinese actor\\n** [[Jared Martin]],\n        75, American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Ron Bushy]], American\n        rock musician \\n** [[Tim Hardin]], American folk musician (d. [[1980]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Lex Hixon]], American Sufi author, poet, and spiritual\n        teacher (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Miles Aiken]], American\n        basketball player and coach\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Mel Renfro]], American\n        football player\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Alex Ferguson|Sir Alex Ferguson]],\n        Scottish football manager ([[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Revolutionary\n        Joyce Better Contrast.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James Joyce]]]] \\n* [[January 1]]\n        – [[J\\u00f3zsef Konkolics]], Hungarian Slovene writer (d. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Henri Bergson]], French philosopher, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Amy\n        Johnson]], English aviator (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 8]] – Lord [[Robert\n        Baden-Powell]], English soldier and founder of the Boy Scouts (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]]\\n** [[Frank Bridge]], English composer (b. [[1879]])\\n** Sir\n        [[John Lavery]], Anglo-Irish artist (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Joe Penner]], Hungarian-born\n        American comedic actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Emanuel Lasker]],\n        German chess champion (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[James Joyce]],\n        Irish writer and poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Ioannis Metaxas]],\n        dictator of Greece (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Fredrick banting.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frederick\n        Banting]]]]\\n[[File:Alfonso XIIIdeEspa\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Alfonso\n        XIII of Spain]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Harris Laning]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Otto Strandman]], 1st Prime Minister\n        of Estonia (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Banjo Paterson]], Australian\n        poet and [[journalist]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Giuseppe\n        Tellera]], Italian general (died of wounds) (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 9]]\n        – [[Aaron S. Watkins]], American temperance movement leader (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Rudolf Hilferding]], German economist and Minister\n        of Finance (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Frederick Banting]],\n        Canadian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Lothar von Arnauld de la Peri\\u00e8re]],\n        German submarine commander (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[William\n        D. Byron]], U.S. Congressman (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 28]] – King\n        [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]] (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gutzon Borglum\n        1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gutzon Borglum]]]]\\n[[File:George Charles Beresford\n        - Virginia Woolf in 1902 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Virginia Woolf]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Ludwig Quidde]], German activist and politician, Nobel\n        Prize laureate (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Gutzon Borglum]], American\n        sculptor (''''Mount Rushmore'''') (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[G\\u00fcnther\n        Prien]], German submarine commander (killed in action) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Sherwood Anderson]], American author (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Alexej von Jawlensky]], Russian painter (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] – [[Joachim Schepke]], German submarine commander (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara]], Indian police\n        commissioner (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Virginia Woolf]], English writer (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Vasil Kutinchev]], Bulgarian general (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[P\\u00e1l Teleki]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 5]] – Sir [[Nigel Gresley]], English steam\n        locomotive engineer (''''[[LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|Flying Scotsman]]''''\n        and ''''[[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|Mallard]]'''') (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April\n        13]] – [[Annie Jump Cannon]], American astronomer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April\n        16]] – [[Josiah Stamp]], British baron, banker, civil servant, industrialist,\n        economist and statistician (b.[[1880]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Karin Boye]],\n        Swedish poet (suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Edwin S. Porter]],\n        American film director (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Sh\\u016bz\\u014d\n        Kuki]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[James George\n        Frazer]], Scottish social anthropologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Peggy Shannon]], American actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ruth\n        Stonehouse]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Minnie\n        Vautrin]], American missionary and heroine of the Nanjing Massacre (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Lancelot Holland]], British admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[G\\u00fcnther L\\u00fctjens]], German admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Prajadhipok]], Rama VII, King of Siam (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Hans\n        Berger]]]] \\n[[File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm\n        II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Hans Berger]], German\n        neurologist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Jenny Dolly]], American singer (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Walpole]], British writer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Lou\n        Gehrig]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], last Emperor\n        of Germany (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Louis Chevrolet]], Swiss-born\n        automobile builder and race car driver (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Evelyn Underhill]], British writer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 21]] –\n        [[Elliott Dexter]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Richard\n        Carle]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Ignacy Jan\n        Paderewski]], Polish pianist, composer, and third [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Rudolf Ramek Svenska Dagbladets %C3%A5rsbok\n        1924.png|thumb|110px|[[Rudolf Ramek]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Friedrich\n        Akel]], Estonian diplomat and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Antoni \\u0141omnicki]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 10]]\n        – [[Jelly Roll Morton]], African-American jazz musician and composer\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Arthur Evans]], English archaeologist\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Walter Ruttmann]], German director\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Lew Fields]], American vaudeville performer\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Qui\\u00f1ones Gonzales]],\n        Peruvian aviator (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Rudolf Ramek]], 5th\n        [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Allan Forrest]],\n        American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Henri Lebesgue]], French\n        mathematician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[James Stephenson]], British\n        actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Hugo Celmi\\u0146\\u0161]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of Latvia (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Mickey Welch]], American baseball\n        player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Fr.Maximilian\n        Kolbe 1939.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maximilian Kolbe]]]]\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Indian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[J. Stuart Blackton|James\n        Stuart Blackton]], American film producer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]], French chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Maximilian Kolbe]], German\n        Franciscan (voluntary execution) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[John\n        Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven]], British politician, former Governor-General\n        of Australia (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Peder Oluf Pedersen]],\n        Danish engineer and physicist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Marina\n        Tsvetaeva]], Russian poet (suicide) (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Hans\n        Spemann nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans Spemann]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Karl Parts]], Estonian military commander (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 9]]\n        – [[Hans Spemann]], German embryologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Alipio\n        Ponce]], Peruvian police officer, Civil Guard hero (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Fred Karno]], British music hall comedian (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Mikhail Kirponos]], Soviet general (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Louis Brandeis]],\n        U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Gus Kahn]],\n        German songwriter (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Valentine O''Hara]], Irish author (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Helen Morgan]], American singer and actress\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Manuel Teixeira Gomes]], 7th President\n        of Portugal (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Robert Delaunay]], French\n        painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Arkady Gaidar]], Russian writer\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Victor Schertzinger]], American composer and director\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Harvey Hendrick]], American baseball\n        player (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[K\\u00e1roly Husz\\u00e1r]], 25th Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Pedro Aguirre Cerda.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Aguirre Cerda]]]]\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Frank Pick]], British transport\n        administrator and designer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Miina\n        H\\u00e4rma]], Estonian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Ernst\n        Udet]], German World War I fighter ace and Nazi ''''Luftwaffe'''' official\n        (suicide) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Nelligan]], Canadian\n        poet (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Walther Nernst]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Chris Watson]], 3rd [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 22]] \\n** [[Werner M\\u00f6lders]],\n        German fighter pilot (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Kurt Koffka]], German psychologist\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Henrietta Vinton Davis]], American\n        elocutionist, dramatist, impersonator, public speaker (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Pedro Aguirre Cerda]], [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Niels Hansen Jacobsen]], Danish sculptor and ceramist\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Charles James Briggs]], British\n        general (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Esmond Romilly]], British\n        socialist (b. [[1918]])\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Edward\n        Rydz-\\u015amig\\u0142y]], Polish marshal (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Christian Sinding]], Norwegian composer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 7]]\n        – [[Isaac Campbell Kidd]], American admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Eduard von B\\u00f6hm-Ermolli]], Austrian general\n        and German field marshal (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Tom Phillips\n        (Royal Navy officer)|Tom Phillips]], British admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[\\u00c9mile Picard]], French mathematician (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Basa]], Filipino pilot (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Blanche Bates]], stage actress (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Tullio Levi-Civita]], Italian mathematician (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[El Lissitzky]], Russian artist and\n        architect (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Chemistry]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine|Medicine]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n*  William K. Klingaman. ''''1941: Our Lives in a World on the\n        Edge'''' (1988) world perspective based on primary sources by a scholar. \\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1941-pictures.html 1941 Coin Pictures],\n        coinpage.com; accessed December 4, 2014.\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1941}}\\n[[Category:1941|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T00:51:00Z\",\"lastrevid\":799650522,\"length\":91166,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1941&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941\"},\"34629\":{\"pageid\":34629,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1942\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T23:09:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1942}}\\n{{Events by month|1942}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1942}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1942}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n[[File:World War II\n        in Europe, 1942.svg|thumb|Map of Europe at the height of German control in\n        1942, Britain remaining the only country in Western Europe held by Allied\n        forces]]\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January 1]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Declaration\n        by United Nations]] is signed by China, the United Kingdom, the United States,\n        the Soviet Union and 22 other nations, in which they agree \\\"not to make any\n        separate peace with the Axis powers\\\".\\n** United States and [[Philippines]]\n        troops fight the [[Battle of Bataan]] against Japanese forces.\\n* [[January\n        2]] – WWII:\\n** Japanese warplanes bomb [[Manila]], Philippines.\\n**\n        Activation of the United States [[Eighth Air Force]] in [[Savannah, Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Typhoon]], the German attempt\n        to take Moscow, ends in failure.\\n** The siege of the [[Bataan Peninsula]]\n        begins.\\n* [[January 11]] – WWII:\\n** [[Dutch East Indies campaign]]:\n        Japan declares war on the Netherlands and invades the [[Dutch East Indies]].\\n**\n        [[Malayan Campaign]]: The Japanese capture [[Kuala Lumpur]], the capital of\n        the [[Federated Malay States]].\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Sikorsky R-4]] first\n        flies, in the United States; it will become the first mass-produced [[helicopter]].\\n**\n        [[Heinkel]] test pilot Helmut Schenk becomes the first person to escape from\n        a stricken aircraft with an [[ejection seat]].\\n* [[January 16]] – American\n        film actress [[Carole Lombard]] and her mother are among all 22 aboard [[TWA\n        Flight 3]] killed when the [[Douglas DC-3]] plane crashes into [[Potosi Mountain\n        (Nevada)|Potosi Mountain]] near [[Las Vegas]] while she is returning from\n        a tour to promote the sale of war bonds.\\n* [[January 19]] – WWII:\\n**\n        Japanese forces invade [[Burma]].\\n** Establishment of Commands of the United\n        States [[Eighth Air Force]]: VIII Bomber Command initially at [[Langley Field]]\n        in Virginia and [[VIII Fighter Command]] at [[Selfridge Air National Guard\n        Base|Selfridge Field]] in Michigan.\\n* [[January 20]] – [[The Holocaust]]:\n        [[Nazism|Nazis]] at the [[Wannsee Conference]] in Berlin decide that the \\\"[[Final\n        Solution]] (''''Endl\\u00f6sung'''') to the Jewish problem\\\" is relocation,\n        and later extermination.\\n* [[January 21]] – WWII: [[Erwin Rommel]]\n        launches his new offensive in [[Cyrenaica]].\\n* [[January 23]] – WWII:\n        The [[Battle of Rabaul (1942)|Battle of Rabaul]] begins.\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – WWII: [[Thailand]] declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – WWII: The first American forces arrive in Europe, landing\n        in [[Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[January 31]] – WWII: [[Malayan Campaign]]:\n        The last organized Allied forces leave [[British Malaya]], ending the 54-day\n        campaign, and the [[Johor\\u2013Singapore Causeway]] is severed.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        February – [[C. S. Lewis]]''s ''''[[The Screwtape Letters]]'''' first\n        published in book format in England.\\n* [[February 1]] – WWII: The Command\n        staff of the [[VIII Bomber Command|Eighth Air Force]] reaches England.\\n* February 1 \\u2013 [[Mao Zedong]] makes a speech on \\\"Reform in Learning,\n        the Party and Literature.\\\" This starts [[Yan''an Rectification Movement]].\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – WWII: Rommel suspends his offensive in Cyrenaica.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – [[United States Maritime Commission]] fleet operations\n        transferred to the [[War Shipping Administration]] (lasting until [[September\n        1]], [[1946]]).\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio \\u00d3scar Carmona]]\n        is elected president of Portugal.\\n** WWII: Top United States military leaders\n        hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the\n        war.\\n** [[Daylight saving time]] goes into effect in the United States.\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – The [[ocean liner]] {{SS|Normandie}} catches fire while\n        being converted into the troopship USS ''''Lafayette'''' (AP-53) for WWII\n        at pier 88 in New York City: she capsizes early the following morning.\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Operation Cerberus]]: A flotilla of [[Kriegsmarine]]\n        ships dash from [[Brest, France|Brest]] through the [[English Channel]] to\n        northern ports; the British fail to sink any of them.\\n* [[February 15]] –\n        WWII: [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore surrenders to Japan]]ese forces.\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – WWII: More than 200 American sailors die in [[Newfoundland\n        and Labrador|Newfoundland]] when the {{USS|Truxtun|DD-229|6}} runs aground\n        near Chambers Cove and the {{USS|Pollux|AKS-2|6}} runs aground at Lawn Point.\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – WWII:\\n** [[Bombing of Darwin|Japanese warplanes bomb\n        Darwin]], Australia.\\n** A returning Japanese fighter plane crashes on [[Melville\n        Island (Australia)]] and its pilot, [[Hajime Toyoshima]], becomes the first\n        Japanese captured on Australian soil when [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous\n        resident]] [[Matthias Ulungura]] takes him prisoner. \\n** United States President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs [[Executive Order 9066]] allowing the United\n        States military to define areas as exclusionary zones. These zones affect\n        the [[Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese]] on the West Coast, and [[Internment\n        of German Americans|Germans]] and [[Internment of Italian Americans|Italians]]\n        primarily on the East Coast.\\n* [[February 19]]\\u2013[[February 23|23]] –\n        WWII: [[Battle of Sittang Bridge]] – British forces retreat to the [[Sittaung\n        River]].\\n* [[February 20]] – Lieutenant [[Edward O''Hare]] becomes\n        America''s first U.S. Navy WWII [[flying ace]].\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        General [[George Marshall]] transmits a direct order to [[Douglas MacArthur|General\n        MacArthur]] in [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]]''s name, ordering\n        MacArthur himself to turn over command of the [[Philippines]] to a subordinate\n        and report to Australia to assume command of the large American force being\n        built up there. The orders are worded to allow MacArthur to choose the exact\n        moment of his [[Douglas MacArthur''s escape from the Philippines|departure]];\n        for various reasons, he will not leave until March 12 (Eastern Date).\\n* [[February\n        23]] – The {{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-17||2|up=yes}} fires 17 high-explosive\n        shells toward an oil [[refinery]] near [[Santa Barbara, California]], causing\n        little damage.\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Struma disaster|''''Struma'''' disaster]]:\n        {{MV|Struma}}, carrying Jewish refugees from Axis-allied Romania to British-administered\n        Palestine, is torpedoed and sunk by the {{Ship|Soviet submarine|Shch-213||2|up=yes}},\n        killing about 791 men, women and children, with only one survivor.\\n** [[Propaganda]]:\n        The [[Voice of America]] begins broadcasting.\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Battle\n        of Los Angeles]]: Over 1,400 AA shells are fired at an unidentified, slow-moving\n        object in the skies over Los Angeles. The appearance of the object triggers\n        an immediate wartime blackout over most of [[Southern California]], with thousands\n        of air raid wardens being deployed throughout the city. In total there are\n        6 deaths. Despite the several-hour barrage no planes are downed.\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** The worst [[coal dust]] explosion to date, in Honkeiko, China, claims\n        1,549 lives.\\n** The [[14th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held in Los Angeles;\n        ''''[[How Green Was My Valley (film)|How Green Was My Valley]]'''' wins [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n* [[February 27]] – WWII: [[Battle\n        of the Java Sea]]: An allied ([[ABDA]]) task force of 14 vessels under [[Netherlands|Dutch]]\n        command, trying to stem a Japanese invasion of the [[Dutch East Indies]],\n        is defeated by a 19 vessel Japanese task force in the [[Java Sea]]; 2.300\n        sailors die, including the commander, admiral [[Karel Doorman]]; Japanese\n        attain naval hegemony in East-Asia\\n\\n===March===\\n* March – Construction\n        begins on the [[Badger Army Ammunition Plant]], the largest in the United\n        States during WWII.\\n* [[March 9]] – WWII: [[Executive order]] 9082\n        (February 28, 1942) comes into effect reorganizing the United States Army\n        into three major commands: [[Army Ground Forces]], [[United States Army Air\n        Forces|Army Air Forces]], and [[Services of Supply]], later redesignated [[Army\n        Service Forces]], with [[Henry H. Arnold]] as Commanding General of the [[United\n        States Army Air Forces]].\\n* [[March 12]] – WWII: U.S. General [[Douglas\n        MacArthur]], his family, and key members of his staff are evacuated by [[PT\n        boat]], under cover of darkness, from [[Battle of Corregidor|Corregidor]]\n        in the [[Philippines]]. Command of U.S. forces in the Philippines passes to\n        [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – WWII: New Zealand and Australia declare war on [[Thailand]].\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[The Holocaust]]: [[Operation Reinhard]] – The\n        [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec extermination camp]] opens\n        in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] about 1 km\n        south of the railroad station at [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec extermination camp|Be\\u0142\\u017cec]]\n        in the [[Lublin]] district of the [[General Government]]. At least 434,508\n        people are killed here up to December 1942.\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]], President of the United States, signs [[Executive Order 9102]],\n        creating the [[War Relocation Authority]] (WRA), which becomes responsible\n        for the internment of Americans of Japanese and, to a lesser extent, German\n        and Italian descent, many of them legal citizens.\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        WWII: After being forced to flee the Philippines, U.S. General [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        announces (in [[Terowie, South Australia]]), \\\"I came through and I shall\n        return.\\\"{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48749454|title=''I\n        Came Through; I Shall Return''|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|location=Adelaide|date=21\n        March 1942|accessdate=2013-03-20|page=1}}\\n* [[March 22]] – WWII:\n        [[Second Battle of Sirte]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] – Escorting\n        warships of a British convoy to [[Malta]] ward off a much more powerful ''''[[Regia\n        Marina]]'''' (Italian Navy) squadron north of the [[Gulf of Sirte]].\\n* [[March\n        23]] – WWII: The Germans burn down the Ukrainian village of Yelino ([[Koriukivka\n        Raion]]), killing 296 civilians.{{cite web|url=http://www.russia-today.ru/2012_13_37.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130113222535/http://www.russia-today.ru/2012_13_37.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=13 January 2013 |script-title=ru:\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f:\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430?\n        |language=Russian |work=Russia Today |accessdate=21 September 2012 }}\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – The evacuation of Polish nationals from the Soviet Union\n        begins. It is conducted in two phases: until 5 April; and between 10 and 30\n        August 1942, by sea from Krasnovodsk to Pahlavi (Anzali), and (to a lesser\n        extent) overland from Ashkabad to Mashhad. In all, 115,000 people are evacuated,\n        37,000 of them civilians, 18,000 children (7% of the number of Polish citizens\n        originally exiled to the Soviet Union).{{cite web|url=http://www.parstimes.com/history/polish_refugees/exodus_russia.html|title=Iran\n        and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942|publisher=parstimes|accessdate=25 October\n        2012}}\\n* [[March 28]] – WWII:\\n** [[St Nazaire Raid]] (Operation\n        Chariot) – British Commandos raid [[Saint-Nazaire]] on the coast of\n        Western France to put its dockyard facilities out of action.\\n** [[St. Mary''s\n        Church, L\\u00fcbeck]] is destroyed by an allied bombing raid - [[Bombing of\n        L\\u00fcbeck in World War II]]\\n* [[March 31]] – WWII: [[Battle of Christmas\n        Island]] – Japanese troops occupy [[Christmas Island]] without resistance\n        following a mutiny by [[British Indian Army]] troops against their British\n        officers.\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0918-0201-001, KZ\n        Treblinka, Lageplan (Zeichnung) II.jpg|thumb|300px|Spring 1942: the [[Nazi\n        Germany|Nazi German]] [[extermination camp]] [[Treblinka II]] opens in [[Occupation\n        of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] near the village of [[Treblinka,\n        Masovian Voivodeship|Treblinka]]]]\\n* April\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: the [[Nazi\n        Germany|Nazi German]] [[extermination camp]] [[Sobib\\u00f3r extermination\n        camp|Sobib\\u00f3r]] opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]] on the outskirts of the town of [[Sobib\\u00f3r, Lublin Voivodeship|Sobib\\u00f3r]].\n        Between April 1942 and October 1943, at least 160,000 people are killed here.\\n**\n        77 [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] prisoners of war held at [[Amersfoort concentration camp]]\n        in the occupied Netherlands are shot by Nazi German guards, 24 of their compatriots\n        having previously died there as a result of forced starvation.{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2017-05-09|accessdate=2017-05-09|title=Why\n        were 101 Uzbeks killed in the Netherlands in 1942?|first=Rustam|last=Qobil}}\\n*\n        Spring – [[The Holocaust]]: the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[extermination\n        camp]] [[Treblinka II]] opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]] near the village of [[Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship|Treblinka]].\n        Between July 23, 1942, and October 1943, around 850,000 people are killed\n        here,{{cite book|chapter=Treblinka\n        - ein Todeslager der \\\"Aktion Reinhard\\\"|title=Aktion Reinhard\\\" - Die Vernichtung\n        der Juden im Generalgouvernement|editor-link=Bogdan Musial|editor=Musial,\n        Bogdan|location=Osnabr\\u00fcck|year=2004|pages=257\\u2013281}} more than\n        800,000 of whom are Jews.{{cite book|first1=Donald L.|last1=Niewyk|first2=Francis\n        R.|last2=Nicosia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC&pg=PA210&dq=%22Treblinka+Treblinka%22&cd=25#v=onepage&q=%22Treblinka%20Treblinka%22&f=false|title=The\n        Columbia Guide to the Holocaust|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-231-11200-9|page=210}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – WWII: Japanese forces begin an all-out assault on the\n        United States and [[Philippines|Filipino]] troops on the [[Bataan Peninsula]].\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – WWII: [[Easter Sunday Raid]] – Aircraft of the [[Imperial\n        Japanese Navy|Japanese Navy]] attack [[Colombo]] in [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]).\n        [[Royal Navy]] [[cruisers]] {{HMS|Cornwall|56|6}} and {{HMS|Dorsetshire|40|6}}\n        are sunk southwest of the island.\\n* [[April 9]] – WWII:\\n** The Bataan\n        Peninsula falls and the [[Bataan Death March]] begins.\\n** The Japanese Navy\n        launches an air raid on [[Trincomalee]] in Ceylon (Sri Lanka); the Royal Navy\n        aircraft carrier {{HMS|Hermes|95}} and [[Royal Australian Navy]] destroyer\n        {{HMAS|Vampire|D68|6}} are sunk off the country''s East Coast.\\n* [[April\n        12]] – ''''[[Bambi|Disney''s Bambi]]'''' was released in [[theaters]]\n        everywhere.\\n* [[April 13]] – The United States [[Federal Communications\n        Commission]]''s minimum programming time required of TV stations is cut from\n        15 hours to 4 hours a week during the  war.\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** WWII: The\n        submarine {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}} is sunk.\\n** WWII: The {{GS|U-85|1941|6}}\n        is sunk by {{USS|Roper|DD-147|6}}.\\n* [[April 15]] – WWII: [[Award of\n        the George Cross to Malta]]: King [[George VI]] awards the [[George Cross]]\n        to the island of [[Malta]] to mark the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|Siege\n        of Malta]], saying, \\\"To honour her brave people I award the George Cross\n        to the Island Fortress of Malta, to bear witness to a heroism and a devotion\n        that will long be famous in history\\\" (from January 1 to July 24, there is\n        only one 24-hour period during which no bombs fall on this tiny island).\\n*\n        [[April 17]] –  WWII: [[Henri Giraud]] the French commander captured\n        in 1940, escapes from [[K\\u00f6nigstein Fortress]].\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        WWII: Tokyo, Japan, is attacked by the [[Doolittle Raid]], a small force of\n        [[B-25 Mitchell]] bomber aircraft commanded by then-Lieutenant Colonel [[Jimmy\n        Doolittle|James \\\"Jimmy\\\" Doolittle]].\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** WWII: [[Exeter]]\n        becomes the first historic English city bombed as part of the [[Baedeker Blitz]]\n        in retaliation for the British [[Bombing of L\\u00fcbeck in World War II|bombing\n        of L\\u00fcbeck]].\\n** Exeter-born [[William Temple (bishop)|William Temple]]\n        enthroned as [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Elizabeth\n        II|The Princess Elizabeth]] registers for war service in the U.K.\\n* [[April\n        26]] – WWII: The [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] meets for the\n        last time, dissolving itself and proclaiming [[Adolf Hitler]] the \\\"Supreme\n        Judge of the German People\\\", granting him the power of life and death over\n        every German citizen.\\n* [[April 27]] \\n** WWII: A [[Conscription Crisis of\n        1944|national plebiscite]] is held in Canada on the issue of [[conscription]].\\n**\n        The Jewish [[Star of David]] is required wearing for all Jews in the Netherlands\n        and Belgium; Jews in other Nazi-controlled countries have already been wearing\n        it.\\n* [[April 29]] – WWII: An explosion at a chemical factory in [[Tessenderlo]],\n        Belgium leaves 200 dead and 1,000 injured.\\n\\n===May===\\n* May – [[Operation\n        Pluto]]: The plan to construct oil pipelines under the [[English Channel]]\n        between England and France is tested in the [[River Medway]].\\n* [[May 3]]–[[May\n        4|4]] – WWII: [[Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)|Invasion of Tulagi]] by\n        Japanese forces in the [[British Solomon Islands]] of the South Pacific as\n        part of [[Operation Mo]].\\n* [[May 5]] – WWII: [[Operation Ironclad]]:\n        British forces invade the French colony of [[Madagascar]].\\n* [[May 7]] –\n        WWII: On [[Corregidor]], the last American and [[Philippines|Filipino]] forces\n        in the [[Philippines]] surrender to the Japanese under command of 2Lt. Robert\n        L. Obourn ([[92nd Coast Artillery (United States)|92nd Coastal Artillery Corps\n        Battalion]], G Battery) from [[Fort Mills]].{{cite book|last=Quigley|first=Carroll|title=Tragedy\n        And Hope|year=1966|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0-945001-10-X|page=745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope&dq=tragedy+and+hope&source=bl&ots=P_gAndEgun&sig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of the Kerch Peninsula]]: The German\n        [[11th Army (Wehrmacht)|11th Army]] begins Operation ''''Trappenjagd'''' (Bustard\n        Hunt) and destroys the [[bridgehead]] of the three Soviet Armies (44th, 47th,\n        and 51st) defending the [[Kerch Peninsula]], in the eastern part of the [[Crimea]].{{cite\n        book|first=Robert|last=Forczyk|year=2008|title=Sevastopol 1942, Von Manstein''s\n        triumph|pages=35\\u201337|isbn=978-1-84603-221-9}} \\n** The [[Battle\n        of the Coral Sea]] (first battle in naval history where 2 enemy fleets fight\n        without seeing each other''s fleets) ends in an Allied victory.\\n** The [[Battle\n        of the Kerch Peninsula]]: German and Romanian forces launches Unternehmen\n        Trappenjagd (Operation Busted Hunt) aiming at defeating the Soviet [[Crimean\n        Front]] defending the [[Kerch Peninsula]]. The battle ends in Axis victory.\n        Part of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].\\n* [[May 8]]/[[May\n        9]] – WWII: At night, gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh\n        Island in the Cocos Islands mutiny. The mutiny is crushed and three executed\n        (the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the\n        Second World War).\\n* [[May 12]] – WWII:\\n** [[Second Battle of Kharkov]]:\n        In the eastern [[Ukraine]],  the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Army initiates a\n        major offensive to capture the city of [[Kharkov]] from the German Army, only\n        to be encircled and destroyed.\\n** The {{ship|Japanese minelayer|Okinoshima}}\n        is sunk by the American submarine {{USS|S-42|SS-153|6}}.\\n* [[May 14]] –\n        [[Aaron Copland]]''s ''''[[Lincoln Portrait]]'''' is performed for the first\n        time by the [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]].\\n* [[May 15]] – WWII:\n        In the United States, a bill creating the [[Women''s Army Corps|Women''s Auxiliary\n        Army Corps]] (WAAC) is signed into law.\\n* [[May 20]] – The first African-American\n        seamen are taken into the [[United States Navy]].\\n* [[May 21]] – WWII:\n        Mexico declares war against [[Nazi Germany]] after the sinking of the Mexican\n        tanker ''''[[Faja de Oro]]'''' by {{GS|U-160|1941|6}} off [[Key West]].\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Bir Hakeim]]: The Free French and\n        British troops slow the German advance in North Africa.\\n** [[Anglo-Soviet\n        Treaty of 1942]] to help establish military and political alliance between\n        the [[USSR]] and the [[British Empire]] is signed in London by foreign Secretary\n        [[Anthony Eden]] and by Soviet foreign minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]].\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – WWII: [[Operation Anthropoid]]: Czech paratroopers attempt\n        to assassinate [[Reinhard Heydrich]] in [[Prague]].\\n* [[May 30]]–[[May\n        31|31]] – WWII: [[Bombing of Cologne in World War II|Bombing of Cologne]]\n        – British [[RAF Bomber Command]]''s \\\"Operation Millennium\\\", its first\n        1,000 bomber raid, with associated fires make 13,000 families homeless and\n        kills around 475 people, mostly civilians; 3,330 non-residential buildings\n        are totally destroyed.\\n* [[May 31]]–[[June 1]] – WWII: [[Attack\n        on Sydney Harbour]]: Japanese [[midget submarine]]s infiltrate Sydney Harbour\n        in Australia in an attempt to attack Allied warships.\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Hiryu\n        f075712.jpg|thumb|300px|June 4: The Japanese aircraft carrier, [[Japanese\n        aircraft carrier Hiry\\u016b|''''Hiry\\u016b'''']] under attack by US aircraft\n        at the [[Battle of Midway]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** WWII: Mexico declares war\n        on Germany, Italy and Japan.\\n** The [[Grand Coulee Dam]] is finished on the\n        [[Columbia River]].\\n* [[June 4]] – WWII: [[Reinhard Heydrich]] succumbs\n        to wounds sustained on [[May 27]] from Czechoslovakian paratroopers acting\n        in [[Operation Anthropoid]].\\n* [[June 5]] – The United States declares\n        war on [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]] & [[Romania]].\\n* [[June 4]]–[[June\n        7]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Midway]]: The Japanese naval advance in\n        the Pacific is halted.\\n* [[June 7]] – WWII: Japanese forces invade\n        the [[Aleutian Islands]] (the first invasion of American soil in 128 years).\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – WWII: [[Attack on Sydney Harbour]]: The Australian cities\n        of Sydney and [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] are shelled by Japanese\n        submarines. The eastern suburbs of both cities are damaged and the east coast\n        is blacked out.\\n* [[June 9]] – WWII:\\n** [[Nazism|Nazis]] burn the\n        Czech village of [[Lidice]] in reprisal for the killing of [[Reinhard Heydrich]].\\n**\n        (12:30 a.m.) – B-17 [[Flying Fortress]] air crash near [[Auckland]].\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – WWII: The Gestapo massacres 173 male residents of [[Lidice]],\n        [[Czechoslovakia]] in retaliation for the killing of [[Reinhard Heydrich]].\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – [[The Holocaust]]: On her 13th birthday, [[Anne Frank]]\n        makes the first  entry in her new [[The Diary of a Young Girl|diary]].\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – WWII: The United States opens its [[Office of War Information]],\n        a [[propaganda]] center.\\n* [[June 18]] – WWII: The SS surrounds the\n        church where [[Jan Kubi\\u0161]] and [[Jozef Gab\\u010d\\u00edk]], the assassins\n        of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], are hiding. Kubi\\u0161 is fatally wounded in the\n        ensuing shootout and Gab\\u010d\\u00edk commits suicide to avoid capture.  \\n*\n        [[June 23]] – The experimental early type of a nuclear reactor L-IV\n        led to [[Leipzig L-IV experiment accident|an accident]], becoming the first\n        nuclear accident in history and consisting of steam explosion and reactor\n        fire in [[Leipzig]].\\n* [[June 28]] – WWII: The Germans launch [[Case\n        Blue]], Army Group South''s drive to Stalingrad and the Baku Oil fields.\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – WWII: The [[11th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Eleventh Army]]\n        under [[Erich von Manstein]] takes [[Sevastopol]], although fighting rages\n        until [[July 9]].\\n\\n===July===\\n* July – [[The Holocaust]]: Inmates\n        of [[Westerbork transit camp]] in the occupied [[Netherlands]] begin to be\n        shipped to Nazi [[extermination camp]]s. From now until 1944 around 107,000,\n        mostly Jewish, from here will be killed.\\n* [[July 1]]–[[July 27]] –\n        WWII: The [[First Battle of El Alamein]]: British forces prevent a second\n        advance by Axis forces into Egypt.\\n* [[July 3]] – WWII: [[Guadalcanal]],\n        occupied only by aborigines, falls to the Japanese Naval construction force\n        deployed to construct an air field on the island.\\n* [[July 4]] – WWII\n        in the [[European Theater of Operations]]:\\n** Twenty-four ships are sunk\n        by German bombers and submarines after [[Convoy PQ 17]] to the Soviet Union\n        is scattered in the Arctic Ocean to evade the [[German battleship Tirpitz|German\n        battleship ''''Tirpitz'''']].\\n** The United States [[Eighth Air Force]] inauspiciously\n        flies its first mission in Europe using borrowed British planes and bombs\n        targets in the Netherlands, such as De Kooy airfield attached to [[Den Helder]]\n        naval base. Three of six aircraft return;{{cite web|url=http://www.taphilo.com/history/8thaf/index.shtml|title=8th\n        Air Force during WWII in the ETO: facts, statistics, history and useful information}}\n        For this mission, Captain Charles C. Kegelman is the first member of the Force\n        to be awarded the U.S. [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished\n        Flying Cross]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20110816165404/http://fpmedia.club.officelive.com/EersteaanvalVIIIBomberCommand.aspx\n        Nieuws-wo2.tk]\\n* [[July 6]] – [[The Holocaust]]: [[Anne Frank]]''s\n        family goes into hiding in an attic above her father''s office in an [[Amsterdam]]\n        warehouse.\\n* [[July 8]] – Turkish prime minister [[Refik Saydam]] dies\n        while working in office. For one day he is succeeded by [[Ahmet Fikri T\\u00fczer]].\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]] forms the new (13th)\n        government in [[Turkey]].\\n* [[July 13]] – WWII: [[U-boat]]s sink 3\n        more merchant ships in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]].\\n* [[July 14]] –\n        WWII: Germany introduces the [[Ostvolk Medal]] for Soviet personnel in the\n        [[Wehrmacht]].\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: By order of the [[Vichy\n        France]] government headed by [[Pierre Laval]], French police officers round-up\n        13,000\\u201320,000 Jews and imprison them in the [[Winter Velodrome]].\\n**\n        [[Georges B\\u00e9gu\\u00e9]] and others escape from the [[Mauzac, Haute-Garonne|Mauzac]]\n        prison camp.\\n* [[July 18]] – WWII: The Germans test fly the [[Messerschmitt\n        Me 262]] (using only its [[jet engine]]s) for the first time.\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – WWII: [[Battle of the Atlantic]]: German Grand Admiral [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]]\n        orders the last [[U-boat]]s to withdraw from their United States Atlantic\n        coast positions, in response to an effective American convoy system.\\n* [[July\n        21]] – WWII: The Japanese establish a beachhead on the north coast of\n        [[New Guinea]] in the Buna-Gona area; a small Australian force begins a rearguard\n        action on the [[Kokoda Track campaign]].\\n* [[July 22]] – [[The Holocaust]]:\n        The systematic deportation of Jews from the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] begins.\\n* [[July\n        23]] – The Holocaust: The [[gas chamber]]s at [[Treblinka extermination\n        camp]] begin operation, killing 6,500 Jews newly arrived from the Warsaw Ghetto.\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – The [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] institutes the [[Order of Suvorov]], the [[Order of Kutuzov]], and\n        reinstates the [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]].\\n* [[July 30]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[WAVES]] (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service), the United States\n        Naval Reserve (Women''s Reserve), is signed into law.\\n** [[SS Robert E. Lee\n        (1924)|SS ''''Robert E. Lee'''']] sunk in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] by {{GS|U-166|1941|2}}\n        which is itself sunk by the escorting patrol craft.\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        The [[Oxford Committee for Famine Relief]] (Oxfam) is founded in England.\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 7]] – WWII: [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] begins – The [[U.S.\n        Navy]] and the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] begin the first American offensive of\n        the war with an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious]] landing on the island of\n        [[Guadalcanal]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** WWII: Allied\n        North Atlantic [[convoy SC 94]] loses ten ships as the first to be heavily\n        attacked by [[U-boat]]s resuming mid-Atlantic [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolf\n        pack]] attacks through the climactic winter of 1942/43.{{cite book|title=Chronology\n        of the War at Sea 1939-1945|author1=Rohwer, J. |author2=Hummelchen, G. |publisher=Naval\n        Institute Press|year=1992|page=153|isbn=978-1-55750-105-9}}\\n** WWII:\n        In Washington, D.C., six German [[sabotage|saboteurs]] are executed for their\n        role in a failed mission of [[Operation Pastorius]]. (Two others are cooperative\n        and receive sentences of life imprisonment instead, being freed a few years\n        after the end of the war.)\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** Indian leader, [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        is arrested in [[Bombay]] by British forces.\\n** ''''Start'''', led by the\n        goalkeeper Nikolai Trusevich, [[The Death Match|play football against the\n        German Luftwaffe team Flakelf in Nazi-occupied Kiev]]. Against all odds, they\n        win 5\\u20133. Eight of them are later arrested and tortured, and at least\n        four are killed.\\n** [[Leningrad premi\\u00e8re of Shostakovich''s Symphony\n        No. 7]] with the city still under siege.\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Quit India]]\n        resolution is passed by the [[Bombay]] session of the All India Congress Committee\n        (AICC), which leads to the start of a historical civil disobedience movement\n        across India.\\n* [[August 15]] – WWII: The American tanker {{SS|Ohio||2}}\n        reaches Malta as part of the convoy of ''''[[Operation Pedestal]]''''.\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Polish-Jewish]] teacher [[Janusz Korczak]] follows a group\n        of Jewish children into the [[Treblinka extermination camp]].\\n** U.S. Navy\n        blimp ''''[[L class blimp|L-8]]'''' (Flight 101) comes ashore near San Francisco,\n        eventually coming down in [[Daly City, California|Daly City]] (the crew is\n        missing).\\n* [[August 17]] – WWII: First raid by heavy bombers of U.S.\n        [[Eighth Air Force]] based in England against occupied France.\\n* [[August\n        19]] – WWII: [[Dieppe Raid]]: Allied forces raid [[Dieppe]], France.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Plutonium]] is isolated for the first time at the\n        [[Metallurgical Laboratory]] of the [[University of Chicago]].\\n* [[August\n        21]] – WWII: [[Battle of the Tenaru]]: Allies defeat Japanese land forces\n        on [[Guadalcanal]].\\n* [[August 22]] – WWII: [[Vargas Era#World War\n        II|Brazil declares war]] on Germany and Italy.\\n* [[August 23]] – WWII:\n        [[Battle of Stalingrad]] begins: [[Case Blue|German troops]] reach the suburbs\n        of [[Stalingrad]].\\n* [[August 24]]\\n**  WWII: [[Charge of the Savoia Cavalleria\n        at Isbuscenskij]]: An Italian [[cavalry]] regiment attacks Soviet forces with\n        drawn [[sabre]]s at Isbuscenskij in Russia, one of the last major cavalry\n        [[Charge (warfare)|charge]]s.\\n**  WWII: Allied North Atlantic [[convoy ON\n        122]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s which sink four ships.{{cite book|title=North\n        Atlantic Run|author=Milner, Marc|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1985|pages=148\\u2013150|isbn=0-87021-450-0}}\\n**  WWII:\n        2-day [[Battle of the Eastern Solomons]] opens: Bombers from carrier [[USS\n        Saratoga (CV-3)|USS ''''Saratoga'''']] sink [[Japanese aircraft carrier Ry\\u016bj\\u014d|Japanese\n        aircraft carrier ''''Ry\\u016bj\\u014d'''']] near [[Santa Isabel Island]], helping\n        to lead to an Allied victory.\\n** [[Walt Disney]]''s [[live-action animated\n        film]] ''''[[Saludos Amigos]]'''' has its world premiere in [[Rio de Janeiro]].\\n*\n        [[August 25]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Milne Bay]] opens when Japanese [[marines]]\n        land at [[Milne Bay]].\\n** [[Prince George, Duke of Kent]], brother to King\n        [[George VI]] and King [[Edward VIII]], dies in a flying accident over [[Morven,\n        Caithness|Morven]] in Scotland at the age of 39.\\n* [[August 27]]–[[August\n        28|28]] – [[Sarny Massacre]]: Nazi troops and the [[Ukrainian Auxiliary\n        Police]] systematically execute more than 14,000 people, mostly Jews, in and\n        around [[Sarny]] in [[History of Poland (1939\\u20131945)|German-occupied Poland]].\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Luxembourg]] is formally annexed to the German Reich.\\n*\n        [[August 30]]–[[September 5]] – WWII: [[Battle of Alam el Halfa]]\n        – British forces in the Western Desert resist German attack.\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[1942 Luxembourgish general strike]] is launched to protest\n        against forced conscription in Luxembourg.\\n\\n===September===\\n*[[September\n        2]] – The island of [[Les Casquets]] in the Channel Islands is raided\n        by the forerunner of the British [[Special Air Service|SAS]], the [[SSRF]],\n        led by Major [[Gus March-Phillipps]]; this is one of the first raids by [[Anders\n        Lassen]] VC. In the raid the entire garrison of 7 is abducted and returned\n        to England as prisoners and the radio and lighthouse wrecked.{{cite book|title=Anders\n        Lassen VC MC|first=Mike|last=Langley|location=London|publisher=New English\n        Library|year=1988|isbn=0450424928}}{{cite book|title=Churchill''s\n        Secret Warriors: The Explosive True Story of the Special Forces...|first=Damien|last=Lewis|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2014|isbn=9781848669178}}\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[The Holocaust]]: A German attempt to liquidate the\n        Jewish [[\\u0141achwa Ghetto]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]] leads to an uprising, probably the first [[ghetto uprising]] of the\n        war.\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Milne Bay]]: Japanese forces\n        suffer their first defeat on land.\\n** The Holocaust: The Jews of [[Wolbrom]]\n        in occupied Poland are rounded up by the Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators.\n        What was once a flourishing community suddenly ceases to exist.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/wolbrom/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki|title=On\n        One Clear Day: The Story of Jewish Wolbrom}}\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        WWII: A Japanese [[floatplane]] drops [[incendiary device]]s at [[Mount Emily]],\n        near [[Brookings, Oregon]], in the first of two \\\"[[Lookout Air Raids]]\\\",\n        the first bombing of the continental United States.\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**\n        WWII: North Atlantic [[convoy ON 127]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s, sinking\n        six ships.{{Cite book| title=North Atlantic Run |author=Milner, Marc|publisher=Naval\n        Institute Press|year=1985|pages=159\\u2013163|isbn=0-87021-450-0}}\\n**\n        [[Women Airforce Service Pilots|Women''s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron]] (WAFS)\n        begins operation in the United States.\\n* [[September 12]] – The {{RMS|Laconia}},\n        carrying civilians, Allied soldiers and Italian Prisoners of War, is torpedoed\n        off the coast of West Africa and sinks, killing 1,649 people.\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Women''s Flying Training Detachment]] (WFTD) established in\n        the United States.\\n* [[September 24]] – WWII: [[Andr\\u00e9e Borrel]]\n        and [[Lise de Baissac]] become the first female [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]]\n        agents to be parachuted into occupied France.\\n* [[September 26]] –\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Nazi official [[August Frank]] issues the [[August Frank\n        memorandum]] setting out how the belongings of \\\"evacuated\\\" (i.e. murdered)\n        Jews are to be disposed of.\\n* [[September 27]] – WWII: Both [[commerce\n        raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser Stier|German auxiliary cruiser ''''Stier'''']]\n        and American [[Liberty ship]] {{SS|Stephen Hopkins}} sink following a gun\n        battle in the South Atlantic. ''''Hilfskreuzer'''' ''''Stier'''' is the only\n        commerce raider to be sunk by a [[defensively equipped merchant ship]].{{cite\n        book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|pages=241\\u2013242}}\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – WWII at [[Babi Yar]] a ravine in [[Kiev]], 33,771\n        Jews are killed during a two-day massacre.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 2]]\n        – The British cruiser {{HMS|Curacoa|D41|6}} collides with the liner\n        {{RMS|Queen Mary}} (carrying troops from the United States) off the coast\n        of [[Donegal]] and sinks; 338 drown.\\n* [[October 3]] – The first [[V-2\n        rocket|A-4 rocket]] is successfully launched from [[Test Stand VII]] at [[Peenem\\u00fcnde]],\n        Germany. The rocket flies 147 kilometres wide and reaches a height of 84.5\n        kilometres, becoming the first man-made object to reach space.\\n* [[October\n        9]] – The [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|Statute of Westminster\n        Adoption Act]] passed by the [[Parliament of Australia]] formalizes Australian\n        autonomy from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[October 11]] – WWII – [[Battle\n        of Cape Esperance]]: On the northwest coast of [[Guadalcanal]], [[United States\n        Navy]] ships intercept and defeat a Japanese fleet on their way to reinforce\n        troops on the island.\\n* [[October 13]] – WWII: North Atlantic [[convoy\n        SC 104]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking seven ships.{{cite book|\n        title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945 |author=Rohwer, J.  |author2=Hummelchen,\n        G. |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1992 |page=167 |isbn=1-55750-105-X}}\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – A [[U-boat]] sinks the ferry {{SS|Caribou}} off [[Newfoundland\n        (island)|Newfoundland]], killing 137.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** A [[hurricane]]\n        and flood in [[Bengal]] kill 40,000.{{Specify |reason=Which storm?|date=March\n        2017}}\\n** ''''[[The Mouse of Tomorrow]]'''' featuring the debut of [[Mighty\n        Mouse]] is released.\\n* [[October 18]] – WWII – Hitler issues\n        [[Commando Order]] which stipulates that all Allied [[commando]]s encountered\n        by German forces should be executed immediately without trial, even in proper\n        uniforms, in response to the [[Dieppe Raid]] and [[Operation Basalt]] conducted\n        by the Allies. After the war, the [[Nuremberg trials]] found this order a\n        direct violation of the [[laws and customs of war]].\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        A [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] [[Torpedo Bomber]] sinks the German [[MS\n        Palatia (1928)]] with a loss of 946 people.\\n* [[October 23]] – Award-winning\n        composer and songwriter [[Ralph Rainger]] (\\\"Thanks for the Memory\\\") is among\n        12 people killed in the mid-air collision between an [[American Airlines]]\n        [[DC-3]] airliner and a U.S. Army bomber near [[Palm Springs, California]].\\n*\n        [[October 23]]–[[October 26|26]] – WWII: [[Battle for Henderson\n        Field]]: Japanese forces fail to recapture [[Honiara International Airport|Henderson\n        Field]] airfield in [[Guadalcanal]] from the Americans.\\n* [[October 23]]–[[November\n        4]] – WWII: [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]: British troops go on the\n        offensive against the Axis forces.\\n* [[October 26]] – WWII: [[Battle\n        of the Santa Cruz Islands]]: Two Japanese aircraft carriers are heavily damaged\n        and one U.S. Navy carrier is sunk.\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** Film actor [[Errol\n        Flynn]] is accused of statutory rape by two teenage girls. \\n** The [[Alaska\n        Highway]] is completed.\\n* [[October 29]] – [[The Holocaust]]: In the\n        United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting\n        to register outrage over [[Nazi Germany]]''s persecution of Jews.\\n* [[October\n        30]] – WWII:\\n** [[U-boat]]s sink eleven ships attacking diversionary\n        [[convoy SL 125]], but move out of the path of approaching [[troopship]]s\n        carrying Allied [[Operation Torch]] invasion forces.{{cite book| title=D\\u00f6nitz\n        and the Wolf Packs |author=Edwards, Bernard |publisher=Brockhampton Press\n        |year=1999 |page=115 |ISBN =1-86019-927-5}}\\n** British sailors board\n        {{GS|U-559||2}} as it sinks in the Mediterranean and retrieve its [[Enigma\n        machine]] and codebooks.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]] – WWII:\n        North Atlantic [[convoy SC 107]] is heavily attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking\n        fifteen ships.{{cite book|last=Waters|first=John M., Jr.|title=Bloody\n        Winter|publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company|date=1967|pages=38\\u201355|location=Princeton,\n        NJ}}\\n* [[November 2]] – A [[USAAF]] squadron, including [[B-24\n        Liberator]]s, intercepts many [[Luftwaffe]] patrols off the coast of [[Oran,\n        Algeria]].\\n* [[November 3]] – WWII: [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]:\n        German forces under [[Erwin Rommel]] are forced to retreat during the night.\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Torch]]: United States and United\n        Kingdom forces land in [[French North Africa]].\\n** French Resistance Coup\n        in [[Algiers]]: 400 French civil resisters neutralize the Vichyist XIXth Army\n        Corps and the Vichyist generals (Juin, Darlan, etc.) thus allowing the immediate\n        success of Operation Torch in Algiers, and ultimately the whole of [[French\n        North Africa]].\\n* [[November 9]] – WWII: U.S serviceman [[Edward Leonski]]\n        is hanged at Melbourne''s Pentridge Prison for the \\\"Brown-Out\\\" murders of\n        three women in May.\\n* [[November 10]] – WWII: In violation of a [[1940]]\n        armistice, Germany invades [[Vichy France]], following French Admiral [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Darlan]]''s agreement to an armistice with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]\n        in [[North Africa]].\\n* [[November 12]] – WWII: [[Guadalcanal Campaign]]:\n        A naval battle near [[Guadalcanal]] starts between Japanese and American forces.\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – WWII:\\n** [[Guadalcanal Campaign]]: Aviators from\n        the {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|6}} sink the Japanese [[battleship]] ''''[[Japanese\n        battleship Hiei|Hiei]]''''.\\n** British forces capture [[Tobruk]].\\n* [[November\n        15]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]] ends: Although\n        the [[United States Navy]] suffers heavy losses, it retains control of [[Guadalcanal]].\\n**\n        A [[BOAC]] scheduled passenger flight, a [[DC-3]] with registration G-AGBB,\n        (formerly [[KLM]] PH-ALI, Ibis), en route between [[Lisbon]] and [[Bristol]],\n        is attacked over the [[Bay of Biscay]] by German fighters. Although damaged,\n        it escapes and lands in England. Other attacks follow on the same aircraft\n        and scheduled route: [[April 19]] and [[June 1]], [[1943]] (fatal).\\n** British\n        forces capture [[Derna, Libya]].\\n* [[November 18]] – WWII: North Atlantic\n        [[convoy ON 144]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking five ships.{{cite\n        book| title=Hitler''s U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942-1945|author=Blair, Clay|publisher=Random\n        House|year=1998|pages=118\\u2013120|isbn=0-679-45742-9}}\\n* [[November\n        19]] – WWII: [[Battle of Stalingrad]]: [[Soviet Union]] forces under\n        General [[Georgy Zhukov]] launch the [[Operation Uranus]] counter-attacks\n        at [[Stalingrad]], turning the tide of the battle in the USSR''s favor.\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – WWII: British forces capture [[Benghazi]].\\n* [[November\n        21]] – The completion of the [[Alaska Highway]] (also known as the Alcan\n        Highway) is celebrated (however, the \\\"[[highway]]\\\" is not usable by general\n        vehicles until [[1943]]).\\n* [[November 22]] – WWII: [[Battle of Stalingrad]]:\n        The situation for the German attackers of [[Stalingrad]] seems desperate during\n        the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] counter-attack [[Operation Uranus]], and General\n        [[Friedrich Paulus]] sends [[Adolf Hitler]] a [[telegram]] saying that the\n        [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Sixth Army]] is surrounded.\\n* [[November 23]]\n        – WWII\\n** A [[U-boat]] sinks the SS ''''Ben Lomond'''' off the coast\n        of Brazil. One crewman, Chinese second steward [[Poon Lim]], is separated\n        from the others and spends 130 days adrift until he is rescued on [[April\n        3]], [[1943]].\\n** Legislation approves the [[United States Coast Guard]]\n        Women''s Reserve to help fill jobs and free men to serve during the war effort.\n        They are known as the [[SPARS]] (\\\"Semper Paratus, Always Ready!\\\")\\n* [[November\n        25]]–[[November 26|26]] – WWII: [[Operation Harling]]: A British\n        [[Special Operations Executive]] team, together with [[Greek Resistance]]\n        fighters, blows up the [[Gorgopotamos]] viaduct in the first major sabotage\n        act in occupied continental Europe.\\n* [[November 26]] – The movie ''''[[Casablanca\n        (film)|Casablanca]]'''' premi\\u00e8res at the Hollywood Theater in New York\n        City.\\n* [[November 27]] – WWII: At [[Toulon]], the French navy [[Scuttling\n        of the French fleet in Toulon|scuttles its ships and submarines]] to keep\n        them out of Nazi hands.\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Cocoanut Grove fire]]: A\n        fire in the Cocoanut Grove night club in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], kills\n        491.\\n** The large-scale German \\\"pacification\\\" of the Zamojszczyzna region\n        of Poland begins.\\n* [[November 29]] – The [[Blue Star Line]] [[cargo\n        liner]] {{MV|Dunedin Star}} runs aground on the [[Skeleton Coast]] of [[Namibia]].\n        Crew and passengers survive following a 26-day overland trek to [[Windhoek]].{{cite\n        book|title=Dead Reckoning: The Dunedin Star Disaster|first=Jeff|last=Dawson|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naMFHgAACAAJ|location=London,\n        UK|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|accessdate=2008-03-31|isbn=0-7538-2044-7}}\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – WWII: [[Battle of Tassafaronga]] – In a nighttime\n        naval battle as part of the [[Guadalcanal Campaign]], ships of the [[Imperial\n        Japanese Navy]] defeat those of the [[United States Navy]].\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Gasoline]] rationing begins in the United States.\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Manhattan Project]]: Below the bleachers of Stagg\n        Field at the [[University of Chicago]], a team led by [[Enrico Fermi]] initiates\n        the first self-sustaining [[nuclear chain reaction]] (a coded message, \\\"The\n        Italian navigator has landed in the new world\\\" is then sent to U.S. President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]).\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: In [[Warsaw]],\n        two women, [[Zofia Kossak|Zofia Kossak and Wanda Filipowicz]], risk their\n        lives by setting up the Council for the Assistance of the Jews.\\n** WWII:\n        USAAF bombers make their first raid on Italy.\\n* [[December 7]] – WWII:\n        British commandos conduct [[Operation Frankton]], a raid on shipping in [[Bordeaux]]\n        harbour.\\n* [[December 8]] – A fire at [[Seacliff Lunatic Asylum]] in\n        New Zealand kills 39 patients.\\n* [[December 17]] – The Allies issue\n        the [[Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations]], the first time\n        they publicly acknowledge the [[Holocaust]].\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** An avalanche\n        in [[Aliquippa, Pennsylvania]], kills 26, including Vulcan Crucible Steel\n        heir-apparent Samuel A. Stafford Sr., when two 100 ton boulders fall on a\n        bus filled with wartime steel workers on their way home.\\n** An airplane carrying\n        prominent Ustashe general [[Jure Franceti\\u0107]] crashes. Franceti\\u0107\n        dies as result of the injuries on [[December 27]].\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        French [[Fran\\u00e7ois Darlan|Admiral Darlan]], the former [[Vichy France|Vichy]]\n        leader who has switched over to the Allies following the Torch landings, is\n        assassinated in [[Algiers]].\\n* [[December 27]] – The [[Union of Pioneers\n        of Yugoslavia]] is founded.\\n* [[December 28]] – North Atlantic [[Convoy\n        ON 154]] is heavily attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking thirteen ships.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.gordonmumford.com/m-navy/ons154-0.htm|title=Convoy ONS\n        154|publisher=J. Gordon Mumford|accessdate=2010-12-02}}\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[DDT]] is first used as a [[pesticide]].\\n* 1942 [[FIFA World Cup]] competition\n        in [[Association football]], which [[Nazi Germany]] sought to host, is not\n        held, due to World War II.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Stephen\n        Hawking.StarChild.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Hawking]]]]\\n[[File:Muhammad Ali\n        NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Muhammad Ali]]]]\\n[[File:Eusebio (1963).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eus\\u00e9bio]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Country Joe McDonald]], American musician\\n** [[Gennadi\n        Sarafanov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Dennis\n        Hastert]], American politician, [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]\\n**\n        [[Hugh Shelton]], American military leader, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of\n        Staff\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 S\\u00f3lyom]], [[President of\n        Hungary]]\\n** [[John Thaw]], English actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 4]]\n        \\n** [[Bolaji Akinyemi]], Nigerian professor of political science\\n** Dame\n        [[Marcela Contreras]], Chilean-British immunologist and educator\\n* [[January\n        5]] \\n** [[Maurizio Pollini]], Italian pianist\\n** [[Charlie Rose]], American\n        television anchor, talk show host\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Vasily Alekseyev]],\n        Soviet weightlifter\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Stephen Hawking]], British physicist\\n**\n        [[Junichiro Koizumi]], 56th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Ramiro de Le\\u00f3n Carpio]], 31st [[President of Guatemala]] (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]], [[Chief Justice\n        of India]]\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Ang\\u00e9lil]], Canadian\n        singer and manager (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Muhammad Ali]], American\n        boxer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ulf Hoelscher]], German violinist\\n** [[Ita Buttrose]],\n        Australian journalist\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Michael Crawford]], English\n        actor, singer and entertainer\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Amine Gemayel]],\n        12th President of Lebanon\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Salim Ahmed Salim]],\n        4th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Carl Eller]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Eus\\u00e9bio]], Mozambican Portuguese footballer (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Soad Hosny]], Egyptian actress (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[John Witherspoon (actor)]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 28]] \\n** [[Hans J\\u00fcrgen B\\u00e4umler]], German figure skater,\n        actor, pop singer and television host\\n** [[Erkki Pohjanheimo]], Finnish TV-producer\n        and director\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Daniela Bianchi]], Italian actress\\n**\n        [[Derek Jarman]], English director and writer (d. [[1994]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Terry\n        Jones.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Terry Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Ehud Barak official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ehud\n        Barak]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Jones 1965.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Jones]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] \\n** [[Bibi Besch]], Austrian-American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Terry\n        Jones]], Welsh actor and writer\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Graham Nash]],\n        English rock musician ([[The Hollies]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Roger\n        Staubach]], American football player\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Ahmad-Jabir\n        Ahmadov Ismail oghlu]], Azeri professor and academic\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Carole King]], American singer and composer\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Howard\n        Mudd]], American offensive lineman & offensive line coach\\n* [[February 12]]\n        – [[Ehud Barak]], [[Prime Minister of Israel]]\\n* [[February 13]] \\n**\n        [[Carol Lynley]], American actress\\n** [[Donald E. Williams]], American astronaut\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Peter Tork]], American musician, performer \\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Michael Bloomberg]], American businessman, [[philanthropist]],\n        and the founder of [[Bloomberg L.P.]], [[Mayor]] of New York City\\n* [[February\n        15]] – [[Sherry Jackson]], American actress\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Paul Krause]], American football player\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Phil Esposito]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Mitch McConnell]], [[United States Senator]]\n        (R-[[Kentucky|KY]]) \\n* [[February 21]] – [[Margarethe von Trotta]],\n        German actress, film director, and writer\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Joe\n        Lieberman]], American politician, longtime [[List of United States Senators\n        from Connecticut|Connecticut Senator]] (1989-2013), and [[United States presidential\n        election, 2000|2000]] Democratic nominee for Vice President under [[Al Gore]]\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Karen Grassle]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Michel Forget]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Robert H. Grubbs]], American\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[February 28]]\n        \\n**[[Brian Jones]], English musician ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (d. [[1969]])\\n**[[Dino\n        Zoff]], Italian footballer and manager\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Felipe Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        par Claude Truong-Ngoc juillet 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Felipe Gonz\\u00e1lez]]]]\\n[[File:Lou\n        Reed at the Hop Farm Music Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lou Reed]]]]\\n[[File:President\n        Ali Abdullah Saleh.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ali Abdullah Saleh]]]]\\n[[File:Arethafranklin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aretha\n        Franklin]]]] \\n[[File:Daniel Dennett 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Dennett]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[John Irving]], American author\\n** [[Lou Reed]], American\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Felipe\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Tammy Faye\n        Bakker]], American evangelist, singer and television personality (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Michael Eisner]], American film studio executive\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Pedro\n        Bandeira]], Brazilian children''s author\\n** [[John Cale]], Welsh composer\n        and musician\\n** [[Bert Campaneris]], Cuban-American [[baseball]] player\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Ratko Mladi\\u0107]], former Bosnian Serb military leader\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Wynn]], American baseball player\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Dave Cutler]],\n        American software engineer\\n** [[Scatman John]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[George Negus]], Australian author, journalist, and television presenter\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[James Soong]], Taiwan politician\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[John Wayne Gacy]], American [[serial killer]] (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 20]]\n        – [[Earl Bramblett]], American [[mass murderer]] (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]], [[President of Yemen]] (1990 to 2012)\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Walter Rodney]], Guyanese historian and political figure\\n*\n        [[March 25]] – [[Aretha Franklin]], American singer\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – [[Erica Jong]], American author\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[John E. Sulston]],\n        British chemist; recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n**\n        [[Michael York]], English actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Neil Kinnock]], British\n        Labour leader\\n** [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]], British film director\\n**\n        [[Conrad Schumann]], East German border guard (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Jerry Sloan]],\n        American basketball coach\\n** [[Daniel Dennett]], American philosopher\\n*\n        [[March 29]] \\n** [[Scott Wilson (actor)|Scott Wilson]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Kenichi Ogata (voice actor)|Kenichi Ogata]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Ruben Kun]], Nauruan politician and former President of Nauru\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Jacob\n        Zuma 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jacob Zuma]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Dee 1961.png|thumb|100px|[[Sandra\n        Dee]]]]\\n[[File:Barbra Streisand - 1966.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barbra Streisand]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Samuel R. Delany]], American science fiction author\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Leon Russell]], American singer, songwriter, pianist and\n        guitarist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Roshan Seth]], British actor\\n** [[Yury Yarov]],\n        Russian politician and a former deputy prime minister\\n* [[April 3]] –\n        [[Marsha Mason]], American actress\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Pascal Couchepin]],\n        Swiss Federal Councilor\\n** [[Peter Greenaway]], Welsh filmmaker\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Barry Levinson]], American film producer and director\\n* [[April\n        8]]\\n**[[Roger Chapman]], British rock singer ([[Family (band)|Family]])\\n**[[Douglas\n        Trumbull]], American film director and [[special effect]]s artist\\n* [[April\n        9]] – [[James Cowan (author)|James Cowan]], Australian novelist\\n* [[April\n        10]]\\n** [[Hayedeh]], Iranian singer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Nick Auf der Maur]],\n        Canadian journalist and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\n** [[Jacob\n        Zuma]], [[President of South Africa]]\\n** [[Carlos Alberto Reutemann]], Argentine\n        racing driver and politician\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Valeriy Brumel]], Russian\n        athlete (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Valentin Lebedev]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[April\n        15]]\\n** [[Kenneth Lay]], American businessman (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Julie Sommars]],\n        American actress\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Kenas Aroi]], Nauruan politician\\n**\n        [[Buster Williams]], American jazz bassist\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Frank\n        Elstner]], German television presenter\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Arto Paasilinna]],\n        Finnish author\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)|Geoffrey\n        Palmer]], 33rd [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Rudolf\n        Jaenisch]], German-American biologist \\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Sandra Dee]],\n        American actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Christian Fr\\u00e9mont]], French politician\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Barbra Streisand]], American singer,\n        actress, composer, and film director\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Katsuji Adachi]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jon Kyl]], American politician;\n        United States Senator (R-AZ)\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Claudine Auger]], French\n        actress\\n** [[Michael Kergin]], Canadian diplomat\\n** [[Bobby Rydell]], American\n        singer\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Ruth Glick]], American writer\\n** [[Jim Keltner]],\n        American drummer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:14-01-10-tbh-263-jacques-rogge.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jacques\n        Rogge]]]]\\n[[File:Ian Dury 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ian Dury]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        [[Jacques Rogge]], 8th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[V\\u011bra \\u010c\\u00e1slavsk\\u00e1]], Czech gymnast (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Tammy Wynette]], American country singer\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Terry Neill]], Northern Irish footballer\n        and football manager\\n* [[May 9]] – [[John Ashcroft]], [[United States\n        Attorney General]]\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Youssouf Sambo B\\u00e2]], Burkinab\\u00e9\n        politician\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ian Dury]], British musician (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]], 2-Time Prime Minister of\n        Swaziland\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]], American\n        singer and guitarist\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Barbara Parkins]], Canadian actress\\n**\n        [[Rich Garcia]], American [[Major League Baseball]] [[Umpire (baseball)|umpire]]\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Gabriel Liiceanu]], Romanian philosopher\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Ichir\\u014d Ozawa]], Japanese politician\\n** [[Fraser Stoddart]], Scottish-born\n        scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[May 28]]\\n**\n        [[Stanley B. Prusiner]], American scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[James Tien (actor)|James Tien]], Hong Kong-Taiwanese\n        actor\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Jahar Dasgupta]], Indian painter\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Teodoro\n        Obiang detail, 1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]]]\\n[[File:Roger\n        Ebert cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roger Ebert]]]]\\n[[File:Paul McCartney black\n        and white 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul McCartney]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Wilson 2009.png|thumb|100px|[[Brian\n        Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Eduardo Frei 1998 (recorte).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eduardo Frei\n        Ruiz-Tagle]]]]\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Maree Cheatham]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Eduard Malofeyev]], Russian football coach and former international player\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Curtis Mayfield]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]], [[President of Equatorial\n        Guinea]]  and [[Chairperson of the African Union]]\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Klaus\n        Bednarz]], German journalist and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Gordon\n        Burns]], British journalist and TV presenter\\n** [[Preston Manning]], Canadian\n        politician\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jeannette Vivian Corbiere Lavell]], Canadian-Anishinaabe\n        activist\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Bert Sakmann]], German physiologist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], [[President of Nigeria]]\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[John Rostill]], English bassist, musician and composer ([[The Shadows]])\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Mohamed El Baradei]], Egyptian International\n        Atomic Energy Agency director, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Roger Ebert]], American film critic and television personality\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Thabo Mbeki]], South African politician and 12th [[President\n        of South Africa]]\\n** [[Paul McCartney]], British musician and composer ([[The\n        Beatles]])\\n** [[Nick Tate]], Australian actor\\n** [[Hans Vonk (conductor)|Hans\n        Vonk]], Dutch conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Brian Wilson]],\n        American singer-composer-producer ([[The Beach Boys]])\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[George Banks]], American spree killer\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Michele Lee]],\n        American actress and singer   \\n** [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], Chilean politician\n        and 33th [[President of Chile]]\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[James J. Dillon]], American\n        professional wrestling manager\\n** [[Gilberto Gil]], Brazilian singer, politician\\n**\n        [[June 27]] – [[Bruce Johnston]], American singer and songwriter\\n**\n        [[June 28]] – [[Rupert Sheldrake]], British biochemist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Vicente\n        Fox WEF 2003 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vicente Fox]]]]\\n[[File:Harrison Ford\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harrison Ford]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        Bujold]], French-Canadian actress\\n** [[Andra\\u00e9 Crouch]], American gospel\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Vicente Fox]], Mexican businessman,\n        politician and 55th [[President of Mexico]]\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Floyd Little]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Prince Michael of Kent]]\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        [[Hannes L\\u00f6hr]], German footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Carmen Duncan]], Australian actress\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Richard Roundtree]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Ronnie James Dio]], American singer (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Pyotr Klimuk]], Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Orri Vigf\\u00fasson]],\n        Icelandic entrepreneur and environmentalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Harrison Ford]], American film actor\\n** [[Roger McGuinn]], American musician\n        ([[The Byrds]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Javier Solana]], Spanish politician\n        and diplomat\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Mil M\\u00e1scaras]], Mexican professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Margaret Court]], Australian tennis player\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Adolf Ogi]], member of the Swiss Federal Council\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Myra Hindley]], English multiple murderer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Chris Sarandon]], American actor\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        [[Hannelore Elsner]], German actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Dennis Ralston]],\n        American tennis player\\n* [[July 28]] Maudine Harper\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Isabel\n        Allende - 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Isabel Allende]]]]\\n[[File:Fred Thompson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred\n        Thompson]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[Jerry Garcia]], American musician (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n** [[Giancarlo Giannini]], Italian actor\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Isabel Allende]], Chilean writer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[David Lange]],\n        32nd [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Evelyn Hamann]], German actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Tobin\n        Bell]], American film and television actor\\n** [[Garrison Keillor]], American\n        writer and radio host; [[Prairie Home Companion]]\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[Arthur K. Cebrowski]], American admiral (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Friede Springer]], German publisher and widow of Axel Springer\\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Judith Keppel]], first person to win \\u00a31,000,000 on ''''[[Who\n        Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'''' (in the UK)\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Fred\n        Thompson]], American politician and actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 20]] –\n        [[Isaac Hayes]], American singer and actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 23]]\n        – [[Susana Vieira]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Hans\n        Peter Korff]], German actor\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Imogen Hassall]], English\n        actress (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[August 27]] – \\\"Captain\\\" [[Daryl Dragon]],\n        American musician ([[Captain & Tennille]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Eduardo dos Santos]], 2nd [[President of Angola]]\\n* [[August 29]] –\n        [[Sterling Morrison]], American musician ([[The Velvet Underground]], d. [[1995]])\n        \\n* [[August 31]] – [[Isao Aoki]], Japanese golfer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jardinenj.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Al\n        Jardine]]]]\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Michael Hui]], Hong Kong film [[comedian]]\\n**\n        [[Al Jardine]], American musician ([[The Beach Boys]])\\n* [[September 5]]\\n**\n        [[Bj\\u00f6rn Haugan]], Norwegian operatic [[lyric tenor]] (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Werner Herzog]], German filmmaker\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Alan Haskvitz]],\n        American educator\\n* [[September 8]] – [[\\u017delimir \\u017dilnik]],\n        Serbian film director\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Hiss\\u00e8ne Habr\\u00e9]],\n        7th [[President of Chad]]\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Bernard MacLaverty]],\n        Irish writer\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Wen Jiabao]], [[Premier of the\n        People''s Republic of China]]\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Tadamasa Goto]],\n        Japanese [[yakuza]] boss\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Desmond Lynam|Des Lynam]],\n        British television host, presenter\\n* [[September 18]] \\n** [[Gabriella Ferri]],\n        Italian singer\\n** [[Wolfgang Sch\\u00e4uble]], German politician\\n* [[September\n        19]] – [[Freda Payne]], American singer and actress\\n* [[September 20]]\n        – [[Rose Francine Rogomb\\u00e9]], Gabonese lawyer and politician (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Wu Ma]], Chinese film actor, director,\n        producer and writer\\n** [[Marlena Shaw]], American jazz singer\\n** [[David\n        Stern]], American commissioner of the National Basketball Association\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Ilkka Lipsanen|Ilkka \\\"Danny\\\" Lipsanen]], Finnish singer\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Tim Maia]], Brazilian musician, songwriter and\n        businessman (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Madeline Kahn]], American\n        actress (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Ian McShane]], English actor\\n** [[Jean-Luc Ponty]],\n        French jazz violinist\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Frankie Lymon]], American\n        singer (d. [[1968]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Amitabh.Bachchan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amitabh\n        Bachchan]]]]\\n[[File:MichaelCrichton 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Crichton]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[G\\u00fcnter Wallraff]], German investigative journalist\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Asha Parekh]], Indian actress\\n* [[October 3]]\\n**\n        [[Earl Hindman]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Roberto Perfumo]], Argentine\n        footballer and sports commentator (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Britt\n        Ekland]], Swedish actress\\n** [[Fred Travalena]], American comedian and impressionist\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Ronald Baecker]], American computer scientist\\n**\n        [[Joy Behar]], American comedian and television personality\\n* [[October 8]]\n        – [[Stanley Bates]], British actor and screenwriter\\n* [[October 10]]\n        – [[Radu Vasile]], Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Amitabh Bachchan]], Indian actor\\n* [[October 12]] –\n        [[Daliah Lavi]], Israeli actress and singer\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Rutanya\n        Alda]], Latvian-American actress\\n** [[Jerry Jones]], American football team\n        owner\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Evelio Javier]], Filipino politician, lawyer,\n        and civil servant  (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Andrew Vachss]],\n        American author and attorney\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Christiane N\\u00fcsslein-Volhard]],\n        German biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Judith Sheindlin]], American retired judge turned\n        television personality (''''[[Judge Judy]]'''')\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Bobby Fuller]], American rock singer, songwriter, and guitarist (d. [[1966]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Michael Crichton]], American author (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Frank Delaney]], Irish-born novelist, journalist\n        and broadcaster (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Bob Hoskins]], British\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Eili Sild]], Estonian actress\\n* [[October 29]]\n        – [[Bob Ross]], American painter and television presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[George Brizan]], 8th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[David Ogden Stiers]], American actor and voice-over artist\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Martin\n        Scorsese Cannes 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Scorsese]]]]\\n[[File:Official\n        portrait of Vice President Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe Biden]]]]\\n[[File:Billy\n        Connolly Festival Cine Sidney.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy Connolly]]]]\\n[[File:Jimi\n        Hendrix 1967.png|thumb|100px|[[Jimi Hendrix]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Larry\n        Flynt]], American publisher (''''Hustler'''')\\n** [[Ralph Klein]], Canadian\n        politician (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Marcia Wallace]], American actress and comedian\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Shere Hite]], American-born German sexologist\\n**\n        [[Stefanie Powers]], American actress\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Pierangelo\n        Bertoli]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        [[Jean Shrimpton]], English model and actress\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Tom\n        Peters]], American writer\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Angel Cordero, Jr.]], Puerto\n        Rican jockey\\n** [[Fernando Sorrentino]], Argentine writer\\n* [[November 10]]\\n**\n        [[Robert F. Engle]], American economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Hans-Rudolf Merz]], Swiss federal councillor \\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Daniel Barenboim]], Argentine-born pianist and conductor\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Joanna Pettet]], British-born Canadian actress\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Derek Clayton]], Australian long-distance runner\\n**\n        [[Bob Gaudio]], American musician\\n** [[Kang Kek Iew]], Cambodian politician\n        and criminal\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Roszt\\u00f3czy]], Hungarian microbiologist\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Martin Scorsese]], American film director\\n* [[November\n        18]]\\n** [[Linda Evans]], American soap actress\\n** [[Susan Sullivan]], American\n        soap actress\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Joe Biden]], American politician,\n        47th [[Vice President of the United States]] and longtime [[United States\n        Senate|US Senator]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Delaware|De.]])\n        \\n* [[November 22]] \\n** [[Francis K. Butagira]], Ugandan ambassador\\n** [[Dick\n        Stockton]], American sports announcer\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Billy Connolly]],\n        Scottish comedian and singer\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Rosa von Praunheim]],\n        German film director, author and painter\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Manolo Blahnik]],\n        Spanish shoe designer\\n** [[Jimi Hendrix]], American guitarist (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Paul Warfield]], American football player\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Philippe Huttenlocher]], Swiss baritone\\n* [[November 30]]\n        – [[Andr\\u00e9 Brahic]], French astrophysicist (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Muhammadu\n        Buhari - Chatham House.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Muhammadu Buhari]]]]\\n[[File:Hu Jintao\n        Cannes2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hu Jintao]]]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Alice\n        Schwarzer]], German feminist, founder and publisher of the German feminist\n        journal EMMA\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Gemma Jones]], British actress\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n**[[Chelsea Brown]], American actress (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Peter\n        Handke]], Austrian novelist\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Reginald Lewis]], American\n        Businessman (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Peter Tomarken]], American game-show host\n        (d. [[2006]]) \\n* [[December 9]] – [[Dick Butkus]], American football\n        player\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Peter Sarstedt]], British musician (d.\n        [[2017]]\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Muhammadu Buhari]], Nigerian army general\n        and 15th [[President of Nigeria]]\\n** [[Paul Butterfield]], American musician\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Bob Hayes]], American athlete (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Hu Jintao]], [[General Secretary of the\n        Communist Party of China]], 6th [[President of the People''s Republic of China]]\\n**\n        [[Carla Thomas]], American singer\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Charmian Carr]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Thomas Menino]], 53rd [[Mayor of Boston\n        | Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Rajesh Khanna]], Indian actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Betty\n        Aberlin]], American actress\\n** [[Allan Gotthelf]], American philosopher (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Michael Nesmith]], American singer-songwriter, performer \\n**\n        [[Janko Prunk]], Slovenian historian\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Probable date\n        – [[Muammar Gaddafi]], leader of Libya (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n===January===\\n[[File:Mel\n        Sheppard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mel Sheppard]]]]\\n[[File:Henri de Baillet-Latour.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henri\n        de Baillet-Latour]]]]\\n[[File:Carole Lombard 1940.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carole\n        Lombard]]]]\\n[[File:Lu%C3%ADs de Saxe-Coburgo e Bragan%C3%A7a.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Ivande\n        Kaija]], Soviet writer and feminist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Charles Mann Hamilton]], American politician (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        4]]\\n** [[Sydney Fairbrother]], British actress (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Mel Sheppard]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Otis Skinner]], American actor\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Emma Calv\\u00e9]], French soprano (b.\n        [[1858]])\\n** [[Henri de Baillet-Latour]], 3rd [[President of the International\n        Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Chaudhry Afzal\n        Haq]], Indian writer and humanitarian (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\n**\n        [[Heber Doust Curtis]], American astronomer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Jan Grali\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\n** [[Vladimir Ignatowski]],\n        Soviet physicist  (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssi\\u00e8re]],\n        French biologist and scientist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Porfirio\n        Barba-Jacob]], Colombian poet and writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n**\n        [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]], 2nd youngest son of [[Queen\n        Victoria]] (b. [[1850]])\\n** [[Sir Jeremiah Colman, 1st Baronet]], British\n        industralist (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Carole Lombard]], American actress (air crash)\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[James P. Parker]], United States\n        Navy commodore (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\n** [[Christiaan Cornelissen]],\n        Dutch writer, economic and trade unionist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Isidoro Di\\u00e9guez\n        Due\\u00f1as]], Spanish bricklayer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Larra\\u00f1aga]],\n        Spanish communist leader (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\n** [[Walter Sickert]],\n        British Impressionist painter (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Racho Petrov]], 12th [[Prime\n        Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Prince Ludwig\n        Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Nazareno Strampelli]],\n        Italian agronomist and plant breeder (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Felix Hausdorff]], German mathematician (suicide) (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January\n        27]] or [[January 28]] – [[Kaarel Eenpalu]], Prime Minister of Estonia\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Viktor Esbensen]], Norwegian mariner\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Relander LC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lauri\n        Kristian Relander]]]]\\n[[File:Malta - Floriana - Triq Sarria - The Mall 31\n        ies.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ugo Pasquale Mifsud]]]]\\n[[File:Epit%C3%A1cio Pessoa\n        (pintura).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Epit\\u00e1cio Pessoa]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Ado Birk]], 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Leonetto Cappiello]],\n        Italian poster designer and painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[Dorando Pietri]], Italian Olympic athlete (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        – [[Fritz Todt]], Nazi German engineer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 9]]\n        – [[Lauri Kristian Relander]], 2nd [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Jamnalal Bajaj]], Indian industralist and philanthropist\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Ugo Pasquale Mifsud]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Malta]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Grant Wood]], American painter\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Otakar Batli\\u010dka]], Czechoslovakian\n        adventurer and journalist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Epit\\u00e1cio Pessoa]], Brazil\n        jurist and politician, 11th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Miros\\u0142aw Feri\\u0107]], Polish pilot of the No. 303 Squadron\n        in Northolt (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Ettore Arrigoni degli Oddi]],\n        Italian ornithologist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Giovanni Bartolena]], Italian painter\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Frank Abbandando]], American gangster\n        (executed) (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa\n        (1872\\u20131942)|Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa]], Ruler of Bahrain (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[Stefan Zweig]], Austrian writer (suicide with wife)\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Robert William Chapman (engineer)|Robert\n        William Chapman]], Australian engineer and mathematician (b. [[1866]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Emile Harley]], American army officer and politician (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] – [[Karel Doorman]], Dutch admiral (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Amadeo Aosta3rd 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Bosch mit Hut 1888 - 10031.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Bosch]]]]\\n[[File:Marcelo T. de Alvear, ca. 1915.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marcelo\n        Torcuato de Alvear]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[George S. Rentz]], United States\n        Navy Chaplain and [[Navy Cross]] winner (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Cornelius Vanderbilt\n        III]], American military officer, inventor, and engineer (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[Gustave Anjou]], Swedish genealogist (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Sergei\n        Solovyov (Catholic priest)|Sergei Solovyov]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]] and\n        blessed (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]],\n        Italian nobleman and military officer, Viceroy of [[Italian East Africa]]\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Gheorghe Adamescu]], Romanian histotian\n        and bibliographer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Pierre Semard]],\n        French Communist leader (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Ra\\u00fal Capablanca]], Cuban chess player (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 10]] –\n        [[Frederick Behre]], American artist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Camprub\\u00ed]], Spanish publisher (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Raoul Dandurand]],\n        Canadian politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March 12]] \\n** [[Robert Bosch]], German\n        industrialist, engineer and inventor (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[William Henry Bragg]],\n        British physicist, chemist and mathematician, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Enric Morera i Viura]], Andorran composer\n        (b. [[1865]]) \\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Bull]], British illustrator\n        and photographer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Friedrich Karl Georg Fedde]], German\n        botanist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Vasile Demetrius]], Austro-Hungarian-born\n        Romanian writer, poet and translator (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Nada Dimi\\u0107]], Yugoslav Communist leader (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[March 20]]\n        – [[Vasily Kalafati]], Soviet composer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 21]]\n        – [[J. S. Woodsworth]], Canadian politician (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] \\n** [[Ludwig von H\\u00f6hnel]], Austrian naval officer and explorer\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear]], 20th [[President of Argentina]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Gustav Hinrichs]], German-born American\n        conductor and composer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\n** [[Jannion Steele\n        Elliott]], British ornithologist and naturalist (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[John W.\n        Wilcox, Jr.]], American admiral (lost overboard) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Julio\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez (sculptor)|Julio Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Spanish sculptor and painter\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Miguel Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish poet\n        and playwright (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Ed Brady (actor)|Ed\n        Brady]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:LMM signed photo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucy\n        Maud Montgomery]]]] \\n* [[April 2]] – [[\\u00c9douard Estauni\\u00e9]],\n        French novelist (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 4]] \\n** [[James Bede]], American\n        politician (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Jan Daszewski]], Polish fighter pilot (b. [[1916]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Isidro Michel L\\u00f3pez]], Mexican military officer,\n        leader of the [[Mexican Revolution]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        [[Anandshankar Dhruv]], Indian scholar, writer, educationist and editor (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Frederick Hobbs (singer)|Frederick Hobbs]],\n        New Zealand-born singer and actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Arnold\n        Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle]], British soldier and politician (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Julia Danzas]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]] religious leader\n        and blessed (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[James Fergusson (Royal Navy officer)|James\n        Fergusson]], British admiral (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\n** [[Robert Musil]],\n        Austrian novelist (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Joshua Pim]], Irish tennis player  (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and\n        Gotha]], granddaughter of [[Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 17]]\\n**\n        [[Renward Brandstetter]], Swiss philologist and linguist (b. [[1860]])\\n**\n        [[Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer]], American botanist (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Jean\n        Baptiste Perrin]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Gra\\u017cyna Chrostowska]], Polish\n        poet and activist (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]], American\n        heiress, socialite and sculptor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Olga\n        Ben\\u00e1rio Prestes]], German-born Brazilian militant (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Camille du Gast]], French pioneer (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Deenanath\n        Mangeshkar]], Indian singer and composer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]],\n        Canadian writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Zygmunt Kisielewski]],\n        Polish writer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Arthur L. Bristol]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Stauning i1920-erne.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thorvald\n        Stauning]]]]\\n[[File:Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Abad Santos]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait of John Barrymore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Barrymore]]]] \\n* [[May 3]] – [[Thorvald Stauning]], 9th [[Prime Minister\n        of Denmark]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Czempiel]], Polish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Abad Santos]], Filipino chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of\n        the Philippines|Supreme Court]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Felix Weingartner]], Yugoslavian\n        conductor (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Graham McNamee]], American\n        radio announcer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Joe Weber (vaudevillian)|Joe\n        Weber]], American vaudevillian (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Sakutar\\u014d\n        Hagiwara]], Japanese poet and writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Hannu\n        Hannuksela]], Finnish general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Frank\n        Churchill]], American composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Kaneko Kentar\\u014d]],\n        Japanese diplomat and statesman (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Maria Micha\\u0142 Kowalski]],\n        Polish priest and blessed (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Bronis\\u0142aw Malinowski]],\n        Polish anthropologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[A. E. Waite]],\n        British occultist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[John D. Craddock]], American\n        politician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Charles E. Dietrich]], American politician\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Stjepan Filipovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav nationality\n        hero (executed) (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Tateo Kat\\u014d]], Japanese fighter ace\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Ivan Horbachevsky]],\n        Austrian chemist and politician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Emanuel\n        Feuermann]], Austrian cellist (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Chen Duxiu]],\n        General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**\n        [[John Barrymore]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Akiko Yosano]], Japanese\n        author and poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Cadras]],\n        French lace designer and militant (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:EUSEBIO\n        AYALA.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eusebio Ayala]]]]\\n[[File:1908 Frank Irons.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Frank\n        Irons]]]]\\n[[File:Pope John XIX of Alexandria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pope John\n        XIX of Alexandria]]]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[William Abercrombie]], American\n        naval officer and aviator, killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b.\n        [[1914]])\\n** [[Eusebio Ayala]], 29th [[President of Paraguay]] (1921–1923)\n        and (1932–1936) (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Edgar R. Bassett]], American naval\n        officer, killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Harold\n        John Ellison]], American naval officer, killed in action at the [[Battle of\n        Midway]] (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Lofton R. Henderson]], United States Marine Corps\n        aviator and commanding officer of Marine Scout Bomber Squadron 241 (VMSB-241);\n        killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Reinhard\n        Heydrich]], headed the Nazi Reich Main Security Office and was Reich governor\n        of Bohemia and Moravia (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[John C. Waldron]], United States\n        Navy aviator and commander of [[Torpedo Squadron 8]], killed in action at\n        the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Tamon Yamaguchi]], Japanese admiral,\n        killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 5]] –\n        [[Virginia Lee Corbin]], American actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Alan Blumlein]], British electronics engineer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[June 11]]\n        \\n** [[Charles Berth\\u00e9zenne]], French politician (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Kitzelmann]], German army officer (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Fyodor\n        Braun]], Soviet-born German scholar (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[David\n        Hawthorne (actor)|David Hawthorne]], British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June\n        19]]\\n** [[Ahmad II of Tunis]], Ruler of Tunisia (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Frank\n        Irons]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Pope\n        John XIX of Alexandria]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Branko Kadia,\n        Jordan Misja and Perlat Rexhepi]], Albanian student trio (b. Albanian nationality)\\n*\n        [[June 23]] – [[William Couper (sculptor)|William Couper]], American\n        architect (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Arthur Anderson (architect)|Arthur\n        Anderson]], Australian architect (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Z\\u00e9non Bernard]],\n        Luxembourgish communist politician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[John\n        Gary Evans]], American politician (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Skar\\u017cy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish army officer (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Gene Stack]], 1st American major league\n        baseball player to be drafted during [[World War II]] as well as the first\n        to die in service (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Billy Bennett (comedian)|Billy\n        Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[William Henry Jackson]], American\n        photographer (b. [[1843]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Refik Saydam.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Refik\n        Saydam]]]]\\n[[File:Santa Paulina 1.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Pauline of the\n        Agonizing Heart of Jesus]]]]\\n[[File:S%C3%A1nchez Toca.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Joaqu\\u00edn\n        S\\u00e1nchez de Toca]]]]\\n[[File:Robertomortiz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roberto Maria\n        Ortiz]]]]\\n[[File:Louis Borno.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Louis Borno]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich]], Irish-language writer (b. [[1857]])\\n**\n        [[Boles\\u0142aw Wieniawa-D\\u0142ugoszowski]], Polish general, diplomat and\n        politician, Interim [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Rudi \\u010cajavec]], Yugoslav poet (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Joseph Domachowski]],\n        American politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Kowalski\n        (priest)|J\\u00f3zef Kowalski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Louis Franchet d''Esp\\u00e8rey]], French\n        general (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Refik Saydam]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]]\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Kelly Harrell]], American surburbia musician\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Pauline of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus]], Brazilian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and saint (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Mary Hayden]], Irish historian and activist (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 13]]\n        – [[Joaqu\\u00edn S\\u00e1nchez de Toca]], Spanish conservative politician\n        and [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[S\\u00e9bastien\n        Faure]], French anarchist and activist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Wenceslao\n        Vinzons]], Filipino politician and resistance leader (bayoneted to death)\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Roberto Mar\\u00eda Ortiz]], 24th [[President of Argentina]]\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Alfred William Flux]], British economist\n        and statistician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Tinus de Jongh]],\n        South African painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[George Beeby]],\n        Australian politician, judge and author (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[George Sutherland]],\n        British-born American Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**\n        [[Ar\\u00edstides Chavier Ar\\u00e9valo]], Puerto Rican composer and pianist\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Adam Czerniak\\u00f3w]], Polish engineer and senator (suicide)\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Edwin Cooper (architect)|Edwin Cooper]],\n        British architect (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Tom Reynolds (actor)|Tom\n        Reynolds]], British actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Roberto Arlt]],\n        Argentine writer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Flinders Petrie]],\n        British Egyptologist (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Louis Borno]],\n        Haitian lawyer and politician, 28th [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[Jimmy Blanton]], American bassist (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July\n        31]] – [[Jo\\u017eka Jab\\u016frkov\\u00e1]], Czechoslovakan journalist,\n        writer and translator (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Richard Willst\\u00e4tter.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Willst\\u00e4tter]]]]\\n[[File:Edith Stein (ca. 1938-1939).jpg|thumb|100px|Saint\n        [[Edith Stein|Teresa Benedicta of the Cross]]]]\\n[[File:George 1st Kent.png|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        George, Duke of Kent]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Franciszka Arnsztajnowa]],\n        Polish poet and playwright (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[James Cruze]], American actor\n        and director (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Guglielmo Ferrero]], Italian historian, journalist\n        and novelist (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Gustav Indreb\\u00f8]], Norwegian philologist\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Richard Willst\\u00e4tter]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 7]] \\n** [[Louis\n        J. Carpellotti]], American marine army (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Charles E. Ford]],\n        American directed and producer (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Janusz Korczak]], Polish\n        educator, author and pediatrician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Leopold\n        Janikowski]], Polish explorer and ethnographer (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – [[Edith Stein|Terea Benedicta of the Cross]], German philosopher,\n        [[Roman Catholic]] nun, martyr and saint (assassinated) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] – [[Kazimierz Dembowski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman\n        and martyr (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\n** [[Pasquale Amato]], Italian\n        baritone (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Mykola Burachek]], Soviet painter (b. [[1871]])\\n**\n        [[Phillips Holmes]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n** [[Jorge\n        Cuesta]], Mexican chemist, writer and editor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Elina Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        Acha de Correa Morales]], Argentinian educator, scientist and activist (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Mahadev Desai]], Indian independence\n        activist and writer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n** [[Chang Ya-juo]],\n        daughter of [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Heuz\\u00e9]],\n        French director, screenwriter and playwright (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 18]]\n        \\n** [[Agathe Lasch]], German philologist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Henry DeWitt\n        Hamilton]], American general (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Kiyonao\n        Ichiki]], Japanese army officer (killed in action) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Michel Fokine]], Soviet choreographer and dancer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]]\\n** [[Jorge Cola\\u00e7o]], Portuguese painter (b. [[1868]])\\n**\n        [[Franciszek Dachtera]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Doyle Clayton Barnes]], American naval\n        aviator (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Edward Ka\\u017amierski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Prince George,\n        Duke of Kent]], 4th eldest son of [[George V]]  (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Lewartowski]], Polish politician and revolutionary (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Irena Bern\\u00e1\\u0161kov\\u00e1]], Czechoslovakian journalist\n        and resistance member (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Archduke Joseph\n        Ferdinand of Austria]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Charles Urban]],\n        American film producer (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Fabio Fiallo]], Dominican writer,\n        poet and politician (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Dominik J\\u0119drzejewski]], Polish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Martin Kirschner]], German surgeon (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ks.\n        Adam Bargielski.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|Blessed [[Adam Bargielski]]]]\\n[[File:Bronis%C5%82aw\n        Kostkowski patron Slupska.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|Blessed [[Bronis\\u0142aw\n        Kostkowski]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Rub\\u00e9n Ruiz Ib\\u00e1rruri]],\n        Spanish communist leader (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Herbert\n        A. Calcaterra]], American navy sailor (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois de Labouch\\u00e8re]], French pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Cecilia Beaux]], American portraitist (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Adam Bargielski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** [[Hermana Fausta|Fausta\n        Labrador]], Filipino [[Roman Catholic]] nun and Servant of God (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        [[E. S. Gosney|Ezra Seymour Gosney]], American philanthropist and eugenicist\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Kanaklata Barua]], Indian freedom\n        fighter (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Fernando D\\u00edaz de Mendoza\n        y Guerrero]], Spanish actor (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Bronis\\u0142aw Kostkowski]],\n        Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Matangini Hazra]], Indian revolutionary (shot) (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]]\\n** [[Hans-Joachim Marseille]], German World War II fighter\n        ace (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Leon\\u012bds Breik\\u0161s]], Soviet poet, journalist\n        and patriot (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ants Piip.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ants\n        Piip]]]]\\n[[File:Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Maria Antonina Kratochwil]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Ants Piip]], 7th\n        [[Prime Minister of Estonia|Prime Minister]] and 1st [[State Elder of Estonia|State\n        Elder]] of Estonia (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Alois Eli\\u00e1\\u0161]],\n        Czech general and politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 3]] \\n** [[Ludwik\n        \\u0106wikli\\u0144ski]], Prussian philologist and professor (b. [[1853]])\\n**\n        [[Olaf Huseby]], Norwegian-born American publisher (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Giuseppe Cassioli]], Italian painter and sculptor (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] \\n** [[Siegmund Gl\\u00fccksmann]], German politician (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Lorenzo Aguirre]], Spanish painter (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Wac\\u0142aw W\\u0105sowicz]],\n        Polish painter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Maria Antonina Kratochwil]],\n        Polish [[Roman Catholic]] nun, martyr and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October\n        9]] – [[William T. Hanna]], American marine (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Aritomo Got\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[October 15]] – Dame [[Marie Tempest]], British actress\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Federico Ferrari Orsi]], Italian\n        army officer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Paul Nikolaus Cossmann]],\n        German journalist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[May Robson]],\n        Australian actress (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Staf De Clercq]],\n        Belgian collabrator and nationalist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Ralph Rainger]], American composer and songwriter (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October\n        24]]\\n** [[Dimitri Amilakhvari]], French military officer (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[St John Hutchinson]], British barrister and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[James C. Morton]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 28]] –\n        [[Alexander von Dassel]], German magistrate (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Emilio Caldara]], Italian politician (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Heinrich\n        XXXIII RjL - Zum Besten der Kriegswaisen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Heinrich\n        XXXIII Reuss of K\\u00f6stritz]]]]\\n[[File:Hernando siles reyes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hernando\n        Siles Reyes]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad Ali Foroughi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohammad Ali\n        Foroughi]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Hugo Distler]], German composer (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Elihu Grant]], American scholar and\n        writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\n** [[Eric Abrahamsson]], Swedish\n        actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Am\\u00e9d\\u00e9 Ardoin]], American musician (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Andrew F. Cook, Jr.]], American army\n        officer (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[George M. Cohan]], American\n        songwriter and entertainer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Edna\n        May Oliver]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Hector\n        Abbas]], Dutch actor (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Merton Beckwith-Smith]], British\n        army officer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Laura Hope Crews]],\n        American actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Daniel J. Callaghan]],\n        American admiral and Medal of Honor recipient (killed in action) (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Norman Scott (Medal of Honor)|Norman Scott]], American admiral and Medal\n        of Honor recipient (killed in action) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        [[Prince Heinrich XXXIII Reuss of K\\u00f6stritz]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        16]] – [[Joseph Schmidt]], Polish tenor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November\n        19]]\\n** [[Ilya Fondaminsky]], Soviet author (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Bruno Schulz]],\n        Polish writer and painter (shot) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[Count Leopold Berchtold]], Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Tomitar\\u014d Horii]], Japanese general (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Hernando Siles Reyes]], Bolivian politician, 31st [[President of Bolivia]]\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Guido Masiero]], Italian World War\n        I flying ace and aviation pioneer (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Francesco Agello]],\n        Italian aviator (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Mihail Dragomirescu]],\n        Romanian aesthetician, theorist and critic (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Clarence Lee\n        Evans]], American naval officer, killed in battle at the [[Battle of Guadalcanal]]\n        (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Mohammad Ali Foroughi]], Iranian diplomat,\n        politician, teacher and writer, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Sigtryggur Jonasson]], Canadian politician (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[November 27]]\n        – [[Hermann Harms]], German botanist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 28]]\n        – [[Marceli Nowotko]], Polish activist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 29]]\n        – [[William Stamps Farish II]], American pioneer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** [[Buck Jones]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Anthony M. Rud]],\n        American writer (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Fran%C3%A7ois Darlan\n        1942 USA-MTO-NWA-p266.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Francois Darlan]]]]\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Wilhelm Junk]], Czechoslovakian natural historian, bibliographer\n        and entomologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Richard Tucker\n        (actor)|Richard Tucker]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n**\n        [[Karl Herxheimer]], German dermatologist (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Amos Rusie]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December\n        7]] – [[Orland Steen Loomis]], Governor of Wisconsin (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] \\n** [[Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia]] (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]], American architect (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[S\\u00e9raphine Louis]], French painter (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] \\n** [[Robert Danneberg]], Austrian politician (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Helen Westley]], American actress (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Hakeem\n        Fateh Mohammad Sehwani]], Indian scholar, poet, literary, journalist and politician\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Wlodimir Led\\u00f3chowski]], Polish [[Jesuit]] priest\n        and servant of God (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Carl Gustav\n        Fleischer]], Norwegian general (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Franz\n        Boas]], German anthropologist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Robert\n        Kosch]], Prussian general (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Konstantin\n        Balmont]], Soviet poet and translator (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Darlan]], French admiral and politician, 81st [[Prime Minister\n        of France]] (assassinated) (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[William\n        G. Morgan]], inventor of volleyball  (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Nevile Henderson]], British diplomat (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n*\n        [[Habib Pacha Es-Saad]], 3rd Prime Minister and 2nd President of Lebanon (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|33em}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1942-pictures.html\n        1942 coin pictures]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1942}}\\n\\n[[Category:1942| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T23:09:23Z\",\"lastrevid\":799802298,\"length\":100172,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1942&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942\"},\"34630\":{\"pageid\":34630,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1943\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T06:40:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1943|the 1987 arcade game|1943: The\n        Battle of Midway|the EP by Soul-Junk|1943 (EP)}}\\n{{Events by month|1943}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1943}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1943}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1943}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 WWII: The Soviet Union announces\n        that 22 German divisions have been encircled at [[Stalingrad]], with 175,000\n        killed and 137,650 captured.\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** WWII: Greek-Polish athlete\n        and saboteur [[Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz]] is executed by the Germans at [[Kaisariani]].\\n**\n        [[Culbert Olson]], 29th [[Governor of California]], is succeeded by [[Earl\n        Warren]].\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 The United States and United Kingdom give\n        up territorial rights in China.\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 36 people are executed\n        and 200 arrested in anti-[[Nazi]] protests in [[Sofia]].\\n* [[January 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[January 24|24]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Casablanca Conference]]: [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]], President of the United States; [[Winston Churchill]], Prime\n        Minister of the United Kingdom; and Generals [[Charles de Gaulle]] and [[Henri\n        Giraud]] of the [[Free French forces]] meet secretly at the Anfa Hotel in\n        [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]], to plan the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        European strategy for the next stage of the war.\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** WWII:\n        [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] \\u2013 [[Operation Ke]]: [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]ese\n        forces begin to withdraw from [[Guadalcanal]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].\\n**\n        The world''s largest office building, [[The Pentagon]], is dedicated in [[Arlington,\n        Virginia]].\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Iraq]] declares war on the [[Axis powers]].\\n*\n        [[January 18]]\\n** WWII: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] officials announce that the\n        [[Red Army]] has broken the [[Wehrmacht]]''s [[siege of Leningrad]] as part\n        of [[Operation Iskra]], opening a narrow land corridor to the city. [[Georgy\n        Zhukov]] is promoted to [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]].\\n** The first [[Warsaw\n        Ghetto Uprising]] begins.\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[January 23|23]] \\u2013\n        [[Legionnaires'' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom]] in the [[Kingdom of Romania]].\\n*\n        [[January 22]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Buna\\u2013Gona]] ends with American and\n        Australian forces securing control of the [[territory of Papua]].\\n** [[The\n        Holocaust]]: Over 4,000 Jews are detained in Nazi-occupied [[Marseille]] as\n        part of \\\"Action Tiger\\\" before being transported to [[extermination camp]]s\n        in Poland.\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** WWII: British forces capture [[Tripoli]]\n        from the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italians]].\\n** [[Duke Ellington]] plays at New\n        York City''s [[Carnegie Hall]] for the first time.\\n** American critic and\n        commentator [[Alexander Woollcott]] suffers an eventually fatal heart attack\n        during a regular broadcast of the [[CBS]] Radio [[Round table (discussion)|round-table]]\n        program ''''People''s Platform''''.\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 WWII: 50 bombers\n        mount the first all American [[airstrike|air raid]] against Germany: [[Wilhelmshaven]]\n        is the target.\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** Nazi German police arrest alleged [[necrophiliac]]\n        and [[serial killer]] [[Bruno L\\u00fcdke]].\\n** [[United States Marine Corps\n        Women''s Reserve]] (MCWR) created.\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[January 30|30]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Rennell Island]] \\u2013 The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]\n        resists the United States Navy''s attempt to interrupt the [[Operation Ke|withdrawal\n        of Japanese forces]] from [[Guadalcanal]] in the last major [[naval battle]]\n        of the [[Guadalcanal Campaign]].\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[January 31|31]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Wau]] \\u2013 Australian forces with United States\n        support resist a Japanese advance in the [[New Guinea campaign]].\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n{{Main article|February 1943}}\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 WWII: In Russia,\n        the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] comes to an end with the surrender of the [[6th\n        Army (Wehrmacht)|German 6th Army]].\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Four\n        Chaplains]] of the U.S. Army are among those drowned when their ship, {{SS|Dorchester||2}},\n        is struck by a German [[torpedo]] in the North Atlantic.\\n* [[February 5]]\n        \\u2013 Lt. General [[Frank M. Andrews]] is selected to command the U.S. armies\n        in Europe, while General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is assigned command in North\n        Africa. Andrews will serve only three months before dying in an airplane crash.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** North Atlantic [[convoy SC 118]] is attacked\n        by [[U-boat]]s, sinking eight ships.{{cite journal|author=((Waters, John\n        M. Jr., CAPT USCG)) |title=Stay Tough |publisher=United States Naval Institute\n        Proceedings |date=December 1966}}\\n** In the United States, it is announced\n        that shoe [[Rationing#Civilian rationing|rationing]] will go into effect in\n        two days.\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] in the\n        [[Solomon Islands]] ends with United States forces in command of [[Guadalcanal]],\n        the evacuation of Japanese forces in [[Operation Ke]] having been completed\n        two days earlier.\\n** [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]]\n        by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] begin with the [[Paro\\u015bla I massacre]]\n        within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]].\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[March\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]] (under arrest by forces of the [[British Raj]]\n        in [[Pune]] as a member of the [[Quit India Movement]]) keeps a hunger strike\n        to protest at his imprisonment.\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Rostov-on-Don]]\n        in Russia is liberated.\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[February 17|17]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Battle of Sidi Bou Zid]]: In the [[Tunisia Campaign]], German [[Panzer\n        division]]s commanded by [[Hans-J\\u00fcrgen von Arnim]] are victorious over\n        the United States Army.\\n*[[February 16]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Soviet Union]]\n        reconquers [[Kharkov]], but is later driven out in the [[Third Battle of Kharkov]].\\n*[[February\n        18]]\\n** In a [[Sportpalast speech|''''Sportpalast'''' speech]] in Berlin,\n        German Propaganda Minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] declares a \\\"[[total war]]\\\"\n        against the Allies, tacitly admitting that [[Nazi Germany]] faces serious\n        dangers.\\n** The [[Nazism|Nazis]] arrest the members of the [[White Rose]]\n        [[German resistance to Nazism|German Resistance]] movement.\\n* [[February\n        19]] \\u2013 [[February 25|25]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]]:\n        German General [[Erwin Rommel]]''s [[Afrika Korps]] and other [[Axis powers|Axis]]\n        forces launch an offensive against [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] defenses\n        in [[Tunisia]]; it is the United States'' first major battle defeat of the\n        war. On February 22 an Anglo-American force halts the German advance near\n        [[Thala, Tunisia|Thala]], forcing the Germans to retreat, US bombers harass\n        the retreating Panzers.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** American [[movie studio]] executives\n        agree to allow the [[Office of War Information]] to [[Censorship|censor]]\n        movies.\\n** The [[Par\\u00edcutin]] [[volcano]] begins to appear in a cornfield\n        in Mexico.{{cite web|url=http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Paricutin.html|title=The\n        Eruption of Par\\u00edcutin (1943\\u20131952)|work=How Volcanoes Work|accessdate=2012-10-23}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/img_paricutin.html|title=Par\\u00edcutin,\n        Mexico|work=Volcano World|accessdate=2012-10-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/onehundredyears/expeditions/Paricutin.html|title=Par\\u00edcutin:\n        The Birth of a Volcano|publisher=[[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural\n        History]]|accessdate=2012-10-23}}\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 WWII: North\n        Atlantic [[convoy ON 166]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking eleven ships.{{cite\n        book|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939\\u20131945|author=Rohwer, J.  |author2=Hummelchen,\n        G.|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1992|page=194|isbn=1-55750-105-X}}\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 Members of [[White Rose]] are executed in [[Nazi Germany]].\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[February 24|24]] \\u2013 [[Cavan Orphanage Fire]]:\n        35 girls and a cook from St Joseph''s [[Orphanage]], an [[Industrial Schools\n        in Ireland|industrial school]] at [[Cavan]], Ireland, are killed in a fire\n        in their dormitories. A subsequent inquiry absolves the [[Poor Clares]] of\n        blame.\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Smith Mine disaster]]: an explosion at\n        Smith Mine #3 in [[Bearcreek, Montana]], United States kills 74 coal miners.\\n*\n        [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Operation Gunnerside]]: 6 Norwegians led by [[Joachim\n        R\\u00f8nneberg]] successfully attack the [[heavy water]] plant at [[Vemork]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1943}}\\n[[File:A20BismarckSea.jpg|thumb|A low level attack on\n        a Japanese ship during the [[Battle of the Bismarck Sea]]]]\\n[[File:Krakow\n        Ghetto 06694.jpg|thumb|Jewish prisoners being deported from the [[Krak\\u00f3w\n        Ghetto]]]]\\n* March \\u2013 Publication in New York of exiled French aviator\n        [[Antoine de Saint-Exup\\u00e9ry]]''s self-illustrated children''s [[novella]]\n        ''''[[The Little Prince]]'''', the all-time [[List of best-selling books|best-selling\n        book]] originated in French.\\n* March\\u2013December \\u2013 [[History of computing\n        hardware]]: Construction of British prototype Mark I [[Colossus computer]],\n        the world''s first totally ''''electronic'''' programmable computing device,\n        to assist in [[cryptanalysis]] of German signals at [[Bletchley Park]].{{cite\n        book|year=2006|editor-last=Copeland|editor-first=B. Jack|title=Colossus: the\n        Secrets of Bletchley Park''s Codebreaking Computers|publisher=Oxford University\n        Press|isbn=978-0-19-284055-4}}\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Heinz Guderian]]\n        becomes the Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the [[German Army\n        (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013[[March 2|2]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Koriukivka massacre]] \\u2013 Mass murder of 6,700 inhabitants of [[Koriukivka]]\n        in the [[Ukraine]] by a [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[SS]] unit.\\n* [[March 2]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of the Bismarck Sea]] \\u2013 United States and Australian\n        forces sink Japanese convoy ships.\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 173 people are killed\n        in a crush while trying to enter an [[air-raid shelter]] at [[Bethnal Green\n        tube station|Bethnal Green, London]].\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 The [[15th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held in Los Angeles. ''''[[Mrs. Miniver (film)|Mrs. Miniver]]''''\n        wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] award.\\n* [[March\n        5]] \\u2013 The [[Gloster Meteor]], the first operational military [[jet aircraft]]\n        for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], has its first test flight, in England.\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[March 10|10]] \\u2013 WWII: North Atlantic [[convoy SC\n        121]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking seven ships.{{cite book|title=Chronology\n        of the War at Sea 1939\\u20131945|author=Rohwer, J.  |author2=Hummelchen, G.|publisher=Naval\n        Institute Press|year=1992|page=196|isbn=1-55750-105-X}}\\n* [[March 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]] forms the new government of\n        Turkey (14th government; \\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu had served twice\n        as a prime minister).\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Banco Bradesco]] is founded\n        in [[Mar\\u00edlia]], [[S\\u00e3o Paulo]], Brazil.\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[The\n        Holocaust]]: [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] forces liquidate the Jews of the\n        [[Krak\\u00f3w Ghetto]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|Occupied Poland]].\\n*\n        [[March 14]] \\u2013 WWII: British submarine [[HMS Thetis (N25)|HMS ''''Thunderbolt'''']]\n        is sunk off [[Sicily]] by an Italian [[corvette]], the second time this vessel\n        has been lost with all hands.{{cite web|title=HMS Thunderbolt (N 25)|work=uboat.net|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3485.html|accessdate=2010-10-21}}{{cite\n        book|first1=C. E. T.|last1=Warren|first2=James|last2=Benson|title=\\\"The Admiralty\n        regrets ...\\\": the story of His Majesty''s submarine Thetis and Thunderbolt|location=London|publisher=Harrap|year=1958}}\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[Italian submarine Leonardo da Vinci|Italian\n        submarine ''''Leonardo da Vinci'''']] sinks the [[Canadian Pacific Railway|Canadian\n        Pacific]] [[Ocean liner|liner]] [[RMS Empress of Canada (1920)|RMS ''''Empress\n        of Canada'''']] off [[Sierra Leone]]. Nearly half of the 392 fatalities are\n        Italian [[prisoners of war]].\\n** German forces recapture [[Kharkov]] after\n        four days of house-to-house fighting against [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops,\n        ending the month-long [[Third Battle of Kharkov]].\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[March 19|19]] \\u2013 WWII: 22 ships from [[Convoys HX 229/SC 122]] and one\n        U-boat are sunk in the largest North Atlantic U-boat \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\"\n        attack of the war.\\n* [[March 17]] ([[Saint Patrick''s Day]]) \\u2013 [[\\u00c9amon\n        de Valera]], [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]], makes the speech\n        \\\"[[The Ireland That We Dreamed Of]]\\\", commonly called the \\\"comely maidens\\\"\n        speech, in [[Dublin Castle]].\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Khatyn massacre]]\n        \\u2013 The entire population of [[Khatyn]] in [[Belarus]] is burnt alive by\n        the German occupation forces.\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 The drugs [[Vicodin]]\n        and [[Lortab]] are first produced in Germany.\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Battle of the Komandorski Islands]]: In the [[Aleutian Islands]], the battle\n        begins when [[United States Navy]] forces intercept Japanese troops attempting\n        to reinforce a garrison at [[Kiska]].\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 WWII: British\n        [[Royal Navy]] [[escort carrier]] {{HMS|Dasher|D37}} is destroyed by an accidental\n        explosion in the [[Firth of Clyde]], killing 379 of the crew of 528.\\n* [[March\n        28]] \\u2013 In Italy a ship full of weapons and ammunition explodes in the\n        port of [[Naples]], killing 600.\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Richard Rodgers|Rodgers]]\n        and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Oklahoma!]]'''' opens on\n        [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], heralds a new era in \\\"integrated\\\" stage musicals,\n        becomes an instantaneous stage classic, and goes on to be Broadway''s longest-running\n        musical up to that time (1948).\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1943}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]] \\u2013 Shipwrecked steward [[Poon Lim]] is rescued by Brazilian\n        fishermen after being adrift for 130 days.\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 WWII: Radio\n        Berlin announces the discovery by [[Wehrmacht]] of mass graves of Poles killed\n        by Soviets in the [[Katyn massacre]].\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[Albert Hofmann]]\n        self-administers the psychedelic drug [[LSD]] (which he first synthesized\n        in [[1938]]) for the first time in history, and records the details of his\n        experience.[http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child1.htm How LSD Originated],\n        Albert Hofmann. {{Main article|History of lysergic acid diethylamide}}\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: The [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] begins when Nazi troops\n        enter the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] to round up remaining Jews.\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013\n        WWII: Worst bombing of [[Aberdeen]], Scotland, killing 125 people.[http://news.stv.tv/north/222033-aberdeen-suffered-its-own-blitzkrieg-70-years-ago-this-weekend\n        Bombing of Aberdeen], news.stv.tv; accessed 6 December 2014.\\n** The\n        first Tiger 1is captured by Allied forces, Tiger No.131 is captured in North\n        Africa by British Forces\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Easter]] occurs on the latest\n        possible date (last time [[1886]]; next time [[2038]]) in the [[Western Christianity|Western\n        Christian Church]].\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 The [[Easter Riots]] in [[Uppsala]],\n        [[Sweden]].\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 The U.S. [[Federal Writers'' Project]]\n        ceases operation.\\n* [[April 30]] - The birth of [[Paul Jennings]]\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1943}}\\n[[File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 08.jpg|thumb|This\n        photograph, from the [[Stroop Report]], shows captured fighters in the [[Warsaw\n        Ghetto Uprising]].]]\\n[[File:Mohne Dam Breached.jpg|thumb|The [[M\\u00f6hne\n        Dam]] breached following [[Operation Chastise]], carried out by the [[No.\n        617 Squadron RAF|\\\"Dambusters\\\"]] of the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]].]]\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 WWII: Six U-boats are sunk after sinking 12 ships from [[Convoy\n        ONS 5]] in the last major North Atlantic U-boat \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\"\n        attack of the war.\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[May 12|12]] \\u2013 Japanese troops\n        carry out the [[Changjiao massacre]] in Changjiao, [[Hunan]], China.\\n* [[May\n        11]] \\u2013 WWII: American troops invade [[Attu Island|Attu]] in the [[Aleutian\n        Islands]], in an attempt to expel occupying Japanese forces.\\n* [[May 12]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Trident Conference]] begins in Washington, D.C., with [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] taking part.\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013\n        WWII: German [[Afrika Korps]] and Italian troops in North Africa surrender\n        to [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces.\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** The [[AHS Centaur|Australian\n        Hospital Ship ''''Centaur'''']] is sunk off the coast of Queensland by {{ship|Japanese\n        submarine |I-177}}, killing 268 of the 332 medical personnel and civilian\n        crew aboard.\\n** [[358th Bombardment Squadron]], [[303d Bombardment Group]]\n        [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants#B-17F|B-17F]] ''''Hell''s Angels''''\n        is the first [[USAAF]] [[bomber]] to complete 25 missions.\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013\n        The [[Comintern]] is dissolved in Moscow.\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[May 17|17]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Chastise]] (the ''Dambuster Raid'') takes place:\n        [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]] use [[bouncing bomb]]s to breach German dams in the\n        [[Ruhr Valley]].\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Holocaust]]: The [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]]\n        ends.\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[United States Army]] contracts\n        with the [[University of Pennsylvania]]''s Moore School to develop the computer\n        [[ENIAC]].\\n** The ''''[[Memphis Belle (aircraft)|Memphis Belle''s]]'''' crew\n        becomes the first aircrew in the [[8th Air Force]] to complete its 25-mission\n        tour of duty. The aircraft and crew are the first to return to the U.S. intact\n        for a War Bond drive.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Winston Churchill]] addresses\n        a [[joint session of the United States Congress]].\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Norman\n        Rockwell]]''s illustration of ''''[[Rosie the Riveter]]'''' first appears\n        on the cover of ''''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''''.\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Dr. [[Josef Mengele]] begins his service as a medical officer\n        in the [[Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1943}}\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[BOAC Flight 777]], a [[DC-3]] with\n        registration G-AGBB (formerly [[KLM]] PH-ALI, ''''Ibis''''), on a scheduled\n        passenger flight, is shot down over the [[Bay of Biscay]] by eight German\n        [[Junkers Ju 88]]s; all 17 persons aboard perish, including the actor [[Leslie\n        Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]]. There is speculation that the downing is an\n        attempt to kill the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], [[Winston Churchill]],\n        as the Germans may have had wrong information he was aboard.\\n* [[June 3]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Zoot Suit Riots]] erupt between military personnel and Mexican\n        American youths in East Los Angeles.{{cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi07t.htm|title=Los\n        Angeles Zoot Suit Riots|work=Los Angeles Almanac}}\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013\n        A military [[1943 Argentine coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Argentina]]\n        ousts [[Ram\\u00f3n Castillo]].\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Japanese battleship\n        Mutsu|Japanese battleship ''''Mutsu'''']] is destroyed by an accidental magazine\n        explosion in [[Hashirajima]] anchorage\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[June 23|23]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Detroit race riot of 1943]] in the United States kills 34 people\n        \\u2013 25 African Americans, nine whites \\u2013 wounds hundreds more and damages\n        and destroys property worth millions.{{cite web|url=http://life.time.com/history/detroit-race-riots-1943-photos-from-a-city-in-turmoil-during-wwii/#1|title=Hatred\n        on the Home Front: The Detroit Race Riots During WWII|first=Ben|last=Cosgrove|work=Time\n        Life|date=2014-06-18|accessdate=2016-11-29}}\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        British saboteurs blow up the strategically significant railway viaduct at\n        [[Asopos]] in Greece.\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[45th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]] lands in North Africa,\n        prior to training at [[Arzew]], French Morocco.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 United\n        States [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] abolished.\\n* June (late) \\u2013 [[The\n        Holocaust]]: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec\n        extermination camp]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|Occupied Poland]]\n        (for gassing at [[Sobib\\u00f3r extermination camp|Sobib\\u00f3r]]) and for\n        the remainder of the year the [[Nazism|Nazis]] make efforts to obliterate\n        the site.{{cite book|first=Yitzhak|last=Arad|title=Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka:\n        The Operation Reinhard Death Camps|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|year=1999|page=371|isbn=0-253-21305-3}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191|publisher=[[United\n        States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Belzec|work=Holocaust Encyclopedia|accessdate=2013-01-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107184303/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191|archivedate=2012-01-07|df=mdy}}\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:SC180476.jpg|thumb|The\n        U.S. [[Liberty ship]] SS ''''Robert Rowan'''' explodes during the [[Allied\n        invasion of Sicily]], July 11, 1943.]]\\n[[File:Bombing of Hamburg.ogg|thumb|The\n        [[bombing of Hamburg in WWII|bombing of Hamburg]] during 1943.]]\\n[[File:Wladyslaw\n        Sikorski 2.jpg|thumb|Wladyslaw Sikorski, Polish military and political leader\n        of the polish government in exile during World War 2]]\\n{{Main article|July\n        1943}}\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 United States [[Women''s Army Corps]] (WAC) converted\n        to full status.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash]]: The aircraft\n        carrying General [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Sikorski]], Prime Minister of the [[Polish\n        government-in-exile]], crashes, killing him and fifteen others, leading to\n        [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Sikorski''s death controversy|a lasting controversy\n        over the circumstances]].\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Kursk]]\n        \\u2013 The largest tank battle in history begins.\\n** A fleet sets sail for\n        the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]].\\n** Conclusion of the [[National Bands\n        Agreement]] in Greece.\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 WWII: Americans and Japanese fight\n        the [[Battle of Kula Gulf]] off [[Kolombangara]].\\n* [[July 10]] (0245 GMT\n        (4:45 am local time)) \\u2013 WWII: [[Allied invasion of Sicily]]: The [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[Axis powers|Axis]]-controlled Europe\n        begins with landings on the island of [[Sicily]] off mainland Italy by the\n        [[Seventh United States Army]] and the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British\n        Eighth Army]] including the [[1st Canadian Infantry Division]].\\n* [[July\n        11]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[United States Army]] forces make an assault on Piano\n        Lupo, just outside [[Gela]], [[Sicily]].\\n** [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia\n        and Eastern Galicia]] by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] within the [[Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine]] ([[Volhynia]]) peak.\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 WWII: Main engagement\n        of the [[Battle of Prokhorovka]] \\u2013 The [[Wehrmacht]] and the [[Red Army]]\n        fight to a draw in one of the largest tank battles in [[military history]].\\n*\n        [[July 19]] \\u2013 WWII: Rome is bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]\n        for the first time in the war.\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Gomorrha]]\n        begins: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb [[Hamburg]] by night; the American\n        planes bomb the city by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000\n        tons of explosives will have killed more than 42,000 people and destroyed\n        280,000 buildings.\\n[[File:Mussolini mezzobusto.jpg|200px|thumb|Mussolini]]\\n*\n        [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Benito Mussolini]], the Fascist [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        since 1922, is arrested after the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] withdraws its\n        support. \\\"Il Duce\\\" is replaced by General [[Pietro Badoglio]].\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:B-24D''s\n        fly over Polesti during World War II.jpg|thumb|B-24d''s fly over [[Ploie\\u015fti]]\n        during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].]]\\n[[File:Quebec conference 1943.png|thumb|[[William\n        Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston\n        Churchill]] at the [[Quebec Conference, 1943|1943 Quebec Conference]].]]\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1943}}\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Operation Tidal Wave]]: 177\n        [[B-24 Liberator]] bombers from the [[U.S. Army Air Force]] bomb oil refineries\n        at [[Ploie\\u0219ti|Ploie\\u0219ti, Romania]].\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[John F. Kennedy]]''s [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109|Motor Torpedo Boat ''''PT-109'''']]\n        is rammed by a destroyer.\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[aircraft carrier]]\n        {{USS|Intrepid|CV-11}} is launched at [[Newport News, Virginia]].\\n* [[August\n        5]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** United States [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] (WASPs)\n        formed, consolidating the [[Women''s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron]] (WAFS)\n        and [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] (WFTD).\\n** [[John F. Kennedy]] and\n        crew are found by [[Solomon Islands]] [[coastwatchers]] [[Biuku Gasa and Eroni\n        Kumana]] with their [[dugout canoe]].\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle\n        of Vella Gulf]]: Americans defeat a Japanese convoy off [[Kolombangara]],\n        as the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] drives the Japanese out of Munda airfield\n        on [[New Georgia]].\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 WWII: Rome is declared an [[open\n        city]] by the Italian government, with Italy offering to demilitarize the\n        capital in return for an Allied agreement not to bomb the city further.\\\"Badolgio\n        Declares Rome An ''Open City'', ''''Pittsburgh Press'''', August 15, 1943,\n        p. 1\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 The [[Quebec Conference, 1943|Quadrant\n        Conference]] begins in [[Quebec City]]; Canadian [[Prime Minister]] [[MacKenzie\n        King]] meets with [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].\\n*\n        [[August 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[US 7th Army]] under General [[George\n        S. Patton]] meets the [[British 8th Army]] under [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st\n        Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|General Montgomery]] in [[Messina, Sicily]],\n        completing the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]].\\n** [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation\n        Hydra]]: The British [[Royal Air Force]] sets out to bomb the [[Peenem\\u00fcnde\n        Army Research Center]] to disrupt the German [[V-weapons]] programme.\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Battle of Kursk]] ends with a serious strategic defeat\n        for the German forces.\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 WWII: \\u2013 [[Heinrich Himmler]]\n        is named Reichminister of the Interior in Germany .\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]]\n        named Supreme Allied Commander for Southeast Asia.\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013\n        WWII: King [[Boris III of Bulgaria]] dies under suspicious circumstances;\n        his 6-year-old son, [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]] (who would be elected\n        in 2001 as Prime Minister under the name Simeon Sakskoburggotski), ascends\n        to the throne.\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Occupation of Denmark]] \\u2013\n        Germany dissolves the Danish government after it refuses to deal with a wave\n        of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1943}}\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Allied invasion\n        of Italy]]: Mainland Italy is invaded by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        forces under General Sir [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of\n        Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]], for the first time in the war.\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 WWII: The 503rd Parachute Regiment under American General [[Douglas\n        MacArthur]] lands and occupies Nadzab, just east of the port city of [[Lae]]\n        in northeastern [[Papua New Guinea]].\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[Gulf Hotel\n        fire]]: A fire at the Gulf Hotel in [[Houston, Texas]] kills 55.\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\n** WWII: United States General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] publicly announces\n        the surrender of Italy to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n** WWII:\n        [[Frascati air raid]]: The USAAF bombs the German General Headquarters for\n        the Mediterranean zone.\\n** The first classes commence at [[Grace University]]\n        in [[Omaha, Nebraska]].\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Bertolt Brecht]]''s play\n        ''''[[Life of Galileo]]'''' ({{Lang-de|Leben des Galilei}}) receives its first\n        theatrical production at the [[Schauspielhaus Z\\u00fcrich]].\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Gran Sasso raid]] \\u2013 German paratroopers rescue Mussolini\n        from imprisonment, in ''''Unternehmen Eiche'''' (\\\"Operation Oak\\\").\\n* [[September\n        16]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Salerno Mutiny]] occurs when soldiers of the [[British\n        Army]]''s [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] refuse postings to new units.\\n*\n        [[September 17]] \\u2013 WWII: Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny \\u2013 a group\n        of pro-[[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisan]] soldiers led by [[Ferid D\\u017eani\\u0107]]\n        and others within the [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar\n        (1st Croatian)]] training in [[Occupied France]] rise against [[Nazi Germany|Nazi\n        German]] troops in the Division; the revolt is rapidly suppressed.\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[October 2]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Landing at Scarlet Beach]] on the\n        [[Huon Peninsula]] of [[New Guinea]] by Allied forces, the first time Australian\n        troops have made an opposed amphibious landing since the [[Gallipoli Campaign]]\n        of [[1915]]. \\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Italian Social Republic]]\n        (\\\"Republic of Sal\\u00f2\\\") is founded in northern Italy as a [[puppet state]]\n        of [[Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Four days of Naples]]\n        begins: a popular uprising drives German occupying forces from the city.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1943}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 WWII: United States forces\n        enter liberated [[Naples]].\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 WWII: Nazi [[Wehrmacht]]\n        forces commit the [[Lyngiades massacre]] in northwest Greece as an arbitrary\n        reprisal.\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the [[naval\n        Battle of Vella Lavella]].\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[1943 Naples\n        post-office bombing|Naples post-office bombing]] kills 100.\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        WWII: [[Double Tenth incident]] ([[Japanese occupation of Singapore]]): The\n        Japanese military police, the [[Kempeitai]], arrest and torture more than\n        50 civilians and civilian internees on false suspicion of their involvement\n        in a raid on [[Singapore]] Harbour during [[Operation Jaywick]]. \\n** The\n        [[Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union)|Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky]]\n        is instituted in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 WWII: The\n        new government of Italy sides with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and\n        declares war on Germany.\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** WWII: During the [[Second Raid\n        on Schweinfurt]], the United States [[Eighth Air Force]] suffers so many losses\n        that it loses [[air supremacy]] over Germany for several months.\\n** [[The\n        Holocaust]]: Uprising in [[Sobib\\u00f3r extermination camp]]; about half the\n        inmates escape. Three days later, the camp is closed.\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 P. Laurel]]\n        takes the oath of office as President of the [[Philippines]] ([[Second Philippine\n        Republic]]).\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The last [[commerce raider]]\n        [[German auxiliary cruiser Michel|''''hilfskreuzer Michel'''']], is sunk off\n        Japan by United States [[submarine]] [[USS Tarpon (SS-175)|''''Tarpon'''']].{{cite\n        book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|ISBN=0-13-354027-8|page=276}}\\n**\n        Completion of the [[Burma Railway]] between [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] and\n        [[Yangon|Rangoon]], Burma (modern-day [[Myanmar]]) ({{convert|415|km|mi|abbr=on}})\n        by the [[Empire of Japan]] to support its forces in the [[Burma campaign]]\n        using the [[forced labour]] of Asian civilians and [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        [[Prisoners of war]].\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Chiang Kai-shek]] takes the\n        oath of office as [[President of the Republic of China|Chairman of the National\n        Government of China]].\\n* [[October 19]]  \\u2013 WWII: Allied aircraft sink\n        the German-controlled cargo ship {{MS|Sinfra}} in the Mediterranean, killing\n        over 2,000 people, mostly [[Italian military internees]].\\n* [[October 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lucie Aubrac]] and others in her [[French Resistance]] cell liberate\n        [[Raymond Aubrac]] from [[Gestapo]] imprisonment.\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013\n        WWII: The British [[Royal Air Force]] delivers a highly destructive airstrike\n        on the German industrial and population center of [[Kassel]]; at least 10,000\n        are killed and 150,000 are made homeless. See [[Bombing of Kassel in World\n        War II]].\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 WWII: British [[Royal Navy]] [[destroyer]]\n        {{HMS|Eclipse|H08}} is sunk by a mine in the [[Aegean Sea]] with the loss\n        of 119 of the ship''s company and 134 troops.{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-21E-Eclipse.htm|title=HMS\n        ''''Eclipse'''', destroyer|work=naval-history.net|accessdate=2013-01-15}}\\n*\n        [[October 28]] \\u2013 Alleged date of the [[Philadelphia Experiment]], in\n        which the [[destroyer escort]] {{USS|Eldridge|DE-173}} was supposed to be\n        rendered invisible to human observers for a brief period.\\n* [[October 30]]\\n**\n        WWII: Signing of [[Moscow Declarations]]: the [[Declaration of the Four Nations]]\n        on general security, by the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and\n        Republic of China; and the Declarations on Italy, Austria and Atrocities by\n        the first three governments.\\n** The [[Merrie Melodies]] [[animated cartoon]]\n        ''''[[Falling Hare]]'''', one of the only [[Short film|short]]s with [[Bugs\n        Bunny]] getting out-smarted, is released in the United States.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1943}}\\n[[File:Cairo conference.jpg|thumb|[[Chiang Kai-shek]],\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] at the [[Cairo Conference]],\n        25 November 1943.]]\\n[[File:Lebanese flag.JPG|thumb|The first [[Flag of Lebanon|Lebanese\n        flag]] hand drawn and signed by the deputies of the Lebanese parliament, November\n        11, 1943. The [[French Mandate of Lebanon|French Mandate]] ends and [[Lebanon]]\n        gains independence in November 1943.]]\\n[[File:Teheran conference-1943.jpg|thumb|[[Joseph\n        Stalin]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Winston Churchill]] on the verandah\n        of the Soviet Embassy in [[Tehran]] during the [[Tehran Conference]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Goodtime]]: [[United States Marines]]\n        land on [[Bougainville Island]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].\\n* [[November\n        2]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** In the early morning hours, American and Japanese ships\n        fight the inconclusive [[Battle of Empress Augusta Bay]] off [[Bougainville\n        Island]].\\n** WWII: British troops in Italy reach the [[Garigliano River]].\\n*\n        [[November 3]] \\u2013 Holocaust: As part of [[Aktion Erntefest|Operation Harvest\n        Festival]], the single largest massacre of Jews in the entire war took place\n        when over 43,000 Jews were shot or machine-gunned to death by the [[SS]].\\n*\n        [[November 5]] WWII: First [[Bombing of the Vatican]]: Four bombs are dropped\n        on the neutral [[Vatican City]]; the aircraft responsible is never certainly\n        identified.\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/431109a.html\n        Agreement] for foundation of the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation\n        Administration]] signed by 44 countries in the [[White House]], Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 Execution of the [[L\\u00fcbeck martyrs]], four\n        men of religion, for supposedly treasonable views.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Leonard Bernstein]], substituting at the last minute for ailing principal\n        conductor [[Bruno Walter]], directs the [[New York Philharmonic]] in its regular\n        Sunday afternoon broadcast concert over [[CBS]] Radio. The event receives\n        front-page coverage in ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' the following day.\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Porajmos]]: German [[SS]] leader [[Heinrich Himmler]]\n        orders that [[Romani people|Gypsies]] and \\\"part-Gypsies\\\" be put \\\"on the\n        same level as Jews and placed in [[Nazi concentration camps]].\\\"\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** WWII: After flying from Britain, 160 American bombers [[Norwegian\n        heavy water sabotage|strike]] a [[hydro-electric power]] facility and [[heavy\n        water]] factory in German-controlled [[Vemork]], Norway.\\n** WWII: A Japanese\n        [[submarine]] sinks the surfaced U.S. submarine {{USS|Corvina|SS-226|6}} near\n        [[Chuuk Lagoon]] (Truk).\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Berlin\n        (RAF campaign)|Battle of Berlin]] \\u2013 The British [[Royal Air Force]] opens\n        its bombing campaign against Berlin with 440 planes causing only light damage\n        and killing 131. The RAF loses 9 aircraft and 53 aviators.\\n* [[November 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[The Holocaust]]: Inmates of [[Janowska concentration camp]] near\n        [[Lw\\u00f3w]] (at this time in [[History of Poland (1939\\u201345)|German-occupied\n        Poland]]), stage a failed uprising, after which the [[SS]] liquidates the\n        camp, resulting in at least 6,000 deaths.\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Battle of Tarawa]]: [[United States Marines]] land on [[Tarawa Atoll|Tarawa]]\n        and [[Makin (islands)|Makin]] [[atoll]]s in the [[Gilbert Islands]] ([[Kiribati]]\n        from [[1979]]) and take heavy fire from Japanese shore guns.\\n* [[November\n        22]] \\u2013[[November 26|26]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Cairo Conference]] (\\\"Sextant\\\")\n        \\u2013 [[President of the United States]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Prime\n        Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Chairman of the\n        National Government of China]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] meet at [[Cairo]] in Egypt\n        to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the [[Pacific War]].\\n* [[November 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lebanon]] gains independence on ending of the [[French Mandate for\n        Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]].\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 The [[Deutsches\n        Opernhaus]] on Bismarckstra\\u00dfe in the Berlin district of [[Charlottenburg]]\n        is destroyed in an air raid (It is reopened in [[1961]] as the [[Deutsche\n        Oper Berlin]]).\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 WWII: Americans and Japanese fight\n        the naval [[Battle of Cape St. George]] between [[Buka Island|Buka]] and [[New\n        Ireland (island)|New Ireland]].\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 WWII: British [[troopship]]\n        [[HMT Rohna|HMT ''''Rohna'''']] is sunk off the north African coast by a ''''[[Luftwaffe]]''''\n        [[Henschel Hs 293]] radio controlled [[glide bomb]] killing 1015.{{cite\n        book|first=Barbara|last=Tomblin|title=With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations\n        in the Mediterranean, 1942\\u20131945|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2004|pages=308\\u2013310}}{{cite\n        book|first=Carlton|last=Jackson|title=Forgotten Tragedy: The Sinking of HMT\n        Rohna|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1997}}\\n* [[November 28]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Tehran Conference]]: U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],\n        British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]]\n        meet in [[Tehran]] to discuss war strategy. On [[November 30]], they establish\n        an agreement concerning a planned June 1944 invasion of Europe codenamed [[Operation\n        Overlord]].\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 The second session of [[AVNOJ]], the\n        Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of [[Yugoslavia]], is held in\n        [[Jajce]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], to determine the post-war ordering\n        of the country.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1943}}\\n* [[December\n        2]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Bari#The 1943 chemical warfare disaster|Bari chemical warfare\n        disaster]]: A surprise [[Luftwaffe]] [[air raid on Bari]] in Italy sinks 28\n        [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] ships in the harbor, including the American\n        [[Liberty ship]] {{SS|John Harvey}}, releasing its secret cargo of [[mustard\n        gas]] bombs, inflating the number of casualties.{{cite book|first=Glenn\n        B.|last=Infield|title=Disaster at Bari|year=1967}}\\n* [[December 3]]\\n**\n        In reprisal for an act of sabotage, the [[SS]] and [[Gestapo]] execute 100\n        [[Warsaw Tramway]] workers.{{cite web|title=December 3rd, 1943|url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/andrew.etherington/1943/12/03.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15}}\\n**\n        [[Edward R. Murrow]] delivers his classic \\\"Orchestrated Hell\\\" broadcast\n        over [[CBS]] Radio, describing a [[Royal Air Force]] nighttime bombing raid\n        on Berlin.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** WWII: In [[Yugoslavia]], resistance leader\n        Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]] proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav\n        government-in-exile.\\n** The [[Great Depression]] officially ends in the United\n        States: With unemployment figures falling fast due to WWII-related employment,\n        U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] closes the [[Works Progress Administration]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Bolivia]] declares war on [[Romania]] and Hungary.\\n* [[December 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chiara Lubich]] starts the humanitarian [[Focolare Movement]] in\n        [[Trento]], Italy.\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Massacre of Kalavryta]]:\n        The occupying [[117th J\\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)]] machine-gun all adult\n        males from [[Kalavryta]] in Greece, subsequently burning the town.\\n* [[December\n        15]] \\u2013 WWII: American and Australian forces began the [[Battle of Arawe]]\n        as a diversion before a larger landing at [[Cape Gloucester]] on [[New Britain]]\n        in Papua New Guinea.\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 A [[military coup]] is staged\n        in [[Bolivia]].\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 WWII: U.S. General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        becomes [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]]. He establishes [[Supreme Headquarters\n        Allied Expeditionary Force]] in London.\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Subhas\n        Chandra Bose]] sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at [[Port Blair]],\n        India.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal Famine]].\\n*\n        [[History of the cooperative movement]]: Father [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Arizmendiarrieta]]\n        sets up a polytechnic school at [[Mondrag\\u00f3n]] in the [[Spanish Basque\n        Country]] (predecessor of the [[University of Mondrag\\u00f3n]]) which inspires\n        creation of the [[Mondragon Corporation]].\\n* [[Arana Hall]], a residential\n        college of the [[University of Otago]] in [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, is founded.\\n*\n        [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] co-invents, with [[\\u00c9mile Gagnan]], the first\n        commercially successful open circuit type of [[Scuba set|scuba diving equipment]],\n        the [[Aqua-lung]].\\\"Year by Year 1943\\\" \\u2013 [[History Channel International]].\\n*\n        Publication of [[Martin Noth]]''s groundbreaking work of [[Old Testament]]\n        scholarship ''''\\u00dcberlieferungsgeschichtliche Studien: Die sammelnden\n        und bearbeitenden Geschichtswerke im Alten Testament''''.[Schriften der\n        K\\u00f6nigsberger Gelehrten-Gesellschaft: Geisteswissenschaftliche Klasse;\n        18,2 (trans: \\\"Writings of the K\\u00f6nigsberg Scholarly Society: Spiritual\n        Scientific Class No. 18.2\\\")]: ([[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] [\\\"Halle an\n        der Saale\\\"]: M. Niemeyer, 1943.)\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ren\\u00e9\n        Pr\\u00e9val on March 31, 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ren\\u00e9 Pr\\u00e9val]]]]\\n[[File:Janis\n        Joplin seated 1970.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Janis Joplin]]]]\\n[[File:Margriet von\n        Oranien-Nassau.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Mar\\u00edlia\n        P\\u00eara, 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|Mar\\u00edlia P\\u00eara]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Stanley Kamel]], American actor (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Don Novello]] (aka \\\"[[Father\n        Guido Sarducci]]\\\"), American comedian\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Bar\\u0131\\u015f\n        Man\\u00e7o]], Turkish singer and television personality (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]], American writer\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Terry Venables]], English football manager\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Sadako\n        Sasaki]], Japanese [[leukemia|atomic bomb sickness]] victim (d. [[1955]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Freddie Starr]], British comedian and singer\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Jim Croce]], American surburbia musician (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Jim Hightower]], American radio host and author\\n* [[January\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Richard Moll]], American television actor\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Ralph M. Steinman]], Canadian immunologist and cell biologist; Nobel laureate\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Holland Taylor]], American actress\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis\n        Rodr\\u00edguez (singer)|Jos\\u00e9 Luis Rodr\\u00edguez]], Venezuelan singer\\n*\n        [[January 15]] \\u2013 Dame [[Margaret Beckett]], British politician\\n* [[January\n        16]] - [[Peter T. Snowe]], American politician and businessman (d. [[1973]])\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9 Pr\\u00e9val]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Haiti]]\n        and 38th and 40th [[President of Haiti]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Kay Granger]], American politician\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Janis Joplin]],\n        American rock singer (d. [[1970]])\\n** [[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands]]\\n**\n        [[Haruo Yasuda]], Japanese gollfer\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Mel Hague]],\n        English singer and author\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Tam\\u00e1s Cseh]], Hungarian\n        composer, singer and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00edlia P\\u00eara]], Brazilian\n        actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Janice Raymond]], American second-wave\n        feminist activist\\n** [[Sharon Tate]], American actress and model murdered\n        by the [[Charles Manson|\\\"Manson Family\\\"]] (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n**\n        [[Dagmar Berghoff]], German radio and television presenter\\n** [[Roy Black\n        (singer)|Roy Black]], German singer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Tobe Hooper]], American\n        film director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[C\\u00e9sar Guti\\u00e9rrez]],\n        Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Beck (actor)|John Beck]], American actor\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Tony Blackburn]], British radio disc jockey\\n** [[Rudy Regalado (musician)|Rudy\n        Regalado]], Venezuelan musician (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Blythe\n        Danner - 1980.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Blythe Danner]]]]\\n[[File:JoePesci-2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe\n        Pesci]]]]\\n[[File:Koehlerhorst08032007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Horst K\\u00f6hler]]]]\\n[[File:George\n        Harrison 1974 edited.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Harrison]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erkan Geni\\u015f]], Turkish artist\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Blythe\n        Danner]], American actress\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Alberto Jo\\u00e3o Jardim]],\n        Portuguese politician\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Nolan Bushnell]], American video\n        game pioneer\\n** [[Michael Mann (director)|Michael Mann]], American film director,\n        writer, and producer\\n** [[Craig Morton]], American football player\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[Gareth Hunt]], English actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[Creed Bratton]], American actor and musician\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Joe Pesci]], American actor\\n** [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Mohammad Rafiquzzaman]], Bangladeshi lyricist\\n* [[February\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Wac\\u0142aw Kisielewski]], Polish pianist (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Maceo Parker]], American musician ([[James Brown]], [[P-Funk]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Elke Heidenreich]], German author, TV presenter and\n        journalist\\n* [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Graeme Garden]], Scottish writer, comedian,\n        and actor\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Homer Hickam]], American author and retired\n        [[NASA]] engineer\\n** [[Tim Hunt]], British biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Moshe Cotel]],\n        American composer and pianist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Antonio Inoki]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Mike Leigh]], British film director\\n* [[February\n        21]] \\u2013 [[David Geffen]], American record executive and film producer\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Horst K\\u00f6hler]], [[President of Germany|President\n        of the Federal Republic of Germany]]\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Fred Biletnikoff]],\n        American football player and coach\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Hristo Prodanov]],\n        Bulgarian mountaineer\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[George Harrison]], British\n        singer and guitarist ([[The Beatles]]) (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Bill Duke]], American actor and director\\n** [[Darcus Howe]], Trinidadian-born\n        British civil rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Morten\n        Lauridsen]], American composer\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Donnie Iris]],\n        American rock singer and guitarist ([[The Jaggerz]], [[Wild Cherry (band)|Wild\n        Cherry]], [[Donnie Iris|Donnie Iris and the Cruisers]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:David\n        Cronenberg 2012-03-08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Cronenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Evstafiev-ratko-mladic-1993-w.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ratko\n        Mladi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Mario Monti - Terre alte 2013.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mario\n        Monti]]]]\\n[[File:George Benson 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Benson]]]]\\n[[File:Eric\n        Idle.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Eric Idle]]]]\\n[[File:John Major 1996.jpg|100px|thumb|[[John\n        Major]]]]\\n[[File:ChristopherWalkenFeb08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Walken]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[Gil Amelio]], American entrepreneur\\n** [[Richard H. Price]],\n        American physicist\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Zygfryd Blaut]], Polish footballer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Tony Meehan]], British drummer ([[The Shadows]]) (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Straub]], American author\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Trond Mohn]], Norwegian\n        billionaire\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Lucio Dalla]], Italian singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Jeney]], Hungarian composer\\n* [[March 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lucio Battisti]], Italian singer and songwriter (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] \\u2013 [[Lynn Redgrave]], English actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March\n        9]]\\n** [[Bobby Fischer]], American chess player (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Charles\n        Gibson]], American television journalist\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Ratko Mladic]],\n        Serbia military leader\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 T\\u00e9chin\\u00e9]],\n        French film director\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[David Cronenberg]], Canadian film\n        director\\n** [[Sly Stone]], American singer\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Helen Armstrong\n        (violinist)|Helen Armstrong]], American violinist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Kim\n        Mu-saeng]], South Korean actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Kevin\n        Dobson]], American actor\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Mario J. Molina]], Mexican\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Mario Monti]],\n        54th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\\n* [[March 20]] \\n** [[Douglas Tompkins]],\n        American conservationist and businessman (d. [[2015]]) \\n** [[Gerard Malanga]],\n        American poet and photographer\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Gyulai]],\n        Hungarian sports official (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Vivian Stanshall]], British\n        comedian, writer, artist, broadcaster, and musician (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March\n        22]]\\n** [[George Benson]], American guitarist and singer-songwriter.\\n**\n        [[Keith Relf]], British rock musician ([[The Yardbirds]]) (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Paul Michael Glaser]], American actor\\n* [[March 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bob Woodward]], American journalist\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Eric Idle]],\n        British actor, writer, and composer\\n** [[John Major]], British politician,\n        70th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\\n** [[Vangelis]], Greek musician\n        and composer\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]], Bangladeshi politician\n        and convicted war criminal (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Christopher Walken]], American\n        actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:John Eliot Gardiner at rehearsal in Wroclaw cropped\n        portrait.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[John Eliot Gardiner]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Caterina Bueno]], Italian singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Hikaru\n        Saeki]], Japanese admiral, the first female [[flag officer|star officer]]\n        of the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]]\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Max Gail]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Miller Farr]], American football player\\n* [[April\n        10]]\\n** [[Andrzej Bade\\u0144ski]], Polish athlete (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Margaret\n        Pemberton]], English writer\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Harley Race]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Petro Tyschtschenko]], German\n        businessman\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Claus Theo G\\u00e4rtner]], German actor\\n*\n        [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[John Eliot Gardiner]], English conductor\\n* [[April\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Louise Gl\\u00fcck]], American poet and 12th [[US Poet Laureate]]\\n*\n        [[April 23]]\\n** [[Dominik Duka]], Czech Roman Catholic bishop and theologian\\n**\n        [[Fighting Harada]], Japanese boxer\\n** [[Frans Koppelaar]], Dutch painter\\n**\n        [[Herv\\u00e9 Villechaize]], French-born actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard Sterban]], American singer ([[The Oak Ridge Boys]])\\n* [[April\n        25]]\\n** [[Alan Feduccia]], American paleornithologist\\n** [[James G. Mitchell]],\n        Canadian computer scientist\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[John O. Creighton]],\n        American astronaut\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Ian Kershaw]], English historian\n        \\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Chiluba]], Zambian politician, 2nd [[President\n        of Zambia]] (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Michael Palin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Palin]]]]\\n[[File:Olafur Ragnar Grimsson - Davos 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\u00d3lafur\n        Ragnar Gr\\u00edmsson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Vassal Gadoengin]], [[Nauru]]an\n        politician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Michael Palin]], English comedian\n        and television presenter\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Grange Calveley]], British\n        writer and artist\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Richard Darman|Richard (Dick) Darman]],\n        American federal government official and businessman\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Kurt Trampedach]], Danish artist\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Jack Bruce]], British\n        musician and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\\u00edmsson]],\n        [[President of Iceland]]\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin]],\n        [[King of Malaysia]]\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)|Betty\n        Williams]], Northern Irish political activist, co-recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]]\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Jessi Colter]], American singer and composer\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Erica Terpstra]], Dutch swimmer, politician and president\n        of the Dutch Olympic Committee\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** [[Bruce Weitz]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Cilla Black]], English singer and entertainer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[James Chaney]], American civil rights worker (d. [[1964]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]]\\n** [[Sharon Gless]], American actress\\n** [[Joe Namath]], American\n        football player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Malcolm McDowell LF.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Malcolm\n        McDowell]]]]\\n[[File:BarryManilow.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barry Manilow]]]]\\n[[File:Klausvonklitzing.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Klaus\n        von Klitzing]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Lorrie Wilmot]], South African cricketer\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Kuki Gallmann]], Kenyan writer and poet\\n* [[June 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ilayaraaja]], Indian composer\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[John Burgess\n        (host)|John Burgess]], Australian game show host and actor\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Joyce Meyer]], Christian author and speaker\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Smalley]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Chan Hung-lit]], Hong Kong actor (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Nikki Giovanni]], American poet\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Colin Baker]], British\n        actor\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Malcolm McDowell]], British actor\\n* [[June\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Jim Sensenbrenner]], American politician\\n* [[June 15]]\\n**\n        [[Johnny Hallyday]], French singer and actor\\n** [[Poul Nyrup Rasmussen]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Denmark]]\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Joan Van Ark]], American\n        actress\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Newt Gingrich]], American politician\\n** [[Barry\n        Manilow]], American pop musician\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Barry Evans (actor)|Barry\n        Evans]], English actor (d. 1997)\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Marika Green]], French-Swedish\n        actress\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Klaus Maria Brandauer]], Austrian actor\\n** [[J.\n        Michael Kosterlitz]], Scottish-born condensed matter physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Patrick Bokanowski]],\n        French filmmaker\\n** [[James Levine]], American conductor\\n** [[Vint Cerf]],\n        American internet pioneer\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[John Beasley (actor)|John\n        Beasley]], American actor\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Rico Petrocelli]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Jens Birkemose]], Danish painter\\n**\n        [[Klaus von Klitzing]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Maureen O''Brien]], British actress\\n** [[Soon-Tek\n        Oh]], Korean-American actor\\n** [[Leopold Grausam]], Austrian footballer\\n**\n        [[Frank Zweerts]], Dutch field hockey player\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Cees Kurpershoek]],\n        Dutch sailor \\n** [[Daniel Kablan Duncan]], Ivorian politician\\n** [[Florence\n        Ballard]], American singer and founder of [[The Supremes]] (d. [[1976]])\\n**\n        [[Dieter Kottysch]], West German Olympic boxer (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jagger\n        live Italy 2003.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mick Jagger]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Hassan\n        Mohamed Ali Wariiri]], Somali judge\\n** [[Jeff Wayne]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Freddie Lewis]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Lauri Peters]],\n        American actress, dancer, singer, drama teacher and author\\n** [[Kenny Cameron]],\n        Scottish former footballer\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Judith Durham]], Australian\n        singer\\n** [[Ray Lynch]], American musician\\n** [[Kurtwood Smith]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Conny Bauer|Konrad \\\"Conny\\\" Bauer]], German trombonist\\n**\n        [[Geraldo Rivera]], American reporter and talk show host\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Istv\\u00e1n G\\u00e1li]], Hungarian boxer\\n** [[Curt Blefary]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen Geschke]], German\n        track cyclist\\n** [[M. Karathu]], Malaysian football manager and former player\\n**\n        [[Joel Siegel]], American film critic (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Guido\n        Marzulli]], Italian painter\\n** [[Carmine Preziosi]], Italian road bicycle\n        racer\\n*[[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Soledad Miranda]], Spanish actress (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\n** [[Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika]], Zambian politician\\n** [[Arthur\n        Ashe]], American tennis player (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**[[Christine\n        McVie]], British rock keyboardist and singer ([[Fleetwood Mac]])\\n**[[Walter\n        Murch]], American film editor and sound designer\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Jocelyn\n        Bell Burnell]], British astrophysicist\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Lim Zoong-sun]],\n        North Korean football player\\n** [[Reinaldo Arenas]], Cuban writer (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Johnson (American football coach)|Jimmy Johnson]], American football\n        coach and television analyst\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[David Griffin (English actor)|David\n        Griffin]], British actor\\n** [[Han Sai Por]], Singaporean sculptor\\n* [[July\n        20]]\\n** [[Christopher Murney]], American actor and vocal artist\\n** [[Wendy\n        Richard]], British actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Edward Herrmann]],\n        American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Henry McCullough]], Northern Irish musician\n        ([[Paul McCartney & Wings]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bob Shrum]], political consultant\\n*\n        [[July 23]]\\n** Dr. [[Randall Forsberg]], American nuclear freeze advocate\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Bob Hilton]], American game show announcer and host\\n**\n        [[Larry Manetti]], American actor\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Erika Steinbach]],\n        German politician\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Mick Jagger]], English rock singer\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Richard Wright (musician)|Richard Wright]], British musician\n        (Pink Floyd) (d. [[2008]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Pervez Musharraf 2004.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pervez\n        Musharraf]]]]\\n[[File:Roberto micheletti 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roberto Micheletti]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        De Niro Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert De Niro]]]]\\n[[File:Pino Presti\n        in Munich.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pino Presti]]]]\\n[[File:Surayud2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Surayud\n        Chulanont]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Max Wright]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Clarence Wijewardena]], Sri Lankan musician (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Sa\\u00df-Viehweger]], German politician, lawyer\n        and civil law notary\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Bj\\u00f8rn Wirkola]], Norwegian\n        ski jumper\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Nelson Briles]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Jim Hardin]], former [[Baltimore Orioles]],\n        [[New York Yankees]] and [[Atlanta Braves]] pitcher (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[August\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Ken Norton]], American boxer and actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August\n        11]]\\n** [[Abigail Folger]], American heiress and murder victim (d. [[1969]])\\n**\n        [[Pervez Musharraf]], Pakistani general and leader, 10th [[President of Pakistan]]\\n*\n        [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Micheletti]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n*\n        [[August 17]]\\n** [[Robert De Niro]], American actor\\n** [[Yukio Kasaya]],\n        Japanese ski jumper\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Gianni Rivera]], Italian footballer\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Sylvester McCoy]], British actor\\n* [[August 23]]\\n**\n        [[Bobby Diamond]], American actor\\n** [[Pino Presti]], Italian bassist, arranger,\n        composer, conductor, record producer\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Tuesday Weld]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Surayud Chulanont]], Thai politician,\n        24th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]\\n** [[Lou Piniella]], American baseball\n        player and manager\\n** [[Jihad Al-Atrash]], Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n*\n        [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Arthur B. McDonald]], Canadian astrophysicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Tal Brody]],\n        American-born Israeli basketball player\\n** [[Robert Crumb|R. Crumb]], American\n        artist and illustrator\\n** [[Altovise Davis]], American entertainer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Jean-Claude Killy]], French skier\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 [[Leonid Ivashov]],\n        Russian general\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Julio Iglesias09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julio\n        Iglesias]]]]\\n[[File:Lech Walesa - 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lech Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Don Stroud]], American actor and surfer\\n* [[September\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Valerie Perrine]], American actress and model\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Dulce Saguisag]], Filipino politician and former DSWD Secretary\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Richard J. Roberts]], English biochemist\n        and molecular biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n**\n        [[Roger Waters]], English musician ([[Pink Floyd]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Lena Valaitis]], Lithuanian-German Schlager singer\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Art LaFleur]], American actor\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Daniel Truhitte]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Neale Donald Walsch]], American author of the popular\n        books [[Conversations with God]]\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Gilbert Proesch]],\n        Italian-born artist ([[Gilbert and George]])\\n** [[Raymond Villeneuve]], Canadian\n        terrorist\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Mildred D. Taylor]], American writer\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Irwin Goodman]], Finnish singer (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\u2013 [[Oskar Lafontaine]], German politician\\n* [[September\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Joe Morgan]], American Hall of Fame baseball player\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Toni Basil]], American musician and video artist\\n* [[September\n        23]] \\n** [[Ernie Ackerley]], British footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Julio\n        Iglesias]], Spanish singer and songwriter\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[J.\n        T. Walsh]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n**[[Mohammad\n        Khatami]], 5th [[President of Iran]]\\n**[[Lech Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]], [[President\n        of Poland]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[September 30]]\\n**\n        [[Johann Deisenhofer]], German biochemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Ian Ogilvy]], English actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:ChevyChaseMar10.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chevy\n        Chase]]]]\\n[[File:Catherine Deneuve Cannes 2014 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Catherine\n        Deneuve]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]], French film director\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Franklin Rosemont]], American poet (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Michael Durrell]], American actor\\n* [[October 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Oliver North]], American military officer, military historian, political\n        commentator, author and television host\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Chevy Chase]],\n        American comedian and actor\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[John Nettles]], English\n        actor and writer\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Lois Hamilton]], American model,\n        actress and artist (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Penny Marshall]],\n        American actress, director and producer\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Paul Rose\n        (political figure)|Paul Rose]], Canadian terrorist\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Birthe\n        R\\u00f8nn Hornbech]], Danish politician\\n** [[Christine Charbonneau]], Canadian\n        francophone singer and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Noreen\n        Corcoran]], American child actress and director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Catherine Deneuve]], French actress\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Carmen Argenziano]], American actor\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Cornelia\n        Froboess]], German actress\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Don Simpson]], American\n        film producer, screenwriter, and actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Paul Frampton]], English physicist\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Joni Mitchell\n        1983.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joni Mitchell]]]]\\n[[File:A Michael Spence.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Spence]]]]\\n[[File:Wallace Shawn 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wallace\n        Shawn]]]]\\n[[File:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denis Sassou\n        Nguesso]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Jacques Attali]], French economist\\n*\n        [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Bert Jansch]], Scottish folk musician (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\n** [[Sundar Popo]], [[Indo-Trinidadian]] [[Chutney music|chutney]]\n        musician (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Chuck Scarborough]], American news anchor\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Friedman Paul Erhardt]], German-American pioneering television\n        chef (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Sam Shepard]], American playwright and actor (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Stephen Greenblatt]], American literary\n        critic\\n** [[Nasirdin Isanov]], 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Joni Mitchell]], Canadian musician\\n** [[Michael Spence]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Doug Frost (swimming coach)|Doug Frost]], Australian swimming\n        coach\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Wallace Shawn]], American actor\\n* [[November\n        13]]\\n** [[Roberto Boninsegna]], Italian footballer\\n** [[Jay Sigel]], American\n        golfer\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Peter Norton]], American software engineer\n        and businessman\\n** [[Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero|Rafael Leonardo Callejas]],\n        [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Lauren Hutton]], American\n        actress and model\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Aurelio Monteagudo]], Cuban\n        [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Mie\n        Hama]], Japanese actress\\n** [[Marek Tomaszewski]], Polish pianist\\n* [[November\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Larry Mahan]], American rodeo cowboy\\n* [[November 22]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Adair]], American filmmaker (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Yvan Cournoyer]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Billie Jean King]], American tennis player\\n**\n        [[William Kotzwinkle]], American novelist and screenwriter\\n** [[Fouad Siniora]],\n        32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]],\n        [[President of the Republic of the Congo]]\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Dave Bing]],\n        American mayor and longtime [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player\\n**\n        [[Kuniwo Nakamura]], 6th President of Palau\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Marilynne\n        Robinson]], American writer\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Randy Newman]], American\n        musician\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jim Morrison 1969.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Morrison]]]]\\n[[File:John Kerry official Secretary of State portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Kerry]]]]\\n[[File:Keith RichardsCLOSE UP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Tarja\n        Halonen 1c389 8827-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tarja Halonen]]]]\\n[[File:Hanna Schygulla\n        Buchmesse.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Hanna Schygulla]]]]\\n[[File:John Denver 1973.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Denver]]]]\\n[[File:Sir Ben Kingsley 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben Kingsley]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Wayne Allard]], U.S Senator from [[Colorado]]\\n** [[William\n        Wegman (photographer)|William Wegman]], American photographer\\n* [[December\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Eva Joly]], Norwegian-born French magistrate\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Carbajal (Uruguayan musician)|Jos\\u00e9 Carbajal]], Uruguayan\n        singer, composer and guitarist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Larry Martin]], American\n        paleontologist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jim Morrison]], American rock musician\n        (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Bodo T\\u00fcmmler]], German Olympic middle-distance runner\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[John Kerry]], American politician, longtime [[List\n        of United States Senators from Massachusetts|Massachusetts Senator]] (1985\\u20132013),\n        [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]] Democratic nominee for\n        president, and [[List of Secretaries of State of the United States|U.S. Secretary\n        of State]]\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Gianni Russo]], American actor\\n** [[Grover\n        Washington, Jr.]], American saxophonist (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Ferguson Jenkins]], Canadian baseball player\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[David\n        W. Huff]], Singer and guitarist of David and the Giants\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lucien den Arend]], Dutch sculptor\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Ron\n        Geesin]], British musician and songwriter ([[Pink Floyd]])\\n* [[December 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Keith Richards]], English rock guitarist and songwriter\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Sam Kelly]], English actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ross M. Lence]],\n        American political scientist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jimmy Mackay]], Australian\n        football player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Jacqueline Pearce]],\n        English actress\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Jack Nance]], American actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Paul Wolfowitz]], American political\n        scientist \\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Hartman]], American actress\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Harry Shearer]], American actor, comedian and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** [[Tarja Halonen]], 11th [[President of Finland]]\\n** [[James\n        A. Johnson (politics)|James A. Johnson]], American business leader and philanthropist\\n*\n        [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Hanna Schygulla]], German actress\\n* [[December 28]]\\n**\n        [[Keith Floyd]], British chef (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Craig MacIntosh]], noted\n        American comics illustrator\\n** [[Richard Whiteley]], English television presenter\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[John Denver]], American musician (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n** Sir [[Ben Kingsley]], British actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Tang Da Wu]], Singaporean artist\\n* [[James Goldstein]], LA businessman\n        and [[NBA]] basketball aficionado\\n* [[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[Alfredo Rostgaard]],\n        Cuban visual artist (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:N.Tesla.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Nikola\n        Tesla]]]]\\n[[File:Agust%C3%ADn P. Justo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Agustin Pedro Justo]]]]\\n[[File:Taj\n        aldin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Qazim\n        Koculi]], Albanian politician, acting [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Lorenz]], German general (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Bid\n        McPhee]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]]\\n** Emperor [[H\\u00e0m Nghi]] of Vietnam (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Jerzy\n        Iwanow-Szajnowicz]], Greek-born Polish athlete and resistance member (b. [[1911]])\\n**\n        [[Kate Price (actress)|Kate Price]], Irish-born American actress (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[George Washington Carver]], American botanist (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Nikola Tesla]], Serbian-born American electrical engineer\n        and inventor (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Richard Hillary]], [[Battle\n        of Britain]] [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]], British pilot, author (''''[[The\n        Last Enemy (autobiography)|The Last Enemy]]''''; b. [[1919]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Lewis Hall]], American soldier (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]], Argentinian military officer, diplomat\n        and politician, 23rd [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Jan Campert]], Dutch journalist and writer ([[Neuengamme concentration\n        camp]]; b. [[1902]])\\n* [[January 13]]  \\n** [[Else Ury]], German writer and\n        children''s book author (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Henner Henkel]], German tennis\n        champion (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Xavier Martinez]], Mexican-born American painter\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Eric Knight]], American author (b.\n        [[1897]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]], Syrian politician,\n        6th [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 6th [[President of Syria]] (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[William Pettigrew (missionary)|William Pettigrew]],\n        British Christian missionary (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\n** [[Giacomo\n        Benvenuti]], Italian composer (b. [[1885]])\\n** Baron [[Max Wladimir von Beck]],\n        former Ministers-President of Austria (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n**\n        [[Konstantinos Davakis]], Greek army officer (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Robert Henry\n        English]], American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Gyula\n        Peidl]], 23rd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Alexander Woollcott]], American critic (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Nikolai Vavilov]], Russian and Soviet botanist and geneticist (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] \\n** [[Henriette Caillaux]], murderer, French socialite and\n        wife of former French prime minister (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Vladimir Kokovtsov]],\n        4th [[Prime Minister of Russia|Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the\n        Russian Empire]] (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Senjuro Hayashi suit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Senj\\u016br\\u014d\n        Hayashi]]]]\\n[[Image:Hilbert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Hilbert]]]]\\n[[File:Foto\n        Madre Caridad Brader.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed [[Maria Josefa Karolina Brader]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Foy Draper]], American Olympic athlete (killed in\n        action) (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Cavendish]], British\n        general (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Frank Calder]], the 1st [[NHL\n        President]] (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Senj\\u016br\\u014d Hayashi]], Japanese army\n        commander, politician and 22nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[Sim Gokkes]], Dutch composer (in [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]]) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[W. S. Van Dyke]], American director (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]] \\u2013  [[Arthur Ashe]], American professional tennis player  (b.\n        [[1943]])                              \\n* [[February 9]] \\n** [[Eustace Fiennes]],\n        British soldier and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Dmitry Kardovsky]], Soviet\n        painter and illustrator (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Sverre Granlund]],\n        Norwegian general (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[James T. Powers (actor)|James T. Powers]],\n        American actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Bess Houdini]], American\n        wife of [[Harry Houdini]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[David\n        Hilbert]], German mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013  [[Charles\n        Bennett (actor)|Charles Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Paul Ranous Greever]], American politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Jan Pieka\\u0142kiewicz]], Polish economist, statistician\n        and politician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ernest Guglielminetti]],\n        Swiss physician (b. [[1862]]) \\n** [[Donald Haines]], American actor (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]]\\n** [[Tamara Drasin]], Russian-born American singer and actress\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Christoph Probst]], German White Rose resistance member\n        (executed) (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Ben Robertson (journalist)|Ben Robertson]],\n        American novelist, journalist, and war correspondent (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Hans\n        Scholl]], German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. [[1918]])\\n**\n        [[Sophie Scholl]], German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. [[1921]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Edward Heaton-Ellis]], British army officer (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Theodor Eicke]], German Nazi official (killed in\n        action) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Maria Josefa Karolina Brader]],\n        Swiss [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gustav\n        Vigeland 1929.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gustav Vigeland]]]]\\n[[File:Sergei Rachmaninoff\n        cph.3a40575.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]]]\\n[[File:SisterRestituta.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Maria Restituta Kafka]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Gisela Januszewska]],\n        Austrian physician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Rafael L\\u00f3pez\n        Nussa]], Puerto Rican physician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy\n        Collins]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] \\n** [[Alma del Banco]], German painter (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Tjipto\n        Mangoenkoesoemo]], Indonesian independence leader (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Otto Freundlich]], German painter and sculptor (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Tully Marshall]], American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Czes\\u0142awa Kwoka]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister\n        and blessed (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Gustav Vigeland]], Norwegian sculptor (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Jaap Nunes Vaz]], Dutch journalist, writer\n        and editor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Mervyn Herbert, Viscount\n        Clive]], British peer and army officer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Frank Nitti]], Italian-American gangster (suicide) (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        20]]\\n** [[Lizika Jan\\u010dar]], Yugoslav national hero (b. [[1919]])\\n**\n        [[Heinrich Zimmer]], German Indologist and historian (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March\n        27]] \\u2013 [[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway]], British politician,\n        5th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\n**\n        [[Ben Davies (tenor)|Ben Davies]], British tenor (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Lorenzo\n        Gasparri]], Italian admiral (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Edward Heron-Allen]], British\n        polymath, lawyer, scientist and scholar (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]],\n        Soviet composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Robert W. Paul]], British film director\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013 [[Maria Restituta Kafka]], German [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Pavel Milyukov]], Russian politician, founder and leader of the [[Constitutional\n        Democratic Party]] (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Exposition universelle\n        de 1900 - portraits des commissaires g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux-Alexandre Millerand.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alexandre\n        Millerand]]]]\\n[[File:Isoroku Yamamoto.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Isoroku Yamamoto]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Vahida Maglajli\\u0107]], Yugoslav partisan and national\n        hero (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Conrad Veidt]], German actor (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[William George Howard Gritten]], British\n        barrister, writer and conservative politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n**\n        [[Auguste Audollent]], French historian and archaeologist\\n** [[Alexandre\n        Millerand]], French politician, 41st [[Prime Minister of France]] and 11th\n        [[President of France]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Harry Baur]], French\n        actor (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Itamar Ben-Avi]], Israeli activist (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Tom\\u00e1s Garrido Canabal]], Mexican political and revolutionary (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Richard Sears (tennis)|Richard Sears]], American tennis champion (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Philip Slier]], Dutch Jewish typesetter (in [[Sobib\\u00f3r\n        extermination camp]]) (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Kim Myeong-sik]],\n        Korean independence activist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Oskar\n        Schlemmer]], German painter, sculptor, designer and choreographer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[Rihard Jakopi\\u010d]], Yugoslav painter (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] \\n** [[Kenneth Whiting]], United States Navy officer and submarine\n        and naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord]],\n        German general (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Beatrice Webb]], British\n        sociologist, economist, historian and social reformer (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Fethi\n        Okyar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fethi Okyar]]]]\\n[[File:Rida pasha alrikabi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rida\n        Pasha al-Rikabi]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Johan Oscar Smith]], Norwegian Christian\n        leader, founder of [[Brunstad Christian Church]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Frank Maxwell Andrews]], American general (plane crash) (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[May 4]] \\n** [[Cesira Ferrani]], Italian soprano (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Saverio\n        Marotta]], Italian naval officer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[Grzegorz\n        Boles\\u0142aw Fr\\u0105ckowiak]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart]], British\n        politician and judge (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Fethi Okyar]], Turkish\n        diplomat and politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Miroslav \\u0160alom Freiberger]], Yugoslav rabbi, writer\n        and spiritual leader (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[George, Crown Prince\n        of Saxony]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Henri La Fontaine]], Belgian lawyer and author,\n        Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Horst Hannig]],\n        German Luftwaffe fighter ace army officer (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[May 17]]\\n**\n        [[Johanna Elberskirchen]], German feminist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Montagu Love]],\n        British actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Kristjan Raud]], Soviet\n        painter and drawer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[John Stone Stone]],\n        American physicist and inventor (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Helen\n        Taft]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Johannes Orasmaa]], Soviet army general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Rida Pasha al-Rikabi]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 2-time [[Prime\n        Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Edsel Ford]], American\n        businessman, president of Ford Motor Company (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 27]] –\n        [[Gordon Coates]], 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Yasuyo Yamasaki]], Imperial Japanese Army officer (killed in\n        action) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Prince Georg of Bavaria]] (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Helmut Kapp]], German Gestapo official\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kermit Roosevelt\n        1926.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kermit Roosevelt]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Landsteiner nobel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl\n        Landsteiner]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n B\\u00e1rczy]], Hungarian\n        politician (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]], British\n        actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Nile Kinnick]], American athlete\n        and [[Heisman Trophy]] winner (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Osgood\n        Hanbury]], British pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Francesco Pianzola]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Kermit Roosevelt]],\n        American explorer and author (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 Sultan [[Abdelaziz\n        of Morocco]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Heisuke Abe]], Japanese\n        general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Hans Junkermann (actor)|Hans\n        Junkermann]], German actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Karl Landsteiner]],\n        Austrian biologist and physician (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Pietro\n        Porcelli]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[Kristian\n        Kristiansen (explorer)|Kristian Kristiansen]], Norwegian explorer (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Kazimierz\n        Junosza Stepowski Polish actor.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kazimierz Junosza-St\\u0119powski]]]]\\n[[File:Marianna\n        Biernacka.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed [[Marianna Biernacka]]]]\\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Cevat Abbas G\\u00fcrer]], Turkish army officer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Gordon\n        Sidney Harrington]], Canadian politician (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Zofia Le\\u015bniowska]],\n        Polish army officer (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Sikorski]], Polish\n        politician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Charles Stevenson (actor)|Charles Stevenson]],\n        American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Leonardo Ferrulli]], Italian\n        pilot (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Kazimierz Junosza-St\\u0119powski]], Polish actor\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Teruo Akiyama]], Japanese admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Ignacia Nazaria March Mesa]], Spanish [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Moulin]], French resistance fighter (b. [[1899]])\\n** Sir [[Harry Oakes]],\n        American-born British gold mine owner (murdered) (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Eugen Lovinescu]], Romanian critic, academic and novelist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[Shunji Isaki]], Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Cecilia Loftus]], British actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July\n        13]] \\n** [[Lorenzo Barcelata]], Mexican composer (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Marianna\n        Biernacka]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Luz Long]], German long jump athlete (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Mariya Borovichenko]], Soviet medical officer (b. [[1925]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]] \\n** [[Martin Faust (actor)|Martin Faust]], American actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Terragni]], Italian architect (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Maria Gay]], Spanish opera singer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Jurado de la Parra]], Spanish journalist, poet and playwright\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Charley Paddock]], American athlete (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Louis Vauxcelles]], French art critic (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Theodor von Gu\\u00e9rard]],\n        German jurist and politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Luis Barros\n        Borgo\\u00f1o]], Chilean politician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        Granval]], French actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[William Ewart\n        Hart]], Australian aviator and dentist (b. 1943)\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Zdzis\\u0142aw\n        Lubomirski]], Polish aristocrat, landowner, lawyer, politician and activist\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Plakat Jaegerstaetter.JPG|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Franz J\\u00e4gerst\\u00e4tter]]]]\\n[[File:BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris III of Bulgaria.jpeg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Boris III of Bulgaria]]]]\\n[[File:Maynard Ferguson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maynard\n        Ferguson]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Martyrs of Nowogr\\u00f3dek]], Polish\n        nuns, martyrs and blessed (b. Polish nationality)\\n* [[August 5]] \\n** [[Iosif\n        Apanasenko]], Soviet commander (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Eva-Maria Buch]], German\n        resistance leader (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Franz J\\u00e4gerst\\u00e4tter]],\n        Austrian conscientious objector, martyr and blessed (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Chaim\n        Soutine]], Soviet painter (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Peel]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Joe Kelley]], American\n        baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Hans Jeschonnek]], German general (suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Henrik Pontoppidan]], Danish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Virgilio D\\u00e1vila]],\n        Puerto Rican poet, educator, businessman and politician (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Maynard Ferguson]], Canadian jazz musician and bandleader (b.\n        [[1928]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Simone Weil]], French philosopher (b. [[1909]])\\n**\n        [[Ettore Muti]], Italian Fascist politician (murdered) (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Ted Ray (golfer)|Ted Ray]], British golfer (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[William de Burgh (philosopher)|William de Burgh]],\n        British philosopher (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 King [[Boris III\n        of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Baba Nand Singh ji]],\n        Sikhism religious leader (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 [[Gustav Bachmann]],\n        German naval officer and admiral (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Charles Atangana]], Cameroonian chief (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Reginald McKenna]], British [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] 1915\\u20131916\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[G\\u00e9za Gr\\u00fcnwald]], Hungarian\n        mathematician (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Karlrobert Kreiten]], German pianist (executed)\n        (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Julius Fu\\u010d\\u00edk (journalist)|Julius\n        Fu\\u010d\\u00edk]], Czech resistance fighter (executed) (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Carlo Bergamini (admiral)|Carlo Bergamini]], Italian admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Salvatore John Cavallaro]], American navy officer\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Federico Martinengo]], Italian pilot (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[September 13]]\\n** [[David Bacon (actor)|David Bacon]], American actor (b.\n        [[1914]])\\n** [[Ugo Cavallero]], General of the Italian Army (suicide) (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Mieczys\\u0142aw Witold Gutkowski]],\n        Polish lawyer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Germaine Cernay]],\n        French mezzo-soprano (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Elinor Glyn]],\n        British writer (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Ernst Trygger]], 19th Prime Minister of\n        Sweden (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Sam Ruben]], American chemist\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013  [[Mariano Goybet]], French army\n        general (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ex presidente Carlos Blanco\n        Galindo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Blanco Galindo]]]]\\n[[File:Pieter Zeeman.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pieter\n        Zeeman]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Carlos Blanco Galindo]], 38th [[President\n        of Bolivia]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Muhamed Had\\u017eiefendi\\u0107]], Yugoslav\n        army officer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Irena I\\u0142\\u0142akowicz]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Leon Roppolo]], American\n        musician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln]],\n        Hungarian adventurer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Prince Christopher\n        of Hesse]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Hegeler]], German\n        novelist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Pieter Zeeman]], Dutch physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Max Wertheimer]], Austro-Hungarian psychologist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]]\\n** [[Rudolf Beckmann]], German SS officer (Sobib\\u00f3r uprising)\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Siegfried Graetschus]], German SS officer (Sobib\\u00f3r\n        uprising) (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Johann Niemann]], German SS officer (Sobib\\u00f3r\n        uprising) (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[William Penhallow Henderson]],\n        American painter, architect and furniture designer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Margaret Bartholomew]], American army officer (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Camille Claudel]], French sculptor (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Dudley Pound]], British admiral (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[William Reginald Hall]], British admiral (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Antoine]], French actor (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Ben Bernie]],\n        American jazz violinist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Antonio Legnani]], Italian admiral\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Franceska Mann]], Polish dancer (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[October\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau]], Canadian poet and lawyer (b.\n        [[1912]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Max Reinhardt]], Austrian director (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Grand Duke Boris of Russia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Grand\n        Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia]]]]\\n[[File:Stamp of Moldova 128.gif|thumb|100px|Metropolitan\n        [[Gurie Grosu]]]]\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Samad Abdullayev]], Soviet army\n        officer (b. [[1920]])\\n**[[Frank Campeau]], American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Idhomene Kosturi]], Albanian politician and acting [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Dwight Frye]], American actor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia]]\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 Blessed [[Lubeck martyrs]] were 3\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] priests, martyr and blessed and pastor:\\n** [[Johannes\n        Prassek]] (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Eduard M\\u00fcller (martyr)|Eduard M\\u00fcller]]\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Hermann Lange]] (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Karl Friedrich Stellbrink]]\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Maurice Denis]], French painter\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Gurie Grosu]], Romanian [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priest and metropolitan (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Baruch Lopes Le\\u00e3o de Laguna]], Dutch painter (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Lorenz Hart]], American lyricist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Keiji\n        Shibazaki]], Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November\n        23]] \\n** [[Maria Forescu]], Austro-Hungarian-born opera singer and actress\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Charles Ray (actor)|Charles Ray]], American actor (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[France Balanti\\u010d]], Yugoslav poet (b.\n        [[1921]])\\n** [[Doris Miller|Doris \\\"Dorie\\\" Miller]], American sailor, Pearl\n        Harbor survivor (killed in action) (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Henry M. Mullinnix]],\n        American admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Renato Cialente]], Italian actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Prince\n        Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1909\\u20131943)|Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg\n        and Gotha]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Kiyoto Kagawa]], Japanese admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Edward O''Hare|Edward \\\"Butch\\\" O''Hare]],\n        American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Aleksander Hellat]], Soviet politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Zsolt Hars\\u00e1nyi]], Hungarian author, dramatist, translator\n        and writer (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:John Harvey Kellogg ggbain.15047.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Harvey Kellogg]]]]\\n[[File:Fats Waller edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fats Waller]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\n** [[Antonio de Viti de Marco]], Italian economist (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        Prince [[Damrong Rajanubhab]], Thai prince and historian (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Nordahl Grieg]], Norwegian poet, novelist, journalist\n        and activist (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Donald Mackintosh (bishop)|Donald\n        Mackintosh]], British clergyman and [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\n** [[George Cooper (actor)|George Cooper]],\n        American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Georges Dufr\\u00e9noy]], French post-impressionist\n        painter (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Charles Belcher (actor)|Charles\n        Belcher]], American actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Erich\n        Garske]], German political activist (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[John Harvey Kellogg]], American doctor (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Fats Waller]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Hector Gray]], British Royal army officer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Edward L. Beach, Sr.]], American naval officer and author (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Beatrix Potter]], British children''s\n        author and illustrator (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[William Irving\n        (actor)|William Irving]], German-born American film actor (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Erich Bey]], German admiral (killed in action in\n        [[Battle of the North Cape]]) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Rupert\n        Julian]], New Zealand actor and director (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Creelman MacArthur]],\n        Canadian businessman and politician (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Hobart Bosworth]], American film actor, director, writer, and producer (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Otto Stern]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        \\u2013 [[George de Hevesy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Carl Peter Henrik Dam]], [[Edward Adelbert Doisy]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1943-pictures.html 1943 Coin Pictures]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1943}}\\n[[Category:1943|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T14:26:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":798485022,\"length\":92817,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1943&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943\"},\"34622\":{\"pageid\":34622,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1944\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T02:46:57Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Year\n        dab|1944}}\\n{{Events by month|1944}}\\n{{Year nav|1944}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year\n        article header|1944}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow, events of [[World\n        War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Landing at Anzio.jpg|thumb|US\n        Army troops landing at [[Anzio]] during [[Operation Shingle]], late January\n        1944.]]\\n* [[January 2]] – WWII:\\n** [[Free France|Free French]] General\n        [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]] is appointed to command [[First Army (France)|French\n        Army B]], part of the [[Sixth United States Army Group]] in North Africa.\\n**\n        [[Landing at Saidor]]: 13,000 US and Australian troops land on [[Papua New\n        Guinea]] in an attempt to cut off a Japanese retreat.\\n* [[January 8]] –\n        WWII: [[Philippine Commonwealth]] troops enter the province of [[Ilocos Sur]]\n        in northern [[Luzon]] and attack Japanese forces.\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** President\n        of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] proposes a [[Second Bill of\n        Rights]] for social and economic security in his [[State of the Union]] address.\\n**\n        Nazi German administration expanded [[Krak\\u00f3w-P\\u0142asz\\u00f3w concentration\n        camp]] into larger and standalone ''Konzentrationslager Plaszow bei Krakau''.\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]] begin\n        a 2-day wartime conference in [[Marrakech]].\\n** [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]:\n        [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] commanded by Lieutenant-General\n        [[Mark W. Clark]] arrive on the [[Garigliano|River Garigliano]] and begin\n        their attack against the [[Winter Line|Gustav Line]] south of Rome. The [[French\n        Expeditionary Corps (1943\\u201344)|French Expeditionary Corps]] under command\n        of General [[Alphonse Juin]] moves into the mountains north of [[Monte Cassino]].Ken\n        Ford (2004). ''''Cassino 1944: Breaking the Gustav Line'''', p. 12. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-623-2}}\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – WWII: Soviet troops start the offensive at [[Leningrad]]\n        and [[Novgorod]].\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** WWII: The [[27th Polish Home Army\n        Infantry Division]] is re-created, marking the start of [[Operation Tempest]]\n        by the Polish [[Home Army]].\\n** [[1944 San Juan earthquake]]: An earthquake\n        hits [[San Juan, Argentina]], killing an estimated 10,000 people in the worst\n        natural disaster in Argentina''s history.\\n* [[January 17]] – WWII:\\n**\n        British forces in Italy cross the [[Garigliano]] river.\\n** The [[Battle of\n        Monte Cassino]] begins in Italy.\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] ceases production\n        of the [[Mosin\\u2013Nagant 1891/30]] [[sniper rifle]].\\n** Meat rationing\n        ends in Australia.\\n* [[January 20]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Royal Air Force]]\n        drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin.\\n** The [[36th Infantry Division (United\n        States)|United States 36th Infantry Division]], in Italy, attempts to cross\n        the [[Rapido River]].\\n* [[January 22]] – WWII: [[Operation Shingle]]:\n        The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] begin the assault on [[Anzio]], Italy.\n        The [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th Infantry Division]]\n        stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.\\n* [[January\n        27]] – WWII: The 2-year [[Siege of Leningrad]] is lifted.\\n* [[January\n        29]] – WWII:\\n** [[Koniuchy massacre]]: [[Soviet partisans|Soviet]]\n        and [[Jewish partisans]] kill at least 38 villagers in Koniuchy, Poland (modern-day\n        [[Kani\\u016bkai]], [[Lithuania]]).\\n** [[Light cruiser]] {{HMS|Spartan|95}}\n        is sunk by a [[Henschel Hs 293]] [[guided missile]] from a German aircraft\n        off [[Anzio]], western Italy, with the loss of 46.\\n* [[January 30]] –\n        WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of Cisterna]] opens as [[United States Army Rangers]]\n        attempt to break out of the [[Anzio]] beachhead.\\n** United States troops\n        invade [[Majuro, Marshall Islands]].\\n* [[January 31]] – WWII: [[Battle\n        of Kwajalein]]: American forces land on [[Kwajalein Atoll]] and other islands\n        in the Japanese-held [[Marshall Islands]].\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-2005-0004, Italien, Monte Cassino.jpg|thumb|The Abbey of [[Monte\n        Cassino]] in ruins after being [[Battle of Monte Cassino|destroyed by Allied\n        bombing]], February 1944.]]\\n* [[February 1]] – WWII: Pacific War –\n        United States troops land in the [[Marshall Islands]].\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        The first issue of ''''[[Human Events]]'''' is published in Washington, D.C.\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – WWII: United States troops capture the [[Marshall Islands]].\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – WWII: At [[Anzio]], German forces launch a counteroffensive.\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – WWII:\\n** 2,765 drown when {{USS|Snook|SS-279|6}} torpedoes\n        [[Lima Maru]].{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/mota02.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Mo-Ta-06 (\\u30e2\\u30bf61\\u8239\\u56e3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-18}}\\n**\n        2,670 drown when {{HMS|Sportsman|P229|6}} torpedoes [[German ship Petrella|''''Petrella'''']].{{cite web|url=http://www.shipwreckregistry.com/index6.htm|title=Greatest\n        Maritime Disasters|publisher=International Registry of Sunken Ships|accessdate=2010-12-06}}\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – WWII: An anti-Japanese revolt breaks out on [[Java]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – WWII – [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]: The monastery\n        atop [[Monte Cassino]] is destroyed by Allied bombing.\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – WWII: [[Pacific War]] – The [[Battle of Eniwetok]] begins when\n        U.S. forces invade the atoll in the [[Marshall Islands]].\\n* [[February 18]]\n        – WWII: [[HMS Penelope (97)|HMS Penelope]] torpedoed by the German U-boat.\n        417 of the crew, including the captain, went down with the ship; 206 survived.\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – WWII:\\n** The \\\"Big Week\\\" begins with American bomber\n        raids on German aircraft manufacturing centers.\\n** The United States takes\n        [[Eniwetok]] Island.\\n* [[February 22]] – [[United States Strategic\n        Air Forces in Europe]] organized from the Eighth Air Force''s strategic planning\n        staff; subsuming strategic planning for all [[US Army Air Force]]s in Europe\n        and Africa.\\n* [[February 23]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Chechens|Chechen]]\n        and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] are [[Operation Lentil (Caucasus)|forcibly deported]]\n        to Central Asia.\\n** [[Battle of Eniwetok]] concludes when U.S. forces secure\n        the last islands in the [[Eniwetok Atoll]].\\n* [[February 24]] – WWII:\n        7,998 drown when {{USS|Rasher|SS-269|6}} torpedoes {{SS|Ry\\u016bsei Maru||2}}\n        and ''''[[Tango Maru]]''''.{{cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/maritime-2a.html|title=More\n        Maritime Disasters of World War II|publisher=George Duncan|accessdate=2010-12-06}}\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** [[Kurt Gerron]] begins shooting the [[Nazism|Nazi]] propaganda\n        film, ''''[[Theresienstadt (film)|Theresienstadt]]'''' in [[Theresienstadt\n        concentration camp]]. He and many others who featured in it are transferred\n        to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] and gassed upon the film''s\n        completion.\\n** First woman appointed to the substantive rank of [[Captain\n        (USN)|captain]] in the [[United States Navy Nurse Corps]], [[Sue S. Dauser]].\\n*\n        [[February 29]] – WWII: [[Pacific War]] – [[Admiralty Islands\n        campaign]] (Operation Brewer) opens when U.S. forces land on [[Los Negros\n        Island]] in the [[Admiralty Islands]].\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Mt Vesuvius\n        Erupting 1944.jpg|thumb|The March 1944 eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]].]]\\n*\n        March – Austrian-born [[economist]] [[Friedrich Hayek]] publishes his\n        book ''''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'''' in London.\\n* [[March 1]] – WWII:\\n**\n        {{USS|Tarawa|CV-40|6}} and {{USS|Kearsarge|CV-33|6}} are laid down.\\n** An\n        anti-[[fascist]] [[Strike action|strike]] begins in northern Italy.\\n** 2,495\n        drown when {{USS|Trout|SS-202|6}} torpedoes ''''[[Sakito Maru]]''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ric.hi-ho.ne.jp/senbotusen/siryo-deta/senbotukisenlist.pdf|title=List\n        of sunken ships in Pacific War (\\u592a\\u5e73\\u6d0b\\u6226\\u4e89\\u6642\\u306e\\u55aa\\u5931\\u8239\\u8236\\u660e\\u7d30\\u8868)|publisher=Sunken\n        Ships Record Association (\\u6226\\u6ca1\\u8239\\u3092\\u8a18\\u9332\\u3059\\u308b\\u4f1a)|accessdate=2012-10-20}}\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[Balvano train disaster]]: A train stalls inside a railway\n        tunnel outside [[Salerno]], Italy; 521 choke to death.\\n** The [[16th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held, the first Oscar ceremony held at a large public\n        venue, [[Grauman''s Chinese Theatre]] in [[Hollywood]]. ''''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]''''\n        (directed by [[Michael Curtiz]]), wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best\n        Picture]] award.\\n* [[March 3]] – WWII: The [[Order of Nakhimov]] and\n        the [[Order of Ushakov]] are instituted in the [[USSR]].\\n* [[March 4]] –\n        In [[Ossining (village), New York|Ossining, New York]], [[Louis Buchalter]],\n        the leader of [[1930s]] crime syndicate [[Murder, Inc.]], is executed at [[Sing\n        Sing]], along with [[Emanuel Weiss]] and [[Louis Capone]].\\n* [[March 6]]\n        – WWII: Soviet Army planes attack [[Narva]], [[Estonia]], destroying\n        almost the entire baroque old town.\\n* [[March 9]] – WWII: Soviet Army\n        planes [[Bombing of Tallinn in World War II|attack]] [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]],\n        killing 757 and leaving 25,000 homeless.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** In Britain, the\n        prohibition on married women working as teachers is lifted.{{cite book|first=David|last=Kynaston|title=Austerity\n        Britain 1945\\u20131951|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7475-7985-4}}\\n**\n        Resistance leader [[Joop Westerweel]] is arrested while returning to the Netherlands\n        having escorted a group of Jewish children to safety in Spain.\\n* [[March\n        12]] – WWII: the Political Committee of National Liberation is created\n        in Greece.\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]: [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allied]] aircraft bomb the monastery and an assault is staged.\\n**\n        WWII: The National Council of the [[French Resistance]] approves the [[Resistance\n        movement|Resistance]] programme.\\n** In [[Sweden]], the [[1864]] law which\n        had criminalized homosexuality is abolished.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**The last eruption\n        of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in Italy kills 26 and causes thousands to flee their\n        homes.\\n**WWII: The Nazis execute almost 400 prisoners, Soviet citizens and\n        anti-[[fascist]] Romanians at [[R\\u00eebni\\u021ba]].\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        WWII: German forces occupy Hungary in [[Operation Margarethe]].\\n* [[March\n        20]] – WWII:\\n** [[Landing on Emirau]]: 4,000 [[United States Marines]]\n        land on [[Emirau Island]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]] to develop an airbase\n        as part of [[Operation Cartwheel]].\\n** British [[Royal Air Force]] Flight\n        Sergeant [[Nicholas Alkemade]]''s bomber is hit over Germany and he has to\n        bail out without a [[parachute]] from a height of over 4,000 meters.\n        Tree branches interrupt his fall and he lands safely on deep snow.\\n* [[March\n        23]] – WWII: Members of the [[Italian Resistance]] attack [[Nazis]]\n        marching in Via Rasella, killing 33.\\n* [[March 24]] – WWII:\\n** [[Ardeatine\n        massacre]]: 335 Italians are killed, including 75 Jews and over 200 members\n        of the [[Italian Resistance]] from various groups, in Rome.\\n** In the Polish\n        village of [[Markowa]], German police kill J\\u00f3zef and Wiktoria Ulm, their\n        six children and eight Jews they were hiding.\\n** [[Stalag Luft III#The \\\"Great\n        Escape\\\"|The \\\"Great Escape\\\"]]: 76 [[Royal Air Force]] prisoners of war escape\n        by tunnel \\\"Harry\\\" from [[Stalag Luft III]] this night. Only three men, two\n        Norwegians and a Dutchman, return to the UK; of those recaptured, fifty are\n        summarily executed soon afterwards in the [[Stalag Luft III murders]].\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – WWII: [[Ascq massacre]] members of the [[12th SS Panzer\n        Division Hitlerjugend|12th SS Panzer Division ''''Hitlerjugend'''']] shoot\n        85 civilians suspected of blowing up their train on its approach to the [[Gare\n        d''Ascq]] in France.\\n* [[April 4]] – WWII: An Allied [[surveillance\n        aircraft]] of [[60 Squadron SAAF]] photographs part of [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]].\\n* [[April 10]] – The Holocaust: [[Rudolf Vrba]] and [[Alfr\\u00e9d\n        Wetzler]] escape from [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]; by the end of the\n        month they will have prepared the [[Vrba\\u2013Wetzler report]], one of the\n        earliest and most detailed descriptions of the extermination of Jews in the\n        camp.\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Bombay Explosion (1944)|Bombay Explosion]]:\n        The freighter SS ''''Fort Stikine'''', carrying a mixed cargo of ammunition,\n        cotton bales and gold, explodes in harbour at [[Bombay]] (India), sinking\n        surrounding ships and killing around 800 people.\\n* [[April 19]] – WWII:\n        The Japanese launch the [[Operation Ichi-Go]] offensive in central and south\n        China.\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** The Holocaust: [[SS]]-''''[[Obersturmbannf\\u00fchrer]]''''\n        [[Adolf Eichmann]] opens \\\"blood for goods\\\" negotiations with [[Joel Brand]]\n        to offer the release of thousands of Jews from eastern Europe to the Hungarian\n        [[Aid and Rescue Committee]] in exchange for supplies for the German [[Eastern\n        Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].\\n** The [[United Negro College Fund]]\n        is incorporated in the U.S.\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Kidnap of General Kreipe]]\n        on [[Crete]], Greece.\\n** WWII: 2,649 drown when {{USS|Jack|SS-259|6}} torpedoes\n        {{SS|Yoshida Maru No. 1||2}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/take.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Take Ichi|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-17}}\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – WWII: Allied convoy T4, forming part of amphibious [[Exercise\n        Tiger]] (a full-scale rehearsal for the [[Normandy landings]]) in [[Start\n        Bay]] off the [[Devon]] coast of England, is attacked by [[E-boat]]s, resulting\n        in the deaths of 749 American servicemen from [[Landing Ship, Tank|LST]]s.{{cite\n        book|last1=Small|first1=Ken|first2=Mark|last2=Rogerson|title=The Forgotten\n        Dead \\u2013 Why 946 American Servicemen Died off the Coast of Devon in 1944\n        \\u2013 and the Man who Discovered their True Story|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=1988|isbn=0-7475-0309-5}}{{cite\n        news|last=Fenton|first=Ben|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/04/26/ndday126.xml|title=The\n        disaster that could have scuppered Overlord|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|date=26\n        April 2004}}{{cite news|last=Savill|first=Richard|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/04/26/ndday226.xml|title=Last\n        of torpedo survivors remembers brave buddies|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=26\n        April 2004}}{{cite book|first=Gerald|last=Wasley|title=Devon at\n        War, 1939\\u20131945|location=Tiverton|publisher=Devon Books|year=1994|isbn=0-86114-885-1|page=157}}\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg|thumb|The\n        prime ministers of Britain and the four major dominions at the 1944 [[Commonwealth\n        Heads of Government Meeting|Commonwealth Prime Ministers'' Conference]], 1\n        May 1944.]]\\n* May – ''''[[No Exit]]'''' published by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]].\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – WWII: Two hundred Communist prisoners [[Kaisariani executions|are\n        shot by the Germans]] at [[Kaisariani]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]] in reprisal\n        for the killing of General [[Franz Krech]] by partisans at [[Molaoi]].\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – WWII: [[Mohandas Gandhi]] is released in India.\\n* [[May\n        9]] – WWII: In the Ukrainian city of [[Sevastopol]], Soviet troops completely\n        drive out German forces, who had been ordered by [[Hitler]] to \\u201cfight\n        to the last man.\\u201d\\\"Year by Year 1944\\\" –\n        [[History Channel International]]\\n* [[May 12]] – WWII: Soviet\n        troops finalize the liberation of the [[Crimea]].\\n* [[May 14]] – The\n        Holocaust: Predominantly Muslim Albanian troops of the [[21st Waffen Mountain\n        Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian)|21st ''''Waffen'''' Mountain\n        Division of the SS ''''Skanderbeg'''' (1st Albanian)]] round up 281 Jews in\n        [[Pristina]] and hand them over to the Germans for transportation to [[Bergen-Belsen\n        concentration camp]].\\n* [[May 15]]–[[July 8]] – The Holocaust:\n        Deportation of [[Hungarian Jews]] to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]\n        and other [[Nazi concentration camp]]s.\\n* [[May 18]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle\n        of Monte Cassino]]: The Germans evacuate [[Monte Cassino]] and [[Allies of\n        World War II|Allied]] forces led by [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Anders]] from [[Polish\n        II Corps]], take the stronghold after a struggle that has claimed 20,000 lives.\\n**\n        [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]] by the government of the [[Soviet Union]].\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – WWII: Six [[Landing Ship, Tank|LST]]s are accidentally\n        destroyed and 163 men killed in [[Pearl Harbor]]''s [[West Loch disaster]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois|Princess Charlotte\n        Louise Juliette Louvet Grimaldi]] of [[Monaco]], heir to the throne, resigns\n        from her rights in favor of her son [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince\n        Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi]], later reigning Prince Rainier\n        III of Monaco.\\n* [[May 31]] – WWII: Destroyer escort {{USS|England|DE-635|^}}\n        sinks the sixth Japanese submarine in two weeks. This [[anti-submarine]] warfare\n        performance remains unmatched through the twentieth century.\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:NormandySupply\n        edit.jpg|thumb|Allied troops land on the beaches of Normandy during [[D-Day]].]]\\n[[File:LVTs\n        move toward Saipan, past bombarding cruisers, on 15 June 1944 (80-G-231838).jpg|thumb|[[Landing\n        Vehicle Tracked|LVTs]] heading for shore on 15 June 1944 during the [[Battle\n        of Saipan]].]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** WWII: The [[BBC]] transmits a coded message\n        (the first line of the poem \\\"[[Chanson d''automne]]\\\" by [[Paul Verlaine]])\n        to the [[French Resistance]], warning that the invasion of Europe is imminent.\\n**\n        Two [[K-class blimp]]s of the [[United States Navy]] complete the first [[transatlantic\n        crossing]] by [[Blimp|non-rigid airship]]s, from the U.S. to [[French Morocco]]\n        with two stops.{{cite journal|last=Kaiser|first=Don|url=http://www.naval-airships.org/resources/documents/NAN_vol93_no2_KShips_feature.pdf|title=K-Ships\n        Across the Atlantic|journal=Naval Aviation News|volume=93|issue=2|year=2011|accessdate=2011-09-23}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.warwingsart.com/LTA/zp-14.html|title=Blimp Squadron 14|work=Warwingsart.com|accessdate=2011-09-23}}\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – WWII: The [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|provisional\n        French government]] is established.\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Hans Asperger]]\n        publishes his paper on [[Asperger syndrome]].{{cite book|last=Asperger|first=H.|origyear=1944|chapter=''Autistic\n        psychopathy'' in childhood|editor=Frith, Uta|title=Autism and Asperger Syndrome|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|isbn=0-521-38448-6|pages=37\\u201392}}{{cite journal|last1=Asperger|first1=Hans|title=Die\n        \\\"Autistischen Psychopathen\\\" im Kindesalter|journal=Archiv f\\u00fcr Psychiatrie\n        und Nervenkrankheiten|date=3 June 1944|volume=117|issue=1|pages=76–136|doi=10.1007/BF01837709|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01837709?LI=true|accessdate=18\n        August 2014}}\\n* [[June 4]] – WWII:\\n** Rome falls to the [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allies]], the first [[Axis powers|Axis]] capital to fall.\\n**\n        A hunter-killer group of the [[United States Navy]] captures the {{GS|U-505||6}},\n        marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at\n        sea since the 19th century. Some significant intelligence data is acquired.\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – WWII:\\n** The German navy''s [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]\n        messages are decoded almost in real time.\\n** British [[Group Captain]] [[James\n        Stagg]] correctly forecasts a brief improvement in weather conditions over\n        the [[English Channel]] which will permit the following day''s [[Normandy\n        landings]] to take place (having been deferred from today due to unfavourable\n        weather).\\n** At 10:15 p.m. local time, the [[BBC]] transmits the second\n        line of the [[Paul Verlaine]] poem to the [[French Resistance]], indicating\n        that the invasion of Europe is about to begin.{{cite book|authorlink=M.\n        R. D. Foot|last=Foot|first=M. R. D.|title=SOE: An Outline History of the Special\n        Operations Executive 1940\\u201346|location=London|publisher=Pimlico|year=1999|isbn=0-7126-6585-4|page=143}}\\n**\n        More than 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries\n        on the [[Normandy]] coast in preparation for [[D-Day]].\\n** US and British\n        paratrooper divisions jump over Normandy, in preparation for D-Day, including\n        82nd and 101st Airborne divisions of the United States.\\n** [[D-Day naval\n        deceptions]] are launched.\\n* [[June 6]] – WWII – [[Normandy landings|D-Day]]:\n        155,000 [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] troops shipped from England land\n        on the beaches of [[Normandy]] in northern France, beginning [[Operation Overlord]]\n        and the [[Invasion of Normandy]]. The Allied soldiers quickly break through\n        the [[Atlantic Wall]] and push inland, in the largest amphibious [[military]]\n        operation in history. This operation helps liberate France from Germany, and\n        also weakens the Nazi hold on Europe.\\n* [[June 7]] – WWII:\\n** The\n        steamer ''''Danae'''' ({{lang-el|\\u0394\\u03b1\\u03bd\\u03ac\\u03b7}}), carrying\n        600 [[Crete|Cretans]] including 350 Greek Jews on the first leg of the journey\n        to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], is sunk, with no known survivors,\n        off [[Santorini]].\\n** [[Joel Brand]] is intercepted by British agents in\n        [[Aleppo]].\\n** [[Bayeux]] is liberated by British troops.\\n** Opening of\n        [[Operation Perch]], a British attempt to capture [[Caen]] from the Germans;\n        attempt abandoned on June 14.\\n* [[June 9]] – WWII: Soviet leader [[Joseph\n        Stalin]] launches the [[Vyborg\\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive]] against Finland,\n        with the intent of defeating Finland before pushing for Berlin.\\n* [[June\n        10]] – WWII: 642 men, women and children are killed in the [[Oradour-sur-Glane]]\n        Massacre in France.\\n* [[June 13]] – WWII: Germany launches the first\n        [[V-1 flying bomb]] attack on London.{{cite\n        book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – WWII: [[Battle of Saipan]]: United States forces land\n        on [[Saipan]].\\n* [[June 16]] – At age 14, [[George Stinney]] becomes\n        the youngest person ever executed in the United States.\\n* [[June 17]] –\n        [[Iceland]] declares full independence from Denmark.\\n* [[June 19]] –\n        A severe storm badly damages the [[Mulberry harbour]]s on the [[Normandy]]\n        coast.\\n* [[June 20]] – WWII: A [[V-2 rocket]] becomes the first man-made\n        object to cross the [[K\\u00e1rm\\u00e1n line]] and reach the edge of space.{{cite\n        book|title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenem\\u00fcnde and the Coming of the\n        Ballistic Missile Era|last=Neufeld|first=Michael J.|publisher=The Free Press|year=1995|isbn=|location=New\n        York|pages=158, 160\\u2013162, 190}}\\n* [[June 22]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Operation Bagration]]: A general attack by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces\n        clears the German forces from [[Belarus]], resulting in the destruction of\n        German [[Army Group Centre]], possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht\n        during WWII.\\n** [[Burma Campaign]]: The [[Battle of Kohima]] ends in a British\n        victory.\\n* [[June 24]] – [[David Ben-Gurion]] presents the [[One Million\n        Plan]] to the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]], proposing a million-strong [[Jewish\n        exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] as well as from Europe to [[Mandatory\n        Palestine]].\\n* [[June 25]] – WWII\\n** The [[Battle of Tali-Ihantala]]\n        (the largest battle ever in the [[Nordic countries]]) begins between Finnish\n        and Soviet troops. Finland is able to resist the attack and thus manages to\n        stay as an independent nation.\\n** [[Bombardment of Cherbourg]] by ships of\n        the [[United States Navy]] and British [[Royal Navy]] in support of U.S. ground\n        troops.\\n* [[June 26]] – WWII: American troops enter [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]].\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – WWII: 5,400 drown when {{USS|Sturgeon|SS-187|6}} torpedoes\n        ''''[[Toyama Maru]]''''.\\n* [[June 30]] – WWII: 3,219\n        drown when {{USS|Tang|SS-306|6}} torpedoes ''''Nikkin Maru''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/nikkin.pdf|title=Nikkin Maru -\n        Casualties (\\u65e5\\u9326\\u4e38\\u306e\\u88ab\\u5bb3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s\n        Union|accessdate=2011-11-18}}\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        146-1972-025-12, Zerst\\u00f6rte Lagerbaracke nach dem 20. Juli 1944.jpg|thumb|The\n        aftermath of the failed [[20 July plot]] to kill Hitler.]]\\n[[File:19440816\n        soviet soldiers attack jelgava.jpg|thumb|Soviet soldiers fight in the streets\n        of [[Jelgava]], summer 1944.]]\\n[[File:Medics helping injured soldier in France,\n        1944 - NARA - 535973.tif|thumb|American medics helping injured soldier in\n        France, 1944.]]\\n* [[July 1]] – The [[United Nations Monetary and Financial\n        Conference]] begins at [[Bretton Woods, New Hampshire]], United States.\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – WWII:\\n** Soviet troops liberate [[Minsk]].\\n** [[Battle\n        of Imphal]]: Japanese forces call off their advance, ending the battle with\n        a British victory.\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Hartford circus fire]]: More than 100\n        children die in one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United\n        States.\\n** WWII: At [[Camp Hood]], Texas, future baseball star and 1st Lt.\n        [[Jackie Robinson]] is arrested and later [[court-martial]]ed for refusing\n        to move to the back of a segregated U.S. Army bus. He is eventually acquitted.\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – WWII: British and Canadian forces capture [[Caen]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – WWII: Soviet troops begin operations to liberate the [[Baltic\n        states|Baltic countries]].\\n* [[July 13]] – WWII: [[Vilnius]] is freed\n        by USSR.\\n* [[July 16]] – WWII: The first contingent of the [[Brazilian\n        Expeditionary Force]] arrives in Italy.\\n* [[July 17]] – WWII:\\n** The\n        largest convoy of the war embarks from [[Halifax Harbour|Halifax, Nova Scotia]],\n        under [[Royal Canadian Navy]] protection.\\n** The [[Port Chicago disaster|SS\n        ''''E. A. Bryan'''', loaded with ammunition, explodes]] at the [[Port Chicago,\n        California|Port Chicago]] naval base; 320 are killed.\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        WWII:\\n** American forces push back the Germans in [[Saint-L\\u00f4]], capturing\n        the city.\\n** British forces launch [[Operation Goodwood]], an armoured offensive\n        aimed at driving the Germans from the high ground to the south of [[Caen]].\n        The offensive ends 2 days later with minimal gains.\\n** [[Hideki T\\u014dj\\u014d]]\n        resigns as [[Prime Minister of Japan]] due to numerous setbacks in the war\n        effort and is succeeded (on [[July 22]]) by [[Kuniaki Koiso]].\\n* [[July 20]]\n        – WWII: [[Adolf Hitler]] survives an [[20 July plot|assassination attempt]]\n        led by [[Claus von Stauffenberg]].\\n* [[July 21]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle\n        of Guam (1944)|Battle of Guam]]: American troops land on [[Guam]] (the battle\n        ends [[August 10]]).\\n** The Soviet-sponsored [[Polish Committee of National\n        Liberation]] is created in opposition to the [[Polish government-in-exile]].\\n*\n        [[July 22]]\\n**The [[Bretton Woods Conference]] ends with agreements signed\n        to set up the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], [[General\n        Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] and [[International Monetary Fund]].\\n**The\n        new Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes the [[PKWN Manifesto]]\n        in [[Che\\u0142m]], calling for a continuation of fighting against Nazi Germany,\n        radical reforms including nationalisation of industry, and a \\\"decent border\n        in the West\\\" (the [[Oder\\u2013Neisse line]]).\\n**''''United States v. Masaaki\n        Kuwabara'''',56 F. Supp. 716 (N.D. Cal 1944). the only [[Japanese\n        American]] draft avoidance case to be dismissed on a due process violation\n        of the U.S. Constitution.\\n* [[July 25]]\\n**WWII – [[Operation Spring]]:\n        One of the bloodiest days for Canadian forces during the war results in 1,550\n        casualties, including 450 killed, during the [[Operation Overlord|Normandy\n        Campaign]].\\n**WWII – Beginning of the [[Battle of Tannenberg Line]]\n        or the \\\"Battle of the Blue Hills\\\" in Northeastern [[Estonia]], where the\n        [[Red Army]] will result in a Pyrrhic victory by 10 August.\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – WWII: A [[Messerschmitt Me 262]] becomes the first [[Jet aircraft|jet]]\n        [[fighter aircraft]] to have an operational victory.{{cite book|last1=Radinger|first1=Will|first2=Walter|last2=Schick|title=Me\n        262|language=German|location=Berlin|publisher=Avantic Verlag GmbH|year=1996|isbn=3-925505-21-0}}\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – WWII: 2,495 drown when {{USS|Parche|SS-384|6}} torpedoes\n        ''''[[Yoshino Maru]]''''.\\n\\n===August===\\n {{multiple\n        image\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 250\\n | header= \\n | image1 = Polish\n        Boy Scouts fighting in the Warsaw Uprising.jpg\\n | caption1 = [[Szare Szeregi]]\n        Scouts also fought in the [[Warsaw Uprising]].\\n | image2 = Jewish prisones\n        of KZGesiowka liberated by Polish Soldiers of Home Army Warsaw1944.jpg\\n |\n        caption2 = Jewish prisoners of [[G\\u0119si\\u00f3wka]] liberated by Polish\n        soldiers from [[Batalion Zo\\u015bka]], 5 August 1944.\\n | image3 = Crowds\n        of French patriots line the Champs Elysees-edit2.jpg\\n | caption3 = Crowds\n        of French people line the Champs \\u00c9lys\\u00e9es following the [[Liberation\n        of Paris]], 26 August 1944.}}\\n* [[August 1]] – WWII: The [[Warsaw Uprising]]\n        begins.\\n* [[August 2]] – WWII:\\n** [[Single-party period of the Republic\n        of Turkey#World War II|Turkey]] ends diplomatic and economic relations with\n        Germany.\\n** The First Assembly of [[ASNOM]] (the Anti-Fascist Assembly for\n        the People''s Liberation of [[Independent Macedonia (1944)|Macedonia]]) is\n        held in the [[Prohor P\\u010dinjski]] monastery.\\n* [[August 3]] – The\n        [[Education Act 1944|Education Act]] in the United Kingdom, promoted by [[Rab\n        Butler]], creates a [[Tripartite system of education in England, Wales and\n        Northern Ireland]].{{cite web|title=Education Act, 1944|url=http://195.99.1.70/acts/acts1944/pdf/ukpga_19440031_en.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-21}}\\n*\n        [[August 4]] – [[The Holocaust]]: A tip from a [[Netherlands|Dutch]]\n        informer leads the [[Gestapo]] to a sealed-off area in an [[Amsterdam]] warehouse,\n        where they find Jewish diarist [[Anne Frank]], her family, and others in hiding.\n        All would die in the Holocaust except for [[Otto Frank]], Anne''s father.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/01/opinion/prose-anne-frank-final-diary-entry|title=Anne\n        Frank''s final entry|first=Francine|last=Prose|authorlink=Francine Prose|date=2014-08-01|publisher=CNN|quote=On\n        Friday, August 4, 1944... a car pulled up in front of a spice warehouse at\n        [[Anne Frank House|263 Prinsengracht]] in Amsterdam. Inside the car were an\n        Austrian Gestapo officer and his Dutch subordinates, who, acting on a tip-off\n        (whose source has never been identified), had come to arrest the eight Jews\n        who had been hiding for two years in an attic above the warehouse. The eight\n        prisoners were taken to a deportation camp, from where they were sent to [[Auschwitz]].\n        Only one of them, Otto Frank, would survive.|accessdate=2014-08-01}}\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Warsaw Uprising]]:\\n*** The [[Wola massacre]]\n        begins. Between now and August 12, 40,000 to 50,000 Polish civilians will\n        be indiscriminately massacred by occupying SS troops.\\n*** [[The Holocaust]]:\n        Polish insurgents liberate a German [[labor camp]] in [[Warsaw]], freeing\n        348 Jewish prisoners.\\n** [[Cowra breakout]]: Over 500 Japanese prisoners\n        of war attempt a mass breakout from the [[Cowra]] camp in Australia. In the\n        ensuing manhunt, 231 Japanese escapees and four Australian soldiers are killed.\\n*\n        [[August 7]] – [[IBM]] dedicates the first program-controlled [[calculator]],\n        the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the [[Harvard\n        Mark I]]).\\n* [[August 9]] – The [[United States Forest Service]] and\n        the [[Wartime Advertising Council]] release posters featuring [[Smokey Bear]]\n        for the first time.\\n* [[August 12]] – WWII:\\n** The Allies capture\n        [[History of Florence#20th century|Florence, Italy]].\\n** [[Operation Pluto]]:\n        The world''s first undersea [[oil pipeline]] is laid between England and France.\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – WWII: [[Operation Dragoon]] lands Allies in southern\n        France. The [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th Infantry Division]]\n        participates in its fourth assault landing at [[Sainte-Maxime]], spearheading\n        the drive for the [[Belfort Gap]].\\n* [[August 18]] – WWII: [[Submarine#World\n        War II|Submarine]] {{USS|Rasher|SS-269|6}} sinks ''''Teia Maru'''', ''''Eishin\n        Maru'''', ''''Teiyu Maru'''', and [[Aircraft carrier|carrier]] {{Ship|Japanese\n        aircraft carrier|Taiy\\u014d||2}} from Japanese convoy HI71 in one of the most\n        effective American \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\" attacks of the\n        war.{{cite book|last=Cressman|first=Robert J.|title=The Official Chronology\n        of the U.S. Navy in WWII|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|location=Annapolis,\n        Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-149-3|page=248}}\\n* [[August 19]] –\n        WWII:\\n** More than 4,400 Japanese servicemen drown when {{USS|Spadefish|SS-411|6}}\n        torpedoes ''''[[Tamatsu Maru]]''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/hi71.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Hi-71 (\\u30d271\\u8239\\u56e3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-17}}\\n**\n        [[Liberation of Paris|An insurrection]] starts in Paris.\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – WWII:\\n** American forces successfully defeat Nazi forces at [[Chambois,\n        Orne|Chambois]], closing the [[Falaise Pocket]].\\n** 168 captured Allied airmen,\n        including [[Phil Lamason]], accused of being \\\"terror fliers\\\" by the [[Gestapo]],\n        arrive at [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] where they form the [[KLB Club]].\\n*\n        [[August 21]]\\n** [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] (Washington Conversations\n        on International Peace and Security Organization) opens in Washington, D.C.:\n        U.S., British, Chinese, French and Soviet representatives meet to plan the\n        foundation of the [[United Nations]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Operation Tractable]] concludes when Canadian troops relieve the Polish\n        and link with the Americans, capturing remaining German forces in the [[Falaise\n        Pocket]] and securing the strategically important French town of [[Falaise,\n        Calvados|Falaise]] in the final offensive of the [[Battle of Normandy]].\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – WWII: ''''[[Tsushima Maru]]'''', an unmarked Japanese\n        passenger/cargo ship, is sunk by [[torpedo]]es launched by the [[submarine]]\n        {{USS|Bowfin|SS-287|6}} off [[Akuseki-jima]], killing 1,484 civilians including\n        767 schoolchildren.\\n* [[August 23]] – WWII: In [[King Michael''s Coup]],\n        [[Ion Antonescu]], prime minister of [[Romania]], is arrested and a new government\n        established. [[Romania]] leaves the war against the [[Soviet Union]], joining\n        the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n* [[August 24]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Liberation of Paris]]: The Allies enter Paris, successfully completing [[Operation\n        Overlord]].\\n** Japanese vessels attack and sink the submarine {{USS|Harder|SS-257|6}}\n        off [[Luzon]].\\n* [[August 25]] – WWII:\\n** [[Liberation of Paris#German\n        surrender (25 August)|German surrender of Paris]]: General [[Dietrich von\n        Choltitz]] surrenders Paris to the Allies in defiance of Hitler''s orders\n        to destroy it.\\n** [[Maill\\u00e9 massacre]]: Massacre of 129 civilians (70%\n        women and children) by the Gestapo at [[Maill\\u00e9, Indre-et-Loire]].\\n**\n        Hungary decides to [[Hungary in World War II|continue the war]] together with\n        Germany.\\n** The [[Red Ball Express]] convoy system begins operation supplying\n        tons of materiel to Allied forces in France.\\n* [[August 29]] – WWII:\n        The [[Slovak Republic (1939\\u201345)|Slovak]] National Uprising against the\n        Axis powers begins.\\n* [[August 31]] – The [[Mad Gasser of Mattoon]]\n        apparently resumes their mysterious attacks in [[Mattoon, Illinois]] for two\n        weeks.\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Waves of paratroops land in Holland.jpg|thumb|Waves\n        of paratroopers land in the Netherlands during [[Operation Market Garden]]\n        in September 1944.]]\\n* [[September 1]] – WWII: In [[Bulgaria]], the\n        [[Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov|Bagryanov]] government resigns.\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Diarist [[Anne Frank]] and her family are placed on the\n        last transport train from Westerbork to [[Auschwitz concentration camp]],\n        arriving 3 days later.\\n** ''''[[\\u00a1Hola!]]'''' magazine launched in [[Barcelona]].\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – WWII: The Allies liberate [[Brussels]].\\n* [[September\n        4]] – WWII:\\n** The British [[11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|11th\n        Armoured Division]] liberates the city of [[Antwerp]] in Belgium.\\n** Finland\n        breaks off relations with Germany.\\n* [[September 5]] – WWII: The Soviet\n        Union declares war on [[Bulgaria]].\\n* [[September 6]] – WWII: [[Tartu\n        Offensive]] in [[Estonia]] concludes with Soviet forces capturing [[Tartu]].\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – WWII: The Belgian [[government in exile]] returns\n        to Brussels from London.\\n* [[September 8]] – WWII:\\n** The first [[V-2\n        rocket]] attack on London takes place.\\n**\n        The French town of [[Menton]] is liberated from German forces.\\n* [[September\n        9]] – WWII: An insurrection breaks out in [[Sofia]].\\n* [[September\n        11]] – WWII: [[Laksev\\u00e5g]] [[floating dry dock]] at [[Bergen]] (Norway)\n        is sunk by British [[X-class submarine]] ''''X-24''''.\\n* [[September 12]]\n        – WWII: Allied forces from [[Operation Overlord]] (in the north) and\n        [[Operation Dragoon]] (in the south of France) link up near [[Dijon]].\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – [[1944 Great Atlantic hurricane|The Great Atlantic\n        hurricane]] makes landfall in the New York City area.\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – WWII: The [[Battle of Peleliu]] begins in the Pacific.\\n* [[September\n        17]] – WWII: [[Operation Market Garden]] begins, Allied airborne landings\n        in the Netherlands and Germany.\\n* [[September 18]] – WWII: \\n** 5,620\n        drown when {{HMS|Tradewind|P329|6}} torpedoes ''''[[Jun''y\\u014d Maru]]''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~vanderkp/junyopg8.html|last=van der Kuil|first=Peter|title=List\n        of Casualties|work=The Sinking of the Junyo Maru|date=March 2003}}\\n**\n        After German forces declare the evacuation of [[Estonia]] the day before,\n        the Estonian national government [[Estonia in World War II#Attempt to restore\n        independence|briefly resumes control]] of [[Tallinn]] before Soviet advance.\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – WWII:\\n** An armistice between Finland and the Soviet\n        Union is signed, ending the [[Continuation War]].\\n** The [[Battle of H\\u00fcrtgen\n        Forest]] begins east of the Belgian\\u2013German border.\\n* [[September 22]]\n        – WWII: The [[Red Army]] captures [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]. Prime Minister\n        in Duties of the [[President of Estonia]] [[J\\u00fcri Uluots]] and 80,000\n        Estonian civilians manage to escape to Sweden and Germany. The evacuees include\n        almost the entire population of the [[Estonian Swedes]]. Soviet bombing raids\n        on the evacuating ships sink several ships with thousands on board.\\n* [[September\n        24]] – WWII: The [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th\n        Infantry Division]] takes the strongly defended city of [[\\u00c9pinal]] before\n        crossing the [[Moselle]] river and entering the western foothills of the [[Vosges]].\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Market Garden]] ends in an\n        Allied withdrawal.\\n** On the [[Gothic Line#Central Front (5th Army)|middle\n        front]] of the [[Gothic Line#Battle|Gothic Line]], Brazilian troops control\n        the Serchio valley region after 10 days of fighting.\\n* September –\n        Start of [[Dutch famine of 1944|Dutch famine]] (\\\"Hongerwinter\\\") in the occupied\n        northern part of the Netherlands.{{cite book|first=Henri A.|last=Van\n        der Zee|title=The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944\\u20135|location=London|publisher=Norman\n        & Hobhouse|year=1982|isbn=978-0-906908-71-6}}\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Henry\n        Larsen on St Roch.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Larsen (explorer)|Henry Larsen]] becomes\n        the first person successfully to navigate the [[Northwest Passage]] in both\n        directions, westbound July\\u2013October 1944.]]\\n[[File:7th Cavalry Leyte\n        Island 20 10 1944.jpeg|thumb|American troops advance towards San Jose on Leyte\n        Island, 20 October 1944.]]\\n[[File:USS Princeton (CVL-23) 1944 10 24 1.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[light aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Princeton|CVL-23|2}} afire, east of [[Luzon]],\n        24 October 1944]]\\n[[File:Volkssturm armband.svg|thumb|[[Volkssturm]] founded\n        in October 1944.]]\\n[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|thumb|The beginning\n        of the [[Battle of Leyte]], 20 October 1944.]]\\n* [[October 2]] – WWII:\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] troops end the [[Warsaw Uprising]].                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           [[October\n        4]]- The Serbian [[Puppet state]] of the [[Axis powers]] [[Government of National\n        Salvation]] fleds from [[Belgrade]], [[Territory of the Military Commander\n        in Serbia|Nazis-occupied Serbia]], At a government meeting at Night     \\n*\n        [[October 5]] – WWII: [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] pilots shoot down\n        the first German [[Jet aircraft|jet]] fighter over the Netherlands. \\n* [[October\n        6]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Debrecen]] starts on the [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|Eastern Front]] (it lasts until [[October 29]])\\n** Withdrawal\n        collaborators: [[Milan Nedi\\u0107]], the president of the Serbian Quisling\n        Regime ([[Government of National Salvation]]), fled from [[Belgrade]] by airplane.Together\n        with other Serbian collaborators and the German Officials, to [[Hungary]],\n        than to [[Vienna]] Austria\\n*** Holocaust: Members of the [[Sonderkommando]]\n        (Jewish work units) in [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] stage a\n        revolt, killing 3 [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] men before being massacred themselves.\\n***\n        [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] concludes.\\n* [[October 8]] – ''''[[The\n        Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet]]'''' radio show debuts in the United States.\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – WWII: Fourth [[Moscow Conference (1944)|Moscow Conference]]:\n        British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Premier\n        [[Joseph Stalin]] begin a 9-day conference in Moscow to discuss the future\n        of Europe.\\n* [[October 10]] \\n**[[The Holocaust]]/[[Porajmos]]: 800 [[Romani\n        people|Romani]] children are systematically murdered at the [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]].\\n** WWII: Allied forces inflict significant losses upon [[Imperial\n        Japanese Navy]] ships moored in [[Naha]] Harbor, destroying much of the city\n        of Naha, [[Okinawa prefecture|Okinawa]] as well, in the [[10-10 Air Raid]].\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** WWII: The Allies land in [[Athens]].\\n** Canadian [[Arctic]]\n        explorer [[Henry Larsen (explorer)|Henry Larsen]] returns to Vancouver, becoming\n        the first person successfully to navigate the [[Northwest Passage]] in both\n        directions, in the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] schooner ''''[[St. Roch\n        (ship)|St. Roch]]''''. His westbound voyage is the first completed in a single\n        season and the first passage through the [[Prince of Wales Strait]].{{cite\n        book|first=Henry A.|last=Larsen|title=The Big Ship: an autobiography|publisher=McClelland\n        and Stewart|location=Toronto|year=1967}}{{cite web|title=Across\n        the Northwest Passage: The Larsen Expeditions|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/arcticexpedition/larsenexpeditions|publisher=University\n        of Calgary|accessdate=2012-12-17}}\\n* [[October 13]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Riga]], the capital of [[Latvia]], is taken by the [[Red Army]].\\n** The\n        first [[V-2]] rocket attack on [[Antwerp]] takes place.{{cite web|url=http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/antwerp.html|title=Antwerp,\n        \\\"City of Sudden Death\\\"|work=V2Rocket.com|accessdate=2013-04-24}}\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – WWII: German [[Field Marshal]] [[Erwin Rommel]] commits\n        suicide rather than face execution for allegedly conspiring against [[Adolf\n        Hitler]].\\n* [[October 18]] – WWII: The [[Volkssturm]] Nazi [[militia]]\n        is founded on [[Adolf Hitler]]''s orders.\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Guatemalan\n        Revolution]] begins, with the overthrow of [[Federico Ponce Vaides]] by a\n        popular leftist movement.\\n* [[October 20]] – WWII:\\n** [[Belgrade]]\n        is [[Belgrade Offensive|liberated]] by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] together with\n        the [[Bulgarian Land Forces|Bulgarian Army]] and the [[Red Army]].\\n** American\n        forces land on Red Beach in [[Palo, Leyte]], as General [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        returns to the [[Philippines]] with Philippine Commonwealth president [[Sergio\n        Osme\\u00f1a]], and [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] Generals Basilio J.\n        Valdes and [[Carlos P. Romulo]].\\n** United States and Filipino troops with\n        Filipino guerrillas begin the [[Battle of Leyte]]. \\n** American forces land\n        on the beaches in [[Dulag, Leyte]], the [[Philippines]], accompanied by Filipino\n        troops entering the town, and fiercely opposed by the Japanese occupation\n        forces. The combined forces liberate [[Tacloban]].  [[Government of National\n        Salvation|Nedi\\u0107''s regime was disbanded by the Yugoslav Partisans and\n        the Red Army After they takeover belgrade]] \\n* [[October 20]] – A [[liquefied\n        natural gas]] explosion destroys a square mile (2.6 km\\u00b2) of [[Cleveland,\n        Ohio]].\\n* [[October 21]] – WWII: [[Aachen]], the first German city\n        to fall, is captured by American troops.\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** WWII: The Naval\n        [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]] in the [[Philippines]] begins (lasts until [[October\n        26]]).\\n** The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] recognise [[Charles de Gaulle]]''s\n        cabinet as the provisional government of France.\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** WWII:\n        The [[Red Army]] liberates [[Kirkenes]], the first town in Norway to be liberated.\\n**\n        WWII: {{USS|Tang|SS-306|6}} (the United States Navy submarine credited with\n        sinking more ships than any other American submarine) is sunk in the [[Formosa\n        Strait]] by one of her own torpedoes. [[Medal of Honor]]-winning submarine\n        ace [[Richard O''Kane]] becomes a [[prisoner of war]].\\n** [[Florence Foster\n        Jenkins]] gives a recital in [[Carnegie Hall]].\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[The\n        Holocaust]]: [[Anne Frank]] and her sister [[Margot Frank|Margot]] are deported\n        from [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] to the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration\n        camp]].\\n** ''''[[Appalachian Spring]]'''', a ballet by [[Martha Graham]]\n        with music by [[Aaron Copland]], debuts at the [[Library of Congress]] in\n        Washington, D.C., with Graham in the lead role.\\n* [[October 31]] –\n        Mass murderer [[Marcel Petiot]] is apprehended at a [[Paris M\\u00e9tro]] station.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]–[[December 7]] – Delegates of 52 nations meet at\n        the International Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago to plan for postwar\n        international cooperation, framing the constitution of the [[International\n        Civil Aviation Organization]].\\n* [[November 3]] – WWII: Two supreme\n        commanders of the [[Slovak National Uprising]], Generals [[J\\u00e1n Golian]]\n        and [[Rudolf Viest]], are captured, tortured and later executed by German\n        forces.\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[United States presidential election, 1944|United\n        States presidential election]]: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wins reelection\n        over [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger [[Thomas E.\n        Dewey]], becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term.\\n** [[Rail\n        transport in Puerto Rico#Tragedy on election day in 1944|Election day rail\n        accident in Puerto Rico]]: A passenger train derails at [[Aguadilla]] due\n        to excessive speed on a downgrade; 16 are killed, 50 injured.\\n* [[November\n        10]] – WWII: [[Ammunition ship]] {{USS|Mount Hood|AE-11}} disintegrates\n        from accidental detonation of 3800 tons of cargo in the [[Seeadler Harbor]]\n        fleet anchorage at [[Manus Island]]. 22 small boats are destroyed, 36 nearby\n        ships damaged, 432 men are killed and 371 more are injured.{{cite journal|last=Gile|first=Chester\n        A.|title=The ''''Mount Hood'''' Explosion|journal=Proceedings|publisher=[[United\n        States Naval Institute]]|date=February 1963}}\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        Operational ships of the French Navy re-enter their base at [[Toulon]].{{Citation\n        needed|date=August 2017}}\\n* [[November 12]] – WWII: Sinking of the\n        {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz}} by British Royal Air Force [[Avro Lancaster|Lancaster\n        bombers]]. Estimated casualties range from\n        950 to 1,204.\\n* [[November 14]] – WWII: 2,246 drown when {{USS|Queenfish|SS-393|6}}\n        torpedoes [[Japanese aircraft carrier Akitsu Maru|''''Akitsu Maru'''']].{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/hi81.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Hi-81 (\\u30d281\\u8239\\u56e3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-17}}\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – WWII: U.S. forces begin the month-long [[Operation\n        Queen]] in the [[Rur]] valley.\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** The [[Popular Socialist\n        Youth]] is founded in [[Cuba]]\\n** WWII: 3,546 drown when {{USS|Picuda|SS-382|6}}\n        torpedoes ''''[[Mayasan Maru]]''''.\\n* [[November 22]]\\n**\n        [[Conscription Crisis of 1944|Conscription Crisis]]: [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\n        [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|William Mackenzie King]] agrees a one-time [[conscription]]\n        levy in Canada for overseas service.\\n** [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film ''''[[Henry\n        V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'''', based on [[Henry V (play)|Shakespeare''s play]],\n        opens in London. It is the most acclaimed and the most successful movie version\n        of a Shakespeare play made up to that time, and the first in [[Technicolor]].\n        Olivier both stars and directs.As [[Kenneth Branagh]] is to do over forty\n        years later in his successful [[Henry V (1989 film)|remake]].\\n* [[November\n        24]] – WWII: German forces [[Moonsund Landing Operation|evacuate from\n        West Estonian Archipelago]].\\n* [[November 26]] – American opera singer\n        [[Florence Foster Jenkins]] dies in her sleep at the age of 76.\\n* [[November\n        27]] \\n** [[RAF Fauld explosion]]: Between 3,450 and 3,930 [[ton]]s (3,500\n        and 4,000 [[tonne]]s) of [[Ammunition#Ordnance ammunition|ordnance]] explodes\n        at an underground storage depot in [[Staffordshire]], England, leaving about\n        75 dead and a [[explosion crater|crater]] 1,200 metres (0.75 miles)\n        across and 120 metres (400 ft) deep. The blast is one of the [[List\n        of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]]\n        in history and the largest on UK soil.{{cite journal|last=Reed|first=John|year=1977|title=Largest\n        Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staffs. November 27, 1944|journal=[[After\n        the Battle]]|volume=18|pages=35\\u201340|issn=0306-154X}}\\n** [[Operation\n        Tigerfish]] takes place. The [[Royal Air Force]] bombing of [[Freiburg im\n        Breisgau]] kills 2,800.\\n* [[November 29]] – WWII: Submarine {{USS|Archerfish|SS-311}}\n        sinks Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shinano||2}}.\n        ''''Shinano'''' is the largest carrier built to this date, and will remain\n        through the twentieth century the largest ship sunk by a submarine.{{cite\n        book|last=Cressman|first=Robert J.|title=The Official Chronology of the U.S.\n        Navy in WWII|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|location=Annapolis,\n        Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-149-3|page=278}}\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Bodies\n        of U.S. officers and soldiers slained by the Nazis after capture near Malmedy,\n        Belgium. - NARA - 196544.jpg|thumb|Victims of the [[Malmedy massacre]]]]\\n[[File:Glenn\n        Miller Billboard.jpg|thumb|[[December 15]]: American bandleader [[Glenn Miller]]\n        disappears into the [[English Channel]].]]\\n[[File:General George C. Marshall,\n        official military photo, 1946.JPEG|thumb|[[George Marshall]] becomes the first\n        [[General of the Army (United States)|U.S. Five-Star General]] on December\n        16, 1944.]]\\n* [[December 3]] – WWII:\\n** Fighting breaks out between\n        [[Communism|Communists]] and royalists in newly liberated Greece, eventually\n        leading to a full-scale [[Greek Civil War]].\\n** The [[British Home Guard]]\n        is stood down.\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Convention on International Civil\n        Aviation]] signed in Chicago to create the [[International Civil Aviation\n        Organization]].\\n* [[December 10]] – Italian conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]]\n        leads a concert performance of the first half of [[Beethoven]]''s ''''[[Fidelio]]''''\n        (minus its spoken dialogue) on [[NBC]] Radio, starring [[Rose Bampton]]. He\n        chooses this opera for its political message – a statement against tyranny\n        and dictatorship. Conducting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute\n        to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is\n        broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the\n        first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio.\\n* [[December 12]]–[[December\n        13]] – WWII: British units attempt to take the hilltop town of Tossignano,\n        but are repulsed.\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Battle of Mindoro]]: United\n        States, Australian and Philippine Commonwealth troops land on [[Mindoro Island]]\n        in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** The Soviet government changes\n        Turkish place names to Russian in the [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]].\\n** United\n        States release of the film ''''[[National Velvet (film)|National Velvet]]'''',\n        which brings a young [[Elizabeth Taylor]] to stardom.\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        A USAAF utility aircraft carrying bandleader Major [[Glenn Miller]] disappears\n        in heavy fog over the [[English Channel]] while flying to Paris.\\n* [[December\n        16]] – WWII:\\n** Germany begins the Ardennes offensive, later known\n        as [[Battle of the Bulge]].\\n** General [[George C. Marshall]] becomes the\n        first [[General of the Army (United States)|U.S. Five-Star General]].\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\n** WWII: [[Malmedy massacre]]: German [[SS]] troops under [[Joachim\n        Peiper]] machine gun American prisoners of war captured during the Battle\n        of the Bulge near [[Malmedy]] and elsewhere in Belgium.\\n** WWII: [[Bombing\n        of Ulm in World War II]], 707 people are killed and 25,000 are left homeless.\n        \\n* [[December 19]] – The daily newspaper ''''[[Le Monde]]'''' begins\n        publication in Paris.\\n* [[December 20]] – The United States [[Women\n        Airforce Service Pilots]] are disbanded.\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** WWII: Brigadier\n        General [[Anthony C. McAuliffe]], commander of the U.S. forces defending [[Bastogne]],\n        refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, \\\"Nuts!\\\",\n        to the German command.\\n** The [[Vietnam People''s Army]] is formed in [[French\n        Indochina]].\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** WWII: Troopship {{SS|L\\u00e9opoldville|1929|6}}\n        is sunk in the [[English Channel]] by [[German submarine U-486|German submarine\n        ''''U-486'''']]. Approximately 763 soldiers of the [[66th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. 66th Infantry Division]] bound for the Battle of the\n        Bulge drown.{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/history/leopoldville.htm|title=The\n        Sinking of SS Leopoldville|publisher=uboat.net|accessdate=2010-07-04}}\\n**\n        WWII: German tanks reach the furthest point of the Bulge at [[Celles, Houyet|Celles]].\\n**\n        WWII: Fifty German [[V-1 flying bomb]]s, air-launched from [[Heinkel He 111]]\n        [[bomber]]s flying over the [[North Sea]], target [[Manchester]] in England,\n        killing 42 and injuring more than 100 in the [[Oldham]] area.{{cite\n        book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology\n        of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=392\\u2013394|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=95|title=Battle of Britain|work=ww2db.com|accessdate=2016-05-16}}\\n**\n        WWII: [[List of massacres in Belgium|Bande massacre]]. 34 men between the\n        ages of 17 and 32 are executed by the [[Sicherheitsdienst]] near Bande, [[Belgium]]\n        in retaliation for the killing of three German soldiers.\\n** The first complete\n        U.S. production of Tchaikovsky''s ballet ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''' is presented\n        in [[San Francisco]], choreographed by [[Willam Christensen]]. It will become\n        an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet\n        will be the only company in the United States performing the complete work.\\n*\n        [[December 26]]\\n** WWII: American troops repulse German forces at [[Bastogne]].\\n**\n        The original stage version of ''''[[The Glass Menagerie]]'''' by [[Tennessee\n        Williams]] premieres in [[Chicago]].\\n** [[Esztergom]], [[Hungary]], is captured\n        by the Russians.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Edward Stettinius, Jr.]], becomes\n        the last [[United States Secretary of State]] of the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]\n        administration, filling the seat left by [[Cordell Hull]].\\n** King [[George\n        II of Greece]] declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant.\\n** \\\"''''[[Stage\n        Door Cartoon]]''''\\\" is the first cartoon produced by [[Eddie Selzer]].\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Leyte]]: Tens of thousands of\n        Imperial Japanese Army soldiers are killed in action, in a significant Filipino/Allied\n        military victory.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* The [[1944 Summer Olympics]], scheduled\n        for London (together with the [[1944 Winter Olympics|February Winter Olympics]]\n        scheduled for [[Cortina d''Ampezzo]] in Italy), are suspended due to WWII.\\n*\n        In Sweden, Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invent a way to package milk\n        in paper and start the company [[Tetra Pak]].\\n* The [[National Council on\n        Alcoholism and Drug Dependence]] is established in the United States.\\n* Last\n        known evidence of the existence of the [[Asiatic lion]] in the wild in [[Khuzestan\n        Province]], Persia.{{cite book|last=Guggisberg|first=Charles Albert Walter|title=Simba:\n        the life of the lion|year=1961|publisher=Howard Timmins|location=Cape Town}}\\n*\n        [[BC Zalgiris]], as known well for professional basketball club founded in\n        [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]]. (former part of [[Soviet Union]]){{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Omar al-Bashir, 12th AU Summit,\n        090202-N-0506A-137.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir]]]]\\n[[File:Jimmy\n        Page at the Echo music award 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jimmy Page]]]]\\n[[File:Joe\n        Frazier 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joe Frazier]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Omar\n        Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]], 7th [[President of Sudan]]\\n** [[Jimmy Hart]], American\n        wrestling manager\\n** [[Jumabek Ibraimov]], 5th Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Bob Minor]], American actor and stunt performer\\n* [[January\n        2]] – Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]], Cambodian politician\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Chris von Saltza]], American swimmer\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Bonnie\n        Franklin]], American actress and television director (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Rolf\n        M. Zinkernagel]], Swiss immunologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Ian Hornak]], American painter, draughtsman\n        and sculptor (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Jimmy Page]], English guitarist ([[Led Zeppelin]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[Frank Sinatra, Jr.]], American singer-songwriter\n        and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Joe Frazier]], American boxer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Carlos Villagr\\u00e1n]], Mexican actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 17]]\\n** [[Jan Guillou]], Swedish author\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise Hardy]],\n        French singer\\n* [[January 18]] \\n** [[Paul Keating]], 24th [[Prime Minister\n        of Australia]]\\n** [[Alexander Van der Bellen]], 12th [[President of Austria]]\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Shelley Fabares]], American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Rutger Hauer]], Dutch actor\\n* [[January 24]] –\n        [[Klaus Nomi]], German singer (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\n** [[Sally\n        Beauman]], English writer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Evan Chandler]], screenwriter,\n        dentist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\n**[[Angela Davis]], American feminist\n        and political activist\\n**[[Jerry Sandusky]], American child molester and\n        [[Penn State]] coach\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Adenan Satem]], Malaysian politician,\n        [[Chief Minister of Sarawak]] (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Peter Akinola]], Nigerian\n        religious leader\\n** [[Mairead Corrigan]], Northern Irish activist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Nick Mason]], English rock drummer ([[Pink\n        Floyd]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Susan Howard]], American actress\\n** [[John\n        Tavener]], English composer of religious music (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Susana Gim\\u00e9nez]], TV presenter Argentina\\n** [[Patrick Lipton\n        Robinson]], Jamaican judge\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Connie Booth]], American\n        writer and actress\\n** [[Ivo Opstelten]], Dutch politician\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jerry\n        Springer Musto Party 2011 Shankbone 10.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Jerry Springer]]]]\\n[[File:Alan\n        Parker (Director), London, 2012.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Alan Parker]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Geoffrey Hughes]], English actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Trisha Noble]], Australian singer and actress\\n* [[February\n        5]]\\n** [[Al Kooper]], American rock musician ([[Blood, Sweat & Tears]])\\n**\n        [[Thekla Carola Wied]], German actress\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Roger Lloyd-Pack]],\n        English actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Alice Walker]], American\n        writer\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Peter Allen (musician)|Peter Allen]],\n        Australian-born [[Academy Award]]-winning composer and lyricist (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Michael G. Oxley]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Moe Bandy]], American country music singer\\n* [[February\n        13]]\\n** [[Stockard Channing]], American actress\\n** [[Michael Ensign]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Jerry Springer]], English-born American politician and television\n        personality\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Carl Bernstein]], American journalist\\n**\n        Sir [[Alan Parker]], English film director, producer, actor and writer\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Dzhokhar Dudayev]], Chechen leader, first President\n        of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized breakaway state in the\n        North Caucasus (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Richard Ford]], American\n        writer\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio Mascarenhas Monteiro]], [[President of Cape Verde]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Karl Jenkins]], Welsh composer\\n**\n        [[Bernie Grant]], British Labour Party MP (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 20]]\n        – [[Willem van Hanegem]], Dutch football player and coach\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Jonathan Demme]], American film director, producer and writer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Tom Okker]], Dutch tennis player\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        [[Johnny Winter]], American rock musician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 25]]\n        – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Cevert]], French racing driver (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Ken Grimwood]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Sepp Maier]], German retired footballer\\n* [[February 29]]\n        – [[Dennis Farina]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Roger\n        Daltrey - May 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roger Daltrey]]]]\\n[[File:Uschi Glas\n        II.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Uschi Glas]]]]\\n[[File:Said Musa.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Said\n        Musa]]]]\\n[[File:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2008 Diana Ross4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Diana\n        Ross]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[John Breaux]], U.S. Senator from Louisiana\\n**\n        [[Roger Daltrey]], English singer-songwriter and actor ([[The Who]])\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** [[Uschi Glas]], German actress\\n** [[Leif Segerstam]], Finnish conductor\n        and composer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Harvey Postlethwaite]], English engineer\n        and race car designer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Bobby Womack]], American singer\n        and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Peter Brandes]], Danish\n        artist\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** Dame [[Kiri Te Kanawa]], New Zealand soprano\\n**\n        [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]], American singer ([[The Supremes]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Townes van Zandt]], American singer (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] – [[Buzz Hargrove]], Canadian labour leader\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[Graham Lyle]], Grammy-winning Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist,\n        known for writing several international hits for [[Tina Turner]]\\n** [[Don\n        Maclean]], English comedian and broadcaster\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Pattie Boyd]],\n        English model and first wife of [[George Harrison]] and [[Eric Clapton]]\\n**\n        [[John Sebastian]], American singer-songwriter ([[The Lovin'' Spoonful]])\\n*\n        [[March 19]]\\n** [[Said Musa]], [[Prime Minister of Belize]]\\n** [[Sirhan\n        Sirhan]], Palestinian assassin of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Hilary Minster]], British actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[R.\n        Lee Ermey]], U.S. Marine and actor\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Diana Ross]],\n        American urban musician and was lead singer of [[The Supremes]]\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n** [[Khosrow Shakibai]], Iranian actor (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ann Sidney]],\n        Miss World\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Rick Barry]], American basketball player\\n**\n        [[Ken Howard]], American actor (d. 2016)\\n* [[March 29]] \\n** [[Nana Akufo-Addo]],\n        [[President of Ghana]]\\n** [[Denny McLain]], American baseball player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Gerhard\n        Schr\\u00f6der (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerhard Schr\\u00f6der]]]]\\n[[File:Craig\n        T. Nelson at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Craig T. Nelson]]]]\\n[[File:Jill\n        Clayburgh.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Jill Clayburgh]]]]\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Tony\n        Orlando]], American musician\\n* [[April 4]]\\n**[[Magda Aelvoet]], Belgian\n        politician\\n**[[Craig T. Nelson]], American actor\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Peter\n        T. King]], American politician\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Judith McConnell]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Anita Pallenberg]], Italian-born model and actress (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        Dame [[Felicity Palmer]], English soprano\\n* [[April 7]] \\n** [[Warner Fusselle]],\n        American sportscaster (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Gerhard Schr\\u00f6der]], [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor of Germany]]\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Odd\n        Nerdrum]], Norwegian painter\\n** [[Jimmy Walker (basketball, born 1944)|Jimmy\n        Walker]], American professional basketball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[John Milius]], American film director, producer and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – [[Jack Casady]], American rock musician ([[Jefferson\n        Airplane]], [[Hot Tuna]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Charlie Tuna]], American\n        disc jockey and game show announcer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Bernie\n        Worrell]], American keyboardist, (d. 2016)\\n** [[James Heckman]], American\n        economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Steve Fossett]], American aviator, sailor and millionaire\n        adventurer (d. 2007)\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Tony Visconti]], American record\n        producer, musician and singer\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Len Goodman]], British\n        ballroom dancer and television personality\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Larry\n        H. Miller]], American sports owner ([[Utah Jazz]]; d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April\n        27]]\\n** [[Michael Fish]], British TV weatherman\\n** [[Cuba Gooding, Sr.]],\n        American actor and singer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Jean-Claude\n        Van Cauwenberghe]], Belgian politician\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Richard Kline]],\n        American actor and television director\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Jill Clayburgh]],\n        American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:John Rhys-Davies by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Rhys-Davies]]]]\\n[[File:George Lucas, 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Lucas]]]]\\n[[File:Danny Trejo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Danny Trejo]]]]\\n[[File:Peter\n        Mayhew 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Mayhew]]]]\\n[[File:Joe cocker 1970.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Joe\n        Cocker]]]]\\n[[File:Mary Robinson World Economic Forum 2013 crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary\n        Robinson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Suresh Kalmadi]], Indian politician\\n** [[Costa\n        Cordalis]], German singer\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Russi Taylor]], American\n        voice actress\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Roger Rees]], Welsh actor (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[John Rhys-Davies]], Welsh actor\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Gary Glitter]], English\n        singer\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Richie Furay]], American musician ([[Poco]], [[Buffalo\n        Springfield]])\\n** [[Laurence Owen]], American figure skater (d. [[1961]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[Jim Abrahams]], American film director\\n* [[May 12]]\n        – [[Sara Kestelman]], English actress\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Armistead\n        Maupin]], American author\\n* [[May 14]] – [[George Lucas]], American\n        film director and producer\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Ulrich Beck]], German sociologist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Gunilla Hutton]], Swedish-born American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Danny Trejo]], American actor\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Peter\n        Mayhew]], English actor\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Joe Cocker]], English rock singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Boudewijn de Groot]], Dutch singer\\n** [[Dietrich Mateschitz]],\n        Austrian businessman\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Mary Robinson]], [[President\n        of Ireland]]\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[John Newcombe]], Australian tennis player\\n**\n        [[Avraham Oz]], Israeli theater professor, translator, and political activist\\n*\n        [[May 24]]\\n** [[David Mark Berger]], American-born Israeli weightlifter,\n        murdered at the [[Munich massacre|Munich Olympics]] (d. [[1972]])\\n** [[Patti\n        LaBelle]], American singer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Frank Oz]], English puppeteer\n        and film director\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Chris Dodd]], American politician\\n*\n        [[May 28]]\\n** [[Rudy Giuliani]], former Mayor of New York City\\n** [[Gladys\n        Knight]], American singer\\n** [[Rita MacNeil]], Canadian folk singer (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Patricia Quinn|Patricia, Lady Stephens (n\\u00e9e Quinn)]], retired Northern\n        Irish actress\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Helmut Berger]], Austrian actor\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Meredith MacRae]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:John\n        Carlos, Tommie Smith 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tommie Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ban Ki-moon\n        1-2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ban Ki-moon]]]]\\n[[File:Kinks.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ray\n        Davies]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff Beck.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeff Beck]]]]\\n[[File:CUN2008\n        Oscar party Gary Busey.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gary Busey]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Robert Powell]], English actor\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Edith McGuire]],\n        American sprinter\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Michelle Phillips]], American singer\n        and actress ([[The Mamas & the Papas]])\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Colm Wilkinson]],\n        Irish actor and singer\\n** [[Whitfield Diffie]], American cryptographer\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\n** [[Phillip Allen Sharp]], American scientist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Edgar Froese]], German\n        musician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Tommie Smith]], American athlete\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        [[Mark Belanger]], American baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Don Grady]],\n        American actor and singer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Marc Ouellet]], Canadian cardinal\\n**\n        [[Boz Scaggs]], American singer and guitarist\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Ban\n        Ki-moon]], South Korean politician and 8th [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations]]\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Henri Richelet]], French\n        painter\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Bill Rafferty]], American comedian and impressionist\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Franco Cordova]], Italian international\n        football player\\n** [[Luigi Sgarbozza]], Italian former cyclist\\n** [[Ray\n        Davies]], English rock-singer and songwriter, co-founder of [[The Kinks]]\\n**\n        [[Carmen Cardinali Paoa]], Chilean professor\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Ercole\n        Gualazzini]], Italian professional road bicycle racer\\n* [[June 23]] –\n        [[Silvestre Bello III]], Filipino businessman and lawyer\\n* [[June 24]] \\n**\n        [[Dennis Butler]], English former footballer and football manager\\n** [[Jeff\n        Beck]], English rock musician\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Zez\\u00e9 Motta]],\n        Brazilian actress and singer\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Gary Busey]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Se\\u00e1n Patrick O''Malley]], American cardinal\\n* [[June 30]]\\n**\n        [[Terry Funk]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Raymond Moody]], American\n        parapsychologist\\n** [[Alan C. Fox]], American author, philanthropist and\n        entrepreneur\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jeffrey Tambor June 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeffrey\n        Tambor]]]]\\n[[File:David Hemery 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Hemery]]]]\\n[[File:Geraldine\n        Chaplin 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Geraldine Chaplin]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Mike Horan]], Australian politician\\n** [[Mercedes Bresso]], Italian politician\\n**\n        [[Diron Talbert]], American football player\\n** [[Syd Jackson (footballer)|Syd\n        Jackson]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Jayanta Chattopadhyay]],\n        Bangladeshi actor and reciter\\n** [[Vicente de la Mata (born 1944)|Vicente\n        de la Mata]], Argentine former football midfielder\\n** [[Paul Schudel]], American\n        football player and coach\\n** [[Billy Campbell (Northern Irish footballer)|Billy\n        Campbell]], Irish professional footballer\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Michel Polnareff]],\n        French singer\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Joe Berardo]], Portuguese businessman, stock\n        investor, speculator, and art collector\\n** [[Joe Critchlow]], Canadian football\n        player\\n** [[Albert Kapengut]], Soviet chess master\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Deepankar\n        De]], Indian actor\\n** [[Hendrik Born]], German vice admiral\\n** [[Mick Andrews]],\n        English international motorcycle trials rider\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Tim Brown\n        (darts player)|Tim Brown]], Australian darts player\\n** [[Gunhild Hoffmeister]],\n        East German middle-distance runner\\n** [[Max Timisela]], Indonesian footballer\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Feleti Sevele]], former Prime Minister of Tonga\\n** [[Tony\n        Jacklin]], English golfer\\n** [[Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham]],\n        British Army officer\\n** [[Mark Burgess (cricketer)|Mark Burgess]], New Zealand\n        cricketer\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Janet Sheen]], American actress\\n** [[Jeffrey\n        Tambor]], American actor\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Katrin Alvarez]], German\n        contemporary painter\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Keith Doncon]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n** [[Valdeir Vieira]], Brazilian football manager\\n* [[July 12]]\n        \\n** [[Clarence Parfitt]], Bermudian and Scottish cricketer\\n** [[Terry Cooper\n        (footballer, born 1944)|Terry Cooper]], English former football player and\n        manager\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Ern\\u0151 Rubik]], Hungarian inventor\\n*\n        [[July 14]] – [[Aad Mansveld]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[July 15]] –\n        [[Jan-Michael Vincent]], American actor\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Clarence Parfitt]],\n        Bermudian and Scottish cricketer\\n** [[Jose L. Cuisia Jr.]], Philippine Ambassador\n        and banker\\n** [[Angharad Rees]], Welsh actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        [[Mark Burgess (cricketer)|Mark Burgess]], New Zealand [[cricket]] [[Captain\n        (cricket)|captain]]\\n** [[Catherine Schell]], Hungarian actress\\n** [[Carlos\n        Alberto Torres]], Brazilian footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[David Hemery]], British Olympic athlete\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[John Atta Mills]],\n        13th [[President of Ghana]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Paul Wellstone]], U.S. Senator\n        from Minnesota (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Alex Buzo]], of Sydney,\n        Australian playwright and author (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Jozo\n        Kri\\u017eanovi\\u0107]], Bosnian politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n**\n        [[Geraldine Chaplin]], English-American actress\\n** [[Jonathan Dimbleby]],\n        British journalist and author\\n** [[Robert C. Merton]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Richard\n        Belzer.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Richard Belzer]]]]\\n[[File:Sam Elliott.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Sam\n        Elliott]]]]\\n[[File:The Emperor Has No Robes.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ian McDiarmid]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Yury Romanenko]], Soviet cosmonaut\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Capaldi]], British drummer, singer and songwriter ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]])\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Nan\\u00e1 Vasconcelos]], Brazilian percussionist and vocalist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Jonas Falk]], Swedish actor (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Richard Belzer]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[William\n        Frankfather]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Orhan Gencebay]], Turkish\n        musician, composer, singer and actor\\n* [[August 7]] – [[John Glover\n        (actor)|John Glover]], American actor\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Brooke Bundy]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Hasyim Muzadi]], Indonesian Islamic scholar (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Sam Elliott]], American actor\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**\n        [[Ian McDiarmid]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Frederick W. Smith]], American founder\n        of [[FedEx]]\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Larry Troutman]], American musician\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Kevin Tighe]], American actor\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Sylvie Vartan]], French singer\\n* [[August 18]] \\n**\n        [[Robert Hitchcock]], Australian sculptor\\n** [[Volker Lechtenbrink]], German\n        television actor and singer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Bodil Malmsten]], Swedish\n        writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Rajiv Gandhi]], Prime Minister\n        of India (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Kari S. Tikka]], Finnish Professor\n        of Finance (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Peter Weir]], Australian film director\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Saira Banu]], Indian actress\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Christine\n        Chubbuck]], American television reporter (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[August 26]] –\n        [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester]]\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Tug McGraw]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Jos LeDuc]],\n        Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Tony\n        Atkinson - Festival Economia 2015.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Tony Atkinson]]]]\\n[[File:Grand\n        Gala du Disque Populaire 1974 - Barry White 927-0099.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barry\n        White]]]]\\n[[File:2004 12LosAngelesPeterCetera.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Cetera]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Douglas Deauville 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael Douglas]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Leonard Slatkin]], American conductor\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        [[Gilles Marchal]], French musician\\n* [[September 3]] \\n** [[Tim Donnelly\n        (actor)|Tim Donnelly]], American actor\\n** [[Ty Warner]], American Businessman,\n        Inventor: Beanie Babies\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Tony Atkinson]], British\n        economist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Christian Boltanski]],\n        French artist\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Earl Manigault]], American basketball\n        player (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Bora Milutinovi\\u0107]], Serbian football coach\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Leonard Peltier]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native\n        American activist]] and convicted murderer\\n** [[Barry White]], American singer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Carol Barnes]], British newsreader\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Jacqueline Bisset]], English actress\\n** [[Peter Cetera]],\n        lead singer and guitarist of American rock group [[Chicago]]\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Graham Taylor]], English footballer and football manager (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Reinhold Messner]], Italian mountaineer\\n*\n        [[September 18]] \\n** [[Veronica Carlson]], English actress and model\\n**\n        [[Satan''s Angel]], American exotic dancer\\n* [[September 19]] – [[\\u0130smet\n        \\u00d6zel]], Turkish poet\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Hamilton Jordan]],\n        Jimmy Carter''s first [[White House Chief of Staff]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Frazer Hines]], British actor\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Michael\n        Douglas]], American film actor and producer\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Anne\n        Robinson]], British television host\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Milo\\u0161\n        Zeman]], 3rd President of the Czech Republic\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Jimmy\n        Johnstone]], Scottish footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Arnhim\n        Eustace.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arnhim Eustace]]]]\\n[[File:Kov\\u00e1cskatisziget.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kati\n        Kov\\u00e1cs]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Vernor Vinge]], American science\n        fiction writer\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Tony La Russa]], American baseball\n        player and manager\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Arnhim Eustace]], Vincentian\n        politician and 3rd [[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Mylon LeFevre]], American singer and evangelist\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\n** [[John Entwistle]], English musician ([[The Who]]) (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Nona Hendryx]], American R&B singer ([[Labelle]])\\n** [[Peter Tosh]], Jamaican\n        singer and musician (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[\\u015eerif G\\u00f6ren]],\n        Turkish film director\\n** [[David Trimble]], Northern Irish Unionist political\n        leader; recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] 1998\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Clive Hornby]], English actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Jean-Pierre\n        Sauvage]], French scientist; recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\n        2016\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Kati Kov\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian jazz, pop and\n        rock musician\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Dennis Franz]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Ahmed Chalabi]], Iraqi businessman and politician\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Askar Akaev MoscowRia 08-2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Askar\n        Akayevich Akayev]]]]\\n[[File:Danny DeVito cropped and edited for brightness.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Danny\n        DeVito]]]]\\n[[File:Lorne Michaels David Shankbone 2010.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lorne\n        Michaels]]]]\\n[[File:Harold Ramis Oct 2009.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Harold Ramis]]]]\\n[[File:Actor\n        Ben Stein.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ben Stein]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Bobby Heenan]],\n        American professional wrestling manager and commentator\\n** [[Oscar Temaru]],\n        President of [[French Polynesia]]\\n** [[Rafic Hariri]], 2-Time Prime Minister\n        of Lebanon (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Keith Emerson]], British\n        keyboardist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Linda Gary]], American\n        voice actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Wild Man Fischer]],\n        Outsider musician\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Joe Niekro]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Askar Akayev|Askar Akayevich\n        Akayev]], 1st [[President of Kyrgyzstan]]\\n** [[Silvestre Reyes]], American\n        politician\\n* [[November 11]] \\n** [[Daniel Ortega]], [[President of Nicaragua]]\\n**\n        [[Kemal Sunal]], Turkish comedian\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Booker T. Jones]],\n        American musician, singer and songwriter\\n** [[Al Michaels]], American sportscaster\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Gene Clark]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Danny DeVito]], American actor, film producer and director\\n** [[Rem Koolhaas]],\n        Dutch architect\\n** [[Lorne Michaels]], Canadian television and film producer\\n**\n        [[Tom Seaver]], American baseball player\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Wolfgang\n        Joop]], German artist, fashion designer, and art collector\\n** [[Ed Krupp|Edwin\n        C. Krupp]], American [[astronomer]], [[archaeoastronomer]], author, Director\n        [[Griffith Observatory]]\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Donald DiFrancesco]],\n        American lawyer and politician, 51st [[Governor of New Jersey]]  \\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[Dick Durbin|Richard Durbin]], American politician; United States\n        Senator (D-IL)\\n** [[Harold Ramis]], American actor, director and comedy writer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Candy Darling]], American actress (d.\n        [[1974]])\\n** [[Ibrahim Gambari]], Nigerian scholar and diplomat\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Ben Stein]], American law professor, actor and author\\n*   November\n        25   – [[Michael Kijana Wamalwa]], Kenyan politician, 8th [[Vice President\n        of Kenya]]\\n* [[November 30]] – [[George Graham (footballer)|George\n        Graham]], Scottish football player and manager\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Dennis\n        Wilson 1971 cropped.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Dennis Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Jeroen Krabb%C3%A9.png|110px|thumb|[[Jeroen\n        Krabbe]]]]\\n[[File:Brenda Lee 1977.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Brenda Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Bernard\n        Hill2 (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Bernard Hill]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[John Densmore]], drummer, member of [[The Doors]].\\n* [[December 2]]\\n**\n        [[Cathy Lee Crosby]], American actress (''''That''s Incredible!'''')\\n** [[Ibrahim\n        Rugova]], 1st [[President of Kosovo]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        [[Dennis Wilson]], American singer, songwriter and drummer (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Jeroen Krabb\\u00e9]], Dutch actor and film director\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Kit Culkin]], American stage actor\\n** [[Ron Kenoly]],\n        American Christian leader\\n** [[Jonathan King]], British music producer\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** [[Daniel Chorzempa]], American organist\\n** [[Georges Coste]],\n        French Rugby player and coach\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Tadashi Irie]], Japanese\n        [[yakuza]] boss\\n** [[Ki Longfellow]], American novelist\\n* [[December 11]]\\n**\n        [[Brenda Lee]], American singer\\n** [[Lynda Day George]], American actress\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Diana Bracho]], Mexican actress\\n** [[Kenneth Cranham]],\n        Scottish born actor\\n** [[Cara Duff-MacCormick]], Canadian stage actress\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Bernard Hill]], British actor\\n* [[December 19]]\n        – [[Tim Reid]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Bill\n        Atkinson (footballer, born 1944)|Bill Atkinson]], English footballer\\n** [[Michael\n        Tilson Thomas]], American conductor\\n** [[Zheng Xiaoyu]], Chinese bureaucrat\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Steve Carlton]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Wesley Clark]], U.S. general and NATO Supreme\n        Allied Commander\\n** [[Ingar Knudtsen]], Norwegian writer\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[Erhard Keller]], German speed skater\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Jairzinho]], Brazilian football player\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Bill Ayers]],\n        American education theorist and former radical anti-war activist\\n** [[Jane\n        Lapotaire]], British actress\\n** [[Aleksey Mikhaylovich Mikhalyov|Aleksey\n        Mikhalyov]], Russian translator\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Kary Mullis]],\n        American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Joseph Hilbe]], American statistician and author\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Jan Widstr\\u00f6mer]], Swedish artist\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*[[Sima\n        Bina]], Iranian vocalist\\n*[[William Goad]], British businessman and serial\n        child rapist (d. [[2012]])\\n*[[Ahmad Kamyabi Mask]], Iranian scholar\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Kaj\n        Munk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kaj Munk]]]]\\n[[File:Louhenryhoover.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lou\n        Henry Hoover]]]]\\n[[File:Portrett av Edvard Munch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edvard\n        Munch]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Edwin Lutyens]], British architect (b. [[1869]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Turner (Australian cricketer)|Charles Turner]], Australian cricketer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Kaj Munk]], Danish playwright, [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]\n        [[pastor]] and martyr (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Ida Tarbell]],\n        American journalist and [[muckraker]] (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Lou Henry Hoover]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[William Emerson Ritter]], American biologist (b.\n        [[1856]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** Italian Fascist leaders executed in the [[Verona\n        Trial]]\\n*** [[Emilio De Bono]], General, former member of the [[Grand Council\n        of Fascism]] (b. [[1866]])\\n*** [[Galeazzo Ciano|Gian Galeazzo Ciano, 2nd\n        Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari]], aristocrat and diplomat, former member\n        of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] (b. [[1903]])\\n*** [[Giovanni Marinelli]],\n        former member of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*** Carlo\n        Pareschi, former member of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] (b. [[1898]])\\n***\n        Luciano Gottardi (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Charles King (musical actor)|Charles\n        King]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Edgard Potier]], Belgian spy (suicide)\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Nicholas Bunkerd Kitbamrung]], Thai\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        King [[Yuhi V of Rwanda]]\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Mehmet Emin Yurdakul]],\n        Turkish writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[James McKeen Cattell]],\n        American psychologist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Yoshimi Nishida]],\n        Japanese general (killed in battle) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 23]] –\n        [[Edvard Munch]], Norwegian painter (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Teresa Grillo Michel]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] nun and blessed (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[William Allen White]], American journalist (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Jean Giraudoux]], French writer (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Piet\n        Cornelies Mondrian.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Piet Mondrian]]]]\\n[[File:P.E.Svinhufvud.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pehr\n        Evind Svinhufvud]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Piet Mondrian]], Dutch painter\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Yvette Guilbert]], French singer\n        and actress (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux]],\n        British poet, essayist and novelist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[Robert E. Park]], American Sociologist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 11]]\n        – [[Carl Meinhof]], German linguist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Gandar-Dower]], English sportsman, aviator, explorer and author\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Margaret Woodrow Wilson]], American singer; [[Woodrow\n        Wilson|Presidential]] daughter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Edgar\n        Selwyn]], American screenwriter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\n** [[Carl\n        August Ehrensv\\u00e4rd (1858-1944)|Carl August Ehrensv\\u00e4rd]], Swedish\n        admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Henri Nathansen]], Danish writer and director\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Ferenc Szisz]], Hungarian-born\n        race car driver (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Leo Baekeland]],\n        Belgian-born American chemist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Pehr\n        Evind Svinhufvud]], Finnish politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\n        and 3rd [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Paul-Emile\n        Janson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul-Emile Janson]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Paul-\\u00c9mile\n        Janson]], Belgian politician, 30th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Louis Buchalter]], Jewish-born American mobster, head\n        of Murder, Inc. (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n**[[Max Jacob]],\n        French poet (b. [[1876]])\\n**[[Neel E. Kearby]], American fighter ace (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Demetrios Capetanakis]],\n        Greek poet, essayist and critic (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\n** [[Hendrik\n        Willem van Loon]], Dutch-born American historian, journalist and writer (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n** [[Irvin S. Cobb]], American writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n**[[Otto von Below]], German general (b. [[1857]])\\n**[[Mariya Oktyabrskaya]],\n        Soviet national hero (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Mario Bravo]],\n        Argentinian politician and writer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        de Liguoro]], Italian actor and director (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[No\\u00ebl \\u00c9douard,\n        vicomte de Curi\\u00e8res de Castelnau]], French general (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Pierre Brossolette]], journalist and French Resistance fighter\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Myron Selznick]], American film producer\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Aldo Finzi (politician)|Aldo Finzi]],\n        Italian politician (executed) (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Pietro Pappagallo]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Orde Wingate]],\n        British soldier (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Omelyan Kovch]], Soviet\n        [[Roman Catholic]] and Greek [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** [[Antoni Kiewnarski]], Polish WWII heroine (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Mineichi Koga]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[W\\u0142odzimierz Kolanowski]],\n        Polish army officer (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Bernardino Machado.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bernardino\n        Machado]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Sharifzyan Kazanbaev]], Soviet army officer\n        (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[April 2]] – [[John Batchelor (missionary)|John Batchelor]],\n        British missionary and reverend (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Yevgeniya\n        Rudneva]], Soviet WWII heroine (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Bartolomeo\n        Gosio]], Italian scientist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[J. T. Hearne]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Hans-Valentin Hube]],\n        German army general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Charles Jordan\n        (magician)|Charles Jordan]], American magician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 25]]\n        – [[George Herriman]], American cartoonist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April\n        28]] \\n** [[Mohammed Alim Khan]], [[Emir of Bukhara]] (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Frank\n        Knox]], American Secretary of the Navy during WWII (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April\n        29]]\\n** [[Billy Bitzer]], American cinematographer (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Bernardino\n        Machado]], Portuguese political figure, 2-time [[Prime Minister of Portugal]]\n        and 2-time [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 30]] –\n        [[Paul Poiret]], French couturier (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Leon\n        Koz\\u0142owski.PNG|100px|thumb|[[Leon Koz\\u0142owski]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Curtis.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Thomas\n        Curtis]]]]\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Bertha Benz]], German automotive pioneer,\n        wife and business partner of automobile inventor Karl Benz (b. [[1849]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[William Ledyard Rodgers]], American admiral and military\n        and naval historian (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Albert Leo Stevens]],\n        pioneering American balloonist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Leon\n        Koz\\u0142owski]], Polish archaeologist and politician, 25th [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Max Brand]], American author\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Harold Lowe]], British sailor, 5th officer of the [[RMS\n        Titanic|RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Arthur Quiller-Couch]] (aka\n        \\\"Q\\\"), British writer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[May 15]] – Patriarch [[Patriarch\n        Sergius of Moscow|Sergius I]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[George\n        Ade]], American author (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Milena Jesensk\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovakian journalist, writer, editor and translator (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Fraser Barron]], New Zealand bomber pilot during WWII (b.\n        [[1921]])\\n** [[Eugenio Colorni]], Italian philosopher and activist (b. [[1909]])\\n**\n        [[Vincent Rose]], American musician and band leader (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Edmund Mortimer (actor)|Edmund Mortimer]], American actor and\n        director (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Thomas Curtis]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Inigo Campioni]], Italian admiral\n        (executed) (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Matsuji Ijuin]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        [[Luigi Mascherpa]], Italian admiral (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Harold Bell Wright]],\n        American writer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Clark Daniel Stearns]],\n        9th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Josefine\n        Dora]], Austrian actress (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\n** Patriarch [[Mesrob\n        I Naroyan of Constantinople]] (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Jessie Ralph]], American\n        actress (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* June – [[Joseph Campbell (poet)|Joseph\n        Campbell]], Northern Irish poet and lyricist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 5]] –\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Beck]], Polish statesman (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[Ker-Xavier Roussel]], French painter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[Marc Bloch]], French historian (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[D\\u00e9nes\n        Berinkey]], 21st Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Chinchilla Recinos]], Guatemalan teacher (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 27]] –\n        [[Milan Hod\\u017ea]], Slovak politician, champion of regional integration\n        in Europe (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Anton Breinl]], Australian\n        medical practional and research (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Carl-mayer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carl\n        Mayer]]]]\\n[[File:LC-DIG-ggbain-37582.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Theodore Roosevelt\n        Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Claus von Stauffenberg (1907-1944).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Claus\n        von Stauffenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Reza shahpahlavi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Reza Pahlavi\n        of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Carl Mayer]], Austrian screenwriter\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9e Borrel]], French World War II\n        heroine (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Vera Leigh]], British World War II heroine (b.\n        [[1903]])\\n** [[Ch\\u016bichi Nagumo]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Sonya Olschanezky]], German World War II heroine (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Diana\n        Rowden]], British World War II heroine (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Georges Mandel]], French politician and WWII hero (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July\n        8]]\\n** [[George B. Seitz]], American director (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Takeo Takagi]],\n        Japanese admiral (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Ingvar Fredrik H\\u00e5kansson]],\n        Swedish pilot (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Jesus Baza Duenas]], Guamese\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Theodore\n        Roosevelt Jr.]], American political and business leader (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July\n        14]] – [[Asmahan]], Syrian-born Egyptian singer (b.[[1918]])\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Joseph Sadi-Lecointe]], French aviator (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July\n        16]] – [[Moncena Dunn (inventor)|Moncena Dunn]], American inventor (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Tarsykiya Matskiv]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]]\n        and Greek [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] religious sister and blessed\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Augusto De Angelis]], Italian writer and\n        journalist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[George Holt (actor)|George Holt]], American\n        actor and director (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Rex Whistler]], British artist (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Mildred Harris]], American actress (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Ludwig Beck]], German general and Chief of\n        the German General Staff (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Claus von Stauffenberg]], German\n        resistance leader (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Lesley J. McNair]], American\n        general (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Jakob von Uexk\\u00fcll]], Baltic German biologist\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Cl\\u00f3vis Bevil\\u00e1qua]], Brazilian\n        jurist, historian and journalist (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Takakazu Kinashi]], Japanese\n        army officer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Reza Pahlavi of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], 20th\n        [[Prime Minister of Iran]] and [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah of Iran]] (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Perry McGillivray]], American Olympic swmmer (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[Lee Powell (actor)|Lee Powell]], American actor (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Antoine de Saint-Exup\\u00e9ry]], French\n        pilot and writer (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Manuel L. Quezon (November\n        1942).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Manuel L. Quezon]]]]\\n[[File:J%C4%99drzej Moraczewski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J\\u0119drzej\n        Moraczewski]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2008-0184, Berlin, Berthold\n        Schenk Graf v. Stauffenberg.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Lt.\n        Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Navy.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Jean Pr\\u00e9vost]], French writer and journalist, member\n        of the [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Manuel L. Quezon]],\n        Filipino statesman, soldier and politician, 2nd [[President of the Philippines]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Kakuji Kakuta]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Krzysztof Kamil Baczy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish poet (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[J\\u0119drzej Moraczewski]],\n        Polish politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Jadwiga Falkowska]], Polish teacher and activist (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\n** [[Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski]], Polish journalist and novelist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Michael Wittmann]], German tank commander (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Felix Nussbaum]], German painter (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n* [[August 10]] \\n** [[Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]],\n        Nazi opponent and lawyer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Hans Albrecht, Hereditary Prince\n        of Schleswig-Holstein]] (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Francesco Federico\n        Falco]], Italian doctor (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Hideyoshi Obata]], Japanese general\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Jose Garvida Flores]], Filipino writer,\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.]], American\n        fighter pilot, oldest son of [[Joseph P. Kennedy]] (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Suzanne\n        Spaak]], Belgian World War II heroine (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Franciszek\n        Brodniewicz]], Polish actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Eug\\u00e9nio de Castro]],\n        Portuguese poet and writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\n** [[Eugeniusz\n        Horbaczewski]], Polish pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Ernst Th\\u00e4lmann]], German\n        Communist leader (executed) (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[G\\u00fcnther\n        von Kluge]], German field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Henry Wood]],\n        British conductor (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Maciej Kalenkiewicz]],\n        Polish engineer and military officer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Marian Lalewicz]],\n        Polish architect (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\n** [[Aleksander Augustynowicz]],\n        Polish painter (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Abd\\u00fclmecid II]], last Caliph of the\n        Ottoman Empire (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Nikolai Roslavets]], Soviet composer (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia]], Italian aviator\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Teresio Vittorio Martinoli]], Italian\n        pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Hans Leesment]], Estonian general\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Adam von Trott zu Solz]], German diplomat (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\n** [[Carlo Fecia di Cossato]], Italian navy officer (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Princess Mafalda of Savoy]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Teresa\n        Bracco]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (killed\n        in battle) (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Rudolf Breitscheid]], German politician (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Bronislaw Kaminski]], Polish army officer (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Moissaye Boguslawski]], American pianist and composer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Gustav Bauer.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Gustav\n        Bauer]]]]\\n[[File:ZieglerColijn.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Hendrikus Colijn]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Krystyna D\\u0105browska]], Polish sculptor and painter\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Maria Vetulani de Nisau]], Polish\n        soldier (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Gustave Bi\\u00e9ler]],\n        Swiss WWII hero (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Jan Franciszek\n        Czartoryski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed, executed\n        during the [[Warsaw Uprising]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Eduardo\n        S\\u00e1nchez de Fuentes]], Cuban composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 9]]\n        – [[Robert Benoist]], French race car driver and war hero (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Joseph M\\u00fcller (priest)|Joseph M\\u00fcller]],\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] priest and Servant of God (executed) (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Robert Fiske (actor)|Robert Fiske]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Yolande Beekman]], French WWII heroine\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Madeleine Damerment]], French WWII heroine (b. [[1917]])\\n**\n        [[Noor Inayat Khan]], Indian WWII heroine (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[W. Heath Robinson]],\n        British cartoonist and illustrator (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[John\n        Kenneth Macalister]], Canadian WWII hero (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Frank Pickersgill]],\n        Canadian WWII hero (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Rom\\u00e9o Sabourin]], Canadian WWII\n        hero (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Gustav Bauer]], 11th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Hendrikus Colijn]],\n        Dutch policeman, politician and businessman, 25th [[Prime Minister of the\n        Netherlands]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Fritz Lindemann]],\n        German army officer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Matylda Palfyova]],\n        Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (killed in action) (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] \\n** [[Walter Breisky]], Austrian civil servant, acting [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Eugeniusz Lokajski]], Polish athlete, gymnast\n        and photographer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Aristide Maillol]],\n        French sculptor and painter (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Josef\n        B\\u00fcrckel]], German Nazi gauleiter (suicide) (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ramoncastillo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ramon\n        Castillo]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1985-013-07, Erwin Rommel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Erwin\n        Rommel]]]] \\n[[File:Jose de la Riva Aguero y Osma.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        de la Riva-Ag\\u00fcero y Osma]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Rudolf Schmundt]],\n        German general (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Benjamin Fondane]], Romanian-French\n        Symbolist poet, critic and existentialist philosopher (gassed in [[Auschwitz\n        concentration camp]]) (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Juli\\u00e1n Felipe]], Filipino musician\n        and bandleader (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Maeda Toshisada]], Japanese politician\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Al Smith]], American politician (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Prince Gustav of Denmark]] (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Wendell Willkie]], American politician (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Ram\\u00f3n Castillo]], Argentinian politician, 25th\n        [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Erwin\n        Rommel]], German field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n**\n        [[Alexander, Prince of Erbach-Sch\\u00f6nberg]] (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Josef Maria\n        Eder]], Austrian chemist (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Isadore\n        Bernstein]], American screenwriter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\n** [[Alois\n        Kayser]], German missionary (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Hilma af Klint]], Swedish\n        abstract painter (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Richard Bennett\n        (actor)|Richard Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Charles Glover Barkla]], British physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Sh\\u014dji Nishimura]],\n        Japanese vice admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n**\n        HRH [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|The Princess Beatrice]], youngest\n        and last surviving child of [[Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Hiroyoshi\n        Nishizawa]], Japanese fighter ace (killed in action) (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        de la Riva-Ag\\u00fcero y Osma]], Peruvian historian, writer and politician,\n        84th [[Prime Minister of Peru]] (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[William Temple (bishop)|William\n        Temple]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Caillaux.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph\n        Caillaux]]]]\\n[[File:Florence Foster Jenkins.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Florence Foster\n        Jenkins]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Ismael P\\u00e9rez Pazmi\\u00f1o]],\n        Ecuadoran writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[Karol Irzykowski]],\n        Polish writer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]], American chemist\n        and inventor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[John Dill]], Field\n        Marshal of the British Army (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Alexis\n        Carrel]], French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\n** [[Max Bergmann]],\n        German biochemist (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Hannah Szenes]], Hungarian World War\n        II heroine (executed) (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Jane Grey\n        (actress)|Jane Grey]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 10]] –\n        [[Wang Jingwei]], Chinese statesman, President of the Nanjing-based and Japanese-supported\n        collaborationist Government of the Republic of China (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] – [[George F. Houston]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] \\n** [[Carl Lampert]], Austrian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\\n**\n        [[Friedrich Lorenz]], German [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Trafford Leigh-Mallory]], British aviator and Royal\n        Air Force Air Chief Marshal (plane crash) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – [[Cayetano Santos Godino]], Argentinian serial killer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Maria Rodziewicz\\u00f3wna]], Polish writer (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Ignacio Bol\\u00edvar]], Spanish naturalist and entomologist\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Joseph Caillaux]], French politician\n        and 57th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Arthur Eddington]],\n        British astronomer, physicist and mathematician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Kenesaw Mountain Landis]], 1st commissioner of [[Major League\n        Baseball]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Florence Foster Jenkins]],\n        American socialite and operatic soprano (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Vassily-Kandinsky.jpeg|thumb|right|100px|[[Wassily\n        Kandinsky]]]]\\n[[File:Brigadier General Vicente Lim.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vicente\n        Lim]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Franciszek Pius Radziwi\\u0142\\u0142]],\n        Polish nobleman and activist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\n** [[Filippo\n        Tommaso Marinetti]], Italian poet, editor and art theorist, founder of the\n        [[Futurism|Futurist]] movement (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Josef Lh\\u00e9vinne]],\n        Soviet pianist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Prince Andrew of\n        Greece and Denmark]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Roger Bresnahan]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Laird Cregar]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 11]]\n        – [[Montgomery Cunningham Meigs (1919-1944)|Montgomery Cunningham Meigs]],\n        American WWII heroine (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Bernard Chrzanowski]],\n        Polish activist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Wassily Kandinsky]],\n        Russian-born artist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Lupe V\\u00e9lez]], Mexican actress\n        (suicide) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Glenn Miller]], American\n        band leader (accident) (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 19]] – King [[Abbas\n        II of Egypt]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Harry Langdon]],\n        American comedian (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[George Bellamy\n        (actor)|George Bellamy]], British actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[S\\u00e1ra Salkah\\u00e1zi]], Hungarian religious sister and blessed (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]] – [[Romain Rolland]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 31]] –\n        [[Vicente Lim]], Filipino general of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Gerald Haxton]], companion and secretary\n        to novelist/playwright [[W. Somerset Maugham]] (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Isidor\n        Isaac Rabi]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Otto Hahn]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Joseph Erlanger]],\n        [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Johannes V. Jensen]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[International\n        Committee of the Red Cross]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|32em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1944}}\\n[[Category:1944|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T02:46:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":799827732,\"length\":109595,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1944&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944\"},\"34624\":{\"pageid\":34624,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1945\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T05:55:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1945}}\\n{{Events by month|1945}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1945}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1945}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-32279-007, KZ Auschwitz, Eingang.jpg|thumb|upright| [[January 27]]:\n        The Soviet [[Red Army]] liberates [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]].]]\\n*\n        January – WWII: [[Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine]] continues;\n        the [[United States Army]] crosses the [[Siegfried Line]].\\n* [[January 1]]\n        – WWII:\\n** [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] begins [[Operation Bodenplatte]],\n        an attempt by the ''''[[Luftwaffe]]'''' to cripple [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        air forces in the [[Low Countries]].\\n** The [[Chenogne massacre]] in which\n        German prisoners are allegedly killed by American forces near the village\n        of Chenogne, Belgium. \\n* [[January 5]] – Australia recognizes the [[Polish\n        Committee of National Liberation]] as the government of Poland.\\n* [[January\n        6]] – A German offensive recaptures [[Esztergom]], [[Hungary]] from\n        the Russians.\\n* [[January 7]] – WWII: British General [[Bernard Montgomery,\n        1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]] holds a press conference\n        at [[Zonhoven]] describing his role at the [[Battle of the Bulge]].\\n* [[January\n        12]] – WWII: The [[Soviet Union]] begins the [[Vistula\\u2013Oder Offensive]]\n        in Eastern Europe against the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the [[East Prussian Offensive]]\n        to eliminate German forces in [[East Prussia]].\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        WWII: [[Adolf Hitler]] takes residence in the ''''[[F\\u00fchrerbunker]]''''\n        in Berlin.\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** WWII: The [[Soviet Union]] occupies [[Warsaw]],\n        Poland.\\n** The Holocaust: A Soviet patrol arrests [[Raoul Wallenberg]] in\n        Hungary.\\n* [[January 18]] – [[The Holocaust]]: The [[SS]] begins evacuation\n        of [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. Nearly 60,000 prisoners, mostly Jews,\n        are forced to march to other locations in Germany; as many as 15,000 die.\n        The 7,000 too sick to move are left without supplies being distributed.\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – The Holocaust: Soviet forces liberate the [[\\u0141\\u00f3d\\u017a\n        Ghetto]]; only 877 Jews of the initial population of 164,000 remain at this\n        time.\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is [[Fourth inauguration\n        of Franklin D. Roosevelt|sworn in]] for a fourth term as President of the\n        United States, the only President ever to exceed two terms.\\n* [[January 23]]\n        – WWII:\\n** Hungary agrees to an [[armistice]] with the [[Allies of\n        World War II|Allies]].\\n** German Grand Admiral [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]] orders\n        the start of [[Operation Hannibal]], the mass evacuation by sea of German\n        troops and civilians from the [[Courland Pocket]], [[Evacuation of East Prussia|East\n        Prussia]] and the [[Polish Corridor]] evacuating an estimated 800,000-900,000\n        German civilians and 350,000 soldiers from advancing Soviet forces.\\n* [[January\n        24]] – WWII: [[Associated Press|AP]] [[war correspondent]] [[Joseph\n        Morton (correspondent)|Joseph Morton]], nine [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]]\n        men, and four [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] agents are executed by\n        the Germans at [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] under Hitler''s [[Commando\n        Order]] of 1942 which stipulates the immediate execution of all captured Allied\n        [[commando]]s or [[sabotage|saboteurs]] without trial, even those in proper\n        uniforms. Morton is the only [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] correspondent\n        to be executed by the [[Axis powers|Axis]] during the war.\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – WWII: Infantry action at [[Holtzwihr]], France, for which [[Audie\n        Murphy]] is awarded the [[Medal of Honor]].{{cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/audie_murphy.html\n        |title=ANC-AMurphy |publisher=Arlingtoncemetery.org |accessdate=2012-01-16\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915120514/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/audie_murphy.html\n        |archivedate=September 15, 2010 |df= }}\\n* [[January 27]] – [[The\n        Holocaust]]: The Soviet [[Red Army]] liberates the [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp|Auschwitz]] and Birkenau concentration camps.\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        WWII: Supplies begin to reach China over the newly reopened [[Burma Road]].\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – WWII: \\n** {{MV|Wilhelm Gustloff}}, with over 10,000\n        mainly civilian Germans from Gotenhafen ([[Gdynia]]) is sunk in [[Gda\\u0144sk\n        Bay]] by three [[torpedo]]es from the [[Soviet submarine S-13|Soviet submarine\n        ''''S-13'''']] in the [[Baltic Sea]]; up to 9,400, 5,000 of whom are children,\n        are thought to have died \\u2013 the greatest loss of life in a single ship\n        sinking in war action in history.\\n** [[Raid at Cabanatuan]]: 121 American\n        soldiers and 800 Filipino guerrillas free 813 American [[prisoners of war]]\n        from the Japanese-held camp in the city of [[Cabanatuan]] in the [[Philippines]].\\n**\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] makes his last public speech to be delivered personally,\n        on broadcast radio, expressing the belief that Germany will triumph.\\n* [[January\n        31]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of Hill 170]] in the Burma Campaign ends\n        with the British [[3rd Commando Brigade]] defeating the [[54th Division (Imperial\n        Japanese Army)|Imperial Japanese Army 54th Division]] causing the [[Twenty-Eighth\n        Army (Japan)|Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army]] to withdraw from the [[Rakhine\n        State|Arakan]] peninsula.\\n** [[Eddie Slovik]] is executed by firing squad\n        near [[Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines]] for [[desertion]], the only U.S. soldier since\n        the [[American Civil War]] ever executed for this offense.\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n[[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|The\n        \\\"Big Three\\\" at the [[Yalta Conference]]: [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] and [[Joseph Stalin]], February 2, 1945.]]\\n[[File:USMC-M-IwoJima-cvr.jpg|thumb|During\n        the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]], U.S. Marines land on [[Iwo Jima|the island]],\n        February 19, 1945.]]\\n* February\\n**[[Anne Frank]] dies of [[typhus]] in the\n        [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]], [[Lower Saxony]], Germany.{{cite\n        news | url=http://www.annefrank.org/ImageVaultFiles/id_17318/cf_21/def_AFS_one_day_2015.PDF\n        |title=One day they simply weren\\u2019t there any more... |work=anne frank\n        house |date=March 2015 |accessdate=11 April 2015}}\\n**Raymond L. Libby\n        of [[American Cyanamid]]''s research laboratories at [[Stamford, Connecticut]],\n        announces a method of orally administering the antibiotic [[penicillin]].{{cite\n        news|title=Penicillin Pills May Replace Injection|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19450216&id=N0waAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7wwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2626,3158721|newspaper=[[The\n        Milwaukee Sentinel]]|date=1945-02-16|accessdate=2012-05-22}}\\n* [[February\n        3]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]]: United\n        States forces enter the outskirts of [[Manila]] to capture it from the [[Imperial\n        Japanese Army|Japanese Imperial Army]], starting the battle.\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] agrees to enter the [[Pacific War]] against Japan once hostilities\n        against Germany are concluded.\\n* [[February 4]]\\u2013[[February 11|11]] –\n        WWII: [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] leader [[Joseph Stalin]] hold the [[Yalta Conference]].\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – French writer [[Robert Brasillach]] is executed for\n        [[Collaborationism|collaboration]] with the Germans.\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        WWII: General [[Douglas MacArthur]] returns to [[Manila]].\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Walter Ulbricht]] becomes leader of the German [[communism|Communists]]\n        in Moscow.\\n** WWII: \\\"[[Black Friday (1945)|Black Friday]]\\\": A force of\n        Allied [[Bristol Beaufighter]] aircraft suffers heavy casualties in an unsuccessful\n        attack on [[German destroyer Z33|German destroyer ''''Z33'''']] and escorting\n        vessels sheltering in [[F\\u00f8rde Fjord]], Norway.\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        WWII: 3,608 drown when the [[troopship]] {{SS|General von Steuben}} is sunk\n        by the [[Soviet submarine S-13|Soviet submarine ''''S-13'''']].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?59620|title=SS General von Steuben\n        [+1945]|publisher=WreckSite|accessdate=2010-12-06}}\\n* [[February 10]]\\u2013[[February\n        20|20]] – WWII: [[Operation Kita]]: The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] returns\n        \\\"Completion Force\\\", containing both its [[Ise-class battleship|''''Ise''''-class\n        battleship]]s, safely from [[Singapore]] to [[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]] in Japan\n        despite [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] attacks.\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        WWII:\\n** [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces [[Siege of Budapest|capture]] [[Budapest]],\n        Hungary, from the [[Nazism|Nazis]].\\n** [[Royal Air Force]] and [[United States\n        Army Air Forces]] [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II|bombing of Dresden]],\n        Germany. 22,000-25,000 are estimated to have died. \\n* [[February 14]] –\n        [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]] join the [[United Nations]].\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Bombing of Wesel in World War II]]\n        begins, destroying 97% of the town over three days. \\n** American and Filipino\n        ground forces land on [[Corregidor]] Island in the [[Philippines]].\\n** Combined\n        American and Filipino forces recapture the [[Bataan]] Peninsula.\\n** [[Venezuela]]\n        declares war on Germany.\\n* [[February 19]]\\u2013[[February 20]] – 980\n        Japanese soldiers die as a result of a killing spree by long saltwater [[crocodile]]s\n        in [[Battle of Ramree Island|Ramree, Burma]].{{cite book|title=Guinness\n        Book of World Records|year=2008|page=137}}\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        WWII – [[Battle of Iwo Jima]]: About 30,000 [[United States Marine Corps|United\n        States Marines]] land on [[Iwo Jima]].\\n* [[February 21]] – The last\n        [[V-2 rocket|V-2]]-rocket is launched from [[Peenem\\u00fcnde]].\\n* [[February\n        22]] –  WWII:\\n** [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Front]]:\n        end of the [[Battle of Monte Castello]], after nearly three months of fighting,\n        [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|Brazilian troops]] expel German forces of\n        a pivot point in the [[Apennine Mountains#Northern Apennines|(Tuscan) North\n        Apennines]], where their artillery was impeding the advance of [[Eighth Army\n        (United Kingdom)|British 8th Army]] toward [[Bologna]];\\n** [[Uruguay]] declares\n        war on Germany and Japan.\\n* [[February 23]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of\n        Iwo Jima]]: A group of [[United States Marine Corps|United States Marines]]\n        reach the top of [[Mount Suribachi]] on the island and are photographed raising\n        the [[flag of the United States|American flag]]. The photo, ''''[[Raising\n        the Flag on Iwo Jima]]'''' (taken by [[Joe Rosenthal]]), later wins a [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]].\\n** The [[11th Airborne Division (United States)|11th Airborne Division]],\n        with [[Filipino people|Filipino]] guerrillas, freed the captives of the [[Los\n        Ba\\u00f1os, Laguna|Los Ba\\u00f1os]] internment camp.\\n** The capital of the\n        [[Philippines]], Manila, is liberated by combined American and Filipino ground\n        troops.\\n** American and Filipino troops enter [[Intramuros|Intramuros, Manila]].\\n**\n        The German garrison in [[Pozna\\u0144]] capitulates to [[Red Army]] and Polish\n        troops.\\n** [[Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II|Bombing of Pforzheim]]:\n        Heaviest of a series of bombing raids on [[Pforzheim]] in Germany by Allied\n        aircraft is carried out by the British [[Royal Air Force]]. As many as 17,600\n        people, or 31.4% of the town''s population, are killed in the raid and about\n        83% of the town''s buildings destroyed, two-thirds of its complete area and\n        between 80 and 100% of the inner city.\\n** [[Turkey]] joins the war on [[Allies\n        of WWII|the Allies'' side]].\\n* [[February 24]] – The Egyptian Premier\n        [[Ahmad Mahir Pasha]] is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.\\n* [[February\n        28]] – In [[Bucharest]], a violent demonstration takes place, during\n        which the ''''bol\\u015fevic'''' group opens fire on the army and protesters.\n        In response, [[Andrei Y. Vishinsky]], [[USSR]] vice commissioner of foreign\n        affairs and president of the Allied Control Commission for [[Romania]], travels\n        to Bucharest to compel [[Nicolae R\\u0103descu]] to resign as premier.\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n* [[March 1]] – President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] gives\n        what will be his last address to a [[joint session of the United States Congress]],\n        reporting on the [[Yalta Conference]].\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** Former U.S. Vice-President\n        [[Henry A. Wallace]] starts his term of office as [[United States Secretary\n        of Commerce|U.S. Secretary of Commerce]], serving under President [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]].\\n** The rocket-propelled [[Bachem Ba 349]] ''''Natter''''\n        is first test launched at [[Stetten am kalten Markt]]. The launch fails and\n        the pilot, [[Lothar Sieber]], dies.''''Year by Year – 1945''''.\n        [[History International]].\\n* [[March 3]] – WWII:\\n** Finland\n        declares war on the [[Axis powers]].\\n** United States and Filipino troops\n        take [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Manila]], [[Philippines]].\\n** [[Bombing of\n        the Bezuidenhout]]: The British [[Royal Air Force]] accidentally bombs the\n        [[Bezuidenhout]] neighbourhood in [[The Hague]], Netherlands, killing 511\n        people.\\n* [[March 4]] \\n** In the United Kingdom, [[Elizabeth II|The Princess\n        Elizabeth]], later to become Queen Elizabeth II, joins the [[British Army]]''s\n        [[Women''s Auxiliary Territorial Service]] as a truck driver/mechanic.\\n**\n        Football club [[Red Star Belgrade]] (in Serbian: ''''FK Crvena zvezda'''')\n        formed in [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]].\\n* [[March 5]] – WWII: Brazilian\n        troops take Castelnuovo ([[Vergato]]), in the last prior operations for the\n        Allied [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy]].\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** A Communist-led\n        government is formed in [[Romania]] under [[Petru Groza]] following [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] intervention.\\n** Resistance fighters accidentally ambush and\n        attempt to execute SS general [[Hanns Albin Rauter]], the arch-persecutor\n        of the Dutch.\\n* [[March 7]] – WWII: At the end of [[Operation Lumberjack]],\n        American troops seize the [[Ludendorff Bridge]] over the [[Rhine]] at [[Remagen]]\n        in Germany and begin to cross; in the next 10 days 25,000 troops with equipment\n        are able to cross.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Josip Broz Tito]] forms a government\n        in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n** The Nazi authorities\n        kill 117 Dutch men in reprisal for the attempted murder of [[Hanns Albin Rauter]].\\n**\n        [[Operation Sunrise (World War II)|Operation Sunrise]]: [[Waffen-SS]] General\n        [[Karl Wolff]] meets with [[Allen Welsh Dulles]] of the United States [[Office\n        of Strategic Services]] at [[Lucerne]] in neutral Switzerland to negotiate\n        surrender of the [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces in Italy to the [[Allies of World\n        War II|Allies]].\\n* [[March 9]]\\u2013[[March 10|10]] – WWII: [[Bombing\n        of Tokyo]]: \\\"Operation Meetinghouse\\\" – [[USAAF]] [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]]\n        [[bomber]]s flying from the [[Mariana Islands]] attack Tokyo, Japan, with\n        [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]], killing 100,000 citizens in the firebombing.\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – The film ''''[[Children of Paradise|Les Enfants du Paradis]]''''\n        premieres in Paris.\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** The [[Empire of Japan]] establishes\n        the [[Empire of Vietnam]], a [[puppet state]] which will last only until August\n        23, with [[B\\u1ea3o \\u0110\\u1ea1i]] as its ruler.\\n** [[Sammarinese general\n        election, 1945|Sammarinese general election]] gives [[San Marino]] the world''s\n        first democratically elected [[communist]] government, which will hold power\n        to [[1957]].{{cite book|editor1=[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, Dieter]] |editor2=St\\u00f6ver,\n        Philip |year=2010|title=Elections in Europe: A data handbook|location=Baden-Baden|publisher=Nomos|page=1678|isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7}}{{cite\n        book|first=Alan James|last=Mayne|title=From Politics Past to Politics Future:\n        An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&pg=PA59|accessdate=2013-08-31|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood\n        Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96151-0|page=59}}\\n* [[March 12]] –\n        WWII: [[Swinem\\u00fcnde]] is destroyed by the USAAF killing an estimated 8,000\n        to 23,000 civilians, mostly refugees saved by [[Operation Hannibal]].\\n* [[March\n        15]]–[[March 31|31]] – WWII: The Soviet [[Red Army]] carries out\n        the [[Upper Silesian Offensive]].\\n* [[March 15]] – The [[17th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held, broadcast via radio for the first time. [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] goes to ''''[[Going My Way]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Iwo Jima]] unofficially ends, with\n        pockets of guerrilla resistance persisting until the official conclusion of\n        the battle.\\n* [[March 17]] – WWII: [[Kobe]], Japan [[Bombing of Kobe\n        in World War II|is fire-bombed]] by 331 [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] bombers,\n        killing over 8,000 people.\\n* [[March 18]] – WWII: 1,250 American bombers\n        attack Berlin.\\n* [[March 19]] – WWII:\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] orders that\n        all industries, military installations, machine shops, transportation facilities\n        and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed.\\n** Off the coast of\n        Japan, bombers hit the [[aircraft carrier]] [[USS Franklin (CV-13)|USS ''''Franklin'''']],\n        killing about 800 of her crewmen and crippling the ship.\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        WWII:\\n** British troops liberate [[Mandalay]], [[Burma]].\\n** [[Bulgaria]]n\n        and [[Soviet]] troops successfully defend the north bank of the [[Drava River]]\n        as the [[Battle of the Transdanubian Hills]] concludes.\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Arab League]] is formed with the adoption of a charter in [[Cairo]], Egypt.\\n**\n        [[Hildesheim Cathedral]] in Germany is destroyed in an air raid.\\n* [[March\n        24]]\\n** WWII – [[Operation Varsity]]: Two airborne divisions capture\n        bridges across the [[Rhine|Rhine River]] to aid the Allied advance.\\n** The\n        cartoon character [[Sylvester (Looney Tunes)|Sylvester the cat]] debuts in\n        ''''[[Life with Feathers]]''''.\\n* [[March 26]] – WWII: The [[Battle\n        of Iwo Jima]] officially ends, with the destruction of the remaining areas\n        of Japanese resistance.\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** WWII: The [[Red Army]] almost\n        destroys the [[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 4th Army]] in the [[Heiligenbeil\n        Pocket]] in [[East Prussia]].\\n** The \\\"Clash of Titans\\\": [[George Mikan]]\n        and [[Bob Kurland]] duel at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square\n        Garden]] in New York as [[Oklahoma State University\\u2013Stillwater|Oklahoma\n        State University]] defeats [[DePaul University|DePaul]] 52\\u201344 in [[basketball]].\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Red Army]] pushes most of the Axis forces\n        out of Hungary into Austria.\\n** [[Alger Hiss]] is congratulated in Moscow\n        for his part in bringing positions of Western powers and the Soviet Union\n        closer to each other at the [[Yalta Conference]].\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Yamato\n        battleship explosion.jpg|thumb|The [[Japanese battleship Yamato|Japanese battleship\n        ''''Yamato'''']] explodes after persistent attacks from U.S. aircraft during\n        the [[Battle of Okinawa]], 7 April 1945.]]\\n[[File:Stars & Stripes & Hitler\n        Dead2.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]], along with his wife [[Eva Braun]], [[Death\n        of Adolf Hitler|committed suicide]] on 30 April 1945.]]\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        WWII: [[Battle of Okinawa]]: The [[Tenth United States Army]] lands on [[Okinawa\n        Prefecture|Okinawa]].\\n* [[April 4]] – WWII:\\n** American troops liberate\n        their first Nazi concentration camp, [[Ohrdruf concentration camp|Ohrdruf]]\n        [[extermination camp]] in Germany.\\n** The [[Red Army]] enters [[Bratislava]]\n        and pushes to the outskirts of [[Vienna]], taking it on April 13 after several\n        days of intense fighting.\\n* [[April 6]] – WWII:\\n** [[Sarajevo]] is\n        liberated from [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (a\n        [[fascist]] [[puppet state]]) by [[Yugoslav Partisans]].\\n** The [[Battle\n        of Slater''s Knoll]] on [[Bougainville Island]] concludes with a decisive\n        victory for the [[Australian Army]]''s [[7th Brigade (Australia)|7th Brigade]].\\n**\n        Allied forces reach [[Merkers Adventure Mines|Merkers Salt Mines]] in [[Thuringia]]\n        where gold reserves of the Nazi German [[Reichsbank]] are stored.\\n* [[April\n        7]] – WWII:\\n** The only flight of the German ramming unit known as\n        the [[Sonderkommando Elbe]] takes place, resulting in the loss of some 24\n        [[B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17s]] and [[B-24 Liberator|B-24s]] of the United\n        States [[Eighth Air Force]].\\n** The {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato}} is\n        sunk {{convert|200|mi|km}} north of [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] while en\n        route on a [[Operation Ten-Go|suicide mission]].\\n** [[Kantar\\u014d Suzuki]]\n        becomes [[Prime Minister of Japan]].\\n* [[April 8]] – The [[SS]] begins\n        to evacuate the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]]; inmates in the [[Buchenwald\n        Resistance]] call for American aid and overpower and kill the remaining guards.\\n*\n        [[April 9]]\\n** WWII: The [[Battle of K\\u00f6nigsberg]], in [[East Prussia]],\n        ends with Soviet forces capturing the city.\\n** [[Abwehr]] conspirators [[Wilhelm\n        Canaris]], [[Hans Oster]] and [[Hans von Dohn\\u00e1nyi]] are hanged at Flossenberg\n        concentration camp, along with pastor [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]].\\n** [[Johann\n        Georg Elser]], would-be assassin of [[Adolf Hitler]], is executed at [[Dachau\n        concentration camp]].\\n* [[April 10]] – WWII: [[Visoko]] is liberated\n        by the 7th, 9th and 17th Krajina Brigades from the Tenth Division of [[Yugoslav\n        Partisans|Yugoslav Partisan]] forces.\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Buchenwald\n        concentration camp]] is liberated by the [[United States Army]].\\n* [[April\n        12]]\\n** President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dies suddenly at [[Warm Springs,\n        Georgia]]; Vice President [[Harry S. Truman]] becomes the 33rd President of\n        the United States and is [[First inauguration of Harry S. Truman|sworn in]]\n        that evening in the [[White House]].\\n** WWII: The [[Ninth United States Army|U.S.\n        Ninth Army]] under General [[William H. Simpson]] crosses the [[Elbe|Elbe\n        River]] astride [[Magdeburg]] and reaches [[Tangerm\\u00fcnde]] \\u2014 only\n        50 miles from [[Berlin]].\\n* [[April 14]] – WWII: The [[First Canadian\n        Army]] assumes military control of the Netherlands where German forces are\n        trapped in the Atlantic wall fortifications along the coastline.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldwar-2.net/timelines/war-in-europe/western-europe/western-europe-index-1945.htm|title=1945|work=A\n        WW2 Timeline|publisher=Worldwar-2.net|accessdate=2012-11-07}}\\n* [[April\n        15]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] is liberated\n        by British and Canadian forces.\\n** The Canadian First Army reaches the coast\n        in the northern [[Netherlands]] and captures [[Arnhem]].\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Berlin]] begins, opening with the [[Battle of the Oder\\u2013Neisse]]\n        and the [[Battle of the Seelow Heights]].\\n** Canadian forces take [[Harlingen,\n        Friesland|Harlingen]], and occupy [[Leeuwarden]] and [[Groningen]] in the\n        Netherlands.\\n** 7000-8000 drown when ''''[[Goya (ship)|Goya]]'''' is sunk\n        by [[Soviet submarine L-3]].\\n* [[April 17]] – WWII:\\n** [[Brazilian\n        Expeditionary Force|Brazilian]] forces liberate the town of [[Montese]], Italy,\n        from German forces.\\n** [[Inundation of the Wieringermeer]] in the Netherlands\n        by occupying German forces.\\n* [[April 18]] – American [[war correspondent]]\n        [[Ernie Pyle]] is killed by Japanese [[machine gun]] fire on the island of\n        [[Iejima|Ie Shima]] off [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]].\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Carousel (musical)|Carousel]]'''', a\n        musical play based on [[Ferenc Moln\\u00e1r]]''s ''''[[Liliom]]'''', opens\n        on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and becomes their second long-running stage\n        classic.\\n* [[April 20]] – WWII: On his 56th birthday [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        leaves his [[F\\u00fchrerbunker]] to decorate a group of [[Hitler Youth]] soldiers\n        in Berlin. It will be his last trip to the surface from his underground bunker.\n        \\n* [[April 22]] – WWII:\\n** [[Heinrich Himmler]], through [[Folke Bernadotte]],\n        Count of Wisborg, puts forth an offer of German surrender to the Western Allies,\n        but not the Soviet Union.\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] privately concedes defeat in\n        his underground Berlin bunker after learning [[Felix Steiner]] cannot mobilize\n        enough men to launch a counterattack on the [[Soviet Union]] which has just\n        broken through Germany.\\n* [[April 23]] – WWII: [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        sends the [[G\\u00f6ring Telegram]] to Hitler seeking confirmation that he\n        should take over leadership of Germany in accordance with the decree of 29\n        June 1941. Hitler regards this as treason.\\n* [[April 24]] – Retreating\n        [[Wehrmacht|German troops]] destroy all the bridges over the [[Adige]] in\n        [[Verona]], including the historic [[Castelvecchio Bridge|Ponte di Castelvecchio]]\n        and [[Ponte Pietra (Verona)|Ponte Pietra]].\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** Founding negotiations\n        for the [[United Nations]] begin in [[San Francisco]].\\n** WWII – [[Elbe\n        Day]]: United States and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops link up at the [[Elbe|Elbe\n        River]], cutting Germany in two.\\n* [[April 25]]\\u2013[[April 26|26]] –\n        WWII: Last major [[strategic bombing]] raid by [[RAF Bomber Command]], the\n        destruction of the oil refinery at [[T\\u00f8nsberg]] in southern Norway by\n        107 [[Avro Lancaster]]s.\\n* [[April 26]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Bautzen\n        (1945)|Battle of Bautzen]]: The last \\\"successful\\\" German panzer-offensive\n        in [[Bautzen]] ends with the city recaptured.\\n** The [[3rd Infantry Division\n        (United Kingdom)|British 3rd Infantry Division]] under [[Lashmer Whistler|General\n        Whistler]] captures Bremen.{{cite book|first=John|last=Smythe|title=Bolo\n        Whistler: The Life of General Sir Lashmer Whistler|location=London|publisher=Muller|year=1967}}\\n**\n        Nazi surrenders mean the British and Canadians now control the German border\n        with Switzerland from [[Basle]] to [[Lake Constance]].\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        U.S. Ordnance troops find the coffins of [[Frederick William I of Prussia]],\n        [[Frederick the Great]], [[Paul von Hindenburg]], and his wife.\\n** The Western\n        Allies flatly reject any offer of surrender by Germany other than unconditional\n        on all fronts.\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Benito Mussolini]] and his mistress,\n        [[Clara Petacci]], are executed by Italian partisans as they attempt to flee\n        the country. Their bodies are then hung by their heels in the public square\n        of [[Milan]].\\n** The Canadian First Army captures [[Emden]] and [[Wilhelmshaven]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** At the royal palace in [[Caserta]], Lieutenant-Colonel Viktor\n        von Schweinitz (representing General [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]]) and SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer\n        Eugen Wenner (representing [[Waffen-SS]] General [[Karl Wolff]]) sign an unconditional\n        instrument of surrender for all [[Axis powers]] forces in Italy, taking effect\n        on [[May 2]]. Italian General [[Rodolfo Graziani]] orders the ''''[[Esercito\n        Nazionale Repubblicano]]'''' forces under his command to lay down their arms.\\n**\n        [[Dachau concentration camp]] is surrendered to U.S. forces, who kill SS guards\n        at the camp and the nearby hamlet of Webling.{{cite web|first=George\n        R.|last=Duncan|title=Massacres and Atrocities of World War II|url=http://compunews.com/gus/massacres.htm|accessdate=2015-10-15}}\\n**\n        [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|Brazilian]] forces liberate the commune of\n        [[Fornovo di Taro]], Italy, from German forces.\\n** [[Operations Manna and\n        Chowhound|Operation Manna]]: British [[Avro Lancaster]] bombers drop food\n        into the Netherlands to prevent the starvation of the civilian population.\\n**\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] marries his longtime mistress [[Eva Braun]] in a closed civil\n        ceremony in the Berlin [[F\\u00fchrerbunker]] and signs [[Last will and testament\n        of Adolf Hitler|his last will and testament]].\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Death\n        of Adolf Hitler]]: Adolf Hitler and his wife of one day, Eva Braun, commit\n        suicide as the [[Red Army]] approaches the F\\u00fchrerbunker in Berlin. [[Karl\n        D\\u00f6nitz]] succeeds Hitler as [[President of Germany (1919\\u201345)|President\n        of Germany]] (''''Reichspr\\u00e4sident'''') and [[Joseph Goebbels]] succeeds\n        as [[Chancellor of Germany]] (''''Reichskanzler''''), in accordance with Hitler''s\n        political testament of the previous day.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* May – [[Interpol]]\n        (being headquartered in Berlin) effectively ceases to exist (it is recreated\n        on [[June 3]], [[1946]]).\\n* [[May 1]] – WWII:\\n** [[Hamburg]] Radio\n        announces that Hitler has died in battle, \\\"fighting up to his last breath\n        against [[Bolshevik|Bolshevism]].\\\"\\n** [[Joseph Goebbels]] and his wife [[Magda\n        Goebbels|Magda]] commit suicide after killing their [[Goebbels children|six\n        children]]. Karl D\\u00f6nitz appoints [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk]] as\n        the new [[Chancellor of Germany]] in the [[Flensburg Government]].\\n** Troops\n        of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] 4th Army, together\n        with the [[Slovenes|Slovene]] 9th Corpus NOV, enter [[Trieste]].\\n** [[Mass\n        suicide in Demmin]]. An estimated 700\\u20132,500 suicides take place after\n        80% of the town was destroyed by Soviets during the past three days. \\n* [[May\n        2]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] announces the [[Battle of Berlin#Breakout\n        and surrender|fall of Berlin]]. Soviet soldiers hoist the [[Red flag (politics)|Red\n        flag]] over the ''''[[Reich Chancellery#New Reich Chancellery|Reich Chancellery]]''''.[[File:Prague liberation 1945\n        konev.jpg|thumb|Prague liberated by [[Red Army]] in May 1945.]]\\n** [[L\\u00fcbeck]]\n        is liberated by the [[British Army]].\\n** Surrender of [[Axis powers|Axis]]\n        troops in Italy comes into effect.\\n** Troops of the [[New Zealand Army]]\n        [[2nd Division (New Zealand)|2nd Division]] enter [[Trieste]] a day after\n        the [[Yugoslavs]]; the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] in [[Trieste]]\n        surrenders to the [[New Zealand Army]].\\n** Following the death or resignation\n        of the [[Hitler Cabinet]] in Germany, the [[Schwerin von Krosigk cabinet]]\n        first meets.\\n** [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] near [[Hamburg]] is evacuated\n        at about this date.\\n** Expatriate American poet [[Ezra Pound]] is arrested\n        by the [[Italian resistance movement]]; released by them, on [[May 5]] he\n        turns himself in to the [[United States Army]] and is imprisoned as a traitor.\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – WWII:\\n** The [[prison ship]]s ''''[[Cap Arcona]]'''' (5,000\n        dead), ''''[[SS Thielbek (1940)|Thielbek]]'''' (2,750 dead) and ''''[[SS Deutschland\n        (1923)|Deutschland]]'''' (All survived) are sunk by the British [[Royal Air\n        Force]] in [[L\\u00fcbeck]] Bay.\\n** Rocket scientist [[Wernher von Braun]]\n        and 120 members of his team surrender to U.S. forces (later going on to help\n        to start the U.S. space program).\\n** German Protestant theologian [[Gerhard\n        Kittel]] is arrested by the French forces in T\\u00fcbingen, Germany.\\n* [[May\n        4]] – WWII:\\n** [[German surrender at L\\u00fcneburg Heath]]: All German\n        armed forces in northwest Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands surrender unconditionally\n        to Field Marshal [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard\n        Montgomery]], officially coming into effect on May 5 at 08:00 hours British\n        Double (and German) Summer Time.\\n** The Netherlands is liberated by British\n        and Canadian troops.{{cite web|url=http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/lib.htm\n        |title=Liberatione |publisher=Lib.usc.edu |date=1945-05-04 |accessdate=2012-01-16\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414115418/http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/lib.htm\n        |archivedate=April 14, 2016 |df= }}\\n** Denmark is liberated.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.befrielsen1945.dk/tidslinje/index.html|title=Befrielsen\n        1945 – Tidslinje|publisher=Befrielsen1945.dk|date=2012-01-02|accessdate=2012-01-16}}\\n**\n        Admiral [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]] orders all [[U-boat]]s to cease offensive operations\n        and return to bases in Norway.{{cite web|title=U-Boats that Surrendered|first=Derek|last=Waller|url=http://www.uboat.net/articles/79.html|work=u-boat.net|date=2010-09-25|accessdate=2014-11-14}}\\n**\n        The [[Holy Crown of Hungary]] is found by the [[86th Infantry Division (United\n        States)|United States Army 86th Infantry Division]]. The United States government\n        keeps the crown in [[Fort Knox]] for safekeeping from the Soviets until it\n        is returned to [[Hungary]] on 6 January [[1978]].\\n**[[German auxiliary cruiser\n        Orion]] is sunk on her way to [[Copenhagen]] carrying refugees; with a loss\n        of over 3,800 lives.\\n* [[May 5]] – WWII:\\n** [[Prague uprising]]: [[Prague]]\n        rises up against occupying Nazi forces.\\n** The [[11th Armored Division (United\n        States)|US 11th Armored Division]] liberates the prisoners of [[Mauthausen-Gusen\n        concentration camp|Mauthausen concentration camp]], including [[Simon Wiesenthal]].[[File:Americans\n        on Okinawa hear of victory in Europe.jpg|thumb|American soldiers fighting\n        in the [[Pacific War|Pacific]] theater listen to radio reports of [[Victory\n        in Europe Day]] on May 8, 1945.]]\\n** Canadian soldiers liberate the city\n        of [[Amsterdam]] from [[Nazism|Nazi]] occupation.\\n** A Japanese [[fire balloon]]\n        kills five children and a woman, Elsie Mitchell, near [[Bly, Oregon]], when\n        it explodes as they drag it from the woods. They are the only people killed\n        by an enemy attack on the American mainland during WWII.\\n** [[Yosemite Sam]],\n        a cartoon character debuts in ''''[[Hare Trigger]]''''.\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** WWII:\n        [[Mildred Gillars]] (\\\"Axis Sally\\\") delivers her last [[propaganda]] broadcast\n        to [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] troops (the first was on December 11,\n        [[1941]]).\\n** [[Holocaust]]: [[Ebensee concentration camp]] in Austria is\n        liberated by troops of the [[80th Division (United States)]].\\n* [[May 6]]\\u2013[[May\n        7|7]] – The government of the [[Independent State of Croatia]], the\n        Nazi-affiliated fascist puppet state established in  occupied [[Kingdom of\n        Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], flees [[Zagreb]] for a location near [[Klagenfurt]]\n        in Austria rather than fall into the hands of the [[Yugoslav Partisans]],\n        initiating the [[Bleiburg repatriations]].{{cite web|url=http://www.feldgrau.com/a-croatia.html|title=Croatian\n        Axis Forces in WWII|first=Allen|last=Milcic|accessdate=2012-06-28}}{{cite\n        journal|last=Dizdar|first=Zdravko|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en|language=Croatian|title=Prilog\n        istra\\u017eivanju problema Bleiburga i kri\\u017enih putova (u povodu 60. obljetnice)|trans_title=An\n        addition to the research of the problem of Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross\n        (dedicated to their 60th anniversary)|pages=117\\u2013193|journal=The Review\n        of Senj|volume=32|number=1|issn=0582-673X|publisher=City Museum Senj; Senj\n        Museum Society|location=[[Senj]], Croatia|accessdate=2012-05-28|date=December\n        2005}}\\n* [[May 7]] – WWII: General [[Alfred Jodl]] signs the\n        unconditional [[German Instrument of Surrender]] at [[Reims]], France, ending\n        Germany''s participation in the war, officially coming into effect on May\n        8 at 23:01 hours Central European Time (00:01 hours May 9 German Summer Time).\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – WWII:\\n** [[Victory in Europe Day]] (V-E Day) observed by\n        the western European powers as [[Nazi Germany]] surrenders, marking the end\n        of WWII in Europe.\\n** Shortly before midnight (May 9 Moscow time) the final\n        [[German Instrument of Surrender]] is signed at the seat of the Soviet Military\n        Administration in Berlin-[[Karlshorst]], attended by representatives of the\n        [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n** Canadian troops move into [[Amsterdam]],\n        after German troops surrender.\\n** Surrender of the [[Dodecanese]] is signed\n        in [[Symi]].\\n** The British 8th Army, together with Slovene partisan troops\n        and a motorized detachment of the Yugoslav 4th Army, arrives in [[Carinthia\n        (state)|Carinthia]] and [[Klagenfurt]]. The [[Croatian Armed Forces (Independent\n        State of Croatia)|Croatian Armed Forces]] of the [[Independent State of Croatia]]\n        are ordered by their commanders not to surrender to the [[Yugoslav Partisans]]\n        but to attempt to retreat to Austria and surrender to the British, part of\n        the events leading to the [[Bleiburg repatriations]].\\n* [[May 8]]\\u2013[[May\n        29|29]] – [[S\\u00e9tif and Guelma massacre]]: In [[Algeria]], thousands\n        die as French troops and released Italian POWs kill an estimated 6,000 to\n        40,000 Algerian citizens.\\n[[File:Ww2 158.jpg|thumb|alt=a black and white\n        image of two Marines in their combat uniforms. One Marine is providing cover\n        fire with his [[Tommy gun|M1 Thompson submachinegun]] as the other with a\n        [[Browning Automatic Rifle]], prepares to break cover to move to a different\n        position. There are bare sticks and rocks on the ground.|Marines of 1st Marine\n        Division [[Battle of Okinawa|fighting on Okinawa]], May 1945.]]\\n* [[May 9]]\n        – WWII:\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] marks [[Victory in Europe Day|V-E Day]].\\n**\n        The [[Red Army]] enters Prague.\\n** [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] surrenders to\n        the United States Army near [[Radstadt]].\\n** [[Vidkun Quisling]] and other\n        members of the [[Collaborationism|collaborationist]] [[Quisling regime]] in\n        Norway surrender to the Resistance ([[Milorg]]) and [[Norwegian police troops\n        in Sweden during World War II|police]] at [[M\\u00f8llergata 19]] in Oslo as\n        part of the [[legal purge in Norway after World War II]].\\n** General [[Alexander\n        L\\u00f6hr]], Commander of German Army Group E near Topol\\u0161ica, [[Slovenia]],\n        signs the capitulation of German occupation troops.\\n** The [[German occupation\n        of the Channel Islands]] in [[Guernsey]] and [[Jersey]] ends with their liberation\n        by British troops.\\n* [[May 10]] – The [[German occupation of the Channel\n        Islands]] in [[Sark]] ends with their liberation by British troops.  \\n* [[May\n        12]]\\n** [[Argentina|Argentinian]] labour leader Jos\\u00e9 Peter declares\n        the ''''[[Meat Industry Workers Federation]]'''' dissolved.\\n** Rev. [[W.\n        V. Awdry]]''s children''s book ''''[[List of Railway Series books#The Three\n        Railway Engines|The Three Railway Engines]]'''', first of [[The Railway Series]],\n        is published in England.\\n* [[May 14]]\\u2013[[May 15|15]] – WWII –\n        [[Battle of Poljana]]: The last battle of the War in Europe is fought at Poljana\n        near [[Slovenj Gradec]], [[Slovenia]].\\n* [[May 15]] – WWII: –\n        [[Bleiburg repatriations#Surrender at Bleiburg|Surrender at Bleiburg]] : Retreating\n        troops of the [[Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)|Croatian\n        Armed Forces]] of the former puppet [[Independent State of Croatia]] (intermingled\n        with fleeing civilians) attempt to surrender to the British Army at [[Bleiburg]]\n        but are directed to surrender to [[Yugoslav Partisans]] who open fire on them.\n        The remainder, after orders are given by [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]], are force-marched\n        through Croatia and [[Serbia]], interned or massacred, with thousands dying.{{cite\n        book|authorlink=Nicholas Bethell|first=Nicholas|last=Bethell|year=1974|title=The\n        Last Secret|location=London}}{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Palaich|title=Bleiburg\n        Tragedy|year=1991|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKymDoAdLzU|accessdate=2013-08-15}}\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – The [[German occupation of the Channel Islands]] in [[Alderney]]\n        ends with their liberation by British troops.  \\n* [[May 23]]\\n** The [[Flensburg\n        Government]] is dissolved by the Allies and [[President of Germany (1919\\u201345)|President\n        of Germany]] [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]] and [[Chancellor of Germany]] [[Lutz Graf\n        Schwerin von Krosigk]] are arrested by British forces at [[Flensburg]]. They\n        are respectively the last German [[Head of state]] and [[Prime minister|Head\n        of government]] until [[1949]].\\n** [[Heinrich Himmler]], former head of the\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], commits suicide in British custody.\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[William Joyce]] (\\\"[[Lord Haw-Haw]]\\\") is captured. He\n        is later charged with high treason in London for his English-language wartime\n        broadcasts on German radio, convicted, and then hanged in January [[1946]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]]\\n** German communists, led by [[Walter Ulbricht]], arrive in Berlin.\\n**\n        Dutch painter [[Han van Meegeren]] is arrested for collaboration with the\n        Nazis, but the paintings he has sold to [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] (Koch) are\n        later found to be his own fakes.\\n* [[May 30]] – The [[Iran]]ian government\n        demands that all Soviet and British troops leave the country.\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:Montgomery receives Order of Victory HD-SN-99-02756 cropped.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Dwight\n        Eisenhower]] and [[Georgy Zhukov]], June 5, 1945.]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        The British take over [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].\\n* [[June 5]] – The\n        [[Allied Control Council]], military occupation governing body of Germany,\n        formally takes power.\\n* [[June 6]] – King [[Haakon VII of Norway]]\n        returns to Norway.\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] is re-elected\n        as Canadian prime minister.\\n** The Franck Committee recommends against a\n        surprise nuclear bombing of Japan.[http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/1940/1945.htm]\n        {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406133356/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/1940/1945.htm\n        |date=April 6, 2010 }}\\n* [[June 12]] – The [[Socialist Federal\n        Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] Army leaves [[Trieste]], leaving the [[New\n        Zealand Army]] in control.\\n* [[June 21]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Okinawa]]\n        ends with US occupation of the island until [[1972]].\\n* [[June 24]] –\n        WWII: A victory parade is held in [[Red Square]] in Moscow.\\n* [[June 25]]\n        – [[Se\\u00e1n T. O''Kelly]] is elected the second [[President of Ireland]].\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – The [[United Nations Charter]] is signed.\\n* [[June 29]]\n        – [[Czechoslovakia]] cedes [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] to the [[Soviet Union]].\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – Distribution of [[John von Neumann]]''s ''''[[First Draft\n        of a Report on the EDVAC]]'''', containing the first published description\n        of the logical design of a computer with [[Stored-program computer|stored-program]]\n        and instruction data stored in the same address space within the memory ([[von\n        Neumann architecture]]).\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Trinity shot color.jpg|thumb|145px|right|\n        [[July 16]]: [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity Test]] at night in [[New Mexico]].]]\\n*\n        Vannevar Bush''s ''''[[As We May Think]]'''' published.{{citation\n        |url=http://aitopics.org/misc/brief-history |title=Brief History (timeline)\n        |work= AI Topics |publisher=[[Association for the Advancement of Artificial\n        Intelligence]] |accessdate=24 August 2016}}\\n* [[July 1]] – WWII:\n        Germany is [[Inner German border|divided]] between the Allied occupation forces.\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – The [[Brazilian cruiser Bahia|Brazilian cruiser \\\"Bahia\\\"]]\n        is sunk by an accidentally induced explosion, killing more than 300 and stranding\n        the survivors in shark-infested waters.\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**Australian Prime\n        Minister [[John Curtin]] dies of a heart attack at age 60.\\n** WWII: The [[Philippines]]\n        are declared liberated.\\n* [[July 8]] – WWII: [[Harry S. Truman]] is\n        informed that Japan will talk peace if it can retain the reign of the Emperor.\\n* [[July 9]] – A [[Wildfire|forest fire]]\n        breaks out in the [[Tillamook Burn]] (the third in that area of [[Oregon]]\n        since [[1933]]).\\n* [[July 14]] – WWII: Italy declares war on Japan.\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – The [[Scott Morrison Award of Minor Hockey Excellence]]\n        was first given; first recipient is [[Gordie Howe]].\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** The\n        [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity Test]], the first of an [[nuclear weapon|atomic\n        bomb]], using about six kilograms of [[plutonium]], succeeds in unleashing\n        an explosion equivalent to that of 19 kilotons of TNT.\\n** A train collision\n        near [[Munich]], Germany kills 102 war prisoners.\\n* [[July 17]]\\u2013[[August\n        2]] – WWII: [[Potsdam Conference]] – At [[Potsdam]], the three\n        main [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] leaders hold their final summit of\n        the war. President Truman officially informs Stalin that the U.S. has a powerful\n        new weapon.\\n* [[July 21]] – WWII: President [[Harry S. Truman]] approves\n        the order for atomic bombs to be used against Japan.\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – WWII: French marshal [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]], who headed\n        the [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] during WWII, goes on trial for treason.\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Winston Churchill]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of the\n        United Kingdom]] after his [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]\n        is soundly defeated by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the [[United\n        Kingdom general election, 1945|1945 general election]]. [[Clement Attlee]]\n        becomes the new Prime Minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed\n        Britain with a majority in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House\n        of Commons]].{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393271.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1945: Labour landslide buries Churchill|date=April 5, 2005}}\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – The [[Potsdam Declaration]] demands Japan''s unconditional\n        surrender; Article 12 permitting Japan to retain the reign of the Emperor\n        has been deleted by President Truman.\\n* [[July\n        27]] – WWII: [[Bombing of Aomori in World War II|Bombing of Aomori]]\n        – Two [[USAAF]] [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]]s dropped a total of 60,000\n        [[Airborne leaflet propaganda|leaflet]]s on the city of [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]],\n        Japan, warning civilians of an air raid and urge them to leave immediately.\\n*\n        [[July 28]]\\n**A [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] [[B-25\n        Mitchell|B-25]] bomber [[B-25 Empire State Building crash|crashes]] into the\n        [[Empire State Building]], killing 14 people, including all on board.\\n**WWII:\n        Japan ambiguously rejects the [[Potsdam Declaration]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]] \\n** The [[BBC Light Programme]] radio station is launched, aimed\n        at [[mainstream]] light entertainment and [[music]].\\n** WWII: [[Bombing of\n        Aomori in World War II|Bombing of Aomori]]: [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]] is firebombed\n        by 63 [[USAAF]] [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] [[heavy bomber]]s, killing 1,767\n        civilians and destroying 18,045 homes.\\n* [[July 30]] – WWII: The heavy\n        cruiser {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|6}} is hit and sunk by torpedoes from the\n        {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-58|1943|6}} in the [[Philippine Sea]]. Some 900\n        survivors jump into the sea and are adrift for up to four days. Nearly 600\n        die before help arrives. Captain [[Charles B. McVay III]] of the cruiser is\n        later court-martialed and convicted.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|200px|''''August\n        9'''': The mushroom cloud from the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear\n        bomb dropped on Nagasaki]] rising 18 km into the air.]]\\n[[File:Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg|thumb|200px|''''September\n        2'''': Japan signs the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]]\n        aboard the [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS ''''Missouri'''']].]]\\n* [[August 6]]\n        – WWII: [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Atomic bombing of\n        Hiroshima]]: A United States [[B-29 Superfortress]], the [[Enola Gay]], drops\n        an [[nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]], codenamed \\\"[[Little Boy]]\\\", on [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima,\n        Japan]], at 8:15 a.m. (local time). The atomic bombings are believed\n        to have resulted in between 129,000 and 246,000 deaths.\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        U.S. President Harry Truman announces the successful atomic bombing of Hiroshima\n        while he is returning from the Potsdam Conference aboard the U.S. Navy heavy\n        cruiser {{USS|Augusta|CA-31}} in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.\\n* [[August\n        8]]\\n** The [[United Nations Charter]] is ratified by the United States Senate,\n        and this nation becomes the third to join the new international organization.\\n**\n        WWII: The Soviet Union declares war on Japan.\\n* [[August 9]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Atomic bombing of Nagasaki]]:\n        A United States [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Bomber]], ''''[[Bockscar]]'''',\n        drops an [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]], codenamed \\\"[[Fat Man]]\\\", on  [[Nagasaki|Nagasaki,\n        Japan]], at 11:02 a.m. (local time).\\n** [[Soviet\\u2013Japanese War (1945)|Soviet\\u2013Japanese\n        War]] opens: The [[Soviet Union]] begins its army offensive against Japan\n        in the northern part of the Japanese-held Chinese region of [[Manchuria]].{{cite\n        web|first=John|last=Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm|title=The\n        Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|accessdate=2012-01-16}}\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – WWII: Japan offers to surrender to the Allies, \\\"provided\n        this does not prejudice the sovereignty of the Emperor\\\".\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**\n        WWII: The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] reply to the Japanese surrender\n        offer by saying that Emperor [[Hirohito]] will be subject to the authority\n        of the [[Supreme Allied Commander|Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces]].\\n**\n        The Holocaust: [[Krak\\u00f3w pogrom]] – [[R\\u00f3\\u017ca Berger]] is\n        shot dead by Polish militia.\\n* [[August 11]]\\u2013[[August 25|25]] –\n        Soviet troops complete occupation of [[Sakhalin]].\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        The [[Zionism|Zionist]] World Congress approaches the British government to\n        discuss the founding of the country of [[Israel]].\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** WWII:\n        Emperor [[Hirohito]] accepts the terms of the [[Potsdam Declaration]]. His\n        recorded announcement of this is smuggled out of the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]].\n        At 19:00 hrs in [[Washington, D.C.]] (23:00 [[GMT]]), U.S. President [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] announces the Japanese surrender.\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** WWII: ''''[[Gyokuon-h\\u014ds\\u014d]]'''':\n        Emperor [[Hirohito]]''s announcement of the unconditional [[surrender of Japan]]\n        is broadcast on the radio a little after noon (12:00 [[Japan Standard Time]]\n        is 03:00 GMT). This is probably the first time an [[Emperor of Japan]] has\n        been heard by the common people. Delivered in formal [[Classical Japanese\n        language|classical Japanese]] and without directly referring to surrender,\n        the recorded speech is not immediately easily understood by ordinary people.\n        The Allies call this day [[Victory over Japan Day]] (V-J Day). This ends the\n        period of [[Japanese militarism|Japanese expansionism]] and begins the period\n        of [[Occupation of Japan]]. Korea gains independence.\\n** The [[August Revolution]]\n        in [[Vietnam]] begins with the [[Viet Minh]] taking over the capital [[Hanoi]],\n        taking advantage of the collapse of Japanese power. \\n** Provisional [[International\n        Civil Aviation Organization]] founded as a specialized agency of the [[United\n        Nations]].\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** Philippines President [[Jos\\u00e9 P. Laurel]]\n        issues an Executive Proclamation putting an end to the [[Second Philippine\n        Republic]], thus ending to his term as President of the Philippines.\\n** [[Proclamation\n        of Indonesian Independence]]: Indonesian nationalists [[Sukarno]] and [[Mohammad\n        Hatta]] declare the independence of the Republic of [[Indonesia]], with Sukarno\n        as president and [[Mohammad Hatta]] as vice-president, igniting the [[Indonesian\n        National Revolution]] against the [[Dutch Empire]].\\n** The [[Allegory|allegorical]]\n        [[dystopia]]n [[novella]] ''''[[Animal Farm]]'''' by [[George Orwell]], a\n        [[satire]] on [[Stalinism]], is first published by [[Fredric Warburg]] in\n        London.\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Chinese Civil War]]: [[Mao Zedong]] and\n        [[Chiang Kai-shek]] meet in [[Chongqing]] to discuss an end to hostilities\n        between the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] and the [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]].\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Soviet\\u2013Japanese War (1945)|Soviet\\u2013Japanese\n        War]] – [[Joseph Stalin]] orders the detention of [[Japanese prisoners\n        of war in the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[August 30]] – WWII: [[Vietnam]]''s\n        capital [[Hanoi]] is overthrown by the [[Viet Minh]] which ends the French\n        occupation in what becomes [[North Vietnam]] and thus the southern provinces\n        become [[South Vietnam]]. This ends the [[August Revolution]].\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n**  WWII: Allied troops arrest German [[field marshal]] [[Walther von\n        Brauchitsch]].\\n** A team at [[American Cyanamid]]''s Lederle Laboratories,\n        [[Pearl River, New York]], led by [[Yellapragada Subbarow]], announces they\n        have obtained [[folic acid]] in a pure crystalline form.{{Cite journal\n        | last1 = Angier | first1 = R. B. | last2 = Boothe | first2 = J. H. | last3\n        = Hutchings | first3 = B. L. | last4 = Mowat | first4 = J. H. | last5 = Semb\n        | first5 = J. | last6 = Stokstad | first6 = E. L. R. | last7 = Subbarow |\n        first7 = Y. | last8 = Waller | first8 = C. W. | last9 = Cosulich | first9\n        = D. B. | last10 = Fahrenbach | first10 = M. J. | last11 = Hultquist | first11\n        = M. E. | last12 = Kuh | first12 = E. | last13 = Northey | first13 = E. H.\n        | last14 = Seeger | first14 = D. R. | last15 = Sickels | first15 = J. P. |\n        last16 = Smith Jr | first16 = J. M. | title = Synthesis of a Compound Identical\n        with the L. Casei Factor Isolated from Liver | doi = 10.1126/science.102.2644.227\n        | journal = Science | volume = 102 | issue = 2644 | pages = 227\\u2013228 |\n        year = 1945 | pmid =  17778509| pmc = }} This [[vitamin]] is abundant\n        in green [[leaf vegetable]]s, [[liver]], [[kidney]], and [[yeast]].{{cite\n        journal|last1=Hoffbrand|first1=A. V.|last2=Weir|first2=D. G.|year=2001|title=The\n        history of folic acid|journal=[[British Journal of Haematology]]|volume=113|issue=3|pages=579\\u2013589|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02822.x|pmid=11380441}}\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n* [[September 2]] – WWII ends:\\n** Japanese general [[Tomoyuki\n        Yamashita]] surrenders to Filipino and American forces at [[Kiangan, Ifugao]].\\n**\n        The final official [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] is accepted by the\n        Supreme Allied Commander, General [[Douglas MacArthur]], and [[Admiral of\n        the Fleet|Fleet Admiral]] [[Chester W. Nimitz]] for the United States, and\n        delegates from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands,\n        China, and others from a Japanese delegation led by [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]],\n        on board the American battleship USS ''''[[USS Missouri (BB-63)|Missouri]]''''\n        in [[Tokyo Bay]].\\n** General [[Douglas MacArthur]] is given the title of\n        [[Supreme Commander Allied Powers]], and is also tasked with the occupation\n        of Japan.{{cite book|last1=Jessup|first1=John E.|title=A\n        Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945-1985|year=1989|publisher=Greenwood\n        Press|location=New York|isbn=0-313-24308-5}}\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        [[Democratic Republic of Viet Nam]] is officially established, by [[Ho Chi\n        Minh]].\\n* [[September 3]] – The earliest events of\n        the [[Cold War]] begin.\\n* [[September 4]] – WWII: Japanese forces surrender\n        on [[Wake Island]] after hearing word of their country''s surrender.\\n* [[September\n        5]]\\n** [[Iva Toguri D''Aquino]], a [[Japanese American]] suspected of being\n        wartime radio propagandist \\\"[[Tokyo Rose]]\\\", is arrested in [[Yokohama]].\\n**\n        The Russian code clerk [[Igor Gouzenko]] comes forward with numerous documents\n        implicating the Soviet Union in many spy rings in North America: both in the\n        United States and in Canada.\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** American troops occupy\n        [[South Korea|southern]] Korea, while the [[Soviet Union]] occupies the [[North\n        Korea|north]], with the dividing line being the 38th parallel of latitude.\n        This arrangement proves to be the indirect beginning of a divided Korea which\n        will lead to the [[Korean War]] in [[1950]].\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Chiang\n        Kai-shek]] officially accepts the Japanese capitulation at [[Nanking]].\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Vidkun Quisling]] is sentenced\n        to death as a Nazi collaborator, in Norway.\\n* [[September\n        11]]\\n** [[Hideki T\\u014dj\\u014d]], Japanese prime minister during most of\n        WWII, attempts suicide to avoid facing a [[war crime]]s tribunal.\\n** ''''[[Radio\n        Republik Indonesia]]'''' starts broadcasting.\\n** The [[Batu Lintang camp]]\n        in [[Sarawak]], [[Borneo]] is liberated by Australian forces.\\n* [[September\n        12]] – The Japanese Army formally surrenders to the British in [[Singapore]].\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Tropical cyclone|Typhoon Makurazaki]] in Japan\n        kills 3,746 people.\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas\n        Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] demand that all British troops depart India.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:Flag of the United Nations (1945-1947).svg|thumb|220px|\n        [[October 24]]: The [[United Nations]] is formed. This was its flag. The modern\n        version is slightly retouched.]]\\n[[File:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg|thumb|220px|\n        [[October 18]]: [[Nuremberg]] trials begin, after [[Buchenwald concentration\n        camp|Buchenwald]] closed.]]\\n* October – [[Arthur C. Clarke]] puts forward\n        the idea of a [[Geosynchronous satellite|geosynchronous]] [[communications\n        satellite]] in a ''''[[Wireless World]]'''' magazine article.\\n* [[October\n        1]]\\u2013[[October|15]] – [[Operation Backfire (WWII)|Operation Backfire]]:\n        Three [[V-2 rocket|A4 rockets]] are launched near [[Cuxhaven]] in a demonstration\n        to Allied forces.\\n* [[October 2]]\\u2013 [[George Albert Smith]] becomes [[President\n        of the Church (LDS Church)|president]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of\n        Latter-day Saints]].\\n* [[October 4]] – The [[Partizan Belgrade]] [[sports\n        club]] is founded in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]].\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Hollywood\n        Black Friday]]: A strike by the Set Decorator''s Union in Hollywood results\n        in a riot.\\n* [[October 8]]\\u2013[[October 15|15]] – Hadamar Trial:\n        Personnel of the [[Hadamar Euthanasia Centre]], now in the American zone of\n        [[Allied-occupied Germany]], are the first to be tried for systematic extermination\n        in [[Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pierre Laval]] is sentenced\n        to death for collaboration with the [[Nazi]]s in [[Vichy France]].\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Czechoslovakia]]: A new provisional national assembly\n        is elected.\\n* [[October 15]] – WWII: [[Pierre Laval]],\n        the former premier of [[Vichy France]], is shot dead by a [[Execution by firing\n        squad|firing squad]] for [[treason]] against France.\\n* [[October 15]]\\u2013[[October\n        21|21]] – The [[Pan-African Congress#5th Pan-African Congress|Fifth\n        Pan-African Congress]] is held in [[Manchester]].\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] established at a meeting in [[Quebec\n        City]] as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October 17]]\n        – A massive number of people, headed for the [[General Confederation\n        of Labour (Argentina)]], gather in the [[Plaza de Mayo]] in [[Buenos Aires]]\n        to demand [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]]''s release. This is known to the [[Peronism|Peronists]]\n        as the ''''D\\u00eda de la lealtad'''' ([[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|Loyalty Day]])\n        and considered the founding day of [[Peronism]].\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        [[Isa\\u00edas Medina Angarita]], president of [[Venezuela]], is overthrown\n        by a [[Coup d''\\u00e9tat|military coup]].\\n* [[October 19]]\n        – Members of the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian People''s\n        Army]] attack Anglo-Dutch forces in [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Mongolia]]ns vote for independence from China.\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Women''s suffrage]]: Women are allowed to vote in\n        the [[French legislative election, 1945|French Legislative Election]] for\n        the first time.\\n* [[October 22]] – [[R\\u00f3mulo Betancourt]] is named\n        provisional president of [[Venezuela]].\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Jackie Robinson]] signs a contract with the [[Montreal Royals]]\n        [[baseball]] team.\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** The [[United Nations]] is founded\n        by ratification of [[United Nations Charter|its Charter]], by [[Enlargement\n        of the United Nations#1945 .28original members.29|29 nations]].\\n**\n        The [[International Court of Justice]] (\\\"World Court\\\") established by the\n        [[United Nations Charter]].\\n** The Norwegian Nazi leader [[Vidkun Quisling]]\n        is [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] for [[treason]]\n        against Norway.\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** WWII: Japanese armed\n        forces in [[Taiwan]] surrender to the Allies. \\n** [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]]\n        is deposed as president in Brazil. [[Jos\\u00e9 Linhares]] is named as temporary\n        president.\\n** [[Osijek prison massacre]]\\n* [[October 27]]\\u2013[[November\n        20]] – [[Indonesian National Revolution]]: [[Battle of Surabaya]] –\n        Pro-independence [[Indonesia]]n soldiers and militia fight British and British\n        Indian troops in [[Surabaya]].\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]]\n        resigns as the president of Brazil.\\n** At [[Gimbels]] Department Store in\n        New York City, the first [[ballpoint pen]]s go on sale at $12.50 each.\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – The undivided country of India joins the [[United Nations]].\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n* [[Astrid Lindgren]]''s children''s book ''''Pippi L\\u00e5ngstrump''''\n        is published in [[Sweden]] and its English translation as ''''[[Pippi Longstocking\n        (novel)|Pippi Longstocking]]'''' is also issued.\\n* [[November 1]]\\n**  [[International\n        Labour Organization]]''s new constitution comes into effect.\\n** [[John H.\n        Johnson]] publishes the first issue of the magazine ''''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]''''.\\n**\n        [[Telechron]] introduces the model 8H59 Musalarm, the first [[clock radio]].\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Colombia]] joins the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Indonesia]]ns reject an offer of autonomy from the [[Netherlands|Dutch]].\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Soo Bahk Do]] [[Moo Duk Kwan]] is\n        founded.\\n* [[November 11]] – Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]] and the [[People''s\n        Front (Yugoslavia)|People''s Front]] win a deciding majority (85%) in the\n        Yugoslavian assembly.\\n* [[November 15]] \\n** [[Harry S.\n        Truman]], [[Clement Attlee]], and [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie\n        King]] share nuclear information with the U.N. and call for a [[United Nations\n        Atomic Energy Commission]].\\n**\n        An offensive is begun in [[Manchuria]] by the [[Kuomintang|Chinese Nationalists]]\n        against further infiltration by the [[Chinese Communists]].\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** [[Charles de Gaulle]] is unanimously elected [[president\n        of France]] by the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|provisional\n        government]].\\n** [[Cold War]]: The United States controversially\n        imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of [[rocket]] technology.\\n**\n        Agreement for the foundation of [[UNESCO]] (United Nations Educational, Scientific\n        and Cultural Organization) at a meeting in London.\\n** [[Casper the Friendly\n        Ghost]], an animated character debuts in ''''[[The Friendly Ghost]]''''.\\n**\n        The motion picture ''''[[The Lost Weekend (film)|The Lost Weekend]]'''', starring\n        [[Ray Milland]], is released. The most realistic film portrayal of [[alcoholism]]\n        up to this time, it wins several [[Academy Awards]] in the following year.\\n**\n        [[Yeshiva College (Yeshiva University)|Yeshiva College]] is founded in New\n        York City.\\n* [[November 18]] – The [[Tudeh Party of Iran|Tudeh party]]\n        starts a bloodless coup and will form [[Azerbaijan People''s Government|Azerbaijan]]\n        within days. Soviet troops prevent [[Iran]]ian troops from getting involved.\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – The [[Nuremberg trials]] begin: Trials against 22\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war crime|war criminals]] of WWII start at the [[Palace\n        of Justice, Nuremberg|Nuremberg Palace of Justice]].\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – U.S. Ambassador to China [[Patrick J. Hurley]] resigns\n        after he is unable to broker a deal between [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and [[Mao\n        Tse Tung]].\\n* [[November 28]] – An [[1945 Balochistan\n        earthquake|earthquake in Balochistan]] causes a tsunami and kills 4,000.\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** The [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] is declared\n        (this day is celebrated as Republic Day until the 1990s). [[Josip Broz Tito|Marshal\n        Tito]] is named president.\\n** Assembly of the world''s first general purpose\n        electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer\n        ([[ENIAC]]), is completed in the United States, covering {{convert|1800|sqft|m2}}\n        of floor space, and the first set of calculations is run on it.\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** General [[Eurico Gaspar Dutra]] is elected president\n        of Brazil.\\n** French banks ([[Banque de France]], [[BNP Paribas|BNCI]], [[BNP\n        Paribas|CNEP]], [[Cr\\u00e9dit Lyonnais]], and [[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 G\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale]])\n        nationalized.\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Communism|Communist]] demonstrations\n        in [[Athens]] presage the [[Greek Civil War]].\\n* [[December 4]] – By\n        a vote of 65\\u20137, the [[United States Senate]] approves the entry of the\n        United States into the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 5]] – A flight\n        of [[United States Navy]] [[Grumman TBF Avenger]] [[torpedo bomber]]s known\n        as [[Flight 19]] disappears on a training exercise from [[Naval Air Station\n        Fort Lauderdale]].\\n* [[December 21]] – General [[George S. Patton]]\n        dies from injuries sustained in a car accident on December 9 in Germany.\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – Five of nine children [[Sodder children disappearance|become\n        missing]] after their home in [[Fayetteville, West Virginia]], is burned down.\\n*\n        [[December 27]]\\n** Twenty-eight nations sign an agreement creating the [[World\n        Bank]].\\n** Terror strikes are carried out against British military bases\n        in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* A team at\n        [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] led by [[Charles D. Coryell|Charles Coryell]]\n        discovers [[chemical element]] 61, the only one still missing between 1 and\n        96 on the [[periodic table]], which they will name [[promethium]].{{cite\n        journal|year=2003 |title=Discovery of Promethium |journal=Oak Ridge National\n        Laboratory Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/article_02.shtml\n        |accessdate=2011-06-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622100448/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/article_02.shtml\n        |archivedate=June 22, 2011 |df= }} Found by analysis of fission products\n        of irradiated uranium fuel, its discovery is not made public until 1947.\\n*\n        The first geothermal milk pasteurization is done in [[Klamath Falls, Oregon]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n===January===\\n[[File:Rod\n        Stewart 86.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rod Stewart]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Selleck 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom\n        Selleck]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Jacky Ickx]], Belgian racing driver\\n**[[Martin\n        Schanche]], Norwegian racing driver and politician\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Stephen Stills]], American rock singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[Richard R. Schrock]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Tony Conigliaro]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Shulamith Firestone]], Canadian American feminist\n        and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Gunther von Hagens]], Polish\n        Anatomist and inventor \\n** [[Jennifer Moss (actress)|Jennifer Moss]], British\n        actress (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Steven P. Perskie]], American politician and judge\n        \\n** [[Rod Stewart]], British rock singer\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Christine\n        Kaufmann]], German actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Bicaba]], Burkinab\\u00e9 sprinter\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Einar H\\u00e1konarson]],\n        Icelandic painter\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Vince Foster]], American deputy\n        White House counsel during the first term of President Bill Clinton (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Princess Michael of Kent]], German-born member of the British Royal Family\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Robert Olen Butler]], American writer\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Martin Shaw]], British TV and film actor\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – [[Leigh Taylor-Young]], American actress\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Jacqueline du Pr\\u00e9]], English cellist (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[January 27]]\n        – [[Harold Cardinal]], Cree political leader, writer, and lawyer (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Karen Lynn Gorney]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Chuck Pyle]], American country-folk singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]]) \\n*\n        [[January 29]]\\n** [[Jim Nicholson (Northern Ireland politician)|Jim Nicholson]],\n        Northern Irish politician\\n** [[Tom Selleck]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Michael Dorris]], American author (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] – [[Joseph Kosuth]], American artist\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Edir\n        Macedo2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edir Macedo]]]]\\n[[File:Bob-Marley-in-Concert\n        Zurich 05-30-80.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bob Marley]]]]\\n[[File:Mia Farrow 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Mia\n        Farrow]]]]\\n[[File:Maud Adams.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maud Adams]]]]\\n[[File:F\\u00fcrst\n        Hans-Adam II. von und zu Liechtenstein (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans-Adam\n        II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein]]]]\\n[[File:Brenda\n        Fricker March 1990.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brenda Fricker]]]]\\n* [[February 3]]\\n**\n        [[Roy ''Chubby'' Brown]], British stand-up comedian\\n** [[Bob Griese]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Philip Waruinge]], Kenyan boxer\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[Sarah Weddington]], American attorney\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Bob Marley]],\n        Jamaican [[reggae]] singer, songwriter and musician (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[Gerald Davies]], Welsh rugby player\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Mia Farrow]], American actress\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Luiz Carlos Alborghetti]],\n        Italian-Brazilian radio commenter, showman and political figure (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Maud\n        Adams]], Swedish actress\\n**[[David D. Friedman]], American economist\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Simon Schama]], English academician and historian\\n* [[February\n        14]] – Prince [[Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II of\n        Liechtenstein]]\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Douglas Hofstadter]], American\n        cognitive scientist\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Jeremy Bulloch]], English\n        actor\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Brenda Fricker]], Irish actress\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Edir Macedo]], Brazilian evangelical leader and media mogul\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Henry Polic II]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] – [[Barry Bostwick]], American actor\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Elkie Brooks]], English singer\\n** [[Roy Saari]], American swimmer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[Marta Kristen]], Norwegian actress\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Carl Anderson (singer)|Carl Anderson]], American singer and\n        actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Bubba Smith]], American football\n        player and actor (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:George Miller while\n        filming Fury Road (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[George Miller (director)|George\n        Miller]]]]  \\n[[File:Charles Greene 1970.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Greene\n        (athlete)|Charles Greene]]]]\\n[[File:Rodrigo Duterte June 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rodrigo\n        Duterte]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Clapton 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric Clapton]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] – [[Dirk Benedict]], American actor\\n* [[March 3]] \\n** [[George\n        Miller (director)|George Miller]], Australian film director\\n** [[Hattie Winston]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Dieter Meier]], Swiss singer and children''s\n        writer\\n** [[Tommy Svensson]], Swedish football manager and player\\n** [[Gary\n        Williams (basketball)|Gary Williams]], American basketball coach\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[Arthur Lee (musician)|Arthur Lee]], American musician (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]]\\n** [[Jim Chapman (congressman)|Jim Chapman]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Micky Dolenz]], American actor, director and rock musician ([[The Monkees]])\\n**\n        [[Anselm Kiefer]], German painter\\n* [[March 9]] \\n** [[Katja Ebstein]], German\n        singer\\n** [[Dennis Rader]], American serial killer\\n* [[March 13]] –\n        [[Anatoly Fomenko]], Russian mathematician\\n* [[March 15]] – [[A. K.\n        Faezul Huq]], Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        \\n** [[Katri Helena]], Finnish singer\\n** [[Elis Regina]], Brazilian singer\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Jay Ingram]], Canadian television host, author and journalist\\n**\n        [[Bobby Jameson]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Pat Riley]],\n        American basketball coach\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Charles Greene (athlete)|Charles\n        Greene]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Curtis Hanson]],\n        American film director and screenwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 26]] –\n        [[Mikhail Voronin]], Russian gymnast (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** [[Rodrigo\n        Duterte]], 16th [[President of the Philippines]]\\n** [[Raine Loo]], Estonian\n        actress \\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Walt Frazier]], American basketball player\\n**\n        [[Willem Ruis]], Dutch game show host (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Eric Clapton]], English rock guitarist\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Gabe Kaplan]],\n        American actor, comedian, and professional poker player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Naftali\n        Temu 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Naftali Temu]]]]\\n[[File:Bj\\u00f6rn Ulvaeus in\n        May 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bj\\u00f6rn Ulvaeus]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen\n        Drews]], German singer\\n** [[Linda Hunt]], American actress\\n* [[April 4]]\n        – [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], French activist\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Cem\n        Karaca]], Turkish musician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Werner Schroeter]],\n        German film director (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Peter Gammons]],\n        American baseball sportswriter\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Christian Quadflieg]],\n        German actor\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Lee Jong-wook]], Korean Director-General\n        of the [[World Health Organization]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Tony\n        Dow]], American actor, producer, and director\\n** [[Lowell George]], American\n        rock musician ([[Little Feat]]) (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Bob Kalsu]], American\n        football player (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Ritchie Blackmore]], English\n        rock guitarist \\n** [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Samoa]]\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Naftali Temu]], Kenyan Olympic athlete\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Doug Clifford]], American drummer\n        \\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Stu Cook]], American bassist \\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Ulvaeus]],\n        Swedish rock songwriter \\n* [[April 27]] – [[August Wilson]], American\n        playwright (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Hugh Hopper]], British musician\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Tammi Terrell]], American soul singer (d. [[1970]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bob\n        Seger 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bob Seger]]]]\\n[[File:Pete Townshend (2012).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pete\n        Townshend]]]]\\n[[File:Priscilla Presley 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Priscilla Presley]]]]\\n[[File:Laurent\n        Gbagbo (2008).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Laurent Gbagbo]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Rita\n        Coolidge]], American pop singer\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Narasimhan Ram]], Indian\n        journalist\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Kurt Loder]], American film critic, author,\n        and television personality\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Jimmie Dale Gilmore]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Bob Seger]], American rock singer\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Keith\n        Jarrett]], American musician\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Jupp Heynckes]], German\n        football manager and former footballer\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Tammam Salam]],\n        34th Prime Minister of Lebanon\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Yochanan Vollach]],\n        [[Israel]]i footballer and president of Maccabi Haifa, [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza]], heir to the Portuguese\n        crown\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Nicky Chinn]], English rock songwriter ([[The\n        Sweet|Sweet]], [[Suzi Quatro]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Tony Roche]], Australian\n        tennis player\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Pete Townshend]], English rock guitarist\n        and lyricist ([[The Who]])\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Richard Hatch (actor)|Richard\n        Hatch]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ernst Messerschmid]], German physicist\n        and astronaut\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Victoria Wyndham]], American actress\n        (''''Another World'''')\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Lauren Chapin]], American child\n        actress and evangelist\\n** [[Doris Mae Oulton]], Canadian community developer\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Priscilla Presley]], American actress and businesswoman\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[John Fogerty]], American rock singer ([[Creedence Clearwater\n        Revival]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Gary Brooker]], English pianist and singer\n        ([[Procol Harum]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Gladys Horton]], American singer\n        ([[The Marvelettes]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]],\n        German film director (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Laurent Gbagbo]], [[President of\n        C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:W Schuessel7.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wolfgang\n        Sch\\u00fcssel]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Livingstone. Any Questions, 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ken\n        Livingston]]]]\\n[[File:Aung San Suu Kyi 17 November 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Aung\n        San Suu Kyi]]]]\\n[[File:Anne Murray.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anne Murray]]]]\\n[[File:Evstafiev-Radovan\n        Karadzic 3MAR94.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Radovan Karad\\u017ei\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Carly\n        Simon (1989).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carly Simon]]]]\\n[[File:Chandrika Bandaranaike\n        Kumaratunga As The President of Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chandrika Kumaratunga]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Frederica von Stade]], American mezzo-soprano\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Jon Peters]], American film producer\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Hale\n        Irwin]], American professional golfer\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Anthony Braxton]],\n        American composer and musical instrumentalist\\n** [[Gordon Waller]], Scottish\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\n** [[John Carlos]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Th\\u00e9ophile Georges Kassab]], Catholic prelate (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Don Reid (singer)|Don Reid]], American singer ([[The Statler\n        Brothers]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[David Dukes]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Billy Butler (singer)|Billy Butler]], American singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Wolfgang Sch\\u00fcssel]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Steven Fromholz]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Nike Wagner]], German woman of the theater\\n* [[June\n        10]] – [[Benny Gallagher]], Scottish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist,\n        half of the duo [[Gallagher and Lyle]]\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Adrienne Barbeau]],\n        American actress, television personality and author\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Pat Jennings]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Rodney\n        P. Rempt]], American admiral\\n* [[June 14]] – [[J\\u00f6rg Immendorff]],\n        German painter\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise Chandernagor]], French\n        writer\\n** [[Miriam Defensor Santiago]], Filipino politician (b. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]]  \\n** [[Claire Alexander]], Canadian ice hockey player \\n** [[Ivan\n        Lins]], Latin Grammy-winning Brazilian musician\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[P. D.\n        T. Acharya]], Secretary General Lok Sabha\\n** [[Frank Ashmore]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Art Bell]], American radio talk show host\\n** [[Ken Livingstone]],\n        British politician\\n** [[Eddy Merckx]], Belgian cyclist\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Radovan Karad\\u017ei\\u0107]], Serbian politician\\n** [[Aung San Suu Kyi]],\n        Myanmar poet, politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Greil\n        Marcus]], American music journalist and cultural critic\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Anne Murray]], Canadian singer\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Roberto D''Angelo]],\n        Italian slalom canoeist\\n** [[Luis Casta\\u00f1eda Lossio]], Peruvian politician\\n**\n        [[Thiagarajan]], Indian actor, director and producer\\n** [[Nirmalendu Goon]],\n        Bangladeshi poet\\n** [[Marijana Lubej]], Slovenian sprinter\\n* [[June 23]]\n        – [[Jim Fouratt]], American gay activist, entertainer\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – [[George Pataki]], [[List of Governors of New York|Governor of New\n        York]]\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Guillermo Mendoza]], Mexican cyclist\\n** [[Carly\n        Simon]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Dwight York]],\n        American musician, fashion consultant, cult leader, and child molester\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Catherine Lacoste]], French amateur golfer\\n** [[Lu Sheng-yen]],\n        leader of the [[True Buddha School]]\\n** [[Norma Kamali]], American fashion\n        designer\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[David Knights]], British bassist ([[Procol\n        Harum]])\\n** [[Raul Seixas]], Brazilian rock singer (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]], 5th [[President of Sri Lanka]]\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Kevin Jackman]], Australian rules footballer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Blondie\n        en el Summercase 08 de Barcelona.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Debbie Harry]]]]\\n[[File:HelenMirrenBerlin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Helen\n        Mirren]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Jane Cederqvist]], Swedish freestyle swimmer\\n**\n        [[Visu]], Indian writer, director, stage, actor and talk-show host\\n** [[Billy\n        Rohr]], American Major League Baseball \\n** [[Debbie Harry]], American rock\n        singer ([[Blondie (band)|Blondie]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Thomas Mapfumo]],\n        Zimbabwean musician\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Steinar Amundsen]], Norwegian sprint\n        canoeist\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Burt Ward]], American actor\\n* [[July 7]]\n        \\n** [[Helo\\u00edsa Pinheiro]], Brazilian model and businesswoman\\n** [[Li\n        Chi-an]], North Korean football striker\\n** [[Michael Ancram]], British politician\\n**\n        [[Matti Salminen]], Finnish bass singer\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Micheline\n        Calmy-Rey]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Dean Koontz]],\n        American writer\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Virginia Wade]], English professional\n        tennis player\\n** [[Ron Glass]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 11]]\n        – [[Richard Wesley]], American playwright and screenwriter\\n* [[July\n        12]]\\n** [[Leopoldo Mastelloni]], Italian actor, comedian and singer\\n** [[Edwin\n        Neal]], American actor\\n** [[Larry Zierlein]], American football coach\\n**\n        [[Thor Martinsen]], Norwegian ice hockey player\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Robert\n        H. Foglesong]], U.S General\\n** [[Danny Abramowicz]], American football player\n        and coach\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[David A. Granger]], President of Guyana\\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen M\\u00f6llemann]], German politician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July\n        16]] \\n** [[Victor Sloan]], Irish artist\\n** [[\\u00c7etin Tekindor]], Turkish\n        actor\\n** [[Roy Ho Ten Soeng]], Dutch politician\\n** [[Jos Stelling]], Dutch\n        film director and screenwriter\\n** [[Barry Dudleston]], English first-class\n        cricketer and umpire\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Eduardo Olivera]], Mexican modern\n        pentathlete\\n** [[Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia]]\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[Boomer Castleman]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – [[Oleg Fotin]], Russian swimmer\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Ziona]], Indian\n        religious, known for fathering the largest living family\\n** [[Kim Carnes]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Larry Craig]], U.S. politician\\n** [[Lothar\n        Koepsel]], German sailor\\n** [[John Lodge (musician)|John Lodge]], English\n        rock singer and songwriter ([[The Moody Blues]]) \\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Barry\n        Richards]], South African batsman\\n** [[John Lowe]], English darts player\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Azim Premji]], Indian businessman\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        Dame [[Helen Mirren]], British actress\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Jim Davis\n        (cartoonist)|Jim Davis]], American cartoonist\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Roger Dobkowitz]],\n        American game show producer\\n** [[Patrick Modiano]], French novelist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Lloyd Carr]], American football\n        coach\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Steve Martin, 2017-08-11.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Vince McMahon 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vince McMahon]]]]\\n[[File:VanMorrison2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Van\n        Morrison]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Douglas D. Osheroff]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Joanna\n        Cassidy]], American actress\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Alan Mulally]], American\n        businessman, former CEO of the [[Ford Motor Company]]\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**\n        [[Loni Anderson]], American actress\\n** [[Ja''net Dubois]], American actress\n        and singer\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Ron Jones (television director)|Ron Jones]],\n        British director (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Alan Page]], American\n        football player\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Posy Simmonds]], English cartoonist\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[Howard Marks]], Welsh drug smuggler and author (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Steve Martin]], American actor and comedian\\n**\n        [[Eliana Pittman]], Brazilian singer and actress\\n** [[Wim Wenders]], German\n        film director and producer\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Miyuki Matsuhisa]], Japanese\n        artistic gymnast\\n** [[Khaleda Zia]], Bangladesh politician and 2-Time [[Prime\n        Minister of Bangladesh]]\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Ian Gillan]], English\n        rock singer ([[Deep Purple]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Jonathan Goodson]],\n        American television game show producer and son of [[Mark Goodson]]\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Ron Dante]], American rock singer, songwriter, and record producer\n        ([[The Archies]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Vince McMahon|Vincent K. \\\"Vince\\\"\n        McMahon]], American professional wrestling promoter, chairman and CEO of WWE\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Daniel Hulet]], Belgian cartoonist (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Tom Ridge]], American politician\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Marianne S\\u00e4gebrecht]], German film actress\\n* [[August 31]]\\n**\n        [[Van Morrison]], Irish rock musician\\n** [[Itzhak Perlman]], Israeli-American\n        violinist and conductor\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Beckenbauer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz\n        Beckenbauer]]]]\\n[[File:Bryan Ferry (6216585713).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bryan Ferry]]]]\\n[[File:Olmert.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ehud\n        Olmert]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Mustafa Balel]], Turkish writer\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Danny Gatton]], American guitarist (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]] – [[Al Stewart]], Scottish singer-songwriter\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Jacques Lemaire]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n* [[September\n        8]]\\n** [[Kelly Groucutt]], British Bassist (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Ron \\\"Pigpen\\\"\n        McKernan]], American musician (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Rogatien Vachon]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Doug Ingle]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Feliciano]], Puerto Rican-American singer\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Franz Beckenbauer]], German footballer and coach\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Richard Thaler]], American economist \\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Martin Tyler]], British sports broadcaster\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – [[Jessye Norman]], American soprano\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Pat\n        Stevens]], American voice actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        [[Phil Jackson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Randolph\n        Mantooth]], American actor and motivational speaker\\n* [[September 20]] \\n**\n        [[Candy Spelling]], American socialite and writer \\n** [[Laurie Spiegel]],\n        American electronic composer\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Shaw Clifton]], General\n        of the Salvation Army\\n** [[Kay Ryan]], American poet\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Paul Petersen]], child actor and advocate of other [[child actor]]s\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Dee Dee Warwick]], American singer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Bryan Ferry]], English singer-songwriter and musician\n        ([[Roxy Music]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Jack Goldstein]], Canadian\n        artist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Nadezhda Chizhova]], Russian\n        athlete\\n* [[September 30]] \\n** [[Ehud Olmert]], 12th [[Prime Minister of\n        Israel]]\\n** [[Ralph Siegel]], German record producer and songwriter\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Don\n        McLean in 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Don McLean]]]]\\n[[File:Viktor_Saneyev_c1972.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Viktor\n        Saneyev]]]]\\n[[File:John Lithgow 8 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        Lithgow]]]]                              \\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Rod Carew]],\n        Panamanian-American baseball player\\n** [[Donny Hathaway]], American soul\n        singer-songwriter (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Ram Nath Kovind]], 14th [[President\n        of India]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Don McLean]], American rock singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 3]]\\n** [[Kay Baxter]], American bodybuilder (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Viktor\n        Saneyev]], Soviet athlete\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Clifton Davis]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Brian Connolly]], Scottish musician (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Ivan Graziani]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** [[Aurore Cl\\u00e9ment]], French actress\\n** [[Dusty Rhodes\n        (wrestler)|Dusty Rhodes]], American wrestler (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 13]]\n        – [[Susan Stafford]], American television presenter\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[Jim Palmer]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Huell\n        Howser]], American television personality, host of ''''[[California''s Gold]]''''\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Norio Wakamoto]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Y\\u0131ldo]],\n        Turkish showman, footballer\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Angus Deaton]], Scottish-born\n        economist, recipient of the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]\\n**\n        [[John Lithgow]], American actor\\n* [[October 20]] – [[George Wyner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Yvan Ponton]], Canadian actor and\n        sportscaster\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Kim Larsen]], Danish rock musician.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Eugenie Scott]], Executive Director of the [[National\n        Center for Science Education]]\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Peter Ledger]], Australian\n        artist (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[David Schramm (astrophysicist)|David Schramm]],\n        American astrophysicist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Pat Conroy]],\n        American author (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Luiz In\\u00e1cio Lula\n        da Silva]], [[List of Presidents of Brazil|35th]] [[President of Brazil]]\\n**\n        [[Carrie Snodgress]], American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Melba Moore]], American singer and actress\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Daniel\n        Albright]], American literary critic and musicologist\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Henry Winkler]], American actor, producer and director\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Brian Doyle-Murray]], American actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Neil\n        Young, Heart of Gold.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Neil Young]]]]\\n[[File:Goldie Hawn\n        - 1978.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Goldie Hawn]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Gerd\n        M\\u00fcller]], German footballer\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Jacques Lanct\\u00f4t]],\n        Canadian terrorist\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Bob Englehart]], American editorial\n        cartoonist\\n** [[Waljinah]], Javanese singer\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Bishop (author)|Michael Bishop]], American author\\n** [[Tracy Kidder]], American\n        journalist and author\\n** [[Neil Young]], Canadian singer-songwriter and musician\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Anni-Frid Lyngstad]], Norwegian rock singer \\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n** [[Wilma Mankiller]], Chief of the Cherokee Nation (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], President of [[Sri Lanka]]\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[Goldie Hawn]], American actress\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Robert Ben Rhoades]], American serial killer and rapist also known as \\\"The\n        Truck Stop Killer\\\"\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Jerry Harris]], American\n        sculptor\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Nuruddin Farah]], Somali novelist\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Daniel Davis]], American actor\\n** [[John McVie]], English\n        rock musician \\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Barbara Anderson (actress)|Barbara\n        Anderson]], American actress\\n** [[James Avery (actor)|James Avery]], American\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Mary Millington]], British porn\n        star (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Linda Bove]], American actress\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:BetteMidler90cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bette\n        Midler]]]]\\n[[File:Portia Miller Shoot.Jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Portia Simpson-Miller]]]]\\n[[File:Diane\n        Sawyer 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Diane Sawyer]]]]\\n[[File:Lemmy-02.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lemmy]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Bette Midler]], American actress, comedian and singer\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Charles \\\"Tex\\\" Watson]], American prisoner\\n* [[December\n        6]] – [[Larry Bowa]], American baseball player and manager\\n* [[December\n        7]] – [[Clive Russell]], English actor\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Michael\n        Nouri]], American actor\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Portia Simpson-Miller]],\n        2-Time [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]]\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Kathy Garver]],\n        American actress, author and online radio hostess\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[Patti Deutsch]], American voice actress\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Ernie Hudson]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Chris Matthews]], American news anchor\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Elaine Joyce]], American actress and game show panelist\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Peter Criss]], American rock drummer \\n** [[Sivakant\n        Tiwari]], senior legal officer of the [[Singapore Legal Service]] (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Mari Lill]], Estonian actress \\n* [[December 22]]\n        – [[Diane Sawyer]], American news journalist\\n* [[December 24]]\\n**\n        [[Lemmy]], British singer and bassist ([[Mot\\u00f6rhead]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Nicholas Meyer]], American screenwriter, producer, director and novelist\\n**\n        [[Steve Smith (comedian)|Steve Smith]], Canadian actor, comedian and writer\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Gary Sandy]], American actor \\n* [[December 26]]\n        – [[John Walsh (television host)|John Walsh]], American media personality\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – King [[Birendra of Nepal]] (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Davy Jones (musician)|Davy Jones]], English-born pop singer\n        and actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Barbara Carrera]], Nicaraguan-American\n        actress\\n** [[Vernon Wells (actor)|Vernon Wells]], Australian film and television\n        actor\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ricardo Jim%C3%A9nez Oreamuno.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ricardo\n        Jim\\u00e9nez Oreamuno]]]]\\n[[File:Else Lasker-Sch\\u00fcler 1875.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Else\n        Lasker-Sch\\u00fcler]]]]\\n[[File:Pedro Abad Santos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Abad Santos]]]]\\n[[File:Pedro Paulet, padre de la Aeronautica.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Paulet]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Bertram Ramsay]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Edgar Cayce]], American mysticist (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Ricardo Jim\\u00e9nez Oreamuno]], 3-time\n        [[President of Costa Rica]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Josefa Llanes\n        Escoda]], Filipino advocate of women''s [[suffrage]] and founder of the [[Girl\n        Scouts of the Philippines]] (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Herbert Lumsden]], British\n        general (killed in action) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[William Noble (missionary)|William\n        Noble]], American missionary (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Vladimir Vernadsky]], Soviet\n        mineralogist and geochemist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Thomas McGuire]],\n        American World War II fighter ace (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Prince Rainier of Saxe-Coburg\n        and Gotha]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Dennis O''Neill case|Dennis\n        O''Neill]], British child killed by his foster parents, which scandal resulted\n        in an overhaul of the British Care Systems (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[J\\u00fcri Uluots]],\n        Estonian statesman (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[P\\u0113teris\n        Jura\\u0161evskis]], 8th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]]  (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] – [[Teresio Olivelli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] soldier and\n        venerable (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Pedro Abad Santos]], Filipino\n        politician, son of [[Jose Abad Santos]] (killed in action) (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Fabella]], Filipino physician (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]]\\n** [[Petar Bojovi\\u0107]], Serbian field marshal (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        [[Gustave Mesny]], French Army general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        [[Federico Pedrocchi]], Italian artist and writer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Archibald Murray]], British Army general (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Else Lasker-Sch\\u00fcler]], German poet and author (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Newton E. Mason]], United States Navy rear admiral\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\n** [[William Goodenough]], British admiral\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Pedro Paulet]], Peruvian scientist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] – [[Eddie Slovik]], American soldier (executed) (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:AnneFrankSchoolPhoto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anne\n        Frank]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Liddell.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric Liddell]]]]\\n[[File:Jose\n        Maria Moncada 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Moncada]]]]\\n* [[Anne\n        Frank]], German-born Jewish diarist and writer (typhus in [[Bergen-Belsen\n        concentration camp]]) (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[February 1]] \\n** [[Teresa Bogus\\u0142awska]],\n        Polish poet (b. [[1929]])\\n** [[Bogdan Filov]], Bulgarian archaeologist, historian\n        and politician, 28th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (executed) (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Kiril of Bulgaria]] (executed) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Adolf Brand]], German writer (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Carl Friedrich Goerdeler]],\n        German politician, civil servant, executive and economist (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Gustav Heistermann von Ziehlberg]], German general (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Joe\n        Hunt]], American tennis champion (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Roland\n        Freisler]], [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] German judge (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[Denise Bloch]], French World War II heroine (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Aurelio\n        Craffonara]], Italian painter and illustrator (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Lilian Rolfe]],\n        French World War II heroine (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Violette Szabo]], French/British\n        World War II heroine (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Robert Brasillach]],\n        French writer (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Karl Schwitalle]],\n        German Olympic weightlifter (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Anacleto\n        D\\u00edaz]], Filipino jurist (murdered during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle\n        of Manila]]) (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Al Dubin]], Swiss\n        songwriter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Antonio Villa-Real]],\n        Filipino jurist (murdered during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]])\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Maria Orosa]], Filipino technologist,\n        chemist, humanitarian and WWII heroine (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 15]] –\n        [[Helmut M\\u00f6ckel (politician)|Helmut M\\u00f6ckel]], German youth leader\n        and politician (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Gabrielle Weidner]],\n        Belgian World War II heroine (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\n** [[Jimmy\n        Butler (actor)|Jimmy Butler]], American actor (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky]],\n        Soviet general (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Heinrich Jasper]],\n        German politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Eric Liddell]],\n        British Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Sara Josephine\n        Baker]], American physician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Serafino\n        Mazzolini]], Italian politician, lawyer and journalist (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Moncada]], 19th [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Josef Mayr-Nusser]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] layman, martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[M\\u00e1rio de Andrade]],\n        Brazilian writer and photographer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[James\n        Roy Andersen]], American general (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Millard Harmon]], American\n        general (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Baron Nishi cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Takeichi\n        Nishi]]]]\\n[[File:David Lloyd George.jpg|110px|thumb|[[David Lloyd George]]]]\\n[[File:Hans\n        Fischer (Nobel).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Hans Fischer]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Emily Carr]], Canadian artist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Aleksandra\n        Samusenko]], Soviet WWII tank commander (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Charles\n        W. Bryan]], American politician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Lucille La Verne]], American\n        actress (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Mark Sandrich]], American director (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[Albert Richards (artist)|Albert Richards]], British war\n        artist (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Rupert Downes]], Australian general (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[George Alan Vasey|George Vasey]], Australian general (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March\n        7]] – [[Ralph Ignatowski]], American WWII heroine (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Frederick Bligh Bond]], British architect\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Friedrich Fromm]], German Nazi official\n        (executed) (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Ant\\u00f4nio Francisco\n        Braga]], Brazilian composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[B\\u00f6rries\n        von M\\u00fcnchhausen]], German poet (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 18]] –\n        [[William Grover-Williams]], French race car driver and war hero (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\n** [[Lord Alfred Douglas]], English poet (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Lacerda de Moura]], Brazilian feminist, anarchist, teacher, journalist\n        and teacher (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Enrico Caviglia]], Italian\n        marshal (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Eliyahu Bet-Zuri]], Israeli assassin (executed)\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Eliyahu Hakim]], Israeli assassin (executed) (b. [[1925]])\\n**\n        [[John Hessin Clarke]], American Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Branca\n        de Gonta Cola\\u00e7o]], Portuguese writer, scholar and linguist (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Heinrich Maier]], Austrian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Takeichi Nishi]], Japanese gold medalist at the 1932 Summer Olympics and\n        tank commander at Iwo Jima (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[\\u00c9lisabeth\n        de Rothschild]], French WWII heroine (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[David\n        Lloyd George]], British politician and statesman, 51st [[Prime Minister of\n        the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Tadamichi Kuribayashi]], Imperial\n        Japanese Army general and commander of the battle of Iwo Jima (probably killed\n        in action) (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Boris Shaposhnikov]], Soviet military leader,\n        Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Halid\n        Ziya U\\u015fakl\\u0131gil]], Turkish author (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 29]] –\n        [[Ferenc Csik]], Hungarian swimmer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[\\u00c9lise\n        Rivet]], French nun and war heroine (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Maurice Rose]], American\n        general (killed in action) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Harriet Boyd\n        Hawes]], American archaeologist (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Hans Fischer]], German\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Torgny Segerstedt]], Swedish newspaper editor and publicist (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Skobtsova]], Soviet [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] nun and saint\n        (killed by poison) (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]]]]\\n[[File:Mussolini mezzobusto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benito Mussolini]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-H1216-0500-002, Adolf Hitler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolf Hitler]]]]\\n*\n        April – [[People associated with Anne Frank|Auguste van Pels]], German-Jewish\n        housemate of [[Anne Frank]] (b. [[1900]]) (exact date unknown)\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Giuseppe Girotti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Huldreich Georg\n        Fr\\u00fch]], Swiss composer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Bibesco]],\n        British writer (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Seiichi It\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]], German\n        theologian (hanged) (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Canaris]], German admiral\n        and head of the [[Abwehr]] (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Clark (actor)|Frank Clark]], American actor (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Gloria Dickson]],\n        American actress (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman|H.N. Werkman]],\n        Dutch artist and printer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Walther Wever (pilot)|Walther\n        Wever]], German fighter ace (killed in action)  (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[April 12]]\n        – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], American political leader and statesman,\n        32nd [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Ernst Cassirer]], German philosopher (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 14]] –\n        [[Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles]], [[Duke of Ayen]] (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)|Ernst Bergmann]], German\n        philosopher (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Franz Heritsch]], Austrian\n        geologist and paleontologist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Arthur Andrew\n        Cipriani]], Trinidad and Tobago labour leader (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ernie Pyle]],\n        American journalist (killed in action) (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Conrad Weygand]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[William, Prince of Albania]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] \\n** [[Edward Colquhoun Charlton]], British recipient of the\n        [[Victoria Cross]] (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Walter Model]], German field marshal\n        (suicide) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[K\\u00e4the Kollwitz]], German\n        artist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Pagano]], Italian architect (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[Ernst-Robert Grawitz]], German Reichsphysician (S.S.\n        and Police) in the Third Reich (probable suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] \\n** [[Carlo Grassi (partisan)|Carlo Grassi]], Italian worker and partisan\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Giovanni Preziosi]], Italian politician (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[Franz Brantzky]], German painter, sculptor and architecture\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Hermann Fegelein]], German Nazi general (executed) (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n** [[Benito Mussolini]], Italian politician and journalist, 27th\n        [[Prime Minister of Italy]] and Duce of Fascism (executed) (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Clara Petacci]], mistress of Benito Mussolini (executed) (b. [[1912]])\\n**\n        [[Nicola Bombacci]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[Achille Starace]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Alessandro Pavolini]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Roberto Farinacci]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Malcolm McGregor]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Manuel\n        P\\u00e9rez Trevi\\u00f1o]], Mexican politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 30]]\\n**\n        [[William Orlando Darby|William Darby]], American creator of the U.S. Army\n        Rangers (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Luisa Ferida]], Italian actress (b. [[1914]])\n        \\n** [[Adolf Hitler]], Austrian-German politician, [[Chancellor of Germany]]\n        and [[President of Germany|F\\u00fchrer of Nazi Germany]] (suicide) (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Eva Braun]], wife of Adolf Hitler (suicide) (b. [[1912]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1989-0821-502, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph Goebbels]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-R14128A, Martin Bormann.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Martin Bormann]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        Kanin Kotohito.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Kan''in Kotohito]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-R99621, Heinrich Himmler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heinrich Himmler]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Joseph Goebbels]], German Nazi propaganda minister (suicide)\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Magda Goebbels]], wife of Joseph Goebbels (suicide) (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Martin Bormann]], German Nazi leader (probable\n        suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Burgdorf]], German general (suicide)\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Max de Crinis]], German psychiatry (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Hans\n        Krebs (Wehrmacht general)|Hans Krebs]], German general (suicide) (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889-1945)|Prince Waldemar of Prussia]] (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Mario Blasich]], Italian physician and politician\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Fedor von Bock]], German field marshal\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[George Cary (architect)|George\n        Cary]], American architect (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Peter van Pels]], German-Jewish\n        love interest of diarist [[Anne Frank]] (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[May 6]] –\n        [[Xhem Hasa]], Albanian nationalist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Vladimir\n        Boyarsky]], Soviet army officer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Ernst-G\\u00fcnther\n        Baade]], German general (died of wounds) (b. 1897)\\n** [[Francis Brugui\\u00e8re]],\n        American photographer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Rediess]], [[SS and Police\n        Leader]] of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Josef Terboven]],\n        ''''[[Reichskommissar]]'''' of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Bernhard Rust]], education minister of [[Nazi Germany]] (suicide) (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Gustav Becking]], German musician (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[Konrad Henlein]], Sudeten German Nazi leader (suicide) (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Kiyoshi Ogawa]], Japanese [[kamikaze]] pilot\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Joseph Barth\\u00e9lemy]],\n        French jurist, politician and journalist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Heber J. Grant]],\n        7th President of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Charles Williams (British writer)|Charles Williams]],\n        British author (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Kaju Sugiura]], Japanese\n        admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Bobby Hutchins]],\n        American child actor (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[William Joseph\n        Simmons]], American founder of the second [[Ku Klux Klan]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Philipp Bouhler]], German Nazi leader (suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[Frank Cable]], American naval architect (b. [[1863]])\\n**[[Horace\n        B. Carpenter]], American actor (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Prince Kan''in Kotohito]],\n        Japanese prince, member of the [[Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office]]\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Heinrich Himmler]], German head of the\n        [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] (suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Robert\n        Ritter von Greim]], German field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] – [[Rafael Estrella Ure\\u00f1a]], Dominican lawyer and politician,\n        acting [[President of the Dominican Republic]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 31]]\n        – [[Odilo Globocnik]], Austrian Nazi leader (suicide) (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Emil\n        H%C3%A1cha.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emil Hacha]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Luis Fernando d%27Orleans.jpg|thumb|110px|Prince\n        [[Lu\\u00eds Fernando de Orleans y Borb\\u00f3n]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef\n        Heszl\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Georg\n        Kaiser]], German dramatist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Kitaro Nishida]],\n        Japanese philosopher (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Robert Desnos]],\n        French poet and resistance fighter (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Minoru\n        \\u014cta]], Japanese admiral (suicide) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Nikola\n        Avramov]], Bulgarian painter (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Carl Gustaf Ekman]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Henry Bellamann]],\n        American writer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Nikolai Berzarin]], Soviet Red Army general\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Nils Ed\\u00e9n]], 15th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1871]])\\n**\n        [[Aris Velouchiotis]], Greek World War II resistance leader (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] \\n** [[Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.]], American general, killed\n        in action at [[Okinawa]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[William Frederick, Prince of\n        Wied]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Seweryn Franciszek \\u015awiatope\\u0142k-Czetwerty\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish politician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 20]] – Prince [[Lu\\u00eds\n        Fernando de Orleans y Borb\\u00f3n]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Isamu\n        Ch\\u014d]], Japanese general (suicide) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Mitsuru Ushijima]],\n        Japanese general (suicide) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Maria Raffaella\n        Cimatti]], Italian member of the [[Hospitaler Sisters of Mercy]], virgin,\n        religious sister and blessed (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Giuseppina Tuissi]], Italian\n        resistance member (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Guti\\u00e9rrez\n        Solana]], Spanish painter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Javier \\u00c1ngel\n        Figueroa]], Chilean lawyer and politician (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n**\n        [[Alberto Capozzi]], Italian actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Emil H\\u00e1cha]],\n        3rd [[President of Czechoslovakia]] and State President of [[Protectorate\n        of Bohemia and Moravia]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Gabriel El-Registan]],\n        Soviet poet (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Germogen (Maximov)|Germogen]], Yugoslav bishop\n        and metropolitan (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:\\u00d3scar Benavides.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00d3scar\n        R. Benavides]]]]\\n[[File:JohnCurtin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Curtin]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Evaristo Mej\\u00eda]], Dominican diplomat, educator\n        and writer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[\\u00d3scar R. Benavides]],\n        Peruvian field marshal, diplomat and politician, 2-time [[President of Peru]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[John Curtin]], 14th [[Prime Minister\n        of Australia]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Luigi Aldrovandi Marescotti]],\n        Italian politician and diplomat (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Wolfram\n        Freiherr von Richthofen]], German field marshal (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 13]]\n        – [[Alla Nazimova]], Russian-born American actress (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – [[Addison Randall]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] – [[Ernst Busch (field marshal)|Ernst Busch]], German field marshal\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[George Barbier (actor)|George Barbier]],\n        American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Paul Val\\u00e9ry]],\n        French poet (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Malin Craig]], United States\n        Army general (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Margot Asquith, Countess\n        of Oxford and Asquith]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Maria Pierina|Maria\n        Pierina De Micheli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, mystic\n        and blessed (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Artemio Ricarte]], Filipino\n        general (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Dr. Robert H. Goddard - GPN-2002-000131.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert\n        H. Goddard]]]]\\n[[File:Florencio Harmodio Arosemena.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Florencio\n        Harmodio Arosemena]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Blas Cabrera Felipe]], Spanish\n        physicist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Pietro Mascagni]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Roman Kochanowski]], Polish\n        painter and illustrator (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Jacques Vaillant\n        de Gu\\u00e9lis]], French WWII hero (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Harry\n        Hillman]], American track athlete (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Jun Tosaka]], Japanese\n        philosopher (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Robert H. Goddard]],\n        American rocket scientist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Korechika Anami]],\n        Japanese general (''''[[seppuku]]'''') (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Matome Ugaki]],\n        Japanese admiral (on ''''[[kamikaze]]'''' mission) (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August\n        16]] – [[Takijir\\u014d \\u014cnishi]], Japanese admiral (''''seppuku'''')\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], Indian political\n        leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], Indian educationist\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Tom\\u00e1s Burgos]], Chilean philanthropist\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Mustafa Al-Maraghi]], Egyptian reformer\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** [[John Birch (missionary)|John Birch]],\n        American missionary (killed in action) (b.  [[1918]])\\n** [[Willis Augustus\n        Lee]], American admiral and Olympic shooter (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n**\n        [[Pio Collivadino]], Argentinian painter (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Franz Werfel]],\n        Austrian writer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Maria Pilar Izquierdo\n        Albero]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Fritz Pfleumer]], German engineer and inventor (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Florencio Harmodio Arosemena]], 6th [[President\n        of Panama]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\n** [[Stefan Banach]], Polish\n        mathematician (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Pope Macarius III of Alexandria|Macarius\n        III of Alexandria]], Egyptian patriarch and saint (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Vice-Admiral\n        John S McCain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John S. McCain Sr.]]]]\\n[[File:Hans geiger.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans\n        Geiger|Johannes Hans Geiger]]]]\\n[[File:Bart\\u00f3k B\\u00e9la 1927.jpg|thumb|110px|[[B\\u00e9la\n        Bart\\u00f3k]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Frank Craven]], American actor\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\n** [[Witold Leon Czartoryski]], Polish\n        nobleman (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[John S. McCain Sr.]], American admiral (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[September 9]] – [[Aage Bertelsen]], Danish painter (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Hajime Sugiyama|Sugiyama Hajime]], Japanese general\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Tardieu]], 3-Time Prime\n        Minister of France (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Anton Webern]], Austrian composer (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[John McCormack (tenor)|John McCormack]],\n        Irish tenor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Agripino\n        Barnet]], Cuban politician and diplomat, acting [[President of Cuba]] (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Jack Thayer]], American survivor of the\n        [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Eduard Wirths]], German doctor, chief SS doctor at [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]] (suicide) (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Augusto Tasso Fragoso]], Brazilian soldier\n        and statesman, Interim [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Hans Geiger]], German physicist and inventor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[B\\u00e9la Bart\\u00f3k]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[A. Peter Dewey]], first American casualty in [[Vietnam]] (b. [[1916]])\\n**\n        [[Kiyoshi Miki]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Pierre\n        Laval a Meurisse 1931.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pierre Laval]]]]\\n[[File:Plutarco\n        Elias Calles.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Plutarco Elias Calles]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\n        – [[Walter Bradford Cannon]], American physiology (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Joseph Darnand]], Vichy France politician (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Dmytro Antonovych]], Soviet politician (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Milton S. Hershey]], American chocolate tycoon (b.\n        [[1857]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Pierre Laval]], French politician, 2-time\n        [[Prime Minister of France]] (executed) (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        [[Yoshiki Yahama]], Japanese author (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Plutarco\n        El\\u00edas Calles]], Mexican general and politician, 40th [[President of Mexico]]\n        (b. 1877)\\n** [[N. C. Wyeth]], American illustrator (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Henry Armetta]], Italian actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – [[Vidkun Quisling]], Norwegian collaborationist leader (executed)\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Robert Ley]], German Nazi politician\n        (suicide) (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Paul Pelliot]], French\n        explorer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Gilbert Emery]], American\n        actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\n** [[W\\u0142odzimierz Arlamowski]],\n        Polish WWII heroine (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Sinn Sing Hoi]], Chinese composer\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\n** [[Ignacio Zuloaga]], Basque Spanish painter\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Henry Ainley]], British actor (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Sigur%C3%B0ur\n        Eggerz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sigurdur Eggerz]]]]\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Gus\n        Edwards]], American songwriter (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[August\n        von Mackensen]], German field marshal (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[Jerome Kern]], American composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        [[Sigur\\u00f0ur Eggerz]], [[Minister for Iceland]] during [[World War I]]\n        and 2nd [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Carlo Alberto Biggini]], Italian Fascist politician\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Francis William Aston]], British\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]]\\n** [[Robert Benchley]], American humorist, theater critic,\n        and actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Al Davis (boxer)|Al Davis]], American boxer\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Alice Dudeney]], British author (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Ellen\n        Glasgow]], American novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Alexander Patch]], United\n        States Army lieutenant general, World War II army commander (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Irma Ingertha Gram]], Norwegian historian (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – [[Charles Armijo Woodruff]], 11th [[Governor of American\n        Samoa]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Doris Keane]], American\n        stage actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Josep Maria Sert]],  Spanish\n        Catalan muralist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Dwight F. Davis]],\n        American tennis player (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Shigeru\n        Honj\\u014d]], Japanese general (suicide) (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Fumimaro\n        Konoe.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fumimaro Konoe]]]]\\n[[File:Pattonphoto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        S. Patton]]]]\\n[[File:Vua Duy Tan nho.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Duy Tan]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] – [[Anton Dostler]], German general (executed) (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[George McKay (actor)|George McKay]], Soviet-born\n        American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]],\n        American biologist, geneticist and embryologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Cosmo Gordon Lang|Cosmo Lang]],\n        [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Gabriellino\n        D''Annunzio]], Italian actor, director and screenwriter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Prince Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December\n        13]]\\n**[[Juana Bormann]], [[Nazi concentration camp]] guard (executed) (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n**[[Henri Dentz]], French general (b. [[1881]])\\n**[[Irma Grese]],\n        warden at [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] (executed) (b. [[1923]])\\n**[[Josef\n        Kramer]], commandant of [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] (executed) (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n**[[Elisabeth Volkenrath]], supervisor at [[Nazi concentration\n        camp]]s (executed) (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\n** [[Francis Aupiais]],\n        French missionary (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Forrester Harvey]], Irish actor (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\n** [[Giovanni Agnelli]], Italian entrepreneur\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Fumimaro Konoe]], Japanese general and politician, 23rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[Farley\n        Drew Caminetti]], American publisher (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Leonard F. Wing]],\n        American general and [[Vermont]] politician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 21]]\n        – [[George S. Patton]], American general (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Otto Neurath]], Austrian philosopher and political economist\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Luis Chamizo Trigueros]], Spanish\n        writer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\n** [[Karl Borromaeus Maria Josef\n        Heller]], Austrian entomologist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Duy T\\u00e2n]], [[Emperor\n        of Vietnam]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Russell Gleason]], American\n        actor (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes]], British admiral\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Theodore Dreiser]], American author\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Glenn Hunter (actor)|Glenn Hunter]],\n        American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Wolfgang Pauli]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – Sir [[Alexander\n        Fleming]], [[Ernst Boris Chain]], Sir [[Howard Florey]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Literature]] – [[Gabriela Mistral]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – [[Cordell Hull]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* [[Ian Buruma]]. ''''Year Zero: A History of 1945'''' (Penguin\n        Press; 2013) 368 pages; covers liberation, revenge, decolonization, and the\n        rise of the United Nations.\\n* Keith Lowe. ''''Savage Continent: Europe in\n        the Aftermath of World War II'''' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1250000203/\n        excerpt and text search]\\n* Walter Yust, ed. ''''10 Eventful Years, 1937 \\u2013\n        1946'''' Chicago: Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica, 1947, 4 vol., encyclopedia\n        yearbook\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1945}}\\n[[Category:1945| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T05:55:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":799681243,\"length\":122714,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1945&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945\"},\"34631\":{\"pageid\":34631,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1946\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-29T22:13:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1946|the Ep by Soul-Junk|1946 (EP)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1946}}\\n{{Year nav|1946}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1946}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main article|January\n        1946}}\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** The [[North Vietnamese parliamentary election,\n        1946|first general election]] ever in [[Vietnam]] is held.\\n** A revised and\n        streamlined revival of [[Jerome Kern|Kern]] and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Hammerstein]]''s  ''''[[Show\n        Boat]]'''' opens on Broadway at the [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937\n        borders, and divide the country into four [[Allied-occupied Austria|occupation\n        zones]].\\n[[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|thumb|110px|right| [[January\n        10]]: First meeting of [[United Nations|UN]].]]\\n[[File:Project Diana antenna.jpg|thumb|100px|right|\n        [[January 10]]: [[Project Diana]]]]\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** The first meeting\n        of the [[United Nations]] is held at [[Methodist Central Hall Westminster]]\n        in London.\\n** ''''[[Project Diana]]'''' bounces [[radar]] waves off the Moon,\n        measuring the exact distance between the Earth and the Moon, and proves that\n        communication is possible between Earth and outer space, effectively opening\n        the [[Space Age]].\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Enver Hoxha]] declares the [[People''s\n        Republic of Albania]], with himself as [[prime minister of Albania|prime minister]].\\n**\n        [[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]''s ashes go back to [[Colombia]].\\n* [[January 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Charles de Gaulle]] resigns as a head of a [[Provisional Government\n        of the French Republic|French provisional government]].\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        The [[United Nations Security Council]] holds its first session at [[Church\n        House, Westminster]] in London.\\n** United States Senator [[Dennis Ch\\u00e1vez]]\n        (D-NM) calls for a vote on a [[Fair Employment Practice Committee]] bill which\n        calls for an end to [[discrimination]] in the workplace. A [[filibuster]]\n        prevents it from passing.\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 The [[Bell X-1|Bell XS-1]]\n        is test flown for the first time (unpowered), with Bell''s chief [[test pilot]]\n        [[Jack Woolams]] at the controls.\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        resigns as [[president of France]].\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Iran crisis of\n        1946]]: [[Qazi Muhammad]] declares the independent people''s [[Republic of\n        Mahabad]] at the [[Chahar Cheragh Square]] in the [[Kurds|Kurdish]] city of\n        [[Mahabad]]. He is the new president, [[Haji Baba Sheikh]] is the [[prime\n        minister]].\\n** The National Intelligence Authority and its operational arm\n        the Central Intelligence Group are established in the United States; these\n        become part of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in [[1947]].{{cite\n        book|editor=[[William M. Leary|Leary, William M.]]|title=The Central Intelligence\n        Agency: History and Documents|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=1984|pages=20\\u201321}}\\n[[File:Stamp\n        Canada 1929 50c Bluenose.jpg|thumb|130px|right| [[January 28]]: ''''[[Bluenose]]''''\n        founders.]]\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 The [[United Mine Workers]] rejoins the\n        [[American Federation of Labor]].\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 The Canadian schooner\n        ''''[[Bluenose]]'''' founders on a Haitian reef.\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** The\n        last session of the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] occurs.\\n**\n        [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]''s [[1946 Yugoslav\n        Constitution|new constitution]], modeling the [[Soviet Union]], establishes\n        6 constituent republics ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Republic\n        of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]] and [[Slovenia]]).\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1946}}\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Trygve Lie]] of Norway is\n        selected as the first [[United Nations Secretary-General]].\\n** The [[Kingdom\n        of Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Kingdom of Hungary]] becomes a [[republic]], heavily\n        influenced by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** The [[Bank of England]]\n        is [[nationalization|nationalized]].\\n** [[ENIAC]] (for \\\"Electronic Numerical\n        Integrator and Computer\\\"), an early general-purpose electronic [[computer]],\n        is unveiled at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. Weighed 60,000 pounds (over\n        27 tons) and occupied a big room.\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 Canada indicts\n        22 communist agents.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 An explosion kills more than\n        400 coal miners in West Germany.\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]]\n        is elected [[president of Argentina]].\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 In [[Philadelphia]],\n        [[General Electric]] strikers and police clash.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March\n        1946}}\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** British troops withdraw from [[Iran]] according\n        to treaty; the Soviets do not.\\n** [[Ho Chi Minh]] is elected President of\n        [[North Vietnam]].\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|C.\n        G. E. Mannerheim]] resigns as [[president of Finland]].\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013\n        In his speech at [[Westminster College (Missouri)|Westminster College]], in\n        [[Fulton, Missouri]], [[Winston Churchill]] talks about the ''''[[Iron Curtain]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]]: [[Ho Chi Minh]] signs an agreement with\n        France which recognizes [[Vietnam]] as an autonomous state in the Indochinese\n        Federation and the French Union.\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 The [[18th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held. [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]\n        goes to ''''[[The Lost Weekend (film)|The Lost Weekend]]''''.\\n* [[March 9]]\\n**\n        [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]] becomes [[president of Finland]].\\n** [[Bolton Wanderers\n        F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] [[Burnden Park disaster|stadium disaster]] at [[Burnden\n        Park]], [[Bolton]], England, 33 killed and hundreds amongst the injured\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 British troops begin withdrawing from [[Lebanon]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Clement Attlee]] promises independence to India as soon\n        as they can agree on a constitution.\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]]\n        and Switzerland resume [[diplomatic relations]].\\n** [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]],\n        [[Martinique]] and [[R\\u00e9union]] become [[overseas department|overseas\n        ''''d\\u00e9partements'''']] of France.\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 The United Kingdom\n        grants [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]], as it is then known, its independence;\n        3 years later the country changes its name to [[Jordan]].\\\"Year by Year\n        1946\\\" \\u2013 [[History Channel International]]\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013\n        The [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] has an African majority in\n        its parliament.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1946}}\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        The 8.6 {{M|w}} [[1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake|Aleutian Islands earthquake]]\n        shakes the [[Aleutian Islands]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of VI (''''Strong''''). A destructive [[tsunami]] reaches the\n        [[Hawaiian Islands]] resulting in many deaths, mostly in [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]].\n        Between 165 and 173 were killed.\\n** The [[Malayan Union]] is formed.\\n**\n        [[Singapore]] becomes a [[Crown colony]].\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 Japanese Lt.\n        General [[Masaharu Homma]] is executed outside [[Manila]], the [[Philippines]]\n        for leading the [[Bataan Death March]].\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 In Japan, women\n        vote for the first time, during elections for the House of Representatives\n        of the 90th [[Meiji Constitution|Imperial Diet]].\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 A\n        member of [[Nakam]], the \\\"Jewish Avengers\\\", poisons with arsenic the bread\n        of [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] prisoners of war held at [[Stalag XIII-D]] by the\n        Americans.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Syria]]''s independence from France is\n        officially recognized.\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** The inaugural session of the [[International\n        Court of Justice]] (ICJ) occurs.\\n** The United States recognizes [[Josip\n        Broz Tito]]''s government in [[Yugoslavia]].\\n** The [[League of Nations]],\n        in its last meeting, transfers its mission to the [[United Nations]] and disbands\n        itself.\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 The Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League\n        (which is now the [[Continental Basketball Association|CBA]]) is founded.\\n*\n        [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[FA Cup]]: Derby County beat Charlton Athletic in the\n        first FA Cup final since 1939.\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Kinderdorf Pestalozzi|Pestalozzi\n        Children''s Village]] (''''Kinderdorf Pestalozzi'''') established at [[Trogen]]\n        in Switzerland to accommodate and educate [[orphan]]s of World War II according\n        to [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi|Pestalozzian]] principles.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001442/144223eb.pdf|first=Fritz|last=Wezel|title=Pestalozzi\n        Children Village at Trogen|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|date=1948-10-01|accessdate=2010-11-23}}\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 Trial against [[war criminal]]s begin in Tokyo; the accused\n        include [[Hideki T\\u014dj\\u014d]], [[Shigenori T\\u014dg\\u014d]] and [[Hiroshi\n        \\u014cshima]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1946}}\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013\n        At least 800 [[Indigenous Australian]] pastoral workers walk off the job in\n        Northwest Western Australia, starting [[1946 Pilbara strike|one of the longest\n        industrial strikes in Australia]].\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 Six inmates unsuccessfully\n        try to escape from [[Alcatraz Prison]]. A riot occurs, the \\\"[[Battle of Alcatraz]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed ''''[[Sony]]'''')\n        is founded with about 20 employees.\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 King [[Victor Emmanuel\n        III of Italy]] abdicates, and is succeeded by his son [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto\n        II]].\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is elected leader of the [[Indian\n        National Congress|Congress Party]] in India.\\n** The first [[V-2 rocket]]\n        is successfully launched at the [[White Sands Missile Range]].\\n* [[May 20]]\n        \\u2013 The [[British House of Commons]] decides to [[nationalize]] mines.\\n*\n        [[May 21]] \\u2013 At the [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]] Laboratory,\n        Dr. [[Louis Slotin]] saves his coworkers but receives a fatal dose of [[ionizing\n        radiation]] (the incident is initially [[Classified information|classified]]).\\n*\n        [[May 22]] \\u2013 The [[Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan]] is founded.\\n*\n        [[May 25]] \\u2013 The parliament of [[Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan|Transjordan]]\n        makes [[Abdullah I of Jordan|emir Abdullah]] their king.\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Czechoslovak]] parliamentary [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1946|election]],\n        with Communist victory (38%), last before communists take power.\\n* [[May\n        31]] \\u2013 A Greek [[referendum]] supports the return of the [[monarchy of\n        Greece|monarchy]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1946}}\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Ion Antonescu]], prime minister and \\\"Conducator\\\" (Leader) of [[Romania]]\n        during World War II is executed; he was found guilty of betraying the Romanian\n        people for benefits of Germany and sentenced to death by the [[Bucharest People''s\n        Tribunal]].\\n** [[Georges Thierry d''Argenlieu|D''Argenlieu]], French [[High\n        Commissioner]] for [[Indo-China]] recognizes an autonomous \\\"Republic of Cochin-China\\\"\n        in violation of the [[March 6]] [[Ho\\u2013Sainteny agreement]], opening the\n        way for conflict between the [[Viet Minh]] and France.{{cite book |first=Fredrik\n        |last=Logevall |authorlink=Fredrik Logevall |title=[[Embers of War]] |publisher=[[Random\n        House]] |year=2013 |page=136 |isbn=978-0375756474}}\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013\n        In a [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|referendum]], Italians decide\n        to turn Italy from a [[monarchy]] into a [[republic]]. Women vote for the\n        first time.\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 The [[Interpol]] organization re-founded,\n        [[telegraphic address]] \\\"Interpol\\\" adopted.\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The [[Basketball\n        Association of America]] is formed in New York City.\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013\n        In [[Indonesia]], [[Sukarno]] incites his supporters to fight Dutch colonial\n        occupation.\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 In [[Thailand]], King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]\n        (Rama IX) accedes the throne after the mysterious death of his brother, King\n        [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama VIII). He will reign until his death in October [[2016]].\\n*\n        [[June 10]] \\u2013 Italy is declared a [[republic]].\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Umberto II of Italy]] leaves the country and goes into exile in Portugal;\n        [[Alcide De Gasperi]] becomes [[head of state]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Baruch Plan]] is proposed to the United Nations.\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** A [[1946\n        Windsor\\u2013Tecumseh tornado|tornado]] on the [[Detroit River]] kills 17.\\n**\n        [[Laurence Olivier]]''s ''''[[Henry V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'''' opens in the\n        United States nearly 2 years after its release in England. It is the first\n        Shakespeare film in color, and critics hail it as the finest film of a Shakespeare\n        play ever made.\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** The 7.5 {{M|w}} [[1946 Vancouver Island\n        earthquake|Vancouver Island earthquake]] affected the island with a maximum\n        [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe'''').\n        Two people were killed.\\n** The [[National Democratic Front (French India)|National\n        Democratic Front]] wins a landslide victory in the [[French India municipal\n        election, 1946|municipal elections in French India]].\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013\n        [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) (World Bank)\n        begins operations.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 The [[War Relocation Authority]]\n        is abolished.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1946}}\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Nuclear testing]]: [[Operation Crossroads]], a series of [[nuclear weapon]]\n        tests conducted by the [[United States and nuclear weapons|United States]]\n        at [[Bikini Atoll]] in [[Micronesia]], is initiated by detonation of ''''Able''''\n        at an altitude of 520 feet (158 m).
[[File:Operation Crossroads\n        Baker Edit.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[July 25]]: Undersea Atomic Test Baker]]\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Ankara University]] is founded in [[Turkey]].\\n** After more\n        than 380 years of Western dominance, the [[Philippines]] attains full independence.\\n**\n        The [[Kielce Pogrom]] takes place in [[Poland]].\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 The\n        [[bikini]] is first modeled in Paris.\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** Mother [[Frances Xavier\n        Cabrini]] becomes the first American saint to be canonized.\\n** [[Howard Hughes]]\n        nearly dies in a test flight of the [[Hughes XF-11]], which crashes in a [[Beverly\n        Hills]] neighborhood due to a propeller malfunction.\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Bureau of Land Management]] (BLM) within [[Department of the Interior]]\n        (formed by merger of [[Grazing Service]] and [[General Land Office]]).\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\u2013 An [[Irgun]] bomb explodes in [[Jerusalem]] due to secretive\n        talks between Jews and Britain to consolidate the state of Israel.\\n* [[July\n        22]] \\u2013 [[King David Hotel bombing]]: The [[Irgun]] bombs the [[King David\n        Hotel]] (headquarters of the British civil and military administration) in\n        [[Jerusalem]], killing 90.\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Nuclear testing]]: In the\n        first underwater test of the [[atomic bomb]], the surplus {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}}\n        is sunk near [[Bikini Atoll]] in the Pacific Ocean, when the United States\n        detonates the ''''Baker'''' device during [[Operation Crossroads]].\\n** At\n        Club 500 in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]], [[Dean\n        Martin]] and [[Jerry Lewis]] stage their first show as a [[comedy]] team.\\n**\n        In the last mass lynching in the United States, a mob of white men [[1946\n        Georgia lynching|shoot and kill]] two [[African-American]] couples near Moore''s\n        Ford Bridge in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1946}}\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** The [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]]\n        is established.\\n** The [[Fulbright Program]], a system of U.S. international\n        educational exchange scholarships, is established.\\n** The [[Hungarian forint]]\n        is introduced in Hungary by the government, ending the world''s biggest [[hyperinflation]]\n        in the country.\\n** The [[Scandinavian Airlines]] System is founded as a consortium\n        of the [[flag carrier]]s of Sweden, Denmark and Norway.\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Santa Claus Land]] (now Holiday World), opens to the public at [[Santa Claus,\n        Indiana]]. It becomes the first themed park, preceding [[Disneyland]] by 9\n        years.\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 The [[1946 Dominican Republic earthquake]] (magnitude\n        8.0) hits the northern Dominican Republic, killing 100 and leaving 20,000\n        homeless.\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Direct Action Day]]: Violence between Muslims\n        and Hindus in [[Calcutta]] begins \\\"The Week of the Long Knives\\\" which leaves\n        3,000 dead.\\n** The [[All Hyderabad Trade Union Congress]] is founded in [[Secunderabad]].\\n**\n        The [[Kurdistan Democratic Party]] is founded in [[South Kurdistan]].\\n* [[August\n        18]] \\u2013 The [[Vergarola explosion]] in [[Croatia]] kills 70.\\n* [[August\n        25]] \\u2013 American golfer [[Ben Hogan]] wins the [[PGA Championship]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1946}}\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[1946 Turin Grand Prix]],\n        a first recorded officially [[Formula One|Formula One Grand Prix Motor Race]]\n        held in [[Italy]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}\\n* [[September 2]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Interim Government of India]] takes charge, with [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]] as Vice President, as part of the transition from the [[British Raj]]\n        to full independence for [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013\n        Street violence between Muslims and Hindus erupts in [[Bombay]].\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Bulgaria]] is declared a [[People''s Republic]] after a [[referendum]];\n        King [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]] leaves.\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Cathay Pacific]] Airways is founded in [[Hong Kong]] by American [[Roy Farrell]]\n        and Australian [[Sydney de Kantzow]].\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[George\n        II of Greece]] returns to [[Athens]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1946}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Mensa International|Mensa]], an international\n        organization for people with a high [[intelligence quotient]] (IQ), is founded\n        by [[Roland Berrill]], an Australian-born lawyer, and Dr [[Lancelot Ware]],\n        an English biochemist and lawyer, in [[Oxford]].\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 Communists\n        take over in [[Bulgaria]].\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 Sweden''s Prime Minister\n        [[Per Albin Hansson]] dies in office of a heart attack.\\n* [[October 10]]\n        \\u2013 Commencement of the [[Noakhali genocide]] of Hindus in [[Bengal]] at\n        the hands of Muslim mobs.\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 After a few days of vacancy,\n        the Swedish premiership is taken over by [[Tage Erlander]].\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 France adopts the constitution of the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth\n        Republic]].\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[International Organization for Standardization]]\n        (ISO) founded.\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Nuremberg trials]]: [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]],\n        founder of the [[Gestapo]] and recently convicted [[Nazism|Nazi]] war criminal,\n        poisons himself two hours before his scheduled execution.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n**\n        The remaining ten Nazi war criminals sentenced to death at the [[Nuremberg\n        trials]] are executed by hanging in a gymnasium in the [[Palace of Justice,\n        Nuremberg|Nuremberg Palace of Justice]].\\n** The [[United Nations]]'' first\n        meeting in [[Long Island]] is held.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1946}}\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 In the first [[Basketball Association of America]]\n        game, the [[New York Knicks]] defeat the [[Toronto Huskies]] 68\\u201366 at\n        Toronto''s [[Maple Leaf Gardens]].
[[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|thumb|150px|Flag\n        of UNESCO]]\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[UNESCO]] established as a specialized\n        agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[United States\n        Senate elections, 1946|Senate]] and [[United States House of Representatives\n        elections, 1946|House]] elections in the United States both give majorities\n        to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]].\\n* [[November 10]]\\n**\n        At least 1,400 people are killed in an earthquake measuring 7.4 on the [[Richter\n        magnitude scale]], in the [[Ancash Region]] and [[Quiches District]] in [[Peru]].\\n**\n        The [[Slimbridge Wetland Reserve]] opens in England.\\n* [[November 12]]\\n**\n        A truce is declared between Indonesian nationalist troops and the Dutch army\n        in [[Indonesia]].\\n** In Chicago, a branch of the ''''Exchange National Bank''''\n        (now part of the [[LaSalle Bank]]) opens the first 10 [[drive-up teller window]]s.\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 The Netherlands recognizes the Republic of [[Indonesia]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]] \\u2013 Eight British [[British Army|servicemen]] are killed\n        in [[Jerusalem]] by Jewish [[nationalists]].\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Afghanistan]],\n        [[Iceland]] and [[Sweden]] join the [[United Nations]].\\n** [[Romanian general\n        election, 1946]]: The [[Romanian Communist Party]] wins 79.86% of the vote\n        through widespread intimidation tactics and [[electoral fraud]].\\n* [[November\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Tony Benn]] is elected as [[Treasurer]] of the [[Oxford Union]].\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** Vietnamese riot in [[Haiphong]] and clash with French\n        troops. The French cruiser ''''Suffren'''' opens fire, killing 6,000 Vietnamese.\\n**\n        The [[Workers'' Party of South Korea]] is founded.\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Cold War]]: Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] appeals to the United\n        States and the [[Soviet Union]] to end [[nuclear testing]] and to start [[nuclear\n        disarmament]], stating that such an action would \\\"save humanity from the\n        ultimate disaster.\\\"\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 The [[SOBSI|All Indonesia Centre\n        of Labour Organizations]] (SOBSI) is founded in [[Jakarta]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1946}}\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Miguel Alem\\u00e1n Vald\\u00e9s]]\n        takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Whaling Commission]] was signed in Washington, D.C. to \\\"provide for the proper\n        conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development\n        of the whaling industry\\\".\\n* [[December 7]] \\u2013 A [[Winecoff Hotel fire|fire\n        at the Winecoff Hotel]] in [[Atlanta]], United States kills 119.\\n* [[December\n        11]] \\u2013 [[UNICEF]] (the United Nations Children''s Emergency Fund) is\n        founded.\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** The [[United Nations]] severs relations with\n        [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]''s Spain and recommends that member countries\n        sever diplomatic relations.\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Blum]] founds a government of\n        socialist parties in France.\\n** [[Iran crisis of 1946]]: Iranian troops recapture\n        the [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] province.\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 The\n        [[International Labour Organization]] becomes a specialized agency of the\n        [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** First [[French India Representative\n        Assembly election, 1946|French India Representative Assembly election]] held.\\n**\n        Iran crisis of 1946: Iranian troops recapture the Kurdish [[Republic of Mahabad]].\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Thailand|Siam]] joins the [[United Nations]] (changes\n        name to [[Thailand]] in [[1949]]).\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 [[Viet Minh]]\n        forces begin a [[First Indochina War|war against French occupying forces]]\n        in [[Vietnam]], succeeding in 1954 with France''s surrender at the [[Battle\n        of Dien Bien Phu]].\\n* [[December 20]]\\n** [[Frank Capra]]''s ''''[[It''s\n        a Wonderful Life]]'''', featuring [[James Stewart]], [[Donna Reed]], [[Lionel\n        Barrymore]], [[Henry Travers]], and [[Thomas Mitchell (actor)|Thomas Mitchell]],\n        is released in New York.\\n** At least 1,362 people are killed in an [[1946\n        Nankai earthquake|earthquake]] and associated tsunami in Japan.\\n* [[December\n        22]] \\u2013 The [[Havana Conference]] begins between U.S. [[organized crime]]\n        bosses in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]].\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 France''s [[French\n        Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] is founded.\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 The\n        first artificial, self-sustaining [[nuclear chain reaction]] in Europe was\n        initiated within the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] (Russian) [[nuclear reactor]]\n        [[F-1 (nuclear reactor)|F-1]].\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** The [[Flamingo Las Vegas|Flamingo\n        Hotel]] opens on the [[Las Vegas Strip]].\\n** [[David Lean]]''s ''''[[Great\n        Expectations (1946 film)|Great Expectations]]'''', based on the [[Charles\n        Dickens]] novel, and featuring [[John Mills]], [[Valerie Hobson]], [[Martita\n        Hunt]], [[Alec Guinness]], [[Francis L. Sullivan]], [[Jean Simmons]], and\n        [[Finlay Currie]], is released to great acclaim in the UK.\\n* [[December 31]]\n        \\u2013 President [[Harry S. Truman]] delivers [[Proclamation 2714]], which\n        officially ends hostilities in World War II.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* The\n        20 mm [[M61 Vulcan]] [[Gatling gun]] contract is released.\\n* [[Female\n        suffrage]] is enacted in [[Belgium]], [[Romania]], [[Socialist Federal Republic\n        of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Argentina]] and the Canadian province of [[Quebec]].\\n*\n        The first female police officers are hired in Korea and Japan.\\n* The [[Chinese\n        Civil War]] intensifies between the [[Kuomintang]] and the [[Communist Party\n        of China]].\\n* The first [[Tupperware]] is sold in department and hardware\n        stores.\\n* The British government takes emergency powers to deal with the\n        balance-of-payments crisis.\\n* [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]] tours Spain, Italy and France\n        on behalf of [[Argentina]], a circuit called the Rainbow Tour.\\n* The NFL\n        team [[San Francisco 49ers]] is formed.\\n* The [[Casio]] company is founded\n        by engineer Tadao Kashio.\\n* [[Binghamton University]] is founded.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Diane\n        Keaton 2012-1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Diane Keaton]]]]\\n[[File:Dolly Parton\n        accepting Liseberg Applause Award 2010 portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dolly Parton]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Lynch Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David Lynch]]]]\\n[[File:Arnoldo Alem\\u00e1n.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Arnoldo\n        Alem\\u00e1n]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Roberto Rivelino]], Brazilian football\n        player\\n** [[Alain Voss]], Brazilian-French comics artist (d. 2011)\\n* [[January\n        3]]\\n** [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]], English rock bassist\n        ([[Led Zeppelin]], [[Them Crooked Vultures]])\\n** [[Cissy King]], American\n        dancer and singer\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Diane Keaton]], American actress\n        and film director\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Syd Barrett]], English rock guitarist\n        and singer-songwriter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Robby Krieger]],\n        American rock musician ([[The Doors]])\\n** [[Stanton Peele]], American psychologist\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Mogens Lykketoft]], Danish politician\\n* [[January\n        11]]\\n** [[Naomi Judd]], American country singer\\n** [[John Piper (theologian)|John\n        Piper]], American theologian\\n** [[Ha Yu (actor)|Ha Yu]], Hong Kong actor\\n*\n        [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[George Duke]], American musician (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]]\\n** [[Fer\\u00f3 Nagy]], Hungarian singer\\n** [[Harold Shipman]],\n        British serial killer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Kabir Bedi]],\n        Indian actor\\n** [[Katia Ricciarelli]], Italian singer\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Joseph Deiss]], Swiss Federal Councillor\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Julian\n        Barnes]], English novelist\\n** [[Dolly Parton]], American singer-songwriter,\n        actress, businesswoman and philanthropist\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[David\n        Lynch]], American film director\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Oates]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Malcolm\n        McLaren]], British music manager (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Serge Savard]], Canadian\n        hockey player and executive\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Arnoldo Alem\\u00e1n]],\n        [[President of Nicaragua]]\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Michael Ontkean]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[January 25]] \\n** [[G\\u00e9za Berem\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian writer,\n        screenwriter and film director\\n** [[Pete Price]], [[Merseyside]] radio disc\n        jockey\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Gene Siskel]], American film critic (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Michel Delpech]], French singer-songwriter and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Nedra Talley]], American singer ([[The Ronettes]])\\n* [[January\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Bettye LaVette]], American soul singer-songwriter\\n* [[January\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Terry Kath]], American rock musician (d. [[1978]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:President\n        Isaias Afewerk.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Isaias Afwerki]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Tyne\n        Daly at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tyne Daly]]]]\\n[[File:Daniels03\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anthony Daniels]]]]\\n[[File:Alan Rickman cropped\n        and retouched.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alan Rickman]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Elisabeth Sladen]], English actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Isaias Afwerki]], [[President of Eritrea]]\\n** [[Blake Clark]], American\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Charlotte Rampling]], British\n        actress\\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Kate McGarrigle]], Canadian singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2010]]) \\n** [[Jim Turner (politician)|Jim Turner]], American politician\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Pete Postlethwaite]], English character actor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[Se\\u00e1n Neeson]], Northern Irish politician\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\n** [[Joe Estevez]], American actor\\n** [[Colin Matthews]],\n        British composer\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Bernard Dowiyogo]], 7-time [[President\n        of Nauru]] (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Gregory Hines]], American dancer and actor\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Karen Silkwood]], American activist\n        (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Brenda Blethyn]], British actress\\n**\n        [[J. Geils]], lead guitarist of American rock group, [[The J. Geils Band]]\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Tyne Daly]], American actress\\n** [[Anthony\n        Daniels]], English actor\\n** [[Alan Rickman]], English actor and film director\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed B\\u011blohl\\u00e1vek]],\n        Czech orchestral conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Andrew Ang]],\n        judge of the [[Supreme Court of Singapore]]\\n** [[Franz Xaver Kroetz]], German\n        dramatist\\n** [[Jean Todt]], French motorsport manager\\n* [[February 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ahmed Zewail]], Egyptian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Robin Cook]], British\n        politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Don Francisco (Christian musician)|Don Francisco]],\n        American Christian musician\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:David Gilmour 2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David\n        Gilmour]]]]\\n[[File:Liza Minnelli 1973 Special crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Liza\n        Minnelli]]]]\\n[[File:Alejandro Toledo - Jerusalem 2011.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alejandro\n        Toledo]]]]\\n[[File:9.16.13BillPlymptonByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill\n        Plympton]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Jan Kode\\u0161]], Czech tennis player\\n**\n        [[Lana Wood]], American actress and producer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Ashcroft]], English entrepreneur\\n** [[Haile Gerima]], Ethiopian filmmaker\\n**\n        [[Harvey Goldsmith]], British impresario\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Murray Head]],\n        English singer and actor\\n** [[Lova Moor]], French singer and dancer\\n* [[March\n        6]] \\u2013 [[David Gilmour]], English rock musician ([[Pink Floyd]])\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[John Heard (actor)|John Heard]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Okko Kamu]], Finnish conductor and violinist\\n** [[Peter Wolf]], American\n        rock musician ([[The J. Geils Band]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Mike Hollands]],\n        Australian animator\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Frank Welker]], American voice actor\n        and singer\\n** [[Liza Minnelli]], American singer and actress\\n* [[March 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yonatan Netanyahu]], American-born Israeli Army officer, killed in\n        [[Operation Entebbe]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Bonds]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Georges J. F. K\\u00f6hler]], German biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Timothy\n        Dalton]], Welsh actor\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Cliff Balsom]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Crawford]], American child actor and musician\\n*\n        [[March 27]]\\n** [[Olaf Malolepski]], German musician ([[Die Flippers]])\\n**\n        [[Mike Jackson (left-handed pitcher)|Mike Jackson]], former MLB pitcher.\\n*\n        [[March 28]] \\u2013 [[Alejandro Toledo]], former [[President of Peru]]\\n*\n        [[March 29]] \\n** [[Segun Bucknor]], Nigerian musician and journalist (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Billy Thorpe]], English-born Australian singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Bill Plympton]], American cartoonist\\n**\n        [[Carolyn Simpson]], judge of the [[Supreme Court of New South Wales]]\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Gonzalo M\\u00e1rquez]], Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (d. [[1984]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hanna Suchocka 1135.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hanna\n        Suchocka]]]]\\n[[File:Brody Janos-01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[J\\u00e1nos Br\\u00f3dy]]]]\\n[[File:Ed\n        O''Neill at 2015 PaleyFest.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ed O''Neill]]]]\\n[[File:Honduras.RicardoMaduro.01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ricardo\n        Maduro]]]]\\n[[File:King Carl XVI Gustaf at National Day 2009 Cropped.png|thumb|120px|[[Carl\n        XVI Gustaf of Sweden]]]]\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Hanna Suchocka]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Poland]]\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Dave Hill]], English guitarist\n        ([[Slade]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Jane Asher]], English actress\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos\n        Br\\u00f3dy]], Hungarian singer, guitarist, composer and songwriter\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn\n        Granath]], Swedish actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Colette Besson]],\n        French track and field athlete (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Krier]], Luxembourgian\n        architect\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Catfish Hunter]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Chris Burden]], American artist (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[Ed O''Neill]], American actor\\n* [[April\n        15]] - [[Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)|Marsha Hunt]], American actress,\n        singer and novelist\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Margot Adler]], American journalist\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Hayley Mills]], English actress\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Tim Curry]], British actor, singer and composer\\n* [[April 20]] \\n** [[Julien\n        Poulin]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Ricardo Maduro]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n*\n        [[April 22]] \\n** [[John Waters]], American film director \\n** [[Paul Davies]],\n        English physicist\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[John Fox (statistician)|John Fox]],\n        British statistician\\n** [[Talia Shire]], American actress\\n** [[Strobe Talbott]],\n        American journalist\\n** [[Vladimir Zhirinovsky]], Russian politician\\n* [[April\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Larissa Grunig]], American public relations theorist and feminist\\n*\n        [[April 30]] \\u2013 King [[Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden]]\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Pressekonferenz\n        Aktion Birlikte - Zusammenstehen-8395.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Udo Lindenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Cher\n        by Ian Smith.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cher]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Joanna Lumley]],\n        English actress and author\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Lesley Gore]], American rock\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ralf Goth\\u00f3ni]], Finnish pianist, conductor\n        and composer\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[John Watson (racing driver)|John Watson]],\n        Northern Irish racecar driver\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Jim Kelly (martial artist)|Jim\n        Kelly]], American actor, martial artist and tennis player (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Kebby Musokotwane]], Prime Minister of Zambia (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n**\n        [[Thelma Houston]], American singer \\n** [[Michael Rosen]], British novelist\n        and poet\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Candice Bergen]], American actress\\n** [[Drafi\n        Deutscher]], German Schlager singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Graham\n        Gouldman]], English songwriter and musician ([[10cc]], [[Wax (pop band)|Wax]])\\n**\n        [[Donovan|Donovan Leitch]], Scottish rock musician\\n** [[Dave Mason]], English\n        rock musician ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]])\\n** [[Birut\\u0117 Galdikas]], Canadian\n        anthropologist, primatologist, conservationist, ethologist, and author\\n*\n        [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Robert Jarvik]], American physicist and artificial heart\n        inventor\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Richard Bruce Silverman]], John Evans Professor\n        of Chemistry at [[Northwestern University]]\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Tim Pigott-Smith]],\n        English actor and author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Klaus-Peter\n        Siegloch]], German journalist\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Robert Fripp]], British\n        musician\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Udo Lindenberg]], German musician\\n* [[May\n        18]] \\n** [[Bruce Alexander (actor)|Bruce Alexander]], English actor\\n** [[Reggie\n        Jackson]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 the Giant]],\n        French professional wrestler (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Claude Leli\\u00e8vre]], Belgian\n        Commissioner for Children Rights\\n** [[Roger Sloman]], English actor\\n* [[May\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Cher]], American actress and rock singer\\n* [[May 22]] \\n**\n        [[George Best]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Howard Kendall]],\n        English footballer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Frederik de Groot]],\n        Dutch actor\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Mick Ronson]], English guitarist (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[K. Satchidanandan]], Malayalam poet\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Fernando Buesa]], Basque politician (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Candy\n        Lightner]], American founder of Mothers Against Drunk Driving\\n* [[May 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Adriana Bittel]], Romanian writer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Donald Trump\n        Pentagon 2017.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Donald Trump]]]]\\n[[File:Noddy Holder (modified).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Noddy\n        Holder]]]]\\n[[File:11 Xanana 3.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Xanana Gusm\\u00e3o]]]]\\n[[File:Ted\n        Shakelford (253554794).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ted Shackelford]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Brian Cox (actor)|Brian Cox]], Scottish actor\\n* [[June 2]] \\n**\n        [[Peter Sutcliffe]], English serial killer\\n** [[Tomomichi Nishimura]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Suzanne Ciani]], American pianist and electronic\n        composer\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Stefania Sandrelli]], Italian actress\\n* [[June\n        7]]\\n** [[Jenny Jones (presenter)|Jenny Jones]], Palestinian-Canadian comedian\n        and talk show hostess\\n** [[Robert Tilton]], American televangelist and author\\n*\n        [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Pearlette Louisy]], Governor-General of St. Lucia\\n* [[June\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Fernando Balzaretti]], Mexican actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Paul L. Modrich]], American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Donald Trump]], American television\n        personality and real estate magnate, 45th [[President of the United States]]\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Noddy Holder]], English rock singer ([[Slade]])\\n** [[Janet\n        Lennon]], American singer ([[The Lennon Sisters]])\\n** [[Demis Roussos]],\n        Greek singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Marcy Kaptur]], U.S. Representative\n        for the Ninth Congressional District of Ohio\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Russell\n        Ash]], British author (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Fabio Capello]], Italian football\n        player and manager\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Xanana Gusm\\u00e3o]], 1st [[President\n        of East Timor]]\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Kay Redfield Jamison]], American psychiatrist\\n**\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Oleksy]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Ted Shackelford]], American actor\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Ellison\n        Onizuka]], American astronaut (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Robert Reich]], 22nd United\n        States Secretary of Labor\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[Pete Vanderwaal]], Dutch\n        engineer\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Maria von Welser]], German TV journalist\n        and President of UNICEF Germany\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Gilda Radner]], American\n        comedian and actress (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Egon von F\\u00fcrstenberg]],\n        Swiss fashion designer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Gitte H\\u00e6nning]], Danish singer\n        \\n** [[Ernesto P\\u00e9rez Balladares]], [[President of Panama]]\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Mireya\n        Moscoso.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mireya Moscoso]]]]\\n[[File:Leszek Miller Sejm 2013.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Leszek\n        Miller]]]]\\n[[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[George W. Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Sylvester-Stallone-2014-2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sylvester\n        Stallone]]]]\\n[[File:Cheech Marin 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cheech Marin]]]]\\n[[File:Hassanal\n        Bolkiah 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hassanal Bolkiah]]]]\\n[[File:Danny Glover 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Danny\n        Glover]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Alceu Valen\\u00e7a]], Brazilian composer,\n        writer, performer, actor, and poet\\n** [[Stefan Aust]], German journalist\n        and editor-in-chief of the weekly news magazine ''''Der Spiegel'''' from 1994\n        to 2008\\n** [[Mireya Moscoso]], [[President of Panama]]\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Axel]], American scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Leszek Miller]], [[Prime Minister of\n        Poland]]\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Sam Hunt (poet)|Sam Hunt]], New Zealand poet\\n**\n        [[Michael Milken]], American financier\\n** [[Ed O''Ross]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Roy Cimatu]], Filipino general\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[George W. Bush]], 43rd\n        [[President of the United States]]\\n** [[Sylvester Stallone]], American actor,\n        screenwriter and film director\\n** [[Tiemen Groen]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[July\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Tadeusz Nowicki]], Polish tennis player\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Massimo\n        Vanni]], Italian actor\\n** [[Daniela Beneck]], Italian freestyle swimmer\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Mitch Mitchell]], English drummer ([[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]])\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Bon Scott]], Australian rock singer ([[AC/DC]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Oliver Martin (cyclist)|Oliver Martin]], American cyclist\\n**\n        [[Sue Lyon]], American actress\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Jean-Pierre Coopman]],\n        Belgian boxer\\n** [[Jack Wrangler]], American porn star (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Ernesto Mahieux]], Italian actor\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o\n        Bosco]], Brazilian singer-songwriter \\n** [[Cheech Marin]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[John Wood (Australian actor)|John Wood]],\n        Australian actor\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Hassanal Bolkiah]], [[Sultan of Brunei]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Ronstadt]], American singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Toshio\n        Furukawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Dave Goelz]], American puppeteer\\n**\n        [[Monica Aspelund]], Finnish singer\\n** [[Ron Yary]], American football player\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Alun Armstrong]], English actor\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Ilie N\\u0103stase]], Romanian tennis player\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Danny Glover]],\n        American actor and film director\\n** [[Mireille Mathieu]], French singer\\n**\n        [[Johnson Toribiong]], 8th President of Palau\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Sally\n        Flynn]], American singer\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Rita Marley]], Jamaican singer\\n*\n        [[July 28]] - [[Jonathan Edwards]], American singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n*\n        [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Ximena Armas]], Chilean painter\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Neil Bonnett]], American race car driver (d. [[1994]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ralph\n        Gonsalves (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ralph Gonsalves]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill\n        Clinton]]]]\\n[[File:Keith Moon 4 - The Who - 1975-2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Keith\n        Moon]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Mike Emrick]], American sportscaster\\n** [[Sandi\n        Griffiths]], American singer\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Jack Straw]], English\n        politician\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Ron Silliman]], American poet\\n** [[Loni\n        Anderson]], American actress\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Gonsalves]], 4th\n        [[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Jim Kiick]], American football player\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Terry Nutkins]],\n        English naturalist (d. 2012)\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Janet Yellen]], American\n        [[Chair of the Federal Reserve]]\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013 [[Lesley Ann Warren]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Drake Levin]], n\\u00e9\n        Levinshefski, American rock guitarist ([[Paul Revere & the Raiders]])\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Charles Bolden]], American astronaut\\n** [[Bill Clinton]], 42nd\n        [[President of the United States]]\\n** [[Beat Raaflaub]], Swiss conductor\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** [[Connie Chung]], American reporter\\n** [[Ralf H\\u00fctter]],\n        German techno singer and musician ([[Kraftwerk]])\\n** [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]],\n        Indian businessman\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Keith Moon]], English rock drummer\n        ([[The Who]]) (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[John Grahl]], British\n        economist\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Rollie Fingers]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Charles Ghigna]], American poet and children''s author\\n* [[August 26]]\\n**\n        [[Valerie Simpson]], American singer\\n** [[Mark Snow]], American composer\\n**\n        [[Zhou Ji]], education minister of the People''s Republic of China\\n* [[August\n        29]]\\n** [[Jean-Baptiste Bagaza]], 2nd President of Burundi (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Bob Beamon]], American athlete\\n** [[Demetris Christofias]], 6th [[President\n        of Cyprus]]\\n** [[Leona Gom]], Canadian novelist and poet\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Barry\n        Gibb (Bee Gees) - TopPop 1973 3.png|thumb|120px|[[Barry Gibb]]]]\\n[[File:Freddie\n        Mercury performing in New Haven, CT, November 1977.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Freddie\n        Mercury]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Hines 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jim Hines]]]]\\n[[File:TommyLeeJones07TIFF\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tommy Lee Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Siimann Mart.IMG 2960.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Mart\n        Siimann]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Barry Gibb]], English-born Australian\n        singer ([[Bee Gees]])\\n** [[Roh Moo-hyun]], [[President of South Korea]] (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Dan White]], American politician and murderer\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Luis \\u00c1valos]], Cuban-born American character actor\\n**\n        [[Billy Preston]], American soul musician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Francisco Trois]], Brazilian chess player\\n* [[September 4]]\\n**\n        [[Gary Duncan]], American rock guitarist ([[Quicksilver Messenger Service]])\\n**\n        [[Greg Elmore]], American rock drummer ([[Quicksilver Messenger Service]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]]\\n** [[Dennis Dugan]], American actor and director\\n** [[Freddie\n        Mercury]], Lead singer and pianist of British rock group [[Queen (band)|Queen]]\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Willie Crawford]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Francisco Varela]], Chilean biologist (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Aziz Sancar]], Turkish biochemist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Doug Ingle]], American\n        rock vocalist ([[Iron Butterfly]])\\n** [[Bruce Palmer]], Canadian musician\n        ([[Buffalo Springfield]]) (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Jim Hines]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Don Powell]], English rock drummer ([[Slade]])\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Henri Kuprashvili]], Georgian Swimmer\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Tommy\n        Lee Jones]], American actor\\n** [[Oliver Stone]], American film director and\n        producer\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Peter Alsop]], American musician\\n** [[Akira\n        Kamiya]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Connie Kreski]],\n        American model (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Mikhail Kovalchuk]],\n        Russian physicist and official\\n** [[Moritz Leuenberger]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n**\n        [[Richard St. Clair]], American musician and composer\\n** [[Mart Siimann]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Estonia]]\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Franz Fischler]],\n        Austrian politician\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Lars Emil Johansen]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Greenland]]\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Morari Bapu]], Hindu Kathakaar\\n**\n        [[Felicity Kendal]], British actress\\n** [[Jerry Penrod]], American bass player\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[Andrea Dworkin]], American feminist and writer (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Radha Krishna Mainali]], Nepalese politician\\n** [[Christine\n        Todd Whitman]], American politician\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Jeffrey Jones]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor Lavoe]], Puerto Rican\n        singer (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Claude Vorilhon]], French-born ''messenger'' of\n        [[Ra\\u00eblism]]\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Susan Sarandon at the set of ''American\n        Mirror'' cropped and edited.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Susan Sarandon]]]]\\n[[File:Naoto\n        Kan cropped 36th G8 summit member 20100625.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Naoto Kan]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Carpenter b&w portrait, 1970s.png|thumb|120px|[[Richard Carpenter (musician)|Richard\n        Carpenter]]]]\\n[[File:BobSeagren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob Seagren]]]]\\n* [[October\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Tim O''Brien (author)|Tim O''Brien]], American author\\n* [[October\n        2]]\\n** Gen. [[Sonthi Boonyaratglin]], President of the [[Council for National\n        Security]] and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Royal Thai Army]]\\n** [[Marie-Georges\n        Pascal]], French actress\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[P. P. Arnold]], American\n        singer\\n* [[October 4]] \\n** [[Susan Sarandon]], American actress\\n** [[Rhie\n        Won-bok]], South Korean artist\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Lloyd Doggett]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Renate Holub]], German philosopher\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Xue\n        Jinghua]], Chinese ballerina\\n** [[Catharine MacKinnon]], American feminist\\n*\n        [[October 8]]\\n** [[Hanan Ashrawi]], Palestinian scholar and legislator\\n**\n        [[John T. Walton]], son of Wal-Mart founder [[Sam Walton]] (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Tansu \\u00c7iller]], Turkish politician\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Anne Boyd]], Australian musician\\n** [[Mildred Grieveson]], British\n        writer\\n** [[Naoto Kan]], 61st [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Chris Tarrant]],\n        British radio and TV personality\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Amitabh Bachchan]],\n        Indian actor\\n** [[Daryl Hall]], American rock musician ([[Hall & Oates]])\\n**\n        [[Sawao Kato]], Japanese gymnast\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Edwina Currie]],\n        English politician\\n** [[Dorothy Moore]], American singer\\n** [[Demond Wilson]],\n        American actor and minister\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Craig Venter]], American\n        [[biotechnologist]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Boziz\\u00e9]], [[President of the\n        Central African Republic]]\\n** [[Joey de Leon]], Filipino actor and host\\n**\n        [[Justin Hayward]], English rock singer and songwriter ([[The Moody Blues]])\\n*\n        [[October 15]]\\n** [[Richard Carpenter (musician)|Richard Carpenter]], American\n        pop musician and composer ([[The Carpenters]])\\n** [[John Getz]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Suzanne Somers]], American actress and singer\\n**\n        [[Elizabeth Witmer]], Dutch-born politician\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Vicki\n        Hodge]], English actress and model\\n** [[Bob Seagren]], American athlete and\n        actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[James Robert Baker]], American novelist, screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Howard Shore]], Canadian film composer\\n** [[Andrea Zsadon]], Hungarian\n        soprano\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Philip Pullman]], English author\\n* [[October\n        20]]\\n** [[Marty Gervais]], Canadian writer\\n** [[Elfriede Jelinek]], Austrian\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lyn Allison]], Australian politician\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Eileen\n        Gordon]], British politician\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Edith Leyrer]], Austrian\n        actress\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Pat Sajak]], American game-show host\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Leslie L. Byrne]], American politician\\n** [[Ivan Reitman]],\n        Slovakian-born film director and producer\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Sharon\n        Thesen]], Canadian poet\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Kathryn J. Whitmire]],\n        Texas politician; Mayor of Houston, Texas\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Lynne Marta]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Andrea Mitchell]], American journalist\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Stephen Rea]], Northern Irish actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Laura\n        Bush portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Laura Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Sally Field - 1981.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sally\n        Field]]]]\\n[[File:Petra Burka 1965.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Petra Burka]]]]\\n[[File:Ismail\n        Omar Guelleh 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Isma\\u00efl Omar Guelleh]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Ric Grech]], British rock bassist (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Lynne Russell]],\n        American newsreader\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Sinopoli]], Italian\n        conductor and composer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 4]] \\n** [[Laura Bush]],\n        former [[First Lady of the United States]]\\n** [[Les Lannom]], American actor\n        and musician\\n** [[Robert Mapplethorpe]], American photographer (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Herman Brood]], Dutch artist (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Loleatta\n        Holloway]], American singer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gram Parsons]], American musician\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Sally Field]], American actress and\n        singer\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Diane Francis]], Canadian journalist\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Stella Chiweshe]], Zimbabwean musician\\n** [[John Farrar]],\n        Australian guitarist, singer and songwriter ([[The Shadows]] & [[Marvin, Welch\n        & Farrar]])\\n** [[Guus Hiddink]], Dutch football player and manager\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Alaina Reed Hall]], American actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Corrine Brown]], American politician\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013\n        [[P. P. Arnold]], English singer\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Ohara Reiko]],\n        Japanese actress\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Carola Dunn]], English writer\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Gwyneth Powell]], British actress\\n** [[Sandy Skoglund]],\n        American photographer\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Mahasti]], Iranian singer (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Terence McKenna]], American writer, philosopher, [[ethnobotanist]]\n        and [[shaman]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Petra Burka]], Canadian\n        figure skater\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Andrea Allan]], Scottish actress\\n*\n        [[November 20]]\\n** [[Greg Cook]], American football player (d, [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Judy Woodruff]], American television reporter\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Emma\n        Cohen]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Chaviva Ho\\u0161ek]], Czech-born feminist\\n**\n        [[Ulla Jessen]], Danish actress\\n** [[Jacky Lafon]], Belgian actress\\n** [[Marina\n        Warner]], English writer\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Anne Wheeler]], Canadian\n        television and film director\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Diana Quick]], English\n        actress\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Ted Bundy]], American serial killer (d.\n        [[1989]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Marika Lindstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish actress\\n*\n        [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Ottilia Borb\\u00e1th]], Romanian-born Hungarian actress\\n*\n        [[November 27]]\\n** [[Richard Codey]], American politician, 53rd [[Governor\n        of New Jersey]]\\n** [[Isma\\u00efl Omar Guelleh]], 2nd [[President of Djibouti]]\\n**\n        [[Nina Maslova]], Russian actress\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Regina Braga]],\n        Brazilian actress\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Brian Cadd]], Australian singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Suzy Chaffee]], American singer and actress\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Marina\n        Abramovi\\u0107]], Yugoslavian performance artist\\n** [[Barbara Cubin]], U.S.\n        Congresswoman from Wyoming\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jose Carreras - World\n        Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011 - cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Carreras]]]]\\n[[File:Rhoma\n        Irama-cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rhoma Irama]]]]\\n[[File:Don Gummer (6070037472)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Don Gummer]]]]\\n[[File:Patty Duke 1975.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Patty\n        Duke]]]]\\n[[File:Benny Andersson 2012-09-24 001.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Benny Andersson]]]]\\n[[File:Steven\n        Spielberg by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Steven Spielberg]]]]\\n[[File:Carl\n        Wilson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carl Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff Sessions official portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jeff\n        Sessions]]]]\\n[[File:FEMA - 34604 - Arkansas Governor Mike Beebe in the field\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mike Beebe]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Gianni\n        Versace]], Italian fashion designer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Marjana\n        Lipov\\u0161ek]], Slovenian singer and actress\\n** [[Joop Zoetemelk]], Dutch\n        cyclist\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Sherry Alberoni]], American actress and voice\n        artist\\n** [[Y\\u014d Inoue]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December\n        5]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Carreras]], Spanish tenor\\n** [[Eva-Britt Svensson]],\n        Swedish politician\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Brinker]], American health\n        activist and diplomat\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Jacques Bourboulon]], French\n        photographer\\n** [[John Rubinstein]], American actor\\n** [[Sharmila Tagore]],\n        Indian actress\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Sonia Gandhi]], Indian politician\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n** [[Chrystos]], American poet\\n** [[Thomas Lux]], American\n        poet\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Rhoma Irama]], Indonesian dangdut musician,\n        actor and politician\\n** [[Susan Kyle]], American writer\\n** [[Ellen Meloy]],\n        American writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Emerson Fittipaldi]],\n        Brazilian racing car driver\\n** [[Gloria Loring]], American singer\\n** [[Don\n        Gummer]], American [[sculpture|sculptor]]\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas\n        Kollerstrom]], British writer\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Antony Beevor]], English\n        historian\\n** [[Jane Birkin]], English actress and singer\\n** [[Patty Duke]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Lynne Marie Stewart]], American actress\n        \\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Benny Andersson]], Swedish rock singer and songwriter\n        \\n** [[Alice Aycock]], American sculptor\\n** [[Trevor Pinnock]], English harpsichordist\n        and conductor\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Eugene Levy]], Canadian actor, comedian\n        and director\\n** [[Bel Mooney]], English broadcast journalist\\n* [[December\n        18]]\\n** [[Steve Biko]], South African anti-apartheid activist (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Nina \\u0160kottov\\u00e1]], Czech politician and member of the European Parliament\\n**\n        [[Steven Spielberg]], American film director\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Candace\n        Pert]], American neuroscientist\\n** [[Robert Urich]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Lesley Judd]], English television presenter\\n** [[John\n        Spencer (actor)|John Spencer]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Dick Wolf]],\n        American television producer\\n** [[Uri Geller]], Israeli illusionist\\n* [[December\n        21]]\\n** [[Brian Davison (cricketer)|Brian Davison]], Rhodesian cricketer\n        and Tasmanian politician\\n** [[Carl Wilson]], American musician (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]]\\n** [[Edita Gruberov\\u00e1]], Slovakian soprano\\n** [[Susan\n        Lucci]], American actress\\n** [[John Sullivan (writer)|John Sullivan]], English\n        television scriptwriter (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Jan Akkerman]],\n        Dutch rock guitarist ([[Focus (band)|Focus]])\\n** [[Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin]],\n        French politician and member of the European Parliament\\n** [[Brenda Howard]],\n        American bisexual activist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jeff Sessions]], American politician,\n        [[United States Attorney General]]\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Jimmy Buffett]],\n        American rock singer and songwriter\\n** [[Larry Csonka]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Gene Lamont]], American baseball player and manager\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Lenny Kaye]], American guitarist\\n** [[Janet Street-Porter]], English\n        broadcast journalist\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Mike Beebe]], American politician\n        and attorney\\n** [[Edgar Winter]], American rock musician\\n* [[December 29]]\\n**\n        [[Marianne Faithfull]], English singer and actress\\n** [[Ruth Shady]], Peruvian\n        archaeologist\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Patti Smith]], American poet and singer\\n**\n        [[Berti Vogts]], German football player and manager\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Diane von F\\u00fcrstenberg]], Belgian-American fashion designer\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Tyler Burge]], American philosopher\\n* [[Jacques Hiron]],\n        French journalist and writer\\n* [[Jang Song-thaek]], [[North Korea]]n politician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[Ada Mee]], German artist\\n* [[Afsaneh Najmabadi]], Iranian\n        historian and gender theorist\\n* [[Raul Bragan\\u00e7a Neto]], 8th Prime Minister\n        of S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 and Pr\\u00edncipe (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[Omar Al-Shammaa]],\n        Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[Daouda Malam Wank\\u00e9]], 6th President\n        of Niger (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-1984-018-35A, Laszlo von Bardossy.jpg|thumb|110px|[[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        B\\u00e1rdossy]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[William Joyce]], Irish-American\n        World War II Nazi propaganda broadcaster known as \\\"[[Lord Haw-Haw]]\\\" (executed)\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[George Woolf]], Canadian jockey (b.\n        [[1910]])\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Kitty Cheatham]], American singer (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen]] (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Slim Summerville]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Dion Fortune]], British writer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Countee\n        Cullen]], American poet (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        B\\u00e1rdossy]], Hungarian diplomat and politician, 33rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Hungary]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Harry Von Tilzer]], American songwriter (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Souchon]], German admiral (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Karl Nabersberg]], German youth leader\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013  [[Orishatukeh Faduma]], American missionary\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\n** [[Hideo Hatoyama]], Japanese jurist (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Harry Hopkins]], American politician (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Adriaan\n        van Maanen]],  Dutch\\u2013American astronomer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 31]]\n        \\n** [[Pietro Boetto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n** [[Luis Orgaz Yodi]], Spanish general (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[Image:Felix\n        Hoffman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Felix Hoffmann]]]]\\n[[File:Maliq Bushati.png|thumb|110px|[[Maliq\n        Bushati]]]]\\n[[File:Rafael-Erich.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rafael Erich]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Rondo Hatton]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[George Arliss]], British actor (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\n**\n        [[Upendranath Brahmachari]], Indian scientist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Oswald Kabasta]],\n        Austrian conductor (suicide) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Felix Hoffmann]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Miles Mander]], British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Ludovic-Oscar Frossard]], French socialist and communist\n        politician (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013  [[George Dumas]], French\n        doctor and psychologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\n** [[Cornelius\n        Johnson (athlete)|Cornelius Johnson]], American athlete (b. [[1913]])\\n**\n        [[Maliq Bushati]], Albanian collabrator and 18th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\n** [[Dorothy Gibson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Benjamin I of Constantinople|Benjamin I]], [[Ecumenical\n        Patriarch of Constantinople]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Rafael\n        Erich]], Finnish politician, professor and diplomat, 6th [[Prime Minister\n        of Finland]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Theodore Stark Wilkinson]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]],\n        Japanese general (executed) (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Le Gr\\u00e8ves]], French cyclist (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[B\\u00e9la\n        Imr\\u00e9dy]], 32nd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        Salvago Raggi]], Italian diplomat (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ferenc\n        Sz%C3%A1lasi.jpg|thumbnail|110px|[[Ferenc Sz\\u00e1lasi]]]]\\n[[File:Largo Caballero.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Francisco\n        Largo Caballero]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[George E. Stewart]], American\n        Medal of Honor recipient (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Bror von Blixen-Finecke]],\n        Danish big-game hunter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013  [[Antonio Caso\n        Andrade]], Mexican philosopher (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013  [[Adolfo\n        Ferrata]], Italian pathologist and hematologist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Ferenc Sz\\u00e1lasi]], Hungarian military officer and Fascist politician,\n        37th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Leonida\n        Tonelli]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Werner\n        von Blomberg]], German field marshal (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        J\\u00falio da Costa]], Portuguese activist (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Alladiya Khan]],\n        Indian singer (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013  [[Joseph de Pesquidoux]],\n        French writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013  [[Augusto Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Mart\\u00ednez]], Ecuadorian agronomist, economist, geologist, researcher,\n        educator and mountaineer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Francisco Largo\n        Caballero]], Spanish politician and trade unionist, 66th [[Prime Minister\n        of Spain]] (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Gilbert N. Lewis]], American chemist (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Alexander Alekhine]], Russian chess player (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Carl Schuhmann]], German athlete (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Ezequiel\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez]], acting [[President of Panama]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\u2013  [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Endre]], Hungarian politician (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort]], British field marshal\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Juan Bautista Sacasa cph.3a44780.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan\n        Bautista Sacasa]]]]\\n[[File:Robert bartlett.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Bartlett\n        (explorer)|Robert Bartlett]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Noah Beery, Sr.]], American\n        actor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Edward Sheldon]], American playwright (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Kate Bruce]], veteran silent screen actress, made many\n        films with [[D. W. Griffith]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Alf Common]],\n        English footballer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Masaharu Homma]], Japanese general\n        (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Vincent Youmans]], American\n        composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013  [[Padmanath Gohain Baruah]],\n        Indian novelist, poet and dramatist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Bo\n        Gu]], 3rd [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]] (accident)\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** Patriarch [[Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)|Eulogius]] (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Otto Dowling]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]]\n        and the 25th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 17]]\n        \\n** [[Guido Calza]], Italian archaeologist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Juan Bautista\n        Sacasa]], 20th [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Mae Busch]], American actress (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Maynard Keynes]], British economist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Lionel\n        Atwill]], British actor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Harlan F. Stone]], [[United States\n        Supreme Court/Chief Justice|Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\u2013  [[Robert Bartlett (explorer)|Robert Bartlett]], American\n        explorer and navigator (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Marcela de Agoncillo.png|thumb|110px|[[Marcela\n        de Agoncillo]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Bill Johnston (tennis)|Bill Johnston]],\n        American tennis champion (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Israfil Mammadov]], Soviet WWII\n        heroine (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013  [[L\\u00e9on Guillet]], French metallurgist\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013  [[Emile de Cartier de Marchienne]], Belgian\n        diplomat (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013  [[Pedro Henr\\u00edquez Ure\\u00f1a]],\n        Dominican essayist, philosopher, humanist and philologist (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]]\\n** [[Bruno Tesch]], German chemist and Nazi war criminal (executed)\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Karl Weinbacher]], German manager and war criminal (executed)\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n** [[Franceso Camero Medici]], Italian diplomat\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Ossorio y Gallardo]], Spanish lawyer and statesman\n        (b.  [[1873]])\\n** [[Booth Tarkington]], American novelist (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Jacob Ellehammer]], Danish inventor (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Enrico\n        Gasparri]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and archbishop (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Karl Hermann Frank]], German Nazi official and war criminal\n        (executed) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013  [[Billy Sullivan (actor)|Billy\n        Sullivan]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\n** [[Friedrich, Prince\n        of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Joseffy]], Austrian magician\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** [[Claire Croiza]], French soprano (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Henri Hauser]], French historian, geographer, and economist (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\u2013  [[Cagnaccio di San Pietro]], Italian painter (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013  [[Marcela Agoncillo]], Filipino who sewed the first Filipino\n        flag (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Pico\\u011flu Osman]], Turkish kemenche\n        player (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Ion Antonescu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ion\n        Antonescu]]]]\\n[[File:Gerhart Hauptmann nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerhart Hauptmann]]]]\\n[[File:Jorgeubico1930.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jorge\n        Ubico]]]]\\n[[File:Retrato del Presidente Juan Antonio R%C3%ADos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan\n        Antonio R\\u00edos]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Ion Antonescu]], Romanian soldier\n        and politician, 43rd [[Prime Minister of Romania]] and Romanian dictator (executed)\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Leo Slezak]], German tenor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chen Gongbo]], 2nd [[President of Republic of China]] during Nanjing\n        regime (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[S\\u00e1ndor Simonyi-Semadam]],\n        26th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Maud Watson]],\n        British tennis player, first female Wimbledon champion (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Gerhart Hauptmann]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Ananda Mahidol|Ananda\n        Mahidol (Rama VIII)]], [[King of Siam]] (assassinated) (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], American boxer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Hisaichi Terauchi]], Marshal of the Imperial Japanese\n        Army (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Charles Butterworth (actor)|Charles\n        Butterworth]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Jorge Ubico]],\n        Guatemalan army general, 21st [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[John Logie Baird]], British television pioneer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Edward\n        Bowes]], American radio personality (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Charles Butterworth\n        (actor)|Charles Butterworth]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 18]]\n        \\u2013  [[Eugen Hirschfield]], Australian practitioner (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Theodor Wulf]], German physicist and [[Jesuit]] priest (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Empress Wanrong]] of China (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[William S. Hart]], American stage actor and silent film [[Western\n        (genre)|Western]] star, film director, and writer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] \\u2013  [[Marian Bernaciak]], Polish World War II heroine (b. [[1917]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Juan Antonio R\\u00edos]], Chilean political figure, 24th\n        [[President of Chile]], leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Wanda\n        G\\u00e1g]], American artist, author, translator and illustrator (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Antoinette Perry]], American actress and director (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013  [[Jelica Belovi\\u0107-Bernardzikowska]],\n        Yugoslav journalist, writer and journalist (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Federico\n        Laredo Bru.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Federico Laredo Bru]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u043e\\u0431\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446).jpg|110px|thumb|Blessed\n        [[Alexander Vvedensky (religious leader)|Alexander Vvedensky]]]]\\n[[File:Alphonsa12.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Saint\n        Alphonsa]]]]\\n* July \\u2013 [[Howard Hyde Russell]], American temperance advocate,\n        founder of the [[Anti-Saloon League]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013  [[Augustyn\n        J\\u00f3zef Czartoryski]], Polish nobleman (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 2]] \\n**\n        [[Mary Alden]], American stage and screen actress (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Albert\n        Sechehaye]], Swiss linguist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Jenny-Wanda\n        Barkmann]], German Nazi overseer at [[Stutthof concentration camp]] (executed)\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Elisabeth Becker]], German Nazi overseer at Stutthof concentration\n        camp (executed) (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Wanda Klaff]], German Nazi overseer at\n        Stutthof concentration camp (executed) (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Ewa Paradies]],\n        German Nazi overseer at Stutthof concentration camp (executed) (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Gerda Steinhoff]], German Nazi overseer at Stutthof concentration camp (executed)\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Federico Laredo Br\\u00fa]], 8th [[President\n        of Cuba]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Orrick Glenday Johns]], American\n        writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Ray Stannard Baker]], American journalist\n        and author (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Teresa Janina Kieroci\\u0144ska]], Polish [[Discalced\n        Carmelite]] nun and venerable (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 [[Alfred\n        Stieglitz]], American photographer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Razor\n        Smith]], English cricketer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013  [[Raffaele\n        Conflenti]], Italian engineer and aircraft designer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] \\n** [[Kosta Mu\\u0161icki]], Yugoslav general (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Campbell\n        Tait]], Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013  [[George\n        Mackenzie Brown]], Canadian-born British publisher (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Shiro Kawase]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\n** [[Shefqet V\\u00ebrlaci]], Albanian politician, 12th [[Prime Minister\n        of Albania]] (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Gualberto Villarroel]], 46th [[President\n        of Bolivia]] (assassinated) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Edward Sperling]],\n        Russian-American-Jewish writer and Zionist (assassinated) (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] \\u2013  [[Alexander Vvedensky (religious leader)|Alexander Vvedensky]],\n        Soviet [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] religious leader and blessed (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013  [[Harry Davis (gangster)|Harry Davis]], Canadian\n        gangster (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Gertrude Stein]], American\n        writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Saint Alphonsa]], Indian [[Franciscan]]\n        nun and saint (b. [[1910]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Reichskanzler Wilhelm\n        Marx.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm Marx]]]]\\n[[File:H.G. Wells by Beresford.jpg|thumb|110px|[[H.\n        G. Wells]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013  [[Karl, Prince of Leiningen]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Marx]], German lawyer and politician, 17th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August\n        6]] \\n** [[Blanche Bingley|Blanche Bingley Hillyard]], English tennis champion\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Tony Lazzeri]], American baseball player ([[New York Yankees]])\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013  [[Maria Barrientos]],\n        Spanish opera singer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e9on Gaumont]],\n        French film pioneer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013  [[Giuseppe Pietri]],\n        Italian composer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Inayatullah Khan]],\n        King of Afghanistan (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n** [[H. G. Wells]], British\n        science fiction writer and historian (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Berlia]],\n        French politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013  [[Prince Fushimi\n        Hiroyasu]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[\\\"Rags\\\" Ragland]], American\n        comedian and actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013  [[D\\u00f6me Szt\\u00f3jay]],\n        35th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013  [[Fulco\n        Ruffo di Calabria|Prince Fulco Ruffo di Calabria]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Jeanie MacPherson]], American actress (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August\n        28]]\\n** [[Georgios Kafantaris]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1873]])\\n**\n        [[Florence Turner]], American actress (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013\n        [[John Steuart Curry]], American painter (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Don\n        Francesco Bonifacio.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Blessed [[Francesco Bonifacio]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 11]] \\u2013  [[Francesco Bonifacio]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (killed in action) (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n**\n        [[Henri Gouraud (general)|Henri Gouraud]], French general (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[James Hopwood Jeans]], English physicist, astronomer and mathematician (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Frank Burke (baseball)|Frank Burke]],\n        American baseball player (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich\n        George]], German actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Raimu]],\n        French actor (b. 1883)\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013 [[Takashi Sakai]], Japanese\n        general (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ignacy Moscicki.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ignacy\n        Moscicki]]]]\\n[[File:AlbertoMarvellii.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Alberto Marvelli]]]]\\n[[File:Per\n        Albin Hansson - Sveriges styresm%C3%A4n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Per Albin Hansson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013  [[Hiroshi Kawabuchi]], Japanese politician (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Ignacy Mo\\u015bcicki]], Polish chemist and politician,\n        4th [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Barney\n        Oldfield]], American race car driver and automobile pioneer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]]\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Bethlen]], 28th Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Alberto Marvelli]], Italian member of the [[Roman Catholic]]\n        action and blessed (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Per Albin Hansson]],\n        Swedsh politician and 23rd [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Francis Sartori]], American banker (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 8]]\n        \\u2013  [[Agust\\u00edn Parrado y Garc\\u00eda]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        cardinal (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stilwell]], American\n        World War II general (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]],\n        German Nazi Reichsmarschall (suicide) (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\n**\n        [[Hans Frank]], German Nazi Governor General of Poland (executed) (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Frick]], German Nazi Minister of the Interior (executed) (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Alfred Jodl]], German general and World War II Chief of the German armed\n        forces (executed) (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]], German Nazi police\n        general (executed) (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Keitel]], German field marshal\n        (executed) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], German Nazi foreign\n        minister (executed) (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Alfred Rosenberg]], German Nazi ideologist\n        (executed) (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Fritz Sauckel]], German Nazi general plenipotentiary\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]], Austrian Nazi leader\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Julius Streicher]], German Nazi propaganda\n        publisher (executed) (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013  [[Igor Demidov]],\n        Soviet politician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013  [[Francesco Carandini]],\n        Italian poet (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Daluege]], German\n        Nazi officer and war criminal (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Izabela\n        Wi%C5%82ucka.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Maria Izabela Wi\\u0142ucka-Kowalska]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\u2013  [[John Barrett (bishop)|John Barrett]], British clergyman,\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Joseph Stella]], Italian-American painter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 6]]\n        \\u2013  [[Maria Innocentia Hummel]], German [[Franciscan]] religious sister\n        and blessed (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Henry Lehrman]], American\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013  [[Baldassare Forestiere]],\n        Italian immigration (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Nikolay Burdenko]],\n        Soviet surgeon, founder of Soviet neurosurgery (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\u2013  [[Camillo Caccia Dominioni]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal\n        and eminence (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Manuel de Falla]],\n        Spanish composer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Donald Meek]],\n        British actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Moholy-Nagy]],\n        Hungarian painter and photographer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013\n        [[George Gandy]], American entrepreneur (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013  [[Sultana\n        Racho Petrova]], Bulgarian memoirist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013  [[Maria\n        Izabela Wi\\u0142ucka-Kowalska]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious leader\n        and saint (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Father FX Lasance.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed\n        [[Francis Xavier Lasance]]]]\\n[[File:W. C. Fields 1938.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W.\n        C. Fields]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Louis Dewis]], Belgian [[Post-Impressionist]]\n        [[Painting|painter]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Laurette Taylor]],\n        American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Sada Yacco]], Japanese stage actress\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Walter Johnson]], American baseball\n        player ([[Washington Senators (1901\\u201360)|Washington Senators]]) and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Damon Runyon]], American writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013  [[Francis Xavier Lasance]], American [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Ben Carter (actor)|Ben\n        Carter]], American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9e Falconetti]], French\n        actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Curtis Hidden Page]], American\n        politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Tom Dowse]], Irish major\n        league baseball player in the 1890s (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013  [[Salman\n        al-Murshid]], Syrian religious leader and political figure (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] \\u2013  [[Einosuke Harada]], Japanese ophthamologist (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] \\u2013  [[Pierre B\\u00e9nard]], French journalist (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[John A. Sampson]], American gynecologist (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[W. C. Fields]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Henri Le Fauconnier]], French painter (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013  [[Franjo\n        Bu\\u010dar]], Yugoslav writer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013  [[Pedro\n        Mata Dominguez]], Spanish novelist, playwright and poet (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December\n        28]] \\n** [[Carrie Jacobs-Bond]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1862]])\\n**\n        [[Francis Salabert]], French publisher (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Percy\n        Williams Bridgman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[James\n        B. Sumner]], [[John Howard Northrop]], [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Hermann\n        Joseph Muller]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Hermann\n        Hesse]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Emily Greene Balch]], [[John\n        Mott]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Further reading==\\n* Goulden, Joseph\n        C. ''''The Best Years: 1945-1950'''' (1976), popular social history of USA\\n*\n        Hennessy, Peter. ''''Never Again: Britain, 1945-1951'''' (1994)), a scholarly\n        survey.\\n* Kynaston, David. ''''Austerity Britain, 1945\\u20131951'''' (2008)\n        [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0802716938/ excerpt and text search], a detaied\n        social history.\\n* Sebestyen, Victor. ''''1946: The Making of the Modern World''''\n        (2015) [http://www.amazon.com/1946-Making-Modern-Victor-Sebestyen/dp/1101870427/  excerpt]\\n*\n        Weisbrode, Kenneth. ''''The Year of Indecision, 1946: A Tour Through the Crucible\n        of Harry Truman''s America'''' (2016) [http://www.amazon.com/Year-Indecision-1946-Through-Crucible/dp/0670016845/\n        excerpt]\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1946-pictures.html\n        1946 Coin Pictures]\\n* [https://archive.org/details/1946-05-23_Rail_Strike_Paralyzes_Entire_US\n        Newsreel May 23, 1946: Rail strike paralyzes the United States]\\n* [https://archive.org/details/1946-05-29_Coal_Strike_Ended\n        Newsreel May 29, 1946: End of U.S. coal strike]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1946}}\\n[[Category:1946|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T23:17:30Z\",\"lastrevid\":797912318,\"length\":79944,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946\"},\"34584\":{\"pageid\":34584,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1947\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T02:48:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1947}}\\n{{Events by month|1947}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1947}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1947}}\\n[[File:LocationNigeria.png|thumb|250px|right|\n        [[January 1]]: [[Nigeria]] gains [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]].]]\\n{{TOC\n        limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n* January\\u2013February \\u2013 [[Winter\n        of 1946\\u201347 in the United Kingdom]]: Worst snowfall in the country in\n        the 20th century, with extensive disruption of travel.{{cite web|url=http://www.winter1947.co.uk/|title=Collection\n        of weather statistics for the winter of 1947|accessdate=27 December 2010}}\n        Given the low ratio of private vehicle ownership at the time this is mainly\n        remembered in terms of the effects on the railway networks.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_conditions.shtml|title=collection\n        of film clips of UK rail disruption in winter 1947|accessdate=27 December\n        2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125063222/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_conditions.shtml\n        |archivedate=January 25, 2011 |deadurl=no}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** British\n        coal mines are [[nationalization|nationalised]].\\n** [[Nigeria]] gains limited\n        [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] before gaining independence in [[1960]].\\n**\n        The [[Canadian Citizenship Act]] comes into effect.\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013\n        Proceedings of the [[United States Congress]] are televised for the first\n        time.\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations]] takes control of the\n        free city of [[Trieste]].\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 Elizabeth Short, an aspiring\n        actress nicknamed the \\\"[[Black Dahlia]]\\\", is found brutally murdered in\n        a vacant lot in Los Angeles.  The case remains unsolved to this day.\\n* [[January\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Vincent Auriol]] is inaugurated as president of France.\\n* [[January\n        19]] \\u2013 A shipwreck near [[Athens]], Greece kills 392.\\n* [[January 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Dimitrios Maximos]] founds a monarchist government in Athens.\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\u2013 A Philippine plane crashes in Hong Kong, with $5 million\n        worth of gold and money.\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 Famous American gangster\n        [[Al Capone]] dies following cardiac arrest at his home in Florida.\\n* [[January\n        26]] \\u2013 A [[KLM]] [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] aircraft crashes soon after\n        taking off from [[Copenhagen Airport|Kastrup Airport, Copenhagen]], killing\n        all on board, including [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\\u00e4sterbotten|Prince\n        Gustaf Adolf]], second in line to the Swedish throne, and the American singer\n        [[Grace Moore]].\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[February 8]] \\u2013 A heavy [[blizzard]]\n        in Canada buries towns from [[Winnipeg]] to [[Calgary]].\\n* [[January 31]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Communists]] take power in Poland.\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** The lowest air temperature in North America (\\u221263 degrees Celsius)\n        is recorded in [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]] in the [[Yukon Territory]].\\n** Percival\n        Prattis becomes the first [[African-American]] news correspondent allowed\n        in the [[United States House of Representatives]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]]\n        press galleries.\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Boles\\u0142aw Bierut]] becomes the\n        [[President of Poland]].\\n** The Government of the United Kingdom announces\n        the \\u00a325 million [[Tanganyika groundnut scheme]] for cultivation of [[peanut]]s\n        in the [[Tanganyika Territory]].{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Alan|title=The\n        Groundnut Affair|publisher=Bodley Head|year=1950|location=London|oclc=1841364}}\\n*\n        [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[South Pacific Commission]] (SPC) founded.\\n* [[February\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Karlslust dance hall fire]] in Berlin, Germany, kills over 80\n        people.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 In Paris, France, peace treaties are signed\n        between the World War II Allies and Italy, Hungary, [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]],\n        and Finland. Italy cedes most of [[Istria]] to the [[Socialist Federal Republic\n        of Yugoslavia]] (later [[Croatia]]).\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** A [[meteor]] creates\n        an [[impact crater]] in [[Sikhote-Alin]], in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n** [[Christian\n        Dior]] introduces [[Christian Dior S.A.#The \\\"New Look\\\"|The \\\"New Look\\\"]]\n        in women''s fashion, in Paris.\\n** In [[Burma]], the [[Panglong Agreement]]\n        is reached between the [[Politics of Burma|Burmese government]] under its\n        leader, General [[Aung San]], and the [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Jingpo people|Kachin]],\n        and [[Chin people|Chin]] ethnic peoples at the Panglong Conference. U Aung\n        Zan Wai, [[Pe Khin]], Major Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung and [[Myoma\n        U Than Kywe]] are among the negotiators.\\n* [[February 17]] \\u2013 [[Cold\n        War]]: The ''''[[Voice of America]]'''' begins to transmit radio broadcasts\n        into Eastern Europe and the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** An explosion\n        at the O''Connor Electro-Plating Company in [[Los Angeles]], leaves 17 dead,\n        100 buildings damaged, and a {{convert|22|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} crater in the\n        ground.\\n** [[Ordnance Corps (United States Army)|U.S. Army Ordnance Corps]]\n        [[Hermes (missile program)|Hermes program]] [[V-2]] [[rocket]] ''''Blossom\n        I'''' launched into space carrying plant material and [[Drosophila melanogaster|fruitflies]],\n        the first animals to enter space.\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 In New York City,\n        [[Edwin Land]] demonstrates the first \\\"instant camera\\\", his [[Polaroid Land\n        Camera]], to a meeting of the [[Optical Society of America]].\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\u2013 ''''Tom and Jerry'''' cartoon ''''[[Cat Fishin'']]'''', is released.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 The [[International Organization for Standardization]]\n        (ISO) is founded.\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** The German state of [[Prussia]] is\n        officially abolished by the [[Allied Control Council]].Law No. 46.\\n**\n        The worst-ever train crash in Japan kills 184 people.\\n** John C. Hennessy,\n        Jr., brings the first [[Volkswagen Beetle]] to the United States. He purchased\n        the 1946 automobile from the U.S. Army Post Exchange in Frankfurt, Germany,\n        while serving in the U.S. Army. The Beetle was shipped from Bremerhaven, arriving\n        in New York this day.Copies of the bill of sale as well as the shipping\n        documents and a letter from the Port of New York confirming the arrival of\n        the VW can be found in Hennessy''s book ''''The Bride and the Beetle''''.\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** The United States grants France a military base in [[Casablanca]].\\n**\n        In [[Taiwan]], [[February 28 Incident|civil disorder is put down]] with large\n        loss of civilian lives.\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** The [[International\n        Monetary Fund]] begins to operate.\\n** [[Wernher von Braun]] marries his first\n        cousin, the 18-year-old Maria von Quirstorp.\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Treaty\n        of Dunkirk]] (coming into effect 8 September) signed between the United Kingdom\n        and France providing for mutual assistance in the event of attack.\\n* [[March\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Carrie Chapman Catt]] dies in New Rochelle.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013\n        The [[Truman Doctrine]] is proclaimed to help stem the spread of [[Communism]].\\n*\n        [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[1947 Thames flood|Thames flood]] and other widespread\n        flooding as the exceptionally harsh [[British winter of 1946\\u20131947]] ends\n        in a thaw.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The\n        Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=396\\u2013397|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}{{cite\n        web|first=G. G.|last=Cullingham|title=The Floods of 1947|work=Histories of\n        Windsor|publisher=The Royal Windsor Web Site|url=http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/windsor/windsorhistory/floods47.html\n        |accessdate=2013-03-01 |date=November 2012}}\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        Hindus and Muslims clash in [[Punjab region|Punjab]].\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013\n        The [[19th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held. The movie ''''[[The Best Years\n        of Our Lives]]'''' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]], along with\n        several other Academy Awards.\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 A [[coal mine]] explosion\n        in [[Centralia, Illinois]], kills 111 miners.\\n* [[March 28]] \\u2013 A World\n        War II Japanese [[booby trap]] explodes on [[Corregidor]] island, killing\n        28 people.\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 A rebellion against French rule erupts in\n        [[Madagascar]].\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 The leaders of the Kurdish People''s\n        [[Republic of Mahabad]], the second [[Kurds|Kurdish]] state in the history\n        of [[Iran]], are hanged at the [[Chuwarchira Square]] in [[Mahabad]] after\n        that country had been overrun by the Iranian army.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* April\n        \\u2013 Previous discovery of the ''[[Dead Sea Scrolls]]'' in the [[Qumran\n        Caves]] (above the northwest shore of the [[Dead Sea]]) by [[Bedouin]] shepherds,\n        becomes known.\\\"Year by Year 1947\\\". [[History Channel International]].\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Jackie Robinson]], the first [[African American]] in [[Major\n        League Baseball]] since the 1880s,\n        signs a contract with the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]].\\n** King [[George II of Greece]]\n        is succeeded by his brother [[Paul I of Greece|Paul]].\\n** [[1947 Royal New\n        Zealand Navy mutinies]] begin.\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[International Civil\n        Aviation Organization]] begins operations.\\n* [[April 7]]\\n**Arab [[Ba''ath\n        Party]] established by merger in Damascus.\\n**[[Edaville Railroad]] is opened\n        in Massachusetts as the first railway theme park.\\n**The largest recorded\n        [[sunspot]] group appears on the solar surface.{{cite web|last1=Packer|first1=Michael|title=A\n        Deeper Look at Sunspots, Part 2|url=http://ephemeris.sjaa.net/1210/e.html}}\\n*\n        [[April 9]] \\n** Multiple tornadoes strike Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas killing\n        181 and injuring 970.\\n** The [[Journey of Reconciliation]] begins, organized\n        by the [[Congress of Racial Equality]].\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 Jackie Robinson\n        becomes the first African American to play Major League Baseball since the\n        1880s.\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Texas\n        City disaster]]: The [[ammonium nitrate]] cargo of French-registered [[Liberty\n        ship]] {{SS|Grandcamp}} explodes in [[Texas City, Texas]], killing at least\n        581, including all but one member of the city fire department, injuring at\n        least 5,000 and destroying 20 city blocks. Of the dead, remains of 113 are\n        never found and 63 are unidentifiable.\\n** American financier and presidential\n        adviser [[Bernard Baruch]] describes the post\\u2013World War II tensions between\n        the [[Soviet Union]] and the United States as a \\\"[[Cold War]]\\\".\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** The British [[Royal Navy]] detonates 6,800 tons of explosives in\n        an attempt to demolish the fortified island of [[Heligoland]], Germany, thus\n        creating one of the [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest\n        man-made non-nuclear explosion]]s in history.\\n** [[Mrs. Ples]] is discovered\n        in the [[Sterkfontein]] area in [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], South Africa.\\n*\n        [[April 26]] \\u2013 Academy-Award-winning ''''[[Tom and Jerry]]'''' cartoon,\n        ''''[[The Cat Concerto]]'''', is released to theatres.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Portella della Ginestra massacre]]: The [[Salvatore Giuliano]]\n        gang of Sicilian separatists opens fire on a [[Labour Day]] parade at Portella\n        della Ginestra, [[Sicily]], killing 11 people and wounding 27.\\n* [[May 2]]\n        \\u2013 The movie ''''[[Miracle on 34th Street]]'''', a Christmastime classic,\n        is first shown in theaters.\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 The new post-war [[Constitution\n        of Japan|Japanese constitution]] goes into effect.\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 The\n        animated cartoon film ''''[[Rabbit Transit (film)|Rabbit Transit]]'''', directed\n        by [[Friz Freleng]], is released.\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** The [[Cold War]] begins:\n        In an effort to fight the spread of [[Communism]], President [[Harry S. Truman]]\n        signs an Act of Congress that implements the [[Truman Doctrine]]. This Act\n        grants $400 million in military and economic aid to [[Turkey]] and Greece.\n        The Cold War [[Cold War (1985\\u201391)|ended]] in [[1991]].\\n** [[David Lean]]''s\n        film ''''[[Great Expectations (1946 film)|Great Expectations]]'''', based\n        on the novel by [[Charles Dickens]], opens in the United States. Critics call\n        it the finest film ever made from a Charles Dickens novel.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013\n        An airliner of the [[Air Iceland|Flugfelag \\u00cdslands]] crashes into a mountainside,\n        killing 25 people.\\n*[[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 605]]: A\n        [[Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] crashes near [[Port Deposit, Maryland|Bainbridge,\n        Maryland]], killing all 53 aboard in the worst commercial aviation disaster\n        in US history.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-20671-0014, Recklinghausen,\n        Marshallplan im Ruhrgebiet.jpg|thumb|115px|[[Marshall Plan]].]]\\n* June \\u2013\n        The [[Doomsday Clock]] of the [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] is introduced.\\n*\n        [[June 5]] \\u2013 U.S. Secretary of State [[George Marshall]] outlines the\n        [[Marshall Plan]] for American reconstruction and relief aid to Europe in\n        a speech at [[Harvard University]].\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 The Royal [[Romanian\n        Army]] founds the [[Association football]] club [[FC Steaua Bucure\\u0219ti]],\n        which will become [[List of football clubs in Romania by major honors won|the\n        most successful Romanian football team]], as ''''A.S.A. Bucure\\u0219ti''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fcsteaua.ro/index/section/articles/article/5826/|title=Istorie\n        Stelista (I)|publisher=}}\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Saab Automobile|SAAB]]\n        in Sweden produces its first automobile.\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[June 15|15]]\n        \\u2013 First [[Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod]] is held in Wales.{{cite\n        web|title=Llangollen International Eisteddfod \\u2013 How it Started|url=http://www.llangollen.com/eist3.html|publisher=Llangollen\n        International Musical Eisteddfod|accessdate=2012-05-08}}\\n* [[June 15]]\n        \\u2013 The Portuguese government orders 11 military officers and 19 university\n        professors who are accused of revolutionary activity to resign.\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** Seaman Harold Dahl claims to have seen six [[unidentified flying\n        object]]s (UFOs) near [[Maury Island]] in [[Puget Sound]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].\n        On the next morning, Dahl reports the first modern so-called \\\"[[Men in Black]]\\\"\n        encounter.\\n** The [[Canadian Parliament]] votes unanimously to pass several\n        laws regarding displaced foreign refugees.\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013 The [[United\n        States Senate]] follows the [[United States House of Representatives|House\n        of Representatives]] in overriding President [[Harry S. Truman]]''s [[veto]]\n        of the [[Taft\\u2013Hartley Act]].\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Arnold]]\n        makes the first widely reported [[Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting|UFO sighting]]\n        near [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].\\n* [[June 25]]\n        \\u2013 ''''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'''' by [[Anne Frank]] is published\n        for the first time as ''''Het Achterhuis: Dagboekbrieven 14 juni 1942 \\u2013\n        1 augustus 1944'''' (\\\"The Annex: Diary Notes from 14 June 1942 \\u2013 1 August\n        1944\\\") in [[Amsterdam]], two years after the writer''s death in [[Bergen-Belsen\n        concentration camp]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 The [[United States]]\n        begins the [[National Malaria Eradication Program]], successfully eradicating\n        Malaria in [[1951]]. \\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 The first prototype AK-47s are\n        built, soon becoming the most produced assault rifle in history.\\n* [[July\n        8]] \\u2013 A supposedly downed [[Unidentified flying object|extraterrestrial\n        spacecraft]] is reportedly found in the [[Roswell UFO incident]], near [[Roswell,\n        New Mexico]], which was written about by [[Stanton T. Friedman]].\\n* [[July\n        9]] \\u2013 In the UK, King [[George VI]] announces the engagement of his daughter\n        [[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] to [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Lt.\n        Philip Mountbatten]].\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 The ''''[[Exodus (ship)|Exodus]]''''\n        leaves France for [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], with 4,500 Jewish [[Holocaust]]\n        survivor refugees on board.\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** The Indian passenger ship\n        {{SS|Ramdas}} is capsized by a cyclone at [[Mumbai]], India, with 625 people\n        killed.\\n** This is the alleged date when [[Raoul Wallenberg]] dies in a [[Soviet]]\n        prison. It is not announced until [[February 6]], [[1957]]. There will be\n        reported sightings of him until [[1987]].\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** Following wide\n        media and [[UNSCOP]] coverage, the ''''[[Exodus (ship)|Exodus]]'''' is captured\n        by British troops and refused entry into Palestine at the port of [[Haifa]].\\n**\n        President [[Harry S. Truman]] signs the [[Presidential Succession Act]] into\n        law, which places the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker\n        of the House]] and the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President\n        pro tempore of the Senate]] next in the line of succession after the [[Vice\n        President of the United States|Vice President]].\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013 Burmese\n        nationalist [[Aung San]] and six members of his newly formed cabinet are assassinated\n        during a cabinet meeting.\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Cold War]]: U.S. President\n        [[Harry S. Truman]] signs the [[National Security Act of 1947]] into law,\n        creating the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[U.S. Department of Defense|Department\n        of Defense]], the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], and the [[United States National\n        Security Council|National Security Council]].\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[July\n        28|28]] \\u2013 English endurance swimmer [[Tom Blower]] becomes the first\n        person to swim the [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]],\n        from [[Donaghadee]] in [[Northern Ireland]] to [[Portpatrick]] in Scotland.\\n*\n        [[July 29]] \\u2013 After being shut down on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment,\n        the [[ENIAC]] computer, the world''s first electronic [[digital computer]],\n        is turned back on again. It next remains in continuous operation until October\n        2, 1955.\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|thumb|Flag of [[Pakistan]],\n        the country that gained independence on August 14, 1947]]\\n[[File:Flag of\n        India.svg|thumb|Flag of [[India]], the country that gained independence on\n        August 15, 1947]]\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 The Netherlands ends [[Operation\n        Product]], the first of its major ''''[[politionele acties]]'''' (military\n        \\\"police actions\\\") in [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Thor Heyerdahl]]''s\n        [[balsa wood]] raft, the ''''[[Kon-Tiki]]'''', smashes into the [[reef]] at\n        [[Raroia]] in the [[Tuamotu Islands]] after a 101-day, 4,300 mile, voyage\n        across the Eastern Pacific Ocean, demonstrating that prehistoric peoples could\n        have traveled to the Central Pacific islands from South America.\\n** The [[Bombay\n        Municipal Corporation]] formally takes over the [[Bombay Electric Supply and\n        Transport]] (BEST).\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** The Muslim majority regions formed\n        by the [[Partition of India]] gain independence from the [[British Empire]]\n        as the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. While the transition is officially at midnight\n        on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14, compared with\n        India on the 15th, because the [[Pakistan Standard Time]] is 30 minutes behind\n        the standard time of India.\\n** [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] becomes the first\n        [[Governor-General of Pakistan]]. [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] takes office as the\n        first [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** The greater Indian\n        subcontinent with a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs,\n        Buddhists, Jains, Jews and others formed by the [[Partition of India]] gain\n        independence from the British Empire as the [[Dominion of India]].\\n** [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]] takes office as the first [[Prime Minister of India]], taking his\n        oath from [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten,\n        Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]], [[Governor-General of India]] (but no longer\n        [[Viceroy]]).\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013 In Greece, General [[Markos Vafiadis]]\n        takes over the government.\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 The [[Prime Minister of\n        Greece]], [[Dimitrios Maximos]], resigns.\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 The French\n        government lowers the daily bread [[Rationing|ration]] to 200 grams,\n        causing riots in [[Verdun]] and [[Le Mans]].\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013 A fire\n        at a movie theater in [[Rueil-Malmaison|Rueil]], a suburb of Paris, France\n        kills 87 people.\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 In [[Hungary]], [[communists]] fail\n        to gain a majority in parliamentary elections (despite widespread fraud) and\n        turn to direct action as part of the country''s [[History of Hungary#Transition\n        to Communism (1944\\u20131949)|transition to Communism (1944\\u20131949)]].\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Seal\n        of the Central Intelligence Agency.svg|thumb|200px|The [[Central Intelligence\n        Agency]] (CIA), officially born September 18, 1947]]\\n*[[September 9]] \\u2013\n        A moth lodged in a [[relay]] is found to be the cause of a malfunction in\n        the [[Harvard Mark II]] electromechanical computer, logged as \\\"First actual\n        case of [[Software bug|bug]] being found.\\\"{{cite web|url=http://catb.org/jargon/html/B/bug.html|title=''''''bug'''''':n.|work=The\n        Jargon File|accessdate=2012-01-20}}{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/main?edan_q=Log+book+with+computer+bug&op=Search|title=Log\n        Book With Computer Bug|publisher=[[National Museum of American History]]|accessdate=2013-01-16}}\\n*[[September\n        13]] \\u2013 Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] suggests the exchange\n        of four million Hindus and Muslims between India and [[Pakistan]].\\n*[[September\n        15]] \\u2013 [[September 16|16]] \\u2013 [[Typhoon Kathleen]] strikes the [[B\\u014ds\\u014d\n        Peninsula]] and the entire [[Kant\\u014d region]] in Japan. Heavy rains cause\n        the [[Arakawa River (Kanto)|Arakawa]] and [[Tone River]]s to overflow and\n        embankment collapse. The resulting floods and [[debris flow]] kill between\n        1,077 and 1,930 people, injuring 1,547Japan Fire and Disaster Management\n        Agency official report. [[:ja:\\u30ad\\u30e3\\u30b9\\u30ea\\u30fc\\u30f3\\u53f0\\u98a8]]\n        (Japanese language) Retrieved 2017-02-20. and leaving 853 missing.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www2.arajo.ktr.mlit.go.jp/english/eng-pamph/12-13.html|title=Arajo.ktr.mlit.go.jp}}\\n*\n        [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[September 21|21]] \\u2013 The [[1947 Fort Lauderdale\n        hurricane]] in southeastern [[Florida]], and also in [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]],\n        and [[Louisiana]] causes widespread damage and kills 51 people.\\n* [[September\n        18]]\\n** [[National Security Act of 1947]] becomes effective on this day creating\n        the [[United States Air Force]], [[National Security Council (United States)|National\n        Security Council]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].\\n** [[United States\n        Department of War|War Department]] becomes the [[Department of the Army]],\n        a branch of the new [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]].\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\u2013 Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers''\n        Parties ([[Communist Information Bureau]], \\\"Cominform\\\") is founded.\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Pakistan]] and [[North Yemen|Yemen]] join the [[United Nations]].\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n* October \\u2013 First recorded use of the word ''''[[computer]]''''\n        in its modern sense, referring to an electronic digital machine.{{cite\n        web|title=computer, ''''n''''.|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] online version|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/37975?redirectedFrom=computer#eid|accessdate=2011-11-29\n        |date=September 2011}} {{OEDsub}}\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 President\n        [[Harry S. Truman]] delivers the first televised White House address speaking\n        on the world food crises.\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 The [[United States Air\n        Force]] [[test pilot]], Captain [[Chuck Yeager]], flies a [[Bell X-1]] rocket\n        plane faster than the [[speed of sound]], the first time it has been accomplished\\n*\n        [[October 20]] \\u2013 A war begins in [[Kashmir]], along the border between\n        India and Pakistan, leading to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] in the following\n        year. Also, Pakistan established diplomatic relations with the United States\n        of America.\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 The first [[Azad Kashmir]] Government\n        is established within Pakistan, headed by [[Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan]]\n        as its first President supported by the government of Pakistan.\\n* [[October\n        30]] \\u2013 The [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT), the foundation\n        of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), is established.\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** In [[Long Beach, California]], the designer and\n        airplane pilot [[Howard Hughes]] carries out the one and only flight of the\n        ''''[[Hughes H-4 Hercules]]'''', the largest [[fixed-wing aircraft]] ever\n        built and flown. This flight only lasted eight minutes.\\n** An earthquake\n        in the [[Chile]]an [[Andes]] kills 233 people.\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 The\n        program ''''[[Meet the Press]]'''' makes its television debut on the [[NBC]]-TV\n        network in the United States.\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Junagadh]] is invaded\n        by the Indian army.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 The arrest of four steel workers\n        in [[Marseille]] begins a [[French Communist Party|French communist]] riot\n        that also spreads to Paris.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[International Telecommunication\n        Union]] becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n** [[Universal\n        Postal Union]] (UPU) becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]]\n        (effective [[1 July]] [[1948]]).\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** In [[Brussels]], 15,000\n        people demonstrate against the relatively short prison sentences of Belgian\n        [[Nazi]] criminals.\\n** Great Britain began withdrawing its troops from Palestine.\\n*\n        [[November 18]] \\u2013 The [[Ballantyne''s fire|Ballantyne''s Department Store\n        fire]] in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, kills 41 people.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n**\n        The Princess Elizabeth (later [[Elizabeth II]]), the daughter of [[George\n        VI]], [[Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh|marries]]\n        [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]] at [[Westminster\n        Abbey]] in London, United Kingdom.\\n** [[Paul Ramadier]] resigns as the [[Prime\n        Minister of France]]. He is succeeded by [[Robert Schuman]], who calls 80,000\n        army reservists to quell rioting miners in France.\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013\n        The United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment begins in [[Havana]],\n        Cuba. This conference ends in 1948, when its members finish the [[Havana Charter]].\\n*\n        [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[McCarthyism]]: The [[United States House of Representatives]]\n        votes 346\\u201317 to approve citations of Contempt of Congress against the\n        \\\"[[Hollywood Ten]]\\\" after the screenwriters and directors refuse to co-operate\n        with the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] concerning allegations\n        of [[Communism|communist]] influences in the movie business. The ten men are\n        [[Hollywood blacklist|blacklisted]] by the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]\n        movie studios on the following day.[[Waldorf Statement]].\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** The [[Parliament of New Zealand]] ratifies the [[Statute of Westminster\n        1931|Statute of Westminster]], and thus becomes independent of legislative\n        control by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].\\n** The new [[Pakistan\n        Army]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] overrun Mirpur\n        in [[Kashmir]], resulting in the death of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs.{{cite\n        book|title=Forgotten Atrocities|first=Bal K.|last=Gupta}} Date requires confirmation.\\n*\n        [[November 27]] \\u2013 In Paris, France, police occupy the editorial offices\n        of the communist newspapers.\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] votes to [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|partition\n        Palestine]] between Arab and Jewish regions, which results in the creation\n        of the [[State of Israel]].\\n\\n=== December ===\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[French\n        Communist Party|French communist]] [[Strike action|strikers]] derail the Paris-Tourcoing\n        express train because of false rumors that it was transporting soldiers. 21\n        people are killed.\\n** The [[Tennessee Williams]] play ''''[[A Streetcar Named\n        Desire (play)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]'''', starring [[Marlon Brando]] in\n        his first great role, opens at the [[Ethel Barrymore Theatre]] on Broadway.\n        [[Jessica Tandy]] also stars as Blanche Du Bois.http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=1804\\n*\n        [[December 4]] \\u2013 The French [[Interior Minister]], [[Jules S. Moch]],\n        takes [[state of emergency|emergency]] measures against his country''s rioters\n        after six days of violent arguments in the [[National Assembly of France|National\n        Assembly]].\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducts a concert\n        performance of the first half of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]''s opera ''''[[Otello]]''''\n        for a broadcast on [[NBC]] Radio in the United States. The second half of\n        the opera is broadcast a week later.{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2004/Apr04/Verdi_otello_toscanini.htm|title=Giuseppe\n        Verdi (1813\\u20131901) \\u2013 ''''Otello''''|work=MusicWeb International|accessdate=2013-12-09}}\\n**\n        Women are admitted to full membership of the [[University of Cambridge]] in\n        England{{cite web|title=Fact sheet: Women at Cambridge: A Chronology\n        |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/factsheets/women2.html |publisher=University\n        of Cambridge |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107063131/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/factsheets/women2.html\n        |archivedate=November 7, 2007 |df= }} following a vote in September.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/lostdecade/timeline_html.shtml\n        |title=The Lost Decade Timeline |publisher=BBC |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821133044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/lostdecade/timeline_html.shtml\n        |archivedate=August 21, 2006 |df=mdy }}\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 French\n        [[labor union]]s call off the general strike and re-commence negotiations\n        with the French government.\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 The [[Iran]]ian Royal\n        Army takes back power in the [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] province.\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Santiago Bernabeu Stadium]], as known well for sports\n        venues of [[Spain]], officially opened in [[Madrid]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}}\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 400,000 slaughtered during mass migration\n        of Hindus and Muslims into the new states India and Pakistan.\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** The [[Italian Constituent Assembly]] votes to accept the new [[Constitution\n        of Italy]].\\n** The first practical [[electronics|electronic]] [[transistor]]\n        is demonstrated by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley of the United States.\\n*\n        [[December 30]] \\u2013 King [[Michael I of Romania]] abdicates.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* The [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] begins its investigations\n        into [[communism]] in [[Hollywood]].\\n* [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]]''s prototype\n        AK-47s enter testing the assault rifle would be adopted 2 years later by the\n        Soviet Army in 1949.\\n* [[Raytheon]] produces the first commercial [[microwave\n        oven]]\\n* [[Women''s suffrage]] is granted in [[Argentina]].\\n\\n===In fiction===\\n*The\n        song \\\"[[Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)|Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely\n        Hearts Club Band]]\\\" mentions Sgt. Pepper teaching the band to play \\\"20 years\n        ago today\\\". This would place the event somewhere between February 1 and June\n        1 of 1947.\\n*''''[[L.A. Noire]]'''', a video game released in 2011 by [[Rockstar\n        Games]], takes place in Los Angeles throughout the year 1947.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:David-Bowie\n        Chicago 2002-08-08 photoby Adam-Bielawski-cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Bowie]]]]\\n\\n[[File:President Megawati Sukarnoputri - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Megawati\n        Sukarnoputri]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[F. R. David]], Tunisian-born French\n        singer\\n** [[Leon Patillo]], American Christian musician\\n** [[Vladimir Titov]],\n        Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Frances Yip]], Hong Kong singer\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Jack Hanna]], American zoologist\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Chris Cutler]],\n        English percussionist\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Mercury Morris]], American\n        football player\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Sandy Denny]], British singer (d.\n        [[1978]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[William Bonin]], American serial killer (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n** [[David Bowie]], English singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Samuel Schmid]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n** [[Terry Sylvester]], English\n        singer and musician\\n** [[Laurie Walters]], American actress \\n* [[January\n        9]] \\n** [[Nic Jones]], English folk singer\\n** [[Ronnie Landfield]], American\n        artist\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Peer Steinbr\\u00fcck]], German politician\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Mart Smeets]], Dutch sports journalist\\n* [[January\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Bill Werbeniuk]], Canadian snooker player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January\n        15]]\\n** [[Andrea Martin]], American actress\\n** [[Michael Schanze]], German\n        television presenter\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Apasra Hongsakula]], [[Miss Universe\n        1965]]\\n** [[Laura Schlessinger]], American radio and TV talk show host\\n*\n        [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Takeshi Kitano]], Japanese film director and actor\\n*\n        [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Paula Deen]], Food Channel star\\n* [[January 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jill Eikenberry]], American actress\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Senichi\n        Hoshino]], former Japanese baseball pitcher and coach \\n* [[January 23]]\\n**\n        [[Thomas R. Carper]], U.S. Senator from Delaware\\n** [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]],\n        5th [[President of Indonesia]]\\n** [[Joel Douglas]], American film producer\\n*\n        [[January 24]]\\n** [[Michio Kaku]], American theoretical physicist\\n** [[Masashi\n        Ozaki]], Japanese golfer\\n** [[Warren Zevon]], American rock musician (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Tost\\u00e3o|Eduardo Gon\\u00e7alves de\n        Andrade (Tost\\u00e3o)]], Brazilian football player\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Perfecto\n        Yasay Jr.]], Philippine Politician, Served as [[Department of Foreign Affairs\n        (Philippines)|DFA]] Secretary\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Afzelius]], Swedish singer-songwriter\n        and guitarist ([[Hoola Bandoola Band]]) (d. 1999)\\n** [[Vyron Polydoras]],\n        Greek politician\\n** [[Cal Schenkel]], American illustrator\\n** [[Philip Sugden\n        (historian)|Philip Sugden]], English historian (d. 2014)\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Ernie Lively]], American actor\\n** [[Linda B. Buck]], American biologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[January 30]]\n        \\u2013 [[Steve Marriott]], British rock musician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Nolan Ryan]], American baseball player\\n* January 31 \\u2013\n        Maggi Clayden, Test Pilot, Solicitor, Artist and serial Entrepreneur\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Dan\n        Quayle, official DoD photo.JPEG|thumb|100px|[[Dan Quayle]]]]\\n[[File:Yukio\n        Hatoyama.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yukio Hatoyama]]]]\\n[[File:Prinses-christina-okt15-s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess\n        Christina of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Lee Evans mod.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lee\n        Evans (sprinter)|Lee Evans]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Jessica Savitch]],\n        American journalist (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Farrah Fawcett]],\n        American actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Paul Auster]], American\n        novelist\\n** [[Melanie Safka]], American rock singer\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**\n        [[Dennis C. Blair]], American admiral and [[Director of National Intelligence]]\\n**\n        [[Dan Quayle]], 44th [[Vice President of the United States]] \\n* [[February\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Darrell Waltrip]], American race car driver and broadcaster\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Wayne Allwine]], American voice actor (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]]\\n** [[Louise Arbour]], Canadian jurist\\n** [[Nicholas Owen\n        (journalist)|Nicholas Owen]], English newsreader (ITN)\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        [[Yukio Hatoyama]], 60th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Derek Shulman]],\n        Lead Singer of [[Gentle Giant]]\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Mike Krzyzewski]],\n        American basketball coach\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[John Adams (composer)|John\n        Adams]], American composer\\n** [[Wenche Myhre]], Norwegian actress and singer\\n**\n        [[\\u00c1d\\u00e1m N\\u00e1dasdy]], Hungarian linguist and poet\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Princess Christina of the Netherlands]]\\n** [[Dennis DeYoung]],\n        American rock musician ([[Styx (band)|Styx]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Gustavo\n        Rodr\\u00edguez]], Venezuelan actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Osgood]], English footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Peter Strauss]], American\n        actor\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Victor Sokolov]], Russian dissident journalist\n        and priest (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Rupert Holmes]], British-born\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Edward James Olmos]], American actor, better\n        known for his role in ''''[[Stand and Deliver]]''''\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Lee Evans (sprinter)|Lee Evans]], American Olympic athlete\\n** [[Doug Yule]],\n        American rock singer and musician ([[The Velvet Underground]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Sandie Shaw]], British singer\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Gidon\n        Kremer]], Latvian violinist\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Stephanie Beacham]],\n        English actress\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Dick Fosbury 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dick\n        Fosbury]]]]\\n[[File:Rob Reiner MFF 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rob Reiner]]]]\\n[[File:Kim\n        Campbell.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kim Campbell]]]]\\n[[File:Mitt Romney by Gage Skidmore\n        7.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mitt Romney]]]]\\n[[File:Glenn Close - Guardians of the\n        Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Glenn Close]]]]\\n[[File:Elton\n        John 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Elton John]]]]\\n[[File:C%C3%A9sar\n        Gaviria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[C\\u00e9sar Gaviria]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Thicke]], Canadian actor and television host (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**\n        [[David Franzoni]], American screenwriter\\n** [[Jan Garbarek]], Norwegian\n        musician\\n** [[Gunnar Hansen]], Icelandic actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Kiki Dee]], English pop singer\\n** [[Dick Fosbury]], American athlete\\n**\n        [[Teru Miyamoto]], Japanese author\\n** [[Rob Reiner]], American actor, comedian,\n        producer, director, activist \\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Walter R\\u00f6hrl]],\n        German race car driver\\n* [[March 8]] \\n** [[Carole Bayer Sager]], American\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Michael S. Hart]], American author and inventor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Kim Campbell]], 19th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n**\n        [[Tom Scholz]], American musician, songwriter and inventor\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[David Ferguson (impresario)|David Ferguson]], American music producer and\n        activist\\n** [[Geoff Hunt]], Australian squash player\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Kalervo Palsa]], a Finnish artist\\n** [[Mitt Romney]], American businessman,\n        politician, former [[Governor of Massachusetts]] and [[United States presidential\n        election, 2012|2012]] presidential candidate\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Beat\n        Richner]], Swiss pediatrician and cellist\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Pam Ayres]],\n        British poet\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Ry Cooder]], American guitarist\\n* [[March\n        16]]\\n** [[Baek Yoon-sik]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Ramzan Paskayev]], Chechen\n        accordionist\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Yury Chernavsky]], Russian-born composer\n        and producer\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Tamara Griesser Pe\\u010dar]], Slovenian\n        historian\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Glenn Close]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        20]] \\u2013 [[John Boswell]], American historian (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March\n        22]]\\n** [[James Patterson]], American author\\n** [[Florence Warner]], Voice\n        of Adult Abigail the Woman in [[Once Upon a Forest]]\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Louise\n        Lanct\\u00f4t]], Canadian terrorist and writer\\n** [[Alan Sugar|Alan Sugar,\n        Baron Sugar]], English entrepreneur\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Elton John]],\n        British rock musician\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[Walt Mossberg]], American newspaper\n        columnist\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[C\\u00e9sar Gaviria]], Colombian economist\n        and politician, 28th [[President of Colombia]]\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Gloria\n        Macapagal Arroyo WEF 2009-crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]]]\\n[[File:Tom\n        Clancy at Burns Library cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Clancy]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Letterman - 2015 Indianapolis 500 - Stierch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Letterman]]]]\\n[[File:Kareem\n        Abdul-Jabbar May 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]]]\\n[[File:Gerry\n        Rafferty.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gerry Rafferty]]]]\\n[[File:James_Woods_2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Woods]]]]\\n[[File:Iggy Pop 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Iggy Pop]]]]\\n[[File:Johan\n        Cruijff golfer cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johan Cruijff]]]]\\n[[File:John Ratzenberger\n        2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[John Ratzenberger]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        [[Alain Connes]], French mathematician\\n** [[Ingrid Steeger]], German actress\n        and comedian\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Emmylou Harris]], American singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Camille Paglia]], American literary critic\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Eliseo\n        Soriano]], Philippine preacher\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]],\n        14th [[President of the Philippines]] and daughter of former president [[Diosdado\n        Macapagal]]\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[John Ratzenberger]], American actor \\n*\n        [[April 8]]\\n** [[Tom DeLay]], American politician\\n** [[Robert Kiyosaki]],\n        American investor, businessman, self-help author\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**[[Meshach\n        Taylor]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n**[[Lucian Truscott IV]], American\n        writer and journalist\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Tom Clancy]], American author\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[David Letterman]], American talk show host\\n* [[April\n        15]]\\n** [[Mike Chapman]], Australian-born songwriter, record producer\\n**\n        [[Lois Chiles]], American actress \\n** [[Roy Raymond (businessman)]], American\n        entrepreneur and founder of [[Victoria''s Secret]] (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April\n        16]]\\n** [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]], American pro basketball player\\n** [[Gerry\n        Rafferty]], Scottish singer-songwriter (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Kathy\n        Acker]], American author (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Jerzy Stuhr]], Polish actor and\n        director\\n** [[James Woods]], American actor\\n* [[April 19]]  \\u2013 [[Murray\n        Perahia]], American pianist\\n* [[April 20]]   [[Hector (musician)|Hector]],\n        Finnish rock musician\\n* [[April 21]]  \\u2013 [[Iggy Pop]], American rock\n        musician\\n* [[April 25]]  \\u2013 [[Johan Cruijff]], Dutch footballer and coach\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 28]]  \\u2013 [[Ken St. Andre]], American game designer\n        and author\\n* [[April 29]]  \\u2013 [[Tommy James]], American rock singer and\n        producer \\n* [[April 30]]  \\u2013 [[Leslie Grantham]], English actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:RichardJenkins2AAFeb09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Jenkins]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Westerfield 1977.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ken Westerfield]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Richard Jenkins]], American actor\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Theda\n        Skocpol]], American sociologist\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Martha Nussbaum]], American\n        philosopher\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[H. Robert Horvitz]], American biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Jamie Donnelly]], American\n        film and stage actress\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Walter Selke]], German physicist\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Michael Ignatieff]], Canadian politician, philosopher\n        and historian\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Stephen R. Donaldson]], American novelist\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Paul Brady]], Northern Irish singer-songwriter\\n* [[May\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Ken Westerfield]], Disc sports (Frisbee) pioneer, athlete, showman,\n        promoter\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Maude Barlow]], Canadian author, activist\n        and National Chairperson of [[The Council of Canadians]]\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Glenn Turner]], New Zealand [[cricket]] [[Captain (cricket)|captain]]\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Branko Oblak]], Slovenian football player and coach\\n** [[Peter\n        DeFazio]], American politician\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Stan Zemanek]], Australian\n        radio broadcaster (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jerry Rawlings visits\n        AMISOM 02 (6874167713) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry Rawlings]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]]\\n** [[Jonathan Pryce]], Welsh actor\\n** [[Ronnie Wood]], English rock\n        musician ([[Faces (band)|The Faces]], [[The Rolling Stones]])\\n* [[June 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], Punjabi saint, Sikh theologian, military\n        leader (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Klima]], [[Chancellor of\n        Austria]]\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Laurie Anderson]], American experimental\n        performance artist, composer and musician\\n* June 5 \\u2013 [[Jojon]], Indonesian\n        comedian and actor (d. 2014)\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[David Blunkett]], British\n        politician\\n** [[Robert Englund]], American actor (''''A Nightmare on Elm\n        Street'''')\\n** [[Ada Kok]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 [[Thurman\n        Munson]], American baseball catcher (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Eric\n        F. Wieschaus]], American biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Robert Indermaur]], Swiss painter and\n        sculptor \\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Barry Melton]], American rock musician ([[Country\n        Joe and the Fish]])\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[John Hoagland]], American war\n        photographer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[-minu]], Swiss columnist\n        and writer\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Paula Koivuniemi]], Finnish singer\\n** [[Salman\n        Rushdie]], Indian-born British author (''''The Satanic Verses'''')\\n* [[June\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Candy Clark]], American actress\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Meredith\n        Baxter]], American actress \\n** [[Rachel Adato]], Israeli gynaecologist, lawyer\n        and politician\\n** [[Junko Akimoto]], Japanese kay\\u014dkyoku singer\\n** [[Joey\n        Molland]], English composer and rock guitarist\\n** [[Jim Benzelock]], American\n        professional ice hockey right winger\\n** [[Shirin Ebadi]], Iranian activist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Michael Gross (actor)|Michael\n        Gross]], American actor \\n** [[Duane Thomas]], American football running back\\n**\n        [[Fernando Savater]], Spanish philosopher and author\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Douglass]], American football quarterback\\n** [[Natalya Varley]], Soviet and\n        Russian film and theater actress\\n** [[Murray Webb]], New Zealand caricature\n        artist and a former New Zealand Test cricketer\\n** [[David Jones (golfer)|David\n        Jones]], European Tour golfer\\n** [[Octavia E. Butler]], American author (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[David Lander]], American actor \\n** [[Trevor Blades]], English\n        cricketer\\n** [[Pete Maravich]], American basketball player (d. [[1988]])\\n**\n        [[Jerry John Rawlings]], 2-time [[President of Ghana]]\\n* [[June 23]] \\n**\n        [[Zvi Rosen]], Israeli international footballer\\n** [[Bryan Brown]], Australian\n        actor\\n** [[Thor Hansen]], professional poker player\\n** [[Ed Werenich]],\n        Canadian curler\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Helena Vondr\\u00e1\\u010dkov\\u00e1]],\n        Czech singer\\n** [[Dean Johnson]], Minnesota politician\\n** [[Walter Willison]],\n        American stage actor\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Jimmie Walker]], American actor\n        \\n** [[Robert Percy]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[John Powell (athlete)|John\n        Powell]], American track and field athlete\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Peggy Cabral]],\n        Dominican journalist, television host, politician and diplomat\\n** [[Edd Hargett]],\n        American football quarterback\\n** [[Huh Young-man]], South Korean manhwa artist\\n**\n        [[Werner Voigt]], German football coach[2] and former player\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[Hans Ooft]], Dutch football player and manager\\n** [[Abdel Djaadaoui]],\n        Algerian footballer\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Mark Helprin]], American writer\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[David Chiang]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Jean-Yves Le Drian]], French minister\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Larry David\n        at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Larry David]]]]\\n[[File:O.J.\n        Simpson 1990 \\u00b7 DN-ST-91-03444 crop.JPEG|thumb|100px|[[O. J. Simpson]]]]\\n[[File:Duchess\n        of Cornwall 2012.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]]]]\\n[[File:Brian-May\n        with red special.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian May]]]]\\n[[File:Albert Brooks at\n        ''Drive'' premiere TIFF 9.10.11.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Albert Brooks]]]]\\n[[File:Arnold\n        Schwarzenegger February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Arantxa Urretabizkaia]], Basque writer, screenwriter and\n        actress\\n** [[Jana \\u0160vandov\\u00e1]], Czech actress\\n** [[Sharad Yadav]],\n        Indian politician\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Larry David]], American actor, writer,\n        producer and director\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Dave Barry]], American writer\\n**\n        [[Betty Buckley]], American actress and singer\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Brown (judge)|Joe Brown]], TV Judge\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Larnelle Harris]],\n        American Christian musician\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** King [[Gyanendra of Nepal]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Beckinsale]], English actor (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Felix Standaert]],\n        Belgian diplomat\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Sowell]], American pianist and\n        composer\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Haruomi Hosono]], Japanese musician ([[Yellow\n        Magic Orchestra]])\\n** [[Mitch Mitchell]], English rock drummer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[O. J. Simpson]], American football player, actor\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[Arlo\n        Guthrie]], American folk singer \\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Loren Coleman]], American\n        cryptozoologist and author\\n** [[Gareth Edwards]],  Welsh rugby union player\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], British Princess and\n        second wife of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]]\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Steven\n        W. Mahoney]], Canadian politician\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Bernie Leadon]], American\n        musician and songwriter \\n** [[Brian May]], English rock guitarist ([[Queen\n        (band)|Queen]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Gerd Binnig]], German physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Carlos Santana]], Mexican-born\n        rock guitarist\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[Co Adriaanse]], Dutch football manager\\n*\n        [[July 22]]\\n** [[Albert Brooks]], American actor, comedian, director, and\n        novelist\\n** [[Don Henley]], American singer-songwriter and musician \\n* [[July\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Spencer Christian]], American television personality\\n* [[July\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Peter Serkin]], American pianist\\n* [[July 27]] \\n**[[Bob Klein]],\n        American football player\\n**[[Kazuyoshi Miura (businessman)|Kazuyoshi Miura]],\n        Japanese businessman (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[William Atherton]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], Austrian-born American actor,\n        bodybuilder and 38th [[Governor of California]]\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Griffiths]], English actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Joe Wilson (U.S. politician)|Joe\n        Wilson]], American politician\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:J. Hunt in 1977.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Hunt]]]]\\n[[File:TempleGrandin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Temple Grandin]]]]\\n[[File:Somchai\n        Wongsawat 15112008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Somchai Wongsawat]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lorna Goodison]], Jamaican poet\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Colleen\n        Corby]], American fashion model\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Hubert Ingraham]],\n        Bahamian politician\\n* [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[Franciscus Henri]], Dutch-born\n        Australian children''s entertainer, composer and artist\\n* [[August 8]] \\n**\n        [[Terangi Adam]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[George Costigan]], British actor\n        and screenwriter\\n** [[Ken Dryden]], Canadian NHL Goaltender, Author, Politician\n        \\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[John Varley (author)|John Varley]], American science-fiction\n        author\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Ian Anderson]], British rock musician\\n** [[Drupi]],\n        Italian singer\\n** [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Malaysian politician\\n* [[August 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Diether Krebs]], German actor, cabaret artist and comedian. (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[William Hartston]], British chess player\\n* [[August\n        13]] \\u2013 [[John Stocker (voice actor)|John Stocker]], Canadian voice actor\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\n** [[Maddy Prior]], English folk singer\\n** [[Danielle Steel]],\n        American romance novelist\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Raakhee]], Indian actress\\n*\n        [[August 16]] \\u2013 [[Marc Messier]], Canadian actor\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**\n        [[Terry Hoeppner]], American football coach (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Gerard Schwarz]],\n        American conductor\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Wilker]], Brazilian\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Cindy Williams]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Peter Irniq]], Commissioner of Nunavut\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Willy Russell]],\n        British playwright\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Roger De Vlaeminck]], Belgian\n        cyclist\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Bach]], American actress \\n* [[August\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Liza Wang]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[James\n        Hunt]], British 1976 [[Formula 1 ]] world champion (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Temple\n        Grandin]], American animal welfare and autism expert\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Allan Rock]], Canadian politician and diplomat\\n* [[August 31]]\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n\n        Castellano de Torres]], Spanish painter\\n** [[Somchai Wongsawat]], 26th [[Prime\n        Minister of Thailand]]\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:(Bilden ar tagen vid Nordiska\n        radets session i Oslo, 2003) (1).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kjell Magne Bondevik]]]]\\n[[File:Keone\n        Young.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Keone Young]]]]\\n[[File:Amos Biwott 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amos\n        Biwott]]]]\\n[[File:Sam Neill 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sam Neill]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen\n        King, Comicon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen King]]]]\\n[[File:Meat Loaf.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Meat\n        Loaf]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Al Green (politician)|Al Green]], American\n        politician\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Kjell Magne Bondevik]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Norway]]\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Kiyoshi Takayama]], Japanese [[yakuza]]\n        boss\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Jane Curtin]], American actress and comedian\\n**\n        [[Bruce Rioch]], Scottish footballer and coach\\n** [[Jacob Rubinovitz]], [[Israelis|Israeli]]\n        scientist\\n** [[Keone Young]], American actor\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Amos\n        Biwott]], Kenya Olympic athlete\\n** [[Benjamin Orr]], American singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Freddy Weller]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\n** [[Sam Neill]], British-born New Zealand actor\\n** [[Jerzy\n        Popieluszko]], Polish Roman Catholic priest and blessed (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Russ Abbot]], British comedian and actor\\n* [[September 17]]\n        \\u2013 Dame [[Tessa Jowell]], British politician\\n* [[September 19]] \\n**\n        [[Steve Bartlett]], American businessman, lobbyist, politician (former U.S.\n        congressman from Texas''s 3rd congressional district; former mayor of Dallas,\n        Texas; member of the Dallas City Council) \\n** [[Tanith Lee]], British author\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Don Felder]], American musician and\n        songwriter\\n** [[Stephen King]], American writer and novelist, specializing\n        in the horror genre\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Jo Beverley]], Anglo-Canadian\n        writer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Norma McCorvey]], American abortion plaintiff (''''[[Roe\n        v. Wade]]'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Mary Kay Place]],\n        American actress \\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Cheryl Tiegs]], American model\n        and actress\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Lynn Anderson]], American country-music\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Dick Advocaat]], a Dutch football\n        manager\\n** [[Meat Loaf]], American rock singer, actor\\n* [[September 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Sheikh Hasina]], the Prime Minister of [[Bangladesh]] (1996\\u20132001;\n        2009\\u2013present)\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Marc Bolan]], English rock musician\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Rula Lenska]], English actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Stephen\n        Collins - white background.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Collins]]]]\\n[[File:Brian\n        Johnson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:SammyHagar.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sammy\n        Hagar]]]]\\n[[File:KevinKlineSept10TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Kline]]]]\\n[[File:Hillary\n        Clinton by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hillary Clinton]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Dreyfuss Cannes 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Dreyfuss]]]]\\n[[File:Herman\n        Van Rompuy 675.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Herman Van Rompuy]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n**\n        [[Aaron Ciechanover]], an Israeli biologist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry]]\\n** [[Stephen Collins]], American actor \\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Ward Churchill]], American author and activist\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Alain\n        Mucchielli]], French physician\\n** [[Fred DeLuca]], American entrepreneur\n        and co-founder of [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Ann Widdecombe]], British politician\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Brian Johnson]], English rock singer ([[AC/DC]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Gail Farrell]], American singer\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Pip Williams]],\n        British record producer\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Stephen Shore]], American\n        photographer\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[France Gall]], French singer\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Larry Lamb]], British actor\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Sammy\n        Hagar]], Lead singer of American rock group [[Van Halen]]\\n* [[October 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nikolai Volkoff]], Croatian-Russian professional wrestler\\n* [[October\n        16]] \\n** [[Nicholas Day (actor)|Nicholas Day]], British actor\\n** [[Bob Weir]],\n        American rock guitarist \\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Gene Green]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Michael McKean]], American actor and comedian \\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[James\n        H. Fallon]], American neuroscientist\\n** [[Job Cohen]] \\u2013 Dutch politician\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[Giorgio Cavazzano]], Italian comics artist and illustrator\\n**\n        [[Gunnar Staalesen]], Norwegian author \\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Ed Welch]],\n        English TV-music composer\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Kline]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Glenn Tipton]], English rock guitarist \\n*\n        [[October 26]]\\n** [[Hillary Clinton]], American politician, former [[First\n        Lady of the United States|First Lady]], [[United States Senate|US Senator]]\n        ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[New York (state)|Ny.]]) and [[United\n        States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]\\n** [[Ene J\\u00e4rvis]], Estonian\n        actress \\n** [[Trevor Joyce]], Irish poet\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Dreyfuss]], American actor \\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Timothy B. Schmit]],\n        American musician \\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Herman Van Rompuy]], Belgian\n        politician and 66th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Joe\n        Mantegna 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe Mantegna]]]]\\n[[File:Dwight Schultz 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dwight\n        Schultz]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Rub\\u00e9n Ju\\u00e1rez]], Argentine\n        bandoneonist and singer-songwriter of tango (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Rosenthal]], ITV sport presenter\\n** [[E. Lee Spence]], pioneer [[List\n        of undersea explorers|underwater archaeologist]] and [[treasure hunter]]\\n*\n        [[November 7]]\\n** [[Yutaka Fukumoto]], Japanese professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Sondhi Limthongkul]], Thai journalist, writer and founder of ''''[[Manager\n        Daily]]''''\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Minnie Riperton]], American singer (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n** [[Cassandra B. Whyte]], American educator and higher education\n        administrator\\n** [[Lewis Yocum]], American orthopedic surgeon (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Phil Driscoll]], American Christian musician and trumpet\n        player\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Glen Buxton]], American rock guitarist (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n** [[Greg Lake]], English musician and producer ([[King Crimson]],\n        [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Mantegna]], American actor\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[P. J. O''Rourke]],\n        American journalist and satirist\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Steven G. Kellman]],\n        American author and critic\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Inky Mark]], Canadian\n        politician\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Bob Boone]], American baseball player\n        and manager\\n** [[Anfinn Kallsberg]], former Faroese Prime Minister\\n** [[Lamar\n        S. Smith]], American politician\\n** [[Ira David Wood III]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\n** [[Joe Walsh]], American rock singer-songwriter, guitarist\\n**\n        [[Nurlan Balgimbayev]], Kazakh politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n**\n        [[Nickolas Grace]], British actor\\n** [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporean painter\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Alphons Orie]], Dutch criminal lawyer\n        and judge\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Dwight Schultz]], American actor (''''The\n        A-Team'''')\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[John Larroquette]], American actor\n        \\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Mirza Khazar]], Azerbaijani author\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** [[Sergio Badilla Castillo]], Chilean poet\\n** [[Stuart Baird]], English\n        film editor, producer and director\\n** [[Jude Ciccolella]], American actor\\n**\n        [[V\\u00e9ronique Le Flaguais]], Canadian actress\\n** [[David Mamet]], American\n        playwright\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Dilma Rousseff - foto oficial 2011-01-09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dilma\n        Rousseff]]]]\\n[[File:Vincent Matthews 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vincent Matthews\n        (athlete)|Vincent Matthews]]]]\\n[[File:Pepe Lobo 2010-01-27.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Porfirio\n        Lobo]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Conti Headshot.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bob Conti]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Bob Fulton]], English-born Australian rugby league player\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Isaac Bitton]], French rock band drummer \\n* [[December\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Romildo Ribeiro Soares|RR Soares]], Brazilian televangelist,\n        missionary, author, singer, businessman, and composer\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[Johnny Bench]], American baseball player\\n** [[Wendy Padbury]], British\n        actress\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Gregg Allman]], American singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[G\\u00e9rard Blanc]], French singer\\n** [[Thomas R. Cech]],\n        American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Tom Daschle]], U.S. Senator\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Rainer\n        Seifert]], German field hockey player\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Will Alsop]],\n        English architect\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Christopher Parkening]], American\n        guitarist\\n** [[Dilma Rousseff]], 36th [[President of Brazil]]\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** [[Ben Cross]], English actor\\n** [[Vincent Matthews (athlete)|Vincent\n        Matthews]], American athlete\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Leonid Yuzefovich]],\n        Russian crime fiction writer\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Paco de Luc\\u00eda]],\n        Spanish guitarist\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[Mitsuo Tsukahara]], Japanese gymnast\\n**\n        [[Porfirio Lobo]], 54th [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Carlton Fisk]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Bob\n        Conti]], American Musician\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Aurelio Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Mexican [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 29]]\n        \\n** [[Ted Danson]], American actor (''''Cheers'''')\\n** [[Cozy Powell]],\n        British Rock Drummer (d. 1998)\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Jeff Lynne]], British\n        musician \\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Burton Cummings]], Canadian rock musician\n        \\n** [[Tim Matheson]], American actor, film director and producer\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois Batellier]], French political cartoonist\\n*\n        [[Stephen LaBerge]], [[Lucid dream]] researcher\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Grzegorz\n        Chomyszyn.png|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Hryhoriy Khomyshyn]]]]\\n[[File:2016 Santuario\n        di Santa Rita (Cascia) 02.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Maria Giovanna Fasce]]]]\\n[[File:Al\n        Capone in 1930.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Al Capone]]]]\\n[[File:Ridsport-Prins-Gustaf-Adolf.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince\n        Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\\u00e4sterbotten]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Al Herpin]],\n        \\\"The Man Who Never Slept\\\", notable French-born American insomniac (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]]\\n** [[Herman Bing]], German actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Karl Mannheim]],\n        Hungarian sociologist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur E. Andersen]],\n        American accountant (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Zdenko Bla\\u017eekovi\\u0107]],\n        Yugoslavian politician (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[J\\u00falio Afr\\u00e2nio Peixoto]],\n        Brazilian physician, writer, politician and historian (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] \\n** [[Sixto Mar\\u00eda Dur\\u00e1n C\\u00e1rdenas]], Ecuadorian pianist,\n        composer and lawyer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ignazio Lupo]], Italian-born American\n        gangster (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Bill Hewitt (American football)|Bill\n        Hewitt]], American football player ([[Chicago Bears]]) and a member of the\n        [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth\n        Short]] (''''The Black Dahlia''''), famous murder victim (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Hryhoriy Khomyshyn]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]] bishop,\n        martyr and blessed (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Maria Giovanna\n        Fasce]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed, [[Augustinian]] nun\n        and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Manuel Machado (poet\n        and playwright)|Manuel Machado]], Spanish poet (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        20]]\\n** [[Josh Gibson]], African-American baseball player and a member of\n        the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Andrew Volstead]], American politician\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot]], British\n        writer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Pierre Bonnard]], French painter\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Roy Geiger]], American general (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Al Capone]], American gangster (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n**\n        [[Grace Moore]], American opera singer and actress (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\\u00e4sterbotten]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[January 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Vassily Balabanov]], Soviet administrator and Provincial [[Governor]]\n        of [[Imperial Russia]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Frederick\n        Blackman]], British plant physiologist (b.[[1866]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Petar\n        Zivkovic.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Petar Zivkovic]]]]\\n[[File:Luigi Russolo ca. 1916.gif|thumb|110px|[[Luigi\n        Russolo]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Petar Zivkovic]], Yugoslavian politician,\n        11th [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Luigi Russolo]], Italian painter and composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] \\n** [[O. Max Gardner]], Governor of North Carolina (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Luigi Russolo]], Italian [[Futurism|Futurist]] painter and composer (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Martin Klein (wrestler)|Martin Klein]],\n        Estonian wrestler (b.[[1884]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Kurt Lewin]], German-born\n        American psychologist (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Sidney Toler]], American actor (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Celestina Boninsegna]], Italian soprano\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Mustafa ''Abd al-Raziq]], Egyptian\n        Islamic philosipher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\n** [[Pedro de R\\u00e9pide\n        Gallegos]], Spanish journalist and writer (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Bertha Schwarz]],\n        German soprano (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\n** [[Valentina Dmitryeva]],\n        Soviet writer, teacher and doctor (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Joachim Ernst, Duke\n        of Anhalt]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Henry Hebert (actor)|Henry\n        Herbert]], British actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Hakim Habibur\n        Rahman]], Indian physician, writer, journalist and politician (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Morinosuke Chiwaki]], Japanese dentist (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** [[Antonino D''Agata]], Italian politician (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Ben Webster (actor)|Ben Webster]], British-born American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich H\\u00e4berlin]], Swiss Federal Councilor\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Carrie Chapman Catt.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carrie\n        Chapman Catt]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Alfredo Casella]], Italian composer\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], American suffrage\n        leader (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Jhaverchand Meghani]], Indian poet and writer (b.\n        [[1897]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Harukichi Hyakutake]], Japanese general\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\n**[[Victor Lustig]], Austrian-born con artist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n**[[Wilhelm Heye]], German general (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Walter Samuel Goodland]], Governor of Wisconsin (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\n** [[Arthur Machen]], British-born author (b. [[1863]])\\n**\n        [[Jean-Richard Bloch]], French critic, novelist and playwright (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[William C. Durant]], American automobile pioneer (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Prudence Heward]], Canadian painter (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Victor Goldschmidt]], Swiss geochemist\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 Homer Lusk Collyer, American hermit brother\n        (''''[[Collyer brothers]]'''') (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\n** [[Archduchess\n        Louise of Austria|Archduchess Louise of Austria, Princess of Tuscany]] (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n** [[Ferdinand Zecca]], French actor, producer, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Chen Cheng-po]], Taiwanese painter\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Johnny Evers]], American baseball player\n        ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Karol \\u015awierczewski]], Polish military leader (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Manuel de Adalid y Gamero]], Honduranian composer (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Georgeiiofgreece.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[George II of Greece]]]]\\n[[File:Henry ford 1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henry\n        Ford]]]]\\n[[File:King Christian X of Denmark.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Christian\n        X of Denmark]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 King [[George II of Greece]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 7]] \\n** [[Henry Ford]], American industrialist and automobile manufacturer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Savvas the New of Kalymnos]], Greek [[Orthodox priest]]\n        and saint (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 Langley Collyer, American hermit\n        brother (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[William Foden]], American composer\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 10]] \\n** [[John Ince (actor)|John Ince]], American\n        actor (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Charles Bally]], Swiss linguist (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[Duke Robert of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Salvador Toscano]], Mexican director, producer and filmmaker\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Georg Friederici]], German ethnologist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Guido Donegani]], Italian engineer, businessman\n        and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Rudolf H\\u00f6ss]], German commandant of\n        [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] (executed) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jozef Tiso]], Prime Minister of Slovakia (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April\n        20]] \\u2013 King [[Christian X of Denmark]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Heitor da Silva Costa]], Brazilian engineer, designer and constructor\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 [[Gyula K\\u00e1rolyi]], Hungarian politician,\n        29th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Willa\n        Siebert Cather]], American novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Reina Andrade]], acting [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1860]])\\n**\n        [[Ana Cump\\u0103na\\u0219]], Austro-Hungarian prostitute (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Paolo Finocchiaro]], Italian painter (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Gheorghe Ciuhandu (priest)|Gheorghie Ciuhandu]], Romanian\n        [[Orthodox priest]], theologian, historian and advocate (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Francesc Camb\\u00f3]], Andorran politician (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Miguel\n        Abad%C3%ADa M%C3%A9ndez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Miguel Abad\\u00eda M\\u00e9ndez]]]]\\n[[File:George\n        William Forbes.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George William Forbes]]]]\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Harry Gordon Selfridge]], American department store magnate (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]], Bengali poet (b. [[1926]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[John R. Sinnock]], eighth Chief Engraver of the United\n        States Mint (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Miguel Abad\\u00eda M\\u00e9ndez]],\n        Colombian politician, 12th [[President of Colombia]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May\n        16]]\\n** [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]], British biochemist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Michael Joseph\n        Curley]], American [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** [[George Forbes (New Zealand politician)|George Forbes]], 22nd\n        [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Seabiscuit]], Thoroughbred\n        Racehorse (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Lucile Gleason]], American\n        actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Philipp Lenard]], Austrian physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz|C. F. Ramuz]], Swiss writer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[August Eigruber]], Nazi war criminal (executed) (b. 1907)\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Georg Ludwig von Trapp]], Austrian sailor, patriarch of\n        the Von Trapp Family of ''''[[The Sound of Music]]'''' fame (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Adrienne Ames]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw\n        Raczkiewicz 1934.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Raczkiewicz]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Bedford Bennett.jpg|110px|thumb|[[R. B. Bennett|Richard Bedford Bennett]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\n** [[S. H. Dudley (singer)|S. H. Dudley]], American urban singer\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Raczkiewicz]], Polish politician,\n        lawyer and diplomat, 5th [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Marques da Silva]], Portuguese architect (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Augusto\n        Giacometti]], Italian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[J. Warren Kerrigan]], American\n        actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Richard H\\u00f6nigswald]], Hungarian-born\n        American philosopher (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Albert Marquet]],\n        French painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Maxwell Perkins]], American\n        literary editor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\n** [[Alfred Allen (actor)|Alfred\n        Allen]], American actor (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Richard Cooper (actor)|Richard\n        Cooper]], British actor (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Shigematsu Sakaibara]], Japanese\n        rear admiral and convicted war criminal (executed) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[K\\u014ds\\u014d Abe]], Japanese admiral and convicted war criminal\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Bugsy Siegel]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Jim Tully]], vagabond, pugilist,\n        noted American writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Bartolome Pagano]],\n        Italian actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[R. B. Bennett|Richard\n        Bedford Bennett]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Franciszek M\\u0105czy\\u0144ski]], Polish architect (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Raoul\n        Wallenberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Raoul Wallenberg]]]]\\n[[File:JosephCookPEO.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph\n        Cook]]]]\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Jimmie Lunceford]], American jazz musician\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Brandon Hurst]], American stage and screen\n        veteran (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Walter Donaldson]], American songwriter (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Raoul Wallenberg]], Swedish diplomat and humanitarian\n        (presumed dead on this date) (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Fumio Hayashi\n        (doctor)|Fumio Hayashi]], Japanese physician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Aung San]], Burmese nationalist (assassinated) (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] \\u2013 Patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[July\n        23]] \\n** [[Alice Fischer (actress)|Alice Fischer]], American actress (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Roffo]], Argentine doctor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Archbishop Leontios of Cyprus]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[July 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ivan Regen]], Slovenian biologist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\n**\n        [[Leo Stein]], American art collector and critic (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[George\n        Bausewine]] American baseball player and umpire (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph Cook]], Australian politician, 6th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Fedir Krychevsky]], Soviet painter (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Fra''\n        Claudio Granzotto.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Claudio Granzotto]]]]\\n[[File:Anders\n        Zorn - Prins Eugen 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Eugen, Duke of N\\u00e4rke]]]]\\n*\n        August \\u2013 [[Teresa Magbanua]], Filipino general (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Nikolai Podogomy (actor)|Nikolai Podogomy]], Soviet actor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Pardo y Barreda]], Peruvian politician,\n        51st [[Prime Minister of Peru]] and 2-time [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Vic Willis]], American baseball player ([[Boston Braves (baseball)|Boston\n        Braves]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Anton Ivanovich Denikin]], Soviet military leader (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Carlo Romanelli]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Antonio Sciortino]], Maltese sculptor (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Claudio Granzotto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious\n        professed and blessed (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Prince Eugen,\n        Duke of N\\u00e4rke]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Franz Cumont]],\n        Belgian archaeologist and historian (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Hasmik (actress)|Hasmik]], Soviet actress (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n**\n        [[Manolete]], Spanish bullfighter (gored) (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[K\\u014dtar\\u014d\n        Nakamura]], General of the Imperial Japanese Army (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], American Scout, father\n        of the international Scouting movement (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Victor Horta]], Belgian Art Nouveau architect (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]], American philosopher (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Hataz\\u014d Adachi]], Japanese general (suicide)\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n**[[Fiorello H. La Guardia]], Mayor of\n        New York (b. [[1882]])\\n**[[Jantina Tammes]], Dutch plant biologist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] \\n** [[Harry Carey (actor)|Harry Carey]], American film actor\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Vasily Glagolev]], Soviet general (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Hugh Lofting]], British-born writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Luigi Barlassina]], Patriarch of Jerusalem (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Max\n        Planck 1933.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max Planck]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Olive\n        Borden]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Gregorio Martinez Sierra]],\n        Spanish writer, poet, dramatist and director (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[P. D. Ouspensky]], Soviet mathematician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Ernest L. Riebau]], American politician ([[1895]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Max Planck]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Leevi Madetoja]],\n        Finnish composer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Ian Standish Monteith\n        Hamilton]], British general (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[James Farley (actor)|James\n        Farley]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Sidney Webb,\n        1st Baron Passfield|Sidney Webb]], British economist and social reformer (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[John Halliday (actor)|John Halliday]],\n        American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\n** [[Harry C. Bradley (actor)|Harry\n        C. Bradley]], American actor (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Massimo Terzano]], Italian\n        cinematographer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Carl Shelton]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Dudley Digges (actor)|Dudley\n        Digges]], Irish actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Teresalina S\\u00e1nchez]], Spanish [[Franciscan]] religious sister, missionary\n        and martyr (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Earl Snell]], Governor\n        of Oregon (plane crash) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Frances Cleveland]],\n        [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Jozafat\n        Kocy%C5%82owski.png|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]]]]\\n[[File:Ernst\n        Lubitsch 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ernst Lubitsch]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Man o'' War]], champion thoroughbred racehorse (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Nelson McDowell]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\u2013 [[S\\u00e1ndor Garbai]], Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Mariano Benlliure]], Spanish sculptor (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Eduard Ritter von Schleich]], German fighter ace\n        and air force general (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Volpi]],\n        Italian businessman and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]], bishop, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Georg Kolbe]], German sculptor (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e9on-Paul Fargue]], French writer\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[W. E. Lawrence]], American actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n** [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]], French general (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Ernie Adams (actor)|Ernie Adams]], American actor\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Ernst Lubitsch]], German film director\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Stanley Baldwin ggbain.35233.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stanley\n        Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Benigno Aquino, Sr..jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benigno Aquino Sr.]]]]\\n[[File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Aleister Crowley]],\n        British occultist (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[G. H. Hardy]], British mathematician\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Franz Xaver Schwarz]] German [[Nazi]]\n        politician (executed) (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich Hetsch]],\n        German physician and microbilologist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\n**\n        [[Margaret Butler (sculptor)|Margaret Butler]], New Zealand sculptor (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Walker (actor)|Walter Walker]], American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December\n        7]]\\n** [[Tristan Bernard]], French writer and lawyer (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Nicholas\n        Murray Butler]], American president of Columbia University, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[John Kelly\n        (actor)|John Kelly]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Pierre Petit de Julleville]], French [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop and\n        eminence (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\n** [[Nicholas Roerich]], Soviet\n        painter (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Juan Bautista Vargas Arreola]], Mexican general\n        during [[Mexican Revolution]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Stanley\n        Baldwin]], British Conservative politician, 3-time [[Prime Minister of the\n        United Kingdom]] (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Edward Higgins]], General of [[The Salvation\n        Army]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Machen]], British\n        writer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[J. N. Br\\u00f8nsted]], Danish\n        chemist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Christos Tsigiridis]], Greek engineer (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] \\n** [[Benigno Aquino Sr.]], Filipino politician (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Luigi Chiarelli]], Italian playwright (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Gaspar G. Bacon]], Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Johannes Winkler]], German rocket pioneer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]] \\u2013 King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Han van Meegeren]], Dutch painter and forger (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Alfred North Whitehead]], British mathematician\n        and philosopher (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Ayoub Tabet]], 6th\n        Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[Petro Trad]], 5th President and\n        14th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Edward\n        Victor Appleton]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Robinson (organic chemist)|Sir Robert Robinson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]], [[Gerty Cori]], [[Bernardo\n        Houssay]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Gide]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 The [[Friends Service Council]]\n        (UK) and The [[American Friends Service Committee]] (USA), on behalf of the\n        [[Religious Society of Friends]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=55007 Pathe newsreel,\n        1947.  Experimental snowplough. Pathe says ''Grantham'' but the station name\n        ''Dowlais top'' in Wales can be clearly seen]\\n* [http://www.topfoto.co.uk/gallery/1947Winter/default.htm\n        Gallery of UK winter photographs]\\n* [http://www.jubileeriver.co.uk/100110%20-%20winter%20of%201947.htm\n        Personal testimony of the winter of 1947]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/brizzlebornandbred/3538507778/\n        Stories from the winter of 1947]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1947}}\\n\\n[[Category:1947|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T02:48:05Z\",\"lastrevid\":799827872,\"length\":81468,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1947&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947\"},\"34612\":{\"pageid\":34612,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1948\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:22:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1948}}\\n{{Events by month|1948}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1948}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1948}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) inaugurated.\\n**\n        Railways of Britain are nationalized to form [[British Railways]].\\n** The\n        [[Constitution of the Italian Republic]] goes into effect.\\n** The latest\n        [[Constitution of New Jersey]] goes into effect.\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[Burma]] gains its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming an independent\n        republic, named the ''''Union of Burma'''', with [[Sao Shwe Thaik]] as its\n        first President and [[U Nu]] its first Prime Minister.\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        [[Warner Brothers]] shows the first color [[newsreel]] (''''[[Tournament of\n        Roses Parade]]'''' and the ''''[[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]]'''').\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Kentucky Air National Guard]] pilot Thomas Mantell crashes while\n        [[Mantell UFO incident|in pursuit of]] a supposed [[unidentified flying object|UFO]].\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] begins his fast-unto-death in [[Delhi]]\n        to stop communal violence during the [[Partition of India]].\\n* [[January\n        17]] – A truce is declared between nationalist [[Indonesia]]n and Dutch\n        troops in [[Java]].\\n* [[January 22]] – British foreign secretary [[Ernest\n        Bevin]] proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France,\n        and the [[Benelux]] countries to stand up against the [[Soviet Union]]. The\n        [[Treaty of Brussels]] is signed [[March 17]] as a consequence, a predecessor\n        to [[NATO]].\\n* [[January 26]] – Teigin poison case: a man masquerading\n        as a doctor poisons 12 of 16 bank employees of the Tokyo branch of Imperial\n        Bank and takes the money; artist [[Sadamichi Hirasawa]] is later sentenced\n        to death for the crime, but is never executed.\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**The [[Pakistan\n        Socialist Party]] is founded in [[Karachi]].\\n**[[1948 Los Gatos DC-3 crash|DC-3\n        aircraft crash at Los Gatos Creek]], near [[Coalinga, California]], kills\n        four US citizens and 28 deportees, commemorated in a protest song (\\\"[[Deportee\n        (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos)]]\\\") by [[Woody Guthrie]].\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]: Indian pacifist and leader [[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]] is shot by [[Nathuram Godse]] in [[New Delhi]]. Also on this day\n        [[Orville Wright]] of the pioneering aviators the Wright Brothers dies in\n        [[Dayton, Ohio]].\\n** [[1948 Winter Olympics]] open in [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland.\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – The British [[crown colony]] of the [[Malayan Union]],\n        [[Penang]] and [[Malacca]] form the [[Federation of Malaya]].Cabinet\n        Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies (UK). 21 February 1956.\n        {{sourcetext|source=Federation of Malaya Agreement}}\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\n** The [[Soviet Union]] begins to jam [[Voice of America]]\n        broadcasts.\\n** Proclamation of the [[Federation of Malaya]].\\n* [[February\n        4]] – Ceylon (later known as [[Sri Lanka]]) becomes an independent kingdom\n        within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]].\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]], innermost of the large [[moons of\n        Uranus]], is discovered by [[Gerard Kuiper]].{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Patrick|authorlink=Patrick\n        Moore|year=1995|title=The Guinness Book of Astronomy|edition=5th|location=Enfield,\n        UK|publisher=Guinness Publishing|isbn=085112643X|page=110}}\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]], Irish head of government since 1932,\n        loses power to an opposition coalition. [[John A. Costello]] is appointed\n        [[Taoiseach]] by President [[Se\\u00e1n T. O''Kelly]].\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        The [[Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom\n        and Independence]] convenes in [[Calcutta]].\\n* [[February 21]] – The\n        United States [[stock car racing]] organization [[NASCAR]] is founded by [[Bill\n        France, Sr.]] with other drivers.{{cite web|title=History of NASCAR|url=http://hometracks.nascar.com/nascar_101/history_of_nascar|publisher=NASCAR|date=2010-08-17|accessdate=2017-02-25}}\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – The first of the [[Ben Yehuda Street bombings]] in\n        Jerusalem kills between 49 and 58 civilians and injures between 140 and 200.\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d''\\u00e9tat]]: [[Edvard\n        Bene\\u0161]], [[President of Czechoslovakia]], cedes control of the country\n        to the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|Communist Party]], a day celebrated\n        by that regime as \\\"[[Victorious February]]\\\" ({{lang-cz|V\\u00edt\\u011bzn\\u00fd\n        \\u00fanor|links=no}}; {{lang-sk|V\\u00ed\\u0165azn\\u00fd Febru\\u00e1r}}) until\n        [[November 1989]].\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**[[1948 Accra Riots]]: Riots take\n        place in [[Accra]], capital of the British colony of [[Gold Coast (British\n        colony)|Gold Coast]], when a peaceful protest march by ex-servicemen is broken\n        up by police, leaving several members of the group dead, among them Sergeant\n        Adjetey, one of the leaders.\\n**The [[2nd Congress of the Communist Party\n        of India]] convenes in [[Calcutta]].\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 8]] –\n        ''''[[McCollum v. Board of Education]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]]\n        rules that religious instruction in public schools violates the [[United States\n        Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].\\n* [[March 12]] – The [[Costa Rican\n        Civil War]] begins.\\n* [[March 16]] – The largest flood in the history\n        of [[Brampton, Ontario]], occurs.{{cite web|url=http://thebramptonguardian.com/brampton/news/article/44736|title=Brampton''s\n        largest flood left its watery mark|date=2008-03-10|accessdate=2008-03-10|work=The\n        Brampton Guardian}}{{Dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\\n*\n        [[March 17]]\\n** [[Treaty of Brussels]] signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg,\n        the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, providing for economic, social and\n        cultural collaboration and collective self-defence.\\n** The [[Hells Angels]]\n        motorcycle gang is founded in [[California]].\\n* [[March 18]] – The\n        Round Table Conference in [[The Hague]], Netherlands for the preparation of\n        the decolonization process for Aruba and the other Dutch Colonies. Aruba presents\n        the mandate of the Aruban People for Aruba to become an Independent Country,\n        under the souvereignty of the House of Orange, based on Aruba''s first state\n        constitution presented officially since August 1947,  and a (4th) Member State\n        of the future Dutch Commonwealth.\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Singapore]] holds\n        its first elections.\\n** Renowned Italian conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] makes\n        his television debut, conducting the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] in an all-[[Richard\n        Wagner|Wagner]] program in the United States.\\n** The [[20th Academy Awards]]\n        ceremony is held in Los Angeles. ''''[[Gentleman''s Agreement]]'''' wins the\n        [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        Physicists [[Ralph Asher Alpher]] and [[George Gamow]] publish the [[Alpher\\u2013Bethe\\u2013Gamow\n        paper]] about the [[Big Bang]].{{cite journal|last1=Alpher|first1=R.\n        A.|first2=H.|last2=Bethe|authorlink2=Hans Bethe|first3=G.|last3=Gamow|date=1948-04-01|url=http://www.snolab.ca/public/JournalClub/michael1.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6HxCbSd5r?url=http://www.snolab.ca/public/JournalClub/michael1.pdf|archivedate=2013-07-08|accessdate=2011-03-10|title=The\n        Origin of Chemical Elements|journal=[[Physical Review]]|location=United States|volume=73|issue=7|pages=803\\u2013804|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.73.803|bibcode=1948PhRv...73..803A}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n** United States President [[Harry S. Truman]] signs the [[Marshall\n        Plan]], which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.\\n** [[Jeju Uprising]]\n        – residents revolt on [[Jeju island]], South Korea, eventually leading\n        to the deaths of between 14,000 and 30,000.\\n** [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Beethoven''s\n        Symphony No. 9]] is played on television in its entirety for the first time\n        in a series of concerts featuring [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducting the [[NBC\n        Symphony Orchestra]] in the United States. The chorus is conducted by [[Robert\n        Shaw (conductor)|Robert Shaw]].\\n* [[April 5]] – [[1947\\u201348 Civil\n        War in Mandatory Palestine]]: Haganah launches [[Operation Nachshon]]; beginning\n        of the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]].\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** The [[World Health\n        Organization]] is established by the [[United Nations]].\\n** A fire in a Buddhist\n        monastery in Shanghai kills 20 monks.\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[Jorge Eli\\u00e9cer\n        Gait\\u00e1n]]''s assassination provokes a violent riot in [[Bogot\\u00e1]]\n        (the ''''[[Bogotazo]]''''), and a further 10 years of violence (''''[[La Violencia]]'''')\n        across [[Colombia]].\\n** The [[Deir Yassin massacre]] takes place in British\n        [[Mandatory Palestine]].\\n* [[April 13]] – The [[Hadassah medical convoy\n        massacre]] takes place in British [[Mandatory Palestine]].\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] is\n        founded as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC).\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Italian general election, 1948]]:: The first democratic\n        general election with [[universal suffrage]] is held in Italy. The [[Christian\n        Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] party achieves a majority over the\n        [[Popular Democratic Front (Italy)|Popular Democratic Front]] Communist-Socialist\n        coalition.\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[Burma]] joins the [[United Nations]].\\n**\n        The [[American Broadcasting Company]] (otherwise known as ABC) begins television\n        services, on WFIL-TV in [[Philadelphia]] (now [[WPVI-TV]]).\\n* [[April 22]]\n        – Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: [[Battle of Haifa (1948)|Battle\n        of Haifa]] – The Jewish paramilitary group [[Haganah]] captures [[Haifa]]\n        from the [[Arab Liberation Army]].\\n*[[WTVR]] begins television services.\n        WTVR is the first TV station south of Washington D.C., giving it the nickname\n        \\\"The South''s First Television station\\\".\\n* [[April 24]] – The [[Costa\n        Rican Civil War]] ends.\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Organization of American\n        States]] (OAS) founded.\\n* [[April 30]] – The English-built [[Land Rover]]\n        is unveiled at the Amsterdam Motor Show.\\n\\n===May===\\n* May – The [[RAND\n        Corporation]] is established as an independent nonprofit policy research and\n        analysis institution.\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film version\n        of ''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]'''' makes its world premiere in London.\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Luigi Einaudi]] becomes [[President of the Italian Republic]].\\n[[File:Declaration\n        of State of Israel 1948 2.jpg|thumb|115px|[[Israeli Declaration of Independence]],\n        1948]]\\n* [[May 14]] – The [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] is\n        made. [[David Ben-Gurion]] becomes the first prime minister, a provisional\n        position that will become formalized on February 14, 1949.\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[1948 Arab\\u2013Israeli War]]: The [[British Mandate of Palestine]] is officially\n        terminated; expeditionary forces from [[Egypt]], [[Jordan|Transjordan]], [[Syria]]\n        and [[Iraq]] invade [[Israel]] and clash with Israeli forces.\\n** The murder\n        of a 3-year-old girl in [[Blackburn]], England leads to the [[fingerprinting]]\n        of more than 40,000 men in the city in an attempt to find the murderer.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-brutal-murder-begins-an-unusual-investigation|title=A\n        brutal murder begins an unusual investigation|work=HISTORY.com}}\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Chaim Weizmann]] is elected as the first [[President\n        of Israel]].\\n* [[May 18]] – The first [[Legislative Yuan]] of the [[Republic\n        of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]] officially convenes in [[Nanking]].\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – The [[Soviets]] launched the [[Operation Vesna|largest\n        Lithuanian deportation to Siberia]].\\n* [[May 25]] – The United Church\n        of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) was founded on this date at Ellinwood\n        Malate Church in Manila, Philippines.\\n* [[May 26]] – The [[United States\n        Congress|U.S. Congress]] passes ''''[[Public Law 557]]'''', which permanently\n        establishes the [[Civil Air Patrol]] as the auxiliary of the [[United States\n        Air Force]].\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Daniel Fran\\u00e7ois Malan]] defeats\n        [[Jan Smuts]] and becomes Prime Minister of South Africa, ushering in the\n        era of [[apartheid]], which is finally dismantled by [[F. W. de Klerk]]  in\n        [[1994]].\\n* [[May 30]] – A dike along the [[Columbia River]] breaks,\n        obliterating [[Vanport, Oregon]] within minutes; 15 people die and tens of\n        thousands are left homeless.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] – The [[Palomar\n        Observatory]] [[telescope]] is finished in [[California]].\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Hasan Saka]] forms the new government of Turkey. (17th government;\n        Hasan Saka had served twice as a prime minister)\\n* [[June 11]] – The\n        first [[monkeys in space|monkey astronaut]], Albert I, is launched into space\n        from White Sands, New Mexico.\\n*[[June 15]] – [[China|Chinese]] [[newspaper]],\n        ''''Renmin Ribao'''' (''''[[People''s Daily]]''''), a first issue of published\n        in [[Pingshan County, Hebei|Pingshan]], [[Hebei Province]], [[China]].{{citation\n        needed|date=December 2016}}\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** Communist guerrillas kill 3\n        rubber planters in [[Malay states|Malaya]].\\n** Three armed men hijack the\n        [[Cathay Pacific]] passenger plane ''''[[Miss Macao]]'''' and shoot the pilot;\n        the plane crashes, killing 26 of 27 people on board.\\n* [[June 17]] –\n        A [[Douglas DC-6]] carrying [[United Airlines Flight 624]] crashes near [[Mount\n        Carmel, Pennsylvania]], killing all 43 people on board.\\n* [[June 18]]  \\n**\n        [[Malayan Emergency]]: A [[state of emergency]] is declared in the [[Malayan\n        Union]] due to a communist insurgency.\\n** [[LP record]] – Columbia\n        Records introduced its long playing 33 1/3 rpm phonograph\n        format.\\n* [[June 20]] – The [[U.S. Congress]] recesses for the remainder\n        of 1948, after an overtime session closes at 7:00 a.m. D.C. time (to\n        be shortly interrupted by Truman''s recall from Congressional recess for July\n        20, 1948).\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** The [[Deutsche Mark]] becomes official currency\n        of the future [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]].\\n** The [[Manchester\n        Small-Scale Experimental Machine]] (nicknamed \\\"Baby\\\") becomes the first\n        [[stored-program computer]] to successfully execute a program.\\n* [[June 22]]\n        – The ship {{MV|Empire Windrush||6}} brings a large group of Afro-Caribbean\n        immigrants to [[Tilbury]] near London, the start of a large wave of immigration\n        to Britain.\\n[[Image:C-54 landing at Tempelhof 1948.jpg|thumb|150px|Airplane\n        C-54 at airport Berlin-Tempelhof.]]\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Cold War]]: The [[Berlin\n        Blockade]] begins.\\n** The first [[World Health Assembly]] of the [[World\n        Health Organization]] is held in Geneva.\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[William Shockley]]\n        files the original patent for the [[grown-junction transistor]], the first\n        [[bipolar junction transistor]].\\n** The [[Berlin Blockade|Berlin Airlift]]\n        begins.\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** The [[Cominform]] Resolution marks the beginning\n        of the [[Informbiro]] period in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        and the Soviet/Yugoslav split.\\n** [[David Lean]]''s ''''[[Oliver Twist (1948\n        film)|Oliver Twist]]'''', based on [[Charles Dickens]]''s famous novel, premieres\n        in the UK. It is banned for 3 years in the U.S. because of alleged [[antisemitism]]\n        in depicting master criminal [[Fagin]], played by [[Alec Guinness]].\\n** [[1948\n        Fukui earthquake]] strikes [[Fukui, Fukui|Fukui]], Japan. 3,769 dead, 22,203\n        injured.\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 5]] – The [[National Health Service]]\n        Acts are enacted in United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 6]] – The world''s first\n        Air Car-ferry service is flown by a Bristol Freighter of Silver City Airways\n        from [[Lympne]] to [[Le Touquet]].\\n* [[July 13]] – The [[Coptic Orthodox\n        Church of Alexandria]] and [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]es reach\n        an agreement leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank\n        of an autocephalous [[Patriarch]]ate. Five [[bishop]]s are immediately consecrated\n        by the [[Patriarch of Alexandria]], and the successor to [[Abuna Qerellos\n        IV]] is granted the power to consecrate new bishops, who are empowered to\n        elect a new Patriarch for their church.\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** Attempted assassination\n        of [[Palmiro Togliatti]], general secretary of the [[Italian Communist Party]]\n        results in numerous strikes all over the country.\\n** First London chapter\n        of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] is founded.\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Cold War]]:\n        \\n** President [[Harry S. Truman]] issues the second peacetime [[military\n        draft]] in the United States, amid increasing tensions with the [[Soviet Union]]\n        (the first peacetime draft occurred in 1940 under President Roosevelt)\\n**\n        [[Eugene Dennis]], [[William Z. Foster]], and ten other [[CPUSA]] leaders\n        are arrested and charged under the [[Alien Registration Act]]\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – The [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] votes to join  Canada after a [[Newfoundland\n        referendums, 1948|referendum]].\\n* [[July 26]] – U.S. President Truman\n        signs [[Executive Order 9981]], ending [[racial segregation]] in the [[United\n        States Armed Forces]].\\n* [[July 28]] – Around 200 die in explosion\n        at a chemical plant in [[Ludwigshafen]], Germany.\\n* [[July 29]] – The\n        [[1948 Summer Olympics]] begin in London, the first since the [[1936 Summer\n        Olympics]]\\n* [[July 31]] – \\n** At Idlewild Field in New York, New\n        York International Airport (later renamed [[John F. Kennedy International\n        Airport]]) is dedicated\\n** [[Elizabeth Bentley]] appears under subpoena before\n        [[HUAC]] regarding Communist espionage; implicates [[Whittaker Chambers]]\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – The [[U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Whittaker Chambers]] appears under subpoena\n        before [[HUAC]] and alleges that several former U.S. Federal official were\n        communists, including [[Harry Dexter White]] and [[Alger Hiss]]\\n* [[August\n        5]]  – [[Alger Hiss]] appears before [[HUAC]] to deny the allegations\n        of [[Whittaker Chambers]]\\n* [[August 10]] – [[August 23]] – The\n        [[Herrenchiemsee Convent]] prepares the draft for the [[Basic Law for the\n        Federal Republic of Germany]]\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Harry Dexter White]]\n        and [[Donald Hiss]] refute allegations of [[Communism]] by [[Whittaker Chambers]]\n        before [[HUAC]]\\n* [[August 14]] – [[1948 Ashes series]]: The Australian\n        [[batsman]] [[Don Bradman]], playing his last [[Test cricket]] match, against\n        England at [[The Oval]], is bowled by [[Eric Hollies]] for a [[Duck (cricket)|duck]];\n        however, [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|\\\"The Invincibles\\\"]]\n        win the match by an [[innings]] and 149 runs, and [[The Ashes]] 4-0.\\n* [[August\n        15]] – The southern half of Korea is established as South Korea.\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Babe Ruth]] dies in his sleep at the age of 53.\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[HUAC]] holds a private session between [[Alger Hiss]]\n        and [[Whittaker Chambers]]\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Danube Commission]]\n        created by [[Belgrade]] Convention (enters into force [[11 May]] [[1949]]).\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Lee Pressman]], [[Nathan Witt]], and [[John Abt]],\n        represented by [[Harold I. Cammer]], plead the [[Fifth Amendment to the United\n        States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] in response to allegations of [[Communism]]\n        by [[Whittaker Chambers]] before [[HUAC]]\\n* [[August 23]] – The [[World\n        Council of Churches]] is established.\\n* [[August 24]] – The first meeting\n        of the charter members of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ)\n        is held.{{cite web|url=http://www.accj.or.jp/history |title=Archived\n        copy |accessdate=2008-09-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092752/http://www.accj.or.jp/history/\n        |archivedate=September 17, 2008 |df= }}\\n* [[August 25]] – [[HUAC]]\n        holds its first-ever televised congressional hearing, featuring \\\"Confrontation\n        Day\\\" between [[Whittaker Chambers]] and [[Alger Hiss]]\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Whittaker Chambers]] states that [[Alger Hiss]] was a communist on ''''[[Meet\n        the Press]]'''' radio\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 4]] – Queen\n        [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] abdicates for health reasons.\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Robert Schuman]] becomes Prime Minister of France.\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]] is formally [[Inauguration\n        of the Dutch monarch|inaugurated]] to succeed her mother as queen regnant\n        of the Netherlands.\\n* [[September 9]] – The northern half of Korea\n        is formally declared [[North Korea]], with [[Kim Il-sung]] as prime minister.\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder and first [[Governor-General\n        of Pakistan]], dies. Pakistan is in a state of shock as it mourns the departure\n        of the father of the nation. The day is a [[Quaid-i-Azam Day|public holiday]]\n        nationwide.\\n* [[September 13]]–[[September 18|18]] – [[Indian\n        annexation of Hyderabad]] (\\\"Operation Polo\\\"): The [[princely state]] of\n        [[State of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] is invaded by the [[Indian Armed Forces]]\n        in a \\\"[[police action]]\\\" in the aftermath of Pakistani leader [[Jinnah]]''s\n        death. The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] surrenders his state which is amalgamated\n        into the newly-independent [[Dominion of India]]; thousands are killed as\n        a result of this event.\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]\n        members, also known as the Stern Gang, assassinate [[Swedes|Swedish]] count\n        [[Folke Bernadotte]], United Nations Mediator in Palestine, in Jerusalem.\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – Establishment of the city of [[Rabwah]] in [[Pakistan]].\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[Alger Hiss]] files a slander suit against [[Whittaker\n        Chambers]] for his August 27 radio statement in the United States.\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film of ''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]''''\n        opens in the United States.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 6]] – The\n        [[1948 Ashgabat earthquake]] kills 110,000.\\n* [[October 10]] – [[R-1\n        (missile)|R-1 missile]] on test becomes the first [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        launch to enter space.\\n* [[October 16]] – The [[57th Street Art Fair]],\n        the oldest juried art fair in the American Midwest, is founded.\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Brandeis University]] is formally founded in [[Massachusetts]],\n        USA.\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Donora Smog of 1948|Killer smog]] settles\n        into [[Donora, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[October 28]] – The [[Al-Dawayima\n        massacre]] begins.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Foley Square\n        trial]] of [[Eugene Dennis]] and ten other [[CPUSA]] leaders begins in New\n        York City.\\n** [[Athenagoras I of Constantinople|Athenagoras I]] is elected\n        268th [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]].\\n* [[November 2]] –\n        [[United States presidential election, 1948]]: Democratic incumbent [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] defeats Republican [[Thomas E. Dewey]] and \\\"Dixiecrat\\\" [[Strom\n        Thurmond]].\\n* [[November 12]] – In Tokyo, an international [[war crime]]s\n        tribunal sentences seven Japanese military and government officials to death,\n        including General [[Hideki Tojo]], for their roles in World War II.\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Louis Stephen St. Laurent]] becomes Canada''s 12th [[Prime\n        Minister of Canada|prime minister]].\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** ''''[[Operation\n        Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]]'''' to transport Jews from [[Yemen]]\n        to [[Israel]] begins.\\n** The [[University of the Andes, Colombia|University\n        of the Andes]] (Universidad de los Andes) is founded in [[Bogot\\u00e1]], [[Colombia]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]] divorces his second wife,\n        the former Princess [[Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt|Fawzia of Egypt]].\\n**\n        [[Whittaker Chambers]] produces secret government papers handwritten and typewritten\n        by [[Alger Hiss]] during pretrial examination.\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Geoffrey B. Orbell]] rediscovers the [[Takah\\u0113]], last seen 50 years\n        previously, near [[Lake Te Anau]], New Zealand.\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        In [[Venezuela]], president [[R\\u00f3mulo Gallegos]] is ousted by a [[military\n        junta]].\\n* [[November 27]] – The [[Calgary Stampeders]] defeat the\n        [[Ottawa Rough Riders]] 12\\u20137 before 20,013 fans at Toronto''s [[Varsity\n        Stadium]] to capture their first [[Grey Cup]] and complete the only [[perfect\n        season]] to date in [[Canadian Football]].\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December\n        1]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Figueres Ferrer]] abolishes the army in [[Costa Rica]],\n        making it the first country in history to do so\\n* [[December 2]] –\n        [[HUAC]] subpoenas and retrieves the \\\"Pumpkin Papers\\\" from the farm of [[Whittaker\n        Chambers]]\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Richard Nixon]] displays microfilm\n        from the \\\"Pumpkin Papers\\\" to the press\\n* [[December 9]] – The [[United\n        Nations General Assembly]] adopts the [[Genocide Convention]]\\n* [[December\n        10]] – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the [[Universal Declaration\n        of Human Rights]]\\n* [[December 11]]–[[December 12|12]] – [[Malayan\n        Emergency]]: [[Batang Kali massacre]]: [[Scots Guards]] shoot 24 [[Chinese\n        people|Chinese]] villagers in [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]\\n* [[December\n        15]] – The [[United States Department of Justice]] indicts [[Alger Hiss]]\n        on two counts of [[perjury]]\\n* [[December 19]] – In the [[NFL]], the\n        [[Philadelphia Eagles]] defeat the [[Chicago Cardinals]] 7\\u20130 to win the\n        championship.\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Laurence Duggan]] falls to his\n        death from the 16th storey window of his Manhattan office\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – The last [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops withdraw from [[North Korea]]\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – A [[Muslim Brotherhood]] member assassinates [[Egypt]]ian\n        Prime Minister [[Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha|Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi]]\\n* [[December\n        30]] – The musical ''''[[Kiss Me, Kate]]'''' opens for the first of\n        1,077 performances in New York City\\n* [[December 31]] – [[1948 Arab\\u2013Israeli\n        War]]: [[Israel]]i troops drive the [[Egypt]]ians from [[Negev]]\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n\\n* [[Casimir effect]] predicted by Dutch physicist [[Hendrik\n        Casimir]].\\n* The [[Fresh Kills Landfill]], the world''s largest, opens on\n        [[Staten Island, New York]].\\n* The Oakridge Transit Centre opens in [[Vancouver]],\n        [[British Columbia]].\\n* The Slovak city G\\u00fata is renamed [[Kol\\u00e1rovo]].\\n*\n        The Tunnel of Vielha is opened in the [[Aran Valley]], Spanish [[Pyrenees]].\\n*\n        Last recorded sighting of the [[Caspian tiger]] in [[Kazakhstan]].\\n* A pack\n        of wolves kills about 40 children in [[Darovskoy District]], in Russia.{{cite\n        book|title=[[Guinness Book of World Records]]|year=2008|page=137}}\\n*\n        Charles Warrell creates the first [[I-Spy (Michelin)|I-Spy]] books in the\n        United Kingdom.\\n* [[Wilbert Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]''s third book, ''''[[James\n        the Red Engine]]'''', is published in the United Kingdom.\\n* Last edition\n        of the ''''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'''' is published in the [[Holy\n        See|Vatican]].\\n* The first [[Kinsey Reports|Kinsey Report]], ''''Sexual Behavior\n        in the Human Male'''', is published in the United States.\\n* Inspired by World\n        War II fighter planes, [[Cadillac]] introduces the first automobile to sport\n        [[car tailfin|tailfins]].\\n* The inaugural [[6 Hours of Watkins Glen]] sports\n        car endurance race is held in the United States.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ichiro\n        Mizuki 20070706 Japan Expo 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ichirou Mizuki]]]]\\n[[File:JohnCarpenter2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        Carpenter]]]]\\n[[File:David Oddsson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Oddsson]]]]\\n[[File:President\n        Charles Taylor.png|thumb|110px|[[Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)|Charles\n        Taylor]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Mary Archer]], born Mary Weeden, English\n        scientist\\n** [[Judith Miller (journalist)|Judith Miller]], American journalist\\n**\n        [[Joyce Wadler]], American writer and memoirist\\n** [[Deborah Watling]], English\n        actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Wally Foreman]], Australian media\n        icon (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Ted Lange]], American actor and director\\n* [[January\n        7]]\\n** [[Kenny Loggins]], American rock singer\\n** [[Ichirou Mizuki]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Donald Fagen]], American rock keyboardist\\n**\n        [[Teresa Graves]], American actress and comedian (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Mischa\n        Maisky]], Latvian cellist\\n** [[William Sanderson]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 12]]\\n** [[Kenny Allen (footballer)|Kenny Allen]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Anthony Andrews]], English actor\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[T Bone Burnett]],\n        American record producer and musician\\n** [[Carl Weathers]], American actor\n        and football player\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Ronnie Van Zant]], American\n        rock musician (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[John Carpenter]], American\n        film director, producer, screenwriter and composer\\n** [[Gregor Gysi]], German\n        politician\\n** [[Cliff Thorburn]], Canadian snooker player\\n** [[Tsuneo Horiuchi]],\n        Japanese baseball pitcher and mamager \\n* [[January 17]] – [[Dav\\u00ed\\u00f0\n        Oddsson]], [[Prime Minister of Iceland]]\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Frank McKenna]],\n        Premier of New Brunswick and Canadian Ambassador\\n** [[Michael J. Jackson]],\n        English actor\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Katharine Holabird]], American writer\\n**\n        [[Mitoji Yabunaka]], Japanese politician\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Mikhail\n        Baryshnikov]], Russian dancer\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Charles Taylor (Liberian\n        politician)|Charles Taylor]], Liberian politician, 22nd [[President of Liberia]]\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Marc Singer]], Canadian actor\\n* [[January 30]] –\n        [[Paul Magee]], Provisional Irish Republican Army member\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Jabara]], American actor, singer and songwriter (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Muneo\n        Suzuki]], Japanese politician\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:carlosbelo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos\n        Felipe Ximenes Belo]]]]\\n[[File:Barbara Hershey TIFF 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barbara\n        Hershey]]]]\\n[[File:Teller Rio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Teller (magician)|Teller]]]]\\n[[File:Peters\n        in 08.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bernadette Peters]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Rick\n        James]], Motown performer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Ina Garten]],\n        American cooking author\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]],\n        East Timorean Catholic bishop, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n**\n        [[Henning Mankell]], Swedish crime novelist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**\n        [[Alice Cooper]], American hard rock singer and musician\\n** [[Ram Baran Yadav]],\n        [[President of Nepal]]\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Sven-G\\u00f6ran Eriksson]],\n        Swedish football manager\\n** [[Christopher Guest]], American actor, screenwriter,\n        director and composer\\n** [[Barbara Hershey]], American actress\\n** [[Tom\n        Wilkinson]], English actor\\n* [[February 10]] – [[John Magnier]], Irish\n        businessman and thoroughbred racehorse breeder\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Chris Rush]], American stand-up comedian\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Raymond\n        Kurzweil]], American inventor and author\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Kitten\n        Natividad]], Mexican-American film actress\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Jackie\n        Martling]], American comedian and radio personality\\n** [[Wally Tax]], Dutch\n        musician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Teller (magician)|Raymond Teller]], American\n        illusionist and magician, one half of the duo [[Penn & Teller]]\\n* [[February\n        17]]\\n** [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Cserhalmi]], Hungarian actor\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Jos\\u00e9]],\n        Mexican singer and actor\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Sin\\u00e9ad Cusack]],\n        Irish actress\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Pim Fortuyn]], Dutch politician and\n        author (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Tony Iommi]], English heavy metal guitarist\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Jennifer O''Neill]], American model and actress\\n*\n        [[February 22]]\\n**[[John Ashton (actor)|John Ashton]], American actor\\n**[[Leslie\n        H. Sabo, Jr.]], American [[Medal of Honor]] recipient (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[February\n        24]]\\n** [[Jayalalithaa]], Indian politician and film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Smith]], Scottish football manager\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Danny\n        Denzongpa]], Indian actor\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Steven Chu]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Mike Figgis]],\n        American director, screenwriter and composer\\n** [[Kjell Isaksson]], Swedish\n        pole vaulter\\n** [[Bernadette Peters]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Mercedes\n        Ruehl]], American actress\\n** [[Alfred Sant]], Leader of Malta Labour Party\n        (1992\\u2013) and Prime Minister of Malta (1996\\u20131998)\\n* [[February 29]]\n        – [[Henry Small (singer)|Henry Small]], American-born Canadian singer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Shakin''\n        Stevens.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shakin'' Stevens]]]]\\n[[File:James Taylor - Columbia.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James\n        Taylor]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Crystal VF 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Billy\n        Crystal]]]]\\n[[File:TylerNassauColliseum.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steven Tyler]]]]\\n[[File:Al\n        Gore at SapphireNow 2010 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Al Gore]]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** [[R. T. Crowley]], American pioneer of electronic commerce\\n** [[Rory\n        Gallagher]], Irish musician (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Jeff Kennett]], Australian\n        politician\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Lindy Chamberlain]], Australian author\\n**\n        [[James Ellroy]], American writer\\n** [[Tom Grieve]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Leron Lee]], American baseball player\\n** [[Chris Squire]], English bassist\n        ([[Yes (band)|Yes]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Shakin'' Stevens]], Welsh singer\\n**\n        [[Brian Cummings]], American male voice actors\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Eddy Grant]],\n        Guyanese British singer and musician\\n** [[Elaine Paige]], English singer\n        and actress\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Anna Maria Horsford]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 9]]\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Lov\\u00e1sz]], Hungarian mathematician\\n**\n        [[Jeffrey Osborne]], American singer\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Dominique Sanda]],\n        French actress\\n* [[March 12]] – [[James Taylor]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Billy Crystal]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[S\\u00e9rgio Vieira de Mello]], Brazilian diplomat (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[William Gibson]], American/Canadian writer\\n* [[March\n        20]]\\n** [[John de Lancie]], American actor\\n** [[Bobby Orr]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Helene Vannari]], Estonian actress \\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Inri\n        Cristo]], Brazilian educator who claims to be Jesus Christ reincarnated\\n**\n        [[Wolf Blitzer]], American television journalist\\n** [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]],\n        English composer\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Bonnie Bedelia]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 26]]\\n** [[Nash the Slash]], born James Jeffrey Plewman, Canadian\n        musician (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Steven Tyler]], American singer-songwriter ([[Aerosmith]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]]\\n** [[Jayne Ann Krentz]], American novelist\\n** [[Dennis Unkovic]],\n        American author\\n** [[Dianne Wiest]], American actress\\n* [[March 29]] –\n        [[Bud Cort]], American actor\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Eddie Jordan]], Irish\n        founder of [[Jordan Grand Prix]]\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Al Gore]], American\n        environmentalist and politician, 45th [[Vice President of the United States]]\n        under [[Bill Clinton]], and [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]]\n        Democratic nominee for president\\n** [[Rhea Perlman]], American actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Carlos\n        Salinas.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]]]]\\n[[File:10.12.12TerryPratchettByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Terry\n        Pratchett]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Jimmy Cliff]], Jamaican singer and\n        actor\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Roald Als]], Danish cartoonist\\n* [[April 3]]\n        – [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]], Mexican economist and politician and\n        53rd [[President of Mexico]]\\n* [[April 4]] \\n** [[Squire Parsons]], American\n        gospel singer/songwriter\\n** [[Dan Simmons]], American fantasy and science\n        fiction author \\n* [[April 7]] – [[John Oates]], American rock singer\n        and guitarist ([[Hall & Oates]])\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Jeremy Beadle]], English\n        TV presenter (d. 2008)\\n** [[Don Fernando]], director and actor of pornographic\n        films\\n**[[Joschka Fischer]] German politician\\n** [[Marcello Lippi]], Italian\n        football player and manager\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Nam Hae-il]], 25th Chief\n        of Naval Operations of the [[Republic of Korea Navy]]\\n** [[Mikhail Shufutinsky]],\n        Soviet and Russian singer, actor, TV presenter\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Michael\n        Kamen]], American composer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Ammar El Sherei]],\n        Egyptian music icon and celebrity (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Kazuyuki Sogabe]], Japanese\n        voice actor (d. 2006)\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Jan Hammer]], Czechoslovakian\n        composer, pianist and keyboardist\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Josef Flammer]],\n        Swiss ophthalmologist (after whom [[Flammer syndrome]] is named)\\n* [[April\n        27]] \\n** [[Amrit Kumar Bohara]], Nepalese politician  \\n** [[Si Robertson]],\n        American reality star                                                   \\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[Terry Pratchett]], English comic fantasy and science fiction\n        author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Marcia Strassman]], American actress and singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Michael Karoli]], German musician\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:USMC-110802-M-AI118-010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Tupou V]]]]\\n[[File:Grace Jones @ Fremantle Park (17 4 2011) (5648772822).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Grace\n        Jones]]]]\\n[[File:KlausMeine.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Klaus Meine]]]]\\n[[File:Swetlana\n        Alexijewitsch 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Svetlana Alexievich]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Matorin]], Russian opera singer\\n** [[Larry Gatlin]], American\n        singer/songwriter\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[William H. Miller (writer)|William H.\n        Miller]], historian \\n** [[Chris Mulkey]], American actor\\n* [[May 4]] \\n**\n        [[Tanya Falan Welk|Tanya Falan]], American singer\\n** King [[George Tupou\n        V]] of Tongo (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Joe Esposito (singer)|Joe Esposito]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Richard Pacheco]], American pornographic\n        actor\\n** [[Bill Ward (musician)|Bill Ward]], English rock drummer\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** Dame [[Felicity Lott]], English soprano\\n** [[Stephen Stohn]], Canadian\n        television producer\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Steven W. Mosher]], American social\n        scientist and author\\n** [[Calvin Murphy]], American basketball player and\n        analyst\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Shigeru Izumiya]], Japanese musician\\n* [[May\n        12]] \\n** [[Steve Winwood]], English rock singer\\n** [[Lindsay Crouse]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Bob Woolmer]], Indian-born English cricket\n        coach (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Yutaka Enatsu]], Japanese professional\n        baseball pitcher\\n** [[Brian Eno]], English musician and record producer\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Jesper Christensen]], Danish actor\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Mikko Heini\\u00f6]], Finnish composer\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Grace Jones]],\n        Jamaican singer and actress\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Tessh\\u014d Genda]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[D''Jamin Bartlett]], American musical theatre\n        actress\\n** [[Elizabeth Buchan]], English writer\\n** [[Jonathan Hyde]], Australian-born\n        English actor\\n** [[Leo Sayer]], English rock musician\\n* [[May 25]] –\n        [[Klaus Meine]], German singer ([[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]])\\n* [[May 26]]\\n**\n        [[Dayle Haddon]], Canadian model and actress\\n** [[Stevie Nicks]], American\n        rock singer and songwriter \\n* [[May 27]] – [[Wubbo de Boer]], Dutch\n        civil servant\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Michael Berkeley]], English composer\\n*\n        [[May 31]]\\n** [[Svetlana Alexievich]], Belarusian writer of literary reportage,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[John Bonham]], English\n        rock drummer of [[Led Zeppelin]] (d. [[1980]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kathy\n        Bates by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kathy Bates]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Powers Boothe]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Tom Sneva]], American\n        race car driver and [[Indianapolis 500]] winner\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Jerry\n        Mathers]], American actor\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Bob Champion]], English jump\n        jockey\\n** [[David Haskell]],  American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 6]]\n        – [[Richard Sinclair]], English musician ([[Caravan (band)|Caravan]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]]\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen von der Lippe]], German television presenter,\n        actor and comedian\\n** [[Jad Azkoul]], Lebanese-American classical guitarist\\n*\n        [[June 9]] \\n** [[Gudrun Schyman]], Swedish politician\\n** [[Gary Thorne]],\n        American play-by-play announcer\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Dave Cash (baseball)|Dave\n        Cash]], American baseball player\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Garnet Bailey]],\n        Canadian hockey player and scout (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Laurence\n        Yep]], American author\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Paul Michiels]], Belgian singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Dave Concepci\\u00f3n]], Venezuelan baseball player\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Nick Drake]], English musician (d. [[1974]])\\n** [[Lea Laven]],\n        Finnish singer\\n** [[Phylicia Rashad]], American actress\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Ludwig Scotty]], [[President of Nauru]]\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Lionel Rose]],\n        Australian boxer\\n** [[Jovan A\\u0107imovi\\u0107]], Serbian football player\\n**\n        [[Raffaello Martinelli]], Italian prelate\\n** [[Philippe Sarde]], French film\n        composer\\n** [[Andrzej Sapkowski]], Polish writer\\n** [[Wolfgang Seel]], German\n        football player\\n** [[Greg Hyder]], American professional basketball player\\n*\n        [[June 22]] \\n** [[Madeleine Meilleur]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Takashi\n        Sasano]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Sh\\u014dhaku Okumura]], Japanese Soto Zen\\n**\n        [[Peter Prijdekker]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Sue Roberts]], American professional\n        golfer\\n** [[Todd Rundgren]], American rock singer and record producer\\n**\n        [[Curtis Johnson (cornerback)|Curtis Johnson]], American football cornerback\n        \\n** [[Franciszek Smuda]], Polish football coach\\n** [[Panagiotis Xanthakos]],\n        Greek sports shoote\\n** [[Colin Waldron]], English football defender\\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[Luther Kent]], American blues singer\\n** [[Jim Heacock]], American\n        defensive coordinator\\n** [[Clarence Thomas]], [[Associate Justice of the\n        Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n** [[Luther Kent]], American blues singer\\n**\n        [[Larry Coker]], American football coach and former player\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Janet Museveni]], First Lady of Uganda\\n** [[Stephen Martin (Australian\n        politician)|Stephen Martin]], Australian politician, senior academic and rugby\n        league referee\\n** [[Dave Orchard]], South African former first-class cricketer\\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen Stars]], German footballer\\n** [[Jenny Wood]], Zimbabwean swimmer\\n**\n        [[Eigil S\\u00f8rensen]], Danish cyclist\\n** [[Patrick Moraz]], Swiss keyboard\n        player\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Tom Rideout]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Michael\n        Lembeck]], American actor, television and film director\\n** [[Kenn George]],\n        American businessman\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[David Vaughan (golfer)|David Vaughan]],\n        Welsh professional golfer\\n** [[John Pratt (footballer)|John Pratt]], English\n        professional footballer\\n** [[Pablo Anaya Rivera]], Mexican politician\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], Tamil actress\\n** [[Camile Baudoin]],\n        American rock guitarist\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Deborah Moggach]], English writer\\n**\n        [[Kathy Bates]], American actress\\n** [[Jimmy Thomson (footballer, born 1948)|Jimmy\n        Thomson]], Scottish professional footballer \\n** [[Abdul Manan Ismail]], Malaysian\n        politician\\n** [[Brian Rowan]], Scottish professional footballer\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** [[Helge Karlsen]], Norwegian football player\\n** [[Fred Grandy]],\n        American actor and politician\\n** [[Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar]], crossbench\n        member of the House of Lords\\n** [[Leo Burke]], Canadian professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Vic Brooks]], English cricketer\\n** [[Danny Adcock]], Australian actor\\n*\n        [[June 30]] \\n** [[Alice Wong]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Dag Forn\\u00e6ss]],\n        Norwegian speed skater\\n** [[Peter Rossborough]], English rugby union international\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Isabelita dos Patins|pt|3=Isabelita dos Patins}},\n        Argentine-Brazilian drag queen\\n** [[Galarrwuy Yunupingu]], Australian Indigenous\n        community\\n** [[Vladimir Yakunin]], Russian official, head of state-run [[Russian\n        Railways]] company\\n** [[Raymond Leo Burke]], American cardinal prelate\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Richard\n        Simmons 2007-08-15.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Simmons]]]] \\n[[File:Yusuf-2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cat\n        Stevens]]]]\\n[[File:Peggy Fleming 1983 Paraguay stamp.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peggy\n        Fleming]]]]\\n[[File:Jean Reno 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean Reno]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] \\n** [[Ever Hugo Almeida]], Paraguayan footballer\\n** [[John Ford (musician)|John\n        Ford]], English-born rock musician ([[Strawbs]]), writer of \\\"[[Part of the\n        Union]]\\\"\\n** [[Michael McGimpsey]], Northern Ireland politician\\n* [[July\n        2]] – [[Mario Villanueva]], Mexican politician\\n* [[July 3]] –\n        [[Tarmo Koivisto]], Finnish comics artist\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Arnoux]],\n        French racing driver\\n** [[Louis Rapha\\u00ebl I Sako]], Head of the Chaldean\n        Catholic Church\\n** [[Ed Armbrister]], Bahamian outfielder in Major League\n        Baseball\\n** [[Nazmul Hussain]], Indian first-class cricketer\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        [[Tony DeMeo]], American football coach and player\\n** [[Dave Lemonds]], American\n        former professional baseball player\\n** [[Salomon Juan Marcos Issa]], Mexican\n        politician\\n** [[Lojze Peterle]], Slovenian politician\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Nathalie\n        Baye]], French film, television and stage actress\\n** [[Jeff Webb (basketball)|Jeff\n        Webb]], American professional basketball player\\n** [[Bob Riley (basketball)|Bob\n        Riley]], American professional basketball player\\n** [[Sid Smith (American\n        football)|Sid Smith]], American football offensive lineman\\n** [[Eiko Segawa]],\n        Japanese female enka singer and actress\\n** [[Jan van der Veen]], Dutch professional\n        association football player\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Jerry Sherk]], American football\n        defensive tackle\\n** [[Jean LeClerc (actor)|Jean LeClerc]], Qu\\u00e9b\\u00e9cois\n        actor\\n** [[Jean-Marie Colombani]], French journalist\\n** [[Tan Lee Meng]],\n        Singaporean jurist\\n** [[Luis Estrada (footballer)|Luis Estrada]], Mexican\n        football league forward and an Olympian\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Raffi (musician)|Raffi]],\n        Egyptian-born children''s entertainer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Theo B\\u00fccker]],\n        German football manager and a player\\n** [[Rich Hand]], American professional\n        baseball player\\n** [[Mick Coop]], English professional football right back\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\n** [[Jay Thomas]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Richard\n        Simmons]], American television personality and fitness expert\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Don Sweet]], Canadian star football kicker\\n** [[Alf Hansen]], Norwegian\n        rower\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Richard Franklin (director)|Richard Franklin]],\n        Australian film director (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Rita Barber\\u00e1]],\n        Spanish politician, Mayor of Valencia (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Pinchas Zukerman]],\n        Israeli violinist\\n** [[Jeff Van Wagenen]], American professional golfer\\n**\n        [[Lars Lagerb\\u00e4ck]], Swedish football manager and player\\n* [[July 17]]\n        \\n** [[Alan Sieler]], Australian former cricketer\\n** [[Doug Berry (Canadian\n        football)|Doug Berry]], American Canadian football coach\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[Hartmut Michel]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Muse Watson]], American actor\\n** [[Maroun Elias\n        Nimeh Lahham]], Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Beppe Grillo]], Italian activist, blogger, comedian and actor\\n**\n        [[Ed Hinton (sportswriter)|Ed Hinton]], American sportswriter\\n** [[Cat Stevens]],\n        born Steven Georgiou, later known as Yusuf Islam, British singer, musician\n        \\n** [[Garry Trudeau]], American cartoonist\\n** [[Teruzane Utada]], Japanese\n        music executive producer and attendant\\n** [[Mikhail Nikolayevich Zadornov|Mikhail\n        Zadornov]], Russian stand-up comedian and writer\\n** [[Snooty]], male Florida\n        manatee (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Susan Eloise Hinton]], American\n        author\\n** [[Otto Waalkes]], German comedian and actor\\n* [[July 23]] –\n        [[John Cushnahan]], Northern Irish politician\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Steve\n        Goodman]], American [[Grammy Award]]-winning [[folk music]] singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Peggy Fleming]], American figure skater\\n*\n        [[July 28]]\\n** [[Gerald Casale]], American director and singer ([[Devo]])\\n**\n        [[Sally Struthers]], American actress and spokeswoman\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Reno]], French actor\\n** [[Julia Tsenova]], Bulgarian composer and musician\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jonathan Dollimore]], English academic\n        sociologist and cultural theorist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Jean-Pierre Raffarin\n        par Claude Truong-Ngoc 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]]]]\\n[[File:Tipper\n        Gore Headshot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tipper Gore]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Plant at the\n        Palace Theatre, Manchester.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Plant]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]] – [[Jim Carroll]], American author, poet and musician (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[August 2]]\\n** [[Dennis Prager]], American radio talk show host and author\\n**\n        [[Bob Rae]], Canadian politician\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]],\n        Prime Minister of France\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Mizengo Pinda]], 9th Prime\n        Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Kathleen Battle]], American\n        soprano\\n* [[August 15]] – [[George Ryton]], Singapore-born English\n        Formula One engineer\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Sean Scanlan]], Scottish actor\n        (d. [[2017]]) \\n** [[Joseph Marcell]], English actor\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**[[Robert\n        Hughes (Australian actor)|Robert Hughes]], Australian actor\\n**[[Tipper Gore]],\n        [[Second Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[John Noble]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Robert Plant]], English singer ([[Led Zeppelin]])\\n**\n        [[Barbara Allen Rainey]] (born Barbara Ann Allen), American aviator, first\n        female pilot in the U.S. armed forces (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[August 23]] –\n        [[Lev Zeleny]], Soviet and Russian physicist\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Jean Michel\n        Jarre]], French electronic musician\\n** [[Sauli Niinisto]], Finnish politician,\n        12th [[President of Finland]]\\n** [[Kim Sung-il (general)|Kim Sung-il]], Chief\n        of Staff of the [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] \\n**\n        [[Tito Sotto|Vicente Sotto III]], Filipino actor, host and politician\\n* [[August\n        27]] – [[Sgt. Slaughter]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[August\n        30]] \\n** [[Lewis Black]], American comedian\\n** [[Fred Hampton]], American\n        activist (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Victor Skumin]], Russian scientist, Professor\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[Cyril Jordan]], American musician\\n** [[Holger Osieck]],\n        German football manager\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Sitiveni Rabuka May 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sitiveni\n        Rabuka]]]]\\n[[File:SDCC 2015 - Jeremy Irons (19524260758) (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeremy\n        Irons]]]]\\n[[File:George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        R. R. Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Phil as Chick-1-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Phil Hartman]]]]\\n[[File:Olivia\n        Newton John 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Olivia Newton-John]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\n        – [[James Rebhorn]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[Christa McAuliffe]], American teacher and astronaut (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Nate\n        Archibald]], American basketball player\\n** [[Terry Bradshaw]], American football\n        player and sportscaster\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Don Brewer]], American drummer\n        ([[Grand Funk Railroad]])\\n** [[Levy Mwanawasa]], Zambian president (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Samuel Hui]], Hong Kong singer\\n* [[September 5]]\n        – [[Benita Ferrero-Waldner]], Austrian diplomat and politician\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Susan Blakely]], American actress\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        [[Great Kabuki]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Judy\n        Geeson]], English actress\\n** [[Bob Lanier (basketball)|Bob Lanier]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Margaret Trudeau]], born Margaret Sinclair, wife and\n        mother of Prime Ministers of Canada\\n** [[Charlie Waters]], American football\n        player\\n* [[September 11]] – [[John Martyn]], born Iain McGeachy, British\n        folk-rock guitarist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Nell Carter]],\n        American singer and actress (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Sitiveni Rabuka]], 3rd Prime\n        Minister of Fiji \\n* [[September 16]] – [[Ron Blair]], American bassist\n        ([[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[John Ritter]],\n        American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jeremy Irons]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Nadezhda Tkachenko]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] pentathlete\\n* [[September\n        20]]\\n** [[Rey Langit]], Filipino journalist and radio host\\n** [[George R.\n        R. Martin]], American [[speculative fiction]] author\\n* [[September 22]]\\n**\n        [[Denis Burke (Australian politician)|Denis Burke]], Australian politician\\n**\n        [[Mark Phillips]], army captain and equestrian, first husband of [[Anne, Princess\n        Royal]]\\n** [[Jim Byrnes (actor)|Jim Byrnes]], American voice actor, blues\n        musician and actor\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Phil Hartman]], Canadian\n        actor and comedian (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[C\\u00e4cilia Rentmeister]],\n        German art historian and gender researcher\\n** [[Vladimir Yevtushenkov]],\n        [[Russians|Russian]] [[Business oligarch|oligarch]]\\n* [[September 26]]\\n**\n        [[Maurizio Gucci]], Italian businessman and murder victim (k. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Olivia Newton-John]], English-born Australian singer and actress\\n* [[September\n        27]] – [[Michele Dotrice]], English actress\\n* [[September 29]]\\n**\n        [[Mark Farner]], American rock guitarist and singer ([[Grand Funk Railroad]])\\n**\n        [[Bryant Gumbel]], African-American television broadcaster\\n** [[Theo J\\u00f6rgensmann]],\n        German jazz clarinetist\\n** [[Burton Richardson]], American game show announcer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Johnny\n        Ramone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Johnny Ramone]]]]\\n[[File:Chrisde33.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris\n        de Burgh]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Jordan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Jordan]]]]\\n[[File:Kushida\n        anime friends 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Akira Kushida]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] –\n        [[Peter Blake (sailor)|Sir Peter Blake]], New Zealand yachtsman (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]]\\n** [[Avery Brooks]], American actor and musician\\n** [[Persis\n        Khambatta]], Indian actress and model (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Chris LeDoux]],\n        American singer and rodeo star (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Meg\n        Bennett]], American soap opera writer\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Gerry Adams]],\n        Northern Irish politician\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Diane Ackerman]], American\n        poet and essayist\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Johnny Ramone]], American guitarist\n        ([[Ramones]]) (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Baldwin Spencer]], 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Antigua and Barbuda]]\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Jackson Browne]], American\n        rock musician\\n** [[Ciar\\u00e1n Carson]], Northern Irish poet and novelist\\n**\n        [[Oliver Hart (economist)|Oliver Hart]], English-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 11]] –\n        [[Cynthia Clawson]], American gospel singer\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[John Ford\n        Coley]], American rock musician\\n** [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], Pakistani musician\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Ted Poe]], American politician\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Engin\n        Ar\\u0131k]], [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[nuclear physicist]] (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[David\n        Ruprecht]], American actor and writer (''''Supermarket Sweep'''')\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Renato Corona]], Filipino jurist and lawyer (d. 2016)\\n** [[Chris\n        de Burgh]], born Christopher Davison, Argentine-born Anglo-Irish singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Leo Mazzone]], American baseball coach\\n* [[October\n        17]]\\n** [[Robert Jordan]], American novelist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Margot Kidder]],\n        Canadian actress\\n** [[Akira Kushida]], Japanese singer \\n** [[George Wendt]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Hans K\\u00f6chler]], Austrian philosopher\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Patrick Simmons]], American musician ([[The Doobie\n        Brothers]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Tom Everett]], American actor\\n** [[Allen\n        Vigneron]], [[Archdiocese of Detroit|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Detroit]]\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Lynette Fromme]], American attempted assassin of\n        [[Gerald Ford]]\\n* [[October 23]] – Sir [[Gerry Robinson]], Irish-born\n        British businessman\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Dave Cowens]], American basketball\n        player and coach\\n** [[Dan Gable]], American wrestler and coach\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Toby Harrah]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 28]] –\n        [[Telma Hopkins]], American actress and singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Kate\n        Jackson]], American actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Amadou Toure.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Amadou\n        Toumani Tour\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Hassan Rouhani.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hassan Rouhani]]]]\\n[[File:Charles,\n        Prince of Wales at COP21.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles, Prince of Wales]]]]\\n[[File:Michel\n        Suleiman - 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michel Suleiman]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] –\n        [[Anna Stuart]], American actress\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]],\n        born Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie, Scottish singer and actress\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Amadou Toumani Tour\\u00e9]], [[President of Mali]]\\n* [[November\n        5]]\\n** [[Bob Barr]], American politician\\n** [[Dallas Holm]], American Christian\n        musician\\n** [[William Daniel Phillips]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Glenn Frey]],\n        American guitarist and singer ([[The Eagles]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Jim Houghton]], American actor and director\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]], Brazilian football player and manager\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – [[Vincent Schiavelli]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]]\\n** [[Hassan Rouhani]], 7th [[President of Iran]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Roberts (evangelist)|Richard Roberts]], American evangelist and son of [[Oral\n        Roberts]]\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Humayun Ahmed]], [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]]\n        writer.\\n** [[Lockwood Smith]], New Zealand politician\\n* [[November 14]]\\n**\n        [[Charles, Prince of Wales]], born Prince Charles of Edinburgh, heir apparent\n        to the British throne and son of [[Elizabeth II]] (at this time Duchess of\n        Edinburgh) and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Ginty]], American actor and director (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Dee Wallace]],\n        American actress\\n* [[November 15]] – [[James Kemsley]], Australian\n        cartoonist and actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Chi Coltrane]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Ken James (Australian actor)|Ken James]], Australian\n        actor \\n** [[Mutt Lange]], Rhodesian-born record producer\\n** [[Mate Parlov]],\n        Yugoslav Olympic boxer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Howard Dean]],\n        American politician\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Rance Allen]], American gospel\n        singer and preacher\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[John R. Bolton]], U.S. Ambassador\n        to the U.N.\\n** [[Barbara Hendricks]], American singer \\n** [[Richard Masur]],\n        American actor, director; president of Screen Actors Guild\\n* [[November 21]]\n        – [[Michel Suleiman]], President of Lebanon\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Dominique-France\n        Picard]], also known as Princess Fadila of Egypt, wife of King [[Fuad II]]\n        of Egypt and the Sudan\\n** [[Ron Bouchard]], American NASCAR driver (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Gabriele Seyfert]], East German figure skater\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Joe Howard (actor)|Joe Howard]], American actor\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Elizabeth Blackburn]], Australian-American biologist and winner of [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]  \\n* [[November 27]] – [[James Avery\n        (actor)|James Avery]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Agnieszka Holland]], Polish director and screenwriter\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:OzzyChangingHands02-20-2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ozzy\n        Osbourne]]]]\\n[[File:Jobethwilliams.jpg|thumb|110px|[[JoBeth Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Marcelo\n        Rebelo de Sousa Rio2016.png|thumb|110px|[[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]]]\\n[[File:Samuel\n        L. Jackson SDCC 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Samuel L. Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:G\\u00e9rard\n        Depardieu Cannes 2015 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[G\\u00e9rard Depardieu]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[T. Coraghessan Boyle]], American writer\\n** [[Toninho Horta]], Brazilian\n        singer and musician\\n** [[Christine Westermann]], German television and radio\n        host, journalist and author\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Rick Cua]], American singer\n        and evangelist\\n** [[Ozzy Osbourne]], English singer ([[Black Sabbath]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Keke Rosberg]], Finnish Formula One champion\\n** [[Marius\n        M\\u00fcller-Westernhagen]], German actor and musician\\n** [[JoBeth Williams]],\n        American actress and director\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Gary Morris]], American\n        country singer and actor\\n** [[Tony Thomas (producer)|Tony Thomas]], American\n        television producer\\n** [[Mads Vinding]], Danish bassist\\n* [[December 10]]\n        – [[Abu Abbas]], founder of the Palestine Liberation Front (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – [[Chester Thompson]], American rock drummer\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]], 20th [[President of Portugal]]\\n*\n        [[December 13]]\\n** [[Lillian Board]], South African-born English Olympic\n        athlete (d. [[1970]])\\n** [[Ted Nugent]], American rock guitarist and singer\\n**\n        [[David O''List]], English rock guitarist\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Lester\n        Bangs]], American music journalist (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Kim Beazley]], Australian\n        politician\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Ken Brown (ice hockey)|Ken Brown]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Alan Parsons]], English\n        songwriter, musician and record producer\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Samuel L.\n        Jackson]], African-American actor and film producer\\n** [[Willi Resetarits]],\n        Austrian musician and cabaret artist\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Noel Edmonds]],\n        English TV presenter and DJ\\n** [[Flip Mark]], American child actor\\n** [[Lynne\n        Thigpen]], American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Jim\n        Ferguson]], American guitarist, composer, educator, author and music journalist\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Alia Al-Hussein|Queen Alia]] (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Barbara\n        Mandrell]], American country singer\\n* [[December 27]]\\n**[[Ronnie Caldwell]],\n        American [[soul music]] and [[rhythm and blues]] musician (d. [[1967]])\\n**[[G\\u00e9rard\n        Depardieu]], French actor\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Dick Siegel]], American\n        songwriter\\n** [[Mary Weiss]], American singer ([[The Shangri-Las]])\\n* [[December\n        29]] – [[Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)|Peter Robinson]],\n        Northern Ireland First Minister\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Joe Dallesandro]],\n        American model and actor\\n** [[Sandy Jardine]], Scottish professional footballer\n        playing for Rangers and Hearts and representing Scotland (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Donna Summer]], African-American singer and actress (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n[[File:Judy Nylon.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Judy Nylon]]]]\\n* [[Archana\n        Bhattacharyya]], Indian physicist\\n* [[Miguel Cabrera Cabrera]], Spanish architect\n        and politician\\n* [[Vicatan]], born Vicente Doria Catan Jr., Filipino comic\n        book artist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[Gudo Hoegel]], German actor and voice actor\\n*\n        [[Phalon Jones]], American [[soul music]] and [[rhythm and blues]] musician\n        (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[John Blair Moore]], American comic book artist\\n* [[Johnny\n        Nicholas]], American blues musician\\n* [[Judy Nylon]], American artist and\n        musician\\n* [[Edward Rutherfurd]], born Francis Edward Wintle, English novelist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Prince\n        Aimone of Savoy - restored.jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Tomislav II of Croatia]]]]\\n[[File:Giaccardo.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Giuseppe Giaccardo]]]]\\n[[File:MKGandhi.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Mohandas\n        Gandhi]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Edna May]], American actress (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Vicente Huidobro]], Chilean poet (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Anna Kallina]], Austrian actress (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Mary Dimmick Harrison]], wife of President [[Benjamin\n        Harrison]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Charles C. Wilson (actor)|Charles\n        C. Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\n** [[Maria de\n        Maeztu Whitney]], Spanish educator and feminist (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Charles\n        Magnusson]], Swedish producer and screenwriter (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Kurt Schwitters]],\n        German artist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Edward Stanley Kellogg]], 16th [[Governor\n        of American Samoa]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Tony Garnier\n        (architect)|Tony Garnier]], French architect (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 21]]\n        \\n** [[Eliza Moore]] last person born into slavery in the United States (b.\n        [[1843]])\\n** [[Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari]], Italian composer (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] \\n** [[Bill Cody (actor)|Bill Cody]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Giuseppe Giaccardo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n** [[Maria Mandl]], Austrian criminal (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[January\n        26]] – [[Georg Bruchm\\u00fcller]], influential German artillery officer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Anna Maria Gove]], American phyisican\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 29]] – King [[Tomislav II of Croatia]] (b.\n        1900)\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Nigel De Brulier]], British actor (b. [[1877]])\\n**[[Arthur\n        Coningham (RAF officer)|Arthur Coningham]], British air force air marshal\n        (disappeared) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Leader of Indian independence\n        movement, (assassinated) (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Herb Pennock]], American baseball\n        player ([[New York Yankees]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n** [[Orville Wright]], American co-inventor of the airplane (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[John T. Daniels]], American Coast Guardsman,\n        took the [[Wright brothers]] first flight photograph (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Karl\n        Valentin by Eugen Rosenfeld (1870 - 1940).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Valentin]]]]\\n[[File:Sergei\n        Eisenstein 03.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sergei Eisenstein]]]]\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\n        (\\u041c\\u0443\\u043d\\u0442\\u044f\\u043d\\u0443).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patriarch Nicodim\n        of Romania]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Jatindramohan Bagchi]], Indian\n        (Bengali) poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Bevil Rudd]], South\n        African athlete (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Otto Praeger]],\n        American postal official who implemented U.S. Airmail (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February\n        9]] \\n** [[Burns Mantle]], American theatre critic (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Valentin]], German actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\n** [[Sergei Eisenstein]],\n        Soviet film director (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Isaac Isaacs]], 9th [[Governor-General\n        of Australia]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Theodor Caspari]],\n        Norwegian poet, novelist, writer, literary critic and teacher (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Mordecai Brown]], American baseball player ([[Chicago\n        Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February\n        15]] – [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]], Indian poet (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Enrique Finochietto]], Argentine academic, physician and inventor\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Renato Balestrero]], Italian racecar\n        driver (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[John Robert Gregg]], Irish-born\n        inventor of shorthand (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\n** [[Alfredo Baldomir]],\n        Uruguayan politician, soldier and architect, 27th [[President of Uruguay]],\n        leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Alexander du Toit]], South\n        African geologist (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Felix Krueger]], German psychologist\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Juan Esteban Montero]], Chilean political figure and 20th\n        [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Charles Gifford\n        (astronomer)|Charles Gifford]], New Zealander astronomer, explorer and teacher\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Patriarch Nicodim of Romania]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Camila Quiroga]], Argentine actress (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Donpierofolli.JPG|thumb|110px|right|Blessed\n        [[Piero Folli]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Gabriel Brunet de Sairign\\u00e9]],\n        French general (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Antonin Artaud]], French\n        playwright, actor and director (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Ross\n        Lockridge, Jr.]], American novelist (suicide) (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[March 8]]\n        – [[Piero Folli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Zelda Fitzgerald]], American wife of [[F.\n        Scott Fitzgerald]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Jan Masaryk]], Foreign Minister of\n        Czechoslovakia (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Giuseppina Catanea]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Senge\n        Motomaro]], Japanese poet (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Paul Dupuy]],\n        French historian and biographer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[K\\u014dz\\u014d\n        Sat\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 24]] \\n** [[Nikolai\n        Berdyaev]], Soviet religious leader and political philosopher (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Giovanni Cuomo]], Italian politician, lawyer and teacher (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Paolo Thaon di Revel]], former admiral of the Royal Italian Navy (b. [[1859]])\\n**\n        [[Sabbas of Kalymnos]], Greek [[Orthodox priest]] and saint (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Giovanni Ceirano]], Italian industrialist and automotive\n        pioneer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Egon Erwin Kisch]], Austrian\n        journalist and author (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Manuel A Roxas.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Manuel\n        Roxas]]]]\\n[[File:Kantaro Suzuki suit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kantaro Suzuki]]]]\\n[[File:Mitsumasa\n        Yonai smiling.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mitsumasa Yonai]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Biagio Biagetti]], Italian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 5]] –\n        [[Angelo Joseph Rossi]], American political figure and [[Mayor of San Francisco]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Isabel Andreu de Aguilar]], Puerto\n        Rican writer, educator, philanthropist and activist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni]], Palestinian Arab nationalist (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[George Carpenter (Salvation Army)|George Carpenter]],\n        5th General of [[The Salvation Army]] (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Jorge Eli\\u00e9cer\n        Gait\\u00e1n]], Colombian politician (assassinated) (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Manuel Roxas]], Filipino statesman, 5th [[President of the\n        Philippines]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Kantar\\u014d Suzuki]],\n        Japanese admiral, 42nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor)|Mikhail Rostovtsev]], Soviet actor\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], Japanese admiral\n        and politician, 37th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April\n        21]] – [[Carlos L\\u00f3pez Buchardo]], Argentine composer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Prosper Montagn\\u00e9]], French chef and author (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Prince Albrecht of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\\u00fccksburg]]\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Manuel Ponce]], Mexican composer (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Gerardo Matos Rodriguez]], Uruguayan composer,\n        journalist and pianist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Alfredo Miguel\n        Aguayo S\\u00e1nchez]], Puerto Rican educator and writer (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Lady\n        Hartington.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington]]]]\\n[[File:Dame\n        May Whitty.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dame May Whitty]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[\\u00c1ngel\n        Maria Herrera]], Panamanian educator (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Ernst\n        Tandefelt]], Finnish nobleman, assassin of Minister Ritavuori (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] \\n** [[Viola Allen]], American actress (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Frank\n        Leigh]], British actor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Milan Begovi\\u0107]],\n        Yugoslavian writer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of\n        Hartington]] (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Dauchez]], French\n        painter (b. [[1870]])\\n** Father [[Edward J. Flanagan]], Irish-born American\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, founder of Boys Town and monsignor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Muhammad Habibullah]], Indian politician (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Francisco Alonso]], Spanish composer (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Maximilian Lenz]], Austrian painter and sculptor (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Jacques Feyder]], French filmmaker (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Claude McKay]], Jamaican-born American writer and poet\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[\\u00c9mile Gaston Chassinat]], French\n        egyptologist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Unity Mitford]], British\n        socialite; friend of [[Adolf Hitler]] (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 29]] –\n        Dame [[May Whitty]], British actress (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef\n        Klekl (politician)|J\\u00f3zsef Klekl]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] politician in\n        Hungary (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Nasib-bitar-1.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Nasib\n        al-Bitar]]]]\\n[[File:PrensSabahattin.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Prince Sabahaddin]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Vianna da Motta]], Portuguese pianist, teacher\n        and composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Viktor Brack]], German\n        doctor (b. [[1904]]), executed by hanging for warcrimes\\n** [[Karl Brandt]],\n        German S.S. officer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Rudolf Brandt]], German S.S. officer\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Karl Gebhardt]], German S.S. officer (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Waldemar Hoven]], German S.S. officer (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Joachim Mrugowsky]],\n        German S.S. officer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Wolfram Sievers]], German S.S. officer\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Auguste and Louis Lumi\\u00e8re|Louis\n        Lumi\\u00e8re]], French film pioneer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Giacomo\n        Albanese]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Osamu\n        Dazai]], Japanese writer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Eug\\u00eania\n        \\u00c1lvaro Moreyra]], Brazilian journalist, actress and director (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\n** [[Bento de Jesus Cara\\u00e7a]], Portuguese mathematician,\n        economist, statistician (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[William C. Lee]], American general\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Nasib al-Bitar]], Palestine jurist (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n** [[Lilian Velez]], Filipino actress (murder) (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Prince Sabahaddin]] (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Albert\n        Bates mugshot 1934.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Albert Bates]]]]\\n[[File:Charles Fillmore\n        (Unity Church).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)|Charles Fillmore]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Assunta Marchetti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious\n        professed and blessed\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Baba Sawan Singh]], Indian saint\n        known as \\\"The Great Master\\\" (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Albert Bates\n        (criminal)|Albert Bates]], American criminal (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Monteiro\n        Lobato]], Brazilian writer (b. [[1882]]7\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Georges Bernanos]],\n        French writer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)|Charles\n        Fillmore]], American [[Protestant]] mystic (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Carole Landis]],\n        American actress player (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[James Baskett]],\n        American actor (Uncle Remus in Disney''s [[Song of the South]]) (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Alcibiades Diamandi]], Greek political figure (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n**\n        [[King Baggot]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Franz Weidenreich]], German\n        anatomist and physical anthropologist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Harry\n        Brearley]], British inventor of stainless steel (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Marguerite\n        Moreno]], French actress (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[John J. Pershing]],\n        American general (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Ildebrando Zacchini]],\n        Maltese painter, inventor and traveller (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n**\n        [[May Moss]], Australian women''s rights activist (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Baldassarre\n        Negroni]], Italian director and screenwriter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        – [[Arshile Gorky]], Soviet-born painter (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – [[Sud Mennucci]], Brazilian journalist and educator (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[D. W. Griffith]], American film director (''''The Birth\n        Of A Nation'''') (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Susan Glaspell]], American\n        playwright (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Joe Tinker]], American baseball player ([[Chicago\n        Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 31]]\n        – [[Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd]], mistress of President [[Franklin Delano\n        Roosevelt]] (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Babe Ruth Red Sox 1918.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Babe\n        Ruth]]]]\\n[[File:Mrs. John Nance Garner.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariette Rheiner\n        Garner]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Michailovich Tarkhanov.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikhail\n        Tarkhanov (actor)|Mikhail Tarkhanov]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Tommy Ryan]],\n        American boxing champion (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Charles Bryant\n        (actor)|Charles Bryant]], American actor (b. 1948)\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Kan''ichi\n        Asakawa]], Japanese historian (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Andrew Brown (soccer)|Andrew\n        Brown]], Scottish soccer coach (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Edwin\n        Maxwell (actor)|Edwin Maxwell]], Irish actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 16]]\n        – [[Babe Ruth]], American baseball player ([[New York Yankees]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[Mariette Rheiner Garner]], Second Lady of the United States (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Mikhail Tarkhanov (actor)|Mikhail Tarkhanov]], Soviet\n        actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[George Anderson (actor)|George\n        Anderson]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Cissie Cahalan]],\n        Irish trade union, feminist and suffragette (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Charles Evans\n        Hughes]], [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Edvard\n        Bene%C5%A1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edvard Benes]]]]\\n[[File:Zar Ferdinand Bulgarien.jpg|thumb|100px|Tsar\n        [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]]]]\\n[[File:Cardinal Rossi.JPG|thumb|100px|Eminence\n        and Servant of God [[Raffaele Rossi]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Adalbert of Prussia\n        (1884%E2%80%931948).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884\\u20131948)|Prince\n        Adalbert of Prussia]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Muhammad VII al-Munsif]],\n        ruler of Tunisia 1942\\u201343 (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Sylvanus\n        Morley|Sylvanus G. Morley]], American scholar and World War I spy (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]], Czechoslovakian politician,\n        4th [[Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia]] and 2-time [[President of Czechoslovakia]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Richard C. Tolman]], American mathematical\n        physicist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Suar\\u00e8s]],\n        French poet and critic (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Ferdinand\n        I of Bulgaria]], [[Tsar of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        Quaid-e-Azam [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder and first Governor General of\n        [[Pakistan]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Rupert D''Oyly Carte]],\n        British hotelier, theatre owner and impresario (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Carlo Servolini]],\n        Italian artist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Paul Wegener]],\n        German actor, film director, and screenwriter; one of the pioneers of [[German\n        Expressionism]]  (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Ruth Benedict]],\n        American anthropologist and folklorist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Folke Bernadotte]],\n        Swedish diplomat (assassinated) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Emil Ludwig]], German-born\n        Swiss historian and biographer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Raffaele Rossi]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal, eminence and servant of God (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Husain Salaahuddin]], Famous Mahl writer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884\\u20131948)|Prince\n        Adalbert of Prussia]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Warren William]],\n        American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Toyoaki Horiuchi]],\n        Japanese general (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Gregg Toland]],\n        American cinematographer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Frank\n        Cellier (actor)|Frank Cellier]], British actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\n** [[Vasily Kachalov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Edith Roosevelt]],\n        [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Very\n        Rev. Albert Power - Rector of Newman College.jpg|thumb|100px|Reverend [[Albert\n        Power (priest)|Albert Power]]]]\\n[[File:Bain News Service - Franz Leh\\u00e1r.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Franz\n        Leh\\u00e1r]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Phraya Manopakorn Nititada]], 1st\n        [[Prime Minister of Siam]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Mary Ryan\n        (actress; 1885-1948)|Mary Ryan]], American actress (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] – [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]], Pakistani politician (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Umberto Coromaldi]], Italian painter (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] – [[Saif Ali Janjua]], Pakistani commander (b. [[1922]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\n** [[Susan Sutherland Isaacs]], British educational psychologist\n        and psychoanalyst (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Albert Power (priest)|Albert Power]],\n        Australian [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Jesuit]] priest and reverend (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Samuel S. Hinds]], American actor (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Dale Fuller (actress)|Dale Fuller]], American actress\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Edythe Chapman]], American actress\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Maria Olga de Moraes Sarmento da\n        Silveira]], Portuguese feminist and writer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 18]]\n        – [[Walther von Brauchitsch]], German field marshal (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Mehmet Suphi Kula]], Turkish general (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Elissa Landi]], Italian actress (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]] \\n** [[Guillaume de Jerphanion]], French [[Jesuit]], epigrapher,\n        geographer, photographer, linguist and archaeologist (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Alexander\n        Piorkowski]], German SS officer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[William Royland]], British\n        baronet \\n* [[October 24]] \\n** [[Franz Leh\\u00e1r]], Hungarian composer (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n** [[Peter Murdoch]], Australian politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] – [[Mary Nolan]], American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Peterferdinand%C3%B6sterrtosk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Archduke\n        Peter Ferdinand of Austria]]]]\\n[[File:B%C3%A9la Mikl%C3%B3s de D%C3%A1lnok\n        1942.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bela Miklos]]]]\\n* [[November 4]] \\n** [[Albert Stanley,\n        1st Baron Ashfield]], British-born American businessman (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Filippo Perlo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and missionary (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[David Leland (actor)|David Leland]], American actor\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Edgar Kennedy]], American actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\n** [[Julius Curtius]], German politician\n        and diplomat (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Jack Nelson (actor)|Jack Nelson]], American\n        actor and director (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Fred Niblo]],\n        American film director (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Umberto\n        Giordano]], Italian composer (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Oerip\n        Soemohardjo]], Indonesian general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[B\\u00e9la Mikl\\u00f3s]], Hungarian military officer and politician, 38th\n        [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Hack\n        Wilson]], American baseball player ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and a member of the\n        [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[D. D. Sheehan]],\n        Irish politician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\n** [[Maria Koppenh\\u00f6fer]],\n        German actress (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Roberto Omegna]], Italian cinematographer\n        and director (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Franco Vittadini]],\n        Italian composer (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Joao tamagnini barbosa\n        1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jo\\u00e3o Tamagnini Barbosa]]]]\\n[[File:Hideki Tojo.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Hideki\n        Tojo]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Chano Pozo]], Cuban percussionist (b.\n        [[1915]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\n** [[Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894\\u20131948)|Jan\n        Hendrik Hofmeyr]], South African politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Luis Orrego\n        Luco]], Chilean politician, lawyer, novelist and diplomat (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Jo\\u00e3o Tamagnini Barbosa]], Portuguese military\n        officer and politician, 69th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – [[C. Aubrey Smith]], British actor (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – Japanese war leaders (hanged):\\n** [[Kenji Doihara]],\n        general (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[K\\u014dki Hirota]], diplomat and politician, 32nd\n        [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Seishir\\u014d Itagaki]], military\n        officer (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Heitar\\u014d Kimura]], general (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Iwane Matsui]], general (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Akira Mut\\u014d]], general (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Hideki Tojo]], general, 40th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[John Westley (actor)|John Westley]],\n        American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Muhammad Saleh Akbar\n        Hydari]], Indian civil servant and politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Mahmoud\n        an-Nukrashi Pasha]], Egyptian political figure, 27th [[Prime Minister of Egypt]]\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Guido Di Ruggiero]],\n        Italian philosopher, professor and politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Malcolm Campbell|Sir Malcolm Campbell]], English land and water\n        racer (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Arne Tiselius]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Paul Hermann M\\u00fcller]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[T. S. Eliot]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1948}}\\n[[Category:1948|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:22:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":799773503,\"length\":84726,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948\"},\"34604\":{\"pageid\":34604,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1949\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T23:11:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1949}}\\n{{Year nav|1949}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1949}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – UN sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the [[Indo-Pakistani\n        War of 1947]]. The war results in a stalemate and the division of [[Kashmir]],\n        which is still continuing as of 2017.\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Luis Mu\\u00f1oz\n        Mar\\u00edn]] becomes the first democratically elected [[Governor of Puerto\n        Rico]].\\n* [[January 4]]–[[February 22]] – Series of winter storms\n        in [[Nebraska]], [[Wyoming]], [[South Dakota]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]] and\n        [[Nevada]] – winds of up to 72 mph – tens of thousands of\n        cattle and sheep perish.\\n* [[January 4]] – {{RMS|Caronia}} of the [[Cunard\n        Line]] departs [[Southampton]] for New York on her maiden voyage.\\n* [[January\n        5]] – U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] unveils his [[Fair Deal]] program.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Los Angeles]] receives its first recorded snowfall.\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[\\u015eemsettin G\\u00fcnaltay]] forms the new government\n        of [[Turkey]]. (18th government, last single party government of [[Republican\n        People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]])\\n[[File:VW Standard, Bj1950 2005-09-17.jpg|thumb|90px|\n        [[January 17]]: [[Volkswagen Beetle|Beetle]] in U.S.]]\\n* [[January 17]] –\n        The first [[Volkswagen Beetle|VW Type 1]] to arrive in the United States,\n        a 1948 model, is brought to New York by Dutch businessman Ben Pon. Unable\n        to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car\n        to pay his travel expenses. Only two 1949 models were sold in America that\n        year, convincing Volkswagen chairman [[Heinrich Nordhoff]] the car had no\n        future in the U.S. (The Type 1 went on to become an automotive phenomenon.)\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – The [[Poe Toaster]] first appears at the grave of [[Edgar\n        Allan Poe]].\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Harry S. Truman]] is [[Second inauguration\n        of Harry S. Truman|sworn in]] for a full term as President of the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\n** [[Council for Mutual Economic Assistance]] (CMEA or COMECON)\n        established by [[Soviet Union]] and other communist nations.\\n** The first\n        [[Emmy Award]]s are presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club.\\n** In the first\n        [[Israel]]i election, [[David Ben-Gurion]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime\n        Minister]].\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Australian citizenship]] comes into\n        being and the [[Constitution of India]] is prepared.\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        Forces from the [[Communist Party of China]] enter Beijing.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Rationing in the United Kingdom#Non-food rations|Rationing\n        of clothes]] ends in Britain.\\n** Belgian astronomer [[Jean Meeus]] asserts\n        that the orbits of all the planets of the [[Solar System]] are within the\n        same 90\\u00b0 arc of the Solar System on this date. The next time it is thought\n        this will occur is on [[May 6]], 2492.\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Arthur\n        Miller]]''s tragedy ''''[[Death of a Salesman]]'''' opens at the [[Morosco\n        Theatre]] in [[New York City]] and runs for 742 performances.\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[London Mozart Players]] perform their first concert at the\n        [[Wigmore Hall]], London.\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio \\u00d3scar\n        Carmona]] is re-elected [[president of Portugal]] for lack of an opposing\n        candidate.\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Chaim Weizmann]] begins his term as\n        the first [[President of Israel]].\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Ezra Pound]]\n        is awarded the first [[Bollingen Prize]] in poetry by the [[Bollingen Foundation]]\n        and [[Yale University]].\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Cincinnati Gardens]] opens\n        in [[Cincinnati]].\\n** [[Grady the Cow]], a 1,200-pound cow, gets stuck inside\n        a silo on a farm in [[Yukon, Oklahoma]] and garners national media attention\n        in the United States.\\n* [[February 28]] – Margaret Roberts, the future\n        [[Margaret Thatcher]], is adopted as the Conservative candidate for [[Dartford]].\n        She will go on to fight two elections in the constituency unsuccessfully in\n        1950 and 1951.\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Revolutionary Communist Party\n        of India]] stages attacks at [[Dum Dum]].\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        World heavyweight boxing champion [[Joe Louis]] retires.\\n** Indonesia seizes\n        [[Yogyakarta]] from the Dutch.\\n* [[March 2]] – The [[B-50 Superfortress]]\n        ''''[[Lucky Lady II]]'''' under Captain James Gallagher lands in [[Fort Worth,\n        Texas]], after completing the first non-stop around-the-world airplane flight\n        (it was refueled in flight 4 times).\\n* [[March 17]] – The [[Shamrock\n        Hotel]] in [[Houston, Texas]], owned by oil tycoon [[Glenn McCarthy]], has\n        its grand opening.\\n* [[March 20]] – The [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy\n        Railroad|Chicago, Burlington and Quincy]], [[Denver and Rio Grande Western\n        Railroad|Denver and Rio Grande Western]] and [[Western Pacific Railroad|Western\n        Pacific]] railroads inaugurate the ''''[[California Zephyr]]'''' passenger\n        train between Chicago and [[Oakland, California]], as the first long distance\n        train to feature Vista Dome cars as regular equipment.\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[WTVJ]] signs on the air in [[Miami, Florida]] as the first station in the\n        state.\\n* [[March 24]] – The [[21st Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\n        The movie ''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]'''' wins the [[Academy Award for\n        Best Picture]].\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Operation Priboi]]: An extensive\n        deportation campaign begins in [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]].\n        The Soviet authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the Baltic states\n        to remote areas of the Soviet Union.\\n* [[March 26]] – The first half\n        of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]''s opera ''''[[Aida]]'''', conducted by legendary conductor\n        [[Arturo Toscanini]], and performed in concert (i.e. no scenery or costumes),\n        is telecast by [[NBC]], live from [[Studio 8H]] at [[Rockefeller Center]].\n        The second half is telecast a week later. This is the only complete opera\n        that Toscanini ever conducts on television.\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[United States\n        Secretary of Defense]] [[James Forrestal]] resigns suddenly.\\n** English astronomer\n        [[Fred Hoyle]] coins the term ''''[[Big Bang]]''''\n        during a [[BBC Third Programme]] radio broadcast.{{cite web|date=2001-08-22|title=''Big\n        bang'' astronomer dies|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1503721.stm|publisher=[[BBC\n        News]]|accessdate=2008-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208220913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1503721.stm|archivedate=2008-12-08|deadurl=no}}{{cite\n        book|last=Croswell|first=Ken|year=1995|chapter=Chapter 9|title=The Alchemy\n        of the Heavens|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=0-385-47213-7}}{{cite\n        book|last=Mitton|first=Simon|year=2005|title=Fred Hoyle: a Life in Science|page=127|publisher=Aurum\n        Press|isbn=1-85410-961-8}}\\n* [[March 31]] – The former British\n        colony of [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] joins Canada as its 10th\n        province.\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] – The [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[April 4]] – The [[North Atlantic Treaty]] is signed\n        in Washington, D.C., creating the [[NATO]] defense alliance.\\n* [[April 7]]\n        – [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[South Pacific (musical)|South\n        Pacific]]'''', starring [[Mary Martin]] and [[Ezio Pinza]], opens on [[Broadway\n        theatre|Broadway]] and goes on to become R&H''s second longest-running [[Musical\n        theatre|musical]]. It becomes an instant classic of the [[musical theatre]].\n        The score''s biggest hit is the song \\\"[[Some Enchanted Evening]]\\\".\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Kathy Fiscus]], 3\\u00bd years old, dies from falling down an\n        abandoned well in [[San Marino, California]].\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – The day the [[N''Ko alphabet]] is held to have been completed\n        by [[Solomana Kante]].\\n* [[April 18]] – The [[Republic of Ireland]]\n        formally becomes a [[republic]] and leaves the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British\n        Commonwealth]].\\n* [[April 20]] – The [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]] [[HMS\n        Amethyst (U16)|HMS ''''Amethyst'''']] goes up the [[Yangtze]] river to evacuate\n        [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] refugees escaping the advance\n        of Mao''s Communist forces. Under heavy fire, she grounds off Rose Island.\n        After an abortive rescue attempt on [[April 26]], she anchors 10 miles upstream.\n        Negotiations with the Communists to let the ship leave drag on for weeks,\n        during which time the ship''s cat [[Simon (cat)|Simon]] raises the crew''s\n        morale.\\n* [[April 23]] – Chinese Communist troops take [[Nanjing]].\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** The [[1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers'' Conference]] issues\n        the [[London Declaration]], enabling [[India]] (and, thereafter, any other\n        nation) to remain in the Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating\n        the position of ''[[Head of the Commonwealth]]'' (held by the ruling British\n        monarch), and renaming the organisation from ''British Commonwealth'' to ''[[Commonwealth\n        of Nations]]''.\\n** Former [[First Lady of the Philippines]] [[Aurora Quezon]],\n        61, is assassinated while en route to dedicate a hospital in memory of her\n        [[Manuel L. Quezon|late husband]]; her daughter and 10 others are also killed.\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Nereid (moon)|Nereid]], a moon of [[Neptune]], is discovered\n        by [[Gerard Kuiper]].\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Superga air disaster]]: The Fiat\n        G.212 airliner of Avio Linee Italiane carrying the entire Torino F.C. football\n        team, crashes into the back wall of the Basilica of Superga, killing all 31\n        on board.\\n* [[May 5]] – The [[Council of Europe]] is founded by the\n        signing of the [[Treaty of London (1949)|Treaty of London]].\\n* [[May 6]]\n        – [[EDSAC]], the first practicable [[stored-program computer]], runs\n        its first program at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]].{{cite\n        journal|title=Pioneer computer to be rebuilt|journal=Cam|volume=62|date=2011|page=5}}\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Rainier III of Monaco]]\n        becomes Prince of [[Monaco]], upon the death of his maternal grandfather [[Louis\n        II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]].\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Israel]] is admitted\n        to the [[United Nations]] as its 59th member.\\n** Siam officially changes\n        its French name to \\\"Tha\\u00eflande\\\" (English name to \\\"[[Thailand]]\\\"),\n        having officially changed its Thai name to \\\"Prated Thai\\\" since 1939.\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Cold War]]: The [[Soviet Union]] lifts the [[Berlin Blockade]].\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** The [[National Security Agency#History|AFSA]] (predecessor\n        of the [[National Security Agency|NSA]]) is established.\\n** The [[Kuomintang]]\n        regime declares [[Taiwan]] under [[martial law]].\\n* [[May 22]] – After\n        two months in [[Bethesda Naval Hospital]], [[James Forrestal]] commits suicide,\n        under circumstances that seem suspicious to many.\\n* [[May 23]] – The\n        [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] is established.\\n* [[May 31]]\n        – First trial of [[Alger Hiss]] for perjury begins in New York City\n        with [[Whittaker Chambers]] as principal witness for the prosecution, but\n        will end in a jury deadlock (8 for, 4 against)\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 2]]\n        – Transjordan changes name to the Kingdom of [[Jordan]].\\n* [[June 5]]\n        – [[Thailand]] elects [[Orapin Chaiyakan]], the first [[Thai female]]\n        member of [[Thailand''s Parliament]].\\n* [[June 6]] – With the passage\n        of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act by the Indian government, [[Mahabodhi Temple]]\n        is restored to partial [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] control.\\n* [[June 7]]–[[June\n        25|25]] – Dock workers strike in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        [[Second Red Scare]] in the United States: Celebrities including [[Helen Keller]],\n        [[Dorothy Parker]], [[Danny Kaye]], [[Fredric March]], [[John Garfield]],\n        [[Paul Muni]] and [[Edward G. Robinson]] are named in a [[Federal Bureau of\n        Investigation]] report as [[Communist Party]] members.\\n** [[George Orwell]]''s\n        [[dystopia]]n novel ''''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'''' is published in London.\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – Albert II, a [[rhesus macaque|rhesus monkey]], becomes\n        the first [[primate]] to enter space, on U.S. [[Hermes project]] [[V-2 rocket|V-2]]\n        [[rocket]] ''''Blossom IVB'''', but is killed on impact at return.\\n* [[June\n        19]] – [[Glenn Dunaway]] wins the [[1949 NASCAR Strictly Stock Series\n        Race 1|inaugural]] [[NASCAR]] race at [[Charlotte Speedway]], a 3/4 mile oval\n        in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], but is disqualified due to illegal springs.\n        [[Jim Roper]] is declared the official winner.\\n* [[June 24]] – The\n        first [[Westerns on television|television western]], ''''[[Hopalong Cassidy]]'''',\n        airs on [[NBC]] in the United States.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Apartheid]]:\n        The ''''South African Citizenship Act'''' suspends the granting of citizenship\n        to [[Commonwealth of Nations]] immigrants after 5 years and imposes a ban\n        on [[interracial marriage|mixed marriage]]s.\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] is established.\\n* [[July\n        11]] – ''''[[Pamir (ship)|Pamir]]'''' is the last ''''commercial''''\n        [[sailing ship]] to round [[Cape Horn]] under sail alone.\\n* [[July 19]] –\n        The [[Kingdom of Laos]] is officially formed but is not independent from the\n        [[French Army]]. \\n* [[July 20]] – [[Israel]] and [[Syria]] sign a truce\n        to end their 19-month war.\\n* [[July 24]] (St John''s Day) – Eruption\n        of the [[Cumbre Vieja]] volcano on [[La Palma]] begins.\\n* [[July 27]]\\n**\n        The [[de Havilland Comet]], the world''s first jet-powered airliner, makes\n        its first flight, in England.\\n** [[Zimbabwe national rugby union team|Rhodesia]]\n        beats the [[New Zealand national rugby union team]] (the All Blacks) 10-8\n        in an exhibition match in [[Bulawayo]], the only non-[[Test match (rugby union)|Test]]\n        nation ever to achieve this feat.\\n* [[July 30]] – Birth of [[Legal\n        aid#Legal aid in England and Wales|legal aid in England and Wales]].\\n* [[July\n        31]] – Captain Kerans of the [[HMS Amethyst (U16)|HMS ''''Amethyst'''']]\n        decides to make a break after nightfall, under heavy fire from the Chinese\n        [[People''s Liberation Army]] on both sides of the [[Yangtze]] river, and\n        successfully rejoins the fleet at [[Wusong|Woosung]] the next day.\\n\\n===August===\\n*[[August\n        3]] – The [[Basketball Association of America]] and the [[National Basketball\n        League (United States)|National Basketball League]] finalize the merger that\n        would create the [[National Basketball Association]].\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        The 6.8 ML [[1949 Ambato earthquake|Ambato earthquake]] kills more\n        than 5,000 and destroys a number of villages in [[Ecuador]].\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – [[Bhutan]] signs a [[Bhutan\\u2013India relations#1949 Treaty|Treaty\n        of Friendship]] with the newly-independent India, agreeing non-interference\n        in internal affairs but allowing India to \\\"guide\\\" its foreign policy (similar\n        to the previous arrangements with the British administration in India).\\n*\n        [[August 12]] – The [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] is agreed to.\\n* [[August\n        14]]\\n** The [[Salvatore Giuliano]] Gang explodes mines under a police barracks\n        outside [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]].\\n** A [[military coup]] in [[Syria]] ousts\n        the president.\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Deportivo Saprissa]] enters [[Costa\n        Rica]]n soccer''s first division.\\n* [[August 22]] – The [[1949 Queen\n        Charlotte Islands earthquake]] is Canada''s largest earthquake since the [[1700\n        Cascadia earthquake]].\\n* [[August 24]] – [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]\n        established.\\n* [[August 28]] – The last six surviving veterans of the\n        [[American Civil War]] meet in [[Indianapolis]].\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** The\n        [[Council of Europe]] meets for the first time.\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] tests\n        its first [[atomic bomb]], code named \\\"[[Joe 1]]\\\". Its design imitates the\n        American plutonium bomb that was dropped on [[Nagasaki]], Japan, in [[1945]].\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – The retreat of the Greek Democratic Army in Albania\n        after its defeat at Mount Grammos marks the end of the [[Greek Civil War]].\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Film noir]] ''''[[The Third Man]]'''', with screenplay\n        by [[Graham Greene]] and set in [[Allied-occupied Austria|Allied-occupied]]\n        [[Vienna]], is released in the United Kingdom; it wins the 1949 Grand Prix\n        at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Howard Unruh]],\n        a World War II veteran, kills thirteen neighbors in Camden, New Jersey with\n        a souvenir [[Luger pistol|Parabellum P.08]] pistol to become America''s first\n        single-episode [[mass murder]]er.\\n** [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] military\n        authorities relinquish control of former [[Nazi Germany]] assets back to Germany.\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg|thumb|115px|right|[[Konrad Adenauer]].]]\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – The [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] is\n        officially founded. [[Konrad Adenauer]] is the first federal chancellor.\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** [[Albert Guay affair]]: A dynamite bomb destroys [[Canadian\n        Pacific Airlines]] [[Douglas DC-3]] in [[Quebec]].\\n** Notorious [[World War\n        II]] veteran [[Edwin Alonzo Boyd]] commits his first career bank robbery in\n        Toronto.\\n* [[September 13]] – The [[Soviet Union]] vetoes [[United\n        Nations]] membership for [[Ceylon]], Finland, [[Iceland]], Italy, [[Jordan]]\n        and Portugal.\\n* [[September 17]] – The Canadian steamship {{SS|Noronic}}\n        burns in Toronto Harbour with the loss of over 118 lives.\\n* [[September 19]]\n        – The United Kingdom government devalues the [[pound sterling]] from\n        [[United States dollar|$]]4.03 to $2.80, leading to many other currencies\n        being devalued.\\n* [[September 23]] – U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]]\n        announces that the [[Soviet Union]] has tested the [[atomic bomb]].\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Rajk]], ex-foreign minister of Hungary, is\n        sentenced to death.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** The First Plenary Session of the\n        [[Chinese People''s Political Consultative Conference]] approves a design\n        for the [[Flag of the People''s Republic of China]].\\n** Iva Toguri D''Aquino\n        is found guilty of broadcasting for Japan as \\\"[[Tokyo Rose]]\\\" during World\n        War II.\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Flag of the People''s Republic of China.svg|thumb|130px|[[October\n        1]]: People''s Republic of China is founded.]]\\n* [[October 1]] – The\n        People''s Republic of China is officially proclaimed.\\n* [[October 2]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union]] recognizes the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Albanian Subversion]]: First Anglo-American attempt to infiltrate\n        guerillas into [[Albania]]; the operation is fatally flawed by being under\n        the control of double agent [[Kim Philby]].\\n* [[October 7]] – The [[German\n        Democratic Republic]] (East Germany) is officially established.\\n* [[October\n        13]] – Severe flooding hits [[Guatemala]].\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Foley Square trial]] of [[Eugene Dennis]] and ten other leaders of the [[Communist\n        Party USA]] ends in New York City (the longest trial in U.S. history to this\n        date); all defendants are found guilty and all but one sentenced to five years\n        of prison.\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Greek Civil War]] ends with a communist\n        surrender.\\n* [[October 17]] – Chinese communist troops take [[Guangzhou]].\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – The cornerstone of the [[Headquarters of the United\n        Nations]] on [[Manhattan]] is laid.\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** Chinese communist\n        troops fail to take [[Quemoy]] in the [[Battle of Kuningtou]]; their advance\n        towards [[Taiwan]] is halted.\\n** [[1949 Air France Lockheed Constellation\n        crash]]: An Air France flight from Paris to New York crashes in the [[Azores]]\n        on [[S\\u00e3o Miguel Island]], killing all aboard. Among the victims are violinist\n        [[Ginette Neveu]] and French boxer [[Marcel Cerdan]].\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Soekarno.jpg|thumb|80px|[[December\n        16|Dec. 16]]: [[Sukarno]], first President of [[Indonesia]]]]\\n* [[November\n        12]] – First [[Volkswagen Type 2]] panel van rolls off the production\n        line in Germany.\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Nathuram Godse]] and [[Narayan\n        Apte]] are executed for assassinating [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas\n        Gandhi]].\\n* [[November 17]] – Second trial of Alger Hiss begins in\n        New York, again with [[Whittaker Chambers]] as principal witness\\n* [[November\n        24]] – The ski resort in [[Squaw Valley, Placer County, California]]\n        officially opens.\\n* [[November 26]] – The [[Indian Constituent Assembly]]\n        adopts India''s constitution.{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi.htm|title=Constitution\n        of India}}\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Winston Churchill]] makes a\n        landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union at [[Kingsway Hall]],\n        London.{{cite web|url=http://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/address_given_by_winston_churchill_london_28_november_1949-en-ce26cc27-30bc-4ec1-b0df-8a572f3dcc0e.html|title=Address\n        given by Winston Churchill (London, 28 November 1949)|work=cvce.eu|accessdate=2017-03-28}}\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 7]] – The government of the [[Republic of China]] finishes\n        its evacuation to [[Taiwan]] and declares [[Taipei]] its temporary capital\n        city.\\n* [[December 8]] – [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for\n        Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA) established as a [[United Nations]]\n        agency.\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Robert Menzies]] is elected prime minister\n        of Australia.\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Traicho Kostov]], ex-vice prime\n        minister of [[Bulgaria]], is sentenced to death.\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        A [[typhoon]] strikes a fishing fleet off Korea, killing several thousand.\\n*\n        [[December 16]] – [[Sukarno]] is elected president of the Republic of\n        [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Burma]] recognizes the People''s\n        Republic of China.\\n* [[December 18]] – In the American [[National Football\n        League]], the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] defeat the [[Los Angeles Rams]] 14-0\n        to win the championship.\\n* [[December 27]] – Queen [[Juliana of the\n        Netherlands]] grants [[Indonesia]] sovereignty.\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        India recognizes the People''s Republic of China.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n[[File:Currywurst-1.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Currywurst]]\\n*\n        [[Joseph Stalin]] launches a savage attack on [[Soviet Jews]], accusing them\n        of being pro-Western and antisocialist.\\n* The [[Malta Labour Party]] is founded.\\n*\n        The [[Vatican City|Vatican]] announces that [[Saint Peter''s tomb|bones]]\n        uncovered in its subterranean [[catacombs]] could be those of the apostle\n        [[Saint Peter|Peter]]; 19 years later, [[Pope Paul VI]] announces confirmation\n        that the bones belong to this first [[Pope]].\\\"Year by Year 1949\\\". [[History\n        Channel International]].\\n* The first 20 mm [[M61 Vulcan]] [[Gatling\n        gun]] prototypes are completed.\\n* This is the first year in which no African-American\n        is reported lynched in the United States.{{cite book|title=From Harding\n        to Hiroshima|first=Barrington|last=Boardman|year=1988|page=14|isbn=0-934878-94-3}}\\n*\n        [[Samuel Putnam]] publishes his new translation of ''''[[Don Quixote]]'''',\n        the first in contemporary English. It is instantly acclaimed and, in 2008,\n        is still in print.\\n* [[Fernand Braudel]]''s ''''La M\\u00e9diterran\\u00e9e\n        et le Monde M\\u00e9diterran\\u00e9en \\u00e0 l''Epoque de Philippe II'''' is\n        published.\\n* The [[Currywurst]] is invented in Berlin.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:George\n        Foreman 071516.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Foreman]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Goran_Persson,_Sveriges_statsminister,_under_nordiskt_statsministermotet_i_Reykjavik_2005.jpg|thumb|100px|[[G\\u00f6ran\n        Persson]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Vehbi Akda\\u011f]], Turkish wrestler\\n**\n        [[Max Azria]], French fashion designer\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Christopher\n        Durang]], American playwright\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Sylvia Likens]],\n        American murder victim (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Chavo Guerrero\n        Sr.]], American [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Wolfgang Puck]], Austrian-born chef\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – [[Mary Roos]], German singer\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[George Foreman]],\n        American boxer\\n** [[Linda Lovelace]], American actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] – [[Daryl Braithwaite]], Australian singer \\n* [[January 12]]\\n**\n        [[Ottmar Hitzfeld]], German football player and coach\\n** [[Haruki Murakami]],\n        Japanese author\\n** [[Wayne Wang]], Hong Kong-born film director\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Brandon Tartikoff]], American television executive (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – [[Lawrence Kasdan]], American director and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Panos Mihalopoulos]], Greek actor\\n* [[January 16]]\n        – [[Caroline Munro]], English actress and model\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Andy Kaufman]], American comedian and actor (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Gyude Bryant]],\n        Liberian politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Philippe Starck]],\n        French designer\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Robert Palmer (singer)|Robert Palmer]],\n        British rock singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Dennis Taylor]], Irish snooker player\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[G\\u00f6ran Persson]], 31st [[Prime Minister of Sweden]]\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Steve Perry (musician)|Steve Perry]], American rock\n        singer\\n* [[January 24]] \\n** [[John Belushi]], American actor and comedian\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Nikolaus Brender]], German television journalist\\n* [[January\n        26]] – [[David Strathairn]], American actor\\n* [[January 28]]\\n**[[Gregg\n        Popovich]], American basketball coach\\n**[[Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)|Mike\n        Moore]], 34th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Tommy\n        Ramone]], Hungarian-American drummer ([[Ramones]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Tommi\n        Salmelainen]], Helsinki, FIN\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Peter Agre]], American\n        biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Johan Derksen]], Dutch footballer and sports journalist\\n** [[Ken Wilber]],\n        American philosopher\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Brent Spiner by Gage Skidmore\n        (2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brent Spiner]]]]\\n[[File:Ivana Trump cropped retouched.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ivana\n        Trump]]]]\\n[[File:Andreas Nikolaus Lauda 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Niki Lauda]]]]\\n[[File:Ric\n        Flair 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ric Flair]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Duncan\n        Bannatyne]], Scottish entrepreneur\\n** [[Brent Spiner]], American actor, comedian\n        and singer\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Hennie Kuiper]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[February\n        4]] – [[Rasim Deli\\u0107]], Bosnian military chief of staff and war\n        criminal (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Jim Sheridan]], Irish film\n        director\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Joe English (musician)|Joe English]], American\n        drummer\\n** [[Alan Lancaster]], English bassist\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Florinda\n        Meza]], Mexican actress, television producer, and screenwriter, best known\n        as Do\\u00f1a Florinda in El Chavo del Ocho\\n** [[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke\n        Adams]], American actress\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Judith Light]], American\n        actress\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Maxime Le Forestier]], French singer\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Ken Anderson (quarterback)|Ken Anderson]], American\n        NFL player\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Lyn Paul]], English singer\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Dennis Green]], [[American football]] coach (d. 2016)\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Gary Ridgway]], American serial killer\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Dan Bunten]], American computer game designer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Ivana Trump]], Czech businesswoman\\n* [[February 21]] –\n        [[Ronnie Hellstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish footballer\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Niki\n        Lauda]], Austrian triple [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n* [[February 25]] –\n        [[Ric Flair]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Ilene\n        Graff]], American actress and singer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:EM02035cropped-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Money]]]]\\n[[File:Shaukat Aziz handout pic 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shaukat\n        Aziz]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Duffy at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick\n        Duffy]]]]\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Gates McFadden]], American actress and choreographer\\n**\n        [[Eddie Money]], American rock guitarist and singer\\n** [[J.P.R. Williams]],\n        Welsh rugby player\\n* [[March 3]] \\n**[[Gloria Hendry]], African-American\n        actress\\n**[[Jesse Jefferson]], American baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Franz Josef Jung]], German politician\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Shaukat Aziz]], [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]\\n** [[Martin Buchan]], Scottish\n        footballer\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], Indian politician\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\n**[[Kalevi Aho]], Finnish composer\\n**[[Tapani Kansa]], Finnish\n        singer\\n* [[March 10]] \\n**[[Barbara Corcoran]], American businesswoman, investor,\n        and television personality\\n**[[Larry Wall]], American computer programmer\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – [[Georg Schramm]], German psychologist and Kabarett artist\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Rob Cohen]], American film director, producer and writer\\n**\n        [[Natalia Kuchinskaya]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Julia Migenes]],\n        American soprano\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Erik Estrada]], American actor and\n        police officer\\n** [[Victor Garber]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Elliott Murphy]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Patrick Duffy]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Pat Rice]], Irish footballer and football manager\\n* [[March 18]]\n        – [[Alex Higgins]], Northern Irish snooker player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March\n        19]]\\n** [[Hirofumi Hirano]], Japanese politician and Chief Cabinet Secretary\\n**\n        [[Valery Leontiev]], Soviet and Russian actor-singer\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[Marcia Ball]], American blues musician\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Slavoj\n        \\u017di\\u017eek]], Slovenian philosopher\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Fanny Ardant]],\n        French actress\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Ric Ocasek]], American rock musician\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Nick Lowe]], English pop singer\\n* [[March 26]]\\n**\n        [[Jon English]], English-born Australian singer-songwriter and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Vicki Lawrence]], American comedian and game show hostess\\n** [[Patrick\n        S\\u00fcskind]], German writer\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Ronnie Ray Smith]],\n        American Olympic athlete (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Michael Brecker]],\n        American jazz musician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Elijah Harper]],\n        Canadian Aboriginal activist\\n** [[Lene Lovich]], American singer\\n** [[Naomi\n        Sims]], American model and businesswoman\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Zygmunt Zimowski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zygmunt\n        Zimowski]]]]\\n[[File:Jessica Lange (Cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jessica Lange]]]]\\n[[File:Gy%C3%B6rgy\n        Ged%C3%B3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gyorgy Gedo]]]]\\n[[File:Ant\\u00f3nio Guterres\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ant\\u00f3nio Guterres]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[G\\u00e9rard\n        Mestrallet]], French businessman\\n** [[Sammy Nelson]], Northern Irish footballer\\n**\n        [[Gil Scott-Heron]], American musician and composer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April\n        2]] – [[Pamela Reed]], American actress\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Richard\n        Thompson (musician)|Richard Thompson]], English musician and songwriter\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[Parveen Babi]], Bollywood Actress (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Horst Ludwig St\\u00f6rmer]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Zygmunt Zimowski]],\n        Polish bishop (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Brenda Russell]], American-Canadian\n        singer, songwriter and keyboardist\\n** [[Fanie de Jager]], South African operatic\n        tenor\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Daniel Mangeas]], French bicycle commentator\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Bernd Eichinger]], German film producer and director\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Christopher Hitchens]], English-American\n        writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[John Shea]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 15]]\\n** [[Alla Pugacheva]], Russian musical performer\\n** [[Aleksandra\n        Zi\\u00f3\\u0142kowska-Boehm]], Polish-born writer\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Sandy\n        Hawley]], Canadian jockey\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Geoff Bodine]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Bengt Holmstr\\u00f6m]], Finnish-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Sergey Nikolayevich Volkov]], Russian figure skater (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[April\n        20]]\\n** [[Veronica Cartwright]], English-born American actress\\n** [[Jessica\n        Lange]], American actress\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Patti LuPone]], American\n        actress\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Joyce DeWitt]], American actress\\n** [[Gyorgy\n        Gedo]], Hungarian Olympic boxer\\n* [[April 24]] – [[V\\u00e9ronique Sanson]],\n        French singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Jerry Blackwell]],\n        American professional wrestler (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Bruno\n        Kirby]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Guterres]], [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 9th [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations]]\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Billy Joel Shankbone NYC 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Joel]]]]\\n[[File:Garciaalan09112006-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alan Garc\\u00eda P\\u00e9rez]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Alan Titchmarsh]], English gardener\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Leopoldo Luque]], Argentine soccer player\\n* [[May 4]] – [[John Force]],\n        American race car driver\\n* [[May 9]] \\n** [[Billy Joel]], American singer-songwriter\n        and pianist\\n** [[Ibrahim Bar\\u00e9 Ma\\u00efnassara]], military [[President\n        of Niger]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Zo\\u00eb Wanamaker]], American-British\n        actress\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Sverre \\u00c5rnes]], Norwegian writer\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Rick Wakeman]], English rock musician and songwriter\\n** [[Bill\n        Wallace (musician)|Bill Wallace]], Canadian rock musician ([[The Guess Who]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Dusty Hill]], American bassist ([[ZZ Top]])\\n** [[Archie\n        Manning]], former American football player, father of [[Peyton Manning|Peyton]]\n        and [[Eli Manning]]\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Dave Thomas (actor)|Dave Thomas]],\n        Canadian actor and comedian\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Chris Butler (musician)|Chris\n        Butler]], American musician and songwriter ([[The Waitresses]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Alan Garc\\u00eda P\\u00e9rez]], [[President of Peru]]\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Broadbent]], English actor\\n** [[Toma\\u017e Pisanski]], Slovenian mathematician\\n*\n        [[May 26]]\\n** [[Jeremy Corbyn]], British politician\\n** [[Pam Grier]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Philip Michael Thomas]], American actor\\n** [[Hank Williams,\n        Jr.]], American country singer\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Jo Ann Harris]] American\n        actress\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Francis Rossi]], English rock guitarist/singer\n        ([[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Tom Berenger]],\n        American actor\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Lionel Richie 2012 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lionel\n        Richie]]]]\\n[[File:Meryl Streep at the Tokyo International Film Festival 2016\n        (32801846044) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Meryl Streep]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Mu Tiezhu]], Chinese basketball player and coach (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Heather Couper]], British astronomer\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Mark\n        B. Cohen]], Pennsylvania legislative leader\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Emanuel\n        Ax]], Polish-born pianist\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Kevin Corcoran]], American\n        television director, film producer, and former child actor (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Bora Dugi\\u0107]], Serbian musician and flautist\\n* [[June 11]] –\n        [[Frank Beard (musician)|Frank Beard]], American drummer ([[ZZ Top]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] – [[Ann Druyan]], American popular science writer\\n* [[June 14]]\\n**\n        [[Carlos Mar\\u00eda Abascal Carranza|Carlos Mar\\u00eda Abascal]], Mexican\n        lawyer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Harry Turtledove]], American historian and novelist\\n**\n        [[Papa Wemba]], Congolese [[soukous]] musician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n**\n        [[Russell Hitchcock]], English singer and musician ([[Air Supply]])\\n** [[Jim\n        Varney]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Robbin Thompson]],\n        American singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Andrei Fursenko]],\n        Russian politician, scientist and businessman\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Jaros\\u0142aw\n        Kaczy\\u0144ski]], [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland|Prime Minister\n        of Poland]]\\n** [[Lech Kaczy\\u0144ski]], [[President of Poland]] (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Lincoln Thompson]], Jamaican musician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 19]]\n        – [[Hassan Shehata]], Egyptian footballer and coach\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Lionel Richie]], American urban musician and was lead singer of [[Commodores]]\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Derek Emslie, Lord Kingarth]], Scottish judge\\n** [[Stuart\n        Pearson]], English football player\\n** [[Clifford Brooks]], American Football\n        defensive back\\n** [[Shane Molloy]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[John\n        Agard]], Guyanese poet, playwright and children''s writer\\n** [[Jane Urquhart]],\n        Canadian author\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Meryl Streep]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Alan Osmond]], American pop singer\\n** [[Elizabeth Warren]], American academic,\n        politician, and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Democratic Party\n        (United States)|D]]-[[Massachusetts|Mass.]]) since 2013\\n** [[Ayta\\u00e7 Arman]],\n        Turkish actor\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Jon McLachlan]], New Zealand rugby union\n        player\\n** [[Gail Harris (naval officer)|Gail Harris]], United States Navy\n        officer\\n** [[Charles Ho]], Hong Kong pro-Beijing[3] businessman\\n** [[Dave\n        Goltz]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Billy\n        Moeller]], Australian professional feather/super feather/light/light welter/welterweight\n        boxer\\n** [[Hector Thompson]], Australian professional light/light welter/welter/light\n        middleweight boxer\\n** [[Agenor Muniz (Australian footballer)|Agenor Muniz]],\n        Brazilian footballer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Brenda Sykes]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Lalith Kaluperuma]], Sri Lankan Test cricketer and ODI cricketer\\n** [[John\n        Taylor (English footballer, born 1949)|John Taylor]], English professional\n        footballer\\n** [[Kene Holliday]], American actor\\n** [[Dan Barker]], American\n        atheist activist\\n** [[Phyllis George]], American businesswoman, actress,\n        and former sportscaster\\n** [[Patrick Tambay]], French former racing driver\\n*\n        [[June 26]]\\n** [[Arturo V\\u00e1zquez Ayala]], Mexican footballer\\n** [[Avtar\n        Singh Kang]], Punjabi singer and Punjabi Folk contributor\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[Vera Wang]], American fashion designer\\n** [[Brent Berk]], American former\n        competition swimmer and Olympic athlete\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Clarence Davis]],\n        American football running back\\n** [[Kevin McLeod (Australian footballer)|Kevin\n        McLeod]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Don Baylor]], American Major League\n        Baseball (MLB) coach and a former MLB player and manager\\n** [[Tom Owens]],\n        American professional basketball player\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[A. Anwhar Raajhaa]],\n        Indian politician\\n** [[Henri Proglio]], French businessman\\n** [[Dan Dierdorf]],\n        American football offensive lineman and current sportscaster\\n** [[Lisette\n        Sevens]], Dutch field hockey defender\\n** [[Joe Moore (American football)|Joe\n        Moore]], American football running back\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Uwe Kliemann]],\n        German football player and coach\\n** [[Norm Mitchell]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Philippe Toussaint]], Belgium''s most successful golfers\\n** [[Andy Scott\n        (guitarist)|Andy Scott]], Welsh singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n** [[Bogdan\n        Turudija]], Serbian football player\\n** [[Silvio Aquino]], Salvadoran football\n        player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Noli de castro.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Noli de Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Richards (1993).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Thaksin DOD\n        20050915.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thaksin Shinawatra]]]]\\n[[File:JamilMahuad.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamil\n        Mahuad]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Seninho]], Portuguese-Angolan footballer\\n**\n        [[N\\u00e9jia Ben Mabrouk]], Tunisian screenwriter and director\\n** [[John\n        Farnham]], Australian singer, recording artist and entertainer\\n* [[July 2]]\n        – [[David Eaton (composer)|David Eaton]], American composer, conductor\n        and producer\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Jan Smithers]], American actress\\n** [[Johnnie\n        Wilder, Jr.]], American vocalist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Horst Seehofer]],\n        German conservative politician\\n** [[Michael Watson (Vietnam Veteran)|Michael\n        Watson]], American war veteran\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Grant McAuley]], New Zealand\n        rower\\n** [[Noli de Castro]], Filipino broadcast journalist and radio commentator,\n        [[Vice President of the Philippines]]\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Shelley Duvall]],\n        American actress\\n** [[John Lippiett]], British senior Royal Navy officer\\n**\n        [[Monte Cater]], American football coach\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Jesse Duplantis]],\n        American televangelist\\n** [[Nigel Lythgoe]], English television producer\n        and personality\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[\\u00c9merson Le\\u00e3o]], Brazilian footballer\\n**\n        [[Ingrid Newkirk]], English-born American-based animal rights activist\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Helena Fibingerov\\u00e1]], Czech athlete\\n* [[July 15]]\\n**\n        [[Carl Bildt]], 28th [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] and Minister for Foreign\n        Affairs\\n** [[Trevor Horn]], English pop singer and producer\\n** [[Mohammed\n        bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], Arab sheikh, Vice President and Prime Minister of\n        the United Arab Emirates, Emir of Dubai, billionaire businessman and racehorse\n        owner\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Geezer Butler]], English heavy metal bassist ([[Black\n        Sabbath]])\\n** [[William C. Faure]], South African film director\\n** [[Charley\n        Steiner]], American sportscaster\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Alan Menken]], American\n        composer\\n** [[Lasse Vir\\u00e9n]], Finnish long-distance runner\\n*[[July 24]]\n        – [[Michael Richards]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Thaksin Shinawatra]], [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] and businessman\\n**\n        [[Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)|Roger Taylor]], English rock musician ([[Queen\n        (band)|Queen]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Jamil Mahuad]], President of Ecuador\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Mike Jackson (basketball)|Mike Jackson]], American basketball\n        player\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Aspettando Clint Keith Carradine fcm.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith\n        Carradine]]]]\\n[[File:Foto oficial de Fernando Collor.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fernando\n        Collor de Mello]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Gere MFF 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Gere]]]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[John Riggins]], American football player\\n*\n        [[August 6]]\\n** [[Alan Campbell (pastor)|Alan Campbell]], Northern Irish\n        cleric \\n** [[Keith Carradine]], American actor\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Walid\n        Jumblatt]], leader of the Lebanese Druze\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Sandra\n        Scheuer]], Kent State University shooting victim (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Fernando Collor de Mello]], 32nd [[President of Brazil]]\\n** [[Mark\n        Essex]], American mass murderer (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Mark Knopfler]], British\n        rock guitarist ([[Dire Straits]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Morten Olsen]],\n        Danish football player and manager \\n* [[August 15]] – [[Beverly Lynn\n        Burns]], American pilot, first woman in the world to captain the Boeing 747\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Barbara Goodson]], American actress/voice actress\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Sue Draheim]], American fiddler (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Phil Lynott]], Irish rock musician (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Loretta Devine]], American actress\\n** [[Daniel Sivan]], Israeli\n        professor\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Shelley Long]], American actress\\n** [[Rick\n        Springfield]], Australian rock singer and actor\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Charles\n        Rocket]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Martin Amis]],\n        English novelist\\n** [[Gene Simmons]], American rock musician ([[Kiss (band)|Kiss]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]]\\n**[[Martin Lamble]], British [[electric folk]] musician (d.\n        [[1969]])\\n**[[Svetislav Pe\\u0161i\\u0107]], Serbian basketball player and\n        coach\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Peter Maffay]], German singer\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Richard Gere]], American actor\\n** [[H. David Politzer]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:GLORIA\n        GAYNOR - SUMMER 2012 (8317897865).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gloria Gaynor]]]]\\n[[File:Presiden\n        Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.png|thumb|100px|[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]]]\\n[[File:BillOReillySept2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        O''Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O''Reilly]]]] \\n[[File:EdBegleyJrAAFeb09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ed\n        Begley Jr.]]]] \\n[[File:Chrisye in 2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chrisye]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce\n        Springsteen - Roskilde Festival 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce Springsteen]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Leslie Feinberg]], American transgender activist\\n*\n        [[September 7]]\\n** [[Lee McGeorge Durrell]], American author, television\n        presenter, and zookeeper\\n** [[Gloria Gaynor]], American singer\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Alain Mosconi]], French swimmer, Olympic medalist and previous world\n        record holder\\n** [[Joe Theismann]], American football player\\n** [[Susilo\n        Bambang Yudhoyono]], 6th President of Indonesia\\n* [[September 10]] –\n        [[Bill O''Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O''Reilly]], American conservative\n        radio and television commentator\\n* [[September 13]] – [[John W. Henry]],\n        American foreign exchange advisor, [[Boston Red Sox]] owner\\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Eikichi Yazawa]], Japanese singer\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Joe Barton]], American politician\\n* [[September 16]] \\n** [[Ed Begley Jr.]]\n        American actor and environmentalist\\n** [[Chrisye]], Indonesian singer (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Didith Reyes]], Filipina singer (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Mo Mowlam]], British politician (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Shilton]], English goalkeeper\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Twiggy]],\n        English model\\n** [[Richard Rogler]], German Kabarett artist and professor\n        of Kabarett at the University of the Arts in Berlin\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Dean Goss]], American game show announcer and disc jockey\\n* [[September\n        23]] – [[Bruce Springsteen]], American singer and songwriter\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Inshan Ali]], West Indian cricketer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Jane Smiley]], American novelist\\n* [[September 27]] –\n        [[Mike Schmidt]], American baseball player\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sigourney\n        Weaver by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sigourney Weaver]]]]\\n[[File:Benjamin\n        Netanyahu portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]]]\\n[[File:Arsene-Wenger.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ars\\u00e8ne\n        Wenger]]]] \\n[[File:Caitlyn_Jenner.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Caitlyn Jenner]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Isaac Bonewits]], American author and occultist\\n*\n        [[October 2]]\\n** [[Richard Hell]], American musician and writer\\n** [[Annie\n        Leibovitz]], American photographer\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Armand Assante]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Bobby Farrell]], West Indian-born\n        Dutch dancer ([[Boney M.]]) (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Ronnie\n        Mund]], American television personality\\n* [[October 8]] \\n** [[Jerry Bittle]],\n        American cartoonist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Sigourney Weaver]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** [[Carlos the Jackal]], Venezuelan-born international terrorist\n        \\n** [[Stan Hansen]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[October 14]]\\n**\n        [[Katy Manning]], English actress\\n** [[Katha Pollitt]], American writer\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Owen Arthur]], 5th Prime Minister of Barbados\\n** [[Bill\n        Hudson (singer)|Bill Hudson]], American musician\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Valeriy Borzov]], Ukrainian athlete\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Benjamin\n        Netanyahu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Israel\\n* [[October 22]] \\n** [[Stiv\n        Bators]], American singer ([[The Dead Boys]]) (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Ars\\u00e8ne\n        Wenger]], French football (soccer) manager\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Antonio\n        Carpio]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – [[Cheryl Keeton]], American murder victim (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Caitlyn Jenner]], American transgender track and\n        field athlete and reality star\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Pramod Mahajan]],\n        Indian politician and strategist (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Pierre\n        Buyoya at Chatham House 2013 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre Buyoya]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Jeannie Berlin]], American film actress\\n** [[David Foster]], Canadian\n        musician, record producer, composer, singer, songwriter and arranger\\n** [[Belita\n        Moreno]], American film actress\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Larry Holmes]],\n        American boxer\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Armin Shimerman]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Jimmie Spheeris]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Joseph C. Wilson]], former United States diplomat\\n* [[November\n        7]]\\n** [[Aiswarya]], Queen of Nepal (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Judi Bari]], American\n        environmental activist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Bonnie Raitt]],\n        American singer and guitarist\\n* [[November 15]] – [[David Rubinstein\n        (pianist)|David Rubinstein]], American pianist and composer\\n* [[November\n        17]] – [[John Boehner]], Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\n        \\n* [[November 19]] – [[Ahmad Rash\\u0101d]], American sportscaster and\n        television personality\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Shaun Garnett]], English\n        footballer and coach\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Pat Condell]], English comedian\n        and internet personality\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Nick Ainger]], British politician\\n**\n        [[Pierre Buyoya]], former [[President of Burundi]]\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**[[Mike\n        Joy]], [[NASCAR]] commentator\\n**[[Kerry O''Keeffe]], Australian cricketer\n        and commentator\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Shlomo Artzi]], Israeli singer\\n**\n        [[Juanin Clay]], American actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Alexander\n        Godunov]], Russian-born dancer and actor (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Paul Shaffer]],\n        Canadian-American musician\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Jerry Lawler]], American\n        professional wrestler and commentator\\n** [[Stan Rogers]], Canadian musician\n        (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Garry Shandling]], American comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Pablo\n        Escobar Mug.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pablo Escobar]]]]\\n[[File:Fotograf%C3%ADa oficial\n        del Presidente Sebasti%C3%A1n Pi%C3%B1era - 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Pinera]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff Bridges by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff\n        Bridges]]]]\\n[[File:Don Johnson-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Don Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Maurice\n        Gibb (Bee Gees) - TopPop 1973.png|thumb|100px|[[Maurice Gibb]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]]\\n** [[Pablo Escobar]], Colombian drug lord (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Pi\\u00f1era]], [[President of Chile]]\\n** [[Kurt Schmoke]], American [[Dean\n        (education)|Dean]], [[Howard University|Howard Law School]], [[Mayor of Baltimore]]\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[John Akii-Bua]], Ugandan hurdler (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Jeff Bridges]], American actor\\n** [[Pamela Stephenson]],\n        New Zealand-born comedian, actress, and singer\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[James\n        Rivi\\u00e8re]], Italian jeweler and designer\\n** [[Tom Waits]], American singer,\n        composer, and actor\\n** [[Cathy Wayne]], Australian pop entertainer (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] – [[Mary Gordon (writer)|Mary Gordon]], American writer\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Bill Nighy]], English actor\\n* [[December 13]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Lindsay (actor)|Robert Lindsay]], English actor\\n** [[Randy Owen]],\n        American country lead vocalist, rhythm guitar player\\n** [[Tom Verlaine]],\n        American rock singer/guitarist \\n* [[December 14]] – [[Bill Buckner]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Don Johnson]], American\n        actor\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Billy Gibbons]], American guitarist ([[ZZ\n        Top]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Paul Rodgers]], British rock singer\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Sebastian (Danish singer)|Sebastian]], Danish musician\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – [[Claudia Jennings]], American model (d. [[1979]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Thomas Sankara]], 2-Time President of Burkina Faso\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Maurice Gibb]], British rock musician\n        ([[Bee Gees]]) (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Robin Gibb]], British rock musician ([[Bee\n        Gees]]) (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Randy Neugebauer]], American\n        politician\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira]], Brazilian\n        singer\\n** [[Sissy Spacek]], American actress\\n** [[Joe Louis Walker]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Nawaz Sharif]], Current Pakistani Prime Minister\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ramos-Horta]], [[President of East Timor|President]]\n        of [[East Timor]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[December 27]]\n        – [[Klaus Fischer]], German footballer\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Barbara\n        De Fina]], American film producer\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Ali Al-Zein]],\n        Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[Suthep Po-ngam]], Thai comedian, actor,\n        film director and screenwriter\\n* [[Bakri Hassan Saleh]], 12th Prime Minister\n        of Sudan\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Gennaro Righelli.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Gennaro\n        Righelli]]]]\\n[[File:UmezuYosijiro.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Yoshijir\\u014d\n        Umezu]]]]\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** [[Victor Fleming]], American director (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Gennaro Righelli]], Italian actor, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Ramos Preto]], Portuguese jurist\n        and politician, 75th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Suehiko\n        Shiono]], Japanese lawyer, politician and cabinet minister (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Yoshijir\\u014d Umezu]], Japanese general (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Tommy Handley]], British radio comedian (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Nelson Doubleday]], American publisher (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – [[Eduardo Barron]], Spanish engineer and pilot (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Juan Bielovucic]], Peruvian aviator (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Harry Stack Sullivan]], American psychiatrist (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Joaqu\\u00edn Turina]], Spanish composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 19]]\n        – [[William Wright (actor)|William Wright]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Joseph Cawthorn]], American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Henry Slocum (tennis)|Henry Slocum]], American tennis\n        player (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Erich Klossowski]], German-born\n        Polish historian and painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Jean-Pierre\n        Wimille]], French race car driver (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Henri De Vries]], Dutch actor (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Elleryclark.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ellery\n        Harding Clark]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12783, Alcala Zamora.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Niceto\n        Alcal\\u00e1-Zamora]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Herbert Stothart]], American\n        composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\n** [[Pedro Paulo Bruno]], Brazilian\n        painter, singer, poet and landscaper (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Theodoros Natsinas]],\n        Greek teacher (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Carlos Obligado]],\n        Argentine poet, critic and writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        [[Hiroaki Abe]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        [[Francesco Ticciati]], Italian composer, pianist, teacher and lecturer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Giovanni Zenatello]], Italian opera\n        singer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 12]] – Imam [[Hassan al-Banna]],\n        Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (b. [[1906]]) (assassinated)\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Fernand Despr\\u00e8s]], French shoemaker, anarchist,\n        journalist and activist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\n** [[Charles L.\n        Bartholomew]], American cartoonist (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Patricia Ryan (actress)|Patricia\n        Ryan]], British-born American actress (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Umberto Brunelleschi]], Italian artist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – [[Ellery Harding Clark]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Niceto Alcal\\u00e1-Zamora]], Spanish lawyer and\n        politician, 6th [[President of Spain]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Fidelio Ponce de Le\\u00f3n]], Cuban painter (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Tan Malaka]], Indonesian nationalist activist and communist\n        leader (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Juan Sinforiano Bogar\\u00edn]],\n        Paraguayan clergyman and [[Roman Catholic]] archibishop (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Paul Hansel]], American financier, economist and scholar (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Prince\n        August Wilhelm of Prussia]]]]\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Bradbury Robinson]],\n        American who threw the first forward pass in [[History of American football|American\n        football history]] in 1906 (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Prince Philip\n        of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Alphonse\n        Hustache]], French entomologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Anastasios\n        Charalambis]], Greek general, interim [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1862]])\\n**\n        [[Henri Giraud]], French general (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Joan Lamote de Grignon]],\n        Spanish pianist and composer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Gheorghe\n        Br\\u0103escu]], Romanian writer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Leyland\n        Hodgson]], British-born American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Felix Bressart]], German-born American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 19]]\n        – [[James Somerville]], British admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 25]]\n        \\n** [[Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Jack Kapp]],\n        president of the U.S. branch of [[Decca Records]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March\n        27]] \\n** [[Elisheva Bikhovski]], Soviet-born Israeli poet, writer and translator\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** [[Alecu Constantinescu]], Romanian trade\n        unionist, journalist and militant (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Grigora\\u0219 Dinicu]],\n        Romanian composer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Inabata Katsutaro]],\n        Japanese industralist and pioneer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Friedrich\n        Bergius]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Prince Harald of Denmark]] (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===April===\\n\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Evelyn Owen]], Australian gun designer (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[George Graves (actor)|George Graves]], British actor (b.\n        [[1876]])\\n** [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Indian actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Francesco Pasinetti]], Italian director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Hugh Allan (politician)|Hugh Allan]],\n        Canadian politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Seymour Hicks]],\n        British actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Mikhail Denisenko]],\n        Soviet general, WWII heroine (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Wilhelm Adam\n        (general)|Wilhelm Adam]], German general (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Santiago Alba\n        y Bonifaz]], Spanish lawyer and politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano]], Mexican poet, literary critic, editor and\n        teacher (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Reginald Hine]], British solicitor\n        and historian (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Wallace Beery]], American\n        actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Joseph Augustine Cushman]],\n        American geologist, paleontologist and foraminiferologist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Will Hay]], British comedian and actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** [[Guillermo Buitrago]], Colombian composer (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Ulrich Salchow]], Swedish figure skater (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Charles Middleton (actor)|Charles Middleton]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – [[Patrick Lyons (bishop of Kilmore)|Patrick Lyons]],\n        Irish [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 28]]\\n**\n        [[Ponciano Bernardo]], Filipino engineer and politician (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[Aurora Quezon]], [[First Lady of the Philippines]] (shot) (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Hla Thaung]], Burmese battalion\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[Johann Jakob Hess]],\n        Swiss egyptologist and assyriologist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Kaarle Knuutila]],\n        Finnish farmer and politician (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Prince Louis\n        II of Monaco 05670r.jpg|thumb|110px|Prince [[Louis II of Monaco]]]]\\n[[File:Archbishop\n        Damaskinos of Greece.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Damaskinos of Athens]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n**\n        [[Josep Maria Jujol]], Andorran architect (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Gheorghe Petra\\u0219cu]],\n        Romanian painter (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Valerio Bacigalupo]],\n        Italian goalkepper (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Hideo Nagata]], Japanese\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Grabski]],\n        Polish economist and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Kunihiko Hashimoto]],\n        Japanese composer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Maurice Maeterlinck]], Belgian writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 9]] –\n        [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Emilio\n        de Gogorza]], American baritone (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Sawnie\n        R. Aldredge]], American attorney and judge (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 19]] –\n        [[Paul Schultze-Naumburg]], German architect, painter, publicist and politician\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Damaskinos of Athens]], Archbishop of\n        Athens, 57th [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n**\n        [[Sir Douglas Alexander, 1st Baronet]], British-born Canadian industralist\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[James Forrestal]], U.S. Secretary of Navy and Defense\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Klaus Mann]], German writer (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Jan Frans De Boever]], Belgian painter (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 27]]\n        – [[Robert Ripley]], American creator of ''''[[Ripley''s Believe It\n        or Not!]]'''' (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Igor Belkovich]], Soviet\n        astronomer (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Karl Vaugoin.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Carl\n        Vaugoin]]]]\\n[[File:Madre Candida.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed [[Maria Candida\n        of the Eucharist]]]]\\n[[File:Themistoklis Sofoulis.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Themistoklis\n        Sofoulis]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Carlo Angela]], Italian doctor (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] \\n** [[Naguib el-Rihani]], Egyptian actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Virgilia,\n        Mother Abbess]], German [[Roman Catholic]] nun and saint (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Maria Cebotari]], Romanian soprano and actress (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]]\\n** [[Filippo Silvestri]], Italian entomologist (b. [[1873]])\\n**\n        [[Sigrid Undset]], Norwegian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Carl Vaugoin]], Austrian politician, 8th [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Giovanni Gioviale]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Maria Candida of the Eucharist]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Russell Doubleday]], American author and publisher (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Syed Zafarul Hasan]], Indian/Pakistani\n        Muslim philosopher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Robert Boudrioz]],\n        French screenwriter and director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Themistoklis\n        Sofoulis]], Greek politician, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Buck Freeman]], American baseball player (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Georgi\n        Dimitrov.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georgi Dimitrov]]]]\\n[[File:Douglas Hyde 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas\n        Hyde]]]]\\n[[File:Nils %C3%96stensson OB.FS0313.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nils \\u00d6stensson]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Georgi Dimitrov]], Bulgarian Communist leader and politician,\n        32nd [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Fritz\n        Hart]], British composer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Corneliu Dragalina]],\n        Romania general, leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Douglas Hyde]], Irish academic, linguist and scholar, 1st [[President of\n        Ireland]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Anastasios Dalipis]], Greek\n        army officer and politician (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Eva Marian Hubback]], British\n        feminist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Ted Alley]], Australian footballer\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Francisco Javier Arana]], Guatemala army officer (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[V\\u00edt\\u011bzslav Nov\\u00e1k]], Czech composer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] – [[Cesare Formichi]], Italian baritone (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Masaharu Anesaki]], Japanese scholar (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Nils \\u00d6stensson]], Swedish Olympic cross-country skiier\n        (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Linda Arvidson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Koszta]], Hungarian painter\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 30]] \\n** [[Stoyan Danev]], 13th [[Prime Minister\n        of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Albin Andersson]], Swedish farmer, manager\n        and politician (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Vicenta Ch\\u00e1vez Orozco]], Mexican [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        [[Alfred Bashford]], English cricketer (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Margaret\n        Mitchell NYWTS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Margaret Mitchell]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Ignotus]], Hungarian editor and writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        [[Ernest Fourneau]], French chemist and pharmacologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August\n        9]]\\n** [[Gustavus M. Blech]], German-born American physician and surgeon\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Harry Davenport (actor)|Harry Davenport]], American actor\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[G. E. M. Skues]], British inventor of nymph [[fly fishing]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Edward Thorndike]], American psychologist (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – [[Homer Burton Adkins]], American chemist (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]]\\n** [[George Cross (actor)|George Cross]], Australian actor\n        and director (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Al Shean]], German-born actor (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Muhsin al-Barazi]], Syrian academic, lawyer and politician,\n        24th [[Prime Minister of Syria]] (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Husni al-Za''im]], Syrian\n        military man and politician, 23rd [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 9th [[President\n        of Syria]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n** [[Ramon Briones Luco]], Chilean\n        lawyer and politician (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Margaret Mitchell]], American writer\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Gregorio Perfecto]], Filipino jurist\n        and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Paul Mares]], American\n        musician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Ludwig Halberst\\u00e4dter]],\n        German-born Israeli radiologist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Amado\n        Aguirre Santiago]], Mexican general and politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Domingo D\\u00edaz Arosemena]], Panamian politician, 12th [[President\n        of Panama]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Abdulkerim Abbas]], Chinese\n        politician (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Franciszek Latinik]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Arthur Fielder]], English\n        cricketer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Sevasti Qiriazi]], Albanian educator and women''s\n        rights activist (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Max Liebermann Bildnis\n        Richard Strauss.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Strauss]]]]\\n[[File:Pandeli Evangjeli.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pandeli\n        Evangjeli]]]]\\n[[File:Chrysanthos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Archbishop Chrysanthus\n        of Athens]]]]\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Liberato Pinto]], 78th Prime Minister\n        of Portugal (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Clemente\n        Orozco]], Mexican painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Richard\n        Strauss]], German composer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Wiley\n        Rutledge]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Harry Burleigh]], American composer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Ignacio C\\u00e1rdenas]], Venezuelan diplomat and physician (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[August Krogh]], Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** [[Gottfried\n        Graf von Bismarck-Sch\\u00f6nhausen]], German Resistance figure (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Pandeli Evangjeli]], Albanian politician, 7th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Heinie Beckendorf]], American\n        baseball catcher (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Frank Morgan]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Will Cuppy]], American\n        humorist (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[George Shiels]], Irish writer (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Nikos Skalkottas]], Greek composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Richard Dix]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Sam Wood]], American director (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Pierre de Br\\u00e9ville]], French composer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Peter Nielsen (actor)|Peter Nielsen]], Danish actor (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[David Adler (architect)|David Adler]], American\n        architect (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Archbishop Chrysanthus of\n        Athens]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Edd\\u00e9]], 4th Prime Minister and\n        3rd President of Lebanon (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430 (1877 - 1949).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Nykyta Budka]]]]\\n[[File:Blessed Roman Lysko (1914 %E2%80%93 1949).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Roman Lysko]]]]\\n[[File:Beata Madre Laura.JPG|thumb|100px|right|Saint [[Laura\n        of Saint Catherine of Siena]]]]\\n[[File:Cura Lorenzo ca 1910.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Lorenzo Massa]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Nykyta Budka]], Soviet [[Roman\n        Catholic]] bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Buddy Clark]], American\n        pop singer (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Luis Armi\\u00f1\\u00e1n\n        P\\u00e9rez]], Spanish politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Federico\n        Beltr\\u00e1n Masses]], Spanish painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 5]] –\n        [[Yoshio Kodaira]], Japanese rapist and serial killer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Timotheos Evangelinidis]], Greek [[Orthodox priest]] and bishop\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Matiu Ratana]], New Zealander politician\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Gheorghe Mironescu]], Romanian politician,\n        33rd [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 9]] –\n        [[Emanuele Fo\\u00e0]], Italian engineer and physicist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] \\n** [[Fritz Leiber (Sr.)|Fritz Leiber]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Roman Lysko]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]\n        priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Elmer Clifton]],\n        American actor and director (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Rajk]], Hungarian\n        Communist politician, former Foreign Minister (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n**\n        [[Jacques Copeau]], French actor, producer, director and dramatist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena]], Colombian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and saint (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Craig Reynolds (actor)|Craig Reynolds]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] \\n** [[Almanzo Wilder]], American writer, and husband of [[Laura\n        Ingalls Wilder]] (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[John Robert Clynes]], British trade unionist\n        and Labour politician (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 27]] \\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek\n        Halas]], Czechoslovakian essayist, poet and translator (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Ginette\n        Neveu]], French violinist (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** [[Marcel Cerdan]],\n        French professional boxer (killed in plane crash) (b. [[1916]])\\n** Patriarch\n        [[Guregh Israelian of Jerusalem]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[George Gurdjieff]], Soviet spiritual teacher (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October\n        31]]\\n** [[Jind\\u0159ich Bi\\u0161ick\\u00fd]], Czechoslovakian author (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Lorenzo Massa]], Argentine [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Edward Stettinius, Jr.]], U.S. Secretary of State (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Hazhir.jpg|thumbnail|100px|[[Abdolhossein\n        Hazhir]]]]\\n* November – [[Mar\\u00eda Josepha Sophia de Iturbide]],\n        head of the Imperial House of Mexico (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[William\n        Desmond (actor)|William Desmond]], Irish actor (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Jerome\n        F. Donovan]], American politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 3]] –\n        [[Solomon R. Guggenheim]], American philanthropist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Walther von Bonstetten]], member of Swiss Boy Scout Association\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Abdolhossein Hazhir]], 54th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iran]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[August Hagenbach]],\n        Swiss physicist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Mun Bhuridatta]], Thai\n        Buddhist monk (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Ignatius Stelletskii]], Soviet archaeologist, historian\n        and research (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Nathuram Godse]],\n        assassin of [[Mohandas Gandhi]] (b. [[1910]]), and his accomplice, [[Narayan\n        Apte]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[James Ensor]], Belgian painter\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria]]\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Mizuno Rentar\\u014d]], Japanese statesman,\n        politician and cabinet minister (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Bill Robinson]], American\n        dancer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Vincenzo Irolli]], Italian\n        painter (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Martin Benno Schmidt]], German pathologist (b.\n        [[1863]])\\n* [[November 30]] – Dame [[Irene Vanbrugh]], British actress\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Leon schlesinger.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leon\n        Schlesinger]]]]\\n[[File:Antoni Ponikowski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antoni Ponikowski]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Lovelock 1936b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack Lovelock]]]]\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Philip\n        Barry]], American playwright (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Maria Ouspenskaya]], Soviet\n        actress and acting teacher (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Arthur\n        Bedford]], British navy officer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 6]] \\n** [[Lead\n        Kelly]], American blues musician (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda\n        Zeled\\u00f3n Brenes]], Costa Rican politician, poet, writer and journalist\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 7]] \\n** [[Rex Beach]], American novelist, playwright\n        and Olympic water polo player (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Stanislas Blanchard]], Canadian\n        politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[George Barnes (Australian\n        politician)|George Barnes]], Australian businessman and politician (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\n** [[Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya]], Indian philosopher\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Marian Grzybowski]], Polish dermatologist (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\n** [[Sidney Olcott]], Canadian film director (b. [[1873]])\\n**\n        [[Lee White (actor)|Lee White]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Manuel Camus]], Filipino lawyer and politician (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Felix Kaufmann]], Austrian-born American philosopher\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Gertrude Bacon]], British aeronatucal\n        pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Leon Schlesinger]], American\n        producer and filmmaker (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Julius Brandt]],\n        Austrian actor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Antoni Ponikowski]],\n        Polish academician and politician, 7th [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]]\\n** [[Hervey Allen]], American author (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Lovelock]], New Zealander Olympic athlete (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December 30]]\n        – [[Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n**\n        [[Josef Maria Auchentaller]], Austrian architect, painter, draftsman and printmaker\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Raimond Valgre]], Soviet composer and musician (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Zhang Haipeng]], Chinese general (executed) (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Yukawa Hideki]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[William Francis Giauque]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]\n        – [[Walter Rudolf Hess]] and [[Ant\\u00f3nio Caetano de Abreu Freire\n        Egas Moniz]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[William\n        Faulkner]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[John Boyd Orr]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1949}}\\n[[Category:1949|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T23:11:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":799802522,\"length\":75225,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949\"},\"19283873\":{\"pageid\":19283873,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1950\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:16:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Year\n        dab|1950}}\\n{{Events by month|1950}}\\n{{Year nav|1950}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year\n        article header|1950}} \\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1950}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 The [[International Police\n        Association]] (IPA) \\u2013 the largest police organization in the world \\u2013\n        is formed.\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Estes\n        Kefauver]] introduces a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] calling for an investigation\n        of [[organized crime]] in the U.S.\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 The UK recognizes\n        the People''s Republic of China; the [[Republic of China]] severs [[diplomatic\n        relations]] with Britain in response.\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 A fire consumes\n        Mercy Hospital in [[Davenport, Iowa]], killing 41 patients.\\n* [[January 9]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Israel]]i government recognizes the People''s Republic of China.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Hukbalahap]] [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]] attack\n        the town of [[Hermosa, Bataan]] in the [[Philippines]].\\n[[File:Mount Lamington\n        1951.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[January 14]]: [[Mount Lamington]] erupts in [[New\n        Guinea]].]]\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** The British submarine ''''[[HMS Truculent\n        (P315)|Truculent]]'''' collides with a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[oil tanker]] in\n        the [[Thames Estuary]] and sinks; 64 die.\\n** [[Cold War]]: U.S. Secretary\n        of State [[Dean Acheson]] delivers his ''Perimeter Speech'', outlining the\n        boundary of U.S. security guarantees.\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 Finland forms\n        [[diplomatic relations]] with the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[January\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Great Brink''s Robbery]]: Eleven thieves steal more than $2\n        million from the [[Brink''s]] [[Armored car (valuables)|armored car]] company\n        headquarters in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 Accused\n        communist spy [[Alger Hiss]] is convicted on 2 accounts\\n* [[January 23]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Knesset]] passes a resolution that states [[Jerusalem]] is the\n        capital of [[Israel]].\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Cold War]]: [[Klaus Fuchs]],\n        German \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 and physicist, confesses to an [[MI5]] interrogator\n        that he is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy: For seven years, he passed [[Classified\n        information|top secret]] data on U.S. and British [[nuclear weapons research]]\n        to the [[Soviet Union]]. Fuchs is formally charged on February 2.Christopher\n        Andrew, ''''Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5'''' (Random House\n        Digital, 2009), pp. 387\\u201388\\n* [[January 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Alger Hiss]] receives a five-year sentence following his conviction\n        on two counts of perjury\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 India promulgates its [[constitution]],\n        forming a [[republic]], and [[Rajendra Prasad]] is sworn in as its first [[President\n        of India|president]]. The [[Kingdom of Mysore]] is merged into the new republic.\\n*\n        [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Balfour|Lord Balfour]] criticizes the fact\n        that [[rationing]] is still in force in Britain.\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** United\n        States President [[Harry S. Truman]] orders the development of the [[Teller\\u2013Ulam\n        design|hydrogen bomb]], in response to the detonation of the [[Soviet Union]]''s\n        first [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]] in 1949.\\\"Year by Year\n        1950\\\" \\u2013 [[History Channel International]]\\n** The last [[Kuomintang]]\n        troops surrender in mainland China.\\n*December \\u2013 First five-year plan\n        is tabled in the Parliament by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. It emphasizes Agricultural\n        and Community development.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main article|February 1950}}\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Chiang Kai-shek]] is re-elected as a president of\n        the Republic of China.\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Ingrid Bergman]]''s illegitimate\n        child arouses ire in the U.S.\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 First [[Cabinet Secretary]]\n        N.R. Pillai appointed in India.\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** The [[Stasi]] is founded\n        in [[East Germany]] and acts as a secret police until [[1990]]. \\n** Payment\n        first made by [[Diners Club International|Diners Club]] card, in New York,\n        first use of a [[charge card]].\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[Second Red Scare]]:\n        In his speech to the Republican Women''s Club at the McClure Hotel in [[Wheeling,\n        West Virginia]], [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph McCarthy]] accuses\n        the [[United States Department of State]] of being filled with 205 [[communism|Communists]].\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** Two [[Viet Minh]] battalions attack a French base in [[French\n        Indochina]].\\n** Finland recognizes [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        Pro-communist riots erupt in Paris.\\n** The [[European Broadcasting Union]]\n        is founded.\\n** [[Albert Einstein]] warns that nuclear war could lead to mutual\n        destruction.\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** The U.S. Army begins to deploy anti-aircraft\n        cannons to protect nuclear stations and military targets.\\n** [[1950 British\n        Columbia B-36 crash|British Columbia B-36 crash]] \\u2013 The U.S. Air Force\n        loses a [[Convair B-36]] bomber that carried a [[Mark 4 nuclear bomb]] off\n        the west coast of Canada, and produces the world''s first [[United States\n        military nuclear incident terminology#Broken Arrow|Broken Arrow]].{{citation\n        needed|date=February 2011}}\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Cold War]]:\\n** The Soviet Union and the People''s Republic\n        of China sign a mutual defense treaty.\\n** In an [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1950|election]] speech at [[Edinburgh]], [[Winston Churchill]] proposes\n        \\\"a [[parley]] at the summit\\\" with Soviet leaders, first use of term \\\"[[Summit\n        (meeting)|summit]]\\\" for such a meeting.{{cite book|first=David|last=Kynaston|title=Austerity\n        Britain 1945\\u201351|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7475-7985-4|page=385}}\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n** [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]] is re-elected president of Finland.\\n**\n        [[Walt Disney]] releases his 12th animated film, ''''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]''''\n        in Hollywood.\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Konrad Adenauer]] tries unsuccessfully\n        to negotiate with [[East Germany]] to begin unification.\\n* [[February 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cunard]] liner [[RMS Aquitania]] arrives at the scrapyard in [[Faslane]]\n        at the end of a 36-year career, the longest of any in the 20th Century.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[United Kingdom general election, 1950]] : The Labour\n        Party, led by [[Clement Attlee]] remains in office but the Tories, led by\n        Winston Churchill increase their seats in the House of Commons.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1950}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Klaus Fuchs]] is convicted in London\n        of spying against both Britain and the United States for the Soviet Union,\n        by giving to the latter [[Classified information|top secret]] [[atomic bomb]]\n        data.\\n** Acting Chinese President [[Li Tsung-jen]] ends his term in office.\\n**\n        [[Chiang Kai-shek]] resumes his duties as Chinese president after moving his\n        government to [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]].\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 Poland indicates\n        its intention to exile all Germans.  \\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013 The first [[Volkswagen\n        Type 2]] (also known as the Microbus) rolls off the assembly line in [[Wolfsburg]],\n        Germany.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 A plane carrying returning rugby fans from\n        Ireland to Wales crashes near [[Llandow air disaster|Llandow]], with the loss\n        of 80 lives.\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Royal Question]]: [[Belgian monarchy\n        referendum, 1950]] \\u2013 In Belgium, the [[referendum]] over the monarchy\n        shows 57.7% support the return of [[L\\u00e9opold III of Belgium|King L\\u00e9opold\n        III]], 42.3% against.\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 The ship ''''Cygnet'''' hits\n        a mine off the Dutch coast.\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[University of California,\n        Berkeley]] researchers announce the creation of element 98, which they name\n        \\\"[[Californium]]\\\".\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 The Belgian government collapses\n        after the March 12 [[referendum]] favouring of the return from exile of King\n        L\\u00e9opold III.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/18/newsid_2840000/2840237.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1950: Government falls as Belgians vote for king|date=March 18,\n        1950}}\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 The Polish government enacts a law to\n        take possession of properties owned by Roman Catholic churches.Marian\n        S. Mazgaj, ''''Church and State in Communist Poland: A History, 1944\\u20131989''''\n        (McFarland, 2010) pp. 55\\u201356\\n* [[March 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Egypt]] demands that Britain remove all its troops in the [[Suez\n        Canal]].\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 The [[22nd Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1950}}\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** Influential British [[Comic book|comic]]\n        ''''[[Eagle (British comics)|Eagle]]'''' is launched\\n** [[NSC-68]] is issued\n        by the [[United States National Security Council]]\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013\n        Belgian King Leopold III announces that he is ready to abdicate in favor of\n        his son [[Baudouin I of Belgium|Baudouin]].\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Jordan]]\n        formally annexes the [[West Bank]]\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 Trial of alleged\n        communist spy [[Judith Coplon]] commences in New York City\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        [[Apartheid]]: In South Africa, the [[Group Areas Act]] is passed, formally\n        segregating the races.\\n** Britain formally recognises [[Israel]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1950}}\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[UNRWA]] operations begin.\\n* [[May\n        5]] \\u2013 Coronation of Bhomibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) of Thailand at The Grand\n        Palace in Bangkok.\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** The town of Cazin ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]])\n        rises up against Communist [[agrarian reform]]s.\\n** [[Tollund Man]] is unearthed\n        in Denmark.\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Robert Schuman]] presents his proposal for\n        the creation of a pan-European organisation, which he believes to be indispensable\n        to the maintenance of permanently peaceful relations between the different\n        nations of the continent. This proposal, known as the \\\"[[Schuman Declaration]]\\\",\n        is considered to be the beginning of the creation of what is now the [[European\n        Union]].\\n** [[L. Ron Hubbard]] publishes ''''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science\n        of Mental Health]]''''.\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 The [[Kefauver Committee]] hearings\n        into U.S. organized crime begin.\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 The first race in the\n        inaugural [[Formula One|FIA Formula One World Championship]] is held at [[Silverstone\n        Circuit|Silverstone]], England.\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 ''''[[The Huntsville\n        Times]]'''' runs the headline \\\"[[Wernher von Braun|Dr. von Braun]] Says Rocket\n        Flights Possible to Moon.\\\"\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Israeli Air Force]] [[Supermarine\n        Spitfire|Spitfire]]s intercept a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Short Sunderland]]\n        when it inadvertently crossed into Israeli airspace, forcing it to land at\n        [[Lod Airport]]. The Sunderland''s crew had been issued maps that did not\n        depict Israel, as Britain had not recognized the Jewish State at the time\n        the maps were issued.\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] becomes the third\n        president of [[Turkey]].\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]] of [[Democratic Party (Turkey,\n        current)|DP]] forms the new government of Turkey (19th government)\\n* [[May\n        24]] \\u2013 [[United States Maritime Administration]] (under [[Department\n        of Commerce]]).\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 The [[Brooklyn\\u2013Battery Tunnel]]\n        is formally opened to traffic.\\n* [[May 29]] \\n** ''''[[St. Roch (ship)|St.\n        Roch]]'''', the first ship to [[circumnavigation|circumnavigate]] North America,\n        arrives in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]].\\n** The pilot series of the world''s\n        longest-running radio soap opera ''''[[The Archers]]'''', is first broadcast\n        on [[BBC Light Programme]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Korean War Montage 2.png|thumbnail|right|240px|[[June\n        25]]: [[Korean War]] begins.]]\\n{{Main article|June 1950}}\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013\n        [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Mauna Loa]] in Hawaii starts erupting.\\n* [[June 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Annapurna]] I, 10th highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Turkey]]: The [[Adhan]] in Arabic is legalized.\\n* [[June\n        8]] \\u2013 Sir [[Thomas Blamey]] becomes the only [[Field Marshal]] in Australian\n        history.\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Maracana Stadium]], which becomes a well-known\n        sports venue of [[Brazil]], opens in [[Rio de Janeiro]] in advance of the\n        opening of the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] in the country{{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}} on June 24.\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]] begins: Troops of\n        the [[North Korea]]n [[Korean People''s Army|People''s Army]] cross the [[38th\n        parallel north|38th parallel]] into South Korea.\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Parliament of South Africa]] passes the [[Suppression of Communism Act]].\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] orders\n        American military forces to aid in the defense of South Korea.\\n* [[June 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Korean War]]:\\n** North Korean forces capture [[Seoul]] but do not\n        win the war.\\n** [[Hangang Bridge bombing]]: The South Korean army, in an\n        attempt to defend Seoul, blows up the [[Hangang Bridge]] while it is crowded\n        with refugees.\\n** [[Seoul National University Hospital massacre]]: North\n        Korean troops kill around 800 medical staff and patients.\\n** [[Bodo League\n        massacre]] begins: [[Republic of Korea Armed Forces|South Korean armed forces]]\n        and [[Law enforcement in South Korea|police]] summarily execute at least 100,000\n        suspected North Korean sympathizers.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1950}}\\n*\n        [[July 14]]–[[July 21|21]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: [[Battle of Taejon]]\n        \\u2013 North Korean forces capture the city held by the [[24th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. 24th Infantry Division]] but the delay allows establishment\n        of the [[Pusan Perimeter]].\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Uruguay national football\n        team|Uruguay]] beat [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] 2\\u20131 to win\n        the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950 World Cup]].\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 The [[Suppression\n        of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]] passed on June 26, comes\n        into force in South Africa.\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013 4 workers striking over\n        the \\\"[[Royal Question]]\\\" in Belgium are shot dead by the ''''[[Gendarmerie\n        (Belgium)|Gendarmerie]]'''' at [[Gr\\u00e2ce-Hollogne|Gr\\u00e2ce-Berleur]]\n        near [[Li\\u00e8ge]].{{cite book|last1=Witte|first1=Els|last2=Craeybeckx|first2=Jan|last3=Meynen|first3=Alain|title=Political\n        History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards|date=2009|publisher=ASP|location=Brussels|isbn=978-90-5487-517-8|edition=New|page=242}}\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1950}}\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[2 Squadron SAAF]] departs to take\n        part in the [[Korean War]].{{Cite journal|last=McGregor|first=P.\n        M. J.|date=1978-06-03|title=The History of No 2 Squadron, SAAF, in the Korean\n        War|journal=Military History Journal|publisher=The South African Military\n        History Society|volume=4|issue=3|issn=0026-4016|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/journal.html|accessdate=2009-07-18|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5iSspUjRT?url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/journal.html|archivedate=2009-07-22|deadurl=no}}\\n**\n        [[1950 Fairfield-Suisun Boeing B-29 crash]] \\u2013 A bomb-laden [[Boeing B-29\n        Superfortress]] crashes into a residential area in California, killing 17\n        and injuring 68.\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 Monarchist demonstrations lead to\n        a riot in [[Brussels]].\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Florence Chadwick]] swims across\n        the [[English Channel]] in 13 hours, 22 minutes.\\n** [[Winston Churchill]]\n        supports idea of a pan-European army allied with Canada and the U.S.\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Korean War]]: [[Bloody Gulch massacre]].\\n** In his [[encyclical]]\n        ''''[[Humani generis]]'''', [[Pope Pius XII]] declares [[evolution]] to be\n        a serious [[hypothesis]] that does not contradict essential [[Catholic]] teachings.\\n*\n        [[August 15]] \\u2013 The 8.6 {{M|w}} [[1950 Assam\\u2013Tibet earthquake|Assam\\u2013Tibet\n        earthquake]] shakes the region with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''), killing between 1,500\\u20133,300 people.\n        \\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: In the [[Hill 303 massacre]], 39\n        U.S. soldiers are executed after being captured in battle by North Korea.\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 The [[Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary]] is founded\n        in Tagbilaran City, Philippines.\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 Legendary singer-actor\n        [[Paul Robeson]], whose passport had recently been revoked because of his\n        alleged [[Communist]] affiliations, meets with U.S. officials in an effort\n        to get it reinstated. He is unsuccessful, and it is not reinstated until 1958.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1950}}\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Darlington Raceway]] is\n        the site of the inaugural [[Southern 500]], the first 500-mile [[NASCAR]]\n        race.\\n** The [[comic strip]] ''''[[Beetle Bailey]]'''' is created by Mort\n        Walker.\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** A [[coal mine]] collapse in [[New Cumnock]],\n        Scotland, kills 13 miners; 116 are rescued.\\n** The game show ''''[[Truth\n        or Consequences]]'''' debuts on television.\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Defense Production Act]] is enacted into law in the U.S., shaping American\n        military contracting for the next 60 years.\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 The\n        U.S. state of [[California]] celebrates its centennial anniversary.\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 Communist riots erupt in Berlin.\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Korean\n        War]] \\u2013 [[Battle of Inchon]]: Allied troops commanded by [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        land in [[Incheon|Inchon]], occupied by North Korea, to begin a U.N. counteroffensive.\\n*\n        [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[Rede Tupi]], the first TV broadcaster from [[Brazil]]\n        and [[South America]], is founded.\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 West Germany\n        decides to purge communist officials.\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[World Dance\n        Council]] inaugurated.\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Indonesia]] is admitted\n        to the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013 [[NSC-68]] is enacted\n        by President Truman, setting U.S. foreign policy for the next 20 years.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1950}}\\n* [[Turing test]] published.{{citation|url=http://aitopics.org/misc/brief-history|title=Brief\n        History (timeline)|work=AI Topics|publisher=[[Association for the Advancement\n        of Artificial Intelligence]]|accessdate=24 August 2016}}\\n* [[October\n        2]] \\u2013 The [[comic strip]] ''''[[Peanuts]]'''' by [[Charles M. Schulz]]\n        is first published in seven U.S. newspapers.\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Get\\u00falio\n        Dornelles Vargas]] is elected [[president of Brazil]] for a 5-year term.\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\u2013 The Indonesian government quells riots in the [[Moluccas]].\\n*\n        [[October 7]]\\n** [[Battle of Chamdo]]: The [[incorporation of Tibet into\n        the People''s Republic of China]] begins with the Chinese [[People''s Liberation\n        Army]] invading across the [[Jinsha River]]. By October 19 they will have\n        taken the border town of [[Chamdo]] and the Tibetan army will have surrendered.\\n**\n        The [[Agate Pass Bridge]] opens for traffic in Washington State.\\n* [[October\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Goyang Geumjeong Cave massacre]] starts in [[South Korea]].\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 The [[Federal Communications Commission]] in the United\n        States issues the first license to broadcast television in color, to [[CBS]]\n        ([[RCA]] will successfully dispute and block the license from taking effect,\n        however).\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** The second [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge]] opens\n        in [[Washington (state)]].\\n** In [[East Germany]], the Communists win 99.7%\n        of the vote.\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: The People''s Republic\n        of China enters the conflict by sending thousands of soldiers across the Yalu\n        River.\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 Australia passes the Communist Party Dissolution\n        Act, which is later struck down by the High Court.\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Torcida Split]] is founded in support of the [[Association football]] club\n        [[HNK Hajduk Split]] in [[SFR Yugoslavia]].\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 Upon\n        the death of [[Gustaf V of Sweden]], he is succeeded as king by his 68-year-old\n        son [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden|Gustaf VI Adolf]].\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        The [[Jayuya Uprising]] is started by Puerto Rican Nationalists against the\n        United States.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1950}}\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Pope Pius XII]] witnesses the \\\"[[Miracle of the Sun]]\\\" at the\n        [[Vatican City|Vatican]]{{cite book|first=Joseph|last=Pelletier|title=The\n        Sun Danced at Fatima|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|year=1983|pages=150,\n        151}} and [[dogmatic definition|defines]] a new [[dogma]] of [[Roman\n        Catholicism]], the [[Munificentissimus Deus]], which says that [[God]] took\n        Mary''s body into Heaven after her death (the \\\"[[Assumption of the Blessed\n        Virgin Mary]]\\\").\\n** Puerto Rican nationalists [[Griselio Torresola]] and\n        [[Oscar Collazo]] attempt to assassinate U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who\n        is staying at the [[Blair-Lee House]] in Washington, D.C. during White House\n        repairs.\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations]] ends the diplomatic\n        isolation of Spain.\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: While in an [[P-80\n        Shooting Star|F-80]], [[United States Air Force]] Lt. Russell J. Brown intercepts\n        2 North Korean [[MiG-15]]s near the [[Yalu River]] and shoots them down in\n        the first [[jet aircraft|jet]]-to-jet [[dogfight]] in history.\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 A U.S. Air Force [[B-50 Superfortress]] bomber, [[1950 Rivi\\u00e8re-du-Loup\n        B-50 nuclear weapon loss incident|experiencing an in-flight emergency]], jettisons\n        and detonates a Mark 4 nuclear bomb over Quebec, Canada (the device lacked\n        its plutonium core).\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 The [[Mattachine Society]]\n        is founded in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] as the first [[gay]]-liberation\n        organization.\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** The [[President of Venezuela]], Colonel\n        [[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud]] is kidnapped and murdered in [[Caracas]].\\n**\n        A [[1950 T\\u00eate de l''Obiou C-54 crash|Curtiss Reid Flying Services plane\n        crashes]] while en route to Paris from Rome, killing all 52 on board.\\n* [[November\n        17]] \\u2013 15-year-old Tenzin Gyatso is formally enthroned as [[14th Dalai\n        Lama]], becoming temporal ruler of [[Tibet (1912\\u201351)|Tibet]].{{cite\n        book|first=Ram|last=Rahul|title=March of Central Asia|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2000}}\\n*\n        [[November 18]] \\u2013 The United Nations accepts the formation of the [[Libya]]n\n        National Council.\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[T. S. Eliot]] speaks against\n        television in the UK.\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** Anti-British riots erupt in [[Egypt]].\\n**\n        [[Shirley Temple]] announces her retirement from show business.\\n* [[November\n        24]] \\u2013 A phenomenal [[winter storm]] ravages the northeastern United\n        States, brings 30 to 50 inches of [[snow]], temperatures below zero,\n        and kills 323 people.\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: Troops from\n        the People''s Republic of China launched a massive counterattack against South\n        Korean and United Nations forces at the [[Battle of the Ch''ongch''on River|Ch''ongch''on\n        River]] and the [[Battle of Chosin Reservoir|Chosin Reservoir]], dashing any\n        hopes for a quick end to the conflict.\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Colombo Plan]]\n        for Co-operative Economic Development in South and South-East Asia\\n** Greece\n        and [[Yugoslavia]] reform diplomatic relations.\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        The [[National Council of Churches|National Council of the Churches of Christ\n        in the USA]] is founded.\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Douglas MacArthur]] threatens\n        to use nuclear weapons in Korea.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1950}}\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Foley Square trial]] commences review in\n        [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as [[Dennis v. United States]]\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013\n        The inaugural [[12 Hours of Sebring]] endurance race is held.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        Canadians [[Harry Wasylyk]], Larry Hansen and Frank Plomp introduce the plastic\n        [[bin bag]] for [[Waste|garbage]] collection.\\n* [[Myxomatosis]] is introduced\n        into Australia in an attempt to control the escalating [[rabbit]] population.\\n*\n        [[IBM]] Israel begins operating in [[Tel Aviv]].\\n* President [[Harry Truman]]\n        sends United States military advisers to [[Vietnam]] to aid French forces.\\n*\n        France institutes a government-guaranteed [[minimum wage]].\\n* [[Knox''s Translation\n        of the Vulgate]] [[Old Testament]] (commissioned by the [[Catholic Church]])\n        is published.\\n* [[Laos]] gets involved in the [[First Indochina War]] to\n        overthrow the French Army.\\n\\n===World population===\\n* Total [[world population]]:\n        2,518,630,000\\n** Africa: 221,214,000\\n** Asia: 1,398,488,000\\n** Europe:\n        547,403,000\\n** Latin America: 167,097,000\\n** North America: 171,616,000\\n**\n        Oceania: 12,812,000.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Victoria Principal\n        at the 39th Emmy Awards cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Victoria Principal]]]]\\n[[File:Debbie\n        Allen.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Debbie Allen]]]]\\n[[File:BillyOcean.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Billy\n        Ocean]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Dean Anderson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard Dean Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:JoergHaider\n        Sep07.JPG|thumb|120px|[[J\\u00f6rg Haider]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[D\\u00e9bora\n        Duarte]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[David Shifrin]], American classical clarinetist\\n*\n        [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Victoria Principal]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        5]]\\n** [[John Manley]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Charlie Richmond (inventor)|Charlie\n        Richmond]], Canadian entrepreneur and inventor\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Louis\n        Freeh]], American [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Director\n        of the FBI]]\\n** [[Thomas J. Pickard]], American Acting Director of the FBI\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[Juan Gabriel]], Mexican singer, songwriter and philanthropist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Erin Gray]], American actress\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Alec Jeffreys]], British geneticist, who developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting\n        and DNA profiling\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Ernie Wasson]], American gardener\n        and writer\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Sheila Jackson Lee]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Dorrit Moussaieff]], Israeli-born British businesswoman; [[First Lady of\n        Iceland]]\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Jagadguru R\\u0101mabhadr\\u0101c\\u0101rya]],\n        [[Hindu]] religious leader\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Debbie Allen]], American\n        actress, dancer, and choreographer\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Steve Cuozzo]],\n        American writer and columnist\\n** [[Cristina Galb\\u00f3]], Spanish actress\\n**\n        [[Honey Irani]], Indian film actress and screenwriter \\n** [[Luis L\\u00f3pez\n        Nieves]], Puerto Rican writer\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Gilles Villeneuve]],\n        Canadian race car driver (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Edward Hirsch]],\n        American poet\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Billy Ocean]], West Indian-born musician\\n*\n        [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Pamela Salem]], British actress\\n* [[January 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard Dean Anderson]], American actor\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Daniel\n        Auteuil]], French actor\\n** [[Gennifer Flowers]], American actress, connected\n        to [[Bill Clinton]]\\n** [[Benjamin Urrutia]], Ecuadorian-born American author\n        and scholar\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[J\\u00f6rg Haider]], Austrian politician\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Janet Lupo]], American model\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Derek\n        Acorah]], British spiritualist and medium\\n** [[Ulrich Deppendorf]], German\n        journalist and television presenter\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Ann Jillian]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Jody Scheckter]], South African race car driver\\n**\n        [[Mikl\\u00f3s V\\u00e1mos]], Hungarian writer and screenwriter\\n* [[January\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Trinidad Silva]], American actor (d. [[1988]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Morgan\n        Fairchild 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Morgan Fairchild]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Gabriel\n        Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter Gabriel]]]]\\n[[File:Julie Walters 2014\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Julie Walters]]]]\\n[[File:Cybill Shepherd.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cybill\n        Shepherd]]]]\\n[[File:Kirchner marzo 2007 Congreso.jpg|thumb|120px|[[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]]]]\\n[[File:Helen Clark UNDP 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Helen Clark]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Kazimierz Nycz]], Polish clergyman\\n* [[February 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Morgan Fairchild]], American actress\\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Natalie\n        Cole]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Timothy Michael Dolan]], Roman\n        Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of New York\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Mark\n        Spitz]], American Olympic swimmer\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Steve Hackett]],\n        English songwriter and guitarist\\n** [[Michael Ironside]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Peter Gabriel]], English rock musician and original\n        lead singer of [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Daniel\n        Borel]], Swiss businessman and co-founder of [[Logitech]]\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tsui Hark]], Hong Kong film director\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Hain]], British politician\\n** [[Roman Tam]], [[Cantopop]] singer (d. 2002)\\n*\n        [[February 18]]\\n** [[John Hughes (filmmaker)|John Hughes]], American film\n        director, producer and writer (d. 2009)\\n** [[Cybill Shepherd]], American\n        actress\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ken Shimura]], Japanese television performer\n        and actor\\n** [[Tony Wilson]], English impresario (d. 2007)\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Julius Erving]], American basketball player\\n** [[Miou-Miou]],\n        French actress\\n** [[Julie Walters]], English actress\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Neil Jordan]], Irish film director, writer, and producer\\n** [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]], 49th [[President of Argentina]] (d. 2010)\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Helen Clark]], [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n** [[Bill Ritter (journalist)|Bill\n        Ritter]], American news anchor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Karen Carpenter.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karen\n        Carpenter]]]]\\n[[File:Rick Perry by Gage Skidmore 8.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rick\n        Perry]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Flores Facusse.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Carlos Roberto Flores]]]]\\n[[File:WilliamHMacyTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William\n        H. Macy]]]]\\n[[File:William Hurt (2005) crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William Hurt]]]]\\n[[File:Martin\n        Short at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Martin Short]]]]\\n[[File:Robbiecoltranecrop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robbie\n        Coltrane]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Karen Carpenter]], American singer and\n        drummer (d. 1983)\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Rick Perry]], Governor of Texas\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Danny Sullivan]], American race car driver\\n* [[March\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Roberto Flores]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[March\n        11]]\\n** [[Bobby McFerrin]], American singer\\n** [[Jerry Zucker (film director)|Jerry\n        Zucker]], American film producer, director, and writer\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Javier Clemente]], Spanish football player and manager\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013\n        [[William H. Macy]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Brad Dourif]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[William Hurt]], American actor\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Sergey Lavrov]], [[Foreign Minister of Russia|current\n        Foreign Minister of Russia]]\\n* [[March 22]] \\n** [[Hugo Egon Balder]], German\n        actor and television presenter\\n** [[Jocky Wilson]], Scottish darts player\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Teddy Pendergrass]], American singer (d.\n        2010)\\n** [[Martin Short]], Canadian-born comedian\\n** [[Alan Silvestri]],\n        American composer and conductor \\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Claudio Lolli]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Jeffrey Miller]], Kent State University shooting victim\n        (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[Mory Kant\\u00e9]], Guinean musician\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Robbie Coltrane]], Scottish actor and comedian\\n** [[David\n        Janson]], British actor\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Ed Marinaro]], American football\n        player and actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Agnetha F\\u00e4ltskog 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Agnetha\n        F\\u00e4ltskog]]]]\\n[[File:President of Malawi Joyce Banda (8985928177).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joyce\n        Banda]]]]\\n[[File:David Cassidy Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David Cassidy]]]]\\n[[File:Ron\n        Perlman 2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ron Perlman]]]]\\n[[File:PeterFrampton06.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter\n        Frampton]]]]\\n[[File:JayLenoJul08.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jay Leno]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Samuel Alito]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the\n        United States]]\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Sally Thomsett]], English actress\\n*\n        [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Christine Lahti]], American actress\\n* [[April 5]]\\n**\n        [[Agnetha F\\u00e4ltskog]], Swedish pop singer and songwriter ([[ABBA]])\\n**\n        [[Harpo (singer)|Harpo]], Swedish pop musician\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Marisa\n        Let\\u00edcia Lula da Silva]], former First Lady of Brazil (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Grzegorz Lato]], Polish footballer\\n** [[Carmen Twillie\n        (actress)|Carmen Twillie]], American actress and singer\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Ken Griffey, Sr.]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Joyce\n        Banda]], n\\u00e9e Mtila, 4th [[President of Malawi]]\\n** [[David Cassidy]],\n        American actor and singer\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Ron Perlman]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[P\\u00e9ter Esterh\\u00e1zy]], Hungarian writer\\n*\n        [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Josiane Balasko]], French actress/writer/director\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Bruce McNall]], American businessman\\n* [[April 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[Steve Erickson]], American novelist\\n* [[April 22]] \\n** [[Peter\n        Frampton]], English rock musician\\n** [[Thierry Z\\u00e9no]], Belgian filmmaker\\n*\n        [[April 25]]\\n** [[Lenora Fulani]], American presidential candidate\\n** [[Apollo\n        Quiboloy|Apollo C. Quiboloy]], Filipino televangelist and religious leader\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Jay Leno]], American comedian and talk show host\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Paul Holmes (broadcaster)|Paul Holmes]], New Zealand\n        radio and television broadcaster (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Googoosh\n        Malaysia 2009.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Googoosh]]]]\\n[[File:Jeremy paxman dec 2007.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jeremy\n        Paxman]]]]\\n[[File:Gabriel Byrne 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gabriel Byrne]]]]\\n[[File:Stevie\n        Wonder 1973.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Stevie Wonder]]]]\\n[[File:Drnovsek.png|thumb|120px|[[Janez\n        Drnovsek]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Gottschalk (Berlin Film Festival 2010) cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Thomas\n        Gottschalk]]]]\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Googoosh]], Iranian singer and actress\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Tim Russert]], American journalist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Jeremy Paxman]], English journalist \\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Gabriel\n        Byrne]], Irish actor\\n** [[Ching Hai]], Vietnamese born Taiwanese author,\n        spiritual leader and jewelry designer\\n** [[Billy Squier]], American musician\\n*\n        [[May 13]]\\n** [[Bobby Valentine]], American baseball manager\\n** [[Stevie\n        Wonder]], American musician\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Jill Stein]], American\n        politician, activist\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Renate Stecher]], German athlete\\n*\n        [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Georg Bednorz]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Janez Drnovsek]], Slovenian politician,\n        2-Time [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]] and 2nd [[President of Slovenia]]\\n*\n        [[May 18]] \\n** [[Thomas Gottschalk]], German radio and television host, entertainer\n        and actor\\n** [[Mark Mothersbaugh]], American composer, artist, and singer\n        ([[Devo]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Rebbie Jackson]], American singer\\n** [[Frederick\n        Sumaye]], 7th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Gregory Harrison]],\n        American actor and director\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Nouri al-Maliki 2011-04-07.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nouri\n        al-Maliki]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Deniece Williams]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Melissa Mathison]], American screenwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Suzi Quatro]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Abraham Sarmiento, Jr.]],\n        Filipino journalist and political activist (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Howard Finkel]], American ring announcer\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Kathy Baker]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Graham Russell]], English singer\n        and musician ([[Air Supply]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Belinda Bauer (actress)|Belinda\n        Bauer]], Australian actress\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Rowan Williams]], Archbishop\n        of Canterbury\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Lakshmi Mittal]], Indian industrialist\\n*\n        [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Ann Wilson]], American singer and musician [[Heart (band)|(Heart)]]\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Nouri al-Maliki]], 74th [[Prime Minister of Iraq]]\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Joey Kramer]], American musician\\n** [[Vasilis Papakonstantinou]],\n        Greek singer and musician\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Zenonas Petrauskas]], Lithuanian\n        lawyer and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Allen (actress)|Nancy\n        Allen]], American actress\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Nitza Saul]], Israeli actress\\n**\n        [[Marcello Toninelli]], Italian writer\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Jaak Joala]],\n        Estonian singer and musician (d. [[2010]]) \\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Simone Gbagbo]],\n        [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] criminal, former [[C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire|Ivorian]]\n        politician and [[First Lady of Ivory Coast|First Lady]]\\n** [[Don Moen (singer)|Don\n        Moen]], American singer and musician\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[Leonard Whiting]],\n        British actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Sir Philip Craven, MBE.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Philip\n        Craven]]]]\\n[[File:President V Yanukovych.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Viktor Yanukovych]]]]\\n[[File:Derek-de-lint-1340646708.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Derek\n        de Lint]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Branson March 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard\n        Branson]]]]\\n[[File:Frank Stallone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frank Stallone]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[Philip Craven]], 2nd President of the [[International\n        Paralympic Committee]]\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Huey Lewis]], American rock\n        singer\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Yanukovych]], [[President of Ukraine]]\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]], Pakistani [[Nuclear physicist]] and\n        social activist\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Eric Carr]], Former [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]\n        drummer and musician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Ma Ying-jeou]], President\n        of the [[Republic of China (Taiwan)]]\\n** [[Jurelang Zedkaia]], 5th President\n        of the Marshall Islands (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Derek de Lint]],\n        Dutch actor\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** Sir [[Richard Branson]], British entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Glenn Hughes (Village People)|Glenn Hughes]], American vocalist (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Layton]], Canadian politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Simon\n        Cadell]], British actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Per-Kristian Foss]], Norwegian\n        Minister of Finance\\n** [[Freddy Moore]], American musician\\n* [[July 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[William Knox Schroeder]], Kent State University shooting victim (d.\n        [[1970]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]], British\n        actress\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Simon Jones (actor)|Simon Jones]], English\n        actor\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Soh Chin Aun]], Malaysian footballer\\n** Sir [[Tapley\n        Seaton]], Kittitian politician, 4th [[Governor-General of Saint Kitts and\n        Nevis]]\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Jenny Holzer]], American conceptual artist\\n*\n        [[July 30]] \\u2013 [[Frank Stallone]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ernesto_Samper_(cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ernesto\n        Samper]]]]\\n[[File:The Princess Royal.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anne, Princess Royal]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Bunkhouse Buck]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Roy\n        Williams (coach)|Roy Williams]], American basketball coach\\n* [[August 3]]\n        \\n** [[John Landis]], American film director\\n** [[Jo Marie Payton]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Ernesto Samper]], 29th [[President of Colombia]]\\n* [[August\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Rosi Mittermaier]], German ski racer\\n* [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Keyes]], American conservative political activist\\n* [[August 8]] \\n** [[Lucjan\n        Lis]], Polish-German cyclist (d. 2015)\\n** [[Ken Kutaragi]], ex-C.E.O of Sony\n        Computer Entertainment\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicole Tourneur]], French\n        novelist (d. 2011)\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Erik Brann]], American musician\n        ([[Iron Butterfly]]) (d. 2003)\\n** [[Gennadiy Nikonov]], Russian weapon designer\\n*\n        [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Iris Berben]], German actress\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**\n        [[Anne, Princess Royal]], British Princess and daughter of [[Elizabeth II]]\n        and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n** [[Neil\n        J. Gunther]], Australian/American physicist and computer scientist\\n** [[Tom\n        Kelly (baseball)|Tom Kelly]], American baseball manager\\n** [[Andres Serrano]],\n        American photographer\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Hasely Crawford]], West Indian\n        athlete\\n** [[Marshall Manesh]], Persian actor\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Sudha\n        Murthy]], Indian social worker and author\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Bremer]], American convicted attempted assassin\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Scooter\n        Libby]], American political adviser \\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Carl Deuker]],\n        American author\\n** [[Annette Badland]], English actor\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Fleischer]], American actor, stand-up comedian and voice artist\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:PM\n        Modi 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Narendra Modi]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Murray by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill Murray]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Mikhail\n        Fradkov]], Russian politician and [[Prime Minister of Russia]] (2004\\u20132007)\\n**\n        [[Phil McGraw]], American TV psychologist\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Rosanna\n        DeSoto]], American actress\\n** [[Yuen Wah]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n** [[John Friedrich (fraudster)|Johann Friedrich]], German-Australian\n        engineer and conman\\n** [[Julie Kavner]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Mark Gable]], Australian singer and songwriter ([[The Choirboys\n        (band)|The Choirboys]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe\n        Perry]], American rock guitarist ([[Aerosmith]])\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Kossoff]], British rock guitarist ([[free (band)|Free]]) (d. 1976)\\n** [[Masami\n        Kuwashima]], Japanese race car driver \\n* [[September 16]] \\n** [[Henry Louis\n        Gates]], American literary critic\\n** [[Loyd Grossman]], American television\n        presenter and chef\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister\n        of India]]\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Joan Lunden]], American television\n        broadcaster and journalist\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Charles Clarke]], British\n        politician\\n** [[Bill Murray]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Kirka Babitzin]], Finnish singer (d. 2007)\\n* [[September 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kristina Wayborn]], Swedish actress\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 [[Cary-Hiroyuki\n        Tagawa]], Japanese actor\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[John Sayles]], American\n        director and screenwriter\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Randy Quaid.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Randy\n        Quaid]]]]\\n[[File:Jakaya_Kikwete_2011_(cropped).jpg#mw-jump-to-license|thumb|120px|[[Jakaya\n        Kikwete]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Petty 2016 - Jun 20.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tom Petty]]]]\\n[[File:Abdullah\n        G\\u00fcl Senate of Poland.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Abdullah G\\u00fcl]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Candy.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John Candy]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Boris Morukov]],\n        Russian astronaut (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Randy Quaid]], American actor and comedian\n        \\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Pamela Hensley]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Jeff Conaway]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jakaya Kikwete]], 4th [[President of Tanzania]]\\n* [[October 9]]\n        \\n** [[Everett Peck]], American animator\\n** [[Jody Williams]], American teacher\n        and aid worker, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Nora Roberts]], American novelist\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Edward Bloor]],\n        American novelist\\n** [[Takeshi Kaga|Kaga Takeshi]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Pilar\n        Pilapil]], Filipina actress\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Joey Travolta]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Cecil Bothwell]]. American atheist writer\n        and politician\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Howard Rollins]], American actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n** [[Dean Shek]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Wendy\n        Wasserstein]], American playwright (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013\n        Bishop [[Bill Ray]], 10th [[Bishop of North Queensland]]\\n* [[October 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tom Petty]], American rock singer\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Bill\n        Owens (Colorado politician)|Bill Owens]], Governor of Colorado\\n* [[October\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Chris Norman]], English singer ([[Smokie (band)|Smokie]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]]\\n** [[Annette Humpe]], German singer, bands [[Ideal (German\n        band)|Ideal]] and [[Ich + Ich]]\\n** [[Sihem Bensedrine]], Tunisian human rights\n        activist\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Abdullah G\\u00fcl]], 11th [[President\n        of Turkey]]\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Louise DuArt]], American comedian and\n        impersonator\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[John Candy]], Canadian comedian and actor\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Jane Pauley]], American television broadcaster and journalist\\n\\n===November===\n        \\n[[File:Chuck Schumer official photo (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Chuck Schumer]]]]\\n[[File:Ed\n        Harris by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ed Harris]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Fisher.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Kenneth\n        Fisher]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Robert B. Laughlin]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Massimo\n        Mongai]], Italian author\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Charles Frazier]], American\n        novelist\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Kenny Marks]], American Christian musician\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Maravillas Rojo]], Catalan politician\\n* [[November\n        10]]\\n** [[Debra Hill]], American producer (d. 2005)\\n** [[Bob Orton, Jr.]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Fairchild]],\n        American country and gospel singer\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Mary Lou Metzger]],\n        American singer and dancer\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[David Leisure]], American\n        actor\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Roland Matthes]], German swimmer\\n* [[November\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Alberto Juantorena]], Cuban athlete\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Lyman Bostock]], American baseball player (d. 1978)\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Chuck Schumer]], American politician\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Stanley\n        Livingston]], American actor \\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Ed Harris]], American\n        actor and film director\\n** [[Russell Alan Hulse]], American physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Kenneth Fisher]], American financial\n        manager and journalist\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Leonard Maltin (2005).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Leonard\n        Maltin]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\n** [[Manju Bansal]], Indian molecular biologist\\n**\n        [[Themba Dlamini]], 9th Prime Minister of Swaziland\\n** [[Richard Keith (actor)|Richard\n        Keith]] [birth name Keith Thibodeaux], American child actor\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[Amin Saikal]], Australian academic professor\\n** [[Benjamin Stora]],\n        French historian\\n** [[Paul Watson]], founder of the [[Sea Shepherd Conservation\n        Society]] \\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Antonieta de las Nieves]], Mexican actress\\n*\n        [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Camar\\u00f3n de la Isla]], Spanish singer (d. 1992)\\n*\n        [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Joan Armatrading]], St. Kitts-born English singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Tom Towles]], American actor (d. 2015)\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Heiner Flassbeck]], German economist, professor, publicist, political\n        counselor and State secretary\\n** [[Rajinikanth]], Indian actor\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Wendie Malick]], American actress\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Sylvester James Gates]], American theoretical physicist\\n* [[December 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Roy Schuiten]], Dutch cyclist (d. 2006)\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Laurence F. Johnson]], American futurist and educator\\n* [[December 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Leonard Maltin]], American film critic\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Manny Trillo]], Venezuelan-born American baseball player\\n* [[December 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mar\\u00eda Antonieta de las Nieves]], Mexican actress, comedian,\n        and singer, La Chilindrina in El Chavo del Ocho\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Vicente\n        del Bosque]], Spanish footballer and manager\\n** [[Michael C. Burgess]], American\n        politician\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Ed Hochuli]], American football official\\n*\n        [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Alex Chilton]], American rock musician ([[The Box\n        Tops]]) (d. 2010)\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Jon Polito]], American actor\n        (d. 2016)\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Larry Cuba]], American computer-animation\n        artist\\n* [[Koibla Djimasta]], 7th Prime Minister of Chad (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[Joseph Yodoyman]], 4th Prime Minister of Chad (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:George\n        Orwell press photo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George Orwell]]]]\\n[[File:Alan Hale 1921.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alan\n        Hale, Sr.]]]]\\n[[File:V.kolarov.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vasil Kolarov]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] \\u2013 [[William A. Griffin (Roman Catholic bishop)|William A. Griffin]],\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Emil Jannings]], Swiss-born German actor (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Anthony\n        Prusinski]], American politician (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Theophrastos Sakellaridis]],\n        Greek composer and conductor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Tess\n        Gardella]], Italian-born American actress and dancer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] \\n** [[Monty Banks]], Italian comedian and director (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Alfonso Daniel Rodr\\u00edguez Castelao]], Spanish politician, writer, painter\n        and doctor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Joseph, Duke of Parma]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Schumpeter]], Czech economist and political scientist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[James A. Colescott]], [[Imperial\n        Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Gino\n        Frittelli]], Italian painter (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Henry\n        H. Arnold]], American five-star general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Ali Moustafa Mosharafa]], Egyptian physicist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Seiichi Hatano]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Horace Rice]], Australian tennis player (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Ray Duggan]], Australian-born English speedway rider (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[George Orwell]], British author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Alan Hale Sr.]], American actor  (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Vasil Kolarov]], Bulgarian Communist politician, former provisional\n        head of State and 33rd [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], [[Sheikh of Kuwait]] (b.  [[1885]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Ferdinand\n        Schmutzer - Karl Seitz, 1925.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Karl Seitz]]]]\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** Sir [[Lionel Cripps]], Rhodesian politician (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Seitz]], 1st [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Georges Imbert]], Alsatian chemist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\n**\n        [[D. K. Broster]], British historical novelist (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Masao Inoue\n        (actor)|Masao Inoue]], Japanese actor and director (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[William\n        Murphy (Bishop of Saginaw)|William Murphy]], American [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman,\n        bishop and reverend (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Abdul Qadir (Muslim\n        leader)|Abdul Qadir]], Indian editor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Franz Justus Rarkowski]],\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Marcel Mauss]], French sociologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Kiki Cuyler]], American baseball player ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Bernard Meninsky]], Soviet artist, painter, draughtsman and teacher (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Rafael Sabatini]], Italian writer (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Cecilio Guzm\\u00e1n de Rojas]], Bolivian\n        painter (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Karl Guthe Jansky]], American physicist and radio\n        engineer, father of the [[radio astronomy]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[February 16]]\n        \\n** [[Johannes Hjelmslev]], Danish mathematician (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Mile-a-Minute\n        Murphy]], American cyclist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Gerhard\n        Kowalewski]], German mathematician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Piotr \\u015amieta\\u0144ski]], Polish executioner (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\n** [[Ignatius Arnoz]], Czechoslovakian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and\n        reverend (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[George Minot]], American physician, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Harry Lauder]], British entertainer (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Albert\n        Lebrun 1932 (2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert Lebrun]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        183-R98911, Heinrich Mann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heinrich Mann]]]]\\n[[File:L%C3%A9on\n        Blum Meurisse b 1927.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leon Blum]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Rosli Dhobi]], famous [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] [[Sarawak]]ian (b. [[1932]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Anthony Holles (actor)|Anthony Holles]], British actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Sid Grauman]], American theatre entrepreneur\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Edgar Lee Masters]], American poet (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Albert Fran\\u00e7ois Lebrun]], French politician, 15th [[President\n        of France]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Harry Redfern]], British architect (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Marguerite De La Motte]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[March 11]] \\n** [[Ralph Freeman (1880\\u20131950)|Ralph Freeman]], British\n        engineer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Heinrich Mann]], German novelist (b. [[1871]])\\n**\n        [[Brock Pemberton]], American theatrical producer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n** [[Alexander Kabiskoy]], Soviet WWII heroine (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Carl\n        Storck]], 3rd President of the [[National Football League]] (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[V\\u00e4in\\u00f6 Kivilinna]], Finnish teacher, activist\n        and politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]],\n        American author (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Norman Haworth]], British chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Alexandru Vaida-Voevod]],\n        Prime Minister of Romania (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Katherine\n        Grey (actress)|Katherine Grey]], American actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Emmanuel Mounier]], French philosopher (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March\n        24]] \\n** [[James Rudolph Garfield]], American politician (b. [[1865]])\\n**\n        [[Harold Laski]], British political theorist and economist (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] \\n** [[Frank Buck (animal collector)|Frank Buck]], American animal\n        collector (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Frances Micklethwait]], British chemist (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Blum]], French statesman and 2-time\n        [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Joe Yule]], British entertainer;\n        father of [[Mickey Rooney]] (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Mehmet Recep\n        Bey Peker.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Recep Peker]]]]\\n[[File:GA Franciscus Janssens\n        02.jpg|thumb|110px|Reverend [[Franciscus Janssens]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013\n        [[F. O. Matthiessen]], American historian and literary critic (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Recep Peker]], Turkish officer and politician, 6th [[Prime\n        Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Weill]], German-born\n        composer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Charles Binaggio]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Walter Huston]], Canadian-born\n        American actor  (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Vaslav Nijinsky]], Soviet\n        ballet dancer and choreographer  (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 10]] \\n** [[Fevzi\n        \\u00c7akmak]], Turkish military officer and statesman, [[Prime Minister of\n        Turkey]] (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Alfred Fischer (architect)|Alfred Fischer]],\n        German architect (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Bainbridge Colby]],\n        United States Secretary of State  (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Saleh\n        al-Ali]], Syrian revolt leader (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[James Morrison (bishop)|James\n        Morrison]], Canadian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Henry J. Knauf]], American politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Filipkowski]], Polish military commander\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\n** [[Gemma Bellincioni]], Italian soprano\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Franciscus Janssens]], Dutch [[Roman Catholic]] abbot\n        and reverend (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[G. Murray Hulbert]], American\n        politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Hobart Cavanaugh]], American\n        character actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Karel Ko\\u017eeluh]], Czech tennis player\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Jovine]], Italian writer\n        and author (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85\n        %D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE (%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%9B).jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Gavrilo\n        V, Serbian Patriarch]]]]\\n[[File:Mario&isidoro.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Isidore Ngei Ko Lat]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Lothrop Stoddard]], American\n        eugenicist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[V\\u00edctor Manuel Rom\\u00e1n\n        y Reyes]], Nicaraguan politician, 23rd [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Gavrilo V, Serbian Patriarch]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 9]]\n        \\n** [[Harry Stubbs (actor)|Harry Stubbs]], British-born American actor (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Esteban Terradas i Illa]], Andorran mathematician, scientist,\n        and engineer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Belle da Costa Greene]],\n        American librarian, bibliographer, and archivist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cedric Holland]], British admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n**\n        [[Giuseppe Garibaldi II]], Italian soldier, patriot and revolutionary, grandson\n        of Italian patriot [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Giuseppina Suriano]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] nun and blessed (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013\n        [[John Gould Fletcher]], American poet (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Andrew\n        McDonald (bishop)|Andrew McDonald]], British [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman,\n        bishop and reverend (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Alfonso Qui\\u00f1\\u00f3nez Molina]],\n        27th [[President of El Salvador]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\n** [[Isidore\n        Ngei Ko Lat]], Burmese catechist, [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Peter Petrovich Troyanskii]], Soviet\n        educator and scholar (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell]],\n        British field marshal (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Nicolae Ciuperc\\u0103]],\n        Romanian general (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Stanis\\u0142aw K\\u0119trzy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish historian and diplomat (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Vicente\n        Sotto]], Filipino politician (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kazys Grinius.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kazys\n        Grinius]]]]\\n[[File:Melitta Bentz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melitta Bentz]]]]\\n* [[June\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Tajuddin]], [[Sultan of Brunei]] (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[June\n        4]]\\n** [[Carmen Baroja]], Spanish writer and ethnologist (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[George Cecil Ives]], German-born British poet, writer, penal reformer and\n        early [[gay rights|gay-rights]] campaigner (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Kazys Grinius]],\n        3rd [[President of Lithuania]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Mikl\\u00f3s\n        B\\u00e1nffy]], Hungarian nobleman, politician and novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[William Wadsworth (actor)|William Wadsworth]], American\n        actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Denis Auguste Duch\\u00eane]], French\n        general (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto]], Japanese\n        autobiographer and novelist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Jane Cowl]],\n        American actress  (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Darwan Singh Negi]],\n        Indian VC recipient (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Antonina Nezhdanova]],\n        Soviet soprano (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Z\\u00e1vi\\u0161 Kalandra]],\n        Czechoslovak historian and theorist (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Theophilus Pashkovsky]],\n        [[Orthodox Church in America|American Orthodox]] archbishop and metropolitan\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 Archbishop [[Makarios II]] (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Melitta Bentz]], German entrepreneur, who invented the\n        coffee filter in 1908 (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Nedosinska.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antonie\n        Nedo\\u0161insk\\u00e1]]]]\\n[[File:WLMackenzieKing.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William\n        Lyon Mackenzie King]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Eliel Saarinen]], Finnish architect\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Salvatore Giuliano]], Italian bandit\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Fats Navarro]], American jazz trumpet\n        player  (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Helen Holmes]], American actress\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[Richard Maury]], American naturalized\n        Argentine engineer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Buddy DeSylva]],\n        American songwriter  (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Elsie de Wolfe]],\n        American socialite and interior decorator (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\n**\n        [[Evangeline Booth]], General of The Salvation Army (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Antonie\n        Nedo\\u0161insk\\u00e1]], Czechoslovakian actress (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rex Ingram (director)|Rex Ingram]], American director (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], Canadian political leader,\n        10th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Marta\n        Steinsvik]], Norwegian author (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Kevin\n        Budden]], amateur Australian herpetologist (b. [[1930]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Tadeusz\n        Tomaszewski, cz%C5%82onek Trybuna%C5%82u Stanu.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Tadeusz Tomaszewski\n        (Prime Minister)|Tadeusz Tomaszewski]]]]\\n[[File:Alessandri Ulk (1932).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arturo\n        Alessandri]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Pierre-\\u00c9mile C\\u00f4t\\u00e9]],\n        Canadian politician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Francisco Jos\\u00e9\n        Urrutia Olano]], Colombian diplomat and jurist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nikolai Myaskovsky]], Soviet composer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tadeusz Tomaszewski (Prime Minister)|Tadeusz Tomaszewski]], 34th\n        [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\n** [[Black Elk]],\n        Wi\\u010dh\\u00e1\\u0161a Wak\\u021f\\u00e1\\u014b (Medicine Man or Holy Man) of\n        the Ogala Teton Lakota (Western Sioux) (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Giovanni Giorgi]],\n        Italian physicist and engineer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Kirk\n        Bryan (geologist)|Kirk Bryan]], American geologist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Frank Phillips (oil industrialist)|Frank Phillips]], American\n        oil executive (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Arturo Alessandri]], Chilean\n        political figure and reformer, 2-time [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1868]])\\n**\n        [[Vasily Gordov]], Soviet military officer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Grassi (politician)|Giuseppe Grassi]], Italian politician\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Giuseppe De Luca]], Italian baritone\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Ransom E. Olds]], American automotive pioneer (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Cesare Pavese]], Italian poet and novelist (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jan\n        Smuts 1947.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jan Smuts]]]]\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Max Davidson]],\n        German actor (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Pieter Franciscus Dierckx]], Belgian painter\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Olaf Stapledon]], British author\n        and philosopher (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Sommer]],\n        American race car driver (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Rudolph Palm]],\n        [[Cura\\u00e7ao]] born composer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Jan Smuts]], 2nd [[Prime\n        Minister of South Africa]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Sara\n        Allgood]], Irish actress  (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 15]] \\n** [[Maraimalai\n        Adigal]], Indian orator and writer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Baldomero L\\u00f3pez]],\n        American heroine of [[Korean War]] (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[September 16]] \\n**\n        [[Frederick Bennett (bishop)|Frederick Bennett]], New Zealander [[Anglican]]\n        bishop and reverend (b.  [[1871]])\\n** [[Pedro de Cordoba]], American actor  (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Edward Arthur Milne]], British astrophysicist\n        and mathematician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[George Carleton\n        (actor)|George Carlton]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Kenneth Muir\n        (VC)|Kenneth Muir]], British soldier and posthumous winner of the [[Victoria\n        Cross]]  (b.[[1912]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Alfr\\u00e9d Meissner]],\n        Czechoslovak politician and Holocaust survivor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Prince Hubertus of Prussia]] (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Antonio\n        Maria da Silva.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ant\\u00f3nio Maria da Silva]]]]\\n[[File:Miguel\n        Mariano Gomez (contrast enhanced).tif|thumb|110px|[[Miguel Mariano G\\u00f3mez]]]]\\n[[File:Gustaf\n        V f%C3%A4rgfoto.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]]]]\\n* [[October\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Mikhail Rodionov]], Soviet statesman, [[Leader of the Soviet\n        Union]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[John F. Fitzgerald]], American\n        politician, Mayor of Boston (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Thomas\n        Addis Emmet (bishop)|Thomas Addis Emmet]], American-born Jamaican [[Roman\n        Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicolai\n        Hartmann]], German philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Pauline\n        Lord]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Haycox]],\n        American writer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Ant\\u00f3nio Maria\n        da Silva]], Portuguese politician, Interim and 3-time [[Prime Minister of\n        Portugal]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Borgatti]], Italian\n        tenor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Charles Ballantyne]], Canadian\n        politician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Edna St. Vincent Millay]], American poet (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Viktor Strazhev]], Soviet bibliographer, translator, poet\n        and literary critic (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Henry L. Stimson]],\n        [[United States Secretary of State]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Al Jolson]], American musician and actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yi Kwang-su]], Korean writer and activist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Miguel Mariano G\\u00f3mez]], Cuban politician, 7th [[President\n        of Cuba]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Maurice Costello]], American\n        actor (b. [[1877]])\\n** King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]] (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Lucien\n        Martin]], Canadian violinist, conductor and composer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Raimundo D\\u00edaz Pacheco]], Puerto Rican activist (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Giacomo Gorrini]], Italian diplomat (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Bernard-Shaw-ILN-1911-original.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Bernard Shaw]]]]\\n[[File:Kuniaki_koiso.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kuniaki Koiso]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[George Bernard Shaw]], Irish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Kuniaki Koiso]], Japanese general, 41st [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Grover Cleveland Alexander]], American baseball\n        player ([[Philadelphia Phillies]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Francisca Herrera Garrido]], Spanish writer (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Bernice Herstein]], American socialite (b. [[1918]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Attilio Andreoli]], Italian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]]\\n** [[Alexandros Diomidis]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n** [[L\\u00facio Alberto Pinheiro dos Santos]], Portuguese philosopher\n        and teacher (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Julia Marlowe]], American\n        stage actress (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[Bob Smith (doctor)|Bob\n        Smith]], American doctor, physician and surgeon (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Abdul Hamid Karami]], Lebanese political figure and religious\n        leader, 16th [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Johannes V. Jensen]], Danish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Gustaf John Ramstedt]], Finnish-born Swedish\n        linguist and diplomat (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[T. Sathasiva\n        Iyer]], [[Ceylon Tamil]] scholar and a writer in [[Tamil language]] (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[James Corbitt]], British murderer ([[hanged]]) (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Walter Beech]], American pioneering aviator\n        and aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Ma Zhanshan]], Chinese general\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Werner Haase]], Hitler''s personal\n        physician (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Peter Fraser.png|thumb|110px|[[Peter\n        Fraser (New Zealand politician)|Peter Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:Enrico Mizzi.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Enrico\n        Mizzi]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Renner 1905.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Karl Renner]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Dinu Lipatti]], Romanian pianist (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[December\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Jesse L. Brown]], American aviator in the United States Navy\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Sri Aurobindo]],\n        Indian guru (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Leslie Comrie]], New Zealand astronomer and computing\n        pioneer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Luigi Biancheri]], Italian\n        admiral (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Peter Fraser (New Zealand politician)|Peter Fraser]],\n        New Zealand political figure, 24th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]], leader\n        of [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 Sardar [[Vallabhbhai\n        Patel]], Indian political leader (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Enrico\n        Mizzi]], Maltese politician, 6th [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] \\n** [[Francisco Lomuto]], Argentine pianist and composer\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Walton Walker]], American general (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Xavier Villaurrutia]], Mexican poet and playwright (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Max Beckmann]], German painter (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Mihail Manoilescu]], Romanian journalist, engineer, economist,\n        politician and memoirist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Karl Renner]],\n        Austrian Social Democrat politician and 4th [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown===\\n* [[Laura Anning Bell]], British artist (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cecil Frank Powell]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013\n        [[Otto Paul Hermann Diels]], [[Kurt Alder]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Edward Calvin Kendall]], [[Tadeusz Reichstein]],\n        [[Philip Showalter Hench]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013\n        [[Bertrand Russell|Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Bunche]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1950}}\\n[[Category:1950|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:16:56Z\",\"lastrevid\":799772794,\"length\":67973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1950&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950\"},\"34602\":{\"pageid\":34602,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1951\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T20:10:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1951}}\\n{{Year nav|1951}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1951}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – First week as No. 1 single on ''''[[Billboard charts|Billboard]]''''\n        and ''''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]]'''' [[Record chart|chart]]s in the\n        United States of [[Patti Page]] hit song \\\"[[Tennessee Waltz]]\\\".\\n* [[January\n        4]] – [[Korean War]]: [[Third Battle of Seoul]]: Chinese and [[North\n        Korea]]n forces capture [[Seoul]] for the second time (they had lost Seoul\n        in the [[Second Battle of Seoul]] in September 1950).\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        The Government of the United Kingdom announces abandonment of the [[Tanganyika\n        groundnut scheme]] for the cultivation of [[peanut]]s in the [[Tanganyika\n        Territory]] with the writing off of \\u00a336.5M debt.{{cite news|work=[[The\n        Times]]|location=London|date=10 January 1951|page=6|issue=51895|title=Groundnuts\n        Plan Modified}}\\n* [[January 15]] – In a court in West Germany,\n        [[Ilse Koch]], The \\\"Witch of Buchenwald\\\", wife of the [[commandant]] of\n        the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]], is sentenced to life imprisonment.\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Avalanche]]s in the [[Alps]] kill 240 and bury 45,000\n        for a time in Switzerland, Austria and Italy.\\n* [[January 25]] – Dutch\n        author [[Anne de Vries]] releases the first volume of her novel ''''[[Journey\n        Through the Night]]'''' (''''Reis door de nacht'''') set during World War\n        II.\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Nuclear test]]ing at the [[Nevada Test Site]]\n        begins with a 1-[[kiloton]] bomb dropped on [[Frenchman Flat]], northwest\n        of [[Las Vegas]].\\n* [[January 31]] – The United States'' last narrow\n        gauge passenger train the \\\"[[San Juan Express]]\\\" ends service.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        February – [[Convention People''s Party]] wins national elections in\n        [[Gold Coast (British colony)]].\\n* [[February 1]] – The [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] declares that China is an aggressor in the Korean War in\n        United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498.\\n* [[February 4]]–[[February\n        8]] – Surgeons remove an [[ovarian cyst]] from Gertrude Levandowski\n        in a 96-hour long operation in Chicago. She loses almost half of her weight\n        and emerges weighing 140 kg.{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/tag/gertrude-levandowski|title=This\n        Day in Tech History Wired, February 4, 2010|publisher=Wired.com|date=1951-02-04|accessdate=2013-04-15}}\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – A [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] passenger train derails\n        near [[Woodbridge Township, New Jersey]], killing 85 people and injuring over\n        500, in one of the worst rail disasters in American history.\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Muhammad Reza Shah]] marries [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – Start of the [[1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute]],\n        which lasts for 151 days.\\n* [[February 19]] – Jean Lee becomes the\n        last woman hanged in Australia, when Lee and her 2 [[pimp]]s are hanged for\n        the murder and torture of a 73-year-old bookmaker.\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        The [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution]], limiting\n        [[President of the United States|Presidents]] to two terms, is ratified.\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg NYWTS.jpg|thumb|200px|right| [[March 29]]: The [[Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg|Rosenbergs sentenced to death]].]]\\n[[File:UNIVAC 1 demo.jpg|thumb|200px|right|\n        [[March 31]]: Remington Rand delivers the first [[UNIVAC I]] computer.]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – The first [[NBA All-Star Game]] of basketball is played\n        in the [[Boston Garden]].\\n* March 3 or 5 – [[Jackie Brenston]] \\\"and\n        His Delta Cats\\\" (actually [[Ike Turner]]''s [[Kings of Rhythm]]) record \\\"[[Rocket\n        88]]\\\" at [[Sam Phillips]]'' [[Sun Studio]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], a candidate\n        for [[Origins of rock and roll#Views on the first rock and roll record|the\n        first rock and roll record]] (released in April). It is covered on June 14\n        by [[Bill Haley & His Comets|Bill Haley and His Saddlemen]].\\n* [[March 6]]\n        – The trial of [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] for conspiracy to commit\n        espionage begins in the United States.\\n* [[March 9]] – United Artists\n        releases sci-fi film ''''[[The Man from Planet X]]'''' in the United States.\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – Hank Ketcham''s best-selling [[comic strip]] ''''[[Dennis\n        the Menace (U.S. comics)|Dennis the Menace]]'''' appears in [[newspaper]]s\n        across the United States for the first time.\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Korean\n        War]]: For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul during [[Operation\n        Ripper]].\\n** West Germany joins [[UNESCO]].\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Second\n        Red Scare]]: [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] are convicted of [[Conspiracy\n        (criminal)|conspiracy]] to commit [[espionage]]. On [[April 5]] they are sentenced\n        to receive the death penalty.\\n** [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[The\n        King and I]]'''' opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and runs for three\n        years. It is the first of their musicals specifically written for an actress\n        ([[Gertrude Lawrence]]). Lawrence is stricken with [[cancer]] during the run\n        of the show and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes\n        a star of [[Yul Brynner]].\\n** The [[23rd Academy Awards]] ceremony is held;\n        ''''[[All About Eve]]'''' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]\n        award and four others.\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Remington Rand]] delivers\n        the first [[UNIVAC I]] computer to the [[United States Census Bureau]].\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 5]]–[[April 13|13]] – The most complete recording of [[George\n        Gershwin]]''s opera ''''[[Porgy and Bess (1951 album)|Porgy and Bess]]''''\n        up to \\n* [[April 11]]\\n** U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] relieves General\n        [[Douglas MacArthur]] of his Far Eastern commands.\\n** After its removal from\n        [[Westminster Abbey]] on [[Christmas Day]], [[1950]], the [[Stone of Scone]]\n        resurfaces on the altar of [[Arbroath Abbey]].\\n* [[April 18]] – The\n        [[Treaty of Paris (1951)]] is adopted, establishing the [[European Coal and\n        Steel Community]].\\n* [[April 21]] – The [[National Olympic Committee]]\n        of the [[Soviet Union]] is formed. The USSR first participates in the Olympic\n        Games at [[Helsinki]], Finland, in 1952.\\n* [[April 24]] – In [[Yokohama]],\n        Japan, a fire on a [[train]] kills more than 100.\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Robert Menzies]]'' [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] government\n        in Australia is re-elected for a second term.\\n* [[April 29]] – [[RKO]]\n        releases the [[Howard Hawks]] sci-fi film, ''''[[The Thing (From Another World)]]''''.\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – The [[opera house]] of [[Geneva]], Switzerland is almost\n        destroyed in a fire.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** King [[George VI]] opens London''s [[Royal\n        Festival Hall]] as a patron.\\n** The [[Festival of Britain]] opens.\\n** The\n        [[U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services]] and [[U.S. Senate Committee on\n        Foreign Relations]] begins its closed door hearings into the dismissal of\n        General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.\\n* [[May 9]] –\n        [[Operation Greenhouse]]: The first [[thermonuclear]] weapon is tested on\n        [[Enewetok]] Atoll in the [[Marshall Islands]], by the United States.\\n* [[May\n        14]] – The first volunteer-run passenger trains run on [[Talyllyn Railway]],\n        Wales.\\n* [[May 15]] – A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Bolivia]].\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – The [[9th Street Art Exhibition]], otherwise known as the\n        Ninth Street Show, a gathering of a number of notable artists, marks the stepping-out\n        of the post war New York [[avant-garde]], collectively known as the [[New\n        York School (art)|New York School]].\\n* [[May 23]] – The [[Tibet (1912\\u201351)|Tibetan\n        government]] signs the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation\n        of Tibet]] with the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[May 25]] – The\n        first atomic bomb \\\"boosted\\\" by the inclusion of thermonuclear materials,\n        is tested in the \\\"Item\\\" test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands by\n        the United States.\\n* [[May 28]] – ''''[[The Goon Show]]'''' is first\n        broadcast on [[BBC Home Service]] in the U.K.; the first series was entitled\n        \\\"Crazy People\\\".\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Foley Square trial]]\n        concludes review in [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as [[Dennis v. United States]],\n        with a ruling against the defendants (overturned by [[Yates v. United States]]\n        in 1957)\\n* [[June 14]] – [[UNIVAC I]] is dedicated by the U.S. Census\n        Bureau.{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/06/14/computing.anniversary/\n        | work=CNN | title=50th anniversary of the UNIVAC I | accessdate=April 20,\n        2010 | date=June 14, 2001}}\\n* [[June 15]]–[[July 1]]– In\n        [[New Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]\n        and [[British Columbia]], thousands of acres of forests are destroyed in fires.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Colombo Plan]] operations commence.\\n** [[Judy Garland]]\n        opens the first of 14 concerts in [[Dublin]], Ireland at the [[Theatre Royal,\n        Dublin|Theatre Royal]].\\n* [[July 5]] – [[William Shockley]], [[John\n        Bardeen]] and [[Walter Brattain]] announce the invention of the junction [[transistor]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** Korean War: [[Armistice]] negotiations begin at [[Kaesong]].\\n**\n        A formal peace agreement between [[Canada]] and [[Germany]] is signed.\\n*\n        [[July 13]]\\n** The [[Great Flood of 1951]] reaches its highest point in northeast\n        [[Kansas]], culminating in the greatest flood damage to date in the [[Midwestern\n        United States]].\\n** [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]''s [[Technicolor]] film version\n        of ''''[[Show Boat]]'''', starring [[Kathryn Grayson]], [[Ava Gardner]] and\n        [[Howard Keel]], premieres at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City.\n        The musical brings overnight fame to bass-baritone [[William Warfield]] (who\n        sings ''''[[Ol'' Man River]]'''' in the film).\\n* [[July 14]] – In [[Joplin,\n        Missouri]], the [[George Washington Carver National Monument]] becomes the\n        first [[United States National Monument]] to honor an [[African American]].\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] abdicates in favour of\n        his son [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]].\\n* [[July 17]] – Baudouin\n        takes the oath as king of Belgium.\\n* [[July 20]] – King [[Abdullah\n        I of Jordan]] is assassinated by a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] while\n        attending Friday prayers in [[Jerusalem]]. He is succeeded by his son, King\n        [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]].\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Walt Disney]]''s 13th\n        animated film, ''''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'''',\n        premieres in London, United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 30]] – [[David Lean]]''s\n        film of ''''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'''' is finally shown\n        in the United States, after 10 minutes of supposedly [[anti-Semitic]] references\n        and closeups of [[Alec Guinness]] as [[Fagin]] are cut. It will not be shown\n        uncut in the U.S. until [[1970]].\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 11]] –\n        [[Ren\\u00e9 Pleven]] becomes Prime Minister of France.\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        [[J. D. Salinger]]''s [[coming-of-age story]] ''''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]''''\n        is first published in the United States.\\n* [[August 31]] – The first\n        [[Volkswagen Beetle]] rolls off the plant in [[Uitenhage]], South Africa.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign\n        a mutual defense pact, called the [[ANZUS Treaty]].\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        The American [[soap opera]] ''''[[Search for Tomorrow]]'''' debuts on [[CBS]].\\n*\n        [[September 8]]\\n** [[Treaty of San Francisco]]: In [[San Francisco]], 48\n        representatives out of 51 attending sign a [[peace treaty]] with Japan to\n        formally end the [[Pacific War]]; the delegations of the [[Soviet Union]],\n        [[Poland]] and [[Czechoslovakia]] do not sign the treaty instead favoring\n        separate treaties.\\n** [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between\n        the United States and Japan|Japan-U.S. Security Treaty]], which allows [[United\n        States Forces Japan|United States Armed Forces]] being stationed in Japan\n        after the [[occupation of Japan]], is signed by Japan and the United States.\\n*\n        [[September 9]] – Chinese communist forces move into Lhasa, the capital\n        of Tibet.\\n* [[September 10]] – The United Kingdom begins an economic\n        boycott of [[Iran]].\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Elia Kazan]]''s adaptation\n        of the [[Tennessee Williams]] play ''''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A\n        Streetcar Named Desire]]'''' premieres, becoming a critical and box-office\n        smash.\\n* [[September 20]] – [[NATO]] accepts Greece and Turkey as members.\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[MGM]] releases the musical ''''[[Show Boat (1951\n        film)|Show Boat]]''''. \\n* [[September 26]]–[[September 28]] –\n        A blue sun is seen over Europe: the effect is due to ash coming from the Canadian\n        forest fires 4 months previously.\\n* [[September 28]] – 20th Century\n        Fox releases the [[Robert Wise]] science fiction film, ''''[[The Day the Earth\n        Stood Still]]''''.\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Charlotte Whitton]] becomes\n        mayor of [[Ottawa]] and Canada''s first woman mayor of a major city.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – \\\"[[Shot Heard ''Round the World (baseball)]]\\\": One\n        of the greatest moments in Major League Baseball history occurs when the New\n        York Giants'' Bobby Thomson hits a game-winning home run in the bottom of\n        the 9th inning off of Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca, to win the National\n        League pennant after being down 14 games.\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[MGM]]''s\n        Technicolor musical film, ''''[[An American in Paris (film)|An American in\n        Paris]]'''', starring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron, premieres in New York.\n        It was directed by Vincente Minnelli. It would go on to win 6 [[Academy Awards]],\n        including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n** [[Shoppers\n        World (Framingham, Massachusetts)|Shoppers World]] (one of the first shopping\n        malls in the U.S.) opens in [[Framingham, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[October 6]]\n        – [[Malayan Emergency]]: [[Communist]] insurgents kill British commander\n        Sir [[Henry Gurney]].\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Organization of Central\n        American States]] (''''Organizaci\\u00f3n de Estados Centroamericanos'''',\n        ODECA) formed.\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Norethisterone]], the [[progestin]]\n        used in the [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], is synthesized by [[Luis\n        E. Miramontes]] in Mexico.\\n** ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' makes its television\n        debut on [[CBS]] in the United States.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Judy Garland]]\n        begins a series of concerts in New York''s [[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace\n        Theatre]].\\n** Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] of Pakistan is assassinated.\\n**\n        [[East China Normal University]] is founded in Shanghai, China.\\n* [[October\n        17]] – [[CBS]]''s Eye logo premieres on American television.\\n* [[October\n        19]] – The state of war between the United States and [[Germany]] is\n        officially ended.\\n* [[October 20]] – The [[Johnny Bright incident]]\n        occurs in [[Stillwater, Oklahoma]].\\n* [[October 21]] – A storm in southern\n        Italy kills over 100.\\n* [[October 24]] – U.S. President Harry Truman\n        declares an official end to war with Germany.\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Winston\n        Churchill]] is re-elected [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (a month\n        before his 77th birthday) in a [[United Kingdom general election, 1951|general\n        election]] which sees the defeat of [[Clement Attlee]]''s [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]\n        government after six years in power.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_3687000/3687425.stm\n        |work=[[BBC News]] |title=1951: Churchill wins general election |date=1951-10-26\n        |accessdate=2010-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029105110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_3687000/3687425.stm\n        |archivedate=October 29, 2010 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}\\n* [[October 27]]\n        – [[Farouk of Egypt]] declares himself king of [[Sudan]], with no support.\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – The town of [[Carnation, Washington|Carnation, Washington,\n        USA]] changes its name back to Carnation, after being named Tolt since [[May\n        1928#May 3.2C 1928 .28Thursday.29|May 1928]].\\n* [[October 31]] – The\n        film ''''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'''', starring [[Alastair Sim]], opens\n        in England.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]] – The first military\n        exercises for [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], with infantry troops included,\n        are held in the [[Nevada]] desert.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Direct distance\n        dialing|Direct dial]] coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United\n        States.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]] is re-elected president\n        of [[Argentina]].\\n** Monogram Pictures releases sci-fi film ''''[[Flight\n        to Mars (film)|Flight to Mars]]'''' in the United States.\\n* [[November 12]]\n        – The [[National Ballet of Canada]] performs for the first time in [[Eaton\n        Auditorium]], Toronto.\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[Po (river)]] floods\n        in northern Italy.\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Paramount Pictures]] releases\n        [[George Pal]] science fiction film ''''[[When Worlds Collide (1951 film)|When\n        Worlds Collide]]'''' in the United States.\\n* [[November 24]] – The\n        [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] play ''''[[Gigi]]'''' opens, starring [[Audrey\n        Hepburn]] as the lead character.\\n* [[November 28]] – The U.K. film\n        ''''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'''', starring [[Alastair Sim]], premieres\n        in the United States under the title of [[Charles Dickens]]''s original novel,\n        ''''[[A Christmas Carol]]''''.\\n* [[November 29]] – [[LEO (computer)]]\n        runs the worlds first commercial computer program, Bakery Valuations, for\n        [[J. Lyons and Co.]]''s tea shops in the U.K.\\n\\n===December===\\n* c. December\n        – The [[Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies|Institute\n        of War and Peace Studies]] is established by [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] at [[Columbia\n        University]] in New York (of which he is [[List of Presidents of Columbia\n        University|President]]) with [[William T. R. Fox]] as first director.{{cite\n        news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20A1EFB3F5F157A93C2A81789D95F458585F9|title=Columbia\n        Founds War-Peace Study|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 December 1951}}\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – The [[Lebanese University]] is founded in [[Lebanon]].\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement\n        of Migrants from Europe.\\n* [[December 6]] – A [[state of emergency]]\n        is declared in [[Egypt]] due to increasing riots.\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        A water storage tank collapses in [[Tucumcari, New Mexico]], resulting in\n        4 deaths and 200 buildings destroyed.\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Salar Jung\n        Museum]] is opened to the public by [[Prime Minister]] of India [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]].\\n* [[December 17]] – \\\"[[We Charge Genocide]]\\\", a petition\n        describing [[genocide]] against [[African American]]s, is delivered to the\n        United Nations.\\n* [[December 20]]\\n** [[Experimental Breeder Reactor I]]\n        (EBR-1), the world''s first (experimental) [[nuclear power plant]], opens\n        in [[Idaho]].\\n** A chartered [[Curtiss C-46 Commando]] crash-lands in [[Cobourg]],\n        [[Ontario]] Canada; all on board survive.\\n** The [[World Meteorological Organization]]\n        becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 22]]\n        – The [[Selangor Labour Party]] is founded in [[Selangor]], [[Federation\n        of Malaya|Malaya]].\\n* [[December 23]] – [[John Huston]]''s drama film\n        ''''[[The African Queen (film)|The African Queen]]'''', starring [[Humphrey\n        Bogart]] and [[Katharine Hepburn]], premieres in Hollywood.\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Libya]] becomes independent from Italy.\\n** [[Gian Carlo Menotti]]''s\n        45-minute opera, ''''[[Amahl and the Night Visitors]]'''', premieres live\n        on [[NBC]] in the United States, becoming the first opera written especially\n        for television.\\n* [[December 31]] – The [[Marshall Plan]] expires after\n        distributing more than $13.3 billion US in [[foreign aid]] to rebuild\n        Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars.html\n        |title=Key Dates for the Marshall Plan |work=For European Recovery: The Fiftieth\n        Anniversary of the Marshall Plan |publisher=The Library of Congress |location=Washington,\n        D.C. |date=2005-07-11 |accessdate=2009-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013025310/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars.html\n        |archivedate=October 13, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\n===Unknown dates===\\n*\n        A fourth and final [[forest fire]] starts in the [[Tillamook Burn]], Oregon;\n        but unlike earlier fires this one burns only {{convert|32700|acre|km2}}, and\n        within an area already affected by the earlier fires.\\n* A [[International\n        Auxiliary Language Association|research team]] publishes the ''''Interlingua\\u2013English\n        Dictionary''''. \\n* [[IBM]] (United Kingdom) is formed.\\n* In [[Munich]],\n        Germany, a collection of mementos and personal papers belonging to [[Adolf\n        Hitler]] are turned over to [[Bayerische Landesbank]] for authentication and\n        eventual sale.  Among the documents are his ''''appointment as Chancellor''''\n        signed by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], his ''''Austrian [[passport]]'''',\n        as well as an assortment of [[swastika]] insignia pins and medals. An initial\n        offer of $200,000.00 is made for the collection.\\\"Year\n        by Year 1951\\\". [[History Channel International]].\\n* An 18-year-old\n        sailor is fined for kissing in public in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. The lawcourt\n        calls his actions \\\"obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals.\\\"\\n* The United States becomes [[malaria]]-free (excluding\n        territories and possessions){{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/25/health/scientists-eliminate-malaria/index.html?hpt=hp_c5|title=Scientists\n        race to eliminate malaria as ''wonder drug'' loses its powers|author=[[Ed\n        Yong]], Special to CNN|date=March 25, 2014|work=CNN}}{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/13694-devastating-infectious-diseases-smallpox-plague.html|title=7\n        Devastating Infectious Diseases|work=LiveScience.com}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Kenny_Anthony,_Sta._Luc%C3%ADa.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenny\n        Anthony]]]]\\n[[File:KirstieAlley1994.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kirstie Alley]]]]\\n[[File:1\n        collins.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil Collins]]]]\\n[[File:Dave Benton.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dave\n        Benton]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Ashfaq Hussain]], Urdu poet\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Waldir Peres]], Brazilian footballer\\n** [[Jan Fischer (politician)|Jan\n        Fischer]], 8th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        [[Steve Arnold (footballer, born 1951)|Steve Arnold]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Kim Wilson]], American singer and harmonica player\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Kenny Anthony]], Lucian politician, 2-time [[Prime Minister\n        of Saint Lucia]]\\n** [[John McTiernan]], American director, producer and writer\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Andy Qunta]], English singer-songwriter, composer,\n        and musician\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Kirstie Alley]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Rush Limbaugh]], American conservative radio personality\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Biff Byford]], English rock singer ([[Saxon (band)|Saxon]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Ian Hill]], English rock bassist ([[Judas Priest]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] – [[Steve Prefontaine]], American runner (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Phil Collins]], British rock musician, producer and was lead\n        singer of [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Dave Benton]],\n        Aruban-American singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        2001|2001]] winner \\n** [[Harry Wayne Casey]], American musician, songwriter\n        and producer\\n** [[Phil Manzanera]], British rock musician\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Blaise\n        Compaor%C3%A9.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Blaise Compaore]]]]\\n[[File:Gordon Brown\n        official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gordon Brown]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Albert\n        Salvad\\u00f3]], Andorran writer\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Blaise Compaor\\u00e9]],\n        3rd [[President of Burkina Faso]] (1987-[[2014 Burkinabe uprising|2014]])\\n**\n        [[Felipe Mu\\u00f1oz]], Mexican swimmer\\n** [[Eugenijus Riabovas]], Lithuanian\n        football manager\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Ry\\u016bsei Nakao]], Japanese\n        actor, singer and voice actor\\n* [[February 13]] – [[David Naughton]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Kevin Keegan]], English footballer\n        and football manager\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Melissa Manchester]], American\n        pop singer\\n** [[Jane Seymour (actress)|Jane Seymour]], English actress\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[Mike Flanagan (baseball)|Mike Flanagan]], American baseball\n        pitcher\\n** [[William Katt]], American film and television actor\\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri]], Pakistani Islamic Sufi scholar and\n        leader\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Edward Albert]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Gordon Brown]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Ellen Greene]], American actress\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        [[Patricia Richardson]], American actress\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Debra\n        Jo Rupp]], American actress\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Don Quarrie]], Jamaican\n        sprinter\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Steve Harley]], British rock musician\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Chris\n        Rea 01 AB.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris Rea]]]]\\n[[File:Kurt Russell by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kurt\n        Russell]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Sergei Kourdakov]], KGB agent\\n** [[Mike\n        Read]], British television presenter and radio disc jockey\\n* [[March 3]]\n        – [[Heiz\\u014d Takenaka]], Japanese economist\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Edelgard\n        Bulmahn]], German politician\\n** [[Kenny Dalglish]], Scottish footballer and\n        football manager\\n** [[Mike Quarry]], American light-heavyweight boxer (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Chris Rea]], British singer and musician\\n** [[Gwen Welles]],\n        American actress (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Linda Yamamoto]], Japanese pop star\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Gerrie Knetemann]], Dutch cyclist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Karen Kain]], Canadian ballerina\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Susan\n        Musgrave]], Canadian poet and children''s writer\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Charo]],\n        Spanish-American singer and entertainer\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Jerry Greenfield]],\n        American co-founder of ''''[[Ben & Jerry''s]]'''' ice cream\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – [[Kurt Russell]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Ben Cohen\n        (businessman)|Ben Cohen]], American co-founder of ''''[[Ben & Jerry''s]]''''\n        ice cream\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Fred Berry]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Tommy Hilfiger]], American fashion designer\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Carl Wieman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Wolfgang Niedecken]], German singer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Beatrix\n        Schuba 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Beatrix Schuba|Trixi Schuba]]]]\\n[[File:DaleEarnhardtSunglassesDriversSuit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dale\n        Earnhardt]]]]\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Joe Bowen]], Canadian hockey broadcaster\\n**\n        [[Dean Kamen]], American inventor and entrepreneur\\n** [[Frank Moulaert]],\n        [[Flemish people|Flemish]] scholar\\n** [[Guy Vanderhaeghe]], Canadian author\\n*\n        [[April 6]]\\n** [[Bert Blyleven]], Dutch [[Major League Baseball]] player\\n**\n        [[Rita Raave]], Estonian actress\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Janis Ian]], American\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Geir Haarde]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Iceland]] (2006\\u20132009)\\n** [[Joan Sebastian]], Mexican singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[David Helvarg]], American journalist\n        and activist\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Doris Angleton]], American socialite\n        and murder victim (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Tom Noonan]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Peabo Bryson]], American singer\\n** [[Peter Davison]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Max Weinberg]], American drummer\\n* [[April 14]] –\n        [[Julian Lloyd Webber]], English cellist\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Beatrix\n        Schuba|Trixi Schuba]], Austrian figure skater\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Mordechai\n        Ben David]], American singer\\n** [[Ioan Mihai Cochinescu]], Romanian writer\\n**\n        [[Bj\\u00f6rgvin Halld\\u00f3rsson]], Icelandic singer\\n** [[Pierre Toutain-Dorbec]],\n        French photographer\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Horst Hrubesch]], German football\n        player\\n** [[Olivia Hussey]], Argentine-born actress (''''Romeo and Juliet'''')\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[J\\u00f3annes Eidesgaard]], [[Prime Minister of the\n        Faroe Islands]]\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Louise Jameson]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Luther Vandross]], American R&B/soul musician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n**\n        [[Tony Danza]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Vladim\\u00edr \\u0160pidla]],\n        4th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Allison\n        Krause]], Kent State University shooting victim (d. [[1970]]).\\n* [[April\n        27]]\\n** [[Ace Frehley]], original guitarist of [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]\\n** [[Freundel\n        Stuart]], 7th Prime Minister of Barbados\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Dale Earnhardt]],\n        American race-car driver ([[Death of Dale Earnhardt|d. 2001]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Joeyramone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joey\n        Ramone]]]]\\n[[File:Karpov, Anatoly (Flickr).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anatoly Karpov]]]]\\n[[File:Antonis\n        Samaras October 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Antonis Samaras]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Christopher Cross]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Jackie\n        Jackson]], American singer\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Antonio Sald\\u00edas]], Chilean\n        historian\\n** [[Samuel Doe]], [[President of Liberia]] (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[May\n        9]]\\n** [[Christopher Dewdney]], Canadian poet\\n** [[Joy Harjo]], Native American\n        poet\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Sharon Sayles Belton]], Mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota\\n**\n        [[Jumbo Tsuruta]], Japanese professional wrestler (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[Yoshifumi Hibako]], Japanese general\\n** [[Jonathan Richman]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Frank Wilczek]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Unsh\\u014d Ishizuka]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Ben Feringa]], Dutch organic chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Al Franken]],\n        American comedian turned politician ([[United States Senator]], D-MN)\\n**\n        [[Joey Ramone]], American rock musician ([[Ramones]]) (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Dick\n        Slater]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Jill E. Barad]],\n        American businessperson\\n** [[Anatoly Karpov]], Russian chess player\\n** [[Antonis\n        Samaras]], Greek economist and politician, 185th [[Prime Minister of Greece]]\\n*\n        [[May 26]]\\n** [[Madeleine Taylor-Quinn]], Irish politician\\n** [[Sally Ride]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\n** [[Stephen Tobolowsky]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Fernando Lugo]], [[President of Paraguay]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jill\n        Biden official portrait 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill Biden]]]]\\n[[File:5.3.10SuzeOrmanByDavidShankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Suze\n        Orman]]]]\\n[[File:Bonnie Tyler, ESC2013 press conference 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bonnie\n        Tyler]]]]\\n[[File:Stellan Skarsg\\u00e5rd 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stellan Skarsg\\u00e5rd]]]]\\n[[File:Tressmacneille.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tress\n        MacNeille]]]]\\n[[File:Mary McAleese.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary McAleese]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Larry Robinson]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[June 3]]\n        – [[Jill Biden]], [[Second Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[June 5]]\n        – [[Suze Orman]], American financial advisor, writer and television\n        personality\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Bonnie Tyler]], Welsh singer\\n* [[June\n        12]]\\n** [[Brad Delp]], American rock vocalist ([[Boston (band)|Boston]])\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Andranik Margaryan]], 14th [[Prime Minister of Armenia]]\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Stellan Skarsg\\u00e5rd]], Swedish actor\\n**\n        [[Richard Thomas (actor)|Richard Thomas]], American actor \\n* [[June 14]]\n        – [[Paul Boateng]], British politician\\n* [[June 15]] – [[\\u00c1lvaro\n        Colom Caballeros]], President of Guatemala\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Roberto\n        Dur\\u00e1n]], [[Panama]]nian boxer\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Gyula Sax]], Hungarian\n        chess grandmaster (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Tress MacNeille]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Paul Muldoon]], Irish poet\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Nils\n        Lofgren]], American musician\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Mich\\u00e8le Mouton]],\n        French rally driver\\n* [[June 24]] – [[David Rodigan]], British radio\n        DJ/actor\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Julia Duffy]], American actress\\n** [[Mary McAleese]],\n        8th [[President of Ireland]]\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Daniel Ruiz]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Lloyd Maines]], American musician and record producer\\n** [[Lalla Ward]],\n        British actress\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Keno Don Rosa]], American comic book\n        author\\n** [[Zvi Eliezer Alonie]], Israeli rabbi\\n** [[Craig Sager]], American\n        sports commentator (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Stanley Clarke]],\n        American bassist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Yayi Boni.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas\n        Boni Yayi]]]]\\n[[File:Geoffrey Rush Berlinale 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Geoffrey\n        Rush]]]]\\n[[File:Anjelica Huston March 21, 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anjelica\n        Huston]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Cooper at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris\n        Cooper]]]]\\n[[File:Lucy Arnez at Kennedy Center''s Twain Prize 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucie\n        Arnaz]]]]\\n[[File:Elio Di Rupo 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elio Di Rupo]]]]\\n[[File:Robin\n        Williams (6451536411) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robin Williams]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Anne Feeney]], American folk singer\\n** [[Sabah Abdul-Jalil]], Iraqi\n        football player and coach\\n** [[Daryl Anderson]], American actor\\n** [[Terrence\n        Mann]], American actor and dancer\\n** [[Abdul Karim Jassim]], Iraqi football\n        player and coach\\n** [[Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed]], Djiboutian politician\\n**\n        [[Thomas Boni Yayi]], 7th [[President of Benin]]\\n* [[July 2]] \\n** [[Guido\n        Magherini]], Italian football player and coach\\n** [[Wies\\u0142aw Gawlikowski]],\n        Polish sport shooter\\n** [[Keith Marshall (baseball)|Keith Marshall]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Elisabeth Brooks]], Canadian actress (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Sylvia Rivera]], American transgender activist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 3]]\n        \\n** [[Richard Hadlee]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Lodewijk Jacobs]], Dutch\n        sprint canoer\\n** [[Bob Rigby]], U.S. soccer goalkeeper\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Beverly Boys]], Canadian diver\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Goose Gossage]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Yehoshua Gal]], Israeli football player\\n** [[Gilbert\n        Van Binst]], Belgian football player\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Geoffrey Rush]],\n        Australian actor\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Menachem Ben-Sasson]], Israeli politician\n        \\n* [[July 8]] – [[Anjelica Huston]], American actress\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Jeje Odongo]], Ugandan military officer and politician \\n** [[Chris Cooper]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 10]] – \\n** [[Cheryl Wheeler]], American singer\n        and songwriter\\n** [[Phyllis Smith]], American actress\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Cheryl Ladd]], American actress and singer \\n* [[July 14]] – [[Erich\n        Hallhuber]], German actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Rick Kehoe]],\n        Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Jean-Luc\n        Mongrain]], Canadian news anchor and journalist\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Lucie\n        Arnaz]],  American actress\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Eva Wittke]], German swimmer\\n**\n        [[Elio Di Rupo]], Belgian politician\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Robin Williams]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Edie McClurg]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Michael McConnohie]], American actor\\n* [[July 24]]\\n**\n        [[Lynda Carter]], American actress and singer \\n** [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith\n        of Finsbury|Chris Smith]], British politician\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Yury\n        Kovalchuk]], [[Russian oligarch]]\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger]],\n        German politician\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Doug Collins (basketball)|Doug Collins]],\n        American basketball player, coach and analyst\\n** [[Garrett Hongo]], American\n        poet\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Evonne Goolagong Cawley]], Australian tennis player\\n**\n        [[Vjekoslav \\u0160utej]], Croatian orchestra conductor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Juan\n        Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Juan Manuel Santos]]]]\\n[[File:Bass\n        player queen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Deacon]]]]\\n[[File:robhalford.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rob\n        Halford]]]]\\n[[File:Dana Scallon 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dana Rosemary Scallon]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Andrew Gold]], American singer-songwriter and musician\n        ([[10cc]], [[Wax (pop band)|Wax]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 3]] \\n** [[Jay\n        North]], American actor\\n** [[Marcel Dionne]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Catherine Hicks]], American actress\\n** [[Daryl Somers]], Australian\n        television personality\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Louis van Gaal]], Dutch football\n        player and manager\\n** [[Mamoru Oshii]], Japanese film director\\n** [[Randy\n        Shilts]], American journalist and author (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 10]] –\n        [[Juan Manuel Santos]], [[President of Colombia]] and recipient of the Nobel\n        Peace Prize\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Katsumi Ch\\u014d]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Willie Horton]], American criminal\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Dan Fogelberg]], American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Carl Lumbly]], American actor\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Jim Allen (cricketer)|Jim Allen]], West Indian cricketer\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Richard Hunt (puppeteer)|Richard Hunt]], American\n        puppeteer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[John Deacon]], English\n        rock bassist \\n* [[August 20]] – [[Greg Bear]], American author\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Eric Goles]], Chilean mathematician and computer scientist\\n**\n        [[Chesley V. Morton]], American politician and securities arbitrator\\n** [[Glenn\n        Hughes]], British rock musician\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Chandra Prakash\n        Mainali]], Nepalese politician\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Mark Hudson (musician)|Mark\n        Hudson]], American musician\\n** [[Akhmad Kadyrov]], President of Chechnya\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Queen Noor of Jordan]], born Lisa Najeeb Halaby, American-born\n        queen consort\\n** [[Jimi Jamison]], American musician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August\n        24]] – [[Orson Scott Card]], American writer\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Rob Halford]], English rock singer \\n* [[August 26]] – [[Edward Witten]],\n        American mathematician and Fields medalist\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Mack\n        Brown]], American college football coach\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Wayne\n        Osmond]], American pop singer\\n* [[August 30]] \\n** [[Behgjet Pacolli]], 3rd\n        [[President of Kosovo]].\\n** [[Dana Rosemary Scallon]], Irish singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1970]] winner and [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP)\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Michael\n        Keaton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Keaton]]]]\\n[[File:Fred\n        Seibert by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred Seibert]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Coverdale at Hellfest 2013.JPG|thumb|100px|[[David Coverdale]]]]\\n[[File:Mark\n        Hamill by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Hamill]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        Michelle Bachelet.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michelle Bachelet]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[Jim DeMint]], American politician, [[United States Senator]] (R-SC)\\n**\n        [[Mark Harmon]], American actor \\n* [[September 5]] – [[Michael Keaton]],\n        American actor and film director\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Chrissie Hynde]],\n        American rock singer \\n** [[Bert Jones]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Alexander Downer]], Australian foreign minister and diplomat\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Mr. Butch]], American homeless person and Boston\n        icon (d. 2007)\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Bertie Ahern]], [[Taoiseach]] of\n        Ireland\\n** [[Joe Pantoliano]], American actor\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Jean Smart]], American actress, better known for her role in ''''[[Designing\n        Women]]''''\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Duncan Haldane]], English-born condensed-matter\n        physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Pete Carroll]], American football coach\\n** [[Jared Taylor]], American author\n        and journalist\\n** [[Fred Seibert]], American producer and [[Frederator Studios]]\n        founder\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Cassandra Peterson]], American actress,\n        better known for her role in ''''[[Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]]''''\\n* [[September\n        18]]\\n** [[Dee Dee Ramone]], American bassist (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Darryl Stingley]],\n        American football player for the [[National Football League|NFL]] [[New England\n        Patriots]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Guy Lafleur]], Canadian\n        hockey player\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Aslan Maskhadov]], President of\n        Chechnya (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[David Coverdale]], English\n        singer and musician\\n** [[Wolfgang Petry]], German singer\\n* [[September 24]]\n        – [[Alfonso Portillo]], [[President of Guatemala]]\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Pedro Almod\\u00f3var]], Spanish filmmaker\\n** [[Mark Hamill]], American\n        actor, better known for his role in ''''[[Star Wars]]''''\\n* [[September 26]]\n        – [[Stuart Tosh]], Scottish musician\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Paul\n        Craig (law professor)|Paul Craig]], English professor of law\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]], Scottish singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Michelle Bachelet]], [[President of\n        Chile]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s Caicedo]], Colombian writer (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Maureen\n        Caird]], Australian hurdler\\n** [[Mike Enriquez]], Filipino radio and television\n        newscaster\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Barry Marshall]], Australian physician\n        and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sting\n        2009 portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sting (musician)|Sting]]]]\\n[[File:Pam Dawber\n        2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pam Dawber]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Sting (musician)|Sting]],\n        British singer, rock musician, philanthropist\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Bernard\n        Cooper]], American writer\\n** [[Keb'' Mo'']], American musician\\n** [[Kathryn\n        D. Sullivan]], American astronaut\\n** [[Dave Winfield]], baseball player\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov]], [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] poet\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Bob Geldof]], Irish musician ([[The Boomtown Rats]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Manfred Winkelhock]], German race car driver\\n* [[October\n        7]]\\n** [[Jakaya Kikwete]], 4th President of Tanzania\\n** [[John Mellencamp]],\n        American musician and songwriter\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Epeli Ganilau]],\n        Fijian soldier and statesman\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Jean-Jacques Goldman]],\n        French singer and songwriter\\n** [[Jon Miller]], American sports announcer\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Rafael Vaganian]], Armenian chess grandmaster\\n*\n        [[October 18]]\\n** [[Pam Dawber]], American actress\\n** [[Mike Antonovich\n        (ice hockey)|Mike Antonovich]], American ice hockey player and executive\\n**\n        [[Terry McMillan]], American author\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Claudio Ranieri]],\n        Italian football manager and former player.\\n* [[October 22]] – [[William\n        David Sanders]], American victim of the [[Columbine High School massacre]]\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], Argentine\n        musician and songwriter\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Richard Lloyd (guitarist)|Richard\n        Lloyd]], American rock guitarist \\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Willie P. Bennett]],\n        Canadian songwriter and singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Bootsy Collins]], American\n        musician, singer-songwriter \\n* [[October 27]] – [[\\u00c9ric Morena]],\n        French singer\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Harry Hamlin]], American actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:EPP\n        Congress 4732.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Traian B\\u0103sescu]]]]\\n[[File:Nigel Havers\n        2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nigel Havers]]]]\\n[[File:Zeenat Aman still7.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zeenat\n        Aman]]]]\\n[[File:Rodger Bumpass - Standing at Panel - Cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rodger\n        Bumpass]]]]\\n[[File:82nd Academy Awards, Kathryn Bigelow - army mil-66453-2010-03-09-180354.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathryn\n        Bigelow]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Thomas Mallon]], American author and\n        critic\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Ed Murawinski]], American cartoonist (''''New\n        York Daily News'''')\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Traian B\\u0103sescu]], [[President\n        of Romania]]\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Nigel Havers]], English actor\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Alfredo Astiz]], Argentine commander\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Lou Ferrigno]], American actor and bodybuilder \\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Danilo Medina]], Dominican politician 53rd [[President of the\n        Dominican Republic]]\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Marc Summers]], American\n        television host\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Jacob ter Veldhuis]], Dutch composer\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Alamgir Hashmi]], English poet\\n** [[Beverly D''Angelo]],\n        American actress \\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Miguel Sandoval]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Paula Vogel]], American playwright\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Stephen\n        Root]], American actor and voice actor\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Justin\n        Raimondo]], American author\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Lord Falconer of Thoroton]],\n        British politician\\n** [[Zeenat Aman]], Bolywood Actress\\n* [[November 20]]\n        – [[Rodger Bumpass]] voice actor notably Squidward\\n* [[November 21]]\n        – [[Thomas Roth (journalist)|Thomas Roth]], German news anchor presenter\n        and television presenter\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Chet Edwards]], American\n        politician\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Cicciolina]], Hungarian-Italian actress\n        and politician\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Teri DeSario]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Kathryn Bigelow]], American film director\\n** [[Roger\n        Troutman]], American funk musician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 30]] –\n        [[Christian Bernard]], French-born mystic\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ernesto\n        Zedillo Ponce de Leon World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ernesto\n        Zedillo]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[The Aldridge Sisters|Sherry Aldridge]],\n        American singer \\n** [[Obba Babatund\\u00e9]], American actor\\n** [[Jaco Pastorius]],\n        American bassist (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Treat Williams]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Adrian Devine]], American baseball pitcher\\n* [[December 3]]\\n**\n        [[Natalis Chan]], Hong Kong actor and producer\\n** [[Riki Choshu]], Korean-Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Chang Fei]], Taiwanese TV personality\\n**\n        [[Patricia Wettig]], American actress\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Tomson Highway]],\n        Canadian writer\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Bill Bryson]], American-born British\n        author\\n** [[Jan Eggum]], Norwegian singer and songwriter\\n* [[December 10]]\n        – [[Doug Allder]], English footballer\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Peter\n        T. Daniels]], American scholar\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Wau Holland]],\n        German hacker (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\n** [[Mike Kr\\u00fcger]],\n        German comedian and singer\\n** [[Jan Timman]], Dutch chess player\\n* [[December\n        17]] – [[Ken Hitchcock]], Canadian hockey coach\\n* [[December 20]] –\n        [[Peter May (writer)|Peter May]], Scottish novelist and television dramatist\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – [[Ernesto Zedillo]], 54th [[President of Mexico]]\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Georges Thurston]], Canadian singer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], American\n        musician\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[John Kindness]], Irish artist\\n* [[Adriana\n        Monti]], Italian film director\\n* [[Mike Jackson (systems scientist)|Mike\n        Jackson]], British [[Systems science|systems scientist]] and consultant\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:FranziskusHennemann.jpg|thumb|110px|Reverend\n        [[Franziskus Hennemann]]]]\\n[[File:Amy Carmichael with children2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Amy\n        Carmichael]]]]\\n[[File:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.png|thumb|110px|[[Carl\n        Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Richard Hart (actor)|Richard\n        Hart]], American actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Georgios Drossinis]],\n        Greek author, poet, scholar and editor (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 5]] \\n**\n        [[Yasunosuke Gonda]], Japanese sociologist and theorist (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Ken Le Breton]], Australian speedway rider (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[January 6]]\n        – [[Maila Talvio]], Finnish writer, nominated for the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Gu\\u00e9non]],\n        French metaphysician (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Lucien Cu\\u00e9not]], French biologist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Sinclair Lewis]], American writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\n** [[Jacques de Baroncelli]], French director and screenwriter (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n** [[Albert Guay]], Canadian murderer (executed) (b. [[1917]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Maximilian of Saxony (1870\\u20131951)|Prince Maximilian of Saxony]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\n** [[Florence Kahn (actress)|Florence Kahn]],\n        American actress (b.  [[1878]])\\n** [[Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        [[Tsunejir\\u014d Ishii]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 17]]\n        – [[Franziskus Hennemann]], South African [[Titular bishop]] and reverend\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Amy Carmichael]], Irish missionary to\n        India (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Jack Holt (actor)|Jack Holt]], American actor (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Yuriko Miyamoto]], Japanese novelist\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], Finnish\n        military leader and statesman, 6th [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]] \\n** [[Dominic Salvatore Gentile]], American pilot (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Petar Dujam Munzani]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and reverend\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Frank Tarrant]], Australian cricketer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Ferdinand Porsche]], German auto\n        engineer (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:2ndPrinceChun1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Zaifeng,\n        Prince Chun]]]]\\n[[File:Gide 1893.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andr\\u00e9 Gide]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Blas Taracena Aguirre]], Spanish archaeologist (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\n** [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]], one of the founding\n        fathers of Pakistan (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Zaifeng, Prince Chun]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[Fritz Thyssen]], German businessman and industrialist\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Zygmunt Szendzielarz]], Polish commander (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Eddy Duchin]], American pianist and bandleader (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Lloyd C. Douglas]], American author\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Andr\\u00e9s Barbero]], Paraguayan\n        scientist and botanist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Tommy Gagliano]],\n        American mobster (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Lyman Gilmore]], American\n        aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Milo\\u0161 Slov\\u00e1k]], Czech painter\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Gide]], French writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Alfred Lindley]], American Olympic rower - Men''s eights (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n* [[February 28]] \\n** [[Henry W. Armstrong]], American boxer and\n        songwriter (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Giannina Russ]], Italian soprano (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Meszlenyi3.jpg|100px|thumbnail|Blessed\n        [[Zolt\\u00e1n Meszl\\u00e9nyi]]]]\\n[[File:Shidehara Kijuro.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Kijuro\n        Shidehara]]]]\\n[[File:Janusz J%C4%99drzejewicz.PNG|100px|thumbnail|[[Janusz\n        J\\u0119drzejewicz]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Maria Dickin]], British social\n        reformer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Cassiano Conzatti]], Italian botanist,\n        explorer and pteridologist (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Al Taylor (actor)|Al Taylor]],\n        American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Anna Berentine Anthoni]],\n        Norwegian trade unionist and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Meszl\\u00e9nyi]],\n        Hungarian [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\n** [[Ivor Novello]], British actor, musician and composer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]], Ukrainian statesman, political activist,\n        writer, playwright and artist, 1st [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – Prince [[Rangsit Prayurasakdi]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Charles Coleman (actor)|Charles Coleman]], American actor (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Kij\\u016br\\u014d Shidehara]], Japanese\n        diplomat, 31st [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 11]] –\n        [[J\\u00e1nos Zsup\\u00e1nek]], [[Prekmurje Slovenes|Prekmurje Slovene]] poet\n        and writer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Alfred Hugenberg]], German\n        businessman and politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Val Lewton]],\n        American producer and screenwriter (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Janusz\n        J\\u0119drzejewicz]], Polish politician and educator, 24th [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Archduke Karl Albrecht\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Dmytro Doroshenko]],\n        Soviet political figure (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Ricardo Leoncio\n        El\\u00edas Arias]], Peruvian soldier and politician, Interim [[President of\n        Peru]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Willem Mengelberg]], Dutch\n        conductor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Enrique Varela]],\n        Spanish military officer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Eddie Collins]],\n        American baseball player ([[Chicago White Sox]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Oscar Micheaux]], American filmmaker (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Ralph Forbes]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Carmona.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oscar\n        Carmona]]]]\\n[[File:Ivanoe Bonomi portrait.png|thumb|100px|[[Ivanoe Bonomi]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Mikhail Vladimirsky]], Soviet politician (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Henrik Visnapuu]], Soviet poet and dramatist (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Al Christie]], Canadian film director and producer (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[George Albert Smith]], President of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day\n        Saints]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[C\\u01b0\\u1eddng \\u0110\\u1ec3]],\n        Vietnamese revolutionary leader (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Robert\n        Broom]], British paleontologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Enzenauer]], Canadian politician (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Joe King (actor)|Joe\n        King]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Ernest Bevin]],\n        British labour leader, politician and statesman (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 18]]\n        – [[\\u00d3scar Carmona]], 96th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 11th\n        [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Frank Hopkins]],\n        American professional horseman, soldier (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Ivanoe Bonomi]], Italian politician and statesman, 25th [[Prime Minister\n        of Italy]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus]],\n        Dutch lepidopterist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Horace Donisthorpe]],\n        British myrmecologist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Charles G. Dawes]],\n        [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|30th]] [[Vice President of\n        the United States]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Shyam (actor)|Shyam]], Hindi actor (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], Austrian philosopher (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:HomeroManzi.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Homero\n        Manzi]]]]\\n[[File:Henri Carton de Wiart.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Henri Carton\n        de Wiart]]]]\\n[[File:Mary Emelia Moore.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Mary Emelia Moore]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Clement Sheptytsky]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]], martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Alphonse de Ch\\u00e2teaubriant]],\n        French writer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Mansour bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Saudi politician\n        (b. 1951)\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Homero Manzi]], Argentine Tango lyricist\n        and author (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[Eddie Dunn (actor)|Eddie Dunn]],\n        American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Andronicus Rudenko]], Greek [[Orthodox\n        priest]] and blessed (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Henri Carton de\n        Wiart]], 23rd [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 7]] –\n        [[Warner Baxter]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Pat\n        Hartigan (actor)|Pat Hartigan]], American actor and director (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Hussenot]], French engineer (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood]], British field marshal\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Mary Emelia Moore]], New Zealand Presbyterian missionary\n        in [[China]] (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Empress Teimei]] of Japan, Empress consort\n        of [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Gaspar Ag\\u00fcero\n        Barreras]], Cuban composer, pianist and composer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Antonio Gandusio]], Italian actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 24]] –\n        [[Thomas N. Heffron]], American silent film director (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Franz Klebusch]], German actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Paula von Preradovi\\u0107]],\n        Austrian poet and writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Thomas Blamey|Sir\n        Thomas Blamey]], Australian field marshal (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\n**\n        [[Fanny Brice]], American entertainer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Antonio Mosca]],\n        Italian painter (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Hermann Broch]], Austrian\n        author (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Serge Koussevitzky.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Serge\n        Koussevitzky]]]]\\n[[File:Benchifley.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Ben Chifley]]]]\\n[[File:San\n        Fior - Monumento alla beata Mastena.jpg|100px|thumbnail|Blessed [[Maria Pia\n        Mastena]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Alejandrino]], Filipino general\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Rafael Altamira y Crevea]], Spanish historian and jurist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Ludvig Oskar]], Estonian painter (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June\n        4]] – [[Serge Koussevitzky]], Soviet conductor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June\n        7]]\\n** [[Paul Blobel]], German SS officer (executed) (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Werner\n        Braune]], German SS officer (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Erich Naumann]],\n        German SS officer (executed) (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Otto Ohlendorf]], German\n        SS officer (executed) (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Oswald Pohl]], German SS officer\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Mayo Methot]], American actress\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Takuma Nishimura]], Japanese general\n        (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Ben Chifley]], Australian\n        politician, 16th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Pyotr Pavlenko]], Soviet writer and screenwriter (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – [[Charles Dillon Perrine]], American astronomer, discovered\n        two moons of [[Jupiter]] ([[Himalia (moon)|Himalia]] and [[Elara (moon)|Elara]])\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Ferdinand Budicki]], Croatian pioneer\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[David Warfield]], American stage actor\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Maria Pia Mastena]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 29]] –\n        [[Juan Rivero Torres]], Bolivian engineer and statesman (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Philippe\n        P\\u00e9tain (en civil, autour de 1930).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Tadeusz Borowski]], Polish writer and journalist (b.\n        [[1922]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Ferdinand Sauerbruch]], German surgeon (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Harry Heilmann]], American baseball player\n        ([[Detroit Tigers]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Arnold Schoenberg]], Austrian composer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – [[Florentino Collantes]], Filipino poet (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Charles Desplanques]], French anarchist and journalist (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n** [[Riad Al Solh]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 18]] \\n** [[Ludovico di Caporiacco]], Italian arachnologist (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Antti Juutilainen]], Finnish farmer and politician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July\n        20]]\\n** King [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] (assassinated) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[El\\u00edas\n        Ah\\u00faja y Andr\\u00eda]], Spanish philanthropist, politician, businessman\n        and academic (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Wilhelm, German Crown Prince|Crown Prince\n        Wilhelm of Prussia]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Robert J. Flaherty]],\n        American filmmaker (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]], French World\n        War I marshal, leader of Vichy France, 78th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b.\n        [[1856]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Henrik Ramsay]], Finnish politician and\n        economist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Juozas Gabrys]], Lithuanian politician\n        and diplomat (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Maximilian Ritter von Pohl]], German army\n        and air force officer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Cho Ki-chon]],\n        Korean poet (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Bee-ho-gray-profile.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Bee\n        Ho Gray]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Bee Ho Gray]], American Wild West star,\n        silent film actor and vaudeville performer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Anthony Brancato]], American criminal (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[August 14]] –\n        [[William Randolph Hearst]], American newspaper publisher (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Artur Schnabel]], Austrian-born Jewish classical pianist\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Louis Jouvet]], French actor and\n        director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Wr\\u00f3blewski]],\n        Polish politician, scientist, diplomat and lawyer, provisional [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Constant Lambert]], British\n        composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Mar\\u00eda Cadilla]], Puerto\n        Rican writer, educator and activist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Henri\n        Rivi\\u00e8re (painter)|Henri Rivi\\u00e8re]], French painter (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Antonio S\\u00e1nchez de Bustamante y Sirven]], Cuban lawyer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Bill Barilko]], Canadian hockey player (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)|Robert Walker]],\n        American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Paul Demel]], Czech\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ernestina Lecuona.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Ernestina\n        Lecuona y Casado]]]]\\n[[File:Maria-montez.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Maria Montez]]]]\\n[[File:AugustodeVasconcelos.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Augusto\n        de Vasconcelos]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Wols]], German painter and\n        photographer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Antoine Bibesco]],\n        Romanian aristocrat, lawyer, diplomat and writer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] \\n** [[Ernestina Lecuona y Casado]], Cuban pianist, musician, educator\n        and composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Enrico Valtorta]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        bishop of [[Hong Kong]] and reverend (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[M\\u00e1rio Eloy]], Portuguese painter (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n**\n        [[Maria Montez]], Dominican actress (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[John French Sloan]],\n        American artist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** [[Anton Golopen\\u021bia]],\n        Romanian sociologist (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Gibson Gowland]], British actor (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Giuseppe Mul\\u00e8]], Italian composer\n        and conductor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Jacinto Guerrero]],\n        Spanish composer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek Nu\\u0161l]],\n        Czechoslovak astronomer and mathematician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Jimmy Yancey]],\n        American pianist and composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\n** [[M\\u00e1rton\n        R\\u00e1tkai]], Hungarian actor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Tomonaga Sanj\\u016br\\u014d]],\n        Japanese philosopher (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Ioan Dim\\u0103ncescu]],\n        Romania army officer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Augusto de\n        Vasconcelos]], Portuguese surgeon, politician and diplomat, 57th [[Prime Minister\n        of Portugal]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Thomas Cahill (soccer)|Thomas\n        Cahill]], American soccer coach (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Liaquat\n        Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]]]]\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Henrietta\n        Lacks]], American originator of the [[HeLa]] [[cell (biology)|cell]] line\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]], German-born\n        physician and biochemist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Leon Errol]],\n        Australian-born actor and comedian (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Herman Charles Bosman]], South African writer and journalist (b. 1905)\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Farkas]],\n        Hungarian nobleman, jurist and politician (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Fernando Poe Sr.]], Filipino actor (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n**\n        [[Al Baker (magician)|Al Baker]], American magician (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Carl, Duke of V\\u00e4sterg\\u00f6tland]] (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Clarence Stewart\n        Williams]], American admiral (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[\\u00d3scar\n        P\\u00e9rez Sol\\u00eds]], Spanish artillery officer, engineer, jurist and politician\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Mady Christians]], Austrian actress\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Gustav Smedal]], Norwegian jurist\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 3]] \\n** [[Aleksei Badayev]],\n        Soviet functionary (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Richard Wallace (director)|Richard\n        Wallace]], American film director (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 4]] –\n        [[Khelifa Belkacem]], Algerian chaabi singer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[November 5]]\n        \\n** [[Agrippina Vaganova]], Soviet ballerina (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Reggie Walker]],\n        South African Olympic athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\n** [[Luigi\n        Beltrame Quattrocchi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] layman and blessed (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Sigmund Romberg]], Hungarian-born composer (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Nikolai Medtner]], Soviet pianist and composer (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere]]\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Robert Elliott (actor)|Robert Elliott]],\n        American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Thomas Quinlan (impresario)|Thomas\n        Quinlan]], British opera singer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Enrichetta\n        Alfieri]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Friedrich]], 24th Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Harry B. Liversedge]], American general (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Timrava]], Slovak novelist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Pramathesh Barua]], Indian actor, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Shoeless Joe Jackson by Conlon, 1913.jpeg|100px|thumbnail|[[Shoeless\n        Joe Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Vescovo Anton Durcovici.jpg|100px|thumbnail|Blessed\n        [[Anton Durcovici]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Felix Petyrek]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Pedro Salinas]], Spanish\n        poet, \\n* [[December 5]] – [[Shoeless Joe Jackson]], American baseball\n        player ([[Chicago White Sox]]) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[J. Edward\n        Bromberg]], Hungarian-born character actor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Gobert]], French tennis player (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Harold Ross]], American\n        editor (b.[[1892]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Algernon Blackwood]], British\n        writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Selim Palmgren]], Finnish\n        composer, pianist and conductor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Bill\n        Patton (actor)|Bill Patton]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 19]]\n        – [[Barton Yarborough]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Anton Durcovici]], Austro-Humgarian born Romanian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        bishop and blessed (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Enrique Santos\n        Disc\\u00e9polo]], Argentine tango and milonga musician and composer (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Raffaele Rossetti]], Italian engineer and military\n        naval officer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Maxim Litvinov]],\n        Russian revolutionary and Soviet diplomat (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[John\n        Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Walton]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Edwin McMillan]] and [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Max Theiler]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[P\\u00e4r Lagerkvist]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[L\\u00e9on Jouhaux]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{commons category|1951}}\\n\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1951}}\\n\\n[[Category:1951|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T20:10:39Z\",\"lastrevid\":799780080,\"length\":67738,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951\"},\"34575\":{\"pageid\":34575,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1952\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:26:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1952}}\\n{{Year nav|1952}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1952}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n[[File:Olympia-1952.jpg|thumb|[[1952\n        Summer Olympic Games]]|alt= 1952 Summer Olympic Games stamp]]\\n\\n== Events\n        ==\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January 8]] – [[West Germany]] has 8 million\n        [[refugee]]s inside its borders.\\n* [[January 12]] – The [[University\n        of Tennessee]] admits its first black student.\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Cairo\n        Fire|Black Saturday]] in [[Egypt]]: rioters burn [[Cairo]]''s central business\n        district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – A [[Tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] forms just north\n        of [[Cuba]] moving northeast. The storm makes landfall in southern [[Florida]]\n        the next day. It is the earliest reported landfall from a tropical storm,\n        and the earliest formation of a tropical storm on record in the [[Atlantic\n        Ocean|Atlantic basin]].\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[George VI]] (King of the United\n        Kingdom and the Dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[Union of South\n        Africa|South Africa]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Dominion of\n        Ceylon|Ceylon]]) dies aged 56 after a long illness. He is succeeded by his\n        daughter The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh as Queen [[Elizabeth\n        II]], who is on a visit to [[Kenya]].\\n** In the United States, a [[Artificial\n        heart|mechanical heart]] is used for the first time in a human patient.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – [[Elizabeth II]] [[Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth\n        II|is proclaimed]] [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom]]\n        at [[St James''s Palace]], London, England.\\n* [[February 14]] – [[February\n        25]] –  The [[1952 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]] held in [[Oslo]],\n        Norway.\\n* [[February 15]] – The funeral of [[George VI]] takes place\n        at [[St George''s Chapel, Windsor Castle]].\\n* [[February 18]] – Greece\n        and Turkey join the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]].\\n** The [[SS\n        Pendleton]], a T2 Tanker, breaks in half during a nor''easter off the east\n        coast near Massachusetts. Bernard Webber and a crew of four volunteer to rescue\n        the 32 survivors aboard. This was the one of the most courageous rescues in\n        the history of the US Coast Guard.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Emmett Ashford]]\n        becomes the first [[African-American]] [[umpire (baseball)|umpire]] in organized\n        [[baseball]], by being authorized to be a substitute umpire in the Southwestern\n        International League.\\n** [[Winston Churchill]] scraps UK compulsory national\n        [[identity cards]].\\n* [[February 21]] – In [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]]\n        (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) police open fire on a procession of students,\n        killing 4 people and starting a country-wide protest which leads to the recognition\n        of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as one of the national languages of Pakistan.\n        The day is later declared \\\"[[International Mother Language Day]]\\\" by [[UNESCO]].\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – The [[Par\\u00edcutin]] active volcano in [[Michoac\\u00e1n]],\n        west central Mexico, ceases its discontinuous eruption after spewing forth\n        a gigaton of lava and burying [[San Juan Parangaricutiro]].\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** United Kingdom [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]\n        [[Winston Churchill]] announces that the United Kingdom has an [[atomic bomb]].\\n**\n        [[Vincent Massey]] is sworn in as the first Canada-born [[Governor General\n        of Canada]].\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 7]]  –NME goes on sale for the\n        first time in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[March 10]] – General [[Fulgencio\n        Batista]] re-takes power in [[Cuba]] in a coup.\\n* [[March 15]]\\u2013[[March\n        16|16]] – 73 inches (1,870 mm) of rain falls in [[Cilaos]],\n        [[R\\u00e9union]], the most rainfall in one day up to that time.\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – The [[United States Senate]] ratifies a [[Treaty of San\n        Francisco|peace treaty]] with Japan.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** The last two [[Capital\n        punishment|executions]] in the Netherlands take place.\\n** Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]]\n        is elected Prime Minister of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]].\\n**\n        Tornadoes ravage the lower [[Mississippi embayment|Mississippi River Valley]],\n        leaving 208 dead, through [[March 22]].\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Wernher\n        von Braun]] publishes the first in his series of articles titled ''''[[Man\n        Will Conquer Space Soon!]]'''', including ideas for manned flights to [[Mars]]\n        and the Moon.\\n* [[March 27]]\\n**[[Konrad Adenauer]] survives an assassination\n        attempt.\\n**[[Coorg Legislative Assembly election, 1952|Legislative Assembly\n        election]] held in [[Coorg]].\\n* [[March 29]] – U.S. President [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] announces that he will not seek reelection.\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** In the [[The Hague|Hague Tribunal]], [[Israel]] demands [[Reparations\n        Agreement between Israel and West Germany|reparations]] worth $3 billion from\n        Germany.\\n** [[West Ice accidents]]: During a severe storm in the [[West Ice]],\n        east of [[Greenland]], 78 seal hunters on 5 Norwegian [[seal hunting]] vessels\n        vanish without a trace.\\n* [[April 7]] – The [[American Research Bureau]]\n        reports that the ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' episode, \\\"The Marriage License\\\"\n        was the first TV show in history to be seen in around 10,000,000 homes the\n        evening the episode aired.\\n* [[April 8]] – ''''[[Youngstown Sheet &\n        Tube Co. v. Sawyer]]'''': The U.S. Supreme Court limits the power of the President\n        to seize private business, after President [[Harry S. Truman]] nationalizes\n        all steel mills in the United States, just before the [[1952 steel strike]]\n        begins.\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Hugo Ballivi\\u00e1n]]''s government is overthrown\n        by the Bolivian National Revolution, which starts a period of [[agrarian reform]],\n        [[universal suffrage]] and the [[nationalization]] of tin mines.\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[Battle of Nanri Island]]: The [[Taiwan|Republic of China]]\n        seizes the island from the [[China|Peoples'' Republic of China]].\\n* [[April\n        15]] – The United States [[B-52 Stratofortress]] flies for the first\n        time.\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Bolivia]] National Revolution: A universal vote\n        enables indigenous peoples and women to vote, nationalizes mines and enacts\n        agrarian reform.\\n** [[West Germany\\u2013Japan relations|West Germany and\n        Japan form diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[April 26]] – The United States\n        Navy aircraft carrier [[USS Wasp (CV-18)|''''Wasp'''']] collides with the\n        destroyer [[USS Hobson (DD-464)|''''Hobson'''']] while on exercises in the\n        Atlantic Ocean, killing 175 men.\\n* [[April 28]] – The [[Treaty of San\n        Francisco]] goes into effect, formally ending the war between [[Japan]] and\n        the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], and simultaneously ending the [[Military\n        occupation|occupation]] of the four main Japanese islands by the [[Supreme\n        Commander for the Allied Powers]].\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Lever House]]\n        officially opens at 390 [[Park Avenue]] in New York City, heralding a new\n        age of commercial architecture in the United States. Designed by [[Gordon\n        Bunshaft]] of [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], it is the first [[International\n        Style (architecture)|International Style]] skyscraper.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May\n        1]] – [[East Germany]] threatens to form its own army.\\n* [[May 2]]\n        – The first passenger jet flight route opens between London and [[Johannesburg]].\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – U.S. [[lieutenant colonel]]s [[Joseph O. Fletcher]] and\n        [[William Pershing Benedict|William P. Benedict]] land a plane at the [[geographic\n        North Pole]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Farouk of Egypt]] has himself announced\n        as a descendant of the Islamic [[prophet]], [[Muhammad]].\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Nehru]] forms his first government in India.\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Israel\\u2013Japan relations|Diplomatic relations are\n        established between Israel and Japan]] at the level of [[legation]]s.\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Ann Davison]] becomes the first woman to single-handedly sail\n        the Atlantic Ocean.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** The [[Catholic Church|Roman\n        Catholic Church]] bans the books of [[Andr\\u00e9 Gide]].\\n** Navigation opens\n        on the [[Volga\\u2013Don Canal]], connecting the [[Caspian Sea]] basin with\n        that of the [[Black Sea]].\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** The [[keel]] is laid for the\n        U.S. nuclear submarine [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)|USS ''''Nautilus'''']].\\n**\n        [[Myxomatosis]] is introduced to Europe on the French estate of Dr. [[Paul-F\\u00e9lix\n        Armand-Delille]].\\n* [[June 15]] – ''''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]''''\n        is published.\\n* [[June 19]] – The [[Special Forces (United States Army)]]\n        are created.\\n* [[June 21]] – The Philippine School of Commerce, through\n        a government act, is converted to the Philippine College of Commerce (later\n        the [[Polytechnic University of the Philippines]]).\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        The [[Labour Party of Malaya|Pan-Malayan Labour Party]] is founded in [[Malayan\n        Union|Malaya]], as a union of statewise labour parties.\\n* [[June 27]] –\n        [[Decree 900]] in Guatemala orders redistribution of uncultivated land.\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – Finnish contestant [[Armi Kuusela]] wins the title of\n        [[Miss Universe]].\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:EGKS.png|thumb|200px|France, West\n        Germany, Italy, Belgium, [[Luxembourg]] and the Netherlands form the [[European\n        Coal and Steel Community|European Coal and Steel community]], the foundation\n        organization which would become the [[European Union]].]]\\n* [[July 3]] –\n        The [[ocean liner]] [[SS United States|SS ''''United States'''']] makes her\n        maiden crossing of the Atlantic.\\n* [[July 13]] – [[East Germany]] announces\n        the formation of its [[National People''s Army]].\\n* [[July 19]] – [[August\n        3]] – The [[1952 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Helsinki]], Finland.\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – The 7.3 {{M|w}} [[1952 Kern County earthquake|Kern County\n        earthquake]] strikes California''s southern [[Central Valley (California)|Central\n        Valley]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of\n        XI (''''Extreme''''), killing 12 and injuring hundreds. \\n* [[July 23]]\\n**\n        The [[European Coal and Steel Community]] is established.\\n** General [[Muhammad\n        Naguib|Mohammed Naguib]] leads [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|The Free Officers]]\n        (formed by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] \\u2013 the real power behind the coup) in\n        the [[Coup d''\\u00e9tat|overthrow]] of King [[Farouk of Egypt]].\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Puerto Rico]] becomes a self-governing commonwealth of the\n        United States.\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 5]] – The [[Treaty of Taipei]]\n        between Japan and the [[Republic of China]] goes into effect, to officially\n        end the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].\\n* [[August 11]] – The [[Jordan]]ian\n        Parliament forces King [[Talal of Jordan]] to abdicate due to mental illness;\n        he is succeeded by his son King [[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]].\\n* [[August\n        12]] – The [[Night of the Murdered Poets]]; the execution of 13 Soviet\n        Jewish poets.\\n* [[August 13]] – Japan joins the [[International Monetary\n        Fund|IMF]].\\n* [[August 14]] – West Germany joins the [[International\n        Monetary Fund|IMF]] and the [[World Bank]].\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Lynmouth]],\n        North [[Devon]], England is devastated by floods; 34 die.\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – The most damaging shock of the [[1952 Kern County earthquake]] sequence\n        strikes with a moment magnitude of 5.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of\n        VIII (''''Severe''''). This shock damaged several hundred buildings in [[Bakersfield,\n        California]], with total additional losses of $10 million, with two associated\n        deaths and some injuries.\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Kitty Wells]] is first\n        woman to score number 1 hit with the song \\\"It wasn''t God Who Made Honky\n        Tonk Angels\\\".\\n* [[August 26]] – A British passenger jet makes a return\n        crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the same day.\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Reparations\n        Agreement between Israel and West Germany|Reparation]] negotiations between\n        West Germany and [[Israel]] end in [[Luxembourg]]: Germany will pay 3 billion\n        [[Deutsche Mark]]s.\\n* [[August 29]] – Composer [[John Cage]]''s ''''[[4\\u203233\\u2033]]'''',\n        during which the performer does not play, premieres in [[Woodstock, New York]].\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – The last Finnish [[war reparations]] are sent to the\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[August 31]] – The [[Grenzlandring]] racetrack\n        closes in [[Wegberg]], Germany.\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        Dr. [[C. Walton Lillehei]] and Dr. F. John Lewis perform the first open-[[Cardiac\n        surgery|heart surgery]] at the [[University of Minnesota]].\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Television]] debuts in Canada as the [[Canadian Broadcasting\n        Corporation|CBC]] in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] airs.\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        CBC Toronto debuts.\\n* [[September 10]] – The [[European Parliamentary\n        Assembly]] (from March [[1962]], [[European Parliament]]) opens.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – The [[Soviet Union]] vetoes Japan''s application for membership\n        in the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 30]] – The [[Revised Standard\n        Version]] of the Bible was published and released to the public.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – The first [[Operation Hurricane|British nuclear weapon]]\n        is detonated in Australia making the United Kingdom the third [[nuclear weapons\n        state]].\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Negotiation]]s for a [[ceasefire]] in Korea\n        are postponed.\\n** [[Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash]] in England kills 112\n        people.\\n* [[October 12]] – The [[Gamma Sigma Sigma]] National Service\n        Sorority is founded in New York City at [[Beekman (Panhellenic) Tower|Panhellenic\n        Tower]].\\n* [[October 14]] – The [[United Nations]] begins work in the\n        new [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations building]] in New\n        York City, designed by [[Le Corbusier]] and [[Oscar Niemeyer]].\\n* [[October\n        16]] – ''''[[Limelight (1952 film)|Limelight]]'''' opens in London;\n        writer/actor/director/producer [[Charlie Chaplin]] arrives by ocean liner;\n        in transit his re-entry permit to the USA is revoked by [[J. Edgar Hoover]].\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Indonesia]]n troops led by General [[Abdul Haris\n        Nasution|Nasution]] surround the presidential palace, seeking the dismissal\n        of the [[People''s Representative Council]]; [[Sukarno]] avoids confrontation.\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[Alain Bombard]] begins to sail from the [[Canary Islands]]\n        to [[Barbados]] in 65 days; he reaches them [[December 23]].\\n** [[John Bamford]],\n        aged 15, rescues victims of a house fire and becomes the youngest person to\n        be awarded the [[George Cross]].\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Martial law]]\n        is declared in [[Kenya]] due to the [[Mau Mau Uprising|Mau Mau uprising]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Nuclear weapons testing|Nuclear testing]] and [[Operation\n        Ivy]]: The United States successfully [[Detonation|detonates]] the first [[hydrogen\n        bomb]], codenamed \\\"Mike\\\", at [[Enewetak Atoll|Eniwetok]] Atoll in the [[Marshall\n        Islands]] in the central Pacific Ocean, with a [[nuclear weapon yield|yield]]\n        of 10.4 [[TNT equivalent|megatons]].\\n[[image:IvyMike2.jpg|thumb|220px|The\n        explosion of the first hydrogen bomb.]]\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** The 9.0 {{M|w}}\n        [[1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake|Severo-Kurilsk earthquake]] hits the [[Kamchatka\n        Peninsula]] of the [[Soviet Union]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''). A tsunami took the lives of more than\n        2,300 people.\\n** [[United States presidential election, 1952]]: [[Republican\n        Party (United States)|Republican]] General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] defeats\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[Governor of Illinois]] [[Adlai\n        Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] (correctly predicted by the [[UNIVAC I|UNIVAC]]\n        computer).\\n** The U.S. [[National Security Agency]] is founded.\\n** The [[Pace-Finletter\n        MOU 1952]]: A [[Memorandum of understanding]] is signed between \\\"...Air Force\n        Secretary Finletter and Army Secretary Pace that established a fixed wing\n        weight limit [for the Army] of five thousand pounds empty, but weight restrictions\n        on helicopters were eliminated...\\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=shwtKbTbEuEC&pg=PA196&dq=Army+%22November+4,+1952%22+Air+Force&client=firefox-a\n        ''''Pushing the Envelope'''', p. 196]\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Jomo\n        Kenyatta]] is arrested in [[Kenya]] for an alleged connection to the [[Mau\n        Mau Uprising]].\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Sl\\u00e1nsk\\u00fd trial]]s: A series\n        of largely anti-Semitic show trials are held in Czechoslovakia.\\n** The first\n        official passenger flight over the [[North Pole]] is made from Los Angeles\n        to [[Copenhagen]].\\n**The first successful sex reasignment surgery was performed\n        in [[Copenhagen]], making George Jorgensen Jr. become [[Christine Jorgensen]].\n        \\n* [[November 25]] – [[Agatha Christie]]''s murder-mystery play ''''[[The\n        Mousetrap]]'''' opens at the Ambassadors Theatre in London; as of 2015, it\n        continues next door at the St. Martin''s Theatre, and remains the longest\n        continuously running production of a play in history.\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Korean War]]: U.S. President-elect [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] fulfills a [[political\n        campaign]] promise, by traveling to Korea to find out what can be done to\n        end the conflict.\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Adolfo Ruiz Cortines]]\n        takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n** The ''''[[Daily News (New York)|New\n        York Daily News]]'''' carries a front page story announcing that [[Christine\n        Jorgensen]], a [[Transsexualism|transsexual]] woman in Denmark, has become\n        the recipient of the first successful [[Sex reassignment surgery|sexual reassignment]]\n        operation.\\n* [[December 4]] – the [[Great Smog of London]]: A a severe\n        air-pollution event.\\n* [[December 14]] – The first successful surgical\n        separation of [[Conjoined twins|Siamese twins]] is conducted in Mount Sinai\n        Hospital, [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]].\\n* [[December 20]] – The crash of\n        a U.S. Air Force C-124 Globemaster at Moses Lake, WA kills 86 servicemen.\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – One West German soldier is killed in a shooting incident\n        in [[West Berlin]].\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Joseph Ivor Linton]], the\n        first Israeli [[Envoy (title)|Minister Plenipotentiary]] in Japan, presents\n        his credentials to the [[Emperor of Japan]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Nearly\n        58,000 cases of [[Poliomyelitis|polio]] are reported in the U.S.; 3,145 die\n        and 21,269 are left with mild to disabling [[paralysis]].{{Cite journal|title=A\n        New Challenge for Former Polio Patients|journal=FDA Consumer|date=June 1991|first=Evelyn|last=Zamula|volume=25|issue=5|pages=|publisher=[[Food\n        and Drug Administration]]}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00006.html\n        |title=Consumer |accessdate=29 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126120646/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00006.html\n        |archivedate=January 26, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}\\n* The [[Nordic\n        Council]] agrees to the unrestricted transport of people, goods and services\n        throughout the [[Nordic countries|Nordic Countries]].\\n* The [[National Prohibition\n        Foundation]] is incorporated in [[Indiana]].\\n* [[S\\u00e4yn\\u00e4tsalo Town\n        Hall]] in Finland, designed by [[Alvar Aalto]], is completed.\\n* The influential\n        multistorey residential building, [[Unit\\u00e9 d''Habitation]] in [[Marseille]],\n        France, designed by [[Le Corbusier]], is completed.\\n* The [[American Embassy\n        School]] of New Delhi is founded.\\n* [[Sweden|Swedish]] paratrooper training\n        school [[Fallsk\\u00e4rmsj\\u00e4garna]] (FJS) is established.\\n* Twelve-year-old\n        [[Jimmy Boyd]]''s record of ''''[[I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus]]'''' is\n        released, selling 3 million records\\n*Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the professional\n        wrestling promotion that would later evolve into the modern day [[WWE]] is\n        founded by [[Roderick McMahon|Jess McMahon]] and [[Toots Mondt]]\\n* During\n        the [[Mau Mau Uprising]], the poisonous [[latex]] of the [[Euphorbia grantii|African\n        milk bush]] was used to kill [[cattle]] in an incident of [[Biological warfare]].{{Cite book|last=Verdourt|first=Bernard|author2=Trump,\n        E.C.|author3=Church, M.E.|last-author-amp=yes|title=Common poisonous plants\n        of East Africa|publisher=Collins|year=1969|location=London|pages=254}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Hamad\n        bin Khalifa Al Thani Senate of Poland.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hamad bin Khalifa\n        Al Thani]]]]\\n[[File:Marek Belka NBP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marek Belka]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]], [[Emir of Qatar]]\\n** [[Jury\n        Zacharanka]], Belarusian politician \\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Makoto Nakajima]],\n        Japanese bureaucrat, Commissioner of the [[Japan Patent Office]]\\n** [[Ng\n        Man-tat]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Elvira Saadi]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Jim Ross]], American wrestling announcer\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Sammo Hung]], Hong Kong martial arts superstar, producer and director\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Marek Belka]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\\n*\n        [[January 12]]\\n** [[Charles Faulkner (author)|Charles Faulkner]], American\n        life coach, motivational speaker, trader and author\\n** [[Walter Mosley]],\n        American author\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Maureen Dowd]], American journalist\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Boris Blank (musician)|Boris Blank]], Swiss musician\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Skay Beilinson]], Argentinian guitar player \\n* [[January\n        16]] – H.R.H. Prince Ahmed Fuad Farouk ([[Fuad II of Egypt|Fuad II]]),\n        the last King of Egypt & Sudan, Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur\\n* [[January 17]]\n        – [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]], Japanese musician, composer, producer, and actor\n        (''''[[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]'''')\\n* [[January 19]] \\n** [[Beau Weaver]],\n        American male voice actor\\n** [[Bruce Jay Nelson]], American computer scientist\n        (d. 1999)\\n** [[Michel Plante]], Canadian ice hockey left winger\\n** [[Nadiuska]],\n        German television actress\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Marco Camenisch]], Swiss\n        environmental activist\\n** [[Louis Menand]], American writer and critic\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Ace Vergel]], Filipino actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Raymond Domenech]], French [[Association football|football]]\n        player and manager\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Edward Fialkowski]], Polish political\n        activist\\n** [[Sara Mandiano]], French singer and songwriter\\n** [[Peter Tatchell]],\n        Australian-born British human rights activist \\n* [[January 28]] – [[Tomokazu\n        Miura]], Japanese actor\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Klaus-Peter Hanisch]],\n        German footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Jan Hofer]], German\n        journalist, broadcast news analyst and television presenter\\n\\n===February===\\n[[Image:Park\n        Geun-hye 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Park Geun-hye]]]]\\n[[File:Jenny Shipley.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jenny\n        Shipley]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Stan Kasten]], American baseball executive,\n        President of the [[Washington Nationals]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Park\n        Geun-hye]], President of South Korea\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Jenny Shipley]],\n        36th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Tony Liu]],\n        Chinese actor\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Daisuke G\\u014dri]], Japanese voice\n        actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Nora Miao]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – [[Lee Hsien Loong]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Singapore]]\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Simon MacCorkindale]], English actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Nancy Keenan]], American president of [[NARAL Pro-Choice America|NARAL]]\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\n** [[Nikolai Sorokin]], Soviet and Russian actor, theatre\n        director (d. [[2013]]) \\n** [[Tomislav Nikoli\\u0107]], 4th [[President of\n        Serbia]] (since 2012)\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Garry Chalk]], British\n        voice actor\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Amy Tan]], American novelist\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Vitaly Churkin]], Russian diplomat (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Bill Frist|William Frist]], U.S. Senator and heart surgeon\\n**\n        [[Saufatu Sopoanga]], 8th Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[February 24]] –\n        [[Maxine Chernoff]], American poet, novelist and editor\\n* [[February 25]]\n        – [[Joey Dunlop]], Northern Irish motorcycle racer (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[February 29]]\\n** [[Wack Pack#Gary the Retard|Gary the Retard]], American\n        member of ''''The [[Wack Pack]]'''' (''''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'''')\\n**\n        [[Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush]], American television''s first female African-American\n        primetime weather anchor\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Douglas adams portrait cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Douglas\n        Adams]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Martin O''Neill]], Northern Irish footballer\n        and manager\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Laraine Newman]], American comedian (''''Saturday\n        Night Live'''')\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Scott Hicks]], Australian film director\\n**\n        [[Ronn Moss]], American actor\\n** [[Umberto Tozzi]], Italian singer\\n* [[March\n        7]] – [[Viv Richards]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[March 10]] –\n        [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], Zimbabwean politician\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Douglas\n        Adams]], English author (''''[[The Hitchhiker''s Guide to the Galaxy]]'''')\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[\\u00c1gnes Rapai]], Hungarian writer\\n**\n        [[Wolfgang Rihm]], German composer\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Philippe Kahn]],\n        French-American businessman and inventor\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Perla (singer)|Perla]],\n        Paraguayan-Brazilian singer \\n* [[March 22]] – [[Bob Costas]], American\n        sports announcer\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Kim Stanley Robinson]], American\n        author\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Jung Chang]], Chinese-born author and historian\\n**\n        [[Antanas Mockus]], Colombian mathematician and politician\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Maria Schneider (actress)|Maria Schneider]], French actress (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Te\\u00f3filo Stevenson|Teofilo Stevenson]],\n        Cuban boxer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Peter Knights]], Australian\n        footballer and coach\\n* [[March 31]]\\n**[[Dermot Morgan]], Irish actor and\n        comedian (d. [[1998]]) \\n**[[Vanessa del Rio]], American actress\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n[[File:Steven Seagal by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steven Seagal]]]]\\n[[File:Billy\n        West by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy West]]]]\\n[[File:Jean-Paul\n        Gaultier.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean-Paul Gaultier]]]]\\n[[File:Mary McDonnell cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary\n        McDonnell]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\n** [[Bernard Stiegler]], French philosopher\\n**\n        [[Annette O''Toole]], American actress\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Lennart Fagerlund]],\n        Swedish cyclist\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Rosemarie Ackermann]], German athlete\\n**\n        [[Gary Moore]], Irish musician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Karen Magnussen]], Canadian\n        figure skater\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Mitch Pileggi]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Marilu Henner]], American actress and author\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Nichita Danilov]], Romanian writer\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Steven\n        Seagal]], American actor\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Peter Windsor]], British sports\n        reporter\\n** [[Qamar Zaman]], Pakistani squash player\\n* [[April 12]] –\n        [[Ralph Wiley]], American sports journalist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – [[Mickey O''Sullivan]], Irish sportsman\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Glenn\n        Shadix]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\n** [[Chaz Jankel]],\n        English singer and multi-instrumentalist\\n** [[Billy West]], American voice\n        actor.\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Joe Alaskey]], American voice actor (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[\\u017deljko Ra\\u017enatovi\\u0107]], Serbian mobster and paramilitary leader\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Alexis Arg\\u00fcello|Alexis Arguello]],\n        Nicaraguan boxer and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Eric\n        Pickles]], British politician\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Cheryl Gillan]], British\n        politician\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Marilyn Chambers]], American porn actress\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]], French Haute\n        couture and Pr\\u00eat-\\u00e0-Porter fashion designer\\n* [[April 25]] \\n**\n        [[Lane Caudell]], American actor\\n** [[Ketil Bj\\u00f8rnstad]], Norwegian pianist\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Spice Williams-Crosby]], American actress and stunt\n        performer\\n* [[April 27]] – [[George Gervin]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Mary McDonnell]], American actress\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Robert\n        Zemeckis \\\"The Walk\\\" at Opening Ceremony of the 28th Tokyo International\n        Film Festival (21835891403) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Zemeckis]]]]\\n[[File:George\n        Strait 2014 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Strait]]]]\\n[[File:Mr T WWE Hall of\n        Fame 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mr. T]]]]\\n[[File:Anne-Marie David 2015\n        1094.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anne-Marie David]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Mike Thornton\n        (politician)|Michael Thornton]], British [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Eastleigh]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]]\\n** [[Campbell McComas]], Australian impersonator and broadcaster\\n**\n        [[Isla St Clair]], Scottish singer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Leonid Khachiyan]],\n        Russian-born mathematician\\n** [[Allan Wells]], Scottish athlete\\n* [[May\n        4]] – [[Michael Barrymore]], British comedian and TV presenter\\n* [[May\n        6]]\\n** [[Gregg Henry]], American actor and musician\\n** [[Michael O''Hare]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Ronnie Dapo]], American\n        child actor\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Roland Kaiser]], German singer\\n** [[Manuel\n        Mora Morales]], Spanish director and writer\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Shohreh Aghdashloo]],\n        Iranian actress\\n** [[Frances Fisher]], British-born American actress\\n**\n        [[Mike Lupica]], American sports journalist\\n** [[Renaud]], French composer\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Christopher Gaze]], British voice actor\\n* [[May 13]]\\n**\n        [[John Kasich]], Governor of [[Ohio]]\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Robert Zemeckis]],\n        American film director\\n** [[David Byrne]], Scottish singer-songwriter ([[Talking\n        Heads]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Chazz Palminteri]], American actor\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Diane Duane]], American writer\\n** [[Ry\\u016bzabur\\u014d \\u014ctomo]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n** [[George Strait]], American country musician\\n* [[May\n        19]] – [[Bert van Marwijk]], Dutch football manager\\n* [[May 20]] –\n        [[Roger Milla]], Cameroonian footballer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Mr. T]], African-American\n        actor (''''The A-Team'''')\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Anne-Marie David]], French\n        singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest 1973|1973]]\n        winner\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Sybil Danning]], Austrian actress\\n* [[May\n        26]] – [[David Meece]], American Christian musician\\n* [[May 28]] –\n        [[Victoria Cunningham]], American actress and Playboy Playmate\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:Bronis\\u0142aw Komorowski official cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bronis\\u0142aw\n        Komorowski]]]]\\n[[File:Liam Neeson Deauville 2012 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liam\n        Neeson]]]]\\n[[File:Papandreou handover cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Papandreou]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Goodman by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Goodman]]]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n**[[Scott\n        Wesley Brown]], American Christian musician\\n**[[Bronis\\u0142aw Komorowski]],\n        President of Poland\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Hubert Auriol]], French racing driver\\n**\n        [[Liam Neeson]], Northern Irish actor\\n** [[Orhan Pamuk]], Turkish writer,\n        Nobel Prize winner\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Yukihiro Takahashi]], Japanese\n        musician and singer (''''[[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]'''')\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Pat Summitt]], American basketball coach (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        [[George Papandreou]], Greek politician\\n** [[Gino Vannelli]], Canadian singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Sarbjit Singh Chadha]], Indian enka singer\\n**\n        [[Mike Milbury]], American ice hockey player, coach and executive\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Idriss D\\u00e9by|Idriss D\\u00e9by Itno]], [[President of Chad]]\\n**\n        [[Carol Kane]], American actress \\n** [[Isabella Rossellini]], Italian model\n        and actress\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[John Goodman]], American actor\\n** [[K\\u014dichi\n        Mashimo]], Japanese anime director\\n** [[Vikram Seth]], Indian novelist\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Dave Downs]], American professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Jeremy Coney]], New Zealand [[cricket]] [[Captain (cricket)|captain]]\\n**\n        [[Marcella Detroit]], American singer ([[Shakespears Sister]])\\n** [[Kazi\n        Zulkader Siddiqui]], Pakistani businessman, academician\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        [[Phil Nicholls]], English professional footballer\\n** [[Franco Cucinotta]],\n        Italian professional footballer\\n** [[Graham Greene (actor)|Graham Greene]],\n        Canadian (First Nations) actor\\n** [[Alastair Stewart]], British newsreader\\n**\n        [[Santokh Singh]], Malaysian footballer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Marv Kellum]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Peter Whiteside]], British modern pentathlete\\n*\n        [[June 24]]\\n** [[Ladislas Lozano]], French-Spanish football coach and retired\n        player\\n** [[Stephen Pusey]], British-born artist\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[P\\u00e9ter\n        Erd\\u0151]], Hungarian cardinal\\n** [[Tim Finn]], New Zealand singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Madan Kumar Bhandari]], Nepalese politician (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Douglas Unger]], American novelist\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Pietro Mennea]],\n        Italian athlete (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Joe Johnson (snooker\n        player)|Joe Johnson]], English snooker player\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Dan\n        Aykroyd.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dan Aykroyd]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00c1lvaro Uribe V\\u00e9lez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alvaro\n        Uribe]]]]\\n[[File:Hoff 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Hasselhoff]]]]\\n[[File:HRH\n        Vajiralongkorn (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vajiralongkorn]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\n        \\n** [[Dale Hayes]], South African professional golfer\\n** [[Dan Aykroyd]],\n        Canadian actor and comedian (''''Saturday Night Live'''')\\n* [[July 3]] \\n**\n        [[Lu Colombo]], Italian singer\\n** [[Andy Fraser]], English musician (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Rohinton Mistry]], Indian writer\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[\\u00c1lvaro Uribe]],\n        [[President of Colombia]]\\n** [[John Waite]], English singer and musician\\n*\n        [[July 6]] \\n** [[Grant Goodeve]], American male voice actor\\n** [[Adi Shamir]],\n        Modern cryptographer\\n** [[Jennifer Savidge]], American actress\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Li Hongzhi]], Chinese-American founder and spiritual leader of Falun\n        Gong\\n** [[Alain Cortes]], French modern pentathlete\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Ahmed\n        Nazif]], [[Prime Minister of Egypt]]\\n** [[Knud Arne J\\u00fcrgensen]], Danish\n        music, theater and ballet historian\\n* [[July 9]] – [[John Tesh]], American\n        composer, musician, and television host (''''Entertainment Tonight'''')\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[Stephen Lang]], American actor\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Voja\n        Antoni\\u0107]], [[Serbia]]n inventor and writer\\n** [[Philip Taylor Kramer]],\n        American rock musician (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Liz Mitchell]], [[Jamaica]]n-born\n        singer of [[Boney M.]]\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Bob Casale]], American keyboardist\n        ([[Devo]])\\n** [[Franklin Graham]], American evangelist and son of [[Billy\n        Graham]]\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Terry O''Quinn]], American actor\\n** [[Yuriko\n        Koike]], Japanese politician ([[Governor of Tokyo]])\\n* [[July 16]] –\n        [[Stewart Copeland]], American rock musician (''''The Police'''')\\n* [[July\n        17]]\\n**[[David Hasselhoff]], American actor\\n**[[Billy Sprague]], American\n        Christian musician\\n**[[Nicolette Larson]], American pop singer (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]] – [[Allen Collins]], American rock musician (''''Lynyrd\n        Skynyrd'''') (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Keiko Matsuzaka]], Japanese\n        actress\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Gus Van Sant]], American film director\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Eduardo Souto de Moura]], Portuguese Architect\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Hannu-Pekka H\\u00e4nninen]], Finnish sports commentator\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Vajiralongkorn]], [[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Thailand]]\n        ([[Rama (Kings of Thailand)|Rama X]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Chris Ahrens (ice\n        hockey)|Chris Ahrens]], American ice hockey player\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Barreiros]],\n        Portuguese author\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Hun Sen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hun\n        Sen]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Swayze.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick Swayze]]]]\\n[[File:Jonathan\n        Frakes cropped1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jonathan Frakes]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Reubens\n        SXSW 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Reubens]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Zoran\n        \\u0110in\\u0111i\\u0107|Zoran Djindjic]], Serbian politician (d. 2003)\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Art James (baseball)|Arthur \\\"Art\\\" James]], American former\n        [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] baseball outfielder\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Osvaldo Ardiles]], Argentine footballer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Moya Brennan]],\n        Irish singer\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Hun Sen]], [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]]\n        \\n** [[Louis Walsh]], Irish music producer and reality TV show judge\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Wojciech Fortuna]], Polish ski jumper\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Alexei Sayle]], English comedian\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Jostein Gaarder]],\n        Norwegian author\\n** [[Robin Quivers]], African-American radio personality\n        (''''The Howard Stern Show'''')\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Vicki Morgan]],\n        American model (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Daniel Hugh Kelly]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Bob Mothersbaugh]], American composer\n        and guitarist ([[Devo]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Daniel Biles]], American\n        associate justice of the [[Kansas Supreme Court]]\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[Herb Ritts]], American photographer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        [[Reginald VelJohnson]], American actor\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Guillermo\n        Vilas]], Argentine tennis player\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Patrick Swayze]],\n        American actor and dancer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Jonathan\n        Frakes]], American actor (''''Star Trek: The Next Generation'''')\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Joe Strummer]], British rock musician (''''[[The Clash]]'''') (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed Paroubek]], 6th [[Prime Minister of the Czech\n        Republic]]\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Tuxedomoon|Steven Allan Brown]], American\n        punk rock musician (''''[[Tuxedomoon]]'''')\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Linton\n        Kwesi Johnson]], Jamaican-born musician and poet\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Bryon\n        Baltimore]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Michael Jeter]], American actor\n        of film, stage, and television (d. [[2003]])  \\n* [[August 27]] – [[Paul\n        Reubens]],  American actor, writer and comedian (''''Pee-Wee Herman'''')\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[Rita Dove]], American poet ([[1987 Pulitzer Prize]],\n        [[United States Poet Laureate]] 1993-95)\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Wendelin\n        Wiedeking]], German businessman\\n* [[August 31]] \\n**[[Lee Hyla]], American\n        composer\\n**[[Hilary Farr]], British-Canadian actress and designer\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:Mickey Rourke Tribeca 2009 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mickey\n        Rourke]]]]\\n[[File:Zelaya en Brasil Agosto 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Manuel Zelaya]]]]\\n[[File:Joe\n        Kennedy II.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph P. Kennedy II]]]]\\n[[File:C Reeve in Marriage\n        of Figaro Opening night 1985.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Reeve]]]]\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Jimmy Connors]], American tennis player\\n* [[September 6]] –\n        [[Lucky Enam]], Bangladeshi television and theater actress\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Patrick Prosser]], Scottish computer scientist\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Angela Cartwright]], British-American child actress, photographer\n        and painter\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Sergey Karaganov]], Russian political\n        scientist\\n** [[Neil Peart]], Canadian rock drummer ''''([[Rush (band)|Rush]])''''\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\n** [[Fatos Nano]], Albanian prime minister\\n** [[Mickey\n        Rourke]], American film actor, former boxer\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Nile\n        Rodgers]], American musician and guitarist\\n* [[September 19]] – [[George\n        Warrington]], president of [[Amtrak]] (1998-2002); executive director of [[NJ\n        Transit]] (2002\\u201307) (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Manuel\n        Zelaya]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Anneliese\n        Michel]], German Roman Catholic believed possessed by demons (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[Bob Goodlatte]], U.S. Congressman from Virginia\\n*\n        [[September 23]]\\n** [[Jim Morrison (baseball)|Jim Morrison]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Peter Schrank]], Political cartoonist\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph Patrick Kennedy II]], politician\\n** [[Mark Sandman]], American rock\n        musician and artist  (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Jimmy Garvin]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Christopher Reeve]], American actor and\n        activist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Predrag Mileti\\u0107]],\n        Serbian actor\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Didier Dubois (mathematician)|Didier\n        Dubois]], French mathematician\\n** [[Katie Fforde]], British writer\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Sylvia Kristel]], Dutch actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Max Sandlin]], American politician\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Jack Wild]], English actor ''''(H.R. Pufnstuf)'''' (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:Konferenz Pakistan und der Westen - Imran Khan (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Imran\n        Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Putin with flag of Russia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vladimir Putin]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff\n        Goldblum by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff Goldblum]]]]\\n* [[October\n        2]]\\n** [[Robin Riker]], American Author and Actress\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**\n        [[Clive Barker]], British author\\n** [[Harold Faltermeyer]], German musician\\n**\n        [[Imran Khan]], Pakistani politician \\n** [[Emomali Rahmon]], President of\n        Tajikistan\\n** [[Duncan Regehr]], Canadian actor\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Mary\n        Badham]], American actress\\n** [[Vladimir Putin]], 2-Time [[President of Russia]]\\n**\n        [[Ludmilla Tourischeva]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Beverly Johnson]],\n        African-American model, actress and businesswoman \\n** [[John Lone]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Kaija Saariaho]], Finnish composer\\n*\n        [[October 14]] \\n** [[Nikolai Andrianov]], Soviet gymnast (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Rick Aviles]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Ron\n        Taylor (actor)|Ron Taylor]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 18]]\n        – [[Chuck Lorre]], American sitcom creator\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Jeff Goldblum]], American actor\\n* [[October 24]] – [[David Weber]],\n        American science fiction and fantasy author\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Andrew\n        Motion]], English poet\\n* [[October 27]] \\n** [[Roberto Benigni]], Italian\n        actor, screenwriter, and film director\\n** [[Francis Fukuyama]], American\n        political scientist\\n** [[Topi Sorsakoski]], Finnish singer\\n* [[October 28]]\n        – [[Annie Potts]], American actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Roseanne\n        Hard Rock Cafe.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roseanne Barr]]]]\\n[[File:Jim_Cummings_January_2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Cummings]]]]\\n[[File:DCIA David Petraeus.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Petraeus]]]]\\n[[File:Shigeru\n        Miyamoto at E3 2013 1 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Shigeru Miyamoto]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 3]]\\n** [[Roseanne Barr]], American actress and comedian\\n** [[Jim\n        Cummings]], American voice actor\\n** [[David Ho (scientist)|David Ho]], Taiwanese-American\n        [[AIDS]] researcher\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Oleh Blokhin]], Ukrainian football\n        player and manager\\n** [[Brian Muehl]], American puppeteer\\n** [[Bill Walton]],\n        American basketball player and commentator\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Michael\n        Cunningham]], American writer\\n* [[November 7]] – [[David Petraeus]],\n        American general\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Jan Raas]], Dutch professional cyclist\\n**\n        [[Alfre Woodard]], African-American actress\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Art\n        Malik]], Pakistani-born British actor\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Bill Farmer]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Randy Savage]], American\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Roger Bisby]],\n        English journalist\\n** [[Shigeru Miyamoto]], Japanese game designer\\n* [[November\n        17]]–  [[Ties Kruize]], Dutch field hockey player\\n* November 18 –\n        [[John Parr]], English singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[November 24]]\n        – [[Ilja Richter]], German actor, voice actor, television presenter,\n        singer and author\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Buddy Rose]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[S. Epatha Merkerson]],\n        African-American actress \\n* [[November 30]] – [[Keith Giffen]], American\n        comic book writer and artist\\n\\n===December ===\\n[[File:Michael Dorn by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Michael Dorn]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah Douglas.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Sarah\n        Douglas]]]]\\n[[File:Allan Simonsen 20121027.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Allan Simonsen]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Peter Kingsbery]], American singer-songwriter ([[Cock\n        Robin (band)|Cock Robin]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Bruno Jonas]], German\n        Kabarett artist and actor\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Chuck Baker]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Nicolas Br\\u00e9hal]], French novelist\n        and literary critic\\n** [[Charles Bronson (prisoner)|Charles Bronson]], English\n        criminal (has been referred to as the \\\"most violent prisoner in Britain\\\")\\n**\n        [[Edward Etzel]], American Olympic Champion\\n** [[Joe Harris (American football)|Joe\n        Harris]], American football linebacker\\n** [[Christian Kulik]], Polish football\n        player\\n** [[Craig Newmark]], American businessman, founded Craigslist\\n**\n        [[Shio Sat\\u014d]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Jeff Schneider]], American\n        Major League Baseball pitcher\\n** [[David L. Spector]], American cell and\n        molecular biologist\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Richard Walsh (actor)|Richard\n        Walsh]], English actor\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Michael Dorn]], African-American\n        actor (''''Star Trek: The Next Generation'''')\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Herb\n        Dhaliwal|Harbance Singh (Herb) Dhaliwal]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Sarah\n        Douglas]], English actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Karl Howman]], English\n        actor\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Julie Taymor]], American film, theater, and\n        opera director and costume designer\\n** [[Hwang Woo-suk]], South Korean [[biomedical\n        scientist]]\\n** [[Allan Simonsen]], Danish footballer and coach\\n* [[December\n        16]] – [[Joel Garner]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[December 20]] –\n        [[Jenny Agutter]], English actress\\n* [[December 26]] \\n** [[Jon Glover]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Riki Sorsa]], Finnish singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Jay Hill]], Canadian politician\\n** [[David Knopfler]], British\n        musician\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Arun Jaitley]], Indian politician\\n** [[Hemant\n        Shesh]], Indian Hindi Writer\\n* [[December 29]] – [[K\\u00fclliki Saldre]],\n        Estonian actress \\n* [[December 30]] – [[June Anderson]], American soprano\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Antonia\n        maury.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Antonia Maury]]]]\\n[[File:Curlydisorder.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Curly\n        Howard]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Henri Albert Hartmann]], French surgeon\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Gustave Francq]], Canadian typographer\n        and trade unionist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Constant Permeke]],\n        Belgian painter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Hristo Tatarchev]],\n        Bulgarian revolutionary (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Sofoklis\n        Dousmanis]], Greek naval officer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Antonia\n        Maury]], American astronomer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Andrea\n        Cassulo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and missionary (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]]\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Stempowski]], Polish politician (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]], French general, posthumous [[Marshal of France]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Almas Ildyrym]], Soviet poet (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Paolo Grilli]], Italian sculptor and\n        painter (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Curly Howard]], American\n        actor and comedian (''''The Three Stooges'''') (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Archduke Maximilian Eugen of Austria]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Andr\\u00e9s Luna de San Pedro]], Filipino architect (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Duke York]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] \\n** [[Sveinn Bj\\u00f6rnsson]], 1st President of Iceland (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Gagnepain]], French botanist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Polly Moran]],\n        American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Zubeida Begum]], Indian\n        actress (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Cheron (actor)|Andr\\u00e9 Cheron]],\n        American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Fannie Ward]], American\n        actress (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Nicolae Constantin Batzaria]],\n        Ottoman statesman, Romanian writer (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[Image:King\n        George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg|thumb|120px|King\n        [[George VI]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] \\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Guilherme Fischer]], Brazilian\n        diplomat and scientist (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Charles de Rochefort]], French\n        actor (b. [[1879]])\\n** Patriarch [[Callistratus of Georgia]] (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Harold L. Ickes]], United States Secretary of the\n        Interior (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Federico Henr\\u00edquez\n        y Carvajal]], Dominican writer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[February 6]] – King\n        [[George VI|George VI of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** [[Sebasti\\u00e3o da Gama]], Portuguese poet (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Philip\n        G. Epstein]], American screenwriter (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Pete Henry]], American\n        football player ([[Canton Bulldogs]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall\n        of Fame]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Arthur Hayes-Sadler]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Matija Murko]],\n        Yugoslav scholar (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Molly Malone (actress)|Molly\n        Malone]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[John Sheehan (actor)|John Sheehan]],\n        American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Enzo de Muro Lomanto]],\n        Italian tenor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Edvige Carboni]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman, mystic and venerable (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]]\\n** [[Lawrence Grant]], British actor (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Knut\n        Hamsun]], Norwegian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Francis Xavier Ford]], American\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop, missionary, servant of God and reverend (b.  [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] – [[Tadeusz Vetulani]], Polish agriculturalist (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** [[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]], Greek\n        general and politician, [[List of heads of state of Greece|President of Greece]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Josef Thorak]], Austrian-born German sculptor (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Helena Concannon]], Irish historian, writer, scholar\n        and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Quo Tai-chi]], Chinese\n        diplomat (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:AndriesPieters.gif|thumb|120px|right|[[Andries\n        Jan Pieters]]]]\\n[[File:Official Photographic Portrait of Don Stephen Senanayaka\n        (1884-1952).jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Don Stephen Senanayake]]]]\\n[[File:Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg|thumb|120px|right|King\n        [[Jigme Wangchuck]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** [[Masao Kume]], Japanese playwright,\n        novelist and poet (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Gregory La Cava]], American film director\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Antonieta de Barros]], Brazilian journalist\n        and politician (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Charles Scott Sherrington]],\n        British physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], Indian\n        guru (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Alexandra Kollontai]], Russian\n        revolutionary (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 12]] \\n** [[Hugh Herbert]], American\n        actor and comedian (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Duke Siegfried August in Bavaria]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[V\\u00f5 Th\\u1ecb S\\u00e1u]], Vietnamese\n        schoolgirl (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Isaak Mazepa]], Soviet\n        politician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Robert Gu\\u00e9rin]], French\n        administrator, 1st [[President of FIFA]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Andries Jan Pieters]], Dutch criminal (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Uncle Dave Macon]], American musician (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Don Stephen Senanayake]],\n        1st [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister of Ceylon]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[J. P. McGowan|J.P. McGowan]], Australian actor and\n        director (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 28]] – Sir [[Fraser Russell]], Governor\n        of Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 30]] – Sir [[Jigme Wangchuck]],\n        [[King of Bhutan]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Walter Schellenberg]],\n        German Nazi intelligence official (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Roland West]], American\n        film director (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Wallace H. White, Jr.]], U.S. Senator from\n        Maine (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Ferenc Moln\\u00e1r]],\n        Hungarian novelist and dramatist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[Antonio\n        Cortis]], Spanish tenor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Julio Enrique Moreno]], acting\n        [[President of Ecuador]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Miina Sillanp\\u00e4\\u00e4]],\n        Finnish politician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Charles Collett]],\n        British chief mechanical engineer (''''[[Great Western Railway]]'''') (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Tadeusz Estreicher]], Polish cryogenics\n        pioneer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Frederic Austin]], British\n        teacher and composer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\n** [[Bruno Barilli]],\n        Italian actor and composer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Viktor Chernov]], Russian revolutionary,\n        leader of the [[Socialist Revolutionary Party|Russian Socialist Revolutionary\n        Party]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Leslie Banks]], British actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** Sir [[Stafford Cripps]], British Labour politician, former\n        [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Nikolai\n        Alekseev (Catholic priest)|Nikolai Alekseev]], Soviet-born Greek [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priest and saint (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Julius Freed]],\n        American inventor and banker (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Guido\n        Castelnuovo]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Manuel Portela Valladares]], Spanish political figure (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April\n        30]] – [[Shigenori Kuroda]], Japanese general (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Matrona\n        Moskovskaya.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Matrona Nikonova]]]]\\n[[File:Maria\n        Montessori1913.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Maria Montessori]]]]\\n[[File:Juan Bautista\n        P\\u00e9rez.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Juan Bautista P\\u00e9rez]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\n        \\n** [[Lagertha Broch]], Norwegian illustrator (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Matrona\n        Nikonova]], Soviet [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] nun and saint (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Juan Carlos Blanco Acevedo]], Uruguayan politician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Alberto Savinio]], Italian writer (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Maria Montessori]], Italian educator (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Juan Bautista P\\u00e9rez]], Venezuelan lawyer,\n        magistrate and politician, 43rd [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[William Fox (producer)|William Fox]], Austro-Hungarian-born\n        film producer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Canada Lee]], American\n        actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\n** [[Clark L. Hull]], American psychologist\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Gino Boccasile]], Italian illustrator (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Giovanni Tebaldini]], Italian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] \\n** [[Albert Bassermann]], German actor (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Tadeusz\n        Breyer]], Polish sculptor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Italo Montemezzi]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Antonio Correa Cotto]], Puerto\n        Rican outlaw (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Masakazu Nakai]], Japanese\n        aesthetician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Luigi Fabris]], Italian sculptor\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Bangalore Nagarathnamma]], Indian singer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[John Garfield]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May\n        22]] – [[Peter Ermakov]], Russian [[Bolshevik]] leader (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Georg Schumann (composer)|Georg Schumann]], German composer\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko]], Soviet\n        army officer (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:ArchbishopThomasWalsh.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Thomas\n        Walsh (archbishop of Newark)|Thomas Walsh]]]]\\n[[File:Sergei merkurov.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Sergei\n        Merkurov]]]]\\n[[File:Felix-Louis Calonder.gif|thumb|100px|right|[[Felix Calonder]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]]\\n** [[John Dewey]], American philosopher (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Malcolm\n        St. Clair (filmmaker)|Malcolm St. Clair]], American filmmaker (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Naum Torbov]], Bulgarian architect (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Thomas Walsh (archbishop of Newark)|Thomas Walsh]], American\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and reverend (b.  [[1873]])\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[Sergey Merkurov]], Soviet sculptor (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix\n        P\\u00e9rez Cardozo]], Paraguayan musician (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Luigi Puccianti]],\n        Italian physicist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\n** [[Hilda Hongell]], Finnish\n        architect (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Frances Theodora Parsons]], American naturalist\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Genovevo de la O]], Mexican revolutionary\n        leader (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Emma Eames]], American soprano\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Felix Calonder]], Swiss politician,\n        36th [[President of Switzerland]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Zofia\n        Kirkor-Kiedroniowa]], Polish activist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Krystyna\n        Skarbek]] (aka Christine Granville), Polish-born British SOE operative during\n        World War II (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Jack Parsons (rocket engineer)|Jack Parsons]],\n        American rocket engineer (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Heinrich Schlusnus]],\n        German baritone (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Theodor Becker (actor)|Theodor\n        Becker]], German actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Elmo Lincoln]],\n        American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Eugenio de Liguoro]],\n        Italian actor and director (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pedro Lascurain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Lascurain]]]]\\n[[Image:Evita color.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eva Per\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:Guillermo\n        Tritschler y C\\u00f3rdova.JPG|thumb|110px|Reverend and Servant of God [[Guillermo\n        Tritschler y C\\u00f3rdova]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Ciro Grassi]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Walter Long (actor)|Walter\n        Long]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Alison Skipworth]],\n        British actress (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Rued Langgaard]], Danish\n        composer and organist (b. [[1893]]) \\n* [[July 20]] – [[Isabelle LaMal]],\n        American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Catherine Chisholm]],\n        British physician (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Pedro Lascur\\u00e1in]], Mexican diplomat,\n        34th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Harry Carter\n        (actor)|Harry Carter]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Antonio Mar\\u00eda\n        Valencia]], Colombian composer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Henry\n        Hallett]], British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Edward Ellis\n        (actor)|Edward Ellis]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]],\n        Argentine political leader, and First Lady to and partner in power of President\n        [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]] (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Guillermo Tritschler\n        y C\\u00f3rdova]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] prelate, reverend and servant\n        of God (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\n** [[Waldemar Bonsels]], German writer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Takashi Hishikari]], Japanese general (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Padre\n        Hurtado junto a j\\u00f3venes cat\\u00f3licos (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alberto\n        Hurtado]]]]\\n[[File:Hiranuma Kiichiro.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kiichiro Hiranuma|Hiranuma\n        Kiichiro]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Andrew Higgins]], American boatbuilder\n        and industrialist. (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 2]] \\n**[[Charles K. French]],\n        American actor, film director, and screenwriter (b. [[1860]])\\n**[[J. Farrell\n        MacDonald]], American actor and director (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        [[Sameera Moussa]], Egyptian nuclear scientist (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 6]]\n        – [[Francis Pegahmagabow]], Canadian mlitary officer (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[August 11]] \\n** [[Riccardo Martin]], American tenor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Dave\n        Sands]], Australian boxer (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Peretz\n        Markish]], Soviet-born Israeli poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Armida Barelli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and venerable (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\n** [[Alberto Hurtado]], Chilean [[Jesuit]] priest\n        and saint (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Ralph Byrd]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – [[Kiichiro Hiranuma|Hiranuma Kiichir\\u014d]], Japanese\n        politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[August 23]]\n        – [[Henri Couti\\u00e8re]], French zoologist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Giovanni Cazzani]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and\n        servant of God (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Euphrasia Eluvathingal]],\n        Indian [[Carmelite]] nun and saint (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Anton Pi\\u00ebch]],\n        Austrian lawyer, son-in-law of Ferdinand Porsche (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Arky Vaughan]], American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[Henri Bourassa]], Canadian political leader and publisher (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jos\\u00e9\n        Vicente de Freitas.JPG|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Jos\\u00e9 Vicente de Freitas]]]]\\n[[File:Kaarlo\n        Juho St%C3%A5hlberg.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Kaarlo Juho St\\u00e5hlberg]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 4]] \\n** [[Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes]], Indonesian doctor (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Wegrzyn]], Polish actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Fernando Luis Garc\\u00eda]], American mariner (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Vicente de Freitas]], Portuguese\n        military officer and politician, 97th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1869]])\\n**\n        [[Gertrude Lawrence]], English actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 7]] –\n        [[Maria Shkapskaya]], Soviet poet (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Lizinka\n        Dyrssen]], Swedish activist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Jonas H. Ingram]], American\n        admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Hermann Hummel]], German\n        chemist and politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Hugo Raudsepp]],\n        Estonian playwright (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Maria Matos]],\n        Portuguese actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Kaarlo Juho\n        St\\u00e5hlberg]], Finnish jurist and academic, 1st [[President of Finland]]\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Ray Mala]], American actor (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Eiichi Sugimoto]], Japanese economist\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[George Santayana]], Spanish writer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor|Viscount\n        Waldorf Astor]], American businessman and politician (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Gral.\n        Arturo Rawson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Arturo Rawson]]]]\\n[[File:WP Ernst Streeruwitz.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ernst\n        Streeruwitz]]]]\\n[[File:Hughes15-16.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Billy Hughes]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Zavel Kwartin]], Soviet-born Israeli composer (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Keith Murdoch]], Australian journalist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Arturo Rawson]], Argentine military\n        officer and politician, 26th [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Jack Conway (filmmaker)|Jack Conway]], American film producer\n        and director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Julia Dean (actress,\n        born 1878)|Julia Dean]], American stage and screen actress (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] \\n**[[Edward S. Curtis]], American photographer, ethnologist,\n        and film director (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Huang Jiguang]], Chinese soldier (b.\n        [[1931]])\\n** [[Ernst Streeruwitz]], Austrian, businessman and politician,\n        6th [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Basil\n        Radford]], British actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Leonardo\n        Ruiz Pineda]], Venezuela lawyer and politician (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Ernst R\\u00fcdin]], Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Susan Peters]], American actress\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Frederick Jacobi]], American composer\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Sergei Bortkiewicz]], Soviet [[Romantic\n        music|Romantic]] composer and pianist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Hattie McDaniel]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Ludwig Fahrenkrog]], German writer, playwright and artist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Billy Hughes]], Australian politician, 7th [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]], leader of [[World War I]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Henri Rouvi\\u00e8re]], French professor (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Flickr\n        - Government Press Office (GPO) - President Chaim Weizmann.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chaim\n        Weizmann]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Dixie Lee]], American singer (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[Mehmet Esat B\\u00fclkat]], Ottoman general\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Henry Edwards (actor)|Henry Edwards]], British actor (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Louis Verneuil]], French playwright\n        and screenwriter (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Charles de Chambrun\n        (1875\\u20131952)|Charles de Chambrun]], French diplomat and writer (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Harold Innis]], Canadian communications scholar (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Prosser]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Chaim\n        Weizmann]], Jewish biochemist, Zionist leader and Israeli statesman, 1st [[President\n        of Israel]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[John Roche (actor)|John\n        Roche]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Eugene Bossilkov]],\n        Bulgarian [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Josaphat Chichkov]], Bulgarian [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and blessed (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Kamen Vitchev]], Bulgarian [[Orthodox priest|Orthodox]] and\n        [[Assumptionist]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        \\n** [[Vasyl Krychevsky]], Soviet painter (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Vincent Scotto]],\n        French composer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Paul \\u00c9luard|Paul\n        Eluard]], French poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Benedetto\n        Croce]], Italian critic, philosopher, and politician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[Henriette Roland Holst]], Dutch poet and socialist (b. [[1869]])\\n**\n        [[William D. Upshaw]], [[American temperance movement]] leader (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Antonio Guarnieri]], Italian conductor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Sven Hedin]], Swedish explorer, geographer and geopolitician\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Carlo Lazzarini]], Australian politician (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Zhou Xuechang]], Chinese politician (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Elena of Montenegro]], Queen of Italy, consort of\n        [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November\n        29]]\\n** [[Vladimir Ipatieff]], Soviet chemist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Vida Milholland]],\n        American activist (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:VittorioEmanuelleOrlando28379v.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Vittorio\n        Emanuele Orlando]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]],\n        Italian statesman, 23rd [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Miguel Os\\u00f3rio de Almeida]], Brazilian physician and scientist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Vladim\\u00edr Clementis]], Czechoslovak\n        minister, politician, publicist, literary critic and author (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] \\n** [[Giuseppe Antonio Borgese]], Italian writer and journalist\n        (b.  [[1882]])\\n** [[Karen Horney]], German psychoanalyst (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] \\n** [[Andrey Aleksandrovich Gershun]], Soviet physicist (b.\n        [[1903]])\\n** [[Louis Lapicque]], French neuroscientist (b. [[1866]])\\n**\n        [[Dumitru Popovici]], Romanian hisrorian (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Charles Lightoller]], British merchant marine officer, second officer of\n        [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n**\n        [[Erika Aittamaa]], Swedish artisan (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Billy Cook (criminal)|Billy\n        Cook]], American criminal (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Bed\\u0159ich Hrozn\\u00fd|Bedrich\n        Hrozn\\u00fd]], Czech orientalist and linguist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December\n        14]]\\n** [[Teixeira de Pascoaes]], Portuguese poet, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature]] (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Fartein Valen]], Norwegian composer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\n** [[Goscombe John]], British sculptor\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Emmanuel Boleslaus Ledvina]], American [[Roman Catholic]]\n        prelate, bishop and reverend (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Leonid\n        Yachenin]], Soviet politician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\n** [[Garimella\n        Satyanarayana]], Indian poet (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Ernst Stromer]], German paleontologist\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Pehr G. Holmes]], American politician\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\n** [[Bernardino Molinari]], Italian conductor\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Herman S\\u00f6rgel]], German architect (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Lyn Harding]], British actor (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Henri Winkelman]], Dutch general (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December\n        28]]\\n** [[Carlo Agostini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], Queen consort of\n        [[Christian X of Denmark]] (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Fletcher Henderson]], American\n        musician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Luke McNamee]], American admiral\n        and [[Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Gabriel Skagestad]], Norwegian\n        theologian, [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop and reverend (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Felix Bloch]], [[Edward Mills Purcell]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Archer John Porter Martin]], [[Richard Laurence Millington Synge]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Selman Waksman|Selman\n        Abraham Waksman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Mauriac]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Albert Schweitzer]]\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1952}}\\n[[Category:1952| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap\n        years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:26:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":799144411,\"length\":69339,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1952&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952\"},\"34865\":{\"pageid\":34865,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1953\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T04:06:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events by month|1953}}\\n{{Year nav|1953}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1953}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main|January\n        1953}}\\n[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|34th\n        President Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Samuel Beckett]]''s\n        play ''''[[Waiting for Godot]]'''' has its first public stage premi\\u00e8re\n        in French as ''''En attendant Godot'''' at the Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre de Babylone\n        in Paris.\\n* [[January 6]] – The [[Asian Socialist Conference]] opens\n        in [[Rangoon]], [[Burma]].\\n* [[January 7]] – United States President\n        [[Harry S. Truman]] announces the United States has developed a [[hydrogen\n        bomb]].\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Estonia]]n [[\\u00e9migr\\u00e9]]s found\n        a [[Estonian government-in-exile|government-in-exile]] in [[Oslo]].\\n* [[January\n        13]] – \\\"[[Doctors'' plot]]\\\": The state newspaper ''''[[Pravda]]''''\n        publishes an article alleging that many of the most prestigious physicians\n        in the [[Soviet Union]], mostly Jews, are part of a major plot to poison the\n        country''s senior political and military leaders.\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** Marshal\n        [[Josip Broz Tito]] is chosen President of [[Socialist Federal Republic of\n        Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n** The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-sponsored\n        [[Robertson Panel]] first meets to discuss the [[UFO]] phenomenon.\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Georg Dertinger]], foreign minister of [[East Germany]], is\n        arrested for spying.\\n* [[January 19]] – 71.1% of all television sets\n        in the United States are tuned into ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' to watch Lucy\n        give birth to Little Ricky, which is more people than those who tuned into\n        Dwight Eisenhower''s inauguration the next day. This record has yet to be\n        broken.\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is [[First inauguration\n        of Dwight D. Eisenhower|sworn in]] as the 34th President of the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – ''''[[The Crucible]]'''', a drama by [[Arthur Miller]],\n        opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Mau Mau Uprising]]:\n        Rebels in [[Kenya]] kill the Ruck family (father, mother, and six-year-old\n        son).\\n** [[Walter Ulbricht]] announces that agriculture will be [[collectivization|collectivized]]\n        in [[East Germany]].\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Derek Bentley]] is executed\n        for murder at [[HM Prison Wandsworth|Wandsworth Prison]] in London.\\n* [[January\n        31]]\\u2013[[February 1]] – The [[North Sea flood of 1953]] kills 1,836\n        people in the southwestern Netherlands (especially [[Zeeland]]), 307 in the\n        United Kingdom{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John\n        Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}{{cite book|title=The great\n        tide: The story of the 1953 flood disaster in Essex|last=Grieve|first=Hilda|year=1959|publisher=Essex\n        County Council}} and several hundred at sea, including 133 on the ferry\n        {{MV|Princess Victoria}} in the [[Irish Sea]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main|February\n        1953}}\\n* [[February 1]] – The surge of the [[North Sea flood of 1953|North\n        Sea flood]] continues from the previous day.\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Batep\\u00e1\n        massacre]]: Hundreds of native [[Creole peoples#Former Spanish colonies|creole]]s\n        known as ''''forros'''' are massacred in [[S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 Island|S\\u00e3o\n        Tom\\u00e9]] by the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners.\\n* [[February\n        5]] – Walt Disney''s feature film ''''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter\n        Pan]]'''' premieres.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        refuses a clemency appeal for [[Ethel and Julius Rosenberg]].\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] breaks diplomatic relations with [[Israel]] after a bomb explosion\n        at the Soviet embassy in reaction to the ''[[Doctors'' plot]]''.\\n* [[February\n        12]] – The [[Nordic Council]] is inaugurated.\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        [[Transsexual]] [[Christine Jorgensen]] returns to New York after successful\n        [[sex reassignment surgery]] in Denmark.\\n* [[February 16]] – The [[Pakistan\n        Academy of Sciences]] is established in [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] approves the first literature censorship\n        board in the United States.\\n* [[February 21]] – Nitroform Products\n        Company plant in Newark, New Jersey, is destroyed by an explosion.Mahoney\n        vs Nitroform Co., 114 A.2d 863 (NJ Appellate Div 1955).\\n* [[February\n        25]] – Release, in France, of [[Jacques Tati]]''s film ''''[[Les Vacances\n        de M. Hulot]]'''', introducing the ''''gauche'''' character of Monsieur Hulot.\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[James Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] of the [[University\n        of Cambridge]] announce their discovery of the structure of the [[DNA]] molecule.\\n**\n        Greece, [[Turkey]], and [[Yugoslavia]] sign the [[Balkan Pact (1953)|Balkan\n        Pact]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main|March 1953}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Joseph Stalin]]\n        suffers a [[stroke]] after an all-night dinner with [[Soviet Union]] interior\n        minister [[Lavrentiy Beria]] and future premiers [[Georgi Malenkov]], [[Nikolai\n        Bulganin]], and [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. The stroke paralyzes the right side\n        of his body and renders him unconscious until his death on [[March 5]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0304/post-stalin.html|title=The Death\n        of Stalin|first=Donna|last=Urschel|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2010-08-09}}\\n**\n        [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg]] is made deputy constable and lieutenant\n        governor of [[Windsor Castle]].\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Georgy Maksimilianovich\n        Malenkov]] succeeds [[Joseph Stalin]] as [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]]\n        and First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[March\n        8]] – The [[Thief in law|Thieves World]], which had been transformed\n        into the [[Russian mafia]], are freed from prisons by the Malenkov regime\n        which ends the [[Bitch Wars]]. \\n* [[March 13]] – The [[United Nations\n        Security Council]] nominates [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]] from [[Sweden]] as\n        [[United Nations Secretary General]].\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        is selected First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – The first [[nuclear test]] of [[Operation Upshot\\u2013Knothole]] is\n        conducted in [[Nevada]], with 1,620 spectators at {{convert|3.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – An earthquake hits western [[Turkey]], killing 250.\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – The [[25th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held (the first\n        one broadcast on television).\\n* [[March 25]]\\u2013[[March 26|26]] –\n        ''''Lari Massacre'''' in [[Kenya]]: [[Mau Mau]] rebels kill up to 150 [[Kikuyu\n        people|Kikuyu]] natives.\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Jonas Salk]] announces\n        his [[polio vaccine]].\\n* [[March 29]] – A fire at the Littlefield Nursing\n        Home in [[Largo, Florida]], kills 33 persons, including singer-songwriter\n        [[Arthur Fields]].\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main|April 1953}}\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]] is elected [[United Nations Secretary-General]].\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Jomo Kenyatta]] is sentenced to seven years in prison\n        for the alleged organization of the [[Mau Mau Uprising]].\\n* [[April 10]]\n        – The [[Melbourne Knights]] is founded as Croatia SC in [[Melbourne]].\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Ian Fleming]] publishes his first [[James Bond]] novel,\n        ''''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'''', in the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        The German football team SG [[Dynamo Dresden]] is founded.\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        President Eisenhower delivers his \\\"Chance for Peace\\\" speech to the National\n        Association of Newspaper Editors.{{cite web|url=http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/speeches/19530416%20Chance%20for%20Peace.htm\n        |title=Chance for Peace Speech |date=April 16, 1953 |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower\n        Memorial Commission |accessdate=9 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122085615/http://eisenhowermemorial.org/speeches/19530416%20Chance%20for%20Peace.htm\n        |archivedate=November 22, 2010 |df= }}\\n** A four-story building in\n        Chicago belonging to the Habar Corporation catches fire, killing 35 employees.\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Mickey Mantle]] hits a 565-foot (172 m) home run at\n        [[Griffith Stadium]] in Washington, D.C.  Mantle''s home run is believed to\n        be the longest home run in baseball history by many historians.\\n* [[April\n        20]] – [[Frank Sinatra]] and the arranger [[Nelson Riddle]] began their\n        first recording sessions together at [[Capitol Records]], which would result\n        in some of the defining recordings of Sinatra''s career.\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Francis Crick]] and [[James Watson]] publish \\\"[[Molecular Structure of\n        Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid]]\\\", their description\n        of the [[double helix]] structure of [[DNA]].{{cite journal|last1=Watson|first1=J.\n        D.|last2=Crick|first2=F. H. C.|year=1953|url=http://www.nature.com/genomics/human/watson-crick/index.html|title=Molecular\n        structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid|volume=171|pages=737\\u2013738|publisher=[[Nature\n        (journal)|Nature]]|accessdate=9 August 2010}}\\n\\n===May===\\n\\n[[File:Sagarmatha ck Oct18 2002.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Mount Everest]].]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]] is crowned [[King of Jordan]].\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Aldous Huxley]] first tries the [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelic]]\n        [[hallucinogen]], [[mescaline]], inspiring his book ''''[[The Doors of Perception]]''''.\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – France agrees to the provisional independence of [[Cambodia]]\n        with King [[Norodom Sihanouk]].\\n* [[May 10]] – The town of [[Chemnitz]]\n        in [[East Germany]] becomes ''''Karl Marx Stadt''''.\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        The [[1953 Waco tornado outbreak|Waco tornado outbreak]]: A [[Fujita scale|F5]]\n        tornado hits in the downtown section of [[Waco, Texas]], killing 114.\\n* [[May\n        15]] – The [[Standards And Recommended Practices]] (SARPS) for [[Aeronautical\n        Information Service]] (AIS) were adopted by the [[ICAO]] Council. These SARPS\n        are in [[Annex 15]] to the [[Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation|Chicago\n        Convention]] and 15 May is celebrated by the AIS community as \\u201cWorld\n        AIS Day\\u201d.\\n* [[May 18]] – At [[Rogers Dry Lake]], Californian [[Jacqueline\n        Cochran|Jackie Cochran]] becomes the first woman to break the [[sound barrier]]\n        (in a [[F-86|F-86 Sabrejet]] at an average speed of 652.337 miles-per-hour).\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Nuclear testing]]: At the [[Nevada Test Site]], the United\n        States conducts its only [[nuclear artillery]] test: [[Upshot-Knothole Grable]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – Sir [[Edmund Hillary]] from [[New Zealand]] and [[Tenzing\n        Norgay]] from [[Nepal]] become the first men to [[1953 British Mount Everest\n        expedition|reach the summit]] of [[Mount Everest]].\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg NYWTS.jpg|thumb|180px| [[June 19]]: Execution of [[Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg]].]]\\n{{Main|June 1953}}\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Uprising\n        in Plze\\u0148 (1953)|Uprising in Plze\\u0148]]: [[Currency]] reform causes\n        riots in [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Coronation of Queen Elizabeth\n        II]] of the United Kingdom at [[Westminster Abbey]].\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Italian general election, 1953|Italian general election]]: the [[Christian\n        Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] party wins a plurality in both legislative\n        houses.\\n* [[June 7]]-[[June 9|9]] – [[Flint\\u2013Worcester tornado\n        outbreak sequence]]: A single storm-system spawns 46 [[tornado]]es of various\n        sizes, in ten states from Colorado to Massachusetts, over three days, killing\n        246.\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** On second day of Flint\\u2013Worcester tornado outbreak\n        sequence, a tornado kills 115 in [[Flint, Michigan]]; it will be the last\n        to claim more than 100 lives until the [[2011 Joplin tornado]].\\n** Austria\n        and the [[Soviet Union]] open [[diplomatic relations]].\\n**[[Ivo Sanader]],\n        the \\\"\\u010ca\\u0107a\\\", was born.\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** On third day of Flint\\u2013Worcester\n        tornado outbreak sequence, a tornado spawned from the same storm system as\n        the Flint tornado the day before hits in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], killing\n        94.\\n** [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[Technical Services Staff]] head\n        [[Sidney Gottlieb]] approves of the use of [[LSD]] in a [[MKUltra]] subproject.\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – Hungarian Prime Minister [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s R\\u00e1kosi]]\n        is replaced by [[Imre Nagy]].\\n* [[June 16]] – The [[Soviet Union]]\n        and [[Yugoslavia]] open [[diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Uprising\n        of 1953 in East Germany|Workers'' Uprising in East Germany]]: The [[Soviet\n        Union]] orders a [[Division (military)|division]] of troops into [[East Berlin]]\n        to quell a [[rebellion]].\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Egypt]] declares itself a [[republic]].\\n**\n        [[Tachikawa air disaster]]: A [[United States Air Force]] [[Douglas C-124\n        Globemaster II]] crashes just after takeoff from [[Tachikawa Airfield]] near\n        Tokyo, Japan, killing all 129 people on board in the worst air crash in history\n        up to this time, and the first with a confirmed death toll exceeding 100.\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] are executed at [[Sing Sing\n        Prison]] in  New York, for conspiracy to commit [[espionage]].\\n** [[Baton\n        Rouge bus boycott]] begins.\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** The first [[Chevrolet Corvette]]\n        is built at Flint, Michigan.\\n** First [[roll-on/roll-off]] ferry crossing\n        of the [[English Channel]], [[Dover]]–[[Boulogne]].{{cite web|title=''''Dinard''''\n        – ''''Viking''''|url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/BR_Dinard.html|work=Simplon\n        Postcards: The Passenger Ship Website|year=2005|accessdate=2012-10-22}}\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main|July\n        1953}}\\n* [[July 3]] – [[First ascent]] of [[Nanga Parbat]] in the Pakistan\n        [[Himalayas]], the world''s [[List of highest mountains|ninth highest mountain]],\n        is made by Austrian climber [[Hermann Buhl]] alone.\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Strike action|Strikes]] and [[riot]]s hit [[coal mining]] regions in Poland.\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – The [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) holds its first\n        assembly in [[Strasbourg]], France.{{dubious|reason=The EEC was founded in\n        1957. Maybe it was the ECSC in 1953?|European Economic Community|date=February\n        2014}}\\n* [[July 9]] – The US Treasury formally renames the Bureau of\n        Internal Revenue; the new name (which had previously been used informally)\n        is the [[Internal Revenue Service]].\\n* [[July 10]] – The Soviet official\n        newspaper ''''[[Pravda]]'''' announces that [[Lavrentiy Beria]] has been deposed\n        as head of the [[NKVD]].\\n* [[July 17]] – The greatest recorded loss\n        of United States [[midshipmen]] in a single event results from an [[USMC R4Q\n        NROTC crash|aircraft crash]] near [[NAS Whiting Field]].{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=8407175|title=HISTORIC\n        AIRCRAFT: THE FLYING BOXCAR|publisher=eLIBRARY.RU|accessdate=2012-01-19}}\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Howard Hawks]]''s [[musical film]] ''''[[Gentlemen Prefer\n        Blondes (1953 film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'''', starring [[Marilyn Monroe]]\n        and [[Jane Russell]], is released by [[20th Century Fox]].\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Fidel Castro]] and his brother lead a disastrous assault on the [[Moncada\n        Barracks]], preliminary to the [[Cuban Revolution]].\\n** The [[Short Creek\n        raid]] is carried out on a polygynous [[Mormon]] sect in [[Arizona]].\\n* [[July\n        27]] – The [[Korean War]] ends with the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]]:\n        [[United Nations Command (Korea)]] (United States), People''s Republic of\n        China, [[North Korea]] sign an [[armistice]] agreement at [[Panmunjom]] and\n        the north remains [[Communism|communist]] while the [[South Korea|south]]\n        remains [[Capitalism|capitalist]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main|August 1953}}\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Operation Big Switch]]: [[Prisoners of war]] are repatriated\n        after the [[Korean War]].\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** Soviet prime minister [[Georgi\n        Malenkov]] announces that the [[Soviet Union]] has a [[hydrogen bomb]].\\n**\n        [[London Agreement on German External Debts]] concluded, cancelling 50% of\n        repayable war debt by the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] to\n        its creditors.\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** The [[1953 Ionian earthquake]] of magnitude\n        7.2 totally devastates [[Cephalonia]] and most of the other [[Ionian Islands]]\n        in Greece''s worst natural disaster in centuries.\\n** [[Soviet atomic bomb\n        project]]: \\\"[[Joe 4]]\\\" – The first Soviet [[thermonuclear weapon]]\n        is detonated at [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]], [[Kazakh SSR]].\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – Four million workers go on strike in France to protest against [[austerity]]\n        measures.\\n* [[August 17]] – The first planning session of [[Narcotics\n        Anonymous]] is held in Southern [[California]] (see [[October 5]]).\\n* [[August\n        18]] – The second of the [[Kinsey Reports]], ''''[[Sexual Behavior in\n        the Human Female]]'''', is published in the United States.\\n* [[August 19]]\n        – [[Cold War]]: The [[CIA]] helps to overthrow the government of [[Mohammad\n        Mosaddegh]] in [[Iran]], and retain [[Shah]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] on\n        the throne (''''see'''' [[1953 Iranian coup d''\\u00e9tat|Operation Ajax]]).\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** The French government ousts King [[Mohammed V of Morocco]]\n        and exiles him to [[Corsica]].\\n** The United States returns to West Germany\n        382 ships it had captured during World War II.\\n* [[August 25]] – The\n        [[general strike]] ends in France.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main|September 1953}}\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – The discovery of [[REM sleep]] is first published\n        by researchers [[Eugene Aserinsky]] and [[Nathaniel Kleitman]].\\n* [[September\n        5]] – The [[United Nations]] rejects the [[Soviet Union]]''s suggestion\n        to accept China as a member.\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        becomes head of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Central Committee.\\n* [[September\n        12]] – U.S. Senator [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] marries [[Jacqueline\n        Lee Bouvier]] at St. Mary''s Church in Newport, Rhode Island.\\n* [[September\n        25]] – The first German [[prisoners of war]] return from the [[Soviet\n        Union]] to West Germany.\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Rationing]] of [[sugarcane|cane\n        sugar]] ends in the UK.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main|October 1953}}\\n* October\n        – The [[UNIVAC 1103]] is the first commercial computer to use [[random-access\n        memory]].{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Earl\n        Warren]] is appointed [[Chief Justice of the United States]] by U.S. president\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].\\n** The first meeting of [[Narcotics Anonymous]]\n        is held (the first planning session was held August 17).\\n* [[October 6]]\n        – [[UNICEF]], the United Nations Children''s Fund, is made a permanent\n        specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[West\n        German federal election, 1953]]: [[Konrad Adenauer]] is re-elected as German\n        chancellor.\\n** The [[British Guiana]] constitution is suspended.\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Roland (Monty) Burton]] wins the [[1953 London to Christchurch\n        air race]] in under 23 hours flying time.\\n** The [[Mutual Defense Treaty\n        Between the United States and the Republic of Korea]] is concluded in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[October 12]] – The play ''''[[The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial]]''''\n        opens at [[Plymouth Theatre]], New York.\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Kingdom\n        of Laos|Laos]] becomes independent from France.\\n* [[October 23]] –  [[Alto\n        Broadcasting System]] in the [[Philippines]] makes the first television broadcast\n        in [[southeast Asia]] through [[DZAQ-TV]]. Alto Broadcasting System is the\n        predecessor of what will later become [[ABS-CBN Corporation]].\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Cold War]]: U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] formally\n        approves the top secret document of the [[United States National Security\n        Council]] [[NSC 162/2]], which states that the United States'' arsenal of\n        [[nuclear weapon]]s must be maintained and expanded to counter the [[Communism|communist]]\n        threat.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main|November 1953}}\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        [[David Ben-Gurion]] resigns as [[prime minister]] of [[Israel]].\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953\\u201370)|Cambodia]] becomes independent\n        from France.\\n** The [[Laotian Civil War]] begins between the [[Kingdom of\n        Laos]] and the [[Pathet Lao]], all the while resuming the [[First Indochina\n        War]] against the [[French Army]] in a [[Two-front war]].\\n** Saudi King Abdul\n        Aziz al-Saud died.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** The [[Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket]],\n        piloted by [[Scott Crossfield]], becomes the first manned aircraft to reach\n        [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.\\n** Authorities at the [[Natural History Museum, London]]\n        announce that the [[human skull|skull]] of [[Piltdown Man]] (allegedly an\n        [[early human]] discovered in [[1912]]) is a [[hoax]].{{cite journal|title=The\n        Solution of the Piltdown Problem|author1=Weiner, J. S.|author2=[[Kenneth Oakley|Oakley,\n        K. P.]]|author3=[[Wilfrid Le Gros Clark|Le Gros Clark, W. E.]]|journal=Bulletin\n        of the British Museum (Natural History), Geological Series|volume=2|issue=3|pages=141\\u20136|date=1953-11-20}}{{cite\n        news|title=Piltdown Man forgery|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=1953-11-21|page=6}}\\n*\n        [[November 21]]\\n** [[Puerto Williams]] is founded in Chile as the southernmost\n        settlement of the world.\\n* [[November 25]] – [[1953 England v Hungary\n        football match|England loses 6\\u20133 to Hungary]] at Wembley Stadium, their\n        first ever loss to a continental team at home.\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        French [[paratrooper]]s take [[\\u0110i\\u1ec7n Bi\\u00ean Ph\\u1ee7]].\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Mutesa II of Buganda|Edward Mutesa II]], the ''''[[Kabaka of\n        Buganda|kabaka]]'''' (king) of [[Buganda]], is deposed and exiled to London\n        by [[Andrew Cohen (colonial governor)|Sir Andrew Benjamin Cohen]], Governor\n        of [[Uganda]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main|December 1953}}\\n[[File:Ramon-Magsaysay-01.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Ramon\n        Magsaysay]]]]\\n* December – [[Hugh Hefner]] publishes the first issue\n        of ''''[[Playboy]]'''' magazine in the United States, featuring a [[centerfold]]\n        nude photograph of [[Marilyn Monroe]]; it sells 54,175 copies at $.50 each.\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – The United Kingdom and [[Iran]] reform [[diplomatic\n        relations]].\\n* [[December 6]] – With the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]],\n        conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] performs what he claims is his favorite [[Beethoven]]\n        symphony, ''''[[Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)|Eroica]]'''', for the last time.\n        The live performance is broadcast nationwide on radio, and later released\n        on records and CD.\\n* [[December 7]] – A visit to Iran by American Vice\n        President Richard Nixon sparks several days of riots, as an reaction to the\n        August 19 overthrow of the government of Mohammed Mossadegh by the US-backed\n        Shah. Three students are shot dead by police in Tehran. This event becomes\n        an annual commemoration.\\n* [[December 8]] – U.S. president [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] delivers his [[Atoms for Peace]] address to the [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] in New York City.\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Albert Schweitzer]]\n        is given the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.\\n* [[December 17]] – The U.S. [[Federal\n        Communications Commission]] (FCC) approves [[color television]] (using the\n        [[NTSC]] standard).\\n* [[December 23]] – The [[Soviet Union]] announces\n        officially that [[Lavrentiy Beria]] has been executed.\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[Tangiwai disaster]]: A railway bridge collapses at [[Tangiwai]],\n        New Zealand, sending a fully loaded passenger train into the [[Whangaehu River]];\n        151 are killed.\\n* [[December 25]] – The [[Amami Islands]] are returned\n        to Japan after 8 years of United States military occupation.\\n* [[December\n        30]]\\n** The first [[color television]] sets go on sale for about US$1,175.\\n**\n        [[Ramon Magsaysay]] is the 7th [[President of the Philippines]].\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* The Japanese [[10 yen coin]] is issued with serrated edges for\n        a 5-year period, beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since have had smooth\n        edges.\\n* Heavy massive rain, landslides, and flooding in western and southwestern\n        Japan kill an estimated 2,566, and injure 9,433, mainly at [[Kizugawa]], [[Wakayama]],\n        [[Kumamoto]], and [[Kitakyushu]] (June\\u2013August).\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Johnson\n        Transparent.png|thumb|110px|[[Gary Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm Young en 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Malcolm\n        Young]]]]\\n[[File:Former Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen at the\n        Nordic Council Session in Helsinki 2008-10-28.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anders Fogh\n        Rasmussen]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Gary Johnson]], American businessman\n        and politician, 29th Governor of [[New Mexico]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Vincent\n        Racaniello]], American virologist\\n* [[January 4]] – [[George Tenet]],\n        former American Central Intelligence Agency director\\n* [[January 5]]\\n**\n        [[Pamela Sue Martin]], American actress\\n** [[Mike Rann]], Australian politician\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Malcolm Young]], Australian musician\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Bruce Sutter]], America baseball player\\n* [[January 10]]\\n**\n        [[Pat Benatar]], American rock singer\\n** [[Bobby Rahal]], American race car\n        driver\\n* [[January 13]] – [[John Wake]], English cricketer\\n* [[January\n        15]]\\n** [[Kent Hovind]], American creation science evangelist\\n** [[Randy\n        White (American football)|Randy White]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Robert Jay Mathews]], American neo-Nazi and founder of the\n        terrorist group [[The Order (white supremacist group)|The Order]] (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]]\\n** [[Desi Arnaz Jr.]], American actor, musician\\n** [[Richard\n        Legendre]], Canadian tennis player and politician\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Allen]], American entrepreneur and co-founder of [[Microsoft]]\\n** [[Glenn\n        Kaiser]], Blues-rock, Heavy metal, Rock, R&B (Early Days)\\n* [[January 22]]\\n**\n        [[Myung-whun Chung]], South Korean conductor and pianist\\n** [[Jim Jarmusch]],\n        American director\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Robin Zander]], American singer\n        and guitarist (Cheap Trick)\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Denmark]] and [[Secretary General of NATO]]\\n** [[Lucinda\n        Williams]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Colin Campbell\n        (ice hockey)|Colin Campbell]], Canadian ice hockey player and executive\\n*\n        [[January 29]]\\n** [[Nate Barnett]], American basketball player\\n** [[Peter\n        Baumann]], German keyboard player and songwriter (Tangerine Dream)\\n** [[Paulin\n        Bordeleau]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Caesar Cervin]], American soccer\n        player\\n** [[Dennis Delaney]], American actor and playwright\\n** [[Paul Fusco]],\n        American puppeteer and voice actor\\n** [[Steve March-Torm\\u00e9]], American\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Kalevi Marjamaa]], Finnish boxer\\n** [[Lynne McGranger]],\n        Australian actress\\n** [[Ronnie Moore]], English footballer and manager\\n**\n        [[Juan Paredes]], Mexican boxer\\n** [[Louie P\\u00e9rez]], American singer-songwriter\n        and guitarist \\n** [[Fred Riebeling]], Australian politician\\n** [[Gra\\u017cyna\n        Szmaci\\u0144ska]], Polish chess player\\n** [[Dwight Takamine]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Teresa Teng]], Taiwanese singer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Yorie Terauchi]], Japanese\n        actress\\n** [[Charlie Wilson (singer)|Charlie Wilson]], American singer-songwriter;\n        producer (The Gap Band)\\n** [[Hwang Woo-suk]], South Korean veterinarian and\n        academic\\n** [[Richard Younger-Ross]], English politician\\n* [[January 31]]\n        – [[Sergei Ivanov]], first deputy [[prime minister]] of Russia and former\n        [[minister of defense]] of Russia\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Cristinakirchnermensaje2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cristina\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]]]]\\n[[File:Aznar in Economic Ideas Forum, Madrid,\n        Spain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Aznar]]]]\\n[[File:Ian Khama (2014)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ian Khama]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Duane\n        Chapman]], American bounty hunter\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Kitar\\u014d]],\n        Japanese New Age musician\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Dan Quisenberry]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Mary Steenburgen]],\n        American actress\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Ciar\\u00e1n Hinds]], Irish actor\\n**\n        [[Rick Wagoner]], American automotive executive\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        [[June Jones]], American quarterback and current NCAA Football head coach\n        at Southern Methodist University\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Jeb Bush]],\n        American politician\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Nabil Shaban]], British disabled\n        actor\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Sergey Mironov]], Russian statesman and\n        Speaker of the Federation Council\\n* [[February 19]]\\n**[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez\n        de Kirchner]], 50th [[President of Argentina]]\\n**[[Massimo Troisi]], Italian\n        actor and film director (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Riccardo\n        Chailly]], Italian orchestral conductor\\n* [[February 21]] – [[William\n        Petersen]], American actor\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Geoffrey Perkins]],\n        British comedy producer, writer, actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Aznar]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n** [[Martin Kippenberger]],\n        German artist\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Michael Bolton]], American surburbia\n        singer\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Ian Khama]], 4th [[President of Botswana]]\\n**\n        [[Yolande Moreau]], Belgian actress/writer/director\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Krugman]], American economist\\n** [[Ricky Steamboat]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Osmo V\\u00e4nsk\\u00e4]], Finnish orchestral conductor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:CENA\n        LENIN MORENO (16217113764) (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Len\\u00edn Moreno]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Richard Bruton]], Irish politician and economist\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Russell Feingold]], U. S. Senator\\n* [[March 3]]\\n**\n        [[Arthur Antunes Coimbra]], Brazilian footballer and manager\\n** [[Robyn Hitchcock]],\n        British singer-songwriter\\n** [[Agust\\u00ed Villaronga]], Spanish filmmaker\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Emilio Estefan]], Cuban percussionist\\n** [[Rose Laurens]],\n        French singer-songwriter\\n** [[Kay Lenz]], American actress\\n* [[March 5]]\n        – [[Tokyo Sexwale]], South African businessman, politician, anti-apartheid\n        activist, and former political prisoner\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Jan Kj\\u00e6rstad]],\n        Norwegian author\\n** [[Jacklyn Zeman]], American actress\\n* [[March 10]] –\n        [[Debbie Brill]], Canadian high jumper\\n* [[March 11]]  \\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        B\\u00f6l\\u00f6ni]], Romanian footballer\\n** [[Bernie LaBarge]], Canadian guitarist/vocalist\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Carl Hiaasen]], American author\\n** [[Ron Jeremy]], American\n        pornographic actor\\n** [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]], Nepalese politician\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[Johan Ullman]], Swedish medical doctor, physicist and inventor\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Kumba Iala]], Guinea-Bissauan politician and 3rd [[President\n        of Guinea-Bissau]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Bryan Duncan]], American\n        Christian musician\\n** [[Isabelle Huppert]], French actress\\n** [[Richard\n        Stallman]], American free software proponent\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Filemon\n        Lagman]], Filipino revolutionary (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Takashi\n        Yoshimatsu]], Japanese composer\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Len\\u00edn Moreno]],\n        Ecuadorian politician and 44th [[President of Ecuador]]\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[S\\u00e1ndor Cs\\u00e1nyi (banker)|S\\u00e1ndor Cs\\u00e1nyi]], Hungarian business\n        executive and banker\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Chaka Khan]], American soul\n        singer\\n* [[March 24]]\\n**[[Louie Anderson]], American comedian \\n**[[Mathias\n        Richling]], German comedian\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Lincoln Chafee]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Elaine Chao]], American politician; wife of Senator [[Mitch\n        McConnell]]\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Melchior Ndadaye]], 4th President of\n        Burundi (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Guy Verhofstadt in 2005.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Guy\n        Verhofstadt]]]]\\n[[File:Linda Martin 2013 01 (crop 2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Linda\n        Martin]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Jim Allister]], Irish politician\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n**[[Sandra Boynton]], American author, songwriter, and illustrator\\n**[[Russ\n        Francis]], American Football player\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Robert Bertrand]],\n        Canadian politician\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Andy Hertzfeld]], American computer\n        programmer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[John Howard (singer-songwriter)|John Howard]],\n        English singer-songwriter\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Heiner Lauterbach]], German\n        actor\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Guy Verhofstadt]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]\\n**\n        [[Andrew Wiles]], British-born mathematician\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Eric\n        Tsang]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Peter Garrett]], Australian\n        musician and politician\\n** [[J. Neil Schulman]], American writer and activist\n        \\n* [[April 17]] – [[Linda Martin]], Irish singer and television presenter,\n        [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1992 winner\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Rick Moranis]],\n        Canadian actor\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Ruby Wax]], American-born British-based\n        performer \\n* [[April 20]] – [[Sebastian Faulks]], British novelist\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Juhani Komulainen]], Finnish composer\\n* [[April 24]]\n        – [[Eric Bogosian]], American actor, playwright, monologist, and novelist\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Ron Clements]], American animation director and producer\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\n** [[Roberto Bola\\u00f1o]], Chilean author (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Kim Gordon]], American rock musician\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Nikolai Budarin]],\n        Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Bill Drummond]], South African-born British musician\n        ([[The KLF]], The Timelords)\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Merrill Osmond]], American\n        pop singer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ANNUAL MEETING 2009 -\n        Tony Blair.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony Blair]]]]\\n[[File:Alex Van Halen - Van Halen\n        Live.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alex Van Halen]]]]\\n[[File:Norodom Sihamoni (2007)\n        (crop).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Norodom Sihamoni]]]]\\n[[File:Pierce Brosnan Berlinale\n        2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pierce Brosnan]]]]\\n[[File:Danny Elfman cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Danny\n        Elfman]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Valery Gergiev]], Russian/Ossetian conductor\\n*\n        [[May 4]] – [[Salman Hashimikov]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Wrestling\n        weight classes|heavyweight]] [[sport wrestling|wrestler]]\\n* [[May 5]] –\n        [[Dieter Zetsche]], German auto executive\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Tony Blair]],\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\\n** [[Graeme Souness]], Scottish\n        footballer and manager\\n** [[Lynn Whitfield]], American actress\\n* [[May 7]]\n        – [[Ian McKay]], British soldier, ([[Victoria Cross|VC]] recipient)\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Alex Van Halen]], Dutch-born American\n        rock musician\\n* [[May 11]] – [[David Gest]], American entertainer,\n        producer and television personality (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\n** [[Michael\n        Hebranko]], American exemplar of morbid/mortal obesity (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Norodom\n        Sihamoni]], King of Cambodia\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[George Brett]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Mike Oldfield]], English composer\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Pierce Brosnan]], Irish actor\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Victoria\n        Wood]], English comic performer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Robert\n        Doyle]], Australian politician\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]],\n        4th Prime Minister of Rwanda (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Alfred\n        Molina]], English actor  \\n* [[May 26]] – [[Michael Portillo]], English\n        politician\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Danny Elfman]], American composer\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Colm Meaney]],\n        Irish actor\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Kathie Sullivan]], American singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Svecanost\n        podizanja NATOve zastave Zagreb 65.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ivo Sanader]]]]\\n[[File:Tim\n        Allen 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tim Allen]]]]\\n[[File:Xi Jinping October 2013\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Xi Jinping]]]]\\n[[File:Lesley Nicol - November\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley Nicol]]]]\\n[[File:Benazir\n        Bhutto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benazir Bhutto]]]]\\n[[File:Cyndi Lauper in 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cyndi\n        Lauper]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[David Berkowitz]], American serial killer\\n**\n        [[Diana Canova]], American actress and adjunct professor\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        [[Keith Allen (actor)|Keith Allen]], British actor\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Erland\n        Van Lidth De Jeude]], Dutch-born wrestler, opera singer and actor (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Susumu Ojima]], Japanese entrepreneur\\n* [[June 5]] –\n        [[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]], American film producer\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Johnny Clegg]], South African Zulu musician\\n** [[Dougie\n        Donnelly]], Scottish television broadcaster\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Ivo Sanader]],\n        8th [[Prime Minister of Croatia]]\\n* [[June 10]] – [[John Edwards]],\n        American politician\\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Peter Bergman]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Barbara Minty]], American model\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Michael Donovan]],\n        Canadian voice actor\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** [[Tim Allen]], American actor and\n        comedian \\n** [[Atso Almila]], Finnish conductor and composer\\n* [[June 15]]\n        \\n** [[Antonia Rados]], Austrian television journalist \\n** [[Xi Jinping]],\n        [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]] and [[President of the\n        People''s Republic of China]]\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley\n        Nicol]], English actress\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Ulrich M\\u00fche]], German\n        actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Benazir Bhutto]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Pakistan]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Wim Eijk]], Dutch archbishop\\n**\n        [[Cyndi Lauper]], American singer\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**[[Vanessa Campbell]],\n        American actor and singer\\n**[[Ivo Lill]], Estonian artist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Don Dokken]], American rock singer and musician\\n** [[Colin Hay]], Scottish-born\n        Australian singer/songwriter\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:EPP Congress Marseille\n        7444 (6477260183).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lawrence Gonzi]]]]\\n[[File:Mindy Sterling\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Mindy Sterling]]]]\\n[[File:Clinton&Aristide.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jean\n        Bertrand-Aristide]]]]\\n[[File:Najib Razak 2008-08-21.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Najib\n        Abdul Razak]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[David Gulpilil]], Australian traditional\n        dancer and actor\\n** [[Sangay Ngedup]], former Prime Minister of Bhutan\\n**\n        [[Mohammad Tofiq Rahim]], Iraqi Kurdish politician\\n** [[Mike Haynes (cornerback)|Mike\n        Haynes]], American football player\\n** [[Alan Sunderland]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Pat Donovan]], American football offensive lineman\\n** [[Lawrence Gonzi]],\n        11th [[Prime Minister of Malta]]\\n** [[Nasir Ali Mamun]], Bengali portrait\n        photographer\\n** [[Jadranka Kosor]], Croatian politician\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        [[Nacer Sandjak]], Algerian football manager and former player\\n* [[July 3]]\n        \\n** [[Lotta Sollander]], Swedish alpine skier\\n** [[Les Strong]], English\n        association footballer\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Nanci Griffith]], American\n        folk singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Diederich]],\n        Luxembourgish chemist\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Ang\\u00e9lica Arag\\u00f3n]], Mexican\n        actress\\n** [[Rik Emmett]], singer\\\\songwriter and lead guitarist of the Canadian\n        rock band Triumph\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Mindy Sterling]], American actress\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Gil Birmingham]], Native American actor \\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Bebe Buell]], American model and singer\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Jean-Bertrand\n        Aristide]], [[President of Haiti]]\\n** [[Raisul Islam Asad]], Bangladeshi\n        actor\\n** [[Mila Pivnicki]], wife of Canadian prime minister [[Brian Mulroney]]\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Nuria Bages]], Mexican actress\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Paula Saldanha|pt|3=Paula Saldanha}}, Brazilian journalist, presenter,\n        writer, illustrator and environmentalist \\n** [[Sh\\u014dichi Nakagawa]], Japanese\n        politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Jeff Fatt]], purple Wiggle\n        from 1991-2012\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Sylvia Chang]], Taiwanese actress\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Najib Abdul Razak]], current [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]\\n*\n        [[July 24]]\\n** [[Tadashi Kawamata]], Japanese contemporary artist\\n** [[Claire\n        McCaskill]], U.S. Senator\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Tim Gunn]], American fashion\n        expert\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Yahoo Serious]], Australian filmmaker\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n** [[Ken Burns]], American documentary filmmaker\\n** [[Geddy Lee]],\n        Canadian rock musician ([[Rush (band)|Rush]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[T\\u014dru\n        Furuya]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[James Read]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hulk\n        Hogan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hulk Hogan]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Mesa, ex-President of\n        Bolivia (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Mesa]]]]\\n[[File:Hohlbein Wolfgang\n        Autor floersheim main 290607.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wolfgang Hohlbein]]]]\\n[[File:Martin-manley\n        (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Martin Manley]]]]\\n[[File:James-horner-07.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James\n        Horner]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Robert Cray]], American musician\\n** [[Steven\n        Krasner]], American sportswriter\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Butch Patrick]],\n        American child actor and musician\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Antonio Tajani]],\n        Italian politician, [[President of the European Parliament]]\\n* [[August 5]]\n        – [[Rick Mahler]], American baseball player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] – [[Nigel Mansell]], English 1992 [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Jean Tirole]], French [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]]-winning economist\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Hulk Hogan]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Carlos Mesa]], [[President\n        of Bolivia]]\\n* [[August 14]] \\n** [[Cliff Johnson (game designer)|Cliff Johnson]],\n        American game designer\\n** [[James Horner]], American film composer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Wolfgang Hohlbein]], German writer of science fiction,\n        fantasy and horror fiction \\n** Martin Manley, American sports writer and\n        [[Efficiency (basketball)#NBA|statistician]] (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Carol Thatcher]],\n        English television personality\\n** Sir [[Mark Thatcher]], English businessman\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Kathie Lee Gifford]], American singer and actress\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Herta M\\u00fcller]], German [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]]-winning writer\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Louie Gohmert]], American\n        politician\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Beno\\u00eet R\\u00e9gent]], French actor\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Mike Jackson (Texas politician)|Mike\n        Jackson]], former member of the [[Texas Senate]]\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[G\\u00e9za Sz\\u0151cs]], Hungarian poet and politician\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Ron Holloway]], American tenor saxophonist\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Edward\n        Lowassa]], 8th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n** [[Pat Sharkey]], Irish footballer\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Alex Lifeson]], Canadian rock musician ([[Rush (band)|Rush]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[James Quesada]], Nicaraguan-born anthropologist\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Robert Parish]], American basketball player\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[Gy\\u00f6rgy K\\u00e1roly]], Hungarian author\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[John Zorn]], American musician\\n* [[September 4]]\\n**\n        [[Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs]], American actor\\n** [[Fatih Terim]], Turkish footballer\n        and manager\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Anne Lockhart (actress)|Anne Lockhart]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Mammootty]], Indian actor\\n*\n        [[September 8]] – [[Stu Ungar]], American poker player (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Amy Irving]], American actress\\n* [[September 11]]\n        – [[Lesley Visser]], American sportscaster and journalist\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\n** [[Nan Goldin]], American photographer\\n** [[Stephen Sprouse]], American\n        fashion designer, artist, and photographer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 13]]\n        – [[Ann Dusenberry]], American film actress\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Betsy Boze]], American dean and CEO, [[Kent State University at Stark]]\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Probal Dasgupta]], Indian linguist and [[Esperantist]]\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Andrew Heermans]], American musician, recording\n        engineer, music producer\\n* [[September 22]] – [[S\\u00e9gol\\u00e8ne\n        Royal]], French politician\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Alexey Maslov]],\n        commander-in-chief of the [[Russian Ground Forces]]\\n* [[September 27]] –\n        [[Greg Ham]], Australian rock musician ([[Men at Work]])\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]], Scottish singer-songwriter ([[Ph.D.\n        (band)|PhD]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Denis Potvin]], Canadian\n        Hall of Fame hockey player\\n** [[Randy West]], American radio personality\n        and game show announcer\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Deborah Allen]], American\n        singer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Tico Torres Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film\n        Festival.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tico Torres]]]]\\n[[File:Greg Evigan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Greg\n        Evigan]]]]\\n[[File:Tito Jackson 2009-07-19.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tito Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\n** [[Grete Waitz]], Norwegian athlete (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Klaus\n        Wowereit]], German politician \\n* [[October 2]] – [[Brandon Wilson]],\n        American author and explorer\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Kerry Sherman]], American\n        actress\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Tico Torres]], American Drummer ([[Bon\n        Jovi]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Tony Shalhoub]], American actor\\n* [[October\n        12]]\\n** [[Les Dennis]], British comedian and television presenter\\n** [[Serge\n        Lepeltier]], French politician\\n* [[October 14]] \\n** [[Greg Evigan]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Shelley Ackerman]], American astrologer, actress, writer\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Tito Jackson]], African-American singer and guitarist ([[The Jackson\n        5]])\\n** [[Larry Miller (comedian)|Larry Miller]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Martha Smith]], American model and actress\\n* [[October\n        21]]\\n** [[Keith Green]], American-born Christian piano player (d. [[1982]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Mandelson]], British politician and member of the [[United Kingdom\n        Labour Party|Labour Party]]\\n** [[Hugh Wolff]], American orchestral conductor\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Loyiso Nongxa]], South African [[Mathematics|mathematician]]\\n*\n        [[October 24]]\\n** [[Christoph Daum]], German football manager and former\n        footballer\\n** [[Steven Hatfill]], American physician, virologist and bio-weapons\n        expert\\n** [[David Wright (British musician)|David Wright]], British composer\n        and producer, co-founder of AD Music\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Keith Strickland]],\n        American musician ([[The B-52''s]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Peter Firth]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Robert Picardo]], American actor\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Lorelei King]], American Actress a.k.a. Tabs Wildcat\\n* [[October 31]] –\n        [[Michael J. Anderson]], American actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Launch Republique\n        Solidaire 2010-06-19 n04.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dominique de Villepin]]]]\\n[[File:Curtis\n        Armstrong by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Curtis Armstrong]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Susan Tse]], Hong Kong actress and opera singer\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Dennis Miller]], American comedian and radio host\\n* [[November\n        4]]\\n**[[Carlos Gutierrez]], American politician\\n**[[Van Stephenson]], American\n        singer-songwriter (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Florentino V.\n        Floro]], Filipino dwarf judge\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Ottfried Fischer]],\n        German actor and Kabarett artist \\n* [[November 8]] – [[John Musker]],\n        American animation director\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Andy Partridge]], British\n        musician and frontman of the band [[XTC]]\\n** [[Harley Venton]], American\n        actor\\n* [[November 13]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s Manuel L\\u00f3pez Obrador]], Mexican\n        politician\\n** [[Waswo X. Waswo]], American photographer\\n** [[Diana Weston]],\n        [[England|English]] actress\\n** [[Mokhtar Dahari]], Malaysian footballer (d.\n        [[1991]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Dominique de Villepin]], [[Prime Minister\n        of France]]\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Alexander O''Neal]], American singer\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Patrick J. Nause]], Electrition\\n* [[November 18]]\n        \\n** [[Alan Moore]], English writer and magician\\n** [[Kevin Nealon]], American\n        actor and comedian\\n** [[Kath Soucie]], American actress and most active in\n        voice overs\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Robert Beltran]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Tom Villard]], American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Francis\n        Cabrel]], French singer\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[Glenn Withrow]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Tod Machover]], American composer\\n* [[November 25]] –\n        [[Graham Eadie]], Australian rugby player\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Boris\n        Grebenshchikov]], [[Russia]]n [[rock music]]ian\\n** [[Curtis Armstrong]],\n        American actor \\n* [[November 28]] – [[Pamela Hayden]], American voice\n        actress\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Alex Grey]], American artist\\n** [[Vlado\n        Kreslin]], Slovenian singer\\n** [[Christine Pascal]], French actress, director\n        and screenwriter (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Kim Basinger (2105860771)\n        crop.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Kim Basinger]]]]\\n[[File:IMG 9696 - Flickr - Eye Steel\n        Film.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bill Pullman]]]]\\n[[File:Leonel Fernandez Reyna.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leonel\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas_Bach_(13951010204).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Thomas\n        Bach]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Joel Fuhrman]], American certified family\n        physician\\n* [[December 6]]\\n**[[Tom Hulce]], American actor and theater producer\\n**[[Gary\n        Ward (outfielder)|Gary Ward]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Basinger]], American actress and fashion model\\n** [[Norman G. Finkelstein]],\n        American political scientist\\n** [[Sam Kinison]], American comedian (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[John Malkovich]], American actor and film director\\n*[[December\n        13]] \\n** [[Ben Bernanke]], American economist and former [[Federal Reserve\n        System]] chairman\\n** [[Bob Gainey]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Vangelis Meimarakis]], Greek lawyer and politician, 4th [[Minister\n        for National Defence (Greece)|Greek Minister for National Defence]]\\n* [[December\n        17]]\\n** [[Ikue Mori]], Japanese drummer, composer, and graphic designer\\n**\n        [[Bill Pullman]], American actor\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Khas-Magomed\n        Hadjimuradov]], Chechen bard\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Andr\\u00e1s Schiff]],\n        Hungarian concert pianist and conductor\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[David Leisner]],\n        American guitarist and composer\\n** [[BernNadette Stanis]], American actress\\n*\n        [[December 26]]\\n** [[Leonel Fern\\u00e1ndez]], [[President of the Dominican\n        Republic]]\\n** [[Toomas Hendrik Ilves]], Estonian politician, 4th [[President\n        of Estonia]]\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Tatsumi Fujinami]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[December 29]] \\n** [[Thomas Bach]], 9th [[President of the International\n        Olympic Committee]]\\n** [[Stanley Williams]], American gang member (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Dana Key]], American Christian musician, guitarist and\n        preacher (''''[[DeGarmo and Key]]'''') (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Meredith Vieira]],\n        American journalist and game show host\\n* [[December 31]] – [[James\n        Remar]], American actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Sheila Andrews]], American\n        surburbian musician (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[Jacques Gounon]], French CEO, the Chairman\n        of [[Eurotunnel]]\\n* [[Peter Lord]], British film producer and director\\n*\n        [[Jing Jing Luo]], Chinese composer\\n* [[Phil Ortiz]], American animator\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Hank\n        Williams MGM Records - cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hank Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        of the Right Hon. J. H. Scullin.png|thumb|110px|[[James Scullin]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n**[[Maksim Purkayev]], Soviet general (b. [[1894]])\\n**[[Hank Williams]],\n        American musician (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Arthur Hoyt]], American\n        actor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu]], Japanese prince (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Martin and Osa Johnson|Osa Johnson]],\n        American adventurer and documentary filmmaker (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Charles Edward Merriam]], American political scientist (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Madame le Corbeau|Marguerite Pitre]] (aka [[Madame\n        le Corbeau]]), Canadian murderer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Edward\n        Marsh (polymath)|Edward Marsh]], English polymath and civil servant (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Mary Mannering]], early 20th century English stage\n        actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[James Scullin]], 9th [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Lionel Belmore]],\n        English actor (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2000-0518-507,\n        Julius Maniu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Iuliu Maniu]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[William\n        Sydney Marchant]], British colonial official (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – [[Alan Curtis (American actor)|Alan Curtis]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]] – [[Iuliu Maniu]], 32nd [[Prime Minister of Romania]]\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Cecil Hepworth]], English director\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Hal Colebatch]], Australian politician\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Nobutake Kond\\u014d]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Richard Rushall]], British businessman (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen]], Bavarian general\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 23]] – Sir [[Cecil Hunter-Rodwell]], British\n        colonial administrator (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Gerd von\n        Rundstedt]], German field marshal (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 25]] –\n        [[Sergei Winogradsky]], Russian scientist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[February 27]]\n        – [[Paul Hurst (actor)|Paul Hurst]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:CroppedStalin1943.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph\n        Stalin]]]]\\n[[File:K Gottwald.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Klement Gottwald]]]]\\n[[File:Queenmaryformalportrait\n        edit3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Thorpe, 1912\n        Summer Olympics.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jim Thorpe]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] – [[James\n        Lightbody]], American middle distance runner (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 3]]\n        – [[James J. Jeffries]], American boxing champion (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March\n        5]]\\n** [[Herman J. Mankiewicz]], American writer and producer (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Sergei Prokofiev]], Russian composer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Joseph Stalin]],\n        Soviet leader (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Edward Sedgwick]], American\n        director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Johan Laidoner]], Commander-in-chief\n        of the Estonian Army (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Klement Gottwald]],\n        5th [[President of Czechoslovakia]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        [[Carl Stockdale]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Graciliano\n        Ramos]], Brazilian writer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Raoul Dufy]],\n        French painter (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Oskar Luts]], Estonian writer and playwright\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], consort of\n        [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Paul Couturier]],\n        French priest (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Jim Thorpe]], Native-American\n        athlete and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Ivan Lebedeff]], Russian actor (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Catol_al_II-lea.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Carol II of Romania]]]]\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Jean Epstein]], French film\n        director (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Hugo Sperrle]], German field marshal (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – King [[Carol II of Romania]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        9]] \\n** [[Eddie Cochems]], American father of the [[forward pass]] in football\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Hans Reichenbach]], German philosopher (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Stanis\\u0142aw Wojciechowski]], 2nd President of the Republic of Poland\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Boris Kidri\\u010d]], 1st Prime Minister\n        of Slovenia (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Kid Nichols]], American baseball player ([[Boston\n        Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Erich Weinert]], German writer, [[Communist]],\n        and member of the [[Communist Party of Germany|KPD]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Maud Gonne]], English-born Irish republican revolutionary,\n        memoirist; former wife of [[John MacBride]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[Alice Prin|Kiki de Montparnasse]], French artists'' model (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Django\n        Reinhardt (Gottlieb 07301).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Django Reinhardt]]]]\\n[[File:Damaso\n        Berenguer.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Damaso Berenguer]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Everett\n        Shinn]], American painter (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Anna R\\u00fcling]],\n        German journalist, \\\"the first known lesbian activist\\\" (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May\n        16]] \\n** [[Nicolae R\\u0103descu]], Romanian military officer and statesman,\n        former [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Django Reinhardt]],\n        Belgian musician (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[D\\u00e1maso Berenguer]],\n        Spanish soldier and politician, former Prime Minister (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Ernst Zermelo]], German logician and mathematician (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[Jesse Burkett]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Spiders]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Man Mountain Dean]], American professional wrestler (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Dooley Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] – [[Vladimir Tatlin]], Soviet painter and architect (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Norman\n        Ross Sr..JPG|thumb|110px|[[Norman Ross]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Alex James\n        (footballer)|Alex James]], Scottish football (soccer) player (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[William Farnum]], American actor (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Bill\n        Tilden]], American tennis champion (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Roland Young]], English\n        actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Godfrey Tearle]], American actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Henry Scattergood]], American cricketer\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Fonck]], French aviator,\n        top Allied [[World War I]] Flying Ace (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Harold\n        Cazneaux]], Australian photographer (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]],\n        American communist spies (b. [[1918]] and [[1915]], respectively) (executed\n        on same day)\\n** [[Norman Ross]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[June 23]] – [[Albert Gleizes]], French artist and theoretician (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Elsa Beskow]], Swedish author and illustrator\n        of children''s books (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Dumarsais estime\n        portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dumarsais Estime]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Totius\n        (poet)|Totius]], Afrikaans poet. (b. 1877)\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Annie Kenney]],\n        British working-class suffragette (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Oliver\n        Campbell]], American tennis player (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Herbert\n        Rawlinson]], English actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Hilaire\n        Belloc]], French-born British writer and historian (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] – [[Maude Adams]], American actress (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 20]]\n        – [[Dumarsais Estim\\u00e9]], 30th [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Nikolaos Plastiras]], Greek general and politician,\n        former [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Richard\n        Pearse|Richard William Pearse]], New Zealand airplane pioneer (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Robert A. Taft]], American politician, United States\n        Senate Majority Leader (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Abner Powell]], [[Major League Baseball]] player (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August\n        11]] – [[Tazio Nuvolari]], Italian racing driver (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[Ludwig Prandtl]], German physicist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Jim Tabor]], American baseball player (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[August\n        25]] – [[Jessie Aspinall]], Australian doctor, first female junior medical\n        resident at the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August\n        30]]\\n** [[Gaetano Merola]], Italian conductor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Maurice\n        Nicoll]], British psychiatrist (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Mary\n        Brewster Hazelton, est 1900-1910.png|110px|thumb|[[Mary Brewster Hazelton]]]]\\n[[File:Edwin-hubble.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edwin\n        Hubble]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – General [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Jonathan\n        Wainwright]], American Medal of Honor recipient (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Francis Ford (actor)|Francis Ford]], American actor and director\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Nobuyuki Abe]], Japanese politician\n        and military leader, former Prime Minister (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[September 8]]\n        – [[Fred M. Vinson]], [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Hugo Schmeisser]], German weapons designer (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Lewis Stone]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Mary Brewster Hazelton]], American painter (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Erich Mendelsohn]], German architect (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Wenxiu]], consort of China''s last emperor [[Puyi]] (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba]],\n        Spanish aristocrat (born 1878)\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Xu Beihong]],\n        Chinese painter (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Hans Fritzsche]],\n        senior Nazi official, one of only three acquitted at the [[Nuremberg trials]]\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Edwin Hubble]], American astronomer\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Robert Mawdesley]], British actor\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Lewis Fry Richardson]], English mathematician, physicist,\n        meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Hjalmar_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hjalmar\n        Hammarskjold]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Arnold Bax]], English composer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Porter Hall]], American actor (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Nigel Bruce]], British character actor (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n** [[Kathleen Ferrier]], British contralto (b. [[1912]]) \\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Bush family|Robin Bush]], younger sister of President [[George\n        Walker Bush]] (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Hjalmar Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish politician, 13th [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], leaders of [[World\n        War I]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Millard Mitchell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Arthur Wimperis]], English\n        illustrator and playwright (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Robert\n        Brooke-Popham]], British [[air chief marshal]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Holger Pedersen (linguist)|Holger Pedersen]], Dutch linguist\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Thomas Wass]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Louise DeKoven Bowen.png|110px|thumb|[[Louise\n        DeKoven Bowen]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Harry A. Marmer]], Ukrainian-born\n        American mathematician and oceanographer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        [[Ivan Bunin]], Russian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[John van Melle]], Dutch-born author (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]]\\n** [[Louise DeKoven Bowen]], American philanthropist and activist\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n** King [[Ibn Saud]] of Saudi Arabia (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Dylan\n        Thomas]], Welsh poet and author (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Ruth\n        Crawford Seeger]], American composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[Larry Shields]], American musician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Syed Sulaiman Nadvi]], Indian/Pakistani historian, biographer, litt\\u00e9rateur\n        and scholar of Islam (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Eugene O''Neill]],\n        American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Rudolf Bauer (artist)|Rudolf Bauer]], German-born\n        painter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Ernest Barnes]], English mathematician,\n        scientist and theologist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Sam De Grasse]], Canadian actor\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Milt Gross]], American comic book illustrator and animator\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Francis Picabia]], French painter\n        and poet (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sukru Saracoglu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sukru\n        Saracoglu]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Jorge Negrete]], Mexican singer\n        and actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]],\n        Indian-born Islamic scholar and translator (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 14]]\n        – [[Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings]], American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Robert Andrews Millikan]],  American physicist [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 21]] –\n        [[Nicholas H. Heck]], American geophysicist, oceanographer, and surveyor (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Lavrentiy Beria]], [[Ministry of Internal\n        Affairs (Soviet Union)|Minister of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union]]\n        (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 25]]\\n**[[William Haselden]], English\n        cartoonist (b. 1872)\\n**[[Lee Shubert]], Polish-born theater owner and operator\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]],\n        9th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Julian Tuwim]], Polish\n        poet (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Albert Plesman]], Dutch aviation\n        pioneer (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Frits Zernike|Frits (Frederik)\n        Zernike]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Hermann Staudinger]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Hans Adolf Krebs]],\n        [[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[George Catlett Marshall]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1953}}\\n[[Category:1953|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T04:06:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":799835983,\"length\":64984,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953\"},\"34982\":{\"pageid\":34982,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1954\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:40:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1954}}\\n{{Events by month|1954}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1954}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1954}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1954}}\\n* [[January 1]] – The [[Soviet Union]] ceases\n        to demand [[war reparations]] from [[East Germany]].\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Georgetown-IBM experiment]]: The first public demonstration of a [[machine\n        translation]] system, is held in New York at the head office of [[IBM]].\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[BOAC Flight 781]], a [[de Havilland Comet]] jet plane,\n        disintegrates in mid-air due to [[metal fatigue]] and crashes in the Mediterranean\n        near [[Elba]]. All 35 people on board are killed.\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[1954 Blons avalanches|Avalanche]]s in Austria kill more than 200.\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Marilyn Monroe]] marries [[baseball]] player [[Joe DiMaggio]].\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Mau Mau]] leader [[Waruhiu Itote]] is captured in\n        [[Kenya]].\\n* [[January 17]] – In [[Yugoslavia]], [[Milovan \\u0110ilas]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]],\n        is relieved of his duties.\\n* [[January 20]] – The US-based [[National\n        Negro Network]] is established with forty-six member [[radio station]]s.\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – The first nuclear-powered [[submarine]], the {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}},\n        is launched in [[Groton, Connecticut]], by [[First Lady of the United States]]\n        [[Mamie Eisenhower]].\\n* [[January 25]] – The foreign ministers of the\n        United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the [[Berlin Conference\n        (1954)|Berlin Conference]].\\n\\n[[File:Monroe DiMaggio Wedding.jpg|thumb|120px|[[January\n        14]]: [[Marilyn Monroe|Marilyn]] weds [[Joe DiMaggio|DiMaggio]].]]\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1954}}\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Elizabeth II]] becomes\n        the first reigning monarch to visit Australia.\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        After authorizing $385 million over the $400 million already budgeted for\n        military aid to Vietnam, [[President of the United States]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        warns against his country''s intervention in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 19]]\n        – [[1954 transfer of Crimea]]: The [[Soviet Politburo]] of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] orders the transfer the [[Crimean Oblast]] from the [[Russian SFSR]]\n        to the [[Ukrainian SSR]].\\n* [[February 23]] – The first mass [[vaccination]]\n        of children against [[polio]] begins in [[Pittsburgh]], United States.\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – Lt. Col. [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] becomes premier of\n        [[Egypt]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1954}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        U.S. officials announce that a [[Thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]] test\n        ([[Castle Bravo]]) has been conducted on [[Bikini Atoll]] in the Pacific Ocean.\\n**\n        [[United States Capitol shooting incident (1954)|U.S. Capitol shooting incident]]:\n        Four [[Puerto Rican independence movement|Puerto Rican nationalists]] open\n        fire in the [[United States House of Representatives]] chamber and wound five;\n        they are apprehended by security guards.\\n* [[March 9]] – American journalists\n        [[Edward R. Murrow]] and [[Fred W. Friendly]] produce a 30-minute ''''[[See\n        It Now]]'''' documentary, entitled ''''[[Joseph McCarthy|A Report on Senator\n        Joseph McCarthy]]''''.\\n* [[March 12]] – Finland and Germany officially\n        end their state of war.\\n* [[March 13]] – French troops begin the battle\n        against the [[Viet Minh]] in [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]].\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Joey Giardello]] knocks out Willie Tory at [[Madison\n        Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]], in the first [[television|televised]]\n        [[boxing]] prize fight to be shown in colour.\\n* [[March 23]] – In Vietnam,\n        the [[Viet Minh]] capture the main airstrip of [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien\n        Bien Phu]]. The remaining French Army units there are partially isolated.\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** The [[26th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n** [[RCA]]\n        manufactures the first color television set (12-inch screen; price: $1,000)\\n**\n        The [[Soviet Union]] recognises the [[sovereignty]] of [[East Germany]]. Soviet\n        troops remain in the country.\\n* [[March 27]] – The [[Castle Romeo]]\n        nuclear test explosion is executed.\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** Puerto Rico''s first\n        television station, ''''[[WKAQ-TV]]'''', commences [[broadcasting]].\\n** Trial\n        of [[A. L. Zissu]] and 12 other Zionist leaders ends with harsh sentences\n        in [[Communist Romania]].\\n* [[March 29]] – A [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47\n        transport]] with French nurse [[Genevi\\u00e8ve de Galard]] on board is wrecked\n        on the runway at [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]].\\n* [[March 30]]\n        – The first operational [[Rapid transit|subway line]] in Canada opens\n        in Toronto.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1954}}\\n* April – [[Bill\n        Haley & His Comets]] record \\\"[[Rock Around the Clock]]\\\", thus starting the\n        [[rock and roll]] craze.\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** The [[U.S. Congress]] and President\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] authorize the founding of the [[United States Air\n        Force Academy]] in [[Colorado]].\\n** [[South Point School (India)]] is founded\n        and becomes the largest school in the world by [[1992]].\\n* [[April 3]] –\n        [[Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov (diplomat)|Vladimir Petrov]] [[Petrov Affair|defects]]\n        from the [[Soviet Union]] and asks for [[political asylum]] in Australia.\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – The legendary symphony conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]]\n        experiences a lapse of memory during a concert. At this concert''s end, his\n        retirement is announced, and Toscanini never conducts in public again.\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] gives his \\\"[[domino theory]]\\\"\n        speech during a news conference.\\n* [[April 8]] – A Royal Canadian Air\n        Force Canadair [[North American T-6 Texan|Harvard]] collides with a [[Trans-Canada\n        Air Lines]] [[Canadair North Star]] over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing\n        37 people.\\n* [[April 11]] – This day is denoted as the most boring\n        day in the 20th century by [[True Knowledge]], an [[Question answering|answer\n        engine]] developed by William Tunstall-Pedoe. No significant newsworthy events,\n        births, or deaths are known to have happened on this day.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8160622/Computer-identifies-the-most-boring-day-in-history.html|title=The\n        Most Boring Day in History – April 11, 1954|author=Daily Telegraph|date=November\n        25, 2010|deadurl=no|accessdate=July 19, 2014}}\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Aneurin\n        Bevan]] resigns from the [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]]''s \\\"[[Shadow\n        Cabinet]]\\\".\\n** A Soviet spy ring in Australia is unveiled.\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – Vice President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that the United States\n        may be \\u201cputting our own boys in Indochina regardless of Allied support\\u201d.\n        {{citation needed|date=December 2014}}\\n* [[April 22]] – [[United States\n        Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph McCarthy]] begins hearings investigating the [[United\n        States Army]] for being \\\"soft\\\" on [[Communism]].\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** An\n        [[Geneva Conference (1954)|international conference]] on Korea and Indo-China\n        opens in Geneva.\\n** [[Akira Kurosawa]]''s ''''[[Seven Samurai]]'''' is released\n        in Japan.\\n* [[April 28]] – U.S. Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]]\n        accuses Communist China of sending combat troops to Indo-China to train the\n        [[Viet Minh]] guerrillas. {{citation needed|date=December 2014}}\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1954}}\\n* [[May 1]] – The [[Unification Church]] is founded\n        in South Korea.\\n* [[May 4]] – General [[Alfredo Stroessner]] deposes\n        [[Federico Ch\\u00e1vez]] in a [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Paraguay]]; from\n        August 15 he will hold the office of [[President of Paraguay|President]] until\n        [[1989]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Roger Bannister]] runs the first [[sub-four\n        minute mile]], in [[Oxford]], England.\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Vietnam War]]\n        (run-up): The [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]] ends in a French defeat (the battle\n        began on [[March 13]]).\\n* [[May 8]] – The [[Asian Football Confederation]]\n        (AFC) is formed in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]].\\n* [[May 11]] – U.S.\n        Secretary of State John Foster Dulles declares that Indochina is important\n        but not essential to the security of Southeast Asia, thus ending any prospect\n        of American intervention on the side of France.\\n* [[May 14]] \\n** The [[Boeing\n        707]] is released after about two years of development.\\n** The [[Hague Convention\n        for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]] was\n        adopted in [[The Hague]], Netherlands. \\n* [[May 15]] – The [[Latin\n        Union]] (''''Uni\\u00f3n Latina'''') is created by the Convention of [[Madrid]].\n        Its member countries use the five [[Romance languages]]: Italian, French,\n        Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian. It will suspend operations in [[2012]].\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** ''''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'''' (347 US 483 1954):\n        The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] rules unanimously\n        that segregated schools are unconstitutional.\\n** The [[Royal Commission]]\n        on the [[Petrov Affair]] in Australia begins its inquiry.\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]]\n        of the [[Democratic Party (Turkey, current)|Democratic Party]] forms the new\n        (21st) government of [[Turkey]].\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Chiang Kai-shek]]\n        is reelected as the [[president of the Republic of China]] by the [[National\n        Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]].\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        The common [[Nordic Passport Union|Nordic Labour Market]] act is signed.\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – A fire on board the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier [[USS Bennington\n        (CV-20)|USS ''''Bennington'''']] off [[Narragansett Bay]], [[Massachusetts]],\n        kills 103 sailors.\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Robert Menzies]]''s government is reelected\n        for a fourth term in Australia.\\n** Creation and first meeting of the [[Bilderberg\n        Group]].\\n** [[Diane Leather]] becomes the first woman to run a sub-five minute\n        mile, in [[Birmingham]], England.{{cite web|url=http://www.sporting-heroes.net/athletics/great-britain/diane-leather-422/two-world-records-in-1957_a08872/|title=Diane\n        Leather|work=Sporting Heroes|accessdate=November 12, 2012}}\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1954}}\\n* [[June 6]] – The grand opening of the [[Statue\n        of Yuriy Dolgorukiy, Moscow|sculpture of Yuriy Dolgorukiy]] took place in\n        [[Moscow]]. This statue is one of the main monuments of Moscow.\\n* [[June\n        7]] – Early computer scientist [[Alan Turing]] commits suicide.\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[McCarthyism]]: [[Joseph N. Welch|Joseph Welch]], special counsel\n        for the [[United States Army]], lashes out at [[United States Senate|Senator]]\n        [[Joseph McCarthy]], during hearings on whether [[Communism]] has infiltrated\n        the Army, saying, \\\"Have you, at long last, no decency?\\\"Robert D. Marcus\n        and Anthony Marcus, [http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6444/ \\\"\\u201cHave You\n        No Sense of Decency\\u201d: The Army-McCarthy Hearings\\\"], ''''History Matters''''\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – The words \\\"under God\\\" are added to the United States\n        [[Pledge of Allegiance]].\\n* [[June 15]] – The [[UEFA]] (Union of European\n        Football Associations) is formed in [[Basel]], Switzerland.\\n* [[June 17]]\n        – A [[1954 Guatemalan coup d''\\u00e9tat|CIA-engineered military coup]]\n        occurs in [[Guatemala]].\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Pierre Mend\\u00e8s France]]\n        becomes prime minister of France.\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Sarah Mae Flemming]]\n        is expelled from a bus in South Carolina for sitting in a white-only section.\\n**\n        [[Parker\\u2013Hulme murder case]]: 16-year old [[Pauline Parker]] and her\n        friend 15-year-old [[Juliet Hulme]] bludgeon Parker''s mother to death using\n        a brick at [[Victoria Park, Christchurch|Victoria Park]] in New Zealand.\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Guatemala]]n President [[Jacobo \\u00c1rbenz]] steps down\n        in a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-sponsored [[1954 Guatemalan coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat|military coup]], triggering a bloody civil war that continues\n        for more than 35 years.\\n** The world''s first [[nuclear power|atomic power\n        station]] opens at [[Obninsk]], near Moscow.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July\n        1954}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Nordic Passport Union|Common Nordic Labor Market\n        Act]] comes into effect.\\n** The United States officially begins using the\n        international unit of the nautical mile, equal to 6,076.11549 ft. or\n        1,852 meters.\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|Food rationing\n        in Great Britain]] ends with the lifting of restrictions on sale and purchase\n        of meat, 14 years after it began early in [[World War II]] and nearly a decade\n        after the war''s end.\\n** \\u201cMiracle of Bern\\u201d: [[Germany national\n        football team|West Germany]] beats [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]]\n        [[1954 FIFA World Cup Final|3\\u20132]] to win the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[Peter Thomson (golfer)|Peter Thomson]] becomes the first\n        Australian to win the [[The Open Championship|British Open Golf Championship]].\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** The maiden flight of the [[Boeing 367-80]] (or Dash 80), prototype\n        of the [[Boeing 707]] series.\\n** [[Juan Manuel Fangio|Juan Fangio]], the\n        [[Argentina|Argentine]] driver for German [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand\n        Prix]] team [[Mercedes-Benz]], makes a new fastest lap of the [[Silverstone\n        Circuit]] with an average speed of 100.35 mph, the previous record being\n        100.16 mph.\\n* [[July 19]] – Release of [[Elvis Presley]]''s first\n        single, \\\"[[That''s All Right]]\\\", by [[Sun Records]] (recorded July 5 in\n        [[Memphis, Tennessee]]).\\n* [[July 21]] – [[First Indochina War]]: The\n        [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Conference]] sends French forces to the\n        south, and Vietnamese forces to the north, of a ceasefire line, and calls\n        for elections to decide the government for all of [[Vietnam]] by July 1956.\n        Failure to abide by the terms of the agreement leads to the establishment\n        de facto of regimes of [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]], and the [[Vietnam\n        War]].\\n* [[July 31]] – Italian mountaineers [[Lino Lacedelli]] and\n        [[Achille Compagnoni]] become the first successfully to reach the summit of\n        the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] peak [[K2]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1954}}\\n* [[August 1]] – The [[First Indochina War]] ends with the [[Vietnam\n        People''s Army]] in [[North Vietnam]], the [[Vietnamese National Army]] in\n        [[South Vietnam]], the [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953\\u201370)|Kingdom of Cambodia]]\n        in [[Cambodia]], and the [[Kingdom of Laos]] in [[Laos]], emerging victorious\n        against the French Army.\\n* [[August 6]] – Emilie Dionne, one of the\n        [[Dionne quintuplets]], dies of [[asphyxia]]tion following an [[epileptic\n        seizure]]. She is the first of the five to perish, and three of them live\n        into the 21st century.\\n* [[August 16]] – The first issue of ''''[[Sports\n        Illustrated]]'''' magazine is published in the United States.\\n* [[August\n        24]] – Brazilian president [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]] commits suicide after\n        being accused of involvement in a conspiracy to murder his chief political\n        opponent, [[Carlos Lacerda]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1954}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The last ''new'' episode of ''''[[The Lone\n        Ranger]]'''' radio program is broadcast, after 2,956 episodes over a period\n        of 21 years. Reruns of old episodes continue to be transmitted.\\n* [[September\n        6]] – The [[SEATO]] treaty is signed in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]].\\n*\n        [[September 8]] – The [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] (SEATO)\n        is established in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].\\n* [[September 9]] – The\n        6.7 {{M|w}} [[1954 Chlef earthquake|Chlef earthquake]] shakes northern [[Algeria]]\n        with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme'''').\n        The shock destroyed [[Orl\\u00e9ansville]], left 1,243\\u20131,409 dead, and\n        5,000 injured.\\n* [[September 11]] – The [[Miss America]] Pageant is\n        broadcast on television for the first time.\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] carries out the [[Totskoye nuclear exercise]].\\n** English composer\n        [[Benjamin Britten]]\\u2019s [[chamber opera]] version of ''''[[The Turn of\n        the Screw (opera)|The Turn of the Screw]]'''' receives its world premiere\n        at the [[Teatro La Fenice]] in [[Venice]], Italy.\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Black Wednesday (air travel)|Black Wednesday]] in air travel: severe delays\n        to flights due to bad weather along the [[East Coast of the United States]].\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[William Golding]]''s novel ''''[[Lord of the Flies]]''''\n        is published in London.\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Western Bulldogs|Footscray\n        Football Club]] win their first and only [[Australian Football League]] [[AFL\n        Grand Final|Grand Final]].\\n* [[September 26]] – The Japanese ferry\n        ''''[[T\\u014dya Maru]]'''' sinks during a [[typhoon]] in the [[Tsugaru Strait]].\n        More than 1,100 people are killed. Seven other ships are [[List of shipwrecks\n        in 1954#26 September|wrecked]] and at least nine others seriously damaged.\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – The {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}}, the first nuclear-powered\n        [[submarine]] in the world, is commissioned into the [[U.S. Navy]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1954}}\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** Pre-[[Vietnam War]]: The [[Viet\n        Minh]] takes control of [[North Vietnam]].\\n** [[Hurricane Hazel]] crosses\n        over [[Haiti]], killing 1,000.\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Hurricane Hazel]]\n        makes U.S. landfall; it is the only recorded [[Saffir\\u2013Simpson hurricane\n        scale#Category 4|Category 4 hurricane]] to strike as far north as [[North\n        Carolina]].\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Texas Instruments]] announces the development\n        of the first commercial [[transistor radio]]. The [[Regency TR-1]] goes on\n        sale the following month.\\n** The [[comic strip]] ''''[[Hi and Lois]]'''',\n        by [[Mort Walker]] and [[Dik Browne]], is launched.\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        A [[Stevedore|dock worker]]s'' [[Strike action|strike]] expands in England.\\n*\n        [[October 23]]\\n** West Germany joins [[NATO]].\\n** [[London and Paris Conferences#Paris|Paris\n        Agreement]] sets up the [[Western European Union]] to implement the [[Treaty\n        of Brussels]] (1948) providing for mutual self-defence and other collaboration\n        between Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands\n        and the United Kingdom.\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Landslide]]s caused by\n        heavy rains hit [[Salerno]], Italy, killing about 300.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Muslim Brotherhood]] member Mahmoud Abdul Latif tries to kill [[Gamal Abdel\n        Nasser]].\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Algerian War|Algerian War of Independence]]:\n        The [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Algerian National Liberation Front]]\n        begins a revolt against French rule.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1954}}\\n* [[November 1]] – The [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]]\n        attacks representative and public buildings of the French colonial power.\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\n** The dock workers'' strike in the UK comes to an end.\\n**\n        The radio program ''''[[Hancock''s Half Hour]]'''', a pioneer in [[situation\n        comedy]], is first broadcast on [[BBC Radio]]. A television version would\n        follow in 1956.\\n* [[November 3]] – The first [[Godzilla (1954 film)|''''Godzilla'''']]\n        film premieres in Tokyo.\\n* [[November 5]] – Japan and [[Burma]] sign\n        a peace treaty in [[Rangoon]], to end their long-extinct state of war.\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] dedicates\n        the [[USMC War Memorial]] (Iwo Jima memorial) at the Arlington National Cemetery.\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – The main immigration port-of-entry in [[New York Harbor]]\n        at [[Ellis Island]] closes permanently.\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Egypt]]ian\n        president [[Muhammad Naguib]] is deposed, and [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] replaces\n        him.\\n* [[November 22]] – The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S.\n        Supreme Court]] decides the landmark case [[Berman v. Parker]] (348 U.S. 26),\n        upholding the federal [[slum clearance]] and urban renewal programs.\\n* [[November\n        23]] – The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] rises 3.27 points, or 0.86\n        percent, closing at an all-time high of 382.74. More significantly, this is\n        the first time the Dow has surpassed its peak level reached just before the\n        [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]].\\n* [[November 30]] – In [[Sylacauga,\n        Alabama]], a four-kilogram piece of the [[Sylacauga (meteorite)|Hodges Meteorite]]\n        crashes through the roof of a house and badly bruises a napping woman, in\n        the first documented case of an object from [[outer space]] hitting a person.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1954}}\\n* [[December 1]] – The first [[Hyatt|Hyatt\n        Hotel]], The Hyatt House Los Angeles, opens on the grounds of [[Los Angeles\n        International Airport]]. It is the first hotel in the world built on an airport\n        property.\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Second Red Scare|Red Scare]]: The [[United\n        States Senate]] votes 67\\u201322 to condemn [[Joseph McCarthy]] for \\\"conduct\n        that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute.\\\"\\n** The Taiwan-United\n        States Mutual Defense Treaty is signed.[[s:Mutual Defense Treaty between\n        the United States of America and the Republic of China]]\\n* [[December\n        4]] – The first [[Burger King]] opens in [[Miami|Miami, Florida]].\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – The [[Netherlands Antilles]] is created out of the\n        Dutch Caribbean nations. It is later dissolved between [[1986]] and [[2010]].\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[J. Hartwell Harrison]], and [[Joseph Murray]] perform\n        the world''s first successful [[Kidney transplantation|kidney transplant]]\n        in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Laos]] gains\n        full independence from France.\\n\\n===Date titles===\\n* [[New Zealand]] engineer\n        [[Bill Hamilton (engineer)|Sir William Hamilton]] develops the first [[pump-jet]]\n        engine (the \\\"Hamilton Jet\\\") capable of propelling a [[jetboat]].{{cite\n        web|title=Sir William Hamilton OBE|url=http://www.hamiltonjet.co.nz/about_hamiltonjet/sir_william_hamilton|publisher=HamiltonJet|year=2007|accessdate=2012-11-12}}\\n*\n        The first electric [[drip brew]] [[coffeemaker]] is patented in Germany and\n        named the [[Wigomat]] after its inventor Gottlob Widmann.{{cite web|title=Sixty\n        years of the Federal Republic of Germany \\u2013 a retrospective of everyday\n        life|url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/typ/bun/en4922236.htminventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coffee.htm|work=|accessdate=2002-12-28}}\\n*\n        The [[Boy Scouts of America]] desegregates on the basis of race.\\n* Gerbils\n        (''''[[Meriones unguiculatus]]'''') are brought to the United States by Dr.\n        Victor Schwentker.\\n* The case of [[Lothar Malskat]], who had admitted that\n        he had painted the supposedly antique [[fresco]]es in [[Marienkirche, L\\u00fcbeck|Marienkirche]]\n        himself, goes to trial.\\n* The [[TV dinner]] is introduced by the American\n        entrepreneur [[Gerry Thomas]].\\n* [[New York City Ballet]] founding balletmaster\n        [[George Balanchine]]''s production of ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''' is staged\n        for the first time in New York City, and it became a tradition there, still\n        being performed annually {{as of|lc=y|2010}}.\\n* South Korea opens the [[Gimpo\n        International Airport]].\\n* In [[South Vietnam]] the [[Viet Minh]] is reorganised\n        into the [[Viet Cong]].\\n* After the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], the [[Soviet\n        Union]] starts releasing political prisoners and deportees from its [[Gulag]]\n        prison camps.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:MT high res vmag..jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Tina\n        Knowles]]]]\\n[[File:Howard Stern.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Howard Stern]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        F. Kennedy Jr. by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Katey\n        Sagal by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Katey Sagal]]]]\\n[[File:Oprah in\n        2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oprah Winfrey]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Henry\n        Bonilla]], American politician\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Ross the Boss]],\n        American heavy metal/punk guitarist\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Tina Knowles]],\n        Fashion designer; mother of R&B singers [[Beyonc\\u00e9]] and [[Solange Knowles]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Ulliott|Dave \\\"The Devilfish\\\" Ulliott]], English professional poker\n        player\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Alex English]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Anthony Minghella]], British film and theatre director\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Jodi Long]], American actress \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Vitier]], [[Cuba]]n music composer and pianist\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Julieta Castellanos]], Honduran sociologist\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[Howard Stern]], American radio host\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Trevor Rabin]],\n        South African\\u2013American musician\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Tom Cheney (cartoonist)|Tom\n        Cheney]], American cartoonist\\n** [[Masanobu Fuchi]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Jose Dalisay, Jr.]], Filipino writer\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]], American socialite and\n        environmental activist \\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Ted DiBiase]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Katey Sagal]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Katharina\n        Thalbach]], German actress\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Thomas de Maizi\\u00e8re]],\n        German politician\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Peter Pilz]], Austrian politician\\n*\n        [[January 23]]\\n** [[Franco De Vita]], Venezuelan singer and songwriter\\n**\n        [[Edward Ka-Spel]], British/Dutch singer-songwriter ([[The Legendary Pink\n        Dots]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\n** [[Bruno Metsu]], French football coach (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Kaneto Shiozawa]], Japanese voice actor (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Willy Telavi]], 11th Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Yukinobu\n        Hoshino]], Japanese cartoonist\\n** [[Terry Kinney]], American actor\\n** [[Oprah\n        Winfrey]], American actress, talk show hostess, producer, and publisher\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Matt\n        Groening by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matt Groening]]]]\\n[[File:Rene\n        Russo 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rene Russo]]]]\\n[[File:John Travolta Deauville\n        2013 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Travolta]]]]\\n[[File:Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Recep\n        Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Bill Mumy]], American\n        child actor and musician\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Christie Brinkley]],\n        American model\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Dieter Bohlen]], German music producer\n        and singer-songwriter ([[Modern Talking]], [[Blue System]])\\n* [[February\n        9]]\\n** [[Chris Gardner]], American entrepreneur\\n** [[Gina Rinehart]], Australian\n        mining tycoon.\\n** [[Kevin Warwick]], English cybernetic scientist\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Noriyuki Asakura]], Japanese composer\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        [[Philip Zimmermann]], American cryptographer\\n** [[Joseph Jordania]], Georgian-Australian\n        musicologist and academic\\n** [[Tzimis Panousis]], Greek comedian, singer,\n        and author\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Donnie Moore]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Matt Groening]], American\n        cartoonist \\n* [[February 16]] – [[Iain Banks]], Scottish author (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Rene Russo]], American actress and fashion\n        model\\n** [[Yuji Takada (wrestler)|Yuji Takada]], Japanese free-style wrestler\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\n** [[John Travolta]], American actor \\n** [[Jalaluddin Hassan]],\n        Malaysian actor\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Messaouda Boubaker]], Tunisian writer\\n**\n        [[S\\u00f3crates]], Brazilian footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n**\n        [[Anthony Head]], English actor\\n** [[Patty Hearst]], American heiress and\n        kidnapping victim\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Viktor Yushchenko]], [[President\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Sid Meier]], Canadian programmer\n        and game designer, notable for the ''''[[Civilization series|Civilization]]''''\n        series\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Gerardo Pelusso]], Uruguayan football\n        manager\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Recep Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan]], [[List of\n        Presidents of Turkey|12th]] [[President of Turkey]]\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ron\n        Howard 2011 Shankbone 3.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Ron Howard]]]]\\n[[File:Francois\n        Fillon IMG 3405.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois Fillon]]]]\\n[[File:CATHERINE\n        OHARA.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Catherine O''Hara]]]]\\n[[File:RobertCarradine1SecondFilm.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Carradine]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Catherine Bach]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Ron Howard]], American actor, director, producer (''''The Andy Griffith\n        Show'''' and ''''Happy Days'''')\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Ed Johnstone]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Gara Takashima]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Fillon]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n** [[Catherine\n        O''Hara]], Canadian actress (''''SCTV'''')\\n** [[Irina Ratushinskaya]], Russian\n        writer\\n** [[Willie Thorne]], English snooker player\\n* [[March 6]] –\n        [[Harald Schumacher]], German football goalkeeper\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Marie-Theres\n        Nadig]], Swiss alpine skier\\n** [[David Wilkie (swimmer)|David Wilkie]], Scottish\n        swimmer\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Bobby Sands]], Irish republican hunger striker\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos|The Baroness\n        Amos]], British politician\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Massimo Bubola]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Craig Wasson]], American actor\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[S.A. Griffin]], American actor and poet\\n** [[Nancy Wilson (rock musician)|Nancy\n        Wilson]], American rock musician \\n* [[March 17]] – [[Lesley-Anne Down]],\n        British actress\\n* [[March 18]] – [[James F. Reilly]], American astronaut\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Indu Shahani]], Indian educator and [[Sheriff of Mumbai]]\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – [[Louis Sachar]], American author\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Geno Auriemma]], American basketball coach\\n** [[Hideyuki Hori]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Robert Carradine]], American actor\\n** [[Donna\n        Pescow]], American actress and director\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Wendy Fulton]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Kazuhiko Inoue]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Clive\n        Palmer]], Australian mining tycoon\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Karen Ann Quinlan]],\n        American right-to-die cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre (d. [[1985]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Jackie\n        Chan July 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jackie Chan]]]]\\n[[File:DennisQuaidTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dennis\n        Quaid]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0620-0034, Angelika Hellmann.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Angelika\n        Hellmann]]]]\\n[[File:Jerry Seinfeld by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry\n        Seinfeld]]]]\\n[[File:Vic Sotto 2015.png|thumb|100px|[[Vic Sotto]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Dieter M\\u00fcller]], German soccer player\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Susumu Hirasawa]], Japanese musician\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Guy Bertrand\n        (broadcaster)|Guy Bertrand]], Canadian linguist and radio/television personality\\n*\n        [[April 6]] \\n** [[Judi Bowker]], English actress\\n** [[Michael Simms (publisher)]],\n        American poet and publisher; founded [[Autumn House Press]]\\n* [[April 7]]\\n**\n        [[Jackie Chan]], Hong Kong-born actor and martial artist\\n** [[Tony Dorsett]],\n        American football player\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Gary Carter]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[John Schneider (screen actor)|John Schneider]],\n        American actor, better known for his role in ''''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]''''\\n*\n        [[April 9]]\\n** [[Steve Holt (Canadian musician)|Steve Holt]], Canadian musician\\n**\n        [[Dennis Quaid]], American actor\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Anacani]], Mexican-born\n        American singer \\n** [[Angelika Hellmann]], East German artistic gymnast\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – [[Bruce Sterling]], American science fiction writer\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Ellen Barkin]], American actress\\n* [[April 17]]\\n**\n        [[Norio Imamura]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Roddy Piper]], Canadian wrestler\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[J\\u014dji Nakata]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Michael Moore]], American filmmaker/political\n        activist\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Randy Cross]], American football player\n        and broadcaster\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Herman Edwards]], American football\n        head coach\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Michael Daugherty]], American composer\\n**\n        [[Vic Sotto]], Filipino actor and host\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Jake Burton Carpenter]],\n        American founder of [[Burton Snowboards]]\\n** [[Kazuko Kurosawa]], Japanese\n        costume designer\\n** [[Jerry Seinfeld]], American actor, comedian and producer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Johnny-Logan---2010---3---(Gentry).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny\n        Logan (singer)|Johnny Logan]]]]\\n[[File:David Paterson 2 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Paterson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Archie Norman (businessman)|Archie Norman]],\n        British politician and businessman\\n** [[Ray Parker, Jr.]], American musician\n        and composer\\n** [[Maatia Toafa]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n** [[Garry\n        Who]], Australian actor and comedian\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Elliot Goldenthal]],\n        American composer\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Angela Hern\\u00e1ndez Nu\\u00f1ez]],\n        Dominican writer \\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Philippe Geluck]], Belgian cartoonist\\n**\n        [[Amy Heckerling]], American film director\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Pam Arciero]],\n        ''''[[Sesame Street]]'''' puppeteer\\n** [[John Michael Talbot]], American\n        Christian musician\\n** [[Gary Wilmot]], British entertainer\\n* [[May 13]]\n        – [[Johnny Logan (singer)|Johnny Logan]], Australian-born Irish singer\n        and composer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1980, 1987 winner dubbed as \\\"Mister\n        Eurovision\\\"\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Mar\\u00eda Dolores Katarain]] (\\\"Yoyes\\\"),\n        Spanish Basque separatist leader (k. [[1986]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[H\\u014dch\\u016b\n        \\u014ctsuka]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Phil Rudd]], Australian rock drummer\n        (''''[[AC/DC]]'''')\\n* [[May 20]] – [[David Paterson]], American politician,\n        Governor of New York\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Shuji Nakamura]], Japanese electronics\n        engineer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Sudirman Arshad]], Malaysian singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Danny Rolling]], American murderer (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Pauline Hanson]], Australian politician\\n**\n        [[Lawrence M. Krauss]], American theoretical physicist and science writer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Harvey\n        Fierstein Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harvey Fierstein]]]]\\n[[File:Will\n        patton 2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Will Patton]]]]\\n[[File:Belushi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Belushi]]]]\\n[[File:Kathleen Turner.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathleen Turner]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Anthony.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Anthony (musician)|Michael Anthony]]]]\\n[[File:S\n        Sarkisyan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Serzh Sargsyan]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Chiyoko\n        Kawashima]], Retired Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Kazuhiro\n        Yamaji]], Japanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Nancy Stafford]],\n        American actress and Christian author\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Harvey Fierstein]],\n        American actor\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[John Hagelin]], American physicist and\n        U.S. Presidential candidate\\n** [[Elizabeth May]], leader of the [[Green Party\n        of Canada]]\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Will Patton]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        15]]\\n** [[Jim Belushi]], American actor (''''[[Saturday Night Live]]'''')\\n**\n        [[Bob McDonnell]], American politician\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Sergey Kuryokhin]],\n        Russian pianist, composer, improvisor, performance artist and actor (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Ted Coombs]], American artist\\n** [[Kathleen Turner]], American\n        actress\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Michael Anthony (musician)|Michael Anthony]],\n        American rock bassist (''''[[Van Halen]]'''')\\n** [[Karlheinz Brandenburg]],\n        German electrical engineer and mathematician\\n** [[Ilan Ramon]], [[Israeli\n        Air Force]] fighter pilot and [[Israel]]''s first [[astronaut]] (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – [[Anne Kirkbride]], British actress (''''[[Coronation\n        Street]]'''') (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Freddie Prinze]], American\n        actor and comedian (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Sonia Sotomayor]],\n        [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n** [[Igor\n        Lisovsky]], Soviet pair skater\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Steve Barton]], American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Ron Kirk]], Mayor of Dallas,\n        Texas\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Ava Barber]], American country singer (''''[[The\n        Lawrence Welk Show]]'''')\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Rick Honeycutt]], American\n        baseball player and coach\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Pierre Charles]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Dominica]] (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Serzh Sargsyan]], [[President of Armenia]]\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Angela\n        Merkel Security Conference February 2015 (cropped).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Angela\n        Merkel]]]]\\n[[File:Hugo Ch\\u00e1vez (02-04-2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugo Ch\\u00e1vez]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]]\\n** [[Peter Randall-Page]], British artist\\n** [[Wendy Schaal]],\n        American actress\\n* [[July 5]] – [[John Wright (cricketer)|John Wright]],\n        New Zealand cricket captain\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Willie Randolph]], American\n        baseball player, coach, manager\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Robert M. Price]],\n        American theologian and writer, [[Cthulhu Mythos]] scholar and editor\\n* [[July\n        9]] – [[Kevin O''Leary]], Canadian businessman, television personality,\n        and political candidate\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Andre Dawson]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Neil Tennant]], British musician\\n** [[Y\\u014d Yoshimura]], Japanese\n        voice actor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Sezen Aksu]], [[Turkey|Turkish]]\n        singer\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Tarak Dhiab]], Tunisian footballer\\n** [[Mario\n        Kempes]], Argentine footballer\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Jeanette Mott Oxford]],\n        American politician\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Angela Merkel]], 8th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)|Chancellor of Germany]]\\n** [[Edward\n        Natapei]], Vanuatu politician and [[Prime Minister of Vanuatu]] (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Eduardo Romero]], Argentine golfer\\n** [[J. Michael Straczynski]], American\n        author\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Wilson Casey]], American syndicated columnist\n        and entertainer\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Pierre Lebeau]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Jorge Jesus]], Portuguese football player and coach\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Walter Payton]], African-American football player (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Vitas Gerulaitis]], American tennis player\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Leonardo Daniel]], Mexican actor and director\\n* [[July\n        27]]\\n** [[Philippe Alliot]], French race car driver\\n** [[Lynne Frederick]],\n        British actress (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Hugo Ch\\u00e1vez]],\n        [[President of Venezuela]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Mark Gersmehl]],\n        American Christian musician\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Francois Hollande 2015.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Hollande]]]]\\n[[File:James Cameron by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Andres Pastrana Arango (2001).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Pastrana Arango]]]]\\n[[File:Ricarda Schmei%C3%9Fer 1976.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richarda\n        Schmeisser]]]]\\n[[File:Alexander Lukashenko crop.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Alexander\n        Lukashenko]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[Michael Badnarik]], American software\n        engineer and presidential candidate\\n** [[James Gleick]], American nonfiction\n        author of several award-winning books.\\n** [[Junpei Morita]], Japanese actor\n        and voice actor\\n* [[August 2]] – [[David Tang]], Hong Kong-British\n        entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Dorottya\n        Udvaros]], Hungarian actress\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Val\\u00e9ry]], French singer-songwriter\n        and composer\\n** [[Uwe Wittwer]], Swiss artist\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Pete\n        Thomas (drummer)|Pete Thomas]], British drummer for the Elvis Costello band\\n*\n        [[August 11]] – [[Joe Jackson (musician)|Joe Jackson]], British rock\n        ''n'' roll singer (''''Steppin'' Out'''')\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Hollande]], [[President of France]] 2012–17\\n** [[Sam J. Jones]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Pat Metheny]], American jazz guitarist\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Nico\n        Assump\\u00e7\\u00e3o]], [[Brazil]]ian [[bass guitar]] player\\n** [[T\\u00f5nu\n        Kilgas]], Estonian singer and actor \\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Mark Fidrych]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Stanley A. McChrystal]], U.S.\n        Army general\\n* [[August 16]] – [[James Cameron]], Canadian-born film\n        director\\n* [[August 17]] \\n** [[Anatoly Kudryavitsky]], Russian-Irish writer\\n**\n        [[Andr\\u00e9s Pastrana Arango]], [[President of Colombia]] \\n* [[August 20]]\\n**\n        [[Tawn Mastrey]], American disc jockey and music video producer (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Al Roker]], American television personality and host \\n** [[Richarda Schmeisser]],\n        East German artistic gymnast\\n** [[Don Stark]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Steve Smith (musician)|Steve Smith]], American drummer\\n** [[Ivan\n        Stang]], American author and publisher\\n* [[August 23]] \\n** [[Ian Bartholomew]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Charles Busch]], American director, writer and actor\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Philippe Cataldo]], French singer\\n* [[August 25]]\n        – [[Elvis Costello]], English singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 29]] –\n        [[Istv\\u00e1n Cserh\\u00e1ti]], Hungarian keyboardist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Alexander Lukashenko]], [[President of Belarus]]\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[Caroline Cossey]], British model\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Carly\n        Fiorina (16991338093) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carly Fiorina]]]]\\n[[File:Shinz\\u014d\n        Abe April 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shinz\\u014d Abe]]]]\\n[[File:Cherie Blair\n        in Trento.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cherie Blair]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Dave\n        Lumley]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Carly Fiorina]],\n        American businesswoman, former CEO of [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] (1999-2005),\n        and Senator [[Ted Cruz]]''s running mate in the [[United States presidential\n        election, 2016|2016 presidential election]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Michael\n        Emerson]], American actor\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Mohsen Rezaee]], Iranian\n        politician\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Mark W. Everson]], American businessman;\n        46th Commissioner of the [[Internal Revenue Service]] (2003\\u201307)\\n* [[September\n        13]] – [[Steve Kilbey]], Australian musician\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        [[Jo\\u00ebl-Fran\\u00e7ois Durand]], French composer\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Dennis Johnson]], American basketball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Shinz\\u014d Abe]], current [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Thomas\n        S. Ray]], American ecologist\\n** [[Phil \\\"Philthy Animal\\\" Taylor]], English\n        drummer ([[Mot\\u00f6rhead]] and [[Waysted]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Cherie\n        Blair]], wife of British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]\\n* [[September 24]]\n        – [[Lilian Mercedes Letona]], Salvadoran guerrilla (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Kevin Kennedy (baseball)|Kevin Kennedy]], American\n        baseball manager and television host\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Steve Largent]],\n        American football player and congressman\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Barry\n        Williams (actor)|Barry Williams]], American actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Scott\n        Bakula by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Scott Bakula]]]]\\n[[File:David Lee\n        Roth - Van Halen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Lee Roth]]]]\\n[[File:Ang Lee - 66\\u00e8me\n        Festival de Venise (Mostra).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ang Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm\n        Turnbull at the Pentagon 2016 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Malcolm Turnbull]]]]\\n[[File:Mario\n        Testino.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mario Testino]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Martin\n        Strel]], Slovenian swimmer\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Eddie DeGarmo]], American\n        Christian keyboardist and producer\\n** [[Dennis Eckersley]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Al Sharpton]], African-American political activist\\n** [[Stevie\n        Ray Vaughan]], American musician (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Wayne\n        Watson]], American Christian musician\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Howard Hoffman]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Robert A. Schuller]], American\n        televangelist and the son of [[Robert H. Schuller]]\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Scott\n        Bakula]], American actor (''''[[Quantum Leap]]'''', ''''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'''')\\n**\n        [[John O''Hurley]], American actor and game show host\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        [[Mohamed Mounir]], Egyptian singer and actor\\n** [[David Lee Roth]], American\n        rock singer\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Linval Thompson]], Jamaican singer\n        and producer\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Mordechai Vanunu]], a former Israeli\n        nuclear technician who revealed secrets of its [[nuclear weapon]]s program\\n*\n        [[October 15]] \\n** [[Peter Bakowski]], Australian poet\\n** [[Michael Garner]],\n        English actor\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Y\\u016bji Mitsuya]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Ang Lee]], Taiwanese film director\\n* [[October\n        24]]\\n** [[Doug Davidson]], American actor\\n** [[Mike Rounds]], South Dakota\n        politician\\n** [[Malcolm Turnbull]], [[Prime Minister of Australia|28th Prime\n        Minister of Australia]]\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Kathleen Cody (actor)|Kathleen\n        Cody]], American actress\\n** [[Mario Testino]], Peruvian photographer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Condoleezza\n        Rice cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Condoleezza Rice]]]]\\n[[File:Aleksander Kwasniewski\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aleksander Kwa\\u015bniewski]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Angela Webber]], Australian author, television writer, producer\n        and comedian (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Adam Ant]], English singer\\n**\n        [[Kathy Kinney]], American actress and comedian\\n** [[Brigitte Lin]], Taiwanese\n        actress\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Robin Beck]], American singer\\n** [[Kamal\n        Haasan]], Indian actor\\n**[[Jon Taffer]], American bar consultant, television\n        host, and author\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Michael D. Brown]], first Undersecretary\n        of Emergency Preparedness and Response, a division of the United States''\n        Department of Homeland Security\\n** [[Kazuo Ishiguro]], Japanese-born British\n        author\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Rhonda Shear]], American TV hostess, actress,\n        and comedian\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Chris Noth]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** [[Willie Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Puerto Rican [[Major League\n        Baseball]] player\\n** [[Bernard Hinault]], French road bicycle racer\\n** [[Condoleezza\n        Rice]], former [[U.S. Secretary of State]]\\n** [[Yanni]], Greek musician\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Aleksander Kwa\\u015bniewski]], [[President of Poland]]\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Bruce Edwards (caddy)|Bruce Edwards]], American\n        golf caddy (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[John Parr]], English\n        singer and musician\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], [[President\n        of Egypt]]\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Paolo Gentiloni]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Italy]] \\n* [[November 23]] – [[Bruce Hornsby]], American rock singer\n        \\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Roz Chast]], American cartoonist\\n** [[Dan Kwong]],\n        American performance artist, playwright\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Patricia\n        McPherson]], American actress\\n** [[Kimmy Robertson]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Coen brothers|Joel Coen]], American film director,\n        producer, screenwriter, and editor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:JermaineJackson2007(cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jermaine\n        Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:RayLiottaTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray Liotta]]]]\\n[[File:Annie\n        lennox nemahziz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Annie Lennox]], Ex-[[Eurythmics]]]]\\n[[File:Denzel\n        Washington cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denzel Washington]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Bob Goen]], American television personality and game show host\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Dan Butler]], American actor\\n** [[Stone Phillips]],\n        American television journalist \\n* [[December 3]] – [[Grace Andreacchi]],\n        American author\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Tony Todd]], American actor and\n        producer \\n* [[December 6]] – [[Beat Furrer]], Swiss-born Austrian composer\n        and conductor\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Mark Hofmann]], American forger\n        and murderer\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Jack Hues]], English singer and\n        musician ([[Wang Chung (band)|Wang Chung]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Sylvester\n        Clarke]], West Indian cricketer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Jermaine Jackson]], African-American\n        singer\\n** [[Prachanda]], Nepalese Communist leader\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[John Anderson (musician)|John Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[December 14]]\\n** [[Ib Andersen]], Danish dancer\\n** [[Alan Kulwicki]],\n        American race car driver (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Mark Warner]],\n        American politician\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Ray Liotta]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Uli Jon Roth]], German rock guitarist (''''Scorpions'''')\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\n** [[Binali Yildirim]], [[Prime Minister of Turkey]]\\n** [[Sandra Cisneros]],\n        American writer\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Chris Evert]], American tennis\n        player\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Figueres]], Costa\n        Rican politician, President [[1994]]\\u2013[[1998]]\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Annie Lennox]], British rock musician and was lead singer of [[Eurythmics]]\\n*\n        [[December 26]] \\n** [[Susan Butcher]], American dog-sled racer (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Ozzie Smith]], HOF baseball shortstop\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Lanny Poffo]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Denzel Washington]], African-American\n        actor\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Albrecht B\\u00f6ttcher]], German mathematician\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Alex Salmond]], Scottish politician\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n** [[Rabbit Maranville]], American baseball player ([[Boston\n        Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Lillian Rich]], English actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Eduard Wiiralt]], Estonian artist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] – [[Oscar Straus (composer)|Oscar Straus]], Austrian composer (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[William H. P. Blandy]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Sydney Greenstreet]], English actor\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Fred Root]], English cricketer (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[John Murray Anderson]], Canadian theater\n        director and producer (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Dorothy Price]], Irish physician\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Edwin Howard Armstrong|Edwin Armstrong]],\n        American electrical engineer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Florence Bates]], American\n        actress (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Maxwell\n        Bodenheim]], American poet and novelist (murdered) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Laurence Trimble]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        9]] – [[Mabel Paige]], American actress (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Thomas Pierrepoint]], British executioner (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Dziga Vertov]], Russian filmmaker (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]], 24th Prime Minister of\n        Sweden (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[William K. Howard]], American\n        film director (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Otto Paul Hermann Diels.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Otto\n        Diels]]]]\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Otto Diels]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Will H. Hays]], Namesake\n        for the [[Motion Picture Production Code|Hays Code]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        9]] – [[Vagn Walfrid Ekman]], Swedish oceanographer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Cesar Klein]], German painter (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March\n        24]] – [[Th\\u00e0nh Th\\u00e1i]], former [[Emperor of Vietnam]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[Louis Silvers]], American film composer (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] \\n** [[Horatio Dresser]], American writer (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Fritz\n        London]], German physicist (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        [[Fritzi Scheff]], actress & singer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Auguste and Louis Lumi\\u00e8re|Auguste Lumi\\u00e8re]], French film pioneer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Luis Cabrera Lobato]], Mexican lawyer,\n        politician and writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Angus Lewis\n        Macdonald|Angus L. Macdonald]], [[Nova Scotia]] Premier (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[\\u00dclo Altermann]], Estonian soldier and forest brother (b.\n        [[1923]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Lucre\\u021biu P\\u0103tr\\u0103\\u0219canu]],\n        Romanian communist activist and sociologist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 28]]\n        – [[L\\u00e9on Jouhaux]], French labor leader, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[Kathleen Clarice Groom]],\n        British writer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Joe May]], Austrian-born director (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Tom Tyler]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 3]]\n        – [[J\\u00f3zef Garbie\\u0144]], Polish footballer and physician (b. 1896)\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Henri Laurens]], French sculptor and illustrator (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[B. C. Forbes]], Scottish-born publisher (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Heinz Guderian]], German [[World War II]] general (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[William March]], American writer and soldier\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Charles Ives]], American composer (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Chief Bender]], Native-American baseball\n        player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Robert Capa]], Hungarian-born photojournalist\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Omer Nishani]], former Chairman of the\n        Presidium of the People''s Assembly and head of State of Albania (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Alan\n        Turing Aged 16.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alan Turing]]]]\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Alan\n        Turing]], British mathematician, cryptanalyst, and pioneer computer scientist\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Alain LeRoy Locke]],  American writer,\n        philosopher and educator (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Don Hollenbeck]],\n        American newscaster (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Thomas Denman,\n        3rd Baron Denman]], 5th [[Governor-General of Australia]] (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Andrass Samuelsen]], 1st Prime Minister of Faroe Islands\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Frida Kahlo, by Guillermo Kahlo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frida\n        Kahlo]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Thea von Harbou]], German actress (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Tom\\u00e1s Monje]], 48th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Reginald Marsh (artist)|Reginald Marsh]], American painter (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Gabriel Pascal]], Hungarian-born film producer\n        and director (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Cornelia Sorabji]], Indian-born lawyer (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Henry Valentine Knaggs]], English physician\n        and author (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Frida Kahlo]], Mexican painter\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Irving Pichel]], American actor and director (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Grantland Rice]], American sportswriter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**\n        [[Jacinto Benavente]], Spanish dramatist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Jackie Saunders]], American silent screen\n        actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Herms Niel]], German composer\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Machine Gun Kelly]], American gangster\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Hannes Meyer]], Swiss architect (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[S\\u014djin Kamiyama]] or \\\"Sojin\\\", Japanese\n        film star during the American silent film era (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July 29]]\n        – [[Coen de Koning]], Dutch speed skater (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Alcide\n        de Gasperi 2.jpg|thumbnail|right|120px|[[Alcide de Gasperi]]]]\\n* [[August\n        3]]\\n** [[Bess Streeter Aldrich]], American writer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Colette]],\n        French novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Hugo Eckener]], President\n        of the Zeppelin Dirigible Company (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Alcide\n        De Gasperi]], Italian statesman and Christian Democracy politician, 30th [[Prime\n        Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Get\\u00falio\n        Vargas]], 14th and 17th [[President of Brazil]] (suicide) (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Elsa Barker]], American writer (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Bert Acosta]], American aviator (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Franz Leopold Neumann]],  German- political activist\n        and Marxist theorist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Eugene Pallette]],\n        American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Eugen Schiffer]],\n        German politician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Edward C. Kalbfus]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Bud Fisher]], American\n        cartoonist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Glenn Scobey Warner]], American college football\n        coach (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Derain]], French\n        artist, painter and sculptor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Mikimoto\n        K\\u014dkichi]], Japanese pearl farm pioneer (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[September 24]]\n        – [[Edward Pilgrim]], British homeowner (suicide) (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Eugeni d''Ors|Eugenio d''Ors]], Spanish writer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[Maximilian von Weichs]], German field marshal (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Bert Lytell]], American actor (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Robert H. Jackson]],\n        United States Supreme Court associate justice and chief prosecutor at the\n        Nuremberg Trials (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[George Welch (pilot)|George\n        Welch]], American aviator (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Hugh Duffy]],\n        American baseball player ([[Boston Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Jibanananda Das]], Indian poet, writer, novelist and essayist in [[Bengali\n        language|Bengali]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Wilbur Shaw]],\n        American racing driver (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Henri Matisse,\n        1913, photograph by Alvin Langdon Coburn.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Henri Matisse]]]]\\n[[File:Enrico\n        Fermi 1943-49.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Enrico Fermi]]]]\\n[[File:Wilhelm Furtw\\u00e4ngler.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Wilhelm\n        Furtw\\u00e4ngler]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Henri Matisse]], French painter\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist]],\n        German field marshal (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Lionel Barrymore]],\n        American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Albert Francis Blakeslee]],\n        American botanist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Yitzhak Lamdan]],\n        Russian-born Israeli poet and columnist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Clyde Cessna]], American aviator and aircraft designer and manufacturer,\n        founder of the [[Cessna|Cessna Aircraft Corporation]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        22]]\\n** [[Roderick McMahon]], American professional boxing and wrestling\n        promoter; founder of [[WWE#Capitol Wrestling Corporation (1952-1963)|Capitol\n        Wrestling Corporation]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Moroni Olsen]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Andrey Vyshinsky]], Russian jurist and diplomat, former\n        [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Soviet Foreign Minister]] (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Enrico Fermi]], Italian physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Dink Johnson]], American musician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Wilhelm Furtw\\u00e4ngler]], German conductor (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Fred Rose (songwriter)|Fred Rose]], American songwriter\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Claude Cahun]], French photographer\n        and writer (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Gladys George]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]], English\n        novelist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Ich\\u00e9]],\n        French sculptor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Adolph Otto Niedner]],\n        American cartridge designer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Archduke\n        Eugen of Austria]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[G\\u00fcnther\n        Quandt]], German industrialist who founded an industrial empire that today\n        includes BMW and Altana (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Max Born]], [[Walther Bothe]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Linus Pauling]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[John Franklin Enders]],\n        [[Thomas Huckle Weller]], [[Frederick Chapman Robbins]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Literature]] – [[Ernest Hemingway]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – The Office of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]].\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1954}}\\n[[Category:1954| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:40:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":799145856,\"length\":59394,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954\"},\"34851\":{\"pageid\":34851,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1955\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-07T11:50:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1955}}\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1955}}\\n{{Year nav|1955}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1955}}\\n[[File:Marian Anderson.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[January 7]]:\n        [[Marian Anderson]] at the [[Metropolitan Opera|Met]]]]\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1955}}\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Rem\\u00f3n\n        Cantera]], president of [[Panama]], is assassinated at a race track in [[Panama\n        City]].\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ram\\u00f3n Guizado]] becomes\n        president of [[Panama]].\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Marian Anderson]] is the\n        first [[African-American]] singer to perform at the [[Metropolitan Opera]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[January 17]] – {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}}, the\n        first [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] submarine, puts to sea\n        for the first time, from [[Groton, Connecticut]].\\n* [[January 18]]–[[January\n        20]] – [[Battle of Yijiangshan Islands]]: The Chinese Communist [[People''s\n        Liberation Army]] seizes the islands from the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan).\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – In the United States, [[The Pentagon]] announces a\n        plan to develop [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s (ICBMs) armed with\n        [[nuclear weapon]]s.\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Sutton Coldfield rail crash]]\n        kills 17 near Birmingham, England.\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Presidium of\n        the Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Soviet Union]] announces the end of the war\n        between the USSR and Germany, which began during World War II in [[1941]].\\n*\n        [[January 28]] – [[United States Congress]] authorizes President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] to use force to protect [[Taiwan|Formosa]] from the People''s\n        Republic of China.\\n[[File:Minuteman3launch.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[January\n        22]]: [[ICBM]] ]]\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main article|February 1955}}\\n* [[February\n        4]] – \\\"[[Baghdad Pact]]\\\": Military treaty signed between Iraq and\n        Turkey.\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Apartheid]] in [[South Africa]]: 60,000\n        non-white residents of the [[Sophiatown]] [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|suburb\n        of Johannesburg]] are forcibly evicted. \\n* [[February 10]] – The [[United\n        States Seventh Fleet]] helps the [[Republic of China]] evacuate [[Chinese\n        Nationalist]] army and residents from the [[Tachen Islands]] to [[Taiwan]].\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] sends the\n        first U.S. advisors to [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 14]] – [[WFLA-TV]]\n        signs on the air in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]/[[St. Petersburg, Florida]].\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – Nearly 100 die in a fire at a home for the elderly\n        in [[Yokohama]], Japan.\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Southeast Asia Treaty\n        Organization]],(SEATO) established at a meeting in [[Bangkok]].\\n* [[February\n        22]] – In Chicago''s Democratic primary, Mayor [[Martin H. Kennelly]]\n        loses to the head of the Cook County Democratic Party, [[Richard J. Daley]],\n        364,839 to 264,77.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main article|March 1955}}\\n* [[March]]\n        – A young [[Jim Henson]] builds the first version of [[Kermit the Frog]].\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[Claudette Colvin]], a fifteen-year-old [[African-American]]\n        girl, refuses to give up her seat on a bus in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], to\n        a white woman after the driver demands it. She is carried off the bus backwards\n        while being kicked and handcuffed and harassed on the way to the police station.\n        She becomes a plaintiff in ''''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'''' (1956) which rules\n        bus segregation to be unconstitutional.\\n** Serious floods in Australia.\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[WBBJ-TV]] signs on the air in the [[Jackson, Tennessee]],\n        with WDXI as its initial call-letters, to expanded American commercial television\n        in mostly-rural areas.\\n** [[Elvis Presley]] makes his television debut on\n        \\\"Louisiana Hayride\\\" carried by KSLA-TV Shreveport (although audio recordings\n        exists, there is no known video footage of this appearance).\\n* [[March 7]]\n        – The [[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Broadway musical]] version of ''''[[Peter\n        and Wendy|Peter Pan]]'''', which had opened in [[1954]] starring [[Mary Martin]],\n        is presented on television for the first time by [[NBC]]-TV with its original\n        cast, as an installment of ''''[[Producers'' Showcase]]''''. It is also the\n        first time that a stage musical is presented in its entirety on TV almost\n        exactly as it was performed on stage. This program gains the largest viewership\n        of a TV special up to this time, and it becomes one of the first great TV\n        family musical classics.\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Richard Riot]] in [[Montreal]]:\n        6,000 people protest the [[Suspension (punishment)|suspension]] of [[French\n        Canadian]] [[ice hockey]] star [[Maurice Richard]] of the [[Montreal Canadiens]]\n        by the [[National Hockey League]] following a violent incident during a match.\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[KXTV]] signs on the air in [[Sacramento, California]].\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – The movie adaptation of Evan Hunter''s novel ''''[[Blackboard\n        Jungle]]'''' premieres in the United States, featuring the famous single \\\"[[Rock\n        Around the Clock]]\\\" by [[Bill Haley & His Comets]]. Teenagers jump from their\n        seats to dance to the song.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main article|April 1955}}\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[EOKA]] A starts a terrorist campaign against British\n        rule in the [[Crown colony]] of [[Cyprus]].\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Winston Churchill]]\n        resigns as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] due to ill-health at the\n        age of 80.\\n** [[Richard J. Daley]] defeats Robert Merrian to become Mayor\n        of Chicago by a vote of 708,222 to 581,555.\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Anthony\n        Eden]] becomes [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        in the [[NBA]], the [[Syracuse Nationals]] defeat the [[Fort Wayne Pistons]]\n        92-91 in game seven to win the title.\\n* [[April 11]] \\n** The [[Taiwan]]ese\n        [[Kuomintang]] put a time-bomb on the airplane ''''[[Kashmir Princess]]'''',\n        killing 16 but failing to assassinate the People''s Republic of China leader,\n        [[Zhou Enlai]].\\n** [[Taekwondo]], a famous for [[Korean martial arts]], officially\n        recognized as naming in South Korea.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – The [[Salk polio vaccine]], having passed large-scale\n        trials earlier in the United States, receives full approval by the [[Food\n        and Drug Administration]].\\n* [[April 14]] – The [[Detroit Red Wings]]\n        win the [[Stanley Cup]] for the 7th time in franchise history, but will not\n        win again until [[1997]].\\n[[File:McDonalds Museum.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[April\n        15]]: [[McDonald''s]]]]\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Baghdad Pact|Middle East Treaty\n        Organization]] (METO).{{cn|date=January 2017}}\\n** [[Ray Kroc]] opens his\n        first [[McDonald''s]] in [[Des Plaines, Illinois]].\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        [[Burma]]-Japanese peace treaty, signed in [[Rangoon]] on [[November 5]],\n        [[1954]], comes into effect, formally ending a state of war between the two\n        countries that has not existed for a long time.\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Imre\n        Nagy]], the communist Premier of Hungary, is ousted for being too moderate.\\n*\n        [[April 18]]–[[April 24]] – [[Asian-African Conference]] held\n        in [[Bandung]], Indonesia.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{main article|May 1955}}\\n* [[May\n        1]] – Warsaw Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance\n        signed ([[Warsaw Treaty Organization]]) (effective [[June 6]]).\\n* [[May 5]]\n        – West Germany becomes a sovereign country recognized by important Western\n        foreign countries, such as France, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United\n        States.\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Western European Union]] charter effective.\\n*[[May\n        7]] – The last time [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] won a\n        domestic title. \\n* [[May 9]] – West Germany joins the [[North Atlantic\n        Treaty Organization]] (NATO).\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Japanese National Railways]]''\n        ferry [[Shiun Maru disaster|''''Shiun Maru'''' sinks]] after collision with\n        sister ship ''''Uko Maru'''' in thick fog off [[Takamatsu, Kagawa|Takamatsu,\n        Shikoku]], in the [[Seto Inland Sea]] of Japan; 166 passengers (many children)\n        and two crew are killed. This event is influential in plans to construct the\n        [[Akashi Kaiky\\u014d Bridge]] (built 1986-98).\\n*[[May 12]]– New York''s\n        [[IRT Third Avenue Line|Third Avenue Elevated]] runs its last train between\n        Chathem Square in Manhattan and East 149th Street in the Bronx, thus ending\n        elevated train service in [[Manhattan]].\\n* [[May 14]] – Eight Communist\n        Bloc countries, including the [[Soviet Union]], sign a mutual defence treaty\n        in [[Warsaw]], Poland, that is called the [[Warsaw Pact]]. It will be dissolved\n        in [[1991]].\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Austrian State Treaty]], which restores\n        Austria''s national sovereignty, is concluded between the four occupying powers\n        following World War II (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet\n        Union, and France) and Austria, setting it up as a neutral country.\\n* [[May\n        25]] – [[Joe Brown (climber)|Joe Brown]] and [[George Band]] are the\n        first to attain the summit of [[Kangchenjunga]] in the [[Himalayas]], as part\n        of a British team led by [[Charles Evans (mountaineer)|Charles Evans]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{main\n        article|June 1955}}\\n* [[June 7]] – The television [[Game show|quiz\n        program]] ''''[[The $64,000 Question]]'''' premieres on [[CBS]]-TV in the\n        United States, with [[Hal March]] as the host.\\n* [[June 11]] – [[1955\n        Le Mans disaster|Le Mans disaster]]: Eighty-three people are killed and at\n        least 100 are injured after two race cars collide in the [[1955 24 Hours of\n        Le Mans]].\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Mir mine]], the first [[diamond]] mine\n        in the [[Soviet Union]], is discovered.\\n* [[June 16]] – ''''[[Lady\n        and the Tramp]]'''', the [[Walt Disney]] company''s 15th animated film, premieres\n        in [[Chicago]].\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Freedom Charter]] of the anti-[[apartheid]]\n        [[South Africa]]n [[Congress Alliance]] adopted at a [[Congress of the People\n        (1955)|Congress of the People]] in [[Kliptown]].\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main article|July\n        1955}}\\n* [[July 7]] – The [[New Zealand Special Air Service]] is formed.\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Ruth Ellis]] is [[hanged]] for murder in London, becoming\n        the last woman ever to be executed in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        The [[American Broadcasting Company]] broadcasts a sneak preview of [[Disneyland]]\n        in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n** [[Disneyland]] opens to the public in [[Anaheim,\n        California]].\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** The first nuclear-generated electrical power\n        is sold commercially, partially powering the town of [[Arco, Idaho]].\\n**\n        The Illinois Governor, [[William Stratton]], signs the \\\"Loyalty Oath Act\\\",\n        passed by the State Legislature, which mandates all public employees take\n        a loyalty oath to Illinois and the United States, or lose their jobs.\\n**\n        The first Geneva Summit meeting between the United States, the Soviet Union,\n        the United Kingdom, and France begins. It ends on July 23.\\n* [[July 27]]\n        – [[El Al Flight 402]] from [[Vienna]], Austria to [[Tel Aviv]] via\n        [[Istanbul]] is shot down over [[Bulgaria]]. All 58 passengers and crewmen\n        aboard the [[Lockheed Constellation]] airplane are killed.\\n* [[July 28]]\n        – The first [[Interlingua]] Congress in [[Tours]], France, leading to\n        foundation of the [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main\n        article|August 1955}}\\n[[File:Diane 1955 track.png|thumb|120px|right| [[August\n        19]]: [[Hurricane Diane]]]]\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** The [[First Sudanese Civil\n        War]] begins.\\n** First meeting of the [[Organization of Central American\n        States]] (''''Organizaci\\u00f3n de Estados Centroamericanos'''', ODECA), in\n        [[Antigua Guatemala]].\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Hurricane Diane]] hits the\n        northeastern United States, killing over 200 people, and causing over $1.0\n        billion in damage.\\n* [[August 20]] – Hundreds of people are killed\n        in anti-French rioting in [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]].\\n* [[August 22]] –\n        Eleven schoolchildren are killed when their school bus is hit by a freight\n        train in [[Spring City, Tennessee]].\\n* [[August 25]] – The last [[Soviet\n        Army]] occupation forces leave Austria.\\n* [[August 26]] – Release in\n        India of [[Satyajit Ray]]''s film ''''[[Pather Panchali]]''''.\\n* [[August\n        27]] – First edition of the ''''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'''' is\n        published, in London.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main article|September 1955}}\\n[[File:Rockall\n        Union flag hoisted 1955.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|[[September 18]]: Britain\n        annexes [[Rockall]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – Under the guidance of Dr.\n        [[Humphry Osmond]], [[Christopher Mayhew]] ingests 400 mg of [[Mescaline|mescaline\n        hydrochloride]] and allows himself to be filmed as part of a ''''[[Panorama\n        (TV series)|Panorama]]'''' special for BBC TV in the U.K. that is never broadcast.\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Istanbul pogrom]]: [[Istanbul]]''s Greek minority\n        is the target of a government-sponsored [[pogrom]].\\n* [[September 10]] –\n        The long-running program ''''[[Gunsmoke]]'''' debuts on the [[CBS|CBS-TV]]\n        network.\\n* [[September 14]] – Pope Pius XII elevates many of the [[Apostolic\n        vicariate]]s in Africa to [[Metropolitan Archdiocese]]s\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – [[Vladimir Nabokov]]''s controversial novel ''''[[Lolita]]'''' is\n        published in Paris by [[Olympia Press]].\\n* [[September 18]] – The United\n        Kingdom formally annexes the uninhabited island of [[Rockall]].\\n* [[September\n        19]]–[[September 21]] – The [[President of Argentina]], [[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n]], is ousted in a military coup.\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Hurricane\n        Hilda (1955)|Hurricane Hilda]] kills about 200 people in Mexico.\\n* [[September\n        22]] – Independent Commercial Television ([[ITV (TV network)|ITV]])\n        begins broadcasting in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]], President of the United States suffers a [[coronary thrombosis]]\n        while on vacation in [[Denver, Colorado]]. Vice President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]\n        serves as Acting President while Eisenhower recovers.\\n* [[September 30]]\n        –[[James Dean]] was killed in a fatal car crash.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main\n        article|October 1955}}\\n* [[October 2]] – ''''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]''''\n        debuts on the [[CBS]] TV network in the United States.\\n* [[October 3]] –\n        ''''[[The Mickey Mouse Club]]'''' debuts on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC-TV]]\n        network in the United States.\\n* [[October 4]] – The Reverend [[Sun\n        Myung Moon]] is released from prison in [[Seoul]], South Korea.\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Disneyland Hotel (California)|Disneyland Hotel]] opens to the\n        public in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n* [[October 11]] – 70-mm film for\n        projection is introduced with the theatrical release of Rodgers and Hammerstein''s\n        musical film, ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]''''.\\n* [[October 14]]\n        – [[Organization of Central American States]] secretariat inaugurated.\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Disc jockey]] [[Bill Randle]] of [[WERE]] ([[Cleveland]])\n        is the key presenter of a concert at [[Brooklyn High School (Ohio)]], featuring\n        [[Pat Boone]] and [[Bill Haley & His Comets]] and opening with [[Elvis Presley]],\n        Elvis''s first filmed performance, for a documentary on Randle titled ''''[[The\n        Pied Piper of Cleveland]]''''.\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** After the last [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allied]] troops have left [[Austria]] and following the provisions\n        of the [[Austrian Independence Treaty]], the country declares its [[Neutral\n        country|permanent neutrality]].\\n** [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh\n        Di\\u1ec7m]] proclaims [[Vietnam]] to be a republic with himself as its President\n        (following the [[State of Vietnam referendum, 1955|State of Vietnam referendum]]\n        on [[October 23]]) and forms the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]].\\n* [[October\n        27]] – Film ''''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'''', starring [[James Dean]],\n        is released in the United States.\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Italian battleship\n        Giulio Cesare#Novorossiysk|Soviet battleship ''''Novorossiysk'''']] explodes\n        at moorings in [[Sevastopol]] Bay, killing 608, the [[Soviet Union]]''s worst\n        naval disaster.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main article|November 1955}}\\n[[File:LocationAustria.svg|thumb|120px|right|\n        [[October 26]]: Austria free]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** The [[Vietnam War]] begins\n        between the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|South Vietnam Army]] and the\n        [[Vietnam People''s Army|North Vietnam Army]] in which the latter is allied\n        with the [[Viet Cong]].\\n** A time bomb explodes in the cargo hold of [[United\n        Airlines Flight 629]], a [[Douglas DC-6B]] airliner flying above [[Longmont,\n        Colorado]], killing all 39 passengers and 5 crew members on board.\\n* [[November\n        3]] – The [[Rimutaka Tunnel]] opens on the [[New Zealand Railways Department|New\n        Zealand Railways]], at 5.46 mi (8.79 km) the longest in the [[Southern\n        Hemisphere]] at this time.\\n* [[November 5]] – Racial segregation is\n        outlawed on trains and buses in [[interstate commerce]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[C. Northcote Parkinson]] first propounds ''[[Parkinson''s\n        law]]'', in ''''[[The Economist]]''''.\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Bo Diddley]]\n        makes his television debut on [[Ed Sullivan]]''s ''''Toast Of The Town''''\n        show for the [[CBS|CBS-TV]] network.\\n* [[November 23]] – The [[Cocos\n        Islands]] in the Indian Ocean are transferred from British to Australian control.\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – The British Governor of [[Cyprus]] declares a [[state\n        of emergency]] on the island.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{main article|December 1955}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – In [[Montgomery, Alabama]], [[Rosa Parks]] refuses\n        to obey bus driver James F. Blake''s order that she give up her seat to make\n        room for a white passenger and is arrested, leading to the [[Montgomery Bus\n        Boycott]].\\n[[File:Tappan Zee Bridge.JPG|thumb|120px|right| [[December 14]]:\n        [[Tappan Zee Bridge]] opens]]\\n* [[December 4]] – The [[International\n        Federation of Blood Donor Organizations]] was founded in [[Luxembourg]].\\n*\n        [[December 5]]\\n** The [[American Federation of Labor]] and the [[Congress\n        of Industrial Organizations]] merge to become the [[AFL\\u2013CIO]].\\n** The\n        [[Montgomery Improvement Association]] is formed in [[Montgomery, Alabama]],\n        by [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]], and other Black ministers to coordinate\n        a Black people''s boycott of all city buses.\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Adnan\n        Menderes]] of [[Democrat Party (Turkey, historical)|DP]] forms the new government\n        of [[Turkey]] (22nd government)\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** The [[Tappan Zee Bridge]]\n        over the [[Hudson River]] in [[New York (state)|New York]] State opens to\n        traffic.\\n** [[Albania]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Cambodia]], [[Finland]],\n        [[Hungary]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Jordan]], [[Laos]],\n        [[Libya]], [[Nepal]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], and [[Sri Lanka]]\n        join the [[United Nations]] simultaneously, after several years of moratorium\n        on admitting new members that began during the [[Korean War]].\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Cardiff]] is declared by the British Government as the capital\n        of Wales.\\n* [[December 22]] – American cytogeneticist [[Joe Hin Tjio]]\n        discovers the correct number of human [[chromosome]]s, forty-six.\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[General Motors]] becomes the first American corporation to\n        make a profit of over one billion dollars in one year.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        The [[Str\\u00f6msund Bridge]] in [[Sweden]] is completed, being the first\n        significant [[cable-stayed bridge]] of the modern era.{{cite web|title=Str\\u00f6msund\n        Bridge (1955)|work=Structurae|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000070|accessdate=2010-10-02}}\\n\\n===World\n        population===\\n* [[World population]]: 2,755,823,000\\n** Africa: 246,746,000\\n**\n        Asia: 1,541,947,000\\n** Europe: 575,184,000\\n** South America: 190,797,000\\n**\n        North America: 186,884,000\\n** Oceania: 14,265,000\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Mulatu\n        Teshome.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mulatu Teshome]]]]\\n[[File:Rowan Atkinson, 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rowan\n        Atkinson]]]]\\n[[File:JK Simmons 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J. K. Simmons]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin\n        Costner 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Costner]]]]\\n[[File:Rattle BPH-Rittershaus2-\n        Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Simon Rattle]]]]\\n[[File:Eddie Van Halen 2007-11-10.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Van Halen]]]]\\n[[File:File-Official roberts CJ cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        G. Roberts]]]]\\n[[File:Nicolas Sarkozy February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicolas\n        Sarkozy]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Mario Andreacchio]], Australian film director\\n**\n        [[Mary Beard (classicist)|Mary Beard]], English classicist\\n** [[Precious\n        (wrestling)|Precious]], Canadian professional wrestling valet\\n** [[Mulatu\n        Teshome]], Ethiopian politician and 8th [[President of Ethiopia]]\\n* [[January\n        2]] – [[Vivien Savage]], French singer\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Mamata\n        Banerjee]], Indian politician, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[Rowan Atkinson]], English comedian and actor\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – [[J. K. Simmons]], American actor\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Michael\n        Schenker]], German guitarist ([[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[UFO (band)|UFO]],\n        [[Michael Schenker Group]])\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Ran Ito]], Japanese actress\\n**\n        [[Paul Kelly (Australian musician)|Paul Kelly]], Australian musician\\n** [[Jay\n        McInerney]], American writer\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Andreas Gursky]], German\n        photographer\\n** [[Mayumi Tanaka]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Steve Earle]], American musician\\n** [[Mami Koyama]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Kevin Costner]], American actor, producer and director\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – Sir [[Simon Rattle]], English orchestral conductor\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Joe Doherty]], [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]\n        member\\n** [[Hiromi \\u014cta]], Japanese singer\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Jeff Koons]], American artist\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Keiko Takahashi]],\n        Japanese actress\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Petra Gerster]], German television\n        presenter and newscaster\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Andr\\u00e9sen]],\n        Swedish actor\\n** [[Eddie Van Halen]], Dutch-born American rock musician ([[Van\n        Halen]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[John Roberts]], [[Chief Justice of the United\n        States]]\\n** [[Alexander Stuart (writer)|Alexander Stuart]], British-born\n        author\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Vinod Khosla]], Indian-born American [[venture\n        capital]]ist\\n** [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], 23rd [[President of France]]\\n** [[George\n        Tokoro]], Japanese TV personality and singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Eddie Jordan (basketball)|Eddie Jordan]], American basketball player and\n        head coach\\n** [[Femi Pedro]], Deputy Governor of Lagos State, Nigeria\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Kelsey\n        Grammer May 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kelsey Grammer]]]]\\n[[File:Steve\n        Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Jobs]]]]\\n[[File:Gilbert_Gottfried_2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gilbert\n        Gottfried]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Hans Werner Olm]], German television\n        and film comedian\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Leszek Engelking]], Polish poet,\n        writer and translator\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Kirsty Wark]], Scottish\n        television presenter\\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Michael Pollan]], American journalist\\n**\n        [[Irinej Dobrijevi\\u0107]], American-born Serbian Bishop of Australia and\n        New Zealand\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Miguel Ferrer]], American actor (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[John Grisham]], American novelist\\n** [[Xu\n        Bing]], Chinese artist \\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Shaughnessy]], English actor\\n** [[Jim J. Bullock]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[February 10]]\\n** [[Chris Adams (wrestler)|Chris Adams]], English wrestler\n        and judoka (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Pablo Borges Delgado]], Cuban artist\\n** [[Greg\n        Norman]], Australian golfer\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Ai Sat\\u014d]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Akiko Yano]], Japanese singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[February 15]]      \\n** [[Janice Dickinson]], American model, photographer,\n        author and talent agent\\n** [[Christopher McDonald]], American actor\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Mo Yan]], Chinese writer\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Jeff\n        Daniels]], American actor\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Kelsey Grammer]], American\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Howard Jones (musician)|Howard\n        Jones]], English pop keyboardist and singer-songwriter\\n** [[Flip Saunders]],\n        American basketball coach (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Steve Jobs]],\n        American businessman and founder of [[Apple Inc.]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Alain\n        Prost]], French four-time [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Gilbert Gottfried]], American actor and comedian\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Penn\n        Jillette by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Penn Jillette]]]]\\n[[File:NinaHagenPremiereDerSiebteZwerg2014-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nina\n        Hagen]]]]\\n[[File:Gary Sinise 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary Sinise]]]]\\n[[File:\n        Federal Deputy Jair Bolsonaro at the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jair\n        Bolsonaro]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Willis by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce\n        Willis]]]]\\n[[File:Mariano_Rajoy_2016_(portrait).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariano\n        Rajoy]]]]\\n[[File:AngusYoung.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Angus Young]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] – Sir [[Timothy Laurence]], English admiral and second husband of\n        [[Anne, Princess Royal]]\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Shoko Asahara]], Japanese cult\n        leader ([[Aum Shinrikyo]])\\n** [[Jay Osmond]], American pop singer\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Kent Derricott]], Canadian TV personality in Japan\\n* [[March\n        4]] – [[Dominique Pinon]], French actor\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Julien\n        Dray]], French politician\\n** [[Penn Jillette]], American magician and comedian\n        ([[Penn & Teller]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Wendy Boglioli]], American swimmer\\n**\n        [[Jay Ilagan]], Filipino actor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Cyprien Ntaryamira]], Burundian\n        politician, 5th [[President of Burundi]] (d. [[1994]]) \\n** [[Alberta Watson]],\n        Canadian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Tommy Kramer]], American\n        football player\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Don Ashby]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Ornella Muti]], Italian actress\\n**\n        [[Franco Uncini]], Italian motorcycle racer\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Yousra]],\n        Egyptian actress and singer\\n** [[Marianne Rosenberg]], German singer\\n* [[March\n        11]] – [[Nina Hagen]], German pop singer\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Bruno\n        Conti]], Italian football player\\n** [[Glenne Headly]], American actress of\n        film, stage and television (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Robert Kabbas]],\n        Egyptian-born Australian weightlifter\\n** [[Dee Snider]], American rock singer\n        ([[Twisted Sister]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Bruno Barreto]], Brazilian film\n        director\\n** [[Jiro Watanabe]], Japanese boxer\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Gary\n        Sinise]], American actor, producer and director\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Guillermo\n        D\\u00e1vila]], Venezuelan actor and singer\\n** [[Dwayne Murphy]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Pino Daniele]], Italian music artist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Bruce Willis]], American actor\\n** [[Simon Yam]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Mariya Takeuchi]], Japanese singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\n** [[Jair Bolsonaro]], Brazilian congressman and politician\\n**\n        [[Philippe Troussier]], French football coach\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Lena Olin]],\n        Swedish actress\\n** [[Pete Sessions]], American politician\\n** [[Valdis Zatlers]],\n        7th [[President of Latvia]]\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Moses Malone]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Cel\\u00e2l \\u015eeng\\u00f6r]],\n        Turkish geologist\\n** [[Kim Johnston Ulrich]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Danny Arndt]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        [[Mariano Rajoy]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[John\n        Alderdice]], Irish politician\\n** [[Reba McEntire]], American country singer\n        and actress\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Earl Campbell]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Brendan Gleeson]], Irish actor\\n** [[Marina Sirtis]], English-born actress\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Angus Young]], lead guitarist of Australian rock group\n        [[AC/DC]]\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Akira_Toriyama.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Akira Toriyama]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Rooker Makeup and Hairstyling Symposium - Feb 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Rooker]]]]\\n[[File:Grand Duke Luxembourg Royal Wedding 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henri,\n        Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]]]\\n[[File:Kate Mulgrew Shankbone Metropolitan Opera\n        2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate Mulgrew]]]]\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Michael Burleigh]],\n        British historian\\n** [[Mick Mars]], American rock guitarist ([[M\\u00f6tley\n        Cr\\u00fce]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Janice Long]], English radio disc jockey\\n**\n        [[Akira Toriyama]], Japanese manga artist\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Michael\n        Rooker]], American actor\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Grace Hightower]], American\n        philanthropist, actress and singer\\n** [[Gregg Jarrett]], American lawyer\n        turned journalist\\n** [[Akira Nishino (footballer)|Akira Nishino]], Japanese\n        soccer player and manager\\n** [[Werner Stocker (actor)|Werner Stocker]], German\n        actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Kane Hodder]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Barbara Kingsolver]], American fiction writer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Kate\n        Heyhoe]], American food writer\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Kevin Brady]], American\n        politician\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Steve Camp]], American Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Hideki Saijo]], Japanese singer and actor\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Dodi\n        Fayed]], Egyptian businessman (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Henri, Grand\n        Duke of Luxembourg]]\\n** [[DJ Kool Herc]], Jamaican American DJ\\n* [[April\n        17]] – [[Bolland & Bolland|Rob Bolland]], Dutch musician, songwriter\n        and music producer ([[Bolland & Bolland]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Bobby\n        Castillo]], American baseball player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Ebiet\n        G. Ade]], Indonesian singer and songwriter\\n** [[Toninho Cerezo]], Brazilian\n        footballer and coach\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Judy Davis]], Australian actress\\n**\n        [[Fumi Hirano]], Japanese voice actress and essayist\\n** [[Tony Miles]], English\n        chess player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[John de Mol]], Dutch\n        media tycoon\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[John Nunn]], English [[chess]] player and\n        [[mathematician]]\\n** [[Parviz Parastui]], Iranian actor\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        [[Chen Daoming]], Chinese actor\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[James Risen]], American\n        Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative reporter and author\\n** [[Eric Schmidt]],\n        American software engineer and businessman, former CEO of [[Google]] (2001-2011)\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Eddie Jobson]], English musician\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Epcar]], American voice actor\\n** [[Kate Mulgrew]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Y\\u016bko Tanaka]], Japanese actress\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Zlatko Top\\u010di\\u0107]],\n        Bosnian writer and screenwriter\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:TomBergeronApr09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        Bergeron]]]]\\n[[File:Rick Steves cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rick Steves]]]]\\n[[File:Bill\n        Paxton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill Paxton]]]]\\n[[File:James Gosling\n        2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Gosling]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Ray Buttigieg]],\n        Maltese composer and poet\\n** [[Nick Feldman]], English musician ([[Wang Chung\n        (band)|Wang Chung]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Willie Miller]], Scottish footballer\\n**\n        [[Donatella Versace]], Italian designer\\n** [[Dave Winer]], American software\n        pioneer\\n* [[May 3]] – [[David Hookes]], Australian cricketer (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 4]]\\n** [[Avram Grant]], Israeli football manager\\n** [[Robert Ellis\n        Orrall]], American singer\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Tom Bergeron]], American\n        television host\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Mayra Alejandra]], Venezuelan actress\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Meles Zenawi]], 10th [[Prime Minister\n        of Ethiopia]] and 3rd [[President of Ethiopia]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 9]]\n        – [[Anne Sofie von Otter]], Swedish mezzo-soprano\\n* [[May 10]]\\n**\n        [[Chris Berman]], American sports broadcaster\\n** [[Mark David Chapman]],\n        American murderer of musician [[John Lennon]]\\n** [[Rick Steves]], American\n        author and television personality; host of [[Rick Steves'' Europe]]\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Andy Pask]], English bass player and composer ([[Landscape\n        (band)|Landscape]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Robert Tapert]], American TV producer\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Lee Horsley]],  American film, television, and theater\n        actor\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Olga Korbut]], Soviet gymnast\\n** [[Olli Kortekangas]],\n        Finnish composer\\n** [[Jack Morris]], American baseball player\\n** [[Hazel\n        O''Connor]], British rock musician\\n** [[Richard Phillips (merchant mariner)|Richard\n        Phillips]], American merchant mariner and captain of the ''''MV Maersk Alabama''''\\n**\n        [[Debra Winger]], American actress\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Bill Paxton]],\n        American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Chow Yun-fat]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Mark Staff Brandl]], American and Swiss artist\n        and art historian\\n** [[James Gosling]], Canadian software engineer\\n** [[Th.\n        Emil Homerin]], American theologian\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Diego Abatantuono]],\n        Italian actor\\n** [[Zbigniew Preisner]], Polish film composer\\n* [[May 22]]\\n**\n        [[Chalmers \\\"Spanky\\\" Alford]], American jazz guitarist (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Iva Davies]], Australian singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist\n        and record producer; lead singer of [[Icehouse (band)|Icehouse]] \\n** [[Dale\n        Winton]], English radio DJ and television presenter\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Rosanne\n        Cash]], American entertainer\\n** [[Rumiko Ukai]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Suguru Egawa]], Japanese baseball player\\n** [[Connie Sellecca]],\n        American actress\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Doris D\\u00f6rrie]], German actress and\n        screenplay writer\\n** [[Masaharu Morimoto]], Japanese chef\\n* [[May 29]] \\n**\n        [[Mike Porcaro]], American bass guitarist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[John Hinckley\n        Jr.]], attempted assassin of [[Ronald Reagan]]\\n* [[May 30]]\\n**[[Nakamura\n        Kanzabur\\u014d XVIII]], Japanese Kabuki actor\\n**[[Colm T\\u00f3ib\\u00edn]],\n        Irish novelist\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Tommy Emmanuel]], Australian guitarist\\n**\n        [[Susie Essman]], American actress\\n** [[Lynne Truss]], English writer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Sam\n        Simon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sam Simon]]]]\\n[[File:David Kennedy 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        A. Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:LaurieMetcalfFeb08 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laurie\n        Metcalf]]]]\\n[[File:Michel Platini 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michel Platini]]]]\\n[[File:Sir\n        Tim Berners-Lee.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Berners-Lee]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Chiyonofuji Mitsugu]], Japanese sumo wrestler (58th Yokozuna grand champion)\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Dana Carvey]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – [[Fernando Borrego Linares]], Cuban singer and songwriter\n        (aka Polo Monta\\u00f1ez)\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Sandra Bernhard]], American comedian,\n        actress, author and singer\\n** [[Chris Nyman]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Sam Simon]], American filmmaker (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Tim\n        Richmond]], American race car driver (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Tim\n        Berners-Lee]], English computer scientist and inventor\\n** [[Griffin Dunne]],\n        American actor and director\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Floyd Bannister]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Andrew Stevens]], American actor, producer and director\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Yuriy Sedykh]], Ukrainian hammer thrower\\n* [[June 14]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Lankford]], American actress, businesswoman and horse wrangler\\n** [[Paul\n        O''Grady]] (also known as \\\"Lily Savage\\\"), English talk show host and comedian\\n*\n        [[June 15]] \\n** [[Polly Draper]], American actress, screenwriter, playwright,\n        producer and director\\n** [[David A. Kennedy]], son of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Laurie Metcalf]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Sandy Allen]], American, world''s tallest woman (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Tor N\\u00f8rretranders]], Danish author\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Aloysius Amwano]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[Tim Bray]],\n        Canadian computer programmer\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Mader]], French singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Leigh McCloskey]], American actor\\n** [[Michel Platini]], French retired\n        football player and President of [[UEFA]]\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Glenn Danzig]],\n        American rock singer ([[Misfits (band)|The Misfits]], [[Samhain]], [[Danzig\n        (band)|Danzig]])\\n** [[Alan J. Gow]], Australian-born British motorsport executive\\n*\n        [[June 24]] – [[Gurumayi Chidvilasananda]], Indian head of [[Siddha\n        Yoga]]\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Mike McShane]], American actor, comedian and\n        voice actor\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Yoko Gushiken]], Japanese boxer\\n* [[June\n        27]]\\n**[[Isabelle Adjani]], French actress\\n**[[Brad Diller]], American cartoonist\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Amelia Kyambadde]], Ugandan politician\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:\n        Lindsey Graham 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lindsey Graham]]]]\\n[[File:Willem Dafoe\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willem Dafoe]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Sanma\n        Akashiya]], Japanese comedian and actor\\n** [[Nikolai Demidenko]], Russian\n        classical pianist\\n** [[Li Keqiang]], [[Premier of the People''s Republic\n        of China]]\\n** [[Lisa Scottoline]], American novelist\\n** [[Christian Estrosi]],\n        French sportsman and politician\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Stephen Walt]], American\n        political scientist\\n** [[Sylvie Le Noach]], French swimmer\\n** [[Randy Burchell]],\n        Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Chau Giang]], Vietnamese-born\n        American professional poker player\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[John Cramer (announcer)|John\n        Cramer]], American game show announcer\\n** [[Matt Keough]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Bruce Altman]], American actor\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Sebastian\n        Barry]], Irish playwright, novelist and poet\\n** [[Henry Lee Summer]], American\n        singer\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Rolf Saxon]], American actor\\n** [[Ludo Vika]],\n        Dominican actress\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Mihaela Mitrache]], Romanian actress\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Lindsey Graham]], American politician, lawyer, former [[United\n        States Army|U.S. Army]] soldier, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Republican\n        Party (United States)|R]]-[[South Carolina|Sc.]]), and unsuccessful [[United\n        States presidential election, 2016|2016]] presidential candidate\\n** [[Fred\n        Norris]], American radio personality\\n** [[Jimmy Smits]], American actor\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\n** [[Balaji Sadasivan]], Singaporean politician and neurosurgeon\\n**\n        [[S\\u00f8ren S\\u00e6tter-Lassen]], Danish actor\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Yoshitaka\n        Tamba]], Japanese actor\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Ritva Elomaa]], Finnish professional\n        female bodybuilding champion, pop singer and politician\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[Bernd Fasching]], Austrian painter and sculptor\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Adrienne\n        King]], American actress\\n** [[Marcelo Bielsa]], Argentine football player\n        and manager\\n** [[Howie Epstein]], American musician and producer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[B\\u00e9la Tarr]], Hungarian film director\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Willem\n        Dafoe]], American actor\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Iman (model)|Iman]], Somalian\n        model\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Michele Pillar]], American Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Asif Ali Zardari]], 11th President of Pakistan\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Allan\n        Border]], Australian cricketer\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jakie Quartz]], French\n        singer\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:BillyBobThorntonHWOFFeb2012crop.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Bob Thornton]]]]\\n[[File:Mike Huckabee by Gage Skidmore 6.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike\n        Huckabee]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Caleb Carr]], American writer\\n* [[August\n        3]] – [[Roger Gifford]], Lord Mayor of London 2013\\n* [[August 4]]\\n**\n        [[Gerrie Coetzee]], South African boxer, 1983-1984 [[World Boxing Association|WBA]]\n        heavyweight champion.\\n** [[Billy Bob Thornton]], American actor, director\n        and screenwriter\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Gordon J. Brand]], English golfer\\n**\n        [[Ron Davis (pitcher)|Ron Davis]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 7]]\\n**[[Wayne\n        Knight]], American actor and comedian\\n**[[David Learner]], British actor\\n**[[Vladimir\n        Sorokin]], Russian writer\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Didd\\u00fa]] (Sigr\\u00fan\n        Hj\\u00e1lmt\\u00fdsd\\u00f3ttir), Icelandic soprano and songwriter\\n* [[August\n        9]] – [[Doug Williams (American football)|Doug Williams]], American\n        football quarterback\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Mel Tiangco]], Philippine\n        television host and newscaster [[24 Oras]]\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Heintje\n        Simons]], Dutch singer and actor\\n** [[Gish Jen]], American fiction writer\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[Daryl (magician)|Daryl]], American magician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Gillian Taylforth]], English television actress\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Richard Hilton]], American businessman\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Peter Gallagher]], American actor\\n** [[Terry Harper (baseball)|Terry\n        Harper]], American baseball player\\n** [[Apisai Ielemia]], 10th Prime Minister\n        of Tuvalu\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Agnes Chan]], Hong Kong-born TV personality\n        in Japan\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Chiranjeevi]], Indian actor\\n** [[Gordon Liu]],\n        Chinese actor\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Mike Huckabee]], American politician,\n        former Governor and 2008 Presidential candidate\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Laura\n        Fygi]], Dutch singer\\n** [[Sergey Khlebnikov]], Soviet speed skater (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Mayumi Muroyama]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Helge Schneider]],\n        comedian, jazz musician and multi-instrumentalist, author, film and theatre\n        director\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Edwin Moses]], American athlete\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Billy\n        Blanks by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy Blanks]]]]\\n[[File:Zucchero\n        03.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Zucchero Fornaciari]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Billy\n        Blanks]], American martial artist; inventor of the [[Tae Bo]] exercise program\\n**\n        [[Bruce Foxton]], English musician\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Robert C. Duncan\n        (astrophysicist)|Robert Duncan]], American astrophysicist\\n** [[Claus Kleber]],\n        German television journalist\\n** [[Natalya Petrusyova]], Soviet speed skater\\n**\n        [[Michelle Yim]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Hiroshi Izawa]],\n        Japanese actor\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Raymond Benson]], American author\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – [[Efim Zelmanov]], Russian mathematician\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[John Kricfalusi]], Canadian cartoonist\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Peter Scolari]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[\\u017deljka\n        Antunovi\\u0107]], Croatian politician\\n** [[Brendan O''Carroll]], Irish actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Bruce Reitherman]], American filmmaker and voice actor\\n**\n        [[Renzo Rosso]], Italian clothing designer\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Janet\n        Ellis]], British children''s TV presenter\\n** [[Robin Yount]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Charles Martinet]], American voice-actor\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Richard Burmer]], American composer, sound designer\n        and musician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Richard Hieb]], American\n        astronaut\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Shinbo Nomura]], Japanese manga artist\\n*\n        [[September 25]] \\n**[[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]], German football player\\n**[[Zucchero\n        Fornaciari]], Italian singer-songwriter\\n* [[September 28]] – [[St\\u00e9phane\n        Dion]], Canadian politician\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Bill Gates June 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        Gates]]]]\\n[[File:Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) Executive Minister Brother Eduardo\n        Manalo (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eduardo V. Manalo]]]]\\n* [[October 2]]\n        – [[Philip Oakey]], Member of British pop group [[The Human League]]\\n*[[October\n        3]] – [[Tommy Wiseau]], American film director and actor, known for\n        the 2003 \\\"dark comedy\\\" ''''[[The Room (film)|The Room]]''''\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n**[[Bart D. Ehrman]], American religious studies scholar and writer,\n        specialist of [[textual criticism]]\\n** [[Jean-Jacques Lafon]], French singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Caroline Loeb]], French singer and actress\\n* [[October 7]]\\n**[[Clinton\n        Bennett]], British scholar of religions, specialist in the study of Islam\\n**[[Yo-Yo\n        Ma]], French-born Chinese American cellist\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**[[Bill Elliott]],\n        American racing driver \\n**[[Darrell Hammond]], Comedian ([[Saturday Night\n        Live|SNL]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Sergei Shepelev]], Russian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[James B. Aguayo-Martel]], Mexican-born physician,\n        surgeon, scientist and inventor\\n** [[Kulbir Bhaura]], Indian-born British\n        field hockey player\\n** [[Tanya Roberts]], American actress\\n** [[Emily Yoffe]],\n        American journalist and advice columnist\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Hiromi Go]],\n        Japanese singer\\n** [[Timmy Mallett]], English television presenter\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[LaSalle Ishii]], Japanese television personality\\n* [[October\n        21]]\\n** [[Yasukazu Hamada]], Japanese politician\\n** [[Rich Mullins]], American\n        Christian musician (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Karen Austin]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Katherine Knight]], Australian [[mariticide]]\\n* [[October 25]]\n        – [[Glynis Barber]], South African-born British actress\\n* [[October\n        28]]\\n** [[Bill Gates]], American businessman and co-founder of [[Microsoft]]\\n**\n        [[Indra Nooyi]], Indian business executive\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Kevin DuBrow]],\n        American rock singer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Roger O''Donnell]], English rock\n        keyboardist\\n** [[Etsuko Shihomi]], Japanese actress\\n* [[October 30]] –\n        [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]], British historian\\n* [[October\n        31]] – [[Eduardo V. Manalo]], 3rd Executive Minister (''''Tagapamahalang\n        Pangkalahatan'''') of the ''''[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]'''' (Church of Christ)\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Kris\n        Jenner shot by Jim Jordan at White Cross Studios.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kris Jenner]]]]\\n[[File:Maria\n        Shriver at Womens Conference book signing October 2010 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria\n        Shriver]]]]\\n[[File:Roland Emmerich Deauville 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roland\n        Emmerich]]]]\\n[[File:Whoopi Goldberg at a NYC No on Proposition 8 Rally.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Whoopi\n        Goldberg]]]]\\n[[File:Dianne de Leeuw 1974c.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dianne de Leeuw]]]]\\n[[File:Mary\n        Landrieu Senate portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary Landrieu]]]]\\n[[File:Miktai.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Najib\n        Mikati]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Nye 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill Nye]]]]\\n[[File:HowieMandelM07.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Howie\n        Mandel]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Idol - picture by Simone van den Boom.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Idol]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Joe Arroyo]], Colombian salsa and tropical\n        music singer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Chris Burnett]], American\n        saxophone player, composer, veteran of US military jazz bands and band leader\\n*\n        [[November 3]]\\n** [[Teresa De Sio]], Italian singer-songwriter\\n** [[Phil\n        Simms]], American football player\\n** [[Yukihiko Tsutsumi]], Japanese film\n        director\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Alhaj Moulana Ghousavi Shah|Moulana Ghousavi\n        Shah]], Sufi teacher and author, Secretary General of The Conference of World\n        Religions\\n** [[Matti Vanhanen]], [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\\n* [[November\n        5]]\\n** [[Pedro Brieger]], Argentine journalist and sociologist.\\n** [[Kris\n        Jenner]], American television personality\\n** [[Karan Thapar]], Indian journalist,\n        political analyst and commentator\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Maria Shriver]],\n        American television journalist, host; First Lady of California\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Detlef Ultsch]], German judo athlete\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Karen Dotrice]], Guernsey-born child actress\\n* [[November 10]] –\n        [[Roland Emmerich]], German film director\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Jigme\n        Singye Wangchuck]], [[King of Bhutan]]\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Whoopi\n        Goldberg]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Koichi Nakano]], Japanese bicycle racer\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Peter Cox (musician)|Peter Cox]], English singer-songwriter\n        ([[Go West (band)|Go West]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Dianne de Leeuw]],\n        Dutch figure skater\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Ray Ozzie]], American computer\n        programmer\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Kyle Gann]], American composer and music\n        critic\\n** [[Cedric Maxwell]], American basketball player\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[George Alagiah]], Ceylonese-born British newsreader, journalist\n        and television news presenter\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Steven Brust]], American\n        author\\n** [[Ludovico Einaudi]], Italian pianist and composer\\n** [[Peter\n        Douglas]], American television and film producer\\n** [[Mary Landrieu]], American\n        politician and former U.S. Senator from Louisiana\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** Sir\n        [[Ian Botham]], English cricketer\\n** [[Najib Mikati]], Lebanese politician,\n        2-Time [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]]\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Bruno Tonioli]],\n        film, music video and theater choreographer\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Tracy\n        Hickman]], American author\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Bill Nye]], American\n        science presenter and public television host\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Alessandro\n        Altobelli]], Italian football player\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Howie Mandel]],\n        Canadian actor and game show host\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Michael Beschloss]],\n        American historian\\n** [[Kevin Conroy]], American voice actor\\n** [[Billy\n        Idol]], born William Broad, British rock musician\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jane\n        Kaczmarek September 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jane Kaczmarek]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 3]]\\n** [[Melody Anderson]], Canadian actress and social worker\\n**\n        [[Steven Culp]], American actor\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Maurizio Bianchi]],\n        Italian musician\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Priscilla Barnes]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Ian Greig]], South African-born English cricketer\\n**\n        [[Martin Semmelrogge]], German actor\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Asashio Tar\\u014d\n        IV]], Japanese sumo wrestler\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki]],\n        Greek politician and businesswoman\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Chiharu Matsuyama]],\n        Japanese singer-songwriter\\n** [[Rob Levin]], American founder of the [[freenode]]\n        [[IRC]] network (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Brad Davis (basketball)|Brad\n        Davis]], American basketball player\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Jane Kaczmarek]],\n        American actress\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Keith Comstock]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Carol Ann Duffy]], Scottish poet\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Mizuho\n        Fukushima]], Japanese politician\\n** [[Clarence Gilyard]], American actor\n        and college professor\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Barbara Olson]], American\n        television commentator (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Liu Xiaobo]],\n        Chinese literary critic and human rights activist, [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Jim Tracy (baseball)|Jim Tracy]],\n        American baseball player\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Mark Marderosian]], American\n        cartoonist\\n* [[Anacleto Rapping]], American photographer and pedagogue\\n*\n        [[Sergey Zimov]], Russian geophysicist and creator of [[Pleistocene Park]]\\n*\n        [[Alan Myers (drummer)|Alan Myers]], former drummer of new wave band [[Devo]]\n        (d. 2013)\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Estatua_de_Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rem%C3%B3n_Cantera_-_Sede_de_la_Polic%C3%ADa_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1_(2012).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jose\n        Antonio Remon Cantera]]]]\\n[[File:Hans hedtoft.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hans Hedtoft]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar]], Indian scientist (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Rem\\u00f3n Cantera]], 19th [[President\n        of Panama]] (assassinated) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Yevgeny\n        Tarle]], Soviet historian (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Rodolfo\n        Graziani]], Italian general (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Johannes\n        Baader]], German artist (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Yves Tanguy]], French painter\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[August Duesenberg]], German-born\n        American automobile manufacturer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Robert\n        P. T. Coffin]], American poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Archie\n        Hahn]], American athlete (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Ira Hayes]],\n        U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[January 29]] –\n        [[Hans Hedtoft]], Prime Minister of Denmark (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 31]]\n        – [[John Mott]], American YMCA leader, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Ona Munson]],\n        American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Thomas J. Moore]],\n        Irish-American film actor (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[S. Z. Sakall]], Hungarian actor\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Oswald Avery]], American physician\n        and medical researcher (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Paul Claudel]],\n        French poet, dramatist, and diplomat (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        [[Trixie Friganza]], American actress (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Matthew\n        Henson 1910.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Matthew Henson]]]]\\n[[File:Synthetic Production\n        of Penicillin TR1468.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander Fleming|Sir Alexander Fleming]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Katharine Drexel]], American [[Roman Catholic]] [[saint]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[William C. deMille]], American screenwriter\n        and director (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Matthew Henson]], American\n        explorer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March 11]] – Sir [[Alexander Fleming]],\n        Scottish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1881]]){{cite web|title=BBC - History - Alexander Fleming|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/fleming_alexander.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=3\n        January 2017}}\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Charlie Parker]], American\n        saxophonist (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Nicolas de Sta\\u00ebl]],\n        Russian painter (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Mih\\u00e1ly K\\u00e1rolyi]],\n        1st President of Hungary and 20th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 22]] – [[Maurice Schutz]], French actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Arthur Bernardes]], 12th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[John W. Davis]], American politician, diplomat, and\n        lawyer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Ylla]], Hungarian photographer\n        (b. [[1911]]) (jeep accident)\\n\\n===April=== \\n[[File:Einstein 1933.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Albert\n        Einstein]]]]\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Theda Bara]], American film actress\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]], French\n        Jesuit priest, philosopher, paleontologist and geologist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Clifton Sprague]], American admiral (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – [[Peyton C. March]], United States Army General (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Albert Einstein]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Constance\n        Collier]], stage and screen actress; acting coach (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie]], 10th [[Governor-General\n        of Australia]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 4]]\\n**[[Louis Charles Breguet]], French\n        aircraft designer and builder and early aviation pioneer (b. [[1880]])\\n**[[George\n        Enescu]], Romanian composer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Tommy Burns\n        (boxer)|Tommy Burns]], American boxer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[John Radecki]],\n        Australian stained-glass artist (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Gilbert\n        Jessop]], English cricketer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Charles Pelot\n        Summerall]], American general (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Anwar Wagdi]], Egyptian\n        actor and filmmaker (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[James Agee]], American\n        writer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Owen Roberts]], American Supreme\n        Court Justice (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Mary McLeod Bethune]],\n        American educator (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Richard \\\"Skeets\\\"\n        Gallagher]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Alberto\n        Ascari]], Italian race-car driver (accident) (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Bill Vukovich]], American race-car driver (accident) (b. [[1918]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:PattilloHiggins.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pattillo\n        Higgins]]]]\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Pattillo Higgins]], American oil pioneer and\n        businessman (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Herbert Stanley]], Governor of Northern Rhodesia,\n        Ceylon and Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Walter\n        Hampden]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Carlyle Blackwell]],\n        American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Adrienne Monnier]],\n        French poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Engelbert Zaschka]], German\n        helicopter pioneer (b. 1895)\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Max Pechstein]], German\n        painter (b. 1881)\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Beatrice Chase]],\n        English writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Ruth Ellis]], Welsh-born\n        murderer, last woman to be executed in the United Kingdom (b. [[1926]])\\n**\n        [[Stanley Price]], American film and television actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] – [[Calouste Gulbenkian]], Armenian businessman and philanthropist\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Cordell Hull]], [[United States Secretary\n        of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July\n        31]] – [[Robert Francis (actor)|Robert Francis]], American actor (b.\n        [[1930]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[Image:Carmen Miranda (1944).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Carmen\n        Miranda]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Mann 1937.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Thomas Mann]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]]\\n**[[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria]], Bavarian military\n        leader and last Bavarian crown prince (b. [[1869]])\\n**[[Wallace Stevens]],\n        American poet (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Carmen Miranda]], Portuguese-born\n        Brazilian singer and actress (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Grace\n        Hartman (actress)|Grace Hartman]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Thomas Mann]], German novelist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[James B. Sumner]], American chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Florence Easton]], English-born operatic soprano (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Fernand L\\u00e9ger]], French painter and sculptor\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Augusto Turati]], Italian fascist\n        politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Emmett Till]], American\n        murder victim (b. [[1941]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:James Dean in Rebel\n        Without a Cause.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James Dean]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Philip Loeb]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Robert Riskin]], American screenwriter (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Martha Norelius]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Ib Sch\\u00f8nberg]], Danish actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Tamborini]], Argentine physician and politician (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Michael Chekhov]], Russian actor, theatre\n        director, and writer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[James Dean]], American actor (accident)\n        (b. [[1931]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Manuel Avila Camacho.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Manuel\n        \\u00c1vila Camacho]]]]\\n[[File:JoseOrtegayGasset.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Ortega y Gasset]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Charles Christie]], American\n        film studio owner (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Alexander Papagos]],\n        Greek Field Marshal (b. [[1883]]) \\n* [[October 7]] – [[Rodolphe Seeldrayers]],\n        German journalist and administrator, 4th [[President of FIFA]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Iry LeJeune]], Cajun musician (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[October\n        9]]\\n** [[Theodor Innitzer]], Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Alice Joyce]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 13]] –\n        [[Manuel \\u00c1vila Camacho]], 45th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Dimitrios Maximos]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ortega y Gasset]], Spanish\n        philosopher (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[John Hodiak]], American\n        actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[William Woodward, Jr.]], American\n        banker and horse breeder, shot to death by his wife (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Hajos.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alfr\\u00e9d\n        Haj\\u00f3s]]]]\\n[[File:ShempUgly.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Shemp Howard]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Dale Carnegie]], American writer and lecturer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – [[Cy Young]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Spiders]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] – [[Maurice Utrillo]], French artist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Tom Powers]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 11]]\n        – [[Jerry Ross (composer)|Jerry Ross]], American lyricist and composer\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Alfr\\u00e9d Haj\\u00f3s]], Hungarian\n        swimmer and architect (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Moshe Pessach]],\n        chief rabbi of Volos (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Robert E.\n        Sherwood]], American playwright (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Lloyd\n        Bacon]], American actor and director (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Helmuth Weidling]], German general (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Shemp Howard]], American actor and comedian ([[The Three Stooges]]) (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Arthur Honegger]], French-born Swiss\n        composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Alta Bates]], nurse anesthetist\n        and founder of Alta Bates Hospital (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Honus\n        Wagner (crop).JPG|thumb|120px|[[Honus Wagner]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[Chief Thundercloud]], American character actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Jir\\u014d Minami]], Japanese general and [[Governor-General\n        of Korea]] (1936-1942) (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[George Platt\n        Lynes]], American photographer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Honus Wagner]], American\n        baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Hermann Weyl]], German mathematician,\n        theoretical physicist and philosopher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[Ant\\u00f3nio Egas Moniz]], Portuguese neurologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        [[Otto Braun]], German politician, former Minister President of the [[Free\n        State of Prussia]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Garegin Nzhdeh]],\n        Armenian statesman (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Otto Eppers]],\n        American cartoonist (b. 1893)\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Harrison\n        Walker|Elizabeth Harrison]], daughter of President [[Benjamin Harrison]] and\n        [[Mary Dimmick Harrison]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Thomas J. Preston, Jr.]], professor\n        of [[Archeology]] at [[Princeton University]]; second husband of [[Frances\n        Cleveland]], widow of President [[Grover Cleveland]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter]], English soldier (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Willis Eugene Lamb]] and [[Polykarp Kusch]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Vincent du Vigneaud]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Axel Hugo Theodor\n        Theorell]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Halld\\u00f3r\n        Laxness|Halld\\u00f3r Kiljan Laxness]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] –\n        not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1955}}\\n[[Category:1955|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T11:50:36Z\",\"lastrevid\":799384741,\"length\":62602,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1955&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955\"},\"34672\":{\"pageid\":34672,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1956\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:41:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1956}}\\n{{Year nav|1956}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1956}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1956}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** The [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian\n        Condominium]] ends in [[Sudan]].\\n** A crowd crush and stampede during a New\n        Year''s event results in 124 deaths and 77 injuries at the [[Yahiko Shrine]]\n        in [[Niigata Prefecture]], [[Japan]].[[:ja:\\u5f4c\\u5f66\\u795e\\u793e\\u4e8b\\u4ef6]]''''''(Japanese\n        language)'''''' Retrieved January 7, 2017   \\n* [[January 3]] –\n        In the United States:\\n** By popular demand, ''''[[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Peter\n        Pan]]'''', starring [[Mary Martin]], is restaged live by [[Producers'' Showcase]]\n        on [[NBC-TV]].\\n** Columbia Records first releases [[Glenn Gould]]''s solo\n        piano recording of Bach''s ''''[[Bach: The Goldberg Variations (Glenn Gould\n        recording)|Goldberg Variations]]''''.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Operation\n        Auca]]: Five U.S. evangelical Christian [[Missionary|missionaries]], [[Nate\n        Saint]], [[Roger Youderian]], [[Ed McCully]], [[Jim Elliot]] and [[Pete Fleming]],\n        are killed for trespassing by the [[Huaorani people]] of [[Ecuador]] shortly\n        after making contact with them.\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Egypt]]ian leader\n        [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] vows to reconquer [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\u2013[[January 26|26]] – Finnish troops reoccupy [[Porkkala]]\n        after [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops vacate its military base. Civilians can\n        return [[February 4]].\\n* [[January 26]] – The [[1956 Winter Olympics]]\n        open in [[Cortina d''Ampezzo]], [[Italy]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main article|February\n        1956}}\\n* [[February 11]] – British [[Espionage|spies]] [[Guy Burgess]]\n        and [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald Maclean]] resurface in the [[Soviet Union]]\n        after being missing for 5 years.\\n* [[February 14]]\\u2013[[February 26|26]]\n        – [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February\n        16]] – Only a little more than four months after the release of the\n        70mm version of ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]'''', the film version\n        of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Carousel (film)|Carousel]]'''', starring\n        [[Gordon MacRae]] and [[Shirley Jones]], is released in [[CinemaScope 55]].\n        MacRae and Jones had previously starred in ''''Oklahoma!'''' ''''Carousel'''',\n        intended for showing in 55mm, ends up being shown only in 35mm.\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Elvis Presley]] enters the United States music charts for the\n        first time, with \\\"[[Heartbreak Hotel]]\\\".\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Norma\n        Jean Mortenson]] legally changes her name to [[Marilyn Monroe]].\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Doris Day]] records her most famous song, \\\"[[Que Sera, Sera\n        (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)]]\\\"; it is from [[Alfred Hitchcock]]''s ''''[[The\n        Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'''', in which\n        Day co-stars with [[James Stewart]].\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        attacks the veneration of [[Josef Stalin]] in a speech \\\"[[On the Cult of\n        Personality and Its Consequences]]\\\".\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        The [[International Air Transport Association]] finalizes a draft of the [[ICAO\n        spelling alphabet|radiotelephony spelling alphabet]] for the [[International\n        Civil Aviation Organization]].\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Morocco]] declares\n        its independence from France.\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** The British deport Archbishop\n        [[Makarios III|Makarios]] from [[Cyprus]] to the [[Seychelles]].\\n** [[Soviet\n        Armed Forces]] suppresses [[1956 Georgian demonstrations|mass demonstrations]]\n        in the [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]], reacting to [[Nikita Khrushchev]]''s\n        [[de-Stalinization]] policy.\\n* [[March 10]] – The [[Fairey Delta 2]]\n        broke the World Air Speed Record, raising it to {{convert|1132|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}\n        or Mach 1.73, an increase of some {{convert|300|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} over the\n        previous record, and thus becoming the first aircraft to exceed {{convert|1000|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}\n        in level flight.\\n* [[March 11]] – After having opened in London the\n        previous year, [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film, ''''[[Richard III (1955 film)|Richard\n        III]]'''', adapted from [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]''s play, has its\n        U.S. premiere in theatres and on [[NBC]] Television on the same day. On TV\n        it is not shown in prime time, but as an afternoon [[wikt:matinee|matin\\u00e9e]],\n        in a slightly cut version. It is one of the first such experiments of its\n        kind. Olivier is later nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] for his performance.\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** 96 [[U.S. Congress]]men sign the [[Southern Manifesto]],\n        a protest against the 1954 [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]\n        ruling (''''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'''') that [[desegregate]]d public\n        education.\\n** The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] closes above 500 for the\n        [[Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average|first time]] rising\n        2.40 points, or 0.48%, to 500.24.\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Elvis Presley]]\n        releases his first [[music recording sales certification|gold album]] titled\n        ''''Elvis Presley''''.\\n* [[March 15]] – The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]\n        musical ''''[[My Fair Lady]]'''' opens in New York City.\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        At age 48, Dutch [[Boxing|boxer]] [[Bep van Klaveren]] contests his last match\n        in [[Rotterdam]].\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Tunisia]] gains independence from\n        France.\\n* [[March 21]] – The [[28th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Pakistan]] becomes the first [[Islamic republic]],\n        and a [[Holiday#National holidays|national holiday]] is observed in the country\n        including the former [[East Pakistan]] state.\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:2-inch\n        Quad Tape Reel with miniDV cassette.jpg|thumb|A reel of 2-inch [[quadruplex\n        videotape]] compared with a modern-day [[miniDV]] videocassette.]]\\n* [[April\n        2]] – The first episode of ''''[[As the World Turns]]'''' is broadcast\n        on the [[CBS]] television network in the United States.\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        Spain relinquishes [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|its protectorate in Morocco]].\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Habib Bourguiba]] is elected [[President of the Assembly\n        of the Representatives of the People|President of the National Constituent\n        Assembly]] of the [[Kingdom of Tunisia]]; on April 15 he becomes [[Head of\n        Government of Tunisia|Prime Minister]].{{cite book|last1=Bessis|first1=Sophie|authorlink1=:fr:Sophie\n        Bessis|last2=Belhassen|first2=Souhayr|authorlink2=:fr:Souhayr Belhassen|title=Bourguiba|year=2012|publisher=[[:fr:\\u00c9ditions\n        Elyzad|Elyzad]]|location=Tunis|isbn=978-9973-58-044-3|language=fr}}\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – [[Videotape]] is first demonstrated at the 1956 NARTB\n        (now [[National Association of Broadcasters|NAB]]) convention in Chicago by\n        [[Ampex]]. It is the demonstration of the first practical and commercially\n        successful [[videotape]] format known as [[Quadruplex videotape|2\\\" Quadruplex]].\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – Queen [[Elizabeth II]] inaugurates the 4.9 km\\u00b2\n        [[Chew Valley Lake]] in [[Somerset]], England, as a reservoir for the [[Bristol]]\n        area.\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Maria Desylla-Kapodistria]] is elected [[mayor]]\n        of [[Corfu (city)|Corfu]] and becomes the first female mayor in Greece.\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** British [[Underwater diving|diver]] [[Lionel Crabb]] (working\n        for [[MI6]]) dives into [[Portsmouth]] harbour to investigate a visiting [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] cruiser and vanishes.\\n** American actress [[Grace Kelly]]\n        marries [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]].\\n* [[April 21]] – Former\n        U.S. [[First Family of the United States|First Daughter]] [[Margaret Truman]]\n        marries [[Clifton Daniel]].\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Heavyweight]] boxing\n        champion [[Rocky Marciano]] retires without losing a professional boxing match.\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 2]] \\n** The [[United Methodist Church]] in America decides at its General\n        Conference to grant women full [[ordination|ordained]] [[clergy]] status.\n        It also calls for an end to [[racial segregation]] in the denomination.\\n**\n        [[Violet Gibson]], who attempted to assassinate [[Mussolini]] in 1926, dies\n        in a mental hospital after a lifetime of imprisonment.\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** Austria\n        and [[Israel]] form [[Diplomacy|diplomatic relations]].{{noMention}}\\n** The\n        constitutional union between [[Indonesia]] and the Netherlands is dissolved.\\n**\n        [[John Osborne]]''s ''''[[Look Back in Anger]]'''' opens at the [[Royal Court\n        Theatre]], London, changing the scope of theatrical and other forms of drama\n        in the UK: the theatre''s press release describes the dramatist as among the\n        [[angry young men]] of the time.\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Manaslu]], eighth\n        highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Lhotse]]\n        (main), the fourth highest mountain, is first ascended.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        The [[NBC Peacock]] debuts  On Television \\n* [[May 23]] – French minister\n        [[Pierre Mend\\u00e8s France]] resigns due to his government''s policy on [[Algeria]].\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – The first [[Eurovision Song Contest]] is broadcast from\n        [[Lugano]], Switzerland. The winning song is the host country''s ''''Refrain''''\n        by [[Lys Assia]] (music by G\\u00e9o Voumard, text by \\u00c9mile Gardaz).\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – India announces the institution of diplomatic relations\n        with Spain (still under [[Francoist Spain|Franco''s rule]])\\n\\n===June===\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] resigns as foreign minister of the\n        [[Soviet Union]]; he later becomes [[ambassador]] in [[Mongolia]].\\n* [[June\n        3]] – [[British Rail]] renames ''Third Class'' passenger facilities\n        as ''Second Class'' (Second Class facilities had been abolished in [[1875]],\n        leaving just First Class and Third Class).\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Montgomery\n        Bus Boycott]] the related civil suit was heard in federal district court and\n        the court ruled in Browder v. Gayle (1956) that Alabama''s racial segregation\n        laws for buses were unconstitutional.\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Elvis Presley]]\n        performs \\\"[[Hound Dog (song)|Hound Dog]]\\\", on ''''[[The Milton Berle Show]]'''',\n        scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.\\n* [[June 6]]\n        – In [[Singapore]], chief minister [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David\n        Marshall]] resigns after the breakdown of talks about internal self-government\n        in London.\\n* [[June 8]] – [[General Electric]]/Telechron introduces\n        model 7H241 \\\"The Snooz Alarm\\\", first snooze [[alarm clock]] ever.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.telechron.net/eod/7h241.htm|title=7H241 The Snooz-Alarm}}\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[1956 Summer Olympics]]: [[Equestrianism at the 1956\n        Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] events open in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] (all\n        other events are held in November in [[Melbourne]], Australia).\\n* [[June\n        13]]\\n**The International Criminal Police Organization adopts [[Interpol]]\n        as its official name.\\n** [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[Stade Reims]]\n        4-3 at [[Parc des Princes]], Paris and wins the [[1955\\u201356 European Cup]]\n        (football).\\n* [[June 14]] – The [[Flag of the United States Army]]\n        is formally dedicated.{{cite web|title=US Army Flag|url=http://www.worldflags101.com/other-flags/us-army-flag.aspx|work=World\n        Flags 101|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gWo2JMqH?url=http://www.worldflags101.com/other-flags/us-army-flag.aspx\n        |archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-06}}\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] is founded in [[Eindhoven]],\n        The Netherlands.\\n* [[June 18]] – The last foreign troops leave [[Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – Playwright Arthur Miller appears before the [[House Un-American\n        Activities Committee]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Gamal\n        Abdel Nasser]] becomes the 2nd president of [[Egypt]], a post he holds until\n        his death in [[1970]].\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Pozna\\u0144 1956 protests]]: Labour\n        riots in [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland, are crushed with heavy loss of life. [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] troops fire at a crowd protesting high prices, killing 53 people.\\n**\n        The film version of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[The King and I]]'''',\n        starring [[Deborah Kerr]] and [[Yul Brynner]], is released only a few months\n        after the film version of R&H''s ''''Carousel''''. It becomes the most financially\n        successful film version of a Rodgers and Hammerstein musical up to this time,\n        and the only one to win an acting Oscar (Yul Brynner wins Best Actor for his\n        performance as the King of Siam). It is also one of two Rodgers and Hammerstein\n        films to be nominated for Best Picture (which it does not win).\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** Actress [[Marilyn Monroe]] marries playwright [[Arthur Miller]] in\n        [[White Plains, New York]].\\n** President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the\n        [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956]], creating the [[Interstate Highway System]]\n        in the United States.\\n* [[June 30]] – [[1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision]]:\n        A [[Trans World Airlines|TWA]] [[Lockheed Constellation]] and [[United Airlines]]\n        [[Douglas DC-7]] collide in mid-air over the [[Grand Canyon]] in [[Arizona]],\n        killing all 128 people aboard both aircraft in the deadliest civil [[aviation]]\n        disaster to date; the accident leads to sweeping changes in the regulation\n        of cross-country flight and [[air traffic control]] over the United States.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – A lab experiment involving scrap [[thorium]] at Sylvania\n        Electric Products in [[Bayside, New York]], results in an [[Sylvania Electric\n        Products explosion|explosion]].\\n* [[July 4]] – The first [[Lockheed\n        U-2]] spy plane flight over the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[July 8]] – The\n        mountain [[Gasherbrum II]], on the border of [[Pakistan]] and China, is first\n        ascended by an Austrian expedition.\\n* [[July 9]] – The 7.7 {{M|w}}\n        [[1956 Amorgos earthquake|Amorgos earthquake]] shakes the [[Cyclades]] island\n        group in the [[Agean Sea]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of IX (''''Violent''''). The shaking and the subsequent tsunami\n        leave fifty-three people dead.\\n* [[July 10]] – The British [[House\n        of Lords]] defeats the abolition of the death penalty.\\n* [[July 16]] –\n        With the closing of its \\\"Big Tent\\\" show in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Ringling Bros.\n        and Barnum & Bailey Circus]] announces all subsequent circuses will be \\\"arena\n        shows\\\" due to changing economics.\\n* [[July 24]] – At New York City''s\n        [[Copacabana (nightclub)|Copacabana]] nightclub, [[Dean Martin]] and [[Jerry\n        Lewis]] perform their last comedy show together (their act started on July\n        25, 1946).\\n* [[July 25]] – The Italian ocean liner {{SS|Andrea Doria}}\n        sinks after colliding with the Swedish ship [[MS Athena|SS ''''Stockholm'''']]\n        in heavy fog {{convert|72|km|mi|sp=us}} south of [[Nantucket]] island, killing\n        51.\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Egypt]]ian leader [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] nationalizes\n        the [[Suez Canal]] sparking international condemnation.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        A [[joint resolution]] of [[United States Congress|Congress]] is signed by\n        President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], authorizing \\\"[[In God we trust]]\\\" as\n        the U.S. national [[motto]].\\n* [[July 31]] \\n** [[Cricket]]: [[Jim Laker]]\n        sets an extraordinary record at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]\n        in the fourth [[Test cricket|Test]] between England and Australia, taking\n        19 wickets in a first class match (the previous best was 17).\\n** [[Luzhniki\n        Stadium]], as well known for sports venues of [[Russia]] (former  part of\n        [[Soviet Union]]), officially  open in [[Moscow]].{{citation needed |date=November\n        2016}}\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 6]] – After going bankrupt in 1955,\n        the American broadcaster [[DuMont Television Network]] airs its final broadcast,\n        an episode of its sports series ''''[[Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena]]''''.\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – 262 miners (chiefly Italian nationals) die in a fire\n        at the [[Bois du Cazier]] coal mine in [[Marcinelle]], Belgium.\\n* [[August\n        9]] – The exhibition ''''[[This Is Tomorrow]]'''' opens at [[Whitechapel\n        Art Gallery]] in London.\\n* [[August 12]] – Around 5,000 members of\n        the [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Romanian Greek-Catholic\n        Church]] hold a [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] outside [[Cluj-Napoca Piarists'' Church]]\n        to demonstrate that their church, proscribed by the government in 1948, has\n        not ceased to exist as the regime claims.\\n* [[August 17]] – West Germany\n        bans the [[Communist Party of Germany]].\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Elvis Presley]] appears on ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]''''\n        for the first time.\\n* [[September 13]] – The [[hard disk drive]] is\n        invented by an [[IBM]] team led by [[Reynold B. Johnson]].\\n* [[September\n        16]] – Television broadcasting [[television broadcasting in Australia|commences\n        in Australia]].\\n* [[September 21]] – Nicaraguan dictator [[Anastasio\n        Somoza Garc\\u00eda]] is assassinated.\\n* [[September 25]] – The [[submarine]]\n        [[transatlantic telephone cable]] opens.\\n* [[September 27]] – The [[Bell\n        X-2]] becomes the first manned aircraft to reach [[Mach number|Mach]] 3.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Cecil B. DeMille]]''s [[epic film]] ''''[[The Ten\n        Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]'''', starring [[Charlton Heston]]\n        as [[Moses]], is released in the United States. It will be in the top ten\n        of the worldwide [[list of highest-grossing films]] of all time adjusted for\n        inflation.{{cite web|title=Domestic Grosses, Adjusted for Ticket Price\n        Inflation|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm|work=[[Box\n        Office Mojo]]|accessdate=2013-01-11}}\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Baseball]]\n        [[pitcher]] [[Don Larsen]] of the [[New York Yankees]] throws the only [[perfect\n        game]] in [[World Series]] history in Game 5 of the [[1956 World Series]]\n        against the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]]. [[Yogi Berra]] catches the game. [[Dale\n        Mitchell (baseball)|Dale Mitchell]] is the final out. The [[New York Yankees]]\n        win the series. Larsen is named series [[MVP]].\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** Finland\n        joins [[UNESCO]].\\n** The prototype [[Lockheed L-1649 Starliner]], the final\n        [[Lockheed Constellation]] model, makes its first flight.\\n* [[October 14]]\\n**\n        [[Indira Kala Sangeet University]], [[Khairagarh]] is inaugurated by [[Prime\n        Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]].\\n** [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]: Dr.\n        [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Indian [[Dalit]] leader, converts to [[Buddhism]] along\n        with 385,000 followers.\\n* [[October 15]] – The British [[Royal Air\n        Force]] retires its last [[Avro Lancaster]] [[bomber]].\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**\n        The world''s first commercial [[nuclear power plant]] is opened at [[Sellafield|Calder\n        Hall]] in England.{{cite web|url=http://www.sellafieldsites.com/page/sellafield-site-operations/site-history|title=Sellafield\n        Sites, Site history|accessdate=2007-12-04}}\\n** [[The Game of the Century\n        (chess)]]: 13-year-old [[Bobby Fischer]] beats [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]\n        [[Donald Byrne]] in the Rosenwald Memorial Tournament in New York City.\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Suez Crisis]]: The United Kingdom, France, and [[Israel]]\n        secretly meet in and make plans to invade [[Egypt]].\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]] breaks out against the\n        pro-Soviet government, originating as a student demonstration in [[Budapest]].\n        Hungary attempts to leave the [[Warsaw Pact]].\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Red\n        Army]] troops invade Hungary.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Suez Crisis]]: [[Israel]]\n        invades the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and pushes [[Egypt]]ian forces back toward\n        the [[Suez Canal]].\\n** [[Tangier Protocol]]: The [[international city]] [[Tangier]]\n        is reintegrated into [[Morocco]].\\n** The ''''[[Huntley-Brinkley Report]]''''\n        debuts on [[NBC]]-TV in the United States.\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Suez Crisis]]:\n        The United Kingdom and France begin bombing [[Egypt]] to force the reopening\n        of the [[Suez Canal]].\\n** A [[United States Navy]] team becomes the third\n        group to reach the [[South Pole]] (arriving by air) and commences construction\n        of the first permanent [[Amundsen\\u2013Scott South Pole Station]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** The [[States Reorganisation Act]] of India reforms the\n        boundaries and names of Indian states. Three new states, [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]]\n        and [[Andhra Pradesh]], are formed.\\n** [[City Lights Bookstore]] in [[San\n        Francisco]] publishes ''''[[Howl]] and Other Poems'''' by [[Allen Ginsberg]],\n        a key work of the [[Beat Generation]].\\n** The film ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955\n        film)|Oklahoma!]]'''' (1955), previously released to select cities in [[Todd-AO]],\n        now receives a U.S. national release in [[CinemaScope]], since not all theatres\n        are yet equipped for Todd-AO. To accomplish this, the film had to be actually\n        shot twice, rather than printing one version in two different film processes\n        as was later done.\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Khan Yunis massacre]] ([[Suez Crisis]])\n        – Israeli soldiers shoot dead hundreds of Palestinian refugees and local\n        inhabitants in [[Khan Yunis Camp]].\\n** MGM''s film ''''[[The Wizard of Oz\n        (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'''' is the first major Hollywood film running\n        more than ninety minutes to be televised uncut in one evening.\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 Hungarian Revolution]]: More\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops invade Hungary to crush a revolt that started\n        on [[October 23]]. Thousands are killed, more are wounded, and nearly a quarter\n        million leave the country.\\n* [[November 6]] – [[United States presidential\n        election, 1956]]: [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] incumbent\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] defeats [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]\n        challenger [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai E. Stevenson]] in a rematch of their\n        contest 4 years earlier.\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Suez Crisis]]: The [[United\n        Nations]] General Assembly adopts a resolution calling for the United Kingdom,\n        France and [[Israel]] to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately.\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – ''''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'''': The [[United States\n        Supreme Court]] declares illegal the state and municipal laws requiring segregated\n        buses in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], thus ending the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – Fighting ends in Hungary.{{noMention}}\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Middle East Technical University]] is founded in [[Ankara]],\n        Turkey.\\n* [[November 18]] – At a reception at the Polish embassy in\n        Moscow [[Nikita Khrushchev]] utters his famous phrase \\\"[[We will bury you]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – In [[Yugoslavia]], former prime minister [[Milovan\n        \\u0110ilas]] is arrested after he criticizes [[Josip Broz Tito]].\\n* [[November\n        22]] – The [[1956 Summer Olympics]] begin in [[Melbourne]], Australia.\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – The [[Suez Crisis]] causes [[petrol]] [[rationing]]\n        in Britain.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/29/newsid_3247000/3247805.stm|publisher=BBC|work=On\n        This Day|title=29 - 1956: Motorists panic as petrol rations loom}}\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Fidel Castro]] and [[Che Guevara]] depart from [[Tuxpan,\n        Veracruz]], Mexico, en route to [[Santiago de Cuba]] aboard the yacht ''''[[Granma\n        (yacht)|Granma]]'''' with 82 men.\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Roger Vadim]]''s\n        drama film ''''[[And God Created Woman (1956 film)|And God Created Woman]]'''',\n        released in France as ''''Et Dieu ... cr\\u00e9a la femme'''', propels\n        [[Brigitte Bardot]] into the public spotlight as a \\\"[[wiktionary:sex kitten|sex\n        kitten]]\\\".\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Floyd Patterson]] wins the world\n        heavyweight boxing championship that is vacant after the retirement of [[Rocky\n        Marciano]].\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] and his\n        followers land in [[Cuba]] in the boat ''''[[Granma (yacht)|Granma]]''''.\\n**\n        A [[pipe bomb]] planted by [[George Metesky]] explodes at the Paramount Theater\n        in [[Brooklyn]], injuring 6 people.\\n* [[December 3]] – [[1956 Bush\n        Terminal explosion]] in Brooklyn\\n* [[December 4]] – The [[Million Dollar\n        Quartet]] ([[Elvis Presley]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Carl Perkins]], and [[Johnny\n        Cash]]) get together at [[Sun Studio]] for the first and last time in history.\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Rose Heilbron]] becomes Britain''s first female judge.\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810]] crashes into\n        a mountain in British Columbia. All 62 people on board are killed.\\n* [[December\n        12]] – Japan becomes a member of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December\n        18]] – ''''[[To Tell the Truth]]'''' debuts on [[CBS]]-TV.\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[John Bodkin Adams]] is arrested for the murder of 2 patients\n        in [[Eastbourne]], Great Britain.\\n* [[December 23]] – British and French\n        troops leave the [[Suez Canal]] region.\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Bob Barker]]\n        makes his TV debut as host of the game show ''''[[Truth or Consequences]]''''.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Influenza A virus subtype H2N2#Asian flu|Asian flu]] [[Influenza\n        pandemic|pandemic]] originates in China.\\n* [[Minamata disease]] is discovered.\\n*\n        The [[Alpine Club of Canada]], Toronto section, is founded.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n[[File:Mel Gibson Cannes 2016 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mel Gibson]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Caruso 2008.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Caruso]]]]\\n[[File:BillMaherSept10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bill\n        Maher]]]]\\n[[File:Geena Davis 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Geena Davis]]]]\\n[[File:Pat\n        Musick.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Pat Musick]]]]\\n[[File:MimiRogersApr09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mimi\n        Rogers]]]]\\n[[File:John Lydon - 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Lydon]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n** [[Mark R. Hughes]], American entrepreneur (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[K\\u014dji\n        Yakusho]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Christine Lagarde]], French lawyer and politician\\n**\n        [[Andrew Lesnie]], Australian cinematographer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n**\n        [[Mel Gibson]], American-born Australian/Irish actor and director\\n** [[Tomiko\n        Suzuki]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Celso\n        Blues Boy]], Brazilian singer and guitarist (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Chen Kenichi]],\n        Japan-born Chinese chef\\n** [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]], German politician\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[David Caruso]], American actor (''''NYPD Blue'''')\\n**\n        [[Uwe Ochsenknecht]], German actor\\n** [[Johnny Owen]], Welsh professional\n        boxer (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Kimberly Beck]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Imelda Staunton]], English actress\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Nikolai Noskov]],\n        Soviet and Russian rock singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Ronan\n        Bennett]], Northern Irish writer\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Martin Jol]],\n        Dutch football manager\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Paul Young]], English musician\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Tom Bailey (musician)|Tom Bailey]], English musician\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Adriana Acosta]], Argentine militant and field hockey\n        player\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Bill Maher]], American actor, comedian,\n        and political analyst\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Geena Davis]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Loun\\u00e8s Matoub]], Algerian Berber\n        Kabyle singer\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Bronwyn Pike]], Australian politician\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – [[Pat Musick]], American voice actress\\n* [[January\n        27]] \\n** [[Susanne Blakeslee]], American actress\\n** [[Mimi Rogers]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Peter Schilling]], German singer\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Jan Jakub Kolski]], Polish film director\\n** [[Irlene Mandrell]],\n        American musician, actress\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[John Lydon]], British punk\n        musician and TV personality\\n** [[Trevor Manuel]], South African politician\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:Nathan Lane - Butley.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nathan Lane]]]]\n        \\n[[File:Jay Nixon crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jay Nixon]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\n        – [[Mike Kitchen]], Canadian ice hockey player and coach\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Philip Franks]], English actor and director\\n* [[February 3]]\\n**\n        [[Nathan Lane]], American actor\\n** [[Lee Ranaldo]], American musician\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – [[Jon Walmsley]], British actor\\n* [[February 7]] \\n**\n        [[John Posey (actor)|John Posey]], American actor\\n** [[Heather Jones]], Australian\n        writer\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Enele Sopoaga]], 12th Prime Minister of\n        Tuvalu\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Catherine Hickland]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Didier Lockwood]], French jazz violinist\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Yiannis\n        Kouros]], Greek-Australian ultra marathoner\\n** [[Jay Nixon]], 55th [[Governor\n        of Missouri|Governor of]] [[Missouri]]\\n** [[Paul Stojanovich]], American\n        television producer\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Tom Burlinson]], Australian\n        actor\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Desmond Haynes]], West Indian cricketer\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Thomas Gradin]], Swedish hockey player\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\n** [[Kathleen Beller]], American actress\\n** [[Roderick MacKinnon]],\n        American biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n** [[Dave\n        Wakeling]], English musician\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Reinhold Beckmann]],\n        German television presenter\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Judith Butler]], American\n        philosopher\\n** [[Paula Zahn]], American television journalist\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\n** [[Davie Cooper]], Scottish footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Michel\n        Friedman]], German lawyer, politician and talk show host\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Kevin Dunn]], American actor\\n** [[Michel Houellebecq]], French author \\n**\n        [[Keisuke Kuwata]], Japanese musician\\n* [[February 29]]\\n** [[Mike Compton\n        (musician)|Mike Compton]], American mandolinist\\n** [[Tommy Remengesau]],\n        2-Time President of Palau\\n** [[Bob Speller]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Aileen\n        Wuornos]], American serial killer (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Tim\n        Daly Shankbone 2009 Tribeca.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tim Daly]]]]\\n[[File:Bryan Cranston\n        Peabody 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bryan Cranston]]]]\\n[[File:RobPaulsenJune2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rob\n        Paulsen]]]]\\n[[File:Ingemar Stenmark - 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ingemar Stenmark]]]]\\n[[File:Catherine\n        Ashton 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Catherine Ashton]]]]\\n[[File:Jose Manuel Barroso,\n        EU-kommissionens ordforande, under ett mote i Folketinget 2006-05-19 (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Manuel Barroso]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Tim Daly]], American screen actor\\n**\n        [[Dalia Grybauskait\\u0117]], [[President of Lithuania]]\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Eduardo Rodr\\u00edguez]], [[President of Bolivia]]\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Teena\n        Marie]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Marco Paolini]], Italian stage\n        actor, dramaturge and author\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Bryan Cranston]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Rob Paulsen]], American voice actor\\n* [[March\n        12]]  – [[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]], British musician,\n        composer ([[Iron Maiden]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Dana Delany]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Vladim\\u00edr God\\u00e1r]], Slovak composer\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Ingemar Stenmark]], Swedish alpine skier\\n* [[March\n        19]] – [[Yegor Gaidar]], Russian economist and politician\\n* [[March\n        20]]\\n** [[Catherine Ashton]], British politician\\n** [[Naoto Takenaka]],\n        Japanese actor, comedian, singer and director\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Manuel Barroso]], Prime Minister of Portugal\\n** [[Ingrid Kristiansen]], Norwegian\n        runner\\n** [[Win Lyovarin]], Thai author\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Steve Ballmer]],\n        American businessman, former CEO of Microsoft (2000\\u20132014), and current\n        owner of the [[Los Angeles Clippers]]\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Susan Ershler]],\n        American mountaineer\\n** [[Evelin Jahl]], German athlete\\n* [[March 29]] –\n        [[Evie (singer)|Evie]], American Christian musician\\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Shahla Sherkat]], Iranian feminist journalist\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Andy\n        Garcia at the 2009 Deauville American Film Festival-01A.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andy\n        Garc\\u00eda]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Roberts FSC 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric Roberts]]]]\\n[[File:Lars\n        Von Trier Cannes 2011 crop.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Lars von Trier]]]]\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n** [[Ray Combs]], American game show host and comedian (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Boris Miljkovi\\u0107]], Serbian TV & theatre director and video artist\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Kerry Chikarovski]], Australian politician\\n** [[David E.\n        Kelley]], American writer and television producer\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Diamond\n        Dallas Page]], former American professional wrestler\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Sebastian\n        Spreng]], American-Argentinean visual artist\\n** [[Dilip Vengsarkar]], Indian\n        cricketer\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Andy Garc\\u00eda]], Cuban-American actor\\n**\n        [[Herbert Gr\\u00f6nemeyer]], German musician and actor\\n** [[Yasuo Tanaka]],\n        Japanese politician, novelist\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Possum Bourne]], New\n        Zealand rally car driver (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Barbara Bonney]],\n        American soprano\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[David M. Brown|David Brown]], American\n        astronaut (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Lise-Marie Morerod]], Swiss skier\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[John James (actor)|John James]], American actor\\n** [[Melody Thomas\n        Scott]], American actress\\n** [[Eric Roberts]], American actor\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Sue Barker]], British tennis player and television presenter\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Phillip Longman]], American demographer\\n* [[April\n        22]] – [[Jukka-Pekka Saraste]], Finnish conductor\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        [[Koo Stark]], British actress\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Hanka Paldum]], Bosnian\n        singer\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Lars von Trier]], Danish film director\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Jan Peter Balkenende 2006.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jan Peter Balkenende]]]]\\n[[File:Ray\n        Leonard 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sugar Ray Leonard]]]]\\n[[File:La Toya Jackson\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[La Toya Jackson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Alexander\n        Ivanov (chess player)|Alexander Ivanov]], Russian-born American chess grandmaster\\n*\n        [[May 4]]\\n** [[David Guterson]], American writer\\n** [[Ulrike Meyfarth]],\n        German high jumper\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Lisa Eilbacher]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[Vladimir Lisin]], Russian [[business oligarch]]\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[Jan Peter Balkenende]], [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] (2002\\u20132010)\n        \\n** [[Jean Lapierre]], Canadian politician and television host\\n* [[May 9]]\n        – [[Wendy Crewson]], Canadian actress\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Vladislav\n        Listyev|Vladislav Nikolayevich Listyev]], Russian journalist (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Bikenibeu Paeniu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Kenneth\n        Eriksson]], Swedish rally driver\\n** [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]], Indian guru\\n**\n        [[Mirek Topol\\u00e1nek]], 7th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n**\n        [[Kirk Thornton]], American voice actor\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Dan Patrick]],\n        American sports commentator\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Sugar Ray Leonard]], African\n        American boxer\\n** [[Bob Saget]], American actor and television host\\n* [[May\n        20]]\\n** [[Ingvar Ambj\\u00f8rnsen]], Norwegian author\\n** [[Dean Butler (actor)|Dean\n        Butler]], American actor and producer\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Ursula Plassnik]],\n        Austrian politician\\n** [[Buck Showalter]], American baseball player and manager\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Michael Jackson (bishop)|Michael Jackson]], Irish Anglican\n        bishop\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Lisa Niemi]], American actress and dancer,\n        widow of [[Patrick Swayze]]\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Jerry Douglas]], American\n        [[dobro]] player\\n** [[John O''Donoghue (politician)|John O''Donoghue]], former\n        Irish [[Fianna F\\u00e1il]] politician\\n** [[Sayuri Yamauchi]], Japanese voice\n        actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[La Toya Jackson]], African-American\n        singer\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Yoshiko Sakakibara]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Bj\\u00f6rn Borg2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bj\\u00f6rn Borg]]]]\\n[[File:Randy\n        Jackson crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Randy Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:BorisTrajkovski1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Boris\n        Trajkovski]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Isaak 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris Isaak]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Peter Tomka]], Judge, International Court of Justice\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[George Burley]], Scottish football manager\\n* [[June\n        5]] – [[Kenny G]], American saxophonist\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Christopher\n        Adamson (actor)|Christopher Adamson]], British actor\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Borg]],\n        Swedish tennis player\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Antonio M. Reid]], American\n        record executive\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Udo Bullmann]], German politician\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Patricia Cornwell]], American novelist\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg]], German head of the [[House of Mecklenburg]]\\n*\n        [[June 11]]\\n** [[Joe Montana]], American football player\\n** [[Arthur Porter\n        (physician)|Arthur Porter]], Canadian physician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 14]]\n        – [[King Diamond]], Danish heavy metal musician\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Robin Curtis]], American actress\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Kelly Curtis]], American\n        actor\\n**  [[Andrew Bicknell]], English actor\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Cho\n        Chikun]], Korean professional Go player\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Randy Jackson]],\n        American musician and talent judge\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Anthony Bourdain]],\n        American chef, author and television personality\\n** [[Boris Trajkovski]],\n        [[President of the Republic of Macedonia]] (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Chloe Webb]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Catherine Samba-Panza]],\n        former President of the Central African Republic\\n** [[Chris Isaak]], American\n        musician\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Heiner Dopp]], German field hockey player\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Noel Mugavin]], [[Australian rules football]] player\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n[[File:Tom Hanks 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom Hanks]]]]\\n[[File:Sela\n        Ward 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sela Ward]]]]\\n[[File:Laura Bush and Dorothy Hamill.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dorothy\n        Hamill]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Alan Ruck]], American actor\\n* [[July 2]]\n        – [[Jerry Hall]], American model and actress\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Rick\n        Ducommun]], Canadian actor and comedian\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Sheila Walsh\n        (author/singer)|Sheila Walsh]], Scottish Christian artist and former talk-show\n        hostess\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Tom Hanks]], American actor and director\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** [[Amitav Ghosh]], Indian-American fiction writer\\n** [[Sela\n        Ward]], American actress\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Mel Harris]], American actress\\n*\n        [[July 13]] \\n** [[G\\u00fcnther Jauch]], German television host\\n** [[Koffi\n        Olomide]], Congolese soukous singer, dancer, producer, and composer\\n* [[July\n        14]] – [[Vladimir Kulich]], Czech actor\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Ian Curtis]],\n        English rock musician ([[Joy Division]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Barry Melrose]],\n        Canadian hockey player, coach, and commentator\\n** [[Toshihiko Seko]], Japanese\n        long-distance runner\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Jerry Doyle]], American talk show\n        host and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Tony Kushner]], American playwright\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Sheila Aldridge]], American singer\\n* [[July 19]] –\n        [[Yoshiaki Yatsu]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Charlie\n        Crist]], American politician\\n** [[Pat Finn]], American game show host and\n        producer\\n** [[Carmen Nebel]], German television presenter\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Andy Goldsworthy]], British sculptor and photographer\\n** [[Dorothy Hamill]],\n        American figure skater and Olympic Gold medalist\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Delta\n        Burke]], American actress\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Michael Biehn]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Deval Patrick]], American politician; first African-American Governor of\n        Massachusetts\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:BruceGreenwoodTIFFSept10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bruce\n        Greenwood]]]]\\n[[File:Kim Cattrall 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kim Cattrall]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Jim Neidhart]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[August\n        4]] – [[Gerry Cooney]], American boxer\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Bolland\n        & Bolland|Ferdi Bolland]], Dutch musician, songwriter, and music producer\n        ([[Bolland & Bolland]])\\n** [[Maureen McCormick]], American actress\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Stepfanie Kramer]], American actress\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Ernie Johnson, Jr.]], American sportscaster\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Chris\n        Foreman]], English rock guitarist\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Fred Ottman]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Charlie Peacock]], American Christian producer,\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Bruce Greenwood]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Jack\\u00e9e Harry]], American actress and television personality\\n**\n        [[Rusty Wallace]], American [[NASCAR]] race car driver\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[Dave Jones (footballer, born 1956)|Dave Jones]], English football manager\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Adam Arkin]], American actor\\n* [[August 20]] –\n        [[Joan Allen]], American actress\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Kim Cattrall]],\n        English-born Canadian actress\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Paul Molitor]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Andreas Floer]], German mathematician\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[John Culberson]], American politician\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Mark Mangino]], American football coach\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Mark Morris (choreographer)|Mark Morris]], American choreographer\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[Masashi Tashiro]], Japanese television performer\\n** [[Tsai\n        Ing-wen]], Taiwanese president\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:DCatAGT.JPG|thumb|110px|[[David\n        Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]]]]\\n[[File:2012-03-20 Almazbek\n        Atambayev.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Almazbek Atambayev]]]]\\n[[File:10.17.09LindaHamiltonByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Linda\n        Hamilton]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Bernie Wagenblast]], American editor\n        and broadcaster\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Angelo Fusco]], Provisional Irish\n        Republican Army member\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Pat McGeown]], Provisional\n        Irish Republican Army member (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Phillip\n        D. Bissett]], American politician\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Leslie Cheung]],\n        Hong Kong actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ricky Rudd]], American race car driver\\n**\n        [[Walter Woon]], law professor and former [[Nominated Member of Parliament]]\n        and [[Attorney-General of Singapore]]\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Kostas Karamanlis]],\n        Greek politician\\n** [[Ray Wilkins]], English footballer and coach\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[George Howard (jazz)|George Howard]], American jazz saxophone\n        musician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Sergei Beloglazov]], Russian\n        free-style wrestler\\n** [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]],\n        American illusionist\\n** [[Ross Greenberg]], American journalist and antivirus\n        pioneer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Brian Andreas]], American\n        writer, sculptor, painter, and publisher\\n** [[Almazbek Atambayev]], 3-Time\n        [[Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan]] and 4th [[President of Kyrgyzstan]]\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Tim McInnerny]], English actor\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Gary\n        Cole]], American actor\\n** [[Debbi Morgan]], African-American actress\\n* [[September\n        21]] – [[Jack Givens]], American basketball player\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Paolo Rossi]], Italian soccer player\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Greg Panos|Gregory Peter Panos]], American futurist, writer, inventor\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Jamie Hyneman]], American television co-host\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Linda Hamilton]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Sebastian Coe|Sebastian Coe, Baron Coe]], British athlete;\n        co-ordinator of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London 2012 Olympic Games]]\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Gordon Elliott]], British-Australian television\n        personality and talk show host\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:Theresa May UK Home\n        Office (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theresa May]]]]\\n[[File:Charlie Adler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charlie\n        Adler]]]]\\n[[File:Christoph Waltz Cannes 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christoph\n        Waltz]]]]\\n[[File:Craig Bartlett 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Craig Bartlett]]]]\\n[[File:Carrie\n        Fisher 2013-a straightened.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carrie Fisher]]]]\\n[[File:Mahmoud\n        Ahmadinejad 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n**\n        [[Tara Buckman]], American actress\\n** [[Andrus Ansip]], Estonian politician,\n        10th [[Prime Minister of Estonia]]\\n** [[Theresa May]], [[Prime Minister of\n        the United Kingdom]]\\n* [[October 2]]  – [[Charlie Adler]], American\n        voice actor and director\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Ralph Morgenstern]], German\n        actor\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Christoph Waltz]], German-Austrian actor\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Stephanie Zimbalist]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Amanda Burton]], Irish actress\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Nicanor\n        Duarte]], [[President of Paraguay]]\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Tr\\u1ea7n\n        \\u0110\\u1ea1i Quang]], [[President of Vietnam]]\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        [[Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah]], Bangladeshi poet (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[October\n        17]]\\n** [[Mae Jemison]], African American astronaut\\n** [[Stephen Palumbi]],\n        American academic and author\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Craig Bartlett]], American\n        animator and voice actor\\n** [[Martina Navratilova]], Czech-American tennis\n        player\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Carlo Urbani]], Italian physician (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Danny Boyle]], English film director\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Carrie Fisher]], American actress and novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Dwight Yoakam]], American country singer, musician\n        and actor\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Rita Wilson]], American actress and\n        producer\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], 6th [[President\n        of Iran]]\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Richard Curtis MFF 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard\n        Curtis]]]]\\n[[File:Bo Derek by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bo Derek]]]]\\n[[File:WilliamFichtnerApr2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William\n        Fichtner]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Rob Fisher (British musician)|Rob\n        Fisher]], British keyboardist and songwriter ([[Climie Fisher]]) (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Richard Curtis]], English film director, producer\n        and screenwriter\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Mohsen Badawi]], Egyptian entrepreneur,\n        political activist, and writer\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Avi Cohen]], Israeli\n        football player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Peter R. de Vries]], crime reporter\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Kelly Ward]], American actor\\n* [[November 18]]\\n**\n        [[Noel Brotherston]], Irish footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Warren Moon]],\n        American football player\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Bo Derek]], American actress\n        and model\\n** [[Olli Dittrich]], German actor, comedian, television personality\n        and musician\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Terri Welles]], American actress\n        and adult model\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Richard Kind]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Shane Gould]], Australian swimmer\\n** [[Nikolay Sidorov]],\n        Soviet athlete\\n** [[Jimmy Hibbert]], British comedian and script writer and\n        script editor\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Jouni Kaipainen]], Finnish composer\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Dale Jarrett]], American race car driver\\n* [[November\n        27]] \\n** [[Nazrin Shah of Perak]], 35th [[Sultan of Perak]]\\n** [[William\n        Fichtner]], American actor\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Kristine Arnold]], American\n        singer ([[Sweethearts of the Rodeo]])\\n** [[Lucy Gutteridge]], English actress\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Eric Laakso]], American football player\\n** [[Leo Laporte]],\n        American author and television host\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Iveta Radi\\u010dov\\u00e1\n        (jan. 2012).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Iveta Radi\\u010dov\\u00e1]]]]\\n[[File:Christine\n        Errath c1974.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christine Errath]]]]\\n* [[December 5]]\\n**\n        [[Klaus Allofs]], German football player\\n** [[Krystian Zimerman]], Polish\n        pianist\\n* [[December 6]] \\n** [[Peter Buck]], American guitarist\\n** [[Randy\n        Rhoads]], American guitarist (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[December 7]] \\n** [[Larry\n        Bird]], American basketball player\\n** [[Iveta Radi\\u010dov\\u00e1]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Slovakia]]\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Jean-Pierre Thiollet]],\n        French writer\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Lani Brockman]], American playwright\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Ana Alicia]], Mexican actress\\n** [[Johan van der Velde]],\n        Dutch cyclist\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Majida El Roumi]], Lebanese singer\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[B\\u00e9la R\\u00e9thy]], German sports journalist\\n*\n        [[December 16]] – [[Duncan Faure]], South African musician\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Ron White]], American comedian\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Masami\n        Akita]], Japanese [[noise music|noise]] musician (also known as [[Merzbow]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Cauty]], British musician ([[The KLF]], The Timelords)\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Anna Erlandsson]], Swedish filmmaker and animator\\n* [[December\n        23]] \\n** [[Michele Alboreto]], Italian race car driver (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Dave Murray (musician)|Dave Murray]], British musician (Iron Maiden)\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** [[Anil Kapoor]], Indian actor\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Kashif\n        (musician)|Michael Jones (aka Kashif)]], 59, musician, singer-songwriter ([[B.T.\n        Express]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[David Sedaris]], American essayist\\n* [[December\n        28]]\\n** [[Nigel Kennedy]], English violinist\\n** [[Jimmy Nicholl]], Canadian-born\n        footballer\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Fred MacAulay]], Scottish comedian\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Patricia Kalember]], American actress\\n** [[Sheryl Lee\n        Ralph]], African American actress\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Hussein Ahmed\n        Salah]], Djiboutian marathon player\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Gilma Jim\\u00e9nez]],\n        Colombian politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[Nancy Lynn]], American aerobatic pilot\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[Shelagh Rogers]], Canadian radio host\\n* [[Miladin \\u0160obi\\u0107]],\n        [[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] singer\\n* [[Susan Solomon]], American atmospheric\n        chemist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-105,_Joseph_Wirth.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Joseph\n        Wirth]]]]\\n[[File:Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Konstantin Pats]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 3]]\\n** [[Alexander Gretchaninov]], Russian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Wirth]], former [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Mistinguett]], French\n        singer and actress (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Marion Leonard]],\n        American actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Karl Ludwig Schmidt]],\n        German theologian (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Norman Kerry]],\n        American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Lyonel Feininger|Lyonel\n        Charles Feininger]], German painter (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Sheila Kaye-Smith]], English writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Konstantin P\\u00e4ts]], 1st [[President of Estonia]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Sam Langford]], Canadian boxer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 23]]\n        – Sir [[Alexander Korda]], Hungarian-born film director (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[Erich Kleiber]], German conductor (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[H. L. Mencken]], American writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[A. A. Milne]], English author (''''Winnie The Pooh'''')\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Elpidio R Quirino.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elpidio\n        Quirino]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Bob Burns (comedian)|Bob Burns]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Charley Grapewin]], American actor (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Robert Yerkes]], American psychologist and ethologist\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Connie Mack]], American baseball\n        executive and manager ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Hugh Trenchard,\n        1st Viscount Trenchard]], British marshal of the Royal Air Force (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Gustave Charpentier]], French composer (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]]\\n** [[Heinrich Barkhausen]], German physicist (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[James Cousins]], Irish writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Elsie\n        Janis]], American singer and actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 29]] –\n        [[Elpidio Quirino]], 6th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Joliot-curie.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Irene\n        Joliot-Curie]]]]\\n[[File:WilhelmMiklas37840v.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Wilhelm Miklas]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Boles\\u0142aw Bierut]], Polish Communist politician\n        and statesman, former [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister]] and [[President\n        of Poland|Presdident]] of Poland (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[David\n        Browning]], American Olympic diver (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Fred\n        Allen]], American comedian (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Ir\\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie]],\n        French physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Louis Bromfield]], American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Fanny Durack]], Australian swimmer (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Wilhelm\n        Miklas]], 3rd [[President of Austria]]  (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Edwin Thanhouser]], American actor, businessman, and film producer, founder\n        of the [[Thanhouser Company]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Eduardo\n        Lonardi]], Argentine military officer, (de facto) 30th [[President of Argentina]]\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Lou Moore]], American racing driver and\n        team owner (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Robert Newton]], English film actor (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – [[Thomas de Hartmann]], Russian composer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Edmund Clerihew Bentley]], English inventor (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Ralph DePalma]], Italian-born race car driver (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Alben\n        Barkley, Vice-President.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alben W. Barkley]]]]\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[P\\u00edo Valenzuela]], Filipino physician and one of the leaders\n        of the [[Katipunan]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Emil Nolde]],\n        German-Danish painter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Kathleen Howard]],\n        Canadian-born American actress and opera singer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 19]]\n        – [[Ernst Robert Curtius]], Alsatian philologist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April\n        21]]\\n** [[Samuel Gottesman]], American pulp-paper merchant (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Charles MacArthur]], American playwright and screenwriter (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[Henry Stephenson]], British character actor (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]], American actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Friedrich Schmidt-Ott]], German lawyer,\n        scientific organizer, and science policymaker (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Harold Bride]], English-born junior radio officer on RMS ''''Titanic''''\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb]], German field marshal (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Alben W. Barkley]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the\n        United States|35th]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[Rodney Collin]], British writer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Watson (arts benefactor)|Peter Watson]], English art collector and benefactor\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Louis Calhern]], American actor (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Austin Osman Spare]],  English artist and\n        occultist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Maurice Tate]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Max Beerbohm]], English essayist, parodist\n        and caricaturist (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Halmay]], Hungarian Olympic\n        swimmer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Gustav Suits]], Estonian poet\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Guy Kibbee]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Al Simmons]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia\n        Athletics]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Frank Beaurepaire]], Australian Olympic swimmer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – [[Diedrich Hermann Westermann]], German linguist (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===June===\\n*\n        [[June 2]]\\n** [[Richard S. Edwards]], American admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Jean Hersholt]], Danish actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Katherine\n        MacDonald]], American silent film actress (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 6]] \\n**\n        [[Hiram Bingham III|Hiram Bingham]], American explorer, discoverer of [[Machu\n        Picchu]] (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Margaret Wycherly]], English stage and film actress\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Frank Brangwyn]], Anglo-Welsh artist (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n** [[Ralph Morgan]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 17]]\n        – [[Paul Rostock]], German official, surgeon, and university professor\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Walter de la Mare]], English poet,\n        short story writer, and novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Reinhold\n        Gli\\u00e8re]], Russian composer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Ernest\n        King]], American Fleet Admiral (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Clifford\n        Brown]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1930]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 7]]\n        – [[Gottfried Benn]], German poet (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 8]] –\n        [[Giovanni Papini]], Italian essayist, poet, novelist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        10]] – [[Joe Giard]], American baseball player (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July\n        11]] – [[John T. Raulston]], Scopes Monkey Trial judge (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[James Alexander Calder]], Canadian politician (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Bertolt-Brecht.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bertolt\n        Brecht]]]]\\n[[File:Alfred Kinsey 1955.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alfred Kinsey]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Albert Woolson]], last surviving Union veteran of the\n        American Civil War (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\n** [[Jackson Pollock]],\n        American painter (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Mincho Neychev]], former Chairman of\n        the Presidium of the National Assembly (head of state) of Bulgaria (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Bertolt Brecht]], German playwright (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Konstantin von Neurath]], Nazi German diplomat and foreign minister (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Bela Lugosi]], Hungarian-born film actor\n        (''''Dracula'''') (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Lynde D. McCormick]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Bernard Griffin]], English Cardinal,\n        Catholic [[Archbishop of Westminster]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 23]] –\n        [[Peaches Browning]], American actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Kenji Mizoguchi]], Japanese film director (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 25]]\n        – [[Alfred Kinsey]], American sex researcher (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Billy\n        Bishop VC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Billy Bishop]]]]\\n[[File:Somoza_1952_(centr%C3%A9e).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anastasio\n        Somoza Garcia]]]]\\n* [[September 6]] \\n** [[Lee Jung-seob]], Korean oil painter\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Felix Borowski]], British-American composer and teacher\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\n** [[Billy Bishop]], Canadian World War\n        I flying ace (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Lucien Febvre]], French historian (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Flora Eldershaw]], Australian novelist, critic,\n        and historian (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Frederick Soddy]],\n        English chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]]\\n** [[Milburn G. Apt]], American test pilot (b. [[1924]])\\n**\n        [[Babe Zaharias]], American golfer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Anastasio Somoza Garc\\u00eda]], [[President of Nicaragua]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Risto Ryti.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Risto\n        Ryti]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Albert Von Tilzer]], American songwriter\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[George Bancroft (actor)|George Bancroft]],\n        American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Marie Doro]], American\n        stage & silent film actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 12]] – Don [[Lorenzo\n        Perosi]], Italian composer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 14]] – Don [[Jules\n        Richard]],  French mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 16]] – Don\n        [[Jules Rimet]],  French football administrator, 3rd [[president of FIFA]]\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Anne Crawford]], British actress\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Isham Jones]], American musician\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Hannah Mitchell]], English socialist\n        and suffragette (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Risto Ryti]], 23rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and 5th [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]] – [[Walter Gieseking]], French conductor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – [[Charles S. Johnson]], American sociologist (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[P\\u00edo Baroja]], Spanish novelist (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Pbadoglio.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Pietro\n        Badoglio]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Pietro Badoglio]], Italian general and\n        28th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Tommy Johnson (musician)|Tommy\n        Johnson]], American musician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Leo\n        Baeck]], German rabbi, scholar and theologian (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Jean Metzinger]], French painter, theorist and critic (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Art Tatum]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Paul Kelly (actor)|Paul Kelly]], American stage and\n        film actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Harry F. Sinclair]], American\n        entrepreneur (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Victor Young]], American composer (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Juan Negr\\u00edn]], 67th Prime Minister of Spain\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Francis L. Sullivan]], English\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Theodore Kosloff]], Russian-born\n        ballet dancer, choreographer and actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Guido Cantelli]], Italian conductor (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Tommy Dorsey]], American trombonist and bandleader (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November\n        27]] – [[Hugo Ballin]], American artist, film production designer, and\n        director (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Paasikivi fi01 06a.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Juho\n        Kusti Paasikivi]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Dell Henderson]], Canadian\n        actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Alexander Rodchenko]],  Russian\n        artist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 6]] – Dr [[B. R. Ambedkar]], A founding\n        father of modern India, the architect of its constitution and Indian dalit\n        leader (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Huntley Gordon]], Canadian\n        actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[David Shimoni]], Israeli\n        poet and writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Ewald Andr\\u00e9\n        Dupont]], German film director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Juho\n        Kusti Paasikivi]], twice [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and 7th [[President\n        of Finland]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Couzinet]],\n        French aeronautics engineer and aircraft manufacturer (suicide) (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Nina Hamnett]], Welsh artist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Eddie\n        Acuff]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Lewis Terman]],\n        American psychologist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Josep Puig\n        i Cadafalch]], Spanish architect (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        [[Holmes Herbert]], English actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Ruth Draper]], American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Lotte\n        Herrlich]], female photographer of German naturism {{Clarify|date=December\n        2014}}\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]],\n        [[Walter Houser Brattain]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        Sir [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]], [[Nikolay Semyonov]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric\n        Cournand]], [[Werner Forssmann]], [[Dickinson W. Richards]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[Juan Ram\\u00f3n Jim\\u00e9nez]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize|Peace]] – Not Awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n*\n        [http://www.coinpage.com/1956-pictures.html 1956 Coin Pictures]\\n* [http://www.brainyhistory.com/years/1956.html\n        1956 in History]\\n\\n==Further reading==\\n* London Institute of World Affairs,\n        ''''The Year Book of World Affairs 1957'''' (London 1957) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rKETAAAAIAAJ\n        full text online], comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy,\n        international affairs and politics for major nations and regions\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1956}}\\n[[Category:1956|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:41:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":799145932,\"length\":63444,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956\"},\"34606\":{\"pageid\":34606,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1957\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T14:40:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1957}}\\n{{Year nav|1957}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1957}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** The [[Saarland]] joins [[West Germany]].\\n** An [[Irish\n        Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] attack on the [[Brookeborough]]\n        police barracks in [[Northern Ireland]] leads to the deaths of [[Se\\u00e1n\n        South]] and [[Fergal O''Hanlon]].\\n** Italian [[Conducting|conductor]] [[Arturo\n        Toscanini]] suffers the [[stroke]] that leads to his death a little over two\n        weeks later in the United States.\\n* [[January 2]] – The San Francisco\n        and Los Angeles [[stock exchange]]s merge to form the [[Pacific Exchange|Pacific\n        Coast Stock Exchange]].\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Hamilton Watch Company]]\n        introduces the first electric [[watch]].\\n* [[January 4]] – After 69\n        years the last issue of ''''[[Collier''s Weekly]]'''' magazine is published\n        in the United States.\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Russell Endean]] becomes\n        the first [[batsman]] to be [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] for having ''''[[handled\n        the ball]]'''' in [[Test cricket]].\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Elvis Presley]]\n        appears on ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'''' for the 3rd and final time. He\n        is shown only from the waist up, even during the gospel segment, singing \\\"Peace\n        In The Valley\\\". [[Ed Sullivan]] describes Elvis thus: \\\"This is a real decent,\n        fine boy. We''ve never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big\n        name than we''ve had with you. You''re thoroughly all right.\\\"\\n* [[January\n        9]] – British Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]] resigns.\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Harold Macmillan]] becomes the [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]].\\n* [[January 11]] – The [[African Convention]] is founded\n        in [[Dakar]].\\n* [[January 13]] – ''''[[Wham-O]]'''' Company produces\n        the first [[Frisbee]].\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Kripalu Maharaj]] is named\n        fifth [[Jagadguru]] (world teacher) after giving seven days of speeches before\n        500 Hindu scholars. \\n** American screen actor [[Humphrey Bogart]] dies aged\n        57 in California after a long battle with cancer.\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        Release, in Japan, of the film ''''[[Throne of Blood]]'''', [[Akira Kurosawa]]''s\n        reworking of ''''[[Macbeth]]''''.\\n* [[January 16]] – [[The Cavern Club]]\n        opens in [[Liverpool]] as a jazz club.\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        is [[Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower|privately sworn in]] for\n        a second term as President of the United States.\\n** [[Israel]] withdraws\n        from the [[Sinai Peninsula]] (captured from [[Egypt]] on October 29, [[1956]]).\\n**\n        The New York City \\\"[[Mad Bomber]]\\\", [[George P. Metesky]], is arrested in\n        [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], and charged with planting more than 30 bombs.\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – President Dwight D. Eisenhower is publicly sworn in.\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Ku Klux Klan]] members force truck driver [[Willie\n        Edwards]] to jump off a bridge into the [[Alabama River]]; he drowns as a\n        result.\\n* [[January 26]] – The [[Ibirapuera]] [[Planetarium]] (the\n        first in the Southern Hemisphere) is inaugurated in the city of [[S\\u00e3o\n        Paulo]], [[Brazil]].\\n* [[January 31]] – Three students on a junior\n        high school playground in [[Pacoima, California]], are among the 8 persons\n        killed following a mid-air collision between a [[Douglas DC-7]] airliner and\n        a [[Northrop F-89 Scorpion]] fighter jet, in the skies above the [[San Fernando\n        Valley]] section of Los Angeles, U.S.\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – President [[Iskander Mirza]] of [[Pakistan]] lays the foundation-stone\n        of the [[Guddu Barrage]] across the [[Indus River]] near [[Sukkur]].\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** France prohibits U.N. involvement in [[Algeria]].\\n** The first [[Nuclear\n        marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] [[submarine]], the {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}},\n        logs its 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional ''''[[Nautilus\n        (Verne)|Nautilus]]'''' described in [[Jules Verne]]''s [[1870]] novel ''''[[Twenty\n        Thousand Leagues Under the Sea]]''''. It is decommissioned on [[March 3]],\n        [[1980]].\\n** A coal gas explosion at the giant Bishop coal mine in [[Bishop,\n        Virginia]], kills 37 men.\\n* [[February 6]] – The [[Soviet Union]] announces\n        that Swedish envoy [[Raoul Wallenberg]] had died in a Soviet prison \\\"possibly\n        of a [[heart attack]]\\\" on [[July 17]], [[1947]].\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        The [[Confederation of African Football]] is founded at a meeting in [[Khartoum]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Andrei Gromyko]] becomes foreign minister of the\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** The \\\"[[Toddlers'' Truce]]\\\", a controversial\n        television closedown between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m., is abolished\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n** [[Ingmar Bergman]]''s film ''''[[The Seventh Seal]]''''\n        opens at cinema in [[Sweden]].\\n* [[February 17]] – A fire at a home\n        for the elderly in [[Warrenton, Missouri]], kills 72 people.\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Kenya]]n rebel leader [[Dedan Kimathi]] is executed by the British\n        colonial government.\\n** The last person to be executed in New Zealand, [[Walter\n        James Bolton]], is [[hanged]] at [[Mount Eden Prison]] for poisoning his wife.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – The founding congress of the [[Senegalese Popular\n        Bloc]] opens in [[Dakar]].\\n* [[February 25]] – The [[Boy in the Box\n        (Philadelphia)|Boy In The Box]] is discovered along a sidewalk in Philadelphia,\n        Pennsylvania. The murder victim is described as Caucasian in appearance and\n        4 to 6 years old; the case is never solved.\\n* February 28 – ''''[[Gaston\n        (comics)|Gaston]]'''', a French comic strip, is introduced.\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Flag\n        of Ghana.svg|thumb|250px|[[Flag of Ghana]], the first country in colonial\n        Africa to gain independence]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[U Nu]] becomes Prime Minister\n        of [[Burma]].\\n** [[Arturo Lezama]] becomes President of the National Council\n        of Government of [[Uruguay]].\\n** [[Sud Aviation]] forms from a merger between\n        [[SNCASE]] (Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\\u00e9ronautiques\n        du Sud Est) and [[SNCASO]] (Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\\u00e9ronautiques\n        du Sud Ouest).\\n** [[Dr. Seuss]]'' ''''[[The Cat in the Hat]]'''' is published\n        in the United States.\\n* [[March 3]] – ''''[[Net als toen]]'''' sung\n        by [[Corry Brokken]] (music by Guus Jansen, lyrics by [[Willy van Hemert]])\n        wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1957]] (held at [[Frankfurt]]) for the\n        Netherlands.\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Standard & Poor''s]] first publishes\n        the [[S&P 500 Index]] in the United States.\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** United Kingdom\n        colonies [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] and [[British Togoland]]\n        become the independent nation of [[Ghana]].\\n** [[Zodi Ikhia]] founds the\n        [[Nigerien Democratic Front]] (FDN) in [[Niger]].\\n* [[March 7]] – The\n        [[United States Congress]] approves the [[Eisenhower Doctrine]] on assistance\n        to threatened foreign regimes.\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Egypt]] re-opens the\n        [[Suez Canal]].\\n* [[March 10]] – Floodgates of [[The Dalles Dam]] are\n        closed, inundating [[Celilo Falls]] and ancient Indian fisheries along the\n        [[Columbia River]] in [[Oregon]].\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** The United States [[Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation]] arrests [[labor union]] leader [[Jimmy Hoffa]] and\n        charges him with [[bribery]].\\n** The Anglo-Jordanian Treaty of [[1948]] expires.\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – President [[Sukarno]] declares [[martial law]] in [[Indonesia]].\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash]]: [[Philippines|Philippine]]\n        President [[Ramon Magsaysay]] and 24 others are killed in a plane crash.\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – The French news magazine ''''[[L''Express]]'''' reveals\n        that the French army tortures [[Algeria]]n prisoners.\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**\n        The [[Treaty of Rome]] (''''Patto di [[Rome|Roma]]'''') establishes the [[European\n        Economic Community]] (EEC; predecessor of the [[European Union]]) between\n        Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.\\n**\n        Copies of [[Allen Ginsberg]]''s ''''[[Howl and Other Poems]]'''' (first published\n        November 1, [[1956]]) printed in England are seized by [[United States Customs\n        Service]] officials in [[San Francisco]] on the grounds of [[obscenity]].{{cite\n        web|first=Jamie L.|last=Rehlaender|title=A Howl of Free Expression: the 1957\n        Howl Obscenity Trial and Sexual Liberation|date=2015-04-28|work=Young Historians\n        Conference|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2015/oralpres/1|publisher=Portland\n        State University|accessdate=2015-09-29}} On [[October 3]], in ''''People\n        v. Ferlinghetti'''', a subsequent prosecution of publisher [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]],\n        the work is ruled not to be obscene.{{cite web|title=\\u2018Howl\\u2019\n        obscenity prosecution still echoes 50 years later|publisher=First Amendment\n        Center|location=Nashville|date=2007-10-03|accessdate=2015-09-29|first=Lydia\n        Hailman|last=King|url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/%E2%80%98howl%E2%80%99-obscenity-prosecution-still-echoes-50-years-later}}\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – 22-year-old [[Elvis Presley]] buys [[Graceland]] on 3734\n        Bellevue Boulevard ([[U.S. Route 51|Highway 51]] South) for $US100,000. He\n        and his family move from the house on 1034 Audubon Drive.\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – The [[29th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held in [[Hollywood]]. ''''[[Around\n        the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'''' wins [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Rodgers and\n        Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Cinderella (musical)|Cinderella]]'''', the team''s\n        only musical written especially for television, is telecast live and in color\n        by CBS in the United States, starring [[Julie Andrews]] in the title role.\n        The production is seen by millions, but this 1957 version is not to be telecast\n        again for more than 40 years, when a [[kinescope]] of it is shown.\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:E.\n        M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|thumb|150px|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], head of the\n        first democratically elected communist government in the world]]\\n* April\n        – [[IBM]] sells the first compiler for the [[Fortran]] scientific [[programming\n        language]].\\n* [[April 1]] – The first new [[conscript]]s join the [[Bundeswehr]].\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – The [[Communist Party of India]] wins the elections in\n        [[Kerala]], making [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] its first chief minister.\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Egypt]] reopens the [[Suez Canal]] to all shipping.\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – The United Kingdom announces that [[Singapore]] will\n        gain self-rule on January 1, 1958.\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** The [[Distant Early\n        Warning Line]] is handed over by contractors to the U.S. and Canadian military.\\n**\n        [[White Rock, British Columbia|White Rock]] secedes from [[Surrey, British\n        Columbia]], following a referendum.\\n* [[April 17]] – Suspected English\n        [[serial killer]] Dr. [[John Bodkin Adams]] is found not guilty of murder\n        at the [[Old Bailey]].\\n* [[April 24]] – First broadcast of [[BBC Television]]\n        [[astronomy]] series ''''[[The Sky at Night]]'''' in the U.K., presented by\n        [[Patrick Moore]]. This will run with the same presenter until his death in\n        December 2012.\\n* [[April 24]]–[[April 25|25]] – [[1957 Fethiye\n        earthquakes]] on the Mediterranean coast of [[Turkey]].\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May\n        2]]\\n** [[Vincent Gigante]] fails to assassinate [[Sicilian Mafia|mafioso]]\n        [[Frank Costello]] in [[Manhattan]].\\n** [[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]], written\n        by [[Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven]], becomes the South African National Anthem.\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] owner [[Walter O''Malley]] agrees to\n        move the team from [[Brooklyn]], New York, to Los Angeles.\\n* [[May 15]].\\n**\n        [[Operation Grapple#Grapple Z|Operation Grapple]]: At [[Malden Island]] in\n        the Pacific, Britain tests its first [[hydrogen bomb]], which fails to detonate\n        properly.\\n** [[Stanley Matthews]] plays his final international game, ending\n        an [[England national football team|English]] [[England national football\n        team records|record]] international career of almost 23 years.\\n* [[May 16]]\n        – [[Paul-Henri Spaak]] becomes the new [[Secretary General of NATO]].\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – A 42,000-pound hydrogen bomb accidentally falls from a\n        bomber near [[Albuquerque]].{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08-27/news/mn-14421_1_hydrogen-bomb|newspaper=[[Los\n        Angeles Times]]|title=\\nAccident Revealed After 29 Years: H-Bomb Fell Near\n        Albuquerque in 1957|date=1986-08-27|accessdate=2015-09-29}}\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Anti-American]] riots erupt in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]].{{cite\n        web|title=HI Taipei 1957 Riot |url=http://www.msg-history.com/HistoricalItems/HI_Taipei_1957_Riot.html\n        |work= |accessdate=2017-02-20 |df=mdy }}{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]\n        2-0 at [[Santiago Bernab\\u00e9u Stadium]], [[Madrid]] to win the [[1956\\u201357\n        European Cup]] (football).\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]] – Three-year-old\n        [[thoroughbred]] [[Gallant Man]] wins the [[Peter Pan Stakes]] at [[Belmont\n        Park]].\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Broad Peak]], on the China-Pakistan border,\n        is first ascended.\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Oklahoma]] celebrates its semi-centennial\n        statehood. A brand new 1957 [[Plymouth Belvedere]] is buried in a time capsule\n        (to be opened 50 years later on June 15, [[2007]]).\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Gallant Man]] wins the [[Belmont Stakes]] at [[Belmont Park]] in record\n        time.\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Toru Takemitsu]]''s ''''Requiem for Strings''''\n        is first performed, by the [[Tokyo Symphony Orchestra]].{{cite web|title=Toru\n        Takemitsu - Chronology|url=http://www.schott-music.com/shop/persons/featured/toru-takemitsu/vitae/|publisher=[[Schott\n        Music]]|accessdate=2013-02-01}}\\n* [[June 21]] – [[John Diefenbaker]]\n        becomes the 13th [[Prime Minister of Canada]].\\n* [[June 25]] – The\n        [[United Church of Christ]] is formed in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], by the merger\n        of the [[Congregational Christian Churches]] and the [[Evangelical and Reformed\n        Church]].\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Hurricane Audrey]] demolishes [[Cameron,\n        Louisiana]], U.S., killing 400 people.\\n\\n===July===\\n* July\\n** The [[International\n        Geophysical Year]] begins.\\n** The [[University of Waterloo]] is founded in\n        Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.\\n** [[Hugh Everett III]] publishes the first scientifically\n        founded [[many-worlds interpretation]] of [[Interpretations of quantum mechanics|quantum\n        mechanics]].\\n** Production of the [[Citro\\u00ebn Traction Avant]] automobile,\n        begun in [[1934]], ceases.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[John Lennon]] and [[Paul\n        McCartney]] first meet as teenagers at a garden fete at [[St. Peter''s Church,\n        Woolton, Liverpool]], England, at which Lennon''s [[skiffle]] group, [[The\n        Quarrymen]], is playing, 3 years before forming [[The Beatles]].\\n* [[July\n        9]] – [[Elvis Presley]]''s ''''[[Loving You (1957 film)|Loving You]]''''\n        opens in theaters.\\n* [[July 11]] – His Highness Prince Karim [[Aga\n        Khan IV]] becomes the 49th Imam of the [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]] Muslims at age\n        20. His grandfather Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah [[Aga Khan III]] appoints Prince\n        Karim in his will.\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Rawya Ateya]] takes her seat in\n        the [[Parliament of Egypt|National Assembly of Egypt]], thereby becoming the\n        first female parliamentarian in the [[Arab world]].\\n* [[July 16]] –\n        [[United States Marine]] Major [[John Glenn]] flies an [[F8U Crusader|F8U]]\n        [[supersonic]] jet from [[California]] to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes\n        and 8 seconds, setting a new transcontinental speed record.\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Tunisia]] becomes a republic, with [[Habib Bourguiba]] its first\n        president.\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** The [[6th World Festival of Youth and Students]],\n        a high point of the [[Khrushchev Thaw]], kicks off in Moscow.\\n** Heavy rains\n        and mudslides at [[Isahaya]], western [[Ky\\u016bsh\\u016b]], Japan, kill 992.\\n**\n        A strong earthquake shakes Mexico City and Mexican port city [[Acapulco]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] is established.\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 4]] – [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], driving for [[Maserati in motorsport|Maserati]],\n        wins the [[Formula One]] [[German Grand Prix]], clinching (with 4 wins this\n        season) his record 5th [[List of Formula One World Drivers'' Champions|world\n        drivers championship]], including his 4th consecutive championship (also a\n        record); these 2 records endure for nearly half a [[century]].\\n* [[August\n        5]] – ''''[[American Bandstand]]'''', a local dance show produced by\n        [[WPVI-TV|WFIL-TV]] in Philadelphia, joins the ABC Television Network.\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] announces a\n        2-year suspension of nuclear testing.\\n* [[August 28]] – United States\n        Senator [[Strom Thurmond]] (D-SC) sets the record for the longest [[filibuster]]\n        with his 24-hour, 18-minute speech railing against a civil rights bill.\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – The [[Federation of Malaya]] gains independence from\n        the United Kingdom, subsequently celebrated as [[Malaysia]]''s National Day.\n        [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan]], [[Yang di-Pertuan Besar]] of [[Negeri\n        Sembilan]] becomes the first [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Federation of\n        Malaya|Malaya]]. The country''s new [[Constitution of Malaysia|Constitution]]\n        came into force on August 27.\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Flag of Belize.svg|thumb|250px|[[Flag\n        of Belize]], the first country in colonial Central America to gain independence]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – 175 die in [[Jamaica]]''s worst railway disaster.\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – The [[Wolfenden report]] on homosexuality is published\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Civil Rights Movement]]: [[Little\n        Rock Crisis]] – Governor [[Orval Faubus]] of [[Arkansas]] calls out\n        the [[National Guard of the United States]] to prevent African-American students\n        from enrolling in [[Little Rock Central High School]].\\n** The [[Ford Motor\n        Company]] introduces the [[Edsel]] on what the company proclaims as \\\"E Day\\\".\\n*\n        [[September 5]] – The first edition of [[Jack Kerouac]]''s novel ''''[[On\n        the Road]]'''' goes on sale in the United States.\\n* [[September 7]] –\n        [[NBC]] introduces an animated version of its famous \\\"living color\\\" [[peacock\n        logo]].\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** The [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] is enacted,\n        establishing the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]].\\n** [[Catholic\n        Memorial School]] opens its doors for the first time in [[Boston]], Massachusetts.\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – ''''[[Have Gun \\u2013 Will Travel]]'''' premieres\n        on CBS.\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Olav V of Norway|Olav V]] becomes King of\n        Norway on the death of his father [[Haakon VII of Norway|Haakon VII]].\\n**\n        The sailing ship ''''[[Pamir (ship)|Pamir]]'''' sinks off the [[Azores]] in\n        a hurricane.\\n** ''''[[Perry Mason (TV series)|Perry Mason]]'''' premiers\n        on [[CBS]].\\n** [[Belize]] gains independence from the United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – The [[Academy Award]]-winning movie ''''[[The Three\n        Faces of Eve]]'''' is released.\\n* [[September 24]] \\n** U.S. President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] sends federal troops to [[Arkansas]] to provide safe passage\n        into [[Little Rock Central High School]] for the \\\"[[Little Rock Nine]]\\\".\\n**\n        [[Camp Nou]], home-stadium of [[FC Barcelona]], officially opened in [[Barcelona]],\n        [[Spain]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.fr/club/installations/card/histoire-du-camp-nou|title=Histoire\n        du Camp Nou {{!}} FC Barcelona|website=FC Barcelona|language=fr-FR|access-date=2017-01-21}}\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s musical ''''[[West Side\n        Story]]'''' makes its first appearance on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and\n        runs for 732 performances.\\n* [[September 29]] – The [[Kyshtym disaster]]\n        occurs at the [[Mayak]] [[nuclear reprocessing]] plant in Russia.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        October\\n** ''''[[Which?]]'''' magazine is first published by The Consumers''\n        Association in the United Kingdom.\\n** The [[Africanized bee]] is accidentally\n        released in [[Brazil]].\\n* [[October 2]] – [[David Lean]]''s film ''''[[The\n        Bridge on the River Kwai]]'''' opens in the U.K.\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Space\n        Age]] – [[Sputnik program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Sputnik\n        1]], the first artificial [[satellite]] to orbit the earth.\\n** The [[Avro\n        Canada CF-105 Arrow]] [[delta wing]] [[interceptor aircraft]] is unveiled.\\n**\n        The sitcom ''''[[Leave It to Beaver]]'''' premieres on CBS in the United States.\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Neil H. McElroy]] is sworn in as [[United States Secretary\n        of Defense]].\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        apologizes to the finance minister of [[Ghana]], [[Komla Agbeli Gbedemah]],\n        after he is refused service in a [[Dover, Delaware]], restaurant.\\n** [[Windscale\n        fire]]: Fire at the [[Sellafield|Windscale]] [[nuclear reactor]] on the north-west\n        coast of England releases radioactive material into the surrounding environment,\n        including [[iodine-131]].\\n** [[Ayn Rand]]''s fourth, last and longest novel,\n        ''''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'''', is published in the United States.\\n* [[October\n        11]]\\n** The [[Jodrell Bank]] [[radio telescope]] opens in [[Cheshire]], England.\\n**\n        The [[orbit]] of the last stage of the [[R-7 Semyorka]] rocket (carrying [[Sputnik\n        I]]) is first successfully calculated on an [[IBM 704]] computer at the [[MIT\n        Computation Center]] as part of [[Operation Moonwatch]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Ant\\u00f4nio Vilas Boas]], a Brazilian farmer, claims\n        to have been abducted by [[extraterrestrials]]; the first famous [[alien abduction]]\n        case.\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** Two trains collide in [[Turkey]]; 95 die.\\n**\n        The U.S. military sustains its first combat fatality in [[Vietnam]], Army\n        Capt. Hank Cramer of the [[1st Special Forces Group]].\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Morocco]] begins its [[Ifni War|invasion of Ifni]].\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        [[American Mafia|Mafia]] boss [[Albert Anastasia]] is assassinated in a barber\n        shop, at the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City.\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] is re-elected [[president of Turkey]].\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Toyota]] begins exporting vehicles to the United States, beginning\n        with the [[Toyota Crown]] and the [[Toyota Land Cruiser]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** The [[Mackinac Bridge]], the world''s longest [[suspension\n        bridge]] between anchorages at this time, opens in the United States to connect\n        [[Michigan]]''s two [[peninsula]]s.\\n** The first (westbound) tube of the\n        [[Hampton Roads Bridge\\u2013Tunnel]] linking [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]\n        and [[Hampton, Virginia]] opens at a cost of $44 million.\\n* [[November 3]]\n        – [[Sputnik program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Sputnik 2]],\n        with the first [[animal]] to orbit the Earth (a dog named [[Laika]]) on board;\n        there is no technology available to return it to Earth.\\n* [[November 7]]\n        – [[Cold War]]: In the United States, the [[Gaither Report]] calls for\n        more American missiles and [[fallout shelter]]s. \\n* [[November 8]] –\n        Film ''''[[Jailhouse Rock (film)|Jailhouse Rock]]'''' opens across the U.S.\n        to reach #3, and [[Elvis Presley]] continues to gain more notoriety.\\n* [[November\n        13]]\\n** [[Gordon Gould]] invents the [[laser]].\\n** Flooding in the [[Po\n        Valley]] of Italy leads to flooding also in [[Venice]].\\n* [[November 14]]\n        – [[Apalachin Meeting]]: [[American Mafia]] leaders meet in [[Apalachin,\n        New York]] at the house of [[Joseph Barbara (mobster)|Joseph Barbara]]; the\n        meeting is broken up by a curious patrolman.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[1957\n        Aquila Airways Solent crash]]: A [[flying boat]] crash on the [[Isle of Wight]]\n        leaves 45 dead.\\n** [[Yugoslavia]] announces the end of an economic boycott\n        of [[Francoist Spain]] (although it does not reinstitute diplomatic relations).\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** [[Serial killer]] [[Edward Gein]] murders his last victim,\n        Bernice Worden of [[Plainfield, Wisconsin]], U.S.\\n** U.S. President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] has a [[stroke]].\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]] of the [[Democrat\n        Party (Turkey, historical)|Democrat Party]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]]\n        (23rd government, last government formed by DP and Menderes).\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Indonesia]]n president [[Sukarno]] survives a [[grenade]] attack\n        at the Cikini School in [[Jakarta]], but six children are killed.\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – In [[Indonesia]], [[Sukarno]] announces the [[nationalization]]\n        of 246 [[Netherlands|Dutch]] businesses.\\n* [[December 4]] – The [[Lewisham\n        rail crash]] in London leaves 92 dead.\\n* [[December 5]] – All 326,000\n        Dutch nationals are expelled from [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        The first U.S. attempt to launch a [[satellite]] fails when the [[Vanguard\n        TV3|Vanguard rocket]] blows up on the [[launch pad]].\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        Canadian diplomat [[Lester B. Pearson]] receives the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        for his peacekeeping efforts in the United Nations.\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        ''''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'''' is released in the U.S. It goes on\n        to win the [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\n        Additional Oscars go to [[Alec Guinness]] (Best Actor) and David Lean (Best\n        Director), among others. This is Lean''s first Oscar for directing.\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Meredith Willson]]''s classic musical ''''[[The Music Man]]'''',\n        starring [[Robert Preston (actor)|Robert Preston]], debuts on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – The [[Boeing 707]] airliner flies for the first time.\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – The [[CBS]] afternoon anthology series ''''[[The Seven\n        Lively Arts]]'''' presents [[Tchaikovsky]]''s ballet ''''[[The Nutcracker]]''''\n        on U.S. television for the first time, although heavily abridged.\\n\\n=== Date\n        unknown ===\\n* [[Mao Zedong]] admits that 800,000 \\\"[[Enemy of the people|class\n        enemies]]\\\" have been summarily [[Death|liquidated]] in [[China]] between\n        [[1949]] and [[1954]].\\n* Expected date for [[Operation Dropshot]], an all-out\n        U.S. war with the Soviet Union, triggered by a Soviet takeover of Western\n        Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia which does not materialize,\n        as prepared for by the [[United States Department of Defense]] in [[1949]].\\n*\n        [[Gruppe SPUR]], an artistic collaboration, is founded in Germany.\\n* The\n        so-called ''mound of [[Midas]]'', the Great [[Tumulus]] near [[Gordium]],\n        is excavated.\\n* Three new neo-[[Grotesque (typeface classification)|grotesque]]\n        [[sans-serif]] [[typeface]]s are released: [[Folio (typeface)|Folio]] (designed\n        by Konrad Bauer and Walter Baum), [[Helvetica|Neue Haas Grotesk]] (designed\n        by [[Max Miedinger]]) and [[Univers]] (designed by [[Adrian Frutiger]]); all\n        will be influential in the [[International Typographic Style]] of [[graphic\n        design]].\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:John Lasseter 2002.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Lasseter]]]]\\n[[File:SteveHarveyHWOFMay2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Harvey]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Isabel Ordaz]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Ewa\n        Kasprzyk (actress)|Ewa Kasprzyk]], Polish actress\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Bojan Kri\\u017eaj]], Slovenian alpine skier\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Charles\n        Allen, Baron Allen of Kensington|Charles Allen]], British television magnate\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Nancy Lopez]], American golfer\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**\n        [[Nicholson Baker]], American novelist\\n** [[Katie Couric]], American television\n        host\\n** [[Hannu Kamppuri]], Finnish ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Julian Sol\\u00eds]],\n        Puerto Rican boxer\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[David Lang (composer)|David Lang]],\n        American composer\\n** [[Dwight Clark]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Bibie]], Ghanaian singer\\n* [[January 11]] \\n** [[Bryan Robson]],\n        English footballer\\n** [[Claude Criquielion]], Belgian bike racer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[John Lasseter]], American director, writer and animator\\n*\n        [[January 13]]\\n** [[Lorrie Moore]], American writer\\n** [[Daniel Scioli]],\n        Argentine politician and sportsman\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Anchee Min]], Chinese\n        writer\\n** [[Wu Chengzhen]], Chinese Buddhist [[Abbot (Buddhism)|abbess]]\\n*\n        [[January 15]]\\n** [[Mario Van Peebles]], African-American actor and director\\n**\n        [[Patrick Dixon]], British business guru and author\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        [[Ricardo Dar\\u00edn]], Argentinian actor\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Steve\n        Harvey]], American comedian, television host, radio personality, actor and\n        author\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Greg Ryan]], American soccer coach\\n* [[January\n        22]]\\n** [[Mike Bossy]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Rene Requiestas]], Filipino\n        comedian (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Godfrey Thoma]], Nauruan politician\\n* [[January\n        23]] – [[Caroline, Princess of Hanover|Princess Caroline of Monaco]]\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Adrian Edmondson]], British comedian\\n*[[January\n        26]]  – [[Richard Portnow]], American actor\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Miller (comics)|Frank Miller]], American comic book writer\\n** [[Janick Gers]],\n        British heavy metal guitarist\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Gra\\u017cyna Miller]],\n        Polish poet\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Payne Stewart]], American golfer (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Kathy Najimy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathy\n        Najimy]]]]\\n[[File:Falco Ursela Monn 1986-3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Falco (musician)|Falco]]]]\\n[[File:Danny\n        Antonucci.png|thumb|100px|[[Danny Antonucci]]]]\\n[[File:John Turturro at the\n        2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Turturro]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Phil Barney]], French singer\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Elaine\n        Carbines]], Member of the [[Australian Labor Party]]\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[Jackie Woodburne]], Australian actress\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Kathy\n        Najimy]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Cindy\n        Wilson]], American rock singer ([[The B-52''s]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Gordon Strachan]], Scottish footballer and manager\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Mitchell Symons]], British writer\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Soile Isokoski]],\n        Finnish lyric soprano\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Shahriar Mandanipour]],\n        Iranian writer\\n* [[February 16]] – [[LeVar Burton]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Loreena McKennitt]], Canadian singer, composer,\n        harpist\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Vanna White]], American game show presenter\\n**\n        [[Marita Koch]], German athlete\\n* [[February 19]] \\n** [[Falco (musician)|Falco]],\n        Austrian rock musician (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Ray Winstone]], British actor\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Glen Hanlon]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Ria Brieffies]], Dutch singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n**\n        [[Adrian Smith]], British heavy metal guitarist\\n** [[Viktor Markin]], Russian\n        athlete\\n** [[Timothy Spall]], English actor\\n** [[Rob de Castella]], Australian\n        long-distance runner\\n** [[Danny Antonucci]], Canadian creator of the [[Cartoon\n        Network]] show ''''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]''''\\n* [[February 28]] \\n** [[Ainsley\n        Harriott]], British celebrity chef\\n** [[Ian Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Ian\n        Smith]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[John Turturro]], American actor, writer\n        and director\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Osama\n        bin Laden]]]]\\n[[File:Marlon Jackson 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marlon Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Joaquim\n        de Almeida.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joaquim de Almeida]]]]\\n[[File:Spike Lee at the\n        2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Spike Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Lucio Guti\\u00e9rrez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucio\n        Guti\\u00e9rrez]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher Lambert 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher\n        Lambert]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Eric Walters]], Canadian author\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Jim Dwyer (journalist)|Jim Dwyer]], American journalist and [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]] winner\\n** [[Rick Mast]], American NASCAR driver\\n* [[March 8]]\\n**\n        [[Clive Burr]], British heavy metal drummer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Mitsuko Horie]],\n        Japanese voice actress and singer\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Mona Sahlin]],\n        Swedish politician\\n* [[March 10]] \\n** [[Osama bin Laden]], Saudi-born founder\n        of [[al-Qaeda]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hans-Peter Friedrich]], German politician\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Marlon Jackson]], American singer\\n* [[March 13]] –\n        [[David Peaston]], American singer\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Joaquim de Almeida]],\n        Portuguese actor\\n** [[Park Overall]], American film and television actress\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Mal Donaghy]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[March\n        18]] – [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Pazdera]], Hungarian rock bassist ([[Pokolg\\u00e9p]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Vanessa Bell Calloway]], American actress\\n** [[John Grogan\n        (journalist)|John Grogan]], American journalist and non-fiction writer \\n**\n        [[Spike Lee]], American film director and actor\\n** [[Theresa Russell]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 23]] \\n** [[Teresa Ganzel]], American comedian and actress\\n**\n        [[Lucio Guti\\u00e9rrez]],  41st [[President of Ecuador]]\\n** [[Amanda Plummer]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Jack Edwards (sportscaster)|Jack\n        Edwards]], American play-by-play announcer\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Leeza\n        Gibbons]], American television personality\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Christopher\n        Lambert]], French actor\\n* [[March 30]] \\n** [[Paul Reiser]], American comedian\n        and actor\\n** [[Ian Shelton]],  Canadian astronomer who discovered [[SN 1987A]]\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\n** [[Alan Duncan]], British politician\\n** [[Marc McClure]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Terry Klassen]], Canadian voice actor and voice director\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Faustin\n        Touadera.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Faustin-Archange Touad\\u00e9ra]]]]\\n[[File:Donald\n        Tusk 2013-12-19.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Donald Tusk]]]]\\n[[File:Daniel Day-Lewis,\n        Jaguar, Mille Miglia 2013 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Day-Lewis]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[J. Karjalainen]], Finnish rock musician\\n** [[Denise Nickerson]],\n        American child actress\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Giuliana De Sio]], Italian\n        actress\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Aki Kaurism\\u00e4ki]], Finnish film director\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Ivan Corea]], Sri Lankan autism campaigner\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Simon Climie]], English singer-songwriter ([[Climie Fisher]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Henry Cluney]], Irish musician\\n* [[April 9]] –\n        [[Seve Ballesteros]], Spanish golfer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[\\u00dclle Kaljuste]], Estonian actress \\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Michael Card]],\n        American Christian musician\\n** [[Ian Stuart Donaldson|Ian Stuart]], singer\n        for [[white power skinhead]] band [[Skrewdriver]] (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Jim\n        Lauderdale]], bluegrass musician\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Suzzanne Douglas]],\n        American actress\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Mikhail Pletnev]], Russian pianist,\n        conductor and composer\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Susan Roman]], Canadian voice\n        actress\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Genie (feral child)|Genie]], American feral\n        child\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Jesse Orosco]], American baseball player\\n** [[Herbert\n        Wetterauer]], German artist and author\\n** [[Faustin-Archange Touad\\u00e9ra]],\n        8th [[President of the Central African Republic]]\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Donald Tusk]], [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Jan Hooks]],\n        American actress and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Kenji Kawai]], Japanese\n        composer\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Eric Bristow]], English darts player\\n** [[Roch\n        Marc Christian Kabor\\u00e9]], 7th Prime Minister and 8th President of Burkina\n        Faso\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Michel Barrette]], Canadian actor and stand-up\n        comedian\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Dinorah de Jes\\u00fas Rodriguez]], Cuban-born\n        experimental filmmaker\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], English-born\n        actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Richard E Grant 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        E. Grant]]]]\\n[[File:Vicious.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sid Vicious]]]]\\n[[File:Yoshihiko\n        Noda-3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yoshihiko Noda]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Michael\n        Coyle (composer)|Michael Coyle]], American composer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Jo\n        Brand]], English comedian\\n** [[William Clay Ford, Jr.]], American automobile\n        executive\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Richard E. Grant]], English actor\\n* [[May\n        6]] – [[Mbah Surip]], Indonesian singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Sid Vicious]] (John Beverly), English punk rock bassist ([[Sex Pistols]])\n        (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Carrie Lam]], Hong Kong civil servant\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Daniela Dess\\u00ec]], Italian operatic soprano (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Ibarretxe]], Basque Lehendakari (Prime\n        Minister)\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Joan Benoit]], American Olympic gold medal-winning\n        marathon runner\\n* [[May 17]] – [[G\\u00f6sta Sundqvist]], Finnish rock\n        singer and songwriter ([[Leevi and the Leavings]]) (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May\n        18]] \\n** [[Michael Cretu]], Romanian\\u2013German new-age musician ([[Enigma\n        (musical project)|Enigma]])\\n** [[Frank Plasberg]], German journalist and\n        television presenter\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Yoshihiko Noda]], 62nd [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]]\\n** [[Stewart Nozette]], American astronomer\\n* [[May 21]]\\n**\n        [[Judge Reinhold]], American actor\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9e Soutendijk]], Dutch actress\\n*\n        [[May 22]]\\n** [[Albert Boonstra]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Shinji Morisue]],\n        Japanese gymnast\\n** [[Gary Sweet]], Australian actor\\n* [[May 23]] –\n        [[Jimmy McShane]] (aka Baltimora), Northern Irish dancer (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Walter Moers]], German comic artist and writer\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[John G. Rowland]], American [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]\n        politician, [[Governor of Connecticut]] and felon\\n* [[May 26]] \\n**[[Pontso\n        Sekatle]], Lesotho academic and politician\\n**[[Dan Roodt]], South African\n        author and politician \\n* [[May 27]] – [[Siouxsie Sioux]], born Susan\n        Ballion, English post-punk singer ([[Siouxsie and the Banshees]])\\n* [[May\n        28]] – [[Kirk Gibson]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**  [[Bobby\n        Hamilton]], American stock car racing driver (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jeb Hensarling]],\n        American politician; U.S. Representative (R-TX)\\n** [[Ted Levine]], American\n        screen actor\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Georgi S. Parvanov.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Georgi\n        Parvanov]]]]\\n[[File:Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow_2012-09-11.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gurbanguly\n        Berdimuhamedow]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Dorota K\\u0119dzierzawska]], Polish\n        film director\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Horst-Ulrich H\\u00e4nel]], German field\n        hockey player\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Kim Tai-chung]], Korean martial artist\n        and former actor and [[Bruce Lee]] double (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[Jessica Diamond]], American artist\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Juan Luis Guerra]],\n        Dominican singer and songwriter\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Scott Adams]], American\n        cartoonist ([[Dilbert]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Hidetsugu Aneha]], Japanese\n        architect\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Timothy Busfield]], American actor\\n** [[Javed\n        Miandad]], Pakistani cricketer\\n** [[Ciro Pessoa]], Brazilian musician ([[Tit\\u00e3s]],\n        [[Cabine C]]), journalist, screenwriter and poet\\n* [[June 14]]\\n**[[Debbie\n        Arnold]], British actress and voice artiste\\n** [[Maxi Jazz|Maxwell Fraiser]],\n        African-British rapper for [[Faithless]], [[DJ]]\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Seppo\n        P\\u00e4\\u00e4kk\\u00f6nen]], Finnish actor\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Anna Lindh]],\n        Swedish politician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Michael Bowen (actor)|Michael\n        Bowen]], American actor\\n**[[Luis Antonio Tagle]], Filipino cardinal, [[Archbishop\n        of Manila]]\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Frances McDormand]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n**[[Lance Nethery]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Georgi\n        Parvanov]], [[President of Bulgaria]]\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Gurbanguly\n        Berdimuhamedow]], Turkmen politician, 2nd [[President of Turkmenistan]]\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Silvio Orlando]], Italian actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Mirziyoyev\n        cropped.jpg|100px|thumbnail|right|[[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]]]\\n[[File:Nellie\n        Kim 1980.jpg|100px|thumbnail|right|[[Nellie Kim]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[Hannu Kamppuri]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Bret\n        Hart]], Canadian professional wrestler\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Ken Ober]], American\n        actor and game show host (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Doug Wilson\n        (ice hockey)|Doug Wilson]], Canadian ice hockey\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Marc Almond]],\n        English singer\\n** [[Kelly McGillis]], American actress\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Cindy Sheehan]], American anti-war activist\\n* [[July 12]] – [[G\\u00f6tz\n        Alsmann]], German television presenter, musician and singer\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[L\\u00edlia Cabral]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Cameron Crowe]], American writer\n        and film director\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Fern Britton]], British television\n        presenter\\n** [[Shinobu Otake]], Japanese actress\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Nick\n        Faldo]], British golfer\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Stefan L\\u00f6fven]], 33rd Prime\n        Minister of Sweden\\n** [[Jon Lovitz]], American comedian and actor\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]], Dutch film director\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], Uzbek politician,\n        3rd [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan]] and 2nd [[President of Uzbekistan]]\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Yuen Biao]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Nana Visitor]], American\n        actress\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Hansi M\\u00fcller]], German footballer\\n** [[Matt\n        Osborne]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        [[Nellie Kim]], Russian gymnast\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Shan Goshorn]], Cherokee\n        artist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Life Ball 2013 - magenta carpet Melanie Griffith\n        02.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Melanie Griffith]]]]\\n[[File:Denis Leary by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denis\n        Leary]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Fry June 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Fry]]]]\\n[[File:Ivo\n        Josipovi\\u0107.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ivo Josipovi\\u0107]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] –\n        [[Taylor Negron]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Mojo\n        Nixon]], American singer, lyricist and actor\\n** [[Butch Vig]], American record\n        producer and drummer ([[Garbage (band)|Garbage]])\\n* [[August 4]] –\n        [[John Wark]], Scottish footballer\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Clayton Rohner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Jim McGreevey]], 52nd Governor of\n        New Jersey\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Alexander Dityatin]], Soviet gymnast\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Melanie Griffith]], American actress\\n* [[August 10]]\n        – [[Juli B\\u00e1sti]], Hungarian actress\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Richie\n        Ramone]], American rock drummer ([[Ramones]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Peter\n        Costello]], Australian politician\\n* [[August 15]] – [[\\u017deljko Ivanek]],\n        Slovenian-American actor\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Tim Farriss]], Australian\n        rock guitarist ([[INXS]])\\n** [[Laura Innes]], American actress and director\n        \\n* [[August 17]] – [[Robin Cousins]], British figure skater\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Carole Bouquet]], French actress\\n** [[Denis Leary]], American\n        comedian and actor\\n** [[Harald Schmidt]], German actor, writer, columnist,\n        comedian and television entertainer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Li-Young Lee]],\n        Indonesian-born poet\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Finlay Calder]], Scottish\n        rugby player\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Steve Davis]], British snooker player\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Stephen Fry]], British comedian, author and actor\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Simon McBurney]], British actor, writer and theatre\n        director\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Dr. Alban]], Nigerian-born Swedish singer\\n**\n        [[Uzo]], Nigerian-American film producer and director\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Bernhard Langer]], German golfer\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Ivo Josipovi\\u0107]],\n        [[President of Croatia]]\\n** [[Rick Rossovich]], American actor\\n** [[Daniel\n        Stern (actor)|Daniel Stern]], American actor\\n** [[Ai Weiwei]], Chinese artist,\n        philosopher\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Grzegorz Ciechowski]], Polish musician\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Shir\\u014d Sagisu]], Japanese composer\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Manu Tuiasosopo]], American football player\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[Ingrid Washinawatok]], Native American activist (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Gloria\n        Estefan 2009 White House.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gloria Estefan]]]]\\n[[File:Ricardo-Montaner.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricardo\n        Montaner]]]]\\n[[File:Brad bird cropped 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brad Bird]]]]\\n[[File:The\n        Hon. Kevin Rudd.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Rudd]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Gloria Estefan]], Cuban-born American singer\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Ewa\n        Kasprzyk (athlete)|Ewa Kasprzyk]], Polish athlete\\n** [[John McInerney]],\n        British-German singer-songwriter ([[Bad Boys Blue]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n**\n        [[Ricardo Montaner]], Argentine-born Venezuelan singer\\n** [[Heather Thomas]],\n        American actress and activist\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Preben Elkj\\u00e6r\n        Larsen]], Danish footballer\\n** [[Jeh Johnson]], American politician, 4th\n        Secretary of Homeland Security.\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Jan Egeland]], Norwegian\n        politician, diplomat and humanitarian\\n** [[Rachel Ward]], English-born actress\\n**\n        [[Hans Zimmer]], German composer\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Vinny Appice]],\n        American drummer\\n** [[Cesare Bocci]], Italian actor\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Brad Bird]], American animator and director\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[David McCreery]], Irish footballer\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Chris Roupas]],\n        Greek-American basketball player\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Sabine Christiansen]],\n        German journalist and television presenter\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Ethan\n        Coen]], American film director, producer, screenwriter and editor\\n** [[Kevin\n        Rudd]], 26th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Nick\n        Cave]], Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter and actor \\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Luigi De Canio]], Italian footballer and football\n        manager\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Peter Sellars]], American theatre director\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Luis Cluzeau Mortet]], Uruguayan composer and musician\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Andrew Dice Clay]], American comedian\\n* [[September\n        30]] – [[Fran Drescher]], American actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Paul\n        Kagame 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Kagame]]]]\\n[[File:Martin Luther King,\n        III 2007 NYC crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Luther King III]]]]\\n[[File:Nancy\n        Cartwright (12306390453).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nancy Cartwright]]]]\\n[[File:Dan\n        Castellaneta cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dan Castellaneta]]]]\\n* [[October 4]]\n        – [[Aleksandr Tkachyov (gymnast)|Aleksandr Tkachyov]], Soviet gymnast\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Bernie Mac]], American stand-up comedian and actor\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Michael W. Smith]], Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Jayne Torvill]], British ice skater\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Ewan Stewart]],\n        Scottish actor\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Rumiko Takahashi]], Japanese manga\n        artist\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Dawn French]], British comedian \\n** [[Eric\n        Keenleyside]], Canadian actor\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Kenny Neal]], American\n        guitarist\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Stacy Peralta]], American director and\n        skateboarder\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Wolfgang Ketterle]], German physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 23]]\\n**[[Paul\n        Kagame]], [[President of Rwanda]]\\n**[[Martin Luther King III]], American\n        human rights advocate and community activist, son of [[Martin Luther King\n        Jr.]] and [[Coretta Scott King]]\\n* [[October 24]] – [[John Kassir]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Nancy Cartwright]],\n        American voice actress\\n* [[October 26]] \\n** [[Julie Dawn Cole]], English\n        actress\\n** [[Bob Golic]], American football player\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Tsai Ming-liang]], Taiwanese film director\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Dan\n        Castellaneta]], American voice actor ([[Homer Simpson]] from ''[[The Simpsons]]'')\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Richard Jeni]], American comedian (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[Brian Stokes Mitchell]], American actor and singer\\n**\n        [[Robert Pollard]], American musician\\n** [[Shirley Phelps-Roper]], American\n        political and religious activist\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tony Abbott - 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tony\n        Abbott]]]]\\n[[File:Goodluck Jonathan World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Goodluck\n        Jonathan]]]]\\n[[File:Caroline Kennedy US State Dept photo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Caroline\n        Kennedy]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Dolph Lundgren]], Swedish actor and\n        martial artist\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Tony Abbott]], 28th [[Prime Minister\n        of Australia]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Jon-Erik Hexum]], American actor\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Cam Clarke]], American voice actor and\n        singer\\n** [[Klaus Kleinfeld]], German business executive\\n** [[Lori Singer]],\n        American actress and musician\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Christopher Knight\n        (actor)|Christopher Knight]], American actor \\n* [[November 12]] – [[C\\u00e9cilia\n        Attias]], wife of French Prime Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Roger Ingram]], American jazz musician, author, educator, trumpet\n        designer\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Gregg Burge]], American tap dancer and\n        choreographer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Kevin Eubanks]],\n        American jazz guitarist\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Debbie Thrower]], English\n        TV news presenter\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Olivia Heussler]], Swiss photojournalist\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\n** [[Ofra Haza]], Israeli singer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Tom\n        Virtue]], American actor\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[John Eriksen]], Danish footballer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Goodluck Jonathan]], President of Nigeria\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Denise Crosby]], American actress\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Matthias Reim]], German singer-songwriter\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Kenny\n        Acheson]], Irish race car driver\\n** [[Caroline Kennedy]], American author,\n        attorney and daughter of 35th President John F. Kennedy\\n** [[Edda Hei\\u00f0r\\u00fan\n        Backman]], Icelandic actress, singer, director and artist (d. 2016)\\n*[[November\n        30]] – [[Colin Mochrie]], Scottish-born Canadian comedian\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Andrew\n        Cuomo 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew Cuomo]]]]\\n[[File:MichaelClarkeDuncanJan09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Clarke Duncan]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Buscemi 2009 portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Buscemi]]]]\\n[[File:Ray Romano 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray Romano]]]]\\n[[File:Hamid\n        Karzai in August 2009 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hamid Karzai]]]]\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Maxim Korobov]], Russian businessman & politician \\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[Eric S. Raymond]], American open source software advocate\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Adrian Borland]], English musician and producer ([[The\n        Sound (band)|The Sound]]) (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Thomas Brinkman]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Andrew Cuomo]], 56th Governor of New York\\n* [[December 9]]\\n**\n        [[Peter O''Mara]], Australian jazz guitarist and composer\\n** [[Donny Osmond]],\n        American pop singer\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Michael Clarke Duncan]], American\n        actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Paul Hardcastle]], English musician\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Steve Buscemi]], American actor\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Ch\\u014d]],\n        Japanese voice actor and actor\\n** [[Laura Molina (artist)|Laura Molina]],\n        American artist, musician and actress\\n* [[December 17]] \\n** [[Masako Natsume]],\n        Japanese model and actress (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Doug Parker (voice actor)|Doug\n        Parker]], Canadian voice actor and voice director\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Kevin McHale (basketball)|Kevin McHale]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Billy Bragg]], British singer\\n** [[Joyce Hyser]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Anna Vissi]], Greek singer\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Tom Henke]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Ray Romano]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Hamid Karzai]], [[President of Afghanistan]]\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Shane MacGowan]], Irish singer and songwriter ([[The\n        Pogues]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**[[Matt Lauer]], American newscaster\\n**[[Joanna\n        Pacu\\u0142a]], Polish actress\\n\\n===Unknown date===\\n*[[Emily Alemika]], Nigerian\n        Professor of Law\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Humphrey Bogart 1945.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Humphrey\n        Bogart]]]]\\n[[File:BASA-3K-7-422-18-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Brendan Connolly]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Wilson Brown (admiral)|Wilson\n        Brown, Jr. Admiral]], American admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[Theodor K\\u00f6rner (Austrian president)|Theodor K\\u00f6rner]], Austrian\n        statesman, 5th [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Gabriela Mistral]], Chilean writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[A. E. Coppard]], English\n        writer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Jack Gilbert Graham]], American\n        mass murderer (executed)  (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Humphrey\n        Bogart]], American actor  (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Arturo\n        Toscanini]], Italian conductor (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[James\n        Brendan Connolly]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 21]]\n        – [[Guido Notari]], Italian actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n**\n        [[Helene Costello]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[William Eythe]],\n        American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Linhares]], Brazilian lawyer,\n        15th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1886]])\\n**[[Enoch J. Rector]], American\n        cinema technician, inventor, and film director (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January\n        29]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Mazurkiewicz (serial killer)|W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Mazurkiewicz]], Polish serial killer (b. [[1911]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif|thumb|100px|[[John\n        von Neumann]]]]\\n[[File:Horthy the regent.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikl\\u00f3s Horthy]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Friedrich Paulus]], German field marshal (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Miguel Covarrubias]], Mexican painter (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[Walther Bothe]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[John von Neumann]], Hungarian-born mathematician\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[John Axon]], English railwayman and\n        hero, in rail accident (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Mikl\\u00f3s Horthy]], Austro-Hungarian\n        admiral and regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]], American author (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Josef Hofmann]], Polish-born pianist and composer (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]]\\n** [[Walter James Bolton]], [[uxoricide]], last person to\n        be executed in New Zealand (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Dedan Kimathi]], Kenyan rebel\n        leader, executed (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Henry Norris Russell]], American astronomer\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[M\\u00e4rta Tor\\u00e9n]], Swedish\n        actress (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Marika Ninou]], Greek singer\n        (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Bugs Moran]], American gangster (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[B. P. Schulberg]], American film producer (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n[[File:Ramon-Magsaysay-01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ramon Magsaysay]]]]\\n[[File:Gheorghe\n        T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gheorghe T\\u0103t\\u0103rescu]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[William Cameron Menzies]], American film production\n        designer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Alexander Godley]], British\n        general (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Wyndham Lewis]], English painter\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[J\\u00e1nos Esterh\\u00e1zy]], Hungarian\n        politician in Czechoslovakia (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Richard\n        E. Byrd]], American explorer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Josephine\n        Hull]], American actress (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Eugenio Castellotti]],\n        Italian racing driver (car crash) (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Constantin\n        Br\\u00e2ncu\\u0219i]], Romanian sculptor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Ramon Magsaysay]], 7th [[President of the Philippines]] (killed in plane\n        crash) (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Herriot]], 3-time\n        Prime Minister of France (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Max Oph\\u00fcls]], German film\n        director and writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Gheorghe T\\u0103t\\u0103rescu]],\n        Romanian politician, 36th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\n** [[Laura Bowman]], American actress, singer (b. [[1881]]) \\n** [[Joyce\n        Cary]], Irish author (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Josefa Segovia Mor\\u00f3n]],\n        Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and venerable (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Gene Lockhart]], Canadian actor (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n[[File:Elinor Fair 1919.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elinor Fair]]]]\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Ned Sparks]], Canadian character actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[E. Herbert Norman]], Canadian diplomat (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April\n        5]] – [[Alagappa Chettiar]], Indian philanthropist (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Pierina Morosini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman,\n        martyr and blessed (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Dorothy Sebastian]],\n        American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Pedro Segura y S\\u00e1enz]], Spanish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop, archbishop and eminence (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Pedro Infante]], Mexican actor and singer (b. [[1917]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Johnny Torrio]], Italian-born American gangster (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Roy Campbell (poet)|Roy Campbell]], South\n        African poet (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Abdullah bin Jassim Al\n        Thani]], [[Emir of Qatar]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Elinor\n        Fair]], American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Joseph McCarthy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph\n        McCarthy]]]]\\n[[File:SelassiesSon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Makonnen]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Grant Mitchell (actor)|Grant Mitchell]], American actor\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Joseph McCarthy]], American Senator (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Katie Johnson (English actress)|Katie Johnson]],\n        British actress (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Filchner]], German\n        explorer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Zen\\u00f3n Noriega Ag\\u00fcero]], Peruvian general,\n        interim [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Ezio Pinza]],\n        Italian bass (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Heinrich Campendonk]], German-Dutch painter\n        and graphic designer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\n** [[Stefan I of Bulgaria]],\n        Bulgarian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] prelate and metropolitan (b.  [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Erich von Stroheim]], Austrian actor and director (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May\n        13]]\\n** [[Michael Fekete]], Hungarian-born Israeli mathematician (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Makonnen]] (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Robert Alfred Theobald|Robert \\\"Fuzzy\\\"\n        Theobald]], American admiral (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Marie Vassilieff]],\n        Russian artist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[John Brown (actor)|John Brown]],\n        British actor (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Eliot Ness]], American policeman (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Francesco Balilla Pratella]], Italian composer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[James Whale]], English film director (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – [[Leopold Staff]], Polish poet (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Johannes_Stark.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johannes\n        Stark]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Feliksas Baltu\\u0161is-\\u017demaitis]], Lithuanian\n        military leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Luisa Casati]], Italian patron of the\n        arts (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Russell Hicks]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Mary Hay (actress)|Mary Hay]], American actress and dancer\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Kulyash Baiseitova]], Soviet composer\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Robert Alton]], American dancer and choreographer\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Mario Urteaga Alvarado]], Peruvian painter (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Dorsey]], American jazz musician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Irving Baxter]], American athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Beatriz del Rosario Arroyo]], Filipino [[Roman Catholic]] nun (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Norina Matchabelli|Princess Norina Matchabelli]], Italian\n        perfumier (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Dorothy Richardson]], English\n        feminist writer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Augusto Samuel Boyd]], 20th [[President\n        of Panama]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Henry H. Goddard]], American\n        psychologist and eugenicist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Johannes\n        Stark]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June\n        23]] – Patriarch [[Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[Frantisek Kupka]], Czech painter and graphic artist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Alfred D\\u00f6blin]], German writer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Hermann Buhl]], Austrian mountaineer (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Malcolm\n        Lowry]], English novelist (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Tomasi di Lampedusa.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giuseppe\n        Tomasi di Lampedusa]]]]\\n[[File:FrankFentonLadyofBurlesque1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Frank\n        Fenton (actor)|Frank Fenton]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Richard Mohaupt]], German\n        composer and Kapellmeister (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Judy Tyler]], American actress\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Maria Crocifissa Curcio]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] and [[Carmelite]] nun (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Grace\n        Coolidge]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 10]]\n        – [[Sholem Asch]], Polish-Jewish novelist, dramatist and essayist (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Aga Khan III]], 48th Nizari Imam (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** [[George Cleveland]], Canadian actor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[James\n        M. Cox]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate for [[President\n        of the United States]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1920|election\n        of 1920]] (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Vasily Maklakov]], Russian liberal politician\n        and parliamentary orator (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Giuseppe Tomasi\n        di Lampedusa]], Sicilian writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Metodija\n        Andonov-\\u010cento]], Macedonian statesman (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Frank Fenton\n        (actor)|Frank Fenton]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Sacha Guitry]],\n        Russian-born playwright, actor and director (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        [[Carlos Castillo Armas]], 28th [[President of Guatemala]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Edith Abbott]], American social worker,\n        educator and author (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Isaac Heinemann]], German-born Israeli\n        scholar and professor of classical literature (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Oliver\n        Hardy Portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oliver Hardy]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Devdas Gandhi]], youngest son of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August\n        4]] – [[Washington Lu\\u00eds]], 13th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Oliver Hardy]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Irving\n        Langmuir]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[David Bomberg]], Vorticist painter\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Julio Lozano D\\u00edaz]], President\n        of Honduras (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Mait Metsanurk]], Estonian\n        writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Harold Gatty]], Australian\n        aviator (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Haakon7.jpg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Haakon VII of Norway]]]]\\n[[File:Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Archduke\n        Joseph Francis of Austria]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Dennis Brain]],\n        English French horn player (b. [[1921]]) (car crash)\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        [[Bobby Myers (racing driver)|Bobby Myers]], American [[NASCAR]] driver (b.\n        [[1927]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Muhammad al-Muqri]], grand vizier of\n        Morocco (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Lins do Rego]],\n        Brazilian novelist (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Lee Hill (actor)|Lee\n        Hill]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Qi Baishi]],\n        Chinese painter (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Jean Sibelius]],\n        Finnish composer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\n** [[Jimmy Callahan (actor)|Jimmy\n        Callahan]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Norma Gim\\u00e9nez]], Argentine\n        actress (b. [[1930]])\\n** King [[Haakon VII of Norway]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Toyoda Soemu]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Luis Cluzeau Mortet]], Uruguayan composer and musician (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[George Bagration of Mukhrani|Prince George\n        Bagration]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Jane Carr (actress; 1909\\u20131957)|Jane Carr]],\n        British actress (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Stamps of Romania,\n        2005-002.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Christian Dior]]]]\\n[[File:Gerty Theresa\n        Cori.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Gerty Cori]]]]\\n[[File:1904 jose patricio guggiari.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Patricio Guggiari]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] – [[L\\u0151rinc Szab\\u00f3]],\n        Hungarian poet (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Hassiba Ben Bouali]],\n        Algerian militant (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Vere Gordon Childe]],\n        Australian archaeologist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jack Buchanan]],\n        British actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Frederick Burton (actor)|Frederick\n        Burton]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Christian Dior]],\n        French fashion designer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef]], South\n        African artist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Albert Anastasia]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany|Edward\n        Plunkett, Baron Dunsany]], Irish author (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Gerty Cori]], Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Giovanni\n        Battista Caproni]], Italian aeronautical, civil and electrical engineer, aircraft\n        designer and industrialist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Louis\n        B. Mayer]], American film studio mogul, former head of [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]\n        (MGM) (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Patricio Guggiari]],\n        Paraguayan politician, 32nd [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Diego\n        Rivera with a xoloitzcuintle dog in the Blue House, Coyoacan - Google Art\n        Project.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Diego Rivera]]]]\\n[[File:Prince George of Greece\n        in 1902, High Commissioner in Crete.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince George of Greece\n        and Denmark]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Ted Meredith]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Charles Brabin]], American director\n        and screenwriter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Laika]], Soviet space dog\\n** [[Wilhelm\n        Reich]], Austrian psychoanalyst (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Shoghi\n        Effendi]], Bah\\u00e1''\\u00ed leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[William Haywood (architect)|William\n        Haywood]], British architect (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Grigore Preoteasa]], Romanian\n        activist (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Hasui Kawase]], Japanese\n        painter and printmaker (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Masao Maruyama\n        (Japanese Army officer)|Masao Maruyama]], Japanese general (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Anton\\u00edn Z\\u00e1potock\\u00fd]], 6th President\n        and 15th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – [[Andrzej Bursa]], Polish poet (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Cora Witherspoon]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Rudolf Diels]], German Nazi civil servant and ''''Gestapo'''' chief (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Diego Rivera]], Mexican painter (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark]] (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n** [[Raymond Griffith]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[William\n        V. Pratt]], American admiral (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Billy\n        Bevan]], Australian actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Petros Voulgaris]], Prime Minister\n        of Greece (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]],\n        Austrian composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Beniamino Gigli]],\n        Italian tenor (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:James Stevenson-Hamilton.png|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Stevenson-Hamilton]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Harrison Ford (silent film\n        actor)|Harrison Ford]], American silent film actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[John Lavarack]], Australian general, [[Governor of Queensland]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Reginald Sheffield]], English actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Maurice McLoughlin]], American\n        tennis champion (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[James Stevenson-Hamilton]],\n        first warden of South Africa''s [[Kruger National Park]] (b. 1867)\\n** [[Napoleon\n        Zervas]], Greek WW II Resistance leader (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[Musidora]], French actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Alfonso\n        Bedoya]], Mexican actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Dorothy\n        L. Sayers]], British crime writer, poet, playwright and essayist (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Eric Coates]], English composer (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Norma Talmadge]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Alfred Walton Hinds]], 17th [[Naval Governor of Guam]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Charles Path\\u00e9]], French film pioneer (b. [[1863]])\\n**\n        [[Stanley Vestal]], American writer, poet and historian (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Angelo Motta]], Italian entrepreneur (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[\\u00d3scar Dom\\u00ednguez]], Spanish painter (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Chen-Ning Yang]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Alexander R. Todd|Lord Alexander R. Todd]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Daniel Bovet]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[Albert Camus]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – [[Lester Bowles Pearson]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1957}}\\n\\n[[Category:1957|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T02:22:52Z\",\"lastrevid\":799080767,\"length\":69189,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1957&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957\"},\"34953\":{\"pageid\":34953,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1958\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T06:05:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1968}}\\n{{Year nav|1958}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1958}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events ==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** The [[European Economic Community]] (EEC)\n        comes into being.\\n** The first [[Carrefour]] store opens, in [[Annecy]].\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – [[Edmund Hillary]]''s [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic\n        Expedition]] completes the third overland journey to the [[South Pole]], and\n        the first to use powered vehicles.\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Sputnik 1]]\n        (launched on October 4, 1957) falls to Earth from its orbit and burns up.\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – 14-year-old [[Bobby Fischer]] wins the [[United States\n        Chess Championship]].\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** Armed [[Lumbee]] Indians confront\n        a handful of [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansmen]] in [[Maxton, North Carolina]].\\n**\n        The first of [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s ''''[[Young People''s Concerts]]''''\n        with the New York Philharmonic is telecast by CBS. The Emmy-winning series\n        (one concert approximately every three months except for the summer) will\n        run for more than fourteen years. It will make Bernstein''s name a household\n        word, and the most famous conductor in the U.S.\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        Dutch author [[Anne de Vries]] releases the fourth and final volume of ''''[[Journey\n        Through the Night]]'''', her children''s World War II novel.\\n* [[January\n        28]]\\n** [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] [[baseball]] player [[Roy\n        Campanella]] is involved in an automobile accident that ends his career and\n        leaves him paralyzed.\\n** [[Godtfred Kirk Christiansen]] files a patent for\n        the iconic plastic [[Lego brick]]. From its foundation, his company will make\n        400 billion Lego elements.\\n* [[January 31]] – The first successful\n        American [[satellite]], [[Explorer 1]], is launched into orbit.\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] unite to form the [[United\n        Arab Republic]].\\n* [[February 2]] – The word ''''Aerospace'''' is coined,\n        from the words Aircraft (aero) and Spacecraft (space), taking into consideration\n        that the Earth''s atmosphere and outerspace is to be one, or a single realm.\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] is nominated as the first president\n        of the [[United Arab Republic]].\\n** The [[Tybee Bomb]], a 7,600 pound (3,500 kg)\n        Mark 15 [[hydrogen bomb]], is lost in the waters off [[Savannah, Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – Seven [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]\n        footballers are among the 21 people killed in the [[Munich air disaster]]\n        in West Germany, on the return flight from a [[European Cup]] game in [[Yugoslavia]].\n        23 people survive, but four of them, including manager [[Matt Busby]] and\n        players [[Johnny Berry]] and [[Duncan Edwards]], are in a serious condition.\n        Busby and Berry would pullthrough although Berry would never play again.  Edwards\n        died fortnight later.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/6/newsid_2535000/2535961.stm\n        |work=BBC News |title=1958: United players killed in air disaster |date=February\n        6, 1958 |accessdate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917140201/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/6/newsid_2535000/2535961.stm\n        |archivedate=September 17, 2010 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}\\n* [[February\n        11]]\\n** The strongest ever known [[solar maximum]] is recorded.As of\n        2012. {{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/10mar_stormwarning.htm?list862664|title=Solar\n        Storm Warning|work=Science@NASA|date=2006-03-10|accessdate=2012-03-30}}\\n**\n        Marshal [[Chen Yi (communist)|Chen Yi]] succeeds [[Zhou Enlai]] as Chinese\n        Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\n** Ruth Carol Taylor is the first [[African\n        American]] woman hired as a [[flight attendant]]. Hired by [[Mohawk Airlines]],\n        her career lasts only six months, due to another discriminatory barrier –\n        the airline''s ban on married flight attendants.\\n* [[February 14]] –\n        The [[Hashemites|Hashemite]] Kingdoms of [[Iraq]] and [[Jordan]] unite in\n        the [[Arab Federation]] with King [[Faisal II of Iraq]] as head of state.\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] declares [[Clare of Assisi|Saint\n        Clare]] the [[patron saint]] of television.\\n* [[February 20]] – A test\n        rocket explodes at [[Cape Canaveral]].\\n* [[February 21]] – A [[peace\n        symbol]] is designed and completed by [[Gerald Holtom]], commissioned by the\n        [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], in protest against the [[Atomic Weapons\n        Research Establishment]].\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Cuba]]n rebels kidnap five-time\n        world driving champion [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], releasing him 28 hours later.\\n**\n        [[Arturo Frondizi]] is elected president of [[Argentina]].\\n* [[February 24]]\n        – In [[Cuba]], [[Fidel Castro]]''s ''''[[Radio Rebelde]]'''' begins\n        broadcasting from [[Sierra Maestra]].\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Bertrand\n        Russell]] launches the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]].\\n* [[February\n        28]] – One of the worst school bus accidents in U.S. history occurs\n        at [[Prestonsburg, Kentucky bus disaster|Prestonburg, Kentucky]]; 27 are killed.\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n* [[March 1]] – The Turkish passenger ship {{SS|\\u00dcsk\\u00fcdar||2}}\n        capsizes and sinks in the [[Gulf of \\u0130zmit]], Turkey; at least 300 die.\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – A British [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition]]\n        team led by Sir [[Vivian Fuchs]] completes the first overland crossing of\n        the Antarctic, using [[snowcat]] caterpillar tractors and dogsled teams, in\n        99 days, via the [[South Pole]].\\n* [[March 8]] – The {{USS|Wisconsin|BB-64|6}}\n        is decommissioned, leaving the United States Navy without an active battleship\n        for the first time since [[1896]] (it is recommissioned October 22, 1988).\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – A U.S. [[B-47]] bomber accidentally drops an [[atom bomb]]\n        on [[Mars Bluff, South Carolina]]. Without a fissile warhead, its conventional\n        explosives destroy a house and injure several people.\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        The Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization\n        ([[International Maritime Organization|IMCO]]) enters into force, founding\n        the IMCO as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – The United States launches the [[Vanguard 1]] [[satellite]].\\n* [[March\n        19]] – The [[Monarch Underwear Company fire]] occurs in New York, killing\n        twenty-four.\\n* [[March 24]] – The U.S. Army inducts [[Elvis Presley]],\n        transforming The King Of Rock & Roll into U.S. Private #53310761.\\n* [[March\n        25]] – Canada''s [[Avro Arrow]] makes its debut flight.\\n* [[March 26]]\\n**\n        The [[United States Army]] launches [[Explorer 3]].\\n** The [[30th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony takes place; ''''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'''' wins\n        seven awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].\\n* [[March 27]]\n        \\n** [[Nikita Khrushchev]] becomes [[Premier of the Soviet Union]].\\n**The\n        film: ''''[[Run Silent, Run Deep (1958 film)|Run Silent, Run Deep]]'''' is\n        released in the US.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* April – Unemployment in Detroit\n        reaches 20%, marking the height of the [[Recession of 1958]] in the United\n        States.\\n* [[April 1]] – The [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop]] is established.\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Fidel Castro|Castro]]''s revolutionary army begins its\n        attacks on [[Havana]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[April 7]] – In the first\n        protest march for the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] from [[Hyde Park,\n        London]] to [[Aldermaston]], [[Berkshire]], demonstrators demand the banning\n        of [[nuclear weapons]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Cheryl Crane]], daughter\n        of actress [[Lana Turner]], fatally stabs her mother''s gangster lover [[Johnny\n        Stompanato]] (the stabbing is eventually ruled as [[self-defense]]).\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]] divorces the Shah of Iran, [[Mohammad\n        Reza Pahlavi]] after she is unable to produce any children.\\n* [[April 14]]\\n**\n        The satellite [[Sputnik 2]] (launched 3 November 1957) disintegrates during\n        reentry from orbit.\\n** [[Van Cliburn]] wins the [[International Tchaikovsky\n        Competition]] for [[piano|pianists]] in Moscow, breaking [[Cold War]] tensions.\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – The [[San Francisco Giants]] beat the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]\n        8\\u20130 at [[San Francisco]]''s [[Seals Stadium]], in the first [[Major League\n        Baseball]] regular season game ever played in [[California]].\\n* [[April 17]]\n        – King [[Baudouin of Belgium]] officially opens the [[world''s fair]]\n        in [[Brussels]], also known as [[Expo 58]]. The [[Atomium]] forms the centrepiece.\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – The [[Montreal Canadiens]] win the [[Stanley Cup]] after\n        [[1958 Stanley Cup Finals|defeating]] the [[Boston Bruins]] in six games.\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[United Airlines Flight 736]] is involved in a mid-air\n        collision with a U.S. Air Force [[North American F-100 Super Sabre|F-100F]]\n        jet fighter near [[Las Vegas]]. All 49 persons in both aircraft are killed.\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – \\\"The Sunday Afternoon at Home\\\", one of the most famous\n        episodes of  the comedy radio series [[Hancock''s Half Hour]] is  broadcast\n        on the [[BBC]] Light Programme for the first time.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May\n        1]]\\n** [[Arturo Frondizi]] becomes [[President of Argentina]].\\n** The [[Nordic\n        Passport Union]] comes into force.\\n* [[May 9]] – Actor-singer [[Paul\n        Robeson]], whose passport has been reinstated, sings in a sold-out one-man\n        recital at [[Carnegie Hall]]. The recital is such a success that Robeson gives\n        another one at Carnegie Hall a few days later; but, after this, Robeson is\n        seldom seen in public in the United States again. His Carnegie Hall concerts\n        are later released on records and on [[CD]].\\n* [[May 10]] – Interviewed\n        in the Chave d''Ouro caf\\u00e9, when asked about his rival [[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        de Oliveira Salazar]], [[Humberto Delgado]] utters one of the most famous\n        comments in Portuguese political history: \\\"Obviamente, demito-o! (Obviously,\n        I''ll sack him!)\\\".\\n* [[May 12]] – A formal [[North American Aerospace\n        Defense Command]] agreement is signed between the United States and Canada.\\n*\n        [[May 13]]\\n** [[Pied-Noir|French Algerian]] protesters seize government offices\n        in [[Algiers]], leading to a military coup.\\n** During a visit to [[Caracas]],\n        [[Venezuela]], [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Richard\n        Nixon]]''s car is attacked by [[Anti-Americanism|anti-American]] demonstrators.\\n*\n        [[May 15]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Sputnik 3]].\\n** [[MGM]]''s\n        ''''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]'''' opens in New York City, beginning its run\n        in the U.S. after being shown at the Cannes film festival. The last of the\n        great MGM musicals, it will become a huge critical and box office success\n        and win nine Academy Awards including Best Picture. ''''Gigi'''' is [[Lerner\n        and Loewe]]''s first musical written especially for film, and is deliberately\n        written in a style evoking the team''s ''''[[My Fair Lady]]'''', which was\n        still playing on Broadway at the time and could not be filmed yet.\\n* [[May\n        18]] – An [[F-104 Starfighter]] sets a world speed record of {{Convert|1404.19|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Fulgencio Batista]]''s government launches a counteroffensive\n        against Castro''s rebels.\\n* [[May 21]] – [[United Kingdom Postmaster\n        General]] [[Ernest Marples]] announces that from December, [[subscriber trunk\n        dialling|Subscriber Trunk Dialling]] will be introduced in the [[Bristol]]\n        area.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2510000/2510289.stm\n        | work=BBC News | title=1958: Trunk dialling heralds cheaper calls | date=May\n        21, 1958}}\\n* [[May 22]] - [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Dwight D.\n        Eisenhower]] becomes the first American elected official to be broadcast on\n        color television. \\n* [[May 23]] – [[Explorer 1]] ceases transmission.\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[A.C. Milan|A.C.Milan]]\n        3-2 at [[Heysel Stadium]], [[Brussels]] and wins the [[1957-58 European Cup]]\n        (football).\\n* [[May 30]] – The bodies of unidentified United States\n        soldiers killed in action during World War II and the [[Korean War]] are buried\n        at the [[Tomb of the Unknowns]] in [[Arlington National Cemetery]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Charles de Gaulle]] is brought out of retirement\n        to lead France by decree for 6 months.\\n** [[Iceland]] extends its fishing\n        limits to 12 miles (22.2 km).\\n* [[June 2]] – In [[San Simeon,\n        California]], [[Hearst Castle]] opens to the public for guided tours.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hearstcastle.com|title=Hearst Castle|publisher=[[California\n        State Parks]]|accessdate=2011-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208001323/http://hearstcastle.com/\n        |archivedate=February 8, 2011|deadurl=no}}\\n* [[June 4]]\n        – French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] visits [[Algeria]].\\n* [[June\n        8]] – The {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}} is launched; she will be the largest\n        [[Lake freighter]] for more than a dozen years.\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Pizza\n        Hut]] is founded.\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Imre Nagy]] is hanged for treason\n        in Hungary.\\n* [[June 20]] – The iron [[barque]] ''''Omega'''' of [[Callao]],\n        [[Peru]] (built in Scotland, 1887), sinks on passage carrying [[guano]] from\n        the Pachacamac Islands for [[Huacho]], the world''s last [[full-rigged ship]]\n        trading under sail alone.{{cite web|title=Drumcliff|url=http://www.sjohistoriskasamfundet.se/LB/Nautica/Ships/Fourmast_ships/Drumcliff(1887).html|publisher=Sj\\u00f6historiska\n        Samfundet|year=1999|accessdate=2011-02-15}}\\n* [[June 27]] – The\n        [[Peronism|Peronist]] party becomes legal again in [[Argentina]].\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] beats [[Sweden national\n        football team|Sweden]] 5\\u20132 in the [[1958 FIFA World Cup Final|final game]]\n        to win the [[Association football|football]] [[1958 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]\n        in [[Sweden]].\\n* [[June 30]] – The [[Ifni War]] ends.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n*\n        July – The plastic [[hula hoop]] is first marketed in the United States.\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – [[Gasherbrum I]], the 11th highest mountain in the world,\n        is first ascended.\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** United States  President [[Dwight D.\n        Eisenhower]] signs the [[Alaska Statehood Act]] into law.\\n** The first International\n        House of Pancakes ([[IHOP]]) opens in [[Toluca Lake, Los Angeles]].\\n* [[July\n        9]] – [[1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami]]: A 7.8 {{M|w}} strike-slip earthquake\n        in [[Southeast Alaska]] causes a [[landslide]] that produces a [[megatsunami]].\n        The runup from the waves reaches {{convert|525|m|abbr=on}} on the rim of [[Lituya\n        Bay]].\\n* [[July 10]] – The first [[parking meter]]s are installed in\n        Britain.\\n* [[July 11]]  \\n** Count Michael Rh\\u00e9dey von Kis-Rh\\u00e9de,\n        direct descendant of [[Samuel Aba, King of Hungary]], at the age of 60 is\n        pistol-whipped and murdered over a few hectares of land by [[Czechoslovak]]\n        Communists during the collectivization process at his residence in [[Ko\\u0161ick\\u00e9\n        O\\u013e\\u0161any|Olcsvar]], [[Slovakia]].\\n** Scottish serial killer [[Peter\n        Manuel]], \\\"The Beast of Birkenshaw\\\" is hanged at [[HM Prison Barlinnie|Barlinnie\n        Prison]] in [[Glasgow]] for the murder of seven people.\\n* [[July 12]]  \\n**\n        [[The Beatles]], at this time known as [[The Quarrymen]], pay 17 shillings\n        and 6 pence to have their first recording session where they record [[Buddy\n        Holly]]''s \\\"[[That''ll Be the Day]]\\\" and \\\"[[In Spite of All the Danger]]\\\",\n        a song written by [[Paul McCartney]] and [[George Harrison]].\\n** [[Henri\n        Cornelis]] becomes Governor-General of the [[Belgian Congo]], the last Belgian\n        governor prior to independence.\\n* [[July 14]] – [[July 14 Revolution]]\n        in Iraq. King Faisal is killed. Abdul Qassim assumes power.\\n* [[July 15]]\n        – In [[Lebanon]], 5,000 [[United States Marines]] land in the capital\n        [[Beirut]] in order to protect the pro-Western government there.\\n* [[July\n        17]] – British paratroopers arrive in [[Jordan]]; King [[Hussein of\n        Jordan|Hussein]] has asked help against pressure from Iraq.\\n* [[July 20]]\n        – Various rebel groups in Cuba join forces but the communists do not\n        join them.\\n* [[July 24]] – The first [[life peerage]] under the [[Life\n        Peerages Act 1958]] is created in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Explorer\n        program]]: [[Explorer 4]] is launched.\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] gives her son\n        and [[heir apparent]] [[Charles, Prince of Wales|The Prince Charles]] the\n        customary title of [[Prince of Wales]].\\n* [[July 29]] – The [[United\n        States Congress|U.S. Congress]] formally creates the [[NASA|National Aeronautics\n        and Space Administration]] (NASA).\\n* [[July 31]] – The [[Protests and\n        uprisings in Tibet since 1950|Tibetan resistance movement]] against rule by\n        China receives support from the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]].\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n* [[August 3]] – The nuclear-powered submarine {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}}\n        becomes the first vessel to cross the [[North Pole]] under water.\\n* [[August\n        6]] – Australian athlete [[Herb Elliott]] clips almost three seconds\n        off the [[Mile run world record progression|world record]] for the [[mile\n        run]] at [[Santry Stadium]], [[Dublin]], recording a time of 3 minutes 54.5\n        seconds.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[KLM Flight 607-E]], operated by a [[Lockheed\n        L-1049 Super Constellation]] aircraft, crashes into the sea with 99 people\n        on board.\\n* [[August 17]] – The first [[Thor-Able]] rocket is launched,\n        carrying [[Pioneer 0]], from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch\n        Complex 17]]. The launch fails due to a first stage malfunction.\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Vladimir Nabokov]]''s controversial novel ''''[[Lolita]]'''' is\n        published in the United States.\\n** [[Brojen Das]] from [[East Pakistan]]\n        swims across the [[English Channel]] in a competition, as the first [[Bangali]]\n        as well as the first Asian to ever do it. He is first among 39 competitors.\\n*\n        [[August 23]]\\n** [[Chinese Civil War]]: The [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]]\n        begins with the [[People''s Liberation Army]]''s bombardment of [[Quemoy]].\\n**\n        President of the United States [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the [[Federal\n        Aviation Act of 1958|Federal Aviation Act]], transferring all authority over\n        aviation in the USA to the newly created [[Federal Aviation Agency]] (FAA,\n        later renamed [[Federal Aviation Administration]]).\\n* [[August 26]] –\n        A [[1958 Paraguayan general strike|general strike]] is called in [[Paraguay]].\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Operation Argus]]: The United States begins nuclear\n        tests over the South Atlantic.\\n* [[August 30]] – [[September 1]] –\n        [[1958 Notting Hill race riots|Notting Hill race riots]]: Riots occur between\n        blacks and whites in [[Notting Hill]], London.{{cite web|url=http://newsfilm.bufvc.ac.uk/article.php?story=2005100819205024|title=\\\"Notting\n        Hill Riot Special\\\", newsfilm online|accessdate=2008-03-05}}\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n* [[September 1]] – The [[first Cod War]] begins between\n        the United Kingdom and [[Iceland]].\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Hendrik Verwoerd]]\n        becomes the 6th [[Prime Minister of South Africa]].\\n** China''s first television\n        broadcasts start at Beijing Television Station, a predecessor of [[China Central\n        Television]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}      \\u3000\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Paul Robeson]] performs in concert at the Soviet [[Young Pioneer\n        camp]] [[Artek (camp)|Artek]].\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Jack Kilby]]\n        invents the first [[integrated circuit]]\\n* [[September 14]] – Two [[Mohr\n        Rocket|rockets]] designed by German engineer [[Ernst Mohr]] (the first German\n        post-war rockets) reach the upper atmosphere.\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Typhoon\n        Ida (1958)|Typhoon Ida]] kills at least 1,269 in [[Honsh\\u016b]], Japan.\\n**\n        [[Hurricane Helene (1958)|Hurricane Helene]], the worst storm of the North\n        Atlantic hurricane season, reaches category 4 status.\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – In France, a majority of 79% says yes to the constitution of the [[French\n        Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]].\\n* [[September 30]] – The [[U.S.S.R.]]\n        performs a [[nuclear test]] at [[Novaya Zemlya]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October\n        1]]\\n** [[Tunisia]] and [[Morocco]] join the [[Arab League]].\\n** [[NASA]]\n        starts operations and replaces the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]].\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Guinea]] declares itself independent from France.\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[British Overseas Airways Corporation|BOAC]] uses the\n        new [[De Havilland Comet]] jets, to become the first airline to fly jet passenger\n        services across the Atlantic.\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] dies.\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Pioneer 1]], the second and most successful of the\n        3 project [[Pioneer program|Able space probes]], becomes the first spacecraft\n        launched by the newly formed [[NASA]].\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Penelope\n        Coelen|Penny Coelen]] is crowned as [[Miss World 1958]] during the 8th Miss\n        World pageant, the first South African to win the title.\\n* [[October 16]]\n        – First broadcast of the long-running [[BBC Television]] children''s\n        programme ''''[[Blue Peter]]''''.{{cite book|title=Penguin\n        Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[October 17]] - ''''[[An Evening with Fred Astaire]]'''', the very first\n        television show recorded on color videotape, is broadcast on [[NBC]].\\n* [[October\n        18]] – The first video game, \\u201cTennis for Two,\\u201d invented by\n        William Higinbotham, is introduced at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Visitors''\n        Day Exhibit. \\n* [[October 19]] – Beginning of [[Great Chinese Famine]].\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – The [[Life Peerages Act 1958|Life Peerages Act]] entitles\n        women to sit in the British [[House of Lords]] for the first time. The Baronesses\n        Swanborough ([[Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading]]) and Wooton ([[Barbara\n        Wootton, Baroness Wootton of Abinger]]) are the first to take their seats.\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Nobel Committee]] announces [[Boris Pasternak]] as\n        the winner of the 1958 Prize for Literature\\n* [[October 26]] – First\n        transatlantic flight of a [[Pan American World Airways]] [[Boeing 707]].\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Pope John XXIII]] succeeds [[Pope Pius XII]] as the\n        261st pope.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n* [[November 3]] – The new [[UNESCO]]\n        building is inaugurated in Paris.\\n* [[November 10]] – The [[bossa nova]]\n        is born in [[Rio de Janeiro]], with [[Jo\\u00e3o Gilberto]]''s recording of\n        ''''[[Chega de Saudade]]''''.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Harry Winston]]\n        donates the [[Hope Diamond]] to the [[Smithsonian Institution]].\\n* [[November\n        18]] – En route to [[Rogers City, Michigan]], the [[lake freighter]]\n        {{SS|Carl D. Bradley}} breaks up and sinks in a storm on [[Lake Michigan]];\n        33 of the 35 crewmen on board perish.\\n* [[November 22]] – The [[Robert\n        Menzies|Menzies]] [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] government in Australia\n        is re-elected for a fifth term.\\n* [[November 23]] – The radio version\n        of ''''[[Have Gun \\u2013 Will Travel]]'''' premieres. It is one of the last\n        dramas to go on the air on commercial radio. Only some NPR stations will broadcast\n        radio dramas in years to come.\\n* [[November 25]] – [[French Sudan]]\n        gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the [[French Community|French\n        colonial empire]].\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Chad]], the [[Republic of\n        the Congo]], and [[Gabon]] become autonomous republics within the French colonial\n        empire.\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Gaullism|Gaullists]] win the [[French\n        legislative election, 1958|French parliamentary election]].\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Adolfo L\\u00f3pez Mateos]] takes office as [[President\n        of Mexico]].\\n** [[Our Lady of the Angels School fire]]: At least 90 students\n        and 3 nuns are killed in a fire in Chicago.\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Subscriber\n        trunk dialling]] (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by the Queen,\n        when she dials a call from [[Bristol]] to [[Edinburgh]] and speaks to the\n        [[Lord Provost]].{{cite web|url=http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/BTsHistory/1912to1968/1958.htm|title=Events\n        in Telecommunications History \\u2013 1958|accessdate=2008-01-27}}\\n**\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]]\n        personally inspects and opens the United Kingdom''s first ever motorway, the\n        [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] Bypass, to traffic for the first time. The\n        Bypass is now part of the [[M6 motorway|M6]] and [[M55 motorway|M55]] Motorways,\n        and was significantly upgraded in the mid 1990s. 11 months later the [[M1\n        motorway|M1]], [[M45 motorway|M45]] and [[M10 motorway (Great Britain)|M10]]\n        Motorways open.\\n* [[December 9]] – The right-wing [[John Birch Society]]\n        is founded in the United States by [[Robert W. Welch Jr.]], a retired candy\n        manufacturer.\\n* [[December 14]] – The ''''3rd [[Soviet Antarctic Expedition]]''''\n        becomes the first ever to reach the Southern [[Pole of Inaccessibility]].\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow|Arthur L. Schawlow]] and\n        [[Charles Hard Townes|Charles H. Townes]] of [[Bell Laboratories]] publish\n        a paper in ''''[[Physical Review|Physical Review Letters]]'''' setting out\n        the principles of the [[optical laser]].\\n* [[December 16]] – A fire\n        breaks out in the Vida Department Store in [[Bogot\\u00e1, Colombia]] and kills\n        84 persons.\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** The United States launches [[SCORE (satellite)|SCORE]],\n        the world''s first [[communications satellite]].\\n** The [[Bell XV-3]] [[Tiltrotor]]\n        makes the first true mid-air transition from vertical helicopter-type flight\n        to fully level fixed-wing flight.\\n* [[December 19]] – A message from\n        U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower is broadcast from the [[SCORE (satellite)|SCORE\n        satellite]].\\n* [[December 21]] – General [[Charles de Gaulle]] is elected\n        president of France with 78.5% of the votes.\\n* [[December 24]] – [[1958\n        BOAC Bristol Britannia crash]]: A [[BOAC]] [[Bristol Britannia]] (312 [[G-AOVD]])\n        crashes near Winkton, England during a test flight.\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Tchaikovsky]]''s [[ballet]] ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''' (the [[George Balanchine]]\n        version) is shown on prime-time television in color for the first time, as\n        an episode of the [[CBS]] [[anthology series]] ''''[[Playhouse 90]]''''.\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – In [[American football]], the [[Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore\n        Colts]] beat the [[New York Giants]] 23\\u201317 to win the [[1958 NFL Championship\n        Game|NFL Championship Game]], the first to go into [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden\n        death]] [[Overtime (sport)|overtime]] and \\\"The Greatest Game Ever Played\\\".Barnidge,\n        Tom. [http://www.nfl.com/insider/story/6032205 1958 Colts remember the ''Greatest\n        Game''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070507054703/http://www.nfl.com/insider/story/6032205\n        |date=May 7, 2007 }}, nfl.com, reprinted from Official [[Super Bowl XXXIII]]\n        Game Program, accessed March 21, 2007.\\n* [[December 29]] – Rebel\n        troops under [[Che Guevara]] begin to invade [[Santa Clara, Cuba]]. Fulgencio\n        Batista resigns two days later, on the night of the 31st.\\n* [[December 31]]\n        – Tallies reveal that, for the first time, the total of passengers carried\n        by air this year exceeds the total carried by sea in transatlantic service.\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Nikita Khrushchev]] orders the Western allies to evacuate\n        [[West Berlin]] within 6 months but backs down in the face of the Allies''\n        unity.\\n* The United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom agree\n        to stop testing atomic bombs for 3 years.\\n* During the [[International Geophysical\n        Year]], Earth''s [[magnetosphere]] is discovered.\\n* The last legal [[female\n        genital cutting]] occurs in the United States.\\n* [[Denatonium]], the [[bitter\n        (taste)|bitterest]] substance known, is discovered. It is used as an [[aversive\n        agent]] in products such as bleach to reduce the risk of children drinking\n        them.\\n* [[The Jim Henson Company]] is founded.\\n* [[Instant noodle]]s go\n        on sale for the first time.\\n* The Japanese [[10 yen coin]] ceases having\n        serrated edges after a 5-year period beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since\n        have smooth edges.\\n* The [[British Rally Championship]] begins its first\n        year.\\n* The [[University of New Orleans]] established\\n* [[Illinois]] observes\n        the centennial of the [[Lincoln\\u2013Douglas debates]].\\n* [[Sicily|Sicilian]]\n        writer [[Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa]]''s novel ''''[[The Leopard|Il Gattopardo]]''''\n        is published posthumously.\\n* Welsh cultural critic [[Raymond Williams]] publishes\n        ''''[[Culture and Society]]''''.\\n* Based on birth rates (per 1,000 population),\n        the post-war [[baby boom]] ends in the United States as an 11-year decline\n        in the birth rate begins (the longest on record in that country).\\n* The [[Professional\n        Bowlers Tour]] is established at its headquarters in [[Seattle]].\\n\\n== Births\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Boris Tadic 2010 Cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boris\n        Tadi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Ellen DeGeneres 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ellen DeGeneres]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Grandmaster Flash]], African-American hip-hop/rap\n        DJ\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Vladimir Ovchinnikov (pianist)|Vladimir Ovchinnikov]],\n        Russian pianist\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Matt Frewer]], Canadian/American actor\n        (''''Max Headroom'''')\\n** [[James J. Greco]], American businessman\\n** [[Julian\n        Sands]], English actor\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Mehmet Ali A\\u011fca]],\n        Turkish militant, would-be assassin of [[Pope John Paul II]]\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Stephen Neale]], British philosopher\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Samira Said]], Moroccan singer\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Vicki Peterson]],\n        American rock musician ([[The Bangles]])\\n** [[Trevor Taylor (singer)|Trevor\n        Taylor]], Jamaican-German singer and musician ([[Bad Boys Blue]]) (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Curt Fraser]], American ice hockey coach\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Ricardo Acu\\u00f1a]], Chilean tennis player\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Boris Tadi\\u0107]], Serbian president\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Lorenzo\n        Lamas]], American actor, martial artist and reality show participant\\n** [[Masuo\n        Amada]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Hussein Saeed|Hussein\n        Saeed Mohammed]], Iraqi football player\\n* [[January 24]] – [[William\n        Byers]], Australian citizen\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Jools Holland]], British\n        musician\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Anita Baker]], African-American soul and\n        R&B singer\\n** [[Ellen DeGeneres]], American actress, comedian, and television\n        host\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Kadri M\\u00e4lk]], Estonian artist and jewelry\n        designer\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Mait\\u00ea Proen\\u00e7a]], Brazilian\n        actress\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Stephen Lerner]], American labor and community\n        activist\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Ice T SVU March 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ice-T]]]]\\n[[File:Tim\n        Kaine, official 113th Congress photo portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Kaine]]]]\\n[[File:Maggie\n        Hassan, official portrait, 115th Congress.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maggie Hassan]]]]\n        \\n* [[February 1]] – [[Ry\\u014d Horikawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Tomasz Pacy\\u0144ski]], Polish writer (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[Sherri Martel]], American professional wrestler (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Michael Weiss (composer)|Michael Weiss]],\n        jazz pianist and composer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Michael Jackson (TV executive)|Michael\n        Jackson]], British broadcasting executive\\n** [[Regina Mar\\u0161\\u00edkov\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovakian tennis player\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Pernilla August]],\n        Swedish actress\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Grant Thomas (footballer)|Grant Thomas]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Francisco Javier L\\u00f3pez Pe\\u00f1a]],\n        Basque separatist\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Ice-T]], African-American rapper,\n        songwriter, and actor\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Steve Nieve]], English\n        musician\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Jamal Hamdan (actor)|Jamal Hamdan]],\n        Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Jake Burns]], Irish\n        punk singer\\n** [[Jake Steinfeld]], American actor\\n** [[Mary Chapin Carpenter]],\n        American singer\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Todd Fisher]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Kurt Rambis]], American basketball player\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Casal]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Susan Helms]], American\n        astronaut\\n** [[Tim Kaine]], American politician\\n* [[February 27]] \\n** [[Max\n        Crivello]], Italian artist\\n** [[Maggie Hassan]], U.S. Senator from New Hampshire\\n**\n        [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy]], American socialite (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] \\n** [[Natalya Estemirova]], Russian activist (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Phil\n        Hayes (actor)|Phil Hayes]], British voice actor\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Miranda\n        Richardson Met Opera 2010 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Miranda Richardson]]]]\\n[[File:PatriciaHeatonHWOFMay2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patricia\n        Heaton]]]]\\n[[File:Andy Gibb 1981.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andy Gibb]]]]\\n[[File:Sharon\n        Stone by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sharon Stone]]]]\\n[[File:Albert\n        II February 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Albert II, Prince of Monaco]]]]\\n[[File:Holly\n        Hunter by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Holly Hunter]]]]\\n[[File:Gary Oldman\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary Oldman]]]]\\n[[File:Maurice LaMarche\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maurice LaMarche]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        [[Nik Kershaw]], English singer\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Miranda Richardson]],\n        English actress\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Patricia Heaton]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Andy Gibb]], British singer (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[Rik Mayall]], English comedian and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Donna\n        Murphy]], American actress and singer\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Gary Numan]],\n        British singer\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Linda Fiorentino]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Mary Murphy (choreographer)|Mary Murphy]], Dance choreographer\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Steve Howe (baseball)|Steve Howe]], American baseball player (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Sharon Stone]], American actress and producer\\n** [[Frankie\n        Ruiz]], Puerto Rican singer (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Hiroshi Yanaka]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Linda Robson]], English actress\\n* [[March\n        14]]\\n** [[Bruno Dumont]], French film director and screenwriter\\n** [[Albert\n        II, Prince of Monaco]]\\n* [[March 15]] \\n** [[Anne Davies (British journalist)|Anne\n        Davies]], British television presenter and newsreader\\n** [[John Friedrich\n        (actor)|John Friedrich]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[John Elefante]],\n        American singer and producer (''''[[Kansas (band)|Kansas]]'''')\\n** [[Kayo\n        Hatta]], American film director (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Holly\n        Hunter]], American actress\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Gary Oldman]], English\n        actor and filmmaker\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Michael Sorich]], American voice\n        actor, actor, writer, director and voice director\\n* [[March 24]] –\n        [[Roland Koch]], German politician\\n* [[March 25]] – [[James McDaniel]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Todd Joseph Miles Holden]], American-born\n        social scientist, author, basketball coach\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Jessica\n        Soho]], Philippine television celebrity and reporter\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Bart\n        Conner]], American gymnast\\n** [[Edesio Alejandro]], Cuban music composer\\n**\n        [[Curt Hennig|Mr. Perfect]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Anu Lamp]], Estonian actress  \\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Maurice LaMarche]], Canadian voice actor\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Dietmar\n        Bartsch]], German politician\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Alec Baldwin by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alec Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Capaldi by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Capaldi]]]]\\n[[File:Andie MacDowell Cannes\n        2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andie MacDowell]]]]\\n[[File:President Luis Guillermo\n        Solis.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Luis Guillermo Sol\\u00eds]]]]\\n[[File:Michelle Pfeiffer\n        2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michelle Pfeiffer]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[D. Boon]],\n        American singer and guitarist (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Alec Baldwin]],\n        American actor \\n** [[Jaan Rekkor]], Estonian actor \\n* [[April 4]] \\n** [[Cazuza]],\n        Brazilian poet, singer and composer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Constance Shulman]],\n        American actress\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Sophie Muller]], British music video\n        director\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Shinobu Adachi]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Yefim Bronfman]], Russian-born pianist\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**\n        [[Hussniya Jabara]], Israeli Arab politician\\n** [[Luc Luycx]], Belgian coin\n        designer\\n** [[Stuart Adamson]], Scottish singer and guitarist ([[Big Country]])\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Ginka Zagorcheva]], Bulgarian athlete\\n*\n        [[April 14]]\\n** [[Peter Capaldi]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Junko Sakurada]],\n        Japanese actress and singer\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Keith Acton]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player and coach\\n** [[Benjamin Zephaniah]], British writer and\n        musician\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Saviour Pirotta]], British/Maltese children''s\n        author\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Andie MacDowell]], American actress\\n** [[Yoshito\n        Usui]], Japanese manga artist ([[Crayon Shin-chan]]) (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April\n        24]] – [[Brian Paddick]], British former deputy assistant commissioner\n        and most senior openly gay police officer\\n* [[April 25]] \\n** [[Fish (singer)|Fish]],\n        Scottish singer\\n** [[Luis Guillermo Sol\\u00eds]], [[President of Costa Rica]]\\n*\n        [[April 26]] \\n** [[Ingolf L\\u00fcck]], German actor, comedian and television\n        host\\n** [[Giancarlo Esposito]], Italian-American actor\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Hal Sutton]], American golfer\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Michelle Pfeiffer]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Eve Plumb]], American actress\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Ron\n        Reagan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ron Reagan]]]]\\n[[File:AnnetteBeningSept2013TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Annette\n        Bening]]]]\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Keith Haring]], American artist (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[Rick Santorum]], former U.S. Senator\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Christian Brando]], American actor and eldest child of Marlon Brando (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Dries van Noten]], Belgian designer\\n** [[Eric\n        Singer]], American rock drummer\\n** [[Tony Oliver]], American voice actor\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Ron Simmons]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Paul Whitehouse]], Welsh actor, writer and comedian\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Toyah Willcox]], English actress & singer\\n* [[May 20]] –\n        [[Ron Reagan]], political pundit and son of U.S. president [[Ronald Reagan]]\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[Tom Feeney]], American Republican politician from the\n        state of Florida\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Mitch Albom]], American author\\n** [[Drew\n        Carey]], American comedian and actor\\n** [[Lea DeLaria]], American comedian\n        and actress\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Paul Weller]], English singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Carrie Newcomer]], American singer-songwriter & musician\\n* [[May 26]] –\n        [[Margaret Colin]], American actress\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Moinul Ahsan\n        Saber]], [[Bangladesh]]i writer, editor.\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Neil Finn]],\n        New Zealand singer and songwriter\\n** [[Linnea Quigley]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 29]]\\n** [[Annette Bening]], American actress\\n** [[Juliano Mer-Khamis]],\n        Israeli actor, director, filmmaker and political activist (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Marie Fredriksson]], Swedish singer-songwriter\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Sambi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        at Coachella 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince (musician)|Prince]]]]\\n[[File:BarryAdamson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barry\n        Adamson]]]] \\n[[File:Bruce Campbell 2014 Phoenix Comicon (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce\n        Campbell]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Lex Luger]], former American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Margot K\\u00e4\\u00dfmann]], Lutheran theologian,\n        German bishop\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Gordon P. Robertson]], American televangelist\n        and son of [[Pat Robertson]]\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed\n        Sambi]], Comoroan businessman and politician, [[President of Comoros]]\\n*\n        [[June 7]] – [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], African-American musician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Cyril O''Reilly]], American actor\\n** [[Keenen\n        Ivory Wayans]], African-American comedian, actor, and director\\n* [[June 11]]\n        – [[Barry Adamson]], English singer and bass player\\n* [[June 12]]\\n**\n        [[Rebecca Holden]], American actress, singer, and entertainer\\n** [[Meredith\n        Brooks]], American singer/songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Gary Martin (actor)|Gary Martin]], British voice actor and actor\\n* [[June\n        14]]\\n** [[Masami Yoshida]], Japanese athlete (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Eric Heiden]],\n        American speed skater\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Wade Boggs]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Jello Biafra]], American punk musician and\n        activist ''''(Dead Kennedys)''''\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Chuck Wagner]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Teiy\\u016b Ichiry\\u016bsai]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June\n        21]] – [[Eric Douglas]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        [[John Murray (actor)|John Murray]], American actor\\n** [[Bruce Campbell]],\n        American actor, producer, writer and director\\n* [[June 24]] – [[John\n        Tortorella]], American ice hockey coach\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Magnus Lindberg]],\n        Finnish composer\\n* [[June 28]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Gray]], French singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Jeff Coopwood]], American actor, broadcaster\n        and singer\\n** [[Rosa Mota]], Portuguese long-distance runner\\n** [[Mohamed\n        Bendahmane]], Algerian swimmer\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Irina Vorobieva]], Russian\n        pair skater \\n** [[Karl Friesen]], Canadian ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Esa-Pekka\n        Salonen]], Finnish conductor and composer\\n** [[Vasily Yakusha]], Belarusian\n        rower\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Kevin Bacon SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin\n        Bacon]]]]\\n[[File:Wong Kar-wai Berlin cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wong Kar-wai]]]]\\n[[File:Kate\n        Bush at 1986 Comic Relief (cropped).png|thumb|100px|[[Kate Bush]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] – [[Tom Magee]], Canadian world champion powerlifter and strongman\n        competitor\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Thomas Bickerton]], American Methodist\n        bishop\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Didier Mouron]], Swiss artist\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        [[Avigdor Lieberman]], Israeli politician\\n** [[Bill Watterson]], American\n        cartoonist ([[Calvin and Hobbes]])\\n** [[Kyoko Terase]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Jennifer Saunders]], British comedian and actress\\n*\n        [[July 7]] – [[Michala Petri]], Danish recorder player\\n* [[July 8]]\\n**\n        [[Kevin Bacon]], American actor\\n** [[Pauline Quirke]], British actress\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** [[Austin Hayes]], Irish footballer (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Mac\n        Thornberry]], American politician\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Michael Flatley]],\n        Irish-born dancer\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Wong Kar-wai]], Hong Kong second\n        wave filmmaker\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Azumah Nelson]], Ghanaian boxer\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Billy Mays]], American infomercial salesperson (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] – [[Tatsunori Hara]], Japanese professional-baseball coach\n        and player\\n* [[July 27]] \\n** [[Kimmo Hakola]], Finnish composer\\n** [[Margarethe\n        Schreinemakers]], German television presenter\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Terry Fox]],\n        Canadian athlete and cancer activist (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Deon van der Walt]],\n        South African tenor (d. 2005)\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Kate Bush]], English\n        musician\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Mark Cuban]], American entrepreneur and\n        basketball team owner\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Madonna Rebel Heart Tour 2015\n        - Stockholm (23051472299) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]]]\\n[[File:Belinda\n        Carlisle June 2011.png|thumb|100px|[[Belinda Carlisle]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Guttenberg\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Guttenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Tim Burton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim\n        Burton]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Jackson 1988.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Adrian Dunbar]], Irish actor and director\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Sh\\u014d Hayami]], Japanese voice actor and singer\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Bruce Dickinson]], English musician ([[Iron Maiden]])\\n** [[Russell\n        Baze]], Canadian/American champion jockey\\n* [[August 10]] \\n** [[Don Swayze]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Rami Hamdallah]], Palestine politician\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**\n        [[Rondell Sheridan]], American actor\\n** [[Victor Shenderovich]], Russian\n        writer\\n** [[Chiharu Suzuka]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Angela Bassett]], African-American actress\\n** [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]],\n        American-born singer, songwriter, and actress\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Belinda\n        Carlisle]], American rock musician and lead singer of the [[Go-Gos]]\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Anthony Mu\\u00f1oz]], American football player\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Nicholas Bell]], English actor based in Australia\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Colm Feore]], American-born actor\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Steve Guttenberg]], American actor\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Tim Burton]],\n        American film director\\n** [[Christian LeBlanc]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        27]] – [[Normand Brathwaite]], African-Canadian comedian and television\n        and radio host\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Michael Jackson]], African-American\n        singer, songwriter and dancer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Julie\n        Brown]], American actress\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Us mil Foxworthy 0411\n        cropped.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jeff Foxworthy]]]]\\n[[File:Janez Jan\\u0161a 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Janez\n        Jan\\u0161a]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin Sorbo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin\n        Sorbo]]]]\\n[[File:Parker Stevenson Shaun Cassidy Hardy Boys 1977.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shaun\n        Cassidy]]]]\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Jeff Foxworthy]], American comedian,\n        actor, author\\n** [[Sione Vailahi]], Tongan professional wrestler (\\\"The Barbarian\\\")\\n*\n        [[September 8]]\\n** [[Mitsuru Miyamoto]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Reiko\n        Terashima]], Japanese manga artist and illustrator\\n** [[Stevie Vallance]],\n        Canadian actress, voice actress, stage performer, singer, casting director\n        and voice director\\n* [[September 9]] – Colin Murdock, Canadian voice\n        actor\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)]], American film\n        director/writer/producer\\n** [[Siobhan Fahey]], Irish singer ([[Bananarama]],\n        [[Shakespears Sister]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Julia Nickson-Soul]],\n        Singapore actress\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Pawe\\u0142 Przytocki]], Polish\n        conductor\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Silas Malafaia]], Brazilian evangelical\n        pastor, author, and televangelist\\n** [[Michael Bollner]], German actor\\n**\n        [[Jeff Crowe]], New Zealand cricketer\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Orel Hershiser]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Jennifer Tilly]], Canadian/American actress\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Janez Jan\\u0161a]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of\n        Slovenia]]\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Lita Ford]], British musician\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Bruno Fitoussi]], French poker player\\n* [[September\n        22]]\\n** [[Andrea Bocelli]], Italian tenor\\n** [[Joan Jett]], American rock\n        musician\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Marvin Lewis]], American football coach\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Kevin Sorbo]], American actor\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Madsen]], American actor\\n** [[Eamonn Healy]], Irish chemist\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Darby Crash]], American rock songwriter, singer\n        ([[Germs (band)|Germs]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Shaun Cassidy]],\n        American actor, producer and screenwriter\\n** [[Irvine Welsh]], Scottish writer\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n** [[Eduardo Cunha]], Brazilian politician, former President\n        of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil\\n** [[Tom Buhrow]], German journalist\n        and intendant of the WDR\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Marty Stuart]], American\n        singer\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:TimRobbinsTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim\n        Robbins]]]]\\n[[File:Viggo Mortensen Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Viggo Mortensen]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Chen Yanyin]], Chinese sculptor\\n* [[October 4]] \\n**\n        [[Ned Luke]], American actor\\n** [[Wendy Makkena]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]], American astrophysicist and science communicator\n        (Also host of many episodes of NOVA)\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Ursula von\n        der Leyen]], German politician who has been the Minister of Defence \\n* [[October\n        14]] \\n** [[Thomas Dolby]], English rock musician\\n** [[Peter Kloeppel]],\n        German television journalist \\n* [[October 15]] – [[Masako Katsuki]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Tim Robbins]], American\n        actor and film director\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Alan Jackson]], American\n        country singer and songwriter\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Mark King (musician)|Mark\n        King]], English singer and musician ([[Level 42]])\\n** [[Viggo Mortensen]],\n        American actor and businessman, founder of [[Perceval Press]]\\n** [[Scott\n        Hall]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Hiroyuki\n        Kinoshita]], Japanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Phil Daniels]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Kornelia Ender]], German swimmer\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Simon Le Bon]], English rock singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Bla\\u017eej\n        Bal\\u00e1\\u017e]], Slovak painter\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:GeorgeLowe-Painting\n        crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Lowe]]]]\\n[[File:Megan Mullally by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Megan\n        Mullally]]]]\\n[[File:Jamie Lee Curtis by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamie\n        Lee Curtis]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Willie McGee]], African-American\n        baseball player\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Robert Patrick]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[Dmitry Kozak]], Russian politician and deputy Prime\n        Minister of Russia\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Jeff Speakman]], American actor\n        and martial artist\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Vicky Rosti]], Finnish singer,\n        former Eurovision contestant\\n** [[George Lowe]], American voice actor and\n        comedian\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Megan Mullally]], American actress, singer\n        and media personality\\n** [[Hiromi Iwasaki]], Japanese singer\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Marg Helgenberger]], American actress\\n** [[Boris Krivokapi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian academic\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[November 18]] \\n** [[Laura Miller]], Mayor\n        of Dallas, Texas\\n** [[Karen Pence]], [[Second Lady of the United States]]\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Michael Wilbon]], American sportswriter\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[David Reivers]], Jamaican actor\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Jamie\n        Lee Curtis]], American actress\\n** [[Bruce Payne]], English actor and producer\\n**\n        [[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor]], [[Sultan of Johor]]\\n* [[November 25]] –\n        [[Darlanne Fluegel]], American actress\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Tetsuya\n        Komuro]], Japanese music producer and songwriter\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Dave Righetti]], American baseball player\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Juliette\n        Bergmann]], Dutch bodybuilder\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Nick Park, BBC Radio\n        2 Folk Awards 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nick Park]]]]\\n[[File:Limahl Audley End\n        concert cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Limahl]]]]\\n[[File:Drama League 2010 Bebe\n        Neuwirth (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bebe Neuwirth]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n**\n        [[Charlene Tilton]], American actress\\n** [[Javier Aguirre]], Mexican football\n        player and manager\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Mina Asami]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Dynamite Kid]], English professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Nick Park]], English filmmaker and animator\\n** [[Debbie\n        Rowe]], American ex-wife of pop star [[Michael Jackson]], and mother of two\n        of his children\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Cornelia Funke]], German author\\n**\n        [[Annelore Zinke]], East German gymnast\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Tom Shadyac]],\n        American director and producer\\n** [[Nikki Sixx]], American rock musician\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Monica Attard]], Australian journalist\\n** [[Lucie Guay]],\n        Canadian canoer\\n** [[Dag Ingebrigtsen]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Sheree\n        J. Wilson]], American actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Lynn-Holly Johnson]],\n        American ice skater and actress\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Mike Scott (musician)|Mike\n        Scott]], Scottish singer-songwriter ([[The Waterboys]])\\n** [[Spider Stacy]],\n        English musician ([[The Pogues]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Zocchetto]], French\n        politician\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Julia Wolfe]], American composer\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Limahl]], English singer\\n* [[December 21]] –\n        [[Kevin Blackwell]], English football manager\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Dimi\n        Mint Abba]], Mauritanian musician and singer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hanford Dixon]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Rickey Henderson]], African-American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Alannah Myles]], Canadian singer-songwriter\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – [[Mieko Harada]], Japanese actress\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Twila\n        Paris]], American Christian musician\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Lakhdar\n        Belloumi]], Algerian football player\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Bebe Neuwirth]],\n        American actress\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Helena Klakocar]], Dutch cartoonist\\n*\n        [[Yoshiteru Otani]], Japanese cartoonist\\n* [[Kenn Thomas]], American [[conspiracy\n        theory]] writer and publisher of ''''[[Steamshovel Press]]''''.\\n\\n== Deaths\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Cafer Tayyar Pasha.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cafer Tayyar\n        E\\u011filmez]]]]\\n[[File:Petru Groza Anefo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Petru Groza]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        Oskar of Prussia1888-1958.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Oskar of Prussia]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Edward Weston]], American photographer (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – [[Cafer Tayyar E\\u011filmez]], Turkish general (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Archie Alexander]], American designer and governor\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Margaret Anglin]], American stage actress\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Petru Groza]], Romanian politician, 46th [[Prime Minister\n        of Romania]] and head of the State (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 8]] –\n        [[Paul Pilgrim]], American athlete (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        [[Karl Reinhardt (philologist)|Karl Reinhardt]], German philologist. (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Edna Purviance]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – [[Jesse L. Lasky]], American film producer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[Aubrey Mather]], English actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[C\\u00e2ndido Rondon]], Brazilian military officer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Ata\\u00falfo Argenta]], Spanish conductor and pianist\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Prince Oskar of Prussia]] (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[January 30]] \\n** [[Jean Crotti]], Swiss artist (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Ernst\n        Heinkel]], German aircraft designer and manufacturer (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:Albrechtbavaria1922.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Heinrich\n        of Bavaria (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\n        – [[Clinton Davisson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Monta Bell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Henry Kuttner]], American author (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]]\\n** [[Geoff Bent]] (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Roger Byrne]] (b. [[1929]])\\n**\n        [[Eddie Colman]] (b. [[1936]])\\n** [[Mark Jones (footballer, born 1933)|Mark\n        Jones]] (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[David Pegg]] (b. [[1935]])\\n** [[Tommy Taylor]]\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Liam Whelan|Liam \\\"Billy\\\" Whelan]] (b. [[1935]]), all\n        footballers that perished  in the [[Munich air disaster]]\\n* [[February 7]]\n        – [[Walter Kingsford]], English actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – [[Aleksander Klumberg]], Estonian decathlete (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        13]]\\n** [[Christabel Pankhurst]], English suffragette (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Georges\n        Rouault]], French painter (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Helen Twelvetrees]], American\n        actress (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Prince Heinrich of Bavaria\n        (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]] (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Situ Qiao]], Chinese painter (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – [[Marguerite Snow]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Thurston Hall]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Duncan Edwards]] English footballer (b. [[1936]]), injury in\n        the [[Munich air disaster]]\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Harry Cohn]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Ingeborg of Sweden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess\n        Ingeborg of Denmark]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Giacomo Balla]], Italian\n        painter (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Anton Reinthaller]],  Austrian\n        right wing politician (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Ole Kirk Christiansen]],\n        Danish businessman (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Princess Ingeborg\n        of Denmark]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Adegoke Adelabu]], Nigerian\n        politician (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Cyril M. Kornbluth]], American\n        writer (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[March 22]] (in plane crash)\\n** [[Mike Todd]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Art Cohn]], American screenwriter (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Charlotte Walker (actress)|Charlotte Walker]], American\n        actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Herbert Fields]], American\n        librettist and screenwriter (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Tom Brown\n        (trombonist)|Tom Brown]], American musician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – [[Phil Mead]], English cricketer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n**\n        [[W. C. Handy]], African-American blues composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Chuck\n        Klein]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Phillies]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Ferdbavar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Ferdinand of Bavaria]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[Willie Maley]], Scottish football\n        player and manager (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[J\\u014dsei Toda]], Japanese educator\n        and activist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Mar\\u00eda Luisa Sep\\u00falveda]],\n        Chilean composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Prince Ferdinand of\n        Bavaria]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Alcib\\u00edades Arosemena]],\n        Panamanian politician, 15th [[President of Panama]] (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[George\n        Jean Nathan]], American drama critic (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Frank Eaton]], American\n        Deputy Marshal (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Estelle Taylor]], American\n        actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Rosalind Franklin]], English\n        crystallographer (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Maurice Gamelin]],\n        French general (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Billy Meredith]], Welsh\n        footballer (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Henry Cornelius]],\n        South African-born director (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Frank Foster\n        (cricketer)|Frank Foster]], English cricketer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 5]] –\n        [[James Branch Cabell]], American writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\n** [[Joan\n        Comorera]], Spanish politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Mihkel L\\u00fcdig]], Estonian\n        composer, organist and choir conductor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Jacob Fichman]], Israeli poet and essayist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n**\n        [[Ronald Colman]], English actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Marie Pujmanov\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovak poet and novelist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric\n        Fran\\u00e7ois-Marsal]], Prime Minister of France (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 26]]\n        – [[Constantin Cantacuzino (aviator)|Constantin Cantacuzino]], Romanian\n        aviator (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Juan Ram\\u00f3n Jim\\u00e9nez]],\n        Spanish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Kurt Alder Nobel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kurt Alder]]]]\\n* [[June\n        2]]\\n** [[Townsend Cromwell]], American oceanographer (plane crash) (b. [[1922]])\\n**\n        [[Bell M. Shimada]], American fisheries scientist (plane crash) (b. [[1922]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]]\\n** [[Lloyd Hughes]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Virginia\n        Pearson]], American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Nicola da\n        Gesturi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Robert Donat]], English actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] – [[Edwin Keppel Bennett]], British writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        14]] – [[Ibrahim Hashem]], Jordanian lawyer and politician, 3-time [[Prime\n        Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Alexander Chervyakov]],\n        Prime Minister of the [[Byelorussian SSR]] (suicide) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Imre\n        Nagy]], Hungarian politician, 44th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (executed)\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Nereu Ramos]], Brazilian politician, 20th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Kurt Alder]], German chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Herbert Brenon]], American film director (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Robert\n        L. Ghormley]], American admiral (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[George\n        Orton]], Canadian athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Vytautas\n        Augustauskas]], Soviet educator (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Alfred\n        Noyes]], English poet (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Faisalh.jpg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Faisal II of Iraq]]]]\\n[[File:Nori.png|thumb|100px|[[Nuri al-Said]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Martha Boswell]], American singer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe]], English politician,\n        4th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        Patriarch [[Vikentije II, Serbian Patriarch|Vikentije II]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[James H. Flatley]], American naval aviator and admiral\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July 14]] (killed during ''''coup d''\\u00e9tat''''):\\n**\n        King [[Faisal II of Iraq]] (b. [[1935]])\\n** [[''Abd al-Ilah]], Prince of\n        Iraq (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Julia Lennon]], English mother of\n        [[John Lennon]] (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Nuri al-Said]], Iraqi politician, 7th\n        [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Henri Farman]],\n        pioneer French aviator and aircraft company founder (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] – [[Franklin Pangborn]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Mabel Ballin]], American actress (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Harry Warner]], American studio executive (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        26]] – [[Iven Carl Kincheloe Jr.]], American Korean War fighter ace\n        and test pilot (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Claire Lee Chennault]],\n        American aviator and general, leader of the [[Flying Tigers]] (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[William A. Glassford]], American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n[[File:Ernest Lawrence.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ernest Lawrence]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Michele Navarra]], Italian Sicilian Mafia boss (b.\n        [[1931]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Peter Collins (racing driver)|Peter Collins]],\n        [[Formula 1]] driver (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Mario Zanin (bishop)|Mario\n        Zanin]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and monsignor (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – [[Barbara Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Felipe Boero]], Argentine composer (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Joliot-Curie]], French physicist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Gladys Presley]],\n        American, mother of [[Elvis Presley]] (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Domingues dos Santos]], Portuguese politician, 89th [[Prime Minister\n        of Portugal]] (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Paul Panzer]], German actor (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Bonar Colleano]], American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] \\n** [[Stevan Hristi\\u0107]], Yugoslav composer (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Kurt Neumann (director)|Kurt Neumann]], German film director (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – [[Roger Martin du Gard]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Paul Henry (painter)|Paul Henry]], Northern Irish artist (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], English composer (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Ernest Lawrence]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Marjorie\n        Flack]], American artist, illustrator and writer (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Estate Tatanashvili.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Estate Tatanashvili]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Hans Grundig]], German artist (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Robert\n        W. Service]], Scottish-born Canadian poet (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – [[Alma Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n**\n        [[Alfred Piccaver]], British-born American operatic tenor (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Friedrich Otto]], German classical philologist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[John B. Watson]], American psychologist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        27]] – [[Adolfo Salazar]], Spanish historian, composer and diplomat\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Estate Tatanashvili]], Soviet\n        general (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:His Holiness Pope Pius XII.png|thumb|100px|[[Pope\n        Pius XII]]]]\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Maurice de Vlaminck]], French painter (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] – [[Douglas Mawson]], Australian geologist and polar explorer (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Jack Norton]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Michalis Souyioul]], Greek composer (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        cardinal and eminence (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Charlie Townsend]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Paul Outerbridge]], American photographer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[G. E. Moore]], British philosopher of (''''Principia\n        Ethica'''') (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Herbert A. Bartholomew]],\n        American farmer and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Marshall\n        Neilan]], American actor and director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Zo\\u00eb Akins]], American playwright, poet and author (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Viduva Shironmani C.Ganeshiyer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[C. Ganesha\n        Iyer]]]]\\n[[File:Tyrone Power - still.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tyrone Power]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – [[Sam Zimbalist]], American film producer (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[C. Ganesha Iyer]], [[Ceylon Tamil]] Philologist (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Samuel Hopkins Adams]], American writer\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Tyrone Power]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Vittorio Ambrosio]], Italian general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[Mel Ott]], American baseball player ([[New York Giants (MLB)|New\n        York Giants]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood]], English politician\n        and diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Harry\n        Parke]], American comedian (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Artur Rodzi\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish conductor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Georgi Damyanov]], Bulgarian Communist\n        political, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly and head of\n        the State (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Oscar C. Badger II]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Willie Applegarth\n        and Sam Mussabini 1912.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willie Applegarth]]]]\\n[[File:Wolfgang\n        Pauli ETH-Bib Portr 01042.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wolfgang Pauli]]]]\\n[[File:Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja,_1997-1958.gif|thumb|100px|[[Mustafa\n        Merlika-Kruja]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Boots Mallory]], American actress\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Caro Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Chilean [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December\n        5]] \\n** [[Willie Applegarth]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Patras Bokhari]], Pakistani humorist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Tris Speaker]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland Indians]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Alberto\n        Meschi]], Italian anarchist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Albert\n        Walsh]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador|Lieutenant Governor\n        of Newfoundland]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Milutin Milankovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav\n        mathematician, astronomer, climatologist and geophysicist, (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Tim Moore (comedian)|Tim Moore]], American comedian\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Wolfgang Pauli]], Austrian-born\n        American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] \\n** [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], German novelist and playwright\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[H. B. Warner]], English actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Mustafa Merlika-Kruja]], 16th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Doris Humphrey]], American dancer\n        and choreographer (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Stylianos Lykoudis]],\n        Greek admiral (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[Thomas Chrostwaite]], American educator (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov]], [[Ilya\n        Mikhailovich Frank]], and [[Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Frederick Sanger]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[George Wells Beadle]], [[Edward Lawrie Tatum]], and\n        [[Joshua Lederberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Boris\n        Pasternak|Boris Leonidovich Pasternak]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] –\n        [[Georges Pire]]\\n\\n==Media==\\n* In Stephen King''s novel ''''[[11/22/63]]'''',\n        the time bubble in Al''s Diner sends the protagonist Jake Epping to 11:58\n        AM on the morning of September 9, 1958.\\n* The [[1988 in film|1988]] film\n        [[My Neighbor Totoro]] is set in 1958.\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1958}}\\n[[Category:1958|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T06:05:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":799682048,\"length\":69158,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958\"},\"34662\":{\"pageid\":34662,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1959\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-26T01:38:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1959}}\\n{{Events by month|1959}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1959}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1959}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Flag\n        of Alaska.svg|thumb|100px|right| [[January 3]]: American statehood for [[Alaska]]]]\\n[[File:Luis\n        Korda 02.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[January 8]]: [[Fidel Castro]] arrives in\n        [[Havana]]]]\\n[[File:Boeing 707 of American Airlines at Basle - April 1976.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[January\n        25]]: Boeing 707 begins service]]\\n{{Main|January 1959}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Cultivar]]s of plants named after this date must be named in a modern language,\n        not in [[Latin]].\\n** [[Cuba]]: [[Fulgencio Batista]] flees [[Havana]] when\n        the forces of [[Fidel Castro]] advance.\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[CBS Radio]]\n        discontinues four soap operas: ''''[[Backstage Wife]]'''', ''''Our Gal Sunday'''',\n        ''''The Road of Life'''', and ''''This is Nora Drake''''.\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] successfully launches the [[Luna 1]] spacecraft from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]].\\n*\n        [[January 3]]\\n** The island of [[Addu Atoll|Addu]] in the [[Maldives]] declares\n        independence.\\n** [[Alaska]] is admitted as the 49th U.S. state.\\n* [[January\n        4]]\\n** In [[Cuba]], rebel troops led by [[Che Guevara]] and [[Camilo Cienfuegos]]\n        enter the city of [[Havana]].\\n** In [[Kinshasa|L\\u00e9opoldville]], at least\n        49 people are killed during [[L\\u00e9opoldville Riots|clashes]] between the\n        police and participants of a meeting of the [[ABAKO|Abako]] Party.\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] arrives in Havana.\\n** The [[International Maritime\n        Organization]] is inaugurated.\\n* [[January 7]] – The United States\n        recognizes the new [[Cuba]]n government of [[Fidel Castro]].\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]] is inaugurated as the first president of\n        the [[French Fifth Republic]].\\n* [[January 10]] – The [[Soviet]] government\n        recognizes the new Castro government.\\n* [[January 11]] – The [[Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Mondiale des Activit\\u00e9s Subaquatiques]] is founded in [[Monaco]].\\n* [[January\n        12]]\\n** The [[Caves of Nerja]] are discovered in Spain.\\n** [[Motown Records]]\n        is founded by [[Berry Gordy|Berry Gordy, Jr.]]\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Communist\n        Party of Cuba|Cuban communists]] execute 71 supporters of [[Fulgencio Batista]].\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – The [[Soviet Union]] conducts its [[Soviet Census (1959)|first\n        census]] after [[World War II]].\\n* [[January 21]] – The [[European\n        Court of Human Rights]] is established.\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Knox Mine\n        disaster|Knox Mine Disaster]]: Water breaches the River Slope Mine in [[Port\n        Griffith, Pennsylvania]] near [[Pittston, Pennsylvania]]; 12 miners are killed.\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\n** The [[Boeing 707]] [[airliner]] begins service.\\n** [[Pope\n        John XXIII]] announces that the [[Second Vatican Council]] will be convened\n        in Rome.\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Walt Disney]] releases his 16th animated\n        film, ''''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'''' in [[Beverly\n        Hills, California|Beverly Hills]]. It is Disney''s first animated film to\n        be shown in [[70 mm film|70mm]] and modern [[Stereophonic sound|6-track stereophonic\n        sound]].''''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'''' had also used a multi-speaker\n        stereophonic sound system, but it was primitive compared to the one used in\n        ''''Sleeping Beauty''''. Also on the program is Disney''s new live-action\n        short subject ''''[[Grand Canyon (1958 film)|Grand Canyon]]'''', which uses\n        the music of [[Ferde Grof\\u00e9]]''s ''''[[Grand Canyon Suite]]''''. ''''Grand\n        Canyon'''' wins an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for [[Academy Award for Best Documentary\n        (Short Subject)|Best Documentary Short]].\\n* [[January 30]] – Danish\n        passenger/cargo ship {{MS|Hans Hedtoft}}, returning to [[Copenhagen]] after\n        its maiden voyage to [[Greenland]], strikes an iceberg and sinks off the Greenland\n        coast with the loss of all 95 on board.{{cite news|title=Three Rescue\n        Vessels Reach Ship-Iceberg Collision Scene|location=Oakland|newspaper=Tribune|date=1959-01-31|page=1}}\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main|February\n        1959}}\\n[[file:Vanguard 2 satellite sketch.jpg|right|thumb|[[February 17]]:\n        Technical drawing of [[Vanguard 2]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – A [[Swiss\n        women''s suffrage referendum, 1959|referendum in Switzerland]] turns down\n        [[Women''s suffrage|female suffrage]].\\n* [[February 2]] – Nine ski\n        hikers mysteriously perish in the northern [[Ural Mountains]] in the [[Dyatlov\n        Pass incident]] and are all found dead a few weeks later.\\n* [[February 3]]\\n**\n        A chartered plane transporting musicians [[Buddy Holly]], [[Ritchie Valens]]\n        and [[The Big Bopper]] with pilot [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]]\n        goes down in foggy conditions near [[Clear Lake, Iowa]], killing all four\n        on board. The tragedy is later termed \\\"[[The Day the Music Died]]\\\", popularized\n        in [[Don McLean]]''s [[1971]] song \\\"[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]\\\".\\n**\n        [[American Airlines Flight 320]], a [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] from Chicago\n        crashes into the [[East River]] on approach to New York City''s LaGuardia\n        Airport, killing 65 of the 73 people on board.\\n* [[February 6]] – At\n        [[Cape Canaveral, Florida]], the first successful test firing of a [[Titan\n        intercontinental ballistic missile]] is accomplished.\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Francoist Spain|Spain]]\n        set trade relations (not diplomatic ones).\\n* [[February 13]] – [[TAT-2]],\n        [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]''s second [[transatlantic telephone cable]] goes\n        into operation.\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] becomes Premier of\n        [[Cuba]].\\n** A [[blizzard]] causes a massive power outage in [[Newfoundland\n        and Labrador|Newfoundland]].\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Vanguard 2]], the\n        first [[weather satellite]], is launched to measure [[cloud cover]] for the\n        [[United States Navy]].\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Sosa Blanco]],\n        a  colonel in the  Cuban army of [[Fulgencio Batista]], is executed in [[Cuba]]\n        after being convicted of committing 108 murders for Batista.\\n** Women in\n        [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] vote for the first time.\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        The United Kingdom decides to grant independence to [[Cyprus]].\\n* [[February\n        20]] – The [[Politics of Canada|Canadian Government]] cancels the [[Avro\n        Canada CF-105 Arrow]] [[interceptor aircraft]] project.\\n* [[February 22]]\n        – [[Lee Petty]] wins the [[1959 Daytona 500|first Daytona 500]] at [[Daytona\n        International Speedway]].\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Potala.jpg|thumb|right|[[Potala|Potala\n        Palace]] in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]], [[Tibet]], traditional\n        residence of the [[Dalai Lama]] until March 1959. (2006 photo)]]\\n[[File:Miles\n        Davis by Palumbo.jpg|thumb|[[March 2]]: Jazz trumpeter [[Miles Davis]].]]\\n[[File:Marx\n        Brothers 1948.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[March 8]]: The [[Marx Brothers]] retire]]\\n[[File:USS\n        Skate (SSN-578) surfaced in Arctic - 1959.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[March 17]]:\n        USS ''''Skate'''' surfaces at the North Pole.]]\\n[[File:Edge-of-africa-giraffes.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[March\n        31]]: [[Busch Gardens]] opens in [[Florida]]]]\\n{{Main|March 1959}}\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** The {{USS|Tuscaloosa|CA-37|6}}, {{USS|New Orleans|CA-32|6}}, {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|6}}\n        and {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|6}} are struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register]].\\n**\n        [[Archbishop#Eastern Christianity|Archbishop]] [[Makarios III|Makarios]] returns\n        to [[Cyprus]] from exile.\\n* [[March 2]] – Recording sessions for the\n        album ''''[[Kind of Blue]]'''' by [[Miles Davis]] take place at [[CBS 30th\n        Street Studio|Columbia''s 30th Street Studio]] in New York City.\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Pioneer 4]] becomes first American object to escape dominance\n        by Earth''s gravity.\\n* [[March 8]] – The [[Marx Brothers]] make their\n        last television appearance, in ''''[[The Incredible Jewel Robbery]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Mattel]]''s [[Barbie]] doll debuts in the United States.\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – The [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprising]] erupts\n        in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] when Chinese officials attempt\n        to arrest the [[Dalai Lama]].\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** ''''Een beetje'''' by Teddy\n        Scholten (music by Dick Schallies, text by Willy van Hemert) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1959|Eurovision Song Contest]] for the Netherlands.\\n** ''''[[A\n        Raisin in the Sun]]'''' by [[Lorraine Hansberry]] opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – \\n** [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama]] escapes [[Tibet]],\n        arrives in [[India]].\\n** [[USS ''''Skate'''']] (SSN-578) surfaces at the\n        [[North Pole]].\\n* [[March 18]] – American President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        signs a [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]] to grant statehood to [[Hawaii]].\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – Two other islands join [[Addu Atoll|Addu]] in the [[United\n        Suvadive Republic]] (abolished September [[1963]]), in the Maldives Islands.\\n*\n        [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[saxophone|Tenor saxophon]]ist [[John Coltrane]] holds\n        initial record sessions for album [[Giant Steps]] with [[Cedar Walton]] and\n        [[Lex Humphries]]. \\n* [[March 28]] – The [[Kashag]], the government\n        of [[Tibet]], is abolished by an order signed by Chinese premier [[Zhou Enlai]].\n        The [[Dalai Lama]] is replaced in China by a puppet ruler, the Panchen Lama.\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** USA: [[Busch Gardens]] opens in [[Tampa, Florida]].\\n** [[India]]:\n        The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] is granted asylum.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main|April\n        1959}}\\n* [[April 6]] – The [[31st Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – The [[Inter-American Development Bank]] (IADB) is established.\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[NASA]] announces its selection of seven [[Aviator#Military|military\n        pilots]] to become the first U.S. [[astronaut]]s (later known as the ''''[[Mercury\n        Seven]]'''').\\n* [[April 10]] – Crown Prince [[Akihito]] of Japan marries\n        [[Empress Michiko|Sh\\u014dda Michiko]], the first commoner to marry into the\n        [[Imperial House of Japan]].\\n* [[April 22]] – Recording sessions for\n        the influential [[jazz]] album [[Kind of Blue]] by [[Miles Davis]] take place\n        at Columbia''s 30th Street Studio in New York City.\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        The  [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] linking the [[Great Lakes]] and the Atlantic\n        Ocean officially opens to shipping.\\n* [[April 27]] – [[National People''s\n        Congress]] elects [[Liu Shaoqi]] as [[President of the People''s Republic\n        of China|Chairman of the People''s Republic of China]], as a successor of\n        [[Mao Zedong]].\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Miss Baker in her bio-pack.jpg|thumb|[[May\n        28]]: [[Miss Baker]] awaits launch.]]\\n{{Main|May 1959}}\\n* May\\n** The first\n        [[Ten Tors]] event is held in [[Dartmoor]].\\n** [[Tariff|Import tariffs]]\n        are lifted in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[May 2]] – [[1959 FA Cup Final]]:\n        Nottingham Forest defeats Luton Town 2\\u20131.\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[saxophone|Tenor\n        saxophon]]ist [[John Coltrane]] begins two days of principal recording sessions\n        for [[jazz]] album [[Giant Steps]]. \\n* [[May 16]] – The [[Triton Fountain\n        (Malta)|Triton Fountain]] is inaugurated in [[Valletta]], [[Malta]].\\n* [[May\n        18]] – The [[National Liberation Committee of C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire]]\n        is launched in [[Conakry, Guinea]].\\n* [[May 21]] – ''''[[Gypsy: A Musical\n        Fable]]'''', starring [[Ethel Merman]] in her last new musical, opens on [[Broadway\n        theatre|Broadway]] and runs for 702 performances\\n* [[May 24]] – British\n        Empire Day is renamed [[Commonwealth Day]].\\n* [[May 28]] USA Florida, Cape\n        Canaveral: [[PGM-19 Jupiter#Biological flights|Jupiter AM-18]] launches two\n        [[monkey]]s, Miss Able and [[Miss Baker]], into space along with living microorganisms\n        and plant seeds. Successful recovery makes them the first living beings to\n        return safely to Earth after space flight.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main|June 1959}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]] \\n** [[Singapore]] becomes a self-governing crown colony of Britain\n        with [[Lee Kuan Yew]] as Prime Minister.\\n** [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]\n        beats [[Stade Reims]] 2\\u20130 at [[Neckarstadion]], [[Stuttgart]] and wins\n        the [[1958\\u201359 European Cup]] (football).\\n* [[June 5]] – A new\n        government of the [[Singapore|State of Singapore]] is sworn in by Sir William\n        Goode. Two former ministers are re-elected to the Legislative Assembly.\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – The [[USS Barbero (SS-317)|USS ''''Barbero'''']] and [[United\n        States Postal Service]] attempt the delivery of mail via [[Missile Mail]].\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – The [[USS George Washington (SSBN-598)|USS ''''George Washington'''']]\n        is launched as the first submarine to carry [[ballistic missile]]s.\\n* [[June\n        14]]\\n** [[Disneyland Monorail System]], the first daily operating monorail\n        system in the Western Hemisphere, opens to the public in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n**\n        A 3-front invasion of the [[Dominican Republic]] by exile forces backed by\n        [[Fidel Castro]] and [[Venezuela]] attempt to overthrow [[Rafael Trujillo]].\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – The film ''''[[The Nun''s Story (film)|The Nun''s Story]]'''',\n        based on the best-selling novel, is released. [[Audrey Hepburn]] stars as\n        the title character; she later says that this is her favorite film role. The\n        film is a [[box-office]] hit, and is nominated for several [[Academy Awards|Oscars]].\\n*\n        [[June 23]]\\n** [[Se\\u00e1n Lemass]] becomes the third [[Taoiseach]] of [[Republic\n        of Ireland|Ireland]].\\n** Convicted [[Manhattan Project]] spy [[Klaus Fuchs]]\n        is released after only nine years in a British prison and allowed to emigrate\n        to [[Dresden]], [[East Germany]] where he resumes a scientific career.\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – A [[KH-1]] [[Corona (satellite)|''''Corona'''']], believed\n        to be the first operational spy satellite, is launched as science mission\n        \\\"[[Discoverer 4]]\\\" from [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]] aboard a [[Thor-Agena]]\n        rocket.\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] ([[Queen of Canada]]) and United\n        States President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]] open the [[Saint\n        Lawrence Seaway]].\\n** ''''[[Darby O''Gill and the Little People]]'''', a\n        film based on [[Herminie Templeton Kavanagh|H. T. Kavanagh]]''s [[short story|short\n        stories]], is released in the U.S. by [[the Walt Disney Company]] two days\n        after a [[premiere|world premiere]] in Ireland.\\n* [[June 30]] – Twenty-one\n        students are killed and more than a hundred injured when an American North\n        American [[F-100 Super Sabre]] jet crashes into Miamori Elementary School\n        on the island of [[Okinawa]]. The pilot ejected before the plane struck the\n        school.\\\"21 Die as Jet Hits School On Okinawa\\\", ''''Oakland Tribune'''',\n        June 30, 1959, p1\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Plaque marking the discovery\n        of Australopithecus in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 17]]: Site of ''''Australopithecus\n        boisei'''' discovery in [[Tanzania]].]]\\n[[File:Kitchen debate.jpg|{{largethumb}}|[[July\n        24]]: Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and USA Vice President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] engage in the [[Kitchen Debate]]]]\\n{{Main|July 1959}}\\n* [[July 1]]\n        – Australia''s longest running children''s TV series, ''''[[Mr. Squiggle]]'''',\n        first airs on [[ABC Television]]. \\n* [[July 2]] – [[Albert II of Belgium|Prince\n        Albert of Belgium]] marries Italian [[Don (honorific)|Donna]] [[Queen Paola\n        of Belgium|Paola Ruffo di Calabria]].\\n* [[July 4]] – With the admission\n        of Alaska as the 49th [[U.S. state]] earlier in the year, the 49-star [[flag\n        of the United States]] debuts in [[Philadelphia]].\\n* [[July 7]] – At\n        14:28 UT [[Venus]] [[occultation|occults]] the star [[Regulus]]. The rare\n        event (which will next occur on October 1, 2044) is used to determine the\n        diameter of Venus and the structure of Venus'' atmosphere.\\n* [[July 9]] –\n        Wing Commander [[Michael Beetham]] flying a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Vickers\n        Valiant]] sets a record of 11 hours 27 minutes for a non-stop [[London]]-[[Cape\n        Town]] flight.{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Records.htm|title=\n        Records set by the RAF|publisher=Air of Authority \\u2013 A History of RAF\n        Organisation|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n* [[July 14]] – Groups\n        of [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Communism|communist]] militias rebel in\n        [[Kirkuk|Kirkuk, Iraq]] against the central government.{{cite news|title=Iraq\n        revolt Is Stil Reported Raging|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|location=St.\n        Petersburg, FL|date=July 21, 1959|page=A1|accessdate= June 27, 2012|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N9MNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FncDAAAAIBAJ}}\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – A [[Steel strike of 1959|strike]] occurs against the United\n        States'' [[steel]] industry.\\n* [[July 17]] – The first skull of [[Australopithecus]]\n        is discovered by [[Louis Leakey]] and his wife [[Mary Leakey]] in the [[Olduvai\n        Gorge]] of [[Tanzania]].\\n* [[July 22]] – A [[Kumamoto University]]\n        medical research group studying [[Minamata disease]] concludes that it is\n        caused by [[mercury (element)|mercury]].\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** At the opening\n        of the [[American National Exhibition]] in Moscow, [[United States Vice President]]\n        [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Premier of the Soviet Union|USSR Premier]] [[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]] engage in the \\\"[[Kitchen Debate]]\\\".\\n** In [[Long Beach]],\n        [[United States]], [[Akiko Kojima]] of [[Japan]] will crown [[Miss Universe\n        1959]].\\n* [[July 25]] – The [[SR.N1]] [[hovercraft]] crosses the [[English\n        Channel]] from [[Calais]] to [[Dover]] in just over 2 hours, on the 50th anniversary\n        of [[Louis Bl\\u00e9riot]]''s first crossing by [[heavier-than-air]] craft.\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Thor-Able\n        III Explorer 6.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[August 7]]: Launch of [[Explorer\n        6]]]]\\n[[File:Morris Mini interior 1959.jpg|thumb|right|[[August 26]]: Interior\n        of the [[Mini]]]]\\n\\n{{Main|August 1959}}\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Martial\n        law]] is declared in [[Laos]].\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Explorer program]]: The\n        United States launches [[Explorer 6]] from the Atlantic Missile Range in [[Cape\n        Canaveral]], [[Florida]].\\n** United States: The [[Roseburg blast|Roseburg,\n        Oregon blast]] kills 14 and causes $12 million worth of damage.\\n* [[August\n        8]] – A flood in [[Taiwan]] kills 2,000.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Explorer\n        6]] sends the first picture of Earth from orbit.\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Cyprus]] gains independence.\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** The [[1959 Hebgen Lake\n        earthquake]] in southwest Montana kills 28.\\n** [[Columbia Records]] releases\n        [[Miles Davis]] album ''''[[Kind of Blue]]''''.\\n* [[August 19]] – The\n        [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) is established.\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Hawaii]] is admitted as the 50th [[U.S. state]].\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Cyprus]] joins the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[August 26]] – The original\n        [[Mini]] designed by Sir [[Alec Issigonis]] is launched.\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Workers\\u2019 Stadium|Beijing Workers\\u2019 Stadium]], as known\n        well for sports venues in [[China]], officially opened.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}}\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Luna 2 Soviet moon probe.jpg|thumb|75px|\n        [[September 13]]: [[Luna 2]].]]\\n{{Storm path|Vera 1959 track.png|right|caption=[[September\n        26]]: [[Typhoon Vera]] storm path|alt=Track of a tropical cyclone as represented\n        by colored dots; each dot represents the storm''s position and intensity at\n        6-hour intervals.}}\\n{{Main|September 1959}}\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Luna\n        2]] becomes the first man-made object to crash on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Premier of the Soviet Union|USSR Premier]]\n        [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and his wife tour the United States, at the invitation\n        of U.S. President [[Dwight David Eisenhower]].\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        The [[Xerox 914]], the first plain paper copier, is introduced to the public.\\n*\n        [[September 17]]\\n**The first ''''Navy Navigation Satellite System'''' [[Transit\n        (satellite)|Transit 1A]] is launched but fails to reach orbit.\\n**The [[Hypersonic]]\n        [[North American X-15]] Research Vehicle, piloted by [[Scott Crossfield]],\n        makes its first powered flight at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California.\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – The ''''[[Princess of Tasmania|M/S Princess of Tasmania]]'''',\n        (Australia''s first passenger RO/RO [[Diesel engine|diesel]] ferry), makes\n        its maiden voyage across the [[Bass Strait]].\\n* [[September 25]] –\n        [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]''s prime minister [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]] is assassinated.\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[Typhoon Vera]] hits central [[Honsh\\u016b]], Japan,\n        killing an estimated 5,098, injuring another 38,921, and leaving 1,533,000\n        homeless. Most of the victims and damage are centered in the [[Nagoya]] area.\\n**\n        First large unit action of the [[Vietnam War]] takes place, when two companies\n        of the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|ARVN]] 23d Division are ambushed\n        by a well-organized [[Vietcong]] force of several hundred, identified as the\n        \\\"2d Liberation Battalion\\\".\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Soviet Union]]\n        leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] meets [[Mao Zedong]] in Beijing.\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Solomon-R-Guggenheim-Museum-Levels.jpg|right|thumb|287px|[[October\n        21]]: Atrium of the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] designed by [[Frank Lloyd\n        Wright]].]]\\n{{Main|October 1959}}\\n\\n* [[October 1]] – The [[10th anniversary\n        of the People''s Republic of China]] is celebrated with pomp across the country.\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Rod Serling]]''s classic anthology series ''''[[The\n        Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'''' premieres on [[CBS]].\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – The [[U.S.S.R.]] probe ''''[[Luna 3]]'''' sends back\n        the first ever photos of the [[far side of the Moon]].\\n* [[October 12]] –\n        At the national [[Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana|APRA]] Congress\n        in [[Peru]], a group of leftist radicals is expelled from the party; they\n        later form [[APRA Rebelde]].\\n* [[October 13]] – The United States launches\n        [[Explorer 7]].\\n* [[October 16]] – Founding of the [[Boston Patriots]],\n        [[American Football League|AFL]] [[American football]] club.\\n* [[October\n        21]] – In New York City, the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] (designed\n        by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]) opens to the public.\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        First appearance of [[Ast\\u00e9rix]] the Gaul.{{cite web|work=BDoubli\\u00e9es|title=Les\n        BD oubli\\u00e9es D''Ast\\u00e9rix|url=http://bdoubliees.com/journalpilote/series1/asterix.htm|language=French|accessdate=2013-10-03}}\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – Riots break out in the [[Belgian Congo]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main|November\n        1959}}\\n[[File:Charlton Heston in Ben Hur trailer.jpg|thumb|right|[[November\n        18]]: [[Charlton Heston]] in [[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – In [[Rwanda]], [[Hutu]] politician [[Dominique Mbonyumutwa]] is\n        beaten up by [[Tutsi]] forces, leading to a period of violence known as the\n        [[wind of destruction]].\\n* [[November 2]] – At a ceremony near [[Toddington,\n        Bedfordshire|Toddington]], British [[Secretary of State for Transport|Minister\n        of Transport]] [[Ernest Marples]] opens the first section of the [[M1 motorway|M1\n        Motorway]], between [[Watford]] and [[Crick, Northamptonshire|Crick]], along\n        with two [[Spur route|spur]] motorways, the [[M45 motorway|M45]] and [[M10\n        motorway (Great Britain)|M10]]. Three decades of large scale motorway construction\n        follow, leading to the rapid expansion of the UK [[List of motorways in the\n        United Kingdom|motorway network]].\\n* [[November 12]] – The [[Warner\n        Bros.]] religious epic ''''[[The Miracle (1959 film)|The Miracle]]'''', very\n        loosely based on the 1911 stage pantomime ''''[[Das Mirakel (play)|Das Mirakel]]'''',\n        is released. It is a critical and financial bomb.\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        The Clutter family of [[Holcomb, Kansas]] is brutally murdered, inspiring\n        [[Truman Capote]]''s ''''[[In Cold Blood]]''''.\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] releases widescreen [[Technicolor]] version of\n        ''''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'''', starring [[Charlton Heston]]. Film\n        goes on to win record number of [[Academy Award]]s. Last MGM film to win Best\n        Picture Oscar; ''''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'''' nominated\n        in 1965.\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[Declaration of the Rights of the\n        Child]] is adopted by the [[United Nations]].\\n\\n===December===\\n[[Image:Antarctica\n        6400px from Blue Marble.jpg|thumb|right|[[December 1]]: Twelve nations sign\n        the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]].]]\\n{{Main|December 1959}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Cold War]] – [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic\n        Treaty]]: 12 countries, including the United States and the [[Soviet Union]],\n        sign a landmark treaty that sets aside [[Antarctica]] as a scientific preserve\n        and bans military activity on the [[continent]] (the first [[arms control]]\n        agreement established during the Cold War).\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Malpasset\n        Dam]] in southern France collapses and water flows over the town of [[Fr\\u00e9jus]],\n        killing 412.\\n* [[December 8]] – The ''''[[RNLB Mona (ON 775)|Mona]]'''',\n        a lifeboat based at Broughty Ferry in Scotland, capsizes during a rescue attempt,\n        with the loss of 8 lives.\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Charles Robberts Swart]]\n        is appointed the 11th [[Governor-General of the Union of South Africa]].\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Makarios III]] is selected the first [[president\n        of Cyprus]].\\n* [[December 28]] – After having been shot two years earlier,\n        [[Ante Paveli\\u0107]] dies from his wounds in a Spanish hospital.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n[[File:Extantigerturanianwksciam97.jpg|thumb|Illustration of two\n        [[Caspian tiger]]s.]]\\n* The [[Daytona International Speedway]] completes\n        construction.\\n* Nylon tights, popularly called [[pantyhose]] or sheer tights,\n        first sold on the open market as ''Panti-Legs'' by Glen Raven Knitting Mills.\\n*\n        The [[Workers World Party]] is founded by [[Sam Marcy]].\\n* The first known\n        human with [[HIV]] dies in the [[Belgian Congo|Congo]].{{cite journal|title=An\n        African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic|pages=594\\u2013597|doi=10.1038/35400|pmid=9468138|first1=T.|last2=Zhu|first2=Tuofu|last3=Korber|first3=Bette\n        T.|last4=Nahmias|first4=Andre J.|last5= Hooper|first5=Edward|last6=Sharp|first6=Paul\n        M.|journal=Nature|volume=391|issue=6667|year=1998|author1=Zhu}}\\n* The\n        current (as of 2006) design of the Japanese [[10 yen coin]] is put into circulation.\\n*\n        The [[Caspian tiger]] becomes extinct in [[Iran]].\\n* The [[Henney Kilowatt]]\n        goes on sale in the United States, becoming the first mass-produced [[electric\n        car]] in almost three decades.\\n* [[Erving Goffman]] publishes his seminal\n        study in [[sociology]], ''''[[The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life]]''''.\\n*\n        The iconic 1959 [[Cadillac]] is introduced, with [[car tailfin|tailfin]] wars\n        peaking that had begun in 1948.\\n* Chevy El Camino is introduced.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Clancy\n        Brown by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Clancy Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Rigoberta\n        Menchu 2009 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rigoberta Mench\\u00fa]]]]\\n[[File:Larry\n        McReynolds.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Larry McReynolds]]]]\\n[[File:Keith Olbermann-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith\n        Olbermann]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Azali Assoumani]], [[President of\n        the Comoros]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Joe Bevilacqua]], American producer,\n        director, writer, actor\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Vanity (singer)|Vanity]], Canadian\n        singer and actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Yoshitomo Nara]], Japanese artist\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Clancy Brown]], American actor\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Andy Dog Johnson|Andrew Johnson]], English artist (d. 2016)\\n* [[January\n        9]]\\n** [[Rigoberta Mench\\u00fa]], Guatemalan recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]]\\n** [[Mark Martin]], American NASCAR driver\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Larry McReynolds]], American [[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]] commentator\n        \\n* [[January 12]] – [[Per Gessle]], Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist\n        ([[Roxette]]) \\n* [[January 16]] – [[Sade (singer)|Sade]], Nigerian-born\n        singer\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Susanna Hoffs]], American rock vocalist\\n**\n        [[Momoe Yamaguchi]], Japanese singer\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Alex McLeish]],\n        [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] player\\n** [[Paulo Miklos]],\n        Brazilian singer and actor\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Linda Blair]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Vic Reeves]], English comedian \\n* [[January\n        27]] – [[Keith Olbermann]], American news anchor and sportscaster \\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Mike Foligno]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Jody Watley]], African-American singer\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Kelly Lynch]], American model and actress\\n** [[Kelly Moore]], American\n        race car driver\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sillon de\n        Rivadavia (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mauricio Macri]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1984-0205-002, Joachim Kunz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joachim Kunz]]]]\\n[[File:Kyle\n        McLachlan Cannes 2017 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyle MacLachlan]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\n** [[Jari Tervo]], Finnish author\\n** [[Hella von Sinnen]], German TV-entertainer\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Tonga Fifita|UliUli Fifita]], Tongan professional\n        Wrestler aka(Haku/Meng)\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Pamelyn Ferdin]], American\n        former child actress; animal rights activist\\n** [[Raquel Morell]], Mexican\n        actress\\n** [[Lawrence Taylor]], American football player\\n* [[February 5]]\n        – [[Jennifer Granholm]], Canadian-American politician, 47th [[Governor\n        of Michigan]] (2003\\u20132011)\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Pat Bullard]], Canadian\n        game show host, comedian and writer\\n** [[Ken Nelson (British record producer)|Ken\n        Nelson]], English record producer\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Vladim\\u00edr\n        Havl\\u00edk]], Czech action artist\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Mauricio Macri]],\n        [[President of Argentina]] \\n* [[February 9]] – [[Joachim Kunz]], East\n        German Olympic weightlifter\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Dennis Gentry]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Ren\\u00e9e Fleming]],\n        American soprano\\n* [[February 16]] – [[John McEnroe]], American tennis\n        player\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Jayne Atkinson]], English-born American\n        film, theatre and television actress\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Kyle MacLachlan]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Renee M. Borges]], Indian ecologist\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[Rolando Blackman]], [[Panama]]nian basketball player\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Tom\n        Arnold by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]]]]\\n[[File:Jaime\n        Augusto Zobel de Ayala II - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jaime\n        Augusto Zobel de Ayala|Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala II]]]]\\n[[File:Jens Stoltenberg\n        February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jens Stoltenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew Modine\n        at the NY Knicks vs Miami Heat game (May 2012).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matthew Modine]]]]\\n[[File:Laura-Chinchilla-cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laura\n        Chinchilla]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Nick Griffin]], British politician\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Rick Ardon]], Australian news presenter\\n** [[Irina Strakhova]],\n        Russian race walker\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Mike Byster]], American [[mathematician]],\n        [[mental calculator]] and [[Mathematics education|math educator]]\\n** [[Vazgen\n        Sargsyan]], 8th Prime Minister of Armenia (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\n**\n        [[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Jaime\n        Augusto Zobel de Ayala]] II, Spanish Filipino businessman\\n**[[Lars Larson]],\n        American conservative talk show host\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Lester Holt]], American\n        television journalist and news anchor\\n** [[Aidan Quinn]], Irish-American\n        actor\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Giovanni di Lorenzo]], German-Italian journalist\n        and talk show host\\n** [[Takaaki Kajita]], Japanese nuclear physicist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Mike Wallace (racing\n        driver)|Mike Wallace]], American race car driver\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Nina\n        Hartley]], American pornographic actress and director\\n** [[Margus Oopkaup]],\n        Estonian actor \\n** [[Dejan Stojanovi\\u0107]], Serbian-American poet, writer,\n        essayist and businessman\\n* [[March 15]] \\n**[[Harold Baines]], American baseball\n        player\\n**[[Fabio Lanzoni]], Italian fashion model and actor\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[Flavor Flav]], American rapper\\n** [[Jens Stoltenberg]], 27th [[Prime Minister\n        of Norway]]\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Danny Ainge]], American basketball player,\n        coach and baseball player\\n** [[Ken Lo]], Hong Kong actor and member of the\n        [[Jackie Chan Stunt Team]]\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Luc Besson]], French film\n        producer, writer and director\\n** [[Irene Cara]], African-American singer\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Sting (wrestler)|Steve Borden]], American wrestler\\n**\n        [[Richard Drummie]], English guitarist and composer ([[Go West (band)|Go West]])\\n**\n        [[Steve McFadden]], British actor\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Nobuo Uematsu]],\n        Japanese composer\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Matthew Modine]], American actor\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Kazue Ikura]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Catherine Keener]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Jun''ichi Sugawara]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Laura Chinchilla]], 49th [[President\n        of Costa Rica]]\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Barry Blanchard]], Canadian mountaineer\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Andrew Bailey (banker)|Andrew Bailey]], [[Executive\n        Director]] [[Banking]] and [[Chief Cashier]] at the [[Bank of England]]\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Markus Hediger]], Swiss writer and translator\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:David\n        Hyde Pierce VF Shankbone 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Hyde Pierce]]]]\\n[[File:Emma\n        Thompson at climate march.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emma Thompson]]]]\\n[[File:Sean\n        Bean TIFF 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sean Bean]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Smith (musician)\n        crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen-Harper-Cropped-2014-02-18.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen\n        Harper]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Badou Ezzaki|Badou Zaki]], Moroccan football\n        player and manager\\n* [[April 3]] – [[David Hyde Pierce]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Brian Setzer]], American rock guitarist and\n        singer\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Ana Mar\\u00eda Polo]], Cuban-born judge and\n        television personality\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Steve Byrnes]], American\n        motorsports broadcaster (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Fruit Chan]],\n        Hong Kong film director\\n** [[Ray Neufeld]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[John Onoje]], Sierra Leonean-born Moldovan activist\\n** [[Emma Thompson]],\n        English actress\\n** [[Thomas F. Wilson]], American actor \\n* [[April 16]]\n        \\n** [[David Feiss]], American animator\\n** [[Alison Ramsay]], Scottish field\n        hockey player\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Sean Bean]], British actor\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Patricia Charbonneau]], American actress\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Clint Howard]], American actor and producer\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Robert\n        Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]], lead vocalist and guitarist of the British\n        rock group [[The Cure]]\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Terry Francona]], American baseball\n        player and manager\\n** [[Ryan Stiles]], American comedian\\n* [[April 24]]\n        – [[Paula Yates]], British television presenter (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] – [[Tony Phillips]], American baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – [[Sheena Easton]], Scottish singer\\n* [[April 30]] –\n        [[Stephen Harper]], 22nd [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Brian\n        Williams 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Brian Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Peter-molyneux-at-university-of-southampton.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter\n        Molyneux]]]]\\n[[File:Clary 2008.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Julian Clary]]]]\\n[[File:MorrisseySXSW2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Morrissey]]]]\\n[[File:RupertEverett\n        cropped-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rupert Everett]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Alan\n        Best (filmmaker)|Alan Best]], Canadian animation director and producer\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[Uma Bharti]], Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh\\n** [[Ben Elton]],\n        British comedian and writer\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Peter Molyneux]], British game\n        programmer\\n** [[Steve Stevens]], American guitarist\\n** [[Brian Williams]],\n        American news anchor\\n* [[May 9]] – [[J\\u00e1nos \\u00c1der]], [[President\n        of Hungary]]\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Victoria Rowell]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Ving Rhames]], American actor\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Patrick\n        Bruel]], French singer\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Andrew Eldritch]], British\n        singer/songwriter \\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Marcelo Loffreda]], Argentine rugby\n        player and coach\\n** [[Jim Nantz]], American sports announcer\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – [[Nicole Brown Simpson]], American ex-wife of [[O. J. Simpson]] and\n        murder victim (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Israel Kamakawiwo\\u02bbole]],\n        American singer (d. 1997)\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Brian Lenihan, Jnr|Brian Lenihan]],\n        Irish politician (d. 2011)\\n** [[Loretta Lynch]], [[United States Attorney\n        General]]\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[David Blatt]], Israeli-American professional\n        basketball player and coach\\n** [[Morrissey]], British singer\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Bob Mortimer]], English comedian\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Pelle Lindbergh]],\n        Swedish-born hockey player (d. 1985)\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Julian Clary]],\n        English comedian, actor, and author\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Kevin Gage (actor)|Kevin\n        Gage]], American actor\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Katherine Lanpher]], American\n        journalist\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Steve Strange]], Welsh singer ([[Visage\n        (band)|Visage]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Rupert Everett]], British\n        actor\\n\\n===June===\\n\\n[[File:Hugh Laurie 2009 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugh\n        Laurie]]]]\\n[[File:Klaus Iohannis at EPP Summit, March 2015, Brussels (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Klaus\n        Iohannis]]]]\\n[[File:Landtag Niedersachsen DSCF7770 cropped.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Christian\n        Wulff]]]]\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Paul Germain]], American television screenwriter\n        and producer\\n*[[June 7]] – [[Mike Pence]], 50th [[Governor of Indiana]],\n        [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|48th]] [[Vice President of\n        the United States]]\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Bernard White (actor)|Bernard\n        White]], Sri Lankan-born American actor, screenwriter and film director\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Miles O''Brien (journalist)|Miles O''Brien]], American\n        television news anchor, pilot\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Carlo Ancelotti]], Italian\n        football player and manager\\n** [[Eliot Spitzer]], American politician and\n        former [[List of Governors of New York|governor of New York]]\\n* [[June 11]]\\n**\n        [[Hugh Laurie]], British actor, comedian, and musician\\n** [[Magnum T.A.]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[June 12]] – [[John Linnell]], American\n        singer-songwriter, half of alternative rock duo [[They Might Be Giants]]\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Klaus Iohannis]], [[President of Romania]] \\n* [[June\n        14]] – [[Marcus Miller]], American bassist\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Eileen\n        Davidson]], American actress and author\\n* [[June 16]] – [[The Ultimate\n        Warrior]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**\n        [[Ulrike Richter]], German swimmer\\n** [[Kazuki Yao]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Joe Ansolabehere]], American television screenwriter\n        and producer\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Christian Wulff]], [[Federal President\n        of Germany]] \\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Wayne Federman]], American comedian, actor,\n        and author\\n** [[Ed Viesturs]], American mountaineer\\n* [[June 24]] –\n        [[Andy McCluskey]], English musician and songwriter ([[Orchestral Manoeuvres\n        in the Dark|OMD]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Mark McKinney]], Canadian actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[June 28]] – [[John Shelley (illustrator)|John Shelley]],\n        British illustrator\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Vincent D''Onofrio]], American\n        actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Richie Sambora at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richie\n        Sambora]]]]     \\n[[File:Governor NewMexico.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Susana Martinez]]]]                                                      \\n[[File:Kevin\n        Spacey, May 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Spacey]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[Dale Midkiff]], American actor\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Julie Burchill]],\n        British journalist\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Marc Cohn]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Richard Dacoury]], French basketball player\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Billy Campbell]], American actor\\n** [[Barbara Krause]], German\n        swimmer\\n** [[Ben Linder]], American engineer (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Kerr]], Scottish rock singer ([[Simple Minds]])\\n** [[Kevin Nash]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Richie Sambora]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Suzanne Vega]], American singer\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Charlie\n        Murphy]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 14]] –\n        [[Susana Martinez]], American politician, Governor of New Mexico\\n* [[July\n        16]] – [[Gary Anderson (placekicker)|Gary Anderson]], American football\n        player\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Margaret Becker]], American Christian singer\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Mel Purcell]], American tennis player\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – [[Juan J. Campanella]], Argentinian filmmaker\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        [[Anatoly Onoprienko]], Ukrainian serial killer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Rick Bragg]], American journalist\\n** [[Kevin Spacey]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Richard Pearce (British actor)|Richard Pearce]], British voice artist\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Hugh Green (American football)|Hugh Green]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** [[Sanjay Dutt]], Indian actor\\n** [[Ruud\n        Janssen]], Dutch artist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Rosanna Arquette - Monte-Carlo\n        Television Festival.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Rosanna Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Gustavo\n        Cerati.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gustavo Cerati]]]]\\n[[File:Earvin \\\"Magic\\\" Johnson\n        on ''07.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Magic Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Rebecca-de-Mornay.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rebecca\n        De Mornay]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Koichi Tanaka]], Japanese scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Robbin\n        Crosby]], American rock guitarist ([[Ratt]]) (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 5]]\n        – [[Pete Burns]], British singer ([[Dead or Alive (band)|Dead or Alive]])\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 6]] –  [[Rajendra Singh]] Indian [[water conservationist]],\n        [[Magsaysay Award]] (2001)\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Rosanna Arquette]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Gustavo Cerati]], Argentinian singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Yoshiaki Murakami]], Japanese investor\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – [[Danny Bonaduce]], American actor and disc jockey\\n* [[August 14]]\\n**\n        [[Marcia Gay Harden]], American actress\\n** [[Magic Johnson]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Scott Altman]], American astronaut\\n* [[August\n        17]]\\n** [[Sakamoto Chika]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Franzen]], American author\\n** [[David Koresh]], American spiritualist, leader\n        of the [[Branch Davidian]] religious cult (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Brad Wellman]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Anthony Sowell]], convicted\n        serial killer and rapist\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Jim McMahon]], American\n        football player\\n* [[August 25]] – [[S\\u00f6nke Wortmann]], German film\n        director\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Stan Van Gundy]], American basketball\n        coach\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Juan Fernando Cobo]], Colombian artist\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen\n        Becker]], German cabaret artist and actor\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Rebecca De\n        Mornay]], American actress\\n** [[Stephen Wolfram]], British scientist\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Mark \\\"Jacko\\\" Jackson]], [[Australian rules football]]er and\n        actor\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Tony DeFranco]], Canadian singer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Guy\n        Laliberte WPT.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Guy Lalibert\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Wikicoulier.png|thumb|100px|[[Dave\n        Coulier]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Alexander Fourth of July (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason\n        Alexander]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Kenny Mayne]], American sportscaster\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Guy Lalibert\\u00e9]], Canadian [[Cirque du Soleil]]\n        founder\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Kevin Harrington (actor)|Kevin Harrington]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Armin Kogler]], Austrian ski jumper\\n* [[September\n        8]]\\n** [[Daler Nazarov]], Tajik composer, singer, and actor\\n** [[Saeko Shimazu]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Michael Earl (puppeteer)|Michael\n        Earl]], American puppeteer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Sigmar\n        Gabriel]], German politician\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Kathy Johnson]],\n        American artistic gymnast\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Mary Crosby]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Morten Harket]], Norwegian rock singer ([[A-ha]])\\n** [[Haviland\n        Morris]], American actress\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Mike Reiss]], American\n        television comedy writer\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Charles Lawson]], Irish\n        actor\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[S\\u00e9rgio Britto]], Brazilian singer and\n        keyboardist\\n** [[Kirk Fogg]], American actor, game show host and singer\\n**\n        [[Ryne Sandberg]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Dave\n        Coulier]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Jason\n        Alexander]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Steve\n        Whitmire]], American puppeteer\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Dantes Tsitsi]],\n        Nauruan politician\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Benjamin Sehene]], Rwandan\n        writer\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Ettore Messina]], Italian basketball\n        coach\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Simon Cowell in December 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Simon\n        Cowell]]]]\\n[[File:MO DF-ST-92-07516.JPEG|thumb|100px|[[Marie Osmond]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah\n        Ferguson in Leeds 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah, Duchess of York]]]]\\n[[File:RichardRoeper06TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Roeper]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Watanabe 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ken Watanabe]]]]\\n[[File:AlYankovicByKristineSlipson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\\"Weird\n        Al\\\" Yankovic]]]]\\n[[File:Evo Morales 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Evo Morales]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Magufuli 2015.png|thumb|100px|[[John Magufuli]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Brian\n        P. Cleary]], American humorist, author, poet\\n** [[Youssou N''Dour]], Senegalese\n        singer\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Fred Couples]], American golfer\\n** [[Greg Proops]],\n        American comedian\\n** [[Jack Wagner (actor)|Jack Wagner]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Chris Lowe]], British musician\\n* [[October 5]] –\n        [[David Shannon]], American writer and illustrator\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Simon\n        Cowell]], English music producer and television talent show judge\\n** [[Lourdes\n        Flores]], Peruvian politician\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Nick Bakay]], American\n        actor, producer, and screenwriter\\n** [[Brad Byers]], American entertainer\\n**\n        [[Gavin Friday]], Irish singer-songwriter, actor, and producer ([[Virgin Prunes]])\\n**\n        [[Erik Gundersen]], Danish motorcycle racer\\n** [[Mike Morgan (baseball)|Mike\n        Morgan]], American baseball player and coach\\n** [[Carlos I. Noriega]], Peruvian-American\n        colonel and astronaut\\n* [[October 9]] \\n** [[Michael Par\\u00e9]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Boris Nemtsov]], Russian politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n**[[Kirsty MacColl]], British singer and songwriter (d. [[2000]])\\n**[[Julia\n        Sweeney]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Marie\n        Osmond]], American singer\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Emeril Lagasse]], American\n        chef and restaurant owner\\n** [[Sarah, Duchess of York]], British Princess\n        and former wife of [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        [[Richard Roeper]], American film critic\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Ken Watanabe]],\n        Japanese actor\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Arto Salminen]], Finnish writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Nancy Grace]], American television host\\n**\n        [[\\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic]], American singer and parodist\\n** [[Sam Raimi]],\n        American producer, writer and director\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Chrissy\n        Amphlett]], Australian rock singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Evo Morales]], [[President of Bolivia]]\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Rick\n        Carlisle]], American basketball coach\\n* [[October 29]] – [[John Magufuli]],\n        5th [[President of Tanzania]]\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Neal Stephenson]],\n        American writer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Bryan Adams Hamburg MG 0631 flickr\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bryan Adams]]]]\\n[[File:Allison Janney Oct 2014\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Allison Janney]]]]\\n[[File:Sean Young LF.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sean\n        Young]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Sa\\u00efd Aouita]], Moroccan athlete\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Timothy Patrick Murphy]], American actor (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Bryan Adams]], Canadian singer and photographer\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Nobuo Tobita]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Billy Gillispie]], American basketball coach\\n* [[November 8]]\n        – [[Sel\\u00e7uk Yula]], Turkish football player and top scorer\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Tony Slattery]], British comedian and actor\\n* [[November 10]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Cohn]], American sports reporter\\n** [[Mackenzie Phillips]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Mike McCarthy (American football)|Mike McCarthy]], American\n        football coach\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Christian Schwarzenegger]], Swiss\n        legal scientist and professor\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Paul McGann]],\n        British actor\\n* [[November 17]] – [[William R. Moses]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – [[Jimmy Quinn (Northern Ireland footballer)|Jimmy\n        Quinn]], Northern Irish footballer and football manager\\n* [[November 19]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Barron (bishop)|Robert Barron]], American bishop, author, and theologian\\n**\n        [[Jo Bonner]], American U.S. Representative for Alabama''s 1st congressional\n        district\\n** [[Allison Janney]], American actress\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Sean Young]], American actress\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Dominique Dunne]],\n        American actress (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Akio \\u014ctsuka]],\n        Japanese voice actor and actor\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Charles Kennedy]],\n        British politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Viktoria Mullova]],\n        Russian violinist\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Judd Nelson]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Rahm Emanuel]], American politician\\n** [[Platon Lebedev]],\n        Russian executive\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[George S. J. Faber|George Faber]],\n        British television producer\\n** [[Lorraine Kelly]], British presenter and\n        journalist\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Satoru Iwata - Game Developers Conference\n        2011 - Day 2 (1).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Satoru Iwata]]]]\\n[[File:Florence Griffith\n        Joyner2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Florence Griffith Joyner]]]]\\n[[File:Tracey Ullman\n        1990.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tracey Ullman]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Billy Childish]],\n        English painter, writer and musician\\n** [[Wally Lewis]], Australian sport\n        identity\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Christa Luding-Rothenburger]], German\n        speed skater\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Satoru Iwata]], Japanese president\n        of Nintendo (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Karl Shuker]], British\n        zoologist, crypto-zoologist, and author\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Johnny\n        Whitaker]], American actor\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Evan Ziporyn]], American\n        composer\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Alison LaPlaca]], American actress\\n** [[Steve\n        Mattsson]], American writer\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Gregg Araki]], American\n        director\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Waise Lee]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Stephen Chan Chi Wan]], general manager of [[TVB]]\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Florence Griffith Joyner]], American athlete (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Bernd Schuster]], German footballer and manager\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Keith Deller]], English darts player\\n* [[December\n        25]] – [[Michael P. Anderson]], American astronaut (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – [[Gerina Dunwich]], American author\\n* [[December\n        28]] – [[Ana Torroja]], Spanish singer\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Marco\n        Antonio Sol\\u00eds]], Mexican singer\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Tracey Ullman]],\n        British-American comedian and actress\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Val Kilmer]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Baron Waqa]], Nauruan politician and composer, 14th [[President\n        of Nauru]]\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*[[Jacki Randall]], American artist\\n*Tarek\n        Al-Arabi Tourgane, Syrian singer-songwriter\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Demille\n        - c1920.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Cecil B. DeMille]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[William\n        D. Francis]], Australian botanist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Edwin\n        Muir]], Scottish poet, novelist and translator (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Enrique Pedreira]], Puerto Rican composer (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Zhang Xi (PRC politician)|Zhang Xi]], Chinese politician\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Giuseppe Bottai]], Italian Fascist\n        journalist and politician (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\n** [[Eivind Berggrav]],\n        Norwegian [[Lutheran]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[G. D. H. Cole]],\n        English political theorist, economist and historian (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Eduardo Braun-Men\\u00e9ndez]], Argentine physiologist (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Jennie Ross Cobb]], American photographer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Roger Gray (actor)|Roger Gray]], American actor (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Cecil B. DeMille]], American film director\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Carl Switzer]], American actor (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Mike Hawthorn]], English race car driver (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] – [[William Flannery]], American director (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Margaret Elizabeth Egan]], American librarian (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[MacGillivray Milne]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]] and\n        the 27th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        [[Walter Beall]], American baseball player (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:DFMalanPortret.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Daniel\n        Fran\\u00e7ois Malan]]]]\\n[[File:Beatrix Jones Farrand cabinet card est 1890s-1910s.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Beatrix\n        Farrand]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Frank Shannon]], American actor (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[The Day the Music Died|Killed in the\n        crash of a private plane]]:\\n** [[The Big Bopper]] (J.P. Richardson), American\n        rock singer (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Buddy Holly]], American rock singer  (b. [[1936]])\\n**\n        [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]], pilot (b. [[1937]])\\n** [[Ritchie\n        Valens]], American rock singer (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Vincent\n        Astor]], American philanthropist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Francesco De Robertis]],\n        Italian screenwriter, editor and director (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 4]]\n        – [[Una O''Connor (actress)|Una O''Connor]], Irish actress (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 7]]\\n** [[Nap Lajoie]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland Indians]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Daniel Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Malan]], South African politician, 4th [[Prime Minister of South Africa]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Marshall Teague]], American race\n        car driver (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[George Antheil]], American\n        composer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Baby Dodds]], American\n        jazz musician (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Ralph Eastwood]], British\n        army officer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Owen Willans Richardson]], British physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Luigi Emanueli]], Italian engineer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Gago Coutinho]], Portuguese aviation pioneer (b. 1869)\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\n** [[Greg\\u00f3rio Bondar]], Russian-Brazilian agronomist (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Laurence Housman]], English playwright and writer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Helen Parrish]], American actress (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] \\n** [[Pierre Frieden]], Luxembourgish politician and writer, 18th [[Prime\n        Minister of Luxembourg]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Luis Pal\\u00e9s Matos]], Puerto\n        Rican poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Klawdziy Duzh-Dushewski]],\n        Soviet architect, diplomat and journalist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife]], eldest grandchild of King [[Edward\n        VII]] (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Selig Suskin]], Russian-born Israeli agronomist\n        and early Zionist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 28]] \\n** [[Maxwell Anderson]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Beatrix Farrand]], American gardener\n        and architect (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Lou Costello in Africa\n        Screams.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lou Costello]]]]\\n[[File:52 HatoyamaI.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ichir\\u014d\n        Hatoyama]]]]\\n[[File:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi Seated.png|thumb|110px|[[Abd al-Rahman\n        al-Mahdi]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Mack Gordon]], American composer and\n        lyricist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Zalman Ben-Ya''akov]], Israel\n        politician (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Eric Blore]], English actor (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Lou Costello]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Adolphe Danziger De Castro]], Israeli scholar (b.  [[1859]])\\n**\n        [[Maxie Long]], American athlete (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\n** [[Guido\n        Brignone]], Italian actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Fred Stone]], American actor\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Ichir\\u014d Hatoyama]], Japanese politician,\n        36th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\n** [[Shalva\n        Dadiani]], Soviet novelist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Lester Young]], American jazz\n        saxophonist (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Galaktion Tabidze]], Georgian\n        poet (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Umberto Barbaro]], Italian critic\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Edwin Balmer]], American science fiction\n        and mystery writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Dominick Trcka]],\n        Czechoslovak [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        24]] – [[Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi]], Sudanese political figure and religious\n        leader, Imam of the [[Ansar (Sudan)|Ansar]] and 1st [[Prime Minister of Sudan]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Billy Mayerl]], British pianist and\n        composer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Raymond Chandler]], American-born\n        novelist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Grant Withers]], American\n        actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Lyubov Golanchikova]], Soviet\n        pilot (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Barth\\u00e9lemy Boganda]], 1st\n        [[Prime Minister of the Central African Republic]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Reginald R. Belknap]], United States Navy rear admiral (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Frank Lloyd Wright portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frank\n        Lloyd Wright]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Nicholas Charnetsky]], Soviet [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Leo Aryeh Mayer]], Israeli professor and scholar of\n        Islamic art (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Mario de Bernardi]], Italian\n        aviator (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Marios Makrionitis]], Greek [[Jesuit]] prelate\n        and reverend (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Frank Lloyd Wright]],\n        American architect (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[James Gleason]],\n        American actor, playwright, and screenwriter (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 13]]\n        – [[Dagmar Hansen]], Danish singer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        [[Ram\\u00f3n Armando Rodr\\u00edguez]], Venezuelan writer (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Cecil Cunningham]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Irving Cummings]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Count Michael Mikhailovich of Torby]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[Alabert Fogarasi]], Hungarian philosopher and politician\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Guggiari Echeverr\\u00eda]], Paraguayan [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and venerable (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson]], British general (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Troy Sanders (composer)|Troy Sanders]], American film\n        score composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[William S. Pye]], American\n        admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[Georges-Fran\\u00e7ois-Xavier-Marie\n        Grente|Georges Grente]], French [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n** [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]], Argentine politician, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Maria Dul\\u0119ba]],\n        Polish actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 8]] \\n** [[Renato Caccioppoli]], Italian\n        mathematician (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Hector Choquette]], Canadian politician\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Marcella Albani]], Italian actress (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Sidney Bechet]], American musician (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] \\n** [[Joe Cook (actor)|Joe Cook]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Jeanne de Flandreysy]], French author (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 16]] –\n        [[Elisha Scott]], Irish footballer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\n** [[George\n        Albert Smith (film pioneer)|George Albert Smith]], English film pioneer (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n** [[Judite Teixeira]], Portuguese writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Apsley Cherry-Garrard]], Antarctic explorer (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Enrique\n        Guaita]], Argentinian footballer (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Alfred\n        Sch\\u00fctz]], Austrian sociologist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Henri\n        Marchand (actor)|Henri Marchand]], French actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 24]]\n        – [[John Foster Dulles]], [[United States Secretary of State]] (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Ed Walsh]], American baseball player ([[Chicago White\n        Sox]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 30]]\n        \\n** [[Hesperia (actress)|Hesperia]], Italian actress (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Ra\\u00fal\n        Scalabrini Ortiz]], Argentinian journalist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Ede Zathureczky]], Hungarian violinist (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Windaus.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolf\n        Otto Reinhold Windaus]]]]\\n[[File:Hitoshi Ashida.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hitoshi\n        Ashida]]]]\\n[[File:Elias von Parma Postkarte 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elias,\n        Duke of Parma]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Kinahan Cornwallis]], British diplomat\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Charles Vidor]], American director (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Pietro Canonica]], Italian sculptor (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[Sonnie Hale]], English actor and director (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n** [[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Clyde\n        E. Elliott]], American director, producer and writer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June\n        14]] – [[Jer\\u00f3nimo M\\u00e9ndez]], Chilean politician, former acting\n        [[Presidents of Chile|President of the Republic]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Kazimierz Bein]], Polish ophtlalmologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June\n        16]] – [[George Reeves]], American television actor (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Ethel Barrymore]], American stage and screen actress (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Vincenzo Cardarelli]], Italian poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        20]] – [[Hitoshi Ashida]], Japanese politician, 34th [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix Guignot]], French\n        physician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Bruce Harlan]], American Olympic diver (b. [[1926]])\\n*\n        [[June 23]] \\n** [[Cesare Maria De Vecchi]], Italian soldier (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Gorczy\\u0144ska]], Polish actress (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Boris Vian]],\n        French writer, poet, singer, and musician (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Farajallah el-Helou]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Charles Starkweather]],\n        American spree killer (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Elias, Duke of Parma]]\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Giovanni Pastrone]], Italian actor, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Vasconcelos]], Mexican politician,\n        writer and philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Billie Holiday\n        1949.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Billie Holiday]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Sergei Chetverikov]],\n        Russian biologist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Pedro Pablo Caro]], Chilean\n        lawyer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Johan Bojer]], Norwegian novelist and dramatist\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Jarabo]], Spanish\n        spree killer (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[George Grosz]], German\n        artist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Ernest Newman]], British music critic\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Hermenegildo Anglada Camarasa|Hermenegildo Anglada]],\n        Spanish painter (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Ferenc Tal\\u00e1nyi]],\n        Yugoslav writer, partisan and painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Marcel Nguy\\u1ec5n T\\u00e2n V\\u0103n]], Vietnamese [[Redemptorist]] brother\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Charlie Parker (cricketer)|Charlie\n        Parker]], English cricketer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Grock]],\n        Swiss clown (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Ernest Bloch]], Swiss composer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Agostino Gemelli]], Italian [[Franciscan]] friar and reverend\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Billie Holiday]], American singer (b.\n        [[1915]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[William D. Leahy]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog]], Polish-born Chief\n        Rabbi of Ireland, and later of [[Israel]] (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Naim Moghabghab]],\n        Lebanese political leader (b. [[1911]])\\n** King [[Mutara III of Rwanda]]\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Joseph Ayo Babalola]], Nigerian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] apostle (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Manuel Altolaguirre]], Spanish poet\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Heinie Conklin]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Gottfried Fr\\u00f6lich]], German general, recipient of the [[Knight''s Cross\n        of the Iron Cross]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Natividad Venegas de la\n        Torre]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] nun and saint (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Mary Teresa Norton]], American politician (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[August 3]]\\n** [[Herb Byrne]], Australian rules footballer (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Fernando Carpi]], Italian tenor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Ioan\n        B\\u0103lan]], Romanian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] prelate (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Edgar Guest]], English poet (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Preston Sturges]], American film director and writer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\n** [[Luigi Sturzo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and\n        politician (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Henry St. George Tucker (bishop)|Henry St.\n        George Tucker]], American [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] bishop\n        and reverend (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Luis Araquist\\u00e1in]], Spanish politician\n        and writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Emil Franti\\u0161ek Burian]],\n        Czechoslovak poet (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Blind Willie McTell]],\n        American Piedmont blues singer and guitarist (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Benny Fields]], American singer (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[William Halsey, Jr.]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Wanda Landowska]], Polish harpsichordist\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque]], Brazilian\n        military officer (b.  [[1885]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Claude Grahame-White]],\n        British aviation pioneer (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jacob Epstein]], American-born\n        sculptor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Alexander Evreinov]], Soviet\n        [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – [[Marie Luise Droop]], German writer, producer and director\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Raphael Lemkin]], international lawyer\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Bohuslav Martin\\u016f]], Czech composer (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_(1899-1959).jpg|thumb|110px|[[S.\n        W. R. D. Bandaranaike]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Jack Norworth]], American\n        singer and songwriter (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Edmund Gwenn]],\n        English actor (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Kay Kendall]], English actress (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]] \\n** [[Maurice Duplessis]], [[Premier of Quebec]] (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Virgilio Riento]], Italian actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Paul Douglas (actor)|Paul Douglas]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        13]] \\n** [[Adrian (costume designer)|Gilbert Adrian]], American costume designer\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Diomira Jacobini]], Italian actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Wayne Morris (American actor)|Wayne Morris]], American actor\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Chumbhotbongs Paribatra]], Prince\n        of Thailand (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Jack Llewelyn Davies]],\n        one of the ''Lost Boys'' for the [[Peter Pan]] book (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Adolf Ziegler]],  German painter (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September\n        20]] – [[Nikandr Chibisov]], Russian commander (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\n** [[Josef Matthias Hauer]], Austrian composer and music theorist (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n** [[Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside]], British Field Marshal\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]], 4th [[Prime\n        Minister of Ceylon]] (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Helen Broderick]], American actress\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Marcelle G\\u00e9niat]], French\n        actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Rimma Brailovskaya]], Russian\n        painter (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Rudolf Caracciola]], German race car driver (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n** [[Oscar Griswold]], American general (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Gerard\n        Hoffnung]], German-born English humorist (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Vinnie Richards]],\n        American tennis player (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Taylor\n        Holmes]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Enrico De\n        Nicola.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Enrico De Nicola]]]]\\n[[File:Errol Flynn1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Errol\n        Flynn]]]]\\n[[File:General George C. Marshall, official military photo, 1946.JPEG|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Marshall|George C. Marshall]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Enrico De Nicola]],\n        Italian jurist, politician and journalist, 1st [[President of Italy]] (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Bernard Berenson]], American art historian\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Mario Lanza]], American tenor (b.\n        [[1921]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Shir\\u014d Ishii]], Japanese microbiologist\n        and lieutenant general of [[Unit 731]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 11]] –\n        [[Bert Bell]], 2nd commissioner of the [[National Football League]] (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\n** [[Edward Keane (actor)|Edward Keane]], American actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Arnolt Bronnen]], Austrian playwright and director (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Errol Flynn]], Australian actor (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Stepan Bandera]], Ukrainian nationalist\n        leader (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Minor Hall]], American jazz musician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]], [[United States\n        Secretary of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[October 18]] – [[Boughera El Ouafi]], Algerian athlete (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Ebrahim Hakimi]], 29th [[Prime Minister of Iran]]\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Werner Krauss]], German actor (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Joseph Cahill]], Australian politician\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Genevieve R. Cline]], American jurist\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Domenchina]], Spanish\n        poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** [[Lili \\u00c1rkayn\\u00e9 Sztehl\\u00f3]],\n        Hungarian painter (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Camilo Cienfuegos]], Cuban revolutionary\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Jose P. Laurel.jpg|thumbnail|110px|[[Jose\n        P. Laurel]]]]\\n[[File:Alfonso L\\u00f3pez Pumarejo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alfonso\n        L\\u00f3pez Pumarejo]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]],\n        Tamil film actor and producer (b. 1909)\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Michael Considine]],\n        Australian politician (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Federico Tedeschini]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[George\n        (Karslidis) of Drama|George Karslidis]], Greek [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]\n        priest, elder and saint (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 P.\n        Laurel]], Filipino politician and judge, 3rd [[President of the Philippines]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Ivan Leonidov]], Russian architect (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\n** [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]], [[Nawab of Junagarh]] (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Victor McLaglen]], English actor and boxer (b. [[1886]]) \\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Frank S. Land]], founder of the [[Order of DeMolay]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – [[Lupino Lane]], British actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson]], Scottish physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]], Brazilian composer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 19]]\n        – [[Joseph Charbonneau]], Canadian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]], American\n        boxer and actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Molla Mallory]],\n        American tennis champion (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[Stepan Erzia]],\n        Russian sculptor (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Dally Messenger]], Australian rugby league\n        player (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[G\\u00e9rard Philipe]], French\n        actor (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Hans Henny Jahnn]],  German\n        playwright and novelist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Alfonso\n        L\\u00f3pez Pumarejo]], Colombian political figure, 2-time [[President of Colombia]]\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:HIH Kuni Asaakira.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Prince\n        Kuni Asaakira]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Giuseppe Zucca]], Italian screenwriter\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Juozapas Skvireckas]], Soviet [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] archbishop and reverend (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[Hubert Marischka]], Austrian film director (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]] \\n** [[Charlie Hall (actor)|Charlie Hall]], English actor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n** [[Prince Kuni Asaakira]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 9]] –\n        [[Donald MacDonald (actor)|Donald MacDonald]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – [[Jim Bottomley]], American baseball player ([[St.\n        Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] \\n** [[Marcella Craft]], American soprano (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Russell Simpson (actor)|Russell Simpson]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\n** [[Edna Wallace Hopper]], American stage actress (b. [[1872]])\\n**\n        [[Stanley Spencer]], British painter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Andr\\u00e9s Mart\\u00ednez Trueba]], 31st [[President of Uruguay]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Gilda Gray]], Polish-born dancer and actress (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]],\n        British politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Edmund Goulding]],\n        American director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Ante Paveli\\u0107|Ante\n        Pavelic]], Croatian fascist leader and WWII war criminal (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Morosoli]], Uruguayan writer (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n\\n===Unknown===\\n* [[Elena S\\u0103c\\u0103lici]], Romanian artistic\n        gymnast (b. [[1935]])\\n\\n==Nobel prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Emilio Gino Segr\\u00e8]], [[Owen\n        Chamberlain]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Jaroslav\n        Heyrovsk\\u00fd]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or\n        Medicine]] – [[Severo Ochoa]], [[Arthur Kornberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[Salvatore Quasimodo]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[Philip Noel-Baker]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1959}}\\n\\n[[Category:1959|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:56:53Z\",\"lastrevid\":797279886,\"length\":74724,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1959&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959\"},\"34664\":{\"pageid\":34664,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1960\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T17:05:15Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1960}}\\n{{Events by month|1960}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1960}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1960}} It is also\n        known as the \\\"[[Year of Africa]]\\\" because of major events\\u2014particularly\n        the independence of seventeen African nations\\u2014that focused global attention\n        on the continent and intensified feelings of [[Pan-Africanism]].\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1960}}\\n* January \\u2013 The [[state of emergency]] is lifted\n        in [[Kenya]], officially ending the [[Mau Mau Uprising]].\\n* [[January 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cameroon]] gains its independence from French-administered U.N. trusteeship.\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] (D-MA) announces\n        his candidacy for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential\n        nomination.\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 The [[Associations Law]] comes into force\n        in [[Iraq]], allowing registration of political parties.\\n* [[January 9]]\\u2013[[January\n        11|11]] \\u2013 [[Aswan High Dam]] construction begins in [[Egypt]].\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 British Prime Minister [[Harold Macmillan]] makes the [[Wind of\n        Change (speech)|Wind of Change]] speech for the first time (see [[February\n        3]]).\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 The [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]]\n        and [[Commonwealth Bank]] are created in Australia.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013\n        The first televised [[anime]], ''''[[Three Tales (anime)|Three Tales]]'''',\n        debuts on [[NHK]].\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 The [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation\n        and Security between the United States and Japan]] is signed in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 A coal mine collapses at [[Holly Country|Coalbrook]],\n        South Africa, killing 435 [[miner]]s.\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** In France, President\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]] fires [[Jacques Massu]], the commander-in-chief of the\n        French troops in [[Algeria]].\\n** [[Jacques Piccard]] and [[Don Walsh]] descend\n        into the [[Mariana Trench]] in the ''''[[bathyscaphe Trieste]]'''', reaching\n        the depth of 10,911 meters (35,797 feet) and become the first human beings\n        to reach the lowest spot on Earth.\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 A major insurrection\n        occurs in [[Algiers]] against French colonial policy.\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013\n        In Washington, D.C., the [[National Association of Broadcasters]] reacts to\n        the [[payola]] scandal by threatening fines for any [[disc jockey]]s who accepted\n        money for playing particular records.\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 The [[National\n        Football League]] announces expansion teams for [[Dallas Cowboys|Dallas]]\n        to start in the 1960 NFL season, and [[Minnesota Vikings|Minneapolis\\u2013St.\n        Paul]] for the 1961 NFL season.\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 The [[African National\n        Party]] is founded in [[Chad]], through the merger of traditionalist parties.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1960}}\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 In [[Greensboro, North Carolina]],\n        four black students from [[North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State\n        University]] begin a [[Greensboro sit-ins|sit-in]] at a segregated [[F. W.\n        Woolworth Company|Woolworth''s]] [[lunch counter]]. Although they are refused\n        service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many\n        similar non-violent protests throughout the [[Southern United States]], and\n        six months later the original four protesters are served lunch at the same\n        counter.\\n[[File:Greensboro sit-in counter.jpg|thumb|A section of lunch counter\n        from the [[Greensboro, North Carolina]] [[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth''s]]\n        where the [[Greensboro sit-ins]] began is now preserved in the [[Smithsonian\n        Institution]] [[National Museum of American History]]]]\\n* [[February 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Harold Macmillan]] makes\n        the [[Wind of Change (speech)|Wind of Change]] speech to the South African\n        Parliament in [[Cape Town]] (although he had first made the speech, to little\n        publicity, in [[Accra]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] \\u2014\n        now [[Ghana]] \\u2014 on [[January 10]]).\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 The first\n        [[CERN]] [[particle accelerator]] becomes operational in [[Geneva]], Switzerland.\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Joanne Woodward]] receives the first star on the [[Hollywood\n        Walk of Fame]].\\n** [[Adolph Coors III]], the chairman of the board of the\n        [[Coors Brewing Company]], is kidnapped, and his captors demand a ransom of\n        $500,000. Coors is later found murdered, and [[Joseph Corbett, Jr.]] is indicted\n        for the crime.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 A conference about the proposed independence\n        of the [[Belgian Congo]] begins in [[Brussels]], Belgium.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        The [[N-class blimp]] ''''[[ZPG-3W]]'''' of the U.S. Navy is destroyed during\n        a storm over [[Massachusetts]].\\n** Twelve Indian soldiers die in clashes\n        with [[People''s Republic of China|Red Chinese]] troops along their small\n        common border.\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 France tests its [[Gerboise Bleue|first\n        atomic bomb]] in the [[Sahara Desert]] of [[Algeria]].\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\u2013 The [[1960 Winter Olympics]] begin at the [[Squaw Valley Ski Resort]],\n        in [[Placer County, California]].\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 A New York-bound\n        [[Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane|Alitalia]] airliner crashes into a cemetery\n        at [[Shannon, Ireland]], shortly after takeoff, killing 34 of the 52 persons\n        on board.\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013 The 5.7 {{M|w}} [[1960 Agadir earthquake|Agadir\n        earthquake]] shakes coastal [[Morocco]] with a maximum perceived intensity\n        of [[Mercalli intensity scale|X (''''Extreme'''')]], destroying Agadir, and\n        leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March\n        1960}}\\n[[File:GuerrilleroHeroico.jpg|thumb|130px|The iconic picture of Che\n        Guevara.\\\"[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/books/21kaku.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all\n        Brand Che: Revolutionary as Marketer''s Dream] by [[Michiko Kakutani]], ''''[[The\n        New York Times]]'''', April 20, 2009]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Lucille\n        Ball]] files for divorce from husband [[Desi Arnaz]] after 19 years of marriage.\n        The divorce ends the ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' franchise.\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Elvis Presley]] returns home from Germany, after being away on military\n        duty for 2 years.\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Elvis Presley]] receives his honorable\n        discharge from the U.S. Army.\\n** [[Alberto Korda]] takes his iconic photograph\n        of [[Che Guevara]], ''''[[Guerrillero Heroico]]'''', in [[Havana]].\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The United States announces that 3,500 American soldiers\n        will be sent to [[Vietnam]].\\n** The [[Canton of Geneva]] in Switzerland gives\n        women the right to vote.\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Northwest Orient Airlines\n        Flight 710]] crashes near Tell City, Indiana, killing all 63 on board.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\u2013 The [[Sharpeville massacre]] in South Africa results in\n        more than 69 dead, 300 injured.\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow]]\n        and [[Charles Hard Townes]] receive the first [[patent]] for a [[laser]].\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\u2013 Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] meets French president\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]] in Paris.\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 \\\"[[Tom Pillibi]]\\\"\n        by [[Jacqueline Boyer]] (music by [[Andr\\u00e9 Popp]], text by [[Pierre Cour]])\n        wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1960]] for France.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1960}}\\n[[File:Tiros satellite navitar.jpg|thumb|upright|Tiros\n        I prototype on display at the Smithsonian [[National Air and Space Museum]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad]], 1st\n        [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]], dies in office. He is replaced\n        by [[Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah]], [[Sultan]]\n        of [[Selangor]].\\n** The United States launches the first [[weather satellite]],\n        [[TIROS-1]].\\n** The [[1960 United States Census]] begins. There are 179,323,175\n        U.S. residents on this day.[http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1961-02.pdf\n        Population] All people from [[Latin America]] are listed as white, including\n        blacks from the [[Dominican Republic]], European whites from [[Argentina]]\n        and Mexicans who resemble [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** At the [[32nd Academy Awards]] ceremony, ''''[[Ben-Hur (1959\n        film)|Ben-Hur]]'''' wins a record number of [[Oscars]], including [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n** [[Elvis Presley]]''s song \\\"[[Are\n        You Lonesome Tonight? (song)|Are You Lonesome Tonight?]]\\\" is recorded for\n        the first time.\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 Gunman [[David Pratt (assassin)|David\n        Pratt]] shoots [[South African Prime Minister]] [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] in [[Johannesburg]],\n        wounding him seriously.\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 Eric Peugeot, the youngest\n        son of the founder of the [[Peugeot Corporation]], is kidnapped in Paris.\n        Then, he is released on [[April 15]] in exchange for $300,000 in ransom.\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** United States launches [[navigation satellite]] Transit I-b.\\n**\n        The proposed mass-production of the [[Blue Streak missile]] is cancelled.\\n*\n        [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[April Revolution]]: South Korean students hold a nationwide\n        pro-democracy protest against President [[Syngman Rhee]], eventually leading\n        him to resign from that office.\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 In Brazil, the country''s\n        capital ([[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]) is relocated from\n        the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] to the new city, [[Bras\\u00edlia]], in the\n        highlands. The actual city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] becomes the [[State of Guanabara]].\\n*\n        [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Togo]] gains independence from France, with the French-administered\n        [[United Nations Trust Territory]] being terminated.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1960}}\\n[[File:RIAN archive 35172 Powers Wears Special Pressure\n        Suit.jpg|thumb|Francis Gary Powers wearing special pressure suit for stratospheric\n        flying]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** Several [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[surface-to-air\n        missile]]s [[1960 U-2 incident|shoot down]] an American [[Lockheed U-2]] spy\n        plane. Its pilot, [[Francis Gary Powers]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]],\n        is captured.\\n** In India, [[May 2]] is declared as ''Maharashtra Divas'',\n        i.e., [[Maharashtra Day]] (also celebrated as ''Kaamgaar Divas'', i.e., Workers\n        Day).\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** The [[European Free Trade Association]] (EFTA) is established.\\n**\n        ''''[[The Fantasticks]]'''', the world''s longest-running [[musical theatre|musical]],\n        opens at New York City''s [[Sullivan Street Playhouse]], where it will play\n        for 42 years.\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** West German refugee minister [[Theodor Oberl\\u00e4nder]]\n        is fired because of his past with [[Nazi Germany]].\\n** [[A. J. Liebling]]\n        promulgates Liebling''s Law in ''''[[The New Yorker]]'''' magazine: \\\"Freedom\n        of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one.\\\"\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013\n        United States President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the [[Civil Rights\n        Act of 1960]] into law.\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]]\n        announces that it will approve [[birth control]] as an additional [[indication\n        (medicine)|indication]] for [[G. D. Searle & Company|Searle]]''s Enovid, making\n        it the world''s first approved [[combined oral contraceptive pill|oral contraceptive\n        pill]].\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 The U.S. nuclear-powered submarine {{USS|Triton|SSRN-586|6}},\n        under the command of Captain [[Edward L. Beach Jr.]], completes the first\n        underwater [[circumnavigation]] of the Earth (codenamed [[Operation Sandblast]]).\\n*\n        [[May 11]] \\u2013 In [[Buenos Aires]], four [[Mossad]] agents abduct the fugitive\n        [[Nazi Germany|Nazi criminal against humanity]], [[Adolf Eichmann]], in order\n        that he can be taken to [[Israel]] and put on trial. (Eichmann is later convicted\n        and executed).\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 A joint Swiss and Austrian expedition\n        makes the first ascent of the Asian mountain, [[Dhaulagiri]], the world''s\n        7th highest mountain.\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 The Kenyan African National Congress\n        Party is founded in [[Kenya]], when 3 political parties join forces.\\n* [[May\n        15]] \\u2013 The [[satellite]] [[Sputnik program|Sputnik 4]] is launched into\n        orbit by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        demands an apology from [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] for the [[1960 U-2 incident|U-2 reconnaissance plane flights]]\n        over the [[Soviet Union]], thus aborting the summit meeting scheduled for\n        Paris in 1960.\\n** [[Theodore Maiman]] operates the first [[laser]].\\n* [[May\n        18]]  \\u2013 [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[Eintracht Frankfurt]]\n        7-3 at [[Hampden Park]], [[Glasgow]] and wins the [[1959\\u201360 European\n        Cup]] (football).\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 In Japan, police carry away [[socialist]]\n        members of the [[Diet of Japan]]. The Diet next approves a mutual security\n        treaty with the United States.\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 The [[1960 Valdivia earthquake|Great\n        Chilean earthquake]]: [[Chile]]''s subduction fault ruptures from [[Talcahuano]]\n        to [[Taitao Peninsula]], causing the most powerful earthquake on record (with\n        a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 9.5) and a [[tsunami]]. Because\n        of its power, the [[seismograph]]s in the city of [[Valdivia]] are overloaded\n        and malfunction through the entire earthquake.\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Prime\n        Minister of Israel]] [[David Ben-Gurion]] announces that [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war\n        criminal]] [[Adolf Eichmann]] has been captured.\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 In Turkey,\n        [[1960 Turkish coup d''\\u00e9tat|a bloodless military coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        removes President [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] and installs General [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]]\n        as the [[head of state]].\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]] forms\n        the new government of [[Turkey]] (its 24th government, composed mostly of\n        so-called \\\"technocrats\\\").\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1960}}\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 New Zealand''s first [[television station]] begins broadcasting\n        in the city of [[Auckland]].\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 The [[Lake Bodom murders]]\n        occur in Finland.\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        wins the [[California]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[primary\n        election|primary]].\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[1960 Pacific typhoon season|Typhoon\n        Mary]] kills 1,600 people in China.\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Domino''s Pizza]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** Violent [[Demonstration (protest)|demonstrations]]\n        at [[Tokyo University]] result in 182 arrests, 589 injuries.\\n** The [[BC\n        Ferries]] company, later to become the second-largest ferry operator in the\n        world, commences service between [[Tsawwassen]] and [[Swartz Bay, British\n        Columbia]], Canada.\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013 The [[Associated Broadcasting Company]]\n        (now TV5) is founded in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 The short-lived\n        [[Mali Federation]], consisting of the [[Sudanese Republic]] (now the [[Mali|Republic\n        of Mali]]) and [[Senegal]], gains independence from France.\\n* [[June 23]]\n        \\u2013 Japanese prime minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]] announces his resignation.\\n*\n        [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]] is elected as the first President\n        of the independent [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        The [[State of Somaliland]] (the former [[British Somaliland]] protectorate)\n        receives its independence from the United Kingdom. Five days later, it unites\n        as scheduled with the [[Trust Territory of Somalia]] (the former [[Italian\n        Somaliland]]) to form the [[Somali Republic]].\\n** The [[Malagasy Republic]],\n        now [[Madagascar]], becomes independent from France.\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[King\n        Bhumibol Adulyadej]] arrives in Washington, D.C. for a 4-day royal visit to\n        the U.S.\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** The [[Belgian Congo]] receives its independence\n        from Belgium as the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)]]. A [[civil\n        war]] follows closely on the heels of this.\\n** Public demonstrations by democratic\n        and left forces, against Italian government support of the post-fascist [[Italian\n        Social Movement]], are heavily suppressed by police.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1960}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ghana]] becomes a republic and [[Kwame\n        Nkrumah]] becomes its first [[President of Ghana|President]].\\n** [[Cold War]]:\n        A [[Soviet Air Force]] [[MiG-19]] [[fighter plane]] flying north of [[Murmansk]],\n        Russia, over the [[Barents Sea]] shoots down a six-man [[RB-47 Stratojet]]\n        [[reconnaissance plane]] of the U.S. Air Force. Four of the U.S. Air Force\n        officers are killed, and the two survivors are held prisoner in the [[Soviet\n        Union]].\\n** The [[Trust Territory of Somaliland]] (the former [[Italian Somaliland]])\n        gains its independence from Italy. Concurrently, it unites as scheduled with\n        the five-day-old [[State of Somaliland]] (the former [[British Somaliland]])\n        to form the [[Somali Republic]].\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 Following the admission\n        of the State of Hawaii as the 50th state in August 1959, the new 50-star [[Flag\n        of the United States]] is first officially flown over [[Philadelphia]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union national football team]] defeats the\n        [[Yugoslavian national football team]] 2\\u20131 in Paris to win the first\n        [[UEFA European Football Championship|European Soccer Championship]].\\n* [[July\n        11]]\\n** [[Congo Crisis]]: [[Moise Tshombe]] declares the Congolese province\n        of [[State of Katanga|Katanga]] independent. He requests and receives help\n        from Belgium.\\n** [[Harper Lee]] publishes her novel ''''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'''',\n        which later wins the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for the best American novel of 1960.\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Chin Peng]] is exiled from [[Malaysia]] to [[Thailand]]\n        and the Malayan [[Malayan Emergency|state of emergency]] is lifted.\\n* [[July\n        13]] \\u2013 [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] is nominated for President\n        of the United States at the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]] in Los\n        Angeles.\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations Security Council]] decides\n        to send troops to Katanga to oversee the withdrawal of Belgian troops.\\n*\n        [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] elects Mrs. [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]\n        as its Prime Minister, the world''s first elected female [[head of government]].\n        She takes office the following day.\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[Francis Chichester]],\n        English navigator and yachtsman, arrives at New York City aboard his [[sailboat|yacht]],\n        ''''Gypsy Moth II'''', crossing the Atlantic Ocean solo in a new record of\n        just forty days.\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[F. W. Woolworth Company|The Woolworth\n        Company]]''s lunch counter in [[Greensboro, North Carolina]], the location\n        of a sit-in that had [[F. W. Woolworth Company#Greensboro sit-in|sparked demonstrations]]\n        by [[Negro]]es across the [[Southern United States]], serves a meal to its\n        first black customer.\\n* [[July 25]]\\u2013[[July 28]] \\u2013 In Chicago, the\n        [[1960 Republican National Convention]] nominates [[Vice President of the\n        United States|Vice President]] [[Richard Nixon]] as its candidate for President\n        of the United States, and [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], as its candidate to become\n        the new Vice-President.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1960}}\\n* [[August\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Republic of Dahomey|Dahomey]], now known as [[Benin]], becomes\n        independent from France.\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Niger]] becomes independent\n        from France.\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Republic of Upper Volta|Upper Volta]],\n        now known as [[Burkina Faso]], becomes independent from France.\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Cuban Revolution]]: In response to a [[United States embargo against\n        Cuba]], [[Fidel Castro]] nationalizes all American and foreign-owned property\n        in [[Cuba]].\\n** In the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)]], now\n        the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Albert Kalonji]] declares the\n        independence of the \\\"Autonomous State of [[South Kasai]]\\\".\\n* [[August 7]]\\n**\n        The [[Ivory Coast]]  becomes independent from France.\\n** The world''s first\n        [[standard gauge]] passenger preserved railway, the [[Bluebell Railway]],\n        opens to the public in England.\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 The government of [[Laos]]\n        is overthrown in a coup.\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Chad]] becomes independent\n        from France.\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Ubangi-Shari]] becomes independent\n        from France, as the \\\"[[Central African Republic]]\\\". It later becomes the\n        \\\"[[Central African Empire]]\\\" for some years.\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Middle\n        Congo]] becomes independent from France, as [[Republic of Congo|Republic of\n        Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)]].\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Joseph Kittinger]] parachutes\n        from a balloon over [[New Mexico]] at an altitude of about 102,800 feet (31,333\n        meters). Kittinger sets world records for: high-altitude jump; [[free-fall]]\n        by falling 16.0 miles (25.7 [[kilometer]]s) before opening his parachute;\n        and the fastest speed attained by a human being without mechanical or chemical\n        assistance, about 982 k.p.h (614 m.p.h.). (Kittinger survives more or less\n        uninjured, and he is still alive in Florida {{as of|2013|lc=y}}. [[Felix Baumgartner]]\n        breaks his record in [[2012]].)\\n** The Mediterranean island of [[Cyprus]]\n        receives its independence from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** The\n        newly named [[Beatles]] begin a 48-night residency at the Indra club in [[Hamburg]],\n        West Germany.\\n** [[Gabon]] becomes independent from France.\\n** The trial\n        of the American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] pilot [[Francis Gary Powers]] begins\n        in Moscow.\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Cold War]]: In Moscow, American U-2 pilot\n        Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to 10 years in prison for [[espionage]].\\n**\n        [[Sputnik program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches the [[satellite]] [[Sputnik\n        5]], with the dogs [[Belka (dog)|Belka]] and [[Russian space dogs|Strelka]]\n        (the Russian for \\\"Squirrel\\\" and \\\"Little Arrow\\\"), 40 mice, two rats and\n        a variety of plants. This satellite returns to earth the next day and all\n        animals are recovered safely.\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Senegal]] breaks away\n        from the [[Mali Federation]], declaring its independence.\\n* [[August 25]]\\n**\n        The [[1960 Summer Olympic Games]] begin in Rome.\\n** The American [[nuclear\n        submarine]] {{USS|Seadragon|SSN-584|6}} surfaces through the [[Arctic ice\n        cap]] at the [[North Pole]], the first submarine ever to do so.\\n* [[August\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Hurricane Donna]] kills 50 people in [[Florida]] and [[New England]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1960}}\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah]],\n        [[Sultan]] of [[Selangor]] and 2nd [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]],\n        dies in office. He is replaced by [[Tuanku Syed Putra]], [[Raja]] of [[Perlis]].\\n**\n        Disgruntled railroad workers effectively halt operations of the [[Pennsylvania\n        Railroad]], marking the first shutdown in the company''s history (the event\n        lasts two days).\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 The first elections of the [[Parliament\n        of the Central Tibetan Administration]] are held. The Tibetan community observes\n        this date as Democracy Day.\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** [[1960 Summer Olympic Games]]:\n        [[Muhammad Ali]] (at this time Cassius Clay) wins the gold medal in [[light-heavyweight]]\n        boxing.\\n** [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|The Congolese]] president,\n        [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]], fires [[Patrice Lumumba]]''s entire government, and\n        also places Lumumba under [[house arrest]].\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Martin\n        and Mitchell defection|William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell]], two\n        American [[cryptologist]]s, announce their defection to the Soviet Union at\n        a press conference in Moscow.\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 In [[Huntsville, Alabama]],\n        U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] formally dedicates the [[Marshall\n        Space Flight Center]] (which had been activated by [[NASA]] on July 1).\\n*\n        [[September 9]] \\u2013 The first regular season [[American Football League]]\n        game takes place at Boston''s [[Nickerson Field]]. The [[Denver Broncos]]\n        defeated the [[Boston Patriots]] 13-10.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[1960\n        Summer Olympic Games]]: [[Abebe Bikila]] of [[Ethiopia at the 1960 Summer\n        Olympics|Ethiopia]] wins the gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer\n        Olympics \\u2013 Men''s marathon|marathon]], running barefoot in a world time\n        and becoming the first person from [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] to win Olympic gold.\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** Colonel [[Joseph Mobutu]] takes power in [[Democratic\n        Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]] via a [[military coup]].\\n**\n        The countries of [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Venezuela]]\n        form [[OPEC]].\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Mali]], the sole remaining member\n        of the \\\"Mali Federation\\\" following the withdrawal of [[Senegal]] one month\n        earlier, declares its full independence as the ''''Republic of Mali''''.\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 The leading candidates for [[President of the United\n        States]], [[Richard Nixon]] and [[John F. Kennedy]], make the first televised\n        debate.\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013 The television animated sitcom, ''''[[The\n        Flintstones]]'''' premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1960}}\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Nigeria]] becomes independent\n        from United Kingdom, and [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] becomes its first native-born\n        [[Governor General]].\\n** [[Cameroon]] declares independence from United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00e2nio Quadros]] is elected [[President of Brazil]]\n        for a five-year term.\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 White South Africans vote to\n        make the country a [[republic]].\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Nigeria]] becomes\n        the 99th member of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Cold War]]:\n        Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] [[shoe-banging incident|pounds his shoe\n        on a table]] at a meeting of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], his\n        way of protesting the discussion of the [[Soviet Union]]''s policies toward\n        Eastern Europe.\\n** [[Inejiro Asanuma]], chairman of the [[Japan Socialist\n        Party]], is assassinated by [[Otoya Yamaguchi]] using a ''''[[wakizashi]]''''\n        ([[samurai]] sword) during a political debate in Tokyo being taped for broadcast\n        on Japanese television.\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** The third [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard M. Nixon]] Presidential Debate takes place.{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/EventDetail.html?EventID=12|title=Our\n        Campaigns - Event - Third Kennedy-Nixon Debate - Oct 13, 1960|publisher=}}\\n**\n        The [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] defeat the [[New York Yankees]] in the seventh\n        game of the [[World Series]] on [[Bill Mazeroski]]''s series-clinching home\n        run.\\n* [[October 14]]\\n**  [[President of the United States|Presidential]]\n        candidate [[John F. Kennedy]] first suggests the idea for the [[Peace Corps]]\n        of the United States.\\n** The Premier of [[New South Wales]] officially opens\n        [[Warragamba Dam]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20131003030413/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/visit/warragamba-dam\n        Warragamba Dam.] one of the world''s largest domestic water supply dams.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Nedelin catastrophe]]: A large [[rocket]] explodes\n        on the launch pad at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], killing at least 90 people\n        of the [[Soviet space program]].\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\n        telephones [[Coretta Scott King]], the wife of [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]],\n        and secures King''s release from jail regarding a traffic violation in [[Atlanta]].\\n*\n        [[October 29]] \\u2013 In [[Louisville, Kentucky]], Cassius Clay (later [[Muhammad\n        Ali]]) wins his first professional [[boxing match]].\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        Dr. [[Michael Woodruff]] carries out the first successful [[kidney transplant]]\n        in the United Kingdom, at the [[Edinburgh Royal Infirmary]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1960}}\\n[[File:Polaris-a3.jpg|thumb|200px|[[November 15]]:\n        [[Polaris missile]] test]]\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Penguin Books]] is found\n        not guilty of [[obscenity]], in the case of [[D. H. Lawrence]]''s novel ''''[[Lady\n        Chatterley''s Lover]]''''.\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[United States presidential\n        election, 1960]]: In a close race, Democratic U. S. Senator [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        is elected over Republican U. S. Vice President [[Richard Nixon]], to become\n        (at 43) the second youngest man to serve as President of the United States,\n        and the youngest man elected to this position.\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Sammy\n        Davis Jr.]], marries [[Sweden|Swedish]] actress [[May Britt]].\\n* [[November\n        14]]\\n** Belgium threatens to leave the [[United Nations]] over criticism\n        of its policy concerning the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of\n        the Congo]].\\n** A collision between two trains in [[Pardubice]], [[Czechoslovakia]],\n        kills 117 people.\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 A [[Polaris missile]] is test-launched\n        from [[Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]]\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 The [[United\n        Nations]] supports the government of [[Joseph Kasavubu]] and [[Joseph Mobutu]]\n        in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]].\\n* [[November\n        24]] \\u2013 The [[professional basketball]] player [[Wilt Chamberlain]] of\n        the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] gets 55 rebounds in an [[NBA]] game versus the\n        [[Boston Celtics]].\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Mauritania]] becomes independent\n        of France.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1960}}\\n* December\\n**\n        The African and [[Madagascar|Malagasy]] Organisation for Economic Cooperation\n        (OAMCE) (Organisation Africain et Malagache de Coop\\u00e9ration \\u00c9conomique)\n        is established.\\n** [[\\u00c9dith Piaf]]''s recording of \\\"[[Non, je ne regrette\n        rien]]\\\" is released in France.\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Patrice Lumumba]],\n        deposed premier of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of the\n        Congo]], is arrested by the troops of [[Colonel]] [[Joseph Mobutu]].\\n** A\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] satellite containing live animals and plants is launched\n        into orbit. Due to a malfunction it burns up during [[atmospheric re-entry|re-entry]].\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the [[Most Rev.]] [[Geoffrey\n        Francis Fisher]], talks with [[Pope John XXIII]] for about one hour in [[Vatican\n        City]]. This is the first time that any chief of the [[Anglican Church]] had\n        ever visited the [[Pope]].\\n** U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] authorizes\n        the use of $1.0 million for the relief and resettlement of [[Cubans|Cuban]]\n        [[refugee]]s, who had been arriving in [[Florida]] at the rate of about 1,000\n        per week.\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 The admission of [[Mauritania]] to the\n        [[United Nations]] is vetoed by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[December 5]]\\n**\n        [[Pierre Lagaillarde]], who led the insurrections in [[1958]] and 1960 in\n        [[Algeria]], fails to appear in court in Paris, France. He had reportedly{{citation\n        needed|date=August 2013}} fled with his four fellow defendants to Spain ''''en\n        route'''' to Algeria.\\n** ''''[[Boynton v. Virginia]]'''': The [[Supreme Court\n        of the United States]] declares that [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]]\n        in public transportation is illegal in the United States.\\n* [[December 7]]\n        \\u2013 The [[United Nations Security Council]] is called into session by the\n        [[Soviet Union]] in order to consider Soviet demands for the Security Council\n        to seek the immediate release of former [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese\n        Premier]] [[Patrice Lumumba]].\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 For the first time,\n        [[Mary Martin]]''s ''''[[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Peter Pan]]'''' is presented\n        as a stand-alone two-hour special on [[NBC]] instead of as part of an anthology\n        series. This version, rather than being presented live, is shown on [[videotape]],\n        enabling NBC to repeat it as often as they wish without having to restage\n        it. Although nearly all of the adult actors repeat their original [[Broadway\n        theatre|Broadway]] roles, all of the original children have, ironically, outgrown\n        their roles and are replaced by new actors.\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** French President\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]]''s visit to [[Algeria]] is bloodied by European and\n        Muslim rioters in Algeria''s largest cities. These riots cause 127 deaths.\\n**\n        The classic British TV series ''''[[Coronation Street]]'''' premieres. Planned\n        as a 13-part drama, it becomes such a success among viewers it continues to\n        be shown five times per week through 2012.\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 MGM''s\n        ''''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'''' is rerun on [[CBS]]\n        only a year after its previous [[Broadcasting|telecast]], thus beginning the\n        tradition of annual telecasts of the film.\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 The [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States]] upholds a lower [[Federal Courts of the United\n        States|Federal Court]] ruling that the State of [[Louisiana]]''s [[Race (classification\n        of humans)|racial]] segregation laws are [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]],\n        and overturns them.\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[1960 Ethiopian coup attempt]]:\n        While Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] of [[Ethiopia]] visits Brazil, his [[Kebur\n        Zabagna]] (Imperial Bodyguard) leads a military coup against his rule, proclaiming\n        that the emperor''s son, [[Crown Prince]] [[Amha Selassie|Asfaw Wossen Taffari]],\n        is the new emperor.\\n** The countries of [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]],\n        and [[Nicaragua]] announce the formation of the [[Central American Common\n        Market]].\\n** The U.S. Navy''s Commander Leroy Heath (pilot) and Lieutenant\n        Larry Monroe (bombardier/navigator) establish a world flight-altitude record\n        of 91,450 feet (27,874 m), with [[payload]], in an [[A-5 Vigilante]] [[bomber]]\n        carrying {{convert|1000|kg|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}}, and better the previous\n        world record by over four miles (6 km).\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Antoine\n        Gizenga]] proclaims in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] that he has\n        taken over as the country''s premier.\\n** [[Tied Test#First tied Test, 1960|First\n        tied Test]] by the [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1960\\u201361|West\n        Indian cricket team in Australia]] in [[Brisbane]].\\n* [[December 15]]\\n**\n        King [[Mahendra of Nepal]] deposes the democratic government in his country\n        and takes direct control himself.\\n** King [[Baudouin of Belgium]] marries\n        Do\\u00f1a [[Fabiola de Mora y Arag\\u00f3n]].\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[U.S.\n        Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Christian Herter]] announces that\n        the United States will commit five [[nuclear submarine]]s and eighty [[Polaris\n        missiles]] to the defense of the [[NATO]] countries by the end of 1963.\\n**\n        [[1960 New York mid-air collision|New York mid-air collision]]: A [[United\n        Airlines]] [[DC-8]] collides in mid-air with a [[TWA]] [[Lockheed Constellation]]\n        over [[Staten Island]] in New York City. All 128 passengers and crewmembers\n        on the two airliners, and six people on the ground, are killed.\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\u2013 Troops loyal to Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] in [[Ethiopia]] overcome\n        the [[1960 Ethiopian coup attempt|coup]] that began on December 13, returning\n        the reins to the Emperor upon his return from a trip to Brazil. The Emperor\n        absolves his own son of any guilt.\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 Fire sweeps through\n        the [[USS Constellation (CV-64)|USS ''''Constellation'''']], to become the\n        U.S. Navy''s largest [[aircraft carrier]], while she is under construction\n        at the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]]; killing 50 workers and injuring 150.\\n* [[December\n        27]] \\u2013 France sets off its third [[nuclear weapons testing|A-bomb test]]\n        at its [[nuclear weapons]] testing range near [[Reggane]], [[Algeria]].\\n*\n        [[December 31]] \\u2013 Last day on which the [[Farthing (British coin)|farthing]],\n        a [[Coins of the pound sterling|coin]] first minted in England in the [[13th\n        century]], is [[legal tender]] in the United Kingdom.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*The\n        [[American Football League]] is established as a rival league to the NFL.\\n\\n===World\n        population===\\n* [[World population]]: 3,021,475,000\\n** Africa: 277,398,000\\n**\n        Asia: 1,701,336,000\\n** Europe: 604,401,000\\n** Latin America: 218,300,000\\n**\n        North America: 204,152,000\\n** Oceania: 15,888,000\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Michael\n        Stipe of REM photographed by Kris Krug.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Stipe]]]]\\n[[File:Aprilwinchellprofile.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[April\n        Winchell]]]]\\n[[File:Nigella2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nigella Lawson]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad\n        Javad Zarif 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohammad Javad Zarif]]]]\\n[[File:Oliver\n        Platt (2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oliver Platt]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Rylance Cannes\n        2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Rylance]]]]\\n[[File:Michael-hutchence-INXS-1986.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Hutchence]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Naoki Urasawa]], Japanese manga author\n        and artist\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Art Paul Schlosser]], American comedian,\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[Michael Stipe]], American rock singer ([[R.E.M.]])\\n**\n        [[April Winchell]], American writer and voice actress\\n* [[January 6]]\\n**\n        [[Kari Jalonen]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n** [[Howie Long]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Nigella Lawson]], English journalist, broadcaster, television\n        personality, gourmet, and food writer\\n** [[Miriam O''Callaghan (media personality)|Miriam\n        O''Callaghan]], Irish media personality\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Mohammad\n        Javad Zarif]], Iranian politician, diplomat\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Negro\n        Casas]], Mexican professional wrestler\\n** [[Brian Cowen]], [[Taoiseach]]\n        of Ireland\\n** [[Samira Said]], Moroccan singer\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Oliver\n        Platt]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Dominique Wilkins]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Anderson (actor)|Kevin Anderson]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Mark Rylance]], English actor, theatre director\n        and playwright\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Scott Thunes]], American rock musician\\n**\n        [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]], American computer game designer\\n*\n        [[January 21]]\\n** [[Toxey Haas]], American entrepreneur, founder of [[Haas\n        Outdoors, Inc.]]\\n** [[Mamoru Nagano]], Japanese designer\\n* [[January 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Michael Hutchence]], Australian rock musician ([[INXS]]) (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Patrick de Gayardon]], French skydiver and skysurfing\n        pioneer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Rick Leventhal]], American news\n        journalist\\n** [[M\\u00e1ria Bajzek Luk\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian Slovene writer,\n        adjunct of the University ELTE\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Gillingham]],\n        American keyboardist\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Robert von Dassanowsky]],\n        American cultural historian, writer and producer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Gia\n        Carangi]], American model (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Sean Kerly]], British field\n        hockey player\\n** [[Greg Louganis]], American diver\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013\n        Alex Titomirov, Russian-American businessman\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:\\u0e01\\u0e32\\u0e23\\u0e2b\\u0e32\\u0e23\\u0e37\\u0e2d\\u0e17\\u0e27\\u0e34\\u0e20\\u0e32\\u0e04\\u0e35\\u0e23\\u0e30\\u0e2b\\u0e27\\u0e48\\u0e32\\u0e07\\u0e19\\u0e32\\u0e22\\u0e01\\u0e23\\u0e31\\u0e10\\u0e21\\u0e19\\u0e15\\u0e23\\u0e35\n        \\u0e41\\u0e25\\u0e30\\u0e1b\\u0e23\\u0e30\\u0e18\\u0e32\\u0e19\\u0e32\\u0e18\\u0e34\\u0e1a\\u0e14\\u0e35\\u0e2a\\u0e32\\u0e18\\u0e32\n        - Flickr - Abhisit Vejjajiva CROP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benigno Aquino III]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        Andrew August 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]]]\\n[[File:Naruhito-2008-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Naruhito,\n        Crown Prince of Japan|Naruhito]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Jari Porttila]],\n        Finnish sports journalist\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Marty Jannetty]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Joachim L\\u00f6w]], German football manager\\n**\n        [[Kerry Von Erich]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** [[Yasunori Matsumoto]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Robert Smigel]],\n        American actor, comedian, and puppeteer\\n** [[James Spader]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[Benigno Aquino III]], 15th [[President of the Philippines]]\\n**\n        [[Alfred Gusenbauer]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Frederik Ndoci]], Albanian singer, songwriter, poet, writer, actor and international\n        Recording artist\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Pierluigi Collina]], Italian football\n        (soccer) referee\\n** [[Gary Patterson]], American football coach\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Jim Kelly]], American football player\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Cherie Chung]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Gazebo (musician)|Gazebo]],\n        Italian musician\\n** [[Tony Anselmo]], American animator and voice actor\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]], British prince and\n        second son of [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The\n        Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Wendee Lee]], American voice\n        actress\\n** [[Kee Marcello]], Swedish rock guitarist ([[Easy Action]], [[Europe\n        (band)|Europe]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Henry G. Brinton]], American writer\n        and minister\\n** [[Laurent Petitguillaume]], French radio and television host\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan]]\\n* [[February 27]]\n        \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s G\\u00f3mez]], Ecuadorian tennis player\\n** [[Kara Kennedy]],\n        American television producer, daughter of [[Ted Kennedy]] (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[T\\u014dru \\u014ckawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Dorothy\n        Stratten]], Canadian model and actress (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Ramirez]], American serial killer (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Adam\n        Clayton in Dublin, Nov 28 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam Clayton]]]]\\n[[File:Ayrton\n        Senna Imola 1989 Cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ayrton Senna]]]]\\n* [[March 2]]\\n**\n        [[Hector Calma]], Filipino basketball player\\n** [[Debra McMichael]], American\n        professional wrestling valet\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Mikko Kuustonen]], Finnish\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[John Mugabi]], Ugandan boxer and World Junior\n        Middleweight champion\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Joe Carter]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Ivan Lendl]], Czech tennis player\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Finn Carter]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Jeffrey Eugenides]], American author\\n* [[March 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Anne MacKenzie (journalist)|Anne MacKenzie]], Scottish broadcaster\\n*\n        [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Minoru Niihara]], Japanese singer ([[Loudness (band)|Loudness]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]]\\n** [[Adam Clayton]], Irish rock bassist ([[U2]])\\n** [[Joe Ranft]],\n        American animator (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Kirby Puckett]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Jenny Eclair]],\n        British comedian, actress and novelist\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Richard Biggs]],\n        American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Simo Aalto]], Finnish\n        magician\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Roxanne Kernohan]], Canadian actress (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Norm Magnusson]], American artist\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Ayrton Senna]],\n        Brazilian triple [[Formula One]] world champion (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Sweet (musician)|Robert Sweet]], American rock drummer ([[Stryper]])\\n* [[March\n        23]]\\n** [[Rafael Ferrer (actor)|Rafael Ferrer]], American actor\\n** [[Nicol\n        Stephen]], Scottish politician\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Kelly Le Brock]], American\n        model and actress\\n** [[Annabella Sciorra]], Italian-American actress\\n**\n        [[Jan Berglin]], Swedish cartoonist\\n** [[Nena]], German singer\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Marcus Allen]], American football player\\n* [[March 27]]\\n**\n        [[Hans Pfl\\u00fcgler]], German footballer\\n** [[Renato Russo]], Brazilian\n        singer ([[Legi\\u00e3o Urbana]]) (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[Hiromi\n        Tsuru]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hugo Weaving 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugo\n        Weaving]]]]\\n[[File:Jeremy_Clarkson_2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeremy Clarkson]]]]\\n[[File:BradGarrettApr2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brad\n        Garrett]]]]\\n[[File:Philippe de Belgique 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Philippe of\n        Belgium]]]]\\n[[File:ValerieBertinelliHWOFAug2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Valerie\n        Bertinelli]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Lohan 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Lohan]]]]\\n[[File:Steve_Blum_(14948090597).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Blum]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Michael Praed]], British actor\\n* [[April\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Linford Christie]], British athlete\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth\n        Gracen]], American beauty queen, actress and model\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013  [[Hugo\n        Weaving]], Nigerian-born Australian actor\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Fabio Golfetti]],\n        Brazilian musician and record producer ([[Violeta de Outono]], [[Gong (band)|Gong]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Jeremy Clarkson]], English journalist and television\n        show host\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Rudi V\\u00f6ller]], German footballer and\n        manager\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Brad Garrett]], American actor, comedian\n        and voice actor\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Myoma Myint Kywe]], Burmese Writer\n        and Historian\\n* [[April 15]] \\n** [[Susanne Bier]], Danish film director\\n**\n        King [[Philippe of Belgium]]\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Wahab Akbar]], Filipino\n        politician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Rafael Ben\\u00edtez]], Spanish football manager\\n**\n        [[Pierre Littbarski]], German footballer and coach\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Neo\n        Rauch]], German painter\\n** [[J. Christopher Stevens]], American diplomat,\n        U.S. Ambassador to Libya (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Frank Viola]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[John Altenburgh]], American\n        blues and jazz musician\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Tatiana Thumbtzen]], American\n        actress, model and dancer\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Valerie Bertinelli]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Steve Clark]], English guitarist ([[Def Leppard]]) (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[David Gedge]], English musician ([[The Wedding Present]] and [[Cinerama\n        (band)|Cinerama]])\\n** [[L\\u00e9o Jaime]], Brazilian writer, actor and musician\n        ([[Jo\\u00e3o Penca e Seus Miquinhos Amestrados]])\\n** [[Claude Julien (ice\n        hockey)|Claude Julien]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n** [[Craig Sheffer]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Michael Lohan]], American television\n        personality; father of [[Lindsay Lohan]]\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Steven Blum]],\n        American voice actor\\n** [[John Cerutti]], American baseball player and announcer\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Elena Kagan]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court\n        of the United States]]\\n** [[Ian Rankin]], Scottish crime novelist\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Munich\n        Security Conference 2010 - dett ivanov 0024.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gjorge Ivanov]]]]\\n[[File:Bono\n        November 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bono]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew_Denton_(cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew\n        Denton]]]]\\n[[File:Jeffrey Dahmer HS Yearbook.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeffrey Dahmer]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]]\\n** [[Gjorge Ivanov]], [[President of the Republic of Macedonia|President\n        of Macedonia]]\\n** [[Stephen Daldry]], English film director\\n* [[May 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Amy Steel (actress)|Amy Steel]], American film actress\\n* [[May 4]]\\n**\n        [[Andrew Denton]], Australian television presenter and comedian\\n** [[Werner\n        Faymann]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[John Flansburgh]],\n        American singer-songwriter, half of alternative rock duo [[They Might Be Giants]]\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Adam Bernstein]], American music video/television director\\n*\n        [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Eric Brittingham]], American rock bassist\\n* [[May 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tony Gwynn]], American baseball player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bono]], Irish rock singer ([[U2]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Ronan Tynan]],\n        Irish tenor\\n** [[\\\"Dr. Death\\\" Steve Williams]], American professional wrestler\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Julian Jarrold]], English film and television\n        director and producer\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Landon Deireragea]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[John Payne (voice actor)|John Payne]], British\n        voice actor\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Jari Kurri]], Finnish hockey player\\n** [[Yannick\n        Noah]], French tennis player\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Yazz]], British pop singer\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[John Billingsley]], American actor\\n** [[Tony Goldwyn]],\n        American actor, voice actor, and film director\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Jeffrey\n        Dahmer]], American serial killer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Mohanlal]],\n        South Indian Actor\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Hideaki Anno]], Japanese director\\n*\n        [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Linden Ashby]], American actor\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Guy\n        Fletcher]], British keyboardist ([[Dire Straits]])\\n** [[Kristin Scott Thomas]],\n        English actress\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Amy Klobuchar]], American politician\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Rob Murphy]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**\n        [[Thomas Baumer]], Swiss economist, interculturalist and personality assessor\\n**\n        [[Neil Crone]], Canadian actor\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Greg Adams (ice hockey,\n        born 1960)|Greg Adams]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Chris Elliott]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Thomas Haden Church at the\n        2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas Haden Church]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Elena Mukhina]], Soviet artistic gymnast (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June\n        2]]\\n** [[Tony Hadley]], British pop musician and was lead singer of [[Spandau\n        Ballet]]\\n** [[Kyle Petty]], former [[NASCAR]] driver and current sports commentator\\n**\n        [[Maria Lourdes Sereno]], Filipina jurist, 24th [[Chief Justice of the Supreme\n        Court of the Philippines]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Paul Taylor (Winger)|Paul Taylor]],\n        American musician ([[Winger (band)|Winger]])\\n** [[Bradley Walsh]], English\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Steve Vai]], American guitarist\\n*\n        [[June 8]]\\n** [[Diane Meredith Belcher]], American concert organist, teacher,\n        and church musician\\n** [[Mick Hucknall]], English rock singer and songwriter\n        ([[Simply Red]])\\n** [[Garth Smith (musician)|Garth Smith]], American pianist\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Corynne Charby]], French model, actress and singer\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Peter Mitchell (newsreader)|Peter Mitchell]], Australian\n        newsreader\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Peter Sterling]], Australian rugby player\\n*\n        [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Haden Church]], American actor and film director\\n*\n        [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Harlan]], American sports announcer\\n* [[June 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erin Brockovich]], American environmental activist\\n* [[June 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Elway]], American football player\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Angela\n        Raiola]], American television personality (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Tony Bellotto]],\n        Brazilian guitarist and writer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jane Lynch Peabody 2010\n        (8266458405) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jane Lynch]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013\n        [[K\\u014dji Ishii]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Vince Clarke]],\n        British musician and composer ([[Depeche Mode]], [[Erasure]])\\n** [[Perrine\n        Pelen]], French alpine skier\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Sid Eudy]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Barry Windham]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Pruitt Taylor Vince]], American actor\\n* [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Kevin\n        A. Ford]], American astronaut\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Thilo Martinho]], German\n        composer and singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Charles Gavin]], Brazilian\n        drummer and producer\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 [[Ian Hislop]], British journalist\n        and broadcaster\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Kyle Gass]], American music singer-songwriter-guitarist/actor\\n**\n        [[Jane Lynch]], American actress\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Kim Alexis]], American\n        model and actress\\n* [[July 16]] – [[PJ Powers]] aka Thandeka, South\n        African musician.\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Mark Burnett]], British and television\n        and film producer\\n** [[Robin Shou]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Jan Wouters]],\n        Dutch football player and manager\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Anne-Marie Johnson]],\n        American actress\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Atom Egoyan]], Armenian-Canadian film\n        maker\\n** [[Terrie Hall]], American anti-smoking and tobacco advocate\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Ezequiel Vi\\u00f1ao]], Argentine-born composer\\n** [[Fritz Walter\n        (footballer born 1960)|Fritz Walter]], German footballer\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Harald Lesch]], German physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, author,\n        television presenter, professor of physics\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Linklater]], American director\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Dale Hunter]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player and coach\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:J. L. R. Zapatero.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Luis Rodr\\u00edguez Zapatero]]]]\\n[[File:David Duchovny by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Duchovny]]]]\\n[[File:Antonio Banderas 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Antonio Banderas]]]]\\n[[File:Sean\n        Penn with Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez crop.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sean Penn]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Chuck D]], American rapper ([[Public Enemy (group)|Public\n        Enemy]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Dean Malenko]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Rodr\\u00edguez Zapatero]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n*\n        [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[David Duchovny]], American actor\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Ulrich Maly]], German politician and Mayor of Nuremberg\\n* [[August 10]]\\n**\n        [[Antonio Banderas]], Spanish actor and film director\\n** [[Kenny Perry]],\n        American golfer\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Laurent Fignon]], French road bicycle\n        racer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Koji Kondo]], Japanese composer\\n**\n        [[Phil Taylor (darts player)|Phil Taylor]], English darts player\\n* [[August\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Sarah Brightman]], English soprano singer and actress\\n* [[August\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Judy Holt]], British television actress\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Timothy Hutton]], American actor\\n** [[Martha Moxley]], American murder\n        victim (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Sean Penn]], American actor\n        and film director\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Morten Andersen]], American football\n        player\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Chris Potter (actor)|Chris Potter]], Canadian\n        actor and musician\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Cal Ripken Jr.]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Branford Marsalis]], African-American musician\\n**\n        [[Ola Ray]], American actress and model\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Viire Valdma]],\n        Estonian actress \\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Chalino S\\u00e1nchez]], Mexican\n        musician (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Hugh Grant 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugh\n        Grant]]]]\\n[[File:Colin Firth 2016 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Colin Firth]]]]\\n[[File:Melissa\n        Leo at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Melissa Leo]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Williams (musician)|Joseph Williams]], American\n        singer and film score composer\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[John S. Hall]],\n        American poet and spoken-word artist\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Kim Thayil]],\n        American rock guitarist ([[Soundgarden]])\\n** [[Damon Wayans]], African-American\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Karita Mattila]], Finnish soprano\\n*\n        [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[Phillip Rhee]], American actor, producer and writer\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** [[Mario Batali]], American chef and host\\n** [[Hugh Grant]],\n        English actor and activist\\n** [[Bob Stoops]], American football coach\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Colin Firth]], English actor\\n* [[September 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Annie Gosfield]], American composer\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[Evan\n        Jenkins (politician)|Evan Jenkins]], American politician\\n* [[September 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kevin Carter]], South African photojournalist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[September\n        14]]\\n** [[Melissa Leo]], American actress\\n** [[Callum Keith Rennie]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[John Franco]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Yianna Katsoulos]], French singer\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Clash]],\n        American actor and puppeteer\\n** [[Damon Hill]], British 1996 [[Formula 1]]\n        world champion\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Yolanda Sald\\u00edvar]], American\n        murderer of [[tejano]] singer [[Selena]]\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[David\n        James Elliott]], Canadian actor\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Scott Baio]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Jennifer Rush]], American singer\\n*\n        [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Alan McGee]], British music industry mogul and musician\\n*\n        [[September 30]] \\u2013 [[Blanche Lincoln]], American politician\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Jean-Claude\n        Van Damme 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean-Claude Van Damme]]]]\\n[[File:Maradona\n        at 2012 GCC Champions League final.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Diego Maradona]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 4]]\\n** [[Ana Patricia Bot\\u00edn]], Spanish banker\\n** [[Billy\n        Hatcher]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 5]] \\n** [[Daniel Baldwin]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio de Oliveira Filho]], Brazilian footballer\\n*\n        [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Richard Jobson (television presenter)|Richard Jobson]],\n        Scottish rock singer-songwriter, filmmaker, and television presenter ([[Skids\n        (band)|Skids]])\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Kyosuke Himuro]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Maddie Blaustein]], American voice actress (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Alexei Kudrin]], Russian Minister of Finance\\n* [[October\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Joey Belladonna]], American heavy metal singer ([[Anthrax (American\n        band)|Anthrax]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Guy Henry (actor)|Guy Henry]],\n        English actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Alex Ferrer]], Cuban-American television\n        personality, lawyer, and retired judge who presided as the arbiter on ''''[[Judge\n        Alex]]''''\\n** [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]], Belgian actor\\n* [[October 19]]\\n**\n        [[Kerry Sanders]], American news correspondent\\n** [[Jeremy Swift]], English\n        television actor\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Jaime Garz\\u00f3n]], Colombian journalist\n        and comedian (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[BD Wong]], American actor\\n* [[October 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jouke de Vries]], Dutch\\u2013[[Frisians|Frisian]] politician\\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Landon Curt Noll]], American astronomer, cryptographer, and\n        mathematician\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Finola Hughes]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Dieter Nuhr]], German comedian\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Diego Maradona]],\n        Argentine footballer\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince\n        of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], Crown Prince of Iran\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tim\n        Cook 2009 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Cook]]]]\\n[[File:Tilda Swinton by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tilda Swinton]]]]\\n[[File:Stanley Tucci 2017\n        Berlinale.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stanley Tucci]]]]\\n[[File:Jonathan Ross by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jonathan Ross]]]]\\n[[File:JFKJr2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        F. Kennedy Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Yulia Tymoshenko 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yulia Tymoshenko]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Tim Cook]], American businessman and current CEO of\n        [[Apple, Inc]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Francis Beckwith]], American philosopher\\n**\n        [[Karch Kiraly]], American volleyball player\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Frl.\n        Menke]], German pop singer\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Tilda Swinton]], British\n        actress\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Andreas Brehme]], German football player and\n        manager\\n** [[Jo\\u00eblle Ursull]], Guadeloupean singer\\n* [[November 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Neil Gaiman]], English author\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Stanley\n        Tucci]], American actor and film director\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Dave\n        Hackett]], professional skateboarder\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Susanne Lothar]],\n        German actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Jonathan Ross]],\n        English television presenter\\n* [[November 18]] \\n** [[Kim Wilde]], English\n        singer and gardener\\n** [[Elizabeth Perkins]], American actress\\n* [[November\n        19]]\\n** [[Miss Elizabeth]], American professional wrestling valet (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Hiroshi Naka]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Matt Sorum]], American drummer\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Marc Labr\\u00e8che]], Canadian actor and television\n        host\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Amanda Wyss]], American actress\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** [[Amy Grant]], American Christian and pop musician\\n** [[John F.\n        Kennedy Jr.]], American lawyer, journalist and son of 35th President [[John\n        F. Kennedy]] (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Danger Danger|Kasey Smith]], American keyboardist\n        ([[Danger Danger]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Harold Reynolds]], American\n        baseball player and broadcaster\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Eike Immel]], German\n        football player and manager\\n** [[Tim Pawlenty]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]\\n* [[November 30]]\\n**\n        [[Rich Fields]], American television personality\\n** [[Gary Lineker]], English\n        footballer and sports presenter\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Daryl Hannah.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Daryl\n        Hannah]]]]\\n[[File:Julianne Moore (15011443428).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julianne\n        Moore]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff \\\"Swampy\\\" Marsh (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff \\\"Swampy\\\"\n        Marsh]]]]\\n[[File:KennethBranaghApr2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenneth Branagh]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Carol Alt]], American model and actress\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[Rick Savage]], British rock musician ([[Def Leppard]])\\n** [[Sydney\n        Youngblood]], American singer\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Daryl Hannah]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Julianne Moore]], American actress\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Glynis Nunn]], Australian athlete\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Brian Bromberg]],\n        American jazz bassist and composer\\n** [[Jack Russell (musician)|Jack Russell]],\n        American rock singer ([[Great White]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Steve Doll]],\n        American professional wrestler (d. 2009)\\n** [[Jeff \\\"Swampy\\\" Marsh]], American\n        television director, writer, producer, storyboard artist, and actor\\n* [[December\n        10]]\\n** [[Kenneth Branagh]], Northern Irish actor and director\\n** [[Michael\n        Schoeffling]], American actor and model\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Volker\n        Beck (politician)|Volker Beck]], German politician\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Tarako (singer)|Tarako]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Kazuhide Uekusa]], Japanese economist\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Jon St. John]],\n        American Actor\\n** [[Mike Lookinland]], former American actor\\n* [[December\n        22]] \\n** [[Mark Brydon]], British musician ([[Moloko]])\\n** [[Jean-Michel\n        Basquiat]], American musician/graffiti painter (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Kassim\n        Majaliwa]], 10th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Ng]] \\u2013 Chinese-American serial killer\\n** [[Carol Vorderman]], British\n        television presenter\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Maryam d''Abo]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Fred Hammond]], African-American gospel musician\\n* [[December 28]]\\n**\n        [[Ray Bourque]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[John Fitzgerald (tennis)|John\n        Fitzgerald]], Australian tennis player\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Dave Pelzer]],\n        American author\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Heather Wilson]], U. S. Secretary\n        of the Air Force\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Steve Bruce]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[John Allen Muhammad]], African-American spree killer (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Randi Altschul]], American toy inventor\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Studio\n        publicity Margaret Sullavan.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Margaret Sullavan]]]]\\n[[File:Albert\n        Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, pos\\u00e9 au bureau, faisant\n        face \\u00e0 gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert Camus]]]]\\n[[File:Ferdinando\n        Pius.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria]]]]\\n[[File:Beno\n        Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Beno Gutenberg]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Gianni\n        Franciolini]], Italian director and screenwriter (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Margaret\n        Sullavan]], American actress (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Victor\n        Sj\\u00f6str\\u00f6m]], Swedish actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Albert\n        Camus]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] winner (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n** [[Dudley Nichols]], American screenwriter (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Donald Knight (cricketer)|Donald Knight]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Dorothea Chambers]], English tennis champion\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Elsie J. Oxenham]], British children''s novelist (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur S. Carpender]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Nevil Shute]], English writer (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Andrew Kennaway Henderson]], New Zealand\n        illustrator, cartoonist, and pacifist (b. 1879)\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Dadasaheb\n        Torne]], Indian filmmaker (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Matt Moore\n        (actor)|Matt Moore]], Irish-American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Edwin Fischer]],\n        Swiss pianist and conductor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[John Miljan]], American actor\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Diana Barrymore]], American stage and\n        film actress (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Rutland Boughton]], English composer (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n** [[Beno Gutenberg]], German-American seismologist (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Osvaldo Aranha]], Brazilian politician (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Zora Neale Hurston]], American folklorist and author\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[J. C. Kumarappa]], Indian economist\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Stepinac.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Blessed\n        [[Aloysius Stepinac]]]]\\n[[File:Adone Zoli.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Adone Zoli]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha]], Hindu teacher (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Fred Buscaglione]], Italian singer and\n        actor (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Jesse Belvin]], American urban\n        singer (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Igor Kurchatov]], Soviet physicist\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[J. L. Austin]], British philosopher\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Giles Gilbert Scott]], British architect (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Aloysius Stepinac]], Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]]\n        prelate and blessed (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Ern\\u0151 Dohn\\u00e1nyi]],\n        Hungarian conductor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Michel\n        Atlan]], French painter (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Masatomi\n        Kimura]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Leonard\n        Woolley]], English archaeologist (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Adone Zoli]], Italian\n        politician, 35th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 29]]\\n**\n        [[Jacques Becker]], French director (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Edwina Mountbatten,\n        Countess Mountbatten of Burma]] (b. [[1901]]), last Vicereine of India\\n**\n        [[Melvin Purvis]], American lawman (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Walter Yust]], American\n        encyclopedia editor (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Oliver Kirk LOC.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Oliver\n        Kirk]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Stanis\\u0142aw Taczak]], Polish general (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Leonard Warren]], American opera singer\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Jack Beattie]], Irish politician (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Roy Chapman Andrews]], American explorer,\n        adventurer and naturalist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Yosef Zvi\n        HaLevy]], Israeli rabbi and judge (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Oliver\n        Kirk]], American Olympic boxer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 [[Franklin\n        Pierce Adams]], American journalist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Ian\n        Keith]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Mario Talavera]],\n        Mexican songwriter (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Gregorio Mara\\u00f1\\u00f3n]],  Spanish\n        physician, scientist, historian and philosopher. (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-U0205-502, Max von Laue.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max von Laue]]]]\\n[[File:1912\n        Gustaf Lindblom2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Gustaf Lindblom (athlete)|Gustaf Lindblom]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad]],\n        King of Malaysia (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Cuthbert Burnup]], English\n        sportsman (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Peter Llewelyn Davies]], namesake for [[Peter\n        Pan]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Alma Kruger]], American actress (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Benjamin]], Australian composer (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Eddie Cochran]], American rock singer (b. [[1938]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Beardsley Ruml]], American economist and tax plan author\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Hope Emerson]], American actress and strongwoman\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Max von Laue]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[George Relph]], English actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]]\\n** [[Am\\u0101null\\u0101h Kh\\u0101n]], Emir and King of Afghanistan\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Turan Emeksiz]], Turkish student killed during the demonstrations\n        (b. [[1940]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Gustaf Lindblom (athlete)|Gustaf Lindblom]],\n        Swedish Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 28]] -- [[Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo]], Chilean army officer and political figure, 20th [[President of\n        Chile]] (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:John D. Rockefeller Jr..jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        D. Rockefeller Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Georges Claude 1926.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georges\n        Claude]]]]\\n[[File:James Montgomery Flagg (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[James Montgomery\n        Flagg]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Charles Holden]], British architect (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Caryl Chessman]], American criminal (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[May\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Masa Niemi]], Finnish actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Hersch\n        Lauterpacht]], British international lawyer (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[J. H. C. Whitehead]],\n        British mathematician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\n** [[Gottfried, Prince\n        of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], American\n        philanthropist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Prince Aly Khan]], Pakistani\n        [[United Nations]] ambassador (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Lucrezia\n        Bori]], Spanish opera singer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[\\u0130brahim\n        \\u00c7all\\u0131]], Turkish painter (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Georges\n        Claude]], French inventor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Avraham Arnon]],\n        Israeli educator and a recipient of the Israel Prize  (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Rafael G\\u00f3mez Ortega]], Spanish bullfighter (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Edward Brophy]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[James\n        Montgomery Flagg]], American artist and illustrator (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[George\n        Zucco]], English actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Boris Pasternak]],\n        Russian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (declined)  (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Walther Funk]], German Nazi politician (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kenneth McArthur.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ken McArthur]]]]\\n[[File:OttoEnder1929.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Otto\n        Ender]]]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Haller de Hallenburg]], Polish general\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Lucien Littlefield]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Ken McArthur]], South African athlete (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Ana Pauker]], Romanian communist politician (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Rosson]], English film director (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Shalva Aleksi-Meskhishvili]], Georgian politician (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Chris Bristow]], English race car driver\n        (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[William E. Fairbairn]], English soldier,\n        police officer, and hand-to-hand combat expert (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[John B.\n        Kelly Sr.]], American rower, father of [[Grace Kelly]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Walter Baade]], German astronomer (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Otto Ender]],\n        Austrian political figure, 8th [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Tommy Corcoran (baseball)|Tommy Corcoran]], American baseball player (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Lottie Dod]], English tennis player; Wimbledon\n        women''s champion, 1887\\u201388, 1891-93 (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n**\n        [[M\\u00f3ric Esterh\\u00e1zy]], Hungarian aristocrat and politician, 18th [[Prime\n        Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Jaume Vicens i Vives]], Spanish\n        historians (b. [[1910]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pavol Godjic.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Pavel\n        Peter Gojdi\\u010d]]]]\\n[[File:Hasan H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC Saka.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Hasan\n        Saka]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] -- [[Margherita Bagni]], Italian actress (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Aneurin Bevan]], British politician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July\n        12]] -- [[Francis Xavier Gsell]], Australian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and\n        missionary (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie]],\n        French physicist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Anton Giulio Bragaglia]],\n        Italian cinematographer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Set Persson]], Swedish politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Lawrence Tibbett]], American opera singer and actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Albert Kesselring]], German field marshal (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n** [[John P. Marquand]], American novelist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] -- [[Pavel Peter Gojdi\\u010d]], Czechoslovak [[Roman Catholic]] monk\n        and blessed (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Buddy Adler]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Hans Albers]], German\n        actor and singer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Cedric Gibbons]], Irish-American\n        art director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Enrique Amorim]], Uruguayan\n        novelist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Hasan Saka]], 7th Prime Minister\n        of Turkey (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Former PM Arthur Meighen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur\n        Meighen]]]]\\n[[File:Carlo Emilio Bonferroni.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlo Emilio\n        Bonferroni]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] -- [[Francesca French]], British [[Protestant]]\n        missionary (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Meighen]], 9th [[Prime\n        Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Walden L. Ainsworth|Walden\n        L. \\\"Pug\\\" Ainsworth]], American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Luis \\u00c1ngel\n        Firpo]], Argentine boxer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Richard Cramer]],\n        American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Frank Lloyd]], American\n        film director (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Oswald Veblen]], American mathematician,\n        geometer and topologist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Fred Clarke]],\n        American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Charles W. Ryder]],\n        American general (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 18]] -- [[Carlo Emilio Bonferroni]],\n        Italian mathematician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Eduard P\\u00fctsep]],\n        Estonian wrestler (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Johannes Sikkar]], Estonian politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Jersey Flegg]], English-Australian [[rugby\n        league]] player and chairman (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Oscar Hammerstein II]], American\n        librettist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Bruno Loerzer]], German aviator and air force\n        general (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Stanley Clifford Weyman]],\n        American impostor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[Charles Forbes (Royal\n        Navy officer)|Charles Forbes]], British Admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August\n        29]]\\n** [[Vicki Baum]], Austrian writer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[David Diop]],\n        French West African poet (b. [[1927]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:CO 1069-493-37\n        (7888168060).jpg|thumb|120px|King [[Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan\n        Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Hisamuddin Alam Shah\n        ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah]], King of Malaysia (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Alfred E. Green]], American film director (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[September 8]]\\n** [[Feroze Gandhi]], Indian politician (b. [[1912]])\\n**\n        [[Oscar Pettiford]], American jazz string player (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Jussi Bj\\u00f6rling]], Swedish tenor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Edwin Justus Mayer]], American screenwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Le\\u00f3 Weiner]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] \\n** [[Ida Rubinstein]], Russian ballet dancer (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Ernest William Goodpasture]], American pathologist and physician (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Melanie Klein]], Austrian-British psychoanalyst\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Kathlyn Williams]], American stage\n        and silent film actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s\n        Seiber]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 [[Sylvia\n        Pankhurst]], English [[suffragette]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013\n        [[St John Philby]], British Arabist (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Khalifa\n        bin Hareb.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Sultan [[Khalifa bin Harub of Zanzibar]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\u2014Sultan [[Khalifa bin Harub of Zanzibar]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Richard Cromwell (actor)|Richard Cromwell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Inejiro Asanuma]], Japanese\n        Socialist politician (assassinated) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Henny\n        Porten]], German actress (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Clara Kimball Young]], American\n        actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Ma Hongbin]], Chinese warlord\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Yevgeny Ostashev]], was the test\n        pilot of rocket and space complexes, head of the 1st control polygon NIIP-5\n        ([[Baikonur]]), Lenin prize winner, Candidate of Technical Sciences, engineer-Lieutenant\n        Colonel.(b. [[1924]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[H. L. Davis]], American author\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Anak pili.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julio\n        Nakpil]]]]\\n[[File:Clark Gable - publicity.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Clark Gable]]]]\\n[[File:Dirk\n        Jan de Geer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dirk Jan de Geer]]]]\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Dimitri\n        Mitropoulos]], Greek conductor, pianist and composer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Julio\n        Nakpil]], Filipino composer and general (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Otoya Yamaguchi]]\n        ultranationalist who assassinated Inejiro Asanuma, a politician and head of\n        the Japan Socialist Party (d. 1960)\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Bobby Wallace\n        (baseball)|Bobby Wallace]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis Browns]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Harold Spencer\n        Jones]], English astronomer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Ward Bond]],\n        American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[August Gailit]], Estonian writer (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Johnny Horton]], American country singer (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Mack Sennett]],\n        Canadian film producer and director (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Erich Neumann (psychologist)|Erich\n        Neumann]], German psychologist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Erich\n        Raeder]], German World War II naval leader (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[A. P. Carter]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Lord Buckley]], American [[monologist]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[November\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Walter Catlett]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Paul Faure (politician)|Paul Faure]], French Socialist politician\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Clark Gable]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Phyllis Haver]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Ya''akov Cohen (writer)|Ya''akov Cohen]], Israeli poet (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Allen Hobbs]], 32nd [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna\n        of Russia]], sister of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Mirabal sisters|Patria (b. 1924), Minerva (b. 1926),\n        and Maria Teresa Mirabal (b. 1935), three Dominican revolutionaries (and their\n        driver, Rufino de la Cruz)]]\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard\n        Wright]], American novelist (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Dirk Jan de Geer]], Dutch\n        nobleman, lawyer and politician, 26th [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Hashim\n        al-Atassi]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot]],\n        German architect, interior designer and designer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December\n        5]] -- [[Hashim al-Atassi]], Syrian statesman, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Syria]]\n        and 4th [[President of Syria]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 7]] \\n** [[Virginia\n        Balestrieri]], Italian actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Ioannis Demestichas]],\n        Greek admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Christopher Hornsrud]],\n        11th Prime Minister of Norway (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Charles Thomas]], American opera singer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Gregory Ratoff]], Russian actor and director\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 Sir\n        [[Godfrey Ince]], British civil servant (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Ninian Comper]], British architect (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 25]] -- [[Alberto\n        Maria de Agostini]], Italian missionary (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n**\n        [[Giuseppe Bellanca]], Italian-American aircraft designer and company founder\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Watsuji Tetsuro]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Boixcar|Guillermo S\\u00e1nchez Boix]], Spanish cartoonist\n        (b. 1917)\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Donald Arthur Glaser]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Willard Libby]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]],\n        [[Peter Medawar]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Saint-John\n        Perse]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Albert Lutuli]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1960}}\\n[[Category:1960|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T17:05:15Z\",\"lastrevid\":799925658,\"length\":78016,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960\"},\"34659\":{\"pageid\":34659,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1961\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T17:45:54Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1961}}\\n{{Events by month|1961}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1961}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1961}} As ''''[[MAD\n        Magazine]]'''' pointed out on its cover for the March ''''''1961'''''' issue,\n        this was the first \\\"upside-up\\\" year \\u2014 i.e., one in which the numerals\n        that form the year look the same as when the numerals are rotated upside down,\n        a [[strobogrammatic number]] \\u2014 since [[1881]].{{cite web|url=http://www.madcoversite.com/mad061.html|title=Doug\n        Gilford''s Mad Cover Site - Mad #61|publisher=}} The next such year\n        will be 6009.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orz0SDEakpYC&pg=PA194|title=The\n        Colossal Book of Mathematics|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|author=Gardner,\n        Martin|year=2001|page=194}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1961}}\\n\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** United States President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] announces that the [[United States]] has severed diplomatic\n        and consular relations with [[Cuba]]. [[Cuba\\u2013United States relations]]\n        are later restored in [[2015]].\\n** At the National Reactor Testing Station\n        near [[Idaho Falls]], [[atomic reactor]] [[SL-1]] explodes, killing three\n        military technicians.\\n** [[Aero Flight 311]] (Koivulahti air disaster): [[Douglas\n        DC-3]]C OH-LCC of Finnish airline [[Finnair|Aero]] crashes near [[Kvevlax]]\n        (Koivulahti) on approach to [[Vaasa Airport]] in Finland killing all 25 on\n        board, due to [[pilot error]]: an investigation finds that the [[Captain (civil\n        aviation)|captain]] and [[First officer (civil aviation)|first officer]] were\n        both exhausted for lack of sleep and had taken excessive alcohol at the time\n        of the crash. It remains the deadliest air disaster to occur in the country.\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n** Italian sculptor [[Alfredo Fioravanti]] marches into the\n        U.S. Consulate in Rome, and confesses that he was part of the team that forged\n        the [[Etruscan terracotta warriors]] in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].\\n**\n        [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (25th government).\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – Following a four-day conference in [[Casablanca]], five\n        African chiefs of state announce plans for a [[NATO]]-type African organization\n        to ensure common defense. The Charter of Casablanca involves the [[Casablanca\n        Group]]: [[Morocco]], the [[United Arab Republic]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]],\n        and [[Mali]].\\n* [[January 8]] – In France, a [[referendum]] supports\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]]''s policies on independence for [[Algeria]].\\n* [[January\n        9]] – British authorities announce that they have discovered a large\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[spy]] ring in London.\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** President\n        [[Dwight Eisenhower]] gives his final [[State of the Union Address]] to Congress.  In\n        a Farewell Address the same day, he warns of the increasing power of a \\\"[[military\\u2013industrial\n        complex]].\\\"\\n** [[Patrice Lumumba]] of [[Republic of Congo]] is assassinated.\\n[[File:Jfk\n        inauguration.jpg|thumb|200px| [[January 20|Jan. 20]]: [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        inaugurated as President of the U.S.]]\\n* [[January 20]] – [[John F.\n        Kennedy]] is [[Inauguration of John F. Kennedy|sworn in]] as the 35th President\n        of the United States.\\n* [[January 24]] – A [[B-52 Stratofortress]],\n        with two [[nuclear bomb]]s, [[1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash|crashes]] near [[Goldsboro,\n        North Carolina]].\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** In Washington, D.C., President [[John\n        F. Kennedy]] delivers the first live presidential [[news conference]]. In\n        it, he announces that the [[Soviet Union]] has freed the two surviving crewmen\n        of a [[USAF]] [[RB-47]] reconnaissance plane shot down by Soviet flyers over\n        the [[Barents Sea]] [[July 1]], [[1960]] (see RB-47H shot down).\\n** ''''[[One\n        Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'''' is released in cinemas.\\n** Acting to halt\n        ''leftist excesses'', a [[Military dictatorship|junta]] composed of two army\n        officers and four civilians takes over [[El Salvador]], ousting another junta\n        that had ruled for three months.\\n** [[J\\u00e2nio Quadros]] is elected president\n        of [[Brazil]]. He later resigns on [[August 25]].\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        President [[John F. Kennedy]] appoints [[Janet G. Travell]] to be his physician,\n        the first woman to hold this appointment.\\n* [[January 28]] – ''''[[Supercar\n        (TV series)|Supercar]]'''', the first family sci-fi TV series filmed in [[Supermarionation]]\n        debuts on [[Associated Television|ATV]].\\n* [[January 30]] – President\n        [[John F. Kennedy]] delivers his first [[State of the Union Address]].\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Ham the Chimp]], a 37-pound (17-kg) male, is rocketed\n        into space aboard [[Mercury-Redstone 2]], in a test of the [[Project Mercury]]\n        capsule, designed to carry United States [[astronaut]]s into space.\\n\\n===February===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1961}}\\n\\n* [[February 1]] – The United States tests\n        its first [[Minuteman I]] intercontinental ballistic missile.{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/6555th/6555c3-8.htm|title=The\n        6555th, Chapter III, Section 8, The MINUTEMAN Ballistic Missile Test Program|publisher=}}\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – China buys grain from Canada for $60 million.\\n* [[February\n        4]] – The [[Portuguese Colonial War]] begins in [[Angola]].\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[February 9]] – In [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]],\n        President [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]] names [[Joseph Il\\u00e9o]] as the new Prime\n        Minister.\\n* [[February 9]] – [[The Beatles]] perform for the first\n        time at [[The Cavern Club]].\\n* [[February 12]] – The [[USSR]] launches\n        ''''[[Venera 1]]'''' towards [[Venus]].\\n* [[February 13]] – The [[Republic\n        of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]] government announces that villagers\n        have killed [[Patrice Lumumba]].\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Discovery of\n        the chemical elements]]: Element 103, [[Lawrencium]], is first synthesized\n        in [[Berkeley, California]].\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** President [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]]\n        warns the [[Soviet Union]] to avoid interfering with the [[United Nations]]\n        pacification of the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm\n        |title=Selected Milestones of the Kennedy Presidency - John F. Kennedy Presidential\n        Library & Museum |publisher=Jfklibrary.org |accessdate=2012-04-27 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521194254/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/Selected%2BMilestones%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPresidency%2Bof%2BJohn%2BF.%2BKennedy.htm\n        |archivedate=May 21, 2010 |df= }}\\n** A [[Sabena]] [[Boeing 707]] crashes\n        near [[Brussels]], Belgium, killing 73, including the entire United States\n        [[figure skating]] team and several coaches.\\n** A total [[solar eclipse]]\n        occurs in the southern part of Europe.\\n* [[February 25]] – The last\n        public [[trams in Sydney]], Australia, cease operation, bringing to an end\n        the Southern Hemisphere''s largest tramway network.\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] is pronounced King of [[Morocco]].\\n\\n===March===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1961}}\\n\\n* March–April – Drilling for [[Project\n        Mohole]] is undertaken off the coast of [[Guadalupe Island]], Mexico.\\n* [[March\n        1]] – United States President [[John F. Kennedy]] establishes the [[Peace\n        Corps]].\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] is crowned\n        [[King of Morocco]].\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Max Conrad]] circumnavigates the\n        earth in 8 days, 18 hours and 49 minutes, setting a new world record.\\n**\n        The first U.S. [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] [[submarine]]s arrive at [[Holy\n        Loch]].\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** Black and white [[\\u00a35 note]]s cease to be\n        [[legal tender]] in the UK.\\n** A [[1961 Kurenivka mudslide|dam bursts]] in\n        [[Kiev]], [[USSR]], killing 145.\\n** United States delegate to the [[United\n        Nations Security Council]] Adlai Stevenson votes against Portuguese policies\n        in Africa.\\n** United States President [[John F. Kennedy]] proposes a long-term\n        \\\"[[Alliance for Progress]]\\\" between the United States and Latin America.[http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm\n        JFK Library.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521194254/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/Selected%2BMilestones%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPresidency%2Bof%2BJohn%2BF.%2BKennedy.htm\n        |date=May 21, 2010 }}\\n** [[Cyprus]] joins the [[Commonwealth of Nations]],\n        becoming the first small country in the Commonwealth.{{cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=W.\n        David|authorlink=W. David McIntyre|date=April 2008|title=The Expansion of\n        the Commonwealth and the Criteria for Membership|journal=[[The Round Table\n        Journal|Round Table]]|volume=97|issue=395|pages=273\\u201385|doi=10.1080/00358530801962089}}\\n**\n        [[Monash University]] in Melbourne, Australia, takes in its first students.\\n**\n        A second [[B-52]] [[1961 Yuba City B-52 crash|crashes]] near [[Yuba City,\n        California]] after cabin pressure is lost and the fuel runs out. Two [[nuclear\n        weapon]]s are found unexploded.\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** South Africa announces\n        it will withdraw from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] upon becoming a republic\n        (31 May). The nation rejoins the organization in [[1994]].\\n** The Union of\n        Peoples of Angola, led by [[Holden Roberto]], attacks strategic locations\n        in the north of [[Angola]]. These events result in the beginning of the colonial\n        war with Portugal.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** A [[ceasefire]] takes effect in the\n        [[Algerian War of Independence]].\\n** ''''Nous les amoureux'''' by Jean-Claude\n        Pascal (music by Jacques Datin, text by Maurice Vidalin) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1961]] for [[Luxembourg]].\\n* [[March 29]] – The [[Twenty-third\n        Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is ratified, allowing residents\n        of [[Washington, D.C.]] to vote in [[President of the United States|presidential]]\n        elections.\\n* [[March 30]] – The [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]]\n        is signed at New York.\\n\\n===April===\\n\\n{{Main article|April 1961}}\\n\\n[[File:Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[April\n        12]]: Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]] through [[outer space]].]]\\n* [[April\n        5]] – The [[New Guinea Council]] of [[West Papua (region)|Western Papua]]\n        is installed.\\n* [[April 8]] – The British passenger ship ''''[[MV Dara|Dara]]''''\n        blows up and sinks off Dubai; 238 passengers and crew are killed.\\n* [[April\n        11]] – The trial of [[Nazi]] [[Adolf Eichmann]] begins in [[Jerusalem]].\\n*\n        [[April 12]]\\n** ''''[[Vostok 1]]'''': Soviet [[cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]]\n        becomes the first human in space, orbiting the Earth once.\\n** [[Albert Kalonji]]\n        takes the title ''''Emperor Albert I Kalonji'''' of [[South Kasai]].\\n* [[April\n        13]] – In Portugal, a [[coup]] attempt against [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira\n        Salazar]] fails.\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** The [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of [[Cuba]]\n        begins; it fails by [[April 19]].\\n** The [[33rd Academy Awards]] ceremony\n        is held.\\n* [[April 18]] – Portugal sends to [[Angola]] its first military\n        reinforcement.\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Fidel Castro]] announces that the\n        [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] has been defeated.\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Algiers\n        putsch]]: Four French generals who oppose [[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]]''s\n        policies in [[Algeria]] fail in a [[coup]] attempt.\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[Judy Garland]] performs in a legendary comeback concert at [[Carnegie Hall]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[April 24]] – The Swedish ship ''''[[Vasa (ship)|Vasa]]''''\n        is removed from the water after being sunk 333 years earlier.\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        President [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] urges newspapers to consider national\n        interest in times of struggle against \\\"a monolithic and ruthless conspiracy\\\"\n        in an address before the American Newspaper Publishers Association''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8093|author=John F. Kennedy|title=The\n        President and the Press. Before the American Newspaper Publishers Association,\n        New York City|date=April 27, 1961|work=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=June\n        5, 2015}}\\n** [[Sierra Leone]] becomes independent from the United Kingdom.\\n\\n===May===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1961}}\\n* [[May 4]] – U.S. [[Freedom Riders]] begin interstate\n        bus rides to test the new [[U.S. Supreme Court]] [[Discrimination|integration]]\n        [[Boynton v. Virginia|decision]].\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Mercury program]]:\n        [[Alan Shepard]] becomes the first American in space aboard [[Mercury-Redstone\n        3]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]] becomes the first team\n        in the 20th century to win the [[Football in England|English]] league and\n        cup double. This being the last time Tottenham won the English League.\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – Briton [[George Blake]] is sentenced to 42 years imprisonment\n        for spying.\\n* [[May 9]] – In a speech on \\\"[[Television and the Public\n        Interest]]\\\" to the [[National Association of Broadcasters]], [[Federal Communications\n        Commission|FCC]] chairman [[Newton N. Minow]] describes commercial television\n        programming as a \\\"vast wasteland\\\".\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Civil Rights\n        Movement]]: A [[Freedom Riders]] bus is fire-bombed near [[Anniston, Alabama]]\n        and the civil rights protestors are beaten by an [[angry mob]] of [[Ku Klux\n        Klan]] members.\\n* [[May 15]] – [[J. Heinrich Matthaei]] alone performs\n        the Poly-U-Experiment and is the first person to recognize and understand\n        the [[genetic code]]. This is the birthdate of modern [[genetics]].Hans-J\\u00f6rg\n        Rheinberger, \\\"Experimentalsysteme – Eine Geschichte der Proteinsynthese\n        im Reagenzglas\\\" Wallstein; {{ISBN|3-89244-454-4}}\\n* [[May 16]] –\n        [[Park Chung-hee]] takes over in a military coup in South Korea.\\n* [[May\n        19]] – ''''[[Venera 1]]'''' becomes the first man-made object to fly-by\n        another planet by passing [[Venus]] (however, the probe had lost contact with\n        Earth a month earlier and does not send back any data).\\n* [[May 21]] –\n        [[Civil Rights Movement]]: [[Alabama]] Governor [[John Malcolm Patterson|John\n        Patterson]] declares [[martial law]] in an attempt to restore order after\n        [[race riot]]s break out.\\n* [[May 22]] – An [[1961 New South Wales\n        earthquake|earthquake]] rocks New South Wales.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Civil\n        Rights Movement]]: [[Freedom Riders]] are arrested in [[Jackson, Mississippi]]\n        for \\\"disturbing the peace\\\" after disembarking from their bus.\\n* [[May 25]]\n        – [[Apollo program]]: [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] announces\n        before a special joint session of Congress his goal to put a man on the Moon\n        before the end of the decade.\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]],\n        Prime Minister of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], holds a press conference\n        in [[Singapore]], announcing his idea to form the Federation of [[Malaysia]],\n        comprising Malaya, [[Singapore]], [[Sarawak]], [[Brunei]] and North Borneo\n        ([[Sabah]]).\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Peter Benenson]]''s article \\\"The Forgotten\n        Prisoners\\\" is published in several internationally read newspapers. This\n        is later considered the founding of the [[human rights]] organization [[Amnesty\n        International]].\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Rafael Le\\u00f3nidas Trujillo]],\n        totalitarian despot of the [[Dominican Republic]] since [[1930]], is killed\n        in an ambush, putting an end to the second longest-running dictatorship in\n        Latin American history.\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** In France, rebel generals Maurice\n        Challe and Andre Zelelr are sentenced to 15 years in prison.\\n** South Africa\n        becomes a republic, and officially leaves the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n**\n        President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]] meet in Paris.\\n**\n        [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] beats [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] 3-2 at [[Wankdorf\n        Stadium]], [[Bern]] and wins the [[1960\\u201361 European Cup]] (football).\\n\\n===June===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1961}}\\n\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Ethiopia]] experiences its most\n        devastating earthquake of the 20th century, with a magnitude of 6.7. The town\n        of [[Majete]] is destroyed, 45% of the houses in [[Karakore]] collapse, {{convert|17|km|mi|sp=us}}\n        of the main road north of Karakore are damaged by landslides and fissures,\n        and 5,000 inhabitants in the area are left homeless.\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        [[Vienna summit]]: [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] meet during\n        two days in [[Vienna]]. They discuss nuclear tests, [[disarmament]] and Germany.\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – Russian ballet dancer [[Rudolf Nureyev]] requests asylum\n        in France while in Paris with the [[Kirov Ballet]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** A Paris-to-[[Strasbourg]]\n        train derails near [[Vitry-le-Fran\\u00e7ois]]; 24 are killed, 109 injured.\\n**\n        The [[New Democratic Party]] of Canada is founded with the merger of the Cooperative\n        Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the Canadian Labour Congress.\\n* [[June\n        19]] – The British [[protectorate]] ends in [[Kuwait]] and it becomes\n        an [[emirate]].\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Moise Tshombe]] is released for lack\n        of evidence of connection to the murder of [[Patrice Lumumba]].\\n* [[June\n        23]] – The [[Antarctic Treaty]] comes into effect.\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Iraq]]i president [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] announces he is going to annex\n        [[Kuwait]] (such an annexation of Kuwait would [[Gulf War|occur]] in [[1990]]).\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – Kuwait requests British help; the United Kingdom sends\n        in troops.\\n\\n===July===\\n\\n{{Main article|July 1961}}\\n\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] submarine ''''[[Soviet submarine K-19|K-19]]''''\n        reactor leak occurs in the North Atlantic.\\n* [[July 5]] – The first\n        Israeli rocket, ''''[[Shavit 2]]'''', is launched.{{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-18|url=\n        http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Missile/index.html|title=Missile\n        Overview|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105202129/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Missile/index.html\n        |archivedate=2008-01-05|deadurl=yes}}{{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-18|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1961-3.html|title=July\n        1961|publisher=NASA|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071117062555/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1961-3.html|\n        archivedate=2007-11-17|deadurl=no}}\\n* [[July 8]] –\n        A mine explosion in [[Czechoslovakia]] leaves 108 dead.\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        A Czechoslovakian [[Ilyushin Il-18]] crashes while attempting to land at [[Casablanca]],\n        Morocco, killing all 72 persons on board.\\n* [[July 17]] – Baseball\n        legend [[Ty Cobb]] dies at the age of 74 at [[Emory University Hospital]].\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – [[Mercury program]]: [[Gus Grissom]], piloting the [[Mercury-Redstone\n        4]] capsule ''''[[Liberty Bell 7]]'''', becomes the second American to go\n        into space (sub-orbital). Upon splashdown, the hatch prematurely opens, and\n        the capsule sinks (it is recovered in [[1999]]).\\n* [[July 25]] – U.S.\n        President [[John F. Kennedy]] gives a widely watched TV speech on the Berlin\n        crisis, warning \\\"we will not be driven out of Berlin.\\\"  Kennedy urges Americans\n        to build fallout shelters, setting off a four-month debate on civil defense.\\n*\n        [[July 31]]\\n** At [[Fenway Park]] in [[Boston]], the first [[Major League\n        Baseball All-Star Game]] tie occurs, when the game is stopped in the 9th inning\n        due to rain (the only tie until [[2002]]).\\n** Ireland submits the first application\n        from a non-founding country to join the [[European Economic Community]].\\n\\n===August===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1961}}\\n\\n* August – The United States founds the [[Alliance\n        for Progress]].\\n* [[August 1]] – The [[Six Flags Over Texas]] theme\n        park officially opens to the public.\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Vostok 2]]:\n        Soviet cosmonaut [[Gherman Titov]] becomes the second human to orbit the Earth,\n        and the first to be in outer space for more than one day.\\n* [[August 7]]\n        – Vostok 2 (with Titov on board) lands in the Soviet Union.\\n* [[August\n        10]] – The United Kingdom applies for membership in the [[European Economic\n        Community]].\\n* [[August 13]] – Construction of the [[Berlin Wall]]\n        begins, restricting movement between [[East Berlin]] and [[West Berlin]] and\n        forming a clear boundary between West Germany and [[East Germany]], [[Western\n        Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. On August 22 [[Ida Siekmann]] jumps from\n        a window in her tenement building trying to flee to the West, becoming the\n        [[List of deaths at the Berlin Wall|first of at least 138 people to die at\n        the Wall]].\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Jomo Kenyatta]] is released from prison\n        in [[Kenya]].\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Jo\\u00e3o Goulart]] replaces [[J\\u00e2nio\n        Quadros]] as [[President of Brazil]]. He is ousted in [[1964]].\\n\\n===September===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1961}}\\n\\n* [[September 1]] \\n** The [[Eritrean War of Independence]]\n        officially begins with the shooting of the Ethiopian police by Hamid Idris\n        Awate.\\n** The first meeting is held of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].  The\n        Soviet Union resumes nuclear testing, escalating fears over the ongoing Berlin\n        crisis.\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Tom and Jerry]] make a return with their\n        first episode since 1958, ''''[[Switchin'' Kitten]]''''. The new creator,\n        [[Gene Deitch]], makes 12 more Tom and Jerry episodes until 1962.\\n* [[September\n        10]] – During the [[1961 Italian Grand Prix|F1 Italian Grand Prix]]\n        on the [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|circuit of Monza]], German [[Wolfgang von\n        Trips]], driving a [[Ferrari]], crashes into a stand, killing 14 spectators\n        and himself.\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** The new military government of [[Turkey]]\n        sentences 15 members of the previous government to death.\\n** The [[Focolare\n        Movement]] opens its first North American center in New York.\\n* [[September\n        17]] – Military rulers in [[Turkey]] hang former prime minister [[Adnan\n        Menderes]].\\n* [[September 18]] – [[United Nations]] [[Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]] dies in\n        an air crash en route to [[Katanga Province|Katanga]], [[Republic of the Congo\n        (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]].\\n* [[September 21]] – In France, the [[Organisation\n        de l''arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]] slips an anti-[[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]]\n        message into TV programming.\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** The old [[Deutsche Opernhaus]]\n        in the Berlin neighborhood of [[Charlottenburg]] is returned to its newly\n        rebuilt house as the [[Deutsche Oper Berlin]].\\n** In the U.S., the [[Walt\n        Disney anthology television series]], renamed ''''Walt Disney''s Wonderful\n        World of Color'''', moves from ABC to NBC after seven years on the air, and\n        begins telecasting its programs in color for the first time. Years later,\n        after Disney''s death, the still-on-the-air program will be renamed ''''The\n        Wonderful World of Disney''''.\\n* [[September 28]] – A [[military coup]]\n        in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] effectively ends the [[United Arab Republic]],\n        the union between [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]].\\n* [[September 30]] – The\n        [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) is formed\n        to replace the [[Organisation for European Economic Co-operation]] (OEEC).\\n\\n===October===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1961}}\\n\\n* [[October 1]] – Baseball player [[Roger\n        Maris]] of the New York Yankees hits his 61st home run in the last game of\n        the season, against the [[Boston Red Sox]], setting a new record for the longer\n        baseball season. The record for the shorter season is still held by Babe Ruth.\\n*\n        [[October 10]] – A volcanic eruption on [[Tristan da Cunha]] causes\n        the whole population to be evacuated to Britain, where they will remain until\n        1963.\\n* [[October 12]] – The [[death penalty]] is abolished in New\n        Zealand.\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Paris massacre of 1961]]: French police\n        in Paris attack about 30,000 protesting a curfew applied solely to [[Algeria]]ns.\n        The official death toll is 3, but human rights groups claim 240 dead.\\n* [[October\n        18]] – ''''[[West Side Story (film)|West Side Story]]'''' is released\n        as a film in the United States.\\n* [[October 19]] – The [[Arab League]]\n        takes over protecting [[Kuwait]]; the last British troops leave.\\n* [[October\n        25]] – The first edition of ''''[[Private Eye]]'''', the British satirical\n        magazine, is published.\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]] becomes\n        the fourth president of Turkey. (His former title is head of state and government;\n        he is elected as president by constitutional referendum.)\\n* [[October 27]]\\n**\n        An [[armistice]] begins in [[Katanga Province|Katanga]], [[Republic of the\n        Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]].\\n** [[Mongolia]] and [[Mauritania]] join\n        the [[United Nations]].\\n** Confrontation at [[Checkpoint Charlie]]: A standoff\n        between [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and American tanks in Berlin, Germany heightens\n        [[Cold War]] tensions.\\n** [[Fahrettin \\u00d6zdilek]] becomes the acting prime\n        minister of Turkey.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[GMA Network|DZBB-TV Channel 7]],\n        the Philippines'' third TV station, is launched.\\n** [[Devrim]], the first\n        ever [[car]] designed and produced in [[Turkey]], is released. The project\n        has been completed in only 130 days almost from scratch, a period including\n        decision on the project, research, design, development and production of four\n        vehicles.\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Nuclear weapons testing]]: The [[Soviet\n        Union]] detonates a 58-megaton yield [[hydrogen bomb]] known as [[Tsar Bomba]]\n        over [[Novaya Zemlya]]. It remains the largest ever man-made explosion.\\n**\n        The [[Note Crisis]]: The Soviet Union issues a diplomatic note to Finland\n        proposing military co-operation.\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Hurricane Hattie]]\n        devastates [[Belize City]], [[Belize]] killing over 270. After the hurricane,\n        the capital moves to the inland city of [[Belmopan]].\\n** [[Joseph Stalin]]''s\n        body is removed from the Lenin Mausoleum.\\n\\n===November===\\n\\n{{Main article|November\n        1961}}\\n\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** The [[Hungry generation]] Movement is launched\n        in [[Calcutta]], [[India]].\\n** The Interstate Commerce Commission''s federal\n        order banning segregation at all interstate public facilities officially comes\n        into effect.\\n** The Madame Alexander Doll Club is founded by Margaret Doris\n        Winson of Sweet Springs, MO.\\n* [[November 2]] – ''''[[Kean (musical)|Kean]]''''\n        opens at Broadway Theater in New York City for 92 performances.\\n* [[November\n        3]] – The [[United Nations]] [[United Nations General Assembly|General\n        Assembly]] unanimously elects [[U Thant]] to the position of acting [[Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations|Secretary-General]].\\n* [[November 6]] – The U.S.\n        government issues a stamp honoring the 100th birthday of [[James Naismith]].\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Imperial Airlines Flight 201/8]] crashes while attempting\n        to land at [[Richmond, Virginia]], killing 77 persons on board.\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Neil Armstrong]] records a world record speed in a rocket plane\n        of 6,587 km/h flying a [[X-15]].\\n* [[November 10]] – ''''[[Catch-22]]''''\n        by [[Joseph Heller]] is first published.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** Congolese\n        soldiers murder 13 Italian [[United Nations]] pilots.\\n** Stalingrad is renamed\n        [[Volgograd]].\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Michael Rockefeller]], son of\n        [[Govenor of New York|New York Governor]] and later [[Vice President of the\n        United States|Vice President]] [[Nelson Rockefeller]], disappears in the jungles\n        of [[New Guinea]].\\n* [[November 18]] – U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        sends 18,000 military advisors to South Vietnam.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** The\n        funeral of longtime House Speaker [[Sam Rayburn]] is held in Washington, D.C.\n        Two former Presidents ([[Harry S. Truman|Truman]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]])\n        and one future one ([[Lyndon B. Johnson]]) join [[John F. Kennedy|President\n        Kennedy]] in paying their respects.\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        of [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]] forms the new government of\n        [[Turkey]] (26th government, first coalition in Turkey, partner [[Justice\n        Party (Turkey)|AP]])\\n* [[November 21]] – The \\\"[[La Ronde (restaurant)|La\n        Ronde]]\\\" opens in [[Honolulu]], the first [[revolving restaurant]] in the\n        United States\\n* [[November 24]] – The [[World Food Programme]] (WFP)\n        is formed as a temporary [[United Nations]] program.\\n* [[November 30]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union]] vetoes [[Kuwait]]''s application for [[United Nations]]\n        membership.\\n\\n===December===\\n\\n{{Main article|December 1961}}\\n\\n* [[December\n        1]] – [[Netherlands New Guinea]] raises the new Morning Star flag and\n        changes its name to [[Republic of West Papua|West Papua]].\\n* [[December 2]]\n        – [[Cold War]]: In a nationally broadcast speech, [[Cuba]]n leader [[Fidel\n        Castro]] announces he is a [[Marxist\\u2013Leninist]], and that Cuba will adopt\n        [[socialism]].\\n* [[December 5]] – U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        gives support to the [[Akosombo Dam|Volta Dam]] project in [[Ghana]].\\n* [[December\n        9]]\\n** [[Tanganyika]] gains independence as a [[Commonwealth realm]], with\n        [[Julius Nyerere]] as its first Prime Minister, with Queen Elizabeth II as\n        [[Queen of Tanganyika]], and represented locally by the [[Governor-General\n        of Tanganyika]].\\n** The Australian government of [[Robert Menzies]] is re-elected\n        for a sixth term.\\n* [[December 10]] – The [[Soviet Union]] severs [[diplomatic\n        relations]] with [[Albania]].\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** The American involvement\n        in the [[Vietnam War]] officially begins, as the first American helicopters\n        arrive in Saigon along with 400 U.S. personnel.\\n** [[Adolf Eichmann]] is\n        pronounced guilty of crimes against humanity by a panel of three [[Israel]]i\n        judges, and sentenced to death.\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Walt Disney]]''s\n        first live-action Technicolor musical, ''''[[Babes in Toyland (1961 film)|Babes\n        in Toyland]]'''', a remake of the famous Victor Herbert operetta, is released,\n        but flops at the box office.\\n* [[December 15]] – An Israeli war crimes\n        tribunal sentences [[Adolf Eichmann]] to death for his part in [[The Holocaust]].\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – A [[circus]] tent fire in [[Niter\\u00f3i]], [[Brazil]]\n        kills 323.{{cite web|accessdate=2011-06-01|url=http://grancircusincendio.blogspot.com/|title=Inc\\u00eandio\n        Gran-Circus Norte-Americano 1961|publisher=Blogger}}\\n* [[December 18]]\n        – India opens hostilities in [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|its annexation]]\n        of [[Portuguese India]], the colonies of [[Goa]], [[Damao]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]].\\n*\n        [[December 19]]\\n** The [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa#Portuguese surrender|Portuguese\n        surrender Goa]] to India after 400 years of Portuguese rule.\\n** [[Indonesia]]n\n        president [[Sukarno]] announces that he will take [[West Irian]] by force\n        if necessary.\\n* [[December 21]] – In [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]],\n        Katangan prime minister [[Moise Tshombe]] recognizes the Congolese constitution.\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Luxembourg]]''s [[National Day|national holiday]],\n        the [[Grand Duke''s Official Birthday]], is set on [[June 23]] by Grand Ducal\n        decree.\\n* [[December 30]] – Congolese troops capture [[Albert Kalonji]]\n        of [[South Kasai]] (who soon escapes).\\n* [[December 31]] – Ireland''s\n        first national television station, ''''Telef\\u00eds \\u00c9ireann'''' (later\n        [[Raidi\\u00f3 Teilif\\u00eds \\u00c9ireann|RT\\u00c9]]), begins broadcasting.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n\\n* \\\"[[Barbie]]\\\" gets a boyfriend when the \\\"[[Ken (doll)|Ken]]\\\"\n        doll is introduced in the United States.\\n* [[Sheila Burnford]]''s ''''[[The\n        Incredible Journey]]'''', a story of three pets travelling through the Canadian\n        wilderness, is published in the United Kingdom.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n=== January\n        ===\\n\\n[[File:Wayne Coyne outside Wal-Mart.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wayne Coyne]]]]\\n[[File:Julia_Louis-Dreyfus_VF_\n        2012_Shankbone_3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Louis-Dreyfus]]]]\\n[[File:Wayne Gretzky\n        2006-02-18 Turin 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wayne Gretzky]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Sergei Babayan]], American classical pianist\\n** [[Sam Backo]], Australian\n        rugby league footballer\\n* [[January 2]] \\n** [[Neil Dudgeon]], English actor\\n**\n        [[Todd Haynes]], American film director\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Iris DeMent]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Supriya Pathak]], Indian\n        actress\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Calvin Smith]], American athlete\\n* [[January\n        9]] \\n** [[Candi Milo]], American voice actress\\n** [[Al Jean]], American\n        television writer\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Mark Venturini]], American actor\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Jasper Fforde]], British fantasy novelist\\n**\n        [[Karl von Habsburg|Karl Habsburg-Lothringen]], Austrian politician and noble\n        \\n* [[January 12]] – [[Sean Blowers]], English actor\\n* [[January 13]]\\n**\n        [[Wayne Coyne]], American musician and frontman of the band [[The Flaming\n        Lips]]\\n** [[Julia Louis-Dreyfus]], American actress, producer and comedian\n        \\n** [[Suggs (singer)|Suggs]], British singer and TV presenter\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Mike Tramp]], Danish rock singer (''''[[White Lion]]'''')\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[Peter Tanfield]], British concert violinist\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Maia Chiburdanidze]], Georgian chess player\\n* [[January 18]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Beardsley]], English footballer \\n** [[Mark Messier]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n* [[January 19]] – [[William Ragsdale]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        22]]\\n** [[Daniel Johnston]], American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist\\n**\n        [[Shigeru Nakahara]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Guido\n        Buchwald]], German football player\\n* [[January 26]] \\n** [[Sharyl Attkisson]],\n        American author and former television journalist and investigative correspondent\\n**\n        [[Wayne Gretzky]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Li Cunxin]], Artistic Director\n        for [[Queensland Ballet]]\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Arnaldur Indri\\u00f0ason]],\n        Icelandic writer\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Petra Th\\u00fcmer]], German swimmer\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – [[Dexter Scott King]], son of [[Martin Luther King,\n        Jr.]]\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Lloyd Cole]], British singer and songwriter\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:HenryRollins2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henry Rollins]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Volker Fried]], German field hockey player\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Jim Balsillie]], Canadian CEO and [[philanthropist]]\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Yuko Kobayashi]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[February 8]] –\n        [[Vince Neil]], American singer\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[John Kruk]], American\n        baseball player and commentator\\n** [[Jussi Lampi]], Finnish musician and\n        actor\\n* [[February 10]] – [[George Stephanopoulos]], American political\n        consultant and commentator\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Mary Docter]], American\n        speed skater\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Henry Rollins]], American musician\n        and activist\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Latifa (singer)|Latifa]], Tunisian\n        singer\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Meir Kessler]], Israeli rabbi\\n** [[Andrey\n        Korotayev]], Russian anthropologist, economic historian, and sociologist\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Hironobu Kageyama]], Japanese singer\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\n** [[Phil Powers (climber)|Phil Powers]], American alpinist\\n** [[Dwayne\n        McDuffie]], American writer of comics and television (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Geoff Moore]], American Christian musician\\n* [[February 22]]\n        – [[Akira Takasaki]], Japanese guitarist\\n* [[February 25]] –\n        [[Davey Allison]], American race car driver (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[February 27]]\n        – [[James Worthy]], American basketball player and analyst\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Mark Latham]], Australian politician\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March\n        3]]\\n** [[Mary Page Keller]], American actress\\n** [[John Matteson]], Pulitzer\n        Prize-winning American biographer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Ray Mancini]], American\n        boxer\\n** [[Steven Weber (actor)|Steven Weber]], American actor\\n** [[Roger\n        Wessels]], South African golfer\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Mike Leach (American\n        football coach)|Mike Leach]], American college football coach\\n** [[Rick Steiner]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Mike Bullard (ice hockey)|Mike\n        Bullard]], American hockey player\\n** [[Laurel Clark]], American astronaut\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Mitch Gaylord]], American gymnast\\n* [[March 14]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Boyce]], American Christian musician \\n** [[Gary Dell''Abate]], American\n        radio producer\\n** [[Marc Koska]], English businessman and inventor\\n* [[March\n        16]]\\n** [[Brett Kenny]], Australian rugby league player\\n** [[Michiru \\u014cshima]],\n        Japanese composer\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Umayya Abu-Hanna]], Palestine-born\n        Finnish writer and politician\\n** [[Alexander Bard]], Swedish musician ([[Army\n        of Lovers]])\\n** [[Sam Bowie]], American basketball player\\n** [[Dana Reeve]],\n        American actress, singer and activist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\n** [[Lothar\n        Matth\\u00e4us]], German footballer\\n** [[Kassie DePaiva]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\n** [[Ali Hewson]], Irish activist and businesswoman\\n** [[Helmi\n        Johannes]], Indonesian television newscaster\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Yanis\n        Varoufakis]], Greek economist, current Greek Finance Minister \\n* [[March\n        25]] – [[Reggie Fils-Aim\\u00e9]], American businessman\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Tak Matsumoto]], Japanese guitarist ([[B''z]])\\n* [[March 28]] –\n        [[Byron Scott]], American basketball player and coach\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Amy Sedaris]], American actress, comedian and writer\\n** [[Gerardo Teissonniere]],\n        Puerto Rican pianist\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Eddie Murphy by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Murphy]]]]                          \\n[[File:George Lopez at Kids'' Inaugural\n        1-19-09 hires 090119-N-1928O-136a (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Lopez]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Susan Boyle]], Scottish singer\\n** [[Kujira]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Christopher Meloni]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Eddie Murphy]], African-American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Lisa Zane]], American actress\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[Gene Eugene]], Canadian actor and singer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        [[Thurl Bailey]], American basketball player\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Vincent\n        Gallo]], American actor\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Lisa Gerrard]], Australian\n        musician\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Robert Carlyle]], Scottish film and television\n        actor\\n** [[Neil Dougherty]], American basketball coach (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April\n        17]]\\n** [[Frank J. Christensen]], American labor leader\\n** [[Daphna Kastner]],\n        Canadian actress\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Jane Leeves]], English actress\\n*\n        [[April 20]]\\n** [[Konstantin Lavronenko]], Russian actor\\n** [[Don Mattingly]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Cathy Cavadini]], American\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 23]] \\n** [[Dirk Bach]], German actor and comedian\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[George Lopez]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Anthony Cumia]], American radio personality\\n* [[April 27]]\n        – [[Moana Pozzi]], Italian porn actress (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 28]]\n        – [[Futoshi Matsunaga]], Japanese serial killer\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Fumihiko Tachiki]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Isiah\n        Thomas]], African-American basketball player, coach, and team owner\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Joe Murray publicity shot.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe Murray (animator)|Joe\n        Murray]]]]\\n[[File:George Clooney 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Clooney]]]]\\n[[File:Tim\n        Roth by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Roth]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        [[Marilyn Milian]], American judge\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Steve James (snooker\n        player)|Steve James]], English snooker player\\n* [[May 3]] \\n** [[Joe Murray\n        (animator)|Joe Murray]], American animator\\n** [[David Vitter]], U.S. Senator\n        (R-LA)\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Jay Aston]], British singer ([[Bucks Fizz (band)|Bucks\n        Fizz]])\\n** [[Mary Elizabeth McDonough]], American actress, producer, director\n        and author\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Hiroshi Hase]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n**\n        Sarah Zivale, American actress\\n* [[May 6]] – [[George Clooney]], American\n        actor\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Robert Spano]], American conductor and pianist\\n*\n        [[May 8]]\\n** [[Janet McTeer]], British actress\\n** [[Akira Taue]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Rene Capo]], American judoka\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Danny Carey]], American drummer ([[Tool\n        (band)|Tool]], [[Pigmy Love Circus]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Paul Begala]], American\n        political commentator\\n** [[Lar Park Lincoln]], American actress\\n* [[May\n        12]] – [[Billy Duffy]], British guitarist ([[The Cult]])\\n* [[May 13]]\n        – [[Dennis Rodman]], American basketball player and actor\\n* [[May 14]]\n        \\n** [[Tim Roth]], English actor\\n** [[Urban Priol]], German Kabarett artist\n        and comedian\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Kevin McDonald]], Canadian comedian and actor\\n**\n        [[Charles Wright (wrestler)|Charles Wright]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Enya]], Irish musician\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Jim Bowden]],\n        American baseball executive\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Clive Allen]], British\n        footballer\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Mike Breen]], American sports announcer\\n**\n        [[Ann Cusack]], American actress\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Karen Duffy]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Peri Gilpin]], American actress\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Roland Gift]], British singer and musician ([[Fine Young Cannibals]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Melissa Etheridge]], American musician\\n* [[May 30]]\n        \\n** [[Ralph Carter]], American actor\\n** [[Harry Enfield]], English comedian,\n        actor, writer and director\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Ray Cote]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n** [[Justin Madden]], Australian footballer and politician\\n** [[Lea\n        Thompson]], American actress\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Michael J. Fox 2012 (cropped)\n        (2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael J. Fox]]]]\\n[[File:Boy George by Dean Stockings.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boy\n        George]]]]\\n[[File:Vidhya_Bhandari2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]]]]\\n[[File:Joko_Widodo_2014_official_portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joko\n        Widodo]]]]\\n[[File:Curt Smith 08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Curt Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ricky\n        Gervais 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricky Gervais]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Paul\n        Coffey]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Dez Cadena]], American\n        musician\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Lawrence Lessig]], American academic and political\n        activist\\n** [[Ed Wynne (guitarist)|Ed Wynne]], English musician ([[Ozric\n        Tentacles]])\\n*  [[June 4]] – [[El DeBarge]], African-American singer\n        \\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Mary Kay Bergman]], American voice actress (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Anthony Burger]], American musician and singer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Rosie\n        Kane]], Member of Scottish Parliament\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Tom Araya]],\n        Chilean-born rock musician ([[Slayer]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Katy Garbi]],\n        Greek singer\\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[Michael J. Fox]], Canadian-American actor,\n        producer, and author\\n** [[Aaron Sorkin]], American screenwriter, producer,\n        and playwright\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Kim Deal|Kim]] and [[Kelley Deal]], American\n        musicians\\n** [[Maxi Priest]], born Max Elliott, British reggae singer\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Boy George]], born George O''Dowd, British singer-songwriter\n        and music producer\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Dave McAuley]], Northern Irish\n        boxer\\n* [[June 17]] – [[K\\u014dichi Yamadera]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s Galarraga]], Venezuelan baseball player\\n**\n        [[Alison Moyet]], English singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Bidhya\n        Devi Bhandari]], 2nd [[President of Nepal]]\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Karin\n        Enke|Karin Kania]], German speed skater\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Manu Chao]],\n        French singer\\n** [[Joko Widodo]], [[President of Indonesia]]\\n* [[June 23]]\\n**\n        [[Zoran Janjetov]], Serbian comic artist\\n** [[David Leavitt]], American novelist\\n*\n        [[June 24]]         \\n** [[Lisa Bevill]], American Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Curt Smith]], British musician and lead singer and keyboardist of rock group\n        [[Tears For Fears]]\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Mike Breen]], American broadcaster\\n**\n        [[Ricky Gervais]], English comedian, actor, writer and director. Former singer\n        in [[Seona Dancing]]\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Greg LeMond]], American cyclist\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – [[Meera Syal]], British-Indian comedian and actress\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[Jeff Malone]], American basketball player\\n** [[Eliezer\n        Melamed]], Israeli rabbi\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Greg Hetson]], American\n        rock guitarist ([[Bad Religion]], [[Circle Jerks]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0434\\u043e-\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f\n        18 (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Diana, Princess of Wales]]]]\\n[[File:Forest\n        Whitaker 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Forest Whitaker]]]]\\n[[File:Ant\\u00f3nio Costa\n        12.\\u00aa Cimeira Brasil-Portugal 2016-11-01.png|thumb|100px|[[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Costa]]]]\\n[[File:Woody Harrelson October 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Woody Harrelson]]]]\\n[[File:Gary\n        Cherone-Extreme-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary Cherone]]]]\\n[[File:Laurence Fishburne\n        2009 - cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laurence Fishburne]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Vito Bratta]], American rock guitarist ([[White Lion]])\\n** [[Ivan Kaye]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], British Princess and first\n        wife of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Carl Lewis]], American\n        athlete\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Andrew Zimmern]], American television personality\n        ([[Bizarre Foods]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Patrizia Scianca]], Italian voice\n        actress\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Eric Jerome Dickey]], American writer\\n* [[July\n        8]] – [[Toby Keith]], American country music singer\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        \\n** [[Jacky Cheung]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Ulla Kock am Brink]],\n        German television presenter\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Jackie Earle Haley]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Forest Whitaker]], American actor\n        and film director\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Copycat (software)#External links|J.\n        Alan Brogan]], Irish programmer\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Jonathan Potts]], Canadian\n        actor\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio Costa]], Portuguese politician, [[Prime Minister\n        of Portugal|119th Prime Minister]] (2015\\u2013present)\\n* [[July 19]]\\n**\n        [[Maria Filatova]], Soviet gymnast\\n** [[Beno\\u00eet Mariage]], Belgian film\n        director\\n** [[Noriyuki Abe]], Japanese anime director\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        [[Keith Sweat]], American singer\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**[[Milind Gunaji]], Indian\n        actor, model, television show host\\n**[[Woody Harrelson]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Hugo Teufel III]], 2nd [[Chief Privacy\n        Officer, Department of Homeland Security]]\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Keiko Matsui]],\n        Japanese pianist and composer\\n** [[Gary Cherone]],  American rock singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Laurence Fishburne]], American actor\n        and film director\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Barack\n        Obama]]]]\\n[[File:Lauren Tom by Gage Skidmore.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Lauren Tom]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Key February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Key]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Hillenburg\n        by Carlos Cazurro.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Hillenburg]]]]\\n[[File:R orzabal.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roland\n        Orzabal]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Ray Cyrus 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Ray Cyrus]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Molly Hagan]], American actress\\n** [[Nick\n        Harvey]], English politician\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Robin Carnahan]], [[Secretary\n        of State of Missouri]]\\n** [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United\n        States]]\\n** [[Lauren Tom]], American actress\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Clayton\n        Rohner]], American actor\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Brian Conley]], English presenter,\n        comedian, singer and  actor\\n** [[Yelena Davydova]], Soviet gymnast\\n** [[Maggie\n        Wheeler]], American actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[The Edge]], Irish rock guitarist\n        ([[U2]])\\n** [[Bruce Matthews (American football)|Bruce Matthews]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Rikki Rockett]], American rock drummer ([[Poison (American\n        band)|Poison]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[John Key]], 38th [[Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand]]\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Sunil Shetty]], Indian Bollywood film\n        actor\\n** [[Jukka Tapanim\\u00e4ki]], Finnish game programmer (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Susan Olsen]], American actress and animal welfare\n        advocate\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**[[Elpidia Carrillo]], Mexican-American actress\\n**[[Urara\n        Takano]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Huw Edwards (journalist)|Huw\n        Edwards]], [[BAFTA]] award-winning Welsh journalist and presenter\\n** [[Bob\n        Woodruff]], American television journalist\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Stephen\n        Hillenburg]], American marine biologist, cartoonist, and animator\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Roland Orzabal]], British musician and songwriter\\n* [[August\n        24]] – [[Jared Harris]], English actor\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Billy\n        Ray Cyrus]], American actor and singer\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Tom Ford]],\n        American fashion designer and film director\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Brian\n        Mitchell (boxer)|Brian Mitchell]], South African boxer\\n* [[August]] ''''Date\n        Unknown''''– [[Joseph Kony]], leader of the [[Lord''s Resistance Army]]\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:BamBamBigelow.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bam Bam Bigelow]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        Gandolfini in Kuwait City 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Gandolfini]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Dee 2014.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jack Dee]]]]\\n[[File:Edward M. Kennedy Jr. (aka\n        Ted Kennedy Jr.), 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edward M. Kennedy Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Julia\n        Gillard 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Gillard]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\n** [[Bam\n        Bam Bigelow]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[C\\u00e9cilia\n        Rodhe]], Miss Sweden\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Carlos Valderrama]], Colombian\n        footballer\\n** [[Anthony Wong Chau Sang|Anthony Wong Chau-sang]], Hong Kong\n        actor\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Felix Wong]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Karim Abdul Razak]], Ghanaian footballer\\n* [[September 6]]\\n**\n        [[Akira Kuroiwa]], Japanese speed skater\\n** [[Paul Waaktaar-Savoy]], Norwegian\n        rock musician and songwriter ([[A-ha]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Kevin\n        Kennedy (actor)|Kevin Kennedy]], British actor\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Elizabeth\n        Daily]], American voice actress and singer\\n** [[Virginia Madsen]], American\n        actress\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Myl\\u00e8ne Farmer]], Canadian singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Dave Mustaine]], American metal\n        singer, guitarist ([[Megadeth]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Martina Gedeck]],\n        German actress\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Dan Marino]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Lidia Yusupova]], Chechen human-rights lawyer\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        Jen Tolley, American-Canadian voice actress\\n* [[September 18]] – [[James\n        Gandolfini]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Caroline\n        Flint]], British Labour MP \\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Bonnie Hunt]], American\n        actress, comedian, writer, director and television producer\\n** [[Catherine\n        Oxenberg]], British actress\\n* [[September 23]] – [[William C. McCool]],\n        U.S. Army Commander and astronaut (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Jack Dee]], English stand-up comedian, actor and writer\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\n** [[Heather Locklear]], American actress\\n** [[Steve Scott (journalist)|Steve\n        Scott]], British journalist and presenter\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Edward\n        M. Kennedy Jr.]], son of [[U.S. Senator]] [[Ted Kennedy]]\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – [[Andy Lau]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[September 28]] \\n**\n        [[Yordanka Donkova]], Bulgarian athlete\\n** [[Wayne Westner]] A South African\n        Golfer who won twice on the [[European Tour]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Julia Gillard]], 27th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\\n* [[September\n        30]]\\n** [[Crystal Bernard]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Eric Stoltz]],\n        American actor and director\\n** [[Sally Yeh]], Hong Kong singer and actress\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:Amr_Abdul_Baset_Diab.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amr Diab]]]]\\n[[File:Rachel\n        de thame.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rachel De Thame]]]]\\n[[File:Dylan McDermott 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dylan\n        McDermott]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Jackson SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Gary Ablett, Sr.|Gary Ablett]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Rico Constantino]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[October 2]] –\n        [[Edmond Yu]], Chinese student (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Ludger\n        St\\u00fchlmeyer]], German cantor, composer and musicologist\\n* [[October 4]]\\n**\n        [[Philippe Russo]], French singer\\n** [[Jon Secada]], Cuban-American singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Matthew Kauffman]], American journalist\n        and [[George Polk Award]] winner\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Mark Shasha]],\n        American artist, author, illustrator\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Jodi Benson]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Amr Diab]], Egyptian singer\\n**\n        [[Steve Young]], American football player\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Rachel De\n        Thame]], English gardener and television presenter\\n** [[Doc Rivers]], American\n        basketball player and coach\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Jim Burns]], British\n        science-fiction illustrator \\n* [[October 16]] – [[Randy Vasquez]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Wynton Marsalis]], African-American\n        trumpeter and composer\\n** [[Rick Moody]], American writer\\n** [[Gladstone\n        Small]], Barbadian-English cricketer \\n* [[October 20]] – [[Michie Tomizawa]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Dave Meltzer]], American\n        wrestling journalist\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Pat Sharp]], British radio DJ\n        and host\\n** [[Chad Smith]], American musician\\n** [[Ward Burton]], American\n        [[NASCAR]] driver\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Dylan McDermott]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)|Randy Jackson]],\n        African-American musician\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Alonzo Babers]], American\n        runner\\n** [[Peter Jackson]], New Zealand film director\\n** [[Larry Mullen,\n        Jr.]], Irish rock drummer ([[U2]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Ralph Macchio\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ralph Macchio]]]]\\n[[File:Nadia Com\\u0103neci\n        at the 2012 BRD N\\u0103stase \\u021airiac Trophy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nadia Com\\u0103neci]]]]\\n[[File:Meg\n        Ryan 2009 portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Meg Ryan]]]]\\n[[File:Mariel Hemingway\n        headshot, free use.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariel Hemingway]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\n        – [[Anne Donovan]], American basketball player\\n* [[November 2]] –\n        [[k.d. lang]], Canadian singer and songwriter\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Daron\n        Hagen]], American composer\\n** [[Dominic Heale]], British journalist and newsreader\n        \\n** [[Ralph Macchio]], American actor\\n** [[Jeff Probst]], American television\n        personality\\n** [[Jerry Sadowitz]], American-born British stand-up comic and\n        card magician\\n** [[Nigel Worthington]], Northern Irish footballer and football\n        manager\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Jill Dando]], British journalist and television\n        presenter (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Jackie Kay]], Scottish poet and novelist\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Nadia Com\\u0103neci]], Romanian gymnast\\n* [[November\n        14]]\\n** [[Jurga Ivanauskait\\u0117]], Lithuanian writer (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[D. B. Sweeney]], American actor\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Corinne Herm\\u00e8s]],\n        French singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest 1983|1983]]\n        winner\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Jan Kuehnemund]], American guitarist ([[Vixen\n        (band)|Vixen]]) (d. 2013)\\n** [[Steven Moffat]], Scottish screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Anthony Warlow]], Australian singer\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Meg Ryan]],\n        American actress and film director\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Dave Watson]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Maria Kawamura]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Mariel Hemingway]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Randal L. Schwartz]], American computer programmer\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Arundhati Roy]], Indian writer and activist\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Alfonso\n        Cuar\\u00f3n]], Mexican film director, screenwriter and producer\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:Bill Hicks at the Laff Stop in Austin, Texas, 1991 (2) cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        Hicks]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew Waterhouse - Gallifrey 2011 (cropped etc).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matthew\n        Waterhouse]]]]\\n[[File:Lech Kaczynski Ilham Alijew (10).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ilham\n        Aliyev]]]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Marcelo Fromer]], Brazilian guitarist\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Roy Dennis]], disabled American boy (d. [[1978]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Reich]], American football player\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Ann\n        Coulter]], American author, conservative commentator and attorney\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[David Anthony Higgins]], American actor\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        [[Nia Peeples]], American actress\\n* [[December 11]] – [[DJ Yella]],\n        American DJ and Record Producer\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Daniel O''Donnell]],\n        Irish singer\\n** [[Sarah Sutton]], British actress\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[Karen Witter]], American actress and model\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Karin\n        Resetarits]], Austrian journalist and politician\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Shane\n        Black]], American film director\\n** [[Bill Hicks]], American comedian (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n** [[Sam Robards]], American actor\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Eric\n        Allin Cornell]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Matthew\n        Waterhouse]], British actor\\n** [[Reggie White]], American football player\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Mohammad Fouad]], Arab singer and\n        actor\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Francis Ng]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Ezzat el Kamhawi]], Egyptian novelist\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Ilham Aliyev]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Azerbaijan]] and 4th [[President\n        of Azerbaijan]]\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[\\u00cdngrid Betancourt]], Colombian\n        senator\\n** [[David Thompson (Barbadian politician)|David Thompson]], 6th\n        Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[John\n        Lynch (actor)|John Lynch]], Northern Irish actor\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Guido Westerwelle]], German politician (d. 2016)\\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Jim Reid]], Scottish musician\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Douglas Coupland]],\n        Canadian author\\n** [[Bill English]], [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n**\n        [[Blue Man Group|Matt Goldman]], American performance artist\\n** [[Sean Hannity]],\n        American radio/television host and conservative commentator\\n** [[Ben Johnson\n        (sprinter)|Ben Johnson]], Canadian athlete\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n\\n* [[Judie\n        Bamber]], American artist\\n* [[Jaime Crespo]], Mexican-American artist\\n*\n        [[James Rolfe (composer)|James Rolfe]], Canadian composer\\n*[[Acharya S]],\n        American writer and proponent of the [[Christ myth theory]] (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[Lefred Thouron]], French cartoonist\\n* [[Taha al-Hashimi]], 13th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iraq]] (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Erwin\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger (1933).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]]]]\\n[[File:Anefo\n        910-9740 De Congolese2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patrice Lumumba]]]]\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Auvergne Doherty]], Australian businesswoman (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]], Austrian physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Franti\\u0161ek Flos]],\n        Czech novelist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Emily Greene Balch]],\n        American writer and pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[Dashiell Hammett]], American writer (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]] \\n** [[Nino Marchesini]], Italian actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Blanche\n        Ring]], American singer and actress (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Barry Fitzgerald]], Irish actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 17]] –\n        [[Patrice Lumumba]], 1st [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the\n        Congo]] (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Thomas Anthony Dooley III]],\n        physician (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\n** [[Blaise Cendrars]], Swiss\n        writer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[John J. Becker]], American composer and pianist\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Alfred Carlton Gilbert]], American\n        swimmer and inventor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Stan Nichols]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Jesse Wallace]],\n        American naval officer, 29th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – [[Dorothy Thompson]], American journalist (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:CarlosLuz.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Carlos\n        Luz]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammed V.jpg|thumb|110px|right|King [[Mohammed V of Morocco]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – [[Anna May Wong]], Chinese-American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil|Viscount\n        Dunrossil]], Australian Governor-General (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[William Duncan (actor)|William Duncan]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Carlos Luz]], Brazilian politician, 19th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Richmond K. Turner]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Arthur Ripley]],\n        American film director (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Laurence\n        Owen]], American figure skater (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Dazzy\n        Vance]], American baseball player ([[Brooklyn Dodgers]]) and a member of the\n        [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Nita Naldi]],\n        American actress (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Percy Grainger]],\n        Australian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Nick LaRocca]],\n        American jazz musician (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[George de Cuevas]], Chilean-American\n        ballet impresario and choreographer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Karl\n        Albiker]], German sculptor (b. [[1878]])\\n** King [[Mohammed V of Morocco]]\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Aaron S. Merrill|Aaron S. \\\"Tip\\\"\n        Merrill]], American admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Victor d%27Arcy\n        and Harold Abrahams 1920.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Victor d''Arcy]]]]\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Paul Wittgenstein]], Austrian-born pianist (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[George Formby]], British singer, comedian & actor (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** Sir [[Thomas Beecham]], English conductor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Gala Galaction]], Romanian writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Victor d''Arcy]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Belinda\n        Lee]], English actress (b. [[1935]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Susanna M.\n        Salter]], first woman mayor in the United States (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Nikolai Massalitinov]], Soviet-born Bulgarian actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Valentin Bondarenko]], Russian [[cosmonaut]] (b. [[1937]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] – [[Arthur Drewry]], English administrator, 5th [[President\n        of FIFA]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Carlos Duarte Costa]], Brazilian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and saint, founder of the Brazilian Catholic\n        Apostolic Church (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ahmet\n        Zog]]/[[Zog I of Albania|Zog I, Skanderberg III]]]]\\n[[File:BASA-3K-7-422-22-1896\n        Summer Olympics.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Garrett]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Wallingford Riegger]],  American music composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Jules Bordet]], Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April\n        7]] \\n** [[Vanessa Bell]], English artist and interior designer (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[Jes\\u00fas Guridi]], Spanish Basque composer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Ahmet Zog]]/[[Zog I of Albania|Zog I, Skanderberg III]], Albanian\n        political leader, 11th [[Prime Minister of Albania]], 7th [[President of Albania]]\n        and [[King of Albania]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Padma Shumsher\n        Jang Bahadur Rana]], 16th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] \\n** [[Mbarek Bekkay]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Morocco]] (b. [[1907]])\\n**\n        [[Aziz Ezzat Pasha]], Egyptian politician (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        [[James Melton]], American tenor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Lee\n        Moran]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Robert Garrett]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[George Melford]], American actor\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**[[Roy Del Ruth]], American film director\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n**[[Minoru Sasaki]], Japanese general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        30]] – [[Jessie Redmon Fauset]],  American editor, writer and educator\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Gary Cooper 1936.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gary\n        Cooper]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Lajos Dinny\\u00e9s]], 41st Prime Minister of\n        Hungary (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], French phenomenological\n        philosopher (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Lucian Blaga]], Romanian\n        poet and philosopher (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Gary Cooper]],\n        American actor, better known for his role in ''''[[High Noon]]'''' (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Albert S\\u00e9vigny]], Canadian politician (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[George A. Malcolm]], American jurist & educator (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Joan Davis]], American actress (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Rafael Trujillo]], Dominican politician and soldier, 2-time\n        [[President of the Dominican Republic]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Walter Little (politician)|Walter Little]], Canadian politician (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jung\n        1910-crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carl Jung]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[George S.\n        Kaufman]], American playwright (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Carl\n        Jung]], Swiss psychiatrist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Camille Gu\\u00e9rin]],\n        French bacteriologist and immunologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Eddie Polo]], Austrian-American actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Peyami Safa]], Turkish journalist and writer (b. [[1899]]) \\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Marcel Junod]], Swiss physician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jeff Chandler (actor)|Jeff Chandler]], American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n**\n        [[Thomas Darden]], American [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear admiral]],\n        37th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Nikolai\n        Malko]], Soviet conductor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**[[William J. Connors]],\n        American politician (b. [[1891]]) \\n**[[George Washington Vanderbilt III]],\n        American philanthropist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[John Alexander\n        Douglas McCurdy|John A D McCurdy]], Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia & pilot\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Paul Guilfoyle (actor, born 1902)|Paul\n        Guilfoyle]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Lee de\n        Forest]], American inventor (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:ErnestHemingway.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ernest\n        Hemingway]]]]\\n[[File:1913 Ty Cobb portrait photo.png|thumb|110px|[[Ty Cobb]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Nasuhi al-Bukhari]], Syrian soldier and politician, 12th\n        [[Prime Minister of Syria]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Louis-Ferdinand C\\u00e9line]],\n        French writer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Ernest Hemingway]], American\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – [[Franklyn Farnum]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July\n        6]]\\n** [[Konstantinos Logothetopoulos]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Woodall Rodgers]], American politician, Mayor of Dallas, Texas (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Ty Cobb]], American baseball player ([[Detroit Tigers]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**\n        [[Esther Dale]], American actress (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Valentine Davies]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Shigeko Higashikuni|Princess Teru]]\n        (b. [[1925]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Domingo P\\u00e9rez\n        C\\u00e1ceres]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Tildy]], 39th Prime Minister of Hungary (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Maurice Tourneur]], French film director (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Sidney Holland]], 25th Prime Minister of New Zealand\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Mei Lanfang]], Beijing opera star\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Walter Bedell Smith]], American general\n        and diplomat (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[William Jackson (gangster)|William\n        Jackson]], American gangster (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\n** [[Henri Breuil]],\n        French priest, archaeologist, anthropologist and ethnologist (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Clark Ashton Smith]], American writer and sculptor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Percy Williams Bridgman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n**[[Gotthard\n        Sachsenberg]], German World War I naval aviator and fighter ace (b. [[1891]])\\n**[[Beals\n        Wright]], American tennis player (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Howard\n        P. Robertson]], American physicist (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Gail Russell]], American\n        actress (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Charles Coburn]], American\n        actor (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Adnan Menderes VI. Yasama D\\u00f6nemi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adnan\n        Menderes]]]]\\n[[File:Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Eero Saarinen]], Finnish architect (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] \\n** [[Richard Mason (explorer)|Richard Mason]], British explorer\n        (b. [[1934]])\\n** [[Fay-Cooper Cole]], American anthropologist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Isidore Fattal]], Syrian [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Orthodox]]\n        bishop (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Leo Carrillo]], American\n        actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[George Irving (American\n        actor)|George Irving]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Hasan Fehmi (Ata\\u00e7)|Hasan Fehmi]], Turkish politician (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[September 17]] \\n** [[Miguel G\\u00f3mez Bao]], Spanish-born Argentine actor\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]], Turkish statesman, 9th [[Prime Minister\n        of Turkey]] (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish diplomat, politician and author, 2nd [[Secretary General of the United\n        Nations]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1905]])\\n*[[File:Georgia\n        Ann Robinson.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Georgia Ann Robinson]]September 21 –\n        [[Georgia Ann Robinson]], community worker and first [[African Americans|African\n        American]] woman to be appointed a [[Los Angeles]] [[police officer]] (b.\n        1879)\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Marion Davies]], American actress (b.\n        [[1897]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\n** [[Elmer Diktonius]], Finnish poet and composer\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[John Eldredge (actor)|John Elderdge]], American actor\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Sumner Welles]], American diplomat\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Frank Fay (American actor)|Frank\n        Fay]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Robert L. Eichelberger]],\n        American general (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Juanita Hansen]], American actress (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n[[File:Mariondavies.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Marion Davies]]]]\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Donald Cook (actor)|Donald Cook]], American actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Essington Lewis]], Australian industrialist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** Metropolitan [[Benjamin (Fedchenkov)|Benjamin]],\n        Soviet [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] missionary and writer, [[Exarch]] of  [[Russian\n        Orthodox Church|Russian Church]] in North America (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Max\n        Weber (artist)|Max Weber]], Polish-American artist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October\n        11]]\\n** [[Lucy Tayiah Eads]], Kaw tribal chief (b. [[1888]])\\n**[[File:Chico\n        Marx - signed.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chico Marx]]]][[Chico Marx]], American comedian\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Maya Deren]], Russian-born filmmaker\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Korda]], Hungarian screenwriter and director\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Dun Karm Psaila]], Maltese writer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October\n        14]]\\n** [[Paul Ramadier]], Prime Minister of France (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Harriet\n        Shaw Weaver]], English political activist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n**\n        [[\\u015eemsettin G\\u00fcnaltay]], Turkish historian and politician, 8th [[Prime\n        Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Sergio Osme\\u00f1a]], Filipino politician,\n        4th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        [[Karl Korsch]], German Marxist theoretician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 22]]\n        \\n** [[Joseph Schenck]], Russian-born film studio executive (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Aloys Van de Vyvere]], 25th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Luigi Einaudi]], Italian politician, 2nd [[President\n        of Italy]] (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Anselmo Alliegro y Mil\\u00e1.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Anselmo\n        Alliegro y Mil\\u00e1]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Mordecai Ham]], American\n        evangelist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[James Thurber]], American\n        humorist (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa I]], 12th [[Hakim\n        of Bahrain]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Thomas Flynn (bishop\n        of Lancaster)|Thomas Flynn]], British [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Ferdinand Bie]], Norwegian Olympic\n        athlete (b.  [[1888]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Elsie Ferguson]], American\n        actress (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Johanna Westerdijk]], Dutch plant pathologist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Sam Rayburn]], [[Speaker of the\n        United States House of Representatives]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[Anselmo Alliegro y Mil\\u00e1]], Cuban politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Cuba]], leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Ruth Chatterton]], American actress, novelist, and aviator (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Adelina de Lara]], British composer (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Anna Gould]], American heiress and socialite; daughter\n        of financier [[Jay Gould]] (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ehrenfried Pfeiffer]], German\n        scientist (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Earle Page 1950.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Earle\n        Page]]]]\\n[[File:Edith Wilson cropped 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edith Wilson]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Herbert Pitman]], British sailor, third officer of\n        the [[RMS Titanic]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Frantz Fanon]],\n        German philosopher (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[December 13]] – Anna Mary Robertson\n        Moses aka [[Grandma Moses]], painter (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        [[Gioacchino Failla]], Italian-born American physicist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December\n        20]]\\n** [[Moss Hart]], American dramatist (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Earle Page]],\n        Australian politician, 11th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Kurt Meyer|Kurt \\\"Panzermeyer\\\" Meyer]], German\n        ''''Generalmajor der Waffen-SS'''' and war criminal (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] – [[Otto Loewi]], German-born pharmacologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 28]]\n        – [[Edith Bolling Galt Wilson]], [[First Lady of the United States]]\n        from 1915-21 (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Anton Flettner]], German\n        aviation engineer and inventor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Sibyl Morrison]], first\n        female barrister in New South Wales, Australia (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Wyncie King]], American illustrator\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Robert\n        Hofstadter]], [[Rudolf M\\u00f6ssbauer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Melvin Calvin]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Georg von B\\u00e9k\\u00e9sy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Ivo Andri\\u0107]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]]\n        (posthumously)\\n\\n== See also ==\\n* [[Upside down year]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1961}}\\n[[Category:1961|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T17:45:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":799759437,\"length\":74942,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1961&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961\"},\"34717\":{\"pageid\":34717,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1962\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-01T11:06:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1962}}\\n{{Events by month|1962}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1962}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1962}}\\n{{TOC limit|3}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1962}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Samoa|Western Samoa]] became\n        one with New Zealand.\\n** The [[United States Navy SEALs]], elite [[special\n        forces]], are activated. SEAL Team One is commissioned in the [[United States\n        Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]] and SEAL Team Two in the [[United States Atlantic\n        Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]].\\n** [[The Beatles]] [[The Decca audition|audition]]\n        for [[Decca Records]] but are rejected.\\n** [[NBC]] introduces the \\\"[[Logo\n        of NBC#1962.E2.80.931975|Laramie peacock]]\\\" before a midnight showing of\n        the series ''''[[Laramie (TV series)|Laramie]]'''' in the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[NAACP]] Executive Secretary [[Roy Wilkins]] praises\n        U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]''s \\\"personal role\\\" in advancing civil\n        rights.\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Pope John XXIII]] [[Excommunication|excommunicates]]\n        [[Fidel Castro]].\\n* [[January 4]] – New York City introduces a subway\n        train that operates without a crew on board.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Harmelen\n        train disaster]]: 93 die in the worst [[Netherlands|Dutch]] rail disaster.\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – Cuba and the [[Soviet Union]] sign a trade pact.\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – An avalanche on [[Nevado Huascar\\u00e1n]] in Peru causes\n        4,000 deaths.\\n* [[January 12]] – The Indonesian Army confirms that\n        it has begun operations in [[West Irian]].\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Albania]]\n        allies itself with the [[People''s Republic of China]].\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – Portugal abandons the [[United Nations General Assembly|U.N. General\n        Assembly]] due to the debate over Angola.\\n* [[January 16]] – A [[military\n        coup]] occurs in the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[January 19]] – A counter-coup\n        occurs in the Dominican Republic; the old government returns except for the\n        new president [[Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly]].\\n* [[January 22]] – The\n        [[Organization of American States]] suspends Cuba''s membership. The suspension\n        is lifted in [[2009]].\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** The [[East Germany|East German]]\n        government readopts [[conscription]].\\n** The [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te]]\n        (OAS) bombs the French Foreign Ministry.\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Ranger\n        3]] is launched to study the Moon; it later misses the Moon by 22,000 miles.\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government changed all\n        place names honoring [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]], [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and [[Georgy Malenkov]].\\n* [[January 30]] – Two of the high-wire \\\"[[Flying\n        Wallendas]]\\\" are killed, when their famous seven-person pyramid collapses\n        during a performance in [[Detroit]].\\n* January – [[Stena Line]] established\n        as a ferry operator by Sten A. Olsson in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1962}}\\n* [[February 3]] – The [[United States embargo\n        against Cuba]] is announced.\\n* [[February 4]] – ''''[[The Sunday Times]]''''\n        in the United Kingdom became the first paper to print a colour supplement.\\n*\n        [[February 4]]–[[February 5]] – During a [[new moon]] and [[solar\n        eclipse]], an extremely rare [[grand conjunction]] of the [[classical planets]]\n        occurs (it includes all five of the [[naked-eye planet]]s plus the Sun and\n        Moon), all of them within 16\\u00b0 of one another on the [[ecliptic]].\\n*\n        [[February 5]] – [[President of France|French President]] [[Charles\n        de Gaulle]] calls for [[Algeria]] to be granted independence.\\n* [[February\n        6]] – Negotiations between [[U.S. Steel]] and the [[United States Department\n        of Commerce]] begin.\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** The [[United States embargo against\n        Cuba]] comes into effect, prohibiting all U.S.-related Cuban imports and exports.\\n**\n        [[Luisenthal Mine Disaster]]: A coal mine explosion in [[Saarland]], West\n        Germany kills 299.\\n* [[February 9]] – The Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporation\n        opens.\\n* [[February 10]] – Captured American spy pilot [[Francis Gary\n        Powers]] is exchanged for captured Soviet spy [[Rudolf Abel]] in Berlin.\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – The inaugural [[24 Hours of Daytona]] sports car endurance\n        race is run as a 3-hour event at [[Daytona Beach, Florida]].\\n* [[February\n        12]] – Six members of the Committee of 100 of the [[Campaign for Nuclear\n        Disarmament]] in the U.K. are found guilty of a breach of the [[Official Secrets\n        Act]].\\n* [[February 14]] – [[First Lady of the United States|First\n        Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] takes television viewers on a tour of the [[White\n        House]].\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Urho Kekkonen]] is re-elected president\n        of Finland.\\n* [[February 16]] – Heavy storms flood Germany''s [[North\n        Sea]] coast, mainly around [[Hamburg]]; more than 300 people die and thousands\n        lose their homes.\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Project Mercury]]: While aboard\n        ''''[[Friendship 7]]'''', [[John Glenn]] became the first American to orbit\n        the Earth, three times in 4 hours, 55 minutes.\\n* [[February 21]] –\n        [[Margot Fonteyn]] and [[Rudolf Nureyev]] first dance together in a [[Royal\n        Ballet]] performance of ''''[[Giselle]]'''' in London.\\n[[File:JFK inspects\n        Mercury capsule, 23 February 1962.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[February 23]]: ''''[[Friendship\n        7]]'''' inspected by [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] and Astronaut [[John\n        Glenn]]]]\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1962}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[American\n        Airlines Flight 1]] (a [[Boeing 707]]) crashes on takeoff at [[John F. Kennedy\n        International Airport|New York International Airport]], after a rudder malfunction\n        causes an uncontrolled roll, resulting in the loss of control of the aircraft,\n        with the loss of all 95 on board.\\n** The S. S. Kresge Company opens its first\n        [[Kmart]] discount store in [[Garden City, Michigan]].\\n* [[March 2]]\\n**\n        A military coup in [[Burma]] brings General [[Ne Win]] to power.\\n** [[Wilt\n        Chamberlain''s 100-point game]]: [[Wilt Chamberlain]] scored 100 points in\n        a single [[National Basketball Association]] basketball game.\\n* [[March 7]]\n        – [[Ash Wednesday Storm]]: A snow storm batters the Mid-Atlantic.\\n*\n        [[March 8]]–[[March 12|12]] – In [[Geneva]], France and the [[Algeria]]n\n        [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] begin negotiations.\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[State of Katanga|Katanga]]n Prime Minister [[Moise Tshombe]]\n        begins negotiations to rejoin the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[Flying Tiger Line Flight 739]], a [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed\n        L-1049H Super Constellation]] chartered by the United States [[Military Air\n        Transport Service]] and carrying mainly [[United States Army]] personnel bound\n        for [[South Vietnam]], vanishes over the western Pacific Ocean with the loss\n        of all 107 on board. No wreckage or bodies are ever found.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**\n        [[\\u00c9vian Accords]]: France and Algeria sign an agreement in [[\\u00c9vian-les-Bains]]\n        ending the [[Algerian War]].\\n** ''''Un premier amour'''', sung by [[Isabelle\n        Aubret]] (music by Claude-Henri Vic, lyrics by Roland Stephane Valade), wins\n        the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1962]] for France.\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** An [[armistice]]\n        begins in Algeria; however, the [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]]\n        continues its [[Terrorism|terrorist]] attacks against Algerians.\\n** [[Bob\n        Dylan]]''s [[Bob Dylan (album)|debut album]] is released in the United States.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Taco Bell]] fast food restaurant chain is founded by\n        [[Glen Bell]] in [[Downey, California]].\\n* [[March 23]] – The Scandinavian\n        States of the [[Nordic Council]] sign the [[Helsinki]] Convention on Nordic\n        Co-operation.\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]]\n        leader [[Edmond Jouhaud]] is arrested in [[Oran]].\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** France\n        shortens the term for [[Conscription|military service]] from 26 months to\n        18.\\n** ''''[[Baker v. Carr]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that federal\n        courts can order state legislatures to reapportion seats.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1962}}\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is elected\n        de facto Prime Minister of India.\\n* [[April 4]] – [[James Hanratty]]\n        is hanged in Bedford Gaol (England) for the [[A6 murder]]; many believe he\n        was innocent.\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** Belgium reestablishes [[diplomatic relations]]\n        with the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n** [[New York Philharmonic\n        concert of April 6, 1962]]: [[Leonard Bernstein]] causes controversy with\n        his remarks before a concert featuring [[Glenn Gould]] with the [[New York\n        Philharmonic]], when he (Bernstein) announces that although he disagrees with\n        Gould''s style of playing Brahms'' Piano Concerto No. 1, he finds Gould''s\n        ideas fascinating and will conduct the piece anyway. Bernstein''s action receives\n        a withering review from ''''The New York Times'''' music critic [[Harold C.\n        Schonberg]].\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Milovan \\u0110ilas]], author and former\n        vice-president of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        is re-arrested.\\n* [[April 8]] – In France, the [[\\u00c9vian Accords]]\n        are adopted in a referendum with a majority of 90%.\\n* [[April 9]] –\n        The [[34th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held; ''''[[West Side Story (film)|West\n        Side Story]]'''' wins [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – In [[Los Angeles]], the first MLB baseball game is played\n        at [[Dodger Stadium]].\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]]\n        leader [[Edmond Jouhaud]] is sentenced to death in France.\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – A Cuban [[military tribunal]] convicts 1,179 [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay\n        of Pigs]] attackers.\\n* [[April 18]] – The Commonwealth Immigration\n        Bill in the United Kingdom removes free [[immigration]] from the citizens\n        of member states of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        OAS leader [[Raoul Salan]] is arrested in [[Algiers]].\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        The [[Century 21 Exposition]] [[World''s Fair]] opens in [[Seattle]].\\n* [[April\n        26]] – The [[Ranger 4]] spacecraft crashes into the [[Moon]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1962}}\\n* May – [[Larry Allen Abshier]] defects to [[North\n        Korea]] becoming the first of six (possibly seven) American defectors to the\n        country.\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Norwich City F.C.]] wins the English [[Football\n        League Cup]], beating [[Rochdale F.C.|Rochdale]] in the final.\\n** Dayton\n        Hudson Corporation opens the first of its [[Target Corporation|Target]] discount\n        stores in [[Roseville, Minnesota]].\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** An OAS bomb explodes\n        in [[Algeria]] – this and other attacks kill 110 and injure 147.\\n**\n        [[S.L. Benfica]] beats [[FC Barcelona]] 5-3 at the [[Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)]]\n        to win the [[1961\\u201362 European Cup]] in association football.\\n* [[May\n        3]] – [[Mikawashima train crash]]: 160 die in a triple-train disaster\n        near Tokyo.\\n* [[May 5]] – Twelve [[East Germany|East Germans]] escape\n        via a tunnel under the [[Berlin Wall]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Antonio Segni]]\n        is elected [[President of the Italian Republic]].\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Juan\n        Carlos of Spain]] marries the Greek [[Queen Sof\\u00eda of Spain|Princess Sophia]]\n        in Athens.\\n** [[Milovan \\u0110ilas]] is given a further sentence in Yugoslavia\n        for publishing ''''[[Conversations with Stalin]]''''.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Continental Airlines Flight 11]] crashes near [[Unionville, Missouri]],\n        after the in-flight detonation of a bomb near the rear lavatory. All 45 passengers\n        and crew aboard are killed.\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** Drilling for the new [[Montreal]]\n        [[Rapid transit|subway]] commences.\\n** [[Raoul Salan]], founder of the French\n        terrorist [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te]], is sentenced to life imprisonment\n        in France.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Project Mercury]]: [[Scott Carpenter]]\n        orbits the Earth 3 times in the ''''[[Aurora 7]]'''' [[space capsule]].\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – The new [[Coventry Cathedral]] is consecrated in England.\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Acker Bilk]]''s \\\"[[Stranger on the Shore]]\\\" becomes\n        the first British recording to reach number one in the US Billboard Hot 100.\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – The [[Centralia mine fire]] is ignited in [[Pennsylvania]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – Negotiations between the OAS and the FLA lead to a real\n        armistice in [[Algeria]].\\n* [[May 30]] – The beginning of the [[1962\n        FIFA World Cup]] in Chile.\\n* [[May 31]] – Nazi [[Adolf Eichmann]] is\n        hanged at a prison in [[Ramla]], Israel. His body is cremated and his ashes\n        scattered over the Mediterranean.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1962}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Air France Flight 007]] (a [[Boeing 707]]) crashes on\n        take-off at [[Orly Airport]] in [[Paris]]; 130 of 132 people on board are\n        killed, 2 [[flight attendant]]s survive. Most victims are cultural and civic\n        leaders of [[Atlanta]].\\n* [[June 6]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        gives the commencement address at the [[United States Military Academy]] at\n        [[West Point, New York]].\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** President John F. Kennedy gives\n        the [[commencement address]] at [[Yale University]].\\n** [[Frank Morris (prisoner)|Frank\n        Morris]], [[John Anglin (criminal)|John Anglin]] and [[Clarence Anglin]] escape\n        from the [[Alcatraz Island]] prison; the men are never heard from again.\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Students for a Democratic Society]] in the United States\n        complete the [[Port Huron Statement]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**The [[Organisation\n        arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]] signs a truce with the [[National Liberation\n        Front (Algeria)|FLN]] in Algeria, but a day later announces that it will continue\n        the fight on behalf of French Algerians.\\n**[[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]\n        beats [[Czechoslovakia national football team|Czechoslovakia]] 3\\u20131 to\n        win the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]].\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Air France Flight\n        117]] (a [[Boeing 707]] jet) crashes into terrain during bad weather in [[Guadeloupe]],\n        West Indies, killing all 113 on board, the airline''s second fatal accident\n        in just 3 weeks, and the third fatal [[Boeing 707|707]] crash of the year.\\n*\n        [[June 25]]\\n** ''''[[Engel v. Vitale]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]]\n        rules that mandatory prayers in public schools are unconstitutional.\\n** ''''[[MANual\n        Enterprises v. Day]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that photographs\n        of nude men are not obscene, decriminalizing nude male pornographic magazines.\\n**\n        [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] of [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]]\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (27th government, coalition partners;\n        YTP and [[Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)|CKMP]])\\n* [[June 26]] – A 2-day\n        steel [[Strike action|strike]] begins in Italy in support of increased wages\n        and a five-day working week.\\n* [[June 28]] – The [[United Lutheran\n        Church in America]], [[Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America]], [[American\n        Evangelical Lutheran Church]] and [[Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church]]\n        merge to form the [[Lutheran Church in America]].\\n* [[June 30]] – The\n        last soldiers of the [[French Foreign Legion]] leave Algeria.\\n* June –\n        [[Rachel Carson]]''s ''''[[Silent Spring]]'''' begins serialization in ''''[[The\n        New Yorker]]''''; it is released as a book on September 27 in the U.S., giving\n        rise to the modern [[Environmentalism|environmentalist]] movement.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1962}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]] gain independence.\\n**\n        [[Algerian independence referendum, 1962]]: Supporters of Algerian independence\n        win 99% majority in a referendum.\\n** A heavy [[Smog#London|smog]] develops\n        over London.\\n** Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation of March 23 comes\n        into force in the Nordic countries.\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        accepts Algerian independence; France recognizes it the next day.\\n** The\n        first [[Walmart]] store, at this time known as ''''Wal-Mart'''' (which remains\n        the corporate name), opens for business in [[Rogers, Arkansas]].\\n* [[July\n        5]] – [[Algeria]] becomes independent from France.\\n* [[July 6]] –\n        [[Gay Byrne]] presents the first edition of ''''[[The Late Late Show (Ireland)|The\n        Late Late Show]]'''' on [[Raidi\\u00f3 Teilif\\u00eds \\u00c9ireann|RT\\u00c9]]\n        in the Republic of Ireland. Byrne goes on to present the show for 37 years,\n        the longest period through which any individual hosts a televised [[talk show]]\n        anywhere in the world, and the show itself becomes the world''s second longest-running\n        talk show.\\n* [[July 9]] – American artist [[Andy Warhol]] premieres\n        his ''''[[Campbell''s Soup Cans]]'''' exhibit in Los Angeles.\\n* [[July 10]]\n        – [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]''s [[Telstar]], the world''s first commercial\n        [[communications satellite]], is launched into orbit and activated the next\n        day.\\n* [[July 12]] – The [[Rolling Stones]] make their debut at London''s\n        [[Marquee Club]], Number 165 Oxford Street, opening for [[Long John Baldry]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – In what the press dubs \\\"[[Night of the Long Knives (1962)|the\n        Night of the Long Knives]]\\\", United Kingdom [[Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]]\n        dismisses one-third of his [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]].\\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Norma Nolan]] of [[Argentina]] will crown [[Miss Universe 1962]].\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Nuclear testing]]: The \\\"Small Boy\\\" test shot [[Little\n        Feller I]] became the last atmospheric test detonation at the [[Nevada Test\n        Site]].\\n* [[July 19]] – The first annual Swiss & Wielder [[Hoop rolling|Hoop\n        and Stick]] Tournament is held.\\n* [[July 20]] – France and [[Tunisia]]\n        reestablish [[diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Mariner program]]:\n        The [[Mariner 1]] spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch\n        and has to be destroyed.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Telstar]] relayed the first\n        live trans-[[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] television signal.\\n* [[July 25]]\\n**\n        The first armed [[helicopter]] company of the [[United States Army]] is formed\n        at [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]], [[Japan]].{{cite book|last=Scutts|first=Colin|year=1976|title=Helicopter\n        Gunships|page=2|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Ltd}}\\n** The [[International\n        Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos]] is signed in [[Geneva]].\\n* [[July 31]]\\n**\n        [[Algeria]] proclaims independence; [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] is the first President.\\n**\n        A crowd assaults the rally of Sir [[Oswald Mosley]]''s right-wing [[Union\n        Movement]] in London.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1962}}\\n* [[August\n        5]]\\n** [[Death of Marilyn Monroe]]: [[Marilyn Monroe]] is found dead from\n        an overdose of sleeping pills and chloral hydrate at her home in [[Brentwood,\n        Los Angeles]]; officially ruled a \\\"probable suicide\\\" (the exact cause has\n        been disputed).\\n**[[Nelson Mandela]] is arrested by the South African government\n        near [[Howick, KwaZulu-Natal|Howick]] and charged with incitement to rebellion\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Jamaica]] becomes independent.\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        The [[New York Agreement]] is signed, trading the [[Western New Guinea|West\n        New Guinea]] colony to Indonesia.\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Algeria]] joins the\n        [[Arab League]].\\n* [[August 17]] – [[East Germany|East German]] border\n        guards kill 18-year-old [[Peter Fechter]] as he attempts to cross the [[Berlin\n        Wall]] into West Berlin\\n* [[August 22]] – A failed assassination attempt\n        is made against French President [[Charles de Gaulle]].\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        A group of armed [[Cuban exile]] terrorists fire at a hotel in [[Havana]]\n        from a speedboat.\\n* [[August 27]] – [[NASA]] launches the ''''[[Mariner\n        2]]'''' space probe.\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Trinidad and Tobago]] becomes\n        independent.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September 1962}}\\n* [[September\n        1]]\\n** A [[referendum]] in Singapore supports the Malayan Federation.\\n**\n        Typhoon Wanda strikes Hong Kong, killing at least 130 and injuring more than\n        600.\\n* [[September 2]] – The [[Soviet Union]] agrees to send arms to\n        Cuba.\\n* [[September 8]] – Newly independent Algeria, by referendum,\n        adopts a constitution.\\n* [[September 12]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]],\n        at a speech at [[Rice University]], reaffirms that the U.S. will put a man\n        on the moon by the end of the decade.\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Atlantic\n        College]] opens its doors for the first time in [[Wales]], marking the birth\n        of the pioneering United World College educational movement.{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcollege.org|title=UWC\n        Atlantic College|accessdate=2015-12-16}}\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        A border conflict between China and India erupts into fighting.\\n* [[September\n        22]] – 21-year-old [[Bob Dylan]] premieres one of his most preeminent\n        songs, \\\"[[A Hard Rain''s a-Gonna Fall]]\\\", in the U.S.\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – The animated sitcom ''''[[The Jetsons]]'''' premieres on [[American\n        Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] in the U.S.\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Sonny\n        Liston]] knocks out [[Floyd Patterson]] two minutes into the first round of\n        his fight for the boxing world title in [[Chicago]].\\n* [[September 26]] –\n        [[North Yemen Civil War]] erupts.\\n* [[September 27]] – A [[flash flood]]\n        in [[Barcelona]], Spain, kills more than 440 people.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        The Canadian ''''[[Alouette 1]]'''', the first satellite built outside the\n        United States and the Soviet Union, is launched from [[Vandenberg Air Force\n        Base]] in [[California]].\\n* [[September 30]] – [[CBS]] broadcasts the\n        final episodes of ''''[[Suspense]]'''' and ''''[[Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar]]'''',\n        marking the end of the [[Golden Age of Radio]] in the United States.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1962}}\\n[[File:Cuban missiles.jpg|thumb|200px| [[October 14]]:\n        Pictures of Soviet missile silos in Cuba, taken by US spy planes]]\\n* [[October\n        1]]\\n** The first black student, [[James Meredith]], registers at the [[University\n        of Mississippi]], escorted by Federal Marshals.\\n** [[Johnny Carson]] takes\n        over as permanent host of [[NBC]]''s ''''[[The Tonight Show]]'''' in the U.S.,\n        a post he will hold [[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|for 30 years]].\\n**\n        [[Lucille Ball]] and [[Vivian Vance]] returned to TV with ''''[[The Lucy Show]]'''',\n        two years after the end of ''''[[I Love Lucy]]''''. (Vance was the first person\n        to portray a divorc\\u00e9e on a weekly series.)\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Project\n        Mercury]]: [[Mercury-Atlas 8]] – [[Walter Schirra]] orbits the [[Earth]]\n        six times in the ''''Sigma 7'''' [[space capsule]].\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** The\n        [[French National Assembly]] censures the proposed referendum to sanction\n        presidential elections by popular mandate; Prime Minister [[Georges Pompidou]]\n        resigns, but [[Charles de Gaulle|President de Gaulle]] asks him to stay in\n        office.\\n** [[The Beatles]]'' first [[Single (music)|single]] in their own\n        right, \\\"[[Love Me Do]]\\\"/\\\"P.S. I Love You\\\", is released in the U.K. on\n        [[EMI]]''s [[Parlophone]] label.''''[[New Musical Express]]'''' 21 September\n        1962. This version was recorded on September 4 at [[Abbey Road Studios]]\n        in [[London]] with [[Ringo Starr]] as drummer.\\n** ''''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr.\n        No]]'''', the first [[James Bond in film|James Bond film]], premieres at the\n        [[London Pavilion]], featuring [[Sean Connery]] as the hero.\\n* [[October\n        8]]\\n** The German magazine ''''[[Der Spiegel]]'''' publishes an article about\n        the [[Bundeswehr]]''s poor preparedness; the [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel''''\n        scandal]] erupts.\\n** [[Algeria]] is accepted into the [[United Nations]].\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – Uganda becomes independent within the [[Commonwealth\n        of Nations]].\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Second Vatican Council]]: [[Pope\n        John XXIII]] convenes the first [[ecumenical council]] of the [[Roman Catholic\n        Church]] in 92 years.\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** The infamous [[Columbus Day Storm]]\n        strikes the U.S. Pacific Northwest with wind gusts up to 170 mph (270 km/h);\n        46 are killed, 11 billion board feet (26 million m\\u00b3) of timber is blown\n        down, with $230 million U.S. in damages.\\n** [[Jazz]] bassist/composer [[Charles\n        Mingus]] invites the public to a live recording session at [[The Town Hall\n        (New York City)]], but the public is expecting a formal concert. Along with\n        technical problems the event is the worst moment of his career.\\n* [[October\n        13]] – [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut of [[Edward Albee]]''s drama\n        ''''[[Who''s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]''''.\\n* [[October 14]] – The\n        beginning of the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]: A [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] flight over\n        Cuba in the [[Caribbean]] photographs Soviet [[nuclear weapon]]s being installed.\n        A stand-off then ensues for another 12 days after [[John F. Kennedy|President\n        Kennedy]] is told of the pictures, between the United States and the [[Soviet\n        Union]], threatening the world with [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]].\\n* [[October\n        19]] – Establishment of Th\\u00e1i Nguy\\u00ean City, under [[Th\\u00e1i\n        Nguy\\u00ean]], in Vietnam.\\n* [[October 20]] – The beginning of [[Sino-Indian\n        War]], a border dispute involving two of the world''s largest nations (India\n        and the People''s Republic of China).\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Cuban Missile\n        Crisis]]: In a televised address, U.S. President John F. Kennedy announces\n        to the nation the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba.\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – Cuban Missile Crisis: First confrontation between the U.S. Navy and\n        a Soviet cargo vessel. The vessel changes course.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel'''' scandal]]: German police occupy ''''[[Der\n        Spiegel]]'''' offices in [[Hamburg]].\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** The end of the\n        [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]: Soviet Union leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] announces\n        that he has ordered the removal of Soviet missile bases in Cuba. In a secret\n        deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev, Kennedy agrees to the withdrawal of U.S.\n        missiles from Turkey. The fact that this deal was not made public makes it\n        look as though the Soviets have backed down.{{dubious|date=April 2012}}\\n**\n        A referendum in France favors the election of the president by universal suffrage.\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] asks the United\n        Kingdom to suspend enforcement of the new constitution in Southern Rhodesia\n        (now Zimbabwe), but it comes into effect on [[November 1]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main\n        article|November 1962}}\\n* November – [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]''s\n        [[novella]] ''''[[One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich]]'''' ({{lang-ru|\\u041e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0301\\u043d\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0418\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0301\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430}},\n        ''''Odin den'' Ivana Denisovicha''''), the author''s semi-autobiographical\n        account of life in the [[gulag]], is published in ''''[[Novy Mir]]'''' in\n        an unprecedented acknowledgement of the [[Soviet Union]]''s [[Stalinist]]\n        past.\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** The Soviets begin dismantling their missiles in\n        Cuba.\\n** First appearance of comic book antihero [[Diabolik]] in Italy.\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – Earliest recorded use of the term \\\"[[personal computer]]\\\"\n        in the report of a speech by computing pioneer [[John Mauchly]] in ''''[[The\n        New York Times]]''''.{{cite news|title=Pocket Computer May Replace Shopping\n        List|work=The New York Times|date=1962-11-03}}\\n* [[November 5]]\\n**\n        [[Franz Josef Strau\\u00df]], the West German defense minister, is relieved\n        of his duties over the [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel'''' scandal]], due to\n        his alleged involvement in police action against the magazine.\\n** Saudi Arabia\n        breaks off diplomatic relations with Egypt, following a period of unrest partly\n        caused by the defection of several Saudi princes to Egypt.\\n** A coal mining\n        disaster in [[Ny-\\u00c5lesund]] killed 21 people. The Norwegian government\n        is forced to resign in the aftermath of this accident in August [[1963]].\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Apartheid]]: The [[United Nations General Assembly]]\n        passes a resolution condemning South Africa''s [[Racism|racist]] [[apartheid]]\n        policies and calls for all UN member states to cease military and economic\n        relations with the nation.\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Richard M. Nixon]]\n        loses the [[California]] governor''s race. In his concession speech, he states\n        that this is \\\"[[Richard Nixon''s last press conference]]\\\" and \\\"you won''t\n        have Nixon to kick around any more\\\".\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Dulles\n        International Airport]] in Washington, D.C., dedicated by President [[John\n        F. Kennedy]].\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Cuban missile crisis]]: In response\n        to the [[Soviet Union]] agreeing to remove its missiles from Cuba, President\n        John F. Kennedy ends the blockade of the island.\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        The [[Sino-Indian War]] ends with a Chinese ceasefire.\\n* [[November 23]]\n        – [[United Airlines Flight 297]] crashes in [[Columbia, Maryland]],\n        killing all 17 on board.\\n* [[November 24]] – The first episode of the\n        groundbreaking satirical comedy program ''''[[That Was the Week That Was]]'''',\n        hosted by [[David Frost]] is broadcast on [[BBC Television]] in the U.K.\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel'''' scandal]]: German police\n        end their occupation of ''''[[Der Spiegel]]''''''s offices.\\n** [[Mies Bouwman]]\n        starts presenting the first live TV-marathon fundraising show (''''[[Open\n        Het Dorp]]'''' in the Netherlands), which lasts 23 hours non-stop.\\n* [[November\n        27]] – French President Charles De Gaulle orders [[Georges Pompidou]]\n        to form a government.\\n* [[November 29]] – An agreement is signed between\n        Britain and France to develop the ''''[[Concorde]]'''' supersonic airliner.\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] elects [[U\n        Thant]] of [[Burma]] as the new [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1962}}\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Vietnam War]]: After a\n        trip to Vietnam at the request of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]], U.S.\n        Senate Majority Leader [[Mike Mansfield]] becomes the first American official\n        to make a non-optimistic public comment on the war''s progress.\\n* [[December\n        7]] – [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]] revises the [[principality]]''s\n        [[Constitution of Monaco|constitution]], devolving some of his formerly autocratic\n        power to several advisory and legislative councils.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        The first period of the [[Second Vatican Council]] closes.\\n** The North [[Kalimantan]]\n        National Army revolts in [[Brunei]], in the first stirrings of the [[Indonesian\n        Confrontation]].\\n** The [[1962\\u201363 New York City newspaper strike]] begins,\n        affecting all of the city''s major newspapers; It will last for 114 days.\\n**\n        Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]], who died on November 28, is buried\n        at the [[Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)]].\\n* [[December 9]] – Tanganyika (modern-day\n        [[Tanzania]]) becomes a republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], with\n        [[Julius Nyerere]] as president.\\n** [[December 10]] – [[David Lean]]''s\n        epic film ''''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'''', featuring\n        [[Peter O''Toole]], [[Omar Sharif]], [[Alec Guinness]], [[Jack Hawkins]] and\n        [[Anthony Quinn]], premieres in London. Six days later it opens in the U.S.\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** In West Germany, a coalition government of Christian Democrats,\n        Christian Socialists and Free Democrats is formed.\\n** The last execution\n        by hanging in Canada\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** U.S. spacecraft [[Mariner 2]]\n        passes by [[Venus]], becoming the first probe to transmit data successfully\n        from another planet.\\n** [[Leonardo da Vinci]]''s early 16th-century painting\n        the ''''[[Mona Lisa]]'''' is assessed for insurance purposed at US$100 million\n        before touring the United States for several months, the highest insurance\n        value for a painting in history. However, the [[Louvre]], its owner, chooses\n        to spend the money that would have been spent on the insurance premium on\n        security instead.\\n* [[December 15]] – Storm over the [[North Sea]]:\n        Belgian [[pirate radio]] station Radio Uylenspiegel is knocked off the airwaves,\n        never to operate again.\\n* [[December 19]] – Britain acknowledged the\n        right of Nyasaland (modern-day [[Malawi]]) to secede from the [[Federation\n        of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Central African Federation]].\\n* [[December 21]]\n        – Britain agrees to purchase [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] missiles from\n        the U.S.\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Winter of 1962\\u201363 in the United Kingdom]]:\n        The \\\"Big Freeze\\\" begins; there are no frost-free nights until March 5, 1963.\\n**\n        [[Telstar (song)]] by [[The Tornados]] becomes the first single by a British\n        Group to reach No.1 on the US charts, predating the first No.1 by The Beatles\n        by thirteen months.\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Cuba]] releases the last\n        1,113 participants in the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] to the U.S., in exchange\n        for food worth $53 million.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[United Nations]] troops\n        occupy the last rebel positions in [[State of Katanga|Katanga]]; [[Moise Tshombe]]\n        moves to [[South Rhodesia]].\\n** An unexpected storm buries Maine under five\n        feet of snow, forcing the ''''[[Bangor Daily News]]'''' to miss a publication\n        date for the only time in history. The same day, also the Netherlands were\n        covered with several feet of snow.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* American advertising\n        man [[Martin K. Speckter]] invents the [[interrobang]], a new English-language\n        [[punctuation mark]].\\n* Publication of [[Helen Gurley Brown]]''s ''''[[Sex\n        and the Single Girl]]'''' in the U.S.\\n* Irish folk band [[The Dubliners]]\n        is formed at [[O''Donoghue''s Pub]] in [[Dublin]].\\n* Invention of the [[Laser\n        Diode]].\\n* [[Slavery in Yemen]] is abolished.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n=== January\n        ===\\n[[File:Guy Pratt On An Island Tour Cropped.png|thumb|100px|[[Guy Pratt]]]]\\n[[File:Suzy\n        Amis 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Suzy Amis Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Carrey 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Carrey]]]]\\n[[File:The King of Jordan in 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Abdullah II\n        of Jordan]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Guy Pratt]], English musician and\n        songwriter\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Natalya Bochina]], Russian athlete\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Suzy Amis Cameron]], American actress and model\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Mark Ellis (footballer, born 1962)|Mark Ellis]], English\n        footballer\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**[[Kiiri Tamm]], Estonian actress \\n**[[Hallie\n        Todd]], American actress\\n* [[January 10]] – [[C. Martin Croker]], animator\n        and voice actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Kim Coles]], American\n        actress and comedian\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Alfred Sch\\u00f6n]], German\n        manager and former footballer\\n* [[January 13]]\\n**[[Trace Adkins]], American\n        [[country music]] singer\\n**[[Kevin Mitchell (baseball)|Kevin Mitchell]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Michael McCaul]], American\n        politician\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Jim Carrey]], Canadian actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Mike Lynch (cartoonist)|Mike Lynch]], American cartoonist\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Ikko (makeup artist)|IKKO]], Japanese make-up artist\\n**\n        [[Sakiko Tamagawa]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Sophie Thompson]], English\n        actress\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Tyler Cowen]], American economist\\n** [[Marie\n        Trintignant]], French actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Mizan\n        Zainal Abidin]], [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]]\\n** [[Lyudmila\n        Dzhigalova]], Russian athlete\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Stephen Keshi]], Nigerian\n        footballer and manager\\n** [[Richard Roxburgh]], Australian actor\\n* [[January\n        25]] – [[Chris Chelios]], American ice hockey player\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – [[Anna LaCazio]], American singer ([[Cock Robin (band)|Cock Robin]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]]\\n** [[Creflo Dollar]], American evangelist\\n** [[Sam Phillips]],\n        American singer\\n* [[January 30]] – King [[Abdullah II of Jordan]]\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:GNR London Stadium 2017 7.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Axl Rose]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Bryan of Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Bryan]]]]\\n[[File:EddieIzzard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie Izzard]]]]\\n[[File:TobyParker.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Timothy\n        Britten Parker]]]]\\n[[File:Sheryl Crow - November 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sheryl\n        Crow]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Irwin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Irwin]]]]\\n[[File:Adam\n        Baldwin by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam Baldwin]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] – [[Takashi Murakami]], Japanese pop artist\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[Andy Fordham]], English darts player\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Michele\n        Greene]], American actress\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Clint Black]], American\n        country musician\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Jennifer Jason Leigh]], American\n        actress\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Axl Rose]], American rock singer ([[Guns\n        N'' Roses]])\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Garth Brooks]], American country musician\\n**\n        [[David Bryan]], American keyboardist ([[Bon Jovi]])\\n** [[Eddie Izzard]],\n        British actor and comedian\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Malorie Blackman]], British-born\n        author \\n** [[Timothy Britten Parker]], American actor\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Lolo Ferrari]], French actress (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Dany Roland]], Brazilian\n        drummer ([[Metr\\u00f4 (band)|Metr\\u00f4]]), actor, sound designer, film director\n        and record producer\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Cliff Burton]], American bassist\n        ([[Metallica]]) (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Bobby Czyz]], American boxer\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Sheryl Crow]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        [[Nana Ioseliani]], Georgian chess player\\n** [[Jimmy Kirkwood]], Irish-born\n        field hockey player\\n* [[February 13]] – [[An\\u00edbal Acevedo Vil\\u00e1]],\n        Puerto Rican politician\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Lou Diamond Phillips]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Julie Strain]], American actress\n        and model\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Vanessa Feltz]], British television presenter\\n**\n        [[Chuck Palahniuk]], American author\\n** [[David Foster Wallace]], American\n        writer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Steve Irwin]], Australian herpetologist\n        and TV personality (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Lenda Murray]], American [[female bodybuilder|bodybuilder]]\\n*\n        [[February 25]]\\n** [[Birgit Fischer]], German kayaker\\n** [[Junko Ogata]],\n        Japanese serial killer\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Adam Baldwin]], American\n        actor\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Angela Bailey]], Canadian athlete\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Jon\n        Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon Bon Jovi]]]]\\n[[File:Jackie\n        Joyner-Kersee Eugene 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]]]\\n[[File:Chris\n        Sanders, Golden Globes 2014 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris Sanders]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew\n        Broderick 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matthew Broderick]]]]\\n[[File:Rosie O''Donnell\n        by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rosie O''Donnell]]]]\\n[[File:Life Ball\n        2014 red carpet 080 Marcia Cross.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marcia Cross]]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** [[Jon Bon Jovi]], American singer ([[Bon Jovi]])\\n** [[Raimo Summanen]],\n        Finnish ice hockey player and coach\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Herschel Walker]], American football player\\n* [[March\n        4]] – [[Simon Bisley]], British comic book artist\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Andreas Felder]], Austrian ski jumper\\n** [[Erika Hess]], Swiss alpine skier\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Taylor Dayne]], American singer\\n* [[March 8]] –\n        [[Cecilia Yip]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[March 10]] \\n** [[Jasmine Guy]] American\n        actor\\n** [[Seiko Matsuda]], Japanese pop singer/songwriter\\n* [[March 12]]\n        \\n** [[Chris Sanders]], American animator and voice actor\\n** [[Darryl Strawberry]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Branco Mello]], Brazilian\n        singer, actor and writer\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Thomas Ian Griffith]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Mike Rowe]], American TV show host\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Iv\\u00e1n\n        Calder\\u00f3n (baseball)|Iv\\u00e1n Calder\\u00f3n]], Puerto Rican [[Major League\n        Baseball]] player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Stephen Sommers]],\n        American film director\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Matthew Broderick]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Rosie O''Donnell]], American comedian, actress and talk-show host\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Steve Redgrave]], English rower\\n** [[Jenny Wright]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Star Jones]], American talk show host and\n        publisher\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Marcia Cross]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\n** [[Eric Allan Kramer]], American actor\\n** [[John Stockton]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Jann Arden]], Canadian singer\\n**\n        [[John O''Farrell (author)|John O''Farrell]], British author and broadcaster\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Ted Failon]], Filipino broadcast journalist and radio\n        commentator\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Bil Dwyer]], American actor\\n** [[MC Hammer]]\n        (Stanley Kirk Burrell), American rapper\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Clark Gregg\n        WonderCon 2016.png|thumb|100px|[[Clark Gregg]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Kane.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        Kane]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Samboy Lim]], Filipino basketball player\\n**\n        [[Phillip Schofield]], British TV presenter\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**[[Clark Gregg]],\n        American actor\\n**[[Mark Shulman (author)|Mark Shulman]], American children''s\n        author\\n* [[April 3]] \\n**[[Mike Ness]], American Musician \\n* [[April 5]]\n        – [[Kirsan Ilyumzhinov]], President of [[Kalmykia]] and [[FIDE]]\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Steven Levitan]], American director, writer, and producer\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Hugh O''Connor]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April\n        9]] – [[Imran Sherwani]], British field hockey player\\n* [[April 10]]\\n**\n        [[Rick Florian]], American Christian musician and real estate agent\\n** [[Steve\n        Tasker]], American football player\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Carlos Sainz]], Spanish\n        rally driver\\n** [[Nobuhiko Takada]], Japanese mixed martial arts fighter\n        and professional wrestler\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Jennifer Rubin (actress)|Jennifer\n        Rubin]], American actress/model\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Tom Kane]], American\n        voice actor\\n** [[Nawal El Moutawakel]], Moroccan hurdler\\n** [[Nick Kamen]],\n        English singer, songwriter, musician and model\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Jeff\n        Dunham]], American ventriloquist\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Al Unser, Jr.]],\n        American race car driver\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Hank the Angry Drunken\n        Dwarf]] (Henry Joseph Nasiff Jr.), American comedian (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April\n        23]] – [[John Hannah (actor)|John Hannah]], Scottish actor\\n* [[April\n        24]] – [[Steve Roach (rugby league)|Steve Roach]], Australian champion\n        [[rugby league]] prop forward\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Colin Anderson (footballer)|Colin\n        Anderson]], English footballer\\n** [[Michael Damian]], American singer and\n        actor\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Stephan Burger]], German Roman Catholic archbishop\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Emilio Estevez and Martin Sheen (cropped to Emilio).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emilio\n        Estevez]]]]\\n[[File:Craig Ferguson by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Craig\n        Ferguson]]]]\\n[[File:Genie Francis 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Genie Francis]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        de Fran\\u00e7ois-Henri Pinault pris aux journ\\u00e9e de la terre en 2011 \\u00e0\n        l''unesco paris.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois-Henri Pinault]]]]\\n* [[May\n        2]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Berridge (actress)|Elizabeth Berridge]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Jimmy White]], British snooker player\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Anders Graneheim]],\n        Swedish bodybuilder\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Kaoru Wada]], Japanese composer\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Natalia Molchanova]], Russian free-diver\\n* [[May 9]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Gahan]], English singer-songwriter ([[Depeche Mode]])\\n** [[Paul Heaton]],\n        English singer-songwriter ([[The Housemartins]], [[The Beautiful South]])\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Emilio Estevez]], American actor\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Paul\n        McDermott]], Australian comedian\\n** [[Eduardo Palomo]], Mexican actor (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Ian Astbury]], English singer\\n** [[Danny Huston]],\n        American actor and film director\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Lise Lyng Falkenberg]],\n        Danish writer\\n** [[Craig Ferguson]], Scottish-American actor, comedian, and\n        TV host (''''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson|The Late Late Show]]'''',\n        ''''[[Celebrity Name Game]]'''')\\n** [[Kim Mulkey]], American basketball player/coach\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Sandra (singer)|Sandra]], German pop singer\\n* [[May\n        19]] – [[Frances Ondiviela]], Spanish/Mexican actress\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – [[Mike Jeffries (soccer)|Mike Jeffries]], American soccer coach\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Brian Pillman]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Gene Anthony Ray]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May\n        26]]\\n** [[Black (singer)|Black]], English singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Genie Francis]], American actress\\n** [[Bobcat Goldthwait]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Ravi Shastri]], Indian cricketer\\n* [[May\n        28]]\\n** [[Brandon Cruz]], American child actor and punk rocker\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois-Henri\n        Pinault]], French businessman\\n** [[James Michael Tyler]], American actor\\n*\n        [[May 29]]\\n** [[Perry Fenwick]], English actor\\n** [[Debra Sandlund]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Timo Soini]], Finnish politician\\n* [[May\n        31]]\\n** [[Corey Hart (singer)|Corey Hart]], Canadian singer\\n** [[Noriko\n        Hidaka]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Sebastian Koch]], German actor\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Carolyn Hennesy 2010 Daytime Emmy Awards.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carolyn\n        Hennesy]]]]\\n[[File:Paula Abdul February 9, 2011.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Paula Abdul]]]]\\n[[File:Campino\n        at the Echo music award 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Campino (singer)|Campino]]]]\\n[[File:Bussunda\n        AgBrasil.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bussunda]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Ball -Cardiff 21Oct2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Ball (singer)|Michael Ball]]]]\\n[[File:Ollanta Humala 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ollanta\n        Humala]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Sherri Howard]], American athlete\\n* [[June\n        4]]\\n** [[Paul Baloche]], American Christian worship leader\\n** [[John P.\n        Kee]], American gospel singer\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Jeff Garlin]], American\n        comedian\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Thierry Hazard]], French singer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Suzy Gorman]], American photographer\\n* [[June 10]]\\n**\n        [[Gina Gershon]], American actress and musician\\n** [[Carolyn Hennesy]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Ralf Schumann]], German sport shooter\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** [[Olga\n        Charv\\u00e1tov\\u00e1]], Czech alpine skier\\n** [[Erika Salum\\u00e4e]], Estonian\n        cyclist\\n** [[Toshihiko Seki]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Camilla\n        Scott]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Jodi Thelen]], American actress\\n* [[June\n        13]]\\n** [[Ally Sheedy]], American actress\\n** [[Hannah Storm]], American\n        TV personality\\n** [[Bence Szab\\u00f3]], Hungarian fencer\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Emilija Er\\u010di\\u0107]], Yugoslav (Serbian) handball player\\n* [[June\n        15]]\\n** [[Thomas Mikal Ford]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Andrea\n        Rost]], Hungarian lyric soprano\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Arnold Vosloo]],\n        South African actor\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Bap Kennedy]], Northern Irish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Lio]], Belgian singer/actress\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Mitsuharu Misawa]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Lisa Randall]], American theoretical\n        physicist\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Paula Abdul]], American dancer, choreographer\n        and singer\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Alex Di Gregorio]], Italian editorial\n        cartoonist\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Pipilotti Rist]], Swiss video artist\\n** [[Viktor\n        Tsoi]], Soviet underground singer and songwriter (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        [[Campino (singer)|Campino]], German singer, band [[Die Toten Hosen]]\\n**\n        [[Stephen Chow]], Hong Kong actor and director\\n** [[Clyde Drexler]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[June 23]] \\n** [[Kari Takko]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Mark DeCarlo]], American actor\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Bussunda]], Brazilian\n        comedian (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Michael Ball (singer)|Michael\n        Ball]], British stage actor and singer\\n** [[Ollanta Humala]], Peruvian politician,\n        65th [[President of Peru]]\\n** [[Tony Leung Chiu-wai]], Hong Kong actor\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Don Chambers]], American newspaper comic strip artist\\n*\n        [[June 29]]\\n** [[Amanda Donohoe]], English actress\\n** [[George Zamka]],\n        American astronaut\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Tony Fern\\u00e1ndez]], Dominican baseball\n        player\\n** [[Deirdre Lovejoy]], American actress\\n** [[Julianne Regan]], British\n        singer/songwriter ([[All About Eve (band)|All About Eve]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Andre\n        Braugher 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andre Braugher]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Reacher- Never Go Back Japan Premiere Red Carpet- Tom Cruise (35375035831).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        Cruise]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Gibson by Dan Huse (2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas\n        Gibson]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Kenny FSC 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Kenny]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos\n        Alazraqui 2005.png|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Alazraqui]]]]\\n[[File:Sergey_Kiriyenko_December_2011-1.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Sergey\n        Kiriyenko]]]]\\n[[File:Wesleysnipes cropped 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wesley Snipes]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Andre Braugher]], American actor\\n** [[Dominic Keating]],\n        English actor\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Tom Cruise]], American actor\\n** [[Thomas\n        Gibson]], American actor\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Neil Morrissey]], British actor\\n**\n        [[Pam Shriver]], American tennis player\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Amrozi bin\n        Nurhasyim]], Indonesian terrorist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Klaus\n        Tange]], Danish actor\\n** [[Tom Conroy]], American state legislator\\n** [[MC\n        Jazzy Jeff]], American rapper\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Joan Osborne]], American\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Trond Helleland]], Norwegian\n        politician\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Pauline McLynn]], Irish actress\\n* [[July\n        12]]\\n** [[Dan Murphy (musician)|Dan Murphy]], American rock guitarist ([[Soul\n        Asylum]])\\n** [[Dean Wilkins]], English football manager\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Tom Kenny]], American voice actor and comedian\\n** [[Zlata Petrovi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian pop singer\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Patricio Toledo]], Chilean footballer\n        \\n** [[Jeff Olson (musician)|Jeff Olson]], American percussionist ([[Trouble\n        (band)|Trouble]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Michelle Ford]], Australian swimmer\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – [[Grigory Leps]], Russian singer\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Lee\n        Arenberg]], American actor\\n** [[Jack Irons]], American drummer\\n* [[July\n        19]] \\n** [[Cynthia Farrelly Gesner]], American actress\\n** [[Anthony Edwards]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Carlos Alazraqui]], American actor and\n        comedian\\n** Giovana Amati, Italian race car driver\\n** [[Emmanuel Niyonkuru]],\n        Burundian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Gabi Bauer]], German\n        journalist and TV presenter\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Eriq La Salle]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Johnny O''Connell]], American race car driver\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Galina Chistyakova]], Ukrainian athlete\\n** [[Sergey Kiriyenko]],\n        Russian politician and statesman, 31st [[Prime Minister of Russia]]\\n* [[July\n        28]] – [[Ray Shero]], American hockey manager\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        [[Scott Steiner]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Alton\n        Brown]], American TV show host and chef\\n** [[Lavinia Greenlaw]], British\n        poet and novelist\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Damien Frawley]], Australian rugby\n        union player\\n** [[John Laurinaitis]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Wesley Snipes]], American actor and martial artist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Cesar\n        Montano.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cesar Montano]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Carell November\n        2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Carell]]]]\\n[[File:Felipe Calderon 20090130.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Felipe\n        Calder\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:Sophie.Aldred.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sophie Aldred]]]]\\n[[File:Dee\n        Bradley Baker by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dee Bradley Baker]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Robert Clift]], British field hockey player\\n** [[Cesar\n        Montano]], Filipino actor\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Cynthia Stevenson]], American\n        actress\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Roger Clemens]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Patrick Ewing]], Jamaican-born basketball player\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Michelle Yeoh]], Malaysian-born Hong Kong actress\\n*\n        [[August 7]] \\n** [[Doon Mackichan]], British actress and comedian\\n** [[Bruno\n        Pelletier]], Canadian singer\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Y\\u016bji Machi]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n** [[Mike Zanier]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – [[John Slattery]], American actor and film director\\n* [[August 14]]\n        – [[Kevin Harris]], Canadian skateboarder\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Tom\n        Colicchio]], American chef\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Abdul-Majid al-Khoei]],\n        [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] cleric (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Christian Cameron]], Canadian-American\n        writer\\n** [[Steve Carell]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[August 17]]\n        – [[Pierre Sanoussi-Bliss]], German actor and director\\n* [[August 18]]\n        – [[Felipe Calder\\u00f3n]], Mexican politician, 50th [[President of\n        Mexico]]\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Val\\u00e9rie Kaprisky]], French actress\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** [[Sophie Aldred]], British actress and television presenter\\n**\n        [[James Marsters]], American actor\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]],\n        Japanese serial killer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Gilberto Santa Rosa]], Puerto Rican\n        salsa singer\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Shaun Ryder]], English musician, singer-songwriter,\n        actor, television personality, author, and newspaper columnist\\n* [[August\n        24]]\\n** [[Craig Kilborn]], American talk show host\\n** [[David Koechner]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Mary Ellen Weber]], American astronaut\\n* [[August 25]]\n        – [[Theresa Andrews]], American swimmer\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Princess\n        Lalla Meryem of Morocco]]\\n** [[Bob Mionske]], American cyclist and attorney\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Vic Mignogna]], American voice actor\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Craig Anton]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[David Fincher]], American\n        film director\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Ian James Corlett]], Canadian voice actor\\n**\n        [[Jutta Kleinschmidt]], German rally driver\\n** [[Lycia Naff]], American actress/journalist\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Alexander Litvinenko]], Russian ex-KGB colonel and\n        ex-FSB lieutenant-colonel (d. 2006)\\n* [[August 31]]\\n** [[Dee Bradley Baker]],\n        American comedian, announcer and voice actor\\n** [[Mark L. Walberg]], American\n        TV show host\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Chris Christie April 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris\n        Christie]]]]\\n[[File:Dina Lohan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dina Lohan]]]]\\n[[File:Asvenup.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hesham\n        Qandil]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Ruud Gullit]], Dutch footballer\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Shinya Yamanaka]], Japanese physician and researcher\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Chris Christie]], American politician and 55th [[Governor\n        of New Jersey]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Kylie InGold]], Australian fantasy\n        artist\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Thomas Kretschmann]], German actor\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Kristy McNichol]], American actress\\n** [[Victoria\n        Poleva]], Ukrainian composer\\n** [[Andrew Jackson (actor)|Andrew Jackson]],\n        Canadian voice actor\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Dino Merlin]], Bosnian singer-songwriter,\n        musician and producer\\n** [[Amy Yasbeck]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        13]] – [[Hisao Egawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n*[[September 14]] –\n        [[Robert Herjavec]], Croatian-born Canadian businessman, investor, author,\n        dancer, and television personality \\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Dina Lohan]],\n        American television personality\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Bloemhof]], South African\n        author\\n** [[Scott McNeil]], Australian voice actor\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Stephen Jones (Babybird)]], English singer and musician\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Baz Luhrmann]], Australian film director\\n** [[Hesham Qandil]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Egypt]]\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Gottfried von Bismarck]],\n        German aristocrat and socialite (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Rob Morrow]], American actor\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Martin Crowe]],\n        New Zealand cricketer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Jack Dee]],\n        English comedian\\n** [[Rosamund Kwan]], Hong Kong actress\\n** [[Ally McCoist]],\n        Scottish footballer and TV pundit\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Aida Turturro]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Melissa Sue Anderson]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Gregory Crewdson]], American photographer\\n** [[Steve Moneghetti]],\n        Australian long-distance runner\\n** [[Al Pitrelli]], American guitarist\\n**\n        [[Jacky Wu]], Taiwanese talk show host, singer and actor\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – [[Kimberly Carson]], American pornographic actress\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Grant Fuhr]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Frank Rijkaard]], Dutch football player and manager\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Micky\n        Flanagan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Micky Flanagan]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Andretti at\n        Carb Day 2015 at the Indianapolis 500 - Sarah Stierch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Andretti]]]]\\n[[File:Joan Cusack June 2010 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joan\n        Cusack]]]]\\n[[File:Kelly Preston.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kelly Preston]]]]\\n[[File:Mike\n        Judge by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike Judge]]]]\\n[[File:Evander Holyfield\n        LA 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Evander Holyfield]]]]\\n\\n[[File:David\n        Furnish 1 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Furnish]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Lintern\n        in Alpbach, Austria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Lintern]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\n        \\n** [[Micky Flanagan]], English comedian\\n** [[Esai Morales]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\n** [[Jeff Bennett]], American voice actor and singer\\n** [[James\n        Hunter (singer)|James Hunter]], English singer\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Tommy\n        Lee]], American rock musician and drummer\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Michael Andretti]],\n        American race car driver\\n** [[Caron Keating]], British TV presenter (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Rich Yett]], American baseball player\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Joan Cusack]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[October 12]]\\n**\n        [[Branko Crvenkovski]], [[President of the Republic of Macedonia|President\n        of Macedonia]]\\n** [[Deborah Foreman]], American actress\\n* [[October 13]]\\n**\n        [[T''Keyah Crystal Keym\\u00e1h]], American actress and comedian\\n** [[Margareth\n        Menezes]], Brazilian singer\\n** [[Kelly Preston]], American actress\\n** [[Jerry\n        Rice]], American football player\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Manute Bol]], Sudanese\n        basketball player and activist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Flea (musician)|Flea]],\n        Australian rock bassist ([[Red Hot Chili Peppers]])\\n** [[Dmitri Hvorostovsky]],\n        Russian baritone\\n** [[Durga McBroom]], American singer ([[Blue Pearl]])\\n**\n        [[Tamara McKinney]], American alpine skier\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Mike\n        Judge]], American animator\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Tracy Chevalier]], American\n        author\\n** [[Evander Holyfield]], American boxer\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Anatoly Khrapaty]], Soviet Olympic weightlifter (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Miki It\\u014d]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 23]]\\n**\n        [[Doug Flutie]], American football player\\n** [[Mike Tomczak]], American football\n        player\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Jay Novacek]], American football player\\n*\n        [[October 25]]\\n** [[David Furnish]], Canadian filmmaker, director and producer\\n**\n        [[Nick Hancock]], British actor and television presenter\\n** [[Richard Lintern]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Darlene Vogel]], American actress\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Cary Elwes]], British actor\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Jun''ichi Kanemaru]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Ang Peng Siong]], Singaporean sportsman\\n* [[October\n        28]] – [[Daphne Zuniga]], American actress\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Courtney\n        Walsh]], West Indian cricketer\\n** [[Stefan Kuntz]], German former football\n        player, and currently coach\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Anthony Kiedis at Prudential\n        Center.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony Kiedis]]]]\\n[[File:Demi Moore by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Demi\n        Moore]]]]\\n[[File:Kirk Hammett by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kirk Hammett]]]]\\n[[File:Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Maduro in meeting with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani in Saadabad Palace.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Maduro]]]]\\n[[File:Jon Stewart MFF 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon Stewart]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** [[Sharron Davies]], British swimmer/television presenter\\n**\n        [[Magne Furuholmen]], Norwegian musician ([[A-ha]])\\n** [[Anthony Kiedis]],\n        American rock singer ([[Red Hot Chili Peppers]])\\n* [[November 3]]\\n**[[Phil\n        Katz]], American computer programmer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Gabe Newell]], American\n        business executive\\n** [[Jacqui Smith]], UK politician\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        [[Aznil Nawawi]], Malaysian TV host\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Bettina Hoy]],\n        German equestrienne\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Teryl Rothery]], Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Gerard Horan]], English actor\\n** [[Mic Michaeli]],\n        Swedish keyboardist\\n** [[Demi Moore]], American actress\\n** [[James Morrison\n        (musician)|James Morrison]], Australian musician\\n** [[Nicole P. Stott]],\n        American astronaut\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Neal Shusterman]], American author\\n**\n        [[Naomi Wolf]], American feminist author and political consultant\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Steve Altes]], American humorist\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Jessica\n        Straus]], American voice actress\\n** [[Atsuko Tanaka (voice actress)|Atsuko\n        Tanaka]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Judy Gold]],\n        American comedian and actress\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Jamie Moyer]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Kirk Hammett]], American\n        rock musician ([[Metallica]])\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Jodie Foster]], American\n        actress and director\\n** [[Sean Parnell]], American politician\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[Steven Curtis Chapman]], American [[Christian]] musician\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Sumi Jo]], Korean operatic soprano\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Nicol\\u00e1s Maduro]], [[President of Venezuela]]\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[John Kovalic]], American cartoonist\\n* [[November 27]] –\n        [[Marumi Shiraishi]], Japanese actress\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Jon Stewart]],\n        American actor, comedian, media critic, television personality, and former\n        host of ''''[[The Daily Show]]'''' (1999-2015)\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Andrew\n        McCarthy]], American actor\\n** [[Ronny Jordan]], English guitarist (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Bo Jackson]], American football and baseball player\\n**\n        [[Daniel Keys Moran]], American writer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:FelicityHuffmanHWoFMar2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Felicity\n        Huffman]]]]\\n[[File:European 2011 Denise Biellmann.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denise\n        Biellmann]]]]\\n[[File:Ben Browder 2014 Phoenix ComicCon (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben\n        Browder]]]]\\n[[File:41st Annie Awards, Jill Talley.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill\n        Talley]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Sylvie Daigle]], Canadian speed skater\\n**\n        [[Sh\\u014dz\\u014d Hayashiya IX]], Japanese [[rakugo]]ka, [[tarento]] and [[voice\n        actor]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Tammy Jackson]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Julie Lemieux]], Canadian voice actress\\n** [[Anna Walker\n        (television presenter)|Anna Walker]], British television presenter\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]], Argentine tenor\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        [[Janine Turner]], American actress\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Albert Grajales]],\n        INTERPOL Director of Puerto Rico and martial artist\\n** [[Felicity Huffman]],\n        American actress\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Scott Capurro]], American comedian\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Denise Biellmann]], Swiss figure skater\\n** [[Ben Browder]],\n        American actor\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Tracy Austin]], American tennis player\\n**\n        [[Arturo Barrios]], Mexican long-distance runner\\n** [[Max Raabe]], German\n        singer\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Yvonne Ryding]], Swedish pageant winner\n        ([[Miss Universe]] [[1984]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Maruschka Detmers]],\n        Dutch actress\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Paul Dobson (footballer)|Paul Dobson]],\n        English footballer\\n** [[Richard Jewell]], American security guard and media\n        figure (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Galina Malchugina]], Russian athlete\\n** [[Rocco\n        Mediate]], American golfer\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Jill Talley]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Ralph Fiennes]], English actor\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Keiji Mutoh]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Mark Few]], American basketball coach\\n** [[Bill Self]], American\n        basketball coach\\n** [[Sherri Steinhauer]], American golfer\\n* [[December\n        28]]\\n** [[Michelle Cameron]], Canadian synchronised swimmer\\n** [[Choi Soo-jong]],\n        South Korean actor\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Alessandra Mussolini]], Italian\n        politician\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Don Diamont]], American actor\\n** [[Lance\n        Reddick]], American actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Gunnar Krantz (artist)|Gunnar\n        Krantz]], Swedish comic artist\\n* [[Nemat Shafik]], Egyptian-born international\n        banker.\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Diego Mart\\u00ednez Barrio.JPG|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Diego\n        Mart\\u00ednez Barrio]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Diego Mart\\u00ednez Barrio]],\n        Spanish politician, 2-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January\n        4]] – [[Hans Lammers]], German Nazi minister (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[Marziyya Davudova]], Soviet actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Ernie Kovacs]], American TV comedian (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[R. H. Tawney]], English historian and social critic (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Snub Pollard]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Robinson Jeffers]], American poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Arturo Bragaglia]], Italian actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Beltr\\u00e1n]], Spanish cinematographer\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\n** [[Lucky Luciano]], American gangster\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Fritz Kreisler]], Austrian violinist\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hu Shih 1960 color.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Hu\n        Shih]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Carey Wilson (writer)|Carey Wilson]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Shlomo Hestrin]],\n        Canadian-born Israeli biochemist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Daniel\n        Hal\\u00e9vy]], French historian (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Jacques\n        Ibert]], French composer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Roy Atwell]],\n        American actor, comedian and composer (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[C\\u00e2ndido Portinari]],\n        Brazilian painter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Clara Nordstr\\u00f6m]],\n        German writer and translator (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Eduard\n        von Steiger]], Swiss politician, 51st [[President of Switzerland]] (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Indalecio Prieto]], Spanish Socialist politician\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Hugh Dalton]], British Labour politician\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Joseph Kearns]], American actor (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n** [[Bruno Walter]], German conductor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\n** [[James Barton (actor)|James Barton]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Georgios Papanikolaou]], Greek inventor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 20]]\n        – [[Halliwell Hobbes]], English-born film actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Hu Shih]], Chinese philosopher (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Antonina De Angelis|Mar\\u00eda Ludovico De Angelis]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] professed sister and blessed (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Willie Best]], American actor (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Chic Johnson]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Arthur\n        Compton 1927.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur Compton]]]]\\n[[File:Auguste Piccard\n        at 1927 Solvay Conference.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Auguste Piccard]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[Roscoe Ates]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Richard L. Conolly]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[W. Alton Jones]], American industrialist\n        and philanthropist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Arnold Kirkeby]], American hotelier,\n        art collector and real estate investor (b. [[1901]])\\n** Louise Lindner Eastman,\n        American wife of [[Lee Eastman]] and mother of [[Linda McCartney]] (b. [[1911]])\\n**\n        [[Emelyn Whiton]], American Olympic sailor (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Walt Kiesling]], American football player ([[Chicago Cardinals]]) and a\n        member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Pierre Benoit (novelist)|Pierre Benoit]], French novelist (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Giovanna Berneri]], Italian educationalist and anarchist\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Arthur Compton]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n**\n        [[C. Wright Mills]], American sociologist (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[A. E. Douglass]],\n        American astronomer and founder of dendrochronology (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March\n        24]]\\n** [[Jean Goldkette]], Greek-born jazz musician (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Auguste\n        Piccard]], Swiss physicist, aeronaut and explorer (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Jussi Kekkonen]], Finnish major (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Benny Paret]], Cuban welterweight boxer (died as result of [[Benny\n        Paret vs. Emile Griffith III|injuries in the ring]]; b. [[1937]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Juan Belmonte]], Spanish bullfighter (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April\n        10]]\\n** [[Michael Curtiz]], Austrian-born film director (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Manton S. Eddy]], American general (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Stuart Sutcliffe]],\n        British artist and rock guitarist, [[The Beatles]] (b. [[1940]])\\n* [[April\n        13]] – [[Culbert Olson]], American politician, [[Governor of California]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Clara Blandick]], American actress (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Arsenio Lacson]], Filipino politician and sportswriter (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Louise Fazenda]], American actress (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[April 21]] – Sir [[Frederick Handley Page]], English\n        aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Vera Reynolds]],\n        American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Milt Franklyn]],\n        American film composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Josefa Toledo\n        de Aguirre]], Nicaraguan pioneer educator (d. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Gianna Beretta Molla]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] pediatrician and saint\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Hajime Tanabe]], Japanese philosopher\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Pedro-p-ramirez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Pablo Ramirez]]]]\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Ernest Tyldesley]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Shunroku Hata]], Marshal of the Imperial\n        Japanese Army (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Pedro Pablo Ramirez]],\n        Argentinan military general, 26th [[President of Argentina]], leader of the\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Henry Trendley Dean]],\n        American dental researcher (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Franz Kline]], American painter\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\n** [[Wilfrid Wilson Gibson]], English poet (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n** [[Aida de Acosta]], American socialite (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May\n        27]] – [[Egon Petri]], German pianist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 28]] –\n        [[Robert Francis Anthony Studds]], American admiral and engineer, fourth Director\n        of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] – [[Henry Fountain Ashurst]], American politician (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Eugeniusz\n        Baziak.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Eugeniusz Baziak]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Adolf Eichmann]], German SS officer and a major organiser of the Holocaust\n        (executed) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Vita Sackville-West]], English\n        writer and landscape gardener (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Charles\n        William Beebe]], American naturalist, ornithologist, marine biologist and\n        entomologist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Abba Ahimeir]], Soviet-born\n        Israeli journalist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Yves Klein]], French painter (b. [[1928]])\\n**\n        [[Guinn Williams (actor)|Guinn Williams]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Joe Profaci]], Italian-American mobster (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Korneli Kekelidze]], Georgian philologist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[Eug\\u00e8ne Freyssinet]], French civil engineer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June\n        12]] – [[John Ireland (composer)|John Ireland]], English composer (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Eugene Aynsley Goossens|Sir Eugene Goossens]],\n        English composer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Eugeniusz Baziak]], Polish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Alfred Cortot]], Swiss pianist\n        and conductor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Aleksei Antonov]], General\n        of the Soviet Army (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Frank Borzage]], American\n        film director (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Will Wright (actor)|Will Wright]], American\n        character actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Lucile Watson]], Canadian\n        actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Paul Viiding]], Estonian poet,\n        author and literary critic (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Mickey Cochrane]],\n        American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member of the\n        [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Carl Van Vechten\n        - William Faulkner.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William Faulkner]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], Indian physician and politician, [[Chief Minister\n        of West Bengal]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi]],\n        Italian soldier (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Rex Bell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[John Anderson (philosopher)|John Anderson]],\n        British-born Australian philosopher (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Paul Boffa]], Maltese\n        politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[William Faulkner]],\n        American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Archduke Joseph August of Austria]], Austrian field marshal and former regent\n        of Hungary (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Georges Bataille]], French\n        writer and philosopher (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Yehuda Leib\n        Maimon]], Bassarabian-born Israeli rabbi and government minister (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Roger Wolfe Kahn]], American band leader (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Jerry Wald]], American screenwriter and producer (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[G. M. Trevelyan]], English historian (b.\n        [[1876]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Victor Moore]], American actor (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Raquel Meller]], Spanish singer and actress (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Richard Aldington]], English poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July\n        29]] \\n** [[Leonardo De Lorenzo]], Italian flautist (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ronald\n        Fisher]], English statistician and biologist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 30]]\n        – [[Myron McCormick]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Monroecirca1953.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Marilyn\n        Monroe]]]]\\n[[File:Charles Rigoulot 1923.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Rigoulot]]]]\\n[[File:DusanSImovicPedroIIDeYugoslaviaYKnezevicEnLondres21061941.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Du%C5%A1an\n        Simovi%C4%87]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Marilyn Monroe]], American actress\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[\\u00c1ngel Borlenghi]], Argentine\n        labor leader and politician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Hermann\n        Hesse]], German-born writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Lei Feng]], Chinese soldier (b. [[1940]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Cleo Ridgely]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Ahmad bin Ibrahim]], Malaysian-born Singaporean politician\n        (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Charles Rigoulot]], French Olympic\n        weightlifter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Hoot Gibson]], American\n        actor and film director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Mykolas Bir\\u017ei\\u0161ka]],\n        Lithuanian politician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Du%C5%A1an\n        Simovi%C4%87]], Yugoslav general, 18th [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]] (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Leopoldo Panero]], Spanish poet (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[John Collum]], American actor (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Georgina de Albuquerque]], Brazilian painter (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Felicjan S\\u0142awoj Sk\\u0142adkowski]], Prime Minister\n        of Poland (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:YemenAhmad.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ahmad\n        bin Yahya]]]]\\n[[File:Ouyang Yuqian1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ouyang Yuqian]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Hans-J\\u00fcrgen von Arnim]], German general (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[E. E. Cummings]], American poet (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Juan Atilio Bramuglia]], Argentine\n        composer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Hanns Eisler]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Karen Blixen]], Danish writer\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Morris Louis]], American painter (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Graham\n        Walker (motorcycle racer)|Graham Walker]], English motorcycle racer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Ahmad bin Yahya]], King of Yemen (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Nikolai Pogodin]], Soviet playwright (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Conrad Helfrich]], Dutch admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Ouyang Yuqian]], Chinese playwright, director and\n        Peking opera performer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Louis de Soissons]],\n        Canadian-born English architect (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Patrick Hamilton (writer)|Patrick\n        Hamilton]], English dramatist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Sam\n        McDaniel]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Charles Reisner]], American\n        silent film actor and director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Bernard\n        Rawlings (Royal Navy officer)|Bernard Rawlings]], British admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Henri\n        Oreiller 1948.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henri Oreiller]]]]\\n[[File:Gaston Bachelard\n        1965.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gaston Bachelard]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Ludwig\n        Bemelmans]], Austro-Hungarian born American writer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October\n        2]]\\n** [[Henry Louis Larsen]], American Marine Corps general; [[Governor\n        of American Samoa]] and [[Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Frank Lovejoy]],\n        American actor (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[K. Kanagaratnam]],\n        Ceylon Tamil civil servant and politician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        [[Tod Browning]], American film director (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        [[Henri Oreiller]], French Olympic alpine skier (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[October\n        9]] – [[Milan Vidmar]], Slovenian chess player (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Stancho Belkovski]], Bulgarian architect and lecturer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Erich von Tschermak]], Austrian agronomist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Alberto Teisaire]], Argentine Navy officer and [[Vice\n        President of Argentina|Vice President of the Republic]] (assassinated) (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Irma Gramatica]], Italian actress (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Gaston Bachelard]], French philosopher\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Natalia Goncharova]],  Russian artist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jes\\u00fas Herrera Alonso|Jes\\u00fas\n        Herrera]], Spanish international footballer (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October 26]]\n        – [[Louise Beavers]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n**\n        [[Otto Froitzheim]], German tennis player (d. [[1884]])\\n** [[Enrico Mattei]],\n        Italian politician (plane crash) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Louis\n        Massignon]], French Catholic scholar of Islam (b. [[1883]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Eleanor\n        Roosevelt cph.3b16000.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]]]]\\n[[File:Niels\n        Bohr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Niels Bohr]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|110px|Queen\n        [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]]]]\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Eleanor Roosevelt]],\n        American politician, diplomat and activist, [[First Lady of the United States]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[William Bailey (actor)|William Bailey]],\n        American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Alwi bin Thahir al-Haddad]],\n        Yemeni-born Malaysian [[Islamic]] scholar (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Manuel G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        Argentine writer and historian (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Irene\n        Lentz]], American costume designer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\n** [[Domingo\n        Arrieta Le\\u00f3n]], Mexican general and statesman (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Niels\n        Bohr]], Danish physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Coty]], 17th [[President\n        of France]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Forrest Smithson]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Aleksandr\n        Antonov (actor)|Aleksandr Antonov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Albert\n        Sarraut]], 2-time Prime Minister of France (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n**\n        [[K. C. Dey]], Indian singer, composer, actor and teacher (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Erik Scavenius]], 12th [[Prime Minister of Denmark]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Joseph Lade Pawsey]], Australian radio astronomer. (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sy\n        nami.png|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Ahmad Nami]]]]\\n[[File:Switalski K.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Kazimierz\n        \\u015awitalski]]]]\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Harry Bauler]], American politician\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Kirsten Flagstad]], Norwegian soprano\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Robert C. Giffen]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\n** [[John Cunningham (Royal Navy officer)|John\n        Cunningham]], British admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Ahmad Nami]], Prince of\n        the Ottoman Empire, 5th [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 2nd [[President of\n        Syria]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Charles Laughton]], English\n        actor and director (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Lew Landers]],\n        American TV and film director (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Thomas\n        Mitchell (actor)|Thomas Mitchell]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Garrett Mattingly]], American historian (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Emil Artin]], Austrian mathematician (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Giral]], Spanish politician, former [[Prime Minister\n        of Spain|Prime Minister]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Ackermann]],\n        German mathematician (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Eveline Adelheid von Maydell]], German\n        artist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Kazimierz \\u015awitalski]],\n        Polish diplomat, politician, soldier and military officer, 18th [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Arthur Lovejoy]], American\n        philosopher and historian (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Abdallah\n        Beyhum]], 10th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[Henry Matthew\n        Talintyre]], British comic strip artist (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Lev\n        Landau]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Max Perutz]],\n        [[John Kendrew]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or\n        Medicine]] – [[Francis Crick]], [[James Watson]], [[Maurice Wilkins]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[John Steinbeck]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Linus Pauling]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1962}}\\n\\n[[Category:1962|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:02Z\",\"lastrevid\":798347954,\"length\":82035,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962\"},\"34648\":{\"pageid\":34648,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1963\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T16:44:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1963}}\\n{{Events by month|1963}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1963}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1963}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1963}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Osamu Tezuka]]''s ''''Tetsuwan\n        Atomu ([[Astro Boy (1963 TV series)|Astro Boy]])'''', Japan''s first serialized\n        animated series based on the popular [[manga]], debuts on Japanese television\n        station [[Fuji Television]].\\n** [[Bogle\\u2013Chandler case]]: [[Commonwealth\n        Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle\n        and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland\n        near the [[Lane Cove River]], Sydney, Australia.\\n[[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo\n        da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[January 8]]: ''''[[Mona\n        Lisa]]'''' in Washington, D.C.]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Vietnam War]]:\n        The [[Viet Cong]] win their first major victory in the [[Battle of Ap Bac]].\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Leonardo da Vinci]]''s ''''[[Mona Lisa]]'''' is exhibited\n        in the United States for the first time, at the [[National Gallery of Art]]\n        in Washington, D.C.\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[George Wallace]] becomes governor\n        of [[Alabama]]. In his inaugural speech, he defiantly proclaims \\\"segregation\n        now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!\\\"{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/timeline/index_2.html|work=The\n        American Experience|title=Timeline of George Wallace''s Life, 1952–1972|publisher=[[Public\n        Broadcasting Service]]|year=2000|accessdate=2013-03-21}}{{cite\n        journal|first=Michael J.|last=Klarman|title=''''Brown v. Board'''': 40 Years\n        Later|journal=Humanities: The Magazine of the [[National Endowment for the\n        Humanities]]|date=March\\u2013April 2004}}\\n** The steam locomotive ''''[[LNER\n        Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|Flying Scotsman]]'''' (British Railways No.\n        60103) makes its last scheduled run, before going into the hands of [[Alan\n        Pegler]] for preservation.\\n* [[January 18]] – Due to severe winter\n        conditions the twelfth ''''[[elfstedentocht]]'''' skating tour in the Netherlands\n        turns into an almost total disaster. Of the 9,294 participants only 69 manage\n        to finish, making this the heaviest ''''elfstedentocht'''' ever held.\\n* [[January\n        22]] – France and West Germany sign the [[\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e Treaty]].\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – The [[Australia Day]] shootings rock [[Perth]]; 2 people\n        are shot dead and 3 others injured by [[Eric Edgar Cooke]].\\n* [[January 28]]\n        – Black student [[Harvey Gantt]] enters [[Clemson University]] in [[South\n        Carolina]], the last [[U.S. state]] to hold out against racial integration.\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] vetoes the United\n        Kingdom''s entry into the [[European Common Market]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1963}}\\n* [[February 5]] – The [[European Court of\n        Justice]]''s ruling in ''''[[Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie\n        der Belastingen]]'''' establishes the principle of [[direct effect]], one\n        of the basic tenets of [[European Union law]].\\n* [[February 8]] – Travel,\n        financial and commercial transactions by United States citizens to [[Cuba]]\n        are made illegal by the John F. Kennedy Administration.\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part of [[Ky\\u016bsh\\u016b]]\n        are merged and become the city of [[Kitaky\\u016bsh\\u016b]], with a population\n        of more than 1 million.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** The [[Central Intelligence\n        Agency]]''s Domestic Operations Division is created in the United States.\\n**\n        [[The Beatles]] record their debut album ''''[[Please Please Me]]'''' in a\n        single day at the [[Abbey Road Studios]] in London.\\n** American-born poet\n        [[Sylvia Plath]] commits suicide in London.\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Northwest\n        Airlines Flight 705]] crashes in the Florida [[Everglades]], killing all 43\n        aboard.\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Harold Wilson]] becomes leader of the\n        opposition [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the United Kingdom;{{cite\n        web| url=http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1950-75/1963.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628220806/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1950-75/1963.html\n        |archivedate=June 28, 2002 |title=Dallas: JFK is shot dead}} in October\n        1964 he became prime minister. \\n* [[February 19]] – The publication\n        of [[Betty Friedan]]''s ''''[[The Feminine Mystique]]'''' launches the reawakening\n        of the [[Second-wave feminism|Women''s Movement]] in the United States as\n        women''s organizations and [[consciousness raising]] groups spread.\\n* [[February\n        21]] – An [[earthquake]] destroys the village of [[Marj]], [[Libya]],\n        killing 900.\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Juan Bosch]] takes office as the 41st\n        president of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n** [[Women''s suffrage|Female suffrage]]\n        is enacted in [[Iran]].\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Dorothy Schiff]] resigns\n        from the New York Newspaper Publishers'' Association, feeling that the city\n        needs at least one paper as New York''s 83-day newspayer strike ensued. Her\n        paper, the ''''[[New York Post]]'''', resumes publication on March 4.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1963}}\\n* March\\n** The divorce case of [[Ian Campbell, 11th\n        Duke of Argyll|The Duke]] and [[Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll|Duchess\n        of Argyll]] causes scandal in the United Kingdom.\\n[[File:Alcatraz Island.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[March\n        21]]: [[Alcatraz Island|Alcatraz]] closes]]\\n* [[March 4]] – In Paris,\n        six people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate President\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]]. De Gaulle pardons five, but the other conspirator,\n        [[Jean Bastien-Thiry]], is executed by [[Execution by firing squad|firing\n        squad]] several days later.\\n* [[March 5]] – In [[Camden, Tennessee]],\n        country music superstar [[Patsy Cline]] (Virginia Patterson Hensley) is killed\n        in a plane crash along with fellow performers Hawkshaw Hawkins, Cowboy Copas\n        and Cline''s manager and pilot Randy Hughes, while returning from a benefit\n        performance in [[Kansas City, Kansas]], for country radio disc jockey \\\"Cactus\\\"\n        Jack Call.\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Mount Agung]] erupts on [[Bali]], killing\n        approximately 1,500.\\n* [[March 18]] – ''''[[Gideon v. Wainwright]]'''':\n        The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that state courts are required\n        to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who cannot afford to pay\n        their own attorneys.\\n* [[March 21]] – The [[Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary]]\n        on [[Alcatraz Island]] in [[San Francisco Bay]] closes; the last 27 prisoners\n        are transferred elsewhere at the order of [[United States Attorney General]]\n        [[Robert F. Kennedy]].\\n* [[March 22]] – [[The Beatles]] release their\n        first album, ''''[[Please Please Me]]'''', in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[March\n        23]] – ''''Dansevise'''' by Grethe & J\\u00f8rgen Ingmann (music by Otto\n        Francker, text by Sejr Volmer-S\\u00f8rensen) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        1963]] for Denmark.\\n[[File:Beeching2.svg|150px|thumb|right|[[March 27]]:\n        British Rail network, as it would have become, if \\\"[[Beeching cuts|Beeching\n        axe]]\\\" plans had been fully implemented (only bolded rail lines would have\n        remained).]]\\n* [[March 27]] – In Britain, Dr. [[Richard Beeching, Baron\n        Beeching|Richard Beeching]] issues a report, ''''The Reshaping of British\n        Railways'''', calling for [[Beeching cuts|huge cuts]] to the country''s rail\n        network.\\n* [[March 28]] – Director [[Alfred Hitchcock]]''s film ''''[[The\n        Birds (film)|The Birds]]'''' is released in the United States.\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Indigenous Australians]] are legally allowed to drink alcohol\n        in [[New South Wales]].''''Tracker'''', \\\"Footprints Tracker\\\", August\n        2012, p. 46.\\n* [[March 31]] – The [[1962\\u201363 New York City\n        newspaper strike]] ends after 114 days.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1963}}\\n* [[April 1]] – The long-running [[soap opera]] ''''[[General\n        Hospital]]'''' debuts on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Television\n        in the United States.\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Southern Christian Leadership\n        Conference]] volunteers kick off the [[Birmingham campaign]] ([[Birmingham,\n        Alabama]]) against [[racial segregation in the United States]] with a [[sit-in]].\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        is proclaimed to be a [[socialist republic]], and [[Josip Broz Tito]] is named\n        [[President for Life]].\\n* [[April 8]] – The [[35th Academy Awards]]\n        ceremony is held. ''''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''''\n        wins [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n* [[April 9]] –\n        British statesman Sir [[Winston Churchill]] becomes an [[honorary citizen\n        of the United States]].\\n* [[April 10]] – The U.S. nuclear submarine\n        ''''[[USS Thresher (SSN-593)|Thresher]]'''' sinks {{convert|220|smi|nmi km|abbr=on}}\n        east of [[Cape Cod]]; all 129 aboard (112 crewmen plus yard personnel) die.\\n*\n        [[April 12]]\\n** [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Ralph Abernathy]], [[Fred Shuttlesworth]]\n        and others are arrested in a Birmingham, Alabama protest for \\\"parading without\n        a permit\\\".\\n** The Soviet nuclear powered submarine ''''[[Soviet submarine\n        K-33|K-33]]'''' collides with the Finnish merchant vessel M/S ''''Finnclipper''''\n        in the Danish Straits. Although severely damaged, both vessels make it to\n        port.\\n* [[April 14]] – The [[Institute of Mental Health (Belgrade)]]\n        is established.\\n* [[April 15]] – 70,000 marchers arrive in London from\n        [[Aldermaston]], to demonstrate against [[nuclear weapons]].\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – Martin Luther King, Jr. issues his \\\"[[Letter from Birmingham Jail]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – In [[Quebec]], Canada, members of the terrorist group\n        [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration du Qu\\u00e9bec]] bomb a [[Canadian Army]] recruitment\n        center, killing night watchman Wilfred V. O''Neill.\\n* [[April 21]]–[[April\n        23]] – The first election of the Supreme Institution of the [[Bah\\u00e1''\\u00ed\n        Faith]] (known as the [[Universal House of Justice]], whose seat is at the\n        [[Bah\\u00e1''\\u00ed World Centre]] on [[Mount Carmel]] in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]])\n        is held.\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Lester Bowles Pearson]] becomes the 14th\n        [[Prime Minister of Canada]].\\n* [[April 28]] – A [[Italian general\n        election, 1963|general election]] is held in [[politics of Italy|Italy]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Buddy Rogers (wrestler)|Buddy Rogers]] becomes the\n        first [[WWE World Heavyweight Championship|WWWF Champion]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1963}}\\n* [[May 1]] – [[The Coca-Cola Company]] introduces\n        its first diet drink, [[Tab (soft drink)|Tab]] cola.\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** Thousands\n        of blacks, many of them children, are arrested while protesting segregation\n        in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. Public Safety Commissioner [[Bull Connor|Eugene\n        \\\"Bull\\\" Connor]] later unleashes fire hoses and police dogs on the demonstrators.\\n**\n        [[Seliger Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH|Berthold Seliger]]\n        launches near [[Cuxhaven]] a 3-stage rocket with a maximum flight altitude\n        of more than 62 miles (the only sounding rocket developed in Germany).\\n*\n        [[May 4]] – The Le Monde Theater fire in Dioirbel, [[Senegal]] kills\n        64.\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** ''''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'''', the first James Bond\n        film, is shown in U.S. theaters.\\n** [[Hu\\u1ebf Ph\\u1eadt \\u0110\\u1ea3n shootings]]:\n        The [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] opens fire on Buddhists who defy a\n        ban on the flying of the [[Buddhist flag]] on [[Vesak]], the birthday of [[Gautama\n        Buddha]], killing 9. (Earlier, President [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]]\n        allowed the flying of the [[Vatican flag]] in honour of his brother, Archbishop\n        [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Th\\u1ee5c]].) Start of [[Buddhist crisis]] in South\n        Vietnam.\\n** [[CVS Pharmacy]] opens in Lowell, Massachusetts.\\n* [[May 12]]\n        –  ''''[[The Shanty]]'''' is established in [[New Castle, Indiana]].\\n*\n        [[May 13]] – A [[smallpox]] outbreak hits [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]],\n        lasting until July.\\n* [[May 14]] – Kuwait becomes the 111th member\n        of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Project Mercury]]: [[NASA]]\n        launches [[Gordon Cooper]] on [[Mercury-Atlas 9]], the last mission (on [[June\n        12]] NASA Administrator [[James E. Webb]] tells Congress the program is complete).\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[A.C. Milan]] beats [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] 2-1 at [[Wembley\n        Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], London and wins the [[1962\\u201363 European\n        Cup]] (football).\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Fidel Castro]] visits the [[Soviet\n        Union]].\\n* [[May 25]] – The [[Organisation of African Unity]] is established\n        in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[May 27]] – ''''[[The Freewheelin''\n        Bob Dylan]]'''' is singer-songwriter [[Bob Dylan]]''s second [[studio album]],\n        and most influential, opening with the song \\\"[[Blowin'' in the Wind]]\\\",\n        released by [[Columbia Records]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1963}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]]\\n** [[Hu\\u1ebf chemical attacks]]: The [[Army of the Republic of\n        Vietnam]] rains [[chloroacetone|liquid chemicals]] on the heads of Buddhist\n        protestors, injuring 67 people. The United States threatens to cut off aid\n        to the regime of [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]].\\n**[[Pope John XXIII]]\n        dies.\\n* [[June 4]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]] signs [[Executive\n        Order 11110]], authorizing the [[Secretary of the Treasury]] to issue [[Silver\n        certificate (United States)|silver certificates]].\\n* [[June 5]] – The\n        first annual [[National Hockey League]] [[NHL Entry Draft|Entry Draft]] is\n        held in [[Montreal]].\\n* [[June 10]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        delivers his [[American University speech]], \\\"A Strategy of Peace\\\", in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[June 10]] – The [[University of Central Florida]] is established\n        by the Florida legislature.\\n* [[June 11]]\\n[[File:Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c\n        self-immolation.jpg|thumb|250px|Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c''s self-immolation]]\\n**\n        In [[Saigon]], [[Buddhist monk]] [[Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c]] commits\n        [[self-immolation]] to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the [[Ng\\u00f4\n        \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]] administration.\\n** Alabama Governor [[George Wallace]]\n        stands in the door of the University of Alabama to protest against integration,\n        before stepping aside and allowing blacks [[James Hood]] and [[Vivian Malone]]\n        to enroll.\\n** President [[John F. Kennedy]] broadcasts a historic [[Civil\n        Rights Address]], in which he promises a Civil Rights Bill, and asks for \\\"the\n        kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves\\\".\\n* [[June\n        12]]\\n** [[Medgar Evers]] is murdered in [[Jackson, Mississippi]]. (His killer,\n        [[Byron De La Beckwith]], is convicted in 1994.)\\n** The film ''''[[Cleopatra\n        (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'''' is released.\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** The cancellation\n        of [[Mercury-Atlas 10]] effectively ends the United States'' manned [[spaceflight]]\n        [[Project Mercury]].\\n** The New York Commodity Exchange begins trading silver\n        [[futures contract]]s.\\n* [[June 15]] – The [[AC Cobra]] makes its first\n        appearance at the [[1963 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]]. It would\n        go on to win its class [[1964 24 Hours of Le Mans|the following year]].\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – ''''[[Vostok 6]]'''' carries Soviet cosmonaut [[Valentina\n        Tereshkova]], the first woman into space.\\n* [[June 17]] – ''''[[Abington\n        School District v. Schempp]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that state-mandated\n        Bible reading in public schools is unconstitutional.\\n* [[June 19]] –\n        [[Valentina Tereshkova]] the first woman in space, returns to Earth.\\n* [[June\n        20]]\\n** Establishment of the [[Moscow\\u2013Washington hotline]] (officially,\n        the Direct Communications Link or DCL; unofficially, the \\\"red telephone\\\";\n        and in fact a [[teleprinter]] link) is authorized by signing of a Memorandum\n        of Understanding in Geneva by representatives of the Soviet Union and the\n        United States.{{cite book|chapter=Hot Line Agreements (1963, 1971, 1984)|title=Historical\n        Dictionary Of Arms Control And Disarmament|first1=Jeffrey A.|last1=Larsen|first2=James\n        M.|last2=Smith|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2005|page=107}}{{cite\n        book|first=David|last=Kahn|title=The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History\n        of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet|publisher=Simon\n        and Schuster|year=1996|page=715}}\\n** Swedish Air Force Colonel [[Stig\n        Wennerstr\\u00f6m (spy)|Stig Wennerstr\\u00f6m]] is arrested as a spy for the\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] (Giovanni Battista\n        Montini) succeeds [[Pope John XXIII]] as the 262nd [[pope]].\\n* [[June 23]]\n        – [[Walt Disney''s Enchanted Tiki Room]] opens at [[Disneyland]], premiering\n        the first [[Audio-Animatronics]] in the park. \\n* [[June 26]] – [[John\n        F. Kennedy]] gives his \\\"[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]\\\" speech in [[West Berlin]],\n        [[East Germany]].\\n* June – [[UNESCO]] ''''History of Mankind'''', vol.\n        1 published.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1963}}\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[ZIP code]]s are introduced by the [[United States Postal Service]].\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** Diplomatic relations between the [[Israel]]i and the Japanese governments\n        are raised to embassy level.\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Double Seven Day scuffle]]:\n        Secret police loyal to [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Nhu]], brother of President\n        [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]], attack American journalists including\n        [[Peter Arnett]] and [[David Halberstam]] at a demonstration during the [[Buddhist\n        crisis]] in South Vietnam.\\n* [[July 11]] – South Africa: police raid\n        [[Liliesleaf Farm]] to the north of [[Johannesburg]], arresting a group of\n        [[ANC]] leaders.\\n* [[July 12]] – Pauline Reade (16) is abducted by\n        [[Ian Brady and Myra Hindley]] in [[Manchester]], England, the first victim\n        of the [[Moors murders]]; her remains are located in July [[1987]].\\n* [[July\n        19]] – American test pilot [[Joseph A. Walker|Joe Walker]], flying the\n        [[X-15]], reaches an altitude of 65.8 miles (105.9 kilometers), making it\n        a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards.\\n* [[July\n        26]]\\n** An [[1963 Skopje earthquake|earthquake]] in [[Skopje]], [[Yugoslavia]]\n        (present-day [[Republic of Macedonia]]) leaves 1,800 dead.\\n** [[NASA]] launches\n        [[Syncom]] 2, the world''s first [[geostationary orbit|geostationary]] ([[geosynchronous\n        orbit|synchronous]]) [[satellite]].\\n* [[July 30]] – The Soviet newspaper\n        ''''[[Izvestia]]'''' reports that British diplomat and [[double agent]] [[Kim\n        Philby]] has been given asylum in Moscow.\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:March on\n        Washington edit.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[August 28]]: [[March on Washington\n        for Jobs and Freedom]]]]\\n{{Main article|August 1963}}\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        The United States, United Kingdom, and [[Soviet Union]] sign the [[Partial\n        Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]].\\n* [[August 8]] – The [[Great Train Robbery\n        (1963)|Great Train Robbery]] takes place in [[Buckinghamshire]], England.\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Trois Glorieuses (1963)|Trois Glorieuses]]: President\n        [[Fulbert Youlou]] is overthrown in the [[Republic of Congo]] after a three-day\n        uprising in the capital, [[Brazzaville]].\\n* [[August 18]] – [[American\n        civil rights movement]]: [[James Meredith]] becomes the first black person\n        to graduate from the [[University of Mississippi]].\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[X\\u00e1 L\\u1ee3i Pagoda raids]]: The [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special\n        Forces]] loyal to [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Nhu]], brother of President [[Ng\\u00f4\n        \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]], vandalise Buddhist pagodas across South Vietnam,\n        arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead. In the wake of\n        the raids, the [[Kennedy administration]] by [[Cable 243]] orders the [[United\n        States Embassy, Saigon]] to explore alternative leadership in the country,\n        opening the way towards a coup against Di\\u1ec7m.\\n* [[August 22]] –\n        American test pilot [[Joseph A. Walker|Joe Walker]] again achieves a sub-orbital\n        spaceflight according to international standards, this time by piloting the\n        [[X-15]] to an altitude of 67.0 miles (107.8 kilometers).\\n* [[August 24]]\n        – [[Bundesliga]], as known well for professional football league of\n        world, first games in [[West Germany]], replacing from West German Oberliga.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Martin Luther King\n        Jr.]] delivers his \\\"[[I Have a Dream]]\\\" speech on the steps of the [[Lincoln\n        Memorial]] to an audience of at least 250,000, during the [[March on Washington\n        for Jobs and Freedom]]. It is, at that point, the single [[Largest protests\n        in American history|largest protest in American history]].\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n{{Main article|September 1963}}\\n* [[September 1]] – The [[Language\n        legislation in Belgium|language border]] in Belgium is fixed. This will become\n        the foundation for the further [[state reform in Belgium|federalization of\n        the county]].\\n* [[September 5]] – British prostitute [[Christine Keeler]]\n        is arrested for [[perjury]] for her part in the [[Profumo affair]]. On [[December\n        6]] she is sentenced to 9 months in prison.\\n* [[September 6]] – The\n        [[Centre for International Intellectual Property Studies]] (CEIPI) is founded.\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] opens in [[Canton,\n        Ohio]] with 17 charter members.\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Sicilian Mafia|Mafia]]\n        boss [[Bernardo Provenzano]] is indicted for murder (he is captured 43 years\n        later, on [[April 11]], [[2006]]).\\n* [[September 15]] – [[American\n        civil rights movement]]: The [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]], in [[Birmingham,\n        Alabama]], kills 4 and injures 22.\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Malaysia]]\n        is formed through the merging of the [[Federation of Malaya]] and the British\n        [[crown colony]] of [[Singapore]], [[North Borneo]] (renamed [[Sabah]]) and\n        [[Sarawak]].\\n* [[September 18]] – Rioters burn down the British Embassy\n        in [[Jakarta]], to protest the formation of [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals]] is established\n        by a Saudi Royal Decree as the ''''College of Petroleum and Minerals''''.\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – The [[United States Senate]] ratifies the [[Partial\n        Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]].\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** The Denning Report on the\n        [[Profumo affair]] is published in Great Britain.\\n** In the [[Dominican Republic]],\n        [[Juan Bosch]] is deposed by a coup d''\\u00e9tat led by the military with\n        civilian support.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** The second period of the [[Second\n        Vatican Council]] in Rome opens.\\n** The [[University of East Anglia]] is\n        established in [[Norwich]], England.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1963}}\\n* [[October 1]] – [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]]\n        Toasts of the President and Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] at a Luncheon in Rockville,\n        Maryland.\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Nigeria]] becomes a [[republic]]; The [[First\n        Nigerian Republic|1st Republican Constitution]] is established.\\n** In the\n        U.S., the [[Presidential Commission on the Status of Women|President''s Commission\n        on the Status of Women]] issues its final reports to President Kennedy.\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[1963 Honduran coup d''\\u00e9tat]]: A violent coup\n        in [[Honduras]] pre-empts the October 13 election, ends a period of reform\n        under President [[Ram\\u00f3n Villeda Morales]] and begins two decades of military\n        rule under General [[Oswaldo L\\u00f3pez Arellano]].\\n* [[October 4]] –\n        [[Hurricane Flora]], one of the worst Atlantic storms in history, hits [[Hispaniola]]\n        and [[Cuba]], killing nearly 7,000 people.\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Sam\n        Cooke]] and his band are arrested after trying to register at a \\\"whites only\\\"\n        motel in Louisiana. In the months following, he records the song \\\"[[A Change\n        Is Gonna Come]]\\\".\\n* [[October 9]] – In northeast Italy, over 2,000\n        people are killed when a large landslide behind the [[Vajont Dam]] causes\n        a giant wave of water to overtop it.\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**The [[Partial Nuclear\n        Test Ban Treaty]], signed on [[August 5]], takes effect.\\n**The second James\n        Bond film, ''''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'''',\n        opens in the UK.\\n* [[October 14]] – A revolution starts in [[Radfan]],\n        [[South Yemen]], against British colonial rule.\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        The [[A Thousand Days|thousandth day]] of [[John F. Kennedy]]''s presidency.\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Alec Douglas-Home]] succeeds [[Harold Macmillan]]\n        as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].\\n* [[October 24]] – the\n        fire at the spaceport [[Baikonur]] in one of the martial mines missiles [[R-9\n        Desna|R-9]]. Seven people were killed.\\n* [[October 28]] – Demolition\n        of the [[1910]] [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]]\n        begins in New York City, continuing until [[1966]].\\n* [[October 30]] –\n        The car manufacturing firm [[Lamborghini]] is founded in Italy.\\n* [[October\n        31]] – 74 die in a gas explosion during a [[Holiday on Ice]] show at\n        the [[Fairgrounds Coliseum|Indiana State Fair Coliseum]] in [[Indianapolis]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1963}}\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Arecibo Observatory]],\n        a [[radio telescope]], officially begins operation in [[Puerto Rico]].\\n*\n        [[November 2]] – [[1963 South Vietnamese coup]]: [[Arrest and assassination\n        of Ngo Dinh Diem]], the [[South Vietnam]]ese President.\\n* [[November 6]]\n        – [[1963 South Vietnamese coup]]: Coup leader General [[D\\u01b0\\u01a1ng\n        V\\u0103n Minh]] takes over as leader of [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[November 7]]\n        – 11 German miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days in\n        what becomes known as the \\\"[[Wunder von Lengede]]\\\" (\\\"miracle of [[Lengede]]\\\").\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Finnair]] aircraft OH-LCA crashes before landing\n        at [[Mariehamn Airport]] on the [[\\u00c5land Islands]].\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – Two disasters in Japan:\\n** [[Miike coal mine]] explosion: A [[Coal\n        mining|coal mine]] explosion kills 458 and sends 839 [[carbon monoxide poisoning]]\n        victims to hospital.\\n** [[Tsurumi rail accident]]: A triple train disaster\n        in [[Yokohama]] kills 161.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Malcolm X]] makes\n        an historic speech in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] (\\\"[[Message to the Grass\n        Roots]]\\\").\\n* [[November 14]] – A volcanic eruption under the sea near\n        [[Iceland]] creates a new island, [[Surtsey]].\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        A newspaper strike begins in [[Toledo, Ohio]].\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** The\n        [[QEII Bridge]] opens in England.\\n** The first [[push-button telephone]]\n        is made available to [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] customers.\\n[[File:Lyndon B.\n        Johnson taking the oath of office, November 1963.jpg|right|thumb|[[November\n        22]]: [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] is sworn in as U.S. President after [[Assassination\n        of John F. Kennedy|assassination]] of [[John F. Kennedy]].]]\\n* [[November\n        22]]\\n** [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy]]: In a motorcade in [[Dallas]],\n        [[Texas]], U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] is fatally shot by [[Lee Harvey\n        Oswald]], and [[Governor of Texas]] [[John Connally]] is seriously wounded.\n        Upon Kennedy''s death, Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] becomes the 36th\n        President of the United States. A few hours later, President Johnson is [[First\n        inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn in]] aboard [[Air Force One]], as\n        Kennedy''s body is flown back to Washington, D.C. Stores and businesses shut\n        down for the entire weekend and Monday, in tribute. \\n** English-born writer\n        [[Aldous Huxley]], author of ''''[[Brave New World]]'''', dies of cancer in\n        the United States. \\n** Irish-born theologian and writer [[C. S. Lewis]],\n        author of works including ''''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'''', ''''[[The\n        Screwtape Letters]]'''' and ''''[[Mere Christianity]]'''', dies of [[renal\n        failure]] at his home in Oxford (England). \\n** [[Phil Spector]]''s ''''[[A\n        Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector]]'''' is released.\\n** [[The Beatles]]''\n        second UK album, ''''[[With the Beatles]]'''', is released.\\n* [[November\n        23]]\\n** [[Moors murders]]: John Kilbride (12) is abducted by [[Ian Brady\n        and Myra Hindley]] in England.\\n** The [[An Unearthly Child|first episode]]\n        of the [[BBC]] television series ''''[[Doctor Who]]'''' is broadcast in the\n        United Kingdom.\\n** The [[Golden Age Nursing Home fire]] kills 63 elderly\n        people near [[Fitchville, Ohio]].\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Lee Harvey Oswald]],\n        assassin of John F. Kennedy, is shot dead by [[Jack Ruby]] in [[Dallas]],\n        an event seen on live national television. \\n** [[Vietnam War]]: New U.S.\n        President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue\n        supporting [[South Vietnam]] militarily and economically.\\n* [[November 25]]\n        – [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy]]: President Kennedy is buried\n        at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Schools around the nation cancel classes\n        that day; millions watch the funeral on live international television.\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] establishes the [[Warren\n        Commission]] to investigate the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].\\n**\n        [[Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831]], a [[Douglas DC-8]] crashes into a wooded\n        hillside after taking-off from [[Dorval International Airport]] near [[Montreal]],\n        killing all 118 on board, the worst [[Aviation accidents and incidents|air\n        disaster]] for many years in Canada''s history.\\n** Foundation stone for [[Mirzapur\n        Cadet College]] is laid in East Pakistan (present-day [[Bangladesh]]).\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1963}}\\n* [[December 3]] – The [[Warren Commission]]\n        begins its investigation into the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – The second period of the [[Second Vatican Council]]\n        closes.\\n* [[December 5]] – The Seliger Forschungs-und-Entwicklungsgesellschaft\n        mbH demonstrates rockets for military use to military representatives of non-NATO-countries\n        near [[Cuxhaven]]. Although these rockets land via parachute at the end of\n        their flight and no allied laws are violated, the [[Soviet Union]] protests\n        this action.\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Tony Verna]], a CBS-TV director,\n        debuts an improved version of [[instant replay]] during his direction of a\n        live televised sporting event, the [[Army\\u2013Navy Game]] of [[college football]]\n        played in Philadelphia.  This instance is notable as it was the first instant\n        replay system to use [[videotape]] instead of film.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        A lightning strike causes the crash of [[Pan Am Flight 214]] near [[Elkton,\n        Maryland]], killing 81 people.\\n** [[Frank Sinatra, Jr.]] is kidnapped at\n        [[Harrah''s Lake Tahoe]].\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** In the United States, the\n        [[X-20 Dyna-Soar]] [[spaceplane]] program is cancelled.\\n** [[Chuck Yeager]]\n        narrowly escapes death while testing an NF-104A rocket-augmented aerospace\n        trainer when his aircraft goes out of control at 108,700 feet (nearly 21 miles\n        up) and crashes. He parachutes to safety at 8,500 feet after vainly battling\n        to gain control of the powerless, rapidly falling craft. In this incident\n        he becomes the first pilot to make an emergency ejection in the full pressure\n        suit needed for high altitude flights.\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Kenya]]\n        gains independence from the United Kingdom, with [[Jomo Kenyatta]] as prime\n        minister.\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Zanzibar]] gains independence from\n        the United Kingdom, as a constitutional monarchy under Sultan [[Jamshid bin\n        Abdullah of Zanzibar|Jamshid bin Abdullah]].\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Cyprus\n        Emergency]]: Inter-communal fighting erupts between [[Greek Cypriots|Greek]]\n        and [[Turkish Cypriots]].\\n* [[December 22]] – The cruise ship ''''[[TSMS\n        Lakonia|Lakonia]]'''' burns {{convert|180|mi|km}} north of [[Madeira]], with\n        the loss of 128 lives.\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Walt Disney]] releases his\n        18th feature-length animated motion picture ''''[[The Sword in the Stone (film)|The\n        Sword in the Stone]]'''', about the boyhood of [[King Arthur]]. It is the\n        penultimate animated film personally supervised by Disney.\\n** [[\\u0130smet\n        \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] of the [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|Republican\n        People''s Party]] (CHP) forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (28th government,\n        coalition partners; independents, \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc has served 10 ten times\n        as a prime minister, this is his last government).\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        [[The Beatles]]'' \\\"[[I Want to Hold Your Hand]]\\\" and \\\"[[I Saw Her Standing\n        There]]\\\" are released in the United States, marking the beginning of Beatlemania\n        on an international level.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[David H. Frisch]] and\n        J.H. Smith prove that the [[radioactive decay]] of [[meson]]s is slowed by\n        their motion (see [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]''s [[special relativity]] and\n        [[general relativity]]).\\n* The [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment]] for\n        the defense of the United States is fully deployed.\\n* The [[TAT-3]] [[transatlantic\n        communications cable]] goes into operation.\\n* [[Ivan Sutherland]] writes\n        the revolutionary [[Sketchpad]] program and runs it on the [[Lincoln TX-2]]\n        computer at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].\\n* Construction of\n        Moscow''s [[Ostankino Tower]] begins.\\n* The [[IEEE Computer Society]] is\n        founded.\\n* The [[Urdu keyboard]] is standardised by the Central Language\n        Board in [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[Harvey Ball]] invents the ubiquitous [[smiley]]\n        face symbol.\\n* The [[Reformed Druids of North America]] is founded.\\n* The\n        1955 film ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]'''', an adaptation of the\n        famed Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is re-released.\\n* The iconic [[Porsche\n        911]] is first produced.\\n* [[Conference Premier]] football club [[Welling\n        United]] is formed.\\n* [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s ''''[[The Castafiore Emerald]]''''\n        is published.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Dave Foley 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dave\n        Foley]]]]\\n[[File:Jos\\u00e9 Mourinho in Kyiv, October 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mourinho]]]]\\n*[[January 1]] – [[Linda Henry]], English actress\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[David Cone]], American baseball player\\n** [[Edgar Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Dave Foley]], Canadian actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Till Lindemann]], German singer ([[Rammstein]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Jiang Wen]], Chinese actor, film director, and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Tony Halme]], Finnish boxer and politician (d. 2010)\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[Rand Paul]], U.S Senator from Kentucky\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Steven Soderbergh]], American film director\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Mathias D\\u00f6pfner]], journalist and chief executive officer of\n        German media group Axel Springer SE\\n* [[January 16]] – [[James May]],\n        English motoring journalist and television show host\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Ian Crook]], English footballer\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Kai Hansen]],\n        German [[power metal]] guitarist and singer\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Caron\n        Wheeler]], British singer-songwriter ([[Soul II Soul]])\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – [[Firebreaker Chip]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[January\n        21]]\\n** [[Hakeem Olajuwon]], Nigerian basketball player\\n** [[Detlef Schrempf]],\n        German basketball player\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Gail O''Grady]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Arnold Vanderlyde]], Dutch boxer\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Chin Siu-ho]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Jazzie B]], British DJ, music\n        producer ([[Soul II Soul]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Mourinho]], Portuguese football\n        manager\\n** [[Andrew Ridgeley]], English singer\\n* [[January 29]] –\n        [[Octave Octavian Teodorescu]], Romanian composer, vanguard rock musician,\n        multi-instrumentist \\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Daphne Ashbrook]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Thomas Brezina]], Austrian author\\n** [[Sh\\u014dko Tsuda]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Michael Jordan in 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Jordan]]]]\\n[[File:Larry the Cable Guy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Larry the Cable Guy]]]]\\n[[File:Seal\n        2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Seal (musician)|Seal]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Baldwin, GLAAD\n        Awards 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Baldwin]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[Eva Cassidy]], American vocalist (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Gretel Killeen]], Australian journalist\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Pirmin\n        Zurbriggen]], Swiss alpine skier\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Joshua Kadison]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Gene Steratore]], American football official\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[Smiley Culture]], British reggae singer (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Diane Franklin]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Brent Jones]], American football player\\n* [[February 14]]\n        \\n** [[Enrico Colantoni]], Canadian actor\\n** [[D''wayne Wiggins]], American\n        singer-songwriter and record producer ([[Tony! Toni! Ton\\u00e9!]])\\n* [[February\n        17]]\\n** [[Michael Jordan]], American former professional basketball player\\n**\n        [[Larry the Cable Guy]], American actor and comedian \\n* [[February 18]] –\n        [[Rob Andrew]], English rugby union player\\n* [[February 19]] \\n** [[Seal\n        (musician)|Seal]], English singer\\n** [[Jessica Tuck]], American actress\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Charles Barkley]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[William Baldwin]], American actor\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Vijay Singh]], Fiji golfer\\n** [[Don Wakamatsu]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Bobby Bonilla]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[Chase Masterson]], American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Virginie Boutaud]], Brazilian singer and actress\n        ([[Metr\\u00f4 (band)|Metr\\u00f4]], Virginie & Fruto Proibido)\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Daniel\n        Roebuck.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Roebuck]]]]\\n[[File:RickRubinSept09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rick\n        Rubin]]]]\\n[[File:Homenaje Gustavo Cerati (15528982867).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fito\n        P\\u00e1ez]]]]\\n[[File:BretMichaels.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Bret Michaels]]]]\\n[[File:VanessaWilliamsHWoFMar2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vanessa\n        Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Susan Ann Sulley - Clapham 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Susan\n        Ann Sulley]]]]\\n[[File:Quentin Tarantino by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Quentin\n        Tarantino]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Thomas Anders]], German singer ([[Modern\n        Talking]])\\n** [[Russell Wong]], American actor\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Tuff\n        Hedeman]], American PRCA World Champion Bull Rider\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Mart\\u00edn Fiz]], Spanish long-distance runner\\n* [[March 4]] \\n** [[Jason\n        Newsted]], American bassist \\n** [[Daniel Roebuck]], American actor\\n* [[March\n        5]]\\n** [[Thomas Hermanns]], German TV-presenter, director, TV-author and\n        comedian\\n** [[Joel Osteen]], American televangelist and son of [[John Osteen]]\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n**[[Kathy Kelly (musician)|Kathy Kelly]], American musician\\n**[[Gary\n        Stevens (jockey)|Gary Stevens]], American jockey\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Kim\n        Ung-yong]], Korean child prodigy\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Rick Rubin]], American\n        music producer\\n* [[March 12]] \\n** [[Farahnaz Pahlavi]], Iranian princess\\n**\n        [[Joaquim Cruz]], Brazilian runner\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]],\n        Argentine musician\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Bruce Reid]], Australian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Mike Rochford]], Major League Baseball pitcher\\n** [[Andrew Fleming]], American\n        film director\\n** [[Mahiro Maeda]], Japanese animators\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        [[Bret Michaels]], American rock singer ([[Poison (American band)|Poison]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]]\\n** [[Lise Simms]], American actress\\n** [[Alex Fong (actor)|Alex\n        Fong]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Jeff LaBar]], American rock\n        guitarist\\n** [[Ratna Pathak]], Indian film actress\\n** [[Vanessa Williams]],\n        African-American beauty queen, actress, and singer\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Mary Scheer]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Annacone]], American tennis player and coach\\n** [[Kathy Ireland]], American\n        model and actress\\n** [[David Thewlis]], English actor\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Ronald Koeman]], Dutch football player and manager\\n* [[March 22]] –\n        [[Susan Ann Sulley]], British musician\\n* [[March 23]] – [[M\\u00edchel\n        (footballer)|Jose Miguel Gonzalez Martin del Campo]], Spanish football player\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[John T. Chisholm]], American prosecutor; District Attorney\n        of [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] (2007\\u2013present)  \\n* [[March 25]] –\n        [[Andrew O''Connor (actor)|Andrew O''Connor]], English actor, comedian, magician,\n        television presenter and executive producer\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Natsuhiko\n        Kyogoku]], Japanese writer\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Charly Alberti]], Argentinian\n        musician\\n** [[Dave Koz]], American jazz musician\\n** [[Quentin Tarantino]],\n        American actor, director, writer, and producer\\n** [[Xuxa]], Brazilian television\n        personality\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Chieko Honda]], Japanese voice actress\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Graham Norton Crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Graham\n        Norton]]]]\\n[[File:Rafael Correa in France (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rafael\n        Correa]]]]\\n[[File:Julian Lennon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julian Lennon]]]]\\n[[File:Dean\n        Norris by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dean Norris]]]]\\n[[File:Kasparov-34.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Garry\n        Kasparov]]]]\\n[[File:Joel Murray Deauville 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joel Murray]]]]\\n[[File:Conan\n        O''Brien by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Conan O''Brien]]]]\\n[[File:Jet\n        Li 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jet Li]]]]\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Karl Beattie]],\n        British director, husband of [[Yvette Fielding]]\\n** [[Criss Oliva]], American\n        metal guitarist ([[Savatage]]) (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Jack Del\n        Rio]], American football player and coach\\n** [[Dale Hawerchuk]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Graham Norton]], Irish comedian and talk show host\\n**\n        [[Frank Yallop]], Canadian footballer\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Rafael Correa]],\n        [[President of Ecuador]]\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Julian Lennon]], British\n        musician, son of [[John Lennon]]\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Joe Scarborough]],\n        American newscaster\\n* [[April 10]] \\n** [[Warren DeMartini]], American rock\n        guitarist\\n** [[Doris Leuthard]], Swiss politician and lawyer\\n** [[Dean Norris]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Chris Ferguson]], American poker\n        player\\n* [[April 12]] \\n** [[Michael English (American singer)|Michael English]],\n        American Christian musician\\n** [[Tracy Camilla Johns]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Ai Orikasa]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Garry Kasparov]], Russian chess player\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Beata Szyd\\u0142o]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Jimmy Osmond]], American\n        singer\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Joel Murray]], American actor\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[Eric McCormack]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Conan O''Brien]], American\n        television entertainer and talk show host\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Valerie\n        Plame]], former United States CIA Operations officer\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Ken\n        Caminiti]], American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Roy Dupuis]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[April 24]] – [[T\\u00f5nu Trubetsky]], Estonian rock musician\n        ([[Vennaskond]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Pascal of Bollywood]], French singer\\n*\n        [[April 26]]\\n** [[Jet Li]], Chinese martial artist and actor\\n** [[Colin\n        Scotts]], Australian-born American football player\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Russell\n        T. Davies]], Welsh television producer and writer\\n** [[Cali Timmins]], Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Mike Babcock]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Michael Waltrip]], American race car driver\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Mike Myers David Shankbone 2010 NYC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike\n        Myers]]]]\\n[[File:Viktor Orb\\u00e1n 2016-02-17.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Viktor Orb\\u00e1n]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Benjamin LaGuer]], American prisoner proclaiming innocence\n        for more than two decades\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Ray Traylor]], American professional\n        wrestler (\\\"Big Boss Man\\\") (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[James LaBrie]],\n        Canadian vocalist ([[Dream Theater]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Gary Daniels]],\n        British martial artist and actor\\n* [[May 10]] – [[A. Raja]], Indian\n        politician\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Natasha Richardson]], English actress (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Jerry Trimble]], American actor and martial\n        artist\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Jon Coffelt]], American artist\\n** [[Mercedes Echerer]],\n        Austrian actress and politician\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Wally Dallenbach Jr.]],\n        American race car driver and announcer\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Michael Chabon]],\n        American author\\n** [[Joe Dumars]], American basketball player\\n** [[Rich\n        Rodriguez]], American football coach\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Mike Myers]], Canadian\n        actor and comedian\\n** [[Eha R\\u00fcnne]], Estonian shot putter and discus\n        thrower\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Clive Cowdery]], English insurance entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Musetta Vander]], South African actress\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Lisa Whelchel]],\n        American actress, singer and writer\\n** [[Tracey E. Bregman]], American actress\n        and designer\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Viktor Orb\\u00e1n]], [[Prime Minister of\n        Hungary]]\\n** [[Wesley Willis]], American outsider musician (d. [[2003]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Lopatka\n        Cazeneuve (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bernard Cazeneuve]]]]\\n[[File:JohnnyDeppHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny\n        Depp]]]]\\n[[File:HelenHunt@ambiente2015.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Helen Hunt]]]]\\n[[File:George_Michael_02_(cropped_4).jpg|thumb|100px|[[George\n        Michael]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[David Westhead]], English actor and producer\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Sean Fitzpatrick]], New Zealand rugby union player\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – [[Joe Rud\\u00e1n]], Hungarian heavy metal singer\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Jason Isaacs]], British actor\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Johnny\n        Depp]], American actor and film director\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Warwick Capper]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Tim DeKay]], American character actor\\n**\n        [[Jerry Lynn]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Bettina\n        Bunge]], German tennis player\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Rambo Amadeus]], Montenegrin\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Helen Hunt]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[The Sandman (wrestler)|The Sandman]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Greg Kinnear]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Juan Chioran]], Argentine-Canadian actor\\n** [[Rumen Radev]], [[President\n        of Bulgaria]]\\n** [[Bruce Smith (defensive end)|Bruce Smith]], American football\n        player\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Amir Derakh]], American musician\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Tiger Huang]], Taiwanese popular singer\\n** [[Ignasius Jonan]],\n        Indonesian Minister \\n** [[Rene Medve\\u0161ek]], Croatian actor\\n** [[Jan\n        Pinkava]], Czech director and writer\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Randy Couture]],\n        American [[mixed martial arts]] fighter\\n** [[Hokutoumi Nobuyoshi]], Japanese\n        sumo wrestler \\n** [[John Tenta]], Canadian wrestler (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[Marianne Berglund]], Swedish former road racing cyclinst\\n** [[Laureen\n        Harper]], wife of Prime Minister of Canada [[Stephen Harper]]\\n** [[Shin Ji-ho]],\n        South Korean politician\\n** [[Liu Cixin]], Chinese science fiction writer\\n**\n        [[Colin Montgomerie]], Scottish golfer\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Preki]], Serbia-born\n        American footballer\\n** [[S\\u00fckhbaataryn Batbold]], Mongolian politician\\n**\n        [[Mike Wieringo]], American comic-book artist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jascha Richter]],\n        Danish single and songwriter, frontman of [[Michael Learns to Rock]]\\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Doug Gilmour]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Yann Martel]], Canadian\n        author\\n** [[George Michael]], British pop musician, lead singer of [[Wham!]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Mikhail Khodorkovsky]], Russian businessman,\n        activist and former oligarch\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Anne-Sophie Mutter]], German\n        violinist\\n** [[Thomas W. Gabrielsson]], Swedish actor\\n* [[June 30]] \\n**\n        [[Rupert Graves]], English actor\\n** [[Yngwie Malmsteen]], Swedish guitarist,\n        composer, and bandleader\\n** [[Jaddy Simai Jaddy]], Tanzanian CCM politician\\n**\n        [[Paul Newallo]], Trinidad and Tobago swimmer\\n** [[Vladimir Vermezovi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian football former player and current coach\\n** [[Mark Bourneville]],\n        New Zealander rugby league player\\n** [[In-Jin Yoon]], South Korean sociologist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Brigitte\n        Nielsen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brigitte Nielsen]]]]\\n[[File:Phoebe Cates at 81st\n        Academy Awards.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Phoebe Cates]]]]\\n[[File:Matti Nyk\\u00e4nen\n        2014-01-30 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matti Nyk\\u00e4nen]]]]\\n[[File:Panama.MartinTorrijos.01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mart\\u00edn\n        Torrijos]]]]\\n[[File:Lisa Kudrow 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lisa Kudrow]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Kenneth Erskine]], British serial killer\\n** [[Rick Hunolt]], American\n        heavy metal guitarist\\n** [[Igor Zhelezovski]], Belarusian speed skater\\n**\n        [[Zhang Zhicheng]], Chinese fencer\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Christopher G.\n        Kennedy]], son of [[Attorney General]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\\n* [[July 6]]\n        – [[Miguel Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina]], Basque separatist\\n* [[July 7]]\\n**\n        [[Vonda Shepard]], American pop/rock singer, songwriter, and actress\\n** [[Doug\n        Dunakey]], American professional golfer\\n** [[Ferm\\u00edn Alvarado Arroyo]],\n        Mexican politician\\n** [[Janni Larsen]], Danish female darts player\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Larra\\u00f1aga]], Peruvian swimmer\\n** [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]],\n        Indian filmmaker and screenwriter\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Luis de Jes\\u00fas Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Dominican attorney, businessman, and entrepreneur\\n** [[Dmitry Pevtsov]],\n        Russian actor\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Fatemeh Goudarzi]], Iranian actress\\n**\n        [[Ian Lougher]], British motorcycle racer\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Lisa Rinna]],\n        American actress\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Spud Webb]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Brigitte Nielsen]], Danish actress\\n** [[Joy\n        Smithers]], Australian actress\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Phoebe Cates]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Mikael Pernfors]], Swedish professional tennis player\\n* [[July\n        17]]\\n** [[Suha Arafat]], widow of [[Yasser Arafat]]\\n** King [[Letsie III\n        of Lesotho]]\\n** [[Regina Belle]], American singer\\u2013songwriter and actress\\n**\n        [[Matti Nyk\\u00e4nen]], Finnish ski jumper\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Mart\\u00edn\n        Torrijos]], [[President of Panama]]\\n** [[Al Snow]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Giant Silva]], Brazilian former national\n        basketball player for the Brazilian national basketball team and later mixed\n        martial artist and professional wrestler\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Emilio Butrague\\u00f1o]],\n        Spanish football player\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Julie Krone]], American jockey\\n**\n        [[Karl Malone]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Donnie\n        Yen]], Hong Kong actor and martial artist\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Beverley\n        Craven]], British singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** [[Jim Beglin]], Irish\n        football commentator\\n** [[Graham Poll]], English football referee\\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Lisa Kudrow]], American actress\\n** [[Chris Mullin (basketball)|Chris\n        Mullin]], American basketball player and executive\\n** [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]\n        (aka Yasmeen Joseph), Indian Bollywood actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:JamesHetfield2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Hetfield]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Strong (Berlin Film Festival 2011).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark\n        Strong]]]]\\n[[File:Sridevi05.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sridevi]]]]\\n[[File:Emmanuelle\n        B\\u00e9art Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emmanuelle B\\u00e9art]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Stamos at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Stamos]]]]\\n[[File:King Mohammed\n        VI.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mohammed VI of Morocco]]]]\\n[[File:Hideo Kojima 20100702\n        Japan Expo 1.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Hideo Kojima]]]]\\n[[File:Miroslav Cerar (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Miro\n        Cerar]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**[[Demi\\u00e1n Bichir]], Mexican actor\\n**[[Coolio]],\n        African-American rapper\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Laura Bennett]], American\n        fashion designer\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Tasmin Archer]], English singer\\n**\n        [[James Hetfield]], American musician ([[Metallica]])\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**[[Mark\n        Strong]], English actor\\n**[[Doris Schr\\u00f6der-K\\u00f6pf]], German journalist\n        and  wife of German chancellor [[Gerhard Schr\\u00f6der]]\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Kevin Mitnick]], American computer hacker\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Ramon Estevez]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Hiroaki Hirata]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Harold Perrineau]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Wendy van der Plank]], Welsh actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n**\n        [[Rica Fukami]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Emi Shinohara]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n** [[Stephen Walkom]], Canadian ice hockey official and executive\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Whitney Houston]], African-American singer (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – [[Andrew Sullivan]], British-born American blogger and\n        political commentator\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Sridevi]], Indian actress\\n**\n        [[Steve Higgins]], American writer, producer, announcer, actor, and comedian\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Emmanuelle B\\u00e9art]], French actress\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** [[Alejandro Gonz\\u00e1lez I\\u00f1\\u00e1rritu]], Mexican film director,\n        producer and screenwriter\\n** [[Valery Levaneuski]], entrepreneur, politician,\n        former political prisoner\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Christine Cavanaugh]],\n        American voice actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[James Whitbourn]],\n        British composer\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Heino Ferch]], German actor\\n*\n        [[August 19]]\\n** [[John Stamos]], American actor\\n** [[Joey Tempest]], Swedish\n        singer-songwriter ([[Europe (band)|Europe]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\n** [[Richmond\n        Arquette]], American actor\\n** King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco]]\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Tori Amos]], American singer\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Gl\\u00f3ria\n        Pires]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Hans-Henning Fastrich]], German field hockey\n        player\\n** [[Park Chan-wook]], South Korean film director and screenwriter\n        \\n** [[Kenny Wallace]], American race car driver\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Hideo Kojima]], Japanese director, screenwriter, video\n        game designer and video game producer\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Miro Cerar]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]]\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Liu Huan]], Chinese\n        singer\\n** [[Michael Tao]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Chiklis]], American actor\\n** [[Phil Mills]], British race car driver\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Todd Carty]], Irish actor\\n** [[Egyptian Lover]], African-American\n        rapper, DJ and producer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Eazy-E.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eazy-E]]]]\\n[[File:Dan\n        Povenmire Comic-Con 2009.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Dan Povenmire]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Carola Smit]], Dutch musician\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Geert\n        Wilders]], Dutch politician\\n* [[September 7]]\\n**[[Eazy-E]], African-American\n        rapper (d. [[1995]])\\n**[[Karen Dianne Baldwin]], [[Miss Universe 1982]]\\n*\n        [[September 8]] – [[Li Ning]], Chinese gymnast\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        [[Markus Wasmeier]], German alpine-skier\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Randy\n        Johnson]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Joey Dedio]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Norberto Barba]], American cinematographer\n        and film director\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Robert Herjavec]], Canadian\n        businessman, investor, and television personality\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Stephen C. Spiteri]], Maltese military historian\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Richard Marx]], American pop/rock singer\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Masahiro\n        Chono]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**[[Christopher\n        Heyerdahl]], Canadian actor\\n**[[Dan Povenmire]], American animator and voice\n        actor\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jarvis Cocker]], English rock musician ([[Pulp\n        (band)|Pulp]])\\n** [[David Seaman]], English football goalkeeper\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Cecil Fielder]], American baseball player\\n** [[Angus Macfadyen]],\n        Scottish actor\\n** [[Mamoru Samuragochi]], Japanese impostor\\n* [[September\n        28]] \\n** [[Steve Blackman]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Elliot\n        Levine]], Keyboardist ([[Heatwave]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Dave Andreychuk]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Les Claypool]], American bassist ([[Primus (band)|Primus]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Elisabeth\n        Shue at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elisabeth Shue]]]]\\n[[File:Norm\n        Macdonald.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Norm Macdonald]]]]\\n[[File:FarinUrlaub credit\n        JoergSteinmetz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Farin Urlaub]]]]\\n[[File:Lauren Holly lf.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lauren\n        Holly]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah Brown 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah Jane Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny\n        Marr University of Salford 2012 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny Marr]]]]\\n[[File:Rob\n        Schneider, USO tour, Nov 16 2001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rob Schneider]]]]\\n* [[October\n        1]] – [[Mark McGwire]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**\n        Dame [[Laura Davies]], English golfer\\n** [[Ronni Le Tekr\\u00f8]], Norwegian\n        guitarist ([[TNT (band)|TNT]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Elisabeth Shue]],\n        American actress\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Anita Mui]], Hong Kong singer (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n** [[Daniel Pearl]], American journalist (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Jolanda\n        de Rover]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Mabi de Almeida]], Angolan\n        professional football coach (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Lane Frost]], American rodeo\n        champion (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Satoshi Kon]], Japanese anime director (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Dave Legeno]], English actor and mixed martial artist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October\n        14]]\\n** [[Alan McDonald (association football)|Alan McDonald]], Northern\n        Irish footballer\\n** [[Lori Petty]], American actress, director, and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Norm Macdonald]], Canadian comedian\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[Sinitta]], Anglo-US singer\\n* [[October 20]] – [[John\n        Storg\\u00e5rds]], Finnish conductor and violinist\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Brian Boitano]], American figure skater\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Thomas Di\n        Leva]], Swedish singer\\n** [[Wilson Yip]], Hong Kong actor and director\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – [[John Lev\\u00e9n]], Swedish bassist ([[Europe (band)|Europe]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]]\\n** [[Natalie Merchant]], American singer, songwriter, and\n        musician\\n** [[Ted Demme]], American director and producer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]] \\n** [[Johnny Adair]], Northern Irish/Ulster loyalist\\n** [[Feyyaz\n        U\\u00e7ar]], Turkish footballer\\n** [[Farin Urlaub]], German singer, band\n        [[Die \\u00c4rzte]]\\n** [[Marla Maples]], American actress and television personality\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Lauren Holly]], American actress\\n* [[October 30]]\n        – [[Kristina Wagner]], American actress\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Sarah\n        Jane Brown]], wife of British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]]\\n** [[Johnny\n        Marr]], English musician\\n** [[Fred McGriff]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Dermot Mulroney]], American actor\\n** [[Rob Schneider]], American actor,\n        comedian, and film director\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Gabby Concepcion at\n        the KC Concepcion Live US Concert Tour, November 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gabby\n        Concepcion]]]]\\n[[File:Nicollette Sheridan at the Beowulf premiere.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicollette\n        Sheridan]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Rick Allen (drummer)|Rick Allen]], British\n        rock musician ([[Def Leppard]])\\n** [[Mark Hughes]], Welsh football player\n        & manager\\n** [[Katja Riemann]], German actress\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Dall]], American rock bassist ([[Poison (American band)|Poison]])\\n** [[Craig\n        Saavedra]], American filmmaker\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Lena Zavaroni]],\n        Scottish entertainer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Gabby Concepcion]],\n        Filipino actor\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Rozz Williams]], American singer\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[John Barnes (footballer)|John Barnes]],\n        Jamaican-born English footballer\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Paul Butcher\n        (American football)|Paul Butcher]], American football linebacker\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Hugh Bonneville]], British actor\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[Kip James]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Vinny\n        Testaverde]], American football player\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Benny\n        Elias]], Australian rugby player\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Dante Bichette]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Terry Farrell (actress)|Terry\n        Farrell]], American actress\\n** [[Jon Potter]], British field hockey player\\n**\n        [[Peter Schmeichel]], Danish football player\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Nicollette\n        Sheridan]], English actress\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Winsor Harmon]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Troy Hurtubise]], Canadian inventor\\n**\n        [[Yoshino Takamori]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Holly\n        Cole]], Canadian jazz singer\\n** [[Bernie Kosar]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Kevin Chamberlin]], American actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jcvarela.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Juan\n        Carlos Varela]]]]\\n[[File:Benjamin Bratt - parade Grand Master.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benjamin\n        Bratt]]]]\\n[[File:Brad Pitt Fury 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brad Pitt]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer\n        Beals at GLAAD Awards cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jennifer Beals]]]]\\n[[File:TilSchweiger\n        2009 Toronto International Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Til Schweiger]]]]\\n[[File:Joel\n        Gretsch by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joel Gretsch]]]]\\n[[File:LarsUlrichComicCon.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Lars\n        Ulrich]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Ann Patchett]], American novelist\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Terri Schiavo]], American right-to-die cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Sergey Bubka]], Ukrainian pole vaulter\\n*\n        [[December 7]] \\n** [[Mark Bowen (footballer)|Mark Bowen]], Welsh footballer\\n**\n        [[Paul Dobson (actor)|Paul Dobson]], British voice actor\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Greg Howe]], American guitarist\\n** [[Toshiaki Kawada]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[December 9]] – [[B\\u00e1rbara Palacios]], [[Miss Universe\n        1986]]\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Juan Carlos Varela]], Panamian politician\n        and 37th [[President of Panama]]\\n** [[Ai Orikasa]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[December 13]]\\n** [[Uwe-Jens Mey]], German speed skater\\n** [[Jake White]],\n        South African rugby coach\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Cynthia Gibb]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Vytautas Juozapaitis]], Lithuanian baritone, professor and television\n        host\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Benjamin Bratt]], American actor\\n** [[Jeff\n        Carson]], American singer\\n** [[B\\u00e4rbel Sch\\u00e4fer]], German television\n        presenter and talk show host\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Pauline Ester]], French\n        singer\\n** [[Rikiya Koyama]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Charles Oakley]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Brad Pitt]], American actor and film producer,\n        co-founder of [[Plan B Entertainment]]\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[Jennifer\n        Beals]], American actress\\n** [[Til Schweiger]], German actor\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Joel Gretsch]], American actor \\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Govinda\n        Ahuja]], Indian actor and politician\\n** [[Jacques Simonet]], Belgian politician\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Vladdo|Vladimir Fl\\u00f3rez]], Colombian\n        cartoonist\\n** [[Bryan Gunn]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[Russell Lewis]],\n        British television writer and former child actor\\n** [[Luna H. Mitani]], Japanese-American\n        Surrealist painter\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Jim Harbaugh]], American football\n        player and coach\\n** [[Jess Harnell]], American voice actor\\n** [[Donna Tartt]],\n        American author\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Sanjay Mehrotra]], Indian entrepreneur\n        \\n* [[December 26]] – [[Lars Ulrich]], Danish rock drummer ([[Metallica]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Francisco Bustamante]], Filipino billiard player\\n**\n        [[Sean Payton]], American football coach\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Kim\n        Hill (singer)|Kim Hill]], American Christian singer\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Wei Brian]], Chinese entrepreneur\\n* [[Gregory Henriquez]], Canadian architect\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Sylvanus\n        Olympio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sylvanus Olympio]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad Ali of Bogra.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mohammad\n        Ali Bogra]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Frost NYWTS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Frost]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Filippo Del Giudice]], Italian film producer (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Robert S. Kerr]], American businessman and politician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Jack Carson]], Canadian actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Al Mamaux]], professional\n        baseball player and manager (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Dick Powell]], American actor\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Rogers Hornsby]], American baseball player,\n        ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Erik Strandmark]], Swedish film actor (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n**\n        [[Frank Tuttle]], American film director (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Stark Young]],\n        American teacher, playwright, novelist, painter, literary critic, and essayist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Erik Lundqvist]], Swedish athlete\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Boris Morros]], American movie producer\n        and FBI double agent (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Jack Okey]], American art director\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Kay Sage]], American poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – [[Enea Bossi, Sr.]], Italian-born American aerospace engineer and\n        aviation pioneer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Franz Planer]],\n        European film cinematographer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Arthur\n        Nock]], English classicist, theologian, and [[Harvard University]] professor\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Sonny Clark]], American jazz pianist\n        (b. [[1931]])\\n** [[Sylvanus Olympio]], Togolese politician, 1st [[President\n        of Togo]] (assassinated) (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n G\\u00f3mez de la Serna]],\n        Spanish writer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Gustav Regler]],\n        German Socialist novelist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Cesare\n        Fantoni]], Italian actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Gilardo Gilardi]],\n        Argentine composer, pianist, and conductor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Mario Ruspoli,\n        2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Hugh Gaitskell]],\n        British politician, leader of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh]], British mathematician (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Fyodor Terentyev]], Soviet Olympic cross-country skiier (b.\n        [[1925]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Al St. John]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]]\\n** [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]], Pakistani statesman, politician\n        and diplomat, 3rd [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Gos\\u0142awski (sculptor)|J\\u00f3zef Gos\\u0142awski]], Polish sculptor and\n        medallic artist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Otto Harbach]], American\n        lyricist and librettist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Kenneth Western]], part of The\n        Western Brothers (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Marion Sunshine]],\n        American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Ole Olsen (comedian)|Ole\n        Olsen]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Jean Piccard]],\n        Swiss-born chemist and engineer (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Evelyn Francisco]], silent\n        film actress (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[John Farrow]], American\n        film director (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Anthony Coldeway]], American\n        screenwriter (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Robert Frost]], American poet (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Lee Meadows]], professional baseball player (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Jane Gail]], American silent movie and stage actress (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Cecil\n        McGivern]], British broadcasting executive and writer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Francis\n        Poulenc]], French composer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Alasgar Alakbarov]],\n        Azerbaijani actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Ossie Vitt]], professional baseball\n        player and manager (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Qasim in uniform.png|thumbnail|110px|[[Abd\n        al-Karim Qasim]]]]\\n[[File:Fernando Tambroni-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fernando\n        Tambroni]]]]\\n[[File:Food Minister Rajendra Prasad during a radio broadcast\n        in Dec 1947 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rajendra Prasad]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Louis D. Lighton]], American screenwriter and producer (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Wyndham Standing]], English actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[William Gaxton]], star of vaudeville, film, and theatre (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]] \\n** [[Abd el-Krim]], Riffian political and military leader\n        (b. [[1882/83]])\\n** [[Piero Manzoni]], Italian artist (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[February\n        8]]\\n** [[George Dolenz]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Ernst Glaeser]],\n        German writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]],\n        Iraqi general, 24th [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] (executed) (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Sylvia Plath]], American poet and novelist (b. [[1932]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n** [[Edgardo Donato]], Uruguayan tango composer and orchestra\n        leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Louis J. Gasnier]], French film director (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Bump Hadley]], Major League Baseball pitcher (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Else Jarlbak]], Danish film actress (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        Lajtha]], Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist and conductor (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]]\\n** [[Monte Blue]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Beppe\n        Fenoglio]], Italian writer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Tokugawa Iemasa]], Japanese\n        politician, 17th head of the former [[Tokugawa shogunate]] (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Fernando Tambroni]], Italian politician and 36th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n** Patriarch [[Zareh I]] (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Benny Mor\\u00e9]], Cuban singer (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ferenc\n        Fricsay]], Hungarian conductor (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Jacob Gade]], Danish violinist\n        and composer (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Bill Hinchman]], American professional baseball\n        player (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Arthur Guy Empey]], British\n        soldier, author, screenwriter, and actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 24]]\n        – [[Herbert Asbury]], American journalist and writer (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Rajendra Prasad]], Indian politician, 1st [[President\n        of India]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Eppa Rixey]], American baseball player ([[Cincinnati\n        Reds]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Irish Meusel]], American professional baseball player\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[William Carlos Williams]], American\n        writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Patsy Cline]], American singer [[plane\n        crash]] (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Cowboy Copas]], American country music singer\n        [[plane crash]] (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Ludde Gentzel]], Swedish film actor (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n** [[Hawkshaw Hawkins]], American country music singer [[plane\n        crash]] (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Cyril Smith (actor)|Cyril Smith]], Scottish actor\n        [[heart attack]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Robert E. Cornish]],\n        scientist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Joachim Holst-Jensen]], Norwegian\n        film actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Ignat Bednarik]], Romanian\n        painter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Joe Judge]], American professional baseball player\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\n** [[Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[William Beveridge]], British economist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]]\\n** [[Thomas Lennon (screenwriter, born 1896)|Thomas Lennon]],\n        screenwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Lizzie Miles]], African American blues singer\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Hubert Gough]], British general (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Wanda Hawley]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Manuel\n        Arteaga y Betancourt]], Cuban cardinal (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Felice Minotti]], Italian film actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Cilly\n        Aussem]], German tennis champion (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Abraham Ellstein]], American\n        composer for Yiddish entertainments (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Mih\\u00e1ly Sz\\u00e9kely]],\n        Hungarian bass singer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Thoralf Skolem]],\n        Norwegian mathematician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Felix Adler\n        (screenwriter)|Felix Adler]], American screenwriter (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Jean Bruce]], French writer (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        [[Harry Piel]], German actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Antoine Balp\\u00eatr\\u00e9]], French film\n        actor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Frank J. Marion]], American motion picture pioneer\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Alec Templeton]], Welsh composer, pianist and satirist\n        \\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Pola Gojawiczy\\u0144ska]], Polish writer (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Wilcy Moore]], American professional baseball player (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Henry\n        Bordeaux]], French writer and lawyer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 31]] –\n        [[Harry Akst]], American songwriter (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:AlmaRichards.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alma\n        Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Catanoso.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Gaetano Catanoso]]]]\\n[[File:Felix\n        Manalo 2014 stamp of the Philippines.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Felix Manalo]]]]\\n[[File:Yitzhak\n        Ben-Zvi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Agnes\n        Mowinckel]], Norwegian actress and stage producer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Alma Richards]], American Olympic gold medalist (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Gaetano Catanoso]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and\n        saint (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jason Robards, Sr.]], American stage and screen\n        actor, [[heart attack]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Oskari Tokoi]], leader of the\n        Social Democratic Party of Finland (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Mario\n        Fabrizi]], comedian and actor, [[Stress (biology)|stress]]-related illness\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Otto Struve]], Russian\\u2013American astronomer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Amedeo Maiuri]], Neapolitan archaeologist (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]]\\n** [[Eddie Edwards (musician)|Eddie Edwards]], American jazz\n        trombonist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Benno Moiseiwitsch]], Jewish-Ukrainian pianist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Xul Solar]], Argentine painter, sculptor, writer (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Nando Bruno]], Italian film actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]]\\n** [[Felix Manalo]], 1st Executive Minister, Iglesia ni Cristo\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Herbie Nichols]], American jazz pianist and composer (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Abdel Messih El-Makari]], Egyptian [[Coptic\n        Orthodox]] monk, priest and saint (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Arthur Jonath]], German\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Kod\\u014d Nomura]], Japanese novelist\n        and music critic (b. [[1882]])\\n** Mahapandit [[Rahul Sankrityayan]], Indian\n        historian, writer, and scholar (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Guy\n        Edward Hearn|Edward Hearn]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 23]]\\n**\n        [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]], Israel historian and politician, 2nd [[President of Israel]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Ferruccio Cerio]], Italian film writer and director (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n** [[Paul Fejos]], Hungarian film director (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Harry\n        Harper]], professional baseball player (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Don C. Harvey]],\n        American television and film actor, [[cardiac arrest]] (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Frederick\n        Peters (actor)|Frederick Peters]], American film actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Rino Corso Fougier]], Italian air force general (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Leonid Lukov]], Soviet film director and screenwriter (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] – [[Christopher Hassall]], English actor, dramatist, librettist,\n        lyricist, and poet (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Roland Pertwee]],\n        English playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Kenneth Macgowan]], American film producer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]]\\n** [[Giovanni Grasso]], Italian film actor (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[William C. Mellor]], American cinematographer, [[heart attack]] (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Bryant Washburn]], American film actor, [[heart attack]] (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bobby\n        Kerr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Kerr (athlete)|Robert Kerr]]]]\\n[[File:MehdiFrasheri.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mehdi\n        Frasheri]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Lope K. Santos]], Filipino writer, Father\n        of [[Filipino language|Philippine National Language and Grammar]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Van Wyck Brooks]], American literary critic and writer\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Mohamed Khemisti]], [[Minister of Foreign\n        Affairs of Algeria]] (assassinated) (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Monty\n        Woolley]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\n** [[Theodore von K\\u00e1rm\\u00e1n]],\n        Hungarian-American engineer and physicist (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Max Miller (comedian)|Max\n        Miller]], British music hall performer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]], American physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Kerr (athlete)|Robert Kerr]], Canadian Olympic athlete (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[A.\n        W. Tozer]], American Protestant pastor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Ernie Davis]], American football player, first African-American to win the\n        [[Heisman Trophy]] (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Elmore James]], American\n        blues guitarist (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Mehdi Frash\\u00ebri]],\n        Albanian politician, 15th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Netta Muskett]], British novelist (b. 1887)\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Edith Hamilton]], German-born author (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Pope\n        John XXIII - 1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope John XXIII]]]]\\n[[File:Madre Lupita.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maria\n        Guadalupe Garcia Zavala]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Pope John XXIII]] (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[N\\u00e2z\\u0131m Hikmet]], Turkish poet (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[William Baziotes]], American painter (b. [[1912]])       \\n* [[June 7]]\n        – [[ZaSu Pitts]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Antony\n        Thachuparambil]], Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] priest and servant of God\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Jacques Villon]], French painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June\n        10]] – [[Anita King]], American actress and race-car driver (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]]\\n** [[Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c]], Vietnamese Buddhist\n        monk (suicide) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Syed Abdul Rahim]], First Indian national\n        football manager (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Alfred V. Kidder]], American archaeologist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\n** [[Medgar Evers]], African-American civil\n        rights activist (b. [[1925]]) \\n** [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham\n        of Hyndhope|Andrew Cunningham]], British admiral (b. [[1883]]) \\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n**[[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Alan Brooke]], British Field\n        Marshal (b. [[1883]])\\n**[[Robert James Hudson]], [[Governor of Southern Rhodesia]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[John Cowper Powys]], novelist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Pedro Armend\\u00e1riz]], Mexican actor (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[Maria Guadalupe Garcia Zavala]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]]\n        religious professed and saint (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[John\n        Maurice Clark]], American economist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Frank\n        Baker]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        Sultan [[Abdullah bin Khalifa of Zanzibar]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[July 6]] –\n        [[George, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Teddy Wakelam]], English sports broadcaster\n        and rugby union player (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Slatan Dudow]],\n        Bulgarian film director (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Carlos Manuel\n        Rodr\\u00edguez Santiago]], Puerto Rican [[Roman Catholic]] layperson and blessed\n        (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Jack Solomon]], American restaurateur\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Georges Braque, 1908, photograph published\n        in Gelett Burgess, The Wild Men of Paris, Architectural Record, May 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georges\n        Braque]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Theodore Roethke]], American poet (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Oliver La Farge]], American writer (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Tom Keene (actor)|Tom Keene]], American\n        actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy]], American\n        infant son of President and Mrs. Kennedy\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Estes\n        Kefauver]], American politician (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Clem\n        Bevans]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Clifford\n        Odets]], American playwright (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Richard\n        Barthelmess]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Joan\n        Vo\\u00fbte]], Dutch astronomer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[William\n        Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield]], British businessman and a philanthropist\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Larry Keating]], American actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[James Kirkwood, Sr.]], American film\n        director (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], American\n        civil rights activist (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi]], Indian\n        founder of the Khaksar Movement (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Guy\n        Burgess]], British spy, one of the [[Cambridge Five]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[Georges Braque]], French painter (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Linkomies\n        1960.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edwin Linkomies]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Louis\n        MacNeice]], Irish poet (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Robert Schuman]],\n        French statesman, a [[Founding fathers of the European Union|founding father\n        of the European Union]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Edwin Linkomies]],\n        25th [[Prime Minister of Finland]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Suzanne Duchamp]], French painter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Eduardo Barrios]],  Chilean writer and poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] – [[Modest Altschuler]], Belarus-born American composer (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – [[Feng Zhanhai]], Chinese military leader and government\n        official (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Eduard Spranger]], German\n        philosopher and psychologist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[David\n        Low (cartoonist)|David Low]], New Zealand cartoonist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September\n        25]]\\n** [[Alexander Sakharoff]], Russian dancer and choreographer (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Kurt Zeitzler]], German Army officer (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-S01144, Berlin, Gustav Gr%C3%BCndgens als %27Hamlet%27.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustaf\n        Grundgens]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00c9dith Piaf 914-6440.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9dith\n        Piaf]]]] \\n[[File:Jean Cocteau b Meurisse 1923.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean Cocteau]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 4]] \\n** [[Lloyd Fredendall]], American general (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Kate Gordon Moore]], American psychologist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 7]]\n        – [[Gustaf Gr\\u00fcndgens]], German actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October\n        9]] – [[Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt]] (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[\\u00c9dith Piaf]], French singer and actress (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Jean Cocteau]], French writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October\n        15]] – [[Alan Goodrich Kirk]], American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Diana Churchill]], daughter of Winston Churchill (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Jean Decoux]], French admiral, [[Governor-General\n        of French Indochina]] (1940-1945) (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Karl\n        B\\u00fchler]], German psychologist and linguist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Beverly\n        Wills]], American actress (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\n** [[Roger D\\u00e9sormi\\u00e8re]],\n        French conductor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn \\u00de\\u00f3r\\u00f0arson]],\n        9th [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Adolphe Menjou]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 31]] –\n        [[Henry Daniell]], English actor (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ngo\n        Dinh Diem - Thumbnail - ARC 542189.png|thumb|110px|[[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ng\\u00f4\n        \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]]]]\\n[[File:John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        F. Kennedy]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Elsa Maxwell]], American gossip columnist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[L\\u00ea Quang Tung]], South Vietnamese military leader\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1923]]) \\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh\n        Di\\u1ec7m]], Vietnamese politician, 1st [[President of South Vietnam]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1901]]) \\n** [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Nhu]], South Vietnamese military\n        leader (assassinated) (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Carlos Magalh\\u00e3es\n        de Azeredo]], Brazilian poet and writer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        [[Luis Cernuda]], Spanish poet (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 12]]\\n**[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Gatica]], Argentine boxer (b. [[1925]])\\n**[[John R. Hodge]], United\n        States Army general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Fritz Reiner]],\n        Hungarian conductor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Albert H. Pearson]],\n        American politician (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Carmen Amaya]],\n        Spanish dancer (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Robert Stroud]],\n        American prisoner, known as the \\\"[[Birdman of Alcatraz]]\\\" (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Beiglb\\u00f6ck]], German [[Nazism|Nazi]] physician\n        at [[Dachau concentration camp]] (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Aldous Huxley]], British\n        writer (''''[[Brave New World]]'''') (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[John F. Kennedy]],\n        American politician, 35th [[President of the United States]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[C. S. Lewis]], Irish-born British critic, novelist (''''[[The\n        Chronicles of Narnia]]'''') and Christian apologist (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[J.\n        D. Tippit]], American [[police officer]] with the [[Dallas Police Department]]\n        (b. [[1924]]) \\n* [[November 24]] – [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], American\n        assassin of President John F. Kennedy (assassinated) (b. [[1939]])[[Warren\n        Commission]] Report.\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Amelita Galli-Curci]],\n        Italian opera singer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Ernesto Lecuona]],\n        Cuban composer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Phil Baker (comedian)|Phil\n        Baker]], American comedian and radio personality (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Cyril\n        Newall, 1st Baron Newall]], British Air Marshal and State servant, 6th [[Governor-General\n        of New Zealand]] (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        146-1983-098-20a, Heuss.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theodor Heuss]]]]\\n[[File:Hubert\n        Pierlot 1947.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hubert Pierlot]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Hindemith 1923.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul\n        Hindemith]]]]\\n* December – [[Andy Kennedy (footballer, born 1897)|Andy\n        Kennedy]], Northern Ireland footballer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 2]]\\n**\n        [[Sabu Dastagir]], Indian-American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Thomas Hicks\n        (athlete)|Thomas Hicks]], American runner (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 5]]\n        – [[Karl Amadeus Hartmann]], German composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December\n        10]] – [[K. M. Panikkar]], Indian scholar, diplomat and journalist (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Theodor Heuss]], German politician, 5th\n        [[President of Germany]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Yasujir\\u014d Ozu]], Japanese\n        filmmaker (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Hubert Pierlot]], Belgian\n        lawyer and jurist, 32nd [[Prime Minister of Belgium]], leader of the [[World\n        War II]] (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Dinah Washington]], African-American jazz/blues\n        singer (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Rikid\\u014dzan]], Korean-born\n        Japanese professional wrestler (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Jack\n        Hobbs]], English cricketer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Tristan\n        Tzara]], French poet (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Gorgeous George]],\n        American professional wrestler (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Hindemith]], German composer (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[A. J. Liebling]], American\n        journalist (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*[[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Eugene Wigner]], [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]],\n        and [[J. Hans D. Jensen]]\\n*[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Karl Ziegler]] and [[Giulio Natta]]\\n*[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Sir John Carew Eccles]], [[Alan Lloyd Hodgkin]], and\n        [[Andrew Huxley]]\\n*[[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Giorgos\n        Seferis]]\\n*[[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[International Committee\n        of the Red Cross]], League of Red Cross Societies\\n\\n==References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1963}}\\n\\n[[Category:1963|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:02Z\",\"lastrevid\":798562574,\"length\":86602,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963\"},\"34550\":{\"pageid\":34550,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1964\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T03:45:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1964}}\\n{{Events by month|1964}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1964}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1964}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1964}}\\n[[File:Lbj2.jpg|thumb|115px|right| [[January 8]]:\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''s [[War on Poverty]]]]\\n* January –\n        The [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] is dissolved.\\n* [[January 5]]\\n**\n        U.S. Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] announces that he will seek the Republican\n        nomination for President.\\n** In the first meeting between leaders of the\n        Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches since the [[15th century]], [[Pope Paul\n        VI]] and [[Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople]] meet in Jerusalem.\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – A British firm, the Leyland Motor Corp., announces the\n        sale of 450 buses to the Cuban government, challenging the United States blockade\n        of [[Cuba]].\\n* [[January 8]] – In his first State of the Union Address,\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] declares a \\\"[[War on Poverty]]\\\".\\n* [[January\n        9]] – ''''[[Martyrs'' Day (Panama)|Martyrs'' Day]]'''': Armed clashes\n        between United States troops and Panamanian civilians in the [[Panama Canal\n        Zone]] precipitate a major international crisis, resulting in the deaths of\n        21 Panamanians and 4 U.S. soldiers.\\n* [[January 10]] – ''''[[Introducing...\n        The Beatles]]'''' is released by Chicago''s Vee-Jay Records to get the jump\n        on Capitol Records'' release of ''''[[Meet the Beatles!]]'''', scheduled for\n        January 20. The two record companies fight over Vee-Jay''s release of this\n        album in court.\\n* [[January 11]] – [[United States Surgeon General]]\n        [[Luther Terry]] reports that smoking may be hazardous to one''s health (the\n        first such statement from the U.S. government).\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Zanzibar\n        Revolution]]: The predominantly Arab government of [[Zanzibar]] is overthrown\n        by African nationalist rebels; a United States Navy destroyer evacuates 61\n        U.S. citizens.\\n** Routine U.S. naval patrols of the [[South China Sea]] begin.\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – In [[Manchester, New Hampshire]], 14-year-old Pamela\n        Mason is murdered. Edward Coolidge is tried and convicted of the crime, but\n        the conviction is set aside by the landmark [[Fourth Amendment to the United\n        States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] case \\\"[[Coolidge v. New Hampshire|Coolidge\n        vs. New Hampshire]] (1971).\\\"\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** Musical ''''[[Hello, Dolly!\n        (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'''' opens in New York''s St. James Theatre.\\n**\n        [[John Glenn]], the first American to orbit the Earth, resigns from [[NASA]].\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\n** [[John Glenn]] announces that he will seek the Democratic\n        nomination for U.S. Senator from [[Ohio]].\\n** [[Roald Dahl]]''s ''''[[Charlie\n        and the Chocolate Factory]]'''' is published by [[Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.]]\n        in the United States. It will later be published by [[George Allen & Unwin]]\n        in the United Kingdom on November 23.\\n* [[January 18]] – Plans to build\n        the New York City [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] are\n        announced.\\n* [[January 20]] – ''''[[Meet the Beatles!]]'''', the first\n        [[Beatles]] album from [[Capitol Records]] in the United States, is released\n        ten days after Chicago''s [[Vee-Jay Records]] releases ''''[[Introducing...\n        The Beatles]]''''. The two record companies battle it out in court for months,\n        eventually coming to a conclusion.\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Kenneth Kaunda]]\n        is inaugurated as the first Prime Minister of [[Northern Rhodesia]].\\n* [[January\n        23]]\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] institutes the World Day of Prayer for Vocations.\n        During this celebration the Pope reminds the universal Church that still today\n        salvation comes to everyone. It continues to be celebrated every Fourth Sunday\n        of Easter also known as Good Shepherd Sunday.\\n** Thirteen years after its\n        proposal and nearly 2 years after its passage by the [[United States Senate]],\n        the [[24th Amendment to the United States Constitution]], prohibiting the\n        use of [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]]es in national elections, is ratified.\\n**\n        [[Arthur Miller]]''s [[After the Fall (play)|''''After the Fall'''']] opens\n        [[Off-Broadway]]. A semi-autobiographical work, it arouses controversy over\n        his portrayal of late ex-wife [[Marilyn Monroe]].\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** France\n        and the People''s Republic of China announce their decision to establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** U.S. Senator [[Margaret Chase Smith]], 66, announces her candidacy\n        for the Republican presidential nomination.\\n* [[January 28]] – A U.S.\n        Air Force jet training plane that strays into [[East Germany]] is shot down\n        by Soviet fighters near [[Erfurt]]; all 3 crew men are killed.\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\u2013[[February 9]] – The [[1964 Winter Olympics]] are held in\n        [[Innsbruck]], Austria.\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] launches\n        2 scientific [[satellite]]s, Elektron I and II, from a single rocket.\\n**\n        [[Ranger 6]] is launched by [[NASA]], on a mission to carry television cameras\n        and crash-land on the Moon.\\n* [[January 30]] – General [[Nguy\\u1ec5n\n        Kh\\u00e1nh]] leads a bloodless military coup d''\\u00e9tat, replacing [[D\\u01b0\\u01a1ng\n        V\\u0103n Minh]] as Prime Minister of South Vietnam.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|February 1964}}\\n* [[February 1]] – [[The Beatles]] vault to\n        the #1 spot on the U.S. singles charts for the first time, with \\\"[[I Want\n        to Hold Your Hand]]\\\", starting the [[British Invasion]] in America.\\n* [[February\n        3]] – Protesting against alleged de facto school [[racial segregation]],\n        Black and Puerto Rican groups in New York City boycott [[Public school (government\n        funded)|public schools]].\\n* [[February 4]] – The [[Federal government\n        of the United States|Government of the United States]] authorizes the [[Twenty-fourth\n        Amendment to the United States Constitution]], outlawing the [[Poll tax (United\n        States)|poll tax]].\\n* [[February 5]] – India backs out of its promise\n        to hold a plebiscite in the disputed territory of Kashmir. In 1948, India\n        had taken the issue of Kashmir to the United Nations Security Council and\n        offered to hold a plebiscite in the held Kashmir under UN supervision.\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – [[Cuba]] cuts off the normal water supply to the United\n        States [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]], in reprisal for the U.S. seizure 4 days\n        earlier of 4 Cuban fishing boats off the coast of [[Florida]].\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** A [[Jackson, Mississippi]], jury, trying [[Byron De La Beckwith]]\n        for the murder of [[Medgar Evers]] in June [[1963]], reports that it cannot\n        reach a verdict, resulting in a mistrial.\\n** [[The Beatles]] arrive from\n        England at New York City''s [[JFK International Airport]], receiving a tumultuous\n        reception from a throng of screaming fans, marking the first occurrence of\n        \\\"[[Beatlemania]]\\\" in the United States.\\n* [[February 9]] – [[The\n        Beatles]] appear on ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'''', marking their first\n        live performance on American television. Seen by an estimated 73 million viewers,\n        the appearance becomes the catalyst for the mid-1960s \\\"[[British Invasion]]\\\"\n        of American popular music.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** Greeks and Turks begin fighting\n        in [[Limassol]], [[Cyprus]].\\n** The [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) severs\n        diplomatic relations with France because of French recognition of the People''s\n        Republic of China.\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** ''''[[Wesberry v. Sanders]]''''\n        (376 US 1 1964): The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that [[Congress\n        of the United States|congressional]] districts have to be approximately equal\n        in population.\\n** Gabonese president [[L\\u00e9on M''ba]] is toppled by [[1964\n        Gabon coup d''\\u00e9tat|a military coup]] and his archrival, [[Jean-Hilaire\n        Aubame]], is installed in his place. However, French intervention restores\n        M''ba''s government the next day.\\n* [[February 23]] – Chrysler''s [[Chrysler\n        Hemi engine#426: The Elephant|second generation hemi]] racing engine debuts\n        at the [[1964 Daytona 500|Daytona 500]]. The 426 hemi-powered [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]]\n        of [[Richard Petty]] (#43) wins. Hemi-powered Plymouths finish 1-2-3.\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Cassius Clay]] (later [[Muhammad Ali]]) beats [[Sonny Liston]]\n        in [[Miami Beach, Florida]], and is [[Ali versus Liston|crowned the heavyweight\n        champion of the world]].\\n* [[February 26]] – U.S. politician [[John\n        Glenn]] slips on a bathroom rug in his [[Columbus, Ohio]], apartment and hits\n        his head on the bathtub, injuring his left inner ear, and prompting him (later\n        that week) to withdraw from the race for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic\n        Party]] Senate nomination.\\n* [[February 27]] – The government of Italy\n        asks for help to keep the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]] from toppling over.\\n*\n        [[February 29]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces that\n        the United States has developed a jet airplane (the [[YF-12A|A-11]]), capable\n        of sustained flight at more than {{convert|2,000|mi/h|km/h}} and of altitudes\n        of more than {{convert|70,000|ft|m}}.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{main article|March\n        1964}}\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Teamsters]] President [[Jimmy Hoffa]] is convicted\n        by a federal jury of tampering with a federal jury in [[1962]].\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]] becomes King of Greece,\n        upon the death of his father King [[Paul of Greece|Paul]].\\n** [[Malcolm X]],\n        suspended from the [[Nation of Islam]], says in New York City that he is forming\n        a black nationalist party.\\n** Boxer [[Cassius Clay]] announces the change\n        of his name to [[Muhammad Ali]].http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2016/06/muhammad_ali_changed_his_name_in_1964_newspapers_called_him_cassius_clay.html\\n*\n        [[March 9]]\\n** ''''[[New York Times Co. v Sullivan]]'''' (376 US 254 1964):\n        The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that under the [[First Amendment\n        to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]], speech criticizing political\n        figures cannot be censored.\\n** [[London Fisheries Convention]] signed, giving\n        signatories the right of full access to fishing grounds within 12 nautical\n        miles of the western European coastline.\\n** The first [[Ford Mustang]] rolls\n        off the [[assembly line]] at [[Ford Motor Company]].\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] military forces shoot down an unarmed reconnaissance bomber\n        that had strayed into [[East Germany]]; the 3 U.S. flyers parachute to safety.\\n**\n        [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], Ambassador to [[South Vietnam]], wins the [[New\n        Hampshire]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] primary.\\n* [[March\n        12]] – [[Malcolm X]] leaves the [[Nation of Islam]].\\n* [[March 13]]\n        – ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' misreports that 38 neighbors of [[Kitty\n        Genovese]], 28, fail to respond to her cries, as she is being stabbed to death\n        in Queens, New York City, prompting investigation into the [[bystander effect]].\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – A [[Dallas, Texas]], jury finds [[Jack Ruby]] guilty\n        of killing [[John F. Kennedy]] assassin [[Lee Harvey Oswald]].\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Richard Burton]] and [[Elizabeth Taylor]] marry (for the first\n        time) in [[Montreal]].\\n* [[March 18]] – Approximately 50 Moroccan students\n        [[1964 Moscow protest|broke into the embassy of Morocco in the Soviet Union]]\n        and staged an all\\u2010day [[sit-in]] protesting against sentencing of 11\n        people to death for the alleged assassination attempt of King [[Hassan II\n        of Morocco]].\\n* [[March 19]] – The American [[Jerrie Mock|Geraldine\n        Jerrie Mock]] is the first woman to fly solo around the world from March 19\n        to April 17.\\n* [[March 20]]\\u2013[[June 6]] – The first [[United Nations\n        Conference on Trade and Development]] takes place.\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        The precursor of the [[European Space Agency]], [[ESRO]] (European Space Research\n        Organization) is established per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – ''''Non ho l''et\\u00e0'''' by Gigliola Cinquetti (music\n        by [[Nicola Salerno]], text by [[Mario Panzeri]]) wins the [[Eurovision Song\n        Contest 1964]] for Italy.\\n* [[March 26]] – U.S. Defense Secretary [[Robert\n        McNamara]] delivers an address that reiterates American determination to give\n        South Vietnam increased military and economic aid, in its war against the\n        [[Communist]] insurgency.\\n* [[March 27]] ([[Good Friday]]) – The [[1964\n        Alaska earthquake|Great Alaskan earthquake]], the second most powerful known\n        (and the most powerful earthquake recorded in [[North America]]n history)\n        at a [[moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 9.2, strikes [[Southcentral Alaska]],\n        killing 125 people and inflicting massive damage to the city of [[Anchorage,\n        Alaska|Anchorage]].\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** King [[Saud of Saudi Arabia]] abdicates\n        the throne.\\n** [[Radio Caroline]] becomes the United Kingdom''s first [[Pirate\n        radio in the United Kingdom|\\\"Pirate\\\" radio]] station, broadcasting from\n        a ship anchored just outside UK [[territorial waters]] on the east coast.\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Merv Griffin]]''s game show ''''[[Jeopardy!]]'''' debuts\n        on [[NBC]]; [[Art Fleming]] is its first host.\\n* [[March 31]] – The\n        military overthrows [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]] [[Jo\\u00e3o\n        Goulart]] in a [[Brazilian military coup of 1964|coup]], starting 21 years\n        of [[Brazilian military dictatorship|dictatorship]] in Brazil. It ends in\n        [[1985]].\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main article|April 1964}}\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        Deployed military rule in [[Brazil]] ended the then government democratically\n        elected president [[Jo\\u00e3o Goulart]].\\n* [[April 2]] – Mrs. Malcolm\n        Peabody, 72, mother of [[Massachusetts]] Governor [[Endicott Peabody]], is\n        released on $450 bond after spending 2 days in a [[St. Augustine, Florida]],\n        jail, for participating in an anti-segregation demonstration there.\\n* [[April\n        4]]\\n** [[The Beatles]] hold the top 5 positions in the Billboard Top 40 singles\n        in America, an unprecedented achievement. The top songs in America as listed\n        on April 4, in order, are: [[Can''t Buy Me Love]], [[Twist and Shout]], [[She\n        Loves You]], [[I Want to Hold Your Hand]], and [[Please Please Me]].\\n** Three\n        high school friends in Hoboken, N.J., open the first [[Blimpie]] on Washington\n        Street.\\n[[File:Gemini 1.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[April 8]]: [[Gemini 1]]\n        launched.]]\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Jigme Palden Dorji]], premier of the\n        Himalayan kingdom of [[Bhutan]], is shot dead by an unidentified assassin\n        in Puncholing, near the Indian border.\\n* [[April 7]] – [[IBM]] announces\n        the [[System/360]].\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** Four of 5 railroad operating [[trade\n        union|union]]s strike against the Illinois Central Railroad without warning,\n        bringing to a head a 5-year dispute over railroad work rules.\\n** [[Gemini\n        1]] is launched, the first unmanned test of the 2-man spacecraft.\\n** ''''[[From\n        Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'''' premiers in U.S. movie\n        theaters.\\n* [[April 9]] – The [[United Nations Security Council]] adopts\n        by a 9\\u20130 vote a resolution deploring a British air attack on a fort in\n        [[Yemen]] 12 days earlier, in which 25 persons were reported killed.\\n* [[April\n        10]] – Demolition of the [[Polo Grounds]] sports stadium commences in\n        New York City.\\n* [[April 11]] – The Brazilian Congress elects Field\n        Marshal [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]] as President of [[Brazil]].\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – In [[Detroit]], [[Malcolm X]] delivers a speech entitled\n        \\\"The Ballot or the Bullet\\\"\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** The [[36th Academy Awards]]\n        ceremony is held.\\n** [[Sidney Poitier]] is the first African-American to\n        win an [[Academy Award]] in the category [[Best Actor in a Leading Role]]\n        in ''''[[Lilies of the Field (1963 film)|Lilies of the Field]]''''.\\n* [[April\n        14]] – A [[Delta rocket]]''s third-stage motor ignites prematurely in\n        an assembly room at [[Cape Canaveral]], killing 3.\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[The\n        Rolling Stones]] release their debut album, ''''[[The Rolling Stones (album)|The\n        Rolling Stones]]''''.\\n** Sentences totaling 307 years are passed on 12 men\n        who stole \\u00a32.6m in used bank notes, after holding up the night mail train\n        traveling from [[Glasgow]] to London in August 1963 – a heist that became\n        known as the [[Great Train Robbery (1963)|Great Train Robbery]].\\n* [[April\n        17]]\\n** In the United States, the [[Ford Mustang]] is officially unveiled\n        to the public.\\n** [[Shea Stadium]] opens in [[Flushing, New York]].\\n* [[April\n        19]] – In [[Laos]], the coalition government of Prince [[Souvanna Phouma]]\n        is deposed by a right-wing military group, led by Brig. Gen. [[Kouprasith\n        Abhay]]. Not supported by the U.S., the coup is ultimately unsuccessful, and\n        Souvanna Phouma is reinstated, remaining Prime Minister until [[1975]].\\n*\n        [[April 20]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] in New York, and Soviet\n        Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in Moscow, simultaneously announce plans to\n        cut back production of materials for making [[nuclear weapon]]s.\\n** [[Nelson\n        Mandela]] makes his \\\"I Am Prepared to Die\\\" speech at the opening of the\n        [[Rivonia Trial]], a key event for the anti-apartheid movement.\\n** [[BBC\n        Two|BBC2]] starts broadcasting in the UK.\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** British businessman\n        [[Greville Wynne]], imprisoned in Moscow since 1963 for [[spying]], is exchanged\n        for Soviet spy [[Gordon Lonsdale]].\\n[[File:Unisphere.jpg|thumb|220px|right|\n        [[April 22]]: [[1964 New York World''s Fair]]]]\\n** The [[1964 New York World''s\n        Fair]] opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken\n        over by British forces under the Duke of York (later [[James II of England|King\n        James II]]) and being renamed New York in 1664. The fair runs until October\n        18, 1964, and reopens April 21, 1965, finally closing October 17, 1965. (Not\n        sanctioned, due to being within 10 years of the [[Century 21 Exposition|Seattle\n        World''s Fair]] in [[1962]], some countries decline, but many countries have\n        pavilions with exotic crafts, art and food.)\\n* [[April 25]] – Thieves\n        steal the head of the [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|Little Mermaid]] statue\n        in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark (Henrik Bruun confesses in [[1997]]).\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Tanganyika]] and [[Zanzibar]] merge to form [[Tanzania]].\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{main article|May 1964}}\\n* [[May 1]] – At 4:00 a.m.,\n        [[John George Kemeny]] and [[Thomas Eugene Kurtz]] ran the first computer\n        program written in [[BASIC programming language|BASIC]] (Beginners'' All-purpose\n        Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy to learn high level [[programming language]]\n        which they created. BASIC was eventually included on many [[computer]]s and\n        even some games consoles.\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] receives\n        more than 75% of the votes in the [[Texas]] Republican Presidential primary.\\n**\n        Some 400\\u20131,000 students march through [[Times Square]], New York, and\n        another 700 in [[San Francisco]], in the first major student demonstration\n        against the Vietnam War. Smaller marches also occur in Boston, Seattle, and\n        Madison, Wisconsin.\\n** [[Henry Hezekiah Dee]] and [[Charles Eddie Moore]],\n        hitchhiking in [[Meadville, Mississippi]], are kidnapped, beaten, muredered\n        by members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. Their badly [[Decomposition|decomposed]]\n        bodies are found by chance in July during the search for [[Murders of Chaney,\n        Goodman, and Schwerner|missing activists Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner]].\\n*\n        [[May 4]] – The [[United States Congress]] recognized [[Bourbon whiskey]]\n        as a \\\"distinctive product of the United States\\\".\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Pacific\n        Air Lines Flight 773]] crashes near [[San Ramon, California]], killing all\n        44 aboard; the [[FBI]] later reports that a cockpit recorder tape indicates\n        that the pilot and co-pilot had been shot by a suicidal passenger.\\n** At\n        a [[Rocket mail|mail rockets]] demonstration by [[Gerhard Zucker]] on Hasselkopf\n        Mountain near [[Braunlage]] (Lower Saxonia, Germany), 3 persons are killed\n        by a rocket explosion.\\n* [[May 9]] – South Korean President [[Park\n        Chung-hee]] reshuffles his Cabinet, after a series of student demonstrations\n        against his efforts to restore diplomatic and trade relations with Japan.\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Terence Conran]] opens the first [[Habitat (retailer)|Habitat]]\n        store on London''s [[Fulham Road]].\\n* [[May 12]] – Twelve young men\n        in New York City publicly [[Draft-card burning|burn their draft cards]] to\n        protest the war; the first such act of war resistance.{{cite book |last=Flynn\n        |first1=George Q. |url=https://books.google.dk/books?hl=da&id=ArLuAAAAMAAJ\n        |title=The Draft, 1940-1973 |series=Modern War Studies |location=[[Lawrence,\n        Kansas]] |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |year=1993 |page=175 |isbn=978-0700605866\n        |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}{{cite book |last=Gottlieb |first1=Sherry\n        Gershon |url=https://books.google.dk/books?hl=da&id=ksttP_xGaLUC |title=Hell\n        no, we won''t go!: Resisting the draft during the Vietnam War |location=[[New\n        York, New York]] |publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking Penguin]] |year=1991 |page=xix\n        |isbn=978-0670839353 |accessdate=2016-02-13 |quote=1964: May 12\\u2014Twelve\n        students at a New York rally burn their draft cards... }}\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – The [[United States State Department]] says that more than 40 hidden\n        microphones have been found embedded in the walls of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow.\\n*\n        [[May 23]]\\n** Mrs. Madeline Dassault, 63, wife of a French plane manufacturer\n        and politician, is kidnapped while leaving her car in front of her Paris home;\n        she is found unharmed the next day in a farmhouse {{convert|27|mi|km}} from\n        Paris.\\n** [[Pablo Picasso]] paints his fourth\n        ''''Head of a Bearded Man''''.\\n* [[May 24]]\\u2013[[May 25|25]] – The\n        crowd at a [[soccer|football]] match in [[Lima]], [[Peru]] [[1964 Lima football\n        riot|riots]] over a referee''s decision in the Peru-[[Argentina]] game; 319\n        are killed, 500 injured.\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Nelson Rockefeller]] defeats\n        [[Barry Goldwater]] in the [[Oregon]] Republican primary, slowing but not\n        stalling Goldwater''s drive toward the nomination.\\n* [[May 27]] – Prime\n        Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] dies; he is succeeded by [[Lal Bahadur\n        Shastri]].\\n* [[May 28]] – The Charter of the [[Palestine Liberation\n        Organization]] (PLO) is released by [[Arab League]].\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Eddie Sachs]] and [[Dave MacDonald]] are killed in a fiery crash during\n        the [[1964 Indianapolis 500]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{main article|June 1964}}\\n*\n        [[June 2]]\\n** Senator Barry Goldwater wins the [[California]] Republican\n        Presidential primary, making him the overwhelming favorite for the nomination.\\n**\n        Five million shares of stock in the Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat)\n        are offered for sale at $20 a share, and the issue is quickly sold out.\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – South Korean President [[Park Chung-hee]] declares [[martial\n        law]] in [[Seoul]], after 10,000 student demonstrators overpower police.\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – With a temporary order, the [[Rocket experiments in the\n        area of Cuxhaven|rocket launches at Cuxhaven]] are terminated.\\n* [[June 9]]\n        – In Federal Court in [[Kansas City, Kansas]], army deserter George\n        John Gessner, 28, is convicted of passing United States secrets to the Soviet\n        Union.\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** The U.S. Senate votes [[cloture]] of the Civil Rights\n        Bill after a 75-day filibuster.\\n** The [[Deacons for Defense and Justice]]\n        (Black self-defense organization) is founded in [[Jonesboro, Louisiana]].\\n*\n        [[June 11]]\\n** Greece rejects direct talks with [[Turkey]] over [[Cyprus]].\\n**\n        [[Cologne school massacre]]: In [[Cologne]], West Germany, [[Cologne school\n        massacre#Perpetrator|Walter Seifert]] attacks students and teachers in an\n        elementary school with a [[flamethrower]], killing 10 and injuring 21.\\n*\n        [[June 12]]\\n** [[Pennsylvania]] Governor [[William Scranton]] announces his\n        candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination, as part of a ''stop-Goldwater''\n        movement.\\n** [[Nelson Mandela]] and 7 others are sentenced to [[life imprisonment\n        in South Africa]], and sent to the [[Robben Island]] prison.\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – Keith Bennett, 12, is abducted by [[Myra Hindley]] and [[Ian Brady]].\n        His body was never recovered.\\n* [[June 17]] – Author [[Ken Kesey]]\n        and his [[Merry Pranksters]] embark on their cross-country trip aboard [[Further\n        (bus)]] spreading the gospel of [[Lysergic acid dithylamide|LSD]].\\n* [[June\n        19]] – U.S. Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]], 32, is seriously\n        injured in a private plane crash at Southampton, Massachusetts; the pilot\n        is killed.\\n* [[June 20]] – The [[Ford GT40]] makes its first appearance\n        at the [[1964 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]]. It does not see its\n        first victory, however, until [[1966 24 Hours of Le Mans|1966]]. At the same\n        event, the [[AC Cobra]] wins its class in its second Le Mans appearance.\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Civil Rights Movement]]: [[Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and\n        Schwerner]] – Three [[Congress of Racial Equality]] workers, [[Michael\n        Schwerner]], [[Andrew Goodman]] and [[James Chaney]], are abducted and murdered\n        near [[Philadelphia, Mississippi]], by local members of the [[White Knights\n        of the Ku Klux Klan]] with local law enforcement officials involved in the\n        conspiracy. Their bodies are not found until August 4.\\n** [[Spain national\n        football team|Spain]] beats the [[USSR national football team|Soviet Union]]\n        2\\u20131 to win the [[1964 UEFA European Football Championship|1964 European\n        Nations Cup]].\\n** [[Jim Bunning]] pitches a [[perfect game]] for the [[Philadelphia\n        Phillies]], the first in the [[National League]] since 1880.\\n* [[June 26]]\n        – [[Moise Tshombe]] returns to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]\n        from exile in Spain.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Manx Radio]] commences broadcasting\n        from Douglas, [[Isle of Man]] after receiving its first Low power broadcast\n        licence from the United Kingdom''s [[General Post Office]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{main\n        article|July 1964}}\\n* [[July 2]] – President Lyndon Johnson signs the\n        [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] into law, officially abolishing [[racial segregation\n        in the United States]].\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Malawi]] receives its independence\n        from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 8]] – U.S. military personnel announce\n        that U.S. casualties in Vietnam have risen to 1,387, including 399 dead and\n        17 MIA.\\n* [[July 16]] – At the [[Republican National Convention]] in\n        [[San Francisco]], U.S. presidential nominee [[Barry Goldwater]] declares\n        that \\\"extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice\\\", and \\\"moderation\n        in the pursuit of justice is no virtue\\\".\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** Six days of [[race\n        riot]]s begin in [[Harlem]].\\n** [[Judith Graham Pool]] publishes her discovery\n        of [[cryoprecipitate]], a frozen blood clotting product made from plasma primarily\n        to treat [[hemophilia]]cs around the world.\\n** \\\"[[False Hare]]\\\" is the\n        final Warner Bros. cartoon with \\\"[[Bullseye (target)|target]]\\\" titles.\\n*\n        [[July 19]] – [[Vietnam War]]: At a rally in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]],\n        [[South Vietnam]]ese Prime Minister [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Kh\\u00e1nh]] calls for expanding\n        the war into [[North Vietnam]].\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** Vietnam War: [[Viet Cong]]\n        forces attack a provincial capital, killing 11 South Vietnamese military personnel\n        and 40 civilians (30 of which are children).\\n** The [[National Movement of\n        the Revolution]] is instituted as the sole legal [[political party]] in the\n        [[Republic of the Congo]].\\n* [[July 21]] – [[1964 race riots in Singapore|Race\n        riots]] begin in [[Singapore]] between ethnic Chinese and Malays.\\n* [[July\n        22]] – The second meeting of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] is\n        held.\\n* [[July 24]] – There is a minor criticality accident at a United\n        Nuclear Corporation Fuels recovery plant in [[Wood River Junction, Rhode Island|Wood\n        River Junction]], [[Richmond, Rhode Island|Richmond]], [[Rhode Island]]. 37-year-old\n        Robert Peabody dies two days after the incident.\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The U.S. sends 5,000 more military advisers to South Vietnam, bringing\n        the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.\\n* [[July 31]]\n        – [[Ranger program]]: [[Ranger 7]] sends back the first close-up photographs\n        of the Moon (images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from Earth-bound\n        [[telescope]]s).\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{main article|August 1964}}\\n* [[August\n        1]]\\n** The Final [[Looney Tunes|Looney Tune]], \\\"[[Se\\u00f1orella and the\n        Glass Huarache]]\\\", is released before the Warner Bros. Cartoon Division is\n        shut down by Jack Warner.\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Vietnam War]]: United\n        States destroyers [[USS Maddox (DD-731)|USS ''''Maddox'''']] and [[USS Turner\n        Joy (DD-951)|USS ''''Turner Joy'''']] are attacked in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]].\n        Air support from the carrier [[USS Ticonderoga (CV-14)|USS ''''Ticonderoga'''']]\n        sinks one gunboat, while the other two leave the battle.\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**\n        Vietnam War: [[Operation Pierce Arrow]] – Aircraft from carriers [[USS\n        Ticonderoga (CV-14)|USS ''''Ticonderoga'''']] and [[USS Constellation (CV-64)|USS\n        ''''Constellation'''']] bomb [[North Vietnam]] in retaliation for strikes\n        against U.S. destroyers in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]].\\n** The Simba rebel army\n        in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] captures [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]],\n        and takes 1,000 Western hostages.\\n* [[August 7]] – Vietnam War: The\n        United States Congress passes the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]], giving U.S.\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese\n        attacks on U.S. forces.\\n* [[August 8]] – A [[The Rolling Stones|Rolling\n        Stones]] [[Gig (musical performance)|gig]] in [[Scheveningen]] gets out of\n        control. Riot police end the gig after about 15 minutes, upon which spectators\n        start to fight the riot police.\\n* [[August 13]] – Murderers [[Gwynne\n        Owen Evans]] and [[Peter Anthony Allen]] become the last people to be executed\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[August 16]] – Vietnam War: In a [[coup]],\n        General [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Kh\\u00e1nh]] replaces [[D\\u01b0\\u01a1ng V\\u0103n Minh]]\n        as South Vietnam''s chief of state and establishes a new [[constitution]],\n        drafted partly by the U.S. Embassy.\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Margaret Harshaw]],\n        Metropolitan Opera soprano, sings the role of Turandot in Puccini''s opera\n        ''''[[Turandot]]'''' at the New York World''s Fair.\\n* [[August 18]] –\n        The International Olympic Committee bans South Africa from the [[1964 Summer\n        Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]] on the grounds that its teams are racially segregated.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – The International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium\n        ([[Intelsat]]) began to work.\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Fannie Lou Hamer]], civil\n        rights activist and Vice Chair of the [[Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party]],\n        addresses the Credentials Committee of the [[Democratic National Convention]],\n        challenging the all-white [[Mississippi]] delegation.\\n** Goalkeeper Derek\n        Foster of Sunderland becomes the youngest-ever player to play in the [[Football\n        League]], aged 15 years and 185 days.\\n* [[August 24]]\\u2013[[August 27|27]]\n        – The [[Democratic National Convention]] in [[Atlantic City]] nominates\n        incumbent President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] for a full term, and U.S. Senator\n        [[Hubert Humphrey]] of [[Minnesota]] as his running mate.\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Walt Disney]]''s ''''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'''' has\n        its world premiere in Los Angeles. It will go on to become Disney''s biggest\n        moneymaker, and winner of 5 Academy Awards, including a [[Academy Award for\n        Best Actress|Best Actress]] award for [[Julie Andrews]], who accepted the\n        part after she was passed over by [[Jack L. Warner]] for the leading role\n        of Eliza Doolittle in the film version of ''''My Fair Lady''''. ''''Mary Poppins''''\n        is the first Disney film to be nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best\n        Picture]].\\n* [[August 28]]\\u2013[[August 30|30]] – [[Philadelphia 1964\n        race riot]]: Tensions between [[African American]] residents and police lead\n        to 341 injuries and 774 arrests.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{main article|September\n        1964}}\\n* [[September 2]] – Indian [[Hungry generation]] poets are arrested\n        on charges of conspiracy against the state and obscenity in literature.\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – The [[Forth Road Bridge]] opens over the [[Firth of\n        Forth]].\\n* [[September 10]] – The [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)\n        is founded.\\n* [[September 11]] – In [[Jacksonville, Florida]], [[John\n        Lennon]] announces that the [[Beatles]] will not play to a segregated audience.\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** The third period of the [[Second Vatican Council]] opens.\\n**\n        The London ''''[[Daily Herald (UK newspaper)|Daily Herald]]'''' ceases publication,\n        replaced by ''''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]''''.\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – ''''[[Shindig!]]'''' premieres on the ''''[[American Broadcasting\n        Company|ABC]]'''', featuring the top musical acts of the Sixties.\\n* [[September\n        17]]\\n** ''''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'''' opens in the UK.\\n** ''''[[Bewitched]]'''',\n        starring [[Elizabeth Montgomery]], premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – In [[Athens]], King [[Constantine II of Greece]]\n        marries [[Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark]], who becomes Europe''s youngest\n        Queen at age 18 years, 19 days.\\n** ''''[[Jonny Quest (TV series)|Jonny Quest]]''''\n        premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]; featured voices include\n        [[Mike Road]], [[Tim Matheson]], [[Don Messick]], [[John Stephenson (actor)|John\n        Stephenson]], and [[Danny Bravo]].\\n* [[September 20]] – At the [[autumnal\n        equinox]], the [[Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids]] (OBOD) is founded in\n        England.\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** The island of [[Malta]] obtains independence\n        from the United Kingdom.\\n** The [[North American XB-70 Valkyrie]] makes its\n        first flight at [[Palmdale, California]].\\n* [[September 24]] – The\n        [[Warren Commission]] Report, the first official investigation of the assassination\n        of United States President [[John F. Kennedy]], is published.\\n* [[September\n        25]] – The [[Mozambican War of Independence]] is launched by [[FRELIMO]].\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{main article|October 1964}}\\n[[File:Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics\n        logo.svg|140px|thumbnail|right|[[1964 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n* October –\n        Dr. [[Robert Moog]] demonstrates the prototype [[Moog synthesizer]].{{cite\n        journal|last=Moog|first=R. A.|year=1965|title=Voltage-Controlled Electronic\n        Music Modules|journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=200\\u2013206}}\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** Three thousand student activists at [[University of California,\n        Berkeley]], surround and block a police car from taking a [[Congress of Racial\n        Equality|CORE]] volunteer arrested for not showing his ID, when he violated\n        a ban on outdoor activist card tables. This protest eventually explodes into\n        the [[Berkeley Free Speech Movement]].\\n** The ''''[[Shinkansen]]'''' [[high-speed\n        rail]] system, the world''s first such system, is inaugurated in Japan, for\n        the first sector between Tokyo and [[Osaka]].\\n* [[October 2]] – [[The\n        Kinks]] release their first album, ''''[[Kinks (album)|Kinks]]''''.\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n** Twenty-three men and thirty-one women escape to [[West Berlin]] through\n        a narrow tunnel under the [[Berlin Wall]].\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince\n        Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]] begin an 8-day visit to\n        Canada.\\n* [[October 10]]\\u2013[[October 24|24]] – The [[1964 Summer\n        Olympics]] are held in Tokyo.\\n* [[October 12]] – The Soviet Union launches\n        ''''[[Voskhod 1]]'''' into Earth [[orbit]] as the first spacecraft with a\n        multi-person crew and the first flight without [[space suit]]s. The flight\n        is cut short and lands again on [[October 13]] after 16 orbits.\\n* [[October\n        14]] – American civil rights movement leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]\n        becomes the youngest recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], which was awarded\n        to him for leading non-violent resistance to end [[racism|racial prejudice]]\n        in the United States.\\n* [[October 14]]\\u2013[[October 15|15]] – [[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]] is deposed as leader of the Soviet Union; [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        and [[Alexei Kosygin]] assume power.\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** The [[Labour Party\n        (UK)|Labour Party]] wins the parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom,\n        ending 13 years of Conservative Party rule. The new prime minister is [[Harold\n        Wilson]].{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/basics/4393293.stm\n        |title=1964: Labour scrapes through |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]]\n        |date=2005-04-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213202904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/basics/4393293.stm\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n** [[Craig Breedlove]]''s\n        jet-powered car ''''[[Spirit of America (automobile)|Spirit of America]]''''\n        goes out of control in [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in [[Utah]] and makes skid\n        marks 9.6 km long.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Harold Wilson]] becomes British\n        Prime Minister after leading the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] to a narrow\n        [[United Kingdom general election, 1964|election win]] over the [[Conservative\n        Party (UK)|Conservative]] government of [[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]],\n        which had been in power for 13 years and had four different leaders during\n        that time.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3993000/3993883.stm\n        |title=\\t1964: Labour voters are ''bonkers'' says Hogg |work=BBC On This Day\n        |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213203138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3993000/3993883.stm\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n** [[596 (nuclear\n        test)|596]]: The People''s Republic of China explodes an [[atomic bomb]] in\n        [[Xinjiang|Sinkiang]].\\n* [[October 18]] – The [[1964 New York World''s\n        Fair|New York World''s Fair]] closes for the year (it reopens April 21, 1965).\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – The [[My Fair Lady (film)|film version]] of the hit\n        Broadway stage musical ''''My Fair Lady'''' premieres in New York City. The\n        movie stars [[Audrey Hepburn]] in the role of Eliza Doolittle and [[Rex Harrison]]\n        repeating his stage performance as Professor Henry Higgins, and which will\n        win him his only Academy Award for Best Actor. The film will win seven other\n        Academy Awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]],\n        but Audrey Hepburn will not be nominated. Critics interpret this as a rebuke\n        to Jack L. Warner for choosing Ms. Hepburn over Julie Andrews.\\n* [[October\n        22]]\\n** Canada: A Federal Multi-Party Parliamentary Committee selects a design\n        to become the new official [[Flag of Canada]].\\n** A 5.3 [[kiloton]] nuclear\n        device is detonated at the Tatum Salt Dome, {{convert|21|mi|km}} from [[Hattiesburg,\n        Mississippi]], as part of the [[Vela Uniform]] program. This test is the Salmon\n        phase of the Atomic Energy Commission''s Project Dribble.\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – Northern [[Rhodesia]], a former British protectorate, becomes the\n        independent Republic of [[Zambia]], ending 73 years of British rule.\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Eric Edgar Cooke]] becomes the last man executed in Western\n        Australia, for murdering 8 citizens in [[Perth]] between [[1959]] and [[1963]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – In the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], rebel\n        leader Christopher Gbenye takes 60 Americans and 800 Belgians [[hostage]].\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – A collection of irreplaceable [[gemstone]]s, including\n        the {{convert|565|carat|g}} [[Star of India (gem)|Star of India]], is stolen\n        from the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in New York City.\\n* [[October\n        31]] – Campaigning at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square\n        Garden]], New York, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson pledges the creation of\n        the [[Great Society]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main article|November 1964}}\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – Mortar fire from North Vietnamese forces rains on the\n        [[Bien Hoa Air Base]], killing four U.S. servicemen, wounding 72, and destroying\n        five [[B-57 Canberra|B-57]] jet bombers and other planes.\\n* [[November 3]]\\n**\n        [[United States presidential election, 1964]]: Incumbent President Lyndon\n        B. Johnson defeats [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger\n        [[Barry Goldwater]] with over 60 percent of the [[Direct election|popular\n        vote]].\\n** The [[Bolivia]]n government of President [[V\\u00edctor Paz Estenssoro]]\n        is overthrown by a military rebellion led by General [[Alfredo Ovando Cand\\u00eda]],\n        commander-in-chief of the armed forces.\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Mariner\n        program]]: [[Mariner 3]], a U.S. space probe intended for [[Mars]], is launched\n        from [[Cape Kennedy]] but fails.\\n* [[November 9]] – The [[House of\n        Commons of the United Kingdom]] votes to abolish the death penalty for murder\n        in Britain.\\n* [[November 10]] – Australia partially reintroduces [[compulsory\n        military service]] due to the [[Indonesian Confrontation]].\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Bob Pettit]] ([[St. Louis Hawks]]) becomes the first American\n        [[National Basketball Association]] player to score 20,000 points.\\n* [[November\n        19]] – The [[United States Department of Defense]] announces the closing\n        of 95 military bases and facilities, including the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]],\n        the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and [[Fort Jay]], New York.\\n* [[November 21]]\\n**\n        [[Second Vatican Council]]: The third period of the [[Catholic Church]]''s\n        [[ecumenical council]] closes. ''''[[Lumen gentium]]'''', the Dogmatic Constitution\n        on the Church, is promulgated.\\n** The [[Verrazano-Narrows Bridge]] across\n        [[New York Bay]] opens to traffic (the world''s longest [[suspension bridge]]\n        at this time).\\n* [[November 24]] – Belgian paratroopers and mercenaries\n        capture [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]], but a number of [[hostage]]s die in the\n        fighting, among them American [[Evangelical Covenant Church]] missionary Dr.\n        [[Paul Carlson]].\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Mariner program]]: NASA launches\n        the [[Mariner 4]] space probe from Cape Kennedy toward Mars to take television\n        pictures of that [[planet]] in July [[1965]].\\n** Vietnam War: [[United States\n        National Security Council]] members, including [[Robert McNamara]], [[Dean\n        Rusk]], and [[Maxwell Taylor]], agree to recommend a plan for a 2-stage escalation\n        of bombing in North Vietnam, to President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].\\n** France\n        performs an underground nuclear test at [[Ecker]], Algeria.\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n{{main article|December 1964}}\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Gustavo D\\u00edaz\n        Ordaz]] takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n** Vietnam War: U.S. President\n        Lyndon B. Johnson and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb\n        North Vietnam (after some debate, they agree on a 2-phase bombing plan).\\n*\n        [[December 3]]\\n** [[Berkeley Free Speech Movement]]: Police arrest about\n        800 students at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], following their\n        takeover of and massive sit-in at the Sproul Hall administration building.\n        The sit-in most directly protested the U.C. Regents'' decision to punish student\n        activists for what many thought had been justified civil disobedience earlier\n        in the conflict.\\n** The Danish football club [[Br\\u00f8ndby IF]] was founded\n        as a merger between the two local clubs Br\\u00f8ndby\\u00f8ster Idr\\u00e6tsforening\n        and Br\\u00f8ndbyvester Idr\\u00e6tsforening. The club has won the national\n        championship [[Danish Superliga]] 10 times, and has won the national [[Danish\n        Cup]]s six times since the club joined the Danish top-flight football league\n        in 1981.\\n* [[December 6]] – The 1-hour stop-motion animated special\n        ''''[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)|Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]]'''',\n        based on the popular Christmas song, premieres on [[NBC]]. It becomes a beloved\n        [[Christmas]] tradition, still being shown on television more than 50 years\n        later.\\n* [[December 9]] – [[A Love Supreme]] recorded by [[John Coltrane]]\n        with his quartet at [[Van Gelder Studio]], [[Englewood Cliffs, New\n        Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States]]{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-love-supreme-mw0000187827 |title=A\n        Love Supreme AllMusic Review |last=Samuelson |first=Sam |publisher=[[AllMusic]]\n        |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213203703/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-love-supreme-mw0000187827\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n* [[December 10]]\n        – Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] is awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        in [[Oslo]], Norway.\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Sam Cooke]], African-American\n        singer and songwriter was shot and killed at a motel in Los Angeles, California\n        (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Che Guevara]] addresses the U.N.\n        General Assembly.{{cite book |last=Guevara |first1=Ernesto Che |authorlink=Che\n        Guevara |url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=ierlWAqZ_8cC |title=Che: The\n        Diaries of Ernesto Che Guevara |chapter=Chronology of Ernesto Che Guevara\n        |chapter-url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=ierlWAqZ_8cC&pg=PA6 |location=[[North\n        Melbourne, Victoria]], Australia |publisher=Ocean Press |year=2009 |page=6\n        |isbn=978-1920888930 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n* [[December 12]] –\n        [[Jamhuri Day]]: [[Kenya]] becomes a republic, with [[Jomo Kenyatta]] as its\n        first [[President of Kenya|President]].\\n* [[December 14]] – ''''[[Heart\n        of Atlanta Motel v. United States]]'''' (379 US 241 1964): The U.S. Supreme\n        Court rules that, in accordance with the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], establishments\n        providing public accommodation must refrain from racial discrimination.\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – ''''[[The Washington Post]]'''' publishes an article\n        about [[James Hampton (artist)|James Hampton]], who has built a glittering\n        religious throne out of recycled materials.\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** In the\n        wake of deadly riots in January over control of the [[Panama Canal]], the\n        U.S. offers to negotiate a new canal treaty.\\n** The deadly [[Christmas flood\n        of 1964]] begins; It becomes one of the most destructive weather events to\n        affect Oregon in the 20th century.\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** The [[James Bond]]\n        film ''''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'''' begins its run in U.S. theaters.\n        It becomes one of the most successful and popular Bond films ever made.\\n**\n        The [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark]] makes its first flight.\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[Comedian]] [[Lenny Bruce]] is sentenced to 4 months in prison,\n        concluding a 6-month [[obscenity]] trial.\\n** A cyclone in the [[Palk Strait]]\n        destroys the Indian town of [[Dhanushkodi]], killing 1800 people.\\n** The\n        [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird]] makes its first flight at [[Palmdale, California]].\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Wonderful Radio London]] becomes the United Kingdom''s\n        fourth [[Pirate radio in the United Kingdom|\\\"Pirate\\\" radio]] station, broadcasting\n        from MV ''''Galaxy'''' (a former US Navy minesweeper) anchored off the east\n        coast of England, with an American-style [[Top 40]] (\\\"[[Fab 40]]\\\") [[playlist]]\n        of popular records.\\n* [[December 24]] – [[1964 Brinks Hotel bombing|Bombing\n        of the Brinks Hotel]] in Saigon.\\n* [[December 26]] – Lesley Ann Downey,\n        10, is abducted by [[Ian Brady]] and [[Myra Hindley]] in Manchester, England.\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – The [[1964 Cleveland Browns season|Cleveland Browns]]\n        defeat the [[1964 Baltimore Colts season|Baltimore Colts]], 27-0, in the [[National\n        Football League]] Championship Game.\\n* [[December 30]] – [[United Nations\n        Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) established as a permanent\n        organ of the [[UN General Assembly]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Spring –\n        First recognition of [[cosmic microwave background radiation]] as a detectable\n        phenomenon.In a brief paper by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] astrophysicists\n        [[A. G. Doroshkevich]] and [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov|Igor Novikov]]. {{cite\n        web|last=Penzias|first=A. A.|year=2006|title=The origin of elements|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/penzias-lecture.pdf|work=Nobel\n        lecture|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=2006-10-04}}\\n* [[Jerome\n        Horwitz]] synthesizes [[zidovudine]] (AZT), an [[antiviral drug]] which will\n        later be used in treating [[HIV]].\\n* [[Farrington Daniels]]'' book ''''Direct\n        Use of the Sun''s Energy'''' is published by [[Yale University Press]].\\n*\n        [[Rudi Gernreich]] designs the original [[monokini]] topless swimsuit in the\n        U.S.{{cite web |url=http://gernreich.steirischerbst.at/pages/bio1.htm\n        |title=Biografie Rudi Gernreich |language=German |publisher=Steirischer Herbst\n        Festival GmbH |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213205151/http://gernreich.steirischerbst.at/pages/bio1.htm\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n* The [[Vishva Hindu\n        Pari\\u1e63ad]] is founded in India.\\n* The [[Centre for Contemporary Cultural\n        Studies]] is established at the [[University of Birmingham]], England, by\n        [[Richard Hoggart]].\\n* The first fatality occurs at [[Disneyland]] in California:\n        a 15-year-old boy is injured while riding the [[Matterhorn Bobsleds]] and\n        dies three days later as a result of his injuries.\\n* The [[Pontiac GTO]],\n        the first vehicle to be officially dubbed a \\\"[[muscle car]]\\\", debuts as\n        a trim of the [[Pontiac Tempest]].\\n* [[Germaine Greer]] becomes the first\n        full female member of Cambridge University [[Footlights]] revue after joining\n        in her first week at [[Newnham College, Cambridge]].\\n* [[Pete Townshend]]\n        of [[The Who]] destroys his first guitar in the name of [[auto-destructive\n        art]] at the Railway Hotel, London.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Dadis\n        Camara portrait.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Moussa Dadis Camara]]]]\\n[[File:Nicolas\n        Cage Deauville 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolas Cage]]]]\\n[[File:YolandaFosterHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yolanda\n        Hadid]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Addy.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Mark Addy]]]]\\n[[File:Penelope\n        Ann Miller.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Penelope Ann Miller]]]]\\n[[File:Michelle Obama\n        2013 official portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michelle Obama]]]]\\n[[File:Bridget\n        Fonda.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bridget Fonda]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Moussa Dadis\n        Camara]], Guinean general and 3rd [[President of Guinea]]\\n** [[Juliana Donald]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Dedee Pfeiffer]], American film and television actress\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Pernell Whitaker]], American boxer\\n* [[January 3]]\n        – [[Jon Gibson (Christian musician)|Jon Gibson]], American Christian\n        musician\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Dot Jones]], American actress and retired\n        athlete\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel Jim\\u00e9nez]], Spanish\n        golfer\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Colin Cowherd]], American talk show host\\n**\n        [[Henry Maske]], German boxer\\n** [[Jacqueline Moore|Jacqueline DeLois Moore]],\n        American wrestler\\n** [[Rafael Vidal]], Venezuelan swimmer and sports commentator\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Nicolas Cage]], American actor\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Jeff Bezos]], American Internet entrepreneur\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Yolanda Hadid]], Dutch American television personality\\n* [[January\n        13]]\\n** [[Penelope Ann Miller]], American actress\\n** [[Bill Bailey]], British\n        comedian\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Mark Addy]], English actor\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Osmo Tapio R\\u00e4ih\\u00e4l\\u00e4]], Finnish composer\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Chris Dittmar]], Australian squash player\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Michelle Fairley]], Northern Irish actress\\n** [[Michelle Obama]], [[First\n        Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Jane Horrocks]], British\n        actress\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Ricardo Arjona]], Guatemalan singer\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Aquilino Pimentel III]], Filipino politician, 28th\n        [[President of the Senate of the Philippines]]\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Mariska\n        Hargitay]], American actress\\n** [[Bharrat Jagdeo]], Guyanese politician and\n        7th [[President of Guyana]]\\n** [[Kelly Parsons]], American actress and model\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[Bridget Fonda]], American actress\\n* [[January 29]]\n        – [[Andre Reed]], NFL player, 2014 [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] inductee\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Jeff Hanneman]], American rock guitarist ([[Slayer]])\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n=== February === \\n[[File:Laura Linney Berlinale 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Laura\n        Linney]]]]\\n[[File:Matt Dillon 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Dillon]]]]\\n* [[February\n        5]]\\n** [[Laura Linney]], American actress\\n** [[Duff McKagan]], American\n        rock musician, songwriter\\n* [[February 8]] – [[German Gref]], Minister\n        of Economics and Trade of Russia\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Glenn Beck]], American\n        conservative broadcaster\\n** [[John Campbell (broadcaster)|John Campbell]],\n        New Zealand broadcaster\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Sarah Palin]], American politician,\n        former Governor of Alaska\\n** [[Ken Shamrock]], American [[mixed martial arts]]\n        fighter\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Chris Farley]], American actor and comedian\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Mark Price]], American basketball player\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Bebeto]], Brazilian footballer\\n** [[Christopher Eccleston]], British\n        actor\\n** [[Valentina Yegorova]], Russian Olympic athlete\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\n** [[Matt Dillon]], American actor and film director\\n** [[Tommy Scott (musician)|Tommy\n        Scott]], British musician and frontman of [[Space (English band)|Space]]\\n*\n        [[February 19]]\\n** [[Jonathan Lethem]], American author\\n** [[Richard A.\n        Scott]], American illustrator\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Willie Garson]],\n        American character actor\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Diane Charlemagne]],\n        English singer ([[52nd Street (band)|52nd Street]], [[Urban Cookie Collective]])\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Todd Field]], American actor and director\\n**\n        [[Ute Geweniger]], German swimmer\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Lee Evans (comedian)|Lee\n        Evans]], British comedian and actor\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Djamolidine\n        Abdoujaparov]], Uzbekistan cyclist\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Emilia Eberle\n        1980b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emilia Eberle]]]]\\n[[File:Movie Juliette Binoche dans\n        les Yeux.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juliette Binoche]]]]\\n[[File:10.14.12SteveWilkosByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        Wilkos]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Edward February 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Edward,\n        Earl of Wessex]]]]\\n[[File:Rob Lowe 2012 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Rob\n        Lowe]]]]\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Paul Bostaph]], American drummer\\n** [[Emilia\n        Eberle]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Tom Lampkin]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Skip Ewing]], American country singer\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[Bret Easton Ellis]], American author\\n** [[Vladimir Smirnov (skier)|Vladimir\n        Smirnov]], Kazakh cross-country skier\\n** [[Wanda Sykes]], African-American\n        comedian and actress\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Juliette Binoche]], French actress\\n**\n        [[Steve Wilkos]], American retired police officer; talk show host\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Neneh Cherry]], Swedish-born singer-songwriter\\n** [[Prince Edward,\n        Earl of Wessex]], British prince and third son (youngest child) of [[Elizabeth\n        II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n* [[March\n        11]] – [[Shane Richie]], British actor\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Pascal\n        Richard]], Swiss road bicycle racer\\n** [[Gore Verbinski]], American film\n        director\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Rob Lowe]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**\n        [[Bonnie Blair]], American speed skater\\n** [[Mika Kanai]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n** [[Rozalla]], Zambian singer\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Yoko Kanno]],\n        Japanese composer\\n** [[Jake Weber]], English actor\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[Michael Keith Smith]], American bass player and builder\\n* [[March 23]]\n        – [[Hope Davis]], American actress\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Liz McColgan]],\n        British long-distance runner athlete\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Lisa Gay Hamilton]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Vince Offer]], American writer, director, comedian\n        and pitchman\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Martin Donnelly (racing driver)|Martin\n        Donnelly]], Northern Irish racecar driver\\n** [[Ed Wasser]], American actor\\n*\n        [[March 27]] – [[Jessica Soho]], Filipino broadcast journalist\\n* [[March\n        29]]\\n** [[Catherine Cortez Masto]], U.S. Senator from [[Nevada]]\\n** [[Ming\n        Tsai]], Chinese-American chef\\n** [[Michael A. Jackson (sheriff)|Michael A.\n        Jackson]], former sheriff of Prince George''s County, Maryland\\n* [[March\n        30]]\\n** [[Tracy Chapman]], African-American singer\\n** [[Sigurd Haveland]],\n        Gibraltarian triathlete and cyclist\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Dave Wyman]], Former\n        American football player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Arrested Development 2011\n        Reunion xvi crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Cross]]]]\\n[[File:David Woodard (Seattle,\n        2013).jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Woodard]]]]\\n[[File:Russell Crowe.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Russell\n        Crowe]]]]\\n[[File:Caroline Rhea1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Caroline Rhea]]]]\\n[[File:Andy\n        Serkis by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andy Serkis]]]]\\n[[File:Hankazaria05.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hank\n        Azaria]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Erik Breukink]], Dutch cyclist and manager\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n** [[Nigel Farage]], English politician and MEP, head of UK Independence\n        Party ([[UKIP]])\\n** [[Gary Love]], British actor and film director\\n** [[Bjarne\n        Riis]], Danish cyclist\\n** [[Yelena Ruzina]], Russian Olympic athlete\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[David Cross]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[David Woodard]], American businessman\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Russell Crowe]],\n        New Zealand-born actor\\n** [[Steve Graves]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Lisa Guerrero]], Hispanic American actress, model and\n        sportscaster/reporter\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Caroline Rhea]], Canadian\n        actress and comedian\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Takumi Yamazaki]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Esbj\\u00f6rn Svensson]] Swedish jazz\n        pianist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Louren\\u00e7o Mutarelli]],\n        Brazilian underground comic book writer\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Harris Barton]],\n        American football player\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Crispin Glover]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Andy Serkis]], English actor\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Ludmila\n        Engquist]], Russian-born Swedish athlete\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Pooky Quesnel]],\n        English actress\\n* [[April 24]]\\n**[[Cedric the Entertainer]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n**[[Augusta Read Thomas]], American composer\\n* [[April 25]]\\n**\n        [[Hank Azaria]], American actor, voice artist and comedian\\n** [[Andy Bell\n        (singer)|Andy Bell]], English singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[L''Wren Scott]], American fashion designer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Federico Castelluccio]], Italian-born actor\\n** [[Radek Jaro\\u0161]], Czech\n        mountaineer\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Misa Watanabe]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Heike Henkel cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heike Henkel]]]]\\n[[File:Melissa\n        Gilbert after Drug Free America shoot - cropped (5242325680).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melissa\n        Gilbert]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Colbert November 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stephen\n        Colbert]]]]\\n[[File:Lenny Kravitz by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lenny\n        Kravitz]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Yvonne van Gennip]], Dutch speed-skater\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Ron Hextall]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[May 4]]\n        – [[Zsuzsa Mathe]], Hungarian born painter and visual artist, founder\n        of Transrealism{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Heike\n        Henkel]], German Olympic athlete\\n** [[Minami Takayama]], Japanese voice actress\n        and singer ([[Two-Mix]] and [[DoCo]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Dana Hill]],\n        American voice actress (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Doug Benson]], American\n        comedian\\n** [[Ronnie Harmon]], American football player\\n** [[Leslie O''Neal]],\n        American football player\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Melissa Gilbert]], American actress\n        and president of the Screen Actors Guild\\n** [[Bobby Labonte]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Dave Rowntree]], English drummer ([[Blur (band)|Blur]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[Mark Andre]], French-born German composer\\n* [[May 11]]\n        – [[John Parrott]], English snooker player\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Stephen\n        Colbert]], American comedian and television personality; host of [[The Late\n        Show with Stephen Colbert]]\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Suzy Kolber]], American\n        sportscaster\\n* [[May 16]] – [[John Salley]], American basketball player\n        and talk show host\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|Charles\n        Edward Maurice Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]], British aristocrat, author, print\n        journalist and broadcaster. Younger brother of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]].\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[Danny Bailey]], English footballer\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Marcus Dupree]], American football player\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Ruth Metzler-Arnold]],\n        member of the Swiss Federal Council\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Adrian Moorhouse]],\n        British swimmer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Ray Stevenson (actor)|Ray Stevenson]],\n        Northern Irish-born actor\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Caitl\\u00edn R. Kiernan]], American\n        author and paleontologist\\n** [[Lenny Kravitz]], American singer, songwriter,\n        and actor\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Adam Carolla]], American comedic radio personality\n        and television personality\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Jeff Fenech]], Australian\n        boxer\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Wynonna Judd]], American country singer\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:CourteneyCoxFeb09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Courteney Cox]]]]\\n[[File:Boris\n        Johnson FCA.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Boris Johnson]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Deirdre\n        Bolton]], American broadcast journalist and business news and commentator\\n*\n        [[June 3]]\\n** [[James Purefoy]], British actor\\n** [[Kerry King]], American\n        musician, guitarist [[Slayer]]\\n* [[June 5]]\\n**[[Dukagjin Pupovci]], Kosovo\n        Albanian professor\\n**[[Rick Riordan]], American author\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[Guru Josh]], British musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Gia Carides]],\n        Greek-Australian actress\\n** [[Petr Hru\\u0161ka (poet)|Petr Hru\\u0161ka]],\n        Czech poet\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Gloria Reuben]], Canadian-American actress\\n**\n        [[Wayman Tisdale]], American NBA basketball star and smooth jazz musician\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Ben Daniels]], British actor\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Kathy Burke]], English actress and comedian\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Lance\n        Mountain]], American skateboarder\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Courteney Cox]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Michael Laudrup]], Danish footballer and manager\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Martin Streek]], Canadian radio personality (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June\n        17]] – [[Erin Murphy]], American actress\\n* [[June 19]] \\n** [[Boris\n        Johnson]], American-born British politician, former [[Mayor of London]] (2008-2016)\\n**\n        [[Laura Ingraham]], American radio host and political commentator\\n* [[June\n        21]] \\n** [[Doug Savant]], American actor\\n** [[Sammi Davis]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Josh Pais]], American actor\\n** [[Patrice Bailly-Salins]], French biathlete\\n**\n        [[Tania Mathias]], British ophthalmologist and Conservative Party politician\\n**\n        [[Keith Stevens]], English professional footballer\\n** [[Dean Saunders]],\n        Welsh football manager and former professional footballer\\n** [[Kiyoshi Okuma]],\n        Japanese football player and manager\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Amy Brenneman]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Dan Brown]], American author\\n** [[Hiroshi Abe (actor)|Hiroshi\n        Abe]], Japanese model and actor\\n** [[Cadillac Anderson]], American professional\n        basketball player\\n** [[Miroslav Kadlec]], Czech football defender\\n** [[Nico\n        Jalink]], Dutch footballer and football manager\\n** [[Angelo Tsarouchas]],\n        Canadian comedian/actor\\n** [[Henrik Mestad]], Norwegian actor\\n** [[Tom Crebbin]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Astrid Carolina Herrera]],\n        Venezuelan actress \\n** [[Tomonohana Shinya]], Japanese sumo wrestler\\n**\n        [[Tara Morice]], Australian actress, singer, and dancer\\n** [[Joey Allen]],\n        American guitarist\\n** [[Clete Blakeman]], American football official\\n**\n        [[Lou Yun]], Chinese gymnast\\n** [[Juan Ignacio Mart\\u00ednez]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Joss Whedon]],  American screenwriter\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Kari Kennell]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Christopher Steele]], British intelligence officer\\n*\n        [[June 25]]\\n** [[Johnny Herbert]], English race car driver\\n** [[Matt Gallant]],\n        American television host\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Tommi M\\u00e4kinen]], Finnish\n        rally driver\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Kai Diekmann]], German journalist\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Mark Grace]], American baseball player\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Life\n        Ball 2014 Courtney Love Crop.png|thumb|110px|[[Courtney Love]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Leguizamo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Leguizamo]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Spade.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Spade]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Bullock (9189702847).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sandra\n        Bullock]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Yu Long]], Chinese conductor\\n** [[Clayton\n        Lamb]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Paul Coyne]], American TV producer\n        and editor\\n** [[Bernard Laporte]], French rugby player and coach\\n* [[July\n        2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Canseco|Jos\\u00e9]] and [[Ozzie Canseco]], Cuban-born\n        American baseball players; twin brothers\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Joanne Harris]],\n        English novelist\\n** [[Yeardley Smith]], American voice actress\\n* [[July\n        4]]\\n** [[Martin Flood]], Australian quiz show winner\\n** [[Edi Rama]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Albania|current Prime Minister of Albania]]\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        [[Jimmy Demers]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Karina\n        Galvez]], Ecuadorian poet\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Courtney Love]], American\n        musician/actress\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Craig Charles]], British actor\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Gaby Roslin]], British TV presenter\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Charlie Hides]], American drag queen and comedian\\n** [[Leanne Benjamin]],\n        Australian ballet dancer\\n** [[Kujtim Shala]], Kosovo born Croatian football\n        player of Albanian descent\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Andy Abraham]], British singer\\n**\n        [[Miguel Indurain]], Spanish cyclist\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Heather Langenkamp]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Craig Morgan]], American country music singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Wendy Williams]], African-American former radio host\n        and current talk show host\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Masahiko Kond\\u014d]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Chris Cornell]], American singer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Ross Kemp]], British actor\\n* [[July\n        22]]\\n** [[Adam Godley]], British actor\\n** [[Bonnie Langford]], British actress\\n**\n        [[John Leguizamo]], Colombian-American actor\\n** [[David Spade]], American\n        comedian, actor and television personality\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Nick Menza]],\n        German-born American drummer ([[Megadeth]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        [[Barry Bonds]], African-American baseball player\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Lisa\n        LaFlamme]], Canadian journalist and news anchor\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Sandra\n        Bullock]], American actress and film producer\\n** [[Anne Provoost]], Belgian\n        author\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Vivica A. Fox]], American actress\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen\n        Klinsmann]], German footballer-manager and retired player\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        [[C.C. Catch]], Dutch-born German singer\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Mary-Louise\n        Parker by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary-Louise Parker]]]]\\n[[File:Abhisit\n        royal.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Abhisit Vejjajiva]]]]\\n[[File:Tom McGrath by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]]]]\\n[[File:Melinda\n        Gates - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melinda\n        Gates]]]]\\n[[File:William Salyers by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William\n        Salyers]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Mary-Louise Parker]], American actress\\n*\n        [[August 3]]\\n** [[Lucky Dube]], South African reggae musician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Ye Qiaobo]], Chinese speed skater\\n** [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]], 27th [[Prime\n        Minister of Thailand]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Adam Yauch]], American rapper\n        ([[Beastie Boys]]) (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 6]]  – [[Gary Valenciano]],\n        Filipino musician\\n* [[August 7]]  – [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]],\n        American animator and voice ctor\\n* [[August 8]] \\n** [[Nina Hoekman]], Dutch\n        draughts players (d. 2014)\\n** [[Jan Josef Liefers]], German actor, producer,\n        director and musician\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Brett Hull]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[William Martens]], American computer engineer\\n* [[August 10]]\n        – [[Hiro Takahashi]], Japanese singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 15]]\n        – [[Melinda Gates]], American wife of [[Bill Gates]]\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Arias]], American tennis player\\n** [[William Salyers]], American\n        voice actor\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Dermott Brereton]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Diane Setterfield]], British author\\n**\n        [[Mats Wilander]], Swedish tennis player\\n** [[Andrew Wilson (actor)|Andrew\n        Wilson]], American film actor and director\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Salizhan\n        Sharipov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Maxim Kontsevich]],\n        Russian mathematician\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Dave Boyes]], Canadian male rower\\n**\n        [[Kevin Burns (Illinois mayor)|Kevin Burns]], American politician\\n** [[Allegra\n        Huston]], English-American author\\n** [[Bobby Jurasin]], Canadian football\n        defensive lineman\\n** [[Chad Kreuter]], Major League Baseball catcher\\n**\n        [[Zadok Malka]], Israeli footballer\\n** [[Torsten Schmitz]], German boxer\\n**\n        [[Carsten Wolf]], German male cyclist\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Paul Bernardo]],\n        Canadian serial killer and rapist\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Keanu Reeves\n        2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Keanu Reeves]]]]\\n[[File:Fico Juncker (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert\n        Fico]]]]\\n[[File:Maggie Cheung2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maggie Cheung]]]]\\n[[File:Monica\n        Bellucci, Women''s World Awards 2009 b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Monica Bellucci]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]]\\n** [[Brian Bellows]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Ray\n        D''Arcy]], Irish radio and television host\\n** [[Holly Golightly (comics)|Holly\n        Golightly]], American author and illustrator\\n** [[Gary Mavers]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Nabeel Rajab]], Bahraini activist\\n** [[Charlie Robison]], American\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Andrea Illy]], Italian\n        businessman\\n** [[Keanu Reeves]], Lebanese-born Canadian actor and musician\\n*\n        [[September 3]]\\n** [[Adam Curry]], American-Dutch businessman and television\n        host, co-founded mevio\\n** [[Spike Feresten]], American screenwriter and producer\n        \\n** [[Junaid Jamshed]], Pakistani singer-songwriter and guitarist ([[Vital\n        Signs (band)|Vital Signs]])\\n** [[Holt McCallany]], American actor\\n** [[Nigel\n        Rhodes]], English actor and guitarist\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Anthony\n        Weiner]], U.S. Representative for New York''s 9th congressional district\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Todd Palin]], American husband of former governor\n        Sarah Palin\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Andy Hug]], Swiss Seidokaikan [[karateka]]\n        and kickboxer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Michael Johns (policy\n        analyst)|Michael Johns]], American health care executive and Presidential\n        speechwriter\\n** [[Raven (wrestler)|Raven]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Jack Ma]], Chinese business magnate and billionaire\n        internet entrepreneur; in [[Hangzhou]]\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Ellis\n        Burks]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Faith Ford]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Robert Fico]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Slovakia]]\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Trisha Yearwood]], American country\n        singer\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Jorge Drexler]], Uruguayan musician\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Maggie Cheung]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September\n        22]]\\n** [[Ian Culverhouse]], English footballer\\n** [[Juha Turunen]], Finnish\n        politician turned criminal\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Koshi Inaba]], Japanese\n        singer ([[B''z]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Rafael Palmeiro]], Cuban-American\n        baseball player\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Kikuko Inoue]], Japanese singer\n        and voice actress\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Stephan Jenkins]], American\n        musician\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Janeane Garofalo]], American actress\n        and comedian\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Trey Anastasio]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Monica Bellucci]], Italian actress and model\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1982-1019-024, Maxi Gnauck.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maxi Gnauck]], 1980\n        Olympic gold medalist]]\\n[[File:David Kaye at an autograph session at Botcon\n        2008 in Cincinnati, Ohio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Kaye]]]]\\n[[File:Grant Gee.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Grant\n        Gee]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin Michael Richardson by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kevin\n        Michael Richardson]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Harry Hill]], English comedian,\n        writer and actor\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Dirk Brinkmann]], German field hockey\n        player\\n** [[Makharbek Khadartsev]], Russian free-style wrestler\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Clive Owen]], English actor\\n* [[October 4]] \\n**[[Francis Magalona]],\n        Filipino rapper (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Yvonne Murray]], Scottish athlete                   \\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\n**[[Keiji Fujiwara]], Japanese voice actor\\n**[[Korina Sanchez]],\n        Filipino broadcast journalist\\n* [[October 8]] \\n** [[Martin Marquez]], English\n        actor\\n** [[CeCe Winans]], African-American Christian musician\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Quinton Flynn]], American voice actor\\n** [[Maxi Gnauck]], East\n        German gymnast\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Masaya Onosaka]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Joe Girardi]], American baseball player-manager\\n**\n        [[David Kaye]], Canadian voice actor\\n** [[Jim Rome]], American sports T.V.\n        and radio host\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Kathryn Edwards]], American reality\n        television star\\n* [[October 18]] – [[John Swasey]], American voice\n        actor\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Jorge Luis Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Cuban boxer\\n**\n        [[Ty Pennington]], American carpenter, model and television personality\\n*\n        [[October 20]]\\n** [[Kamala Harris]], U.S. Senator from California\\n* [[October\n        22]]\\n** [[Dra\\u017een Petrovi\\u0107]], Croatian basketball player (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Paul McStay]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[TobyMac]], American-born Christian\n        musician\\n* [[October 23]] – [[David Sobolov]], Canadian voice actor\n        and director\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Rosana Arbelo]], Spanish singer and composer\\n**\n        [[Paul Bonwick]], Canadian House of Commons member\\n** [[Grant Gee]], English\n        film maker, photographer and cinematographer\\n* [[October 25]] \\n** [[Nicole\n        (German singer)|Nicole]], German singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1982\n        winner\\n** [[Kevin Michael Richardson]], American voice actor\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Marc L\\u00e9pine]], Canadian mass murderer (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Onofrio Catacchio]], Italian artist\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Yasmin Le Bon]], British model\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Marco\n        van Basten]], Dutch footballer and manager\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Daran\n        Norris.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Daran Norris]]]]\\n[[File:Magnus Scheving 2 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Magn\\u00fas\n        Scheving]]]]\\n[[File:Calista Flockhart at the 2009 Deauville American Film\n        Festival-01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Calista Flockhart]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Warburton\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patrick Warburton]]]]\\n[[File:Vbruni2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Valeria\n        Bruni Tedeschi]]]]\\n[[File:Nicholas Patrick 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicholas\n        Patrick]]]]\\n[[File:Don Cheadle UNEP 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Don\n        Cheadle]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Daran Norris]], American voice actor\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Paprika Steen]], Danish actress\\n* [[November 4]]\\n**\n        [[Kurt Krakowian]], American child actor\\n** [[Douglas Wilson (interior designer)|Douglas\n        Wilson]], American television personality and interior designer\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Greg Graffin]], American rock musician ([[Bad Religion]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[Dana Plato]], American actress (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November\n        10]]\\n** [[Kenny Rogers (baseball)|Kenny Rogers]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Magn\\u00fas Scheving]], Icelandic producer\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Calista\n        Flockhart]], American actress\\n** [[Ai-Ai delas Alas]], Filipino actress\\n*\n        [[November 12]] \\n** [[David Ellefson]], American rock bassist ([[Megadeth]])\\n**\n        [[Barbara St\\u00fchlmeyer]], German musicologist, church musician and writer\n        \\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Rev Run]], African-American rapper ([[Run\\u2013D.M.C.]])\\n**\n        [[Patrick Warburton]], American actor\\n* [[November 16]] \\n** [[Diana Krall]],\n        Canadian jazz pianist and singer\\n** [[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]], Italian-French\n        actress, screenwriter and film director\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Mitch\n        Williams]], American baseball player\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Rita Cosby]],\n        American television personality\\n** [[Seth Joyner]], African-American football\n        player\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Susie Dent]], British lexicographer\\n** [[Fred\n        Diamond]], 21st mathematician-century American\\n** [[Mike Gregory]], English\n        rugby player and coach (d. 2007)\\n** [[Shawn Holman]], American baseball pitcher\\n**\n        [[Phil Hughes (footballer born 1964)|Phil Hughes]], Irish footballer and coach\\n**\n        [[Eric Musselman]], Sacramento Kings head coach\\n** [[Nicholas Patrick]],\n        English astronaut\\n** [[Peter Rohde]], Carlton Football Club player\\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[Shane Douglas]], American wrestler\\n** [[Liza Tarbuck]], British\n        actress and broadcaster\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Boyd Kestner]], American\n        actor\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Garret Dillahunt]], American actor\\n** [[Alistair\n        McGowan]], British actor and comedian\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Vreni Schneider]],\n        Swiss alpine skier\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Robin Givens]], African-American\n        actress\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Giorgi Bagaturov]], Georgian-Armenian chess\n        grandmaster\\n** [[Michael Bennet]], American lawyer, businessman and politician\\n**\n        [[Jorge Capitanich]], Argentine politician\\n** [[Ken Charlery]], St Lucian\n        international footballer\\n** [[Naoto Hori]], Japanese football player\\n**\n        [[Paul Kostacopoulos]], American college baseball coach\\n** [[Eugene Licorish]],\n        Grenadian long jumper\\n** [[Michelle McKormick]], American talk radio personality\\n**\n        [[Oscar Mu\\u00f1oz (wrestler)|Oscar Mu\\u00f1oz]], Colombian wrestler\\n** [[Zurab\n        Sturua]], Georgian chess grandmaster\\n** [[Roy Tarpley]], American former\n        professional basketball player\\n** [[Craig Wilson (third baseman, born 1964)|Craig\n        Wilson]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Don\n        Cheadle]], African-American actor\\n** [[Cork Graham]], American author\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Hape\n        Kerkeling cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hape Kerkeling]]]]\\n[[File:Tony Roper.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony\n        Roper (racing driver)|Tony Roper]]]]\\n[[File:Osaka07 Opening Heike Drechsler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heike\n        Drechsler]], 1992 Olympic gold medalist]]\\n[[File:Steve Austin by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stone\n        Cold Steve Austin]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Salvatore Schillaci]], Italian\n        footballer\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Darryl Hamilton]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Scott George Huckabay]], American guitarist\\n* [[December\n        4]]\\n** [[Sertab Erener]], Turkish singer-songwriter, [[Eurovision Song Contest]]\n        2003 winner\\n** [[Jonathan Goldstein (actor)|Jonathan Goldstein]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Marisa Tomei]], American actress \\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Roberta\n        Close]], Brazilian transgender model\\n** [[Curtis Hughes]], American wrestler\\n**\n        [[Peter Laviolette]], American ice hockey coach\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Teri Hatcher]], American actress\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Larry Emdur]],\n        Australian game-show host\\n** [[Hape Kerkeling]], German actor, presenter\n        and comedian\\n** [[Johannes B. Kerner]], German TV personality and sportscaster\\n**\n        [[Paul Landers]], German rock musician ([[Rammstein]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n**\n        [[Bobby Flay]], American chef and host\\n** [[Edith Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Mexican\n        actress\\n* [[December 11]] – [[John Mark Karr]], American murder suspect\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Sabu (wrestler)|Sabu]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[December 13]]\\n**[[Hide (musician)|Hideto \\\"hide\\\" Matsumoto]], Japanese\n        musician (d. [[1998]])\\n**[[Tony Roper (racing driver)|Tony Roper]], American\n        racing driver (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Rebecca Gibney]], New\n        Zealand-born actress\\n** [[Antje Vowinckel]], German radio artist and musician\\n*\n        [[December 15]] \\n** [[Jerry Ball]], American football player\\n** [[Denis\n        Scheck]], German literary critic and journalist\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Heike\n        Drechsler]], German track-and-field athlete\\n** [[Billy Ripken]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Frank Musil]], Czech ice hockey\n        player and scout\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[Ben Becker]], German film\n        and theatre actor\\n** [[Arvydas Sabonis]], Lithuanian basketball player\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Mike Jackson (right-handed pitcher)|Mike Jackson]],\n        former [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] pitcher\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Eddie\n        Vedder]], American rock singer ([[Pearl Jam]])\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        [[Elizabeth Kostova]], American author\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Michael\n        Cudlitz]], American actor\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[George Newbern]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Sophie Ward]], British actress\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Michael\n        McDonald (comedian)|Michael McDonald]], American actor and comedian\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Juan Carlos Alom]], Cuban photographer\\n* [[Fiona Joy Hawkins]],\n        Australian composer and pianist\\n* [[Famke Janssen]], Dutch actress. Estimated\n        year of birth. \\n* [[Jiang Yu]], Chinese politician\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Julius-Raab-1961.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julius\n        Raab]]]]\\n[[File:Bechara elkhoury.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bechara El Khoury]]]]\\n[[File:Alan\n        Ladd 1950s.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Alan Ladd]]]]\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Leslie\n        Holdsworth Allen]], Australian academic and poet (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Julius Raab]], Austrian politician, 14th [[Chancellor of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Halide Edib Ad\\u0131var]], Turkish\n        novelist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Bechara El Khoury]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister and 2-Time President of Lebanon (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January\n        15]]\\n** [[Tawfiq Canaan]], Palestinian doctor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Jack Teagarden]],\n        American jazz trombonist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 17]] – [[T. H. White]],\n        British author (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Joe Weatherly]],\n        [[NASCAR]] championship driver (b. 1922)\\n* [[January 21]] \\n** [[Joseph Baumgartner]],\n        German politician (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Joseph Schildkraut]], Austrian actor\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\n** [[Lissy Arna]], German actress (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Marc Blitzstein]], American composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n**\n        [[Benedetta Bianchi Porro]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and venerable\n        (b. [[1936]])\\n** [[Lucila Gamero de Medina]], Honduranian novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi]], Nigerian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Norman Z. McLeod]],\n        American film director (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Waite Phillips]], American oil\n        man, banker and real estate investor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Adolfo\n        Diaz|Adolfo Diaz Recinos]], 2-time [[President of Nicaragua]] (d. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Alan Ladd]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Emilio\n        Aguinaldo ca. 1919 (Restored).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]]]\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** [[Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        Amato]], Italian producer, director and screenwriter (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[Matilde Moisant]], American pilot (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], Filipino general and 1st [[President of\n        the Philippines]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Sofoklis Venizelos]],\n        3-Time Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Boshir\\u014d\n        Hosogaya]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Ernst Kretschmer]], German\n        psychiatrist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Eugen S\\u00e4nger]],\n        Austrian aerospace engineer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Gerald\n        Gardner (Wiccan)]], founder of Wiccan religion (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Paulino Alc\\u00e1ntara]], Filipino-Spanish footballer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Joseph-Armand Bombardier]], Canadian inventor of\n        the [[snowmobile]] and founder of [[Bombardier Inc.]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[February\n        25]]\\n** [[Alexander Archipenko]], Ukrainian-American sculptor (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Johnny Burke (lyricist)|Johnny Burke]], American lyricist (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Mariano Jes\\u00fas Cuenco]], Filipino politician and writer (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Maurice Farman]], French aircraft designer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Grace Metalious]],\n        American writer (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas]],\n        British World War II hero (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Orry-Kelly]],\n        Australian-born costume designer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 29]] –\n        [[Frank Albertson]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Paul\n        I of Greece.jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Paul of Greece]]]]\\n[[File:Sigfrid Edstrom.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sigfrid\n        Edstrom]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Dav\\u00ed\\u00f0 Stef\\u00e1nsson]], Icelandic\n        poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Edwin August]], American actor\n        and director (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Paul of Greece]], [[King of\n        Greece]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Edward Van Sloan]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]], German general (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Abb\\u0101s al-Aqq\\u0101d]], Egyptian journalist (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Friedrich Lahrs]], German architect (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Sigfrid Edstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish industrialist,\n        4th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Norbert Wiener]], American mathematician (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Leo Maximilian Baginski]], German entrepreneur (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Brendan Behan]], Irish poet and writer (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Addison Richards]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Peter Lorre]], Hungarian-born actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March\n        25]] – [[Alfredo Bigatti]], Argentine sculptor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Birinchi Kumar Barua]], Indian folklorist (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:MacArthur\n        Manila.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Douglas MacArthur]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Bo\\u017eidar\n        Kunc]], Yugoslav composer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Franz Joseph,\n        Prince of Hohenzollern-Emden]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Georgia\n        Caine]], American actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Douglas MacArthur]],\n        U.S. Army general, Supreme Allied Commander in Japan after World War II (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Jigme Palden Dorji]], 1st [[Prime Minister\n        of Bhutan]] (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Veit Harlan]], German\n        film director (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** [[Tatyana Afanasyeva]], Soviet\n        mathematician and physicist (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Rachel Carson]], American\n        biologist and environmental writer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\n** [[Fumio\n        Asakura]], Japanese sculptor (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Ben Hecht]], American screenwriter\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\n** [[Joseph-Alphida Crete]], Canadian politician\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Dimitar Ganev]], Bulgarian communist politician, head\n        of the State (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Gerhard Domagk]], German\n        [[bacteriologist]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (declined) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[E. J. Pratt]], Canadian\n        poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[J. M. Kerrigan]], Irish actor (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Wenceslao Fern\\u00e1ndez Fl\\u00f3rez]], Spanish journalist\n        and novelist (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Jnehru.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]]]]\\n[[File:Leo Szilard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor]], American-born politician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Tadao Ikeda]], Japanese director and\n        screenwriter (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Maza Fern\\u00e1ndez]],\n        Chilean politician, lawyer and diplomat (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        [[Carol Haney]], American dancer and actress (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Diana Wynyard]], English actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Steve\n        Owen (American football)|Steve Owen]], American football coach ([[New York\n        Giants]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[James Franck]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]], Indian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of India]] (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]]\\n** [[Dave MacDonald]], sports car driver (b. 1936)\\n** [[Eddie\n        Sachs]], auto racing driver (b. 1927)\\n** [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]], Hungarian-born\n        American physicist (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Frans\n        Eemil Sillanp\\u00e4\\u00e4]], Finnish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 6]] \\n** [[Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\n        (1886\\u20131964)|Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Robert Warwick]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Violet\n        Attlee, Countess Attlee]], wife of former British PM Clement Attlee (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Charlie Llewellyn]], first non-white South African Test cricketer (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Carlos Quintanilla]], 44th [[President of Bolivia]] (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook]], Canadian-born\n        newspaper publisher and politician (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** [[John\n        Eke]], Swedish Olympic athlete (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]],\n        Thai field marshal and 3rd [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] (1938-1944), leader\n        of the [[World War II]] & (1948-1957) (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Paul Carpenter (actor)|Paul Carpenter]], American actor (b. [[1921]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Clarence G. Badger]], American film director (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Giorgio Morandi]], Italian painter (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[James Chaney]], American civil rights activist (killed in\n        Mississippi) (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Andrew Goodman]], American civil rights activist\n        (killed in Mississippi) (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Michael Schwerner]], American\n        civil rights activist (killed in Mississippi) (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – [[Stuart Davis (painter)|Stuart Davis]], American painter (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Gerrit Rietveld]], Dutch architect (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Salvatore Aldisio]], Italian politician (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Mona Barrie]], English actress (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Lillian\n        Copeland 1938.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lillian Copeland]]]]\\n[[File:Princeaxel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Axel of Denmark]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Pierre Monteux]], French conductor\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Fireball Roberts|Glenn \\\"Fireball\\\"\n        Roberts]], American race car driver and a member of the [[NASCAR Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Henry (Hank) Sylvern|Hank Sylvern]],\n        U.S. [[radio]] personality (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Zeng Junchen]],\n        Sichuan''s ''King of Opium'' (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Lillian\n        Copeland]], American athlete (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Maurice\n        Thorez]], leader of the [[French Communist Party]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July\n        13]] – [[Stephen Galatti]], Director of [[American Field Service|AFS,\n        American Field Service]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Prince Axel\n        of Denmark]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Luis Batlle Berres]],\n        30th [[President of Uruguay]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Alfred\n        Junge]], German-born art director (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Jean\n        Fautrier]],  French painter and sculptor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n**\n        [[Leonid Baratov]], Soviet director (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Gildo Bocci]], Italian\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Thakin Kodaw Hmaing]], Burmese\n        poet and politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[William A. Seiter]],\n        American film director (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Vean Gregg]],\n        American baseball player (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jim Reeves]],\n        American country singer (b. [[1923]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Aleksander Zawadzki\n        01.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Aleksander Zawadzki]]]]\\n[[File:Gracie Allen CBS.JPG|100px|thumbnail|[[Gracie\n        Allen]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Flannery O''Connor]], American writer\n        (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[August 6]] – Sir [[Cedric Hardwicke]], English actor\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Aleksander Zawadzki]], Polish political\n        figure, 12th [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Fontaine Fox]], American cartoonist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 11]] –\n        [[Andr\\u00e9 Aymard]], French historian (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n**\n        [[Isidro Fabela]], Mexican judge and politician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Ian Fleming]],\n        British writer (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Ernst K\\u00fchnel]], German art historian\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov]], Soviet astronomer and inventor\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]], Indian musician\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Johnny Burnette]], American singer\n        (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Mohammad Gul Khan Momand]], Afghani\n        politician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Anthony de Francisci]],\n        Italian-born American sculptor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Palmiro\n        Togliatti]], leader of the [[Italian Communist Party]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Symeon Lukach]], Soviet [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Orthodox]]\n        bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Estella\n        Canziani]], British painter (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Gracie\n        Allen]], American actress and comedian, known as part of the comedy duo ''''[[Burns\n        and Allen]]'''' (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Lumsden Hare]], Irish-born\n        actor, theatre director, and theatre producer\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Aleksei\n        Aleksandrovich Grechkin]], Soviet commander (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Alferes Francisco Craveiro Lopes, Mo%C3%A7ambique, 1918 (c.).png|thumb|100px|[[Francisco\n        Craveiro Lopes]]]]\\n[[File:Harpo Marx.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harpo Marx]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 2]]\\n** [[Glenn Albert Black]], American archaeologist (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Francisco Craveiro Lopes]], Portuguese military officer and politician,\n        12nd [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Alvin C. York|Alvin Cullum\n        York]], American hero of [[World War I]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 5]]\n        – [[Angel Cruchaga Santa Mar\\u00eda]], Chilean writer (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[San Tiago Dantas]], Brazilian journalist (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[September 9]] \\n** [[Sir George Abercromby, 8th Baronet]], British baronet\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Herschel Bennett]], American baseball player of [[St.\n        Louis Browns]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Herbert Heywood\n        (actor)|Herbert Heywood]], American actor (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**\n        [[Clive Bell]], English art critic (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Se\\u00e1n O''Casey]],\n        Irish writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Otto Grotewohl]],\n        East German Communist politician, 1st [[Leadership of East Germany|Prime Minister\n        of the German Democratic Republic]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        [[Fred M. Wilcox]], American motion picture director (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        28]]\\n** [[Nacio Herb Brown]], American songwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Harpo\n        Marx]], American comedian (''''Marx Brothers'''') (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Fred Tootell]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Herbert\n        Hoover.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Herbert Hoover]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Ernst\n        Toch]], Austrian composer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Eddie\n        Cantor]], American actor, comedian and dancer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[Cole Porter]], American composer (''''You''re The Top'''') (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Russ Brown (actor)|Russ Brown]], American actor (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Herbert Hoover]], American politician,\n        31st [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        [[Margaret Gibson (actress)|Margaret Gibson]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Whip Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Eric Edgar Cooke]], Australian serial killer (b. [[1931]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Pierre Cartier (jeweler)|Pierre Cartier]], French jeweller\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Rudolph Mat\\u00e9]], Polish cinematographer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Claudio Ermelli]], Italian actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Henry\n        Larsen (explorer)|Henry Larsen]], Canadian explorer (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\n** [[Charles Walter Allfrey]], British general (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Ram\\u00f3n Guizado]], Panamanian politician, 17th [[President\n        of Panama]] (assassinated) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Mabel Lucie\n        Attwell]], British illustrator (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[John S. Robertson]], Canadian\n        film director (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Hans von Euler-Chelpin]],\n        German-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\n** [[Jimmie Dodd]], American actor and TV personality\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Sam Newfield]], American movie director (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\n** [[Franciszek Barda]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman\n        and servant of God (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Juan de Dios Filiberto]], Argentine\n        violinist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Eduard Steuermann]], Austrian-American pianist\n        and composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Rickard Sandler]],\n        20th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Oskar\n        Becker]], German philosopher (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Heinrich\n        von Brentano]], German politician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Tommaso Besozzi]], Italian journalist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November 25]] –\n        [[Clarence Kolb]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Charles Meredith (actor)|Charles Meredith]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Anne de Vries]], Dutch writer (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Hess.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Victor\n        Francis Hess]]]]\\n[[File:Rossell-y-arellano.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariano Rossell\n        y Arellano]]]]\\n[[File:Olafur Thors.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Olafur Thors]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]]\\n** [[Marie-Cl\\u00e9mentine Anuarite Nengapeta]], Congolese\n        [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, martyr and blessed (b. [[1939]])\\n**\n        [[J. B. S. Haldane]], British geneticist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Charles P. Snyder (admiral)|Charles P. Snyder]], American admiral (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[V. Veerasingam]], Ceylon Tamil teacher and politician\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Consuelo Vanderbilt]], Duchess of\n        Marlborough (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 9]] – Dame [[Edith Sitwell]],\n        British poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Mariano Rossell y\n        Arellano]], Guatemalan [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December\n        11]]\\n** [[Sam Cooke]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1931]])\\n** [[Percy\n        Kilbride]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Alma Mahler|Alma Schindler\n        Mahler]], wife of [[Gustav Mahler]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[Ernesto Almirante]], Italian actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n**\n        [[William Bendix]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Francisco Canaro]],\n        Uruguayan-born composer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Victor\n        Francis Hess]], Austrian-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Carl Van Vechten]], American\n        writer and photographer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Rosa Borja\n        de Ycaza]], Ecuadorian writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Kuksha\n        of Odessa]], Soviet [[Orthodox patriarch]] and saint (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Francesco Spoto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Cliff Sterrett]], American cartoonist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Vladimir Favorsky]], Russian artist\n        and engraver (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Gertrude Michael]], American\n        actress (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur Thors]], Icelandic politician, 8th\n        [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Henry Maitland Wilson]],\n        British field marshal (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Charles Hard Townes]], [[Nicolay\n        Gennadiyevich Basov]], [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov|Aleksandr Prokhorov]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Konrad\n        Bloch]], [[Feodor Lynen]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]]\\n\\n==See also==\\n\\n* [[1964 (film)]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1964}}\\n[[Category:1964|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T03:45:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":799668532,\"length\":100290,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964\"},\"34750\":{\"pageid\":34750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1965\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-08T21:38:18Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1965}}\\n{{Events by month|1965}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1965}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1965}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1965}}\\n* [[January 1]] – Canadian ship {{SS|Catala}}\n        is driven onto the beach in [[Ocean Shores, Washington]], stranding her.\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] proclaims his \\\"[[Great\n        Society]]\\\" during his [[State of the Union address]].\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        The [[Mirzapur Cadet College]] formally opens for academic activities in East\n        Pakistan (now [[Bangladesh]]).\\n* [[January 14]] – The Prime Minister\n        of [[Northern Ireland]] and the [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]]\n        meet for the first time in 43 years.\\n* [[January 19]] – The unmanned\n        ''''[[Gemini 2]]'''' is launched on a suborbital test of various spacecraft\n        systems.\\n* [[January 20]] \\n** [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] is [[Second inauguration\n        of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn in]] for a full term as President of the United\n        States.\\n** [[Indonesia]]n President Sukarno announces the withdrawal of the\n        Indonesian government from the United Nations.\\n* [[January 26]] – Anti-Hindi\n        agitations break out in India, because of which [[Hindi]] does not get \\\"National\n        Language\\\" status and remains one of the 23 official languages of India.\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – The state [[State funeral of Winston Churchill|funeral]]\n        of Sir [[Winston Churchill]] takes place in London with the largest assembly\n        of statesmen in the world until the 2005 funeral of [[Pope John Paul II]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4421081.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Holding\n        history''s largest funeral|date=2005-04-08|accessdate=2010-03-29}}\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|February 1965}}\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Trofim Lysenko]] is removed\n        from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the [[Russian Academy\n        of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]] in the Soviet Union and [[Lysenkoism|Lysenkoist]]\n        theories subjected to criticism as pseudoscience.{{cite journal|url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/229.short\n        |title=The descent of Lysenko |last=Cohen |first=Barry M. |journal=The Journal\n        of Heredity |volume=56 |pages=229\\u2013233 |year=1965 |issue=5 |accessdate=2015-01-01\n        |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VXNmwwHu?url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/229.short\n        |archivedate=January 12, 2015 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}{{cite book|last=Joravsky|first=David|title=The\n        Lysenko Affair|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1970|series=Russian\n        Research Center studies, 61|isbn=0-674-53985-0}}\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        English footballer Sir [[Stanley Matthews]] plays his final [[Football League\n        First Division|First Division]] game, at the record age of 50 years and 5\n        days.\\n* [[February 12]] – The African and [[Malagasy Republic|Malagasy]]\n        Common Organization (''''{{lang|fr|Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache}}'''';\n        OCAM) is formed as successor to the Afro-Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation\n        (''''{{lang|fr|Union Africaine et Malgache de Cooperation Economique}}'''';\n        UAMCE), formerly the [[African and Malagasy Union]] (''''{{lang|fr|Union Africaine\n        et Malgache}}''''; UAM).\\n* [[February 15]] – A new red and white [[maple\n        leaf]] design is inaugurated as the [[flag of Canada]], replacing the [[Union\n        Flag]] and the [[Canadian Red Ensign]].\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Joan\n        Rivers]] makes her [[Tonight Show]] debut.\\n* [[February 18]] – [[The\n        Gambia]] becomes independent from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n**\n        ''''[[Ranger 8]]'''' crashes into the Moon, after a successful mission of\n        photographing possible landing sites for the [[Apollo program]] [[astronaut]]s.\\n**\n        {{lang|tr|[[Suat Hayri \\u00dcrg\\u00fcpl\\u00fc]]}} forms the new (interim)\n        government of [[Turkey]] (29th government).\\n* [[February 21]] – African-American\n        Muslim minister and human rights activist [[Malcolm X]] is assassinated in\n        New York City.\\n* [[February 22]] – A new, revised, color production\n        of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Cinderella (musical)|Cinderella]]''''\n        airs on CBS. [[Lesley Ann Warren]] makes her TV debut in the title role. The\n        show becomes an annual tradition.\\n[[File:Flag of Canada.svg|thumb|180px|The\n        newly adopted [[Flag of Canada]]]]\\n[[File:Flag of the Gambia.svg|thumb|180px|Flag\n        of the newly independent [[Gambia]]]]\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main article|March\n        1965}}\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] –\n        The [[United States Air Force]] [[2d Air Division]], [[United States Navy]]\n        and Republic of [[Vietnam Air Force]] begin a 3\\u00bd-year aerial bombardment\n        campaign against [[North Vietnam]].\\n** The film of ''''[[The Sound of Music\n        (film)|The Sound of Music]]'''' premieres at the Rivoli Theater in New York\n        City.\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Bloody Sunday (1965)|Bloody Sunday]]: Some\n        200 Alabama State Troopers attack 525 civil rights demonstrators in [[Selma,\n        Alabama]], as they attempt to [[Selma to Montgomery marches|march to the state\n        capitol of Montgomery]].\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Some 3,500\n        [[United States Marines]] arrive in [[Da Nang]], [[South Vietnam]], becoming\n        the first American ground combat troops in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[March 9]] –\n        The second attempt to march from Selma to [[Montgomery, Alabama]], under the\n        leadership of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], stops at the bridge that was the\n        site of Bloody Sunday, to hold a prayer service and return to Selma, in obedience\n        to a court [[Injunction|restraining order]]. [[White supremacist]]s beat up\n        white [[Unitarian Universalist]] minister [[James J. Reeb]] later that day\n        in Selma.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** An engagement is announced between [[Princess\n        Margriet of the Netherlands]] and [[Pieter van Vollenhoven]], who will become\n        the first commoner and the first Dutchman to marry into the [[Dutch Royal\n        Family]].\\n** [[Goldie (eagle)|Goldie]], a [[London Zoo]] [[golden eagle]],\n        is recaptured 12 days after her escape.\\n* [[March 11]] – White [[Unitarian\n        Universalist]] minister [[James J. Reeb]], beaten by [[White supremacists]]\n        in [[Selma, Alabama]], on [[March 9]] following the second march from Selma,\n        dies in a hospital in [[Birmingham, Alabama]].\\n* [[March 15]] – President\n        Lyndon B. Johnson makes his \\\"We Shall Overcome\\\" speech.\\n* [[March 16]]\n        – Police clash with 600 [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee|SNCC]]\n        marchers in [[Montgomery, Alabama]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** In [[Montgomery,\n        Alabama]], 1,600 civil rights marchers demonstrate at the Courthouse.\\n**\n        In response to the events of March 7 and 9 in Selma, Alabama, President [[Lyndon\n        B. Johnson]] sends a bill to Congress that forms the basis for the Voting\n        Rights Act of 1965. It is passed by the Senate May 26, the House July 10,\n        and signed into law by President Johnson August 6.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Cosmonaut]]\n        [[Alexey Leonov]], leaving his spacecraft ''''[[Voskhod 2]]'''' for 12 minutes,\n        becomes the first person to walk in space.\\n** A [[United States federal judge]]\n        rules that [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference|SCLC]] has the lawful\n        right to march to [[Montgomery, Alabama]], to petition for ''redress of grievances''.\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – The wreck of the {{SS|Georgiana}}, reputed to have been\n        the most powerful Confederate cruiser ever built, is discovered off the [[Isle\n        of Palms, South Carolina]], by teenage diver [[E. Lee Spence]], exactly 102\n        years after she was sunk with a million dollar cargo, while attempting to\n        run past the Union blockade into [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]].\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** \\\"[[Poup\\u00e9e de cire, poup\\u00e9e de son]]\\\", sung by\n        [[France Gall]] (music and lyrics by [[Serge Gainsbourg]]) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1965]] for [[Luxembourg]].\\n** The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]\n        begins.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Ranger program]]: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Ranger\n        9]]'''', which is the last in a series of unmanned [[Moon|lunar]] [[space\n        probe]]s.''''\\n** [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] leads 3,200 [[Civil Rights Movement|civil\n        rights]] activists in the third march from Selma, Alabama, to the capitol\n        in Montgomery.\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Nicolae Ceau\\u0219escu]] becomes\n        the first secretary of the [[Romanian Communist Party]].\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Events of March 23, 1965]]: Large student demonstration in Morocco, joined\n        by discontented masses, meets with violent police and military repression.\n        \\n**''''[[Gemini 3]]'''': [[NASA]] launches the United States'' first 2-person\n        crew ([[Gus Grissom]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]]) into [[Earth\n        orbit]].\\n**The first issue of ''''[[The Vigilant]]'''' is published from\n        [[Khartoum]].\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and 25,000\n        civil rights activists successfully end the 4-day march from Selma, Alabama,\n        to the capitol in Montgomery.\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** Funeral services are held\n        for Detroit homemaker [[Viola Liuzzo]], who was shot dead by 4 Klansmen as\n        she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the civil rights march.\\n**\n        The second [[ODECA]] charter, signed on 12 December 1962, becomes effective.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main\n        article|April 1965}}\\n* [[April 3]] – The world''s first space nuclear\n        power reactor, ''''[[SNAP-10A]]'''', is launched by the United States from\n        Vandenberg AFB, California. The reactor operates for 43 days and remains in\n        [[low Earth orbit]].\\n* [[April 5]] – At the [[37th Academy Awards]],\n        ''''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'''' wins 8 Academy Awards, including\n        Best Picture and Best Director. [[Rex Harrison]] wins an Oscar for [[Academy\n        Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]. ''''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]''''\n        takes home 5 Oscars. [[Julie Andrews]] wins an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]\n        for her performance in the title role. [[Sherman Brothers]] receives 2 Oscars\n        including [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Song]], \\\"[[Chim Chim\n        Cher-ee]]\\\".\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** The [[Intelsat I]] (\\\"Early Bird\\\") [[communications\n        satellite]] is launched. It becomes operational [[May 2]] and is placed in\n        commercial service in [[June]].\\n** The British Government announces the cancellation\n        of the [[TSR-2]] aircraft project.\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** The West German parliament\n        extends the [[statute of limitations]] on [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war crime]]s.\\n**\n        In [[Houston]], the Harris County Domed Stadium (more commonly known as the\n        [[Astrodome]]) opens.\\n** [[Charlie Brown]] and the ''''[[Peanuts]]'''' Gang\n        appear on the cover of ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''''.\\n* [[April 11]] –\n        The [[1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak]]: An estimated 51 tornadoes (47 confirmed)\n        hit in 6 Midwestern states, killing between 256 and 271 people and injuring\n        some 1,500 more.\\n* [[April 14]] – ''''[[In Cold Blood]]'''' killers\n        [[Richard Hickock]] and [[Perry Smith (murderer)|Perry Smith]], convicted\n        of murdering 4 members of the [[Herbert Clutter]] family of [[Holcomb, Kansas]],\n        are executed by hanging at the Kansas State Penitentiary for Men in [[Lansing,\n        Kansas]].\\n* [[April 17]] – The first [[Students for a Democratic Society]]\n        march against the Vietnam War draws 25,000 protestors to Washington, D.C.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – Consecration of Saint [[Clement of Ohrid]] Macedonian\n        Orthodox Cathedral in Toronto, Canada.\\n* [[April 21]] – The [[1964\n        New York World''s Fair|New York World''s Fair]] in [[Flushing Meadows]], New\n        York, reopens.\\n* [[April 23]] – The [[Pennine Way]] officially opens.\\n*\n        [[April 24]]\\n** The [[1965 Yerevan demonstrations]] start in Yerevan, demanding\n        recognition of the [[Armenian Genocide]].\\n** The bodies of Portuguese opposition\n        politician [[Humberto Delgado]] and his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos\n        are found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno, Spain (they were killed\n        [[February 12]]).\\n** In the [[Dominican Republic]], officers and civilians\n        loyal to deposed President [[Juan Bosch]] mutiny against the right-wing junta\n        running the country, setting up a [[provisional government]]. Forces loyal\n        to the deposed military-imposed government stage a countercoup the next day,\n        and civil war breaks out, although the new government retains its hold on\n        power.\\n* [[April 25]] – Teenage [[sniper]] Michael Clark kills 3 and\n        wounds others shooting at cars from a hilltop along [[Highway 101]] just south\n        of [[Orcutt, California]]. Sixteen-year-old Clark kills himself as police\n        rush the hilltop.\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Rede Globo]], the 3rd largest\n        TV broadcaster of the world, is founded, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]].\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[American occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965\\u201366)|U.S.\n        troops occupy the Dominican Republic.]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Prime Minister\n        of Australia [[Robert Menzies]] announces that the country will substantially\n        increase its number of troops in [[South Vietnam]], supposedly at the request\n        of the [[Saigon]] government (it is later revealed that Menzies had asked\n        the leadership in Saigon to send the request at the behest of the Americans).\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – Australia announces that it is sending an [[infantry]]\n        battalion to support the [[South Vietnam]] government.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{main\n        article|May 1965}}\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Robert Askin|Bob Askin]] replaces [[Jack\n        Renshaw]] as Premier of [[New South Wales]].\\n** The [[Battle of Dong-Yin]]\n        occurs as a conflict between [[Taiwan]] and the People''s Republic of China.\\n**\n        Liverpool wins the FA Cup Final, beating Leeds Utd 2\\u20131.\\n* [[May 5]]\n        – Forty men [[Draft-card burning|burn their draft cards]] at the [[University\n        of California, Berkeley]], and a coffin is marched to the Berkeley [[Conscription\n        in the United States|Draft Board]].\\n* [[May 6]] – A [[Early-May 1965\n        tornado outbreak sequence|tornado outbreak]] near the [[Minneapolis\\u2013Saint\n        Paul|Twin Cities]] in [[Minnesota]] kills 13 and injures 683.\\n* [[May 7]]\n        – The [[U.S. Steel]] freighter {{SS|Cedarville}} collides with the SS\n        ''''Topdalsfjord'''' and sinks near the [[Mackinac Bridge]], killing 25. 10\n        are rescued from the ''''Cedarville'''', the 3rd largest lake ship to sink\n        after its sister the {{SS|Carl D. Bradley}}, and the {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}.\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – Pianist [[Vladimir Horowitz]] returns to the stage after\n        a 12-year absence, performing a legendary concert in [[Carnegie Hall]] in\n        New York.\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** West Germany and [[Israel]] establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** The Italian liner {{SS|Michelangelo}} enters service.\\n* [[May\n        13]] – A West German [[court of appeals]] condemns the behavior of ex-defense\n        minister [[Franz Josef Strauss]] during the [[Spiegel scandal]].\\n* [[May\n        21]] – The largest antiwar [[teach-in]] to date begins at [[Berkeley,\n        California]], attended by 30,000.\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** Several hundred Vietnam\n        War protesters in Berkeley, California, march to the Draft Board again to\n        burn 19 more cards. [[Lyndon Johnson]] is hung in [[effigy]].\\n** The first\n        [[skateboarding]] championship is held.\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Muhammad Ali]]\n        knocks out [[Sonny Liston]] in the first round of their championship rematch\n        with the \\\"[[Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston|Phantom Punch]]\\\" at the [[Central\n        Maine Civic Center]] in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]].\\n* [[May 27]] –\n        [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] beats [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] 1-0 at the [[San\n        Siro]], [[Milan]] and wins the [[1964-65 European Cup]] (football).\\n* [[May\n        29]] – A mining accident in [[Dhanbad]], India kills 274.\\n* [[May 31]]\n        – [[Auto racing|Racing driver]] [[Jim Clark]] wins the [[Indianapolis\n        500]], and later wins the [[Formula One]] world driving championship in the\n        same year.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{main article|June 1965}}\\n[[File:FIU Green Library.JPG|right|thumb|170px|Green\n        Library at [[Florida International University]] in [[Miami, FL]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]]\\n** [[Florida International University]] is founded in [[Miami]].\\n**\n        A [[Coal mining|coal mine]] explosion in [[Fukuoka]], Japan kills 237.\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The first contingent of Australian combat\n        troops arrives in [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[June 3]] – ''''[[Gemini 4]]'''':\n        Astronaut [[Edward Higgins White]] makes the first U.S. [[space walk]].\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – The single \\\"[[(I Can''t Get No) Satisfaction]]\\\" by [[The\n        Rolling Stones]] is released. It becames the band''s first number one in the\n        United States and is often thought to be one of the greatest rock ''n'' roll\n        songs of all time. \\n* [[June 7]] – [[Kakanj mine disaster]]: A mining\n        accident in [[Kakanj]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], results in 128 deaths.\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Battle of Dong Xoai]]: About\n        1,500 [[Viet Cong]] mount a mortar attack on [[\\u0110\\u1ed3ng Xo\\u00e0i]],\n        overrunning its military headquarters and the adjoining militia compound.\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – A planned [[Opposition to United States involvement in\n        the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War protest]] at [[The Pentagon]] becomes a teach-in,\n        with demonstrators distributing 50,000 leaflets in and around the building.\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Houari Boumediene]]''s Revolutionary Council ousts [[Ahmed\n        Ben Bella]], in a bloodless [[coup]] in [[Algeria]].\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        Police in [[Algiers]] break up demonstrations by people who have taken to\n        the streets chanting slogans in support of deposed President [[Ahmed Ben Bella]].\\n*\n        [[June 22]] – The [[Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the\n        Republic of Korea]] is signed in Tokyo.\\n* [[June 25]] – A U.S. Air\n        Force [[Boeing C-135 Stratolifter]] bound for Okinawa crashes just after takeoff\n        at [[MCAS El Toro]] in [[Orange County, California]], killing all 85 on board.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – The DeFeo family moves from Brooklyn, New York, to 112\n        Ocean Avenue in Amityville, Long Island, New York, in the United States. The\n        murder of all but one of the DeFeos  nine years later, on November 13, [[1974#November|1974]],\n        by the oldest son, [[Ronald DeFeo Jr.|Ronald/Ronnie \\\"Butch\\\" DeFeo, Jr.]],\n        and the subsequent claims of a haunting at 112 Ocean Avenue by the Lutz family,\n        would lead to [[The Amityville Horror]] franchise of books and movies.\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{main article|July 1965}}\\n* July – The [[Commonwealth of\n        Nations|Commonwealth]] secretariat is created.\\n* [[July 14]] – U.S.\n        spacecraft ''''[[Mariner 4]]'''' flies by [[Mars]], becoming the first spacecraft\n        to return images from the Red Planet.\\n* [[July 15]] – Greek Prime minister\n        [[Georgios Papandreou]] and his government are dismissed by King [[Constantine\n        II of Greece|Constantine II]].\\n* [[July 16]] – The [[Mont Blanc Tunnel]]\n        is inaugurated by presidents [[Giuseppe Saragat]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]].\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Four [[F-4 Phantom II|F-4C Phantoms]]\n        escorting a [[Strategic bombing|bombing raid]] at Kang Chi are targeted by\n        [[antiaircraft missile]]s, in the first such attack against American planes\n        in the war. One is shot down and the other 3 sustain damage.\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Bob Dylan]] elicits controversy among folk purists by \\\"going electric\\\"\n        at the [[Newport Folk Festival]].\\n* [[July 26]] – The [[Maldives]]\n        receive full independence from Great Britain.\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Edward\n        Heath]] becomes Leader of the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative\n        Party]].\\n* [[July 28]] – Vietnam War: U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]\n        announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in [[South\n        Vietnam]] from 75,000 to 125,000, and to more than double the number of men\n        drafted per month - from 17,000 to 35,000.\\n* [[July 29]] – [[The Beatles]]\n        second movie ''''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'''' premieres.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[War on Poverty]]: U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Social\n        Security Act of 1965]] into law, establishing [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]\n        and [[Medicaid]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{main article|August 1965}}\\n* [[August\n        1]] – [[Tobacco advertising|Cigarette advertising]] is banned on British\n        television.\\n* [[August 6]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs\n        the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] into law.\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Tunku\n        Abdul Rahman]], [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]], recommends the expulsion of\n        [[Singapore]] from the [[Federation of Malaysia]], negotiating its separation\n        with [[Lee Kuan Yew]], Prime Minister of Singapore.\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Singapore]]\n        is expelled from the Federation of [[Malaysia]], which recognises it as a\n        [[Sovereignty|sovereign nation]]. [[Lee Kuan Yew]] announces Singapore''s\n        independence and assumes the position of Prime Minister of the new island\n        nation \\u2013 a position he holds until [[1990]].\\n** An explosion at an [[Arkansas]]\n        missile plant kills 53.\\n** [[Indonesia]]n president [[Sukarno]] collapses\n        in public.\\n* [[August 11]] – The [[Watts Riots]] begin in Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – The rock group [[Jefferson Airplane]] debuts at the\n        Matrix in [[San Francisco]] and begins to appear there regularly.\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[The Beatles]] perform the first stadium concert in the history\n        of music, playing before 55,600 persons at [[Shea Stadium]] in New York City.\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation Starlite]]: 5,500\n        [[United States Marines]] destroy a [[Viet Cong]] stronghold on the Van Tuong\n        peninsula in [[Qu\\u1ea3ng Ng\\u00e3i Province]], in the first major American\n        ground battle of the war. The Marines were tipped-off by a Viet Cong deserter\n        who said that there was an attack planned against the U.S. base at [[Chu Lai]].\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – At the conclusion of the [[Frankfurt Auschwitz trials]],\n        66 ex-[[SS]] personnel receive [[life sentence]]s, 15 others smaller ones.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Jonathan Myrick Daniels]], an [[Episcopal Church (United\n        States)|Episcopal]] seminarian from [[Keene, New Hampshire]], is murdered\n        in [[Hayneville, Alabama]], while working in the [[civil rights movement]].\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – ''''[[Gemini 5]]'''' ([[Gordon Cooper]], [[Pete Conrad]])\n        is launched on the first 1-week flight, as well as the first test of [[fuel\n        cell]]s for electrical power.\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Casey Stengel]] announces\n        his retirement after 55 years in baseball.\\n** [[Rock music]]ian [[Bob Dylan]]\n        releases his influential album ''''[[Highway 61 Revisited]]'''', featuring\n        the song \\\"[[Like a Rolling Stone]]\\\".\\n** An [[avalanche]] buries a [[dam]]\n        construction site at [[Saas-Fee]], Switzerland, killing 90 workers.\\n* [[August\n        31]] – President Johnson signs a law penalizing the burning of draft\n        cards with up to 5 years in prison and a $1,000 fine.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{main\n        article|September 1965}}\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Pakistan]]i troops enter\n        the Indian sector of [[Kashmir]], while Indian troops try to invade [[Lahore]].\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – The [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] observes its\n        [[Defence Day]], on account of successful defence of [[Lahore]] and other\n        important areas against India.\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Pakistan]] celebrates\n        Air Force Day on account of heavy retaliations to India.\\n** The People''s\n        Republic of China announces that it will reinforce its troops on the Indian\n        border.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: In a follow-up to August''s [[Operation Starlite]],\n        [[United States Marines]] and [[South Vietnam]]ese forces initiate Operation\n        Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula, {{convert|23|mi|km}} south of the Chu Lai\n        Marine base.\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** India opens 2 additional fronts against\n        Pakistan.\\n** The Pakistan Navy raids Indian coasts without any resistance\n        in [[Operation Dwarka]] (Pakistan celebrates [[Victory Day (Pakistan)|Victory\n        Day]] annually).\\n** [[Dorothy Dandridge]] dies of a drug overdose.\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Sandy Koufax]] of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] pitches a [[perfect\n        game]] in a [[baseball]] match against the [[Chicago Cubs]]. The opposing\n        pitcher, [[Bob Hendley]], allows only 1 run, which is unearned, and only one\n        hit, making this the lowest-hit game (1) in baseball history. It is Koufax''s\n        fourth no-hitter in as many seasons.\\n** [[United Nations Secretary-General|U.N.\n        Secretary General]] [[U Thant]] negotiates with Pakistan President [[Ayub\n        Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]].\\n** [[U Thant]] recommends China\n        for [[United Nations]] membership.\\n** [[Hurricane Betsy]] roars ashore near\n        [[New Orleans]] with winds of {{convert|145|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, causing 76\n        deaths and $1.42 billion in damage. The storm is the first hurricane to cause\n        $1 billion in unadjusted damages, giving it the nickname \\\"Billion Dollar\n        Betsy\\\". It is the last major hurricane to strike New Orleans until [[Hurricane\n        Katrina]] 40 years later.\\n* [[September 13]] – The [[Congress of Arab\n        Countries]] begins in [[Casablanca]]; [[Habib Bourguiba]] of [[Tunisia]] boycotts\n        the meeting.\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** The fourth and final period of the [[Second\n        Vatican Council]] opens.\\n** The infamous \\\"bad sitcom\\\" ''''[[My Mother The\n        Car]]'''' premieres on NBC.\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** China protests against\n        Indian provocations in its border region.\\n** In [[Iraq]], Prime Minister\n        [[Arif Abd ar-Razzaq]]''s attempted coup fails.\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        King [[Constantine II of Greece]] forms a new government with Prime Minister\n        [[Stephanos Stephanopoulos]], in an attempt to end a 2-year-old political\n        crisis.\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** In Denmark, [[Palle S\\u00f8rensen]] shoots\n        4 policemen in pursuit; he is apprehended the same day.\\n** [[Comet Ikeya\\u2013Seki]]\n        is first sighted by Japanese astronomers.\\n** [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet\n        Premier]] [[Alexei Kosygin]] invites the leaders of India and Pakistan to\n        meet in the Soviet Union to negotiate.\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: An [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[F-104 Starfighter]] piloted by\n        Captain Philip Eldon Smith is shot down by a Chinese [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19|MiG-19\n        Farmer]]. The pilot is held until 15 March [[1973]].\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Gambia]], [[Maldives]] and [[Singapore]] are admitted as [[Members of the\n        United Nations|members]] of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Radio Peking]] announces that Indian troops have dismantled their equipment\n        on the Chinese side of the border.\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** Fighting resumes\n        between Indian and Pakistani troops.\\n** The British governor of [[Aden]]\n        cancels the constitution and takes direct control of the protectorate, due\n        to the bad security situation.\\n* [[September 25]] – The ''''[[Tom and\n        Jerry|Tom & Jerry]]'''' cartoon series makes its world broadcast premiere\n        on [[CBS Television|CBS]].\\n* [[September 27]] – The largest tanker\n        ship at this time, ''''Tokyo Maru'''', is launched in [[Yokohama]], Japan.\\n*\n        [[September 28]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] announces that anyone who wants to can\n        emigrate to the United States.\\n** [[Taal Volcano]] in [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]],\n        erupts, killing hundreds.\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** The [[Indonesia]]n army,\n        led by General [[Suharto]], crushes an alleged communist coup attempt (see\n        [[Transition to the New Order]] and [[30 September Movement]]).\\n** The classic\n        family sci-fi show ''''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'''' debuts\n        on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] in the United Kingdom.\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{main\n        article|October 1965}}\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] announces that\n        [[Che Guevara]] has resigned and left the country.\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon\n        B. Johnson]] signs the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] which ends\n        quotas based on [[national origin]].\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** At least 150 are\n        killed when a commuter train derails at the outskirts of [[Durban]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]],\n        South Africa.\\n** Prime minister [[Ian Smith]] of [[Rhodesia]] and [[Arthur\n        Bottomley]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] begin negotiations in London.\\n**\n        [[Pope Paul VI]] visits the United States. He appears for a Mass in [[Yankee\n        Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] and makes a speech at the [[United Nations]].\\n**\n        The [[University of California, Irvine]] opens its doors.\\n* [[October 5]]\n        – [[Pakistan]] severs [[diplomatic relations]] with [[Malaysia]] because\n        of their disagreement in the UN.\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Ian Brady]], a\n        27-year-old stock clerk from [[Hyde, Greater Manchester|Hyde]] in [[Cheshire]],\n        is arrested for allegedly hacking to death (with a hatchet) 17-year-old apprentice\n        electrician Edward Evans at a house on the [[Hattersley]] [[housing estate]].\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – Seven Japanese fishing boats are sunk off [[Guam]] by\n        super typhoon Carmen; 209 are killed.\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Indonesian killings\n        of 1965\\u201366]]: The Indonesian army instigates the arrest and execution\n        of communists which last until next March.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}\\n**\n        The 7 Fundamental Principles of the [[Red Cross and Red Crescent]] are adopted\n        at the XX International Conference in Vienna, Austria.\\n** The [[International\n        Olympic Committee]] admits [[East Germany]] as a member.\\n** The [[Post Office\n        Tower]] opens in London.\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Yale University]] presents\n        the ''''[[Vinland map]]''''.\\n** A brigade of South Korean soldiers arrive\n        in [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[October 10]] – The first group of [[Cuba]]n\n        refugees travels to the U.S.\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Per Borten]] forms a\n        government in Norway.\\n** The U.N. General Council recommends that the United\n        Kingdom try everything to stop a rebellion in [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[October 13]]\n        – Congo President [[Joseph Kasavubu]] fires Prime Minister [[Moise Tshombe]]\n        and forms a provisional government, with [[\\u00c9variste Kimba]] in a leading\n        position.\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Catholic Worker\n        Movement]] stages an anti-war protest in Manhattan. One draft card burner\n        is arrested, the first under the new law.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Moors murders]]:\n        Police find a girl''s body on [[Saddleworth Moor]] near [[Oldham]] in [[Lancashire]].\n        The body is quickly identified as that of 10-year-old [[Lesley Ann Downey]],\n        who disappeared on [[Boxing Day]] the previous year from a fairground in the\n        [[Ancoats]] area of [[Manchester]]. [[Ian Brady]], arrested for the murder\n        of a 17-year-old man in nearby [[Hattersley]], is charged with murdering Lesley,\n        as is his 23-year-old girlfriend [[Myra Hindley]].\\n** Anti-war protests draw\n        100,000 in 80 U.S. cities and around the world.\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        The [[1964 New York World''s Fair|New York World''s Fair]] at Flushing Meadows,\n        closes. Due to financial losses, some of the projected site park improvements\n        fail to materialize.\\n* [[October 18]] – The Indonesian government outlaws\n        the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Ludwig Erhard]] is re-elected Chancellor of West\n        Germany (he had first been elected in 1963).\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Comet\n        Ikeya\\u2013Seki]] approaches perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometers from the\n        sun.\\n** The [[Organization of African Unity]] meets in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]].\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** French authors Andr\\u00e9 Figueras and [[Jacques Laurent]]\n        are fined for their comments against [[Charles de Gaulle]].\\n** African countries\n        demand that the United Kingdom use force to prevent [[Rhodesia]] from declaring\n        unilateral independence.\\n** Colonel [[Christophe Soglo]] stages a second\n        coup in [[Dahomey]].\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** British Prime Minister [[Harold\n        Wilson]] and Commonwealth Secretary [[Arthur Bottomley]] travel to [[Rhodesia]]\n        for negotiations.\\n** British police find the decomposed body of a boy on\n        [[Saddleworth Moor]].\\n* [[October 25]] – The Soviet Union declares\n        its support of African countries in case Rhodesia unilaterally declares independence.\\n*\n        [[October 26]]\\n** Anti-government demonstrations occur in the [[Dominican\n        Republic]].\\n** Police discover the body of [[Sylvia Likens]] in [[Indianapolis]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Brazil]]ian president [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]]\n        removes power from parliament, legal courts and opposition parties.\\n** [[S\\u00fcleyman\n        Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]]\n        (30th government).\\n[[File:St Louis night expblend cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|The\n        [[Gateway Arch]]]]\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[French Foreign Minister]] [[Maurice\n        Couve de Murville]] travels to Moscow.\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] promulgates ''''[[Nostra\n        aetate]]'''', a \\\"Declaration on the Relation of the (Roman Catholic) Church\n        with Non-Christian Religions\\\" by the [[Second Vatican Council]] which includes\n        a statement that Jews are not collectively responsible for the death of [[Jesus]]\n        ([[Jewish deicide]]).\\n** In [[St. Louis, Missouri]], the {{convert|630|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall\n        inverted catenary steel [[Gateway Arch]] is completed.\\n** [[Mehdi Ben Barka]],\n        a Moroccan politician, is kidnapped in Paris and never seen again.\\n* [[October\n        29]]\\n** [[Moors murders]]: [[Ian Brady]] and [[Myra Hindley]] appear in court,\n        charged with the murders of Edward Evans (17), Lesley Ann Downey (10), and\n        John Kilbride (12) from [[Manchester]].\\n** An 80-kiloton nuclear device is\n        detonated at [[Amchitka Island]], Alaska, as part of the [[Vela Uniform]]\n        program, code-named Project Long Shot.\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]:\n        Near [[Da Nang]], [[United States Marines]] repel an intense attack by [[Viet\n        Cong]] forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions is found\n        on the dead body of a 13-year-old [[Vietnam]]ese boy who sold drinks to the\n        Marines the day before.\\n** In Washington, D.C., a pro-Vietnam War march draws\n        25,000.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{main article|November 1965}}\\n* [[November\n        1]] – A [[trolleybus]] plunges into the [[Nile]] at [[Cairo]], killing\n        74 passengers.\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** Republican [[John Lindsay]] is elected\n        [[mayor of New York City]].\\n** [[Quaker]] [[Norman Morrison]], 32, sets himself\n        on fire in front of [[The Pentagon]].\\n* [[November 3]] – [[President\n        of France|French President]] [[Charles de Gaulle]] announces that he will\n        stand for re-election.\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Martial law]] is announced\n        in [[Rhodesia]]. The [[United Nations General Assembly]] accepts British intent\n        to use force against Rhodesia if necessary by a vote of 82\\u20139.\\n* [[November\n        6]] – Freedom Flights begin: [[Cuba]] and the United States formally\n        agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States (by\n        [[1971]] 250,000 Cubans take advantage of this program).\\n* [[November 7]]\n        – [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]]''s world-famous mascot, the [[Pillsbury\n        Doughboy]], is created.\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation\n        Hump]]: The [[173rd Airborne]] is ambushed by over 1,200 [[Viet Cong]].\\n**\n        The [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] is created, consisting of [[Chagos\n        Archipelago]], [[Aldabra]], [[Farquhar Group|Farquhar]] and [[Desroches Island|Desroches]]\n        islands (on June 23, 1976 Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches are returned to\n        the [[Seychelles]]).\\n** The [[Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965]]\n        is given Royal Assent, suspending the [[death penalty]] for murder in the\n        United Kingdom; renewal of the Act in 1969 makes the abolition permanent.\\n**\n        The [[soap opera]] ''''[[Days of Our Lives]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]].\\n* [[November\n        9]]\\n** [[Northeast blackout of 1965]]: Several U.S. states (VT, NH, MA, CT,\n        RI, NY and portions of NJ) and parts of Canada are hit by a series of [[Power\n        outage|blackouts]] lasting up to 13\\u00bd hours.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: In New\n        York City, 22-year-old [[Catholic Worker Movement]] member [[Roger Allen LaPorte]]\n        sets himself on fire in front of the [[United Nations]] building in protest\n        against the war.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** In [[Rhodesia]] (modern-day [[Zimbabwe]]),\n        the white-minority government of [[Ian Smith]] [[Rhodesia''s Unilateral Declaration\n        of Independence|unilaterally declares ''''de facto'''' independence]] (''UDI'').\\n**\n        [[United Airlines Flight 227]] a [[Boeing 727-22]], crashes short of the runway\n        and catches fire at [[Salt Lake City International Airport]] in [[Salt Lake\n        City]]; 43 out of 91 passengers and crew perish.\\n* [[November 12]] –\n        A [[United Nations Security Council resolution|UN Security Council resolution]]\n        (voted 10\\u20130) recommends that other countries not recognize independent\n        Rhodesia.\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** The {{SS|Yarmouth Castle}} burns and sinks\n        {{convert|60|mi|km}} off [[Nassau, Bahamas]], with the loss of 90 lives.\\n**\n        British Theatre Critic [[Kenneth Tynan]] says [[fuck]] during a discussion\n        on [[BBC]] satirical programme [[BBC-3]] for what many believed was the first\n        time on British television. The corporation later issued a public apology.\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – Vietnam War – [[Battle of Ia Drang]]: In the\n        [[Ia Drang Valley]] of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]\n        in [[Vietnam]], the first major engagement of the war between regular United\n        States and [[North Vietnam]]ese forces begins.\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        U.S. racer [[Craig Breedlove]] sets a new [[land speed record]] of {{convert|600.601|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Venera program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches\n        the ''''[[Venera 3]]'''' space probe from [[Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]] toward\n        [[Venus]] (on March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the\n        surface of another [[planet]]).\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[United Nations\n        Security Council]] recommends that all states stop trading with Rhodesia.\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Mireille Mathieu]] sings on France''s [[:fr:T\\u00e9l\\u00e9\n        Dimanche|T\\u00e9l\\u00e9-Dimanche]] and begins her successful singing career\n        (Dimanche is French for Sunday).\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** ''''[[Man of La Mancha]]''''\n        opens in a Greenwich Village theatre in New York and eventually becomes one\n        of the greatest musical hits of all time, winning a [[Tony Award]] for its\n        star, [[Richard Kiley]].\\n** The [[United Nations Development Programme]]\n        (UNDP) is established as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – Soviet general Mikhail Kazakov assumes command of\n        the [[Warsaw Pact]].\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Democratic Republic of the\n        Congo|Congolese]] [[lieutenant general]] [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Mobutu]] ousts\n        [[Joseph Kasavubu]] and declares himself president.\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        At the [[Hammaguir]] launch facility in the [[Sahara Desert]], France launches\n        a [[Diamant A]] rocket with its first [[satellite]], ''''[[Asterix-1]]''''\n        on board, becoming the third country to enter [[outer space]].\\n* [[November\n        27]]\\n** Tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters picket the [[White House]],\n        then march on the [[Washington Monument]].\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[The Pentagon]]\n        tells U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] that if planned major sweep operations\n        to neutralize [[Viet Cong]] forces during the next year are to succeed, the\n        number of American troops in [[Vietnam]] will have to be increased from 120,000\n        to 400,000.\\n* [[November 28]] – Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President\n        [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''s call for \\\"more flags\\\" in [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]]\n        [[President-elect]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]] announces he will send troops to\n        help fight in [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[November 29]] – The Canadian satellite\n        ''''[[Alouette 2]]'''' is launched.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{main article|December\n        1965}}\\n[[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 005.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[December\n        8]]: End of the [[Second Vatican Council|2nd Vatican Council]].]]\\n[[File:Ferdinand\n        Marcos at the White House.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[December 30]]: [[Ferdinand\n        E. Marcos]] is the 10th [[President of the Philippines]].]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] – The [[Border Security Force]] is established in India as a special\n        force to guard the borders.\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** The first British aid flight\n        arrives in [[Lusaka]]; [[Zambia]] had asked for British help against Rhodesia.\\n**\n        Members of the [[Organization of African Unity]] decide to sever diplomatic\n        relations with the United Kingdom, unless the [[British Government]] ends\n        the rebellion of Rhodesia by mid-December.\\n** The Beatles release their sixth\n        album ''''[[Rubber Soul]]''''.\\n** The first album by [[The Who]], ''''[[My\n        Generation (album)|My Generation]]'''', is released in the United Kingdom.\n        An edited version was released in the United States under the title ''''The\n        Who Sings My Generation'''' in April 1966.\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Charles\n        de Gaulle]] is re-elected as French president with 10,828,421 votes.\\n** The\n        \\\"[[Glasnost Meeting]]\\\" in Moscow becomes the first spontaneous political\n        demonstration, and the first demonstration for civil rights in the Soviet\n        Union.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** Rhodesian prime minister [[Ian Smith]] warns\n        that [[Rhodesia]] will resist a [[trade embargo]] by neighboring countries\n        with force.\\n** The [[Race Relations Act 1965|Race Relations Act]] becomes\n        the first legislation to address racial discrimination in the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        The [[Second Vatican Council]] closes.\\n* [[December 9]] – ''''[[A Charlie\n        Brown Christmas]]'''', the first ''''[[Peanuts]]'''' television special, debuts\n        on [[CBS]], quickly becoming an annual tradition.\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** The\n        [[Caribbean Free Trade Association]] (CARIFTA) is formed.\\n** [[Tanzania]]\n        and [[Guinea]] sever [[diplomatic relations]] with the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        ''''[[Gemini 6]]'''' and ''''[[Gemini 7]]'''' perform the first controlled\n        rendezvous in Earth orbit.\\n* [[December 17]] – The British government\n        begins an oil embargo against Rhodesia; the United States joins the effort.\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – The [[World Food Programme]] is made a permanent agency\n        of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] announces\n        that it has shipped rockets to [[North Vietnam]].\\n** In West Germany, [[Konrad\n        Adenauer]] resigns as chairman of the Christian Democratic Party.\\n** The\n        [[United Nations]] adopts the [[International Convention on the Elimination\n        of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]].\\n** A new 1-hour German-American\n        production of the ballet ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''', with an international\n        cast that includes [[Edward Villella]] in the title role, makes its U.S. television\n        debut. It is repeated annually by CBS over the next 3 years but after that\n        is virtually forgotten until issued on DVD in 2009 by Warner Archive.\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[Military coup]] occurs in [[Dahomey]].\\n** A {{convert|70|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}\n        [[speed limit]] is imposed on British roads.\\n** [[David Lean]]''s film of\n        ''''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'''', starring [[Omar Sharif]]\n        and [[Julie Christie]], is released.\\n* [[December 25]] – The [[Yemen]]i\n        [[Nasserist Unionist People''s Organisation]] is founded in [[Ta''izz]].\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – The British [[oil platform]] ''''Sea Gem'''' collapses\n        in the [[North Sea]].\\n* [[December 28]] – Italian Foreign Minister\n        Amintore Fanfani resigns.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** President [[Kenneth Kaunda]]\n        of [[Zambia]] announces that Zambia and the United Kingdom have agreed on\n        a deadline before which the Rhodesian white government should be ousted.\\n**\n        [[Ferdinand Marcos]] becomes [[President of the Philippines]].\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Bokassa]] takes power in the [[Central African Republic]].\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n[[File:Downtown Dallas 1965.jpg|200px|thumb]]\\n* Tokyo officially\n        becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from New York City.{{cite\n        web|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm|title=Largest\n        Cities Through History|work=About.com Geography}}\\n* The [[Council for\n        National Academic Awards]] is established in the UK.\\n* [[TAT-4]] cable goes\n        into operation.\\n* Aborigines are given the vote in Queensland.\\n\\n=== World\n        population ===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=\\\"7\\\"|[[World population]]\\n|-\\n!\\n!1965\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1960]]\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1970]]\\n|-\\n![[File:Globe.svg|50px]]\n        World\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''3,334,874,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,021,475,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 313,399,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,692,492,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 357,618,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Africa satellite orthographic.jpg|50px]]\n        Africa\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''313,744,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|277,398,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 36,346,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|357,283,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 43,539,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Two-point-equidistant-asia.jpg|50px]]\n        Asia\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''1,899,424,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1,701,336,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 198,088,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,143,118,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 243,694,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Europe satellite orthographic.jpg|50px]]\n        Europe\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''634,026,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|604,401,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 29,625,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|655,855,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 21,829,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Latin America terrain.jpg|50px]]\n        Latin America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''250,452,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|218,300,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 32,152,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|284,856,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 34,404,000\\n|-\\n![[File:LocationWHNorthernAmerica.png|50px]]\n        Northern America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''219,570,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|204,152,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 15,418,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|231,937,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,367,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Oceania (World-Factbook).jpg|50px]]\n        Oceania\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''17,657,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15,888,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,769,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19,443,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,786,000\\n|}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Julia\n        Ormond Cannes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Ormond]]]]\\n[[File:JoelyRichardsonSept11TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joely\n        Richardson]]]]\\n[[File:Butch Hartman by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Butch\n        Hartman]]]]\\n[[File:James Nesbitt 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Nesbitt]]]]\\n[[File:Sophie,\n        grevinna av Wessex.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sophie, Countess of Wessex]]]]\\n[[File:Diane\n        Lane (Berlin Film Festival 2011) 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Diane Lane]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Lisa Roberts Gillan]], American actress and producer\\n* [[January\n        4]]\\n** [[Beth Gibbons]], English singer, lead singer of the band [[Portishead\n        (band)|Portishead]]\\n** [[Julia Ormond]], British actress\\n** [[Aditya Pancholi]],\n        Indian actor\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Vinnie Jones]], British footballer-turned-actor\\n**\n        [[Patrik Sj\\u00f6berg]], Swedish high jumper\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Konnan]],\n        Cuban-born professional wrestler\\n* [[January 9]] \\n** [[Haddaway]], German\n        singer\\n** [[Farah Khan]], Indian choreographer, film director\\n** [[Joely\n        Richardson]], British actress\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Butch Hartman]],\n        American animator\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Nikolai Borschevsky]], Russian professional\n        ice hockey player (retired)\\n** [[Maybrit Illner]], German television journalist\n        and presenter\\n** [[Rob Zombie]], American musician\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Shamil Basayev]], Chechen terrorist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Marc Delissen]],\n        Dutch field hockey player\\n** [[Bob Essensa]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall]], British chef\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[James\n        Nesbitt]], Northern Irish actor\\n** [[Jill Saward]], English rape victim and\n        activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Dave Attell]], American comedian\\n**\n        [[Paudge Behan]], Irish actor\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Sophie, Countess\n        of Wessex]], wife of [[Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex]]\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Jam Master Jay]], American DJ, rapper and producer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January\n        22]]\\n** [[DJ Jazzy Jeff]], African-American rapper and actor\\n** [[Diane\n        Lane]], American actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Mike Awesome]], American\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Esa Tikkanen]],\n        Finnish ice hockey player\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Natalia Yurchenko]],\n        Soviet artistic gymnast\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Alan Cumming]], Scottish actor\\n**\n        [[Ignacio No\\u00e9]], Argentine artist\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Dominik\n        Ha\\u0161ek]], Czech hockey player\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Peter Sagal]],\n        American [[playwright]], [[screenwriter]], [[actor]], humorist, essayist,\n        [[journalist]], radio host\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bruce Lee - son.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brandon\n        Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Rock WE 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Chris Rock]]]]\\n[[File:Adama\n        Barrow 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adama Barrow]]]]\\n[[File:MichaelBay08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Bay]]]]\\n[[File:Dr. Dre.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dr. Dre]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Callaghan]], South African cricketer\\n** [[Brandon Lee]], Chinese-American\n        actor (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Sherilyn Fenn]], American actress\\n** [[Princess\n        St\\u00e9phanie of Monaco]]\\n* [[February 3]]  \\n** [[Mattanya Cohen]], Israeli\n        diplomat\\n** [[Maura Tierney]], American actress\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Jerome Brown]], American football player (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February 5]]\n        – [[Gheorghe Hagi]], Romanian footballer\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Chris\n        Rock]], African-American actor, comedian, and film director\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Dicky Cheung]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Stephen\n        Gregory (actor)|Stephen Gregory]], American actor\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        [[Andy Buckley]], American actor\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Adama Barrow]],\n        Gambian politician, 3rd [[President of Gambia]]\\n* [[February 17]] –\n        [[Michael Bay]], American film director\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Dr. Dre]],\n        African-American rapper and music producer\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Dean Karr]],\n        American director and photographer\\n** [[Wilfredo Alicdan]], Filipino artist\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[Kristin Davis]], American actress\\n** [[Michael Dell]],\n        American computer manufacturer\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Sylvie Guillem]],\n        French ballerina\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Joakim Sundstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish\n        sound editor, sound designer and musician\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Park\n        Gok-ji]], South Korean film editor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Aamir_Khan_March_2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aamir\n        Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah Jessica Parker at Miami Rhapsody 30th Anniversary Celebration.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah\n        Jessica Parker]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Stewart Elliott]], Canadian jockey\\n**\n        [[Booker Huffman]], American professional wrestler, 5-time WCW World Champion\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Dragan Stojkovi\\u0107]], Serbian footballer and coach\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Paul W. S. Anderson]], British filmmaker, producer and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Ron Gant]], American baseball player\\n** [[Jonathan Shearer]], Scottish\n        castaway\\n** [[WestBam]], German rave techno DJ\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Jesper\n        Parnevik]], Swedish golfer\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Kenny Smith]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Benito Santiago]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Mike Pollock (voice actor)|Mike Pollock]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Rod Woodson]], American football\n        player\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Jesse Jackson, Jr.]], African-American politician\\n**\n        [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]], British designer and television presenter\\n**\n        [[Andy Sturmer]], American musician ([[Jellyfish (band)|Jellyfish]])\\n** [[Barbara\n        Alyn Woods]], American actress\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Steve Finley]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Liza Umarova]], Chechen singer and actress\\n* [[March\n        14]]\\n** [[Kevin Brown (right-handed pitcher)|Kevin Brown]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Aamir Khan]], Indian Bollywood actor, film director, producer,\n        film editor and script writer\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Joseph D. Kucan]],\n        American video game developer\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Taeko Kawata]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Wakana Yamazaki]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Marti Pellow]], Scottish singer ([[Wet Wet\n        Wet]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[The Undertaker]], American professional wrestler\n        (\\\"The Undertaker\\\")\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Avery Johnson]], American basketball\n        player and coach\\n** [[Stefka Kostadinova]], Bulgarian high jumper and president\n        of the [[Bulgarian Olympic Committee]]\\n** [[Sarah Jessica Parker]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Francisco Ribeiro]], Portuguese musician\n        and composer ([[Madredeus]]) (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Voula\n        Patoulidou]], Greek athlete\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Piers Morgan]], British\n        journalist and television personality\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Robert Downey\n        Jr 2014 Comic Con (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Downey Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:JonCryerHWOFSept2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon\n        Cryer]]]]\\n[[File:MartinLawrenceHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Lawrence]]]]\\n[[File:William\n        Mapother 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Mapother]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin James 2011\n        (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin James]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Bekir Bozda\\u011f]],\n        Turkish theologian, lawyer, and politician\\n** [[Mark Jackson (basketball)|Mark\n        Jackson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Rodney King]],\n        African-American criminal (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Julie Anne Haddock]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Nazia Hassan]], Pakistani pop singer (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[Robert Downey Jr.]], American actor\\n* [[April 6]]\\n**\n        [[Frank Black]], American musician\\n** [[Rica Reinisch]], German swimmer\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Bill Bellamy]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[April\n        9]] – [[Paulina Porizkova]], Swedish-American  model and actress\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Eelco van Asperen]], Dutch computer scientist\\n* [[April\n        12]] \\n**[[Kim Bodnia]], Danish actor and director\\n**[[Tom O''Brien (actor)|Tom\n        O''Brien]], American actor-producer\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Patricio Pouchulu]],\n        Argentine architect\\n** [[The Real Darren Stevens]], Canadian radio personality\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[Linda Perry]], American musician\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        [[Jon Cryer]], American actor                                                                                                                                \\n**\n        [[Martin Lawrence]], African-American actor, comedian, and producer\\n* [[April\n        17]] – [[William Mapother]], American actor\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        [[Wil Johnson]], English actor\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Suge Knight]], African-American\n        record producer\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Tommy DeCarlo]], American singer and\n        songwriter\\n** [[Leni Robredo]], 14th [[Vice President of the Philippines]]\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Kevin James]], American comedian and actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Owen\n        Hart.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Owen Hart]]]]\\n[[File:JohnCReillyJune09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        C. Reilly]]]]\\n[[File:Yahya Jammeh.png|thumb|100px|[[Yahya Jammeh]]]]\\n[[File:Brooke\n        Shields 2011 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brooke Shields]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Gary Mitchell]], Irish playwright\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Aykut Kocaman]],\n        Turkish footballer\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Owen Hart]], Canadian professional wrestler\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Norman Whiteside]], Northern Irish football player\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Steve Yzerman]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[May 10]]\n        \\n** [[Linda Evangelista]], Canadian supermodel\\n** [[Kiyoyuki Yanada]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Monsour del Rosario]], Filipino Olympic\n        athlete and actor\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ren\\u00e9e Simonsen]], Danish model\n        and writer\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Tim Chapman]], American bounty hunter\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Antonio Delgado]], Venezuelan mountain climber (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Hikari\n        \\u014cta]], Japanese comedian\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Eoin Colfer]], Irish\n        novelist\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Rodica Dunca]], Romania artistic gymnast\\n**\n        [[Krist Novoselic]], American rock bassist ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Trent Reznor]], American rock musician ([[Nine Inch Nails]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Philippe Dhondt]], French singer known as Boris\\n* [[May\n        23]]\\n** [[Manuel Sanch\\u00eds Hontiyuelo]], Spanish footballer\\n** [[Liina\n        Tennosaar]], Estonian actress\\n** [[Kappei Yamaguchi]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[May 24]]\\n** [[Carlos Franco]], Paraguayan golfer\\n** [[John C. Reilly]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Shinichir\\u014d Watanabe]], Japanese anime director\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Yahya Jammeh]], [[President of the Gambia]]\\n* [[May\n        27]] – [[Todd Bridges]], African-American actor\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Brooke\n        Shields]], American actress and supermodel\\n** [[Yoko Soumi]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Larisa Lazutina]], Russian cross-country\n        skier\\n** [[Nigel Short]], English chess player\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Steve\n        Waugh|Steve]] and [[Mark Waugh]], Australian cricketers\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        [[Mick Doohan]], Australian motorcycle racer\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Cam Neely]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Megumi Ogata]], Japanese voice actress and\n        singer\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Mick Foley]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Jean-Pierre Fran\\u00e7ois]], French footballer and singer\\n** [[Damien Hirst]],\n        British artist\\n** [[Christine Roque]], French singer\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Chris\n        Chavis]] (\\\"Tatanka\\\"), American professional wrestler\\n** [[Frank Grillo]],\n        American actor \\n** [[Kevin Ritz]], American former MLB pitcher\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** [[Veronica Ferres]], German actress\\n** [[Scott Graham]], American\n        sportscaster\\n** [[Elizabeth Hurley]], English model and actress\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[Manuel Uribe]], morbidly obese Mexican (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Bernard Hopkins]], American boxer\\n* [[June 17]] \\n**[[Dan\n        Jansen]], American speedskater\\n**[[Dara O''Kearney]], Irish ultra runner\n        and professional poker player\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Paul Arthurs]], British\n        rock guitarist ([[Oasis (band)|Oasis]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Ashley Richardson]],\n        American model\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Belayneh Dinsamo]], Ethiopian long-distance\n        runner\\n** [[Sonny Strait]], American voice actor\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Matthew\n        Weiner]], American writer, director, and producer of television drama\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Slash\n        live in Rome by Paride.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Slash (musician)|Slash]]]]\\n[[File:JeremyPivenFeb09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeremy\n        Piven]]]]\\n[[File:J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J. K. Rowling]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Harald Zwart]], Norwegian film director\\n** [[Teddy McCarthy]],\n        hurler and Gaelic footballer \\n** [[Carl Fogarty]], motorcycle racer\\n** [[Oscar\n        Pelliccioli]], Italian cyclist\\n** [[Mohammed Abdul Hussein]], Iraqi former\n        footballer\\n** [[Simon Youl]], Australian professional tennis player\\n* [[July\n        3]]\\n** [[Shinya Hashimoto]], Japanese professional wrestler (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Connie Nielsen]], Danish actress\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Horace Grant]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Jo Whiley]], British radio DJ\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Kathryn\n        Erbe]], American actress\\n** [[Eyran Katsenelenbogen]], Israeli jazz pianist\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Jeremy Kyle]], English radio and television presenter\\n**\n        [[Paula Devicq]], Canadian actress\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Ernesto Hoost]],\n        Dutch kickboxer\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Ken Evraire]], Canadian television journalist,\n        host and former professional football league player with Hamilton Tiger Cats\\n**\n        [[Martin Kelly (Heavenly)]], British musician, music manager, record label\n        boss, music publisher and author\\n** [[Craig Morgan]], American country music\n        artist\\n** [[Santiago Segura]], Spanish actor, screenwriter, producer and\n        director\\n** [[Alex Winter]], American actor\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** Dame [[Evelyn\n        Glennie]], Scottish virtuoso percussionist\\n** [[Stuart Scott]], American\n        sports reporter and [[ESPN]] anchor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Gu\\u00f0ni\n        Bergsson]], Icelandic footballer\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Shawn Michaels]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Grace Mugabe]], First\n        Lady of Zimbabwe\\n** [[Slash (musician)|Slash]] (Saul Hudson), American rock\n        musician ([[Guns N'' Roses]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Brian Blades]], American\n        National Football League wide receiver\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Steven Weil]],\n        [[Orthodox Union]] Executive Vice-President\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Vladimir\n        Cruz]], Cuban actor\\n** [[Jeremy Piven]], American actor\\n* [[July 27]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Chilavert]], Paraguayan footballer\\n** [[Trifon Ivanov]],\n        Bulgarian footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[J. K. Rowling]],\n        English author\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Sam Mendes, Charlie and the Chocolate\n        Factory, 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sam Mendes]]]]\\n[[File:Viola Davis June 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Viola\n        Davis]]]]\\n[[File:KyraSedgwickJune09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyra Sedgwick]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Sam Mendes]], English film director\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Sandra Ng]], Hong Kong actress\\n** [[Hisanobu Watanabe]], Japanese baseball\n        player and coach\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Dennis Lehane]], American crime writer\\n**\n        [[Fredrik Reinfeldt]], Swedish Prime Minister\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[David\n        Robinson (basketball)|David Robinson]], American basketball player\\n** [[Mark\n        Speight]], British television presenter (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Chin Ka-lok]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Claudia Christian]],\n        American actress, writer, singer, musician, and director\\n** [[Mike E. Smith]],\n        American jockey\\n** [[John Starks (basketball)|John Starks]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Viola Davis]], African-American actress\\n**\n        [[Duane Martin]], American actor\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Deborah Falconer]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Terry Richardson]], American fashion\n        photographer\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Vincent Kok|Vincent Kuk]], Hong Kong director\n        and actor\\n** [[Mark Labbett]], British mathematician\\n* [[August 18]]\\n**\n        [[K\\u014dji Kikkawa]], Japanese singer\\n** [[Ikue \\u014ctani]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Kyra Sedgwick]], American actress\\n* [[August\n        25]] – [[Mia Zapata]], American singer (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Satoshi Tajiri]], Japanese video game designer and ''''[[Pok\\u00e9mon]]''''\n        creator\\n** [[Amanda Tapping]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Shania Twain]], Canadian\n        country singer and songwriter\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Peter Grant (footballer,\n        born 1965)|Peter Grant]], Scottish football player and manager\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Charlie\n        Sheen 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlie Sheen]]]]\\n[[File:Bashar al-Assad in\n        Russia (2015-10-21) 08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bashar al-Assad]]]]\\n[[File:Dmitry\n        Medvedev 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dmitry Medvedev]]]]\\n[[File:Kyle Chandler\n        at the Texas Film Hall of Fame Awards, March 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyle Chandler]]]]\\n[[File:Cheryl\n        Hines 2011 AA.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cheryl Hines]]]]\\n[[File:Petro Porochenko\n        au Conseil de l\\u2019Europe Strasbourg 26 juin 2014 04.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Craig McLachlan]], Australian\n        actor and singer\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Lennox Lewis]], British boxer\\n*\n        [[September 3]]\\n** [[Charlie Sheen]], American actor\\n** [[Costas Mandylor]],\n        Australian actor\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Bowie Lam]], Hong Kong actor\n        and singer\\n* [[September 7]] – [[J\\u00f6rg Pilawa]], German television\n        presenter\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Tutilo Burger]], German Benedictine monk\n        and abbot\\n** [[Darlene Zschech]], Australian singer and worship leader\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** [[Dan Majerle]], American basketball player\\n** [[Constance\n        Marie]], American actress\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Marco Pastors]], Dutch\n        politician\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Bashar al-Assad]], [[President of Syria]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Heyman]], American wrestling promoter, ECW\\n** [[Moby]], American musician\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Einstein Kristiansen]], Norwegian cartoonist, designer\n        and TV host\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[President of Russia]]\\n**\n        [[Ron Pearson]], American actor, comedian and juggler\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – [[Katy Kurtzman]], American actress, director, and producer\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Kyle Chandler]], American actor\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Sabine\n        Paturel]], French singer\\n** [[Tshering Tobgay]], [[Prime Minister of Bhutan]]\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Robert Rusler]], American actor\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Cheryl Hines]], American actress\\n** [[Johanna Vuoksenmaa]], Finnish\n        film director\\n** [[David Wenham]], Australian actor\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Saffron Henderson]], Canadian voice actress and singer\\n** [[Scottie Pippen]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[September 26]] \\n** [[Alexandra Lencastre]],\n        Portuguese actress\\n** [[Petro Poroshenko]], [[President of Ukraine]]\\n* [[September\n        27]]\\n** [[Steve Kerr]], American basketball player\\n** [[Peter MacKay]],\n        Canadian politician\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Scott Fellows]], American\n        animator\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Kathleen Madigan]], American comedian\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Julianne\n        McNamara 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julianne McNamara]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Coogan\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Coogan]]]]\\n[[File:Tompkin upload.png|thumb|100px|[[Stephen\n        Tompkinson]]]]\\n[[File:DJ JudgeJules.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Judge Jules]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Andreas Keller]], German field hockey player\\n** [[Cliff\n        Ronning]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Jan-Ove Waldner]],\n        Swedish table tennis player\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Marcus Bentley]], British\n        actor, broadcaster and voice-over artist\\n** [[John Melendez]], American television\n        announcer\\n** [[Michiko Neya]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Rykers Solomon]],\n        Nauruan politician\\n** [[Micky Ward]], American boxer\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**\n        [[Mario Lemieux]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Patrick Roy]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Kumiko Watanabe]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Dionicio Cer\\u00f3n]], Mexican long-distance\n        runner\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Chris Penn]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]]\\n** [[Julianne McNamara]], American artistic gymnast\\n** [[Ronit\n        Roy]], Indian film and television actor\\n** [[Ivo Uukkivi]], Estonian actor,\n        singer and producer\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]],\n        Indian film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Steve Coogan]],\n        British comedian and actor\\n** [[Constantine Koukias]], Australian composer\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Stephen Tompkinson]], English actor\\n* [[October\n        16]]\\n** [[Kang Kyung-ok]], South Korean artist\\n** [[Steve Lamacq]], British\n        radio DJ\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Aravinda de Silva]], Sri Lankan cricketer\\n*\n        [[October 18]]\\n** [[Zakir Naik]], Indian Islamic speaker and doctor\\n** [[Curtis\n        Stigers]], American jazz vocalist and saxophonist\\n* [[October 19]] –\n        [[Ty Pennington]], American television presenter\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Mikhail Shtalenkov]], Russian ice hockey player\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Aaron\n        Kwok]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Judge Jules|Julius O''Riordan]],\n        British [[dance music]] DJ, producer and entertainment [[lawyer]]\\n** [[Sakari\n        Oramo]], Finland Conductor and violinist\\n** [[Kelly Rowan]], Canadian actress\\n**\n        [[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Kenneth Rutherford]], New Zealand cricketer\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – [[Christy Clark]], Canadian politician\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shah\n        Rukh Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Bj%C3%B6rk_performing_at_Cirque_en_Chantier_1_edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bj\\u00f6rk]]]]\\n[[File:Ben-Stiller-(MS1411200222).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben\n        Stiller]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Mia Korf]], American actress\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Shah Rukh Khan]], Indian actor, film/television producer and\n        television presenter\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Ann Scott]], French novelist\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\n** [[Wayne Static]], American singer ([[Static-X]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Kiersten Warren]], American actress\\n* [[November 5]]  – [[Agnese\n        Nano]], Italian actress\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Greg Graffin]], American\n        rock singer ([[Bad Religion]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\n** [[Sigrun Wodars]], German\n        athlete\\n** [[Steve Parkin]], English former footballer and manager\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Bryn Terfel]], Welsh baritone\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Eddie\n        Irvine]], Northern Irish racecar driver\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Rick\n        Roberts (actor)|Rick Roberts]], Canadian actor\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        [[Walter Stern (director)|Walter Stern]], English music video and film director\\n*\n        [[November 19]]\\n** [[Paulo S. L. M. Barreto|Paulo Barreto]], Brazilian cryptographer\\n**\n        [[Laurent Blanc]], French football player and manager\\n* [[November 20]]\\n**\n        [[Mike D|Michael Diamond]], American rapper ([[Beastie Boys]])\\n** [[Yoshiki\n        Hayashi]], Japanese rock composer, piano and drummer ([[X Japan]])\\n** [[Takeshi\n        Kusao]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rk]], Icelandic\n        singer-songwriter and musician\\n** [[Alexander Siddig]], Sudanese-born English\n        actor\\n** [[Yuriko Yamaguchi (voice actress)|Yuriko Yamaguchi]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Mads Mikkelsen]], Danish actor\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Don Frye]], American [[professional wrestler]] and mixed\n        martial arts fighter\\n** [[Radion Gataullin]], Uzbek-born, Russian pole-vaulter\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Cris Carter]], American football player\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[Peter Beagrie]], English footballer\\n* [[November 30]]\\n**\n        [[Ben Stiller]], American actor\\n** [[Tashi Tenzing]], Indian mountaineer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:14-01-10-tbh-260-katarina-witt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Katarina\n        Witt]]]]\\n[[File:Andy Dick 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Andy Dick]]]]\\n[[File:Salman\n        Khan filmfare.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Salman Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Gong Li Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gong\n        Li]]]]\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Steve Harris (actor)|Steve Harris]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Katarina Witt]], German figure skater\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        [[Anthony DeSando]], American actor\\n* [[December 5]] \\n**[[Carlton Palmer]],\n        English footballer\\n**[[Johnny Rzeznik]], American rock singer and guitarist\n        ([[Goo Goo Dolls]])\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**[[Teruyuki Kagawa]], Japanese actor\\n**[[Jeffrey\n        Wright (actor)|Jeffrey Wright]], American actor\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Carina Lau Kar-ling]], Chinese actress\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[J Mascis]],\n        American rock singer, guitarist and drummer ([[Dinosaur Jr.]])\\n** [[Greg\n        Giraldo]], American comedian (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Craig\n        Biggio]], American baseball player\\n** [[Ted Raimi]], American actor, producer\n        and writer\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Luis Fabi\\u00e1n Artime]], Argentine footballer\\n**\n        [[Ted Slampyak]], American comic strip cartoonist ([[Little Orphan Annie]])\\n*\n        [[December 18]] – [[John Moshoeu]], South African footballer\\n* [[December\n        19]]  – [[Jessica Steen]], Canadian actress\\n* [[December 21]] \\n**\n        [[Andy Dick]], American actor\\n** [[Anke Engelke]], German comedian, actress\n        and voice-over actress\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Lee R. Berger|Lee Berger]]\n        American-born explorer and paleoanthropologist\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Salman Khan]], Indian actor, television presenter\\n* [[December 28]] –\n        [[Allar Levandi]], Estonian Nordic combined skier\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Heidi\n        Fleiss]], American madam\\n** [[Zoe Kelli Simon]], American actress\\n* [[December\n        31]]\\n** [[Nicholas Sparks]], American author\\n** [[Gong Li]], Chinese actress\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Niko Barun]], Croatian artist\\n* [[Lauren Child]], American\n        author\\n* [[Jeffrey Colwell]], American lawyer\\n* [[Antonio Helguera]], Mexican\n        cartoonist\\n* [[Bradley Joseph]], American composer, pianist and keyboardist\\n*\n        [[John Parry (American football official)|John Parry]], American football\n        official\\n* [[Paul Seawright]], Irish photographer\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Thomas\n        Stearns Eliot by Lady Ottoline Morrell (1934).jpg|thumb|100px|[[T. S. Eliot]]]]\\n[[File:Sir\n        Winston S Churchill.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Winston Churchill]]]]\\n[[File:Hassan\n        Ali Mansur.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hassan Ali Mansur]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[T. S. Eliot]], American-born British poet, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Ludwig Hirschfeld\n        Mack]], German-born Australian artist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n**\n        [[Nahim Abraham]], Lebanese-born American merchant (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Anton\\u00edn\n        Be\\u010dv\\u00e1\\u0159]], Czechoslovak astronomer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Frederick\n        Fleet]], British sailor and lookout aboard the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''''Titanic'''']]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Lorraine Hansberry]], American writer\n        (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Jeanette MacDonald]], American actress\n        and singer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Alan Freed]], American\n        disc jockey (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Winston Churchill]],\n        British politician and statesman, 2-time [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Hassan Ali Mansur]], Iranian liberal\n        and politician, 69th [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (assassinated) (b. [[1923]])\\n**\n        [[Abraham Walkowitz]], American painter (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n**\n        [[Taimur bin Feisal]], [[Sultan of Muscat and Oman]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Tich\n        Freeman]], English cricketer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Maxime Weygand]], French\n        general (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[John Larkin (actor, born\n        1912)|John Larkin]], American actor (b. [[1912]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Nat\n        King Cole (Gottlieb 01511).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Nat King Cole]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm\n        X NYWTS 4.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Malcolm X]]]]\\n[[File:Stan Laurel c1920.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Stan\n        Laurel]]]]\\n[[File:Adolf Sch%C3%A4rf 1961.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Adolf Sch\\u00e4rf]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[J. B. Danquah]], Ghanaian scholar and opposition\n        leader (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Irving Bacon]], American\n        actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Nance O''Neil]], American stage\n        & film actress, friend of [[Lizzie Borden]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah]], Pakistani educationist, philosopher, social reformer\n        and Sufi thinker (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Joaquin Miguel Elizalde]], Filipino statesman\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Arthur C. Davis]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Loyal Blaine Aldrich]], American\n        astronomer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Humberto Delgado]], Portuguese\n        general and opposition politician (assassinated) (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Gloria\n        Morgan Vanderbilt]], Swiss-born socialite (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February 15]]\n        – [[Nat King Cole]], American singer and musician (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\n** [[Koreshige Inuzuka]], Japanese military officer (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Forrest Taylor]], American stage, film and television actor (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Tom Wilson (actor)|Tom Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Th\\u00e9ophile Marie Br\\u00e9bant]], French army officer (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Mariano Simon Garriga]], American [[Roman\n        Catholic]] prelate (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Malcolm X]], American activist (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Felix Frankfurter]], [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court Justice]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Stan Laurel]], British actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[February 24]]\n        – [[Takeo It\\u014d]], Japanese general (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Adolf Sch\\u00e4rf]], Austrian politician, 6th [[President of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gral-castaneda.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Salvador\n        Castaneda Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg|100px|thumb|King [[Farouk\n        of Egypt]]]]\\n[[File:Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mary,\n        Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|Princess Mary]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] –\n        [[Salvador Castaneda Castro]], 31st [[President of El Salvador]] (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Margaret Dumont]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Louise Mountbatten]], Queen of Sweden and second wife\n        of [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden|King Gustaf VI Adolf]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Francesco Carnelutti]], Italian jurist and lawyer (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]]\\n** [[Corrado Gini]], Italian statistician (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Fan S. Noli]], Albanian bishop, poet and politician, 13th [[Prime Minister\n        of Albania]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Nancy Cunard]], English writer,\n        heiress and political activist (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Amos Alonzo Stagg]], American\n        baseball, basketball, and football player and coach (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March\n        18]]\\n** King [[Farouk of Egypt]] (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Jack Quinlan]], American\n        Chicago Cubs radio broadcaster (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Gheorghe\n        Gheorghiu-Dej]], Romanian communist leader and [[President of Romania|head\n        of State of Romania]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Fidel D\\u00e1vila\n        Arrondo|Fidel D\\u00e1vila]], Spanish general and minister (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Mae Murray]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March\n        28]]\\n** [[Richard Beesly]], British [[Gold medal|Olympic gold medal]]-winning\n        rower (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Jack Hoxie]], American actor, rodeo performer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Philip Showalter Hench]], American physician, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:OwneyMadden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Owney\n        Madden]]]]\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Ray Enright]], American film director (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n** [[Ernst Kirchweger]], Austrian communist and resistance fighter\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[William M. Branham]], American Christian\n        minister (b. 1909)\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Lars Hanson]], Swedish actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Linda Darnell]], American actress (b.\n        [[1923]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Perry Smith (murderer)|Perry Smith]] (b.\n        [[1928]]) and [[Dick Hickock]] (b. [[1931]]), American murderers of the [[In\n        Cold Blood|Clutters]] in [[1959]] (executed)\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Sydney\n        Chaplin]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Guillermo\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez Camarena]], Mexican inventor (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[George Davis (actor)|George Davis]], Dutch-born American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Edward Victor Appleton]], English physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[George Adamski]], Polish-American UFO writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n**\n        [[Louise Dresser]], American actress (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Owney Madden]], British-born\n        American gangster (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Edward R. Murrow]],\n        American journalist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Helen Chandler]],\n        American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Figl leopold 01b.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leopold\n        Figl]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Spike Jones]], American musician and bandleader\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Charles Sheeler]], American photographer\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Leopold Figl]], 14th [[Chancellor of\n        Austria]] and acting [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Hubertus van Mook]], Acting [[Governor-General of the Dutch East\n        Indies]] from [[1942]] to [[1948]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Ignacio\n        Barraquer]], Spanish ophthalmologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Frances\n        Perkins]], First woman appointed as a United States Presidential cabinet member\n        (Labor) (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Yisrael Bar-Yehuda]], Zionist\n        activist and Israel politician (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Maria\n        D\\u0105browska]], Polish writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Eli\n        Cohen]], Israeli spy (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Anastasius (Gribanovsky)|Anastasius]],\n        Metropolitan of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Christopher\n        Stone (broadcaster)|Christopher Stone]], first disc jockey in the United Kingdom\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Rosina Anselmi]], Italian actress (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[David Smith (sculptor)|David Smith]], American sculptor (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Earl Webb]], American baseball player (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 25]] –\n        [[Sonny Boy Williamson II|Sonny Boy Williamson]], American [[blues]] musician\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Vilhelmofsodermanland.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Wilhelm, Duke of S\\u00f6dermanland]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait of Piaras B\\u00e9asla\\u00ed\n        1919.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Piaras B\\u00e9asla\\u00ed]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Curly Lambeau]], American football coach ([[Green Bay Packers]]) and a member\n        of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Eleanor\n        Farjeon]], British author of children''s literature (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Wilhelm, Duke of S\\u00f6dermanland]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Judy\n        Holliday]], American actress (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mendes Cabe\\u00e7adas]], Portuguese navy officer, 94th [[Prime Minister of\n        Portugal]] and 9th [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 13]]\n        – [[Martin Buber]], Austrian-born Israeli philosopher (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[H. V. Kaltenborn]], American radio commentator (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Steve Cochran]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[William\n        Jennings Gardner|Bill Gardner]], American law enforcement agent and one of\n        [[Eliot Ness]]''s [[Untouchables (law enforcement)|Untouchables]] (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[E. A. Speiser]], American [[Biblical theology|Bible scholar]] (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – [[Bernard Baruch]], American financier and presidential\n        adviser (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Piaras B\\u00e9asla\\u00ed]], Irish\n        author (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Castagnetti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        layman and servant of God (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[David O. Selznick]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Mary Boland]], American\n        veteran stage & screen actress (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Kenneth\n        Macdonald Beaumont]], English legal pioneer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Burr Shafer]], American cartoonist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        [[Reginald Beckwith]], English actor (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June 28]] –\n        [[Red Nichols]], American jazz cornettist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 30]] –\n        [[Bessie Barriscale]], American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Moshe\n        Sharett - 1955.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Moshe Sharett]]]]\\n[[File:Rhee Syng-Man in\n        1956.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Syngman Rhee]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Wally Hammond]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Moshe Sharett]], 2nd\n        [[Prime Minister of Israel]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Ray Collins\n        (actor)|Ray Collins]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Laureano G\\u00f3mez|Laureano G\\u00f3mez Castro]], 43th [[President of Colombia]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]], American\n        politician (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Max Woosnam]], English sportsman (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** [[Clyde Beatty]], American animal trainer (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Ingrid Jonker]], South African Afrikaans poet (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Syngman\n        Rhee]], Korean statesman, 1st [[President of South Korea]] (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Constance Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Freddie Mills]], British boxing champion (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Rampo Edogawa]], Japanese author and critic (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]]\\n** [[Fedor Baranov]], Soviet fisherman (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Pier\n        Ruggero Piccio]], Italian World War I fighter ace and air force general (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Jun''ichir\\u014d Tanizaki]], Japanese writer (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hayato\n        Ikeda 1962.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hayato Ikeda]]]]\\n[[File:Le Corbusier 1933.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Le\n        Corbusier]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[John Miller (rower)|John Miller]],\n        American Olympic rower - Men''s eights (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Nancy\n        Carroll]], American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Everett Sloane]], American\n        actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Shirley Jackson]], American\n        author (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Creighton Hale]], American\n        actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Hayato Ikeda]], Japanese politician,\n        38th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Guillermo\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez-Shaw]], Spanish poet and journalist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August\n        25]]\\n** [[Moonlight Graham]], American baseball player (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[Johnny Hayes]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 26]]\n        – [[Maria Corsini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and blessed\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Le Corbusier]], Swiss architect (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]], 9th [[Prime Minister\n        of Iraq]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Giulio Racah]], Israeli physicist (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Paul Waner]], American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh\n        Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 4]]\\n** [[Alfred Bossom]], English architect and politician (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n** [[Tommy Hampson]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1907]])\\n**\n        [[Albert Schweitzer]], [[Alsace|Alsatian]] physician and missionary, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Dorothy\n        Dandridge]], American actress (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Hermann Staudinger]], German\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Bobby Jordan]], American actor (b. [[1923]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Raja Aziz Bhatti]], Pakistan army officer (b. [[1928]])\\n**\n        [[Lucian Truscott]], American general (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 14]] –\n        [[J. W. Hearne]], English cricketer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Steve Brown (bass player)|Steve Brown]], American musician (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Fred Quimby]], American animated film producer\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Alejandro Casona]], Spanish poet\n        and playwright (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Henry Hugh Tudor]],\n        British general (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Clara Bow]], American\n        silent film actress (b. [[1905]])\\n** Sir [[William Stanier]], English steam\n        locomotive engineer ([[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]) (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Samir\n        Al-Rifai portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Samir Al-Rifai]]]]\\n[[File:Beregi Oszk\\u00e1r.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Beregi\n        Oszk\\u00e1r]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Katamso Darmokusumo]], Indonesian military\n        officer (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Gareth Hughes]], Welsh actor (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Zachary Scott]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Moors murders|Edward Evans]], Murder victim (b. [[1948]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]]\\n** [[Dorothea Lange]], American photographer (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Walther Stampfli]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Samir Al-Rifai]], 6-time [[Prime Minister of Jordan]]\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Paul Hermann M\\u00fcller]], Swiss\n        chemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Randall Jarrell]], American poet (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Abraham Fraenkel]], Israeli mathematician and recipient\n        of the [[Israel Prize]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Bart King|John\n        Barton King]], American cricketer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Oscar\n        Beregi (actor, born 1876)|Oscar Beregi]], Hungarian actor (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Travers]], English actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Tom\n        Kennedy (actor)|Tom Kennedy]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 21]]\n        – [[Marie McDonald]], American actress (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – [[Paul Tillich]], German American Christian existentialist philosopher\n        and theologian (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Hans Meerwein]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Sylvia Likens]],\n        American murder victim (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Miller Anderson\n        (diver)|Miller Anderson]], American Olympic diver (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Bill\n        McKechnie]], American baseball manager ([[Cincinnati Reds]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Arthur\n        M. Schlesinger, Sr.]], American historian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Rita Johnson]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Khalid\n        al-Azm.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Khalid al-Azm]]]]\\n[[File:Shaikh Abdullah III Al-Salim\n        Al-Sabah.jpg|100px|thumb|Emir [[Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix Paiva]], 28th [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Herbert Vere Evatt]], Australian Labour leader and minister (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[William Leo Hansberry]], African American Scholar\n        and Uncle of Playwright Lorraine Hansberry (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 4]]\n        – [[Dickey Chapelle]], American photojournalist (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Edgard Var\\u00e8se]], French-born composer\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Clarence Williams (musician)|Clarence Williams]], American\n        musician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood\n        Ahmad]], 2nd [[Caliph]] of [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] in [[Islam]] (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\n** [[Dorothy Kilgallen]], American newspaper\n        columnist (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Emma Gramatica]], Italian actress (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Syedna Taher Saifuddin]], Indian Bohra spiritual\n        leader (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Harry Blackstone, Sr.]], American\n        magician (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[W. T. Cosgrave]], Irish politician, former president\n        of the [[Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State|Provisional\n        Government]] and the [[President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free\n        State|Executive Council]] of the [[Irish Free State]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November\n        18]] \\n** [[Khalid al-Azm]], 5-time [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and acting\n        [[President of Syria]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Henry A. Wallace]], 33rd [[Vice\n        President of the United States]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[Astrojildo Pereira]], Brazilian politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 24]]\n        – [[Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah]], Emir of Kuwait (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – Dame [[Myra Hess]], English pianist (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Maugham\n        retouched.jpg|100px|thumb|[[W. Somerset Maugham|Somerset Maugham]]]]\\n[[File:Laichuanzhu.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lai\n        Chuanzhu]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Joseph Erlanger]], American physiologist\n        and academic, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Branch Rickey]], American baseball executive\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Dutch Sterrett|Charles Hurlbut \\\"Dutch\\\" Sterrett]], American\n        professional baseball player (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Henry\n        Cowell]], American composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[George\n        Constantinescu]], Romanian scientist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[W. Somerset Maugham]], English writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Dimbleby]], English broadcaster (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Ritz Brothers|Al\n        Ritz]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\n** [[John Black\n        (businessman)|John Black]], English businessman and chairman of [[Standard\n        Motor Company|Standard-Triumph]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[William M. Branham]],\n        American minister (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Lai Chuanzhu]], Chinese general (b.\n        [[1910]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Frank S. Nugent]], American journalist\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Kosaku Yamada]], Japanese composer and conductor (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n==\n        Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Physics]] – [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]], [[Julian Schwinger]], [[Richard\n        Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Robert Burns Woodward]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Jacob]], [[Andr\\u00e9 Michel Lwoff]],\n        [[Jacques Monod]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Michail\n        Aleksandrovich Sholokhov]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[UNICEF|United\n        Nation''s Children''s Fund (UNICEF)]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1965}}\\n[[Category:1965|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T21:38:18Z\",\"lastrevid\":799628445,\"length\":91329,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965\"},\"34691\":{\"pageid\":34691,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1966\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T10:48:38Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1966}}\\n{{Events by month|1966}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1966}}\\n{{Year article header|1966}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1966}}\\n* [[January 1]] – In a coup, Colonel [[Jean-B\\u00e9del\n        Bokassa]] takes over as military ruler of the [[Central African Republic]],\n        ousting President [[David Dacko]].\\n* [[January 2]] – [[1966 New York\n        City transit strike|A strike]] of [[public transportation]] workers in New\n        York City begins. (It would end [[January 13]]).\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        The first [[Acid Tests|Acid Test]] is conducted at [[the Fillmore]], [[San\n        Jose, California|San Jose]].\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** A military coup occurs in\n        [[Republic of Upper Volta|Upper Volta]] (later [[Burkina Faso]]).\\n** The\n        prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet in Moscow.\\n** A [[Feyzin disaster|gas\n        leak]] fire at the Feyzin oil refinery near [[Lyon]], France, kills 18 and\n        injures 84.\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Pakistan]]i–Indian peace negotiations\n        end successfully in [[Tashkent]]. Indian prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]\n        dies the next day.\\n** The French paper ''''[[L''Express (France)|L''Express]]''''\n        publishes a story by [[Georges Figon]], who took part in the kidnapping of\n        [[Mehdi Ben Barka]].\\n** [[Georgia House of Representatives]] refuses to seat\n        [[Julian Bond]].\\n** Home of civil rights activist [[Vernon Dahmer]] in [[Hattiesburg,\n        Mississippi]], is firebombed. Dahmer''s family escapes but he dies the next\n        day from severe burns. ([[White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan]] Imperial Wizard\n        [[Samuel Bowers]] will be unsuccessfully tried for this murder on four occasions,\n        and then convicted in 1998.)\\n** [[January 1966 Commonwealth Prime Ministers''\n        Conference|Commonwealth Prime Ministers'' Conference]] convenes in [[Lagos]],\n        [[Nigeria]].\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** A conference on [[Rhodesia]] begins in\n        Lagos, Nigeria.\\n** The first [[SR-71 Blackbird]] spy plane goes into service\n        at [[Beale AFB]].\\n* [[January 12]] – United States President [[Lyndon\n        Johnson]] states that the United States should stay in [[South Vietnam]] until\n        [[Communism|Communist]] aggression there is ended.\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Robert C. Weaver]] becomes the first [[African-American]] Cabinet member,\n        by being appointed [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]].\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – A bloody [[1966 Nigerian coup d''\\u00e9tat|military\n        coup]] is staged in [[Nigeria]], deposing the civilian government.\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Chicago Bulls]], a member of [[National Basketball Association]]''s\n        club, officially founded.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[January\n        17]]\\n** The Nigerian [[coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup]] is overturned by another\n        faction of the military, leaving a military government in power. This is the\n        beginning of a long period of military rule.\\n** A [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52]]\n        bomber collides with a [[KC-135 Stratotanker]] over Spain, dropping three\n        70-kiloton [[hydrogen bomb]]s near the town of [[Palomares, Almer\\u00eda|Palomares]],\n        and one into the sea, in the [[1966 Palomares B-52 crash]].\\n** [[Carl Brashear]],\n        the first African-American [[United States Navy]] diver, is involved in an\n        accident during the recovery of a lost H-bomb which results in the amputation\n        of his leg.\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** French police announce that [[Georges Figon]]\n        has committed suicide, prior to his arrest for the kidnapping of [[Mehdi Ben\n        Barka]].\\n** About 8,000 U.S. soldiers land in [[South Vietnam]]; U.S. troops\n        now total 190,000.\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Indira Gandhi]] is elected\n        [[Prime Minister of India]]; she is sworn in [[January 24]].\\n* [[January\n        20]] – Demonstrations occur against high food prices in Hungary.\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – Italian Prime Minister [[Aldo Moro]] resigns due to\n        a power struggle in his party.\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** The military government\n        of [[Nigeria]] announces that ex-prime minister [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]]\n        was killed during the coup.\\n** The [[Chad]]ian Muslim insurgent group [[FROLINAT]]\n        is founded in [[Sudan]], starting the [[Chadian Civil War (1965\\u201379)|Chadian\n        Civil War]].\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Air India Flight 101]] crashes into\n        [[Mont Blanc]], killing all 117 persons on board, including Dr. [[Homi J.\n        Bhabha]], chairman of the [[Indian Atomic Energy Commission]].\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Harold Holt]] becomes Prime Minister of Australia when [[Robert\n        Menzies]] retires.\\n** [[Beaumont children disappearance]]: Three children\n        disappear on their way to [[Glenelg, South Australia]], never to be seen again.\\n*\n        [[January 27]]\\n**The British government promises the U.S. that British troops\n        in [[Malaysia]] will stay until more peaceful conditions occur in the region.\\n**Britain''s\n        [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] unexpectedly retains the parliamentary\n        seat of Hull North in a by-election, with a swing of 4.5% to their candidate\n        from the opposition Conservatives, and a majority up from 1,181 at the 1964\n        General Election to 5,351.\\n* [[January 29]] – The first of 608 performances\n        of ''''[[Sweet Charity]]'''' opens at the Palace Theatre in New York City.\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – The United Kingdom ceases all trade with [[Rhodesia]].\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n{{main article|February 1966}}\\n* [[February 1]] – [[West\n        Germany]] procures some 2,600 [[political prisoner]]s from [[East Germany]].\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – The unmanned Soviet [[Luna 9]] spacecraft makes the\n        first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**[[All\n        Nippon Airways Flight 60]] plunges into Tokyo Bay; 133 are killed.\\n**[[Winnie\n        the Pooh and the Honey Tree]] becomes the first [[Winnie the Pooh]] [[featurette]]\n        to be released\\n* [[February 6]] – The TV series ''''[[Mister Ed]]''''\n        airs its final episode (ran 1961\\u201366).\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Lyndon\n        Johnson]] of the United States and [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Cao K\\u1ef3]] of South Vietnam\n        convene with other officials in [[Honolulu, Hawaii]] to discuss the course\n        of the [[Vietnam War]].David C. Humphrey & David S. Patterson (eds),\n        [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/ch2 \\\"January\n        31\\u2013March 8: The Honolulu Conference; Congressional Hearings on the War]\\\",\n        ''''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964\\u20131968, Volume IV, Vietnam,\n        1966'''', 1998. \\n* [[February 8]] – The [[National Hockey League]]\n        announces it will expand to 12 teams for the 1967 season.\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – Soviet writers [[Yuli Daniel]] and [[Andrei Sinyavsky]] are sentenced\n        to five and seven years, respectively, for \\\"anti-Soviet\\\" writings.\\n* [[February\n        14]] – The [[Australian dollar]] is introduced at a rate of 2 dollars\n        per pound, or 10 shillings per dollar.\\n* [[February 19]] – The naval\n        minister of the United Kingdom, [[Christopher Mayhew]], resigns.\\n* [[February\n        20]] – While Soviet author and translator [[Valery Tarsis]] is abroad,\n        the [[Soviet Union]] negates his citizenship.\\n* [[February 23]] – An\n        intra-party military [[1966 Syrian coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup d''\\u00e9tat in\n        Syria]] replaces the previous government of [[Amin al-Hafiz]] by one led by\n        [[Salah Jadid]].\\n* [[February 24]] – A coup d''\\u00e9tat led by the\n        police and military of [[Ghana]] raises the [[National Liberation Council]]\n        to power while president [[Kwame Nkrumah]] is abroad.\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        A [[curfew]] is declared in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**British\n        Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] calls a General Election in the United Kingdom,\n        to be held on 31 March.\\n**U.S. astronauts [[Charles Bassett]] and [[Elliot\n        See]] are killed in an aircraft accident in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{main article|March 1966}}\\n* March – The [[DKW]] automobile\n        ceases production in Germany.{{Cite web|url=http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/555/|title=DKW\n        F102|accessdate=October 14, 2012|work=motorbase.com}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**The\n        British Government announces plans for the [[decimalisation]] of the [[pound\n        sterling]] (hitherto denominated in 20 shillings and 240 pence to the \\u00a3),\n        to come into force in February 1971 ([[Decimal Day]]).\\n**Soviet [[space probe]]\n        ''''[[Venera 3]]'''' crashes on [[Venus]], becoming the first spacecraft to\n        land on another planet''s surface.\\n**The [[Ba''ath Party]] takes power in\n        [[Syria]].\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Kwame Nkrumah]] arrives in [[Guinea]]\n        and is granted [[right of asylum|asylum]].\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**[[Canadian Pacific\n        Air Lines Flight 402]] crashes during a night landing in poor visibility at\n        [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]] in Japan, killing 64 of 72\n        persons on board.\\n**In an interview with ''''[[London Evening Standard]]''''\n        reporter [[Maureen Cleave]], [[John Lennon]] of [[The Beatles]] states that\n        they are \\\"[[more popular than Jesus]] now\\\".\\n* [[March 5]]\\n**[[BOAC Flight\n        911]] crashes in severe [[clear-air turbulence]] over [[Mount Fuji]] soon\n        after taking off from Tokyo International Airport in Japan, killing all 124\n        people on board.\\n**A massive theft of nuclear materials is revealed in [[Brazil]].\\n**''''[[Merci,\n        Ch\\u00e9rie]]'''' by [[Udo J\\u00fcrgens]] (music by Udo J\\u00fcrgens, lyrics\n        by Udo J\\u00fcrgens and Thomas H\\u00f6rbiger) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        1966]] for Austria.\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]] asks U.S.\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] for negotiations about the state of [[NATO]]\n        equipment in France.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n**Anti-communist demonstrations occur\n        at the [[Indonesia]]n Foreign Ministry.\\n**[[Vietnam War]]: The U.S. announces\n        it will substantially increase the number of its troops in [[Vietnam]].\\n**[[Nelson''s\n        Pillar]] in [[O''Connell Street]], [[Dublin]], is clandestinely blown up by\n        former [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] volunteers\n        marking this year''s 50th anniversary of the [[Easter Rising]].\\n* [[March\n        9]] – Ronnie, one of the [[Kray twins]], shoots [[George Cornell]] (an\n        associate of rivals [[The Richardson Gang]]) dead at [[The Blind Beggar]]\n        pub in [[Whitechapel]], east London, a crime for which he is finally convicted\n        in [[1969]].\\n* [[March 10]] \\n**[[Crown Prince]]ss [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]\n        marries [[Claus von Amsberg]]. Some spectators demonstrate against the groom\n        because he is German.\\n**''''[[The Frost Report]]'''', which launched the\n        television careers of [[John Cleese]], [[Ronnie Barker]] and [[Ronnie Corbett]]\n        and also the careers of other writers and performers, is first broadcast on\n        [[BBC]].\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**[[Transition to the New Order]] in [[Indonesia]]:\n        President [[Sukarno]] gives all [[executive power]]s to General [[Suharto]]\n        by signing the \\\"[[Supersemar]]\\\" order.\\n**French President [[Charles de\n        Gaulle]] states that French troops will be taken out of [[NATO]] and that\n        all French NATO bases and HQ''s must be closed within a year.\\n* [[March 12]]\n        – [[Bobby Hull]] of the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] sets the [[National Hockey\n        League]] single season scoring record against the [[New York Rangers]] with\n        his 51st goal.\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 Racial riots erupt in the Watts section\n        of Los Angeles.\\n* [[March 16]] – [[NASA]] spacecraft ''''[[Gemini 8]]''''\n        ([[David Scott]], [[Neil Armstrong]]) conducts the first docking in space,\n        with an [[Agena target vehicle]].\\n* [[Paul Van Doren]] established the [[Vans]]\n        shoe company in [[California]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n**More anti-communist demonstrations\n        occur in [[Indonesia]].\\n**Off the Mediterranean coast of Spain, the United\n        States Navy [[submersible]] [[DSV Alvin|DSV ''''Alvin'''']] finds a missing\n        U.S. [[hydrogen bomb]].\\n* [[March 19]] – The [[Texas Western Miners]]\n        defeat the [[Kentucky Wildcats]] with five African-American starters, ushering\n        in desegregation in athletic recruiting.\\n* [[March 20]] – Football''s\n        [[FIFA World Cup Trophy|Jules Rimet Trophy]] is stolen while on exhibition\n        in London; it is found seven days later by a mongrel dog named \\\"[[Pickles\n        (dog)|Pickles]]\\\" and his owner David Corbett, wrapped in newspaper in a south\n        London garden.\\n* [[March 22]] – In Washington, D.C., [[General Motors]]\n        President James M. Roche appears before a Senate subcommittee, and apologizes\n        to consumer advocate [[Ralph Nader]] for the company''s intimidation and harassment\n        campaign against him.\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] and [[Michael\n        Ramsey]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], meet in Rome.\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – Demonstrations are held across the United States against the [[Vietnam\n        War]].\\n* [[March 27]] – In [[South Vietnam]], 20,000 Buddhists march\n        in demonstrations against the policies of the military government.\\n* [[March\n        28]]\\n**[[Cevdet Sunay]] becomes the fifth president of [[Turkey]].\\n**[[Indira\n        Gandhi]] visits Washington, D.C.\\n* [[March 29]] – The [[23rd Congress\n        of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|23rd Communist Party Conference]]\n        is held in the [[Soviet Union]]; [[Leonid Brezhnev]] demands that U.S. troops\n        leave Vietnam, and announces that [[Sino-Soviet split|Chinese-Soviet relations]]\n        are not satisfactory.\\n* [[March 31]]\\n**The British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour\n        Party]] led by [[Harold Wilson]] wins the [[United Kingdom general election,\n        1966|United Kingdom General Election]], gaining a 96-seat majority (compared\n        with a single seat majority when the election was called on February 28).{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/31/newsid_4693000/4693142.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1966: Harold Wilson wins sweeping victory|date=March 31, 1966}}\\n**\n        The [[Soviet Union]] launches ''''[[Luna 10]]'''', which later becomes the\n        first [[space probe]] to enter orbit around the Moon.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{main\n        article|April 1966}}\\n* [[April 1]] – ''''[[The Flintstones]]'''' aired\n        its last episode on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] network.\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – The [[Indonesia]]n army demands that the country rejoin\n        the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[April 3]] – ''''[[Luna 10]]'''' is the\n        first manmade object to enter lunar orbit.\\n* [[April 7]] – The United\n        Kingdom asks the [[United Nations Security Council]] for authority to use\n        force to stop [[oil tanker]]s that violate the embargo against [[Rhodesia]]\n        (authority is given [[April 10]]).\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** Buddhists in [[South\n        Vietnam]] protest against the fact that the new government has not set a date\n        for [[Election#Difficulties with elections|free elections]].\\n** [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]] becomes General Secretary of the [[Soviet Union]], as well as Leader\n        of the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R.\\n** ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''''\n        magazine cover story asks \\\"[[Is God Dead]]?\\\"\\n* [[April 9]] – The\n        captain of English football league club [[Norwich City F.C.]], [[Barry Butler\n        (footballer born 1934)|Barry Butler]], is killed in a car accident.\\n* [[April\n        13]]\\n**United States'' magazine [[Time (magazine)|''''Time'''']]''s cover\n        story is \\u2018London: The Swinging City\\u2019 \\n**United States president\n        [[Lyndon Johnson]] signs the 1966 [[Uniform Time Act]], dealing with [[daylight\n        saving time]].\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** Kenyan Vice President [[Oginga Odinga]]\n        resigns, saying \\\"invisible government\\\" representing foreign interests now\n        runs the country. Will head a new party, the [[Kenya People''s Union]]. \\n**The\n        [[South Vietnam]]ese government promises free elections in 3\\u20135 months.\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – An anti-[[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] conspiracy is exposed\n        in [[Egypt]].\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** China declares that it will stop economic\n        aid to [[Indonesia]].\\n** The [[38th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Bobbi Gibb]] becomes the first woman to run the Boston\n        Marathon.\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** An [[artificial heart]] is installed in the\n        chest of Marcel DeRudder in a [[Houston, Texas]] hospital.\\n** The opening\n        of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] is televised for the first time.\\n**\n        [[Haile Selassie]] visits [[Jamaica]] for the first time, meeting with [[Rastafari\n        movement|Rasta]] leaders.\\n** [[Ian Brady]] and [[Myra Hindley]] go on trial\n        at [[Chester Crown Court]], for the murders of 3 children who vanished between\n        November [[1963]] and October [[1965]].\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Uniform\n        Time Act|Uniform]] [[daylight saving time]] is first observed in most parts\n        of North America.\\n* [[April 26]] \\n** A new government is formed in the [[Republic\n        of the Congo]], led by [[Ambroise Noumazalaye]].\\n** The magnitude 5.1 [[1966\n        Tashkent earthquake|Tashkent earthquake]] affects the largest city in [[Soviet\n        Central Asia]] with a maximum [[Medvedev\\u2013Sponheuer\\u2013Karnik scale|MSK\n        intensity]] of VII (''''Very strong''''). [[Tashkent]] is mostly destroyed\n        and 15\\u2013200 are killed.\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] and Soviet\n        Foreign Minister [[Andrei Gromyko]] meet in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] (the\n        first meeting between leaders of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Soviet\n        Union]]).\\n* [[April 28]] – In [[Rhodesia]], security forces kill seven\n        [[ZANLA]] men in combat; ''''[[Chimurenga]]'''', the [[ZANU]] rebellion, begins.\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – U.S. troops in [[Vietnam]] total 250,000.\\n* [[April\n        30]]\\n** Regular [[hovercraft]] service begins over the [[English Channel]]\n        (discontinued in 2000 due to the [[Channel Tunnel]]).\\n** The [[Church of\n        Satan]] is formed by [[Anton Szandor LaVey]] in [[San Francisco]].\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{main article|May 1966}}\\n* [[May 1]] – Floods occur on the\n        Finnish coast.\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Swinging Radio England]] and Britain\n        Radio commence broadcasting on [[AM broadcasting|AM]], with a combined potential\n        100,000 watts, from the same ship anchored off the south coast of England\n        in international waters.\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Fiat]] signs a contract with\n        the Soviet government to build a car factory in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May\n        5]] – The [[Montreal Canadiens]] defeat the [[Detroit Red Wings]] to\n        win the [[Stanley Cup]].\\n* [[May 6]] \\n**The [[Moors murders]] trial ends\n        with [[Ian Brady]] being found guilty on all three counts of murder and sentenced\n        to three concurrent terms of life imprisonment. [[Myra Hindley]] is convicted\n        on two counts of murder and of being an accessory in the third murder committed\n        by Brady, and receives two concurrent terms of life imprisonment and a seven-year\n        fixed term for being an accessory.\\n**The hit song \\\"[[Paint It Black]]\\\"\n        by [[The Rolling Stones]] is released.\\n* [[May 7]] – Irish bank workers\n        [[Irish bank strikes (1966\\u201376)|go on strike]]. \\n* [[May 12]]\\n** African\n        members of the UN Security Council say that the British army should blockade\n        Rhodesia.\\n** The [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] opens in [[St Louis, Missouri]].\\n**\n        [[China Radio International|Radio Peking]] claims that U.S. planes have shot\n        down a Chinese plane over [[Yunnan]] (the U.S. denies the story the next day).\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Turkey]] and Greece intend to start negotiations about\n        the situation in [[Cyprus]].\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Indonesia]] asks [[Malaysia]]\n        for peace negotiations.\\n** The [[South Vietnam]]ese army besieges [[Da Nang]].\\n**\n        Tens of thousands of anti-war demonstrators again picket the [[White House]],\n        then rally at the [[Washington Monument]].\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** The [[Communist\n        Party of China]] issues the ''[[Cultural Revolution#The May 16 Notification|May\n        16 Notice]]'', marking the beginning of the [[Cultural Revolution]].\\n** A\n        seamen''s strike is called in Britain.\\n** The legendary album ''''[[Pet Sounds]]''''\n        by [[The Beach Boys]] is released.\\n** [[Bob Dylan]]''s seminal album, ''''[[Blonde\n        on Blonde]]'''' is released in the U.S.\\n** In New York City, Dr. [[Martin\n        Luther King Jr.]] makes his first public speech on the [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Gertrude Baniszewski]] is found guilty of murdering and\n        torturing [[Sylvia Likens]] and is sentenced to life in prison (she is released\n        on parole in December [[1985]]).\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Battle of Mengo Hill]]:\n        [[Uganda]]n army troops arrest [[Mutesa II of Buganda]] and occupy his palace.\\n**\n        The [[Nigeria]]n government forbids all political activity in the country\n        until January 17, 1969.\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Explorer program]]: ''''[[Explorer\n        32]]'''' is launched.\\n** [[No. 9 Squadron RAAF]] becomes part of the 4,500\n        strong [[Australia]]n Task Force assigned to duties in [[Vietnam]], leaving\n        for [[Southeast Asia]] aboard the aircraft carrier [[HMAS Sydney (R17)|HMAS\n        ''''Sydney'''']].Scutts, Colin (1976), ''''Helicopter Gunships'''', p.\n        5. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISSN|0307-2886}}\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Guyana]]\n        achieves independence.\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** ''''[[It''s a Small World]]'''' opens\n        at [[Disneyland]].\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] declares [[martial law]] in Cuba because\n        of a possible U.S. attack.\\n** The [[Indonesia]]n and [[Malaysia]]n governments\n        declare that the [[Indonesia\\u2013Malaysia confrontation]] is over (a treaty\n        is signed on [[August 11]]).\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Azteca Stadium]], as\n        known well for sports venues in [[Mexico]], officially opened in [[Mexico\n        City]], before [[1968 Summer Olympics]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – The [[Philippines]] reestablishes [[diplomatic relations]]\n        with [[Malaysia]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{main article|June 1966}}\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        The final new episode of ''''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show]]'''' airs (the first\n        episode aired on [[October 3]], 1961).\\n** [[White House Conference on Civil\n        Rights]]\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] is re-elected as Irish\n        president.\\n** [[Surveyor program]]: ''''[[Surveyor 1]]'''' lands in Oceanus\n        Procellarum on the [[Moon]], becoming the first U.S. [[spacecraft]] to soft-land\n        on another world.\\n** Four former cabinet ministers including [[\\u00c9variste\n        Kimba]] are executed in the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Democratic\n        Republic of the Congo]], for alleged involvement in a plot to kill [[Mobutu\n        Sese Seko]].\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Joaqu\\u00edn Balaguer]] is elected president\n        of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[June 5]] – ''''[[Gemini 9]]'''':\n        [[Gene Cernan]] completes the second U.S. spacewalk (2 hours, 7 minutes).\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – [[Civil Rights Movement|Civil rights]] activist [[James\n        Meredith]] is shot by a sniper while traversing Mississippi in the [[March\n        Against Fear]].\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** An [[XB-70 Valkyrie]] prototype is destroyed\n        in a mid-air collision with a [[F-104 Starfighter]] chase plane during a photo\n        shoot. [[NASA]] pilot [[Joseph A. Walker]] and [[USAF]] test pilot Carl Cross\n        are both killed.\\n** [[Topeka, Kansas]] is devastated by a tornado that registers\n        as an \\\"F5\\\" on the [[Fujita scale]], the first to exceed US $100 million\n        in damages. Sixteen people are killed, hundreds more injured, and thousands\n        of homes damaged or destroyed, and the campus of [[Washburn University]] suffers\n        catastrophic damage.{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/top/events/66tornado.php|title=NOAA.gov|publisher=|accessdate=October\n        6, 2014}}\\n* [[June 12]] – Chicago''s [[Division Street riots]]\n        begin, in response to police shooting of a young Puerto Rican man. \\n* [[June\n        13]] – ''''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of the United\n        States]] rules that the police must inform [[suspect]]s of their rights before\n        questioning them.\\n* [[June 14]] – The [[Holy See|Vatican]] abolishes\n        the ''''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'''' (index of banned books).\\n* [[June\n        17]] – An [[Air France]] personnel strike begins.\\n* [[June 18]] –\n        [[CIA]] chief [[William Raborn]] resigns; [[Richard Helms]] becomes his successor.\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] starts his visit\n        to the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June 21]] – Opposition leader [[Arthur\n        Calwell]] is shot after attending a political meeting in Mosman, Sydney, Australia.\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Frank Zappa]] and [[The Mothers of Invention]]''s debut\n        album, ''''[[Freak Out!]]'''', is released. It is an initial failure, but\n        gains a massive cult following in subsequent years.\\n** The gothic soap opera\n        ''''[[Dark Shadows]]'''' premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – In [[Argentina]], a [[military dictatorship|junta]] calling\n        itself [[Argentine Revolution|''''Revoluci\\u00f3n Argentina'''']] deposes\n        president [[Arturo Umberto Illia]] in a coup, and appoints General [[Juan\n        Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]] to lead.\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]\n        comes to power in \\\"[[Revoluci\\u00f3n Argentina|Argentine Revolution]]\\\" coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat. \\n** A sailors'' strike, organised by the [[National Union of\n        Seamen]], ends in the United Kingdom.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. planes begin\n        bombing [[Hanoi]] and [[Haiphong]].\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** France formally leaves\n        [[NATO]].\\n** The [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) is founded in\n        Washington, D.C.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main article|July 1966}}\\n* July –\n        British [[gangster]] [[Charlie Richardson]] is arrested by police and sentenced\n        to 25 years in prison in the following year for his part in the [[The Richardson\n        Gang|Torture Gang]] assaults.\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Joaqu\\u00edn Balaguer]]\n        becomes president of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[July 3]]\\n**31 people\n        are arrested when a demonstration by approximately 4,000 anti-[[Vietnam War]]\n        protesters in front of the U.S. Embassy in London''s [[Grosvenor Square]]\n        turns violent\\n**[[Ren\\u00e9 Barrientos]] is elected [[president of Bolivia]].\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[North Vietnam]] declares general [[mobilization]].\\n** American\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Freedom of Information Act (United\n        States)|Freedom of Information Act]], which goes into effect the following\n        year.\\n** [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) endorses goal of [[Black\n        Power]] at well attended convention in [[Baltimore]]. Martin Luther King,\n        Jr., and Roy Wilkins criticize this declaration.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Malawi]]\n        becomes a republic.\\n* [[July 7]] – A [[Warsaw Pact]] conference ends\n        with a promise to support North Vietnam.\\n* [[July 8]] – King [[Mwambutsa\n        IV Bangiriceng of Burundi]] is deposed by his son [[Ntare V]], who is in turn\n        deposed by prime minister [[Michel Micombero]].\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** The [[1966\n        FIFA World Cup]] begins in England.\\n** [[British Motor Corporation]] and\n        [[Jaguar Cars]] announce plans to merge as British Motor Holdings.\\n* [[July\n        12]]\\n** [[Indira Gandhi]] visits Moscow.\\n** [[Zambia]] threatens to leave\n        the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] because of British peace overtures to [[Rhodesia]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]\n        is founded in New York City by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].\\n*\n        [[July 14]]\\n** [[Israel]]i and [[Syria]]n jet fighters clash over the [[Jordan\n        River]].\\n** [[Richard Speck]] murders 8 student nurses in their Chicago dormitory.\n        He is arrested on [[July 17]].\\n** [[Gwynfor Evans]], President of [[Plaid\n        Cymru]], becomes Member of the United Kingdom Parliament for [[Carmarthen]],\n        taking the previously Labour-held Welsh seat at a by-election with a majority\n        of 2,435 on an 18% swing, and giving Plaid Cymru its first representation\n        at Westminster in its forty-one year history.\\n* [[July 16]] – British\n        Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] flies to Moscow to try to start peace negotiations\n        about the [[Vietnam War]] (the Soviet government rejects his ideas).\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** ''''[[Gemini 10]]'''' ([[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]], [[Michael\n        Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]) is launched. After docking with an\n        [[Agena target vehicle]], the astronauts then set a world altitude record\n        of 474 miles (763 km).\\n** The [[Hough Riots]] break out in [[Cleveland,\n        Ohio]], the city''s first [[Mass racial violence in the United States|race\n        riot]].\\n** The [[International Court of Justice]] rules in favour of South\n        Africa in a case on the administration of [[South West Africa]] which was\n        brought before them by [[Ethiopia]] and [[Liberia]].\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        Following the death of engineer [[death of Hsu Tsu-tsai|Hsu Tsu-tsai]] in\n        The Hague, the Chinese government declares Dutch delegate G. J. Jongejans\n        [[persona non grata]], but tells him not to leave the country before his fellow\n        Chinese engineers have left the Netherlands.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Katanga\n        Province|Katangese]] troops in [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]], [[Democratic Republic\n        of the Congo|Congo]], revolt for several weeks in support of the exiled minister\n        [[Moise Tshombe]].\\n* [[July 24]] – U.N. Secretary General [[U Thant]]\n        visits Moscow.\\n* [[July 24]] – A USAF [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom\n        II|F-4C Phantom]] #63-7599 was shot down by a North Vietnamese [[S-75 Dvina|SAM-2]]\n        {{convert|45|mi}} northeast of [[Hanoi]], in the first loss of a US aircraft\n        to a Vietnamese SAM in the Vietnam War.{{cite book|last=Van Staaveren|first=Jacob|title=Gradual\n        Failure: The air war over North Vietnam 1965-1966|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=2002|isbn=9781428990180|pages=163\\u20134}}\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – Lord Gardiner issues the [[Practice Statement]] in the\n        [[House of Lords]], stating that the House is not bound to follow its own\n        previous [[precedent]].\\n* [[July 28]] – The U.S. announces that a [[Lockheed\n        U-2]] reconnaissance plane has disappeared over Cuba.\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** A\n        [[Nigerian Counter-Coup of 1966|military counter-coup]] in [[Nigeria]]: army\n        officers from the north of the country execute head of state General [[Johnson\n        Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] and install [[Yakubu Gowon]].\\n** ''''[[La Noche\n        de los Bastones Largos]]'''': Junta takes over Argentine universities.\\n**\n        [[Bob Dylan]] is injured in a motorcycle accident near his home in [[Woodstock,\n        New York]]. He is not seen in public for over a year.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[England national football team|England]] beats [[Germany national football\n        team|West Germany]] 4\\u20132 to win the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]] at [[Wembley\n        Stadium (1923)|Wembley]] after [[extra time]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main article|August\n        1966}}\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** Sniper [[Charles Whitman]] kills 14 people and\n        wounds 32 from atop the [[University of Texas at Austin]] Main Building tower,\n        after earlier killing his wife and mother.\\n** British [[Colonial Office]]\n        merges with [[Commonwealth Relations Office]] to form new [[Commonwealth Office]].\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – The Spanish government forbids overflights of British\n        military aircraft.\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** Groundbreaking takes place for the\n        [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]].\\n** [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]] leads a civil rights march in Chicago, during which he is struck\n        by a rock thrown from an angry white mob.\\n** The [[Caesars Palace]] hotel\n        and casino opens in [[Las Vegas]].\\n** [[The Beatles]]'' ''''[[Revolver (The\n        Beatles album)|Revolver]]'''' LP is released in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Braniff Flight 250]] crashes in [[Falls City, Nebraska]], killing\n        all 42 on board.\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Barrientos]] takes office as the president\n        of [[Bolivia]].\\n** The [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]] Bridge\n        (now the [[25 de Abril Bridge]]) opens in [[Lisbon]], Portugal.\\n* [[August\n        7]] – Race riots occur in [[Lansing, Michigan]].\\n* [[August 10]]\\n**\n        An East German court sentences G\\u00fcnter Laudahn to life imprisonment for\n        spying for the United States.\\n** [[Lunar Orbiter 1]], the first U.S. spacecraft\n        to orbit the moon, is launched.\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** Indonesia and Malaysia\n        issue joint peace declaration, formally ending the [[Indonesia\\u2013Malaysia\n        confrontation]] which began in 1963.\\n**[[The Beatles]] hold a press conference\n        in Chicago, during which [[John Lennon]] apologizes for his \\\"more popular\n        than Jesus\\\" remark, saying, \\\"I didn''t mean it as a lousy anti-religious\n        thing.\\\"\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Massacre of Braybrook Street]]: Harry\n        Roberts, John Duddy and Jack Witney shoot dead 3 plainclothes policemen in\n        London; they are later sentenced to life imprisonment.\\n* [[August 13]]\\n**\n        In the People''s Republic of China, [[Mao Zedong]] begins the [[Cultural Revolution]]\n        to purge and reorganize China''s Communist Party.\\n** An [[1966 Varto earthquake|earthquake\n        in Varto town]], [[Turkey]], kills 2,394 and injures 10,000.\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**\n        [[Syria]]n and [[Israel]]i troops clash over Lake Kinneret (also known as\n        the [[Sea of Galilee]]) for 3 hours.\\n** It is announced that the ''''[[New\n        York Herald Tribune]]'''' will not resume publication.\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        [[Vietnam War]]: The [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] starts investigating\n        Americans who have aided the [[Viet Cong]], with the intent to make these\n        activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupt the meeting and 50 are\n        arrested.\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab\n        Republic]] begin negotiations in [[Kuwait]] to end the war in [[Yemen]].\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Battle of Long Tan]]: D Company,\n        6th Battalion of the [[Royal Australian Regiment]], meets and defeats a [[Viet\n        Cong]] force estimated to be four times larger, in Phuoc Tuy Province, [[Republic\n        of Vietnam]].\\n* [[August 19]] – An earthquake in eastern [[Turkey]]\n        destroys whole cities.\\n* [[August 21]] – Seven men are sentenced to\n        death in [[Egypt]], for anti-[[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] agitation.\\n* [[August\n        22]]\\n** The [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) established.\\n** The United\n        Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), predecessor of the [[United Farm\n        Workers|United Farm Workers of America]] (UFW), is formed.\\n* [[August 24]]\n        – [[The Doors]] record their [[The Doors (album)|self-titled]] debut\n        [[album|LP]].\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** Riots occur in [[French Somaliland]].\\n**\n        The first battle of the South African Air Force and the [[South African Police]]\n        with [[People''s Liberation Army of Namibia|PLAN]], the armed wing of the\n        [[South West Africa People''s Organization]] (SWAPO), takes place at [[Ongulumbashe]]\n        in Northern [[South West Africa]] during Operation Blue Wildebeest. This battle\n        starts the [[South African Border War]] which continues until [[1989]].\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[The Beatles]] end their [[The Beatles'' 1966 US tour|US\n        tour]] with a concert at [[Candlestick Park]] in [[San Francisco]]. It is\n        their last performance as a live touring band.\\n* [[August 30]] – France\n        offers independence to French Somaliland (later [[Djibouti]] in 1977).\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main\n        article|September 1966}}\\n[[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[September\n        30]]: [[Botswana]] formerly [[Bechuanaland]], independence from [[United Kingdom]]\n        as a republic and parliament democracy.]]\\n[[File:SeretseKhama.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[September\n        30]]: [[Seretse Khama]] is 1st [[President of Botswana]].]]\\n* [[September\n        1]]\\n** [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[U Thant]] declares that he\n        will not seek re-election, because U.N. efforts in Vietnam have failed.\\n**\n        98 British tourists die in an air crash in [[Ljubljana]], [[Yugoslavia]].\\n**\n        While waiting at a bus stop [[Ralph Baer]], an inventor with [[Sanders Associates]],\n        writes a four-page document that lays out the basic principles for creating\n        a video game to be played on a television: the beginning of a multibillion-dollar\n        industry.\\n* [[September 6]] – South African Prime Minister [[Hendrik\n        Verwoerd]] is stabbed to death in Parliament by [[Dimitri Tsafendas]].\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – The ocean liner {{SS|Hanseatic}} catches fire and\n        burns in New York Harbor.\\n* [[September 8]] – ''''[[Star Trek]]'''',\n        the science fiction television series, debuts on [[NBC]] in the United States\n        with its first episode, titled \\\"[[The Man Trap]]\\\".\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        [[NATO]] decides to move [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|SHAPE]]\n        headquarters to Belgium.\\n* [[September 12]] \\n** ''''[[Gemini 11]]'''' ([[Richard\n        F. Gordon, Jr.]], [[Pete Conrad]]) docks with an [[Agena target vehicle]].\\n**\n        [[B. J. Vorster]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of South Africa]].\\n* [[September\n        13]] – Clashes between the Chinese Communist Party and the Red Guards\n        are reported by [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|TASS]] in the Soviet\n        Union.\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** In South Vietnam, [[Th\\u00edch Tr\\u00ed Quang]]\n        ends a 100-day hunger strike.\\n** The [[Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln\n        Center)|Metropolitan Opera House]] opens at [[Lincoln Center]] in New York\n        City with the world premiere of [[Samuel Barber]]''s opera ''''[[Antony and\n        Cleopatra (opera)|Antony and Cleopatra]]''''.\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        Valerie Percy, 21-year-old daughter of U.S. Senate candidate [[Charles H.\n        Percy]], is stabbed and bludgeoned to death in the family mansion on Chicago''s\n        North Shore.\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Scotland Yard]] arrests [[Buster Edwards]],\n        suspected of involvement in the Great Train Robbery.\\n** [[Timothy Leary]]\n        forms the spiritual group [[League for Spiritual Discovery]].\\n** Indonesian\n        military commander (later President) [[Suharto]] announces the resumption\n        of Indonesian participation in the United Nations.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Hurricane Inez]] strikes Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and tens of\n        thousands homeless in the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Haiti]].\\n* [[September\n        30]]\\n** The [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] in Africa achieves independence\n        from the United Kingdom as [[Botswana]], with [[Seretse Khama]] as its first\n        [[President of Botswana|President]].\\n** [[Baldur von Schirach]] and [[Albert\n        Speer]] are released from [[Spandau Prison]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main article|October\n        1966}}\\n* October\\n** [[Bobby Seale]] and [[Huey P. Newton]] found the [[Black\n        Panther Party]].\\n** The [[Toyota Corolla]] car is introduced.\\n* [[October\n        1]] – [[West Coast Airlines Flight 956]] crashes with 18 fatal injuries\n        and no survivors {{convert|5.5|mi|km}} south of [[Wemme, Oregon]]. This accident\n        marks the first loss of a [[DC-9]].[http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR67-AF.pdf\n        Aircraft Accident Report. West Coast Airlines, Inc DC-9 N9101. Near Wemme,\n        Oregon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216033755/http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR67-AF.pdf\n        |date=February 16, 2008 }}, Adopted:December 11, 1967.\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Tunisia]] severs diplomatic relations with the [[United Arab\n        Republic]].\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Israel]] applies for membership in the\n        [[European Economic Community|EEC]].\\n** [[Basutoland]] becomes independent\n        and takes the name [[Lesotho]].\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[UNESCO]] signs the\n        Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers. This event is now celebrated\n        as World Teachers'' Day.\\n** An experimental Reactor at the [[Enrico Fermi\n        Nuclear Generating Station]] suffers a partial meltdown when its cooling system\n        fails.\\n* [[October 6]] \\n** LSD is made illegal in the United States and\n        controlled so strictly that not only are possession and recreational use criminalized,\n        but all legal scientific research programs on the drug in the US are shut\n        down as well.\\n** The Love Pageant Rally takes place in the [[Panhandle (San\n        Francisco)|Panhandle]] of Golden Gate Park, a narrower section that projects\n        into San Francisco''s [[Haight-Ashbury]] district.\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union]] declares that all Chinese students must leave the country\n        before the end of October.\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Binh Tai\n        Massacre]].\\n* [[October 11]] – France and the [[Soviet Union]] sign\n        a treaty for cooperation in nuclear research.\\n* [[October 14]] \\n** Closure\n        of [[Intra Bank]] begins crisis of Lebanese banking system.\\n** The city of\n        [[Montreal]] inaugurates its [[rapid transit|metro]] system (see [[Montreal\n        Metro]]).\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs\n        a bill creating the [[United States Department of Transportation]].\\n** The\n        U.S. Congress passes a bill for the creation of [[Pictured Rocks National\n        Lakeshore]].\\n** [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC-TV]] telecasts a highly\n        acclaimed 90-minute television adaptation of the musical ''''[[Brigadoon]]'''',\n        starring [[Robert Goulet]], [[Peter Falk]], and [[Sally Ann Howes]]. It wins\n        many [[Emmy Award]]s and inaugurates a short-lived series of special television\n        adaptations of famous Broadway musicals on ABC. Goulet stars in all but one\n        of these specials.\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Grace Slick]] performs live\n        for the first time with [[Jefferson Airplane]].\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        [[Lesotho]] and [[Botswana]] are admitted to the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October\n        21]]\\n** The [[Aberfan disaster]] occurs in [[South Wales]], United Kingdom.\\n**\n        The [[AFL-NFL merger]] is approved by the U.S. Congress.\\n* [[October 22]]\\n**\n        British spy [[George Blake]] escapes from [[Wormwood Scrubs (HM Prison)|Wormwood\n        Scrubs]] prison; he is next seen in Moscow.\\n** Spain demands that the United\n        Kingdom stop military flights to [[Gibraltar]]; Britain refuses the next day.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – Negotiations about the [[Vietnam War]] begin in [[Manila]],\n        [[Philippines]].\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** A military court in [[Jakarta]] sentences\n        ex-foreign minister Subandrio to death.\\n** Spain closes its [[Gibraltar]]\n        border to non-pedestrian traffic.\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[NATO]] moves its\n        HQ from Paris to [[Brussels]].\\n** A fire aboard the aircraft carrier {{USS|Oriskany|CV-34|6}}\n        in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] kills 44 crewmen.\\n* [[October 27]] – The\n        [[United Nations]] terminates the mandate given by the [[League of Nations]]\n        and proclaims that South West Africa will be administrated by the United Nations.\n        This is rejected by South Africa.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** The first ever regeneration\n        in ''''[[Doctor Who]]'''' of the Doctor: [[William Hartnell]]''s face transforms\n        into that of [[Patrick Troughton]].\\n** The [[Guinea]]n delegation to the\n        [[Organization of African Unity|OAU]] meeting in [[Ethiopia]], become hostages\n        of the [[Ghana]]ian government in [[Accra]].\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{main article|November\n        1966}}\\n*[[November 1]] – The [[National Football League]] awards the\n        league''s sixteenth franchise to the city of [[New Orleans]]. The team would\n        be named the [[New Orleans Saints]].\\n* [[November 2]] – The [[Cuban\n        Adjustment Act]] comes into force, allowing 123,000 [[Cubans]] the opportunity\n        to apply for [[permanent residency|permanent residence]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – In Italy, a [[1966 flood of the Arno River|flood of\n        the Arno River]] hits [[Florence]], flooding it to a maximum depth of {{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        leaving thousands homeless and destroying millions of masterpieces of art\n        and rare books. In addition, a [[1966 Venice flood|severe tidal flood]] hits\n        [[Venice]].\\n* [[November 5]] – Thirty-eight African states demand that\n        the [[United Kingdom]] use force against the [[Rhodesia]]n government.\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Lunar Orbiter 2]] is launched.\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        Former [[Massachusetts]] Attorney General [[Edward Brooke]] becomes the first\n        [[African American]] elected to the [[United States Senate]] since [[Reconstruction\n        Era|Reconstruction]].\\n** Actor [[Ronald Reagan]] is elected [[Governor of\n        California]].\\n* [[November 9]] – [[John Lennon]] meets [[Yoko Ono]]\n        at the [[Indica Gallery]], London.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Se\\u00e1n\n        Lemass]] retires as [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]] to be replaced\n        in the role by fellow [[Fianna F\\u00e1il]] member [[Jack Lynch]].\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** A mine kills 3 [[Israeli]] paratroopers on the [[West Bank]] border.\\n**\n        Spain declares general amnesty for crimes committed during the [[Spanish Civil\n        War]] (effective only for the [[Falangists]]'' side).\\n* [[November 14]] –\n        [[Jack L. Warner]] sells [[Warner Bros.]] to [[Seven Arts Productions]], which\n        eventually becomes [[Warner Bros.-Seven Arts]].\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** ''''[[Gemini\n        12]]'''' ([[James A. Lovell]], [[Buzz Aldrin]]) splashes down safely in the\n        Atlantic Ocean, {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[the Bahamas]].\\n**\n        [[Harry Maurice Roberts]], who killed three policemen in August, is caught\n        near London.\\n** A [[Boeing 727]] carrying [[Pan Am Flight 708]] crashes near\n        Berlin, Germany, killing all three people on board.\\n** Two young couples\n        in Point Pleasant, West Virginia reportedly see a strange [[moth]]-like creature\n        better known as the [[Mothman]].\\n* [[November 16]] – American doctor\n        [[Sam Sheppard]] is acquitted in his second trial for the murder of his pregnant\n        wife in 1954.\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** The U.N. General Assembly decides to\n        found the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]].\\n** A spectacular\n        [[Leonids|Leonid]] meteor shower passes over [[Arizona]], at the rate of 2,300\n        a minute for 20 minutes.\\n* [[November 21]] – In [[Togo]], the army\n        crushes an attempted coup.\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[The Beatles]] begin recording\n        sessions for their ''''[[Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'''' L.P.\\n**\n        Bulgarian [[TABSO Flight 101]] crashes near [[Bratislava]], Czechoslovakia,\n        killing all 82 people on board.\\n* [[November 26]] – The [[Saskatchewan\n        Roughriders]] defeat the [[Ottawa Rough Riders]] to win the [[54th Grey Cup]]\n        at [[Vancouver]]''s [[Empire Stadium (Vancouver)|Empire Stadium]] 29-14. Saskatchewan\n        were led by quarterback [[Ron Lancaster]].\\n* [[November 27]] – The\n        [[Washington Redskins]] defeat the [[New York Giants]] 72\\u201341 in the highest\n        scoring game in [[NFL]] history.\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Truman Capote]]''s\n        [[Black and White Ball]] (''The Party of the Century'') is held in New York\n        City.\\n* [[November 29]] – The {{SS|Daniel J. Morrell}} sinks in a storm\n        on [[Lake Huron]], killing 28 of its 29 crewmen.\\n* [[November 30]] –\n        [[Barbados]] achieves [[Barbados Independence Act 1966|independence]].\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{main article|December 1966}}\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Kurt\n        Georg Kiesinger]] is elected [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor\n        of West Germany]].\\n** British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] and [[Rhodesia]]n\n        Prime minister [[Ian Smith]] negotiate on the [[HMS Tiger (C20)|HMS ''''Tiger'''']]\n        in the Mediterranean.\\n* [[December 2]] – [[U Thant]] agrees to serve\n        a second term as U.N. Secretary General.\\n* [[December 3]] – Anti-Portuguese\n        demonstrations occur in [[Macau]]; a [[curfew]] is declared the next day.\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – U.S. Supreme Court rules in ''''[[Bond v. Floyd]]''''\n        that the Georgia House of Representatives must seat Julian Bond, having violated\n        his [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth\n        Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] rights.\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[B\\u00ecnh H\\u00f2a massacre]]: [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** [[Syria]] offers weapons to rebels in [[Jordan]].\\n** [[Barbados]]\n        is [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 230|admitted to the United\n        Nations]].\\n* [[December 8]] – The Typaldos Line''s ferry {{SS|Heraklion}}\n        sinks in rough seas, in the [[Aegean Sea]] near [[Crete]], leaving 217 dead.\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Walt Disney]] dies while producing ''''[[The Jungle\n        Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'''', the last animated feature under his\n        personal supervision.\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** The U.N. Security Council approves\n        an oil embargo against [[Rhodesia]].\\n** The [[International Covenant on Economic,\n        Social and Cultural Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and\n        Political Rights]] are adopted by the General Assembly, as Resolution 2200\n        A (XXI).\\n* [[December 17]] – South Africa does not join the [[trade\n        embargo]] against [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[December 18]] – ''''[[How the Grinch\n        Stole Christmas (television special)|How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]'''',\n        narrated by [[Boris Karloff]], is shown for the first time on [[CBS]], beginning\n        an annual [[Christmas]] tradition in the USA.\\n* [[December 19]] – The\n        [[Asian Development Bank]] begins operations.\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Harold\n        Wilson]] withdraws all his previous offers to the [[Rhodesia]]n government,\n        and announces that he will agree to independence only after the founding of\n        a Black majority government.\\n* [[December 22]] – Prime Minister [[Ian\n        Smith]] declares that Rhodesia is already a republic.\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        New York television station [[WPIX]] broadcasts its Christmas tradition, [[Yule\n        Log (TV program)|\\\"The Yule Log\\\"]] for the first time.\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – The first [[Kwanzaa]] is celebrated by [[Maulana Karenga]], founder\n        of Organization US (a black nationalist group) and later chair of [[Black\n        Studies]] at [[California State University, Long Beach]], from 1989 to 2002.\\n*\n        [[December 31]]\\n** East German Premier [[Walter Ulbricht]] discusses negotiations\n        about [[German reunification]].\\n** Thieves steal millions'' worth of paintings\n        from the [[Dulwich Art Gallery]] in London.\\n** The Congolese government takes\n        over the [[Union Mini\\u00e8re du Haut Katanga]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n*\n        [[Konstantin Chernenko]], later leader of the [[Soviet Union]], becomes a\n        candidate member of the [[Central Committee]].\\n* [[Paramount Pictures Corporation]]\n        becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Gulf+Western Industries, Inc.\\n* The\n        [[Surrealist Movement in the United States]] is founded by [[Franklin Rosemont|Franklin]]\n        and [[Penelope Rosemont]].\\n* [[Lise Meitner]] and [[Otto Hahn]] are awarded\n        the [[Fermi Prize]].\\n* The [[Congress of the United States]] creates the\n        National Council for Marine Resources and Engineering Development.\\n* [[Martin\n        Richards (computer scientist)|Martin Richards]] designs the programming language\n        [[BCPL]].\\n* The World Buddhist [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] Council is convened\n        by [[Theravada|Theravadins]] in [[Sri Lanka]], with the hope of bridging differences\n        and working together.\\n* ''''The [[Jerusalem Bible]]'''', a [[Roman Catholic]]\n        translation, is published in English.\\n* [[Peter L. Berger]] and [[Thomas\n        Luckmann]] publish ''''[[The Social Construction of Reality]]''''.\\n* [[Long-term\n        potentiation]] (LTP), the putative [[cell (biology)|cellular]] mechanism of\n        [[learning]] and [[memory]], is first observed by [[Terje L\\u00f8mo]] in [[Oslo]],\n        Norway.\\n* In or about this year, one person returning to [[Haiti]] from the\n        [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] is thought to have first brought [[HIV]] to\n        the [[Americas]].{{cite journal|title=Solved: the mystery of how AIDS\n        left Africa|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=November 3, 2007|page=20}}\\n*Chevrolet\n        Camaro is introduced.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Christian Kern\n        2016 (portrait).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christian Kern]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Dempsey\n        2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick Dempsey]]]]\\n[[File:Lena Philipsson 2012-11-07\n        001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lena Philipsson]]]]\\n[[File:Senador Rom\\u00e1rio (Retrato\n        oficial).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rom\\u00e1rio]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Anna\n        Burke]], Australian politician\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Christian Kern]], Austrian\n        politician, 24th [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n** [[Deana Carter]], American\n        singer\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Yuri Amano]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Kate\n        Schellenbach]], American musician\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Sharon Cuneta]],\n        Filipino actress, host and singer\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy]],\n        American actress and model, wife of [[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]] (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Igor Vyazmikin]], Russian ice hockey player\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Patrick Dempsey]], American actor and race car driver\\n* [[January\n        17]]\\n** [[George Morikawa]], Japanese author and illustrator\\n** [[Shabba\n        Ranks]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Floris Jan Bovelander]],\n        Dutch field-hockey player\\n** [[Stefan Edberg]], Swedish tennis player\\n**\n        [[Lena Philipsson]], Swedish singer and media personality\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – [[Rainn Wilson]], American actor\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Jegath\n        Gaspar Raj]], Tamil Maiyam Founder\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Jimeoin]],\n        Northern Irish-Australian comedian and actor\\n* [[January 28]] \\n** [[Andrea\n        Berg]], German singer\\n** [[Seiji Mizushima]], Japanese anime director\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Rom\\u00e1rio]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Neal Chase]], American [[Exilarch]] religious educator\\n** [[Hans\n        Tutschku]], German composer\\n* [[January 31]] – [[The Wealdstone Raider|Gordon\n        Hill]], British internet celebrity and meme known as The Wealdstone Raider\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Rick\n        Astley Dallas.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rick Astley]]]]\\n[[File: Sarah Montague -NHS\n        Confederation annual conference, Manchester-11July2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah\n        Montague]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Zane Cannes 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy Zane]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Michelle Akers]], American footballer\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Jimmy Thunder]], Samoan boxer\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Ky\\u014dko\n        Koizumi]], Japanese actress and singer\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Olaz\\u00e1bal]], Spanish golfer\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Rick\n        Astley]], British pop musician\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Kristin Otto]],\n        German swimmer\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Sean Harris]], English actor\\n** [[Sarah\n        Montague]], English journalist and radio host\\n** [[Hristo Stoichkov]], Bulgarian\n        footballer\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Christoph Maria Herbst]], German actor\\n**\n        [[Ellen van Langen]], Dutch athlete\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Daryl Johnston]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Stephen Gregory (actor)|Stephen\n        Gregory]], American actor\\n** [[Cristina Elena Grigoras]], Roman artistic\n        gymnast\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Neal McDonough]], American actor\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Martin Perscheid]], German cartoonist\\n* [[February 17]] –\n        [[Luc Robitaille]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Richard\n        A Collins|Richard A. Collins]], British scientist and author\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Cindy Crawford]], American model and actress\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Yahya Ayyash]], Palestinian bombmaker\\n** [[Rachel Dratch]], American\n        actress and comedian\\n** [[Brian Greig]], Australian politician\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Michael Arata]], American actor\\n* [[February 24]] –\n        [[Billy Zane]], American actor\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Samson Kitur]], Kenyan\n        athlete\\n** [[T\\u00e9a Leoni]], American actress\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Jennifer\n        Grant]], American actress\\n** [[Najwa Karam]], Lebanese singer\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Alison Gertz]], American AIDS activist (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Ickey Woods]], former NFL running back famous for the Ickey\n        Shuffle\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Zack Snyder by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zack\n        Snyder]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Zack Snyder]], American actor, film director,\n        screenwriter and producer\\n* [[March 2]]\\n**[[Sheren Tang]], Hong Kong actress\\n**[[David\n        Wickham]], English concert pianist, musical director and conductor\\n* [[March\n        3]]\\n** [[Tone L\\u014dc]], African-American R&B musician\\n** [[Nick Rhodes\n        (biochemist)|Nick Rhodes]], English biochemist\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Daniela\n        Amavia]], American actress and international model\\n** [[Ant Banks]], African-American\n        rapper\\n** [[Steve Bastoni]], Australian actor\\n** [[Kevin Johnson]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Dav Pilkey]], American writer\\n** [[Wash West]], English-born\n        film director\\n* [[March 5]] \\n** [[Mark Z. Danielewski]], American author\\n**\n        [[Michael Irvin]], American football player\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Maurice\n        Ashley]], American chess grandmaster\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Jeff Feagles]],\n        [[American football]] kicker\\n** [[Atsushi Sakurai]], Japanese singer ([[Buck-Tick]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Tony Lockett]], [[Australian rules football]]er\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Edie Brickell]], American singer\\n** [[Mike Timlin]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Chico Science]], Brazilian musician\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Elise Neal]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[Rodney Peete]], African-American football quarterback\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Espen Hammer]], Norwegian philosopher\\n* [[March 18]]\n        \\n**[[Anne Will]], German television journalist\\n**[[Jerry Cantrell]], American\n        guitarist and singer\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Nigel Clough]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Roy Niederhoffer]], American hedge fund manager and\n        philanthropist\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio Pinto (athlete)|Antonio\n        Pinto]], Portuguese long-distance runner\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Tom Glavine]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Jeff Healey]], Canadian guitarist (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Anton Rogan]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Michael\n        Imperioli]], American actor\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Cheryl James]], African-American\n        rapper ([[Salt-n-Pepa]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Krasimir Balakov]], Bulgarian\n        footballer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Chris Evans 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris\n        Evans (presenter)|Chris Evans]]]]\\n[[File:Robin Wright 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robin\n        Wright]]]]\\n[[File:Samantha Fox in Lombardy crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Samantha\n        Fox]]]]\\n[[File:Phil Tufnell August 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil\n        Tufnell]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Chris Evans (presenter)|Chris Evans]],\n        British radio disc-jockey\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Teddy Sheringham]], British\n        footballer\\n** [[Bill Romanowski]], American football player\\n* [[April 3]]\n        \\n** [[Michael Mittermeier]], German comedian\\n** [[Miina Tominaga]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Riduan Isamuddin]], [[2002 Bali bombings|Bali\n        bombing]] suspect\\n** [[Mike Starr (musician)|Mike Starr]], American bassist\n        ([[Alice in Chains]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Bobby Ologun]], Nigerian\n        television personality and martial artist\\n** [[Robin Wright]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[John Hammond (weather forecaster)|John Hammond]], British\n        weather forecaster\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Lisa Stansfield]], British soul\n        singer\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Ali Boumnijel]], Tunisian footballer\\n* [[April\n        14]]\\n** [[David Justice]], African-American baseball player\\n** [[Greg Maddux]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Samantha Fox]], British model\n        and singer\\n** [[Beverly Thomson]], Canadian television personality, journalist,\n        and correspondent for [[CTV Television Network]]\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Trine\n        Hattestad]], Norwegian athlete\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[El Samurai]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Oliver Welke]], German television presenter, actor,\n        comedian and sports journalist\\n* [[April 20]] – [[David Chalmers]],\n        Australian philosopher\\n* [[April 22]] \\n** [[Dana Barron]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Jeffrey Dean Morgan]], American actor\\n* [[April 25]] \\n** [[Man Arenas]],\n        Spanish comic creator\\n** [[Tim Easton]], American songwriter\\n* [[April 26]]\n        – [[Natasha Trethewey]], Pulitzer Prize\\u2013winning poet\\n* [[April\n        27]] \\n** [[Siw Anita Andersen]] Norwegian actress\\n** [[Dorian Lough]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Yoshihiro Togashi]], Japanese author and illustrator\\n* [[April\n        28]]\\n** [[John Daly (golfer)|John Daly]], American golfer\\n** [[Ali-Reza\n        Pahlavi]], titular prince of Iran (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Phil\n        Tufnell]], British cricketer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Stephen Baldwin by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Darius Rucker.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Darius\n        Rucker]]]]\\n[[File:JanetJacksonUnbreakableTourSanFran2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Janet\n        Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Helena Bonham Carter (Berlin Film Festival 2011) 3 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Helena\n        Bonham Carter]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Charlie Schlatter]], American actor\n        and voice actor\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Firdous Bamji]], Indian-American actor\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Lyubov Yegorova (cross-country skier)|Lyubov Yegorova]],\n        Russian cross-country skier\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Andrea Chiesa]], Swiss Formula\n        One driver\\n** [[Cindy Hsu]], American Emmy-Award-winning journalist\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[Anderson Cummins]], Canadian cricketer\\n** [[Jes H\\u00f8gh]], Danish\n        footballer\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Robert J. Behnen]], American genealogist and\n        a former member of the Missouri House of Representatives\\n** [[Kamil Ka\\u0161\\u0165\\u00e1k]],\n        Czech ice hockey player\\n** [[Marta S\\u00e1nchez]], Spanish female vocalist,\n        entertainer\\n** [[Rocko Schamoni]], German entertainer, author, musician,\n        club proprietor and member of the comedy ensemble [[Studio Braun]]\\n** [[Cl\\u00e1udio\n        Taffarel]], Brazilian goalkeeper\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Mikael Andersson (ice\n        hockey, born 1966)|Mikael Andersson]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Edwards (athlete)|Jonathan Edwards]], British athlete\\n** [[Anne Elvebakk]],\n        Norwegian biathlete\\n** [[Genaro Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Mexican-American boxer\\n*\n        [[May 12]]\\n** [[Stephen Baldwin]], American actor\\n** [[Dez Fafara]], American\n        singer\\n** [[Bebel Gilberto]], Brazilian popular singer\\n* [[May 13]]\\n**\n        [[Nereus Acosta]], Filipino politician, academician, and political scientist\\n**\n        [[Cheryl Dunye]], Liberian-born film director, producer, screenwriter, editor\n        and actress\\n** [[Alison Goldfrapp]], English musician, [[Goldfrapp]].\\n**\n        [[Darius Rucker]], African-American country singer\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Raphael\n        Saadiq]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Juan Manuel Funes]],\n        Guatemalan footballer and coach\\n** [[Janet Jackson]], African-American singer\\n**\n        [[Thurman Thomas]], American football player\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Hill\n        Harper]], American actor\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Sophia Crawford]], actress,\n        stuntwoman and martial artist\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Mindy Cohn]], American actress\n        and comedian\\n** [[Joey Gamache]], American boxer\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Lisa\n        Edelstein]], American actress and playwright\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Omam-Biyik]],\n        Cameroonian football player\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Francisco Blake Mora]], Mexican\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Siri Eftedal]], Norwegian team handball player\n        and Olympic medalist\\n** [[Johnny Gill]], American singer\\n* [[May 23]] \\n**\n        [[H Jon Benjamin]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Graeme Hick]], English\n        cricketer\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Eric Cantona]], French footballer\\n** [[Francisco\n        Javier Cruz]], Mexican football player\\n** [[Ricky Craven]], American race\n        car driver and sportscaster \\n** [[Russell Kun]], Nauruan politician\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Ahmad Reza Abedzadeh]], Iranian goalkeeper\\n** [[Jeff Cross (American\n        football)|Jeff Cross]], American football player\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Helena\n        Bonham Carter]], English actress\\n** [[Zola Budd]], South African athlete\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Heston Blumenthal]], British chef\\n** [[Carol Campbell (actress)|Carol\n        Campbell]], Afro-German actress, model and presenter\\n** [[Sean Kinney]],\n        drummer for the rock band [[Alice in Chains]]\\n** [[Titi DJ]], Indonesian\n        pop singer\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Theo Bleckmann]], German vocalist and composer\\n**\n        [[Larry Davis (criminal)|Larry Davis]], American criminal (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Robert Anderson (murderer)|Robert Anderson]], American\n        child murderer (executed) (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Frank Goosen]],\n        German cabaret artist and novel author\\n** [[Thomas H\\u00e4\\u00dfler]], German\n        football player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Emmanuelle Seigner Cannes 2013 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emmanuelle\n        Seigner]]]]\\n[[File:J. J. Abrams by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J. J.\n        Abrams]]]]\\n[[File:John Cusack Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Cusack]]]]\\n[[File:Mike\n        Tyson Portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike Tyson]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Candace\n        Gingrich]], American [[LGBT]] rights activist\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Wasim\n        Akram]], Pakistani cricketer\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Cecilia Bartoli]], Italian\n        mezzo-soprano\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Faure Gnassingb\\u00e9]], President of\n        Togo\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]], American\n        film director and actor \\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Jens Kidman]], Swedish musician\\n**\n        [[Julianna Margulies]], American actress\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Grigori\n        Perelman]], Russian mathematician\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Matt Freeman]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Indira Radi\\u0107]], Bosnian Serb singer\\n** [[Eduardo Waghorn]],\n        Chilean musician\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Roberto Carnevale]], Italian musician\\n*\n        [[June 16]]\\n**[[Phil Vischer]], American voice actor, puppeteer, writer,\n        animator, creator of [[VeggieTales]].\\n**[[Jan \\u017delezn\\u00fd]], Czech\n        javelin thrower\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Kurt Browning]], Canadian figure\n        skater\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Samuel West]], British actor\\n* [[June 21]]\n        – [[Rudi Bakhtiar]], American journalist\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Park (co-driver)|Michael Park]], British rally co-driver (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Emmanuelle Seigner]], French actress\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Richie Jen]],\n        Taiwanese musician\\n** [[Eric Thomas (L-Soft)|Eric Thomas]], Inventor of LISTSERV\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Dikembe Mutombo]], Congolese basketball player\\n* [[June\n        27]] – [[J. J. Abrams]], American television writer and producer\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[John Cusack]], American actor\\n** [[Mary Stuart Masterson]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Cheryl Bernard]], Canadian Olympic curler\\n**\n        [[Marton Csokas]], New Zealand actor\\n** [[Mike Tyson]], African-American\n        boxer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pamela Adlon at San Diego Comic-Con 2011 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pamela\n        Adlon]]]]\\n[[File:Tamsin Greig 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tamsin Greig]]]]\\n[[File:Dan\n        O''Brian-edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dan O''Brien]]]]\\n[[File:Presidente Enrique\n        Pe\\u00f1a Nieto. Fotograf\\u00eda oficial.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Enrique Pe\\u00f1a\n        Nieto]]]]\\n[[File:Tim Brown.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim\n        Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Horvitz Smiling (14696743266).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Steven Horvitz]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Enrico Annoni]], Italian footballer\\n*\n        [[July 3]]\\n** [[Mois\\u00e9s Alou]], American baseball player\\n** [[Robin\n        Burgener]], Canadian programmer, inventor of [[20Q]]\\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek\n        \\u0160torm]], Czech musician ([[Master''s Hammer]]) and typographer\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** [[Claudia Wells]], American actress\\n** [[Gianfranco Zola]], Italian\n        footballer\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Brian Posehn]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[July 7]] – [[Gundula Krause]], German violinist\\n* [[July 8]]\\n**\n        [[Ralf Altmeyer]], German virologist\\n** [[Shadlog Bernicke]], Nauruan politician\\n*\n        [[July 9]] \\n** [[Jon Schmidt]], American pianist\\n** [[Pamela Adlon]], American\n        voice actress\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Gina Bellman]], British actress\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** [[Mick Molloy]], Australian comedian\\n** [[Kentaro Miura]],\n        Japanese author and illustrator\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Tamsin Greig]], English\n        actress\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Matthew Fox]], American actor\\n* [[July 15]]\n        – [[Ir\\u00e8ne Jacob]], French-born actress\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Dan\n        O''Brien]], American athlete\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Enrique Pe\\u00f1a Nieto]],\n        [[President of Mexico]], Governor of the State of Mexico (2005\\u20132011)\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – [[Sarah Waters]], British novelist\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        [[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim Brown]], American football player\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Wataru Takagi]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Miguel\n        \\u00c1ngel Nadal]], Spanish footballer\\n** [[Shikao Suga]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – [[Richard Steven Horvitz]], American voice actor\\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Murilo Bustamante]], Brazilian mixed martial artist\\n** [[Allan\n        Langer]], Australian rugby league footballer\\n** [[Sean Patrick Maloney]],\n        Canadian-American politician and [[United States House of Representatives|U.S.\n        Representative]] of [[New York (state)|New York]] since 2013\\n* [[July 31]]\n        – [[Dean Cain]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Wikimania 2016\n        - Press conference with Jimmy Wales and Katherine Maher 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy\n        Wales]]]]\\n[[File:Halle Berry by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Halle Berry]]]]\\n[[File:Rodney\n        Mullen PopTech 2013 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rodney Mullen]]]]\\n[[File:Enrico\n        Letta 2013.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Enrico Letta]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Tim Wakefield]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Brent\n        Butt]], Canadian comedian and TV producer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Kensuke\n        Sasaki]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[August 7]] \\n** [[Jimmy Wales]],\n        American co-founder of Wikipedia{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206\n        |title=Wikipedia: 50 languages, 1/2 million articles |accessdate=April 10,\n        2009 |date=April 25, 2004 |work=|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|quote=''''The\n        Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by internet entrepreneur Jimmy\n        Wales and philosopher [[Larry Sanger]]''''}}. Quoted from the April 25, 2004,\n        first-ever press release issued by the Wikimedia Foundation.\\n** [[Harith\n        Iskander]], Malaysian actor and comedian\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Charlie Dimmock]],\n        English TV gardening expert\\n** [[Hossam Hassan]], Egyptian footballer\\n*\n        [[August 11]] – [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Solare]], Argentine composer\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Sharon D. Clarke]], English actress and singer\\n** [[Les Ferdinand]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Halle Berry]], African-American\n        actress and fashion model\\n** [[Freddy Rinc\\u00f3n]], Colombian footballer\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Scott Brosius]], American baseball player\\n** [[Neil Stuke]],\n        English actor\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Rodney Mullen]], American skateboarder\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Lee Ann Womack]], American musician\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – [[Enrico Letta]], Italian Prime Minister\\n* [[August 23]] –\n        [[Rik Smits]], Dutch basketball player\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** [[Robert Maschio]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Sandra Maischberger]], German journalist, talk show host,\n        and author\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Jacques Brinkman]], Dutch field hockey\n        player\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Jeroen Duyster]], Dutch rower\\n** [[Juhan Parts]],\n        Estonian Prime Minister\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Priya Dutt]], Indian social\n        worker and politician\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Salma Hayek Cannes 2015 2\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Salma Hayek]]]]\\n[[File:Toby Jones.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Toby\n        Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Carola H\\u00e4ggkvist.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carola H\\u00e4ggkvist]]]]\\n[[File:Adam\n        Sandler 2011 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam Sandler]]]]\\n[[File:Prince and\n        Princess Akishino during their visit to M\\u00e9xico City (2014) (3) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kiko,\n        Princess Akishino|Princess Akishino]]]]\\n[[File:Maria Canals Barrera 2, 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria\n        Canals-Barrera]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Tim Hardaway]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Salma Hayek]], Mexican-American actress\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Yanka Dyagileva]], Russian singer\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Eduardo Maruri]], Ecuadorian businessman and politician\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n** [[Vladimir Andreyev (racewalker)|Vladimir Andreyev]], Russian race\n        walker\\n** [[Toby Jones]], English actor\\n** [[Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann]],\n        German speed skater\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Carola H\\u00e4ggkvist]],\n        Swedish pop singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        1991|1991]] winner\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Georg Hackl]], German [[skiing|luger]]\\n**\n        [[Adam Sandler]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 12]] \\n** [[Steve\n        Ells]], American entrepreneur and founder of [[Chipotle Mexican Grill]] \\n**\n        [[Kiko, Princess Akishino|Princess Akishino]] of Japan\\n* [[September 19]]\n        – [[Soledad O''Brien]], American television journalist and news anchor\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Nuno Bettencourt]], Portuguese-American guitarist\n        and singer-songwriter\\n* [[September 21]] – [[James Richardson (presenter)|James\n        Richardson]], English television presenter and journalist\\n* [[September 22]]\\n**\n        [[Moustafa Amar]], Egyptian singer \\n** [[Mike Richter]], American ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Michael J. Varhola]], American author\n        and publisher\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Jason Flemyng]], English actor\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Maria Canals-Barrera]], American actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:David\n        Cameron official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Luke Perry by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Luke Perry]]]]\\n[[File:Jon Favreau 2016.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Jon\n        Favreau]]]]\\n[[File:Roman Abramovich 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roman Abramovich]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\n** [[Scott Innes]] American voice actor and singer \\n** [[George\n        Weah]], Liberian politician and football player\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Yokozuna\n        (wrestler)|Rodney Anoa''i]], Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – Rabbi [[Binyamin Ze''ev Kahane]], Israeli settler leader\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Inessa Kravets]], Ukrainian athlete\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Niall Quinn]], Irish footballer\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        [[Sherman Alexie]], Native American author\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Aaron\n        Callaghan (footballer, born 1966)|Aaron Callaghan]], Irish football club executive\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[David Cameron]], former [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]]\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Tony Adams]], English footballer\\n** [[Bai\n        Ling]], Chinese actress\\n** [[Elana Meyer]], South African athlete\\n* [[October\n        11]]\\n** [[Luke Perry]], American actor\\n** [[Stephen Williams (politician)|Stephen\n        Williams]], British politician\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Brian Kennedy (singer)|Brian\n        Kennedy]], Northern Irish musician and author\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Savanna\n        Samson]], American porn star\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Eric Benet]], African-American\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[Jorge Campos]], Mexican footballer and coach\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Mary Elizabeth McGlynn]], American voice actress\n        \\n* [[October 18]] – [[Angela Visser]], Miss Universe 1989\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[Jon Favreau]], American actor and director\\n* [[October 20]]\n        – [[Stefan Raab]], German entertainer, television host, comedian, and\n        musician\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Valeria Golino]], Italian-Greek film\n        and television actress\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Roman Abramovich]], UK-based\n        Russian billionaire businessman \\n* [[October 25]] – [[Wendel Clark]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Steve Valentine]], Scottish\n        actor\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Matt Drudge]], American conservative journalist\\n*\n        [[October 28]]\\n** [[Steve Atwater]], American football player\\n** [[Andy\n        Richter]], American actor, writer, comedian, and late night talk show announcer\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Zoran Milanovi\\u0107]], Prime Minister of Croatia\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n**[[Ad-Rock|Adam Horovitz]], American rapper ([[Beastie Boys]])\\n**[[Koji\n        Kanemoto]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n**[[Mike O''Malley]], American\n        actor and playwright\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:David Schwimmer 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Schwimmer]]]] \\n[[File:Peter DeLuise 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter DeLuise]]]]\n        \\n[[File:Vincent Cassel Cannes 2015 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vincent Cassel]]]]\\n[[File:GarcelleBeauvaisNilon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Garcelle\n        Beauvais]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Ben Miles]], English actor\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\n** [[Yoshinari Ogawa]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n** [[David Schwimmer]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Joe Hachem]], Lebanese-born Australian\n        poker player\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Kae Araki]], Japanese voice actress\\n**\n        [[Christian Lorenz]], German rock musician (''''[[Rammstein]]'''')\\n** [[Peter\n        DeLuise]], American actor\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Gordon Ramsay]], Scottish\n        chef, restaurateur, and television personality\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Lori\n        Lively]], American actress\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Vanessa Angel]], English\n        model and actress\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Benedicta Boccoli]], Italian\n        model and actress\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Susanna Haapoja]], Finnish\n        politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Curt Schilling]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Rachel True]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Jeff Buckley]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Daisy Fuentes]], Cuban-born American model and television personality\\n**\n        [[Sophie Marceau]], French actress\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Shmuley Boteach]],\n        American rabbi\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Troy Aikman]], American sports\n        commentator and former pro football player\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Vincent\n        Cassel]], French actor\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Tim Armstrong]], American\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Garcelle Beauvais]], Haitian-American actress, singer\n        and former fashion model\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Andy Merrill]], American\n        voice actor\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Narumi Yasuda]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[John Bradshaw Layfield]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Wil Mara]], American author\\n** [[David\n        Nicholls (writer)|David Nicholls]], English novelist and screenwriter\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Fred\n        Armisen at 2014 Imagen Awards.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred Armisen]]]]\\n[[File:Patricia\n        Kaas Cannes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patricia Kaas]]]]\\n[[File:FIL 2013 - Sin\\u00e9ad\n        O''Connor 01.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sin\\u00e9ad O''Connor]]]]\\n[[File:Kiefer Sutherland\n        2 SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kiefer Sutherland]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[Larry Walker]], Canadian [[Major League Baseball]] player\\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[Fred Armisen]], American actor, comedian and musician\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Patricia Kaas]], French singer and actress\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[C. Thomas Howell]], American actor\\n** [[Linn Ullmann]], Norwegian journalist\n        and author\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Sin\\u00e9ad O''Connor]], Irish pop\n        singer\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Tim Bull]], Australian politician\\n** [[Michael\n        Foster (musician)|Michael Foster]], drummer for rock band FireHouse\\n** [[Montserrat\n        Gil Torn\\u00e9]], Andorran politician\\n** [[Kirsten Gillibrand]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Dave Harold]], English professional snooker player\\n** [[Toby\n        Huss]], American actor\\n** [[Dana Murzyn]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Julio\n        Rodas|Julio Alberto Rodas Hurtarte]], former soccer player\\n** [[Mateo Romero\n        (artist)|Mateo Romero]], Native American painter\\n** [[Gideon Sa''ar]], Israeli\n        politician\\n** [[Kadyrbek Sarbayev]], foreign minister of Kyrgyzstan\\n** [[Martin\n        Taylor (footballer, born 1966)|Martin Taylor]], footballer coach\\n** [[Natee\n        Thongsookkaew]], Thailand footballer\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Gary Dourdan]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Leon Lai]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Royce Gracie]], Brazilian martial artist\\n** [[Greg Long (singer)|Greg\n        Long]], American Christian musician\\n** [[\\u00daltimo Drag\\u00f3n]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Lydia Zimmermann]], Spanish filmmaker\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Don Roff]], American writer and filmmaker\\n* [[December 14]]\n        \\n** [[Bill Ranford]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Helle Thorning-Schmidt]],\n        Danish Prime Minister\\n** [[Anthony Mason (basketball)|Anthony Mason]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Katja von Garnier]],\n        German film director\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Dennis Wise]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Milo\\u0161 Tich\\u00fd]], Czech astronomer\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Tim Sk\\u00f6ld]], Swedish multi-instrumentalist musician\\n** [[Alberto\n        Tomba]], Italian alpine skier\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Ed de Goeij]],\n        Dutch footballer\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Kiefer Sutherland]], Canadian\n        actor and film director\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Dmitry Bilozerchev]],\n        Soviet gymnast\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Stephen Twigg]], British politician\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Jay Yuenger]], American musician and producer\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – [[Bill Goldberg]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – [[Kaliopi]], Macedonian singer-songwriter\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\n** [[Eric Kot]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Bennett Miller]],\n        American film director\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Charbel Iskandar]], Lebanese\n        actor\\n* [[Sharon D. Clarke]], British theatre and television actress and\n        singer\\n* [[Kivi Larmola]], Finnish artist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in January 1966}}\\n[[File:VincentAuriol.png|110px|thumb|[[Vincent\n        Auriol]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Vincent Auriol]], French politician,\n        16th [[President of France]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Marguerite\n        Higgins]], American journalist (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Rex Lease]], American actor\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Georges Theunis]], 24th [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Ignacy Oziewicz]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Alberto Giacometti]],\n        Swiss sculptor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Hannes Kolehmainen]], Finnish Olympic athlete\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], Indian activist, 2nd [[Prime Minister\n        of India]] (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\n** [[Sergei Korolev]], Soviet\n        rocket engineer and spacecraft designer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Bill Carr]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]],\n        Nigerian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Nigeria]] (assassinated) (b.\n        [[1912]])\\n** [[Samuel Akintola]], Nigerian premier of the [[Western Nigeria|Western\n        region]] and Aare Ona Kakanfo XIII of the Yoruba (assassinated) (b. [[1910]])\\n**\n        [[Ahmadu Bello]], Nigerian premier of the [[Premier of Northern Nigeria|Northern\n        region]] (assassinated) (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Vincent\n        J. Donehue]], American stage director (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Kathleen Norris]], American writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 22]] –\n        [[Herbert Marshall]], English actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Saul Adler]], Russian-born British-Israeli expert on parasitology (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Patterson (actress)|Elizabeth Patterson]],\n        American actress (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Arthur Percival]], British general (b.[[1887]])\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in February 1966}}\\n[[File:Busterkeaton edit.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Buster\n        Keaton]]]]\\n[[File:Tarzan the-Tiger Merrill2.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Frank Merrill\n        (actor)|Frank Merrill]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Hedda Hopper]], American\n        actress and gossip columnist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Buster Keaton]], American\n        actor and film director (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Joseph R. Knowland]], American\n        politician and newspaper publisher (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[June Walker]], American actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        [[Narcisa de Leon]], Filipino film mogul (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Sophie Tucker]], American singer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        [[Billy Rose]], American composer and band leader (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Frank Merrill (actor)|Frank Merrill]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\n** [[Gerard Antoni Cio\\u0142ek|Gerard Cio\\u0142ek]], Polish\n        architect and historian of gardens (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Camilo Torres Restrepo]],\n        Colombian socialist and [[Roman Catholic]] priest (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Hans Hofmann]], German-American painter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Robert Rossen]], American film director (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Chester W. Nimitz]], American admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Gino Severini]], Italian painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Jonathan Hale]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in March 1966}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Fritz Houtermans]], German\n        physicist (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[William R. Munroe]], American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Donald Stewart (actor)|Donald Stewart]], American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** [[Joseph Fields]], American playwright (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[William\n        Frawley]], American actor (''''I Love Lucy'''') (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Maxfield\n        Parrish]], American artist (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Alice Pearce]], American actress\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Anna Akhmatova]], Russian poet (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Michitaro Totsuka]], Japanese admiral (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Donald B. Beary]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[William Astor, 3rd Viscount Astor]], British\n        politician (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Abdel Hadi Al Gazzar]], Egyptian painter (b.\n        [[1925]])\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Frank O''Connor]], Irish writer (b. 1903)\\n**\n        [[Frits Zernike]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Laurence Abrams]], English professional\n        footballer (b. 1889)\\n** [[Johnny Morrison (baseball)|Johnny Morrison]], American\n        professional baseball player (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Helen\n        Menken]], American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Stylianos\n        Gonatas]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Erwin Piscator]], German theater director (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in April 1966}}\\n[[File:Evelynwaugh.jpeg|110px|thumb|[[Evelyn\n        Waugh]]]]\\n[[File:President Abd al-Salam Arif.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Abdul Salam\n        Arif]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Flann O''Brien]], Irish humorist (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[C. S. Forester]], English author (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Battista Farina]], Italian car designer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Julia Faye]], American actress (b. 1893)\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Evelyn Waugh]], English author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Carlo\n        Carr\\u00e0]], Italian painter (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Georges Duhamel]], French\n        author (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Abdul Salam Arif]], Iraqi military office and statesman,\n        2nd [[President of Iraq]] (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Mario Serandrei]],\n        Italian editor and screenwriter (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Javier\n        Sol\\u00eds]], Mexican singer (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Prince\n        Frederick of Prussia (1911\\u20131966)|Prince Frederick of Prussia]] (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Sepp Dietrich]], Nazi German military leader (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 23]] – [[George Ohsawa]], Japanese diet founder (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[Tino Pattiera]], Yugoslav-born Italian tenor (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Eugene O''Brien (actor)|Eugene O''Brien]], American\n        actor (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===May===\\n{{main article|Deaths in May 1966}}\\n[[File:Hernandez\n        Martinez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez]]]]\\n* [[May 8]]\n        – [[Erich Pommer]], German film producer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 11]]\n        – [[Alfred Wintle]], British army officer and eccentric (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] \\n** [[Maximiliano Hern\\u00e1ndez Mart\\u00ednez]], 30th [[President\n        of El Salvador]] (assassinated) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Titien Sumarni]], Indonesian\n        actress (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Pat O''Malley (actor)|Pat O''Malley]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Tom Goddard]], English\n        cricketer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Demchugdongrub]], Mongolian\n        politician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Jim Barnes]], English golf\n        champion (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Vernon Sturdee]], Australian\n        general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Don Castle]], American actor\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[John and James Woolf|James Woolf]],\n        British film producer (b. [[1919]])\\n\\n===June===\\n{{main article|Deaths in\n        June 1966}}\\n[[File:Ed Wynn All Star Revue.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Ed Wynn]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Papa Jack Laine]], American jazz musician (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Nicholas Straussler]], Hungarian engineer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – [[Ethel Clayton]], American actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June\n        7]] – [[Jean Arp]], Alsatian sculptor, painter, and poet (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Anton Melik]], Slovenian geographer (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Wallace Ford]], English-born American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – [[Hermann Scherchen]], Austrian conductor (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Sankichi Takahashi]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Ed Wynn]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 20]]\n        – [[Georges Lema\\u00eetre]], Belgian priest and astrophysicist (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]]\\n** [[Margery Allingham]], British detective fiction writer (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Farina]], Italian race car driver (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in July 1966}}\\n[[File:Clift, Montgomery.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Montgomery\n        Clift]]]]\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Jan Brzechwa]], Polish poet (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[John of Shanghai and San Francisco|John the Wonderworker]], Chinese [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] bishop, American archbishop and saint (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – [[Deems Taylor]], American composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July\n        5]] \\n** [[Pete Fox]], American baseball player (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[George\n        de Hevesy]], Hungarian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Harold Breen]], Australian public servant\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Sad Sam Jones]], American baseball player (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Anne Nagel]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Carmelita\n        Geraghty]], American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Marija\n        Petkovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]] foundress, blessed, venerable\n        and servant of God (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Delmore Schwartz]],\n        American poet (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Vera Franceschi]], Italian-born\n        American pianist (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[D. T. Suzuki]], Japanese philosopher\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Julie Manet]], French painter (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Bobby Fuller]], American rock and roll musician (b.\n        [[1942]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Francesco Paolo Cantelli]], Italian mathematician\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Montgomery Clift]], American actor (b.\n        [[1920]])\\n** [[Douglass Montgomery]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Frank O''Hara]], American poet (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – [[Jean-Edouard de Castella]], Swiss painter (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        31]]\\n** [[Alexander von Falkenhausen]], German general (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Bud Powell]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1924]])\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in August 1966}}\\n[[File:Jan Kiepura 1933.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jan\n        Kiepura]]]]\\n[[File:Vicente Mejia Colindres.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Vicente Mej\\u00eda\n        Colindres]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Lenny Bruce]], American comedian (b.\n        [[1925]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Cordwainer Smith]], American author (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ed \\\"Strangler\\\" Lewis]], professional\n        wrestler (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Artur Alliksaar]], Estonian\n        poet (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Jan Kiepura]], Polish tenor and\n        actor (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Seena Owen]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Fritz Bleyl]], German painter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Francis X. Bushman]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August\n        24]] \\n** [[Tadeusz B\\u00f3r-Komorowski]], Polish general and statesman, 33rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Vicente Mej\\u00eda Colindres]],\n        29th [[President of Honduras]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Art Baker\n        (actor)|Art Baker]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[W. W. E. Ross]], Canadian\n        geophysicist and poet (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main article|Deaths\n        in September 1966}}\\n[[File:HF Verwoerd Transvaler.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Hendrik\n        Verwoerd]]]]\\n[[File:Cemal G\\u00fcrsel (1).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Reynaud 1933.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Paul Reynaud]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Fleming 1961.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Eric\n        Fleming]]]]\\n* September – [[Stepan Bogomyagkov]], Sovier red army commander\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Fu Lei]], Chinese translator (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Dezs\\u0151 Lauber]], Hungarian sportsman\n        and architect (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Shams Ali Qalandar]],\n        Pakistani [[Sufu]] saint (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Margaret Sanger]], American birth\n        control advocate (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Hendrik Verwoerd]], 2nd [[Prime Minister\n        of South Africa]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[C. E. Woolman]],\n        American Airlines founder (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Gertrude\n        Berg]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Hiram Wesley Evans]], American\n        leader of the Ku Klux Klan (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]], Turkish\n        general and statesman, 10th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] and 4th [[President\n        of Turkey]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Fritz Wunderlich]],\n        German tenor (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Vladimir Grigoryevich\n        Fyodorov]], Soviet scientist and general (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 20]]\n        – [[Fritz Delius (actor)|Fritz Delius]], German actor and artist (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Paul Reynaud]], French lawyer and\n        politician, 77th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Helen Kane]], American singer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September\n        28]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Breton]], French poet and writer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Eric\n        Fleming]], American actor (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Te Kani\n        te Ua]], New Zealand tribal leader (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in October 1966}}\\n[[File:Elizabeth Arden NYWTS.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Elizabeth\n        Arden]]]]\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Smiley Lewis]], American urban musician (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n** [[Johnny Kidd (singer)|Johnny Kidd]], English singer (b. [[1935]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] \\n** [[Charlotte Cooper (tennis)|Charlotte Cooper]], English\n        tennis champion (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Wilfrid Lawson (actor)|Wilfrid Lawson]],\n        English actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Sergio and Domenica\n        Bernardini|Sergio Bernardini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] layman and venerable\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Clifton Webb]], American actor,  dancer,\n        and singer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[George O''Hara (actor)|George\n        O''Hara]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Elizabeth\n        Arden]], Canadian-born beautician and cosmetics entrepreneur (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Claire McDowell]], American silent screen actress\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Hans Dreier]], German art director\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Alma Cogan]], English singer (b. [[1932]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Morton (actor)|Charles Morton]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Serjius]], French actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Robert\n        Charpentier]], French Olympic cyclist (b. [[1916]])\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in November 1966}}\\n[[File:SteingrimurSteinthorsson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steingr\\u00edmur\n        Stein\\u00fe\\u00f3rsson]]]]\\n[[File:O Ceallaigh.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean T. O''Kelly]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[Peter Debye]], Dutch chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Mississippi John Hurt]], African-American\n        singer and guitarist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Dietrich von\n        Choltitz]], Nazi German military governor of Paris in [[World War II]] (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Bernhard Zondek]] German-born Israeli\n        gynecologist, developer of first reliable pregnancy test (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Jisabur\\u014d Ozawa]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Shakeb Jalali]], Pakistani poet (b. [[1934]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** [[Steingr\\u00edmur Stein\\u00fe\\u00f3rsson]], 11th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Zengo Yoshida]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[James Jabara|James \\\"Jabby\\\" Jabara]],\n        American aviator, the first American jet fighter ace (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Arthur Haynes]], English comedian (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Bortnowski]], Polish historian and military\n        commander (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Se\\u00e1n T. O''Kelly]],\n        2nd [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===December===\\n{{main article|Deaths\n        in December 1966}}\\n[[File:Walt disney portrait.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Walt Disney]]]]\\n[[File:Husayn\n        Al-Khalidi portrait.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Husayn Al-Khalidi]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Luitzen Brouwer]], Dutch mathematician and philosopher (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai]], Egyptian historian (b.  [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Maria Donati]], Italian actress (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Juan Natalicio Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Paraguayan poet,\n        37th [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Verna\n        Felton]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Richard Whorf]], American actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Walt Disney]], American animated\n        film producer and founder of The Walt Disney Company and Disneyland Resort\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Betty Kuuskemaa]], Estonian actress\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Arturo Riccardi]], Italian general\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Harry Beaumont]], American film director\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Robert Keith (actor)|Robert Keith]], American actor (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[David J. Stewart]], American actor\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Husayn Al-Khalidi]], Jordanian\n        statesman, 29th [[Prime Minister of Jordan]]  (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Guillermo St\\u00e1bile]], Argentine football player and manager\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Christian Herter]], United States\n        Secretary of State (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Alfred Kastler]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Robert S. Mulliken]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Peyton Rous]] and\n        [[Charles Brenton Huggins]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] and [[Nelly Sachs]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – not awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{commons category|1966|position=left}}\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1966}}\\n[[Category:1966|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T10:48:38Z\",\"lastrevid\":799708532,\"length\":96787,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966\"},\"34749\":{\"pageid\":34749,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1967\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:37:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        song \\\"1967\\\" by Tom Robinson|1967 (song)}}\\n{{Year dab|1967}}\\n{{Use mdy\n        dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events by month|1967}}\\n{{Year nav|1967}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1967}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1967}}\\n* [[January 1]] –\n        Canada begins a year-long celebration of the 100th anniversary of the [[Constitution\n        Act, 1867|British North America Act, 1867]], featuring the [[Expo 67]] World''s\n        Fair.\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Ronald Reagan]], past movie actor and future\n        President of the United States, is inaugurated the new governor of California.\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[The Doors]] release their d\\u00e9but album ''''[[The\n        Doors (album)|The Doors]]''''. The album contained their later number one\n        hit, \\\"[[Light My Fire]]\\\".\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** Spain and [[Romania]] sign\n        in Paris an agreement establishing full consular and commercial relations\n        (not diplomatic ones).\\n** [[Charlie Chaplin]] launches his last film, ''''[[A\n        Countess from Hong Kong]]'''', in the UK.\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] and [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|ARVN]]\n        troops launch ''''[[Operation Deckhouse Five]]'''' in the [[Mekong Delta]].\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – Vietnam War: [[Operation Cedar Falls]] starts.\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Racial segregation in the United States|Segregationist]] [[Lester\n        Maddox]] is sworn in as [[Governor of Georgia (U.S. state)|Governor of Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – Dr. [[James Bedford]] becomes the first person to be\n        [[cryonics|cryonically preserved]] with the intent of future resuscitation.\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Togo]] under the leadership\n        of [[\\u00c9tienne Eyadema]].\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** ''''[[The New York Times]]''''\n        reports that the U.S. Army is conducting secret [[germ warfare]] experiments.\\n**\n        The [[Human Be-In]] takes place in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[San Francisco]];\n        the event sets the stage for the [[Summer of Love]].\\n* [[January 15]]\\n**\n        [[Louis Leakey]] announces the discovery of pre-human fossils in [[Kenya]];\n        he names the species ''''[[Proconsul nyanzae|Kenyapithecus africanus]]''''.\\n**\n        The United Kingdom enters the first round of negotiations for [[European Economic\n        Community]] membership in Rome.\\n** [[American football]]: The [[Green Bay\n        Packers]] defeat the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] 35-10 in the [[Super Bowl I|First\n        AFL-NFL World Championship Game]] at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]].\\n*\n        [[January 18]]\\n** [[Albert DeSalvo]] is convicted of numerous crimes and\n        sentenced to life in prison.\\n** [[Jeremy Thorpe]] becomes leader of the UK''s\n        [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]].\\n** ''''[[A Fistful of Dollars]]'''',\n        the first significant \\\"[[spaghetti Western]]\\\" film, is released in the United\n        States.\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** In [[Munich]], the trial begins of [[Wilhelm\n        Harster]], accused of the murder of 82,856 Jews (including [[Anne Frank]])\n        when he led German security police during the German occupation of the Netherlands.\n        He is eventually sentenced to 15 years in prison.\\n** [[Milton Keynes]] (England)\n        is founded as a [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new town]] by [[Order in\n        Council]], with a planning brief to become a city of 250,000 people. Its initial\n        designated area enclosed three existing towns and twenty one villages. The\n        area to be developed was largely farmland,  with [[History of Milton Keynes|evidence\n        of permanent settlement]] dating back to the [[Bronze Age]].\\n* [[January\n        26]] – The [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] decides to nationalise\n        90% of the British [[steel]] industry.\\n** [[1967 Chicago blizzard|Chicago''s\n        largest-ever blizzard]] begins.\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** ''''[[Apollo 1]]'''':\n        U.S. astronauts [[Gus Grissom]], [[Edward Higgins White]], and [[Roger Chaffee]]\n        are killed when fire breaks out in their [[Apollo program|Apollo]] spacecraft\n        during a launch pad test.\\n** The United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom\n        sign the [[Outer Space Treaty]].\\n* [[January 31]] – West Germany and\n        [[Romania]] establish [[diplomatic relations]].\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1967}}\\n* [[February 2]] – The [[American Basketball\n        Association]] is formed.\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Ronald Ryan]] becomes\n        the last man hanged in Australia, for murdering a guard while escaping from\n        prison in December [[1965]].\\n* [[February 4]] – The [[Soviet Union]]\n        protests the demonstrations before its embassy in Beijing.\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Lunar Orbiter 3]]''''.\\n** Italy''s first [[guided\n        missile cruiser]], the ''''[[Italian cruiser Vittorio Veneto (550)|Vittorio\n        Veneto]]'''', is launched.\\n** General [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] becomes\n        president of [[Nicaragua]].\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Alexei Kosygin]] arrives\n        in the UK for an 8-day visit. He meets [[Elizabeth II|The Queen]] on [[February\n        9]].\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** The Chinese government announces that it can no\n        longer guarantee the safety of Soviet diplomats outside the Soviet Embassy\n        building.\\n** Serious [[bushfire]]s in southern [[Tasmania]] claim 62 lives,\n        and destroys 2,642.7 square kilometres (653,025.4 acres) of land.\\n**\n        [[Mazenod College, Victoria]] opens in Australia.\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        The [[25th Amendment to the United States Constitution]] (presidential succession\n        and disability) is ratified.\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Burgess Ice Rise]],\n        lying off the west coast of [[Alexander Island]], Antarctica is first mapped\n        by the [[British Antarctic Survey]] (BAS).\\n* [[February 13]] – American\n        researchers discover the Madrid Codices by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] in the [[Biblioteca\n        Nacional de Espa\\u00f1a|National Library of Spain]].[http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html\n        The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci''s Adding Machine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529140741/http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html\n        |date=May 29, 2011 }}\\n* [[February 15]] – The [[Soviet Union]]\n        announces that it has sent troops near the Chinese border.\\n* [[February 18]]\n        – [[New Orleans]] District Attorney [[Jim Garrison]] claims he will\n        solve the John F. Kennedy assassination, and that a conspiracy was planned\n        in New Orleans.\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Suharto]] takes power from [[Sukarno]]\n        in [[Indonesia]] (see [[Transition to the New Order]] and [[Supersemar]]).\\n**\n        [[Donald Sangster]] becomes the new Prime Minister of [[Jamaica]], succeeding\n        [[Alexander Bustamante]].\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Trinidad and Tobago]] is\n        the first [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] nation to join the [[Organization\n        of American States]].\\n** The [[25th Amendment to the United States Constitution]]\n        is enacted.\\n* [[February 24]] – Moscow forbids its [[satellite state]]s\n        to form diplomatic relations with West Germany.\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** The\n        Chinese government announces that it has ordered the army to help in the spring\n        seeding.\\n** Britain''s second [[Polaris missile]] submarine, [[HMS Renown\n        (S26)|HMS ''''Renown'''']], is launched.\\n* [[February 26]] – A Soviet\n        nuclear test is conducted at the [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]], Eastern [[Kazakhstan]].\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] government supports British\n        [[European Community|EEC]] membership.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March\n        1967}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** The city of [[Hatogaya, Saitama|Hatogaya]], [[Saitama\n        Prefecture|Saitama]], Japan is founded.\\n** [[Brazil]]ian police arrest [[Franz\n        Stangl]], ex-commander of [[Treblinka extermination camp|Treblinka]] and [[Sobib\\u00f3r\n        extermination camp]]s.\\n** The [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] return to\n        schools in China.\\n** The [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]] is opened in London.\\n**\n        [[\\u00d3scar Diego Gestido|\\u00d3scar Gestido]] is sworn in as [[President\n        of Uruguay]] after 15 years of [[National Council of Government (Uruguay)|collegiate\n        government]].\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** The first [[North Sea gas]] is pumped ashore\n        at [[Easington, East Riding of Yorkshire]].\\n** [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens\n        Park Rangers]] become the first 3rd Division side to win the English [[Football\n        League Cup]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], defeating [[West\n        Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] 3\\u20132.\\n* [[March 5]] –\n        [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] (or Mosaddeq; {{lang-fa|\\u0645\\u064f\\u062d\\u064e\\u0645\\u064e\\u062f\n        \\u0645\\u064f\\u0635\\u064e\\u062f\\u0650\\u0642}}; {{IPA-fa|moh\\u00e6m\\u02c8m\\u00e6d(-e)\n        mos\\u00e6d\\u02c8de\\u0263|IPA|Fa-\\u0645\\u0635\\u062f\\u0642.ogg}}), deposed Iranian\n        prime minister, dies after fourteen years of house arrest.\\n* [[March 6]]\n        – ''''[[Mark Twain Tonight]]'''' starring [[Hal Holbrook]] as Mark Twain,\n        premieres on CBS television in the United States.\\n* [[March 7]] – U.S.\n        labor union leader [[Jimmy Hoffa]] begins his 8-year sentence for attempting\n        to bribe a jury.\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Joseph Stalin]]''s daughter, [[Svetlana\n        Alliluyeva]], defects to the United States via the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi.\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – The first phase of the [[Cambodian Civil War]] begins\n        between the [[Kingdom of Cambodia]] and the [[Khmer Rouge]].\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        The [[Indonesia]]n State Assembly takes all presidential powers from [[Sukarno]]\n        and names [[Suharto]] as acting president (Suharto resigned in [[1998]]).\\n**\n        [[The Velvet Underground]]''s first album, ''''[[The Velvet Underground &\n        Nico]]'''', is released in the United States. It is initially a commercial\n        failure but receives widespread critical and commercial acclaim in later years.\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Moise Tshombe]], ex-prime minister of [[Democratic\n        Republic of Congo|Congo]], is sentenced to death [[trial in absentia|''''in\n        absentia'''']].\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** The body of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        is moved to a permanent burial place at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].\\n**\n        Nine executives of the German pharmaceutical company Grunenthal are charged\n        for breaking German drug laws because of [[thalidomide]].\\n* [[March 16]]\n        – In the Aspida case in Greece, 15 officers are sentenced to 2\\u201318\n        years in prison, accused of treason and intentions of staging a [[coup]].\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\n** [[Torrey Canyon oil spill|''''Torrey Canyon'''' oil spill]]:\n        The supertanker {{SS|Torrey Canyon}} runs aground between [[Land''s End]]\n        and the [[Scilly Isles]] off the coast of Britain.\\n** The classic [[Pirates\n        of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]] attraction opens\n        at [[Disneyland]], California.\\n* [[March 19]] – A referendum in [[French\n        Somaliland]] favors the connection to France.\\n* [[March 21]]  \\n**A military\n        coup takes place in [[Sierra Leone]].\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: In ongoing campus\n        unrest, [[Howard University]] students protesting the Vietnam War, the [[ROTC]]\n        program on campus and the draft, confront Gen. [[Lewis Blaine Hershey|Lewis\n        Hershey]], then head of the U.S. [[Selective Service System]], and as he attempts\n        to deliver an address, shout him down with cries of \\\"America is the Black\n        man''s battleground!\\\"\\n** [[Charles Manson]] is released from [[Terminal\n        Island]]. Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested\n        permission to stay. Upon his release, he relocates to San Francisco where\n        he spends the [[Summer of Love]].{{cite book|last1=Bugliosi|first1=Vincent|title=Helter\n        Skelter \\u2013 The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition|date=1994|publisher=W.W.\n        Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-08700-X|pages=137\\u2013146}}\\n* [[March\n        26]]\\n** In New York City, 10,000 gather for the [[Central Park be-in]].\\n**\n        [[Jim Thompson (designer)|Jim Thompson]], co-founder of the Thai Silk Company,\n        disappears from the [[Cameron Highlands]].\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Pope\n        Paul VI]] issues the [[encyclical]] ''''[[Populorum progressio]]''''.\\n* [[March\n        29]]\\n** A 13-day TV strike begins in the United States.\\n** The first French\n        nuclear submarine, ''''[[French submarine Redoutable (S611)|Le Redoutable]]'''',\n        is launched.\\n** The [[SEACOM (Asian cable system)|SEACOM]] Asian telephone\n        cable is inaugurated.\\n** [[Torrey Canyon oil spill|''''Torrey Canyon''''\n        oil spill]]: British [[Fleet Air Arm]] and [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft bomb\n        and sink the grounded supertanker {{SS|Torrey Canyon}}.\\n* [[March 31]] –\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] signs the Consular Treaty.\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n{{Main article|April 1967}}\\n\\n* [[April 2]] – A [[United Nations]]\n        delegation arrives in [[Aden]] as its independence approaches. The delegation\n        leaves [[April 7]], accusing British authorities of lack of cooperation. The\n        British say the delegation did not contact them.\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Martin\n        Luther King Jr.]] denounces the Vietnam War during his sermon at the Riverside\n        Church in New York City.\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Georges Pompidou]] begins\n        to form the next French government.\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Six-Day War]]\n        (approach): [[Israel]]i fighters shoot down 7 Syrian [[MIG-21]]s.\\n* [[April\n        8]] – ''''[[Puppet on a String]]'''' by Sandie Shaw (music and lyrics\n        by Bill Martin and Phil Coulter) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1967]]\n        for the United Kingdom.\\n* [[April 9]] – The first [[Boeing 737]] (a\n        100 series) takes its maiden flight.\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** The AFTRA strike\n        is settled just in time for the [[39th Academy Awards]] ceremony to be held,\n        hosted by [[Bob Hope]]. [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] goes\n        to ''''[[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|A Man for All Seasons]]''''.\\n**\n        Oral arguments begin in the landmark [[Supreme Court of the United States]]\n        case ''''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'''', 388 U.S. 1 (1967), challenging the State\n        of Virginia''s statutory scheme to prevent marriages between persons solely\n        on the basis of racial classifications.\\n* [[April 12]] – The [[Ahmanson\n        Theatre]] opens in Los Angeles.\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Conservative Party\n        (UK)|Conservatives]] win the [[Greater London Council]] elections.\\n* [[April\n        14]] – In [[San Francisco]], 10,000 march against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[April 15]] \\n** Large demonstrations are held against the [[Vietnam War]]\n        in New York City and [[San Francisco]]. The march, organized by the [[National\n        Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]], from Central Park to the\n        United Nations drew hundreds of thousands of people, including Dr. Martin\n        Luther King Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, and Dr. Benjamin Spock, who\n        marched and spoke at the event. A simultaneous march in San Francisco was\n        attended by Coretta Scott King.\\n** Scotland defeats England 3-2 at Wembley\n        Stadium, with goals from Law, Lennox and McCalligog, in the British Championships.\n        This is England''s first defeat since they won the World Cup, and ends a 19-game\n        unbeaten run.\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** The [[Surveyor 3]] [[unmanned space missions|probe]]\n        lands on the Moon.\\n** A Globe Air [[Bristol Britannia]] turboprop crashes\n        at [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]], killing 126 people.{{cite web|title=Aviation\n        accidents |url=http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1967/1967-31.htm |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gX4LEIUg?url=http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1967/1967-31.htm\n        |archivedate=May 5, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-04-06 |df=mdy }}{{cite\n        web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19670420-1&lang=en\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-04-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gX4LfrAL?url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19670420-1&lang=en\n        |archivedate=May 5, 2009 |df= }}\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** Greece suffers\n        a military coup by a group of military officers, who establish a [[Greek military\n        junta of 1967\\u20131974|military dictatorship]] led by [[Georgios Papadopoulos|George\n        Papadopoulos]]; future-Prime Minister [[Andreas Papandreou]] remains a political\n        prisoner to [[December 25]]. The dictatorship ends in [[1974]].\\n** An outbreak\n        of tornadoes strikes the upper Midwest section of the United States (in particular\n        the Chicago area, including the suburbs of [[Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere]]\n        and [[Oak Lawn, Illinois]], where 33 people are killed and 500 injured).\\n*\n        [[April 23]] – A group of young leftist radicals are expelled from the\n        [[Nicaraguan Socialist Party]] (PSN). This group goes on to found the [[Communist\n        Party of Nicaragua|Socialist Workers Party]] (POS).\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** ''''[[Soyuz\n        1]]'''': [[Vladimir Komarov]] becomes the first Soviet [[cosmonaut]] to die,\n        when the parachute of his space capsule fails during re-entry.\\n** In the\n        [[NBA]], the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] defeat the [[San Francisco Warriors]]\n        125-122 in game six to win the title.  Some say this team is arguably the\n        greatest of all time.\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], ''''[[Expo\n        67]]'''', a [[World''s Fair]] to coincide with the [[Canadian Confederation]]\n        centennial, officially opens with Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] igniting\n        the Expo Flame in the Place des Nations.\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** In [[Houston,\n        Texas]], boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] refuses military service. He is stripped of\n        his boxing title and barred from professional boxing for the next three years.\\n**\n        [[Expo 67]] opens to the public, with over 310,000 people attending. Al Carter\n        from Chicago is the first visitor as noted by Expo officials.\\n** The U.S.\n        [[aerospace manufacturer]] [[McDonnell Douglas]] is formed through a merger\n        of [[McDonnell Aircraft]] and [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas Aircraft]]\n        (it becomes part of [[The Boeing Company]] three decades later).\\n* [[April\n        29]] – [[Fidel Castro]] announces that all [[intellectual property]]\n        belongs to the people and that [[Cuba]] intends to translate and publish technical\n        literature without compensation.\\n* [[April 30]] – Moscow''s 537m-tall\n        [[Ostankino Tower|TV tower]] is finished.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main|May 1967}}\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Elvis Presley]] and [[Priscilla Beaulieu]] are married in\n        Las Vegas.\\n** [[GO Transit]], Canada''s first interregional public transit\n        system, is established.\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** The [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] win the\n        [[Stanley Cup]]. It is their last Stanley Cup and last finals appearance to\n        date. It will turn out to be the last game in the [[Original Six]] era. Six\n        more teams will be added in the fall.\\n** [[Harold Wilson]] announces that\n        the United Kingdom has decided to apply for [[European Economic Community|EEC]]\n        membership.\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Lunar Orbiter 4]] is launched by the United\n        States.\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** Dr. [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]\n        is the first Muslim to become president of India.\\n** Four hundred students\n        seize the administration building at Cheyney State College, now [[Cheyney\n        University of Pennsylvania]], the oldest institute for higher education for\n        African Americans.\\n** [[Hong Kong 1967 riots]]: Clashes between striking\n        workers and police kill 51 and injure 800.\\n* [[May 8]] – The [[Provinces\n        of the Philippines|Philippine province]] of Davao is split into three: [[Davao\n        del Norte]], [[Davao del Sur]], and [[Davao Oriental]].\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        The Greek military government accuses [[Andreas Papandreou]] of treason.\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – The United Kingdom and Ireland apply officially for [[European\n        Economic Community]] membership.\\n* [[May 12]] – [[The Jimi Hendrix\n        Experience]] release their debut album, ''''[[Are You Experienced]]''''.\\n*\n        [[May 15]] [[Waiting period (Six-Day War)|Waiting period]] leading up to the\n        [[Six-Day War]] begins\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Syria]] mobilizes against [[Israel]].\\n**\n        President [[Gamal Abdal Nasser]] of [[Egypt]] demands withdrawal of the peacekeeping\n        [[UN Emergency Force]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]. U.N. Secretary-General\n        [[U Thant]] complies ([[May 18]]).\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Tennessee]] [[Buford\n        Ellington|Governor Ellington]] repeals the \\\"Monkey Law\\\" (officially the\n        Butler Act; see the [[Scopes Trial]]).\\n** In Mexico, schoolteacher [[Lucio\n        Caba\\u00f1as]] begins [[guerrilla warfare]] in Atoyac de Alvarez, west of\n        [[Acapulco]], in the state of [[Guerrero]].\\n** [[NASA]] announces the crew\n        for the ''''[[Apollo 7]]'''' space mission (first manned Apollo flight): [[Wally\n        Schirra]], [[Donn F. Eisele]], and [[R. Walter Cunningham]].\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        The [[Soviet Union]] ratifies a treaty with the United States and the United\n        Kingdom, banning nuclear weapons from outer space.\\n** [[Yuri Andropov]] becomes\n        [[KGB]] chief.\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2014 The Spring Mobilization Conference, a\n        gathering of 700 antiwar activists is held in Washington D.C. to chart the\n        future moves for the U.S. antiwar movement\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** The ''''Innovation''''\n        department store in the centre of [[Brussels]], Belgium burns down. It is\n        the most devastating fire in Belgian history, resulting in 323 dead and missing\n        and 150 injured.\\n* [[May 23]] – Egypt closes the [[Straits of Tiran]]\n        to Israeli shipping, blockading Israel''s southern port of [[Eilat]], and\n        Israel''s entire [[Red Sea]] coastline.\\n* [[May 25]] \\n** The Celtic Football\n        Club becomes the first [[Northern Europe]]an football club to win the European\n        Cup/Champions League. \\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Naxalite]] [[guerrilla warfare|Guerrilla\n        War]]: Beginning with a peasant uprising in the town of Naxalbari, this Marxist/Maoist\n        rebellion sputters on in the Indian countryside. The guerrillas operate among\n        the impoverished peasants, fighting both the government security forces and\n        private paramilitary groups funded by wealthy landowners. Most fighting takes\n        place in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]] and\n        [[Madhya Pradesh]].\\n** The [[Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)|Australian\n        referendum, 1967]] passes with an overwhelming 90% support, removing, from\n        the Australian Constitution, 2 discriminatory sentences referring to [[Indigenous\n        Australians]]. It signifies Australia''s first step in recognising [[Indigenous\n        rights]].\\n** The [[folk rock]] band [[Fairport Convention]] plays their first\n        gig in [[Golders Green]], North London.\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Biafra]],\n        in eastern [[Nigeria]], announces its independence.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main|June\n        1967}}\\n[[File:Six Day War Territories.svg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[June 5]]:\n        [[Six Day War]], Israel defeats Arab countries.]]\\n* [[June]] – [[Moshe\n        Dayan]] becomes [[Israel]]''s Minister of Defense.\\n* [[June 1]] – [[The\n        Beatles]] release ''''[[Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'''', nicknamed\n        \\\"The Soundtrack of the [[Summer of Love]]\\\"; it will be number one on the\n        albums charts throughout the summer of 1967.\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** Protests in\n        [[West Berlin]] against the arrival of the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of\n        Iran]] turn into fights, during which 27-year-old [[Benno Ohnesorg]] is killed\n        by a police officer. His death results in the founding of the [[terrorism|terrorist]]\n        group ''''[[2 June Movement]]''''.\\n** [[Luis Monge]] is executed in [[capital\n        punishment in Colorado|Colorado]]''s [[gas chamber]], in the last [[Furman\n        v. Georgia|pre-''''Furman'''']] execution in the United States.\\n* [[June\n        4]] – [[Stockport air disaster]]: [[British Midland International|British\n        Midland]] flight G-ALHG crashes in Hopes Carr, [[Stockport]], killing 72 passengers\n        and crew.\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Six-Day War]] begins: Israel launches [[Operation\n        Focus]], a preemptive strike on [[Egyptian Air Force]] bsir fields; the allied\n        armies of [[Egypt]] [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], and Iraq invade Israel.\n        [[Battle of Ammunition Hill]], start of the [[Jordanian campaign (1967)|Jordanian\n        campaign]]\\n** Murderer [[Richard Speck]] is sentenced to death in the electric\n        chair for killing 8 student nurses in Chicago.\\n* [[June 7]] – \\n**Capture\n        of East Jerusalem in a battle conducted by Israeli forces without the use\n        of artillery in order to avoid damage to the Holy City. \\n**Two [[Moby Grape]]\n        members are arrested for contributing to the delinquency of minors.\\n* [[June\n        8]] [[USS Liberty incident]]\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Six-Day War]] ends: [[Israel]]\n        and [[Syria]] agree to a [[United Nations]]-mediated cease-fire.\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] severs diplomatic relations with Israel.\\n** [[Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe]],\n        heir apparent to the throne of Denmark, marries French count [[Henri de Laborde\n        de Monpezat]].\\n* [[June 11]] – A [[race riot]] occurs in [[Tampa, Florida]]\n        after the shooting death of Martin Chambers by police while allegedly robbing\n        a camera store.  The unrest lasts several days.\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** ''''[[Loving\n        v. Virginia]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]] declares all [[U.S.\n        state]] laws prohibiting [[interracial marriage]] to be unconstitutional.[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/loving.html\n        Loving v. Virginia] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5gX4M35KC?url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/loving.html\n        |date=May 5, 2009 }}\\n** [[Venera program]]: ''''[[Venera 4]]'''' is\n        launched by the [[Soviet Union]] (the first [[space probe]] to enter another\n        [[planet]]''s atmosphere and successfully return data).\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        Solicitor General [[Thurgood Marshall]] is nominated as the first [[African\n        American]] justice of the [[United States Supreme Court]].{{cite web\n        |url=http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/082.html\n        |title=Thurgood Marshall |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050903020328/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/082.html\n        |archivedate=September 3, 2005}}\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Mariner program]]:\n        ''''[[Mariner 5]]'''' is launched toward [[Venus]].\\n* [[June 14]]\\u2013[[June\n        15]] – [[Glenn Gould]] records [[Prokofiev]]''s Seventh Piano Sonata,\n        Op. 83, in New York City (his only recording of a Prokofiev composition).\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – The [[Monterey Pop Festival]] begins and is held for 3\n        days.\\n* [[June 17]] – The People''s Republic of China tests its first\n        [[hydrogen bomb]].{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/cpc2011/2011-06/17/content_12725624.htm\n        |title=June 17, 1967: China''s first hydrogen bomb is successfully detonated\n        |publisher=China Daily |date=2011-06-17 |accessdate=2014-08-17}}\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – Eighteen British soldiers are killed in the [[Aden]] police\n        mutiny.{{cite book | last=Grant | first= Neil| authorlink= | title=Chronicle\n        of 20th Century Conflict | year=1993 | publisher=Reed International Books\n        Ltd. & SMITHMARK Publishers Inc.| location=New York City | isbn=0-8317-1371-2|\n        pages=18\\u201319}}\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Cold War]]: U.S. President\n        [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] meets with Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] in [[Glassboro,\n        New Jersey]], for the 3-day [[Glassboro Summit Conference]]. Johnson travels\n        to Los Angeles for a dinner at the Century Plaza Hotel where earlier in the\n        day thousands of war protesters clashed with L.A. police.{{cite web|url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/diary/1967/670623.asp\n        |title=PRESIDENT''S DAILY DIARY, June 23, 1967 |publisher=Lbjlib.utexas.edu\n        |date=1967-06-23 |accessdate=2011-11-29}}\\n* [[June 25]] – 400\n        million viewers watch ''''[[Our World (TV special)|Our World]]'''', the first\n        live, international, satellite television production. It features the live\n        debut of [[The Beatles]]'' song \\\"[[All You Need Is Love]]\\\".\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        [[Pope Paul VI]] ordains 27 new cardinals (one of whom is the future [[Pope\n        Saint John Paul II]]).\\n** The [[Buffalo riot of 1967|Buffalo Race Riot]]\n        begins, lasting until July 1; leads to 200 arrests.\\n[[Image:Atmplaque.jpg|thumb|150px|Plaque\n        commemorating installation of world''s first bank cash machine]]\\n* [[June\n        27]] – The first automatic cash machine (voucher-based) is installed,\n        in the office of [[Barclays Bank]] in [[Enfield Town|Enfield]], England.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Israel]] declares the annexation of East [[Jerusalem]].\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Moise Tshombe]], former President of [[State of Katanga|Katanga]]\n        and former prime minister of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], is\n        kidnapped to [[Algeria]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main|July 1967}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        Canada celebrates its [[Canadian Centennial|first one hundred years of Confederation]].\\n**\n        The [[European Economic Community|EEC]] joins with the [[European Coal and\n        Steel Community]] and the European Atomic Community, to form the [[European\n        Communities]] (from the 1980s usually known as [[European Community]] [EC]).\\n**\n        Seaboard Air Line Railroad merges with Atlantic Coast Line railroad, to become\n        Seaboard Coast Line railroad, first step to today''s CSX Transportation.\\n**\n        The first UK [[colour television]] broadcasts begin on [[BBC Two|BBC2]]. The\n        first one is from the [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon tennis championships]].\n        A full colour service begins on BBC2 on [[December 2]].\\n** [[American Samoa]]''s\n        first constitution becomes effective.\\n* [[July 3]] – A military rebellion\n        led by Belgian mercenary [[Jean Schramme]] begins in [[Katanga Province|Katanga]],\n        [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].\\n* [[July 4]] – The British Parliament\n        decriminalizes [[homosexuality]].\\n* [[July 5]] – Troops of Belgian\n        [[mercenary]] commander [[Jean Schramme]] revolt against [[Mobutu Sese Seko]],\n        and try to take control of [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]], [[Democratic Republic\n        of the Congo|Congo]].\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Nigerian Civil War]]: [[Nigeria]]n\n        forces invade the secessionist [[Biafra]] [[May 30]].\\n** A [[level crossing]]\n        collision between a train loaded with children and a tanker-truck near [[Magdeburg]],\n        [[East Germany]] kills 94 people, mostly children.\\n* [[July 7]] – ''''[[All\n        You Need Is Love]]'''' is released in the UK.\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** Heavy massive\n        rains and a landslide at [[Kobe]] and [[Kure, Hiroshima]], Japan, kill at\n        least 371.\\n** New Zealand decimalises its currency from [[New Zealand pound|pound]]\n        to [[New Zealand dollar|dollar]] at \\u00a31 to $2 ($1 = 10/-).\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        The Greek military regime strips 480 Greeks of their [[citizenship]].\\n**\n        [[1967 Newark riots]]: After the arrest of an African-American cab driver\n        for allegedly illegally driving around a police car and gunning it down the\n        road, [[race riot]]s break out in [[Newark, New Jersey]], lasting 5 days and\n        leaving 26 dead.\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** The [[Bee Gees]] release their first\n        international album ''''[[Bee Gees'' 1st]]'''' in the UK.\\n** Near Newark,\n        New Jersey, the [[1967 Plainfield riots|Plainfield, NJ, riots]] take place.\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – A prison riot in [[Jay, Florida]] leaves 37 dead.\\n* [[July\n        18]] – The United Kingdom announces the closing of its [[military base]]s\n        in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. Australia and the U.S. disapprove.\\n* [[July\n        19]]\\n**A race riot breaks out in the North Side of Minneapolis on Plymouth\n        Street during the [[Minneapolis Aquatennial]] Parade; businesses are vandalized\n        and fires break out in the area, although the disturbance is quelled within\n        hours.  However, the next day a shooting sets off another incident in the\n        same area that leads to 18 fires, 36 arrests, 3 shootings, 2 dozen people\n        injured, and damages totaling 4.2 million.  There will be two more such incidents\n        in the following two weeks.\\n**Eighty-two people are killed in a collision\n        between [[Piedmont Airlines Flight 22]] and a [[Cessna 310]] near Hendersonville,\n        North Carolina.\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Chile]]an poet [[Pablo Neruda]] receives\n        the first Viareggio-Versile prize.\\n* [[July 21]] – The town of [[Winneconne,\n        Wisconsin]], announces secession from the United States because it is not\n        included in the official maps and declares war. Secession is repealed the\n        next day.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[July 31]] – [[1967 Detroit riot|12th\n        Street Riot]]: In [[Detroit]], one of the worst riots in United States history\n        begins on 12th Street in the predominantly [[African American]] inner city:\n        43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned.\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        During an official state visit to Canada, French President [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in [[Montreal]]: ''''[[Vive le Qu\\u00e9bec\n        libre|Vive le Qu\\u00e9bec libre!]]'''' (Long live free Quebec!). The statement,\n        interpreted as support for [[Quebec independence]], delights many Quebecers\n        but angers the Canadian government and many [[English Canada|English Canadians]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]]\\n** An explosion and fire aboard the U.S. Navy [[aircraft carrier]]\n        {{USS|Forrestal|CV-59|6}} in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] leaves 134 dead.\\n** [[Georges\n        Bidault]] moves to Belgium where he receives [[political asylum]].\\n** An\n        [[1967 Caracas earthquake|earthquake]] in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] leaves\n        240 dead.\\n* [[July 30]] – The [[1967 Milwaukee riot|1967 Milwaukee\n        race riots]] begin, lasting through August 3 and leading to a ten-day shutdown\n        of the city from August 1.\\nJuly 1967 and the evacuation of British Families\n        from Aden, featured in the book \\\"From Barren Rocks to Living Stones\\\". The\n        evacuation was a major British operation at the time.\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main|August\n        1967}}\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Race riot]]s in the United States spread\n        to Washington, D.C..\\n* [[August 2]] – The Turkish football club [[Trabzonspor]]\n        is established in [[Trabzon]].\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Pink Floyd]] releases\n        their debut album ''''[[The Piper at the Gates of Dawn]]'''' in the United\n        Kingdom.\\n* [[August 6]] – A [[pulsar]] is noted by [[Jocelyn Bell]]\n        and [[Antony Hewish]]. The discovery is first recorded in print in 1968: \\\"An\n        entirely novel kind of star came to light on ''''Aug. 6 last year'''' [...]\\\".\n        The date of the discovery is not recorded.\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]:\n        The People''s Republic of China agrees to give [[North Vietnam]] an undisclosed\n        amount of aid in the form of a grant.\\n** A general strike in the old quarter\n        of [[Jerusalem]] protests Israel''s unification of the city.\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – The [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) is founded\n        in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Vietnam War]] –\n        Operation Cochise: [[United States Marines]] begin a new operation in the\n        Que Son Valley.\\n* [[August 10]] – Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme''s\n        troops take the Congolese border town of [[Bukavu]].\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        The first line-up of [[Fleetwood Mac]] makes their live debut at the Windsor\n        Jazz and Blues Festival.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Wonderful Radio London]]\n        shuts down at 3:00 PM in anticipation of the [[Marine Broadcasting Offences\n        Act]].  Many fans greet the staff upon their return to London that evening\n        with placards reading \\\"Freedom died with Radio London.\\\"\\n* [[August 15]]  –\n        The United Kingdom [[Marine Broadcasting Offences Act]] declares participation\n        in offshore [[pirate radio]] illegal. [[Radio Caroline]] defies the Act and\n        continues broadcasting.\\n* [[August 19]] – West Germany receives 36\n        [[East German]] prisoners it has \\\"purchased\\\" through the border posts of\n        Herleshausen and [[Wartha (Eisenach)|Wartha]].\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** A truce\n        is declared in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].\\n** Two U.S. Navy\n        jets stray into the airspace of the People''s Republic of China following\n        an attack on a target in North Vietnam and are shot down.  Lt. [[Robert J.\n        Flynn]], the only survivor, is captured alive and will be held prisoner by\n        China until 1973.  \\n* [[August 25]] – [[American Nazi Party]] leader\n        [[George Lincoln Rockwell]] is assassinated in [[Arlington, Virginia]].\\n*\n        [[August 27]]\\n** The [[East Coast Wrestling Association]] is established.\\n**\n        Beatles manager [[Brian Epstein]] is found dead in his locked bedroom.\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – The final episode of ''''[[The Fugitive (TV series)|The\n        Fugitive]]'''' airs on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. The broadcast\n        attracts 78 million viewers, one of the largest audiences for a single episode\n        in U.S. television history.\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Thurgood Marshall]]\n        is confirmed as the first [[African American]] Justice of the [[Supreme Court\n        of the United States|United States Supreme Court]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main|September\n        1967}}\\n* [[September 1]]\\n**The [[Khmer\\u2013Chinese Friendship Association]]\n        is banned in [[Cambodia]].\\n** [[Ilse Koch]], known as the \\\"Witch of Buchenwald\\\",\n        commits suicide in the [[Bavaria]]n prison of [[Aichach]].\\n* [[September\n        3]]\\n** [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]] is elected President of [[South\n        Vietnam]].\\n** At 5:00 a.m. local time, all road traffic in [[Sweden]]\n        [[Dagen H|switches from left-hand traffic pattern to right-hand traffic]].\\\"Sweden\n        Goes to Right\\u2014 Momentous Traffic Change\\\", ''''Amarillo (TX) Globe-Times'''',\n        February 15, 1967, p42\\\"Swedes Freeze Traffic\\u2014 Silence Precedes\n        Shift\\\", ''''Minneapolis Star'''', September 3, 1967, p1\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation Swift]]: The [[United States\n        Marines]] launch a search and destroy mission in [[Qu\\u1ea3ng Nam Province|Qu\\u1ea3ng\n        Nam]] and [[Qu\\u1ea3ng T\\u00edn Province|Qu\\u1ea3ng T\\u00edn]] provinces.\n        The ensuing 4-day battle in Que Son Valley kills 114 Americans and 376 [[North\n        Vietnam]]ese.\\n* [[September 5]] – The television series ''''[[The Prisoner]]''''\n        has its world broadcast premiere on the [[CTV Television Network]] in Canada.\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – In a [[Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 1967|Gibraltar\n        sovereignty referendum]], only 44 out of 12,182 voters in the British [[Crown\n        colony]] of [[Gibraltar]] support union with Spain.\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        A riot during a football match in Kayseri, Turkey leaves 44 dead, about 600\n        injured.\\n** [[Jim Morrison]] and [[The Doors]] defy [[CBS]] censors on ''''[[The\n        Ed Sullivan Show]]'''', when Morrison sings the word \\\"higher\\\" from their\n        #1 hit ''''[[Light My Fire]]'''', despite having been asked not to.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – ''''[[Love Is a Many Splendored Thing (TV series)|Love Is a Many\n        Splendored Thing]]'''' debuts on U.S. daytime television and is the first\n        [[soap opera]] to deal with an interracial relationship. [[CBS]] censors find\n        it too controversial and ask for it to be stopped, causing show creator [[Irna\n        Phillips]] to quit.\\n* [[September 27]] – The {{RMS|Queen Mary}} arrives\n        in [[Southampton]] at the end of her last [[transatlantic crossing]].\\n* [[September\n        29]] – The classic sci-fi TV series ''''[[Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons]]''''\n        broadcasts on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]].\\n* [[September 30]] – In the\n        United Kingdom, [[BBC Radio]] completely restructures its national programming:\n        the [[Light Programme]] is split between new national pop station [[BBC Radio\n        1|Radio 1]] (modelled on the successful pirate station [[Wonderful Radio London|Radio\n        London]]) and [[BBC Radio 2|Radio 2]]; the cultural [[Third Programme]] is\n        rebranded as [[BBC Radio 3|Radio 3]]; and the primarily-talk [[BBC Home Service|Home\n        Service]] becomes [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October\n        1967}}\\n* [[October 3]] – An [[X-15]] research aircraft with test pilot\n        [[William J. Knight]] establishes an unofficial world fixed-wing speed record\n        of Mach 6.7.\\n* [[October 4]] \\n** [[Omar Ali Saifuddin III]] of [[Brunei]]\n        abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan [[Hassanal Bolkiah]].\\n**The\n        [[Shag Harbour UFO incident]] occurs.\\n* [[October 6]] – Southern California''s\n        [[Pacific Ocean Park]], known as the \\\"Disneyland By The Sea\\\",  closes down.\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – Guerrilla leader [[Che Guevara]] and his men are captured\n        in [[Bolivia]]; they are executed the following day.\\n* [[October 12]]\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] states during a news\n        conference that, because of [[North Vietnam]]''s opposition, proposals by\n        the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] for peace initiatives\n        are futile.\\n** ''''[[The Naked Ape]]'''', by [[Desmond Morris]], is published.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3116000/3116329.stm|title=1967:\n        The Naked Ape steps out|work=On This Day|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2011-08-24|date=1967-10-12}}\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – Quebec Nationalism: [[Ren\\u00e9 L\\u00e9vesque]] leaves\n        the Liberal Party.\\n* [[October 16]] – Thirty-nine people, including\n        singer-activist [[Joan Baez]], are arrested in Oakland, California, for blocking\n        the entrance of that city''s military induction center.\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**The\n        musical ''''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'''' opens off-Broadway. It moves to Broadway\n        the following April.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Battle of Ong Thanh]] takes\n        place.\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Students at the [[University\n        of Wisconsin\\u2013Madison]] protest over recruitment by [[Dow Chemical]] on\n        the University campus; 76 are injured in the resulting riot.\\n** [[Walt Disney]]''s\n        19th full-length animated feature ''''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle\n        Book]]'''', the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, is released\n        and becomes an enormous box-office and critical success. On a double bill\n        with the film is the (now) much less well-known true-life adventure, ''''Charlie\n        the Lonesome Cougar''''.\\n**The [[Venera 4]] probe descends through the [[Venus]]ian\n        atmosphere.\\n* [[October 19]] – The [[Mariner 5]] probe flies by [[Venus]].\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Patterson\\u2013Gimlin film]]: Roger Patterson and\n        Robert Gimlin''s famous film of an unidentified animate [[cryptid]], thought\n        to be [[Bigfoot]] or [[Sasquatch]], is recorded at Bluff Creek, California.\\n*\n        [[October 21]]\\n** Approximately 70,000 [[Vietnam War]] protesters march in\n        Washington, D.C. and rally at the Lincoln Memorial; in a  successive march\n        that day, 50,000 people march to [[the Pentagon]], where [[Allen Ginsberg]],\n        [[Abbie Hoffman]], and Jerry Rubin symbolically chant to \\\"levitate\\\" the\n        building and \\\"exorcise the evil within.\\\"\\n** An [[Egypt]]ian surface-to-surface\n        missile sinks the [[Israel]]i destroyer ''''[[HMS Zealous (R39)|Eilat]]'''',\n        killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries\n        along the [[Suez Canal]].\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        becomes the first French [[Co-Prince of Andorra]] to visit his Andorran subjects.  In\n        addition to being [[President of France]], de Gaulle is a joint ruler (along\n        with [[Spain]]''s [[Bishop of Urgel]] of the tiny nation located in the mountains\n        between France and Spain, pursuant to the [[1278]] agreement creating the\n        nation.[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/10/24/page/18/article/andorra-has-lordly-visit-by-de-gaulle|\\\"Andorra\n        Has Lordly Visit by de Gaulle\\\"], ''''Chicago Tribune'''', October 24, 1967,\n        p1A-4\\n* [[October 25]] – The [[Abortion Act 1967]] passes in\n        the British Parliament and receives royal assent two days later.\\n* [[October\n        26]]\\n** The coronation ceremony of Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran]],\n        ruler of the nation since 1941, takes place.\\n** U.S. Navy pilot [[Early life\n        and military career of John McCain#Prisoner of war|John McCain]] is shot down\n        over North Vietnam and taken prisoner.  His capture is confirmed two days\n        later, and he remains a prisoner of war for more than five years.  \\n* [[October\n        27]]\\n** French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] vetoes British entry into\n        the [[European Economic Community]] for the second time in the decade.\\n**\n        London criminal [[Jack McVitie]] is murdered by the [[Kray twins]], a crime\n        that eventually leads to their imprisonment and downfall.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n**\n        President Joseph Mobutu of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] launches\n        an offensive against mercenaries in [[Bukavu]].\\n** [[Expo 67]] closes in\n        [[Montreal]], after having attracted more than 50 million visitors in six\n        months.\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Hong Kong 1967 riots]]: British troops\n        and Chinese demonstrators clash on the border of China and Hong Kong.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main|November 1967}}\\n* November – [[Islamabad]] officially\n        becomes [[Pakistan]]''s political capital, replacing [[Karachi]].{{clarify|date=November\n        2016}}  {{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] holds a secret meeting with a\n        group of the nation''s most prestigious leaders (\\\"the Wise Men\\\") and asks\n        them to suggest ways to unite the American people behind the war effort. They\n        conclude that the American people should be given more optimistic reports\n        on the progress of the war.\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Vietnam War]] –\n        [[Battle of Dak To]]: Around [[\\u0110\\u1eafk T\\u00f4]] (located about 280 miles\n        north of [[Saigon]] near the [[Cambodia]]n border), heavy casualties are suffered\n        on both sides (the Americans narrowly win the battle on [[November 22]]).\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\u2013[[November 5]] – In the [[Democratic Republic of\n        the Congo]], mercenaries of [[Jean Schramme]] and Jerry Puren withdraw from\n        Bukavu, over the Shangugu Bridge, to [[Rwanda]].\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        The [[Rhodesia]]n parliament passes pro-[[Apartheid]] laws.\\n* [[November\n        7]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Public Broadcasting\n        Act of 1967]], establishing the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].\\n**\n        [[Carl B. Stokes]] is elected [[List of mayors of Cleveland|mayor]] of [[Cleveland]],\n        [[Ohio]], becoming the first [[African American]] to be elected mayor of a\n        major United States city.\\n** The 50th anniversary of the [[Great October\n        Socialist Revolution]] is celebrated in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[November\n        8]] – The [[BBC]]''s first [[BBC Local Radio|local radio]] station ([[BBC\n        Radio Leicester]]) is launched.\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Apollo program]]:\n        [[NASA]] launches the first [[Saturn V]] rocket, successfully carrying the\n        unmanned ''''[[Apollo 4]]'''' test spacecraft from [[Cape Kennedy]] into Earth\n        orbit.\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Vietnam War]]: In a ceremony in [[Phnom\n        Penh]], [[Cambodia]], 3 United States prisoners of war are released by the\n        [[Viet Cong]] and turned over to American \\\"New Left\\\" antiwar activist [[Tom\n        Hayden]].\\n* [[November 14]] – The [[Congress of Colombia]], in commemoration\n        of the 150-year anniversary of the death of [[Policarpa Salavarrieta]], declares\n        this day as the \\\"Day of the Colombian Woman\\\".\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** General\n        [[Georgios Grivas]] and his 10,000 strong Greek Army division are forced to\n        leave Cyprus, after 24 [[Turkish Cypriot]] civilians are killed by the [[Greek\n        Cypriot National Guard]] in the villages of Kophinou and Ayios Theodhoros;\n        relations sour between Nicosia and Athens. Turkey flies sorties into Greek\n        territory, and masses troops in Thrace on her border with Greece.\\n** Test\n        pilot [[Michael J. Adams|Michael Adams]] is killed when his [[X-15]] rocket\n        plane tumbles out of control during atmospheric re-entry and disintegrates.\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** Vietnam War: Acting on optimistic reports he was given\n        on [[November 13]], U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] tells the nation\n        that, while much remains to be done, \\\"We are inflicting greater losses than\n        we''re taking...We are making progress.\\\" (2 months later the [[Tet Offensive]]\n        by the Viet Cong is widely reported as a Viet Cong victory by the U.S. press\n        and thus as a major setback to the U.S.''s pursuit of the war.)\\n** French\n        author [[R\\u00e9gis Debray]] is sentenced to 30 years imprisonment in [[Bolivia]].\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – The UK [[pound sterling|pound]] is devalued from \\u00a31\n        = [[United States dollar|US$]]2.80 to \\u00a31 = US$2.40.\\n* [[November 20]]\n        The \\\"[[U.S. and World Population Clock|population clock]]\\\" of the [[United\n        States Census Bureau]] records the U.S. population at 200 million people at\n        11:03 a.m. Washington, D.C. time.\\\"Nation Reaches 200 Million, And\n        Then Some\\\", ''''Salt Lake (UT) Tribune'''', November 21, 1967, p1\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Vietnam War]]: United States General [[William Westmoreland]]\n        tells news reporters: \\\"I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy\n        was winning, today he is certainly losing.\\\"\\n* [[November 22]] – [[UN\n        Security Council Resolution 242]] is adopted by the [[UN Security Council]],\n        establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an [[Arab]]\\u2013[[Israel]]i\n        peace settlement.\\n* [[November 26]] – Major floods hit [[Lisbon]],\n        Portugal, killing 462.\\n* [[November 27]] – [[The Beatles]] release\n        ''''[[Magical Mystery Tour (album)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'''' in the U.S.\n        as a full album. The songs added to the original six songs on the double EP\n        include \\\"[[All You Need Is Love]]\\\", \\\"[[Penny Lane]]\\\", \\\"[[Strawberry Fields\n        Forever]]\\\", \\\"[[Baby, You''re a Rich Man]]\\\" and \\\"[[Hello, Goodbye]]\\\".\n        Release as a double EP will not take place in the UK until December.\\n* [[November\n        28]] – The first [[pulsar]] to be discovered by Earth observers is found\n        in the constellation of [[Vulpecula]] by astronomers [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]]\n        and [[Antony Hewish]], and is given the name [[PSR B1919+21]].\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]]\n        announces his resignation to become president of the [[World Bank]]. McNamara''s\n        resignation follows U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''s outright rejection\n        of McNamara''s early November recommendations to freeze troop levels, stop\n        the bombing of [[North Vietnam]], and hand over ground fighting to [[South\n        Vietnam]].\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] founds the [[Pakistan\n        People''s Party]] and becomes its first chairman. It has gone on to become\n        one of Pakistan''s major political parties (alongside the ''''[[Pakistan Muslim\n        League]]'''') that is broken into many factions, bearing the same name under\n        different leaders, such as the Pakistan''s Peoples Party Parliamentarians\n        (PPPP).\\n** The [[Yemen|People''s Republic of South Yemen]] becomes independent\n        of the United Kingdom.\\n** Pro-Soviet communists in the Philippines establish\n        [[Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataan Pilipino]] as its new youth wing.\\n** U.S.\n        Senator [[Eugene McCarthy]] announces his candidacy for the [[Democratic Party\n        (United States)|Democratic Party]] presidential nomination, challenging incumbent\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] over the [[Vietnam War]].\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n{{Main|December 1967}}\\n[[File:Christiaan Barnard 1969.jpg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[December\n        3]]: Doctor [[Christiaan Barnard]] carries out first heart transplant.]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\n** [[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]] releases ''''[[Axis: Bold\n        as Love]]''''.\\n** The [[RMS Queen Mary|RMS ''''Queen Mary'''']] is retired.\n        Her place is taken by the [[RMS Queen Elizabeth 2|RMS ''''Queen Elizabeth\n        2'''']].\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Christiaan Barnard]] carries out the\n        world''s first heart transplant at [[Groote Schuur Hospital]] in [[Cape Town]],\n        South Africa.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** At 6:50 PM, a [[volcano]] erupts\n        on [[Deception Island]] in Antarctica.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. and [[South\n        Vietnam]]ese forces engage [[Viet Cong]] troops in the [[Mekong Delta]] (235\n        of the 300-strong Viet Cong battalion are killed).\\n* [[December 5]] –\n        In New York City, [[Benjamin Spock]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]] are arrested for\n        protesting against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[December 6]] – Vice President\n        [[Jorge Pacheco Areco]] is sworn in as [[List of Presidents of Uruguay|President\n        of Uruguay]] after President [[Oscar Gestido]] dies in office.\\n* [[December\n        8]] – ''''[[Magical Mystery Tour (album)|Magical Mystery Tour]]''''\n        is released by [[The Beatles]] as a double EP in the U.K., whilst the only\n        psychedelic rock album by [[The Rolling Stones]], ''''[[Their Satanic Majesties\n        Request]]'''', is released in the U.K and in the U.S.A.\\n* [[December 9]]\\n**\n        [[Nicolae Ceau\\u0219escu]] becomes the Chairman of the Romanian State Council,\n        making him the de facto leader of [[Romania]].\\n** [[Jim Morrison]] is arrested\n        on stage in [[New Haven, Connecticut]] for attempting to spark a riot in the\n        audience during a Doors-concert. \\n* [[December 11]] – [[Supersonic\n        airliner]] [[Concorde]] is unveiled in [[Toulouse]], France.\\n* [[December\n        12]] – ''''[[Guess Who''s Coming to Dinner]]'''', one of the seminal\n        race relations films of the 1960s, is released to theaters.\\n* [[December\n        13]] – King [[Constantine II of Greece]] flees the country when his\n        coup attempt fails.\\n* [[December 15]] – The Silver Bridge over the\n        [[Ohio River]] in [[Point Pleasant, West Virginia]], collapses, killing 46\n        people. \\n* [[December 17]] – [[Harold Holt]], Australian prime minister,\n        disappears when swimming at a beach 60 km from [[Melbourne]].\\n* [[December\n        19]] – Professor [[John Archibald Wheeler]] coined the astronomical\n        term ''''[[black hole]]''''.\\n* [[December 26]] – [[The Beatles]]''\n        film ''''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'''' receives\n        its world premi\\u00e8re on [[BBC Television]] in the UK\\n* [[December 31]]\\n**\n        The Green Bay Packers become the first team in the modern era to win their\n        third consecutive NFL Championship, 21-17 over the Dallas Cowboys in what\n        became known as \\\"The Ice Bowl\\\".\\n** Motorcycle daredevil [[Evel Knievel]]\n        attempts to jump 141 feet over the [[Caesars Palace]] Fountains on the\n        [[Las Vegas Strip]].  Knievel crashes on landing and the accident is caught\n        on film.\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Warner Bros.]] becomes a wholly owned\n        subsidiary of [[Seven Arts Productions]], thus becoming [[Warner Bros.-Seven\n        Arts]].\\n* The [[Jari project]] begins in the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]].\\n*\n        [[Albania]] is officially declared an [[atheism|atheist]] state by its leader,\n        [[Enver Hoxha]].\\n* The [[University of Winnipeg]] is founded in Canada.\\n*\n        [[Lonsdaleite]] (the rarest [[allotrope]] of [[carbon]]) is first discovered\n        in the [[Barringer Crater]], [[Arizona]].\\n* A [[lost city]] is discovered\n        on the island of [[Santorini|Thera]], buried under [[volcano|volcanic]] debris.\n        It has been suggested that [[Plato]] may have heard legends about this, and\n        used them as the germ of his story of [[Atlantis]].\\n* [[St Christopher''s\n        Hospice]], the world''s first purpose-built secular [[hospice]] specialising\n        in [[palliative care]] of the [[terminally ill]], is established in South\n        London by [[Cicely Saunders]] with the support of [[Albertine Winner]].{{cite\n        web|first=Mary|last=Baines|title=History|url=http://www.stchristophers.org.uk/about/history|publisher=St\n        Christopher''s|accessdate=2012-08-08}}\\n* [[PAL]] is first introduced\n        in Germany.\\n* ''''[[Gunsmoke]]'''', after 12 seasons and with declining ratings,\n        almost gets cancelled, but protests from viewers, network affiliates and even\n        members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] and especially [[William S.\n        Paley]], the head of the network, lead the network to move the series from\n        its longtime late Saturday time slot to early Mondays for the fall\\u2014displacing\n        ''''[[Gilligan''s Island]]'''', which initially had been renewed for a fourth\n        season but is cancelled instead.  ''''Gunsmoke'''' would remain on CBS until\n        1975.\\n* The [[Summer of Love]] is held in San Francisco.\\n* [[Lech Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]]\n        goes to work in [[Gda\\u0144sk]] [[shipyard]]s.\\n* [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] joins\n        the Israeli Army.\\n* The Greek [[military junta]] exiles [[Melina Mercouri]].\\n*\n        [[Parker Morris Committee|Parker Morris Standards]] become mandatory for all\n        housing built in [[new towns in the United Kingdom]].\\n* [[Sabon]] [[typeface]],\n        designed by [[Jan Tschichold]], introduced.\\n* [[Gabriel Garc\\u00eda M\\u00e1rquez]]''s\n        influential novel ''''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'''' is published (in\n        Spanish).\\n* The first edition of the book, ''''[[A Short History of Pakistan]]'''',\n        is published by [[Karachi University]], [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[Fernand Braudel]]\n        begins publication of ''''Civilisation mat\\u00e9rielle, \\u00e9conomie et capitalisme,\n        XVe-XVIIIe si\\u00e8cle''''.\\n*The [[National Hockey\n        League]] adds six more teams, doubling its size. The teams are the [[St. Louis\n        Blues]], [[Oakland Seals]], [[Minnesota North Stars]], [[Los Angeles Kings]],\n        [[Philadelphia Flyers]], and [[Pittsburgh Penguins]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ballasyrkellypic.jpg|thumb|100px|[[R.\n        Kelly]]]]\\n[[File:Ecaterina Szabo 1985cr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ecaterina Szabo]]]]\\n[[File:Phil.lamarr.2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil\n        LaMarr]]]]\\n[[File:RandyBernard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Randy Bernard]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Sunny Chan]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Tia\n        Carrere]], American actress\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Marina Orsini]], Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Joe Flanigan]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[A R Rahman]], Indian Music composer\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Nick\n        Clegg]], British politician\\n** [[Irrfan Khan]], Indian actor\\n** [[Mark Lamarr]],\n        British comedian/TV and radio presenter\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[R. Kelly]],\n        American R&B singer and songwriter\\n** [[Ma\\u0142gorzata Foremniak]], Polish\n        actress\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Dale Gordon]], English footballer\\n** [[Dave\n        Matthews]], South African\\u2013born American musician\\n* [[January 11]] –\n        [[Michael Healy-Rae]], Irish politician, son of  [[Jackie Healy-Rae]]\\n* [[January\n        12]] – [[Vendela Kirsebom]], Swedish supermodel\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Sharon Beshenivsky]], West Yorkshire police constable (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Leonardo Ortolani|Leo Ortolani]], Italian comic book author\\n** [[Kerri\n        Green]], American actress and film director\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Andrea\n        James]], American producer and author \\n* [[January 17]] – [[Song Kang-ho]],\n        Korean actor\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Iv\\u00e1n Zamorano]], Chilean footballer\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Wigald Boning]], German actor, singer, writer and\n        television presenter\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Artashes Minasian]], Armenian\n        chess grand master\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Eleanor McEvoy]], Irish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Ecaterina Szabo]], Romanian gymnast\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Naim S\\u00fcleymano\\u011flu]],\n        Turkish weightlifter\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Phil LaMarr]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[John Myung]], American musician\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Nozomu\n        Sasaki]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Voltaire (musician)|Voltaire]], Cuban\n        singer\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Toshiyuki Morikawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[January 28]] – [[Jan Lamb]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n* [[January\n        29]] – [[Khalid Skah]], Moroccan long-distance runner\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Joey Wong]], Taiwanese actress\\n** [[Roberto Palazuelos]], Mexican actor\\n**\n        [[Randy Bernard]], CEO of [[Professional Bull Riders]] and [[Indycar]]\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hermione\n        Norris cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hermione Norris]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Rutte-6.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark\n        Rutte]]]]\\n[[File:Benicio Del Toro - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benicio del Toro]]]]\\n[[File:Nirvana around\n        1992.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Kurt Cobain]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Meg Cabot]],\n        American teen author\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Frederick Pitcher]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Chris Parnell]], American actor and\n        comedian (''''[[Saturday Night Live]]'''')\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Izumi\n        Sakai]], Japanese singer ([[Zard]]) (d. 2007)\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Cheung\n        Man]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Todd Pratt]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Dan Shulman]], Canadian sports announcer\\n* [[February 10]]\\n**\n        [[Laura Dern]], American actress\\n** [[Vince Gilligan]], American writer,\n        director and producer\\n** [[Armand Serrano]], Filipino animator\\n*  [[February\n        11]] \\n** [[Hank Gathers]], American college basketball player (d. 1990)\\n**\n        [[Paul McLoone]], Irish radio presenter, voice actor, former radio producer\n        and frontman with [[The Undertones]]\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Hermione Norris]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Chitravina N. Ravikiran]], Indian composer and musician\\n*\n        [[February 13]] – [[Carolyn Lawrence]], American actress and voice actress\\n*\n        [[February 14]] \\n** [[Mark Rutte]], Dutch politician, 50th [[Prime Minister\n        of the Netherlands]] since 2010.\\n** Sir [[Stelios Haji-Ioannou]], British-Greek\n        entrepreneur, Founder of [[EasyJet]] low-cost airline\\n* [[February 15]]\\n**\n        [[Dan Farr]], American entrepreneur, Founder of [[Salt Lake Comic Con]]\\n**\n        [[Trond Egil Soltvedt]], Norwegian footballer\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Marco\n        Aur\\u00e9lio Cunha dos Santos|Marco Aur\\u00e9lio]], Brazilian footballer\\n**\n        [[Roberto Baggio]], Italian football player\\n** [[Benicio del Toro]], Puerto\n        Rican actor\\n** [[John Valentin]], American baseball player\\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Sven Erik Kristiansen]], Norwegian black metal and hardcore\n        punk singer. He used the stage name ''''Maniac'''' as a member of [[Mayhem\n        (band)|Mayhem]]. \\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Kurt Cobain]], American musician\n        ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]) (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[David Herman]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Andrew Shue]], American actor\\n** [[Lili Taylor]], American actress\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[Paul Lieberstein]], American screenwriter and actor\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Kelly Manison]], American voice actress\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** [[Currie Graham]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Kazuyoshi Miura]], Japanese\n        footballer\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Jonathan Ive]], Apple Corporation\n        designer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Lauren Graham August 2014.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Lauren\n        Graham]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** [[George Eads]], American actor\\n** [[Rosyam\n        Nor]], Malaysian actor\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Hans Teeuwen]], Dutch comedian\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Daryll Cullinan]], South African cricketer\\n** [[Tim Vine]],\n        English Comedian and actor\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Mihai Tudose]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Romania]]\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Jean-Pierre Barda]], Swedish\n        singer ([[Army of Lovers]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Aura Cristine Geithner]],\n        Colombian actress\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Omer Tarin]], Pakistani/South\n        Asian poet, writer and scholar\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[John Barrowman]], Scottish-born\n        actor\\n** [[George Gray (television personality)|George Gray]], American comedian\n        and game show announcer\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Massimiliano Frezzato]],\n        Italian comic writer\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Andr\\u00e9s Escobar]], Colombian\n        football player (d. 1994)\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Naoko Takeuchi]], Japanese\n        artist\\n* [[March 16]] \\n** [[Lauren Graham]], American actress\\n** [[John\n        Mangum]], Professional football player\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Billy Corgan]],\n        American musician and songwriter\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Andre Rison]],\n        American pro football player\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Jonas Berggren]], Swedish\n        musician ([[Ace of Base]])\\n** [[Adrian Chiles]], British television and radio\n        presenter\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Mario Cipollini]], Italian cyclist\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** [[Matthew Barney]], American sculptor, photographer and filmmaker\\n**\n        [[Debi Thomas]], American figure skater\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Mark Carroll\n        (rugby league)|Mark Carroll]], Australian rugby league footballer\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n** [[Kenta Kobashi]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n** [[Talisa Soto]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Brian Jordan]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Albert-L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Barab\\u00e1si]], Romanian-born\n        Hungarian-American physicist\\n** [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Megumi Hayashibara]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:MariaBelloSept2013TIFF.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Maria\n        Bello]]]]\\n[[File:Koning-willem-alexander-okt-15-s.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Willem-Alexander\n        of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Philipp Kirkorov cropped.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Philipp\n        Kirkorov]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Ren\\u00e9e Estevez]], American actress\n        and writer\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Andy Parsons]], English comedian and writer\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Anu Garg]], Indian-American writer and speaker\\n* [[April\n        6]] \\n** [[Kathleen Barr]], Canadian voice actress\\n** [[Mika Koivuniemi]],\n        Finnish ten-pin bowler\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Artemis Gounaki]], Greek-German\n        singer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Alex Kahn]], American artist\\n* [[April 11]]\n        – [[Liina Olmaru]], Estonian actress \\n* [[April 14]] \\n** [[Jeff Jarrett]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Tim Holmes (actor)|Tim Holmes]], American\n        actor and musician\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Frankie Poullain]], British rock\n        bassist ([[The Darkness (band)|The Darkness]])\\n** [[Dara Torres]], American\n        swimmer\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Kimberly Elise]], African-American actress\\n**\n        [[Marquis Grissom]], American baseball player\\n** [[Liz Phair]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Henry Ian Cusick]], Peruvian actor\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        [[Maria Bello]], American actress\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Raymond van Barneveld]],\n        Dutch darts player\\n** [[Lara Jill Miller]], American actress and former child\n        star\\n** [[Mike Portnoy]], American musician\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Sheryl\n        Lee]], American actress\\n** [[Sherri Shepherd]], American comedian and TV\n        show host\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Melina Kanakaredes]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 26]]\\n** [[Glenn Jacobs]] (Kane), American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Marianne Jean-Baptiste]], English actress, singer-songwriter, composer and\n        director\\n** [[Corrinne Wicks]], English actress\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Willem-Alexander\n        of the Netherlands]]\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Curtis Joseph]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Rachel Williams]], American model, actress and TV presenter\\n*\n        [[April 30]]\\n** [[Steven Mackintosh]], English actor\\n** [[Philipp Kirkorov]],\n        Soviet and Russian pop singer, actor and producer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Chris\n        Benoit in the Ring.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Chris Benoit]]]]\\n[[File:Gascoigne, Paul.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Paul\n        Gascoigne]]]]\\n[[File:KristenSkjeldal.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Kristen Skjeldal]]]]\\n[[File:Noel\n        Gallagher at Razzmatazz, Barcelona, Spain-5March2012 (3).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Noel\n        Gallagher]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\n** [[Kenny Hotz]], Canadian entertainer\\n** [[Scott\n        Coffey]], American actor and director\\n** [[Tim McGraw]], American country\n        singer\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Akiko Yajima]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Ana\n        Gasteyer]], American actress\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Takehito Koyasu]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n** [[Bill Ward (actor)|Bill Ward]], English actor\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Nobuhiro Takeda]], Japanese footballer and sportscaster\\n* [[May\n        11]] – [[G\\u00e9za R\\u00f6hrig]], Hungarian actor and poet\\n* [[May\n        13]]\\n** [[Chuck Schuldiner]], American singer and guitarist (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Melanie Thornton]], American singer ([[La Bouche]]) (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May\n        14]] – [[Tony Siragusa]], American football player\\n* [[May 15]] \\n**\n        [[Madhuri Dixit]], Indian actress\\n** [[John Smoltz]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Geraldine Somerville]], Irish actress\\n** [[Massimo Taccon]],\n        Italian painter, sculptor and writer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Chris Benoit]],\n        Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Brooke\n        Smith (actress)|Brooke Smith]], American actress\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Andrey\n        Borodin]], Russian banker\\n** [[Heavy D]], Jamaican-born American actor, rapper\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Bruno Putzulu]], French actor\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Poppy\n        Z. Brite]], American author\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Stacy Compton]], American\n        racing driver\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** [[Paul Gascoigne]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Kai Pflaume]], German television presenter and game show host\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Glen Rice]], American basketball player\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Noel\n        Gallagher]], British musician ([[Oasis (band)|Oasis]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Phil\n        Keoghan]], New Zealand-born television host (''''[[The Amazing Race]]'''')\\n**\n        [[Kenny Lofton]], American baseball player\\n** [[Sandrine Bonnaire]], French\n        actress\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:PaulGiamattiSept2013TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul\n        Giamatti]]]]\\n[[File:Fred Tatasciore cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred Tatasciore]]]]\\n[[File:Nicole\n        Kidman Cannes 2017 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicole Kidman]]]]\\n[[File:9153ri-Yingluck\n        Shinawatra.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yingluck Shinawatra]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Roger Sanchez]], American DJ\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Anderson Cooper]], American\n        television journalist\\n** [[Tam\\u00e1s Darnyi]], Hungarian swimmer\\n** [[Christopher\n        Walker (athlete)|Christopher Walker]], Gibraltarian triathlete and cyclist\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Joe DeLoach]], American athlete\\n** [[Ron Livingston]], American\n        actor\\n* [[June 6]] \\n** [[Max Casella]], American actor\\n** [[Tristan Gemmill]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Paul Giamatti]], American actor\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Olli Mustonen]], Finnish pianist and composer\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Efan Ekoku]],\n        Nigerian footballer\\n** [[Jasmin Tabatabai]], German/Iranian actress and musician\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Rub\\u00e9n Maza]], Venezuelan long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Darren \\\"Buffy, the Human Beatbox\\\" Robinson]], African-American\n        rapper ''''(The Fat Boys)'''' (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Y\\u016bji\n        Ueda]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Fred Tatasciore]], American voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[J\\u00fcrgen Klopp]], German footballer\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Bj\\u00f8rn D\\u00e6hlie]], Norwegian Olympic skier\\n** [[Mia Sara]], American\n        actress\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Nicole Kidman]], American-born Australian\n        actress\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Jim Breuer]], former ''''[[Saturday Night Live]]''''\n        cast member and stand-up comedian\\n** [[Yingluck Shinawatra]], Thai politician,\n        28th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Lane Napper]],\n        American actor\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Yoko Minamino]], ''''Japanese Idol''''\n        star and actress\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Bill Huard]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Michael Kessler]], German actor, comedian and author\\n** [[Richard Z. Kruspe]],\n        German rock musician ([[Rammstein]])\\n** [[Janez Lapajne]], Slovenian film\n        director\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Kaori Asoh]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n**\n        [[Luisito Espinosa]], Filipino boxer\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Gil Bellows]], Canadian\n        film and television actor\\n** [[Lars Riedel]], German Olympic athlete\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Jeff Burton]], American race car driver\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pam\n        Anderson 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pamela Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:2015_White_House_Astronomy_Night_with_the_MythBusters_(cropped_to_Adam_Savage).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam\n        Savage]]]]\\n[[File:Will Ferrell 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Will Ferrell]]]]\\n[[File:Vin\n        Diesel by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vin Diesel]]]]\\n[[File:Reed Diamond\n        April 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Reed Diamond]]]]\\n[[File:Matt LeBlanc, Arqiva\n        British Academy Television Awards, 2013 (tone crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matt\n        LeBlanc]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Statham 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason Statham]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Pamela Anderson]], Canadian actress and model\\n** [[Luca\n        Bottale]], Italian voice actor\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Brian Cashman]], American\n        baseball executive\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Vinny Castilla]], Mexican Major League\n        Baseball player\\n** [[Andy Walker (journalist)|Andy Walker]], Canadian television\n        personality\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Silvia Ziche]], Italian comics artist\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Heather Nova]], Bermudian singer-songwriter\\n* [[July\n        7]] – [[Tom Kristensen (racing driver)|Tom Kristensen]], Danish racing\n        car driver \\n* [[July 8]] – [[Jordan Chan]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Gunnar Ax\\u00e9n]], Swedish politician\\n** [[Mark Stoops]],\n        American football coach\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Tom Meents]], American monster\n        truck driver. \\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[John Henson]], American TV show host\\n**\n        [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], British-born Indian-American author\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Martin Lynes]], Australian actor\\n** [[John Petrucci]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Count Jefferson von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth]]\\n** [[Richard Herring]], British\n        comedian and writer\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Akira Hokuto]], Japanese women''s\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Robin Ventura]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Patrick J. Kennedy]], American politician\\n* [[July 15]]\\n**\n        [[Adam Savage]], American TV show host\\n** [[Michael Tse]], Hong Kong actor\\n*\n        [[July 16]]\\n** [[Will Ferrell]], American actor, comedian, and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Mihaela Stanulet]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Brian Baker (actor)|Brian\n        Baker]], American actor\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Vin Diesel]], American actor\n        and film director\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Rageh Omaar]], broadcaster\\n* [[July\n        20]] – [[Reed Diamond]], American actor\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Rhys Ifans]],\n        Welsh actor and musician\\n** [[Irene Bedard]], American actress\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July\n        25]] \\n** [[Matt LeBlanc]], American actor\\n** [[Wendy Raquel Robinson]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Margarita Zavala]], Mexican lawyer and politician,\n        [[First Lady of Mexico]]\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Jason Statham]], English\n        actor, martial artist, and former diver\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Jakob Augstein]],\n        German journalist and publisher\\n** [[Taka Hirose]], Japanese musician ([[Feeder\n        (band)|Feeder]])\\n* [[July 30]] – [[A. W. Yrj\\u00e4n\\u00e4]], Finnish\n        rock musician and poet\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Rodney Harvey]], American actor\n        and model (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Minako Honda]], Japanese singer and musical\n        actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Elizabeth Wurtzel]], author and feminist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Rock\n        en Seine soad 1.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Serj Tankian]]]]\\n[[File:Ty Burrell 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ty\n        Burrell]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Hollander 1.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Tom Hollander]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 3]] – [[Mathieu Kassovitz]], French movie director and actor\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Michael Marsh (athlete)|Michael Marsh]], American athlete\\n**\n        [[Tom Anderson (politician)|Tom Anderson]], American partner at Optima Public\n        Relations\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Thomas Lang]], Austrian drummer\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Charlotte Lewis]], English actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Y\\u016bki\n        Amami]], Japanese actress\\n** [[Sable (wrestler)|Sable]], American wrestler,\n        model and actress\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Deion Sanders]], African-American\n        pro football and baseball player\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Riddick Bowe]],\n        American boxer\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Enrique Bunbury]], Spanish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Collin Chou]], Taiwanese martial arts actor\\n** [[Joe Rogan]], American\n        comedian and television host\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Andy Hui]], Hong Kong\n        singer and actor\\n** [[Emil Kostadinov]], Bulgarian football player\\n** [[Regilio\n        Tuur]], Dutch boxer\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Am\\u00e9lie Nothomb]], Belgian\n        writer\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Brahim Boutayeb]], Moroccan long-distance\n        runner\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Ulrika Jonsson]], Swedish-born television personality\\n**\n        [[Pamela Smart]], American murderer\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Daler Mehndi]],\n        Indian singer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Satya Nadella]], Indian-American\n        businessman and current CEO of [[Microsoft]]\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Carrie-Anne\n        Moss]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Serj Tankian]], Lebanese-born singer ([[System\n        of a Down]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje]], Nigerian-British\n        actor and model\\n** [[Ty Burrell]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Yukiko\n        Okada]], Japanese idol singer (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Layne Staley]], American\n        rock musician ([[Alice in Chains]]) (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** [[Tom\n        Hollander]], English actor\\n** [[Eckart von Hirschhausen]], German physician\n        and comedian\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Ogie Alcasid]], Filipino singer-songwriter,\n        comedian, parodist, and actor\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Masaaki Endoh]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Neil Gorsuch]], Associate Justice of\n        the U.S. Supreme Court since 2017\\n** [[Anton Newcombe]], American musician\n        ([[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Frederique van\n        der Wal]], Dutch supermodel\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Michael_Johnson_at_London_Olympic_Stadium_2010-07_1.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Johnson (sprinter)|Michael Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Tara Fitzgerald (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tara\n        Fitzgerald]]]]\\n[[File:Kristen Johnston by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kristen\n        Johnston]]]]\\n[[File:Montreuil - Salon du livre jeunesse 2011 - Emmanuelle\n        Houdard - 001.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Emmanuelle Houdart]]]]\\n* [[September\n        3]] – [[Luis Gonzalez (outfielder)|Luis Gonzalez]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** [[Koichi Morishita]], Japanese long-distance\n        runner\\n** [[Arnel Pineda]], Filipino singer-songwriter\\n** [[Matthias Sammer]],\n        German football player\\n** [[Jane Sixsmith]], English field hockey player\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Macy Gray]], American urban musician\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Akshay Kumar]], Bollywood Actor\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Harry Connick Jr.]], American singer and actor\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Louis\n        C.K.]], American comedian and actor\\n** [[Rob Renzetti]], American animator\\n*\n        [[September 13]]\\n** [[Michael Johnson (sprinter)|Michael Johnson]], American\n        athlete\\n** [[Tim \\\"Ripper\\\" Owens]] American rock singer ([[Judas Priest]],\n        [[Iced Earth]], [[Yngwie Malmsteen]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Tara Fitzgerald]],\n        British actress\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Aleksandr Karelin]], Russian\n        Greco-Roman wrestler\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Kristen Johnston]], American\n        actress\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Faith Hill]], American country singer\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix Sav\\u00f3n]], Cuban boxer\\n** [[Michelle\n        Ruff]], American voice actress\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Masashi Nakayama]],\n        Japanese footballer\\n** [[Jenna Stern]], American actress\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Issel]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Audrey Wasilewski]], American\n        actress and voice actress\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Debi Derryberry]],\n        American voice actress\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Mira Sorvino]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Moon Unit Zappa]], American actress, musician and author\\n*\n        [[September 30]]\\n** [[Emmanuelle Houdart]], Swiss artist\\n** [[Andrea Roth]],\n        Canadian actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Liev Schreiber 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liev\n        Schreiber]]]]\\n[[File:Guy Pearce Cannes 2012 (revised).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Guy\n        Pearce]]]]\\n[[File:EDDIE GUERRERO.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Eddie Guerrero]]]]\\n[[File:Kate\n        Walsh 2011 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate Walsh (actress)|Kate Walsh]]]]\\n[[File:Julia\n        Roberts Cannes 2016 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Roberts]]]]\\n[[File:Joely Fisher\n        at An Evening With Women 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joely Fisher]]]]\\n* [[October\n        2]] – [[Frankie Fredericks]], Namibian athlete\\n* [[October 3]] \\n**\n        [[Rob Liefeld]], American author and illustrador\\n** [[Tiara Jacquelina]],\n        Malaysian actress\\n** [[Denis Villeneuve]], Canadian film director and writer\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Liev Schreiber]], American actor and film director\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Guy Pearce]], English-born Australian actor\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Bruno Bichir]], Mexican actor\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Toni\n        Braxton]], African-American R&B singer\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Eddie Guerrero]],\n        Mexican-American professional wrestler (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 11]]\\n**\n        [[Artie Lange]], American actor, comedian and radio personality\\n** [[David\n        Starr]], American racecar driver\\n** [[Tazz]], American professional wrestler\n        and commentator\\n** [[Peter Thiel]], German-American entrepreneur and venture\n        capitalist \\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Hannu Lintu]], Finnish conductor\\n** [[Trevor\n        Hoffman]], American Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Javier Sotomayor]],\n        Cuban high jumper\\n** [[Kate Walsh (actress)|Kate Walsh]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Davina McCall]], British TV presenter and UK ''''Big\n        Brother'''' host\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Dif]], Danish-Algerian\n        singer (''''Aqua'''')\\n** [[Venus Terzo]], Canadian actress/voice actress\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** [[Salvatore Di Vittorio]], Italian composer-conductor\\n**\n        [[Ulrike Maier]], Austrian alpine skier (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Carlos Mencia]],\n        Latino-American actor and standup comedian\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Jacqueline\n        McKenzie]], Australian actress\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Keith Urban]],\n        New Zealand-born Australian country music singer\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Scott Weiland]], American musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Julia\n        Roberts]], American actress\\n** [[Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein]]\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Joely Fisher]], American actress\\n** [[P\\u00e9ter Kun]],\n        Hungarian guitarist (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Rufus Sewell]], English actor\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Brad Aitken]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Ty Detmer]], American\n        NFL quarterback; 1990 Heisman Trophy winner\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Vanilla\n        Ice]], American rapper\\n** [[Buddy Lazier]], American race car driver\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Rebecca\n        Schaeffer 86-88.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Rebecca Schaeffer]]]]\\n[[File:David Guetta\n        2013-04-12 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Guetta]]]]\\n[[File:JimmyKimmelHWOFJan2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy\n        Kimmel]]]]                                                    \\n[[File:Boris\n        Becker 14.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boris Becker]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Ruffalo June 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark\n        Ruffalo]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Tina Arena]], Australian singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\n** [[Akira Ishida]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Scott Walker\n        (politician)|Scott Walker]], American legislator and politician; 45th Governor\n        of Wisconsin (2011\\u2013present)\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Steven Wilson]],\n        British musician\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Judy Reyes]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Rebecca Schaeffer]], American actress (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]]\\n** [[David Guetta]], French DJ and songwriter\\n** [[Sharleen\n        Spiteri]], Scottish singer-songwriter\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Courtney\n        Thorne-Smith]], American actress\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Gil de Ferran]],\n        Brazilian race car driver\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Juhi Chawla]], Indian former\n        beauty queen and actress\\n** [[Jimmy Kimmel]], American comedian and talk\n        show host\\n** [[Steve Zahn]], American actor\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Letitia\n        Dean]], English actress\\n** [[Mary Woodvine]], British actress\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ozon]], French writer and director\\n* [[November\n        16]] – [[Lisa Bonet]], American actress\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Teoman]],\n        Turkish rock singer and songwriter\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Ken Block]],\n        American racing driver\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Boris Becker]], German tennis\n        player\\n** [[Mark Ruffalo]], American actor\\n** [[Bart Veldkamp]], Dutch-born\n        speed skater\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Salli Richardson]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Anthony Nesty]], Surinamese swimmer\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[Anna Nicole Smith]], American model and actress (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jamie\n        Foxx by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamie Foxx]]]]\\n[[File:Criss angel\n        (cropped version).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Criss Angel]]]]\\n[[File:Saakashvili76589.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikheil\n        Saakashvili]]]]\\n[[File:Carla Bruni-Sarkozy (3).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carla Bruni]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\n** [[Nestor Carbonell]], American actor\\n** [[Reggie Sanders]],\n        American Major League Baseball outfielder\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Adamski]],\n        English dance music producer\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Knez (singer)|Knez]],\n        Montenegrin singer\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Judd Apatow]], American screenwriter\n        and producer\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Hacken Lee]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n**\n        [[Tino Martinez]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Kotono\n        Mitsuishi]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Joshua Bell]],\n        American violinist\\n** [[Caryn Kadavy]], American figure skater\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Mo''Nique]], African-American actress and comedian \\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Peter Kelamis]], Australian voice actor\\n* [[December 12]]\n        – [[John Randle]], American football player\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Jamie\n        Foxx]], African-American actor and singer\\n** [[Y\\u016bji Oda]], Japanese\n        singer and actor\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Ewa Bia\\u0142o\\u0142\\u0119cka]],\n        Polish writer                                                                                                                                    \\n**\n        [[Louise Lear]], BBC Weather Prestnter\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Mo Vaughn]],\n        American Baseball player\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Donovan Bailey]], Canadian\n        athlete\\n** [[Miranda Otto]], Australian actress\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Gigi D''Agostino]], Italian musician and DJ\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Toine\n        van Peperstraten]], Dutch sports journalist\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Criss\n        Angel]], American musician, magician, illusionist, escapologist, and stunt\n        performer\\n** [[Charles Austin]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[December 20]]\n        – [[Eugenia Cauduro]], Mexican actress and model\\n* [[December 21]]\n        – [[Mikheil Saakashvili]], Georgian politician, 3rd [[President of Georgia]]\n        and [[Governor of Odessa Oblast]]\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[Dan Petrescu]],\n        Romanian footballer\\n** [[Juan Manuel Bernal]], Mexican actor\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Carla Bruni]], Italian-French model, singer-songwriter, former\n        First Lady of France\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Richard Manning]], British\n        cycling legend, Ironman\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Timo Karppinen]], Finnish\n        orienteer\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Andr\\u00e1s Roszt\\u00f3czy]], Hungarian\n        gastroenterologist\\n* [[Joan Vizcarra]], Spanish artist\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n[[File:CE5301C.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Ruby]]]]\\n[[File:Barney\n        Ross.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barney Ross]]]]\\n[[File:Eddie Tolan 1932.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Tolan]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Moon Mullican]], American country singer\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Mary Garden]], Scottish opera singer\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Jack Ruby]], American killer of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Donald Campbell]], English water and\n        land speed record seeker (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Mohamed Khider]], Algerian politician\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Waldo Frank]], American novelist\n        and historian (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Holland Smith]], American\n        general (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Mikl\\u00f3s K\\u00e1llay]],\n        34th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Evelyn\n        Nesbit]], American actress and model (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Barney Ross]], American\n        boxer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Harry Antrim]], American actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Ann Sheridan]], American actress\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Luigi Federzoni]], Italian Fascist\n        politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl\n        of Kilmuir]], British politician, lawyer, and judge (b. [[1900]])\\n** Crew\n        of [[Apollo 1]] (launch pad fire):\\n*** [[Edward Higgins White|Edward White]],\n        American astronaut (b. [[1930]])\\n*** [[Gus Grissom]], American astronaut\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n*** [[Roger Chaffee]], American astronaut (b. [[1935]])\\n**\n        [[Alphonse Juin]], Marshal of France (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Luigi Tenco]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Eddie Tolan]],\n        American athlete (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J.\n        Robert Oppenheimer]]]]\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Albert Orsborn]], 6th General\n        of The Salvation Army (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Martine Carol]],\n        French actress (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]], [[United States\n        Secretary of the Treasury]] during [[World War II]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]   [[David Unaipon]], Australian author and inventor (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[Victor Gollancz]], British publisher (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Sig Ruman]], German actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February\n        15]] – [[Antonio Moreno]], Spanish actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Smiley Burnette]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Ciro Alegr\\u00eda]],  Peruvian journalist, politician, and\n        novelist (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]],\n        American physicist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Charles Beaumont]],\n        American writer (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Franz Waxman]], German-American\n        composer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Hilliard Almond Wilbanks]], Medal of Honor recipient\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Henry Luce]], American publisher\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Mossadeghmohammad.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohammad\n        Mosaddegh]]]]\\n[[File:Kod\\u00e1ly Zolt\\u00e1n 1930s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zolt\\u00e1n\n        Kod\\u00e1ly]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Gordon Harker]], English actor (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Mart\\u00ednez Ruiz|Jos\\u00e9 Mart\\u00ednez Ruiz, ''Azor\\u00edn'']],\n        Spanish writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\n** [[Mischa Auer]], Russian-born\n        actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]], Iranian politician, 35th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iran]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Georges Vanier]], Canadian Governor\n        General (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[John Haden Badley]], English author\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Nelson Eddy]], American singer and actor (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Harlan]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Kod\\u00e1ly]],\n        Hungarian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Alice B. Toklas]],\n        American personality (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Geraldine Farrar]],\n        American soprano (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Hanns Lothar]], German actor (b. [[1929]])\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Marcellus Boss]], American politician, member of the\n        [[Kansas Senate]] and the 5th [[Civilian Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]] – [[Jaroslav Heyrovsk\\u00fd]], Czech chemist, Nobel Prize\n        laureate (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Jean Toomer]], American writer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Don Alvarado]], American actor (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[Image:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004,\n        Konrad Adenauer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Konrad Adenauer]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Laura Evangelista Alvarado Cardozo]], Venezuelan [[Roman Catholic]] religious\n        professed and blessed (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Guy Chamberlin]],\n        American football player and coach and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall\n        of Fame]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Al Lewis (lyricist)|Al Lewis]], American songwriter\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Hermann Joseph Muller]], American geneticist,\n        recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Buster Bailey]], American jazz clarinetist (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – Luis Somoza Debayle]], 26th President of Nicaragua (b.\n        [[1922]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Tot\\u00f2]], Italian actor (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Red Allen]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Friedrich Heiler]], German theologian and historian\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[Konrad Adenauer]], German statesman,\n        27th [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany]]\n        and Christian Democratic leader (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[William Boyle, 12th Earl\n        of Cork and Orrery|William Boyle]], British Admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April\n        22]] – [[Tom Conway]], British actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[Edgar Neville]], Spanish playwright and film director (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April\n        24]] \\n** [[Vladimir Komarov]], Soviet cosmonaut (parachute failure) (b. [[1927]])\\n**\n        [[Jacques Brunius]], French actor and director (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Frank Overton]],\n        American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Joseph Boxhall]], British\n        sailor, fourth officer of the {{RMS|Titanic}} (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Benjamin\n        Foulois]], American Brigadier General (USAF), first rated U.S. military pilot,\n        trained by the [[Wright brothers]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[William\n        Douglas Cook]], founder of [[Eastwoodhill Arboretum]] and [[Pukeiti, Taranaki|Pukeiti]],\n        (New Zealand) (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Anthony Mann]], American\n        actor and director (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[Image:John Masefield 1913.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Masefield]]]]\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Zhou Zuoren]], Chinese writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Judith Evelyn]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** [[The Andrews Sisters|Laverne Andrews]], American singer (b. [[1911]])\\n**\n        [[Barbara Payton]], American actress (b. [[1927]])\\n** [[Elmer Rice]], American\n        playwright (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Philippa Schuyler]], American\n        journalist (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Lorenzo Bandini]], Italian\n        Formula One driver (b. [[1935]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[John Masefield]],\n        English poet and novelist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\n** [[Edward Hopper]],\n        American painter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Italo Mus]], Italian painter (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Andy Clyde]], Scottish actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 21]]\n        \\n** [[G\\u00e9za Lakatos]], Hungarian general and politician, 36th [[Prime\n        Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Rexhep Mitrovica]], Albanian politician,\n        18th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Langston\n        Hughes]], American writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Johannes Itten]],\n        Swiss painter (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Georg Wilhelm Pabst]],\n        Austrian film director (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Claude Rains]],\n        British actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Billy Strayhorn]], American\n        composer and pianist (b. [[1915]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Young Dorothy Parker.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Dorothy\n        Parker]]]]\\n[[File:Spencer tracy state of the union.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Spencer\n        Tracy]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Arthur Tedder]], British air force general,\n        Marshal of the Royal Air Force (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Arthur\n        Biram]], Israeli philosopher and educator, and [[Israel Prize]] recipient\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Dorothy Parker]], American writer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Spencer Tracy]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Wolfgang K\\u00f6hler]], German psychologist (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] \\n** [[Gerald Patterson]], Australian tennis champion (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Edward Leonard Ellington]], British military,  Marshal of the Royal Air\n        Force (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Eddie Eagan]], American sportsman\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Reginald Denny (actor)|Reginald Denny]],\n        English actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Vernon Huber]], American\n        admiral and 36th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 26]]\n        – [[Fran\\u00e7oise Dorl\\u00e9ac]], French actress (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** [[Primo Carnera]], Italian boxer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Jayne Mansfield]],\n        American actress (car accident) (b. [[1933]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Vivien\n        Leigh Gone Wind Restored.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vivien Leigh]]]]\\n[[File:Carl Sandburg\n        NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carl Sandburg]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Gerhard\n        Ritter]], German historian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Fatima Jinnah]],\n        Pakistani ''Mother of the Nation'' (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Vivien Leigh]], English\n        actress (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Douglas MacLean]], American actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Eugen Fischer]], German professor of medicine, anthropology\n        and eugenics (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Tommy Lucchese]], Italian-American\n        gangster (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Tudor Arghezi]], Romanian\n        writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[John Coltrane]], American jazz saxophonist\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[Cyril Ring]], American film actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July\n        18]] – [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]], 26th [[President of Brazil]]\n        (plane crash) (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Lewis H. Brereton]],\n        American aviation pioneer and air force general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n**\n        [[Jimmie Foxx]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Albert Lutuli]],\n        South African politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize\\n** [[Basil Rathbone]],\n        British actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Carl Sandburg]], American\n        poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Margaret Kennedy]], English writer\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:President Don Manuel Prado.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Manuel\n        Prado Ugarteche]]]]\\n[[File:Nathaniel Cartmell 1908.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nathaniel\n        Cartmell]]]]\\n[[File:Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Retouched).png|thumb|100px|[[Stanley\n        Bruce]]]]\\n[[Image:Brian Epstein 1965.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Epstein]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Richard Kuhn]], Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Walter Terence Stace]], British philosopher\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Joe Orton]], English playwright (murdered)\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Anton Walbrook]], Austrian actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Jane Darwell]], American actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Magritte]], Belgian painter (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Manuel\n        Prado Ugarteche]], 2-Time [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Hugo Gernsback]], Luxembourg-born editor and publisher (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Isaac Deutscher]], British Marxist historian (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – [[Gregory Goodwin Pincus]], American biologist and researcher (b.\n        [[1903]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Nathaniel Cartmell]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Henry J. Kaiser]], American industrialist\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Lam Bun]], Hong Kong radio commentator (b. [[1930]])\\n*\n        [[August 25]]\\n** [[Stanley Bruce]], 8th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n** [[Paul Muni]], Polish actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[George Lincoln\n        Rockwell]], American Nazi Party leader (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Brian Epstein]], English band manager (''''[[The Beatles]]'''') (b. [[1934]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Ad Reinhardt]], American painter (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], Russian writer (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[Image:Siegfried Sassoon by George Charles Beresford (1915).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Siegfried\n        Sassoon]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[James Dunn (actor)|James Dunn]], American\n        actor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Ilse Koch]], Nazi German war criminal (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Siegfried Sassoon]], British poet (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        [[Francis Ouimet]], American professional golfer (b.[[1893]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] – [[Tadeusz \\u017byli\\u0144ski]], Polish technician and textilist\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Vladimir Bartol]], Slovene author\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Varian Fry]], American journalist\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Ethel May Halls]], American theatrical\n        and film actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[John Cockcroft]],\n        English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Stanislaus Zbyszko]], professional wrestler (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September\n        27]] – Prince [[Felix Yusupov]], Russian assassin of Rasputin (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n** [[Ludwig Donath]], Austrian actor (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Carson\n        McCullers]], American writer (brain hemorrhage) (b. [[1917]])\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n[[Image:Clement Attlee.png|thumb|100px|[[Clement Attlee]]]]\\n[[Image:CheHigh.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Che\n        Guevara]]]]\\n[[File:Aisin-Gioro Puyi 01.jpg|thumb|100px|Emperor [[Puyi|Xuantong]]]]\\n[[File:Shigeru\n        Yoshida smiling2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shigeru Yoshida]]]]\\n* [[October 3]]\\n**\n        [[Woody Guthrie]], American folk musician (Huntington''s disease) (b. [[1912]])\\n**\n        Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]], English conductor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Pinto Colvig]],\n        American vaudeville actor, radio actor, newspaper cartoonist, prolific movie\n        voice actor, and circus performer (original voice of [[Goofy]]) (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Claude C. Bloch]], American admiral (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – [[Norman Angell]], British politician, recipient of\n        the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Clement Attlee]],\n        British politician, 60th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\n** [[Che Guevara]], Argentine communist revolutionary (executed)\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]], English chemist, Nobel Prize\n        laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Edith Storey]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Pilates]], German physical culturist and developer of [[Pilates]]\n        (b. 1883)\\n** [[Gordon Allport]], American psychologist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Nat Pendleton]], American actor and Olympic wrestler (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Puyi|Xuantong Emperor]], last Emperor of China (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Shigeru Yoshida]], Japanese diplomat\n        and politician, 32nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Helen Palmer Geisel]], Dr. Seuss'' first wife (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – [[Margaret Ayer Barnes]], American playwright, novelist,\n        and short-story writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Julien Duvivier]],\n        French film director (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[Image:JohnNanceGarner.png|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Nance Garner]]]]\\n[[File:L%C3%A9on_M%27ba_1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[L\\u00e9on\n        M''ba]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Joseph Kesselring]], American playwright\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[John Nance Garner]], [[List of Vice\n        Presidents of the United States|32nd]] [[Vice President of the United States]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\n** [[Charles Bickford]], American actor\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Leslie Brooke (racing driver)|Leslie Brooke]], English\n        racing driver (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Harriet Cohen]],\n        English pianist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Alice Lake]], American\n        actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Casimir Funk]], Polish biochemist\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Charles J. Watters]], U.S. Army chaplain, Medal of Honor\n        recipient (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[C. M. Eddy Jr.]], American\n        writer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Florence Reed]], American stage actress (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Ossip Zadkine]], Russian sculptor, painter and lithographer\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Albert Warner]], American film\n        producer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[L\\u00e9on M''ba]], 1st\n        [[President of Gabon]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Ferenc M\\u00fcnnich]],\n        47th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Theodore Marcuse]], American\n        actor (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Bert Lahr Circa 1940s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bert\n        Lahr]]]]\\n[[File:Otis Redding (2).png|thumb|100px|[[Otis Redding]]]]\\n[[File:HaroldHolt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harold\n        Holt]]]]\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]],\n        British phonetician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Bert Lahr]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Wismer]], American broadcaster and pro football owner (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]] – [[House Peters, Sr.]], British-born actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] (in an air crash):\\n** [[Otis Redding]], American singer (b.\n        [[1941]])\\n** [[Ronnie Caldwell]], American musician (b. [[1948]])\\n** [[Phalon\n        Jones]], American musician (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Harold Holt]],\n        17th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (body never found) (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Perrin]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\n** [[Stuart\n        Erwin]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Ejnar Hertzsprung]],  Danish chemist\n        and astronomer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Karl Ristenpart]],\n        German conductor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Sydney Barnes]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Katharine McCormick]],\n        American feminist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Paul Whiteman]],\n        American bandleader (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Vincent Massey]],\n        former Canadian Governor General (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 31]] –\n        [[Rodger Penzabene]], [[Motown]] songwriter (b. [[1944]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n[[File:Sepahdar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fathollah Khan Akbar]]]]\\n* [[Fathollah\n        Khan Akbar]], Iranian cabinet minister, 17th [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[Bhikhan Lal Atreya]], Indian writer and scholar (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[Ali Akbar Bahman]], Iranian diplomat and politician (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[Ferran\n        Sunyer i Balaguer]], Spanish mathematician (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[Barbara Freire-Marreco]],\n        British anthropologist and folklorist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[Ken Battefield]],\n        American artist (b. ? )\\n* [[Charles Exeter Devereux Crombie]], Scottish cartoonist\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Hans Albrecht Bethe]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Manfred Eigen]], [[Ronald George\n        Wreyford Norrish]], [[George Porter]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Ragnar Granit]], [[Haldan Keffer Hartline]], [[George\n        Wald]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel\n        Asturias]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==Sources==\\n*\n        [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847844\n        1967 \\u2013 Headlines] A report from Michael Wallace of WCBS Newsradio 880\n        (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years of newsradio.\\n*\n        [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847869\n        1967 \\u2013 The Year in Sound] An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS\n        Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years\n        of newsradio.\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1967-pictures.html 1967 Coin Pictures]\\n*\n        [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about\n        the Expo 67]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1967}}\\n[[Category:1967|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T21:37:52Z\",\"lastrevid\":799791608,\"length\":104063,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967\"},\"34655\":{\"pageid\":34655,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1968\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T10:54:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{redirect|''68|the\n        1988 film|''68 (film)|the American rock band|''68 (band)|the 2013 album|''68\n        (album)|the comic book series|''68 (comic book)}}\\n{{Year dab|1968|the song|An\n        American Carol}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year nav|1968}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1968}} This was the year of the [[Protests\n        of 1968]].\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Captain\n        Franklin P. Eller during Tet Offensive Vietnam.jpg|thumb|125px|right| [[January\n        30]]: [[Tet Offensive|Tet]] begins.]]\\n* [[January 5]] – ''''[[Prague\n        Spring]]'''': [[Alexander Dub\\u010dek]] is chosen as the leader of the Communist\n        Party in [[Czechoslovakia]].{{cite book|last=Navazelskis|first=Inabhfghh|title=Alexander\n        Dubcek|publisher=Chelsea House Publications|year=1990|isbn=1-55546-831-4}}\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] endorses the\n        ''''[[I''m Backing Britain]]'''' campaign for working an additional half-hour\n        each day without pay.{{cite news|first=John|last=Chartres|title=Wilson\n        Joins ''I Back Britain''|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=9 January\n        1968|page=1}}\\n* [[January 14]] – The [[1967 Green Bay Packers\n        season|Green Bay Packers]] defeat the [[1967 Oakland Raiders season|Oakland\n        Raiders]] by the score of 33-14 in [[Super Bowl II]] at the [[Miami Orange\n        Bowl]].\\n* [[January 15]] – An [[1968 Belice earthquake|earthquake]]\n        in Sicily kills 380 and injures around 1,000.{{cite news|title=Italy:\n        The Day the Earth Shook|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837724,00.html|newspaper=[[Time\n        (magazine)|Time]]|date=26 January 1968|accessdate=2 August 2011}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI99/CPTI_finestre.html|title=Catalogo\n        Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani}}\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Lyndon\n        B. Johnson]] calls for the non-conversion of the U.S. dollar.\\n* [[January\n        21]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Battle of Khe Sanh]]: One of the most publicized\n        and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on [[April 8]].\\n** A\n        U.S. [[B-52 Stratofortress]] [[1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash|crashes in Greenland]],\n        discharging 4 [[nuclear bomb]]s.\\n* [[January 22]] – ''''[[Rowan & Martin''s\n        Laugh-In]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]].\\n* [[January 23]] – [[North Korea]]\n        seizes the {{USS|Pueblo|AGER-2|6}}, claiming the ship violated its territorial\n        waters while spying.\\n* [[January 25]] – The [[Israel]]i submarine {{INS|Dakar}}\n        sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 69.\\n[[File:USS Pueblo (AGER-2).jpg|thumb|125px|right|\n        [[January 23]] ''''[[USS Pueblo (AGER-2)|USS Pueblo]]'''']]\\n* [[January 28]]\n        – The [[France|French]] submarine ''''[[French submarine Minerve (S647)|Minerve]]''''\n        sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 52.\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The [[Tet Offensive]] begins, as [[Viet Cong]] forces launch a series\n        of surprise attacks across [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Vi\\u1ec7t\n        C\\u1ed9ng]] soldiers attack the [[US Embassy, Saigon]].\\n** [[Nauru]] president\n        [[Hammer DeRoburt]] declares independence from [[Australia]].\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: A [[Viet Cong]] officer named [[Nguy\\u1ec5n\n        V\\u0103n L\\u00e9m]] is executed by [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Ng\\u1ecdc Loan]], a [[South\n        Vietnam]]ese National Police Chief. The event is photographed by [[Eddie Adams\n        (photographer)|Eddie Adams]]. The photo makes headlines around the world,\n        eventually winning the [[1969 Pulitzer Prize]], and sways U.S. public opinion\n        against the war.\\n** The [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] and the [[New York Central\n        Railroad]] merge to form [[Penn Central]], the largest ever corporate [[Mergers\n        and acquisitions|merger]] up to this date.\\n* [[February 6]]–[[February\n        18]] – The [[1968 Winter Olympics]] are held in [[Grenoble]], France.\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[American civil rights movement]]: A [[Orangeburg\n        massacre|civil rights protest]] staged at a white-only [[bowling alley]] in\n        [[Orangeburg, South Carolina]] is broken up by highway patrolmen; 3 college\n        students are killed.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**  Border clashes take place between\n        [[Israel]] and [[Jordan]].\\n** [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City\n        opens at its current location.\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Vietnam War]]:\n        [[Phong Nh\\u1ecb and Phong Nh\\u1ea5t massacre]].\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        Civil rights disturbances occur at the [[University of Wisconsin\\u2013Madison]]\n        and the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]].\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – Administrative reforms in [[Romania]] divide the country into 39 [[jude\\u021b|counties]].\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\n** The [[Florida Education Association]] (FEA) initiates\n        a mass resignation of teachers to protest state funding of education. This\n        is, in effect, the first statewide [[Florida statewide teachers'' strike of\n        1968|teachers'' strike]] in the United States.\\n** [[National Educational\n        Television|NET]] televises the very first episode of ''''[[Mister Rogers''\n        Neighborhood]]''''.\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Tet\n        Offensive]] is halted; [[South Vietnam]] recaptures [[Hu\\u1ebf]].\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[H\\u00e0 My massacre]].\\n* [[February 27]]\n        – Ex-[[The Teenagers|Teenagers]] singer [[Frankie Lymon]] is found dead\n        from a [[heroin]] [[overdose]] in [[Harlem]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[First\n        Battle of Saigon]] ends.\\n* [[March 8]] – The first student protests\n        spark the [[1968 Polish political crisis]].\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Battle\n        of Lima Site 85]], the largest single ground combat loss of United States\n        Air Force members (12) during the then-secret war later known as the [[Laotian\n        Civil War]].\\n* [[March 11]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]\n        mandates that all computers purchased by the federal government support the\n        [[ASCII]] [[character encoding]].[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (March 11, 1968).\n        [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28724 Memorandum Approving\n        the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information\n        Interchange]. ''''The American Presidency Project''''. Accessed 2008-04-14.\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Mauritius]] achieves independence from British rule.\\n**\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] barely edges out antiwar candidate [[Eugene\n        McCarthy]] in the [[New Hampshire Democratic primary]], a vote which highlights\n        the deep divisions in the country, and the party, over [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[March\n        13]] – The first [[Rotaract]] club is chartered in [[North Charlotte]],\n        North Carolina.\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Nerve gas]] leaks from the U.S.\n        Army [[Dugway Proving Ground]] near [[Skull Valley (Utah)|Skull Valley, Utah]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – British [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth\n        Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[George Brown, Baron George-Brown|George Brown]]\n        resigns.\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[My Lai Massacre]]:\n        American troops kill scores of civilians. The story will first become public\n        in November 1969 and will help undermine public support for the U.S. efforts\n        in Vietnam.\\n** U.S. Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] enters the race for the\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] presidential nomination.\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – A demonstration in London''s [[Grosvenor Square]] against\n        U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] leads to violence; 91 people are injured,\n        200 demonstrators arrested.\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Gold standard]]: The\n        [[United States Congress]] repeals the requirement for a [[gold]] reserve\n        to back U.S. currency.\\n* [[March 19]]–[[March 23]] – [[Afrocentrism]],\n        [[Black Power]], [[Vietnam War]]: Students at [[Howard University]] in Washington,\n        D.C., signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in\n        the U.S. Students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege\n        to the administration building, shutting down the university in protest over\n        its [[ROTC]] program and the Vietnam War, and demanding a more Afrocentric\n        curriculum.\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]] (\\\"Danny the Red\\\")\n        and 7 other students occupy the administrative offices of the [[University\n        of Nanterre]], setting in motion a chain of events that lead France to the\n        brink of revolution in May.\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Aer Lingus Flight 712]]\n        crashes en route from [[Cork Airport|Cork]] to London near [[Tuskar Rock,\n        Ireland|Tuskar Rock, Wexford]], killing 61 passengers and crew.\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Joan Baez]] marries activist [[David Harris (protester)|David\n        Harris]] in New York.\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Brazil]]ian high school student\n        [[Edson Lu\\u00eds de Lima Souto]] is shot by the police in a protest for cheaper\n        meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death\n        is one of the first major events against the military dictatorship.\\n* [[March\n        31]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces he will not seek\n        re-election.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** Bombs explode at midnight\n        in two department stores in [[Frankfurt-am-Main]]; [[Andreas Baader]] and\n        [[Gudrun Ensslin]] are later arrested and sentenced for [[arson]].\\n** The\n        film  ''''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'''' premieres\n        in Washington, D.C.\\n* [[April 3]] – The American movie ''''[[Planet\n        of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'''' is released in theaters.\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] is [[Assassination of Martin Luther\n        King Jr.|shot dead]] at the [[Lorraine Motel]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]].\n        [[King assassination riots|Riots erupt]] in major American cities, lasting\n        for several days afterwards.\\n** [[Apollo program]]: Apollo-Saturn mission\n        502 (''''[[Apollo 6]]'''') is launched, as the second and last unmanned test-flight\n        of the [[Saturn V]] launch vehicle.\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** ''''[[La, la, la]]''''\n        by [[Massiel]] (music and lyrics by Manuel de la Calva and Ram\\u00f3n Arcusa)\n        wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1968]] for Spain, at the [[Royal Albert\n        Hall]] in London.\\n** A shootout between [[Black Panthers]] and [[Oakland,\n        California|Oakland]] police results in several arrests and deaths, including\n        16-year-old Panther [[Bobby Hutton]].\\n** A [[Richmond, Indiana explosion|double\n        explosion]] in downtown [[Richmond, Indiana]] kills 41 and injures 150.\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – Racing driver [[Jim Clark]] is killed in a [[Formula 2]]\n        race at [[Hockenheimring|Hockenheim]].\\n* [[April 8]] – The [[Bureau\n        of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]] (under [[United States Department of Justice|Department\n        of Justice]]) (BNDD) is created.\\n* [[April 10]] – The ferry {{ship|TEV|Wahine}}\n        strikes a [[reef]] at the mouth of [[Wellington Harbour]], New Zealand, with\n        the loss of 53 lives, in Cyclone Giselle, which created the windiest conditions\n        ever recorded in New Zealand.\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Josef Bachmann]] tries\n        to assassinate [[Rudi Dutschke]], leader of the left-wing movement ([[Ausserparlamentarische\n        Opposition|APO]]) in Germany, and tries to commit suicide afterwards, failing\n        in both, although Dutschke dies of his brain injuries 11 years later.\\n**\n        German left-wing students blockade the [[Axel Springer AG|Springer Press]]\n        HQ in Berlin and many are arrested (one of them [[Ulrike Meinhof]]).\\n** U.S.\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]].\\n**\n        [[MGM]]''s classic film ''''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''''\n        makes its [[NBC]] debut after being telecast on [[CBS]] since 1956. It will\n        remain on NBC for the next 8 years.\\n* [[April 18]] – [[John Rennie\n        the Elder|John Rennie]]''s 1831 New [[London Bridge]] is sold to [[Arizona]]\n        entrepreneur [[Robert P. McCulloch]] and is rebuilt in [[Lake Havasu City,\n        Arizona]], reopening on October 5, 1971.\\n* [[April 20]] \\n** [[Pierre Elliott\n        Trudeau]] becomes the 15th Prime Minister of Canada.\\n\\\"Pierre Elliott\n        Trudeau.\\\" Prime Minister of Canada. August 26, 2013. Accessed April 8, 2015.\\n**\n        English politician [[Enoch Powell]] makes his controversial [[Rivers of Blood\n        speech]].\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** President [[Mobutu]] releases captured [[mercenary|mercenaries]]\n        in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n** Surgeons at the H\\u00f4pital\n        de la Piti\\u00e9, Paris, perform Europe''s first heart transplant, on Clovis\n        Roblain.\\n** The [[United Methodist Church]] is created by the union of the\n        former Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren churches.\\n* [[April 23]]–[[April\n        30]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Student protesters at [[Columbia University]]\n        in New York City take over administration buildings and shut down the university\n        (see main article [[Columbia University protests of 1968]]).\\n* [[April 26]]\n        – The [[nuclear weapon]] \\\"Boxcar\\\" is [[nuclear weapons testing|tested]]\n        at the [[Nevada Test Site]] in the biggest detonation of [[Operation Crosstie]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – The musical ''''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'''' officially\n        opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        The [[Israel Broadcasting Authority]] commences television broadcasts.\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Braniff Flight 352]] crashes near [[Dawson, Texas]], killing\n        all 85 persons on board.\\n* [[May 13]] – [[May 1968 protests in France|Paris\n        student riots]]: One million march through the streets of Paris.\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] wins the  [[1967\\u201368\n        Football League First Division]] by 2 clear points, over club rivals Manchester\n        United\\n* [[May 14]] – [[The Beatles]] announce the creation of [[Apple\n        Records]] in a New York press conference.\\n* [[May 15]] – An outbreak\n        of severe thunderstorms produces [[May 1968 tornado outbreak|tornadoes]],\n        causing massive damage and heavy casualties in [[Charles City, Iowa]], [[Oelwein,\n        Iowa]], and [[Jonesboro, Arkansas]].\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Ronan Point]],\n        a 23 floor tower block in Canning Town, east London, partially collapses after\n        a gas explosion, killing 5.\\n* [[May 17]] – The [[Catonsville Nine]]\n        enter the [[Selective Service]] offices in [[Catonsville, Maryland]], take\n        dozens of selective service draft records, and burn them with [[napalm]] as\n        a protest against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[May 18]] – West Bromwich\n        Albion win the Football Association Cup, defeating Everton 1-0 after extra\n        time. The winning goal was scored by Jeff Astle.\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Italian\n        general election, 1968|A general election]] is held in Italy.\\n** Nigerian\n        forces capture [[Port Harcourt]] and form a ring around the [[Nigerian Civil\n        War|Biafrans]]. This contributes to a humanitarian disaster as the surrounded\n        population already suffers from hunger and starvation.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        The U.S. nuclear-powered [[submarine]] [[USS Scorpion (SSN-589)|''''Scorpion'''']]\n        sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the [[Azores]].\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] wins the [[European\n        Champion Clubs'' Cup|European Cup Final]], becoming the first English team\n        to do so.\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Bobby Unser]] wins the [[Indianapolis 500]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Radical feminism|Radical feminist]] [[Valerie\n        Solanas]] shoots [[Andy Warhol]] as he enters his studio, wounding him.\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – The [[S&P 500|Standard & Poor''s 500]] index closes above\n        100 for the first time, at 100.38.\\n* [[June 5]] – U.S. presidential\n        candidate [[Robert F. Kennedy]] is [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|shot]]\n        at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles.\n        [[Sirhan Sirhan]] is arrested. Kennedy dies from his injuries the next day.\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[James Earl Ray]] is arrested for the assassination of\n        [[Martin Luther King Jr.]].\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Italy national football\n        team|Italy]] beats [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] 2\\u20130\n        in a replay to win the [[UEFA Euro 1968|1968 European Championship]]. The\n        original final on [[June 8]] ended 1\\u20131.\\n* [[June 12]] – The film\n        ''''[[Rosemary''s Baby (film)|Rosemary''s Baby]]'''' premieres in the U.S.\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – The [[Malayan Communist Party]] launches a second insurgency\n        and the [[Second Malayan Emergency|state of emergency]] is again imposed in\n        [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Austin Currie]], Member of Parliament\n        at [[Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)|Stormont]] in [[Northern Ireland]],\n        along with others, squats a house in [[Caledon, County Tyrone|Caledon]] to\n        protest discrimination in housing allocations.\\n* [[June 23]] – A [[Supercl\\u00e1sico#Puerta\n        12 tragedy|football stampede]] in [[Buenos Aires]] leaves 74 dead and 150\n        injured.\\n* [[June 24]] – Giorgio Rosa declares the independence of\n        his [[Republic of Rose Island]], an artificial island off [[Rimini]], Italy.\n        Italian troops demolish it not long after.\\n* [[June 26]] – The [[Bonin\n        Islands]] are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United\n        States Navy.\\n* [[June 30]] – The [[Lockheed C-5 Galaxy]] heavy [[military\n        transport aircraft]] first flies in the U.S. This model will still be in service\n        40 years later.\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Central Intelligence\n        Agency]]''s [[Phoenix Program]] is officially established.\\n** The [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] opens for signature.\\n* [[July 4]] – Yachtsman\n        [[Alec Rose]], 59, receives a hero''s welcome as he sails into [[Portsmouth]],\n        England after his 354-day round-the-world trip.\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** –\n        The [[soap opera]] ''''[[One Life to Live]]'''' premieres on [[American Broadcasting\n        Company|ABC]].\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Saddam Hussein]] becomes Vice Chairman\n        of the Revolutionary Council in [[Iraq]] after a ''''[[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]''''.\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – The semiconductor company [[Intel]] is founded.\\n* [[July\n        20]] – The first International [[Special Olympics]] Summer Games are\n        held at [[Soldier Field]] in Chicago, Ill, with about 1,000 athletes with\n        intellectual disabilities. \\n* [[July 23]]–[[July 28]] – Black\n        militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police\n        in the [[Glenville Shootout]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio]], in the United States.\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] publishes the [[encyclical]] entitled\n        ''''[[Humanae vitae]]'''', condemning [[birth control]].\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        Vietnam War: [[South Vietnam]]ese opposition leader [[Tr\\u01b0\\u01a1ng \\u0110\\u00ecnh\n        Dzu]] is sentenced to 5 years [[hard labor]], for advocating the formation\n        of a [[coalition government]] as a way to move toward an end to the [[war]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – [[Arenal Volcano]] erupts in [[Costa Rica]] for the first\n        time in centuries.\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Thames Television]] starts transmission\n        in London.\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 5]]–[[August 8]] – The\n        [[Republican National Convention]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida]] nominates [[Richard\n        Nixon]] for U.S. President and [[Spiro Agnew]] for Vice President.\\n* [[August\n        11]] – The last steam passenger train service runs in Britain. A selection\n        of [[British Railways]] steam [[locomotive]]s make the 120-mile journey from\n        [[Liverpool]] to [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] and return to Liverpool –\n        the journey is known as the [[Fifteen Guinea Special]].\\n* [[August 18]] –\n        Two charter buses are pushed into the [[Hida River]] on National Highway Route\n        41 in Japan, in an accident caused by heavy rain; 104 are killed.\\n* [[August\n        20]]–[[August 21]] – The ''''[[Prague Spring]]'''' of political\n        liberalization ends, as 750,000 [[Warsaw Pact]] troops and 6,500 [[tank]]s\n        with 800 planes [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invade]] [[Czechoslovakia]].\n        It is dated as the biggest operation in Europe since WWII ended.\\n* [[August\n        21]] – The [[Medal of Honor]] is posthumously awarded to [[James Anderson\n        Jr.]]\\u2013he was the first black [[U.S. Marine]] to be awarded the Medal\n        of Honor.\\n* [[August 24]] – France explodes its first hydrogen bomb.\\n*\n        [[August 22]]–[[August 30]] – Police clash with anti-war protesters\n        in Chicago, [[Illinois]], outside the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]],\n        which nominates [[Hubert Humphrey]] for U.S. President, and [[Edmund Muskie]]\n        for Vice President. The riots and subsequent trials were an essential part\n        of the activism of the [[Youth International Party]].\\n* [[August 28]] –\n        [[John Gordon Mein]], US Ambassador to Guatemala, is assassinated on the streets\n        of Guatemala City. First US Ambassador assassinated in the line of duty.\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Harald V of Norway|Crown Prince Harald]] of Norway\n        marries [[Sonja Haraldsen]], the commoner he has dated for 9 years, in [[Oslo]].\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Swaziland]] becomes independent.\\n** 150 women (members\n        of [[New York Radical Women]]) arrive in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] to\n        [[No More Miss America|protest against]] the [[Miss America]] Pageant, as\n        exploitative of women. Led by activist and author [[Robin Morgan]], it is\n        one of the first large demonstrations of [[Second Wave Feminism]] as [[Women''s\n        Liberation]] begins to gather much media attention.\\n* [[September 11]]\\n**\n        The [[International Association of Classification Societies]] (IACS) is founded.\\n**\n        French General [[Ren\\u00e9 Cogny]] and 94 others die in an [[Air France]]\n        [[Sud Aviation Caravelle|Caravelle]] jetliner crash near [[Nice]] in the [[Mediterranean]].\\n*\n        [[September 13]]\\n** [[Albania]] officially retreats from the Warsaw Pact\n        upon the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, having already\n        ceased to participate actively in Pact activity since [[1962]].\\n** US Army\n        Maj. Gen. [[Keith L. Ware]], WWII Medal of Honor recipient, is killed when\n        his helicopter is shot down in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]]. He is posthumously\n        awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service\n        Cross]].\\n** Agreement for [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] between the\n        [[General Electric Company plc|General Electric Company]] and [[English Electric]],\n        the largest industrial merger in the UK up to this date.\\n* [[September 14]]\n        – [[Detroit Tigers|Detroit Tiger]] [[Denny McLain]] becomes the first\n        baseball pitcher to win 30 games in a season since 1934. He remains the last\n        to accomplish the feat.\\n* [[September 17]] – The [[D''Oliveira affair]]:\n        The [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] tour of South Africa is cancelled when the\n        South Africans refuse to accept the presence of [[Basil D''Oliveira]], a [[Cape\n        Coloured]], in the side.\\n* [[September 20]] – ''''[[Hawaii Five-O]]''''\n        debuts on [[CBS]], and eventually becomes the longest-running crime show in\n        television history, until ''''[[Law & Order]]'''' overtakes it in 2003.\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – The Soviet''s [[Zond 5]] unmanned lunar flyby mission\n        returns to earth, with its first of a kind biological payload intact.\\n* [[September\n        23]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Tet Offensive]] comes to an end in [[South\n        Vietnam]].\\n* [[September 24]] – ''''[[60 Minutes]]'''' debuts on [[CBS]]\n        and is still on the air as of [[2016]].\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Marcelo\n        Caetano]] becomes [[prime minister]] of Portugal.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        A [[referendum]] in Greece gives more power to the military junta.\\n* [[September\n        30]] – At Paine Field, near Everett, Washington in the United States,\n        [[Boeing]] officially rolls out its new [[Boeing 747|747]] for the media and\n        the public.\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:1968 Mexico emblem.svg|220px|thumbnail|right|[[1968\n        Summer Olympics]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Night of the Living Dead]]\n        premieres in the United States. \\n* [[October 2]] – [[Tlatelolco massacre]]:\n        A student demonstration ends in bloodbath at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas\n        in [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]], Mexico City, Mexico, 10 days before\n        the inauguration of the [[1968 Summer Olympics]].\\n* [[October 3]] –\n        In [[Peru]], [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] takes power in a revolution.\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Royal Ulster Constabulary|Police]] baton [[Northern Ireland\n        Civil Rights Association|civil rights]] demonstrators in [[Derry]], [[Northern\n        Ireland]], marking the beginning of [[The Troubles]].\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Feliciano]] At the height of protests against the Vietnam War,\n        Jose Feliciano performed  \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\" at Tiger Stadium in\n        Detroit during Game 5 pre-game ceremonies of the 1968 World Series between\n        the Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals. His personalized, slow, Latin jazz\n        performance[6] proved highly controversial, opening the door for later interpretations\n        of the national anthem.\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation\n        Sealords]]: United States and [[South Vietnam]]ese forces launch a new operation\n        in the [[Mekong Delta]].\\n* [[October 10]] – [[1968 World Series]]:\n        The [[Detroit Tigers]] defeat the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] in 7 games (4-3)\n        after being down 3 games to 1, completing an unlikely comeback against the\n        heavily favored Cardinals led by the overpowering right-handed pitcher [[Bob\n        Gibson]].\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Apollo program]]: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Apollo\n        7]]'''', the first manned Apollo mission ([[Wally Schirra]], [[Donn Eisele]],\n        [[Walter Cunningham]]). Mission goals include the first live [[television]]\n        broadcast from [[orbit]] and testing the [[lunar module]] docking maneuver.\\n**\n        In [[Panama]], a military ''''coup d''\\u00e9tat'''', led by Col. Boris Martinez\n        and Col. [[Omar Torrijos]], overthrows the democratically elected (but highly\n        controversial) government of President [[Arnulfo Arias]]. Within a year, Torrijos\n        ousts Martinez and takes charge as de facto [[Head of Government]] in Panama.\\n*\n        [[October 12]]–[[October 27]] – The [[Games of the XIX Olympiad]]\n        are held in Mexico City, Mexico.\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Equatorial Guinea]]\n        receives its independence from Spain.\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The [[United States Department of Defense]] announces that the [[United\n        States Army]] and [[United States Marines]] will send about 24,000 troops\n        back to [[Vietnam]] for involuntary second tours.\\n* [[October 15]] –\n        [[Led Zeppelin]] makes their first live performance, at [[Surrey University]]\n        in England{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/led-zeppelin\n        |title=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717033456/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/led-zeppelin/\n        |archivedate=July 17, 2015 }}\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** In Mexico City,\n        African-American athletes [[Tommie Smith]] and [[John Carlos]] raise their\n        arms in a [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|black power salute]] after winning,\n        respectively, the gold and bronze medals in the Olympic men''s 200 metres.\\n**\n        [[Kingston, Jamaica]] is rocked by the [[Rodney Riots]], provoked by the banning\n        of [[Walter Rodney]] from the country.\\n* [[October 18]] – US athlete\n        [[Bob Beamon]] breaks the long jump world record by 55 cm / 21 3/4ins\n        at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] in [[Mexico City]]. His record stands for\n        23 years, and is still the second longest jump in history. \\n* [[October 20]]\n        – Former U.S. First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] marries Greek shipping\n        tycoon [[Aristotle Onassis]] on the Greek island of [[Skorpios]].\\n* [[October\n        22]] – The [[Gun Control Act of 1968]] is enacted.\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Vietnam War]]: Citing progress in the Paris peace talks, U.S. President\n        [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete\n        cessation of \\\"all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of [[North Vietnam]]\\\"\n        effective [[November 1]].\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[U.S. presidential\n        election, 1968]]: [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger\n        [[Richard Nixon]] defeats the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]\n        candidate, Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]], and [[American Independent\n        Party]] candidate [[George Wallace|George C. Wallace]].\\n** [[Luis A. Ferr\\u00e9]],\n        of the newly formed [[New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico|New Progressive\n        Party]] is elected [[Governor of Puerto Rico]], by beating incumbent governor\n        [[Roberto S\\u00e1nchez Vilella]] of the [[People''s Party (Puerto Rico)|People''s\n        Party]], [[Luis Negr\\u00f3n L\\u00f3pez]] of the [[Popular Democratic Party\n        of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]] and Antonio J. Gonzalez of the [[Puerto\n        Rican Independence Party]], he also becomes the first \\\"statehooder\\\" governor\n        of the Island.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Operation Commando\n        Hunt]] is initiated to interdict men and supplies on the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]],\n        through [[Laos]] into [[South Vietnam]]. By the end of the operation, 3 million\n        tons of bombs are dropped on Laos, slowing but not seriously disrupting trail\n        operations.\\n** A second [[republic]] is declared in the [[Maldives]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Yale University]] announces it is going to admit\n        women.\\n* [[November 17]] – The [[Heidi Game]]: [[NBC]] cuts off the\n        final 1:05 of an [[Oakland Raiders]]\\u2013[[New York Jets]] football game\n        to broadcast the pre-scheduled ''''[[Heidi (1968 film)|Heidi]]''''. Fans are\n        unable to see Oakland (which had been trailing 32\\u201329) score 2 late touchdowns\n        to win 43\\u201332; as a result, thousands of outraged football fans flood\n        the NBC switchboards to protest.\\n* [[November 19]] – In [[Mali]], President\n        [[Modibo Ke\\u00efta]]''s regime is overthrown in a bloodless [[military coup]]\n        led by [[Moussa Traor\\u00e9]].{{citation|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Mali.pdf|title=Mali\n        country profile|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|location=Washington,\n        D.C. |page=3 |date=January 2005}}\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[Farmington\n        Mine disaster]] in Farmington, West Virginia, kills seventy-eight men.\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[The Beatles]] release their self-titled album popularly\n        known as the ''''[[White Album]]''''.\\n**\\\"[[Plato''s Stepchildren]]\\\", 12th\n        episode of ''''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'''' 3rd season\n        is aired, featuring the first-ever interracial kiss on U.S. national television\n        between Lieutenant [[Nyota Uhura|Uhura]] and Captain [[James T. Kirk]].\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – 4 men [[Aircraft hijacking|hijack]] [[Pan Am Flight\n        281]] from [[JFK International Airport]], New York to [[Havana]], [[Cuba]].\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[United States Air Force]] First\n        Lieutenant and [[Bell UH-1F]] helicopter pilot [[James P. Fleming]] rescues\n        an Army [[Special Forces]] unit pinned down by [[Viet Cong]] fire, earning\n        a [[Medal of Honor]] for his bravery.\\n* [[November 27]]\\u2013[[November 30|30]]\n        – First National Women''s Liberation Conference in [[Lake Villa, Illinois]].\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – If I Can Dream marks the concert return of [[Elvis\n        Presley]].\\n* [[December 6]] – [[The Rolling Stones]] release ''''[[Beggars\n        Banquet]]'''', which contains the classic song \\\"[[Sympathy for the Devil]].\\\"\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Douglas Engelbart]] publicly demonstrates his pioneering\n        [[hypertext]] system, [[NLS (computer system)|NLS]], in [[San Francisco]],\n        together with the [[computer mouse]], at what becomes retrospectively known\n        as \\\"[[The Mother of All Demos]]\\\".\\n* [[December 10]] – Japan''s biggest\n        heist, the never-solved \\\"[[300 million yen robbery]]\\\", occurs in Tokyo.\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\n** The film ''''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]'''', based on\n        the hit London and [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical, opens in the U.S.\n        after being released first in England. It goes on to win the [[Academy Award]]\n        for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n** ''''[[The Rolling\n        Stones Rock and Roll Circus]]'''' is filmed but is not released until [[1996]].\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – Prompted by growing unrest and proliferation of pro-communist\n        terrorist actions, [[Brazil]]ian [[President of Brazil|president]] [[Artur\n        da Costa e Silva]] enacts the so-called [[AI-5]], the fifth of a series of\n        non-constitutional emergency decrees that helped stabilize the country after\n        the turmoils of the early 1960s.\\n* [[December 17]] – 11-year-old [[Mary\n        Bell]] is found guilty of murdering two small boys and sentenced to life in\n        [[Detention (imprisonment)|Detention]], but is later released from prison\n        in [[1980]] and granted anonymity.\\n* [[December 20]] – The [[Zodiac\n        Killer]] is believed to have shot Betty Lou Jensen and David Faraday on Lake\n        Herman Road, [[Benicia]], [[San Francisco Bay]], [[California]].\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[David Eisenhower]], grandson of former U.S. President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]], marries [[Julie Nixon]], the daughter of U.S. President-elect\n        [[Richard Nixon]].\\n** [[Mao Zedong]] advocates that educated youth in urban\n        China be re-educated in the country. It marks the start of the [[Down to the\n        Countryside Movement|\\\"Up to the mountains and down to the villages\\\" movement]].\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Apollo program]]: U.S. spacecraft ''''[[Apollo 8]]''''\n        enters orbit around the [[Moon]]. Astronauts [[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell]]\n        and [[William A. Anders]] become the first humans to see the [[Far side (Moon)|far\n        side]] of the [[Moon]] and planet [[Earth]] as a whole. Anders photographs\n        ''''[[Earthrise]]''''. The crew also [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading|reads from\n        Genesis]].\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Led Zeppelin]] make their American\n        debut in [[Denver, CO]].\\n* [[December 28]] – Israeli forces launch\n        [[1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon|an attack on Beirut airport]], destroying more\n        than a dozen aircraft.\\n\\n===Dates\n        unknown===\\n* The [[Khmer Rouge]] is officially formed in [[Cambodia]] as\n        an offshoot movement of the [[Vietnam People''s Army]] from [[North Vietnam]]\n        to bring communism to the nation. A few years later, they will become bitter\n        enemies.\\n* [[Mattel]]''s ''''[[Hot Wheels]]'''' toy cars are introduced.\\n*\n        [[United Artists]] pulls eleven [[Looney Tunes]] and [[Merrie Melodies]] cartoons\n        in its library from television due to the depiction of racist stereotypes\n        towards African-Americans. These cartoons come to be known as the [[Censored\n        Eleven]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Cuba Gooding Jr. 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cuba\n        Gooding Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Retton-m.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary Lou Retton]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        of Spain 2015 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Felipe VI of Spain]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Davor \\u0160uker]], Croatian footballer\\n* [[January 2]] –\n        [[Cuba Gooding Jr.]], American actor\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Andrzej Go\\u0142ota]],\n        Polish boxer\\n** [[Carrie Ann Inaba]], American choreographer, game show host\n        and singer\\n* [[January 6]] – [[John Singleton]], American film director\n        and writer\\n* [[January 7]] – [[James Brokenshire]], British politician\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Joey Lauren Adams]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        12]]\\n** [[Keith Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Rachael Harris]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Pat Onstad]], Canadian footballer\\n* [[January 14]] – [[LL Cool J]],\n        American rapper and actor\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Chad Lowe]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Stephan Pastis]], American cartoonist\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Svetlana Masterkova]], Russian athlete\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Matt Hill]], Canadian voice actor\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Charlotte Ross]], American actress\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Yasuhiro\n        Takato]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Michael Kiske]], German\n        musician\\n** [[Mary Lou Retton]], American gymnast\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Novala\n        Takemoto]], Japanese author and fashion designer\\n** [[Eric Davis (American\n        football)|Eric Davis]], American football player\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Mike Patton]], American singer\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Sarah McLachlan]],\n        Canadian singer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Edward Burns]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Sora Jung]], Korean actress\\n* [[January 30]] – King [[Felipe VI of\n        Spain]]\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Gary Coleman cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary\n        Coleman]]]]\\n[[File:Lavinia Agache 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lavinia Agache]]]]\\n[[File:Josh\n        Brolin Berlin 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Josh Brolin]]]]\\n[[File:Molly Ringwald\n        in Greece (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Molly Ringwald]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Lisa Marie Presley]], American singer\\n** [[Mark Recchi]], Canadian ice\n        hockey player\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Kenny Albert]], American sports\n        announcer\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Vlade Divac]], Serbian basketball player\\n**\n        [[Marwan Khoury]], Lebanese singer and composer\\n** [[David Scarboro]], British\n        actor (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Roberto Alomar]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Marcus Gr\\u00f6nholm]], Finnish rally driver\\n** [[Qasim Melho]],\n        Syrian television actor\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Peter Bondra]], Slovakian\n        [[ice hockey]] player\\n** [[Porntip Nakhirunkanok]], Miss Universe 1988\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[April Stewart]], American voice actress\\n** [[Gary Coleman]],\n        American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Atika Suri]], Indonesian\n        television newscaster\\n** [[Laurie Foell]], New Zealand/Australian actress\\n*\n        [[February 11]] \\n** [[Mo Willems]], American animator\\n** [[Lavinia Agache]],\n        Romanian artistic gymnast\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Josh Brolin]], American\n        actor\\n* [[February 13]]  \\n** [[Kelly Hu]], American actress \\n** [[Niamh\n        Kavanagh]], Irish singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1993 winner\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Jules Asner]], American model and television personality\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Gloria Trevi]], Mexican singer and actress\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Molly Ringwald]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n** [[Dennis\n        Satin]], German film director\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Nitin Ganatra]],\n        Kenyan-born English actor\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Delphine Bo\\u00ebl]], purported\n        out-of-wedlock daughter of King [[Albert II of Belgium]]\\n** [[Bradley Nowell]],\n        American musician (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Jeri Ryan]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Mitch Hedberg]], American comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\n** [[Thomas G:son]], Swedish composer and musician, co-writer of [[Euphoria\n        (Loreen song)|Euphoria]] \\n** [[Sandrine Kiberlain]], French actress\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Matt Stairs]], Canadian baseball player\\n* [[February 29]]\n        – [[Sam Sneed]], American producer and rapper\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Daniel\n        Craig - Film Premiere \\\"Spectre\\\" 007 - on the Red Carpet in Berlin (22387409720)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Craig]]]]\\n[[File:Bajnai Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gordon\n        Bajnai]]]]\\n[[File:Damon Albarn @Plymouth 2012 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Damon Albarn]]]]\\n[[File:Celine\n        Dion Live 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Celine Dion]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Kat\n        Cressida]], American voice actress\\n** [[Kunjarani Devi]], Indian weightlifter\\n**\n        [[Muho Noelke]], German Zen master\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Daniel Craig]],\n        British actor\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Brian Leetch]], American ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Giovanni Carrara]], Venezuelan Major League Baseball\n        player\\n** [[Patsy Kensit]], British actress\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Gordon\n        Bajnai]], Hungarian Prime Minister\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Moira Kelly]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Jeff Kent]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Thio Li-ann]], Singaporean law academic and Nominated\n        Member of Parliament\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Lisa Loeb]], American singer\\n*\n        [[March 12]] \\n** [[Jason Lively]], American former actor\\n** [[Aaron Eckhart]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Akira Nogami]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Masami Okui]], Japanese singer\\n* [[March 14]] – [[James\n        Frain]], British actor\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Mark McGrath]], American singer\n        ([[Sugar Ray]])\\n** [[Terje Riis-Johansen]], Norwegian politician\\n* [[March\n        16]] – [[Trevor Wilson (basketball)|Trevor Wilson]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Shinichiro Miki]], Japanese [[Voice acting\n        in Japan|voice actor]]\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Mots''eoa Senyane]], [[Lesotho]]\n        diplomat\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Carlos Almeida (athlete)|Carlos Almeida]],\n        Cape Verdean long-distance runner\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Euronymous]],\n        Norwegian musician (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Damon Albarn]], English\n        singer-songwriter and musician ([[Blur (band)|Blur]])\\n** [[Mike Atherton]],\n        English cricketer\\n** [[Mitch Cullin]], American novelist\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Cathy Dennis]], British singer-songwriter, record producer and actress\\n*\n        [[March 26]] \\n** [[Kenny Chesney]], American [[country music]] singer\\n**\n        [[James Iha]], American rock musician\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Ben Koldyke]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Iris Chang]], American author (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Nasser Hussain]], English cricketer\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Lucy Lawless]],\n        New Zealand actress and singer\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Celine Dion]], Canadian\n        singer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Patricia Arquette 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patricia\n        Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Carnie Wilson Oct 2014 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carnie\n        Wilson]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Julia Boutros]], Lebanese singer\\n** [[Andreas\n        Schnaas]], German director\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Paula Cole]], American singer\n        \\n** [[Stewart Lee]], English stand-up comedian\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Stretch\n        (rapper)|Stretch]], American rapper and record producer (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Patricia Arquette]], American actress\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Adam Graves]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Ott (record producer)|Ott]], English musician\n        and record producer\\n* [[April 13]] – [[J\\u00f8rn Stubberud]], Norwegian\n        musician\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Anthony Michael Hall]], American actor\n        and singer\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Stacey Williams]], American model\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Martin Dahlin]], Swedish football player\\n* [[April\n        17]] – [[Julie Fagerholt]], Danish fashion designer\\n* [[April 18]]\n        – [[David Hewlett]], English-born Canadian actor, writer and director\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Ashley Judd]], American actress\\n* [[April 20]]\\n**\n        [[J.D. Roth]], American television host\\n** [[Yelena V\\u00e4lbe]], Russian\n        cross-country skier\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Timothy McVeigh]], American\n        terrorist (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Stacy Haiduk]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Yuji Nagata]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Howard\n        Donald]], British singer ([[Take That]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[Carnie Wilson]],\n        American singer and television host\\n** [[Michael Herbig]], German film director,\n        actor and author\\n** [[Darren Matthews]], English professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen Vogel]], German actor\\n* [[April 30]] – [[T. T. Boy]],\n        American porn producer and actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Skater Tony Hawk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tony\n        Hawk]]]]\\n[[File:Kyle Eastwood.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyle Eastwood]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Ortiz (23864094899).jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Ortiz]]]]\\n[[File:Kylie Brazil\n        2015 (2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kylie Minogue]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Oliver\n        Bierhoff]], German footballer\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Hikaru Midorikawa]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Traci Lords]], American actress/porn\n        star\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Marie-Jos\\u00e9 P\\u00e9rec]], French athlete\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\n** [[Tony Hawk]], American skateboarder\\n** [[Catherine Tate]],\n        English actress, comedian, and writer\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Sonja Zietlow]],\n        German television presenter\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Chingmy Yau]], Hong Kong\n        actress\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Constance Menard]], French professional dressage\n        rider\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Kyle Eastwood]], American jazz bass musician\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Timothy Olyphant]], American actor\\n** [[Waisale Serevi]],\n        Fijian rugby player\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Julie Vega]], Filipino child actress\n        and singer (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Michael Kelly (American actor)|Michael\n        Kelly]], American actor\\n** [[Graham Linehan]], Irish television writer and\n        director\\n* [[May 23]] – [[John Ortiz]], American actor\\n* [[May 24]]\n        – [[Charles De''Ath]], English actor\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Crown Prince\n        Frederik of Denmark]]\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Jeff Bagwell]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Frank Thomas (AL baseball player)|Frank Thomas]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Kylie Minogue]], Australian actress and singer\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Zacarias Moussaoui]], French-Moroccan 9/11 conspirator\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:James\n        Patrick Stuart 2010 SDCC (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Patrick Stuart]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Rodriguez SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Rodriguez]]]]\\n[[File:Maldini2008.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Paolo\n        Maldini]]]]\\n[[File:Chayannemn.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chayanne]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Jason Donovan]], Australian actor and singer\\n** [[Karen Mulder]], Dutch\n        model and singer\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Beetlejuice (entertainer)|Beetlejuice]],\n        member of the [[Wack Pack]] (''''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'''')\\n** [[Jon\n        Culshaw]], English impressionist\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Alexander Vladimirovich\n        Konovalov|Alexandr Konovalov]], Russian lawyer and [[politician]]\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** [[Bill Burr]], American comedian\\n** [[Nobutoshi Canna]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Yasmine Bleeth]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[James Patrick Stuart]], American actor and voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – [[Robert Rodriguez]], American film director\\n* [[June\n        21]] – [[Sonique (musician)|Sonique]], British singer\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        [[Paolo Maldini]], Italian football player\\n** [[Iwan Roberts]], Welsh footballer\\n**\n        [[Shannon Sharpe]], American football player and commentator\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        [[Chayanne]], Puerto Rican singer\\n** [[Adam Woodyatt]], British actor\\n*\n        [[June 29]]\\n** [[Theoren Fleury]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Brian\n        d''Arcy James]], American actor and musician\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Phil\n        Anselmo|Philip Anselmo]], American musician\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Stephanie\n        Seymour.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephanie Seymour]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Korzeniowski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Korzeniowski]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Ramush Haradinaj]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Kosovo]]\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Ken Akamatsu]], Japanese [[Mangaka|manga\n        artist]]\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Jorja Fox]], American actress\\n** [[Allen Payne]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Jeff VanderMeer]], American writer\\n* [[July 8]]\\n**\n        [[Billy Crudup]], American actor\\n** [[Akio Suyama]], Japanese [[Voice acting\n        in Japan|voice actor]]\\n** [[Josephine Teo]], Singaporean politician.\\n**\n        [[Michael Weatherly]], American actor\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Eduardo Santamarina]],\n        Mexican actor\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Hassiba Boulmerka]], Algerian athlete\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Omi Minami]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[July 15]]\n        – [[Eddie Griffin]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[Dhanraj Pillay]], Indian field hockey player\\n** [[Barry Sanders]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Darren Day]], British actor and TV\n        presenter\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Robert Flynn]], American vocalist and guitarist\n        ([[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Johnnie Barnes]],\n        American football player\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Gary Payton]], American basketball\n        player\\n** [[Stephanie Seymour]], American model and actress\\n* [[July 24]]\\n**\n        [[Laura Leighton]], American actress  \\n** [[Kristin Chenoweth]], American\n        soprano and actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Julian McMahon]], Australian\n        actor\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Terry Crews]], American actor and former NFL\n        player\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Robert Korzeniowski]], Polish athlete\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Gillian\n        Anderson Berlinale 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gillian Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Eric\n        Bana 2 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eric Bana]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\n        – [[Rod Beck]], American baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 4]]\n        \\n** [[Lee Mack]], British actor and stand-up comedian \\n** [[Olga Neuwirth]],\n        Austrian composer\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Terri Clark]], American country music\n        singer\\n** [[Marine Le Pen]], French politician\\n** [[Colin McRae]], Scottish\n        [[rally car]] driver (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Gillian Anderson]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Eric Bana]], Australian actor\\n** [[James Roy (writer)|James\n        Roy]], Australian author\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Greg Hawgood]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Noordin Mohammad Top]], Malaysian\n        Islamist terrorist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Pablo Rey]], Spanish\n        painter \\n** [[Paul Tucker (musician)|Paul Tucker]], English songwriter and\n        record producer ([[Lighthouse Family]]) \\n** [[K\\u014dji Yusa]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Catherine Bell (actress)|Catherine Bell]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Darren Clarke]], Northern Irish professional golfer\\n**\n        [[Jason Leonard]], English rugby player\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Debra Messing]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Ed McCaffrey]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Bruno van Pottelsberghe]], Belgian economist\\n*  [[August 20]]\n        – [[Yuri Shiratori]] Japanese actress and singer\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Dina Carroll]], British singer\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Shoichi Funaki]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n** [[Hiroshi Kitadani]], Japanese singer\\n**\n        [[Tim Salmon]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Rachael\n        Ray]], American television chef and host\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Luis Tasc\\u00f3n]],\n        Venezuelan politician (d. [[2010]]) \\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Billy Boyd (actor)|Billy\n        Boyd]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Tom Warburton]], American animator\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Valdon Dowiyogo]], Nauruan politician and Australian football player\\n**\n        [[Hideo Nomo]], Japanese baseball player\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:John DiMaggio\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John DiMaggio]]]]\\n[[File:Big Daddy Kane\n        at Hip Hop Kemp 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Big Daddy Kane]]]]\\n[[File:GuyRitchiebyKathyHutchins.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Guy\n        Ritchie]]]]\\n[[File:Laura Cutina.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laura Cutina]]]]\\n[[File:Ricki\n        Lake May 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricki Lake]]]]\\n[[File:Will Smith\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Will Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ms. Mari KIVINIEMI.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mari\n        Kiviniemi]]]]\\n[[File:Naomi Watts Cannes 2015 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Naomi\n        Watts]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\n** [[Mohamed Atta]], 9/11 ringleader of the\n        hijackers and pilot of [[American Airlines Flight 11]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Atsuko\n        Yuya]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Ray Coulthard|Raymond\n        Coulthard]], English actor\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[John DiMaggio]], American\n        voice actor\\n** [[Phill Lewis]], American actor\\n** [[Mike Piazza]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Thomas Levet]], French golfer\\n*\n        [[September 7]]\\n** [[Marcel Desailly]], French footballer\\n** [[Lucy Robinson\n        (actress)|Lucy Robinson]], British actress\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Paul\n        Mazurkiewicz]], American drummer, [[Cannibal Corpse]]\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Louise Minchin]], British journalist and news presenter\\n* [[September 9]]\n        – [[Julia Sawalha]], English actress\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Big Daddy\n        Kane]], American hip-hop artist\\n** [[Guy Ritchie]], British film director\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Kay Hanley]], American musician\\n** [[Tetsuo Kurata]],\n        Japanese actor\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Laura Cutina]], Romanian artistic\n        gymnast\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Danny Nucci]], American actor\\n* [[September\n        17]]  \\n** [[Anastacia|Anastacia Newkirk]], American singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Tito Vilanova]], Spanish football manager (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 18]]\n        – [[Toni Kuko\\u010d]], Croatian basketball player\\n* [[September 20]]\\n**\n        [[Darrell Russell (dragster driver)|Darrell Russell]], American race car driver\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Philippa Forrester]], British TV presenter\\n** [[Leah\n        Pinsent]], Canadian actress\\n* [[September 21]] \\n** [[Ricki Lake]], American\n        actress, producer, and television presenter\\n** [[Lisa Angell]], French singer\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[Megan Hollingshead]], American voice actress\\n*\n        [[September 23]]\\n** [[Yvette Fielding]], English television presenter\\n**\n        [[Michelle Thomas]], American actress (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau]] (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Heather Stewart-Whyte]],\n        British model\\n** [[John A. List]], American economist\\n** [[Will Smith]],\n        American rapper and actor\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[James Caviezel]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Michelle Meldrum]], American guitarist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ben\n        Shenkman]], American television, film and stage actor\\n** [[Tricia O''Kelley]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Mari Kiviniemi]], 62nd [[Prime\n        Minister of Finland]]\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Mika H\\u00e4kkinen]], Finnish\n        double [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n** [[Naomi Watts]], English-born Australian\n        actress\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Patrick Burns (paranormal investigator)|Patrick\n        Burns]], American paranormal investigator and television personality\\n** [[Alex\n        Skolnick]], American jazz/heavy metal guitarist\\n** [[Samir Soni]], Indian\n        film and TV actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:World Premiere Logan Berlinale\n        2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugh Jackman]]]]\\n[[File:Didier Deschamps.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Didier\n        Deschamps]]]]\\n[[File:Juan Orlando Hern\\u00e1ndez, May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Juan\n        Orlando Hern\\u00e1ndez]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Mark Durden-Smith]], British\n        television presenter\\n** [[Jay Underwood]], American actor\\n* [[October 2]]\\n**\n        [[Lucy Cohu]], English actress\\n** [[Victoria Derbyshire]], British radio\n        presenter\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Paul Crichton]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[October 7]] \\n** [[Lumini\\u021ba Anghel]], Romanian dance/pop recording\n        artist, songwriter, TV personality and politician\\n** [[Thom Yorke]], British\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Daniela Castelo]], Argentine journalist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Emily Procter]], American actress\\n* [[October 9]] \\n**\n        [[Troy Davis]], American high-profile death row inmate and human rights activist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Pete Docter]], American animator, director\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Bart Brentjens]], Dutch mountainbiker\\n** [[Feridun D\\u00fcza\\u011fa\\u00e7]],\n        Turkish rock singer-songwriter\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Tiffany Grant]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Jane Krakowski]], American actress\\n** [[Brett Salisbury]],\n        Author, QB\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Hugh Jackman]], Australian actor\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Tisha Campbell-Martin]], American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Matthew Le Tissier]], English footballer\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Didier Deschamps]], French footballer\\n** [[Jyrki 69]], Finnish\n        singer\\n** [[Vanessa Marcil]], American actress\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        [[Ziggy Marley]], Jamaican musician and oldest son of [[Bob Marley]]\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Damien Timmer]], British joint-managing director, television\n        producer, television executive producer\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Shaggy\n        (musician)|Shaggy]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Mark Walton\n        (story artist)|Mark Walton]] American story artist, actor\\n* [[October 27]]\n        – [[Alain Auderset]], Swedish writer\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Juan\n        Orlando Hern\\u00e1ndez]], 55th [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[October 29]]\n        – [[Tsunku]], Japanese singer, music producer, and song composer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tracy_Morgan_3_Shankbone_2009_NYC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tracy\n        Morgan]]]]\\n[[File:Owen Wilson Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Owen Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:JillHennessyTIFFSept10.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill\n        Hennessy]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Silvio Fauner]], Italian cross-country\n        skier\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Debbie Rochon]], Canadian actress\\n* [[November\n        4]]\\n** [[Lee Germon]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Daniel Landa]], Czech\n        composer, singer and actor\\n** [[Miles Long]], American [[pornographic actor]]\n        and [[film director|director]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Sam Rockwell]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Caesar Meadows]], American cartoonist\\n**\n        [[Kelly Rutherford]], American actress\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Parker Posey]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Zara Whites]], Dutch actress\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Nazzareno Carusi]], Italian classical pianist\\n* [[November 10]] –\n        [[Tracy Morgan]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[November 11]] – [[David\n        L. Cook]], American Christian recording star\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Aya\n        Hisakawa]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Sammy Sosa]], Dominican [[Major League\n        Baseball]] player\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Pat Hentgen]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Janine Lindemulder]], American adult film\n        actress\\n** [[Serge Postigo]], Canadian actor\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Ol''\n        Dirty Bastard]], American rapper (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Fausto Brizzi]], Italian\n        screenwriter and film director\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Tammy Lauren]],\n        American actress\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Barry Hunter (footballer)|Barry\n        Hunter]], Northern Irish footballer and football manager\\n** [[Luizianne Lins]],\n        Brazilian politician\\n** [[Gary Sheffield]], American retired baseball player\\n**\n        [[Owen Wilson]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Chew\n        Chor Meng]], Singaporean Chinese television actor\\n** [[John Trobaugh]], American\n        artist and photographer\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Qiao Hong]], Chinese table\n        tennis player\\n** [[Sean Schemmel]], American voice actor\\n** [[Alex James\n        (musician)|Alex James]], English bassist ([[Blur (band)|Blur]]) and cheesemaker\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Sidse Babett Knudsen]], Danish actress\\n** [[Rasmus\n        Lerdorf]], Danish-Greenlandic creator of [[PHP]]\\n* [[November 23]] –\n        [[Hamid Hassani]], Iranian scholar\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Phil Starbuck]],\n        former English [[footballer]]\\n** [[yukihiro (musician)|yukihiro]], Japanese\n        musician ([[L''Arc-en-Ciel]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Tunde Baiyewu]], British\n        singer ([[Lighthouse Family]])\\n** [[Jacqueline Hennessy]], Canadian actress\n        and talk show host\\n** [[Jill Hennessy]], Canadian actress\\n* [[November 27]]\n        – [[Michael Vartan]], French actor\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Ken\n        (musician)|Ken]], Japanese musician ([[L''Arc-en-Ciel]])\\n* [[November 29]]\n        – [[Jonathan Knight]], American singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Des''ree]], British singer\\n** [[Rica Matsumoto]], Japanese\n        voice actress and singer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Lucy Liu Comic-Con 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucy\n        Liu]]]]\\n[[File:7.27.08BrendanFraser.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brendan Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:Eula\n        Valdez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eula Valdez]]]]\\n[[File:Rachel Griffiths 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rachel\n        Griffiths]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Lucy Liu]], American actress\\n*\n        [[December 3]]\\n** [[Brendan Fraser]], Canadian-born American actor\\n** [[Montell\n        Jordan]], American singer\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Margaret Cho]], American\n        actress and comedian\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Greg Ayres]], American voice\n        actor\\n** [[Mark Geyer]], Australian [[rugby league]] player\\n** [[Filip Naudts]],\n        Belgian photographer\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Michael Cole (wrestling)|Michael\n        Cole]], American television sports commentator\\n** [[Wendi Deng]], Chinese-born\n        American businesswoman\\n** [[Mike Mussina]], American baseball player\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Kurt Angle]], American amateur and professional wrestler, [[1996\n        Summer Olympics|1996 Olympic]] gold medalist\\n* [[December 11]] \\n** [[Monique\n        Garbrecht-Enfeldt]], German speed skater\\n** [[Eula Valdez]], Filipino actress\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Paul Tracy]], Canadian race car driver\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Rachel Griffiths]], Australian actress\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Ken Marino]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Khrystyne\n        Haje]], American actress\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Dina Meyer]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Manuel Rivera-Ortiz]], American photographer\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Choi Jin-sil]], South Korean actress and model\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Helena Christensen]], Danish model\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\n** [[Dennis Knight]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Malcolm\n        L. McCallum]], American herpetologist, conservation biologist, and environmental\n        scientist\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Corey Scott]], American motorcycle\n        stunt rider (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Tricia Leigh Fisher]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Fabrice Guy]], French\n        Olympic skier\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Gerry Dee]], Canadian actor and\n        stand-up comedian\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Jeff Forshaw]], British particle\n        physicist\\n* [[Andrei Ivanovitch]], Russian classical pianist\\n* [[George\n        Henry Smyth]], Irish artist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Duke_Kahanamoku_c1912.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Duke\n        Kahanamoku]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Joseph Pholien]], Belgian politician,\n        37th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Karl Kobelt]], 2-time President of the Swiss Confederation (b. [[1891]])\n        \\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Hugo Butler]], Canadian screenwriter (b. [[1914]])\\n**\n        [[Gholamreza Takhti]], Iranian wrestler (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Mario Roatta]],\n        Italian general (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Theophilus Ebenhaezer\n        D\\u00f6nges]], acting [[Prime Minister of South Africa]] and elected [[President\n        of South Africa]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Moshe Zvi Segal]],\n        Israeli linguist and Talmudic scholar, and [[Israel Prize]] recipient (b.\n        [[1876]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Bill Masterton]], Canadian hockey player\n        (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Bert Wheeler]], American actor and\n        comedian (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Ray Harroun]], American\n        race car driver (b. [[1879]]), winner of the first [[Indianapolis 500]] (1911)\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Will Lang Jr.]], American journalist (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Duke Kahanamoku]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – [[Merrill C. Meigs]], American newspaper publisher\n        and aviation promoter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Robert Wood\n        Johnson II|Robert Wood Johnson]], American business leader and philanthropist\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Georg Hackenschmidt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Georg\n        Hackenschmidt]]]]\\n[[File:CamilleHuysmans1966cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Camille\n        Huysmans]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Jacob van der Hoeden]], Dutch-Israeli\n        veterinary scientist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Lawson Little]], American golfer\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Neal Cassady]], American writer\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)|Nick\n        Adams]], American actor (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Howard\n        Lindsay]], American playwright (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Mae\n        Marsh]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[John\n        Westdahl]], American politician (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Georg\n        Hackenschmidt]], German strongman and professional wrestler (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Anthony Asquith]], British director and writer (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Howard Florey]], Australian-born pharmacologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[Peter Arno]], American cartoonist (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Fannie Hurst]], American novelist (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Camille Huysmans]], Belgian politician, 34th [[Prime\n        Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Frankie Lymon]],\n        American singer (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Tore \\u00d8rjas\\u00e6ter]],\n        Norwegian poet (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yuri\n        Gagarin]]]]\\n[[File:Khuang Aphaiwong.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Khuang Aphaiwong]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[L\\u00e9on Mathot]], French actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        10]] – [[Helen Walker]], American actress (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[March 15]]\n        – [[Khuang Aphaiwong]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]], leader of\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Leon Cadore]], American\n        baseball pitcher (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[June Collyer]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Charles Chaplin Jr.]], American actor (b. [[1925]])\\n**\n        [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]], Danish film director (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 23]]\n        – [[Edwin O''Connor]], American novelist and [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]\n        winner (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Alice Guy-Blach\\u00e9]], French\n        film director (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Yuri Gagarin]], Soviet\n        cosmonaut, first human in space (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Bobby\n        Driscoll]], American child actor (b. [[1937]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Martin\n        Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Lev Landau]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April 4]] – Rev. [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]], American civil rights activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (assassinated) (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Jim Clark]],\n        Scottish race car driver (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Gustavs Celmi\\u0146\\u0161]],\n        Latvian politician (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Al Benton]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Fay Bainter]], American\n        actress (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Edna Ferber]], American writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** [[Poul Reumert]], Danish actor (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Ronald\n        Urquhart]], British general (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Stephen\n        H. Sholes]], American record executive (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 24]] –\n        [[Tommy Noonan]], American actor (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Walter\n        Tewksbury]], American athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        [[Jack Adams]], Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May\n        5]] – [[Albert Dekker]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n**\n        [[Mike Spence]], British race car driver (b. [[1936]])\\n** [[Craig Wood (golfer)|Craig\n        Wood]], American golfer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Mercedes de Acosta]],\n        American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        [[Finlay Currie]], Scottish actor (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Marion Lorne]], American\n        actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Scotty Beckett]], American actor\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Husband E. Kimmel]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Doris Lloyd]], English actress (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[James Burke (actor)|James Burke]], American actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Georg von K\\u00fcchler]], German field marshal\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Kees van Dongen]], Dutch-French painter\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Arnold Susi]], Estonian lawyer and politician\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Preben Uglebjerg]], Danish actor (b.\n        [[1931]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Hellen Keller circa 1920.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Helen\n        Keller]]]]\\n[[File:Robert F Kennedy crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Helen Keller]], American spokeswoman for the deaf and\n        blind (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Jouett Shouse]], American politician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[R. Norris Williams|Dick Williams]], American tennis champion\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Dorothy Gish]], American actress (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Nash]], 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June\n        6]]\\n** [[Randolph Churchill]], British politician, son of [[Winston Churchill]]\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Robert F. Kennedy]], U.S. Senator and [[U.S. Attorney\n        General]] (assassinated) (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Dan Duryea]],\n        American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Salvatore Quasimodo]],\n        Italian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Sam Crawford]], American baseball player ([[Detroit Tigers]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Wes Montgomery]],\n        American jazz guitarist (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Sally O''Neil]],\n        American actress (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Ingeborg Spangsfeldt]],\n        Danish actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Tony Hancock]], British\n        comedian (b. [[1924]]) (suicide)\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Paddy Driscoll]],\n        American football player ([[Chicago Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[Pro\n        Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Ugo Frigerio.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ugo\n        Frigerio]]]]\\n[[File:Otto Hahn (Nobel).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Otto Hahn]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Virginia Weidler]], American actress (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Johnny Indrisano]], American boxer and actor (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Ugo Frigerio]], Italian Olympic athlete (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Ellsworth Johnson]], American gangster (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Ilias Tsirimokos]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 18]]\n        – [[Corneille Heymans]], Belgian physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Ruth\n        St. Denis]], American dancer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Henry\n        Hallett Dale]], English scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Lilian Harvey]], British-German\n        actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Otto Hahn]], German chemist, discoverer\n        of nuclear fission, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Herrera Oria]], Spanish journalist, [[Roman Catholic]]\n        politician, cardinal and servant of God (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Alexander Hall]], American Theatrical Motion Picture Director (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Jack Pizzey]], Premier of Queensland, Australia (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 19]] – [[George Gamow]], Ukrainian-born\n        physicist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Kay Francis]], American\n        actress (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Robert Z. Leonard]], American\n        film director (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark|Princess\n        Marina, Duchess of Kent]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Ulysses\n        S. Grant III]], American soldier and planner (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Dennis O''Keefe]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Padre\n        Pio.jpg|thumb|100px|Saint [[Pio of Pietrelcina]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Castro]], Argentine composer and conductor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – [[Lucio Fontana]], Italian painter and sculptor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Luther Perkins]], American guitarist\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Tommy Armour]], Scottish golfer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Armand Blanchonnet]], French Olympic\n        cyclist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Francis McDonald]], American\n        actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Franchot Tone]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Red Foley]], American singer (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[September\n        23]] – [[Pio of Pietrelcina]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and\n        saint (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Virginia Valli]], American\n        actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Lipman Heilprin]], Israeli\n        physician and Israel Prize recipient (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[September 28]] –\n        [[Norman Brookes]], Australian tennis champion (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Marcel\n        Duchamp 01.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Marcel Duchamp]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Marcel\n        Duchamp]], French artist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Hitoshi\n        Imamura]], Japanese general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pierre\n        Mulele]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] [[revolutionary]]\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Trevor Housley]], Australian public\n        servant (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Bea Benaderet]], American\n        actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Lee Tracy]], American actor\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Bud Flanagan]], British entertainer\n        and comedian (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Lise Meitner]], German-Austrian\n        physicist, discoverer of nuclear fission (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 30]]\\n**\n        [[Pert Kelton]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Rose Wilder Lane]],\n        American author and reporter (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Ramon Novarro]], Mexican\n        actor (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Conrad Richter]], American writer (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Charles\n        Bacon 1909.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles Bacon]]]]\\n[[File:Dobi Istv\\u00e1n 1948-06.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Istv\\u00e1n\n        Dobi]]]]\\n[[File:Upton Beall Sinclair Jr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Upton Sinclair]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Georgios Papandreou]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Vern Stephens]], American baseball player\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Michel Kikoine]], Belarusian painter\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Charles Munch (conductor)|Charles\n        Munch]], French conductor and violinist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 7]] –\n        [[Gordon Coventry]], [[Australian rules football]]er (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November\n        8]]\\n** [[Wendell Corey]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Peter Mohr Dam]],\n        2-time Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – [[Gerald Mohr]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November 13]] –\n        [[Berthold Bartosch]], Czech animator (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        [[Charles Bacon]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 18]]\n        – [[Walter Wanger]], American film producer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] \\n** [[Helen Gardner (actress)|Helen Gardner]], American actress (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Cathy Lewis]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Shangguan Yunzhu]], Chinese actress (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Istv\\u00e1n Dobi]], Hungarian politician, 42nd [[Prime Minister\n        of Hungary]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Upton Sinclair]],\n        American writer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Arnold Zweig]],\n        German writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Enid Blyton]], British\n        children''s writer (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Tallulah Bankhead\n        1941.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Tallulah Bankhead]]]]\\n[[File:JohnSteinbeck crop.JPG|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Steinbeck]]]]\\n[[File:Trygve Lie 1938.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Trygve Lie]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Adamson-Eric]], Estonian artist (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Archie Mayo]], American actor and director (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Fred Clark]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Enoch L. Johnson]], American political boss and racketeer (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Karl Barth]], German Protestant theologian\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Thomas Merton]], American author (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Tallulah Bankhead]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Margarete Klose]], German soprano (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Jess Willard]], American boxer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Jian Bozan]], Chinese historian (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Giovanni Messe]], Italian general, field marshal and politician\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Norman Thomas]], American politician\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[John Steinbeck]], American writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Vittorio Pozzo]], Italian football player and manager (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Leo Otis Colbert]], American admiral and engineer,\n        third Director of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Weegee]], Ukrainian photographer and photojournalist\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Trygve Lie]], 1st [[United Nations\n        Secretary General|Secretary General of the United Nations]]  (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Peter Tytla]], American animator (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 31]]\n        – [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]], American musician (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Alan Stuart Paterson]], New Zealand cartoonist\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[Sami as-Solh]], 5-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Luis Walter Alvarez]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Lars Onsager]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Robert W. Holley]], [[Har Gobind Khorana]], [[Marshall\n        W. Nirenberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Yasunari\n        Kawabata]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Cassin]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* Sherman, Daniel J. et al. eds. ''''The Long 1968: Revisions and\n        New Perspectives'''' (Indiana University Press; 2013) 382 pages; essays by\n        scholars on the cultural and political impact of 1968 in France, Mexico, Northern\n        Ireland, the United States, etc.\\n* Kurlansky, Mark. (2004). ''''1968: The\n        Year that Rocked the World''''. London: Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|978-0-224-06251-0}}\\n*\n        NPR \\\"[http://www.npr.org/templates/archives/archive.php?thingId=89372462&startNum=16\n        Echoes of 1968]\\\" report series.\\n* [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847884\n        1968 – The Year in Sound] An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS\n        Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years\n        of newsradio.\\n* ''''TIME'''' Magazine, 40th Anniversary Special (2008). \\\"1968:\n        The Year That Changed the World.\\\"\\n* ''''NEWSWEEK'''' Magazine. \\\"[http://prnwire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/11-11-2007/0004702702&EDATE=\n        1968: The Year That Made Us Who We Are].\\\" November 19, 2007.\\n* [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19880111,00.html\n        1968: The Year That Shaped a Generation], time.com, January 11, 1988.\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1968-pictures.html\n        1968 Coin Pictures]\\n* [http://www.magnum1968.com Magnum Photos, Historic\n        photos from 1968]\\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/1968/ BBC Radio 4 –\n        1968 Myth or Reality?] – six months of ''news on this day'' programmes\n        and documentaries\\n* [http://www.glyphingthehum.com/1968/1968.html Interactive\n        1968 Timeline]\\n* [http://people.mnhs.org/ugcs/home.cfm?sysid=6 Reflections\n        on 1968] Read people''s memories of the year 1968. [[Minnesota Historical\n        Society]]\\n\\n==External links==\\n* {{cite web |publisher=[[Digital Public\n        Library of America]] |title=1968 |work=Timeline |url= http://dp.la/timeline#1968\n        |location=USA }}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1968}}\\n[[Category:1968| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap\n        years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T10:54:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":799879597,\"length\":78168,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968\"},\"34610\":{\"pageid\":34610,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1969\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T03:00:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1969}}\\n{{year nav|1969}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1969}} The year is associated with the first\n        manned landing on the Moon ([[Apollo 11]]).\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n[[k34]]\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** Australian media baron [[Rupert\n        Murdoch]] purchases the largest-selling British Sunday newspaper, ''''The\n        [[News of the World]]''''.\\n** [[People''s Democracy (Ireland)|People''s Democracy]]\n        begins a march from [[Belfast]] to [[Derry|Derry City]], [[Northern Ireland]]\n        to gain publicity and to promote its cause. \\n** [[Ohio State University|Ohio\n        State]] defeats [[University of Southern California|USC]] in the [[Rose Bowl\n        Game|Rose Bowl]] to win the national title for the 1968 season.\\n* [[January\n        4]] – The Government of [[Spain]] hands over [[Ifni]] to [[Morocco]].\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Venera 5]] toward [[Venus]].\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – The final passenger train traverses the [[Waverley Line]],\n        which subsequently closes to passengers.\\n* [[January 10]] – The [[Soviet\n        Union]] launches [[Venera 6]] toward [[Venus]].\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** ''''[[Led\n        Zeppelin (album)|Led Zeppelin]]'''', the first [[Led Zeppelin]] album, is\n        released in the United States.\\n** [[Martial law]] is declared in [[Madrid]],\n        as the University is closed and over 300 students are arrested.\\n** [[American\n        football]]: The [[1968 New York Jets season|New York Jets]] upset the [[1968\n        Baltimore Colts season|Baltimore Colts]] in [[Super Bowl III]], 16-7. [[Joe\n        Namath]] is the MVP of the game.\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** An explosion aboard\n        the aircraft carrier [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''''Enterprise'''']] near\n        [[Hawaii]] kills 27 and injures 314.\\n** The Soviet Union launches [[Soyuz\n        4]].\\n*[[January 15]] – The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Soyuz 5]], which\n        docks with Soyuz 4 for a transfer of crew.\\n*[[January 16]] – Student\n        [[Jan Palach]] sets himself on fire in [[Prague]]''s [[Wenceslas Square]]\n        to protest the Soviet invasion of [[Czechoslovakia]]; 3 days later he dies.\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – In [[Washington, D.C.]], the [[Smithsonian Institution]]\n        displays the art of [[Winslow Homer]] for 6 weeks.\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        [[Richard Nixon]] is [[First inauguration of Richard Nixon|sworn in]] as the\n        37th President of the United States.[[File:Richard M. Nixon, ca. 1935 - 1982\n        - NARA - 530679.jpg|thumb|37th President Richard M. Nixon]]\\n* [[January 22]]\n        – An assassination attempt is carried out on [[Leonid Brezhnev]] by\n        deserter Viktor Ilyin. One person is killed, several are injured. Brezhnev\n        escaped unharmed.\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Elvis Presley]] steps into American\n        Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, recording \\\"Long Black Limousine\\\", thus beginning\n        the recording of what becomes his landmark comeback sessions for the albums\n        ''''[[From Elvis in Memphis]]'''' and ''''Back in Memphis''''. The sessions\n        yield the popular and critically acclaimed singles \\\"Suspicious Minds\\\", \\\"In\n        the Ghetto\\\", and \\\"Kentucky Rain\\\".\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** Fourteen men, 9\n        of them [[Jews]], are executed in [[Baghdad]] for spying for [[Israel]].\\n**\n        Reverend [[Ian Paisley]], Northern Irish Unionist leader and founder of the\n        [[Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster]] is jailed for three months for illegal\n        assembly.\\n** The modern-day powerhouse of [[Hetch Hetchy#The Hetch Hetchy\n        Project|the Hetch Hetchy Project]] at [[Moccasin, Tuolumne County, California|Moccasin,\n        California]], rated at 100,000 kVA, is completed and placed in operation.\n        On February 7, the original is removed from service.\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        [[1969 Santa Barbara oil spill]]: A [[Blowout (well drilling)|blowout]] on\n        [[Union Oil]]''s Platform A spills 80,000 to 100,000 barrels of crude oil\n        into a channel and onto the beaches of [[Santa Barbara County]] in [[Southern\n        California]]; on February 5 the [[oil spill]] closes [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa\n        Barbara]]''s harbor. The incident inspires [[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]]\n        [[Gaylord Nelson]] to organize the first [[Earth Day]] in [[1970]].\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[The Beatles]] give their last public performance, of several\n        tracks on the roof of [[Apple Records]], [[London]] (featured in [[Let It\n        Be (1970 film)|''''Let It Be'''' (1970 film)]]).\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February\n        2]]\\n** Two cosmonauts transfer from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4 via a spacewalk while\n        the two craft are docked together, the first time such a transfer takes place.\n        The two spacecraft undock. Soyuz 4 will reenter Earth''s atmosphere and land\n        February 17 while Soyuz 5 will have a hard landing February 18.\\n** Ten paintings\n        are defaced in New York''s [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].\\n* [[February 4]]\n        – In [[Cairo]], [[Yasser Arafat]] is elected [[Palestine Liberation\n        Organization]] leader at the [[Palestinian National Congress]].\\n* [[February\n        8]]\\n** The [[Allende meteorite]] explodes over Mexico.\\n** The last issue\n        of ''''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'''' in its original form hits magazine\n        stands in the United States after 147 years.\\n* [[February 9]] – The\n        [[Boeing 747]] makes its maiden flight at [[Everett, Washington]].\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration du Qu\\u00e9bec]] (FLQ) terrorists\n        bomb the [[Montreal Exchange|Montreal Stock Exchange]].\\n* [[February 14]]\n        – [[Pope Paul VI]] issues ''''[[Mysterii Paschalis]]'''', a ''''[[motu\n        proprio]]'''', deleting many names from the [[Roman calendar of saints]] (including\n        [[Valentine''s Day|Valentine]], who was celebrated on this day).\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Aquanaut]] [[Berry L. Cannon]] dies of [[carbon dioxide poisoning]]\n        while attempting to repair the [[SEALAB#SEALAB III|SEALAB III]] habitat off\n        [[San Clemente Island, California]].\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** The [[Mariner\n        6]] Mars probe is launched from the United States.\\n** ''''[[Tinker v. Des\n        Moines Independent Community School District]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of\n        the United States]] rules that the [[First Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution]] applies to public schools.\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Aircraft\n        burning on USS Enterprise (CVN-65).jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[January 14]]: Explosion\n        kills 27 on [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''''Enterprise'''']]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** In [[Toulouse]], France the first [[Concorde]] test flight is conducted.\\n**\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and Chinese forces clash at a border outpost on the\n        [[Ussuri River]].\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** In a [[Los Angeles]] court, [[Sirhan\n        Sirhan]] admits that he killed presidential candidate [[Robert F. Kennedy]].\\n**\n        [[Apollo program]]: [[NASA]] launches [[Apollo 9]] ([[James McDivitt]], [[David\n        Scott]], [[Rusty Schweickart]]) to test the [[lunar module]].\\n** The United\n        States Navy establishes the [[United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor\n        program|Navy Fighter Weapons School]] (also known as Top Gun) at [[Marine\n        Corps Air Station Miramar|Naval Air Station Miramar]].\\n* [[March 4]] –\n        [[Jim Morrison]] is arrested in [[Florida]] for indecent exposure during a\n        [[The Doors|Doors]] concert three days earlier. \\n* [[March 10]]\\n** In [[Memphis,\n        Tennessee]], [[James Earl Ray]] pleads guilty to assassinating [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]] (he later retracts his guilty plea).\\n** The novel [[The Godfather\n        (novel)|''''The Godfather'''']] by [[Mario Puzo]] is published.{{clarify|date=August\n        2013}}\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Apollo\n        program]]: [[Apollo 9]] returns safely to Earth after testing the [[Apollo\n        Lunar Module|Lunar Module]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** The [[Longhope, Orkney|Longhope]]\n        [[Lifeboat (rescue)|life-boat]] is lost after answering a mayday call during\n        severe storms in the [[Pentland Firth]] between [[Orkney]] and the northern\n        tip of Scotland; the entire crew of 8 die.[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/82797-orkney-remembers-longhope-disaster/\n        \\\"Orkney remembers Longhope disaster\\\", STV News, 17 March 2009]. Accessed\n        27 June 2013\\n** [[Golda Meir]] becomes the first female prime minister\n        of [[Israel]].\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Operation Breakfast]], the covert\n        bombing of Cambodia by U.S. planes, begins.\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** British paratroopers\n        and Marines land on the island of [[Anguilla]].\\n** A {{Convert|385|m|ft}}\n        tall [[Emley Moor transmitting station|TV mast at Emley Moor]], England, collapses\n        due to ice build-up.\\n* [[March 20]] – [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]]\n        are married at [[Gibraltar]], and proceed to their honeymoon \\\"[[Bed-In]]\\\"\n        for peace in [[Amsterdam]].\\n* [[March 22]] – The landmark art exhibition\n        ''''When Attitudes become Form'''', curated by [[Harald Szeemann]], opens\n        at the [[Kunsthalle Bern]] in Bern, Switzerland.\\n* [[March 29]] – The\n        [[Eurovision Song Contest 1969]] is held in Madrid, and results in four co-winners,\n        with 18 votes each, from Spain, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and France.\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – The body of former United States General and President\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is brought by caisson to the [[United States Capitol]]\n        to lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda; Eisenhower had died two days earlier,\n        after a long illness, in the [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center]], Washington,\n        D.C.\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] – The [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]]\n        enters service with the [[Royal Air Force]].\\n* [[April 4]] – Dr. [[Denton\n        Cooley]] implants the first temporary [[artificial heart]].\\n* [[April 9]]\\n**\n        The [[Harvard University]] Administration Building is seized by close to 300\n        students, mostly members of the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960\n        organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]]. Before the takeover ends,\n        45 will be injured and 184 arrested.\\n** Ferm\\u00edn Monasterio P\\u00e9rez\n        is murdered by the [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] in [[Biscay]], [[Spain]];\n        the 4th victim in the name of [[Basque nationalism]].\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Queensland]]: The [[Trams in Brisbane|Brisbane Tramways]] end service after\n        84 years of operation.\\n* [[April 15]] – The [[EC-121 shootdown incident]]:\n        [[North Korea]] shoots down the aircraft over the [[Sea of Japan]], killing\n        all 31 on board.\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** British troops arrive in [[Northern Ireland]]\n        to reinforce the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]].\\n** A grassroots movement\n        of Berkeley community members seizes an empty lot owned by the [[University\n        of California]], to begin the formation of \\\"[[People''s Park (Berkeley)|People''s\n        Park]]\\\".\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Robin Knox-Johnston]] becomes the first\n        person to sail around the world solo without stopping.\\n* [[April 24]] –\n        Recently formed [[British Leyland]] launches their first new model, the [[Austin\n        Maxi]] in [[Portugal]].\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]] steps\n        down as president of [[France]] after suffering defeat in a [[French constitutional\n        referendum, 1969|referendum the day before]].\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 10]]\\n**\n        [[Zip to Zap]], a harbinger of the Woodstock Concert, ends with the dispersal\n        and eviction of youths and young adults at [[Zap, North Dakota]] by the [[National\n        Guard of the United States|National Guard]].\\n** The Battle of Dong Ap Bia,\n        also known as [[Battle of Hamburger Hill|Hamburger Hill]], begins during the\n        [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[May 13]] – [[May 13 Incident]]: [[Race riot]]s\n        occur in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[May 14]] – Colonel [[Muammar\n        Gaddafi]] visits Mecca, [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n* [[May 15]] – An [[United\n        States|American]] teenager known as ''[[Robert R.]]'' dies in [[St. Louis,\n        Missouri]], of a baffling medical condition. In 1984 it will be identified\n        as the first confirmed case of [[HIV/AIDS]] in [[North America]].\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Venera program]]: [[Venera 5]], a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spaceprobe,\n        lands on [[Venus]].\\n* [[May 17]] –  Venera program: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        probe ''''[[Venera 6]]'''' begins to descend into [[Venus]]'' atmosphere,\n        sending back atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure.\\n* [[May 18]]\n        – [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 10]] ([[Thomas Patten Stafford|Tom Stafford]],\n        [[Gene Cernan]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]]) is launched, on the\n        full dress-rehearsal for the [[Moon]] landing.\\n* [[May 20]] – [[United\n        States National Guard]] helicopters spray skin-stinging powder on anti-war\n        protesters in [[California]].\\n* [[May 21]] – ''''[[Rosariazo]]'''':\n        Civil unrest breaks out in [[Rosario, Argentina]], following the death of\n        a 15-year-old student.\\n* [[May 22]] – Apollo program: [[Apollo 10]]''s\n        lunar module flies to within 15,400 m of the [[Moon]]''s surface.\\n* [[May\n        25]] – ''''[[Midnight Cowboy]]'''', an [[X-rated]], [[Academy Award|Oscar-winning]]\n        [[John Schlesinger]] film, is released.\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** The [[Andean Pact]]\n        (Andean Group) is established.\\n** Apollo program: [[Apollo 10]] returns to\n        [[Earth]], after a successful 8-day test of all the components needed for\n        the upcoming first manned [[Moon]] landing.\\n* [[May 26]]–[[June 2]]\n        – [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]] conduct their second [[Bed-In]].\n        The follow-up to the Amsterdam event is held at the [[Queen Elizabeth Hotel]]\n        in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].  Lennon composes and records the song ''''[[Give\n        Peace a Chance]]'''' during the Bed-In.\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''':\n        A general strike and civil unrest break out in [[C\\u00f3rdoba, Argentina]].\\n**\n        Guided tours begin at the [[Kremlin]] and other government sites in [[Moscow]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – Riots in [[Cura\\u00e7ao]] mark the start of an Afro-Caribbean\n        [[civil rights]] movement on the island.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] –\n        While operating at sea on SEATO maneuvers, the Australian aircraft carrier\n        [[HMAS Melbourne (R21)|HMAS ''''Melbourne'''']] accidentally rams and slices\n        into the American destroyer [[USS Frank E. Evans (DD-754)|USS ''''Frank E.\n        Evans'''']] in the South China Sea, killing 74 American seamen.\\n* [[June\n        5]] – An [[1969 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties|international\n        communist conference]] begins in [[Moscow]].\\n* [[June 7]] – The rock\n        group [[Blind Faith]] plays its first gig in front of 100,000 people in London''s\n        [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]].\\n* [[June 8]] –  U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] and [[South Vietnam]]ese President [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]]\n        meet at [[Midway Atoll|Midway Island]].   Nixon announces that 25,000 U.S.\n        troops will be withdrawn by September.\\n* [[June 17]] – After a 23-game\n        match, [[Boris Spassky]] defeats [[Tigran Petrosian]] to become the World\n        Chess Champion in Moscow.\\n* [[June 18]]–[[June 22]] – The National\n        Convention of the [[Students for a Democratic Society]], held in [[Chicago]],\n        collapses, and the [[Weather Underground|Weatherman]] faction seizes control\n        of the SDS National Office. Thereafter, any activity run from the National\n        Office or bearing the name of SDS is Weatherman-controlled.\\n* [[June 20]]\n        – [[Georges Pompidou]] is elected President of France.\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        The [[Cuyahoga River]] fire helps spur an avalanche of [[water pollution]]\n        control activities resulting in the [[Clean Water Act]], [[Great Lakes Water\n        Quality Agreement]] and the creation of the federal [[United States Environmental\n        Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]].\\n** [[Judy Garland]]\n        dies of a drug overdose in her London home.\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Warren\n        E. Burger]] is sworn in as [[Chief Justice of the United States]] by retiring\n        Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]].\\n* [[June 24]] – The [[United Kingdom]]\n        and [[Rhodesia]] sever diplomatic ties.\\n* [[June 28]] – The [[Stonewall\n        riots]] in [[New York City]] mark the start of the modern [[gay rights movement]]\n        in the U.S.\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Apollo 11 first step.jpg|thumb|[[Neil Armstrong]]\n        descends a ladder to become the first human to step onto the surface of the\n        Moon during [[Apollo 11]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Charles, Prince of Wales]],\n        is invested with his title at [[Caernarfon]].\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Brian\n        Jones]], musician and founder of [[The Rolling Stones]], drowns in his swimming\n        pool at his home in [[Sussex]], England.\\n* [[July 4]] – Michael Mageau\n        and Darlene Ferrin are shot at [[Blue Rock Springs]] in California. They are\n        the second (known) victims of the [[Zodiac Killer]]. Mageau survives the attack\n        while Ferrin is pronounced dead-on-arrival at [[Kaiser Foundation Hospital\n        - Richmond]].\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Tom Mboya]], [[Kenya]]n Minister of\n        Development, is assassinated.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Francisco Franco]] orders\n        the closing of the border and communications between [[Gibraltar]] and Spain\n        in response to the [[1967]] [[Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 1967|Gibraltar\n        sovereignty referendum]].\\n* [[July 7]] – French is made equal to English\n        throughout the Canadian national government.\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The very first U.S. troop withdrawals are made.\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Donald Crowhurst]]''s [[trimaran]] ''''Teignmouth Electron'''' is found\n        drifting and unoccupied. It is assumed that Crowhurst might have committed\n        suicide.\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Football War]]: After [[Honduras]] loses a soccer\n        game against [[El Salvador]], rioting breaks out in Honduras against Salvadoran\n        migrant workers. Of the 300,000 Salvadoran workers in Honduras, tens of thousands\n        are expelled, prompting a brief Salvadoran invasion of Honduras. The [[Organization\n        of American States|OAS]] works out a cease-fire on [[July 18]], which takes\n        effect on [[July 20]].\\n** The [[Act of Free Choice]] commences in [[Merauke]],\n        [[Western New Guinea|West Irian]].\\n** The United States'' $500, $1,000, $5,000\n        and $10,000 bills are officially withdrawn from circulation.\\n* [[July 16]]\n        – [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 11]] ([[Neil Armstrong]], [[Buzz Aldrin]],\n        [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]) lifts off toward the first\n        landing on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Chappaquiddick incident]]\n        – [[Edward M. Kennedy]] drives off a bridge on his way home from a party\n        on [[Chappaquiddick Island]], [[Massachusetts]]. [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], a former\n        campaign aide to his brother, dies in the early morning hours of [[July 19]]\n        in the submerged car.\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[John Fairfax (rower)|John Fairfax]]\n        lands in [[Hollywood Beach, Florida]] near [[Miami]] and becomes the first\n        person to row across an ocean solo, after 180 days spent at sea on board  25''\n        ocean rowboat ''Britannia'' (left [[Gran Canaria]] on January 20, 1969).\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Apollo program]]: The lunar module ''''Eagle''''/[[Apollo\n        11]] lands on the lunar surface. An estimated 500 million people worldwide\n        watch in awe as [[Neil Armstrong]] takes his historic first steps on the [[Moon\n        landing|Moon]] at 10:56 pm ET (02:56 UTC July 21), the largest television\n        audience for a live broadcast at that time.{{cite web|title=Manned Space\n        Chronology: Apollo_11|url=http://www.spaceline.org/flightchron/apollo11.html|publisher=spaceline.org|accessdate=2008-02-06|\n        archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080214213826/http://www.spaceline.org/flightchron/apollo11.html|archivedate=February\n        14, 2008 |deadurl=no}}{{cite web|title=Apollo Anniversary: Moon\n        Landing \\\"Inspired World\\\"|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|publisher=nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2008-02-06|\n        archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080209140059/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|archivedate=February\n        9, 2008 |deadurl=no}} \\n* [[July 22]] – Spanish dictator and head\n        of state [[Francisco Franco]] appoints Prince [[Juan Carlos]] his successor.\\n*\n        [[July 24]]\\n** The [[Apollo 11]] astronauts return from the first successful\n        Moon landing, and are placed in biological isolation for several days, on\n        the chance they may have brought back lunar germs. The airless lunar environment\n        is later determined to preclude microscopic life.\\n** The [[Soviet Union]]\n        returns [[Gerald Brooke]] to the  United Kingdom in exchange for spies Peter\n        and Helen Kroger ([[Morris Cohen (spy)|Morris]] and [[Lona Cohen]]).\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] declares the\n        [[Nixon Doctrine]], stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies\n        to take care of their own military defense. This starts the \\\"Vietnamization\\\"\n        of the war.\\n* [[July 26]] – The New York Chapter of the [[Young Lords]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] makes an unscheduled visit to [[South Vietnam]], meeting with President\n        [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]] and U.S. military commanders.\\n* [[July\n        31]] \\n** The [[Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)|halfpenny]] ceases to\n        be [[legal tender]] in the UK.\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] arrives in [[Entebbe]],\n        [[Uganda]] for the first visit by a reigning [[Pope]] to [[Africa]].{{cite\n        web|title=Pope Paul VI''s Apostolic Pilgrimage to Uganda, 31st July - 2nd\n        August 1969|url=http://www.totus2us.co.uk/universal/uganda/pvi-pilgrim-visit-1969/|accessdate=2016-10-29}}\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Woodstock\n        redmond stage.JPG|thumb|230px|right|[[August 15]]–[[August 18|18]]:\n        [[Woodstock]]]]\\n* [[August 4]] – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French\n        intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative [[Henry Kissinger]]\n        and North Vietnamese representative [[Xuan Thuy]] begin secret peace negotiations.\n        They eventually fail since both sides cannot agree to any terms.\\n* [[August\n        5]] – [[Mariner program]]: [[Mariner 7]] makes its closest fly-by of\n        [[Mars]] (3,524 kilometers) and proto-punk band The Stooges releases their\n        homonym debut album.\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[The Beatles]] at 11:30 have photographer\n        [[Iain Macmillan]] take their photo on a zebra crossing on [[Abbey Road]].\\n**\n        A fire breaks out in [[Bannerman''s Castle]] in the [[Hudson River]]; most\n        of the roof collapses and crashes down to the lower levels.\\n* [[August 9]]\\n**\n        The Haunted Mansion attraction opens at Disneyland California. Later versions\n        open in Florida, Tokyo and Paris.\\n** Followers of [[Charles Manson]] murder\n        [[Sharon Tate]], (who was 8 months pregnant), and her friends: [[Folgers]]\n        coffee heiress [[Abigail Folger]], [[Wojciech Frykowski]], and Hollywood hairstylist\n        [[Jay Sebring]] at the home of Tate and her husband, [[Roman Polanski]], in\n        [[Los Angeles]]. Also killed is [[Steven Parent]], leaving from a visit to\n        the Polanski''s caretaker. More than 100 stab wounds are found on the victims,\n        except for Parent, who had been shot almost as soon as the Manson Family entered\n        the property.\\n* [[August 10]] – The Manson Family kills [[Leno and\n        Rosemary LaBianca]], wealthy Los Angeles businessman and his wife.\\n* [[August\n        12]] – Violence erupts after the [[Apprentice Boys of Derry]] march\n        in [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]], resulting in a three-day communal riot\n        known as the [[Battle of the Bogside]].\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Sino-Soviet\n        border conflict|Serious border clashes]] occur between the [[Soviet Union]]\n        and the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[August 14]] – British troops\n        are deployed in [[Northern Ireland]] following the three-day Battle of the\n        Bogside.\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Captain D''s]] is founded as \\\"Mr. D\\u2019s\n        Seafood and Hamburgers\\\" by Ray Danner with its first location opening in\n        Donelson, Tennessee.\\n* [[August 15]]–[[August 18]] – The [[Woodstock\n        Festival]] is held in upstate New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians\n        of the era.\\n* [[August 17]] – Category 5 [[Hurricane Camille]], the\n        most powerful tropical cyclonic system at landfall in history, hits the [[Mississippi]]\n        coast, killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars).\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument]] is established\n        in Florissant, CO, USA\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** Donald and Doris Fisher open the\n        first [[Gap Inc.|Gap]] store on Ocean Avenue in San Francisco.\\n** Australian\n        [[Denis Michael Rohan]] sets the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] on fire.\\n** Strong violence\n        on demonstration in [[Prague]] and [[Brno]], Czechoslovakia. Military force\n        contra citizens. [[Prague Spring|Prague spring]] finally beaten.\\n* [[August\n        29]] – A [[Trans World Airlines]] flight from Rome to Tel Aviv is [[TWA\n        Flight 840 hijacking|hijacked]] and diverted to Syria.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[1969 Libyan coup d''\\u00e9tat]]: A bloodless coup\n        in [[Libya]] ousts King [[Idris I of Libya|Idris]], and brings Colonel [[Muammar\n        Gaddafi]] to power.\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** The first [[automatic teller machine]]\n        in the United States is installed in [[Rockville Centre, New York]].\\n** [[Ho\n        Chi Minh]], former [[president]] of the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]],\n        dies.\\n* [[September 5]] – Lieutenant [[William Calley]] is charged\n        with 6 counts of premeditated murder, for the [[1968]] [[My Lai Massacre]]\n        deaths of 109 [[Vietnam]]ese civilians in [[My Lai]], [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Allegheny Airlines Flight 853]] [[Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] collides\n        in flight with a [[Piper Aircraft|Piper]] [[Piper PA-28|PA-28]], and crashes\n        near [[Fairland, Indiana]], killing all 83 persons in both aircraft.\\n* [[September\n        13]] – ''''[[Scooby-Doo]]'''' airs its first episode on the [[CBS]]\n        network in the United States.\\n* [[September 20]] – The very last theatrical\n        Warner Bros. cartoon is released: the [[Merrie Melodies]] short ''''[[Injun\n        Trouble (1969 film)|Injun Trouble]]''''.\\n* [[September 22]] – [[San\n        Francisco Giant]] [[Willie Mays]] becomes the first player since [[Babe Ruth]]\n        to hit 600 career [[home runs]].\\n* [[September 22]] – [[September 25]]\n        – An Islamic conference in [[Rabat]], Morocco, following the al-Aqsa\n        Mosque fire (August 21), condemns the Israeli claim of ownership of [[Jerusalem]].\\n*\n        [[September 23]] \\n** China carries out an [[underground nuclear testing|underground\n        nuclear bomb test]].\\n** ''''[[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]'''' (directed\n        by [[George Roy Hill]] and starring [[Paul Newman]] and [[Robert Redford]])\n        opens to limited release in the United States.\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        The ''''[[Chicago Eight]]'''' trial begins in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation\n        of the Islamic Conference]] is founded.\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[The Beatles]]\n        release their ''''[[Abbey Road]]'''' album which is an enormous commercial\n        success and, although receiving mixed reviews at this time, comes to be viewed\n        by many as the group''s best.\\n** ''''[[The Brady Bunch]]'''' is broadcast\n        for the first time on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n* [[September\n        28]] – The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] and\n        the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democrats]] receive a majority\n        of votes in the [[Germany|German]] parliamentary elections, and decide to\n        form a common government.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** In [[Sweden]],\n        [[Olof Palme]] is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Worker''s Party,\n        replacing [[Tage Erlander]] as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]]\n        on [[October 14]].\\n** The [[Beijing Subway]] begins operation.\\n* [[October\n        2]] – A 1.2 [[TNT equivalent|megaton]] thermonuclear device is tested\n        at [[Amchitka Island]], [[Alaska]]. This test is code-named Project Milrow,\n        the 11th test of the [[Operation Mandrel]] 1969\\u2013[[1970]] underground\n        nuclear test series. This test is known as a \\\"calibration shot\\\" to test\n        if the island is fit for larger underground nuclear detonations.\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n**''''[[Monty Python''s Flying Circus]]'''' first airs on [[BBC One]].\\n**''''[[Sazae-san]]''''\n        first airs on [[Fuji Television]].\\n* [[October 9]]–[[October 12]] –\n        [[Days of Rage]]: In [[Chicago]], the [[United States National Guard]] is\n        called in to control demonstrations involving the radical [[Weatherman (organization)|Weathermen]],\n        in connection with the \\\"[[Chicago Eight]]\\\" Trial.\\n* [[October 11]]–[[October\n        16]] – The [[1969 New York Mets season|New York Mets]] defeat the [[1969\n        Baltimore Orioles season|Baltimore Orioles]] four games to one in one of the\n        greatest [[1969 World Series|World Series]] upsets in [[baseball]] history.\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n** [[UK miners'' strike (1969)|An unofficial strike amongst\n        British mineworkers]] begins over the working hours of surface workers.\\n*\n        [[October 15]]\\n** [[Radio Philippines Network|DZKB-TV Channel 9]], the Philippines\n        TV station, owner by Roberto S. Benedicto, is launched.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]:\n        Hundreds of thousands of people take part in [[Moratorium to End the War in\n        Vietnam]] demonstrations across the [[United States]].\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**\n        Willard S. Boyle and George Smith invent the [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]]\n        at [[Bell Laboratories]] (30 years later, this technology is widely used in\n        digital cameras).\\n** Fourteen black athletes are kicked off the [[University\n        of Wyoming]] football team for wearing black armbands into their [[Lloyd Eaton|coach''s]]\n        office.\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Willy Brandt]] becomes Chancellor of [[West\n        Germany]].\\n** General [[Siad Barre]] comes to power in [[Somalia]] in a coup,\n        6 days after the assassination of President [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]].\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Led Zeppelin]] release ''''[[Led Zeppelin II]]''''\n        to critical acclaim and commercial success.\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Pink\n        Floyd]] release their ''''[[Ummagumma]]'''' album.\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        The first message is sent over [[ARPANET]], the forerunner of the [[internet]].\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[Wal-Mart]] incorporates as ''''''Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.''''''\\n**\n        The [[disappearance of Patricia Spencer and Pamela Hobley]] occurs.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 3]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] addresses\n        the nation on television and radio, asking the \\\"[[silent majority]]\\\" to\n        join him in solidarity with the [[Vietnam War]] effort, and to support his\n        policies. Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] denounces the President''s critics\n        as ''an effete corps of impudent snobs'' and ''nattering nabobs of negativism''.\\n**\n        [[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government\n        of Turkey (31st government).\\n* [[November 9]] – A group of American\n        Indians, led by [[Richard Oakes (activist)|Richard Oakes]], seizes [[Alcatraz\n        Island]] for 19 months, inspiring a wave of renewed Indian pride and government\n        reform.\\n* [[November 10]] – ''''[[Sesame Street]]'''' aired its first\n        episode on the [[National Educational Television|NET]] network.\\n* [[November\n        12]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[My Lai Massacre]]: Independent investigative\n        journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] breaks the My Lai story.\\n* [[November 14]] \\n**[[Apollo\n        program]]: [[NASA]] launches [[Apollo 12]] ([[Pete Conrad]], [[Richard F.\n        Gordon, Jr.|Richard Gordon]], [[Alan Bean]]), the second manned mission to\n        the [[Moon]].\\n** The [[SS United States]] the last active [[United States\n        Lines]] passenger ship is withdrawn from service.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Cold\n        War]]: The [[Soviet submarine K-19]] collides with the American submarine\n        [[USS Gato (SSN-615)|USS ''''Gato'''']] in the [[Barents Sea]].\\n** [[Vietnam\n        War]]: In Washington, D.C., 250,000\\u2013500,000 protesters stage a peaceful\n        demonstration against the war, including a symbolic \\\"March Against Death\\\".\\n**\n        Regular [[colour television]] broadcasts begin on [[BBC1]] and [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n** [[Dave Thomas (businessman)|Dave Thomas]] opens\n        his first restaurant in a former steakhouse in downtown [[Columbus, Ohio]].\n        He names the chain ''''[[Wendy''s]]'''' after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda\n        Lou (nicknamed \\\"Wendy\\\" by her siblings).\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Cold\n        War]]: Negotiators from the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] meet\n        in [[Helsinki]], to begin the [[SALT I]] negotiations aimed at limiting the\n        number of strategic weapons on both sides.\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Apollo\n        program]]: [[Apollo 12]] astronauts [[Pete Conrad|Charles Conrad]] and [[Alan\n        Bean]] land at [[Oceanus Procellarum]] (\\\"Ocean of Storms\\\"), becoming the\n        third and fourth humans to walk on the [[Moon]].\\n** Soccer great [[Pel\\u00e9]]\n        scores his 1,000th goal.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: ''''[[The\n        Plain Dealer]]'''' publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the\n        [[My Lai Massacre]] in [[Vietnam]].\\n** [[Richard Oakes (activist)|Richard\n        Oakes]] returns with 90 followers and offers to buy Alcatraz for $24 (he leaves\n        the island January 1970).\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] and Japanese Premier [[Eisaku Sat\\u014d]] agree in Washington, D.C.\n        to the return of [[Okinawa]] to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms\n        of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island,\n        but they must be nuclear-free.\\n** The first [[ARPANET]] link is established\n        (the progenitor of the global [[Internet]]).\\n** The [[United States Senate]]\n        votes down the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] nomination\n        of [[Clement Haynsworth]], the first such rejection since [[1930]].\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Apollo program]]: The [[Apollo 12]] spacecraft splashes down\n        safely in the [[Pacific Ocean]], ending the second manned mission to the Moon.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[John Lennon]] returns his [[Member of the Order\n        of the British Empire|MBE]] medal to protest the British government''s involvement\n        in the [[Nigerian Civil War]].\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[Vietnam War]]: The first [[Draft lottery (1969)|draft lottery]] in the United\n        States is held since World War II (on January 4, 1970, ''''[[The New York\n        Times]]'''' will run a long article, \\\"Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery\n        Was Not Random\\\").\\n* [[December 2]] – The [[Boeing 747]] jumbo jet\n        makes its first passenger flight. It carries 191 people, most of them reporters\n        and photographers, from [[Seattle]], to New York City.\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        [[Black Panther Party]] members [[Fred Hampton]] and [[Mark Clark (Black Panther)|Mark\n        Clark]] are shot dead in their sleep during a raid by 14 Chicago police officers.\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[The Rolling Stones]] release Let it Bleed.\\n* [[December\n        6]] – The [[Altamont Free Concert]] is held at the Altamont Speedway\n        in northern California. Hosted by [[The Rolling Stones]], it is an attempt\n        at a \\\"Woodstock West\\\" and is best known for the uproar of violence that\n        occurred. It is viewed by many as the \\\"end of the sixties.\\\"\\n* [[December\n        12]] – The [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] in Italy (Strage di Piazza Fontana)\n        takes place.\\n* [[December 14]] – The [[murder of Diane Maxwell]] takes\n        place, when the 25-year-old phone operator is found sexually assaulted and\n        killed (the case remains unsolved until [[2003]]).\\n* [[December 24]]\\n**\n        [[Charles Manson]] is allowed to defend himself at the Tate-LaBianca murder\n        trial.\\n** The oil company [[Phillips Petroleum]] made the first [[oil]] discovery\n        in the Norwegian sector of [[North Sea]].\\n** Nigerian troops capture [[Umuahia]],\n        the last [[Biafra]]n capital before its dissolution became [[Owerri]]\\n* [[December\n        27]] – The [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]\n        wins 47.6% of the votes in the [[Japanese general election, 1969]]. Future\n        prime ministers [[Yoshir\\u014d Mori]] and [[Tsutomu Hata]] and future kingmaker\n        [[Ichir\\u014d Ozawa]] are elected for the first time.\\n* [[December 28]] –\n        The [[Young Lords]] take over the First Spanish Methodist Church in [[East\n        Harlem]].\\n* [[December 30]] – The [[Linwood bank robbery]] leaves two\n        police officers dead.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Summer – Invention of\n        [[Unix]] under the potential name \\\"Unics\\\" (after [[Multics]]).[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html\n        Dennis M. Ritchie, \\\"The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System\\\", Lucent\n        Technologies, 1996] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408054606/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html\n        |date=April 8, 2015 }}; accessed 27 June 2013.\\n* Fall – Second-generation\n        [[Dodge Challenger]] automobile introduced in the United States.\\n* Common\n        [[Africa]]n, [[Madagascar|Malagasy]] and [[Mauritius|Mauritian]] Organization\n        (OCAMM) (Organisation Commune Africaine Malgache et Mauricienne).\\n* [[International\n        Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage]], a maritime treaty,\n        is adopted.\\n* The first strain of the [[AIDS virus]] ([[HIV]]) migrates to\n        the United States via [[Haiti]].{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-10-30-voa66.html\n        |title=AIDS Virus Came to US Via Haiti|publisher=Voanews.com|accessdate=2014-05-05}}\\n*\n        Women are allowed membership in the Future Farmers of America (the later [[National\n        FFA Organization]]).\\n* [[Long John Silver''s]] restaurant chain opens its\n        first store in [[Lexington, Kentucky]].\\n* [[Arthur Treacher''s]] Fish and\n        Chips is founded by S. Robert Davis and Dave Thomas and its first location\n        in [[Columbus, Ohio]] opens for business.\\n* The [[Montreal Expos]] debut\n        as [[Major League Baseball]]''s first team outside the United States.\\n\\n==\n        Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Schumacher china 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael\n        Schumacher]]]]\\n[[File:Foo Fighters Tenacious D concert in 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dave\n        Grohl]]]]\\n[[File:Patton Oswalt by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patton\n        Oswalt]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Dean Francis Alfar]], Filipino author\\n**\n        [[Tommy Morrison]], American boxer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Christy Turlington]],\n        American fashion model\\n** [[Robby Gordon]], American race car driver\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Michael Schumacher]], German seven-time [[Formula 1]] world\n        champion\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Marilyn Manson]], American rock musician\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Norman Reedus]], American actor\\n* [[January 11]]\n        – [[Ky\\u014dko Hikami]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Stephen Hendry]], British snooker player\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Jason Bateman]],\n        American actor, director and producer\\n** [[Dave Grohl|David Grohl]], American\n        rock drummer and composer ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Foo Fighters]])\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Meret Becker]], German actress and musician\\n* [[January\n        16]]\\n** [[Roy Jones Jr.]], American boxer\\n** [[Per \\\"Dead\\\" Ohlin]], Norwegian\n        vocalist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Lukas Moodysson]], Swedish\n        film director\\n** [[Ti\\u00ebsto]], Dutch trance DJ\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Dave Bautista]], American actor, professional mixed martial artist and professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Junior Seau]], American NFL player (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Patrick K. Kroupa]], American writer,\n        hacker\\n* [[January 27]]\\n**[[Cornelius (musician)|Cornelius]], Japanese rock\n        musician, singer and producer ([[Flipper''s Guitar]])\\n**[[Patton Oswalt]],\n        American stand-up comedian, writer, actor and voice actor\\n* [[January 28]]\n        – [[Kathryn Morris]], American actress\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Hyde\n        (musician)|Hyde]], Japanese rock musician, singer and guitarist\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:JenniferAnistonHWoFFeb2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jennifer\n        Aniston]]]]                                              \\n[[File:Birdman\n        at hot 97 summer jam 2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]]]]\\n[[File:INXS\n        TO ROCK THE HUNTER! - Train.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patrick Monahan]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]]\\n** [[Gabriel Batistuta]], Argentine footballer\\n** [[Andrew Breitbart]],\n        American writer and publisher (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Dambisa\n        Moyo]], Zambian-born economist\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Beau Biden]], 44th\n        Attorney General of Delaware (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Retief Goosen]], South African\n        golfer\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Bobby Brown]], African-American singer\\n**\n        [[Michael Sheen]], Welsh actor\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Ian Eagle]], American\n        sports announcer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Jennifer Aniston]], American actress,\n        director, producer and businesswoman\\n** [[Bill Warner (motorcycle racer)|Bill\n        Warner]], American motorcycle racer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Darren\n        Aronofsky]], American film director\\n** [[Hong Myung-bo]], South Korean footballer\\n**\n        [[Brad Werenka]], Canadian ice-hockey player\\n* [[February 13]] \\n** [[Ahlam]],\n        Arabic singer\\n** [[J. B. Blanc]], French voice actor\\n* [[February 15]] –\n        [[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]], American rapper, entertainer, and record producer\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Burton C. Bell]], American rock vocalist/lyricist\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Gedo (wrestler)|Keiji Takayama]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Bosson]], Swedish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Petra Kronberger]], Austrian alpine skier\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Thomas\n        Jane]], American actor\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Michael Campbell]], New Zealand\n        golfer\\n** [[Marc Wauters]], Belgian cyclist\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Christine\n        Ng]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Robert Sean Leonard]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Patrick Monahan]], American musician and singer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:JavierBardemHWOFNov2012\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Javier Bardem]]]]\\n[[File:Terrence Howard TIFF 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Terrence\n        Howard]]]]\\n[[File:Ali Daei in Child Labours Association cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ali\n        Daei]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin Corrigan 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kevin Corrigan]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[Javier Bardem]], Spanish actor\\n** [[Dafydd Ieuan]], Welsh\n        rock drummer\\n** [[Litefoot]], Native American actor\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Chaz\n        Bono]], American LGBT rights activist \\n** [[Annie Yi|Annie Shizuka Inoh]],\n        Taiwanese actress\\n** [[Patrick Roach]], Canadian actor\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Todd Williams (athlete)|Todd Williams]], American long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Paget Brewster]], American actress\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[Terrence Howard]], American actor and singer\\n** [[Soraya (musician)|Soraya]],\n        Colombian singer and multi-instrumentalist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Graham Coxon]], English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist ([[Blur\n        (band)|Blur]]) and painter\\n** [[Akemi Okamura]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Susanna M\\u00e4lkki]], Finnish conductor\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n** [[Timo Kotipelto]], Finnish musician\\n** [[Yutaka Take]], Japanese\n        jockey\\n** [[Kim Raver]], American actress\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Markus\n        Lanz]], German-Italian television presenter\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Alexander\n        McQueen]], British fashion designer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 18]] –\n        [[Vassily Ivanchuk]], Ukrainian chess grandmaster\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Patrick\n        Tam (actor)|Patrick Tam]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Connor Trinneer]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Ali Daei]], Iranian football player\\n* [[March\n        24]] – [[Stephan Eberharter]], Austrian alpine skier\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Jeffrey Walker]], English musician\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Kevin Corrigan]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Pauley Perrette]], American actress\\n* [[March 28]] \\n**[[Rodney\n        Atkins]], America country music singer-songwriter\\n**[[Laurie Brett]], Scottish\n        actress\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Chiaki Ishikawa]], Japanese singer ([[See-Saw]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Samantha Brown]], American television host\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Paul\n        Rudd (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Rudd]]]]\\n[[File:Ren\\u00e9e Zellweger\n        Berlinale 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ren\\u00e9e Zellweger]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Fadl Shaker]], Lebanese singer\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Ajay\n        Devgan]], Bollywood actor\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Lance Storm]], Canadian\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Bret Boone]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Paul Rudd]], American actor, comedian, writer and producer\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Debbie Schlussel]], political commentator and film critic\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Billy Jayne]], American actor\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Barnaby\n        Kay]], English actor\\n** [[Cerys Matthews]], Welsh singer\\n** [[Caren Miosga]],\n        German journalist and television presenter\\n** [[Chisato Moritaka]], Japanese\n        singer\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Michael Jackson (wide receiver)|Michael Jackson]],\n        former [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        19]]\\n** [[Shannon Lee]], Chinese-American actress\\n** [[Susan Polgar]], Hungarian\n        chess player\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Marietta Slomka]], German journalist\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Toby Stephens]], English actor\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Dion Dublin]], English footballer\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Yelena Shushunova]],\n        Soviet gymnast\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Vanessa Beecroft]], Italian artist\\n**\n        [[Joe Buck]], American sports announcer\\n** [[Gina Torres]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Ren\\u00e9e Zellweger]], American actress and producer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Wes\n        Anderson-20140206-85.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wes Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Cate Blanchett\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cate Blanchett]]]]\\n[[File:David Boreanaz\n        Comic-Con 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Boreanaz]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Wes\n        Anderson]], American director, producer, screenwriter and actor\\n* [[May 2]]\n        – [[Brian Lara]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Daryl\n        F. Mallett]], American author and actor\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Micah Aivazoff]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Christina Billotte]], American musician\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Hideki Irabu]], Japanese baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[Jim Magilton]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[May 7]]\n        – [[Eagle-Eye Cherry]], Swedish-born musician\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Amber\n        (singer)|Amber]], Dutch musician\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Dennis Bergkamp]],\n        Dutch soccer player\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Kevin Nalty]], American YouTube\n        comedian\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Nikos Aliagas]], French-born television host\\n**\n        [[Buckethead|Brian Carroll]] (a.k.a. Buckethead), American guitarist\\n* [[May\n        14]]\\n** [[Cate Blanchett]], Australian actress\\n** [[Danny Wood]], American\n        singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Assala Nasri|Asalah\n        Nasri]], Syrian singer\\n** [[Emmitt Smith]], American football player\\n* [[May\n        16]]\\n** [[David Boreanaz]], American actor\\n** [[Tracey Gold]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Steve Lewis (sprinter)|Steve Lewis]], American athlete\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Martika]], American singer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]], Ukrainian journalist (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Anne Heche]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Stacy London]], American fashion consultant and media\n        personality\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Siri Lindley]], American triathlete\\n*[[May\n        28]] – [[Rob Ford]], Canadian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:JP\n        Manoux.jpg|thumb|110px|[[J.P. Manoux]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Dinklage by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter\n        Dinklage]]]]\\n[[File:Steffi Graf in Hamburg 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steffi\n        Graf]]]]\\n[[File:Ice-Cube 2014-01-09-Chicago-photoby-Adam-Bielawski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ice\n        Cube]]]]\\n[[File:Oliver Kahn 06-2004.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Oliver Kahn]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Jamie Thraves]], English film writer, director and music\n        video director\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Takako Minekawa]], Japanese musician,\n        composer and writer\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Rob Huebel]], American comedian\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Alina Astafei]], Romanian-German high jumper\\n** [[Prince\n        Joachim of Denmark]]\\n** [[Kim Rhodes]], American actress\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[J. P. Manoux]], American actor\\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Peter Dinklage]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Steven Drozd]], American rock drummer ([[The Flaming Lips]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\n** [[Zsolt Daczi]], Hungarian rock guitarist (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Heinz-Christian Strache]], Austrian politician\\n* [[June 13]] – [[S\\u00f8ren\n        Rasted]], Danish musician ([[Aqua (band)|Aqua]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Steffi\n        Graf]], German tennis player\\n** [[Eugene Chung]], Korean-American football\n        player\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Ice Cube]], African-American rapper and actor\\n**\n        [[Oliver Kahn]], German football goalkeeper\\n** [[Jansher Khan]], Pakistani\n        squash player\\n** [[Maurice Odumbe]], Kenyan cricketer\\n* [[June 16]] \\n**\n        [[MC Ren]], American rapper ([[N.W.A]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Paul Tergat]],\n        Kenyan athlete\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Haki Doku]], Albanian para-cyclist\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Trine Pallesen]], Danish actress\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Paulo Bento]], Portuguese football player and coach\\n* [[June 23]] \\n**\n        [[Fernanda Ribeiro]], Portuguese long-distance runner\\n** [[Achinoam Nini|Achinoam\n        Nini (Noa)]], Israeli singer\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Rich Eisen]], American\n        television journalist\\n** [[Sissel Kyrkjeb\\u00f8]], Norwegian singer\\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Storm Large]], American singer and actor\\n** [[Zim Zum]], American\n        guitarist\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Tichina Arnold]], African-American actress\n        (''''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'''')\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[T\\u014dru Hashimoto]],\n        Japanese local governor\\n** [[Ilan Mitchell-Smith]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        30]] – [[Sanath Jayasuriya]], Sri Lankan cricketer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Ken\n        Jeong March 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ken Jeong]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer Lopez at\n        GLAAD Media Awards.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jennifer Lopez]]]]\\n[[File:Alexis Arquette\n        2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexis Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Simon Baker 2013 4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Simon\n        Baker]]]]\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Matthew Cox]], American criminal\\n** [[Tim Rodber]],\n        English rugby player\\n** [[Jenni Rivera]], Mexican-American singer-songwriter,\n        producer and actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Gedeon Burkhard]],\n        German actor\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Jordan Sonnenblick]], American teacher\n        and novelist\\n* [[July 5]] – [[John LeClair]], American hockey player\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Sylke Otto]], German luger\\n** [[Joe Sakic]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Cree Summer]], American-Canadian actress and singger\\n* [[July\n        8]] \\n** [[George Fisher (musician)|George Fisher]], American vocalist, [[Cannibal\n        Corpse]]\\n** [[Sugizo]], Japanese guitarist and singer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**\n        [[Gale Harold]], American actor\\n** [[Jonas Kaufmann]], German operatic tenor\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[David Tao]], Taiwanese singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 13]]\n        – [[Ken Jeong]], American actor, comedian and physician\\n* [[July 16]]\n        – [[Sahra Wagenknecht]], German politician\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Kazuki\n        Kitamura]], Japanese actor\\n* [[July 18]] – [[The Great Sasuke|Masanori\n        Murakawa]], Japanese wrestler\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Josh Holloway]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Godfrey (comedian)|Godfrey]], American comedian\n        and actor\\n** [[Avraam Russo]], Russian singer\\n** [[Isabell Werth]], German\n        equestrian\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[James Arnold Taylor]], American voice actor\\n**\n        [[Despina Vandi]], Greek singer\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Jennifer Lopez]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Tanni Grey-Thompson]],\n        born Carys Grey, British Paralympian\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Pavel Hapal]], Czech\n        footballer\\n** [[Jonty Rhodes]], South African cricketer.\\n** [[Triple H]]\n        (aka Paul Levesque), American wrestler\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Alexis Arquette]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Michael Amott]], English musician \\n*\n        [[July 29]] – [[Timothy Omundson]], American actor\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Simon Baker]], Australian actor and director\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Antonio\n        Conte]], Italian football player and manager\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Michael\n        DeLuise.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael DeLuise]]]]\\n[[File:Kenny Irwin Jr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kenny\n        Irwin Jr.]]]]\\n[[FIle:Edward Norton 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edward Norton]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew\n        Perry.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matthew Perry]]]]\\n[[File:2016 RiP Tenacious D - Jack\n        Black - by 2eight - 8SC8891.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack Black]]]]\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Jan Axel Blomberg]], Norwegian drummer\\n** [[Fernando Couto]], Portuguese\n        footballer\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Anne Marie DeLuise]], Canadian actress\\n*\n        [[August 4]] \\n** [[Max Cavalera]], Brazilian musician and singer ([[Soulfly]])\\n**\n        [[Michael DeLuise]], American actor\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Kenny Irwin\n        Jr.]], NASCAR Driver (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[August 6]] \\n** [[Elliott Smith]],\n        American musician (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger|Jonathan\n        Aibel]], American script writer\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Faye Wong]], Hong\n        Kong singer and actress\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Troy Percival]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Brian Drummond]], Canadian voice\n        actor\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Ashley Jensen]], British actress\\n** [[Vanderlei\n        de Lima]], Brazilian long-distance runner\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Tanita\n        Tikaram]], German-born British singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[Midori Ito]], Japanese figure skater\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Justin Broadrick]],\n        British musician\\n** [[Kevin Cheng]], Hong Kong television actor and singer\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Kate Higgins]] American voice actress\\n* [[August\n        17]] \\n** [[Donnie Wahlberg]], American singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n**\n        [[Dick Togo]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Timothy\n        Snyder]], American author and historian \\n** [[Everlast (musician)|Everlast]],\n        American singer, rapper, and songwriter\\n** [[Edward Norton]], American actor,\n        film director, screenwriter, and social activist\\n** [[Christian Slater]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Nate Dogg]], African-American rapper\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Matthew Perry]], Canadian-American actor\\n** [[Clay Walker]],\n        American singer\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Oliver Geissen]], German television\n        presenter\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger|Glenn\n        Berger]], American scriptwriter\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Jack Black]], American\n        actor and musician\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Lucero (entertainer)|Lucero]], Mexican\n        singer and actress\\n** [[Joe Swail]], Northern Irish snooker player\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:82nd\n        Academy Awards, Tyler Perry - army mil-66455-2010-03-09-180359 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tyler\n        Perry]]]]\\n[[File:Simona P%C4%83uc%C4%83 1984b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Simona P\\u0103uc\\u0103]]]]\\n[[File:Catherine\n        Zeta-Jones VF 2012 Shankbone 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Catherine Zeta-Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Erika\n        Eleniak 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Erika Eleniak]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[K-Ci\n        & JoJo|Cedric \\\"K-Ci\\\" Hailey]], American singer, one half of R&B duo [[K-Ci\n        & JoJo]]\\n** [[Dave Naz]], American photographer\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        [[Robert Karlsson]], Swedish golfer\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]],\n        president of Georgia\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Dweezil Zappa]], American\n        actor and musician\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Jean-Beno\\u00eet Dunckel]], French\n        musician ([[Air (French band)|Air]])\\n** [[Diane Farr]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Urine]], American singer \\n* [[September 8]] – [[Gary Speed]],\n        Welsh footballer and manager (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Rachel\n        Hunter]], New Zealand model and actress\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Ai Jing]],\n        Chinese singer\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Crystal Lewis]], American Christian\n        musician\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Cabrera]], Argentine golfer\\n**\n        [[Shigeki Maruyama]], Japanese golfer\\n* [[September 13]]\\n**[[Tyler Perry]],\n        American actor, film director, and screenwriter\\n**[[Shane Warne]], Australian\n        cricketer\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Bong Joon-ho]], South Korean screenwriter\n        and film director\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Ken Doherty]], Irish snooker\n        player\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Simona P\\u0103uc\\u0103]], Romanian gymnast\\n**\n        [[Michael Symon]], American chef and television personality\\n* [[September\n        24]]\\n** [[Shawn Crahan|Shawn \\\"Clown\\\" Crahan]], American rock percussionist\n        \\n** [[DeVante Swing]], American music producer\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Yves\n        Amyot]], Qu\\u00e9b\\u00e9cois actor\\n** [[Hansie Cronje]], South African cricketer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Bill Simmons]], American sports columnist\\n** [[Hal Sparks]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n** [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]],  Welsh actress\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[Victor N''Gembo-Mouanda]], Congolese author\\n** [[Paul\n        Warhurst]], English football player\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Erika Eleniak]],\n        American model and actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Zach Galifianakis 2012\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Zach Galifianakis]]]]\\n[[File:Julia Ann 2 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julia\n        Ann]]]]\\n[[File:Steve McQueen holding Best Picture Oscar (cropped).JPG|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]]]]\\n[[File:Wendi McLendon-Covey 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wendi\n        McLendon-Covey]]]]\\n[[File:Wendy Wilson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wendy Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Wyclefjean2\n        (300dpi).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wyclef Jean]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Trey Parker by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Trey\n        Parker]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Zach Galifianakis]], American actor and\n        stand-up comedian\\n** [[Igor Ulanov]], Russian hockey player\\n* [[October\n        2]] – [[Mitch English]], American actor and television host\\n* [[October\n        3]]\\n** [[Gwen Stefani]], Lead singer of American rock group [[No Doubt]]\n        and television host\\n** [[Tetsuya (musician)|Tetsuya]], Japanese musician\n        \\n* [[October 5]] – [[Elizabeth Azcona Bocock]], Honduran politician\\n*\n        [[October 6]]\\n** [[Muhammad V of Kelantan]], current [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]\n        of Malaysia and [[Sultan of Kelantan]]\\n** [[Og\\u00fcn Temizkano\\u011flu]],\n        Turkish football player\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Benny Chan (actor)|Benny Chan\n        Ho Man]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Benny Chan (film director)|Benny Chan Muk-Sing]],\n        Hong Kong film director\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Julia Ann]], American porn\n        actress\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Jun Akiyama]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[PJ Harvey]], British singer-songwriter\\n** [[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve\n        McQueen]], English film director, producer and screenwriter\\n* [[October 10]]\n        \\n** [[Brett Favre]], American football player\\n** [[Molly Kiely]], American\n        cartoonist\\n** [[Wendi McLendon-Covey]], American actress\\n* [[October 12]]\n        – [[Judit Masc\\u00f3]], Spanish model, television host and writer\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n** [[Rhett Akins]], American country singer\\n** [[Nancy Kerrigan]],\n        American figure skater\\n** [[Cady McClain]], American actress and director\n        \\n* [[October 14]] \\n** [[K\\u014dsuke Okano|Kosuke Okano]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n** [[David Strickland]], American actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October\n        16]] – [[Wendy Wilson]], American singer and television personality\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Ernie Els]], South African golfer\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas \\u00c1ngel\n        Garc\\u00eda Bragado|Jes\\u00fas \\u00c1ngel Garc\\u00eda]], Spanish race walker\\n**\n        [[Wood Harris]], American actor\\n** [[Wyclef Jean]], Haitian rapper\\n** [[Nancy\n        Sullivan (American actress)|Nancy Sullivan]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[Trey Parker]], American voice actor, comedian, screenwriter,\n        composer, director and producer\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Laurie Daley]], Australian\n        rugby league player\\n** [[Juan Gonz\\u00e1lez (baseball)|Juan Gonz\\u00e1lez]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Michael Hancock (rugby\n        league)|Michael Hancock]], Australian rugby league footballer\\n* [[October\n        24]]\\n**[[Peter Dolving]], Swedish musician\\n**[[Adela Noriega]], Mexican\n        actress\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Josef Ber\\u00e1nek]], Czech ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Oleg Salenko]], Russian football player\\n** [[Alex Webster]], American bassist\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – [[Ha Hee-ra]], Korean actress\\n* [[October 30]] \\n**\n        [[Snow (musician)|Snow]], Canadian singer\\n** [[Stanislav Gross]], [[Prime\n        Minister of the Czech Republic]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Kim\n        Rossi Stuart]], Italian actor and director\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Sean\n        Combs 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean Combs]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew McConaughey -\n        Goldene Kamera 2014 - Berlin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matthew McConaughey]]]]\\n[[File:Tomas\n        N''evergreen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tomas N''evergreen]]]]\\n[[File:Gerard Butler\n        (29681162176).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerard Butler]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] –\n        [[Diane Parish]], English actress\\n*[[November 2]] – [[Reginald Arvizu]]\n        (aka Fieldy Snuts), American bassist\\n*[[November 3]] – [[Robert Miles]],\n        Italian record producer and DJ (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Sean\n        Combs]], African-American rapper (aka Puff Daddy, P. Diddy)\\n** [[Matthew\n        McConaughey]], American actor\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Michelle Clunie]], American\n        actress\\n** [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Grimaud]], French pianist\\n* [[November 8]]\n        – [[Roxana Zal]], American actress\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Sandra Denton]],\n        African-American rapper ([[Salt-n-Pepa]])\\n** [[Allison Wolfe]], American\n        musician\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Faustino Asprilla]], Colombian football\n        player\\n** [[Jens Lehmann]], German football player\\n** [[Ellen Pompeo]],\n        American actress\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Carson Kressley]], American\n        fashion expert\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Johnny Gosch]], American child kidnap\n        victim\\n** [[Tomas N''evergreen]], Danish singer\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Gerard\n        Butler]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Josh Mancell]], American freelance composer\n        and multi-instrumentalist\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Ry\\u014dtar\\u014d Okiayu]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Jean-Michel Saive]], Belgian table tennis player\\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n** [[Kathleen Van Brempt|Kathleen van Brempt]], Belgian politician\\n**\n        [[Sam Cassell]], American basketball player\\n** [[Ahmed Helmy]], Egyptian\n        actor\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Ertu\\u011frul Sa\\u011flam]], Turkish football\n        coach and former player\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Sakura (musician)|Sakura]],\n        Japanese musician\\n** [[Dabo Swinney]], American college football coach\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Ken Griffey Jr.]], American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Robin Padilla]], Filipino actor\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[David Adeang]], Nauruan politician\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Lexington\n        Steele]], American actor and film director\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Chris\n        Baker (racing driver)|Chris Baker]], American race car driver\\n** [[Pierre\n        van Hooijdonk]], Dutch footballer\\n** [[Kasey Keller]], [[United States|American]]\n        [[Major League Soccer]] player\\n** [[Mariano Rivera]], [[Panama]]nian [[Major\n        League Baseball]] player\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jay-Z @ Shawn ''Jay-Z''\n        Carter Foundation Carnival (crop 2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jay Z]]]] \\n[[File:VishyAnand09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Viswanathan\n        Anand]]]]\\n[[File:Ed Miliband June 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ed Miliband]]]]\\n[[File:Vabariigi\n        Presidendi ametisse astumise tseremoonia 2016, crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kersti\n        Kaljulaid]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Richard Carrier]], American historian\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Bill Steer]], English musician\\n* [[December 4]]\n        – [[Jay Z]], African-American rapper\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Alex\n        Kapp Horner]], American actress\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Patrice O''Neal]],\n        American comedian and radio personality (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Kerry Earnhardt]], American race car driver \\n* [[December 9]] \\n**[[Jakob\n        Dylan]], American singer-songwriter ([[The Wallflowers]])\\n**[[Lori Greiner]],\n        American investor, entrepreneur, and television personality\\n* [[December\n        11]]\\n** [[Phil Spencer]], UK television property percenter and estate agent\\n**\n        [[Viswanathan Anand]], Indian chess Grandmaster\\n** [[Sean Grande]], American\n        basketball announcer\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Hideo Ishikawa]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Archie Kao]], Chinese-American film\n        and television actor\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Rick Law]], American illustrator\n        and producer\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Michelle Smith]], Irish swimmer\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Chuck Liddell]], American [[mixed martial arts]] fighter\\n**\n        [[Michael V.]], Filipino comedian and actor\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Irvin\n        Duguid]], Scottish rock keyboard player ([[Stiltskin]])\\n** [[Mille Petrozza]],\n        German-Italian rock vocalist and guitarist ([[Kreator]])\\n** [[Joe Randa]],\n        American [[Major League Baseball]] player and radio talk-show host\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Richard Hammond]], British TV presenter\\n** [[Lauren S\\u00e1nchez]],\n        American news anchor\\n** [[Kristy Swanson]], American actress\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Chisa Yokoyama]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 21]]\\n**\n        [[Julie Delpy]], French actress\\n** [[Magnus Samuelsson]], Swedish bodybuilder,\n        [[World''s Strongest Man]]\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Greg Biffle]], American\n        race car driver\\n** [[Martha Byrne]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Rob\n        Pelinka]], American sports agent\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Brad Anderson (wrestler)|Brad\n        Anderson]], American wrestler\\n** [[Milan Blagojevic (footballer)|Milan Blagojevic]],\n        Australian soccer player\\n** [[Pernille Fischer Christensen]], Danish film\n        director\\n** [[Taro Goto]], Japanese soccer player\\n** [[Leavander Johnson]],\n        American lightweight boxer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Ryuji Kato]], Japanese soccer\n        player\\n** [[Nick Love]], English film director and writer\\n** [[Miyuki Matsushita]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Clinton McKinnon (musician)|Clinton McKinnon]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Sean Cameron Michael]], South African actor and singer\\n**\n        [[Ed Miliband]], English academic and politician, [[Minister for the Cabinet\n        Office]]\\n** [[Mark Millar]], Scottish author\\n** [[Luis Musrri]], Chilean\n        soccer player\\n** [[Mariko Shiga]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[1989]])\\n**\n        [[Oleg Skripochka]], Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Gintaras Stau\\u010d\\u0117]],\n        Lithuanian soccer player\\n** [[Chen Yueling]], American race walker\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Zittrain]], American professor\\n** [[Michael Zucchet]], American economist\n        and politician, [[Mayor of San Diego]]\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Nicolas\n        Godin]], French musician ([[Air (French band)|Air]])\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Chyna]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 28]]\n        – [[Linus Torvalds]], Finnish computer programmer\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**\n        [[Matt Goldman]], American record producer\\n** [[Jay Kay]], English singer\n        ([[Jamiroquai]])\\n** [[Kersti Kaljulaid]], [[President of Estonia]]\\n* [[December\n        31]] \\n** [[Dominik Diamond]], Scottish presenter and newspaper columnist\\n**\n        [[Margaret Travolta]], American actress\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Russ\n        Kick]], American writer and founder of [[The Memory Hole (web site)|The Memory\n        Hole]].\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Anukul as a boy.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Anukulchandra\n        Chakravarty]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Barton MacLane]], American actor\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Gilbert Miller]] (''''aka Gilbert\n        Heron'''') American theatrical producer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\n**\n        [[Commodore Cochran]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Howard\n        McNear]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Daisy and Violet\n        Hilton]], English conjoined twin actresses (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[William M.\n        Zachacki]], American politician (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Albert\n        Hill (athlete)|Albert Hill]], British athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 16]]\n        – [[Vernon Duke]], Russian-American songwriter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Jan Palach]], Czech student protester (suicide) (b. [[1948]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[Vernon and Irene Castle|Irene Castle]], English dancer\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Anukulchandra Chakravarty]], Indian\n        god man (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Charles Winninger]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Allen Dulles]], American director of the Central\n        Intelligence Agency (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Li Zongren]], Chinese\n        commander, acting [[President of the Republic of China]] (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Dominique Pire|Georges Pire]], Belgian monk, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Meher Baba]], Indian spiritual\n        master (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Borris Karloff still.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Boris\n        Karloff]]]]\\n[[File:Saud of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Saud of Saudi\n        Arabia|Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait of prime minister Levy\n        Eshkol. August 1963. D699-070.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Levi Eshkol]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Boris Karloff]], British actor  (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** [[C. N. Annadurai]], Indian politician, 1st [[Chief Minister of Tamil\n        Nadu]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Eduardo Mondlane]], Mozambican FRELIMO leader (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\n** [[Conrad Hilton Jr.|Conrad Hilton, Jr.]],\n        American heir and socialite (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[Thelma Ritter]], American\n        actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[George \\\"Gabby\\\" Hayes]],\n        American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Paltiel Daykan]],\n        Russian-born Israeli jurist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Florence\n        Mary Taylor]], Australia''s first female architect (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Vito Genovese]], Italian-American mobster (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Pee Wee Russell]], American jazz musician (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Paul Barbarin]], American jazz musician (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ernest Ansermet]], Swiss conductor (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Ingram (actor)|Jack Ingram]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February\n        23]]\\n** [[Frank Ellis (actor)|Frank Ellis]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], [[King of Saudi Arabia]]\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Levi Eshkol]], 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Israel]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Karl Jaspers]], German psychiatrist and philosopher\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Marius Barbeau]], Canadian ethnographer\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[John Boles (actor)|John Boles]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ali\n        Al-Ayoubi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi]]]]\\n[[File:Oscar Osorio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00d3scar\n        Osorio]]]]\\n[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29,\n        1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]]]\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Ali Jawdat\n        al-Aiyubi]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Martin Lucas]],\n        Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] archbishop (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 4]] –\n        [[Nicholas Schenck]], Russian-born film impresario (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Keisai Aoki]], Japanese missionary (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[\\u00d3scar\n        Osorio]], Salvadorian revolutionary leader, 32nd [[President of El Salvador]]\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Charles Brackett]], American novelist and\n        screenwriter (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Richard Crane (actor)|Richard Crane]], American\n        actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Daniel E. Barbey]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[John Wyndham]], British author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[Ben Shahn]], Lithuanian-American artist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March\n        18]] – [[Barbara Bates]], American actress (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Henri Longchambon]], French politician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Pinky Higgins]], American baseball player and manager (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** [[Billy Cotton]], English entertainer and bandleader (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n** [[Max Eastman]], American writer (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Alan Mowbray]],\n        English actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[John Kennedy Toole]], American\n        author (b. [[1937]])\\n** [[B. Traven]], German writer\\n* [[March 28]] –\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], American general and politician, 34th [[President\n        of the United States]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Botong Francisco]],\n        Filipino artist (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[George de la Warr]], British alternative\n        physician (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:R\\u00f3mulo Gallegos 1940s.jpg|thumb|110px|[[R\\u00f3mulo\n        Gallegos]]]]\\n[[File:Rene barrientos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rene Barrientos]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Fortunio Bonanova]], Spanish actor and singer (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Conde Falc\\u00f3n]], American army soldier,\n        recipient of the [[Medal of Honor]] (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Alberto\n        Bonucci]], Italian actor and director (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Ain-Ervin Mere]],\n        Estonian Nazi war criminal (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Shelby Storck]], American television\n        producer (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Gabriel Chevallier]], French\n        writer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Aleksandra Artyukhina]], Russian\n        revolutionary hero (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[R\\u00f3mulo Gallegos]], Venezuelan\n        novelist and politician, 48th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Harley Earl]], American designer and executive (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Matilde Mu\\u00f1oz Sampedro]], Spanish\n        actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]],\n        former Queen consort of Spain (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Abu\n        Hussain Sarkar]], Bengali politician (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Benny Benjamin]], American urban and jazz musician (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[April\n        22]] – [[Husain Bey, Crown Prince of Tunisia]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Morihei Ueshiba]], Japanese martial artist and founder of [[aikido]]\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Barrientos]], Bolivian general\n        and statesman, 56th and 58th [[President of Bolivia]] (plane crash) (b. [[1919]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Vonpapen1.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Franz\n        von Papen]]]]\\n[[File:Jeffrey Hunter Sgt Rutledge.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jeffrey\n        Hunter]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Ella Logan]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Franz von Papen]], German and Prussian nobleman, general\n        and politician, 22nd [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of\n        Germany]] and 26th [[Prime Minister of Prussia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 3]]\n        \\n** [[Karl Freund]], German cinematographer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Amy Ashwood\n        Garvey]], Jamaican [[pan-African]] activist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Zakir Husain\n        (politician)|Zakir Hussain]], Indian politician, 3rd [[President of India]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Osbert Sitwell]], English writer (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Vincenzo Musolino]], Italian actor, director,\n        producer and screenwriter (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Salom\\u00e3o\n        Barbosa Ferraz]], Brazilian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and bishop (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]]\\n** [[Enid Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Frederick\n        Lane]], Australian swimmer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[William Gould\n        (actor)|William Gould]], Canadian-American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Rayford|Robert R.]], American HIV/AIDS victim (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – [[Coleman Hawkins]], American musician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – [[Fred Sherman (actor)|Fred Sherman]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[William Lincoln Bakewell]], American aboard (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Jimmy McHugh]], American composer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Mitzi Green]], American actress (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n**\n        [[Muhammad Fareed Didi]], [[Sultan of Maldives]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Jeffrey\n        Hunter]], American actor (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Emilio Bigi]],\n        Paraguay musician (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Rhys Williams (Welsh-American actor)|Rhys\n        Williams]], Welsh actor (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Judy Garland-publicity.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Judy\n        Garland]]]]\\n[[File:Volmari Iso-Hollo 1936.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Volmari Iso-Hollo]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]]\\n** [[Ivar Ballangrud]], Norwegian Olympic speed skater (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Attilio Degrassi]], Italian scholar (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        [[Leo Gorcey]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Rafael\n        Osuna]], Mexican tennis champion (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Miles\n        Dempsey]], British general (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Robert Taylor\n        (actor)|Robert Taylor]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Aleksandr Deyneka]], Russian painter and sculptor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] – [[Martita Hunt]], English actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 15]]\n        – [[Sargis Abrahamyan]], Russian writer (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis]], British field marshal\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Edgar Anderson]], American botanist\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Natalie Talmadge]], American actress\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi]], Egyptian\n        Qur'' anic reciter (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Maureen Connolly]],\n        American tennis player (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Judy Garland]],\n        American actress and pop singer (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Volmari\n        Iso-Hollo]], Finnish Olympic athlete (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[June 24]] –\n        [[Willy Ley]], German science writer and space advocate (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June\n        28]] \\n** [[Charles Carpenter (bishop)|Charles Carpenter]], American Episcopal\n        Diocese bishop (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Gerald Fitzgerald (priest)|Gerald Fitzgerald]],\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] priest (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Francesco\n        Mottola]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Mo\\u00efse Tshombe]], Congolese politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Zaire]]\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Roman Richard Atkielski]], American [[Roman\n        Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Max Fabian]], Polish-born Israeli cinematographer\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Brian Jones 1965.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian\n        Jones]]]]\\n[[File:WalterGropius-1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Walter Gropius]]]]\\n[[File:Ram\\u00f3n\n        Grau San Mart\\u00edn.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ram\\u00f3n Grau]]]]\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Mikio Naruse]], Japanese film director (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Michael DiBiase]],\n        American wrestler (b [[1923]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Brian Jones]], British\n        rock musician ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Ben\n        Alexander (actor)|Ben Alexander]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Walter\n        Gropius]], German architect (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Tom Mboya]], Kenyan politician\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Lambert Hillyer]], American film director\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Leo McCarey]], American film director (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Laura Latorre Mendoza]], Filipino [[Roman Catholic]]\n        widow, catechist and saint (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Charlotte Armstrong]],\n        American author (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Gladys Swarthout]], American opera singer\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Raiz\\u014d Tanaka]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Muhammad Shahidullah]], Bengali educationist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Peter van Eyck]], German-American actor\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 El\\u00edas Moreno]], Mexican actor (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Harry Benham]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], American teacher, secretary, and political\n        campaign specialist (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Barbara Pepper]], American actress\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Cathy Wayne]], pop entertainer, first\n        Australian woman killed in Vietnam War (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        [[Witold Gombrowicz]], Polish novelist and dramatist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Otto Dix]], German painter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        [[Raymond Walburn]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Loesser]], American songwriter (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Grau]], Cuban\n        physician, 7th [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Adorno.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theodor\n        W. Adorno]]]]\\n[[File:Otto Stern 1950s.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Otto Stern]]]]\\n[[File:Ismail\n        al-Azahri.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ismail al-Azhari]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Chang\n        Taek-sang]], Korean policeman and politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister of South\n        Korea]]\\n** [[Donald Keith (actor)|Donald Keith]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Leslie Cliff (figure skater)|Leslie Cliff]], British\n        pair figure skater (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Duke Adolf Friedrich\n        of Mecklenburg]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Theodor W. Adorno]],\n        German sociologist and philosopher (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Choi\n        Seung-hee]], Korean modern dancer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Tate\n        murders|Abigail Folger]], American socialite, [[Folgers]] Coffee heiress,\n        and social worker (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[C. F. Powell|Cecil Frank Powell]], British\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Jay Sebring]], American celebrity hair stylist (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Sharon\n        Tate]], American actress (murdered) (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[August 11]] –\n        [[\\u00c9mile Bonvouloir]], Canadian politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – [[Nicol\\u00e1s Fasolino]], Argentine [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Leonard Woolf]], English writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]]\\n** [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], German-American architect\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Otto Stern]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Mildred Davis]],\n        American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Dudley D. Watkins]],\n        Scottish illustrator for [[D. C. Thomson & Co.]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August\n        25]]\\n** [[Harry Hammond Hess]], American geologist and [[United States Navy]]\n        officer in World War II (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Maria Troncatti]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n**\n        [[Alejandro G. Abadilla]], Filipino poet (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Ismail al-Azhari]],\n        Sudanese political figure, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] and 3rd [[President\n        of Sudan]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** Dame [[Ivy Compton-Burnett]],\n        English novelist (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Erika Mann]], German writer (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Vladislav Anisovich]], Russian painter and educator\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Rocky Marciano]], American professional\n        boxer (b. [[1923]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ho Chi Minh 1946.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ho\n        Chi Minh]]]]\\n[[File:Adolfo L\\u00f3pez Mateos (1963).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolfo\n        L\\u00f3pez Mateos]]]]\\n[[File:TOGO PRES. NICOLAS GRUNITSKY - CROPPED.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolas\n        Grunitzky]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Sue Hamilton (actress)|Sue Hamilton]],\n        American actress (b. [[1945]])\\n** [[Ho Chi Minh]], Vietnamese Communist revolutionary\n        leader, 1st [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]], 1st [[President of Vietnam|President]]\n        and [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] leader of [[Vietnam]] (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[John Lester]], American [[cricket]]er\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Vicente Faria Lima]],\n        Brazilian engineer and politician (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[Mario Berlinguer]], Italian lawyer and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Arthur Friedenreich]], Brazilian [[Association football|footballer]]\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Gavin Maxwell]], Scottish naturalist\n        and author (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Bud Collyer]], American\n        radio and television personality (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.]], American general (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[\\u00c5ke Gr\\u00f6nberg]], Swedish actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] – [[Tidemann Flaata Evensen]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Giovanni Urbani]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Rex Ingram (actor)|Rex Ingram]],\n        American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Adolfo L\\u00f3pez\n        Mateos]], Mexican politician, 48th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[Nicolas Grunitzky]], 2nd [[President of Togo]]\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sonja Henie 1936.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Sonja\n        Henie]]]]\\n[[File:Francisco J. Orlich.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos\n        arroyo del rio.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Alberto Arroyo del R\\u00edo]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Natalino Otto]], Italian singer (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Walter Hagen]], American golf champion (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October\n        7]]\\n** [[Natalya Lisenko]], Russian actress (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Johnnie Morris\n        (actor)|Johnnie Morris]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Ture Nerman]],\n        Swedish politician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Eduardo Ciannelli]],\n        Italian actor and singer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Mathew Kavukattu]],\n        Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] archbishop and servant of God (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]]\\n** [[Enrique Ballestrero]], Uruguay footballer (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]], General of the Polish Army (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] \\n** [[Friedrich von Arnauld de la Peri\\u00e8re]], German aviator (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n** [[Sonja Henie]], Norwegian figure skater (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Julius\n        Saaristo]], Finnish Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Arnie\n        Herber]], American football player ([[Green Bay Packers]]) and a member of\n        the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[August Sang]], Estonian\n        poet and literary translator (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Rod La\n        Rocque]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]], 3rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Somalia]] and 2nd [[President of Somalia]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Jack Kerouac]], American author (b.\n        [[1922]])\\n** [[Wac\\u0142aw Sierpi\\u0144ski]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Paul Bailliart]], French ophtalomogist (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Sholto Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Kirtleside]], British commander (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[Pops Foster]], American musician (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Pavel\n        Mironov]], Russian general (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich]],\n        34th [[President of Costa Rica]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Carlos\n        Alberto Arroyo del R\\u00edo]], 26th [[President of Ecuador]], leader of the\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:LiuShaoqi Colour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Liu\n        Shaoqi]]]]\\n[[File:Iskander Mirza.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Iskander Mirza]]]]\\n[[File:Joseph\n        P. Kennedy, Sr. 1938.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Pauline Bush (actress)|Pauline Bush]], American actress (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Ikbal Ali Shah]], Indian-born Afghan\n        diplomat and author (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Lloyd Corrigan]],\n        American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Ricardo Aguirre]], Venezuela\n        surburbian musician (b. [[1939]])\\n** [[Dave O''Brien (actor)|Dave O''Brien]],\n        American actor (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Vesto Slipher]], American astronomer (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Frank Mills (politician)|Frank Mills]],\n        American politician in Ohio legislature (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 12]]\\n**\n        [[William F. Friedman]], American cryptanalyst (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Liu Shaoqi]],\n        Chinese revolutionary and statesman and 2nd [[President of the People''s Republic\n        of China]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Iskander Mirza]], Pakistani\n        politician, 1st [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[Roy D''Arcy]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Ignacio Aldecoa]], Spanish\n        writer (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Billy Southworth]], American baseball manager ([[St.\n        Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]], American politician (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\n** [[Norman Lindsay]], Australian painter (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Mutesa II of Buganda]], [[Kabaka of Buganda]] and 1st [[President\n        of Uganda]] (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Eugenio Duse]], Italian\n        actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Malcolm Barclay-Harvey]],\n        British politician, 22nd [[Governor of South Australia]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Roy Barcroft]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 102-03504A, Claudius Dornier.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Claude Dornier]]]]\\n[[File:Lefty-odoul.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lefty\n        O''Doul]]]]\\n[[File:Costa e Silva.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Artur da Costa e Silva]]]]\\n[[File:Penaranda.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Enrique\n        Pe\\u00f1aranda]]]]\\n* December – [[Swami Ashokananda]], Indian monk\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Magic Sam]], American musician (b.\n        [[1937]])\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Arguedas]], Peruvian\n        novelist, poet, and anthropologist  (b. [[1911]]).\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Ruth White (actress)|Ruth White]], American actress (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[December\n        4]]\\n** [[Mark Clark (Black Panther)|Mark Clark]], American Black Panther\n        (b. [[1947]])\\n** [[Fred Hampton]], American Black Panther (b. [[1948]])\\n**\n        [[Oswald Short|Hugh Oswald Short]], aviation pioneer; CEO, Short Brothers\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Princess Alice of Battenberg]] (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Claude Dornier]], German airplane builder (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 7]]\n        \\n** [[Lefty O''Doul]], American baseball player (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Eric\n        Portman]], English actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Calogero\n        Bagarella]], Italian criminal (b. [[1935]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Raymond\n        A. Spruance]], American admiral and ambassador (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Spencer\n        Williams (actor)|Spencer Williams]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December\n        16]] – [[Alphonse Castex]], French rugby union player (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Artur da Costa e Silva]], Brazilian general, 27th\n        [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Georges\n        Catroux]], French Army general and colonial governor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] \\n** [[Josef von Sternberg]], Austrian film director (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Enrique Pe\\u00f1aranda]], Bolivian general, 45th [[President of Bolivia]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Donald\n        Foster (actor)|Donald Foster]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw B\\u0142eszy\\u0144ski]], Polish entomologist (b.\n        [[1927]])\\n** [[Cortelia Clark]], African American blues singer and guitarist\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Olivia FitzRoy]], British author of children''s books\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Seabury Quinn]], American author (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Alfred\n        B. Skar]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Ricardo\n        Adolfo de la Guardia Arango|Ricardo de la Guardia]], 11th [[President of Panama]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Salvatore\n        Baccaloni]], Italian opera (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Joseph Yablonski]], murdered\n        American labor leader (b. [[1910]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Physics]] – [[Murray Gell-Mann]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Derek Harold Richard Barton]], [[Odd Hassel]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Max Delbr\\u00fcck]], [[Alfred\n        Hershey]], [[Salvador Luria]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Samuel Beckett]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[International\n        Labour Organization]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]]\n        – [[Ragnar Frisch]], [[Jan Tinbergen]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n*\n        [[1969: The Year Everything Changed]] by [[Rob Kirkpatrick]]. Skyhorse Publishing,\n        2009. {{ISBN|978-1-60239-366-0}}.\\n* [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847931\n        1969 – Headlines] A report from Rich Lamb of WCBS Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM\n        New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years of newsradio.\\n* [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847934\n        1969 – The Year in Sound] An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS\n        Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years\n        of newsradio.\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOG69ALfuvU ''''1969: The\n        Year Everything Changed''''] – YouTube video\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1969}}\\n[[Category:1969|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T03:00:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":799664305,\"length\":90361,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1969&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Sun, 10 Sep 2017 19:35:18 GMT\n- request:\n    method: get\n    uri: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&inprop=url&prop=revisions%7Cinfo&redirects=true&rvprop=content%7Ctimestamp&titles=1970%7C1971%7C1972%7C1973%7C1974%7C1975\n    body:\n      encoding: US-ASCII\n      string: ''\n    headers:\n      User-Agent:\n      - Infoboxer/0.3.0 (https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer; zverok.offline@gmail.com)\n      Accept-Encoding:\n      - gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\n      Accept:\n      - \"*/*\"\n  response:\n    status:\n      code: 200\n      message: OK\n    headers:\n      Date:\n      - Sun, 10 Sep 2017 19:35:20 GMT\n      Content-Type:\n      - application/json; charset=utf-8\n      Transfer-Encoding:\n      - chunked\n      Connection:\n      - keep-alive\n      Server:\n      - mw1223.eqiad.wmnet\n      X-Powered-By:\n      - HHVM/3.18.2\n      X-Content-Type-Options:\n      - nosniff\n      Cache-Control:\n      - private, must-revalidate, max-age=0\n      P3p:\n      - CP=\"This is not a P3P policy! 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Between 10,000\\u201314,621 were killed\n        and 26,783 were injured.\\n* [[January 5]] – The first episode of United\n        States [[soap opera]] ''''[[All My Children]]'''' is broadcast on the [[American\n        Broadcasting Company|ABC television network]].\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Biafra]]\n        capitulates, ending the [[Nigerian Civil War]].\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Diana Ross]] and [[The Supremes]] perform their farewell live concert together\n        at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas. Ross''s replacement, [[Jean Terrell]],\n        is introduced onstage at the end of the last show.\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        After a 32-month fight for independence from [[Nigeria]], [[Biafra]]n forces\n        under [[Philip Effiong]] formally surrender to General [[Yakubu Gowon]].\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – The [[Greater London Council]] announces its plans\n        for the [[Thames Barrier]] at [[Woolwich]] to prevent flooding (the barrier\n        opens in [[1981]]).\\n* [[January 21]]\\n**Five lifeboatmen are killed when\n        a [[Fraserburgh]], Scotland vessel, ''''The Duchess of Kent'''', capsizes.\\n**\n        [[Pan American Airways]] offers the first commercially scheduled Boeing 747\n        service from [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] to [[London Heathrow\n        Airport]].\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Joseph Fielding Smith]] becomes the\n        10th President of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]\\n* [[January\n        26]] – [[Mick Jagger]] is fined \\u00a3200 for possession of [[cannabis]].\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – The [[Benavidez rail disaster]] near [[Buenos Aires]],\n        Argentina kills 236.\\n* [[February 10]] – An [[avalanche]] at [[Val-d''Is\\u00e8re]],\n        France kills 41 tourists.\\n* [[February 11]] – ''''[[\\u014csumi (satellite)|\\u014csumi]]'''',\n        Japan''s first satellite, is launched on a [[Lambda-4]] rocket.\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Black Sabbath]]''s [[Black Sabbath (album)|eponymous debut\n        album]] is released; often regarded as the first true [[Heavy metal music|heavy\n        metal]] album.\\n* [[February 14]] – The iconic live album ''''[[The\n        Who]]: [[Live at Leeds]]'''' is recorded.\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**MacDonald\n        family massacre: [[Jeffrey R. MacDonald]] kills his wife and children at [[Fort\n        Bragg, North Carolina]], claiming that drugged-out \\\"[[hippie]]s\\\" did it.[[File:Ohsumi.jpg|thumb|150px|\n        [[February 11]]: [[\\u014csumi (satellite)]] launched]]\\n**Author [[David Irving]]\n        is ordered to pay \\u00a340,000 [[libel]] damages to Capt. [[Jack Broome|John\n        Broome]] over his book [[Convoy PQ 17|''''The Destruction of Convoy PQ17'''']].\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – A jury finds the [[Chicago Seven]] defendants not\n        guilty of [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiring]] to incite a [[riot]], in charges\n        stemming from the violence at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]].\n        Five of the defendants are found guilty on the lesser charge of crossing state\n        lines to incite a riot.\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Poseidon bubble]]: shares\n        in Australian [[nickel]] mining company Poseidon NL, which stood at $0.80\n        in September 1969, peak at around $280 before the speculative bubble bursts.\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – Construction begins on the [[Bosphorus Bridge|Bo\\u011fazi\\u00e7i\n        Bridge]] crossing the [[Bosphorus]] in [[Istanbul]].\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Guyana]] becomes a Republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Chevrolet]] releases the second generation [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]].\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Rhodesia]] severs its last tie with the United Kingdom,\n        declaring itself a [[republic]].\\n* [[March 5]] – The [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation\n        Treaty]] goes into effect, after ratification by 56 nations.\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**A\n        bomb being constructed by members of the [[Weatherman (organization)|Weathermen]]\n        and meant to be planted at a military dance in New Jersey, explodes, killing\n        three members of the organization.\\n** [[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice\n        Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (32nd government).\\n*\n        [[March 7]]\\n** [[Citro\\u00ebn]] introduces the [[Citro\\u00ebn SM|SM]] at\n        the [[Geneva Auto Salon]].\\n**A [[solar eclipse]] passes along the Atlantic\n        coast region. Totality is visible across southern Mexico and across the southeast\n        coast of the United States, [[Nantucket]], and [[Nova Scotia]].\\n* [[March\n        12]] – Teenagers in the United Kingdom vote for the first time, in a\n        [[by-election]] in [[Bridgwater (UK Parliament constituency)|Bridgwater]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – The [[Expo ''70]] World''s Fair opens in Suita, Osaka,\n        Japan.\\n* [[March 16]] – The complete [[New English Bible]] is published.\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – The United States Army charges 14 officers with suppressing\n        information related to the [[My Lai Massacre]].\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**General\n        [[Lon Nol]] ousts Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]] of [[Cambodia]].\\n** [[United\n        States Postal Service]] workers in New York City go on [[Strike action|strike]];\n        the strike spreads to the state of [[California]] and the cities of [[Akron,\n        Ohio]], [[Philadelphia]], Chicago, [[Boston]], and [[Denver]]; 210,000 out\n        of 750,000 U.S. postal employees walk out. President Nixon assigns military\n        units to New York City post offices. The strike lasts two weeks.\\n* [[March\n        20]] – The Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation ([[Agence\n        de Coop\\u00e9ration Culturelle et Technique|ACCT]]) (Agence de Coop\\u00e9ration\n        Culturelle et Technique) is founded.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n**The first [[Earth\n        Day]] proclamation is issued by [[Mayor of San Francisco|San Francisco Mayor]]\n        [[Joseph Alioto]].\\n**\\\"[[All Kinds of Everything]]\\\", sung by [[Dana Rosemary\n        Scallon|Dana]] (music and text by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith), wins the\n        [[Eurovision Song Contest 1970]] for Ireland.\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[NASA]]''s\n        ''''[[Explorer 1]]'''', the first American [[satellite]] and [[Explorer program]]\n        spacecraft, reenters [[Earth''s atmosphere]] after 12 years in orbit.\\n**\n        [[Japan Airlines Flight 351]], carrying 131 passengers and 7 crew from Tokyo\n        to [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], is hijacked by [[Japanese Red Army]] members.\n        All passengers are eventually freed.\\n[[File:Apollo 13 crew postmission onboard\n        USS Iwo Jima.jpg|thumb|130px| [[April 17]]: ''''[[Apollo 13]]'''' crew after\n        [[splashdown]].]]\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**American President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] signs the [[Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act]] into law, banning\n        [[cigarette]] television advertisements in the United States from January\n        1, 1971.\\n** [[American Motors Corporation]] introduces the [[AMC Gremlin|Gremlin]].\\n**The\n        [[1970 United States Census]] begins. There are 203,392,031 United States\n        residents on this day.\\n* [[April 4]] – Fragments of burnt human remains\n        believed to be those of [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Eva Braun]], [[Joseph Goebbels]],\n        [[Magda Goebbels]] and the [[Goebbels children]] are crushed and scattered\n        in the [[Biederitz]] river at a [[KGB]] center in [[Magdeburg]], [[East Germany]].\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[BBC]] [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]] broadcasts the first edition\n        of ''''[[PM (Radio 4)|PM]]''''.\\n* [[April 8]]\\n**A huge gas explosion at\n        a [[Subway (rail)|subway]] construction site in [[Osaka]], Japan kills 79\n        and injures over 400.\\n**Israeli Air Force [[F-4 Phantom II]] fighter bombers\n        kill 47 Egyptian school children at an elementary school in what is known\n        as [[Bahr el-Baqar massacre]]. The single-floor school is hit by five bombs\n        and two air-to-ground missiles.\\n* [[April 10]]\\n**In a press release written\n        in mock-interview style, that is included in promotional copies of [[McCartney\n        (album)|his first solo album]], [[Paul McCartney]] announces that he has left\n        [[The Beatles]].{{cite book|first=Nicholas|last=Schaffner|title=The Beatles\n        Forever|location=New York|publisher=Cameron House|year=1977|page=135}}\\n*\n        [[April 11]]\\n**An [[avalanche]] at a [[tuberculosis]] [[sanatorium]] in the\n        [[French Alps]] kills 74, mostly young boys.\\n** [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo\n        13]]'''' ([[Jim Lovell]], [[Fred Haise]], [[Jack Swigert]]) is launched toward\n        the [[Moon]].\\n* [[April 13]] – An oxygen tank in the [[Apollo 13]]\n        spacecraft explodes, forcing the crew to abort the mission and return in four\n        days.\\n[[File:1974 Gremlin.jpg|thumb|130px| [[April 1]]: New car: [[AMC Gremlin]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 16]]\\n**Rev. [[Ian Paisley]] wins a [[by-election]] to gain a seat\n        in the [[House of Commons of Northern Ireland]].\\n**The [[NatWest|National\n        Westminster Bank]] begins trading in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[April 17]] –\n        [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 13]]'''' [[Splashdown|splashes down]] safely\n        in the Pacific.\\n* [[April 21]] – The [[Principality of Hutt River]]\n        \\\"secedes\\\" from [[Australia]] (it remains unrecognised by Australia and other\n        nations).\\n* [[April 22]] – The first [[Earth Day]] is celebrated in\n        the U.S.\\n* [[April 24]] – China''s first satellite (''''[[Dong Fang\n        Hong 1]]'''') is launched into orbit using a [[Long March (rocket family)|Long\n        March]]-1 Rocket (CZ-1).\\n* [[April 26]] – The [[World Intellectual\n        Property Organization]] (WIPO) is founded.\\n* [[April 29]] – The U.S.\n        invades [[Cambodia]] to hunt out the [[Viet Cong]]; widespread, large antiwar\n        protests occur in the U.S.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] – Demonstrations\n        against the trial of the [[New Haven Nine]], [[Bobby Seale]], and [[Ericka\n        Huggins]] draw 12,000.  President [[Richard Nixon]] orders U.S. forces to\n        cross into neutral Cambodia, threatening to widen the [[Vietnam War]], sparking\n        nationwide riots and leading to the [[Kent State shootings]].\\n* [[May 4]]\n        – [[Kent State shootings]]: Four students at [[Kent State University]]\n        in [[Ohio]], USA are killed and nine wounded by [[Ohio National Guard]]smen,\n        at a protest against the incursion into [[Cambodia]].\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Arms\n        Crisis]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]]: [[Charles Haughey]] and [[Neil Blaney]]\n        are dismissed as members of the [[Irish Government]], for accusations of their\n        involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the [[Provisional IRA]] in\n        [[Northern Ireland]].\\n** [[Feyenoord]] wins the [[UEFA Champions League|European\n        Cup]] after a 2\\u20131 win over [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]].\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Hard\n        Hat Riot]]: Unionized construction workers attack about 1,000 students and\n        others protesting the [[Kent State shootings]] near the intersection of [[Wall\n        Street]] and [[Broad Street, Manhattan|Broad Street]] and at [[New York City\n        Hall]].\\n** [[The Beatles]] release their 12th and final album, ''''[[Let\n        It Be (The Beatles album)|Let It Be]]''''.\\n**The [[New York Knicks]] win\n        their first [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] championship, defeating\n        the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] 113-99 in Game 7 of the [[1970 NBA Finals|world\n        championship series]] at [[Madison Square Garden]].\\n* [[May 9]] – In\n        [[Washington, D.C.]], 100,000 people demonstrate against the Vietnam War.\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – The [[Boston Bruins]] win their first [[Stanley Cup]] since\n        1941 when [[Bobby Orr]] scores a goal 40 seconds into overtime for a 4\\u20133\n        victory which completes a four-game sweep of the [[St. Louis Blues]].\\n* [[May\n        11]]\\n** [[Killing of Henry Marrow|Henry Marrow is killed]] in an alleged\n        [[hate crime]] in [[Oxford, North Carolina]].\\n** [[1970 Lubbock tornado|Lubbock\n        tornado]]: An ''''F5'''' [[tornado]] hits downtown [[Lubbock, Texas]], the\n        first to hit a downtown district of a major city since [[Topeka, Kansas]]\n        in [[1966]]; 28 are killed.\\n* [[May 12]] – The [[1976 Winter Olympics]]\n        are awarded to [[Denver]], [[Colorado]] but it is later rejected in [[1972]].\\n*\n        [[May 14]]\\n** [[Ulrike Meinhof]] helps [[Andreas Baader]] escape and create\n        the [[Red Army Faction]] which exists until [[1998]].\\n**In the second day\n        of violent demonstrations at [[Jackson State University]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi]],\n        state law enforcement officers fire into the demonstrators, killing 2 and\n        injuring 12.\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Thor Heyerdahl]] sets sail from [[Morocco]]\n        on the [[papyrus]] boat ''''[[Thor Heyerdahl#Boats Ra and Ra II|Ra II]]'''',\n        to sail the Atlantic Ocean.\\n* [[May 23]] – A fire occurs in the [[Britannia\n        Bridge]] over the [[Menai Strait]] near [[Bangor, Gwynedd|Bangor]], [[Caernarfonshire]],\n        [[Wales]], contributing to its partial destruction and amounting to approximately\n        \\u00a31,000,000 worth of fire damage.\\n* [[May 24]] – The [[scientific\n        drilling]] of the [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]] begins in the [[USSR]].\\n* [[May\n        26]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Tupolev Tu-144]] becomes the first\n        commercial transport to exceed [[speed of sound|Mach]] 2.\\n* [[May 27]] –\n        A British expedition climbs the south face of [[Annapurna I]].\\n* [[May 31]]\\n**The\n        7.9 {{M|w}} [[1970 Ancash earthquake|Ancash earthquake]] shakes [[Peru]] with\n        a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe'''')\n        and a [[landslide]] buries the town of [[Yungay, Peru]]. Between 66,794\\u201370,000\n        were killed and 50,000 were injured.\\n**The [[1970 FIFA World Cup]] is inaugurated\n        in [[Mexico]].\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]] – ''''[[Soyuz 9]]'''', a\n        two-man spacecraft, is launched in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        Norway announces it has rich oil deposits off its [[North Sea]] coast.\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Tonga]] gains independence from the United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[June 7]] – [[The Who]] become the first act to perform rock music\n        (their [[rock opera]], ''''[[Tommy (album)|Tommy]]'''') at the [[Metropolitan\n        Opera House (Lincoln Center)|Metropolitan Opera House]], New York.\\n* [[June\n        8]] – A [[coup]] in [[Argentina]] brings a new [[military junta|junta]]\n        of service chiefs; on [[June 18]], [[Roberto M. Levingston]] becomes President.\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – The United States gets its first female generals, [[Anna\n        Mae Hays]] and [[Elizabeth P. Hoisington]].\\n* [[June 12]] – [[NDFLOAG]]\n        guerrillas attack military garrisons at [[Izki]] and [[Nizwa]] in [[Oman]].\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[The Long and Winding Road]] becomes [[the Beatles]]''\n        20th and final single to reach number one on the US [[Billboard Hot 100]]\n        chart. \\n* [[June 15]] – [[Dymshits\\u2013Kuznetsov hijacking affair|Operation\n        Wedding]]: fifteen refuseniks try to escape from the Soviet Union by hijacking\n        a plane.\\n* [[June 18]] – [[United Kingdom general election, 1970]]:\n        the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] wins and [[Edward Heath]]\n        becomes Prime Minister, ousting the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government\n        of [[Harold Wilson]] after nearly six years in power. The election result\n        is something of a surprise, as most of the opinion polls had predicted a third\n        successive Labour win.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/19/newsid_3829000/3829819.stm|work=On\n        This Day|date=2016-06-19|title=Shock election win for Heath|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2016-04-10}}\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – The [[Patent Cooperation Treaty]] is signed into [[international\n        law]], providing a unified procedure for filing [[patent application]]s to\n        protect inventions.\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]\n        defeats [[Italy national football team|Italy]] 4\\u20131 to win the [[1970\n        FIFA World Cup]] in Mexico.\\n** [[Penn Central]] declares Section 77 [[bankruptcy]],\n        the largest ever US corporate bankruptcy up to this date.\\n* [[June 23]] –\n        The film: ''''[[Kelly''s Heroes]]'''' is released in the US.\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – The [[United States Senate]] repeals the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]]\n        of [[1964]].\\n* [[June 28]] – U.S. ground troops withdraw from [[Cambodia]].\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Riverfront Stadium]] in [[Cincinnati]] opens.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Colorado State College]] changes its name to [[University\n        of Northern Colorado]].\\n**The [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S.\n        Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) is subordinated to [[Public Health Service]].\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – The French Army detonates a 914 kiloton thermonuclear device\n        in the [[Mururoa Atoll]]. It is their fourth and largest nuclear test.\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n**A chartered [[Dan-Air]] [[De Havilland Comet]] crashes into\n        the mountains north of [[Barcelona]]; at least 112 people are killed.\\n**\n        [[Bob Hope]] and other entertainers gather in [[Washington, D.C.]] for ''''Honor\n        America Day'''', a nonpartisan holiday event.\\n**Longtime radio music countdown\n        show [[American Top 40]] debuts on 5 U.S. stations with [[Casey Kasem]] as\n        host.\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Air Canada Flight 621]] crashes at [[Toronto\n        Pearson International Airport|Toronto International Airport]], [[Toronto]],\n        [[Ontario]]; all 109 passengers and crew are killed.\\n* [[July 11]] –\n        The first tunnel under the [[Pyrenees]] links the towns of [[Aragnouet]] (France)\n        and [[Bielsa]] (Spain).\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Thor Heyerdahl]]''s papyrus\n        boat ''''Ra II'''' arrives in [[Barbados]].\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Three\n        Rivers Stadium]] in [[Pittsburgh]] opens.\\n* [[July 21]] – The [[Aswan\n        High Dam]] in [[Egypt]] is completed.\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Said bin Taimur]],\n        [[Sultan of Muscat]] and [[Oman]], is deposed in a palace [[coup]] by his\n        son, [[Qaboos of Oman|Qaboos]].\\n**Two [[CS gas]] canisters are thrown into\n        the chamber of the [[British House of Commons]].\\n* [[July 30]] – Damages\n        totalling \\u00a3485,528 are awarded to 28 [[Thalidomide]] victims.\\n* [[July\n        31]] – [[NBC]] anchor [[Chet Huntley]] retires from full-time broadcasting.\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 7]] – [[Harold Haley]], Marin County Superior Court Judge,\n        is taken hostage and murdered, in an effort to free [[George Jackson (Black\n        Panther)|George Jackson]] from police custody.\\n* [[August 17]]\\n**The United\n        States sinks 418 containers of [[nerve gas]] into the [[Gulf Stream]] near\n        the [[Bahamas]].\\n** [[Venera program]]: ''''[[Venera 7]]'''' is launched\n        toward Venus. It later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit\n        data from the surface of another [[planet]].\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]] protesters [[Sterling Hall bombing|bomb]] Sterling Hall at the [[University\n        of Wisconsin\\u2013Madison]], leading to an international manhunt for the perpetrators.\n        \\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Women''s Strike for Equality]] takes place down [[Fifth\n        Avenue]] in New York City.\\n** The [[Isle of Wight Festival 1970]] begins\n        on East Afton Farm off the coast of England. Some 600,000 people attend the\n        largest rock festival of all time. Artists include [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[The\n        Who]], [[The Doors]], [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]], [[Richie Havens]], [[John\n        Sebastian]], [[Joan Baez]], [[Ten Years After]], [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]],\n        [[The Moody Blues]] and [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]].\\n* [[August 29]]\n        – [[Chicano Moratorium]] against the [[Vietnam War]], [[East Los Angeles,\n        California]]. Police riot kills three people, including journalist [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Salazar]].\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 1]] – An assassination\n        attempt against King [[Hussein of Jordan]] precipitates the [[Black September\n        in Jordan|Black September]] crisis.\\n* [[September 3]] – [[September\n        6]] – [[Israel]]i forces fight [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] guerillas\n        in southern [[Lebanon]].\\n* [[September 5]] \\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation\n        Jefferson Glenn]]: The [[101st Airborne Division|United States 101st Airborne\n        Division]] and the [[South Vietnam]]ese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new\n        operation in [[Thua Thien]] Province (the operation ends in October 1971).\\n**\n        [[Formula One]] driver [[Jochen Rindt]] is killed in qualifying for the [[1970\n        Italian Grand Prix|Italian ''''Grand Prix'''']]. He becomes [[List of Formula\n        One World Drivers'' Champions|World Driving Champion]] anyhow, first to earn\n        the honor posthumously.\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Dawson''s Field hijackings]],\n        The [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] hijacks 4 passenger\n        aircraft from [[Pan Am]], [[TWA]] and [[Swissair]] on flights to [[New York\n        City|New York]] from [[Brussels]], [[Frankfurt]] and [[Z\\u00fcrich]].\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n**An anti-war rally is held at [[Valley Forge, Pennsylvania]], attended\n        by [[John Kerry]], [[Jane Fonda]] and [[Donald Sutherland]].\\n**Fighting breaks\n        out between Arab guerillas and government forces in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]].\\n*\n        [[September 8]] –[[September 10]] – The [[Jordan]]ian government\n        and Palestinian guerillas make repeated unsuccessful truces.\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Guinea]] recognizes the [[German Democratic Republic]].\\n** [[Elvis\n        Presley]] begins his first concert tour since [[1958]] in [[Phoenix, Arizona]],\n        at the [[Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum|Veterans Memorial Coliseum]].\\n*\n        [[September 10]]\\n** [[Cambodia]]n government forces break the siege of Kompong\n        Tho after three months.\\n**The [[Chevrolet Vega]] is introduced.\\n* [[September\n        11]] – The [[Ford Pinto]] is introduced.\\n* [[September 13]]\\n**The\n        covert incursion of [[Operation Tailwind]] is instigated by the American forces\n        in southeast [[Laos]].\\n**The first [[New York City Marathon]] begins.\\n*\n        [[September 15]] – King [[Hussein of Jordan]] forms a military government\n        with Muhammad Daoud as the prime minister.\\n* [[September 18]] – American\n        musician [[Jimi Hendrix]] [[Death of Jimi Hendrix|dies]] from an overdose\n        of sleeping pills.\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Syria]]n armored forces cross\n        the [[Jordan]]ian border.\\n**''''[[Luna 16]]'''' lands on the Moon and lifts\n        off the next day with samples. It lands on Earth [[September 24]].\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n**Palestinian armored forces reinforce [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]]\n        guerillas in [[Irbidi]], [[Jordan]].\\n**''''[[Monday Night Football]]''''\n        debuts on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]; the [[Cleveland Browns]]\n        defeat the [[New York Jets]] 31\\u201321 in front of more than 85,000 fans\n        at [[Cleveland Stadium]].\\n* [[September 22]]\\n**The [[International Hydrographic\n        Organization]] (IHO) is founded.\\n** [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] resigns as prime\n        minister of [[Malaysia]], and is succeeded by his deputy [[Tun Abdul Razak]].\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – The first women''s only tennis tournament begins\n        in Houston, known as the [[1970 Houston Women''s Invitation|Houston Women''s\n        Invitation]].\\n* [[September 26]] – The [[Laguna Fire]] starts in [[San\n        Diego County]], burning {{convert|175,425|acre|km2}}.\\n* [[September 27]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Nixon]] begins a tour of [[Europe]], visiting [[Italy]], [[Yugoslavia]],\n        [[Spain]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].\\n**\n        [[Pope Paul VI]] names [[Saint Teresa of \\u00c1vila]] as the first female\n        [[Doctor of the Church]].\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]\n        dies; Vice President [[Anwar Sadat]] is named temporary [[president of Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n**The U.S. Congress gives President [[Richard Nixon]] authority\n        to sell arms to [[Israel]].\\n**In [[Berlin]], [[Red Army Faction]] members\n        rob three banks, with loot totaling over [[Deutsche Mark|DM]]200,000.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{redirect|October\n        1970}}\\n* [[October 2]]\\n**Under the [[National Environmental Policy Act]]\n        (NEPA) the [[Environmental Science Services Administration]] (ESSA) Corps,\n        one of seven federal [[Uniformed services of the United States|uniformed services]]\n        of the United States, is renamed to [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n        Commissioned Officer Corps|NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps]] under the soon\n        to be formed [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA).\\n**The\n        [[Wichita State University]] football team''s \\\"Gold\\\" plane [[Wichita State\n        University football team plane crash|crashes]] in [[Colorado]], killing most\n        of the players. They were on their way (along with administrators and fans)\n        to a game with [[Utah State University]].\\n** [[Pink Floyd]] releases ''''[[Atom\n        Heart Mother]]''''. It becomes their first number one album.\\n* [[October\n        3]]\\n**In [[Lebanon]], the government of Prime Minister [[Rashid Karami]]\n        resigns.\\n**The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA)\n        is formed.\\n**The Weather Bureau is renamed to [[National Weather Service]],\n        as part of NOAA.\\n**Pope Paul VI names [[Saint Catherine of Siena]] as the\n        second female Doctor of the Church.\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Jochen Rindt]]\n        becomes [[Formula One]] [[List of Formula One World Drivers'' Champions|World\n        Driving Champion]], first to earn the honor posthumously.\\n**In [[Bolivia]],\n        Army Commander General [[Rogelio Miranda]] and a group of officers rebel and\n        demand the resignation of President [[Alfredo Ovando Cand\\u00eda]], who fires\n        him.\\n** [[National Educational Television]] ends operations, being succeeded\n        by [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]].\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**U.S. President\n        [[Richard Nixon]]''s European tour ends.\\n**The [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration\n        du Qu\\u00e9bec]] (FLQ) kidnaps [[James Cross]] in Montreal and demands release\n        of all its imprisoned members. The next day the Canadian government announces\n        it will not meet the demand, beginning [[Quebec]]''s [[October Crisis]].\\n**The\n        [[Public Broadcasting Service]] begins broadcasting.\\n* [[October 6]]\\n**Bolivian\n        President [[Alfredo Ovando Cand\\u00eda]] resigns; General [[Rogelio Miranda]]\n        takes over but resigns soon after.\\n**French President [[Georges Pompidou]]\n        visits the Soviet Union.\\n* [[October 7]] – General [[Juan Jos\\u00e9\n        Torres]] becomes the new [[President of Bolivia]].\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**The\n        U.S. Foreign Office announces that renewal of arms sales to [[Pakistan]].\\n**Soviet\n        author [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] is awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]]: In Paris, a [[Communism|Communist]] delegation rejects U.S.\n        President [[Richard Nixon]]''s [[October 7]] peace proposal as \\\"a maneuver\n        to deceive world opinion.\\\"\\n* [[October 9]] – The [[Khmer Republic]]\n        is proclaimed in [[Cambodia]] which begins the [[Cambodian Civil War|Civil\n        War]] with the [[Khmer Rouge]].\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Fiji]] becomes independent.\\n**\n        [[October Crisis]]: In [[Montreal]], a national crisis hits Canada when [[Quebec]]\n        Minister of Labour [[Pierre Laporte]] becomes the second statesman kidnapped\n        by members of the [[FLQ]] terrorist group.\\n* [[October 11]] – Eleven\n        French soldiers are killed in a shootout with rebels in [[Chad]].\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that\n        the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before [[Christmas]].\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n**Canada and the People''s Republic of China establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** [[Saeb Salam]] forms a government in [[Lebanon]].\\n* [[October\n        14]] – A Chinese nuclear test is conducted in [[Lop Nor]].\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n**In [[Egypt]], a referendum supports [[Anwar Sadat]] 90.04%.\\n**A section\n        of the new [[West Gate Bridge]] in [[Melbourne]] collapses into the river\n        below, killing 35 construction workers.\\n**The domestic [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        [[Aeroflot Flight 244]] is hijacked and diverted to [[Turkey]].\\n* [[October\n        16]] – [[October Crisis]]: The Canadian government declares a [[state\n        of emergency]] and outlaws the [[Quebec Liberation Front]].\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**October\n        Crisis: [[Pierre Laporte]] is found murdered in south Montreal.\\n**A [[cholera]]\n        epidemic breaks out in [[Istanbul]].\\n** [[Anwar Sadat]] officially becomes\n        President of Egypt.\\n* [[October 20]]\\n**The Soviet Union launches the ''''[[Zond\n        8]]'''' lunar probe.\\n**Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names [[Mahmoud Fawzi]]\n        as his prime minister.\\n* [[October 21]] – A U.S. Air Force plane makes\n        an emergency landing near [[Leninakan]], [[Soviet Union]]. The Soviets release\n        the American officers, including two generals, [[November 10]].\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Chile]]an army commander [[Ren\\u00e9 Schneider]] is shot in\n        Santiago; the government declares a state of emergency. Schneider dies [[October\n        25]].\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Salvador Allende]] is elected President\n        of [[Chile]].\\n* [[October 25]] – The wreck of the Confederate submarine\n        ''''[[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|Hunley]]'''' is found off [[Charleston, South\n        Carolina|Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], by pioneer [[underwater archaeologist]],\n        [[Dr. E. Lee Spence]],[https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070624/2hunley_2.htm\n        Cover Story: Time Capsule From The Sea – ''''U.S. News & World Report'''',\n        July 2\\u20139, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133235/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070624/2hunley_2.htm\n        |date=2007-09-29 }} then just 22 years old. ''''Hunley'''' was the first\n        submarine in history to sink a ship in warfare.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Garry Trudeau]]''s [[comic strip]] ''''[[Doonesbury]]'''' debuts in approximately\n        two dozen newspapers in the United States.\\n* [[October 28]]\\n**In Jordan,\n        the government of Ahmed Toukan resigns; the next prime minister is [[Wasfi\n        al-Tal]].\\n**A [[cholera]] outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to\n        close its border with Czechoslovakia.\\n** [[Gary Gabelich]] drives the rocket-powered\n        ''''[[Blue Flame (automobile)|Blue Flame]]'''' to an official [[land speed\n        record]] at {{convert|622.407|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/7D4955E7190F1A25C12572FB00559369/$FILE/Records_List_Cat-C.pdf|title=FIA\n        land speed records, Cat C|publisher=FIA|accessdate=2009-07-12}} on the\n        dry lake bed of the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in Utah. The record, the first\n        above 1 000 km/h, stands for nearly 13 years.\\n* [[October 30]]\n        – In [[Vietnam]], the worst [[monsoon]] to hit the area in 6 years causes\n        large [[flood]]s, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the\n        [[Vietnam War]].\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]] \\n** [[Club Cinq-Sept\n        fire]] in [[Saint-Laurent-du-Pont]], France, kills 146.\\n** Polish vice president\n        killed at Karachi airport, Pakistan\\n* [[November 3]]\\n**Democrats sweep the\n        U.S. Congressional midterm elections; [[Ronald Reagan]] is reelected governor\n        of California; [[Jimmy Carter]] is elected governor of Georgia.\\n** [[Salvador\n        Allende]] becomes president of [[Chile]].\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Vietnam\n        War]] – [[Vietnamization]]: The United States turns control of the [[air\n        base]] in the [[Mekong Delta]] to [[South Vietnam]].\\n**Social workers in\n        [[Los Angeles]] take custody of [[Genie (feral child)|Genie]], a girl who\n        had been kept in solitary confinement since her birth.\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        Vietnam War: The United States Military Assistance Command in [[Vietnam]]\n        reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in 5 years (24 soldiers\n        die that week, which is the fifth consecutive week the death toll is below\n        50; 431 are reported wounded that week, however).\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Egypt]],\n        [[Libya]] and [[Sudan]] announce their intentions to form a federation.\\n**\n        [[Tom Dempsey]], who was born with a deformed right foot and right hand, sets\n        a [[National Football League]] record by kicking a 63-yard field goal to lift\n        the [[New Orleans Saints]] to a 19\\u201317 victory over the [[Detroit Lions]]\n        at [[Tulane Stadium]].\\n**The British comedy television series, ''''[[The\n        Goodies (TV series)|The Goodies]]'''' debuts on [[BBC 2]].\\n* [[November 9]]\\n**The\n        Soviet Union launches ''''[[Luna 17]]''''.\\n**Vietnam War: The [[Supreme Court\n        of the United States]] votes 6\\u20133 not to hear a case by the state of [[Massachusetts]],\n        about the constitutionality of a state law granting Massachusetts residents\n        the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war.\\n* [[November 10]]\n        – Vietnam War – [[Vietnamization]]: For the first time in five\n        years, an entire week ends with no reports of United States combat fatalities\n        in Southeast Asia.\\n* [[November 12]] – Soviet author [[Andrei Amalrik]]\n        is sentenced to three years for ''anti-Soviet'' writings.\\n* [[November 13]]\\n**\n        [[Hafez al-Assad]] comes to power in [[Syria]], following [[Corrective Movement\n        (Syria)|a military coup]] within the [[Ba''ath Party]].\\n** [[1970 Bhola cyclone]]:\n        A 120-mph (193 km/h) [[tropical cyclone]] hits the densely populated\n        [[Ganges Delta]] region of [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), killing\n        an estimated 500,000 people (considered the [[20th century]]''s worst cyclone\n        disaster). It gives rise to the temporary island of [[New Moore / South Talpatti]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** [[Southern Airways Flight 932]] crashes in [[Wayne County,\n        West Virginia]]; all 75 on board, including 37 players and 5 coaches from\n        the [[Marshall University]] [[American football|football]] team, are killed.\\n**The\n        Soviet Union enters the [[ICAO]], making Russian the fourth official language\n        of the organization.\\n* [[November 16]] – The [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]]\n        flies for the first time.\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Lieutenant\n        [[William Calley]] goes on trial for the [[My Lai Massacre]].\\n** [[Luna programme]]:\n        The [[Soviet Union]] lands ''''[[Lunokhod 1]]'''' on [[Mare Imbrium]] (Sea\n        of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to\n        land on another world, and is released by the orbiting [[Luna 17]] spacecraft.\\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n**U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] asks the [[Congress of\n        the United States|U.S. Congress]] for US$155 million in supplemental aid for\n        the [[Cambodia]]n government (US $85 million is for military assistance to\n        prevent the overthrow of the government of Premier [[Lon Nol]] by the [[Khmer\n        Rouge]] and [[North Vietnam]]).\\n**The [[United Nations Security Council]]\n        demands that no government recognize [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[November 19]] –\n        [[European Economic Community]] prime ministers meet in [[Munich]].\\n* [[November\n        20]] – The [[Miss World 1970]] beauty pageant, hosted by [[Bob Hope]]\n        at the [[Royal Albert Hall]], London is disrupted by Women''s Liberation protesters.\n        Earlier on the same evening a bomb is placed under a [[BBC]] outside broadcast\n        vehicle by [[The Angry Brigade]], in protest at the entry of separate black\n        and white contestants by [[South Africa]].\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Syria]]n\n        Prime Minister [[Hafez al-Assad]] forms a new government but retains the post\n        of defense minister.\\n**In [[Ethiopia]], the [[Eritrean Liberation Front]]\n        kills an Ethiopian general.\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation Ivory\n        Coast]]: A joint [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] and Army team raids\n        the [[S\\u01a1n T\\u00e2y (Hanoi)|S\\u01a1n T\\u00e2y]] prison camp in an attempt\n        to free American [[prisoner of war|POW]]s thought to be held there (no Americans\n        are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp; all U.S.\n        POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this\n        raid).\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Guinea]]n president [[Ahmed S\\u00e9kou\n        Tour\\u00e9]] accuses Portugal of an attack when hundreds of mercenaries land\n        near the capital [[Conakry]].\\n* [[November 23]]–[[November 24|24]]\n        – The Guinean army repels the landing attempts.\\n* [[November 23]] \\n**\n        [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Oklahoma!]]'''' makes its network TV\n        debut, when [[CBS]] telecasts the [[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|1955 film version]]\n        as a 3-hour [[Thanksgiving]] special.\\n** The [[American Indian Movement]]\n        seizes a replica of the [[Mayflower]] in [[Boston]]. \\n* [[November 25]]–[[November\n        29]] – A U.N. delegation arrives to investigate the Guinea situation.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – In Tokyo, author and [[Tatenokai]] militia leader\n        [[Yukio Mishima]] and his followers take over the headquarters of the [[Japan\n        Self-Defense Forces]] in an attempted [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]. After Mishima''s\n        speech fails to sway public opinion towards his right-wing political beliefs,\n        including restoration of the powers of the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]], he\n        commits [[seppuku]] (public ritual suicide).\\n* [[November 26]]\\n**East Pakistan\n        leader [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] accuses the central government of negligence\n        in catastrophe relief.\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] begins an Asian tour.\\n* [[November\n        27]] – Bolivian artist Benjamin Mendoza tries to assassinate [[Pope\n        Paul VI]] during his visit in [[Manila]].\\n* [[November 28]] – The [[Montr\\u00e9al\n        Alouettes]] defeated the [[Calgary Stampeders]] to become victors in the [[58th\n        Grey Cup]] 23\\u201310.{{cite web |url=https://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1970\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823210808/http://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1970\n        |archivedate=2010-08-23 |title=1970 \\u2013 Montreal Alouettes 23, Calgary\n        Stampeders 10}}\\n* [[November 30]] – [[British Caledonian]] Airways\n        Ltd. (BCal) is formed.\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n**The Italian\n        House of Representatives accepts the new divorce law.\\n** [[Ethiopia]] recognizes\n        the People''s Republic of China.\\n**The [[Basques|Basque]] [[ETA (separatist\n        group)|ETA]] kidnaps West German Eugen Beihl in [[San Sebasti\\u00e1n]].\\n**\n        [[Luis Echeverr\\u00eda]] becomes [[president of Mexico]].\\n* [[December 2]]\n        – The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] is established.\\n*\n        [[December 3]] \\n** October Crisis: In [[Montreal]], kidnapped British Trade\n        Commissioner [[James Cross]] is released by the [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration\n        du Qu\\u00e9bec]] terrorist group after being held hostage for 60 days. Police\n        negotiate his release and in return the Government of Canada grants 5 terrorists\n        from the FLQ''s Chenier Cell their request for safe passage to [[Cuba]].\\n**\n        Burgos Trial: In [[Burgos]], Spain, the trial of 16 [[Basque people|Basque]]\n        terrorism suspects begins.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n**The Spanish government declares\n        a 3-month martial law in the Basque county of Guipuzco, over strikes and demonstrations.\\n**The\n        U.N. announces that Portuguese navy and army units were responsible for the\n        attempted invasion of Guinea.\\n* [[December 5]]\\n**The Asian and Australian\n        tour of Pope Paul VI ends.\\n** [[Fluminense]] wins the Brazil Football Championship.\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n**Giovanni Enrico Bucher, the Swiss ambassador to Brazil,\n        is kidnapped in [[Rio de Janeiro]]; kidnappers demand the release of 70 political\n        prisoners.\\n**The U.N. General Assembly supports the isolation of South Africa\n        for its [[apartheid]] policies.\\n**During his visit to the Polish capital,\n        [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|German Chancellor]] [[Willy Brandt]]\n        goes down on his knees in front of a monument to the victims of the [[Warsaw\n        Ghetto]], which will become known as the [[Warschauer Kniefall]] (\\\"Warsaw\n        Genuflection\\\").\\n* [[December 12]] – A [[landslide]] in western [[Colombia]]\n        leaves 200 dead.\\n* [[December 13]] – The government of Poland announces\n        food price increases. Riots and looting lead to a bloody confrontation between\n        the rioters and the government on [[December 15]].\\n* [[December 15]]\\n**The\n        USSR''s ''''[[Venera 7]]'''' becomes the first spacecraft to land successfully\n        on Venus and transmit data back to Earth.\\n**The South Korean ferry ''''Namyong\n        Ho'''' capsizes off [[Korea Strait]]; 308 people are killed.\\n* [[December\n        16]] – The Ethiopian government declares a [[state of emergency]] in\n        the county of Eritrea over the activities of the [[Eritrean Liberation Front]].\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Polish 1970 protests]]: Soldiers fire on civilians\n        returning to work in [[Gdynia]]. Martial law is imposed in the country until\n        December 22.\\n* [[December 20]]\\n**General Secretary of the [[Polish United\n        Workers'' Party]], [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Gomu\\u0142ka]], resigns; [[Edward\n        Gierek]] replaces him.\\n**An Egyptian delegation leaves for Moscow to ask\n        for [[economic aid|economic]] and [[military aid]].\\n* [[December 21]] –\n        The [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat]] makes its first flight.\\n* [[December 22]]\\n**The\n        [[Libya]]n Revolutionary Council declares that it will nationalize all foreign\n        banks in the country.\\n** [[Franz Stangl]], the ex-commander of [[Treblinka]],\n        is sentenced to life imprisonment.\\n* [[December 23]]\\n**The Polish government\n        freezes food prices for two years.\\n**The [[Bolivia]]n government releases\n        [[R\\u00e9gis Debray]].\\n**The North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World\n        Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] is topped out at 1,368 feet (417 m),\n        making it the tallest building in the world.\\n**Law 70-001 is enacted in the\n        [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], amending article 4 of the constitution\n        and making the country a [[one-party state]].\\n* [[December 25]] – The\n        [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] releases Eugen Beihl.\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        India''s president declares new elections.\\n* [[December 28]]\\n**Burgos Trial:\n        Three Basques are sentenced to death, twelve others sentenced to imprisonment\n        (terms from 12 to 62 years), and one is released.\\n**The suspected killers\n        of [[Pierre Laporte]], Jacques and Paul Rose and Francis Sunard, are arrested\n        near Montreal.\\n* [[December 29]] – U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]]\n        signs into law the [[Occupational Safety and Health Act]].\\n* [[December 30]]\n        – In [[Biscay (Spanish Congress Electoral District)|Viscaya]] in the\n        [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque country]] of Spain, 15,000\n        go on strike in protest at the Burgos trial death sentences. [[Francisco Franco]]\n        commutes the sentences to 30 years in prison.\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Paul\n        McCartney]] sues in Britain to dissolve [[The Beatles]]'' legal partnership.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n*The first [[Institutes of Technology in Ireland|Regional Technical\n        Colleges]] open in Ireland.\\n* [[Sada Abe]], Japanese former [[prostitute]]\n        and later actress, disappears.\\n*The [[Sweet Track]] is discovered in England.\n        It was the world''s oldest engineered roadway at the time of its discovery.\\n*\n        [[Alvin Toffler]] publishes his book ''''[[Future Shock]]''''.\\n* [[Sammlung\n        zeitgen\\u00f6ssischer Kunst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland]], the Federal\n        collection of contemporary art, is established in Germany.\\n* [[Xerox PARC]]\n        computer laboratory opens in [[Palo Alto, California]].\\n*The [[American Football\n        League]] and NFL merge, creating the [[National Football Conference]] and\n        [[American Football Conference]]. All AFL teams go to the AFC with a few NFL\n        teams while the NFC is composed entirely of NFL teams.\\n\\n===World population===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!colspan=\\\"7\\\"|[[World\n        population]]\\n|-\\n!\\n!1970\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1965]]\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1975]]\\n|-\\n!World\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''3,692,492,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,334,874,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 357,618,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4,068,109,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 375,617,000\\n|-\\n!Africa\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''357,283,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|313,744,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 43,539,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|408,160,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 50,877,000\\n|-\\n!Asia\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''2,143,118,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1,899,424,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 243,694,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,397,512,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 254,394,000\\n|-\\n!Europe\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''655,855,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|634,026,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 21,829,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|675,542,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 19,687,000\\n|-\\n!Latin America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''284,856,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|250,452,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 34,404,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|321,906,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 37,050,000\\n|-\\n!North America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''231,937,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|219,570,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,367,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|243,425,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 11,488,000\\n|-\\n!Oceania\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''19,443,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|17,657,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,786,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|21,564,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 2,121,000\\n|}\\n\\n==Births==\\n{{BD ToC|births|sectionu=2}}\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:\\u041e\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u044f\\u043d\\u0447\\u0438\\u043a.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Oksana\n        Omelianchik]]]]\\n[[File:Lara Fabian 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lara Fabian]]]]\\n[[File:Genndy\n        Tartakovsky, 2012-crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Genndy Tartakovsky]]]]\\n[[File:Skeet\n        Ulrich 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Skeet Ulrich]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew Lillard 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matthew\n        Lillard]]]]\\n[[File:HeatherGrahamByDimitriSarantis2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heather\n        Graham]]]]\\n[[File:Speaker Paul Ryan official photo (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul\n        Ryan]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Sergei Kiriakov]], Russian footballer\n        and manager\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Royce Clayton]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Oksana Omelianchik]], Soviet artistic gymnast\\n** [[Eric Whitacre]], American\n        composer\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Christian Duguay (actor)|Christian Duguay]],\n        American comic actor\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Chris Kanyon]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Julie Chen]], American television\n        news anchor and host\\n** [[Keenan McCardell]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Gabrielle Reece]], American volleyball player and model\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**\n        [[Todd Day]], American basketball player\\n** [[Doug E. Doug]], American comedian,\n        actor and director\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Nick Miller (weather forecaster)|Nick\n        Miller]], British weather forecaster\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Lara Fabian]],\n        Canadian/Belgian singer\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Zack de la Rocha]], American\n        musician\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Marco Pantani]], Italian cyclist (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Shonda Rhimes]], American TV producer and writer\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        [[Jamie Bishop (cricketer)]], Welsh cricketer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jeremy Roenick]], American hockey player\\n** [[Genndy Tartakovsky]], Russian\n        animator\\n* [[January 18]] – [[DJ Quik]], American rapper and producer\\n*\n        [[January 19]]\\n** [[Tim Foster]], British rower\\n** [[Udo Suzuki]], Japanese\n        comedian\\n* [[January 20]] \\n** [[Edwin McCain]], American singer-songwriter\n        and musician\\n** [[Skeet Ulrich]], American actor\\n* [[January 22]] –\n        [[Alex Ross (comic illustrator)|Alex Ross]], American comic artist\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Matthew Lillard]], American actor\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Adam Brand (musician)|Adam Brand]], Australian singer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Janice Kawaye]], American voice actress\\n** [[Heather Graham]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]], Indian shooter\\n** [[Paul Ryan]],\n        American politician, long-time [[U.S. Representative]] since 1999 and [[Speaker\n        of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] since\n        2015; [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]] Republican nominee\n        for [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] under [[Mitt Romney]]\\n*\n        [[January 31]] \\n** [[Minnie Driver]], English actress\\n** [[Chen Lin (singer)]],\n        Chinese Mandopop singer (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Simon Pegg\n        Premiere of Kill Me Three Times (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Simon Pegg]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Malik Sealy]], American basketball player (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – [[Andrew J. Olmsted]], major in the U.S. Army. (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\n** [[Keith Carney]], American hockey player\\n**\n        [[Warwick Davis]], English actor\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Stephanie Courtney]],\n        American actress and comedian\\n** [[John Filan]], Australian footballer\\n**\n        [[Alonzo Mourning]], American basketball player\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Glenn McGrath]], Australian test cricketer\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Sarah\n        Aldrich]], American actress\\n** [[Ardy Wiranata]], Indonesian badminton player\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Fredrik Thordendal]], Swedish musician \\n* [[February\n        14]]\\n** [[Sean Hill]], American hockey player\\n** [[Simon Pegg]], British\n        comedian, actor, and screenwriter\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Armand Van\n        Helden]], American DJ and music producer\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Tommy Moe]],\n        American Alpine skier\\n** [[Dominic Purcell]], English-Australian actor\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Miisa]], Finnish Eurodance artist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Dayna Devon]], American news anchor\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Dominic Roussel]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Jeff Garcia]], American football player\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Brava]], Finnish violinist\\n** [[Cathrine Lindahl]], Swedish curler\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Matthias Lechner]], German art director\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** [[Rupert Hamer (journalist)]], British journalist (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Noureddine Morceli]], Algerian athlete\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Julie Bowen\n        at 2015 PaleyFest.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julie Bowen]]]]\\n[[File:Rachel Weisz Cannes\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rachel Weisz]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Latifah performing BET.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Queen\n        Latifah]]]]\\n[[File:Vince Vaughn by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vince\n        Vaughn]]]]\\n[[File:Alenka Bratusek photo (cropped).JPG|thumb|110px|[[Alenka\n        Bratusek]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Jason V Brock]], American author, filmmaker,\n        artist, scholar and musician \\n* [[March 2]] – [[Alexander Armstrong]],\n        English comedian, actor and presenter\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Julie Bowen]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[John Frusciante]], American rock musician\\n**\n        [[Lisa Robin Kelly]], American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Aleksandar Vu\\u010di\\u0107]],\n        President of Serbia\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Vladislav Adelkhanov]], Russian classical\n        violinist and writer\\n** [[Jeff Hordley]], English actor\\n** [[Rachel Weisz]],\n        British-American actress\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Jason Elam]], American football\n        player\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Simon Monjack]], British screenwriter, film\n        director (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\n** [[Michel van der Aa]], Dutch composer\\n**\n        [[Antonio Edwards]], American football player\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Jane\n        Slavin]], British actress and author\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Carme Chac\\u00f3n]],\n        Spanish politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Paul Oscar]] (P\\u00e1ll\n        \\u00d3skar Hj\\u00e1lmt\\u00fdsson), Icelandic pop singer, songwriter and disc\n        jockey\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Queen Latifah]], American rapper and actress\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\n** [[Bernhard Ho\\u00ebcker]], German comedian\\n** [[Michele\n        Jaffe]], American novelist\\n** [[Michael Rapaport]], American actor\\n* [[March\n        21]]\\n** [[Jaya (singer)|Jaya]], Filipino pop singer\\n** [[Shiho Niiyama]],\n        Japanese voice actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Leontien van\n        Moorsel]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Lara Flynn Boyle]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Sharon Corr]], Irish musician\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Mariah Carey]],\n        American singer\\n** [[Elizabeth Mitchell]], American actress\\n** [[Leila Pahlavi]],\n        Iranian princess (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Vince Vaughn]], American\n        actor, writer, and producer\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Alenka Bratu\\u0161ek]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]]\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Barry Pepper.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barry\n        Pepper]]]]\\n[[File:PM Andrej Plenkovi\\u0107.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andrej Plenkovi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Q-Tip\n        at Commonwealth Washington, D.C. in 2008.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Q-Tip (musician)|Q-Tip]]]]\\n[[File:Rick\n        Schroder.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ricky Schroder]]]]\\n[[File:Redman (rapper).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Redman\n        (rapper)|Redman]]]]\\n[[File:Luismigueltour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Luis Miguel]]]]\\n[[File:NicoleSullivanByEricSchwabel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicole\n        Sullivan]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Lee - Away and Back premiere (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jason\n        Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Melania Trump Official Portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melania\n        Trump]]]]\\n[[File:Nicklas Lidstr\\u00f6m in Jan 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicklas\n        Lidstr\\u00f6m]]]]\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Sean Kelly (Canadian musician)|Sean\n        Kelly]], Canadian musician\\n** [[Barry Pepper]], Canadian actor\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Rosey (wrestler)]], Japanese singer and songwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Andrej Plenkovi\\u0107]], Prime Minister of Croatia\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Q-Tip (musician)|Q-Tip]], American musician and actor\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Trevor Linden]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Nick Hexum]], American musician\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Eduardo\n        Capetillo]], Mexican actor and singer\\n** [[Ricky Schroder]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Matt Allwright]], English television presenter and journalist\n        notable for [[Rogue Traders (TV series)|Rogue Traders]], which became part\n        of [[Watchdog (TV series)|Watchdog]]\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Flex Alexander]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]], American\n        rapper and actor\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Saad Hariri]], 2-Time Prime Minister\n        of Lebanon\\n** [[Heike Friedrich]], German swimmer\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Luis Miguel]], Mexican singer\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Adriano Moraes]],\n        Brazilian rodeo performer\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Rob Riggle]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Nicole Sullivan]], American actress, comedian, and writer\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Regine Velasquez]], Filipino singer and actress\\n*\n        [[April 23]]\\n** [[Sadao Abe]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Andrew Gee]], Australian\n        rugby league footballer\\n** [[Hans V\\u00e4lim\\u00e4ki]], Finnish cook\\n* [[April\n        25]]\\n** [[Tomoko Kawakami]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jason\n        Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]], American skateboarder and actor\\n* [[April 26]] \\n**\n        [[Melania Trump]], Slovenian-American model, [[First Lady of the United States]],\n        wife of [[Donald Trump]]\\n** [[Tionne Watkins]], American actress and singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\n** [[Nicklas Lidstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish hockey player\\n** [[Diego\n        Simeone]], Argentine footballer and manager\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Andre Agassi]],\n        American tennis player\\n** [[Uma Thurman]], American actress\\n* [[April 30]]\n        – [[Halit Ergen\\u00e7]], Turkish actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Will Arnett\n        2012 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Will Arnett]]]]\\n[[File:Tina Fey Muppets\n        Most Wanted Premiere (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tina Fey]]]]\\n[[File:Mat\n        flynn concert.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Flynn (musician)|Matt Flynn]]]]\\n[[File:N.Campbell\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Naomi Campbell]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Jeffrey Sebelia]],\n        American fashion designer\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Will Arnett]], Canadian actor\\n**\n        [[Karla Homolka]], Canadian serial killer and rapist\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Kyan\n        Douglas]], American television personality\\n** [[Todd Newton]], American television\n        personality\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Roland Kun]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[Kavan\n        Smith]], Canadian actor\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Michael Bevan]], Australian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Luis Enrique Mart\\u00ednez Garc\\u00eda|Luis Enrique]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Naomi Klein]], American cultural critic\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Doug Christie\n        (basketball)|Doug Christie]], American basketball player and TV personality\\n**\n        [[Ghostface Killah]], American rapper\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Angelica Agurbash]],\n        Belarusian singer and model\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Eric Champion]], American\n        Christian musician\\n** [[Samantha Mathis]], American actress\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[Ronald de Boer|Ronald]] and [[Frank de Boer]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] footballers\\n**\n        [[Rod Smith (wide receiver)|Rod Smith]], American football player\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Gabriela Sabatini]], Argentine tennis player\\n* [[May 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jordan Knight]], American singer\\n** [[Fadwa Soliman]], Syrian actress and\n        voice actress\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Tina Fey]], American comedian and actress\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Choi Kyung-Ju|K.J. Choi]], South Korean golfer\\n** [[Mario\n        Dumont]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Jason Gray-Stanford]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Juliana Pasha]], Albanian singer\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Naomi Campbell]], British model and actress\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Matt Flynn\n        (musician)|Matt Flynn]], American musician\\n** [[Robert Peirce]], American\n        attorney\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Jeff Zgonina]], American football player\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Jamie Kennedy]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Octavia\n        Spencer]], American actress\\n** [[Satsuki Yukino]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Nobuhiro Watsuki]], Japanese cartoonist\\n* [[May 27]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph Fiennes]], British actor\\n** [[Bianka Panova]], Bulgarian rhythmic\n        gymnast\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Glenn Quinn]], Irish actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Jeffrey Sebelia]], American fashion designer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Gabrielle\n        Giffords official portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gabrielle Giffords]]]]\\n[[File:Rivers\n        Cuomo Performing in 2015 - Photo by Peter Dzubay.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rivers\n        Cuomo]]]]\\n[[File:Will Forte April 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Will Forte]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Thomas Anderson 2007 crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Chris\n        ODonnell Max Payne 2008.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris O''Donnell]]]]\\n[[File:Sean\n        Hayes (portrait).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean Hayes (actor)|Sean Hayes]]]]\\n[[File:Nick\n        Offerman at UMBC (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nick Offerman]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\n        – [[Alexi Lalas]], American soccer player Alison Hinds Queen of Soca\n        popular female soca artiste Of Barbados\\n\\n* [[June 2]] – [[B-Real]],\n        American rapper\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Ammon McNeely]], American rock climber\\n**\n        [[Peter T\\u00e4gtgren]], Swedish musician\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Donald Farley]],\n        Canadian cross-country skier (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Izabella Scorupco]], Polish\n        model and actress\\n* [[June 5]] \\n** [[John Marquez (actor)|John Marquez]],\n        British actor and cinematographer\\n** [[Deborah Yates]], American dancer and\n        actress\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Dulmatin]],  militant group Jemaah Islamiyah (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Angad Paul]], British businessman and film producer. (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Ronaldo da Costa]], Brazilian long-distance runner\\n** [[Mike\n        Modano]], American hockey player\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Gabrielle Giffords]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Kelli Williams]], American actress\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Katsuhiro Harada]], Japanese game designer\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Rivers\n        Cuomo]], American musician\\n** [[Mikael Ljungberg]], Swedish wrestler (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Cheryl \\\"Coko\\\" Clemons]], American singer\\n* [[June 15]]\\n**\n        [[Claus Norreen]], Danish musician\\n** [[Leah Remini]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 16]]\\n** [[Younus AlGohar]], Pakistani spiritualist\\n** [[Phil Mickelson]],\n        American golfer\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Will Forte]], American actor and comedian\\n**\n        [[Sasha Sokol]], Mexican singer\\n** [[Michael Showalter]], American actor,\n        writer, and director\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Katie Derham]], British newsreader\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Quincy Watts]], American athlete\\n* [[June 20]]\\n**\n        [[Russell Garcia (field hockey)|Russell Garcia]], British field hockey player\\n**\n        [[Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco|Moulay Rachid]], Prince of Morocco\\n** [[Michelle\n        Reis]], Hong Kong actress and beauty queen\\n** [[Athol Williams]], South African\n        poet and social philosopher\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Pete Rock]], American\n        rapper and DJ\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Michel Elefteriades]], Greek-Lebanese politician,\n        artist, producer and businessman\\n** [[Freddy Soto]], American comedian and\n        actor\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Zen Gesner]], American actor\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Glenn Medeiros]], American singer and songwriter\\n** [[Andres Raag]], Estonian\n        actor and singer\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Lucy Benjamin]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Roope Latvala]], Finnish guitarist\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Paul Thomas Anderson]],\n        American screenwriter and director\\n** [[Sean Hayes]], American actor\\n**\n        [[David Teeuwen]], managing editor of USA Today where he helped pioneer digital\n        news. (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Patrick Norton]], American writer and television\n        host\\n** [[Chris O''Donnell]], American actor\\n** [[Nick Offerman]], American\n        actor, writer and carpenter\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Jim Edmonds]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Jo Frost]], English nanny and television host\\n* [[June 28]]\n        – [[Steve Burton (actor)|Steve Burton]], American actor\\n* [[June 29]]\n        – [[Mike Vallely]], American skateboarder, actor, and musician\\n* [[June\n        30]] – [[Stephen O''Connor]], Australian citizen\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Derrick\n        Adkins.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Derrick Adkins]]]]\\n[[File:Teemu Selanne on the ice\n        November 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Teemu Sel\\u00e4nne]]]]\\n[[File:Audra McDonald\n        (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Audra McDonald]]]]\\n[[File:Detour 2006 - Beck.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Beck]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher\n        Nolan, London, 2013 (crop).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christopher Nolan]]]]\\n* [[July\n        2]] \\n** [[Derrick Adkins]], American Olympic athlete\\n** [[Steve Morrow]],\n        Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Teemu Sel\\u00e4nne]], Finnish\n        hockey player\\n** [[Shawnee Smith]], American actress\\n** [[Audra McDonald]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Mac Dre]], American rapper\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[O.G. Style]], American hip hop duo (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July\n        6]] – [[Demonaz Doom Occulta]], Norwegian musician \\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Wayne McCullough]], Northern Irish boxer\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Beck]],\n        American singer\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Trent Green]], American football quarterback\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Jason Orange]], British singer\\n** [[John Simm]], British\n        actor\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Justin Chambers]], American actor and fashion model\\n**\n        [[Saj Karim]], British politician\\n* [[July 17]] – [[William C. Kuebler]],\n        American lawyer (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Thea Dorn]], German writer\\n**\n        [[Saulius Skvernelis]], [[Prime Minister of Lithuania]]\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        [[Julien Fountain]], English cricket coach\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Andi Peters]],\n        British TV presenter and producer\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Christopher Nolan]],\n        English screenwriter and director\\n** [[MC Trouble]], African American rapper\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Kevin Smith 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kevin\n        Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Lee Byung-hun 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lee Byung-hun]]]]\\n[[File:Claudia\n        Schiffer 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Claudia Schiffer]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Rania in\n        Washington, DC.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Queen Rania of Jordan]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**\n        [[Quentin Coryatt]], American football player\\n** [[David James (footballer)|David\n        James]], English football goalkeeper\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Elijah Alexander]],\n        linebacker (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Kevin Smith]], American screenwriter, film\n        director, and actor\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Masahiro Sakurai]], Japanese\n        video game director, designer and writer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Pete Abrams]],\n        American webcomic artist\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Konstantin Yeryomenko]],\n        Russian futsal (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[M. Night Shyamalan]],\n        Indian-American film director and writer \\n* [[August 9]] – [[Thomas\n        Lennon (actor)|Thomas Lennon]], American actor, comedian, and writer\\n* [[August\n        10]]\\n** [[Doug Flach]], American tennis player\\n** [[Bret Hedican]], American\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Brendon Julian]], New Zealand cricket player\\n** [[Steve\n        Mautone]], Australian football player and coach\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Jim\n        Schlossnagle]], American baseball coach\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Will Clarke\n        (novelist)|Will Clarke]], American novelist\\n** [[Lee Byung-hun]], South Korean\n        actor\\n** [[Alan Shearer]], English footballer\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Leah\n        Purcell]], Australian actress\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Anthony Anderson]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Bonnie Bernstein]], American sportscaster\\n**\n        [[Dean Del Mastro]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Saif Ali Khan]], Indian actor\\n**\n        [[Manisha Koirala]], Indian actress\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Jim Courier]],\n        American tennis player\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Malcolm-Jamal Warner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Fat Joe]], American rapper\\n* [[August\n        20]]\\n** [[Ove J\\u00f8rstad]], Norwegian footballer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Fred\n        Durst]], American rapper\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Erik Dekker]], Dutch professional\n        cyclist\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Giada De Laurentiis]], Italian-American celebrity\n        chef\\n** [[Ricco Gro\\u00df]], German biathlete\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Jay\n        Mohr]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[River Phoenix]], American actor\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Fabian Wilnis]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Claudia Schiffer]], German model\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Olimpiada Ivanova]],\n        Russian race walker\\n** [[Melissa McCarthy]], American actress, comedian,\n        and film producer\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Peter Ebdon]], English snooker player\\n**\n        [[Karl Unterkircher]], Italian mountaineer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Henny van Schoonhoven]], Dutch professional footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]], Indian director and poet. (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Nyimpine Chissano]], eldest son of former Mozambican (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Guang Liang]], Malaysian singer\\n* [[August 31]]\\n**\n        [[Debbie Gibson]], American singer\\n** [[Epic Mazur]], American singer and\n        rapper\\n** [[Queen Rania of Jordan]], Queen consort of Jordan\\n** [[Zack Ward]],\n        Canadian actor\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Hwang Jung-Min.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hwang\n        Jung-min]]]]\\n[[File:-Hidden Figures- Film Celebration (NHQ201612100020) (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Taraji\n        P. Henson]]]]\\n[[File:Tony Hale at the 2010 Streamy Awards (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony\n        Hale]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Hwang Jung-min]], South Korean actor\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[Jeremy Glick]],  passenger on board United Airlines\n        Flight 93 (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Daisy Dee]], Dutch singer\n        and actress\\n** [[Ione Skye]], British-born American actress\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Liam Lynch (musician)|Liam Lynch]], American musician, comedian,\n        and puppetteer\\n* [[September 7]] \\n** [[Gao Min (diver)|Gao Min]], Chinese\n        diver\\n** [[Tom Everett Scott]], American actor\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Benny\n        Ibarra]], Mexican singer\\n** [[Latrell Sprewell]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[September 10]]\\n** [[Molly McKay]], LGBT activist\\n** [[M\\u00e9n\\u00e9lik]],\n        French rapper\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Taraji P. Henson]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Laura Wright]], American actress\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Susumu Chiba]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Mike Burns (soccer)|Mike Burns]],\n        American soccer player\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Valeria Cappellotto]],\n        Italian racing cyclist. (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Darren\n        Gough]], English cricketer\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Dan Bylsma]], American\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Yuka Imai]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Takanori\n        Nishikawa]], Japanese singer\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Gert Verheyen]],\n        Belgian footballer\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Samantha Power]], Irish-American\n        government official and writer\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Mike Matheny]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Mystikal]], American rapper\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        [[Ani DiFranco]], American musician\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Aja Kong]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Marco Etcheverry]],\n        Bolivian football player\\n** [[Frank Guinta]], American politician\\n** [[Yukio\n        Iketani]], Japanese gymnast\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Yoshiharu Habu]],\n        Japanese professional shogi player\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Isabelle Brasseur]],\n        Canadian figure skater\\n** [[Kimiko Date-Krumm]], Japanese tennis player\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n** [[Joe Doucet]], American designer, inventor and artist\\n**\n        [[Emily Lloyd]], English actress\\n** [[Yoshihiro Tajiri]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Natasha Gregson Wagner]], American actress\\n* [[September 30]]\n        \\n** [[Mark Smith (Gladiator)|Mark Smith]], English actor and bodybuilder\\n**\n        [[Tony Hale]], American actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kelly Ripa, Red Dress\n        Collection 2007 140x190.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kelly Ripa]]]]\\n[[File:NASA Journey\n        to Mars and \\u201cThe Martian\\\" (201508180006HQ).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Damon]]]]\\n[[File:Sadiq\n        Khan November 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sadiq Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Kirk Cameron by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kirk Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Nolan North by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nolan North]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Moses\n        Kiptanui]], Kenyan athlete\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Kelly Ripa]], American\n        actress and TV personality\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Richard Hancox]], English\n        footballer\\n** [[Zdravko Zdravkov]], Bulgarian footballer\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**\n        [[Matt Damon]], American actor\\n** [[Sadiq Khan]], British politician; [[Mayor\n        of London]]\\n** [[Tetsuya Nomura]], Japanese video game and film director\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Annika S\\u00f6renstam]], Swedish golfer\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Jokelyn Tienstra]], Dutch handball player (d. [[2010]])\\n**Sir\n        [[Matthew Pinsent]], British rower\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Lee Bong-Ju]],\n        South Korean long-distance runner\\n** [[Andy Marriott]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** [[Kirk Cameron]], American actor and Christian activist\\n**\n        [[Charlie Ward]], American football and basketball player\\n* [[October 14]]\n        – [[Daniela Pe\\u0161tov\\u00e1]], Czech supermodel\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[Chris Mims]], American football (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 16]]\n        – [[Mehmet Scholl]], German footballer\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Anil\n        Kumble]], Indian cricketer\\n** [[Marciano Vink]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[October\n        18]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Padilla (alleged terrorist)|Jose Padilla]], American\n        gang member and convicted terrorist\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Michelle Malkin]],\n        American political commentator\\n* [[October 21]] \\n** [[Louis Koo]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n** [[Tony Mortimer]], English singer\\n* [[October 24]] –\n        [[Stephen Kipkorir]], Kenyan middle distance runner (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Adam Goldberg]], American actor\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Adrian\n        Erlandsson]], Swedish drummer\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Toby Smith]], British\n        musician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Edwin van der Sar]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Ben Bailey]], American host\\n** [[Nia Long]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Xie Jun]], Chinese chess grandmaster\\n* [[October 31]] \\n** [[Nolan North]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Linn Berggren]], Swedish singer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ethan\n        Hawke (29143642294).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ethan Hawke]]]]\\n[[File:Tonya harding\n        mac club 1994 crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tonya Harding]]]]\\n[[File:Martha Plimpton\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Martha Plimpton]]]]\\n[[File:Walter Jones by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Walter\n        Emanuel Jones]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Merle Palmiste]], Estonian actress\\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[Ely Buendia]], Filipino rock lead singer and rhythm guitarist\n        ([[Eraserheads]])\\n** [[Sharmell Sullivan-Huffman]], American wrestling valet\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Dawn Marie Psaltis]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\n** [[Tony Sly]], American singer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Delapierre]], French politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Heather\n        Pick]], American television news anchor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        [[Ethan Hawke]], American actor, writer, and film director\\n* [[November 7]]\\n**\n        [[Neil Hannon]], Northern Irish musician \\n** [[Morgan Spurlock]], American\n        filmmaker and activist\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Tom Anderson]], American\n        co-founder of [[Myspace]]\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Imam Samudra]], Bali bombings,\n        an act of terrorism. (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Scarface (rapper)|Scarface]], American\n        rapper\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Orny Adams]], American comedian\\n** [[Warren\n        G]], American rapper\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Tonya Harding]], American figure\n        skater\\n** [[Alina Mar\\u00eda Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Cuban transgender (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Patrick M''Boma]], Cameroonian footballer\\n** [[Jack\n        Ingram]], American country music singer\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Matt Healy]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Martha Plimpton]], American actress\\n* [[November 17]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Allender]], English guitarist\\n** [[Tania Zaetta]], Australian actress\n        and television presenter\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Peta Wilson]], Australian\n        actress\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Joe Zaso]], American actor and producer\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Karen Davila]], Filipina journalist, TV host and\n        news personality\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Stel Pavlou]], British novelist\n        and screenwriter\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Zo\\u00eb Ball]], British television\n        and radio presenter\\n** [[Oded Fehr]], Israeli-American actor\\n* [[November\n        26]] – [[Dave Hughes]], Australian comedian\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Mr.\n        Lobo]], television personality\\n** [[Jorge Luis Gonz\\u00e1lez Tanquero]],\n        Cuban dissident. (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Richard Osman]], English\n        television presenter, producer and director.\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Walter\n        Emanuel Jones]], American actor\\n** [[Natalie Williams]], American basketball\n        player\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sarah Silverman DNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sarah\n        Silverman]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer Connelly 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jennifer Connelly]]]]\n        \\n[[File:Krissada Sukosol 20070116.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Krissada Sukosol Clapp]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Sarah Silverman]], American comedian\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[Joshua Seth]], American voice actor and hypnotist\\n** [[Treach]],\n        American rapper\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Jimmy Shergill]], Indian actor\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Kevin Sussman]], American actor\\n* [[December 5]]\n        – [[Tim Hetherington]], English-born photojournalist (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Ulf Ekberg|Ulf \\\"Buddha\\\" Ekberg]], Swedish musician\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Kara DioGuardi]], American songwriter\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Jennifer Connelly]], American actress\\n** [[Regina Hall]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Bart Johnson]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Andrew Lewis (boxer)]], Guyanese professional boxer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Przemys\\u0142aw Tru\\u015bci\\u0144ski]], Polish artist\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Craig Doyle]], Irish television presenter\\n* [[December\n        18]]\\n** [[DMX (rapper)|DMX]], American rapper and actor\\n** [[Miles Marshall\n        Lewis]], American author\\n** [[Victoria Pratt]], Canadian-born actress and\n        model\\n** [[Rob Van Dam]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[December 20]]\\n**\n        [[Nicole de Boer]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Massimo Ellul]], Maltese entrepreneur\n        and philanthropist\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[Ted Cruz]], Canadian-American\n        politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Republican Party (United\n        States)|R]]-[[Texas|Tx.]]) since 2013, and [[United States presidential election,\n        2016|2016]] presidential candidate\\n** [[Gary Anderson (darts player)|Gary\n        Anderson]], Scottish darts player\\n** [[Clay Dreslough]], American game designer\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Catriona Le May Doan]], Canadian speed skater\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Emmanuel Amuneke]], Nigerian footballer\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Krissada Sukosol Clapp]], Thai actor and singer\\n* [[December\n        28]] – [[Francesca Le]], American porn actress and director\\n* [[December\n        29]]\\n** [[Aled Jones]], Welsh singer and television presenter\\n** [[Kevin\n        Weisman]], American actor\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Bryon Russell]], American\n        basketball player\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Max Born.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Max\n        Born]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Alfred Lauck Parson]], British chemist\n        and physicist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Jean-\\u00c9tienne Valluy]],\n        French general (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[David John Williams]], Welsh-language writer\n        and Welsh nationalist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Max Born]],\n        German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[Robert Barrat]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Pavel Belyayev]], Soviet cosmonaut (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Harry M. Woods]], American songwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] – [[David O. McKay]], 9th president of [[The Church of Jesus Christ\n        of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Aldo De Benedetti]],\n        Italian screenwriter (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Hal March]], American actor (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\n** [[Jane Bathori]], French mezzo-soprano (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Eiji Tsuburaya]], Japanese film director and special effects designer (''''[[Godzilla]]'''',\n        ''''[[Ultraman]]'''') (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Rita Angus]],\n        New Zealand painter (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Erich Heckel]], German painter (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Thomas J. Ryan (admiral)|Thomas J. Ryan]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Lawren Harris]], Canadian\n        painter. (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Basil Liddell Hart]], British military historian\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Thelma Morgan]], American socialite (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Fritz Bayerlein]], German general (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[John of Saint-Denis]],\n        French [[Orthodox Church of France|Orthodox]] priest and saint (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Slim Harpo]], American singer (b. [[1924]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Honourable\n        Bertrand Russell.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bertrand Russell]]]]\\n[[Image:Hugh Dowding.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hugh\n        Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding|Hugh Dowding]]]]\\n[[File:Cafe Filho.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joao\n        Cafe Filho]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Lawrence Gray]], American actor (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n** [[Bertrand Russell]], British logician and philosopher, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Italo Gariboldi]], Italian general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Louise Bogan]], American poet (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Rudy\n        York]], American baseball player (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Roscoe\n        Karns]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 10]] \\n** [[John Davidson\n        (botanist)|John Davidson]], Scottish-Canadian botanist. (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Tobias Geffen]], Lithuanian-born, American [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]]\n        rabbi. (b.[[1870]])\\n** [[Alfred Roberts]], English lay preacher, politician,\n        and father of [[Margaret Thatcher]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Arthur\n        Edeson]], American cinematographer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Sasha Siemel]], adventurer,\n        hunter, guide, actor, writer, photographer, and lecturer. (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Stradling]], American cinematographer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Herbert\n        Strudwick]], English cricketer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Hugh\n        Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding|Hugh Dowding]], British [[RAF Fighter Command]]er\n        during the [[Battle of Britain]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Francis Peyton Rous]], American pathologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Shmuel\n        Yosef Agnon]], Israeli writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Alfred Newman (composer)|Alfred Newman]], American film\n        composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Jules Munshin]], American\n        actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[February 20]] \\n** [[Sophie Treadwell]], American\n        playwright and journalist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Fernandes Campos Caf\\u00e9\n        Filho|Jo\\u00e3o Caf\\u00e9 Filho]], Brazilian politician, 18th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Johannes Semper]],\n        Estonian writer and translator (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Edward\n        Selzer]], American film producer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 24]] –\n        [[Conrad Nagel]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\n** [[Mannathu\n        Padmanabha Pillai]], Indian social reformer (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Mark Rothko]],\n        Latvian-born painter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Arthur Henry\n        Knighton-Hammond]], English painter (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Br\\u00fcning.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Joseph Vialatoux]], French [[Roman Catholic]] philosopher\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Erle Stanley Gardner]], American crime\n        writer (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Lucille Hegamin]], American singer and entertainer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Waldo Peirce]], American painter (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Nicholas Timasheff]], Russian sociologist\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Alec Clunes]], English actor (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Ma Hongkui]],  prominent warlord in China during the\n        Republic of China era (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Tammi Terrell]],\n        African-American singer (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[William Beaudine]],\n        American film director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Del Lord]],\n        Canadian film director (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Fortune Gallo]],\n        Italian-born opera impresario (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Vera\n        Brittain]], British writer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Heinrich\n        Br\\u00fcning]], German academic and politician, 21st [[Chancellor of Germany]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\n** [[Semyon Timoshenko]], Soviet general,\n        Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[George Wootten]], Australian\n        soldier, public servant, political activist and solicitor (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0421\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Patriarch\n        Alexy I of Moscow]]]]\\n[[File:Ed Begley 1958.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ed Begley]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Alfred Henry Sturtevant]], American geneticist (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[El Deif Ahmed]], Egyptian actor (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] \\n** [[Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Julius Pokorny]],\n        Austrian-born Czech linguist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Cathy O''Donnell]],\n        American actress (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Richard Neill]], American actor of the\n        silent era (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Joseph Schechtman]], writer and Revisionist\n        political activist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Richard Neutra]],\n        Austrian-born American architect (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Patriarch\n        Alexy I of Moscow]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Micha\\u0142 Kalecki]],\n        Polish economist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Herb Shriner]], American\n        humorist (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Anita Louise]], American\n        actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Francisco Cunha Leal]], Portuguese\n        politician, 84th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Gypsy\n        Rose Lee]], American actress (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Arthur\n        Shields]], Irish actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Ed Begley]],\n        American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Inger Stevens]], Swedish-born\n        actress (b. [[1934]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Crown Prince of Korea Yi Un.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Yi\n        Un]]]]\\n[[File:Nelly Sachs 1966.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nelly Sachs]]]]\\n[[File:Episcopul\n        Iuliu.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Iuliu Hossu]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Yi Un]], Crown\n        Prince of Korea (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Ralph Hartley]], American inventor (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\n** [[Giovanni Giuriati]], Italian Fascist politician\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Helen Kinnear]], Canadian lawyer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        9]]\\n** [[Andrew Watson Myles]], Canadian politician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Walter\n        Reuther]], American labor union leader (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Mari\n        Blanchard]], American actress (b. [[1927]])\\n** [[Leslie H. Sabo, Jr.]], [[Medal\n        of Honor]] recipient (b. [[1948]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Johnny Hodges]],\n        American jazz musician (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Anders]], General of the Polish Army (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Nelly Sachs]], German\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 13]] – [[Sir William Dobell]], Australian artist (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Billie Burke]], American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Heinz Hartmann]], Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Ray Schalk]], American baseball player ([[Chicago\n        White Sox]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[E. L. Grant Watson]], Australian scientist and writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Joseph Wood Krutch]], American writer and naturalist.\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II]], King\n        of the Ashanti (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Iuliu Hossu]], Romanian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and servant of God (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**\n        [[John Gunther]], American writer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Eva Hesse]], German-born\n        American sculptor (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Terry Sawchuk]], Canadian\n        hockey player (b. [[1929]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:PEAramburu.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pedro\n        Eugenio Aramburu]]]]\\n[[File:Calder\\u00f3n Guardia 1940 cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rafael\n        \\u00c1ngel Calder\\u00f3n Guardia]]]]\\n[[File:Alexander Kerensky LOC 24416.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander\n        Kerensky]]]]\\n[[File:Presiden Sukarno.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sukarno]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]]\\n** [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], Argentine army general, 31st [[President\n        of Argentina]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[George Watkins (baseball)|George Watkins]],\n        American baseball player (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Albert Lamorisse]],\n        French filmmaker (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Bruce McLaren]], Formula 1 driver (b.\n        [[1937]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\n** [[Ruth Sawyer]], American storyteller and writer  (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Hjalmar Schacht]], Nazi German economic minister (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Sonny Tufts]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June\n        7]] – [[E. M. Forster]], English writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 8]]\n        – [[Abraham Maslow]], American psychologist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Rafael \\u00c1ngel Calder\\u00f3n Guardia]], Costa Rican doctor\n        and politician, 19th [[President of Costa Rica]], leader of the [[World War\n        II]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Blanche]], Chilean\n        military officer, provisional [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] \\n** [[Alexander Kerensky]], Russian revolutionary politician (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Laubach]], working at a remote location in the Philippines (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Gonzalo Roig]], Cuban musician, composer, musical director\n        and founder of several orchestras. (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[William\n        H. Daniels]], American cinematographer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[John Noble Kennedy]], British Army officer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        [[Heino Eller]], Estonian composer and composition teacher (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Brian Piccolo]], American football star (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[June 21]] –\n        [[Sukarno]], 1st [[President of Indonesia]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Frank J. Wilson]], Chief of the United States Secret Service (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Leopoldo Marechal]], Argentine writer (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Daniel Kinsey]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n**\n        [[Edwin La Dell]], British artist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Arthur\n        Leslie]], British actor (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Bjarni Benediktsson\n        1964 cropped.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908)|Bjarni Benediktsson]]]]\\n[[File:Antonio\n        Salazar-1.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]]]]\\n* [[July\n        6]] – [[Marjorie Rambeau]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        10]]\\n** [[Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908)|Bjarni Benediktsson]], Icelandic\n        Foreign Minister and 11th [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Orsola Bussone]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] student and venerable\n        (b. [[1954]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Lur\\u00e7at]], French modernist\n        architect, landscape architect, (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[L.\n        Wolfe Gilbert]], Russian-born American songwriter. (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July\n        13]] – [[Lazar Drlja\\u010da]], Yugoslav-Bosnian painter (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]] – [[Luis Mariano]], Spanish tenor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Frits Lugt]], self-taught collector and connoisseur of Dutch\n        drawings and prints and a selfless  (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Ernst\n        Wellmann]], highly decorated German Army officer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n**\n        [[Egon Eiermann]], German architect (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Panagiotis Pipinelis]],\n        Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Bob Kalsu]],\n        American football player (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Fritz Kortner]],\n        Austrian-born director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Peter de Noronha]],\n        Indian businessman (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Milner Baily Schaefer|Milner\n        Baily \\\"Bernie\\\" Schaefer]], American fisheries scientist (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]], Portuguese economist\n        and politician, 100th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        28]] – [[Baba Bujha Singh]], Indian revolutionary\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[John Barbirolli]], English conductor (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[George Szell]],\n        Hungarian conductor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Wilfrid Kent Hughes]],\n        Australian Olympian and politician (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Frances\n        Farmer publicity.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frances Farmer]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**\n        [[Delia Akeley]], American explorer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Lula Wardlow]], American\n        businesswoman (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Doris Fleeson]], American journalist (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n** [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]], German physician and physiologist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] laureate (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Frances\n        Farmer]], American actress and television host (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        Pizzardo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] –[[Victor W. Voorhees]], American architect (b. [[1876]]) \\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Soledad Miranda]], Spanish actress (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Efisio Melis]], Sardinian folk musician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Zeki Velidi Togan]], Turkish historian (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Vladimir Propp]], Soviet folklorist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Abdallah Khalil]], 3rd Prime Minister of Sudan (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\n** [[Thomas Hunton]], Royal Marines officer (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[William McCance]], Scottish artist (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jimi\n        Hendrix 1967.png|120px|thumb|[[Jimi Hendrix]]]]\\n[[File:Nasser portrait2.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Gamal\n        Abdel Nasser]]]]\\n* September – [[Mahmud al-Muntasir]], 1st [[Prime\n        Minister of Libya]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Mauriac]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Marie-Pierre Koenig]], French general\n        and politician (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Agnes E. Meyer]], American journalist,\n        a philanthropist(b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Vince Lombardi]],\n        American football player and coach after whom the [[National Football League|NFL''s]]\n        [[Super Bowl]] trophy is named (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** [[Jesse\n        Pennington]], English footballer (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Simon (wine)]],\n        French-born wine merchant, gourmet, and prolific writer about wine (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – [[Yitzhak Gruenbaum]], noted leader of the [[Zionism|Zionist]]\n        movement in the [[interwar period]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 14]] –\n        [[Virgil T. McCroskey]], American conservationist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Jimi Hendrix|James Marshall \\\"Jimi\\\" Hendrix]], American rock\n        musician (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Alice Hamilton]], the\n        first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – [[Bourvil|Andr\\u00e9 Bourvil]], French actor (b.\n        [[1917]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Erich Maria Remarque]], German author\n        (''''All Quiet On The Western Front'''') (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n**\n        [[John Dos Passos]], American novelist (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]],\n        31st [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] and 2nd [[President of Egypt]] (b. [[1918]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Edward Everett Horton]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Benedetto Aloisi Masella]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        cardinal (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Janis Joplin seated 1970.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Janis\n        Joplin]]]]\\n[[File:Daladier 1924.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Edouard Daladier]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Petar Konjovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav composer (b.  [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Janis Joplin]], American rock singer (''''Mercedes\n        Benz'''') (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Fadh\\u00e9la Dziria]],\n        Algerian singer (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[\\u00c9douard Daladier]],\n        72nd [[Prime Minister of France]], signed [[Munich Agreement]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Falc\\u00f3n]], Peruvian writer, journalist\n        and politician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Julia Culp]], mezzo-soprano\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Jack Harrison (boxer)|Jack Harrison]],\n        British boxer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Quincy Wright]], American\n        political scientist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Prince Zeid\n        bin Hussein]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Antoni Bohdziewicz]],\n        Polish screenplay, writer and director (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n**\n        [[Ernest Haller]], American cinematographer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Corneliu Calotescu]],\n        Romanian Major-General during World War II (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – [[George Austin Welsh]], Republican member (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Robert Delafield Rands]], Estonian painter (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        B 145 Bild-F010324-0002, Flughafen K\\u00f6ln-Bonn, Adenauer, de Gaulle-cropped.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Charles\n        de Gaulle]]]]\\n[[File:Constantine Tsaldaris.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Konstantinos\n        Tsaldaris]]]]\\n[[File:Sir CV Raman.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Chandrasekhara Venkata\n        Raman]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Otto Kreisler]], Austrian film director\n        of the silent era (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[Abram Samoilovitch\n        Besicovitch]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Fernand Gravey]],\n        French actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]],\n        [[King of Yugoslavia]], leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Agust\\u00edn Lara]], Mexican composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Eddie Peabody]], American musician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Napoleon Hill]], American author in the area of the new thought\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]], French general\n        and statesman, 98th [[Prime Minister of France]] and 18th [[President of France]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Louis Rich]], American entrepreneur\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Howard Winkler]], Canadian politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Konstantinos Tsaldaris]], Greek politician, 2-time\n        [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Andrei\n        Yeremenko]], Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – [[John Louis Clarke]], Blackfoot wood carver from\n        Montana. (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[C. V. Raman]], Indian\n        physicist. (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Yusof bin Ishak]], Singaporean\n        politician, 1st [[President of Singapore]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Louise Glaum]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Yukio Mishima]], Japanese\n        novelist (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[David Brown (footballer,\n        born 1887)|David Brown]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November\n        27]] – [[Helene Madison]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Robert T. Frederick]], American combat commander\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Rube Goldberg]],\n        American cartoonist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Christopher Kelk\n        Ingold]], British chemist (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Philip Edward Smith]], American\n        endocrinologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Evelyn Temple Emmett]],\n        first Director of the Tasmanian Government Tourist Bureau (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Doris Blackburn]], Australian politician (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Ernest Marsden]], English-New Zealand physicist.(b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Charles Ruggles]], American actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Charles M. Cooke, Jr.]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[John Harvey (American actor)|John\n        Harvey]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Lee Barnes]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Prince\n        Adalbert of Bavaria (1886\\u20131970)|Prince Adalbert of Bavaria]] (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]] – [[Lenore Ulric]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] \\n** [[Ray Henderson]], American songwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Cyril Scott]], English composer, writer, and poet (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Hannes Alfv\\u00e9n]], [[Louis N\\u00e9el]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Luis Federico Leloir]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]\n        – [[Sir Bernard Katz]], [[Ulf von Euler]], [[Julius Axelrod]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Aleksandr\n        Isaevich Solzhenitsyn]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Norman Borlaug|Norman\n        E. Borlaug]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] – [[Paul\n        Samuelson]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1970}}\\n[[Category:1970|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":798652642,\"length\":96356,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970\"},\"34748\":{\"pageid\":34748,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1971\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T03:26:02Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1971}}\\n{{Events by month|1971}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1971}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1971}}\\n\\nThe world\n        population increased by 2.1% this year; the highest in history.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/14/global-population-10-billion-worry|title=A\n        global population of 10 billion is nothing to worry about|author=Danny Dorling|work=The\n        Guardian}}\\n\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[1971 Ibrox disaster|Ibrox disaster]]: A stairway crush at the Rangers\n        vs. Celtic [[association football|football]] match in [[Glasgow]], Scotland,\n        kills 66.\\n** A ban on radio and television [[cigarette]] advertisements goes\n        into effect in the United States.\\\"Cigarette Maker Phillip Morris Agrees\n        to Remove Advertising Signs from Sports Stadiums Where They Were Shown on\n        TV\\\" (1995) [http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/Pre_96/June95/315.txt.html DOJ315\n        United States Department of Justice].\\n* [[January 3]] – [[BBC]]\n        [[Open University]] begins in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        The 1st ever [[One Day International|ODI cricket]] match is played between\n        Australia & England at the M.C.G.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Tupamaros]] kidnap\n        Geoffrey Jackson, British ambassador to [[Uruguay]], in [[Montevideo]], keeping\n        him captive until September.\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Uruguay]]an president\n        [[Jorge Pacheco Areco]] demands emergency powers for 90 days due to kidnappings,\n        and receives them the next day.\\n* [[January 12]] – The landmark television\n        sitcom ''''[[All in the Family]]'''', starring [[Carroll O''Connor]] as [[Archie\n        Bunker]], debuts on [[CBS]].\\n* [[January 14]] – Seventy [[Brazil]]ian\n        political prisoners are released in [[Santiago]], Chile; Giovanni Enrico Bucher\n        is released [[January 16]].\\n* [[January 15]] – The [[Aswan High Dam]]\n        officially opens in Egypt.\\n* [[January 18]] \\n** Strikes in Poland demand\n        the resignation of Interior Minister [[Kazimierz \\u015awita\\u0142a]]. He resigns\n        January 23 and is replaced by Franciszek Szlachcic.\\n**[[Ivan Koloff]] defeats\n        [[Bruno Sammartino]] for the [[WWE Championship|WWWF World Heavyweight Championship]]\n        ending a Seven and two thirds years reign. (the longest in the Championships\n        history)\\n* [[January 19]] – Representatives of 23 western oil companies\n        begin negotiations with [[OPEC]] in [[Tehran]] to stabilize [[Petroleum|oil]]\n        prices; [[February 14]] they sign a treaty with 6 [[Khalij el-Arab]] countries.\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – The [[Guinea]]n government sentences to death 92 Guineans\n        who helped Portuguese troops in the failed landing attempts in November [[1970]];\n        72 are sentenced to [[hard labor]] for life; 58 of the sentenced are hanged\n        the next day.\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** In [[Uganda]], [[Idi Amin]] deposes [[Milton\n        Obote]] in a coup, and becomes president.\\n** In Los Angeles, [[Charles Manson]]\n        and 3 female \\\"Family\\\" members are found guilty of the 1969 [[Tate\\u2013LaBianca\n        murders]].\\n** [[Himachal Pradesh]] becomes the 18th Indian state.\\n** ''''Intelsat\n        IV'''' (F2) is launched; it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean\n        [[March 26]].\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 14]]''''\n        (carrying astronauts [[Alan Shepard]], [[Stuart Roosa]], and [[Edgar Mitchell]])\n        lifts off on the third successful lunar landing mission.\\n[[File:AswanHighDam\n        Egypt.jpg|thumb| [[January 15]]: [[Aswan Dam]] opens in [[Egypt]].]]\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n* [[February 4]] – In Britain, [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]\n        goes bankrupt and is nationalised.\\n* [[February 5]] – ''''[[Apollo\n        14]]'''' lands on the Moon.\\n* [[February 6]] – The 4.6 [[Body wave\n        magnitude|Mb]] [[List of earthquakes in Italy|Tuscania earthquake]] shook\n        the Italian province of Viterbo with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe''''), causing 24 deaths, 150 injuries, and\n        extreme damage.\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** Switzerland gives women voting rights\n        in state elections, but not in all [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]]-specific\n        ones.\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Gomu\\u0142ka]] is expelled from the Central\n        Council of the Polish Communist Party.\\n* [[February 8]] – A new [[stock\n        market index]] called the [[Nasdaq Composite]] debuts.\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        The 6.5\\u20136.7 {{M|w}} [[1971 San Fernando earthquake|Sylmar earthquake]]\n        hits the [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity\n        scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''), killing 64 and injuring\n        2,000.\\n** [[Satchel Paige]] becomes the first [[Negro league baseball|Negro\n        League]] player to become voted into the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] from the\n        Negro League.\\n** [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 14]]'''' returns to Earth\n        after the third manned Moon landing.\\n* [[February 11]] – The US, UK,\n        USSR and others sign the [[Seabed Treaty]], outlawing [[nuclear weapon]]s\n        on the ocean floor.\\n* [[February 11]]–[[February 12]] – Palestinian\n        and Jordanian fighters clash in [[Amman]].\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: Backed by American air and artillery support, [[South Vietnam]]ese\n        troops invade [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Decimal Day]]:\n        – The United Kingdom and Ireland both switch to [[decimal currency]]\n        (see also [[decimalisation]]).\\n** Protesting Belgian farmers bring 3 live\n        cows to crash the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] meeting in [[Brussels]].\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – In Italy, a local parliament elects the city of [[Catanzaro]]\n        as the capital of [[Calabria]]; residents of [[Reggio di Calabria]] riot for\n        5 days because of the decision.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** Fifty [[tornado]]es\n        rage in [[Mississippi]], killing 74 people.\\n** The U.S. [[Emergency Broadcast\n        System]] sends an erroneous warning, meant to be a standard weekly test conducted\n        by [[NORAD]] in Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado; many radio stations just ignore\n        it. The most notorious warning was of [[WOWO (AM)]] in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – The [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] is signed\n        at [[Vienna]].\\n* [[February 26]] – Secretary General [[U Thant]] signs\n        the [[United Nations]] proclamation of the [[vernal equinox]] as [[Earth Day]].\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – Doctors in the first Dutch [[abortion clinic]] (Mildredhuis\n        in [[Arnhem]]) start to perform [[abortus provocatus]].\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Evel Knievel]] sets a world record and jumps 19 cars in [[Ontario,\n        California]].\\n[[File:Apollo 14 Shepard.jpg|thumb| [[February 5]]: [[Apollo\n        14]] on Moon]]\\n[[File:Tuscania.jpg|thumb| [[February 6]]: Earthquake in [[Tuscania]],\n        Italy.]]\\n[[Image:Dszpics1.jpg|thumb| [[February 20]]: [[Tornado]]es kill\n        74 in [[Mississippi]].]]\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** A bomb explodes\n        in the men''s room at the [[United States Capitol]]; the [[Weather Underground]]\n        claims responsibility.\\n** Pakistani President [[Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]]\n        indefinitely postpones the pending National Assembly session, precipitating\n        massive civil disobedience in [[East Pakistan]].\\n** Canadian [[John Robarts]]\n        ends his term of office as the 17th [[Premier of Ontario]].\\n* [[March 4]]\n        – The southern part of [[Quebec]], and especially [[Montreal]], receive\n        16\\u00bd\\\" (42 cm) of snow in what becomes known as the [[Eastern Canadian\n        blizzard of March 1971|Century''s Snowstorm]] (''''la temp\\u00eate du si\\u00e8cle'''').\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – The [[Pakistan]]i army occupies [[East Pakistan]]. In\n        [[Belfast]], a [[Led Zeppelin]] show includes the first public performance\n        of [[Stairway to Heaven]], a song from the [[Led Zeppelin IV|fourth album]].\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – A fire in a mental hospital at [[Burgh\\u00f6lzli]], Switzerland,\n        kills 28 people.\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** The British postal workers'' strike, led\n        by [[Union of Post Office Workers|UPW]] General Secretary [[Thomas Jackson\n        (trade unionist)|Tom Jackson]], ends after 47 days.\\n** [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]],\n        political leader of then [[East Pakistan]] (present day-[[Bangladesh]]), delivers\n        his famous speech in the Racecourse Field in [[Dhaka]], calling on the masses\n        to be prepared to fight for national independence.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** The\n        [[Citizens'' Commission to Investigate the FBI]] breaks into the [[Media,\n        Pennsylvania]] offices of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and removes\n        all the files.\\n** ''[[Fight of the Century]]'': Boxer [[Joe Frazier]] defeats\n        [[Muhammad Ali]] at [[Madison Square Garden]].\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Hafez\n        al-Assad]] becomes president of [[Syria]].\\n* [[March 12]]–[[March 13]]\n        – [[The Allman Brothers Band]] plays their legendary concert at the\n        [[Fillmore East]].\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Trygve Bratteli]] forms a government\n        in Norway.\\n* [[March 18]] – A landslide at Chungar, [[Peru]] crashes\n        into [[Yanawayin Lake]], killing 200.\\n* [[March 23]] – General [[Alejandro\n        Lanusse]] of [[Argentina]] takes power in a military coup.\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – The [[Pakistan]]i army starts [[Operation Searchlight]] in [[East\n        Pakistan]] from midnight, after President [[Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]], a\n        military ruler, voids election results that gave the [[Awami League]] an overwhelming\n        majority in the parliament.\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]])\n        independence is declared by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and transmitted using [[East\n        Pakistan Rifles]] (now [[Border Guards Bangladesh]]) radio.{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Independence|title=Declaration\n        of Independence - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|access-date=2016-03-29}}\\n**\n        [[Nihat Erim]] (a former [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]] member)\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (33rd government, composed mostly of\n        technocrats).\\n* [[March 27]] – [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]])\n        independence is repeatedly declared by Army Major (later President of Bangladesh)\n        [[Ziaur Rahman]] on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Kalurghat Radio Station,\n        [[Chittagong]].\\n* [[March 28]] – ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'''' airs\n        its final episode.\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** U.S. Army Lieutenant [[William Calley]]\n        is found guilty of 22 murders in the [[My Lai Massacre]] and sentenced to\n        life in prison (he is later pardoned).\\n** A [[Los Angeles]] jury recommends\n        the [[death penalty]] for [[Charles Manson]] and 3 female followers.\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n* [[April 1]] – The United Kingdom lifts all restrictions\n        on gold ownership.\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** In [[Ceylon]], a group calling themselves\n        the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|People\\u2019s Liberation Front]] begins a\n        rebellion against the [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike|Bandaranaike]] government.\\n**\n        [[Chile]] and [[East Germany]] establish [[diplomatic relations]].\\n** [[Mount\n        Etna]] erupts in Sicily.\\n* [[April 7]] – Greece releases 261 [[political\n        prisoner]]s, 50 of whom are sent into internal exile.\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        A right-wing coup attempt is exposed in [[Laos]].\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Charles\n        Manson]] is sentenced to death; in 1972, the sentence for all California Death\n        Row inmates is commuted to life imprisonment.\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Veterans\n        Stadium]] in [[Philadelphia]] opens.\\n* [[April 12]] – Palestinians\n        retreat from [[Amman]] to the north of [[Jordan]].\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** The\n        People''s Republic of [[Bangladesh]] forms, under [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]],\n        at Mujibnagor.\\n** [[Libya]], [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]] sign an agreement to\n        form a [[confederation]].\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** The government of [[Bangladesh]]\n        flees to India.\\n** [[Sierra Leone]] becomes a [[republic]].\\n** The Soviet\n        Union launches ''''[[Salyut 1]]''''.\\n** Followers of [[Charles Manson]],\n        the Manson Family, are sentenced to the gas chamber.\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** ''''[[Swann\n        v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of\n        the United States]] rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered\n        to achieve racial [[desegregation]].\\n** [[Cambodia]]n Prime Minister [[Lon\n        Nol]] resigns, but remains effectively in power until the next elections.\\n*\n        [[April 21]]\\n** [[Siaka Stevens]] is elected the first president of [[Sierra\n        Leone]].\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Duvalier]], president of [[Haiti]], dies; his\n        son [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] follows him as [[president-for-life]].\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** ''''[[Soyuz 10]]'''' docks with ''''[[Salyut 1]]''''.\\n** Five hundred\n        thousand people in Washington, D.C. and 125,000 in [[San Francisco]] march\n        in protest against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Todor Zhivkov]]\n        is re-elected as the leader of the [[Bulgaria]]n Communist Party.\\n** [[Franz\n        Jonas]] is re-elected as president of Austria.\\n* [[April 26]] – The\n        government of [[Turkey]] declares a [[state of siege]] in 11 provinces, [[Ankara]]\n        included, due to violent [[Demonstration (protest)|demonstration]]s.\\n* [[April\n        28]] – The first number of ''''Il Manifesto'''' is issued in Italy.\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Bolivia]] nationalizes the American-owned Matilde zinc\n        mine.\\n* [[April 30]] – The [[Milwaukee Bucks]] win the [[National Basketball\n        Association|NBA]] World Championship, sweeping the [[Washington Wizards|Baltimore\n        Bullets]] in 4 straight games.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Amtrak]]\n        begins inter-city rail passenger service in the United States.\\n** The [[Ceylon]]ese\n        government promises [[amnesty]] for those guerillas who surrender before [[April\n        5]].\\n* [[May 2]] – In [[Ceylon]], left-wing guerillas launch a series\n        of assaults against public buildings.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Arsenal F.C.]] wins\n        the English Division 1 [[association football|football]] league championship\n        at the home of their bitter rivals, [[Tottenham Hotspur]], with [[Ray Kennedy]]\n        scoring the winner. (Arsenal FC will go on to win the league and cup ''double''\n        6 days later by defeating [[Liverpool]] in the [[FA Cup]] final).\\n** The\n        Harris Poll claims that 60% of Americans are against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n**\n        East German leader [[Walter Ulbricht]] resigns as Communist Party leader but\n        retains the position of head of state.\\n** [[1971 May Day Protests]]: Anti-war\n        militants attempt to disrupt government business in [[Washington, D.C.]];\n        police and military units arrest as many as 12,000, most of whom are later\n        released.\\n* [[May 5]] – The [[US dollar]] floods the European [[currency\n        market]]s and threatens especially the [[Deutsche Mark]]; the central banks\n        of Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland stop the currency trading.\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – The [[Ceylon]] government begins a major offensive against\n        the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|People''s Liberation Front]].\\n* [[May 9]]\\n**\n        [[Arsenal FC]] beats [[Liverpool F.C.]] 2-1 to win the English [[FA Cup]],\n        thus completing the league and cup ''double''.\\n** [[Mariner 8]] fails to\n        launch.\\n* [[May 12]] – An [[earthquake]] in [[Turkey]] destroys most\n        of the city of [[Burdur]].\\n* [[May 15]] – Efraim Elrom, [[Israel]]i\n        ambassador to Turkey, is kidnapped; he is found killed in [[Istanbul]] [[May\n        25]].\\n* [[May 16]] – A coup attempt is exposed and foiled in [[Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[May 18]]\\n** The U.S. Congress formally votes to end funding for the American\n        Supersonic Transport program.\\n** The [[Montr\\u00e9al Canadiens]] win the\n        [[Stanley Cup]] against the [[Chicago Blackhawks]]. The Canadiens became only\n        the second team in [[NHL]] history to win the Cup in game 7 on the road. This\n        also marked the last NHL game that the late [[Jean B\\u00e9liveau]] played.\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Mars probe program]]: ''''[[Mars 2]]'''' is launched\n        by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May 22]] – An [[earthquake]] lasting 20\n        seconds destroys most of [[Bing\\u00f6l]], [[Turkey]] – more than 1,000\n        are killed, 10,000 made homeless.\\n* [[May 23]] – An air crash at [[Rijeka\n        Airport]], [[Yugoslavia]] kills 78 people, mostly British tourists.\\n* [[May\n        26]]\\n** Austria and the People''s Republic of China establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** [[Qantas]] agrees to pay $500,000 to bomb hoaxer-extortionist\n        Mr. Brown (Peter Macari), who is later arrested.\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** Six armed\n        passengers hijack a [[Romania]]n passenger plane and force it to fly to [[Vienna]].\\n**\n        [[Christie''s]] auctions a diamond known as [[Deepdene (diamond)|Deepdene]];\n        it is later found to be artificially colored.\\n* [[May 28]] – Portugal\n        resigns from [[UNESCO]].\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Mariner program]]: ''''[[Mariner\n        9]]'''' is launched toward [[Mars]].\\n* [[May 31]] – The birth of [[Bangladesh]]\n        is declared by the government in exile, in territory formerly part of [[Pakistan]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* June – [[Massachusetts]] passes its Chapter 766 laws enacting\n        [[Special Education]].\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Vietnam Veterans\n        for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who\n        served in [[Southeast Asia]], speak against war protests.\\n* [[June 6]]\\n**\n        [[Soyuz program]]: ''''[[Soyuz 11]]'''' ([[Vladislav Volkov]], [[Georgi Dobrovolski]],\n        [[Viktor Patsayev]]) is launched.\\n** A midair collision between [[Hughes\n        Airwest Flight 706]] [[Douglas DC-9]] jetliner and a U.S. Marine Corps [[McDonnell\n        Douglas F-4 Phantom]] jet fighter near [[Duarte, California]], claims 50 lives.\\n*\n        [[June 10]]\\n** The U.S. ends its [[trade embargo]] of China.\\n** Corpus Thursday:\n        A student rally on the streets of Mexico City is roughly dispersed.\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[Neville Bonner]] becomes the first [[Indigenous Australian]]\n        to sit in the [[Parliament of Australia|Australian Parliament]].\\n* [[June\n        13]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' begins to publish\n        the [[Pentagon Papers]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051204121721/https://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/48.htm].\\n**\n        [[Gijs van Lennep]] (The Netherlands) and co-driver [[Helmut Marko]] (Austria)\n        win the [[1971 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] in the [[Martini\n        Racing]] [[Porsche 917]]K.\\n* [[June 14]] – Norway begins oil production\n        in the [[North Sea]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** Representatives of Japan and the\n        United States sign the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, whereby the U.S. will\n        return control of [[Okinawa]].[http://www.niraikanai.wwma.net/pages/archive/rev71.html\n        www.niraikanai.wwma.net]\\n** President [[Richard Nixon]] declares the\n        U.S. [[War on Drugs]].\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Southwest Airlines]], a [[low-cost\n        carrier]], begins its first flights between [[Dallas]], [[Houston]], and [[San\n        Antonio]].\\n* [[June 20]] – Britain announces that Soviet space scientist\n        Anatoli Fedoseyev has been granted asylum.\\n* [[June 21]] – Britain\n        begins new negotiations for [[European Economic Community|EEC]] membership\n        in Luxembourg.\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Madagascar]] accuses the U.S. of being\n        connected to the plot to oust the current government; the U.S. recalls its\n        ambassador.\\n* [[June 27]] – Concert promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill\n        Graham]] closes the legendary [[Fillmore East]], which first opened on 2nd\n        Avenue (between 5th and 6th Streets) in New York City on March 8, 1968.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – Assassin Jerome A. Johnson shoots [[Joseph Colombo|Joe\n        Colombo]] in the head in a middle of an [[Italian-American]] rally, putting\n        him in a coma.\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** After a successful mission aboard ''''[[Salyut\n        1]]'''', the world''s first manned space station, the crew of the ''''[[Soyuz\n        11]]'''' spacecraft are killed when their air supply leaks out through a faulty\n        valve.\\n** ''''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme\n        Court]] rules that the [[Pentagon Papers]] may be published, rejecting government\n        injunctions as unconstitutional prior restraint.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n* July –\n        [[Nordic Council]] secretariat inaugurated.\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Jim Morrison]],\n        lead singer of [[The Doors]] is found dead in his bathtub in Paris, France.\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – [[Michael S. Hart]] posts the first [[e-book]], a copy\n        of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]], on the [[University\n        of Illinois at Urbana\\u2013Champaign]]''s [[mainframe computer]], the origin\n        of [[Project Gutenberg]].{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:The_History_and_Philosophy_of_Project_Gutenberg_by_Michael_Hart|publisher=Project\n        Gutenberg|title=The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg|first=Michael|last=Hart\n        |accessdate=2011-10-05 |date=August 1992}}.\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Right\n        to vote]]: The [[26th Amendment to the United States Constitution]], formally\n        certified by President [[Richard Nixon]], lowers the voting age from 21 to\n        18.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Hastings Banda]] is proclaimed [[President for\n        Life]] of [[Malawi]].\\n* [[July 9]] – The United Kingdom increases its\n        troops in [[Northern Ireland]] to 11,000.\\n* [[July 10]]–[[July 11]]\n        – Coup attempt in [[Morocco]]: 1,400 cadets take over the king''s palace\n        for 3 hours and kill 28 people; 158 rebels die when the king''s troops storm\n        the palace (10 high-ranking officers are later executed for involvement).\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[Gloria Steinem]] makes her [[Address to the Women of\n        America]].\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Copper]] mines in [[Chile]] are nationalized.\\n*\n        [[July 13]]\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur J\\u00f3hannesson]] forms a government in [[Iceland]].\\n**\n        [[Jordan]]ian army troops launch an offensive against Palestinian guerillas\n        in Jordan.\\n** The [[Yugoslavia]]n government begins allowing foreign companies\n        to take their profits from the country.\\n** Paced by a prodigious home run\n        by [[Reggie Jackson]], which hits a transformer on the roof of [[Tiger Stadium\n        (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]], the [[American League]] defeats the [[National\n        League]] 6-4 in the [[Major League Baseball]] All-Star Game in [[Detroit,\n        Michigan|Detroit]].\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Libya]] severs its diplomatic\n        ties with [[Morocco]].\\n* [[July 15]] – American President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] announces his [[1972 Nixon visit to China|1972 visit to China]].\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – Italy and Austria sign a treaty that ends the schism about\n        [[South Tyrol]].\\n* [[July 18]] – The [[Trucial States]] are formed\n        in the [[Persian Gulf]].\\n* [[July 19]] – The South Tower of the [[World\n        Trade Center (1973\\u20132001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] is\n        topped out at {{convert|1,362|ft|m}}, making it the second tallest building\n        in the world.\\n* [[July 19]]–[[July 23]] – Major Hashem al-Atta\n        ousts Jaafar Muhammad al-Nimeiri in a military coup in [[Sudan]]. Fighting\n        continues until on [[July 22]], when pro-Nimeiri troops win. Al-Atta and 3\n        officers are executed.\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Georgina Rizk]] of [[Lebanon]]\n        will crown [[Miss Universe 1971]].\\n* [[July 25]]–[[July 30]] –\n        [[Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli]] records in [[Munich]] two [[Debussy]] works\n        for [[Deutsche Grammophon]]; it''s his fifth recording.\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        ''''[[Apollo 15]]'''' (carrying astronauts [[David Scott]], [[Alfred Worden]],\n        and [[James Irwin]]) is launched.\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Abdel Khaliq Mahjub]],\n        [[Sudan]]ese communist leader, is hanged.\\n* [[July 29]] – The United\n        Kingdom opts out of the [[Space Race]], with the cancellation of its [[Black\n        Arrow]] launch vehicle.\\n* [[July 30]] – In Japan, an [[All Nippon Airways]]\n        [[Boeing 727]] collides with a Japanese fighter jet; 162 people are killed.\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – ''''[[Apollo 15]]'''' astronauts [[David Scott]] and [[James\n        Irwin]] become the first to ride in a [[lunar rover]], a day after landing\n        on the Moon.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n* August – [[Camden, New Jersey]] erupts\n        in [[race riot]]s following the beating death of a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto\n        Rican]] motorist by city police. Looting and arson occurred. This is a turning\n        point in Camden''s decline to one of the poorest and highest-crime municipalities\n        in the United States. Camden was, however, the site of a 1949 shooting rampage\n        by [[Howard Unruh]], considered by some to be the first [[mass murder]]er\n        in the United States. The riots result in the demise of Camden''s [[Sears]]\n        and [[The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company|A&P]] branches. Also in 1971,\n        [[Philadelphia International Records]] is established, with Camden native\n        Leon Huff as co-founder.\\n* [[August 1]] – In New York City, 40,000\n        attend [[The Concert for Bangladesh]].\\n* [[August 2]] – [[J. C. Penney]]\n        debuts its trademark [[Helvetica]] wordmark which has been used ever since.\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – The [[South Pacific Forum]] (SPF) is established.\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – A [[lunar eclipse]] lasting 1 hour, 40 minutes, and 4\n        seconds is observed.\\n* [[August 7]] – ''''[[Apollo 15]]'''' returns\n        to [[Earth]].\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** India signs a 20-year treaty of friendship\n        and cooperation with the [[Soviet Union]].\\n** [[Internment]] in [[Northern\n        Ireland]]: British security forces arrest hundreds of [[Irish nationalism|nationalists]]\n        and detain them without trial in [[Maze (HM Prison)|Long Kesh]] prison; 20\n        people die in the riots that follow.\\n* [[August 11]] – Construction\n        begins on the [[Louisiana Superdome]] in [[New Orleans]].\\n* [[August 12]]\\n**\n        Three thousand people from [[Belfast]] and [[Derry]] flee to the [[Republic\n        of Ireland]] because of the violence.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}\\n**\n        [[Syria]] severs diplomatic relations with [[Jordan]] because of border clashes.\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** British troops are stationed on the Ireland border to stop\n        arms smuggling.\\n** [[Bahrain]] declares independence as the State of Bahrain\n        (Kingdom of Bahrain as of February 2002).\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Jackie Stewart]]\n        becomes [[Formula One]] World Drivers'' Champion in the [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]\n        [[Tyrrell 003|003]]-[[Cosworth]].\\n** The number of British troops in Northern\n        Ireland is raised to 12,500.\\n** President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that\n        the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value,\n        effectively ending the [[Bretton Woods system]]. He also imposes a 90-day\n        freeze on wages, prices and rents.\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Australia\n        and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from [[Vietnam]].\\n** British\n        troops are engaged in a firefight with the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] in\n        [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[August 19]]–[[August 22]] –\n        A right-wing coup ignites a rebellion in [[Bolivia]]. Miners and students\n        join troops to support president [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Torres]], but eventually\n        [[Hugo Banzer]] takes over.\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[International Telecommunications\n        Satellite Organization]] (Intelsat) (effective 12 February 1973).\\n** The\n        [[USS Manatee (AO-58)]] spills {{convert|1,000|USgal|L}} of fuel oil on [[Richard\n        Nixon|President Nixon]]''s Western White House beach in [[San Clemente, California]].\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – A bomb made of two hand grenades by communist rebels\n        explodes in the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] campaign party\n        in [[Plaza Miranda bombing|Plaza Miranda]] in [[Quiapo, Manila]] the [[Philippines]],\n        injuring several anti-[[Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos]] political candidates.\\n*\n        [[August 25]]\\n** Border clashes occur between [[Tanzania]] and [[Uganda]].\\n**\n        [[Bangladesh]] and eastern [[Bengal]] are flooded; thousands flee the area.\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – A civilian government takes power in Greece.\\n* [[August\n        30]] – The [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive\n        Conservatives]] under [[Peter Lougheed]] defeat the [[Social Credit Party\n        of Alberta|Social Credit]] government under [[Harry Strom|Harry E. Strom]]\n        in a [[general election]], ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social\n        Credit in [[Alberta]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n* September – [[Operation\n        Sourisak Montry VIII]] opens when forces of the [[Royal Thai Army]] recapture\n        several positions in the territory of [[Laos]] on the south bank of the [[Mekong]]\n        in response to an encroaching Chinese presence to the north.\\n* [[September\n        3]]\\n** [[Qatar]] gains independence from the United Kingdom. Unlike most\n        nearby [[emirate]]s, Qatar declines to become part of either the [[United\n        Arab Emirates]] or [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n** [[Manlio Brosio]] resigns as [[NATO]]\n        Secretary General.\\n* [[September 4]] – A [[Boeing 727]] ([[Alaska Airlines\n        Flight 1866]]) crashes into the side of a mountain near [[Juneau, Alaska]],\n        killing all 111 people on board.\\n* [[September 8]] – In Washington,\n        D.C., the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] is inaugurated,\n        with the opening feature being the premiere of [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s ''''[[Mass\n        (Bernstein)|Mass]]''''.\\n* [[September 9]] – [[September 13]] –\n        [[Attica Prison riot]]: – A revolt breaks out at the maximum-security\n        prison in [[Attica (town), New York|Attica, New York]]. In the end, [[state\n        police]] and the [[United States National Guard]] storm the facility; 42 are\n        killed, 10 of them hostages.\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Trams in Ballarat]]\n        (Victoria, Australia) cease to run.\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Pakistan]]\n        declares a [[state of emergency]].\\n* [[September 24]] – Britain expels\n        90 KGB and GRU officials; 15 are not allowed to return.\\n* [[September 27]]–[[October\n        11]] – Japanese Emperor [[Hirohito]] travels abroad.\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[J\\u00f3zsef Mindszenty]],\n        who has taken refuge in the U.S. Embassy in [[Budapest]] since [[1956]], is\n        allowed to leave Hungary.\\n* [[September 29]] – A [[cyclone]] in the\n        [[Bay of Bengal]], in the Indian state of [[Odisha]], kills 10,000.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n* Over a four-day period, [[Pink Floyd]] recorded their groundbreaking\n        film, ''''[[Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii]]'''' at the [[Amphitheatre of Pompeii]].\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Walt Disney World]] opens in [[Orlando, Florida]].\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Greenpeace]] is founded in Vancouver, British Columbia,\n        Canada.\\n* [[October 18]] – In New York City, the [[Knapp Commission]]\n        begins public hearings on police corruption.\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** U.S. President\n        [[Richard Nixon]] nominates [[Lewis Franklin Powell Jr.]] and [[William H.\n        Rehnquist]] to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].\\n** The [[Clarkston explosion]]\n        in Scotland kills 22 people.\\n* [[October 25]] – The [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] admits the People''s Republic of China and expels the [[Republic\n        of China]] (or Taiwan).\\n* [[October 27]] – The [[Democratic Republic\n        of the Congo]] is renamed [[Zaire]].\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** The [[House of\n        Commons of the United Kingdom]] votes 356\\u2013244 in favour of joining the\n        [[European Economic Community]].\\n** The United Kingdom becomes the sixth\n        nation successfully to launch a satellite into orbit using its own [[launch\n        vehicle]], the [[Prospero (satellite)|Prospero]] (X-3) experimental communications\n        satellite, using a [[Black Arrow]] carrier rocket from [[Woomera, South Australia]].\\n**\n        The [[Khedivial Opera House]] in [[Cairo]] (Egypt) burns down.\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Vietnamization]]: The total number\n        of American troops still in [[Vietnam]] drops to a record low of 196,700 (the\n        lowest since January 1966).\\n* [[October 30]] – Rev. [[Ian Paisley]]''s\n        [[Democratic Unionist Party]] is founded in [[Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[October\n        31]] – A bomb explodes at the top of the [[Post Office Tower]] in London.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n* [[November 3]] – The ''''[[Unix|UNIX]] Programmer''s\n        Manual'''' is published.\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Operation Grommet]]:\n        The U.S. tests a thermonuclear warhead at [[Amchitka Island]] in Alaska, code-named\n        Project Cannikin. At around 5 [[megatons]], it is the largest ever U.S. [[underground\n        nuclear testing|underground detonation]].\\n* [[November 8]] – Led Zeppelin\n        releases their Fourth Studio album \\\"Led Zeppelin IV\\\", which goes on to sell\n        23,000,000 copies.\\n* [[November 9]] – A [[Royal Air Force]] [[C-130]]\n        crashes into the [[Ligurian Sea]] near [[Leghorn, Italy]], killing all 51\n        people on board.\\n* [[November 10]] – In [[Cambodia]], [[Khmer Rouge]]\n        forces attack [[Phnom Penh]] and its airport, killing 44, wounding at least\n        30 and damaging 9 [[airplane]]s.\\n* [[November 12]] – Vietnam War –\n        [[Vietnamization]]: U.S. President [[Richard M. Nixon]] sets February 1, 1972,\n        as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from [[Vietnam]].\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Mariner program]]: ''''[[Mariner 9]]'''' becomes\n        the first spacecraft to enter [[Mars]] orbit successfully.\\n* [[November 14]]\n        – [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria]] is enthroned.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[Intel]] releases the world''s first [[microprocessor]], the [[Intel 4004]].\\n**\n        International Organization and System of Space Communications ([[Intersputnik]])\n        (effective 12 July 1972).\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Oman]] gains independence\n        from the [[United Kingdom]].\\n* [[November 20]] – A bridge still in\n        construction, called Elevado Engenheiro Freyssinet, falls over the Paulo de\n        Frontin Avenue, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]; 48 people are killed and\n        several injured. Reconstructed, the bridge is currently a part of the Linha\n        Vermelha elevate.\\n* [[November 23]] – The People''s Republic of China\n        takes the [[Republic of China]]''s seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]]\n        (see [[China and the United Nations]]).\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** During a severe\n        storm over [[Washington (state)|Washington]] State, a man calling himself\n        [[D. B. Cooper]] parachutes from the [[Northwest Orient Airlines]] plane he''d\n        just hijacked, with US$200,000 in ransom money, and is never seen again (as\n        of March 2008, this case remains the only unsolved skyjacking in history).\\n**\n        A [[Brussels]] court sentences pretender [[Alexis Brimeyer]] to 18 months\n        in jail for falsely using a noble title; Brimeyer has already fled to Greece.\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – The 59th [[Grey Cup]] Game sees the [[Calgary Stampeders]]\n        beat the [[Toronto Argonauts]] 14-11.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Cambodian Civil War]]: [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels intensify assaults\n        on [[Cambodia]]n government positions, forcing their retreat from Kompong\n        Thmar and nearby Ba Ray, 10 kilometers northeast of [[Phnom Penh]].\\n* [[December\n        2]] – Six [[Persian Gulf]] sheikdoms found the [[United Arab Emirates]].\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] begins with [[Operation\n        Chengiz Khan]] as Pakistan launches preemptive attacks on nine Indian airbases.\n        The next day India launches a massive invasion of East Pakistan.\\n* [[December\n        3]]–[[December 4|4]] – The [[Pakistan]]i [[submarine]] [[PNS Ghazi|PNS\n        ''''Ghazi'''']] (former {{USS|Diablo}}) sinks mysteriously near the Indian\n        coast while laying mines.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** The [[Montreux]] Casino burns\n        down during a [[Frank Zappa]] concert (the event is memorialized in the [[Deep\n        Purple]] song \\\"[[Smoke on the Water]]\\\"). The casino is rebuilt in [[1975]].\\n**\n        The [[McGurk''s Bar bombing]] by the [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] in [[Belfast]]\n        kills 15.\\n* [[December 8]] – U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] orders\n        the 7th Fleet to move towards the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean.\\n* [[December\n        10]] – The [[John Sinclair Freedom Rally]] in support of the imprisoned\n        activist features a performance by [[John Lennon]] at [[Crisler Arena]], [[Ann\n        Arbor, Michigan]].\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Nihat Erim]] forms the new\n        government of [[Turkey]] (34th government; Nihat Erim has served two times\n        as prime minister).\\n* [[December 16]] – ''''Victory Day of Bangladesh'''':\n        The [[Pakistan|Pakistan Army]] in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) surrenders\n        to the freedom fighters of Bangladesh, ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation\n        War]].\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** The [[U.S. dollar]] is devalued for the second\n        time in history.\\n** The world''s largest [[hydroelectric plant]] in [[Krasnoyarsk]],\n        [[Soviet Union]], begins operations.\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Clube Atl\\u00e9tico\n        Mineiro]] wins the Brazil Football Championship.\\n** Intelsat IV (F3) is launched;\n        it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean February 18, 1972.\\n**\n        The controversial dystopian crime film ''''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork\n        Orange]]'''' directed by [[Stanley Kubrick]] is released in New York City.\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – Two groups of French doctors involved in [[humanitarian\n        aid]] merge to form [[M\\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\\u00e8res]].\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Giovanni Leone]] is elected [[President of the Italian Republic]].\\n**\n        [[Juliane Koepcke]] survives a fall of 10,000 feet following disintegration\n        of [[LANSA Flight 508]].\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** In the longest [[American\n        football]] game in [[National Football League]] history, the [[Miami Dolphins]]\n        beat the [[Kansas City Chiefs]].\\n** A fire at a 22-story hotel in [[Seoul]],\n        South Korea kills 158 people.\\n* [[December 29]] – The United Kingdom\n        gives up its military bases in [[Malta]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Ray\n        Tomlinson]] sends the first [[ARPANET]] [[e-mail]] between host computers.\\n*\n        The [[Free State of Christiania]] is founded.\\n* [[Seychelles International\n        Airport]] in [[Victoria, Seychelles]] ([[Mah\\u00e9, Seychelles|Mahe]]) is\n        completed.\\n* [[Crude oil]] production peaks in the [[continental United States]]\n        at approximately {{convert|4.5|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}}.\\n* The [[Center for Science\n        in the Public Interest]] is established.\\n* The [[National Institute on Alcohol\n        Abuse and Alcoholism]] is established.\\n* The British crime magazine ''''Master\n        Detective'''', in an attempt to capitalize on the [[murder of Diane Maxwell]],\n        illegally takes photo negatives from [[Houston, Texas]] and uses them for\n        a 1971 edition.\\n* [[Kamuzu Banda]], president of [[Malawi]], becomes the\n        first Black President to visit South Africa.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January\n        ===\\n[[File:Jeremy Renner SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeremy Renner]]]]\\n[[File:MaryJBligeJan10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary\n        J. Blige]]]]\\n[[File:Guardiola 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pep Guardiola]]]]\\n[[File:Seamus\n        ORegan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Seamus O''Regan]]]]\\n[[File:Gary barlow in concert\n        face.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gary Barlow]]]]\\n[[File:Lee Young-ae in 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lee\n        Young-ae]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Sammie Henson]], American wrestler, Olympic\n        silver medalist\\n** [[Bridget Pettis]], American basketball player\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Lisa Harrison]], American basketball player\\n** [[Taye Diggs]],\n        African-American actor\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9e Elise Goldsberry]], American actress,\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Cory Cross]], Canadian ice\n        hockey player\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Mayuko Takata]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[DJ \\u00d6tzi]], Austrian entertainer and singer\\n** [[Jeremy\n        Renner]], American actor, singer and producer\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Scott\n        Thornton (ice hockey)|Scott Thornton]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[January\n        11]] – [[Mary J. Blige]], African-American singer\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Jay Burridge]], British artist and television presenter\\n* [[January\n        13]] – Matt McIntosh, American rock singer\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Lasse Kjus]], Norwegian alpine skier\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Regina\n        King]], African-American actress\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Kid Rock]], American\n        rock singer\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Pep Guardiola]], Spanish football manager\\n**\n        [[Seamus O''Regan]], Canadian-Irish politician and former television personality\\n**\n        [[Fabian Ribauw]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[Jonathan Davis]], American musician\n        ([[Korn]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Shawn Wayans]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Gary Barlow]], British singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 21]]\n        – [[Alan McManus]], Scottish snooker player\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Luca Badoer]], Italian race car driver\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Li Ming\n        (footballer, born 1971)|Li Ming]], Chinese footballer and football executive\\n*\n        [[January 27]]\\n** [[Fann Wong]], Singaporean Chinese actress, model, and\n        singer\\n** [[Lil Jon]], American rapper and producer\\n** [[Karin Tammaru]],\n        Estonian actress\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Clare Balding]], British sports\n        presenter\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Lizzie Grubman]], American publicist\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Lee Young-ae]], South Korean actress\\n** [[Patrick Kielty|Patrick\n        \\\"Pat\\\" Kielty]], Northern Irish comedian and television presenter\\n** [[Patricia\n        Vel\\u00e1squez]], Venezuelan actress and model\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Michael\n        C. Hall 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael C. Hall]]]]\\n[[File:Damian Lewis Berlin\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Damian Lewis]]]]\\n[[File:Alex Borstein by Gage Skidmore\n        4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alex Borstein]]]]\\n[[File:Gillian_Flynn_2014_(cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gillian\n        Flynn]]]]\\n[[File:Sean Astin by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean Astin]]]]\\n[[File:DanielPowterJan09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Daniel\n        Powter]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Michael C. Hall]], American actor\\n** [[Hynden\n        Walch]], American voice actress\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Andrus Veerpalu]],\n        Estonian cross-country skier\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Jayne Middlemiss]], English\n        television and radio presenter\\n** [[Sarah Kane]], English playwright (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Fatmir Limaj]], Albanian politician\\n**\n        [[Rob Corddry]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Brian\n        Stepanek]], American actor\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Sharon Case]], American\n        model and actress\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Annie Wood]], American actress,\n        writer and television personality\\n** [[Lisa Marie Varon]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Lorena Rojas]], Mexican actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Damian Lewis]], English actor and producer\\n* [[February 13]]\n        – [[Mats Sundin]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n* [[February 14]]\\n**\n        [[Kris Aquino]], Filipina actress\\n** [[Tommy Dreamer]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Viscera (wrestler)|Nelson Frazier Jr.]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Alex Borstein]], American\n        actress, voice artist, producer, and screenwriter\\n** [[Renee O''Connor]],\n        American actress\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Amanda Holden]], British actress\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Denise Richards]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Thomas Bj\\u00f8rn]], Danish golfer\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Gil Shaham]], Israeli/American violinist\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Calpernia\n        Addams]], American actress\\n** [[Jari Litmanen]], Finnish footballer\\n** [[Joost\n        van der Westhuizen]], South African rugby football player (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Melinda Messenger]], English television presenter\\n*\n        [[February 24]]\\n** [[Pedro de la Rosa]], Spanish [[Formula One]] driver\\n**\n        [[Gillian Flynn]], American author, comic book writer, and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[February 25]]\\n** [[Sean Astin]], American actor\\n** [[Daniel Powter]],\n        Canadian rock musician\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Erykah Badu]], American singer-songwriter\n        and record producer\\n** [[Max Martin]], Swedish music producer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Rozonda Thomas]], African-American singer\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** [[Amanda Davis]], American writer and teacher (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Tristan\n        Louis]], French Internet entrepreneur\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Allen Johnson\n        2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Allen Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Yuri Lowenthal by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yuri\n        Lowenthal]]]]\\n[[File:Sarsgaard at WUSTL 2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Sarsgaard]]]]\\n[[File:Jon\n        Hamm at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jon Hamm]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny Knoxville\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Johnny Knoxville]]]]\\n[[File:Nathan Fillion\n        @ Nerd HQ (29339543812).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nathan Fillion]]]]\\n[[File:Ewan\n        McGregor Cannes 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ewan McGregor]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        [[Allen Johnson]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Method Man]],\n        African-American rapper, record producer, and actor\\n** [[Roman \\u010cechm\\u00e1nek]],\n        Czech hockey goalie\\n** [[Karel Rada]], Czech footballer\\n** [[Manami Toyota]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Iain Baird]], Canadian\n        soccer player\\n** [[Shavar Ross]], American actor and filmmaker\\n* [[March\n        5]] – [[Yuri Lowenthal]], American voice actor\\n* [[March 6]] –\n        [[Val Venis]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Peter\n        Sarsgaard]], American actor\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Diego Torres]], Argentine\n        singer\\n** [[Kinga Rusin]], Polish journalist\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Jon\n        Hamm]], American actor, director and producer\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Johnny\n        Knoxville]], American actor, comedian, and stunt performer\\n* [[March 16]]\n        – [[Alan Tudyk]], American actor\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Iben Hjejle]],\n        Danish actress\\n** [[Keegan-Michael Key]], American actor, writer, and comedian\\n**\n        [[Will Yun Lee]], Korean-American actor\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Karen McDougal]],\n        American model\\n** [[Alexander Selivanov]], Russian ice hockey player\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Behzad Ghorbani]], Iranian scientist\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[David\n        Coulthard]], Scottish racing driver\\n** [[Nathan Fillion]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[March 29]]\\n** [[Attila Csihar]], Hungarian vocalist\\n** [[Robert Gibbs]],\n        White House Press Secretary\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Pavel Bure]], Russian ice\n        hockey player\\n** [[Craig McCracken]], American animator\\n** [[Ewan McGregor]],\n        Scottish actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Shannen Doherty 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shannen\n        Doherty]]]]\\n[[File:2009 07 31 David Tennant smile 09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David\n        Tennant]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Jessica Collins]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Todd Woodbridge]], Australian tennis player\\n** [[Zeebra]],\n        Japanese rapper\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Picabo Street]], American skier\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Jacques Villeneuve]], Canadian 1997 [[Formula 1]] world\n        champion\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Oliver Riedel]], German musician ([[Rammstein]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – [[Shannen Doherty]], American actress\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Billingsley]], American actor, director and producer\\n** [[Moses Chan]],\n        Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Selena]], Mexican-American singer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[David Tennant]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Fredro Starr]], American\n        rapper\\n** [[Samantha Cameron]], British businesswoman\\n* [[April 19]]\\n**\n        [[Scott McCord]], Canadian voice actor\\n** [[Wendy Powell]], American voice\n        actress\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Carla Geurts]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Allan Houston]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Mikey Welsh]], American musician and artist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Daisuke Enomoto]], first Japanese\n        space tourist\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Bridget Moynahan]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Darby Stanchfield]], American actress\\n** [[Tamara Johnson-George]],\n        American singer\\n** [[Sini\\u0161a Vuco]], Croatian musician\\n* [[April 30]]\n        – [[John Boyne]], Irish novelist\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Sofia Coppola\n        Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sofia Coppola]]]]\\n[[File:Matt Stone by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Stone]]]]\\n[[File:George Osborne.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Osborne]]]]\\n[[File:Marco Rubio (24999272054) (cropped) 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Marco\n        Rubio]]]]\\n[[File:Idina Menzel Defense.gov Crop.png|thumb|110px|[[Idina Menzel]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Stuart Appleby]], Australian golfer\\n** [[Ajith Kumar]], Indian\n        film actor\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Dresta]], American rapper\\n* [[May 8]] –\n        [[Ross Anderson (skier)|Ross Anderson]], American pro speed skier\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[Kim Jong-nam]], eldest son of North Korean leader [[Kim Jong-il]]\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Doug Basham]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Sofia Coppola]], American filmmaker\\n* [[May\n        15]] – [[Phil Pfister]], American strength athlete\\n* [[May 17]]\\n**\n        [[Vernie Bennett]], English singer ([[Eternal (band)|Eternal]])\\n** [[Queen\n        M\\u00e1xima of the Netherlands]]\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Peter Bostr\\u00f6m]],\n        Swedish music producer and songwriter, co-writer of [[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Tony Stewart]], American race car driver\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[George Osborne]], British politician\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Emily\n        Hamilton]], British actress\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Kristina Orbakait\\u0117]],\n        Lithuanian-Russian singer and actress\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Matt Stone]],\n        American actor and producer\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Mathew Batsiua]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n** [[Paul Bettany]], British actor\\n** [[Wayne Carey]], Australian\n        rules footballer\\n** [[Lisa Lopes]], African-American rapper ([[TLC (band)|TLC]])\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Marco Rubio]], Cuban-American politician,\n        [[United States Senate|U.S Senator]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Florida|Fl.]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Idina Menzel]], American singer, songwriter and actress\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Mark\n        Wahlberg May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mark Wahlberg]]]]\\n[[File:Elon\n        Musk 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elon Musk]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Mario Cimarro]],\n        Cuban actor and singer\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Joseph Kabila]], [[List of heads\n        of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President of the Democratic\n        Republic of the Congo]]\\n** [[Noah Wyle]], American actor\\n* [[June 5]]\\n**\n        [[Susan Lynch]], Northern Irish actress\\n** [[Mark Wahlberg]], American actor,\n        producer, businessman, model and retired rapper formerly known as ''''Marky\n        Mark''''\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Jeff Douglas]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Troy Vincent]],\n        American football player\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Bobby Jindal]], American [[Governor]]\n        of [[Louisiana]]\\n** [[Kyle Sandilands]], Australian DJ, ''''[[Australian\n        Idol]]'''' judge and TV presenter\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Kenjiro Tsuda]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Arman Alizad]], Finnish tailor,\n        columnist and TV personality\\n** [[Mark Henry]], American professional wrestler,\n        former Olympian\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Taavi Eelmaa]], Estonian actor\\n** [[Ism\\u00e9nia\n        do Frederico]], Cape Verdean sprinter\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Eva P\\u00fcssa]],\n        Estonian actress\\n** [[Tupac Shakur]], African-American rapper and actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Paulina Rubio]], Mexican singer\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Nathan Morris]], African-American singer ([[Boyz II Men]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – [[Josh Lucas]], American actor\\n* [[June 21]] –\n        [[Anette Olzon]], Swedish singer ([[Nightwish]], [[Alyson Avenue]])\\n* [[June\n        22]] – [[Kurt Warner]], former American football player\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Neil Lennon]], Northern Irish footballer\\n** [[Scott Maslen]], English actor\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Max Biaggi]], Italian motercycle racer\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        King [[Dipendra of Nepal]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Kieren Keke]], Nauruan politician\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], Iraqi Islamic extremist leader\\n**\n        [[Fabien Barthez]], French football player\\n** [[Norika Fujiwara]], Japanese\n        actress and television personality\\n** [[Aileen Quinn]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Elon Musk]], South African-born, Canadian-American entrepreneur, engineer,\n        inventor and investor\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Matthew Good]], Canadian musician\\n**\n        [[Junko Noda]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Jamie McLennan]],\n        retired professional ice hockey goaltender, radio sports analyst\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Julian\n        Assange 20091117 Copenhagen 1 cropped to shoulders.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julian\n        Assange]]]]\\n[[File:2014-09-12 - Vitali Klitschko - 9019.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vitali\n        Klitschko]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Oh 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sandra Oh]]]]\\n[[File:Charlotte\n        Gainsbourg Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charlotte Gainsbourg]]]]\\n[[File:Tom\n        Green in 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom Green]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Amira Casar]],\n        French actress\\n** [[Missy Elliott|Missy \\\"Misdemeanor\\\" Elliott]], African-American\n        rapper, singer, and songwriter\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Julian Assange]], Australian\n        activist\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Marc Andreessen]], American software developer\\n**\n        [[Scott Grimes]], American actor\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Brett Hauer]], American\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Robert Allenby]], Australian golfer\\n**\n        [[Kristi Yamaguchi]], American figure skater\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Craig\n        Elliott]], American illustrator\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Alison Bartlett-O''Reilly]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Mark LoMonaco]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Joey Styles]], American professional wrestling announcer\\n** [[Howard Webb]],\n        English referee\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Corey Feldman]], American actor\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Cory Doctorow]], Canadian author and activist\\n* [[July\n        18]] – [[Penny Hardaway]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – [[Vitali Klitschko]], Ukrainian boxer\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Sandra\n        Oh]], Korean actress\\n** [[DJ Screw]], American hip hop DJ (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Charlotte Gainsbourg]], French actress and singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Nuno Markl]], Portuguese comedian and radio host\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Ahmed\n        Ezz (actor)|Ahmed Ezz]], Egyptian actor\\n** [[Alison Krauss]], American country\n        singer\\n** [[Scott Krippayne]], American Christian musician\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Khaled Mahmud]], Bangladeshi cricketer\\n** [[Scott Cawthon]], American independent\n        video game developer and animator\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Jeffrey S. Williams]],\n        American sportswriter\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Tom Green]], Canadian entertainer\\n**\n        [[Mzukisi Sikali]], South African triple world champion boxer (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Jeff\n        Gordon wins Phoenix - February 27, 2011 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeff Gordon]]]]\\n[[File:Justin\n        Theroux at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Justin Theroux]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Walliams.JPG|thumb|110px|[[David Walliams]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Armitage 2014\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Armitage (actor)|Richard Armitage]]]]\\n[[File:Carla\n        Gugino 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carla Gugino]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Juan\n        Camilo Mouri\\u00f1o]], Mexican politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Michael Hughes (footballer)|Michael Hughes]], Northern Irish footballer\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Jeff Gordon]], American race car driver\\n** [[Yo-Yo (rapper)|Yo-Yo]],\n        African-American rapper\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ali Liebegott]], American\n        author and poet\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Roy Keane]], Irish footballer\\n** [[Mario\n        C\\u00e9sar Kindel\\u00e1n Mesa]], Cuban amateur boxer\\n** [[Justin Theroux]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Patrick Carpentier]], Canadian race\n        car driver\\n** [[Pete Sampras]], American tennis player\\n** [[Phil Western]],\n        Canadian musician\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Moritz Bleibtreu]], German actor\\n**\n        [[Heike Makatsch]], German actress\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Anthony Kearns]],\n        Irish tenor\\n** [[Jorge Posada]], Puerto Rican baseball player\\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Aphex Twin]], Irish-born British electronic musician\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Guido Cantz]], German television presenter\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – [[David Walliams]], English comedy actor\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Robert Harvey (footballer)|Robert Harvey]], Australian rules footballer\\n*\n        [[August 22]]\\n** [[Richard Armitage (actor)|Richard Armitage]], English actor\\n**\n        [[Beno\\u00eet Violier]], French-born chef (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n**\n        [[Crash Holly|Mike Lockwood]], American wrestler (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ayumi\n        Miyazaki]], Japanese singer\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Gaynor Faye]], British\n        actress\\n** [[Thal\\u00eda]], Mexican actress and singer\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Julian Cheung]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Janet\n        Evans]], American swimmer\\n** [[Daniel Goddard (actor)|Daniel Goddard]], Australian\n        actor and model\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Carla Gugino]], American actress\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[P\\u00e1draig Harrington]], Irish golfer\\n** [[Chris Tucker]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:David Arquette 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David\n        Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Martin Freeman during filming of Sherlock cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Martin\n        Freeman]]]]\\n[[File:Stella McCartney 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stella\n        McCartney]]]]\\n[[File:Amy Poehler 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Amy Poehler]]]]\\n[[File:Lance\n        Armstrong (Tour Down Under 2009).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lance Armstrong]]]]\\n[[File:Jada\n        Pinkett Smith at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jada Pinkett\n        Smith]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Hakan \\u015e\\u00fck\\u00fcr]], Turkish\n        footballer\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Kjetil Andr\\u00e9 Aamodt]], Norwegian\n        alpine skier\\n** [[Arnold Arre]], Filipino graphic novelist\\n** [[Tommy Maddox]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Shauna Sand]], American model and actress\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Anita Yuen]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September 6]]\n        – [[Dolores O''Riordan]], Irish singer\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[David\n        Arquette]], American actor\\n** [[Brooke Burke-Charvet]], American model\\n**\n        [[Martin Freeman]], English actor\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Eric Stonestreet]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Henry Thomas]], American actor\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Richard Ashcroft]], English musician and former lead singer of [[The Verve]]\\n*\n        [[September 13]] – [[Stella McCartney]], British fashion designer, daughter\n        of [[Paul McCartney]]\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Colleen O''Shaughnessey]],\n        American voice actress\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Amy Poehler]], American\n        actress\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Jens Voigt]], German cyclist\\n* [[September\n        18]]\\n** [[Lance Armstrong]], American cyclist\\n** [[Anna Netrebko]], Russian\n        operatic soprano\\n** [[Jada Pinkett Smith]], African-American actress, singer,\n        and songwriter\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Sanaa Lathan]], African-American\n        actress\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Henrik Larsson]], Swedish footballer\\n*\n        [[September 21]]\\n** [[Luke Wilson]], American actor\\n** [[Alfonso Ribeiro]],\n        American actor, television director, dancer, and current host of [[America''s\n        Funniest Home Videos]]\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Chesney Hawkes]], English\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Ted Leonard]], American singer ([[Enchant (band)|Enchant]])\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – [[Lee Mi-yeon]], South Korean actress\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Michael S. Engel]], American paleontologist and entomologist\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Jessie Wallace]], English actress\\n* [[September\n        27]] – [[Horacio Sandoval]], Mexican artist\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Sibel T\\u00fcz\\u00fcn]], Turkish pop/rock/jazz singer\\n* [[September 30]]\\n**\n        [[Jenna Elfman]], American actress\\n** [[Jeff Whitty]], American playwright\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sacha\n        Baron Cohen, 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sacha Baron Cohen]]]]\\n[[File:Snoop Dogg\n        2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Snoop Dogg]]]]\\n[[File:Craig Robinson 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Craig\n        Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]]]]\\n[[File:Winona Ryder 2010 TIFF adjusted.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Winona\n        Ryder]]]]\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Chris Savino]], American animator\\n** [[Xavier\n        Naidoo]], German singer\\n** [[Tiffany Darwish|Tiffany]], American singer\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Kevin Richardson (musician)|Kevin Richardson]], American\n        pop singer\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Samuel Vincent]], Canadian voice actor\\n*\n        [[October 10]]\\n** [[Tiffany Mynx]], American porn actress and director\\n**\n        [[Evgeny Kissin]], Russian pianist\\n* [[October 12]] – [[\\u0110\\u00e0m\n        V\\u0129nh H\\u01b0ng]], Vietnamese singer\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Sacha Baron\n        Cohen]], English comedian and actor\\n** [[Pyrros Dimas]], Greek weightlifter\\n*\n        [[October 14]]\\n** [[Andy Cole]], English Footballer\\n** [[Jorge Costa]],\n        Portuguese footballer\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Mirko Reisser]] ([[DAIM]]),\n        German graffiti-artist\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Martin Heinrich]], American\n        politician and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Democratic Party (United\n        States)|D]]-[[New Mexico]])\\n** [[Chris Kirkpatrick]], American singer ([[''N\n        Sync]])\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Snoop Dogg]], African-American rapper\\n**\n        [[Dannii Minogue]], Australian singer\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Jade Jagger]],\n        English jewelry designer\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Bohuslav Sobotka]], 11th\n        [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Caprice Bourret]],\n        American model and actress\\n** [[Aaron Bailey (American football)|Aaron Bailey]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Gustavo Jorge]], Argentina rugby union player\\n**\n        [[Zephyr Teachout]], American academic\\n** [[Diane Guthrie-Gresham]], Jamaican\n        track and field athletes\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Athena Chu]], Hong Kong actress\n        and singer\\n** [[Midori Got\\u014d]], Japanese violinist\\n** [[Pedro Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        Dominican baseball player\\n** [[Craig Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]], American\n        actor, comedian and singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Winona Ryder]], American\n        actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:David DeLuise 2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David\n        DeLuise]]]]\\n[[File:Super Bowl-2-2 (6833658879).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael\n        Strahan]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Hardwick by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris\n        Hardwick]]]]\\n[[File:Christina Applegate 2014 Comic Con (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christina\n        Applegate]]]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Piret Laurimaa]], Estonian actress\\n**\n        [[Dylan Moran]], Irish comedian, actor, and writer\\n* [[November 4]] –\n        [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], Indian actress\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Jonny\n        Greenwood]], English musician and composer\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Robin Finck]],\n        American guitarist\\n** [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Indian film actress\\n* [[November\n        8]]\\n** [[Carlos Atanes]], Spanish film director\\n** [[Tech N9ne]], American\n        rapper\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Big Pun]], American/Latin rapper (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Niki Karimi]], Iranian actress and movie director\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[David DeLuise]], American actor\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Yasuo Aiuchi]],\n        Japanese snowboarder\\n** [[Chen Guangcheng]], Chinese civil rights activist\\n**\n        [[Gert Thys]], South African long-distance runner\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Adam\n        Gilchrist]], Australian cricketer\\n** [[Marco Leonardi]], Italian actor\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Alexander Popov (swimmer)|Alexander Popov]], Russian\n        swimmer\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Michael Adams (chess player)|Michael\n        Adams]], British chess player\\n* [[November 18]] – [[\\u00d6zlem Tekin]],\n        Turkish singer\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Sundeep Malani]], Indian film\n        director\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Dion Nash]], New Zealand cricket captain\\n**\n        [[Joel McHale]], Italian-born American actor\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Michael\n        Strahan]], American-German television personality and American football player\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Kyran Bracken]], English rugby player\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Chris Hardwick]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Keith Primeau]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Christina Applegate]], American actress\\n** [[Magnus Arvedson]], Swedish\n        hockey player\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Fenriz]], Norwegian musician\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Jessalyn Gilsig]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Iv\\u00e1n\n        Rodr\\u00edguez|Iv\\u00e1n \\\"Pudge\\\" Rodr\\u00edguez]], Puerto Rican baseball\n        player and actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ricky Martin in store appearance,\n        Sydney Australia (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ricky Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Giorgos_Alkaios_03.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giorgos\n        Alkaios]]]]\\n[[File:Justin Trudeau APEC 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Justin\n        Trudeau]]]]\\n[[File:Jared Leto, San Diego Comic Con 2016 (2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jared\n        Leto]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Jason Keng-Kwin Chan]], Malaysian-Australian\n        actor\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Mine Yoshizaki]], Japanese [[manga artist]]\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Kali Rocha]], American actress\\n* [[December 6]]\\n**\n        [[Helena Bulaja]], Croatian multimedia artist\\n** [[Richard Krajicek]], Dutch\n        tennis player\\n** [[Katariina Unt]], Estonian actress\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Akopian]], Armenian chess player\\n** [[Larisa Alexandrovna]], Ukrainian-American\n        feminist\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Abdullah Ercan]], Turkish football player\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\n** [[Daniel Betts]], British actor\\n** [[Michele Mahone]],\n        American television entertainment reporter and former make-up artist and hair\n        stylist\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Sammy Korir]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Arne Quinze]], Belgian conceptual artist\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** [[Michael McCary]], African-American singer ([[Boyz II Men]])\\n**\n        [[Paul van Dyk]], German dance music DJ, musician and record producer\\n* [[December\n        17]]\\n** [[Antoine Rigaudeau]], French basketball player\\n** [[Alan Khan]],\n        South African media and radio personality\\n** [[Sinan Akku\\u015f]], Turkish-German\n        actor\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Jason Hughes (actor)|Jason Hughes]], Welsh\n        actor\\n** [[Arantxa S\\u00e1nchez Vicario]], Spanish tennis player\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Simon O''Neill]], New Zealand opera singer\\n* [[December 22]]\n        – [[Khalid Khannouchi]], Moroccan long-distance runner\\n* [[December\n        23]]\\n** [[Corey Haim]], Canadian actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Tara Palmer-Tomkinson]],\n        English socialite (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Ricky Martin]], Puerto\n        Rican singer\\n** [[Giorgos Alkaios]], Greek recording artist\\n** [[Christopher\n        Daniels]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Dido (singer)|Dido]],\n        English singer\\n** [[Ain M\\u00e4eots]], Estonian actor and director\\n** [[Justin\n        Trudeau]], 23rd and current [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – [[Jared Leto]], American actor and musician ([[Thirty Seconds to Mars]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Brent Barry]], American basketball player\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Vic Pratt]], English writer\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[Image:Coco\n        Chanel, 1920.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Coco Chanel]]]]\\n[[File:Arbenz-Vilanova.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jacobo\n        \\u00c1rbenz]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Arthur Ford (psychic)|Arthur Ford]],\n        American psychic spiritual medium, clairaudient (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Douglas Shearer]], Canadian film sound engineer (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Elmer Flick]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Indians]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Coco Chanel]], French fashion designer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] – [[John Tovey]], British admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 14]]\n        – [[Guillermo de Torre]], Spanish Dadaist author (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[John Dall]], American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – [[Gilbert M. ''Broncho Billy'' Anderson]], American actor, director,\n        writer, and producer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Fritz Feigl]],\n        Austria-born chemist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[St. John Greer\n        Ervine]], Northern Irish dramatist and author (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Bill W.|\n        Bill W. (William Griffith Wilson)]], co-founder [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Barry III]], Guinean politician (b. [[1923]])\\n**\n        [[Hermann Hoth]], German general (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Isobel Lennart]], American\n        screenwriter (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Jacobo \\u00c1rbenz]],\n        19th [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Donald\n        Winnicott]], British psychoanalyst (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky]], Russian literary historian, linguist (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Pierino Gabetti.JPG|thumb|110px|right|[[Pierino\n        Gabetti]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Robert Gordon (actor)|Robert Gordon]],\n        American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Secundino Zuazo]],\n        Spanish architect and city planner (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Jay C. Flippen]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Charles Lahr]], German-born anarchist, London bookseller and publisher (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Samuel Fox (1884\\u20131971)|Samuel Fox]],\n        American music publisher and founder of the Sam Fox Publishing Company (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s R\\u00e1kosi]], 43rd Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Charles Walter Simpson (English\n        artist)|Charles Walter Simpson]], English painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[James Cash Penney]], American founder of [[J. C. Penney]] (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Emil Fuchs (theologian)|Emil Fuchs]],\n        German theologian (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Jaime de Barros\n        C\\u00e2mara]], Brazilian archbishop (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Edwin North McClellan]], United States Marine Corps (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[William B. Hartsfield]], American politician (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Theodor Svedberg]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        [[Yahei Miura]], Japanese athlete (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 28]] –\n        [[Pierino Gabetti]], Italian Olympic weightlfter (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n=== March\n        ===\\n[[File:Harold Lloyd - A Pictorial History of the Silent Screen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harold\n        Lloyd]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Jean Grenier]], French philosopher and\n        writer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Herbert McLean Evans]], U.S.\n        anatomist and embryologist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Barney Balaban]],\n        American studio executive (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Borden Chase]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Harold Lloyd]], American actor and\n        filmmaker (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[James Tait Plowden-Wardlaw]], Vicar of St Clement\\u2019s\n        Cambridge and a barrister (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Pope Cyril\n        VI of Alexandria]], Coptic Orthodox Patriarch (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[Philo T. Farnsworth]], American television pioneer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[C.\n        D. Broad]], English philosopher (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[David\n        Burns (actor)|David Burns]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[Bebe Daniels]], American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Thomas E. Dewey]],\n        Governor of New York; American presidential candidate (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] – [[Elizabeth Okie Paxton]], American painter (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Leland Hayward]], American film and theatrical agent\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Winifred Horrabin]], British socialist\n        activist and journalist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Basil Dearden]],\n        English film director (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Arne Jacobsen]],\n        Danish architect and designer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Arthur Metcalfe (public\n        servant)|Arthur Metcalfe]], Australian public servant (b. 1895)\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Karl King]], United States march music (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[Image:Igor\n        Stravinsky LOC 32392u.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Igor Stravinsky]]]]\\n[[File:Duvalier\n        (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Fran\\u00e7ois Duvalier|Papa Doc Duvalier]]]]\\n[[File:Albin\n        Stenroos.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Albin Stenroos]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Ramiro\n        Arrue]], Basque painter, illustrator, and ceramist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Joseph Valachi]], American gangster (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April\n        6]]\\n** [[Igor Stravinsky]], Russian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Margaret\n        Newton]], Canadian plant pathologist and mycologist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Ivan Vurnik]], Slovene architect that helped found the Ljubljana\n        School of Architecture (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Igor Tamm]],\n        Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – [[Juhan Smuul]], Estonian writer (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Friedebert Tuglas]], Estonian writer and critic (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[William Eckert]], Commissioner of American baseball\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[William Corbett (politician)|William\n        Corbett]], American attorney, acting [[Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Earl Thomson]], Canadian athlete (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April\n        20]] – [[Cecil Parker]], English actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n**\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Duvalier]], [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Edmund\n        Lowe]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[T. V. Soong]],\n        [[Republic of China]] businessman and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April\n        29]] – [[Nikolai P. Barabashov]], Russian astronomer (b.[[1894]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Albin Stenroos]], Finnish athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Glenda Farrell]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Cheridah\n        de Beauvoir Stocks]], the second British woman to gain a Royal Aero Club aviator\n        licence, in 1911 (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Semaun]], first chairman\n        of the Communist Party (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Frederick Sheffield]],\n        American Olympic rower - Men''s eights (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Se\\u00e1n Lemass]], [[Taoiseach]] of Ireland (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n**\n        [[Harold Lea Fetherstonhaugh]], Canadian architect from Montreal, Quebec (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n** [[Tor Johnson]], Swedish wrestler and actor (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Heinie Manush]], American baseball player (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[Goose Goslin]], American baseball player (b. [[1900]])\\n** Sir [[Tyrone\n        Guthrie]], English film director, producer, and writer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Georg Muschner]], German cinemagratopher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[G. Owen Bonawit]], stained glass artist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Bruno\n        Villabruna]], Italian lawyer and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        [[Ogden Nash]], American poet (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Bernard Wagenaar]], Dutch/American\n        composer, conductor and violinist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Dennis\n        King]], English actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Laurence Wild]],\n        American basketball player, coach, and 30th [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Chips Rafferty]], Australian actor (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Eduardo Blanco Acevedo]], Uruguayan political\n        figure and physician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Garnet Kearney]], Canadian doctor,\n        teacher, and pioneer (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Kim Iryeop]], Korean writer, journalist,\n        feminist activist, [[bhikkhuni|Buddhist nun]] (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Thomas McLaughlin (engineer)|Thomas McLaughlin]], Irish\n        engineer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Audie Murphy]], American World War II hero and\n        actor (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Alfred Rose (bishop)]], the sixth Bishop of Dover\n        in the modern era (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Miriam Soljak]], New Zealand feminist\n        and communist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jean Vilar]], French stage actor (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Marcel Dupr\\u00e9]], French composer (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Carlos\n        P Garcia photo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos P. Garcia]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Reinhold Niebuhr]], American theologian (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Luk\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian Marxist philosopher, aesthetician,\n        literary historian, and critic (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Virginia\n        True Boardman]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Michael Rennie]], English\n        actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Ambrose (bandleader)|Ambrose]],\n        English violinist and bandleader (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Carlos\n        P. Garcia]], 8th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June\n        15]]\\n** [[Herbert Gundelach]], German general during the Second World War\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Arthur Kaufmann (artist)|Arthur Kaufmann]], German painter,\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]], American chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[John Reith, 1st Baron Reith]], British broadcasting executive (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Thomas Gomez]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Libby\n        Holman]], American singer and actress (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Paul Karrer]], Swiss\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Prajnalok Mahasthavir]], scholar, writer and orator (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Mildred\n        Veitch]], last member of the Veitch family of horticulturists (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[John Boyd Orr]], Scottish physician and biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Herbert Biberman]],\n        Jewish-American screenwriter and film director (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Alexander\n        Curt Brade]], German botanist (b. [[1881]])\\n** Crew of Soyuz 11:\\n*** [[Georgy\n        Dobrovolsky]] (b. [[1928]])\\n*** [[Viktor Patsayev]] (b. [[1933]])\\n*** [[Vladislav\n        Volkov]] (b. [[1935]])\\n** [[Gaston Balande]], French painter and illustrator\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jim Morrison 1969.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Jim\n        Morrison]]]]\\n[[Image:Louis Armstrong restored.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Louis Armstrong]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[William Lawrence Bragg]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Learie Constantine|Learie\n        Constantine, Baron Constantine]], Trinidadian cricketer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Jim Morrison]], American singer ([[The Doors]]) (b. [[1943]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Maurice Bowra]], British critic (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[August\n        Derleth]], American author and anthologist (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Thomas C. Hart]],\n        American admiral and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Louis\n        Armstrong]], African-American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n**\n        [[Claude Gauvreau]], Canadian writer (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Ub Iwerks]], American\n        animator (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[George Kenner]], German artist\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Joseph J. Clark]], American admiral,\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Bill Thompson (voice actor)|Bill Thompson]],\n        American voice actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Cliff Edwards]],\n        American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron\n        Astor of Hever]], British businessman (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Harry W. Hill]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Norman Reilly Raine]], American screenwriter\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Ars\\u00e8ne Roux]], French Arabist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] – [[Michael Somogyi]], Hungarian-American professor of biochemistry\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[W. Ross Thatcher]], Premier of Saskatchewan,\n        Canada ([[1964]]–1971) (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Van Heflin]],\n        American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[William Tubman]], 19th President of Liberia\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Christl Mardayn]], German actress (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Alan Rawsthorne]], British Composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        [[Alfred Michael \\\"Chief\\\" Venne]], Ojibwa/Chippewa Native American leader\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Diane Arbus]], American photographer\n        (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Charlie Tully]], Northern Irish footballer\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Kenneth Slessor]], Australian poet\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Satyananda Giri]], Indian\n        monk and Yukteswar Giri\\u2019s chief in Dubai, India (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[John\n        McDermott (golfer)|John McDermott]], American golfer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        3]] – [[Beatrice Kerr]], Australian swimmer, diver, and aquatic performer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[E. Barrett Prettyman]], United States\n        federal judge (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Royal Rife]], American\n        inventor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Antoine Mostaert]], CICM\n        Missionaries (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[John Burton Cleland]],\n        Australian naturalist, microbiologist, mycologist and ornithologist (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] – [[James T. Berryman]], American political cartoonist,\n        recipient of the 1950 [[Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning]] (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[King Curtis]], American saxophonist (b. [[1934]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Albrecht Goetze]], German-American Hittitologist (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Paul Lukas]], Hungarian-born American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 17]]\n        – [[Horace McMahon]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – [[Matiur Rahman (military pilot)|Matiur Rahman]], Bangladeshi war\n        hero (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Carl Blegen]], American archaeologist\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Ted Lewis (musician)|Ted Lewis]],\n        American musician and entertainer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Margaret\n        Bourke-White]], American photographer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Bennett Cerf]],\n        American publisher and television personality (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey]], British Judge during the Nuremberg\n        trials after World War II (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Reuvein Margolies]], Austrian-Hungarian-born\n        Israeli author and Talmudic scholar (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Picture\n        of Martin Emmett Toppino.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Emmett Toppino]]]]\\n[[Image:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-B0628-0015-035, Nikita S. Chruchstschow.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]]]\\n* [[September 5]] – [[George Trafton]], American football\n        player (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Spring Byington]], American\n        actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Emmett Toppino]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Pier Angeli]],\n        Italian actress (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Bella Darvi]], Polish-born\n        actress (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Percy Helton]], American film and television actor\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Nikita Khrushchev]], Soviet leader (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] – [[Lin Biao]], Chinese defense minister (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Carlos Lamarca]], Brazilian military officer turned guerrilla\n        leader (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Giorgos Seferis]], Greek\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Bernardo Houssay]], Argentine physiologist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Lilian Bland]], British journalist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        23]]\\n** [[James Waddell Alexander II]], mathematician and topologist (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n** [[Billy Gilbert]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Hedwiga Reicher]], German actress (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Hugo Black]], American [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme\n        Court]] Justice (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Jessie\n        Arms Botke]], American artist (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Richard H. Jackson]], four-star\n        admiral (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Leah Baird]], American actress\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Debaki Bose]], Bengali director,\n        writer, and actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Henry Shoemaker\n        Conard]], authority on bryophytes and water lilies (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October\n        8]] – [[Johanna Bordewijk-Roepman]], Dutch composer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Peter Rindskopf]], American civil rights lawyer (b.\n        [[1942]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Cyril Burt]], British educational psychologist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Chester Conklin]], American comedic\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Dean Acheson]], [[United States\n        Secretary of State]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Gene Vincent]], American singer (b.\n        [[1935]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Benito Can\\u00f3nico]], Venezuelan composer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Hans Ledersteger]], Austrian art director (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 16]]\\n** [[Richard Thomas Alexander]], American educator and influential\n        education theorist.(b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Robin Boyd]], Australian architect\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Betty Bronson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Raymond Hatton]], American actor (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n** [[Naoya Shiga]], Japanese writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October\n        24]] – [[Carl Ruggles]], American composer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        27]] – [[Gustave Baumann]], American printmaker and painter (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Duane Allman]], American rock guitarist (b. [[1946]])\\n**\n        [[Arne Tiselius]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:GladysCooper.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gladys\n        Cooper]]]]\\n[[File:Alberione.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[James Alberione]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Gertrud von Le Fort]], German writer of novels, poems\n        and essays (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Martha Vickers]], American\n        actress (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Guillermo Le\\u00f3n Valencia]],\n        21st [[President of Colombia]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Maude\n        Fealy]], American stage and film actor (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n**\n        [[A. P. Herbert]], English humorist, novelist, playwright and law reform activist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Walther Kittel]], German general during World War II (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Lucien Chopard]], French entomologist (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n** [[Edie Sedgwick]], American actress and model (b. [[1943]])\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Debaki Bose]], Indian actor, director and writer (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n** Dame [[Gladys Cooper]], British actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November\n        22]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Zakari\\u00e1s]], Hungarian soccer player (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Hank Mann]], American comedic actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[James Alberione]], Italian Roman Catholic priest\n        and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Joe Guyon]], American football\n        player (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Harunur Rashed]], Bangladeshi freedom fighter (b.\n        [[1948]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Knud Jessen]], Danish botanist and\n        quaternary geologist (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Roy O. Disney\n        with Company at Press Conference.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roy O. Disney]]]]\\n[[File:Jo\n        Cals 1966.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jo Cals]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[E. M.\n        Almedingen]], Russian-British novelist, biographer and children''s author\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Mathilde Kschessinska]], Russian\n        ballerina (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Ferdinand Pecora]], American\n        lawyer and judge (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Ralph Bunche]],\n        African-American diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Torrance Gillick|Torrance \\\"Torry\\\" Gillick]], Scottish\n        footballer (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Nikolai Kudryavtsev]], Soviet Russian petroleum\n        geologist (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Yechezkel Kutscher]], Israeli philologist and\n        Hebrew linguist (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Alan Morton]], Scottish footballer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[David Sarnoff]], Radio and television pioneer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Gotthard Heinrici]], German general (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Paul L\\u00e9vy (mathematician)|Paul Levy]], French\n        mathematician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Bobby\n        Jones]], American golfer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Diana Lynn]], American actress\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[December 20]]\\n** [[Gustavo Bacarisas]], Gibraltarian painter\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Roy O. Disney]], American studio executive (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Godfried Bomans]], Dutch writer (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** [[Dora Altmann]], German actress (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Maria\n        Koepcke]], German ornithologist (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Robert\n        Lowery (actor)|Robert Lowery]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December\n        28]] – [[Max Steiner]], Austrian-born film composer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Stuart Holmes]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Jo Cals]], Dutch politician and jurist, [[Prime Minister\n        of the Netherlands]] (1965\\u20131966) (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Dorothy Comingore]],\n        American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Pete Duel]], American\n        actor (''''[[Alias Smith and Jones]]'''') (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Eduardo Zamacois]],\n        Spanish novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Reg Bunn]], British\n        artist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[Hussein Al Oweini]], 18th Prime Minister of Lebanon\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Dennis Gabor]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Gerhard Herzberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Earl W. Sutherland, Jr]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Pablo Neruda]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[Willy Brandt]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Economics]] – [[Simon Kuznets]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n{{Portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1971}}\\n[[Category:1971|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T19:11:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":798461519,\"length\":87149,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971\"},\"34671\":{\"pageid\":34671,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1972\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:31:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=July\n        2017}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1972}}\\n{{Events by\n        month|1972}}\\n{{Year nav|1972}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1972}}\\n\\nWithin\n        the context of [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) it was the longest year\n        ever, as two [[leap second]]s were added during this 366-day year, an event\n        which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using\n        [[Solar time|mean solar time]] [the legal time scale], its duration was 31622401.141\n        seconds of [[Terrestrial Time]] (or [[Ephemeris Time]]), which is slightly\n        shorter than [[1908 in science#Astronomy|1908]]).{{cite journal|journal=Philosophical\n        Transactions of the Royal Society A|author1=Stephenson, F. R. |author2=Morrison,\n        L. V. |year=1984|volume=313|issue=1524|pages=47\\u201370|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RSPTA.313...47S|title=Long-Term\n        Changes in the Rotation of the Earth: 700 B. C. to A. D. 1980|publisher=[[Royal\n        Society]]|accessdate=May 15, 2012|doi=10.1098/rsta.1984.0082|bibcode=1984RSPTA.313...47S}}\\n{{TOC\n        limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main article|January 1972}}\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Waldheim]] becomes [[Secretary-General of the\n        United Nations]].\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Pierre Hotel Robbery]]: Six men\n        rob the [[safe deposit box]]es of [[The Pierre]] hotel in New York City of\n        at least $4 million.\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 MGM''s 1951 ''''[[Show Boat (1951\n        film)|Show Boat]]'''' is presented on television by [[NBC]] for the first\n        time. This marks the first complete network telecast of any version of ''''Show\n        Boat'''' (it had already been filmed as a part-talkie in 1929, and as a full-sound\n        musical in 1936).\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** The first scientific hand-held calculator\n        ([[HP-35]]) is introduced (price $395).\\n** [[Rose Heilbron]] becomes the\n        first woman judge at the [[Old Bailey]] in London.\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013\n        U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] orders the development of a [[Space Shuttle\n        program]].\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Iberia Airlines Flight 602]] crashes into\n        a 462-meter peak on the island of [[Ibiza]]; 104 are killed.\\n** [[Howard\n        Hughes]] speaks to the press by telephone to denounce [[Clifford Irving]]''s\n        hoax biography of him.\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 The [[RMS Queen Elizabeth|RMS\n        ''''Queen Elizabeth'''']] is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbor.\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] returns to [[Bangladesh]] from [[Pakistan]].\\n*\n        [[January 13]] \\u2013 Prime Minister of [[Ghana]] [[Kofi Abrefa Busia]] is\n        overthrown in a military coup.\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 Queen [[Margrethe\n        II of Denmark]] succeeds her father, King [[Frederick IX of Denmark|Frederick\n        IX]], on the throne of Denmark.\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 The [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]]\n        enclave [[Republic of Minerva|Minerva]] on a platform in the South Pacific,\n        sponsored by the [[Phoenix Foundation]], declares independence. Soon neighboring\n        [[Tonga]] annexes the area and dismantles the platform.\\n* [[January 20]]\\n**\n        President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] announces that Pakistan will immediately\n        begin a [[nuclear weapon]]s program.\\n** Fears are growing about the economy\n        of the United Kingdom, where unemployment is now exceeding 1 million for the\n        first time since World War II.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/20/newsid_2506000/2506897.stm|title=UK\n        unemployment tops one million|publisher=BBC|work=On This Day|accessdate=14\n        January 2012|date=January 20, 1972}}\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** A New Delhi\n        [[moonshine|bootlegger]] sells [[methanol|wood alcohol]] to a wedding party;\n        100 die.\\n** [[Tripura]], part of the former independent [[Twipra Kingdom]],\n        becomes a full [[States and union territories of India|state of India]].\\n*\n        [[January 24]] \\u2013 Japanese soldier [[Shoichi Yokoi]] is discovered in\n        [[Guam]]; he had spent 28 years in the jungle.\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Shirley\n        Chisholm]], the first [[African American]] Congresswoman, announces her candidacy\n        for President.\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]]\n        air stewardess [[Vesna Vulovi\\u0107]] is the only survivor when her plane\n        crashes in [[Czechoslovakia]]. She survives after falling 10,160 meters (33,330\n        feet) in the tail section of the aircraft.\\n** The [[Aboriginal Tent Embassy]]\n        is set up on the lawn of [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] in\n        [[Canberra]].\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Bloody Sunday (1972)|Bloody Sunday]]:\n        The British Army kills 14 unarmed [[Irish nationalism|nationalist]] civil\n        rights marchers in [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]].\\n** [[Pakistan]] withdraws\n        from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 King [[Birendra\n        of Nepal|Birendra]] succeeds his father as King of [[Nepal]].\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n[[File:Sapporo1972.png|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1972 Winter Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1972}}\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** A bomb explodes at the British\n        Yacht Club in [[West Berlin]], killing Irwin Beelitz, a German boat builder.\\n**\n        The German militant group [[2 June Movement]] announces its support of the\n        [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].\\n** Anti-British riots take place throughout\n        Ireland. The British Embassy in [[Dublin]] is burned to the ground, as are\n        several British-owned businesses.\\n** The last draft lottery is held, a watershed\n        event in the wind-down of military [[conscription in the United States]] during\n        the Vietnam era. These draft candidates are never called to duty.\\n* [[February\n        3]] \\u2013 [[February 13]] \\u2013 The [[1972 Winter Olympics]] are held in\n        [[Sapporo]], Japan.\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 ''''[[Mariner 9]]'''' sends pictures\n        as it orbits [[Mars]].\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** U.S. airlines begin mandatory\n        inspection of passengers and baggage.\\n** [[Bob Douglas]] becomes the first\n        [[African American]] elected to the [[Basketball Hall of Fame]].\\n* [[February\n        9]] \\u2013 The British government declares a [[state of emergency]] over a\n        miners'' strike.\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** President of [[Ecuador]] [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Velasco Ibarra]] is deposed for the fourth time.\\n** [[Sound recording\n        and reproduction|Phonorecord]]s are granted U.S. federal [[copyright]] protection\n        for the first time.\\n* [[February 17]] \\u2013 [[Volkswagen Beetle]] sales\n        exceed those of the [[Ford Model T]] when the 15,007,034th Beetle is produced.\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 The [[California Supreme Court]] voids the state''s\n        [[death penalty]], commuting all death sentences to life in prison.\\n* [[February\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Asama-Sans\\u014d incident]]: Five [[United Red Army]] members\n        break into a lodge below [[Mount Asama]], taking the wife of the lodge keeper\n        hostage.\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] unmanned [[Spacecraft|spaceship]]\n        ''''[[Luna 20]]'''' lands on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[February\n        28]] \\u2013 U.S. President [[Richard M. Nixon]] makes an unprecedented [[1972\n        Nixon visit to China|8-day visit]] to the People''s Republic of China and\n        meets with [[Mao Zedong]].\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[1972 Aldershot bombing|Aldershot\n        Bombing]]: An [[Official IRA]] bomb kills 7 in [[Aldershot]], England.\\n**\n        [[Lufthansa Flight 649]] is hijacked and taken to [[Aden]]. Passengers are\n        released the following day after a ransom of 5 million US dollars is agreed.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Angela Davis]] is released from jail. A [[Caruthers,\n        California]] farmer, Rodger McAfee, helps her make bail.\\n* [[February 24]]\n        \\u2013 North Vietnamese negotiators walk out of the Paris Peace Talks to protest\n        U.S. air raids.\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** A [[Buffalo Creek flood|coal sludge\n        spill]] kills 125 people in [[Buffalo Creek (South Branch Potomac River)|Buffalo\n        Creek]], [[West Virginia]].\\n** ''''[[Luna 20]]'''' comes back to Earth with\n        55 grams (1.94 oz) of lunar soil.\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 The\n        Asama-Sanso incident ends in a standoff between 5 members of the Japanese\n        United Red Army and the authorities, in which 2 policemen are killed and 12\n        injured.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1972}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        The Thai province [[Yasothon Province|Yasothon]] is created after being split\n        off from the [[Ubon Ratchathani Province]].\\n** The [[Club of Rome]] publishes\n        its report ''''[[The Limits to Growth]]''''.\\n** [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Bordaberry]]\n        is sworn in as [[President of Uruguay]] amid accusations of election fraud.\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** The ''''[[Pioneer 10]]'''' spacecraft is launched from [[Cape\n        Kennedy]], to be the first man-made satellite to leave the solar system.\\n**\n        [[Jean-B\\u00e9del Bokassa]] becomes President of the [[Central African Republic]].\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** Sculpted figures of [[Jefferson Davis]], [[Robert E. Lee]],\n        and [[Stonewall Jackson]] are completed at [[Stone Mountain]] in the U.S.\n        state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].\\n** [[Mohawk Airlines Flight 405]]\n        crashed into a house on Edgewood Avenue in [[Albany, New York]], killing 16\n        of the 47 persons on board, and one person in an upstairs apartment. The impact\n        happened at 8:48 pm after the commuter plane lost power during a snowstorm.\\n**\n        [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] released ''''[[Thick as a Brick]]'''',\n        a concept album supposedly written by an 8-year-old boy, [[Gerald Bostock]].\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Libya]] and the [[Soviet Union]] sign a cooperation treaty.\\n**\n        The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of the Islamic Conference]]\n        Charter is signed (effective 28 February 1973).\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 Greek\n        composer [[Mikis Theodorakis]] leaves the [[Greek Communist Party]].\\n* [[March\n        13]]\\n** The United Kingdom and the People''s Republic of China elevate diplomatic\n        exchanges to the ambassadorial level after 22 years.\\n** [[Clifford Irving]]\n        admits to a New York court that he had fabricated [[Howard Hughes]]'' \\\"autobiography\\\".\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 ''''[[The Godfather]]'''' has its premiere at the [[Loew''s\n        State Theatre (New York City)|Loew''s State Theatre]] in [[New York City]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] \\u2013 The first building of the [[Pruitt\\u2013Igoe]] housing\n        development in [[St. Louis]] is destroyed.\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 India and\n        [[Bangladesh]] sign the [[Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation\n        and Peace]].\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 The [[92nd U.S. Congress]] votes to send\n        the proposed [[Equal Rights Amendment]] to the states for ratification.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] \\u2013 The British government announces the prorogation of the\n        [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] and the introduction of ''[[Direct Rule]]''\n        of [[Northern Ireland]], after the [[Unionist (Ireland)|Unionist]] government\n        refuses to cede security powers.\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 \\\"[[Apr\\u00e8s toi]]\\\"\n        sung by [[Vicky Leandros]] (music by Klaus Munro & Mario Panas, lyric by Klaus\n        Munro & Yves Dessca) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1972]] for [[Luxembourg]].\\n*\n        [[March 26]]\\n** An [[avalanche]] on [[Mount Fuji]] kills 19 climbers.\\n**\n        The last trolleybus system in the United Kingdom closes in [[Bradford]], West\n        Riding of Yorkshire after over 60 years of operation.\\n** After 14 years,\n        the last of [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s ''''[[Young People''s Concerts]]''''\n        is telecast by CBS. This last concert is devoted to [[Gustav Holst]]''s ''''[[The\n        Planets]]''''.\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 The [[First Sudanese Civil War]] ends.\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Easter Offensive]] begins after [[North\n        Vietnam]]ese forces cross into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of [[South Vietnam]]\\n**\n        The [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] is suspended.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1972}}\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]] veteran [[Richard\n        McCoy, Jr.]] hijacks a [[United Airlines]] jet and extorts $500,000; he is\n        later captured.\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some\n        70 nations in signing the [[Biological Weapons Convention]], an agreement\n        to ban [[biological warfare]].\\n** [[Yinqueshan Han Tombs|Tombs]] containing\n        [[Yinqueshan Han Slips|bamboo slips]], among them [[Sun Tzu]]''s ''''[[The\n        Art of War|Art of War]]'''' and [[Sun Bin]]''s lost [[Sun Bin''s Art of War|military\n        treatise]], are accidentally discovered by construction workers in [[Shandong]].\\n**\n        The 6.7 {{M|w}} [[1972 Qir earthquake|Qir earthquake]] shook southern Iran\n        [[earthquake]] with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing\n        5,374 people in the province of [[Fars Province|Fars]].\\n** The 44th Annual\n        Academy Awards are held at the [[Dorothy Chandler Pavilion]] in Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[April 12]] \\u2013 The X-rated animated movie ''''[[Fritz the Cat (film)|Fritz\n        the Cat]]'''' is released.\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 The [[Universal Postal Union]]\n        decides to recognize the People''s Republic of China as the only legitimate\n        Chinese representative, effectively expelling the [[Republic of China]] administering\n        [[Taiwan]].\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** ''''[[Apollo 16]]'''' ([[John Young (astronaut)|John\n        Young]], [[Ken Mattingly]], [[Charlie Duke]]) is launched. During the mission,\n        the astronauts achieve a [[lunar rover]] speed record of 18 km/h.\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]] \\u2013 Nguyen Hue Offensive: Prompted by the [[North Vietnam]]ese\n        offensive, the United States resumes bombing of [[Hanoi]] and [[Haiphong]].\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 The first [[Boston Marathon]] in which women are officially\n        allowed to compete.\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 Sylvia Cook and [[John Fairfax\n        (rower)|John Fairfax]] finish rowing across the Pacific.\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013\n        The [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] enters service with [[Eastern Airlines]].\\n*\n        [[April 27]]\\n** The [[Burundian Genocide]] against the [[Hutu]] begins; more\n        than 500,000 Hutus die.\\n** A no-confidence vote against [[Chancellor of Germany\n        (Federal Republic)|German Chancellor]] [[Willy Brandt]] fails under obscure\n        circumstances.\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 The fourth anniversary of the Broadway\n        musical ''''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'''' is celebrated with a free concert\n        at a Central Park bandshell, followed by dinner at the Four Seasons. There,\n        13 [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] protesters and the show''s co-author,\n        [[Jim Rado]], are arrested for disturbing the peace and for using marijuana.\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1972}}\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 Fire in a [[silver]]\n        mine in [[Idaho]] kills 91.\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 An [[Alitalia]] [[DC-8]] [[Alitalia\n        Flight 112|crashes]] west of [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]; 115 die.\\n* [[May 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Italian general election, 1972|General elections]] are held in Italy.\\n*\n        [[May 8]] \\u2013 U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] orders the [[Operation Pocket\n        Money|mining]] of [[Haiphong]] Harbor in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Operation Linebacker]] and [[Operation Custom Tailor]] begin with large-scale\n        bombing operations against North Vietnam by tactical fighter aircraft.\\n*\n        [[May 13]] \\u2013 A [[Sennichi Department Store Building fire|Fire in a nightclub\n        atop the Sennichi department store]] in [[Osaka]], Japan, kills 115.\\n* [[May\n        15]]\\n** [[Okinawa]] is returned to Japan after 27 years of [[United States\n        Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands|United States occupation]].\\n**\n        Governor [[George C. Wallace]] of [[Alabama]] is shot and paralyzed by [[Arthur\n        Herman Bremer]] at a [[Laurel, Maryland]], political rally.\\n* [[May 16]]\n        \\u2013 The first financial derivatives exchange, the [[International Monetary\n        Market]] (IMM), opens on the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]].\\n* [[May 18]]\n        \\u2013 Four troopers of the British [[Special Air Service]] and [[Special\n        Boat Service]] are parachuted onto the ocean liner ''''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]''''\n        {{convert|1000|mi|km}} across the Atlantic after a bomb threat and ransom\n        demand which turn out to be bogus.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 Three out of 6 bombs\n        explode in the [[Axel Springer AG]] media company offices in [[Hamburg]],\n        Germany, injuring 17; the [[Red Army Faction]] claims responsibility.\\n* [[May\n        21]] \\u2013 In [[St. Peter''s Basilica]] ([[Vatican City]]), [[Laszlo Toth]]\n        attacks [[Michelangelo]]''s ''''[[Piet\\u00e0 (Michelangelo)|Piet\\u00e0]]''''\n        statue with a [[geologist''s hammer]], shouting that he is [[Jesus Christ]].\\n*\n        [[May 22]]\\n** The [[Dominion of Ceylon]] becomes the republic of [[Sri Lanka]]\n        under prime minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], when its new [[constitution]]\n        is ratified.\\n** [[Ferit Melen]] forms the new (interim) government of [[Turkey]]\n        (35th government)\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 The Tamil United Front (later known\n        as [[Tamil United Liberation Front]]), a pro-[[Tamils|Tamil]] organization,\n        is founded in Sri Lanka.\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** Scottish [[Association football]]\n        club [[Rangers F.C.]] win the [[UEFA Cup Winners'' Cup]], defeating [[FC Dynamo\n        Moscow]] 3-2 in the [[1972 European Cup Winners'' Cup Final|final]] at [[Camp\n        Nou]] in [[Barcelona]] (Spain). A [[pitch invasion]] by their supporters leads\n        to the team being banned from defending the trophy the following season.\\n**\n        A [[Red Army Faction]] bomb explodes in the [[Campbell Barracks]] of the U.S.\n        Army Supreme European Command in [[Heidelberg]], West Germany; 3 U.S. soldiers\n        (Clyde Bonner, Ronald Woodard and Charles Peck) are killed.\\n** The [[Magnavox\n        Odyssey]] video game system is first demoed, marking the dawn of the video\n        game age; it goes on sale to the public in August.\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Nixon]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] sign the [[SALT I treaty]] in Moscow, as well\n        as the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] and other agreements.\\n** [[Wernher\n        von Braun]] retires from [[NASA]], frustrated by the agency''s unwillingness\n        to pursue a manned trans-orbital space program.\\n** [[Willandra National Park]]\n        is established in Australia.\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 [[Mark Donohue]] wins the\n        [[1972 Indianapolis 500|Indianapolis 500]] in the [[Penske Racing]] [[McLaren]]\\u2013[[Offenhauser]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]]\\n** [[The Angry Brigade]] goes on trial in the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        Three [[Japanese Red Army]] members kill 24 and injure 100 in [[Lod Airport]],\n        [[Israel]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1972}}\\n* June \\u2013 [[Iraq]]\n        [[nationalization|nationalizes]] the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]].\\n* [[June\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Andreas Baader]], [[Jan-Carl Raspe]], [[Holger Meins]] and some\n        other members of the [[Red Army Faction]] are arrested in [[Frankfurt am Main]]\n        after a shootout.\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Sally Priesand]] becomes the first\n        female U.S. rabbi.\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Angela Davis]] is found not guilty\n        of murder.\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[June 16]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations Conference\n        on the Human Environment]] is held in Stockholm, [[Sweden]]\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        Seven men and three women hijack a plane from [[Czechoslovakia]] to West Germany.\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]]: [[Associated Press]] photographer [[Nick Ut]] takes his [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]]-winning photograph of a naked nine-year-old [[Phan Thi Kim Phuc]]\n        running down a road after being burned by [[napalm]].\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013\n        The [[Black Hills flood]] kills 238 in [[South Dakota]].\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013\n        [[Henri Pescarolo]] (France) and co-driver former [[List of Formula One World\n        Drivers'' Champions|World Drivers'' Champion]] [[Graham Hill]] (Britain) win\n        the [[1972 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] in the [[Equipe Matra\n        Sports|Equipe Matra]] MS670.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Hurricane\n        Agnes]] kills 117 on the U.S. East Coast.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Japan Airlines\n        Flight 471]] crashes outside of New Delhi airport, killing 82 of 87 occupants.\\n*\n        [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Ulrike Meinhof]] and Gerhard M\\u00fcller of the [[Red\n        Army Faction]] are arrested in a teacher''s apartment in [[Langenhagen]],\n        West Germany.\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[June 18]] \\u2013 The first U.S. [[Libertarian\n        Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] National Convention is held in Denver,\n        [[Colorado]].\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 108 die as 2 passenger trains hit the\n        debris of a collapsed railway tunnel near [[Soissons]], France.\\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n** [[Watergate scandal]]: Five [[White House]] operatives are arrested\n        for burglarizing the offices of the [[Democratic National Committee]].\\n**\n        The United States returns [[Okinawa]], occupied and governed since the World\n        War II [[Battle of Okinawa]], to Japan.\\n** [[Chile]]an president [[Salvador\n        Allende]] forms a new government.\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Staines air disaster]]:\n        118 die when a [[Hawker Siddeley Trident|Trident 1]] jet airliner crashes\n        2 minutes after take off from [[London Heathrow Airport]].\\n** [[Germany national\n        football team|West Germany]] beats the [[USSR national football team|Soviet\n        Union]] 3\\u20130 to win [[1972 European Football Championship|Euro 72]].\\n**\n        Hong Kong''s worst flooding and landslides in recorded history with {{convert|653.2|mm}}\n        of rainfall in the previous 3 days. 67 people die due to building collapses\n        in Mid-levels districts landslide and building collapses, with a further 83\n        due to flooding-related fatalities. It is the second worst fatality due to\n        building collapses, and the worst flooding in Hong Kong''s recorded history.\\n*\n        [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Watergate scandal]]: U.S. President [[Richard M. Nixon]]\n        and [[White House]] chief of staff [[H. R. Haldeman]] are taped talking about\n        using the [[Central Intelligence Agency|C.I.A.]] to obstruct the [[Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation|F.B.I.]]''s investigation into the Watergate break-ins.\\n*\n        [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Nolan Bushnell]] and [[Ted Dabney]] co-found [[Atari]].\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\u2013 U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that no new\n        draftees will be sent to [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 ''''[[Furman v.\n        Georgia]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that [[capital\n        punishment]] is unconstitutional.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Time Bureau]] adds the first [[leap second]] (23:59:60) to [[Coordinated Universal\n        Time]] (UTC) at the end of the month.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main article|July\n        1972}}\\n* [[July]] \\u2013 U.S. actress [[Jane Fonda]] tours [[North Vietnam]],\n        during which she is photographed sitting on a North Vietnamese anti-aircraft\n        gun.\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The Canadian ketch ''''[[Greenpeace#First campaigns\n        after Amchitka|Vega]]'''', flying the [[Greenpeace]] III banner, collides\n        with the French naval minesweeper ''''La Paimpolaise'''' while in [[international\n        waters]], to protest French nuclear weapon [[Moruroa|tests]] in the [[Oceania|South\n        Pacific]].\\n** The [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] becomes independent\n        from the [[U.S. Internal Revenue Service|IRS]].\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 Following\n        [[Pakistan]]''s surrender to India in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]],\n        both nations sign the historic [[Simla Agreement]], agreeing to settle their\n        disputes bilaterally.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 The first [[Rainbow Gathering]]\n        is held in [[Colorado]].\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 The U.S. sells [[cereal|grain]]\n        to the Soviet Union for $750 million.\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 India''s news\n        agency reports that at least 24 people have been killed in separate incidents,\n        in the Chandka Forest in India, by elephants crazed by heat and drought.\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[July 14]] \\u2013 The [[Democratic National Convention]]\n        meets in [[Miami Beach]]. Senator [[George McGovern]], who backs the immediate\n        and complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from [[South Vietnam]], is nominated\n        for President. He names fellow Senator [[Thomas Eagleton]] as his running\n        mate.\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 The [[Pruitt\\u2013Igoe]] housing development is\n        demolished in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Anwar Sadat]]\n        expels 20,000 Soviet advisors from [[Egypt]].\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Bloody\n        Friday (1972)|Bloody Friday]]: 22 bombs planted by the [[Provisional IRA]]\n        explode in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]; nine people are killed and 130\n        seriously injured.{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm\n        |title=CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict \\u2013 1972 |publisher=Cain.ulst.ac.uk\n        |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17}}\\n** Comedian [[George Carlin]] is arrested\n        by [[Milwaukee]] police for public [[obscenity]], for reciting his \\\"Seven\n        Words You Can Never Say On Television\\\" at [[Summerfest]].\\n** A collision\n        between two trains near [[Seville]], Spain kills 76 people.\\n* [[July 23]]\n        \\u2013 The United States launches [[Landsat 1]], the first Earth-resources\n        [[satellite]].\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 King [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] succeeds\n        his father [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] as king of [[Bhutan]].\\n* [[July 25]]\n        \\u2013 U.S. health officials admit that African-Americans were used as guinea\n        pigs in the [[Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male]].\\n*\n        [[July 27]] \\u2013 The [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle]] makes its first flight.\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 A national dock strike begins in Britain.\\n* [[July 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[The Troubles]], [[Northern Ireland]]:\\n** [[Operation Motorman]]\n        4:00 AM: The British Army begins to regain control of\n        the \\\"[[no-go area]]s\\\" established by [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]]\n        [[paramilitary|paramilitaries]] in [[Belfast]], [[Derry]] (\\\"[[Free Derry]]\\\")\n        and [[Newry]].\\n** [[Claudy bombing]] (\\\"Bloody Monday\\\"),\n        10:00 AM: Three [[car bombs]] in [[Claudy]], [[County\n        Londonderry]], kill 9. It becomes public knowledge only in [[2010]] that a\n        local [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]]\n        was an [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] officer believed to be involved\n        in the bombings but his role was covered up by the authorities.{{cite\n        news|title=Claudy bomb: conspiracy allowed IRA priest to go free|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|publisher=BBC\n        News Northern Ireland|date=2010-08-24|accessdate=2010-08-25| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100825014212/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|\n        archivedate=August 25, 2010| deadurl= no}}\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n{{Main article|August 1972}}\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 U.S. Senator [[Thomas\n        Eagleton]], the Democratic vice-presidential nominee, withdraws from the race\n        after revealing he was once treated for mental illness.\\n* [[August 4]]\\n**\n        [[Arthur Bremer]] is jailed for 63 years for shooting [[George Wallace]].\\n**\n        Dictator [[Idi Amin]] declares that [[Uganda]] will expel 50,000 Asians with\n        British passports to Britain within 3 months.\\n** A huge [[solar flare]] (one\n        of the largest ever recorded) knocks out cable lines in U.S. It begins with\n        the appearance of sunspots on August 2; an August 4 flare kicks off high levels\n        of activity until [[August 10]].\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 A brilliant, daytime\n        [[1972 Great Daylight Fireball|meteor]] skips off the Earth''s atmosphere\n        due to an [[Apollo asteroid]] streaking over the western US into Canada.{{cite\n        journal\\n |url=http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9806/impact.html \\n\n        |title=Observation of Meteoroid Impacts by Space-Based Sensors \\n |first=Edward\n        \\n |last=Tagliaferri \\n |publisher=astrosociety.org \\n |magazine=Mercury Magazine\n        \\n |volume=27 \\n |issue=6 \\n |date=November\\u2013December 1998 \\n |deadurl=yes\n        \\n |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025037/http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9806/impact.html\n        \\n |archivedate=October 20, 2007 \\n |df= \\n}}\\n\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        Oil tankers [[Oswego-Guardian\\u2013Texanita collision|''''Oswego-Guardian''''\n        and ''''Texanita'''']] collide near [[Stilbaai]], South Africa.\\n* [[August\n        14]] \\u2013 An [[East Germany|East German]] [[Ilyushin]] airliner crashes\n        near [[East Berlin]]; all 156 on board perish.\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013 As\n        part of a coup attempt, members of the [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] fire upon,\n        but fail to bring down, [[Hassan II of Morocco]]''s plane while he is traveling\n        back to [[Rabat]].\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 The [[Republican National Convention]]\n        in [[Miami Beach, Florida]] renominates U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] and\n        Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] for a second term.\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Rhodesia]]\n        is expelled by the [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] for its racist\n        policies.\\n** [[John Wojtowicz]], 27, and Sal Naturile, 18, hold several Chase\n        Manhattan Bank employees hostage for 17 hours in Gravesend, Brooklyn, N.Y.\n        (an event later dramatized in the film ''''[[Dog Day Afternoon]]'''').\\n**\n        In the Almirante Zar Naval Base, Argentina, 16 detainees are executed by firing\n        squad in the [[Trelew massacre]].\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[September 11]]\n        \\u2013 The [[1972 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Munich]], West Germany.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1972}}\\n[[File:Martiallawjf9906 09.JPG|thumbnail|180px|right|[[September\n        21]]: [[Martial law]] in the [[Philippines]].]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Fischer]] defeats [[Boris Spassky]] in a [[chess]] match in [[Reykjav\\u00edk]],\n        Iceland, becoming the first American [[World Chess Championship 1972|world\n        chess champion]].\\n** The [[Cod Wars#Second Cod War|Second Cod War]] begins\n        between the United Kingdom and [[Iceland]].\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 The\n        first episode of ''''[[The Price Is Right]]'''' is aired on [[CBS]] by [[Bob\n        Barker]]. ''''Gambit'''' and ''''The Joker''s Wild'''' also premiere.\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Munich massacre]]: Eleven [[Israel]]i\n        athletes at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] in [[Munich]] are murdered after\n        8 members of the Arab [[terrorism|terrorist]] group [[Black September Organization|Black\n        September]] invade the Olympic Village; 5 guerillas and 1 policeman are also\n        killed in a failed [[hostage]] rescue.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 The Brazilian\n        driver [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] wins the Italian Grand Prix at [[Monza]] and\n        becomes the youngest [[Formula One]] World Champion.\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013\n        West Germany and Poland renew diplomatic relations.\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Uganda]] announces that there are [[Tanzania]]n troops in its territory.\\n**\n        The television series ''''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'''' begins its run\n        on [[CBS]].\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[S\\u00e3o Paulo Metro]] is inaugurated\n        in [[Brazil]].\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 A [[parcel bomb]] sent to the [[Israel]]i\n        Embassy in London kills 1 diplomat.\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Philippines|Philippine]]\n        [[President of the Philippines|president]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]] issues [[Proclamation\n        No. 1081]]{{cite web|url=http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html\n        |title=Full Text \\u2013 Proclamation 1081 |publisher=Lawphil.net |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804032402/http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html\n        |archivedate=August 4, 2012 |df=}} placing the entire country under\n        [[martial law]].\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 An [[F-86]] fighter aircraft leaving\n        an air show at [[Sacramento Executive Airport]] fails to become airborne and\n        crashes into a [[Farrell''s Ice Cream Parlour]], killing 12 children and 11\n        adults.{{cite web |url=http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm\n        |title=Crash at Farrell''s |accessdate=2008-03-16 |work=| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080320003854/http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm|\n        archivedate=March 20, 2008| deadurl= no}}\\n* [[September\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Norwegian EC referendum, 1972]]: Norway rejects membership in\n        the European Economic Community.\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 The [[Canada men''s\n        national ice hockey team|Canadian national men''s hockey team]] defeats the\n        [[Soviet national ice hockey team]] in Game 8 of the 1972 [[Summit Series]]\n        (French: La S\\u00e9rie du Si\\u00e8cle, Russian: \\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u2014 \\u041a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430), 6\\u20135,\n        to win the series 4\\u20133\\u20131.\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Sino-Japanese\n        relations]]: The Joint Communiqu\\u00e9 of the Government of Japan and the\n        Government of the People''s Republic of China is signed in Beijing, which\n        normalizes diplomatic relations with the People''s Republic of China after\n        breaking official ties with the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan).\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n{{Main article|October 1972}}\\n* [[October]] \\u2013 The government of\n        former President of Somalia [[Mohamed Siad Barre]] formally introduces the\n        [[Somali alphabet]] as [[Somalia]]''s official writing script.Economist\n        Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), ''''Middle East annual review'''', (1975),\n        p.229\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** The first publication reporting the production\n        of a recombinant [[DNA]] molecule marks the birth of modern [[molecular biology]]\n        methodology.{{cite journal | last = Jackson | first= David A. | last2=Symons\n        |first2=Robert H | last3= Berg |first3= Paul | year=1972 | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/69/10/2904\n        | title = Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA\n        of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes\n        and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli | journal = Proceedings of the\n        National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume = 69\n        | issue=10 | pages = 2904\\u20132909 | doi=10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904 | pmid=4342968\n        | pmc=389671}}\\n** [[Alex Comfort]]''s bestselling manual ''''[[The\n        Joy of Sex]]'''' is published.\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 Denmark joins the [[European\n        Community]]; the [[Faroe Islands]] stay out.\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 The [[United\n        Reformed Church]] is founded out of the [[Congregational church|Congregational]]\n        and [[Presbyterian]] Churches.\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 A train crash in [[Saltillo]],\n        Mexico kills 208 people.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**A\n        major breakthrough occurs in the [[Paris Peace Accords#Breakthrough and agreement|Paris\n        peace talks]] between [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[L\\u00ea \\u0110\\u1ee9c Th\\u1ecd]].\\n**\n        [[R. Sargent Shriver]] is chosen to replace [[Thomas Eagleton]] as the U.S.\n        vice-presidential nominee of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic\n        Party]].\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 En route to the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], an anti-war\n        protest, the [[USS Kitty Hawk riot]] led by African-Americans and interpreted\n        by some as a [[race riot]] involving more than 200 sailors, breaks out aboard\n        the [[United States Navy]] aircraft carrier [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''''Kitty\n        Hawk'''']]; nearly 50 sailors are injured.\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Uruguayan\n        Air Force Flight 571]]: A [[Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild FH-227D]] passenger\n        [[aircraft]] transporting a [[rugby union]] team crashes at about 14,000''\n        in the [[Andes]] mountain range, near the Argentina/Chile border. Sixteen\n        of the survivors are found alive [[December 20]] but they have had to resort\n        to [[cannibalism]] to survive.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** A plane carrying U.S.\n        Congressman [[Hale Boggs]] of Louisiana and 3 other men vanishes in Alaska.\n        The wreckage has never been found, despite a massive search at the time.\\n**\n        Rioting [[Maze Prison]] inmates cause a fire that destroys most of the camp.\\n*\n        [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth II]] visits [[Socialist Federal Republic\n        of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** The first female [[Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents are hired.\\n** Belgian [[Eddy Merckx]]\n        sets a new world [[hour record]] in cycling in Mexico City.\\n* [[October 26]]\n        \\u2013 Following a visit to [[South Vietnam]], [[U.S. National Security Advisor]]\n        [[Henry Kissinger]] suggests that \\\"peace is at hand.\\\"\\n* [[October 28]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Airbus A300]] flies for the first time.\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Lufthansa Flight 615]] is hijacked and threats are made to be blown up if\n        the three surviving perpetrators of the [[Munich massacre]] are not released\n        from prison in West Germany. The demands are accepted, leading to fierce condemnation\n        by Israel.{{cite news|last=Greenfeter|first=Yael|title=Israel\n        in shock as Munich killers freed|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/israel-in-shock-as-munich-killers-freed-1.322811|accessdate=27\n        July 2013|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=4 November 2010}}\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] approves legislation to increase\n        [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] spending by US$5.3 billion.\\n**\n        A [[Metra Electric|commuter train]] collision in Chicago kills 45, injures\n        hundreds.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1972}}\\n[[File:1972\n        Electoral Map.png|thumb|[[Richard Nixon]]''s [[landslide victory]] in the\n        electoral college during the [[U.S. presidential election, 1972|1972 Election]].]]\\n[[File:PongVideoGameCabinet.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[arcade game|arcade]] version of ''''[[Pong]]'''' is released.]]\\n* November\\n**\n        At a scientific meeting in [[Honolulu]], [[Herbert Boyer]] and [[Stanley N.\n        Cohen]] conceive the concept of [[recombinant DNA]]. They publish their results\n        in November 1973 in [[PNAS]]. Separately in 1972, [[Paul Berg]] also recombines\n        DNA in a test tube. Recombinant DNA technology has dramatically changed the\n        field of biological sciences, especially [[biotechnology]], and opened the\n        door to [[genetically modified organisms]].\\n** The [[Saitama Seibu Lions#Nishitetsu\n        Lions (1951\\u20131972)|Nishitetsu Lions]] baseball club, part of the [[Nippon\n        Professional Baseball|NPB]]''s [[Pacific League]], is sold to the [[Fukuoka\n        Baseball Corporation]], a subsidiary of [[Nishi-Nippon Railroad]]. The team\n        is renamed the Taiheiyo Club Lions.\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 A group of Amerindians\n        occupies the Bureau of Indian Affairs.\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[U.S. presidential\n        election, 1972]]: [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] incumbent\n        [[Richard Nixon]] defeats [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator\n        [[George McGovern]] in a landslide (the election had the lowest voter turnout\n        since 1948, with only 55 percent of the electorate voting).\\n* [[November\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]] \\u2013 [[Vietnamization]]: The [[United States\n        Army]] turns over the massive Long Binh military base to [[South Vietnam]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]] \\u2013 The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] closes above 1,000\n        (1,003.16) for the first time.\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations\n        Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] adopts the Convention\n        Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage{{cite\n        web | title = Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and\n        Natural Heritage | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/ | author\n        = UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)\n        | publisher = UNESCO World Heritage Centre| accessdate = 17 October 2012|\n        date = 16 November 1972}}\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Se\\u00e1n Mac\n        St\\u00edof\\u00e1in]], a leader of the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]],\n        is arrested in [[Dublin]] after giving an interview to [[Raidi\\u00f3 Teilif\\u00eds\n        \\u00c9ireann|RT\\u00c9]].\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]]: The United\n        States loses its first [[B-52 Stratofortress]] of the war.\\n* [[November 28]]\n        \\u2013 The last executions in Paris, France. Roger Bontems and Claude Buffet\n        \\u2013 the Clairvaux Mutineers \\u2013 are guillotined at [[La Sant\\u00e9 Prison]]\n        by chief executioner [[Andr\\u00e9 Obrecht]] . Bontems had been found innocent\n        of murder by the court, but as Buffet''s accomplice is condemned to death\n        anyway. President [[Georges Pompidou]], in private an abolitionist, upholds\n        both death sentences in deference to French public opinion.\\n* [[November\n        29]]\\n** [[Atari Games|Atari]] kicks off the first generation of [[video game]]s\n        with the release of their seminal [[arcade game|arcade]] version of ''''[[Pong]]'''',\n        the first game to achieve commercial success.\\n** The \\\"tea house\\\" Mellow\n        Yellow opens on the [[Amstel|Amstel River]] in [[Amsterdam]], pioneering the\n        legal sale of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] in the Netherlands.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/book/nov29.html |title=*\\u00d8* Wilson''s\n        Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | November 29 | International\n        Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People Die Gr\\u00fcnen Petra Kelly\n        |publisher=Wilsonsalmanac.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17}}\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** Vietnam War: [[White House]] Press Secretary [[Ron Ziegler]] tells\n        the press that there will be no more public announcements concerning United\n        States troop withdrawals from [[Vietnam]], due to the fact that troop levels\n        are now down to 27,000.\\n** [[Cod War#The Second Cod War|Cod War]]: British\n        [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]]\n        Sir [[Alec Douglas-Home]] says that [[Royal Navy]] ships will be stationed\n        to protect British trawlers off [[Iceland]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1972}}\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Edward Gough Whitlam]] becomes the first\n        [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] [[Prime Minister of Australia]] for\n        23 years. He is sworn in on 5 December and his first action using executive\n        power is to withdraw all Australian personnel from the [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** ''''[[Apollo 17]]'''' ([[Gene Cernan]], [[Ronald Evans\n        (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]], [[Harrison Schmitt]]), the last manned [[Moon]]\n        mission to date, is launched and \\\"[[The Blue Marble]]\\\" photograph of the\n        [[Earth]] is taken.\\n** The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] kidnaps\n        [[Jean McConville]] in [[Belfast]].\\n** [[Imelda Marcos]] is stabbed and seriously\n        wounded by an assailant; her bodyguards shoot him.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[United\n        Airlines Flight 553]] crashes short of the runway, killing 43 of 61 passengers\n        and 2 people on the ground.\\n** Over $10,000 cash is found in the purse of\n        [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] conspirator [[Howard Hunt]]''s wife.\\n** [[International\n        Human Rights Day]] is proclaimed by the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December\n        11]]\\u2013 [[Apollo 17]] lands on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] is the last person to walk on the moon,\n        after he and [[Harrison Schmitt]] complete the third and final [[Extra-vehicular\n        activity]] (EVA) of [[Apollo 17]]. This is the last manned mission to the\n        moon of the 20th century.\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** The Commonwealth of Australia\n        ordains equal pay for women.\\n** The [[United Nations Environment Programme]]\n        is established as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** The [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] comes into effect.\\n** The Portuguese\n        army kills 400 Africans in [[Tete]], [[Mozambique]].\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 17]]'''' returns to [[Earth]], concluding\n        the program of lunar exploration.\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[East Germany]]\n        and West Germany recognize each other.\\n** [[ZANLA]] troopers attack Altera\n        Farm in north-east [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** Australia establishes\n        diplomatic relations with China and East Germany.\\n** A peace delegation that\n        includes singer-activist [[Joan Baez]] and human rights attorney [[Telford\n        Taylor]] visit [[Hanoi]] to deliver Christmas mail to American [[prisoners\n        of war]] (they will be caught in the [[Operation Linebacker II|Christmas bombing\n        of North Vietnam]]).\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** The 6.2 {{m|w|link=y}} [[1972\n        Nicaragua earthquake|Nicaragua earthquake]] kills 5,000\\u201311,000 people\n        in the capital [[Managua]]. President [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] is later\n        accused of not distributing millions of dollars worth of [[foreign aid]].\\n**\n        The Pittsburgh Steelers win their first ever post-season [[NFL]] game, defeating\n        the Oakland Raiders 13\\u20137, on a last second play that becomes known as\n        The [[Immaculate Reception]].\\n** Swedish [[Prime minister of Sweden|Prime\n        minister]] [[Olof Palme]] compares the American bombings of North [[Vietnam]]\n        to [[Nazism|Nazi]] massacres. The U.S. breaks [[Sweden\\u2013United States\n        relations|diplomatic contact]] with Sweden.\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Operation Linebacker II|Christmas bombing of North Vietnam]] causes widespread\n        criticism of the U.S. and President [[Richard Nixon]].\\n* [[December 26]]\n        \\u2013 Former [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] dies in [[Kansas City, Missouri]].\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 The\n        bones of [[Martin Bormann]] are identified in Berlin.\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 401]] crashes into the [[Everglades]] in Florida,\n        killing 101 of 176 on board. It is the first [[hull-loss]] of a [[wide-body\n        aircraft]].\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Roberto Clemente]] dies in a plane crash\n        off the coast of [[Puerto Rico]] while en route to deliver aid to Nicaraguan\n        earthquake victims.\\n** For the first and last time, a 2nd [[leap second]]\n        is added (23:59:60) to a year, making 1972 366 days and two seconds long,\n        the longest year ever within the context of [[UTC]].\\n** The US ban on the\n        pesticide [[DDT]] takes effect.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* The ''''International\n        Year of the Book'''' is designated by [[UNESCO]].\\n* The [[1972 Yugoslav smallpox\n        outbreak|last major epidemic of smallpox in Europe]] breaks out in [[Yugoslavia]].\\n*\n        The United Kingdom begin to train [[Special Air Service]] for anti-terrorist\n        duties in response to the [[Munich massacre]]\\n* The first women are admitted\n        to [[Dartmouth College]] in the United States.\\n* [[Colombia]]n looters find\n        [[Ciudad Perdida]] but keep it a secret until the government reveals it in\n        [[1975]].\\n* The [[Yellow River]] dries up for the first time in known history.\\n*\n        Worship of [[List of Germanic deities|Norse gods]] is officially approved\n        in [[Iceland]].\\n* The [[Climatic Research Unit]] is founded by climatologist\n        [[Hubert Lamb]] at the [[University of East Anglia]].\\n* The [[Socialist Federal\n        Republic of Yugoslavia]] bans the cultural organization [[Matica hrvatska]],\n        founded in 1842.\\n* The German company [[SAP AG]] is founded.\\n* [[Kadir Nurman]]\n        introduces a sandwich made with [[d\\u00f6ner kebab]] meat as a fast-food item\n        in Berlin.{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24685617|title=Doner\n        kebab ''inventor'' Kadir Nurman dies in Berlin|date=26 October 2013|work=[[BBC\n        News]]|accessdate=2013-10-27}}{{cite\n        web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/oct/28/kadir-nurman-invent-doner-kebab\n        |title=Did Kadir Nurman really invent the doner kebab? |author=James Ramsden\n        |date=October 28, 2013 |website=The Guardian |accessdate=May 6, 2016}}\\n*\n        [[Burt Reynolds]] poses nude for the centerfold of the April edition of [[Cosmopolitan\n        (magazine)]].\\n* Film director [[Stanley Kubrick]] asks [[Warner Bros.]] to\n        withdraw ''''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'''' from exhibition\n        in the UK following death threats made against his family. The film does not\n        receive a public viewing in the country for another 27 years.\\n* [[Motown]]\n        moves all of its operations from [[Detroit]] to [[Los Angeles]] in June.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Lilian Thuram - F\\u00e9vrier 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lilian\n        Thuram]]]]\\n[[File:Jang Seo-hee at The Exhibition of Three Korean Artists\n        at Today Art Museum in Beijing, China.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jang Seo-hee]]]]\\n[[File:Sakis\n        Rouvas in Moscow.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sakis Rouvas]]]]\\n[[File:Amanda Peet September\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amanda Peet]]]]\\n[[File:Claudia Winkleman.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Claudia\n        Winkleman]]]]\\n[[File:Take That (3604354113).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Owen]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Yoon Chan]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Jennifer Hale]],\n        American voice actress\\n** [[Barron Miles]], Canadian defensive back for the\n        [[BC Lions]] in the [[Canadian Football League|CFL]]\\n** [[Lilian Thuram]],\n        French football player\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Brad Zavisha]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Jang Seo-hee]], South Korean actress\\n**\n        [[Sakis Rouvas]], Greek recording, film and television artist; model; businessman\n        and former pole vaulter\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Mat Hoffman]], American\n        BMX rider\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Alsgaard]], Norwegian cross-country\n        skier\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Amanda Peet]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Espen Knutsen]], Norwegian hockey player\\n* [[January 13]]\\n**\n        [[Nicole Eggert]], American actress\\n** [[Yukiko Iwai]], Japanese voice actress\\n**\n        [[Vitaly Scherbo]], Belarusian gymnast\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Il Mi Chung]],\n        South Korean golfer\\n** [[Claudia Winkleman]], British television presenter\\n**\n        [[Yang Yong-eun]], South Korean golfer\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Ruben Bagger]],\n        Danish footballer\\n** [[Ang Christou]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Dameon\n        Clarke]], Canadian actor and voice actor\\n** [[Yuri Alekseevich Drozdov]],\n        Russian footballer\\n** [[Ezra Hendrickson]], Vincentian footballer\\n** [[Salah\n        Hissou]], Moroccan long-distance runner\\n** [[Joe Horn]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Greg Page (musician)|Greg Page]], Australian musician and actor\\n**\n        [[Alen Peternac]], Croatian footballer\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Ken Hirai]],\n        Japanese singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Mike Lieberthal]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Angham]], Egyptian singer,\n        record producer and actress\\n* [[January 20]] - [[Nikki Haley]], Indian-American\n        politician, [[Governor of South Carolina]] since 2010 and nominee for [[U.S.\n        Ambassador to the United Nations]]\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Billel Dziri]],\n        Algerian footballer\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Gabriel Macht]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Romi Park]], Japanese [[Voice acting in Japan|voice actress]]\\n* [[January\n        23]]\\n** [[Ewen Bremner]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Marcel Wouda]], Dutch swimmer\\n*\n        [[January 27]]\\n** [[Wynne Evans]], Welsh operatic tenor\\n** [[Mark Owen]],\n        British pop singer ([[Take That]])\\n** [[Keith Wood]], Irish rugby player\\n*\n        [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Matt Brandstein]], American writer\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Dana\n        International Euro 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dana International]]]]\\n[[File:Robyn\n        Lively - November 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robyn Lively]]]]\\n[[File:Jaromir\n        Jagr Prague.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jarom\\u00edr J\\u00e1gr]]]]\\n[[File:RiP2013 GreenDay\n        Billie Joe Armstrong 0021.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billie Joe Armstrong]]]]\\n[[File:Valeria\n        Mazza.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Valeria Mazza]]]]\\n[[File:Alexandra Timoshenko 1992\n        Alicante.PNG|thumb|100px|[[Olexandra Timoshenko]]]]\\n[[File:Keith Ferguson\n        - VO Actor.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith Ferguson (voice actor)|Keith Ferguson]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]]\\n** [[Dana International]], Israeli transsexual singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1998 winner\\n** [[Kl\\u00e1ra Dobrev]], wife of Hungarian Prime\n        Minister [[Ferenc Gyurcs\\u00e1ny]]\\n** [[Hendrick Ramaala]], South African\n        long-distance runner\\n** [[Hisashi (musician)|Hisashi Tonomura]], Japanese\n        musician\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Jesper Kyd]], Danish video game composer\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Giovanni Silva de Oliveira]], Brazilian footballer\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark]]\\n** [[Koriki Ch\\u014dsh\\u016b]],\n        Japanese comedian\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Robyn Lively]], American actress\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Big Show]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[February\n        9]]\\n** [[Crispin Freeman]], American voice actor\\n** [[Norbert R\\u00f3zsa]],\n        Hungarian swimmer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Craig Jones (musician)|Craig Jones]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Steve McManaman]], British footballer\\n** [[Kelly\n        Slater]], American professional surfer\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Drew Bledsoe]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]], American\n        singer-songwriter ([[Matchbox Twenty]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Jarom\\u00edr\n        J\\u00e1gr]], Czech hockey player\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Jerome Bettis]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Billie Joe Armstrong]],\n        American rock musician and lead singer/guitarist ([[Green Day]])\\n** [[Philippe\n        Candeloro]], French figure skater\\n** [[Yuki Isoya]], Japanese singer\\n**\n        [[Valeria Mazza]], Argentinean model and businesswoman\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Olexandra Timoshenko]], Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast\\n* [[February\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Malky Mackay]], Scottish footballer\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Seo Taiji]], Korean musician\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Michael Chang]], American\n        tennis player\\n** [[Claudia Pechstein]], German speed-skater\\n* [[February\n        24]]\\n** [[Pooja Bhatt]], Indian actress\\n** [[Richard Chelimo]], Kenyan athlete\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Jaak Mae]], Estonian cross-country\n        skier\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Keith Ferguson (voice actor)|Keith Ferguson]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[February 29]]\\n** [[Antonio Sab\\u00e0to, Jr.]],\n        Italian actor\\n** [[Dave Williams (singer)|Dave Williams]], American musician\n        and singer of [[Drowning Pool]] (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Saul Williams]], American\n        singer, poet and actor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Shaquille O''Neal in 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shaquille\n        O''Neal]]]]\\n[[File:Leigh-Allyn Baker February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leigh-Allyn\n        Baker]]]]\\n[[File:9.13.11CommonByLuigiNovi2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Common (rapper)|Common]]]]\\n[[File:Mark\n        Hoppus 2004.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Hoppus]]]]\\n[[File:Dane Cook ComicCon (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Dane\n        Cook]]]]\\n[[File:Nick Frost by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nick Frost]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Darren Anderton]], English footballer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**\n        [[Nocturno Culto]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Pae Gil-su]], North Korean gymnast\\n**\n        [[Ivy Queen]], Puerto Rican-American actress, singer-songwriter and record\n        producer\\n** [[Jos Verstappen]], Dutch race car driver\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Shaquille O''Neal]], African-American basketball player\\n** [[Jaret Reddick]],\n        American singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Ronald Cheng]],\n        Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Spencer Howson]], Australian radio announcer\\n**\n        [[Travis Lane Stork]], American emergency room physician and television personality\\n**\n        [[Kerr Smith]], American actor\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Takashi Fujii]] (Matthew\n        Minami), Japanese television performer\\n** [[Matt Kenseth]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Michael Lucas (director)|Michael Lucas]], Russian gay pornographic\n        actor and director\\n** [[Timbaland]], American record producer, songwriter\n        and rapper\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Leigh-Allyn Baker]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Common (rapper)|Common]], African-American rapper and actor\\n** [[Trent\n        Dilfer]], American football player\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Mark Hoppus]],\n        American musician\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Mia Hamm]], American soccer player\\n**\n        [[Paige Hemmis]], American television personality\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Dane\n        Cook]], American comedian\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Chris Candido]], American\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Bal\\u00e1zs Kiss]], Hungarian Olympic\n        athlete\\n** [[Derartu Tulu]], Ethiopian long-distance runner\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Shawn Bradley]], American basketball player\\n** [[Cory Lidle]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Elvis Stojko]], Canadian figure skater\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Joe Calzaghe]], Welsh boxer\\n** [[Judith Godr\\u00e8che]],\n        French actress\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Leslie Mann]], American actress and\n        comedian\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Ignacio Garrido]], Spanish golfer\\n** [[Charlie\n        Haas]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink]], Dutch\n        footballer\\n** [[Ben Richards (actor)|Ben Richards]], British actor, better\n        known for his role in ''''[[The Bill]]''''\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Nick Frost]],\n        English actor, comedian and screenwriter\\n** [[Eby J. Jose]], Indian journalist\n        and human rights activist\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Hera Bj\\u00f6rk]], Icelandic\n        singer\\n** [[Junichi Suwabe]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Karel Poborsk\\u00fd]], Czech Republic football player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Peaketim.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim\n        Peake]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer Garner 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jennifer Garner]]]]\\n[[File:Carmen\n        Electra 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carmen Electra]]]]\\n[[File:\\u017deljko Joksimovi\\u0107\n        (Eurovision Song Contest 2012) 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\u017deljko Joksimovi\\u0107]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Jennie Garth]], American actress\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Tag\n        Adams]], American pornographic film actor\\n** [[Bastian Pastewka]], German\n        comedian and actor\\n** [[Lisa Ray]], Canadian model and actress\\n* [[April\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Junko Takeuchi]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Jason Hervey]], American actor\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Ariel Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (boxer)|Ariel Hernandez]], Cuban boxer\\n** [[Sung Kang]], Korean actor\\n*\n        [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Tim Peake]], British astronaut.\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Bernard Ackah]], Ivorian mixed martial artist and comedian\\n* [[April 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Vincent Zhao]], Chinese actor and martial artist\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**\n        [[Balls Mahoney]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Jason\n        Varitek]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[\\u015eebnem Ferah]],\n        Turkish singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Mariusz Czerkawski]],\n        Polish ice hockey player\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Dean Potter]], American\n        free climber (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Arturo Gatti]], Canadian\n        boxer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Conchita Mart\\u00ednez]], Spanish\n        tennis player\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Tony Boselli]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Jennifer Garner]], American actress\\n** [[Muttiah Muralitharan]], Sri Lankan\n        cricketer\\n** [[Terran Sandwith]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[April 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rivaldo]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[L\\u00ea Hu\\u1ef3nh\n        \\u0110\\u1ee9c]], Vietnamese footballer\\n** [[Carmen Electra]], American actress\n        and singer\\n** [[\\u017deljko Joksimovi\\u0107]], Serbian singer, composer songwriter,\n        multi-instrumentalist and producer\\n** [[Marko Kon]], Serbian composer, producer\n        and singer\\n** [[Stephen Marley (musician)|Stephen Marley]], Jamaican-American\n        musician\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 [[Choky Ice]], Hungarian porn actor\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Chad I Ginsburg]], American musician and record producer ([[CKY\n        (band)|CKY]])\\n** [[Chipper Jones]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Avi Nimni]], Israeli footballer\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Fredrik\n        Kempe]], Swedish songwriter and opera and pop singer\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Takako Tokiwa]], Japanese actress\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Dwayne Johnson 2,\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dwayne Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Ray Whitney.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray\n        Whitney (ice hockey)|Ray Whitney]]]]\\n[[File:Daniela Siliva\\u015f 1987.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniela\n        Silivas]]]]\\n[[File:Khary Payton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Khary\n        Payton]]]]\\n[[File:Alison Eastwood 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alison Eastwood]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Julie Benz]], American actress\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Adcock]], English footballer\\n** [[Dwayne Johnson]], American professional\n        wrestler and actor\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Vyacheslav Kozlov]], Russian hockey\n        player\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Mike Dirnt]], American rock musician and bassist\n        ([[Green Day]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[James Cracknell]], British Olympic winning\n        rower\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Janne Blomqvist]], Finnish swimmer\\n** [[Martin Brodeur]],\n        Canadian hockey goaltender\\n** [[Naoko Takahashi]], Japanese long-distance\n        runner\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Asghar Farhadi]], Iranian film director\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** [[Darren Hayes]], Australian musician\\n** [[Ray Whitney (ice hockey)|Ray\n        Whitney]], Canadian former NHL player\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Lisa Ann]], American\n        pornographic actress\\n** [[Daniela Siliva\\u0219]], Romanian gymnast\\n* [[May\n        10]]\\n** [[Rados\\u0142aw Majdan]], Polish goalkeeper\\n** [[Katja Seizinger]],\n        German alpine skier\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Amma Asante (politician)|Amma Asante]],\n        Dutch politician\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Richard Blackwood]], English comedian,\n        actor and rapper\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Derek Mears]], American actor/stuntman\\n**\n        [[Khary Payton]], American actor\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Tyson Cane]], American\n        gay pornographic actor\\n** [[Roman Genn]], Russian artist\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        [[Jenny Berggren]], Swedish rock singer ([[Ace of Base]])\\n** [[Claudia Karvan]],\n        Australian actress\\n** [[Stephanie Nadolny]], American voice actress and singer\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Andreas Lundstedt]], Swedish singer and actor ([[Alcazar\n        (band)|Alcazar]])\\n** [[Busta Rhymes]], African-American rapper and actor\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], African-American rapper (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Kaoru Fujino]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Max Brooks]],\n        American horror author and screenwriter\\n** [[Alison Eastwood]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Rubens Barrichello]], Brazilian race car driver\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Karan Johar]], Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Jules Jordan]], American pornographic movie director, actor, and producer\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Dhani]], Indonesian rock musician, songwriter, arranger,\n        and producer\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Michael Boogerd]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Stanislas Renoult]], French singer\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Manny\n        Ram\\u00edrez]], Dominican baseball player\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Frode Estil]],\n        Norwegian cross-country skier\\n** [[Dave Roberts (outfielder)|Dave Roberts]],\n        American baseball player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Wayne Brady 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wayne\n        Brady]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Urban by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Urban]]]]\\n[[File:Ricardo\n        RikRok Ducent.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rikrok]]]]\\n[[File:C. H. Greenblatt SDCC 2009\n        (crop 2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[C. H. Greenblatt]]]]\\n[[File:Jean Dujardin C\\u00e9sars\n        2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean Dujardin]]]]\\n[[File:XII Prix Di\\u00e1logo (18485723248)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zinedine Zidane]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria Butyrskaya]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Rick Gomez]], American actor\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Wayne Brady]],\n        African-American comedian\\n** [[Wentworth Miller]], American actor and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[June 4]]\\n** [[Derian Hatcher]], American ice hockey player\\n** [[Debra\n        Stephenson]], English actress\\n** [[Stoja]], Serbian [[pop-folk]] singer\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Mike Bucci]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Pawe\\u0142\n        Kotla]], Polish conductor\\n** [[Chokoleit]], Filipino comedian and actor\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Cristina Scabbia]], Italian singer\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Karl Urban]], New Zealand actor\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Chapman To]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Steven Fischer]], American film producer\n        and director\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Matthias Ettrich]], German computer scientist\\n*\n        [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Andy Pettitte]], American baseball player\\n* [[June 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Cho]], Korean-American actor and musician\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**\n        [[Rikrok]], British-Jamaican singer\\n** [[Iztok \\u010cop]], Slovenian rower\\n**\n        [[C. H. Greenblatt]], American animator\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Infernus|Roger\n        \\\"Infernus\\\" Tiegs]], Norwegian black metal musician, original member of [[Gorgoroth]]\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Jean Dujardin]], French actor, comedian, and film director\\n**\n        [[Rayveness]], American porn actress\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Shane Hamman]],\n        American Olympic weightlifter and powerlifter\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Irene\n        van Dyk]], South African and New Zealand netball player\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Miguel del Toro]], Mexican baseball player\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Zinedine\n        Zidane]], French footballer\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Robbie McEwen]], Australian\n        professional road bicycle racer\\n** [[Denis \\u017dvegelj]], Slovenian rower\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Delgado]], Puerto Rican baseball player\\n* [[June\n        28]]\\n** [[Maria Butyrskaya]], Russian figure skater\\n** [[Jon Heidenreich]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Samantha Smith]], American\n        peace activist (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Nawal Al Zoghbi]], Lebanese singer\\n* [[June\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Molly Parker]], Canadian actress\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Robert-esmie.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Esmie]]]]\\n[[File:Sof\\u00eda Vergara May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sof\\u00eda\n        Vergara]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew Holness cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew Holness]]]]\\n[[File:Maya\n        Rudolph.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maya Rudolph]]]]\\n[[File:6.29.13WilWheatonByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wil\n        Wheaton]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] - [[Darren Shan]], British author\\n* [[July 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Asha Gill]], British-born television host\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Alexei\n        Shirov]], Spanish chess Grandmaster\\n** [[Craig Spearman]], New Zealand cricketer\\n*\n        [[July 5]] -- [[Robert Esmie]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Mark Gasser]], British concert pianist\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Stoney Case]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Lisa Leslie]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Sourav Ganguly]], Indian cricketer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**\n        [[Sof\\u00eda Vergara]], Colombian actress and model\\n** [[Tilo Wolff]], German\n        musician\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Travis Best]], American basketball player\\n**\n        [[Jake Wood]], English actor\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Justin Edwards (actor)|Justin\n        Edwards]], English actor and writer\\n** [[Sean Waltman]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Masami Suzuki]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Fredrik \\u00c5kesson]], Swedish guitarist\\n* [[July 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Daedalus Howell]], American writer and filmmaker\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Catherine Ndereba]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Andrew\n        Holness]], 9th [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]]\\n** [[Keyshawn Johnson]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Marlon Wayans]], American actor, comedian,\n        producer, and screenwriter\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Nathan Buckley]], Australian\n        rules footballer\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Takako Fuji]], Japanese actress\\n**\n        [[Maya Rudolph]], American actress, comedian\\n** [[Takashi Shimizu]], Japanese\n        director\\n** [[Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]], Malaysian orthopaedic surgeon and\n        the first commercial astronaut\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Berkley]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Yum Jung-ah]], South Korean actress\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Wil\n        Wheaton]], American actor\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Tami Stronach]], Iranian-born\n        dancer and former actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:D-Von Dudley WrestleMania\n        32 Axxess.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Devon Hughes]]]]\\n[[File:Geri Halliwell attends\n        New Year''s Eve Party.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Geri Halliwell]]]]\\n[[File:Ben Affleck\n        by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben Affleck]]]]\\n[[File:Denise Lewis\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denise Lewis]]]]\\n[[File:CameronDiazByCarolineRenouard2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cameron\n        Diaz]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Marc Costanzo]], Canadian musician\\n** [[Devon\n        Hughes]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Chris Bender\n        (singer)|Chris Bender]], American musician (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Kelly Richardson]],\n        Canadian contemporary artist\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Patrik Isaksson (singer)|Patrik\n        Isaksson]], Swedish singer and songwriter\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Geri Halliwell]],\n        British pop singer ([[Spice Girls]])\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Sarah Cawood]],\n        British television presenter\\n** [[Karen Disher]], American voice actress\\n**\n        [[Brad Patton]], Swedish pornographic actor\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[A-mei]],\n        Taiwanese singer\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Angie Harmon]], American actress\\n*\n        [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Jonathon Prandi]], American model and actor\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Demir Demirkan]], Turkish rock musician and songwriter\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Coachman]], American World Wrestling Entertainment announcer\\n* [[August 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kevin Plank]], American entrepreneur ([[Under Armour]])\\n* [[August\n        14]]\\n** [[Takako Honda]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Yoo Jae-suk]], South\n        Korean comedian and television comedy show host\\n** [[Ed O''Bannon]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Ben Affleck]], American actor and\n        film director\\n** [[Mikey Graham]], Irish singer ([[Boyzone]])\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Slinger]], British actor\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Frankie Boyle]], Scottish\n        comedian\\n** [[Emily Robison]], American country music performer ([[Dixie\n        Chicks]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Ken Ryker]], American pornographic actor\\n*\n        [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Leo Ku]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[August 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Sammi Cheng]], Hong Kong singer and actress\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Chaney Kley]], American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Anthony\n        Calvillo]], Canadian Football League quarterback\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Marvin\n        Harrison]], American football player\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Samar Kokash]],\n        Syrian actress and voice actress\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Denise Lewis]], English\n        track and field athlete,\\n** [[Jimmy Pop]], American musician\\n** [[Mike Smith\n        (actor)|Mike Smith]], Canadian actor\\n** [[The Great Khali]], ([[Dalip Singh\n        Rana]]), Indian promoter, actor, powerlifter and professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Bae Yong-joon]], South Korean actor\\n* [[August 30]]\\n**\n        [[Cameron Diaz]], American actress\\n** [[Pavel Nedv\\u011bd]], Czech footballer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Idris\n        Elba 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Idris Elba]]]]\\n[[File:Natasha Kaplinsky 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natasha\n        Kaplinsky]]]]\\n[[File:Jimmy Carr, 2015-04-13 3 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy\n        Carr]]]]\\n[[File:Vebjorn Rodal Klabu2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vebj\\u00f8rn Rodal]]]]\\n[[File:Liam\n        Gallagher.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liam Gallagher]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Pilkington 2008\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Pilkington]]]]\\n[[File:GwynethPaltrowByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gwyneth\n        Paltrow]]]]\\n[[File:Dita Von Teese at Cannes 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dita Von\n        Teese]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Sergejs \\u017doltoks]], Latvian hockey\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Fran\\u00e7oise Yip]], Chinese-Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Idris Elba]], English actor\\n** [[Martin\n        Gooch]], English filmmaker\\n** [[Anika Noni Rose]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Sean Daley]], American hip-hop musician ([[Atmosphere (music\n        group)|Atmosphere]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Lisa Kennedy Montgomery]], American\n        disc jockey and political satirist\\n** [[Os du Randt]], South African rugby\n        player\\n** [[Tomokazu Seki]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Natasha Kaplinsky]], English newsreader\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Sara Groves]],\n        American Christian musician\\n** [[Bledar Sejko]], Albanian guitarist, composer,\n        and singer\\n** [[Ghada Shouaa]], Syrian athlete\\n** [[Rio Tahara]], Japanese\n        snowboarder\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[Budi Putra]], Indonesian journalist,\n        writer and blogger\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Kelly Chen]], Hong Kong actress\n        and singer\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Queen Letizia of Spain]]\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Carr]], British comedian\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Sprent Dabwido]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n** [[Alessandro Nunziati|Alessandro \\\"Lord Vampyr\\\" Nunziati]],\n        Italian singer, record producer and writer ([[Theatres des Vampires]], [[Cain\n        (band)|Cain]], [[Lord Vampyr''s Shadowsreign]])\\n** [[Vebj\\u00f8rn Rodal]],\n        Norwegian Olympic athlete\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Lee]], Asian-American\n        comedian\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jim Druckenmiller]], National Football\n        League quarterback\\n** [[Ashot Nadanian]], Armenian chess player, theoretician\n        and coach\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Liam Gallagher]], British singer ([[Oasis\n        (band)|Oasis]])\\n** [[Jon Kitna]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Sergio Di Zio]], Canadian actor\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Dana\n        Vespoli]], American porn actress and director\\n** [[Matthew Rush (pornographic\n        actor)|Matthew Rush]], American gay pornographic actor\\n* [[September 23]]\\n**\n        [[Ana Marie Cox]], American author and blogger\\n** [[Karl Pilkington]], English\n        radio producer\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Karyn Bosnak]], American author\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Shawn Stockman]], American singer and musician ([[Boyz\n        II Men]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Sylvia Crawley]], American basketball\n        player\\n** [[Gwyneth Paltrow]], American actress\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Dita Von Teese]], American [[burlesque]] artist\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Robert Webb]], comedian and actor\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Ari Behn]],\n        Norwegian author\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Lima]], Dominican baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Indian singer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Eminem DJ\n        Hero.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eminem]]]]\\n[[File:GabrielleUnionFeb09 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gabrielle\n        Union]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Kim.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sandra Kim]]]]\\n[[File:Tarkan\n        (9).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tarkan (singer)|Tarkan]]]]\\n[[File:Matt Dawson UNICEF\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matt Dawson]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Jean Paulo\n        Fernandes]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Konstantinos Papadakis\n        (pianist)|Konstantinos Papadakis]], Greek pianist\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Kim\n        Joo-hyuk]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Guy Oseary]], Israeli-American businessman\\n*\n        [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Van Darkholme]], Vietnamese-American gay pornographic\n        actor, director, and photographer\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Aaron Guiel]], Canadian\n        baseball player\\n** [[Grant Hill]], African-American basketball player\\n*\n        [[October 6]]\\n** [[Anders Iwers]], Swedish musician\\n** [[Ko So-young]],\n        South Korean actress\\n** [[J. J. Stokes]], American football player\\n* [[October\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Kim Myung-min]], South Korean actor\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Etan\n        Patz]], missing American schoolboy\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Jun Lana]],\n        Filipino playwright and screenwriter\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Claudia Black]],\n        Australian actress\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Mechele Linehan]], American\n        murderer\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Sandra Kim]], Belgian singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1986 winner\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Eminem]], American rapper\n        and actor\\n** [[Sharon Leal]], American actress and director\\n** [[Tarkan\n        (singer)|Tarkan]], Turkish singer\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Sayaka Aoki (voice\n        actress)|Sayaka Aoki]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Evgeny\n        Afineevsky]], Russian-born American film director and producer\\n** [[Masakazu\n        Morita]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Evhen Tsybulenko]], Ukrainian professor\n        of international law\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[D''Lo Brown]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Saffron Burrows]], British actress\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Kim\n        Ji-soo (actress)|Kim Ji-soo]], South Korean actress\\n** [[Scott Peterson]],\n        American convicted murderer\\n** [[Pat Williams (American football)|Pat Williams]],\n        American football player\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Lee Clark (footballer)|Lee\n        Clark]], English footballer\\n** [[Elissa (Lebanese singer)|Elissa]], Lebanese\n        singer\\n** [[Marika Krook]], Finnish singer ([[Edea (musical group)|Edea]])\\n**\n        [[Maria de Lurdes Mutola]], Mozambican athlete\\n** [[Brad Radke]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Terrell Davis]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Brad Paisley]], American [[country music]] singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Takafumi Horie]], Japanese entrepreneur\\n** [[Tracee\n        Ellis Ross]], American actress\\n** [[Gabrielle Union]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Matt Dawson]], English rugby player and TV personality\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Jenny\n        McCarthy at E3 2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jenny McCarthy]]]]\\n[[File:Samantha\n        Womack 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Samantha Womack]]]]\\n[[File:Thandie Newton by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thandie Newton]]]]\\n[[File:Rebecca Romijn\n        in Marchesa 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rebecca Romijn]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Dane March\n        2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eric Dane]]]]\\n[[File:Josh Duhamel SXSW 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Josh\n        Duhamel]]]]\\n[[File:Jonny Lee Miller Comic-Con 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jonny\n        Lee Miller]]]]\\n[[File:Arjun Rampal 12.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Arjun Rampal]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** [[Mario Barth]], German comedian\\n** [[Toni Collette]],\n        Australian actress, singer, and musician\\n** [[Jenny McCarthy]], American\n        actress and model\\n** [[Naoki Yanagi]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\n** [[Vladimir Vorobiev]], Russian ice hockey player\\n** [[Samantha Womack]],\n        British actress\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Lu\\u00eds Figo]], Portuguese footballer\\n*\n        [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Krassimir Avramov]], Bulgarian singer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[November 6]]\\n** [[Adonis Georgiades]], Greek historian and politician,\n        [[Ministry of Health and Social Security (Greece)|Greek Minister of Health]]\\n**\n        [[Thandie Newton]], British actress\\n** [[Rebecca Romijn]], American actress\n        and model\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Danny Grewcock]], British rugby player\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Maja Marijana]], Serbian pop-folk singer\\n** [[Gretchen\n        Mol]], American actress\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Eric Dane]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Doug Russell (radio personality)|Doug Russell]], American sports media personality\\n**\n        [[Naomi Shind\\u014d]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Lou Ferrigno]], American\n        bodybuilder, actor\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Lou Brutus]], American radio host,\n        musician and photographer\\n** [[Shawn Green]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Adam Beach]], Canadian actor\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Takuya Kimura]], Japanese actor\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Matt Bloom]], American\n        wrestler\\n** [[Josh Duhamel]], American actor and model\\n* [[November 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jonny Lee Miller]], English American actor\\n* [[November 16]]\\n**\n        [[Aurelia Dobre]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Missi Pyle]], American\n        actress and singer\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Veronica Avluv]], American porn\n        actress\\n** [[Alf-Inge H\\u00e5land]], Norwegian footballer\\n* [[November 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Arjun Rampal]], Indian actor\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Jesper Str\\u00f6mblad]],\n        Swedish musician\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Andreas Goldberger]], Austrian\n        ski jumper\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Christopher Fitzgerald (actor)|Christopher\n        Fitzgerald]], American actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Daniel Alfredsson 2013-05-24.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Daniel\n        Alfredsson]]]]\\n[[File:Miranda Hart in 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Miranda Hart]]]]\\n[[File:9.12.15AlyssaMilanoByLuigiNovi17.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alyssa\n        Milano]]]]\\n[[File:Jude Law - Headshot.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jude Law]]]]\\n* [[December\n        4]]\\n** [[Marc Bator]], German journalist and television presenter\\n** [[Y\\u016bko\n        Miyamura]], Japanese voice actress, actress and singer\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Cole Youngblood]], American pornographic actor\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013\n        [[M\\u00f3nica Santa Mar\\u00eda]], Peruvian model and TV host (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** [[Hermann Maier]], Austrian skier\\n** [[Tammy Lynn Sytch]],\n        American wrestling manager and personality\\n** [[Jason Winer]], American actor,\n        comedian, writer, director and producer\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Tr\\u00e9\n        Cool]], American rock musician and drummer ([[Green Day]])\\n* [[December 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Brian Molko]], American musician ([[Placebo (band)|Placebo]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Daniel Alfredsson]], Swedish-Canadian former ice hockey\n        player\\n** [[LaMont Smith]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[December 12]]\\n**\n        [[Wilson Kipketer]], Kenyan-Danish athlete\\n** [[Brandon Teena]], American\n        murder victim (d. 1993)\\n** [[Quan Yeomans]], Australian musician; leader\n        singer of [[Regurgitator]]\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Chris Grant (footballer)|Chris\n        Grant]], Australian footballer\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Miranda Hart]],\n        British Comedian and Actress\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Rodney Harrison]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Lee Jung-jae]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Stuart Townsend]],\n        Irish actor\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Angela Bloomfield]], New Zealand actress\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], Indian actor\\n**\n        [[Laurie Holden]], American-Canadian actress and human rights activist\\n*\n        [[December 18]] – [[Eimear Quinn]], Irish Celtic singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1996 winner\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Alyssa Milano]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Rosa Blasi]], American actress\\n** [[Warren Sapp]], American\n        football player\\n* [[December 20]] - [[Gen Urobuchi]], Japanese writer\\n*\n        [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Vanessa Paradis]], French singer and actress\\n* [[December\n        23]]\\n** [[Morgan (singer)|Morgan]], Italian singer, composer, multi-instrumentalist\n        and [[X Factor (Italy)]] judge\\n** [[Christian Potenza]], Canadian actor/voice\n        actor\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Klaus Schnellenkamp]], German-Chilean author\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Josh Freese]], American musician and drummer\\n** [[Qu\n        Yunxia]], Chinese middle-distance runner\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Shane\n        Meadows]], English director\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Colin Charvis]], Welsh\n        rugby player\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Patrick Rafter]], Australian tennis\n        player\\n** [[Adam Vinatieri]], American football player\\n* [[December 29]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jude Law]], British actor\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Kerry Collins]],\n        American football player\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Joey McIntyre]], American\n        actor and singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Imaani]],\n        English singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1998 runner-up\\n* [[Marente de\n        Moor]], Dutch writer\\n* [[Artur \\u017burawski]], Polish cinematographer and\n        director\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Frederick IX of Denmark.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Frederick IX of Denmark]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad Daoud Profile Picture.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mohammad\n        Al-Abbasi]]]]\\n[[File:Mahalia Jackson 1962, van Vechten, LC-USZ62-91314.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mahalia\n        Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mahendra of\n        Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Maurice Chevalier]],\n        French singer and actor (b. [[1888]])\\n** Patriarch [[Maximus V of Constantinople]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Jane Morgan (actress)|Jane Morgan]], British-born American\n        actor and singer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Chen Yi (general)|Chen\n        Yi]], Chinese communist military commander and politician (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Emma P. Carr]], American spectroscopist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Edwin Hugh Lundie]], American architect (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Patchen]], American poet and painter (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Wesley\n        Ruggles]], American film director (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Ted\n        Shawn]], American dancer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Aksel Larsen]],\n        Danish politician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 King [[Frederick\n        IX of Denmark]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Ross Bagdasarian,\n        Sr.]], American record producer (''''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks]]'''') (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Rochelle Hudson]], American actress (b.\n        [[1916]])\\n** [[Betty Smith]], American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        18]]\\n** [[Clarence Earl Gideon]], Defendant during civil rights court case\n        (''''[[Gideon v. Wainwright]]'''') (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[George Mitchell (actor)|George\n        Mitchell]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\n** [[Mohammad\n        Al-Abbasi]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and 45th [[Prime Minister of\n        Jordan]] (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Richard Fraser (actor)|Richard Fraser]], British\n        actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Jerome Cowan]], American actor\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi]], Emir\n        of United Arab Emirates\\n** [[Erhard Milch]], German field marshal and ''''Luftwaffe''''\n        officer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Mahalia Jackson]], American\n        gospel singer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[January 29]] -- [[Hugh McDermott (actor)|Hugh\n        McDermott]], British actor and golfer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]] (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Maria\n        Goeppert-Mayer.jpg|[[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]]|thumb|110px|[[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Jessie Royce Landis]], American actress (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[John Litel]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Orlando Ward]], American general (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Marianne Moore]], American poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 7]]\\n**\n        [[Walter Lang]], American film director (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Bob Woodward (actor)|Bob\n        Woodward]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Jan Wils]],\n        Dutch architect (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[John Grierson]],\n        Scottish documentary filmmaker (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Maria\n        Goeppert-Mayer]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Walter Winchell]], American journalist (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Zhang Guohua]], Chinese general and politician (b.\n        [[1914]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Tedd Pierce]], American animator (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Dan Katchongva]], Native American traditional leader (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Pat Brady]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[February 29]]\n        -- [[Pietro Ubaldi]], Italian author, teacher, philosopher (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Harold Barrowclough]], New Zealand general, lawyer and\n        chief justice (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Fredric Brown]], American\n        science fiction and mystery writer (b. [[1906]]).\\n** [[Zack Wheat]], American\n        baseball player ([[Brooklyn Dodgers]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Len Ford]], American football player ([[Cleveland\n        Browns]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1926]])\\n**\n        [[Tony Ray-Jones]], British photographer (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Pie Traynor]], American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Marilyn\n        Maxwell]], American actress (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[David McCallum,\n        Sr.]], British violinist and father of actor David McCallum (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Crist\\u00f3bal Balenciaga]], Spanish couturier (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Margaret Dale (actress)|Margaret Dale]], American actress (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]]\\n** [[Sharkey Bonano]], American jazz musician (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[M. C. Escher]], Dutch artist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[J. Arthur\n        Rank]], British industrialist and film producer (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Ferde\n        Grof\\u00e9.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ferde Grof\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        146-1994-034-22A, Heinrich L\\u00fcbke.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heinrich L\\u00fcbke]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 102-11032, August Zaleski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[August Zaleski]]]]\\n[[File:Kwame\n        Nkrumah (JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Kwame Nkrumah]]]]\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Franz Halder]], German general (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Gil Hodges]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Ferde Grof\\u00e9]],\n        American pianist and composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Adam Clayton\n        Powell, Jr.]], American politician (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Elsa Ratassepp]], Estonian\n        actress (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Stefan Wolpe]], German-born composer (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Isabel Jewell]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April\n        6]]\\n** [[Ralph D. Cornell]], American architect (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Brian\n        Donlevy]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Heinrich L\\u00fcbke]], 6th [[President\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Betty Blythe]], American actress\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** Patriarch [[Ephraim II of Georgia]] (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Abeid\n        Karume]], President of Zanzibar (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Victor Wong (actor born\n        1906)|Victor Wong]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[August Zaleski]],\n        Polish economist, politician and diplomat, 6th [[President of Poland]] (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[James F. Byrnes]], [[United States Secretary\n        of State]] and Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme\n        Court]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Carlo Gualandri]], Italian actor\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[George H. Plympton]], American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Dorothy Dalton]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] -- [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis de Oriol y Urig\\u00fcen]], Spanish businessman,\n        architect and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Yasunari Kawabata]],\n        Japanese writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] -- [[Elizabeth Clark (author)|Elizabeth Clark]], British author\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[George Sanders]], British actor (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Fernando Amorsolo]], Filipino painter (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Kwame Nkrumah]], Ghanaian politician, 1st\n        [[Prime Minister of Ghana]] and 1st [[President of Ghana]] (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 King [[Ntare V of Burundi]] (b. [[1947]])\\n* [[April 30]]\n        \\u2013 [[Gia Scala]], British actress (b. [[1934]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:FBIHoover.jpg|thumb|110px|[[J.\n        Edgar Hoover]]]]\\n[[File:%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%94%EC%84%9D.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Lee\n        Beom-seok (prime minister)|Lee Beom-seok]]]]\\n[[File:Edward Prince of Wales\n        during his visit to Canada in 1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edward VIII]]]]\\n* [[May\n        2]] \\u2013 [[J. Edgar Hoover]], American Federal Bureau of Investigation director\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Bruce Cabot]], American actor (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Edward Calvin Kendall]], American chemist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 5]]\\n**\n        [[Reverend Gary Davis]], American gospel musician and reverend (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Martiros Saryan]], Armenian painter (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Frank Tashlin]],\n        American film director (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Deniz Gezmi\\u015f]],\n        Turkish revolutionary (b. [[1947]])\\n* [[May 11]] -- [[Lee Beom-seok (prime\n        minister)|Lee Beom-seok]], Korean activist, 1st [[Prime Minister of South\n        Korea]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Steve Ihnat]], American actor\n        (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Dan Blocker]], American actor (''''Bonanza'''')\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Sidney Franklin (director)|Sidney Franklin]],\n        American film director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Cecil Day-Lewis]],\n        British poet (b. [[1904]])\\n** Dame [[Margaret Rutherford]], English actress\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]],\n        Canadian art director (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Tarcisio Vincenzo\n        Benedetti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Asta Nielsen]],\n        Danish silent film actress (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Ismail Yassine]], Egyptian\n        comedian and actor (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[May 25]] -- [[Jos\\u00e9 Sebasti\\u00e3o\n        e Silva]], Portuguese mathematician (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 The\n        Duke of Windsor (the former King [[Edward VIII]]) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 29]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Indian actor and director (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Walter Freeman (neurologist)|Walter Freeman]], American physician\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Joe Deakin 1908.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joe\n        Deakin]]]]\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Edward Milford]], Australian general (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Saul Alinsky]], American political activist\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]], Austrian biologist (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Edmund Wilson]], American writer and critic (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 13]]\\n**\n        [[Georg von B\\u00e9k\\u00e9sy]], Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Stephanie von Hohenlohe]],\n        Austrian-born German World War II spy (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Clyde McPhatter]],\n        American singer (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Felix Stump]], American admiral (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] -- [[J\\u00f3hannes Gunnarsson]], Icelandic [[Roman Catholic]]\n        prelate and venerable (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Milton Humason]],\n        American astronomer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Vladimir Durkovi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian footballer (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Nicholas Hannen (actor)|Nicholas\n        Hannen]], British actor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Jan Matulka]], American painter\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Charles Sullivan (actor)|Charles Sullivan]], American\n        actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 30]] -- [[Joe Deakin]], British Olympic athlete\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal Leoni 1965.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Leoni]]]]\\n[[File:Talal of Jordan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Talal of Jordan]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] -- [[Norman Cottom]], American basketball player (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Fielding Smith]], 10th president of [[The Church\n        of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 3]] -- [[Abdulkadir\n        Dheel]], Somali military figure\\n* [[July 4]] -- [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]],\n        Argentine entrepreneur (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Ra\\u00fal Leoni]],\n        55th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Brandon\n        deWilde]], American actor (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** Patriarch [[Athenagoras\n        I of Constantinople]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Pedro Laurenz]], Argentine composer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n** King [[Talal of Jordan]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[July 11]] --\n        [[Celina Guimar\\u00e3es Viana]], Brazilian professor and suffragist (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] -- [[Dolores Della Penna]], American murder victim (b. [[1954]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]] -- [[Mikl\\u00f3s Dud\\u00e1s (bishop)|Mikl\\u00f3s Dud\\u00e1s]],\n        Hungarian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and servant of God (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Ralph Craig]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n** King\n        [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Max Aub]],\n        Mexican-born Spanish novelist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 23]] -- [[Adolfo Casais\n        Monteiro]], Portuguese essayist, poet and writer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[July 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lance Reventlow]], American playboy and race car driver (b. [[1936]])\\n*\n        [[July 25]]\\n** [[Am\\u00e9rico Castro]], Spanish historian and philologist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Oscar Elton Sette]], American fisheries scientist (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 Count [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]],\n        Austrian-Japanese politician, geopolitician and philosopher (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Helen Traubel]], American soprano (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July\n        31]]\\n** [[Alfons Gorbach]], Austrian politician, 15th [[Chancellor of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Paul-Henri Spaak]], Belgian politician and statesman,\n        31st [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] and 2nd [[Secretary General of NATO]] (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Max Theiler nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max\n        Theiler]]]]\\n[[File:Juan Manuel Galvez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan Manuel G\\u00e1lvez]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 7]]\\n** [[Joi Lansing]], American actress (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Tom\n        Neal]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Andrea Feldman]],\n        American actress (b. [[1948]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Teresa Franchini]],\n        Italian actress (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Max Theiler]], South African-born American\n        virologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Oscar Levant]], American pianist and actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Jules Romains]], French poet and writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Pierre Brasseur]], French actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Mohamed\n        Oufkir]], Moroccan general (assassinated) (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**\n        [[Rudolf Belling]], German sculptor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[James Patterson (actor)|James\n        Patterson]], American actor (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[Juan Manuel\n        G\\u00e1lvez]], 39th [[President of Honduras]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Harold Rainsford\n        Stark]], American admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Heinz Ziegler]],\n        German general (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 23]] -- [[Salvatore Naturale]], American\n        criminal (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Jinichi Kusaka]], Japanese\n        admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Juan Carlos Paz]], Argentine\n        composer and music theorist (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Francis\n        Chichester]], British sailor and aviator (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Yung Fung-shee]], Hong Kong philanthropist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prince William of Gloucester]] (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Ren\\u00e9 Leibowitz]], French composer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[August 30]] --\n        [[Augusto Bertazzoni]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and servant\n        of God (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Warren Kealoha 1924.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Warren\n        Kealoha]]]]\\n[[File:MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Max Fleischer]]]]\\n*\n        September – [[Prince Ismail Imaduddeen]] (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[September\n        1]] \\u2013 [[He Xiangning]], Chinese revolutionary, feminist, politician,\n        painter and poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Yumashev (admiral)|Ivan\n        Yumashev]], Soviet admiral (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 5]] ([[Munich massacre]]):\\n**\n        [[Yossef Romano]], Israeli weightlifter (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Moshe Weinberg]],\n        Israeli wrestling coach (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[September 6]] ([[Munich massacre]]):\\n**\n        [[David Mark Berger]], Israeli weightlifter (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Ze''ev Friedman]],\n        Israeli weightlifter (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Yossef Gutfreund]], Israeli wrestling\n        referee (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Eliezer Halfin]], Israeli wrestler (b. [[1948]])\\n**\n        [[Amitzur Shapira]], Israeli athletics coach (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Kehat Shorr]],\n        Israeli shooting coach (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Mark Slavin]], Israeli wrestler\n        (b. [[1954]])\\n** [[Andre Spitzer]], Israeli fencing coach (b. [[1945]])\\n**\n        [[Yakov Springer]], Israeli weightlifting judge (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Warren Kealoha]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Max Fleischer]], American animator (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 [[William Boyd (actor)|William Boyd]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Lane Chandler]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[September 15]]\\n** [[\\u00c1sgeir \\u00c1sgeirsson]], 2nd President of Iceland\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Fisher]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Kent Hewitt]], American admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Thomas L. Sprague]], American admiral (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Peter Stephens\n        (actor)|Peter Stephens]], British actor (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Akim Tamiroff]],\n        Soviet actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Robert Casadesus]],\n        French pianist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Henry de Montherlant]],\n        French writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Charles Correll]], American\n        radio actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Robert E. Dolan]], American composer (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Louis\n        Leakey.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Louis Leakey]]]]\\n[[File:Edward Cook (athlete) 1908.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Edward\n        Cook (athlete)|Edward Cook]]]]\\n[[File:Sikorsky, Igor.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Igor\n        Sikorsky]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Louis Leakey]], British paleontologist\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[October 4]] -- [[Taro Shoji]], Japanese singer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Yefremov]], Soviet paleontologist and science\n        fiction author (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[October 8]] -- [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Cuenco]],\n        Filipino [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and servant of God (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\n** [[Dave Bancroft]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Indians]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Miriam\n        Hopkins]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 13]] -- [[Jose Villa\n        Panganiban]], Filipino lexicographer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Leo G. Carroll]], English actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 17]] -- [[George,\n        Crown Prince of Serbia]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\n** [[Esma Cannon]],\n        British actress (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Edward Cook (athlete)|Edward Cook]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Harlow Shapley]],\n        American astronomer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 21]] -- [[Marcelino Olaechea]],\n        Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and servant of God (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]]\\n** [[Jackie Robinson]], African-American baseball player ([[Brooklyn\n        Dodgers]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Claire\n        Windsor]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Igor\n        Sikorsky]], Soviet aviation engineer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Mitchell Leisen]], American film director (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 29]]\n        \\u2013 [[Victor Milner]], American cinematographer (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ezra\n        Pound passport photograph undated.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ezra Pound]]]]\\n[[File:Arnold\n        Jackson 1912.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Arnold Jackson (athlete)|Arnold Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Ezra Pound]], American poet (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Harry Richman]], American entertainer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Reginald Owen]], English actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rudolf Friml]], Czech composer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 13]]\\n**\n        [[Arnold Jackson (athlete)|Arnold Jackson]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Margaret Webster]], American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Martin Dies, Jr.]], American politician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 17]]\\n**\n        [[L\\u00e9opold Dion]], Canadian sex offender and serial killer (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Thomas C. Kinkaid]], American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Eug\\u00e8ne Minkowski]],\n        French psychiartist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Danny Whitten]],\n        American musician (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Marie Wilson (American\n        actress)|Marie Wilson]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[November 25]]\n        \\n** [[Henri Coand\\u0103]], Romanian aerodynamics pioneer (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Mary M. Crawford]], American surgeon (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Havergal Brian]], English composer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Carl Stalling]], American composer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Hans Erich Apostel]], Austrian composer (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Antonio\n        Segni Official.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antonio Segni]]]]\\n[[File:Rene Mayer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ren\\u00e9\n        Mayer]]]]\\n[[File:Harry S. Truman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harry Truman]]]]\\n[[File:Lester\n        B. Pearson with a pencil.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lester B. Pearson]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]]\\n** [[Antonio Segni]], Italian politician, 34th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        (1955\\u20131957, 1959\\u20131960), and 4th [[President of Italy]] (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Andreas Tzimas]], Greek communist politician and Resistance leader (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Ettore Bastico]], Italian field marshal (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Lim\\u00f3n]], Mexican choreographer (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Yip Man]],\n        master of [[Wing Chun]] Kung Fu (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Bill\n        Johnson (double-bassist)|Bill Johnson]], American musician (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Janet Munro]], British actress (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[December\n        9]]\\n** [[William Dieterle]], German film director (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Louella\n        Parsons]], American gossip columnist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Thomas H. Robbins, Jr.]], American admiral (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 13]]\n        -- [[Ren\\u00e9 Mayer]], French politician, 91st [[Prime Minister of France]]\n        (b. [[1895]]) \\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Edward Earle]], Canadian actor\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Gabby Hartnett]], American baseball\n        player ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Paul Hausser]], German Waffen SS general (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy Wallington]], American radio personality (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Andrei Tupolev]], Soviet aircraft designer\n        (b. [[1888]]).\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Charles Atlas]], Italian-born American\n        [[strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] and [[sideshow]] performer (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Gisela Richter]], English art historian (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Daniel McVey]], Australian public servant (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[C. Rajagopalachari]], Indian politician and freedom-fighter. Last\n        Governor-General of India (1948\\u201350) (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Harry S. Truman]], 33rd [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Lester B. Pearson]], Canadian scholar, statesman,\n        soldier and politician, 8th [[President of the United Nations General Assembly]]\n        and 14th [[Prime Minister of Canada]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Link Lyman]], American football\n        player ([[Chicago Bears]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Clemente]], Puerto Rican\n        baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]] (b. [[1934]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[John Bardeen]], [[Leon Neil Cooper]],\n        [[John Robert Schrieffer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013\n        [[Christian B. Anfinsen]], [[Stanford Moore]], [[William H. Stein]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Gerald M.\n        Edelman]], [[Rodney R. Porter]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Heinrich B\\u00f6ll]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]] \\u2013 [[John Hicks]],\n        [[Kenneth Arrow]]\\n\\n==Other academic awards==\\n* [[Turing Award]] \\u2013\n        [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1972}}\\n[[Category:1972|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T13:31:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":799725517,\"length\":101821,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972\"},\"34751\":{\"pageid\":34751,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1973\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-08T14:50:09Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}} \\n{{Year dab|1973}}\\n{{Events by month|1973}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1973}} \\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1973}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1973}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** The [[United Kingdom]], the [[Republic\n        of Ireland]] and [[Denmark]] enter the [[European Economic Community]], which\n        later becomes the [[European Union]].\\n** [[Columbia Broadcasting System|CBS]]\n        sells the [[New York Yankees]] for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led\n        by [[George Steinbrenner]] (3.2 million dollars less than CBS bought the Yankees\n        for).\\n* [[January 5]] – American rock band [[Aerosmith]] releases their\n        debut album.\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Mark Essex]] kills 9 people at the\n        [[Howard Johnson''s]] hotel in downtown [[New Orleans]].\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Elvis Presley]]''s [[Aloha from Hawaii|concert]] in Hawaii is the first\n        worldwide telecast by an entertainer, that is watched by more people than\n        watched the Apollo moon landings.\\n** [[American football]]: The [[Miami Dolphins]]\n        complete the first and only [[1972 Miami Dolphins season|perfect season]]\n        in [[National Football League]] history by defeating the [[Washington Redskins]]\n        14-7 in [[Super Bowl VII]] at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]]. \\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Citing progress in peace negotiations, U.S.\n        President [[Richard Nixon]] announces the suspension of offensive action in\n        [[North Vietnam]].\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Anna Christian Waters]], 5\n        years old, disappears from her home in Purisima Canyon, near [[Half Moon Bay,\n        California]].\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Ferdinand Marcos]] becomes [[President\n        for Life]] of the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[January 18]] – Eleven [[Labour\n        Party (UK)|Labour Party]] councillors in [[Clay Cross]], [[Derbyshire]], England,\n        are ordered to pay \\u00a36,985 for not enforcing the Housing Finance Act.\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Richard Nixon]] is [[Second inauguration of Richard\n        Nixon|sworn in]] for a second term as President of the United States.\\n* [[January\n        21]] – The [[Communist League (Denmark)|Communist League]] is founded\n        in Denmark.\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** ''''[[Roe v. Wade]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme\n        Court]] overturns state bans on abortion.\\n** [[George Foreman]] defeats [[Joe\n        Frazier]] to win the heavyweight world [[boxing]] championship.\\n** A [[Royal\n        Jordanian]] [[Boeing 707]] flight from [[Jeddah]] crashes in [[Kano]], [[Nigeria]];\n        176 people are killed.\\n** Former U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] dies\n        at his [[Stonewall, Texas]], ranch, leaving no former U.S. President living\n        until the resignation of [[Richard Nixon]] in [[1974]].\\n** The crew of [[Apollo\n        17]] addresses a joint session of Congress after the completion of the final\n        Apollo moon landing mission.\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Eldfell]] on the [[Iceland]]ic\n        island of [[Heimaey]] erupts.\\n** U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces\n        that a peace accord has been reached in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        English actor [[Derren Nesbitt]] is convicted of assaulting his wife [[Anne\n        Aubrey]].\\n* [[January 27]] – U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]]\n        ends with the signing of the [[Paris Peace Accords]].\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American]] and [[Trans World Airlines]] cancelled\n        their options to buy 13 [[Concorde]] airliners.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|February 1973}}\\n* [[February 6]] – Toronto: Construction on\n        the [[CN Tower]] begins.\\n* [[February 8]] – A military insurrection\n        in [[Uruguay]] poses an institutional challenge to President [[Juan Mar\\u00eda\n        Bordaberry]].\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The first American\n        prisoners of war are released from [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 12]] –\n        [[Ohio]] becomes the first U.S. state to post distance in [[SI|metric]] on\n        signs (see [[Metrication in the United States]]).\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        The [[United States dollar]] is devalued by 10%.\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        The [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales]] rules that ''''[[The Sunday Times]]''''\n        can publish articles on [[thalidomide]] and [[Distillers Company]], despite\n        ongoing legal actions by parents (the decision is overturned in July by the\n        [[Judicial functions of the House of Lords|House of Lords]]).\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114]] ([[Boeing 727]]) is shot\n        down by [[Israel]]i [[fighter aircraft]] over the [[Sinai Desert]], after\n        the passenger plane is suspected of being an enemy military plane. Only 5\n        (1 crew member and 4 passengers) of 113 survive.\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Sino-American relations]]: Following President [[Richard Nixon]]''s [[1972\n        Nixon visit to China|visit]] to [[mainland China]], the United States and\n        the People''s Republic of China agree to establish liaison offices.\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Edward Heath]]''s British government publishes a Green Paper\n        on prices and incomes policy.\\n[[Image:Flag of the American Indian Movement.svg|right|150px|thumb|Flag\n        of the American Indian Movement]]\\n* [[February 27]] – The [[American\n        Indian Movement]] occupies [[Wounded Knee, South Dakota]].\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**\n        The [[Republic of Ireland]] general election is held. [[Liam Cosgrave]] becomes\n        the new [[Taoiseach]].\\n** The landmark postmodern novel ''''[[Gravity''s\n        Rainbow]]'''' by [[Thomas Pynchon]] is published.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main article|March\n        1973}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** ''''[[Charlotte''s Web (1973 film)|Charlotte''s\n        Web]]'''', the animated film based on the children''s book of the same name,\n        is released.\\n** [[Dick Taverne]], having resigned from the [[Parliament of\n        the United Kingdom]] on leaving the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], is\n        re-elected as a ''Democratic Labour'' candidate.\\n** [[Pink Floyd]]''s ''''[[The\n        Dark Side of the Moon]]'''', one of rock''s landmark albums, is released in\n        the US. It is released in the UK on March 24.\\n*  [[March 2]] – [[Wellington\n        Street bus station]] in [[Perth]], Australia, is opened by  western Australia''s\n        premier [[John Tonkin]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham\n        Hotspur]] wins the [[Football League Cup]] final at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]],\n        beating [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] 1\\u20130.\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Comet Kohoutek]] is discovered.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Northern Ireland sovereignty\n        referendum, 1973|Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum]] (the \\\"Border Poll\\\"):\n        98.9% of those voting in the province want [[Northern Ireland]] to remain\n        within the [[United Kingdom]]. Turnout is 58.7%, although less than 1% for\n        Catholics.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9/newsid_2516000/2516477.stm|work=On\n        This Day|title=Northern Ireland votes for union|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=1973-03-09|accessdate=2012-06-19}}\n        This is the first referendum on regional government in the U.K.\\n** [[Provisional\n        Irish Republican Army]] bombs explode in [[Whitehall]] and the [[Old Bailey]]\n        in London.\\n* [[March 10]] – Sir [[Richard Sharples]], Governor of [[Bermuda]],\n        is assassinated in Government House.\\n* [[March 12]]  – Last episode\n        of original ''''Laugh-In'''' airs on NBC. The show will continue with re-runs\n        until May 14, 1973.\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] opens the modern\n        [[London Bridge#Modern London Bridge|London Bridge]].\\n** Many of the few\n        remaining United States soldiers begin to leave [[Vietnam]]. One reunion of\n        a former POW with his family is immortalized in the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning\n        photograph ''''[[Burst of Joy]]''''.\\n* [[March 20]] – A British government\n        White Paper on [[Northern Ireland]] proposes the re-establishment of an Assembly\n        elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – The [[Lofthouse Colliery disaster]] occurs in Great Britain.  Seven\n        miners are trapped underground; none survive.{{Cite web|title=The Lofthouse\n        Colliery Disaster|date=January 2003|work=[[BBC]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/sense_of_place/lofthouse_colliery_disaster.shtml|accessdate=28\n        July 2011}}\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Watergate scandal]] (United States):\n        In a letter to [[John Sirica|Judge John Sirica]], Watergate burglar [[James\n        W. McCord, Jr.]] admits that he and other defendants have been pressured to\n        remain silent about the case.  He names former [[John N. Mitchell|Attorney\n        General John Mitchell]] as ''overall boss'' of the operation.\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – TV [[soap opera]] ''''[[The Young and the Restless]]'''' debuts on\n        [[CBS]].\\n* [[March 27]] – At the 45th Academy Awards, ''''[[The Godfather]]''''\n        wins best picture.https://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/45th-winners.html\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – The last United States soldier leaves Vietnam.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main\n        article|April 1973}}\\n* [[April 2]] – The [[LexisNexis]] computerized\n        legal research service begins.\\n* [[April 3]] – The first handheld [[mobile\n        phone]] call is made by [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]] of [[Motorola]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[April 4]] – The [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World\n        Trade Center]] complex in New York City is officially dedicated with a [[ribbon-cutting\n        ceremony]].\\n* [[April 5]][[Image:Pioneer G (Pioneer 11) launch.jpg|thumb|px200|The\n        launch of the [[Atlas-Centaur]] carrying the Pioneer G (11) spacecraft on\n        April 5, 1973.]]\\n** [[Fahri Korut\\u00fcrk]] becomes the sixth president of\n        [[Turkey]].\\n** ''''[[Pioneer 11]]'''' is launched on a mission to study the\n        [[Solar System]].\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Ron Blomberg]] of the [[New York\n        Yankees]] becomes the first [[designated hitter]] in [[Major League Baseball]].\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – ''''[[Tu te reconna\\u00eetras]]'''' by [[Anne-Marie David]]\n        (music by [[Claude Morgan]], text by [[Vline Buggy]]) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1973]] for [[Luxembourg]]. \\n* [[April 8]] – Artist [[Pablo\n        Picasso]] dies at his home in France.\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Israel]]i\n        commandos raid [[Beirut]], assassinating 3 leaders of the [[Palestinian political\n        violence|Palestinian Resistance Movement]]. The Lebanese army''s inaction\n        brings the immediate resignation of Prime Minister [[Saeb Salam]], a [[Sunni]]\n        Muslim.\\n* [[April 11]] – The [[British House of Commons]] votes against\n        restoring [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|capital punishment]]\n        by a margin of 142 votes.\\n* [[April 12]] – The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour\n        Party]] wins control of the [[Greater London Council]].\\n* [[April 15]] –\n        [[Naim Talu]], a former civil servant, forms the new government of [[Turkey]]\n        (36th government).\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** The German counter-terrorist force\n        [[GSG 9]] is officially formed in response to the [[Munich\n        massacre]].\\n** [[FedEx|Federal Express]] officially begins operations, with\n        the launch of 14 small aircraft from [[Memphis International Airport]]. On\n        that night, Federal Express delivers 186 packages to 25 U.S. cities from [[Rochester,\n        New York]], to [[Miami, Florida]].\\n** The [[Morganza Spillway]] on the Mississippi\n        River is opened for the first time in order to prevent catastrophic flooding\n        of New Orleans.\\n* [[April 20]] – An [[Indian Pacific]] train en route\n        to [[Perth]] derails near [[Broken Hill, New South Wales]], destroying a quarter\n        mile of track.\\n* [[April 26]] – The first day of trading on the [[Chicago\n        Board Options Exchange]].\\n* [[April 28]] \\n**The last section of the [[IRT\n        Third Avenue Line]] from [[149th Street (IRT Third Avenue Line)|149th Street]]\n        to [[Gun Hill Road (IRT Third Avenue Line)|Gun Hill Road]] in [[The Bronx]]\n        is closed.\\n**Six Irishmen, including [[Joe Cahill]], are arrested by the\n        [[Irish Naval Service]] off [[County Waterford]], on board a coaster carrying\n        5 tons of weapons destined for the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: President [[Richard Nixon]] announces\n        that White House Counsel [[John Dean]] has been fired and that Attorney General\n        [[Richard Kleindienst]] has resigned along with staffers [[H. R. Haldeman]]\n        and [[John Ehrlichman]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{main article|May 1973}}\\n* [[May\n        1]] – An estimated 1,600,000 workers in the United Kingdom stop work\n        in support of a [[Trades Union Congress]] \\\"day of national protest and stoppage\\\"\n        against the Government''s anti-inflation policy.\\n[[image:Sears Tower ss.jpg|thumb|250px|Willis\n        Tower]]\\n* [[May 3]] – The [[Willis Tower]] in Chicago is topped-out,\n        becoming the world''s tallest building at {{convert|1451|ft|m}}.\\n* [[May\n        5]]\\n** [[Shambu Tamang]] becomes the youngest person to climb to the summit\n        of [[Mount Everest]]. \\n** [[Sunderland\n        A.F.C.]] defeats [[Leeds United A.F.C.]] in the [[1973 FA Cup Final]].\\n**\n        [[Secretariat (horse)|Secretariat]] wins the [[Kentucky Derby]] in a dramatic\n        come from behind victory and setting a new Derby record of 1:59 2/5ths.\\n**\n        [[Led Zeppelin]] plays before 56,800 persons at [[Tampa Stadium]] on the band''s\n        [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1973|1973 North American Tour]], thus breaking\n        the August 15, 1965, record of 55,600 set by [[The Beatles]] at [[Shea Stadium]].\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – A 71-day standoff between federal authorities and [[American\n        Indian Movement]] activists who were occupying the [[Pine Ridge Reservation]]\n        at [[Wounded Knee, South Dakota]], ends with the surrender of the militants.\n        \\n* [[May 10]]\\n** The [[Montreal\n        Canadiens]] win the [[Stanley Cup]] 4 games to 2 over the [[Chicago Blackhawks]],\n        Yvan Cournoyer was voted MVP. \\n** The [[Polisario Front]], a Sahrawi movement\n        dedicated to the independence of [[Spanish Sahara]], is formed.\\n** The [[New\n        York Knicks]] defeat the [[Los Angeles Lakers]], 102\\u201393 in Game 5 of\n        the [[NBA Finals]] to win the [[NBA]] title.\\n* [[May 11]] – The [[Data\n        Act]] (Sw. ''''Datalagen'''') \\u2212 the world''s first national data protection\n        law \\u2212 is enacted in Sweden.\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Bobby Riggs]] challenges\n        and defeats [[Margaret Court]], the world''s #1 women''s player, in a nationally\n        televised tennis match set in Ramona, CA northeast of San Diego. Riggs wins\n        6-2, 6-1 which leads to the huge [[Battle of the Sexes (tennis)|Battle of\n        the Sexes]] match against [[Billie Jean King]] later in the year on September\n        20.\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** ''''[[Skylab]]'''', the United States'' first [[space\n        station]], is launched.\\n** The [[British House of Commons]] votes to abolish\n        [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|capital punishment]] in [[Northern\n        Ireland]].\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: Televised hearings\n        begin in the [[United States Senate]].\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Second Cod\n        War]]: [[Joseph Godber]], British [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and\n        Food]], announces that [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]]s will protect British trawlers\n        fishing in the disputed 50-mile limit round [[Iceland]].\\n* [[May 19]] –\n        [[Secretariat (horse)|Secretariat]] wins the [[Preakness Stakes]] by 2 1/2\n        lengths over the amazingly quick 2nd placed Sham. A malfunction in the track''s\n        timing equipment prevented a confirmed new track record.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Antony Lambton|Lord Lambton]] resigns from the British government over a\n        ''[[Prostitution|call girl]]'' scandal.\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Royal Canadian\n        Mounted Police]] celebrate 100 year anniversary.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[George\n        Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe|Earl Jellicoe]], [[Lord Privy Seal]] and [[Leader\n        of the House of Lords]] in Britain, resigns over a separate prostitution scandal.\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** ''''[[Skylab 2]]'''' ([[Pete Conrad]], [[Paul J. Weitz|Paul\n        Weitz]], [[Joseph Kerwin]]) is launched on a mission to repair damage to the\n        recently launched ''''[[Skylab]]'''' space station.\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9\n        C\\u00e1mpora]] becomes democratic president of the [[Argentine Republic]]\n        ending the 1966 to 1973 [[Revoluci\\u00f3n Argentina]] military dictatorship.\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – By virtue of the non-retroactivity of Soviet copyright\n        laws, all works published before this date are [[public domain]]. This applies\n        worldwide.{{noMention}}\\n* [[May 30]]\\u2013[[Gordon Johncock]] wins the [[1973\n        Indianapolis 500|Indianapolis 500]] in the [[Patrick Racing|''''Patrick Racing\n        Special'''']] [[All American Racers|Eagle]]-[[Offenhauser]], after only 133\n        laps, due to rain. (The race was begun [[May 28]] but called due to rain.)\\n\\n===June===\\n{{main\n        article|June 1973}}\\n* [[June 1]] – The Greek military junta abolishes\n        the [[monarchy]] and proclaims a [[republic]].\\n* [[June 3]] – A [[Tupolev\n        Tu-144]] crashes at the Paris air show; 15 are killed.\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        A [[patent]] for the [[automated teller machine|ATM]]\n        is granted to [[Donald Wetzel]], Tom Barnes and George Chastain.\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Secretariat (racehorse)|Secretariat]] wins the [[Belmont Stakes]]\n        shattering the record\\\"Secretariat\\\" by Raymond G. Woolfe Jr. by\n        an unbelievable 2 3/5ths seconds, becoming the first [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred\n        Racing]] winner since 1948.\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Henri Pescarolo]] and\n        co-driver [[G\\u00e9rard Larrousse]] (both France) win the [[1973 24 Hours\n        of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] in the [[Equipe Matra Sports|''''Equipe Matra'''']]\n        [[Matra MS670|MS670]]B.\\n* [[June 17]] – The submersible ''''[[Johnson\n        Sea Link]]'''' becomes [[Johnson Sea Link accident|entangled]] on the wreckage\n        of the {{USS|Fred T. Berry|DD-858|6}} off [[Key West, Florida]]. The submersible\n        is brought to the surface the following day, but 2 of the 4 men aboard die\n        of [[carbon dioxide poisoning]].\\n* [[June 18]] – U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] begins several talks with Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]].\\n* [[June\n        20]] – The [[Ezeiza massacre]] occurs in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]].  Snipers\n        shoot at left-wing Peronists, killing at least 13 and injuring more than 300.\\n*\n        [[June 22]] – [[W. Mark Felt]] (\\\"Deep Throat\\\")\n        retires from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]].\\n* [[June 23]] –\n        A house fire in [[Kingston upon Hull]], England, which kills a 6-year-old\n        boy is passed off as an accident; it later emerges as the first of 26 fire\n        deaths caused over the next 7 years by arsonist [[Bruce George Peter Lee|Peter\n        Dinsdale]].\\n* [[June 24]] – Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] addresses\n        the American people on television, the first to do so.\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Erskine Hamilton Childers]] is elected the 4th [[President of Ireland]].\\n**\n        [[Watergate scandal]]: Former [[White House]] counsel [[John Dean]] begins\n        his testimony before the Senate Watergate Committee.\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        At [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]], 9 persons are killed in\n        the explosion of a Cosmos 3-M rocket.\\n* [[June 27]] – [[1973 Uruguayan\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|Coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Uruguay]]: pressed by the military,\n        President [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Bordaberry]] dissolves Parliament; a 12-year-long\n        [[Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay|civic-military dictatorship]] begins.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – Elections are held for the [[Northern Ireland Assembly,\n        1973|Northern Ireland Assembly]], which will lead to power-sharing between\n        [[Unionism in Ireland|unionists]] and [[Irish nationalism|nationalists]] in\n        [[Northern Ireland]] for the first time.\\n* [[June 30]] – A [[Solar\n        eclipse of June 30, 1973|very long total solar eclipse]] occurs. During the entire 2nd millennium, only 7 total solar eclipses exceeded\n        7 minutes of totality.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main article|July 1973}}\\n* [[July\n        1]] – The United States [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] is founded.\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – The [[United States Congress]] passes the Education of\n        the Handicapped Act (EHA) mandating [[Special Education]] federally.\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (CSCE).\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – [[MLB]]: The [[New York Mets]] fall 12\\u00bd games back\n        in last place of the [[National League]] Eastern Division.\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        The [[Isle of Man Post]] begins to issue its own [[postage stamp]]s.\\n** The\n        catastrophic [[BLEVE]] (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) occurs in\n        [[Kingman, Arizona]], following a fire that broke out as [[propane]] was being\n        transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, killing 11 firefighters.  This\n        explosion becomes a classic incident, studied in fire department training\n        programs worldwide.\\n[[image:Saint Andrew''s Cathedral, Singapore - 20090911.jpg|thumb|300px|Saint\n        Andrew''s Cathedral, Singapore]]\\n* [[July 6]] – [[St Andrew''s Cathedral,\n        Singapore]] is gazetted as a [[National Monuments of Singapore|national monument]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** The [[Bahamas]] gains full independence within the [[Commonwealth\n        of Nations]].\\n** The grandson of [[J. Paul Getty]] is kidnapped in Rome.{{noMention}}\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[Varig Flight 820]] crashes near [[Orly]], France; 123\n        are killed.\\n* [[July 12]] – [[National Personnel Records Center fire]]:\n        A major fire destroys the entire 6th floor of the [[National Personnel Records\n        Center]] in St. Louis, Missouri.\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Watergate scandal]]:\n        Former [[White House]] aide [[Alexander Butterfield]] informs the [[United\n        States Senate]] Watergate Committee that President [[Richard Nixon]] had secretly\n        recorded potentially incriminating conversations.\\n* [[July 17]] – King\n        [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] of Afghanistan is deposed by his cousin [[Mohammed\n        Daoud Khan]] while in Italy undergoing eye surgery.\\n* [[July 20]] –\n        \\n**France resumes nuclear bomb tests in [[Mururoa Atoll]], over the protests\n        of Australia and New Zealand.\\n** [[Bruce Lee]], American actor, philosopher,\n        founder of [[Jeet Kune Do]], dies in Hong Kong of [[cerebral edema]] (six\n        days later his final film, ''''[[Enter the Dragon]]'''', is released).\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – The [[Avianca]] Building in [[Bogot\\u00e1]], [[Colombia]]\n        suffers a serious fire.\\n* [[July 25]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        ''''[[Mars 5]]'''' space probe is launched.\\n* [[July 27]] – The New\n        York Dolls release their debut album.\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** The [[Summer Jam\n        at Watkins Glen]], a massive rock festival featuring the [[Grateful Dead]],\n        [[The Allman Brothers Band]] and [[The Band]], attracts over 600,000 music\n        fans.\\n** ''''[[Skylab 3]]'''' ([[Owen Garriott]], [[Jack Lousma]], [[Alan\n        Bean]]) is launched, to conduct various medical and scientific experiments\n        aboard ''''[[Skylab]]''''.\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Formula One]] racing driver\n        [[Roger Williamson]] dies in an accident, witnessed live on European television,\n        during the [[1973 Dutch Grand Prix]].\\n* [[July 30]] – An 11-year legal\n        action for the victims of [[Thalidomide]] ends.{{noMention}}\\n* [[July 31]]\\n**\n        Militant protesters led by [[Ian Paisley]] disrupt the first sitting of the\n        [[Northern Ireland Assembly]].\\n** A [[Delta Air Lines]] [[DC-9]] aircraft\n        flying as [[Delta Air Lines Flight 173]] lands short of Boston''s [[Logan\n        Airport]] runway in poor visibility, striking a sea wall about 165 feet (50\n        m) to the right of the runway centerline and about 3,000 feet (914 m) short.   All\n        6 crew members and 83 passengers are killed, 1 of the passengers dying several\n        months after the accident.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main article|August 1973}}\\n[[image:Flag\n        of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).svg|thumb|150px|Flag of CARICOM]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Caribbean Community and Common Market]] (CARICOM) inaugurated.\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – A flash fire kills 51 at the [[Summerland disaster|Summerland]]\n        amusement centre at [[Douglas, Isle of Man]].{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-23449990|title=Isle\n        of Man ''Shame'' over Summerland Fire Disaster|access-date=5 August 2017|newspaper=BBC\n        News|date=2 August 2013}}\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Black September\n        Organization|Black September]] members open fire at the [[Athens]] airport;\n        3 are killed, 55 injured.\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** South Korean politician [[Kim\n        Dae-jung]] is kidnapped in Tokyo by the [[KCIA]].\\n** American [[serial killer]],\n        [[rapist]], [[kidnapping|kidnapper]] and [[torturer]] [[Dean Corll]] is shot\n        to death by one of his teenage accomplices, [[Elmer Wayne Henley]], at Corll''s\n        [[Pasadena, Texas]] home. Henley turns himself in and confesses, uncovering\n        the Houston Mass Murders, a series of murders in which 28 young boys have\n        been abducted, tortured and murdered by Corll and his accomplices Henley and\n        David Brooks (who is also arrested).\\n* [[August 11]] – [[DJ Kool Herc]]\n        originates the [[hip hop music]] genre in New York City.{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/birthplace-of-hip-hop/|title=Birthplace\n        of Hip Hop|work=[[History Detectives]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2017-08-11}}\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – The U.S. bombing of [[Cambodia]] ends, officially halting\n        12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia according to the [[Case\\u2013Church\n        Amendment]]-an act that prohibites military operations in [[Laos]], Cambodia,\n        and [[North Vietnam|North]] and [[South Vietnam|South]] [[Vietnam]] as a follow\n        up of the [[Paris Peace Accords]]. \\n* [[August 23]] – The [[Norrmalmstorg\n        robbery]] occurs, famous for the origin of the term [[Stockholm syndrome]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main\n        article|September 1973}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The British [[Trades Union\n        Congress]] expels 20 members for registering under the [[Industrial Relations\n        Act 1971]].\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Jackie Stewart]] places fourth at\n        the [[1973 Italian Grand Prix|Italian ''''Grand Prix'''']] at [[Autodromo\n        Nazionale Monza|Monza]], becoming [[List of Formula One World Drivers'' Champions|World\n        Drivers'' Champion]], in the [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]] [[Tyrrell 003|003]]-[[Cosworth]].\\n*\n        [[September 11]] \\n** [[Chile]]''s democratically elected government is overthrown\n        in [[1973 Chilean coup d''\\u00e9tat|a military coup]] after serious instability.\n        President [[Salvador Allende]] allegedly [[Death of Salvador Allende|commits\n        suicide]] during the coup in the [[La Moneda Palace|presidential palace]],\n        and General [[Augusto Pinochet]] heads a U.S.-backed [[military junta]] that\n        governs Chile for the next 16 years.\\n** [[Art Garfunkel]] finally releases\n        his solo debut album ''''[[Angel Clare]]'''', 17 years after starting his\n        career.\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]] dies. His\n        grandson, [[Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden|Carl XVI Gustaf]], becomes king.\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – The two German Republics, the [[West Germany|Federal\n        Republic of Germany]] (West Germany) and the [[German Democratic Republic]]\n        (East Germany), are admitted to the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 20]]\n        – The ''''[[Battle of the Sexes (tennis)|Battle of the Sexes]]'''':\n        [[Billie Jean King]] defeats [[Bobby Riggs]] in a televised tennis match,\n        6\\u20134, 6\\u20134, 6\\u20133, at the [[Astrodome]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]].  With\n        an attendance of 30,492, this remains the largest live audience ever to see\n        a tennis match in US history.  The global audience that viewed on television\n        in 36 countries was estimated at 90 million.\\n* [[September 20]] – Singer-songwriter\n        [[Jim Croce]] dies following a gig at [[Northwestern State University]] in\n        [[Natchitoches, Louisiana]]. Croce boarded a small chartered plane that crashed\n        on takeoff. All six people aboard were killed.\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Henry Kissinger]], [[United States National Security Advisor]], starts his\n        term as [[United States Secretary of State]].\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        The [[Oakland Raiders]] defeat the [[Miami Dolphins]] 12-7, ending the Dolphins''\n        unbeaten streak at 18. It is the Miami Dolphins'' first loss since [[January\n        16]], [[1972]] in [[Super Bowl VI]].\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Soviet space\n        program]]: [[Soyuz 12]], the first Soviet manned flight since the [[Soyuz\n        11]] tragedy in 1971, is launched.\\n** [[Lu\\u00eds Cabral]] declares the independence\n        of the [[Republic of Guinea-Bissau]] from the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado\n        Novo regime]] in [[Portugal]]. It is later granted in September 1974.\\n* [[September\n        28]] – The [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] Building in New York City is bombed\n        in protest at ITT''s alleged involvement in the [[Chilean coup of 1973|September\n        11, 1973, coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Chile]].\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Yankee\n        Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], known as \\\"The House That Ruth Built\\\", closes\n        for a two-year renovation at a cost of $160 million. The [[New York Yankees]]\n        play all of their home games at [[Shea Stadium]] in [[1974]] and [[1975]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main\n        article|October 1973}}\\n[[File:Sydney Opera House Sails.jpg|thumb|[[October\n        20]]: [[Sydney Opera House]] is opened by [[Elizabeth II]]]]\\n* [[October\n        6]] \\n** [[Yom Kippur War]] begins: The fourth and largest [[Arab\\u2013Israeli\n        conflict]] begins, as [[Egypt]]ian and [[Syria]]n forces attack Israeli forces\n        in the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and [[Golan Heights]] on [[Yom Kippur]].\\n** French\n        [[Formula One]] driver [[Fran\\u00e7ois Cevert]] is killed  in the [[Tyrrell\n        Racing|Tyrrell]] [[Tyrrell 003|003]]-[[Cosworth]] during the [[1973 United\n        States Grand Prix|U.S. ''''Grand Prix'''']]. Cevert''s teammate, World Champion\n        [[Jackie Stewart]], announces his retirement after the event.\\n* [[October\n        8]] – [[LBC]] Radio begins broadcasting on 97.3 FM in London.\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Spiro T. Agnew]] resigns as Vice President of the United States\n        and then, in federal court in [[Baltimore]], pleads no contest to charges\n        of [[income tax]] evasion on $29,500 he received in [[1967]], while he was\n        governor of [[Maryland]]. He is fined $10,000 and put on 3 years'' probation.\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[1973 Thai popular uprising|Thai popular uprising]]\n        Students revolt in Bangkok – In the Thammasat student uprising over\n        100,000 people protest in Thailand against the Thanom military government,\n        77 are killed and 857 are injured by soldiers, Thailand.\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[1973 Pacific typhoon season#Typhoon Ruth .28Narsing.29|Typhoon Ruth]]\n        crosses [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]], killing 27 people and causing $5 million\n        in damage.\\n* [[October 17]] – An [[OPEC]] oil embargo against several\n        countries supporting Israel triggers the [[1973 energy crisis]].\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** The [[Saturday Night Massacre]]: U.S. President\n        [[Richard Nixon]] orders Attorney General [[Elliot Richardson]] to dismiss\n        [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] Special Prosecutor [[Archibald Cox]].   Richardson\n        refuses and resigns, along with Deputy Attorney General [[William Ruckelshaus]].   Solicitor\n        General [[Robert Bork]], third in line at the [[United States Department of\n        Justice|Department of Justice]], then fires Cox.   The event raises calls\n        for Nixon''s impeachment.\\n** The [[Sydney Opera House]] is opened by [[Elizabeth\n        II]] after 14 years of construction work.\\n[[File:Bosphorus Bridge.jpg|thumb|[[October\n        30]]: [[Bosphorus Bridge]] was opened by [[Turkish President]] [[Fahri Korut\\u00fcrk]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – The [[Yom Kippur War]] ends.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        The [[United Nations]] recognizes the independence of [[Guinea-Bissau]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – The [[Meteorite fall|Canon City meteorite]], a 1.4 kilogram chondrite type [[meteorite]], strikes Earth in [[Fremont\n        County, Colorado]].\\n* [[October 30]] – The [[Bosphorus Bridge]] in\n        [[Istanbul]], Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and\n        Asia over the [[Bosporus]] for the first time in history.\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape]]: Three [[Provisional Irish Republican\n        Army]] members escape from [[Mountjoy Prison]], [[Dublin]], Republic of Ireland\n        after a hijacked helicopter lands in the exercise yard.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main\n        article|November 1973}}\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: Acting\n        Attorney General [[Robert Bork]] appoints [[Leon Jaworski]] as the new Watergate\n        Special Prosecutor.{{cite news |author=\n        |title=Attorney General, Prosecutor Picked |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q00iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k6wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2082%2C4677\n        |work=The Argus-Press |agency=Associated Press |date=November 1, 1973}}\\n[[Image:Mariner\n        10 1975 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|220px|Mariner 10 Space probe, [[U.S. Space Exploration\n        History on U.S. Stamps|on U.S. Stamps, Space Exploration History, Issue of\n        1975]]]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Pan Am]] cargo flight 160, a [[Boeing 707#Notable\n        accidents|Boeing 707-321C]], crashes at [[Logan International Airport]], [[Boston]],\n        killing 3 people.\\n** [[Mariner program]]: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Mariner\n        10]]'''' toward [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] (on March 29, 1974, it becomes\n        the first [[space probe]] to reach that planet).\\n* [[November 7]] –\n        The [[Congress of the United States]] overrides President [[Richard Nixon]]''s\n        veto of the [[War Powers Resolution]], which limits presidential\n        power to wage war without congressional approval.\\n* [[November 8]] –\n        [[Millennium ''73]], a festival hosted by [[Prem Rawat|Guru Maharaj Ji]] at\n        the [[Astrodome]], is called by supporters the \\\"most significant event in\n        human history\\\".\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Egypt]] and [[Israel]] sign\n        a United States-sponsored cease-fire accord.\\n* [[November 14]] – In\n        the United Kingdom, [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] marries Captain\n        [[Mark Phillips]] in [[Westminster Abbey]] (they divorce in 1992).\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Skylab]] program: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Skylab 4]]'''' ([[Gerald\n        P. Carr|Gerald Carr]], [[William Pogue]], [[Edward Gibson]]) from [[Cape Canaveral,\n        Florida]], on an 84-day mission.\\n** U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] signs\n        the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act]] into law, authorizing the\n        construction of the [[Alaska Pipeline]].\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Watergate\n        scandal]]: In [[Orlando, Florida]], U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] tells\n        400 [[Associated Press]] managing editors \\\"I am not a crook.\\\"\\n** The [[Athens\n        Polytechnic uprising]] occurs against the military regime in [[Athens]], Greece.\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]]''s attorney, [[J.\n        Fred Buzhardt]], reveals the existence of an 18\\u00bd-minute gap in one of\n        the [[White House]] tape recordings related to [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]].\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – Greek dictator [[Georgios Papadopoulos|George Papadopoulos]]\n        is ousted in a military [[coup]] led by Brigadier General [[Dimitrios Ioannidis]].\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – The [[United States Senate]] votes 92\\u20133 to confirm\n        [[Gerald Ford]] as [[Vice President of the United States]].\\n* [[November\n        29]] – 104 people are killed in a Taiyo department store fire in [[Kumamoto]],\n        [[Ky\\u016bsh\\u016b]], Japan.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{main article|December 1973}}\\n*\n        December – [[Chile]] breaks diplomatic contacts with [[Sweden]].{{noMention}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] –  [[Papua New Guinea]] gains self-government from Australia.\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Pioneer program]]: ''''[[Pioneer 10]]'''' sends back\n        the first close-up images of [[Jupiter]].\\n* [[December 6]] – The [[United\n        States House of Representatives]] votes 387\\u201335 to confirm [[Gerald Ford]]\n        as Vice President of the United States; he is sworn in the same day.\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Rhodesia]] executes two Blacks at Salisbury Central Prison\n        for murder http://www.truecrimelibrary.com/crime_series_show.php?series_number=13&id=1049\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Gay rights]]: The [[American Psychiatric Association]]\n        removes [[homosexuality]] from its [[DSM-II]].\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[O. J. Simpson]] of the [[Buffalo Bills]] became the first running back to\n        rush for 2,000 yards in a pro football season.\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        The [[Islamic Development Bank]] is created as a specialized agency of the\n        [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of the Islamic Conference]]\n        (OIC) (effective 12 August 1974).\\n* [[December 20]] – Spanish prime\n        minister [[Luis Carrero-Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero-Blanco|Luis Carrero Blanco]]\n        is assassinated in [[Madrid]] by the separatist organization [[ETA (separatist\n        group)|ETA]].\\n* [[December 23]] – [[OPEC]] doubles the price of [[crude\n        oil]].{{noMention}}\\n* [[December 25]] – The movie premiere of ''''[[The\n        Sting]]'''', starring [[Robert Redford]] and [[Paul Newman]], is held in [[Manhattan]].http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070735/releaseinfo\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – The movie premiere of ''''[[The Exorcist (film)|The\n        Exorcist]]'''' starring [[Ellen Burstyn]] and [[Linda Blair]] is opened in\n        the United States. \\n* [[December 28]] – The [[Endangered Species Act]]\n        is passed in the United States.\\n* [[December 30]] – Terrorist [[Ilich\n        Ram\\u00edrez S\\u00e1nchez|Carlos]] fails in his attempt to assassinate British\n        businessman Joseph Sieff.{{noMention}}\\n* [[December 31]] – In the United\n        Kingdom, due to coal shortages caused by industrial action, the [[Three-Day\n        Week]] electricity consumption reduction measure comes into force.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[ODECA]] functions are suspended.\\n* Economist [[E. F. Schumacher]]\n        publishes his book ''''[[Small Is Beautiful]]''''.\\n* The [[Biblica|New York\n        Bible Society International]]''s [[New International Version]] of the [[New\n        Testament]] translated into modern [[American English]] is published.\\n* The\n        [[National House Building Council]] is formed in the United Kingdom.\\n* The\n        [[COSC]] The Swiss Official [[chronometer watch|Chronometer]] testing Institute\n        is founded in Switzerland by 5 [[Watch]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|Cantons]]\n        & [[Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry]].\\n* The title [[Queen of Australia]]\n        is created by the Royal Style and Titles Act.\\n* A large [[Song dynasty]]\n        trade ship of c. [[1277]] A.D. is dredged up from the waters near the southern\n        coast of China with 12 compartments in its [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]]. It\n        confirms the descriptions of [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]ed hull compartments\n        for [[Junk (ship)|junk]]s in [[Zhu Yu (author)|Zhu Yu]]''s ''''Pingzhou Table\n        Talks'''' of [[1119]].\\n* The [[Sentosa Musical Fountain]] opens alongside\n        the Fountain Gardens in [[Sentosa]], [[Singapore]].\\n* 5 teams tie for the\n        rugby championship: Wales, England, France, Ireland, and Scotland.\\n* [[Miller\n        Lite|Lite Beer]] is introduced in the U.S. by the [[Miller Brewing Company]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Seanpaul01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean\n        Paul]]]]\\n[[File:Portia de Rossi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Portia de Rossi]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Danny Lloyd]], American actor\\n** [[Bryan Thao Worra]],\n        Lao writer\\n** [[Jimi Mistry]], English actor\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Greg\n        de Vries]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[January 5]] \\n** [[Uday Chopra]],\n        Indian actor\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Scott Ferguson]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Jonna Tervomaa]], Finnish singer\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Sean Paul]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Joseph\n        M. Smith]], American actor, writer and producer\\n** [[Hande Yener]], Turkish\n        singer\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Nikolai Khabibulin]], Russian hockey player\\n**\n        [[Gloria Yip]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Giancarlo Fisichella]],\n        Italian race car driver\\n** [[Katie Griffin]], Canadian actress and singer\\n*\n        [[January 15]]\\n** [[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Gal\\u00e1sek]], Czech football player\\n**\n        [[Essam El-Hadary]], Egyptian goalkeeper\\n** [[Maksim Martynov]], Russian\n        engineer\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Josie Davis]], American actress\\n** [[Scott\n        Greenall]], musician, recording engineer, producer, and performance artist\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Cuauht\\u00e9moc Blanco]], Mexican football player\\n*\n        [[January 18]] \\n** [[Burnie Burns]], American filmmaker\\n** [[Crispian Mills]],\n        British musician ([[The Jeevas]], [[Kula Shaker]])\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Ann\n        Kristin Aar\\u00f8nes]], Norwegian footballer\\n** [[Wang Junxia]], Chinese\n        long-distance runner\\n** [[Karen Lancaume]], French actress (d. 2005)\\n**\n        [[Antero Manninen]], Finnish cellist\\n** [[Yevgeny Sadovyi]], Russian swimmer\\n**\n        [[Aaron Yonda]], American YouTube celebrity\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Chris\n        Kilmore]], American rock DJ ([[Incubus (band)|Incubus]])\\n* [[January 22]]\n        – [[Abi Tucker]], Australian actor and singer\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Brendan Rodgers]], Northern Irish football manager\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Shadmehr Aghili]], Iranian pop singer, musician and composer\\n* [[January\n        29]] \\n** [[Louise Hindsgavl]], Danish artist\\n** [[Jason Schmidt]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Jalen Rose]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Shingo Katayama]], Japanese golfer\\n** [[Portia\n        de Rossi]], American actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Oscar De La Hoya, Feb\n        2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Oscar De La Hoya]]]]\\n[[File:Svetlana Boginskaya.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Svetlana\n        Boginskaya]]]]\\n[[File:Mishal Husain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mishal Husain]]]]\\n[[File:Tara\n        Strong Portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tara Strong]]]]\\n[[File:ATB in 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[ATB]]]]\\n[[File:Alexei\n        Kovalev 2011-04-23.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Alexei Kovalev]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Yuri Landman]], Dutch artist and musician\\n** [[Nick Mitchell]], American\n        wrestler\\n** [[Makiko Ohmoto]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[\\u00d3scar P\\u00e9rez\n        Rojas]], Mexican football goalkeeper\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Aleksander\n        Tammert]], Estonian discus thrower\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Ilana Sod]],\n        Mexican journalist\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[James Hird]], former [[Australian\n        rules football]]er for Essendon\\n** [[Brett Hestla]], American musician and\n        record producer.\\n** [[Oscar De La Hoya]], American boxer\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[Trijntje Oosterhuis]], Dutch pop singer\\n** [[Deng Yaping]], Chinese table\n        tennis player\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Turki Al-Dakhil]], Saudi journalist\\n**\n        [[Juwan Howard]], American retired professional basketball player\\n** [[Angel\n        Aquino]], Filipina model, actress and host\\n** [[Mie Sonozaki]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n** [[Kate Thornton]], British television presenter\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Sonia Deol]], British-Asian presenter\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Svetlana Boginskaya]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Gunn-Rita\n        Dahle]], Norwegian mountain biker\\n** [[N\\u00faria A\\u00f1\\u00f3]], Spanish\n        writer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Jeon Do-yeon]], South Korean actress\\n** [[Mishal\n        Husain]], British news presenter for the [[BBC]]\\n** [[Craig Jones (musician)|Craig\n        Jones]], American rock sampler ([[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]])\\n** [[Varg Vikernes]],\n        Norwegian rock musician\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Tara Strong]], Canadian-American\n        voice actress\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Steve McNair]], American football\n        player (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Anna Dogonadze]], German trampoline\n        gymnast\\n** [[Amy Van Dyken]], American swimmer\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Cathy Freeman]], Australian athlete\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Claude\n        Mak\\u00e9l\\u00e9l\\u00e9]], French footballer\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Kimberley\n        Davies]], Australian actress\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Heri Joensen]],\n        Faroese musician ([[T\\u00fdr (band)|T\\u00fdr]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Shota\n        Arveladze]], Georgian football player\\n** [[Gustavo Assis-Brasil]], Brazilian\n        guitarist\\n** [[Scott Phillips (musician)|Scott Phillips]], American rock\n        drummer\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Alexei Kovalev]], Russian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Yordan Yovchev]], Bulgarian gymnast\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Julio Iglesias\n        Jr.]], Spanish singer\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[ATB]], German DJ and music\n        producer\\n** [[Anders Bj\\u00f6rler|Anders]] and [[Jonas Bj\\u00f6rler]], guitarists\\n**\n        [[Marshall Faulk]], American football player\\n** [[Ole Gunnar Solskj\\u00e6r]],\n        Norwegian footballer\\n** [[Jenny Thompson]], American swimmer\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Peter Andre]], English singer and television personality\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Eric Lindros]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Masato\n        Tanaka]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Jim Parsons\n        at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jim Parsons]]]]\\n[[File:Larry Page in\n        the European Parliament, 17.06.2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Larry Page]]]]\\n[[File:AdamGoldsteinDec08.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adam\n        Goldstein]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Jack Davenport]], English actor\\n** [[Anton\n        Gunn]], American politician\\n** [[Ahmed El Sakka]], Egyptian action actor\\n**\n        [[Deltalina|Kathrine Lee-Hinton]], American flight attendant\\n** [[Chris Webber]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Dejan Bodiroga]], Serbian\n        basketball player\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Jennifer Cole]], American actress,\n        model and game show hostess\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Ryan Franklin]], American\n        baseball pitcher\\n* [[March 6]] \\n** [[Peter Lindgren (musician)|Peter Lindgren]],\n        Swedish musician\\n** [[Rumi Ochiai]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[March 7]]\n        – [[Rick Emerson]], American talk show host and author\\n* [[March 9]]\n        – [[Aaron Boone]], American baseball player\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Eva\n        Herzigov\\u00e1]], Czech model and actress\\n** [[John LeCompt]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Dan Swan\\u00f6]], Swedish musician\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Edgar Davids]],\n        Dutch footballer\\n** [[David Draiman]] songwriter and lead singer for the\n        band [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur Darri \\u00d3lafsson]],\n        Icelandic actor\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Lee Jung-jae]], South Korean actor\n        and model\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Caroline Corr]], Irish musician ([[The\n        Corrs]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Luci Christian]], American voice actress\\n*\n        [[March 19]]\\n** [[Magnus Hedman]], Swedish footballer\\n** [[Simmone Jade\n        Mackinnon]], Australian actor\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Arjun Atwal]], Indian\n        golfer\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Jason Kidd]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Jacek B\\u0105k]], Polish footballer\\n** [[Jim Parsons]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Anders Frid\\u00e9n]],\n        Swedish musician\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[T. R. Knight]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Larry Page]], American entrepreneur, founder of and former CEO of [[Google]]\n        (2011-2015)\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Sayaka Aoki (comedian)|Sayaka Aoki]],\n        Japanese comedian\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** [[Matt Nathanson]], American singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Umaga (wrestler)|Umaga]], American wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Marc Overmars]], Dutch footballer\\n** [[Brandi Love]], American porn actress\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Adam Goldstein]], American DJ (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Pharrell\n        Williams - Global Citizen Festival Hamburg 02.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pharrell Williams]]]]\\n[[File:ChristianOConnell.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christian\n        O''Connell]]]]\\n[[File:Adrien Brody Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adrien Brody]]]]\\n[[File:Olympic\n        great Haile Gebrselassie speaking at the Olympic hunger summit in Downing\n        Street, 12 August 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Haile Gebrselassie]]]]\\n[[File:Lee\n        Westwood by Eugene Goh.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lee Westwood]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        [[Stephen Fleming]], New Zealand cricket captain\\n** [[Rachel Maddow]], American\n        political commentator\\n** [[Kris Marshall]], British actor\\n* [[April 2]]\n        – [[Roselyn S\\u00e1nchez]], Puerto Rican-American actress\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n** [[Jamie Bamber]], English actor\\n** [[Matthew Ferguson]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[David Blaine]], American magician\\n** [[Loris Capirossi]],\n        Italian motorcycle racer\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[\\u00c9lodie Bouchez]], French\n        actress \\n** [[Cho Sung-min]], South Korean baseball pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Pharrell Williams]], American musician and producer\n        ([[The Neptunes]])\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Lori Heuring]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Franck Marchis]], American astronomer\\n** [[Rie Miyazawa]], Japanese actress\n        and singer\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Christian O''Connell]], British radio\n        DJ and presenter\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Emma Caulfield]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Roberto Carlos]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[April 11]]\n        – [[Jennifer Esposito]], American actress\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Amr\n        Waked]],  Egyptian film, television, and stage actor\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Sergey Shnurov]], Russian singer\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Adrien Brody]],\n        [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Academy Award]]-winning American actor\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Emanuel Rego]], Brazilian beach volleyball player\\n* [[April\n        16]]\\n** [[Akon]], [[Senegalese American]] rapper, R&B singer, songwriter,\n        and record producer\\n** [[Teddy Cobe\\u00f1a]], Spanish-Ecuadorian Sculptor.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Haile Gebrselassie]], Ethiopian long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[George Gregan]], Australian rugby union footballer\\n*\n        [[April 21]]\\n** [[Mark Dexter]], British actor\\n** [[Katsuyuki Konishi]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Christopher Sabat]], American\n        voice actor\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Sachin Tendulkar]], Indian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Lee Westwood]], English golfer\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Fredrik Larzon]],\n        Swedish rock musician ([[Millencolin]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Sharlee\n        D''Angelo]], Swedish guitarist\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Melissa Fahn]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Elisabeth R\\u00f6hm]], German-American actress\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[David Belle]], French actor\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Jeff Timmons]],\n        American singer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Tori Spelling at The Heart Truth 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tori\n        Spelling]]]]\\n[[File:Sasha Alexander 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sasha Alexander]]]]\\n[[File:Ruslana\n        in Cologne, Germany 04.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Ruslana]]]]\\n[[File:Demetri Martin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Demetri\n        Martin]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Paul Burke (rugby union)|Paul Burke]], Irish\n        rugby player\\n** [[Diana Hayden]], former [[Miss World]] and Indian actress\\n**\n        [[Oliver Neuville]], German footballer\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Florian Henckel\n        von Donnersmarck]], German director\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Brad Martin]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Michael Reiziger]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Guillermo\n        Barros Schelotto]], Argentine footballer\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Johan Hedberg]],\n        Swedish retired hockey goaltender also known as \\\"Moose\\\"\\n* [[May 7]] –\n        [[Paolo Savoldelli]], Italian professional road racing cyclist\\n* [[May 8]]\\n**\n        [[Hiromu Arakawa]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Marcus Brigstocke]], British\n        comedian\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Tegla Loroupe]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[May 10]]\\n** [[Gareth Ainsworth]], English footballer\\n** [[R\\u00fc\\u015ft\\u00fc\n        Re\\u00e7ber]], Turkish football goalkeeper\\n* [[May 12]] \\n** [[Forbes March]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Robert Tinkler]], Canadian voice actor\\n** [[Mackenzie\n        Astin]], American actor\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Natalie Appleton]], Canadian singer\n        ([[All Saints (group)|All Saints]])\\n** [[Shanice]], African-American singer\\n*\n        [[May 16]]\\n** [[Jason Acu\\u00f1a]], American skateboarder and actor\\n** [[Tori\n        Spelling]], American actress\\n** [[K\\u014dsuke Toriumi]], Japanese voice actor\\n**\n        [[Muna AbuSulayman]], Influential Arab and Muslim Media personality\\n* [[May\n        17]]\\n** [[Sasha Alexander]], American actress\\n** [[Joshua Homme]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Tamsier Joof]], British dancer, choreographer and entrepreneur\n        (of Senegalese and Gambian descent) \\n* [[May 18]] – [[Kaz Hayashi]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Dario Franchitti]],\n        former Scottish racecar driver\\n* [[May 20]] \\n** [[Kaya Yanar]], German comedian\\n**\n        [[Elsa Lunghini]], French actress and singer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Noel\n        Fielding]], British comedian\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Emperor Magus Caligula]],\n        Swedish Musician\\n** [[Jacopo Gianninoto]], Italian musician\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Bartolo Col\\u00f3n]], Dominican baseball player\\n** [[Dermot O''Leary]],\n        British TV presenter\\n** [[Ruslana]], Ukrainian pop star, activist,  [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 2004 winner\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Canlis]], American\n        glass artist\\n** [[Demetri Martin]], American comedian\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Leigh Francis]], British comedian\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Cadaveria]], Italian\n        singer ([[Opera IX]])\\n** [[Dominique van Roost]], Belgian tennis player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Heidi\n        Klum Judges Red Carpet event April 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heidi\n        Klum]]]]\\n[[File:Neil Patrick Harris in LG Electronics'' ''Art of the Pixel''\n        New-Media Competition, September 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Neil Patrick Harris]]]]\\n[[File:Carson\n        Daly.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carson Daly]]]]\\n[[File:Maria Naumova 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Marie\n        N]]]] \\n[[File:AL Medaillengewinner im Viererbob bei den Olympischen Spielen\n        2002 cropped.JPEG|thumb|110px|[[Andre Lange]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Fred Deburghgraeve]],\n        Belgian swimmer\\n** [[Adam Garcia]], Australian actor and singer\\n** [[Heidi\n        Klum]], German model\\n** [[Derek Lowe]], American baseball player\\n* [[June\n        2]]\\n** [[Carlos Acosta]], Cuban-born ballet dancer\\n** [[Kevin Feige]], American\n        film producer and president of Marvel Studios\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Lexa\n        Doig]], Canadian actress\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Tedy Bruschi]], American\n        football player\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Faith Evans]], American singer\\n*\n        [[June 12]]\\n** [[Mitsuki Saiga]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Darryl White]],\n        Australian footballer\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Sam Adams (American football)|Sam\n        Adams]], American football player\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Ceca Raznatovic]],\n        Serbian folk singer\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Dean McAmmond]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Neil Patrick Harris]], American actor, comedian, singer, presenter,\n        and host\\n** [[Greg Vaughan]], American actor\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Yumi\n        Kakazu]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Yuko Nakazawa]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Chino Moreno]], American musician\\n*\n        [[June 21]] \\n** [[Fedja van Hu\\u00eat]], Dutch actor\\n** [[Juliette Lewis]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Carson Daly]], American television\n        personality, host of [[NBC]]''s ''''[[The Voice (U.S. TV series)|The Voice]]''''\n        and ''''[[Last Call with Carson Daly]]''''\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Marija\n        Naumova]] (Marie N), Latvian singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest 2002]] winner\\n*\n        [[June 24]] – [[Alexander Beyer]], German actor\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Jamie Redknapp]], English footballer\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Billie Mintz]],\n        American filmmaker\\n** [[Pawe\\u0142 Ma\\u0142aszy\\u0144ski]], Polish actor\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Olve Eikemo]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Gonzalo L\\u00f3pez-Gallego]],\n        Spanish film director\\n** [[Razaaq Adoti]], British actor, producer and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\n** [[Adri\\u00e1n Annus]], Hungarian athlete\\n** [[Kjetil-Vidar\n        Haraldstad|Frost]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Andre Lange]], German Olympic\n        bobsledder\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Robert Bales]], United States Army staff-sergeant\n        and suspect of the [[Kandahar massacre]]\\n** [[Chan Ho Park]], Korean [[Major\n        League Baseball]] player\\n** [[Hidetada Yamagishi]], Japanese bodybuilder\\n**\n        [[Rose Beleng \\u00c0 Ngon]], Cameroonian female volleyball player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Peter\n        Kay comedy masterclass at University of Salford 12 December 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter\n        Kay]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Austin Green.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian Austin Green]]]]\\n[[File:Peter\n        Forsberg 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Forsberg]]]]\\n[[File:Rufus Wainwright\n        Met Opera 2010 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rufus Wainwright]]]]\\n[[File:Kate\n        Beckinsale 2011 Comic-Con (truer color).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kate Beckinsale]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Peter Kay]], British comedian \\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Emma\n        Cunniffe]], British actress\\n** [[Patrick Wilson (American actor)|Patrick\n        Wilson]], American actor\\n** [[Owen H.M. Smith]], American television producer,\n        writer, actor and comedian\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Gackt]], Japanese singer-songwriter\n        and actor\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Charizma]], African-American rapper (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Dominic Power]], English actor\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Natsuki Takaya]], Japanese manga artist\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Luciano Nassyn|pt|3=Luciano Nassyn}}, Brazilian singer\\n** [[Yoon Kyung-shin]],\n        South Korean handball player\\n** [[Troy Garity]], American actor\\n* [[July\n        8]] – [[Medi Sadoun]], French actor\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Enrique Murciano]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Kelly Holcomb]], American football player\\n* [[July 10]]\n        \\n** [[Neil Bannister]], English cricketer\\n** [[Craig Heap]], English gymnast\\n**\n        [[Martin S. Jensen]], Danish professional football goalkeeper\\n** [[McNeil\n        Hendricks]], South African rugby union player\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Konstantinos\n        Kenteris]], Greek athlete\\n** [[Marcelo Charpentier]], Argentine tennis player\\n**\n        [[Link Abrams]], American-New Zealand basketball player\\n** [[Andrew Bird]],\n        American violinist, singer, and songwriter\\n** [[Kris Steele]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Mohsen Torky]], Iranian football player\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Christian\n        Vieri]], Italian footballer\\n* [[July 13]] \\n** [[Danny Williams (boxer)|Danny\n        Williams]], British professional boxer\\n** [[Roberto Mart\\u00ednez]], Spanish\n        football manager \\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Halil Mutlu]], Bulgaria-born Turkish\n        weightlifter\\n** [[Candela Pe\\u00f1a]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]],\n        South Indian actress\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[John Dolmayan]], Lebanese-born rock\n        drummer for the band [[System of a Down]]\\n** [[Brian Austin Green]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Stefano Garzelli]], Italian professional road racing\n        cyclist\\n** [[Graham Robertson]], American filmmaker and author\\n* [[July\n        17]]\\n** [[Daimaou Kosaka]], Japanese comedian\\n** [[Eric Moulds]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Liam Kyle Sullivan]], American comedian\\n** [[Adeel\n        Hashmi]], Pakistani television/film actor, comedian, social worker, producer,\n        filmmaker, and screenwriter\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Chi In-jin]], South Korean\n        boxer\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Nathalie Boltt]], South African actress\\n** [[A\\u00edlton\n        Gon\\u00e7alves da Silva]], Brazilian football player\\n** [[Sa\\u00efd Taghmaoui]],\n        French-American actor and screenwriter\\n** [[Wayne Rigby]], British boxer\\n**\n        [[Diether Ocampo]], Filipino actor, singer and model\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Forsberg]], Swedish hockey player\\n** HRH [[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway|Crown\n        Prince Haakon of Norway]]\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Daniel Jones (musician)|Daniel\n        Jones]], Australian musician and record producer\\n** [[Rufus Wainwright]],\n        American-Canadian musician\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Omar Epps]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Nomar Garciaparra]], American baseball player\\n** [[Fran Healy (musician)|Fran\n        Healy]], Scottish singer-songwriter \\n** [[Monica Lewinsky]], American former\n        White House intern\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Dani Filth]], British vocalist\\n**\n        [[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]], English footballer\\n** [[Tony\n        Vincent]], American actor and singer\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Kate Beckinsale]],\n        English actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Gorden Tallis]], Australian rugby\n        league player\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Steve Staios]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Wanya Morris]], American singer \\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Markus N\\u00e4slund]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n** [[Sonu Nigam]],\n        Indian singer\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jacob Aagaard]], Danish-Scottish chess\n        player\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Edurne Pasaban recibe el Premio Vasco Universal\n        2010 4 (crop).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edurne Pasaban]]]]\\n[[File:Vera Farmiga 2,\n        2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vera Farmiga]]]]\\n[[File:Kristen Wiig TIFF 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kristen\n        Wiig]]]]\\n[[File:Sergey Brin cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sergey Brin]]]]\\n[[File:Howie\n        D NKOTBSB Newcastle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Howie D.]]]]\\n[[File:Grey DeLisle''s\n        Official Wikipedia Pic..JPG|thumb|110px|[[Grey DeLisle]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\n        – [[Edurne Pasaban]], Basque Spanish mountaineer\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Miguel Mendonca]], Anglo-Azorean writer\\n** [[Susie O''Neill]], Australian\n        swimmer\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Asia Carrera]], American actress\\n** [[Vera\n        Farmiga]], American actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Jessica Calvello]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Scott Stapp]], American singer and songwriter ([[Creed\n        (band)|Creed]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Filippo Inzaghi]], Italian footballer\\n**\n        [[Oleksandr Ponomariov]], Ukrainian singer\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Carolyn\n        Murphy]], American model\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Richard Reid]], English\n        terrorist\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Ryoko Shinohara]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Jared Borgetti]], Mexican footballer\\n** [[Jay-Jay Okocha]],\n        Nigerian footballer\\n** [[Kieren Perkins]], Australian swimmer\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** [[Adnan Sami]], Turkish music composer, pianist, singer\\n** [[Kris\n        Mangum]], Professional football player\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Damian Jackson]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** HRH [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess\n        of Norway|Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway]]\\n** [[Marco Materazzi]],\n        Italian football player\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Todd Helton]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Sergey Brin]], Russian-born American\n        entrepreneur, co-founder of [[Google]]\\n** [[Steve McKenna]], American hockey\n        player\\n** [[Nikolai Valuev]], Russian heavyweight boxing champion\\n* [[August\n        22]]\\n** [[Howie D.]], American singer ([[Backstreet Boys]])\\n** [[Kristen\n        Wiig]], American actress, comedian, and screenwriter\\n* [[August 24]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Brown (comedian)|Dave Brown]], English comedian\\n** [[Inge de Bruijn]],\n        Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Dave Chappelle]], African-American actor, comedian\\n**\n        [[Grey DeLisle]], American voice actress\\n** [[Carmine Giovinazzo]], American\n        actor\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Kirby Morrow]], Canadian voice actor\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Abdo Hakim]], Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Lisa Ling]], American journalist\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Paddy\n        Considine at the \\\"Tyrannosaur\\\" Q&A at the Quad in Derby (6202793361).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paddy\n        Considine]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew Lincoln by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andrew\n        Lincoln]]]]\\n[[File:Nas July 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nas]]]]\\n[[File:Puffy\n        AmiYumi 20090704 Japan Expo 65.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ami Onuki]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Ram Kapoor]], Indian actor\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Jennifer\n        Paige]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[September 4]]  \\n** [[Jason David\n        Frank]], American actor and martial artist\\n** [[Diosbelys Hurtado]], Cuban\n        boxer\\n* [[September 5]] \\n** [[Paddy Considine]], British actor, filmmaker\n        and musician\\n** [[Rose McGowan]], American actress\\n* [[September 6]]\\n**\n        [[Carlo Cudicini]], Italian footballer\\n** [[Greg Rusedski]], Canadian-British\n        tennis player\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Shannon Elizabeth]], American actress\\n*\n        [[September 9]] – [[Kazuhisa Ishii]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[September\n        12]]\\n** [[Darren Campbell]], British athlete\\n** [[Paul Walker]], American\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Fabio Cannavaro]], Italian\n        footballer\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Andrew Lincoln]], British actor\\n** [[Nas]],\n        African-American rapper\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Indira Levak]], Croatian\n        lead vocalist of [[Colonia (music group)|Colonia]]\\n** [[Lidija Perkov]],\n        Croatian writer and journalist\\n** [[Julie Cox]], English actress\\n** [[Prince\n        Daniel, Duke of V\\u00e4sterg\\u00f6tland]], n\\u00e9 Olof Daniel Westling, Swedish\n        prince, married to [[Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden|Crown Princess Victoria]]\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Ada Choi]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Brousseau]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[James Marsden]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Ami Onuki]], Japanese singer\\n** [[Mark Shuttleworth]], South\n        African entrepreneur\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Azevedo]], Portuguese\n        cyclist\\n** [[David Zepeda]], Mexican actor, model and singer\\n* [[September\n        20]] – [[Jo Pavey]], British athlete\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Oswaldo\n        S\\u00e1nchez]], Mexican footballer\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Craig McRae]],\n        Australian footballer\\n** [[Yoo Chae-yeong]], South Korean singer and actress\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Eddie George]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Bridgette Wilson-Sampras]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Lainey Lui]], Canadian television personality; one of the co-hosts\n        of [[etalk]]\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Alfie Boe]], English tenor\\n** [[Joe\n        Hulbig]], American ice hockey player\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Mario Lopez\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mario Lopez]]]]\\n[[File:Alex Tagliani -\n        2015 500 Festival Parade - Stierch.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alex Tagliani]]]]\\n[[File:Seth\n        MacFarlane (7607033712).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Seth MacFarlane]]]]\\n[[File:Adam\n        Copeland, 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edge (wrestler)|Adam Copeland]]]]\\n[[File:Verka\n        Serduchka ESC 2007.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Verka Serduchka]]]]\\n[[File:Kari Korhonen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kari\n        Korhonen]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Christian Borle]], American actor\n        and singer\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Melissa Harris-Perry]], African-American\n        political commentator\\n** [[Lene Nystr\\u00f8m]], Norwegian singer ([[Aqua\n        (band)|Aqua]])\\n** [[Verka Serduchka]], Ukrainian Drag queen, comedian and\n        singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 2007 runner-up\\n** [[Proof (rapper)|Proof]],\n        American rapper (D12) (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Neve Campbell]],\n        Canadian actress\\n** [[Richard Ian Cox]], Welsh voice actor and radio host\\n*\n        [[October 4]] \\n** [[Abyss (wrestler)|Chris Parks]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Craig Robert Young]], British actor and singer ([[Deuce (band)|Deuce]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Annabelle Chvostek]], Canadian singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Ioan Gruffudd]], Welsh actor\\n* [[October 8]] –\n        [[Kari Korhonen]], Finnish cartoonist\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Steve Burns]],\n        ''''[[Blue''s Clues]]'''' actor\\n** [[Fabio Lione]], Italian singer \\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Mario Lopez]], American actor\\n* [[October 11]] \\n** [[Takeshi\n        Kaneshiro]], [[Taiwan]]ese/Japanese actor\\n** [[Daisuke Sakaguchi]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Matt Hughes (fighter)|Matt Hughes]], American\n        [[mixed martial arts]] fighter\\n** [[Nanako Matsushima]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Lasha Zhvania]], Georgian politician\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Susy Pryde]], New Zealand cyclist\\n** [[Dax Riggs]], American musician\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Todd van der Heyden]], Canadian journalist and news\n        anchor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Rachel Nichols (journalist)|Rachel Nichols]],\n        American sports journalist\\n** [[Alex Tagliani]], Canadian race car driver\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Joaquin Gage]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Beverley Turner]], British TV and radio presenter\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Ichiro Suzuki]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – [[Levi Leipheimer]], American professional cyclist\\n* [[October 25]]\\n**\n        [[Lamont Bentley]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Seth\n        MacFarlane]], American animator and voice actor; creator of [[Family Guy]]\n        and [[American Dad!]]\\n** [[Taka Michinoku]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[October 28]] \\n** [[Maryam Nawaz]], Pakistani politician\\n** [[Montel Vontavious\n        Porter]], [[WWE Raw]] wrestler\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Robert Pir\\u00e8s]],\n        French football player\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Edge (wrestler)|Adam Copeland]],\n        retired Canadian professional wrestler and 4-time [[WWE]] Champion\\n** [[Silvia\n        Corzo]], Colombian newsreader\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Aishwarya Rai Cannes\n        2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Aishwarya Rai]]]]\\n[[File:Dana Snyder (14739598153).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dana\n        Snyder]]]]\\n[[File:Cskamu 17.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ryan Giggs]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Assia (singer)|Assia]], Algerian singer\\n** [[Li Xiaoshuang]], Chinese\n        gymnast \\n** [[Aishwarya Rai]], Indian actress, [[Miss\n        World]] 1994\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Mick Thomson]], American guitarist\\n**\n        [[Sticky Fingaz|Kirk Jones]], African-American rapper ([[Onyx (hip hop group)|Onyx]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Johnny Damon]], baseball player\\n** [[Peter Emmerich]],\n        American illustrator\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Rumi Shishido]], Japanese\n        voice actress and singer\\n* [[November 8]] – [[David Muir]], American\n        journalist and news anchor \\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Alyson Court]], Canadian\n        actress \\n** [[Nick Lachey]], American singer \\n** [[Maija Vilkkumaa]], Finnish\n        pop rock singer\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Jacqui Abbott]], English singer \\n**\n        [[R\\u00f3bert Gulya]], Hungarian composer\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Betsy Brandt]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Lawyer Milloy]], American football player\\n** [[Dana\n        Snyder]], American voice actor\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Marcus Lemonis]],\n        Lebanese-American businessman, investor, and television personality\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\n** [[Billy Currington]], American country singer\\n** [[Savion Glover]],\n        American tap dancer\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Sav Rocca]], American football\n        player and Australian rules footballer\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Cassie\n        Campbell]], Canadian ice hockey forward and CBC commentator\\n* [[November\n        26]] – [[Peter Facinelli]], American actor\\n* [[November 27]] –\n        [[Sharlto Copley]],  South African producer, actor, and director\\n* [[November\n        28]]\\n** [[Rob Conway]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Jade Puget]],\n        American guitarist\\n** [[Gina Tognoni]], American actress \\n* [[November 29]]\\n**\n        [[Ryan Giggs]], Welsh footballer\\n** [[Raphael Smith]], South African screenwriter\n        and songwriter\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Nimr\\u00f3d Antal]], Hungarian-American\n        film director, screenwriter and actor\\n** [[Im Chang-jung]], South Korean\n        actor\\n** [[Christian (wrestler)|Jason Reso]], Canadian professional wrestler\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Monica\n        Seles 1991.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Monica Seles]]]]\\n[[File:Banks2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tyra\n        Banks]]]]\\n[[File:Stephenie Meyer by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stephenie\n        Meyer]]]]\\n[[File:Seth Meyers by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Seth Meyers]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Monica Seles]], Hungarian-Yugoslavian tennis player\\n**\n        [[Jan Ullrich]], German professional road bicycle racer\\n* [[December 3]]\n        \\n** [[Super Crazy|Francisco Islas Rueda]], Mexican professiomal wrestler\\n**\n        [[Holly Marie Combs]], American actress\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Tyra Banks]],\n        American supermodel, talk show host\\n** [[Steven Menzies]], Australian [[rugby\n        league]] player\\n** [[Michael Jackson (footballer)|Michael Jackson]], former\n        English football defender\\n* [[December 5]] \\n** [[Sorin Grindeanu]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Romania]]\\n** [[Mikelangelo Loconte]], Italian singer\\n** [[Neil\n        Codling]], Member of Suede\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Terrell Owens]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Damien Rice]], Irish singer-songwriter, musician and\n        record producer\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Corey Taylor]], American rock\n        vocalist ([[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]], ''''[[Stone Sour]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[B\\u00e1rbara Padilla]], American operatic soprano\\n* [[December\n        10]] – [[Arden Myrin]], American comedian\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[Mos Def]], African-American rapper and actor\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Tomasz\n        Radzinski]], Canadian footballer\\n** [[Thuy Trang]], Vietnamese-born actress\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Surya Bonaly]], French figure skater\\n*\n        [[December 16]] – [[Scott Storch]], American hip-hop producer\\n* [[December\n        17]] – [[Paula Radcliffe]], British athlete\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Darryl Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Darryl Brown]], Trinidad and West Indian\n        cricketer\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Antti Kasvio]], Finnish swimmer\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Mike Alstott]], American football player\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Paul Foot (comedian)|Paul Foot]], English comedian\\n** [[Stephenie\n        Meyer]], American novelist \\n** [[Kerry Nettle]], Australian politician\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Shalom Harlow]], Canadian model and actress\\n** [[Chris\n        Harris (wrestler)|Chris Harris]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Wilson Cruz]], American actor\\n** [[Kristoffer Zegers]], Dutch\n        composer\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Seth Meyers]], American actor and comedian,\n        currently hosts [[Late Night with Seth Meyers]]\\n** [[Ids Postma]], Dutch\n        speed skater\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Theo Epstein]], American baseball general\n        manager\\n** [[Pimp C]], American rap artist\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Jason\n        Behr]], American actor\\n** [[Ato Boldon]], West Indian athlete\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Nikolay Tsiskaridze]], Russian dancer\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n*\n        [[Hayko]], Armenian singer\\n* [[Tiago Carneiro da Cunha]], Brazilian artist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Eleazar\n        L\\u00f3pez Contreras.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Eleazar L\\u00f3pez Contreras]]]]\\n[[File:37\n        Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n** [[Sir Arthur Elton, 10th Baronet|Sir Arthur Elton]], pioneer of the\n        British documentary film industry (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Sergei Kourdakov]],\n        former KGB agent (b. [[1951]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Eleazar L\\u00f3pez\n        Contreras]], 45th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 7]]\n        – [[Mark Essex]], American spree killer (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Dudley Foster]], English actor (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[Turk Edwards]], American football player ([[Washington Redskins]]) and a\n        member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[January 17]]\n        – [[Herbert D. Riley]], United States Navy admiral (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Max Adrian]], Northern Irish actor (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], 36th [[President of the United\n        States]] (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Kid Ory]], American musician\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[J. Carrol Naish]], American actor\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Edward G. Robinson]], American actor\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[John Banner]], Austrian-born actor\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Ludwig St\\u00f6ssel]], Austrian\n        actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Ragnar Frisch]], Norwegian\n        economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jensen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans D. Jensen]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[J. Hans D. Jensen]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Wally\n        Cox]], American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Tim Holt]], American actor (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Francisco Caama\\u00f1o]], Dominican politician (b.\n        [[1932]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Harold Saxton Burr]], American scientist\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Joseph Szigeti]], Hungarian violinist\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Bowen]], Irish novelist (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n** [[Katina Paxinou]], Greek actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Dickinson W. Richards]], American physician, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Cecil Kellaway]], South African actor (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Pearl\n        Buck (Nobel).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pearl S. Buck]]]]\\n[[File:Cropped screenshot\n        of Ken Maynard in In Old Santa Fe film, 1934.png|thumb|110px|[[Ken Maynard]]]]\\n[[File:No\\u00ebl\n        Coward 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[No\\u00ebl Coward]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Vera\n        Panova]], Soviet-Russian writer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Marie-Anne\n        Desmarest]], French novelist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Pearl\n        S. Buck]], American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Benjam\\u00edn de Arriba y Castro]], Spanish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and cardinal (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Ron \\\"Pigpen\\\"\n        McKernan]], American rock musician ([[Grateful Dead]]) (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Bull Connor]], Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of [[Birmingham,\n        Alabama]], during the [[American Civil Rights Movement]] and member of the\n        [[Ku Klux Klan]] during the 1920s (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Robert Siodmak]], German-born\n        American director (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Frankie Frisch]],\n        American baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Melville Cooper]],\n        British actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Rafael Godoy]], Colombian\n        composer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Chic Young]], American cartoonist (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Giuseppe Ferretto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Johannes Aavik]], Estonian philologist\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Lauritz Melchior]], Danish opera singer (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – [[Adolf Strauss]], German general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Ken Maynard]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Edward Steichen]], American photographer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        26]]\\n** [[Safford Cape]], American composer and musicologist (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        Sir [[No\\u00ebl Coward]], English composer and playwright (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[George Sisler]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis Browns]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Douglas\n        Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton]], Scottish nobleman and pioneering\n        aviator (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Xu Lai 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Xu\n        Lai (actress)|Xu Lai]]]]\\n[[File:Pablo picasso 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pablo Picasso]]]]\\n[[File:Arthur\n        Fadden.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur Fadden]]]]\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Xu Lai\n        (actress)|Xu Lai]], Chinese actress and secret agent (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Pablo Picasso]],  Spanish artist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n**\n        [[Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar]], Palestinian militant (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1930]])\\n** [[Peter T. Snowe]], American politician and businessman (b.\n        [[1943]])\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Henry Darger]], reclusive American [[outsider\n        art]]ist (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Arthur Freed]], American film producer (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[M\\u00e1rio Roberto Emmett Anglim]], American-born Brazilian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and venerable (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Dudley Senanayake]],\n        2nd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[K\\u00e1roly\n        Ker\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian philologist and mythologist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April\n        16]]\\n** [[Nino Bravo]], Spanish singer (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Kert\\u00e9sz\n        (conductor)|Istvan Kertesz]], Hungarian conductor (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Hans Kelsen]], Austrian-born legal theorist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – [[Robert Armstrong (actor)|Robert Armstrong]], American\n        actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Merian C. Cooper]], American aviator,\n        director, and producer (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Arthur Fadden]], Australian politician,\n        13th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Armand\n        Annet]], French colonial official (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Fuad Chehab]], 8th President\n        of Lebanon (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Frank Jack Fletcher]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Irene Ryan]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Jacques Maritain]], Catholic philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[V\\u00e1clav Ren\\u010d]], Czech poet, dramatist and\n        translator (b. [[1911]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Asger Jorn]],\n        Danish painter (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Alan Carney]], American\n        actor and comedian (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Myrna Fahey]], American\n        actress (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Alexander Vandegrift]], American\n        general (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Jack E. Leonard]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Lex Barker]], American actor (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Guerrero Galv\\u00e1n]], Mexican artist (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Frances Marion]], American screenwriter (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Jean Gebser]], German author, linguist and poet (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Jacques Lipchitz]], French American sculptor (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]]\\n** [[Dieudonn\\u00e9 Costes]], French aviator (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Jeannette Rankin]], first U.S. Congresswoman (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – [[Jarno Saarinen]], Finnish motorcycle racer (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] \\n** [[Ivan Konev]], Marshal of the [[USSR]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Vaughn\n        Monroe]], American singer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Joseph Francis\n        Flannelly]], American [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        26]] \\n** [[Jay C. Higginbotham]], American musician (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Karl\n        L\\u00f6with]], German philosopher (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Constantin\n        Daicoviciu]], Romanian historian and archaeologist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[P. Ramlee]], Malaysian film actor, director, singer, songwriter,\n        composer, and producer (b. [[1929]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Mary\n        Kornman]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Dory Funk]],\n        American professional wrestler (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Arna\n        Bontemps]], African-American Harlem Renaissance writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June\n        5]] – [[Max Terhune]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[Emmy G\\u00f6ring]] ''''nee'''' Sonnemann, German actress, second wife of\n        [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Erich von Manstein]],\n        German field marshal (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[William Inge]],\n        American playwright (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Thomas Leonard\n        Harrold]], American army general (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Roger\n        Delgado]], English actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Fay Holden]],\n        American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Mary Carr]], American\n        actress (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Ernest Truex]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Nancy Mitford]], English novelist (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Vasyl Velychkovsky|Vasyl Velychkovsky C.Ss.R]], Ukrainian Catholic bishop,\n        martyr and blessed (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===July===\\n\\n\\n[[File:Robert Ryan in\n        Marine Raiders.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Robert Ryan]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Lee as Kato\n        1967.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bruce Lee]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Yosef Alon]],\n        Israeli pilot, co-founder of the Israeli Air Force, assassinated in the United\n        States (b. [[1929 in the British Mandate of Palestine|1929]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Betty Grable]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Chick Hafey]], American\n        baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[George Macready]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Swede Savage]], American race car driver (b. [[1946]])\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Ellen Kaarma]], Estonian actress (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Golwalkar]],\n        Second [[sarsanghchalak]] of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]]\\n** [[Joe E. Brown]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Otto Klemperer]], German-born conductor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n**\n        [[Max Horkheimer]], German philosopher and sociologist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Veronica\n        Lake]], American actress (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Arthur Calwell]],\n        Australian labor politician (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Ben-Zion Dinur]], Russian-born\n        Israeli educator, historian and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Wilfred Rhodes]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Alexander Mosolov]],\n        Russian composer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Robert Ryan]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Lon Chaney Jr.]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[David Bauer (actor)|David Bauer]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n**\n        [[Willy Fritsch]], German actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Jack\n        Hawkins]], British actor (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Bruce Lee]], Chinese-American\n        martial artist and actor (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Robert Smithson]], American artist\n        (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], American [[World\n        War I]] flying ace and race car driver (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        [[Juli\\u00e1n Acu\\u00f1a Gal\\u00e9]], Cuban botanist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July\n        25]]\\n** [[Amy Jacques Garvey]], Jamaican-born journalist and activist (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n** [[Louis St. Laurent]], 12th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Konstantinos Georgakopoulos]], Greek lawyer\n        and professor, 152nd [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n** [[Henri Charri\\u00e8re]], French writer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Roger\n        Williamson]], British race car driver (b. [[1948]])\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        [[Annibale Bergonzoli]], Italian general (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-J1231-1002-002 Walter Ulbricht, Neujahrsansprache.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Walter\n        Ulbricht]]]]\\n[[File:Fulgencio Batista, 1938.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Fulgencio Batista]]]]\\n[[File:Karl\n        Ziegler Nobel.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Karl Ziegler]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Gian\n        Francesco Malipiero]], Italian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Walter Ulbricht]],\n        German politician, East German leader (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Jean-Pierre Melville]], French film director (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 4]]\n        – [[Eddie Condon]], American jazz musician (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Fulgencio Batista]], 2-time [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[James Beck]], British actor (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Charles\n        Daniels (swimmer)|Charles Daniels]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – [[Douglas Kennedy (actor)|Douglas Kennedy]], American\n        actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Dayanand Bandodkar]], Chief Minister\n        of Goa (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Walter Rudolf Hess]], Swiss physiologist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Ziegler]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Willy Rey]], American model (b. [[1949]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Veda Ann Borg]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Selman\n        Waksman]], Ukrainian-born biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Conrad Aiken]], American\n        writer (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Jean Barraqu\\u00e9]], French composer (b. [[1928]])\\n**\n        [[Paul Williams (The Temptations)|Paul Williams]], American singer ([[The\n        Temptations]]) (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Bonlieu]],\n        French Olympic alpine skiier (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Tol\n        Avery]], American actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Michael Dunn\n        (actor)|Michael Dunn]], American actor (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[John Ford]], American film director (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Tolkien\n        1916.jpg|110px|thumb|[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]]]\\n[[File:Salvador Allende Gossens-.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Salvador\n        Allende]]]]\\n[[File:Gustaf VI Adolf av Sverige som kronprins.jpg|110px|thumb|King\n        [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]]]]\\n[[File:Shaykh Abdullah Daghestani.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Abdullah\n        Fa''izi ad-Daghestani]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Diana Sands]], American\n        actress (b. [[1934]])\\n** [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], British writer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Salvador Allende]], 30th [[President of Chile]] (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n** [[Martha Angelici]], French soprano (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Betty Field]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Sajjad Zaheer]],\n        Urdu writer and revolutionary (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** King [[Gustaf\n        VI Adolf of Sweden]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], Chilean politician\n        and singer-songwriter (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Robert B. McClure]], American general\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Al Sherman]], American songwriter (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] – [[Rafael Franco]], 33rd [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Ken Harada (diplomat)|Ken Harada]], first diplomat\n        from Japan to the [[Holy See]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Gram\n        Parsons]], American musician (b. [[1946]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Jim Croce]],\n        American songwriter (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Glenn Strange]], American actor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Pablo Neruda]], Chilean poet, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**\n        [[Ted Adams (actor)|Ted Adams]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Josu\\u00e9\n        de Castro]], Brazilian writer, physician, geographer and activist against\n        hunger (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Ralph Earnhardt]], American\n        race car driver (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Anna Magnani]], Italian actress (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Norma Crane]], American actress (b. [[1928]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[W. H. Auden]], English poet (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        30]]\\n** [[Abdullah Fa''izi ad-Daghestani]], Syrian Sufi leader (b.  [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Pitseolak]], Inuit photographer and author (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Paavo\n        Nurmi (Antwerp 1920).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paavo Nurmi]]]]\\n[[File:Abebe Bikila,\n        1972 card.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Abebe Bikila]]]]\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Paul Hartman]],\n        American dancer and actor (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Paavo Nurmi]], Finnish Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Sidney Blackmer]], American actor\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Cevert]], French race car driver (b. [[1944]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Gabriel Marcel]], French Catholic existential thinker\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Ludwig von Mises]], Austrian economist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], Austrian mountaineer\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Edmund A. Chester]], American broadcaster\n        and journalist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Ahmed Hamdi]], Egyptian general who fought\n        in [[Yom Kippur]] (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\n** [[Gene Krupa]], American\n        jazz drummer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Thevarparampil Kunjachan]], Indian [[Syro-Malabar\n        Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Ingeborg\n        Bachmann]], Austrian poet and author (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Walt\n        Kelly]], American cartoonist (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Crane Wilbur]], American\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Margaret Caroline Anderson]],\n        American magazine publisher (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Pablo\n        Casals]], Spanish cellist and conductor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Zainal Abidin Ahmad (writer)]], Malaysian nationalist writer\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Abebe Bikila]], Ethiopian Olympic athlete (b. [[1932]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]] – [[Semyon Budyonny]], Cossack cavalryman and Marshal\n        of the Soviet Union (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Allan Lane|Allan\n        \\\"Rocky\\\" Lane]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Cleo\n        Moore]], American actress (b. [[1928]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Virtanen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Artturi\n        Ilmari Virtanen]]]]\\n[[File:LilaLee.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lila Lee]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Greasy Neale]], American football coach ([[Philadelphia Eagles]])\n        and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Marc All\\u00e9gret]], French film director (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[Kiyohide Shima]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Apostol Karamitev]], Bulgarian actor (b. [[1923]])\\n*\n        [[November 10]]\\n** [[David \\\"Stringbean\\\" Akeman]], American banjo player\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Morton Deyo]], American admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Hassan al-Hudaybi]], Egyptian general (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Artturi\n        Ilmari Virtanen]], Finnish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Lila Lee]], American actress\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Alan Watts]], British philosopher\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Allan Sherman]], American comedy\n        writer, television producer, and song parodist (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[November\n        23]]\\n** [[Robert Ellis (actor, born 1933)|Robert Ellis]], American actor\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Sessue Hayakawa]], Japanese-born American actor and film\n        director (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Constance Talmadge]], American actress (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]]\\n** [[Albert DeSalvo]], American criminal, suspect in the\n        [[Boston Strangler]] case (b. [[1931]])\\n** [[Laurence Harvey]], English actor\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Frank Christian (trumpeter)|Frank\n        Christian]], American musician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[John\n        Rostill]], English bassist, musician and composer ([[The Shadows]]) (b. [[1942]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Philip D. Gallery]], American admiral (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[Salvatore Calabrese]], Italian physician (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ben\n        Gurion 1959.jpg|110px|thumb|[[David Ben-Gurion]]]]\\n[[File:Bobby Darin 1959.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Bobby\n        Darin]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[David Ben-Gurion]], 1st [[Prime Minister\n        of Israel]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai]],\n        Pakistani nationalist and political leader (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Giacomo Carboni]],\n        Italian general (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Richard G. Colbert]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\n** [[Emile Christian]], American musician\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Adolfo Ruiz Cortines]], 47th [[President of Mexico]] (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\n** [[Lauri Lehtinen]], Finnish Olympic athlete\n        (b.  [[1908]])\\n** [[Michael O''Shea (actor)|Michael O''Shea]], American actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[December 5]] – Sir [[Robert Watson-Watt]], Scottish\n        engineer, [[radar]] pioneer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Atilio\n        Garc\\u00eda]], Argentine-born Uruguayan football player (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Giuseppe Beltrami]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Antoninho]], Brazilian football player\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Claro Ab\\u00e1nades L\\u00f3pez]], Spanish journalist,\n        publisher, historian and activist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]], Bengali politician (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Luis Carrero Blanco]], Spanish admiral and politician,\n        69th [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (assassinated) (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Raffaele\n        Cadorna, Jr.]], Italian general (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Bobby Darin]], American\n        singer, songwriter, musician, actor, dancer, impressionist and TV presenter\n        (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Joe Caldwell (archaeologist)|Joe Caldwell]],\n        American archaeologist (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Gerard Kuiper]], Dutch-born American\n        astronomer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Vittoria Crispo]], Italian\n        actress (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Fritz Gause]], German historian (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]], Turkish general and\n        statesman, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] and 2nd [[President of Turkey]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Adrian Scott]], American\n        screenwriter, one of the [[Hollywood Ten]] (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Gabriel Voisin]],\n        French aviation pioneer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[William Haines]],\n        American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Harold B. Lee]], American president of\n        [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Marcel-Bruno Gensoul]], French admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Leo Esaki]], [[Ivar Giaever]], [[Brian David Josephson]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Ernst Otto Fischer]], [[Geoffrey\n        Wilkinson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] –\n        [[Karl von Frisch]], [[Konrad Lorenz]], [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Patrick White]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[Henry Kissinger]], [[L\\u00ea \\u0110\\u1ee9c Th\\u1ecd]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]] – [[Wassily\n        Leontief]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1973}}\\n[[Category:1973|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T14:50:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":799571872,\"length\":94512,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973\"},\"34654\":{\"pageid\":34654,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1974\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-27T19:45:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1974}}\\n{{Year nav|1974}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1974}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Rosenkowitz sextuplets|David, Elizabeth, Emma, Grant,\n        Jason and Nicolette Rosenkowitz]] are born in [[Cape Town]], the first [[sextuplets]]\n        in the world where all six babies survive.\\n* [[January 17]] – Two [[commercial\n        diver]]s, Pier Skipness and Robert John Smyth, die from rapid [[Decompression\n        (diving)|decompression]] and drowning in the Norwegian Sector of the [[North\n        Sea]] after their [[diving bell]] [[Drill Master diving accident|abruptly\n        surfaces]] from a depth of {{Convert|320|ft}}.{{cite\n        book|title=North Sea Divers \\u2013 a Requiem|last=Limbrick|first=Jim|pages=96\\u201398|location=Hertford|publisher=Authors\n        OnLine|year=2001|isbn=0 7552 0036 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPp68NAoUF0C&pg=PA96}}{{cite\n        book|title=Into the Lion''s Mouth: The Story of the ''''Wildrake'''' Diving\n        Accident|last=Smart|first=Michael|location=[[Medford, Oregon]]|publisher=Lion''s\n        Mouth Publishing|year=2011|pages=34\\u201335, 148|isbn=978-0-615-52838-0}}\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – The [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] makes\n        its first flight at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California.\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – [[B\\u00fclent Ecevit]], of [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]]\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (37th government, partner [[National\n        Salvation Party|MSP]]).\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Joelma fire|Fire]]\n        breaks out in the [[Joelma Building]] in [[S\\u00e3o Paulo]], Brazil; 177 die,\n        293 are injured, 11 die later of their injuries.\\n** [[Kuala Lumpur]], the\n        capital of [[Malaysia]], is declared a [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|Federal\n        Territory]].\\n* [[February 4]] – Heiress [[Patty Hearst]] is kidnapped\n        outside her [[Berkeley, California]] apartment by the [[Symbionese Liberation\n        Army]].\\n* [[February 8]] – After a record 84 days in [[orbit]], the\n        crew of ''''[[Skylab 4]]'''' returns to Earth.\\n* [[February 12]] –\n        The first episode of children''s television series ''''[[Bagpuss]]'''' airs\n        in Britain.\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Zamalek disaster]]: a [[soccer]]\n        stampede occurs in [[Cairo]], killing 49.\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Turkish Airlines Flight 981]] travelling from Paris to London crashes in\n        a wood near Paris, killing all 346 aboard. This becomes the deadliest single\n        aircraft accident with no survivors.\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** Following a [[hung\n        parliament]] in the [[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|United\n        Kingdom general election]], [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] prime\n        minister [[Edward Heath]] resigns and is succeeded by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]''s\n        [[Harold Wilson]], who previously led the country from [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1964|1964]] to [[United Kingdom general election, 1970|1970]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393301.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1974 Feb: Hung parliament looms|date=April 5, 2005}}\\n**\n        ''''[[People (magazine)|People]]'''' magazine''s first issue released in the\n        U.S. with [[Mia Farrow]] on the cover.\\n* [[March 8]] \\n**[[Charles de Gaulle\n        Airport]] opens in Paris, France. \\n**[[The Brady Bunch]] is cancelled after\n        5 seasons on ABC. \\n**[[Queen (band)|Queen]] releases [[Queen II]] with the\n        single [[Seven Seas of Rhye]].\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Japanese holdout]]:\n        A Japanese World War II soldier, Second Lieutenant [[Hiroo Onoda]], surrenders\n        in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** End of five month [[Petroleum|oil]]\n        [[embargo]] by most [[OPEC]] nations against the United States, Europe and\n        Japan which had caused the [[1973 oil crisis]].\\n** After 23 consecutive years\n        on television, [[Lucille Ball]] airs the finale of ''''[[Here''s Lucy]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – A group of peasant women in [[Chamoli district]], [[Uttarakhand]],\n        India, use their bodies to surround trees in order to prevent loggers from\n        felling them, giving rise to the [[Chipko movement]].\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        The [[Terracotta Army]] of [[Qin Shi Huang]] is discovered at [[Xi''an]],\n        China.{{cite web|title=1974 - Terracotta Army Discovered in China|first=Jennifer|last=Rosenberg|url=http://history1900s.about.com/od/1970s/qt/terracottaarmy.htm|work=About.com\n        20th Century History|accessdate=2013-03-05}}\\n** Launch of the [[Volkswagen\n        Golf]] in [[West Germany]], a modern front-wheel drive hatchback which is\n        expected to replace the iconic [[Volkswagen Beetle]], holder of the world\n        record for the car with the most units produced.\\n\\n===April===\\nApril –\n        The [[world population]] reaches 4 billion people estimated by the [[United\n        States Census Bureau]].\\n\\n* [[April 2]] – French president [[Georges\n        Pompidou]], dies of cancer at 63. [[Alain Poher]] succeeds him immediately;\n        [[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard d''Estaing]] wins the presidential contest in May 1974.\\n*\n        [[April 3]]–[[April 4|4]] – An enormous [[tornado outbreak]] strikes\n        the central parts of the United States, killing around 319 people. Known as\n        the \\\"[[1974 Super Outbreak]]\\\", the event was the largest of its kind until\n        the [[2011 Super Outbreak]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Hank Aaron]] ties [[Babe\n        Ruth]] for the all-time home run record with his 714th at [[Riverfront Stadium]]\n        in [[Cincinnati]].\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Stephen King]] publishes ''''[[Carrie\n        (novel)|Carrie]]'''', his first novel.\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Sweden|Swedish]]\n        pop group [[ABBA]]''s song \\\"[[Waterloo (ABBA song)|Waterloo]]\\\" wins the\n        [[1974 Eurovision Song Contest]] in [[Brighton]], [[England]], UK.\\n** [[California\n        Jam]] is held at the [[Ontario Motor Speedway]] in [[Ontario, California]],\n        attracting 250,000 fans.\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Hank Aaron]] became the\n        all-time [[MLB]] home run leader with his 715th at [[Atlanta]] in front of\n        a national television audience.\\n* [[April 11]] – The [[Kiryat Shmona\n        massacre]] takes place in [[Israel]].\\n* [[April 15]] – As \\\"Tania\\\",\n        [[Patty Hearst]] is photographed wielding an M1 carbine while robbing the\n        Sunset District branch of the Hibernia Bank in San Francisco.\\n* [[April 24]]\n        – ''''[[Guillaume Affair]]'''': exposure of an [[East Germany|East German]]\n        spy [[G\\u00fcnter Guillaume]] within the [[West Germany|West German]] government,\n        leading to the resignation of West German Chancellor [[Willy Brandt]].\\\"[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vc5dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f14NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5274%2C5720303\n        Aide to Willy Brandt arrested for spying]\\\", Observer-Reporter no. 7499, 26\n        April 1974, A5.\\n* [[April 25]] – ''''[[Carnation Revolution]]'''':\n        A left-wing military [[coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup]] in Portugal restores [[democracy]],\n        ending 48 years of [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] and [[Ditadura Nacional]]\n        dictatorship in the country. [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Portuguese Prime\n        Minister]] [[Marcelo Caetano]] flees to [[Brazilian military government|Brazil]]\n        and is granted political asylum by [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]]\n        [[Ernesto Geisel]].\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** An all-female Japanese team\n        summits [[Manaslu]] in [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], becoming the first women\n        to climb an 8,000 metre peak.\\n** The [[Expo ''74]] [[world''s fair]] opens\n        in [[Spokane, Washington]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Willy Brandt]] West Germany''s\n        chancellor resigns; replaced by [[Helmut Schmidt]]\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Dublin\n        and Monaghan bombings]]: The [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] (UVF), explode four\n        car bombs in [[Dublin]] and [[Monaghan]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. The\n        attacks kill 33 civilians and wound almost 300, the highest number of casualties\n        in any single day during \\\"[[The Troubles]]\\\".\\n** A massive, two-hour shootout\n        between the Los Angeles Police Department and members of the [[Symbionese\n        Liberation Army]] leaves six SLA members, including SLA leader [[Donald DeFreeze]],\n        dead. \\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Nuclear test]]: Under Project [[Smiling Buddha]],\n        India successfully detonates its first [[nuclear weapon]], becoming the 6th\n        nation to do so.\\n** The [[Warsaw radio mast]] is completed, the second tallest\n        structure ever built (it collapses on August 8, [[1991]]).\\n* [[May 19]] –\n        The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] defeat the [[Boston Bruins]] to become the first\n        team from the [[1967 NHL expansion]] class to win the [[Stanley Cup]] in the\n        North American [[National Hockey League]].\\n* [[May 30]] – [[NASA]]''s\n        [[ATS-6]] [[satellite]] is launched.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 4]] – The\n        [[Cleveland Indians]] stage an ill-advised [[Ten Cent Beer Night]] for a game\n        against the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] at [[Cleveland Municipal\n        Stadium]]. Cleveland forfeits after alcohol-fueled mayhem and violence spreads\n        from the stands onto the field.\\n* [[June 13]] – The [[1974 FIFA World\n        Cup]] begins in West Germany.\\n* [[June 26]] – The [[Universal Product\n        Code]] is scanned for the first time, to sell a package of [[Wrigley Company|Wrigley]]''s\n        [[chewing gum]] at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio.\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Isabel Per\\u00f3n]] is sworn in as the first female [[President of Argentina]],\n        replacing her sick husband [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]], who dies 2 days later.\\n**\n        [[America Sings]] attraction opens to the public for the first time at [[Disneyland]]\n        in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Germany\n        national football team|West Germany]] beats [[Netherlands national football\n        team|the Netherlands]] 2\\u20131 to win the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]]. The West\n        German football team are awarded the new [[FIFA World Cup Trophy]].\\n* [[July\n        8]] – Two weeks after the attraction''s opening, an 18-year-old employee\n        is crushed to her death while working on [[America Sings]] at [[Disneyland]].\n        This is the first casualty to occur to an employee at a [[Walt Disney Parks\n        and Resorts|Disney Park]].\\n* [[July 15]] – [[News anchor]] [[Christine\n        Chubbuck]] commits suicide during a live broadcast on [[WWSB|WXLT-TV]] in\n        [[Sarasota, Florida]].\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Elmer Wayne Henley]] is sentenced\n        to [[life imprisonment]] for assisting [[Dean Corll]] in murdering 28 [[Texas]]\n        boys from 1970 to 1973.\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Railcar]] explosion in [[Decatur,\n        Illinois]]. A tanker car collides with a [[Norfolk and Western Railway|Norfolk\n        & Western]] boxcar. Seven people are killed, 349 are injured and $18 million\n        in property damage.{{cite web|url=http://www3.gendisasters.com/illinois/13000/decatur-il-tank-cars-explode-july-1974|title=Decatur,\n        IL Tank Cars Explode, July 1974|work=GenDisasters|accessdate=2017-07-23}}\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – The [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] occurs.\\n* [[July 23]]\n        – The [[Greek military junta of 1967\\u201374]] is replaced by a civilian\n        government, the ''''[[metapolitefsi]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Ford sworn-in.jpg|thumb|150px|38th\n        US President Gerald R. Ford]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Italicus Express bombing\n        1974|A bomb explodes]] in a train between Italy and West Germany, killing\n        12 and wounding 48. Italian neo-fascists take responsibility.\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Philippe Petit]] crosses between Twin Towers of the [[World\n        Trade Center (1973\\u20132001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] high-wire\n        walking\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] announces his resignation (effective [[August 9]]).\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – Vice President [[Gerald Ford]] becomes the 38th President of the United\n        States, upon President Nixon''s resignation.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Turkey]]\n        [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invades Cyprus for the second time]], occupying\n        37% of the island''s territory.\\n* [[August 30]] – An express train\n        bound for Germany from [[Belgrade]] [[Zagreb train disaster|derails]] in [[Zagreb]],\n        [[Yugoslavia]] (now [[Croatia]]), killing more than 150 passengers.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n* [[September 8]]\\n**[[TWA Flight 841 (1974)|TWA Flight 841]]\n        crashes into the [[Ionian Sea]] 18 minutes after take off from [[Athens]],\n        after a bomb explodes in the cargo hold, and kills 88 people. \\n**[[Gerald\n        Ford|President Gerald Ford]] pardons former president [[Richard Nixon]].\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – The Portuguese military junta grants independence\n        to [[Guinea-Bissau]].\\n* [[September 12]] – Emperor [[Haile Selassie]]\n        of [[Ethiopia]] is deposed by the [[Derg]], bringing an end to the [[Solomonic\n        dynasty]]''s rule since [[1270]]. The [[Ethiopian Civil War]] begins.\\n* [[September\n        13]] – [[Japanese Red Army]] members [[1974 French Embassy attack in\n        The Hague|seize the French Embassy]] in [[The Hague]], Netherlands.\\n* [[September\n        20]] – The [[Kootenai War]] is declared, and 10-cent tolls are charged\n        on [[U.S. Highway 95]].\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Ceefax]] (one of the\n        first public service information systems) is started by the [[BBC]].\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – The UK Labour government of Harold Wilson wins the\n        [[United Kingdom general election, October 1974|second general election of\n        the year]], forming a three-seat majority. Wilson, who has led the party for\n        a total of 11 years, has now won four of the five general elections he has\n        contested.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393307.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1974 Oct: Wilson makes it four|date=April 5, 2005}}\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[The Rumble in the Jungle]] takes place in [[Kinshasa]], [[Zaire]],\n        where [[Muhammad Ali]] knocks out [[George Foreman]] in 8 rounds to regain\n        the [[Heavyweight]] title, which had been stripped from him 7 years earlier.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** The [[World Tourism Organization]] (WTO or WToO) is established.\\n**\n        The German [[Electronic music|electronic]] band [[Kraftwerk]] releases their\n        studio album ''''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]''''.\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] makes big gains\n        nationwide in [[United States elections, 1974|House, Senate and Gubernatorial\n        elections]].\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Ronald DeFeo, Jr.]], murders his entire\n        family in their home in [[Amityville, New York|Amityville]] on [[Long Island]],\n        an event that inspires the story of ''''[[The Amityville Horror]]''''.\\n**\n        [[McDonald''s]] open their first UK restaurant in Woolwich, South East London.http://metro.co.uk/2015/05/15/someones-dug-up-the-first-ever-uk-mcdonalds-menu-from-1974-guess-how-much-a-value-meal-cost-5198551/\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Arecibo message]]: The [[radio telescope]] at the\n        [[Arecibo Observatory]] on [[Puerto Rico]] sends an interstellar radio message\n        towards [[Messier 13]], the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. The message\n        will reach its destination around the year [[Timeline of the far future#Spacecraft\n        and space exploration|27,000]].\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Birmingham pub\n        bombings]]: In [[Birmingham]], England, two [[pub]]s are bombed, killing 21\n        people in an attack widely believed at the time to be linked to the [[Provisional\n        Irish Republican Army]]. The [[Birmingham Six]] are later sentenced to life\n        in prison for this, but their convictions are quashed after a lengthy campaign.{{cite\n        news|title=1974: Birmingham pub blasts kill 19|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549953.stm|publisher=BBC|work=On\n        This Day|accessdate=2013-02-06|date=November 21, 1974}}\\n* [[November\n        18]] – The [[International Energy Agency]] is founded.\\n* [[November\n        22]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] grants the [[Palestine\n        Liberation Organization]] [[observer status]].\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        A skeleton from the [[Hominidae|hominid]] species ''''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''''\n        is discovered and named [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].\\n* [[November 26]]\n        – [[Anneline Kriel]] is crowned as [[Miss World 1974]], the second South\n        African to hold the title after [[Penelope Coelen|Penny Coelen]] [[1958 in\n        South Africa|in 1958]], when [[Helen Morgan (Miss World)|Helen Morgan]] resigns\n        four days after winning the 24th Miss World pageant.\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        In a rare public performance, former [[Beatle]] [[John Lennon]] joins [[Elton\n        John]] on stage at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City.\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – A [[Boeing 727]] carrying [[TWA Flight 514]] crashes\n        25 miles (40 km) northwest of [[Dulles International Airport]] during\n        bad weather, killing all 92 people on board.\\n* [[December 9]] – The\n        Paris summit, reuniting the [[European Communities]]'' heads of state and\n        government, commences.\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Malta]] becomes a republic.\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – The [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO)\n        becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 24]]–[[December\n        25|25]] – [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] is almost\n        completely destroyed by [[Cyclone Tracy]].\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Japanese\n        holdout]]: The last Japanese World War II soldier, [[Taiwan under Japanese\n        rule|Taiwan]]-born Private [[Teruo Nakamura]], surrenders on the [[Indonesia]]n\n        island of Morota, 34 years after beginning service in the [[Imperial Japanese\n        Army]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Rubik''s Cube]] [[mechanical puzzle|puzzle]]\n        is invented by Hungarian architecture professor [[Ern\\u0151 Rubik]].{{cite\n        book|first=William|last=Fotheringham|title=Fotheringham''s Sporting Pastimes|publisher=Anova\n        Books|year=2007|page=50|isbn=1-86105-953-1}}\\n* ''''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''''\n        fantasy [[tabletop role-playing game]], designed by [[Gary Gygax]] and [[Dave\n        Arneson]], is first released, in the United States.\\n* [[PepsiCo]] becomes\n        the first American company to sell products in the [[Soviet Union]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/30/business/setting-up-an-island-in-the-soviet-storm.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=Setting\n        Up an Island in the Soviet Storm|first=Allen R.|last=Myerson|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=1990-12-30}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:KateMoss.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate\n        Moss]]]]\\n[[File:Maulik pancholy cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maulik Pancholy]]]]\\n[[File:EdHelmsJune09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ed\n        Helms]]]]\\n[[File:Christian Bale 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christian\n        Bale]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Reem Maged]], Egyptian journalist\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Alessandro Petacchi]], Italian professional road cyclist\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Shelbee Myne]], American former pornographic actress\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[MF Doom]], English recording artist and producer\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[Hrithik Roshan]], Bollywood actor\\n* [[January 12]]\\n**\n        [[Melanie Chisholm]], English singer-songwriter ([[Spice Girls]])\\n** [[Tor\n        Arne Hetland]], Norwegian cross-country skier\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Kate\n        Moss]], English model\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Maulik Pancholy]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Gustavo Kupinski]], Argentine guitarist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[\\u00c9va Novodomszky]], Hungarian\n        journalist and presenter\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Rae Carruth]], former\n        NFL wide receiver\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Maxwell Atoms]], American animator\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Joseph Muscat]], 13th Prime Minister of Malta\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Tiffani Thiessen]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Ed Helms]], American actor and stand-up comedian\\n* [[January\n        27]] – [[Ole Einar Bj\\u00f8rndalen]], Norwegian biathlete\\n* [[January\n        28]] – [[Kari Traa]], Norwegian freestyle skier\\n* [[January 29]] \\n**\n        [[K\\u014dji Wada]], Japanese rock singer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Michael Andersen]],\n        Danish basketball player\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Christian Bale]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Olivia Colman]], English actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Seth\n        Green Comic-Con 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Seth Green]]]]\\n[[File:Elizabeth Banks\n        Sept 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elizabeth Banks]]]]\\n[[File:Robbie Williams\n        Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robbie Williams]]]]\\n[[File:JerryO''ConnellHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry\n        O''Connell]]]]\\n[[File:James-Blunt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Blunt]]]]\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** [[Urmila Matondkar]], Indian actress\\n** [[Shahab Hosseini]], Iranian\n        actor and film director\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Aljo Bendijo]], Filipino\n        journalist, broadcaster, TV/radio host\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Cheryl Cosim]],\n        Filipino journalist, news anchor, TV host\\n** [[J Dilla]], also known as Jay-Dee,\n        African-American hip-hop producer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Steve Nash]], Canadian\n        basketball player\\n** [[Jun Seba]], also known as Nujabes, Japanese hip-hop\n        producer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Seth Green]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]], French musician and record\n        producer ([[Daft Punk]])\\n** [[Kimbo Slice]], Bahamian-born American boxer\n        and mixed martial artist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Elizabeth\n        Banks]], American actress and film director\\n** [[Ivri Lider]], Israeli singer\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Naseem Hamed]], British professional boxer\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Robbie Williams]], Singer of British pop group [[Take That]]\\n*\n        [[February 14]]\\n** [[Philippe L\\u00e9onard]], Belgian footballer\\n** [[Valentina\n        Vezzali]], Italian fencer\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Miranda July]], American\n        author, director, actor, musician and spoken-word artist\\n** [[Mr Lordi]],\n        Finnish rock singer (''''[[Lordi]]'''')\\n** [[Alexander Wurz]], Austrian racing\n        driver\\n** [[Gina Lynn]], American porn actress\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Mahershala Ali]], American actor and rapper\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Jerry\n        O''Connell]], American actor\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Jillian Michaels]],\n        American personal trainer, businesswoman, author and TV personality \\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Lezley Zen]], American porn actress\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[James Blunt]], English singer\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Divya Bharti]], Indian\n        actress \\n** [[Chad Hugo]], American rock musician and producer\\n** [[Bonnie\n        Somerville]], American actress\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[S\\u00e9bastien Loeb]],\n        French rally driver\\n** [[Mikee Cojuangco-Jaworski]], Filipino actress and\n        equestrienne\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Hiroyasu Shimizu]], Japanese speed\n        skater\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Eva Mend\\u00e8s 66\\u00e8me Festival de Venise\n        (Mostra).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eva Mendes]]]]\\n[[File:Percy Montgomery 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Percy\n        Montgomery]]]]\\n[[File:Ted Kravitz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ted Kravitz]]]]\\n[[File:Alyson\n        Hannigan May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alyson Hannigan]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        [[Mark-Paul Gosselaar]], American actor\\n* [[March 3]] – [[David Faustino]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Karol Ku\\u010dera]], Slovakian tennis\n        player\\n** [[Ariel Ortega]], Argentine football player\\n* [[March 5]]\\n**\n        [[Jens Jeremies]], German footballer\\n** [[Matt Lucas]], English comedian\\n**\n        [[Eva Mendes]], American actress and model\\n** [[Barbara Sch\\u00f6neberger]],\n        German actress, singer, and TV host\\n** [[Hiten Tejwani]], Indian model and\n        actor\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Santino Marella|Anthony Carelli]], Canadian professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Cooper Manning]], television host, brother of football players\n        [[Peyton Manning|Peyton]] and [[Eli Manning]]\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Jenna Fischer]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Antonio de la R\\u00faa]], Argentine lawyer\\n* [[March\n        8]] \\n**[[Danny Corkill]], American child actor \\n**[[Cesar Velasco Broca]],\n        Spanish actor \\n* [[March 12]] – [[Hekiru Shiina]], Japanese voice actress\n        and J-pop singer\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Grace Park (actress)|Grace Park]],\n        American born Canadian actress\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Percy Montgomery]],\n        South African [[rugby union]] player\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Carsten Ramelow]],\n        German footballer\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Ted Kravitz]], British presenter\n        and [[Formula One]] pit-lane reporter\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Marcus Camby]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Kidada Jones]], American actress\\n** [[Bassem\n        Youssef]], Egyptian journalist\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Alyson Hannigan]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Lark Voorhies]], American actress\n        and singer\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Daisuke Kishio]], Japanese voice actor\\n**\n        [[Scott Mills]], British radio DJ, television presenter and occasional actor\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Miguel G\\u00f3mez (photographer)|Miguel G\\u00f3mez]],\n        Colombian photographer\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Miho Komatsu]], Japanese\n        pop singer and songwriter\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Jani Sievinen]], Finnish\n        former swimmer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Jenna Jameson 2 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jenna\n        Jameson]]]]\\n[[File:Victoria Beckham 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Victoria Beckham]]]]\\n[[File:Pen\\u00e9lope\n        Cruz TIFF 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pen\\u00e9lope Cruz]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        [[Marcos Balter]], Brazilian composer\\n* [[April 2]] – [[H\\u00e5kan\n        Hellstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish musician\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Jenna Jameson]],\n        American pornographic actress\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Chris Kyle]], most\n        lethal sniper in American military history (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**\n        [[Tricia Helfer]], Canadian actress and model\\n** [[Alexander Kuoppala]],\n        Finnish guitarist (ex-[[Children of Bodom]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Marley\n        Shelton]], American actress\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Marta Jandov\\u00e1]],\n        Czech musician and actress\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Danny Pino]], Cuban American\n        actor\\n** [[Tim Thomas (ice hockey)|Tim Thomas]], American ice hockey goaltender\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Xu Jinglei]], Chinese actress and director\\n* [[April\n        17]]\\n** [[Mikael \\u00c5kerfeldt]], Swedish musician ([[Opeth]])\\n** [[Victoria\n        Beckham]], English singer and fashion designer\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Edgar\n        Wright]], English film director\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Tina Cousins]],\n        English singer\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Faust (musician)|Faust]], Norwegian\n        drummer\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Shavo Odadjian]], Armenian-born rock bassist\n        (''''[[System of a Down]]'''')\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Barry Watson (actor)|Barry\n        Watson]], American actor\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Pen\\u00e9lope Cruz]], Spanish\n        actress and model\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Anggun]], Indonesian-French singer-songwriter\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Breckin\n        Meyer by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Breckin Meyer]]]]\\n[[File:Laura\n        Pausini 2009.04.30 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laura Pausini]]]]\\n[[File:Milo%C5%9Fovici,\n        %C3%93nodi, Lysenko 1992 Olympics.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henrietta Onodi]]]]\\n[[File:4.17.16SteveCardenasByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Cardenas]]]]\\n[[File:Kenan Dogulu.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Kenan Do\\u011fulu]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Kellie Crawford]], Australian singer and actress (Hi-5 and\n        Teen Queens)\\n** [[Lornah Kiplagat]], Kenyan-Dutch runner\\n* [[May 2]]\\n**\n        [[Matt Berry]], English actor and singer\\n** [[Horacio Carbonari]], Argentinian\n        footballer and manager\\n** [[Gar\\u00f0ar Th\\u00f3r Cortes]], Icelandic tenor\n        and actor\\n** [[Andy Johnson (Welsh footballer)|Andy Johnson]], English-Welsh\n        footballer\\n** [[Janek Meet]], Estonian footballer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Princess\n        Haya bint Al Hussein]] of Jordan\\n** [[Peter Everitt]], Australian footballer\n        and radio host\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Miguel Cairo]], Venezuelan baseball player\n        and coach\\n** [[Tony McCoy]], Irish jockey and sportscaster\\n* [[May 6]]\\n**\n        [[Bernard Barmasai]], Kenyan runner\\n** [[Daniela B\\u00e1rtov\\u00e1]], Czech\n        pole vaulter and gymnast\\n** [[Faruk Namdar]], German-Turkish footballer\\n**\n        [[Patrick Tang]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[May 7]] \\n** [[Breckin Meyer]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Lawrence Johnson (athlete)|Lawrence Johnson]], American\n        pole vaulter\\n** [[Ian Pearce]], English footballer and manager\\n* [[May 8]]\\n**\n        [[Marge K\\u00f5rkjas]], Estonian swimmer\\n** [[Korey Stringer]], American\n        football player (d. 2001)\\n** [[Jon Tickle]], English television host\\n* [[May\n        10]]\\n** [[Liu Fang]], Chinese pipa player\\n** [[Sylvain Wiltord]], French\n        footballer\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Laura Pausini]], Italian singer\\n** [[Adam\n        Richman (actor)|Adam Richman]], American actor and television personality\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Andrea Corr]], Irish singer\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Colette\n        Wong]], Singaporean sports anchor\\n** [[Mikael Stanne]], Swedish singer\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Henrietta Onodi]], Hungarian artistic gymnast\\n* [[May\n        23]] – [[Jewel (singer)|Jewel]], American singer\\n* [[May 26]] –\n        [[Lars Fr\\u00f6lander]], Swedish swimmer\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Misbah-ul-Haq]],\n        Pakistani cricketer \\n* [[May 29]] – [[Steve Cardenas]], American martial\n        artist and retired actor\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Big L]], American rapper\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Kenan Do\\u011fulu]], Turkish pop musician\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Alanis\n        Morissette 5-19-2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alanis Morissette]]]]\\n[[File:Coventry\n        Scouts groups have a visit from Bear Grylls.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bear Grylls]]]]\\n[[File:Joel\n        Edgerton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joel Edgerton]]]]\\n[[File:Jeter\n        receives 2009 World Series Champion ring.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Derek Jeter]]]]                                                                    \\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Alanis Morissette]], Canadian-American singer\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Gata Kamsky]], American chess player\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Mart\\u00edn\n        Karpan]], Argentinian actor\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], Indian\n        tennis player\\n** [[Bear Grylls]], British survivalist\\n* [[June 9]] –\n        [[Samoth]], Norwegian musician\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Katharina Bellowitsch]],\n        Austrian radio and TV presenter.\\n** [[Takahiro Sakurai]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n** [[Selma Bj\\u00f6rnsd\\u00f3ttir|Selma]], Icelandic singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1999 runner-up\\n** [[Steve-O]], American actor\\n* [[June 19]]\n        – [[Bumper Robinson]], American actor\\n* [[June 22]]  \\n** [[Jo Cox]],\n        British Labour Party politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Donald Faison]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], Indian actor\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Joel\n        Edgerton]], Australian actor\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Karisma Kapoor]], Indian\n        actress\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Jason Craig]], American artist\\n** [[Derek Jeter]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Nicole Saba]], Lebanese singer and actress\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – [[Christopher O''Neill]], British-American businessman;\n        husband of Princess Madeleine of Sweden\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Rob Dyrdek]],\n        American skateboarder\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Tony Rock]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Hezeki\\u00e9l Sepeng]], South African middle distance athlete\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jefferson-Perez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jefferson\n        Perez]]]]\\n[[File:Friske Schanna.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeanna Friske]]]]\\n[[File:Jeremy\n        Enigk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeremy Enigk]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Dante DiMartino by\n        Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Dante DiMartino]]]]\\n[[File:Josh\n        Radnor (9448570254).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Josh Radnor]]]]\\n[[File:Hilary Swank\n        at 28th Tokyo International Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hilary Swank]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Jefferson P\\u00e9rez]], Ecuadorean Olympic athlete\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Rocky Gray]], American musician\\n* [[July 3]] –\n        [[Taiga Ishikawa]], Japanese politician and LGBT activist\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Jennifer Jones (curler)|Jennifer Jones]], Canadian [[Olympic Games|Olympic]]\n        curling champion\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Dragoslav Jevri\\u0107]], Montenegrin\n        footballer\\n** [[Jeanna Friske]], Russian singer, actress, model and socialite\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Sharon den Adel]], Dutch singer\\n** [[Gregory\n        Helms]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[David Mitchell\n        (comedian)|David Mitchell]], British comedian and actor\\n** [[Martina Hill]],\n        German actress, comedian and impersonator\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Jeremy\n        Enigk]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Michael Dante\n        DiMartino]], American animator\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Terry Coldwell]],\n        English singer ([[East 17]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Franka Potente]], German\n        actress\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Kathryn Hahn]], American actress\\n** [[Maurice\n        Greene (athlete)|Maurice Greene]], American athlete\\n** [[Stephanie March]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Rik Verbrugghe]], Belgian professional road racing\n        cyclist\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Lauren Faust]], American cartoonist\\n* [[July\n        26]] – [[Daniel Negreanu]], Canadian poker player\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[Alexis Tsipras]], Greek politician\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Josh Radnor]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Hilary Swank]], American actress\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Emilia Fox]], English actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Chico\n        Benymon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chico Benymon]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Shannon (32205688420).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Shannon]]]]\\n[[File:Derek Fisher Thunder.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Derek Fisher]]]]\\n[[File:Natasha\n        Henstridge in March 2012 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natasha Henstridge]]]]\\n[[File:Amy\n        Adams 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amy Adams]]]]\\n[[File:RayParkHSJun2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray\n        Park]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Kajol]], a Bollywood actress\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Ever Carradine]], American actress\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Chico\n        Benymon]], American actor\\n** [[Michael Shannon]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        8]] – [[Brian Harvey]], English singer ([[East 17]])\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – [[Derek Fisher]], American basketball player\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        [[Karl Stefanovic]], Australian TV host\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Niklas\n        Sundin]], Swedish musician\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Christopher Gorham]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Natasha Henstridge]], Canadian actress\n        and model\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Didier Cuche]], Swiss alpine skier\\n** [[Krisztina\n        Egerszegi]], Hungarian Olympic champion swimmer\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[Amy\n        Adams]], American actress\\n** [[Misha Collins]], American actor\\n** [[Maxim\n        Vengerov]], Russian violinist\\n* [[August 22]]\\n**[[Jenna Leigh Green]], American\n        actress and singer\\n**[[Lee Sheppard (cartoonist)|Lee Sheppard]], Australian\n        cartoonist\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Ray Park]], Scottish actor, martial artist\\n**\n        [[Ovidiu Cern\\u0103u\\u021beanu|Ovi]], Romanian-Norwegian singer-songwriter,\n        producer and musician\\n** [[Shifty Shellshock]], American singer ([[Crazy\n        Town]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Jennifer Lien]], American actress\\n* [[August\n        28]] – [[Carsten Jancker]], German soccer player\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Mylene\n        dizon nyc.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mylene Dizon]]]]\\n[[File:Jimmy Fallon, Montclair\n        Film Festival, 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy Fallon]]]]\\n[[File:Joo Jin-Mo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joo\n        Jin-mo]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Jen Royle]], American sports reporter\n        and chef\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Carmit Bachar]], American singer\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Tim Henman]], English tennis player\\n** [[Mylene Dizon]],\n        Filipino actress and lead singer and guitarist of rock group, [[Pin Up Girls]]\\n**\n        [[Nina Persson]], Swedish singer\\n*[[September 7]] – [[Glenn Ljungstr\\u00f6m]],\n        Swedish guitarist\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Mirko Filipovi\\u0107]], Croatian\n        kickboxer; mixed martial arts fighter\\n** [[Kerry Harvick]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Ryan Phillippe]], American actor\\n** [[Ben Wallace]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Jennifer Nettles]], American country\n        music artist ([[Sugarland]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Hicham El Guerrouj]],\n        Moroccan athlete\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Wael Kfoury]], Lebanese singer,\n        musician, and songwriter\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Rasheed Wallace]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Austin St. John]], American actor and martial artist\\n*\n        [[September 18]]\\n** [[Sol Campbell]], English footballer\\n** [[Xzibit]],\n        American rapper\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jimmy Fallon]], American actor,\n        comedian, and television personality\\n** [[Victoria Silvstedt]], Swedish model\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – [[Matt Hardy]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[September 24]]\\n** [[Niels Brinck]], Danish singer and songwriter\\n** [[Kati\n        Wolf]], Hungarian singer\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Gary Hall, Jr.]], American\n        swimmer\\n** [[Joo Jin-mo]], South Korean actor\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Yul B\\u00fcrkle]], Venezuelan actor and model\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Hoang\n        Xuan Vinh.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hoang Xuan Vinh]]]]\\n[[File:Charlotte Perrelli\n        1c310 7029.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlotte Perrelli]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Kariya 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul\n        Kariya]]]]\\n[[File:Joaquin Phoenix Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joaquin Phoenix]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Keith Duffy]], Irish singer ([[Boyzone]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Marianne Timmer]], Dutch speed skater\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        [[Hoang Xuan Vinh]], Vietnamese shooter\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Allison Munn]],\n        American actress \\n** [[Charlotte Perrelli]], Swedish singer and occasional\n        television host, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1999 winner\\n* [[October 8]]\n        – [[Koji Murofushi]], Japanese hammer thrower\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        [[Dale Earnhardt, Jr.]], American race car driver\\n** [[Chris Pronger]], Canadian\n        hockey player\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Jason Arnott]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Jessica Drake]], American porn actress\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Shumon Basar]], British writer and editor\\n* [[October\n        16]]\\n** [[Aurela Ga\\u00e7e]], Award-winning Albanian singer\\n** [[Paul Kariya]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Matthew Macfadyen]], English\n        actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Jeremy Scahill]], writer and documentary film\n        maker\\n** [[Zhou Xun]], Chinese actress and singer\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Bashar Rahal]], American actor\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Lera Auerbach]],\n        Russian composer and pianist\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Aravind Adiga]], Indian-Australian\n        author\\n** [[Sander Westerveld]], Dutch soccer player\\n* [[October 24]] –\n        [[Catherine Sutherland]], Australian actress\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Nelly\n        Ciobanu]], Moldovan singer\\n** [[Joaquin Phoenix]], Puerto Rican actor and\n        music video director\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Akashdeep Saigal]], Indian television\n        actor and model\\n** [[Yenny Wahid]], a political activist and Islamic Indonesia\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – [[Natasja Saad]], Danish rapper and reggae singer (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Cornell-Haynes-Jr Nelly 2010-06-05 photoby\n        Adam-Bielawski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nelly]]]]\\n[[File:RyanAdams06.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryan\n        Adams]]]]\\n[[File:Leonardo DiCaprio October 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leonardo\n        DiCaprio]]]] \\n[[File:StephenMerchantAltNov09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Merchant]]]]                                                                                  \\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[Nelly]], American rapper\\n** [[Prodigy (rapper)|Prodigy]],\n        American rapper (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Cedric Bixler-Zavala]],\n        Mexican-American singer/lyricist\\n** [[Louise Nurding]], English singer\\n**\n        [[Carl Steven]], former American child actor\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Ryan\n        Adams]], American singer and songwriter\\n** [[Jerry Stackhouse]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Penelope Heyns]], South African\n        swimmer\\n** [[Masashi Kishimoto]], Japanese manga author\\n** [[Matthew Rhys]],\n        Welsh actor\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Alessandro Del Piero]], Italian football\n        player\\n** [[Manav Gohil]], Indian television actor\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], American actor\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Kerim Seiler]],\n        Swiss artist and architect\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Chad Kroeger]], Canadian\n        singer\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Paul Scholes]], English football player\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – [[Petter Solberg]], Norwegian rally driver\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Kurt Kr\\u00f6mer]], German television presenter, comedian and\n        actor\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Tiit Sukk]], Estonian actor, director and\n        television presenter\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Stephen Merchant]], English\n        comedian and actor\\n* [[November 27]]\\n**[[Wendy Houvenaghel]], British racing\n        cyclist\\n**[[Zs\\u00f3fia Polg\\u00e1r]], Hungarian-born chess player\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Ferenc Merkli]], Hungarian Slovene priest, writer, translator\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[Wallace Chung]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Allsaints4.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicole\n        Appleton]]]]\\n[[File:GiovanniRibisiDec09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giovanni Ribisi]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        linger2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Linger]]]]\\n[[File:Ryan Seacrest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryan\n        Seacrest]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Costinha]], Portuguese footballer\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Tadahito Iguchi]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Kid Koala]], Canadian DJ, turntablist, musician and graphic\n        novelist\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Nicole Appleton]], Canadian singer ([[All\n        Saints (group)|All Saints]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Luisa Bradshaw-White]],\n        English actress\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Meg White]], American rock drummer\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Ben Shephard]], English television presenter\\n** [[Rey\n        Mysterio]], American wrestler\\n** [[Gete Wami]], Ethiopian long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Michelle Saram]], [[Chindian]] Singaporean singer\n        and actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Nick McCarthy]], English rock guitarist\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Giovanni Ribisi]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        18]]\\n** [[Kari Byron]], American artist and television personality\\n** [[Viki\n        Miljkovi\\u0107]], Serbian singer\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Eduard Ivakdalam]],\n        Indonesian footballer\\n** [[Ricky Ponting]], Australian cricketer\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\n** [[Jacqui Oatley]], British sports presenter\\n** [[Paul Linger]],\n        English professional footballer\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Marcelo Salas]],\n        Chilean footballer\\n** [[Ryan Seacrest]], American television personality\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\n** [[Fumiko Orikasa]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n**\n        [[Alena Vinnitskaya]], Ukrainian singer ([[Nu Virgos]])\\n* [[December 29]]\n        – [[Mekhi Phifer]], American actor\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Tony\n        Kanaan]], Brazilian racing driver\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Glenn\n        Morris and Leni Riefenstahl 1936.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Glenn Morris]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Jimmy Smith (baseball)|Jimmy Smith]], American [[Major\n        League Baseball]] infielder (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Tex Ritter]],\n        American country musician and actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Red Snapp]], American baseball player (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        [[Dewey Mayhew]], American football coach (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Lech Pijanowski]], Polish screenwriter, film critic, broadcaster and director\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Wang Shusheng]], Chinese general\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Charles-\\u00c9douard Ferland]], Canadian\n        jurist, Liberal politician and Senator (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Charles G. Bond]], U. S. House of Representatives from New York (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Antonio Bautista]], Filipino pilot with the [[Philippine\n        Air Force]] (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Jack Jacobs]], American-born\n        [[National Football League]] and [[Canadian Football League]] player (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – [[Joseph Dippolito]], Italian [[American Mafia]] member\n        of the Los Angeles crime syndicate (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        [[Harold D. Cooley]], U.S. House of Representatives (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Clara Edwards (composer)|Clara Edwards]], American singer,\n        pianist and composer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Bill Finger]],\n        American comic strip and book writer (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[January 19]] –\n        [[Edward Seago]], British artist (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Leonard\n        Freeman]], American actor ''''[[Hawaii Five-O|Hawaii Five-0]]'''' (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Oskar Herman]], Croatian Jewish painter (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[William Fawcett (actor)|William Fawcett]], American\n        character actor, mostly in [[B-movies]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Julius Patzak]], Austrian [[tenor]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n**[[Georgios\n        Grivas]], Greek-Cypriot colonel (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg]],\n        German general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Oswald Cornwallis]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[H. E. Bates]],\n        English writer and author (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Pina Gallini]],\n        Italian actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Samuel Goldwyn]], Polish-born American\n        film studio executive (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Einar Texas Ljungberg]], Swedish\n        Socialist politician (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Glenn Morris]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1912]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:SatyenBose1925.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Satyendra\n        Nath Bose]]]]\\n[[File:Gral.Manuel A. Odr\\u00eda.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Manuel A.\n        Odr\\u00eda]]]]\\n[[File:George Van Biesbroeck.jpg|110px|thumb|[[George Van\n        Biesbroeck]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Imre Lakatos]], Hungarian philosopher\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Juan de Ordu\\u00f1a]], Spanish director\n        ''''[[Peque\\u00f1eces]]'''' ([[1950]]) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], Indian mathematician and physicist (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]] – [[Manuel dos Reis Machado]], Brazilian martial arts\n        Master (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Edward Beck (British Army\n        officer)|Edward Beck]], British Army (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 8]] –\n        [[Fritz Zwicky]], Swiss astronomer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Raymond A. Wheeler]], Lieutenant-General United States Armed Forces (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]], Indian\n        playback singer and music composer (b. [[1922]]) \\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Kurt\n        Atterberg]], Swedish composer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[George W. Snedecor]], American\n        mathematician and statistician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Horace\n        Kallen]], American philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Ralph\n        W. Gerard]], American neurophysiologist and behavioural scientist (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\n** [[Manuel A. Odr\\u00eda]], Peruvian military officer,\n        34th [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Duncan Archibald Graham]],\n        Canadian physician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Tim Horton]],\n        Canadian hockey defenseman with [[Toronto Maple Leafs]], [[New York Rangers]],\n        [[Pittsburgh Penguins]], and [[Buffalo Sabres]]. Co-Founder of the [[Tim Hortons]]\n        restaurant chain. (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Samuel Byck]],\n        American airplane hijacker and murderer (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n**\n        [[William F. Knowland]], American politician and newspaper owner (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[George Van Biesbroeck]], Belgian-born American astronomer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]]\\n** [[Margaret Leech]], American historian and fiction writer\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Robert A. Stemmle]], German screenwriter and film director\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia]],\n        Russian great-granddaughter of Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia]] (b. [[1901]])  \\n*\n        [[February 28]] – [[Carole Lesley]], British actress (b. [[1935]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Red\n        Wing 1914.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Red Wing (actress)|Red Wing]]]]\\n[[File:Eduardo\n        Santos Montejo 1.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Eduardo Santos]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] \\n** [[H\\u00fcseyin Kemal G\\u00fcrmen]], Turkish theatre and cinema actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Bobby Timmons]], American jazz pianist and composer (b.\n        [[1935]])\\n* [[March 2]] – [[P\\u00e9ter Schell]], Hungarian politician\n        (b. [[1898]]) \\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Barbara Ruick]], American actress and\n        singer (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Frank Wilcox]], American character actor (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Adolph Gottlieb]], American abstract expressionist painter\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[John Samuel Bourque]], French-Canadian\n        politician, Cabinet Minister, military member, and businessman from [[Qu\\u00e9bec,\n        Canada]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Billy De Wolfe]], American character actor (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Ernest Becker]], American anthropologist\n        and writer; who won the 1974 [[Pulitzer Prize]] (posthumously) for his book\n        ''''[[The Denial of Death]]'''' (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Moriji\n        Mochida]], last person ever awarded the 10th dan rank in kendo (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Hans Sachs (poster collector)|Hans Sachs]], Holocaust survivor and poster\n        collector (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Martha Wentworth]], American\n        actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.]],\n        American physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Alexander John Majeski]],\n        American architect and former Naval Lieutenant (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[March 12]]\n        \\n** [[Oleksii Shovkunenko]], Ukrainian painter (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Red Wing\n        (actress)|Red Wing]], American actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 14]] –\n        [[Maulana Shams-ud-din Harifal]], Pakistani [[Islamic]] scholar (b. [[1944]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Toh\\u00e1]], Chilean Socialist politician,\n        former minister (assassinated) (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Louis\n        Kahn]], Russian-born American architect (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Edward Platt]], American actor known as, \\\"[[Get Smart|The Chief]]\\\" on\n        NBC/CBS''s ''''[[Get Smart]]'''' (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Chet\n        Huntley]], American television reportor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Candy Darling]], American actress (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[March 22]] –\n        [[Peter Revson]], American race car driver (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[March 24]] –\n        [[Lewie G. Merritt]], U. S. Marine, major general and aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Herget]], German [[Luftwaffe]] flying ace (b. [[1910]])\\n**\n        [[Eduardo Santos]], Colombian publisher and politician, 15th [[President of\n        Colombia]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\n** [[Andrea Checchi]], Italian\n        actor (''''[[Two Women|La ciociara]]'''') (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Joe Stecher]],\n        American professional wrestler (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Frank\n        Seno]], American football running back and defensive back (b. [[1921]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Georges\n        Pompidou - Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F020538-0006.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Georges\n        Pompidou]]]]\\n[[File:Muhammad Ayub Khan.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub\n        Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Franz Jonas 1965.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Franz Jonas]]]]\\n[[File:Agnes\n        Moorehead Bewitched 1969.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Agnes Moorehead]]]]\\n* [[April\n        2]] \\n** [[Douglass Dumbrille]], Pioneering Canadian actor in Hollywood (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Georges Pompidou]], 100th [[Prime Minister of France]] and\n        19th [[President of France]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Ossie\n        Newton-Thompson]], South African cricketer and politician (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[A. Y. Jackson]], Canadian painter and a founding member\n        of the Group of Seven (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\n** [[Willem Marinus Dudok]],\n        Dutch modernist architect (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Roy Wood (baseball)|Roy Wood]],\n        American professional baseball player (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        [[K. A. C. Creswell]], English architectural historian (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April\n        10]] – [[Patricia Collinge]], Irish-born American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Edward Alexander Bott]], psychologist at the University\n        of Toronto (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Howard Pease]], American adventure\n        novelist (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Michael Whalen (actor)|Michael Whalen]], American\n        actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Betty Compson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Marcel Pagnol]], French novelist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]], Pakistanian general and politician,\n        2nd [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Peter\n        Lee Lawrence]], German actor in [[Spaghetti Westerns]]; such as (''''[[For\n        a Few Dollars More]]'''') (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Mirja Mane]],\n        Finnish actress (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Cy Williams]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Bud Abbott]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Franz Jonas]], Austrian political figure, 7th\n        [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Hans W. Petersen]],\n        Danish actor of over 40 films (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Paul\n        Page (actor)|Paul Page]], American actor of the 1920s and 1930s (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Agnes Moorehead]], American actress (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Duke\n        Ellington restored.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Duke Ellington]]]]\\n[[File:1912 Athletics\n        men%27s 110 metre hurdles - Frederick Kelly.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Fred Kelly (athlete)|Fred\n        Kelly]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Frank Packer]], Australian media proprietor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[James O. Richardson]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[William Wantling]], American ex-Marine, poet and novelist\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], Indian actor\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Ralph McCabe]], Canadian-born [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Ludwig Karl Koch]], German-born\n        broadcaster and sound recordist in the United Kingdom (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May\n        6]] – [[Robert Maestri]], American of [[Italian people|Italian]] heritage\n        who served as [[mayor of New Orleans]] from ([[1936]] to [[1946]]) (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]]\\n** [[Abu Bakar of Pahang]], Fourth [[Sultan of Pahang]] (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Fred Kelly (athlete)|Fred Kelly]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Fred Conyngham]], Australian actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[Takeshi Sakamoto]], Japanese versatile actor (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Wayne Maki]], Canadian [[National Hockey League]] player\n        with [[Chicago]], [[St. Louis]], and [[Vancouver]]; (died of [[brain cancer]])\n        (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Jacob L. Moreno]], Austrian-born American\n        leading psychiatrist and psychosociologist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 15]] –\n        [[Guy Simonds]], English-born, Canadian [[Lieutenant-General]] who commanded\n        the [[Canadian Armed Forces]] in [[World War II]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 16]]\n        – [[Billy Welu]], American profession bowler (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] Los Angeles police shootout of\n        its members\\n** [[Angela Atwood]], American founding member of the [[Symbionese\n        Liberation Army]] (b. [[1949]])\\n** [[Donald DeFreeze]], American leader of\n        the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]; who went by the [[nom de guerre]] \\\"Field\n        Marshall Cinque\\\" (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Camilla Hall]], American member of the\n        [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]; one of main kidnappers of heiress [[Patricia\n        Hearst]] (b. [[1945]])\\n** [[Nancy Ling Perry]], An American member of the\n        [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] (b. [[1947]])\\n** [[Patricia Soltysik]], American\n        member of the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] (b. [[1950]])\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Harry Ricardo]], broadcaster and sound recordist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May\n        19]] – [[Allal al-Fassi]], Moroccan politician, poet, writer, and scholar\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Lily Kronberger]], Hungarian figure\n        skater (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Duke Ellington]], American jazz\n        pianist and bandleader (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Donald Crisp]], British-born\n        American actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Arturo Jauretche]], Argentine writer, politician, and philosopher (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Kitty Gordon]], English stage and silent film actress.\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Rudolf Altstadt]], German soldier in\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Francesco Fausto Nitti]],\n        Italian journalist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Adelle Davis]], American\n        author and nutritionist (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Frederick George Topham]], Canadian\n        soldier and recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]] (b. [[1917]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Mamer-urriol.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mamerto\n        Urriolagoit\\u00eda]]]]\\n[[File:GASPARDUTRA.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eurico Gaspar\n        Dutra]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]  – [[Henry Clay Sevier]], American lawyer and\n        member from [[Louisiana House of Representatives]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June\n        2]]  – [[Roger C. Slaughter]], American lawyer and [[U. S. Representative]]\n        from [[Missouri]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 3]]  – [[Rashid Nezhmetdinov]],\n        Soviet chess player (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Smokey Harris]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Mamerto Urriolagoit\\u00eda]], 50th [[President\n        of Bolivia]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 5]]  – [[Larry Cabrelli]], American\n        football player and assistant coach [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (b. [[1917]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]]  –  [[Abdul Rahman Hashim]], Malaysian Inspector-General\n        of Police (b. [[1925]]) \\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel Asturias]],\n        Guatemalan writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n** [[Katharine Cornell]], Berlin-born, American stage actress,\n        writer, theatre owner, and producer (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Carlo Pisacane (actor)|Carlo\n        Pisacane]], Italian actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Prince Henry,\n        Duke of Gloucester]], [[Governor-General of Australia]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] \\n** [[Julius Evola]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Eurico\n        Gaspar Dutra]], Brazilian marshal and 16th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Marie]], French Radical politician (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Knud Jeppesen]], Danish [[musicologist]], composer,\n        and songwriter (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Kevin Gately]], English\n        mathematics student at [[University of Warwick]] involved in the [[Red Lion\n        Square disorders]] (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Mauritz Hugo]],\n        Swedish-born American film and television actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 17]]\n        – [[Austin Gunsel]], 3rd commissioner of the [[National Football League]]\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Georgy Zhukov]], Soviet general ([[World\n        War II]]) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Katsutaro Kouta]], Japanese\n        female geisha and ry\\u016bk\\u014dka singer (b. [[1904]]) \\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Darius Milhaud]], French composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Calvin\n        B. Hoover]], noted U. S. economist and professor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – [[J\\u00f3zsef Juh\\u00e1sz]], Hungarian stage and film actor (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Cornelius Lanczos]], Hungarian mathematician and physicist\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Ernest Gruening]], American journalist,\n        [[Governor]] of [[Alaska Territory]] from [[1939]] to [[1953]], and [[United\n        States Senator]] from [[1959]] to [[1969]] (b. [[1887]]) \\n* [[June 27]] –\n        [[Fred DeStefano]], American football player and physician; who won the [[National\n        Football League]] title with the [[Chicago Cardinals]] of [[1925]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[Vannevar Bush]], American engineer, inventor and science\n        administrator (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Frank Sutton]], American actor (b. [[1923]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Maria Ferreira de Castro]], Portuguese writer\n        and journalist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Alberta Williams King]],\n        American civil rights champion, wife of [[Martin Luther King, Sr.]], and mother\n        of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] (Shot) (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Peron\n        tomando un caf\\u00e9.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Juan Per\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:James Chadwick.jpg|110px|thumb|[[James\n        Chadwick]]]]\\n[[File:Erich K\\u00e4stner 1961.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Erich\n        K\\u00e4stner]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]], Argentine army\n        general and politician, 2-time [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[July 2]]\\n** [[Sonia Holm]], English actress (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Edith L.\n        Sharp]], Canadian writer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Georgette Heyer]],\n        British writer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Randall]], French actor (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Joseph Baldacchino]], Maltese archaeologist\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Leon Shamroy]], American [[Academy Award]]-winning\n        cinematographer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Cornelius Vanderbilt IV]], American publisher\n        and member of the [[Vanderbilt Family]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[M\\u00e1rio\n        Sim\\u00f5es Dias]], Portuguese violinist (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Margaret Furse]],\n        British [[Academy Award]]-winning costume designer for ''''[[Anne of the Thousand\n        Days]]'''' (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Earl Warren]], Governor of\n        California and [[Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court]] (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[Nancy Wickwire]], American soap opera actress (b. [[1925]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[P\\u00e4r Lagerkvist]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Sonja Ludvigsen]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett|Patrick Blackett]], British physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (1898\\u20131974)|Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe]]\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**Dame [[Sibyl Hathaway]], [[Seigneur of Sark]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n**[[Carl Andrew Spaatz]], American general (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** [[William Albrecht]], Chairman of the Department of Soils\n        at the University of Missouri (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Christine Chubbuck]], American\n        TV personality (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Victor Negus]], British surgeon (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – [[Oduvaldo Vianna Filho]], Brazilian playwright (b. [[1936]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Dizzy Dean]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis\n        Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[July\n        19]] – [[Joe Flynn (US actor)|Joe Flynn]], American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Charles Rudolph d''Olive]], American [[World War I]]\n        ace (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Wayne Morse]], American lawyer,\n        politician, and [[United States Senator]] from [[Oregon]] (1945\\u20131969)\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Peter Lei]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese\n        of Hong Kong|Bishop of Hong Kong]] (b. [[1922]]) \\n* [[July 24]] – Sir\n        [[James Chadwick]], British physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Robert Hanbidge]], Canadian\n        lawyer, {municipal, provincial, & federal} politician; including the Mayor\n        of [[Kerrobert]], and 12th [[Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan]] (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] \\n** [[Lightnin'' Slim]], American blues musician (b. [[1913]])\\n**\n        [[Joop Pelser]], Dutch footballer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Truman\n        Bradley (actor)|Truman Bradley]], American radio actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n** [[Cass Elliot|\\\"Mama Cass\\\" Elliot]], American vocalist (b. [[1941]])\\n**\n        [[Erich K\\u00e4stner]], German author (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Lev Knipper]], Soviet composer (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Col\n        Charles Lindbergh.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Charles Lindbergh]]]]\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Cyril Smith (pianist)|Cyril Smith]], English virtuoso concert\n        pianist (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 3]]  \\n** [[Edna Murphy]], American actress\n        of the [[silent era]] (b. [[1899]]) \\n** [[Almira Sessions]], American character\n        actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Kondrat]], Polish\n        stage and film actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Friedrich F.\n        Tippmann]], Hungarian entomologist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Gunboat\n        Smith]], Irish-born American boxer and referee (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 7]]\n        – [[Rosario Castellanos]], M\\u00e9xican poet and author (b. [[1925]])\n        \\n* [[August 8]] – [[Baldur von Schirach]], Nazi German [[Hitler Youth]]\n        leader (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Falc\\u00f3n]], Portuguese\n        matador (gored to death by bull) (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Jan Tschichold]], German-born\n        typographer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Romuald Bourque]], French-Canadian\n        politician from [[Qu\\u00e9bec]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Edmund\n        Cobb]], American actor whose career spanner nearly 55 years (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Aldo Palazzeschi]], Italian novelist, poet, journalist\n        and essayist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[J. C. Winslow]], British\n        missionary to India for Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Rodger Davies]], American diplomat (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Magda Sonja]], Austrian actress (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Buford Pusser]], American Sheriff of\n        [[McNairy County, Tennessee]] (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Jacob\n        Bronowski]], Polish-Jewish British mathematician, biologist and science historian\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Roberto Assagioli]], Italian psychiatrist\n        and pioneer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Alexander P. de Seversky]],\n        Russian-American aviation pioneer and inventor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 26]]\n        – [[Charles Lindbergh]], American aviator (''''Spirit of St. Louis'''')\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Otto Strasser]], Nazi German politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Aleksandar Sekulovi\\u0107]], Montenegrin\n        cinematographer (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Judith Furse]], English\n        actress (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Fred W. Preller]], American politician (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]], Indian-British\n        writer and hunter (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\n** [[Ali bin Abdullah Al\n        Thani]], [[Emir of Qatar]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Norman Kirk]], 29th Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Gianna Manzini]], Italian writer (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Mary\n        Walker 1934.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Mary Broadfoot Walker]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Nikita\n        of Russia.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia]]]]\\n[[File:Cliff\n        Arquette 1941.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Cliff Arquette]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Mary Broadfoot Walker]], English physician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Walter Strenge]], American cinematographer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[Harry Partch]], American composer (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]]\\n** [[Creighton Williams Abrams]], American general (b. [[1914]])\\n**\n        [[Marcel Achard]], French playwright and scriptwriter (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September\n        6]]\\n** [[Olga Baclanova]], Soviet stage and screen actress, operatic singer,\n        and ballerina (b. c. [[1893]])\\n** [[Otto Kruger]], American actor of German\n        descent (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Juan Antonio Ipi\\u00f1a]],\n        Spanish football manager (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\n** [[Bert Niehoff]],\n        American [[Major League Baseball]] player (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Jimmy Swinnerton]],\n        American cartoonist, ''''[[Little Jimmy]]'''' (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[Melchior Wa\\u0144kowicz]], Polish army officer, writer, journalist,\n        and publisher (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Robert Nodar, Jr.]],\n        American [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politician from [[New\n        York (state)|New York]] and its member of the [[United States House of Representatives]]\n        (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia]]\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Craig Woods]], American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Capistr\\u00e1n Garza]], M\\u00e9xican Association\n        of Catholic Youth leader, lawyer, screenwriter, and film critic (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Phog Allen]], American basketball and baseball\n        player (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Claudia Morgan]], American\n        actress, ''''[[The Edge of Night]]'''' in the 1950s (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Edna Best]], British actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 19]]\n        \\n** [[Tr\\u00e1nsito Cocomarola]], Argentine musician and folklorist (b. [[1918]])\\n**\n        [[Zack Taylor (baseball)|Zack Taylor]], American baseball player and manager\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mojica|Fray Jos\\u00e9\n        de Guadalupe Mojica]], Mexican [[Franciscan]] friar, singer, and actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Walter Brennan]], American actor;\n        3-time Best Supporting [[Academy Award]]-winning actor ([[1936]], [[1938]],\n        and [[1940]]) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Winfried Otto Schumann]],\n        German physicist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[George Spahn]], American rancher connected\n        to the Manson family (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Cliff Arquette]],\n        American comedian who created the character ''''[[Charlie Weaver]]'''' (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dorothy Stone (actress)|Dorothy Stone]],\n        American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Jean Gale]],\n        American [[vaudeville]] performer (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Silvio\n        Frondizi]], Argentine intellectual and lawyer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[James R.\n        Webb]], American soldier and screenwriter who won the 1963 [[Academy Award]]\n        for ''''[[How the West Was Won (film)]]'''' (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – [[Arnold Fanck]], German film director who pioneered in the [[mountain\n        film]] genre (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ed Sullivan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ed\n        Sullivan]]]]\\n[[File:Elie Lescot portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elie Lescot]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n**[[Frederick Moosbrugger]], American admiral (b. [[1900]])\\n**[[Stephen\n        Latchford]], American diplomat and aviation expert (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October\n        2]] – [[Vasily Shukshin]], Soviet actor, writer, screenwriter, and director\n        from the [[Altai Krai|Altai]] region (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[October 3]] –\n        [[Bessie Louise Pierce]], American historian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 4]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Lee Moore]], American mathematician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Anne Sexton]],\n        American poet and writer (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Virgil Miller]],\n        American cinematographer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[V. K. Krishna\n        Menon]], Indian statesman, diplomat and nationalist (b. [[1896]]) \\n* [[October\n        7]] – [[Henry J. Cadbury]], American biblical scholar and Quaker (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Harry Carney]], American jazz musician\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\n** [[Theodore Foley]], American [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and servant of God (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Oskar Schindler]], Sudetgerman\n        businessman (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Werner Heyking]], Danish\n        actor, ''''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'''' (1971) (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Frank Kowalski]], American soldier [[United States\n        Army]] and [[United States Representatives]] from [[Connecticut]] (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n** [[Josef Krips]], Austrian conductor and violinist (b. [[1902]])\\n**\n        [[Sam Rice]], American baseball player ([[History of the Washington Senators\n        (1901\\u201360)|Washington Senators]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Ed Sullivan]], American television host (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Sattar Bahlulzade]], [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]]\n        landscape painter (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Vlasta Dekanova]],\n        Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Tomotaka\n        Tasaka]], Japanese film director (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Anders\n        Lange]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Farrukh\n        Ahmad]], Bangladeshi poet and writer (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Nur Ali Elahi]],\n        Iranian jurist, musician, and spiritual thinker (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[\\u00c9lie Lescot]], 29th [[President of Haiti]], leader of\n        the [[World War II]] (b. [[1883]])  \\n* [[October 21]] – [[Donald Goines]],\n        American witer of [[urban fiction]] (b. [[1936]])  \\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Melchior Lengyel]], Hungarian writer, dramatist, and film screenwriter (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[David Oistrakh]], Ukrainian violinist\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Fahrettin Altay]], Ottoman military\n        officer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Bidia Dandaron]], Buryat\n        Buddhist practitioner in the [[USSR]] (b. [[1914]]) \\n* [[October 27]] \\n**\n        [[Paul Frankeur]], French actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[C. P. Ramanujam]], Indian\n        mathematician (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Begum Akhtar]], Indian\n        singer (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Mikheil Chiaureli]], Soviet\n        [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] filmmaker (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:S\n        Kragujevic, Vittorio De Sica, 1959.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Vittorio De Sica]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        II, Duke of Parma.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma]]]]\\n[[File:U\n        Thant (1963).jpg|thumb|110px|[[U Thant]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Ralf\n        Harolde]], American character actor (b, [[1899]])\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Kroner]], German neo-Hegelian philosopher (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Farid-ud-Din\n        Qadri]], Pakistani Islamic scholar (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 3]] –\n        [[Mam\\u00e1 Ting\\u00f3]], Dominican activist (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[November 4]]\n        – [[Harry Fritz]], American baseball player [[Chicago Whales]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] \\n** [[Marguerite Namara]], American lyric [[soprano]] (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n** [[Stafford Repp]], American actor noted for his work on the\n        ''''[[Batman (TV Series)]]'''' (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Rodolfo\n        Acosta]], Mexican-American actor (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Eric Linklater]], British\n        author (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Ivory Joe Hunter]], American\n        rhythm & blues singer, songwriter, and pianist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Egon Wellesz]], British composer, teacher and musicologist (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Jasper Goodwill]], American municipal\n        politician, Mayor of [[Minden, Louisiana]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 13]]\n        \\n** [[Vittorio De Sica]], Italian actor and film director (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Karen Silkwood]], American chemical technician and labour union activist\n        (b. [[1946]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Johnny Mack Brown]], American football\n        star and actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 15]] \\n** [[Robert Hugo, Duke of\n        Parma]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Konstantin Shayne]], Russian-born, American actor\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Walther Meissner]], German technical\n        physicist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Erskine Hamilton Childers]],\n        Irish politician, 4th [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[G\\u00f6sta Lillieh\\u00f6\\u00f6k]], Swedish pentathlete and\n        [[1912 Olympic Games]] champion (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Alessandro\n        Momo]], Italian actor (b. [[1956]]) \\n* [[November 21]] – [[Frank Martin\n        (composer)|Frank Martin]], Swiss composer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 23]]\\n**\n        [[Cornelius Ryan]], Irish-born American writer (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Massacre\n        of the Sixty]] in Ethiopia of government and military officials.\\n*** [[Abiye\n        Abebe]], politician and army officer (b. [[1918]])\\n*** [[Aklilu Habte-Wold]],\n        politician and 6th [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia]] (b. [[1912]])\\n*** [[Aman\n        Andom]], army officer and 1st [[List of Presidents of Ethiopia|President of\n        Ethiopia]] (b. [[1924]])\\n*** [[Asrate Medhin Kassa]], aristocrat and army\n        officer (b. 1922)\\n*** [[Endelkachew Makonnen]], politician and 4th [[Prime\n        Minister of Ethiopia]] (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Nick Drake]],\n        British musician (b. [[1948]])\\n** [[U Thant]], Burmese diplomat and 3rd [[Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[T. A. Madhuram]],\n        Tamil stage & film actress and film producer (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 28]]\n        – [[Konstantin Melnikov]], Soviet architect (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November\n        29]]\\n** [[James J. Braddock]], American boxer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Peng Dehuai]],\n        Chinese leader (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Harry Hooper 1915.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Harry\n        Hooper]]]]\\n[[File:Nanny and the Professor Richard Long 1970.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Richard\n        Long (actor)|Richard Long]]]]\\n[[File:Jack Benny - 1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack\n        Benny]]]]\\n[[File:Sir Vincent Zachary Cope.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Zachary Cope]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Ellis.gif|110px|thumb|[[Robert Ellis (actor, born 1892)|Robert Ellis]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\n** [[Sophie Carmen Eckhardt-Gramatt\\u00e9]], Russian-born,\n        Canadian composer, [[virtuoso]] [[pianist]], & violinist (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Max Weber (Swiss politician)|Max Weber]], Swiss Federal Councilor (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] –  [[Hans Leibelt]], German film actor (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Lee Kinsolving]], American actor (b. [[1938]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] \\n** [[Pietro Germi]], Italian actor, screemwriter and director\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Zaharia Stancu]], Romanian prose writer (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Frederik Jacobus Johannes Buytendijk]], Dutch anthropologist,\n        biologist and psychologist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov]],\n        Russian admiral (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Luigi Salvatorelli]], Italian historian\n        and publicist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Ariyavangsagatayana,\n        17th Supreme Patriarch of Thailand]], Member of the Chetupon Temple (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] – [[Nadia Benois]], Russian painter and stage designer;\n        also the mother of English actor [[Peter Ustinov]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December\n        9]]\\n** [[Hans Traut]], German General-Lieutenant in the Nazi [[Wehrmacht]]\n        in [[World War II]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Ludwig Weber]], Austrian bass (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Paul Richards (actor)|Paul Richards]],\n        American actor, ''''[[Beneath the Planet of the Apes]]'''' (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Maravillas de Jes\\u00fas]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        professed member of the [[Discalced Carmelites]] and saint (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Reed Hadley]], American radio, television, & film actor (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Booker McDaniels]], American baseball pitcher in\n        the [[Negro Leagues]] with ([[Kansas City Monarchs]]) (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[John G. Bennett]], British mathematician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Walter Lippmann]], American writer and journalist (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Anatole Litvak]], Ukrainian-born film director (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Kostas Varnalis]], Greek poet (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Luis Almarcha Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish cleric, politician\n        and [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Bing Slamet]], Indonesian\n        singer, songwriter, comedian and actor (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Harry Hooper]], American baseball player ([[Boston Red Sox]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n**[[Bernd von\n        Brauchitsch]], German air force officer (b. [[1911]])\\n**[[Catrano Catrani]],\n        Italian-born Argentine director & producer (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December 20]]\n        – [[Andr\\u00e9 Jolivet]], French composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Richard Long (actor)|Richard Long]], American actor (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Gordon Purdy]], Canadian [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n        politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Jules Rykovich]], Croatian-born,\n        American football player (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Sentar\\u014d\n        \\u014cmori]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Gorman\n        Kennedy]], Canadian executive and general manager of the [[Montr\\u00e9al Alouettes]]\n        from (1957 to 1959) (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Jack Benny]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Frank Hussey]], American Olympic athlete (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Bob Custer]], American film actor (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Fock]], Soviet physicist (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Ned Maddrell]], last\n        surviving [[first language|native speaker]] of the [[Manx language]] (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – [[Zachary Cope]], British physician and surgeon (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Robert Ellis (actor, born 1892)|Robert\n        Ellis]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[William Charles Fuller]], Welsh\n        soldier and recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]] (b. [[1884]]\\n* [[December\n        30]]\\n** [[George Howard Earle III]], American politician and diplomat; served\n        as [[Governor of Pennsylvania]] from 1935\\u20131939 (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Sid\n        Terris]], American boxer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Dogen Handa]],\n        Japanese professional Go player (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Robert Pache]], Swiss\n        footballer (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – Sir [[Martin Ryle]], [[Antony Hewish]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Paul J. Flory]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Albert Claude]], [[Christian\n        de Duve]], [[George E. Palade]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Eyvind Johnson]], [[Harry Martinson]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – [[Se\\u00e1n MacBride]], [[Eisaku Sat\\u014d]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize\n        in Economic Sciences|Economics]] – [[Gunnar Myrdal]], [[Friedrich Hayek]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1974}}\\n[[Category:1974|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":797548746,\"length\":79914,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974\"},\"34752\":{\"pageid\":34752,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1975\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T03:00:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1975|the band|The 1975}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1975}}\\n{{Year nav|1975}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1975}}\\nIt was also declared the ''''[[International Women''s Year]]''''\n        by the [[United Nations]] and the European Architectural Heritage Year by\n        the [[Council of Europe]].\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1975}}\\n** [[Altair 8800]] is released, sparking the [[microcomputer\n        revolution]].\\n** [[Volkswagen]] introduces the [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]],\n        its new front-wheel-drive economy car, in the United States and Canada as\n        the [[Volkswagen Golf|Volkswagen Rabbit.]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Stevie Nicks]]\n        and [[Lindsey Buckingham]] join [[Fleetwood Mac]].\\n** [[Watergate scandal]]\n        (United States): [[John N. Mitchell]], [[H. R. Haldeman]] and [[John Ehrlichman]]\n        are found guilty of the [[Watergate]] cover-up.\\n** [[Malawi]] changes its\n        capital city from [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]] to [[Lilongwe]].\\n* [[January 2]]\\n**\n        The [[Federal Rules of Evidence]] are approved by the [[United States Congress]].\\n**\n        Bangladesh revolutionary leader [[Siraj Sikder]] is killed by police while\n        in custody.\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Tasman Bridge disaster]]: The [[Tasman\n        Bridge]] in [[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]], Australia, is struck by the bulk ore\n        carrier {{MV|Lake Illawarra}}, killing 12 people.\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        United States television debuts:\\n** Game show ''''[[Wheel of Fortune (U.S.\n        game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]'''' premieres on [[NBC]].\\n** ''''[[AM America]]''''\n        makes its [[television]] debut on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[OPEC]] agrees to raise [[crude oil]] prices by 10%.\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Ella Grasso]] becomes [[Governor of Connecticut]], the\n        first female U.S. governor who does not succeed her husband.\\n** U.S. President\n        [[Gerald Ford]] appoints Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller]] to head a special\n        commission looking into alleged domestic abuses by the [[CIA]].\\n* [[January\n        14]] – Heiress [[Lesley Whittle]], 17, is kidnapped from her home in\n        [[Shropshire]], England by [[Donald Neilson]].\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Alvor\n        Agreement]]: Portugal announces that it will grant independence to [[Angola]]\n        on [[November 11]].\\n** [[International Women''s Year]] is launched in [[United\n        Kingdom|Britain]] by [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess\n        Alexandra]] and [[Barbara Castle]].\\n** [[Steel roller coaster]] [[Space Mountain\n        (Magic Kingdom)]] opens at [[Walt Disney World]] in Florida, becoming one\n        of the park''s most popular attractions into the 21st century.\\n* [[January\n        18]] – The [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]] is divided between\n        the [[Energy Research and Development Administration]] and the [[Nuclear Regulatory\n        Commission]], partly in response to the 1973 oil crisis.\\n* [[January 19]]\n        – [[1975 Kinnaur earthquake]]: An earthquake strikes [[Himachal Pradesh]],\n        India.\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** In [[Hanoi]], [[North Vietnam]], the [[Politburo]]\n        approves the final military offensive against [[South Vietnam]].\\n** American\n        talent agent [[Michael Ovitz]] founds the [[Creative Artists Agency]].\\n**\n        Work is abandoned on the British end of the [[Channel Tunnel]].\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Jazz]] [[pianist]] [[Keith Jarrett]] plays the solo [[improvisation]]\n        ''[[The K\\u00f6ln Concert]]'' at the [[Cologne Opera]], which, recorded live,\n        becomes the best-selling piano recording in history.{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=7984\n        |title=Keith Jarrett \\u2013 Biography |work=[[All About Jazz]] |accessdate=2011-04-09\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318092416/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=7984\n        |archivedate=March 18, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Immaculata University]] defeats the [[Maryland Terrapins women''s basketball|University\n        of Maryland]] 80-48 in the first nationally televised [[women''s basketball]]\n        game in the United States.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TYZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iQUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3918,4742960&dq=immaculata&hl=en\n        \\\"Women Cagers Make TV Debut\\\"], ''''Ocala (FL) Star-Banner\\\", January 27,\n        1975, p. 2B\\n* [[January 29]] – The [[Weather Underground]] radical\n        student group bombs the [[United States Department of State]] main office\n        in Washington, D.C.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main article|February 1975}}\\n* [[February\n        1]] – The [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation]] is launched\n        in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[February 4]] – The [[1975 Haicheng earthquake|Haicheng\n        earthquake]], the first successfully [[Earthquake prediction|predicted earthquake]],\n        kills 2,041 and injures 27,538 in [[Haicheng, Liaoning]], China.\\n* [[February\n        5]] – The Argentine president [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabelita\n        Per\\u00f3n]] decrees [[Operativo Independencia]], aiming to neutralize or\n        annihilate the \\\"subversive elements\\\" in the province of Tucuman. Isabelita\n        takes advantage to take a self-coup and assume extraordinary powers.\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Kankesanthurai Electoral District by-election, 1975|A crucial\n        by-election]] is held in Kankesanthurai, Sri Lanka.\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        The ''''[[Soyuz 17]]'''' crew ([[Georgy Grechko]], [[Aleksei Gubarev]]) returns\n        to Earth after 1 month aboard the ''''[[Salyut 4]]'''' space station.\\n* [[February\n        11]]\\n** [[Margaret Thatcher]] defeats [[Edward Heath]] for the [[Conservative\n        Party (UK) leadership election, 1975|leadership]] of the opposition [[Conservative\n        Party (UK)|UK Conservative Party]]. Thatcher, 49, is Britain''s first female\n        leader of any political party.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539451.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1975: Tories choose first woman leader|date=February 11, 1975}}\\n**\n        Colonel [[Richard Ratsimandrava]], President of [[Madagascar]], is assassinated.\\n*\n        [[February 13]]\\n** A \\\"[[Turkish Federative State of North Cyprus|Turkish\n        Federated State of North Cyprus]]\\\" is declared as an unsuccessful first step\n        to international recognition of a [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|Turkish\n        Cypriot separatist state]] in [[Cyprus]]. \\n** A fire breaks out in the [[World\n        Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]].\\n* [[February 21]] –\n        [[Watergate scandal]]: Former [[United States Attorney General]] [[John N.\n        Mitchell]], and former [[White House]] aides [[H. R. Haldeman]] and [[John\n        Ehrlichman]], are sentenced to between 30 months and 8 years in prison.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – In response to the [[1973 energy crisis|energy crisis]],\n        [[daylight saving time]] commences nearly 2 months early in the United States.\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – A fleeing [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] member\n        [[Murder of Stephen Tibble|shoots and kills off-duty London police officer\n        Stephen Tibble]], 22, as he gives chase.\\n* [[February 27]] – The [[2\n        June Movement]] kidnaps West German politician [[Peter Lorenz]]. He is released\n        on [[March 4]] after most of the kidnappers'' demands are met.\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** A [[Moorgate tube crash|major tube train crash]] at [[Moorgate station]],\n        London kills 43 people.\\n** In [[Lom\\u00e9]], [[Togo]], the [[European Economic\n        Community]] and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial\n        and economic treaty, known as the first [[Lom\\u00e9 Convention]].\\n** The\n        [[National Liberation Front of Angola]] (FNLA) approaches the South African\n        Embassy in London and requests 40 to 50 artillery pieces to assist their cause\n        in the [[Angolan Civil War]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1975}}\\n*\n        [[March 1]] \\n**[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] win the [[Football League\n        Cup]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]], beating [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich\n        City]] 1\\u20130 in the final.\\n** Australian television switches to full-time\n        colour.\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Charlie Chaplin]] is knighted by [[Elizabeth\n        II]].\\n** A Canadian parliamentary committee is televised for the first time.\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n** [[1975 Algiers Agreement|Algiers Accord]]: [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]]\n        announce a settlement in their border dispute.\\n** A bomb explodes in the\n        Paris offices of the [[Axel Springer AG|Springer Press]]. The 6 March Group\n        (connected to the [[Red Army Faction]]) demands amnesty for the [[Baader-Meinhof\n        Group]].\\n* [[March 7]] – The body of teenage heiress [[Lesley Whittle]],\n        kidnapped 7 weeks earlier by the \\\"[[Donald Neilson|Black Panther]]\\\", is\n        discovered in [[Staffordshire]], England.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** The [[United\n        Nations]] proclaims [[International Women''s Day]].\\n** First appearance of\n        [[Davros]] in ''''[[Doctor Who]]''''.\\n* [[March 9]] – Construction\n        of the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]] begins.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Vietnam\n        War]]: [[North Vietnam]]ese troops attack [[Ban M\\u00ea Thu\\u1ed9t]], [[South\n        Vietnam]], on their way to capturing [[Saigon]].\\n** ''''[[The Rocky Horror\n        Show]]'''' opens on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in New York City; closed\n        after 3 previews and 45 performances.  \\n** An extended portion of ''''[[Sany\\u014d\n        Shinkansen]]'''' between [[Okayama Station]] and [[Hakata Station]] opens,\n        thus making Shinkansen reach the second island, [[Kyushu]], Japan.\\n* [[March\n        11]] – The leftist military government in Portugal defeats a rightist\n        coup attempt.\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[South Vietnam]] President\n        [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]] orders the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central\n        Highlands]] evacuated. This turns into a mass exodus involving troops and\n        civilians (the ''''Convoy of Tears'''').\\n* [[March 15]] – In Brazil,\n        [[Guanabara (state)|Guanabara State]] merges into the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|state\n        of Rio de Janeiro]]. The state''s capital moves from the city of [[Niter\\u00f3i]]\n        to the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]].\\n* [[March 22]] – ''''Ding-a-dong''''\n        by Teach-In (music by Dick Bakker, text by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens)\n        wins the 20th [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975]] for the Netherlands.\\n* [[March\n        25]] – King [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]] is shot and killed by his nephew.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/years/1975/default.stm\n        BBC News archive ''On This Day'' - 1975]\\n* [[March 27]] – The\n        South African government announces that it will consolidate the 113 separate\n        [[homeland]] areas into 36.\\n* [[March 28]] – A fire in the maternity\n        wing at Kucic Hospital in [[Rijeka]], former [[Yugoslavia]], kills 25 people.\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n**[[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]]\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (39th government, a four-party coalition,\n        so-called First National Front ({{lang-tr|Milliyet\\u00e7i cephe|links=no}})).\\n**In\n        his final game on the sideline, [[John Wooden]] coaches [[UCLA Bruins men''s\n        basketball|UCLA]] to its 10th national championship in 12 seasons when the\n        Bruins defeat [[Kentucky Wildcats men''s basketball|Kentucky]] 92-85 in the\n        [[1975 NCAA Men''s Division I Basketball Tournament|title game]] at [[San\n        Diego]].\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1975}}\\n* [[April 3]] –\n        [[Bobby Fischer]] refuses to play in a [[chess]] match against [[Anatoly Karpov]],\n        giving Karpov the title.\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The first military\n        [[Operation Babylift]] flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27 minutes after takeoff,\n        killing 138 on board; 176 survive the crash.\\n** [[Bill Gates]] and [[Paul\n        Allen]] found [[Microsoft]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]].\\n*[[April 5]]\n        – The Soviet manned space mission ''''[[Soyuz 18a]]'''' ends in failure\n        during its ascent into [[orbit]] when a critical malfunction occurs in the\n        second and third stages of the [[Soyuz rocket|booster rocket]] during staging,\n        resulting in the cosmonauts and their [[Soyuz spacecraft]] having to be ripped\n        free from the vehicle. Both cosmonauts survive.\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** Asia''s\n        first professional [[basketball]] league, the [[Philippine Basketball Association]],\n        plays its first game at the [[Araneta Coliseum]].\\n** Eight people in South\n        Korea, who are involved in the [[People''s Revolutionary Party Incident]],\n        are hanged.\\n** ''''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]'''' is released.\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Bus massacre]]: The [[Kataeb]] militia kills 27 [[Palestinians]]\n        during an attack on their bus in Ain El Remmeneh, [[Lebanon]], triggering\n        the [[Lebanese Civil War]] which lasts until [[1990]].\\n** A [[Chadian coup\n        of 1975|coup d''\\u00e9tat in Chad]] led by the military overthrows and kills\n        President [[Fran\\u00e7ois Tombalbaye]].\\n* [[April 17]] – The [[Khmer\n        Republic]] surrenders, when the [[Communism|Communist]] [[Khmer Rouge]] guerilla\n        forces capture [[Phnom Penh]] ending the [[Cambodian Civil War]], with mass\n        evacuation of American troops and Cambodian civilians. \\n* [[April 18]] –\n        The [[Khmer Rouge]] beings prompting a forcible [[emergency evacuation|mass\n        evacuation]] of the city and starting the [[Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia|genocide]].\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Nico Diederichs]] becomes the 4th [[State President\n        of South Africa]].[http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/sa_pres1/\n        Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices: South Africa: Heads\n        of State: 1961-1994] (Accessed on 14 April 2017)\\n* [[April 24]] –\n        Six [[Red Army Faction]] terrorists take over the West German embassy in [[Stockholm]],\n        take 11 hostages and demand the release of the group''s jailed members; shortly\n        after, they are captured by Swedish police (See [[West German Embassy siege]]).\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: As [[People''s Army of Vietnam|North\n        Vietnamese Army]] forces close in on the [[South Vietnam]]ese capital [[Saigon]],\n        the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day\n        since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[Vietnam War]]:\\n** [[Operation Frequent Wind]] – Americans\n        and their allies are evacuated from [[South Vietnam]] by helicopter.\\n** North\n        Vietnam concludes its [[East Sea Campaign]] by capturing all of the [[Spratly\n        Islands]] that were being held by South Vietnam.\\n* [[April 30]] – The\n        [[Vietnam War]] ends with the [[Fall of Saigon]]: The Vietnam War concludes\n        as [[Communism|Communist]] [[People''s Army of Vietnam|forces]] from [[North\n        Vietnam]] take [[Saigon]], resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American\n        troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken, [[South Vietnam]]\n        surrenders unconditionally and is replaced with the temporary [[Provisional\n        Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|Provisional Government]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1975}}\\n* [[May 1]] – The [[Cold war (general term)|Cold\n        War]] between [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]] begins, which eventually leads\n        to the [[Cambodian\\u2013Vietnamese War]]. \\n* [[May 3]] – [[West Ham\n        United F.C.|West Ham United]] wins the FA Cup at Wembley, beating Fulham 2\\u20130\n        in the final. Both goals are scored by Alan Taylor. West Ham legend [[Bobby\n        Moore]], appears for Fulham.\\n* [[May 5]] – The [[Busch Gardens Williamsburg]]\n        [[theme park]] opens in [[Virginia]].\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** The South African government\n        announces that it will provide all Black children with free and compulsory\n        education.\\n** A [[1975 Omaha tornado outbreak|violent F4 tornado]] hits the\n        [[Omaha metropolitan area]], killing 3 and injuring more than 137.\\n* [[May\n        12]] – [[Mayaguez incident]]: [[Khmer Rouge]] forces in [[Cambodia]]\n        seize the United States merchant ship {{SS|Mayaguez||2}} in international\n        waters.\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Mayaguez incident]]: The American merchant\n        ship ''''Mayaguez'''', seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S.\n        Navy and Marines; 38 Americans are killed.\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Sikkim]] accedes\n        to India after a referendum and abolishes the [[Chogyal]], its monarchy.\\n**\n        [[Junko Tabei]] from [[Japan]] becomes the first woman to reach the summit\n        of [[Mount Everest]].\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Elton John]]''s ''''[[Captain\n        Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy]]'''' becomes the first album to enter\n        the US [[Billboard 200|''''Billboard'''' 200]] album chart at Number One.\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Bobby Unser]] wins the [[Indianapolis 500]] for a second\n        time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 435 mile (696 km) race.\\n** The\n        [[Golden State Warriors]] win the [[1975 NBA Playoffs|1975 NBA basketball\n        championship]].\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** The [[Dibbles Bridge coach crash]] near\n        [[Grassington]], [[North Yorkshire]], England results in 32 deaths (the highest\n        ever toll in a United Kingdom road accident).\\n**  In the [[1974\\u201375 NHL\n        season|National Hockey League]], The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] defeat the [[Buffalo\n        Sabres]] 2-0 in game six of the finals to claim their second straight [[1975\n        Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]].\\n* [[May 28]] – Fifteen West African\n        countries sign the [[Treaty of Lagos]], creating the [[Economic Community\n        of West African States]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1975}}\\n* [[June\n        5]]\\n** The [[Suez Canal]] opens for the first time since the [[Six-Day War]].\\n**\n        The United Kingdom votes yes in a [[United Kingdom European Communities membership\n        referendum, 1975|referendum]] to stay in the [[European Community]].\\n* [[June\n        6]] – The [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] Agreement, formally creating\n        the [[ACP Group]], is signed.\\n* [[June 9]] – The [[Order of Australia]]\n        is awarded for the first time.\\n* [[June 10]] – In Washington, D.C.,\n        the [[United States President''s Commission on CIA Activities within the United\n        States|Rockefeller Commission]] issues its report on [[CIA]] abuses, recommending\n        a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence.\\n* [[June 11]]\n        – After a referendum and seven years of military rule, modern day [[Greece]]\n        is established as the [[Third Hellenic Republic|Hellas Republic]].\\n* [[June\n        19]] – [[Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan]] is found guilty [[trial\n        in absentia|''''in absentia'''']] of the murder of nanny Sandra Rivett.\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – ''''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'''' is released in theaters and\n        becomes a popular summer hit, setting the standard for Hollywood blockbusters\n        for years to come.\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declares\n        [[The Emergency (India)|a state of emergency]] in India, suspending civil\n        liberties and elections.\\n** [[Mozambique]] gains [[independence]] from Portugal.\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – Two [[FBI]] agents and one [[American Indian Movement|AIM]]\n        member die in a shootout, at the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] in [[South\n        Dakota]].\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1975}}\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[Postmaster-General''s Department]] is disaggregated into the [[Australian\n        Telecommunications Commission]] (trading as [[Telecom Australia]]) and the\n        [[Australia Post|Australian Postal Commission]] (trading as [[Australia Post]]).\n        \\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Zion Square refrigerator bombing]]. A terrorist attack\n        in downtown [[Jerusalem]] kills 15 civilians and wounds 77.\\n** Sydney newspaper\n        publisher [[Juanita Nielsen]] disappears, and is presumed to have been murdered.\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – [[Cape Verde]] gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese\n        rule.\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** The [[Comoros]] declares and is granted their independence\n        from France.\\n** [[Ruffian (horse)|Ruffian]], an American champion [[thoroughbred\n        racehorse]] breaks down in a [[match race]] against [[Kentucky Derby]] winner,\n        [[Foolish Pleasure]]; she has to be [[euthanized]] the following day.\\n* [[July\n        9]] – The National Assembly of [[Senegal]] passes a law that will pave\n        way for a  [[multi-party system]] (albeit highly restricted).\\n* [[July 12]]\n        – [[S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 and Pr\\u00edncipe]] declare independence from\n        Portugal.\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Apollo\\u2013Soyuz Test Project]]: A manned\n        American [[Apollo spacecraft]] and the manned Soviet [[Soyuz spacecraft]]\n        for the ''''[[Soyuz 19]]'''' mission, docks in [[orbit]], marking the first\n        such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        In [[Detroit]], former [[Teamsters Union]] president [[Jimmy Hoffa]] is reported\n        missing.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1975}}\\n* The first Cuban\n        forces arrive in Angola to join Russian personnel who are there to assist\n        the [[MPLA]] who controls less than a quarter of Angolan territory.{{Jeffery-People''s\n        War|pages=11\\u201312, 14\\u201315}}\\n* The [[United States]], [[Zaire]]\n        and [[Zambia]] request South Africa to provide training and support for the\n        [[FNLA]] and [[UNITA]].\\n* [[August 1]] – The\n        [[Helsinki Accords]], which officially recognize Europe''s national borders\n        and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        The [[Louisiana Superdome]] opens in [[New Orleans]].\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        U.S. President [[Gerald Ford|Ford]] posthumously restores the U.S. citizenship\n        of General [[Robert E. Lee]], military leader of the Confederate States of\n        America during the American Civil War.\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** The [[Banqiao Dam]],\n        in China''s [[Henan Province]], fails after [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon\n        Nina]]; over 200,000 people perish.\\n** Samuel Bronfman II, son of the president\n        of [[Seagram]]''s, is kidnapped in [[Purchase, New York]].\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**\n        [[British Leyland]] Motor Corporation comes under British government control.\\n**\n        Governor [[M\\u00e1rio Lemos Pires]] of [[Portuguese Timor|Portuguese East\n        Timor]] abandons the capital [[Dili]], following a [[Timorese Democratic Union|UDT]]\n        coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and [[Fretilin]].\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** The [[Birmingham Six]] are wrongfully sentenced to life imprisonment\n        in Great Britain (they are released [[1991]]).\\n** Founder President [[Sheikh\n        Mujibur Rahman]] of [[Bangladesh]] is killed during a [[coup]] led by Major\n        [[Syed Faruque Rahman]].\\n** Some members of [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]] believe\n        that [[Armageddon]] will occur this year based on the group''s chronology''''[[The\n        Watchtower]]'''', August 15, 1968, pp. 494\\u2013501; ''''Awake!'''', May 22,\n        1969, p. 15; ''''The Watchtower'''', March 15, 1980, p. 17, para. 5\\u20136.\n        and some sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise\n        which they believe will be created when [[Jesus]] establishes God''s Kingdom\n        on Earth.\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Viking program]]: [[NASA]] launches the\n        ''''[[Viking 1]]'''' planetary probe toward [[Mars]].\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced\n        to death in [[Athens]]. The sentences are later commuted to [[life imprisonment]].\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – The [[Victoria Falls Conference (1975)|Victoria Falls\n        Conference]] between Rhodesian Prime Minister [[Ian Smith]] and the [[United\n        African National Council]] is held in a [[South African Railways]] coach on\n        the [[Victoria Falls Bridge]], officiated by [[Zambia]]n President [[Kenneth\n        Kaunda]] and South African Prime Minister [[B.J. Vorster|John Vorster]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1975}}\\n* September–October – In New Zealand,\n        [[M\\u0101ori people|M\\u0101ori]] leader [[Whina Cooper]] leads a march of\n        5,000 people, in support of Maori claims to their land.\\n* [[September 5]]\\n**\n        In [[Sacramento, California]], [[Lynette Fromme]], a follower of jailed cult\n        leader [[Charles Manson]], [[Gerald Ford assassination attempt in Sacramento|attempts\n        to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford]], but is thwarted by a [[United\n        States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent.\\n** The [[London Hilton Hotel]]\n        is bombed by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]; 2 people are killed\n        and 63 injured.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/5/newsid_2499000/2499203.stm\n        |title=1975: London Hilton bombed |publisher=BBC News |date=1975-09-05 |accessdate=2013-11-24}}\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – An earthquake with a [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter\n        magnitude]] of 6.7 kills at least 2,085 in [[Diyarbak\\u0131r]] and [[Lice,\n        Turkey]].\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Riverfront Coliseum]] opens in [[Cincinnati]].\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Seton]] is canonized, becoming the first\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] saint.\\n** [[Rembrandt]]''s painting \\\"[[The Night\n        Watch]]\\\" is slashed a dozen times at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.\\n* [[September\n        15]] – The French department of \\\"''''Corse''''\\\", comprising the entire\n        island of [[Corsica]], is divided into two departments: [[Haute-Corse]] (Upper\n        Corsica) and [[Corse-du-Sud]] (Southern Corsica).\\n[[Image:Flag of Papua New\n        Guinea.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Papua New Guinea]]]]\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – [[Papua New Guinea]] gains its independence from Australia.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – Fugitive [[Patty Hearst]] is captured in [[San Francisco]].\\n*\n        [[September 19]]\\n** General [[Vasco Gon\\u00e7alves]] is ousted as Prime Minister\n        of Portugal.\\n** The British comedy sitcom ''''[[Fawlty Towers]]'''' airs\n        on [[BBC 2]].\\n* [[September 20]] – The term of [[Tuanku Al-Mutassimu\n        Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan\n        Badlishah]], as the 5th [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]], ends. Bruce\n        marries Cathie in Parma, Ohio.\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Sultan Yahya\n        Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra]] of [[Kelantan]], becomes the 6th\n        [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[September 22]] – U.S.\n        President [[Gerald Ford]] survives a second assassination attempt, this time\n        by [[Sara Jane Moore]] in [[San Francisco]].\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dougal\n        Haston]] and [[Doug Scott]] on the [[1975 British Mount Everest Southwest\n        Face expedition]] become the first people to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]]\n        by any of its faces and the first Britons to reach the summit by any route.\\n*\n        [[September 27]]\\n** [[Francoist Spain]] executes 5 [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]]\n        and [[Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front|FRAP]] members, the last executions\n        in Spain to date.\\n** The [[Norwood Football Club]] beats the [[Glenelg Football\n        Club]] in the [[South Australian National Football League]] (SANFL) [[Australian\n        rules football]] Grand Final.\\n* [[September 28]] – The [[Spaghetti\n        House siege]] takes place in London.\\n* [[September 30]] –  The [[Hughes\n        Helicopters]] (later [[McDonnell-Douglas]], now [[Boeing IDS]]) [[AH-64 Apache]]\n        makes its first flight.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October 1975}}\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – ''''[[Thrilla in Manila]]'''': Muhammad Ali defeats\n        Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.\\n* [[October 2]] –\n        A blast at an explosives factory kills 6 in [[Beloeil, Quebec]].\\n* [[October\n        9]] – A bomb explosion outside the [[Green Park tube station]] near\n        [[Piccadilly]] in London kills 1 and injures 20.\\n* [[October 11]] –\n        [[NBC]] airs the first episode of ''''[[Saturday Night Live]]'''' ([[George\n        Carlin]] is the first host; [[Billy Preston]] and [[Janis Ian]] the first\n        musical guests).\\n* [[October 14]] – The South African Defence Force\n        invades Angola during [[Operation Savannah (Angola)|Operation Savannah]] in\n        support of the [[National Liberation Front of Angola|FNLA]] and [[UNITA]]\n        prior to the Angolan elections scheduled for 11 November.Malan,\n        Magnus (2006). ''''My lewe saam met die SA Weermag'''' (1st ed.). Pretoria:\n        Protea Boekhuis. p. 121. {{ISBN|978-1-86919-113-9}}.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n**\n        The \\\"[[Balibo Five]]\\\" Australian television journalists are killed at [[Balibo]]\n        by [[Indonesian Army]] special forces in the buildup to the [[Indonesian invasion\n        of East Timor]].\\n** The last naturally occurring case of [[smallpox]] is\n        diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old [[Rahima Banu]].Image caption of U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp\n        Public Health Image LibraryC image number 7762].\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        [[1975 World Series]]: The [[Boston Red Sox]] defeated the [[Cincinnati Reds]]\n        in Game Six off [[Carlton Fisk]]''s 12th-inning home run to cap off what many\n        consider to be the best World Series game ever played.\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        The Reds defeat the Red Sox 4 games to 3 in a broadcast that breaks records\n        for a televised sporting event.\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Robert Poulin]]\n        kills 1 and wounds 5 at [[St. Pius X High School (Ottawa)|St. Pius X High\n        School]] in [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada before shooting himself.\\n*\n        [[October 30]]\\n** [[Peter Sutcliffe]] (the \\\"Yorkshire Ripper\\\") commits\n        his first murder, that of Wilma McCann.\\n** [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]] becomes\n        acting [[head of state]] after dictator [[Francisco Franco]] concedes that\n        he is too ill to govern.\\n* [[October 31]] – The [[Queen (band)|Queen]]\n        single \\\"[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]\\\" is released. It later becomes one of their\n        most popular songs.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November 1975}}\\n* [[November\n        3]]\\n** An independent audit of [[Mattel]], one of the United States'' largest\n        toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated [[press release]]s\n        and financial information to \\\"maintain the appearance of continued corporate\n        growth.\\\"\\n** The first petroleum pipeline opens from [[Cruden Bay]] to [[Grangemouth]],\n        Scotland.\\n** The long-running television game show ''''[[The Price Is Right]]''''\n        expands from 30 minutes to its current hour-long format on [[CBS]].\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\n** The [[Green March]] begins: 300,000 unarmed [[Morocco|Moroccans]]\n        converge on the southern city of [[Tarfaya]] and wait for a signal from King\n        [[Hassan II of Morocco]] to cross into [[Western Sahara]].\\n** The [[Sex Pistols]]\n        play their first gig at [[Central Saint Martins|Saint Martins College]], London.\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility\n        in [[Geleen]], Netherlands leaves 14 dead and 109 injured, with fires lasting\n        for 5 days.\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution\n        3379]]: By a vote of 72\\u201335 (with 32 abstentions), the [[United Nations]]\n        General Assembly approves a resolution equating [[Zionism]] with [[racism]].\n        The resolution provokes an outcry among Jews around the world. It is repealed\n        in [[1991]].\\n** The {{convert|729|ft|m|adj=on}}-long freighter {{SS|Edmund\n        Fitzgerald}} sinks during a storm {{convert|17|mi|km}} from the entrance to\n        [[Whitefish Bay]] on [[Lake Superior]], killing all 29 crew members on board\n        (an event immortalized in song by [[Gordon Lightfoot]]).\\n** Lev Leshchenko\n        revives \\\"[[Den Pobedy]]\\\", one of the most popular World War II songs in\n        the [[USSR]].\\n[[Image:Flag of Angola.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Angola]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 11]]\\n** [[Angola]] becomes independent from Portugal and [[Angolan\n        Civil War|civil war]] erupts.\\n** [[Australian constitutional crisis of 1975]]:\n        [[Governor-General of Australia]] Sir [[John Kerr (governor-general)|John\n        Kerr]] dismisses the government of [[Gough Whitlam]] and commissions [[Malcolm\n        Fraser]] as [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]].\\n** The first\n        annual [[Vogalonga]] rowing \\\"race\\\" is held in [[Venice]], Italy.\\n* [[November\n        14]] – [[Madrid Accords]]: Spain abandons [[Western Sahara]].\\n* [[November\n        15]] – The \\\"[[Group of 6]]\\\" (G-6) industrialized nations is formed.\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – Beginning of the [[Third Cod War]] between UK and\n        Iceland, which lasts until June 1976.\\n* [[November 19]] – The [[United\n        States Congress]] approves the [[Clark Amendment]], ending aid to the [[FNLA]]\n        and [[UNITA]].\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** Former [[California]] Governor [[Ronald\n        Reagan]] enters the race for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]\n        presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President [[Gerald Ford]].\\n**\n        Spanish dictator [[Francisco Franco]] dies in [[Madrid]], effectively marking\n        the end of the dictatorship established following the [[Spanish Civil War]]\n        and the beginning of Spain''s [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition\n        to democracy]].\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]]\n        is declared [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]] following the death\n        of dictator [[Francisco Franco]]; he would reign until his abdication in [[2014]].\\n[[Image:Flag\n        of Suriname.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Suriname]].]]\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Suriname]] gains independence from the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].\\n**\n        The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] is outlawed in the United Kingdom.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2013}}\\n* [[November 26]] – The 1975 cult classic\n        movie ''''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'''' is released in the United\n        States.\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Ross McWhirter]], co-founder of the ''''[[Guinness\n        Book of Records]]'''', is shot dead by the [[Provisional Irish Republican\n        Army]] for offering reward money to informers.\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Portuguese\n        Timor]] declares its independence from Portugal as [[East Timor]].\\n** [[South\n        African Navy]] [[Rothesay-class frigate|frigates]] evacuate 26 SADF members\n        from behind enemy lines at [[Ambrizete]], {{convert|160|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}\n        north of [[Luanda]] in Angola.\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** The name \\\"Micro-soft\\\"\n        (for [[microcomputer]] [[software]]) is used by [[Bill Gates]] in a letter\n        to [[Paul Allen]] for the first time ([[Microsoft]] becomes a [[registered\n        trademark]] on November 26, 1976).\\n** While disabled, the submarine tender\n        {{USS|Proteus|AS-19|6}} discharges radioactive coolant water into [[Apra Harbor]],\n        Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor''s public beaches shows 100 millirems/hour,\n        50 times the allowable dose.\\n* [[Formula One]] world champion [[Graham Hill]]\n        is killed when the [[Piper Aztec]] aeroplane he was piloting crashed in foggy\n        conditions near Arkley golf course in North London.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1975}}\\n* [[December 2]] – In [[Laos]], the [[Communism|communist]]\n        party of the [[Pathet Lao]] takes over [[Vientiane]] and defeats the [[Kingdom\n        of Laos]], forcing King [[Sisavang Vatthana]] to abdicate and creating the\n        Lao People''s Democratic Republic. This ends the [[Laotian Civil War]], with\n        mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians.\\n* [[December 3]]\n        – The ongoing [[Insurgency in Laos]] begins with the Pathet Lao fighting\n        the Hmongs, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings.\\n** The [[1916]] wreck\n        of {{HMHS|Britannic}} is found in the [[Kea Channel]] by [[Jacques Cousteau]].\\n*\n        [[December 8]] – New York City is approved for bailout of 2.3 billion\n        each year through to [[1978]] – 6.9 billion total.\\n* [[December 7]]\n        – [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor]]: [[Indonesia]] invades [[East\n        Timor]]; the occupation continues until 1999, when U.N. peacekeepers take\n        over control until 2002.\\n* [[December 18]] – The Lutz family moves\n        into 112 Ocean Avenue, [[Amityville, New York|Amityville]], [[Long Island]],\n        [[New York (state)|New York]], in the [[United States]], only to flee from\n        the house after 28 days, which would go on to inspire the story of [[The Amityville\n        Horror]].\\n* [[December 21]] – Six people, including [[Carlos the Jackal]],\n        kidnap delegates of an [[OPEC]] conference in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[December 25]]\n        – The [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Iron Maiden]] is formed\n        by Steve Harris in London.\\n* [[December 29]] – A bomb explosion at\n        [[LaGuardia Airport]] in New York City kills 11 people.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        The Spanish Army quits [[Spanish Sahara]] (modern-day Western Sahara), last\n        remnant of the [[Spanish Empire]]. The [[Western Sahara|Sahrawi]] Republic\n        (RASD) is created. [[Morocco]] invades the former territory.\\n* The government\n        of [[Colombia]] announces the finding of [[Ciudad Perdida]].\\n* [[Benoit Mandelbrot]]\n        coins the mathematical term ''''[[fractal]]''''.\\n* [[Lyme disease]] is first\n        diagnosed at [[Lyme, Connecticut]].\\n* [[Victoria (Australia)]] abolishes\n        [[capital punishment]].\\n* [[South Australia]] becomes the first Australian\n        state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.\\n* [[Peter\n        Gabriel]] departs [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], and is replaced on lead vocals\n        by drummer [[Phil Collins]].\\n* The first [[monster truck]], [[Bigfoot (truck)|Bigfoot]],\n        is created by Bob Chandler.\\n\\n===World population===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=\\\"7\\\"|[[World\n        population]]\\n|-\\n!\\n!1975\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1970]]\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1980]]\\n|-\\n!World\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''4,068,109,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,692,492,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 375,617,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4,434,682,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 366,573,000\\n|-\\n!Africa\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''408,160,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|357,283,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 50,877,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|469,618,001\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 61,458,000\\n|-\\n!Asia\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''2,397,512,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,143,118,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 254,394,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,632,335,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 234,823,000\\n|-\\n!Europe\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''675,542,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|655,855,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 19,687,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|692,431,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 16,889,000\\n|-\\n!Latin America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''321,906,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|284,856,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 37,050,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|361,401,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 39,495,000\\n|-\\n!Northern America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''243,425,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|231,937,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 11,488,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|256,068,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,643,000\\n|-\\n!Oceania\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''21,564,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19,443,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 2,121,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|22,828,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,264,000\\n|}\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Dax\n        Shepard Paleyfest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dax Shepard]]]]\\n[[File:Bradley Cooper\n        (3699322472) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bradley Cooper]]]]\\n[[File:Matteo\n        Renzi cropped.png|thumb|100px|[[Matteo Renzi]]]]\\n[[File:Sara Gilbert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sara\n        Gilbert]]]]\\n[[File:Yumi Yoshimura 20090704 Japan Expo 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yumi\n        Yoshimura]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Sonali Bendre]], Indian actress\\n** [[Eiichiro\n        Oda]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Tammy Homolka]], Canadian murder victim\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 2]] \\n** [[Dax Shepard]], American actor\\n** [[Doug\n        Robb]], American musician ([[Hoobastank]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\n** [[Jason Marsden]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Thomas Bangalter]], French DJ ([[Daft Punk]])\\n** [[Danica\n        McKellar]], American actress and education advocate\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Bradley\n        Cooper]], American actor\\n** [[Mike Grier]], American hockey player\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Yukana Nogami]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Ricardo Santos (beach\n        volleyball)|Ricardo Santos]], Brazilian beach volleyball player\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Chris Simmons]], British actor\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Jake\n        Delhomme]], American football player\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Rory Fitzpatrick]],\n        American hockey player\\n** [[Matteo Renzi]], 56th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        \\n* [[January 13]] – [[Shazia Mirza]], British comedian\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\n** [[Marc Cartwright]], American photographer\\n** [[Mary Pierce]],\n        French tennis player\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Anthony Taberna]], Filipino\n        broadcast journalist and radio commentator\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Tony Brown\n        (rugby union)|Tony Brown]], New Zealand rugby union footballer\\n** [[Freddy\n        Rodriguez (actor)|Freddy Rodriguez]], Puerto Rican actor\\n* [[January 20]]\\n**\n        [[David Eckstein]], American baseball player\\n** [[Mark Allan Robinson]],\n        Canadian recall leader\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Balthazar Getty]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Tito Ortiz]], American [[mixed martial arts]]\n        fighter\\n** [[B.G. Knocc Out]], American rapper\\n* [[January 24]] –\n        [[Paul Marazzi]], English singer ([[A1 (band)|A1]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n**\n        [[Mia Kirshner]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Tim Montgomery]], American athlete\\n**\n        [[John Wade (American football)|John Wade]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        28]]\\n** [[Lee Latchford-Evans]], English singer ([[Steps (group)|Steps]])\\n**\n        [[David Zingler]], American writer\\n** [[Terri Conn]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Hiroshi Kamiya]], Japanese voice actor and singer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Sharif Atkins]], American television actor\\n** [[Sara Gilbert]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Yumi Yoshimura]], Japanese singer ([[Puffy\n        AmiYumi]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Jackie O (radio host)|Jackie O]], Australian\n        radio DJ and TV presenter\\n** [[Preity Zinta]], Indian actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Natalie\n        Imbruglia Cannes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natalie Imbruglia]]]]\\n[[File:DrewBarrymoreMusicLyrics.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Drew\n        Barrymore]]]]\\n[[File:Gary Neville University of Salford.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary\n        Neville]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Littrell 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Littrell]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Big Boi]], American rapper\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Todd Bertuzzi]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Ieroklis Stoltidis]], Greek\n        footballer\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Natalie Imbruglia]], Australian actress\n        and singer\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Tomoko Kawase]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Vladimir Guerrero]], Dominican baseball player\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[Hiroki Kuroda]], Japanese baseball pitcher\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Jacque Vaughn]], American basketball player\\n* [[February 14]]\n        – [[Malik Zidi]], French actor\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Nanase Aikawa]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Harisu]], South Korean singer, model\n        and actress\\n** [[Todd Harvey]], Canadian National Hockey League player\\n**\n        [[V\\u00e1clav Prospal]], Czech National Hockey League player\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Igor Dodon]], [[President of Moldova]]\\n** [[Keith Gillespie]],\n        Northern Irish footballer\\n** [[Gary Neville]], English footballer\\n** [[Sarah\n        Brown (actress)|Sarah Brown]], American actress\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Mohamed Aly]], Egyptian reformist and writer\\n* [[February 20]] –\n        [[Brian Littrell]], American pop singer ([[Backstreet Boys]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Mark Ross]], American rock singer and entrepreneur\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Drew Barrymore]], American actress and film producer, co-founder\n        of [[Flower Films]]\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Wilfred Kigen|Wilfred Kibet\n        Kigen]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Chiemi Chiba]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Chelsea Handler]], American comedian and television\n        host\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Valentina Monetta, ESC2014 Meet & Greet 05 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Valentina\n        Monetta]]]]\\n[[File:Eva Longoria Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eva Longoria]]]]\\n[[File:Fergie\n        2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** [[Maya\n        Kulenovic]], Canadian painter\\n** [[Valentina Monetta]], Sammarinese singer\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Myrna Veenstra]], Dutch field hockey player\\n** [[Jerod\n        Turner]], American professional golfer\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Jolene Blalock]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Niki Taylor]], American model\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Audrey\n        Marie Anderson]], American actress\\n** [[Leon Dunne]], Australian swimmer\\n**\n        [[T. J. Thyne]], American actor\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Roy Makaay]], Dutch footballer\\n**\n        [[Lisa Miskovsky]], Swedish musician\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Eric the Midget]],\n        American TV personality (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Buvaisar Saitiev]], Chechen wrestler,\n        Olympic gold-medalist\\n** [[David Ca\\u00f1ada]], Spanish cyclist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[K\\u00e9ll\\u00e9 Bryan]], English singer ([[Eternal\n        (band)|Eternal]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Eva Longoria]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Veselin Topalov]], Bulgarian chess player\\n** [[will.i.am]], African-American\n        rapper and singer ([[The Black Eyed Peas]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\n** [[Test (wrestler)|Andrew\n        Martin]], Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Natalie Zea]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 18]] \\n** [[Brian Griese]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Sutton Foster]], American actress\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Vivian\n        Hsu]], Taiwanese singer, actress and model\\n** [[Le Jingyi]], Chinese swimmer\\n**\n        [[Matthew Richardson (footballer)|Matthew Richardson]], Australian rules footballer\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** [[Ladislav Ben\\u00fd\\u0161ek]], Czech ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Melanie Blatt]], English singer ([[All Saints (group)|All Saints]])\\n* [[March\n        27]] – [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]], American pop/R&B singer/rapper of\n        the Black Eyed Peas and actress\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Richard Kelly (director)|Richard\n        Kelly]], American director \\n* [[March 29]] – [[Jan Bos]], Dutch speed\n        skater\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Bahar Soomekh]], American actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Deedee\n        Magno Hall (2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Deedee Magno]]]]\\n[[File:Zach Braff 2011\n        Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Zach Braff]]]]\\n[[File:Anouk, ESC2013 press conference\n        09 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anouk (singer)|Anouk]]]]\\n[[File:Jasey-Jay Anderson\n        FIS World Cup Parallel Slalom Jauerling 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jasey-Jay Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny\n        Galecki by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny Galecki]]]]\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Deedee Magno]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Adam Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Yoshinobu Takahashi]], Japanese professional\n        baseball player\\n** [[Koji Uehara]], Japanese baseball pitcher\\n* [[April\n        4]]\\n** [[Delphine Arnault]], French businesswoman and entrepreneur\\n** [[Scott\n        Rolen]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Juicy J]], American\n        rapper, songwriter and record producer\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Zach Braff]],\n        American actor\\n** [[S\\u00f3nia Lopes]], Cape Verdean middle distance and\n        long-distance runner\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Ronde Barber]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Tiki Barber]], American football player\\n** [[John Cooper (musician)|John\n        Cooper]], America musician, bass guitarist and lead singer ([[Skillet (band)|Skillet]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Anouk (singer)|Anouk]], Dutch singer-songwriter and\n        producer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Robbie Fowler]], British footballer\\n* [[April\n        10]] – [[Matthew Phillips]], Italian rugby union footballer\\n* [[April\n        13]]\\n** [[Bruce Dyer]], English footballer\\n** [[Jasey-Jay Anderson]], Canadian\n        snowboarder\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Amy Dumas]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Stefano Miceli]], Italian conductor and pianist\\n** [[Anderson Silva]],\n        Brazilian UFC Middleweight Champion\\n** [[Takayoshi Tanimoto]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[Paul Dana]], American race car driver  (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Lee Hyun-il]], South Korean badminton player\\n* [[April\n        21]] – [[Danyon Loader]], New Zealand swimmer \\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Greg\n        Moore (racing driver)|Greg Moore]], Canadian race car driver (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Carlos Sastre]], Spanish road bicycle racer\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Olga\n        Kern]], Russian pianist\\n* [[April 26]] \\n** [[India Summer]], American pornographic\n        actress\\n** [[Joey Jordison]], American metal drummer ([[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]],\n        [[Murderdolls]], [[Scar The Martyr]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Chris Lilley\n        (comedian)|Chris Lilley]], Australian actor, comedian, and writer\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]], Japanese ski jumper\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Eric Koston]], American skateboarder\\n* [[April 30]] \\n** [[Johnny Galecki]],\n        Belgian-born American actor\\n** [[Mike Chat]], American actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Christina\n        Hendricks at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christina Hendricks]]]]\\n[[File:Enrique\n        Iglesias 2011, 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Enrique Iglesias]]]]\\n[[File:H\\u00e9lio\n        Castroneves at Pit Stop Challenge - 2015 - Stierch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[H\\u00e9lio\n        Castroneves]]]]\\n[[File:Irina Karavayeva 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Irina Karavayeva]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew\n        Sega]]]]\\n[[File:Keiko Fujimori 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keiko Fujimori]]]]\\n[[File:Andre\n        Benjamin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andr\\u00e9 3000]]]]\\n[[File:Jamie Oliver (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamie\n        Oliver]]]]\\n[[File:David Burtka 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Burtka]]]]\\n[[File:CEELOGREENGBB.jpg|thumb|100px|[[CeeLo\n        Green]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Marc-Vivien Fo\\u00e9]], Cameroonian footballer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[David Beckham]], English footballer\\n** [[Ahmed\n        Hassan]], Egyptian footballer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Andreea Bibiri]], Romanian\n        film and stage actress, dubber and theatre director\\n** [[Christina Hendricks]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Kimora Lee Simmons]], American fashion designer\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Jason Tunks]], Canadian Olympic discus thrower\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** [[Enrique Iglesias]], Spanish singer\\n** [[Jussi Markkanen]], Finnish\n        hockey player\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Chris Diamantopoulos]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[May 10]]\\n** [[Torbj\\u00f8rn Brundtland]], Norwegian musician ([[R\\u00f6yksopp]])\\n**\n        [[H\\u00e9lio Castroneves]], Brazilian race car driver\\n** [[Hazem Emam]],\n        Egyptian footballer\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Jonah Lomu]], New Zealand rugby\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Itat\\u00ed Cantoral]], Mexican\n        actress\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Peter Iwers]], Swedish rock bassist ([[In Flames]])\\n**\n        [[Ray Lewis]], American football player\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Tony Kakko]],\n        Finnish singer\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Jonti Picking]], British animator,\n        voice actor and internet personality\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[John Higgins (snooker\n        player)|John Higgins]], Scottish snooker player\\n** [[Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack\n        Johnson]], American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Irina Karavayeva]], Russian trampolinist\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[London Fletcher]], American football player\\n** [[Jonas Renkse]],\n        Swedish musician \\n** [[Mitsutoshi Shimabukuro]], Japanese manga artist\\n**\n        [[Zhang Ning]], Chinese badminton player \\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Al Bano]], Italian singer\\n** [[Tahmoh Penikett]], Canadian\n        actor\\n** [[Miriam Quiambao]], Filipina actress\\n** [[Andrew Sega]], American\n        musician\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Janne Niinimaa]], Finnish hockey player\\n*\n        [[May 23]]\\n** [[Michiel van den Bos]], Dutch composer\\n** [[Molly Wood]],\n        executive editor at [[CNET.com]]\\n* [[May 25]] \\n** [[Lauryn Hill]], African-American\n        singer\\n** [[Keiko Fujimori]], Peruvian politician\\n** [[Harriet Toompere]],\n        Estonian actress \\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 3000]], American rapper,\n        singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor\\n** [[Jamie\n        Oliver]], English chef, restaurateur and television personality\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Charmaine Sheh]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Jason Allison]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Melanie Brown]], British singer ([[Spice Girls]])\\n**\n        [[Daniel Tosh]], American stand-up comedian\\n** [[David Burtka]], American\n        actor and chef\\n* [[May 30]] – [[CeeLo Green]], American singer\\n* [[May\n        31]] – [[Toni Nieminen]], Finnish ski jumper\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Bryan\n        Konietzko by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bryan Konietzko]]]]\\n[[File:Arthur\n        Russell Brand (5622506846).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Russell Brand]]]]\\n[[File:Angelina\n        Jolie 2 June 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Angelina Jolie]]]]\\n[[File:Linda\n        Cardellini Deauville 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Linda Cardellini]]]]\\n[[File:Tobey\n        Maguire 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tobey Maguire]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Gareth\n        Edwards (director)|Gareth Edwards]], British director\\n** [[Bryan Konietzko]],\n        American animator\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Russell Brand]], English actor and comedian\\n**\n        [[Angelina Jolie]], American actress\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Karen Strassman]],\n        American actress and voice actress\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Shane Bond]], New Zealand\n        fast bowler\\n** [[Allen Iverson]], American basketball player\\n* [[June 8]]\n        – [[Shilpa Shetty]], Bollywood actress\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Andrew\n        Symonds]], Australian cricketer\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Darren Eadie]], English\n        footballer\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Choi Ji-woo]], South Korean actress and\n        model\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Chris Onstad]], American cartoonist\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Elizabeth Reaser]], American actress\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[Anabel Conde]], Spanish singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1995|1995]] runner-up\\n* [[June 17]] \\n** [[Chloe Jones]], American\n        pornstar (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Phiyada Akkraseranee]], Thai actress\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Martin St. Louis]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Oksana Chusovitina]], German artistic gymnast\\n** [[Ed Coode]], British\n        rower\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Jack Guzman]], American actor\\n* [[June 23]]\n        – [[KT Tunstall|Kate Tunstall]], Scottish singer-songwriter\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[Christie Rampone]], American footballer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Cardellini]], American actress\\n** [[Vladimir Kramnik]], Russian chess\n        player\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Tobey Maguire]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        28]]\\n** [[Ning Baizura]], Malaysian singer\\n** [[Jon N\\u00f6dtveidt]], Swedish\n        singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Ralf Schumacher]], German racing\n        car driver\\n** [[Angela Tong]], Hong Kong actress\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:50\n        Cent cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[50 Cent]]]]\\n[[File:Jack White at the White\n        House (detail).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack White]]]]\\n[[File:Judy Greer July 14,\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Judy Greer]]]]\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Kip Gamblin]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Hern\\u00e1n Crespo]], Argentinian footballer\\n** [[Ai\n        Sugiyama]], Japanese tennis player\\n* [[July 6]] – [[50 Cent]], American\n        rapper\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Shelton Benjamin]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Robert Koenig (filmmaker)|Robert Koenig]], American film director and producer\\n**\n        [[Jack White]], American rock and blues musician\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**[[Alain\n        Nasreddine]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**[[Stef\\u00e1n Karl Stef\\u00e1nsson]],\n        [[Iceland]]ic film and stage actor\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Flore Zo\\u00e9]],\n        Dutch photographer\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Jill Halfpenny]], British actress\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Elena Anaya]], Spanish actress\\n** [[C\\u00e9cile de France]],\n        Belgian actress\\n** [[Harlette]], British fashion designer of [[lingerie]]\\n**\n        [[Konnie Huq]], English television presenter\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Torii Hunter]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Daron Malakian]], Armenian-American guitarist\n        ([[System of a Down]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Patricia Ja Lee]], American\n        model/actress\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Judy Greer]], American actress and author\\n**\n        [[Ray Allen]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Fredrik\n        Johansson (musician)|Fredrik Johansson]], Swedish musician\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – [[Kenshin Kawakami]], Japanese baseball pitcher\\n* [[July 24]]\\n**\n        [[Eric Szmanda]], American actor\\n** [[Torrie Wilson]], American professional\n        wrestler and model\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[H\\u00e5vard Ellefsen]], Norwegian\n        rock (metal) musician \\n** [[Evgeni Nabokov]], Kazakh-Russian former hockey\n        goaltender ([[1995]]-[[2015]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Shea Hillenbrand]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Alex Rodriguez]], American baseball player\\n* [[July\n        29]] – [[Terrence Wilkins]], American football player\\n* [[July 30]]\n        – [[Graham Nicholls]], British artist\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Simon\n        Hirst]], British DJ\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Charlize Theron Cannes 2015 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlize\n        Theron]]]]\\n[[File:Casey Affleck at the Manchester by the Sea premiere (30199719155)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Casey Affleck]]]]\\n[[File:Dante Basco 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dante\n        Basco]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**[[Danny Chan Kwok-kwan]], Hong Kong actor\\n**[[Vhrsti]],\n        Czech illustrator\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Yoyo Mung]], Hong Kong actress\\n*\n        [[August 4]] – [[Jason Crump]], Australian [[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway]]\n        rider, three times world champion\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Kajol Devgan]], Indian\n        actress\\n** [[Eicca Toppinen]], Finnish cellist ([[Apocalyptica]])\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Gaahl]] (Kristian Eivind Espedal), Norwegian metal musician\\n**\n        [[Megan Gale]], Australian model and actress\\n** [[Charlize Theron]], South\n        African actress\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Roger Craig Smith]], American voice\n        actor\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Casey Affleck]], American actor and film\n        director. Brother of actor [[Ben Affleck]]\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Shoaib\n        Akhtar]], Pakistani fast bowler\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Kara Wolters]],\n        American women''s basketball player\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Kaitlin Olson]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Sheree Murphy]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Rodrigo Santoro]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Hayato Sakurai]],\n        Japanese martial artist\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Raymond Wong Ho-yin]],\n        Hong Kong actor\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Bj\\u00f6rn Gelotte]], Swedish musician\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Dante Basco]], American actor\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[Sara Ramirez]], American Actress\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:MichaelBubleSmileeb2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Bubl\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Sudeikis 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jason\n        Sudeikis]]]]\\n[[File:Moon Bloodgood 2012 Dark Horse Comics booth (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Moon\n        Bloodgood]]]]\\n[[File:Marion Cotillard Cabourg 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marion\n        Cotillard]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Natalie Bassingthwaighte]], Australian\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Elvira Rahi\\u0107]], Bosnian singer\\n** [[Scott Speedman]],\n        Canadian actor\\n* [[September 2]] – [[David Jahn]], Czech neo-burlesque\n        impresario\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Redfoo]], American disc jockey ([[LMFAO]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Mark Ronson]], English DJ, record producer, and\n        singer\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Derrek Lee]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Ryoko Tani]], Japanese judoka\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Renato Sobral|Renato\n        \\\"Babalu\\\" Sobral]], Brazilian martial artist\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Michael\n        Bubl\\u00e9]], Canadian musician\\n* [[September 10]] – [[R. Luke DuBois]],\n        American composer and artist\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Brad Fischetti]],\n        American musician\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Peter Ho]], American-Taiwanese\n        singer and actor\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Gal Fridman]], Israeli windsurfer\\n**\n        [[Shannon Noll]], Australian singer\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Jimmie Johnson]],\n        American race car driver\\n** [[Constantine Maroulis]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Juan Pablo Montoya]], Colombian race car driver\\n** [[Austin St. John]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 18]] \\n** [[Richard Appleby]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Jason Sudeikis]], American actor, comedian, and screenwriter\\n* [[September\n        20]]\\n** [[Asia Argento]], Italian actress, singer, and director\\n** [[Moon\n        Bloodgood]], American actress\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Mireille Enos]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Ethan Moreau]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        [[Kim Dong-moon]], South Korean badminton player\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Declan\n        Donnelly]], British TV presenter, actor and singer \\n** [[Matt Hasselbeck]],\n        American football player\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Sam Lee (actor)|Sam\n        Lee]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Ana Brnabi\\u0107]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Serbia]]\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Marion Cotillard]], French\n        actress, singer, songwriter, and musician\\n** [[Christopher Jackson (actor)|Christopher\n        Jackson]], American actor, musician, and composer\\n** [[Georges-Alain Jones]],\n        French singer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kate Winslet at The Dressmaker event\n        TIFF (headshot).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate Winslet]]]]\\n[[File:Sean Lennon Saint\n        Asbury Park NJ 09272013 LHCollins 400.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sean Lennon]]]]\\n[[File:Jesse\n        Tyler Ferguson May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jesse Tyler Ferguson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Michel Trudeau]], son of Canadian Prime Minister [[Pierre\n        Trudeau]] and brother of Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Alanna Ubach]], American actress and singer\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n** [[Parminder Nagra]], British actress\\n** [[Monica Rial]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Kate Winslet]], British actress\\n** [[Gao Yuanyuan]],\n        Chinese actress\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Terry Gerin]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Kaspars Znoti\\u0146\\u0161]], Latvian actor\\n* [[October 9]]\n        – [[Joseph McFadden|Joe McFadden]], British actor\\n* [[October 9]] –\n        [[Sean Lennon]], American musician\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Ihsahn]], Norwegian\n        musician\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Floyd Landis]], American cyclist\\n** [[Shaznay\n        Lewis]], English singer\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Mich\\u00e9l Mazingu-Dinzey]],\n        German-Congolese footballer \\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Sally Biddulph]], British\n        journalist and presenter\\n** [[Jacques Kallis]], South African Cricket All-Rounder\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Janne Aikala]], Finnish murder victim (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Benjamin Heckendorn]], American electronics modifier\n        and independent filmmaker\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Natalie Gregory]], American\n        child actress\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Henrique Hil\\u00e1rio]], Portuguese\n        footballer\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[Jesse Tyler Ferguson]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Mike Riley (cartoonist)|Mike Riley]], American cartoonist\\n* [[October 23]]\\n**\n        [[Odalys Garc\\u00eda]], Cuban-born actress\\n** [[Keith Van Horn]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Michelle Beadle]], Sports reporter/host\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Zadie Smith]], English writer\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Ian\n        D''Sa]], Canadian guitarist\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Director X]], Canadian\n        music video director\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tara Reid July 14, 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tara\n        Reid]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Lezak 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason Lezak]]]]\\n[[File:Anthony\n        McPartlin (of Ant and Dec).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony McPartlin]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Danny Cooksey]], American actor\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Marta\n        Dom\\u00ednguez]], Spanish athlete\\n* [[November 4]] – [[\\u00c9ric Fichaud]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Lisa Scott-Lee]], Welsh singer\n        ([[Steps (group)|Steps]])\\n** [[Jamie Spaniolo]] (Jamie Madrox), American\n        rapper\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Corella]], Spanish dancer\\n** [[Tara\n        Reid]], American actress\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Markko M\\u00e4rtin]],\n        Estonian race car driver\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Daisuke Ohata]], Japanese\n        rugby union player\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Jason Lezak]], American swimmer\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Faye Tozer]], English singer ([[Steps (group)|Steps]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Hiromi Ominami]], Japanese long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** [[Yuki Uchida]], Japanese actress\\n** [[Julio Lugo]],\n        Dominican baseball player\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Anthony McPartlin]], British\n        TV presenter, actor and singer\\n** [[David Ortiz]], Dominican baseball player\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Sushmita Sen]], Indian beauty queen and actress\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – [[Dierks Bentley]], American country music singer\\n*\n        [[November 21]]\\n** [[Chris Moneymaker]], American poker player\\n** [[Aaron\n        Solowoniuk]], Canadian drummer\\n* [[November 22]] – [[James Madio]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Thomas Kohnstamm]], American writer\\n**\n        [[Lee Wan Wah]], Malaysian badminton player\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Eka\n        Kurniawan]], Indonesian writer\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Ben Thatcher]],\n        Welsh international footballer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Kevin Harvick at\n        the Daytona 500.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Harvick]]]]\\n[[File:DeLonge2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        DeLonge]]]]\\n[[File:Mayim Bialik at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mayim\n        Bialik]]]]\\n[[File:Milla Jovovich Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Milla Jovovich]]]]\\n[[File:Charles\n        Michel (politician).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles Michel (politician)|Charles\n        Michel]]]]\\n[[File:Tiger Woods drives by Allison.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tiger Woods]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Malinda Williams]], American actress\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Csaba Cz\\u00e9bely]], Hungarian heavy metal drummer ([[Pokolg\\u00e9p]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]]\\n** [[Sofi Marinova]], Bulgarian pop-folk and ethno-pop singer\\n**\n        [[Ronnie O''Sullivan]], British snooker player\\n** [[Paula Patton]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Ashin]], Taiwanese rock lead singer ([[Mayday\n        (Taiwanese band)|Mayday]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Kevin Harvick]], American\n        race car driver\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Joe Mays]], American baseball\n        pitcher\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Gerben de Knegt]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Mayim Bialik]], Israeli-American actress and neuroscientist\\n**\n        [[Houko Kuwashima]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Tom\n        DeLonge]], American guitarist and vocalist\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Frode\n        Fjerdingstad]], Norwegian photographer\\n** [[Ben Kowalewicz]], Canadian vocalist\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Tim Clark (golfer)|Tim Clark]], South African golfer\\n**\n        [[Nick Dinsmore]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Susanthika Jayasinghe]],\n        Sri Lankan athlete\\n** [[Hilje Murel]], Estonian actress\\n** [[Milla Jovovich]],\n        Ukrainian-born American actress and model\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Sia Furler]]\n        (aka Sia), Australian singer-songwriter and music video director\\n** [[Trish\n        Stratus]], Canadian professional wrestler and fitness model\\n** [[Randy Houser]],\n        American country music singer\\n** [[Masaki Sumitani]], Japanese television\n        performer\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Bartosz Bosacki]], Polish footballer\\n*\n        [[December 21]]\\n** [[Paloma Herrera]], Argentine ballet dancer\\n** [[Charles\n        Michel (politician)|Charles Michel]], Belgian politician, 51st [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]]\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Vadim Sharifijanov]], Russian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[December 26]] \\n** [[Ed Stafford]], English explorer\\n** [[Marcelo\n        R\\u00edos]], Chilean tennis player\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Heather O''Rourke]],\n        American child actress (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Nike Ardilla]], Indonesian singer\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Shawn Hatosy]], American actor\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Yoma Komatsu]], Japanese singer\\n** [[Tiger Woods]],\n        American golfer\\n*[[December 31]] – [[Mikko Sir\\u00e9n]], Finnish drummer\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n*[[Nazma Akter]],  Banglahdesi trade unionist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Gral.\n        Gustavo Rojas Pinilla.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]]]]\\n[[File:Larrydisorder.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Larry\n        Fine]]]]\\n[[File:Anton%C3%ADn Novotn%C3%BD 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Antonin\n        Novotny]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Victor Kraft]], Austrian philosopher\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Ole R\\u00f8mer Aagaard Sandberg]],\n        Norwegian military officer and farmer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Harry Gunnison Brown]], American economist teaching at Yale in 20th century\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Louis P. Lochner]], American political\n        activist, journalist, and author (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Pierre\n        Fresnay]], French actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Georgi Traykov]],\n        former head of [[List of heads of state of Bulgaria|State of Bulgaria]] as\n        Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (b. [[1898]])\\t\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Band\\u014d Mitsugor\\u014d VIII]], Japanese actor (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]], 19th [[President of Colombia]]\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Evelyn Greeley]], American silent\n        film actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Thomas Hart Benton\n        (painter)|Thomas Hart Benton]], American artist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        23]] – [[Prince Karl Franz of Prussia]] (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n**\n        [[Larry Fine]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Erich Kempka]],\n        German chauffeur of Adolf Hitler (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Anton\\u00edn\n        Novotn\\u00fd]],  Czechoslovak Communist leader and 7th [[President of Czechoslovakia]]\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Bill Walsh (producer)|Bill Walsh]], American film producer\n        and writer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Ola Raknes]], Norwegian\n        psychoanalyst and philologist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Don Kaye]],\n        co-founder of [[TSR, Inc.]] (b. [[1938]])\\n** [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th\n        Duke of Norfolk]], English peer and Earl Marshal (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hux-Oxon-72.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julian\n        Huxley]]]]\\n[[File:PGWodehouse.jpg|thumb|110px|[[P. G. Wodehouse]]]]\\n[[File:Morgan\n        Taylor 1928.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Morgan Taylor]]]]\\n* [[February 3]]\n        – [[Umm Kulthum]], Egyptian actress and singer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] – [[Louis Jordan]], American musician (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[George Rowe (actor)|George Rowe]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\n** [[Robert Robinson (organic chemist)|Robert Robinson]],\n        British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Jan Muka\\u0159ovsk\\u00fd]],\n        Czech literary, linguistic and aesthetic theorist. (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] – [[Nikos Kavvadias]], Greek poet and writer (stroke) (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Richard Ratsimandrava]], Military [[President of\n        Madagascar]] (assassinated) (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Giovanni\n        Brancaccio]], Italian painter (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Bernard Knowles]], English\n        film director (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Beaufre]],\n        French general (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Julian Huxley]], British\n        biologist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[P. G. Wodehouse]], English writer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Micha\\u0142 Sopo\\u0107ko]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and saint, the ''''Apostle of [[Divine Mercy]]'''' (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Morgan Taylor]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[George Marshall (director)|George Marshall]], American\n        film director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Chivu Stoica]], Romanian\n        Communist politician, 48th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] and head of State\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Luigi Dallapiccola]], Italian composer\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Aleksander Ansberg]], Russian politician\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Robert Strauss (actor)|Robert Strauss]], American actor\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Nikolai Bulganin]], [[Premier of\n        the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Elijah Muhammad]],\n        American Nation of Islam leader (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Stephen\n        Tibble]], London police officer (shot) (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        [[Muriel Hazel Wright]], American author and historian (b. 1885)\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Neville Cardus|Sir Neville Cardus]], British music and cricket\n        writer (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Joseph Bech (detail).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph\n        Bech]]]]\\n[[File:George Stevens with Oscar for Giant.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[George\n        Stevens]]]]\\n[[File:Susan Hayward - 1940s.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Susan Hayward]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Faisal of Saudi Arabia on on arrival ceremony welcoming 05-27-1971 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|right|King\n        [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Therese Giehse]], German\n        actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Mikhail Bakhtin]], Russian philosopher\n        and literary scholar (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Ben Blue]], Canadian actor and comedian\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Joseph Bech]], [[Prime Minister of Luxembourg]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[George Stevens]], American director, producer and cinematographer\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Gleb W. Derujinsky]], Russian-American\n        sculptor (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Joseph Dunninger]], American mentalist (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Arthur W. Hummel, Sr.]], American Christian missionary\n        to China (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Margarita Fischer]], German\n        silent film actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Ivo Andri\\u0107]],\n        Serbo-Croatian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 14]]\n        – [[Susan Hayward]], American actress (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[March 15]]\n        – [[Aristotle Onassis]], Greek shipping magnate (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[March\n        16]] \\n** [[T-Bone Walker]], American blues performer (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Richard\n        W. DeKorte]], American New Jersey Energy Administrator and former member of\n        the New Jersey General Assembly (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Harry\n        Lachman]], American set designer and film director (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Roy\n        Middleton]], Australian cricketer and administrator (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]], (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Joe Medwick]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 22]] –\n        [[Cass Daley]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** King [[Faisal\n        of Saudi Arabia]] (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Deiva Zivarattinam]], Indian politician\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 27]] – Sir [[Arthur Bliss]], British composer\n        and Master of the Queen''s Music (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Boots\n        Adams]], American business magnate, president of [[Phillips Petroleum Company]]\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Chiang Kai-shek Colour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chiang\n        Kai-shek]]]]\\n[[File:Baker Banana.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Josephine Baker]]]]\\n[[File:Radhakrishnan.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Sarvepalli\n        Radhakrishnan]]]]\\n[[File:Fran\\u00e7ois Tombalbaye p1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Tombalbaye]]]]\\n[[File:Ranieri Mazzilli (1961).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pascoal Ranieri\n        Mazzilli]]]]\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Mary Ure]], Scottish actress (b. [[1933]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]]\\n** [[Chiang Kai-shek]], 1st [[President of the Republic of China]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Harold Osborn]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Victor Marijnen]], Dutch politician and jurist, 40th [[Prime Minister of\n        the Netherlands]] (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Percival Gordon]],\n        Canadian lawyer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Walker Evans]], American\n        photographer (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Marjorie Main]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – [[Josephine Baker]], American dancer (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Larry Parks]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Tombalbaye]], Chadian teacher and activist, 1st [[President of Chad]] (b.\n        [[1918]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Fredric March]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Michael Flanders]], English actor and songwriter (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Richard Conte]], American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[April 17]]\n        – [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], Indian philosopher and politician, 2nd\n        [[President of India]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Abu Bakr Ahmad\n        Haleem]], Pakistani scientist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[William\n        Anderson (cricketer, born 1909)|William Anderson]], English cricketer (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n** [[Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli]], Brazilian politician, 2-time [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[William Hartnell]], British\n        actor (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Pete Ham]], Welsh musician (b.\n        [[1947]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Gen Paul]], French artist (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Disorder\n        in the Court.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Moe Howard]]]]\\n[[File:Avery Brundage 1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Avery\n        Brundage]]]]\\n[[File:Archduke Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Archduke\n        Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]]]]\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Moe Howard]],\n        American actor and comedian (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Mary Stocks,\n        Baroness Stocks]], British writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Avery\n        Brundage]], 5th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]]\\n** [[Philip Dorn]], Dutch actor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Archduke Franz\n        Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Richard Hollingshead]], American inventor of the drive-in theatre (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]]\\n** [[Leroy Anderson]], American composer (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[An\\u00edbal\n        Troilo]], Argentine tango musician (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Lefty\n        Grove]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Amanda Labarca]], Chilean\n        diplomat, educator, writer and feminist (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Torben Meyer]],\n        Danish actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n**[[Paul Legentilhomme]], French\n        general (b. [[1884]])\\n**[[Moms Mabley]], American comedian (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Guy La Chambre]], French politician (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Count Dante]], American martial artist (b. [[1939]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]]\\n** [[Philip Mairet]], American designer, writer and journalist.\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Steve Prefontaine]], American distance runner (b. [[1951]])\\n**\n        [[Tatsuo Shimabuku]], Japanese martial artist and founder of Isshin-ryu karate\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Michel Simon]], Swiss actor (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Eisaku\n        Sato 1960.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Eisaku Sato]]]]\\n[[File:Rafaelarevalomartinez30.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rafael\n        Ar\\u00e9valo Mart\\u00ednez]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Ozzie Nelson]], American\n        actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Eisaku Sat\\u014d]], Japanese politician, 39th [[Prime\n        Minister of Japan]], recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June\n        4]] – [[Evelyn Brent]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 5]]\n        – [[Paul Keres]], Estonian chess grandmaster (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Larry Blyden]], American actor (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June 12]]\n        – [[Rafael Ar\\u00e9valo Mart\\u00ednez]], Guatemalan writer (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Pablo Antonio]], Filipino modernist architect (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[William Austin (actor)|William Austin]], English actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Hugo Bergmann]], German and Israeli\n        Jewish philosopher (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[William Hansen (actor)|William\n        Hansen]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Josemar\\u00eda\n        Escriv\\u00e1]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, saint and founder of Opus\n        Dei (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[G. I. Taylor]], British physicist,\n        mathematician and expert on fluid dynamics and wave theory (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Rod Serling]], American television screenwriter (b.\n        [[1924]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Tim Buckley]], American singer-songwriter\n        (b. [[1947]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Howard I. Chapelle]], American naval\n        architect, museum curator and author (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Z.A.Bukhari.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Zulfiqar\n        Ali Bukhari]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] – [[James Robertson Justice]], British\n        actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Luigi Carlo Borromeo]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Olive Pink]],\n        Australian botanical illustrator and anthropologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Barbara Brown (American actress)|Barbara Brown]], American actress\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Henri Deglane]], French wrestler (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July\n        12]] – [[Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari]], Pakistan broadcaster (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – [[Charles Weidman]], American choreographer and dancer\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Konstantine Gamsakhurdia]], Georgian writer\n        and public benefactor (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[L. F. Powell]], English literary\n        scholar (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Vaughn Bod\\u0113]], American\n        artist and psychedelic cartoonist (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Lefty\n        Frizzell]], American singer (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Charles Alan Pownall]], American\n        admiral and third Military Governor of Guam (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 21]] –\n        [[Billy West (silent film actor)|Billy West]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Emlen Tunnell]], American football player ([[New York\n        Giants]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1925]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Barbara Colby]], American actress (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Anne Spencer]], American poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n**\n        [[James Blish]], American science fiction writer (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Hoffa]], American labor leader, disappeared on this date (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Dmitri\n        Shostakovich credit Deutsche Fotothek adjusted.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dmitri Shostakovich]]]]\\n[[File:Sheikh\n        Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]]]\\n[[File:Haile\n        Selassie in full dress.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Haile Selassie I]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00c9amon\n        de Valera.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9amon de Valera]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Andreas Embirikos]], Greek poet (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Satchidanandendra\n        Saraswati]], founder of the Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya in Holenarasipura\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], Russian composer\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Robert Barton]], Irish politician\n        and last surviving signatory of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        11]]\\n** [[Rachel Katznelson-Shazar]], Zionist political figure and wife of\n        third President of Israel (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Anthony McAuliffe]], American\n        general (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Charles Pollard Olivier]],\n        American astronomer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Sheikh Mujibur\n        Rahman]], Bengali political figure, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] and\n        2-time [[President of Bangladesh]] (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        [[Vladimir Kuts]], Soviet runner (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Sig\n        Arno]], German actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Mark Donohue]],\n        American race car driver (b. [[1937]])\\n** [[Frank Shields]], American tennis\n        player (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Sidney Buchman]], American screenwriter\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Hank Patterson]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Cullen Landis]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Haile Selassie I]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]], leader of the [[World\n        War II]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Fritz Wotruba]], Austrian\n        sculptor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Bob Baker (actor)|Bob Baker]],\n        American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]], Irish politician\n        and statesman, 3rd [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Pierre Blaise]], French actor (b. [[1955]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Mabel Vernon]], American suffragist and pacifist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Alice Catherine Evans]], American\n        microbiologist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Minta Durfee]], American\n        actress (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Ethel Griffies]], British actress (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[George Paget Thomson]], British physicist, Nobel\n        Prize laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Ivan Afanasenko]],\n        Soviet red army general (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Mudicondan\n        Venkatarama Iyer]], Indian musician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Irene Hayes]], American Ziegfeld girl and businesswoman (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Pamela Brown (actress)|Pamela Brown]], English\n        actress (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Saint-John Perse]], French\n        diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Ian Hunter (actor)|Ian Hunter]], British actor (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Earle Cabell]], American politician (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[C. H. Waddington]], British biologist, paleontologist,\n        geneticist and philosopher (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Jack\n        Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]], Australian politician (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Casey Stengel]], American baseball player ([[Brooklyn\n        Dodgers]]) and manager ([[New York Yankees]], [[New York Mets]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Gustav\n        Hertz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustav Ludwig Hertz]]]]\\n* [[October 4]] – [[May\n        Sutton]], American tennis champion (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        [[Chiura Obata]], Japanese-American artist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        [[Charles A. Dana (philanthropist)|Charles A. Dana]], American businessman,\n        politician and philanthropist (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Norman Levinson]], American\n        mathematician (b. 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The [[Great Siberian Ice March]] ensues.\\n** The [[New\n        York State Assembly]] refuses to seat five duly elected [[Socialist Party\n        of America|Socialist]] assemblymen.\\n* [[January 9]] – Thousands of\n        onlookers watch as \\\"The Human Fly\\\" [[George Polley]] climbs the [[Woolworth\n        Building]] in New York City. He reaches the 30th floor before being arrested.\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[League of Nations Covenant]] enters into force. On\n        [[January 16]] the organization holds its first council meeting, in Paris.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – The [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] is recognised\n        [[de facto]] by European powers in [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://today.az/news/politics/53534.html|title=Azerbaijani Foreign\n        Ministry official: result of overcoming obstacles by first Azerbaijani diplomats\n        was international recognition in Versailles|work=Today.az|date=2009-07-03|accessdate=2013-03-13}}\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' [[Robert H. Goddard#Publicity\n        and criticism|ridicules]] the American rocket scientist [[Robert H. Goddard]].\n        \\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Prohibition in the United States]] begins with the\n        [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment\n        to the Constitution]] coming into effect.\\n** The [[Allies of World War I]]\n        demand that the Netherlands [[extradition|extradite]] the German [[Kaiser]]\n        [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], who fled there in [[1918]].\\n**\n        [[Zeta Phi Beta]] Sorority, Incorporated, is founded on the campus of [[Howard\n        University]] in Washington, D.C.\\n* [[January 19]] – The [[United States\n        Senate]] votes against joining the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[January 22]]\n        – The Australian [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] is officially\n        formed, led by Nelson Pollard.\\n* [[January 23]] – The Netherlands refuses\n        to extradite the German [[Kaiser]].\\n* [[January 28]] – ''''El Tercio\n        de Extranjeros'''', the \\\"Regiment of Foreigners\\\", later the [[Spanish Legion]],\n        is established by [[decree]] of King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]].\\n* [[January\n        30]] – The oldest surviving pro wrestling match on film takes place,\n        with [[Joe Stecher]] defeating [[Earl Caddock]].\\n\\n===February===\\n\\n* [[February\n        1]] – The [[South African Air Force]] (SAAF) is established, the second\n        autonomous Air Force in the world after the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF).N\\u00f6thling, Kol C.J., Martins, Maj du P. (1990). ''''Kroniek\n        van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag (1920-1990)'''', (1st ed.). Direktoraat Openbare\n        Betrekkinge, SAW. Uitgewer: Staatsdrukkery, Pretoria. Gedruk deur Promedia\n        Drukkers, Posbus 255, Silverton, 0127.\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Estonian\n        War of Independence]]: The [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian\\u2013Estonian)|Tartu\n        Peace Treaty]] is signed, ending the war and recognizing the independence\n        of both the [[Republic of Estonia]] and the [[Russian Socialist Federative\n        Soviet Republic]].\\n** [[French Third Republic|France]] occupies [[Klaip\\u0117da\n        Region|Memel]].\\n** Sayyid Muhammad, Khan of [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]] abdicates.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – [[Alexander Kolchak|Admiral Kolchak]] and [[Viktor\n        Pepelyayev]] are [[execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] near\n        [[Irkutsk]].\\n* [[February 9]] – The [[Svalbard Treaty]], signed by\n        members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty of [[Norway]]\n        over the [[Arctic]] archipelago of [[Svalbard]] (at this time called Spitzbergen)\n        while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands.\\n* [[February\n        10]] – General [[J\\u00f3zef Haller]] first performs [[Poland''s Wedding\n        to the Sea]], a symbolic celebration of the restitution of Polish access to\n        the [[Baltic Sea]].\\n* [[February 12]]–[[February 24|24]] – [[Conference\n        of London (1920)|Conference of London]]: Leaders of the United Kingdom, France\n        and Italy meet to discuss the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]].\\n* [[February\n        13]] – Switzerland rejoins the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[February\n        14]] – The [[League of Women Voters]] is founded in Chicago.\\n* [[February\n        17]] – A woman named [[Anna Anderson]] tries to commit suicide in Berlin\n        and is taken to a mental hospital, where she claims she is [[Grand Duchess\n        Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia]].\\n* [[February\n        19]] – The [[United States Senate]] refuses to ratify the [[Treaty of\n        Versailles]].\\n* [[February 20]] – [[1920 Gori earthquake]]: An earthquake\n        hits [[Gori, Georgia|Gori]] in the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], killing\n        114.\\n* [[February 21]] – The island province of [[Marinduque]] in the\n        [[Philippines]] archipelago is founded.\\n* [[February 22]] – In [[Emeryville,\n        California]], the first [[greyhound racing|dog racing]] track to employ an\n        imitation [[rabbit]] opens.\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] presents\n        his [[National Socialist Program]] in [[Munich]] to the [[German Workers''\n        Party]] (''''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'''') which renames itself as the [[Nazi\n        Party]] (''''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'''').\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** Hungarian [[Admiral]] and statesman [[Mikl\\u00f3s Horthy]]\n        becomes the [[Regent]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Hungary]].\\n**\n        The [[United States Railroad Administration]] returns control of American\n        railroads to its constituent railroad companies.\\n* [[March 7]] – Syrian\n        National Congress proclaims [[Arab Kingdom of Syria|Syria]] independent with\n        [[Faisal I of Iraq]] as king.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** The world''s first peaceful\n        establishment of a [[social democracy|social democratic]] government takes\n        place in [[Sweden]] as [[Hjalmar Branting]] takes over as [[Prime Minister\n        of Sweden|Prime Minister]] when [[Nils Ed\\u00e9n]] leaves office.\\n** The\n        [[Baylor University|Baylor]] Business Men''s Club changes its name to the\n        [[Baylor University Chamber of Commerce]].\\n* [[March 13]]–[[March 17|17]]\n        – [[Wolfgang Kapp]] and [[Walther von L\\u00fcttwitz]]''s ''[[Kapp Putsch]]'',\n        an attempted [[coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup]] in Germany, briefly ousts the [[Weimar\n        Republic]] government from Berlin but fails due to public resistance and a\n        general strike.\\n* [[March 15]] – The [[Ruhr Red Army]], a communist\n        army 60,000 men strong, is formed in [[Weimar Republic|Germany]].\\n* March\n        15–[[March 16|16]] – [[Occupation of Constantinople#Military occupation\n        of Constantinople|Military occupation of Constantinople]] by [[British Empire]]\n        forces acting for the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] against the\n        [[Turkish National Movement]]. Retrospectively, the [[Grand National Assembly\n        of Turkey]] regards this as the dissolution of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman\n        regime]] in [[Istanbul]].Declaration of 1 November [[1922]].\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] begins using the [[Gregorian\n        calendar]].\\n* [[March 19]] – The [[United States Congress]] refuses\n        to ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]].\\n* [[March 23]] – Admiral [[Mikl\\u00f3s\n        Horthy]] declares that [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Hungary]] is a\n        monarchy without anyone on the throne.\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Irish War\n        of Independence]]: British recruits to the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] begin\n        to arrive in Ireland. They become known from their improvised uniforms as\n        the \\\"[[Black and Tans]]\\\".{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Cottrell|title=The\n        War for Ireland, 1913-1923|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84603-9966}}\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – The German government asks France for permission to use\n        its own troops against the rebellious [[Ruhr Red Army]] in the French-occupied\n        area.\\n* [[March 28]] – The [[1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak]] hits\n        the [[Great Lakes region]] and [[Deep South]] of the United States.\\n* [[March\n        29]] – [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|Sir William Robertson]]\n        is promoted to [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]], the first\n        man to rise from [[Private (rank)|private]] (enlisted [[1877]]) to the highest\n        rank in the [[British Army]].{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35786|title=Robertson,\n        Sir William Robert, first baronet (1860\\u20131933)|first=David R.|last=Woodward\n        |edition=Online|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35786|accessdate=2007-12-07 |date=September\n        2004}} {{ODNBsub}}\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 2]] – The German\n        army marches to the [[Ruhr]] to fight the [[Ruhr Red Army]].\\n* [[April 4]]\n        – [[1920 Palestine riots]]: Violence erupts between Arab and Jewish\n        residents in [[Jerusalem]]; 9 killed, 216 injured.\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        The short-lived [[Far Eastern Republic]] is declared in eastern [[Siberia]].\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]]\n        flees from Mexico City during a trial intended to ruin his reputation; he\n        flees to [[Guerrero]] where he joins Fortunato Maycotte.\\n* [[April 19]]–[[April\n        26|26]] – [[San Remo conference]]: Representatives of Italy, France,\n        the United Kingdom and Japan meet to determine the [[League of Nations mandate]]s\n        for administration of territories following [[partitioning of the Ottoman\n        Empire]].\\n* April 19 – Germany and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist\n        Republic|Bolshevist Russia]] agree to the exchange of prisoners of war.\\n[[File:1920\n        olympics poster.jpg|thumb|115px|right|[[1920 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n* [[April\n        20]]\\n** [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]] announces in\n        [[Chilpancingo]] that he intends to fight against the rule of [[Venustiano\n        Carranza]].\\n** The [[1920 Summer Olympics]] open in [[Antwerp]], Belgium.\n        The [[Olympic symbols]] of five interlocking rings and the associated flag\n        are first displayed at the games.\\n* [[April 23]] – The [[Grand National\n        Assembly of Turkey]] is founded by [[Mustafa Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]] in [[Ankara]].\n        It denounces the government of Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] and announces a temporary\n        constitution.\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: [[Second\n        Polish Republic|Polish]] and anti-Soviet [[Ukrainian People''s Republic|Ukrainian]]\n        troops attack the [[Red Army]] in Soviet Ukraine.\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        The [[Khorezm People''s Soviet Republic]] is officially created by [[Russian\n        Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist Russia]] as the successor\n        to the [[Khanate of Khiva]].\\n* [[April 28]] – The [[Azerbaijan Soviet\n        Socialist Republic]] is officially created.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        The first game of [[Negro National League (1920\\u201331)|Negro National League\n        baseball]] is played in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]].\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        A [[1920 Georgian coup attempt|Bolshevik coup]] fails in the [[Democratic\n        Republic of Georgia]].\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: [[Second\n        Polish Republic|Polish]] troops occupy [[Kiev]]. The government of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] returns to the city.\\n** [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Venustiano\n        Carranza]] leaves Mexico City in a large train.\\n** [[Treaty of Moscow (1920)]]:\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] recognizes\n        independence of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] only to invade the\n        country six months later.\\n* [[May 15]] – [[October Revolution|Russian\n        Revolution]]: Russian White soldier [[Maria Bochkareva]] is executed in Soviet\n        Russia.\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Canonization of Joan of Arc]]. Over 30,000 people\n        attend the ceremony in Rome, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc''s family.\n        [[Pope Benedict XV]] presides over the rite, for which the interior of [[St.\n        Peter''s Basilica]] in Rome is richly decorated.\\n** A [[referendum]] in Switzerland\n        is favorable to joining the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** French\n        and Belgian troops leave the cities they have occupied in Germany.\\n** The\n        first flight of Dutch air company [[KLM]], from [[Amsterdam]] to London, takes\n        place.\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]]''s\n        troops enter Mexico City.\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Venustiano\n        Carranza]] arrives in San Antonio Tlaxcalantongo. Troops of [[Rodolfo Herrero]]\n        attack him at night and shoot him.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Venustiano Carranza]]\n        is buried in Mexico City; all of his mourning allies are arrested. [[Adolfo\n        de la Huerta]] is elected provisional president.\\n* [[May 26]] – [[1920\n        Ganja revolt|Ganja revolt]]: [[Anti-Soviet]] opposition in the [[Azerbaijan\n        SSR]] launches an abortive revolt in [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]].\\n* [[May\n        27]] – [[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk]] becomes president of [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – Great [[Louth, Lincolnshire#Floods|Floods at Louth, Lincolnshire]]\n        in England kill 23.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Treaty of Trianon]]:\n        Peace is restored between the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] and\n        [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]]. Hungary loses 72% of its territory.\\n* [[June\n        5]] – Bolshevik Cavalry break through Polish and Ukrainian lines south\n        of Kiev, precipitating eventual withdrawal.\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet\n        War]]: The [[Red Army]] retakes [[Kiev]].\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Essad Pasha\n        Toptani]], nominal ruler of [[Principality of Albania|Albania]], is assassinated\n        by [[Avni Rustemi]] in Paris.\\n** The [[United States Postal Service|United\n        States Post Office Department]] rules that children may not be sent via parcel\n        post.[http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jun13.htm\n        June 13] On-This-Day.com\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** A new border treaty between\n        [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] and Denmark gives northern [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]]\n        to Denmark.\\n** The [[Estonian Constituent Assembly]] adopts the [[Constitution\n        of Estonia#First Constitution (1934\\u20131938)|first constitution]] of [[Estonia]],\n        which will come into effect on [[December 21]] the same year.\\n* [[June 22]]\n        – [[Greek Summer Offensive (1920)|Greek Summer Offensive]]: [[Kingdom\n        of Greece|Greece]] attacks [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] troops.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] declares its neutrality in\n        the war between [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and [[Russian Soviet Federative\n        Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]].\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet\n        War]]: [[Red Army]] continues offensive into [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\n*\n        [[July 7]] – [[Arthur Meighen]] becomes Canada''s ninth [[Prime Minister\n        of Canada|prime minister]].\\n* [[July 11]] – The [[East Prussian plebiscite]]\n        is held.\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Soviet\\u2013Lithuanian Peace Treaty]]: The\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] recognizes independent [[Lithuania]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[London County Council]] bars foreigners from council\n        jobs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}\\n* [[July 19]] – [[August\n        7]] – The [[2nd World Congress of the Comintern|Second Congress]] of\n        the [[Comintern|Communist International]] takes place in [[Saint Petersburg]]\n        and Moscow. The notorious [[Twenty-one Conditions]] are adopted.\\n* [[July\n        20]] – The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the key [[Black\n        Sea]] port of [[Batumi|Batum]] to the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – The [[Interallied Mission to Poland]] takes place.\\n*\n        [[July 22]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]\n        sues for peace with [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist\n        Russia]] (refused).\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Battle of Maysalun]]: The [[French\n        Third Republic|French]] defeat the [[Greater Syria|Syrian]] army whose leader\n        [[Yusuf al-''Azma]] is killed. French troops occupy [[Damascus]] and depose\n        [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I of Syria]] as king.{{cite book|title=World War I|last=Carlisle|first=Rodney|year=2007|page=291|publisher=Facts\n        on File|isbn=0-8160-6061-4}}\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]:\n        [[Pancho Villa]] takes over [[Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo Le\\u00f3n|Sabina]] and\n        contacts de la Huerta to offer his conditional surrender. He signs his surrender\n        on [[July 28]].\\n* [[July 29]] – The [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]]\n        begins construction of the [[Link River Dam]] as part of the [[Klamath Reclamation\n        Project]].\\n* [[July 30]]–[[August 8]] – [[1st World Scout Jamboree]]\n        held at [[Olympia, London]].{{cite web|url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/1920-jamboree.htm|title=1st\n        World Jamboree|work=The Pine Tree Web|year=1998|accessdate=2011-02-23}}\\n*\n        [[July 31]]\\n** Irish-born Australian [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Bishop\n        [[Daniel Mannix]] is detained onboard ship off [[Cobh|Queenstown]] and prevented\n        from landing in Ireland or from speaking in the main Irish Catholic communities\n        elsewhere in the United Kingdom.{{cite web|first=Patrick|last=O''Farrell|title=Mannix,\n        Daniel (1864\\u20131963)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/55446|accessdate=2011-11-11|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/55446}}\\n**\n        France prohibits the sale or prescription of [[birth control|contraceptives]].\\n**Representatives\n        of [[British people|British]] [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]]\n        groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel in [[London]] and agree to form the\n        [[Communist Party of Great Britain]].\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Irish War of Independence]]: [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] riots in [[Belfast]]\n        in protest at the continuing [[British Army]] presence.\\n* [[August 10]] –\n        [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman Sultan]] [[Mehmed VI]]''s representatives sign the\n        [[Treaty of S\\u00e8vres]] with the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]],\n        confirming arrangements for [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]].\\n* [[August\n        11]] – [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Russia]]\n        [[Latvian\\u2013Soviet Peace Treaty|recognizes]] independent [[Latvia]].\\n*\n        [[August 13]]–[[August 25|25]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]: The\n        [[Red Army]] is defeated in the [[Battle of Warsaw (1920)|Battle of Warsaw]].\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]: The [[Restoration of\n        Order in Ireland Act 1920|Restoration of Order in Ireland Act]], passed by\n        the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], receives [[Royal Assent]], providing\n        for [[Irish Republican Army]] activists to be tried by [[court-martial]] rather\n        than by [[jury]] in criminal courts.\\n* [[August 19]]–[[August\n        25|25]] – [[Silesian Uprisings#Second Silesian Uprising (1920)|Second\n        Silesian Uprising]]: The Poles in [[Upper Silesia]] rise up against the Germans.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – The first commercial radio station in the United States,\n        8MK ([[WWJ (AM)|WWJ]]), begins operations in [[Detroit]]. It is owned by the\n        ''''Detroit News'''', the first U.S. radio station owned by a newspaper.\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – The [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]\n        is passed, guaranteeing [[women''s suffrage]].\\n* [[August 28]]–[[September\n        2]] – [[Bukhara operation (1920)|Bukhara operation]]: The [[Russian\n        Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian]] [[Red Army]] and [[Young Bukharians]]\n        overthrow the [[Emirate of Bukhara]], leading to establishment of the [[Bukharan\n        People''s Soviet Republic]].\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        Presidential elections begin in Mexico.\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Gabriele\n        D''Annunzio]] proclaims the [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]] in the city of\n        [[Rijeka|Fiume]].\\n* [[September 16]] – The [[Wall Street bombing]]:\n        A bomb in a horse wagon explodes in front of the [[J. P. Morgan]] building\n        in New York City, killing 38 and injuring 400.\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        The [[National Football League]] is established as the American Professional\n        Football Association.\\n* [[September 20]] – The first soldier joins\n        ''''El Tercio de Extranjeros'''', the \\\"Regiment of Foreigners\\\", later the\n        [[Spanish Legion]], established on January 28, in Spain; today is celebrated\n        as the unit''s anniversary. Under the command of [[Jos\\u00e9 Mill\\u00e1n Astray]]\n        and [[Francisco Franco]], its first duties are against [[Riffian people|Rif]]\n        rebels in the [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco]].\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Communist Party of Uruguay]] is founded. \\n* [[September 22]] – The\n        London [[Metropolitan Police]] forms the [[Flying Squad]], a motorised mobile\n        detective patrol unit.\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]:\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist Russia]] sues for\n        peace with Poland.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** The first domestic radio sets come\n        to stores in the United States; a [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]]\n        radio costs $10.\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] makes his first public political speech,\n        in Austria.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Prix de l''Arc de\n        Triomphe]] horse race first run in Paris.\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\n        War]]: Polish troops take [[Vilnius]].\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Carinthian\n        Plebiscite]]: A large part of [[Carinthia (province)|Carinthia Province]]\n        votes to become part of Austria rather than [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – A peace treaty between the Soviet and the Finnish governments\n        is concluded at [[Tartu]].\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Polish\\u2013Soviet\n        War]]: After the Polish army captures [[Ternopil|Tarnopol]], [[Dubno]], [[Minsk]],\n        and Dryssa, the ceasefire is enforced.\\n* [[October 18]] – Thousands\n        of unemployed demonstrate in London; 50 are injured.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]] is announced the elected [[president of Mexico]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – \\n**The [[League of Nations]] moves its headquarters\n        to [[Geneva]], Switzerland. \\n**Baron [[Louis Gerhard De Geer|Louis De Geer\n        the younger]] becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[United States presidential election, 1920]]: Republican\n        [[United States Senator|U. S. Senator]] [[Warren G. Harding]] defeats [[Democratic\n        Party (United States)|Democratic]] Governor of [[Ohio]] [[James M. Cox]] and\n        Socialist [[Eugene V. Debs]], in the first national U.S. election in which\n        women have the right to vote.\\n** In the United States, [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA AM]]\n        of [[Pittsburgh]] (owned by [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]])\n        starts broadcasting as a commercial [[radio broadcasting|radio station]].\n        The first broadcast is the results of the [[United States presidential election,\n        1920|presidential election]].\\n** [[Meiji Shrine]], one of a landmark spot\n        in [[Tokyo]], officially built in [[Japan]].[[:ja:\\u660e\\u6cbb\\u795e\\u5bae#\\u6cbf\\u9769]]\n        ''''''(Japanese language)'''''' Retrieved January 15, 2016.\\n* [[November\n        11]] – [[The Unknown Warrior]] is buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – The evacuation of the [[White Army]]''s last units\n        and civilian refugees from the [[Crimea]] on board 126 ships, [[Wrangel''s\n        fleet|the remnants of the Russian Imperial Navy]], to [[Turkey]], [[Tunisia]]\n        and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], accompanied by wide-scale\n        civilian massacres. The total number of evacuees amounted to approximately\n        150,000 people, of which ~20% were civilians.\\n* [[November 14]] – The\n        [[Edmonton Symphony Orchestra]] holds its first concert.\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – In [[Geneva]], the first assembly of the [[League of Nations]] is\n        held.\\n* [[November 16]] – Queensland and Northern Territory Aviation\n        Services (''''[[Qantas]]'''') is founded by [[Hudson Fysh]] and [[Paul McGinness]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – The council of the [[League of Nations]] accepts the\n        [[constitution]] for the [[Free City of Danzig]].\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]] is appointed the 3rd [[Governor-General of\n        the Union of South Africa]].\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]:\n        [[Bloody Sunday (1920)|Bloody Sunday]]: The [[Irish Republican Army]], on\n        the instructions of [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]], shoot\n        dead the \\\"Cairo gang\\\", fourteen British undercover agents in [[Dublin]],\n        most in their homes. Later that day in retaliation the [[Auxiliary Division]]\n        of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] open fire on a crowd at a [[Gaelic Athletic\n        Association]] Football match in [[Croke Park]], killing thirteen spectators\n        and one player and wounding 60.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell''s Chronology\n        of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=488\\u2013490}}\n        Three men are shot this night in [[Dublin Castle]] \\\"while trying to escape\\\".\n        \\n* [[November 28]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]: [[Kilmichael Ambush]]:\n        The flying column of the [[3rd Cork Brigade]] of the [[Irish Republican Army]],\n        led by [[Tom Barry (soldier)|Tom Barry]], ambushes two lorries carrying men\n        of the [[Auxiliary Division]] of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] at [[Kilmichael,\n        County Cork]], killing seventeen (with three of its men also dying), which\n        leads to official reprisals.\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December\n        1]] – The [[Mexican Revolution]] ends with a new regime coming to power,\n        which couples with the end of the [[American frontier|Old West]].\\n* [[December\n        5]] – A [[referendum]] in [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] is favorable\n        to the reinstatement of the monarchy.\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Irish War\n        of Independence]]: [[Martial law]] is declared in Counties [[County Cork|Cork]],\n        [[County Kerry|Kerry]], [[County Limerick|Limerick]] and [[County Tipperary|Tipperary]].\\n* [[December 11]] – [[The Burning of Cork]] in Ireland:\n        British forces set fire to some {{convert|5|acre|m2}} of the centre of [[Cork\n        (city)|Cork]], including the City Hall, in reprisal attacks after a British\n        auxiliary is killed in a guerilla ambush.\\n[[File:1920 Gansu earthquake.svg|thumb|115px|[[1920\n        Haiyuan earthquake|Haiyuan earthquake]]]]\\n* [[December 15]]–[[December\n        22|22]] – The Brussels Conference establishes a timetable for German\n        war reparations intended to extend for over 42 years.\\n* [[December 16]]\\n**\n        Finland joins the [[League of Nations]].\\n** An 8.6 [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter\n        scale]] [[1920 Haiyuan earthquake|Haiyuan earthquake]] causes a [[landslide]]\n        in [[Gansu|Gansu Province]], China, killing 180,000.\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        South Africa is granted a [[League of Nations mandate|League of Nations Class\n        C mandate]] over [[South West Africa]].\\n* [[December 22]] – The 8th\n        [[Congress of Soviets|Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR]] adopts the\n        [[GOELRO plan]], the major plan of the economical development of the country.\\n*\n        [[December 23]] \\n** United Kingdom and France ratify the border between French-held\n        [[Syria]] and British-held [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].\\n** [[Government\n        of Ireland Act 1920]], passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]],\n        receives [[Royal Assent]] from [[George V]] providing for the [[partition\n        of Ireland]] into [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Southern Ireland (1921\\u201322)|Southern\n        Ireland]] with separate parliaments, granting a measure of [[home rule]].\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        The [[Rosicrucian Fellowship]]''s spiritual healing temple ''''The Ecclesia''''\n        is dedicated at [[Mount Ecclesia]], [[Oceanside, California]].\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Hydrocodone]], a narcotic analgesic closely related to codeine\n        is first synthesized in Germany by [[Carl Mannich]] and Helene L\\u00f6wenheim.\\n*\n        Approximate date – The [[HIV]] [[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|pandemic]]\n        almost certainly originates in L\\u00e9opoldville, modern-day [[Kinshasa]],\n        the capital of the [[Belgian Congo]].Based on its genetic history. {{cite\n        web|title=HIV pandemic''s origins located|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-10-03-hiv-pandemics-origins-located#|publisher=[[University\n        of Oxford]]|date=2014-10-03|accessdate=2014-10-29}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Javier\n        P\\u00e9rez de Cu\\u00e9llar.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Javier P\\u00e9rez de Cu\\u00e9llar]]]]\\n[[File:Federico\n        Fellini.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Federico Fellini]]]]\\n[[File:DEFOREST KELLEY.jpg|thumb|110px|[[DeForest\n        Kelley]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Bottiroli]], Argentinean\n        composer and poet (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Virgilio Savona]], Italian singer and\n        songwriter (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Heinz Zemanek]], Austrian computer pioneer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Isaac Asimov]], American author (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[George Herbig]], American astronomer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anne-Sofie \\u00d8stvedt]],\n        Norwegian resistance leader (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Renato Carosone]],\n        Italian musician and singer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Abbas Ali (Indian National\n        Army)|Abbas Ali]], Indian freedom fighter and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli]], Italian pianist (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[John Maynard Smith]], English biologist (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Early Wynn]], American baseball player (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Vincent Gardenia]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Gordon Kahl]], American tax protester and cop-killer (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]]\\n** [[Clive Dunn]], British actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Hakim\n        Said]], Pakistani scholar and philanthropist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 10]]\n        – [[Roberto M. Levingston]], Argentinian general and politician, 36th\n        President of Argentina (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Bill Reid]],\n        Canadian artist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[John Joseph O''Connor|John\n        O''Connor]], American Catholic cardinal (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n**\n        [[Al Morgan]], American novelist and television producer (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Elliott Reid]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Walter Frederick Morrison]],\n        American entrepreneur and inventor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 19]]\\n**[[Buddy\n        O''Grady]], American basketball player and coach (d. [[1992]])\\n**[[Javier\n        P\\u00e9rez de Cu\\u00e9llar]], Peruvian [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Federico Fellini]], Italian film director and screenwriter\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[DeForest Kelley]], American actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Errol Barrow]], 1st Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Gottfried B\\u00f6hm]], German architect\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Jerry Maren]], American actor\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Heinz\n        Kessler]], German politician and military officer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January\n        27]]\\n** [[Hiroyoshi Nishizawa]], Japanese fighter ace (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Helmut\n        Zacharias]], German violinist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]], English film director\\n** [[Delbert\n        Mann]], American television and film director (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Farouk\n        of Egypt]]]]\\n[[File:Lady Hartington.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kathleen Cavendish,\n        Marchioness of Hartington]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Heikki Suolahti]],\n        Finnish composer (d. [[1936]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Henry Heimlich]],\n        American physician and medical researcher (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 4]]\n        \\n** [[Giriraj Kishore]], Indian activist and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Janet Waldo]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[Frank Muir]], British actor, comedy writer and raconteur (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\n** [[Oscar Brand]], Canadian-born American folk singer-songwriter\n        and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[An Wang]], Chinese-born computer pioneer (d.\n        [[1990]]) \\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Farouk of Egypt|Farouk I, King of Egypt]]\n        (d. [[1965]])\\n** [[Billy Halop]], American actor (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[February\n        12]] \\n** [[William Roscoe Estep]], American Baptist historian (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Yoshiko Yamaguchi]], Chinese-Japanese actress and singer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\n** [[Seneka Bibile]], Sri Lankan pharmacologist (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Ann\\u00e6us Schj\\u00f8dt, Jr.]], Norwegian barrister (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Ivo Caprino]], Norwegian film director (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Bill Cullen]], American game show host (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Eddie\n        Slovik]], U.S. Army private (executed) (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[February 20]] –\n        [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington]] (d. [[1948]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Burt L. Talcott]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Sun Myung Moon]], Korean evangelist, founder of the Unification\n        Church (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Tony Randall]], American actor\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Lucjan Wolanowski]], Polish journalist, writer, and traveler\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Jadwiga Pi\\u0142sudska]], Polish pilot\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Zaim Top\\u010di\\u0107]], Yugoslav and Bosnian writer (d.\n        [[1990]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\n** [[Howard Nemerov]], American poet (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Michele Morgan]], French actress (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March\n        3]]\\n** [[James Doohan]], Canadian-born actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Ronald Searle]],\n        British cartoonist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Jean Lecanuet]], French\n        politician (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Alan MacNaughtan]], Scottish actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[Rachel Gurney]], British actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Del\n        Latta]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Lewis\n        Gilbert]], British film director, producer and screenwriter\\n* [[March 9]]\n        – [[Franjo Mihali\\u0107]], Croatian-Serbian athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]]\\n** [[Alfred Peet]], Dutch American entrepreneur, founder of\n        [[Peet''s Coffee & Tea]] (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Boris Vian]], French writer,\n        poet, singer, and musician (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Nicolaas\n        Bloembergen]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Hank Ketcham]], American cartoonist\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Lawrence Sanders]], American novelist\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[E. Donnall Thomas]], American physician, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], Founder of [[Bangladesh]], 2-time President\n        & 2nd Prime Minister of [[Bangladesh]] (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[March 16]] –\n        [[Leo McKern]], Australian actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Kjell\n        Aukrust]], Norwegian poet and artist (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Paul Hagen]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Pamela Harriman]], English-born\n        United States diplomat, socialite (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Vickie Panos]], Greek-Canadian\n        female professional baseball player (d. unknown)\\n** [[Rosemary Timperley]],\n        British author (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Werner Klemperer]], German\n        actor (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ross Martin]], Polish-American actor (d. [[1981]])\\n**\n        [[Albert H. Pearson]], American farmer and politician (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Tetsuharu Kawakami]], Japanese baseball player and coach (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Corbin Harney]], elder and spiritual leader\n        of the Newe (Western Shoshone) people (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 25]] –\n        [[Patrick Troughton]], British actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        [[Robin Jacques]], English illustrator (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Deborah\n        Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Marga Minco]], Dutch\n        journalist and writer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Toshiro Mifune 1954 Scan10003\n        160913.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Toshiro Mifune]]]]\\n[[File:Jackwebbbbigseptemberman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack\n        Webb]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1991-039-11, Richard v. Weizs\\u00e4cker.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard\n        von Weizs\\u00e4cker]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Toshiro Mifune]], Japanese\n        actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Jack Webb]], American actor,\n        director, and producer (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[\\u00c9ric Rohmer]],\n        French film director (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Barend Biesheuvel]],\n        Dutch politician, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] from 1971 until 1973\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Arthur Hailey]], American writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Edmond H. Fischer]], [[Swiss American]] biochemist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Ravi\n        Shankar]], Indian sitar player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Carmen\n        McRae]], American jazz singer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\n** [[Emilio\n        Colombo]], 40th Prime Minister of Italy (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Peter O''Donnell]],\n        British author and writer of comic strips (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 12]] –\n        [[Buck Young]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Roberto\n        Calvi]], Italian banker (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Liam Cosgrave]], fifth [[Taoiseach]]\n        of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]\\n** [[Jack Lambert (actor)|Jack Lambert]],\n        American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Thomas Szasz]], Hungarian-born\n        psychiatrist and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Richard von Weizs\\u00e4cker]],\n        German politician, [[President of Germany]] (1984\\u20131994) (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Prince George Valdemar of Denmark]] (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Gene Leis]], American jazz guitarist and educator (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[John Paul Stevens]], [[Associate Justice\n        of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Edmund\n        Adamkiewicz]], German footballer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Valeri\n        Petrov]], Bulgarian poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Guido Cantelli]],\n        Italian conductor (d. [[1956]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Harold Shapero]],\n        American composer (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:John Paul II Medal of\n        Freedom 2004.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope John Paul II]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Jean-Marie\n        Auberson]], Swiss conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Otto Buchsbaum]], Austrian-born\n        writer and ecological activist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Preben Neergaard]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Sir Kamisese\n        Mara]], first [[Prime Minister of Fiji]] and [[President of Fiji]] (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Rendra Karno]], Indonesian actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[May\n        8]] – [[Touko Laaksonen]], Finnish artist, pseudonym Tom of Finland\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Saul Bass]], American graphic designer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Richard Adams]], English novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Mitsuko Mori]], Japanese actress (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Michael Dauncey]],\n        British Army brigadier (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Denver Pyle]],\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Gerald Stapleton]], South\n        African [[Battle of Britain]] fighter pilot. (d. 2010)\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Gareth Morris]], British flautist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Pope\n        John Paul II]] (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Lucia Mannucci]], Italian singer ([[Quartetto\n        Cetra]]) (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Domenico Leccisi]], Italian\n        politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Helen Andelin]], American\n        author (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Helen O''Connell]], American\n        singer (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Arthur Wint]], Jamaican runner\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[John Dall]], American actor (d. [[1971]])\\n**\n        [[Peggy Lee]], American singer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Gene\n        Levitt]], American television writer, producer, and director (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\n**[[John Harsanyi]], Hungarian-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2000]])\\n**[[Clifton\n        James]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Godfrey Binaisa]],\n        [[President of Uganda]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Franklin Schaffner]], American\n        film and television director (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Sh\\u014dtar\\u014d Yasuoka]],\n        Japanese writer (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jose Lopez Portillo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        L\\u00f3pez Portillo]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Amos Yarkoni]], Israeli soldier\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 2]] \\n** [[Marcel Reich-Ranicki]], German literary\n        critic and member of the literary group Gruppe 47 (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Tex\n        Schramm]], American football executive (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Johnny Speight]],\n        British television scriptwriter (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Ruth\n        Graham]], American evangelist, wife of Billy Graham (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[King Mahendra]], king of Nepal (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[June 12]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Berg (cartoonist)|Dave Berg]], American cartoonist (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Jim Siedow]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Eva Estrada-Kalaw]],\n        Filipino politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez Portillo]],  51st\n        President of Mexico (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Jacob H. Gilbert]],\n        American politician (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Setsuko Hara]], Japanese actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Jacob]], French biologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 18]] –\n        [[Utta Danella]], German writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Danny\n        Cedrone]], American guitarist and bandleader (d. [[1954]])\\n* [[June 21]]\n        – [[Hans Gerschwiler]], Swiss figure skater\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Lester\n        Wunderman]], American executive\\n** [[Jack Karwales]], U.S. American football\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Walt Masterson]], American right-handed pitcher\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Paul Frees]], American actor, primarily known as a voice\n        actor (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Jovito Salonga]], Filipino statesman (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[June 23]] – [[Saleh Ajeery]], Kuwaiti astronomer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Lassie Lou Ahern]], American actress \\n** [[Ozan Marsh]], American pianist\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Jean-Pierre Roy]], Canadian pitcher\n        in Major League Baseball (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Fernando Riera]],\n        Chilean football player and manager (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Clarissa\n        Eden]], Widow of British Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]]\\n** [[A. E. Hotchner]],\n        American editor, novelist, playwright, and biographer\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[El\\u00f3i\n        (Portuguese footballer)|El\\u00f3i]], Portuguese footballer\\n** [[Ray Harryhausen]],\n        American animator (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Zeno Colo]], Italian\n        Olympic alpine skiier (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n===July===\\n\\n[[File:Juan Antonio Samaranch\n        DF-ST-01-00128.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan Antonio Samaranch]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph G. Williams]], American musician\\n** [[George I. Fujimoto]], American\n        chemist of Japanese descent\\n** [[Aziz Sedky]], Egyptian politician and engineer\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Lucidio Sentimenti]], Italian footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Paul Bannai]], American politician\\n** [[Anthony Barber]],\n        British Conservative politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Leona Helmsley]], American\n        hotel operator, real estate investor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Mary\n        Louise Hancock]], American politician\\n** [[Rosemarie Springer]], German equestrian\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Sandy Tatum]], American golfer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[William\n        Thaddeus Coleman Jr.]], American attorney and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Williams Hise]], U.S General (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Tom\n        Currigan]], 39th Mayor of Denver (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Owen\n        Chamberlain]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[J. T. White]], American college football assistant\n        coach (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Milo Anstadt]], Dutch Jewish writer and journalist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Yul Brynner]], Russian-born American actor\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Zecharia Sitchin]], Soviet-born American author (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\n** [[Randolph Quirk]], British linguist and life peer\\n** [[Bob\n        Fillion]], Canadian professional ice hockey player (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Keith\n        Andes]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Anna Halprin]],\n        American dancer\\n** [[Don Ralke]], American music arranger (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Bill Towers]], English footballer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Tom\n        Neil]], English pilot [[Royal Air Force]]\\n** [[Marijohn Wilkin]], American\n        songwriter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Theresa Kobuszewski]], American\n        professional baseball player and World War II veteran (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Michael Andreevich of Russia]], Russian prince (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 16]]\n        \\n** [[Ulysses S. Washington]], American college football player and coach\\n**\n        [[Phillip Pine]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Larry Jansen]], American\n        right-handed pitcher and coach (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Henry Williams Hise]],\n        United States Marine Corps Brigadier General (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]], Spanish International Olympic Committee president\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gordon Gould]], American physicist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[June\n        Vincent]], American actress (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Dolph Sweet]],\n        American actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Id\\u00e9e]],\n        French professional road bicycle racer \\n** [[Robert Mann]], American violinist\\n**\n        [[Frank Maznicki]], American football player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[George Dawkes]],\n        English cricketer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Jasper Blackall]], British\n        sailor\\n** [[James B. Owens]], American engineer and former executive\\n**\n        [[Byron Krieger]], American foil, sabre and \\u00e9p\\u00e9e fencer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Jean Daniel]],  Algerian-born French-Jewish journalist and\n        author\\n** [[Gunnar Thoresen (footballer)|Gunnar Thoresen]], Norwegian footballer\\n**\n        [[Constant Nieuwenhuys]], Dutch painter (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Isaac Stern]],\n        Ukrainian-born violinist (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Bella Abzug]],\n        American feminist politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[July 25]] \\n** [[Rosalind\n        Franklin]], British crystallographer (d. [[1958]])\\n** [[David P. Buckson]],\n        American lawyer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ella\n        Raines in Cry Havoc trailer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ella Raines]]]]\\n[[File:Maureen\n        O''Hara in April 1942.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maureen O''Hara]]]]\\n[[File:Studio\n        publicity Shelley Winters.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Shelley Winters]]]]\\n[[File:Ray\n        Bradbury (1975) -cropped-.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ray Bradbury]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**[[Sammy\n        Lee (diver)|Sammy Lee]], Korean-American diver (d. [[2016]])\\n**[[Thomas McGuire]],\n        American World War II fighter ace (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Hugh\n        Hickling]], English lawyer, colonial civil servant, law academic and author\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[P. D. James]], English mystery novelist\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[John Figueroa]], Jamaican poet (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Helen Thomas]], American author and news service reporter, member of the\n        [[White House press corps]] and columnist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        [[Mickey Shaughnessy]], Irish American character actor and comedian (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Ella Raines]], American actress (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[August\n        8]]\\n** [[Leo Chiosso]], Italian poet (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jimmy Witherspoon]],\n        American singer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Milton G. Henschel]],\n        American member of the Governing Body of Jehovah''s Witnesses and 5th President\n        of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 10]]\\n**\n        [[Ann Harnett]], American female baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Red Holzman]],\n        American basketball coach (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Neville\n        Brand]], highly decorated combat soldier of World War II, and American actor\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Charles Bukowski]], American writer\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Maureen O''Hara]], Irish-American\n        actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Bob Kennedy]], American baseball\n        player and manager (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Shelley Winters]], American actress\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Christopher Robin Milne]], English\n        author and bookseller (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Ray Bradbury]],\n        American science fiction writer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Mauri\n        Fav\\u00e9n]], Finnish painter (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Prem Tinsulanonda]], Thai\n        prime minister\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Baptiste Manzini]], American football\n        player (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Charlie Parker]], African-American\n        saxophonist and composer (d. [[1955]])\\n** [[Herb Simpson]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===September=== \\n[[File:Mickey Rooney still.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mickey\n        Rooney]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Richard Farnsworth]], American actor\n        and stuntman (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Les Medley]], English\n        footballer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Catherine Bennett (baseball)|Catherine\n        Bennett]], Canadian female professional baseball player\\n* [[September 10]]\n        – [[Fabio Taglioni]], Italian motorcycle engineer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September\n        12]]\\n** [[Darussalam (actor)|Darussalam]], Indonesian actor (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Lore Lorentz]], German cabaret artist/standup comedian (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** [[Mario Benedetti]], Uruguayan writer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Cascarita]] [''''a.k.a. Orlando Guerra''''], Cuban music singer (d. [[1975]])\\n**\n        [[Lawrence Klein]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Jack Warden]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Kim Yong-ju]], North Korean politician, younger brother of Kim Il-Sung\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[William H. Riker]], American political scientist\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\n** [[Alexander Arutiunian]], Armenian\n        composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Mickey Rooney]], American actor, dancer and entertainer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dick Bong]], American fighter\n        ace (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[William Conrad]], American\n        actor, film director, and producer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Peter D. Mitchell]], English chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Walter Matthau.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Walter\n        Matthau]]]]\\n[[File:Frank Herbert - 1984.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frank Herbert]]]]\\n[[File:Clift,\n        Montgomery.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Montgomery Clift]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Daudelin]], Canadian sculptor (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Walter Matthau]], American\n        actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Pietro Consagra]], Italian\n        sculptor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Frank Herbert]], American\n        author (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[October 9]]\\n**[[Jens Bj\\u00f8rneboe]], Norwegian\n        author (d. [[1976]])\\n**[[Yusef Lateef]], American jazz musician and composer\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jason Wingreen]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        13]] – [[Laraine Day]], American actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October\n        15]] – [[Mario Puzo]], American author (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 17]]\n        \\n** [[Claire Barry]], American singer ([[The Barry Sisters]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Montgomery Clift]], American actor (d. [[1966]])\\n** [[Miguel Delibes]],\n        Spanish novelist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Pandurang Shastri\n        Athavale]], founder of the Swadhyay Movement (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[October 20]]\\n**\n        [[Janet Jagan]], 6th President of Guyana (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Siddhartha Shankar\n        Ray]], Indian politician, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Ruth Terry]], American singer and actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Timothy Leary]], American psychologist and author,\n        proponent of [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Vern Stephens]], American baseball player (d. [[1968]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Nanette Fabray]], American actress, dancer and singer\\n**\n        [[K. R. Narayanan]], [[President of India]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 29]]\n        – [[Baruj Benacerraf]], Venezuelan-born immunologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 31]]\\n**\n        [[Dick Francis]], British jockey-turned-novelist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Joseph\n        Gelineau]], French composer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Fritz Walter]], German footballer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[John H. Land]], American\n        politician, mayor of Apopka, Florida (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Douglass North]],\n        American economist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\n** [[Sitara Devi]], Indian\n        dancer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Esther Rolle]], American actress (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] – [[Walter Krupinski]], German World War II fighter\n        ace and postwar general (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Josip Boljkovac]],\n        Croatian politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Jack Elam]], American\n        actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Georg Olden (graphic designer)|Georg Olden]], African-American\n        graphic designer (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[George Dunning]],\n        cartoon director and animator (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Mustafa\n        Khalil]], 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 19]] –\n        [[Gene Tierney]], American actress (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Ralph\n        Meeker]], American actor (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Stan Musial]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Anne Crawford]], British\n        actress (d. [[1956]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Ricardo Montalb\\u00e1n]], Mexican\n        actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Noel Neill]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Buster Merryfield]], British actor (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Patrick Campbell Rodger]], Scottish Anglican bishop\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\n** [[Bob Wolff]], American sportscaster\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yegor Ligachev]], Soviet politician\\n* [[November 30]]\n        – [[Virginia Mayo]], American actress (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ciampi\n        ritratto.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]]]]\\n[[File:Clark Terry in\n        1981.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Clark Terry]]]]\\n[[File:Rex Allen and Koko 1952.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Rex\n        Allen]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Peter Baptist Tadamaro Ishigami]], Japanese\n        Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Dave Brubeck]],\n        American jazz pianist and composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[George Porter]], English\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]], 49th [[Prime Minister of\n        Italy]] and 10th [[President of Italy]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        [[Stanko Todorov]], Bulgarian communist politician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\n** [[Sally Mansfield]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Kaysone\n        Phomvihane]], 2nd President and 11th Prime Minister of Laos (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[George P. Shultz]], American economist and politician, 60th [[United States\n        Secretary of State]]\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Clark Terry]], American\n        musician and composer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Ewa Paradies]],\n        German Nazi war criminal (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[David Susskind]],\n        American producer and host (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Little Jimmy Dickens]], American\n        country music singer/songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Alicia\n        Alonso]], Cuban ballerina\\n** [[J. Roderick MacArthur]], American businessman\n        and philanthropist (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Yevgeniya Rudneva]],\n        Soviet World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Josefa\n        Iloilo]], 3rd President of Fiji (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Viveca Lindfors]], Swedish-American\n        actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Jack Lord]], American actor\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Rex Allen]], American actor, singer,\n        songwriter (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===Possible===\\n* [[Isaac Asimov]], Russian-born\n        author (born between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive;{{cite\n        book |author=Isaac Asimov |title=In Memory Yet Green |quote=The date of my\n        birth, as I celebrate it, was January 2, 1920. It could not have been\n        later than that. It might, however, have been earlier. Allowing for the uncertainties\n        of the times, of the lack of [[civil registry|records]], of the [[Hebrew calendar|Jewish]]\n        and [[Julian calendar]]s, it might have been as early as October 4, 1919.\n        There is, however, no way of finding out. My parents were always uncertain\n        and it really doesn''t matter. I celebrate January 2, 1920, so let it be.}}\n        d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Cezmi Kartay]], Turkish civil servant\n        and politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[\\u0130lhan Arsel]], Turkish academic, writer,\n        researcher, and senator (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Edmund\n        Barton.PNG|thumb|110px|right|[[Edmund Barton]]]]\\n[[File:Amedeo Modigliani\n        Photo.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Amedeo Modigliani]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] –\n        [[Paul Adam (French novelist)|Paul Adam]], French writer (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – [[Zygmunt Janiszewski]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Benito P\\u00e9rez Gald\\u00f3s]], Spanish novelist\n        (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** [[Heinrich Lammasch]], Austrian statesman,\n        last minister-president of Austria (as part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]])\n        in 1918 (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Walter Cunliffe]], English banker (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Hieronymus Georg Zeuthen]], Danish mathematician (b.\n        [[1839]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Edmund Barton]], Prime Minister of Australia\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[John Francis Dodge]], American automobile\n        manufacturer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Giovanni Capurro]],\n        Italian poet (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Georg Lurich]], Estonian\n        Greco-Roman wrestler and strongman (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[William\n        Percy French]], Irish songwriter and entertainer (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Amedeo\n        Modigliani]], Italian painter and sculptor (tuberculosis) (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[Jeanne H\\u00e9buterne]], French artist, model, and\n        common-law wife of [[Amedeo Modigliani]] (suicide) (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===February===\n        \\n[[File:RobertPeary.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robert Peary]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – [[Field E. Kindley]], American World War I aviator (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Frank Brown (governor)|Frank Brown]], Governor of\n        Maryland (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Augustus F. Goodridge]],\n        Canadian merchant and politician (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Richard\n        Dehmel]],  German poet and writer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[Alexander Kolchak]], Russian naval commander (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Gaby Deslys]], French dancer, actress & spy (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n**[[Aleksander Aberg]], Estonian professional wrestler and\n        strongman (b. [[1881]])\\n**[[Joseph Burton Sumner]], founder of Sumner, Mississippi\n        (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Robert Peary]], American Arctic explorer\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Jacinta Marto]], beatified, witnessed apparitions of the\n        Blessed Virgin Mary in 1917 at F\\u00e1tima, Portugal (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[William Sherman Jennings]], Governor of Florida (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[John H. Bankhead]], U.S. Senator from Alabama (b. [[1842]])\\n**\n        [[William A. Stone]], Governor of Pennsylvania (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Joseph\n        Trumpeldor]], Russian Zionist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Theodor\n        Philipsen]], Danish painter (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Roswell\n        P. Bishop]], U.S. Congressman from Michigan (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Jaan Poska]], Estonian barrister and politician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March\n        11]] – [[Julio Garavito Armero]], Colombian astronomer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Rudolf Berthold]], German World War I fighter ace (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Evelina Haverfield]] British suffragette\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[William Chester Minor]], American surgeon\n        (b. [[1834]])\\n** [[Mary Augusta Ward]], Tasmanian novelist (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** [[Paul Bachmann]], German mathematician (b. [[1837]])\\n**\n        [[Lothar von Trotha]], German military commander (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Edwin\n        Warfield]], Governor of Maryland (b. [[1848]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[Image:Srinivasa\n        Ramanujan - OPC - 1.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\n        – [[Walter Simon (philanthropist)|Walter Simon]], German philanthropist\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[John Brashear]], American astronomer (b.\n        [[1840]])\\n** [[Charles Tomlinson Griffes]], American composer (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Moritz Cantor]], German historian of mathematics (b.\n        [[1829]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Walter Edwards (director)|Walter Edwards]],\n        American film director (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Maria L. Sanford]],\n        American educator (b. [[1836]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]],\n        Indian mathematician (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Princess\n        Margaret of Connaught]], Crown Princess of Sweden (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 8]]\n        – [[Johan Reinhold Sahlberg]], Finnish entomologist\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        [[John Wesley Hyatt]], American inventor (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[James\n        Colosimo]], Italian-born American gangster (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[William Dean\n        Howells]], American writer (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Owen Morgan Edwards]],\n        Welsh writer and educator (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Maria Bochkareva]], Russian\n        White soldier (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 G\\u00f3mez Ortega|Joselito]],\n        Spanish bullfighter (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Levi P. Morton]], [[List of Vice Presidents\n        of the United States|22nd]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1824]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[Venustiano Carranza]], [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1859]])\\n**\n        [[Eleanor H. Porter]], American novelist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 23]] –\n        [[Svetozar Boroevi\\u0107]], Austro-Hungarian field marshal (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[Hardwicke Rawnsley]], English clergyman, poet, writer\n        of hymns and conservationist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[George\n        Ernest Morrison]], Australian adventurer (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Essad\n        Pasha Toptani.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Essad Pasha Toptani|Essad Pasha]]]]\\n[[File:Max\n        Weber 1894.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max Weber]]]]\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Rhoda Broughton]],\n        Welsh writer (b. [[1840]])\\n** [[Julia A. Moore]], American poet (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – [[James Dunsmuir]], Canadian politician (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Essad Pasha Toptani|Essad Pasha]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Albania]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Gabrielle R\\u00e9jane]], French\n        actress (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Max Weber]], German political economist (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Jewett W. Adams]], Governor of Nevada (b. [[1835]])\\n**\n        [[John Macoun]], Irish born naturalist (b. [[1831]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Marie-Adolphe\n        Carnot]], French chemist, mining engineer, and politician (b. [[1839]])\\n**\n        [[John Grigg (astronomer)|John Grigg]], New Zealand astronomer (b. [[1838]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]], Canadian judge, author and\n        lyricist (b. [[1839]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Delfim Moreira]],\n        former [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[William\n        Louis Marshall]], American general and engineer (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[July 3]]\n        – [[William Crawford Gorgas]], American Army surgeon (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – [[Max Klinger]], German painter and sculptor (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1841]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Empress Eug\\u00e9nie]] of France (b. [[1826]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]] – [[Albert Keller]], German painter (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] \\n** [[Sir Edmund Elton, 8th Baronet]] (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Charles E.\n        Courtney]], American rower and rowing coach (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        [[William Kissam Vanderbilt]], American heir (b. [[1849]])\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Frank Hanly]], Governor of Indiana (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Bal\n        Gangadhar Tilak]], Indian nationalist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Ormer Locklear]], American stunt pilot and film actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        9]] – [[Samuel Griffith]], Australian politician and judge (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]]\\n** [[James O''Neill (actor)|James O''Neill]], American actor\n        (b. [[1847]])\\n** [[\\u00c1d\\u00e1m Politzer]], Austrian otologist (b. [[1835]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] – [[Hermann Struve]], Russian-born astronomer (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Henry Daglish]], [[Premier of Western Australia]] (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n** [[Joseph Norman Lockyer]], English astronomer (b. [[1836]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Ray Chapman]], baseball player (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Anders Zorn]], Swedish painter (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August 26]]\n        – [[James Wilson (U.S. politician)|James Wilson]], Scottish-born American\n        politician (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Wilhelm Wundt]], German\n        physiologist and psychologist (b. [[1832]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Karl\n        Gustavovich Faberge.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Carl Faberg\\u00e9]]]]\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Simon-Napol\\u00e9on Parent]], Premier of Quebec (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Olive Thomas]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Robert Beaven]], Canadian politician (b. [[1836]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Peter Carl Faberg\\u00e9]], Russian jeweler (b.\n        [[1846]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Jacob Schiff]], German-born banker\n        and philanthropist (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[William Wilfred\n        Sullivan]], Canadian journalist, politician, and jurist (b. [[1843]])\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 2]]\\n** [[Winthrop M. Crane]], Governor of Massachusetts and Senator\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Max Bruch]], German composer (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[William Heinemann]], English publisher (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        7]] – [[Yves Delage]], French zoologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 10]]\n        – [[Hudson Stuck]], English mountaineer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 17]]\n        \\n**[[Reginald Farrer]], English botanist (b. [[1880]])\\n**[[John Reed (journalist)|John\n        Reed]], American journalist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Grand\n        Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia]] (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        [[Alexander of Greece]], Greek king (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Kevin Barry]], Irish republican (hanged) (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\n** [[Louise Imogen Guiney]], American poet and essayist (b. [[1861]])\\n**\n        [[James Daly (mutineer)|James Daly]], Irish mutineer (firing squad)\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Warren Terhune]], [[United States Navy]] [[Commander (United\n        States)#Naval rank|Commander]], and the 13th [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Ludwig Struve]], Russian astronomer\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Alberto Blest Gana]], Chilean novelist\n        and diplomat (b. [[1830]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Luc-Olivier Merson]],\n        French painter and illustrator (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Michael\n        Hogan (Gaelic footballer)|Michael Hogan]], Irish activist shot during a [[Gaelic\n        football]] match by the British army, who also killed 14 Irish supporters\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Manuel P\\u00e9rez y Curis]], [[Uruguayan\n        people|Uruguayan]] poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[George\n        Callaghan]], British admiral (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Madeline\n        McDowell Breckinridge]], leader of the women''s suffrage movement and one\n        of Kentucky''s leading progressive reformers (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Gaston Chevrolet]],\n        Swiss-born race car driver and manufacturer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 27]]\n        – [[Alexius Meinong]], Austrian philosopher (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Eugene W. Chafin]], American politician (b. [[1852]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – [[Olive Schreiner]], South African writer (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Edward Gawler Prior]], Canadian mining engineer\n        and politician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[December 14]] – [[George Gipp]], American\n        football player (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Manuel de la C\\u00e1mara\n        y Libermoore]], Spanish admiral (b. [[1835]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Charles\n        \\u00c9douard Guillaume]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Walther Nernst]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] –\n        [[Schack August Steenberg Krogh]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Knut Hamsun]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[L\\u00e9on\n        Bourgeois|L\\u00e9on Victor Auguste Bourgeois]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n===Primary\n        sources and year books===\\n* [https://archive.org/details/NewInternationalYearBookFor1920\n        ''''New International Year Book 1920'''' (1921)], Comprehensive coverage of\n        world and national affairs,  844   pp\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1920}}\\n[[Category:1920|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T20:52:32Z\",\"lastrevid\":799785941,\"length\":68975,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1920&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920\"},\"34724\":{\"pageid\":34724,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1921\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:34:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{About|the\n        year 1921|the song by [[The Who]]|Tommy (album)|the 1988 Indian film about\n        Mappila Uprising|1921 (film)}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1921}}\\n{{Year nav|1921}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1921}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n\\n* [[January 1]] – In [[American football]], the [[University\n        of California, Berkeley]] defeats [[Ohio State University|Ohio State]] 28\\u20130\n        in the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]].\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** The [[association\n        football|football]] club [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube]] from [[Belo Horizonte]]\n        is founded as Palestra Italia in [[First Brazilian Republic|Brazil]].\\n**\n        The first religious [[radio]] broadcast is heard over station [[KDKA AM]]\n        in [[Pittsburgh]].\\n** The Spanish liner ''''[[SS Santa Isabel (1915)|Santa\n        Isabel]]'''' sinks off Villa Garcia; 244 die.\\n** The [[De Young (museum)|De\n        Young Museum]] opens in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[San Francisco]].\\n* [[January\n        20]] – The [[British K-class submarine]] [[HMS K5|HMS ''''K5'''']] sinks\n        in the [[English Channel]]; all 56 on board die.\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** The\n        [[Italian Communist Party]] is founded in [[Livorno]].\\n** The [[Marxist Left\n        in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine]] holds its founding congress\n        in [[\\u013duboch\\u0148a]].\\n** [[Women''s suffrage]] is attained in [[Sweden]].\\n**\n        The full-length [[Silent film|silent]] [[comedy-drama]] film ''''[[The Kid\n        (1921 film)|The Kid]]'''', written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie\n        Chaplin (in his Tramp character), with [[Jackie Coogan]], is released in the\n        United States.\\n* [[January 25]] – The [[Italian battleship Leonardo\n        da Vinci|Italian battleship ''''Leonardo da Vinci'''']] is righted in [[Taranto]]\n        Harbour.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Red Army invasion of Georgia]]: The [[Democratic Republic of\n        Georgia]] is invaded by forces of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist\n        Russia]].\\n* [[February 20]] – The [[Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[February 21]] – [[1921 Persian coup d''\\u00e9tat]]:\n        [[Rez\\u0101 Sh\\u0101h|Rez\\u0101 Khan]] and [[Zia''eddin Tabatabaee]] stage\n        a [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Qajar dynasty|Iran]].\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        The moderately conservative public official [[Oscar von Sydow]] takes over\n        the Swedish premiership from Baron Louis De Geer the younger.\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Red Army invasion of Georgia]]: The [[Red Army]] enters the\n        [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgian]] capital [[Tbilisi]] and installs\n        a Moscow-directed communist government.\\n* [[February 27]] – The [[International\n        Working Union of Socialist Parties]] is formed in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[February\n        28]] – The [[Kronstadt rebellion]] is initiated by sailors of the [[Soviet\n        Navy]]''s [[Baltic Fleet]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n\\n[[File:Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[March\n        4]]: [[Warren G. Harding]] is 29th [[President of the United States]].]]\\n*\n        March – [[Group Settlement Scheme]] in [[Western Australia]] begins.\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – The city of [[Kiry\\u016b, Gunma|Kiry\\u016b]], located\n        in [[Gunma Prefecture]], Japan, is founded.\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Warren\n        G. Harding]] is [[Inauguration of Warren G. Harding|sworn in]] as the 29th\n        President of the United States.\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Irish War of Independence]]:\n        [[Clonbanin Ambush]]: [[Irish Republican Army]] kills [[Brigadier General]]\n        [[Hanway Robert Cumming|Cumming]].\\n* [[March 6]] – The [[Portuguese\n        Communist Party]] is founded.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** Spanish Premier [[Eduardo\n        Dato e Iradier]] is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in\n        [[Madrid]].\\n** Allied forces occupy [[D\\u00fcsseldorf]], Ruhrort and [[Duisburg]].\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – The ''''[[\\u0130stikl\\u00e2l Mar\\u015f\\u0131]]'''' (Independence\n        March), the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted.\\n* [[March 13]]\n        – [[Occupation of Mongolia]]: The Russian [[White Army]] captures [[Mongolia]]\n        from China. [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg]] declares himself ruler.\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[Armenia]]n Soghomon Tehlirian assassinates Mehmed Talaat, former\n        Interior Minister of [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]], in [[Charlottenburg]], Berlin.\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – Six [[Irish Republican Army]] men of the [[Forgotten\n        Ten]] are hanged in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin.\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** The [[Red\n        Army]] crushes the [[Kronstadt rebellion]] and a number of sailors flee to\n        Finland.\\n** Dr. [[Marie Stopes]] opens the first [[birth control]] clinic\n        in London, England.\\n** The [[Second Polish Republic]] adopts the [[March\n        Constitution of Poland|March Constitution]].\\n* [[March 18]]  – The\n        second [[Peace of Riga]] ends the [[Polish\\u2013Soviet War]]. A permanent\n        border is established between the Polish and Soviet states.\\n* [[March 20]]\n        – [[Upper Silesia plebiscite]] votes for re-annexation to Germany.\\n*\n        [[March 21]]\\n** [[New Economic Policy]] starts in [[Russian Soviet Federative\n        Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]].\\n** [[Irish War of Independence]]: [[Headford\n        Ambush]]: [[Irish Republican Army]] kills at least nine British Army troops.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – The [[1921 Women''s Olympiad]] begins in Monte Carlo,\n        first international [[women''s sports]] event\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Socialist\n        Soviet Republic of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] becomes a republic [[Abkhazian SSR]].\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n\\n* April – The [[United States\n        Figure Skating Association]] is formed.\\n* [[April 11]] – The [[Emirate\n        of Transjordan]] is created, with [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]] as emir.\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – In Britain, labour unions for mining, railway and transportation\n        workers call for a [[industrial action|strike]]; the government threatens\n        to call in the army.\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Ferenc Moln\\u00e1r]]''s play\n        ''''[[Liliom]]'''' is first produced on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in English.\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – The [[Allies of World War I]] reparations commission\n        announce that Germany has to pay 132 billion gold marks ($33 trillion) in\n        annual installments of 2.5 billion.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n\\n* [[May 1]]–[[May 7]] – [[Jaffa riots]]: Riots at [[Jaffa]]\n        in [[Mandatory Palestine]] result in 47 Jewish and 48 Arab deaths.\\n* [[May\n        2]]–[[July 5]] – [[Silesian Uprisings#Third Silesian Uprising\n        (1921)|Third Silesian Uprising]]: Poles in [[Upper Silesia]] rise against\n        the Germans.\\n* [[May 3]] – The province of [[Northern Ireland]] is\n        created within the United Kingdom.\\n* [[May 5]] – Only thirteen spectators\n        attend the football match between [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] and\n        [[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]], the lowest attendance in [[The\n        Football League]]''s history.\\n* [[May 6]] – German-Russian Provisional\n        Agreement signed, Germany recognised Soviet regime in Russia. \\n* [[May 14]]–[[May\n        15]] – Major [[May 1921 geomagnetic storm|geomagnetic storm]].\\n* [[May\n        14]]–[[May 17]] – Violent anti-European riots occur in [[Cairo]]\n        and [[Alexandria]].\\n* [[May 16]]  – The [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[May 19]] – The [[Emergency Quota Act]] is passed by\n        the [[United States Congress]], establishing national quotas on immigration.\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – In Leipzig the [[Leipzig War Crimes Trials]] start. They\n        will end on July 16.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Northern Ireland general election,\n        1921|First Northern Ireland general election]] for the new [[Parliament of\n        Northern Ireland]] is held.\\n* [[May 26]] – A [[general strike]] begins\n        in Norway.\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Tulsa race riot]] begins in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]].\n        The official death toll is 39, but later investigations suggest the actual\n        toll may be much higher.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n\\n* [[June\n        21]] – [[International Hydrographic Organization|International Hydrographic\n        Bureau]] (IHB) established as an agency of the [[League of Nations]]; continues\n        in this form until April 19, 1946.\\n* [[June 27]] – The first signings\n        of [[Treaty 11]], an agreement between [[George V]], King of Canada, and various\n        Canadian [[First Nations]], are conducted at [[Fort Providence]].\\n* [[June\n        28]] – The Constitutional Assembly of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats\n        and Slovenes]] passes the [[Vidovdan Constitution]], despite a boycott of\n        the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties.\\n* [[June 30]]\n        – The [[death penalty]] is abolished in Sweden.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Communist Party of China]]\n        (CPC) is founded.\\n** A coal strike ends in England.\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        U.S. President [[Warren Harding]] signs a joint congressional resolution declaring\n        an end to America''s state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.{{cite\n        news|last=Staff|title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator''s Home.\n        Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=3 July 1921}}\\n* [[July 4]] – A new conservative\n        government is formed in Italy by [[Ivanoe Bonomi]].\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** The\n        [[Irish War of Independence]] (aka the Anglo-Irish War) comes to a halt after\n        a truce is signed between the belligerents.\\n** The [[Red Army]] captures\n        [[Mongolia]] from the [[White Army]] and establishes the [[Mongolian People''s\n        Republic]].\\n* [[July 14]] – A Massachusetts jury finds [[Sacco and\n        Vanzetti|Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti]] guilty of first degree murder\n        following a widely publicized trial.\\n* [[July 17]] – The [[Republic\n        of Mirdita]] is proclaimed near the [[Albania]]n-[[Serbia]]n border with [[Kingdom\n        of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] support.\\n* [[July 18]] – The first [[Bacillus\n        Calmette-Gu\\u00e9rin|BCG]] vaccination against [[tuberculosis]] is given.\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – [[Rif War]] – [[Battle of Annual]]: Spanish troops\n        are dealt a crushing defeat at the hands of [[Abd el-Krim]].\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – The Anglo-Irish truce, agreed 10 days earlier, is officially declared\n        in London. \\n* [[July 23]] – The [[Communist\n        Party of China]] (CPC) launched the first time of [[1st National Congress\n        of the Communist Party of China|founding National Congress]], [[Communist\n        party]] in China are established.\\n* [[July 26]] – U.S. President [[Warren\n        G. Harding]] receives Princess Fatima of [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]\n        and [[Stanley Clifford Weyman]].\\n* [[July 27]] – Researchers at the\n        [[University of Toronto]] led by biochemist [[Frederick Banting]] announce\n        the discovery of the hormone [[insulin]].\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        becomes [[F\\u00fchrer]] of the [[Nazi Party]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n\\n* August – The United States formally ends World War I.\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – The first radio baseball game is broadcast; [[Harold\n        Arlin]] announces the Pirates-Phillies game from [[Forbes Field]] over Westinghouse\n        KDKA, in [[Pittsburgh]].\\n* [[August 11]] – The temperature reaches\n        39 degrees Celsius in [[Breslau]]; the heat wave continues elsewhere in Europe\n        as well.\\n* [[August 23]] – King [[Faisal I of Iraq]] is crowned in\n        [[Baghdad]].\\n* [[August 24]] – [[R38-class airship]] ZR-2 explodes\n        on her fourth test flight near [[Kingston upon Hull]], England, killing 44\n        of the 49 Anglo-American crew on board.{{cite journal|last=Driggs|first=Laurence\n        La Tourette|date=September 7, 1921|title=The Fall of the Airship|journal=[[The\n        Outlook (New York)|The Outlook]]|volume=129|pages=14\\u201315|location=New\n        York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVroBrOJL64C&pg=PA14|accessdate=2009-07-30}}\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Franklin Roosevelt]], 39, is diagnosed with [[poliomyelitis]]\n        following a two-week illness characterized by paralysis and fevers. He would\n        be permanently disabled after this illness.\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** Rising prices\n        cause major riots in [[Munich]].\\n** The assassination of German politician\n        [[Matthias Erzberger]] causes the government to declare martial law.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        Poplar Strike in London: Nine members of the [[Poplar, London|Poplar]] [[borough\n        council]] are arrested.\\n* [[September 7]] – In [[Atlantic City, New\n        Jersey]], the first [[Miss America Pageant]] is held.\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        Sixteen-year-old [[Margaret Gorman]] wins the Atlantic City Pageant''s Golden\n        Mermaid trophy; pageant officials later dub her the first [[Miss America]].\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – The [[Lotta Sv\\u00e4rd]] women''s paramilitary auxiliary\n        is founded in Finland.\\n* [[September 13]] – [[White Castle (restaurant)|White\n        Castle]] [[hamburger]] restaurant opens in [[Wichita, Kansas]], the foundation\n        of the world''s first [[fast food]] chain.\\n* [[September 21]] – The\n        [[Oppau explosion]] occurs at [[BASF]]''s [[nitrate]] factory in Oppau, Germany;\n        500\\u2013600 are killed.\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October 1921}}\\n* [[October\n        5]]  – The first broadcast of a [[World Series]] game on the radio,\n        by [[Newark, New Jersey]], station WJZ; [[Pittsburgh]] station KDKA; and a\n        group of other commercial and amateur stations throughout the eastern United\n        States.\\n* [[October 8]]  – The first [[Sweetest Day]] is staged in\n        [[Cleveland, Ohio]].\\n* [[October 10]] – Teaching at the [[University\n        of Szeged]] starts in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].\\n* [[October 13]]\\n**The\n        [[Treaty of Kars]] is signed between the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]\n        and the Soviet Socialist Republics of [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]],\n        [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan]] and [[Georgian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic|Georgia]], establishing the boundaries between [[Turkey]]\n        and the states of the [[south Caucasus]]. \\n**Swedish Social Democratic party\n        leader [[Hjalmar Branting]] becomes yet again Prime Minister, after strong\n        general election gains for his party.\\n* [[October 19]] – ''[[Bloody\n        Night]]'' (''''Noite Sangrenta''''): A massacre in [[Lisbon]] claims the lives\n        of Portuguese Prime-Minister [[Ant\\u00f3nio Granjo]] and other politicians.\\n*\n        [[October 21]]\\n** A peace conference between Ireland and the United Kingdom\n        begins in London.\\n** [[George Melford]]''s wildly successful silent film\n        ''''[[The Sheik (film)|The Sheik]]'''', which will propel its leading actor\n        [[Rudolph Valentino]] to international stardom, is premiered in Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – The Spanish Army defeats rifkabyl rebels in [[Morocco]].\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – In the United States\\n** Construction of the [[Link\n        River Dam]], a part of the [[Klamath Project]] in [[Oregon]], is completed.\\n**\n        [[Centre College]]''s [[American football]] team, led by quarterback [[Bo\n        McMillin]], defeats [[Harvard Crimson football|Harvard University]] 6\\u20130\n        to break Harvard''s five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this\n        is called \\\"football''s upset of the century.\\\"\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main|November\n        1921}}\\n* [[November 4]] – After a speech by [[Adolf Hitler]] in the\n        [[Hofbr\\u00e4uhaus]] in [[Munich]] (Germany), members of the ''''[[Sturmabteilung]]''''\n        (\\\"brownshirts\\\") physically assault his opposition.\\n* [[November 9]]\\n**\n        The [[National Fascist Party]] (''''Partito Nazionale Fascista'''' or PNF)\n        is founded in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]].\\n** [[Albert Einstein]] is awarded\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work with the [[photoelectric effect]].\\n**\n        Riots in [[Reykjav\\u00edk]] injure most of the small police force.{{Clarify|date=December 2012}}\\n* [[November 11]] – During an [[Armistice\n        Day]] ceremony at [[Arlington National Cemetery]], the [[Tomb of the Unknowns|Tomb\n        of the Unknown Soldier]] is dedicated by [[Warren G. Harding]], President\n        of the United States.\\n* [[November 14]] – The [[Spanish Communist Party]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[November 23]] – The [[Sheppard\\u2013Towner Act]] is\n        signed by President Harding, providing federal funding for maternity and child\n        care.\\n* Undated – [[Hyperinflation]] rampant in Germany, where 263\n        [[German Papiermark|marks]] are now needed to buy a single American dollar,\n        more than 20 times greater than the 12 marks needed in April 1919.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm |title=Weimar Germany\n        1919-1933|publisher=Historyhome.co.uk|date=2011-01-05|accessdate=2013-03-19}}\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{Main|December 1921}}\\n[[File:King1922.jpg|180px|thumb|[[December\n        29]]: [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] becomes the 10th Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – Rising prices cause riots in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[December\n        6]]\\n** The [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] establishing the [[Irish Free State]],\n        an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland''s 32 counties, is signed\n        in London.\\n** [[Agnes Macphail]] becomes the first woman to be elected to\n        the Canadian Parliament.\\n* [[December 13]] – In the [[Four-Power Treaty]]\n        on Insular Possessions, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], the United States, United\n        Kingdom, and [[French Third Republic|France]] agree to recognize the status\n        quo in the Pacific.\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Visva-Bharati College]] is\n        founded by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in [[Santiniketan]], [[Bengal Presidency]],\n        [[British India]].\\n* [[December 29]] – [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]\n        becomes Canada''s tenth [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]].\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Russian famine of 1921|Russian famine]]: Roughly 5,000,000\n        people die.\\n* Jewish immigration to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] grows\n        rapidly after the United States drastically limits immigration from [[Eastern\n        Europe]].\\n* Regular radio broadcasting services begin in Italy.\\n* [[Edward\n        Harper (engineer)|Edward Harper]], the \\\"father of broadcasting\\\" in [[Ceylon]],\n        arrives in [[Colombo]] to take up his post as Chief Engineer of the Ceylon\n        Telegraph Department.\\n* The [[vibraphone]] in its original form is invented\n        in the United States.\\n* [[E. W. Scripps]] and [[William Emerson Ritter]]\n        found ''''Science Service'''', later renamed [[Society for Science and the\n        Public]], in the United States with the goal of keeping the public informed\n        of scientific developments.\\n* The [[Sauerl\\u00e4nder Heimatbund]] is founded\n        in [[Meschede]], Germany.\\n* [[Weimar Republic]] makes its first payment of\n        reparations.{{Clarify|date=December 2012}}\\n\\n==\n        Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Friedrich duerrenmatt 19890427.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Friedrich\n        D\\u00fcrrenmatt]]]]\\n[[File:Donna Reed.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Donna Reed]]]]\\n[[File:Carol\n        Channing 1960.png|110px|thumb|[[Carol Channing]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar\n        Baldaccini]], French sculptor (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Doris Tetzlaff]], American\n        female professional baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Friedrich\n        D\\u00fcrrenmatt]], Swiss writer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]\\n*\n        [[January 9]]\\n** [[Fraser Barron]], New Zealand bomber pilot during WWII\n        (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[\\u00c1gnes Keleti]], Hungarian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Lister\n        Sinclair]], Canadian broadcaster and playwright (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Rodger Ward]], American race car driver (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Murray Bookchin]], American libertarian socialist (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Yoichiro Nambu]], Japanese-American Nobel physicist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Patricia Highsmith]], American author\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Howard Unruh]], American spree killer\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Beatrice Mintz]], American biologist\n        \\n* [[January 26]] – [[Akio Morita]], Japanese businessman, co-founder\n        of Sony (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Donna Reed]], American actress\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Carol Channing]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Mario Lanza]], American tenor and actor (d. [[1959]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Betty\n        Friedan 1960.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Betty Friedan]]]]\\n[[File:Lana Turner - 1940\n        publicity.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lana Turner]]]]\\n[[File:Betty Hutton.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Betty\n        Hutton]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Peter Sallis]], English actor (''''[[Last\n        of the Summer Wine]]''''; ''''[[Wallace and Gromit]]'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Betty Friedan]], American feminist (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[John Pritchard (conductor)|John Pritchard]], English\n        conductor (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Ken Adam|Sir Ken Adam]], German-born British\n        production designer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Nexhmije Hoxha]],\n        widow of [[Enver Hoxha]]\\n** [[Betsy Jochum]], American female baseball player\\n**\n        [[Lana Turner]], American actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Lloyd Bentsen]], American politician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 14]] –\n        [[Hugh Downs]], American game show host and journalist\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\n**[[Jefferson J. DeBlanc]], World War II United States Marine Corps fighter\n        ace (d. [[2007]])\\n**[[Martha Farkas Glaser]], Civil Rights Activist and Manager\n        of Jazz Musician [[Erroll Garner]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Hua\n        Guofeng]], former [[Chairman of the Communist Party of China]] and [[Premier\n        of the People''s Republic of China|Premier of China]] (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Vera-Ellen]],\n        American actress and dancer (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Muriel\n        Coben]], Canadian professional baseball and curling player (d. [[1979]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Brian Faulkner]], 6th Prime Minister of Northern\n        Ireland (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[\\\"Nature Boy\\\" Buddy Rogers|\\\"Nature\n        Boy\\\" Rogers]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\n** [[Jean-B\\u00e9del Bokassa]], 2nd President of the Central African\n        Republic (1966-1976) and Emperor of Central Africa (1976-1979) (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Wayne C. Booth]], American literary critic (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Giulietta\n        Masina]], Italian actress (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Abe Vigoda]],\n        American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Pierre Laporte]],\n        Canadian statesman (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Betty Hutton]],\n        American actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Pierre Clostermann]],\n        French World War II pilot (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gordon MacRae\n        1953.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Gordon MacRae]]]]\\n[[File:Fahd bin Abdul Aziz.jpg|110px|thumb|King\n        [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Jack Clayton]], British film\n        director (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Terence Cooke|Terence Cardinal Cooke]], American\n        Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Richard Wilbur]], American poet\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Robert Simpson (composer)|Robert Simpson]], English\n        composer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Diana Barrymore]], American actress\n        (d. [[1960]])\\n** [[Paul Guimard]], French writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Halim El-Dabh]], Egyptian-born U.S. composer, performer, ethnomusicologist\n        and educator (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Joan Greenwood]], British actress (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Elmer Valo]], Czechoslovakia-born [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Alan Hale, Jr.]], American actor\n        (''''[[Gilligan''s Island]]'''') (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Cec\n        Linder]], Polish-born Canadian actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**[[Frank\n        Harary]], American mathematician (d. [[2005]])\\n**[[Astor Piazzolla]], Argentine\n        tango composer, bandoneon player and arranger (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Gianni Agnelli]], Italian auto executive (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Gordon MacRae]],\n        American singer and actor (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Al Jaffee]],\n        American cartoonist (''''MAD Magazine'''')\\n** [[Cyril Poole]], English cricketer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 16]] – King [[Faud of Saudi Arabia]] (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Lis Hartel]], Danish equestrian athlete (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Meir Amit]], Israeli politician and general (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Tommy Cooper]], Welsh prop comedian and magician (d.\n        [[1984]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Alfr\\u00e9d R\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian mathematician\n        (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[March 21]]\\n**  [[Arthur Grumiaux]], Belgian violinist\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Xu Zuyao]], Chinese expert in materials science (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Wilson Harris]], Guyanese writer\\n** [[Vasily Smyslov]],\n        Soviet chess player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Simone Signoret]],\n        French actress (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Dirk Bogarde]], English\n        actor (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Yitzhak Navon 1.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Yitzhak\n        Navon]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Schelling.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Thomas Schelling]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Beau Jack]], American boxer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n** [[Robert Karvelas]], American actor (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Jan Sterling]],\n        American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Franco Corelli]],\n        Italian opera singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\n** [[Frankie Thomas]],\n        American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Yitzhak Navon]], Israeli politician (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Chuck Connors]], American basketball and baseball\n        player turned actor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Sheb Wooley]], American actor, singer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Thomas Schelling]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[Georgy Beregovoy]], Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Peter Ustinov]], English actor and director (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Sergio Sollima]], Italian director (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Roberto Tucci]], Italian cardinal and theologian (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Vivian Dandridge]], African-American actress\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Judy Agnew]], [[Second Lady of the United\n        States]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Janet Blair]], American actress (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Warren Spahn]], American baseball player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Karel Appel]], Dutch painter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Jimmy\n        Giuffre]], American jazz musician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[John\n        Stott]], British Christian leader and Anglican cleric (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hans-Joachim\n        Kulenkampff]], German television host and entertainer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[April\n        30]]\\n** [[Dottie Green]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Tove Ma\\u00ebs]], Danish actress (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Satyajit\n        Ray with Ravi Sankar recording for Pather Panchali cropped Ray.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Satyajit\n        Ray]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Satyajit Ray]], Indian filmmaker (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Sugar Ray Robinson]], American boxer (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow]], American physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 6]] –\n        [[Erich Fried]], Austrian author (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Sophie Scholl]],\n        Anti-Nazi Resistance fighter (d. [[1943]])\\n** [[Mona Van Duyn]], American\n        poet (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Hildegard Hamm-Br\\u00fccher]],\n        German politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Joseph Beuys]], German\n        artist (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Cor van der Hoeven]], Dutch footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Farley Mowat]], Canadian writer and naturalist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 14]]\n        – [[Richard Deacon (actor)|Richard Deacon]], American actor (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Harry Carey, Jr.]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Dennis Brain]], English musician (d. [[1957]])\\n* [[May 18]]\n        – Sir [[Michael A. Epstein]], British medical researcher\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – [[Karel van het Reve]], Dutch writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n**\n        [[Wolfgang Borchert]], German writer (d. [[1947]])\\n** [[Hal Newhouser]],\n        baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Andrei Sakharov]], Soviet\n        physicist and human rights activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        (which he declined) (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]], Indian philosopher,\n        author of the socio-economic [[Progressive Utilization Theory]] (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]]\\n** [[James Blish]], American science fiction author (d. [[1975]])\\n**\n        [[Humphrey Lyttelton]], British jazz musician and radio personality (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Hal David]], American songwriter and lyricist (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[James C. Quayle]], American newspaper publisher (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Steinberger]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[May 26]] \\n** [[Stan Mortensen]], English footballer (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Anatoly Chernyaev]], Russian historian and writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        28]]\\n** [[Tom Uren]], Australian soldier and politician (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Heinz G. Konsalik]], German author (d. [[1999]])\\n*[[May 29]]\\n**[[Norman\n        Hetherington]], Australian puppeteer & artist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 30]]\n        – [[Jamie Uys]], South African actor and film director. (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:President\n        Suharto, 1993.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Suharto]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Philip March 2015.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Prince\n        Philip]]]]\\n[[File:Jane Russell in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes trailer 3.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jane\n        Russell]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Nelson Riddle]], American bandleader (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Forbes Carlile]], Australian athlete (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[John Shelton Wilder]], American politician, former Lieutenant Governor of\n        Tennessee (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Myrtle Edwards]], Australian cricketer\n        and softball player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bernard Lown]], American medical innovator;\n        awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] \\n** [[Brian Talboys]], New Zealand politician,\n        7th [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        [[Alexis Smith]], Canadian-born American actress (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Suharto]],\n        former [[President of Indonesia]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Margaret\n        Danhauser]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], consort of [[Elizabeth\n        II]]\\n* [[June 12]] \\n** [[Christopher Derrick]], British writer (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Johan Witteveen]], Dutch politician and economist, [[International Monetary\n        Fund|5th Managing Director of the IMF]]\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Nancy Warren\n        (baseball)|Nancy Warren]], American female professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2001]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Erroll Garner]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Louis Jourdan]], French actor (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Fernando Hoyos]], Colombian sports shooter\\n** [[Thomas\n        Morrow Reavley]], American judge\\n** [[Gebhard B\\u00fcchel]], Liechtenstein\n        decathlete\\n** [[Jane Russell]], American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June\n        22]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Agdamag]], Filipino sports shooter (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Ralph K. Hofer]], American fighter pilot (d. [[1942]])\\n* [[June 23]] \\n**\n        [[Marius Mora]], French cross-country skier\\n** [[Paul Findley]], American\n        politician\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Zappy Max|fr|3=Zappy Max}}, French\n        radio presenter\\n** [[Colin Pinch]], Australian Cricketer (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 24]]\\n** [[Gerhard Sommer]], German soldier\\n** Marianne Schubarth,\n        German actress\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** A.K. Kamalan, Indian actress\\n** [[Celia\n        Franca]], Canadian ballet dancer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Violette\n        Szabo]], French World War II heroine (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Muriel\n        Pavlow]], English actress\\n** Frances E. Neal, American actress\\n* [[June\n        28]] – [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], [[Prime Minister of India]] (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – [[Bob Kennedy (American football, born 1921)|Bob Kennedy]],\n        American football player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Washington SyCip]],\n        Filipino accountant\\n** [[Oswaldo L\\u00f3pez Arellano]], 42th and 44th President\n        of Honduras (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jules Amez-Droz]], Swiss fencer (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Nancy\n        Reagan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nancy Reagan]]]]\\n[[File:Programa Radial Testimonio\n        Pol\\u00edtico en la Radio de la Asamblea Nacional invitado el Arq. Sixto Dur\\u00e1n\n        Ballen ex Presidente de la Rep\\u00fablica del Ecuador (5985373958).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sixto\n        Dur\\u00e1n Ball\\u00e9n]]]]\\n[[File:John Glenn Low Res.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        Glenn]]]]\\n[[File:Rosalyn Yalow.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rosalyn Yalow]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Egan 1949.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Richard Egan (actor)|Richard Egan]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Arthur Johnson (canoeist)|Arthur Johnson]], Canadian sprint canoeist\\n**\n        [[Teddy Long (footballer)|Teddy Long]], Australian rules footballer (d. [[2008]])\n        \\n** [[Seretse Khama]], 1st President of Botswana (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Levi Yitzchak Horowitz]], [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[rebbe]]\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Nasser Sharifi]], Iranian sports shooter\\n**\n        [[G\\u00e9rard Debreu]], French economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Tibor Varga (violinist)|Tibor\n        Varga]], Hungarian violinist and conductor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Nanos Valaoritis]], Greek writer\\n** [[Vito Ortelli]], Italian racing cyclist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Al Kozar]], American second baseman (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July\n        6]] \\n** [[Billy and Bobby Mauch]], American actors (d. [[2006]]) and (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Ed Erban]], American professional basketball player (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Nancy Reagan]], actress; [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Allan MacEachen]], Canadian politician\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Johnny Van Cuyk]],\n        American relief pitcher (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Dragomir Felba]], Serbian actor\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Joe Wade]], English footballer and manager (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[July 8]]\\n** [[Frank Prihoda]], Australian alpine skier\\n** [[Edgar Morin]],\n        French philosopher and sociologist\\n** [[Don Ray (basketball)|Don Ray]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[John Money]], New Zealand psychologist,\n        sexologist and author (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[John K. Singlaub]],\n        U.S Army Major General\\n** [[Harvey Ball]], American designer (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]], member of the Kennedy family (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Jake LaMotta]], American boxer\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Claude Bonin-Pissarro]],\n        French painter and graphic designer\\n** [[Petter Hugsted]], Norwegian Olympic\n        ski jumper (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ilse Werner]], German actress (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Brother Blue]], African American educator, storyteller,\n        actor, musician and street performer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Friedrich Peter]], Austrian politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**\n        [[Leon Garfield]], English writer (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Armand Gaudreault]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Wilkinson]], English\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Sixto Dur\\u00e1n Ball\\u00e9n]], President of Ecuador (d. [[2016]]) \\n* [[July\n        15]]\\n** [[Jean Heywood]], British actress\\n** [[Patricia Wright (actress)|Patricia\n        Wright]], American actress\\n** [[Barrie Dexter]], Australian senior diplomat\\n**\n        [[Carl Richardson]], American football coach\\n** Madge Meredith, American\n        actress\\n** [[Robert Bruce Merrifield]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Nilo Floody]],\n        Chilean modern pentathlete (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Bernard W. Rogers]], United\n        States Army general (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Boscoe Holder]], Trinidadian artist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Acquanetta]], American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[P\\u00edo Corcuera]], Argentine football striker (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hannah\n        Szenes]], Hungarian World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek\n        Zvar\\u00edk]], Slovakian actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Aaron T.\n        Beck]], American psychiatrist\\n** [[John Glenn]], American astronaut and former\n        U.S. Senator (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Heinz Bennent]], German actor (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Gerry Mays]], Scottish football player and manager (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Richard\n        Leacock]], Documentary filmmaker, Pioneer of Cin\\u00e9ma V\\u00e9rit\\u00e9\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Elizabeth Spencer (writer)|Elizabeth Spencer]],\n        American writer\\n** [[Bertil Antonsson]], Swedish heavyweight wrestler (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]], American physicist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Diana Elles,\n        Baroness Elles]], barrister and United Nations representative from the United\n        Kingdom (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]], American medical physicist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 21]] – {{Interlanguage link multi|Carminha Brand\\u00e3o|pt|3=Carminha\n        Brand\\u00e3o}}, Brazilian actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Jim Rivera]],\n        American former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder\\n** [[Tandy Little]],\n        American politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Al LaMacchia]], American professional\n        baseball player and scout (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[William V. Roth, Jr.|William\n        Roth]], U.S. Senator (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Billy Taylor]],\n        American jazz musician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Richard Egan\n        (actor)|Richard Egan]], American actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Grant Johannesen]], American concert pianist (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Esther\n        Williams - portrait.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Esther Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Julia Hartwig\n        Warsaw October21 2009 Fot Mariusz Kubik 05.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julia Hartwig]]]]\\n[[File:Gene\n        roddenberry 1976.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Gene Roddenberry]]]]\\n* [[August\n        3]] \\n** [[Richard Adler]], American Broadway composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Edward\n        Tipper]], American World War II veteran (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 4]] –\n        [[Maurice Richard]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – [[Esther Williams]], American swimmer and actress (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]]\\n** [[Ernest Angley]], American televangelist, author and station\n        owner\\n** [[J. James Exon]], Governor of Nebraska and U.S. Senator (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Patricia Marmont]], American actress, daughter of [[Percy Marmont]]\\n* [[August\n        10]] – [[Yuki Shimoda]], American actor (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[August 11]]\n        \\n**[[August 11]] – [[Tom Kilburn]] the co-inventor of the [[Williams_tube|Williams-Kilborn\n        tube]] used for memory in early computer systems (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Barney Liddell]], American musician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August\n        14]] – [[Julia Hartwig]], Polish author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 15]]\n        – [[K. Kailasanatha Kurukkal]], Researcher, Writer and Professor of\n        [[Jaffna]], Sri Lanka (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Zdzis\\u0142aw\n        \\u017bygulski, Jr.]], Polish art historian (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 19]]\n        – [[Gene Roddenberry]], American television producer (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[John Osteen]], American televangelist (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Kenneth Arrow]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        25]]\\n** [[Monty Hall]], Canadian-born American game show host \\n** [[Brian\n        Moore (novelist)|Brian Moore]], Northern Irish-born Canadian writer (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]]\\n** [[Shimshon Amitsur]], Israeli mathematician and [[Israel\n        Prize]] recipient (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Benjamin Bradlee]], American journalist,\n        executive editor of ''''[[The Washington Post]]'''' (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August\n        27]] – [[Georg Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House\n        of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[John Herbert\n        Chapman]], Canadian physicist (d. [[1979]]) \\n** [[Nancy Kulp]], American\n        actress (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Lidia Gueiler Tejada]], [[President of Bolivia]]\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:President Virgilio Barco.png|thumb|110px|[[Virgilio\n        Barco Vargas]]]]\\n[[File:Deborah Kerr in colour Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Deborah\n        Kerr]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Josephine Lenard]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Thurston Dart]],\n        English harpsichordist and conductor (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n**\n        [[Mosie Lister]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Harry Secombe]], Welsh\n        entertainer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Lem]],\n        Polish science fiction writer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Frank McGee (journalist)|Frank\n        McGee]], American television personality (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[September 13]]\n        \\n** [[Gunnar Eriksson]], Swedish Olympic cross-country skiier (d. [[1982]])\\n**\n        [[Sergey Nepobedimy]], Soviet rocket weaponry designer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Dario Vittori]], Argentine actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Norma MacMillan]], voice actress (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] – [[Mohamed Talbi]], Tunisian historian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Virgilio Barco Vargas]], 27th President of Colombia (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Paulo Freire]], Brazilian educator and philosopher  (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Jim McKay]], American sportscaster (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n** [[Charlene Pryer]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Robert Muldoon]], 31st [[Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand]] (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Mikl\\u00f3s Jancs\\u00f3]],\n        Hungarian film director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bernard Waber]], American children''s\n        author (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Deborah Kerr]], Scottish actress\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jorge Loring Mir\\u00f3]], Spanish Jesuit priest, public\n        speaker and author (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:James Whitmore.jpg|110px|thumb|[[James\n        Whitmore]]]]\\n[[File:JesseHelms.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jesse Helms]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Michael I of Romania by Emanuel Stoica.jpg|110px|thumb|[[King Michael I]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[James Whitmore]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Robert Runcie]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d.\n        [[2000]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Francisco Morales Berm\\u00fadez]], President\n        of Peru\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Bill Willis]], American football player\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Tommy Farrell]], American supporting\n        actor and comedian (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Abraham Sarmiento]],\n        Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Shaw McCutcheon]], American cartoonist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n**[[Enrico Cocozza]], Scottish filmmaker (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Yves\n        Montand]], French singer and actor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Arra\\u00f1o Acevedo]], Chilean historian (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Zizinho|Thomaz\n        Soares da Silva]], Brazilian football player (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 17]]\n        – [[Maria Gorokhovskaya]], Soviet gymnast (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[October\n        18]]\\n** [[Jerry Cooke (photographer)|Jerry Cooke]], American photographer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jesse Helms]], U.S. Senator from North Carolina (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[George Nader]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Gunnar\n        Nordahl]], Swedish footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Malcolm\n        Arnold]], British music composer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld]],\n        Dutch astronomer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Georges Brassens]],\n        French singer-songwriter (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Turcat]], French aviator and first pilot of [[Concorde]] (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Sena Jurinac]], Bosnian operatic soprano (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – King [[Michael I of Romania]]\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Frances Scott Fitzgerald]], writer; daughter of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald|F.\n        Scott]] and [[Zelda Fitzgerald]] (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Warren\n        Allen Smith]], American gay rights activist, writer and humanities humanist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Brian Keith - still.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian\n        Keith]]]]\\n[[File:Jackie Stallone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jackie Stallone]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Charles Bronson]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – Princess [[Fawzia Fuad of Egypt]] (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[James Jones (author)|James Jones]], American writer\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Gene Saks]], American actor and\n        film director (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Owen Bush]], American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Molly Dodd]], American actress\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Ron Greenwood]], English football manager (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]]  – [[Joonas Kokkonen]], Finnish composer (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]]  – [[Brian Keith]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Albert Bertelsen]], Danish artist\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Dan Frazer]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[Rodney Dangerfield]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – [[Fred Buscaglione]], Italian singer and actor (d.\n        [[1960]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[John Lindsay]], American lawyer and\n        politician, [[Mayor of New York City]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 27]] –\n        [[Alexander Dub\\u010dek]], Slovak politician and First Secretary of the Central\n        Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Jackie Stallone]], American astrologer and mother of [[Sylvester\n        Stallone]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jayne Meadows Steve Allen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        Allen]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Carlo Furno]], Italian cardinal (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Phyllis Curtin]], American soprano (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Deanna Durbin]], Canadian singer (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Alvy Moore]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Hansen (actor)|Peter Hansen]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        6]] – [[Otto Graham]], American football player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Liz Smith (actress)|Liz Smith]], British actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Alan Freed]], American [[disc jockey]], known for\n        introducing [[rock and roll]] to mainstream radio (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[December\n        17]] – [[Anne Golon]], French writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 19]]\n        – [[Bla\\u017ee Koneski]], Macedonian poet and linguist (d. [[1993]])\n        \\n* [[December 21]] – [[Luigi Creatore]], American songwriter and record\n        producer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Marge Callaghan]], Canadian\n        female professional baseball player\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Steve Allen]],\n        American actor, composer, comedian, and author (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Rashid Karami]], 8-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Maurice Yam\\u00e9ogo]], [[President of Upper Volta]]\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Jameson Mbilini Dlamini]], 7th Prime\n        Minister of Swaziland (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[Abdullahi Issa]], 1st Prime Minister\n        of Somalia (d. [[1988]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January–June ===\\n[[File:Theobald\n        von Bethmann-Hollweg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Nikola of Montenegro.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]]]]\\n[[File:EDato.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Eduardo\n        Dato]]]]\\n[[File:%C3%89mile_Combes_(1835%E2%80%931921).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emile\n        Combes]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]], 5th\n        [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Adolf von Hildebrand]], German sculptor (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[Justiniano Borgo\\u00f1o]], 37th Prime Minister of\n        Peru (b. [[1836]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[H. G. Haugan]], Norwegian-born\n        American railroad and banking executive (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\n**\n        [[Andrea Carlo Ferrari]], Italian Catholic cardinal and blessed (b. [[1850]])\\n**\n        [[Antonio Jacobsen]], American maritime artist (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[John J. Gardner]], American politician (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[February\n        8]]\\n** [[George Formby Snr]], English entertainer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Kropotkin]], Russian anarchist (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Ernst\n        Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        [[Carl Menger]], Austrian economist (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        [[Schofield Haigh]], English cricketer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** King\n        [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]] (b. [[1841]])\\n** King [[Nikola I Petrovic-Njegos]]\n        (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Eduardo Dato]], Spanish politician,\n        3-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1856]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Talaat Pasha]], Ottoman Turkish ruler, initiator of the Armenian\n        Genocide (b. [[1874]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[March 29]] – [[John Burroughs]],\n        American naturalist and essayist (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Edmund\n        Po\\u00eb]], British admiral (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Augusta\n        Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein]], last German Empress, wife of [[Wilhelm II,\n        German Emperor]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Manwel Dimech]],\n        Maltese philosopher and social reformer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        [[Tom O''Brien (second baseman)|Tom O''Brien]], American [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Arthur Mold]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Alfred Hermann Fried]], Austrian writer\n        and pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May\n        9]] – [[William Henry Chamberlin (philosopher)|William Henry Chamberlin]],\n        American philosopher (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Emilia Pardo Baz\\u00e1n]],\n        Spanish writer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Edward Douglass White]],\n        9th [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1845]])\\n** [[Michael Llewelyn\n        Davies]], one of the ''Lost Boys'' for the [[Peter Pan]] book (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[\\u00c9mile Combes]], French statesman, 69th [[Prime Minister\n        of France]] (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Georges Feydeau]], French\n        playwright (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 11]] – Patriarch [[Leonid of Georgia]]\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Eduardo Acevedo D\\u00edaz]], Uruguayan\n        writer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Alfred Percy Sinnett]], British\n        writer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Gyorche Petrov]], Macedonian\n        and Bulgarian revolutionary (b. [[1865]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**[[Lady\n        Randolph Churchill]], mother of [[Winston Churchill]] (b. [[1854]])\\n**[[Otto\n        Seeck]], German classical historian (b. [[1850]])\\n\\n=== July–December\n        ===\\n[[File:Enrico Caruso XV.png|thumb|100px|[[Enrico Caruso]]]]\\n[[File:Humperdinck\n        Postcard-1910.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)|Engelbert\n        Humperdinck]]]]\\n[[File:John Boyd Dunlop 418px.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Boyd\n        Dunlop]]]]\\n[[File:Takashi_Hara_posing.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hara Takashi]]]]\\n[[File:Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns_in_1900_by_Pierre_Petit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Camille\n        Saint-Saens]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Maurice Bailloud]], French general\n        (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]\n        (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Gabriel Lippmann]], Luxembourger-French\n        physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – [[Howard Vernon (Australian actor)|Howard Vernon]], Australian actor\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Enrico Caruso]], Italian tenor (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Alexander Blok]], Russian poet (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – [[Juhani Aho]], Finnish author and journalist (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Peter I of Serbia]], King of Yugoslavia (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Georges Darien]], French writer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[S\\u00e1ndor Wekerle]], 3-Time Prime Minister of Hungary (b.\n        [[1848]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Karl von B\\u00fclow]], German field marshal\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Henry Austin Dobson]], English\n        poet (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Alfred William Rich]], English\n        watercolour painter (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** [[William Campbell\n        (missionary)|William Campbell]], British missionary in Taiwan (b. [[1841]])\\n**\n        [[Virginia Rappe]], American model and actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[John Tengo Jabavu]], editor of South Africa''s first newspaper\n        in Xhosa. (b. 1859)\\n* [[September 11]] \\n** [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]],\n        British naval officer and German prince (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Subramania Bharati]],\n        Tamil poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Philipp, Prince of\n        Eulenburg]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Engelbert Humperdinck\n        (composer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]], German composer (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October\n        2]] – King [[William II of Wurttemberg]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Philander C. Knox]], American politician (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[October\n        15]] – [[Haydar Khan Amo-oghli]], Iranian revolutionary (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Yaa Asantewaa]], Asante warrior queen (b. c. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[October 18]] – [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]], last king of Bavaria (b.\n        [[1845]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[William Wallace Wotherspoon]], American\n        general (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[John Boyd Dunlop]], Irish\n        British-born inventor and veterinary surgeon (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[October 25]]\n        – [[Bat Masterson]], American gunfighter (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] – [[William Egan (gangster)|William Egan]], American gangster (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Hara Takashi]], Japanese politician,\n        10th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1856]]) (assassinated)\\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Charles, 6th Prince of Lowenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg]], German\n        nobleman (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Fernand Khnopff]], Belgian\n        painter (b. [[1858]]) \\n* [[November 14]]  – [[Isabel, Princess Imperial\n        of Brazil]], daughter of Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Christina Nilsson]], Swedish operatic soprano (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]] \\n** [[Charles White Whittlesey|Charles Whittlesey]], United\n        States Army officer, commander of the \\\"[[Lost Battalion (World War I)|Lost\n        Battalion]]\\\" in World War I (suicide) (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Cartailhac]],\n        French prehistorian (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Douglas Colin\n        Cameron]], Canadian politician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[`Abdu''l-Bah\\u00e1]],\n        Persian religious leader (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[George\n        Ashlin]], Irish architect (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Henrietta\n        Swan Leavitt]], American astronomer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[Camille Saint-Sa\\u00ebns]], French composer (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[December\n        20]]\\n**[[Dmitri Parsky]], Russian general (b. [[1866]])\\n**[[Julius Richard\n        Petri]], German microbiologist (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Boies\n        Penrose]], U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes\n        ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Albert Einstein]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Frederick Soddy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]\n        – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Anatole\n        France]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Karl Hjalmar Branting]],\n        [[Christian Lous Lange]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Sources==\\n{{commons\n        and category}}\\n* ''''New International Year Book: 1921'''' (1922) [https://books.google.com/books?id=F11MAAAAMAAJ&dq=intitle:international+intitle:year+intitle:book&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=1&source=gbs_navlinks_s\n        online edition]\\n* [http://pwnhc.ca/timeline/1900/Airplane_1921.html 1921\n        Aviation Comes North- NWT Historical Timeline- A Prince of Wales Northern\n        Heritage Centre Online Exhibit]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1921}}\\n[[Category:1921|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T13:34:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":799725835,\"length\":55448,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1921&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921\"},\"34866\":{\"pageid\":34866,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1922\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T22:52:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1922|the committee of British Conservative\n        MPs|1922 Committee|the novella by Stephen King|1922 (novella)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1922}}\\n{{Year nav|1922}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1922}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main|January\n        1922}}\\n[[File:Insulincrystals.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[January 11]]: Use of\n        [[insulin]] for [[diabetes]].]]\\n* January \\u2013 The year begins with the\n        [[British Empire]] at its largest extent, covering a quarter of the world\n        and ruling over one in four people on [[Earth]].\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[D\\u00e1il\n        \\u00c9ireann (Irish Republic)|D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]], the parliament of\n        the [[Irish Republic]], ratifies the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] by 64\\u201357\n        votes.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell''s\n        Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=491\\u2013493}}\\n*\n        [[January 8]] \\u2013 The [[Socialist Youth League of Norway|Social Democratic\n        Youth League of Norway]] is founded.\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 Julieta founded\n        the Chilean communist party.\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Griffith]]\n        is elected [[President of D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]].\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013\n        The first successful [[insulin]] treatment of diabetes is made, by [[Frederick\n        Banting]] in Toronto.\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 The British government releases\n        the remaining Irish prisoners captured in the [[Irish War of Independence|War\n        of Independence]].\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 The [[flu]] epidemic has claimed\n        804 victims in Britain.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Michael Collins (Irish\n        leader)|Michael Collins]] becomes [[Chairman of the Provisional Government\n        of the Irish Free State|Chairman of the Irish Provisional Government]].\\n*\n        [[January 24]] \\u2013 Christian K. Nelson patents the ''''[[Eskimo Pie]]''''.\\n*\n        [[January 26]] \\u2013 Italian forces occupy [[Misrata]] in [[Italian Libya|Libya]].\n        The [[Pacification of Libya|reconquest of Libya]] begins.\\n* [[January 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Knickerbocker Storm]]: Snowfall from the biggest-ever recorded snowstorm\n        in Washington, D.C., causes the roof of the [[Knickerbocker Theatre (Washington,\n        D.C.)|Knickerbocker Theatre]] to collapse, killing 98.\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013\n        The union of [[Costa Rica]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]] and [[El Salvador]]\n        is dissolved.\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 Radio [[KZKZ-AM]], the second radio\n        station in the [[Philippines]], begins broadcasting.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main|February\n        1922}}\\n[[File:WilliamDesmondTaylor.jpg|thumb|80px|right|[[February 1]]: [[William\n        Desmond Taylor]] murdered.]]\\n[[File:UlyssesCover.jpg|thumb|80px|right|[[February\n        2]]: Publication of [[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]].]]\\n* February \\u2013 ''''[[The\n        Ring (magazine)|Ring Magazine]]'''' is first published.\\n* [[February 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Irish American]] [[film director]] [[William Desmond Taylor]] is\n        found murdered at his home in Los Angeles; the case is never solved.\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\u2013 ''''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'''', by [[James Joyce]], is published\n        in Paris on his 40th birthday by [[Sylvia Beach]].\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013\n        [[DeWitt Wallace|DeWitt]] and [[Lila Wallace]] publish the first issue of\n        ''''[[Reader''s Digest]]''''.\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Pope Pius XI]] (Achille\n        Ratti) succeeds [[Pope Benedict XV]], to become the 259th [[pope]].\\n** [[Washington\n        Naval Treaty|Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty]] signed between the United\n        States, United Kingdom, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], [[French Third Republic|France]]\n        and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]. Japan returns some of its control over the\n        [[Shandong Peninsula]] to China.\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[President of the\n        United States]] [[Warren G. Harding]] introduces the first radio in the [[White\n        House]].\\n** In the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], the\n        [[Cheka]] becomes the [[Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie]] (GPU),\n        a section of the [[NKVD]].\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** Finnish Minister of the\n        Interior [[Heikki Ritavuori]] is assassinated by [[Ernst Tandefelt]].\\n**\n        ''''[[MV Baragoola|Baragoola]]'''', last of the Binngarra class [[Manly ferry\n        services|Manly ferries]], is launched at [[Balmain, New South Wales]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\u2013 Inaugural session of the [[Permanent Court of International\n        Justice]] (PCIJ).\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 French serial killer [[Henri D\\u00e9sir\\u00e9\n        Landru]] is [[Decapitation|beheaded]] by the [[guillotine]].\\n* [[February\n        26]] \\u2013  A [[Leser v. Garnett|challenge]] to the [[Nineteenth Amendment\n        to the United States Constitution]], allowing women the right to vote, is\n        rebuffed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].\\n* [[February 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence]] by the United Kingdom\n        ends its [[protectorate]] over [[Egypt]] and grants the country nominal [[Kingdom\n        of Egypt|independence]], reserving control of military and diplomatic matters.{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin\n        Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}{{cite book|last=King|first=Joan\n        Wucher|title=Historical Dictionary of Egypt|series=Books of Lasting Value|year=1989|origyear=1984|publisher=American\n        University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-213-7|pages=259\\u2013260}}{{cite\n        book|editor1-first=Albert P.|editor1-last=Blaustein|editor1-link=Albert Blaustein|editor2-first=Jay\n        A.|editor2-last=Sigler|editor3-first=Benjamin R.|editor3-last=Beede|title=Independence\n        Documents of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feyI5kisdBcC&pg=PA204|volume=1|year=1977|publisher=Oceana\n        Publications|location=Dobbs Ferry, NY|isbn=978-0-379-00794-7|pages=204\\u2013205}}\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main|March 1922}}\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** An ice mass breaks the [[Oder\n        Dam]] in [[Breslau]].\\n** The [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|British\n        Civil Aviation Authority]] is established.\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 The movie\n        ''''[[Nosferatu]]'''' is released.\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        is arrested in [[Bombay]] for [[sedition]].\\n* March 10\\u201314 \\u2013 The\n        [[Rand Rebellion]], a strike by white South African mine workers, begins on\n        28 December 1921 and becomes open rebellion against the state.\\n* [[March\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], inaugurates the ''''[[Rashtriya\n        Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]]''''\n        in [[Dehradun]], India, marking a capitulation of the [[Governor-General of\n        India|Governor General]] and [[Secretary of State for India]] to growing pressure\n        for Indianization of the officer cadre of the [[British Indian Army|Indian\n        Army]].\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] having gained self-government\n        from the United Kingdom, [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]] becomes [[King of Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 In [[British India]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is sentenced\n        to six years in prison for [[sedition]] (he serves only two).\\n* [[March 20]]\n        \\u2013 The [[USS Langley (CV-1)|USS ''''Langley'''']] is commissioned as the\n        first [[United States Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]].\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013\n        Radio station [[WLW]] in [[Cincinnati]] begins broadcasting.{{cite web|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2002/03/17/tem_wlw_700_turns_80.html|first=John|last=Kiesewetter|title=WLW\n        700 turns 80|date=2002-03-17|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|accessdate=2012-10-18}}\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\u2013 Queensland, Australia abolishes the Legislative Council\n        (Upper House).\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 The [[German Social Democratic Party\n        of Poland|German Social Democratic Party]] is founded in Poland.\\n* [[March\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Hinterkaifeck]] murders occur on a late evening.\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n{{Main|April 1922}}\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 The South African Railways\n        takes control of all railway operations in [[South West Africa]].{{Paxton-Bourne|pages=99,\n        110, 115\\u2013117, 121, 149}}''''Statement\n        Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each\n        Section of Railway'''', Statement No. 19, p. 188, ref. no. 200954-13\\n*\n        [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stalin]] is appointed General Secretary of the\n        Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Teapot\n        Dome scandal]]: The [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] leases [[Teapot\n        Dome]] [[Petroleum|oil]] reserves in [[Wyoming]].\\n** The first midair collision\n        occurs, between a [[Daimler Airway]] [[de Havilland DH.18]] and a [[Grands\n        Express A\\u00e9riens]] [[Farman F.60|Farman Goliath]] over [[Poix-de-Picardie]],\n        [[Amiens]], France.\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 The historic [[Genoa Conference]]\n        commences in [[Genoa]]. The representatives of 34 countries convene to speak\n        about monetary economics in the wake of World War I.\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013\n        The United Kingdom''s [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]] arrives in Yokohama\n        aboard [[HMS Renown (1916)|HMS ''''Renown'''']] and rides by train to Tokyo,\n        starting a one-month visit to Japan.{{cite\n        web|url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220404-1.2.8.aspx|title=Prince''s\n        Visit to Japan|publisher=newspapers.nl.sg|work=[[The Straits Times]]|location=Singapore|date=4\n        April 1922|accessdate=2013-12-28}}{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Sir\n        Percival|title=The Prince of Wales'' Eastern book, a pictorial record of the\n        voyages of H.M.S. \\\"Renown\\\", 1921-1922|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=New\n        York|year=1922|pages=192\\u2013193|url=https://archive.org/download/princeofwaleseas00philrich/princeofwaleseas00philrich.pdf\\n|accessdate=2013-12-28}}\\n*\n        [[April 13]] \\u2013 The State of [[Massachusetts]] opens all public offices\n        to women.\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 The [[Treaty of Rapallo (1922)|Treaty of\n        Rapallo]] marks a rapprochement between the [[Weimar Republic]] and [[Bolshevik\n        Russia]].\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 The Lambda Chapter of the Joe Whelan Sorority,\n        Incorporated (the first chapter of a black sorority in New York State) is\n        chartered.\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 The first portion of the [[Imperial Wireless\n        Chain]], a strategic international [[wireless telegraphy]] network created\n        to link the [[British Empire]], is opened, from England to Egypt.\\n\\n=== May\n        ===\\n{{Main|May 1922}}\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 The leader of the underground [[Estonian\n        Communist Party]] [[Viktor Kingissepp]] is executed in [[Estonia]].\\n* [[May\n        5]] \\u2013 In [[The Bronx]], construction begins on [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee\n        Stadium]].\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013 In [[Moscow]], eights priests, two layman,\n        and one woman are sentenced to death for opposition to the Soviet government''s\n        confiscation of church property\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 Radio station [[KGU (AM)|KGU]]\n        begins broadcasting in Hawaii.\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Sergei Diaghilev]],\n        [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Marcel Proust]], [[James Joyce]],\n        [[Erik Satie]] and [[Clive Bell]] dine together in Paris, at the Majestic\n        hotel, their only joint meeting.{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Kevin|title=Constellation\n        of Genius – 1922: Modernism Year One|location=London|publisher=Hutchinson|year=2012|isbn=978-0-091-93097-4}}\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 The [[Young Pioneer Organization of the Soviet Union|All-Russian\n        Young Pioneer Organisation]] is established.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 British\n        Liberal MP [[Horatio Bottomley]] is jailed for seven years for [[fraud]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 In Washington, D.C., the [[Lincoln Memorial]] is dedicated.\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main|June 1922}}\\n[[File:SphinxGiza.jpg|thumb|125px|right|[[February\n        28]]: Egypt independent.]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** The [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]]\n        is officially founded.\\n** [[Bolshevik]] forces defeat [[Basmachi]] troops\n        under [[Enver Pasha]].\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 U.S. premi\\u00e8re of [[Robert\n        J. Flaherty]]''s ''''[[Nanook of the North]]'''', the first commercially successful\n        feature-length [[documentary film]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 U.S. President\n        [[Warren G. Harding]] makes his first speech on the radio.\\n* [[June 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] agents\n        assassinate British Army field marshal [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|Sir\n        Henry Wilson]] in London; the assassins are sentenced to death on [[July 18]].\\n*\n        [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Weimar Republic]] foreign minister [[Walther Rathenau]]\n        is assassinated; the murderers are captured on [[July 17]].\\n* [[June 26]]\n        \\u2013 Louis Honor\\u00e9 Charles Antoine Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince\n        [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]] of [[Monaco]].\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013\n        The [[Irish Civil War]] and [[Battle of Dublin]] begin when the Irish [[National\n        Army (Ireland)|National Army]], using [[artillery]] loaned by the British,\n        begins to bombard the [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u20131969)|anti-Treaty\n        Irish Republican Army]] forces occupying the [[Four Courts]] in [[Dublin]].\n        Fighting in Dublin lasts until [[July 5]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main|July 1922}}\\n[[File:Lincoln\n        memorial dc 20041011 095847 1.3008x2000.jpg|thumb|200px|[[May 30]]: [[Lincoln\n        Memorial]] dedicated.]]\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 The [[Hollywood Bowl]] opens.\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 The final signings of [[Treaty 11]], an agreement between\n        [[George V]], King of Canada, and various Canadian [[First Nations]], are\n        conducted at [[Fort Liard]].\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 The German protectorate\n        of [[Togoland]] is divided into the [[League of Nations mandate]]s of [[French\n        Togoland]] and [[British Togoland]].\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Adyghe Autonomous\n        Oblast|Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast]] established within the [[Russian\n        SFSR]].\\n* July \\u2013 [[Hyperinflation]] in Germany means that 563 [[German\n        Papiermark|marks]] are now needed to buy a single American [[dollar]] \\u2013\n        almost double the 263 needed eight months before and dwarfing the mere 12\n        needed in April 1919 and even the 47 needed in December of that year.\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n{{Main|August 1922}}\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 A [[1922 Swatow typhoon|typhoon]]\n        hits [[Shantou]], China, killing more than 5,000 people.\\n* [[August 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Irish Civil War]]: General [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael\n        Collins]] is assassinated in West Cork.\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Spanish protectorate\n        in Morocco|Morocco]] revolts against the Spanish.\\n** The Turkish large-scale\n        attack opened against Greek forces in Afyon. Turkish victory is achieved on\n        [[August 27]].\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] agrees to\n        withdraw its troops from [[Siberia]].\\n* August \\u2013 Hyperinflation in Germany\n        sees the value of the Papiermark against the dollar rise to 1,000.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main|September 1922}}\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Autodromo\n        Nazionale Monza|Monza Circuit]], as known well for [[Motor racing|motor racing\n        place]] in [[Italy]], officially opened in [[Lombardy Region]].{{citation\n        needed|date=December 2016}}\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 Turkish forces pursuing\n        withdrawing Greek troops enter [[\\u0130zmir]], effectively ending the [[Greco-Turkish\n        War (1919\\u201322)]].\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** ''''The Sun News-Pictorial'''',\n        a predecessor of the [[Melbourne]], Australia, ''''[[Herald Sun]]'''', is\n        founded.\\n** The [[Mandate of Palestine]] is approved by the Council of the\n        [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 The [[Gdynia]] Seaport Construction\n        Act is passed by the [[Second Polish Republic|Polish]] Parliament.\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\u2013[[September 15|15]] \\u2013 The [[Great Fire of Smyrna]] destroys\n        most of [[\\u0130zmir]]. Responsibility is disputed.{{cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Matthew|url=http://www.historytoday.com/matthew-stewart/catastrophe-smyrna|title=Catastrophe\n        at Smyrna|journal=[[History Today]]|volume=54|issue=7}}\\n* [[September\n        17]] \\u2013 Dutch cyclist [[Piet Moeskops]] becomes World Champion Sprinter.\\n*\n        [[September 18]] \\u2013 The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] joins the [[League of Nations]].\\n*\n        [[September 29]] \\u2013 ''''[[Drums in the Night]]'''' (''''Trommeln in der\n        Nacht'''') becomes the first play by [[Bertolt Brecht]] to be staged, at the\n        [[Munich Kammerspiele]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October 1922}}\\n[[File:Mussd.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Benito\n        Mussolini]] and [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] [[Blackshirts]] during the [[March\n        on Rome]].]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[G. I. Gurdjieff]] opens his Institute\n        for the Harmonious Development of Man at [[Fontainebleau]] in France.\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013  Rebecca L. Felton becomes the first female US senator, when Georgia''s\n        governor gives her a temporary appointment, pending an election to replace\n        Senator Thomas Watson, who had died suddenly.\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Rose\n        Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl Stadium]], officially opened in [[Pasadena, California]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[T. S. Eliot]] establishes\n        ''''[[The Criterion (magazine)|The Criterion]]'''' magazine, containing the\n        first publication of his poem ''''[[The Waste Land]]''''. This first appears\n        in the United States later this month in ''''[[The Dial]]'''' (dated November\n        1) and is first published complete with notes in book form by Boni and Liveright\n        in New York in December.\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 The [[British Broadcasting\n        Company]] is formed.\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013\n        The [[Third D\\u00e1il]] enacts the [[Constitution of the Irish Free State]].\\n*\n        [[October 26]] \\u2013 The [[Hogarth Press]] published [[Jacob''s Room]], a\n        novel by [[Virginia Woolf]]\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[Southern Rhodesia]]ns\n        vote on a [[Southern Rhodesia government referendum, 1922|referendum]] and\n        reject union with South Africa.\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** In Italy, the [[March\n        on Rome]] brings the [[National Fascist Party]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] to\n        power. [[Italy]] begins a dark period of dictatorship that lasts until the\n        end of the [[Second World War]], but at the same time with [[Mussolini]]''s\n        [[Italy]] becomes the first power in the [[Mediterranean]].\\n** The [[Red\n        Army]] occupies [[Vladivostok]].\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Benito Mussolini]]\n        becomes the youngest ever [[Prime Minister of Italy]] at age 39.\\n* October\\n**\n        3,000 German marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar \\u2013 triple\n        the figure three months ago.\\n** The [[Russian Civil War]] ends with the colonies\n        remaining part of Russia.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main|November 1922}}\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** The [[Ottoman Empire]] is abolished after 600 years and its last [[sultan]]\n        [[Mehmed VI]], abdicates.\\n** A [[broadcasting license fee]] of ten [[shilling]]s\n        is introduced in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 In [[Egypt]],\n        English archaeologist [[Howard Carter]] and his men find the entrance to [[Pharaoh]]\n        [[Tutankhamun]]''s tomb in the [[Valley of the Kings]].\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Sigma Gamma Rho]] (\\u03a3\\u0393\\u03a1)\n        Sorority, Incorporated is founded by seven educators in [[Indianapolis]],\n        [[Indiana]]. The group becomes an incorporated national collegiate sorority\n        on December 30, 1929, when a charter is granted to the Alpha Chapter at [[Butler\n        University]] in Indianapolis.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 The [[British Broadcasting\n        Company]] (BBC) begins radio service in the United Kingdom, broadcasting from\n        station [[2LO]] in London.\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 In the [[United Kingdom\n        general election, 1922|United Kingdom general election]] forced by the Conservatives''\n        withdrawal from the coalition government, the Conservative Party wins an overall\n        majority. (The [[1922 Committee]], popularly believed to take its name from\n        this occasion, is not founded until the following year.)\\n* [[November 17]]\n        \\u2013 Former [[Ottoman sultan]] [[Mehmed VI]] leaves for exile in [[Kingdom\n        of Italy|Italy]].\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Abd\\u00fclmecid II]], [[Crown\n        Prince]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], is elected [[Caliph]].\\n* [[November 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rebecca Felton]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] takes the oath\n        of office, becoming the first woman [[United States Senate|United States Senator]].\\n*\n        [[November 24]] \\u2013 Popular author and anti-Treaty [[Irish republicanism|Republican]]\n        [[Robert Erskine Childers|Erskine Childers]] is executed by firing squad in\n        Dublin after conviction by an [[Irish Free State]] military court for the\n        unlawful possession of a gun, a weapon presented to him by [[Michael Collins\n        (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]] in 1920 as a gift.{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Cottrell|title=The\n        War for Ireland, 1913-1923|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84603-9966}}\\n[[File:Howard\n        Carter in the King Tutankhamen''s tomb.jpg|thumb|115px|right|[[Howard Carter]]\n        in King Tutankhamen''s tomb]]\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Howard Carter]]\n        and [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]] become the first\n        people to enter the [[KV62|tomb]] of [[Pharaoh]] [[Tutankhamun]] in over 3,000\n        years.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main|December 1922}}\\n[[File:Coat of arms of\n        the Soviet Union (1923\\u20131936).svg|thumb|125px|The Union of Soviet Socialist\n        Republics is created. ([[Coat of arms of the Soviet Union|Coat of arms]] until\n        1936).]]\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 The British Parliament enacts the Irish\n        Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new [[Constitution\n        of the Irish Free State]].\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 The [[Irish Free State]]\n        officially comes into existence. [[George\n        V]] becomes the [[Monarchy in the Irish Free State|Free State''s monarch]].\n        [[Tim Healy (politician)|Tim Healy]] is appointed first [[Governor-General\n        of the Irish Free State]] and [[W. T. Cosgrave]] becomes [[President of the\n        Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive Council]].\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013 End of the trial of [[Edith Thompson and Frederick\n        Bywaters]] at the [[Old Bailey]] in London for the murder of Thompson''s husband;\n        both are found guilty and sentenced to death.\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Gabriel\n        Narutowicz]], sworn on [[December 11]] as first president of the [[Second\n        Polish Republic]], is assassinated by a right-wing sympathizer in Warsaw.\\n*\n        [[December 20]] \\u2013 ''''[[Antigone (Cocteau play)|Antigone]]'''' by [[Jean\n        Cocteau]] appears on stage in Paris, with settings by [[Pablo Picasso]], music\n        by [[Arthur Honegger]] and costumes by [[Gabrielle Chanel]].{{cite web|url=http://www.jeancocteau.net/bio1_en.php|title=Jean\n        Cocteau - biography 1889-1922|publisher=Jean Cocteau Committee|accessdate=2013-08-07}}\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 Commissioning of [[Japanese aircraft carrier H\\u014dsh\\u014d|Japanese\n        aircraft carrier ''''H\\u014dsh\\u014d'''']], the first purpose-designed [[aircraft\n        carrier]] to be [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]].\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]], [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukraine]],\n        [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Belarus]] and the [[Transcaucasian\n        Socialist Federative Soviet Republic|Transcaucasian Republic]] ([[Armenia]],\n        [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) [[Treaty on the Creation\n        of the USSR|come together to form]] the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist\n        Republics]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] in [[1991]].\\n*\n        December \\u2013 The year ends with hyperinflation showing no sign of slowing\n        down in Germany, with 7,000 marks now needed to buy a single American dollar.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm |title=Weimar Germany\n        1919-1933|publisher=Historyhome.co.uk|date=2011-01-05|accessdate=2012-02-28}}\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* Wracked by rapid inflation and political assassinations\n        and motivated by hostility and arrogance as well, the [[Weimar Republic]]\n        announces its inability to pay more and proposes a moratorium on reparations\n        for 3 years.\\n* ''''Kurd Istigdul Djemijetin'''', the Kurdish Independence\n        Committee, is founded.\\n* [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]].\\n* [[Earl W. Bascom]],\n        rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo''s first hornless bronc saddle\n        at [[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]] Canada.\\n* ''''[[Vegemite]]'''' is invented\n        by Australian entrepreneur [[Fred Walker (entrepreneur)|Fred Walker]].\\n*\n        The [[Molly Pitcher Club]] is formed to promote the [[repeal of Prohibition\n        in the United States]].\\n* Thompson Webb founds the [[Webb School of California]]\n        for boys in [[Claremont, California|Claremont]].\\n* The [[Barbary lion]] becomes\n        extinct in the wild, with the last killed in [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]],\n        in the area of the Zelan and Beni Mguild Forests.{{cite web|url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/heywood/geog358/extinctm/BarbLion.htm\n        |title=Extinction: Barbary Lion UWSP GEOG358 [Heywood] |publisher=Uwsp.edu\n        |accessdate=2012-02-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318022204/http://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/heywood/geog358/extinctm/BarbLion.htm\n        |archivedate=March 18, 2012 |df= }}\\n* The [[Amur tiger]] becomes extinct\n        in [[South Korea]].{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/savethetiger.htm\n        |title=Save the Tiger |publisher=Koreanhistoryproject.org |accessdate=2012-02-28\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311225748/http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/savethetiger.htm\n        |archivedate=March 11, 2012 |df= }}\\n* The California [[grizzly bear]]\n        becomes extinct.\\n* [[Bronis\\u0142aw Malinowski]]''s influential [[Ethnology|ethnological]]\n        text ''''[[Argonauts of the Western Pacific]]'''' is published.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\n        \\n[[File:Betty White 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Betty White]]]]\\n[[File:Savalas\n        1980.png|thumb|100px|[[Telly Savalas]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Scofield Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul\n        Scofield]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Hollings|Ernest \\\"Fritz\\\" Hollings]],\n        U.S. Senator from South Carolina\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Helen Smith (baseball)|Helen\n        Smith]], American female baseball player\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Alvin Dark]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Rampal]],\n        French flutist (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Jan Nieuwenhuys]], Dutch\n        painter (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Abbey Simon]], American classical pianist\\n* [[January\n        9]]\\n** [[Har Gobind Khorana]], Indian biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Ahmed S\\u00e9kou Tour\\u00e9]],\n        Guinean politician, President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984 (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Terence Kilmartin]], Irish journalist and translator\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Tadeusz \\u017bychiewicz]], Polish\n        journalist, art historian and publicist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Albert Lamorisse]], French film director (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ernesto Bonino]], Italian singer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Luis Echeverr\\u00eda]], President of Mexico from 1970 to 1976\\n** [[Nicholas\n        Katzenbach]], United States Attorney General (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[Bell M. Shimada]],\n        American fisheries scientist (d. [[1958]])\\n** [[Betty White]], American actress,\n        television personality and animal welfare activist\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Guy Madison]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Lincoln\n        Alexander]], Canadian politician (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Sam Mele]], American\n        baseball player and manager (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Telly Savalas]], American\n        actor and singer (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Paul Scofield]], English actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]],\\n** [[Leonel Brizola]], Brazilian politician (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Annabelle Lee]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Howard Moss]], American poet, dramatist, and critic (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Charles Socarides]], American psychiatrist (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[January 26]]\\n** [[Bob Thomas (reporter)|Bob Thomas]], American Hollywood\n        biographer and reporter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ellen Vogel]], Dutch film and\n        television actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Robert W. Holley]],\n        American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Gerda Steinhoff]], German Nazi war\n        criminal (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Dick Martin (comedian)|Dick\n        Martin]], American comedian (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Joanne\n        Dru]], American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Audrey Meadows\n        1959.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Audrey Meadows]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Renata\n        Tebaldi]], Italian soprano (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\n** [[Stoyanka\n        Mutafova]], Bulgarian actress\\n** [[James L. Usry]], American politician,\n        first [[African-American]] [[List of mayors of Atlantic City, New Jersey|mayor]]\n        of [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Patrick\n        Macnee]], British actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Denis Norden]], British television\n        and radio scriptwriter and personality\\n** [[Haskell Wexler]], American cinematographer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Hattie Jacques]], English actress\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Audrey Meadows]], American actress\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Kathryn Grayson]], American actress\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jim Laker]], British cricketer (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c1rp\\u00e1d G\\u00f6ncz]], [[President of Hungary]] (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Hussein Onn]], third [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n**[[Hal Moore]], American [[Lieutenant general\n        (United States)|Lieutenant general]] and non-fiction writer (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Gordon\n        Tullock]], American economist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[John\n        Bayard Anderson]], American Congressman and Presidential candidate\\n** [[Poul\n        Thomsen]], Danish actor (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**[[Enrico Banducci]],\n        American nightclub owner (d. [[2007]])\\n**[[Tommy Edwards]], American singer\n        and songwriter (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Helen Gurley Brown]],\n        American editor and publisher (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Eric Gairy]], 1st Prime\n        Minister of Grenada (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Connie Wisniewski]], American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Esperanza\n        Magaz]], Cuban-born Venezuelan actress (d. [[2013]]) \\n* [[February 24]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Hamilton (artist)|Richard Hamilton]], British painter (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Steven Hill]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[William\n        Baumol]], American economist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill\n        Johnston]], Australian cricketer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Margaret Leighton]],\n        British actress (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Karl Aage Pr\\u00e6st]], Danish football\n        player (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Yitzhak\n        Rabin]]]]\\n[[File:Cyd Charisse - 1949.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Cyd Charisse]]]]\\n[[File:Arch\n        Johnson 1961.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Arch Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:CarlReinerHWOFSept2011.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Carl\n        Reiner]]]]\\n[[File:Albrechtbavaria1922.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Prince Heinrich of\n        Bavaria (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Flanders]], English actor and songwriter (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[William\n        Gaines]], American magazine publisher (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Yitzhak Rabin]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Israel]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1995]])\n        \\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Hilarion Capucci]], Syrian catholic Bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[N\\u00e1ndor Hidegkuti]], Hungarian footballer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Richard E. Cunha]], American cinematographer and film director\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Martha O''Driscoll]], American film actress (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[Dina Pathak]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] theatre and film actress (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], Italian film director\n        (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Wanda Klaff]], German Nazi war criminal\n        (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Ralph H. Baer]], German-born American inventor\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Cyd Charisse]], American actress and dancer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Yevgeny Matveyev]], Russian actor and film director (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Mizuki\n        Shigeru]], Japanese author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Flemming\n        Valdemar, Count of Rosenborg]], (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Abdul\n        Razak Hussein]], second [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Jack Kerouac]], American author (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Lane Kirkland]],\n        American union leader (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Jim Wiggins (actor)|Jim\n        Wiggins]], English actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Arch Johnson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[China Zorrilla]], Uruguayan actress, director\n        and producer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Karl-Otto Apel]], German\n        philosopher  (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Harding Lemay]], American\n        television scriptwriter and playwright\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Patrick Suppes]],\n        American philosopher (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\\n** [[Egon Bahr]],\n        German politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Karl Kordesch]], Austrian-American inventor\n        (d. [[2011]]) \\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Hiroo Onoda]], Japanese officer and\n        holdout (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Carl Reiner]], American film\n        director, producer, actor, and comedian\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Russ Meyer]],\n        American film director and producer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Simons]], English cricketer and cricket administrator (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n**[[Josephine Kabick]], American professional baseball player ([[AAGPBL]])\n        (d. [[1978]])\\n**[[Stefan Wul]], French writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n**\n        [[Felice Chiusano]], Italian singer ([[Quartetto Cetra]]) (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Joey Maxim]], American boxer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Prince Heinrich of Bavaria\n        (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]] (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[March 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard Kiley]], American actor and singer (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Julius\n        Nyerere cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julius Nyerere]]]]\\n[[File:Leo_Tindemans_(2009).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leo\n        Tindemans]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[William Manchester]], American writer (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Saad el-Shazly]], Egyptian military commander (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n**[[Doris Day]], American singer and actress. Some sources give\n        her year of birth as [[1924]].\\n**[[Maurice Riel]], Canadian senator (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Elmer Bernstein]], American composer (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]]\\n** [[Tom Finney]], English footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Gale\n        Storm]], American singer and actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Mongo\n        Santamar\\u00eda]], Cuban jazz musician  (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Julius Nyerere]], [[President of Tanzania]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ali Akbar Khan]], Indian musician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Michael Ansara]], Syrian-born American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        [[Kingsley Amis]], English novelist (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Leo Tindemans]], 43rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Barbara\n        Hale]], American actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Luigi Barbarito]],\n        Italian prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Erich Hartmann]], German World War II\n        fighter pilot, highest-scoring ace in world history (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Rose\n        Marie McCoy]], African American songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Alistair MacLean]], Scottish writer (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Mingus]], American musician (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Marjorie Cameron]], American writer, painter, actress and occultist (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\n** [[Susanna Agnelli]], Italian politician (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Antun Bogeti\\u0107]], Croatian Prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        27]]\\n** [[Martin Gray (writer)|Martin Gray]], Polish writer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Klugman]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Toots\n        Thielemans]], Belgian jazz musician (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bea\n        Arthur.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bea Arthur]]]]\\n[[File:FranjoTudman.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Franjo\n        Tu\\u0111man]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher Lee at the Berlin International Film Festival\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Lee]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Vitaly Popkov]],\n        Russian fighter ace (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Roscoe Lee Browne]],\n        African-American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Eugenie Clark]],\n        American marine biologist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Anna Elizabeth\n        Botha|Elize Botha]], first wife of [[State President of South Africa|South\n        African State President]] [[P. W. Botha]] (d. 1997)\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Darren\n        McGavin]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Joe O''Donnell (photojournalist)|Joe\n        O''Donnell]], American [[Documentary photography|documentary photographer]],\n        [[photojournalist]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Walker]], American\n        actress, singer and director (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Ameurfina\n        Melencio-Herrera]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]\n        jurist\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Jean Bishop]], Charity Fundraiser for AgeUK, Fundraiser\n        of the Year, 2013 (Pride of Britain Awards): Kingston-upon-Hull''s \\\"Bee Lady\\\"])\\n**\n        [[Wilburn K. Ross]], American WWII veteran (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Murray Gershenz]],\n        American character actor and entrepreneur (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n**\n        [[Otl Aicher]], German graphic artist (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Michael Ainsworth]],\n        British cricketer (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Bea Arthur]], American actress and comedian\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Franjo Tu\\u0111man]], first [[President\n        of Croatia]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Jakucho Setouchi]], Japanese\n        writer and Buddhist nun\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Gerda Boyesen]], Norwegian-born\n        body psychotherapist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Bill Macy]], American actor (''''[[Maude\n        (TV series)|Maude]]'''') \\n** [[Kai Winding]], Danish-born musician (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Joe Gilmore]], Irish barman (Savoy Hotel''s American Bar)\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[James Lopez Watson]], American judge\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Quinn Martin]], American television producer\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Enrico Berlinguer]], Italian politician\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Otto Carius]], German tank commander (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Christopher Lee|Sir Christopher Lee]], English actor and singer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Lou Duva]], American boxing trainer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Tuomas Gerdt]], Finnish soldier, last living Knight of the\n        [[Mannerheim Cross]]\\n** [[Pompeyo M\\u00e1rquez]], Venezuelan politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Eleanor Coerr]], American writer (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Iannis Xenakis]], Greek composer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Hal\n        Clement]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Denholm Elliott]],\n        English actor (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Judy Garland-publicity.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Judy\n        Garland]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Povel Ramel]], Swedish musician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Bibi Ferreira]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Sifford]],\n        American golfer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Alain Resnais]], French\n        film director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Sheila Sim]], English actress\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Robert Alan Aurthur]], American screenwriter\n        (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Judy Garland]], American singer and actress (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Margherita Hack]], Italian astrophysicist (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Claude Helffer]], French pianist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Aage Bohr]], Danish physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Armando Tre Re]], Italian\n        football (soccer) player\\n** [[Osvaldo Fattori]], Italian football (soccer)\n        player\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Roland Amar|fr|3=Roland Amar}}, French\n        footballer\\n** [[Mona Lisa (actress)|Mona Lisa]], Filipino actress\\n* [[June\n        23]] \\n** [[Dennis Warrior]], English rugby league footballer\\n** [[Wu Yingyin]],\n        Chinese singer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Morris R. Jeppson]], American lieutenant\n        and physicist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Francis Thorne]], American composer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Abou Rejaile Bechara]], Lebanese wrestler\\n**\n        [[Jack Carter (comedian)|Jack Carter]], American comedian (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Tata Giacobetti]], Italian singer and lyricist (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[June 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Alex Garbowski]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] \\n** [[Enzo Apicella]], London-based artist, cartoonist, designer,\n        and restaurateur\\n** [[Eleanor Parker]], American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Milton Clark]], Australian rules footballer\\n** Joe D''orazio,\n        British wrestler\\n** [[George Walker (composer)|George Walker]], African-American\n        composer\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Hans Frauenfelder]], physicist and biophysicist\n        notable\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Roger Golias|fr|3=Roger\n        Golias}}, French player, then golf coach\\n** [[John William Vessey Jr.]],\n        American military officer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Vasko Popa]], Yugoslavian poet\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[Al Besselink]], American professional\n        golfer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pierre Cardin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre Cardin]]]]\\n[[File:Anker-j\\u00f8rgensen.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Anker\n        J\\u00f8rgensen]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Robards-1968-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason Robards]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Mordechai Bibi]], Israeli politician\\n** [[Derek Riley]],\n        Canadian rower\\n** [[Warren Winkelstein]], American epidemiologist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[July 2]] \\n** [[Pierre Cardin]], French fashion designer\\n** [[Paula Valenska]],\n        Czech actress\\n** [[Howard Wesley Johnson]], U.S. educator (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 3]]\\n** [[Theo Brokmann Jr.]], Dutch football player\\n** [[Howie Schultz]],\n        American baseball and basketball (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Guillaume Cornelis van\n        Beverloo]] painter, called Corneille (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Viggo Rivad]], Danish\n        photographer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[R. James Harvey]], American\n        Politician and jurist\\n** [[Edwin Pepping]], American soldier\\n** [[Noble\n        Frankland]], British historian\\n** [[Damon Keith]], American judge\\n* [[July\n        5]] \\n** [[Zeynep Korkmaz]], Turkish scholar and dialectologist\\n** [[Doris\n        Margaret Anderson]], Canadian nutritionist and retired senator\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|H\\u00e9lio Bicudo|pt|3=H\\u00e9lio Bicudo}}, Brazilian politician\n        and jurist\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Saito Shin Ichi|fr|3=Saito\n        Shin Ichi}}, Japanese painter\\n** [[William Schallert]], American actor (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Toni Seven]], American cover girl and actress (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Reidar Torp]], Norwegian military officer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[P. Gopinathan Nair]], Indian social worker\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Ayrton\n        Lol\\u00f4 Cornelsen|pt|3=Ayrton Lol\\u00f4 Cornelsen}}, Brazilian civil engineer,\n        modernist architect and former footballer\\n** [[James D. Hughes]], American\n        Air Force lieutenant general\\n** [[Francis Jeanson]], French philosopher (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Eugenio Mart\\u00ednez]], alias Musculito, current\n        real estate agent who was a member of the anti-Castro movement in the early\n        1960s\\n** [[Yoshinobu Nishioka]], Japanese director and producer\\n* [[July\n        9]]  \\u2013 [[Angelines Fern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish-born Mexican actress (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Jack Arthurs]], American politician\\n** [[Petar\n        Nikolov]], Bulgarian cross country skier\\n** [[Petar Kovachev]], Bulgarian\n        cross country skier\\n** [[Fred Furniss]], English former footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Herb McKenley]], Jamaican Olympic athlete (b. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\n**\n        [[Annette Warren]], American actress\\n** [[Jerald terHorst]], American journalist\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Fran Hopper]], American comic book artist\\n**\n        [[Fred Fiedler]], American psychologist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Leslie Brooks]],\n        American actress and dancer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Louis R. Harlan]], American\n        academic historian (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Anker J\\u00f8rgensen]], Danish politician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ken Mosdell]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]]\\n** [[Bernie Agrons]], American politician\\n** [[Elfriede Rinkel]],\n        German SS officer\\n** [[Gerald Myrden]], American businessman\\n** Donald Stratton,\n        American World War II Navy seaman, survivor of the attack on the U.S.S. Arizona\\n**\n        [[Bill Millin]], English personal piper (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Julio Cozzi]],\n        Argentine football goalkeeper (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[K\\u00e4bi Laretei]], Estonian\n        and Swedish concert pianist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Robin Olds]], American fighter\n        pilot. (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Richard]], French writer\n        and literary critic\\n** [[Henri Bangou]], French politician\\n** [[Leon M.\n        Lederman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Rajan Kadiragamar]], Sri Lankan Admiral\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Richard]], French\n        writer and literary critic\\n** [[Ghulam Nabi Firaq]], Kashmiri poet, writer\n        and an educationist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[B. Rajam Iyer]], Carnatic singer from\n        South India (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Khagapati Pradhani]],  Indian politician (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Anatoli Levitin]], Soviet Russian painter\n        and art educator\\n** [[Samuel Conti]], American politician\\n* [[July 17]]\n        \\n** [[Jane Cronin Scanlon]], American mathematician \\n** [[Tetsur\\u014d Tamba]],\n        Japanese actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Harry Kermode]], Canadian\n        basketball player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Thomas Kuhn]], American philosopher\n        of science (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Ray Lambert]], Welsh footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Hedy Stenuf]], Austrian figure skater (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Rachel\n        Robinson]], American actress\\n** [[George McGovern]], American politician,\n        historian and author (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Stig Sundqvist]], Swedish professional\n        footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman]],\n        King of Malaysia (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Alan Stephenson Boyd]],\n        American attorney and 1st [[United States Secretary of Transportation]]\\n**\n        [[Wolfgang Klausewitz]], German zoologist, ichthyologist, marine biologist\n        and biohistorian\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Luz Pozo Garza|gl|3=Luz\n        Pozo Garza}}, Spanish poet\\n** [[Demeter Bitenc]], Slovenian film actor\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Christian Alers|fr|3=Christian Alers}}, French\n        actor\\n** [[Mollie Sugden]], British actress (d. [[2009]]) \\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Juana Ginzo|es|3=Juana Ginzo}}, Spanish actress\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Jacqueline Cartier|fr|3=Jacqueline Cartier}}, French\n        actress, writer and journalist\\n** [[Julia Farron]], English ballerina\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Hoyt Wilhelm]], American Major League Baseball pitcher (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Gilberto Agustoni]], Swiss prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Blake\n        Edwards]], American director (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jason Robards]], American\n        actor (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Hoyt Wilhelm]], baseball [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall\n        of Fame]]r (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Norman Lear]], American television\n        writer and producer\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Mac Wilson (footballer, born 1922)|Mac\n        Wilson]], Australian rules footballer (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Bill Kaysing]], American writer (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ren\\u00e9\n        L\\u00e9vesque BAnQ P243S1D865.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ren\\u00e9 L\\u00e9vesque]]]]\\n[[File:Sosuke\n        Uno 1977.png|thumb|100px|[[S\\u014dsuke Uno]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Fitzgerald (painter)|Paul Fitzgerald]], Australian painter (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Robert Sumner]], American evangelist and author (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Charles Winick]], American anthropologist,\n        sociologist and author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Sandy Kenyon]],\n        American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Alberto Granado]], Cuban\n        writer and scientist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Philip Larkin]],  English\n        poet (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Milo\\u0161 Jake\\u0161]], [[Czech\n        Republic|Czech]] communist politician\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Lukas Foss]],\n        German-born composer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Agostinho Neto]],\n        Angolan politician (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Mel Fisher]], American\n        [[treasure hunter]] and founder of the [[Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Museum]]\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\n** [[T\\u00f4nia Carrero]], Brazilian actress\\n**\n        [[George Kell]], baseball player (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9\n        L\\u00e9vesque]], 23rd [[Premier of Quebec]] (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Howard Zinn]],\n        American social activist and historian (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013\n        [[S\\u014dsuke Uno]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1998]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Yvonne_De_Carlo_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yvonne\n        De Carlo]]]]\\n[[File:Sid Caesar - 1961.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sid Caesar]]]]\\n[[File:Agostinho\n        Neto (1975).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Agostinho Neto]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Yvonne\n        De Carlo]], Canadian-born American actress and dancer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Vittorio\n        Gassman]], Italian actor and director (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 3]]\\n**\n        [[Steffan Danielsen]], Faroese painter (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Salli Terri]],\n        Canadian mezzo-soprano (d. [[1996]])\\n*[[September 7]]\\n** [[Paulo Autran]],\n        Brazilian actor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[David Croft (TV producer)|David Croft]],\n        British writer, producer and actor (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Necdet Calp]], Turkish\n        civil servant and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Sid Caesar]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Lyndon LaRouche]],  American\n        self-styled economist and political activist\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Hans\n        Georg Dehmelt]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Manolis Glezos]], Greek Resistance fighter\\n**\n        [[Warwick Kerr]], Brazilian geneticist\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[Jackson\n        Mac Low]], American poet (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Jackie Cooper]],\n        American actor and director (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gaetano Cozzi]], Italian historian\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Phyllis Koehn]], American female professional baseball\n        player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mary Soames, Baroness Soames]] (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\n** [[Guy Hamilton]], French-English director and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Janis Paige]], American actress\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Agostinho Neto]], 1st President of Angola (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Vance Bourjaily]],\n        American writer, novelist, playwright, journalist, and essayist (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Emil Zatopek]], Czechoslovakian athlete (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Rosa Nell Speer]], American southern gospel singer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Floyd Levin]], American-born musicologist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Hammer DeRoburt]], first [[President\n        of Nauru]] (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\n** [[Karl-Heinz K\\u00f6pcke]],\n        German television presenter and news speaker (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Lizabeth\n        Scott]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 1]]\n        \\n**[[Burke Marshall]], American lawyer and politician (d. [[2003]])\\n**[[Chen-Ning\n        Yang]], Chinese-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[October 4]] -- [[Gianna Beretta Molla]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] pedatrician\n        and saint (b. [[1962]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]],\n        Argentine race car driver (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Fyvush Finkel]],\n        American comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Yumeji Tsukioka]],\n        Japanese actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Luigi Giussani]],\n        Italian Catholic priest (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Jack Anderson\n        (columnist)|Jack Anderson]], American journalist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[John Chafee]], American politician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Coleen Gray]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[George Miller (Arizona politician)|George Miller]], American politician\n        who served as the Mayor of Tucson, Arizona (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Madelyn Dunham]], American maternal grandmother of Barack Obama,\n        44th President of the United States (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Poul\n        Bundgaard]], Danish actor and singer (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Ruby Dee]], American\n        actress, poet, activist, journalist and second wife of [[Ossie Davis]] (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n** [[Michel Galabru]], French actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ralph Kiner]],\n        baseball [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]r (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Butch van Breda Kolff]], American basketball coach (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[Barbara Bel Geddes]], American former actress and children''s\n        book author (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e1s Heged\\u00fcs]], 45th Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Norodom Sihanouk]], former [[King of Cambodia]]\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boutros\n        Boutros-Ghali]]]]\\n[[File:JSJoseSaramago.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Jos\\u00e9 Saramago]]]]\\n[[File:Charles\n        Schulz NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles M. Schulz]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Townsend Cromwell]], American oceanographer (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[November\n        5]]\\n** [[Sydney Kentridge]], South African lawyer\\n** [[Yitzchok Scheiner]],\n        rabbi\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Vivian Kellogg]], American professional baseball\n        player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Christiaan Barnard|Chris Barnard]],\n        South African cardiac surgeon and heart transplant pioneer (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]]\\n** [[Dorothy Dandridge]], American actress (d. [[1965]])\\n**\n        [[Raymond Devos]], French humorist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Abdullahi\n        Issa]], Somalian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Somalia]] (d. [[1988]])\\n**\n        [[Kurt Vonnegut]], American novelist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Kim Hunter]], American actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Oskar\n        Werner]], Austrian actor (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]],\n        Egyptian [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Veronica\n        Lake]], American actress (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[David Sidney\n        Feingold]], American biochemist\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Patricia Barry]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ho\\u00e0ng Minh Ch\\u00ednh]], Vietnamese\n        politician and dissident (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Sidney Mintz]], American anthropologist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Saramago]], Portuguese author, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]], American physician, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Luis Somoza Debayle]], 26th President of Nicaragua (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Yuri Knorozov]], Russian linguist and epigrapher (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Rosi]], Italian film director (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Don Tennant|Donald Tennant]], American advertising agency\n        executive (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[V\\u00f5 V\\u0103n Ki\\u1ec7t]], Vietnamese politician\n        and statesman (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Shelagh Fraser]],\n        British actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Charles M. Schulz]],\n        American cartoonist (d. [[2000]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Redd Foxx 1977.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Redd\n        Foxx]]]]\\n[[File:DilipKumar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dilip Kumar]]]]\\n[[File:Ava\n        Gardner barefoot contessa crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ava Gardner]]]]\\n[[File:Tweede\n        Kamer, Drees jr. - NL-HaNA 2.24.01.05 0 926-6454 WM208.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willem\n        Drees Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Stan Lee by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Stan Lee]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Leo Gordon]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December\n        5]]\\n** [[Bill Davidson (businessman)|William Davidson]], American sports\n        owner (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Don Robertson (songwriter)|Don Robertson]], American\n        songwriter and pianist (d. [[2015]])\\n*  [[December 6]]\\n** [[Benjamin A.\n        Gilman]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Lucian\n        Freud]], German born painter (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gerhard L\\u00f6wenthal]],\n        German journalist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Redd Foxx]], African-American\n        comedian (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Luc\\u00eda Hiriart]], former\n        First Lady of Chile\\n* [[December 11]] \\n** [[Dilip Kumar]], Indian actor\\n**\n        [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Noah Hutchings]], American president of Southwest Radio Ministries (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Christian Dotremont]], Belgian painter and writer (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n** [[Edythe Perlick]], American female baseball player (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]]\\n** [[Nikolay Basov]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Antonio Larreta]], Uruguayan\n        theatre actor, critic and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Voorhees]], American engineer and urban planner (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Jack Brooks (American politician)|Jack Brooks]], American politician\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Charita Bauer]], American actress/soap\n        opera star (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\n** [[Itubwa Amram]], Nauruan\n        pastor and politician (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Paul Winchell]], American actor\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Micheline Ostermeyer]], French athlete\n        and musician (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\n** [[Ava Gardner]], American\n        actress (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Willem Drees Jr.]], Dutch politician (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Miller Anderson (diver)|Miller Anderson]], American\n        diver (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Stan Lee]], American comics\n        creator\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[William Gaddis]], American writer (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Boes Boestami]], Indonesian actor (d.\n        [[1970]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Maphevu Dlamini]], 2nd Prime Minister\n        of Swaziland (d. [[1979]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Sir Ernest\n        Henry Shackleton in 1917 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ernest Shackleton]]]]\\n[[File:Shigenobu\n        Okuma 5.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Okuma Shigenobu]]]]\\n[[File:Benedictus XV.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Pope\n        Benedict XV]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Istv\\u00e1n K\\u00fch\\u00e1r]], [[Prekmurje\n        Slovenes|Prekmurje Slovene]] writer and politician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Shackleton]], Irish explorer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[\\u014ckuma Shigenobu]], 2-time [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1838]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] British\n        explorer (b. [[1832]])\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Pope Benedict XV]] (b. [[1854]])\\n**\n        [[Fredrik Bajer]], Danish politician and pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1837]])\\n** [[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce]], Irish-born\n        politician, diplomat and historian (b. [[1838]])\\n** [[William Christie (astronomer)|William\n        Christie]], British astronomer (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Nikisch]], Hungarian conductor (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Nellie\n        Bly]], American undercover journalist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Giovanni Verga]],\n        Italian writer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich Reinhardt\n        (composer)|Heinrich Reinhardt]], Austrian composer (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Yamagata\n        Aritomo.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Yamagata Aritomo]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Yamagata\n        Aritomo]], Japanese field marshal and 3rd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1838]])\\n** [[William Desmond Taylor]], Irish-born film director (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]]\\n**[[Christiaan de Wet]], Boer general, rebel leader, and politician\n        (b. [[1854]]) \\n**[[John Butler Yeats]], Northern Irish artist (b. [[1839]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Henry Jones (philosopher)|Henry Jones]], British explorer\n        (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Kabayama Sukenori]], Japanese ''''samurai'''',\n        general, and statesman (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Heikki Ritavuori]],\n        Finnish Minister of Interior (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Joseph Jolly Kyle]], Argentine chemist (b. [[1838]]).\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Henri D\\u00e9sir\\u00e9 Landru]], French serial killer (executed) (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Rafael Moreno Aranzadi]], Spanish footballer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Bert Williams]], American entertainer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Harry Kellar]], American magician (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[March\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Max von Hausen]], German general (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[March 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Walter Parr]], British preacher (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Charles\n        I of Austria.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles I of Austria]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013\n        Emperor [[Charles I of Austria]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Hermann\n        Rorschach]], Swiss psychiatrist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Erich\n        von Falkenhayn]], German general (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n**[[Hans Fruhstorfer]],\n        German lepidopterist (b. [[1866]])\\n**[[Patrick Manson]], Scottish physician\n        (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Cap Anson]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Paul Deschanel]],\n        President of France (b. [[1855]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Ernest Solvay 1900s.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Ernest\n        Solvay]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Mayr.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Michael Mayr]]]]\\n* [[May\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Kingissepp]], Estonian Communist politician (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Max Wagenknecht]], German composer (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May\n        12]] \\u2013 [[John Martin Poyer]], [[United States Navy]] [[Commander (United\n        States)#Naval rank|Commander]] and the 12th [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Leslie Ward]], English portrait artist\n        and caricaturist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Rudolf Montecuccoli]],\n        Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Charles Louis\n        Alphonse Laveran]], French physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Son Byong-hi]], Korean\n        activist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Michael Mayr]], Austrian politician,\n        2nd [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Ernest\n        Solvay]], Belgian chemist, philanthropist and entrepreneur (b. [[1838]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Prince\n        Albert I of Monaco - circa 1910.jpg|thumb|120px|Prince [[Albert I, Prince\n        of Monaco|Albert I of Monaco]]]]\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[William Halse Rivers\n        Rivers]], English doctor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Lillian Russell]],\n        American singer and actress (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Richard A. Ballinger]], American\n        politician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Jacobus Kapteyn]], Dutch\n        astronomer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Vittorio Monti]], Italian\n        Composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet]],\n        British field marshal and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Rathenau]], German statesman and [[Weimar Republic]] foreign minister (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 Prince [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert\n        I of Monaco]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Prince Higashifushimi\n        Yorihito]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Velimir Khlebnikov]], Russian\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[Lothar\n        von Richthofen]], German World War I flying ace (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ioannis Svoronos]], Greek numismatist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Muhammad V an-Nasir]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Andrey\n        Markov]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Jokichi\n        Takamine]], Japanese chemist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Paul Maistre]],\n        French general (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9douard Harl\\u00e9]],\n        French engineer and prehistorian (b. [[1850]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Alexander\n        Graham Bell.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander Graham Bell]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u0449\\u043c\\u0447.\n        \\u0412\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\\u043d (\\u041a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Saint\n        Benjamin of Petrograd]]]]\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**[[Alexander Graham Bell]], Scottish-born\n        inventor (b. [[1847]])\\n**[[Harry Boland]], Irish republican (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Ture Malmgren]], Swedish journalist and politician (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[August 4]] \\n** [[Nikolai Nebogatov]], Russian admiral (b.\n        [[1849]])\\n** [[Enver Pasha]], Ottoman military leader and Turkish revolutionary\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Tommy McCarthy]], American baseball\n        player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Griffith]], Irish republican, [[President of D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Saint Benjamin of Petrograd]] (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe]], British\n        newspaper magnate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Felip Pedrell]],\n        Spanish composer (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Michael Collins (Irish\n        leader)|Michael Collins]], Irish republican and revolutionary, Chairman of\n        the Provisional Government (b. [[1890]]) (assassinated)\\n** [[Thomas Brock]],\n        British sculptor (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Georges Sorel]],\n        French philosopher and theorist of revolutionary syndicalism (b. [[1847]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Chrysostomos\n        of Smyrna.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Chrysostomos of Smyrna]]]]\\n* [[September\n        4]] \\u2013 [[James Young (footballer, born 1882)|James Young]], Scottish footballer,\n        motorcycle accident (b. [[1882]]){{cite web|url=http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/football_player_profile.cfm?page=823&playerID=112866&CFID=449150&CFTOKEN=69345798\n        |title=Player & Result Finder: Scottish Football Association |publisher=The\n        Scottish FA |date=1922-09-04 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Sarah Winchester]], American builder of the Winchester Mystery\n        House (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[William Stewart Halsted]],\n        American surgeon (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\n** Saint [[Chrysostomos\n        of Smyrna]] (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Wilfrid Scawen Blunt]], British poet (b. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Carlo Caneva]], Italian general (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Thomas E. Watson]], American politician and senator\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Oskar Hertwig.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Oscar\n        Hertwig]]]]\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Marie Lloyd]], British singer (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Oscar Hertwig]], German zoologist (b.\n        [[1849]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[G\\u00e9za G\\u00e1rdonyi]], Hungarian\n        author (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Marcel Proust 1900-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marcel\n        Proust]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Lima Barreto]], Brazilian writer (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Sam Thompson]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Godfrey\n        Chevalier]], American naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – [[Dimitrios Gounaris]], 94th Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Marcel Proust]], French author  (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Eduard Seler]], Prussian scholar and Mesoamericanist\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Robert Erskine Childers]], Irish\n        novelist and nationalist (executed) (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Demetrio Castillo Duany]], Cuban revolutionary, soldier, and politician\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9 Crest\\u00e9]], French\n        actor and director (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:President of Poland\n        Gabriel Narutowicz.PNG|thumb|90px|[[Gabriel Narutowicz]]]]\\n* [[December 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Wanamaker]], American businessman (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Hannes Hafstein]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Henry Pierrepoint]], British executioner (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Gabriel Narutowicz]], Polish professor and politician,\n        1st [[President of Poland]] (assassinated) (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[David Lindsay (explorer)|David Lindsay]], Australian explorer (b.\n        [[1856]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Niels Bohr|Niels Henrik David Bohr]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Francis William Aston]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Archibald\n        Vivian Hill]], [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jacinto Benavente]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Fridtjof\n        Nansen]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1922-pictures.html\n        1922 Coin Pictures]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1922}}\\n[[Category:1922| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T22:52:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":799800302,\"length\":66912,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1922&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922\"},\"34863\":{\"pageid\":34863,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1923\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T02:35:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1923}}\\n{{Events by month|1923}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1923}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1923}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1923}}\\n* [[January 1]]\n        – The Grouping: All major British railway companies are grouped into\n        four larger companies, under terms of the [[Railways Act 1921]].\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\u2013[[January 7|7]] – [[Rosewood massacre]], a violent, racially\n        motivated conflict in [[Florida]]. At least eight people are killed, and the\n        town of [[Rosewood, Florida|Rosewood]] is abandoned and destroyed.\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Lithuania]] begins the [[Klaip\\u0117da Revolt]] to annex the\n        [[Klaip\\u0117da Region]] (Memel Territory).\\n* [[January 11]] – Despite\n        strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium [[Occupation of the\n        Ruhr|occupy the Ruhr area]] to force Germany to make reparation payments.\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Juan de la Cierva]] invents the [[autogyro]], a rotary-winged\n        aircraft with an unpowered rotor.\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Elon College]]''s\n        campus in [[North Carolina]] is destroyed by a fire.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1923}}\\n*[[Norman Albert]] calls the first live broadcast\n        of an ice hockey game, the third period of an [[Ontario Hockey League]] Intermediate\n        playoff game on the [[Toronto]] station CFCA.{{cite news |work=Toronto\n        Star |date=February 9, 1923 |page=12 |author=Albert, Norman |title=Conacher\n        Scored Six for North Toronto}}{{cite book |author=Kitchen, Paul\n        |title=Win, Lose or Wrangle: The Inside Story of the Old Ottawa Senators -\n        1883-1935 |publisher=Penumbra Press |location=Manotick Ontario |page=246 |year=2008}}\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Billy Hughes]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Australia]],\n        after the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] refuses to govern\n        in coalition with him as the leader of the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist\n        Party]]. Hughes is succeeded by his [[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]],\n        [[Stanley Bruce]].\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Albert Einstein]] visits [[Barcelona]],\n        Spain, at the invitation of scientist [[Esteban Terradas i Illa]].\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1923}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** The {{USS|Connecticut|BB-18|6}}\n        is decommissioned.\\n** [[Eskom]], largest electricity producer in Africa,\n        is established in South Africa.\\n** Greece adopts the [[Gregorian calendar]].\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – This is the [[cover date]] of the first issue of ''''[[Time\n        (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine. Retired U.S. [[Speaker of the United States\n        House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph\n        G. Cannon]] appears on the first cover.\\n* [[March 6]] – The [[Egyptian\n        Feminist Union]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u062a\\u062d\\u0627\\u062f\n        \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0633\\u0627\\u0626\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0635\\u0631\\u064a),\n        the first nationwide [[Feminism|feminist]] movement in [[Egypt]], was founded\n        at the home of activist [[Huda Sha''arawi]].{{cite journal|author=Mariz\n        Tadros |title=Unity in diversity |journal=Al Ahram Weekly |date=18\\u201324\n        March 1999 |issue=421 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/421/li1.htm |accessdate=30\n        September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530205258/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/421/li1.htm\n        |archivedate=May 30, 2014 |df= }}{{cite book|author=Earl L. Sullivan|title=Women\n        in Egyptian Public Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y900ymkaKX4C&pg=PA172|accessdate=6\n        October 2014|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2354-0|page=172}}{{cite\n        web|author=Nadje S. Al Ali|title=Women\\u2019s Movements in the Middle East:\n        Case Studies of Egypt and Turkey|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/4889/2/UNRISD_Report_final.pdf|publisher=SOAS|accessdate=21\n        September 2014|format=Report}}\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Vladimir Lenin]]\n        suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak;\n        consequently he retires from his position as Chairman of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        government.\\n*[[March 14]] – [[Pete Parker]] calls the play-by-play\n        of the first ice hockey game ever broadcast on the radio in its entirety,\n        between the Regina Capitals and the [[Edmonton Eskimos (ice hockey)|Edmonton\n        Eskimos]] of the [[Western Canada Hockey League]].{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html?url=http%3A//www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php%3Fid%3D173\n        |title=Hooper, Albert W. \\\"Bert\\\" |last= |first= |date= |website=The History\n        of Canadian Broadcasting |publisher= |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}\n        \\n* [[March 28]] – ''''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'''', the air force of Fascist\n        Italy, is founded.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1923}}\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[Warner Bros.]] film studio is formally incorporated in the United\n        States as Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc. \\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Louis Armstrong]]\n        makes his first recording, \\\"Chimes Blues\\\", with [[King Oliver]]''s Creole\n        Jazz Band.\\n** The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed in [[Victoria\n        Institution]], [[Federated Malay States]].\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Kandersteg\n        International Scout Centre]] comes into existence in Switzerland.\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] opens its doors as the home\n        park of the [[New York Yankees]] [[baseball]] team in [[The Bronx]].\\n** [[Russia]]n\n        professional sports society club, [[Dynamo Sports Club|Dynamo Moscow]] founded.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** Hjalmar Branting leaves office\n        as [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], after the Swedish Riksdag has rejected a\n        government proposal regarding unemployment benefits.\\n** Right-wing academic\n        and jurist [[Ernst Trygger]] becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.\\n** [[Egyptian\n        Constitution of 1923]] adopted, introducing a [[parliamentary system]] of\n        democracy in the country.{{cite web|title=Constitutional history at a\n        glance|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/732/eg3.htm|work=Al-Ahram Weekly\n        On-line|date=3\\u20139 March 2005|issue=732|accessdate=2013-12-11}}\\n*\n        [[April 23]] – The [[Gdynia]] seaport is inaugurated on the [[Polish\n        Corridor]].\\n* [[April 26]] – Prince Albert, Duke of York (later [[George\n        VI]], King of the United Kingdom) [[Wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York,\n        and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|marries]] Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later [[Queen\n        Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]) in [[Westminster Abbey]].\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        The original [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] opened its doors for\n        the first time to the British public staging the [[FA Cup Final]] between\n        [[Bolton Wanderers]] and [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham Utd]].\\n\\n=== May\n        ===\\n{{Main article|May 1923}}\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Rahula College]] is\n        established in [[Ceylon]] with the name of \\\"Parakramabhahu Vidyalaya\\\".\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Liseberg]], an amusement park in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]],\n        opens.\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** Southeastern [[Michigan]] receives a record {{convert|15|cm|in}}\n        of snow after temperatures plummeted from 17 to 1 degrees between 1 and 6\n        pm on the previous day.{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/talesmay.php\n        |title=National Weather Service |publisher=Crh.noaa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-08-25}}\\n**\n        The premiere of [[Bertolt Brecht]]''s play ''''[[In the Jungle of Cities|In\n        the Jungle (Im Dickicht)]]'''' at the [[Residenz Theatre|Residenztheater]]\n        in [[Munich]] is interrupted by [[Nazism|Nazi]] demonstrators.\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – British Prime Minister [[Bonar Law | Andrew Bonar Law]] resigns due\n        to ill health.\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Stanley Baldwin]] appointed British Prime\n        Minister.\\n** Belgium''s ''''[[Sabena]]'''' Airlines is created.\\n \\n* [[May\n        24]] – The [[Irish Civil War]] ends.\\n* [[May 26]] – The first\n        [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] motor race is held, and is won by Andr\\u00e9 Lagache\n        and Ren\\u00e9 L\\u00e9onard.\\n* [[May 27]] – The [[Ku Klux Klan#The second\n        Klan: 1915\\u20131944|Ku Klux Klan]] in the United States defies a law requiring\n        publication of its members.\\n* [[May 28]] – Sri [[N. T. Rama Rao]] was\n        born\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1923}}\\n[[File:BASA-950K-3-110-1-Aleksandar\n        Stamboliyski in Paris, 1921 (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[June 9]]: Aleksandar\n        Stamboliyski]]\\n* [[June 9]] – A [[Bulgarian coup d''\\u00e9tat of 1923|military\n        coup]] in [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] ousts prime minister [[Aleksandar\n        Stamboliyski]] (he is killed [[June 14]]).\\n*[[June 12]] – [[William\n        Walton]]''s ''''[[Fa\\u00e7ade (suite)|Fa\\u00e7ade]]'''' is performed for the\n        first time.\\n* [[June 13]] – President [[Li Yuanhong]] of [[Republic\n        of China (1912\\u201349)|China]] abandons his residence because a warlord has\n        commanded forces to surround the mansion and cut off its water and electric\n        supplies, in order to force him to abandon his post.\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        The storming of [[Ayan, Russia|Ayan]] in [[Siberia]] concludes the [[Yakut\n        Revolt]] and the [[Russian Civil War]].\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Mount Etna]]\n        erupts in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], making 60,000 homeless.\\n* [[June 25]]\n        – [[FC Rapid Bucure\\u0219ti]] is formed on the initiative of the [[Grivi\\u021ba]]\n        railroad workers (first named CFR Bucure\\u0219ti).\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1923}}\\n* [[July 10]] – Large hailstones kill 23 in [[Rostov]],\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[July 13]] \\n** The [[Hollywood Sign]] is inaugurated\n        in [[California]] (originally reading ''''Hollywoodland'''').\\n** American\n        explorer [[Roy Chapman Andrews]] discovers the first dinosaur eggs near [[Flaming\n        Cliffs]], Mongolia.\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Pancho Villa]] is assassinated\n        at [[Hidalgo del Parral]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].\\n* [[July 24]]\n        – The [[Treaty of Lausanne]], settling the boundaries of the modern\n        [[Republic of Turkey]], is signed in Switzerland by [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]],\n        [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and other countries that fought in the First\n        World War, bringing an end to the [[Ottoman Empire]] after 624 years.\\n* ''''Undated''''\n        – Hyperinflation in Germany has seen the number of marks needed to purchase\n        a single American dollar reach 353,000 – more than 200 times the amount\n        needed at the start of the year.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1923}}\\n[[File:Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[August\n        3]]:  [[Calvin Coolidge]] is 30th [[President of the United States of America]].]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – President [[Warren G. Harding]], dies of a heart attack\n        and is succeeded by Vice President [[Calvin Coolidge]], who becomes the 30th\n        President of the United States.\\n* [[August 3]] – President Calvin Coolidge\n        is [[First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge|sworn in]].\\n* [[August 13]]\\n**\n        The first major seagoing ship arrives at Gdynia, the newly constructed [[Second\n        Polish Republic|Polish]] seaport.\\n** [[Gustav Stresemann]] is named [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] and founds a [[coalition\n        government]] for the [[Weimar Republic]], where hyperinflation means that\n        more than 4,600,000 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar.\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Club Necaxa|Necaxa]] football club is founded by engineer\n        William H. Frasser.\\n* [[August 30]] – Hurricane season begins, with\n        a tropical storm northeast of the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]].\\n* [[August\n        31]] – The Italian navy [[Corfu incident|occupies Corfu]] in retaliation\n        for the murder of an Italian officer. The [[League of Nations]] protests and\n        the occupation ends on [[September 30]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1923}}\\n* [[September 1]] – The [[Great Kant\\u014d earthquake]] devastates\n        Tokyo and [[Yokohama]], killing an estimated 142,807 people, but according\n        to a Japanese construction research center report in 2005, 105,000 are confirmed\n        dead.\\n* [[September 4]] – The [[United States Navy]]''s first home-built\n        rigid [[airship]] {{USS|Shenandoah|ZR-1}} makes her first flight at [[Naval\n        Air Engineering Station Lakehurst|Naval Air Station Lakehurst]] (New Jersey);\n        she contains most of the world''s extracted reserves of [[helium]] at this\n        time.Named and commissioned October 10. {{cite journal|last=Hayward|first=John\n        T.|title=Comment and Discussion|journal=United States Naval Institute Proceedings|date=August\n        1978}}\\n* [[September 7]] – At the International Police Conference\n        in Vienna, the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), better known\n        as [[Interpol]], is set up.\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Honda Point disaster]]:\n        Nine United States Navy [[destroyer]]s run aground off the [[California]]\n        coast.\\n* [[September 9]] – Turkish head of state [[Mustafa Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]]\n        founds the [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|Republican People''s Party]]\n        (CHP).\\n* [[September 10]] – The [[Irish Free State]] joins the [[League\n        of Nations]].\\n* [[September 13]] – Military coup in Spain: [[Miguel\n        Primo de Rivera]] takes over, setting up a [[dictatorship]]. [[Trade union]]s\n        are prohibited for 10 years.\\n* [[September 17]] – [[1923 Berkeley Fire]]:\n        A major fire in [[Berkeley, California]], erupts, consuming some 640 structures,\n        including 584 homes in the densely built neighborhoods north of the campus\n        of the [[University of California]].\\n* [[September 18]]–[[September\n        26|26]] – Newspaper printers strike in New York City.\\n* [[September\n        24]] – Second storm of the [[Atlantic hurricane season]], a major hurricane\n        north of [[Hispaniola]].\\n* [[September 26]] – In [[Bavaria]], [[Gustav\n        Ritter von Kahr]] takes dictatorial powers.\\n* [[September 29]] – The\n        [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate for Palestine]]\n        ([[1922]]) comes into effect, officially creating the [[protectorate]]s of\n        [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] as a [[homeland for the Jewish people]]\n        under British administration and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] as\n        a separate [[emirate]] under [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]].{{cite\n        book|url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F\n        |title=Palestine Royal Commission Report, Presented by the Secretary of State\n        for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty |series=Cmd. 5479\n        |publisher=His Majesty\\u2019s Stationery Office |location=London |date=July\n        1937 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127035141/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F\n        |archivedate=January 27, 2012 |df= }}\\n* September 29 – The [[French\n        Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]] takes effect.\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[K\\u00fcstrin Putsch]]: Outside Berlin, Major Ernst von Buchrucker, the leader\n        of the [[Black Reichswehr]] attempts a ''''putsch'''' by seizing several forts.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1923}}\\n[[File:Atat\\u00fcrk.jpg|thumb|145px|right|\n        [[October 29|Oct.29]]: [[Atat\\u00fcrk|Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]].]]\\n* [[October\n        2]] – After two days of siege, Major Buchrucker and his men surrender.\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – The great powers of World War I withdraw from [[Occupation\n        of Constantinople|Constantinople]].\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Ankara]] replaces\n        [[Constantinople]] as the capital of [[Turkey]].\\n** The first recorded example\n        of a [[1923 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Six|storm crossing from the\n        Eastern Pacific into the Atlantic]], occurred in [[Oaxaca]].\\n* [[October\n        14]] – Fourth tropical storm of the year, formed just north of [[Panama]].\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – Fifth tropical storm of the year, formed north of the\n        [[Leeward Islands]].\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** A sixth tropical storm develops\n        in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]; a rare occurrence, it consists of four active [[tropical\n        storm]]s simultaneously.\\n** [[Roy O. Disney|Roy]] and [[Walt Disney]] found\n        [[The Walt Disney Company]].\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Hamburg Uprising]]:\n        In Germany, the Communists attempt a \\\"[[putsch]]\\\" in Hamburg, which results\n        in street battles in that city for the next two days, when it ends unsuccessfully.\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – In Germany, General [[Hans von Seeckt]] orders the\n        ''''Reichswehr'''' to dissolve the Social Democratic-Communist government\n        of Saxony, which is refusing to accept the authority of the ''''Reich''''\n        government.\\n* [[October 28]] – In [[Qajar Dynasty|Persia]], [[Rez\\u0101\n        Sh\\u0101h|Reza Khan]] becomes [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]''s prime minister.\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Turkey]] becomes a [[republic]] following the dissolution of\n        the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]] is elected as first president.\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] is appointed as\n        the first prime minister of Turkey.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1923}}\\n* [[November 1]] – The Finnish flag carrier airline [[Finnair]]\n        is started as Aero oy.\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Beer Hall Putsch]]: In\n        [[Munich]], [[Adolf Hitler]] leads the [[Nazism|Nazis]] in an unsuccessful\n        attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the\n        attempt the next day.\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] is arrested\n        for his leading role in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], two days after the Putsch\n        was crushed by the government. 20 people died as a result of the associated\n        violence.\\n* [[November 12]] – Her Highness [[Princess Maud, Countess\n        of Southesk|Princess Maud of Fife]] marries Captain Charles Alexander Carnegie\n        in Wellington Barracks, London.\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Hyperinflation\n        in the Weimar Republic]]: [[Hyperinflation]] in Germany reaches its height.\n        One United States dollar is worth 4,200,000,000,000 [[German Papiermark|Papiermark]]{{cite\n        web|first=Stephen|last=Tonge|title=Weimar Germany 1919-1933|work=A Web of\n        English History|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm|accessdate=2012-03-14}}\n        (4.2 trillion on the [[short scale]]). [[Gustav Stresemann]] abolishes the\n        old currency and replaces it with the [[Rentenmark]] at an exchange rate of\n        one Rentenmark to 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion on the short scale) Papiermark\n        with effect from November 20.\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Gustav Stresemann]]''s\n        coalition government collapses in Germany.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1923}}\\n* [[December 1]] – In [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], the [[Gleno\n        Dam]] on the Gleno River in the Valle di Scalve in the northern Province of\n        Bergamo bursts, killing at least 356 people.d4ew220\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        In the [[United Kingdom general election, 1923 | general election]], the governing\n        [[Conservative Party (UK) | Conservatives]] under [[Stanley Baldwin]] are\n        reduced to a minority status, with the [[Labour Party (UK) | Labour party]]\n        gaining second party status. \\n* [[December 10]] – Sigma Alpha Kappa\n        (the first social fraternity at a Jesuit college in the United States) is\n        founded as a fraternal organization until the ban on social fraternities is\n        lifted.\\n* [[December 20]] – BEGGARS Fraternity (the second social fraternity\n        at a Jesuit college in the United States) is founded by nine men who have\n        secured permission to do so from the Pope.\\n* [[December 21]] – The\n        [[Nepal\\u2013Britain Treaty of 1923|Nepal\\u2013Britain Treaty]] is the first\n        to define the international status of [[Nepal]] as an independent sovereign\n        country.\\n* [[December 27]] – The crown prince of Japan survives an\n        assassination attempt in Tokyo.\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]]\n        files his first [[patent]] (in the United States) for \\\"television systems\\\".\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* Struggling for a foothold in southern [[Republic of China\n        (1912\\u201349)|China]], [[Sun Yat-sen]] decides to ally his Nationalist [[Kuomintang]]\n        party with [[Comintern]] and the [[Communist Party of China]].\\n* [[Johor\\u2013Singapore\n        Causeway]] completed.\\n* Police strike in Australia.\\n* The [[American Law\n        Institute]] is established.\\n* The [[Moderation League of New York]] becomes\n        part of the movement for the [[repeal of Prohibition in the United States]].\\n*\n        [[Marcel Duchamp]]''s artwork ''''[[The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors,\n        Even]]'''' (''''La mari\\u00e9e mise \\u00e0 nu par ses c\\u00e9libataires, m\\u00eame''''\n        or ''''The Large Glass'''') is completed in the United States.\\n* [[Rainbow\n        trout]] introduced into the upper [[Firehole River]] in [[Yellowstone National\n        Park]], United States.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Paavo Lonkila.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paavo\n        Lonkila]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Valentina Cortese]], Italian actress\\n**\n        [[Vulo Radev]], Bulgarian film director (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Rom\\u00e9o Sabourin]],\n        Canadian World War II spy  (d. [[1944]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Abdel\n        Aziz Mohamed Hegazy]], 38th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Hank Stram]], American football coach and broadcaster (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Sam Phillips]], American record producer (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]]\\n** [[Norman Kirk]], 29th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d.\n        [[1974]])\\n** [[Jacobo Timerman]], Argentine writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Hugh Kenner]], Canadian literary critic (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January\n        8]]\\n** [[Larry Storch]], American actor\\n** [[Johnny Wardle]], English cricketer\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\n** [[Paavo Lonkila]], Finnish Olympic cross-country\n        skiier\\n** [[Ernst Nolte]], German historian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Ira Hayes]], U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. [[1955]])\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Lee Teng-hui]], Taiwanese politician, 4th [[President\n        of the Republic of China (Taiwan)]] and the \\\"father of Taiwan''s democracy\\\"\\n*\n        [[January 16]]\\n** [[Anthony Hecht]], American poet (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Walther\n        Wever (pilot)|Walther Wever]], German fighter ace (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Jean Stapleton]], American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] \\n** [[Slim Whitman]], American country and western musician (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Nora Brockstedt]], Norwegian singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 22]] –\n        [[Diana Douglas]], British-born American actress; mother of actor/producer\n        [[Michael Douglas]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Cot Deal]], American\n        major league baseball player and coach (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Stephanie Kwolek]],\n        inventor of \\\"[[Kevlar]] fibers\\\" (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Arvid Carlsson]], Swedish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Anne Jeffreys]], American actress\n        and singer\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Paddy Chayefsky]], American writer\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Norman Mailer]], American writer\n        and journalist (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[James\n        Dickey]], American poet and author (''''Deliverance'''') (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Red Schoendienst]], American baseball player\\n** [[Liz Smith (journalist)|Liz\n        Smith]], American gossip columnist\\n** [[Clem Windsor]], Australian rugby\n        union player and surgeon (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Edith Barney]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**\n        [[Conrad Bain]], Canadian-born actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Belisario Betancur]],\n        Colombian politician and the 26th [[President of Colombia]]\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[Fatmawati]] First Lady of Indonesia (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood]] and first grandchild\n        of King George V (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Urpo Korhonen]],\n        Finnish Olympic cross-country skiier (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Brendan Behan]], Irish author (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n**[[Allie\n        Sherman]], American professional football coach (d. [[2015]])\\n**[[Cesare\n        Siepi]], Italian opera singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Franco\n        Zeffirelli]], Italian film and opera director\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Yfrah\n        Neaman]], Lebanese-born violinist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Chuck Yeager]], American\n        test pilot and ''''NASA'''' official\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Samuel Willenberg]],\n        Polish-born Israeli sculptor and painter, last surviving member of the [[Treblinka\n        extermination camp]] revolt (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Jun\n        Fukuda]], Japanese film director (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 20]] –\n        [[Forbes Burnham]], Guyanese politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Guyana]]\n        and 2nd [[President of Guyana]] (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Wilbur\n        R. Ingalls, Jr.]], American architect (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Norman Smith (record producer)|Norman Smith]], English singer and record\n        producer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Mary Francis Shura]], American\n        writer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Ioannis Grivas]], Greek judge and politician, 176th\n        [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[John van Hengel]], American\n        \\\"Father of Food Banking\\\" (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[David\n        Soyer]], American cellist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Dexter\n        Gordon]], American jazz saxophone player and actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** [[Jean Carson]], American actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Charles Durning]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Orrin\n        Keepnews]], American record producer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Robert H. Michel]],\n        American Republican Party politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Doc Watson]], American folk guitarist and songwriter (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March\n        4]] \\n** [[Piero D''Inzeo]], Italian Olympic show jumping rider (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        Sir [[Patrick Moore]], British astronomer and broadcaster (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n** [[Ed McMahon]], American television personality (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Wes Montgomery]], American musician (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Mahlon Clark]], American musician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Louk\n        Hulsman]], Dutch criminologist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n**[[James L.\n        Buckley]], American politician and [[United States Senator]] 1971-77\\n**[[Walter\n        Kohn]], Austrian-born physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Val Logsdon Fitch]], American nuclear\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 11]]\\n** [[Paul Muller (actor)|Paul Muller]], Swiss actor\\n** [[Agatha\n        Barbara]], Maltese politician (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Hjalmar\n        Andersen]], Norwegian speed-skater (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Wally Schirra]], American\n        astronaut (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mae Young]], American wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Diane Arbus]], American photographer (d. [[1971]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]]\\n** [[Willy Semmelrogge]], German actor (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Lou\n        Richards]], Australian footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Merle\n        Keagle]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1960]])\\n** Shri\n        Mataji [[Nirmala Srivastava]], Indian founder of Sahaja Yoga (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[March 22]] – [[Marcel Marceau]], world-renowned French [[Mime artist|mime]]\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Murray Hamilton]], American actor (d.\n        [[1986]])\\n** [[Michael Legat]], English writer (d. 2011)\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Wim van Est]], Dutch cyclist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 26]] –\n        [[Bob Elliott (comedian)|Bob Elliott]], American comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]] – [[Louis Simpson]], Jamaican-born poet (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – [[Thad Jones]], American jazz musician (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Geoff Duke]], British motorcycle racer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Milton Acorn]], Canadian writer (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Shoshana Damari]], Yemenite-Israeli singer (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n[[File:Aaron Spelling TWA ad photo.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Aaron Spelling]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Alice Haylett]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[G. Spencer-Brown]], British mathematician (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Gloria Henry]], American actress\\n** [[Johnny Paton]], Scottish football\n        player, coach and manager (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Gene Reynolds]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Peter Vaughan]], English actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April\n        5]] – [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]], President of South Vietnam\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[George Fisher (cartoonist)|George Fisher]],\n        American political cartoonist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Edward Mulhare]], Irish-born\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Don Adams]], American\n        actor and comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Roberto De Vicenzo]],\n        Argentine professional golfer and winner of the [[1967 Open Championship]]\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Douglas Wass]], British civil servant\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Mother Angelica]], American nun; founder\n        of the Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Irene Lieblich]],\n        Polish-born painter (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Geoffrey Hattersley-Smith]],\n        English/Canadian [[geologist]] and [[glacier|glaciologist]] (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Bettie Page]], American model (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Paula Fox]], American\n        writer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Aaron Spelling]], American television producer\n        and writer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Dolph Briscoe]], Governor\n        of Texas (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[B\\u00fclent Ulusu]], 18th\n        Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Albert King]],\n        American musician (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[April 30]]\\n** [[Al Lewis (actor)|Al\n        Lewis]], American actor (''''The Munsters'''') (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Francis\n        Tucker]], South African Rally Driver (d. [[2008]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Heydar\n        Aliyev 1997.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Heydar Aliyev]]]]\\n[[File:Horst Tappert retouched.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Horst\n        Tappert]]]]\\n[[File:Henry Kissinger Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henry\n        Kissinger]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\n** [[Joseph Heller]], American novelist (''''Catch-22'''')\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Frank Brian]], American basketball player (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Fernando Cabrita]], Portuguese football forward and manager (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Patrick Hillery]], [[President of Ireland]] (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Ralph Hall]], American politician\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Assi\n        Rahbani]], [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] composer, musician, conductor, poet and author\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Eric Sykes]], English actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 5]]\n        \\n** [[Richard Wollheim]], English philosopher (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Konrad\n        Repgen]], German historian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Josep Seguer]],\n        Spanish football defender and manager (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Anne\n        Baxter]], American actress (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[J. Mack Robinson]], American\n        businessman (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jim Lowe]], American singer-songwriter (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Heydar Aliyev]], 3rd [[President of Azerbaijan]]\n        (1993\\u20132003) (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Louise Arnold (baseball)|Louise\n        Arnold]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May\n        14]]\\n** [[Willis Blair]], Canadian politician (d. [[2014]]) \\n** [[Mrinal\n        Sen]], Indian filmmaker\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Doris Dowling]], American actress\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Gholamreza Pahlavi]], Persian prince (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[John Lanchbery]], English composer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Merton\n        Miller]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\n** [[David Wasawo]], Kenyan\n        zoologist, conservationist, and university administrator (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Mennin]], American composer, teacher and administrator (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Hugh Shearer]], [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]] (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[Armand Borel]], Swiss mathematician (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Dorothy\n        Hewett]], Australian writer (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Evelyn Ward]], American actress\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Ara Parseghian]], American football coach\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Kalidas Shrestha]], Nepalese artist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Knut Ahnlund]], Swedish literary historian and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Seijun Suzuki]], Japanese filmmaker, actor, and screenwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]]\\n** [[James Arness]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Roy Dotrice]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Horst Tappert]], German television actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Alfonso Wong]], Hong Kong cartoonist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Henry\n        Kissinger]], [[United States Secretary of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Sumner Redstone]], American businessman\\n* [[May 28]]\\n**\n        [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Ligeti]], Hungarian composer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Nandamuri Taraka\n        Rama Rao]], Indian (Telugu) film actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[T. M. Thiagarajan]],\n        Carnatic musicologist from Tamil Nadu in Southern India (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] \\n** [[Robert O. Becker]], American orthopedic surgeon (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]] (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Ellsworth Kelly]], American\n        artist (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Ted Leehane]], Australian\n        rules footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Lloyd Shapley]], American mathematician\n        and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Peter\n        Thorne (RAF officer)|Peter Thorne]], Royal Air Force pilot (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Elizabeth Jolley]], Australian writer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\n** [[V. C. Andrews]], American novelist (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Jeff\n        Dwire]], American small businessman (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[June 7]] \\n** [[Jean\n        Baratte]], French international footballer who played as striker, and manager\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Giorgio Belladonna]], Italian bridge player, one of the\n        greatest of all time (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Gerald G\\u00f6tting]],\n        German politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Robert Maxwell]],\n        Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\n** [[Herta\n        Elviste]], Estonian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Juan Arza]], Spanish football\n        forward and manager (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Lloyd Conover]],\n        American scientist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Jack Hayward]],\n        English businessman (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Herbert Chitepo]],\n        Leader of Zimbabwe African National Union (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Johnny Most]],\n        American basketball radio announcer (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Arnold\n        S. Relman]], American internist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Enrique Angelelli]], Argentine\n        bishop (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[W. M. Gorman]], Irish economist and academic (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n** [[William G. Adams]], ninth mayor of St. John''s and a member\n        of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Anthony\n        Bevilacqua]], American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Jan Vesel\\u00fd (cyclist)|Jan Vesel\\u00fd]], Czech cyclist (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Szymon Szurmiej]], Polish-Jewish actor, director, and\n        general manager (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Bj\\u00f8rn Watt-Boolsen]],\n        Danish actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Johann Eyfells]], Master of\n        Fine Arts\\n** [[John Oldham (basketball)|John Oldham]], American college player,\n        athletic director and basketball coach\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Barbara Perry\n        (actress)|Barbara Perry]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n** [[Felo\n        Ram\\u00edrez]], Cuban-American Spanish language radio voice of the Miami Marlins\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 23]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Antunes]], Portuguese sports\n        shooter\\n** [[Doris Johnson]], American politician\\n** [[Makhmut Gareev]],\n        Russian general\\n** [[Jerry Rullo]], American professional basketball player\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]], Sri Lanka statesman, 3rd [[President\n        of Sri Lanka]] (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[John E. Sarno]], American medical writers\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|N\\u00e9govan\n        Rajic|fr|3=N\\u00e9govan Rajic}}, Newsreader and playwright from Quebec\\n**\n        [[Yves Bonnefoy]], French poet and art historian (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Cesare\n        Romiti]], Italian economist\\n** [[T-Model Ford]], American blues musician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Stan Clements]], English footballer who\n        played\\n** [[Vatroslav Mimica]], Croatian film director and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Doug Everingham]], Australian politician and minister (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Sam Francis]], American painter (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Ed Bearss]],\n        American veteran of World War II\\n** [[Musa''id bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Saudi\n        prince (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Mitchell Flint]], American lawyer\n        and a veteran aviator\\n** [[Beth Chatto]], British plantswoman, garden designer\n        and author\\n** [[Gus Zernial]], American baseball player and sports commentator\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Giff Roux]], American basketball player\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gaye Stewart]], Canadian ice hockey forward (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Daniil Khrabrovitsky]], Soviet film director (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[June 29]]\n        \\n** [[Alfred Goodwin]],  senior judge on the United States Court of Appeals\n        for the Ninth Circuit\\n** [[Chou Wen-chung]], Chinese-American composer and\n        educator\\n** [[Olav Thon]], Norwegian real estate magnate\\n* [[June 30]] \\n**\n        [[Andy Jack]], English footballer\\n** [[Ivo Orlandi]], Venezuelan sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Gad Beck]], Israeli-German educator, author, activist, and survivor of the\n        Holocaust (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Wojciech Jaruzelski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wojciech\n        Jaruzelski]]]]\\n[[File:Harrison Dillard 1952.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harrison Dillard]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Scotty Bowers]], American Marine and author\\n** [[Herman\n        Chernoff]], American applied mathematician, statistician and physicist\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Wis\\u0142awa Szymborska]], Polish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Hugo\n        Machado (cyclist)|Hugo Machado]], Uruguayan cyclist\\n** [[Felipe Zetter]],\n        Mexican football defender (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Rudolf Friedrich]],\n        Swiss Federal Councilor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[George Mostow]], American mathematician,\n        renowned for his contributions to Lie theory (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Mitsuye Yamada]],  Japanese American activist, feminist, essayist, poet,\n        story writer, editor, and former professor of English.\\n** [[Hermann Gummel]],\n        German pioneer in the semiconductor industry\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Wojciech\n        Jaruzelski]], Polish Communist politician, 8th [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\n        and [[List of Polish heads of state (1918\\u2013present)|President of Poland]]\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Chandrashekhar]], Indian film actor\\n**\n        [[Whitney North Seymour, Jr.]], American administrator\\n** [[Leonardo Ferrel]],\n        Bolivian football player\\n** [[Kitty White]], American jazz singer (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 8]] \\n** [[Harrison Dillard]], American athlete\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Jeanine Collard|fr|3=Jeanine Collard}}, French singer\\n** [[Ivor\n        Germain]], Barbadian professional light/welterweight boxer\\n** [[Eric Hill\n        (cricketer)|Eric Hill]], English cricketer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 9]] –\n        [[Jill Knight]], British politician\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s\n        T\\u00edm\\u00e1r]], Hungarian politician and economist\\n** [[Rudolf Kehrer]],\n        Soviet and Russian classical pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[John Bradley (United\n        States Navy)|John Bradley]], U.S. Navy flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\n** [[Roy Neighbors]], American politician\\n** [[Richard Pipes]],\n        Polish-American academic who specializes in Russian history\\n** [[Olavo Rodrigues\n        Barbosa]], Brazilian football player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gilbert Morand]],\n        French non-commissioned officer and skier (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\n**\n        [[James E. Gunn (writer)|James E. Gunn]],  American science fiction writer,\n        editor, scholar, and anthologist\\n** [[Francisco Castro (athlete)|Francisco\n        Castro]], Puerto Rican long jumper and triple jumper\\n** [[Freddie Fields]],\n        American theatrical agent and film producer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Erich Lessing]], Austrian photographer\\n** [[Shmuel Laviv-Lubin]], Israeli\n        sports shooter\\n** [[Alexandre Astruc]], French film critic and director (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Norma Zimmer]], American singer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Dale Robertson]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 15]] –\n        [[Francisco de Andrade]], Portuguese competitive sailor and Olympic medalist\\n*\n        [[July 16]]\\n** [[Mari Evans]], African-American poet (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Len\n        Okrie]], American catcher\\n** [[Chris Argyris]], American business theorist\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Madini]], Italian professional football player\\n*\n        [[July 18]]\\n** [[Michael Medwin]], English actor\\n** [[Jerome H. Lemelson]],\n        American inventor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[July 19]] – {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Jos\\u00e9 Mo\\u00ebs|fr|3=Jos\\u00e9 Mo\\u00ebs}}, Belgian footballer\\n*\n        [[July 20]]\\n** [[James Bree (actor)|James Bree]], British actor (d. [[2008]])\\n**[[Stanis\\u0142aw\n        Albinowski]], Polish economist and journalist (d. [[2005]])\\n**[[Elisabeth\n        Becker]], German Nazi war criminal (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Rudolph\n        A. Marcus]], Canadian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Walter Brenner]], American professor\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Anthony Enahoro]],\n        Nigerian politician (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bob Dole]], American politician and\n        Presidential candidate\\n** [[The Fabulous Moolah]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Indian singer (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Luis Aloma|Witto Aloma]], Cuban [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Estelle Getty]], American actress\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[H. S. S. Lawrence]], Indian educator\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\n** [[Jim Marshall (businessman)|Jim Marshall]],\n        founder of [[Marshall Amplification]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Edgar Cortright]],\n        American scientist and engineer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Stephanie\n        Kwolek]], American chemist noted for inventing Kevlar (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jean-Jacques\n        Moreau]], French mathematician and mechanician (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n[[File:Shimon Peres by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shimon Peres]]]]\\n[[File:Chuck\n        Kennedy - The Official White House Photostream - P060409CK-0199 (pd).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope\n        Shenouda III of Alexandria]]]]\\n[[File:Rhonda Fleming - publicity.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Rhonda\n        Fleming]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Shimon Peres]], 8th [[Prime Minister\n        of Israel]], 9th [[President of Israel]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Jean Hagen]], American actress (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria]], Pope of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church\n        of Alexandria]] (d. 2012)\\n* [[August 5]] \\n** Sir [[Michael Kerry]], [[Queen''s\n        Counsel|QC]], British civil servant, [[Treasury Solicitor|Procurator General\n        and Treasury Solicitor]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Devan Nair]], third [[President\n        of Singapore]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Moira Lister]], Anglo-South\n        African film, stage and television actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 8]] –\n        [[Eve Miller]], American actress (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[David\n        H. Rodgers]], American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Rhonda Fleming]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Fred Ridgway]], English cricketer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[Rose Marie]], American actress\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Mill\\u00f4r\n        Fernandes]], Brazilian cartoonist and playwright (d. 2012)\\n* [[August 19]]\n        \\n** [[Dill Jones]], Welsh jazz stride pianist (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Esmeralda\n        Agoglia]], Argentinian ballerina (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Jim\n        Reeves]], American country singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Larry\n        Grayson]], English comedian and game show host (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – [[Carolina Slim]], American [[Piedmont blues]] singer and guitarist\n        (d. [[1953]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Henry F. Warner]], American soldier,\n        Medal of Honor (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Siti Hartinah]], First Lady of Indonesia\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Arthur Jensen]], American educational\n        psychologist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Luis Abanto Morales]],\n        Peruvian singer and composer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Wolfgang\n        Sawallisch]], German conductor and pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Hun Neang]], father of Cambodian Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] (d.\n        [[2013]]) \\n* [[August 29]]\\n** Sir [[Richard Attenborough]], English actor\n        and film director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North\n        Bradley]], chairman of the BBC (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Giacomo\n        Rondinella]], Italian singer and actor (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Lee\n        Kuan Yew.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lee Kuan Yew]]]]\\n[[File:ReginaAnaARomaniei.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Queen\n        Anne of Romania|Anne of Romania]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Rocky Marciano]],\n        American boxer (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet|Kenneth\n        Thomson]], Canadian businessman and art collector (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Ram\\u00f3n Vald\\u00e9s]], Mexican actor, Don Ram\\u00f3n in El\n        Chavo del Ocho (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Glen Bell]], American\n        entrepreneur and founder of [[Taco Bell]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Mort Walker]],\n        American cartoonist, creator of ''''Beetle Bailey''''\\n* [[September 4]] –\n        [[Ram Kishore Shukla]], Indian politician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 6]]\n        – King [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]] (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n**\n        [[Madeleine Dring]], British composer and actress (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Lawford]], English actor (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[September 9]]\\n**[[Daniel Carleton\n        Gajdusek]], American virologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (d. [[2008]])\\n**[[Cliff Robertson]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Vasilije Mokranjac]], Serbian composer (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime\n        Minister]] of [[Singapore]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Hank\n        Williams]], American country musician (d. [[1953]])\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Queen Anne of Romania]], born Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, French-born\n        queen consort (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Geraldine Clinton\n        Little]], Northern Ireland-born poet (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Dannie Abse]], Welsh poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Li\n        Yuan-tsu]], Taiwanese politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\n** [[Dev\n        Anand]], Indian actor, film producer, writer and director (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Aleksandr Alov]], Soviet film director and screenwriter (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[James Condon]], Australian actor (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Donald Swann]], Welsh composer (d. [[1994]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Charlton\n        Heston - 1953.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charlton Heston]]]]\\n[[File:Roy Lichtenstein.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roy\n        Lichtenstein]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Eugenio Cruz Vargas]], Chilean poet\n        and painter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Absal\\u00f3n Castellanos Dom\\u00ednguez]],\n        Mexican politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Shih Chun-jen]], Taiwanese neurosurgeon\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Edward Oliver LeBlanc]], Dominican politician\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Skrowaczewski]], Polish-born orchestral\n        conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Charlton Heston]], American\n        actor, best known for his role in ''''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The\n        Ten Commandments]]'''' (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Albert Gu\\u00f0mundsson]],\n        Icelandic football player and politician (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Glynis Johns]],\n        South African-born Welsh actress\\n** [[Ricardo Lavi\\u00e9]], Argentine actor\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Yasar Kemal]], Turkish writer (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Irma Grese]], German Nazi concentration\n        camp guard, war criminal (executed [[1945]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[James\n        Jabara|James \\\"Jabby\\\" Jabara]], American aviator, the first American jet\n        fighter ace  (d. [[1966]])\\n** [[Murray Walker]], British motor racing commentator\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Faas Wilkes]], Dutch football (soccer) player (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Italo Calvino]], Italian writer (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Charles McClendon]], American Hall of\n        Fame college football coach (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Otfried\n        Preu\\u00dfler]], German children''s books author (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Frank Sutton]], American actor (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        \\n** Sir [[Robin Day]], British political broadcaster (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Denise\n        Levertov]], British-born American poet (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        [[J. Esmonde Barry]], Canadian healthcare activist and political commentator\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Roy Lichtenstein]],  American pop\n        artist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\n** [[Carl Djerassi]], American chemist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs]], Dutch athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Alan B. Shepard 1970.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alan Shepard]]]]\\n[[File:Nadine\n        Gordimer 01.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Nadine Gordimer]]]]\\n[[File:Mauno Koivisto.png|110px|thumb|[[Mauno\n        Koivisto]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Victoria de los \\u00c1ngeles]], Catalan\n        soprano (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Gordon R. Dickson]], Canadian author (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[November 2]] – [[Cesare Rubini]], Italian basketball player and coach\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Tom\\u00e1s \\u00d3 Fiaich|Tom\\u00e1s\n        Cardinal \\u00d3 Fiaich]], Irish Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[John Herbers]], American journalist, author, editor, World War\n        II veteran, and Pulitzer Prize finalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n**\n        [[Rudolf Augstein]], German journalist, founder and part-owner of German magazine\n        Der Spiegel (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Kay Lionikas]], Greek-American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Yisrael Friedman (Pashkaner\n        Rebbe)|Yisrael Friedman]], Romanian-born Israeli rabbi (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Kilby]], American electrical engineer, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[P. K. van der Byl]], Rhodesian\n        politician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Vicco von B\\u00fclow]],\n        German actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Linda Christian]],\n        Mexican film actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Cleyde Y\\u00e1conis]],\n        Brazilian actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Misael Pastrana Borrero]], 23rd President\n        of Colombia (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Aristides Pereira|Aristides\n        Maria Pereira]], [[President of Cape Verde]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 18]]\n        – [[Alan Shepard]], first American astronaut, fifth person to walk on\n        the moon (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Nadine Gordimer]], South\n        African writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Arthur Hiller]], Canadian film director (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n**[[Billy Haughton]], American harness driver and trainer\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n**[[Julien J. LeBourgeois]], American vice admiral (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[Gloria\n        Whelan]], American poet, short story writer, and novelist\\n* [[November 25]]\n        – [[Mauno Koivisto]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and 9th [[President\n        of Finland]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Pat Phoenix]], English\n        actress (d. [[1986]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Dick Shawn 1964.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Dick\n        Shawn]]]]\\n[[File:Maria Callas (La Traviata) 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Maria Callas]]]]\\n[[File:Ted\n        Knight 1977.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ted Knight]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Barker at WWE crop.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Bob\n        Barker]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\n**[[Dick Shawn]], American actor (d. [[1987]])\\n**[[Stansfield\n        Turner]], American admiral and Director of Central Intelligence\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Maria Callas]], Greek soprano (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[December 3]]\\n**[[Dede\n        Allen]], American film editor (\\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\") (d. [[2010]])\\n**[[Moyra\n        Fraser]], British actress (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Abe Pollin]], American sports\n        owner (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Eleanor Dapkus]], American\n        female professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 7]] –\n        [[Ted Knight]], American actor (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Philip\n        Slier]], Dutch Jewish typesetter (d. [[1943]])\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[Betsy Blair]], American film actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 12]] –\n        [[Bob Barker]], American game show host (''''The Price Is Right'''')\\n* [[December\n        13]]\\n** [[Philip Warren Anderson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Larry Doby]], baseball player (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Antoni T\\u00e0pies]], Catalan painter (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n**\n        [[Gerard Reve]], Dutch writer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Sully Boyar]], American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Freeman Dyson]], English-born\n        physicist\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Jaroslav Pelikan]], American historian\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Gordon Jackson (actor)|Gordon Jackson]],\n        Scottish actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[TL Osborn]], American\n        televangelist, singer and author (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[James Stockdale]], U.S.\n        Navy admiral and vice presidential candidate (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[George Patton IV]], American general (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December\n        25]]\\n** [[Luis \\u00c1lamos]], Chilean football manager (d. [[1983]])\\n**\n        [[Sonya Olschanezky]], World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])\\n** [[Satyananda\n        Saraswati]], Founder of Satyananda Yoga and Bihar Yoga (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Girard]], French-American historian (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Lucas Mangope]], President of Bophuthatswana Bantustan\\n* [[December 29]]\n        – [[Dina Merrill]], American actress, heiress, socialite, and philanthropist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n=== January–June ===\\n[[File:Constantine_I_of_Greece.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Constantine I of Greece]]]]\\n[[File:Ribot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexandre Ribot]]]]\\n[[File:Roentgen2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm\n        R\\u00f6ntgen]]]]\\n[[File:Freycinet2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles de Freycinet]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Willie Keeler]], American baseball player and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Jaroslav Ha\\u0161ek]],\n        Czech writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Katherine Mansfield]], British\n        novelist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters]], British\n        couple hanged for murder (Thompson b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 11]] –\n        [[Constantine I of Greece]], King of Greece (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Herbert Silberer]], Austrian psychoanalyst (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Alexandre Ribot]], French statesman, 4-Time [[Prime Minister\n        of France]] (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Wallace Reid]], American\n        actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Max Nordau]], Hungarian author,\n        philosopher, and Zionist leader (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Eligiusz\n        Niewiadomski]], Polish artist, political activist and assassin (executed)\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Ernst Troeltsch]], German theologian\n        (b. [[1865]]).\\n* [[February 3]] – Count [[Kuroki Tamemoto]], Japanese\n        general (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Prince Fushimi Sadanaru]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Count Erich Kielmansegg]], former\n        Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Wilhelm\n        R\\u00f6ntgen]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Th\\u00e9ophile Delcass\\u00e9]],\n        French statesman (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Edward W. Morley]],\n        American physicists and chemist (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Joseph\n        McDermott (actor)|Joseph McDermott]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Sarah\n        Bernhardt]], French actress (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[March 27]] – Sir [[James\n        Dewar]], British chemist (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Michel-Joseph\n        Maunoury]], French general (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Prince Naruhisa\n        Kitashirakawa]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[John Venn]], British\n        mathematician (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[George Herbert, 5th Earl\n        of Carnarvon]], British financier of Egyptian excavations (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Madre Teresa Nuzzo]], Maltese [[Roman Catholic]] nun\n        and blessed (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Princess Louise of Prussia]],\n        Grand Duchess of Baden (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[William Ernest,\n        Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Charles\n        de Freycinet]], French statesman, 4-time [[Prime Minister of France]] (b.\n        [[1828]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg]] (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\n** [[Hans Goldschmidt]], German chemist (b. [[1861]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Kent (actor)|Charles Kent]], British actor (b.  [[1852]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Albert Deullin]], French flying ace of World War I (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom]], third daughter\n        of [[Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Pierre Loti]],\n        French writer and naval officer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Isabelle\n        Bogelot]], French philanthropist (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Hristo\n        Smirnenski]], Bulgarian poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Edith\n        S\\u00f6dergran]], Finnish author (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n=== July–December\n        ===\\n[[File:Dupuy.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Charles Dupuy]]]]\\n[[File:Warren\n        G Harding-Harris & Ewing.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Warren G. Harding]]]]\\n[[File:Kat%C5%8D_Tomosabur%C5%8D.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Kato\n        Tomosaburo]]]]\\n[[File:Juliusthirumeni.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Antonio\n        Francisco Xavier Alvares]]]]\\n[[File:Gustave Eiffel 1888 Nadar2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustave\n        Eiffel]]]]\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Albert Chevalier]], British music hall\n        comedian (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Pancho Villa]], Mexican revolutionary\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Charles Dupuy]], French\n        statesman, 3-Time [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 30]]\n        – [[Charles Hawtrey (actor born 1858)|Charles Hawtrey]], British actor\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Warren G. Harding]], 29th [[President\n        of the United States]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Victor II,\n        Duke of Ratibor]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Joaqu\\u00edn Sorolla]],\n        Spanish painter (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Henry C. Mustin]],\n        American naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Kat\\u014d\n        Tomosabur\\u014d]], Imperial Japanese naval officer, 21st [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Edward Hill (painter)|Edward\n        Hill]], American painter (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Hermes\n        Rodrigues da Fonseca]], Brazilian soldier and politician, 8th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Stefanos Dragoumis]],\n        92nd [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Antonio\n        Francisco Xavier Alvares]], Indian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b.\n        [[1836]])\\n** [[Carl L. Boeckmann]], Norwegian-American artist (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn]], British politician and\n        editor (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** [[Theodor Reuss]], German occultist\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Stojan Proti\\u0107]], Serbian statesman, former Prime\n        Minister of Yugoslavia (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Bonar Law]],\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 9]] (among\n        those killed in [[Munich]] Beer Hall Putsch):\\n** [[Oskar K\\u00f6rner]], businessman\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Karl Laforce]], student (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Ludwig Maximilian\n        Erwin von Scheubner-Richter]], diplomat and revolutionary (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Prince Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and\n        Teviotdale]] (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan]],\n        former Emir of Afghanistan (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Martha\n        Mansfield]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Tom\\u00e1s\n        Bret\\u00f3n]], Spanish composer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[John\n        William Brodie-Innes]], British member of Golden Dawn (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Raymond Radiguet]], French author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Th\\u00e9ophile Steinlen]], Swiss painter (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Georg Luger]], German firearms designer (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] – [[William Ludwig (singer)|William Ludwig]], Irish opera singer\n        (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Gustave Eiffel]], French engineer\n        and architect ([[Eiffel Tower]]) (b. [[1832]])\\n** [[Llu\\u00eds Dom\\u00e8nech\n        i Montaner]], Spanish architect (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Frank\n        Hayes (actor)|Frank Hayes]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n* [[Edmund William Berridge]], British medical doctor (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[Dorila Antommarchi]], Colombian poet (b. 1850s)\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Robert\n        Andrews Millikan]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Fritz\n        Pregl]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]\n        – [[Frederick Banting|Frederick Grant Banting]], [[John James Rickard\n        Macleod]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[William Butler\n        Yeats]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{commons category|1923|position=left}}\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1923}}\\n[[Category:1923|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T02:35:11Z\",\"lastrevid\":799826491,\"length\":61034,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1923&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923\"},\"34675\":{\"pageid\":34675,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1924\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T21:03:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=February\n        2017}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events by month|1924}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1924}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1924}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:1924WOlympicPoster.jpg|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1924\n        Winter Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main article|January 1924}}\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        The British submarine ''''[[HMS L24|L-24]]'''' sinks in the [[English Channel]];\n        43 lives are lost.\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Gopinath Saha]] shoots a man\n        he erroneously thinks is [[Charles Tegart|Sir Charles Tegart]], the police\n        commissioner of [[Calcutta]], and is arrested soon after.\\n* [[January 21]]\\n**\n        [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|The Earl of Athlone]] is appointed\n        the [[Governor-General of the Union of South Africa]] and [[High Commissioner\n        for Southern Africa]].[http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/sa_gg/\n        Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices: South Africa: Governors-General:\n        1910-1961] (Accessed on 14 April 2017)\\n** Following the death of [[Vladimir\n        Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]] immediately begins to purge his rivals to clear\n        the way for his leadership.\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Ramsay MacDonald]]\n        becomes the first [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]].\\n* [[January 23]] – The [[Soviet Union]] officially declares\n        that [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] died [[January 21]].\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        The [[1924 Winter Olympics]] open in [[Chamonix]], in the French [[Alps]].\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – Petrograd ([[Saint Petersburg]]) is renamed [[Leningrad]].\n        It reverts to Saint Petersburg in [[1991]].\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Vladimir\n        Lenin|Lenin]] is buried in [[Lenin''s Mausoleum]] in Moscow''s [[Red Square]].\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1924}}\\n* [[February 1]] – The\n        [[United Kingdom]] recognizes the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[GMT]]: A radio time signal is broadcast for the first time from the [[Royal\n        Greenwich Observatory]].\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Capital punishment]]:\n        The first state execution using [[gas]] in the United States takes place in\n        [[Nevada]].\\n* [[February 12]] – ''''[[Rhapsody in Blue]]'''', by [[George\n        Gershwin]], is first performed in New York City at [[Aeolian Hall (Manhattan)|Aeolian\n        Hall]].\\n* [[February 14]] – The [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]]\n        (CTR), based in the U.S. state of New York, is renamed [[IBM|International\n        Business Machines (IBM)]].\\n* [[February 16]]-[[February 26]] – Dock\n        strikes break out in various U.S. harbors.\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Treaty\n        of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]]: Agreement for the [[Kingdom of Italy]] to\n        annexe the [[Free State of Fiume]] and for the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats\n        and Slovenes]] to absorb [[Su\\u0161ak, Rijeka|Su\\u0161ak]].\\n** [[Calvin Coolidge]]\n        becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast\n        from the [[White House]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1924}}\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** The 1,400-year-old Islamic [[caliph]]ate is abolished when\n        [[Caliph]] [[Abd\\u00fclmecid II]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] is deposed. The\n        last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed [[Turkey]] of President\n        [[Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]].\\n** The [[Free State of Fiume]] is annexed by the\n        [[Kingdom of Italy]].\\n* [[March 6]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in Turkey (2nd government).\\n* [[March 8]] –\n        The [[Castle Gate Mine disaster]] kills 172 coal miners in [[Utah]], United\n        States.\\n* [[March 25]] – The [[Second Hellenic Republic]] is proclaimed\n        in Greece.\\n* [[March 29]] – In France, the Third Ministry of [[Raymond\n        Poincar\\u00e9]] begins.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1924}}\\n* [[April\n        1]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] is sentenced to 5 years in jail for his participation\n        in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] (he serves only 8 months).\\n** The first revenue\n        flight for Belgium''s [[Sabena]] Airlines takes place.\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[Fascist]]s [[Italian general election, 1924|win the elections]] in Italy\n        with a \\u2154 majority.\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** A [[Greek republic referendum,\n        1924|referendum]] in Greece favors the formation of the [[Second Hellenic\n        Republic]].\\n** The ''''[[A.E.K. (sports club)|A.E.K.]]'''' is founded in\n        Greece.\\n* [[April 16]] – American [[Mass media|media]] company ''''[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]''''\n        (''''MGM'''') is founded in [[Los Angeles]].\\n* [[April 23]] – [[British\n        Empire Exhibition]] opens. It was the largest [[colonial exhibition]] with\n        58 countries of the empire dramatically represented.\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        [[Harry Grindell Matthews]] demonstrates his \\\"[[death ray]]\\\" in London but\n        fails to convince the British [[War Office]].\\n* [[April 27]] – A group\n        of [[Alawites]] kill several [[nun]]s in [[Syria]]; French troops march against\n        them.\\n* [[April 28]] – An explosion in a mine at the Wheeling Steel\n        Corporation in [[Benwood, West Virginia]] kills 119 men.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1924}}\\n* [[May 3]] – The [[Aleph Zadik Aleph]], the oldest\n        Jewish youth fraternity, is founded in [[Omaha, Nebraska]].\\n* [[May 4]] –\n        The [[1924 Summer Olympics]] opening ceremonies are held in Paris, France.\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Lithuania]] signs the [[Klaip\\u0117da Convention]] with\n        the nations of the [[Conference of Ambassadors]], taking the [[Klaip\\u0117da\n        Region]] from [[East Prussia]] and making it into an autonomous region.\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[J. Edgar Hoover]] is appointed head of the [[Bureau of\n        Investigation]].\\n* [[May 11]] – ''''[[Mercedes-Benz]]'''' is formed\n        by the merging companies owned by [[Gottlieb Daimler]] and [[Karl Benz]].\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[University of Chicago]] students [[Leopold and Loeb|Richard\n        Loeb and Nathan Leopold, Jr.]] murder 14-year-old [[Bobby Franks]] in a [[thrill\n        killing]].\\n* [[May 24]] – The [[Immigration Act of 1924]] is signed\n        into law in the United States, including the [[Asian Exclusion Act]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1924}}\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Harry Grindell\n        Matthews]] returns from Paris to London; he tries to use a ''''[[Path\\u00e9]]''''\n        film to demonstrate that his [[death ray]] works.\\n* [[June 2]] – U.S.\n        President [[Calvin Coolidge]] signs the [[Indian Citizenship Act]] into law,\n        granting [[citizenship]] to all [[Native Americans in the United States|Native\n        Americans]] born within the territorial limits of the United States.\\n* [[June\n        5]] – [[Ernst Alexanderson]] sends the first [[Fax|facsimile]] across\n        the [[Atlantic Ocean]], which goes to his father in [[Sweden]].\\n* [[June\n        8]] – [[George Mallory]] and [[Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)|Andrew Irvine]]\n        are last seen \\\"going strong for the top\\\" of [[Mount Everest]] by teammate\n        [[Noel Odell]] at 12:50 P.M. The two [[Mountaineering|mountaineers]]\n        are never seen alive again.\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Fascist]]s kidnap and\n        kill Italian socialist leader [[Giacomo Matteotti]] in Rome.\\n* [[June 12]]\n        – Rondout Heist: Six men of the [[Egan''s Rats]] gang rob a mail train\n        in [[Rondout, Illinois]]; the robbery is later found to have been an inside\n        job.\\n* [[June 13]] – In Hungary, a most devastating tornado called\n        \\\"Wildkansas\\\" struck, and left a 500-1500m wide and 70 km long path\n        of destruction, landed at Bia, and after 3 hours it ended near V\\u00e1c, destroyed\n        a village called P\\u00e1ty completely, and left many people homeless, killed\n        9 people, and 50 people got wounded. This was one of the strongest tornadoes\n        ever not only in Hungary but in Europe also. It was estimated to be an F4.\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[Whampoa Military Academy]] is founded in China.\\n* [[June\n        23]] – American airman [[Russell Maughan]] flies from New York to San\n        Francisco in 21 hours and 48 minutes on a dawn-to-dusk flight in a Curtiss\n        pursuit.\\n* [[June 28]] – A tornado touches down in [[Lorain, Ohio]]\n        and kills 78 people.\\n* [[June 30]] – [[James Barry Munnik Hertzog|J.B.M.\n        Hertzog]] becomes the third [[Prime Minister of South Africa]].\\n\\n=== July\n        ===\\n{{Main article|July 1924}}\\n* [[July 4]] – Supposed invention of\n        [[Caesar salad]] by [[Caesar Cardini]] in [[Tijuana]].\\n* [[July 9]] –\n        [[John W. Davis]] of [[West Virginia]] is nominated by the [[Democratic Party\n        (United States)|Democrats]] to oppose [[Calvin Coolidge]] in the presidential\n        election.\\n* July 12 \\u2013 The [[United States occupation of the Dominican\n        Republic (1916\\u201324)|American military occupation of the Dominican Republic]]\n        comes to an end. The constitutional government headed by General [[Horacio\n        V\\u00e1squez|Horacio V\\u00e1zquez]], elected in the elections held in March,\n        is established.\\n* [[July 19]] – The [[Napalp\\u00ed massacre]] occurs\n        in [[Argentina]].\\n* [[July 20]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] sports\n        newspaper ''''[[Sovetsky Sport]]'''' is founded.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1924}}\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Koshien Stadium]], as well\n        known for sports venues in [[Japan]], open in [[Nishinomiya]], suburb of [[Osaka]].\n        {{Cite news|url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/lifestyle/magazine-survey-picks-japans-10-best-places-to-live-in|title=Magazine\n        survey picks Japan\\u2019s 10 best places to live in|work=Japan Today|access-date=2017-06-13|language=en}}{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[August 16]] – The [[Dawes Plan]] is\n        accepted.\\n* [[August 18]] – France begins to withdraw its troops from\n        Germany.\\n* [[August 28]] – [[August Uprising]]: [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]\n        rises against rule by the [[Soviet Union]] in an abortive rebellion in which\n        several thousands die.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1924}}\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** The [[Hanapepe massacre]] occurs on [[Kauai]], Hawaii.\\n**\n        The [[8-hour work day]] is introduced in Belgium.\\n* [[September 9]]–[[September\n        11]] – The [[1924 Kohat riots|Kohat riots]] break out in India.\\n* [[September\n        28]] – U.S. Army pilots John Harding and Erik Nelson complete the [[first\n        aerial circumnavigation]]. It has taken them 175 days and 74 stops before\n        their return to [[Seattle]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1924}}\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – The [[Geneva Protocol (1924)|Geneva Protocol]] is adopted\n        by the [[League of Nations]] Assembly as a means to strengthen the League,\n        but later fails to be ratified.\\n* [[October 10]] \\n**Voting in federal elections\n        becomes compulsory in Australia, after a private member''s bill proposed by\n        [[Tasmania]]n [[National Party of Australia|Nationalist]] senator Herbert\n        Payne results in the passing of the Commonwealth Electoral (Compulsory Voting)\n        Act 1924.\\n**The [[Alpha Delta Gamma]] fraternity is founded at the Lake Shore\n        Campus of [[Loyola University Chicago|Loyola University]], Chicago.\\n* [[October\n        12]]– [[October 15]] – [[Zeppelin]] ''''[[USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)|LZ-126]]''''\n        makes a [[transatlantic flight|transatlantic]] delivery flight from [[Friedrichshafen]],\n        Germany, to [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]].\\n* [[October 15]] – The first\n        [[Surrealist Manifesto]] is published, in which [[Andr\\u00e9 Breton]] defines\n        the movement as \\\"pure psychic [[surrealist automatism|automatism]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[October 18]] – [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Sweden''s Prime Minister]]\n        [[Ernst Trygger]] and his cabinet, is replaced by Hjalmar Branting and his\n        third and last government.\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Ibn Saud|Abdul Aziz]]\n        declares himself protector of holy places in [[Mecca]].\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – The [[Toastmasters International|Toastmasters]] Club is founded.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] \\n**The British Foreign Office publishes the [[Zinoviev letter]].\\n**[[Dixie\n        Dean]] scores a [[Hat-trick#Association football|hat-trick]] for [[Tranmere\n        Rovers F.C.|Tranmere Rovers]] to become the youngest ever player to score\n        three goals for The Superwhites.\\n* [[October 25]] – British authorities\n        in India arrest [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and jail him for the next 2\\u00bd\n        years. \\n* [[October 27]] – The [[Uzbek SSR]] joins the Soviet Union.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1924}}\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Nellie\n        Tayloe Ross]] of [[Wyoming]] is elected as the first woman governor in the\n        United States.\\n** [[U.S. presidential election, 1924]]: Republican [[Calvin\n        Coolidge]] defeats Democrat [[John W. Davis]] and Progressive [[Robert M.\n        La Follette, Sr.]]\\n* [[November 19]] – In [[Los Angeles]], famous [[silent\n        film]] director [[Thomas H. Ince|Thomas Ince]] (\\\"The Father of the Western\\\")\n        dies, reportedly of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], in his bed (rumors\n        soon surface that he was shot dead by publishing tycoon [[William Randolph\n        Hearst]]).\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Ali Fethi Okyar]] forms new government\n        in [[Turkey]]. (3rd government)\\n* [[November 26]] – The [[Mongolian\n        People''s Republic]] is founded.\\n* [[November 27]]\\n**129 communists, including\n        several members of the [[Riigikogu]], are convicted during the [[Trial of\n        the 149]] in [[Estonia]].\\n**In New York City the first [[Macy''s Thanksgiving\n        Day Parade]] is held.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1924}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]]\\n** A Soviet-backed communist [[1924 Estonian coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        attempt|coup attempt]] fails in [[Estonia]].\\n** [[George Gershwin]]''s ''''[[Oh,\n        Lady Be Good!|Lady Be Good]]'''' and ''''[[Fascinating Rhythm]]'''' (book\n        by [[Guy Bolton]] and [[Fred Thompson]], lyrics by [[Ira Gershwin]]) premiere\n        in New York, NY.\\n* [[December 19]] – German serial killer [[Fritz Haarmann]]\n        is sentenced to death for a series of murders.\\n* [[December 20]] –\n        In Germany [[Adolf Hitler]] is released from Landsberg Prison. Hitler served\n        nine months for his crucial role in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] from [[1923]].\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** An [[1924 Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34 crash|air\n        crash]] at [[Croydon Airport|Croydon Air Field]] in London kills 8.\\n** [[Albania]]\n        becomes a [[republic]].\\n** A [[Babbs Switch fire|flash fire]] at a Christmas\n        celebration in a one-room schoolhouse in [[Babbs, Oklahoma]] kills 36 people,\n        mostly small children.\\n* [[December 30]] – Astronomer [[Edwin Hubble]]\n        announces that [[Andromeda Galaxy|Andromeda]], previously believed to be a\n        [[nebula]], is actually another [[galaxy]], and that the [[Milky Way]] is\n        only one of many such galaxies in the [[universe]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n*\n        The [[Taung Child]] is discovered.\\n* Spring – Francophone explorer,\n        spiritualist and former operatic soprano [[Alexandra David-N\\u00e9el]], disguised\n        as a male pilgrim, makes a 2-month stay in the forbidden city of [[Lhasa (prefecture-level\n        city)|Lhasa]], Tibet.''''My Journey to Lhasa'''' (1927).\\n* International\n        Union of Official Organizations for Tourist [[Propaganda]].\\n* The powerful\n        opiate [[hydromorphone]] is developed in Germany.\\n* [[Earl W. Bascom]], rodeo\n        cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo''s first one-hand bareback rigging\n        at [[Stirling]], [[Alberta]] Canada.\\n* [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]], a wealthy\n        heiress, founds the [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] in New\n        York\\n* HRH [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]] makes state visit to Japan\n        aboard {{HMS|Renown}}. \\n* U.S. bootleggers begin to use [[Thompson submachine\n        gun]]s.\\n* The [[Earth inductor compass]] is invented in New York City.\\n*\n        In the United States both the [[Renegade period of the Apache Wars|Renegade\n        Period]] and the [[Apache Wars]] end which brings the [[American Indian Wars]]\n        to a close after 302 years.\\n*The [[National Hockey League]] expands to the\n        United States for the first time, adding the [[Boston Bruins]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n[[File:Benny Hill.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Benny Hill]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Francisco Mac\\u00edas Nguema]], 1st President of Equatorial\n        Guinea (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Walter Ris]], American freestyle\n        swimmer (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** [[Ali Shariatmadari]], Iranian\n        academic and educationist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Kim Dae-Jung]], 15th [[President\n        of South Korea]], recipient of [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Earl\n        Scruggs]], American musician (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Geoffrey\n        Bayldon]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\n** [[Geeta Mukherjee]],\n        Indian politician (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[James Clinkscales Hill]], American jurist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ron Moody]], English actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        10]]\\n** [[Earl Bakken]], American inventor of the modern [[Artificial pacemaker]]\\n**\n        [[Max Roach]], American percussionist, drummer, and composer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]]\\n** [[Roger Guillemin]], French neuroendocrinologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Sam B. Hall]], American\n        politician (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Slim Harpo]], American musician (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]] \\n** [[Chris Chase]] (also known as [[Irene Kane]]), American\n        model, film actress, writer and journalist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Olivier Gendebien]],\n        Belgian race car driver (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Roland Petit]],\n        French choreographer/dancer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Carole\n        Cook]], American actress and singer\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Katy Jurado]],\n        Mexican actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Revel]], French author (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Benny Hill]],\n        English comedian and singer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Frank\n        Lautenberg]], American businessman and politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        25]]\\n** [[Husein Mehmedov]], Bulgarian-Turkish Olympic wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Speedy West]], American musician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Annette\n        Strauss]], American philanthropist and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Armand\n        Gatti]], French playwright, poet, journalist, screenwriter, filmmaker and\n        World War II resistance fighter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alice Babs]], Swedish\n        singer and actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Sabu Dastagir|Sabu]],\n        Indian actor (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Betty Tucker]], American\n        female baseball player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Luigi Nono]],\n        Italian composer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Lloyd Alexander]],\n        American writer (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Lee marvin 1971.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Lee\n        Marvin]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Mugabe cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robert Mugabe]]]]\\n[[File:Takeshita.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Noboru\n        Takeshita]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Elfi von Dassanowsky]], Austrian-born\n        U.S. musician/producer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Dorothy Harrell]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        – [[Khamtai Siphandon]], 4th President and 12th Prime Minister of Laos\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[George Guest]], Welsh choral conductor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]]\\n** [[Gabe Pressman]], American journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Juan Ponce Enrile]], Filipino politician, [[President of the Senate of the\n        Philippines]] since 2008.\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Margaret Truman]],\n        American novelist and only child of U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] and\n        [[Bess Truman]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Lee Marvin]], American\n        actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Gerson Goldhaber]], American\n        particle physicist and astrophysicist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gloria Vanderbilt]],\n        American heiress and entrepreneur\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Robert Mugabe]],\n        1st [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Allan McLeod\n        Cormack]], South African physicist and [[1979#Nobel Prizes|1979 Nobel Prize\n        laureate]] (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Teresa Bracco]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, martyr and blessed (d. [[1944]])\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** [[Freda Betti]], French opera singer (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Noboru Takeshita]],\n        Japanese politician (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 29]]\\n** [[Carlos Humberto\n        Romero]], Salvadorian politician, 37th  [[President of El Salvador]] (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Al Rosen]], American baseball player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Norman\n        Fell 1970.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Norman Fell]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Deke\n        Slayton]], American [[astronaut]] (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Lys Assia]],\n        Swiss singer, first winner of [[Eurovision Song Contest]] (1956)\\n** [[Tomiichi\n        Murayama]], former [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Lilian Velez]], Filipino\n        actress (d. [[1948]])\\n** [[John Woodnutt]], British actor (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Kenneth O''Donnell]], aide to U.S. President John F.\n        Kennedy (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Ed Mierkowicz]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[K\\u014db\\u014d Abe]], Japanese\n        novelist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Georges Charpak]], Polish-French\n        physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 9]]\n        – [[Peter Scholl-Latour]], German professor, journalist and author (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Pierre Arpaillange]], French author, senior\n        judge and Government Minister (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Walter\n        Gotell]], German actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Al Neuharth]],\n        American businessman and journalist (d. [[2013]]) \\n** [[Ivan Minatti]], Slovenian\n        poet, translator, and editor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Yevgeny Ostashev]], was the\n        test pilot of rocket and space complexes, head of the 1st control polygon\n        NIIP-5 ([[Baikonur]]), Lenin prize winner, Candidate of Technical Sciences,\n        engineer-Lieutenant Colonel.(d. [[1960]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Norman\n        Fell]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Roberts Blossom]],\n        American actor and poet (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zsef Zakari\\u00e1s]], Hungarian\n        footballer (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Machiko Ky\\u014d]], Japanese actress\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n** [[Sarah Vaughan]], American jazz singer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Herbert\n        Zangs]], German artist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Hideko Takamine]], Japanese actress\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Freddie Bartholomew]], British actor\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Alan Davidson (food writer)|Alan Davidson]],\n        British author (d. [[2003]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Marlon Brando.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Marlon\n        Brando]]]]\\n[[File:Raymond Barre.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Raymond Barre]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Brendan Byrne]], Governor of New Jersey\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Marlon\n        Brando]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Errol Brathwaite]], New Zealand\n        author (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Pullein-Thompson sisters|Josephine Pullein-Thompson]],\n        British author (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Gil Hodges]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Jimmy Roberts (singer)|Jimmy\n        Roberts]], American singer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Johannes\n        Mario Simmel]], Austrian writer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Milburn\n        G. Apt]], American test pilot (d. [[1956]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\n** [[Enrique\n        Morea]], Argentine tennis player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Libu\\u0161e Havelkov\\u00e1]],\n        Czech actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Raymond Barre]], French\n        politician and Prime Minister (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Jack\n        Chick]], American fundamentalist Christian illustrator and publisher (d. [[2016]])\n        \\n* [[April 14]] – [[Philip Stone]], English actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – Sir [[Neville Marriner]], English conductor and violinist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Rikki Fulton]], Scottish comedian\n        and actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\n** [[Henry Mancini]], American composer\n        and arranger (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Rudy Pompilli]], American musician (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]]\\n** [[Clarence \\\"Gatemouth\\\" Brown]], American blues musician\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Henry Hyde]], Member of the U.S. House of Representatives\n        from Illinois (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Nina Foch]], Dutch-born\n        American actress (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Leslie Phillips]], English actor\\n* [[April\n        23]] \\n** [[Ruth Leuwerik]], German film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bobby\n        Rosengarden]], American jazz drummer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Clement\n        Freud]], British writer, radio personality, and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Vicente Sota]], Chilean politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Nahuel Moreno]],\n        Argentine Trotskyist leader (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Kenneth\n        Kaunda]], former [[President of Zambia]]\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Al Balding]],\n        Canadian golfer (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Dawda Jawara (1979).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dawda\n        Jawara]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Art Fleming]], American television host and\n        presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Gr\\u00e9goire Kayibanda]], 2nd [[President of\n        Rwanda]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Jamal Abro]], Sindhi writer (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Theodore Bikel]], Austrian-American actor, folk singer and\n        musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Zahrad]], [[Western Armenian]]\n        poet (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Maria Mauban]], French actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May\n        11]] – [[Antony Hewish]], English radio astronomer, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Tony Hancock]], English\n        comedian (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\n** [[Bruno A. Boley]], Italian-born\n        American engineer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Giovanni Sartori]], Italian political\n        scientist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Maria Koepcke]], German ornithologist\n        (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Dawda Jawara]], 1st [[President of the\n        Gambia]]\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Priscilla Pointer]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Sandy Wilson]], British composer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Hector Fautario]], Argentine Air Force general (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Charles Aznavour]], French singer, actor, and songwriter\\n*\n        [[May 24]]\\n** [[Vincent Cronin]], British historical writer and biographer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Victor Griffin]], Irish Anglican clergyman and theologian\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Jaime Lusinchi]], Venezuelan politician\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Lars Bo]], Danish artist and writer (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n** [[Pepper Paire|Lavonne \\\"Pepper\\\" Paire Davis]], American female\n        baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:George H. W. Bush, President\n        of the United States, 1989 official portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George H. W.\n        Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Ezatollah Entezami.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ezzatolah Entezami]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – Dr. [[William Sloane Coffin]], American clergyman (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[June Callwood]], Canadian journalist, author & social\n        activist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Ken Armstrong (footballer, born\n        1924)|Ken Armstrong]], English association football player (d. [[1984]])\\n**\n        [[Herk Harvey]], American film director (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Jimmy Rogers]],\n        American musician (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Torsten Wiesel]], Swedish scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Colleen Dewhurst]],\n        Canadian-American actress (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Karunanidhi]], Indian Politician,\n        Tamil Nadu Former Chief Minister, fondly called as Kalaignar \\n** [[Bernard\n        Glasser]], American film producer and director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 4]]\n        \\n** [[Dennis Weaver]], American actor (d. [[2006]]) \\n** [[Tofilau Eti Alesana]],\n        Samoan politician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Robert Abernathy]],\n        American science fiction author (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Sheldon\n        Allman]], American-Canadian actor, singer, and songwriter (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] \\n** [[Colin Cameron Davies]], Spanish-born Kenyan prelate (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Friedrich L. Bauer]], German computer scientist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Adib Boroumand]], Iranian poet, politician, and lawyer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[George H. W. Bush]], 41st [[President\n        of the United States]]\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Bronis\\u0142aw Baczko]], Polish\n        philosopher and historian of ideas (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[James\n        W. Black]], British doctor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Ezer Weizman]],\n        7th [[President of Israel]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Charlotte\n        Armstrong (baseball)|Charlotte Armstrong]], American female baseball player\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\n** [[Efren Reyes Sr.]], Filipino actor and\n        director (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[George Mikan]], American basketball player (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Anneliese Rothenberger]], German operatic\n        soprano  (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\n** [[Chet Atkins]], American country\n        guitar player and producer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Rainer Barzel]], German politician\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Marga L\\u00f3pez]], Argentine-born Mexican\n        actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Pierre Charles (homme\n        politique, 1924)|fr|3=Pierre Charles (homme politique, 1924)}}, French politician\\n**\n        [[Ezzatolah Entezami]], Iranian actor\\n** [[Alojz Rebula]], Slovene writer,\n        playwright, essayist, and translator\\n** [[Wally Fawkes]], British-Canadian\n        jazz clarinetist and a satirical cartoonist\\n** [[Ricardo Infante]], Argentine\n        football player and manager (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Frank Bolle]],\n        American comic strip artist, comic book artist and illustrator\\n** June Elvin,\n        English actress\\n** Jacques Foti, Hungarian-American actor and singer\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Ted Gordon|fr|3=Ted Gordon}}, American drawer and\n        painter of art brut\\n** [[Bayezid Osman]], surname as required by the Turkish\n        Republic (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]], 3rd President and 8th\n        Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. [[1993]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Arno\n        Stern|fr|3=Arno Stern}}, French researcher and educator\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Kurt Furgler]], 3-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[David Rubinger]], Israeli photographer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Eric Neal]],\n        Australian businessman and public officer\\n** [[Leonard Everett Fisher]],\n        American artist known best for children''s books\\n** [[Brian Bevan]], Australian\n        rugby league footballer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Yatsuko Tan''ami|ja|3=\\u4e39\\u963f\\u5f25\\u8c37\\u6d25\\u5b50}}, Japanese\n        actress\\n** [[William J. Castagna]], American lawyer and judge \\n** [[Luis\n        Su\\u00e1rez Fern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish historian\\n** [[Milton Shadur]], Senior\n        United States District Court Judge\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Hisao Sasaki|ja|3=\\u7345\\u5b50\\u3066\\u3093\\u3084}},\n        Japanese writer and novelist\\n** [[Dimitar Isakov]], Bulgarian football player\\n**\n        [[Sidney Lumet]], American film director (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\n**\n        [[James W. McCord Jr.]], former CIA officer\\n** [[Richard Bull (actor)]],\n        American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ramon T. Jimenez]], Filipino attorney (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Epit\\u00e1cio Cafeteira]], Brazilian politician\\n**\n        [[John Chandler (sport shooter)|John Chandler]], British sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Maria Van Den Brand]], Belgian former swimmer\\n** [[Charles Norman Shay]],\n        American Penobscot tribal elder, writer, and decorated veteran of both World\n        War II and the Korean War\\n** [[Maud Linder]], French journalist, film historian\n        and documentary film director\\n** [[Paul Conrad]], American cartoonist (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Bob Appleyard]], English cricketer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        28]] – [[Roy Austen-Smith]], Royal Air Force officer who served as Commander\n        of British Forces Cyprus\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Philip H. Hoff]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Ezra Laderman]], American composer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Gustaw Lutkiewicz]],\n        Polish actor and singer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Flo Sandon''s]], Italian singer\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Mattis Mathiesen]], Norwegian photographer\n        and film director (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Maino Neri]], Italian footballer and\n        manager (d. [[1995]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Eva Marie Saint 1990.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Eva\n        Marie Saint]]]]\\n[[File:Don Knotts Barney Fife 1966.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Don\n        Knotts]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ralph Parr]], American double-flying ace (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n** [[Wang Huo]], Chinese novelist and screenwriter \\n** [[Curtis\n        W. Harris]], American minister, civil rights activist, and politician in Virginia\\n**\n        [[Georges Rivi\\u00e8re]], French actor who worked in Argentine cinema in the\n        1950s\\n** [[Jan Azam]], Pakistani sports shooter\\n** [[Antoni Ramallets]],\n        Spanish footballer and manager (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Charley\n        Winner]], American football player\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Amalia Aguilar]], Cuban\n        born Mexican film actress and dancer\\n** [[Arjun Naidu]], Indian first-class\n        cricketer\\n** [[Michael Barrington]], British actor (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[S.\n        R. Nathan]], 6th [[President of Singapore]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Eva Marie Saint]], American actress\\n** [[Delia Fiallo]], Cuban author and\n        screenwriter\\n** [[Roy Gibson]], Director General of ESRO\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        [[Edward Cassidy]], Australian Roman Catholic cardinal priest\\n** [[Niels\n        Jannasch]], Canadian historian and museum curator (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Osman\n        Lins]], Brazilian novelist (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos Starker]], Hungarian\n        cellist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Robert Michael White]], American\n        military aircraft test pilot, fighter pilot, electrical engineer, and a major\n        general in the United States Air Force (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Graham\n        Dunscombe]],  Australian rules footballer \\n** [[Amir Murtono]], Indonesian\n        General during Suharto''s New Order regime\\n** [[Donald Prell]], Venture capitalist\n        & futurist\\n** [[Lennart Samuelsson]], Swedish association football player\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Sam Cathcart]], American football halfback and defensive\n        back (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Benedikt Sigur\\u00f0sson Gr\\u00f6ndal|Benedikt Gr\\u00f6ndal]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Charles C.\n        Droz]], American politician \\n** [[Penait Calcai]], Romanian sports shooter\\n*\n        [[July 9]] \\n** [[Jill Knight]], British Conservative Member of Parliament\\n**\n        [[Domenico Pace]], Italian fencer\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Ip Chun]], Chinese\n        martial artist specialising in Wing Chun\\n** Janina Maris\\u00f3wna, Polish\n        actress\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[F. James Rutherford]], American science professor\\n**\n        [[Ilie Tudor]], Romanian fencer\\n** [[Ragnar Rommetveit]], Norwegian psychologist\\n**\n        [[Oscar Wyatt]], American businessman and self made millionaire\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Jeandel]], French cross-country and Nordic combined skier\\n** [[Brett Somers]],\n        Canadian actress (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Al Federoff]], American professional\n        baseball infielder and manager (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Charlie Tully]], Northern\n        Irish footballer (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Eve Branson]], British\n        philanthropist, child welfare advocate, and the mother of [[Richard Branson]]\\n**\n        [[Rolf Forsberg]], Swedish-American playwright, film and theater director\\n**\n        [[Faidon Matthaiou]], Greek basketball coach and basketball player (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Shirley Neil Pettis]], U.S. Representative from California, wife of her\n        predecessor, Jerry Pettis (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Maria Koterbska]],\n        Polish singer\\n** [[Carlo Bergonzi]], Italian tenor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Johnny\n        Gilbert]], American game show announcer\\n** [[Piero Trapanelli]], Italian\n        football player and coach\\n** [[Alejandro Roces]], Filipino author, essayist\n        and dramatist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Marianne\n        Anderberg|sv|3=Marianne Anderberg}}, Swedish actress\\n** [[Val Avery]], American\n        character actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[David Evans (RAF officer)|David Evans]],\n        retired senior commander of the Royal Air Force\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[David\n        Cox (statistician)|David Cox]], British statistician\\n** [[Marianne Bernadotte]],\n        Swedish actress\\n** [[Makhmud Esambayev]], Russian actor (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Stretton]], Australian historian (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Peter Armitage]],\n        English statistician specialising in medical statistics\\n* [[July 16]]\\n**\n        [[Mohamed Selim Zaki]], Egyptian equestrian\\n** [[Kemal \\u00d6z\\u00e7elik]],\n        Turkish equestrian\\n** [[James L. Greenfield]], American administrator\\n**\n        [[Bess Myerson]], American politician, model and television actress (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Claude Abravanel]], Swiss pianist and composer of classical music\\n* [[July\n        17]] – [[Li Li-Hua]], Chinese Hong-Kong actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July\n        18]] \\n** [[Tullio Altamura]], Italian film actor \\n** [[Inge S\\u00f8rensen]],\n        Danish swimmer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Frank Ivancie]], American\n        businessman and politician\\n** [[Sergio Sorrentino]], Italian former sailor\\n**\n        [[Chandamama Artist Shankar]], Indian artist\\n** [[Bob Johnston (economist)|Bob\n        Johnston]], Australian economist \\n** [[Pat Hingle]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Arthur Rankin Jr.]], American film director and producer, co-founder of\n        [[Rankin/Bass Productions]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Lola Albright]],\n        American singer and actress (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Vivean Gray]], Australian\n        television and film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Tatyana Lioznova]], Soviet\n        film director (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Robert D. Maurer]], American industrial\n        physicist\\n** [[Elias Sarkis]], 11th President of Lebanon (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\n** [[Rahimuddin Khan]], four-star general of the Pakistan Army\\n**\n        [[Morando Morandini]], Italian film critic, author, journalist and actor (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Don Knotts]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Leonardo Villar]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Anne\n        Braden]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[Lloyd Bochner]], Canadian actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Lillian Faralla]], American\n        female professional baseball player\\n** [[Robert Horton (actor)|Robert Horton]],\n        American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Elizabeth Short]] ([[The Black Dahlia]]),\n        American actress and murder victim (d. [[1947]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Carrol\n        O''Connor as Archie Bunker.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Carroll O''Connor]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Abdullah bin Abdul al-Saud January 2007.jpg|120px|thumb|King [[Abdullah of\n        Saudi Arabia]]]]\\n[[File:Jamesbaldwin.jpg|120px|thumb|[[James Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Phyllis\n        Schlafly by Gage Skidmore.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Phyllis Schlafly]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]]\\n** King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Georges Charpak]],\n        Ukrainian-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Michael Stewart (playwright)]], American playwright and\n        librettist for the stage (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[James Baldwin]],\n        American author (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Carroll O''Connor]], American actor (d.\n        [[2001]])\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Leon Uris]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Max Oldmeadow]], Australian politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 4]] –\n        [[Antonio Maccanico]], Italian constitutional specialist and social liberal\n        politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Ben Jones (Grenada)|Ben\n        Jones]], 7th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Ella Jenkins]], American folk singer of children''s music\\n* [[August 7]]\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Kendall]], British newsreader and presenter (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Cecil\n        Abbott]], Commissioner of the New South Wales Police in Australia (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Marta Becket]], American dancer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] \\n** [[Martha Hyer]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Nancy Buckingham]],\n        British romance novelist\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Derek Shackleton]], English\n        cricketer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], leader of Pakistan (d.\n        [[1988]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n** [[Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (born 1924)|Prince\n        Alexander of Yugoslavia]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Pierre Lardinois]], Belgian\n        politician (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\n** [[Holger Juul Hansen]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Georges Pr\\u00eatre]], French orchestral and opera\n        conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Werner Abrolat]], German actor\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Robert Bolt]], English writer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Phyllis\n        Schlafly]], American activist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Jo Benkow]], Norwegian politician\n        and writer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Ralf Bendix]], German Schlager\n        singer, music producer, composer and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Fess Parker]],\n        American former television actor, businessman (wine maker, resort operator)\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Inez Voyce]], American female baseball player\\n* [[August\n        17]] \\n** [[Evan S. Connell, Jr.]], American novelist, poet, and short story\n        writer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Charles Simmons (author)|Charles Simmons]], American\n        author (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jean-Paul Alata]], Frenchman who was a political\n        prisoner in Camp Boiro, Guinea from January 1971 to July 1975 (d. [[1978]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Frank Logue]], 25th mayor of New Haven, Connecticut\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Willard Boyle]], Canadian physicist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Dalia Wood]], Canadian politician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Orlando Ram\\u00f3n Agosti]], Argentine\n        general (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Elaine Sturtevant]], American\n        artist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Robert Solow]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Alyn\n        Ainsworth]], British musician, singer and conductor of light entertainment\n        music (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]], former [[President of Cameroon]]\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Jimmy Gardner (actor)|Jimmy Gardner]], British actor (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Sergio Bergonzelli]], Italian director,\n        screenwriter, producer and actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Peggy\n        Ryan]], American dancer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Berislav Klobu\\u010dar]], Croatian\n        opera conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Dinah Washington]],\n        American singer and pianist (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Buddy\n        Hackett]], American comedian and actor (d. [[2003]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Daniel\n        arap Moi 1979b.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Daniel arap Moi]]]]\\n[[File:Daniel Inouye\n        Official Photo 2009.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Daniel Inouye]]]]\\n[[File:Jane Greer\n        - 1947.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Jane Greer]]]]\\n[[File:Lauren Bacall 1945 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lauren\n        Bacall]]]]\\n[[File:Mastroianni 1991.2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Marcello Mastroianni]]]]\\n[[File:Truman\n        Capote by Jack Mitchell.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Truman Capote]]]]\\n* [[September\n        2]]\\n** [[Daniel arap Moi]], 2nd [[President of Kenya]]\\n** [[Sidney Phillips]],\n        Physician and WW2 marine (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Mary Grace\n        Canfield]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Joan Aiken]],\n        English writer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Anita Snellman]], Finnish painter (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]] \\n** [[Roy Andrew Miller]], American linguist (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Paul Dietzel]], College football coach (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 7]]\n        – [[Daniel Inouye]], American politician who was the senior United States\n        Senator from Hawaii and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\n** [[Hazel Brooks]], American actress (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Mimi Parent]], Canadian painter (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Jane Greer]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Rik Van Steenbergen]],\n        Belgian cyclist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Tom Landry]], American\n        football player and coach (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Rudolf Vrba]], Noted Holocaust\n        survivor; escapee from Auschwitz (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Maurice Jarre]], French composer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\n**\n        [[Abioseh Nicol]], Sierra Leonean diplomat and author (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Jerry\n        Coleman]], Major League Baseball  (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Gy\\u00f6rgy\n        L\\u00e1z\\u00e1r]], 50th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bobby\n        Short]], American entertainer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Lauren\n        Bacall]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Elo\\u00edsa\n        Mafalda]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Alma W. Byrd]], American politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Don Harron]], Canadian entertainer (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Suchitra Mitra]], Indian singer and composer (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Hermann Buhl]], Austrian mountaineer (d. [[1957]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]]\\n** [[Charles Keeping]], English illustrator (d. [[1988]])\\n**\n        [[Gerald Schoenfeld]], American chairman (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Rosamunde Pilcher]],\n        English novelist\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Heinrich Schultz]], Estonian\n        cultural functionary (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**[[Nina Bocharova]],\n        Soviet gymnast\\n**[[Marcello Mastroianni]], Italian actor (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Hilda Rebello|pt|3=Hilda\n        Rebello}}, Brazilian actress\\n** [[Truman Capote]], American author (d. [[1984]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jimmy Carter]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Jimmy Carter]], 39th [[President of the United States]],\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[William Rehnquist]], 16th [[Chief\n        Justice of the United States]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Ruby\n        Stephens]], American female baseball player (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n**\n        [[Harvey Kurtzman]], influential editor/cartoonist and creator of ''''[[Mad\n        (magazine)|Mad]]'''' (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Samuel Lamb]],\n        Chinese Christian pastor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[John Nelder]],\n        British statistician (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Othman Wok]], Singaporean politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Alfonso Oiterong]], 2nd President\n        of Palau (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Buddy MacMaster]], American\n        artist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Margaret Fulton]], Australian food writer\\n** [[Ed\n        Wood]], American filmmaker (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Mal Whitfield]],\n        American Olympic athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Moturu\n        Udayam]], Indian women''s activist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Robert Webber]], American actor (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Lee\n        Iacocca]], American industrialist\\n** [[Mark Lenard]], American actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Joyce Randolph]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Christine Glanville]], English puppeteer (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – [[Billy Barty]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October\n        27]] – [[Bonnie Lou]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n[[File:Suleyman_Demirel_1998.jpg|thumb|120px|[[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]]]]\\n[[File:Shirley\n        Chisholm.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Shirley Chisholm]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] –\n        [[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]], former [[President of Turkey]] (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Alice Colonieu]], French artist (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]]\\n** [[Harlon Block]], U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d.\n        [[1945]])\\n** [[Jeanette Schmid]], famous German whistler (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Robert Frank]], Swiss photographer\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Russell Johnson]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Sunder Lal Patwa]], Indian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Evelyn\n        Wawryshyn]], Canadian professional baseball player\\n* [[November 13]]\\n**\n        [[Motoo Kimura]], Japanese population geneticist (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Edward\n        F. Welch, Jr.]], American admiral (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        [[Mel Patton]], American athlete (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[William\n        Russell (actor)|William Russell]], British actor\\n** [[J. D. Sumner]], American\n        gospel singer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Beno\\u00eet Mandelbrot]],\n        Polish-born mathematician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Joseph\n        Campanella]], American actor\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Geraldine Page]],\n        American actress (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Anita Linda]],\n        Filipino actress\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Joanne Winter]], American female\n        professional baseball pitcher and LPGA player (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** [[Paul Desmond]], American jazz alto saxophonist and composer (d.\n        [[1977]])\\n** [[Takaaki Yoshimoto]], Japanese poet, critic, and philosopher\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Bhekimpi Dlamini]], 4th Prime Minister\n        of Swaziland (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\n** [[Calvin J. Spann]], Tuskegee\n        Airman and fighter pilot (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Dennis Brutus]], South African\n        poet and anti-Apartheid activist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Allan\n        Sherman]], American comedy writer, television producer, and song parodist\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Shirley Chisholm]], American politician (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n[[File:Secretary of State Alexander Haig.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander\n        Haig]]]]\\n[[File:M%C3%A1rio_Soares_Dec2008.jpg|thumb|120px|[[M\\u00e1rio Soares]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Masao Horiba]], Japanese businessman (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Alexander Haig]], American politician and former\n        U.S. Secretary of State (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Francisco\n        Sionil Jos\\u00e9]], Filipino novelist, [[National Artist of the Philippines|Philippine\n        National Artist for Literature]]\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Wally Cox]],\n        [[television]] and [[motion picture]] actor (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[Bent Fabric]], Danish pianist and composer\\n** [[M\\u00e1rio Soares]], 105th\n        [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 17th [[President of Portugal]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Frank Sturgis]], one of the five Watergate burglars\n        whose capture led to the end of the Presidency of Richard Nixon (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] – [[Michael Manley]], 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Heinz Schenk]], German television\n        moderator and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Ed Koch]],\n        Mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989 (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n**\n        [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]], 29th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Robert Coogan]], American actor (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Margaret Wigiser]], American female professional baseball player\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Cicely Tyson]], American actress\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Michel Tournier]], French writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 23]] –\n        [[Bob Kurland]], American basketball player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n**\n        [[Abdirizak Haji Hussein]], Somali diplomat and politician, 4th [[Prime Minister\n        of Somalia]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Mohammed Rafi]], Indian [[playback singer]]\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Moktar Ould Daddah]], 1st [[President\n        of Mauritania]] (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Rod Serling]], American television screenwriter\n        (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], 10th [[Prime Minister of India]]\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Frank Broyles]], American college football coach\n        and athletic director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Taylor Mead]],\n        American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Robert Ravenstahl]], American politician\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Frank J. Kelley]], the 50th [[Michigan Attorney General]]\\n**\n        [[J. Donald Monan]], American academic administrator (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Tim Dinsdale]], British aeronautical engineer and [[Loch\n        Ness Monster]] seeker (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[Harley D. Nygren]], American admiral\n        and engineer, first Director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n        Commissioned Officer Corps\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:LeninEnSuizaMarzo1916--barbaroussovietr00mcbr.png|thumb|110px|[[Vladimir\n        Lenin]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Sabine Baring-Gould]], British composer\n        and novelist (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[John Peters (shortstop)|John\n        Peters]], American 19th century baseball player (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[January\n        13]]\\n** [[Albert Abrams]], American doctor (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Georg Hermann\n        Quincke]], German physicist (b. [[1834]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Luther\n        Emmett Holt]], American pediatrician (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        [[Licerio Ger\\u00f3nimo]], Filipino military leader (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Vladimir Lenin]], Russian revolutionary and first [[Premier\n        of the Soviet Union|Premier]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] \\n** [[Auguste-Louis-Alberic, prince d''Arenberg]] (b. [[1837]])\\n**\n        [[Marie-Ad\\u00e9la\\u00efde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg]] (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]] – [[Te\\u00f3filo Braga]], Portuguese writer (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – [[Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier]] (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Woodrow\n        Wilson]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Woodrow Wilson]], 28th [[President\n        of the United States]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[John William Kendrick]], American railroad executive\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer)|Wilhelm Schmidt]], German pioneer\n        of superheated steam for use in locomotives (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**\n        [[Henry Bacon]], American architect (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Augustin Bou\\u00e9\n        de Lapeyr\\u00e8re]], French admiral (b. [[1852]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Wollert_Konow_(SB),_Stortinget.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wollert\n        Konow (Prime Minister of Norway)|Willert Konow]]]]\\n[[File:Nilo_Pe%C3%A7anha_02.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nilo\n        Pecanha]]]]\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Panagiotis Danglis]], Greek military leader\n        and politician (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Daniel Ridgway Knight]], American artist\n        (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Wollert Konow (Prime Minister of Norway)|Wollert\n        Konow]], Norwegian politician, 4th [[Prime Minister of Norway]] (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[March 22]] \\n** [[Robert Nivelle]], French World War I general (b. [[1856]])\\n**\n        [[Louis Delluc]], French film director (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[William Macewen]],\n        British surgeon (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Prince Kach\\u014d\n        Hirotada]] of Japan (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Charles Villiers\n        Stanford]], Irish composer, resident in United Kingdom (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Nilo Pe\\u00e7anha]], Brazilian politician and 7th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Frank\n        Capone]], American gangster and brother of [[Al Capone]] (b. [[1895]]) \\n*\n        [[April 10]] \\n** [[Rafael Yglesias Castro]], Costa Rican politician, 16th\n        [[President of Costa Rica]] (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Hugo Stinnes]], German industrialist\n        and politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Louis Sullivan]], American\n        architect (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Paul Boyton]], Irish American\n        extreme water sports pioneer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Eleonora\n        Duse]], Italian actress (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[G. Stanley\n        Hall]], American psychologist and educator (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:George_Kennan_1885.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Kennan (explorer)|George Kennan]]]]\\n* [[May 4]] – [[E. Nesbit]], British\n        author (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Kate Claxton]], American actress\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Carel Steven Adama van Scheltema]], Dutch\n        poet (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[George Kennan (explorer)|George\n        Kennan]], American explorer (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Paul-Henri-Benjamin\n        d''Estournelles de Constant]], French diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Victor Herbert]], Irish dramatist\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Charles Stockton]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Kafka1906.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz Kafka]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Franz Kafka]], Austrian author (''''The Trial'''') (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)|Andrew Irvine]],\n        British mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[George\n        Mallory]], British mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Giacomo Matteotti]], Italian socialist politician (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Th\\u00e9odore Dubois]], French composer\n        and teacher (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jacob Isra\\u00ebl de Haan]],\n        Dutch Jewish literary writer and journalist (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ferruccio\n        Busoni]]]]\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Isabella Ford]], British socialist, feminist,\n        trade unionist and writer (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Isabella Stewart Gardner]],\n        American art collector and philanthropist (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[July 23]] –\n        [[Frank Frost Abbott]], American classical scholar (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Ferruccio Busoni]], Italian pianist and composer (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Joseph Conrad]], Polish-born author (b.\n        [[1857]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[John Edward Bruce|Bruce Grit]], ex-slave\n        and African-American historian (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ernestine\n        von Kirchsberg]], Austrian painter (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 15]] –  [[Francis\n        Knollys, 1st Viscount Knollys]], British Private Secretary to King [[Edward\n        VII]]. (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Pavel Samuilovich Urysohn|Pavel\n        Urysohn]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Antoine\n        de Mitry]], French general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Heinrich\n        Bert\\u00e9]], Austrian operetta composer (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Mariano \\u00c1lvarez]], Filipino general (b. [[1818]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Todor Aleksandrov]], Bulgarian revolutionary (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:Sultan_Muhammad_Jamalul_Alam_II(Brunei).jpg|thumb|110px|Sultan\n        [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam II]]]]  \\n* [[September 1]] – [[Samuel Baldwin\n        Marks Young]], American general, first [[Chief of Staff of the United States\n        Army]] (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Archduchess Marie Valerie\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Muhammad Jamalul\n        Alam II]], [[Sultan of Brunei]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Frank Chance]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Lotta Crabtree]], American stage actress (b. [[1847]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:F H Burnett.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frances Hodgson Burnett]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Anatole France]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        [[Giovanni Ancillotto]], Italian World War I flying ace (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October\n        29]]\\n** [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]], Anglo-American writer (b. [[1849]])\\n**\n        [[John Marden]], Australian headmaster and pioneer of women''s education (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:GiacomoPuccini.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giacomo\n        Puccini]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Mario di Carpegna]], Italian general\n        and politician\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Gabriel Faur\\u00e9]], French composer\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], American politician\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** Sir [[Archibald Geikie]], British geologist\n        (b. [[1835]])\\n** [[Dean O''Banion]], American gangster (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Thomas H. Ince|Thomas Ince]], American film producer (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Florence Kling Harding]], [[First Lady of the United\n        States]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[Peter Milne (missionary)|Peter\n        Milne]], British missionary to the New Hebrides (b. [[1834]])\\n** [[Fernando\n        Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva]], Portuguese general (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Giacomo Puccini]], Italian composer (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:Cipriano Castro 1908.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cipriano Castro]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Kazimieras B\\u016bga]], Lithuanian linguist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Cipriano Castro]], Venezuelan military officer, politician\n        and 38th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        [[Gene Stratton-Porter]], American author, screenwriter and naturalist (b.\n        [[1863]])\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Samuel Gompers]], American labor leader\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Ricardo Bellver]], Spanish sculptor\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Carl Spitteler]], Swiss writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Samuel William Knaggs|Sir Samuel William Knaggs]], British\n        civil servant (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Konstantinos Koumoundouros]],\n        Greek army officer and politician (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Manne\n        Siegbahn]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – Not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Willem\n        Einthoven]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Reymont|W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Stanis\\u0142aw Reymont]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – Not awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1924}}\\n[[Category:1924|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:53:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":798600607,\"length\":60039,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1924&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924\"},\"34867\":{\"pageid\":34867,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1925\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T13:01:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1925}}\\n{{Events by month|1925}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1925}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1925}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1925}}\\n* [[January 1]] – Kristiania, the capital of\n        Norway, reverts to its original name of [[Oslo]].\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Benito Mussolini]] makes a pivotal speech in the Italian [[Chamber of Deputies\n        (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]].{{cite book|editor1-last=Pugliese|editor1-first=Stanislao\n        G.|date=2004|title=Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919\n        to the Present|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|page=69|isbn=0-7425-3123-6}}\n        Historians now trace this speech to the beginning of Mussolini''s dictatorship.{{cite\n        book|last=Dell''Orto|first=Giovanna|date=2013|title=American Journalism and\n        International Relations|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=90 |isbn=978-1-107-03195-1\n        |accessdate= }}\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]] becomes\n        the first female governor (Wyoming) in the United States. Twelve days later,\n        [[Ma Ferguson]] becomes first female governor of Texas.\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – [[Hjalmar Branting]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]]\n        of [[Sweden]] because of ill health, and is replaced by the minister of trade,\n        [[Rickard Sandler]] .\\n* [[January 27]]\\u2013[[February 1]] – The [[1925\n        serum run to Nome]] (the \\\"Great Race of Mercy\\\") relays [[diphtheria]] [[antitoxin]]\n        by [[dog sled]] across the [[Alaska Territory|U.S. territory of Alaska]],\n        to combat an [[epidemic]].\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1925}}\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – The [[Alice Comedies|Alice Comedy]] ''''[[Alice Solves\n        the Puzzle]]'''' is released by [[Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio]], introducing\n        [[Bootleg Pete]] (an early prototype for ''''''Pegleg Pete'''''') for the\n        first time.\\n* [[February 21]] – The [[cover date]] of the very first\n        issue of ''''[[The New Yorker]]''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/780/why-are-magazines-dated-ahead-of-the-time-they-actually-appear\n        |title=Why are magazines dated ahead of the time they actually appear? |last=Adams\n        |first=Cecil |date=June 22, 1990 |website=[[The Straight Dope]] |publisher=[[Sun-Times\n        Media Group]] |accessdate=January 2, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqPAAJG?url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/780/why-are-magazines-dated-ahead-of-the-time-they-actually-appear\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* [[February 25]]\n        – [[Art Gillham]] records for [[Columbia Records]] the first Western\n        Electric masters to be commercially released.\\n* [[February 28]] – The\n        [[1925 Charlevoix\\u2013Kamouraska earthquake]] strikes northeastern North\n        America.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1925}}\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**\n        [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] is appointed as the prime minister in\n        [[Turkey]] (Turkey''s 4th and \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc''s 3rd government).\\n**\n        [[Calvin Coolidge]] is [[Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge|sworn in]]\n        for a full term as President of the United States, the first inauguration\n        to be broadcast on [[radio]].{{cite web|url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/facts-and-firsts\n        |title=Facts, Firsts and Precedents |last= |first= |date= |website=Fifty-Seventh\n        Presidential Inauguration |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |accessdate=2015-01-03\n        |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqbV6ML?url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/facts-and-firsts\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* [[March 6]] –\n        ''''[[Pionerskaya Pravda]]'''', one of the oldest children''s newspapers in\n        Europe, is founded in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[March 9]]\\u2013[[May 1]]\n        – [[Pink''s War]]: The British [[Royal Air Force]] bombards mountain\n        strongholds of [[Mahsud]] tribesmen in [[South Waziristan]].\\n* [[March 10]]\n        – [[Greece]]''s most successful football club, [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]]\n        is founded  in [[Athens]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[March\n        15]] – The [[Phi Lambda Chi]] fraternity (original name \\\"The Aztecs\\\")\n        is founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teacher''s College in [[Conway,\n        Arkansas]] (now the [[University of Central Arkansas]]).\\n* [[March 18]] –\n        The [[Tri-State Tornado]], the deadliest in U.S. history, rampages through\n        [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], and [[Indiana]], killing 695 people and injuring\n        2,027. It hits the towns of [[Murphysboro, Illinois]]; [[Gorham, Illinois]];\n        [[Ellington, Missouri]]; and [[Griffin, Indiana]].\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Tennessee]] Governor [[Austin Peay]] signs the [[Butler Act]], prohibiting\n        the teaching of [[evolution]] in the state''s public schools.\\n* [[March 31]]\n        – Radio station ''''[[WOWO (AM)|WOWO]]'''' in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]\n        begins broadcasting.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1925}}\\n* April\\u2013October\n        – The ''''{{lang|fr|[[Exposition Internationale des Arts D\\u00e9coratifs\n        et Industriels Modernes]]}}'''' is held in Paris, giving a name to the [[Art\n        Deco]] style.\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** Frank Heath and his horse ''''Gypsy Queen''''\n        leaves Washington, D.C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states.\\n**\n        The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|Patent and Trademark Office]]\n        is transferred to the [[Department of Commerce]].\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] publishes ''''[[The Great Gatsby]]''''.\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Fritz Haarmann]], a serial killer convicted of the murder of\n        24 boys and young men, is [[Decapitation|beheaded]] in Germany.\\n[[File:BASA-1577K-1-61-14-Sofia,\n        Bulgaria.JPG|thumb|150px|St Nedelya Church after assault]]\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – The Communist assault on St. Nedelya Church claims roughly 150 lives\n        in [[Sofia, Bulgaria]].\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Colo-colo]], a well-known\n        football club of [[Chile]], is founded in [[Macul]], suburb  of [[Santiago]].{{cite\n        web|title=Colo-Colo: Sitio Oficial del Eterno Campe\\u00f3n|url=http://www.colocolo.cl/historia/fundacion/la-fundacion-del-club-1920-1930/|website=La\n        fundaci\\u00f3n del club (1920-1930)|accessdate=10 September 2017}}\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – Iranian forces of [[Rez\\u0101 Sh\\u0101h]] occupies [[Ahvaz]]\n        and arrests [[Sheikh Khaz''al]].\\n* [[April 28]] – Presenting the [[Stanley\n        Baldwin]] government''s budget, [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Winston\n        Churchill]] announces Britain''s return to the [[gold standard]].{{cite\n        book |last=Mercer |first=Derrik |date=1989 |editor-last= |editor-first= |title=Chronicle\n        of the 20th Century |url= |location=London |publisher=Chronicle Communications\n        Ltd. |pages=328\\u2013329 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3 |accessdate= }}\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1925}}\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** In the [[Destruction of early Islamic\n        heritage sites in Saudi Arabia]], the [[al-Baqi'']] mausoleums are destroyed\n        by King [[Ibn Saud]].\\n** The [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]], the\n        world''s largest [[trade union]] organisation, is founded in [[Guangzhou]],\n        [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]].\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Scopes\n        Trial]]: [[Dayton, Tennessee]], biology teacher [[John T. Scopes]] is arrested\n        for teaching [[Charles Darwin]]''s [[Theory of Evolution]].\\n** The [[General\n        Election Law]] is passed in Japan.\\n* [[May 8]] – African American Tom\n        Lee rescues 32 people from the sinking [[steamboat]] ''''[[M.E. Norman]]''''\n        on the [[Mississippi River]].\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Scopes Trial]]: [[John T.\n        Scopes]] is indicted for teaching [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]''s theory of [[evolution]].\\n**\n        The [[National Forensic League]] is founded.\\n* [[May 29]] – British\n        explorer [[Percy Fawcett]] sends a last telegram to his wife before he disappears\n        in the [[Amazon River|Amazon]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1925}}\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Percy and Florence Arrowsmith]] are married.\\n* [[June\n        6]] – The [[Chrysler Corporation]] is founded by [[Walter Percy Chrysler]].\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Charles Francis Jenkins]] achieves the first synchronized\n        transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines and a mechanical system\n        in \\\"the first public demonstration of radiovision\\\".\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** The\n        [[Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]] in Greece is founded.\\n** The Turkish\n        football club [[G\\u00f6ztepe A.\\u015e.|G\\u00f6ztepe]] is founded.\\n* [[June\n        29]] – The 6.8 {{M|w}} [[1925 Santa Barbara earthquake|Santa Barbara\n        earthquake]] affects the central coast of California with a maximum [[Mercalli\n        intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''''Violent''''), destroying much\n        of downtown [[Santa Barbara, California]] and leaving 13 people dead.\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1925}}\\n* [[July 9]] – In [[Dublin]],\n        Ireland, Oonagh Keogh becomes the first female member of a [[stock exchange]]\n        in the world.\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Scopes Trial]]: In [[Dayton, Tennessee]],\n        the so-called \\\"Monkey Trial\\\" begins with [[John T. Scopes]], a young high\n        school science teacher accused of teaching [[evolution]] in violation of a\n        [[Tennessee]] state law.\\n** [[Meher Baba]] begins his 44-year silence.\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] publishes Volume 1 of his personal manifesto\n        ''''[[Mein Kampf]]''''.\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Scopes Trial]]: In [[Dayton,\n        Tennessee]], high school biology teacher [[John T. Scopes]] is found guilty\n        of teaching [[evolution]] in class and fined $100.\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        The [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union]] (TASS) is established.\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n{{Main article|August 1925}}\\n* [[August 1]] – The New Cape\n        Central Railway between [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]] and [[Mossel\n        Bay|Voorbaai]] is incorporated into the [[South African Railways]].''''Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of\n        Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway'''', Statement No. 19,\n        p. 189, ref. no. 200954-13\\n* [[August 8]] – The [[Ku Klux Klan]],\n        the largest fraternal organization in the United States, demonstrates its\n        popularity by holding a parade in Washington DC.\\n* [[August 14]] –\n        The original Hetch Hetchy [[Moccasin, Tuolumne County, California|Moccasin]]\n        Powerhouse is completed and goes on line.\\n* [[August 25]] – The French\n        [[Occupation of the Ruhr|completes their evacuation]] of the Ruhr region of\n        Germany.{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1925.htm\n        |title=Chronology 1925 |last= |first=  |date=2002 |website=indiana.edu |publisher=\n        |accessdate=January 2, 2015 }}\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1925}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The U.S. Navy dirigible [[USS Shenandoah\n        (ZR-1)|''''Shenandoah'''']] breaks up in a [[squall line]] near [[Caldwell,\n        Ohio]], killing 14 crewmen.\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Feast of the Cross]]\n        according to the [[Old Calendar]]; A celestial cross appears over [[Athens]],\n        Greece, while the Greek police pursues a group of [[Greek Old Calendarists]].\n        The phenomenon lasts for half an hour.{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodox.net/articles/cross-in-athens.html|title=The\n        Appearance of the Cross Near Athens in 1925|author=Priest Seraphim Holland|publisher=}}\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1925}}\\n* October – The major money\n        forgery and fraud of [[Alves dos Reis]] is exposed in Portugal.\\n* [[October\n        1]] – [[Mount Rushmore]] National Memorial is dedicated in [[South Dakota]].\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-R03618, Locarno, Gustav Stresemann, Chamberlain, Briand.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Locarno\n        Treaties]] with [[Gustav Stresemann]], [[Austen Chamberlain]] and [[Aristide\n        Briand]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – In London\\n** [[John Logie Baird]] successfully\n        transmitts the first television pictures with a greyscale image.{{cite\n        book|first=R. W.|last=Burns|title=Television: An International History of\n        the Formative Years|location=London|publisher=Institution of Electrical Engineers|isbn=978-0-85296-914-4|page=264}}\\n**\n        The city''s first enclosed [[double-decker bus]]es sre introduced.\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\u2013[[October 16|16]] – The [[Locarno Treaties]] are negotiated.\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Cubana de Aviaci\\u00f3n]] is founded.\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n{{Main article|November 1925}}\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Secret agent]]\n        [[Sidney Reilly]] is executed by the [[State Political Directorate|OGPU]],\n        the [[secret police]] of the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[November 9]] – Formal\n        foundation date of the ''''[[Schutzstaffel]]'''' (SS) as a personal bodyguard\n        for [[Adolf Hitler]] in Germany.\\n* [[November 14]] – The first [[Surrealism|Surrealist]]\n        art exhibition opens in Paris.{{cite\n        book|last=Mercer|first=Derrik|date=1989|title=Chronicle of the 20th Century|location=London|publisher=Chronicle\n        Communications Ltd.|page=335|isbn=978-0-582-03919-3}}\\n* [[November\n        24]] – The silent film ''''[[El H\\u00fasar de la Muerte]]'''' is released\n        in [[Santiago]], Chile.\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII)\n        is crowned as [[King of Siam]].\\n* [[November 28]] – The weekly [[country\n        music]]-variety [[Radio programming|radio program]] ''''[[Grand Ole Opry]]''''\n        is first broadcast on [[WSM (AM)|WSM radio]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]],\n        as the \\\"WSM Barn Dance\\\".\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1925}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – The [[Locarno Treaties]] are signed in London.\\n*[[December\n        11]] – [[Pope Pius XI]]''s [[encyclical]] ''''[[Quas primas]]'''', on\n        the [[Feast of Christ the King]], is promulgated.{{cite web|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius11/P11PRIMA.HTM|title=QUAS\n        PRIMAS|publisher=}}\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Reza Shah]] becomes [[shah]]\n        of [[Imperial State of Iran|Persia]].\\n** [[Alpha Phi Omega]], a National\n        service fraternity, is founded at [[Lafayette College]].\\n** [[Colombo Radio]]\n        launches in Ceylon; the station subsequently becomes known as ''''[[Radio\n        Ceylon]]''''.\\n* [[December 25]] – [[IG Farben]] is formed by the merger\n        of six chemical companies in Germany.\\n[[File:Paris Montmartre in 1925.jpg|thumb|115px|Paris\n        Rue de [[Montmartre]] in 1925]]\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Spring – [[Leica\n        Camera|Leica]] I [[35 mm film]] [[still camera]] is introduced.\\n* The Australian\n        state of Queensland introduces a 44-hour working week.\\n* The [[Brisbane City\n        Council]], (Brisbane, Australia), is created from the amalgamation of 20 smaller\n        cities, towns and shires.\\n* New York City becomes the largest city in the\n        world, taking the lead from London.{{cite web|title=Largest Cities Through\n        History|publisher=[[About.com]]|author=[http://geography.about.com/mbiopage.htm\n        Matt Rosenberg]|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm|\n        accessdate= 13 November 2008 }}{{Unreliable source?|date=November\n        2008}}\\n* The [[Thompson submachine gun]] is sold for $175 in the 1925 [[Sears,\n        Roebuck and Company]] mail order catalog.\\n* The [[National Football League]]\n        adds 5 teams: the [[New York Giants]], [[Detroit Panthers]], [[Providence\n        Steam Roller]], a new [[Canton Bulldogs]] team, and the [[Pottsville Maroons]].\\n*\n        In Germany, the [[Bauhaus]] moves to a building in [[Dessau]] designed by\n        [[Walter Gropius]].\\n* [[Lion Feuchtwanger]]''s novel ''''[[Jud S\\u00fc\\u00df\n        (Feuchtwanger novel)|Jud S\\u00fc\\u00df]]'''' is published.{{cite book|first=Q.D.|last=Leavis|authorlink=Q.\n        D. Leavis|title=Fiction and the Reading Public|edition=rev.|location=London|publisher=Chatto\n        & Windus|year=1965}}\\n* The [[Shueisha]] Publishing Company is founded\n        in Tokyo.\\n* The [[Wheel gymnastics]] is invented in [[Germany]].\\n\\n== Births\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n\\n[[File:Paul Newman in Carnation, Washington June\n        2007 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Newman]]]]\\n[[File:Douglas Engelbart in\n        Redwood City 2006.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas Engelbart]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Bomani]], Tanzanian politician and ambassador (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Wahiduddin\n        Khan]], noted Islamic scholar and peace activist \\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Larry\n        Harmon]], American entertainer and TV producer (''''[[Bozo the Clown]]'''')\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Era\\u00f1o Manalo|Era\\u00f1o de Guzman Manalo]], 2nd Executive\n        Minister (''''Tagapamahalang Pangkalahatan'''') of the ''''[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]''''\n        (Church of Christ) (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Henry Gleitman]],\n        Professor Emeritus of Psychology (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Veikko Hakulinen]], Finnish\n        cross-country skier (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Betty Kennedy]], Canadian broadcaster\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[John DeLorean]], American car maker\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Gerald Durrell]], British naturalist,\n        zookeeper, author, and television presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Helmuth H\\u00fcbener]], German youth political activist against\n        the [[Hitler]] regime (d. [[1942]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Lee Van Cleef]],\n        American actor (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Georgi Kaloyanchev]],\n        Bulgarian actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Gwen Verdon]], American actress and dancer\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Elwyn Welch]], New Zealand farmer, ornithologist, conservationist\n        and Open Brethren missionary (d. [[1961]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Yukio\n        Mishima]], Japanese writer (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\n** [[August Englas]],\n        Estonian wrestler (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ignacio L\\u00f3pez Tarso]], Mexican\n        actor\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Harold Switzer]], American child actor (d. [[1967]])\\n**\n        [[Jesse J. Taylor]], United States Navy naval aviator (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Duane Hanson]], American sculptor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Charles Aidman]], American actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Bobby Young]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\n** [[Barbara Carroll]], American jazz pianist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Gilles Deleuze]], French philosopher (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n**\n        [[Joan Leslie]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Paul Newman]], American\n        actor, film director, entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Dub Garrett]], American football guard (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Robert\n        W. McCollum]], American epidemiologist, (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Douglas Engelbart]], American inventor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Dorothy Malone]],\n        American actress\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Bernardino Rivera \\u00c1lvarez]],\n        Bolivian bishop (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jack Lemmon - 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack\n        Lemmon]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Altman - 1983.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Altman]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\n** [[Bobby Laing]], Scottish professional footballer (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n** [[Mary Nesbitt Wisham|Mary Nesbitt]], American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Elaine Stritch]],\n        American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Shelley Berman]], American\n        comedian and actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Fiedler]], American actor (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Leon Schlumpf]], Swiss Federal Councillor (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Jutta Hipp]], German born American jazz pianist and\n        composer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Hans Schmidt (wrestler)|Hans\n        Schmidt]], Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        – [[Jack Lemmon]], American actor and film director, better known for\n        his role in ''''[[The Odd Couple (film)|The Odd Couple]]'''' (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Billy Williamson (guitarist)|Billy Williamson]],\n        American musician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Pierre Mondy]],\n        French film and theatre actor and director (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        [[Virginia E. Johnson]], American sexologist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Amparo Rivelles]],\n        Spanish actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Kim Stanley]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Ted Innes]], Australian politician (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Romolo Bizzotto]], Italian professional football\n        player and coach (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Ron Goodwin]], English\n        composer and conductor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Hal Holbrook]], American actor\n        (''''Mark Twain Tonight'''')\\n* [[February 18]] – [[George Kennedy]],\n        American actor (''''Cool Hand Luke'''') (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 20]] \\n**\n        [[Robert Altman]], American film director (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Pat Lanigan]],\n        Australian public servant (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Sam Peckinpah]],\n        American director (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[\\u0160tefan Vrablec]], Slovak Roman\n        Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Eric Prabhakar]],\n        Indian sprinter (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Bud Day]], United\n        States Air Force colonel (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Maddy English]],\n        American female baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Wing Luke]], Assistant\n        Attorney General of Washington (d. [[1965]])\\n** [[Aino Seep]], Estonian singer\n        and actress (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Shehu Shagari]], President of Nigeria from\n        1979 to 1983\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Dave Pell]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Everton Weekes]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Samuel Dash]], American Watergate Congressional counsel (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Ed Quirk]], American football fullback (d. [[1962]])\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Inezita Barroso]], Brazilian sertanejo singer, guitarist, actress,\n        TV presenter, librarian, folklorist and teacher (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Paul Mauriat]],\n        French musician (''''[[L''amour est bleu|Love is Blue]]'''') (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Clyde Biggers]], American football coach (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Rene Gagnon]], U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Leo Esaki]], Japanese physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 14]] – [[John Jacobs\n        (English golfer)|John Jacobs]], English golfer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[Cornell Borchers]], German actress (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Luis E. Miramontes]],\n        Mexican chemist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Gabriele Ferzetti]],\n        Italian actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Alessandro Alessandroni]],\n        Italian musician and composer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Gerard\n        Hoffnung]], German-born English humorist (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Robie Lester]], American Grammy-nominated voice artist and singer (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[David Watkin (cinematographer)|David Watkin]], British cinematographer (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Flannery O''Connor]], American writer (d.\n        [[1964]])\\n** [[Kishori Sinha]], Indian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Pierre Boulez]], French composer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Ian Robinson (Australian politician)|Ian Robinson]], Australian\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Bobby Hutchins]], [[Our\n        Gang]] child star (d. [[1945]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hans Rosenthal Autogrammbild.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans\n        Rosenthal]]]]\\n[[File:Rod Steiger Al Capone 2.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Rod Steiger]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\n** [[Piero Livi]], Italian director and screenwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Qassem Al-Nasser]], Jordanian General (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Hans Rosenthal]], German radio editor, director, one of the most popular\n        German radio and TV hosts of the 1970s and 1980s (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Tony Benn]], British politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 4]]\n        – [[Fariza Magomadova]], Chechen educator and boarding school director\n        \\n* [[April 5]] – [[Donald Burgett]], American writer and World War\n        II veteran (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Chaturanan Mishra]], Indian\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Gene Ammons]], American jazz\n        saxophonist (d. [[1974]])\\n** [[Rod Steiger]], American actor, better known\n        for his role in ''''[[In the Heat of the Night (film)|In The Heat Of The Night]]''''\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Beryl Te Wiata]], New Zealand actor,\n        author, and scriptwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Moawad]], 13th President of Lebanon (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        [[Bob Hastings]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Hugh\n        O''Brian]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Elena Verdugo]],\n        American actress (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ernie Stautner]], German-born American\n        football player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Solomon Perel]], Israeli\n        motivational speaker\\n* [[April 22]] – [[George Cole (actor)|George\n        Cole]], English actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Faye Dancer]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Theda Marshall]], American basewoman (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Eugen Weber]], Romanian-born historian (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] \\n** [[Janete Clair]], Brazilian television, radio play, and novel writer\n        (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Kay E. Kuter]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] \\n** [[Michele Ferrero]], Italian businessman (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[J\\u00f8rgen\n        Ingmann]], Danish musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Joey LaMotta]],\n        brother and one time manager of former world middleweight boxing champion,\n        Jake LaMotta (d. [[1991]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Akio Kimura|ja|3=\\u6728\\u6751\\u660e\\u751f}},\n        Japanese professor of Russian studies (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[John Compton]], Saint Lucian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of\n        Saint Lucia (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Johnny Horton]], American\n        [[country music]] and [[rockabilly]] singer (d. [[1960]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Yogi\n        Berra 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Yogi Berra]]]]\\n[[File:PolPot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pol\n        Pot]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm X NYWTS 4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Malcolm X]]]]\\n* [[May\n        1]]\\n** [[Scott Carpenter]], American astronaut (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anna May\n        Hutchison]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May\n        2]]\\n** [[Maria Barroso]], Portuguese politician and actress (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Eddie Garcia]], Filipino actor and director\\n** [[Inga Gill]], Swedish actress\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[John Neville (actor)|John Neville]], English actor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n** [[Lou Rowan]], Australian Test cricket match umpire (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[Ngiratkel Etpison]], 5th President of Palau (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Jean S\\u00e9guy]], French sociologist of religions (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May\n        4]]\\n** [[Maurice R. Greenberg]], American businessman\\n** [[Olive Osmond]],\n        Osmond family matriarch (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Jen\\u0151 Buz\\u00e1nszky]], Hungarian\n        footballer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Charles Chaplin Jr.]], American\n        actor (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]], Tanzanian\n        president\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Vladimir Tadej]], Croatian production designer,\n        screenwriter and film director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Yogi\n        Berra]], American baseball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Marvin\n        Traub]], American businessman and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Sophie Kurys]],\n        American professional baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Patrice Munsel]],\n        American opera singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Andrei Eshpai]],\n        Russian pianist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Herb Henson]], American\n        country music (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[G\\u00e9rard Corboud]],\n        Swiss entrepreneur, art collector and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        19]]\\n** [[Pol Pot]], Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Brian\n        Moll]], Australian character actor, director and producer (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Malcolm X]], African-American civil rights activist (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[May\n        22]]\\n** [[James King (tenor)|James King]], American tenor (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Jean Tinguely]], Swiss painter and sculptor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Joshua Lederberg]], American molecular biologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 24]] –\n        [[Mai Zetterling]], Swedish actress and film director (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Jeanne Crain]], American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Gatica]], Argentine boxer (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Alec\n        McCowen]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Carmen Montejo]], Cuban-born\n        Mexican actress (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[B\\u00fclent Ecevit]], 3-time\n        Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]], German\n        lyric baritone and conductor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Pavel \\u0160t\\u011bp\\u00e1n]],\n        Czech pianist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Thomas Collier Platt Jr.]],\n        American judge (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Frei Otto]], German architect\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Tony Curtis portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony\n        Curtis]]]]\\n[[File:Barbara Bush portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barbara Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Presidente\n        Napolitano.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giorgio Napolitano]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Dilia D\\u00edaz Cisneros]], Venezuelan teacher\\n* [[June 2]] \\n** [[Julius\n        Blank]], semiconductor pioneer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Buddy Elias]], Swiss actor\n        and president of the Anne Frank Fonds (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 3]] –\n        [[Tony Curtis]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Warren\n        Frost]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Hideji \\u014ctaki]],\n        Japanese actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Ernestina Herrera de Noble]],\n        Argentine publisher and executive (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Biddle (yachting\n        cinematographer)|John Biddle]], American yachting cinematographer and lecturer\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Robert Smithdas]], American deaf-blind teacher, advocate\n        and author (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 8]] \\n** [[Eddie Gaedel]], American with\n        dwarfism (d. [[1961]])\\n** [[Barbara Bush]], [[First Lady of the United States]]\\n**\n        [[Claude Estier]], French politician and journalist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Don Ritchie]], Australian official (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Nat Hentoff]], American historian, novelist, jazz and country music\n        critic, and syndicated columnist for United Media (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[William Styron]], American writer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 13]]\n        – [[Du\\u0161an Trbojevi\\u0107]], Serbian pianist, composer, musical\n        writer and university professor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Hideyuki\n        Fujisawa]], Japanese professional Go player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Pierre Salinger]],\n        White House Press Secretary (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Vasily Golubev]],\n        Soviet, Russian painter (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Attil\\u00e2 \\u0130lhan]], Turkish\n        poet, novelist, essayist, journalist and reviewer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June\n        16]] – [[Lewis Morley]], American Photographer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n** [[Mervyn Finlay]], Australian former member of the Supreme Court\n        of New South Wales and Queen''s Counsel (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Luce d''Eramo]],\n        Italian writer and literary critic (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e1s\n        Kov\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian filmmaker (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Audie Murphy]], American\n        World War II hero and actor (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Stanley Moss]],\n        American poet, publisher, and art dealer\\n** [[Larisa Avdeyeva]], Russian  mezzo-soprano\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Giovanni Spadolini]], Prime Minister of Italy (d. [[1994]])\\n**\n        [[Maureen Stapleton]], American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Ben\n        Jarvis]], American politician\\n** [[Frank Hindle]], English footballer player\\n**\n        [[Nat Boxer]], American sound engineer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Anna\n        Chennault]], Chinese widow of World War II leader Lieutenant General [[Claire\n        Lee Chennault]]\\n** [[Oliver Smithies]], British-American geneticist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Art Modell]], American businessman (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Miiko\n        Taka]], Japanese-American actress\\n** [[Sergio Realini]], Italian professional\n        football player\\n** [[Ogden R. Reid]], United States Representative from New\n        York\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Clay Evans (pastor)|Clay Evans]], African American\n        Baptist pastor\\n** [[P. Viswambharan]], Indian politician, socialist, trade\n        unionist and journalist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Robert Venturi]], American architect\\n**\n        [[June Lockhart]], American actress\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Jean Frydman]], French\n        resistant and businessman\\n** [[Richard X. Slattery]], American actor (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Wayne Terwilliger]], American second baseman,\n        coach, and manager in Major League Baseball\\n* [[June 28]] –  [[Ray\n        Boyle]], American actor\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Cara Williams]], American actress\\n**\n        [[John Fujioka]], American actor of Japanese descent \\n** [[Giorgio Napolitano]],\n        Italian politician and 11th [[President of Italy]]\\n** [[Frank Brilando]],\n        American former cyclist\\n** [[Marilyn Mason]], American concert organist,\n        recording artist, and teacher\\n** [[Robert H\\u00e9bras]], Oradour-sur Glane\n        massacre survivor\\n** [[Nancy Saunders]], American actress\\n** [[Mervyn Alexander]],\n        English Bishop (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Arthur Storch]], American actor and Broadway\n        director (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Ebrahim Amini]], Iranian politician\\n**\n        [[Philippe Jaccottet]], Swiss poet and translator\\n** [[Ros Mey]], Cambodian-born\n        American Buddhist monk and survivor of the Khmer Rouge regime (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Fred Schaus]], American basketball player, head coach and athletic director\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Merv Griffin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Merv Griffin]]]]\\n[[File:QuettMasire1980\n        (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Quett Masire]]]]\\n[[File:Ana Mar\\u00eda Matute.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ana\n        Mar\\u00eda Matute]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Aubyn Curtiss]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Harry Gesner]], American architect\\n** [[Farley Granger]], American actor\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 2]] \\n** [[Marvin Rainwater]], American country and\n        rockabilly singer and songwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Medgar Evers]], African-American\n        civil rights activist (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Patrice Lumumba]], Congolese independence\n        leader (d. [[1961]])\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Roger Chesneau]], French steeplechaser\\n**\n        [[Keiji Hase]], Japanese swimmer\\n** [[Terry Moriarty]], Australian rules\n        footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Danny Nardico]], American professional boxer\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Dorothy Head Knode]], American tennis player\\n**\n        [[Jim Kettle]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Ciril Zlobec]], Slovene\n        poet, writer, translator, journalist and former politician\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Unto Wiitala]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n** [[Ali \\u00c7etiner]], Turkish\n        cyclist\\n** [[Carlos Vel\\u00e1zquez (pentathlete)|Carlos Vel\\u00e1zquez]],\n        Argentine modern pentathlete\\n** [[Fernando de Szyszlo]], Peruvian painter,\n        sculptor, printmaker, and teacher\\n** [[Jean Raspail]], French author, traveler\n        and explorer\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Gazi Ya\\u015fargil]], Turkish medical scientist\n        and neurosurgeon\\n** [[Ruth Cracknell]], Australian actress and author (d.\n        [[2002]]) \\n** [[Merv Griffin]], American game show developer and host (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Bill Haley]], American musician (''''[[Bill Haley & His Comets]]'''')\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Erich Hartstein]], German journalist and\n        contributing editor\\n** [[Hong Jong-o]], Chinese swimmer\\n** [[Marc Breslow]],\n        American television director (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Fernand Decanali]], French\n        cyclist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jud Kinberg]], American producer and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Lies Bonnier]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Nicholas\n        Brathwaite]], Prime minister of Grenada (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Dominique Nohain]],\n        Actor, dramaturge, screenwriter and French director\\n** [[Arthur Imperatore\n        Sr.]], Italian-American businessman from New Jersey\\n** [[Bill Mackrides]],\n        American football quarterback\\n** [[Dominique Nohain]], French actor, dramatist,\n        screenwriter and theatre director\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Mary de Rachewiltz]],\n        American poet and translator \\n** [[Tom Luken]], American politician\\n** [[Marion\n        Gay Wofford]], American politician\\n** [[Ronald I. Spiers]], United States\n        Ambassador\\n** [[Borislav Stankovi\\u0107]], Serbian former basketball player\n        and coach\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Mahathir bin Mohamad]], fourth Prime Minister\n        of Malaysia\\n** [[Susan Cummings (actress)|Susan Cummings]], German-American\n        actress\\n** [[Jerome Kohlberg Jr.]], American businessman (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Mildred Kornman]], American child actress\\n** [[Murray Waxman]], Canadian\n        basketball player\\n** [[Elwy Yost]], Canadian television host (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** [[Mattiwilda Dobbs]], African-American coloratura soprano\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Nicolai Gedda]], Swedish operatic tenor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[David Graham (actor)|David Graham]], British actor and voice artist\\n**\n        [[Fernando Matthei]], Chilean Air Force General\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Roger\n        Bonham Smith]], former chairman and CEO of [[General Motors]] (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Don Campbell (ice hockey)|Don Campbell]], Canadian ice hockey (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Rosie Harris]], English author\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Suzanne Zimmerman]],\n        American competition swimmer and Olympic medalist\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Elmo\n        Bovio]], Argentine professional football player\\n** [[Sheila Guyse]], African-American\n        singer and actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Carlos Vel\\u00e1zquez (pentathlete)|Carlos\n        Vel\\u00e1zquez]], Argentine modern pentathlete\\n** [[Bruce L. Douglas]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Francisco \\u00c1lvarez Mart\\u00ednez]], archbishop of the\n        Spanish see of Toledo and a Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church\\n** [[Hugh\n        Gillin]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[D. A. Pennebaker]],\n        American documentary filmmaker\\n** [[Gaston Rousseau]], French racing cyclist\\n**\n        [[Badal Sarkar]], Indian dramatist and theatre director (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July\n        16]] \\n** [[Rosita Quintana]], Argentine actress\\n** [[Yuri Sergeev]], Russian\n        speed skater\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Anita Lasker-Wallfisch]], German cellist,\n        and a surviving member of the Women''s Orchestra in Auschwitz\\n** [[Ted Vogel]],\n        American marathon runner\\n** [[Carla Boni]], Italian singer (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 18]]\\n** [[Hubert Doggart]], English sports administrator, cricketer\n        and schoolmaster\\n** [[Allan Elsom]], New Zealand rugby union player (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Raymond Jones (architect)|Raymond Jones]], Australian architect\\n** [[Windy\n        McCall]], relief pitcher in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Glen Wood]], American\n        NASCAR driver\\n** [[Friedrich Zimmermann]], German politician  (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** [[Sue Thompson]], American pop and country music singer\\n**\n        [[Jack Petchey]], British businessman\\n** [[Henri Beaujean]], French politician\\n**\n        [[Jean-Pierre Faye]], French philosopher and writer of fiction and prose poetry\\n**\n        [[Michael Pfeiffer]], German former professional football player\\n** [[John\n        Dossetor]], Canadian physician and bioethicist\\n** [[Hans Aarsleff]], emeritus\n        professor of English at Princeton University,\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Frantz\n        Fanon]], French-Algerian psychiatrist and philosopher (d. [[1961]])\\n** [[Jacques\n        Delors]], French politician\\n** [[Stanley Hovdebo]], New Democratic Party\n        member of the Canadian House of Commons\\n** [[Eric Watson (cricketer)|Eric\n        Watson]], New Zealand former cricketer\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Johnny Peirson]],\n        Canadian Hockey player\\n** [[Hans Meyer (actor)|Hans Meyer]], South African\n        actor\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Irving Sandler]], American art critic, art historian,\n        and educator\\n** [[Joseph Sargent]], American film director (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] \\n** [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d.\n        [[1975]])\\n** [[Gloria DeHaven]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Govind\n        Talwalkar]], Indian journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Quett Masire]], 2nd [[President\n        of Botswana]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Benny Benjamin]], American\n        musician, known as the main drummer used by [[Motown]] for studio recordings\n        (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Neil O''Reilly]], Australian rules footballer\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Ana Mar\\u00eda Matute]], Spanish writer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Baruch S. Blumberg]], American scientist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[Shivram Dattatreya Phadnis]], Indian cartoonist\\n** [[Mikis Theodorakis]],\n        Greek composer \\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Stan Stennett]], Welsh comedian, actor\n        and jazz musician (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Alexander Trocchi]], Scottish writer\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Harry Malmberg]], American second baseman\n        and coach (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Carmel Quinn]], Irish-American singer and performer\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Jorge\n        Rafael Videla 1976.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]]]]\\n[[File:Izetbegovic.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alija\n        Izetbegovi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Oscar Peterson.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Oscar Peterson]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Cor Edskes]], Dutch organ builder and restorer (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Pam Gems]], English playwright (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jimmy Caci]], Los Angeles\n        crime family member and a Caporegime (Captain) in the family (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Roy Mackal]], American biologist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Jorge\n        Rafael Videla]], 42nd President of Argentina (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Alan Whicker]],\n        British television presenter (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 3]] \\n** [[Dom Um Rom\\u00e3o]],\n        Brazilian jazz drummer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Guy Degrenne]], French businessman\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Betty Trezza]], Italian-American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Eddie Baily]],\n        England international footballer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Barbara Bates]], American\n        actress and singer (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Yogini Joglekar]], Marathi writer,\n        poet and also a renowned classical singer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Olavi Rokka]],\n        American gardener and horticulturist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[M. S. Swaminathan]], Indian scientist\\n* [[August 8]] \\n** [[Alija Izetbegovi\\u0107]],\n        President of Bosnia-Herzegovina (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Aziz Sattar]], Malaysian\n        actor, comedian, singer and director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Frank Lauterbur]],\n        American football player and coach (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Ginny\n        Tyler]], American voice actress (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[David A. Huffman]], American\n        computer scientist (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Valent\\u00edn Pimstein]], Chilean-Mexican\n        producer of telenovelas (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Olavi Rokka]], Finnish modern\n        pentathlete (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Stanislav Brebera]],\n        Czech chemist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Arlene Dahl]], American\n        actress\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Thor Vilhj\\u00e1lmsson]], Icelandic writer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Guillermo Cano Isaza]], Colombian journalist (d. [[1986]])\\n**\n        [[Dean Sensanbaugher]], American football halfback and defensive back (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Norris McWhirter]] (d. [[2004]]) and his twin brother,\\n**\n        [[Ross McWhirter]] (d. [[1975]]), Scottish co-founders of the ''''Guinness\n        Book of Records''''\\n** [[Lois Jurgens]], American convicted murderer (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Leopold Barschandt]], Austrian footballer (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Guillermo Cano Isaza]], Colombian journalist (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[George\n        Wetherill]], Director Emeritus, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Dale Bumpers]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Alfredo Mart\\u00ednez de Hoz]], Argentine executive and policy\n        maker (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Peter Beaven]], New Zealand architect based in Christchurch\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Benny Bailey]], American bebop and hard-bop jazz trumpeter\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Mike Connors]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Ruth Lessing]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Oscar Peterson]], Canadian jazz pianist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Bill Pinkney]],\n        American performer and singer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Aldo Ciccolini]], Italian-born\n        French pianist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n** [[Idriss ibn al-Hassan\n        al-Alami]], Moroccan poet and translator (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Mal Waldron]],\n        American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[William\n        G. Hundley]], American criminal defense attorney (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Kirke\n        Mechem]], American composer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Madhav Dalvi]], Indian\n        cricketer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Henning Larsen]], Danish\n        architect (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Toma Caragiu]], Romanian\n        theatre, television and film actor (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Honor\n        Blackman]], English actress\\n** [[Terry Donahue (baseball)|Terry Donahue]],\n        Canadian female professional baseball player\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Thea\n        Astley]], Australian writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Jack\n        Hirshleifer]], American economist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Jaswant\n        Singh Neki]], Indian academic and poet (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Nat Lofthouse]],\n        English footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Donald O''Connor]],\n        American actor, singer, and dancer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Parra Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        Spanish footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Demetrio B. Lakas|Demetrio\n        Basilio Lakas Bahas]], former [[President of Panama]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August\n        30]]\\n** [[Chris Anderson (footballer, born 1925)|Chris Anderson]], cottish\n        footballer, educator and football administrator (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Laurent\n        de Brunhoff]], French writer and illustrator\\n* [[August 31]]\\n**[[Maurice\n        Pialat]], French actor and director (d. [[2003]])\\n**[[Pete Vonachen]], American\n        restaurateur and baseball team owner (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Peter\n        Sellers at home in Belgravia, London, 1973.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Sellers]]]]\\n[[File:B.B.\n        King in 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[B. B. King]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] \\n** [[Shoista\n        Mullojonova]], [[Tajikistan|Tajik]]-born [[Shashmakom]] singer (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Maureen Haughey]], Irish political figure (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 7]]\n        – [[Laura Ashley]], Welsh designer (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[September 8]]\n        – [[Peter Sellers]], English comedian and actor, better known for his\n        role in ''''[[The Pink Panther (1963 film)|The Pink Panther]]'''' (d. [[1980]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Boris Tchaikovsky|Boris Alexandrovich Tchaikovsky]],\n        Russian composer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\n** [[Mel Torm\\u00e9]],\n        American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Marshall Flaum]], American television\n        director, producer and screenwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September 14]] –\n        [[Winston Cenac]], 3rd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Helle Virkner]], Danish actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September\n        16]]\\n** [[Charles Haughey]], sixth [[Taoiseach]] (head of government of the\n        [[Republic of Ireland]]) (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Eugene Garfield]], American linguist\n        and businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[B.B. King]], American singer-songwriter\n        and guitarist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Franklin Sousley]],\n        U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Ananda Mahidol]], King Rama VIII of Siam (d. [[1946]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Denis Twitchett]], Cambridge scholar and Chinese historian (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Autar Singh Paintal]], Indian medical scientist\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\n** [[Paul B. MacCready, Jr.]], American\n        aeronautical engineer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Silvana Pampanini]], Italian actress\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Marty Robbins]], American singer,\n        songwriter, racing driver (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Robert\n        G. Edwards]], British Nobel physiologist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n**\n        [[Cromwell Everson]], South African composer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Carolyn Morris]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[John Tower]], American politician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] – [[Arkady Ostashev]], Soviet, Russian [[scientist]], participant\n        in the launch of the first artificial [[Earth]] [[Sputnik 1|satellite]] and\n        the [[Yuri Gagarin|first cosmonaut]], [[Kandidat|Candidate of Technical Sciences]],\n        [[Docent]], [[laureate]] of the [[Lenin Prize|Lenin]] and [[USSR State Prize|state]]\n        [[prize]]s (d. [[1998]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Margaret Thatcher cropped2.png|thumb|110px|[[Margaret\n        Thatcher]]]] \\n[[File:Angela Lansbury (8356239174).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Angela\n        Lansbury]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny Carson 1970.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Johnny Carson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Pullein-Thompson sisters|Christine Pullein-Thompson]],\n        British author (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Pullein-Thompson sisters|Diana Pullein-Thompson]],\n        British author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Gore Vidal]], American\n        author (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Fyodor Terentyev]], Soviet\n        Olympic cross-country skiier (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Gail\n        Davis]], American actress (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Mildred\n        Earp]], American female professional baseball player\\n* [[October 8]] –\n        [[\\u00c1lvaro Maga\\u00f1a]], 38th President of El Salvador (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] – [[Anne Pippin Burnett]], American classics scholar\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Elmore Leonard]], American novelist\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Lenny Bruce]], American comic (d. [[1966]])\\n**\n        [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from 1979\n        to 1990 (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Phillip V. Tobias]], South\n        African palaeoanthropologist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Bob\n        Rowland Smith]], Australian politician (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        [[Angela Lansbury]], English-born U.S. actress\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Ramiz\n        Alia]], 13th President of Albania (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 19]] –\n        [[Emilio Eduardo Massera]], Argentine Naval military officer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 20]]\\n** [[Art Buchwald]], American humorist and columnist (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Gene Wood]], American game show announcer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 21]]\n        \\n** [[Celia Cruz]], Cuban-American singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Surjit Singh\n        Barnala]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Robert\n        Rauschenberg]], American painter and graphic artist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Johnny Carson]], American comedian and television host (''''The\n        Tonight Show'''') (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Bob Azzam]], Egyptian\n        singer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Luciano Berio]], Italian composer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Al Feldstein]], American artist and comic book creator (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – [[Warren Christopher]], American diplomat (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Dominick Dunne]], American writer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Hardy]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Klaus Roth]], German-born British\n        mathematician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[John Pople]], English\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:1963\n        Cleopatra trailer screenshot 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Burton]]]]\\n[[File:Rock\n        Hudson in Giant trailer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rock Hudson]]]]\\n[[File:Robert F\n        Kennedy crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:Jos\\u00e9 Napole\\u00f3n\n        Duarte 1987c.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Napole\\u00f3n Duarte]]]]\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Doris Roberts]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Giovanni Coppa]], Italian cardinal (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Richard Burton]], Welsh actor, better known for his role in\n        ''''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'''' (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 11]]\n        \\n** [[Nigel Cecil]], British naval officer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jonathan Winters]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[John Guillermin]], British\n        director (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Heinz Schubert (actor)|Heinz\n        Schubert]], German actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Rock Hudson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Gene Mauch]], baseball\n        manager (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Zygmunt Bauman]], Polish\n        military officer, sociologist and philosopher (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        20]]\\n** [[Kaye Ballard]], American comedian (''''The Mothers-in-Law'''')\\n**\n        [[Robert F. Kennedy]], American politician and [[Attorney General of the United\n        States]] (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[Mark Miller (actor)|Mark Miller]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Maya Plisetskaya]], Russian ballerina (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Gunther Schuller]], American musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\n**\n        [[Gene Brito]], American football Defensive end (d. [[1965]])\\n** [[Maria\n        di Gerlando]], American operatic soprano (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Tony Russel]],\n        American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Napole\\u00f3n Duarte]], Salvadoran\n        politician, 39th [[President of El Salvador]] (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]], American journalist, author, and commentator\n        (''''The Firing Line'''') (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Simon van der Meer]], Dutch\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Gregorio Conrado \\u00c1lvarez]], Uruguayan general and\n        former dictator (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Eugene Istomin]], American pianist (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[John Maddox]], Welsh science writer (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Ernie Wise]], English comedian (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[Grace Berg Schaible]], American lawyer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[William H. Gates Sr.]], American attorney, father\n        of [[Bill Gates]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Julie Harris 1973.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Julie\n        Harris (actress)|Julie Harris]]]]\\n[[File:Sammy Davis Jr 1989 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sammy\n        Davis, Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Dick Van Dyke by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dick\n        Van Dyke]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Martin Rodbell]], American scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Julie Harris (American actress)|Julie Harris]], American\n        actress (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Erik M\\u00f8rk]], Danish\n        actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Lino Lacedelli]], Italian\n        mountaineer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]],\n        2-Time President of Nicaragua (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Sammy\n        Davis Jr.]], American singer, dancer, musician, and actor (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Hank Thompson (baseball)|Hank Thompson]], American player in the Negro leagues\n        and Major League Baseball (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Paul\n        Greengard]], American neuroscientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Vladimir Shainsky]], Soviet and\n        Russian composer\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Dick Van Dyke]], American actor,\n        singer, dancer and comedian (''''The Dick Van Dyke Show'''')\\n* [[December\n        15]]\\n** [[Hiroshi Motoyama]], Japanese scientist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Kasey\n        Rogers]], American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Rabah Bitat]],\n        former [[President of Algeria]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Tankred Dorst]], German\n        playwright (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert B. Sherman]], American songwriter (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\n** [[John Harlan (announcer)|John Harlan]],\n        American game show announcer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Dorothy Kamenshek]], American\n        professional baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\n** [[Duncan\n        Hallas]], prominent member of the Trotskyist movement in Great Britain (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Harry Guardino]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] \\n** [[Ned Garver]], American professional baseball pitcher (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Dorothy Mueller]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1985]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Natalia Revuelta Clews]], Cuban socialite (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]]\\n** [[Hildegard Knef]], German actress, singer and writer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Milton Obote]], [[President of Uganda]] (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Pete Dye]], American golf course architect\\n** [[Luis\n        Alberto Monge]], Costa Rican politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Shirley Herz]], American Broadway theatre (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Godrej Sidhwa]], Pakistani theologist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[Shafik Wazzan]],\n        27th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Nellie Cashman]], Irish-born prospector (b. [[1845]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Rafaela Porras Ayll\\u00f3n]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        religious professed and saint (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[George\n        Bellows]], American artist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Camille Decoppet]],\n        Swiss Federal Councilor (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Harry Furniss]], British cartoonist,\n        illustrator and pioneer animator (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Aleksey\n        Kuropatkin]], Russian general and Imperial Russian Minister of War (b. [[1848]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Charles Lanrezac]], French general (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Fanny Bullock Workman]], American geographer, writer\n        and mountain climber (b. [[1859]])Literature of Travel and Exploration:\n        R to Z, index  By Jennifer Speake page 1296\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Alexander Kaulbars]], Russian general and explorer (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Caspar F. Goodrich]], American admiral (b. [[1847]])\\n** [[Sir\n        James Mackenzie]], Scottish cardiologist (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[George Washington Cable]], American writer (b. [[1844]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hjalmar\n        branting stor bild.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hjalmar Branting]]]]\\n[[File:Friedrich\n        Ebert face.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Friedrich Ebert]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[Jaap Eden]], Dutch speed skater (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Oliver Heaviside]], British mathematician (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[February 4]]\n        – [[Robert Koldewey]], German architect and archaeologist (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[Aristide Bruant]], French singer and nightclub owner\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[H. E. Beunke]], Dutch writer (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Ignacio Andrade]], Venezuela military\n        and politician, 23rd [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[James Lane Allen]], American writer (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Fernando De Lucia]], Italian tenor (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Samuel Berger (boxer)|Samuel Berger]], American Olympic boxer\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Hjalmar Branting]], 19th [[Prime\n        Minister of Sweden]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Louis Feuillade]], French silent film director (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Friedrich Ebert]], 1st [[President\n        of Germany (Weimar Republic)]] (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Sun Yat-sen\n        2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sun Yat-sen]]]]\\n[[File:Lucille Ricksen pictureplay0123.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lucille\n        Ricksen]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Luigj Gurakuqi]], Albanian writer and\n        politician (assassinated) (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Moritz Moszkowski]],\n        Polish composer (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[James Ward (psychologist)|James Ward]],\n        British philosopher and psychologist (b. [[1843]])\\n** [[John Montgomery Ward]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March\n        7]] – [[Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov]], [[Prime Minister of Russia]] (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Manuel M\\u00edguez Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Spanish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1831]])\\n**[[Juliette Wytsman]],\n        Belgian painter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Myer Prinstein]],\n        American track athlete (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Gergely Luth\\u00e1r]],\n        Hungarian Slovene writer (b. [[1841]])\\n** [[Sun Yat-sen]], Chinese revolutionary\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Lucille Ricksen]], American [[silent\n        film]] actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Walter Camp]], American\n        football coach (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[George Curzon, 1st\n        Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]], Viceroy of India (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[March\n        28]] – [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson]], British general (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Rudolf Steiner]], Austrian philosopher\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Friedrich Haarmann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fritz\n        Haarmann]]]]\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Alexandra Kitchin]], British model for\n        [[Lewis Carroll]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Patriarch Tikhon\n        of Moscow]], Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April\n        13]] – [[Elwood Haynes]], American inventor (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April\n        14]] – [[John Singer Sargent]], American artist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[April\n        15]]\\n** [[Fritz Haarmann]], German serial killer (executed) (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[August Endell]], German architect (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        [[Gunther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[John Walter Smith]], American politician (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Andr\\u00e9 Caplet]], French composer and conductor (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:William\n        Ferguson Massey 1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William Massey]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\\n**\n        [[Johann Palisa]], Austrian astronomer (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Antun Branko \\u0160imi\\u0107]],\n        Croatian poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Clement Ader]], French\n        Army Captain and aviation pioneer (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Giovanni\n        Battista Grassi]], Italian physician and zoologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[William Hesketh Lever]], British industrialist, philanthropist and\n        politician (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Doveton Sturdee]], British admiral (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[William Massey]], 19th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\n        (b.[[1856]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Amy Lowell]], American poet (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Mangin]], French general (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[H.\n        Rider Haggard]], British writer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Nelson\n        A. Miles]], American general (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n**[[Elias M. Ammons]],\n        Governor of Colorado (b. [[1860]])\\n**[[Joseph Howard (Prime Minister)|Joseph\n        Howard]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 21]] –\n        [[Hidesabur\\u014d Ueno]], Japanese agricultural scientist and guardian of\n        Hachik\\u014d (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[John French, 1st Earl of\n        Ypres]], British World War I field marshal (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[John Palm]], [[Cura\\u00e7ao]] born composer (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Lucien\n        Guitry.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lucien Guitry]]]]\\n[[File:Christian Michelsen portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christian\n        Michelsen]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Lucien Guitry]], French actor (b. [[1860]])\\n**\n        [[Thomas R. Marshall]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|28th]]\n        [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        [[James Ellsworth (industrialist)|James Ellsworth]], American mine owner and\n        banker (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Camille Flammarion]], French\n        astronomer (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Emmett Hardy]], American\n        jazz cornetist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Adolf Pilar von Pilchau]],\n        Baltic German politician, regent of the United Baltic Duchy and baron (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Robert M. La Follette Sr.]], American politician\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Josef Breuer]], Austrian neurologist\n        (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Felix Klein]], German mathematician\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Christian Michelsen]], Norwegian politician\n        and 1st [[Prime Minister of Norway]] (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pancho\n        Villa BNF.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Francisco Guilledo|Pancho Villa]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] – [[Erik Satie]], French composer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        [[Nikolai Golitsyn]], last Prime Minister of the Russian Empire (executed)\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Pier Giorgio Frassati]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] social activist and blessed (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Clarence Hudson White]] American photographer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Francisco Guilledo|Pancho Villa]], Filipino world boxing champion\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Lovis Corinth]], German painter (b.\n        [[1858]])\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Francisco Jose Fernandes Costa]], Portuguese\n        lawyer and politician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[John Indermaur]], British lawyer\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Antonio Ascari]], Italian race car driver\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[William Jennings Bryan]], American lawyer and politician\n        (b. [[1860]]) (diabetes and fatigue)\\n** [[Gottlob Frege]], German mathematician\n        and philosopher (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[July 30]] – [[William Wynn Westcott]],\n        British Freemason (b. [[1848]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:SEVERO_FERN%C3%81NDEZ_ALONSO_CABALLERO.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Severo\n        Fernandez]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Jennie Lee (actress)|Jennie Lee]],\n        American actress (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro]],\n        Italian mathematician (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Severo Fern\\u00e1ndez]],\n        29th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Konrad\n        M\\u00e4gi]], Estonian landscape painter (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[Ioan Slavici]], Romanian writer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Franz\n        Conrad von H\\u00f6tzendorf]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1852]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Viviani_5126118262_30fe269c8a_o.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Rene\n        Viviani]]]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Viviani]], 81st [[Prime\n        Minister of France]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Alexander\n        Alexandrovich Friedman]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Carl Eytel]], German-American artist working in [[Palm Springs,\n        California]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[L\\u00e9on Bourgeois]],\n        French statesman, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Anna Sch\\u00e4ffer]], German [[Roman Catholic]] mystic,\n        stigmatist and saint (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Christy Mathewson]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] – [[Eugen Sandow]], German-born bodybuilder, physical culturist\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jonah of Hankou]], [[Russian Orthodox]]\n        priest and saint (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[George Anderson (criminal)|George\n        Anderson]], Danish criminal (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Mikhail Frunze]], Russian\n        Bolshevik leader (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Max Linder]], French silent film actor\n        (b. [[1883]]) (suicide)\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:King Vajiravudh (Rama VI)\n        in British General''s uniform.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vajiravudh]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Lester Cuneo]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 3]]\n        – [[Lucile McVey]], American actress, part of comedy team with her late\n        husband Sidney Drew (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Kh\\u1ea3i \\u0110\\u1ecbnh]],\n        Emperor of Vietnam (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen\n        Alexandra]], consort of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1844]])\\n**\n        [[Clara Morris]], Victorian stage actress (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November 21]]\n        – [[Robert Wrenn]], American tennis player (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Margaret Sinclair (nun)|Margaret Sinclair]], British nun and\n        venerable (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 25]] – King [[Vajiravudh]] of\n        [[Thailand|Siam]] (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Wladyslaw Reymont\n        1924.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Reymont]]]]\\n[[File:D._Antonio_Maura.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antonio\n        Maura]]]]\\n[[File:Meline.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jules M\\u00e9line]]]]\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Reymont]], Polish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Marguerite Marsh]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 9]] –\n        [[Pablo Iglesias Posse|Pablo Iglesias]], co-founder of the Spanish Socialist\n        Workers Party (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Antonio Maura]],\n        Spanish conservative politician, 5-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Battling Siki]], Senegalese boxer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ignacio Quint\\u00f3n]], Puerto Rican composer\n        and pianist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Lottie Lyell]], Australian\n        female pioneer film director and producer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Jules M\\u00e9line]],\n        French statesman, 50th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[Alice Heine|Alice, Princess Dowager of Monaco]], consort of [[Albert\n        I, Prince of Monaco|Albert I of Monaco]] (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Mary Thurman]],\n        American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Karl Abraham]],\n        German psychoanalyst (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Raymond P. Rodgers]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1849]])\\n** [[Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin]], Russian\n        lyrical poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Vallotton]],\n        Swiss painter (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[J. Gordon Edwards]],\n        Canadian film director (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Emma Curtis\n        Hopkins]], American spiritual writer (b. [[1849]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[James\n        Franck]] and [[Gustav Ludwig Hertz]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[George Bernard Shaw]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Austen\n        Chamberlain]] and [[Charles Gates Dawes]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1925}}\\n[[Category:1925|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T13:01:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":799893282,\"length\":68300,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1925&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925\"},\"34609\":{\"pageid\":34609,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1926\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T18:20:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1926}}\\n{{Events by month|1926}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1926}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1926}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1926}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** Flooding of the [[Rhine]] River\n        struck [[Cologne]]; 50,000 were forced to evacuate their homes.{{cite\n        news |last= |first= |date=January 2, 1926 |title=Floods Drive 50,000 out of\n        Homes on Rhine |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]]  |page=5\n        |accessdate= }}\\n** Ireland''s first regular radio service, [[2RN]]\n        (later ''''Radio \\u00c9ireann''''), began broadcasting.\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]] declared himself dictator\n        in Greece.\\n* [[January 6]] – The airline [[Deutsche Luft Hansa]] was\n        founded in Berlin.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud]] was crowned\n        King of [[Kingdom of Hejaz|Hejaz]].\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Freeman Gosden]]\n        and [[Charles Correll]] premiered their [[radio]] program ''''[[Sam ''n''\n        Henry]]'''', in which the two white performers portray two black characters\n        from [[Harlem]] looking to strike it rich in the big city. It was a precursor\n        to Gosden and Correll''s more popular later program, ''''[[Amos ''n'' Andy]]''''.\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – A [[BBC]] comic radio play broadcast by [[Ronald Knox]]\n        about a workers'' revolution caused a panic in London.{{cite web|url=http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/the_bbc_radio_panic\n        |title=The BBC Radio Panic, 1926 |last= |first= |date= |website=[[Museum of\n        Hoaxes]] |publisher= |accessdate=January 3, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqsrtCF?url=http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/the_bbc_radio_panic\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        The Belgian Parliament accepted the [[Locarno Treaties]].\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – Scottish inventor [[John Logie Baird]] demonstrated a mechanical television\n        system for members of the [[Royal Institution]] and a reporter from ''''[[The\n        Times]]'''' at his London laboratory.\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Eugene O''Neill]]''s\n        ''''[[The Great God Brown]]'''' opened at the [[Greenwich Theatre]].\\n* [[January\n        31]] – British and Belgian troops left [[Cologne]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1926}}\\n* [[February 1]] – Land on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        and [[Wall Street]] in New York City was sold at a record $7 per sq inch.\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[Se\\u00e1n O''Casey]]''s ''''[[The Plough and the\n        Stars]]'''' opened at the [[Abbey Theatre]] in [[Dublin]].\\n* [[February 9]]\n        – Flooding hit London suburbs.\\n* [[February 12]] – The Irish\n        minister for Justice, [[Kevin O''Higgins]], appointed the [[Committee on Evil\n        Literature]].\\n* [[February 20]] – The [[Berlin International Green\n        Week]] debuted in Berlin.\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Francisco Franco]]\n        became General of Spain.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1926}}\\n[[File:Goddard\n        and Rocket.jpg|thumb|130px|[[March 16]]: [[Robert H. Goddard|Goddard]] with\n        rocket in 1926.]]\\n* [[March 6]] – The [[Shakespeare Memorial Theatre]]\n        in [[Stratford-upon-Avon]] is destroyed by fire.\\n* [[March 6]] – The\n        first commercial air route to [[South Africa]] is established by [[Alan Cobham]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[Robert H. Goddard|Robert Goddard]] launches the first\n        [[liquid-fuel rocket]], at [[Auburn, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[March 23]] –\n        [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] organises [[Fianna F\\u00e1il]] in Ireland.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1926}}\\n* [[April 4]] – Greek dictator [[Theodoros Pangalos\n        (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]] won the [[Greek presidential election, 1926|presidential\n        election]] with 93.3% of the vote. Turnout was light as the result was considered\n        a foregone conclusion.{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 5, 1926\n        |title=Pangalos Named Greek President in Poll Farce |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago\n        Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]] |page=16 |accessdate= }}\\n* [[April\n        7]] – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader [[Benito\n        Mussolini]] fails.\\n* [[April 12]] – By a vote of 45\\u201341, the [[United\n        States Senate]] unseats [[Iowa]] Senator [[Smith W. Brookhart]] and seats\n        [[Daniel F. Steck]], after Brookhart had already served for over one year.\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Zhang Zuolin]]''s army captured [[Beijing]].{{cite\n        news |last=Dailey |first=Charles |date=April 18, 1926 |title=Chang''s Son,\n        at Head of Troops, Invades Peking |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago\n        Daily Tribune]] |page=13 |accessdate= }}\\n* [[April 21]] – Princess\n        Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor, later [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom,\n        was born in [[Mayfair]], [[London]].\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Treaty of Berlin\n        (1926)|Treaty of Berlin]]: Germany and the Soviet Union each pledged neutrality\n        in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for the next five\n        years.\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Rez\\u0101 Khan]] was crowned [[Shah of Iran]]\n        under the name \\\"Pahlevi\\\".\\n* [[April 30]] – African-American pilot\n        [[Bessie Coleman]] was killed after falling  {{convert|500|ft|m}} from an\n        airplane.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1926}}\\n* [[May 3]] – Coal\n        miners were locked out in Britain.\\n* [[May 4]] – The [[1926 United\n        Kingdom general strike|United Kingdom general strike]] began at midnight in\n        support of the coal strike.\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Martial law]] was declared\n        in Britain because of the general strike.\\n** The French navy bombarded [[Damascus]]\n        because of the [[Druze]] riots.\\n** Explorer [[Richard E. Byrd]] and co-pilot\n        [[Floyd Bennett]] claimed to be the first to fly over the [[North Pole]] in\n        the ''''Josephine Ford'''' monoplane, taking off from [[Spitsbergen]], Norway\n        and returning 15 hours and 44 minutes later. Both men were immediately hailed\n        as national heroes, though some experts have since been skeptical of the claim,\n        believing that the plane was unlikely to have covered the entire distance\n        and back in that short an amount of time.{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/28727-byrd-didn-t-fly-over-north-pole.html\n        |title=Did Admiral Byrd Fly Over The North Pole Or Not? |last=Thompson |first=Andrea  |date=April\n        15, 2013 |website=[[LiveScience]] |publisher=[[Purch]] |accessdate=January\n        3, 2015 }} An entry in Byrd''s diary discovered in 1996 suggested that\n        the plane actually turned back 150 miles short of the North Pole due to an\n        oil leak.{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/byrd-flies-over-the-north-pole\n        |title=May 9, 1926: Byrd flies over the North Pole? |last= |first= |date=\n        |website=This Day in History |publisher=A&E Television Networks |accessdate=January\n        3, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VMqyU4NV?url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/byrd-flies-over-the-north-pole\n        |archivedate=January 6, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }} \\n* [[May 10]]\\n**\n        Talks between the government and strikers began in the U.K.\\n** Planes piloted\n        by Major [[Harold Geiger]] and [[Horace Meek Hickam]], students at the [[Air\n        Corps Tactical School]], collided in mid-air at Langley Field, Virginia. Hickam\n        parachutes to safety.\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Roald Amundsen]] and his crew flew\n        over the [[North Pole]] in the [[Norge (airship)|airship ''''Norge'''']].\\n**\n        [[UK General Strike 1926]]: In the United Kingdom, a [[general strike]] by\n        [[trade union]]s ended (the strike began on [[May 3]]).\\n* [[May 12]]–[[May\n        14]] – [[May Coup (Poland)|May Coup]]: [[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]]\n        took over in Poland.\\n* [[May 18]] – Evangelist [[Aimee Semple McPherson]]\n        disappeared while visiting a [[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice, California]] beach.\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – The [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Air Commerce\n        Act]], licensing pilots and planes.\\n* [[May 23]] – The first [[Lebanon|Lebanese]]\n        constitution was established.\\n* [[May 26]] – The [[Rif War]] ended\n        when [[Riffian people|Rif]] rebels surrendered in [[Morocco]].\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – The [[28 May 1926 coup d''\\u00e9tat|1926 coup d''\\u00e9tat]] commanded\n        by [[Manuel Gomes da Costa]] in Portugal installed the [[Ditadura Nacional]]\n        (National Dictatorship), followed by [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]]''s\n        [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June\n        1926}}\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Ignacy Mo\\u015bcicki]] became [[president of\n        Poland]].\\n* [[June 7]] The Liberal politician [[Carl Gustaf Ekman]] succeeds\n        [[Rickard Sandler]] as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of [[Sweden]].\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[DeFord Bailey]] was the first African-American to perform\n        on Nashville''s [[Grand Ole Opry]].\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Arthur Meighen]]\n        briefly returned to office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]] during the [[King-Byng\n        Affair]].\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1926}}\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[Mammoth Cave National Park]] is authorized by the [[United States Congress]].\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – The [[Kuomintang]] began a [[Northern Expedition|military\n        unification campaign in northern China]].\\n* [[July 3]] – A [[Caudron\n        C.61]] aircraft operated by [[Compagnie Internationale de Navigation A\\u00e9rienne]]\n        crashed in Czechoslovakia.\\n* [[July 9]] – General [[\\u00d3scar Carmona]]\n        took power in a military coup in Portugal.\\n* [[July 10]] – A bolt of\n        lightning struck [[Picatinny Arsenal]] in New Jersey. The resulting fire caused\n        several million pounds of explosives to blow up in the next two to three days.\n        \\n* [[July 15]] – [[Bombay Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] buses\n        made their d\\u00e9but in [[Bombay]].\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Fox Film]] bought\n        the patents of the [[Movietone sound system]] for recording sound onto film.\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – The [[National Bar Association]] incorporated in the United\n        States.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1926}}\\n*[[August 1]] –\n        In Mexico, the entry into force of anticlerical measures stipulated in the\n        constitution of 1917 caused the [[Cristero War]].\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Gertrude\n        Ederle]] became the first woman to swim the [[English Channel]] from France\n        to England.\\n** In New York, the [[Warner Brothers]]'' [[Vitaphone]] system\n        premiered with the movie ''''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]'''' starring\n        [[John Barrymore]].\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** The British miners'' union began\n        negotiations with the government.\\n** A weather map was televised for the\n        first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the [[Weather Bureau]] office in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[August 22]] – In Greece, [[Georgios Kondylis]] ousted [[Theodoros\n        Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]].\\n* [[August 23]] – The sudden\n        death of popular film actor and sex symbol [[Rudolph Valentino]] at the age\n        of only 31 years old caused mass grief and hysteria around the world.\\n* [[August\n        25]] – [[Pavlos Kountouriotis]] announced that [[dictatorship]] had\n        ended in Greece and he was now the president.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1926}}\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Lebanon]] under the [[French Mandate for\n        Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]] got its first constitution, thereby\n        becoming a republic. [[Charles Debbas]] was elected president.\\n* [[September\n        8]] – The German [[Weimar Republic]] joined the [[League of Nations]].\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Aloha Tower]] was officially dedicated at [[Honolulu\n        Harbor]] in the [[Territory of Hawaii|Territory of Hawai''i]].\\n** In Rome,\n        Italy, [[Gino Lucetti]] threw a bomb at Benito Mussolini''s car, but Mussolini\n        was unhurt.\\n* [[September 14]] – The [[Locarno Treaties]] of [[1925]]\n        were ratified in [[Geneva]] and came into effect.\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        Philip Dunning and George Abbott''s play ''''Broadway'''' premieres in New\n        York City.\\n* [[September 18]] – [[1926 Miami hurricane|Great Miami\n        Hurricane]]: A strong hurricane devastated [[Miami]], leaving over 100 dead\n        and causing several hundred million dollars in damage (equal to nearly $100\n        billion today).\\n* [[September 19]] – [[San Siro|Giuseppe Meazza (San\n        Siro) Stadium]], as known well for sports venues of [[Italy]], officially\n        opened in [[Milan]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[September\n        20]] – The [[North Side Gang]] attempted to assassinate [[Al Capone]],\n        spraying his headquarters in [[Cicero, Illinois]] with over a thousand rounds\n        of machine gun fire in broad daylight as Capone was eating there. Capone escaped\n        harm.{{cite book |last=Mercer |first=Derrik |date=1989 |editor-last=\n        |editor-first= |title=Chronicle of the 20th Century |url= |location=London\n        |publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd. |page=346 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3\n        |accessdate= }}{{cite book |last=Russo |first=Gus |date=2001 |title=The\n        Outfit: The Role of Chicago''s Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America\n        |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury |page=35 |isbn=978-1-59691-897-9\n        |accessdate= }}\\n* [[September 21]] – French war ace [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Fonck]] and three others attempted to fly the Atlantic in pursuit of the [[Orteig\n        Prize]]. Before the newsreel cameras at Roosevelt Field New York, the modified\n        [[Sikorsky S-35]] crashes on take-off and bursts into flames. Fonck survived\n        but two of his men are killed.\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Gene Tunney]]\n        defeated [[Jack Dempsey]] and became heavyweight boxing champion of the world.\\n*\n        [[September 25]]\\n** The [[League of Nations]] [[1926 Slavery Convention|Slavery\n        Convention]] abolished all types of [[slavery]].\\n** [[William Lyon Mackenzie\n        King]] returned to office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]] after winning the\n        [[Canadian federal election, 1926|Canadian federal election]].\\n** Detroit\n        Cougers, a professional [[ice hockey]] club ([[National Hockey League]]) founded.\n        (a predecessor of [[Detroit Red Wings]]){{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1926}}\\n* [[October 2]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]]\n        became prime minister of Poland.\\n* [[October 12]] – British miners\n        agreed to end their strike.\\n* [[October 14]] – [[A. A. Milne]]''s children''s\n        book ''''[[Winnie-the-Pooh (book)|Winnie-the-Pooh]]'''' was published in London,\n        featuring the eponymous bear.\\n* [[October 19]] – The [[1926 Imperial\n        Conference]] opened in London.\\n* [[October 20]] – A [[hurricane]] killed\n        650 in [[Cuba]].\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Leon Trotsky]] and [[Lev Kamenev]]\n        were removed from the [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union]].\\n** A decree in Italy banned women from holding\n        public office.\\n** The [[Fazal Mosque]], the first purpose-built in London\n        and the first [[Ahmadiyya]] [[mosque]] in Britain, is completed.\\n* [[October\n        31]] – Magician [[Harry Houdini]] died of [[gangrene]] and [[peritonitis]]\n        that has developed after his [[vermiform appendix|appendix]] ruptured.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1926}}\\n* [[November 5]] – The [[APOEL FC]] is founded.\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – In [[San Francisco]], a necrophiliac [[serial killer]]\n        named [[Earle Nelson]] (dubbed \\\"Gorilla Man\\\") killed and then rapes his\n        9th victim, a [[boarding house]] landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds.\\n* [[November\n        11]] – The [[United States Numbered Highways|United States Numbered\n        Highway System]], including [[U.S. Route 66]], was established.\\n* [[November\n        15]]\\n** The ''''[[NBC]]'''' radio network opened with 24 stations (formed\n        by [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]], [[General Electric]] and\n        [[RCA]]).\\n** The [[Balfour Declaration of 1926|Balfour Declaration]] was\n        approved by the [[1926 Imperial Conference]], making the [[Commonwealth of\n        Nations|Commonwealth]] dominions equal and independent.\\n* [[November 24]]\\n**\n        The village of Rocquebillier in the [[French Riviera]] was almost destroyed\n        in a massive hailstorm.\\n** [[Sri Aurobindo]] retired, leaving ''''[[Mirra\n        Alfassa|The Mother]]'''' to run the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in [[Puducherry]],\n        India.\\n* [[November 25]] – The [[death penalty]] was re-established\n        in Italy.\\n* [[November 26]] – All [[Italian Communist Party|Italian\n        Communist]] [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|deputies]] were arrested.\\n* [[November\n        27]] – The restoration of [[Colonial Williamsburg]] began in [[Williamsburg,\n        Virginia]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1926}}\\n[[File:Hirohito\n        in dress uniform.jpg|thumbnail|180px|right|[[December 25]]: Emperor [[Hirohito]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – British prime minister [[Stanley Baldwin]] ended the\n        [[martial law]] that had been declared due to general strike.\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Agatha Christie]] disappeared from her home in Surrey; on [[December\n        14]] she was found at a [[Harrogate]] hotel.\\n* [[December 7]] – The\n        Council for the Preservation of Rural England (CPRE) founded; now the [[Campaign\n        to Protect Rural England]].\\n* [[December 17]] – [[1926 Lithuanian coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat]]: A democratically elected government was overthrown in [[Lithuania]];\n        [[Antanas Smetona]] assumed power.\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Turkey]] converted\n        to the [[Gregorian calendar]], making the next day [[January 1]] [[1927]].\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – Nicaraguan President [[Adolfo D\\u00edaz]] requested\n        U.S. military assistance in the ongoing [[Nicaraguan civil war (1926\\u201327)|civil\n        war]]. American peacekeeping troops immediately set up neutral zones in [[Puerto\n        Cabezas]] and at the mouth of the [[Rio Grande]] to protect American and foreign\n        lives and property.{{cite web |url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/nicaragua-1909-present/\n        |title=Nicaragua (1909-present) |last= |first=  |date= |website=[[University\n        of Central Arkansas]] |publisher= |accessdate=January 3, 2015 }}{{cite news |last= |first= |date=December 24,\n        1926 |title=U.S. Troops Take 2 Nicaraguan Ports |url= |newspaper=[[Chicago\n        Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]] |page=1 |accessdate= }}\\n* [[December\n        26]] – In the [[history of Japan]], the [[Sh\\u014dwa period]] began\n        from this day due to the death of [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]] on the day before.\n        His son [[Hirohito]] reigned as [[Emperor of Japan]] until [[1989]]. Showa\n        1 in the Japanese calendar was just six days long, prior to January 1 Showa\n        2 (1927).\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Dr. [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]] became the first\n        woman appointed to a legislature in India, the [[Madras Legislative Council]].\\n*\n        [[Stephen Herbert Langdon|Stephen H. Langdon]] began excavations in [[Jemdet\n        Nasr]] finding proto-cuneiform clay tablets (3100\\u20132900 [[BCE]])\\n* [[Phencyclidine]]\n        ''''(PCP, angel dust)'''' was first synthesized.\\n* Widows'' pensions were\n        introduced in [[New South Wales]], Australia.\\n* The short-lived Western Australian\n        Secession League was founded.\\n* [[Earl W. Bascom]], rodeo cowboy and artist,\n        designed and marked rodeo''s first high-cut rodeo chaps at [[Stirling, Alberta]]\n        Canada.\\n* The [[International African Institute]] is founded in London.\\n*\n        [[Raymond Pearl]] published his landmark book, ''''Alcohol and Longevity''''.\\n*\n        American microbiologist [[Selman Waksman]] published ''''Enzymes''''.\\n* [[The\n        Pike School]] of Andover, Massachusetts was founded.\\n* Industrial output\n        surpassed the level of [[1913]] in the [[USSR]].{{Clarify|date=December 2012}}{{citation\n        needed|date=December 2012}}\\n* [[Al Capone]] was at the apex of his power.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Patricia\n        Neal in The Fountainhead trailer.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Patricia Neal]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] \\n** [[Claudio Villa]], Italian singer (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Rolf Fjeldv\\u00e6r]],\n        Norwegian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 2]] \\n** [[John Stroppa]],\n        Canadian football player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Harold Bradley]], American session\n        guitarist on country music records\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Felicitas Kuhn]],\n        Austrian illustrator\\n** [[George Martin]], English producer of ''''[[The\n        Beatles]]'''' (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Betty Kennedy]], Canadian\n        broadcaster, journalist, author, and Senator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 5]]\n        – [[William De Witt Snodgrass]], American poet (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Mickey Hargitay]], Hungarian actor and bodybuilder (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[Kim Jong-pil]], South Korean politician\\n* [[January\n        8]]\\n** [[Chester Feldman]], American television game show producer (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Evelyn Lear]], American soprano (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Hanae Mori]], Japanese\n        fashion designer\\n** [[Soupy Sales]], American comedian (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] \\n** [[Lev Dyomin]], cosmonaut (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Giusto Pio]], Italian\n        musician and songwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Grant Tinker]], American television\n        executive (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Ray Price (musician)|Ray\n        Price]], American singer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Shumon Miura]], Japanese novelist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Michael Bond]], English fiction\n        writer, creator of [[Paddington Bear]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Tom Tryon]], American actor and novelist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Maria Schell]], Austrian actress (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Antonio Domingo Bussi]], Argentine Army General and former Governor of Tucuman\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Moira Shearer]], Scottish actress and dancer (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Fritz Weaver]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January\n        20]]\\n** [[Patricia Neal]], American actress (''''The Day The Earth Stood\n        Still'''') (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[David Tudor]], American pianist and composer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Steve Reeves]], American actor (d.\n        [[2000]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Bal Thackeray]], Indian politician (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Franco Evangelisti (composer)|Franco\n        Evangelisti]], Italian composer (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Fritz\n        Spiegl]], Austrian journalist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ingrid Thulin]], Swedish\n        actress (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Amin al-Hafez (Lebanon)|Amin\n        al-Hafez]], 22nd Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Amelita Ramos]], former First Lady of the Philippines\\n** [[Abdus Salam]],\n        Pakistani physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Chuck Willis]], American singer and songwriter (d.\n        [[1958]]). Some sources give his year of birth as 1928.\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Val\\u00e9ry\n        Giscard d\\u2019Estaing 1978(3).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard d''Estaing]]]]\\n[[File:Leslie\n        Nielsen.jpg|120px|thumb|right|[[Leslie Nielsen]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Richards.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob\n        Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Verne Gagne 1964.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Verne Gagne]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]]  \\n** [[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard d''Estaing]], [[President of France]]\\n**\n        [[Lia Laats]], Estonian actress (d. [[2004]]) \\n** [[Miguel Obando y Bravo]],\n        Nicaraguan Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of Managua and cardinal\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Hans-Jochen Vogel]], German politician\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Gyula Grosics]], Hungarian footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 7]]\\n**\n        [[Keiko Tsushima]], Japanese actress (d. [[2012]]) \\n** [[Konstantin Feoktistov]],\n        Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Bill Hoest]], American cartoonist (d.\n        [[1988]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Neal Cassady]], American writer (d.\n        [[1968]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Garret FitzGerald]], Irish lawyer and\n        politician, 7th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n**\n        [[Danny Blanchflower]], Northern Irish footballer and football manager (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n** [[Mimi Sheraton]], Chef and Author\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Bocuse]], French chef\\n** [[Alexander Gibson (conductor)|Alexander Gibson]],\n        British conductor and founder of the Scottish Opera (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Leslie\n        Nielsen]], Canadian-American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Joe\n        Garagiola Sr.]], American baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Charles Van\n        Doren]], American professor and subject of film, [[Quiz Show (film)]]\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Al Brodax]], American film and television producer (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[Margot Frank]], sister of [[Anne Frank]] (d. [[1945]])\\n**\n        [[John Schlesinger]], British film director (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**\n        [[John Meyendorff]], Orthodox scholar, protopresbiter, and educator (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Peter T. Flawn]], American geologist and educator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Pierre Gu\\u00e9nin]], French journalist and gay rights activist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Whitney Blake]], American actress (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Richard Matheson]], American author (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Bob\n        Richards]], American track and field athlete\\n** [[Maria de la Purisima Salvat\n        Romero]], Spanish nun and saint (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Kenneth\n        Williams]], English actor (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Lawrence\n        Holofcener]], American-British sculptor, poet, lyricist, playwright, novelist,\n        actor and director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Knut Kleve]], Norwegian\n        philologist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Dave Sands]], Australian boxer (d. [[1952]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\n** [[Verne Gagne]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Miroslava (actress)|Miroslava]], Czechoslovakian-born Mexican actress (d.\n        [[1955]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[David H. Hubel]], Canadian neuroscientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] – [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]], Russian author (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:2008.04.22.\n        Andrzej Wajda by Kubik 02.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Andrzej Wajda]]]]\\n[[File:Jerry\n        Lewis - 1960s.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jerry Lewis]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145\n        Bild-F030757-0015, Siegfried Lenz.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Siegfried Lenz]]]]\\n[[File:Heikki\n        Hasu 2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Heikki Hasu]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Pete Rozelle]],\n        American commissioner of the National Football League (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Clary]], French-American actor, author and lecturer\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Murray Rothbard]], American economist (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[James Merrill]], American poet (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[DeVan\n        Dallas]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Richard DeVos]], American\n        billionaire, co-founder of ''''[[Amway]]''''\\n** [[James J. Eagan]], former\n        Mayor of Florissant, Missouri (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Fran Warren]], American\n        popular singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Alan Greenspan]], American\n        economist and former Chairman of the Federal Reserve\\n** [[Andrzej Wajda]],\n        Polish film director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 8]] \\n** Sultan [[Salahuddin\n        of Selangor]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Dick Teed]], American Major League Baseball\n        player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Joe Franklin]], American radio\n        and television personality (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 10]] – {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Seto Wan''ya |ja|3=\\u702c\\u6238\\u308f\\u3093\\u3084}}, Japanese writer\n        and novelist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Derek Benfield]], English\n        playwright and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Thomas Starzl]], American physician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Carlos Roberto Reina]], [[President\n        of Honduras]] (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Norm Van Brocklin]],\n        American football player (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Edwar al-Kharrat]],\n        Egyptian novelist, writer and critic (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Charles Goodell]],\n        American politician (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Jerry Lewis]], American comedian and\n        humanitarian (''''Muscular Dystrophy Telethon'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        17]]\\n** [[Jaynne Bittner]], American female baseball player\\n** [[Siegfried\n        Lenz]], German writer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Peter Graves]],\n        American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\n** [[Beatriz Aguirre]], Mexican\n        film and television actress\\n** [[Heikki Hasu]], Finnish Olympic cross-country\n        skiier\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Berta Loran]], Brazilian-Polish actress\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Dario Fo]], Italian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Desmond Connell]], Irish cardinal (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Ventsislav Yankov]], Bulgarian pianist\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**\n        [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Papp]], Hungarian boxer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Gene Shalit]],\n        American film critic and television personality\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Cayetana\n        Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba]], Spanish aristocrat (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Ingvar Kamprad]], Swedish businessman\\n** [[Peter Marshall\n        (entertainer)|Peter Marshall]], American singer and television host (''''[[Hollywood\n        Squares]]'''')\\n** [[Sydney Chaplin (American actor)|Sydney Chaplin]], American\n        actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[John Fowles]], English writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hugh Hefner Glamourcon 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hugh\n        Hefner]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Elizabeth II March 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elizabeth\n        II]]]]\\n[[File:HarperLee 2007Nov05.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Harper Lee]]]]\\n[[File:ClorisLeachmanJune09.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cloris\n        Leachman]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Charles Bressler]], American tenor (d.  [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Anne McCaffrey]], American author (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Jack\n        Brabham]], Australian race car driver (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Robert Holmes (scriptwriter)|Robert\n        Holmes]], British scriptwriter (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\n** [[Gus Grissom]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[R. W. Schambach]], American televangelist,\n        speaker and author (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Ri Kun-mo]], North\n        Korean politician\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Alexander Butterfield]], US politician\\n**\n        [[Jeanne Martin Ciss\\u00e9]], Guinean teacher and nationalist politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Sergio Franchi]], Italian tenor and actor (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Gil Kane]], Latvian-born cartoonist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ian Paisley]], Northern\n        Irish politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Prem Nazir]], Indian actor\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Miyoko As\\u014d]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Hugh Hefner]], American magazine editor (''''Playboy'''')\\n* [[April\n        10]] – [[Gustav Metzger]], German-born stateless auto-destructive artist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Gervase de Peyer]], English clarinetist\n        and conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\n**[[Khozh-Akhmed Bersanov]],\n        Chechen ethnographer\\n**[[Jane Withers]], American actress\\n* [[April 13]]\n        \\n** [[Neil Betts]], Australian rugby union player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Egon\n        Wolff]], Chilean playwright and author (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Daniel]], Czech-born writer, producer, director, teacher (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[George Robledo]], Chilean soccer player (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo]],\n        Spanish politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Gerry McNeil]],\n        Canadian hockey player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Rawya Ateya]],\n        Egyptian politician and first female parliamentarian in the Arab world (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom\\n**\n        [[Arthur Rowley]], English footballer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Ted\n        Hibberd]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Charlotte Rae]],\n        American actress and singer\\n** [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]],\n        Scottish architect (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Thorbj\\u00f6rn\n        F\\u00e4lldin]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 25]]\n        \\n** [[Patricia Castell]], Argentine actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Gertrude\n        Fr\\u00f6hlich-Sandner]], Austrian politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n**\n        [[David Coleman]], British TV sports broadcaster (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Mathias Prechtl]], German illustrator (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\n** [[Alvin\n        Baldus]], American Democratic politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Tim LaHaye]],\n        American evangelist, speaker and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Vladim\\u00edr\n        \\u010cern\\u00fd]], Czechoslovakian modern pentathlete (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Alvin\n        Baldus]], American Democratic politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Harper Lee]], American novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Paul\n        Baran]], American internet pioneer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 30]]\\n** [[Edmund\n        Cooper]], British author and poet (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Cloris Leachman]], American\n        actress\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:David Attenborough (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[David\n        Attenborough]]]]\\n[[File:Don Rickles 1973.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Don Rickles]]]]\\n[[File:Miles\n        Davis by Palumbo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Miles Davis]]]]\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Ann\n        B. Davis]], American actress (''''The Brady Bunch'''') (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bing\n        Russell]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** Sir [[David Attenborough]],\n        British broadcaster, naturalist and producer\\n** [[Don Rickles]], American\n        comedian and actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Hugo Banzer]], 62nd and\n        75th President of Bolivia (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Tichi Wilkerson Kassel]], American\n        film personality and publisher of ''''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'''' (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 13]] – [[Joy Coghill]], Canadian actress, director, and writer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Eric Morecambe]], English comedian and\n        author (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Anthony Shaffer (writer)|Anthony\n        Shaffer]], English novelist and playwright (d. [[2001]]) and his twin brother\n        [[Peter Shaffer]], English playwright (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 17]] –\n        [[Franz Sondheimer]], German-born British chemist (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[May 17]]\n        – [[Dietmar Sch\\u00f6nherr]], Austrian film actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Dirch Passer]], Danish actor (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Douglas Henry]],\n        American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[John Lucarotti]],\n        TV writer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Robert Creeley]], American\n        Poet (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Aileen Hernandez]], African-American\n        union organizer, civil rights activist, and women''s rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Desmond Carrington]], British actor and broadcaster (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Claude Akins]], American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Bill Sharman]],\n        American basketball player and coach (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Miles\n        Davis]], American musician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Rashidi Kawawa]],\n        1st Prime Minister of Tanzania (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Kees Rijvers]], Dutch football\n        player and manager\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Colin Hutton]], English rugby union\n        and professional rugby league (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\n** [[Halaevalu\n        Mata\\u02bbaho \\u02bbAhome\\u02bbe]], Queen Consort of Tonga (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Abdoulaye Wade]], 3rd [[President of Senegal]]\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Tony\n        Terran]], American trumpet player and session musician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Johnny\n        Gimble]], American country musician and fiddler (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Tsuneo\n        Watanabe]], Japanese businessman\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Monroecirca1953.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Marilyn\n        Monroe]]]]\\n[[File:Allen Ginsberg 1979 - cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Allen Ginsberg]]]]\\n[[File:MelBrooksApr10.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mel\n        Brooks]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Andy Griffith]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Marilyn Monroe]], American actress (d. [[1962]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Roxcy\n        Bolton]], American feminist and civil and women''s rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Roscoe Bartlett]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] member\n        of the [[United States House of Representatives]]\\n** [[Allen Ginsberg]],\n        American poet (''''Howl'''') (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\n** [[Emile Capgras]],\n        Martinican politician (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Peter George Peterson|Peter Peterson]]-\n        US Secretary of Commerce 1972\\u20131973 [[US Secretary of Commerce]]\\n* [[June\n        6]] \\n** [[Klaus Tennstedt]], German conductor (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio\n        Ribeiro de Oliveira]], Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Happy Rockefeller]], American socialite (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Henri Minczeles|fr|3=Henri Minczeles}},\n        French journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Lionel Jeffries]], British film director\n        and actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Frank Plicka]], Czech-born\n        photographer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Gaspare di Mercurio]],\n        Italian doctor and author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** [[Paul Lynde]],\n        American comedian (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[June Krauser]], American swimmer (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Don Newcombe]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Shigeru Kayano]], Japanese [[Ainu people|Ainu]] activist\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Efra\\u00edn R\\u00edos Montt]], Guatemalan\n        career military officer and politician\\n** [[William F. Roemer, Jr.]], United\n        States [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Taketoshi\n        Naito]], Japanese actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Allan Sandage]],\n        American astronomer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Arno Mayer]], American\n        historian and writer \\n* [[June 21]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Yvette\n        L\\u00e9vy|fr|3=Yvette L\\u00e9vy}}, French Survivor and a Holocaust witness\\n**\n        [[Johanna Quandt]], German business woman (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Fred Cone (American\n        football)|Fred Cone]], former professional American football fullback\\n* [[June\n        22]]\\n** [[George Englund]], American film editor, director, producer and\n        actor\\n** [[Elyakim Haetzni]], Israeli lawyer\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Sietze\n        Haarsma|nl|3=Sietze Haarsma}}, Dutch rower\\n** [[Tadeusz Konwicki]], Polish\n        filmmaker (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Rachid Solh]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ray Szmanda]], American radio and television announcer\\n*\n        [[June 23]] \\n** [[Magda Herzberger]], Romanian author, poet and composer,\n        survivor of the Holocaust\\n** [[Annette Mbaye d''Erneville]], Senegalese writer\\n**\n        [[Arnaldo Pomodoro]], Italian sculptor\\n** [[Yoshihiro Hamaguchi]], Japanese\n        freestyle swimmer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Barbara Scofield]], American\n        tennis player\\n** [[Aldo Brovarone]], chief stylist for Pininfarina\\n** [[Muslim\n        Arogundade]], Nigerian sprinter\\n** [[Hans G\\u00fcnter Winkler]], German show\n        jumping rider\\n** [[Blackie Gejeian]], American race car driver, race car\n        builder, and hot rod enthusiast (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Virginia\n        Patton]], American actress\\n** [[Stig Sollander]], Swedish alpine skier\\n**\n        [[Gordon Robertson (ice hockey)|Gordon Robertson]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        Dame [[Margaret Anstee]], British diplomat (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ingeborg Bachmann]],\n        Austrian writer (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Betty Edwards]], American\n        art teacher and author\\n** [[Paddy Fahey]], Irish composer and fiddler\\n**\n        [[Mahendra Bhatnagar]], Hindi and Indian English poet from India\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Monnier]], French ski jumper \\n** [[Fritz Zwazl]], Austrian former swimmer\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Len Ceglarski]], American hockey player\\n** [[Galina Vecherkovskaya]],\n        Russian rower\\n** [[Bruce Tozer]], Australian former cricketer\\n** [[Giambattista\n        Bonis]], Italian professional football player\\n** [[Geza de Kaplany]], Hungarian-born\n        physician\\n** [[Don Raleigh]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\n** [[Mel Brooks]], American entertainer (''''The Producers'''')\\n**\n        [[Elisabeta Abrudeanu]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Satoru Abe]], American\n        sculptor and painter\\n** [[George Booth (cartoonist)|George Booth]], New Yorker\n        cartoonist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Julius W. Becton, Jr.]], U.S.\n        Army lieutenant general\\n** [[Bobby Morgan (baseball)|Bobby Morgan]], American\n        professional baseball player\\n** [[Roger Stuart Bacon]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], [[Emir of Kuwait]] (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]]\\n** [[Bo\\u017eena Moserov\\u00e1]], Czech alpine skier\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Dufraisse]], French cyclo-cross racer\\n** [[Reg Newton]], English professional\n        football goalkeeper\\n** [[Paul Berg]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[David Berglas]], magician and mentalist\\n**\n        [[Peter Alexander (Austrian performer)|Peter Alexander]], Austrian actor,\n        singer and entertainer (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Atilio\n        Stampone]], Argentine pianist, composer and arranger\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Juan Jaime Cesio|es|3=Juan Jaime Cesio}}, Argentine brigadier general\\n**\n        [[Fernando J. Corbat\\u00f3]], American computer scientist\\n** [[Stan Obst]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Carl Hahn]], German automotive executive,\n        chairman of [[Volkswagen]] \\n** [[Robert Fogel]], American economist, [[Nobel\n        Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Hans Werner Henze]], German composer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Lupe Gigliotti]],\n        Brazilian television, stage and film actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Clara LaMore]], American former competition swimmer\\n** [[Carlo Rolandi]],\n        Italian sailor\\n** [[Alfons Oehy]], Swiss swimmer\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Jacques Gautheron|fr|3=Jacques Gautheron}}, French sports director\\n**\n        [[Liu Dajun]], Chinese agricultural scientist, educator and an academician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Lorenza Barreneche]], former\n        First Lady of Argentina (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Rae Allen]], American actress\n        and director of stage, film and television, and singer.\\n** [[Laurence Street]],\n        Australian jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South\n        Wales\\n** [[Sybille Haynes]], British expert on Etruscology\\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Lop\\u00f6n Tenzin Namdak]], Tibetan religious leader\\n** [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]],\n        Argentine-born footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Amos Elon]], Israeli writer\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mary Stuart (actress)|Mary Stuart]], American soap actress\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Ed Koffenberger]], American stand-out basketball and lacrosse\n        player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Anthony John Richard Purssell]],\n        English brewing executive, businessman and former athlete\\n** [[Roy Hawes]],\n        American first baseman in Major League Baseball \\n** [[Viola Harris]], American\n        actress (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ivo Pitanguy]], Brazilian plastic surgeon (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Mario Picone]]. American pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 6]]\n        \\n** [[Dorothy E. Smith]], Canadian sociologist\\n** [[Serge Roullet]], French\n        film director and screenwriter\\n** Marian Carr, American actress\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Yvonne Ciannella]], American coloratura soprano in opera and concert\\n**\n        [[Armand Lemieux]], Canadian professional hockey player\\n** [[Kamil Sedl\\u00e1\\u010dek]],\n        Czech tibetologist and comparative Sino-Tibetan linguist\\n** [[Thorkild Simonsen]],\n        Danish politician\\n** [[Nuon Chea]], Cambodian former communist politician\n        who was the chief ideologist of the Khmer Rouge\\n** [[Anand Mohan Zutshi Gulzar\n        Dehlvi]], Urdu poet\\n** [[Mel Clark]], American Major League Baseball outfielder\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Len Tolhurst]], Australian sports shooter (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Bobby McIlvenny]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 8]]\n        \\n** [[John Dingell]], American politician\\n** [[Martin Riesen]], Swiss professional\n        ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Elisabeth K\\u00fcbler-Ross]], Swiss-born psychiatrist\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[David Malet Armstrong]], Australian philosopher (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Mathilde Krim]], founding chairman of amfAR, the American\n        Foundation for AIDS Research\\n** [[Jens Juul Eriksen]], Danish cyclist\\n**\n        [[Ben Roy Mottelson]], American-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Murphy Anderson]], American comic book artist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Mullins]], Australian decathlete (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**\n        [[Carleton Carpenter]], American actor\\n** [[Aldo Tortorella]], Italian journalist,\n        former politician and partisan\\n** [[Tony Settember]], American racing driver\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Donald Geary]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Macpherson]], American pitcher (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Fred Gwynne]],\n        American actor and author (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Teddy Reno]],\n        Italian singer, actor and record producer\\n** [[Frederick Buechner]], American\n        author and theologian\\n** [[Joe Houston]], American saxophonist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]], wife of the Prime Minister of\n        Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad \\n** [[Martin Bott]], English geologist\n        and now Emeritus Professor\\n** [[Abe Addams]], American footballer (soccer)\n        player\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Miroslav Baumruk|cs|3=Miroslav Baumruk}},\n        Czech footballer\\n** [[Cec Thompson]], British professional rugby league footballer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Cheng Chi-sen]], Taiwanese sports shooter\\n**\n        [[T. Loren Christianson]], American politician\\n** [[Thomas Clark (Long Beach)|Thomas\n        Clark]], American politician\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Bengt-Arne Wallin|sv|3=Bengt-Arne\n        Wallin}}, Swedish jazz musician (trumpet), composer, music arranger and trained\n        aircraft technicians (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Wallace Jones]], American\n        professional basketball player (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Harry Dean Stanton]], American\n        film and television actor\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Jean Cottard|fr|3=Jean\n        Cottard}}, French fencer\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Jan Krenz|fr|3=Jan\n        Krenz}}, Polish composer and conductor\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Hyacinth Walters]],\n        Jamaican sprinter \\n** [[Sir John Graham, 4th Baronet]], English diplomat\\n**\n        [[Leopoldo Galtieri]], Argentine dictator (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Raymond Gosling]],\n        English physicist (d. [[2015]]) \\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Stef Wertheimer]], German-born\n        Israeli industrialist, investor, philanthropist and former politician\\n**\n        [[Paul M. Ellwood, Jr.]], prominent figure in American health care\\n** [[Emile\n        Degelin]], Belgian film director and novelist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Prateep\n        Polphantin]], Thai sports shooter\\n** [[Patrick Desmond Callaghan]], Pakistani\n        Air Force officer\\n** Sonya O''Shea, American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Stanley\n        Clements]], American actor (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Irwin Rose]], American biologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Otedola]], Nigerian politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Arrigo Levi]],\n        Italian journalist, essayist and TV anchorman\\n** [[Charles Zwick]], American\n        civil servant\\n** [[William Pierson]], American television, motion picture\n        and stage actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Willis Carto]], American far right (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Carpentier]], Canadian professional wrestler\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Nita Bieber]], American actress\\n** Marcel\n        Sigiran, French wrestler\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Fran\\u00e7ois Fassone|fr|3=Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Fassone}}, French footballer\\n** [[Dan Sandberg]], president and Chief Executive\n        officer TVC Lab/Video.\\n** [[Bernard Pons]], French politician and medical\n        doctor\\n** [[Maunu Kurkvaara]], Finnish film director and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Guillermo Geary]], Argentine swimmer\\n** [[Robert Sloman]], English writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Joshua Fishman]], American linguist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Richard Pasco]], British stage, screen and TV actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July\n        19]]\\n** [[Helen Gallagher]], American actress, dancer, singer, and makeup\n        artist\\n** [[Robert E. Lavender]], American Justice\\n** [[Lathan Lenon]],\n        Montford Point Marine, Congressional Gold Medal\\n** [[Terry Cavanagh (politician)|Terry\n        Cavanagh]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Edmund Reggie]], American Democratic\n        politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Russ Gorman]], Australian politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Charles David Ganao]], Congolose politician (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Odd Kallerud]], Norwegian politician\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Rahimuddin Khan]],\n        four-star general of the Pakistan Army\\n** [[Norman Jewison]], American film\n        director\\n** [[Otto Beyeler]], Swiss cross country skier\\n** [[Arthur Edgehill]],\n        American hard bop jazz\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Jerry Clack]], Professor of Classical\n        Languages at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh\\n** [[J. I. Packer]], British-born\n        Canadian Christian theologian in the low church Anglican and Reformed traditions\\n**\n        [[Bryan Forbes]], English film director (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Guy\n        Severin]], American professor (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Lew Schwartz]], American\n        comic book artist, advertising creator and filmmaker (d. [[2011]]) \\n** [[Hans\n        G\\u00fcnter Winkler]], German equestrian and show jumper\\n* [[July 25]] \\n**\n        [[Beatriz Segall]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Whitey Lockman]], American player,\n        coach, manager (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Ray Solomonoff]], American inventor (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Lennox Sebe]], President of Ciskei bantustan\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[James Best]], American actor and acting coach (''''The\n        Dukes of Hazzard'''') (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Moacir Santos]], Brazilian composer,\n        multi-instrumentalist and music educator (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 27]] –\n        [[Doris Satterfield]], American professional baseball player (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Walt Brown]], American presidential candidate\\n* [[July\n        29]] – [[Franco Sensi]], Italian oil tycoon (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July\n        30]] \\n** [[Thomas Patrick Russell|Sir Patrick Russell]] [[Queen''s Counsel|QC]],\n        [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]], judge of the High Court of England\n        and Wales (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Rosa Taikon]], Swedish silversmith and Romani\n        people activist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Nina Kulagina]], Russian woman who claimed\n        to have psychic powers, particularly in psychokinesis (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[July\n        31]] \\n** [[Hilary Putnam]], American philosopher, mathematician and computer\n        scientist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bernard Nathanson]], American medical doctor\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Tony Bennett in 2003.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tony\n        Bennett]]]]\\n[[File:Fidel Castro - MATS Terminal Washington 1959.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fidel\n        Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Konstantinos Stefanopoulos 2000.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Konstantinos\n        Stephanopoulos]]]]\\n[[File:Jiang Zemin St. Petersburg2002.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jiang\n        Zemin]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Hannah Hauxwell]], English TV personality\\n*\n        [[August 2]]\\n** [[Sy Mah]], Canadian marathoner (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[George\n        Habash]], Palestinian Christian politician (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[W. Carter Merbreier]],\n        American television host (Captain Noah) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Hang Thun Hak]],\n        Cambodian radical politician, academic and playwright (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[August\n        3]]\\n** [[Rona Anderson]], Scottish stage, film, and television actress (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Loris Campana]], Italian road and track cyclist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Tony Bennett]], American singer (\\\"I Left My Heart in San Francisco\\\")\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Clifford Husbands]], 6th Governor-General of Barbados\\n*\n        [[August 6]]\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos R\\u00f3zs\\u00e1s]], Hungarian writer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Finlay]], English stage, film and television actor (d. [[2016]]) \\n**\n        [[Elisabeth Beresford]], British author (''''[[The Wombles]]'''') (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Norman Wexler]], Academy Award nominated Screenwriter (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Luis Bord\\u00f3n]], English author (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Moritz, Landgrave\n        of Hesse]], son of Prince Philip, Landgrave of Hesse (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Stan Freberg]], American author, recording artist and comedian\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Silvio Amadio]], Italian film director\n        and screenwriter (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Arturo Garc\\u00eda Bustos]], Mexican\n        painter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jimmy Brown (musician)|Jimmy Brown]], American\n        trumpeter, saxophonist and singer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Angelo Bonfietti]],\n        Brazilian basketball player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Willie Finlay]],\n        Scottish professional football player and coach (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Frank\n        M. Robinson]], American science fiction and techno-thriller writer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]]\\n** [[Michel Breitman]], French writer and translator (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Arthur Maxwell House]], Canadian neurologist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Marie-Claire\n        Alain]], French organist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda\n        Ortiz de Mend\\u00edbil]], Spanish referee (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Charles Cooper\n        (actor)|Charles Cooper]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Claus von B\\u00fclow]],\n        Danish-born British socialite\\n** [[Ron Bontemps]], American basketball player\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Douglas Croft]], American child actor\n        (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Vignal]], French footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Hiroshi Koizumi]], Japanese actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Wallace Markfield]],\n        American writer (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Osamu Ishiguro]], Japanese tennis player\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]], Cuban revolutionary and\n        politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Roy Heath]], Guyanese writer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Norris Bowden]], Canadian figure skater (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Dennis Eagan]],\n        British field hockey player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Buddy Greco]],\n        American jazz and pop singer and pianist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Goscinny]],\n        French comic book writer (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Martin Broszat]], German historian\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Konstantinos Stephanopoulos]], former\n        [[President of Greece]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Lionel Van Brabant]], Belgian\n        cyclist (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]], Bengali poet and playwright\n        (d. [[1947]])\\n** [[Julius Katchen]], American concert pianist (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]] \\n** [[Eivind Hjelmtveit]], Norwegian cultural administrator\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Roger Agache]], French archaeologist (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Christopher Polge]], English biologist, most noted for his work in cryopreservation\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jack Britto]], Pakistani Olympic field hockey player (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Bollywood character actress\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Yu Min (physicist)|Yu Min]], Chinese [[Nuclear physics|nuclear\n        physicist]]\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Maurice Lusien]], French swimmer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Jean Poiret]], French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Jiang Zemin]], former [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]]\n        and [[President of the People''s Republic of China]]\\n* [[August 18]]\\n**\n        [[Franca Marzi]], Italian film actress (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Orlando Bosch]],\n        Cuban exile (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Luis Bord\\u00f3n]], Paraguayan\n        musician and composer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Martin Halliday]], British physician\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[George Daniels (watchmaker)|George Daniels]], British\n        horologist (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Angus Scrimm]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Arthur Rock]], American venture capitalist\\n* [[August 20]] \\n** [[Nobby\n        Wirkowski]], American and Canadian football player and coach (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Hocine A\\u00eft Ahmed]], Algerian politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n**\n        [[Lois Hall]], American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jacqueline Grennan Wexler]],\n        American Roman Catholic nun and university president (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\n** [[Clifford Geertz]], American anthropologist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Vasco\n        Cabral]], Guinea-Bissauan writer and politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Robert Vickrey]], American artist and author (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\n** [[Pat Coombs]], British actress (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Albert\n        H. Owens Jr.]], American oncologist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Ramakrishna\n        Hegde]], Indian politician (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rafael Ithier]], Puerto Rican\n        musician\\n** [[Betty Lynn]], American actress\\n* [[August 30]] \\n** [[Robert\n        Pierre Sarrab\\u00e8re]], Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bali Mauladad]],\n        Kenian big game hunter (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Mayer Hersh]],\n        Polish Jew who survived the Auschwitz concentration camp (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:James\n        Lipton by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James Lipton]]]]\\n[[File:Julie\n        London 1958.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Julie London]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]], 11th President of Bangladesh\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[Armando Cossutta]], Italian communist politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ibrahim\n        Nasir|Ibrahim Nasir Rannabanderyi Kilegefan]], [[Maldives|Maldivian]] president\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]]\n        actor (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Irene Papas]], Greek actress and singer\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Elias Hrawi]], 14th President of Lebanon (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Mishaal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Saudi prince (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Prince Claus of the Netherlands|Claus van Amsberg]],\n        German born [[List of Dutch consorts|Prince Consort of the Netherlands]] (d.\n        2002)\\n** [[Maurice Cowling]], British historian (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Maurice\n        Prather]], American photographer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Gilbert]], American folk singer and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Don Messick]],\n        American voice actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Sergio Pininfarina]],\n        Italian automobile designer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Yusuf\n        al-Qaradawi]], Egyptian Islamic theologian\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** [[Dick\n        Dale (singer)|Dick Dale]], American singer and musician (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[John F. Kurtzke]], American neurologist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – [[Jean-Pierre Serre]], French mathematician\\n* [[September 16]]\\n**\n        [[John Knowles]], American author (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Robert H. Schuller]],\n        American televangelist, motivational speaker and author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Bill Black]], American [[rock and roll]] musician and bandleader\n        (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Masatoshi Koshiba]], Japanese physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[James Lipton]], American\n        television personality and writer\\n** [[Duke Snider]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Donald A. Glaser]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Noor Jehan]],\n        Pakistani singer and actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[John\n        Coltrane]], American jazz saxophonist (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Heng Freylinger]],\n        Luxembourgian wrestler (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Aage Birch]], Danish competitive\n        sailor and Olympic medalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Aubrey\n        Burl]], British archaeologist\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Charles J. Colgan]],\n        American politician and businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\n**\n        [[Julie London]], American actress and singer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Tulsi Giri]],\n        former Prime Minister of Nepal\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Jerry Clower]],\n        American country comedian (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Robin Roberts\n        (baseball)|Robin Roberts]], American baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Dave\n        Hunt (Christian apologist)|Dave Hunt]], American apologist, speaker, radio\n        commentator and author (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Jean Peters\n        - 1951.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean Peters]]]]\\n[[File:Chuck Berry 1957.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Chuck\n        Berry]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Max Morath]], American musician\\n* [[October\n        2]] \\n** [[Jan Morris]], travel writer\\n** [[John Ross (chemist)|John Ross]],\n        Austrian-born American chemist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Senaida\n        Wirth]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[October\n        7]] – [[Czes\\u0142aw Ryll-Nardzewski]], Polish mathematician (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Ruth Ellis]], British murderer (d. [[1955]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Richard Jaeckel]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] \\n** [[Zohurul Hoque]], Indian Islamic scholar (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yvon\n        Dupuis]], Canadian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n**[[Jesse L.\n        Brown]], first African-American aviator in the United States Navy (d. [[1950]])\\n**[[Kazuo\n        Nakamura]], Japanese-Canadian painter, part of the [[Painters Eleven]] (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Michel Foucault]], French philosopher (d.\n        [[1984]])\\n** [[Jean Peters]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Karl Richter\n        (conductor)|Karl Richter]], German conductor (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Jeffrey Hayden]],\n        American television director and producer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**\n        [[Julie Adams]], American actress\\n** [[Beverly Garland]], American actress\n        and businesswoman (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Chuck Berry]], American\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Klaus Kinski]], German\n        actor (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Pauline Pirok]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Vsevolod Murakhovsky]], Ukrainian-Russian\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\n** [[Bob Rosburg]], American\n        golfer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Waldir Pires]], Brazilian politician\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Gloria Carter Spann]], sister of former President [[Jimmy Carter]]\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Galina Vishnevskaya]], Russian soprano\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Bowie Kuhn]], American Commissioner\n        of Baseball (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Necmettin Erbakan]], 25th\n        Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jon Vickers]], Canadian operatic\n        tenor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Lois Wyse]], American advertising\n        executive, author and columnist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Earle Hyman]], American\n        actor (The [[Cosby Show]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Jimmy Savile]], English\n        DJ and television presenter (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Valdas_Adamkus_in_2005.JPEG|thumb|120px|[[Valdas\n        Adamkus]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Betsy Palmer]], American actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Valdas Adamkus]], Lithuanian politician,\n        3rd [[President of Lithuania]]\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Kim Jong-gil]], South\n        Korean poet (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Berger]], English art critic, novelist\n        and painter (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Frank Carson]], Northern\n        Irish comedian (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 7]] – Dame [[Joan Sutherland]],\n        Australian soprano (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Jack Mendelsohn]],\n        American writer-artist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Maria Teresa\n        de Filippis]], Italian automobile racing driver (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Helmut Fischer]], German actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Amy Applegren]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Ton de Leeuw]], Dutch composer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Christopher Weeramantry]], Sri Lankan lawyer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]], American ambassador (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[John Gardner (British writer)|John Gardner]], English spy novelist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Sathya Sai Baba]], Indian spiritual\n        leader (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[R. L. Burnside]], American musician (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], Chinese physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Poul Anderson]],\n        American science fiction author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\n** [[Peter\n        van Pels]], German-Dutch love interest of [[Anne Frank]] (d. [[1945]])\\n**\n        [[Rabi Ray]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\n** [[David\n        Alexander (Royal Marines officer)|David Alexander]], British Royal Marines\n        general (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Umberto Veronesi]], Italian oncologist and politician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Beji Caid Essebsi]], Tunisian politician\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Richard Crenna]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Andrew\n        Schally]], Polish-born American endocrinologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n**\n        [[Allyn Ann McLerie]], Canadian-American actress and dancer\\n** [[Robert Symonds]],\n        American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Charley Marouani]],\n        Tunisian impresario and celebrity agent (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\n**\n        [[Henry Way Kendall]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Raif Dizdarevi\\u0107]], Bosnian politician\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n** [[Guitar Slim]], American [[New Orleans blues]] guitarist\n        (d. [[1959]])\\n** [[Giorgos Ioannou]], Greek artist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Diego Natale Bona]], Italian Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[George Rhoden]], Jamaican athlete\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Nikos Koundouros]], Greek film director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** [[James McCracken]], American tenor (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[A. N. R.\n        Robinson]], 3rd President and 3rd Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Allan V. Cox]], American geologist (d.\n        [[1987]])\\n** [[Bill Keightley]], American [[equipment manager]] for the [[University\n        of Kentucky]] men''s [[basketball]] team from 1962 to 2008 (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Herbert Stempel]], subject of film [[Quiz Show (film)]]\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Geoffrey Howe]], British politician (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Otto Graf Lambsdorff]], German politician (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[David Levine]],\n        U.S. [[caricaturist]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Joe Paterno]],\n        [[American football]] coach and philanthropist (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Elisabeth\n        Elliot]], American Christian author and speaker (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Alcides Ghiggia]], Uruguayan footballer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December\n        23]] \\n** [[Robert Bly]], American poet\\n** [[Metakse]], Armenian poet, writer,\n        translator and public activist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Eugene\n        Gendlin]], Austrian-born American philosopher (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Gina Pell\\u00f3n]], Cuban painter (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Billy Snedden]], Australian politician (d. [[1987]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January–March===\\n[[File:Camillo\n        Golgi.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Camillo Golgi]]]]\\n[[File:Takaaki Kato suit.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kato\n        Takaaki]]]]\\n[[File:Kamerlingh Onnes signed.jpg|110px|right|thumb|[[Heike\n        Kamerlingh Onnes]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Margherita of Savoy]], queen\n        consort of Italy (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Louis Majorelle]],\n        French furniture designer (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Camillo\n        Golgi]], Italian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine]] (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Kat\\u014d Takaaki]], Japanese\n        politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Ernest Troubridge]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Barbara La Marr]],\n        American film actress (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[February 1]] – Saint [[Theodosius\n        of Skopje]], Bulgaria religious leader (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        [[Carrie Clark Ward]], stage and film character actress  (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[William Bateson]], British geneticist (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Art Smith (pilot)|Art Smith]], American pilot (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]], Dutch physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[February\n        24]]\\n** [[John Jacob Bausch]], German-American optician who co-founded [[Bausch\n        & Lomb]] (b. [[1830]])\\n** [[Eddie Plank]], American baseball player and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March 4]] – Patriarch [[Macarius\n        II]] (b. [[1835]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Usui Mikao]], Japanese founder\n        of [[Reiki]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[E. W. Scripps]], American\n        newspaper publisher (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Sergeant Stubby]],\n        [[World War I]] American hero war dog (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Aleksei Brusilov]], Russian general (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[March 24]] –\n        [[Sizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Constantin\n        Fehrenbach]], German politician and 13th [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Prince Philippe, Duke\n        of Orleans (1869-1926)|Prince Philippe, Duke of Orleans]] (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===April–June===\\n[[File:Emperor\n        Sunjong.jpg|thumb|120px|Emperor [[Sunjong of Korea|Sunjong]]]]\\n[[File:S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg|thumb|120px|Sultan\n        [[Mehmed VI]]]]\\n[[File:Antoni Gaudi 1878.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Antoni Gaudi]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Jacob Pavlovich Adler]], Russian actor (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Henry Miller (actor)|Henry Miller]], English-born American\n        stage actor and producer (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[\\u014cshima\n        Yoshimasa]], Japanese general (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Billy\n        Quirk]], American actor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Sunjong of\n        Korea|Sunjong]], last [[Emperor of Korea]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Ellen Key]], Swedish feminist writer (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Kawamura Kageaki]], Japanese field marshal (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 30]]\n        – [[Bessie Coleman]], African-American pilot (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May\n        3]] – [[Victor, Prince Napoleon]] (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[May 9]] –\n        [[J. M. Dent]], British publisher (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Alton\n        B. Parker]], American judge and political candidate (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Mehmed VI]], last [[Ottoman Sultan]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May\n        26]] –  [[Symon Petliura]], Ukrainian independence fighter (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Emily Hobhouse]], British welfare campaigner (b. [[1860]])\n        \\n* [[June 9]] – [[Sanford B. Dole]], [[President of Hawaii]] and 1st\n        [[Territorial Governor of Hawaii]] (b. [[1844]]) \\n* [[June 10]] – [[Antoni\n        Gaud\\u00ed]], Catalan architect (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Mary\n        Cassatt]], American artist (b. [[1844]])\\n\\n===July–September===\\n[[File:Ugyen\n        Wangchuk, 1905.jpg|thumb|right|110px|King [[Ugyen Wangchuck]]]]\\n[[File:Rudolph\n        Valentino.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Rudolph Valentino]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        [[\\u00c9mile Cou\\u00e9]], French psychologist (b. 1857)\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Gertrude Bell]], British archaeologist, writer, spy, and administrator;\n        known as the \\\"Uncrowned Queen of Iraq\\\" (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[John W. Weeks]],\n        American politician in the Republican Party (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Mariano de Jesus Euse Hoyos]], Colombian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Willard Louis]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Friedrich von Wieser]], Austrian economist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], American statesman and businessman, son of\n        16th President [[Abraham Lincoln]] (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Israel\n        Zangwill]], British novelist and playwright (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 14]]\n        – [[John H. Moffitt]], American politician (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[August\n        21]] – [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], King of Bhutan (b. 1861)\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – [[Charles W. Eliot]], [[President of Harvard University]] (b. [[1834]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Rudolph Valentino]], Italian actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[John Rodgers (naval officer, World War I)|John Rodgers]],\n        American naval officer and naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Eddie Lyons]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[L\\u00e9on\n        Charles Th\\u00e9venin]], French telegraph engineer (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Herbert Booth]], third son of [[William Booth|William]] and\n        [[Catherine Booth]] (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===October–December===\\n[[File:HarryHoudini1899.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Harry\n        Houdini]]]]\\n[[File:Annie Oakley by Baker''s Art Gallery c1880s-crop.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Annie\n        Oakley]]]]\\n[[File:Claude Monet 1899 Nadar crop.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Claude\n        Monet]]]]\\n[[File:Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Emperor Taisho]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – [[Emil Kraepelin]], German psychiatrist (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Josias von Heeringen]], German general (b. [[1850]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Hymie Weiss]], American gangster (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Princess Frederica of Hanover]] (b. [[1848]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Victor Babe\\u0219]], Romanian bacteriologist (b.\n        [[1854]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Eugene V. Debs]], American labor and\n        political leader (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Harry Houdini]], Hungarian-born\n        escapologist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Charles Vance Millar]], Canadian businessman\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Annie Oakley]], American sharpshooter\n        and entertainer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Carl Swartz]], 14th\n        Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Tom Forman\n        (actor)|Tom Forman]], American actor and director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[G\\u00e9rard Cooreman]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Ivana Kobilca]], Slovenian painter (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Claude Monet]], French painter (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[December\n        10]] – [[Nikola Pa\\u0161i\\u0107]], Serbian and Yugoslav statesman, 4-Time\n        [[Prime Minister of Serbia]] and 3-Time [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]] (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[William Larned]], American tennis champion\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Lars Magnus Ericsson]], Swedish\n        inventor and founder of [[Ericsson]] (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[December 22]] –\n        [[Mina Arndt]], New Zealander painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Johan Castberg]], Norwegian Radical politician (b. 1862)\\n* [[December 25]]\n        – [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]], 123rd [[Emperor of Japan]], one of the leaders\n        of [[World War I]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Robert Felkin]],\n        British writer (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Rainer Maria Rilke]],\n        Austrian poet (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Jean Baptiste Perrin]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Theodor Svedberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Johannes Andreas\n        Grib Fibiger]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Grazia\n        Deledda]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Aristide Briand]], [[Gustav\n        Stresemann]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1926}}\\n[[Category:1926|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T18:20:52Z\",\"lastrevid\":799765277,\"length\":73009,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1926&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926\"},\"34939\":{\"pageid\":34939,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1927\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T21:42:17Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1927|the Australian band|1927 (band)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1927}}\\n{{Year nav|1927}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1927}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1927}}\\n* [[January 1]] – The [[Cristero War]] erupts\n        in Mexico when [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] rebels attack the government,\n        which had placed heavy restrictions on the Catholic Church. \\n* [[January\n        7]] – The first transatlantic telephone call is made ''''via radio''''\n        from New York City to London.\\n* January 7 – The [[Harlem Globetrotters]]\n        play their first ever road game in [[Hinckley, Illinois]].\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – A military rebellion is crushed in [[Lisbon]], Portugal.\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Teddy Wakelam]] gives the first sports commentary on [[BBC\n        Radio]].\\n* [[January 19]] – Great Britain sends troops to China to\n        protect foreign nationals from spreading anti-foreign riots in Central China.\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – U.S. marines [[United States occupation of Nicaragua|invade\n        Nicaragua]] by orders of President [[Calvin Coolidge]], intervening in the\n        [[Nicaraguan civil war (1926\\u201327)|Nicaraguan Civil War]] and remaining\n        in the country until 1933.\\n* [[January 30]] – Right-wing [[veteran]]s\n        and the ''''[[Republikanischer Schutzbund]]'''' clash in [[Schattendorf]],\n        Austria, with two fatalities resulting (see also [[July 15]]).\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n{{Main article|February 1927}}\\n* February – [[Werner Heisenberg]]\n        formulates his famous [[uncertainty principle]] while employed as a lecturer\n        at [[Niels Bohr]]''s Institute for Theoretical Physics at the [[University\n        of Copenhagen]].\\n* [[February 12]] – The first British troops land\n        in Shanghai.\\n* [[February 14]] – An earthquake in [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        kills 100.\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** A [[general strike]] in Shanghai protests\n        the presence of British troops.\\n** In the United States, the [[Silent film|silent]]\n        [[romantic comedy film]] ''''[[It (1927 film)|It]]'''' starring [[Clara Bow]],\n        is released, popularising the concept of the \\\"[[It girl]]\\\".\\n* [[February\n        23]] – The U.S. [[Federal Radio Commission]] (later renamed the [[Federal\n        Communications Commission]]) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1927}}\\n* [[March 4]] – A [[diamond\n        rush]] in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major\n        companies to stake claims.\\n* [[March 7]] – The 7.0 {{M|w}} [[1927 Kita\n        Tango earthquake|Kita Tango earthquake]] kills at least 2,925 in the [[Toyooka,\n        Hy\\u014dgo|Toyooka]] and [[Kyoto Prefecture|Mineyama]] areas, western [[Honshu]],\n        Japan.\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Albanian Republic|Albania]] mobilizes in\n        case of an attack by Yugoslavia.\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** In New York City, the\n        [[Roxy Theatre (New York City)|Roxy Theatre]] is opened by [[Samuel Roxy Rothafel]].\\n**\n        The [[first armored car robbery]] is committed by the Flatheads Gang near\n        [[Pittsburgh]].\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Fritz Lang]]''s culturally influential\n        film ''''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'''' premieres in Germany.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Nanking Incident]]: After six foreigners have been\n        killed in [[Nanking]] and it appears that [[Kuomintang]] and [[Communist Party\n        of China]] forces would overrun the foreign consulates, warships of the [[U.S.\n        Navy]] and the British [[Royal Navy]] fire shells and shot to disperse the\n        crowds.{{cite news|title=U.S. and British Warships Shell Cantonese Army|newspaper=[[Miami\n        Daily News]]|date=1927-03-24|page=1}}\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1927}}\\n* [[April 1]] – The U.S. [[Bureau of Prohibition]] is founded\n        (under the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]]).\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – In Britain, the [[Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act\n        1927]] forbids strikes of support.\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Bell Telephone\n        Company|Bell Telephone Co.]] transmits an image of [[Herbert Hoover]] (then\n        the Secretary of Commerce), which becomes the first successful long distance\n        demonstration of television.\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** The [[Royal and Parliamentary\n        Titles Act 1927]] renames the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]\n        as the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]. The change\n        acknowledges that the [[Irish Free State]] is no longer part of the Kingdom.\\n**\n        [[Kuomintang]] troops kill a number of communist-supporting workers in Shanghai.\n        The incident is called the [[April 12 Incident]], or the Shanghai Massacre.\n        The 1st United Front between the Nationalists and Communist ends, and the\n        Civil War lasting until 1949 begins.\\n* [[April 14]] – The first [[Volvo\n        Cars|Volvo automobile]] rolled off the production line in [[Gothenburg]],\n        [[Sweden]].\\n* [[April 18]] – The Kuomintang (Nationalist Chinese) set\n        up a government in [[Nanking]], China.\\n* [[April 21]] – A banking crisis\n        hits Japan.\\n* [[April 22]]–[[May 5]] – The [[Great Mississippi\n        Flood of 1927]] strikes 700,000 people in the greatest natural disaster in\n        American history through that time.\\n* [[April 23]]  – [[Cardiff City\n        F.C.|Cardiff City]] win the [[FA Cup]], beating [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] 1-0.\\n*\n        [[April 27]]\\n** The [[Carabineros de Chile]] ([[Chile]]an national police\n        force and [[gendarmery]]) are created.\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Ribeiro de Barros]]\n        becomes the first non-European to make a transatlantic flight, flying from\n        [[Genoa]], Italy, to [[Fernando de Noronha]], Brazil.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1927}}\\n* May – [[Philo Farnsworth]] of the United States\n        transmits his first experimental electronic TV [[motion picture]]s, as opposed\n        to the [[electromechanical]] TV systems that others had used before.\\n* [[May\n        9]] – The [[Australian Parliament]] convenes for the first time in [[Canberra]],\n        [[Australian Capital Territory]]. Previously, the Parliament had met in [[Melbourne]],\n        [[State of Victoria]].\\n* [[May 11]] – The ''''[[Academy of Motion Picture\n        Arts and Sciences]]'''', the \\\"Academy\\\" in \\\"[[Academy Awards]]\\\", is founded.\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – British police officers raid the office of the [[Soviet]]\n        trade delegation in London.\\n* [[May 13]] – King [[George V]] proclaims\n        the change of his title from King of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Ireland]] to King of [[Great Britain and Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[May\n        17]] – U.S. Army aviation pioneer Major [[Harold Geiger]] dies in the\n        crash of his [[Airco DH.4]] airplane, at Olmsted Field, [[Pennsylvania]].\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Bath School disaster]]: a series of violent attacks results\n        in 45 deaths, mostly of school children, in [[Bath Township, Michigan]].\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – By the [[Treaty of Jeddah (1927)|Treaty of Jeddah]], the\n        United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of [[Ibn Saud]] over the [[Kingdom\n        of Hejaz and Nejd]], the future [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n* [[May 20]]–[[May\n        21|21]] – [[Charles Lindbergh]] makes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic\n        airplane flight, carried out from New York City to Paris, France, in his single-engined\n        aircraft, the ''''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]''''.\\n* [[May 22]] – The 7.6\n        {{M|w}} [[1927 Gulang earthquake|Gulang earthquake]] affects [[Gansu]] in\n        northwest China with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (''''Extreme''''),\n        leaving over 40,000 dead.\\n* [[May 23]] – Nearly 600 members of the\n        [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]] and the [[Institute of Radio\n        Engineers]] view a live demonstration of television at the Bell Telephone\n        Building in New York City, just over a year after [[John Logie Baird]] of\n        Scotland had first demonstrated an ''''electromechanical television system''''\n        to the members of the [[Royal Society]] in London.\\n* [[May 24]] – The\n        United Kingdom cuts its [[diplomatic relations]] with the [[Soviet Union]]\n        due to revelations of [[espionage]] and underground agitation.\\n[[File:Spirit\n        of St. Louis.jpg|thumb|130px|right| [[May 20]]: Solo flight New York to Paris]]\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1927}}\\n* June – The [[volcanic island]]\n        of [[Krakatoa#Anak Krakatau|Anak Krakatau]] begins to form in the [[Sunda\n        Strait]].\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] severs\n        diplomatic relations with [[Albanian Republic|Albania]].\\n* June 4\\u20136\n        – [[Clarence Chamberlin]] and [[Charles Albert Levine]] take off from\n        Roosevelt Field, New York, and fly to Eisleben, Germany, in the [[Wright-Bellanca\n        WB-2 Columbia]] aircraft ''''Miss Columbia'''', two weeks after Charles Lindbergh''s\n        historic solo flight.\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Pyotr Voykov]], the Soviet ambassador\n        to Poland, is murdered.\\n* [[June 9]] – The Soviet Union executes 20\n        for alleged [[espionage]].\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Daudet]], the leader\n        of the French [[monarchist]]s, is arrested in France.\\n** A [[ticker tape\n        parade]] is held for the aviator [[Charles Lindbergh]] down Fifth Avenue in\n        New York City.\\n* [[June 28]] – Spanish airline [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]]\n        is established.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Solar eclipse of June 29, 1927]]:\n        A total eclipse of the sun takes place over Wales, northern England, southern\n        Scotland, Norway, northern Sweden, northmost Finland, and the northmost extremes\n        of Russia.\\n* June 29-July 1 – Commander [[Richard E. Byrd]], [[Bernt\n        Balchen]], George Noville, and [[Bert Acosta]] take off from Roosevelt Field,\n        New York, in the [[Fokker Trimotor]] airplane ''''America'''' and cross the\n        Atlantic to the coast of France, having to ditch there because of bad weather;\n        all four men survive the emergency landing.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main article|July\n        1927}}\\n* [[July 1]] – The [[Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration]]\n        (FDIA) is established as a United States federal agency.\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Kevin O''Higgins]], [[Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish\n        Free State]] and [[Minister for Justice and Equality|Minister for Justice]],\n        is assassinated by the anti-[[Anglo-Irish Treaty|Treaty]] [[Irish Republican\n        Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] in [[Dublin]].\\n* [[July 11]]\n        – The [[1927 Jericho earthquake]] strikes [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]],\n        killing around 300 people. The effects are especially severe in [[Nablus]],\n        but damage and fatalities are also reported in many areas of Palestine and\n        [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] such as [[Amman]], [[Salt, Jordan]],\n        and [[Lod|Lydda]].\\n*[[July 13]] (Wednesday, Tamuz 13, 5687): 12:30 –\n        [[Rebbe]] [[Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn]] is freed from the imprisonment which\n        began on June 15 (Wednesday, Sivan 15, 5687) at 02:15 in exile in the Russian\n        town of [[Kostroma]]. \\n* [[July 15]] – [[July Revolt of 1927]]: 85\n        protesters and five policemen are left dead after the police in [[Vienna]]\n        fire on an angry crowd, mostly members of the [[Social Democratic Party of\n        Austria]]; more than 600 people are injured.\\n* [[July 24]] –  The [[Menin\n        Gate]] is dedicated as a war memorial at [[Ypres]], Belgium.\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n{{Main article|August 1927}}\\n* [[August 1]] – The Communist Chinese\n        [[People''s Liberation Army]] is formed during the [[Nanchang Uprising]].\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] announces, \\\"I do\n        not choose to run for president in 1928.\\\"\\n* [[August 7]] – The [[Peace\n        Bridge]] opens between [[Fort Erie, Ontario]] and [[Buffalo, New York]].\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – The [[Mount Rushmore]] Park is rededicated. President\n        [[Calvin Coolidge]] promises national funding for the proposed carving of\n        the presidential figures.\\n* [[August 22]] – 200 people demonstrate\n        in [[Hyde Park, London]] against the death sentencing of Italian immigrant\n        anarchists [[Sacco and Vanzetti]].\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Sacco and Vanzetti]]\n        are executed.\\n* [[August 24]] – [[August 25]] – [[1927 Nova Scotia\n        hurricane|Hurricane]] hits the [[Atlantic Provinces]] of Canada, causing massive\n        damage and at least 56 deaths.\\n* [[August 26]] – Paul R. Redfern leaves\n        [[Brunswick, Georgia]], flying his Stinson Detroiter \\\"Port of Brunswick\\\"\n        to attempt a solo nonstop flight to [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil. He later crashes\n        in the [[Venezuela]]n jungle, but the crash site has never been found.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1927}}\\n* September – The [[Autumn\n        Harvest Uprising]] occurs in China.\\n* [[September 7]] – The [[University\n        of Minas Gerais]] is founded in Brazil.\\n* [[September 18]] – The Columbia\n        Phonographic Broadcasting System (later known as ''''[[CBS]]'''') is formed\n        and goes on the air with 47 [[radio station]]s.\\n* [[September 25]] –\n        A treaty signed by the [[League of Nations]] Slavery Commission abolishes\n        all types of [[slavery]].\\n* [[September 27]] – 79 are killed and 550\n        are injured in the East St. Louis Tornado, the 2nd costliest and at least\n        24th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1927}}\\n* October – The [[Solvay Conference#Fifth Conference|Fifth Solvay\n        Conference]], held in the latter half of the month, establishes the acceptance\n        of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]].\\n* [[October 4]] – The actual\n        carving begins at [[Mount Rushmore]], [[South Dakota]].\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        ''''[[The Jazz Singer]]'''' opens in the United States and it becomes a huge\n        success, although silent films continue to be made for some time.{{cite\n        book|author=Bill Bryson|title=One Summer: America, 1927|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kI-n6fWpq98C|date=1\n        October 2013|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-53782-7}}\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – ''''[[Murderers'' Row]]'''': The [[New York Yankees]]\n        complete a four-game sweep of the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] in the World Series.\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – The Mexican government crushes a rebellion in [[Veracruz\n        (city)|Veracruz]].\\n* [[October 18]] – The first flight of [[Pan American\n        Airways]] takes off from [[Key West, Florida]], bound for [[Havana, Cuba]].\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – The Italian steamer ship ''''[[SS Principessa Mafalda|Principessa\n        Mafalda]]'''' capsizes off [[Porto Seguro]], Brazil. At least 314 people are\n        killed.\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] opens\n        the Meuse-Waal Canal in [[Nijmegen]], Holland\\n** At 5:50 a.m. a ground\n        fault gives way, causing the mine and part of the town of [[Walden, Ontario#Worthington|Worthington]]\n        to collapse into a large chasm located in [[Ontario]]. Nobody is injured in\n        the incident, as the area had been evacuated the night before after a mine\n        foreman noticed abnormal rock shifts in the mine.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1927}}\\n* [[November 1]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in [[Turkey]] (The 5th government).\\n* [[November 3]]\n        – [[November 4]] – [[Great Vermont Flood of 1927|Floods devastating\n        Vermont]] cause the \\\"worst natural disaster in the state''s history\\\".http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/events/27flood.shtml\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – Frank Heath and his horse ''''Gypsy Queen'''' return\n        to Washington, D.C., having completed a two-year journey of 11,356 miles to\n        all 48 of the states (of that time).\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Mahatma Gandhi]]\n        makes his first and last visit to [[Ceylon]].\\n** [[Leon Trotsky]] is expelled\n        from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving [[Joseph Stalin]] with undisputed\n        control of the [[Soviet Union]].\\n** The [[Holland Tunnel]] opens to traffic\n        as the first vehicular tunnel under the [[Hudson River]] linking [[New Jersey]]\n        with New York City.\\n* [[November 14]] – The [[Pittsburgh gasometer\n        explosion]]: Three ''''Equitable Gas'''' storage tanks in the [[North Side\n        (Pittsburgh)|North Side]] of [[Pittsburgh]] explode, killing 26 people and\n        causing damage estimated between $4.0 million and $5.0 million.\\n* [[November\n        21]] – The [[Columbine Mine massacre|Colorado state police open fire]]\n        on 500 rowdy but unarmed miners during a strike, killing six of them.\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1927}}\\n* December – The [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] Congress condemns all ''''deviation\n        from the general party line'''' in the [[USSR]].\\n* [[December 2]] –\n        Following 19 years of [[Ford Model T]] production, the [[Ford Motor Company]]\n        unveils the [[Ford Model A (1927\\u201331)|Ford Model A]] as its new automobile.\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] gains independence from the\n        United Kingdom.\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Marion Parker]], 12, is kidnapped\n        in Los Angeles. Her dismembered body is found on [[December 19]], prompting\n        the largest manhunt to date on the West Coast for her killer, [[William Edward\n        Hickman]], who is arrested on [[December 22]] in [[Oregon]].\\n* [[December\n        17]] – The [[United States Navy]] submarine {{USS|S-4|SS-109|2}} is\n        accidentally rammed and sunk by the [[United States Coast Guard]] cutter ''''John\n        Paulding'''' off [[Provincetown, Massachusetts]], killing everyone aboard\n        despite several unsuccessful attempts to raise the submarine.\\n* [[December\n        19]] –3 Indian [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Revolutionaries]],\n        viz Pandit [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], Thakur [[Roshan Singh]], and [[Ashfaqulla\n        Khan]], are executed by the [[British Raj]]. [[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]] had\n        been executed two days before.\\n* [[December 27]] – Kern and Hammerstein''s\n        musical play, ''''[[Show Boat]]'''', based on [[Show Boat (novel)|Edna Ferber''s\n        novel]], opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and then goes on to become\n        the first great classic of the American musical theater.\\n* [[December 30]]\n        –  The first Japanese [[rapid transit|commuter metro line]], the [[Tokyo\n        Metro Ginza Line]], opens.\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* The [[British Broadcasting\n        Corporation]] is granted a Royal Charter of Incorporation.\\n* [[Harold Stephen\n        Black]] invents the [[feedback amplifier]].\\n* The [[Voluntary Committee of\n        Lawyers]] is founded to bring about the [[Repeal of Prohibition in the United\n        States]].\\n* [[World population]] reaches two billion.\\n* In Britain, 1,000\n        people a week die from an [[influenza]] epidemic.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Barbara\n        Rush.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Barbara Rush]]]]\\n[[File:Johnnie Ray Allan Warren.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Johnnie\n        Ray]]]]\\n[[File:Olof Palme 1974 (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Olof Palme]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Vernon L. Smith]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Doak Walker]], American\n        football player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Barbara Rush]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 5]] – Satguru [[Sivaya Subramuniyaswami]], American-born\n        Hindu guru (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Tim Flood (hurler)|Tim\n        Flood]], Irish hurler (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Gisele MacKenzie]],\n        Canadian-born singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Johnnie Ray]], American singer (d.\n        [[1990]])\\n** [[Otto Stich]], member of the Swiss Federal Council  (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]]\\n** [[Brock Adams]], American politician (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Sydney Brenner]], South African biologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Kirti Nidhi Bista]],\n        Nepali politician\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**[[Thomas Anthony Dooley III]], American\n        physician and humanitarian (d. [[1961]])\\n**[[Eartha Kitt]], African-American\n        actress and singer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Marvin Kaplan]],\n        American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Lasse P\\u00f6ysti]], Finnish writer and\n        playwright\\n* [[January 25]] \\n** [[Marian and Vivian Brown#Vivian Brown|Vivian\n        Brown]], American celebrity icon (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Marian and Vivian Brown#Marian\n        Brown|Marian Brown]], American celebrity icon (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio\n        Carlos Jobim]], Brazilian composer (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Gregg Palmer]], American\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Azcona del Hoyo]],\n        26th [[President of Honduras]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Bob\n        DeMoss]], American football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Per\n        Oscarsson]], Swedish actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Hiroshi Teshigahara]], Japanese\n        director (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Edward Abbey]], American environmentalist\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Lewis Urry]], Canadian inventor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Olof Palme]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[1986]])\\n**\n        [[Roberto Gottardi]], Italian architect (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bendapudi Venkata\n        Satyanarayana]], Indian dermatologist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Jean Speegle Howard]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Sidney\n        Poitier-NPS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sidney Poitier]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] –\n        [[Galway Kinnell]], American poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Stan\n        Getz]], American musician (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Doris Sams]], American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Val Doonican]],\n        Irish singer and entertainer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Joseph A. Palaia]], American\n        politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Blas Ople]], Filipino politician (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Sarah Jim\\u00e9nez]], Mexican artist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Vasant Sarwate]],\n        Indian cartoonist and writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Horst\n        Ehmke]], German lawyer, law professor and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** [[Juliette Gr\\u00e9co]], French singer and actress\\n** [[Vladimir\n        Kuts]], Russian runner (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Leontyne\n        Price]], African-American soprano\\n* [[February 11]] \\n** [[Nalda Bird]],\n        American female professional baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Robert Squires]],\n        Royal Navy officer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Rita Meyer (baseball)|Rita\n        Meyer]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Buck Hill (musician)|Buck Hill]], American jazz tenor and soprano\n        saxophonist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Seiz\\u014d Kat\\u014d]],\n        Japanese voice actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Lois Maxwell]], Canadian actress\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Harvey Korman]], American actor and\n        comedian (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Luis Gimeno]], Uruguayan-born Mexican actor (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[June Brown]], British actress\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[John Selfridge]], American mathematician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February\n        20]]\\n** [[Roy Cohn]], American lawyer and anti-Communist (d. [[1986]])\\n**\n        [[Sidney Poitier]], African-American actor and film director\\n* [[February\n        21]]\\n** [[Erma Bombeck]], American writer and humorist (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Hubert de Givenchy]], French fashion designer\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Emil Bobu]], Romanian Communist activist and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[R\\u00e9gine Crespin]], French operatic soprano (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Mirtha Legrand]], Argentinian actress and TV presenter\\n** [[Silvia Legrand]],\n        Argentinian actress\\n* [[February 24]] \\n**[[Mark Lane (author)|Mark Lane]],\n        American conspiracy theorist (d. [[2016]])\\n**[[Emmanuelle Riva]], French\n        actress (d. 2017)\\n* [[February 25]] \\n** [[Ralph Stanley]], American [[Bluegrass\n        music|bluegrass]] banjo player and vocalist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Dick Jones\n        (actor)|Dick Jones]], American actor and singer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Tom Kennedy (television presenter)|Tom Kennedy]], American\n        game show host\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Lynn Cartwright]], American actress\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Harry Belafonte 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Harry\n        Belafonte]]]]\\n[[File:James Broderick 1959.JPG|thumb|110px|[[James Broderick]]]]\\n[[File:Gabriel\n        Garcia Marquez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gabriel Garc\\u00eda M\\u00e1rquez]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[George O. Abell]], American astronomer, professor at UCLA, science\n        popularizer, and skeptic (d. 1983)\\n** [[Harry Belafonte]], American musician\n        and actor\\n** [[Robert Bork]], American conservative law professor (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Roger Walkowiak]], French road bicycle racer (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Pierre Aubert]], member of the Swiss Federal Council\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Philip Batt]], 29th Governor of the U.S.\n        state of Idaho\\n** [[Thayer David]], American actor (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Orben]], American comedy writer\\n** [[Dick Savitt]], American tennis player\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n** [[William J. Bell]], American soap creator (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Gordon Cooper]], American astronaut (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Gabriel Garc\\u00eda\n        M\\u00e1rquez]], Colombian author, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[James Broderick]],\n        American actor (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[March 8]] \\n** [[Dick Hyman]], American\n        composer and pianist\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Kania]], Polish communist politician\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\n** [[Jupp Derwall]], German football player and manager (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Marlia Hardi]], Indonesian actress (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Bill\n        Fischer (American football)|Bill Fischer]], American football offensive lineman\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Barbara Sinatra]] American model, wife of Frank Sinatra\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Ron Todd (trade unionist)|Ron Todd]],\n        British trade union leader (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Joachim Fuchsberger]], German-Australian\n        actor, television host, lyricist and businessman (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[March\n        12]] – [[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn|Ra\\u00fal Ricardo Alfons\\u00edn]],\n        former [[President of Argentina]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\n** [[Robert\n        Denning]], American interior designer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jozef Zlat\\u0148ansk\\u00fd]],\n        Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Annastasia Batikis]],\n        Greek-American female professional baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Hanns-Joachim\n        Friedrichs]], German journalist (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Vladimir\n        Komarov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]],\n        U.S. Senator from New York (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Roberto\n        Suazo C\\u00f3rdova]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[March 18]] – [[George\n        Plimpton]], American writer and actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[John\n        Joubert (composer)|John Joubert]], South African\\u2013born British composer\\n**\n        [[Earlene Risinger]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]], German politician (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Mato Damjanovi\\u0107]], Croatian chess grandmaster\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Martin Walser]], German author\\n*\n        [[March 25]] \\n** [[Tina Anselmi]], Italian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bill\n        Barilko]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[1951]])\\n** [[Monique van Vooren]],\n        Belgian-American actress\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Robert Rosencrans]], American\n        public affairs television network (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\n** [[Mstislav\n        Rostropovich]], Russian cellist and conductor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Karl Stotz]],\n        Austrian football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[John Vane]],\n        British pharmacologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar Ch\\u00e1vez]], American\n        labor activist, United Farm Workers founder (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[William Daniels]],\n        American actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:\\u00c9va Sz\\u00e9kely 1956.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9va\n        Sz\\u00e9kely]]]]\\n[[File:Benedykt XVI (2010-10-17) 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope\n        Benedict XVI]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0313-300, Margot Honecker,\n        Minister f\\u00fcr Volksbildung.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Margot Honecker]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] \\n** [[Maria Eug\\u00e9nia]], Portuguese actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Cundall]], Australian horticulturist and television presenter\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Rita Gam]], American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ferenc Pusk\\u00e1s]], Hungarian\n        footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Kenneth Tynan]], English theatre critic (d.\n        [[1980]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Richard Haynes (criminal lawyer)|Richard Haynes]],\n        American lawyer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[\\u00c9va Sz\\u00e9kely]], Hungarian swimmer\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[Frederick I. Ordway III]], American space scientist\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Chao-Li Chi]], Shanxi-born actor (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Thanin Kraivichien]], Thai lawyer and politician\\n* [[April 6]] \\n** [[Gerry\n        Mulligan]], American musician (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Harry Beitzel]], Australian\n        football umpire and broadcaster (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Tilly\n        Armstrong]] (alias [[Tania Langley]] and [[Kate Alexander]]), British writer\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Marshall Warren Nirenberg]], American\n        scientist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Alan MacDiarmid]], New Zealand chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Robert Mills (physicist)|Robert Mills]], American physicist\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Doris McLemore]], American linguist (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Pope Benedict XVI]]  \\n** [[Peter Mark Richman]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Margot Honecker]], East German politician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\n** [[Samuel P. Huntington]], American political\n        scientist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Charles Pasqua]], French businessman and politician\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Phil Hill]], American race car driver\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Karl Alexander M\\u00fcller]], Swiss physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Daniel McKinnon\n        (ice hockey)|Daniel McKinnon]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 26]]\\n** [[Anita Darian]], American singer and actress (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Gallatin]], American basketballer and coach (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Coretta Scott King]], African-American civil rights leader,\n        wife of [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Lois Florreich]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Ellen Alak\\u00fcla]], Estonian actress (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] \\n** [[Duncan McMullin]], New Zealand jurist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Albert\n        Zafy]], Malagasy politician\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Jean-Paul Martin-du-Gard]],\n        French runner (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Hal Hudson]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Terry Scott]], English actor and comedian\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Pat Carroll (actress)|Pat Carroll]],\n        American actress\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Ettore Manni]], Italian actor (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Manfred Eigen]], German biophysicist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n** [[Wim Thoelke]], German television\n        entertainer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Bernard Fox (actor)|Bernard\n        Fox]], English actor (''''[[Bewitched]]'''') (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Mort Sahl]],\n        Canadian-born comedian, political commentator\\n** [[Gene Savoy]], American\n        author, explorer, scholar and cleric (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Herbert\n        Ross]], American film director (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Marilyn\n        Hall]], Canadian-born American television producer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        20]] – [[Bud Grant]], Canadian and American football coach\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Chuck Stewart]], American photographer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        22]] – [[George Andrew Olah]], Hungarian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Dieter\n        Hildebrandt]], German comedian (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\n** [[Robert Ludlum]],\n        American author (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Paul Oliver]], British architecture and\n        blues historian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Endel Tulving]], Estonian-Canadian\n        experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Ralph\n        Carmichael]], American composer and arranger\\n** [[William A. Hilliard]],\n        American journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\n** [[Byron Dobell]], American\n        writer, editor, and artist (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Clint Walker]], American actor\\n**[[Elly\n        Stone]], American singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:JerryStillerNYC05.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jerry\n        Stiller]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Boots Randolph]], American saxophone player\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)]], British actor\n        [[As Time Goes By (UK TV series)]]\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Alan Seymour]], Australian\n        playwright and author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ralph Wetton]], English professional\n        footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Herbert R. Axelrod]], American\n        ichthyologist and musical instrument collector (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 8]]\n        – [[Jerry Stiller]], American comedian and actor\\n* [[June 10]] \\n**\n        [[Ladislao Kubala]], Hungarian football player and manager (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Bede Morris]], Australian immunologist (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Al Fairweather]], Scottish jazz musician (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        [[Yoshiro Hayashi (politician)|Yoshiro Hayashi]], Japanese politician (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Ariano Suassuna]], Brazilian playwright and author (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Wally Wood]], American cartoonist (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Paul Eddington]], British actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 19]]\n        – [[Luciano Benjam\\u00edn Men\\u00e9ndez]], Argentine general\\n* [[June\n        20]] – [[Bernard Cahier]], French F1 photo journalist (d. 2008)\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Iranganie Serasinghe]], Sri Lankan actress\\n** [[Hugh Rossi]],\n        British Conservative politician\\n** [[Don Jessop]], Australian politician\\n**\n        [[Carl Stokes]], American politician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Karl Sch\\u00fcgerl]], Hungarian chemical engineering studies \\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[John Habgood]], British retired Anglican bishop, academic, and\n        life peer\\n** [[Leonid Bogdanov]], Soviet Olympic fencer\\n** [[Bob Fosse]],\n        American choreographer and director (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Frederick\n        Vreeland]], American diplomat and writer\\n** [[Hal Nerdal]], Australian skier\\n**\n        [[Martin Lewis Perl]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[James B. Edwards]], American politician\n        and administrator (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Arnold Wolfendale]],\n        British astronomer\\n** [[Patricia Martin Bates]], Canadian artist\\n** [[Gerald\n        Freedman]], American theatre director, librettist, and lyricist, and a college\n        dean\\n** [[Kjell T\\u00e5nnander]], Swedish decathlete\\n** [[Chuck Smith (pastor)|Chuck\n        Smith]], American pastor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Jerry Schatzberg]],\n        photographer and film director\\n** [[Ben Turok]], former anti-apartheid activist,\n        Economics Professor and former South African member of parliament and a member\n        of the African National Congress\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Gracia\n        Barrios|es|3=Gracia Barrios}}, Chilean painter\\n** [[John Barber (basketball)|John\n        Barber]], American professional basketball player\\n** [[Cino Tortorella]],\n        Italian television presenter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Bobby Myers (racing driver)|Bobby\n        Myers]], American [[NASCAR]] driver (d. [[1957]])\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Correlli\n        Barnett]], English military historian\\n** [[Dick Lane (baseball)|Dick Lane]],\n        American professional baseball player\\n** [[Boris Shilkov]], Soviet speed\n        skater (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Frank Sherwood Rowland]], American chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\n**\n        [[Viola Myers]], Canadian sprinter\\n** [[Pierre Savard]], Canadian politician\\n**\n        [[Roy Radner]], American economist\\n** [[Bert Hubbard]], American synchronized\n        swimmer, choreographer and coach\\n** [[Pat McGeer]], Canadian physician, professor,\n        baskebtall player and medical researcher\\n** [[Kenneth Snelson]], American\n        contemporary sculptor and photographer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Shirley\n        Fry Irvin]], American tennis player\\n** [[Frank McCabe (basketball)|Frank\n        McCabe]], American basketball player\\n** [[Wayne Knox]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Mario Lanfranchi]], Italian film, theatre and television director, screenwriter,\n        producer, collector and actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Gina Lollobrigida 1991.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gina\n        Lollobrigida]]]]\\n[[File:The Naked Spur-Janet Leigh.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Janet\n        Leigh]]]]\\n[[File:Kurt masur.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kurt Masur]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\n        \\n** [[Chandra Shekhar]], 8th [[Prime Minister of India]] (d. 2007)\\n** [[Mirghani\n        Alnasri]], Sudanese politician\\n** [[Richard Chaloner, 3rd Baron Gisborough]],\n        British Peer\\n** [[Winfield Dunn]], Politician; Governor of Tennessee \\n**\n        [[Leo Klejn]], Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist\\n* [[July\n        2]] \\n** [[James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern]], British advocate\\n**\n        [[Fern Villeneuve]], Canadian Army officer\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Salome \\u00deorkelsd\\u00f3ttir]],\n        Icelandic politician and first woman to be Speaker of the unicameral Althing\\n**\n        [[Tim O''Connor (actor)|Tim O''Connor]], American actor\\n** [[Peter Muller\n        (architect)|Peter Muller]], Canadian architect\\n** [[Ken Rowlands]], Welsh\n        boxer \\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Gina Lollobrigida]], Italian actress\\n** [[Neil\n        Simon]], American playwright, screenwriter and author\\n** [[Teresita Castillo]],\n        Filipino religious (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Derek Bond (bishop)|Derek Bond]], English\n        bishop\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Kah Kyung Cho]], Korean-American philosopher\\n**\n        [[Thomas Fleming (historian)|Thomas Fleming]], American military historian\n        and historical novelist \\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Dolores Claman]], Canadian composer\n        and pianist\\n** [[Alan Freeman]], Australian-born broadcaster and disc jockey\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Janet Leigh]], American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Pat\n        Paulsen]], American comedian and political satirist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Henri Dirickx]], Belgian international footballer played \\n** [[Doc\n        Severinsen]] American musician [[Johnny Carson Show]]\\n** [[Martin Ransohoff]],\n        American cinema and television producer, and member of the Ransohoff family\\n**\n        [[George C. Lodge]], American professor and former politician\\n** [[Lewis\n        Arthur Tambs]], American ambassador to Colombia and Costa Rica\\n** [[Henry\n        Kajura]],  Ugandan administrator and politician\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Lisa\n        Lu]], Chinese-born American actress and singer\\n** [[Maurice Hayes]], Irish\n        politician\\n** [[Khensur Lungri Namgyel]], Tibetan religious leader\\n** [[Cal\n        Christensen]], American basketball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Ed Ames]], American popular singer and actor\\n** [[Red Kelly]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player \\n** [[Richard N. Gardner]], United States Ambassador to\n        Spain and the United States Ambassador to Italy \\n** [[Ronnie Stonham]], Special\n        Assistant to the Director of Personnel at the BBC (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[David\n        Diop]], French West African poet (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** Elvira Corona,\n        American dancer and actress\\n** [[Park Seong-tae]], South Korean sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Grigory Barenblatt]], Russian mathematician\\n** [[Jack Kelley (ice hockey)|Jack\n        Kelley]], American ice hockey coach\\n** [[David Dinkins]], African-American\n        [[Mayor of New York City]] from [[1989]] through [[1993]]\\n** [[William Smithers]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Marcel Azzola]], French accordionist\\n* [[July 11]]\\n**\n        [[Theodore H. Maiman]], American inventor and physicist who developed the\n        [[laser]] (d. 2007)\\n** [[Julio Sobrera]], Uruguayan cyclist\\n** [[Gregorio\n        Salvador Caja]], Spanish linguist\\n** [[Chris Leonard]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[Abune Antonios]], third Patriarch of the Eritrean Orthodox\n        Tewahedo Church\\n** [[Tom Benson]], American footballer \\n** [[Frank Windsor]],\n        English actor\\n**  [[Gert Grigoleit]], American sprint canoer\\n** [[Muhammad\n        Iqbal (athlete)|Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistani hammer thrower\\n** [[Jack Harshman]],\n        American professional baseball pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 13]] \\n** [[Chin\n        Kung]], Buddhist monk from the Mahayana tradition\\n** [[Simone Veil]], French\n        lawyer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ian Reed]], Australian discus thrower\\n*\n        [[July 14]] \\n** [[John Chancellor]], American news anchorman for NBC (d.\n        1996)\\n** [[Paul V. Priolo]], American politician\\n** [[Ray Hannigan]], Canadian\n        professional ice hockey right winger\\n** [[Aimo Vartiainen]], Finnish alpine\n        skier\\n** [[Henri Skiba]], French football player\\n** [[Eero Lohi]], Finnish\n        modern pentathlete \\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Ann Jellicoe]], British playwright,\n        theatre director and actress\\n** [[Carmen Zapata]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[H\\u00e5kon Brusveen]], Norwegian cross-country skier\\n** [[Leo C. Zeferetti]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Joe Turkel]], American actor\\n** [[Nan Martin]],\n        American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Caerwyn Roderick]], British Labour Party\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gloria Pall]], American model, showgirl, actress,\n        author and businesswoman (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Ted Slevin]], English professional\n        rugby league footballer\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Shirley Hughes]], English author\n        and illustrator\\n** [[Derek Hawksworth]], English footballer\\n** [[Geoffrey\n        Martin (footballer)|Geoffrey Martin]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Serge\n        Baudo]], French conductor\\n** [[Jules Witcover]], American journalist, author,\n        and columnist\\n** [[Alois Eisentr\\u00e4ger]], German footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[John Warr]], English cricketer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Ed Leede]],\n        American former professional basketball player \\n** [[Roy Stuart (actor)|Roy\n        Stuart]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Keith MacDonald]],\n        Canadian politician\\n** [[Robert E. Haebel]], American major general\\n** [[Antonio\n        Garc\\u00eda-Trevijano]], Spanish republican, political activist, and author\\n**\n        [[Kurt Masur]], German conductor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Jack Harshman]], American\n        professional baseball pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Don Bagley]], American jazz\n        bassist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Alma Carlisle]], African American\n        architect and architectural historian\\n** [[Tom Blake (American football)|Tom\n        Blake]], American football player\\n** [[Herv\\u00e9 Pinoteau]], French historian\n        and royalist apologist \\n** [[Billy Gardner]], American former professional\n        baseball player, coach and manager\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Zhang Sizhi]], active\n        rights lawyer in China\\n** [[Robert Wahl]], American football player \\n**\n        [[Michael Gielen]], Austrian conductor and composer\\n** [[Heather Chasen]],\n        English actress\\n** [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]], Russian historian\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\n** [[Dick Smith (third baseman)|Dick Smith]], former Major League Baseball\n        infielder\\n** [[Joan Benedict Steiger]], American actress\\n** [[Hal Hatfield]],\n        Canadian football player\\n** [[William Liller]], American astronomer\\n* [[July\n        22]] \\n** [[Dagoberto Moll]], Uruguayan footballer and manager\\n** [[Hsing\n        Yun]], Chinese Buddhist monk\\n** [[Bill Detrick]], American college basketball\n        and golf coach (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Danny La Rue]], Irish\n        drag queen (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[John Seigenthaler]], American\n        journalist, writer, and political figure (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[John Ashbery]], American poet (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 30]] \\n** [[Richard\n        Johnson (actor)|Richard Johnson]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Victor\n        Wong (actor born 1927)|Victor Wong]], American actor (d. [[2001]])\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Eddie Kamae]], American ''ukulele (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jess\n        Thomas]], American tenor (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Eddie Kamae]], American ukuleleist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Arturo Armando Molina]], former President\n        of El Salvador\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Rocky Bridges]], American middle infielder\n        and third baseman (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Edwin W. Edwards]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Carl Switzer]], American actor (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Johnny\n        Temple]], American baseball player (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Marvin\n        Minsky]], American computer scientist, [[Turing Award]] winner ([[Artificial\n        intelligence]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Eivind Eckbo]], Norwegian\n        politician, lawyer and farmer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Stuart\n        Rosenberg]], American director (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Porter\n        Wagoner]], American country singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[David Padilla]], 64th President of Bolivia (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 14]]\n        – [[Roger Carel]] (Bancharel), French actor\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[F. Ray Keyser Jr.]], American lawyer and politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Rosalynn Carter]], [[First Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[L. Q. Jones]], American actor\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Peter\n        Oakley]], also known as geriatric1927,  British vlogger (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\n** [[Dick Bruna]], Dutch artist, graphic designer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Philippe Mestre]], French high-ranking civil servant, media executive and\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Althea Gibson]], African-American\n        tennis player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Ma Jir Bo]], Chinese Realism\n        oil painter (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Jill Amos]], New Zealand politician and community\n        leader (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Fouad al-Tikerly]], prominent\n        Iraqi novelist and writer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[A. Ross\n        Eckler Jr.]], American logologist, statistician and author (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Buford A. Johnson]], African-American World War II pilot\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Beene]], American fashion designer (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Bill Daily]], American comedian and dramatic actor\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Columbo\n        Peter Falk 1973.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Peter Falk]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        Br. [[John Hamman]] S.M. (d. [[2000]]), [[close-up magic]]ian, inventor, [[Marianist]]\n        brother (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Ant\\u00f4nio Carlos Magalh\\u00e3es]],\n        Brazilian politician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Eric Hill]],\n        English author and illustrator (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Johnny\n        Keating]], Scottish musician and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n**\n        [[Vernon Corea]], Sri Lankan broadcaster (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[G. David Schine]],\n        American businessman (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Laura Cardoso]],\n        Brazilian actress\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Peter Falk]], American actor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n** [[Jack Kelly (actor)|Jack Kelly]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Sadako Ogata]], Japanese diplomat, former United Nations High Commissioner\n        for Refugees\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Rosemary Harris]], American actress\\n**\n        [[William Hickey (actor)|William Hickey]], American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Nick Massi]], Former Bassist for ''The Four Seasons'' (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\n** [[Owen Aspinall]], 45th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Joan Hotchkis]], American actress, writer and performance artist\\n* [[September\n        22]]\\n** [[Kika de la Garza]], American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Gordon\n        Astall]], English footballer\\n** [[Tommy Lasorda]], American baseball manager\n        ([[Los Angeles Dodgers]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Thomas Vose Daily]],\n        American Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Arthur Malet]], English actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\n** [[Colin\n        Davis|Sir Colin Davis]], English conductor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Val Jellay]],\n        Australian actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Steve Stavro]],\n        Canadian businessman and sports team owner (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – Al\\u00edcia Raquel de Videla, former first Lady of Argentina\\n* [[September\n        29]] \\n** [[Cid Moreira]], Brazilian journalist and TV presenter,\\n** [[Adhemar\n        Ferreira da Silva]], Brazilian athlete (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[W. S. Merwin]], American poet\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sir Roger Moore 3\n        3x4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roger Moore]]]]\\n[[File:G\\u00fcnter Grass auf dem Blauen\n        Sofa.jpg|thumb|110px|[[G\\u00fcnter Grass]]]]\\n[[File:Jorge Batlle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jorge\n        Batlle]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Tom Bosley]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Antony Grey]], English gay rights activist (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]], Argentine scientist; received\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 10]]\n        – [[Dana Elcar]], American actor and director (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Princess Jos\\u00e9phine Charlotte of Belgium]], Grand Duchess\n        of Luxembourg (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Lee Konitz]], American\n        jazz composer and alto saxophonist\\n** [[Turgut \\u00d6zal]], 8th President\n        and 26th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Roger Moore]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Peter\n        Pollen]], Canadian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[G\\u00fcnter\n        Grass]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[George C. Scott]], American actor\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Pierre Alechinsky]], Belgian painter\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Leszek Ko\\u0142akowski]], Polish philosopher (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Cal Hogue]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\n** [[Jorge Batlle]], [[President of Uruguay]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Barbara Cook]], American singer and actress (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Roza Makagonova]], Russian actress (d. [[1995]])\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 2]] – [[Steve Ditko]], American comic-book writer and artist\\n*\n        [[November 3]] \\n** [[Marius Barnard (surgeon)|Marius Barnard]], South African\n        cardiac surgeon (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Peggy McCay]], American actress\\n** [[Jan\n        Stoeckart]], Dutch composer, conductor, trombonist and former radio producer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Odvar Nordli]], Norwegian politician and 10th [[Prime\n        Minister of Norway]]\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Bobby Breen]], Canadian-born\n        American actor and singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Kenneth\n        Waller]], English actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Hiroshi\n        Yamauchi]], Japanese businessman and president of [[Nintendo]] (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Ken Dodd]], English comedian\\n** [[Patti Page]], American\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\n** [[Gerry Glaude]], Canadian professional\n        ice hockey defenceman (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Sabah (singer)|Sabah]], Lebanese\n        singer and actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[McLean Stevenson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**[[Gregor Mackenzie]], British\n        politician (d. [[1992]])\\n**[[Bill Rowling]], 30th [[Prime Minister of New\n        Zealand]] (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Fenella Fielding]], English\n        actress\\n** [[Nicholas Taylor]], Geologist, businessman and politician and\n        former Canadian Senator\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Hank Ballard]], American\n        musician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\n** [[Georgia Frontiere]], co-owner\n        of the [[Los Angeles Rams|Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams]] (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Gordon\n        Christian]], American ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 23]] –\n        [[Guy Davenport]], American author, artist, and scholar (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[Ahmadou Kourouma]], Ivorian writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Alfredo\n        Kraus]], Spanish tenor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 de\n        Jes\\u00fas Madera Uribe]], American Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Arnold Clark]], Scottish billionaire businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        28]] \\n** [[Abdul Halim of Kedah]], Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia\\n**\n        [[Chuck Mitchell]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Vin Scully]], American baseball broadcaster\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Tod\n        Sloan (ice hockey)|Tod Sloan]], Canadian professional ice hockey player (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert Guillaume]], American actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:King\n        Bhumibol Adulyadej 2010-9-29.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]]]\\n[[File:Stein\n        Eriksen 1952.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stein Eriksen]]]]\\n[[File:Kim Young Sam 1996.png|thumb|110px|[[Kim\n        Young-sam]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Prabhakar Thokal]], Indian cartoonist\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\n** [[Andy Williams]], American singer (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n** [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], British\n        academic (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]], King\n        Rama IX of Thailand (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[W. D. Amaradeva]], Sri Lanka maestro\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[\\u00d3scar M\\u00edguez]], Uruguayan football player (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Erich Probst]], Austrian football player (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Marcel Pelletier (ice hockey)|Marcel Pelletier]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Helen\n        Watts]], Welsh contralto (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Vladimir\n        Shatalov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Pierre Henry]],\n        French composer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Bob Farrell (motivational\n        speaker)|Bob Farrell]], American motivational speaker, author, and founder\n        of Farrell''s Ice Cream Parlour and Restaurant (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Stein Eriksen]], Norwegian Olympic skiier (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Robert Noyce]], Intel cofounder (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[James Wright (poet)|James Wright]], American poet\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Akihiko Hirata]], Japanese actor\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Richard Long (actor)|Richard Long]],\n        American actor (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Rom\\u00e9o LeBlanc]],\n        25th [[Governor General of Canada]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\n**[[Charlie\n        Callas]], American comedian and singer (d. [[2011]])\\n**[[Kim Young-sam]],\n        South Korean politician, 7th [[President of South Korea|President of the Republic\n        of Korea]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Mary Higgins Clark]],\n        American novelist\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Nellie Fox]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Ram Narayan]], Indian [[sarangi]] player\\n* [[December\n        26]]\\n** [[Akihiko Hirata]], Japanese actor (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Alan King]],\n        American comedian (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Denis Quilley]], British actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]]\\n** [[Audrey Wagner|Genevieve Audrey Wagner]], American professional\n        baseball player and Doctor of Medicine (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Luciano Frosini]],\n        Italian racing cyclist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Edward Babiuch]],\n        Polish Communist political figure\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Giorgio Capitani]],\n        Italian film director and screenwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Andy Stanfield]],\n        American athlete (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\n** [[Jan Kub\\u00ed\\u010dek]],\n        Czech constructivist painter and sculptor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Hamed Karoui]],\n        Prime Minister of Tunisia\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]], English-German author (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – Empress [[Carlota of Mexico]] (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Charles Warren]], British police officer and archeologist (b.\n        [[1840]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Janko Vukoti\\u0107]],\n        Montenegrin general (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Brooks Adams]],\n        American historian (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Carl Theodore\n        Vogelgesang]], American admiral (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 19]]\\n**[[Fernand\n        de Langle de Cary]], French general (b. [[1849]])\\n**[[Robert Fuchs]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1847]])\\n**[[Georg Brandes]], Danish critic and scholar (b.\n        [[1842]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\n** [[Austin M. Knight]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1854]])\\n** [[Hermann Obrist]], German sculptor (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n=== March\n        ===\\n\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Ira Remsen]], American chemist, discoverer of [[saccharin]]\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Max Th\\u00e9on]], Polish Jewish occultist (b. [[1848]])\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – [[Xenophon Stratigos]], Greek general (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[J\\u0101nis \\u010cakste]], Latvian politician, first\n        president of Latvian Republic (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Charles\n        Emmett Mack]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Templin\n        Potts]], American naval officer; 11th [[Naval Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Paul C\\u00e9sar Helleu]], French artist (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] – [[Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas]], Palestinian Catholic\n        nun, canonized (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Joe Start]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1842]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Gaston\n        Leroux]], French journalist and author (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Enrique Simonet]], Spanish painter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Earle Williams]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Wooster\n        and Davis|Noel Guy Davis]], American naval officer and aviator (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Wooster and Davis|Stanton Hall Wooster]], American\n        naval officer and aviator (b. 1895]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        [[Ernest Starling]], English physiologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Ernest Ball]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 8]]\n        – [[Charles Nungesser]], French aviator and World War I fighter ace\n        (date of disappearance) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Francois Coli]],\n        French aerial navigator and WW1 veteran (date of disappearance) (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Juan Gris]], Spanish sculptor and painter (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Henri Hubert]], French archaeologist and sociologist\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Lizzie borden.jpg|110px|thumb|right|[[Lizzie\n        Borden]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Lizzie Borden]], American accused murderer;\n        acquitted of killing her father and stepmother (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[J. B. Bury]],\n        Irish historian (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Hannibal di Francia]], Italian priest\n        and saint (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Robert McKim (actor)|Robert\n        McKim]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Victoria Woodhull]],\n        American feminist and spiritualist; first woman to ever run for U.S. President\n        (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[William Attewell]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Jerome K. Jerome]], English writer\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[Image:Albrecht Kossel nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albrecht\n        Kossel]]]]\\n[[File:King Ferdinand of Romania.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Ferdinand\n        of Romania]]]]\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Marcelino Crisologo]], Filipino politician,\n        playwright, writer and poet (b. [[1844]])\\n** [[Albrecht Kossel]], German\n        physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b.\n        [[1853]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Max Hoffmann]], German general (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[John Drew, Jr.]], American stage actor (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – King [[Ferdinand of Romania]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Ry\\u016bnosuke Akutagawa]], Japanese poet and writer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[June Mathis]], American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Leonard Wood]], American general (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[James Oliver Curwood]], American novelist\n        and conservationist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Johannes Theodor\n        Baargeld]], German painter and poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Nicola\n        Sacco]], Italian anarchist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Bartolomeo Vanzetti]], Italian\n        anarchist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Manuel D\\u00edaz Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Venezuelan writer (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Amelia Bingham]], American stage actress (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 5]]\n        \\n** [[Marcus Loew]], American theatre chain founder (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Wayne\n        Wheeler]], American temperance movement leader (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Lloyd W. Bertaud]], American aviator (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September\n        14]]\\n** [[Hugo Ball]], German poet, founder of ''''Dadaism'''' (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Isadora Duncan]], British-based American dancer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September\n        19]] – [[Michael Ancher]], Danish painter (b. [[1849]])\\n[[File:Willem\n        Einthoven.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Willem Einthoven]]]]\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – [[Leopold Wharton]], American film director (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Willem Einthoven]], Dutch inventor, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Charles Kilpatrick (cyclist)|Charles Kilpatrick]], American one-legged trick\n        cyclist (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Svante\n        Arrhenius]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Sam Warner]], Hollywood studio executive\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Gustave Whitehead]], German-born\n        aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[David Macpherson\n        (engineer)|David Macpherson]], Canadian-born American civil engineer (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** [[Borisav Stankovi\\u0107|Borisav \\\"Bora\\\" Stankovi\\u0107]],\n        [[Serbia]]n writer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Ross Youngs]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Squizzy\n        Taylor|Joseph \\\"Squizzy\\\" Taylor]], Australian underworld figure (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Florence Mills]], American cabaret\n        singer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n**[[Hawthorne C. Gray]], record-setting\n        American balloonist (b. [[1889]])\\n**[[Valli Valli]], actress (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] – [[Wilhelm Johannsen]], Danish botanist, physiologist\n        and geneticist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Emma Carus]], American\n        opera [[contralto]], (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Alfred III,\n        Prince of Windisch-Gr\\u00e4tz]], former Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n* [[December 17]]\\n**[[Hubert Harrison]], African-American writer,\n        critic, and activist (b. [[1883]])\\n**[[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]], Indian [[Revolutionary]],\n        Hindustan Republican Association (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil]], Indian [[Revolutionary]], Hindustan Republican\n        Association (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n**[[Ashfaqulla Khan]], Indian\n        [[Revolutionary]], Hindustan Republican Association (b. [[1900]])\\n**[[Thakur\n        Roshan Singh]], Indian [[Revolutionary]], Hindustan Republican Association  (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Arthur Holly Compton]], [[Charles Thomson\n        Rees Wilson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Heinrich\n        Otto Wieland]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]\n        – [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Henri Bergson]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Ferdinand\n        Buisson]], [[Ludwig Quidde]]\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[One Summer: America, 1927]],\n        a book by [[Bill Bryson]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Further reading==\\n*\n        [[Charles J. Shindo]]. ''''1927 and the Rise of Modern America'''' (University\n        Press of Kansas; 244 pages; 2010).\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1927}}\\n[[Category:1927|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-06T21:42:17Z\",\"lastrevid\":799301415,\"length\":62232,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927\"},\"34674\":{\"pageid\":34674,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1928\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:08:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1928}}\\n{{Events by month|1928}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1928}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1928}}\\n[[File:1928-ford-archives.jpg|right|thumb|120px|A\n        1928 [[Ford Model A (1927\\u201331)|Ford Model A]]]]\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1928}}\\n* January \\u2013 English [[bacteriologist]] [[Frederick\n        Griffith]] reports the results of [[Griffith''s experiment]], indirectly proving\n        the existence of [[DNA]].{{cite journal|last=Griffith|first=Fred.|title=The\n        Significance of Pneumococcal Types|journal=Journal of Hygiene|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press |volume=27|issue=2|pages=113\\u2013159|jstor=4626734|pmid=20474956|pmc=2167760|doi=10.1017/S0022172400031879\n        |date=January 1928}}{{cite journal|last=Downie|first=A. W.|title=Pneumococcal\n        transformation \\u2013 a backward view: Fourth Griffith Memorial Lecture|journal=[[Microbiology\n        (journal)|Journal of General Microbiology]]|url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/73/1/1.full.pdf|format=PDF|volume=73|issue=1|pages=1\\u201311|year=1972|doi=10.1099/00221287-73-1-1|pmid=4143929|accessdate=2011-11-30}}\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Estonia]] changes its currency from the [[Estonian mark|mark]]\n        to the [[Estonian kroon|kroon]].\\n** Abolition of domestic [[slavery]] in\n        the British Protectorate of [[Sierra Leone]] comes into effect.{{cite\n        news|date=January 3, 1928|title=250,000 Slaves in Sierra Leone, Africa, Freed|work=[[Chicago\n        Daily Tribune]]|page=3}}\\n** [[Eastern Bloc emigration and defection]]:\n        [[Boris Bazhanov]], [[Joseph Stalin]]''s personal secretary, crosses the border\n        to [[Iran]] to defect from the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[January 6]]\\u2013[[January\n        7|7]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Thames flood|River Thames floods]] in London; 14 drown.\n        On January 7 the [[moat]] at the [[Tower of London]] (drained in 1843 and\n        planted with grass) is completely refilled by the river.\\n* [[January 12]]\n        \\u2013 Convicted American murderer [[Ruth Snyder]] is executed at [[Sing Sing]].\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\u2013 The [[OGPU]] arrests [[Leon Trotsky]] in Moscow; he\n        assumes a status of passive resistance.\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 The [[High\n        island|volcanic island]] [[Anak Krakatau]] appears.{{cite web|title=Anak\n        Krakatoa|url=http://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_29.htm|work=Today in Science\n        History|publisher=Todayinsci|accessdate=2012-01-30}}{{cite book|first=Amie\n        Jane|last=Leavitt|title=Anatomy of a Volcanic Eruption|publisher=Capstone\n        Press|year=2011}} \\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Leon Trotsky]] is exiled\n        to [[Alma-Ata]].\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1928}}\\n[[File:1928\n        Winter Olympics poster.jpg|thumbnail|right|120px|[[1928 Winter Olympics]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\u2013 British inventor [[John Logie Baird]] broadcasts a transatlantic\n        television signal from London to [[Hartsdale, New York]].{{cite web|title=Transatlantic\n        Television in 1928|url=http://www.bairdtelevision.com/1928.html|work=Baird\n        Television|accessdate=2015-09-29}} Extract from ''''[[The New York Times]]''''\n        1928-02-09.\\n* [[February 11]]\\u2013[[February 19|19]] \\u2013 The [[1928\n        Winter Olympics]] are held in [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland, the first as a\n        separate event. [[Sonja Henie]] of Norway wins her first [[gold medal]] in\n        women''s [[figure skating]].\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 Heavy [[hail]] kills\n        11 in Britain.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 The [[Japanese general election,\n        1928|Japanese general election]] produces a hung parliament.\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Charles Jenkins Laboratories]] of Washington, D.C., becomes\n        the first holder of a television license from the [[Federal Radio Commission]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1928}}\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 In [[California]], the [[St. Francis\n        Dam]] north of Los Angeles fails, killing 600.\\n* [[March 15]]\\n:* [[March\n        15 incident]]: The Japanese government cracks down on socialists and communists.\\n:*\n        Chinese warlord [[Shi Yousan]] sets fire to the [[Shaolin Monastery]] in [[Henan]],\n        destroying some of its ancient structures and artifacts.{{cite book |last=Shahar\n        |first=Meir |authorlink=Meir Shahar |title=The Shaolin Monastery: History,\n        Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]\n        |location=Honolulu |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8248-3349-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiNEB0H6S0EC&pg=PA27\n        |page=27}}\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Charles Lindbergh]] is presented\n        with the [[Medal of Honor]] for his first [[Transatlantic flight]].\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\u2013 The [[China Academy of Art]] is founded in Hangzhou (originally\n        named the National Academy of Art).\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1928}}\\n*\n        [[April 10]] \\u2013 \\\"[[Pineapple Primary]]\\\": The United States [[Republican\n        Party (United States)|Republican Party]] primary elections in Chicago are\n        preceded by violence, bombings and assassination attempts (two politicians\n        are killed,  Octavius C. Granady and Giuseppe Esposito).\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013\n        A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader [[Benito Mussolini]] in Milan\n        kills 17 bystanders.\\n* [[April 12]]\\u2013[[April 14|14]] \\u2013 The first\n        ever east\\u2013west [[transatlantic flight]] by aeroplane takes place from\n        [[Dublin]], Ireland, to [[Greenly Island, Canada]], using German [[Junkers\n        W 33]] ''''[[Bremen (aircraft)|Bremen]]''''.\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 Two earthquakes\n        in [[Chirpan]] and [[Plovdiv]] in [[Bulgaria]] destroy more than 21,000 buildings\n        and kill almost 130 people.\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 The last section (\\\"wise\n        \\u2013 wyze\\\") of the original ''''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'''' is completed\n        and published.''''OED'''' (1933, 1978 vol. 1, pp. xxv, xxvl).\\n*\n        [[April 22]] \\u2013 An [[List of earthquakes in Greece|Ms 6.0 earthquake]]\n        affects southern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''''Violent''''),\n        leaving 20 dead, and destroying 3,000 homes in [[Corinth]]. A non-destructive\n        tsunami was also observed.\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 28 inches of snow fall\n        in southern-central Pennsylvania.{{cite web|first1=Gina|last1=Cherundolo|first2=Carly|last2=Porter|title=Is\n        Winter Finally Over?|url=http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/26025/is-winter-finally-over.asp|work=AccuWeather.com|date=2010-03-11|accessdate=2012-01-30}}\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1928}}\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Jinan incident]]: An armed conflict\n        between the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] allied with Northern Chinese warlords\n        against the [[Kuomintang]]''s southern army, occurs in [[Jinan]], China.\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 Passage of the [[Representation of the People (Equal Franchise)\n        Act 1928|Representation of the People Act]] in the United Kingdom lowers the\n        voting age for women from 30 to 21 giving them equal suffrage with men from\n        [[July 2]].{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket\n        On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[May 10]] \\u2013 The first regular schedule of television programming begins\n        in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], New York by the [[General Electric]]''s\n        television station [[W2XB]] (the station is popularly known as WGY Television,\n        after its sister radio station [[WGY (AM)|WGY]]).\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** The [[Royal\n        Flying Doctor Service of Australia]] commences operations.\\n** The [[animation|animated\n        short]] ''''[[Plane Crazy]]'''' is released by [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney\n        Studios]] in Los Angeles, featuring the first appearances of [[Mickey Mouse|Mickey]]\n        and [[Minnie Mouse]].\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 A bomb attack against the Italian\n        consulate in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, kills 22 and injures 43.\\n* [[May\n        24]] \\u2013 The [[Airship Italia|airship ''''Italia'''']] crashes at the [[North\n        Pole]]; one of the occupants is Italian general [[Umberto Nobile]]. A rescue\n        expedition leaves for the Pole on [[May 30]].\\n*[[May 30]] \\u2013 Rookie driver\n        [[Louis Meyer]] wins his first [[Indianapolis 500]]. He would win that race\n        again in [[1933]] and [[1936]].\\n[[File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg|thumb|120px|South\n        African flag]]\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 South Africa adopts a new national flag,\n        based upon the Van Riebeeck flag or Prinsevlag (originally the Dutch flag),\n        to replace the [[Red Ensign]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1928}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]] \\u2013 American [[serial killer]] [[Albert Fish]] kidnaps and kills\n        10-year-old Grace Budd.\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Huanggutun incident]]: [[Zhang\n        Zuolin]], a warlord, is killed by Japanese agents.\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 By\n        seizing [[History of Beijing|Beijing]] and renaming it B\\u011bip\\u00edng,\n        the [[National Revolutionary Army]] puts an end to the ''[[Fengtian clique|Fengtian]]\n        [[Warlord Era|warlords]]'' [[Beiyang government]] there.\\n* [[June 9]] \\n**\n        Australian aviator [[Charles Kingsford Smith]] and his crew complete the first\n        flight across the [[Pacific Ocean]] from the mainland United States to Australia\n        in [[Fokker F.VII]] aircraft ''''[[Southern Cross (aircraft)|Southern Cross]]''''.\n        Having left [[Oakland, California]] on May 31, they reach [[Brisbane]] via\n        [[Honolulu]] and [[Fiji]].\\n** [[Ellis Park Stadium]], as known well for sport\n        venues of [[South Africa]], officially opens in [[Johannesburg]].{{citation\n        needed|date =November 2016}}\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 A medical doctors'' strike\n        begins in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 Students take over the medical\n        wing of Rosario University in [[Argentina]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\u2013[[June 18|18]]\n        \\u2013 Aviator [[Amelia Earhart]] becomes the first woman to make a successful\n        [[Transatlantic flight]], as a passenger in a [[Fokker F.VII]]b/3m piloted\n        by [[Wilmer Stultz]] from [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] to Wales.\n        \\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Puni\\u0161a Ra\\u010di\\u0107]] kills three opposition\n        representatives in the [[Yugoslavia]]n Parliament, and injures three others\n        in gun attack.\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 A [[Sweden|Swedish]] aeroplane rescues\n        part of the Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. The Soviet\n        icebreaker ''''Krasin'''' saves the rest [[July 12]].\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013\n        The [[International Railway (New York\\u2013Ontario)]] switches to one-man\n        crews for its [[tram|trolleys]] in Canada. The keel of the first 1000 ft-long\n        [[Ocean Liner]] ''''[[Oceanic (unfinished ship)|Oceanic (III)]]'''' is laid;\n        construction is delayed and later cancelled the following year.\\n* [[June\n        29]] \\u2013 At the [[1928 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Houston]],\n        [[Governor of New York]] [[Al Smith]] becomes the first [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]\n        nominated by a major political party for President of the United States.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1928}}\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Charles Jenkins Laboratories]]''\n        [[W3XK]] station begins broadcasting on 6.42 [[megahertz|MHz]] using 48 lines.\\n*\n        [[July 3]] \\u2013 British inventor [[John Logie Baird]] demonstrates the world''s\n        first [[colour television]] transmission.{{cite book|title=The Hutchinson\n        Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1 }}\\n* [[July\n        7]] \\u2013 The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold\n        in [[Chillicothe, Missouri]], using [[Otto Frederick Rohwedder]]''s technology.\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\u2013 Mexican [[aviator]] [[Emilio Carranza]] dies in a solo\n        plane crash in the [[New Jersey Pine Barrens]], while returning from a goodwill\n        flight to New York City.\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 de Le\\u00f3n Toral]]\n        assassinates [[\\u00c1lvaro Obreg\\u00f3n]], president of Mexico.\\n* [[July\n        25]] \\u2013 The United States recalls its troops from China.\\n* [[July 27]]\\n**\n        English [[cricket]]er [[Tich Freeman]] becomes the only [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]]\n        ever to take 200 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] wickets before the end\n        of July.\\n** [[Radclyffe Hall]]''s novel ''''[[The Well of Loneliness]]'''',\n        with its theme of [[lesbian]] love, is published in London.\\n* [[July 28]]\\u2013[[August\n        12]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Amsterdam]], opening\n        with the lighting of the [[Olympic flame]]. Women''s [[sport of athletics|athletics]]\n        and [[gymnastics]] debut at these games and [[discus throw]]er [[Halina Konopacka]]\n        of Poland became the first female Olympic gold medal winner for a track or\n        field event. [[Coca-Cola]] enters Europe as sponsor of the games.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1928}}\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 Italy and [[Ethiopia]] sign the\n        [[Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928|Italo-Ethiopian Treaty]].\\n* [[August 16]]\n        \\u2013 Serial killer [[Carl Panzram]] is arrested in Washington, D.C., for\n        burglary. According to his confession, \\\"In my lifetime I have murdered 21\n        human beings, I have committed thousands of burglaries, robberies, larcenies,\n        arsons and, last but not least, I have committed sodomy on more than 1,000\n        male human beings. For all these things I am not in the least bit sorry.\\\"\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Al Smith]] accepts the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]\n        presidential nomination, with ''''WGY/W2XB'''' simulcasting the event on radio\n        and television.\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 Ahmet Zogu proclaims himself King\n        [[Zog of Albania]]; he is crowned [[September 1]].\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013\n        In Scotland, May Donoghue finds the remains of a snail in her [[ginger beer]],\n        leading to the landmark [[negligence]] case ''''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]''''.{{cite\n        book|last=Chapman|first=Matthew|title=The Snail and the Ginger Beer: the story\n        of Donoghue v Stevenson|location=London|publisher=Wildy, Simmons & Hill|year=2010|isbn=0-85490-049-7}}\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\u2013 The [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand Pact]] is signed in Paris,\n        the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war.\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[C.D.\n        Motagua]] is founded as an [[association football]] club in [[Honduras]].\\n*\n        [[August 31]] \\u2013 ''''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'''' ({{lang-de|Die Dreigroschenoper|links=no}})\n        by [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Kurt Weill]] opens at the [[Theater am Schiffbauerdamm]],\n        Berlin.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September 1928}}\\n* [[September\n        1]]\\n** Ahmet Zogu, President of the [[Albanian Republic]], declares the country\n        to be a constitutional monarchy, the [[Albanian Kingdom (1928\\u201339)|Albanian\n        Kingdom]], with himself as [[Zog I of Albania|King Zog I]].\\n** [[Richard\n        E. Byrd]] leaves New York for the Arctic.\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Philo Farnsworth]]\n        demonstrates to the Press in [[San Francisco]] the world''s first working\n        [[History of television#Electronic television|all-electronic television]]\n        system, employing electronic scanning in both the pickup and display devices.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html |title=Philo Taylor Farnsworth\n        (1906\\u20131971) |work=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |accessdate=2011-06-22\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622033654/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html\n        |archivedate=June 22, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite book|last=Farnsworth|first=Elma\n        G.|year=1989|title=Distant Vision: Romance & Discovery on an Invisible Frontier|location=Salt\n        Lake City|publisher=PemberleyKent|page=108|isbn=0-9623276-0-3}}\\n**\n        [[Alexander Fleming]], at [[St Mary''s Hospital, London]], accidentally rediscovers\n        the [[antibiotic]] [[Penicillin]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.rsc.org/pdf/pressoffice/2003/penicillin.pdf|publisher=Royal\n        Society of Chemistry|location=London|title=Culture shock will highlight penicillin\n        discovery|format=PDF|date=2003-09-02|accessdate=2011-11-30}}\\n* [[September\n        11]] \\u2013 ''''The Queen''s Messenger'''' is the first melodrama broadcast\n        by Ernst F. W. Alexanderson at W2XAD ([[Schenectady, New York]]); WMAK ([[Kenmore,\n        New York|Kenmore]]) begins broadcasting in [[Buffalo, New York]].\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|Okeechobee hurricane]] hits [[Guadeloupe]],\n        killing 1,200 people.\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Tich Freeman]] sets an\n        all-time record for the number of wickets taken in an English [[cricket]]\n        season.\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 The [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|Okeechobee\n        hurricane]] kills at least 2,500 people in [[Florida]].\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Paul Galvin (businessman)|Paul and Joseph Galvin]] incorporate the\n        Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (later known as [[Motorola]] and [[Freescale]]).\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1928}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stalin]] launches\n        the [[First Five-Year Plan]] (1928\\u20131932 \\u2013 The average nonfarm wage\n        falls by 50% in the [[Soviet Union]]).\\n* [[October 2]] \\n**[[Josemar\\u00eda\n        Escriv\\u00e1]] founds [[Opus Dei]].\\n**[[Arvid Lindman]] returns as [[Prime\n        Minister of Sweden]], with his right-wing rival [[Ernst Trygger]] as [[Foreign\n        Minister of Sweden]].\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Haile Selassie]] is crowned\n        king (not yet emperor) of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]].\\n* [[October 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chiang Kai-shek]] is named as [[Generalissimo]] (Chairman of the\n        National Military Council) of the [[Nationalist Government]] of the [[Republic\n        of China]].\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 An [[Negative pressure ventilator|iron\n        lung]] respirator is used for the first time at Children''s Hospital, [[Boston]].\\n*\n        [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[William Edward Hickman]] is executed at [[San Quentin\n        State Prison]] for the 1927 murder of 12-year-old [[Marion Parker]].\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 The [[Phi Sigma Alpha]] Fraternity is founded at the [[University\n        of Puerto Rico, R\\u00edo Piedras Campus]].\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) is formally established, with\n        the adoption of the \\\"Statutes of the [[International Red Cross]]\\\"\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1928}}\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Turkey]] passes a law switching\n        the country from the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] to the [[Latin]]-based modern\n        [[Turkish alphabet]].\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Rothstein]], New York\n        City''s most notorious gambler, is shot to death over a poker game in a Manhattan  hotel.\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[United States presidential election, 1928]]: [[Republican\n        Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Herbert Hoover]] wins by a wide margin\n        over [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Governor of New York\n        [[Al Smith]].\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** The enthronement ceremony of [[Emperor\n        of Japan]] [[Hirohito]], is held two years after he actually took the imperial\n        throne on December 26, 1926, following the death of [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]].\\n**\n        The [[Leo the Lion (MGM)|MGM lion roars]] for the first time at the beginning\n        of the film ''''[[White Shadows in the South Seas]]''''.\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 The {{SS|Vestris}} develops a severe starboard list, is abandoned and\n        sinks approximately 200 miles off [[Hampton Roads, Virginia]]. Estimates of\n        the dead range from 110 to 127.\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Boston Garden]]\n        opens in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Mickey Mouse]]\n        appears in ''''[[Steamboat Willie]]'''', the third Mickey Mouse cartoon released,\n        but the first [[sound film]] and the first such film to be generally distributed.\\n*\n        [[November 22]] \\u2013 The one-movement ballet ''''[[Bol\\u00e9ro]]'''' with\n        music by [[Maurice Ravel]] and choreography by [[Bronislava Nijinska]] premi\\u00e8res\n        at the [[Palais Garnier|Paris Op\\u00e9ra]] to a commission by [[Ida Rubinstein]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1928}}\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 In [[Rio de Janeiro]], a\n        [[seaplane]] sent to greet [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] crashes near [[Cap Arcona]],\n        killing all on board.\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 The [[United States Congress]]\n        approves the construction of Boulder Dam, later renamed [[Hoover Dam]].\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Eliot Ness]] begins to lead the [[prohibition]] unit in Chicago.\\n*\n        The old [[Canaan]]ite city of [[Ugarit]] is rediscovered.\\n* [[Margaret Mead]]''s\n        influential [[cultural anthropology]] text ''''[[Coming of Age in Samoa]]''''\n        is published in the U.S.\\n* The [[Episcopal Church in the United States of\n        America]] ratifies a new revision of the [[Book of Common Prayer]].\\n* W2XBS,\n        [[RCA]]''s first television station, is established in New York City.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Zulfikar\n        Ali Bhutto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]]]\\n[[File:U.S Vice-President\n        Walter Mondale.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Walter Mondale]]]]\\n[[File:Eduard shevardnadze.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Eduard\n        Shevardnadze]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Abdul Sattar Edhi]], Pakistani\n        philanthropist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Avie Bennett]], Canadian\n        businessman and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Howard Caine]], American\n        character actor (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Alberto Zedda]], Italian conductor and\n        musicologist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert Goralski]], American journalist (d.\n        [[1988]])\\n** [[Daisaku Ikeda]], Japanese religious leader, the [[Soka Gakkai#List\n        of presidents|3rd President]] of [[Soka Gakkai]]\\n** [[Ellen Kaarma]], Estonian\n        actress (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Kate Molale]], South African anti-Apartheid activist\n        (d. 1980)\\n** [[Dan Rostenkowski]], American politician from [[Illinois]]\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Jan Kmenta]], Czech-American economist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Maurice Rigobert Marie-Sainte]], Martinique\n        Roman Catholic clergyman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Girish Chandra\n        Saxena]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Qian Qichen]], Chinese diplomat\n        and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], [[President of Pakistan]]\n        and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Walter Mondale]], U.S.\n        Senator, [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|42nd]] [[Vice President\n        of the United States]] and Presidential candidate\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013\n        [[George H. Ross]], American businessman\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[William\n        Peter Blatty]], American writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Bab\n        Christensen]], Norwegian actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Domenico\n        Modugno]], Italian singer, songwriter, actor and politician (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Philip Levine (poet)|Philip Levine]], American poet\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Mitchell Ryan]], American actor\\n**\n        [[David L. Wolper]], American television producer (d. [[2010]])\\n** Toshie\n        Kusunoki, Japanese singer, actress and voice actress\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Bengt Gustavsson]], Swedish footballer and manager (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Joanne Linville]], American actress\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[William\n        Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]], American author\\n** [[Pilar Lorengar]],\n        Spanish soprano (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Roman Frister]], Polish\n        writer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Jean Barraqu\\u00e9]], French composer (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Vidal Sassoon]], English hairdresser (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Malang (painter)|Malang]], Filipino artist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 21]]\n        \\n** [[Abraham S. Fischler]], American academic (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Gene Sharp]],\n        American political theorist of nonviolent action\\n** [[Reynaldo Bignone]],\n        45th [[President of Argentina]] \\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Yoshihiko Amino]],\n        Japanese historian (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Chico Carrasquel]],\n        Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jeanne Moreau]],\n        French actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Desmond Morris]], English\n        anthropologist and writer\\n** [[Michel Serrault]], French actor (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\n** [[Cor van der Hart]], Dutch footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], [[Georgia SSR|Georgian]] politician, 2nd [[President\n        of Georgia]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[J\\u00e9r\\u00f4me Choquette]], Canadian lawyer\n        and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Roger Vadim]], French\n        film director (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Hans Modrow]], [[Premier\n        of the German Democratic Republic|East German Premier]]\\n* [[January 28]]   [[Jorge\n        Zorreguieta]], Argentine businessman and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Mitch Leigh]], American musical theatre composer and theatrical\n        producer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Hal Prince]], American stage producer and director\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Chuck Willis]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[1958]]).\n        Some sources give his year of birth as 1926.\\n** [[Miltinho]], Brazilian singer\n        of samba and bolero music (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jean Kennedy\n        Smith and Vicki Kennedy.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean Kennedy Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ariel\n        Sharon, by Jim Wallace (Smithsonian Institution).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ariel Sharon]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Tom Lantos]], American Congressman (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Sam Edwards (physicist)|Sam Edwards]], Welsh physicist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Stuart Whitman]], American film and television actor\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Felix Pirani]], British theoretical physicist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ciriaco\n        De Mita]], Italian politician\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Frankie Vaughan]],\n        British singer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\n** [[Vincent Wong (UK actor)|Vincent\n        Wong]], British actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Kim Yong-nam]], North Korean politician\\n*\n        [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Andrew Greeley]], American Roman Catholic priest and\n        fiction novelist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Gene Lees]], Canadian\n        biographer and lyricist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Frank Frazetta]],\n        American illustrator (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Rinus Michels]], Dutch association\n        football player and coach (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Roger Mudd]], American journalist\n        \\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Alicia Quiroga|es|3=Alicia\n        Quiroga}}, Chilean actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Refik\n        Erduran]], Turkish playwright, columnist and writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Norman Bridwell]], American cartoonist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Porfi Jim\\u00e9nez]], Dominican-Venezuelan musician (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[John Ostrom]], American paleontologist (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Onuora Nzekwu]], Nigerian writer (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Jean Kennedy Smith]], American diplomat\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\n** Sir [[Bruce Forsyth]], English entertainer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Pushpa\n        Mittra Bhargava]], Indian scientist, writer, and administrator (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[David Somerset, 11th Duke of Beaufort]], British peer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ralph Earnhardt]], American race car driver (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Vasily Lazarev]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Naqsh Lyallpuri]], Indian ghazal (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Fats\n        Domino]], African-American musician\\n** [[Anatoly Filipchenko]], Russian cosmonaut\\n**\n        [[Ariel Sharon]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Israel]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Cl\\u00e1udio Correia e Castro|pt|3=Cl\\u00e1udio\n        Correia e Castro}}, Brazilian actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Michael Henshall]], English bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ramos\n        Pentagon.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fidel V. Ramos|Fidel Valdez Ramos]]]]\\n[[File:Alexander\n        Grothendieck.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander Grothendieck]]]]\\n[[File:Gordie Howe\n        Chex card.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gordie Howe]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Jacques\n        Rivette]], French filmmaker (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Gudrun Pausewang]],\n        German young fiction writer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel\n        Adler]], American composer\\n** [[Alan Sillitoe]], English writer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\n** [[Delbert Daisey]], American waterfowl wood carver and decoy\n        maker (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Zoe Duc\\u00f3s]], Argentine actress (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Dan Towler]], American football player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Arthur Dion Hanna]], Bahamian politician\\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013 [[Gerald\n        Bull]], Canadian engineer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Robert Adeyinka\n        Adebayo]], Nigerian politician and military officer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Kiyoshi Atsumi]], Japanese actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[James Earl\n        Ray]], American assassin (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Sandy Mactaggart]],\n        Scottish-born Canadian educator and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Edward Albee]], American dramatist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Aldemaro\n        Romero]], Venezuelan musician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix\n        Rodr\\u00edguez de la Fuente]], Spanish naturalist and broadcaster (d. [[1980]])\\n**\n        [[Earl Smith (1950s outfielder)|Earl Smith]], American baseball center fielder\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Karlheinz B\\u00f6hm]], Austrian actor\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Wakanohana Kanji I]], Japanese sumo wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Christa Ludwig]], German mezzo-soprano\\n** [[Victor Maddern]], English actor\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Eunice Gayson]], British actress\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Fidel V. Ramos|Fidel Valdez Ramos]], 12th [[President\n        of the Philippines]]\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Arthur Cook (sport shooter)|Arthur\n        Cook]], American sport shooter\\n** [[Hans K\\u00fcng]], Swiss Roman Catholic\n        theologian\\n** [[Patrick McGoohan]], American-born British-based actor of\n        Irish descent (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Fred Rogers]], American\n        children''s television host (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Surya Bahadur\n        Thapa]], 24th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 24]] \\n**\n        [[Ivar Aronsson]], Swedish rower (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Byron Janis]], American\n        pianist\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Jim Lovell]], American astronaut\\n* [[March\n        28]]\\n** [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], Polish-born U.S. National Security Advisor\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alexander Grothendieck]], German-born mathematician (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[Vincent Gigante]], [[American Mafia]] gangster\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Lefty Frizzell]], American country music\n        performer (d. [[1975]])\\n** [[Gordie Howe]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Maya\n        Angelou visits YCP Feb 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Maya Angelou]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        D Watson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James D. Watson]]]]\\n[[File:EthelKennedySmile1968.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ethel\n        Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:Temple Black 1990.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Shirley Temple]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[George Grizzard]], American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        2]]\\n** [[Serge Gainsbourg]], French singer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Piet R\\u00f6mer]],\n        Dutch actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Maya Angelou]], African-American\n        poet and novelist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Estelle Harris]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Iakovos Garmatis]], Greek-born American Orthodox hierarch (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]]\\n** [[Joi Lansing]], American actress (b. [[1972]])\\n** [[James\n        D. Watson]], American geneticist; recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[James Garner]], American actor and producer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Alan J. Pakula]], American producer and director (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[James White (author)|James White]], Irish writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Eric Porter]], English actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n**\n        [[Floyd Spence]], American politician (d. [[2001]]) \\n** [[Tom Lehrer]], American\n        songwriter and satirist\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Earl Hurlburt]],\n        Canadian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Ethel Kennedy]],\n        wife of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\\n* [[April 12]] \\n** [[Hardy Kr\\u00fcger]],\n        German actor\\n** [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois Paillard]], French conductor (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Egil Monn-Iversen]], Norwegian composer and pianist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Vida Alves]], Brazilian actress (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[April 17]] \\n** [[Cynthia Ozick]], American writer\\n** [[Victor\n        Lownes]], American businessman (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Karl\n        Josef Becker]], German cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Alexis\n        Korner]], British musician (d. [[1984]])\\n** Sultan [[Azlan Shah of Perak]],\n        King of Malaysia (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[Robert Byrne (chess\n        player)|Robert Byrne]], American chess player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Shirley Temple]], American actress and diplomat (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] \\n** [[Cy Twombly]], American artist (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Fitzmaurice]], English professional snooker player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] \\n** [[Fred Weintraub]], American film and television producer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Brigitte Auber]], French actress\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Yves Klein]],\n        French artist (d. [[1962]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Hosni Mubarak ritratto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hosni\n        Mubarak]]]]\\n[[File:KevorkianUCLARoyce.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jack Kevorkian]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] \\n** [[Marcelo Pinto Carvalheira]], Roman Catholic archbishop (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio Delfim Netto|Delfim Netto]], Brazilian economist,\n        former Minister of Finance, Agriculture, and Planning of Brazil, professor\n        and congressman\\n** [[Sonny James]], American country singer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Sisavath Keobounphanh]], 13th Prime Minister of Laos\\n** [[Desmond Titterington]],\n        British race car driver (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Hans Trass]],\n        Estonian ecologist and botanist (d. [[2017]]) \\n* [[May 3]] \\n** [[Dave Dudley]],\n        American singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jacques-Louis Lions]], French mathematician\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Maynard Ferguson]], Canadian jazz trumpeter\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Elem\\u00e9r Hankiss]], Hungarian sociologist and philosopher\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Hosni Mubarak]], 4th [[President of Egypt]]\\n** [[Joseph\n        Tydings]], former Democratic United States Senator\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Marshall\n        Grant]], American musician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[John Ingle]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Gregory Scarpa]], American\n        [[American Mafia|mobster]] (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Theodore Sorenson]], American\n        lawyer and speechwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Pancho Gonzales]],\n        American tennis player (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Barbara Ann Scott]], Canadian figure\n        skater (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jean Smith (baseball)|Jean Smith]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Mel Lewis]], American jazz\n        drummer and band leader (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Lothar Schmid]], German chess\n        player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Arnold R\\u00fc\\u00fctel]], [[President of Estonia]]\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Burt Bacharach]], American composer\\n* [[May 13]] \\n**\n        [[\\u00c9douard Molinaro]], French film director and screenwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Enrique Bola\\u00f1os]], former President of Nicaragua\\n** [[Jim Shoulders]],\n        American rodeo cowboy (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Algirdas \\u0160ocikas]],\n        Lithuanian amateur heavyweight boxer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Billy\n        Martin]], American baseball player and manager (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[May 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Pernell Roberts]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        [[Colin Chapman]], Founder of Lotus Cars (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Dolph Schayes]],\n        American basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Alice Drummond]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Jeannie Carson]], English\n        actress and comedian \\n** [[Rosemary Clooney]], American singer and actress\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\n** [[Adrian Frutiger]], Swiss typeface designer\n        and cutter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[William Trevor]], Irish novelist, playwright\n        and short story writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Jack Kevorkian]],\n        American right-to-die advocate (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Tony richardson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tony\n        Richardson]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Fabiola of Belgium.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Queen Fabiola\n        of Belgium]]]]\\n[[File:Richard M Sherman april 2014 retouched cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard\n        M. Sherman]]]]\\n[[File:John Forbes Nash, Jr. by Peter Badge.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John\n        Forbes Nash, Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:CheHigh.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Che Guevara]]]]\\n[[File:Martin\n        Landau-Mission-1968.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Martin Landau]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Georgi Dobrovolski]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Bob Monkhouse]],\n        English comedian and game show host (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Donald\n        Judd]], American artist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Tony Richardson]],\n        English film and theater director (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Maurice\n        Sendak]], American children''s author/illustrator (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Queen Fabiola of Belgium]], Spanish Queen Consort of [[Baudouin\n        of Belgium|King Baudouin of Belgium]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard M. Sherman]], American songwriter\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** [[Giacomo\n        Biffi]], Italian Cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[John Forbes Nash Jr.]], American\n        mathematician, recipient of the [[Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize in Economics]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 Ernesto Rafael Guevara\n        de la Serna aka [[Che Guevara]], Argentine-born Cuban revolutionary (d. [[1967]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Annie Cordy]], Belgian actress and singer \\n* [[June\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Bordaberry]], Uruguayan dictator (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Tommy DeVito (musician)|Tommy DeVito]], American musician\n        and former guitarist of ''[[The Four Seasons (band)|The Four Seasons]]''\\n**\n        [[Nancy Marchand]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\n** [[Eric\n        Dolphy]], American jazz musician (d. [[1964]])\\n** [[Martin Landau]], American\n        actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Avraham Bendori]], Israeli footballer\\n**\n        [[Charles D. Baker (businessman)|Charles D. Baker]], American businessman\n        and former U.S. government official\\n** [[Wolfgang Haken]], German mathematician\\n**\n        [[Fiorella Mari]], Brazilian-Italian actress\\n** [[Al Mengert]],  American\n        former professional golfer\\n** [[Margit Bara]], Hungarian actress (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[June 22]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Kiyohara Kiyoshi|ja|3=\\u5409\\u539f\\u516c\\u4e00\\u90ce}},\n        Japanese journalist\\n** [[Alfred M. Gray, Jr.]], American general \\n** [[Ralph\n        Waite]], American actor and political activist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Cholakis]], Canadian football player\\n** [[Klaus von Dohn\\u00e1nyi]],\n        German politician\\n** [[Ray Hyman]], Professor Emeritus of Psychology\\n**\n        [[Pete Ladygo]], American football player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\n**\n        [[Ivan \\u0160traus]], Bosnian architect\\n** [[Lawrence A. Skantze]], United\n        States Air Force general \\n** [[Wolfgang Altenburg]], German general\\n** [[Lester\n        Grinspoon]], Associate Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical\n        School\\n** [[Gil Stein (ice hockey)|Gil Stein]], American lawyer, law instructor\n        and former professional ice hockey executive\\n** [[Lawrence A. Skantze]],\n        American four-star general\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Gloria Ruiz]], Cuban outfielder\\n**\n        [[Giselda Leirner]], Brazilian writer, illustrator, and plastic artist\\n**\n        [[Edwin Mills (economist)|Edwin Mills]], American economist \\n** [[John A.\n        Wickham Jr.]], United States Army General\\n** [[Michael Paine]], American\n        engineer\\n** [[Moray Watson]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alexei Alexeyevich\n        Abrikosov]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Michel Brault]], Canadian cinematographer, cameraman,\n        film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        [[Samuel Belzberg]], Canadian businessman and philanthropist\\n** [[Yoshiro\n        Nakamatsu]], Japanese inventor\\n** [[Bill Sheffield]], American Democratic\n        politician\\n** [[Danford B. Greene]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        27]]\\n** [[Emmanuel Bodjoll\\u00e9]], former President of Togo\\n** [[Edward\n        B. Cottingham]], American politician \\n** [[Lin Ho-ming]], Taiwanese former\n        sports shooter\\n** [[Antoinette Spaak]], Belgian politician\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Gina Cabrera|es|3=Gina Cabrera}}, Cuban actress\\n**\n        [[Patrick Hemingway]], [[Ernest Hemingway]]''s second son\\n** [[Hans Blix]],\n        Swedish diplomat and politician\\n** [[Harold Evans]], British newspaper editor\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\n** [[Bill Bagley]], American politician\\n** [[Alfredo Biondi]],\n        Italian policitian and lawyer\\n** [[Nick Testa]], American professional baseball\n        catcher and coach\\n** [[Hans Cavalli-Bj\\u00f6rkman]], Swedish lawyer\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|K\\u014dya Matsuo|ja|3=\\u677e\\u5c3e\\u6d69\\u4e5f}}, Japanese jurist\\n**\n        [[Jean-Louis Pesch]], French writer\\n** [[Gene Verble]], American shortstop\\n**\n        [[James Lincoln Collier]], American journalist, professional musician and\n        author of books\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Helga B\\u00eersan|pl|3=Helga\n        B\\u00eersan}}, Romanian gymnast\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Martin]],\n        French singer and songwriter\\n** [[Hassan Hasanzadeh Amoli]], Islamic philosopher\n        and theologian and Mathematician\\n** [[Tony Conyers]], British journalist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Vincent Edwards Ben Casey 1963.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Vince\n        Edwards]]]]\\n[[File:Cossiga Francesco.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Francesco Cossiga]]]]\\n[[File:JosephJackson2007(cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Joe\n        Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:KubrickForLook.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Stanley\n        Kubrick]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Jim Hankinson]], English footballer\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Birgitta Ulfsson|fi|3=Birgitta Ulfsson}}, Finnish actress\\n** [[Bucky\n        McConnell]], American former professional basketball player\\n** [[Andreas\n        Aarflot]], Norwegian theologian and bishop emeritus in the Church of Norway\\n**\n        [[Gunnar M\\u00f6ller]], German television and film actor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Ram Naresh Yadav]], Indian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Line\n        Renaud]], French actress\\n** [[Tatyana Piletskaya]], Soviet and Russian film\n        and stage actress\\n** [[Sidney Kibrick]], American former child actor \\n**\n        [[Pierre Breteche]], French sailor\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Jacques\n        Bimbenet|fr|3=Jacques Bimbenet}}, French politician\\n** [[Neil Dansie]], former\n        Australian first-class cricketer\\n** [[Iven Carl Kincheloe, Jr.]], American\n        Korean War fighter ace and test pilot (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Evelyn\n        Anthony]], British female writer \\n** [[Georges-Jean Arnaud]], French author\\n**\n        [[Pierrette Bloch]], Swiss painter and textile artist\\n** [[Raymond Setlakwe]],\n        Canadian entrepreneur, lawyer, and former senator\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Teofisto\n        Guingona, Jr.]], 13th Vice President of the Philippines\\n** [[Giampiero Boniperti]],\n        Italian football player\\n** [[Patrick Tilley]], British science fiction author\\n**\n        [[Constantin Enache]], Romanian cross country skier\\n** [[Babe Birrer]], American\n        pitcher in Major League Baseball (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Lorraine\n        Fisher]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Juris\n        Hartmanis]], prominent computer scientist and computational theorist\\n** [[Ernie\n        Kell]], American politician\\n** [[Pierre Mauroy]], Prime Minister of France\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Bruce Nickells]], American harness racing driver and trainer\\n**\n        [[Warren Oates]], American actor (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor Tomasi]],\n        Argentine bobsledde\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Bernard Malgrange]], French mathematician\\n**\n        [[Richard R. Larson]], American politician\\n** [[Antony Hignell]], English\n        cricketer and javelin thrower (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Wally Osterkorn]], American\n        professional basketball player (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[N\\u00e9stor de Villa]],\n        Filipino actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Patricia Hitchcock]], English\n        actress\\n** [[Seneleleni Ndwandwe]], Queen consort of Swaziland\\n** [[Paul\n        Wyss]], Swiss politician\\n** [[Henry Sommerville]], Australian fencer\\n**\n        [[Charles James McDonnell]], American bishop\\n** [[Barbara Granlund]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Charles J. McDonnell]], American army officer\\n** [[Tom Chambers\n        (politician)|Tom Chambers]], Canadian politician\\n** [[S\\u00f8ren Elung Jensen]],\n        Danish actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Pat Adams]], American painter\n        and printmaker\\n** [[Balakh Sher Mazari]], former Prime Minister of Pakistan\\n**\n        [[Gordon Hill (referee)|Gordon Hill]], English football player\\n** [[Rafael\n        Hechanova]], Filipino basketball player\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Tulio Zof]], Argentine\n        footballer and coach (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Rudolf Kortokraks]], German painter\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Nikos Milas]], Greek basketball player\n        and basketball coach\\n** [[Vince Edwards]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Federico Bahamontes]], Spanish road bicycle racer\\n** [[Juan Rodr\\u00edguez\n        (rower)|Juan Rodr\\u00edguez]], Uruguayan rower\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Jack Nel]],\n        South African cricketer\\n** [[John Glenn (1960s outfielder)|John Glenn]],\n        Major League Baseball outfielder\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Hubert Monteilhet|fr|3=Hubert\n        Monteilhet}}, French writer\\n** [[Herb Johnson (American football)|Herb Johnson]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Moshe Greenberg]], American Bible scholar (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Jane Gardam]], English writer of children''s\n        and adult fiction\\n** [[Dor Bahadur Bista]], Nepalese anthropologist, social\n        scientist and activist\\n** [[Andrea Veneracion]], Filipina choral conductor\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Carmelita Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Mexican actress (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Greville Janner]], British politician, barrister and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\n** [[Muhammad Naqi Mallick]], Pakistani cyclist\\n** [[Elias\n        James Corey]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n** [[Hayden White]], American historian\\n** [[Paul Ronty]], Canadian\n        ice hockey centre\\n** [[S. R. Janakiraman]], Carnatic vocalist and a musicologist\\n**\n        [[Alastair Burnet]], British journalist and broadcaster (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[Al Rex]], American musician\\n** [[Mace Neufeld]], American film\n        and television producer\\n** [[Edgar Espinoza (sport shooter)|Edgar Espinoza]],\n        Venezuelan former sports shooter\\n** [[Tommaso Buscetta]], Italian [[Made\n        man|mafioso]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Daryl Spencer]], American professional baseball\n        player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Leroy Vinnegar]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]]\\n** [[Nancy Olson]], American actress\\n** [[Pal Benko]], French\n        chess grandmaster, author, and composer of endgame studies and chess problems\n        \\n** [[Bedabrata Barua]], Indian politician\\n** [[Ion Ioni\\u021b\\u0103 (cyclist)|Ion\n        Ioni\\u021b\\u0103]], Romanian cyclist\\n** [[Haydn Morris]], British and Irish\n        Lions international rugby union wing three-quarter\\n** Laurie Mitchell, American\n        actress\\n** [[William Rees-Mogg]], English journalist and public servant (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Viramachaneni Vimla Devi]], Indian parliamentarian\\n**\n        [[Hans Andersson-Tvilling]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n** [[Stig Andersson-Tvilling]],\n        Swedish ice hockey player (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Tom Troupe]], American actor\n        and writer \\n** [[Aleksandr Zasukhin]], Soviet boxer\\n** [[A. Dean Jeffs]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Nicholas Rescher]], German-American philosopher\\n**\n        [[Carlo Lenci]], Italian professional football player\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|C\\u00e9lio Borja|pt|3=C\\u00e9lio Borja}}, Brazilian lawyer, professor,\n        jurisconsult and politician\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Eliane\n        Lage|pt|3=Eliane Lage}}, Brazilian-French actress\\n** [[Bella Davidovich]],\n        Jewish Soviet-born American pianist\\n** [[Concha Vald\\u00e9s Miranda]], Cuban\n        songwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jim Rathmann]], American race car driver (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Robert Nixon (politician)|Robert Nixon]], Canadian\n        politician\\n** [[Chris Giles (Irish footballer)|Chris Giles]], Irish footballer\\n**\n        [[David Leach (admiral)|David Leach]], senior officer of the [[Royal Australian\n        Navy]]\\n** [[Joe Morello]], American jazz drummer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Baddiewinkle]], born Helen Ruth Elam Van Winkle, American internet\n        personality\\n** [[Manuel Guerra (swimmer)|Manuel Guerra]], Spanish swimmer\\n**\n        [[Stig Grybe]], Swedish actor, comedian, writer and film director (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Simon Vinkenoog]], Dutch poet and writer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Billy Harrell]],\n        American reserve infielder in Major League Baseball (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July\n        19]] \\n** [[Choi Yun-chil]], South Korean long-distance runner\\n** [[Samuel\n        John Hazo]], American author\\n** [[Lal Chand (athlete)|Lal Chand]], Indian\n        long-distance runner\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Belaid Abdessalam]], Algerian politician\\n**\n        [[Peter Ind]], British jazz double-bassist and record producer\\n** [[Jan Meyers]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Sheldon Solow]], American real estate developer\n        in New York\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Anne Harris (sculptor)|Anne Harris]], Canadian\n        sculptor\\n** [[Jervis Percy]], British modern pentathlete\\n** [[Hirofumi Uzawa]],\n        Japanese economist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Freda Dowie]], English\n        actress \\n** [[Orson Bean]], American film, television, and stage actor\\n**\n        [[Hugh Edighoffer]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Robert Bergland]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Jimmy Hill]], English football professional and personality\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Stu Locklin]], Major League Baseball outfielder (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Keter Betts]], American jazz bassist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Denis\n        Mahony]], Irish Gaelic footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Vera Rubin]], American\n        astronomer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Alan Rafkin]], American director, producer,\n        and actor for television (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Jardel Filho]],\n        Brazilian actor (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Dolphy]], Filipino actor\n        and comedian (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Mario Montenegro]], Filipino actor (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Francesco Cossiga]], Italian politician; 8th [[President\n        of Italy]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]], manager\n        and father of [[Michael Jackson]]\\n** [[Stanley Kubrick]], American film director\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Bernice Rubens]], British novelist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n**[[Philippe B\\u00e4r]], Dutch Roman Catholic bishop\\n**[[Li Ka-shing]],\n        Asia''s & Hong Kong''s richest person and major philanthropist\\n* [[July 30]]\n        \\n** [[Joe Nuxhall]], American baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Paul Bisciglia]],\n        French film actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Gilles Carle]], Canadian\n        film director and screenwriter (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Andy\n        Warhol 1975.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Andy Warhol]]]] \\n[[File:RANDI.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Randi]]]]\\n[[File:James Coburn The Californians 1959.JPG|120px|thumb|[[James\n        Coburn]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[M. R. Khan]], Bangladeshi pediatrician (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[James R. Dixon]], American professor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Shen\n        Daren]], Chinese politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jack Shea (director)|Jack\n        Shea]], American film and television director (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yoko Tani]], French-born Japanese actress and nightclub entertainer\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 3]] \\n** [[Janet Abu-Lughod]], American sociologist\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Henning Moritzen]], Danish actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[C\\u00e9cile\n        Aubry]], French film actress, author, television screenwriter and director\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Udham Singh (field hockey)|Udham Singh]],\n        member of Indian Hockey team and won three gold and a silver medals (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Fl\\u00f3ra K\\u00e1d\\u00e1r]], Hungarian actress (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Gerard\n        Damiano]], American director of adult films (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**\n        [[Chung Won-shik]], South Korean politician, educator, soldier, and author\\n**\n        [[Albrecht Dold]], German mathematician (d. [[2011]]) \\n** [[Bogdan Maglich]],\n        American physicist\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Jean-Christophe Averty]], French\n        television and radio director (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Mary Grant (politician)|Mary\n        Grant]], Ghanaian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Michel Clouscard]], French\n        Marxist philosopher and sociologist (d. [[2009]]) \\n** [[Andy Warhol]], American\n        artist (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Jean Carri\\u00e8re]], French writer (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[August 7]]\\n** [[Helen Vita]], Swiss chanson singer, actress, and comedian\n        (d. [[2001]]) \\n** [[James Randi]], Canadian-American retired stage magician\n        and scientific skeptic\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Lubor B\\u00e1rta]], Czech composer\n        (d. [[1972]])\\n** [[Sim\\u00f3n D\\u00edaz]], Venezuelan folk composer and singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jane Stoll]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2000]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Dolores Wilson]], American coloratura soprano\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Milan Bjegojevi\\u0107]], Yugoslav basketball player and\n        coach (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Bob Cousy]], American basketball player\\n** [[Gerd\n        Ruge]], German journalist, author and filmmaker\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Barry]], Irish Fine Gael politician and businessman (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Dean]], American musician, entrepreneur (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Eddie Fisher (singer)|Eddie\n        Fisher]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Beniamino\n        Andreatta]], Italian economist and politician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bob Buhl]], American baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[August 13]]   [[Pedro\n        Pedrossian]], Brazilian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Jacques\n        Rouffio]], French film director and screenwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Gunnar\n        Andersson (footballer)|Gunnar Andersson]], football player from Sweden (d.\n        [[1969]])\\n** [[Jo\\u00eblle Bernard]], French film and television actressc\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[August 15]] \\n** [[Carl Joachim Classen]], German classical\n        scholar (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal]], 2-Time Prime Minister\n        of Somalia (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan]], Indian sitar player\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Simone Silva]], Egyptian-born French film actress (d.\n        [[1957]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Levan Sanadze]], Georgian athlete who competed\n        mainly in the 100 metres (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Sh\\u014dji Yasui]], Japanese\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[George Ahlgren]], American rower who competed at\n        the 1948 Summer Olympics (d. [[1951]]) \\n** [[Eydie Gorm\\u00e9]], American\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ann Blyth]], American actress and singer \\n* [[August\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Willem Duys]], Dutch radio and television presenter, tennis\n        player and music producer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\n** [[Marge Schott]],\n        American baseball team owner (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[John Liu Shi-gong]], Chinese\n        Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alan R. Katritzky]], British-born\n        American chemist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Queen Ratna of Nepal]]\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Frank Rosolino]], American jazz trombonist (d. [[1978]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]]\\n** [[Wu Chuanyu]], Indonesian-born Chinese swimmer who competed\n        in the Olympic Games in 1948 and 1952 (d. [[1954]])\\n** [[Chris Brasher]],\n        British track and field athlete, sports journalist and co-founder of the London\n        Marathon (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Art Farmer]], American jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn\n        player (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\n** [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]], German\n        composer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Roberto Aizenberg]], Argentine painter and sculptor\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Marian Seldes]], American actress\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Herbert Kroemer]], German-born physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Zden\\u011bk\n        Veselovsk\\u00fd]], Czech zoologist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[P\\u00e9ter\n        Boross]], Hungarian politician\\n** [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]], leader of the\n        [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] of South Africa\\n** [[Francesco Saverio Salerno]],\n        Italian Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[Ed\n        Salem]], American football quarterback and defensive back (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[A. W. Pryor]], Australian physicist (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[James Coburn]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Jaime Sin|Jaime Cardinal\n        Sin]], Filipino Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:RoddyMcDowall.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Roddy\n        McDowall]]]]\\n[[File:AdamWest1989.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Adam West]]]]\\n[[File:Elie\n        Wiesel 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Elie Wiesel]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Muhammad Dandamayev]], Russian Babylonia historian (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Gaston Thorn]], [[Luxembourg]] Prime Minister (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Dick York]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]]\\n** [[Damayanti Joshi]], Indian classical dancer of [[Kathak]]\n        (d.  [[2004]])\\n** [[Albert Mangelsdorff]], German jazz musician (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Robert M. Pirsig]], American philosopher and author\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yevgeny Svetlanov]], Russian conductor and composer (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Miros\\u0142awa Litmanowicz]], Polish chess player (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Sid Watkins]], English neurosurgeon (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Donald Henderson]], American epidemiologist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Sol LeWitt]], American artist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 10]]\n        \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Selma Lopes|pt|3=Selma Lopes}}, Brazilian\n        actress and dubbing\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[William X. Kienzle]], American\n        author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[M. V. Rajasekharan]], Indian\n        member of [[Rajya Sabha]]\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Robert Indiana]], American\n        contemporary artist\\n** [[Tzannis Tzannetakis]], Prime Minister of Greece\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Park Honan]], American academic\n        and author (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Cannonball Adderley]],\n        American saxophonist (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Hironoshin\n        Furuhashi]], Japanese swimmer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Roddy\n        McDowall]], British actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[Sigrid\n        Kahle]], Swedish journalist and writer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Adam West]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Donald\n        Hall]], American poet and [[United States Poet Laureate]]\\n** [[Ruth Richard]],\n        American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Kirsten Rolffes]], Danish\n        actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Con Devitt]], Scottish-born\n        New Zealand trade unionist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[James\n        Lawson (American activist)|James Lawson]], African-American civil rights activist\n        and minister\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Bernie Custis]], American and Canadian\n        football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Victor Gold (journalist)|Victor\n        Gold]], American journalist and press secretary (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Koko Taylor]], African-American singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Elie Wiesel]], [[Romania|Rumanian]]-born [[Holocaust]] survivor,\n        writer, and lecturer; recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Laurence Harvey]], Lithuanian-born South African actor\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Sivaji Ganesan]], Indian stage and actor (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[George Peppard]], American film and television actor (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Zhu\n        Rongji]], former Premier of the People''s Republic of China\\n* [[October 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[George \\\"Spanky\\\" McFarland]], American actor and singer (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Edward L. Moyers]], American railroad executive (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Muriel Bevis]], American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Abraham Woods]], American civil rights\n        leader (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Sohrab Sepehri]], Persian poet and painter (d.\n        [[1980]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Bill Maynard]], British actor\\n* [[October\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], Finnish composer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Sheila Walsh (novelist)|Sheila F. Walsh]], English novelist\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Dilbagh Singh Athwal]], Indian geneticist\n        and agriculturist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Arnfinn Bergmann]],\n        Norwegian Olympic ski jumper (b. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Giambarba]], American graphic designer\\n* [[October 17]] \\n** [[Michael Palmer\n        (British Army officer)|Michael Palmer]], senior British Army officer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Breslin]], American journalist and author (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alejandro\n        V\\u00e9gh Villegas]], Uruguayan political figure (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Li Peng]], former [[Premier of the People''s Republic of China]]\\n*\n        [[October 21]] \\n** [[Vern Mikkelsen]], American professional basketball player\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Whitey Ford]], American baseball player\\n** [[Ed Nelson]],\n        American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Mohammad Beheshti]],\n        Chief Justice of Iran (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Jeanne Cooper]],\n        American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anthony Franciosa]], American actor (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Marion Ross]], American actress\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Shulamit Aloni]], Israeli politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Daniel Nathans]], American microbiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ennio\n        Morricone Cannes 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ennio Morricone]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos\n        Fuentes.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carlos Fuentes]]]]\\n[[File:RanceHoward.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Rance\n        Howard]]]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Osamu Tezuka]], Japanese manga artist (d.\n        [[1989]])\\n** [[George Yardley]], American basketball player (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Nick Holonyak]], American electrical engineer and inventor \\n* [[November\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Ursula Haverbeck]], German historian \\n* [[November 9]] \\n**\n        [[Anne Sexton]], American poet (d. [[1974]])\\n** [[Werner Veigel]], German\n        journalist and news presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Ennio\n        Morricone]], Italian composer\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Fuentes]],\n        Mexican writer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\n** [[Patricia Giles]], Australian\n        activist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Clu Gulager]], American actor and director\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Arman]], French artist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Rance Howard]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Amata Kabua]], 1st President of the Marshall Islands\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Anna Meyer]], American female professional baseball player\\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n** [[Inge Bandekow]], wife of German industrialist [[Harald\n        Quandt]] (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Otar Gordeli]], Georgian composer (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Ina van Faassen]], Dutch actress and comedian (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Aleksey Batalov]], Russian actor.\\n*\n        [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Augustin Bubn\\u00edk]], Czech ice hockey player,\n        coach and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Timothy Beaumont,\n        Baron Beaumont of Whitley]] (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Pat Smythe]], British showjumper\n        and author (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Toaripi Lauti]], 1st Prime\n        Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Arthur Melvin Okun]], American economist\n        (d. [[1980]]) \\n** [[Piet Steenbergen]], Dutch footballer  (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Bano Qudsia]], Pakistani writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Paul Simon (politician)|Paul Simon]], U.S. Senator from Illinois (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Takako Doi]], Japanese politician  (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Joe B. Hall]], American basketball coach\\n** [[Peter Hans Kolvenbach]],\n        Dutch Superior General of the [[Society of Jesus]] (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Noam\n        Chomsky, 2004.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Noam Chomsky]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\n** [[Guy\n        Bourdin]], French fashion photographer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Edwin Kessler]],\n        American atmospheric scientist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Karin\n        Bang]], Norwegian writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Hebe de\n        Bonafini]], Argentine activist\\n* [[December 7]] \\u2013 [[Noam Chomsky]],\n        American linguist\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Dick Van Patten]], American actor\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Ernst-Hugo J\\u00e4reg\\u00e5rd]],\n        Swedish actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Nati Mistral]], Spanish\n        actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]],\n        Austrian artist (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\n** [[Philip K. Dick]],\n        American science fiction author (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Bruce Ames]], American\n        biochemist\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[George Lindsey]], American actor (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Donald Adams]], British actor and opera\n        singer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\n** [[Irish McCalla]], American actress\n        and model (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Dick Miller]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], American \\\"Father\n        of the [[mobile phone]]\\\"\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[George W. Stocking Jr.]],\n        German-born American scholar (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Piers\n        Dixon]], British Conservative Party politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\n** [[Bo Diddley]], African-American musician (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Christian\n        Millau]], French food critic and author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\n**\n        [[Veijo Meri]], Finnish writer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Sin\\u00e9]], French cartoonist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Sidney Kimmel]], Philanthropist and\n        Film Producer [[Sidney Kimmel Entertainment]]\\n* [[Norman Carlberg]], American\n        sculptor\\n* [[George Parrish]], retired American [[NASCAR]] [[Sprint Cup Series|Cup\n        Series]] driver\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January\\u2013March===\\n[[File:Bernhard_III_(Saxe-Meiningen).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Bernhard\n        III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]]]]\\n[[File:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Hendrik\n        Lorentz]]]]\\n[[File:Herbert Henry Asquith.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Herbert\n        Henry Asquith]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Loie Fuller]], American dancer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Dorothy Donnelly]], American actress\n        and songwriter (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Emily Stevens (actress)|Emily Stevens]],\n        American actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Alvin Kraenzlein]],\n        American athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Hardy]],\n        British writer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Snyder]], American\n        murderer (executed) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Bernhard III,\n        Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[John de Robeck]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Nikolai Astrup]], Norwegian painter (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Charles Gorman (actor)|Charles Gorman]],\n        American actor (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Vicente Blasco Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez]],\n        Spanish novelist and screenwriter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Douglas\n        Haig]], British soldier (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Johannes\n        Fibiger]], Danish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Hughie Jennings]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Hendrik Lorentz]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Adolfo de Carolis]],\n        Italian painter (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Theodor Curtius]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Count Manfred von\n        Clary-Aldringen|Manfred von Clary-Aldringen]], Austro-Hungarian nobleman and\n        statesman, former Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[H. H. Asquith]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Eddie Foy]], American vaudevillian (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] -- [[Toribio Romo Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest, martyr and saint (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Juan V\\u00e1zquez\n        de Mella]], Spanish scholar and politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky]], German diplomat and noble (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Armando Diaz]], Italian general and Marshal of Italy\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Robert Abbe]], American surgeon (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[March 10]] -- [[Mateo Elias Nieves Castillo]], Mexican [[Roman\n        Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Nora\n        Bayes]], American singer and actress (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Edward Walter Maunder]], British astronomer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Medardo Rosso]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n===April\\u2013June===\\n[[File:Amundsen\n        in fur skins.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Roald Amundsen]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Theodore William Richards]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Roy Kilner]], English\n        cricketer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Dorus Rijkers]], famous Dutch\n        sailor and savior of over 500 men, women and children (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[April\n        22]]\\n** [[Warner B. Bayley]], United States Navy rear admiral (b. [[1845]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Currier]], American actor (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Floyd\n        Bennett]], American aviator (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Alessandro\n        Guidoni]], Italian air force general (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Clara\n        Williams]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 10]] -- [[Ivan Merz]],\n        Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]] blessed (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Big\n        Bill Haywood]], American labor leader (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n**[[Max\n        Scheler]], German philosopher (b. [[1874]])\\n**[[Henry F. Gilbert]], American\n        composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Francisco L\\u00f3pez Merino]],\n        Argentine poet (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Alexander Hamilton (priest)|Alexander\n        Hamilton]], American priest and blessed (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Zhang Zuolin]], Chinese warlord (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Liege\n        Hulett]], South African politician and [[sugar]] magnate (b. 1838)\\n* [[June\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Salvador D\\u00edaz Mir\\u00f3n]], Mexican poet (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], British women''s suffrage campaigner\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Mark Keppel]], Superintendent of Los\n        Angeles County Schools (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Roald Amundsen]],\n        Norwegian polar explorer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[A. B. Frost]],\n        American illustrator (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[George Siegmann]], American actor\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Holbrook Blinn]], American actor (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Leo Ditrichstein]], Austrian born actor\n        and playwright (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===July\\u2013September===\\n[[File:Wilhelm\n        Wien 1911.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Wilhelm Wien]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Frankie\n        Yale]], American gangster (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[\\u00c1lvaro\n        Obreg\\u00f3n]], Mexican military officer, 39th [[President of Mexico]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Giovanni Giolitti]], Italian politician and 13th [[Prime\n        Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n**[[Mihail Savov]], Bulgarian\n        general (b. [[1857]])\\n**Dame [[Ellen Terry]], British actress (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[William M. Folger]], American admiral (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]]\\n** [[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden]] (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Stjepan\n        Radi\\u0107]], Croatian politician (assassinated) (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Leo\\u0161 Jan\\u00e1\\u010dek]], Czech composer (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]] \\u2013 [[Carlo del Prete]], Italian aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Stephanos Skouloudis]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1838]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9mile Fayolle]], French general (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Hugh Evan-Thomas]], British admiral (b. [[1862]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Wien]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Urban Shocker]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Italo Svevo]],\n        Italian writer and businessman (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Devoy]], Irish rebel leader and exile (b. [[1842]])\\n\\n===October\\u2013December===\\n[[File:Andrewfisher2.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Andrew\n        Fisher]]]]\\n[[File:HeinrichXXVII.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Heinrich XXVII, Prince\n        Reuss Younger Line]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Cecilia Eusepi]], Italian\n        religious leader and blessed (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Larry\n        Semon]], American film actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Maria\n        Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dagmar of Denmark, later Maria Fyodorovna]],\n        wife of [[Alexander III of Russia|Tsar Alexander III]] and Empress Consort\n        of Russia (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Andrew Fisher]], Australian\n        politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Bowen Davies]], American artist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Robert Lansing]], U.S. Secretary of State (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\u2013 [[John William Wood, Sr.]], North Carolinian politician, founder\n        of [[Benson, North Carolina]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Arnold\n        Rothstein]], Jewish-American businessman and gangster (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Vlasios Tsirogiannis]], Greek general (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Alexander Trepov]], former Prime Minister of the Russian Empire\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Oskar Victorovich Stark]], Russian\n        admiral and explorer (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Enrico Cecchetti]],\n        Italian ballet dancer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Lala Lajpat\n        Rai]] \\\"The Lion of Punjab\\\", a leader of the [[Indian independence movement]]\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Mauritz Stiller]], Finnish screenwriter\n        and director (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich XXVII, Prince\n        Reuss Younger Line]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Reinhard Scheer]],\n        German admiral (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Frank Hedges Butler]],\n        British wine merchant and foundering member of the [[Aero Club of Great Britain]]\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Arthur Gore (tennis)|Arthur Gore]],\n        British tennis player (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Eustasio Rivera]], Colombian\n        writer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron\n        Tennyson|Hallam Tennyson]], 2nd Governor-General of Australia (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]], British architect (b.\n        [[1868]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Lewis Latimer]], American inventor (b.\n        [[1848]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 Patriarch [[Gregory IV of Antioch]] (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n**[[Theodore Roberts]], American actor (b. [[1861]])\\n**[[Pierre\n        Ruffey]], French general (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Elinor\n        Wylie]], American poet and novelist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Eglantyne Jebb]], British human rights activist and co-founder of ''''Save\n        the Children'''' (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Luigi Cadorna]],\n        Italian general (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Fred Thomson]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Owen Willans Richardson]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        Jules Henri Nicolle]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Sigrid\n        Undset]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n==In fiction==\\n*\n        This year is the setting of the [[video game]] ''''[[Blood (video game)|Blood]]''''\n        ([[1997 in video gaming|1997]]) retroactively dated in the game''s sequel\n        ''''[[Blood II: The Chosen]]'''' ([[1998 in video gaming|1998]])\\n* This is\n        the year that the [[Stargate (device)|Stargate]] is discovered in [[Giza]],\n        [[Egypt]], near the [[Giza Necropolis|Great Pyramids]], as seen in the film\n        ''''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]'''' ([[1994]]).\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1928}}\\n[[Category:1928|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:08:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":799142491,\"length\":73136,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1928&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928\"},\"34656\":{\"pageid\":34656,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1929\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T22:54:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1929}}\\n{{Events by month|1929}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1929}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1929}}\\n\\nThis year\n        marked the end of a period known in American history as the [[Roaring Twenties]]\n        after the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] ushered in a worldwide [[Great Depression]].\n        In the Americas, an agreement was brokered to end the [[Cristero War]], a\n        Catholic counter-revolution in Mexico. The [[Judicial Committee of the Privy\n        Council]], a British high court, ruled that Canadian  women are persons in\n        the ''''[[Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General)]]'''' case. The [[1st Academy\n        Awards]] for film were held in Los Angeles, while the [[Museum of Modern Art]]\n        opened in New York City. The [[Peruvian Air Force]] was created.\\n\\nIn Asia,\n        the Republic of China and the Soviet Union engaged in a [[Sino-Soviet conflict\n        (1929)|minor conflict]] after the Chinese seized full control of the [[Manchurian\n        Chinese Eastern Railway]], which ended with a resumption of joint administration.\n        In the Soviet Union, [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet\n        Union|General Secretary]] [[Joseph Stalin]] expelled [[Leon Trotsky]] and\n        adopted a policy of [[collectivization]]. [[The Grand Trunk Express]] began\n        service in India. [[1929 Palestine riots|Rioting]]  between Muslims and Jews\n        in Jerusalem over access to the [[Western Wall]] took place in the Middle\n        East. The [[centenary of Western Australia]] was celebrated.\\n\\nThe [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand\n        Pact]], a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, went\n        into effect. In Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed the [[Lateran\n        Treaty]]. The [[Idionymon]] law was passed in Greece to outlaw political dissent.\n        Spain hosted the [[Ibero-American Exposition]] which featured pavilions from\n        Latin American countries. The German airship [[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|LZ 127\n        ''''Graf Zeppelin'''']] flew around the world in 21 days.\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Summary==\\n\\n===Middle\n        East, Asia, and Pacific Isles===\\nOn [[August 1]] of this year the [[1929\n        Palestine riots]] broke out between [[Palestinians]] and [[Jews]] over control\n        of the [[Western Wall]]. The rioting, initiated in part when British police\n        tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall,{{cite\n        book|last=Segev|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Segev|title=One Palestine, Complete|year=1999|publisher=Metropolitan\n        Books|isbn=0-8050-4848-0|pages=295\\u2013313}} continued until the end\n        of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians were killed.{{cite\n        news|first=Matthew B.|last=Stannard|title=A Time of Change; Israelis, Palestinians\n        and the Disengagement|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/08/09/MNGF6E53GL1.DTL|work=San\n        Francisco Chronicle|date=2005-08-09}}NA 59/8/353/84/867n, 404 Wailing\n        Wall/279 and 280, Archdale Diary and Palestinian Police records. Two\n        of the more famous incidents occurring during these riots were the August\n        23\\u201324 [[1929 Hebron massacre]], in which almost 70 Jews were killed by\n        Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to stay at [[Hebron]]. The\n        Palestinians had been told that Jews were killing Palestinians. Jews would\n        not return to Hebron until after the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967.[[Tom Segev|Segev,\n        Tom]] (2000). ''''One Palestine, Complete; Jews and Arabs under the British\n        Mandate.'''' Translated by Haim Watzman of Metropolitan Books, Little, Brown\n        and company. pp. 318\\u2013319; {{ISBN|0-8050-4848-0}} and {{ISBN|0-316-64859-0}}.\n        The other major clash was the [[1929 Safed massacre]], in which 18\\u201320\n        Jews were killed by Palestinians in [[Safed]] in similar fashion.{{cite\n        book|title=Early Arab-Zionist Negotiation Attempts, 1913-1931|last=Kaplan|first=Neil|year=1983|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-7146-3214-7|page=82}}\n        Elsewhere in the Middle East, [[Iraq]] took a big step toward gaining independence\n        from the British. The Iraqi government had, since the end of World War I and\n        the beginning of the British Mandate in the Middle East, consistently resisted\n        British hegemony. In September, Great Britain announced it would support Iraq''s\n        inclusion in the [[League of Nations]], signaling the beginning of the end\n        of their direct control of the region.{{cite book|title=Britain''s Informal\n        Empire in the Middle East|first=Daniel|last=Silverfarb|author2=Majid Khadduri|pages=13\\u201320|isbn=0-19-503997-1|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=1986|location=New York}}\\n\\nEarly in 1929 the\n        Afghan leader [[King Amanullah]] lost power through revolution and civil war\n        to [[Habibull\\u0101h Kalak\\u0101ni]]. Habibull\\u0101h''s rule, however, only\n        lasted nine months. [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|Nadir Shah]] replaced him in October,\n        starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years.pp. 41\\u201344\n        {{ISBN|0-8133-4019-5}} In India, a general strike in Bombay continued\n        throughout the year despite efforts by the British.Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan.\n        ''''Imperial Power and Popular Politics.'''' Cambridge: Cambridge University\n        Press, 1998. pp. 170\\u2013178 {{ISBN|0-521-59692-0}} On [[December 29]],\n        the [[All India Congress]] in [[Lahore]] declared Indian [[independence]]\n        from Britain, something it had threatened to do if Britain did not grant India\n        dominion status.Vohra, Ranbir. ''''The Making of India.'''' Armonk: M.E.\n        Sharpe, 2001. pp. 147\\u2013148 {{ISBN|0-7656-0712-3}} China and Russia\n        engaged in a [[Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)|minor conflict]] after China seized\n        full control of the [[Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway]]. Russia counterattacked\n        and took the cities of [[Hailar District|Hailar]] and [[Manchouli]] after\n        issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated.\n        The Chinese agreed to the terms on [[November 26]]. The Japanese would later\n        see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, leading to their taking control\n        of Manchuria.Elleman, Bruce. ''''Diplomacy and Deception.'''' Armonk:\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1997. pp. 282\\u2013283 {{ISBN|0-7656-0143-5}} The Far East\n        began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the\n        Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as\n        its exports (spice, rubber, and other commodities) were more sensitive to\n        economic problems.Tarling, Nicholas. ''''The Cambridge History of Southeast\n        Asia.'''' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. pp. 182\\u2013184 {{ISBN|0-521-66371-7}}\n        In the Pacific, on [[December 28]] – \\\"[[Mau movement#Black Saturday|Black\n        Saturday]]\\\" in [[Samoa]] – New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed\n        demonstrators, an event which led the [[Mau movement]] to demand independence\n        for Samoa.\\n\\n===Europe===\\n\\n====Western====\\nIn 1929,\n        the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist Party in Italy]] tightened its control. National\n        education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by\n        the agenda of indoctrination.{{cite book|title=Hitler,\n        Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century|last=Pauley|first=Bruce\n        F.|year=2003|publisher=Harlan Davidson|location=Wheeling|page=117}}\n        In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of\n        all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath\n        of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the\n        same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.\\n\\nOn\n        February 11, Mussolini signed the [[Lateran Treaty]], making [[Vatican City]]\n        a sovereign state.{{cite book|title=Italy from Revolution  to Republic|last=Scala|first=DI|author2=M.\n        Spencer; D.I. Scala|year=2004|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder|isbn=0-8133-4176-0|pages=262\\u2013263}}\n        On [[July 25]], [[Pope Pius XI]] emerged from the [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]]\n        and entered St. Peter''s Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000\n        persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of [[Prisoner in the Vatican|papal self-imprisonment\n        within the Vatican]].{{cite book|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|last=Kertzer|first=David|year=2004|publisher=Houghton\n        Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=0-618-22442-4|pages=292\\u2013293}} Italy\n        used the diplomatic prestige associated with this successful agreement to\n        adopt a more aggressive foreign policy.{{cite book|title=The Vatican\n        and Italian Fascism, 1929-32|last=Pollard|first=John|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-02366-1|pages=74\\u201376}}\n        Germany experienced a major turning point in this year due to the economic\n        crash. The country had experienced prosperity under the government of the\n        [[Weimar Republic]] until foreign investors withdrew their German interests.\n        This began the crumbling of the Republican government in favor of Nazism.{{cite\n        book|title=Weimar and Nazi Germany|last=Lee|first=Stephen|year=1996|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|isbn=0-435-30920-X|pages=38\\u201339}}\n        In 1929, the number of unemployed reached three million.Gilbert, Martin.\n        ''''A History of the Twentieth Century.'''' New York: Avon books, 1998. {{ISBN|0-380-71393-4}}\n        On [[July 27]], the [[Geneva Convention (1929)|Geneva Convention]], held in\n        Switzerland, addressed the treatment of prisoners of war in response to problems\n        encountered during World War I.[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/305?OpenDocument\n        Geneva Convention (1929):Introduction]\\n\\nOn [[May 31]], the [[United\n        Kingdom general election, 1929|British general election]] returned a hung\n        parliament yet again, with the Liberals in position to determine who would\n        have power. These elections were known as the \\\"Flapper\\\" elections due to\n        the fact that it was the first British election in which women under 30 could\n        vote.{{cite book|title=Gender, Modernity, and the Popular Press in Inter-War\n        Britain|last=Bingham|first=Adrian|year=2004|publisher=Clarendon|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-927247-6|page=125}}\n        A week after the vote, on [[June 7]] the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]]\n        conceded power rather than ally with the Liberals. [[Ramsay MacDonald]] founded\n        a new [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government the next day.{{cite book|title=Twentieth-Century\n        Britain|first=William|last=Rubinstein|year=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=0-333-77224-5|pages=165\\u2013169}}\\n\\n1929\n        is regarded as a turning point by French historians, who point out that it\n        was last year in which prosperity was felt before the effects of the Great\n        Depression. The [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] had been in power\n        since before World War I. On July 24, French prime minister [[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]]\n        resigned for medical reasons; he was succeeded by [[Aristide Briand]]. Briand\n        adopted a foreign policy of both peace and defensive fortification. The [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand\n        Pact]], renouncing [[war]] as an instrument of [[foreign policy]], went into\n        effect in this year (it was first signed in Paris in [[1928]] by most leading\n        world powers).{{cite book|title=Triumph and Downfall|last=Louria|first=Margot|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood\n        Press|location=Westport|isbn=0-313-31272-9|pages=137\\u2013138}} The\n        French began work on the [[Maginot Line]] in this year, as a defense against\n        a possible German attack, and on September 5 Briand presented a plan for the\n        ''''United States of Europe''''.{{cite book|title=The Decline of the\n        Third Republic, 1914-1938|last=Bernard|first=Philippe|year=1985|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-35854-X|page=173}} On\n        October 22, Briand was replaced as Prime Minister by [[Andr\\u00e9 Tardieu]].{{cite\n        book|title=The Lights That Failed |last=Steiner|first=Zara|year=2005|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-822114-2|page=828}} [[Primo\n        de Rivera]]''s dictatorship in Spain experienced growing dissatisfaction among\n        students and academics, as well as businessmen who blamed the government for\n        recent economic woes. Many called for a fascist regime, like that in Italy.{{cite\n        book|title=Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977|last=Payne|first=Stanley|year=1999|publisher=University\n        of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison|isbn=0-299-16564-7|pages=36\\u201337}}\\n\\n====\n        Eastern ====\\nIn May, [[Joseph Stalin]] consolidated his power in the [[Soviet\n        Union]] by sending [[Leon Trotsky]] into exile. The only country that would  grant\n        Trotsky asylum was Turkey, in return for his help during Turkey''s civil war.\n        He and his family left the USSR aboard ship on February 12.Brackman,\n        Roman. ''''The Secret File of Joseph Stalin''''. London: Frank Cass, 2001.\n        pp. 202\\u2013203 {{ISBN|0-7146-5050-1}} Stalin turned on his former\n        political ally, [[Nikolai Bukharin]], who was the last real threat to his\n        power. By the end of the year Bukharin had been defeated. {{Clarify|date=February\n        2013}} Once Stalin was in power, he turned his former support for Lenin''s\n        [[New Economic Policy]] into opposition.Alexander, Robert. ''''International\n        Trotskyism, 1929-1985.'''' Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. p. 3 {{ISBN|0-8223-1066-X}}\n        In November, Stalin declared that it \\\"The Year of the Great Breakthrough\\\"\n        and stated that the country would focus on industrial programs as well as\n        on collectivizing the  grain supply. He hoped to surpass the West not only\n        in agriculture, but in industry.[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]].\n        ''''Joseph Stalin: a Biographical Companion''''. City: ABC-Clio Inc, 1999.\n        p. 119 {{ISBN|1-57607-084-0}} Millions of Soviet farmers were removed\n        from their private farms, their property was collected, and they were moved\n        to state-owned farms. Stalin emphasized in 1929 a campaign demonizing [[kulak]]s\n        as a plague on society. Kulak property was taken and they were deported by\n        cattle train to areas of frozen tundra.Gilbert, 761\\u20132\\n\\nThe\n        timber market in Finland began to decline in 1929 due to the Great Depression,\n        as well as the Soviet Union''s entrance into the market. Financial and political\n        problems culminated in the birth of the fascist [[Lapua Movement]] on [[November\n        23]] in a demonstration in [[Lapua]]. The movement''s stated aim was Finnish\n        democracy and anti-communism.Singleton, Frederick and Anthony Upton.\n        ''''A Short History of Finland''''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,\n        1998. p. 117; {{ISBN|0-521-64701-0}} The Finnish legislature received\n        heavy pressure to remove basic rights from Communist groups.Capoccia,\n        Giovanni. Defending Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,\n        2005. p. 153\\u2013154 {{ISBN|0-8018-8038-6}} Politics in Lithuania was\n        heated, as President Voldemaras was unpopular in some quarters, and survived\n        an assassination attempt in [[Kaunas]].[http://www.lituanus.org/1984_3/84_3_06.htm\n        Kristina Vai\\u010dikonis. ''''Augustinas Voldemaras'''']. Lituanus, Vol. 30,\n        No. 3, Fall 1984, ed. Antanas Klimas; {{ISSN|0024-5089}} Later, while\n        attending a meeting of the [[League of Nations]], he was  ousted in a coup\n        by President [[Antanas Smetona|Smetona]], who made himself dictator. Upon\n        Voldemaras'' removal from office, [[Iron Wolf (organization)|Gele\\u017einis\n        Vilkas]] went underground and received aid and encouragement in its activities\n        from Germany. Yugoslavia was renamed the \\\"Kingdom\n        of Yugoslavia\\\" as [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|King Alexander]] sought to\n        unite the Balkans under his rule.Lukic, Reneo and Allen Lynch. Europe\n        from the Balkans to the Urals. Solna: SIPRI, 1996. p. 68 {{ISBN|0-19-829200-7}}\n        The state''s new Monarchy replaced the old parliament, which had been dominated\n        by Serbs.Payne, Stanley. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. New York: Routledge,\n        1996. pp. 143\\u2013144 {{ISBN|1-85728-595-6}}\\n\\n=== North America ===\\n{{Main\n        article|1929 in the United States}}\\nIn October 1929, the British [[Judicial\n        Committee of the Privy Council]] overturned a ruling by the [[Supreme Court\n        of Canada]] that women could not be members of the legislature. This case,\n        which came to be known as the [[Persons Case]], had important ramifications\n        not just for the rights of women but because in overturning the case, the\n        Judicial Committee of the Privy Council engendered a radical change in the\n        Canadian judicial approach to the Canadian constitution, an approach that\n        has come to be known as the \\\"[[living tree doctrine]]\\\". The five women who\n        initiated the case are known in Canada as the [[The Famous Five (Canada)|Famous\n        Five]].{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Brennan|title=Alberta\n        Originals: Stories of Albertans Who Made a Difference|year=2001|publisher=Fifth\n        House|page=14|isbn=1-894004-76-0}} In November, the [[1929 Grand Banks\n        earthquake]] occurred off the south coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]\n        in the Atlantic Ocean. It registered as a [[Richter magnitude]] 7.2 [[submarine\n        earthquake]] centered on [[Grand Banks]], broke 12 submarine [[transatlantic\n        telegraph cable]]s and triggered a [[tsunami]] that destroyed many south coast\n        communities in the [[Burin Peninsula]] area, killing 28 (as of 1997, Canada''s\n        most lethal earthquake).\\n\\nThe Mexican [[Cristero\n        War]] continued in 1929 as clerical forces attempted an assassination of the\n        provisional president in a train bombing in February. The attempt failed.\n        [[Plutarco Calles]], at the center of power for the anti-clerics, continued\n        to gather power in Mexico City. His government was considered an enemy to\n        more conservative Mexicans who held to traditional forms of government and\n        more religious  control. Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early\n        in the year to increase his power; a party which was, ironically, seen by\n        foreigners as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right. A\n        special election was held in this year, which Jose Vasconselos lost to Ortiz\n        Rubio.  By this time, the war had ended.Sherman, John. ''''The Mexican\n        Right'''' New York: Praeger, 1997. {{ISBN|0-275-95736-5}} pp. 18\\u201323\n        The last group of rebels was defeated on June 4, and in the same month US\n        Ambassador [[Dwight Morrow]] initiated talks between parties. On [[June 21]]\n        an agreement was brokered ending the Cristero War. On [[June 27]], church\n        bells rang and mass was held publicly for the first time in three years. The\n        agreement heavily favored the government, as priests were required to  register\n        with the government and religion was banned from schools.Scheina, Robert.\n        ''''Latin America''s Wars'''' Volume II: the Age of the Professional Soldier,\n        1900-2001. City: Potomac Books Inc, 2003. {{ISBN|1-57488-452-2}}; pp. 32\\u201333\\n\\nThe\n        major event of the year for the United States was the [[Wall Street Crash\n        of 1929|stock market crash on Wall Street]], which was to have international\n        effects. On September 3, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] (DJIA) peaked\n        at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November  1954. Then, from\n        [[October 24]]–[[October 29]], stock prices suffered three multi-digit\n        percentage drops, wiping out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock\n        Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).Gilbert,\n        767\\u20139 On\n        [[December 3]] U.S. President [[Herbert Hoover]] announced to the [[United\n        States Congress|U.S. Congress]] that the worst effects of the recent [[stock\n        market]] crash were behind the nation, and that the American people had regained\n        faith in the [[Economics|economy]].{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=22021|first=Herbert|last=Hoover|title=Annual\n        Message to Congress on the State of the Union|work=The American Presidency\n        Project|accessdate=2013-02-26}}\\n\\n=== Literature, arts, and entertainment\n        ===\\n{{Main article|1929 in the arts (disambiguation)}}\\nLiterature of the\n        time reflected the memories many harbored of the horrors of World War I. A\n        major seller was ''''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'''' by [[Erich Maria\n        Remarque]]. Remarque was a German who had fought in the war at age eighteen\n        and been wounded in the [[Third Battle of Ypres]]. He stated that he intended\n        the book to tell the story \\\"of a generation of men who, even though they\n        may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war.\\\" Another 1929 book\n        reflecting on World War I was [[Ernest Hemingway]]''s ''''[[A Farewell to\n        Arms]]'''', as well as ''''[[Good-Bye to All That]]'''' by [[Robert Graves]].Gilbert,\n        pp. 769\\u201370 In lighter media, a few stars of the comic industry\n        made their debut, including ''''[[The Adventures of Tintin|Tintin]]'''', a\n        [[comic book]] character created by [[Herg\\u00e9]], who would appear in over\n        200  million comic books in 60 languages. ''''[[Popeye]]'''', another [[comic\n        strip]] character created by [[Elzie Crisler Segar]], also appeared in this\n        year.\\n\\nWithin the film industry, on [[May 16]] the [[1st Academy Awards]]\n        were presented at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]], with ''''[[Wings (1927\n        film)|Wings]]'''' winning [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\n        Also, ''''[[Hallelujah! (film)|Hallelujah!]]'''' became the first Hollywood\n        film to contain an entirely black cast, and ''''[[Atlantic (film)|Atlantic]]'''',\n        a film about the ''''[[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'''', is an early\n        sound-on-film movie. The arts were in the midst of the [[Modernist]] movement,\n        as [[Pablo Picasso]] painted two [[cubist]] works, ''''Woman in a Garden''''\n        and ''''Nude in an Armchair'''', during this year. The [[surrealist]] painters\n        [[Salvador Dal\\u00ed]] and [[Ren\\u00e9 Magritte]] completed several works,\n        including ''''[[The First Days of Spring]]'''' and ''''[[The Treachery of\n        Images]]''''. On [[November 7]] in New York City, the [[Museum of Modern Art]]\n        opened to the public. The latest in [[modern architecture]] was also represented\n        by the [[Barcelona Pavilion]] in Spain, and the [[Fairmont Royal York|Royal\n        York Hotel]] in Toronto, at its completion the tallest building in the British\n        Empire.\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|1929 in science}}\\nThe\n        year saw several advances in technology and exploration. On [[June 27]] the\n        first public demonstration of color TV was held by H. E. Ives and his colleagues\n        at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images were a bouquet\n        of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system was used to transmit 50-line\n        color television images between New York and Washington. The [[BBC]] broadcast\n        a television transmission for the first time. By November, [[Vladimir Zworykin]]\n        had taken out the first patent for color television. On [[November 29]], [[Bernt\n        Balchen]], U.S. Admiral [[Richard E. Byrd|Richard Byrd]], Captain Ashley McKinley,\n        and [[Harold June]], became the first to fly over the [[South Pole]]. Within\n        the year, Britain, Australia and New Zealand began a joint [[British Australian\n        and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition|Antarctic Research Expedition]],\n        and the German airship ''''[[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|Graf Zeppelin]]'''' began\n        a round-the-world flight (ended [[August 29]]). This year [[Ernst Schwarz]]\n        describes [[Bonobo]] (''''Pan paniscus'''') as a different species from [[chimpanzee]]\n        (''''Pan troglodites''''), both closely related phylogenetically to human\n        beings.\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1929}}\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** The [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] airplane ''''[[Question Mark\n        (aircraft)|?]]'''' begins a six-day non-stop endurance flight over [[Southern\n        California]] using [[aerial refueling]].\\n** The [[British Columbia]]n municipalities\n        of [[Point Grey]] and [[South Vancouver (electoral district)|South Vancouver]]\n        are amalgamated into Vancouver.\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[6 January Dictatorship]]:\n        King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]\n        suspends his country''s  constitution.\\n** The [[Albania]]n missionary [[Nun|sister]]\n        Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later known as [[Mother Teresa]], arrives in [[Calcutta]]\n        from Ireland to begin her work in India.\\n* [[January 10]] – First appearance\n        of [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s Belgian [[comic book]] hero [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]]\n        as ''''[[Tintin in the Land of the Soviets]]'''' (''''Les Aventures de Tintin,\n        reporter..., au pays des Soviets''''), begins serialization in children''s\n        newspaper supplement, ''''[[Le Petit Vingti\\u00e8me]]''''.\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – ''''[http://www.editions.ehess.fr/revues/annales-histoire-sciences-sociales/\n        Annales d''histoire \\u00e9conomique et sociale]'''' begins publication in\n        France.\\n* [[January 17]] – First appearance of [[comic strip]] hero\n        [[Popeye]] in ''''Thimble Theatre''''.{{cite web|work=Don Markstein''s\n        Toonopedia|title=Popeye the Sailor|url=http://www.toonopedia.com/popeye.htm|accessdate=2011-09-22}}\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – ''''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'''' (''''Im\n        Westen nichts Neues''''), by [[Erich Maria Remarque]], is published in book\n        form.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February 1929}}\\n[[File:Park Dedication\n        in 1929 in Grand Teton NP-NPS.jpg|thumb|120px|[[February 26]]: [[Grand Teton\n        National Park]].]]\\n* [[February 9]] – \\\"[[Litvinov''s Pact]]\\\" is signed\n        in Moscow by the [[Soviet Union]], Poland, [[Estonia]], [[Romania]] and [[Latvia]]\n        who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves.{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vceInEkXX74C|title=The Soviet Union\n        and Iran|first=Miron|last=Rezun|pages=148|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1981|isbn=90-286-2621-2}}\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[La Liga|Liga Espanola]], a professional football\n        league of [[Spain]], founded.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} \\n* [[February\n        11]] – The [[Kingdom of Italy]] and the [[Holy See]] of the [[Catholic\n        Church]] sign the [[Lateran Treaty]] to establish the [[Vatican City]] as\n        an independent sovereign [[enclave]] within Rome, resolving the \\\"[[Roman\n        Question]]\\\".\\n* [[February 14]] – \\\"[[Saint Valentine''s Day Massacre]]\\\":\n        Five [[gangster]]s (rivals of [[Al Capone]]), plus two civilians, are shot\n        dead in Chicago. \\n* [[February 26]] – The [[Grand Teton National Park]]\n        is established by the [[United States Congress]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1929}}\\n[[File:President_Hoover_portrait.tif|thumb|120px|right|[[March\n        4]]: [[Herbert Hoover]] is 31st [[President of the United States of America]].]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – The longest bridge in the world at this time, the [[San\n        Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge]], opens.\\n* [[March 3]] – A revolt by Generals\n        Jos\\u00e9 Gonzalo Escobar and Jes\\u00fas Mar\\u00eda Aguirre fails in Mexico.\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Herbert Hoover]] is [[Inauguration of Herbert Hoover|sworn\n        in]] as the 31st President of the United States. \\n** Establishment of the\n        [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|National Revolutionary Party]] (''''Partido\n        Nacional Revolucionario'''') in Mexico by ex-President [[Plutarco El\\u00edas\n        Calles]]. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously\n        for the next 71 years.\\n* [[March 28]] – Japanese forces withdraw from\n        [[Shandong]] province to their garrison in [[Tsingtao]] bringing an end to\n        the [[Jinan Incident]].\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Imperial Airways]] begins\n        operating the first commercial flights between London and [[Karachi]].{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin\n        Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006|page=91}}\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n{{Main article|April 1929}}\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Persia]] signs the\n        [[Litvinov Protocol]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Karl Benz]]\n        the creator of the first [[automobile]] dies.\\n* [[April 14]] – The\n        inaugural [[Monaco Grand Prix]] is won by [[William Grover-Williams]] driving\n        a [[Bugatti]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1929}}\\n* May – The\n        [[Wickersham Commission]] begins its investigation of [[organized crime]]\n        following alcohol [[Prohibition in the United States]].\\n*[[May 1]] –\n        The 7.2 {{M|w}} [[1929 Kopet Dag earthquake|Kopet Dag earthquake]] shakes\n        the Iran-Turkmenistan border region with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of IX (''''Violent''''), killing up to 3,800 and injuring 1,121.\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – \\\"The Battle Of Blood Alley\\\" is fought by a [[razor gang]]\n        in Sydney, Australia\\n* [[May 16]] – The [[1st Academy Awards]] are\n        presented in a 15-minute ceremony at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]], honoring\n        the best movies of 1927 and 1928, ''''[[Wings (1927 film)|Wings]]'''' (1927)\n        winning [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]. [[Gerald Duffy]]\n        (died 1928) receives the only Academy Award for Best Title Writing ever awarded\n        (for his [[intertitle]]s to the [[silent film]] ''''[[The Private Life of\n        Helen of Troy]]'''' (1927)).\\n* [[May 31]] – The [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1929|United Kingdom general election]] again returns a [[hung parliament]];\n        the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]] in Parliament determine which party will\n        govern.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1929}}\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        The [[1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America]] is held in\n        [[Buenos Aires]].\\n* [[June 3]] – The [[Treaty of Lima]] settles a border\n        dispute between [[Peru]] and [[Chile]].\\n* [[June 7]] – The [[Lateran\n        Treaty]], making [[Vatican City]] a sovereign state, is ratified.\\n* [[June\n        8]] – [[Ramsay MacDonald]] forms the United Kingdom''s [[Second MacDonald\n        ministry|second Labour government]].\\n* [[June 21]] – An agreement brokered\n        by U.S. Ambassador [[Dwight Whitney Morrow]] helps end the [[Cristero War]]\n        in Mexico.\\n* [[June 27]] – The first public demonstration of [[color\n        TV]] is held, by [[H. E. Ives]] and his colleagues at [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]]\n        in New York. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an [[American flag]].\n        A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between\n        New York and Washington.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1929}}\\n* [[July\n        11]] – In the Soviet Union, a secret decree of the [[Sovnarkom]] creates\n        the backbone of the [[Gulag]] system.\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** French prime minister\n        [[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]] resigns and is succeeded by [[Aristide Briand]].\\n**\n        The [[Kellogg\\u2013Briand Pact]], renouncing war as an instrument of [[foreign\n        policy]], goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928,\n        by most leading world powers).\\n** [[Union Airways]] Pty. Ltd. is founded,\n        to be nationalised as [[South African Airways]] on 1 February 1934.\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Pope Pius XI]] emerges from the [[Apostolic Palace]] and enters\n        [[St. Peter''s Square]] in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons,\n        thus ending nearly 60 years of self-imposed status by the papacy as [[Prisoner\n        in the Vatican]].\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** The [[Geneva Convention (1929)|Geneva\n        Convention]] addresses the treatment of prisoners of war.\\n** [[Red Crescent]]\n        adopted as an additional emblem of the [[International Federation of Red Cross\n        and Red Crescent Societies|League of Red Cross Societies]].\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n{{Main article|August 1929}}\\n* [[August 8]]–[[August 29|29]] –\n        German [[rigid airship]] [[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|LZ 127 ''''Graf Zeppelin'''']]\n        makes a [[circumnavigation]] of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] eastabout out\n        of [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]], including the first nonstop flight of any kind\n        across the [[Pacific Ocean]] ([[Tokyo]]–[[Los Angeles]]).\\n* [[August\n        16]] – The [[1929 Palestine riots]] break out between [[Palestinians]]\n        and [[Jew]]s in [[Mandatory Palestine]] and continue until the end of the\n        month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed.\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – First transmissions of [[John Logie Baird]]''s experimental 30-line\n        television system by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]].{{cite\n        book|title=The Hutchinson Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1\n        }}\\n* [[August 23]]\\u2013[[August 24|24]] – The [[1929 Hebron\n        massacre]], in which 65\\u201368 Jews are killed by Palestinians and the remaining\n        Jews are forced to leave [[Hebron]].\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** The [[1929 Safed\n        massacre]], in which 18\\u201320 Jews are killed in [[Safed]] by Palestinian\n        Arabs.\\n** The {{SS|San Juan}} collides with the oil tanker ''''S.C.T. Dodd''''\n        off the [[California]] coast, causing the ''''San Juan'''' to sink in 3 minutes,\n        killing 77 people.\\n* [[August 31]] – The [[Young Plan]], which sets\n        the total [[World War I reparations]] owed by Germany at [[US$]]26,350,000,000\n        to be paid over a period of 58\\u00bd years, is finalized.\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n{{Main article|September 1929}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The [[Dow\n        Jones Industrial Average]] peaks at 381.17, a height it will not reach again\n        until November 1954.\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Aristide Briand]] presents\n        his plan for the ''''United States of Europe''''.\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        A coup ousts [[Augustinas Voldemaras]] in [[Lithuania]]; the new president\n        is [[Antanas Smetona]].\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Fritz von Opel]] pilots\n        the first [[rocket-powered aircraft]], the [[Opel RAK.1]], in front of a large\n        crowd in [[Frankfurt am Main]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1929}}\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Serie A]], as known well for professional\n        football league of [[Italy]], replacing from Divisione Nazionale.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[October 14]] – The [[Philadelphia Athletics]]\n        win the [[World Series]] four games to one over the [[Chicago Cubs]], taking\n        Game Five by a 3-2 score at [[Shibe Park]].\\n* [[October 18]] – On appeal\n        from the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]  on behalf of \\\"[[The Famous Five (Canada)|The\n        Famous Five]]\\\" Canadian women in the landmark case of ''''[[Edwards v. Canada\n        (Attorney General)]]'''', the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]\n        in the United Kingdom announces that women are \\\"persons\\\" under the [[British\n        North America Acts]] and thus eligible for appointment to the [[Senate of\n        Canada]].\\n* [[October 22]] – The government of [[Aristide Briand]]\n        falls in France.\\n[[File:Crowd outside nyse.jpg|thumb|120px|The Wall Street\n        Crash of 1929, the beginning of the Great Depression]]\\n* [[October 24]]–[[October\n        29|29]] – [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]]: Three multi-digit percentage\n        drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10\n        times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).\\n* [[October\n        25]] – Former [[U.S. Interior Secretary]] [[Albert B. Fall]] is convicted\n        of [[bribery]] for his role in the [[Teapot Dome scandal]], becoming the first\n        Presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1929}}\\n* November – [[Vladimir\n        Zworykin]] takes out the first patent for color television.\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** An [[solar eclipse#Types|annular solar eclipse]] is seen over the\n        Atlantic Ocean and Africa.\\n** [[Conscription in Australia]] ends.{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzMZAr41dn4C|title=The Torch and\n        the Sword: A History of the Army Cadet Movement in Australia|first=Craig|last=Stockings|pages=86|publisher=UNSW\n        Press|year=2007|isbn=0-86840-838-7}}\\n* [[November 7]] – In New\n        York City, the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) opens to the public. The first\n        exhibition ''C\\u00e9zanne, Gauguin, van Gogh and Seurat'' (Nov 7 \\u2013 Dec\n        7) was seen by 47.000 visitors, curator is Alfred H. Barr.\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – U.K. release of ''''[[Atlantic (film)|Atlantic]]'''', a film about\n        the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] which\n        is one of the first British [[sound-on-film]] movies and, in its simultaneously-shot\n        German-language version, the first to be released in Germany.\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[1929 Grand Banks earthquake]].{{citation|title=The\n        1929 Tsunami In St. Lawrence, Newfoundland |url=http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf\n        |first=Alan |last=Ruffman |year=1997 |location=Ottawa |publisher=Office of\n        Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=2013-02-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113024644/http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf\n        |archivedate=January 13, 2013 |df= }}\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Bernt\n        Balchen]], U.S. Admiral [[Richard E. Byrd|Richard Byrd]], Captain Ashley McKinley\n        and Harold June become the first to fly over the [[South Pole]].\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n{{Main article|December 1929}}\\n* [[December 28]] – \\\"[[Mau movement#Black\n        Saturday|Black Saturday]]\\\" in [[Samoa]]: New Zealand colonial police kill\n        11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which leads the [[Mau movement]] to demand\n        independence for Samoa.{{cite book|last=Meleisea|first=Malama|title=Lagaga:\n        A Short History of Western Samoa|publisher=University of the South Pacific|year=1987|isbn=982-02-0029-6|pages=137\\u20138}}\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – The All India Congress in [[Lahore]] demands Indian\n        [[independence]].{{Clarify|date=February 2013}}\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Sergio\n        Leone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sergio Leone]]]]\\n[[File:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Martin\n        Luther King Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Jacques plante.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jacques Plante]]]]\\n[[File:Mossbauer.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rudolf\n        M\\u00f6ssbauer]]]]\\n[[File:Studio publicity Jean Simmons.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean\n        Simmons]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Joseph Lombardo]], American mafioso\\n**\n        [[Haruo Nakajima]], Japanese actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Sergio\n        Leone]], Italian director (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Ernst Mahle]], Brazilian composer\\n**\n        [[Gordon Moore]], American computing entrepreneur and benefactor\\n* [[January\n        4]] \\n** [[Aldo Monti]], Mexican actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[G\\u00fcnter Schabowski]],\n        official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Wilbert Harrison]], American singer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Terry Moore (actress)|Terry Moore]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        8]]\\n** [[Saeed Jaffrey]], Indian-born actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Erich Jantsch]],\n        Austrian astrophysicist (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Brian Friel]],\n        Irish dramatist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Irena Homola-Sk\\u0105pska]],\n        Polish historian (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alasdair MacIntyre]], Scottish-born American\n        philosopher\\n** [[Jaakko Hintikka]], Finnish philosopher and logician (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], American civil\n        rights leader, Nobel laureate (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Shigeru\n        K\\u014dyama]], Japanese actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Eilaine\n        Roth]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Elaine\n        Roth]], American female professional baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Tan\n        Boon Teik]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jacques\n        Plante]], Canadian hockey player (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Kush]], American football player and coach (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Arte Johnson]],\n        American actor\\n* [[January 23]] – [[John Charles Polanyi]], Canadian\n        chemist, Nobel laureate\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Benny Golson]], American\n        jazz musician\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]], Japanese anti-nuclear\n        weapons activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Claes Oldenburg]],\n        American artist [[Clothespin (Oldenburg)]]\\n* [[January 29]] – [[George\n        Ross Anderson, Jr.]], United States federal judge\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], Egyptian business magnate \\n* [[January 30]] &ndash/\n        [[Richard Long, 4th Viscount Long]], British peer and politician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Rudolf M\\u00f6ssbauer]], German physicist, Nobel laureate\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jean Simmons]], English-American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:James\n        Hong 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James Hong]]]]\\n[[File:Patriarch Alexey II of\n        Russia.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Patriarch Alexy II of Russia|Alexy II]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] – [[Basilio Lami Dozo]], Argentine dictator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\n** [[V\\u011bra Chytilov\\u00e1]], Czech director (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[John\n        Henry Holland]], American computer scientist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 3]]\n        – [[Huntington Hardisty]], American admiral (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** [[Thomas H. Paterniti]], American politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jerry\n        Adler]], American actor\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Luc Ferrari]], French composer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Fred Sinowatz]], 18th Chancellor of Austria (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]]\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Mart\\u00ednez P\\u00e9rez]], Spanish footballer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Colin Murdoch]], New Zealand  pharmacist, veterinarian\n        and inventor (d. [[2008]]) \\n** [[Sixten Jernberg]], Swedish Olympic cross-country\n        skier (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Pierre Brice]], French actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] \\n** [[Hallgeir Brenden]], Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Jerry Goldsmith]], American composer and conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Vic Morrow]], American actor and director (d. [[1982]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n** [[Graham Hill]], English race car driver (d. [[1975]])\\n**\n        [[Kauko Armas Nieminen]], Finnish physicist\\n** [[James Schlesinger]], American\n        politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\n** [[Omar Monza]], Argentine\n        basketball player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Patricia Routledge]], English actress\n        and singer\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Len Deighton]], British author \\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Chespirito]], Mexican actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[James Hong]], Chinese American actor and director\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Patriarch Alexy II of Russia]] (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] – [[Zdzis\\u0142aw Beksi\\u0144ski]], Polish surrealist\n        painter (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Fazil_Iskander_in_2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fazil\n        Iskander]]]]\\n[[File:Lennart Meri 1998.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lennart Meri]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Georgi Markov]], Bulgarian dissident (d. [[1978]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Fazil Iskander]], Abkhaz writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March\n        8]]\\n**[[Hebe Camargo]], Brazilian television presenter, actress and singer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[Nicodemo Scarfo]], American mafioso (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March\n        9]]\\n** [[Desmond Hoyte]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Guyana]] and 4th [[President\n        of Guyana]] (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Zillur Rahman]], [[President of Bangladesh]]\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Peter Breck]], American actor and\n        drama teacher (d.  [[2012]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Christa Wolf]], German\n        literary critic, novelist, and essayist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Miquel Mart\\u00ed i Pol]], Catalan poet (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n**\n        [[Germ\\u00e1n Robles]], Spanish-Mexican film, theater, television, and voice\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[William Andrew MacKay]], Canadian lawyer and judge\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Herbert Wilson]], Welsh physicist and biophysicist (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[P. Ramlee]], Malaysian film actor, director,\n        singer, songwriter, composer, and producer (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[March 23]] –\n        [[Roger Bannister|Sir Roger Bannister]], British athlete\\n* [[March 25]] –\n        [[Cecil Taylor]], American free jazz pianist and composer\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Rita Briggs]], American female professional baseball player (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Lennart Meri]], [[President of Estonia]]\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Max von Sydow Cannes 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Max\n        von Sydow]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Barbara Bryne]], British actress\\n** [[Milan\n        Kundera]], Czech writer\\n** [[Jane Powell]], American actress and dancer\\n**\n        [[Bo Schembechler]], American football coach \\n* [[April 2]] – [[Ed\n        Dorn]], American poet (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Poul Schl\\u00fcter]],\n        Danish politician\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Lucina da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws]],\n        Dutch Antillean politician (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Ivar Giaever]], Norwegian physicist,\n        Nobel Prize laureate\\n**[[Nigel Hawthorne]], English actor (d. [[2001]])\\n**[[Joe\n        Meek]], English record producer, sound engineer, and songwriter (d. [[1967]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Fred Hollows]], New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist\n        (d. [[1993]]) \\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Mike Hawthorn]], British racing driver\n        (d. [[1959]])\\n** [[Max von Sydow]], Swedish actor\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** [[Gerry\n        Anderson]], English television and film producer, director, writer, better\n        known as the producer of ''''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]''''\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Paavo Berglund]], Finnish conductor and violinist (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Chadli Bendjedid]], 3rd [[President of\n        Algeria]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Roy Hamilton]], American\n        singer (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[James Last]], German composer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Michael Atiyah]], British-Lebanese\n        mathematician\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Abderrahmane Mahjoub]], French and\n        Moroccan international football (soccer) midfielder (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Alexandre Lamfalussy]], Hungarian-born Belgian economist and\n        central banker (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Klausj\\u00fcrgen Wussow]],\n        German theatre- and television actor (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Audrey\n        Hepburn 1956.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Audrey Hepburn]]]]\\n[[File:Betty Carter in\n        Pori July 1978.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Betty Carter]]]]\\n[[File:Nobel Prize 24 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter\n        Higgs]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Ralf Dahrendorf]], Anglo-German sociologist\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Link Wray]], American rock and roll musician\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Balladur]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]] \\n** [[Denise Lor]], American popular music singer and actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n** [[Per-Ingvar Br\\u00e5nemark]], Swedish physician and \\\"father\n        of modern dental implantology\\\" (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Ronald Golias]],\n        Brazilian comedian and actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Audrey Hepburn]], British\n        actress and activist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Ilene Woods]], American\n        singer and actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Paul Lauterbur]],\n        American chemist, Nobel laureate (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Miyoshi\n        Umeki]], Japanese singer and actress (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jane Roberts]], American\n        writer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Betty Foss]], American female\n        professional baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Margaret\n        Kerry]], American actress\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Sam Nujoma]], first [[President\n        of Namibia]]\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Betty Carter]], American jazz singer (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n** [[Adrienne Rich]], American poet and essayist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Ahmed Hamdi]], Egyptian soldier (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] – [[Beverly Sills]], American operatic soprano; later director\n        of the [[New York City Opera]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Lloyd\n        Reckord]], Jamaican actor, filmmaker and director (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 29]]\n        – [[Peter Higgs]], British theoretical physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Karolos_Papoulias.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karolos\n        Papoulias]]]]\\n[[File:Fmr_CDN_PM_John_Turner.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John Turner]]]]\\n[[File:AnneFrankSchoolPhoto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anne\n        Frank]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Werner Arber]], Swiss microbiologist, Nobel\n        laureate\\n** [[Chuck Barris]], American television game show host and producer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Karolos Papoulias]], [[President of\n        Greece]]\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Sunil Dutt]], Hindi film actor (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]] – [[John Turner]], 17th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Johnny Ace]], American [[rhythm and blues]] singer (d. [[1954]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]]\\n** [[Harald Juhnke]], German actor and comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[E. O. Wilson]], American biologist\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Anne Frank]],\n        German-born diarist and Holocaust victim (d. [[1945]])\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[Paul Cain (minister)|Paul Cain]], American Pentecostal Christian evangelist\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[J\\u00fcrgen Habermas]], German sociologist and philosopher\n        \\n* [[June 20]] \\n** [[Anne Weale]], British writer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Larry\n        Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]], American novelist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June\n        21]] \\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Luis Rivera]], Puerto Rican politician\\n** [[Stephen\n        B. Wiley]], American politician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Bob Gain]], American football\n        player (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Alex P. Garcia]], American politician\\n*\n        [[June 23]]\\n** [[Gail Peters]], American former competition swimmer\\n** [[Gerald\n        Eustis Thomas]], American naval officer, diplomat and academic\\n** [[Mario\n        Ghella]], Italian racing cyclist \\n** [[Claude Goretta]], Swiss internationally\n        successful television producer and film director\\n** [[Bart Carlier]], Dutch\n        football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker]],\n        American astronomer\\n** [[Yaakov Agmon]], Israeli theatre producer, manager,\n        and director\\n** [[Vic Carrabotta]], American comic-book artist and advertising\n        art director\\n** [[Connie Hall]], American country music singer \\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Benny Schmidt]], Danish modern pentathlete\\n** [[Eric Carle]],\n        American designer, illustrator, and writer\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Milton\n        Glaser]], American graphic designer, illustrator and teacher\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[J. C. Duncan]], American politician\\n** [[H. Ian Macdonald]], Canadian economist,\n        civil servant\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Glenn D. Paige]], American political\n        scientist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Pat Crawford Brown]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Pete George]], American weightlifter\\n** [[Lalla Fatima Zohra]], Moroccan\n        aristocrat (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Oriana Fallaci]], Italian journalist and author\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Yang Ti-liang]], retired senior Hong Kong\n        judge\\n** [[Othmar M\\u00e1ga]], German conductor\\n** [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n\n        Phan]], Vietnamese swimmer\\n** [[Atli Steinarsson]], Icelandic former swimmer\\n**\n        [[Ron Phoenix]], English footballer\\n** [[Ivor Seemley]], English professional\n        footballer (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Imelda Marcos.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Imelda\n        Marcos]]]]\\n[[File:DF-SC-83-08526.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hassan II of Morocco]]]]\\n[[File:JBK\n        In Ft Worth (11-22-63).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Jack Storey (footballer)|Jack Storey]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n** [[Gerald Edelman]], American biologist, Nobel laureate (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Imelda Marcos]], First Lady of the Philippines\\n**\n        [[Daphne Hasenjager]], South African athlete\\n** [[Abraham Avigdorov]], Israeli\n        soldier (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Joanne Herring]], American socialite,\n        businesswoman, political activist, philanthropist, diplomat, and former television\n        talk show host\\n** [[Lavelle White]], American Texas blues and soul blues\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Dar\\u00edo Castrill\\u00f3n Hoyos]],\n        Colombian cardinal of the Catholic Church\\n** [[Bill Tremel]], American professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Chikao \\u014ctsuka]], Japanese\n        actor and voice actor, father of [[Akio \\u014ctsuka]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Katherine\n        Helmond]], American actress\\n** [[Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se Quentin]], French actress\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Russell Middlemiss]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n** [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Carr\\u00e8re d''Encausse]], secretary of\n        the Acad\\u00e9mie fran\\u00e7aise and a historian specializing in Russian history\\n**\n        [[Jack Edwards (footballer, born 1929)|Jack Edwards]], Welsh former professional\n        footballer and football manager\\n** [[Angelo LiPetri]], American former professional\n        baseball player\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|M\\u00e1rio S\\u00e9rgio\n        (ator)|pt|3=M\\u00e1rio S\\u00e9rgio (ator)}}, Brazilian actor\\n** [[Colin Walker\n        (footballer, born 1929)|Colin Walker]], English footballer\\n** [[Sergio Romano\n        (writer)|Sergio Romano]], Italian writer, journalist, and historian\\n* [[July\n        8]]\\n** [[Milena Greppi]], Italian hurdler\\n** [[Vern Bakalich]], New Zealand\n        rugby league player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Hans Sinniger]], Swiss\n        former sports shooter\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor L\\u00f3pez]], Panamanian left fielder\n        and third baseman in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Elon Lages Lima]], Brazilian\n        mathematician\\n** [[Christopher Morahan]], English stage and television director\n        and production executive\\n** King [[Hassan II of Morocco]] (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Chi Haotian]], Chinese general\\n** [[Franco Graziosi]],\n        Italian actor \\n** [[Winnie Ewing]], Scottish nationalist\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Vicente Rangel]], Venezuelan leftist politician\\n* [[July 11]] – [[David\n        Kelly (actor)|David Kelly]], Irish actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\n**\n        [[Brian Woodward]], English former professional footballer\\n** [[Barry Griffiths\n        (footballer)|Barry Griffiths]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Bill Nolan\n        (footballer, born 1929)|Bill Nolan]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[Luciano Panetti]], Italian professional football player (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Sofia Muratova]], Soviet artistic gymnast (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**\n        [[Adam Inglis (footballer)|Adam Inglis]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Jean Konan Banny]], Ivorian politician\\n** [[Sonja Kastl]], Croatian film\n        and stage actress, teacher, dancer and choreographer\\n** [[V. C. Kulandaiswamy]],\n        Indian academic and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Kailash Chandra Joshi]], politician\n        belonging to Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)\\n** [[Syed Rahim]], Indian cricketer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Patricia Scott]], American pitcher (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Alain Porthault]], French former sprinter\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[Gaby Tanguy]], French former swimmer\\n** [[Horace Ladymon]], American politician\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Arthur Frommer]], American writer, publisher and consumer\n        advocate\\n** [[Vasco Modena]], Italian racing cyclist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Dick Button]], American figure skater\\n** [[Enore Boscolo]], Italian\n        professional football player\\n** [[Roy Killin]], Canadian professional footballer\\n**\n        [[A V Swamy]], Indian politician\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Gaston Glock]], Austrian\n        Inventor and Businessman\\n** [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]], French historian\\n**\n        [[Ronald Melzack]], Canadian psychologist and emeritus professor\\n** [[Orville\n        Turnquest]], Bahamian politician\\n** [[Alice Pollitt]], American female professional\n        baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Irving Wardle]], English\n        writer and theatre critic\\n** [[Hosbet Suresh]], American judge\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Albert Kwesi Ocran]], Ghanaian soldier and politician\\n** [[Antonia\n        Handler Chayes]], American lawyer and educator\\n** [[Idrissa Dione]], French\n        boxer \\n** [[Albert Kwesi Ocran]], Ghanaian soldier and politician\\n** [[John\n        Woodvine]], English stage and screen actor\\n** [[Paul V. Gadola]], American\n        judge (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Midhat J. Gazal\\u00e9]], French\n        international telecommunications and space consultan\\n** [[Percy Borucki]],\n        German fencer\\n** [[U. A. Fanthorpe]], British poet (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Peter Yates]], English film director and producer (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Vasily Shukshin]], Russian actor, writer, screenwriter\n        and film director (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Patrick Flores]],\n        American Roman Catholic prelate (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Jean Baudrillard]],\n        French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist and political commentator\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jack Higgins]], British novelist\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[July 31]] \\n** [[Johnny Carlyle]], British ice hockey player and coach (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Don Murray (actor)|Don Murray]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:YasserArafat.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Yasser\n        Arafat]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Samuel Charters]], American writer, music\n        historian and record producer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Hafizullah Amin]], Afghan\n        politician and statesman (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Vellore G.\n        Ramabhadran]], Mridangam artiste from Tamil Nadu, India. (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\n** [[Nathalia Timberg]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Ott\\u00f3\n        Boros]], Hungarian water polo player (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Don Larsen]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ronnie\n        Biggs]], British criminal (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[George Scott\n        Wallace]], British Columbia physician and politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August\n        12]] – [[Jean Miller]], English actress and painter (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Derek Fielding]], Australian librarian and author\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Louise Shivers]], American author\n        and writer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[William Copeland]], Australian\n        Test cricket match umpire (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Francis\n        Gary Powers]], American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 spy plane]] pilot (d. [[1977]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Ahmed Kathrada]], South African politician, former\n        political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 23]]\n        – [[Zolt\\u00e1n Czibor]], Hungarian footballer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[August\n        24]] \\n** [[Yasser Arafat]], Palestinian leader, Nobel laureate (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Alberto Zalamea Costa]], Colombian journalist, politician, and diplomat\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Chuck Renslow]], American businessman\n        and LGBT activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Ralph T. Coe]], American\n        art historian of Native American art (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[George Scott (wrestler)|George\n        Scott]], Canadian professional wrestler, booker and promoter (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Lorenz Weinrich]], German historian\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Ian McNaught-Davis]], British television presenter (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Whitey\n        Bulger US Marshals Service Mug1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Whitey Bulger]]]]\\n[[File:Comedian\n        Bob Newhart.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob Newhart]]]]\\n[[File:Arnold Palmer (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Arnold\n        Palmer]]]]\\n[[File:Lata Mangeshkar at an event.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Maurice Vachon|\\\"Mad Dog\\\" Vachon]], Canadian professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 3]] \\n** [[Whitey Bulger]], incarcerated\n        Irish-American [[organized crime]] [[boss (crime)|boss]] ([[Winter Hill Gang]])\\n**[[Armand\n        Vaillancourt]], [[Quebec|Qu\\u00e9b\\u00e9cois]] [[Canadians|Canadian]] sculptor,\n        painter, and performance artist\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Thomas Eagleton]],\n        [[Senate of the United States|United States Senator]] for [[Missouri]] (1969\\u201387)\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Bob Newhart]], American comedian\n        and actor\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Arnold Palmer]], American golfer (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Eve Brent]], American actress (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Hans Clarin]], German actor (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[September 15]] – [[Murray Gell-Mann]], American physicist, Nobel laureate\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Maxine Kline]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Mel Stewart]], African-American actor (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond]], British peer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Anne Meara]], American actress\n        and comedian (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[S\\u00e1ndor Kocsis]],\n        Hungarian football player (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Bernard Williams]], English\n        philosopher (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[H\\u00e9di V\\u00e1radi]],\n        Hungarian actress (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\n** [[Barbara Walters]],\n        American journalist\\n** [[Ronnie Barker]], English actor, comedian and writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Indian singer\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Giorgio B\\u00e0rberi Squarotti]], Italian academic\n        and poet (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 30]] \\n** [[Helen M. Marshall]], American\n        politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Leticia Ramos-Shahani]], Filipino senator and\n        writer (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:UrsulaLeGuin.01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ursula\n        K. Le Guin]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Maitama Sule]], Nigerian politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Moses Gunn]], African-American actor\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Robin Hardy (film director)|Robin Hardy]], English author\n        and film director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Tony Beckley]],\n        English character actor (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Arthur Bisguier]],\n        American chess Grandmaster, chess promoter, and writer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Liselotte Pulver]], Swiss actress\\n* [[October 13]] –\n        [[Walasse Ting]], Chinese-American painter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n**\n        [[Hubert Dreyfus]], American philosopher (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Antonino Zichichi]],\n        Italian physicist\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Fernanda Montenegro]], Brazilian\n        actress\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Violeta Chamorro]], [[President of Nicaragua]]\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Henri Cueco]], French painter (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Colin Jeavons]], Welsh actor\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Ursula\n        K. Le Guin]], American science-fiction and fantasy author\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – [[Lev Yashin]], Russian footballer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – [[Clifford Rose]], British classical actor\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Yevgeny Primakov]], Russian politician and diplomat (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Jean Chapman]], English romantic novelist\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Bud Spencer]], Italian actor (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Grace\n        Kelly MGM photo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Grace Kelly]]]]\\n[[File:Ed Asner - 1985.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ed\n        Asner]]]]\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Rachel Ames]], American actress\\n** [[Muhammad\n        Rafiq Tarar]], 9th President of Pakistan\\n** [[Richard E. Taylor]], Canadian-born\n        physicist, Nobel laureate\\n* [[November 6]] – [[June Squibb]], American\n        actress\\n* [[November 7]] \\n** [[Tadeusz Rybak]], Roman Catholic bishop (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Eric R. Kandel]], Austrian-born neuroscientist, Nobel laureate\\n**\n        [[Lila Kaye]], British actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Bert\n        Berns]], American songwriter and record producer (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Jona\n        Senilagakali]], Prime Minister of Fiji (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Imre Kert\\u00e9sz]], Hungarian writer, Nobel laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\n** [[Grace Kelly]], American actress; later Princess of Monaco (d.\n        [[1982]])\\n** [[Michael Ende]], German writer of fantasy (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Fred Phelps]], American pastor, activist ([[Westboro\n        Baptist Church]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Jimmy Piersall]],\n        American baseball center fielder (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**[[Ed\n        Asner]], American actor\\n**[[Joe Hinton]], American [[soul music]] singer\n        (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Gor\\u014d Naya]], Japanese actor,\n        voice actor, narrator and theatre director, older brother of [[Rokur\\u014d\n        Naya]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[John McMartin]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\n** [[Shirley Palesh]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Hal Lindsey]], American Christian evangelist\\n*\n        [[November 24]]\\n** [[Franciszek Kokot]], Polish nephrologist\\n** [[George\n        Moscone]], American attorney and politician, 37th [[Mayor of San Francisco]]\n        (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Marcel De Corte]], Belgian footballer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Slavko Avsenik]], Slovene musician\n        and composer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Berry Gordy]], American\n        record producer and songwriter\\n** [[Thomas Remengesau Sr.]], 4th President\n        of Palau\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Dick Clark]], American television entertainer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:ChristopherPlummer09TIFF.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Christopher\n        Plummer]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[David Doyle (actor)|David Doyle]],\n        American actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Nikolaus Harnoncourt]],\n        Austrian conductor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Bob Hawke]],\n        23rd Prime Minister of Australia\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Christopher\n        Plummer]], Canadian actor\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Nicholas Courtney]],\n        British actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[William Safire]],\n        American author, columnist, journalist, and presidential speechwriter (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Chet Baker]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Kathleen Crowley]], American actress\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 29]] \\n** [[Susie Garrett]], American actress\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]], English cricketer (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Selim Hoss]], 3-Time Prime Minister of\n        Lebanon\\n** [[Lucien Xavier Michel-Andrianarahinjaka]], Malagasy writer and\n        politician (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[V\\u00f5 Qu\\u00fd]], Vietnamese\n        zoologist (d. [[2017]]) \\n** [[Mies Bouwman]], Dutch television presenter\\n**\n        [[Robert B. Silvers]], American editor (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Wyatt\n        Earp portrait.png|thumb|120px|[[Wyatt Earp]]]]\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Marc\n        McDermott]], Australian-American actor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Grand Duke Nicholas\n        Nikolaevich of Russia (1856\\u20131929)|Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of\n        Russia]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Wyatt Earp]], American\n        gunfighter (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[George Cope (artist)|George\n        Cope]], American painter (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[William Boyd Dawkins]], British\n        geologist and archaeologist (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Wilfred\n        Baddeley]], English tennis player (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Franklin\n        J. Drake]], American admiral (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[La Goulue]], French dancer\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jose Gutierrez Guerra.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jose\n        Gutierrez Guerra]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Burke 1918.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Thomas Burke\n        (athlete)|Thomas Burke]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Jose Gutierrez Guerra|Jos\\u00e9\n        Guti\\u00e9rrez Guerra]], 28th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Maria Christina of Austria]], Queen Regent of Spain (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein]] (b. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Lillie Langtry]], British singer and actress (b.\n        [[1853]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Thomas Burke (athlete)|Thomas Burke]],\n        American sprinter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[William Russell\n        (American actor)|William Russell]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Frank Keenan]], American actor (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Briton Hadden]], co-founder of ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''''\n        magazine (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ferdinand Foch by Melcy, 1921.png|thumb|120px|[[Ferdinand\n        Foch]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Royal H. Weller]], American politician (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Edward Hobart Seymour|Sir Edward Hobart\n        Seymour]], British admiral (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[David Dunbar\n        Buick]], Scottish-American inventor  (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March 12]] –\n        [[Asa Griggs Candler]], American businessman and politician (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Pinetop Smith]], American blues pianist (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[William P. Cronan]], [[Naval Governor of Guam]] (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Ferdinand Foch]], French commander of\n        Allied forces in World War I (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Carl-Benz\n        coloriert.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karl Benz]]]]\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Karl Benz]],\n        German automotive pioneer (b. [[1844]])\\n** [[William Michael Crose]], [[United\n        States Navy]] [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] and the seventh [[List\n        of governors of American Samoa|Naval Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – [[Enrico Ferri]],  Italian criminologist (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Henry Lerolle]], French painter (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[April\n        24]] – [[Caroline R\\u00e9my de Guebhard]], French feminist (b. [[1855]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Archibald\n        Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery - 1890s.jpg|thumb|70px|[[Archibald Primrose,\n        5th Earl of Rosebery|Archibald Primrose]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Segundo de\n        Chom\\u00f3n]], Spanish film director (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Charalambos Tseroulis]],\n        Greek general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Charles Swickard]], German-American\n        film director (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Archibald Primrose, 5th\n        Earl of Rosebery|Archibald Primrose]], former [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]] (b. [[1847]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Bliss Carman]],\n        Canadian poet (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[William D. Boyce|William\n        Dickson Boyce]], American entrepreneur and founder of the Boy Scouts of America\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Bramwell Booth]], General of The Salvation\n        Army (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Amandus Adamson]], Estonian sculptor\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Edward Carpenter]], English poet (b.\n        [[1844]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Gladys Brockwell]], American\n        actress (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Dustin Farnum]], American actor\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Robert Henri]], American painter (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]], Austrian writer\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Hertha Hanfstaengl]], second child\n        and only daughter of [[Ernst Hanfstaengl]] (b. [[1924]])\\n* August –\n        [[Mary MacLane]], Canadian feminist writer (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Emile\n        Berliner.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emile Berliner]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Emile\n        Berliner]], German-born inventor (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Thorstein Veblen]], Norwegian-American\n        economist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 5]] – Dame [[Millicent Fawcett]],\n        British suffragist and feminist (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Henry\n        Horne, 1st Baron Horne]], British general (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 19]] –\n        [[Sergei Diaghilev]], Russian ballet impresario (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Otto Liman von Sanders]], German general (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – Sir [[Ernest Satow]], British diplomat and scholar (b. [[1843]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Herman Poto\\u010dnik|Herman Poto\\u010dnik Noordung]],\n        Slovenian rocket engineer (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Tanaka\n        Giichi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tanaka Giichi]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Paul\n        Leni]], German filmmaker (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Rainis]],\n        Latvian poet and playwright (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Richard\n        Adolf Zsigmondy]], Austrian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Mahidol Adulyadej]],\n        Thai doctor and father of King [[Rama IX]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 25]]\n        – [[Miller Huggins]], American baseball manager and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Aby Warburg]], German historian\n        and cultural theorist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Johnny Hill]].\n        British, European, and World flyweight boxing champion (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Tanaka Giichi]], 26th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-1989-040-27, Gustav Stresemann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustav Stresemann]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-2004-0098A, Bernhard von B\\u00fclow.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bernhard von\n        B\\u00fclow]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Antoine Bourdelle]], French sculptor\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Jeanne Eagels]], American actress (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n** [[Gustav Stresemann]], [[Chancellor of Germany]], recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Batlle y Ord\\u00f3\\u00f1ez]], 3-time President of Uruguay (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Vasil Radoslavov]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]]\n        (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 27]] \\n** [[Georg von der Marwitz]], German general\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Th\\u00e9odore Tuffier]], French surgeon (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Bernhard von B\\u00fclow]], [[Chancellor of Germany\n        (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Emily Robin]], English Madame (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Jos\\u00e9 de Almeida]], 6th President of Portugal and 64th Prime Minister\n        of Portugal (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Georges Clemenceau 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georges\n        Clemenceau]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Habibull\\u0101h Kalak\\u0101ni]],\n        deposed [[Emir of Afghanistan]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Prince\n        Maximilian of Baden]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November\n        14]] – [[Joe McGinnity]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]]r (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[L\\u00e9on Delacroix]],\n        former [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Herman Hollerith]], American businessman and inventor (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[Georges Clemenceau]], [[Premier of France]] (b. [[1841]])\\n** [[Raymond\n        Hitchcock (actor)|Raymond Hitchcock]], American actor (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Loubet.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emile\n        Loubet]]]]\\n[[File:Wilhelm-maybach-1900.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm Maybach]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n**[[Frederick Abberline]], [[Chief Inspector]] of the [[London]]\n        [[Metropolitan Police]] and investigator in the [[Jack the Ripper]] murders\n        (b. [[1843]])\\n**[[Harry Crosby]], American publisher and poet (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Henry Jackson (Royal Navy officer)|Henry B. Jackson]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n**[[Manuel de Oliveira Gomes\n        da Costa]], Portuguese general and politician, tenth President of the Portuguese\n        Republic (b. [[1863]])\\n**[[Arthur G. Jones-Williams]], British aviator (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[\\u00c9mile Loubet]], French politician,\n        8th [[President of France]] (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[I.\n        L. Patterson]], American politician, 18th [[Governor of Oregon]] (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Albert Giraud]], Belgian poet (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December\n        29]] – [[Wilhelm Maybach]], German automobile designer (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n==\n        [[Nobel Prize]]s ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Physics]] – [[Louis de Broglie]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Arthur Harden]], [[Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Christiaan\n        Eijkman]], Sir [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Thomas Mann]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Frank Billings\n        Kellogg]]\\n\\n{{Portal|1920s}}\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==\n        Sources ==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1929/1929fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1929] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1929}}\\n[[Category:1929| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T22:54:24Z\",\"lastrevid\":799800564,\"length\":74213,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1929&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929\"},\"34911\":{\"pageid\":34911,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1930\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:31:55Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1930|the Merzbow album|1930 (album)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1930}}\\n{{Year nav|1930}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1930}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main article|January\n        1930}}\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** The first diesel engine automobile trip is completed\n        ([[Indianapolis]], Indiana, to [[New York City]]) by [[Clessie Cummins]],\n        founder of the Cummins Motor Co..\\n** An early literary character licensing\n        agreement is signed by [[A. A. Milne]], granting [[Stephen Slesinger]] U.S.\n        and Canadian merchandising rights to the [[Winnie-the-Pooh]] works.\\n* [[January\n        13]] – The [[Mickey Mouse]] comic strip makes its first appearance.\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called\n        perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. This is\n        the closest moon distance at 356,397 km in recent memory and the next\n        one will be on January 1, 2257 at 356,371 km.{{cite web|url=http://www.idialstars.com/clfumo.htm|title=Closest\n        Full Moon since March 8, 1993|publisher=}}\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        The [[Indian National Congress]] declares this date as Independence Day or\n        as the day for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence).\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        The first [[patent]] for a [[field-effect transistor]] is granted in the United\n        States to [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]].{{US patent|1745175}} ''''Method\n        and apparatus for controlling electric currents'''', first filed in Canada\n        on October 22, 1925. {{cite book|first=Thomas H.|last=Lee|title=The Design\n        of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits|edition=New|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780521835398|pages=167ff}}\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Pavel Molchanov]] launches a [[radiosonde]] from [[Pavlovsk,\n        Saint Petersburg|Pavlovsk]] in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        The [[3M]] company markets [[Scotch Tape]], invented by [[Richard Gurley Drew]],\n        in the United States.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main article|February 1930}}\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – The [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] is established.\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – The [[Vi\\u1ec7t Nam Qu\\u1ed1c D\\u00e2n \\u0110\\u1ea3ng]]\n        launch the [[Y\\u00ean B\\u00e1i mutiny]] in the hope of ending [[French Indochina|French\n        colonial rule]] in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** While studying photographs\n        taken in January, [[Clyde Tombaugh]] confirms the existence of [[Pluto]],\n        a celestial body considered a planet until redefined as a [[dwarf planet]]\n        in [[2006]].\\n** [[Elm Farm Ollie]] becomes the first [[cow]] to fly in a\n        [[fixed-wing aircraft]], and also the first cow to be milked in an aeroplane.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1930}}\\n[[File:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|thumbnail|180px|right|[[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] informs the British [[viceroy\n        of India]] that [[civil disobedience]] will begin the following week.\\n* [[March\n        5]] – Danish painter Einar Wegener begins [[sex reassignment surgery]]\n        in Germany and takes the name [[Lili Elbe]].\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[International\n        Unemployment Day]].\\n** The first [[frozen food]]s of [[Clarence Birdseye]]\n        go on sale in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]] sets off on a 200-mile protest march towards the sea with 78 followers\n        to protest at the British monopoly on salt; more will join them during the\n        [[Salt March]] that ends on April 5.\\n* [[March 28]] – The government\n        of [[Turkey]] requests the international community to adopt [[Istanbul]] and\n        [[Ankara]] as the official names for [[Constantinople]] and Angora.\\n* [[March\n        29]] – [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] is appointed [[Chancellor of Germany#Chancellor\n        of the Weimar Republic (1919\\u20131933)|Chancellor of Germany]].\\n* [[March\n        31]] – The [[Motion Picture Production Code]] (\\\"Hays Code\\\") is instituted\n        in the United States, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex,\n        crime, religion and violence in films for the next 40 years.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1930}}\\n* [[April 4]] – The [[Communist Party of Panama]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[April 5]] – In an act of [[civil disobedience]], [[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]] breaks the [[History of the British salt tax in India|Salt laws of\n        British India]] by making salt by the sea at the end of the [[Salt March]].{{clarify|date=April\n        2015}}\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Left Opposition|International Left Opposition]]\n        (ILO) is founded in Paris, France.\\n** Hostess [[Twinkie]]s are invented.\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Neoprene]] is invented by [[DuPont]].\\n* [[April 18]]\\n**\n        The Chittagong Rebellion begins in India with the [[Chittagong armoury raid]].\\n**\n        [[BBC Radio]] from London reports on this day that \\\"There is no news\\\".\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Warner Bros.]] in the United States release their first\n        cartoon series called ''''[[Looney Tunes]]'''' which runs until 1969.\\n* [[April\n        21]]\\n** A fire in the [[Ohio Penitentiary]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]\n        kills 320 people.\\n** The [[Turkestan\\u2013Siberia Railway]] is completed.\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign\n        the [[London Naval Treaty]] to regulate [[submarine]] warfare and limit naval\n        shipbuilding.\\n* [[April 28]] – The first night game in organized [[baseball]]\n        history takes place in [[Independence, Kansas]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May\n        1930}}\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is re-arrested.\\n* [[May 6]]\n        – The 7.1 {{M|w}} [[1930 Salmas earthquake|Salmas earthquake]] shakes\n        northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity\n        scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''''Extreme''''). Up to three-thousand people\n        were killed.\\n* [[May 10]] – The [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] is\n        founded in [[Washington, D.C.]].\\n* [[May 15]] – Nurse [[Ellen Church]]\n        becomes the world''s first [[flight attendant]], working on a [[Boeing Air\n        Transport]] trimotor.\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Rafael Le\\u00f3nidas Trujillo]]\n        is elected president of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[May 17]] –\n        French Prime Minister [[Andr\\u00e9 Tardieu]] decides to withdraw the remaining\n        French troops from the [[Rhineland]] (they depart by [[June 30]]).\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Amy Johnson]] lands in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin,\n        Australia]], becoming the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia\n        (she left on [[May 5]] for the 11,000 mile flight).\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Sergei\n        Eisenstein]] arrives in [[California]] to work for [[Paramount Pictures]];\n        they part ways by October.\\n** [[Canadians|Canadian]] adventurer [[William\n        \\\"Red\\\" Hill, Sr.]], makes a five-hour journey down the [[Niagara Gorge]]\n        rapids.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1930}}\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Carl\n        Gustaf Ekman]] becomes the [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of\n        [[Sweden]] for the second and final time.\\n* [[June 9]] – ''''[[Chicago\n        Tribune]]'''' journalist [[Jake Lingle]] is shot in Chicago, [[Illinois]].\n        Newspapers promise $55,000 reward for information. Lingle is later found to\n        have had contacts with [[organized crime]].\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Bureau\n        of Narcotics]] established under the [[United States Department of the Treasury]],\n        replacing the Narcotics Division of the Prohibition Unit.\\n* [[June 17]] –\n        [[President of the United States]] [[Herbert Hoover]] signs the [[Smoot\\u2013Hawley\n        Tariff Act]] into law.\\n* [[June 21]] – One-year [[conscription]] comes\n        into force in France.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1930}}\\n* [[July\n        4]] – The dedication of [[George Washington]]''s sculpted head is held\n        at [[Mount Rushmore]] in [[South Dakota]].\\n* [[July 5]] – The [[Lambeth\n        Conferences#Seventh Conference (1930)|Seventh Lambeth Conference]] of Anglican\n        bishops opens. This conference approves the use of [[birth control]] in limited\n        circumstances, a move away from the [[Christian views on contraception]] expressed\n        by the Sixth Conference a decade earlier\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** The [[Lapua Movement]]\n        marches in [[Helsinki]], Finland.\\n** Building of the Boulder Dam (later known\n        as the [[Hoover Dam]]) is started on the [[Colorado River]] in the United\n        States.\\n* [[July 11]] – Australian [[cricket]]er [[Donald Bradman]]\n        scores a world record 309 runs in one day, on his way to the [[List of Test\n        cricket records#Innings or series|highest individual Test innings]] of 334,\n        during a [[Test cricket|Test match]] against [[England cricket team|England]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – The first [[1930 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]] starts:\n        [[Lucien Laurent]] scores the first goal, for [[France national football team|France]]\n        against [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]].\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Georges\n        Simenon]]''s detective character Inspector [[Jules Maigret]] makes his first\n        appearance in print under Simenon''s own name when the novel ''''Pietr-le-Letton''''\n        (known in English as ''''[[The Strange Case of Peter the Lett]]'''') begins\n        serialization in a French weekly magazine.{{cite web|url=http://www.trussel.com/maig/momlet.htm|title=Maigret\n        of the Month: ''''Pietr-le-Letton'''' (Maigret and the Enigmatic Lett) |accessdate=2013-04-05\n        |date=July 2004}} Simenon will eventually write 75 novels (as well as\n        28 short stories) featuring the pipe-smoking Paris detective.\\n* [[July 21]]\n        – [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] established.\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Laurence Olivier]] marries actress [[Jill Esmond]].\\n* [[July\n        26]] – [[Charles Creighton]] and James Hargis of Missouri begin their\n        return journey to Los Angeles using only a reverse gear; the 11,555 km\n        trip lasts 42 days.\\n* [[July 28]] – [[R. B. Bennett]] defeats [[William\n        Lyon Mackenzie King]] in federal elections and becomes the [[Prime Minister\n        of Canada]].\\n* [[July 29]] – British [[airship]] [[R100]] sets out\n        for a successful 78-hour passage to Canada.\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Uruguay national\n        football team|Uruguay]] beats [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]\n        4\\u20132 to win the first [[Association football]] [[1930 FIFA World Cup|FIFA\n        World Cup]] final at [[Estadio Centenario]] in [[Montevideo]].\\n** New York\n        station [[W2XBS]] is put in charge of [[NBC]] [[broadcast engineering|broadcast\n        engineers]].\\n* [[July 31]] – The radio drama ''''[[The Shadow]]''''\n        airs for the first time in the United States.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1930}}\\n[[File:Viscount Bennett.jpg|thumb|180px|[[August 7]]: [[R. B. Bennett]]\n        becomes the 11th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]]]\\n* August – The [[volcanic\n        island]] of [[Krakatoa#Anak Krakatau|Anak Krakatau]] begins to form permanently\n        in the [[Sunda Strait]].\\n* [[August 6]] – Judge [[Joseph Force Crater]]\n        disappears in New York City.\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[R. B. Bennett]] takes office\n        as the eleventh [[Prime Minister of Canada]].\\n** [[Lynching of Thomas Shipp\n        and Abram Smith]] in [[Marion, Indiana]]. They are hanged; [[James Cameron\n        (activist)|James Cameron]] survives. This will be the last recorded lynching\n        of [[African American]]s in the [[Northern United States]].\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – Cartoon character [[Betty Boop]] premieres in the [[animated film]]\n        ''''[[Dizzy Dishes]]''''.\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Turkey|Turkish]] troops\n        move into [[Iran|Persia]] to fight [[Kurds|Kurdish]] insurgents.\\n* [[August\n        16]] – The [[1930 British Empire Games|first British Empire Games]]\n        open in [[Hamilton, Ontario]], Canada.{{cite\n        book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=978-0-14-102715-9|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess Margaret\n        Rose]] is born at [[Glamis Castle]] in Scotland, younger daughter of Prince\n        Albert, Duke of York (second son of King [[George V]] and Queen Mary, and\n        later King [[George VI]]) and [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Elizabeth,\n        Duchess of York]], and sister to [[Elizabeth II|The Princess Elizabeth]].\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – A [[military junta]] takes over in [[Peru]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1930}}\\n* [[September 3]] – [[1930 Dominican Republic\n        hurricane|A huge hurricane]] in the Caribbean demolishes most of the city\n        of [[Santo Domingo]] in the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[September 6]] –\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]] carries out a [[military coup]], overthrowing\n        [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], President of [[Argentina]].\\n* [[September 12]]\n        – [[England cricket team|England]] [[cricket]]er [[Wilfred Rhodes]]\n        ends his 1,110-game first-class career by taking 5 for 95 for H. D. G. Leveson\n        Gower''s XI against the [[Australia national cricket team|Australians]].\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – [[German federal election, 1930]]: [[Nazism|National\n        Socialists]] win 107 seats in the German Parliament, the [[Reichstag (Weimar\n        Republic)|Reichstag]] (18.3% of all the votes), making them the second largest\n        party.\\n* [[September 20]] – The Eastern Catholic Rite [[Syro-Malankara\n        Catholic Church]] is formed.\\n* [[September 27]] – [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in [[Turkey]] (6th government).\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1930}}\\n* October – The [[Indochinese Communist Party]]\n        is formed.\\n* [[October 1]] – End of [[Weihaiwei under British rule]]\n        as it is returned to China.\\n* [[October 3]] – The [[German Socialist\n        Labour Party in Poland \\u2013 Left]] founded following a split in [[German\n        Socialist Labour Party in Poland|DSAP]] in [[\\u0141\\u00f3d\\u017a]].\\n* [[October\n        5]] – British [[airship]] [[R101]] crashes in France en route to India\n        on its maiden long-range flight resulting in the loss of 48 lives.\\n* [[October\n        8]] – The [[Philadelphia Athletics]] win their second straight [[World\n        Series]] in baseball, defeating the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] 7-1 in Game 6.\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – A [[Passfield white paper|British White Paper]] demands\n        restrictions on Jewish immigration into [[Mandatory Palestine]].{{cite\n        book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology\n        of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=372\\u2013373|isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0}}\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930]]: [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]]\n        establishes a [[dictatorship]].\\n* [[October 27]] – Ratifications exchanged\n        in London on the first [[London Naval Treaty]] signed in April modifying the\n        [[Washington Naval Treaty]] of 1925. Its arms limitation provisions go into\n        effect immediately, hence putting more limits on the expensive naval arms\n        race between its five signatories (the United Kingdom, the United States,\n        the [[Japanese Empire]], France, and Italy.)\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1930}}\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Haile Selassie]] is crowned emperor of\n        [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]] becomes president\n        of [[Brazil]].\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** An earthquake in the [[Izu Peninsula]]\n        of Japan kills 223 people and destroys 650 buildings.\\n** Cecil George Paine,\n        a [[pathologist]] at the [[Sheffield Royal Infirmary]] in England, achieves\n        the first recorded cure (of an eye infection) using [[penicillin]].{{cite\n        journal|last1=Wainwright|first1=M.|last2=Swan|first2=H.T.|title=C.G. Paine\n        and the earliest surviving clinical records of penicillin therapy|journal=Medical\n        History|volume=30|pages=42\\u201356|year=1986|pmid=3511336|pmc=1139580|doi=10.1017/S0025727300045026}}\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1930}}\\n* December – All adult [[Turkey|Turkish]] women\n        are given the right to vote in elections.\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Great\n        Depression]]: President [[Herbert Hoover]] goes before the [[United States\n        Congress]] to ask for a $150 million public works program to help create jobs\n        and to stimulate the American economy.\\n* [[December 7]] – The television\n        station [[W1XAV]] in [[Boston]] broadcasts video and audio from the radio\n        orchestra program ''''The Fox Trappers''''. This broadcast also includes the\n        first [[television commercial]] in the United States, an advertisement for\n        the I. J. Fox Furriers company which sponsored the telecast.\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Mount Merapi]] volcano in central [[Java]], [[Indonesia]],\n        erupts, destroying numerous villages and killing thirteen hundred people.\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – In London, inventor [[Harry Grindell Matthews]] demonstrates\n        his device to project pictures on clouds.\\n* [[December 29]] – Sir [[Muhammad\n        Iqbal]]''s presidential address in [[Allahabad]] introduces the [[two-nation\n        theory]], outlining a vision for the creation of [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[December\n        31]] – The [[Papal encyclical]] ''''[[Casti connubii]]'''' issued by\n        [[Pope Pius XI]] stresses the sanctity of marriage, prohibits [[Catholic Church|Roman\n        Catholic]]s from using any form of artificial [[birth control]], and reaffirms\n        the Catholic prohibition on [[abortion]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* A \\\"Jake\n        paralysis\\\" outbreak occurs in the United States resulting from adulterated\n        [[Jamaica ginger]] sold as an alcohol substitute during [[Prohibition in the\n        United States|Prohibition]].\\n* [[Bernhard Schmidt]] invents the [[Schmidt\n        camera]].{{cite web |url=http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/history/schmidt |title=The\n        Schmidt Camera |publisher=ast.ac.uk |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524175425/http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/history/schmidt/\n        |archivedate=May 24, 2008}}\\n* The [[chocolate chip cookie]] is invented\n        by [[Ruth Wakefield]] of the [[Toll House Inn]] in [[Whitman, Massachusetts]].\\n*\n        The experimental [[television station]], W9XAP, in [[Chicago]], broadcasts\n        the election for the [[United States Senate]], the first time that a senatorial\n        race, with continual tallies of the votes, is televised.\\n* [[Greater Sudbury]]\n        is incorporated as a city in northern [[Ontario]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Robert\n        Loggia.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Robert Loggia]]]]\\n[[File:Aldrin.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Buzz\n        Aldrin]]]]\\n[[File:GeneHackmanJun2108.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gene Hackman]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\n** [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], 4th [[President of Sudan]] (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Ty Hardin]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Julius\n        La Rosa]], American singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Robert Loggia]],\n        American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Barbara Stuart]], American actress (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Sorrell Booke]], American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Rosas Marcano]], Venezuelan poet (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[M.R. Srinivasan]], Indian nuclear scientist\\n** [[Saxa (musician)|Saxa]],\n        Jamaican-born British saxophonist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Kalani, Jr.]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Vic Tayback]], American\n        actor (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Pavel Kolchin]], Soviet Olympic\n        cross-country skiier (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Lyle Ritz]], American\n        jazz ukulele musician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Roy E. Disney]], American film and\n        television executive (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Rod Taylor]],\n        Australian actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Bruce Lansbury]], British-American\n        television producer and television writer and screenwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Jennifer Johnston]], Irish novelist\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Frances\n        Sternhagen]], American actress\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Tippi Hedren]],\n        American actress\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Buzz Aldrin]], American pilot\n        and astronaut, [[Apollo 11]] second person to set foot on the [[Moon]]\\n*\n        [[January 23]]\\n** [[Derek Walcott]], West Indian writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[William R. Pogue]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Rita Lakin]],\n        American author\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Usko Meril\\u00e4inen]], Finnish composer\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Bobby Bland]], American singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Samuel Byck]], American airplane hijacker and murderer (d. [[1974]])\\n**\n        [[Gene Hackman]], American actor\\n** [[Magnus Malan]], South African soldier\n        and Minister of Defence in the 1980s (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hussain\n        M. Ershad - 2.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Wagner It Takes a Thief 1969.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Robert Wagner]]]]\\n[[File:Joanne\n        Woodward 1960.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Joanne Woodward]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] –\n        [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]], former [[President of Bangladesh]]\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Mani Krishnaswami]], Carnatic music Vocalist of Tamil Nadu,\n        India (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Jim Loscutoff]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Allan King]],\n        Canadian director (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]],\n        Japanese engineer and entrepreneur (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Erich\n        Bohme]], German journalist and television host (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Jim Dooley]],\n        American football coach (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Alejandro Rey]], Argentine-American\n        actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Rafiq Subaie]], Syrian actor,\n        writer and director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Robert Wagner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Arlen Specter]], American politician\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Ernst Fuchs (artist)|Ernst Fuchs]],\n        Austrian painter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Sara Jane Moore]],\n        American convicted of attempted murder of President [[Gerald Ford]]\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Peter Adamson (actor)|Peter Adamson]], British actor (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Noah Weinberg]], American-born Israeli rabbi, founder of Aish HaTorah (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Ruth Rendell]], British author (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[John Frankenheimer]], American film\n        director (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Ken Jones (actor)|Ken\n        Jones]], British actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 21]] – Dr. Dame [[Joan\n        Metge]], New Zealand social anthropologist, educator, lecturer and writer\\n*\n        [[February 22]]\\n** [[James McGarrell]], American painter\\n** [[Marni Nixon]],\n        American vocalist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Fanie du Plessis]],\n        South African athlete (d. 2001)\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Joan Diener]], American\n        musical theatre actress and singer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Barbara Jo Lawrence|Barbara\n        Lawrence]], American actress and model (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Anita Steckel]],\n        American feminist artist (d. [[2012]])\\n* February 25 -- [[Wendy Beckett]],\n        British nun and Author\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Robert Francis (actor)|Robert\n        Francis]], American actor (d. [[1955]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Peter Stone]],\n        American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[John Straffen]], British serial killer\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Joanne Woodward]], American actress\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Leon Cooper]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:James Coco 1973.JPG|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Coco]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Sondheim - smoking.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Stephen Sondheim]]]]\\n[[File:Steve\n        McQueen 1959.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Steve McQueen]]]]\\n[[File:Rolf Harris.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rolf\n        Harris]]]]\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Heiner Gei\\u00dfler]], German politician\\n**\n        [[Ion Iliescu]], 2nd [[President of Romania]]\\n** [[K. S. Rajah]], Senior\n        Counsel and former Judicial Commissioner of the Supreme Court of Singapore\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Allison Hayes]], American actress (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Lorin Maazel]], French-born American orchestral conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon]], English\n        photographer and royal spouse (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Hector\n        Lombana]], Colombian sculptor, painter and architect (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[March\n        9]] – [[Ornette Coleman]], American jazz saxophonist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Claude Bolling]], French jazz pianist and composer\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Win Tin]], Burmese journalist and politician (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Liz Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Helga Feddersen]], German actress\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Zhores Alferov]], Russian physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 17]] – [[James\n        Irwin]], American astronaut (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Adam Maida|Adam\n        Cardinal Maida]], American Roman Catholic prelate; [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese\n        of Detroit|Archbishop of Detroit]] (1990\\u20132009)\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[Willie Thrower]], American football player (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March 21]]\n        – [[James Coco]], American actor, the unemployed actor in [[Only When\n        I Laugh (film)|Only When I Laugh]], and Sancho Panza in [[Man of La Mancha\n        (film)|Man of La Mancha]] (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Stephen Sondheim]],\n        American composer and lyricist\\n** [[Pat Robertson]], American televangelist,\n        motivational speaker, author and television host\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[David\n        Dacko]], 1st [[President of the Central African Republic]] (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Steve McQueen]], American actor (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[John\n        Keel]], American journalist and ufologist (d. 2009)\\n* [[March 26]] –\n        [[Sandra Day O''Connor]], American politician and [[Associate Justice of the\n        Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* March 27 -- [[James Tayoun]] Member\n        of Pennsylvania State House of Representatives\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Ashley]], American composer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jerome Isaac Friedman]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Lima Duarte]], Brazilian actor\\n** [[Anerood Jugnauth]], Maurituian politician,\n        3-time [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]] and 4th [[President of Mauritius]]\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[John Astin]], American actor\\n** [[Rolf Harris]], Australian-born\n        entertainer\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F074398-0021,\n        Bonn, Pressekonferenz Bundestagswahlkampf, Kohl.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Helmut Kohl]]]]\\n[[File:Carolyn\n        Jones 1956.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Carolyn Jones]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Grace\n        Lee Whitney]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Roddy\n        Maude-Roxby]], English actor\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Lawton Chiles]], U.S. Senator\n        and the Governor of Florida (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Helmut Kohl]], [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor of Germany]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[Netty Herawaty]], Indonesian actress (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Andrew Sachs]], German-born British actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Spede Pasanen]], Finnish television personality (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[Anton LaVey]], American Satanist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 12]]\n        – [[Micha\\u0142 \\u017byczkowski]], Polish Professor of Engineering (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Vigd\\u00eds Finnbogad\\u00f3ttir]], [[President\n        of Iceland]]\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Carol Bly]], American author of short stories,\n        essays and nonfiction; teacher (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Herbie Mann]], American\n        jazz flutist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Dick Sargent]], American\n        actor and gay activist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Silvana Mangano]],\n        Italian actress (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Alan Oppenheimer]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Richard Donner]], American film director\n        and producer\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Sarney]], 31st [[President of Brazil]]\\n* [[April\n        25]] – [[Paul Mazursky]], American director and writer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[James Baker]], former [[United States Secretary of State]]\\n**\n        [[Carolyn Jones]], American actress (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Richard C. Sarafian]],\n        American film and television director, writer and actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April\n        29]]\\n** [[Jean Rochefort]], French actor\\n** [[Henri Coppens]], Belgian football\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Malcolm Fraser 1977 - crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Malcolm\n        Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:Sonia Rykiel.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sonia Rykiel]]]]\\n[[File:Clint\n        Eastwood at 2010 New York Film Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Clint Eastwood]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Little Walter]], American blues singer, musician, and\n        songwriter (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Juan Gelman]], Argentine poet\n        and writer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Bob Havens]], American musician\\n* [[May 4]]\\n**\n        [[Lois de Banzie]], UK-born American actress\\n** [[Katherine Jackson]], [[Jackson\n        Five|Jackson family]] matriarch\\n** [[Roberta Peters]], American soprano (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Babe Parilli]], American football player\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Heather Harper]], Northern Irish soprano\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Joan Sims]], English actress (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Pat Summerall]], American football player and broadcaster (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]]\\n** [[Edsger Dijkstra]], Dutch computer scientist (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Bud Ekins]], American stuntman (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Vernon\n        Shaw]], 5th President of Dominica (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Jasper\n        Johns]], American painter\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Lorraine Hansberry]], American\n        playwright (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Malcolm Fraser]], 22nd [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[John Barth]], American\n        writer\\n** [[Harvey Milk]], American politician and civil rights activist\n        of San Francisco (d. [[1978]])\\n** [[Tiny Topsy]], American [[rhythm and blues]]\n        singer (d. [[1964]])\\n** [[Agust\\u00edn Tosco]], Argentine union leader (d.\n        [[1975]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Sonia Rykiel]], French fashion designer\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Frank Drake]], American radio astronomer\n        and pioneer in [[SETI]]\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Clint Eastwood]], American\n        actor, director, and producer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Vilmos Zsigmond KVIFF.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Vilmos\n        Zsigmond]]]]\\n[[File:Magdalena Abakanowicz crop 3x4.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Magdalena\n        Abakanowicz]]]]\\n[[File:ItamarFranco.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Itamar Franco]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Edward Woodward]], British actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Pete Conrad|Charles Conrad]], American astronaut and moonwalker,\n        commander of Apollo 12 (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Marion Zimmer\n        Bradley]], American writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Morgana King]],\n        American jazz singer and actress\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Robert Aumann]],\n        German-born mathematician, recipient of the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences]]\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Monique Serf]], French singer (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Grace Mirabella]], American editor of Vogue\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[Charles B. Rangel]], American politician\\n* [[June 12]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Nabors]], American actor, musician, and comedian\\n** [[Son Sen]], Cambodian\n        politician and criminal (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Vilmos Zsigmond]],\n        Hungarian-American cinematographer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Brian\n        Statham]], English cricketer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Gena Rowlands]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Magdalena Abakanowicz]], Polish\n        sculptor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[John E. McCarthy]], American Roman\n        Catholic bishop\\n** [[Gerald Kaufman]], British Labour politician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[June 22]]\\n** [[Yury Artyukhin]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Sa''dun\n        Hammadi]], 33rd Prime Minister of Iraq (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Patricia Nielsen]],\n        British former swimmer\\n** [[Fred Benners]], American football player\\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[John Elliott (historian)|John Elliot]], British historian\\n** [[Ben\n        Speer]], American singer, musician, music publisher and record company executive\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Peter Mazzaferro]], American football coach\\n**\n        [[Dave Creighton]], Canadian ice hockey forward\\n** [[Herb Klein (politician)|Herb\n        Klein]], American businessman, attorney, and politician\\n** [[Dave Creighton]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[James Sedin]],\n        American ice hockey player\\n** [[Memo Luna]], Mexican professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[Vic Keeble]], English former footballer\\n** [[George Thomas (footballer,\n        born 1930)|George Thomas]], Welsh professional footballer\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        Antal]], Hungarian linguist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Wolfgang Schwanitz]],\n        German Leader of the Office for National Security Head of the Stasi\\n** [[Jackie\n        Fargo]], American wrestler and trainer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Ross\n        Perot]], American computer billionaire and politician\\n** [[Ryszard Ronczewski]],\n        Polish actor\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Taty Almeida|es|3=Taty\n        Almeida}}, Argentine writer and activist\\n** [[William C. Campbell (scientist)|William\n        C. Campbell]], Irish-American biologist and parasitologist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Ernesto Domingo]],\n        National Scientist of the Philippines\\n** [[Maureen Howard]], American writer,\n        editor, and lecturer\\n** [[Itamar Franco]], President of Brazil (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]]\\n** [[Viola L\\u00e9ger]], Acadian-Canadian actress and former\n        Canadian Senator\\n** [[Robert Evans]], American producer\\n** [[Hans D\\u00e4scher]],\n        Swiss ski jumper\\n** [[Frank Johnston (priest)|Frank Johnston]], Anglican\n        priest and military chaplain\\n** [[Edward Johnson III]], American investor\n        and businessman\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** Elena Espejo, Moroccan actress\\n** [[W.\n        C. Gorden]], American football player and coach\\n** [[Isaac Levi]], American\n        philosopher\\n** [[Ben Atchley]], American former politician\\n** [[Ahmed Zaki\n        Yamani]], Saudi Arabian politician\\n** [[Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad]],\n        Syrian bishop\\n** [[Thomas Sowell]], American economist and author\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Menem\n        con banda presidencial.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carlos Menem]]]]\\n[[File:Fran\\u00e7oise\n        Mallet-Joris.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fran\\u00e7oise Mallet-Joris]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Gonzalo S\\u00e1nchez de Lozada]], Bolivian politician and businessman\\n**\n        [[Frank Joranko]], American former football and baseball player and coach\\n**\n        [[Jerome A. Cohen]], American professor of law at New York University School\n        of Law\\n** [[Ron Hughes (footballer, born 1930)|Ron Hughes]], English professional\n        footballer who played as a full-back\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Carlos Menem]], [[President\n        of Argentina]]\\n** [[Jane Moffet]], American utility player\\n** [[Pete Burnside]],\n        American professional baseball player\\n** [[Randy Starr]], American dentist\n        and singer-songwriter\\n** [[Vojislav Stanov\\u010di\\u0107]], Serbian political\n        scientists and theorists\\n** [[Magdalen Redman]], American professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[Ahmad Jamal]], American jazz pianist and composer\\n** [[Joe Scudero]],\n        American football safety\\n** [[Sylve Bengtsson]], Swedish association football\n        forward (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Ku Feng]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[N.\n        Venkatachala]], Indian judge\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Lamadrid]], Mexican football\n        forward\\n** [[Ronnell Bright]], American jazz pianist\\n** [[Ferdinando Riva]],\n        Swiss football forward (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Carlos Kleiber]], Austrian conductor\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Jack Van Mark]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Peter Angelos]], American trial lawyer\\n** [[Mohamed Demagh]], Algerian\n        sculptor\\n** [[Yury Tyukalov]], Russian rower \\n** [[George Steinbrenner]],\n        American big businessman and then baseball team owner (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** [[Tommy Cook (actor)|Tommy Cook]], American actor\\n** [[Billy Howton]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Putzi Frandl]], Austrian alpine ski racer\\n**\n        [[Charles Beaulieu]], Canadian academic, civil servant, and businessman\\n**\n        [[Donald Wilhelms]], United States Geological Survey geologist\\n* [[July 6]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Baume]], Australian former Liberal Party politician\\n** [[George\n        Armstrong (ice hockey)|George Armstrong]], Canadian professional ice hockey\n        centre\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise Mallet-Joris]], Belgian writer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], Indian Carnatic vocalist, multi-instrumentalist,\n        playback singer, composer and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Biljana\n        Plav\\u0161i\\u0107]], 2nd President of Republika Srpska\\n** [[Sherwin Carlquist]],\n        American botanist and photographer\\n** [[Hamish MacInnes]], Scottish mountaineer,\n        mountain search and rescuer, author and advisor\\n** [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]],\n        American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church\\n** [[Tadao Kobayashi]], Japanese\n        football player and manager\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Chris Adams (general)|Chris\n        Adams]], American author and retired United States Air Force officer\\n** [[Jim\n        Mooney (basketball)|Jim Mooney]], American professional basketball player\\n**\n        [[John Little (footballer)|John Little]], Scottish football defender (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Juan Carlos Frecia]], Argentine fencer\\n** [[Hugh Morrow\n        (footballer)|Hugh Morrow]], Irish footballer and manager\\n** [[Slavko Dacevski]],\n        Macedonian football player and manager\\n** [[Hugh Morrow (footballer)|Hugh\n        Morrow]], Irish footballer and manager\\n** [[Yu So-chow]], Chinese actress\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Buddy Bregman]], American musical arranger (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Josephine Veasey]], British mezzo-soprano\\n** [[Tom Jones\n        (footballer, born 1930)|Tom Jones]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Pete\n        Carril]], American basketball coach\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]],\n        Indian politician\\n** [[Harold Bloom]], American literary critic\\n** [[Jack\n        Alabaster]], played 21 Tests for New Zealand\\n** [[Ezra Vogel]], American\n        professor\\n** [[Dick Beyer]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Irene Sutcliffe]], English actress\\n** [[Orlando Nannini]], Argentine fencer\\n*\n        [[July 13]]\\n** [[Richard D. Lewis]], British polyglot, cross-cultural communication\n        consultant, and author\\n** [[Dick Bunt]], American basketball player\\n* [[July\n        14]]\\n** [[Beno\\u00eet Sinzogan]], Beninese military officer and politician\\n**\n        [[Polly Bergen]], American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Einosuke\n        Akiya]], Japanese Buddhist leader\\n** [[Lee Wallace (actor)|Lee Wallace]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Jacques Derrida]], Algerian-born French literary critic\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Betty Wagoner]], American professional baseball player\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Bert Rechichar]], American football defensive\n        back and kicker\\n** [[Michael Bilirakis]], American politician\\n** [[Horst\n        Rittner]], German correspondence chess Grandmaster\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Sue\n        England]], American actress\\n** [[Sigvard Ericsson]], Swedish speed skater\\n**\n        [[William Heseltine]], Australian Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II\\n**\n        [[Ray Galton]], English scriptwriter\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Judy Gamin]], Australian\n        politician\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[David Rubadiri]], Malawian diplomat, academic\n        and poet, playwright and novelist\\n** [[Darko Suvin]], Croatian born academic\n        and critic\\n** [[Vincent Lumsden]], Jamaican cricketer\\n* [[July 20]]\\n**\n        [[Alex S\\u00e1nchez Cruz]], Costa Rican football player\\n** [[Sally Ann Howes]],\n        English actress and singer\\n** [[Ronnie MacGilvray]], American professional\n        basketball player\\n** [[Oleg Anofriyev]], Soviet and Russian stage and screen\n        actor, voice actor, singer, songwriter, film director, and poet\\n** [[Bryan\n        Conquest]], Australian politician\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Helen Merrill]], American\n        jazz vocalist\\n** [[Gene Littler]], American professional golfer\\n* [[July\n        22]]\\n** [[Dinny Flanagan]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Jeremy Lloyd]],\n        British actor and screenwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Sebastiano Mannironi]],\n        Italian weightlifter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Murray Chapple]],\n        New Zealand cricketer (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Maureen Forrester]], Canadian contralto\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Andy White (drummer)|Andy White]],\n        Scottish drummer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Firoza Begum (singer)|Firoza\n        Begum]], Bengali singer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jean Roba]], Belgian comics author\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Neil Armstrong pose.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Neil\n        Armstrong]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Culp 1965.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Robert Culp]]]]\\n[[File:Princess\n        Margaret.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess\n        Margaret]]]]\\n[[File:SeanConneryJune08.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sean Connery|Sir\n        Sean Connery]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Pierre Bourdieu]], French sociologist\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Lawrence Eagleburger]], [[United States Secretary of State]]\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[K\\u00e1roly Gr\\u00f3sz]], 51st Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Holder]], Trinidadian-American dancer, choreographer\n        and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Ali al-Sistani]], Shia Ayatollah\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Neil Armstrong]], [[astronaut]], [[Apollo 11|first\n        human to set foot on the Moon]], Commander of Apollo 11. He was also an [[aerospace\n        engineering|aerospace engineer]], [[United States Naval Aviator|naval aviator]],\n        [[test pilot]], and [[university professor]]. (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 6]]\n        – [[Abbey Lincoln]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Jacques Parizeau]], French-Canadian politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] – [[Jorma Panula]], Finnish conductor and composer\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Vali Myers]], Australian visionary artist, dancer, bohemian and\n        muse (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[George Soros]], Hungarian-born investor\\n** [[Peter\n        Weck]], Austrian film director and actor\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Don Ho]],\n        Hawaiian singer & musician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Bob Wiesler]], American pitcher\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Jack Daugherty (musician)|Jack Daugherty]], American musician\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Wilmer Mizell]], American left-handed pitcher (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Earl Weaver]], American [[professional baseball]]\n        player and [[manager (baseball)|manager]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Selma James]], American-born feminist writer\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Culp]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Frank Gifford]], American football\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Leslie Manigat]], 34th President of Haiti (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Ted Hughes]], English poet (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Rafael Pineda Ponce]], Honduran educator and politician. (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Denis McLean]], New Zealand diplomat, academic, author and civil servant\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Frank McCourt]], Irish-American writer\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon]]\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Gylmar dos Santos Neves]], Brazilian\n        footballer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Mickey McMahan]], American\n        big band musician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Sean Connery|Sir\n        Sean Connery]], Scottish actor\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Gholamreza Takhti]],\n        Iranian wrestler (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Walmor Chagas]], Brazilian\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ben Gazzara]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Warren Buffett]], American billionaire [[entrepreneur]]\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Baudouin\n        of Belgium 1969.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Baudouin I of Belgium]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Charles Correa]], Indian architect (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Rita Riggs]], American costume designer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] – [[Cherry Wilder]], New Zealand author (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Norman Dorsen]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]]\\n** King [[Baudouin I of Belgium]] (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Sonny\n        Rollins]], American jazz saxophonist\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Mario Adorf]],\n        German actor\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Frank Lucas (drug dealer)|Frank\n        Lucas]], African-American drug lord\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Cathryn Damon]],\n        American actress (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Renzo Montagnani]], Italian actor (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Akira Suzuki (chemist)|Akira Suzuki]],\n        Japanese chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Mary Baumgartner]], American female professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Bola Ige]], Nigerian politician (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Anne Francis]], American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Edgar\n        Mitchell]], American astronaut (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[David Huddleston]] American\n        actor [[The Big Lebowski]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Kenneth\n        Mopeli]], Chief Minister of QwaQwa bantustan (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September\n        21]] – [[Dawn Addams]], British actress (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[T. S. Sinnathuray]], Judge of the [[High Court of Singapore]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Colin Blakely]], Northern Irish actor\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Ray Charles]], American singer, musician, and actor (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Angelo Muscat]], Maltese actor (d.\n        [[1977]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Shel Silverstein]], American author,\n        poet, and humorist (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Philip Bosco]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Fritz Wunderlich]], German tenor singer (d. [[1966]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Colin Dexter]], English author (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Hafez\n        al-Assad official portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hafez al-Assad]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        collins.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Richard Harris]], Irish actor and singer (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Philippe Noiret]], French actor (d. [[2006]])\\n** Rev. Dr. [[George F. Regas]],\n        American Episcopal priest and activist; rector of All Saints Episcopal Church,\n        Pasadena, California (1967\\u201395)\\n** [[Erica Yohn]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 5]]\\n** [[Pavel Popovich]], Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Reinhard\n        Selten]], German economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Hafez al-Assad]], [[President of Syria]]\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Richie Benaud]], Australian cricketer and commentator\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[T\\u014dru Takemitsu]], Japanese composer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Yves Chauvin]], Belgian-born chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Harold\n        Pinter]], English playwright, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Sam Johnson]], American politician\\n*\n        [[October 14]]\\n** [[Schafik Handal]], Salvadoran politician (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], President of Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Robert Atkins (nutritionist)|Robert Atkins]], American\n        nutritionist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jimmy Breslin]], American newspaper columnist\n        and author\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Jody Lawrance]], American actress (d.\n        [[1986]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Leila Seth]], Indian judge (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[The Big Bopper]], American singer (d. [[1959]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Bernie Ecclestone]], English auto racing tycoon\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Bertha Brouwer]], Dutch athlete (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Natalie\n        Sleeth]], American composer (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Omara Portuondo]], Cuban singer\n        and dancer\\n** [[Niki de Saint Phalle]], French artist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Daniel Boone]], American jazz trumpeter (d. [[1956]])\\n** [[Timothy\n        Findley]], Canadian author (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Michael\n        Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], American astronaut, second person to\n        fly around the Moon solo, [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command Module]]\n        pilot on [[Apollo 11]], the first human [[lunar landing]]\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Barack\n        Obama greets Burton Richter and Mildred Dresselhaus (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mildred\n        Dresselhaus]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Mathias 1952.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob Mathias]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Mabandla Dlamini]], 3rd Prime Minister of Swaziland\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[D. James Kennedy]], American evangelist (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – [[Dick MacPherson]], American football coach (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Hans Mommsen]], German historian (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]]\\n** [[Derrick Bell]], American law professor (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Wilma Briggs]], American female baseball player\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Stuart\n        Briscoe]], British-American pastor, motivational speaker and author\\n** [[Mildred\n        Dresselhaus]], American scientist and educator (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] – [[Bob Crewe]], American singer, songwriter, manager, and producer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Shirley Crabtree]] (\\\"Big Daddy\\\"),\n        British professional wrestler (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Edward Higgins White]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[J. G. Ballard]],\n        English writer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Chinua Achebe]], Nigerian\n        writer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Salvatore Riina]], Italian multiple murderer\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Bob Mathias]], American athlete (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – [[Bernard Horsfall]], British actor (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – [[Bob Friend]], American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Clarke Scholes]], American freestyle swimmer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Rex Shelley]], Singaporean author (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[David Goldblatt]], South African [[photographer]]\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[G. Gordon Liddy]], organizer of the [[Watergate\n        scandal|Watergate burglaries]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jean-Luc Godard at\n        Berkeley, 1968 (2).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean-Luc Godard]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Joachim Hoffmann]], German historian (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Gary Becker]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in\n        Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Jean-Luc Godard]], French film director\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Jim Hall\n        (musician)|Jim Hall]], American jazz guitarist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Corbett]], Scottish comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Daniel\n        Lisulo]], [[Prime Minister of Zambia]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 7]] –\n        [[Christopher Nicole]], Guyanese-born British writer\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Stan Richards]], English actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Maximilian Schell]],\n        Swiss-Austrian actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Edoardo Sanguineti]],\n        Italian writer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Jean-Louis Trintignant]],\n        French actor\\n** [[James Arthur Williams|Jim Williams]], American antique\n        dealer and preservationist (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Silvio\n        Santos]], Brazilian TV show host and entrepreneur\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[G\\u00fcnter\n        Siebert (footballer)|G\\u00fcnter Siebert]], German football player and executive\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Edna O''Brien]], Irish writer\\n[[File:Armin mueller-stahl.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Armin\n        Mueller-Stahl]]]]\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Armin Mueller-Stahl]], German\n        actor\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Adebayo Adedeji]], Nigerian UN official\\n**\n        [[Kalevi Sorsa]], Prime Minister of Finland (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 25]]\n        – [[Salah Jahin]], Egyptian poet, lyricist, playwright and cartoonist\n        (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Wilfrid Sheed]], English-born American\n        writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Mariam A. Aleem]], Egyptian\n        artist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Gladys Ambrose]], English actress (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[Franzl Lang]], German yodeler (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Frank\n        Dezelan]], American baseball umpire (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Tu Youyou]], Chinese pharmaceutical chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Odetta]], American\n        singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Jaime Escalante]], American teacher (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Rashid Bakr]], 10th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[Kevin Budden]], Australian herpetologist (d. [[1950]])\\n* [[Barney Glaser]],\n        American sociologist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January–June===\\n[[File:Thomas\n        Mackenzie.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Thomas Mackenzie]]]]\\n[[File:AhmadShahQajar2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ahmad\n        Shah Qajar]]]]\\n[[File:William Howard Taft 1909b.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William\n        Howard Taft]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09414, Primo de Rivera.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Miguel\n        Primo de Rivera]]]]\\n[[File:Gws balfour 02.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Arthur Balfour]]]]\\n[[File:Fridtjof\n        Nansen LOC 03377u-3.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Fridtjof Nansen]]]]\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Guglielmo Pl\\u00fcschow]], German photographer (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Edward Bok]], American author (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[John Nathan Cobb]], American author, naturalist, conservationist,\n        fisheries researcher, and educator (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Dewa Shiget\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Michele Bianchi]], Italian fascist leader (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 14]]\n        – [[Thomas Mackenzie|Sir Thomas MacKenzie]], New Zealand politician\n        and explorer, 18th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] and High Commissioner\n        (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Giulio Douhet]], Italian general\n        and [[air power]] theorist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Ahmad\n        Shah Qajar]], [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah of Persia]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February\n        23]]\\n** [[Mabel Normand]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Horst Wessel]],\n        Nazi ideologue and composer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Perceval\n        Maitland Laurence|Sir Perceval Maitland Laurence]], British classical scholar,\n        South African judge and a benefactor of the University of Cambridge (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[D. H. Lawrence]], British writer (''''Lady Chatterley''s\n        Lover'''') (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Alfred von Tirpitz]], German\n        politician and admiral (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[William Howard\n        Taft]], 27th [[President of the United States]], 10th [[Chief Justice of the\n        United States]] (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[William George Barker]],\n        Canadian pilot (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]],\n        Spanish military officer and [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Arthur Balfour]], British politician and statesman,\n        48th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[March 24]]\n        – [[Eugeen Van Mieghem]], Belgian painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 2]]\n        – Empress [[Zewditu I]] of Ethiopia (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 4]] –\n        [[Victoria of Baden]], [[Queen consort of Sweden]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – Patriarch [[Dimitrije, Serbian Patriarch|Dimitrije]] (b. [[1846]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Heinrich Ritter von Wittek]], Austrian politician and\n        statesman (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Alfred Williams]], British\n        poet (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]], Russian poet\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[John B. Sheridan]], Irish American sports journalist (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Robert Bridges]], British poet (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Jeppe Aakj\\u00e6r]], Danish poet and novelist (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – Patriarch [[George V of Armenia]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Fridtjof Nansen]], Norwegian explorer, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Herbert Croly]], American\n        political author (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Randall Davidson]], [[Archbishop\n        of Canterbury]] (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Archduke Rainer of Austria (1895-1930)|Archduke\n        Rainer of Austria]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Pascin]], Bulgarian\n        painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Adolf von Harnack]], German\n        Lutheran theologian and church historian (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Henry Segrave]], British racer and speed record holder (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===July–December===\\n[[File:Conan\n        doyle.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]]]\\n[[File:Sir Joseph Ward,\n        1928.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joseph Ward]]]]\\n[[File:Alfred Wegener ca.1924-30.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alfred\n        Wegener]]]]\\n[[File:Nikolai Alexandrov.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nikolai Alexandrov\n        (actor)|Nikolai Alexandrov]]]]\\n[[File:FACTA Luigi.gif|thumb|120px|[[Luigi\n        Facta]]]]\\n[[File:Konstantinos VI.jpg|thumb|120px|Patriarch [[Constantine\n        VI of Constantinople|Constantine VI]]]]\\n* [[July 7]] – Sir [[Arthur\n        Conan Doyle]], British-born fiction writer (''''[[Sherlock Holmes]]'''') (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[July 8]] – Sir [[Joseph Ward]], 17th [[Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Leopold Auer]], Hungarian\n        violinist (b. [[1845]])\\n** [[Rudolph Schildkraut]], Ottoman-born Austrian\n        actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Juan Luis Sanfuentes]], 16th\n        President of Chile (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Robert Stout]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1844]])\\n** [[Oku Yasukata]], Japanese\n        field marshal and a leading figure in the early Imperial Japanese Army (b.\n        [[1847]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Glenn Curtiss]], American aviation pioneer\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Pavlos Karolidis]], Greek historian\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Allvar Gullstrand]], Swedish ophthalmologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[Joan Gamper]], Swiss-born businessman and founder of\n        [[FC Barcelona]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Horace Smith-Dorrien]],\n        English general (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Florian Cajori]],\n        Swiss-born historian of mathematics (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Aston Webb]], British architect (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Tom\n        Norman]], British [[freak show|freak]] [[showman]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Lon Chaney]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 29]]\n        – [[William Archibald Spooner]], British scholar and Anglican priest\n        (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Peeter P\\u00f5ld]], Estonian pedagogical\n        scientist and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Aubrey\n        Faulkner]], South African cricketer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Milton Sills]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Gombojab Tsybikov]], Russian explorer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[September 21]]\n        – [[John T. Dorrance]], American chemist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[William A. MacCorkle]], American lawyer, Governor of West Virginia\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Daniel Guggenheim]], American mining\n        magnate and philanthropist (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Prince Leopold of Bavaria]]\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Gordon Stewart Northcott]], American\n        serial killer (executed) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Herbert\n        Dow]], Canadian-born chemical industrialist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 20]]\n        – [[Valeriano Weyler, 1st Duke of Rub\\u00ed]], Spanish general (b. [[1838]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]] – [[Harry Payne Whitney]], American businessman and horse\n        breeder (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Mary Harrison McKee]], ''''de\n        facto'''' [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* November –\n        [[Alfred Wegener]], German geophyscist and meteorologist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Nikolai Alexandrov (actor)|Nikolai Alexandrov]],\n        Soviet actor and director (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Christiaan\n        Eijkman]], Dutch physician and pathologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. 1858)\\n** [[Luigi Facta]], Italian politician,\n        26th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Alexander\n        Bedward]], Jamaican preacher (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Tasker\n        H. Bliss]], American general (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[William\n        B. Hanna]], American sportswriter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Constantine VI of Constantinople|Constantine VI]], Turkish-born bishop,\n        briefly Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Mary Harris Jones]], American labor leader (b. [[1837]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]]\\n** [[Rube Foster|Andrew \\\"Rube\\\" Foster]], American [[Negro\n        league baseball]] player (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Laura Muntz Lyall]], Canadian\n        painter (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Nikolai Pokrovsky]], Russian\n        politician and the last foreign minister of the Russian Empire (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Fritz Pregl]], Austrian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 14]] –\n        [[F. Richard Jones]], American director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Peter Warlock]], British composer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Eugen Goldstein]], German physicist (b. [[1850]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Sir\n        Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Hans Fischer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or\n        Medicine]] – [[Karl Landsteiner]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Sinclair Lewis]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Nathan\n        S\\u00f6derblom]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{portal|1930s}}\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Sources==\\n*\n        [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1930/1930fr.html The 1930s Timeline:\n        1930] – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1930}}\\n[[Category:1930|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T21:31:55Z\",\"lastrevid\":799790936,\"length\":60530,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1930&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930\"},\"34608\":{\"pageid\":34608,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1931\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T18:36:12Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1931}}\\n{{Events by month|1931}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1931}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1931}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1931}}\\n* January \\u2013 The [[National Committee for Modification\n        of the Volstead Act]] is formed to work for the [[repeal of Prohibition in\n        the United States]].\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[South Dakota]] native [[Ernest\n        Lawrence]] invents the [[cyclotron]], used to accelerate particles to study\n        [[nuclear physics]].\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Albert Einstein]] begins doing\n        research at the [[California Institute of Technology]], along with astronomer\n        [[Edwin Hubble]].\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 German pilot [[Elly Beinhorn]] begins\n        her flight to Africa.\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Edison]] submits his\n        last [[patent]] application.\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 Sir [[Isaac Isaacs]]\n        is sworn in as the first Australian-born [[Governor-General of Australia]].\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]] is again released from imprisonment\n        in India.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Pierre\n        Laval]] forms a government in France.\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 Release of\n        the movie ''''[[City Lights]]'''' starring [[Charlie Chaplin]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1931}}\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[1931 Hawke''s Bay earthquake|Hawke''s\n        Bay earthquake]]: Much of the New Zealand cities of Napier and Hastings are\n        destroyed in an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter\n        scale]] killing 256 people.\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 Soviet leader [[Joseph\n        Stalin]] gives speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only\n        strong industrialized countries will win wars while \\\"weak\\\" nations are \\\"beaten\\\".\n        Stalin states : \\\"We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries.\n        We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will\n        crush us.\\\" Intensification of the [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|First\n        Five-Year Plan]] in the Soviet Union for industrialization and collectivization\n        of agriculture.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 Official inauguration ceremonies\n        for New Delhi as the capital of India begin.{{cite news|title=New Delhi:\n        The Inaugural Ceremony|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=1931-02-11|issue=45744|page=12}}\\n*\n        [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Nazi Party|National Socialist]] (NSDAP) and [[German\n        National People''s Party]] (DNVP) members walk out of the German [[Reichstag\n        (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] in protest against changes in the parliament''s\n        protocol intended to limit heckling.  \\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 ''''[[Vatican\n        Radio]]'''' first broadcasts.\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 The original film\n        version of ''''[[Dracula (1931 English-language film)|Dracula]]'''' with [[Bela\n        Lugosi]] is released in the United States.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Pehr\n        Evind Svinhufvud]] is elected president of Finland.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013\n        [[California]] gets the go-ahead by the [[United States Congress]] to build\n        the [[San Francisco\\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge]].\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Peru]]vian\n        revolutionaries hijack a [[Ford Trimotor]] aeroplane and demand that the pilot\n        drop [[propaganda]] [[Flyer (pamphlet)|leaflet]]s over [[Lima]].\\n\\n[[File:Delhi\n        India Government.jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[February 10]]: New Delhi becomes\n        India''s capital]]\\n[[File:Ford Trimotor.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[February 21]]:\n        [[Ford Trimotor]] hijacked]]\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1931}}\\n*\n        [[March 1]] \\u2013 The [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''''Arizona'''']] is placed\n        back in full commission after a refit.\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 Sir [[Oswald\n        Mosley]] founds the [[New Party (UK)|New Party]] as a breakaway from the [[Labour\n        Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the United Kingdom. \\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 ''''[[The\n        Star-Spangled Banner]]'''' is adopted as the United States'' [[National anthem]].\\n*\n        [[March 5]] \\u2013 The British [[viceroy]] of India and [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        sign the [[Gandhi\\u2013Irwin Pact]].\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 The new House of\n        Representatives opens in [[Helsinki]], Finland.\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 The\n        ''''[[Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR]]'''' programme, abbreviated\n        as GTO, is introduced in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Nevada]]\n        legalizes [[gambling]].\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Westminster St George''s\n        by-election, 1931|Westminster St George''s by-election]] in the U.K. results\n        in the victory of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] candidate [[Duff\n        Cooper]]. The by-election has been treated virtually as a referendum on the\n        leadership of the Conservative leader [[Stanley Baldwin]], and Duff Cooper''s\n        victory ends the campaign by the press barons [[Lord Beaverbrook]] and [[Harold\n        Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere|Viscount Rothermere]] to oust Baldwin.\n        \\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 Indian revolutionary leaders [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shivaram\n        Rajguru]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]] are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the\n        [[British Raj]].\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 The [[Scottsboro Boys]] are arrested\n        in [[Alabama]] and charged with rape.\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 English writer\n        [[Arnold Bennett]] dies of [[typhoid]] in London shortly after returning from\n        a visit to Paris, where he drank local water to prove it was safe.\\n* [[March\n        31]] \\u2013 An [[1931 Nicaragua earthquake|earthquake]] destroys [[Managua]],\n        [[Nicaragua]], killing 2,000 people.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1931}}\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 The [[Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi\n        Soviet]] in China is launched by the [[Kuomintang]] government to destroy\n        the Communist forces in [[Jiangxi]] province. \\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 The Portuguese\n        government declares martial law in [[Madeira]] and in the [[Azores]] because\n        of an attempted military takeover in [[Funchal]].\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 Argentinian\n        anarchist Severino Digiovanni is executed.\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 Municipal\n        elections in Spain, which are treated as a virtual referendum on the monarchy,\n        result in the triumph for the republican parties. \\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013\n        The [[Second Spanish Republic]] is proclaimed in [[Madrid]]. Meanwhile, as\n        a result of the victory of the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]], [[Francesc\n        Maci\\u00e0]] proclaims in [[Barcelona]] the [[Catalan Republic]], as state\n        of the Iberian Federation.\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 The [[Castellammarese War]]\n        ends with the murder of [[Joe Masseria|Joe \\\"The Boss\\\" Masseria]], briefly\n        leaving [[Salvatore Maranzano]] as [[capo dei capi]] (\\\"boss of all bosses\\\")\n        of the [[American Mafia]]. Maranzano is himself murdered less than 6 months\n        later, leading to the creation of the [[The Commission (mafia)|Commission]].\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 After the negotiations between the republican ministers\n        of Spain and Catalonia, the [[Catalan Republic]] becomes into [[Generalitat\n        of Catalonia]], a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.\\n*\n        [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Austria]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Denmark]], [[Weimar\n        Republic|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Sweden]] and the United\n        States recognize the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]].\\n* [[April\n        25]] \\u2013 The automobile manufacturer [[Porsche]] is founded by [[Ferdinand\n        Porsche]] in [[Stuttgart]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1931}}\\n[[File:Manhattan\n        at Dusk by slonecker.jpg|thumb|188x188px| [[May 1]]: [[Empire State Building]]\n        is completed.]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 Construction of the [[Empire State Building]]\n        is completed in New York City.\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]]\n        is re-elected president of [[Turkey]].\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        forms a new government in Turkey (7th government).\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 The\n        ''''[[Creditanstalt]]'''', Austria''s largest bank, goes bankrupt, beginning\n        the banking collapse in Central Europe that causes a worldwide financial meltdown.\\n*\n        [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Paul Doumer]] is elected president of France.\\n* [[May\n        14]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c5dalen shootings]]: Five people are killed in [[\\u00c5dalen]],\n        Sweden, when soldiers open fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.\\n*\n        [[May 15]]\\n** The Chinese Communists inflict a sharp defeat on the Kuomintang\n        forces.\\n** [[Pope Pius XI]] issues the [[encyclical]] ''''[[Quadragesimo\n        anno]]'''' on the \\\"reconstruction of the social order\\\".\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013\n        The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet ends in defeat of\n        the Kuomintang.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1931}}\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Salvador Dal\\u00ed]]''s ''''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'''' is put on\n        display for the first time in Paris at the Galerie Pierre Colle.\\n* [[June\n        5]] \\u2013 German Chancellor Dr. [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] visits London,\n        where he warns the British Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]] that the collapse\n        of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the ''''Creditanstalt'''',\n        has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.\\n* [[June\n        12]] \\u2013 English cricketer [[Charlie Parker (cricketer)|Charlie Parker]]\n        equals [[J. T. Hearne]]''s record for the earliest date to reach 100 wickets.\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Saint-Philibert disaster]]: the overloaded pleasure craft\n        ''''Saint-Philibert'''', carrying trippers home to Nantes from the \\u00cele\n        de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the river [[Loire]] in France; over\n        450 drown.\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** In an attempt to stop the banking crisis in\n        Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown, U.S. President\n        [[Herbert Hoover]] issues the [[Hoover Moratorium]].\\n** The [[Geneva Convention\n        (1929)]] relative to the treatment of [[prisoners of war]] enters into force.\\n*\n        [[June 23]]\\u2013[[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Wiley Post]] and [[Harold Gatty]] accomplish\n        the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout\n        from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]], New York, in 8 days, 15\n        hours, 51 minutes.{{cite web|url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Wiley_Post/EX27.htm|publisher=centennialofflight.gov|title=Wiley\n        Post|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008043851/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Wiley_Post/EX27.htm\n        |archivedate=October 8, 2012}}\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1931}}\\n*\n        July \\u2013 [[John Haven Emerson]] of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] perfects\n        his [[negative pressure ventilator]] (\\\"iron lung\\\") just in time for the\n        growing [[polio]] epidemic.\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 Rebuilt [[Milano Centrale\n        railway station]] officially opens in Italy.\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 Irish racing\n        driver [[Kaye Don]] breaks the world [[water speed record]] at Lake Garda,\n        Italy.''''BBC History'''', July 2011, p12.\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013\n        Royal soldiers shoot and kill 22 people demonstrating against the [[Maharaja]]\n        [[Hari Singh]] of the Indian princely state of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely\n        state)|Kashmir and Jammu]].{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/jandk-observes-martyrs-day-cm-omar-pays-tributes_719325.html|title=J&K\n        observes Martyrs` day: CM Omar pays tributes|date=2011-07-13|work=Zee News|accessdate=2011-12-18}}\\n*\n        [[July 16]] \\u2013 Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] signs the first [[1931 Constitution\n        of Ethiopia|constitution of Ethiopia]].\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 The millennialist\n        [[Bible Student movement]] adopts the name [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]] at a meeting\n        in [[Columbus, Ohio]].\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 The [[May Report]] in the United\n        Kingdom recommends extensive cuts to government expenditure. This produces\n        a political crisis as many members of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]\n        (at this time in government) object to the proposals.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1931}}\\n* The [[1931 China floods]] reach their peak in possibly\n        the deadliest natural disaster yet recorded.\\n* [[Warner Brothers]] releases\n        the first [[Merrie Melodies]] cartoon, ''''[[Lady, Play Your Mandolin!|Lady,\n        Play Your Mandolin]]''''.\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 Referendum in [[Free State\n        of Prussia|Prussia]] for dissolving the ''''Landtag'''' ends with the \\\"yes\\\"\n        side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early\n        elections. The elections are intended to remove the [[Social Democratic Party\n        of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) government of [[Otto Braun]], which\n        is one of the strongest forces for democracy in Germany. Supporting the \\\"yes\\\"\n        side were the [[NSDAP]], the [[DNVP]] and the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist\n        Party]] (KPD) while supporting the \\\"no\\\" side were the SPD and ''''[[Zentrumspartei|Zentrum]]''''.\n        \\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 Run on the British pound leads to political and economic\n        crisis in Britain. (See [[European banking crisis of 1931]]) leading to ...\\n*\n        [[August 24]] \\u2013 The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] Government of [[Ramsay\n        MacDonald]] resigns in Britain, replaced by a [[National Government (United\n        Kingdom)|National Government]] of people drawn from all parties, also under\n        MacDonald.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September 1931}}\\n[[File:J\\u012duy\\u012bb\\u0101\n        L\\u00ecsh\\u012d B\\u00f3w\\u00f9gu\\u0103n\\u4e5d\\u30fb\\u4e00\\u516b\\u6b74\\u53f2\\u535a\\u7269\\u9928106997.JPG|thumb|[[September\n        18]]: The [[Mukden Incident]]: Incident Museum in [[Shenyang]]|230x230px]]\\n*\n        [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[John Thomson (footballer, born 1909)|John Thomson]],\n        Scottish [[association football|football]] player, dies as the result of an\n        accident during a [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]\\u2013[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] match.\\n*\n        [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Second Round Table\n        Conference (September \\u2013 December 1931)|Second Round Table Conference]]\n        on the constitutional future of India opens in London. [[Mahatma Gandhi]]\n        represents the [[Indian National Congress]].\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 The\n        worst [[1931 Belize hurricane|hurricane]] in [[Belize|British Honduras]] history\n        kills an estimated 1,500.\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Invergordon Mutiny]]:\n        [[Strike action|Strikes]] are called in the British [[Royal Navy]] due to\n        decreased pay.\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 Hanging of resistance leader [[Omar\n        Mukhtar]] in [[Italian Libya]].\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** Japanese military\n        stage the [[Mukden Incident]] as a pretext for the [[Japanese invasion of\n        Manchuria]].\\n** [[Geli Raubal]] commits suicide in her uncle [[Adolf Hitler]]''s\n        apartment.\\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 With a gun literally pointed to his\n        head the Chinese commander of [[Jilin|Kirin]] province announces the annexation\n        of that territory to Japan.\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 The United Kingdom\n        abandons the [[gold standard]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October 1931}}\\n*\n        October \\u2013 The [[Caltech]] Department of Physics faculty and graduate\n        students meet with [[Albert Einstein]] as a guest.\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Dick Tracy]], the comic strip detective character created by cartoonist\n        [[Chester Gould]], makes his debut appearance in the ''''[[Detroit Mirror]]''''\n        newspaper.\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 American aviators [[Clyde Edward Pangborn]]\n        and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first [[non-stop flight]] across the Pacific\n        Ocean, from [[Misawa, Aomori|Misawa, Japan]], to [[East Wenatchee, Washington]],\n        in 41\\u00bd hours.{{cite web|title=Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/aviation/pan.htm|work=Aviation:\n        From Sand Dunes To Sonic Booms|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|accessdate=2012-05-31}}\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 Rally in Bad Harzburg, Germany leads to the [[Harzburg\n        Front]] being founded, uniting the NSDAP, the DNVP, the ''''Stahlhelm''''\n        and various other right-wing fractions. \\n* [[October 17]]\\n** American gangster\n        [[Al Capone]] is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion in Chicago.\\n**\n        [[Leeds Bradford International Airport]] is opened as Leeds and Bradford Municipal\n        Aerodrome in England.\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 The [[George Washington Bridge]]\n        across the [[Hudson River]] in the United States is dedicated; it opens to\n        traffic the following day. At {{convert|3500|ft|m}}, it nearly doubles the\n        previous record for the [[List of longest suspension bridge spans|longest\n        main span in the world]].\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1931|United Kingdom general election]] results in the victory of\n        the [[National Government (United Kingdom)|National Government]] and the defeat\n        of [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the country''s greatest ever electoral\n        landslide.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November 1931}}\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\n** The [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] is proclaimed by [[Mao Zedong]].\\n**\n        Red China News Agency, a predecessor for [[Xinhua News Agency]], officially\n        founded and news wire service start in [[Ruijin]], [[Jiangxi Province]], [[China]].{{citation\n        needed|date=January 2017}}     \\n* [[November 8]]\\n** French police launch\n        a large-scale raid against [[Corsica]]n bandits.\\n** The [[Panama Canal]]\n        is closed for a couple of weeks due to damage caused by earthquakes.\\n*[[November\n        21]] \\u2013 The infamous Red-and-White Party, given by [[Arthur Jeffress]]\n        in [[Maud Allan]]''s [[Regent''s Park]] townhouse in London, marks the end\n        of the \\\"[[Bright young things]]\\\" subculture in [[United Kingdom|Britain]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://elvirabarney.wordpress.com/2011/10/26/the-red-and-white-party/|title=The\n        Red and White Party|work=Cocktails With Elvira|date=2011-10-26|accessdate=2014-01-30}}\\n*\n        [[November 25]]\\n** [[Ali Fethi Okyar]] forms a new government in Turkey (third\n        government).\\n** Release of [[James Whale]]''s film of ''''[[Frankenstein\n        (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'''' in New York City.\\n*[[November 26]] \\u2013\n        Heavy hydrogen, later named [[deuterium]], is discovered by American chemist\n        [[Harold Urey]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1931}}\\n* [[December\n        5]] \\u2013 Original [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] in [[Moscow]] ([[1883]])\n        is dynamited by order of [[Joseph Stalin]].\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Carl\n        Friedrich Goerdeler]] is appointed Reich Price Commissioner in Germany to\n        enforce the deflationary policies of the Br\\u00fcning government.\\n* [[December\n        9]] \\u2013 The Spanish [[Constituent Cortes]] approves the [[Spanish Constitution\n        of 1931]], effectively establishing the [[Second Spanish Republic]].\\n* [[December\n        10]]\\n** [[Jane Addams]] became the first American woman to be awarded the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]].\\n** [[Niceto Alcal\\u00e1-Zamora]] is elected president\n        of the Spanish Republic.\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 The [[Parliament of the\n        United Kingdom]] enacts the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]],\n        which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing\n        dominions of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], the [[Dominion of Canada]],\n        the [[Irish Free State]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], the [[Dominion\n        of New Zealand]] and the [[Union of South Africa]].\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Wakatsuki Reijir\\u014d]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Japan]].\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Phi Iota Alpha]], the oldest surviving [[National Association\n        of Latino Fraternal Organizations|Latino fraternity]], is founded in the United\n        States.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Ust-Abakanskoye becomes [[Abakan]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Toshiki\n        Kaifu 1960.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Toshiki Kaifu]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Duvall 2 by\n        David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robert Duvall]]]]\\n[[File:Caterina Valente\n        1966.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Caterina Valente]]]]\\n[[File:James Earl Jones (8516667383).jpg|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Earl Jones]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Mohammad Ali Samatar]], 5th Prime\n        Minister of Somalia (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Toshiki Kaifu]],\n        2-Time Prime Minister of Japan\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Cleopa Msuya]],\n        3rd Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Alvin Ailey]], American\n        choreographer (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Alfred Brendel]], Austrian pianist\\n** [[Robert\n        Duvall]], American actor and director\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Fern Battaglia]],\n        American professional baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[E. L. Doctorow]],\n        American author (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill\n        Graham]], German concert promoter (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Nik\n        Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]], Malaysian politician and Muslim cleric (d. [[2015]])\n        \\n** [[Peter Barnes (playwright)|Peter Barnes]], English playwright and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Roland Alphonso]], Jamaican musician\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Charles Nelson Reilly]], American\n        actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Caterina Valente]], French\n        singer and actress\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Ellen Holly]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Johannes Rau]], [[President of Germany]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[James Earl Jones]], American actor\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Chun\n        Doo-hwan]], [[President of South Korea]]\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Pat Hunt]],\n        New Zealand National Party politician\\n** [[Robert MacNeil]], Canadian journalist\\n*\n        [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[David Lee (physicist)|David Lee]], American physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Sam\n        Cooke]], American singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Lars H\\u00f6rmander]],\n        Swedish mathematician (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Dean Jones\n        (actor)|Dean Jones]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Lynch]], English actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Mordecai\n        Richler]], Canadian author (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Ferenc\n        M\\u00e1dl]], [[President of Hungary]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Allan W. Eckert]], American historian, naturalist, and author (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Ernie Banks]], American baseball player (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:\\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\n        \\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430\\u0435\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447 \\u0415\\u043b\\u044c\\u0446\\u0438\\u043d.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Boris\n        Yeltsin]]]]\\n[[File:Dries_van_Agt,_2011_(cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dries\n        van Agt]]]]\\n[[File:James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James\n        Dean]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Boris Yeltsin]], 1st [[President of Russia]]\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Dries van Agt]], Dutch politician, 46th\n        [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]\\n** [[Les Dawson]], British comedian\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Hillel Zaks]], Polish-born Israeli rabbi (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Burkert]], German writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Isabel\n        Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n]], 41st [[President of Argentina]]\\n* [[February\n        6]]\\n** [[Rip Torn]], American actor and director\\n** [[Mamie Van Doren]],\n        American actress and author\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[James Dean]], American\n        actor (d. [[1955]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Thomas Bernhard]], Austrian author\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Jack Van Impe]], American televangelist\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Larry Merchant]], American author and boxing commentator\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Geoff Edwards]], American actor and game show host\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Claire Bloom]], English actress\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[George E. Sangmeister]], American politician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Ken Takakura]], Japanese actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Johnny\n        Hart]], American cartoonist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Toni Morrison]], American\n        writer, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]\\n** [[Bob St. Clair]],\n        American football player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n**[[Dominic Chianese]],\n        American actor and singer\\n**[[Brian Close]], English cricketer\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Eric Edgar Cooke]], Australian serial killer (d. [[1964]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Gavin MacLeod]], American actor and Mayor of [[Pacific\n        Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]]\\n** [[Dean Smith]], American basketball\n        coach (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 850809 General Secretary\n        of the CPSU CC M. Gorbachev (crop).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]]]]\\n[[File:Rupert\n        Murdoch - Flickr - Eva Rinaldi Celebrity and Live Music Photographer.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rupert\n        Murdoch]]]]\\n[[File:William Shatner Sydney 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William\n        Shatner]]]]\\n[[File:Leonard Nimoy by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Leonard\n        Nimoy]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[President of the Soviet\n        Union]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Tom Wolfe]], American\n        novelist and journalist\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[John Smith (actor)|John Smith]],\n        American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Wally Bruner]], American\n        journalist and television host (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[William Cardinal Keeler]],\n        American Roman Catholic prelate\\n** [[Ludvig Hope Faye]], Norwegian politician\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alice Rivlin]], American economist\\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Neil Postman]], American media theorist and cultural critic (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\n** [[Jackie Healy-Rae]], Irish Politician (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Le\\u00f3n Febres Cordero]], President of Ecuador (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[March\n        11]] \\n** [[Janosch]], German writer\\n** [[Rupert Murdoch]], Australian-born\n        publisher\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Herb Kelleher]], American businessman\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Ted Marchibroda]], American football player (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\n** [[Shirley Stovroff]], American female professional baseball\n        player (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Vlastimil Bubn\\u00edk]], Czech ice hockey and football\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Hal Linden]], American actor and\n        singer\\n** [[Karen Steele]], American actress (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Burton Richter]], American physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics]]\\n** [[William Shatner]], Canadian actor and science fiction novelist\\n*\n        [[March 24]] \\u2013 [[Connie Hines]], American actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Leonard Nimoy]], American actor and director (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[David Janssen]], American actor (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[March\n        29]]\\n** [[Aleksei Gubarev]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Norman\n        Tebbit]], British politician\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Ita Ever]],\n        Estonian actress\\n** [[Rolf Hochhuth]], German writer\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Olivera (film director)|H\\u00e9ctor Olivera]], Argentine film\n        director, producer and screenwriter\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Suchitra Sen]]\n        (Roma Dasgupta), legendary [[Bengali people|Bengali]] actress (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]]\\n** [[Lu\\u00eds Cabral|Luis Cabral]], 1st [[President of Guinea-Bissau]]\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mustafa Da\\u011f\\u0131stanl\\u0131]], Turkish free-style\n        wrestler\\n** [[Johnny Sheffield]], American child actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] \\n** [[Helen Maksagak]], Canadian, first [[Inuit|Inuk]] and woman to\n        be the Commissioner of both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Tomas Transtr\\u00f6mer]], Swedish poet and translator, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Kobie\n        Coetsee]], South African politician\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Igor Oistrakh]],\n        Ukrainian violinist\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Frank Auerbach]], German-born painter\\n**\n        [[Lonnie Donegan]], Scottish musician (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Willie\n        Mays cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Willie Mays]]]]\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Willie\n        Mays]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Teresa Brewer]], American\n        pop and jazz singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Ichir\\u014d Nagai]],\n        Japanese voice actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e1s Hajnal]],\n        Hungarian mathematician\\n** [[Jim Jones]], American cult leader (d. [[1978]])\\n**\n        [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed Petr]], Czech university president\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Alvin\n        Lucier]], American composer\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.]],\n        Chairman of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse\\n** [[Ken\n        Venturi]], American golfer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Jack Dodson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Natwar Singh]], Indian politician\\n* [[May\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Marshall Applewhite]], [[Heaven''s Gate (religious group)|Heaven''s\n        Gate]] religious sect founder (d. 1997)\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Don Martin (cartoonist)|Don\n        Martin]], American artist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Robert Morse]], American actor\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9ric Tappy]], Swiss tenor\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Ken\n        Boyer]], American baseball player (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Barbara\n        Barrie]], American actress \\n** [[Patience Cleveland]], American actress and\n        diarist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Georgy Grechko]], Russian cosmonaut\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 [[Faten Hamama]], Egyptian actress (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Carroll Baker]], American actress\\n* [[May\n        30]] \\u2013 Father [[John O''Brien (priest)|John O''Brien]], Irish priest\n        and musician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[John Robert Schrieffer|John\n        Schrieffer]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Shirley Verrett]], American mezzo-soprano (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Castro, July 2012.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Ra\\u00fal Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Fhc-color.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fernando\n        Henrique Cardoso]]]]\\n[[File:OlympiaDukakisHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Olympia\n        Dukakis]]]]\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Viktor Tsaryov]], Russian footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Larry Jackson]], American baseball player (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n**\n        [[Ra\\u00fal Castro]], [[President of Cuba]]\\n** [[Lindy Remigino]], American\n        athlete\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 [[Malcolm Morley]], English-born painter\\n* [[June\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Dana Wynter]], German-born American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]]\\n** [[Jackie Mason]], American comedian\\n** [[Joe Santos]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Jo\\u00e3o Gilberto]], Brazilian\n        musician\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Moys\\u00e9s Baumstein]], Brazilian holographer\n        and artist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Kenneth Cope]], English actor\\n**\n        [[Ross Higgins]], Australian actor\\n** [[Marla Gibbs]], American comedic actress\n        and singer\\n** [[Junior Walker]], American saxophonist and singer (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Gerson Poyk|id|3=Gerson Poyk}},\n        Indonesian author and journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Fernando\n        Henrique Cardoso]], [[President of Brazil]]\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Olympia Dukakis]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Arne Nordheim]], Norwegian composer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]] \\n** [[Margaret Heckler]], American Secretary of Health and Human\n        Services\\n** [[David Kushnir]], Israeli former Olympic long-jumper\\n** [[Les\n        Vandyke]], American musician\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Martin Lipton]], American\n        lawyer\\n** [[Ian Browne (cyclist)|Ian Browne]], Australian track cyclist \\n**\n        [[Teruyuki Okazaki]], Japanese [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in\n        [[Shotokan Karate]]\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Doris Cook]], American pitcher and\n        outfielder\\n** [[Ola Ullsten]], Swedish politician and diplomat\\n** [[Charles\n        Keith Taylor]], Canadian politician\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Juanita Quigley]],\n        American child actress\\n** [[Emilio Fede]], Italian anchorman, journalist\n        and writer\\n** [[\\u00c1rp\\u00e1d B\\u00e1r\\u00e1ny]], Hungarian fencer\\n**\n        [[George Petchey]], English former footballer\\n** [[Gaston Flosse]], French\n        politician\\n** [[Billy Casper]], American golfer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Stan Dromisky]], Canadian liberal party\\n** [[V. P. Singh]], [[Prime Minister\n        of India]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[George Lois]], American art\n        director, designer, and author\\n** [[Robert Colbert]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Alan Bailey]], former senior British civil servant\\n** [[Colin Wilson]],\n        British writer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Graziella Galvani]], Italian\n        stage, television and film actress\\n** [[Charles Bronfman]], Canadian / American\n        businessman and philanthropist\\n** [[Geoffrey Harcourt]], Australian academic\n        economist\\n** [[Martinus J. G. Veltman]], Dutch physicist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Tom Stolhandske]], American\n        football linebacker\\n** [[Junior Johnson]], American NASCAR driver of the\n        1950s and 1960s\\n** [[Jenny Glusker]], British biochemist and crystallographer\\n**\n        [[Aleksandar Ivo\\u0161]], Serbian footballer\\n** [[Hans Alfredson]], Swedish\n        actor, film director, writer and comedian\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Palmirinha Onofre|pt|3=Palmirinha Onofre}}, Brazilian culinary\n        artist and television presenter \\n** [[Alina Obidniak]], Polish theatre director\n        and actress\\n** [[Brian Hutton, Baron Hutton]], Lord Chief Justice of Northern\n        Ireland and British Lord of Appeal in Ordinary\\n** [[Richard L. Berkley]],\n        American politician\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Allan Jay]], British foil and \\u00e9p\\u00e9e\n        fencer\\n** [[Don Gross (baseball)|Don Gross]], American baseball player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jerry\n        Van Dyke (253701039) cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jerry Van Dyke]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Leslie Caron]], French actress\\n** [[Stanislav Grof]], Czech psychiatrist\\n**\n        [[Marilyn Hickey]], American televangelist, speaker and author\\n** [[Seyni\n        Kountch\\u00e9]], former [[President of Niger]] (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Chris Strachwitz]],\n        German-born American record label executive and record producer\\n* [[July\n        2]] \\n** [[Robert Ito]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Oddur P\\u00e9tursson]], Icelandic\n        cross country skier\\n** [[Frank Williams (actor)|Frank Williams]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Mohammad Yazdi]], Iranian cleric\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Claude-Henri\n        Chouard]], French surgeon\\n** [[Mick Cullen]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[Dickie\n        Dowsett]], English former professional footballer\\n** [[Ed Roebuck]], American\n        relief pitcher in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Ray Rogers (politician)|Ray\n        Rogers]], American politician\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Stephen Boyd]], Irish actor\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Bill Gleeson]], Australian rules footballer \\n** [[Bobby\n        Malkmus]], American infielder and scout in Major League Baseball\\n** [[Lyndell\n        Petersen]], American former politician\\n** [[Peter Richardson (cricketer)|Peter\n        Richardson]], English former cricketer\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Aloysius Gordon]],\n        British-based Jamaican jazz pianist and singer\\n** [[Gerd Lauck]], German\n        footballer\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Macedo]], Portuguese filmmaker and later\n        a writer, university professor and lecturer\\n** [[Ismail Mahomed]], South\n        African and Namibian [[Chief Justice]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ryuzo Sato]], Japanese\n        economist\\n** [[Peter Silverman]], Canadian broadcast journalist\\n* [[July\n        6]]\\n** [[Jean Campeau]], French Canadian businessman and politician\\n** [[Robert\n        Dunham]], American actor and writer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Maralou Gray]], American\n        film, television, and theater actress\\n** [[Antonella Lualdi]], Italian actress\n        and singer\\n** [[Louis Mexandeau]], French politician\\n** [[Emily Nasrallah]],\n        Lebanese writer and women''s rights activist\\n** [[Della Reese]], American\n        actress, singer and evangelist\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Russo\n        (assistente de palco)|pt|3=Russo (assistente de palco)}}, Brazilian stage\n        assistant at Rede Globo (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Alex South]], English former footballer\n        \\n** [[Charles Oakley (American football)|Charles Oakley]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Sunaryati Hartono]], Indonesian attorney, lawyer, professor of\n        law and government official\\n** [[J. Joseph Curran Jr.]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Palle Kj\\u00e6rulff-Schmidt]], Danish film director and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[David Eddings]], American novelist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Zach\n        Monroe]], American baseball player\\n** [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]], Norwegian\n        politician\\n** [[Lowell N. Lewis]], American plant physiology professor\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Sylvia Bacon]], American judge\\n** [[Rodney Anderson]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Thomas A. Pankok]], American Democratic Party politician\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Morris Chang]], Chairman of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing\n        Company Ltd. (TSMC) in 1987\\n** [[Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)|Nick Adams]],\n        American actor (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[Julian May]], American science fiction,\n        fantasy, horror, science\\n** [[Alice Munro]], Canadian writer, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] \\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Tab Hunter]], American\n        actor and singer, better known for his role in ''''[[Damn Yankees (film)|Damn\n        Yankees]]''''\\n** [[Yasuo \\u014ctsuka]], Japanese animator\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[James Cellan Jones]], British television and film director\\n** [[Jim Cairney]],\n        Scottish former professional footballer\\n** [[Arthur Hurst (footballer)|Arthur\n        Hurst]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Ernie Col\\u00f3n]], American born\n        Puerto Rico comics artist known\\n** [[Frank Ramsey (basketball)|Frank Ramsey]],\n        American former professional basketball player and coach\\n* [[July 14]] \\n**\n        [[Maria Musso]], Italian sprinter and pentathlete\\n** [[Ray Martini]], Australian\n        rules footballer \\n** [[NK Lu\\u010dko]], Croatian football player\\n* [[July\n        15]]\\n** [[Joanna Merlin]], American actress \\n** [[Clive Cussler]], American\n        author\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Andrzej Kry\\u0144ski]], Polish fencer\\n** [[Fergus\n        Gordon Kerr]], Scottish Roman Catholic priest of the English Dominican Province\\n**\n        [[Norm Sherry]], American former catcher, manager, and coach in Major League\n        Baseball\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Caroline Graham]], English playwright, screenwriter\n        and novelist\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Mark Pharaoh]], English track and field\n        athlete\\n** [[Maury Duncan]], American quarterback\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Mary\n        Lou Studnicka]], American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Allan\n        Slaight]], Canadian rock and roll pioneer, media mogul, and philanthropist\\n**\n        [[Marilyn Lewis]], American politician\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Gilles Morin]],\n        Canadian politician\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Te Atairangikaahu|Te Arikinui\n        Dame Te Atairangikaahu]], M\\u0101ori queen  (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Fred Foster]], American songwriter and record producer\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Jerry Van Dyke]], American comedian and actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Life\n        Ball 2013 - magenta carpet Barbara Eden 01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Barbara Eden]]]]\\n[[File:Regis\n        Philbin at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Regis Philbin]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Maria Kubitschek]], German actress\\n* [[August\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Charles E. \\\"Charlie\\\" Rice]], American legal scholar and author\\n*\n        [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[M\\u00e1rio Zagallo]], Brazilian football player and\n        manager\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Tom Laughlin]], American actor ([[Billy\n        Jack]]) (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[William Goldman]], American\n        author\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Joe Feeney]], American singer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Richard F. Heck]], American chemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Janice Rule]], American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August\n        16]]\\n** [[Marion Patrick Jones]], Trinidadian writer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Harold\n        Bernard St. John]], 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Hans van Mierlo]], Dutch politician, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs\n        (Netherlands)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and [[Deputy Prime Minister of\n        the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bramwell Tillsley]],\n        General of The Salvation Army\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Willie Shoemaker]],\n        American jockey (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don\n        King]], American boxing promoter\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Barbara Eden]], American\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Lyle Lahey]], American cartoonist (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Hamilton O. Smith]], American microbiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Hal Fishman]], Los Angeles\n        based local news anchor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Regis Philbin]], American television\n        personality\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Sri Chinmoy]], Bengali spiritual teacher,\n        poet, artist and athlete who immigrated to the U.S. in 1964 (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]] \\n** [[Shunichiro Okano]], Japanese football player and manager\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Shirley-Quirk]], English bass-baritone (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Jacques Braunstein]], Romanian-born Venezuelan economist,\n        publicist and disc jockey (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Jack Swigert]], American astronaut\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[August 31]]\\n** [[Jean B\\u00e9liveau]], Canadian hockey\n        player (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Kenny Burrell]], American jazz musician\\n** [[Noble\n        Willingham]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ian\n        Holm.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ian Holm]]]]\\n[[File:Barbara Bain.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Barbara\n        Bain]]]]\\n[[File:LarryHagmanToronto.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Larry Hagman]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]]\\n** [[Cecil Parkinson]], British politician (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Javier Sol\\u00eds]], Mexican ranchera & bolero singer (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Paulo Maluf]], Brazilian politician\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Mitzi Gaynor]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Jack Rosenthal]], English playwright (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Philip Baker Hall]], American actor\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Ian Holm]],\n        British actor\\n** [[George Jones]], American country music singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Bain]], American actress\\n*\n        [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Brian Henderson (television presenter)|Brian Henderson]],\n        Australian broadcaster\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Anne Bancroft]], American\n        actress (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Hiroto Muraoka]], Japanese\n        football player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Gertrude Alderfer]],\n        American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Gloria Cordes]], American\n        female professional baseball player\\n** [[Larry Hagman]], American actor and\n        director (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Fay Weldon]], British author\\n**\n        [[George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie]], British politician (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Gerald Merrithew]], Canadian educator\n        and statesman (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Tom Adams (politician)|Tom\n        Adams]], 2nd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[September 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Freddy Quinn]], Austrian singer and actor\\n* [[September 29]]\\n**\n        [[James Cronin]], American nuclear physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics]] (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Anita Ekberg]], Swedish actress (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]]\\n** [[Angie Dickinson]], American actress \\n** [[Wesley L.\n        Fox]], U.S. Marine Corps officer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Desmond\n        Tutu]]]]\\n[[File:Apj abdul kalam.JPG|thumb|120px|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Alan Wagner]], American opera critic (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Morris Cerullo]], American televangelist\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Denise Scott Brown]], American architect\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Riccardo Giacconi]], Italian-born physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics]]\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Cotton Fitzsimmons]], American basketball\n        coach (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Desmond Tutu]], South African Anglican archbishop\n        and activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Eddie Mathews]], baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013\n        [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], President of India (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 16]]\\n**\n        [[James Chace]], American historian (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rosa Rosal]], Filipino\n        actress and humanitarian\\n** [[Charles Colson]], American politician; [[Watergate]]\n        conspirator (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Alencar]], Brazilian\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Ernst Hinterberger]], Austrian writer (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[John le Carr\\u00e9]], English novelist\\n** [[Manolo Escobar]],\n        Spanish singer and actor. (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Mickey\n        Mantle]], American baseball player (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Shammi Kapoor]], Indian film actor and director (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Ann Rule]], American true-crime writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        23]]\\n** [[Jim Bunning]], American baseball player and U.S. Senator\\n** [[Diana\n        Dors]], English actress (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy McIlroy]],\n        Irish footballer and football manager\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Hank Garrett]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Harold Battiste]],\n        American composer and arranger (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Dan\n        Rather]], American television news reporter\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Mwai\n        Kibaki (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mwai Kibaki]]]]\\n[[File:Adolfo-P\\u00e9rez-Esquivel-wsf-2003.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Adolfo\n        P\\u00e9rez Esquivel]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Shunsuke Kikuchi]], Japanese\n        composer\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Phil Woods]], American saxophonist (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\n** [[Michael Fu Tieshan]], Chinese Catholic\n        Patriotic Association bishop (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Monica Vitti]], Italian actress\\n*\n        [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Marie Mansfield]], American professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Ike Turner]], African-American singer and\n        songwriter (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Mike Nichols]], German-American\n        television actor, writer and director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        [[Darla Hood]], American child actress (''''[[Our Gang]]''''), voice actress\n        and singer (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Morley Safer]], Canadian journalist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Whitey Herzog]], American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Don Henderson]], British actor (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mary Louise Wilson]], American actress and singer\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Mwai Kibaki]],\n        third [[President of Kenya]]\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[Hubert Sumlin]],\n        American blues musician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Revaz Dogonadze]],\n        Georgian physicist (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Malcolm Williamson]], Australian composer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Adolfo P\\u00e9rez Esquivel]], Argentine\n        activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Dervla\n        Murphy]], Irish author\\n** [[Tomi Ungerer]], French book illustrator and writer\\n*\n        [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Shintaro Katsu]], Japanese actor (d. [[1997]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Rita\n        Moreno face.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rita Moreno]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Lyons]], American musician (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Jim Nesbitt]], American country\n        music singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Nigel Calder]], British\n        science writer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Edwin Meese]], American attorney, law professor,\n        and author; 75th Attorney General of the United States (1985\\u20131988)\\n*\n        [[December 3]]  \\u2013 [[Jaye P. Morgan]], American singer, chanteuse\\n* [[December\n        9]]  \\u2013 [[Ladislav Smoljak]], Czech film and theater director, actor and\n        screenwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Rita Moreno]], Puerto\n        Rican-American actress \\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Lionel Blair]], British\n        actor, choreographer, dancer, headmaster and TV presenter\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Klaus Rifbjerg]], Danish writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[Dave Madden]], Canadian American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Carlos Gra\\u00e7a]], 6th Prime Minister of S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9\n        and Pr\\u00edncipe (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Ronnie Schell]],\n        American actor\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Mauricio Kagel]], Argentine composer\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Edward E. Hammer]], American electrical\n        engineer and inventor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[John Charles]], Welsh international\n        footballer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Martin Milner]], American\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Skeeter Davis]], American\n        singer  (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Bob Shaw]], Irish writer\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Anna Pavlova as the Dying\n        Swan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anna Pavlova]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Joffre]],\n        French [[World War I]] general (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Art Acord]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Roger Connor]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Louise, Princess Royal]], British\n        royal, eldest daughter of [[Edward VII]] of the United Kingdom (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[James Milton Carroll]], Baptist pastor, historian,\n        and author (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Hardy Richardson]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Grand Duke Peter\n        Nikolaevich of Russia]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Alma Rubens]],\n        American actress (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\n** [[Anna Pavlova]], Soviet\n        ballerina (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg]], former Minister-President\n        of Austria (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Sir\n        Percy FitzPatrick]], South African author, politician and mining financier\n        (b. 1862)\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Otto Wallach 1880s.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Otto\n        Wallach]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendome]]\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Charles Algernon Parsons]], British\n        inventor (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm von Gloeden]],\n        German photographer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Louis Wolheim]],\n        American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]],\n        Armenian general (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Eduard von Capelle]],\n        German admiral (b. [[1855]])\\n** Dame [[Nellie Melba]], Australian soprano\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke\n        of Oldenburg]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Otto Wallach]], German\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Thomas S. Rodgers]], American admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Friedrich\n        Wilhelm Murnau.jpg|thumb|120px|[[F. W. Murnau]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Tooth]], Anglican clergyman (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\n** [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]],\n        Finnish painter (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Theo van Doesburg]], Dutch painter (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[F. W. Murnau]], German director (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Alfred Giles (explorer)|Alfred Giles]], Australian explorer\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n** [[Hermann M\\u00fcller (politician)|Hermann M\\u00fcller]],\n        German journalist and politician, 12th Chancellor of Germany (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph B. Murdock]], United States Navy admiral and New Hampshire politician\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Bhagat Singh]], Indian revolutionary\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy]],\n        Irish lawyer and politician (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 23]] -- [[Bhagat Singh]],\n        Indian revolutionary hero (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 [[Robert Edeson]],\n        American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Ida Wells]], [[African-American]]\n        [[lynching]] crusader.\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Bennett]], British\n        novelist (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\u2013 [[Ban Johnson]], American baseball\n        executive (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Knute Rockne]], American\n        football coach (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Giuseppe \\u201eJoe\\u201c\n        Masseria.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joe Masseria]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Macklyn\n        Arbuckle]], American actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Erik Axel\n        Karlfeldt]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas Longworth]], American politician,\n        Speaker of the House (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Khalil Gibran]],\n        Lebanese poet and painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Richard Armstedt]],\n        German historian (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Joe Masseria]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Prince Thomas, Duke of Genoa]] (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Ernesto Rossi (gangster)|Ernesto Rossi]], American gangster\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 Sir [[Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet|Cosmo\n        Duff-Gordon]], British baronet and ''''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'''' survivor\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[George Herbert Mead]], American philosopher,\n        sociologist and psychologist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Albert,\n        Duke of Schleswig-Holstein]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Sammy\n        Woods]], English cricketer (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013\n        [[George Fisher Baker]], American financier and philanthropist (b. [[1840]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Albert Abraham Michelson]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013\n        [[David Belasco]], American Broadway impresario, theater owner and playwright\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Joseph W. Farnham]], American\n        screenwriter (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif\n        of Mecca]], Arab nationalist\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Virginia Frances Sterrett]],\n        American artist and illustrator (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Pio\n        del Pilar]], Filipino activist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Armand\n        Falli\\u00e8res]], President of France (b. [[1841]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July\n        4]] \\n** [[Buddie Petit]], American jazz musician\\n** Prince [[Prince Emanuele\n        Filiberto, Duke of Aosta|Emanuele Filiberto]], 2nd Duke of Aosta (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[William Jasper Spillman]], American economist (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Nathan S\\u00f6derblom]], Swedish archbishop, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hamaguchi\n        Osachi 1.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Hamaguchi Osachi]]]]\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Bix\n        Beiderbecke]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013\n        Patriarch [[Damian I of Jerusalem]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Nigar Shikhlinskaya]], Azerbaijani [[World War I]] nurse (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]]\\n** [[Frank Harris]], Irish author and editor (b. [[1856]])\\n**\n        [[Hamaguchi Osachi]], Japanese politician and 27th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Francis Marion Smith]], American businessman\n        (b. [[1846]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Carl Pietzner - Erzherzog Leopold\n        Salvator von %C3%96sterreich-Toskana, 1905 (LC-DIG-ggbain-06226).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Archduke\n        Leopold Salvator of Austria]]]]\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Archduke Leopold\n        Salvator of Austria]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[John Thomson\n        (footballer, born 1909)|John Thomson]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Salvatore Maranzano]], Italian mobster (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Francis J. Higginson]], United States Navy admiral\n        (b. [[1843]])\\n** [[Joseph Le Brix]], French aviator and naval officer (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia]]\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 [[Omar Mukhtar]], the leader of [[Libya]]n\n        resistance (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Marcello Amero D''Aste]],\n        Italian admiral and politician (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Marvin Hart]], American\n        World Heavyweight Boxing Champion (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Geli Raubal]], Hitler''s niece (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[David Starr Jordan]], American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and\n        peace activist (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Thomas Edison.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Thomas\n        Edison]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Carl Nielsen]], Danish composer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernst Didring]], Swedish writer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[October\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Edison]], American inventor (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[October\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Schnitzler]], Austrian author and dramatist (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] \\u2013 Sir [[Murray Bisset]], South African cricketer and Governor\n        of Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Robert-Ames001.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Ames (actor)|Robert Ames]]]]\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Buddy Bolden]], American\n        musician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Jack Chesbro]], American\n        baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Shibusawa Eiichi]], Japanese industrialist (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Fichev]], Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military\n        historian, and academician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Julius\n        Drewe]], British businessman, retailer and entrepreneur  (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Bruno von Mudra]], German general (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Robert Ames (actor)|Robert Ames]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Antonio Salandra.png|thumb|110px|[[Antonio\n        Salandra]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Vincent d''Indy]], French composer\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Vachel Lindsay]], American poet (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Antonio Salandra]], Italian statesman,\n        21st [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Legs\n        Diamond|Jack Diamond]], American gangster (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tyrone Power Sr]], English-born American actor (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Melvil Dewey]], American librarian, inventor of [[Dewey Decimal\n        Classification]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Figueroa\n        Alcorta]], Argentinan politician, 16th [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Carl\n        Bosch]], [[Friedrich Bergius]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Jane\n        Addams]], [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1931/1931fr.html The 1930s\n        Timeline: 1931] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University of\n        Virginia\\n* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/31171 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth\n        Century by Henry Hartshorne]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1931}}\\n[[Category:1931| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T18:36:12Z\",\"lastrevid\":799767488,\"length\":56138,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1931&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931\"},\"34775\":{\"pageid\":34775,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1932\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:35:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1932}}\\n{{Events by month|1932}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1932}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1932}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main|January\n        1932}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 The United States Post Office Department issues\n        [[1932 Washington Bicentennial|a set of 12 stamps]] commemorating the 200th\n        anniversary of [[George Washington]]''s birth.\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 The\n        British arrest and intern [[Mohandas Gandhi]] and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 The [[Stimson Doctrine]] is proclaimed, in response to\n        the Japanese invasion of [[Manchuria]].\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 In Great Britain\n        the [[Cosmo Gordon Lang|Archbishop of Canterbury]] forbids Anglican church\n        remarriage of divorced persons.\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Sakuradamon Incident\n        (1932)|Sakuradamon Incident]], Korean nationalist [[Lee Bong-chang]] fails\n        in his effort to assassinate [[Hirohito]] Emperor of Japan. The [[Kuomintang]]''s\n        official newspaper runs an editorial expressing regret that the attempt failed,\n        which is used by the Japanese as a pretext to attack Shanghai later in the\n        month. \\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Hattie W. Caraway]] becomes the first woman\n        elected to the [[United States Senate]].\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Maurice\n        Ravel]]''s [[Concerto in G (Ravel)|Concerto in G]] debuts with piano soloist\n        [[Marguerite Long]] and Ravel conducting the Lamoureux Orchestra.\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\u2013 About 6 million are unemployed in Germany.\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013\n        The [[1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising]] begins, it is suppressed by the government\n        of [[Maximiliano Hern\\u00e1ndez Mart\\u00ednez]]\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 Marshal\n        [[Pietro Badoglio]] declares the end of [[Libya]]n resistance.\\n* [[January\n        26]] \\u2013 The British submarine [[HMS M2|''''M2'''']] sinks with all 60\n        hands.\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 Conflict between Japan and China in the [[January\n        28 Incident|Battle of Shanghai]].\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 The minority government\n        of [[Karl Buresch]] in Austria ends the governmental crisis.\\n* [[January\n        31]] \\u2013 Japanese warships arrive in [[Nanking]].\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:1932\n        Winter Olympics logo.png|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1932 Winter Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main|February\n        1932}}\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 ''''[[Brave New World]]'''', a novel by [[Aldous\n        Huxley]], is first published.\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** A general [[World Disarmament\n        Conference]] begins in [[Geneva]]. The principal issue at the conference is\n        the demand made by Germany for ''''gleichberechtigung'''' (\\\"equality of status\\\"\n        i.e. abolishing Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany)\n        and the French demand for ''''s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9'''' (\\\"security\\\" i.e. maintaining\n        Part V).\\n** The [[League of Nations]] again recommends negotiations between\n        the [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]] and Japan.\\n**\n        The [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] begins operations in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** The [[1932 Winter Olympics]] open in [[Lake Placid,\n        New York]].\\n** Japan occupies [[Harbin]], China.\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Junnosuke Inoue]], prominent Japanese businessman, banker and former governor\n        of the Bank of Japan is assassinated by right-wing extremist group the League\n        of Blood in the [[League of Blood Incident]].\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Pope\n        Pius XI]] meets [[Benito Mussolini]] in [[Vatican City]].\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 ''''Clara, Lu & Em'''', generally regarded as the first daytime network\n        [[soap opera]], debuts in its morning time slot over the [[Blue Network]]\n        of [[NBC]] Radio, having originally been a late evening program.\\n* [[February\n        18]] \\u2013 Japan declares [[Manchukuo]] (Japanese name for [[Manchuria]])\n        formally independent from China.\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 The first [[Purple\n        Heart]] is awarded.\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Women''s suffrage]] is granted\n        in Brazil.\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] obtains German citizenship\n        by [[naturalization]], opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932\n        election for [[Reichspr\\u00e4sident]].\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 The [[M\\u00e4nts\\u00e4l\\u00e4\n        rebellion]] occurs in Finland.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main|March 1932}}\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[Charles Lindbergh, Jr.]], the infant son of [[Anne Morrow Lindbergh]]\n        and [[Charles Lindbergh]], is kidnapped from the family home near [[Hopewell,\n        New Jersey]].\\n** Japan proclaims [[Manchuria]] an independent state and installs\n        [[Puyi]] as [[puppet emperor]].\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 The [[M\\u00e4nts\\u00e4l\\u00e4\n        rebellion]] ends in failure; Finnish democracy prevails. The [[Lapua Movement]]\n        is condemned by conservative Finnish President [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]] in\n        a radio speech.\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Dan Takuma]], prominent Japanese businessman\n        and director of the [[Mitsui]] ''''[[Zaibatsu]]'''' conglomerate is assassinated\n        by the radical right-wing League of Blood group. \\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 Four\n        people are killed when police fire upon 3,000 unemployed autoworkers marching\n        outside the [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[River Rouge Plant]] in [[Dearborn,\n        Michigan]].\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] is elected [[President\n        of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive\n        Council]] of the [[Irish Free State]]. It is the first change of government\n        in the Irish Free State since its foundation 10 years previously.\\n* [[March\n        14]] \\u2013 [[George Eastman]], founder of [[Kodak]], commits suicide.\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 Peace negotiations between China and Japan begin.\\n* [[March\n        19]] \\u2013 The [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] opens.\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 The\n        ''''[[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|Graf Zeppelin]]'''' begins a regular route to South\n        America.\\n*[[March 21]]\\u2013 A series of deadly tornadoes in the south kills\n        more than 220 people in [[Alabama]], 34 in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]\n        and 17 in [[Tennessee]] during a two-day period.\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 ''''[[Tarzan\n        the Ape Man (1932 film)|Tarzan the Ape Man]]'''' opens, with Olympic gold\n        medal swimmer [[Johnny Weissmuller]] in the title role. (Weissmuller will\n        star in a total of twelve ''''[[Tarzan]]'''' films.)\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main|April\n        1932}}\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** 10,000 disgruntled Newfoundlanders march on their\n        legislature to show discontent with their current political situation; this\n        is a flash point in the demise of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]].\\n** ''''Kreuger\n        & Toll'''', the company of the \\\"Match King\\\" [[Ivar Kreuger]], collapses.\\n**\n        The first [[Alko]] stores are opened in Finland at 10 in the morning (local\n        time) following the end of Prohibition in that country, resulting in a new\n        [[mnemonic]] \\\"543210\\\".\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** U.S. president [[Herbert Hoover]]\n        supports armament limitations at the World Disarmament Conference.\\n** The\n        trial against fraudulent art dealer [[Otto Wacker]] begins in Berlin.\\n* [[April\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Paul von Hindenburg]] is re-elected president of Germany.\\n*\n        [[April 13]] \\u2013 German Chancellor [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] bans the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]]\n        and the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] as threats to public order, arguing that they\n        are chiefly responsible for the wave of political violence afflicting Germany.{{cite book|last=Feuchtwanger|first=Edgar|title=From Weimar\n        to Hitler|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Macmillan|year=1993|pages=270\\u20139|ISBN=0333274660}}\n        \\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[John Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Walton]] focus a proton\n        beam on lithium and split its nucleus.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Haile Selassie]]\n        announces an anti-[[slavery]] law in [[Ethiopia|Abyssinia]].\\n* [[April 19]]\n        \\u2013 German art dealer [[Otto Wacker]] is sentenced to 19 months in prison\n        for selling [[art forgery|fraudulent]] paintings he attributed to [[Vincent\n        van Gogh]].\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 Two of the companions of Islamic prophet\n        [[Muhammad]] are moved from their graves upon informing of water in the graves\n        in the dream of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]] of [[Iraq]] in Salmaan Paak,\n        Iraq. Their names are [[Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman]] and [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 Korean pro-independence paramilitary [[Yun Bong-gil]]\n        detonates a bomb at a gathering of Japanese government and mililtary officials\n        in [[Shanghai]]''s [[Lu Xun Park (Shanghai)|Hongkou Park]], killing General\n        [[Yoshinori Shirakawa]] and injuring [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]] and Vice Admiral\n        [[Kichisabur\\u014d Nomura]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main|May 1932}}\\n* [[May 2]]\n        \\u2013 Comedian [[Jack Benny]]''s radio show airs for the first time.\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Paul Gorguloff]] shoots French president [[Paul Doumer]] in Paris;\n        Doumer dies the next day.\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 The politically powerful General\n        [[Kurt von Schleicher]] meets secretly with [[Adolf Hitler]].[[Ian\n        Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998,\n        p. 366. Schleicher tells Hitler that he is scheming\n        to bring down the Br\\u00fcning government and asks for Nazi support of the\n        new \\\"presidential government\\\" Schleicher is planning to form.\n        Schleicher and Hitler negotiated a \\\"gentlemen''s agreement\\\" where in exchange\n        for lifting the ban on the SA and SS and having the ''''Reichstag'''' dissolved\n        for early elections that summer, the Nazis will support Schleicher''s new\n        chancellor. \\n* [[May 10]]\\n**[[Albert Lebrun]] becomes the new [[president\n        of France]].\\n** Violent scenes in the ''''Reichstag'''' as [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        and other Nazi MRDs attack the Defense Minister General [[Wilhelm Groener]]\n        for his lack of belief in a supposed Social Democratic ''''[[putsch]]''''. After the debate, General Schleicher tells Groener that he\n        has lost the confidence of the Army and must resign at once.\\n*\n        [[May 12]]\\n**Ten weeks after his abduction, the infant son of [[Charles Lindbergh]]\n        is found dead just a few miles from the Lindbergh home.\\n**General Wilhelm\n        Groener resigns as Defense Minister. Schleicher takes\n        control of the Defense Ministry.\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 The [[Premier of New\n        South Wales]], [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]], is dismissed\n        by the State Governor, Sir [[Philip Game]].\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 Japanese\n        troops leave Shanghai. Back in Japan, the [[May 15 Incident]] as an attempted\n        military coup is known occurs. The Japanese prime minister [[Tsuyoshi Inukai]]\n        is assassinated by naval officers. \\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 Massive riots between\n        Hindus and Muslims in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] leave thousands dead and injured.\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\u2013[[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Amelia Earhart]] flies from the United\n        States to [[County Londonderry]], [[Northern Ireland]] in 14 hours 54 minutes.\\n*\n        [[May 20]] \\u2013 ''''[[Federaci\\u00f3n Obrera de la Industria de la Carne]]''''\n        initiates a major [[strike action|strike]] in the [[Argentina|Argentinian]]\n        meat-packing industry.\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 Judgement in [[Donoghue v Stevenson]]\n        handed down in the [[House of Lords]], creating the neighbour principle in\n        English law.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 The first of approximately 15,000 [[World\n        War I]] veterans arrive in [[Washington, D.C.]] demanding the immediate payment\n        of their military bonus, becoming known as the [[Bonus Army]].\\n* [[May 30]]\n        \\u2013 German chancellor [[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]] is dismissed by President\n        von Hindenburg. President Hindenburg asks [[Franz von Papen]] to form a new\n        government, known as the \\\"Government of the President''s Friends\\\", which\n        is openly dedicated to the destruction of democracy and the [[Weimar Republic]].\n        The downfall of Br\\u00fcning is largely the work of Schleicher, who been scheming\n        against him since the beginning of May. Schleicher\n        takes the position of Defense Minister in his friend Papen''s government.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main|June\n        1932}}\\n* June \\u2013 The [[Chaco War]] begins between [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]].\\n*\n        [[June 4]] \\n** A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Chile]].\\n** The Papen government\n        dissolves the ''''Reichstag'''' for elections on 31 July 1932 in the full\n        expectation that the Nazis will win the largest number of seats.Wheeler-Bennett,\n        John. ''''The Nemesis of Power'''', London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 250.\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The [[Revenue Act of 1932]] is enacted,\n        creating the first [[gas tax]] in the United States at 1 cent per US gallon\n        (0.26 \\u00a2/L) sold.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 The Papen government lifts the\n        ban against the SS and [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] in Germany. \\n* [[June 16]]\\u2013  [[Lausanne\n        Conference of 1932|Lausanne conference]] opens to discuss [[World War I reparations|reparations]],\n        which Germany had not paying since the [[Hoover Moratorium]] of June 1931.  \\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 The [[Benelux]] customs union is negotiated.\\n* [[June\n        24]] \\u2013 After a relatively bloodless military rebellion, [[Thailand|Siam]]\n        becomes a [[constitutional monarchy]].\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[India]] played\n        its first [[Test Cricket]] Match with [[England]] at [[Lord''s]].\\n* [[June\n        29]] \\u2013 The comedy serial ''''[[Vic and Sade]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]] Radio.\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:1932\n        Summer Olympics logo.png|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1932 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main|July\n        1932}}\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]] becomes the\n        [[fascist]] prime minister of Portugal (for the next 36 years).\\n* [[July\n        7]] \\u2013 The French submarine ''''[[Prom\\u00e9th\\u00e9e (Q153)|Prom\\u00e9th\\u00e9e]]''''\n        sinks off [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]]; 66 are killed.\\n* [[July 8]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] reaches its lowest level of the\n        [[Great Depression]], bottoming out at 41.22.\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**The [[Constitutionalist\n        Revolution]] starts in Brazil, with the uprising of the [[state of S\\u00e3o\n        Paulo]].\\n**Lausanne conference ends, agrees to cancel [[World War I reparations|reparations]]\n        against Germany.\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** Norway annexes northern [[Greenland]].\\n**\n        [[Hedley Verity]] establishes a new [[first-class cricket]] record by taking\n        all ten wickets for only ten runs against Nottinghamshire on a pitch affected\n        by a storm.\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Altona Bloody Sunday]]: In Altona, Germany,\n        armed [[communist]]s attack a [[National Socialist German Workers Party|National\n        Socialist]] demonstration; 18 are killed and many other political street fights\n        follow.\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 The [[Preu\\u00dfenschlag]] in Germany. The Papen\n        government sends out the ''''Reichswehr'''' under General [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]\n        to depose the elected SPD government in Prussia under [[Otto Braun]].Wheeler-Bennett,\n        John. ''''The Nemesis of Power'''', London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 253. The coup gives Papen control of Prussia, the most powerful\n        ''''Land'''' in Germany, and is a major blow to German democracy.[[Ian\n        Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998,\n        pp. 368-69.\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[British Empire\n        Economic Conference]] opens in Ottawa, Canada. \\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 U.S.\n        President [[Herbert Hoover]] orders the U.S. Army to forcibly evict the [[Bonus\n        Army]] of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C. Troops disperse\n        the last of the Bonus Army the next day.\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** The [[1932 Summer\n        Olympics]] open in [[Los Angeles]].\\n** Walt Disney''s ''''[[Flowers and Trees]]'''',\n        the first animated cartoon to be presented in full [[Technicolor]], premieres\n        in Los Angeles. It releases in theaters, along with [[Strange Interlude (film)|the\n        film version]] of [[Eugene O''Neill]]''s ''''[[Strange Interlude]]'''' (starring\n        [[Norma Shearer]] and [[Clark Gable]]); ''''Flowers and Trees'''' goes on\n        to win the first Academy Award for Best Animated Short.\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013\n        [[German federal election, July 1932|''''Reichstag'''' election]] sees the\n        Nazis win 37% of the vote, becoming the largest party in the ''''Reichstag''''.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main|August\n        1932}}\\n* August \\u2013 A farmers'' revolt begins in the [[Midwestern United\n        States]].\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** The second [[International Polar Year]], an\n        international scientific collaboration, begins.\\n** [[Forrest Edward Mars,\n        Sr.|Forrest Mars]] produces the first [[Mars bar]] in his [[Slough]] factory\n        in England.{{cite web|url=http://www.sopse.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=slough&f=generic_theme%2ehtm&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&%3dtheme_record_id=sl%2dsl%2dmars&s=MUhpLhrsY1I|title=Mars\n        \\u2013 the chocolate planet|work=Slough History Online|accessdate=2010-02-08}}\\n*\n        [[August 2]] \\u2013 The first [[positron]] is discovered by [[Carl D. Anderson]].\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 Hitler meets with Schleicher and reneges on the \\\"gentlemen''s\n        agreement\\\", demanding that he be appointed Chancellor.Wheeler-Bennett,\n        John. ''''The Nemesis of Power'''', London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 257. Schleicher agrees to support Hitler as Chancellor provided\n        that he can remain minister of defense.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]].\n        ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 371. \n        Schleicher sets up a meeting between Hindenburg and Hitler on for the 13 August\n        to discuss Hitler''s possible appointment as chancellor. \\n* [[August 6]]\\n**\n        The first [[Venice Film Festival]] is held.\\n** In Germany the first worldwide\n        [[Autobahn]] opened by [[Konrad Adenauer]]: [[Bundesautobahn 555]].\\n** [[Carl\n        Gustaf Ekman]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of [[Sweden]],\n        and is replaced by his Minister of Finance [[Felix Hamrin]].\\n* [[August 7]]\n        \\u2013 Raymond Edward Welch becomes the first one legged man to scale the\n        6,288 ft. [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington, New Hampshire]].\n        \\n* [[August 9]]\\n**The Papen government in Germany, which likes to take a\n        tough \\\"law and order\\\" stance, passes via Article 48 a law proscribing the\n        death penalty for a variety of offenses and with the court system simplified\n        so that the courts can hand down as many death sentences as possible.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New\n        York: Norton, 1998, p. 382.\\n** The Potempa Murder\n        case: In the German town of [[Pot\\u0119pa|Potempa]], five Nazi \\\"[[Brownshirts]]\\\"\n        break into the house of Konrad Pietrzuch, a Communist miner, and proceed to\n        castrate and beat him to death in front of his mother.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw,\n        Ian]]. ''''Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 381;\n        {{ISBN|0-393-04671-0}} The case attracts much media attention in Germany.\n        The murderers were released from jail after [[Adolf Hitler]] became [[Chancellor\n        of Germany]].[[Michael Burleigh|Burleigh, Michael]] ''''The Third Reich:\n        A New History'''' New York: Hill & Wang, 2000. p. 159; {{ISBN|0-8090-9325-1}}\\n*\n        [[August 10]] \\u2013 A 5.1 kg [[chondrite]]-type [[meteorite]] breaks\n        fragments and strikes earth near the town of [[Archie, Missouri]].\\n* [[August\n        11]] \\u2013 To celebrate Constitution Day in Germany, Chancellor [[Franz von\n        Papen]] and his interior minister Baron [[Wilhelm von Gayl]] present proposed\n        amendments to the Weimar constitution for a \\\"New State\\\" to deal with the\n        problems besetting Germany.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir\n        Ian]]. ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 372. \\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 Hitler meets President von Hindenburg and\n        asks to be appointed as Chancellor.[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Sir Ian]].\n        ''''Hitler Hubris'''', New York: Norton, 1998, p. 373. Hindenburg refuses\n        under the grounds that Hitler is not qualified to be Chancellor and asks him\n        instead to serve as Vice-Chancellor in Papen''s government.\n        Hitler announces his \\\"all or nothing\\\" strategy in which he will oppose any\n        government not headed by himself and will accept no office other than Chancellor.\n        \\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Auguste Piccard]] reaches an altitude of {{convert|16197|m|ft|abbr=on}}\n        with a [[hot air balloon]].\\n* [[August 18]]\\u2013[[August 19|19]] \\u2013\n        Scottish aviator [[Jim Mollison]] becomes the first pilot to make an East-to-West\n        solo [[transatlantic flight]], from [[Portmarnock]], [[County Dublin]], Ireland\n        to [[RCAF Station Pennfield Ridge]], [[New Brunswick]], Canada, in his [[de\n        Havilland Puss Moth]] biplane ''''The Heart''s Content''''.{{cite journal|title=Mollison''s\n        Atlantic Flight|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%200851.html|journal=[[Flight\n        International|Flight]]|volume=24|issue=35|date=1932-08-26|accessdate=2012-08-21|pages=795\\u20138}}\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 The Ottawa conference ends with the adoption of [[Imperial\n        Preference]] tariff, turning the British Empire into one economic zone with\n        a series of tariffs meant to exclude non-empire states from competing within\n        the markets of Britain; the Dominions; and the rest of the empire. \\n* [[August\n        22]] \\u2013 The five SA men involved in the torture and murder of Konrad Pietrzuch\n        are quickly convicted and sentenced to death under an emergency law introduced\n        by the Papen government on 8 August. The Potempa case\n        becomes a ''''[[wikt:cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre|cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre]]''''\n        in Germany with the Nazis demonstrating for amnesty for the \\\"Potempa five\\\"\n        under the grounds they were justified in killing the Communist Pietrzuch.\n        Hitler sends a telegram congratulating the \\\"Potempa five\\\".\n        Many Germans argue that the \\\"Potempa five\\\" are patriotic heroes who should\n        not be executed while others maintain the death sentences are appropriate\n        given the brutality of the torture and murder.  \\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Civil Aviation Authority (Panama)|Panama Civil Aviation Authority]] is established.\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] is elected as Speaker of the\n        German ''''Reichstag''''.\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 A [[total solar eclipse]]\n        is visible from northern Canada through northeastern Vermont, New Hampshire,\n        southwestern Maine and the Capes of Massachusetts.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main|September\n        1932}}\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 Despite the court''s sentence of death against\n        the \\\"Potempa five\\\", Chancellor von Papen in his capacity as ''''Reich Commissioner\n        of Prussia'''' refuses to have the \\\"Potempa five\\\" executed under the grounds\n        that they were not aware of the emergency law at the time they committed the\n        murder, but in reality because he is still hoping for Nazi support for his\n        government.\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** The [[Cortes Generales]]\n        (Parliament) of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]] approved\n        the [[Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932|Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia]],\n        which granted full autonomy for [[Catalonia]] for the first time during the\n        [[Modern history|late modern period]].\\n** Beginning of the [[Chaco War]]\n        a conflict between [[Paraguay]] and [[Bolivia]] because of delimitation problems\n        and others.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 The [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]], at\n        this time the world''s longest [[rapid transit|subway]] line ({{convert|31|mi|km}}),\n        begins operation in [[Manhattan]].{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm\n        |title=New York City Transit \\u2013 History and Chronology |publisher=[[Metropolitan\n        Transportation Authority]] |year=2009 |accessdate=2012-01-03 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019203759/http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm\n        |archivedate=October 19, 2002 |df= }}\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** Canadian\n        operations end on the [[International Railway (New York\\u2013Ontario)]].\\n**\n        A bronze statue of [[Youssef Bey Karam]] was erected in his memory outside\n        the Cathedral of Saint Georges, [[Ehden]].\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 The\n        very unpopular Papen government is defeated on a massive motion of no-confidence\n        in the ''''Reichstag''''. With the exceptions of the [[German People''s Party]]\n        and the [[German National People''s Party]], every party in the ''''Reichstag''''\n        votes for the no-confidence motion. Papen has Hindenburg dissolve the ''''Reichstag''''\n        for new elections in November. \\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]]\n        begins a [[hunger strike]] in [[Poona]] prison, India.\\n* [[September 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333]] begins, millions starve to death\n        as a result of forced collectivization and as part of the government''s effort\n        to break rural resistance to its policies. The Soviet regimes denies the famine\n        and allows millions to die. \\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 The [[Kingdom of Hejaz\n        and Nejd]] is proclaimed the Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]], concluding the country''s\n        [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|unification]] under the rule of [[Ibn Saud of\n        Saudi Arabia|Ibn Saud]].\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 After his party`s victory\n        in the election to the Swedish Riksdag`s second chamber, Social Democrat [[Per\n        Albin Hansson]] becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden, after [[Felix Hamrin]].\\n*\n        [[September 27]] \\u2013 [[Ryutin Affair]] at its height in the Soviet Union.\n        The Politburo meets and condemns the so-called \\\"Ryutin Platform\\\" and agrees\n        to expel those associated with it from the Communist Party, but refuses Stalin''s\n        request to execute those associated with the \\\"Ryutin Platform\\\".\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main|October\n        1932}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Babe Ruth]] makes his famous [[Babe Ruth''s\n        called shot|called shot]] in the fifth inning of game 3 of the [[1932 World\n        Series]].\\n** [[Gyula G\\u00f6mb\\u00f6s]] becomes Prime Minister of Hungary,\n        the first time a member of the radical right has become Hungary''s head of\n        government. \\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Iraq]] becomes an independent kingdom\n        under [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]].\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 Chief Justice\n        [[Charles Evans Hughes]] lays the cornerstone for a new U.S. Supreme Court\n        building.\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** Tata Airlines (later to become [[Air India]])\n        makes its first flight.\\n** The [[Michigan Marching Band]] (at this time called\n        the Varsity band) debuts [[Script Ohio]] at the Michigan versus Ohio State\n        game in Columbus.\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of\n        V\\u00e4sterbotten|Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden]] marries [[Princess Sibylla\n        of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]].\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Fred Allen]]''s radio\n        comedy show debuts on [[CBS]] in the United States.\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013\n        Twenty-one-year-old Michael D''Oyly Carte, grandson of theatrical impresario\n        and hotelier [[Richard D''Oyly Carte]], is killed in a car crash in Switzerland.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main|November\n        1932}}\\n[[File:Enigma-plugboard.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The [[Polish Cipher\n        Bureau|Cipher Bureau]] breaks the German Enigma cipher and overcomes the ever-growing\n        structural and operating complexities of the evolving [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]\n        with [[plugboard]], the main German cipher device during World War II.]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 The [[War Memorial Opera House (San Francisco)|San Francisco\n        Opera House]] opens.\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 Strike by transport workers\n        in Berlin. The Nazis and the Communists both co-operate in support of the\n        strike. The Nazi-Communist co-operation hurts the Nazis at the upcoming election\n        with many right-wing voters switching back to the [[German National People''s\n        Party]]. \\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 The [[German federal election, November\n        1932|''''Reichstag'''' election]] is held. The Nazis remain the largest party,\n        but their share of the seats drops from 37% to 32%.\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013\n        ''''[[Buck Rogers|Buck Rogers in the 25th Century]]'''' debuts on American\n        [[radio]]. It is the first science fiction program on radio.\\n* [[November\n        8]] \\u2013 [[U.S. presidential election, 1932]]: [[Democratic Party (United\n        States)|Democratic]] Governor of [[New York (state)|New York]] [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] defeats Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide\n        victory.\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** A [[hurricane]] and huge waves kill about 2,500\n        in [[Santa Cruz del Sur]] in the worst [[natural disaster]] in [[Cuba]]n history.\\n**\n        Geneva massacre: [[Military of Switzerland]] fire on a socialist ant-fascist\n        demonstration in [[Geneva]] leaving 13 dead and 60 injured.\\n* [[November\n        16]] \\u2013 New York City''s [[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace Theatre]]\n        fully converts to a [[Movie theater|cinema]], which is considered the final\n        death knell of [[vaudeville]] as a popular entertainment in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\u2013 The second wife of [[Joseph Stalin]] is found dead\n        in her home.\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013 German president [[Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]]\n        begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government.\\n*\n        [[November 24]] \\u2013 In Washington, D.C., the [[FBI]] Scientific Crime Detection\n        Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opens.\\n* [[November\n        30]] \\u2013 The [[Polish Cipher Bureau]] breaks the German [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]\n        cipher.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main|December 1932}}\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013\n        Germany returns to the [[World Disarmament Conference]] after the others powers\n        agree to accept ''''gleichberechtigung'''' {{Clarify|date=December 2014}}\n        \\\"in principle\\\". Henceforward, it is clear that Germany will be allowed to\n        rearm beyond the limits imposed by the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. \\n* [[December\n        3]] \\u2013 Hindenburg names [[Kurt von Schleicher]] as German chancellor after\n        he ousts Papen. Papen is deeply angry about how his former friend Schleicher\n        has brought him down and decides that he will do anything to get back into\n        power.\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 Chancellor Schleicher meets with [[Gregor\n        Strasser]] and offers to appoint him Vice-Chancellor and ''''Reich'''' Commissioner\n        for Prussia out of the hope that if faced with a split in the NSDAP, Hitler\n        will support his government.Turner, Henry Ashby. ''''Hitler''s Thirty\n        Days to Power'''', New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996, p. 25. \\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 At a secret meeting of the Nazi leaders,\n        Strasser urges Hitler to drop his \\\"all or nothing\\\" strategy and accept Schleicher''s\n        offer to have the Nazis serve in his cabinet.Turner, Henry\n        Ashby. ''''Hitler''s Thirty Days to Power'''', New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996,\n        p. 26. Hitler gives a dramatic speech saying that\n        Schleicher''s offer is not acceptable and he will stick to his \\\"all or nothing\\\"\n        strategy whatever the consequences might be and wins the Nazi leadership over\n        to his viewpoint.  \\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Gregor\n        Strasser]] resigns as the chief of the NSDAP''s organizational department\n        in protest against Hitler''s \\\"all or nothing\\\" strategy.Turner, Henry\n        Ashby. ''''Hitler''s Thirty Days to Power'''', New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996,\n        pp. 27-28.\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 Japan and the\n        [[Soviet Union]] reform their diplomatic connections.{{clarify|date=December\n        2016}}\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 [[BBC World Service]] begins broadcasting\n        as the BBC Empire Service.\\n* [[December 23]] or [[December 24|24]] \\u2013\n        A methane gas explosion causes the [[Moweaqua Coal Mine Disaster]] which claims\n        54 lives. \\n* [[December 25]]\\n** The 7.6 {{M|s}} [[1932 Changma earthquake|Changma\n        earthquake]] shakes the [[Kansu|Kansu Province]] in China with a maximum [[Mercalli\n        intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''''Extreme''''). Two-hundred and\n        seventy-five people were killed.\\n** [[IG Farben]] file a [[patent]] application\n        in Germany for the medical application of the first [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]]\n        oral [[antibiotic]], which will be marketed as [[Prontosil]], following [[Gerhard\n        Domagk]]''s laboratory demonstration of its properties as an antibiotic.{{cite\n        book|last=Lesch|first=J. E.|title=The First Miracle Drugs: How the Sulfa Drugs\n        Transformed Medicine|chapter=Prontosil|pages=51\\u201361|location=New York|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-518775-5}}\\n* [[December 27]]\\n**''''[[Radio\n        City Music Hall]]'''' opens in New York City.\\n** Internal passports are introduced\n        in the Soviet Union.\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 The Cologne banker [[Kurt Baron\n        von Schr\\u00f6der|Kurt von Schr\\u00f6der]]-who is a close friend of Papen\n        and a NSDAP member-meets with [[Adolf Hitler]] to tell him that Papen wants\n        to set up a meeting to discuss how they can work together. Papen wants Nazi\n        support to return to the Chancellorship while Hitler wants Papen to convince\n        Hindenburg to appoint him Chancellor. Hitler agrees to meet Papen on 3 January\n        1933.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n\\n* [[Dust\n        storm]]s begin in [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]] and\n        [[Texas]], the start of the [[Dust Bowl]] in the United States.1959 ''''[[Encyclopedia\n        Americana]]''''.\\n* [[Zippo]] lighters are developed.\\n* [[Zero-length\n        spring]]s are invented, revolutionizing [[seismometer]]s and [[gravimeter]]s.\\n*\n        The [[Kennedy\\u2013Thorndike experiment]] shows that measured time as well\n        as length are  affected by motion, in accordance with the theory of [[special\n        relativity]].\\n* [[James Chadwick]] discovers the [[neutron]].\\n* Geneticist\n        [[J. B. S. Haldane]] publishes ''''The Causes of Evolution'''', unifying the\n        findings of Mendelian [[genetics]] with those of [[evolution]]ary science.\\n*\n        The [[heath hen]] becomes extinct in North America.\\n* [[Walter B. Pitkin]]\n        publishes ''''[[Life Begins at Forty]]'''' in the United States.\\n* The [[Republican\n        Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition]] is established for the [[repeal\n        of Prohibition in the United States]].\\n* Yezd [[Fire temple]] (''''Atash\n        Behram'''') becomes established in [[Yazd]], Iran.\\n* [[Association for Research\n        and Enlightenment]], Inc. (ARE) founded in [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]], as\n        an open-membership group to research the collected transcripts of [[Edgar\n        Cayce]]''s continuing trances, stored at the Edgar Cayce Foundation.\\n* \\\"The\n        Noah of Washington Mud Flats\\\" predicts a Deluge in 1936, building an [[Noah''s\n        Ark|Ark]] and demon-proof armor.\\n* Unemployment in the United States \\u2013\n        ca. 33% \\u2013 14 million. A similar level of unemployment affects Germany.\n        Many people in depressed countries do not receive unemployment benefit due\n        to governments not being able to afford benefit payments.[http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm\n        US unemployment statistics], historyhome.co.uk; accessed December 10, 2014.\\n*\n        [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s ''''[[Tintin in America]]'''' is published in black and\n        white.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Umberto Eco 04.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Umberto\n        Eco]]]]\\n[[File:Piper Laurie 1951-still.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Piper Laurie]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Tzaims Luksus]], American artist and fashion designer\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Jean Little]], Canadian author\\n* [[January 3]]\\n**\n        [[Dabney Coleman]], American actor\\n** [[Frederick K. C. Price]], American\n        evangelist and author\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Johnny Adams]], American singer\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Umberto Eco]], Italian scholar and novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Stuart A. Rice]], American chemist\\n* [[January 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zsef Sz\\u00e9cs\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian track and field athlete\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Takk\\u014d Ishimori]], Japanese voice\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Cardinal Zen]], Catholic\n        Bishop of Hong Kong\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Cleven \\\"Goodie\\\" Goudeau]],\n        American art director and cartoonist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Dian Fossey]], American zoologist (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Sheree North]], American actress and singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Robert Anton Wilson]], American author (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Piper Laurie]], American actress\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[George\n        Allen (footballer)|George Allen]], English footballer\\n** [[Cyril Davies]],\n        British blues musician (d. [[1964]])\\n** [[Jack Gilbert Graham]], American\n        mass murderer (d. [[1957]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Nikolay Anikin]], Soviet\n        cross-country skier (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Coxsone Dodd]],\n        Jamaican record producer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Don McMichael]],\n        Australian public servant\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Tommy Taylor]], English\n        footballer (d. [[1958]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Kazuo Inamori]], Japanese\n        businessman\\n** [[Knock Yokoyama]], Japanese comedian and politician (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:John\n        Williams tux.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[John Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Ted Kennedy,\n        official photo portrait crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ted Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Johnny\n        Cash]]]]\\n[[File:Taylor, Elizabeth posed.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elizabeth Taylor]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[John Nott]], British politician\\n** [[Hassan Al-Turabi]],\n        Sudanese spiritual leader (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Peggy Ann\n        Garner]], American actress (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Blaise Rabetafika]], Malagasy\n        diplomat (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Cesare Maldini]], Italian\n        football player and manager (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Truffaut]], French film director (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Gay\n        Talese]], American author\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Jean Saunders]], English\n        writer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[John Williams]], American composer and conductor\\n*\n        [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[Gerhard Richter]], German painter\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        [[Margit Carlqvist]], Swedish actress \\n** [[Jerome Lowenthal]], American\n        pianist\\n** [[Dennis Skinner]], British politician\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Julian Lincoln Simon]], American economist and author (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Susan Oliver]], American actress (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Alexander Kluge]], German author and film director\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Harry Goz]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ahmad Tejan Kabbah|Alhaji\n        Ahmad Tejan Kabbah]], former [[President of Sierra Leone]] (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Antonio Ord\\u00f3\\u00f1ez]], Spanish bullfighter (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Gretchen\n        Wyler]], American dancer, actress and animal rights activist (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Milo\\u0161 Forman]], Czech film director\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Adrian Cristobal]], Filipino writer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Ted Kennedy]], American politician (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Robert Opron]],\n        French automotive designer\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Majel Barrett]], American\n        actress (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Bill Bonds]], American former television newscaster\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Michel Legrand]], French composer\\n*\n        [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Faron Young]], American country singer (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Cash]], American country singer (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[February 27]] \\u2013 Dame [[Elizabeth Taylor]], British-American actress\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Don Francks]], Canadian actor (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ryszard Kapuscinski by Kubik 17.05.1997.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ryszard\n        Kapu\\u015bci\\u0144ski]]]]\\n[[File:John Updike with Bushes new.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[John\n        Updike]]]]\\n* March \\u2013 [[Dennis O''Neill (manslaughter victim)|Dennis\n        O''Neill]], young victim of manslaughter by foster parents (d. [[1945]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Ryszard Kapu\\u015bci\\u0144ski]], Polish journalist (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Miriam Makeba]], South African singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ed Roth]], American\n        car designer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Frank Wells]], American entertainment businessman\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Marc Bazin]], 4th Prime Minister of Haiti\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Bronis\\u0142aw Geremek]], Polish social historian and\n        politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Momoko K\\u014dchi]], Japanese\n        actress (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**[[Don Drummond]], Jamaican [[ska]]\n        musician (d. [[1969]])\\n**[[Andrew Young]], American Ambassador to the United\n        Nations\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Mark Murphy (singer)|Mark Murphy]], American\n        jazz singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Don Blasingame]], [[Major\n        League Baseball]] player and Japanese baseball manager (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Donald N. Langenberg]], American physicist\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\n        [[John Updike]], American author (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Gilbert]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[Els Borst]], Dutch politician, [[Deputy Prime Minister\n        of the Netherlands]] (1998-2002) (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013 [[Ted\n        Morgan (writer)|Ted Morgan]], French-born biographer and journalist\\n* [[March\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Nagisa Oshima]], Japanese film director (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Omar\n        Sharif 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Omar Sharif]]]]\\n[[File:TinyTim (cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|right|[[Tiny\n        Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]]]]\\n[[File:Loretta Lynn.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Loretta\n        Lynn]]]]\\n[[File:Casey Kasem.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Casey Kasem]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]]\\n** [[Gordon Jump]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Debbie Reynolds]],\n        American actress, singer and dancer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[Michael\n        Vernon]], Australian consumer activist (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Edward Egan]],\n        American cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Anthony Perkins]], American\n        actor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], Russian film director (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]]\\n** [[J\\u00f3zsef Antall]], 53rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n** Sultan [[Iskandar of Johor]], also the 8th [[Yang di-Pertuan\n        Agong]] of Malaysia (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[Armin Jordan]], Swiss\n        conductor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Carl Perkins]], American musician (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]]\\n** [[Omar Sharif]], Egyptian actor (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Blaze\n        Starr]], American burlesque artist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Kishori Amonkar]],\n        Indian vocalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Joel Grey]], American\n        actor, singer and dancer\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Lakshman Kadirgamar]], Sri\n        Lankan politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], American\n        musician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Loretta Lynn]], American country\n        singer\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[Elaine May]], American movie director\\n* [[April\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Halston]], American fashion designer (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] \\u2013 [[William Roache]], English actor  \\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Michael\n        Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]], English-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Pik Botha]], South African\n        politician.\\n** [[Casey Kasem]], American disc jockey and voice actor (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n** [[Gian-Carlo Rota]], Italian-born mathematician and philosopher\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n**[[Anouk Aim\\u00e9e]], French actress\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Brownie Ledbetter]], American civil rights activist (d. 2010)\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Ahmet Haxhiu]], Albanian political activist (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]]\\n** [[Jordi Bonet]], Canadian artist (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Jenny Joseph]],\n        English poet\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Phyllida Law]], Scottish actress\\n** [[Sonny\n        Liston]], American boxer (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Geraldine McEwan]],\n        Scottish actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Valentino (fashion designer)|Valentino]],\n        Italian fashion designer \\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Chris Ballingall]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Alma Cogan]], English singer (d. [[1966]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Leonidas Vasilikopoulos]], Greek admiral and intelligence\n        chief (d. [[2014]])\\n*[[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Wesker]], British playwright\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Roger Bowen]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[John Gregory Dunne]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[K. C. Jones]],\n        American basketball player and coach\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Paul R. Ehrlich]],\n        American biologist\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Mario Cuomo NY Governor 1987.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mario\n        Cuomo]]]]\\n[[File:Pat Morita 1971 publicity photo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pat Morita]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 4]]\\n** [[John Drew Barrymore]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Maurice\n        Shadbolt]], New Zealand writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Gardner\n        McKay]], American actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Athol Fugard]],\n        South African author and dramatist.\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Mimi Coertse]], South\n        African opera [[soprano]].\\n** [[Rona Jaffe]], American novelist (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Mamo Wolde]], Ethiopian Olympic athlete (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Rainer K. Sachs]], German-American physicist and biologist\\n* [[June 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mario Cuomo]], American politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 18]]\\n**\n        [[Dudley R. Herschbach]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Geoffrey Hill]], English poet (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Sanchis Grau]], Spanish comic writer (d. 2011)\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Eloisa Cianni]], Italian former actress, model and beauty\n        pageant titleholder\\n** [[Ilka Soares]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Lalo Schifrin]],\n        Argentine pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor\\n** [[Gene White (American\n        football)|Gene White]], defensive back in the National Football League\\n**\n        [[O. C. Smith]] American musician (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Soraya\n        Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]], princess of [[Iran]], Queen Consort of [[Mohammad\n        Reza Pahlavi]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Prunella Scales]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Salvador Farf\\u00e1n]], Mexican football midfielder\\n** [[John Wakeham]],\n        British businessman and Conservative Party politician\\n** [[Sharad Moreshwar\n        Hardikar]], Indian orthopedic surgeon\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Bob Blair (cricketer)|Bob\n        Blair]], cricketer who played 19 Tests for New Zealand\\n** [[Jim Granberry]],\n        American politician\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Margit Korondi]], Hungarian former\n        gymnast\\n** [[Hirohisa Fujii]], Japanese politician\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Julian\n        Robertson]], American billionaire former hedge fund manager\\n** [[Peter Blake\n        (artist)|Peter Blake]], English artist\\n** [[Hank Cicalo]], American recording\n        engineer\\n** [[Valeriu Soare]], Romanian football forward\\n** [[Tim Parnell]],\n        British former racing driver\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Harry Bromfield]], South\n        African cricketer\\n** [[Marguerite Pindling]], Governor-General of the Bahamas\n        since 8 July 2014\\n** [[Don Valentine]], American influential venture capitalist\\n**\n        [[Marvin York]], American politician\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Eddie Kasko]],\n        American Major League Baseball\\n** [[Alan Warren (priest)|Alan Warren]], Anglican\n        priest and author\\n** [[Anna Moffo]], American operatic soprano (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\n** [[Jack H. McDonald]], American politician\\n** [[Pat Morita]],\n        Asian-American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Ken Eikenberry]],\n        United States Republican politician\\n** [[Alice Langtry]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Evrard Godefroid]], Belgian cyclist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Rumsfeld1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Donald\n        Rumsfeld]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Rod Driver]], American retired professor\n        of mathematics\\n** [[Joseph Duffey]], American academic, educator and political\n        appointee\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Gustavo Mart\\u00ednez (cyclist)|Gustavo Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        Guatemalan cyclist\\n** [[Waldemar Matu\\u0161ka]], Czech singer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Dave Thomas (businessman)|Dave Thomas]], American fast-food entrepreneur\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Josef Musil]], Czech volleyball player\\n**\n        [[Bobby Clatterbuck]], American football quarterback\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Matt\n        Crowe]], Scottish former professional footballer\\n** [[Otis Young]], African-American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Alan Cooke Kay]], American lawyer\n        and judge\\n** [[Kazimiera Utrata]], Polish actress\\n** [[Victor Saul Navasky]],\n        American journalist, editor and academic\\n** [[Gyula Horn]], Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Richard Secord]], United States\n        Air Force officer\\n** [[John O''Brien (tennis)|John O''Brien]], Australian\n        tennis player\\n** [[Herman Hertzberger]], Dutch architect and professor emeritus\\n*\n        [[July 7]] \\n** [[Eileen Lemass]], Irish politician\\n** [[James H. DeCoursey,\n        Jr.]], American politician\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Roy Proverbs]], English former\n        professional football (soccer) player (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Pascal]], American\n        playwright, screenwriter, author, and journalist (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[July 9]]\n        \\n** [[Tex Clevenger]], American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher\n        and spot starter\\n** [[Donald Rumsfeld]], former U.S. Secretary of Defense\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos B\\u00f3dy]], Hungarian modern pentathlete\\n**\n        [[Carlo Maria Abate]], Italian former auto racing driver\\n** [[George Black\n        (RAF officer)|George Black]], Royal Air Force officer\\n** [[Neile Adams]],\n        Filipino-American actress\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Guy Talbot]], Canadian\n        ice hockey defenceman and coach\\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Monte Hellman]], American\n        film director, producer, writer, and editor\\n** [[Rene Goulet]], Canadian\n        retired professional wrestler\\n** [[Otis Davis]], American runner\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[Dana Ghia]], Italian actress, singer and model\\n** [[Per N\\u00f8rg\\u00e5rd]],\n        Danish composer\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Helga Lin\\u00e9]], German-born Portuguese-Spanish\n        film actress and circus acrobat\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Giovanna Pala]], Italian\n        actress\\n** [[Nina van Pallandt]], Danish singer and actress\\n* [[July 16]]\\n**\n        [[Ron Marciniak]], American football guard in the National Football League\\n**\n        [[Bill Byrge]], American character actor and comedian\\n** [[Dick Thornburgh]],\n        American lawyer and Republican politician\\n** [[Tim Asch]], Anthropologist,\n        photographer and ethnographic filmmaker (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Max McGee]], American\n        football player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Yukio Aoshima]], Japanese\n        politician and comedian (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Quino]], Argentine cartoonist\\n*\n        [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Yevgeny Yevtushenko]], Russian poet (d. [[2017]]) \\n*\n        [[July 20]]\\n** [[Michael Papps (sport shooter)|Michael Papps]], Australian\n        sports shooter\\n** [[Dick Giordano]], American comic book artist and editor\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Ove Verner Hansen]], Danish actor\\n** [[Nam June Paik]],\n        Korean-born American artist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Otto Schily]], German politician\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Norman Geisler]], American Christian author, theologian,\n        and philosopher \\n** [[Ernie Warlick]], American football player (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Jean Barthe]], French rugby league and rugby union player\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra]], Brazilian colonel (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Kassebaum Baker|Nancy Landon Kassebaum\n        Baker]], U.S. Senator\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[John Searle]], American philosopher\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Peter\n        O''Toole in Lawrence of Arabia.png|thumb|120px|[[Peter O''Toole]]]]\\n[[File:Banharn\n        Silpa-archa (cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Banharn Silpa-archa]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]]\\n** [[Meir Kahane]], American-born Israeli rabbi and ultra-nationalist\n        figure (d. [[1990 in Israel|1990]])\\n** [[Meena Kumari]], Indian actress (d.\n        [[1972]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Lamar Hunt]], American sportsman (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Peter O''Toole]], British-Irish actor (d. [[2013]]) \\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Howard Hodgkin]], British painter and print-maker (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Abebe Bikila]], Ethiopian long-distance runner (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Maurice Rabb, Jr.]], African-American ophthalmologist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Mel Tillis]], American country singer\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013\n        [[Fernando Arrabal]], Spanish writer\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Charlie O''Donnell]],\n        American game show announcer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Sirikit]], Queen mother of\n        Thailand (from [[1950]] to present)\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Abby Dalton]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Jim Lange]], American-Canadian disc jockey and game\n        show host (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[V. S. Naipaul]], West Indian-born\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 18]]\n        \\n** [[William R. Bennett]], Premier of British Columbia (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Luc Montagnier]], French virologist and [[Nobel Prize]] winner\\n* [[August\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Banharn Silpa-archa]], 32nd Prime Minister of Thailand (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Vasily Aksyonov]], Russian writer (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Houari Boumediene]], 2nd President of Algeria (d.\n        [[1978]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[W. Morgan Sheppard]], British actor\\n*\n        [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Luis F\\u00e9lix L\\u00f3pez]], Ecuadorian writer and\n        politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Mohamed Hamri]], Moroccan\n        artist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Saye Zerbo]], 3rd President and 4th Prime Minister\n        of Burkina Faso (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Adolfo Suarez 03\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Adolfo Su\\u00e1rez]]]]\\n[[File:IBSA-leaders Manmohan\n        Singh.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Manmohan Singh]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Sunny\n        von B\\u00fclow]], American socialite (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Derog Gioura]], Nauruan\n        politician and former President of Nauru (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[September 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Eileen Brennan]], American actress and singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Dinsdale Landen]], British actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Carol Lawrence]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n* [[September\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Marguerite Pearson]], American professional baseball player (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[John Paul Getty, Jr.]], American-born\n        philanthropist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Patsy Cline]], American\n        singer (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Peter Anderson (footballer,\n        born 1932)|Peter Anderson]], English footballer\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Atli Dam]], 3-Time Prime Minister of Faroe Islands (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Fernando Gonz\\u00e1lez Pacheco]], Colombian television host,\n        announcer, journalist and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Khalifa\n        bin Hamad Al Thani]], Qatari Emir (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Nikolay Rukavishnikov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Mickey Kuhn]], American child actor\\n* [[September 22]] \\n**\n        [[Algirdas Brazauskas]], [[President of Lithuania]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Ingemar\n        Johansson]], Swedish boxer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Glenn Gould]],\n        Canadian pianist (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Charles Stanley]], American televangelist\\n**\n        [[Adolfo Su\\u00e1rez]], 1st Spanish Prime Minister after the dictatorship\n        of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Donna\n        Douglas]], American actress (''''The Beverly Hillbillies'''') (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Richard Herd]], American actor\\n** [[Joyce Jameson]], American actress (d.\n        [[1987]])\\n** [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Prime Minister of India]]\\n* [[September\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Oliver E. Williamson]], American economist\\n* [[September 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], Chilean singer-songwriter (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]], Indian actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Shintaro Ishihara|Shintar\\u014d Ishihara]], Japanese author\n        and politician\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Robert Reed 1971.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Robert\n        Reed]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Hugh Austin Curtis|Hugh Curtis]], Canadian\n        politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Milan Chvostek]], Canadian\n        television director\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Michael John Rogers]], English\n        ornithologist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Ray Reardon]], Welsh\n        snooker player\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[David Plowden]], American photographer\\n*\n        [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Harry Smith (footballer, born 1932)|Harry Smith]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Dottie West]], American singer/songwriter\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Dick Gregory]], American comedian and\n        activist\\n** [[Ned Jarrett]], American racing driver and broadcaster\\n** [[Yuichiro\n        Miura]], Japanese alpinist\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Jean Edward Smith]],\n        American political scientist and biographer\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Wolf\n        Vostell]], German artist (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Vytautas\n        Landsbergis]], Lithuanian politician\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Robert Reed]],\n        American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Rosey Brown]], American\n        football player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rokur\\u014d Naya]], Japanese voice actor\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]], French physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Mundell]], Canadian economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Harry Gregg]], Northern Irish footballer\n        and football manager\\n** [[Dolores Moore]], American baseball player (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Sylvia Plath]], American poet and author (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Jean-Pierre\n        Cassel]], French actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Spyros Kyprianou]],\n        [[President of Cyprus]] (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Suzy Parker]], American fashion\n        model and actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Iemasa Kayumi]],\n        Japanese voice actor, actor and narrator (d. [[2014]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Roy\n        Scheider 2007.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Roy Scheider]]]]\\n[[File:Ninoy Aquino 3.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Benigno\n        Aquino Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Chirac Lula ABr62198 (without light).jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Jacques\n        Chirac]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Albert Reynolds]], eighth [[Taoiseach]]\n        of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Thomas\n        Klestil]], [[President of Austria]] (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Noam Pitlik]], American\n        actor and director (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Paul Bley]], Canadian\n        pianist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Germano Mosconi]], Italian journalist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Douglas (actor)|Jerry Douglas]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Richard Mulligan]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Petula Clark]], British singer, actress, and songwriter\n        \\n** [[Clyde McPhatter]], American singer (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[November 18]]\\n**\n        [[Trevor Baxter]], British actor and playwright (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Yoyoy\n        Villame]], Filipino singer and actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Dawson]], British-born comedian and game show host (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen]], Danish composer\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Robert Vaughn]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Keith\n        Wickenden]], British politician (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Claudio\n        Naranjo]], Chilean psychiatrist\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Benigno Aquino\n        Jr.]], Filipino politician and senator (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Jacques Chirac]], [[President of France]]\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Nichelle\n        Nichols by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nichelle Nichols]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] \\u2013 Dame [[Heather Begg]], New Zealand mezzo-soprano (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Sergio Bonelli]], Italian comic book author and publisher\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Corry Brokken]], Dutch singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1957 winner (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Roh Tae-woo]],\n        [[President of South Korea]]\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]],\n        American physicist\\n** [[Little Richard]], American singer and evangelist\n        \\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Paul Caponigro]], American photographer\\n** [[Rosemary\n        Rogers]], Sri Lankan-born American novelist\\n** [[J. B. Sumarlin]], Indonesian\n        economist and a former Minister of Finance\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Morton\n        Downey, Jr.]], American television personality (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Bill Hartack]],\n        American jockey (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Enrique Berm\\u00fadez]],\n        Nicaraguan Contra leader (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Tatsuya\n        Nakadai]], Japanese actor\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Jesse Belvin]], American\n        [[rhythm and blues]] singer, pianist, and songwriter (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Kelly E. Taggart]], American admiral and civil engineer, second\n        Director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned\n        Officer Corps]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Roger Smith (actor)|Roger\n        Smith]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Edward Hoagland]],\n        American essayist\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013  [[Earl Dodge]], American temperance\n        movement leader (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Dorsey Burnette]],\n        American singer (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Katy B\\u00f8dtger]], Danish singer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Roy Hattersley|Roy Hattersley, Baron Hattersley]], British\n        politician and life peer\\n** [[Nichelle Nichols]], American actress \\n** [[Manuel\n        Puig]], Argentinian writer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Titien Sumarni]], Indonesian\n        actress (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Inga Swenson]], American\n        actress and singer\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Felix Rexhausen]], German journalist,\n        editor and author (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Basil Blackshaw]],\n        Northern Irish artist\\n* [[Irene Jai Narayan]], Fiji politician (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Paul Pau]], French general (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 Maginot]], French soldier and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Antoni Maria Alcover i Sureda]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and writer (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Eurosia Fabris]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        nun and blessed (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Mangnall]],\n        English football manager (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Lytton Strachey]],\n        British writer and biographer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 Sir [[Alfred\n        Yarrow]], British shipbuilder and philanthropist (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n**[[Edward Stinson|Edward \\\"Eddie\\\" Stinson]], American aviator and\n        aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1893]])\\n**[[William Wrigley, Jr.]],  American\n        chewing gum industrialist (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 102-13109, Edgar Wallace.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Edgar Wallace]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Farabundo Mart\\u00ed]], Salvadorean revolutionary\n        (murdered) (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Yordan Milanov]], Bulgarian\n        architect (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Mad Dog Coll]], American gangster (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Edgar Wallace]], British novelist and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Minnie Maddern Fiske]], American\n        actress (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Ferdinand Buisson]], French\n        pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Albert Johnson (criminal)|Albert Johnson]], Canadian criminal\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony|Frederick Augustus\n        III]], last [[King of Saxony]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        Luk\\u00e1cs]], 17th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[February\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Ramon Casas i Carb\\u00f3]], Spanish painter (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Santa\n        angela.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint [[Angela of the Cross]]]]\\n[[File:Paolo Boselli.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paolo\n        Boselli]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Frank Teschemacher]], American musician (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n** [[Dino Campana]], Italian poet (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Angela of the Cross]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] nun and saint (b.\n        1932)\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Fawcet Wray]], British admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[John Philip Sousa]], American band leader, conductor,\n        and composer (''''The Stars and Stripes Forever'''') (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March\n        7]] \\n** [[Heinrich Clam-Martinic]], Austrian statesman, former Prime Minister\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Aristide Briand]], French statesman, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Dora Carrington]],\n        British painter (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Paolo Boselli]], 22nd\n        [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1838]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Iliaz Vrioni]],\n        Albanian statesman, former Prime Minister (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013\n        [[George Eastman]], American inventor (''''Kodak'''') (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[March\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Chauncey Olcott]], American stage actor and singer-songwriter\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Eben Byers]], American steel tycoon\n        and socialite (radiation poisoning) (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Wilhelm\n        Ostwald by Nicola Perscheid.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm Ostwald]]]]\\n* [[April\n        2]] \\n**[[Rose Coghlan]], English actress (b. [[1851]])\\n**[[Bill Pickett]],\n        African-American cowboy whose parents were slaves (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Ostwald]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Grigore Constantinescu]],\n        Romanian priest and journalist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe\n        Peano]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Ferenc\n        Oslay]], [[Hungarians|Hungarian]]-[[Slovenes|Slovene]] historian, writer and\n        irredenta (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[William Lockwood (cricketer)|William\n        Lockwood]], English cricketer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Hart\n        Crane]], American poet (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 F\\u00e9lix\n        Uriburu]], 22nd President of Argentina (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Paul\n        Doumer 1931.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Doumer]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Henri de\n        Gaulle]], father of [[Charles de Gaulle]] (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Charles Fort]],\n        American researcher of the unusual (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Doumer]], [[President of France]] (assassinated) (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tsuyoshi Inukai]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (assassinated) (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Frederick C. Billard]], [[Commandant of the\n        Coast Guard|Commandant of the United States Coast Guard]] (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Augusta, Lady Gregory]], Irish writer and folklorist (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Franz von Hipper]], German admiral (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[John Hubbard (admiral)|John Hubbard]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Dorabji Tata]], Indian\n        businessman (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Theo Heemskerk]], Prime\n        Minister of the Netherlands (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Alexander\n        Bethell]], British admiral (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Felipe Segundo\n        Guzm\\u00e1n]], 35th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Sol Plaatje]], South African journalist, politician and writer. (b.\n        1876)\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Major Taylor]], American cyclist (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Ernst P\\u00f5dder]], Estonian military commander (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Francis P. Duffy]], Canadian American Roman\n        Catholic priest (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[William Humble Ward,\n        2nd Earl of Dudley]], 4th Governor-General of Australia (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:SMF\n        Manoel II.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Manuel II of Portugal]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013\n        King [[Manuel II of Portugal]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth\n        Grahame]], British-born author (''''The Wind In The Willows'''') (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Henry Eyster Jacobs]], American Lutheran theologian (b.\n        [[1844]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven]], South African\n        playwright, poet and politician. (b. 1873)\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Herbert\n        Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer]], British general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        [[Reginald Fessenden]], Canadian inventor (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Errico Malatesta]],\n        Italian anarchist (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Florenz Ziegfeld]], Broadway impresario\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Tenby Davies]], Welsh half-mile world champion\n        runner (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], Brazilian aviation pioneer\n        (suicide) (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Archduchess Gisela of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Kate M. Gordon.png|110px|thumb|[[Kate\n        M. Gordon]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\n** [[Dan Brouthers]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Ignaz Seipel]], two-time Chancellor\n        of Austria (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Johann Schober]], three-time\n        Chancellor of Austria (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Kate M. Gordon]],\n        American suffragette (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Duke_Alexander_Petrovich_of_Oldenburg_(1844-1932).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Duke\n        Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg]]]]\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Paul Bern]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Duke Alexander\n        Petrovich of Oldenburg]] (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Christian\n        von Ehrenfels]], Austrian philosopher (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n**[[Ronald\n        Ross]], British physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine]] (b. [[1857]])\\n**[[Peg Entwistle]], film actress (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Wovoka]], Paiute visionary (''''Ghost Dance'''')\n        (b. c. [[1856]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Jules Ch\\u00e9ret]], French\n        poster designer (b. [[1836]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Joel R. P. Pringle]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Christopher\n        Brennan]], Australian poet and scholar (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Lucy Bacon]], American painter (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Molly\n        Brown]], Denver socialite, noted survivor of the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking\n        of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Paul\n        Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen]], British field marshal (b. [[1845]])\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Belle Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Charles Waddell Chesnutt]], African American author,\n        essayist and political activist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Jay\n        Hunt (director)|Jay Hunt]], American film director (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[November\n        22]] \\u2013 [[William Walker Atkinson]], American writer (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Amadeo Vives]], Spanish composer (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Gustav Meyrink]], Austrian writer (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Gertrude Jekyll]], English garden designer, writer\n        and artist (b. [[1843]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\n** [[Roquia Sakhawat Hussain]],\n        Bangladeshi writer and social worker (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa]],\n        [[Ruler of Bahrain|Hakim of Bahrain]] (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Eduard Bernstein]], German socialist (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Yun Bong-gil]], Korean resister against Japanese occupation of Korea (b.\n        [[1908]]; executed)\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Malcolm Whitman]], American\n        tennis player (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Vittorio Alinari]],\n        Italian photographer (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Werner Heisenberg|Werner Karl\n        Heisenberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Irving Langmuir]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 Sir\n        [[Charles Scott Sherrington]], [[Edgar Douglas Adrian]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[John Galsworthy]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1932/1932fr.html The 1930s\n        Timeline: 1932] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University of\n        Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1932}}\\n[[Category:1932| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years\n        in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T13:35:39Z\",\"lastrevid\":799726017,\"length\":69385,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1932&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932\"},\"34864\":{\"pageid\":34864,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1933\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T13:32:55Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1933}}\\n{{Events by month|1933}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1933}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1933}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1933}}\\n[[File:Golden\n        Gate Bridge from underneath.jpg|thumb|140px|right| [[January 5]]: [[Golden\n        Gate Bridge]] begun.]]\\n[[File:LocationPhilippines.png|thumb|140px|right|[[January\n        17]]: Vote on [[Philippines]].]]\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 Construction of the\n        [[Golden Gate Bridge]] begins in [[San Francisco Bay]].\\n* [[January 11]]\n        \\u2013 Sir [[Charles Kingsford Smith]] makes the first commercial flight between\n        Australia and New Zealand.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 Political violence causes\n        almost 100 deaths in Spain.\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 The [[United States Congress]]\n        votes favorably for [[Philippines]] independence, against the view of U.S.\n        President [[Herbert Hoover]].\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 The [[Twentieth Amendment\n        to the United States Constitution]] is ratified, changing Inauguration Day\n        from March 4 to January 20 starting in 1937.\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 ''''[[Pakistan\n        Declaration]]'''': [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]] publishes (in [[Cambridge]], England)\n        a pamphlet entitled ''''Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?''''\n        in which he calls for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that\n        he calls \\\"[[Pakistan|Pakstan]]\\\" which is influential on the [[Pakistan Movement]].\\n*\n        [[January 30]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Daladier]] forms a government in France.\\n**\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] leader [[Adolf Hitler]] is appointed [[Chancellor of Germany\n        (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] by President of Germany [[Paul von\n        Hindenburg]].\\n** ''''[[The Lone Ranger]]'''' debuts on American radio.\\n*\n        January \\u2013 The [[Tube map|London Underground diagram]] designed by [[Harry\n        Beck]] is introduced to the public.{{cite book|last=Garland|first=Ken|title=Mr\n        Beck''s Underground Map|year=1994|publisher=Capital Transport|location=Harrow\n        Weald|isbn=1-85414-168-6}}\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February\n        1933}}\\n[[File:Reichstagsbrand.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[February 27]]: [[Reichstag\n        fire]].]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] gives his \\\"Proclamation\n        to the German People\\\" in Berlin.\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 A second  international\n        conference on disarmament ends without results. It tries to limit the army\n        sizes of the major powers, while Germany is entitled to 200,000; Germany leaves\n        the conference because a plan postpones the limitations for 4 years.\\n* [[February\n        5]] \\u2013 A [[mutiny]] starts on the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] [[coastal\n        defence ship]] [[HNLMS De Zeven Provinci\\u00ebn (1909)|''''De Zeven Provinci\\u00ebn'''']]\n        in the [[Dutch East Indies]]. After 6 days, it is bombed by a Dutch aircraft,\n        killing 23 men, and the remaining mutineers surrender. \\n* [[February 6]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] goes\n        into effect.\\n* [[February 6]]\\u2013[[February 7|7]] \\u2013 Officers on the\n        [[USS Ramapo (AO-12)|USS ''''Ramapo'''']] record a 34-meter high sea-wave\n        in the Pacific Ocean.\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[The King and Country debate]]:\n        The [[Oxford Union]] student debating society in England passes a resolution\n        stating, \\\"That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and\n        country.\\\"{{cite journal|last=Ceadel|first=Martin|title=The King and\n        Country Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism and the Dictators|journal=[[The\n        Historical Journal]]|volume=22|issue=2|year=1979|pages=397\\u2013422|doi=10.1017/s0018246x00016885}}\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces\n        the first [[singing telegram]].\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 In [[Miami]], [[Giuseppe\n        Zangara]] attempts to assassinate President-elect [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],\n        but instead fatally wounds the [[Mayor of Chicago]], [[Anton Cermak]].\\n*\n        [[February 17]]\\n** ''''[[Newsweek]]'''' magazine is published for the first\n        time in the United States.\\n** The [[Blaine Act]] passes the [[United States\n        Senate]], submitting the proposed [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution|Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution]] to the states for\n        ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending [[prohibition\n        in the United States]].\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Reichstag fire]]: Germany''s\n        parliament building in Berlin, the [[Reichstag building]], is set on fire\n        under controversial circumstances.\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 The [[Reichstag\n        Fire Decree]] is passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many\n        German civil liberties.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1933}}\\n[[File:FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.tif|thumb|200px|[[March\n        4]]: [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] is 32nd [[President of the United States\n        of America]] bring out of this country under economic protection.]]\\n* [[March\n        2]] \\u2013 The original film version of [[King Kong (1933 film)|''''King Kong'''']],\n        starring [[Fay Wray]], premieres at [[Radio City Music Hall]] and the RKO\n        Roxy Theatre in New York City.\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Ching Yun University]]\n        is established.\\n** [[Mount Rushmore National Memorial]] is dedicated.\\n**\n        A powerful [[1933 Sanriku earthquake|earthquake]] and [[tsunami]] hit [[Honsh\\u016b]],\n        Japan, killing approximately 3,000 people.\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Franklin D.\n        Roosevelt]] (FDR) is [[First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|sworn in]]\n        as the 32nd President of the United States, who in reference to the [[Great\n        Depression]], proclaims \\\"The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself\\\"\n        in his inauguration speech. It is the last time [[Inauguration Day]] in the\n        United States occurs on March 4.\\n** [[Frances Perkins]] becomes [[United\n        States Secretary of Labor]], and the first female member of the [[United States\n        Cabinet]].\\n** The [[Parliament of Austria]] is suspended because of a quibble\n        over procedure; [[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellor]] [[Engelbert Dollfuss]]\n        initiates authoritarian rule by decree (see [[Austrofascism]]).\\n* [[March\n        5]]\\n** The [[Great Depression]]: President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] declares\n        a \\\"[[Emergency Banking Act|Bank holiday]]\\\", closing all United States banks\n        and freezing all financial transactions (the ''holiday'' ends on [[March 13]]).\\n**\n        [[German election, 1933]]: [[Nazism|National Socialists]] gain 43.9% of the\n        votes.\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 Mayor [[Anton Cermak]] of Chicago dies of the\n        wound he received on February 15.\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 the real-estate trading\n        board game [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] is invented.\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013\n        Great Depression: The [[United States Congress]] begins its first 100 days\n        of enacting [[New Deal]] legislation.\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 The 6.4 {{M|w}}\n        [[1933 Long Beach earthquake|Long Beach earthquake]] shakes [[Southern California]]\n        with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe''''),  killing\n        115 people.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Great Depression]]: [[Franklin Delano\n        Roosevelt]] addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United\n        States, in the first of his \\\"[[Fireside chats]]\\\".\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** The\n        [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] rises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day''s gain\n        of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains to\n        date as the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index.\\n** Austrian Chancellor\n        [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] keeps members of the [[National Council of Austria|National\n        Council]] from convening, starting the [[Austrofascism|Austrofascist]] dictatorship.\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], the first [[Nazi\n        concentration camp]], is completed (it opens [[March 22]]).\\n* [[March 22]]\n        \\u2013 President Franklin Roosevelt signs an amendment to the Volstead Act\n        known as the [[Cullen\\u2013Harrison Act]], allowing the manufacture and sale\n        of \\\"3.2 beer\\\" (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume)\n        and light wines.\\\"Roosevelt Authorizes Beer Sale By Signing Bill For\n        3.2 Brew\\\", ''''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'''', March 23, 1933, p.1.\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\u2013 The ''''[[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]''''\n        passes the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]], making [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        [[dictator]] of Germany.\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 Jewish protesters in New York\n        City call for a boycott of German goods in response to the persecution of\n        German Jews by the [[Nazis]].\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 Japan announces to leave\n        the [[League of Nations]] (due to a cancelation period of exactly two years,\n        the egression becomes effective March 27, 1935)[http://www.zaoerv.de/04_1934/4_1934_1_b_148_151_1.pdf\n        pdf] \\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] is\n        established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United\n        States.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April 1933}}\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013\n        The recently elected [[Nazism|Nazis]] under [[Julius Streicher]] organize\n        a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany.\\n* [[April 2]]\n        \\u2013 In a [[cricket]] test match against New Zealand, [[England cricket\n        team|England]] batsman [[Wally Hammond]] scores a record 336 runs.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell''s Chronology\n        of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=510\\u2013512}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n** An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam ([[Thailand]]).\\n**\n        First flight over [[Mount Everest]], a British expedition, led by the [[Douglas\n        Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton|Marquis of Clydesdale]], and funded\n        by [[Lucy, Lady Houston]].\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 The American airship ''''[[USS\n        Akron (ZRS-4)|Akron]]'''' crashes off the coast of [[New Jersey]], killing\n        73 of its 76 crewmen. It is the worst aviation accident in history up to this\n        date and until [[1950]].\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** The [[International Court of Justice]]\n        in [[The Hague]] decides that [[Greenland]] belongs to Denmark and condemns\n        [[Erik the Red''s Land|Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland]]. Norway submits\n        to the decision.\\n** [[President of the United States]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        declares a national emergency and issues [[Executive Order 6102]], making\n        it illegal for U.S. citizens to own substantial amounts of monetary gold or\n        [[bullion]].\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** Sale of some beer is legalized in the United\n        States under the Cullen-Harrison Act of March 22, eight months before the\n        full repeal of [[Prohibition]] in December.\\n** The [[Law for the Restoration\n        of the Professional Civil Service]] is passed in Germany, the first law of\n        the new regime directed against Jews (as well as political opponents).\\n*\n        [[April 11]] \\u2013 Aviator [[Bill Lancaster (aviator)|Bill Lancaster]] takes\n        off in England, in an attempt to make a speed record to the [[Cape of Good\n        Hope]], but vanishes (his body is not found in the [[Sahara Desert]] until\n        [[1962]]).\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 The [[Children and Young Persons Act 1933|Children\n        and Young Persons Act]] is passed in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013\n        The United States officially goes off the [[gold standard]].\\n* [[April 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nazi Germany]] outlaws the [[kosher]] ritual [[shechita]].\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Persecution of Jehovah''s Witnesses in Nazi Germany]] begins with\n        seizure of the Bible Students'' office in [[Magdeburg]].\\n** Jewish physicians\n        in Nazi Germany are excluded from official insurance schemes, forcing many\n        to give up their practices.{{cite book|first1=Margarete|last1=Limberg|first2=Hubert|last2=R\\u00fcbsaat|title=Germans\n        No More: Accounts of Jewish Everyday Life, 1933\\u20131938|publisher=Berghahn\n        Books|year=2006|pages=17\\u20138}}\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** The [[Gestapo]]\n        [[secret police]] are established in Nazi Germany by [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]].\\n**\n        Editors of the ''''[[Harvard Lampoon]]'''' steal the [[Sacred Cod of Massachusetts]]\n        from the State House (it is returned two days later).\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        The [[John Lewis (department store)|Jessop & Son]] [[department store]] in\n        [[Nottingham]], England, is acquired by [[John Lewis Partnership]] (its first\n        store outside of London).\\n** The [[Stahlhelm]] organization joins the [[Nazism|Nazi]]\n        party.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1933}}\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** The first\n        alleged modern sighting of the [[Loch Ness Monster]] occurs.\\n** ''''[[Gleichschaltung]]'''':\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] prohibits [[trade union]]s.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** In the [[Irish\n        Free State]], [[D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] abolishes the [[oath of allegiance]]\n        to the [[British Crown]].\\n** [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]] becomes the first woman\n        to be named director of the [[United States Mint]].\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 The\n        detection by [[Karl Jansky]] of radio waves from the center of the [[Milky\n        Way]] Galaxy is reported in ''''The New York Times''''. The discovery leads\n        to the birth of [[radio astronomy]].\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        begins a 3-week [[hunger strike]] because of the mistreatment of the lower\n        castes.\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** In Germany, the [[Nazis]] stage massive public [[book\n        burning]]s.\\n** [[Paraguay]] declares war on [[Bolivia]].\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Agricultural Adjustment Act]] is enacted in the USA.\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Vidkun Quisling]] and [[Johan Bernhard Hjort]] form The [[Nasjonal Samling]]\n        (the National-Socialist Party) of Norway.\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[New Deal]]:\n        President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] signs an act creating the [[Tennessee\n        Valley Authority]].\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 The [[Nazism|Nazi]] Party in Germany\n        introduces a law to legalize [[eugenics|eugenic]] [[Human sterilization|sterilization]].\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[New Deal]]: The [[Federal Securities Act]] is signed into\n        law, requiring the registration of securities with the [[Federal Trade Commission]].\\n**\n        The ''''[[Century of Progress]]'''' [[World''s Fair]] opens in Chicago.\\n**\n        Walt Disney''s classic ''''[[Silly Symphony]]'''' cartoon ''''[[Three Little\n        Pigs (film)|The Three Little Pigs]]'''' is first released by [[United Artists]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1933}}\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 The [[Congress of\n        the United States|U.S. Congress]] abrogates the United States'' use of the\n        [[gold standard]] by enacting a joint resolution48 Stat. 112. nullifying\n        the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The\n        first [[drive-in theater|drive-in movie theater]] opens in [[Pennsauken Township,\n        New Jersey|Pennsauken Township]], near [[Camden, New Jersey]].\\n* [[June 12]]\n        \\u2013 The [[London Economic Conference]] is held.\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Kansas\n        City massacre|Union Station massacre]]: In [[Kansas City, Missouri]], [[Pretty\n        Boy Floyd]] kills an FBI agent, 3 local police, and the person they intended\n        to rescue, captured bank robber [[Frank Nash]].  \\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 All\n        non-[[Nazism|Nazi]] parties are forbidden in Germany.\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013\n        Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in Berlin to protest against\n        the [[persecution of Jehovah''s Witnesses in Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[June 26]]\n        \\u2013 The ''''American Totalisator Company'''' unveils its first electronic\n        pari-mutuel betting machine at the [[Arlington Park]] race track near Chicago.\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1933}}\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 The [[London Passenger\n        Transport Board]] is founded.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]\n        is sentenced to prison in India.\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 The first [[Major League\n        Baseball All-Star Game]] is played at [[Comiskey Park]] in Chicago.\\n* [[July\n        8]] \\u2013 The first [[rugby union]] [[Test match (rugby union)|test match]]\n        is played between the [[Australia national rugby union team|Wallabies of Australia]]\n        and the [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks of South Africa]]\n        at Newlands in [[Cape Town]].\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 In [[Nazi Germany]]:\\n**\n        Formation of new political parties is forbidden.\\n** The [[Law for the Prevention\n        of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring]] is enacted,Coming into force January\n        1934. {{cite book|title=[[IBM and the Holocaust]]|first=Edwin|last=Black|authorlink=Edwin\n        Black|year=2001|publisher=Crown / Random House|page=93}} allowing [[compulsory\n        sterilization]] of citizens suffering from a list of alleged [[genetic disorders]].\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** Signing of the [[Four-Power Pact]] by Britain, France, Germany\n        and Italy.\\n** [[Left Opposition|International\n        Left Opposition]] (ILO) is renamed International Communist League (ICL).\\n*\n        [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Reichskonkordat]]: Vatican state secretary Eugenio Pacelli\n        (later [[Pope Pius XII]]) signs an accord with Germany.\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        [[Wiley Post]] becomes the first person to fly solo around the world, landing\n        at [[Floyd Bennett Field]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York, after traveling eastabout\n        {{convert|15596|mi|km|abbr=on}} in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes.\\n** \\\"[[Machine\n        Gun Kelly]]\\\" and [[Albert Bates (criminal)|Albert Bates]] kidnap Charles\n        Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200,000 ransom.\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013\n        Several members of the [[Barrow Gang]] are injured or captured during a running\n        battle with local police near [[Dexter, Iowa]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1933}}\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 The [[Blue Eagle]] emblem of\n        the [[National Recovery Administration]] is displayed publicly for the first\n        time.\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 Opening of the [[White Sea\\u2013Baltic Canal|Stalin\n        White Sea\\u2013Baltic Sea Canal]], a 227 [[km]] [[ship canal|navigable waterway]]\n        constructed using [[forced labour]] in the [[Soviet Union]] connecting the\n        [[White Sea]] with [[Lake Onega]] and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]].\\n* [[August\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Simele massacre]]: More than 3,000 [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]\n        Iraqis are killed by [[Iraq]] government troops.\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Winston\n        Churchill]] makes his first speech publicly warning of the dangers of German\n        rearmament.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The\n        Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=376\\u2013377|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 Loggers cause a [[forest fire]] in the [[Oregon Coast\n        Range|Coast Range]] of [[Oregon]], later known as the first forest fire of\n        the [[Tillamook Burn]]. It is extinguished on [[September 5]], after destroying\n        {{convert|240,000|acre|km2}}.\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 The [[1933 Diexi earthquake|Diexi\n        earthquake]] shakes [[Mao County]], [[Sichuan]], China and kills 9,000 people.\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\u2013 German Jewish philosopher [[Theodor Lessing]] is assassinated\n        in Marienbad ([[Mari\\u00e1nsk\\u00e9 L\\u00e1zn\\u011b]]), [[Czechoslovakia]],\n        dying the following day.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1933}}\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Alejandro Lerroux]] forms a new government in Spain.\\n**\n        [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]], waiting for a red light on [[Southampton Row]]\n        in [[Bloomsbury]], conceives the idea of the [[nuclear chain reaction]].\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 A [[1933 Tampico hurricane|hurricane]] destroys the\n        town of [[Tampico]], [[Mexico]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1933}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 A failed assassination attempt against [[Engelbert\n        Dollfuss]], leader of the [[Fatherland''s Front]] in Austria, seriously injures\n        him.\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Air France]] is formed by the merger of five\n        French airline companies, beginning operations with 250 planes.\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[1933 United Airlines Boeing 247 mid-air explosion]]: A bomb\n        destroys a [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 247]] on a transcontinental flight\n        in mid-air near [[Chesterton, Indiana]], killing all 7 on board, in the first\n        proven case of sabotage in civil aviation, although no suspect is ever identified.\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on [[Alcatraz]]\n        is acquired by the [[United States Department of Justice]], which plans to\n        incorporate the island into its [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] as a federal\n        [[Prison|penitentiary]].\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 The [[British Interplanetary\n        Society]] is founded.\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 Germany announces its withdrawal\n        from the [[League of Nations]] and the World Disarmament Conference, after\n        the U.S., the U.K. and France deny its request to increase its defense armaments\n        under the Versailles Treaty.\\n* [[October 14]]-[[October 16|16]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Constitution of Estonia#Second Constitution (1934\\u20131938)|new constitution]]\n        of [[Estonia]] is approved only on the [[Estonian constitutional referendum,\n        October 1933|third consecutive referendum]].\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 Scientist\n        [[Albert Einstein]] arrives in the United States where he settles permanently\n        as a refugee from [[Nazi Germany]] and takes up a position at the [[Institute\n        for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton, New Jersey]].\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1933}}\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 Spanish [[Basque people]]\n        [[Basque autonomy referendum, 1933|vote for autonomy]].\\n* [[November 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[New Deal]]: U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] unveils the\n        [[Civil Works Administration]], an organization designed to create jobs for\n        more than 4 million of the unemployed.\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Dust Bowl]]:\n        In [[South Dakota]], a very strong [[dust storm]], (\\\"the great black blizzard\\\"),\n        strips [[topsoil]] from desiccated farmlands (one of a series of disastrous\n        dust storms that year).\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 The United States and the\n        [[Soviet Union]] establish formal [[diplomacy|diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[November\n        17]] \\u2013 The [[Marx Brothers]]'' [[anarchic comedy film]] ''''[[Duck Soup\n        (1933 film)|Duck Soup]]'''' is released in the U.S.\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Second Spanish Republic]]: General elections result in victory by the right-wing\n        parties.\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 The [[Fujian People''s Government]] is\n        declared in [[Fujian Province]], China.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1933}}\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 The [[21st Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution]] is passed, repealing [[Prohibition]].\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013\n        The US 21st Amendment officially goes into effect, alcohol becomes legal in\n        the US.\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] returns\n        to [[Crown colony]] status following financial collapse.\\n**\n        The British Plastics Federation (the oldest in the world) is founded.\\n* [[December\n        24]] \\u2013 A [[Lagny-Pomponne rail accident|train crash]] in [[Lagny, Oise|Lagny]],\n        France kills over 200.\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** The [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]]\n        Motor Company is organized in Tokyo, Japan.\\n** [[Frequency modulation|FM\n        radio]] is patented.\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 Members of the [[Iron Guard]]\n        assassinate [[Ion Gheorghe Duca]], prime minister of [[Romania]].\\n\\n=== Date\n        unknown ===\\n* The [[Federal government of the United States|United States\n        Federal Government]] outlaws [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].\\n* A coup attempt\n        against [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] fails in the United States (''''see''''\n        [[Smedley Butler]]).\\n* US President Roosevelt rejects [[socialism]] and government\n        ownership of industry.\\n* [[Nazi Germany]] forms the ''''Expert Committee\n        on Questions of Population and Racial Policy'''' under Reich Interior Minister\n        [[Wilhelm Frick]].\\n* The [[Holodomor]] genocide takes place in [[Ukraine]].\n        The average life expectancy for a Ukrainian male born in 1933 was 7.3 years.{{cite\n        journal |last1= Vallin |first1= Jacques |last2= Mesl\\u00e9 |first2= France\n        |last3= Adamets |first3= Serguei |last4= Pyrozhkov |first4= Serhii |title=\n        A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s |url= http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/VallinNewEstimate.pdf\n        |journal= [[Population Studies]] |volume= 56 |issue= 3 |year= 2002 |pages=\n        249\\u2013264 |ref= harv |doi=10.1080/00324720215934 |pmid=12553326}}\\n*\n        The first [[doughnut]] store under the [[Krispy Kreme]] name opens in [[Nashville,\n        Tennessee]].{{cite web |url=http://www.tennessean.com/article/20090718/COLUMNIST0102/907180302/1097/COLUMNIST|title=First\n        Krispy Kreme doughnut shop found home in Nashville|work=[[The Tennessean]]}}\\n*\n        [[Jimmie Angel]] becomes the first foreigner to see the [[Angel Falls]], [[Venezuela]]\n        (they are named after him).\\n* The ''''[[Ad\\u00e9la\\u00efde Concerto]]'''',\n        a spurious work attributed to [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], is published as\n        \\\"edited\\\" (actually composed) by [[Marius Casadesus]].\\n* 15 million unemployed\n        in the USA.\\n* Five coalition cabinets form and fall in France.\\n* [[Turkey]]\n        concludes a treaty with the creditors of the former [[Ottoman Empire]] to\n        schedule the payments in Paris. (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt\n        in less than twenty years.)\\n* The first dated [[ISCF]] group is started in\n        Australia at [[North Sydney Boys High School]], with the group still running\n        today.\\n* [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932\\u201333]]: The [[England\n        cricket team]] wins [[The Ashes]] using the controversial [[bodyline]] tactic.\\n* The [[Mexican Indian Wars]] end after\n        414 years.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Dalida 1961.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dalida]]]]\\n[[File:Corazon\n        Aquino 1986.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Corazon Aquino]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Orton]], British playwright (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[On Kawara]],\n        Japanese conceptual artist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Morimura Seiichi]], Japanese\n        novelist and author\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov|Oleg\n        Makarov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Emil Steinberger (actor)|Emil\n        Steinberger]], Swiss comedian, director, and writer\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Osgood]], American journalist and commentator \\n** [[Straub-Huillet|Jean-Marie\n        Straub]], French filmmaker\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Robert Garcia (New York\n        politician)|Robert Garc\\u00eda]], American politician\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Stan Brakhage]], American filmmaker (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Susan Sontag]], American author (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Dalida]],\n        French singer (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Shari Lewis]], American ventriloquist (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n** [[Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan]], French U.N. High Commissioner\n        for Refugees (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[John Boorman]], English\n        film director\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Chita Rivera]], American actress\n        and dancer\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Corazon Aquino]], 11th [[President of\n        the Philippines]] (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 27]]   [[Ary Fontoura]], Brazilian\n        actor, writer, director, poet and TV-presenter\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Yokoono2.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Yoko\n        Ono]]]]\\n[[File:Nina Simone 1965.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Nina Simone]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] \\n** [[M''el Dowd]], American actress and singer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Tony Jay]], British-American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Polde Bibi\\u010d]], Slovenian film and stage actor and memoir writer (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Leslie Crowther]], British TV comedian\n        & game show host (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[John Anderton]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Elly Ameling]], Dutch soprano\\n*\n        [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Costa-Gavras]], Greek-born director and writer\\n*\n        [[February 13]]\\n** [[Paul Biya]], 2nd [[President of Cameroon]]\\n** [[Kim\n        Novak]], American film actress\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Madhubala]], Indian\n        actress (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\n** [[Craig L. Thomas]], American\n        Senator (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah]], 13th Chief Justice of\n        Pakistan (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Yoko Ono]], Japanese-born\n        singer and artist, widow of [[John Lennon]]\\n** Sir [[Bobby Robson]], English\n        soccer player and manager (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Nina Simone]],\n        American singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Katharine, Duchess\n        of Kent]]\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Donna J. Stone]], American poet and\n        philanthropist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Berry]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Miro Ster\\u017eaj]],\n        Slovenian bowler and businessman\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Michael Caine -\n        Viennale 2012 g (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michael Caine]]]]\\n[[File:Ab\\u016b\n        l-Hasan Ban\\u012bsadr IMG 2044 edit.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abolhassan Banisadr]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Lee Radziwill]], American socialite, sister of Jacqueline\n        Kennedy Onassis\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Ted Abernathy]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Jackie Blanchflower]], Northern\n        Irish footballer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell]],\n        Argentine poet and translator (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Myrna Fahey]],\n        American actress (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Barbara Feldon]], American actress and\n        model \\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Gil]], Spanish right-wing politician, construction\n        businessman, and football team owner (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Mike Stoller]], American songwriter\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Michael Caine|Sir\n        Michael Caine]], British actor \\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Felber]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n**\n        [[Quincy Jones]], American music producer and composer\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United\n        States]]\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Sandy Weill]], American financier and philanthropist\\n*\n        [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Philip Roth]], American author\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Abolhassan Banisadr]], first [[President of Iran]]\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013\n        [[L\\u00ea V\\u0103n H\\u01b0ng]], South Vietnam army generals (d. [[1975]])\\n\\n===\n        April === \\n[[File:Jean-Paul Belmondo 2001.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Mark_Eyskens_1986.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mark\n        Eyskens]]]]\\n[[File:Willie Nelson at Farm Aid 2009 - Cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Willie\n        Nelson]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]], French physicist\n        and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Renae Youngberg]]. American professional baseball player\\n* [[April 5]]\\n**\n        [[Larry Felser]], American sports columnist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Frank Gorshin]],\n        American actor (''''Batman'''') (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Roy\n        Goode]], British legal academic\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Wayne Rogers]], American\n        actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\n** [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]], French actor\\n**\n        [[Gian Maria Volont\\u00e8]], Italian actor (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 12]]\\n**\n        Dame [[Montserrat Caball\\u00e9]], Catalan soprano\\n** [[Ben Nighthorse Campbell]],\n        U.S. Senator\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Morton Subotnick]], American electronic\n        composer\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Roy Clark]], American country musician\\n**\n        [[Elizabeth Montgomery]], American actress (''''Bewitched'''') (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] \\u2013 Dame [[Joan Bakewell]], British broadcaster\\n* [[April\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Michael Bradshaw]], British actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jayne Mansfield]], American actress (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n**\n        [[Patricia Bosworth]], American writer and biographer\\n** [[Claire Davenport]],\n        British actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Jerry Leiber]], American\n        composer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Joyce Ricketts]], American baseball player [AAGPBL]\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Carol Burnett]], American actress, singer\n        and comedian\\n** [[Ilkka Kuusisto]], Finnish composer\\n** [[Arno Allan Penzias]],\n        German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Mark Eyskens]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]\\n** [[Rod\n        McKuen]], American singer-songwriter and poet (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 30]]\n        \\n** [[Vittorio Merloni]], Italian entrepreneur (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Willie\n        Nelson]], American country singer and songwriter\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Joan\n        Collins - Monte-Carlo Television Festival.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Joan Collins]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[James Brown]], African-American soul musician (''''I Feel\n        Good'''') (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Steven Weinberg]], American physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[J. Fred Duckett]],\n        Texan Sports announcer and teacher (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Ratnasiri\n        Wickremanayake]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[Johnny Unitas]], American football player (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Nexhmije\n        Pagarusha]], Albanian singer and actress\\n** [[Roger Perry]], American actor\\n*\n        [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Jessica Steele]], English romance novelist\\n* [[May 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Barbara Taylor Bradford]], English writer\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Louis\n        Farrakhan]], African-American Muslim leader\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Si\\u00e2n\n        Phillips]], Welsh actress\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Carol Habben]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Maurice Andr\\u00e9]],\n        French trumpeter (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Chen Jingrun]], Chinese\n        mathematician (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Joan Collins]], English actress\n        (''''Dynasty'''')\\n** [[Sh\\u014dz\\u014d Iizuka]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Ray Spencer]], English footballer\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Edward Whittemore]], American writer and CIA agent (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Helmuth Rilling]], German conductor\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Joan\n        Rivers 2010 - David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joan Rivers]]]]\\n[[File:Gene\n        Wilder 1970.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Gene Wilder]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Charlie\n        Wilson (Texas politician)|Charles Wilson]], American politician (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Haruo Remeliik]], 1st President of Palau (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Heinrich Rohrer]], Swiss physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Joan Rivers]], American comedic\n        actress, comedian (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Gene Wilder]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** {{Interlanguage link multi|Marly Bueno|pt|3=Marly\n        Bueno}}, Brazilian actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Vladislav\n        Rastorotsky]], Soviet gymnastics coach\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Mohammad-Ali\n        Rajai]], 2nd President of Iran and 47th Prime Minister of Iran (d. [[1981]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]]\\n** [[Harry Browne]], American writer and Presidential candidate\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Maurice Stokes]], American basketball player (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Patsayev]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1971]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Danny Aiello]], American actor\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Bernie\n        Kopell]], American actor and comedian \\n** [[Aleksandar Vasin]], Yugoslav\n        fencer\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Dianne Feinstein]], American policitian and\n        former mayor of [[San Francisco]]\\n* [[June 23]] \\n** [[Dave Bristol]], American\n        baseball manager\\n** [[Hermenegildo S\\u00e1bat]], Uruguayan-Argentine caricaturist\\n*\n        [[June 24]]\\n** [[Ngina Kenyatta]], former [[First Lady of Kenya]]\\n** [[Sam\n        Jones (basketball)|Sam Jones]], American professional basketball player at\n        shooting guard\\n** [[Bernard Grandma\\u00eetre]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Mariano\n        Antonelli]], Italian sports shooter\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Bob Cole (sportscaster)|Bob\n        Cole]], Canadian sports television announcer\\n** [[Hong Sook-ja]], South Korean\n        politician and feminist\\n** [[James Meredith]], American Civil Rights Movement\n        figure, writer, political adviser and Air Force veteran\\n** [[\\u00c1lvaro\n        Siza]], Portuguese Architect\\n** [[Israel Zilber]], Latvian chess player\\n*\n        [[June 26]] \\n** [[Gerry Weiner]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Ralph Guglielmi]],\n        American football quarterback\\n** [[David Winnick]], British Labour Party\n        politician\\n** [[McNeil Moore]], American football player\\n** [[Claudio Abbado]],\n        Italian conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[L. James Sullivan]],\n        American firearms inventor\\n** [[Louise Bishop]], American politician\\n* [[June\n        28]]\\n** [[Antonio Flamand]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Morris Hirsch]], American\n        mathematician\\n** [[V. Sasisekharan]], Indian Molecular biologist\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** [[Piero Barucci]], Italian academic\\n** [[John Bradshaw (author)|John\n        Bradshaw]], American theologian and educator\\n** [[Roy Harris (boxer)|Roy\n        Harris]], American heavyweight boxer\\n** [[John D. Hawke, Jr.]], American\n        politician\\n** [[David Nething]], American politician\\n** [[Bob Fass]], American\n        radio personality\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Lea Massari]], Italian actress and\n        singer\\n** [[Don Head (ice hockey)|Don Head]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Orval Tessier]], Canadian professional ice hockey centre and coach\\n** [[Mauricio\n        Rosencof]], Uruguayan playwright, poet and journalist\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Mt_vasudevan_nayar.jpg|thumb|120px|[[M.\n        T. Vasudevan Nair]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Joe Buick]], Scottish footballer\\n**\n        [[Frank Baumann (baseball)|Frank Baumann]], American pitcher in Major League\n        Baseball\\n** [[Radivoje Ognjanovi\\u0107]], Serbian football manager and former\n        player\\n** [[Hamza Qasim]], Iraqi football goalkeeper\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Kenny Wharram]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 3]]\\n**\n        [[Maximilian, Margrave of Baden]], German prince\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[La Prieta\n        Linda]], Mexican singer and actress\\n** [[Jan Breytenbach]], South African\n        colonel\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Lisa Janti]], American actress\\n* [[July 6]]\n        \\u2013 [[Frank Austin (footballer)|Frank Austin]], English footballer (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Murray Halberg]], New Zealand runner\\n** [[David\n        McCullough]], American historian and author\\n** [[Bruce Wells]], English boxer\n        and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Bucky Bockhorn]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[John Devine (footballer, born 1933)|John\n        Devine]], English footballer\\n** [[Oliver Sacks]], English-born [[neurologist]]\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Bob McGrath]], American actor \\n** [[Gy\\u00f6rgy\n        Czak\\u00f3]], Hungarian figure skater \\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Guido Crepax]],\n        Italian comics artist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Julian Bream]], English guitarist\n        and lutenist\\n** [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], Indian writer\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Julian Klymkiw]], Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender\\n* [[July\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici]], 9th Prime Minister of Malta\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Syd Mead]], American industrial and conceptual designer\\n** [[Jean\n        Yanne]], French film actor and director (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Buddy\n        Knox]], American singer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Cormac McCarthy]], [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]] winning and [[National Book Award]] winning author\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Gardner (American writer)|John Gardner]], American novelist\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Bert Convy]], American game show host,\n        actor and singer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[John Aniston]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Doug Sanders]], American former golfer\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Kathryn\n        Hays]], American television and soap opera actress \\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Nick\n        Reynolds]], American folk singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ted Whitten]], Australian\n        rules footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Hodge (ice\n        hockey)|Charlie Hodge]], Canadian former ice hockey goaltender\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Baldwin (actor)|Peter Baldwin]], British actor\\n** [[Lou Albano]],\n        American professional wrestler and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Robert Fuller\n        (actor)|Robert Fuller]], American former actor and current rancher \\n* [[July\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Edd Byrnes]], American actor and singer\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Julie\n        Newmar - 1965.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Julie Newmar]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**\n        [[Dom DeLuise]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Aquinas Ryan]],\n        Canadian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Jesse Corti]], Venezuelan-born actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Masaichi Kaneda]], Japanese baseball pitcher \\n* [[August\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Tom Bell (actor)|Tom Bell]], English actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Elinor Ostrom]], American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jerry Pournelle]], American science fiction writer\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Joe Tex]], African-American soul singer (d. [[1982]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]]\\n** [[Silvia Caos]], Cuban-Mexican actress (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Doyle Brunson]], American poker player\\n** [[Rocky Colavito]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Falwell]], American evangelist\n        and conservative political activist (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard R. Ernst]], Swiss chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Julie Newmar]], American actress \\n** [[Stuart\n        Roosa]], American astronaut (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Gene Kranz]],\n        American [[NASA]] [[Flight Director]]\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Roman Polanski]],\n        Polish film director\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Bettina Cirone]], American\n        photographer and model \\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[George J. Mitchell]], United\n        States Senator\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Janet Baker|Dame Janet Baker]], English\n        mezzo-soprano\\n** [[Barry Norman]], English film critic (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Robert Curl]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Tom Skerritt]], American actor\\n*\n        [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Robert Chartoff]], American film producer\\n* [[August\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Jean Weaver]], American female professional baseball player\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Arnold Koller]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:Mathieu K\\u00e9r\\u00e9kou 2006Feb10.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Mathieu\n        K\\u00e9r\\u00e9kou]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Lagerfeld 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Karl\n        Lagerfeld]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Ann Richards]], Governor of Texas (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[T. Thirunavukarasu]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. [[1982]])\\n**\n        [[Conway Twitty]], American country music artist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\n** [[Victor Spinetti]], British actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Mathieu K\\u00e9r\\u00e9kou]],\n        5th [[President of Benin]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Michael\n        Novak]], American philosopher and author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**\n        [[Yevgeny Khrunov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Karl Lagerfeld]],\n        German fashion designer and artist\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[William Luther\n        Pierce]], American author and activist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Eileen Fulton]], American stage and soap opera actress \\n* [[September 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Hillevi Rombin]], [[Miss Universe 1955]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September\n        15]]\\n** [[Henry Darrow]], Puerto-Rican American actor \\n** [[Rafael Fr\\u00fchbeck\n        de Burgos]], Spanish conductor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Monica Maughan]], Australian\n        actress (d. 2010)\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Dorothy Loudon]], American\n        actress and singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 18]]                                                                                                       \\n**\n        [[Scotty Bowman]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[David\n        McCallum]], Scottish actor \\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Dennis Viollet]],\n        English former footballer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Dick\n        Simon]], American racing driver\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Raffaele Farina]],\n        Archivist of the Holy Roman Church and cardinal\\n** [[Mel Taylor]], American\n        drummer ([[The Ventures]]) (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Hubie\n        Brown]], American basketball coach and broadcaster\\n* [[September 27]]\\n**\n        [[Greg Morris]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Kathleen Nolan]], American\n        actress and first female president of the Screen Actors Guild\\n** [[Will Sampson]],\n        American actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Samora Machel]],\n        [[President of Mozambique]] (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[September 30]] \\n** [[Cissy\n        Houston]], American singer\\n** [[Michel Aoun]], [[President of Lebanon]]\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n\\n[[File:Peter Mansfield Leipzig.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter Mansfield]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[John Gurdon]], British developmental biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Abdon\n        Pamich]], Italian Olympic athlete\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Joan Berger]], American\n        female professional baseball player\\n** [[Peter Mansfield]], British physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Jay Sebring]], American hair stylist (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Clayton Jacobson II]], American inventor of the [[Jet\n        Ski]]\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Jeanine Deckers]], Belgian nun, known as\n        \\\"The Singing Nun\\\" (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Lois Youngen]],\n        American professional baseball player\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Reginald Kray]],\n        British gangster (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Ronald Kray]], British gangster (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Norman Rush]], American writer\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Sydney Ball]],\n        Australian abstract painter (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Didier\n        Ratsiraka (cropped).jpeg|120px|thumb|[[Didier Ratsiraka]]]]\\n[[File:Keiko\n        Tanaka-Ikeda 1964.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda]]]]\\n[[File:LarryKingSept10\n        (cropped).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Larry King]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\n**[[Samir Roychoudhury]],\n        Indian Bengali poet and philosopher of [[Hungry generation]]\\n**[[Huub Oosterhuis]],\n        Dutch poet, theologian and liturgy reformer\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[John Barry\n        (composer)|John Barry]], British film score composer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Ken\n        Berry]], American actor\\n** [[Jeremy Brett]], British actor (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Aneta Corsaut]], American actress (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Michael Dukakis]],\n        American politician and 1988 Democratic Presidential candidate\\n** [[Amartya\n        Sen]], Indian economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Didier Ratsiraka]], 2nd [[President\n        of Madagascar]]\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Knut Johannesen]], Norwegian speed-skater\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Jim Perry (television personality)|Jim Perry]], American\n        game show host (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Don Clarke]], Rugby\n        football player of New Zealand (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Kay\n        Arthur]], American Bible teacher, speaker and author\\n** [[Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda]],\n        Japanese artistic gymnast\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Jalal Talabani]], [[President\n        of Iraq]]\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Fred Haise]], American astronaut who\n        flew in [[Apollo 13]]\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Jack Burns]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Larry King]], American talk show host\\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[T. Rasalingam]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician\\n** [[Jean Shepard]],\n        American country singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Krzysztof Penderecki]], Polish composer\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Kathryn\n        Crosby|Kathryn Grant]], American actress\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Robert Goulet]],\n        American entertainer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Tony Verna]], American inventor of\n        [[instant replay]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Hope Lange]],\n        American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[John Mayall]], English\n        singer\\n** [[Francisco Cuoco]], Brazilian actor\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_050511-D-9880W-053_Abel_Pacheco_cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abel\n        Pacheco]]]]\\n[[File:Emperor Akihito cropped Emperor Akihito and Gene Castagnetti\n        20090715.jpg|thumb|120px|Emperor [[Akihito]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Fujiko\n        F. Fujio]], Japanese cartoon artist (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Lou Rawls]], African-American\n        singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Mike Larrabee]], American\n        Olympic athlete (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Paul J. Crutzen]],\n        Dutch chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Wink Martindale]], American game show host and disc jockey\\n*\n        [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Henryk G\\u00f3recki]], Polish composer (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Orville Moody]], American golfer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Bryan]], American labor leader (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Eva Wilma]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tim Conway]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[December 17]] \\n**\n        [[Shirley Abrahamson]], American jurist; Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme\n        Court \\n** [[Walter Booker]], American jazz bassist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Jean Carnahan]], American politician\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Abel Pacheco]], 44th [[President of Costa Rica]]\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Akihito]], [[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor of Japan]]\\n* [[December\n        26]]\\n** [[Ugly Dave Gray]], Australian television personality\\n** [[Caroll\n        Spinney]], American puppeteer\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Zoran Laki\\u0107]],\n        Montenegrin historian\\n* [[Augusto and Michaela Odone|Augusto Odone]], creator\n        of ''''[[Lorenzo''s Oil]]'''' (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January\\u2013March\n        ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2002-0625-505, Dr. Wilhelm Cuno.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Wilhelm\n        Cuno]]]]\\n[[File:Calvin Coolidge, bw head and shoulders photo portrait seated,\n        1919.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Calvin Coolidge]]]]\\n[[File:Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Prince\n        Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi]]]]\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Cuno]],\n        [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Pickford]], Canadian-born actor, film director, and producer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n**[[Calvin Coolidge]], 30th [[President of the United States]]\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n**[[J. M. Robertson]], British [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal\n        Party]] politician, writer, and journalist, [[Parliamentary Secretary to the\n        Board of Trade]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Bert Hinkler]], Australian\n        pioneer aviator (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 9]] -- [[Kate Gleason]], American\n        engineer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Mantovani]], Italian\n        geologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]],\n        stained glass artist and jewelry designer, son of Charles Lewis Tiffany\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Lewis J. Selznick]], American film producer (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]]\\n** [[Thomas Coward]], British ornithologist (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[Sara Teasdale]], American lyrical poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013\n        [[John Galsworthy]], British writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[James Banning]], American aviation\n        pioneer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Josiah Thomas]], Australian politician (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] \\n** [[Henri Duparc (composer)|Henri Duparc]], French composer\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n** Sir [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|William Robertson]],\n        British Field Marshall (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Carl Correns]],\n        German botanist and geneticist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Pat\n        Sullivan (film producer)|Pat Sullivan]], Australian-born director and producer\n        of animated films (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[James J. Corbett]],\n        American boxer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Spottiswoode Aitken]],\n        British-American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich\n        of Russia]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Walter Hiers]], American\n        actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[U\\u0142adzimir \\u017dy\\u0142ka]],\n        Belarusian poet (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Anton Cermak]], Mayor\n        of Chicago (assassinated) (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Ahmed Sharif\n        as-Senussi]], Chief of the [[Senussi]] order in [[Libya]] (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] \\n** [[Anton Dimitrov]], Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[Robert T. A. Innes]], South African astronomer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March\n        14]]\\n** [[Balto]], American sled dog (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Antonio Garbasso]],\n        Italian physcist and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Gustavo\n        Jim\\u00e9nez]], Interim [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi]], Italian mountaineer,\n        explorer, and admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Zangara]],\n        attempted assassin of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Eddie Lang]], American musician (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n=== April\\u2013June\n        ===\\n[[File:S\\u00e1nchez Cerro.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Luis Miguel S\\u00e1nchez\n        Cerro]]]]\\n[[File:2008.04.24.HildegardBurjan.Pramerg7.Vienna.JPG|thumb|120px|Blessed\n        [[Hildegard Burjan]]]]\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[William A. Moffett]], U.S.\n        admiral (crash of airship {{USS|Akron|ZRS-4}}) (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 7]]\n        -- [[Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria]] (d. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Harriet Brooks]], Canadian physicist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 20]] -- [[William\n        Courtenay (actor)|William Courtenay]], Canadian actor and director (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]]\\n** [[Prince Ludwig Philipp of Thurn and Taxis]] (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Royce]], English car manufacturer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Tim Keefe]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Luis Miguel S\\u00e1nchez Cerro]], 77th [[Prime Minister\n        of Peru]] and 48th [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Leonard Huxley (writer)|Leonard Huxley]], British writer (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Kerr]], English actor (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Li Ching-Yuen]], Chinese herbalist, martial artist, tactical\n        advisor (b. [[1677]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Torrence]], British actor\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[John Henry Mackay]], German writer (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Thomas J. O''Brien (Michigan politician)|Thomas\n        J. O''Brien]], American politician and diplomat (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Ludovic Arrachart]], French aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Percy C. Mather]],\n        British Protestant missionary (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron\n        Wester Wemyss]], British admiral (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Jimmie\n        Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]], American country singer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Frank Jarvis]], American athlete (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June\n        15]] -- [[Hildegard Burjan]], German [[Roman Catholic]] nun and blessed (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[June 25]] -- [[Giovanni Giacometti]], Swiss painter (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Roscoe Arbuckle]], American actor, comedian, film director,\n        and screenwriter (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n=== July\\u2013September ===\\n[[File:Yrigoyen\n        en ventanilla del ferrocarril viaje a Santa Fe campa\\u00f1a electoral de 1926..jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Hip\\u00f3lito\n        Yrigoyen]]]]\\n[[File:SulejmanDelvina.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Sulejman\n        Delvina]]]]\\n[[File:Hasan Pristina.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Hasan Prishtina]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Faisal I of Iraq.png|120px|thumbnail|right|King [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal\n        of Iraq]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], 18th [[President\n        of Argentina]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[July 11]] -- [[Edward Dillon (actor)|Edward\n        Dillon]], American actor and director (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Irving\n        Babbitt]], American literary critic (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Freddie Keppard]],\n        American jazz musician (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[L\\u00e9on de Witte de Haelen]],\n        Belgian general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[July 18]] -- [[Charles Prince (actor)|Charles\n        Prince]], French actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Nobuyoshi Mut\\u014d]],\n        Japanese field marshal and ambassador (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Sulejman Delvina]], Albanian politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Hasan Prishtina]], Albanian politician,\n        8th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[James\n        Williamson (film pioneer)|James Williamson]], British film director (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Alexandros Kontoulis]], Greek general (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] \\n** [[Marie Cahill]], American singer and actress (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Adolf Loos]], Austrian-Czechoslovak architect (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Kustaa Ahmala]], Finnish politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Francesco de Pinedo]], Italian aviator (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n** [[Max Adalbert]], German actor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Edward Grey, 1st\n        Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]], British statesman (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[September 8]] \\u2013 King [[Faisal I of Iraq]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Campari]], Italian opera singer and Grand Prix driver\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Jules Culot]], French entomologist\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Joseph De Piro]], Maltese [[Roman Catholic]] priest, missionary\n        and Servant of God (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September 20]] \\u2013 [[Annie Besant]],\n        British Theosophist, women''s rights activist, writer and orator (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Dorothea Baird]], British actress (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]]\\n** [[Paul Ehrenfest]], Austrian-Dutch physicist (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Ring Lardner]], American writer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013\n        [[William Kennedy-Cochran-Patrick]], British-born flying ace (b. 1896)\\n*\n        [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[G. R. S. Mead]], British writer (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===\n        October\\u2013December ===\\n[[File:Ismael Montes 1914.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Ismael\n        Montes]]]]\\n[[File:Nadir Khan of Afghanistan.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|King\n        [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]]]]\\n[[File:Yamamoto_Gonnohyoe_2.jpg|thumb|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Yamamoto\n        Gonnohyoe]]]]\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9e Ador\\u00e9e]], French actress\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[John Lister (UK politician)|John\n        Lister]], British politician (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Ismael\n        Montes]], Bolivian general and political figure, 26th [[President of Bolivia]]\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\n** [[George Luks]], American painter (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n** [[Albert Calmette]], French bacteriologist and immunologist\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Paul Painlev\\u00e9]], 2-Time Prime Minister of France\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9mile Roux]], French physician\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Texas Guinan]], American actress,\n        producer, and entrepreneur (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Andrey\n        Lyapchev]], 22nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        [[Pietro Albertoni]], Italian psychologist and politician (b. [[1849]])\\n**\n        [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]], King of Afghanistan (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kyrillos III of Cyprus]], archbishop of the Cypriot Orthodox Church\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November 18]] -- [[Francisco Javier Gaxiola]], Mexican\n        diplomat, lawyer and politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 21]] -- [[Inez\n        Clough]], American actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Francois\n        Albert]], French journalist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Currie]], Canadian general (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 2]] -- [[Clarence Burton]],\n        American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Stefan George]], German\n        poet (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 6]] -- [[Auguste Chapuis]], French composer\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Yamamoto Gonnohyoe]], Imperial Japanese\n        army officer and 8th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Jatho]], German airplane pioneer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[John Joly]], Irish physicist\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[J\\u00e1nos Hadik]], 19th Prime\n        Minister of Hungary (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Robert W. Chambers]],\n        American writer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n**[[Thubten Gyatso, 13th\n        Dalai Lama]] (b. [[1876]])\\n**[[Oskar Potiorek]], Austro-Hungarian general,\n        (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[George Jackson Churchward]], Great\n        Western Railway chief mechanical engineer (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Friedrich von\n        Ingenohl]], German admiral (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Prince\n        Aribert of Anhalt]]\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Francesc Macia|Francesc Maci\\u00e0]],\n        President of the Generalitat (autonomous government of Catalonia) (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] \\n** [[Eduard Vilde]], Estonian writer (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Anatoly\n        Lunacharsky]], Russian Marxist revolutionary (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes\n        ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]], and [[Paul Dirac|Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Norman Angell|Sir Norman Angell (Ralph\n        Lane)]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1933/1933fr.html The 1930s Timeline:\n        1933] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1933}}\\n[[Category:1933|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T21:14:02Z\",\"lastrevid\":798540795,\"length\":58772,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1933&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933\"},\"34981\":{\"pageid\":34981,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1934\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:13:06Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{no\n        footnotes|date=November 2015}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year\n        dab|1934|the novel by Alberto Moravia|1934 (novel)}}\\n{{Events by month|1934}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1934}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1934}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main|January 1934}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013\n        [[International Telecommunication Union]] established.\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013\n        The ''''[[Flash Gordon]]'''' [[comic strip]] is first published, in the United\n        States.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 The 8.0 {{M|w}} [[1934 Nepal\\u2013Bihar earthquake|Nepal\\u2013Bihar\n        earthquake]] strikes [[Nepal]] and [[Bihar]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity\n        scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''), killing an estimated 6,000\\u201310,700\n        people.\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 The Japanese company [[Fuji Photo Film]]\n        is established.\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 The 10 year [[German\\u2013Polish\n        Non-Aggression Pact]] is signed by [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Second Polish\n        Republic]].\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 In [[Nazi Germany]] the political power\n        of the federal states such as [[Prussia]] is substantially abolished by the\n        \\\"Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich\\\" (''''Gesetz \\u00fcber den Neuaufbau\n        des Reiches'''').\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main|February 1934}}\\n* [[February\n        6]] \\u2013 [[6 February 1934 crisis|French political crisis]]: The French\n        [[far-right leagues]] rally in front of the [[Palais Bourbon]] in an attempted\n        [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] against the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]].\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Gaston Doumergue]] forms a new government in [[France]].\\n**\n        [[Second Hellenic Republic|Greece]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Turkey]]\n        and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] form the [[Balkan Pact]].\\n* [[February\n        12]] \\u2013 [[February 16|16]] \\u2013 [[Austrian Civil War]]: the [[Fatherland\n        Front (Austria)|Fatherland Front]] consolidates its power in a series of clashes\n        across the country.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Commission of Government]]\n        sworn in as form of direct rule for the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]].\\n* [[February\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Augusto C\\u00e9sar Sandino]] is assassinated in [[Managua]]\n        by the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]].\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] succeeds to the throne, following the death\n        (February 17) of his father King [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]].\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{Main|March 1934}}\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Manchuria]] becomes\n        [[Manchukuo]], following an invasion by the Japanese.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013\n        Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder [[Konstantin P\\u00e4ts]] and General\n        [[Johan Laidoner]] stage a coup in [[Estonia]] to neutralize the popular right\n        wing [[Vaps Movement]], starting the [[Era of Silence]]. Their actions are\n        initially approved by the [[Riigikogu]].\\n* [[March 13]] - [[John Dillinger]]\n        and their gang rob the First National Bank in [[Mason City, Iowa]], stealing\n        $52,000.\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 The [[Great Hakodate Fire]] kills at least\n        2,166 people in southern [[Hokkaido]], Japan.\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 The [[Tydings\\u2013McDuffie\n        Act]] is passed, allowing the [[Philippines]] a greater degree of [[self-government]]\n        from the United States.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main|April 1934}}\\n* [[April 6]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rudyard Kipling]] and [[William Butler Yeats]] are awarded the Gothenburg\n        Prize for Poetry.\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[Loch Ness Monster|Surgeon''s Photograph]]:\n        London gynaecologist Robert Kenneth Wilson takes a photograph of the Loch\n        Ness Monster before being proven in 1994 it was an elaborate [[hoax]].\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{Main|May 1934}}\\n[[File:Bonnieclyde f.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[May\n        23]]: [[Bonnie and Clyde]] killed in a police ambush.]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013\n        The [[May Constitution of 1934]] heralds the beginning of the [[Austrofascism|Austrofascist]]\n        [[Federal State of Austria]].\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 The first [[Three Stooges]]\n        short, ''''[[Woman Haters]]'''', is released. \\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[K\\u0101rlis\n        Ulmanis]] establishes an authoritarian government in [[Latvia]].\\n* [[May\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Kimon Georgiev]] stages a [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in Bulgaria.\\n*\n        [[May 23]] \\u2013 American outlaws [[Bonnie and Clyde]] are ambushed and killed\n        by police in [[Bienville Parish, Louisiana]].\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 Near [[Callander,\n        Ontario]], the [[Dionne quintuplets]] are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne,\n        becoming the first [[quintuplet]]s to survive infancy.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main|June\n        1934}}\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 The Disney animated short, ''''[[The Wise Little\n        Hen]]'''' featuring the debut of [[Donald Duck]] is released.\\n* [[June 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Italy national football team|Italy]] beats [[Czechoslovakia national\n        football team|Czechoslovakia]] 2\\u20131 after extra time to win the [[1934\n        FIFA World Cup|1934 World Cup]].\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013 Political parties are\n        banned in [[Bulgaria]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito\n        Mussolini]] meet for the first time, at the [[Venice Biennale]].\\n* [[June\n        18]] \\u2013 The [[Indian Reorganization Act]] is enacted.\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013\n        The [[Emir]] of [[Yemen]] and ibn Saud of [[Saudi Arabia]] conclude a peace\n        treaty.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Night of the Long Knives]]\n        in Germany: [[Nazism|Nazis]] purge the ''''[[Sturmabteilung]]'''' (SA), the\n        left-wing [[Strasserism|Strasserist]] faction of the [[Nazi Party]] and prominent\n        conservative anti-Nazis in a series of political murders.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013\n        The [[Nazi Party]] [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] camp [[Oranienburg]] becomes a national\n        camp, taken over by the ''''[[Schutzstaffel]]'''' (SS).\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main|July\n        1934}}\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 Hitler gives a speech to the [[Reichstag (Nazi\n        Germany)|Reichstag]] justifying his purge.\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 The American\n        film industry begins to rigorously enforce the [[Motion Picture Production\n        Code]]. \\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[July Putsch]]: Austrian [[Nazism|Nazis]]\n        assassinate chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] during a failed coup attempt.\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n{{Main|August 1934}}\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]] becomes\n        ''''[[F\\u00fchrer]]'''' of Germany, or head of state combined with that of\n        Chancellor following the death of President [[Paul von Hindenburg]].\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 The [[Wehrmacht]] swears a personal oath of loyalty to [[Adolf\n        Hitler]]. \\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 The [[United States Marine Corps]] leaves\n        [[Haiti]].\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[German referendum, 1934]]: In a referendum,\n        90% of the German population approves of Hitler''s assumption of [[President\n        of Germany|presidential powers]] as [[F\\u00fchrer]] and [[Reichskanzler]].\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main|September 1934}}\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-16196,\n        N\\u00fcrnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Nuremberg\n        Rally]] of 1934]]\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[September 10|10]] \\u2013 6th\n        [[Nuremberg Rally]] staged by the German [[Nazi Party]].\\n* [[September 8]]\n        \\u2013 Off the [[New Jersey]] coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner {{SS|Morro\n        Castle|1930|6}} kills 134 people.\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]]\n        joins the [[League of Nations]].\\n** [[Bruno Richard Hauptmann]] is arrested\n        in connection with the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]] case in the U.S.\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\u2013 [[1934 Muroto typhoon|Muroto typhoon]] in [[Honsh\\u016b]], Japan\n        kills 3,036 people, and destroys the temple, schools, and other buildings\n        in [[Osaka]].\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 A [[Gresford disaster|gas explosion]]\n        at [[Gresford Colliery]] in [[Wrexham]], north-east Wales, kills 266 miners\n        and rescuers.\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Afghanistan]] joins the [[League\n        of Nations]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October 1934}}\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013\n        A [[tornado]] in [[Osaka]] and [[Kyoto]] kills 1,660, injures 5,400, and destroys\n        the rice harvest.\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Events of October the 6th]]: the\n        President of [[Catalonia]], [[Llu\\u00eds Companys]], declared the [[Catalan\n        State]] of the Spanish Federal Republic, but Spanish troops swiftly crushed\n        the Catalan forces and arrested him and the members of the Catalan government.\n        The autonomy of Catalonia was suspended until 1936.\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013\n        King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander of Yugoslavia]] and French foreign\n        minister [[Louis Barthou]] are assassinated during the king''s state visit\n        in [[Marseille]].\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 The [[Long March]] of the [[People''s\n        Liberation Army]] of the [[Communist Party of China]] begins.\\n* [[October\n        17]] - [[Harry Pierpont]] is executed on the [[electric chair]] for killing\n        Sheriff Jess Sarber while breaking [[John Dillinger]] out of jail in [[Lima,\n        Ohio]]\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 Start of [[MacRobertson Air Race]] from London\n        to Melbourne\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main|November 1934}}\\n* [[November 23]]\n        \\u2013 An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the [[Ogaden]] discovers\n        an Italian garrison at [[Walwal]], which lays well within [[Ethiopia]]n territory.\n        This encounter leads to the [[Abyssinia Crisis]].\\n* [[November 27]]\\u2013\n        [[Daniel Salamanca Urey]], [[President of Bolivia]], is deposed in a military\n        coup and replaced by [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Tejada Sorzano]].\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{Main|December\n        1934}}\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Abyssinia Crisis]]: Ethiopian and Italian\n        troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and\n        for the Italians 50.\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 Persia becomes [[Iran]].\\n*\n        [[December 29]] \\u2013 Japan renounces the [[Washington Naval Treaty]] of\n        1922 and the [[London Naval Treaty]] of 1930.\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* Winter\n        \\u2013 [[Tadj ol-Molouk]], Empress consort of [[Iran]], and her daughters\n        appear publicly in [[Tehran]] without a [[veil]], leading to its abolition\n        in the country.\\n* [[Abidjan]] becomes the capital of the French colony of\n        [[Ivory Coast]].\\n* The [[sonoluminescence]] effect is discovered at the [[University\n        of Cologne]].\\n* The [[Australian frontier wars]] end after 146 years.\\n*\n        [[Yomiuri Giants]], a successful professional baseball club in Japan, founded\n        in [[Tokyo]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===\n        January===\\n[[File:Jean Chretien 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean Chr\\u00e9tien]]]]\\n[[File:Bill\n        Bixby The Magician 1973.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Bill Bixby]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\n        \\n** [[George D. Behrakis]], Greek American philanthropist\\n** [[Alan Berg]],\n        Jewish talk show host (d. 1984)\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Hellmuth Karasek]],\n        German journalist, literary critic, novelist (d. 2015)\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Eddy Pieters Graafland]], Dutch football goalkeeper\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**\n        [[Jean Corbeil]], Canadian politician (d. 2002)\\n** [[Charles Jenkins Sr.|Charles\n        Jenkins]], American sprinter\\n** [[Joseph Naso]], American serial killer\\n**\n        [[Tassos Papadopoulos]], Cypriot politician, 5th [[President of Cyprus]] (d.\n        2008)\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Piet Dankert]], Dutch politician (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Bart Starr]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Leonid Kravchuk]], [[President of Ukraine]]\\n* [[January 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jean Chr\\u00e9tien]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Mick Sullivan]], English rugby league footballer\\n* [[January\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Richard Briers]], English actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Marilyn Horne]], American mezzo-soprano\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Cedar Walton]], jazz pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Raymond\n        Briggs]], British writer and illustrator\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Tom Baker]],\n        British actor \\n** [[Dave Hull]], American former radio personality\\n* [[January\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Ann Wedgeworth]], American actress\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Bill\n        Bixby]], American actor and director (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Graham Kerr]], British\n        television personality\\n** [[Nolan Strong]], Detroit doo-wop singer with The\n        Diablos (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Lou Antonio]], American actor\n        and director\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Stanis\\u0142aw Grochowiak]], Polish\n        poet and dramatist (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Tammy Grimes]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n=== February===\\n[[FIle:Hank Aaron - Baseball\n        HOF Induction 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hank Aaron]]]]\\n[[File:Niklaus Wirth,\n        UrGU.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Niklaus Wirth]]]]\\n[[File:Bobby Unser - 2015 Indianapolis\n        500 - Stierch.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bobby Unser]]]]\\n[[File:Bettino Craxi-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bettino\n        Craxi]]]]\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Hank Aaron]], African-American baseball\n        player\\n* [[February 7]]\\n**[[Eddie Fenech Adami]], 10th [[Prime Minister\n        of Malta]] and 7th [[President of Malta]]\\n**[[Earl King]], American musician\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Fleur Adcock]], New Zealand poet\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Tina Louise]], American actress\\n**[[Manuel Noriega]],\n        Panamanian military dictator (1983\\u20131989) (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Mary Quant]],\n        British fashion designer\\n** [[John Surtees]], British race car driver (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Mel Carnahan]], American politician (d. [[2000]]) \\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Anne Osborn Krueger|Anne Krueger]], American economist\\n** [[Bill\n        Russell]], American basketball player\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[George Segal]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Michel Corboz]], Swiss conductor\\n**\n        [[Florence Henderson]], American actress, singer and television personality\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Niklaus Wirth]], Swiss computer\n        scientist\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Kalin Twins|Harold \\\"Hal\\\" & Herbert\n        \\\"Herbie\\\" Kalin]], American singers (The Kalin Twins) (d. [[2005]] and [[2006]],\n        respectively)\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** Sir [[Alan Bates]], British actor (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n** [[Barry Humphries]], Australian actor and comedian\\n* [[February\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Ronald F. Marryott]], American admiral (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Unser]], American race car driver\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Rue McClanahan]], American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n**\n        [[Sparky Anderson]], American baseball manager (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Van Williams]],\n        American actor \\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Augusto Alguer\\u00f3]], Spanish\n        composer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Bettino Craxi]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Italy]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Renata Scotto]], Italian soprano\\n** [[Bingu\n        wa Mutharika]], Malawian President and economist (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Bernard Bresslaw]], British actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Vincent Fourcade]], French-born interior designer and socialite\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Ralph Nader]], American consumer activist and presidential\n        candidate\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yuri\n        Gagarin]]]]\\n[[File:Alan Arkin - 1975.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alan Arkin]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Chamberlain DF-ST-83-03559.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Chamberlain]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[Jean-Michel Folon]], Belgian sculptor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Joan Hackett]],\n        American actress (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Mario Davidovsky]], Argentinian\n        composer\\n** [[John Duffey]], American bluegrass musician (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Anne Haney]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Barbara McNair]], African-American\n        singer and actress (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Janez Strnad]], Slovenian physicist\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[Daniel Kahneman]], Israeli economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize\n        in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Nicholas Smith (actor)|Nicholas\n        Smith]], English actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Franklin Clarke]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Willard Scott]], American television weather\n        reporter \\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Del Close]], American actor, improviser, writer\n        and teacher (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Yuri Gagarin]], Russian cosmonaut, first human\n        in space (d. [[1968]])\\n** [[Joyce Van Patten]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Sam Donaldson]], American reporter\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Barry\n        Hughart]], American author\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Eugene Cernan]], American\n        astronaut (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Paul Rader]], General of The Salvation Army\\n**\n        [[Dionigi Tettamanzi]], Italian cardinal (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard]], British economist\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Ray Hnatyshyn]], [[Governor General of Canada]] (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Frederick T. Mackenzie]],  American sedimentary and global biogeochemist\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Willie Brown (politician)|Willie Brown]], Mayor of San\n        Francisco\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Orrin Hatch]], U.S. Senator from Utah\\n**\n        [[Larry Martyn]], British comic actor  (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**[[Johnny\n        Burnette]], American [[rockabilly]] singer, songwriter, and musician (d. [[1964]])\\n**[[Gloria\n        Steinem]], American feminist\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Alan Arkin]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Laurie Taitt]], British sprint hurdler (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Lester R. Brown]], American Author and Environmentalist. \\n* [[March 31]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Chamberlain]], American actor\\n** [[Shirley Jones]], American singer,\n        actress, and first wife of [[Jack Cassidy]]\\n** [[Carlo Rubbia]], Italian\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Orion Samuelson]],\n        American television personality\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Roman Herzog 2012.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Roman\n        Herzog]]]]\\n[[File:Shirley MacLaine - 1960jpg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shirley MacLaine]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Jim Ed Brown]], American country singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Don Hastings]], American actor\\n** [[Rod Kanehl]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Vladimir Posner]], Russian journalist\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Avery]], American journalist (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Paul Cohen]], American\n        mathematician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Brian Glover]], British actor and wrestler\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Jane Goodall]], British zoologist\\n*\n        [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Roman Herzog]], 9th [[President of Germany]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Anton Geesink]], Dutch 10th-dan judoka (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Bill Birch]], New Zealand politician\\n* [[April 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mark Strand]], Canadian-born American poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Vince Hill]], English singer-songwriter, producer and playwright\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[James Drury]], American actor\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[John Malecela]], 6th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Jayakanthan]],\n        Tamil writer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Shirley MacLaine]], American actress, dancer,\n        writer\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Peter McParland]], Irish footballer\\n** [[Denny\n        Miller]], American actor (''''Wagon Train'''') (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Pedro Pires|Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires]], [[President of Cape Verde]]\\n**\n        [[Akira Takarada]], Japanese actor\\n\\n=== May===\\n[[File:Frankie Valli 2012-10-27\n        2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frankie Valli]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Henry Cooper]], British\n        boxer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Frankie Valli]], American musician\\n* [[May 4]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tatiana Samoilova]], Russian actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Shelby]], U. S. senator from Alabama\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Bennett]], British actor and writer\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Gary Owens]], American\n        disc jockey, voice actor and announcer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Leon Wagner]], American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013\n        [[George Roper]], British comedian (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Dwayne\n        Hickman]], American actor \\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Jim Lehrer]], American television\n        journalist\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Bengt I. Samuelsson]], Swedish biochemist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Peter Nero]], American pianist\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Robert Moog]], American\n        inventor of the synthesizer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Barry Rose]],\n        British choir director and organist\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 [[Harlan Ellison]],\n        American writer\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Dionne quintuplets]], Canadian quintuplets\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Nanette Newman]], English actress and author\\n* [[May\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Alexey Leonov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n\\n=== June===\\n[[File:Albert\n        II of Belgium.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert II of Belgium]]]]\\n[[File:Harry Blackstone,\n        Jr. 1976.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Harry Blackstone, Jr.]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Pat\n        Boone]], American actor and singer\\n** [[Ken Rex McElroy]], American criminal\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Rolland D. McCune]], American theologian\\n*\n        [[June 4]]\\n** Dame [[Monica Dacon]], Saint Vincent and the Grenadines schoolteacher,\n        educator and politician\\n** Dame [[Daphne Sheldrick]], Kenyan conservationist\n        and author\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Bill Moyers]], American journalist\\n* [[June\n        6]] \\u2013 King [[Albert II of Belgium]]\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Koloa Talake]],\n        7th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Aguirre]], Mexican actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** Dame [[Eileen Atkins]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Kumari Kamala]], Indian dancer and actress\\n** [[William\n        F. Sharpe]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Samuel Zoll]], Massachusetts jurist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Josef Stoer]], German mathematician \\n**\n        [[Ken Matthews]], English race walker\\n** [[Luigi Albertelli]], Italian lyricist\\n**\n        [[Maro Kontou]], Greek actress and politician\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Ragnar\n        Svensson (wrestler)|Ragnar Svensson]], Greco-Roman wrestler from Sweden\\n**\n        [[Nancy R. Stocksdale]], American politician\\n** [[Russ Snyder]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Virbhadra Singh]], Indian\n        politician\\n** [[Jack W. Hayford]], American author, Pentecostal minister,\n        and Chancellor of The King''s University\\n** [[Keith Sutton (bishop)|Keith\n        Sutton]], British bishop\\n** [[Marino Casem]], American football coach and\n        athletic administrator\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Rodney Pepp\\u00e9]], British author\n        and illustrator \\n** [[Gloria Christian]], Italian Canzone Napoletana singer\\n**\n        [[Peter Stoddart]], English cricketer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Beatriz Sheridan]],\n        Mexican actress and director (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Willie Rodriguez]], West\n        Indian cricketer\\n** [[Jack Hayford]], American evangelist and author\\n* [[June\n        26]] \\n** [[Toru Goto]], Japanese freestyle swimmer\\n** [[Gustav Wiklund]],\n        Finnish actor\\n** [[Josef Sommer]], German-American stage and film actor\\n**\n        [[Jeremy Wolfenden]], British journalist (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[Ed Hobaugh]], Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Bill Hay (footballer)|Bill\n        Hay]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1934)|Bob\n        Wilson]],  Scottish former professional association football player\\n* [[June\n        28]] \\n** [[Carl Levin]], United States Senator\\n** [[Shiraz Ali]], Bermudian\n        cricketer\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Susan George (political scientist)|Susan George]],\n        American and French political and social scientist, activist and writer\\n**\n        [[Duane Wilson]], American former professional baseball player\\n** [[Bob Burrow]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Chuck Schaden]], American television presenter\\n**\n        [[Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1934)|Bob Wilson]], Scottish football player\\n**\n        [[Malcolm Handscombe]], English footballer\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Richard Jolly]],\n        leading development economist\\n** [[C. N. R. Rao]], Indian chemist\\n** [[Harry\n        Blackstone Jr.]], American magician (d. [[1997]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n[[File:Sydney\n        Pollack.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sydney Pollack]]]]\\n[[File:GiorgioArmani.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giorgio\n        Armani]]]]\\n[[File:Soyinka, Wole (1934).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wole Soyinka]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Jamie Farr]], American actor\\n** [[Jean Marsh]], British\n        actress\\n** [[Ester Pajusoo]], Estonian actress \\n** [[Ilselil Larsen]], Danish\n        film actress\\n** [[Paddy Jones]], British salsa dancer\\n** [[Sydney Pollack]],\n        American film director (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Tom Springfield]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Gordan Irovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav football goalkeeper\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – [[Stefan Abadzhiev]], Bulgarian football player\\n* [[July\n        4]] \\n** [[James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Abercorn]], British nobleman, peer,\n        and politician\\n** [[Abdul Aziz (cricketer, born 1934)|Abdul Aziz]], Pakistani\n        first-class cricketer\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Erik Uddebom]], Swedish athlete\\n*\n        [[July 8]] \\n** [[Fred Stewart (Alberta politician)|Fred Stewart]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Ole Lund]], Norwegian barrister and industrial leader\\n**\n        [[Edward D. DiPrete]], American politician\\n** [[Marty Feldman]], English\n        comedy writer, comedian and actor (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[John\n        Clegg (actor)|John Clegg]], Indian-born English actor\\n** [[Michael Graves]],\n        American architect (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Alfred Biolek]], German\n        entertainer and television producer\\n** [[Jerry Nelson]], American puppeteer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Giorgio Armani]], Italian fashion designer\\n**\n        [[Jim Ridlon]], American football safety \\n** [[Dick Treleaven]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Barney Cooney]], Australian politician\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Van Cliburn]], American pianist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Wole\n        Soyinka]], Nigerian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Aleksei Yeliseyev]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[\\u00c1ngel\n        del Pozo]], Spanish acto\\n** [[Jun Hazumi]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Lee\n        Elder]], American professional golfer\\n** [[John Tyndall (politician)|John\n        Tyndall]], British politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Eva Kr\\u00ed\\u017eikov\\u00e1]],\n        Slovak actress\\n** [[Harrison Birtwistle]], British composer \\n** [[Frank\n        Vargas Pazzos]], commander of the Ecuadorian Air Force\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[George Hilton (actor)|George Hilton]], Uruguayan-English actor\\n** [[Katherine\n        D. Ortega]], 38th Treasurer of the United States \\n** [[Marjorie McQuade]],\n        Australian swimmer\\n** [[Albert Aguayo]], Canadian neurologist\\n** [[George\n        Perles]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Joan\n        Evans (actress)|Joan Evans]], American actress\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013 [[Francisco\n        de S\\u00e1 Carneiro]], Prime Minister of Portugal  (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Jonathan Miller]], British theatre director\\n* [[July 22]]\\n**\n        [[Louise Fletcher]], American actress\\n** [[Oluyemi Adeniji]], Nigerian career\n        diplomat and politician\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[P. S. Soosaithasan]], Sri\n        Lankan Tamil politician\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 Luang Por [[Ajahn Sumedho]],\n        [[Theravada]] Buddhist representative in the West\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013  [[Bud\n        Luckey]], American voice actor and [[Pixar]] animator\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Bud Selig]], American [[Major League Baseball]] commissioner\\n\\n=== August===\\n[[File:Akbar\n        Hashemi Rafsanjani at Expediency Discernment Council.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Akbar\n        Hashemi Rafsanjani]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Valery Bykovsky]], Russian\n        cosmonaut\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Jonas Savimbi]], Angolan political and\n        rebel leader (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Dallas Green (baseball)|Dallas\n        Green]], American baseball manager and executive\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Cammie\n        King]], American child actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Wendell Berry]], American\n        novelist, essayist, poet\\n** [[Gay Byrne]], Irish broadcaster\\n* [[August\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Billy Boston]], Welsh rugby league footballer\\n* [[August 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[James Tenney]], American experimental composer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Nino Ferrer]], French singer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Donnie Dunagan]], American actor\\n** [[Ed van Thijn]], Dutch politician\\n**\n        [[Diana Wynne Jones]], British writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Vincent\n        Bugliosi]], American prosecutor and author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ronnie Carroll]],\n        Northern Irish singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Roberto Clemente]], Puerto Rican\n        [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9e\n        Richards]], American transsexual physician and tennis player\\n* [[August 20]]\\n**\n        [[Armi Kuusela]], [[Miss Universe 1952]]\\n** [[Tom Mangold]], British journalist\n        and author\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Norman Schwarzkopf]], U.S. Army general\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Sonny Jurgensen]], American football\n        player\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]],\n        English actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Eddie Ilarde]], Filipino\n        broadcaster and politician\\n** [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani|Ayatollah Akbar\n        Hashemi Rafsanjani]], 4th [[President of Iran]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Tom Heinsohn]], American basketball player, coach, and broadcaster\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Helen Craig]], English children''s author, illustrator\n        (''''[[Angelina Ballerina]]'''')\\n** [[Anatoly Solonitsyn]], Russian actor\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Tamara Manina 1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tamara\n        Manina]]]]\\n[[File:Nicholas Liverpool.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicholas Liverpool]]]]\\n[[File:Sophia\n        Loren - 1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sophia Loren]]]]\\n[[File:Leonard Cohen concert\n        of the 2008 tour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leonard Cohen]]]]\\n[[File:Brigitte Bardot\n        - 1962.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brigitte Bardot]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Grady\n        Nutt]], American humorist (d. 1982)\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Clive Granger]],\n        Welsh-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Eduard Khil]], Russian baritone singer (\\\"[[Eduard\n        Khil|Trololo]]\\\") (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Marshall Rosenberg]],\n        American psychologist and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Little\n        Milton]], American musician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Omar Karami]], 2-Time Prime\n        Minister of Lebanon (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Peter Maxwell\n        Davies]], English composer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas\n        Liverpool]], Dominican lawyer and politician, 6th [[List of Presidents of\n        Dominica|President of Dominica]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Kuralt]], American journalist  (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ian Abercrombie]], English-American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Fred Nile]], Australian Christian politician\\n* [[September\n        16]]\\n** [[Elgin Baylor]], American basketball player and executive\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Drew]], Irish singer with [[The Dubliners]] band (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Tamara\n        Manina]], Soviet artistic gymnast\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Maureen Connolly]],\n        American tennis player (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Binoy Majumdar]], Indian [[Hungryalist]]\n        poet (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Brian Epstein]], British manager\n        of [[the Beatles]] and co-founder of [[Northern Songs]] (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[September\n        20]]\\n** [[David Marquand]], English academic and politician\\n** [[Jeff Morris\n        (actor)|Jeff Morris]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Rajinder Puri]],\n        Indian cartoonist, veteran columnist and political activist (d. 2015)\\n**\n        [[Sophia Loren]], Italian actress\\n** [[Tony Alamo (evangelist)|Tony Alamo]],\n        American religious leader and convicted criminal\\n** [[Takayuki Kubota]],\n        martial artist and founder of the [[Gosoku-ryu]] style of karate\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Leonard Cohen]], Canadian poet, novelist and singer/songwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[David J. Thouless]], Scottish-born condensed-matter physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Lute\n        Olson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Shah\n        Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan]]\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Tommy Anderson\n        (footballer)|Tommy Anderson]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[Robert Lang (actor)|Robert\n        Lang]], English stage and television actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n**\n        [[Beverly Armstrong]], American female professional baseball player\\n** [[Wilford\n        Brimley]], American actor\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Brigitte Bardot]],\n        French actress, animal rights activist\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Alan A''Court]],\n        English footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Udo J\\u00fcrgens]], Austrian-Swiss\n        composer and singer of popular music (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Anna Kashfi]], Welsh\n        actress (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:Nana Mouskouri 919-2233.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nana\n        Mouskouri]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Chuck Hiller]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Emilio Bot\\u00edn]], Spanish banker (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Shakeb Jalali]], Urdu poet (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Earl\n        Wilson (baseball)|Earl Wilson]], baseball player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Harold Henning]], South African golfer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Sam Huff]], American football player\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Amiri Baraka]], African-American poet, playwright and activist (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] \\n** [[Jill Ker Conway]], Australian-born author\\n** [[Abdullah\n        Ibrahim]], South African pianist and composer\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Nana\n        Mouskouri]], Greek singer\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Rico Rodriguez (musician)|Rico\n        Rodriguez]], Cuban-born Jamaican trombonist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chuck Swindoll]], American evangelist\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Gl\\u00f3ria\n        Menezes]], Brazilian actress \\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Michael Dunn (actor)|Michael\n        Dunn]], a.k.a. Gary Neil Miller, dwarf American actor and singer (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Charles S. Liebman]], American-Israeli political scientist and author (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Frans Br\\u00fcggen]], Dutch flutist, recorder\n        player and conductor\\n** [[Hamilton Camp]], English-American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Carl Sagan Planetary Society.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Carl Sagan]]]]\\n[[File:JKRUK\n        20080604 KRZESINSKA ELZBIETA DSC02053.jpg|thumb|110px|[[El\\u017cbieta Krzesi\\u0144ska]]]]\\n[[File:Charles-mansonbookingphoto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles\n        Manson]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Umberto Agnelli]], Swiss-born automobile\n        executive (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Ken Rosewall]], Australian\n        tennis champion\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Barton Myers]], American/Canadian\n        architect\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Jackie Joseph]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 9]]\\n** [[Ingvar Carlsson]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden\\n**\n        [[Carl Sagan]], American astronomer and writer (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Joanna Moore]], American actress (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Suzanne Lloyd]], Canadian film and television actress\\n** [[El\\u017cbieta\n        Krzesi\\u0144ska]], Polish athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Manson]], American cult leader and criminal\\n* [[November 13]] \\n**\n        [[John Gowans]], General of The Salvation Army (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Garry Marshall]],\n        American film producer, director and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Dave Mackay]], Scottish football player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Ir\\u00e9n Pavlics]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] author in Hungary\\n*\n        [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Jim Inhofe]], United States Senator\\n* [[November\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Laurence Luckinbill]], American actor\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Lew Hoad]], Australian tennis champion (d. 1994)\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Schnittke]], Volga German composer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n**\n        [[Ammo Baba]], Assyrian soccer player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Gilbert Strang]],\n        American mathematician\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Willie Morris]], American\n        writer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Lansana Cont\\u00e9]], [[President\n        of Guinea]] (d. [[2008]])\\n\\n=== December===\\n[[File:Judi Dench at the BAFTAs\n        2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Judi Dench|Dame Judi Dench]]]]\\n[[File:Stjepan Mesic\n        (2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stjepan Mesic]]]]\\n[[File:Latinina portret.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Larissa\n        Latynina]]]]\\n[[File:Dame Maggie Smith-cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maggie Smith|Dame\n        Maggie smith]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Billy Paul]], American singer\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Andre Rodgers]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Gorbatko]], Russian\n        cosmonaut\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Victor French]], American actor and director\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Joan Didion]], American novelist\n        \\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Nick Bockwinkel]], American professional wrestler\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Judi Dench]], British actress\\n** [[Junior\n        Wells]], American harmonica player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Howard Martin Temin]], American geneticist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Miguel\n        de la Madrid]], 52nd President of Mexico (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard D. Zanuck]], American producer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]], 6th President of Somalia (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Boris Volynov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Aki Aleong]], Trinidad and Tobago actor\\n** [[Al Kaline]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Rudi Carrell]], Dutch singer and entertainer (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Pratibha Patil]], [[President of India]]\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Stjepan\n        Mesi\\u0107]], 2nd [[President of Croatia]]\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Larisa\n        Latynina]], Russian gymnast\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Maggie Smith]], British\n        actress \\n** [[Yujiro Ishihara]], Japanese actor (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[December\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Ed Flanders]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**\n        [[John N. Bahcall|John Norris Bahcall]], American astrophysicist (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph P. Hoar]], U.S. Marine commander\\n** [[Del Shannon]], American singer\n        (''''Runaway'''') (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Russ Tamblyn]], American film and television\n        actor\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Fritz Haber.png|110px|thumb|[[Fritz\n        Haber]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Jakob Wassermann]], German writer (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Herbert Chapman]], English football manager\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Auguste Dubail]], French general (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Andrei Bely]], Russian writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Marinus van der Lubbe]], Dutch communist accused of\n        setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Hermann Bahr]], Austrian writer and playwright (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Henry Walter Barnett]], Australian photographer and filmmaker\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Aref Qazvini]], Iranian poet, lyricist\n        and musician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Robert Brady (criminal)|Robert\n        Brady]], American criminal (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Fritz\n        Haber]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n=== February===\\n[[File:Portrait of Albert I of Belgium.jpg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Albert I of Belgium]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Maria Domenica Mantovani]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Eleonora de Cisneros]], American opera (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zsef Pusztai]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] writer,\n        poet and journalist in Hungary (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\u2013 King\n        [[Albert I of Belgium]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Augusto\n        C\\u00e9sar Sandino]], Nicaraguan revolutionary and rebel (murdered) (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[Edward Elgar]], British composer (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Geevarghese\n        Dionysius of Vattasseril]], Indian [[Orthodox priest]] and saint (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[John McGraw]], American baseball manager and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n=== March===\\n\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**[[Wilhelm Diegelmann]], German actor (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n**[[Charles Webster Leadbeater]], British author and Theosophist\n        (b.[[1854]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o do Canto e Castro]], Portuguese\n        army officer, 67th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 5th [[President of Portugal]]\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Davidson Black]], Canadian-born paleoanthropologist (b.[[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]], Dutch Queen and regent (b.[[1858]])\\n**\n        [[Sydney Deane]], Australian cricketer and actor (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March\n        21]]\\n** [[Nicanor Abelardo]], Filipino composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Lilyan\n        Tashman]], American actress (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[Francis\n        William Reitz]], president of the [[Orange Free State]]. (b. 1844)\\n* [[March\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Mahmoud Mokhtar]], Egyptian sculptor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Otto Hermann Kahn]], German-born philanthropist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Paul Cazeneuve]], French politician (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Ronald\n        Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar]], Scottish politician, former Governor-General\n        of Australia (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[B\\u00e9atrice\n        Ephrussi de Rothschild]], French socialite (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Karl von Einem]],\n        German general (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Safvet-beg Basagic]],\n        Yugoslav writer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Gerald du Maurier]], British\n        actor (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[John Collier (painter)|John Collier]], British painter\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Karl Dane]], Danish actor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Raffaele Garofalo]], Italian criminologist and jurist\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Arturs Alberings]], Prime Minister of\n        Latvia (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[John Hamilton (gangster)|John Hamilton]], Canadian\n        gangster (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Joe Vila]], American sportswriter\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Hugh L. Scott]], Major General of the\n        US Army (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n=== May===\\n[[File:Edward_William_Nelson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Edward\n        William Nelson]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]  \\u2013 [[William Woodin]], American politician\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Cass Gilbert]], American architect (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Edward William Nelson]], American naturalist\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[James Durkin (actor)|James Durkin]],\n        Canadian-born American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Clyde Barrow]],\n        American outlaw, member of [[Barrow Gang]] (shot) (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Bonnie\n        Parker]], American outlaw, member of [[Barrow Gang]] (shot) (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Brand Whitlock]], American journalist and politician (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Gustav Holst]], British composer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013  [[Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta]] (b. [[1841]])\\n* [[May\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Bela Barabas]], Hungarian politician (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[May\n        30]]\\n** [[T\\u014dg\\u014d Heihachir\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1848]])\\n**\n        [[Julia Lopes de Almeida]], Brazilian advocate and writer (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Lew Cody]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n=== June===\\n[[File:SchleicherEn1933.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Kurt\n        von Schleicher]]]]\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Dorothy Dell]], American actress (b.\n        [[1915]]) \\n** [[Jesse Root Grant]], Son of President [[Ulysses S. Grant]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Medeiros e Albuquerque]], Brazilian poet\n        and politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Delius]], British\n        composer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Lev Vygotsky]], Russian developmental\n        psychologist (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe\n        (1872-1934)|Prince Bernhard of Lippe]] (b.  [[1872]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Andrew Jackson Zilker]], American philanthropist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Buhagiar]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]] \\u2013 Murdered during the [[Night of the Long Knives]]:\\n**[[Fritz\n        Gerlich]], German journalist (b. [[1883]])\\n**[[Gustav von Kahr]], German\n        politician (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Karl Ernst]], Nazi SA leader in Berlin (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n** [[Edmund Heines]], Deputy SA leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Gregor\n        Strasser]], German politician, early Nazi leader (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Kurt\n        von Schleicher]], 23rd [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of\n        Germany]] (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Marie Curie c1920.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Marie\n        Curie]]]]\\n[[File:Engelbert Dollfuss.png|thumb|110px|[[Engelbert Dollfuss]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Ernst R\\u00f6hm]], Nazi SA Leader (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Prince Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Marie Curie]], Polish-born scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry]] and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]] (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[Hayim Nahman Bialik]] considered Israel''s national poet (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Zaki Pasha]], Egyptian philologist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]]\\n**[[Alec B. Francis]], English actor (b. [[1867]])\\n**[[Prince\n        Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Benjamin Baillaud]], French astronomer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[July 13]] \\n**\n        [[Kate Sheppard]], most prominent member of New Zealand Women''s suffrage\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n** [[Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez Mej\\u00edas]], Spanish bullfighter\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Louis F. Gottschalk]], American composer\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Jules Renkin]], Belgian politician and 28th [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Carlo Bergamini (sculptor)|Carlo\n        Bergamini]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Sy Sanborn]],\n        American sportswriter (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Padre Cicero|Cicero\n        Romao Batista]], Brazilian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and reverend (b. [[1844]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[Hubert Lyautey]], Marshal of France (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[John Dillinger]], American criminal (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Mar\\u00eda Pilar L\\u00f3pez de Maturana Ortiz de Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] religious blessed and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Hans Hahn (mathematician)|Hans Hahn]], Austrian mathematician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Coty]], French perfume manufacturer\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Engelbert Dollfuss]], Austrian statesman and 10th [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]] (assassinated) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Nestor Makhno]], Ukrainian\n        anarchist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Winsor McCay]], American comic\n        creator and animator (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Marie Dressler]],\n        Canadian actress (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Louis Tancred]], South African cricketer\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Edith Yorke]], British actress (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n=== August===\\n[[File:President\n        Hindenburg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul von Hindenburg]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Paul von Hindenburg]], German general and politician, 2nd [[President of\n        Germany]] (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Wilbert Robinson]], American\n        baseball manager and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Steux]], Belgian road racing cyclist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[George W. Hill]], American director (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mary Hunter Austin]], American writer of fiction and non-fiction\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Hood]], American architect\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Homer Van Meter]], American criminal\n        and bank robber (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Linda Agostini]],\n        British-born Australian victim (b. [[1905]])\\n\\n=== September===\\n* [[September\n        2]]\\n** [[Russ Columbo]], American singer and actor (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Alcide\n        Nunez]], American musician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Roger\n        Fry]], British artist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Serafina\n        Astafieva]], Russian ballet dancer (b.  [[1876]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013\n        [[George Cromwell]], American politician (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n=== October===\\n[[File:Raymond\n        Poincar\\u00e9.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]]]]\\n* [[October 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jean Vigo]], French film director (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[October 9]]\\n**\n        King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]] (b. [[1888]]) (assassinated)\\n** [[Vlado\n        Chernozemski]], Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** Saint [[Innocencio\n        of Mary Immaculate]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Willy Clarkson]], British costume designer and wigmaker\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Mikhail Matyushin]], Russian painter\n        and composer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Poincar\\u00e9]],\n        58th [[Prime Minister of France]] and 10th [[President of France]], Leaders\n        of [[World War I]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Santiago Ram\\u00f3n\n        y Cajal]], Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Alexander\n        von Kluck]], German general (b. [[1846]])\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Pretty\n        Boy Floyd]], American bank robber (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[October 24]] -- [[Giacomo\n        Montalto]], Italian socialist leader and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Lou Tellegen]], Dutch actor (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n=== November===\\n[[File:Carl\n        von Linde 1925.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carl von Linde]]]]\\n[[File:Baby face nelson.png|thumb|120px|[[Baby\n        Face Nelson]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Edmond James de Rothschild]], French\n        philanthropist (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Sir Robert McAlpine,\n        1st Baronet|Robert McAlpine]], Scottish builder (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Ion Farris]], American politician, former [[Speaker of the Florida\n        House of Representatives]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\n** [[Alice Liddell]],\n        English inspiration for ''''[[Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland]]'''' (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n** [[Carl von Linde]], German scientist and engineer (b. [[1842]])\\n**[[Georgi\n        Todorov (general)|Georgi Todorov]], Bulgarian general (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Willem de Sitter]], Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Harry Steppe]], American vaudeville\n        performer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Baby Face Nelson]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Boucher]],\n        French aviator (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n=== December===\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Sergey\n        Kirov]], Soviet politician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Oskar\n        von Hutier]], German general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Alceste De Ambria]], Italian syndicalist\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Wallace Thurman]], American writer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\n** [[Lowell Sherman]], American actor and\n        director (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Pablo Gargallo]], Spanish sculptor and painter\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 Not awarded this year\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Harold Clayton Urey]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[George Hoyt Whipple]],\n        [[George Richards Minot]], [[William Parry Murphy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Luigi Pirandello]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Henderson]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1934/1934fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1934] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1934}}\\n[[Category:1934| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:13:06Z\",\"lastrevid\":799772266,\"length\":49546,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934\"},\"34980\":{\"pageid\":34980,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1935\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-08T03:41:44Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1935}}\\n{{Events by month|1935}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1935}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1935}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1935}}\\n* January \\u2013\n        Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] of [[Ethiopia]] creates a military school at [[Holeta]].[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0163)\n        Ethiopia Military Tradition in National Life.] [[Library of Congress]].\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\u2013 The Italian colonies of [[Tripoli]] and [[Cyrenaica]]\n        are joined together as [[Libya]].\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 The trial of [[Bruno\n        Richard Hauptmann]], accused of the [[Lindbergh kidnapping|kidnapping and\n        murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr.]], begins in [[Flemington, New Jersey]].\\n*\n        [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Dry Tortugas National Park]] is established.\\n* [[January\n        7]] \\u2013 Italian premier [[Benito Mussolini]] and French Foreign Minister\n        [[Pierre Laval]] conclude [[Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935|an agreement]]\n        in which each power agrees not to oppose the other''s colonial claims.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Amelia Earhart]] becomes the first person to fly solo\n        from Hawaii to [[California]].\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 A [[plebiscite]] in\n        the [[Saar (League of Nations)|Territory of the Saar Basin]] shows that 90.3%\n        of those voting wish to join Germany.\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 The [[FBI]]\n        kills the Barker Gang, including [[Ma Barker]], in a shootout.\\n* [[January\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Coopers Inc.]] sells the world''s first men''s [[briefs]], as\n        \\\"jockeys\\\", in Chicago.\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 The first canned [[beer]]\n        is sold in [[Richmond, Virginia]], United States, by [[Gottfried Krueger Brewing\n        Company]].[http://keglined.pssht.com/main.html Keglined.com: ''''An Illustrated\n        History of the American Beer Can'''']\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Iceland]]\n        legalizes [[abortion]] on medical grounds.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main article|February\n        1935}}\\n*[[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Parker Brothers]] begins selling the [[board\n        game]] [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] in the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/business/fool/article/The-One-Monopoly-America-Will-Never-Break-Up-4255801.php|title=The\n        One Monopoly America Will Never Break Up|last=Planes|first=Alex|date=2013-02-06|website=[[Seattle\n        Post-Intelligencer]]|accessdate=2015-07-24}}\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Hauptmann]] is convicted and sentenced to death for the kidnapping\n        and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr., in the United States\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 The discovery and clinical development of [[Prontosil]], the first\n        broadly effective [[antibiotic]], is published in a series of articles by\n        [[Gerhard Domagk]] and others in Germany''s pre-eminent medical journal, ''''[[Deutsche\n        Medizinische Wochenschrift]]''''.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Caroline Mikkelsen]]\n        becomes the first woman to set foot on Antarctica\\n* [[February 22]] \\u2013\n        Airplanes are banned from flying over the [[White House]] in [[Washington,\n        D.C.]]\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 The classic [[Mickey Mouse]] cartoon ''''[[The\n        Band Concert]]'''' is released by [[United Artists]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** In [[Nazi Germany]], [[Adolf Hitler]] orders reinstatement\n        of the air force, the [[Luftwaffe]], in violation of the [[1919]] [[Treaty\n        of Versailles]].\\n** [[Robert Watson-Watt]] first demonstrates the use of\n        [[radar]] to detect aircraft at [[Daventry]] in England.\\n* [[February 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ladby ship]]: Viking ship grave discovered in Denmark.\\n\\n=== March\n        ===\\n{{Main article|March 1935}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[1935 Greek coup d''\\u00e9tat\n        attempt]]: [[Nikolaos Plastiras]], [[Anastasios Papoulas]] and other [[Venizelism|Venizelist]]s\n        lead a coup against the [[People''s Party (Greece)|People''s Party]] government\n        in Greece. The attempt is suppressed by March 11 and the leaders condemned\n        to death for treason.\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] forms the new\n        government in [[Turkey]]. (8th government; During [[Atat\\u00fcrk]]''s presidency,\n        \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc has served seven times as a prime minister.)\\n* [[March\n        2]] \\u2013 King [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII) of [[Thailand|Siam]] abdicates\n        the throne. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old-nephew [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama\n        VIII).\\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013 Faithful dog [[Hachik\\u014d]] dies on the spot\n        where he had awaited his dead owner for nine years in Japan.\\n* [[March 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Porky Pig]] makes his debut as the first major [[Looney Tunes]] character\n        in ''''[[I Haven''t Got a Hat]]''''.\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        announces [[German re-armament]] in violation of the [[1919]] [[Treaty of\n        Versailles]].\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Harlem riot of 1935]]: A [[race riot]]\n        breaks out in [[Harlem]] (New York City) after a rumor circulates that a teenage\n        [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]] [[Shoplifting|shoplifter]]\n        in the [[S. H. Kress & Co.]] department store has been brutally beaten.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Iran]] requests that this name be internationally adopted\n        for the country in place of \\\"Persia\\\".\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 The world''s\n        first television program by ''''[[Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow]]'''' is transmitted\n        from the [[Funkturm]] in Berlin, Germany.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1935}}\\n[[File:DustStormInSpearmanTexas19350414.jpg|thumb|[[Dust Bowl|Dust\n        storm]] approaching [[Spearman, Texas]]]]\\n* April 1 \\u2013 The [[North American\n        NA-16]], prototype of the [[North American T-6 Texan|North American T-6 Texan\n        or Harvard]] flying trainer, flies for the first time.Hagedorn 1997, p. 15.\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Dust Bowl]]: The\n        great dust storm in the United States hits eastern [[New Mexico]] and [[Colorado]],\n        and western [[Oklahoma]] the hardest. It will be made famous by [[Woody Guthrie]]\n        in his \\\"dust bowl ballads\\\".\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Roerich Pact]], a Pan-American\n        treaty on the protection of cultural artefacts, is signed in Washington D.C.\\n*\n        [[April 16]] \\u2013 ''''[[Fibber McGee and Molly]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]] Radio\n        in the United States.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Sun Myung Moon]], a teenage\n        [[Presbyterian]] convert in [[Korea under Japanese rule]], claims to have\n        a revelation from [[Jesus]] telling him to complete his mission from almost\n        2,000 years ago.\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.]],\n        the [[United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union]], hosts the elaborately\n        prepared [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.#The Spring Ball of the Full Moon|Spring\n        Ball of the Full Moon]] which is said to have surpassed all other embassy\n        parties in Moscow''s history.\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[FA Cup]] ([[Association\n        football]]): [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.]] beat [[West Bromwich Albion]] 4\\u20132\n        at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] in England.\\n* [[April 29]]\n        \\u2013 The first edition of the [[1935 Vuelta a Espa\\u00f1a|Vuelta a Espa\\u00f1a]]\n        is raced and goes on to become one of the 3 [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tour]]s\n        of road bicycle racing.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1935}}\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 [[New Deal]]: Executive Order 7034 creates the [[Works Progress\n        Administration]] (WPA) in the United States.\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Northamptonshire\n        County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] gains (over [[Somerset County Cricket\n        Club|Somerset]] at Taunton by 48 runs) what proves to be their last victory\n        for 99 matches, easily a record in the [[County Championship]]. Their next\n        Championship win is not until 29 May 1939.\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stalin]]\n        opens the [[Moscow Metro]] to the public.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[T. E. Lawrence]]\n        (\\\"Lawrence of Arabia\\\") dies as the result of a motorcycle accident in [[Dorset]],\n        England.\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 In [[Nazi Germany]], [[Adolf Hitler]] announces\n        the reintroduction of [[conscription]] to the [[Wehrmacht]] in violation of\n        the [[1919]] [[Treaty of Versailles]].\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 The first nighttime\n        [[Major League Baseball]] game is played between the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and\n        [[Philadelphia Phillies]] at [[Crosley Field]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].\\n*\n        [[May 27]] \\u2013 ''''[[Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States]]'''' (the\n        \\\"Sick Chicken Case\\\"): The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] declares\n        that the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]], a major component of the [[New\n        Deal]], is unconstitutional.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 The French [[Compagnie G\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale\n        Transatlantique]] [[ocean liner]] {{SS|Normandie}} sets out on her [[maiden\n        voyage]] from [[Le Havre]] to New York, which she will reach in 4 days, 3\n        hours and 14 minutes, taking the [[Blue Riband]]; she gains the eastbound\n        record on her return passage. \\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 Eventual [[Baseball Hall\n        of Fame]]r [[Babe Ruth]] appears in his last career game, playing for the\n        [[Atlanta Braves|Boston Braves]] in [[Philadelphia]] against the [[Philadelphia\n        Phillies|Phillies]].\\n* [[May 31]]\\n**  [[1935 Quetta earthquake]]: A 7.1\n        magnitude earthquake destroys [[Quetta]] in modern-day Pakistan, killing 40,000.\\n**\n        20th Century Pictures, Inc., becomes [[20th Century Fox]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1935}}\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[He\\u2013Umezu Agreement]]: China''s\n        [[Kuomintang]] government concedes Japanese military control of north-eastern\n        China.\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] is founded in [[Akron,\n        Ohio]] by [[William G. Wilson]] and Dr. [[Bob Smith (doctor)|Robert Smith]].\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Huey Long]] of [[Louisiana]]\n        makes the longest speech on Senate record, taking 15\\u00bd hours and containing\n        150,000 words.{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Huey_Long_Filibusters.htm|title=U.S.\n        Senate: June 12-13, 1935 - Huey Long Filibusters|date=June 22, 2015|publisher=}}\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 End of the [[Chaco War]], a war between [[Paraguay]] and\n        [[Bolivia]].\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[James J. Braddock]] defeats [[Max Baer\n        (boxer)|Max Baer]] at [[Madison Square Garden Bowl]] to win the heavyweight\n        [[boxing]] championship of the world.\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Anglo-German\n        Naval Agreement]]: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own\n        naval tonnage.\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Gardel]], the legendary Franco-Argentine\n        \\\"Father of Tango\\\", dies in a plane crash in [[Medell\\u00edn]], [[Colombia]].\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{Main article|July 1935}}\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 The [[RMS Mauretania\n        (1906)|RMS Mauretania]] sails from [[Southampton]] to [[Jarrow]].\\n* [[July\n        16]] \\u2013 The world''s first [[parking meter]]s are installed in [[Oklahoma\n        City]].\\n* [[July 25]]\\u2013 [[August 20]] \\u2013 The seventh and last congress\n        of the [[Comintern]] is held.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main article|August 1935}}\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 The [[Leo Burnett]] Advertising Agency opens in Chicago.\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 United States President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs\n        the [[Social Security Act]] into law.\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 Humorist [[Will\n        Rogers]] and aviator [[Wiley Post]] are killed when Post''s plane crashes\n        shortly after takeoff near [[Barrow, Alaska]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1935}}\\n[[File:Manuel L. Quezon (November 1942).jpg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[Manuel\n        L. Quezon]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[1935 Labor Day hurricane]]: The\n        strongest hurricane ever to strike the United States landfalls in the Upper\n        [[Florida Keys]] as a Category 5 storm with 185 mph winds, killing 423.\\n*\n        [[September 3]] \\u2013 Sir [[Malcolm Campbell]] becomes the first person to\n        drive an automobile at 300 miles per hour, establishing a new record land\n        speed of 301.337 mph (484.620 km/h) at the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]]\n        in [[Utah]], driving the ''''[[Campbell-Railton Blue Bird|Blue Bird]]''''.{{cite book|last=Mercer|first=Derrik|date=1989|title=Chronicle\n        of the 20th Century|location=London|publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd|isbn=978-0-582-03919-3}}\n        \\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Carl Weiss]] kills [[Huey Long]], [[United States\n        Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Louisiana]], in the Louisiana Capitol Building\n        in [[Baton Rouge]].\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Howard Hughes]], flying the\n        [[Hughes H-1 Racer]], sets an airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h).\\n*\n        [[September 15]] \\u2013 The [[Nuremberg Laws]] go into effect in Germany,\n        removing citizenship from Jews.\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Manuel L. Quezon]]\n        is the 2nd [[President of the Philippines]].\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Earl\n        W. Bascom]] and his brother Weldon produce the first night [[rodeo]] held\n        outdoors under electric lights at [[Columbia, Mississippi]].\\n* [[September\n        29]] \\u2013 The [[London and North Eastern Railway]]''s first [[LNER Class\n        A4|A4 Class]] streamlined steam locomotive [[LNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link|A4\n        2509 ''''Silver Link'''']] makes her inaugural journey from [[London King''s\n        Cross railway station|London King''s Cross]].\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** U.S.\n        President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dedicates [[Hoover Dam]].\\n** The [[London\n        and North Eastern Railway]] commences the ''''[[Silver Jubilee (train)|Silver\n        Jubilee]]'''', Britain''s first [[Streamliner|streamline train]] service.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{Main article|October 1935}}\\n[[File:Sixday.jpg|thumb|October\n        22 page from a [[Soviet revolutionary calendar]] with six-day weeks.]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[October 3]] \\u2013 The [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]\n        begins as General [[Emilio De Bono]] of Italy [[De Bono''s invasion of Abyssinia|invades\n        Ethiopia]].\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013 A tornado destroys the 160 metre tall\n        wooden [[Radio masts and towers|radio tower]] in [[Langenberg transmission\n        tower|Langenberg]], Germany. As a result of this catastrophe, wooden radio\n        towers are phased out.\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 In the [[Canadian federal\n        election, 1935|Canadian federal election]], the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal\n        Party]] of [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] wins a [[majority government]],\n        defeating the [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867\\u20131942)|Conservative\n        Party]] of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[R. B. Bennett]].\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1935}}\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 A [[Greek\n        monarchy referendum, 1935|Greek monarchy referendum]] is held by self-proclaimed\n        Regent [[Georgios Kondylis]]. Almost 98% of the votes favor restoration of\n        the monarchy, although the referendum''s integrity is dubious.{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1935.htm|title=Chronology\n        1935|date=2002|work=League of Nations Photo Archive|accessdate=2015-11-03}}\\n*\n        [[November 8]] \\u2013 A dozen [[labor union|labor]] leaders come together\n        to announce the creation of the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO),\n        an organization charged with pushing the cause for [[industrial unionism]]\n        in North America.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 In the [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1935|United Kingdom general election]], [[Prime Minister of the\n        United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Stanley Baldwin]] returns to office at the\n        head of a National Government led by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative\n        Party]] with a large but reduced majority.\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 The [[flying\n        boat]] ''''[[China Clipper]]'''' takes off from [[Alameda, California]] to\n        deliver the first [[airmail]] cargo across the Pacific Ocean; on [[November\n        29]] the aircraft reaches its final destination, [[Manila]], and delivers\n        over 110,000 pieces of [[mail]].\\n*  [[November 23]] \\u2013 Jacques and Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se\n        Tr\\u00e9fou\\u00ebl, [[Daniel Bovet]] and Federico Nitti, in the laboratory\n        of [[Ernest Fourneau]] at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris, discover that\n        [[sulfanilamide]] is the active component of [[Prontosil]].J. et T. Tr\\u00e9fou\\u00ebl,\n        F. Nitti et D. Bovet, \\\"Activit\\u00e9 du ''''p''''-aminoph\\u00e9nylsulfamide\n        sur l''infection streptococcique exp\\u00e9rimentale de la souris et du lapin\\\",\n        ''''C. R. Soc. Biol.'''', ''''''120'''''', 23 November 1935, p. 756.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] \\u2013 After 11 years in exile, [[George II of Greece|George\n        II]] returns to Greek soil  as [[King of the Hellenes]] at Corfu from London.\\n*\n        [[November 30]] \\u2013 The 1935 British-made film ''''[[Scrooge (1935 film)|Scrooge]]'''',\n        the first all-talking film version of the [[Charles Dickens]] classic ''''[[A\n        Christmas Carol]]'''', opens in the U.S. after its British release.\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{Main article|December 1935}}\\n* [[December 5]]  \\u2013 [[Mary\n        McLeod Bethune]] founds the [[National Council of Negro Women]] in the United\n        States.\\n* [[December 9]]  \\u2013 American newspaper editor [[Walter Liggett]]\n        is killed in a gangland murder plot.\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Hanshin Tigers]],\n        as well known for professional baseball club of [[Japan]], founded in [[Osaka]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Lebensborn]] program\n        in support of [[Nazi eugenics]] is founded by [[Heinrich Himmler]] in Germany.\\n**\n        Opening of the [[De La Warr Pavilion]] at [[Bexhill-on-Sea]], designed by\n        [[Erich Mendelsohn]] and [[Serge Chermayeff]], a pioneering example of [[International\n        Style (architecture)|International Style architecture]] in the British Isles.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.buildingopinions.com/Archive/DE/delawarrpavilion.html|title=Modernist|work=Building\n        Opinions|accessdate=22 September 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.delawarrpavilion.com/default.aspx\n        |title=Modernist style |publisher=De La Warr Pavilion |accessdate=22 September\n        2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811132942/http://www.delawarrpavilion.com/default.aspx\n        |archivedate=August 11, 2010 |deadurl=no |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.delawarrpavilion.net|title=Modern\n        movement|publisher=De La Warr Pavilion|accessdate=22 September 2010}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/delawarr/index.htm|title=De La Warr\n        Pavilion Sussex by Mendelsohn and Chermayeff|accessdate=22 September 2010}}\\n*\n        [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] DST, prototype\n        of the [[Douglas DC-3]] airliner, first flies, in the United States. More\n        than 16,000 of the model will eventually be produced.\\n* [[December 18]]\\n**\n        [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]] resigns as British\n        [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|foreign secretary]]\n        and is replaced by [[Anthony Eden]].\\n** The [[socialist]] party of [[Sri\n        Lanka]], the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]], is founded.\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Mao Zedong]] issues the [[Wayaobu Manifesto]], ''''On Tactics Against Japanese\n        Imperialism'''', calling for a National United Front against the [[Second\n        Sino-Japanese War|Japanese invasion]].\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 ''''[[Pravda]]''''\n        publishes a letter from [[Pavel Postyshev]], who revives the [[New Year tree]]\n        tradition in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* The house [[Fallingwater]]\n        in southwestern [[Pennsylvania]], designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], is completed.\\n*\n        [[Lectorium Rosicrucianum]] is founded.\\n* The [[Melody Inn (nightclub)|Melody\n        Inn]] opens as a piano bar in [[Indianapolis]].{{cite web|last=Allan|first=Marc\n        D.|title=Owners enjoy Melody Inn''s niche as well-worn music venue|url=http://www.ibj.com/owners-enjoy-melody-inns-niche-as-wellworn-live-music-venue/PARAMS/article/22348|work=IBJ\n        News|publisher=Indianapolis Business Journal|accessdate=2013-10-06}}\\n\\n==\n        Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Floyd Patterson 1962.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Floyd\n        Patterson]]]]\\n[[File:Elvis Presley promoting Jailhouse Rock.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elvis\n        Presley]]]]\\n[[File:Elsa Martinelli 1964.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Elsa Martinelli]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Floyd Patterson]], American boxer (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[Kenny Davern]], American jazz clarinetist (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Valeri Kubasov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Elvis Presley]], American rock & roll singer, guitarist and film actor (d.\n        [[1977]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Bob Denver]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Earl G. Graves, Sr.]] African-American publisher\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Ronnie\n        Hawkins]], American musician\\n** [[Sherrill Milnes]], American baritone\\n*\n        [[January 12]] \\u2013 The Amazing [[Kreskin]], American mentalist\\n* [[January\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Rip Taylor]], American comedian\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Lucile\n        Wheeler]], Canadian skier\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[A. J. Foyt]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Udo Lattek]], German football coach (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Ann Minner]], Governor of Delaware\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Jon Stallworthy]], English poet (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Soumitra\n        Chatterjee]], Indian actor\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Ant\\u00f3nio Ramalho\n        Eanes]], 16th [[President of Portugal]]\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Roger Payne]],\n        American biologist\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Richard Brautigan]], American writer\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Elsa Martinelli]], Italian film actress (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] \\u2013 [[Kenzabur\\u014d \\u014ce]], Japanese writer, Nobel Prize\n        laureate\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Sonny Bono.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sonny Bono]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Doreen Kartinyeri]], Ngarrindjeri elder and historian\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Martti Talvela]], Finnish bass (d.\n        [[1989]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Alex Harvey (musician)|Alex Harvey]],\n        Scottish rock singer (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Gene Vincent]],\n        American guitarist and vocalist  (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Rob\n        McConnell]], Canadian jazz musician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Sonny Bono]], American singer, actor and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Christina Pickles]], English-born American character actress\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Ciar\\u00e1n Bourke]], Irish singer (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Hisako Ky\\u014dda]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[February\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Tom Murphy (playwright)|Tom Murphy]], Irish playwright\\n* [[February\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Mirella Freni]], Italian soprano\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Mahmoud\n        Abbas.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mahmoud Abbas]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Robert Conrad]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Zhelyu Zhelev]], [[President of Bulgaria]]\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Bent Larsen]], Danish chess player (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Paul Sand]] (born Paul Sanchez), American\n        comedic actor\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Ron Delany]], Irish runner\\n* [[March\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Jacques Benveniste]], French immunologist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n** [[Jimmy Swaggart]], American televangelist\\n** [[Judd Hirsch]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Patrick Etolu]], Ugandan high jumper\\n* [[March\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Ole Barndorff-Nielsen]], Danish mathematician\\n* [[March 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[M. Emmet Walsh]], American actor\\n* [[March 24]] \\u2013 [[Peter Bichsel]],\n        Swiss writer\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Gabriel Elorde]], Filipino boxer (d.\n        [[1985]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\n** [[Ernesto Maceda]], Filipino politician, lawyer,\n        and columnist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Mahmoud Abbas]], President of the Palestine\n        National Authority\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Abelardo Castillo]], Argentine writer\\n**\n        [[John Henry Dowse]], Australian rugby union player\\n** [[Julian Glover]],\n        English actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Jeanie Descombes]], American professional\n        baseball player\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Szmidt]], Polish athlete\\n* [[March 31]]\n        \\n** [[Herb Alpert]], American trumpeter\\n** [[Judith Rossner]], American\n        writer (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Dudley M.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dudley\n        Moore]]]]\\n* [[April 4]]  \\u2013 [[Kenneth Mars]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]]  \\u2013 [[Enrique \\u00c1lvarez F\\u00e9lix]], Mexican actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[April 8]]  \\u2013 [[Francis D. Moran|Francis D. \\\"Bill\\\" Moran]],\n        American admiral, third director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n        Commissioned Officer Corps\\n* [[April 9]]  \\u2013 [[Aulis Sallinen]], Finnish\n        composer\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Ken Squier]], [[motorsport]]s broadcaster\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Katie Horstman]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Paul A. Rothchild]], American record producer\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Dudley Moore]], English actor, comedian\n        and composer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Charles Grodin]], American\n        actor and journalist\\n** [[Thomas Kean]], Governor of New Jersey and 9/11\n        Commission Chairman\\n** [[Dolores Lee]], American female professional baseball\n        player\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Paul Chambers]], American jazz musician (d.\n        [[1969]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 [[Bunky Green]], American jazz musician\\n*\n        [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Bob Gutowski]], American athlete (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[April\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Murray McBride]], Canadian politician, Yale graduate\\n* [[April\n        29]] \\u2013 [[April Ashley]], English model\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Josemujica.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jose\n        Mujica]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Bolger at press conference.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jim Bolger]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Lance LeGault]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Isobel Warren]], Canadian author\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Doug\n        McClure]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Felipe Alou]],\n        Dominican Major League Baseball player and manager\\n** [[Gary Peacock]], American\n        jazz double-bassist\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Luciano Benetton]], Italian entrepreneur,\n        owner of [[Benetton Group]]\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Dennis Potter]], English writer\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Ryke Geerd Hamer]], German cancer researcher\\n* [[May\n        19]] \\u2013 [[David Hartman (TV personality)|David Hartman]], American actor\n        and television journalist\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Mujica]], 40th\n        [[President of Uruguay]]\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Barry Rogers]], American jazz\n        and salsa trombonist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Joan Micklin Silver]],\n        American director\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Cookie Gilchrist]], American football\n        player  (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Victoria Shaw (actress)|Victoria Shaw]], American\n        actress (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Carole Lesley]], English actor (d.\n        [[1974]]) \\n** [[Lee Meriwether]], American beauty queen and actress\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 Brink]], South African writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Ruta Lee]], Canadian-born American-based actress\\n* [[May 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jim Bolger]], 35th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:RodrigoBorja-Harvard2016.png|thumb|120px|[[Rodrigo Borja Cevallos]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[Reverend Ike]], American televangelist (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]]\\n** [[Carol Shields]], American-born writer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Dimitri\n        Kitsikis]], Greek Turkologist\\n** [[Roger Brierley]], English actor (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Wieben]], German journalist, actor and author\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Evangelia Samiotaki|el|3=\\u0395\\u03c5\\u03b1\\u03b3\\u03b3\\u03b5\\u03bb\\u03af\\u03b1\n        \\u03a3\\u03b1\\u03bc\\u03b9\\u03c9\\u03c4\\u03ac\\u03ba\\u03b7}}, Greek actress (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Yoshihiro Tatsumi]], Japanese manga artist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]], Bulgarian\n        & Moroccan-born American installation artists (Jeanne-Claude d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Samak Sundaravej]], 25th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] (2008) (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Peggy Seeger]], American folk singer\\n* [[June 19]] \\n**\n        [[Derren Nesbitt]], English actor\\n** [[Rodrigo Borja Cevallos]], [[President\n        of Ecuador]]\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Jim Barker (politician)|Jim Barker]],\n        American politician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Pratap Chauhan]], Indian\n        cricketer\\n** [[Tom Pratt (American football)|Tom Pratt]], American football\n        coach\\n** [[John Abbey (actor)|John Abbey]], American actor\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise\n        Sagan]], French writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Floyd Norman]],\n        American animator\\n** [[Donald A. Bonner]], American politician\\n** [[Koro\n        W\\u0113tere]], New Zealand politician\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[N. Bhaskara Rao]],\n        Indian politician\\n** [[Keith Burkinshaw]], English professional footballer\n        and football manager\\n** [[Pete Hamill]], American journalist, novelist, essayist,\n        editor and educator\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Jean Milesi]], French professional\n        racing cyclist\\n** [[Charlie Dees]], American professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Juan Bautista Ag\\u00fcero]], Paraguayan football striker\\n** [[Ron Kramer]],\n        American National Football League tight end (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Terry Riley]],\n        American composer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Taufiq Ismail]], Indonesian poet and\n        activist\\n** [[Margaret Sparrow]], New Zealand medical doctor, reproductive\n        rights advocate, and author\\n** [[Udey Chand]], Indian wrestler and wrestling\n        coach\\n** [[Don Demeter]], American outfielder, third baseman, and first baseman\n        in Major League Baseball\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Carlo Facetti]], Italian racing\n        driver\\n** [[Sandro Riminucci]], Italian basketball player\\n** [[Edwin Hodgeman]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Bogdan Dochev]], Bulgarian football referee\\n* [[June\n        27]] \\n** [[Larry Krutko]], American football player\\n** [[Dan Currie]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Colin Bazley]], English bishop\\n** [[Ramon Zamora]],\n        Filipino martial arts actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Roy Faulkner\n        (footballer, born 1935)|Roy Faulkner]], English footballer\\n** [[Bob Hobert]],\n        Canadian football player\\n** [[Bob Blaylock]], American professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[John Inman]], English comic actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Jill Briscoe]], British American author, editor, and speaker\\n** [[Derek\n        Partridge]], British television presenter, spokesman and voice-over artist,\n        formerly a film and TV actor\\n** [[Zvonko Bezjak]], Croatian hammer thrower\n        of Slovenian origin\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Valentino Gasparella]], Italian\n        track cyclist\\n** [[Ken Turner (Australian rules footballer)|Ken Turner]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Animesh Chakravorty]], Bengali Indian academic\n        and a professor of chemistry\\n** [[Les Savill]], English cricketer\\n** [[Shane\n        Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis]], British peer\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Dalai\n        Lama 1430 Luca Galuzzi 2007crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[14th Dalai Lama]]]] \\n[[File:Donald\n        Sutherland - Monte-Carlo Television Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Donald Sutherland]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[David Prowse]], English actor\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Guruvayur\n        Dorai]], Indian percussionist\\n** [[Amar Singh Sokhi]], Indian cyclist\\n**\n        [[Dick Dolman]], Dutch politician\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Osvaldo Bagnoli]], Italian\n        football coach and player\\n** [[Bill Reichart]], American ice hockey\\n* [[July\n        4]]\\n** [[Erich Barnes]], American football defensive back\\n** [[Alan Preen]],\n        Australian rules football\\n** [[Roy Wilt]], American politician\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** [[Shirley Collins]], English folk singer\\n** [[Christian Doermer]],\n        German actor\\n** [[Brendan McCann]], American profes** [[Erich Barnes]], American\n        football defensive backsional basketball player\\n** [[Van B. Poole]], American\n        politician\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 Tenzin Gyatso, the [[14th Dalai Lama]], recipient\n        of the Nobel Peace Prize and [[spiritual leader]] of [[Tibet]]\\n* [[July 7]]\n        \\n** [[Chan Wing-chan]], Chinese politician\\n** [[Billy Russell (footballer,\n        born 1935)|Billy Russell]], English footballer\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Steve\n        Lawrence]], American singer and actor\\n** [[Vitaly Sevastyanov]], Russian\n        cosmonaut (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Wim Duisenberg]], Dutch economist\n        and politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Kevin Parks]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Isabel Sarli]], Argentine actress and glamour model\\n** [[Mercedes Sosa]],\n        Argentine singer (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mighty Sparrow]], Grenadian singer\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[P. K. Gurudasan]], Indian politician\\n* [[July 11]] \\n**\n        [[Darrell Dess]], American football offensive lineman\\n** [[Oliver Napier]],\n        Northern Irish politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Ed Rubinoff]],\n        American tennis player\\n** [[Hans Tilkowski]], German footballer\\n** [[Satoshi\n        \\u014cmura]], Japanese biochemist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Gregorio Casal]], Mexican actor\\n**\n        [[Eduardo Ermita]], Filipino politician\\n** [[Jack Kemp]], American football\n        player and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Qiu Xigui]],\n        Chinese historian, palaeographer and professor\\n** [[Kurt Westergaard]], Danish\n        cartoonist\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Ei-ichi Negishi]], Japanese chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Durval Guimar\\u00e3es]], Brazilian\n        sport shoote\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Andra Martin]], American actress\\n** [[William\n        G. Stewart]], English television producer and presenter\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[Nicolae Rotaru]], Romanian sport shooter\\n** [[Tina Scala]], actress, model,\n        singer, poet and author of Italian and Irish descent\\n** [[Lynn Wyatt]], American\n        socialite and philanthropist\\n** [[T\\u00f4n Th\\u1ea5t H\\u1ea3i]], Vietnamese\n        fencer\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Diahann Carroll]], American television and stage\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Mohamed Mehrez]], Egyptian sports shooter\\n** [[Benjamin\n        Civiletti]], United States Attorney General\\n** [[Peter Schickele]], American\n        composer and comedian\\n** [[Donald Sutherland]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Edward\n        J. Nell]], American economist\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Vasile Alexandru]], Romanian\n        footballer\\n** [[Luo Gan]], Chinese politician\\n** [[Jayendra Saraswathi]],\n        Hindu religious leader, 69th Shankaracharya Guru and head or pontiff (P\\u00ef\\u021bh\\u0101dhipati)\n        of the Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham\\n** [[Hall Whitley]], American football player\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** [[George Breen]], American competition swimmer\\n** [[Vasily\n        Livanov]], Russian film actor, screenwriter and animator\\n** [[David Parry-Evans]],\n        Royal Air Force commander\\n* [[July 20]] \\n** [[Peter Palumbo, Baron Palumbo]],\n        English real estate developer, art collector and connoisseur of architecture\\n**\n        [[Val\\u00e9r \\u0160vec]], Slovak football player and coach\\n* [[July 21]]\\n**\n        [[Jeanne Arth]], American Wimbledon and US Championships doubles tennis title\n        holder\\n** [[Larry Hayes (American football)|Larry Hayes]], American football\n        player\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Grover Dale]], American actor, dancer, choreographer\n        and theatre director\\n** [[Tuppy Diack]], New Zealand rugby union player\\n**\n        [[Steve Junker]], American football player\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Adnan Khashoggi]],\n        Saudi Arabian international arms dealer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Larry Sherry]],\n        American right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]]\\n** [[Billy McCullough]], Northern Irish footballer\\n** [[Sarah\n        Jane Sands]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Simon Dee]], English radio and television presenter (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Peter Schreier]], German tenor\\n* [[July 31]] \\n** [[Mort Crim]],\n        American television newscaster\\n** [[Geoffrey Lewis (actor)|Geoffrey Lewis]],\n        American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Hifikepunye Pohamba.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hifikepunye\n        Pohamba]]]]\\n[[File:Frank Robinson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frank Robinson]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Mohinder Pratap Chand]], Urdu poet and language advocate\\n*\n        [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Georgi Shonin]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[Yon\\u00e1 Magalh\\u00e3es]], Brazilian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] \\n** [[J\\u00e1n Popluh\\u00e1r]], Slovak footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[John Cazale]], American actor (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Rod\n        Hull]], English entertainer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Jim Dale]],\n        English actor, singer and songwriter\\n** [[Lionel Taylor]], American football\n        player\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Rafer Johnson]], American athlete\\n** [[Hifikepunye\n        Pohamba]], 2nd [[President of Namibia]]\\n* [[August 19]] \\n** [[Tereza Rachel]],\n        Brazilian actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bobby Richardson]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Ron Paul]], United States Congressman\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[E. Annie Proulx]], American novelist\\n* [[August 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tsutomu Hata]], 80th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Geraldine Ferraro]], U.S. Congresswoman and Vice Presidential\n        candidate (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Garai]],\n        Hungarian scientist, psychologist\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Daniel L. Norris]],\n        Canadian [[Commissioner of the Northwest Territories]] (d. 2008)\\n** [[John\n        Phillips (musician)|John Phillips]], American singer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Eldridge Cleaver]], African-American activist (d. [[1998]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Robinson]], African-American baseball player\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Abdou\n        Diouf.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdou Diouf]]]]\\n\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Seiji\n        Ozawa]], Japanese conductor\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[D. Wayne Lukas]],\n        American horse trainer\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Dieter Hallervorden]],\n        German comedian, comic actor, singer and cabaret artist\\n* [[September 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Abdou Diouf]], 2nd [[President of Senegal]]\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Chaim Topol]], Israeli actor and singer\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Arvo P\\u00e4rt]],\n        Estonian composer\\n** [[Gherman Titov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Fujio Akatsuka]], Japanese cartoonist (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Dinkha IV|Dinkha]], Iraqi patriarch (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]]\\n** [[Carl Andre]], American artist\\n** [[Jules Bass]], American\n        film director and producer, co-founder of [[Rankin/Bass Productions]] \\n**\n        [[Bob Kiley]], American public transit planner\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Ken\n        Kesey]], American author (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Serge and Beate Klarsfeld]],\n        Romanian Nazi hunter\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[John Spencer (snooker player)|John\n        Spencer]], English snooker player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Hansj\\u00f6rg Wyss]], Swiss businessman and philanthropist\\n* [[September\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Benjamin Abalos]], Filipino politician, COMELEC Chairman\\n*\n        [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Prem Chopra]], Indian actor\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Adrien Douady]], French mathematician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Ronald Lacey]], English actor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[September 29]]\n        \\n** [[David Daker]], English actor\\n** [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], American rock\n        & roll musician\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Z. Z. Hill]], American blues singer\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Johnny Mathis]], African-American singer\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n[[File:Julie Andrews Park Hyatt, Sydney, Australia 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Julie\n        Andrews]]]]\\n[[File:Pavarotticrop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Luciano Pavarotti]]]]\\n[[File:Isao\n        Takahata.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Isao Takahata]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** Dame [[Julie\n        Andrews]], English singer and actress\\n** [[Teruyoshi Nakano]], Japanese special\n        effects director\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Sinikka Kurkinen]], Finnish painter\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\n** [[Peter Brown (actor)|Peter Brown]], American actor (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Tarc\\u00edsio Meira]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[October 6]]\\n**\n        [[Bruno Sammartino]], Italian professional wrestler\\n** [[Charito Solis]],\n        Filipino actress (d. 1998)\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Prince Edward, Duke of\n        Kent]], member of the British Royal family\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Luciano\n        Pavarotti]], Italian tenor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[La Monte\n        Young]], American composer\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Barry McGuire]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Bobby Morrow]], American athlete\\n** [[Willie O''Ree]], Canadian\n        hockey player\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Michael Eavis]], English dairy farmer\n        and founder of the [[Glastonbury Festival]]\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Peter\n        Boyle]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Orbach]],\n        American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Derek Bell (musician)|Derek\n        Bell]], Irish musician (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[JacSue Kehoe]],\n        American Neuroscientist \\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Rosamaria Murtinho]],\n        Brazilian actress\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Gloria Conyers Hewitt]], African-American\n        mathematician\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[Frank Adonis]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Isao Takahata]], Japanese animated film director\\n*\n        [[October 30]]\\n** [[Robert Caro]], American biographer\\n** [[Agota Kristof]],\n        Hungarian writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Ronald Graham]],\n        American mathematician\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Hussein of Jordan 1997.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hussein\n        of Jordan]]]]\\n[[File:DianeLaddHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Diane Ladd]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Edward Said]], Palestinian-born literary critic (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas Maw]], English composer (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Alain Delon]], French actor\\n* [[November\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Bob Gibson]], African-American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov]], Russian astrophysicist\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\u2013 [[William Tallon]], English ''''Steward and Page of the Backstairs'''';\n        servant of 50 years to the British Royal family (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] \\u2013 [[George Carey]], English Archbishop of Canterbury\\n* [[November\n        14]] \\u2013 King [[Hussein of Jordan]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Toni Sailer]], Austrian skier (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Havlish]], American professional baseball and bowling player\\n** [[Vladislav\n        Volkov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Salim\n        Khan]], Indian Bollywood screenwriter\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Pat Fordice]],\n        First Lady of Mississippi from 1992 to 2000 (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n**\n        [[Diane Ladd]], American actress\\n** [[Thomas J. O''Brien (bishop)|Thomas\n        J. O''Brien]], American Roman Catholic prelate (bishop); convicted of felony\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n[[File:Woody Allen Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Woody Allen]]]]\\n[[File:Lee\n        Ann Remick, London, 1974.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lee Remick]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Woody Allen]], American actor and film director\\n* [[December 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Calvin Trillin]], American writer\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Dharmendra]],\n        Indian film actor, producer and politician\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Jaromil\n        Jire\\u0161]], Czechoslovak filmmaker (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n**\n        [[Ron Carey (actor)|Ron Carey]], American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Pranab\n        Mukherjee]], Indian politician, 13th [[President of India]]\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Hall (American football)|Ken Hall]] (\\\"Sugar Land Express\\\"),\n        American football player\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Lee Remick]], American actress\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Anthony Wilden]], English author and social theorist,\n        noted translator of Jaques Lacan\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Cal Ripken, Sr.]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Bobby Timmons]], American jazz pianist (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n**[[Paul\n        Hornung]], American football player\\n**[[Johnny Kidd (singer)|Johnny Kidd]],\n        English [[rock and roll]] singer and songwriter (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[December\n        25]]\\n** [[Stephen Barnett]], American legal scholar (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Sadiq\n        al-Mahdi]], [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] (1966\\u201367, 1986\\u201389)\\n** [[Anne\n        Roiphe]], American author and feminist\\n* [[December 26]] \\n** [[Gnassingb\\u00e9\n        Eyad\\u00e9ma]], [[President of Togo]] (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Al Jackson]], American\n        baseball pitcher\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Omar Bongo]], President of Gabon\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Sandy Koufax]], American baseball player\\n* [[December\n        31]] \\u2013 King [[Salman of Saudi Arabia]]\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[F\\u00e9licien\n        Kabuga]], Rwandan businessman, accused of bankrolling and participating in\n        the [[Rwandan Genocide]]\\n* [[\\u00dcmit Kaftanc\\u0131o\\u011flu]], Turkish\n        writer (d. [[1980]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Edwin flack\n        side profile.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edwin Flack]]]]\\n* January \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Bia\\u0142ynia Cho\\u0142odecki]], Polish historian (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Edwin Flack]], Australian athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January\n        16]]\\n**[[Ma Barker]], American criminal (b. [[1873]])\\n**[[Fred Barker]],\n        American criminal, youngest son of [[Ma Barker]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Lloyd Hamilton]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Adolf von Brauchitsch]], German general (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Shivabalayogi]], Yogi (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov]], Russian composer (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Warde]], English actor (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Max Liebermann]], German painter (b. [[1847]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Harry Todd]], American actor (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Gerhard Louis De Geer]], 17th Prime Minister of Sweden (b.\n        [[1854]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Roque Rua\\u00f1o]], Spanish\n        priest-civil engineer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\n** [[Oliver Wendell Holmes,\n        Jr.]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1841]])\\n** [[Baron Max Hussarek von\n        Heinlein]], former Prime Minister of Austria (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 15]]\n        – [[Johan Ramstedt]], 9th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1852]])\\n*\n        [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[John James Rickard Macleod]], Scottish-born physician\n        and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Aleksand\\u00ebr Moisiu]], Albanian actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Florence Moore]], American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Noether.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emmy\n        Noether]]]]\\n[[File:Jozef Pilsudski1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]]]]\\n[[File:Magnus\n        Hirschfeld.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Magnus Hirschfeld]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Dukas 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul\n        Dukas]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Bennie Moten]], American jazz pianist (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Basil Champneys]], English architect (b.\n        [[1842]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Edwin Arlington Robinson]], American poet\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Adolph Ochs]], American newspaper publisher\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Emmy Noether]], German mathematician\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Panait Istrati]], Romanian writer (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon]], British fashion\n        designer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Anastasios Papoulas]], Greek\n        general (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Antero Rub\\u00edn]],\n        Spanish general and politician (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Junior\n        Durkin]], American actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski]],\n        Polish politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Clarence Geldart]],\n        Canadian-American actor (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Magnus Hirschfeld]],\n        German sex researcher and gay rights advocate (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kazimir Malevich]], Polish-Russian painter and art theoretician (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Paul Dukas]], French composer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[T. E. Lawrence|T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)]], English\n        soldier (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Charles Martin Loeffler]], American composer (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\n** [[Jane Addams]], American social worker, recipient\n        of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Hugo de Vries]], Dutch botanist\n        and geneticists (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Josef Suk (composer)|Josef\n        Suk]], Czech composer and violinist (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Arz von Strau\\u00dfenburg]], Austro-Hungarian official,\n        last Chief of the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]]\\n**[[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy]], British general,\n        12th [[Governor General of Canada]] (b. [[1862]])\\n**[[George Grossmith, Jr.]],\n        British actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Gardel]], Argentine\n        tango songwriter (b. either [[1887]] or [[1890]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Hayashi\n        Fubo]], Japanese novelist (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Daniel Salamanca\n        Urey.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Daniel Salamanca Urey]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Citro\\u00ebn]], French automobile pioneer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Alfred Dreyfus]], French military officer (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        [[James Moore (cyclist)|James Moore]], English winner of the first ever cycle\n        race (b. [[1849]])\\n** [[George William Russell]], Irish nationalist, poet\n        and artist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Daniel Salamanca Urey]], 39th [[President of\n        Bolivia]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Meletius IV of Constantinople]],\n        Greek Patriarch of Alexandria (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Will\n        Rogers 1922.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Will Rogers]]]]\\n[[File:AlmiranteCoundouritis--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pavlos\n        Kountouriotis]]]]\\n[[File:Crown princess Astrid 1926.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Astrid\n        of Sweden|Queen Astrid of Belgium]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[David Townsend\n        (art director)|David Townsend]], American art director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Friedrich Schottky]], German mathematician (b. [[1851]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e9once Perret]], French film actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Paul Signac]], French painter (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Wiley\n        Post]], American pilot (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Will Rogers]], American humorist\n        and actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Edith Roberts]], American\n        actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[John Hartley (tennis)|John\n        Hartley]], English tennis player, double winner of Wimbledon (b. [[1849]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]]\\n**[[Frantz Jourdain]], Belgian architect (b. [[1847]])\\n**[[Pavlos\n        Kountouriotis]], Greek admiral and two-time president of Greece (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Mack Swain]], American actor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Childe Hassam]], American painter (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Astrid of Sweden|Queen Astrid of Belgium]] (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Henri Barbusse]], French novelist and journalist (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Tsiolkovsky.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Konstantin\n        Tsiolkovsky]]]]\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Takejir\\u014d Tokonami]], Japanese\n        politician, Home Minister, Railway Minister, and Minister of Communication\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Carl Weiss]], American physician and murderer of [[Huey\n        Long]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Huey Long]], American politician\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Charles Norris (medical examiner)|Charles\n        Norris]], Americal medical examiner  (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], Russian rocket scientist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September\n        23]] \\u2013 [[DeWolf Hopper]], American actor & comedian  (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Iv\\u00e1n Persa]], [[Hungarian Slovenes|Hungarian\n        Slovene]] writer and catholic priest (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013\n        [[William Kennedy Dickson]], Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Francis Wilson\n        (actor)|Francis Wilson]], American stage actor and comedian (b. [[1854]])\\n*\n        [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Gaston Lachaise]], French-American sculptor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Henderson]], Scottish politician, recipient\n        of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Tommy Tucker\n        (baseball)|Tommy Tucker]], American baseball pioneer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        23]]\\n** [[Charles Demuth]], American artist (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Dutch Schultz]],\n        American gangster (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Jock Cameron]], South African cricketer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November 6]]\n        \\u2013 [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]], American geologist, paleontologist, and\n        eugenist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl\n        Jellicoe]], British admiral (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Iyasu\n        V]], deposed Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1895/1896)\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Erich von Hornbostel]], Austrian musicologist (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:TucholskyParis1928.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kurt Tucholsky]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]] \\u2013 [[James Henry Breasted]], American Egyptologist (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom]], daughter\n        of King [[Edward VII]] and the younger sister of King [[George V]] (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Johan Halvorsen]], Norwegian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Richet]], French physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1850]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet]], English tank and\n        vehicle designer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Victor Grignard]],\n        French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Stanley G. Weinbaum]], American science-fiction author (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Thelma Todd]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Juan Vicente G\\u00f3mez]], Venezuelan military dictator\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Martin O''Meara]], Australian soldier\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Tucholsky]], German journalist\n        and satirist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Alban Berg]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Photios II of Constantinople|Photios\n        II]], Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 30]]\n        \\u2013 [[Hunter Liggett]], American general (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Miguel de Unamuno]],  Spanish novelist and philosopher (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===Date\n        Unknown===\\n* [[Charles Debbas]], 1st President and 5th Prime Minister of\n        Lebanon (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[James Chadwick]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Joliot]], [[Ir\\u00e8ne\n        Joliot-Curie]] (\\\"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements\\\")\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Hans\n        Spemann]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Carl von Ossietzky]]\\n\\n== References\n        ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1935/1935fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1935] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at the [[University\n        of Virginia]]\\n* [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1935-wwii-timeline.htm\n        1935 WWII Timeline]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1935}}\\n[[Category:1935| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T03:41:44Z\",\"lastrevid\":799506866,\"length\":52606,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1935&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935\"},\"34673\":{\"pageid\":34673,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1936\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:52:44Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1936}}\\n{{Events by month|1936}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1936}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1936}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1936}}\\n* [[January 4]] – England celebrates its first\n        ever win over the [[All Blacks]] in [[rugby union]], in particular the two\n        famous tries by \\\"The Prince\\\" HH [[Alexander Obolensky]].\\n* [[January 11]]\n        – ''''[[I Wanna Play House]]'''' marks the first Warner Bros. cartoon\n        with \\\"[[Bullseye (target)|target]]\\\"\\n* [[January 15]] – The first\n        building to be completely covered in [[glass]] is completed in [[Toledo, Ohio]],\n        for the [[Owens-Illinois Glass Company]].\\n* [[January 16]] – Serial\n        killer [[Albert Fish]] is executed in [[Sing Sing]] Prison.\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – King [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]] dies. His eldest\n        son succeeds to the throne, becoming [[Edward VIII]]. The title [[Prince of\n        Wales]] is not used for another 22 years.\\n* [[January 31]] – ''''[[The\n        Green Hornet (radio series)|The Green Hornet]]'''' radio show debuts.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1936}}\\n* February – [[John Maynard Keynes]]'' book\n        ''''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'''' is published\n        in the UK.\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Radium]] E (bismuth-210) becomes the\n        first [[radioactive]] element to be made synthetically.\\n* [[February 5]]\n        – [[Japanese Baseball League]], a first professional baseball league\n        in Asia, founded. (as predecessor of [[Nippon Professional Baseball]]){{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[February 6]] – The [[1936 Winter Olympics|IV\n        Olympic Winter Games]] open in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], Germany.\\n* [[February\n        10]]\\u2013[[February 19|19]] – [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]: [[Battle\n        of Amba Aradam]] in [[Ethiopia]], ending in a decisive tactical victory for\n        Italian forces, effectively neutralizing the army of the [[Ethiopian Empire]].\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – The first [[superhero]] to wear a skin-tight costume\n        and mask, ''''[[The Phantom]]'''', makes his first appearance in U.S. newspapers.\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[February 26 Incident]] (\\u4e8c\\u30fb\\u4e8c\\u516d\\u4e8b\\u4ef6,\n        ''''Niniroku Jiken''''): The [[Imperial Way Faction]] engineers a failed coup\n        against the Japanese government; some politicians are killed.\\n* [[February\n        29]] – Emperor [[Hirohito]] orders the Japanese army to arrest 123 conspirators\n        in Tokyo government offices; 19 of them are executed in July.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1936}}\\n[[File:Hoover Dam - Arizona.jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[March\n        1]]: [[Hoover Dam]] is completed]]\\n* [[March 1]] – Construction of\n        [[Hoover Dam]] is completed in the United States.\\n* [[March 7]] – In\n        violation of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] and [[Locarno Treaties]], [[Nazi\n        Germany]] [[Remilitarization of the Rhineland|reoccupies the Rhineland]].{{cite\n        book|first=R. W.|last=Davies|title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia,\n        Volume ''''''6'''''': The Years of Progress: The Soviet Economy, 1934-1936|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=iM9CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA275|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave\n        Macmillan|page=275}}{{cite book|authorlink=A.\n        J. P. Taylor|first=A. J. P.|last=Taylor|title=English History 1914-1945|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=l4CbmiuJe50C&pg=PA386|year=2001|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|page=386}} According to several historians, like Samuel\n        Mitcham,{{cite book|first=Samuel W.|last=Mitcham|title=The\n        Rise of the Wehrmacht|volume=1|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=DW66ejQS2xoC&pg=PA66|year=2008|publisher=Praeger|page=66}}\n        this is the last time when the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] could have\n        stopped Hitler with the odds overwhelmingly on their side. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]\n        and other Nazis admit that the French army alone could have destroyed the\n        [[Wehrmacht]].{{cite\n        book|author1=[[William L. Shirer|Shirer, William L.]] |author2=[[Ron Rosenbaum|Rosenbaum,\n        Ron]] |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=6QngAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA293|year=1960|publisher=Simon\n        & Schuster|page=293}}\\n* [[March 9]] – Pro-democratic militarist\n        [[Keisuke Okada]] steps down as [[Prime Minister of Japan]] and is replaced\n        by radical militarist [[K\\u014dki Hirota]].\\n* [[March 17]]–[[March\n        18|18]] – [[Pittsburgh Flood of 1936]] (\\\"Saint Patrick''s Day Flood\\\"):\n        [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, suffers the worst flooding in its history.\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – The longest game in the history of the [[National Hockey\n        League]] is played when the [[Montreal Maroons]] and [[Detroit Red Wings]]\n        go scoreless until 16 and a half minutes into the sixth OT when [[Mud Bruneteau]]\n        ends it at 2:25 in the morning.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1936}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Richard Hauptmann]], convicted of the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]]\n        and murder in 1932, is executed by [[electrocution]] in [[New Jersey State\n        Prison]].\\n* [[April 5]] – A tornado hits [[Tupelo, Mississippi]], killing\n        216 and injuring over 700 (the 4th deadliest tornado in U.S. history).\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – Two tornadoes strike [[Gainesville, Georgia]]. The smaller\n        tornado hits north Gainesville, the stronger tornado the west side of town.\n        203 die and 1,600 are injured in the 5th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Billy Butlin]] opens his first [[Butlins]] [[holiday\n        camp]], [[Butlins Skegness]], in [[Skegness]] ([[Ingoldmells]]), [[Lincolnshire]],\n        England.{{cite web|url=http://www.butlinsmemories.com/skegness/index.htm|title=Skegness|work=Butlins\n        Memories|accessdate=2010-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701110630/http://www.butlinsmemories.com/skegness/index.htm\n        |archivedate=July 1, 2010|deadurl=no}} It is officially opened by [[Amy\n        Johnson]] of [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] (the first woman to fly solo from\n        England to Australia).\\n* [[April 19]] – The [[1936\\u201339 Arab revolt\n        in Palestine]] against the British government and opposition to Jewish immigration\n        begins.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1936}}\\n* [[May 2]] – ''''[[Peter\n        and the Wolf]]'''', a Russian fairy tale of [[Sergei Prokofiev]]''s composition,\n        debuts at the Nezlobin Theater in Moscow, [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May 5]] –\n        \\\"[[March of the Iron Will]]\\\": Italian forces occupy [[Addis Ababa]] unopposed.\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – Italy annexes [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Italian\n        East Africa]] is formed from the Italian territories of [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]],\n        and [[Italian Somaliland]].\\n* [[May 12]] – The [[Atchison, Topeka and\n        Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]] railroad in the United States inaugurates the\n        all-Pullman ''''[[Super Chief]]'''' passenger train between [[Chicago]] and\n        [[Los Angeles]].\\n* [[May 25]] – The [[Remington Rand strike of 1936\\u201337]]\n        begins, spawning the notorious \\\"[[Mohawk Valley formula]]\\\", a corporate\n        plan for [[strikebreaking]].\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** The first flight by the Irish\n        airline [[Aer Lingus]] takes place.\\n** British luxury liner {{RMS|Queen Mary}}\n        leaves [[Southampton]] on her [[maiden voyage]] across the Atlantic.\\n* [[May\n        28]] – [[Alan Turing]] submits his paper \\\"[[On Computable Numbers]]\\\"\n        to the [[London Mathematical Society]] for publication, introducing the concept\n        of the \\\"[[Turing machine]]\\\". Its formal publication is on November 12.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1936}}\\n* June\\n** A [[1936 North American heat wave|major heat\n        wave]] strikes North America; high temperature records are set and thousands\n        die.\\n** The first production model [[PCC streetcar]], built by St. Louis\n        Car Company, is placed in service by [[Pittsburgh Railways]].\\n* [[June 7]]\\n**\n        The general strike in France is ended by the [[Matignon Agreements (1936)|Matignon\n        Agreements]].\\n** The [[Steel Workers Organizing Committee]] is founded in\n        the United States.\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Margaret Mitchell]]''s epic historical\n        romance ''''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone with the Wind]]'''' is first\n        published in the United States.\\n* [[June 15]] – An army ammunition\n        depot explosion kills 60 in [[M\\u00e4nniku, Saku Parish|M\\u00e4nniku]], [[Estonia]].\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Max Schmeling]] knocks out [[Joe Louis]] in the 12th\n        round of their [[heavyweight]] [[boxing]] match at [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee\n        Stadium]] in New York City.\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Per Albin Hansson]] resigns\n        as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] of [[Sweden]], over the issue\n        of defence policy. He is replaced by the leader of the Farmer`s League ( ''''Bondef\\u00f6rbundet''''\n        ) [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]], whom also becomes Minister of Agriculture.\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Focke-Wulf Fw 61]], the first fully controllable [[helicopter]],\n        makes its maiden flight.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[United States Maritime Commission]]\n        is formed.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1936}}\\n* [[July 11]] –\n        The [[Triborough Bridge]] in New York City is opened to traffic – the\n        bridge was renamed Robert F. Kennedy Bridge in 2008.\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[July 14|14]] – Peak of July 1936 heat wave: The [[U.S. state]]s of\n        [[Wisconsin]], [[Michigan]], and [[Indiana]] all set new state records for\n        high temperature. At Mio in northern Michigan, it soars to 113 \\u00b0F\n        (45 \\u00b0C).\\n* [[July 17]] – The [[Spanish Army of Africa]] launches\n        a ''''coup d''\\u00e9tat'''' against the [[Second Spanish Republic]], beginning\n        the [[Spanish Civil War]].\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Montreux Convention Regarding\n        the Regime of the Straits]] is signed in [[Montreux]], allowing [[Turkey]]\n        to fortify the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosphorus]] but guaranteeing free\n        passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1936}}\\n[[File:1936 berlin logo.jpg|thumbnail|180px|right|[[1936 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – The [[1936 Summer Olympics]] open in Berlin, Germany,\n        and mark the first live television coverage of a sports event in world history.\n        Note that [[John Logie Baird]] had previously broadcast the Derby horse race\n        in Britain in 1931.\\n* [[August 3]] – [[African-American]] athlete [[Jesse\n        Owens]] wins the 100-meter dash at the [[Berlin Olympics]].\\n* [[August 14]]\\n**\n        [[Rainey Bethea]] was hanged in [[Owensboro, Kentucky]], in the last public\n        [[capital punishment in the United States|execution in the United States]]\\n**\n        [[1936 Summer Olympics]]: The [[United States men''s national basketball team]]\n        wins the first Olympic basketball tournament in the final game over Canada,\n        19\\u20138.\\n* [[August 19]] – The first of the [[Moscow Trials]] begins\n        in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Anglo-Egyptian Treaty\n        of 1936]] is signed.\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Ernest Nash]] flees Germany for\n        Rome.\\n** President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] attends the dedication of [[Thomas\n        Jefferson]]''s head at [[Mount Rushmore]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1936}}\\n[[File:\\\"Benjamin\\\".jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[September 7]]: Extinction\n        of [[Thylacine]].]]\\n* [[September 4]]\\u2013[[September 5|5]] – English-born\n        aviator [[Beryl Markham]] becomes the first woman to make an East-to-West\n        solo [[transatlantic flight]], from [[Abingdon-on-Thames]], England, to [[Baleine,\n        Nova Scotia]].\\n*[[September 5]] – [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Robert Capa]]''s\n        photograph ''''[[The Falling Soldier]]'''' is taken.\\n* [[September 7]] –\n        The last known [[thylacine]] (\\\"Tasmanian tiger\\\"), named Benjamin, dies in\n        [[Hobart Zoo]] in [[Tasmania]].\\n*[[September 9]]\\n**[[1936 Naval Revolt (Portugal)]]:\n        The crews of [[Portuguese Navy]] frigate [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque|NRP ''''Afonso\n        de Albuquerque'''']] and [[Portuguese destroyer D\\u00e3o|destroyer ''''D\\u00e3o'''']]\n        mutiny while anchored in Lisbon harbour. Opposed to the [[Ant\\u00f3nio de\n        Oliveira Salazar|Salazar dictatorship]]''s support of [[General Franco]]''s\n        coup in Spain, they declare their solidarity with the [[Spanish Republic]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17281307|title=Portuguese Mutiny:\n        Why it Failed|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=1936-10-02|page=17}}\\n**The\n        [[Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence]] is signed.\\n* [[September 10]] –\n        The first [[World Speedway Championship]] is held at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley\n        Stadium]] in London, England. It is won by Australian [[Lionel Van Praag]],\n        with Englishman [[Eric Langton]] second and Australian [[Bluey Wilkinson]]\n        third.\\n* [[September 12]] – The Walt Disney animated short ''''[[Donald\n        and Pluto]]'''' is released.\\n* [[September 28]] – After the election\n        to the Swedish Riksdag`s second chamber, [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]] and his\n        \\\"Holiday Cabinet\\\" ( \\\"''''Semesterregeringen''''\\\" ) resign  (though he\n        remains as Minister of Agriculture) and [[Per Albin Hansson]] returns as Prime\n        Minister, staying in office to his death from a heart attack in [[1946]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1936}}\\n* October – Start of [[Joseph Stalin]]''s [[Great\n        Purge]] in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n**The [[M\\u00e4stermyr chest]] is discovered\n        in the [[M\\u00e4stermyr]] mire (after which it is later named) west of [[Hemse]]\n        on the island of [[Gotland]], Sweden.\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Earl W.\n        Bascom|Earl Bascom]], [[rodeo]] cowboy and artist, designs and builds [[Mississippi]]''s\n        first permanent rodeo arena at [[Columbia, Mississippi]].\\n* [[October 19]]\n        – H.R. Ekins, reporter for the ''''[[New York World-Telegram]]'''',\n        wins a race to travel around the world on commercial airline flights, beating\n        [[Dorothy Kilgallen]] of the ''''[[New York Journal]]'''' and Leo Kieran of\n        the ''''[[New York Times]]''''. The flight takes 18\\u00bd days.\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Rome-Berlin Axis]] is formed.\\n* [[October 29]] – The\n        historic [[Uptown Theater (Washington, D.C.)]] opens.\\n[[File:Poor mother\n        and children, Oklahoma, 1936 by Dorothea Lange.jpg|thumb|Family during the\n        [[Great Depression]], Oklahoma, 1936]]\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1936}}\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** The [[BBC]] launches the world''s first regular\n        (then) high-definition television service.\\n** The [[Canadian Broadcasting\n        Corporation]] (CBC) begins [[radio]] in Canada.\\n* [[November 3]] –\n        [[U.S. presidential election, 1936]]: [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] is reelected to a second term in a landslide victory over [[Kansas]]\n        Governor [[Alf Landon]]. Farmers support Roosevelt.\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        American fashion designer [[Ruth Harkness]] encounters and captures a nine-week-old\n        panda cub in Sichuan, China; it becomes the first live giant panda to enter\n        the United States.\\n* [[November 12]] – In [[California]], the [[San\n        Francisco\\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge]] opens to traffic.\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        A levee failure and continued massive rain at the [[Mitsubishi]] Osarizawa\n        mine, [[Kazuno]], northeastern [[Akita Prefecture|Akita]], Japan, results\n        in at least 375 deaths.\\n* [[November 23]] – This is the [[cover date]]\n        of the first issue of ''''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'''', a weekly news magazine\n        in the United States under the management of [[Henry Luce]].\\n* [[November\n        25]] – The [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] is signed by Germany and Japan.\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – In London, [[the Crystal Palace]] is destroyed in\n        a fire (it had been built for the 1851 [[Great Exhibition]]).\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1936}}\\n* [[December 1]] – Hitler mandates that all\n        German boys aged 10 to 18 join the [[Hitler Youth]] paramilitary organization.\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – Radio station [[WFME (AM)|WQXR]] is officially founded\n        in New York City.\\n* [[December 5]] – [[1936 Soviet Constitution]],\n        promulgated by [[Stalin]], is adopted in the [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Transcaucasian\n        Socialist Federative Soviet Republic]] is dissolved and [[Armenian SSR|Armenia]],\n        [[Azerbaijan SSR|Azerbaijan]], and [[Georgian SSR|Georgia]] become full [[Republics\n        of the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Edward VIII abdication\n        crisis]]: King [[Edward VIII]] of the United Kingdom signs an instrument of\n        [[abdication]] at [[Fort Belvedere, Surrey]] in the presence of his three\n        brothers, [[George VI|The Duke of York]], [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|The\n        Duke of Gloucester]] and [[Prince George, Duke of Kent|The Duke of Kent]].\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – Edward VIII abdication crisis:\\n** The British Parliament\n        passes [[His Majesty''s Declaration of Abdication Act 1936]] on behalf of\n        the U.K., Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The King performs his last\n        act as sovereign by giving [[Royal Assent]] to the Act, and his brother Prince\n        Albert, Duke of York, becomes King, reigning as [[George VI|King George VI]].\\n**\n        The abdicated King Edward VIII, now HRH Prince Edward, makes a broadcast to\n        the nation explaining his decision to abdicate. He leaves the country for\n        Austria.\\n** Taking the opportunity to free itself further from ties to the\n        United Kingdom, the [[Oireachtas of the Irish Free State]] passes the [[Constitution\n        (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936]], removing most powers from the office of [[Governor-General\n        of the Irish Free State]], and the [[Executive Authority (External Relations)\n        Act 1936]] (signed into law December 12) assenting to the abdication and restricting\n        the power of the monarch in relation to Ireland to international affairs.\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Xi''an Incident]]: Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]]\n        of the Republic of China is kidnapped by Marshal [[Zhang Xueliang]].\\n* [[December\n        24]] – Release of the film ''''[[Natalka Poltavka (opera)|Natalka Poltavka]]''''\n        in [[Ukraine]], the first filmed Russian opera.\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        The [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade]] sails from New York City on its way to the\n        [[Spanish Civil War]].\\n* [[December 30]] – The [[United Auto Workers]]\n        begins the [[Flint Sit-Down Strike]] in [[Flint, Michigan]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        West China [[Famine]]: five million die.\\n* [[Ipswich Town Football Club]]\n        turns professional.\\n* The [[YMCA Youth and Government]] program is founded\n        in [[Albany, New York]].\\n* [[Mordecai Ham]] begins his radio ministry.\\n*\n        [[Stress (medicine)|Stress]] is first recognised as a medical condition.\\n*\n        [[Polaroid sunglasses]] and Ambre Solaire [[sunblock]] both first marketed.\\n*\n        [[Cocoa bean|Cocoa]] production in the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold\n        Coast]] reaches 305,000 tons.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:PresidenteSanguinettti.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julio\n        Mar\\u00eda Sanguinetti]]]]\\n[[File:Lebanon.EmileLahoud.01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9mile\n        Lahoud]]]]\\n[[File:Troy Donahue Hawaiian Eye 1959.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Troy Donahue]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Roger Miller]], American singer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Florence King]], American writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Nida Blanca]], Filipina actress (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Julio Mar\\u00eda\n        Sanguinetti]], Uruguay politician, lawyer and politician, 2-Time [[President\n        of Uruguay]]\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Stephen Ambrose]], American historian\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Burnum Burnum]], Australian Aboriginal activist, author\n        and actor (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Robert Woodrow Wilson|Robert Wilson]], American\n        physicist and radio astronomer, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 11]]\n        – [[Eva Hesse]], American artist (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[\\u00c9mile Lahoud]], 15th [[President of Lebanon]]\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Reiner Klimke]], German equestrian (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        [[The Honourable]] [[Frances Shand Kydd]], mother of [[Princess Diana]] (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Ong Teng Cheong]], 5th President of\n        Singapore (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Arlene Golonka]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Jerry Kramer]], American football player\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Troy Donahue]], American actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Alan\n        Alda]], American actor \\n** [[Ismail Kadare]], Albanian writer\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Patrick Caulfield]], English artist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[James Jamerson]],\n        American bass guitarist for [[Motown#Major divisions|Motown Records]] (d.\n        1983)\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Burt Reynolds 1991 portrait crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Burt\n        Reynolds]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] \\n** [[Jim Marshall (photographer)|Jim Marshall]],\n        American photographer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Elizabeth Peer]], American journalist\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[David Brenner]], American comedian (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n** [[Gary Conway]], American actor \\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Kent\n        Douglas]], Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Amaro Sr.]], Mexican professional baseball player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Larry Verne]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Stompin'' Tom Connors]], Canadian country/folk singer\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Clive Swift]], British actor\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Burt Reynolds]], American actor \\n* [[February 14]] – [[Andrew Prine]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Jim Brown]], African-American\n        football player\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Sam Myers]], American musician\n        and songwriter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Larry Hovis]], American\n        actor (''''Hogan''s Heroes'''') (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Shigeo Nagashima]], Japanese\n        professional baseball player and coach\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Elizabeth\n        MacRae]], American actress\\n* [[February 24]] \\n** [[Lance Reventlow]], English\n        playboy, entrepreneur, and race car driver (d. [[1972]])\\n** [[Luis Aguil\\u00e9]],\n        Argentine singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Roger Cardinal\n        Mahony]], fourth Archbishop of Los Angeles\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Alex\n        Rocco]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:\\u0419\\u043e\\u0437\\u0435\\u0444\n        \\u0411\\u043b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sepp Blatter]]]]\\n[[File:F.\n        W. de Klerk 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[F. W. De Klerk]]]]\\n[[File:Ursula Andress\n        Galer\\u00eda Elmyr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ursula Andress]]]]\\n[[File:Vargas Llosa\n        Madrid 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mario Vargas Llosa]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Alan Scott (blacksmith)|Alan Scott]], blacksmith and brick oven constructor\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Jim Clark]], Scottish race car driver (d.\n        [[1968]])\\n** [[Aribert Reimann]], German composer\\n* [[March 5]] –\n        [[Dean Stockwell]], American actor \\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Marion Barry]], Mayor\n        of Washington, D.C. (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Choummaly Sayasone]], 5th President\n        of Laos\\n** [[Elmira Zherzdeva]], Soviet singer and voice actress\\n* [[March\n        7]] \\n** [[Loren Acton]], American astronaut\\n** [[Julio Terrazas Sandoval]],\n        Bolivian cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Sue Ane Langdon]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Mickey Gilley]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Marty Ingels]], American actor and agent (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Tom Sestak]],\n        American football player (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Sepp Blatter]],\n        president of [[FIFA]]\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Antonin Scalia]], [[Associate\n        Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Howard Greenfield]], American songwriter (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March\n        16]] \\n** [[Raymond Vahan Damadian]], Armenian-American [[Magnetic resonance\n        imaging|MRI]] practitioner\\n** [[Elisabeth Volkmann]], German actress (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Patty Maloney]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        18]] – [[F. W. de Klerk]], 10th [[President of South Africa]] (1989\\u201394);\n        7th and last head of state of South Africa under the apartheid era.\\n* [[March\n        19]] \\n** [[Ursula Andress]], Swiss actress \\n** [[Uri Aviram]], Israeli university\n        professor\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Lee \\\"Scratch\\\" Perry]], Jamaican musician\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Don Covay]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[Harry Kalas]], American sportscaster (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], Peruvian writer, politician,\n        journalist, essayist and Nobel Prize laureate\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Marge\n        Piercy]], American poet and activist\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Glen Campbell\n        1967.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Glen Campbell]]]]\\n\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Jean-Pascal\n        Delamuraz]], 2-time President of Switzerland (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Valerie Solanas]], American feminist and writer who attempted to\n        kill [[Andy Warhol]] (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[John Howell (athlete)|John\n        Howell]], British long jumper\\n** [[John Madden]], American football coach\n        and television sportscaster\\n** [[Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer)|Bobby\n        Smith]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 12]] –\n        [[Charles Napier (actor)|Charles Napier]], American actor  (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed Grygar]], Czech astronomer\\n* [[April\n        21]] – [[James Dobson]], American child psychologist and conservative\n        political activist (''''Focus On The Family'''') \\n* [[April 22]] \\n** [[Glen\n        Campbell]], American singer and actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Dieter Kronzucker]],\n        German journalist and television presenter\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Roy Orbison]],\n        American singer-songwriter (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Glen Hobbie]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jill Ireland]], English actress\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Tariq Aziz]], Iraqi political (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bobby Darin 1959.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Bobby Darin]]]]\\n[[File:DennisHopperSideMar10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dennis\n        Hopper]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Straub-Huillet|Dani\\u00e8le Huillet]], French\n        filmmaker (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Sam DeLuca]], American football\n        offensive lineman and sports broadcaster (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Engelbert Humperdinck\n        (singer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]], British singer\\n** [[Perdita Huston]], American\n        journalist (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Norma Aleandro]], Argentinian actress\\n* [[May\n        7]] – [[Jimmy Ruffin]], American singer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n**\n        [[Albert Finney]], English actor\\n** [[Glenda Jackson]], British actress and\n        politician \\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Guillermo Endara]], 32nd [[President of Panama]]\n        (1989\\u20131994) (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Tom Snyder]], American talk show host\n        (''''Tomorrow'''') (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Frank Stella]], American minimalist\n        painter\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Bobby Darin]], American singer (d. [[1973]])\\n**\n        [[Dick Howser]], American baseball shortstop/manager (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[May\n        15]] \\n** [[Wavy Gravy]], American anti-war activist\\n** [[Paul Zindel]],\n        American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Dennis Hopper]], American\n        actor and director  (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Ingeborg Hallstein]],\n        German opera singer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Tom T. Hall]], American country\n        singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Volodymyr_Holubnychy_1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Volodymyr\n        Holubnychy]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Dern by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bruce\n        Dern]]]]\\n[[File:Ronald Venetiaan.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ronald Venetiaan]]]]\\n[[File:Kristofferson\n        - 78.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kris Kristofferson]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Volodymyr\n        Holubnychy]], Soviet Olympic athlete\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Colin Meads]],\n        New Zealand rugby union player (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Bruce\n        Dern]], American actor\\n* [[June 8]] – [[James Darren]], American actor\n        and singer\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Marcus Belgrave]], American jazz trumpeter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Ken Loach]], British director\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Barack Obama Sr.]], father of US President [[Barack Obama]] (d.\n        [[1982]])\\n** [[Ronald Venetiaan]], [[President of Suriname]]\\n** [[Dick Wimmer]],\n        American novelist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Takeshi Aono]], Japanese\n        voice actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Harold E. Puthoff]], American\n        physicist\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Bep van Ipenburg]], Dutch artistic gymnast\\n**\n        [[Hans K\\u00f6hler]], German swimmer\\n** [[Georgios Pangalos]], Greek sports\n        shooter\\n** [[Joseph Gosnell]], Nisga''a statesman\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Hermeto\n        Pascoal]], Brazilian composer and multi-instrumentalist\\n** [[Derek Porter\n        (footballer)|Derek Porter]], English footballer\\n** [[Dick Huddart]], English-Australian\n        professional rugby league footballer\\n** [[Ferran Olivella]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Jim Bronstad]], American Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Kris Kristofferson]],\n        American actor, singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Gordon Lewis (rugby)|Gordon\n        Lewis]], Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer\\n** [[Jim\n        Halligan]], American politician\\n** [[Richard Johnstone]], New Zealand track\n        and road cyclist\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Sumith Liyanage]], Ceylonese sportsman\\n**\n        [[Robert Downey Sr.]], American actor, filmmaker and father of actor Robert\n        Downey Jr\\n** [[Tony Brown (English cricketer)|Tony Brown]], English cricketer\n        and administrator\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]], 3rd [[President\n        of Indonesia]]\\n** [[Gloria Vaughn]], American politician\\n** [[Bert H\\u00f6lldobler]],\n        German sociobiologist and evolutionary biologist\\n** [[Leo John]], Trinidadian\n        cricketer\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Hal Greer]], American professional basketball\n        player\\n** [[Herbert Obst]], Canadian fencer\\n** [[Lee Ming-liang]], Taiwanese\n        geneticist\\n** [[Jerry Armstrong]], American amateur boxer\\n** [[Jean-Claude\n        Turcotte]], Canadian cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        Fontanel]], French stage and film actress\\n** [[Tadanori Yokoo]], Japanese\n        graphic designer, illustrator, printmaker and painter\\n** [[Joe Doyle]], Irish\n        politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Walter K\\u00f6stner]], German\n        fencer\\n** [[Malcolm Harding (bishop of Brandon)|Malcolm Harding]], English-born\n        Canadian Anglican Bishop\\n** [[Chuck Howley]], American football player\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\n** [[Leon O. Chua]], American electrical engineer and computer\n        scientist\\n** [[Willie Jones (basketball)|Willie Jones]], American basketball\n        player\\n** [[David Jenkins (figure skater)|David Jenkins]], American figure\n        skater\\n** [[Kigeli V]], last king of Rwanda (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Harmon Killebrew]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Eddie Mabo]], Australian Indigenous\n        rights activist (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Malcolm Hickman]], English\n        cricketer\\n** [[Nancy Dussault]], American singer and actress\\n** [[Alan Hamel]],\n        Canadian entertainer, producer and television host\\n** [[Barry Gration]],\n        senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force\\n** [[Assia Djebar]], Algerian\n        writer (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Shirley Knight 1960s.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Shirley\n        Knight]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ron Masak]], American actor\\n** [[Mihir Rakshit]],\n        Indian economist\\n** [[E. Ponnuswamy]], Indian politician\\n** [[Antonio Salines]],\n        Italian actor and director\\n* [[July 2]] \\n** [[Eusebio Escobar]], Colombian\n        footballer\\n** [[Rex Gildo]], German singer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        [[Shirley Knight]], American actress\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Johan Du Preez]],\n        Rhodesian-Zimbabwean sprinter\\n** [[Tony Warren]], English television screenwriter\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Pronovost]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n** [[Richard Wilson (Scottish actor)|Richard Wilson]], Scottish actor\n        and director\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Herbert Boyer]], Biotechnology entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Tunne Kelam]], Estonian politician\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Marisa Allasio]],\n        Italian actress\\n* [[July 15]] – [[George Voinovich]], American politician;\n        United States Senator (R-OH) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Miria Obote]],\n        former First Lady of Uganda\\n** [[Venkataraman Subramanya]], Indian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Leo Sterckx]], Belgian cyclist\\n** [[Yasuo Fukuda]], 58th [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]]\\n** [[Buddy Merrill]], American musician (''''[[The Lawrence Welk\n        Show]]'''')\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Ted Harris (ice hockey)|Ted Harris]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Barbara Mikulski]], American\n        politician; [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] ([[Democratic Party (United\n        States)|D]]-[[Maryland|Md.]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Klaus Bresser]], German\n        journalist and television presenter\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**[[Don Drysdale]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1993]])\\n**[[Anthony Kennedy]], [[Associate Justice\n        of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Ruth Buzzi]],\n        American actress and comedian \\n** [[Mark Goddard]], American actor and teacher\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Mary Millar]], British actress (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[July\n        28]] – [[Russ Jackson]], Canadian football player\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        [[Elizabeth Dole]], American politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]]\n        ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[North Carolina|Nc.]])\\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Buddy Guy]], American blues guitarist and singer\\n** [[Ted Rogers\n        (comedian)|Ted Rogers]], English comedian and game show host (d. [[2001]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Robert\n        Redford (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Redford]]]]\\n[[File:Wilt Chamberlain3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilt\n        Chamberlain]]]]\\n[[File:John McCain official portrait 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        McCain]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Bradford Bishop]], American fugitive\\n**\n        [[Donald Neilson]], British serial killer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Yves Saint Laurent\n        (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]], Algerian-born French fashion designer (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Robert Gnaizda]], lawyer and social justice\n        advocate\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Andre Dubus]], American short-story writer\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Kolingba]], [[President of\n        Central African Republic]] (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Tom McAvoy]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Margaret Hamilton (scientist)|Margaret\n        Hamilton]], American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Robert Redford]], American actor and film director\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Wilt Chamberlain]], African-American basketball player\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Rudy Lewis]], American [[rhythm and\n        blues]] singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Kenny Guinn]], American\n        politician (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Ahmad Ibrahim Jbara a.k.a\n        Abu Sukkar]], Palestinian Terrorist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Giridharilal Kedia]], Former Working President of KVK (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Benedict Anderson]], American academic (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[John McCain]], Panamanian-born American politician, [[U.S.\n        Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Arizona|Az.]])\n        since [[1986]], and [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] Republican\n        Presidential nominee\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Zine\n        El Abidine Ben Ali]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Henson (1989) headshot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jim\n        Henson]]]]\\n[[File:Berlusconi-2010-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Silvio Berlusconi]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 2]]\\n** [[Andrew Grove]], Hungarian-American businessman, engineer\n        and author (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[K\\u00e1roly Krajcz\\u00e1r]], [[Hungarian Slovenes|Hungarian\n        Slovene]] teacher, writer and collector \\n* [[September 3]] – [[Zine\n        El Abidine Ben Ali]], 2nd [[President of Tunisia]]\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[Bill Mazeroski]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Buddy\n        Holly]], American rock and roll singer (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Charles Dierkop]], American actor\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Walter Koenig]],\n        American actor, better known for his role in ''''[[Star Trek: The Original\n        Series]]''''.\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Anna Karen]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Al Oerter]], American Olympic athlete (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 21]]\n        – [[Yury Luzhkov]], mayor of Moscow\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Valent\\u00edn\n        Paniagua]], President of Per\\u00fa (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Jim Henson]], American puppeteer, filmmaker, and television producer (d.\n        [[1990]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Ken Forsse]], American inventor and producer,\n        creator of [[Teddy Ruxpin]] (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Moussa Traor\\u00e9]], [[President\n        of Mali]]\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Don Cornelius]], African-American television\n        personality (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Joselo]], Venezuelan actor and comedian (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Silvio Berlusconi]], 50th [[Prime\n        Minister of Italy]], media entrepreneur\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Brian Blessed\n        2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian Blessed]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Wyman 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bill\n        Wyman]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Landon 1990.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael Landon]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Duncan Edwards]], English footballer (d. [[1958]])\\n**[[Kailayar\n        Sellanainar Sivakumaran]], Sri Lankan writer, art & literary critic, journalist\n        and radio & TV personality.\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Steve Reich]], American\n        composer\\n* [[October 5]] – [[V\\u00e1clav Havel]], Czech playwright,\n        writer and politician, 10th [[President of Czechoslovakia]] and 1st [[President\n        of the Czech Republic]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Fereydoun\n        Farrokhzad]], Iranian entertainer (d. [[1992]]) \\n* [[October 9]] –\n        [[Brian Blessed]], English actor\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Gerhard Ertl]],\n        German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Larry Staverman]], American professional basketball player\n        and coach (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Christine N\\u00f6stlinger]],\n        Austrian writer\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Carrie Nye]], American actress\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Dolores Mantez]], British actress\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[James Bevel]], American civil rights\n        activist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Tony Lo Bianco]], American actor\\n* [[October\n        24]] \\n**[[David Nelson (actor)|David Nelson]], American actor and singer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n**[[Bill Wyman]], British musician ([[The Rolling Stones]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] \\n** [[Martin Gilbert]], British historian (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Masako Nozawa]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Shelley\n        Morrison]], American actress\\n** [[Etelka Ken\\u00e9z Heka]], Hungarian writer,\n        poet, singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Akiko Kojima]], Japanese model\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Polina Astakhova]], Soviet artistic gymnast (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – [[Michael Landon]], American actor and director (d.\n        [[1991]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Rose Bird]], American\n        judge (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Roy Emerson]], Australian\n        tennis player\\n* [[November 4]] – [[C. K. Williams]], American poet\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Ivan Stamboli\\u0107]], Serbian politician (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Uwe Seeler]], German football player and manager\\n** [[Billy Sherrill]],\n        American record producer, arranger and songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Virna Lisi]], Italian actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – [[Teddy Infuhr]], American child actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November\n        11]] – [[Susan Kohner]], American actress\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        [[Wolf Biermann]], German singer-songwriter and former East German dissident\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Lazarus Salii]], 3rd President of Palau (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Dick Cavett]], American talk show host and television\n        personality\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Don DeLillo]], American author\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Robert Barnard]], British writer, critic and lecturer\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Steve Landesberg]], American actor and director (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Dahlia Ravikovitch]], Israeli poet (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:David\n        Carradine Polanski Unauthorized.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Carradine]]]]\\n[[File:Franciscus\n        in 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope Francis]]]]\\n[[File:Mary Tyler Moore rework.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary\n        Tyler Moore]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] – [[James Lee Burke]], American writer\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Kenneth Copeland]], American televangelist\\n* [[December\n        8]]\\n** [[David Carradine]], American actor, director, martial artist (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Michael Hobson]], American publisher\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        [[Minoru Murayama]], Japanese baseball pitcher (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Tom Fuccello]], American actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Iolanda Bala\\u0219]], Romanian high jumper (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Donald Goines]], American novelist (d. [[1973]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Pope Francis]]\\n** [[Klaus Kinkel]], German politician\\n*\n        [[December 22]]\\n** [[James Burke (science historian)|James Burke]], British\n        broadcaster, science historian, author and television producer\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor\n        Elizondo]], American actor\\n* [[December 23]] – [[James Stacy]], American\n        actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable\n        Lady Ogilvy]], British aristocrat and socialite; youngest granddaughter of\n        King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] \\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Mary Tyler Moore]], American actress, producer, diabetes awareness activist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Siw Malmkvist]], Swedish singer\\n**\n        [[Szilveszter E. Vizi]], Hungarian physician, neuroscientist and pharmacologist\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Kamuta Latasi]], 4th Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[Aliou Mahamidou]],\n        3rd Prime Minister of Niger (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Rudyard\n        Kipling (portrait).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rudyard Kipling]]]]\\n[[File:Kinggeorgev1923.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Harry\n        B. Smith]], American composer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[James\n        Churchward]], British writer (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Ram\\u00f3n\n        del Valle-Incl\\u00e1n]], Spanish writer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Louise Bryant]], American journalist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        [[John Gilbert (actor)|John Gilbert]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\n** [[Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster|Henry Foster]], British Conservative\n        Party politician, former Governor-General of Australia (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[George\n        Landenberger]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]] and the 23rd\n        [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Albert\n        Fish]], American serial killer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Rudyard\n        Kipling]], British writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 20]] – King [[George V|George V of the United\n        Kingdom]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Mills Brothers|John Mills,\n        Jr.]], \\\"Mills Brothers\\\" basso and guitarist (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n**[[Harry\n        T. Morey]], American actor (b. [[1873]])\\n**[[Harry Peach]], British furniture\n        manufacturer and social campaigner (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        [[Richard Loeb]], American murderer (b. [[1905]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Charles\n        Curtis-portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Curtis]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Princess Sophie of Sch\\u00f6nburg-Waldenburg]], consort of [[William, Prince\n        of Albania|William of Wied, Prince of Albania]] (b.[[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] – [[Wilhelm Gustloff]], German leader of the Swiss Nazi Party (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Charles Curtis]], [[List of Vice Presidents\n        of the United States|31st]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Billy Mitchell]], U.S. general and military aviation\n        pioneer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Georges Vacher de Lapouge]],\n        French anthropologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[William Adamson]],\n        British Labour politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 26]] – in the\n        \\\"[[February 26 Incident]]\\\":\\n** [[Takahashi Korekiyo]], 11th [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]] (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Sait\\u014d Makoto]], Japanese admiral, 19th\n        [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Ivan Pavlov]],\n        Russian psychologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n** [[Mulugeta Yeggazu]], Ethiopian government official and\n        military leader\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Charles Nicolle]], French bacteriologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Francis Bell (New Zealand politician)|Francis\n        Bell]], 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 16]] –\n        [[Marguerite Durand]], French journalist and feminist leader (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], Greek Statesman, several times\n        Prime Minister (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Alexander Glazunov]],\n        Russian composer and conductor (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Oscar\n        Asche]], Australian actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Archibald\n        Garrod]], English physician (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Fuad I of\n        Egypt.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Fuad I of Egypt]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Alberico\n        Albricci]], Italian general (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Richard\n        Hauptmann|Bruno Richard Hauptmann]], German killer of [[Lindbergh kidnapping|Charles\n        Lindbergh, Jr.]] (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Edmund\n        Breese]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Marilyn Miller]],\n        American actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[R\\u00f3bert B\\u00e1r\\u00e1ny]],\n        Austrian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Ottorino Respighi]], Italian composer,\n        musicologist, and conductor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Teresa\n        de la Parra]], Venezuelan writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Tammany\n        Young]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Fuad I of\n        Egypt]], King of [[Egypt]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Alfred\n        Edward Housman]], English poet (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 4]] –\n        [[Ludwig von Falkenhausen]], German general (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[May 8]] –\n        [[Oswald Spengler]], German philosopher (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 14]] –\n        [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby]], British soldier and administrator\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Leonidas Paraskevopoulos]], Greek general\n        and senator (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Panagis Tsaldaris]], Prime\n        Minister of Greece (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Elmer Fowler Stone]],\n        American aviator, the first United States Coast Guard aviator (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Norman Chaney]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n\\n===June===\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Walther Wever (general)|Walther Wever]], German general\n        and ''''Luftwaffe'''' commander (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Robert\n        E. Howard]], American author (suicide) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Krays]], Austrian writer and journalist, (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[G. K. Chesterton]], English author (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Henry B. Walthall]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Maxim Gorky]], Russian writer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] – [[William Hall-Jones]], English-New Zealand politician, 16th\n        Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Moritz\n        Schlick]], German philosopher and physicist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Colin Clive]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Alexander\n        Berkman]], Russian anarchist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[J\\u00e1nos\n        Szlepecz]], Slovene priest and writer (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500,_Georg_Michaelis.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georg\n        Michaelis]]]]\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Thomas Meighan]], American actor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[James Murray (American actor)|James Murray]],\n        American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Auguste Adib Pacha]],\n        2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Calvo Sotelo]], Spanish politician (b. [[1893]]) \\n* [[July 16]] – [[Alan\n        Crosland]], American film director (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Sanjurjo]], Spanish general (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Georg Michaelis]],\n        6th [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1857]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Louis\n        Bleriot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Louis Bleriot]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Louis\n        Bl\\u00e9riot]], French aviation pioneer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Lincoln Steffens]], American journalist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        Blessed [[Victoria D\\u00edez Bustos de Molina]], Spanish teacher and religious\n        woman (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Grazia Deledda]], Italian writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Federico Garc\\u00eda Lorca]], Spanish writer (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Patrick Lygon]], English aristocrat (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Oscar von Sydow]],\n        18th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n**[[Ivan Nikitich\n        Smirnov]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] activist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Lev Kamenev]], Soviet politician (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Grigory\n        Zinoviev]], Soviet politician (b. [[1883]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Buresch,\n        Karl, Chancellor of Austria, Agence Mondial, BNF Gallica.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Karl\n        Buresch]]]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Kenneth Robert Balfour]], British\n        Conservative Party politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Irving\n        Thalberg]], American film producer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Karl Buresch]], 9th [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Henri Louis Le Chatelier]], French chemist (Le Chatelier''s\n        principle) (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]],\n        Indian musician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Antoine Meillet]],\n        French linguist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Klekl\n        (writer)|J\\u00f3zsef Klekl]], Slovene writer and journalist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[William Sims]], American admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Friedrich Sixt von Armin]], German general (b.\n        [[1851]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:J. E. Sunila.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juho Sunila]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Juho Sunila]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[John Heisman]], American football\n        coach (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Gyula G\\u00f6mb\\u00f6s]], 30th\n        Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\n** [[Cheiro]],\n        Irish astrologer (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[William Henry Stark]], American businessman\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Anne Sullivan]], American teacher\n        of [[Helen Keller]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Rodney Heath]],\n        Australian tennis player (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Ramiro\n        de Maeztu]], Spanish writer (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Martin Lowry]], English physical chemist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Chic Sale]], American vaudevillian (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November\n        17]]\\n** [[John Bowers (actor)|John Bowers]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Alexandros Papanastasiou]], 2-time Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\n** [[Buenaventura Durruti]], Spanish anarchist (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Primo de Rivera]], Spanish fascist politician (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Andrew Harper]], Scottish\\u2013Australian biblical\n        scholar and teacher (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Edward Bach]],\n        British physician, homeopath and bacteriologist (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Arvid\n        Lindman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arvid Lindman]]]]\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Jean\n        Mermoz]], French aviator (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Juan de la\n        Cierva]], Spanish civil engineer, aviator, aeronautical engineer, inventor\n        of the [[autogyro]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Arvid Lindman]], 12th [[Prime Minister\n        of Sweden]] (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Lottie Pickford]], Canadian actress (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n** [[Bobby Abel]], English cricketer (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Luigi\n        Pirandello]], Italian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Myron Grimshaw]], American baseball\n        player (b. 1875)\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]],\n        Spanish engineer and mathematician (b. 1852)\\n* [[December 23]] – [[William\n        Henry Harrison (cricketer)|William Henry Harrison]], English cricketer (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Irene Fenwick]], American actress (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Carl Stumpf]],  German philosopher\n        and psychologist (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Hans von Seeckt]],\n        German general (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Lucy, Lady Houston]],\n        British philanthropist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Miguel de\n        Unamuno]], Spanish writer (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Victor\n        F. Hess]], [[Carl D. Anderson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Peter Debye|Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Sir Henry\n        Hallett Dale]], [[Otto Loewi]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Eugene Gladstone O''Neill]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] –\n        [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n*\n        [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1936-wwii-timeline.htm 1936 WWII\n        Timeline]\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1936/1936fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1936] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at the [[University\n        of Virginia]]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1936}}\\n[[Category:1936| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap\n        years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T10:00:33Z\",\"lastrevid\":799727918,\"length\":53274,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1936&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936\"},\"34684\":{\"pageid\":34684,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1937\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T17:31:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1937}}\\n{{Events by month|1937}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1937}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1937}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Howard\n        Hughes.jpg|thumb|130px|right| [[January 19]]: [[Howard Hughes]] sets record.]]\\n[[File:FDR\n        1944 Color Portrait.tif|thumb|right|[[January 20]]: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        is sworn in as [[US President]] for his second term.]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Anastasio Somoza Garc\\u00eda]] became [[President of Nicaragua]].\\n* [[January\n        11]] \\u2013 The first issue of ''''[[Look (American magazine)|Look]]'''' magazine\n        went on sale in the United States.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil\n        War]]: [[Second Battle of the Corunna Road]] (begun 13 December 1936) concluded\n        with both sides withdrawing.\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Howard Hughes]] established\n        a record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes\n        and 25 seconds.\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is [[Second\n        inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|sworn in]] for a second term as President\n        of the United States. This is the first time [[Inauguration Day]] in the United\n        States is on this date, on which continues to occur; the change is due to\n        the ratification in 1933 of the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution]].\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Moscow Trials]]: Trial of the Anti-Soviet\n        Trotskyist Center \\u2013 In the [[Soviet Union]] seventeen leading [[Communist]]s\n        go on trial, accused of participating in a plot led by [[Leon Trotsky]] to\n        overthrow [[Joseph Stalin]]''s regime and assassinate its leaders.\\n* [[January\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Michigan]] celebrated its [[centennial]] anniversary as a [[U.S.\n        state]].\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Ingrid Christensen]] became the first\n        woman to set foot on the continent of [[Antarctica]].\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013\n        The Soviet Union executed 31 people for alleged [[Trotskyism]].\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 5]] \\u2013 U.S President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] proposes a plan\n        to enlarge the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013\n        [[John Steinbeck]]''s [[novella]] of the [[Great Depression]] ''''[[Of Mice\n        and Men]]'''' is published in the United States.\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Spanish Civil War]]: Falangist troops take [[M\\u00e1laga]].\\n* [[February\n        8]] \\u2013 [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]] \\u2013 [[Battle of\n        Jarama]]: Nationalist and government troops fight to a stalemate.\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 A sit-down strike ends when [[General Motors]] recognizes the\n        [[United Automobile Workers]] union.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Wallace H.\n        Carothers]] receives a [[patent]] for [[nylon]].\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** Airliner\n        VH-UHH (''''Stinson'''') goes down over [[Lamington National Park]], bound\n        for Sydney, killing five people.\\n** [[Yekatit 12]]: During a public ceremony\n        at the Viceregal Palace (the former Imperial residence) in [[Addis Ababa]],\n        [[Ethiopia]], two [[Eritrea]]n nationalists attempt to kill viceroy [[Rodolfo\n        Graziani]] with a number of grenades. The Italian security guard fire into\n        the crowd of Ethiopian onlookers. Authorities exact further reprisals, which\n        include indiscriminately slaughtering native Ethiopians over the next three\n        days, detaining thousands of Ethiopians at [[Danan, Ethiopia|Danan]] and slaughtering\n        almost 300 monks at [[Debre Libanos]] monastery.\\n** The flag of the Netherlands\n        is officially adopted.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Mar\\u00eda Ortiz|Roberto\n        Ortiz]] is elected president of [[Argentina]].\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 The\n        [[League of Nations]] [[Non-Intervention Committee]] prohibits foreign nationals\n        from fighting in the [[Spanish Civil War]].\\n* February \\u2013 [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s\n        [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]] adventure ''''[[The Broken Ear]]'''' (''''L''Oreille\n        cass\\u00e9e'''') concludes serialization in the Belgian weekly newspaper supplement\n        ''''[[Le Petit Vingti\\u00e8me]]'''' and soon afterwards is published as a\n        book in black and white.\\n\\n===March===\\n* March\\n** The first issue of ''''[[Detective\n        Comics]]'''' is published in the United States. It goes on to become the longest\n        continually published [[comic book]] in American history; it is still published\n        {{as of|lc=y|2017}}.\\n** [[Napoleon Hill]]''s [[self-help]] book ''''[[Think\n        and Grow Rich]]'''' is first published in the United States.\\n* [[March 10]]\n        (dated [[March 14]] ([[Passion Sunday]])) \\u2013 The [[encyclical]] ''''[[Mit\n        brennender Sorge]]'''' (\\\"With burning concern\\\") of [[Pope Pius XI]] is published\n        in Germany in the German language. Largely the work of Cardinals [[Michael\n        von Faulhaber|von Faulhaber]] and [[Pope Pius XII|Pacelli]], it condemns breaches\n        of the [[1933]] [[Reichskonkordat]] agreement signed between the Nazi government\n        and the [[Catholic Church]], and criticises [[Nazism]]''s views on race and\n        other matters incompatible with Catholicism. \\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 The [[Atherton\n        Report]] (private investigator [[Edwin Atherton]]''s report detailing vice\n        and police corruption in [[San Francisco]]) is released.\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\n        [[New London School explosion]]: In the worst school disaster in American\n        history in terms of lives lost, the New London School in [[New London, Texas]],\n        suffers a catastrophic [[natural gas]] explosion, killing in excess of 295\n        students and teachers. [[Mother Frances Hospital]] opens in [[Tyler, Texas]],\n        a day ahead of schedule in response to the explosion.\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013\n        The encyclical ''''[[Divini Redemptoris]]'''' of [[Pope Pius XI]], critical\n        of [[communism]], is published.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Ponce massacre]]: A  police\n        squad, acting under orders from [[Governor of Puerto Rico]] [[Blanton Winship]],\n        opens fire on demonstrators protesting at the arrest of [[Puerto Rican Nationalist\n        Party]] leader [[Pedro Albizu Campos]], killing 17 people and injuring over\n        200.\\n** The first successful flying car, [[Waldo Waterman]]''s ''''[[Waterman\n        Arrowbile|Arrowbile]]'''', makes its initial flight.\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** In\n        [[Crystal City, Texas]], [[spinach]] growers erect a statue of the [[cartoon\n        character]] [[Popeye]].\\n** [[William H. Hastie]] becomes the first [[African\n        American]] appointed to a federal judgeship in the United States.\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Colony of Aden|Aden]] becomes a British [[crown colony]].\\n**\n        [[Bombing of Ja\\u00e9n]] in Spain by the [[Condor Legion]] of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi\n        German]] [[Luftwaffe]].\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 The ''''[[Kamikaze (1937 aircraft)|Kamikaze]]''''\n        arrives at [[Croydon Airport]] in London; it is the first Japanese-built aircraft\n        to fly to Europe.\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Frank Whittle]] ground-tests the world''s\n        first [[jet engine]] designed to power an aircraft, at [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby,\n        England]].\\n** ''''[[NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.]]'''': The [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States]]  rules that the [[National Labor Relations Act]]\n        is constitutional.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 The animated short ''''[[Porky''s\n        Duck Hunt]]'''', directed by [[Tex Avery]] for the [[Looney Tunes]] series,\n        featuring the debut of [[Daffy Duck]], is released in the United States.\\n*\n        [[April 20]] \\u2013 A fire in an elementary school in [[Kilingi-N\\u00f5mme]],\n        [[Estonia]], kills seventeen students and injures fifty.\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Bombing of Guernica]] in Spain by the [[Condor Legion]]\n        of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Luftwaffe]] in support of the [[Francoist\n        Spain|Francoist]]s. Three-quarters of the town is destroyed and hundreds killed.Journalist\n        [[George Steer]]''s report to ''''[[The Times]]'''' (London) connects Germany\n        with the attack.\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Hindenburg burning.jpg|thumb|right|[[May\n        6]]: The [[Hindenburg disaster|''''Hindenburg'''' disaster]] occurs.]]\\n[[File:Golden\n        Gate Bridge 0002.jpg|thumb|[[May 27]]: The [[Golden Gate Bridge]] opens.]]\\n*\n        May\\n** The [[D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] passes the Executive Authority (Consequential\n        Provisions) Act, 1937, which abolishes the office of Governor-General of the\n        Irish Free State,  retrospectively dated to December [[1936]].\\n** 17 million\n        unemployed in the USA.\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 A [[general strike]] occurs in\n        [[Paris]], [[France]].\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Hindenburg disaster|''''Hindenburg''''\n        disaster]]: In the United States, the German [[LZ 129 Hindenburg|airship ''''Hindenburg'''']]\n        bursts into flame when mooring  to a mast in [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]]. Of\n        the 36 passengers and 61 crew on board, 13 passengers and 22 crew die, as\n        well as one member of the ground crew.\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil\n        War]]: The German [[Condor Legion|Condor Legion Fighter Group]], equipped\n        with [[Heinkel He 51]] biplanes, arrives in Spain to assist [[Francisco Franco]]''s\n        forces.\\n* [[May 8]]: [[Wydad Athletic Club (Football)|Wydad Athletic Club]]\n        (WAC;(Arabic: \\u0646\\u0627\\u062f\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u062f\\u0627\\u062f\n        \\u0627\\u0644\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0636\\u064a; Berber: ''''Wydad Dar al-Beida'''';\n        commonly: ''''Wydad al ouma'''' is established in [[Casablanca]], Morocco;\n        it will be best known for its Casablanca [[Association football]] team.\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\u2013 The [[coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth]]\n        takes place at [[Westminster Abbey]], London.\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** A [[Soviet\n        and Russian manned drifting ice stations|Soviet station]] becomes the first\n        scientific research settlement to operate on the [[drift ice]] of the Arctic\n        Ocean.\\n** As one of the reprisals for the attempted assassination of Italian\n        viceroy [[Rodolfo Graziani]], a detachment of Italian troops massacres the\n        entire community of [[Debre Libanos]], killing 297 monks and 23 laymen.\\n*\n        [[May 27]] \\u2013 In [[California]], the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] opens to pedestrian\n        traffic, creating a vital link between [[San Francisco]] and [[Marin County,\n        California|Marin County]]. The next day, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        pushes a button in Washington, D.C., signaling the start of vehicle traffic\n        over the bridge.\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Neville Chamberlain]] becomes [[Prime\n        Minister of the United Kingdom]] following the retirement of [[Stanley Baldwin]].\\n**\n        In Germany, [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen]] is established to build a [[Volkswagen\n        Beetle|\\\"people''s car\\\"]]. A new town, [[Wolfsburg]], is set to be created\n        to house the thousands of workers who will be involved in its production.\n        \\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Spanish Civil War]]: Spanish ship ''''Ciudad de Barcelona''''\n        is torpedoed.\\n** The [[Chicago Police Department]] shoot and kill ten unarmed\n        demonstrators in Chicago in what is known as the [[Memorial Day massacre of\n        1937|Memorial Day massacre]].\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Wallis\n        Simpson]] marries The Duke of Windsor (the former [[Edward VIII]]) in France.\\n*\n        [[June 8]]\\n** The first total [[solar eclipse]] to exceed seven minutes of\n        totality in over 800 years is visible in the Pacific and Peru.\\n** [[Carl\n        Orff]]''s ''''[[Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana]]'''' premieres in [[Frankfurt]],\n        Germany.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Pennsylvania]] becomes the first (and only)\n        of the United States to celebrate [[Flag Day]] officially as a [[Public holiday|state\n        holiday]].\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 The [[coalition government]] of [[L\\u00e9on\n        Blum]] resigns in France.\\n* June \\u2013 [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]] completes\n        his painting ''''[[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]''''.\\n* June\\u2013July \\u2013\n        The [[D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann]] debates and passes the draft new [[Constitution\n        of Ireland]], which is then submitted for public approval by [[plebiscite]].\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Earhart.jpg|thumb|[[July\n        2]]: [[Amelia Earhart]] disappears from [[New Guinea]].]]\\n[[File:Diagram\n        of the 1937 Fox vault fire.jpg|thumb|[[July 9]]: The silent film archives\n        of [[Fox Film Corporation]] are destroyed by the [[1937 Fox vault fire]].]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Gestapo]] arrests pastor [[Martin Niem\\u00f6ller]] in\n        Germany.\\n** In a referendum the people of the [[Irish Free State]] accept\n        the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.\\n** First alleged sighting\n        of the [[White River Monster]].\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Amelia Earhart]] and navigator\n        [[Fred Noonan]] disappear after taking off from [[New Guinea]] during Earhart''s\n        attempt to become the first woman to fly around the world.\\n** A guard takes\n        his place at the [[Tomb of the Unknowns]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]; continuous\n        guard has been maintained there ever since.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 ''''[[Lost\n        Colony (play)|The Lost Colony]]'''' historical drama is first performed at\n        an outdoor theater in the location where it is set, [[Roanoke Island]], [[North\n        Carolina]].\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** The canned precooked meat product [[Spam (food)|Spam]]\n        is introduced by the [[Hormel]] company in the United States\\n** The highest\n        recorded temperature in Canada, at [[Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan]], is 45 \\u00b0C\n        (113 \\u00b0F).\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese\n        War]]: Battle of Lugou Bridge (aka [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]]): Japanese\n        forces invade China (often seen as the beginning of World War II in Asia).\\n**\n        [[Peel Commission]] proposes partition of the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]\n        into separate Arab and Jewish states.{{cite book|title=League of Nations\n        Mandates \\u2013 Palestine: Report of the Palestine Royal Commission |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html|accessdate=2012-03-08\n        |date=July 1937}}{{cite book|title=Population Transfers in Asia|first=Joseph\n        B.|last=Schechtman|authorlink=Joseph Schechtman|location=New York|publisher=Hallsby\n        Press|year=1949|url=https://archive.org/stream/Schechtman-Population-Transfers-in-Asia/Schechtman--PopulationTransfersInAsia_djvu.txt|accessdate=2012-03-08}}\\n*\n        [[July 9]] \\u2013 The silent film archives of [[Fox Film Corporation]] are\n        destroyed by the [[1937 Fox vault fire]].\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 American popular\n        composer [[George Gershwin]] dies in Los Angeles of a brain tumor, age 38.\\n*\n        [[July 20]] \\u2013 The [[Geibeltbad Pirna]] is opened in [[Dresden]], Germany.\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] is elected [[President of the\n        Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive Council]]\n        (prime minister) of the [[Irish Free State]] by the [[D\\u00e1il]] (parliament).\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[New Deal]]: The [[United States Senate]] votes down President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''s proposal to add more justices to the [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States]].\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Alabama]] drops [[rape]]\n        charges against the so-called ''''[[Scottsboro Boys]]''''.\\n* [[July 25]]\\u2013[[July\n        31|31]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]]: [[Battle of\n        Beiping\\u2013Tianjin]], a series of actions fought around [[Beijing|Beiping]]\n        and [[Tianjin]], resulting in Japanese victory.\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] attempts the\n        assassination by bomb of [[George VI]] in [[Belfast]].\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Tungchow Mutiny]]: units of the [[East Hopei Army]] mutiny and kill Japanese\n        troops and civilians in [[Tongzhou District, Beijing|T\\u014dngzh\\u014du]].\\n*\n        [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[NKVD]] operative order 00447 \\\"\\u041e\\u0431 \\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u043e \\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044e\n        \\u0431\\u044b\\u0432\\u0448\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432,\n        \\u0443\\u0433\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0440\\u0443\\u0433\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0430\\u043d\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u044d\\u043b\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\\" (\\\"The operation\n        for repression of former kulaks, criminals and other anti-Soviet elements\\\")\n        is approved by the Politburo of the [[Soviet Union]], initially as a 4-month\n        plan for 75,950 people to be executed and an additional 193,000 to be sent\n        to the [[Gulag]].\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 The [[Marihuana Tax\n        Act of 1937|Marihuana Tax Act]]Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551.\n        Subsequently, commonly referred to using the modern spelling as the Marijuana\n        Tax Act of 1937. in the United States is a significant bill on the path\n        that will lead to the criminalization of cannabis. It was introduced to U.S.\n        Congress by Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Harry Anslinger.\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union]] commences one of the largest campaigns\n        of the [[Great Purge]], to \\\"eliminate anti-Soviet elements.\\\" Within the\n        following year, at least 724,000 people are killed{{citation needed|date=October\n        2012}} on order of the [[NKVD troika|troika]]s, directed by [[Joseph Stalin]].\n        This is an offensive that targets social classes (such as the [[kulak]]s),\n        ethnic or racial backgrounds which are seen as non-Russian{{citation needed|date=October\n        2012}} and Stalin''s personal opponents from the [[Communist Party]] and their\n        sympathizers. \\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]]: Falangist artillery\n        bombards [[Madrid]].\\nJim Lentz born in [[Decorah]], [[Iowa]]\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 Japan occupies Beijing.\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 The [[Polish Operation\n        of the NKVD (1937\\u201338)]] is signed by [[Nikolai Yezhov]] as a continuation\n        of the [[Great Purge]].\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]:\n        The [[Battle of Shanghai]] opens.\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese\n        War]]: Japanese aircraft attack the car carrying the ambassador of Great Britain\n        during a raid on Shanghai.\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03\n        Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa)-3 new.jpg|thumb|[[September 17]]: [[Abraham\n        Lincoln|Lincoln]]''s head is dedicated at [[Mount Rushmore]].]]\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\u2013 The [[1937 Great Hong Kong typhoon|Great Hong Kong Typhoon]] kills\n        an estimated 11,000 persons.\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]]:\n        The city of [[Llanes]] falls to the Falangists.\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[CBS]] broadcasts a two-and-a-half hour memorial concert nationwide on radio\n        in memory of George Gershwin, live from the [[Hollywood Bowl]]. Many celebrities\n        appear, including [[Oscar Levant]], [[Fred Astaire]], [[Otto Klemperer]],\n        [[Lily Pons]] and members of the original cast of ''''[[Porgy and Bess]]''''.\n        The concert is recorded and released complete years later in what is excellent\n        sound for its time, on [[CD]]. The [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] is the featured\n        orchestra.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 Nine nations meet in the [[Nyon Conference]],\n        led by the United Kingdom and France, to address international [[piracy]]\n        in the Mediterranean.\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Abraham Lincoln]]''s head\n        is dedicated at [[Mount Rushmore]].\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 Swiss professional\n        [[ice hockey]] club [[HC Ambr\\u00ec-Piotta]] founded.\\n* [[September 21]]\n        \\u2013 George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. of London publishes the first edition of\n        [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]''s ''''[[The Hobbit]]''''.\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: [[Battle of Pingxingguan]]: The Communist Chinese\n        [[National Revolutionary Army]] defeats the Japanese.\\n* [[September 27]]\n        \\u2013 The last [[Bali tiger]] dies.{{cite web|url=http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/bali.html|title=The\n        Balinese Tiger|author=Loadstar}}\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 1]]\\n**\n        The [[Marihuana Tax Act of 1937|Marihuana Tax Act]] becomes law in the United\n        States.\\n** [[U.S. Supreme Court]] associate justice [[Hugo Black]], in a\n        nationwide radio broadcast, refutes allegations of past involvement in the\n        [[Ku Klux Klan]].\\n* [[October 2]]\\u2013[[October 8|8]] \\u2013 [[Parsley Massacre]]:\n        Under the orders of President [[Rafael Trujillo]], Dominican troops kill thousands\n        of [[Haitians]] living in the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: Japanese troops advance toward [[Nanking]],\n        capital of the [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]].\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] gives his famous\n        ''''[[Quarantine Speech]]'''' in Chicago.\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Jimmie\n        Angel]] lands his plane on top of Devil''s Mountain; however, the plane gets\n        damaged and he has to trek through the rainforest for help.\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 Germany, in a note to [[Brussels]], guarantees the inviolability and\n        integrity of Belgium so long as the latter abstains from military action against\n        Germany.\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Hemingway]]''s novel ''''[[To Have\n        and Have Not]]'''' is first published, in the United States.\\n* [[October\n        18]]\\u2013[[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Spanish Civil War]]: The whole Spanish northern\n        seaboard falls into the Falangists'' hands; [[Second Spanish Republic|Republic]]an\n        forces in [[Gij\\u00f3n]], Spain, set fire to petrol reserves prior to retreating\n        before the advancing [[Falangists]].\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Cel\\u00e2l\n        Bayar]] forms the new (ninth) government of Turkey.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Maurice J. Tobin]] resoundingly defeats former governor and mayor\n        [[James Michael Curley]] in Boston''s mayoral election.\\n* [[November 5]]\\n**\n        [[World War II]]: In the [[Reich Chancellery]], [[Adolf Hitler]] holds a secret\n        meeting and states his plans for acquiring \\\"living space\\\" for the German\n        people (recorded in the [[Hossbach Memorandum]]).\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013\n        Italy joins the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]].\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Second\n        Sino-Japanese War]]: Japanese troops take Shanghai.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013\n        Brazilian president [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]] announces the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado\n        Novo]] (\\\"New State\\\"), thence becoming [[dictator]] of [[Brazil]] until 1945.\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 The Kogushi sulfur mine collapse, in western [[Gunma]],\n        Japan, kills at least 245 people.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{multiple image\\n|align     =\n        right\\n|direction = vertical\\n|image1    = Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot\n        (2).jpg\\n|image2    = Walt Disney Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot (13).jpg\\n|image3    =\n        Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Original Theatrical Trailer 1) 1937 (La Blancaneu).ogv\\n|image4    =\n        Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Original Theatrical Trailer 2) 1937 (La Blancaneu).ogv\\n|footer    =\n        [[December 21]]: [[Walt Disney]]''s ''''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\n        (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'''' is released, the first full-length\n        traditional-animated feature film, the first Disney film, and the first film\n        to feature a [[Disney Princess]]. The top image shows the [[Seven Dwarfs]]\n        singing \\\"[[Heigh-Ho]]\\\" while walking on a [[Trunk (botany)|log]]. The second\n        top image shows [[Walt Disney]] introducing the Seven Dwarfs in the trailer.\n        The middle image is [[Snow White (Disney character)|Snow White]], while the\n        bottom images are the trailers.}}\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese\n        War]]: The [[Battle of Nanking]] begins.\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 ''''[[The\n        Dandy]]'''' [[Comic book|comic]] is first published in Scotland; it will still\n        be running {{as of|lc=y|2011}}.\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 Italy withdraws\n        from the [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[USS Panay incident|USS\n        ''''Panay'''' incident]]: Japanese bombers sink the American gunboat {{USS|Panay|PR-5|6}}.\\n**\n        [[Mae West]] makes a risqu\\u00e9 guest appearance on [[NBC]]''s ''''[[Chase\n        and Sanborn Hour]]'''', which eventually results in her being banned from\n        radio.\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: The [[Battle\n        of Nanking]] ends with the Japanese occupying the city. In the [[Nanking Massacre]]\n        which follows, Japanese soldiers kill over 300,000 Chinese in 3 months. A\n        few days previously, the [[Nationalist government]] of China has moved its\n        capital to the southwestern city [[Chongqing|Chungking (Chongqing)]].\\n* [[December\n        16]] \\u2013 The original production of the musical ''''[[Me and My Girl]]''''\n        opens at the [[West End theatre|West End]] [[Victoria Palace Theatre]] in\n        London. A later revival will win an award.\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Walt\n        Disney]]''s ''''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and\n        the Seven Dwarfs]]'''', the first feature-length [[Traditional animation|traditionally\n        animated]] film, premieres in selected theaters.\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013\n        At the age of 70, legendary conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducts the [[NBC\n        Symphony Orchestra]] on radio for the first time, beginning his successful\n        17-year tenure with that orchestra. This first concert consists of music by\n        [[Vivaldi]] (at a time when he is seldom played), [[Mozart]], and [[Brahms]].\n        Millions tune in to listen, including U.S. President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].\\n*\n        [[December 29]] \\u2013 The new [[Constitution of Ireland]] (''''Bunreacht\n        na h\\u00c9ireann'''') comes into force. The [[Irish Free State]] becomes \\\"[[Republic\n        of Ireland|Ireland]]\\\", and [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] becomes the first [[Taoiseach]]\n        (prime minister) of the new state. A [[Presidential Commission (Ireland)|Presidential\n        Commission]] (made up the Chief Justice, the Speaker of D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann,\n        and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency,\n        pending the popular election of the first [[President of Ireland]] in June\n        1938. The new constitution prohibits [[divorce]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        Switzerland begins construction of its [[Border Line (Switzerland)|Border\n        Line]] defences.\\n* The [[Vibora Luviminda]] trades union''s sugar plantation\n        strike on [[Maui]] island, Hawaii.\\n* Italian psychiatrist [[Amarro Fiamberti]]\n        is the first to document a transorbital approach to the brain, which becomes\n        the basis for the controversial medical procedure of [[transorbital lobotomy]].\\n*\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] industry produces about four times as much as it had\n        in [[1928]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Vanessa Redgrave April\n        2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vanessa Redgrave]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Anne\n        Aubrey]], British actress\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Grace Bumbry]], American\n        opera singer\\n** [[Dyan Cannon]], American actress, film director and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[January 6]]\\n** [[Paolo Conte]], Italian singer, pianist and composer\\n**\n        [[Underwood Dudley]], American mathematician\\n* [[January 8]]  \\u2013 Dame\n        [[Shirley Bassey]], Welsh singer\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[George Reisman]],\n        American economist\\n** [[Ati George Sokomanu]], [[President of Vanuatu]]\\n*\n        [[January 14]] \\n** [[Ken Higgs]], English cricketer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Leo\n        Kadanoff]], American physicist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Margaret\n        O''Brien]], American child actress\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Francis George]],\n        American cardinal (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Yukio Endo]], Japanese\n        gymnast (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[John Hume]], Northern Irish politician; [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Giovanna Marini]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria]],\n        heir to the Bavarian Royal House\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Wambaugh]],\n        American author\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Ange-F\\u00e9lix Patass\\u00e9]],\n        5th [[President of Central African Republic]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Ogdon]], English pianist (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Bobby Scott (musician)|Bobby Scott]], American musician, producer and songwriter\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Vanessa Redgrave]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Boris Spassky]], Russian chess grandmaster\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Philip\n        Glass]], American composer\\n** [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Gaston Roelants 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gaston\n        Roelants]]]]\\n[[File:Rupiah Banda.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rupiah Banda]]]]\\n[[File:H.M.\n        Kong Harald taler (10308347696)- edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harald V of Norway]]]]\\n[[File:Tom\n        Courtenay Berlin 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Courtenay]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Don Everly]], American [[rock and roll]] musician\\n** [[Garrett Morris]],\n        American comedian and actor\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Remak Ramsay]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Tom Smothers]], American musician and comedian\\n** [[Eric Arturo\n        Delvalle]], Panamanian lawyer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Billy\n        Meier]], Swiss Prophet\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Magnar Solberg]], Norwegian\n        biathlete\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Gaston Roelants]], Belgian Olympic athlete\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\n**[[Manfred Krug]], German actor and singer (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Wu]], Chinese human rights activist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Francis William Lawvere]], American [[Mathematics|mathematician]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Walker (musician)|Robert \\\"Bilbo\\\" Walker Jr.]], American [[blues]] [[guitar]]ist\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Anne Anderson (researcher)|Anne Anderson]], Scottish\n        physiologist (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Bill Lawry]], Australian\n        cricketer\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Charles Dumas]], American athlete (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Rupiah Banda]], 4th [[President of Zambia]]\\n*\n        [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Magic Sam]], American musician (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Mary Ann Mobley]], American actress; Miss America 1959 (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]]\\n** [[Robert Huber]], German chemist; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[George Leonardos]], Greek journalist and author\\n**\n        [[Roger Penske]], American race car driver\\n** [[Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)|Nancy\n        Wilson]], American singer\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Ron Clarke]], Australian\n        runner (d. [[2015]])\\n** King [[Harald V of Norway]]\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        Sir [[Tom Courtenay]], English actor\\n** [[Bob Schieffer]], American television\n        journalist\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Babcock]], American [[Character\n        actor|character actress]]\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Bouteflika (Algiers, Feb\n        2006).jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]]]\\n[[File:Olusegun Obasanjo\n        2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]]]]\\n[[File:Warren Beatty - 1975.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Warren\n        Beatty]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], [[President of\n        Algeria]]\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Driscoll]], American actor, primarily\n        known as a child actor and voice actor (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Graham\n        Dowling]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Leslie H. Gelb]], American foreign\n        policy expert, President of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1993\\n**\n        [[Yuri Senkevich]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Barney Wilen]],\n        French jazz saxophonist (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Olusegun Obasanjo]],\n        [[President of Nigeria]]\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Valentina Tereshkova]], Russian\n        cosmonaut, first woman in space\\n* [[March 8]]\\n**[[Richard Fari\\u00f1a]],\n        American [[folk music]] singer and novelist (d. [[1966]])\\n**[[Juv\\u00e9nal\n        Habyarimana]], 3rd [[President of Rwanda]] (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Harry Neale]], Canadian ice hockey coach and broadcaster\\n* [[March 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Benny Paret]], Cuban welterweight boxer (d. [[1962]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Valentin Rasputin]], Russian writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Frank Calabrese, Sr.]], American gangster in the Chicago Outfit\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Reed]], American country musician  (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[Armin Hary]], German athlete\\n* [[March\n        23]]\\n** [[Craig Breedlove]], American race car driver\\n** [[Tony Burton]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Lloyd\n        Erskine Sandiford]], 4th Prime Minister of Barbados\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Thomas Aquinas Daly]], American painter\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013 [[Warren\n        Beatty]], American actor and director\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Colin Powell\n        2005.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Colin Powell]]]]\\n[[File:JosephEstradajf1486.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Joseph\n        Estrada]]]]\\n[[File:Loz takei 2015 side.png|thumb|100px|[[George Takei]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Nicholson cropped 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Nicholson]]]]\\n[[File:Iraq,\n        Saddam Hussein (222).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Saddam Hussein]]]]\\n* [[April 4]] –\n        [[Obed Dlamini]], 6th Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Colin Powell]], [[U.S. Secretary of State]]\\n* [[April 6]]\\n**\n        [[Merle Haggard]], American country musician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Billy Dee\n        Williams]], American actor\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Valerie Singleton]], English\n        television presenter\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Bella Akhmadulina]], Russian\n        poet (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[Gene Lenz]], American competition\n        swimmer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Robert W. Gore]], American\n        inventor\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[George Steele|George \\\"The Animal\\\" Steele]],\n        American professional wrestler (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Don Buchla]],\n        American electronic-instrument designer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ferdinand Pi\\u00ebch]],\n        Austrian engineer and business magnate\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Jan Kaplick\\u00fd]],\n        British architect of Czech origin (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Elinor\n        Donahue]], American actress\\n** [[Joseph Estrada]], Filipino actor and politician,\n        13th [[President of the Philippines]]\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[George Takei]],\n        Japanese American actor, director and author\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Jack\n        Nicholson]], American film actor and director\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Henderson (gospel singer)|Joe Henderson]], American [[rhythm and blues]] and\n        [[gospel music]] singer (d. [[1964]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Pierre\n        Beltoise]], French race car driver (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Sandy\n        Dennis]], American actress (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Robin Eames]], Anglican prelate;\n        Northern Irish clergyman and peace activist\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Saddam\n        Hussein]], 5th [[President of Iraq]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Jill Paton Walsh]], English novelist\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Tran Duc Luong,\n        Nov 17, 2004.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Tr\\u1ea7n \\u0110\\u1ee9c L\\u01b0\\u01a1ng]]]]\\n[[File:Jesus\n        is coming.. Look Busy (George Carlin).jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Carlin]]]]\\n[[File:Yvonne\n        Craig Batgirl.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Yvonne Craig]]]]\\n[[File:Mengistu Haile Mariam\n        3.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Una Stubbs]],\n        British actress\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Gisela Elsner]], German writer (d. [[1992]])\\n**\n        [[Lorenzo Music]], American voice actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Hans Cieslarczyk]], German football player\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Ron Carter]],\n        American jazz musician\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Tr\\u1ea7n \\u0110\\u1ee9c L\\u01b0\\u01a1ng]],\n        [[President of Vietnam]]\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Rubin Carter|Rubin \\\"Hurricane\\\"\n        Carter]], American boxer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Carlos Gaviria D\\u00edaz]],\n        Colombian justice and politician\\n** [[Thomas Pynchon]], American writer\\n*\n        [[May 9]] - [[Rafael Moneo]], Spanish architect\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[George\n        Carlin]], American comedian (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Trevor Baylis]],\n        English inventor\\n** [[Roch Carrier]], Canadian writer\\n** [[Roger Zelazny]],\n        American writer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Madeleine Albright]], [[U.S.\n        Secretary of State]]\\n** [[Trini Lopez]], American musician\\n* [[May 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yvonne Craig]], American actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Hazel R. O''Leary]], [[U.S. Secretary of Energy]]\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Brooks\n        Robinson]], American baseball player\\n** [[Jacques Santer]], Luxembourg politician,\n        [[President of the European Council]]\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Sofiko Chiaureli]],\n        Georgian actress (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[John Fairfax]], British ocean rower (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n** [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], [[President of Ethiopia]]\\n* [[May\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Facundo Cabral]], Argentine singer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]], pilot who flew the plane\n        on [[The Day the Music Died]] (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Deanna\n        Lund]], actress\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Morgan Freeman - Discovery Shoot (6559314831).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Morgan\n        Freeman]]]]\\n[[File:Keizo Obuchi.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Keiz\\u014d Obuchi]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Coleman Richardson.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Robert Coleman Richardson]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\n** [[Morgan Freeman]], American actor\\n** [[Rosaleen Linehan]], Irish\n        actress\\n** [[Colleen McCullough]], Australian author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ezio\n        Pascutti]], Italian footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Sally\n        Kellerman]], American actress and singer\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Phyllis Baker]],\n        American professional baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Crawford Hallock\n        Greenewalt, Jr.]], American archaeologist (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Solomon P. Ortiz]],\n        U.S. congressman from Texas\\n* [[June 4]] \\n** [[Gorilla Monsoon]], American\n        professional wrestler and announcer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Hugo Carvana]], Brazilian\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 7]]  \\u2013\\n** [[Neeme J\\u00e4rvi]], Estonian\n        conductor\\n** [[Roberto Blanco]], German singer\\n* [[June 8]]  \\u2013 [[Toni\n        Harper]], American child singer\\n* [[June 9]]  \\u2013 [[Harald Rosenthal]],\n        German biologist\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Luciana Paluzzi]], Italian actress\\n*\n        [[June 11]] \\n** [[Robin Warren]], Australian pathologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Reginaldo Faria]], Brazilian\n        actor and film director\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Herbert Feuerstein]], German\n        cabarettist and entertainer\\n** [[Waylon Jennings]], American country singer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Alan Thornett]], British Trotskyist activist\\n* [[June\n        16]]\\n** [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], 48th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]]\n        (2001-2005).\\n** [[Charmian May]], British actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[June\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Clodovil Hernandes]], Brazilian fashion designer, television\n        presenter and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Wray Carlton]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Vitaly Zholobov]], Soviet cosmonaut\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 Glucksmann]], French philosopher and author (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Barbara Carlson]], American politician\\n** [[John Edrich]],\n        English cricketer\\n** [[Jon Huntsman Sr.]], American businessman and philanthropist\\n**\n        [[Gerald Clarke (author)|Gerald Clarke]], American writer\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Martti Ahtisaari]], 10th [[President of Finland]]\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Nawaf\n        Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], Crown Prince of Kuwait\\n** [[Keiz\\u014d Obuchi]],\n        54th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Coleman Richardson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Jules Accorsi]], French football\n        player and manager\\n** [[Abraham Karem]], American aerospace engineer\\n**\n        [[Joseph P. Allen]], American astronaut\\n** [[Alona Frankel]], Polish-born\n        Israeli writer and illustrator\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Ron Luciano]], American\n        baseball umpire and writer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Yair Nossovsky]],\n        Israeli footballer\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Ron Husmann]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Walton McLeod]], American politician\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:US Navy 100915-N-4790M-040\n        Lanier Phillips, left, Bill Cosby and Ed LeBaron pose for a picture before\n        receiving the Lone Sailor Award at the Nation (cropped to Cosby).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        Cosby]]]]\\n[[File:Yoshiro Mori cropped 3 Tim Hitchens and Yoshiro Mori 20150623.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yoshir\\u014d\n        Mori]]]]\\n[[File:Hashimoto meets Cohen cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryutaro Hashimoto]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Lydia Makhubu]], Swazi chemist and former professor of chemistry\\n**\n        [[Ali Chekr]], Lebanese fencer\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Polly Holliday]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Richard Petty]], American seven-time [[NASCAR Winston Cup]]\n        champion\\n** [[Dee Palmer]], English composer, arranger,[1] and keyboardist\\n**\n        [[Dennis Keeney]], American scientist in soil science and water chemistry\\n*\n        [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Brian Garvey (footballer)|Brian Garvey]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Queen Sonja of Norway|Sonja Haraldsen]], Queen of Norway\n        and wife to King [[Harald V of Norway]]\\n** [[Wolf von Lojewski]], German\n        television journalist\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Jo de Roo]], Dutch former professional\n        road racing cyclist\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]], Russian pianist\\n**\n        [[Ned Beatty]], American actor\\n** [[Ernesto Figueiredo]], Portuguese footballer\\n**\n        [[Michael Sata]], Zambian president (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Jocelyn\n        Newman]], Australian politician\\n** [[Lars-Erik Larsson (rower)|Lars-Erik\n        Larsson]], Swedish rowing coxswain\\n** [[Carroll Hubbard]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Tung Chee-hwa]], Hong Kong administrator\\n** [[Carol Nugent]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Nanami Shiono]], Japanese author and novelist\\n** [[Valery Anisimov]],\n        Soviet wrestler\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[David Hockney]], English-born artist\\n**\n        [[Josef Vacenovsk\\u00fd]], Czech football forward\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Bill\n        Cosby]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek Valo\\u0161ek]],\n        Czech football player\\n** [[Fritz Kehl]], Swiss football defender\\n** [[Lionel\n        Jospin]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 [[Ghillean Prance]],\n        British botanist and ecologist\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Yoshir\\u014d Mori]],\n        55th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Duncan MacKay (footballer)|Duncan MacKay]],\n        Scottish footballer\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Jaberi Bidandi Ssali]], Ugandan politician\n        and businessman\\n** [[Alan Hopper]], English professional footballer\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Peter Smith (footballer, born 1937)|Peter Smith]], Scottish footballer\\n**\n        [[Roald Hoffmann]], Polish-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Hunter S. Thompson]], American author and journalist  (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Ilie Datcu]], Romanian football goalkeeper\n        and coach\\n** [[Dick Hafer (comics)|Dick Hafer]], American Christian cartoonist\n        (d. 2003)\\n** [[Ken Ogata]], Japanese actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Neville Bannister]], English footballer\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Anna Dawson]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Don Galloway]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]  \\n** [[Ryutaro Hashimoto]], 53rd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Daniel McFadden]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Dustin Hoffman - 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dustin\n        Hoffman]]]]\\n[[File:Francesco Musso 1960.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Francesco Musso]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Coenraad Bron]], Dutch computer scientist (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[David Bedford]], American musician (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Herb Brooks]], American hockey coach (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Windsor]], English actress\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Dustin Hoffman]], American actor\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Alberta Nelson]],\n        American actress (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Bounnhang Vorachith]],\n        14th Prime Minister and 6th President of Laos\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[David\n        Anderson (British Columbia politician)|David Anderson]], Canadian politician\\n**\n        [[Ian Deans]], Canadian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Alingu\\u00e9 Bawoyeu]], [[Chad]]ian politician and former Prime Minister\\n**\n        [[Willie Rushton]], English comedian and cartoonist (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[August\n        20]]\\n** [[Jim Bowen]], English stand-up comedian and TV personality\\n** [[Jean-Louis\n        Petit]], French composer, conductor and organist\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Donald\n        Dewar]], [[First Minister of Scotland]] (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Robert Stone (novelist)|Robert\n        Stone]], American novelist\\n** [[Chuck Traynor]], American pornographer (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Gustavo Noboa]], [[President of Ecuador]]\\n* [[August 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Francesco Musso]], Italian Olympic boxer\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Kenji\n        Utsumi]], Japanese voice actor and actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Gennady Yanayev]],\n        former Soviet leader (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Alice Coltrane]],\n        American jazz harpist, organist, pianist and composer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] \\u2013 [[James Florio]], Governor of New Jersey\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Bruce McLaren]], Founder of McLaren Racing (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bobby Parker (guitarist)|Bobby Parker]], American rock musician (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Dawn_Fraser_1958.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dawn\n        Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:William Devane 1974.JPG|thumb|100px|[[William Devane]]]]\\n[[File:Fernando\n        de la R\\u00faa con bast\\u00f3n y banda de presidente.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fernando\n        de la R\\u00faa]]]]\\n[[File:Harald_Norpoth,_Bob_Schul,_Bill_Dellinger_1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bob\n        Schul]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Len Carlson]], Canadian voice actor\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Dawn Fraser]], Australian swimmer\\n**\n        [[Mikk Mikiver]], Estonian actor and director (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[William Devane]], American actor\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Kirtanananda\n        Swami]] Bhaktipada (Keith Gordon Ham), American-born [[International Society\n        for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] guru (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jo Anne\n        Worley]], American comedian\\n* [[September 7]]   \\n** [[C\\u00fcneyt Ark\\u0131n]],\n        Turkish film actor\\n** [[John Phillip Law]], American actor (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Tommy Overstreet]], American country singer (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Paola Ruffo di Calabria]], Italian-born\n        Queen of the Belgians\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Don Bluth]], American director,\n        producer\\n** [[Meeli S\\u00f6\\u00f6t]], Estonian actress \\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Jean-Claude Decaux]], French advertising executive (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[King\n        Curtis Iaukea]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Lucas, Jr.]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Pino Puglisi|Giuseppe Puglisi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], [[President\n        of Argentina]]\\n* [[September 16]] \\u2013 [[Keith Bosley]], British broadcaster,\n        poet and translator\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Orlando Cepeda]], Puerto Rican\n        baseball player\\n** [[Ilarion Ionescu-Gala\\u021bi]], Romanian conductor\\n*\n        [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Abner Haynes]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Jerry Weintraub]], American film producer and talent agent (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[September 28]] \\n** [[Rod Roddy]], American television announcer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Bob Schul]], American Olympic athlete\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Jackie\n        Collins.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Jackie Collins]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Johnnie\n        Cochran]], American attorney (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Jackie Collins]],\n        English author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Franz Vranitzky]], former [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]]\\n* [[October 5]]  \\u2013 [[Barry Switzer]], American football\n        coach\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Charlton]], English footballer\\n* [[October\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Linda Lavin]], American actress (''''Alice'''')\\n* [[October\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Paxton Whitehead]], English actor\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Juan\n        Marichal]], Dominican baseball player\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Lamarca]],\n        Brazilian military turned guerrilla leader (d. [[1971]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n**\n        [[John Goetz]], American professional baseball player (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[M.\n        Rosaria Piomelli]], born Agrisano, Italian-born American architect\\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Lenny Wilkens]], American basketball player and coach\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Tom Paxton]], American folk singer-songwriter\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Loretta\n        Swit MASH 1972.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Loretta Swit]]]]\\n[[File:Marlo Thomas - 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marlo\n        Thomas]]]]\\n[[File:NASA Journey to Mars and \\u201cThe Martian\\\" (201508180030HQ).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ridley\n        Scott]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\n** [[Bill Anderson (singer)|\\\"Whisperin''\\\"\n        Bill Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter and game show host\\n**\n        [[Witta Pohl]], German actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Earl\n        Carroll (vocalist)|Earl Carroll]], American lead vocalist for [[The Cadillacs]]\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n**[[Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)|Michael\n        Wilson]], Canadian politician and diplomat \\n** [[Loretta Swit]], American\n        actress\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Chan Sek Keong]], third [[Chief Justice of\n        Singapore]]\\n** [[Harris Yulin]], American actor\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Joe Warfield]], American actor\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Paul Foot]], British\n        journalist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Zden\\u011bk Zik\\u00e1n]],\n        Czech football player (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Stephen Lewis]],\n        Canadian politician and diplomat\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**[[Little Willie John]],\n        American [[rock and roll]] and [[rhythm and blues]] singer (d. [[1968]])\\n**[[Yaphet\n        Kotto]], American actor\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Peter Cook]], English comedian\n        and writer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Manuel F\\u00e9lix L\\u00f3pez]], Ecuadorian\n        politician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Ruth Laredo]], American\n        pianist (d. 2005)\\n** [[Eero M\\u00e4ntyranta]], Finnish Olympic cross-country\n        skiier (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Ingrid Pitt]], Polish-born British\n        actress (d. [[2010]]) \\n** [[Marlo Thomas]], American actress, producer and\n        social activist\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Boris Yegorov]], Russian cosmonaut\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Ridley Scott]], British film director\n        and producer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ministru prezidenta tik%C5%A1an%C4%81s\n        ar eksprezidenti (4108711953).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vaira V\\u012b\\u0137e-Freiberga]]]]\\n[[File:Jane\n        Fonda Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jane Fonda]]]]\\n[[File:Maumoon-Abdul-Gayoom.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maumoon\n        Abdul Gayoom]]]]\\n[[File:AnthonyHopkins10TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony Hopkins]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]]\\n** [[Chuck Low]], American actor\\n** [[Vaira V\\u012b\\u0137e-Freiberga]],\n        7th [[President of Latvia]]\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Allison]], American\n        race car driver\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Ramon Torrents]], Spanish artist\\n*\n        [[December 7]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Colley]], British actor\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Bowen (artist)|Michael Bowen]], American artist (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[James MacArthur]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Arne N\\u00e6ss, Jr.]],\n        Norwegian mountaineer and businessman (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Darwin Joston]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013\n        [[Jim Harrison]], American writer\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Willie Stokes]],\n        American mobster (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Kerry Packer]],\n        Australian businessman (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Jane Fonda]],\n        American actress and social activist\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Pierluigi\n        Chicca]], Italian fencer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[John Horton\n        Conway]], mathematician\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Ratan Tata]], Indian industrialist\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]], [[President of the Maldives]]\n        (1978\\u20132008)\\n** [[Dieter Thomas Heck]], German television presenter,\n        singer and actor\\n** [[Barbara Steele]], British actress\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**\n        [[Gordon Banks]], English footballer\\n** [[John Hartford]], American musician\n        and composer (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Jim Marshall (gridiron football)|Jim Marshall]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Noel Paul Stookey]], American singer ([[Peter,\n        Paul and Mary]])\\n** [[Zaldy Zshornack]], Filipino actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]]\\n** [[Avram Hershko]], Israeli biologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n** [[Anthony Hopkins]], British actor\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Cathie Jung]], owner of the smallest waist on a living\n        person (measuring just 15 in.).\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Saint\n        Andr%C3%A9 Bessette.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint [[Andr\\u00e9 Bessette]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n** [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], Indian spiritual teacher (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[John Gresham Machen]], American [[Presbyterian]] theologian (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Ross Alexander]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[January\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Paul Behncke]], German admiral (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n**\n        [[Alberto de Oliveira]], Brazilian poet (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Ernst L\\u00f6fstr\\u00f6m]],\n        Finnish general, leaders of [[World War I]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n**\n        [[Andr\\u00e9 Bessette]], Canadian religious leader and saint (b. [[1845]])\\n**\n        [[Albert Gleaves]], American admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Martin and Osa Johnson|Martin Johnson]], American adventurer and documentary\n        filmmaker (plane crash) (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\n** [[Pietro Biginelli]],\n        Italian chemist (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Georges Hilaire Bousquet]], French scholar\n        (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Pyotr Bark]], Soviet statesman (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Richard Boleslavsky]], Polish film director\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Jaime Hilario Barbal]], Spanish [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and saint (executed) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        21]]\\n** [[Yasin al-Hashimi]], Iraqi politician and 4th [[Prime Minister of\n        Iraq]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Marie Prevost]], Canadian actress (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Orso Mario Corbino]], Italian physicist and politician\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Pedro de Jes%C3%BAs Maldonado.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint\n        [[Peter of Jesus Maldonado]]]]\\n[[File:George Hassell in Becky Sharp.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George\n        Hassell (actor)|George Hassell]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Asano Nagakoto]],\n        Japanese diplomat and politician (b. [[1842]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Reinhold\n        Hanisch]], Austrian politician and worker (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[Lou Andreas-Salom\\u00e9]], Russian-born writer (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Nicoletti Filho]], Italian revolutionary hero (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Elihu Root]], American statesman and diplomat, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Walter Burley\n        Griffin]], American architect and town planner (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Vasily\n        Gurko]], Russian general (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Maria Luisa Josefa]], Mexican\n        [[Roman Catholic]] nun and venerable (b.  [[1866]])\\n** [[Peter of Jesus Maldonado]],\n        Mexican priest, martyr and saint (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Francisco\n        Bergam\\u00edn y Garc\\u00eda]], Spanish lawyer, economist and politician (b.\n        [[1855]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Vicente Vilar David]], Spanish [[Roman\n        Catholic]] priest, saint and martyr (killed in battle) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] \\u2013 [[George Hassell (actor)|George Hassell]], British actor (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[James P. Buchanan]], American politician (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]]\\n** [[Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky]], Soviet scientist and\n        botanist (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Beyene Merid]], Ethiopian military commander\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Guy Standing]], British actor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Douglas Carnegie]], British politician (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Charles\n        Donnelly (poet)|Charles Donnelly]], Irish poet (killed in battle) (b. [[1915]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Conchita\n        Cabrera de Armida2.jpg|thumb|120px|right|Blessed [[Concepcion Cabrera de Armida]]]]\\n[[File:H.\n        P. Lovecraft, June 1934.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[H. P. Lovecraft]]]]\\n* [[March\n        6]] \\u2013 [[John Ellis Martineau]], American politician (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Concepcion Cabrera de Armida]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]]\n        mystic and blessed (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Yuriy Kotsiubynsky]],\n        Soviet politician and activist (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Howie Morenz]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Paul Elmer More]],\n        American critic and essayist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Joseph\n        S. Cullinan]], American oil industrialist, founder of ''''[[Texaco]]'''' (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Julius Geppert]], German philosopher (b. [[1856]])\\n**\n        [[Jen\\u0151 Hubay]], Hungarian composer and violinist (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Charles-Marie\n        Widor]], French organist and composer (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        [[H. P. Lovecraft]], American writer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Edith Clark]], French aviator and parachutist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[Austen Chamberlain]], British statesman, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March 18]] \\n** [[M\\u00e9lanie Bonis]], French\n        composer (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Felix Graf von Bothmer]], German general (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1852]])\\n** [[Julio Sanchez Gardel]], Argentinan dramatist\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Arthur Bern\\u00e8de]], French writer,\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Harry Vardon]], English golf professional\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Thorvald Aagaard]], Danish composer (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n** [[Alfred Dyke Acland]], British military officer (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Maksimov (actor)|Vladimir Maksimov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford]], British aviator and ornithologist (plane\n        crash) (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[John Drinkwater (playwright)|John\n        Drinkwater]], British poet and dramatist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Victor Gustav Bloede (chemist)|Victor Gustav Bloede]], Swedish chemist (b.\n        [[1849]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\u2013 [[Josef Kli\\u010dka]], Czechoslovak organist,\n        violinist and composer (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Fyodor Keneman]],\n        Soviet pianist and composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Karol Szymanowski]], Polish\n        composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Kim You-jeong]], Korean novelist (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Ahmed Izzet Pasha]], Turkish general (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Abdelhafid.jpg|thumb|120px|Sultan\n        [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]]]]\\n[[File:Lucy Beaumont.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lucy\n        Beaumont]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Nathan Birnbaum]], Austrian writer and\n        journalist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** Sultan [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]]\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Maria Teresa Casini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] nun\n        and blessed (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Jose Benlliure y Gil]],\n        Spanish painter (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[Gyula Juh\\u00e1sz (poet)|Gyula\n        Juh%C3%A1sz]], Hungarian poet (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Helen\n        Burgess]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Billy Bassett]],\n        English association footballer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Ralph Ince]],\n        American film director (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar]], Indian\n        sociologist and historian (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Ned Hanlon\n        (baseball)|Ned Hanlon]], American baseball manager and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Jay Johnson Morrow]], American military\n        engineer and politician, 3rd [[Governor of the Panama Canal Zone]] (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** [[William Martin Conway]], British art critic and mountaineer\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[William Morton Wheeler]], American entomologist (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[April 20]]\\n** [[Gaston Ch\\u00e9rau]], French journalist (b. [[1872]])\\n**\n        [[Josef Ma\\u0159atka]], Czech sculptor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Saima Harmaja]], Finnish poet (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Edmund Carewe]], Armenian-American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Caroline Harris]], American actress (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Lucy Beaumont]], British actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Micha\\u0142\n        Drzyma\\u0142a]], Polish rebel (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Antonio\n        Gramsci]], Italian Communist writer and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April\n        29]] \\n** [[Wallace Carothers]], American chemist, inventor of nylon (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[William Gillette]], American actor (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:NoelRosa.gif|thumb|110px|[[Noel\n        Rosa]]]]\\n[[File:John D. Rockefeller 1885.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John D. Rockefeller]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Snitz Edwards]], Hungarian actor (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Herbert\n        Hughes (composer)|Herbert Hughes]], Irish composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Takuji Iwasaki]], Japanese meteologist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Noel Rosa]], Brazilian songwriter (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 5]]\\n**\n        [[Camillo Berneri]], Italian philosopher and anarchist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[C.K.G.\n        Billings]], American horseman (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Ernst A.\n        Lehmann]], German captain of the  ''''[[LZ 129 Hindenburg|Hindenburg]]''''\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Harry Barton (architect)|Harry Barton]],\n        American architect (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Maurice Conner]], Canadian politician\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[James Blindell]], British politician\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Afonso Costa]], Prime Minister of Portugal\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Percy Lee Gassaway]], American politician\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[John D. Rockefeller]], American industrialist\n        and philanthropist (b. [[1839]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Luis F. \\u00c1lvarez]],\n        Spanish physician (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Francis Bird (architect)|Francis Bird]],\n        Australian architect  (b. [[1845]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Henry Ossawa Tanner]],\n        American artist (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Bertha May Crawford]],\n        Canadian opera singer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Adler]],\n        Austrian psychologist (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jean Harlow 1937.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Jean\n        Harlow]]]]\\n[[File:Borden-sm.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Robert Borden|Robert\n        Laird Borden]]]]\\n[[File:Gaston Doumergue.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Gaston Doumergue]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        Matthew Barrie00.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[J. M. Barrie]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Louis Vierne]], French composer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Hugo Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish public servant and politician (b. [[1845]])\\n** [[Emilio Mola]], Spanish\n        Nationalist commander (plane crash) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Fernand\n        Cabrol]], French theologian (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Keke Geladze]], mother of\n        [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Leader of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[June\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Jean Harlow]], American actress (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n**\n        [[Jane Foss Barff]], American activist (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Robert Borden]],\n        Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1854]])\\n**\n        [[Malcolm Williams (actor)|Malcolm Williams]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], Soviet Army officer and Red Army\n        commander-in-chief (executed) (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Alexander\n        Chervyakov]], [[Leader of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 18]]\\n**\n        [[Pierre Bodard]], French painter (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Gaston Doumergue]],\n        60th [[Prime Minister of France]] and 13th [[President of France]] (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[J. M. Barrie]], British novelist and dramatist (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Andreu Nin P\\u00e9rez]], Spanish politician (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]]\\n** [[Colin Clive]], British actor (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Marta Cunningham]],\n        American opera singer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Minoru Murata]],\n        Japanese actor, director and screenwriter (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Sandro Akhmeteli]], Soviet director (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:George\n        Gershwin 1937.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George Gershwin]]]]\\n[[File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Guglielmo\n        Marconi]]]]\\n[[File:Nazzareno Formosa.jpg|thumb|120px|Reverend [[Nazzareno\n        Formosa]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ilya Garkavyi]], Soviet general (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Matvei Vasilenko]], Soviet komkor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Amelia\n        Earhart]], American aviator (missing on this date) (b. [[1897]]) \\n* [[July\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Boris Gorbachyov]], Soviet general (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n**\n        [[Bohdan Ihor Antonych]], Soviet poet (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Ernesto Badini]],\n        Italian opera singer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[William H. Carlton]],\n        American developer and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[\\u00c5ke Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish diplomat and lawyer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Oliver Law]],\n        American labor organizer and Army officer (killed in Spanish Civil War) (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[George Gershwin]], American composer (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Rodrigues Ottolengui]], American writer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Mykhailo Boychuk]], Soviet painter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Victor Laloux]],\n        French architect (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Julius Meier]], American\n        businessman and politician (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Joseph Taylor Robinson]], American\n        politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Walter Gay]], American painter\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Vladimir Kirillov]], Soviet poet (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Percy Gardner]], British archaeologist (b.\n        [[1846]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Julian Bell]], British poet (killed in Spanish\n        Civil War) (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Grigol Giorgadze]], Soviet historian, jurist\n        and politician (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Guglielmo Marconi]],\n        Italian-born inventor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Nazzareno Formosa]],\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] priest and reverend (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Paolo\n        Iashvili]], Soviet poet (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Varnava, Serbian\n        Patriarch]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[No\\u00eb Bloch]], Soviet\n        producer (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Alexander Hotovitsky.jpg|thumb|100px|Saint\n        [[Alexander Hotovitzky]]]]\\n[[File:Christos Christovasilis.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christos\n        Christovasilis]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Jean Louis Conneau]], French aviator\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Adeodato Barreto]], Portuguese poet (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n** [[F. C. S. Schiller]], German-British philosopher (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Martin R\\u00e1zus]], Czechoslovakian poet, writer and\n        politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Na Woon-gyu]], Korean actor,\n        director and screenwriter (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Edith Wharton]],\n        American writer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Sigizmund Levanevsky]],\n        Soviet aircraft pilot (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Alexander Hotovitzky]],\n        Soviet priest, missionary and saint (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Asaichi Isobe]], Japanese\n        army officer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Ivan Kataev]], Soviet novelist and writer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Owen Burns]], American entrepreneur (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n** [[Gelegdorjiin Demid]], Soviet political military figure (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Gervase Beckett]], British politician\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Christos Christovasilis]], Greek journalist\n        and author (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Andrew W. Mellon]], American\n        banker and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[August 30]]\\n**\n        [[Gaetano Bisleti]], Italian cardinal (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Tom\\u00e1s Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Garcia Rosado]], Portuguese general (b. [[1854]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Pierre\n        de Coubertin Anefo2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pierre de Coubertin]]]]\\n[[File:Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1\n        Garrigue Masaryk 1925.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk]]]]\\n[[File:Ray\n        Ewry 1908b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ray Ewry]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Virendranath\n        Chattopadhyaya]], Indian revolutionary hero (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Pierre de\n        Coubertin]], 2nd [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b.\n        [[1863]])\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Fran\\u00e7ois Guiguet]], French painter\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Daniel Alexander Cameron]], Canadian\n        politician (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Juan Campisteguy]], Uruguayan lawyer, soldier\n        and 25th [[President of Uruguay]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013\n        [[David Hendricks Bergey]], American bacteriologist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Harry Charles Purvis Bell]], British civil servant and commissioner\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Frank Alexander (actor)|Frank Alexander]],\n        American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** [[Moritz Geiger]], German\n        philosopher (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[G\\u00e9za Horv\\u00e1th]], Hungarian doctor\n        and entomologist (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\u2013 [[Nazmi Ziya G\\u00fcran]],\n        Turkish painter (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Ellis Parker Butler]],\n        American humorist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161\n        Garrigue Masaryk]], Czechoslovakian politician, sociologist and philosopher,\n        1st [[President of Czechoslovakia]] (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Anders Bundgaard]], Danish sculptor (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Clifford Heatherley]],\n        British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Maksymilian Horwitz]],\n        Polish movement (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Lev Karakhan]], Soviet revolutionary hero\n        and diplomat (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Osgood Perkins]],\n        American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Ruth Roland]], American\n        actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Bessie Smith]], American\n        blues singer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Ray Ewry]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kuni Taka.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Prince\n        Kuni Taka]]]]\\n[[File:PeterPol.jpg|thumb|120px|Metropolitan [[Peter of Krutitsy]]]]\\n[[File:Ernest\n        Rutherford LOC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ernest Rutherford]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Prince Kuni Taka]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[October 3]] \\n** [[Baden Baden-Powell]],\n        American aviator pioneer (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Richard Hertwig]], German zoologist\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Angelo Musco (actor)|Angelo Musco]],\n        Italian actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[August de Boeck]], Flemish\n        composer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Peter of Krutitsy]], Soviet\n        [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and metropolitan (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kazimierz Novak]], Polish traveller (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Salvatore Micalizzi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable\n        (b.  [[1856]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[James Marcus (American actor)|James\n        Marcus]], American actor (b.  [[1867]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Jean de\n        Brunhoff]], French writer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[J. Bruce Ismay]],\n        British businessman (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio Parreiras]], Brazilian\n        painter and illustrator (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Pedro Chutro]],\n        Argentine physician (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Ernest Rutherford]], New Zealand physicist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nikolai Klyuev]], Soviet poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Dowbor-Mu\\u015bnicki]], Polish general (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October\n        27]]\\n** [[Joseph-F\\u00e9lix Bouchor]], French painter (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Abdul\n        Karim Khan]], Indian classical singer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Kazimierz Cichowski]], Polish-born Soviet politician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Mendel Khatayevich]], Soviet politician (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Ivan\n        Zhukov]], Soviet politician (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ramsay\n        MacDonald ggbain 35734.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ramsay MacDonald]]]]\\n[[File:JosephPetrovikh.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Metropolitan\n        Joseph (Petrovykh)]]]]\\n[[File:Professor Alexandr Glagolev.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint\n        [[Aleksandr Glagolev]]]]\\n[[File:Genden.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peljidiin Genden]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Ivar Bauck]], Norwegian general (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November\n        2]] \\u2013 [[F\\u00e9lix Gaffiot]], French philologist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November\n        4]]\\n** [[William Bennett (English politician)|William Bennett]], British\n        politician (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Alfred Walter Campbell]], Australian neurologist\n        (b.  [[1868]])\\n** [[Gustav Gartner]], Austrian pathologist (b. [[1855]])\\n**\n        [[Emil Hassler]], Swiss physician and botanist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Naoe Kinoshita]], Japanese Christian socialist (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Johnston Forbes-Robertson]], British stage actor (b.\n        [[1853]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Francis de Croisset]], Belgian-born French\n        playwright (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Ramsay MacDonald]], British\n        statesman, 2-time [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[Nikolai Batalov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Ury\\u016b Sotokichi]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Mrs. Leslie Carter]] (Caroline Louise Dudley), American\n        actress  (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Prince Alexander of Hesse\n        and by Rhine (1933-1937)|Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]] (b. [[1933]])\\n**\n        [[N\\u00e9m\\u00e8se Garneau]], Canadian politician (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[November\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Jack Worrall]], Australian cricketer and coach (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Metropolitan Joseph (Petrovykh)]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Mikl\\u00f3s Kov\\u00e1cs (poet)|Mikl\\u00f3s Kov\\u00e1cs]],\n        Hungarian-born Yugoslav poet (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]],\n        Indian physicist (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[George Albert Boulenger]], Belgian naturalist\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Aleksandr Glagolev]], Russian [[Orthodox\n        priest]], religious philosopher and saint (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Alessandro Padoa]],\n        Italian mathematician (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Raymond Stanton Patton]], American\n        admiral and engineer, second Director of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic\n        Survey]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Peljidiin Genden]], Mongolian\n        political figure, 9th [[Prime Minister of Mongolia]] and 2nd [[President of\n        Mongolia]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Vsevolod Balitsky]], [[Leader\n        of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Eero Haapalainen]], Finnish Communist\n        leader and activist (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Felix Hamrin]], 22nd Prime Minister\n        of Sweden (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Vasyl Lypkivsky]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]]\n        and metropolitan (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Weinberg]], German physician\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Magn\\u00fas Gu\\u00f0mundsson]],\n        Icelandic politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Prosper\n        poullet.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prosper Poullet]]]]\\n[[File:Calugareanu.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dimitrie\n        C\\u0103lug\\u0103reanu]]]]\\n[[File:Maurice Ravel 1925.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maurice\n        Ravel]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Josep Comas i Sol\\u00e0]], Andorran astronomer\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Attila J\\u00f3zsef]], Hungarian poet\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Prosper Poullet]], Belgian politician, 26th [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Lewis (actor)|Ralph\n        Lewis]], American actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Hans Molisch]],\n        Czech-Austrian botanist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Lilias Armstrong]],\n        British phonetician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Gustaf Dal\\u00e9n]], Swedish physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Robert Bolder]], British actor (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[December 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Alfred Abel]], German actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Fabi\\u00e1n de la Rosa]], Filipino painter (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Giorgi Mazniashvili]], Soviet general (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Dimitrie C\\u0103lug\\u0103reanu]], Romanian physician, naturalist\n        and physiology (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Robert Worth Bingham]],\n        American politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Erich Ludendorff]],\n        German general (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Meliton Balanchivadze]],\n        Soviet composer (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Ted Healy]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Frank B. Kellogg]], [[United States Secretary of State]], recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Osman Nuri\n        Had\\u017ei\\u0107]], Yugoslav writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Newton D. Baker]], [[United States Secretary of War]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December\n        28]] \\n** [[Herbert Bullmore]], Scottish Rugby Union international, grandfather\n        of [[Kerry Packer]] (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Maurice Ravel]], French composer (''''Bolero'''')\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Frederik Beichmann]], Norwegian jurist\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Don Marquis]], American poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Hans Niels Andersen]], Danish businessman, founder of the [[East\n        Asiatic Company]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Dezs\\u0151 Czig\\u00e1ny]],\n        Hungarian painter (b. [[1883]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Clinton Joseph Davisson]], [[George\n        Paget Thomson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Haworth]], [[Paul Karrer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Albert Szent-Gy\\u00f6rgyi|Albert von Szent-Gy\\u00f6rgyi\n        Nagyrapolt]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Roger Martin\n        du Gard]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount\n        Cecil of Chelwood|Robert Cecil]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==Links==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n*\n        [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1937-wwii-timeline.htm 1937 WWII\n        Timeline] \\n*[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1937/1937fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1937] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1937}}\\n[[Category:1937| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T17:31:26Z\",\"lastrevid\":799757258,\"length\":73865,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937\"},\"19283852\":{\"pageid\":19283852,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1938\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T18:24:32Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1938|the EP by Soul-Junk|1938 (EP)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1938}}\\n{{Year nav|1938}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1938}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg|thumb|95px|right|\n        [[January 20]]: [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]]]]\\n[[File:BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg|thumb|130px|right|\n        [[January 16]]: [[Benny Goodman]] in New York City]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        The [[California Golden Bears football#Bowl history|California Golden Bears]]\n        defeat the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 1938 Rose Bowl with a final score 13-0.\\n**\n        The Company 1938 OEM Industrial Groups is officially registered.\\n** The [[Constitution\n        of Estonia#Third Constitution (de facto 1938\\u20131940, de jure 1938\\u20131992)|new\n        constitution]] of [[Estonia]] enters into force, which many consider to be\n        the ending of the [[Era of Silence]] and the authoritarian regime.\\n** Sir\n        [[Alexander Cadogan]] succeeds Sir [[Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart|Robert\n        Vansittart]] as permanent under-secretary at the British Foreign Office; Vansittart\n        is \\\"kicked upstairs\\\" by being given the new and unimportant office of Chief\n        Diplomatic Advisor to the Government.\\n** The ''''[[Merrie Melodies]]''''\n        cartoon short ''''[[Daffy Duck & Egghead]]'''' is released, being the first\n        cartoon to give [[Daffy Duck]] his continuing name, as well as his second\n        appearance.\\n** Creation of [[state-owned enterprise|state-owned]] [[railroad]]\n        networks by merger in [[France]] ([[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Nationale des Chemins\n        de fer Fran\\u00e7ais]] – SNCF) and the [[Netherlands]] ([[Nederlandse\n        Spoorwegen]] – NS).{{cite web|title=Nederlandse Spoorwegen|url=http://nols-maatschappij.info/Exploitanten/Nederlandse-spoorwegen.htm|date=2011-06-12|accessdate=2011-12-27}}\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – The [[March of Dimes]] is established as a foundation\n        to combat infant [[polio]] by President of the United States [[Franklin D.\n        Roosevelt]].\\n* [[January 12]] – The German War Minister Field Marshal\n        [[Werner von Blomberg]] marries Eva Gruhn in Berlin; [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        is best man at the wedding.\\n* [[January 16]] – Two landmark live [[sound\n        recording]]s are produced this day: the very first of [[Symphony No. 9 (Mahler)|Mahler''s\n        Ninth]] by the [[Vienna Philharmonic]] under [[Bruno Walter]] in the face\n        of [[Anschluss|dire circumstance]]; and [[Benny Goodman]] and his orchestra\n        become the first jazz musicians to [[The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert|headline\n        a concert]] at [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York City.\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        King [[Farouk of Egypt]] marries Safinaz Zulficar, who becomes [[Farida of\n        Egypt|Queen Farida]], in [[Cairo]].\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Thornton Wilder]]''s\n        play ''''[[Our Town]]'''' is performed for the first time anywhere in [[Princeton,\n        New Jersey]]. It premieres in New York City on February 4.\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – A brilliant [[aurora borealis]] described variously as \\\"a curtain\n        of fire\\\" and a \\\"huge blood-red beam of light\\\" startles people across Europe\n        and is visible as far south as [[Gibraltar]].\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** The Niagara\n        Bridge at [[Niagara Falls, New York]] collapses due to an ice jam.\\n** German\n        War Minister Field Marshal [[Werner von Blomberg]] resigns following the revelation\n        that his new wife had previously posed for pornographic photos.\\n* [[January\n        28]] – The first [[ski tow]] in America begins operation in [[Vermont]].\\n[[File:Niagara\n        Falls, New York from Skylon Tower.jpg|thumb|200px|right| [[January 27]]: [[Niagara\n        Falls|Niagara Bridge]] collapses in ice.]]\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] abolishes the War Ministry and creates the [[Oberkommando\n        der Wehrmacht]] (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control\n        of the German military. In addition, Hitler dismisses political and military\n        leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General [[Werner\n        von Fritsch]] is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army\n        following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General [[Walther\n        von Brauchitsch]]. Foreign Minister Baron [[Konstantin von Neurath]] is dismissed\n        and replaced by [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]].\\n** Walt Disney''s ''''[[Snow\n        White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'''',\n        the first [[cel]]-animated feature in motion picture history, is released\n        in the United States following a premiere the previous year.\\n* [[February\n        6]] – Black Sunday at [[Bondi Beach]], [[Sydney]], Australia: 300 swimmers\n        are dragged out to sea in 3 freak waves; 80 [[lifesaving|lifesavers]] save\n        all but 5.\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Carol II of Romania]] takes dictatorial\n        powers.\\n* [[February 12]] – Chancellor [[Kurt von Schuschnigg]] of\n        Austria meets [[Adolf Hitler]] at [[Berchtesgaden]] and, under threat of invasion,\n        is forced to yield to German demands for greater [[Nazi]] participation in\n        the Austrian government.\\n* [[February 14]] – The British naval base\n        at [[Singapore]] begins operations.\\n* [[February 20]] – Sir [[Anthony\n        Eden]] resigns as British Foreign Secretary following major disagreements\n        with Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] over the best policy to follow\n        in regards to Italy, and is succeeded by [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord\n        Halifax]].\\n* [[February 24]] – A [[nylon]] bristle [[toothbrush]] becomes\n        the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** The [[Santa Ana River]] in [[California]] spills over its\n        banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County and causing\n        trouble as far inland as Palm Springs.{{cite web|title=Daily Pilot -\n        Serving Newport Beach & Costa Mesa, California |url=http://dailypilot.com/articles/2009/05/17/topstory/dpt-alookback051709.txt\n        |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gujSnck0?url=http://dailypilot.com/articles/2009/05/17/topstory/dpt-alookback051709.txt\n        |archivedate=May 20, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-05-18 |df=mdy }}\\n**\n        [[Petroleum|Oil]] is discovered in [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n** Sir [[Nevile Henderson]],\n        British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international\n        consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading\n        role) in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her\n        frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer.\\n* [[March 12]] – ''''[[Anschluss]]:''''\n        German troops occupy Austria; annexation is declared the following day.\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – French Premier [[L\\u00e9on Blum]] reassures the Czechoslovak\n        government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        in event of German invasion.\\n* [[March 15]] – Soviet Union announces\n        officially that [[Nikolai Bukharin]] has been executed.\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        Poland [[1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania|presents an ultimatum]] to [[Lithuania]],\n        to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the [[Vilnius\n        Region]].\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned [[Petroleum|oil]]\n        properties within its borders.\\n** General [[Werner von Fritsch]] is acquitted\n        of charges of homosexuality at his court-martial.\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        Italian mathematician [[Ettore Majorana]] disappears suddenly under mysterious\n        circumstances while travelling by ship from [[Palermo]] to [[Naples]].\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – At a meeting with [[Hitler]] in Berlin [[Konrad Henlein]]\n        is instructed to make increasing demands concerning the status of the [[Sudetenland]]\n        but to avoid reaching an agreement with the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]]\n        authorities.\\n* [[March 30]] – Italy''s ''''[[Duce]]'''' [[Benito Mussolini]]\n        is granted equal power over the Italian military to that of King [[Victor\n        Emmanuel III]] as [[First Marshal of the Empire]] held exclusively by Victor\n        Emmanuel and Mussolini.\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard\n        Daladier]] becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister\n        a leading advocate of the policy of [[appeasement]], [[Georges Bonnet]], effectively\n        negating Blum''s reassurances of March 14.\\n** In a result that astonished\n        even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approved [[Anschluss]]\n        by an overwhelming 99.73%.\\n* [[April 16]] – London and Rome sign an\n        agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia in return\n        for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its troops from Spain at the conclusion\n        of the civil war there.\\n* [[April 18]] – First appearance of [[Superman]]\n        (as a backup story), in ''''Action Comics'''' #1 (cover date June). The date\n        is established in court documents released during the legal battle over the\n        rights to Superman.\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Konstantin P\\u00e4ts]] becomes\n        the first [[President of Estonia]].\\n* [[April 25]] – ''''[[Erie Railroad\n        Co. v. Tompkins]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] overturns a century of federal\n        common law.\\n* [[April 28]] – The towns of [[Dana, Massachusetts|Dana]],\n        [[Enfield, Massachusetts|Enfield]], [[Greenwich, Massachusetts|Greenwich]],\n        and [[Prescott, Massachusetts|Prescott]] in [[Massachusetts]] are disincorporated\n        to make way for the [[Quabbin Reservoir]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 5]]\\n**\n        The [[Holy See|Vatican]] recognizes [[Francisco Franco]]''s government in\n        Spain.\\n** General [[Ludwig Beck]], Chief of the German Army''s General Staff,\n        submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing ''''[[Fall Gr\\u00fcn (Czechoslovakia)|Fall\n        Gr\\u00fcn]]'''' (Case Green), the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under\n        the grounds that Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result\n        from such an attack.\\n* [[May 12]] – U.S. Secretary of State [[Cordell\n        Hull]] rejects the Soviet Union''s offer of a joint defence pact to counter\n        the rise of Nazi Germany.\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Chile]] withdraws from the\n        [[League of Nations]].\\n* [[May 17]] – ''''[[Information Please]]''''\n        debuts on [[NBC Radio]] in the United States.\\n* [[May 19]] – [[May\n        Crisis 1938|May Crisis]] begins when [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] intelligence\n        receives reports of menacing [[Germany|German]] military concentrations. (It\n        later appears the reports are false.)\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        orders a partial mobilization of its armed forces along the German border.\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in a village in [[Okayama]],\n        [[Japan]], in the [[Tsuyama massacre]], the world''s worst [[spree killing]]\n        by an individual until 1982.\\n* [[May 23]] – No evidence of German troop\n        movements against [[Czechoslovakia]] is found and [[May Crisis 1938|May Crisis]]\n        subsides. [[Germany]] is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the\n        face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity but the\n        issue of the future of the [[Sudetenland]] is far from resolved.\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Alicante]] is [[Bombing of Alicante|bombed\n        by fascist rebels]], resulting in 313 deaths.\\n** The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        ambassador to the United States, A. A. Troyanovsky, declares Moscow ready\n        to defend [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n**[[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti]],\n        a notable sports venue in [[Argentina]], officially opens in [[Buenos Aires]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[May 28]] – In a conference at the [[Reich\n        Chancellery]], [[Hitler]] declares his decision to destroy [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Hitler]] issues a revised directive for ''''[[Fall Gr\\u00fcn\n        (Czechoslovakia)|Fall Gr\\u00fcn]]'''' (\\\"Case Green\\\") - the invasion of [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        - to be carried out by 1 October 1938.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June 5]] & [[June\n        7|7]] – [[1938 Yellow River flood]], created by the [[Nationalist government]]\n        in central [[China]] breaching embankments during the early stage of the [[Second\n        Sino-Japanese War]] in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of Japanese forces.\n        The floods kill at least 400,000, cover and destroy thousands of square kilometers\n        of farmland and shifts the mouth of the [[Yellow River]] hundreds of kilometers\n        to the south.\\n* [[June 11]] – Fire destroys 214 buildings in [[Ludza]],\n        [[Latvia]].\\n* [[June 15]] – [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 B\\u00edr\\u00f3]] patents\n        the [[ballpoint pen]] in Britain.\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Italy national\n        football team|Italy]] beats [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] 4\\u20132\n        to win the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938 World Cup]].\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Heavyweight]] [[boxing]] champion [[Joe Louis]] knocks out [[Max Schmeling]]\n        in the first round of their rematch at [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** The [[Civil Aeronautics Act]] is signed\n        into law, forming the [[Civil Aeronautics Authority]] as an independent agency\n        in the United States with effect from August 22.\\n** [[Marineland of Florida|Marineland]]\n        opens near [[St. Augustine, Florida]].\\n* [[June 24]] – A {{convert|sp=us|450|MT|ST|0|lk=on|adj=on}}\n        [[meteorite]] explodes about {{convert|sp=us|12|mi|km|0}} above the earth\n        near [[Chicora, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[June 25]] – Dr. [[Douglas Hyde]]\n        is elected the first [[President of Ireland]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n* July –\n        The [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] is built in Austria.\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[South African Press Association]] is established with offices in [[Cape\n        Town]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Durban]], [[Bloemfontein]] and [[Pretoria]].\\n*\n        [[July 3]]\\n** The [[steam locomotive]] ''''[[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|Mallard]]''''\n        sets the world speed record for steam by reaching 125.88 mph on the [[London\n        and North Eastern Railway]].\\n** The last reunion of the Blue and [[Confederate\n        States of America|Gray]] commemorates the 75th anniversary of the [[Battle\n        of Gettysburg]] in [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[July 5]] – The\n        [[Non-Intervention Committee]] reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign\n        volunteers from the [[Spanish Civil War]]. The agreement is respected by most\n        [[International Brigades|Republican foreign volunteers]], notably by those\n        from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany\n        and Italy.\\n* [[July 6]] – The [[Evian Conference|Evian Conference on\n        Refugees]] is convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept\n        Jews fleeing persecution and the United States will only take 27,370.\\n* [[July\n        14]] – [[Howard Hughes]] sets a new record by completing a 91-hour [[airplane]]\n        flight around the world.\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Wrong Way Corrigan]] takes\n        off from New York, ostensibly heading for California.  He lands in Ireland\n        instead.\\n* [[July 22]] – Britain rejected a proposal from its ambassador\n        in Berlin, [[Nevile Henderson]], for a four power summit on Czechoslovakia\n        consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R.  London would under\n        no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.\\n* [[July 24]]\n        – First ascent of the [[Eiger]] north face.\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** A [[1938\n        Greek coup d''\\u00e9tat attempt|revolt against]] the [[Ioannis Metaxas]] dictatorship\n        is put down in [[Chania]], Greece.\\n** ''''[[Hawaii Clipper]]'''' disappears\n        with six passengers and nine crew en route from [[Guam]] to [[Manila]].\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – The first ever issue of ''''[[The Beano]]'''' children''s\n        comic is published in Britain.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n*August – In the face\n        of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] withdraws\n        his government to [[Chungking]].\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Lord Runciman]],\n        sent by [[Neville Chamberlain]], arrives in [[Prague]] on his [[Runciman Mission|Mission]]\n        of mediation in the [[Sudetenland]] dispute.\\n* [[August 10]] – At a\n        secret summit with his leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck''s arguments\n        against ''''Fall Gr\\u00fcn'''', winning the majority of his senior officers\n        over to his point of view.\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** The [[Thousand Islands Bridge]],\n        connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by U.S. President [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]].\\n** Colonel General [[Ludwig Beck]], convinced that [[Hitler]]''s\n        decision to attack [[Czechoslovakia]] will lead to a general European war,\n        resigns his position as Chief of the Army General Staff in protest.\\n** [[Ewald\n        von Kleist-Schmenzin]] arrives in London looking for British support for an\n        anti-Nazi ''''putsch'''', using the looming crisis over the [[Sudetenland]]\n        as a pretext. His private mission is dismissed by [[Neville Chamberlain]]\n        as unimportant (Chamberlain refers to von Kleist as a \\\"Jacobite\\\"), but he\n        finds a sympathetic if powerless audience in [[Winston Churchill]].\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Hitler]], hosting a dinner on board the ocean liner ''''Patria''''\n        in [[Kiel Bay]], tells the Regent of Hungary, [[Admiral Horthy]], that action\n        against [[Czechoslovakia]] is imminent and that \\\"he who wants to sit at the\n        table must at least help in the kitchen\\\", a reference to Horthy''s designs\n        on [[Carpathian Ruthenia]].\\n* [[August 27]] – General Beck leaves office\n        as Chief of the General Staff; he is replaced by General [[Franz Halder]].\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[Lord Runciman]]''s mission to mitigate the [[Sudetenland]]\n        crisis begins to break down. British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]]\n        recalls the British Ambassador [[Nevile Henderson]] from Berlin, to instruct\n        Henderson to set up a personal meeting between Chamberlain and [[Hitler]].\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Winston Churchill]], still believing France and Britain\n        mean to honor their promises to defend [[Czechoslovakia]] against [[Nazi]]\n        aggression, suggests in a personal note to [[Neville Chamberlain]] that His\n        Majesty''s Government may want to set up a broad international alliance including\n        the United States (specifically mentioning U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        as possibly receptive to the idea) and the Soviet Union.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        September – The European crisis over German demands for annexation of\n        the [[Sudetenland|Sudeten]] borderland of [[Czechoslovakia]] heats up.\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – Soviet Ambassador to Britain [[Ivan Maisky]] calls\n        on [[Winston Churchill]], to tell him that Soviet Foreign Commissar [[Maxim\n        Litvinov]] has expressed to the French charg\\u00e9 d''affaires in Moscow that\n        the Soviet Union is willing to fight over the territorial integrity of [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – During the ceremony marking the unveiling of a plaque\n        at Pointe de Grave, France celebrating Franco-American friendship, American\n        Ambassador [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.|William Bullitt]] in a speech\n        states, \\\"France and the United States were united in war and peace\\\", leading\n        to much speculation in the press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia,\n        then the United States would join the war on the Allied side.\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Czechoslovakia]]n President [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]] invites mid-level\n        representatives of the [[Sudeten Germans]] to the [[Hrad\\u010dany]] palace,\n        to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the\n        [[Sudetenland]] remains part of the [[Republic of Czechoslovakia]].\\n* [[September\n        6]] – What eventually proves to be the last of the \\\"[[Nuremberg Rallies]]\\\"\n        begins. It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed [[Hitler]],\n        in his closing remarks, will signal whether there will be peace with or war\n        over [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n* [[September 7]] – ''''[[The Times]]''''\n        publishes a lead article which calls on [[Czechoslovakia]] to cede the [[Sudetenland]]\n        to Germany.\\n* [[September 9]] – U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt''s speech at a press conference\n        at the White House. Roosevelt states it is \\\"100% wrong\\\" the U.S. would join\n        a \\\"stop-Hitler bloc\\\" under any circumstances and makes it quite clear that\n        in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the U.S. would remain\n        neutral.\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]], in a speech\n        at [[Nuremberg]], calls the [[Czechs]] a \\\"miserable pygmy race\\\" who are\n        \\\"harassing the human race.\\\" That same evening, [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]], President\n        of [[Czechoslovakia]], makes a broadcast in which he appeals for calm.\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Hitler]] makes his much-anticipated closing address\n        at [[Nuremberg]], in which he vehemently attacks the [[Czechs|Czech]] people\n        and President [[Bene\\u0161]]. American news commentator [[H. V. Kaltenborn|Hans\n        von Kaltenborn]] begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the\n        [[CBS]] Radio Network with a summation of Hitler''s address.\\n* [[September\n        13]] – The followers of [[Konrad Henlein]] begin an armed revolt against\n        the Czechoslovak government in [[Sudetenland]]. Martial law is declared and\n        after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored. [[Neville\n        Chamberlain]] personally sends a telegram to [[Hitler]] urgently requesting\n        that they both meet.\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Neville Chamberlain]] arrives\n        in [[Berchtesgaden]] to begin negotiations with [[Hitler]] over the [[Sudetenland]].\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Lord Runciman]] is recalled to London from [[Prague]]\n        in order to brief the British government on the situation in the [[Sudetenland]].\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Neville Chamberlain]] returns temporarily to London\n        to confer with his cabinet. The U.S.S.R. [[Red Army]] masses along the Ukrainian\n        frontier. Rumania agrees to allow Soviet soldiers free passage across her\n        territory to defend Czechoslovakia.\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**During a meeting\n        between [[Neville Chamberlain]], the recently elected Premier of France, [[\\u00c9douard\n        Daladier]], and Daladier''s Foreign Minister, [[Georges Bonnet]], it becomes\n        apparent neither the British nor the French governments are prepared to go\n        to war over the [[Sudetenland]]. The [[Soviet Union]] declares it will come\n        to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to\n        defend Czechoslovak independence.\\n**Mussolini makes a speech in Trieste,\n        Italy where he indicates that Italy is supporting Germany in the Sudeten crisis.\\n*\n        [[September 21]]\\n** In the early hours of the day, representatives of the\n        French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]]\n        to tell him France and Britain will not fight [[Hitler]] if he decides to\n        annex the [[Sudetenland]] by force. Late in the afternoon the Czechoslovak\n        government capitulates to the French and British demands.\\n** [[Winston Churchill]]\n        warns of grave consequences to European security if [[Czechoslovakia]] is\n        partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar [[Maxim Litvinov]] makes\n        a similar statement in the [[League of Nations]].\\n** The [[1938 New England\n        hurricane]] strikes [[Long Island]] and southern New England, killing over\n        300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether.\\n** Following the\n        capitulation of the Czech government to Germany''s demands, both Poland and\n        Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside.\\n*\n        [[September 22]]\\n** Unable to survive the previous day''s capitulation to\n        the demands of the English and French governments, Czechoslovak premier [[Milan\n        Hod\\u017ea]] resigns. General [[Jan Syrov\\u00fd]] takes his place.\\n** [[Neville\n        Chamberlain]] arrives in the city of [[Bad Godesberg]] for another round of\n        talks with [[Hitler]] over the [[Sudetenland]] crisis. Hitler raises his demands\n        to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1. That\n        night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and advises\n        the Czechoslovaks to mobilize.\\n** [[Olsen and Johnson]]''s musical comedy\n        revue ''''[[Hellzapoppin (musical)|Hellzapoppin]]'''' begins its 3-year run\n        on Broadway.\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** The Czechoslovak army mobilizes.\\n**\n        As the Polish army masses along the Czech border the [[Soviet Union]] warns\n        Poland if it crosses the Czech frontier Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression\n        pact between the two countries void.\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** Sir [[Eric Phipps]],\n        British Ambassador to France, reports to London, \\\"all that is best in France\n        is against war, almost at any price\\\", being opposed only by a \\\"small, but\n        noisy and corrupt, war group\\\". Phipps''s report creates major doubts about\n        the ability and/or willingness of France to go to war.\\n** At 1:30 AM, [[Adolf\n        Hitler]] and [[Neville Chamberlain]] conclude their talks on the [[Sudetenland]].\n        Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler''s demands, codified in the [[Godesberg\n        Memorandum]], personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects\n        the demands, as does Chamberlain''s own cabinet. The French Government also\n        initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilization of the French\n        army.\\n* [[September 26]] – In a vitriolic speech at Berlin''s Sportpalast,\n        Hitler defies the world and implies war with [[Czechoslovakia]] will begin\n        at any time.\\n* [[September 28]] – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline\n        for occupation of the [[Sudetenland]] approaches, [[Adolf Hitler]] invites\n        Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier and British\n        Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] to one last conference in [[Munich]].\n        The Czechs themselves are not invited.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** Colonel [[Graham\n        Christie]], former British military attach\\u00e9 in Berlin, is told by [[Carl\n        Friedrich Goerdeler]] that the mobilization of the [[Royal Navy]] has badly\n        damaged the popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that\n        ''''[[Fall Gr\\u00fcn (Czechoslovakia)|Fall Gr\\u00fcn]]'''' is likely to cause\n        a world war.\\n** [[Munich Agreement]]: German, Italian, British and French\n        leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the [[Sudetenland]]\n        in [[Czechoslovakia]]. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from\n        the negotiations and is not a signatory to the agreement.\\n** The [[Republic\n        of Hatay]] is declared in [[Syria]]\\n* [[September 30]] – Neville Chamberlain\n        returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler and declares \\\"[[Peace for\n        our time]]\\\".\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* October – The [[Imperial Japanese\n        Army]] largely overruns [[Guangzhou|Canton]].\\n* [[October 1]] – German\n        troops march into the [[Sudetenland]]. The Polish government gives the Czech\n        government an ultimatum stating that [[Zaolzie]] region must be handed over\n        within twenty-four hours. The Czechs have little choice but to comply. Polish\n        forces occupy Zaolzie.\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[1938 Tiberias massacre|Tiberias\n        massacre]]: Arab raiders murder 19 Jewish immigrants.\\n** Disgusted with [[Neville\n        Chamberlain]]''s conduct at Munich, [[Duff Cooper]] resigns his post as [[First\n        Lord of the Admiralty]]. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the\n        [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] on the [[Munich Agreement]], but with\n        Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty''s\n        Government will receive a vote of confidence.\\n* [[October 3]] – Production\n        of the Jefferson nickel begins in the United States, replacing the Buffalo\n        nickel (last struck in April). The new nickel is released on November 15.Bowers,\n        Q. David (2007). ''''A Guide Book of Buffalo and Jefferson Nickels''''. Atlanta,\n        Ga.: Whitman Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7948-2008-4}}.\\n* [[October 4]]\n        – The Republican forces in the [[Spanish Civil War]] begin withdrawing\n        their foreign volunteers from combat as agreed on July 5.\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**[[Edvard\n        Bene\\u0161]], president of [[Czechoslovakia]], resigns.\\n**[[Nuremberg Laws]]\n        In Nazi Germany, Jews'' passports are invalidated and those who need a passport\n        for emigration purposes are given one marked with the letter J (\\\"Jude\\\" \\u2013\n        \\\"Jew\\\").[http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/crucial_year.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        Nazi Germany and the Jews: 1938 \\u2013 \\u201cThe Fateful Year\\u201d] on the\n        [[Yad Vashem]] website\\n* [[October 10]] – The [[Blue Water Bridge]]\n        opens, connecting [[Port Huron, Michigan]] and [[Sarnia, Ontario]].\\n* [[October\n        16]] – [[Winston Churchill]], in a broadcast address to the United States,\n        condemns the [[Munich Agreement]] as a defeat and calls upon America and western\n        Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler.\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish\n        government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who\n        are forced to live in the no-man''s land on the German-Polish frontier.\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – In direct contravention of the recently signed [[Munich\n        Agreement]], [[Adolf Hitler]] circulates among his high command a secret memorandum\n        stating that they should prepare for the \\\"liquidation of the rest of [[Czechoslovakia]]\\\"\n        and the occupation of [[Klaip\\u0117da Region|Memel]].\\n* [[October 24]]\\n**\n        The [[minimum wage]] is established by law in the United States.\\n** French\n        Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] carries out a major purge of the [[Ministry\n        of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)|Ministry of Foreign\n        Affairs]], dismissing or exiling a number of anti-appeasement officials such\n        as [[Pierre Comert]] and [[Ren\\u00e9 Massigli]].\\n** At a \\\"friendly luncheon\\\"\n        in [[Berchtesgaden]], German foreign minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] tells\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Lipski]], the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the [[Free City\n        of Danzig]] must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial\n        rights in the [[Polish Corridor]], and that Poland must sign the [[Anti-Comintern\n        Pact]].\\n* [[October 27]]\\n**[[DuPont]] announces a name for its new synthetic\n        yarn: \\\"[[nylon]]\\\".\\n** Jews with Polish citizenship are evicted from Nazi\n        Germany.\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Orson Welles]]''\n        radio adaptation of ''''[[The War of the Worlds (radio drama)|The War of the\n        Worlds]]'''' is broadcast, causing panic in various parts of the United States.\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – [[Great Depression]]: In an effort to try restore investor\n        confidence, the [[New York Stock Exchange]] unveils a 15-point program aimed\n        to upgrade protection for the investing public.\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:The\n        day after Kristallnacht.jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[November 9]]-[[November 10|10]]:\n        [[Night of Broken Glass]].]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Horse racing]]: [[Seabiscuit]]\n        defeats [[War Admiral]] by four lengths in their famous match race at [[Pimlico\n        Race Course]] in [[Baltimore]].\\n* [[November 2]] – Arising from The\n        Munich Agreement Hungary is \\\"[[First Vienna Award|awarded]]\\\" the [[Felvidek]]\n        region of South [[Slovakia]] and Ruthenia.\\n* [[November 4]] – At a\n        public meeting in [[Epping, Essex|Epping]], [[Winston Churchill]] narrowly\n        survives an attempt by fellow Conservative and constituent Sir [[Colin Thornton-Kemsley]]\n        to remove him from Parliament.{{clarify|date=November 2014}}\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Ernst vom Rath]], the Third Secretary at the German Embassy\n        in Paris, is assassinated by [[Herschel Grynszpan]].\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Holocaust]] – [[Kristallnacht]]: In Germany, the \\\"night of broken\n        glass\\\" begins as [[Nazism|Nazi]] activists and sympathizers loot and burn\n        Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed,\n        267 [[synagogue]]s burned, 91 Jews killed and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).[http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/kristallnacht/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        It Came From Within... 71 Years Since Kristallnacht] - Online exhibition from\n        Yad Vashem, including survivor testimonies, archival footage, photos and stories.\\n*\n        [[November 10]]\\n** On the eve of [[Armistice Day]], [[Kate Smith]] sings\n        [[Irving Berlin]]''s ''''[[God Bless America]]'''' for the first time on her\n        weekly radio show.\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] becomes the second\n        president of [[Turkey]].\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] forms\n        the new government of [[Turkey]]. (10th government; Celal Bayar had served\n        twice as a prime minister)\\n* [[November 12]] – French Finance Minister\n        [[Paul Reynaud]] brings into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French\n        productivity (thus aiming to undo the economic weaknesses which led to Munich),\n        and undoes most of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front.\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** Britain formally recognises Italy''s control of Ethiopia. In return\n        Mussolini agrees to withdraw 10,000 troops from Spain.\\n** [[LSD]] is first\n        synthesized by [[Albert Hofmann]] from ergotamine at the Sandoz Laboratories\n        in Basel.[[Albert Hofmann]]; translated from the original German (LSD\n        Ganz Pers\\u00f6nlich) by J. Ott. [http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06346hof.html\n        MAPS-Volume 6, Number 69, Summer 1969].\\n** The first reported \\\"attack\\\"\n        of the [[Halifax Slasher]] [[mass hysteria]] incident in England.\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[Trade union]] members elect [[John L. Lewis]] as the first\n        president of the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] informs\n        [[L\\u00e9on No\\u00ebl]], the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should\n        find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** The Czechoslovak parliament elects [[Emil H\\u00e1cha]] as the new\n        president of Czechoslovakia.\\n** [[Benito Mussolini]] and his Foreign Minister\n        Count [[Galeazzo Ciano]] order \\\"spontaneous\\\" demonstrations in the Italian\n        Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and\n        French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian\n        relations that lasts until March 1939.\\n** [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]], leader\n        of the Romanian fascist [[Iron Guard]], is murdered on the orders of King\n        [[Carol II of Romania]]. Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard\n        leaders are \\\"shot while trying to escape\\\".\\n** A general strike is called\n        in France by the [[French Communist Party]] to protest the laws of November\n        12.\\n\\n===December===\\n* December – President Roosevelt agrees to loan\n        $25 million to [[Chiang Kai-shek]], cementing the Sino-American relationship\n        and angering the Japanese government.\\n* [[December 1]] – Slovakia granted\n        the status of an autonomous state under the Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso.\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]\n        visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister [[Georges\n        Bonnet]] that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany''s\n        exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet''s alleged statement (he subsequently\n        always denies making the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German\n        policy in 1939.\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary\n        election, 1938|Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election]]: The opposition\n        gains votes but not seats.\\n** Following elections in the Lithuanian city\n        of Memel the Lithuanian Nazi party wins over 90% of the votes.\\n* [[December\n        13]] – The [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] opens near [[Hamburg]].\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – Government of the [[Netherlands]] closes its border\n        to refugees.\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** The cornerstone of the [[Voortrekker Monument]]\n        is laid in [[Pretoria]].\\n** [[MGM]] releases its successful film version\n        of [[Charles Dickens]]''s ''''[[A Christmas Carol]]''''.\\n* [[December 17]]\n        – [[Otto Hahn]] discovers the [[nuclear fission]] of uranium, the scientific\n        and technological basis of [[nuclear power]], which marks the beginning of\n        the [[Atomic Age]]. \\n* [[December 23]] – A [[coelacanth]], a fish thought\n        to have been [[extinct]], is caught off the coast of South Africa near [[Chalumna\n        River]].\\n* [[December 27]] – A massive avalanche of snow hits a construction\n        worker dormitory site in [[Kurobe]], Japan, killing 87.\\n* [[December 30]]\n        – The [[ballet]] ''''[[Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)|Romeo and Juliet]]''''\n        with music by [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]] receives its first full performance\n        at the [[Mahen Theatre]] in [[Brno]], [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n* Establishment of Majlis [[Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya]] by [[Khalifat-ul Masih]]\n        II, [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad]], the second [[Caliph]] of the [[Ahmadiyya\n        Muslim Community]].\\n* In [[West Java]], Daeng Soetigna tunes the traditional\n        [[pentatonic]] [[angklung]] to play the [[diatonic]] [[Scale (music)|scale]].\\n*\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] is ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine''s \\\"[[Time\n        Person of the Year|Man of the Year]]\\\", as the most influential person of\n        the year.\\n* The [[Walther P38]] pistol is introduced in Germany.\\n* The [[Schomburgk''s\n        deer]] becomes extinct by this date.\\n* [[Herbert E. Ives]] and G. R. Stilwell\n        execute the [[Ives\\u2013Stilwell experiment]], showing that [[ion]]s radiate\n        at [[Frequency|frequencies]] affected by their motion.{{cite journal|last=Ives|first=Herbert\n        E.|author2=Stilwell, G. R.|year=1938|title=An Experimental Study of the Rate\n        of a Moving Atomic Clock|journal=[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]]|volume=28|issue=7|pages=215\\u201319|bibcode=1938JOSA...28..215I|url=http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-28-7-215|accessdate=2011-09-23|doi=10.1364/JOSA.28.000215}}\\n*\n        Family plots produce 22% of all [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] agricultural produce\n        on only 4% of all cultivated land.\\n* Women are limited by law to a maximum\n        of 10% of the better-paying jobs in industry and government in Italy.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:President\n        Masum in Iran.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fuad Masum]]]]\\n[[File:Busto de Juan Carlos\n        I de Espa\\u00f1a (2009).jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]]]]\\n[[File:Morihiro\n        Hosokawa cropped 1 Morihiro Hosokawa 19930927.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Morihiro Hosokawa]]]]\\n[[File:Prinses-beatrix-okt-15-s.jpg|thumb|100px|\n        Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Robert Jankel]],\n        British coachbuilder (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Frank Langella]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Fuad Masum]], 7th [[President of Iraq]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Farouk El-Baz]],\n        Egyptian American space scientist\\n** [[Ian Brady]], British serial killer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Hans Herbj\\u00f8rnsrud]], Norwegian author\\n** [[Goh Kun]],\n        Mayor of Seoul\\n** [[Bohumil Nemecek]], Czechoslovakian Olympic boxer (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Dana Ulery]], American computer scientist\\n* [[January 5]]\n        – King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]]\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Mario Rodr\\u00edguez\n        Cobos]] aka \\\"Silo\\\", Argentine author and spiritualist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Roland Topor]], French illustrator (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Bob Eubanks]], American game show host\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        [[Gary Starkweather]], American inventor \\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Donald Knuth]],\n        American mathematician and computer scientist\\n** [[Willie McCovey]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[January 11]] \\n** [[Fischer Black]], American economist\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Alastair Morton]], British railway executive (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]]\\n** [[Teresa del Conde]], Mexican art critic and historian\\n**\n        [[Lewis Fiander]], Australian actor\\n** [[Noel McNamara]], Australian justice\n        campaigner and commentator\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Paavo Heininen]], Finnish\n        composer\\n** [[Nachi Nozawa]], Japanese voice actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Shivkumar\n        Sharma]], Indian musician\\n** [[Daevid Allen]], Australian musician (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]]\\n** [[Jack Jones (singer)|Jack Jones]], American singer and\n        actor\\n** [[Allen Toussaint]], American musician and composer (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Morihiro Hosokawa]], Japanese politician and 50th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[John Bellairs]], American writer (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Curt Flood]], American baseball player (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Derek Dougan]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Wolfman Jack]], American disc-jockey and actor (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Georg Baselitz]], German painter and\n        sculptor\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Gyula Torok]], Hungarian Olympic boxer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Etta James]], American singer (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Shotaro Ishinomori]], Japanese author, Father of \\\"Henshin heroes\\\" (d.\n        [[1998]])\\n** [[Vladimir Vysotsky]], Russian singer-songwriter, poet, actor\n        (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Tomas Lindahl]], Swedish biochemist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Shuji\n        Tsurumi]], Japanese men''s artistic gymnast\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Islam\n        Karimov]], [[President of Uzbekistan]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\n**\n        Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]\\n** [[Lynn Carlin]], American actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Gammoudi.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mohammed\n        Gammoudi]]]]\\n[[File:SzaboIstvan1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Istv\\u00e1n Szab\\u00f3]]]]\\n[[File:philknightfootball.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil\n        Knight]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Sherman Hemsley]], American comedian\n        and actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Max Alvis]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Frank J. Dodd]], American businessman\n        and politician, president of the [[New Jersey Senate]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Prentice Gautt]], American football player (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Bevan Congdon]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Mohammed\n        Gammoudi]], Tunisian Olympic athlete\\n** [[Simone de Oliveira]], Portuguese\n        actress and singer\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Judy Blume]], American author\\n*\n        [[February 13]] – [[Oliver Reed]], English actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Lee Chamberlin]], African-American actress (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] \\n** [[Barry Primus]], American actor\\n** [[John Corigliano]],\n        American composer\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Yvonne Romain]], English actress\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Istv\\u00e1n Szab\\u00f3]], Hungarian film director\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Mu\\u00f1oz]], Cuba-born actor, Mexico-based\n        telenovela/film screenwriter (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[James\n        Farentino]], American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Phil Knight]], American sportswear\n        entrepreneur\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Herb Elliott]], Australian runner\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Jake Thackray]], English singer-songwriter (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Tupua_Tamasese_Tupuola_Tufuga_Efi_00.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tufuga\n        Efi]]]]\\n[[File:Ricardo Lagos 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricardo Lagos Escobar]]]]\\n[[File:Nureyev\n        Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rudolf Nureyev]]]]\\n[[File:Nobel Laureate Sir\n        Anthony James Leggett in 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony James Leggett]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Tufuga Efi]], Samoa political figure, 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Samoa]] and [[O le Ao o le Malo]] of Samoa\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Ricardo\n        Lagos Escobar]], [[President of Chile]]\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Angus MacLise]],\n        American musician, occultist and calligrapher; drummer for [[The Velvet Underground]]\n        (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Don Perkins]], American football player\\n** [[Paula Prentiss]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[David Baltimore]], American biologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Janet Guthrie]],\n        American race car driver\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Bruno Pizzul]], Italian\n        sports journalist\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Charles Siebert]], American actor\n        and director\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Erma Franklin]], American singer (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Eleanor Bron]], English actress\\n* [[March\n        17]]\\n** [[Rudolf Nureyev]], Russian-born dancer and choreographer (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Keith O''Brien|Keith Michael Patrick O''Brien]], Roman Catholic prelate;\n        Archbishop of Edinburgh\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Timo M\\u00e4kinen]], Finnish\n        racing driver (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Shashi Kapoor]], Indian actor, director,\n        and producer\\n** [[Charley Pride]], American baseball player and country musician\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Joe Kapp]], American football player and coach\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Fritz Pleitgen]], German television journalist and author\\n*   March\n        21   – [[Luigi Tenco]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Maynard Jackson]], American mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[David Irving]], English historian and author \\n* [[March\n        25]] – [[Hoyt Axton]], American country music singer-songwriter and\n        actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Anthony James Leggett]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 30]]\n        – [[Klaus Schwab]], German economist and founder of the [[World Economic\n        Forum]]\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Joel Godard]], American announcer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Edmund\n        G Brown Jr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kofi\n        Annan]]]]\\n[[File:Claudia Cardinale, Women''s World Awards 2009 b.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Claudia\n        Cardinale]]]]\\n[[File:Nino Benvenuti.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giovanni Benvenuti]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[John Quade]], American actor (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April\n        2]] – [[John Larsson]], the 17th General of [[The Salvation Army]]\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Jeff Barry]], American record producer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[A. Bartlett Giamatti]], American president of Yale University\n        and baseball commissioner (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Jerry Brown]],\n        American politician and lawyer, [[Governor of California]]\\n** [[Spencer Dryden]],\n        American rock drummer ([[Jefferson Airplane]]) (d. 2005)\\n** [[Freddie Hubbard]],\n        American jazz trumpeter (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Jerre Levy]], American psychologist\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Kofi Annan]], Ghanaian [[Secretary-General of the United\n        Nations]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Viktor\n        Chernomyrdin]], Russian politician (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Don Meredith]], American\n        football player and broadcaster (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Deaver]], American [[Deputy White House Chief of Staff]] in the Reagan administration\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Kurt Moll]], German bass\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Roger\n        Caron]], Canadian author\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Frederic Rzewski]], American\n        composer and pianist\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Claudia Cardinale]], Tunisian-born\n        Italian actress\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Kerry Wendell Thornley]], American\n        counterculture figure, writer and co-founder of [[Discordianism]] (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Stanley Fish]], American literary theorist and legal\n        scholar\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Betty Cuthbert]], Australian track athlete (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Tam\\u00e1si Eszter]], Hungarian television announcer and actress\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Alan Bond]], English-born Australian businessman\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Issey Miyake]], Japanese fashion designer\\n** [[Adam Raphael]],\n        English journalist and editor\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Giovanni Benvenuti]],\n        Italian Olympic boxer\\n** [[Duane Eddy]], American rock guitarist\\n** [[Maurice\n        Williams and the Zodiacs|Maurice Williams]], African American doo-wop vocalist\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Bernard Madoff]], American financial fraudster\\n** [[Larry\n        Niven]], American author\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 2]] – King [[Moshoeshoe\n        II of Lesotho]] (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Tyrone Davis]], American\n        singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Henry Fambrough]], American singer\n        (The Spinners)\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Fritz-Albert Popp]], German biophysicist\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Luana Anders]], American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Francine Pascal]], American novelist and playwright\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Jason Bernard]], American actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 22]]\n        – [[Richard Benjamin]], American actor\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[William Bolcom]],\n        American composer and music arranger\\n** [[Pauline Parker]], New Zealand convicted\n        murderer  \\n** [[Teresa Stratas]], Canadian operatic soprano\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Jerry West]], American basketball player and executive\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Eugene Belliveau]], Canadian football defensive lineman\\n*\n        [[May 31]]\\n** [[Johnny Paycheck]], American country singer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Yarrow]], American singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:BillyMills cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Mills]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Khawar Rizvi]], Pakistani Poet and Scholar\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Karin Balzer]], German athlete\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Prince Luiz of Orl\\u00e9ans-Braganza]], [[pretender]] to the\n        [[Brazil]]ian [[Brazilian Imperial Family|throne]]\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Goose\n        Gonsoulin]], American football player\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Mack Vickery]],\n        American musician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Tom Oliver]], Australian\n        actor\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Shelby Stephenson]], American poet\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Billy Williams (left fielder)|Billy Williams]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[June 16]] – [[James Bolam]], British actor\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Wahoo McDaniel]], American football player and professional wrestler (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Ian Smith (actor)|Ian Smith]], Australian actor\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Ron Ely]], American actor (''''Tarzan'''')\\n** [[Mario Minieri]],\n        Italian professional road bicycle racer\\n** [[Celia Rodriguez]], Filipina\n        actress\\n** [[Rosemary S. Pooler]], U.S. federal judge\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Octavian Vintil\\u0103]], Romanian fencer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Dick Cochran]],\n        American track athlete\\n** [[John Gerovich]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Roger Davis (American football)|Roger Davis]], former professional American\n        football player\\n** [[Charles McDew]], American activist\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Boris Lagutin]], Soviet boxer\\n** [[Edoardo Vianello]], Italian singer,\n        composer and actor\\n** [[Lawrence Block]], American crime write\\n** [[Charles\n        Howerton]], American actor\\n** [[Abulfaz Elchibey]], Azerbaijani political\n        figure, 2nd [[President of Azerbaijan]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 25]] \\n**\n        [[Paul Dijoud]], ex-minister of state for Monaco\\n** [[Enver Yulgushov]],\n        Russian professional football coach and a former player\\n** [[Augusto Barbera]],\n        Italian judge and former constitutional law professor\\n** [[James Feast]],\n        British chemical scientist and academic\\n** [[Mick Allen (rower)|Mick Allen]],\n        Australian rower\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Gene Gaines]], American football (soccer)\n        player\\n** [[Ken Monteith]], Canadian politician\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Jake\n        Crouthamel]], American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator\\n**\n        [[Bob Baxt]], Australian lawyer\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Peter \\u010ceferin]],\n        Slovenian attorney\\n** [[Sergio Silvagni]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[John Byner]], American actor, comedian, and impressionist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Wollen]], British film theorist and filmmaker\\n** [[Herbert Polzhuber]],\n        Austrian fencer and modern pentathlete\\n** [[J\\u00f3zsef Gelei]], Hungarian\n        former professional football player and manager\\n** [[Giampaolo Menichelli]],\n        Italian footballer, who played as a winger\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Billy Mills]],\n        American Olympic athlete\\n** [[Michael Nudelman]], Israeli politician\\n**\n        [[Gene Prebola]], American football tight end\\n** [[Mirko Novosel]], Croatian\n        basketball player, referee and coach\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:BrianDennehyJul2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian\n        Dennehy]]]]\\n[[File:Natalie Wood publicity 1963.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natalie\n        Wood]]]]\\n[[File:Al Fujimori.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alberto Fujimori]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Ilana Karaszyk]], Israeli Olympic runner and long jumper\\n** [[Susan\n        Maughan]], English singer\\n** [[Diane Ravitch]], American historian of education,\n        an educational policy analyst\\n** [[Durai Murugan]], Indian lawyer and politician\\n**\n        [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], Indian classical flutist\\n** [[Dick Rutan]], record-breaking\n        aviator who piloted the Voyager\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[C. Kumar N. Patel]], Indian\n        electrical engineer\\n** [[Don Choate]], American former professional baseball\n        player\\n** [[Joseph Anthony Galante]], American prelate\\n** [[Frank G. Wisner]],\n        American businessman and former diplomat\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Ron Fogg]],\n        English former professional footballer\\n** [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt III]],\n        American economist and academic\\n** [[Sjaak Swart]], Dutch footballer\\n**\n        [[Bolo Yeung]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Bill Withers]], American\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[Cyril Mitchley]], South African cricket player,\n        umpire and match referee\\n** [[Ernie Pieterse]], South African racing driver\\n*\n        [[July 5]]\\n** [[Vera Oelschlegel]], German singer, actress, artistic director,\n        drama director and professor of drama\\n** [[Warren Livingston]], American\n        football cornerback\\n** [[Paul Van Riper]], United States Marine Corps officer\\n**\n        [[James Bond (speedway rider)|James Bond]], British motorcycle speedway rider\\n*\n        [[July 6]]\\n** [[Tony Lewis]], English cricketer\\n** [[Uli Maslo]], German\n        football player and manager\\n** [[Oleh Bazylevych]], Ukrainian footballer,\n        football (soccer) coach, and sport administrator\\n** [[Stuart Young (cricketer)|Stuart\n        Young]], English cricketer\\n** [[Luana Patten]], American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]] \\n** [[Ray Gripper]], Rodesian cricketer\\n** [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]],\n        Botswana politician\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Andrey Myagkov]], Soviet/Russian\n        film and theater actor\\n** [[Roger Palin]], Royal Air Force commander.\\n**\n        [[Bill Spanswick]], American professional baseball player\\n** [[Paul Cronin]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Vojtech Masn\\u00fd]], Slovak football player\\n** [[Justin\n        Leiber]], American philosopher and science fiction writer.  \\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Faanya Rose]], British-American business woman, conservationist, philanthropist,\n        and explorer\\n** [[Liya Akhedzhakova]], Russian actress \\n** [[Brian Dennehy]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Robert Fields]], American actor\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Vera\n        Shebeko]], Russian anchorwoman\\n** [[David Hugh Mellor]], English philosopher\\n**\n        [[Julio Londo\\u00f1o Paredes]], Colombian Army Lieutenant Colonel and diplomat\\n**\n        [[Tura Satana]], Japanese-born American actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 11]]\n        \\n** [[Ted Schreiber]], American former professional baseball player\\n** [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed\n        Krampol]], Czech actor\\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Lin Shllaku]], Albanian footballer\\n**\n        [[Matt Ravlich]], Canadian ice hockey defenceman\\n** [[Stanley Meads]], rugby\n        union footballer\\n** [[Wieger Mensonides]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Thomas Savundaranayagam]], Sri Lanka Tamil priest and former Roman Catholic\n        Bishop of Jaffna\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Lillian Malkina]], Soviet and Russian\n        actress\\n** [[Tommy Vig]], Hungarian composer, arranger, vibraphonist\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Enrique Figuerola]], sprinter from Cuba\\n* [[July 16]]\\n**\n        [[Cynthia Enloe]], American feminist writer, theorist, and professor\\n** [[Colin\n        Rice]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July 17]] – [[J. R. Gray]],\n        American politician\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Valery Kerdemelidi]], artistic gymnast\n        from Russia\\n** [[Hampton Fancher]], American actor\\n** [[Britt Leach]], American\n        character actor\\n** [[Ian Stewart (musician)|Ian Stewart]], Scottish musician\n        ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Paul Verhoeven]], Dutch film\n        director\\n* [[July 19]] \\n** [[Sergio Martino]], Italian film director and\n        producer\\n** [[Jayant Narlikar]], Indian astrophysicist\\n* [[July 20]]\\n**\n        [[David Pratt (cricketer)|David Pratt]], English cricketer\\n** [[Roger Hunt]],\n        English footballer\\n** [[Diana Rigg]], English actress\\n** [[Natalie Wood]],\n        American actress (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Dale Hackbart]], American\n        football defensive back\\n** [[Vladimir Radionov]], Russian football player,\n        coach and official\\n** [[Janet Reno]], American lawyer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July\n        22]] – [[Mark Rakita]], Russian sabreur and coach from the Soviet era\\n*\n        [[July 23]]\\n** [[Juliet Anderson]], American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Ronny\n        Cox]], American actor\\n** [[Bert Newton]], Australian actor and television\n        show host\\n** [[G\\u00f6tz George]], German actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 24]]\n        – [[Eugene J. Martin]], American painter, artist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Gary Gygax]], American author and game designer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]]\\n** [[Luis Aragon\\u00e9s]], Spanish football player and manager\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Alberto Fujimori]], [[President of Peru]]\\n* [[July 29]]\n        \\n**[[Anthony Joseph Burgess]], Papua New Guinean Roman Catholic bishop (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n**[[Peter Jennings]], Canadian-born television news reporter (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Kuchmaukraine.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leonid Kuchma]]]]\n        \\n[[File:KennyRogers0042-rededit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenny Rogers]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Martin in 2011 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Bounnhang Vorachith\n        2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bounnhang Vorachith]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] –\n        [[Edward Sokoine]], 2nd Prime Minister of Tanzania (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[August\n        3]] – Sir [[Terry Wogan]], Irish-British radio broadcaster and television\n        presenter/personality (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Otto Rehhagel]],\n        German football player and manager\\n** [[Connie Stevens]], American actress,\n        singer and businesswoman\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Leonid Kuchma]], [[President\n        of Ukraine]]\\n** [[Rod Laver]], Australian tennis player\\n* [[August 10]]\n        – [[Grit Boettcher]], German actress\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**[[Stephen Breyer]],\n        [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n**[[Janusz\n        A. Zajdel]], Polish writer (d. [[1985]])\\n**[[Bounnhang Vorachith]], Laotian\n        politician \\n* [[August 16]] – [[Bill Masterton]], Canadian hockey player\n        (d. [[1968]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**[[Valentin Mankin]], Ukrainian Soviet sailor,\n        Olympic triple champion and silver medalist (d. [[2014]])\\n**[[Diana Muldaur]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Alain Vivien]], French politician\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Kenny Rogers]], American country singer\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Paul Maguire]], American football player\\n* [[August 24]]\\n**\n        [[Halld\\u00f3r Bl\\u00f6ndal]], Icelandic politician\\n** [[David Freiberg]],\n        American musician ([[Quicksilver Messenger Service]] and [[Jefferson Starship]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Susan Harrison]], American actress\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Maurizio Costanzo]], Italian television news reporter\\n** [[Paul Martin]],\n        21st [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Robert Rubin]],\n        American banker who served as the 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Martin Bell]], British journalist and politician\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Romy\n        Schneider 1973.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Romy Schneider]]]]\\n[[File:Wim_Kok_2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wim\n        Kok]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Per Kirkeby]], Danish artist\\n* [[September\n        2]]\\n** [[Clarence Felder]], American actor\\n** [[Giuliano Gemma]], Italian\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Ry\\u014dji Noyori]], Japanese\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Dennis Oppenheim]], American artist (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Kenichi Horie]], Japanese adventurer\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**\n        [[David Hamilton (broadcaster)|David Hamilton]], British radio and TV personality\\n**\n        [[Tomasi Puapua]], 2nd Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Angus\n        Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton|Angus Alan Douglas Douglas-Hamilton]],\n        15th Duke of Hamilton/12th Duke of Brandon (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[John Smith\n        (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]], Scottish politician (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Gaylord Perry]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 18]]\n        – [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]], Kannada writer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Gene Mingo]], American football player\\n* [[September 23]]\\n**\n        [[Tom Lester]], American actor and evangelist\\n** [[Romy Schneider]], Austrian\n        actress (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Celestino Rocha da Costa]],\n        2nd Prime Minister of S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 and Pr\\u00edncipe (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Jonathan Motzfeldt]], [[Prime Minister of Greenland]] (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Ben E. King]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Wim Kok]], Dutch politician, 48th [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]\n        from 1994 until 2002\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kuczynski Pedro Pablo (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pedro\n        Pablo Kuczynski]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher Lloyd May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher\n        Lloyd]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Stella Stevens]], American actress and\n        model\\n* [[October 3]] \\n** [[Eddie Cochran]], American rock and roll singer\n        (d. [[1960]])\\n** [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], President of Peru \\n* [[October\n        4]] – [[Kurt W\\u00fcthrich]], Swiss chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Bronislovas Lubys]], 5th Prime\n        Minister of Lithuania (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Heinz Fischer]],\n        Austrian politician\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Christiane H\\u00f6rbiger]],\n        Austrian television and film actress\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Farah Diba]],\n        Empress of Iran\\n** [[Ron Lancaster]], Canadian Football League quarterback\n        and coach (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Fela Kuti]], Nigerian\n        musician and activist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Carl Gunter, Jr.]],\n        Louisiana State Representative (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Nico]], German-American\n        singer (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Evel Knievel]], American\n        motorcycle daredevil (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Dawn Wells]],\n        American actress\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Iain Macmillan]], ''''[[Abbey\n        Road]]'''' photographer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Christopher\n        Lloyd]], American actor\\n* [[October 23]] – [[H. John Heinz III]], U.S.\n        Senator (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Claude Mini\\u00e8re]], French\n        [[essayist]] and [[poet]]\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Anne Perry]], English-born\n        novelist\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Ralph Bakshi]], Israeli cartoonist, film\n        director, and video producer\\n** [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], 24th [[President\n        of Liberia]]\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Ed Lauter]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Spain.QueenSofia.01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Queen\n        Sof\\u00eda of Spain]]]]\\n[[File:Benjamin_William_Mkapa_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2010_-_3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benjamin\n        Mkapa]]]]\\n[[File:Camorra Jean Seberg.png|100px|thumb|[[Jean Seberg]]]]\\n[[File:Ted\n        Turner LF.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Ted Turner]]]]\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Pat Buchanan]],\n        American political operative, journalist, pundit and one-time presidential\n        candidate\\n** [[David Lane (white nationalist)|David Lane]], American white\n        nationalist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Queen Sof\\u00eda of Spain]]\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Frank McKinney]], American competition swimmer (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[En\\u00e9as Carneiro]], Brazilian politician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Joe Dassin]], French singer (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Ionatana Ionatana]], 5th\n        Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Mack Jones]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Branko Mikasinovich]], [[Serbs|Serbian]]-American\n        journalist\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Michael Schultz]], American film director\n        and producer\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Ants Antson]], Estonian speed skater\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Benjamin Mkapa]], 3rd [[President\n        of Tanzania]]\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Jean Seberg]], American actress\n        (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Robert Nozick]], American philosopher\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Gordon Lightfoot]], Canadian folk\n        singer\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Ted Turner]], American entrepreneur\\n*\n        [[November 24]]\\n**[[Oscar Robertson]], American basketball player\\n**[[Charles\n        Starkweather]], American spree killer (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Porter J. Goss]], American politician and Central Intelligence Agency director\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Connie\n        Francis 1961.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Connie Francis]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Snell 1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter\n        Snell]], 1964 Olympic gold medalist]]\\n[[File:Jon Voight 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon\n        Voight]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Luis Artime]], Argentine footballer\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Andre V. Marrou]], U.S. Presidential candidate\\n** [[Yvonne\n        Minton]], Australian soprano\\n* [[December 5]] – [[JJ Cale]], American\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Ken Delo]], American singer (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[John Kufuor|John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor]], [[President of Ghana]]\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Connie Francis]], American singer and actress\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Heino]], German singer\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        [[Billy Shaw]], American football player\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Frank Deford]],\n        American sportswriter\\n** [[Liv Ullmann]], Norwegian actress\\n* [[December\n        17]]\\n** [[Carlo Little]], British drummer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Peter Snell]],\n        New Zealand athlete\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Roger E. Mosley]], African-American\n        actor\\n* [[December 20]] – [[John Harbison]], American composer\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Brian Locking]], English bassist ([[The Shadows]])\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Bob Kahn]], American Internet pioneer\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Bobby Henrich]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Duane\n        Armstrong]], American painter\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Lagumot Harris]],\n        Nauruan politician and President (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Jon Voight]], American actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Michael Leader]],\n        British actor (d. 2016)\\n* [[Yusuf Lodhi]], Pakistani editor and cartoonist\n        (d. 1996)\\n* [[Neila Sathyalingam]], Singaporean classical Indian dancer,\n        choreographer and instructor (d. 2017)\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80\n        %D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Vladimir\n        Beneshevich]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[George H. Collin]], American politician\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Henry Victor Deligny]], French general\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Arturo Berutti]], Argentinian composer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Paola Drigo]], Italian novelist and\n        writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Karel Baxa]], Czechoslovakian\n        politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\n** [[Johnny Gruelle]], American\n        cartoonist and children''s book author (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Christian Rohlfs]],\n        German painter (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[William McCall (actor)|William\n        McCall]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Juan de la\n        Cierva y Pe\\u00f1afiel]], Spanish lawyer and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Isidore Konti]], Austrian-born Hungarian sculptor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Vladimir Beneshevich]], Soviet scholar and martyr (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[\\u00c9mile Cohl]], French caricaturist and animator\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Georges M\\u00e9li\\u00e8s]], French\n        film director (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Sergei Buturlin]],\n        Soviet ornithologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[J. P. Dahlen]],\n        Swedish worker and politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Bernd\n        Rosemeyer]], German racing driver (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 29]] –\n        [[Armando Palacio Vald\\u00e9s]], Spanish writer (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] – [[Marcella Cosgrave]], Irish nationalist leader (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Prince\n        Nicholas of Greece and Denmark.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Prince Nicholas of\n        Greece and Denmark]]]]\\n* [[February 6]] – [[George Auriol]], French\n        poet (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Harvey Firestone]], American\n        tire manufacturer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Mikhail Batorsky]],\n        Soviet komkor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark]]\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Arturo Caprotti]], Italian engineer\n        and architect (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Richard A. Whiting]],\n        American composer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Kazimierz Twardowski]],\n        Polish philosopher and logician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Hal\n        De Forrest]], Portuguese-born American actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – [[T. D. Crittenden]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\n** [[David King Udall]], American politician (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]], Argentine writer and journalist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 19]]\n        – [[Edmund Landau]], German mathematician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Matvei Petrovich Bronstein]], Soviet physicist (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Andreas\n        Michalakopoulos 1927.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Andreas Michalakopoulos]]]]\\n[[File:Cevat\n        Pasha.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Cevat \\u00c7obanl\\u0131]]]]\\n[[File:Laksminath\n        Bezbaruah.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] – [[Gabriele D''Annunzio]], Italian writer, war hero, and politician\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[William Blomfield]], New Zealand cartoonist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Ben Harney]], American composer and pianist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Andreas Michalakopoulos]], Greek politician and 47th\n        [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Ahn Changho]],\n        Korean independence activist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Lyda\n        Roberti]], Polish actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Cevat \\u00c7obanl\\u0131]],\n        Ottoman military commander and Turkish army officer (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Clarence\n        Darrow]], American attorney (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\n** [[Alexei Rykov]],\n        [[Premier of Russia]] and the [[Soviet Union]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Nikolai\n        Bukharin]], Soviet politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Lidia\n        Charskaya]], Soviet actress and writer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Ma\\u011fjan Jumabayev]], Soviet writer and pedagogue  (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Martin Burrell]], Canadian politician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Oscar Apfel]], American actor and director (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]], Indian writer, dramatist, novelist,\n        poet and editor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[William Stern (psychologist)|William\n        Stern]], German psychologist and philosopher (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 29]]\n        – [[Marcel Bloch (aviator)|Marcel Bloch]], Swiss aviator (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Khoren\n        I of Armenia.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|Patriarch [[Khoren I of Armenia]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Louis-Henri Foreau]], French painter (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Reine Davies]], American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Khoren I of Armenia]], Catholicos of the [[Armenian Apostolic\n        Church]] and patriarch (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Joe \\\"King\\\"\n        Oliver]], American jazz musician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Manuel\n        Carrasco Formiguera]], Spanish lawyer and politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Feodor Chaliapin]], Soviet bass (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – [[Gillis Grafstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish figure skater (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Vallejo]], Peruvian poet (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Steve Bloomer]], English footballer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]]\\n** [[Sultan Majid Afandiyev]], Soviet revolutionary and statesman\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Allama Iqbal]], Indian philosopher and poet (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[George Grey Barnard]], American sculptor (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Aleksander \\u015awi\\u0119tochowski]], Polish writer\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Edmund Husserl]], Austrian philosopher\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Carl von Ossietzky.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Carl\n        von Ossietzky]]]]\\n[[File:Cao Kun.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Cao Kun]]]]\\n* [[May\n        4]] – [[Carl von Ossietzky]], German pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Thomas B. Thrige]], Danish\n        industrialist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Benjamin Abrah\\u00e3o\n        Botto]], Brazilian photographer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Charles\n        \\u00c9douard Guillaume]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Miguel Cabanellas]], Spanish\n        army officer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Aaron Daggett]], American general during\n        [[American Civil War]] (b. [[1837]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Cao Kun]], 6th\n        [[President of the Republic of China]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Fred\n        Baker (physician)|Fred Baker]], American physician (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Lewis\n        Bayly (Royal Navy officer)|Lewis Bayly]], British admiral (b. [[1857]])\\n**\n        [[Ivan Mrkvi\\u010dka]], Czechoslovakian-born Bulgarian painter (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Mikhail Babushkin]], Soviet polar aviator (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[William Glackens]], American painter (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Frederick Ruple]], American painter (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Rafael Colliander]], Finnish journalist and politician\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[John Jacob Abel]], American pharmacologist\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Miguel Fleta]], Spanish tenor (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kirchner\n        1919 portrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]]]]\\n[[File:Maria\n        Obligado.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Mar\\u00eda Obligado de Soto y Calvo]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Tulio Febres Cordero]], Venezuelan writer and journalist\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Oscar Bystrom (actor)|Oscar Bystrom]],\n        Swedish actor (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Jen\\u0151 Dsida]], Hungarian\n        poet and translator (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[John Broadbent]],\n        British army officer and politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Ernst\n        Ludwig Kirchner]], German painter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[George\n        E. Barnett]], American economist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Obligado de Soto y Calvo]], Argentinian painter\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Mathilde\n        Comont]], French-born American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Clement\n        Edwards]], British lawyer, journal and activist (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[William\n        Gillespie (actor)|William Gillespie]], British actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[C. Yarnall Abbott]], American photographer (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[James Weldon Johnson]], American author, politician,\n        and diplomat (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Shlomo Ben-Yosef]], Israeli\n        Zionist leader (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]], American\n        railway magnate (b. [[1856]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Harvey Clark.gif|thumb|right|110px|[[Harvey\n        Clark (actor)|Harvey Clark]]]]\\n[[File:Franz I von Liechtenstein.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz\n        I, Prince of Liechtenstein]]]]\\n[[File:TomCreanPortrait.jpeg|thumb|right|110px|[[Tom\n        Crean (explorer)|Tom Crean]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Carrie Daumery]], Dutch-born\n        American actress (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[John James Burnet]],\n        British architect (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Otto Bauer]], Austrian\n        Social Democratic politician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Suzanne Lenglen]], French\n        tennis champion (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Archibald Berkeley Milne]], British admiral\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Benjamin N. Cardozo]], United States\n        Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Abel Adams]],\n        Finnish producer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Robert Wiene]], German\n        director (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Harvey Clark (actor)|Harvey\n        Clark]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[George Martley\n        Davis]], Australian politician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Pedro\n        Figari]], Uruguay, painter, writer and politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July\n        25]]\\n** [[Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein]] (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[K\\u014dsaku\n        Hamada]], Japanese academic, archaeologist and author (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Tom Crean (explorer)|Tom Crean]], Irish seaman and Antarctic\n        explorer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Yakov Alksnis]], Soviet aviator\n        and commander of Red Army Air Forces (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Yakov\n        Davydov]], Soviet general (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Peter David\n        Edstrom 1922.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter David Edstrom]]]]\\n\\n* [[August\n        1]] – [[Edmund Charles Tarbell]], American artist (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Edmund Duggan (playwright)|Edmund Dunggan]], Irish-born Australian\n        actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Pearl White]], American actress\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Warner Oland]], Swedish actor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Konstantin Stanislavsky]], Soviet theatre\n        practitioner (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[W. W. Conner]], American\n        politician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Peter David Edstrom]],\n        American sculptor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Hugh Trumble]],\n        Australian test cricketer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Sergey Aydarov]],\n        Soviet actor (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Robert Johnson]], American blues singer (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Tomasz D\\u0105bal]], Polish activist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Eduard Lepin]], Latvian-born Soviet\n        general (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Carlos Echandi]], Costa Rican\n        surgeon (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Frank Hawks]], American aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Teodor Axentowicz]], Polish-born Soviet painter (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[B\\u00e9la Kun]], Hungarian Communist\n        leader (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:A.E. Breen Portrait.png|thumb|110px|Reverend\n        [[Andrew Breen]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Arthur of Connaught colour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince\n        Arthur of Connaught]]]]\\n[[File:Mariat.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Maria Teresa\n        of St. Joseph]]]]\\n[[File:Aurelio Giorni.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Aurelio Giorni]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        of Paul Olaf Bodding (1865-1938).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Olaf Bodding]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Nikolai Bryukhanov]], Soviet statesman and political\n        figure who served as People''s Commissar of Finances (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] – [[Gustav Adolf Closs]], German illustrator and painter (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907-1938)|Alfonso\n        de Borb\\u00f3n y Battenberg]], [[Prince of Asturias]], former heir apparent\n        to the [[Kings of Spain|throne of Spain]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September 8]]\n        – [[Cecilio Apostol]], Filipino poet and laurate (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[Andrew Breen]], American [[Roman Catholic]] priest and reverend\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]] (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Robert L. Bacon]], American politician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Yannoulis Chalepas]], Greek sculptor (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Thomas Wolfe]],\n        American author (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Herman Baltia]], Belgian\n        general (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Valerie Bergere]], French-born American actress\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Bruno Jasie\\u0144ski]], Polish\n        poet (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Pauline Frederick]], American\n        actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Maria Teresa of St. Joseph]],\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] \\n** [[Andrew Arbuckle (actor)|Andrew Arbuckle]], American\n        actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Ivana Brli\\u0107-Ma\\u017eurani\\u0107]], Yugoslav\n        writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Philbert Maurice d''Ocagne]],\n        French engineer and mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Aurelio Giorni]], Italian\n        composer and pianist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Silouan the\n        Athonite]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]] and saint (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September\n        25]]\\n** [[Paul Olaf Bodding]], Norwegian missionary to India and creator\n        of the [[Santali Latin alphabet]] (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Anna Laurens Dawes]],\n        American author and suffragist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Con\n        Conrad]], American composer (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Le g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral\n        Averescu, commandant du 1er corps d%27arm%C3%A9e roumain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexandru\n        Averescu]]]]\\n[[File:Tejada s-6d1d4-ea69a-33ed0.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Luis Tejada Sorzano]]]]\\n[[File:200px-Faustina.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Faustina\n        Kowalska]]]]\\n[[Image:E. C. Segar.png|thumb|110px|right|[[E.C. Segar]]]]\\n[[Image:ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Ernst\n        Barlach]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Alexandru Averescu]], Romanian soldier\n        and politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Richard Teller Crane II]], American diplomat (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Tejada Sorzano]], Bolivian lawyer and\n        politician, 40th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\n**\n        [[Faustina Kowalska]], Polish nun and saint, the ''''Secretary of [[Divine\n        Mercy]]'''' (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Albert Ranft]], Swedish theatre director and\n        actor (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand\n        Duke of Russia]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[E. C. Segar]],\n        American comics artist and creator of [[Popeye]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] – [[Charles Dalmas]], French architect (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October\n        17]]\\n** [[Eshref Frasheri]], Albanian politician (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Kautsky]], Austrian Marxist theoretician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\n**\n        [[Ni\\u00f1o Fidencio]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Fushimi Hiroyoshi]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[Chrysostomos\n        I of Athens]], Greek priest and metropolitan (b.  [[1868]])\\n** [[May Irwin]],\n        Canadian actress and singer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Ernst Barlach]],\n        German sculptor and poet (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Gilbert Greenall, 1st Baron Daresbury]],\n        British businessman (b.  [[1867]])\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Raoul Bensaude]],\n        French phyisician (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Alfonsina Storni]], Argentine poet (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Lascelles Abercrombie]], British poet and\n        critic (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Alma Gluck]], American soprano (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]]\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Franco|Ramon Franco]], Spanish aviation pioneer\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Fred Kohler]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Robert Woolsey]], American film comedian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\n** [[Sakari Ainali]], Finnish farmer, businessman and politician (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Jean Degoutte]], French general, leader of [[World War I]]\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ataturk mirror.png|thumb|110px|[[Mustafa\n        Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]]]]\\n[[File:Kaarlo Castr%C3%A9n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kaarlo\n        Castren]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Charles Weeghman]], American restaurateur\n        and owner of [[Chicago Cubs]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Samuel\n        W. Bryant]], American admiral (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Prince\n        Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Vasily\n        Blyukher]], Soviet military commander (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Ernst vom Rath]],\n        German diplomat (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Mustafa Kemal Atat\\u00fcrk]],\n        1st [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] and 1st [[President of Turkey]] (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[James Barr (physician)|James Barr]], American physician\n        (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Kaarlo Castren]], Finnish politician\n        and 4th [[Prime Minister of Finland]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 20]]\\n**\n        [[Arthur Elliott (photographer)|Arthur Elliott]], South African photographer\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Maud of Wales]], Queen of [[Haakon VII of Norway]] (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Sahachiro Hata]], Japanese bacteriologist\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Otto von Lossow]], Bavarian and\n        German general (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]],\n        Romanian fascist, leader of the [[Iron Guard]] (executed along other Guard\n        activists) (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:AnnieWalkerArmstrong.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Annie\n        Armstrong]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Thomas Octavius Callender]], British\n        engineer and businessman (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[F\\u00e9lix\n        C\\u00f3rdova D\\u00e1vila]], Puerto Rican political figure (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Gonzalo Bilbao]], Spanish painter (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]] – [[Anna Marie Hahn]], German-born American serial killer\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Paul Morgan (actor)|Paul Morgan]],\n        Austrian actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Christian Lous Lange]],\n        Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Maurice Emmanuel]], French composer (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]]\\n** [[Antonio Rafael Barcelo]], Puerto Rican lawyer, business\n        and politician (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Valery Chkalov]], Soviet aircraft pilot\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Ed Davis (criminal)|Ed Davis]],\n        American criminal (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Annie Armstrong]],\n        American [[Christian missions|missionary]] leader (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[December\n        25]]\\n** [[Karel \\u010capek]], Czech author (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Richard Henry\n        Cummings]], American actor (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Theodor Fischer (architect)|Theodor\n        Fischer]], German archicture (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Calvin\n        Bridges]], American scientist (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Osip Mandelstam]], Soviet\n        poet (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Florence Lawrence]], Canadian\n        actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Eugenia de Reuss Ianculescu]],\n        Romanian teacher, writer and activist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 31]] –\n        [[Lucien Grant Berry]], American general (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Harry Grant Dart]], American cartoonist (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Enrico\n        Fermi]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Richard Kuhn]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Corneille\n        Jean Fran\\u00e7ois Heymans]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Pearl S. Buck]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Nansen International\n        Office for Refugees]], [[Geneva]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1938-wwii-timeline.htm\n        1938 WWII Timeline]\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1938/1938fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1938] – from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1938-pictures.html 1938 Coin Pictures]\\n*\n        [http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/crucial_year.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        1938 \\u2013 \\u201cThe Fateful Year\\u201d for the Jews in Nazi Germany] - About\n        the Holocaust- Yad Vashem\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1938}}\\n[[Category:1938| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T18:24:32Z\",\"lastrevid\":799765956,\"length\":85749,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1938&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938\"},\"34614\":{\"pageid\":34614,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1939\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T05:28:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1939|the 1989 film|1939 (1989 film)|the\n        2009 film|Glorious 39}}\\n{{Events by month|1939}}\\n{{Year nav|1939}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n[[File:Herd St Post Office (4420435469).jpg|thumb|The year\n        1939]]\\n{{Year article header|1939}} This year also marks the start of the\n        [[Second World War]], the deadliest conflict in human history. \\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\nBelow, events of [[World War II]] have the WWII prefix.\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n* [[January 3]] – [[EFE]], a [[news agency]], based in\n        [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], officially founded.{{citation needed|date=December  2016}}\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Amelia Earhart]] is officially declared dead after\n        her disappearance.\\n* [[January 6]] – ''''[[Naturwissenschaften]]''''\n        publishes evidence that [[nuclear fission]] has been achieved by [[Otto Hahn]].\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – [[Black Friday (1939)|Black Friday]]: 71 people die\n        across [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in one of Australia''s worst ever\n        [[bushfires in Australia|bushfires]].\\n* [[January 23]] – \\\"Dutch War\n        Scare\\\": Admiral [[Wilhelm Canaris]] of the ''''[[Abwehr]]'''' leaks misinformation\n        to the effect that Germany plans to invade the Netherlands in February, with\n        the aim of using Dutch air-fields to launch a strategic bombing offensive\n        against Britain. The \\\"Dutch War Scare\\\" leads to a major change in British\n        policies towards Europe.\\n* [[January 24]] – An [[1939 Chill\\u00e1n\n        earthquake|earthquake]] kills 30,000 in [[Chile]], and razes about {{convert|50000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[Refik Saydam]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]].\n        (11th government)\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Spanish Civil War]]: Spanish Nationalist\n        troops, aided by Italy, take [[Barcelona]].\\n** In Paris, French Foreign Minister\n        [[Georges Bonnet]], in response to rumours (which are true) that he is seeking\n        to end the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, gives a speech highlighting\n        his government''s commitment to the ''''[[cordon sanitaire]]''''.\\n* [[January\n        27]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] orders [[Plan Z]], a 5-year naval expansion\n        programme intended to provide for a huge German fleet capable of crushing\n        the [[Royal Navy]] by 1944. The ''''[[Kriegsmarine]]'''' is given the first\n        priority on the allotment of German economic resources.\\n* [[January 30]]\n        – Hitler gives a speech before the ''''Reichstag'''' calling for an\n        \\\"export battle\\\" to increase German foreign exchange holdings. The same speech\n        also sees Hitler''s \\\"prophecy\\\" where he warns that if \\\"Jewish financers\\\"\n        start a war against Germany, the...result will be the annihilation of the\n        Jewish race in Europe\\\".\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Alyssamcpherson.jpg|thumb|150px|right|\n        [[February 21]]: [[Golden Gate International Exposition]] opens.]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – Hungary joins the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]].\\n* [[February 6]]\\n**\n        British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] states in the House of Commons\n        that any German attack on France will be automatically considered an attack\n        on Britain.\\n** In a response to [[Georges Bonnet]]''s speech of January 26,\n        German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], referring to Bonnet''s\n        alleged statement of December 6, 1938, accepting Eastern Europe as being in\n        Germany''s exclusive sphere of influence, protests that all French security\n        commitments in that region are \\\"now off limits\\\".\\n* [[February 10]] \\n**\n        Spanish Nationalists complete their offensive in [[Catalonia]].\\n** [[Pope\n        Pius XI]] dies of a heart attack in Rome.\\n* [[February 15]] – ''''[[Stagecoach\n        (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'''' premieres in New York City and Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – The [[Golden Gate International Exposition]] opens\n        in San Francisco.\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** The United Kingdom and France recognize\n        [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]''s government.\\n** [[Borley Rectory]] in England\n        is destroyed by fire.\\n** [[Sitdown strike|Sit-down strikes]] are outlawed\n        by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* March –\n        The [[1936\\u201339 Arab revolt in Palestine]] ends.\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        An [[Imperial Japanese Army]] ammunition dump explosion on the outskirts of\n        [[Osaka]] kills 94.\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] (Cardinal Pacelli)\n        succeeds [[Pope Pius XI]] as the 260th pope.\\n* [[March 3]] \\n** In [[Bombay]],\n        [[Mohandas Gandhi]] begins a fast protesting against British rule in India.\\n**\n        Students at [[Harvard University]] demonstrate the new tradition of swallowing\n        [[goldfish]] to reporters.\\n** In [[Durban]], South Africa the [[Timeless\n        Test]] begins between England and South Africa, the longest game of cricket\n        ever played. It is abandoned twelve days later when the English team has to\n        catch the last ferry home.\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] advises [[Jozef\n        Tiso]] to declare Slovakia''s independence in order to prevent its partition\n        by Hungary and Poland.\\n** Irish writer [[Brian O''Nolan|Flann O''Brien]]''s\n        comic [[metafiction]] ''''[[At Swim-Two-Birds]]'''' is published in London\n        but attracts little attention at this time.\\n* [[March 14]] – The [[Slovakia|Slovak]]\n        provincial assembly proclaims independence; priest [[Jozef Tiso]] becomes\n        the president of the independent Slovak government.\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        German troops occupy the remaining part of [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]]; [[Czechoslovakia]]\n        ceases to exist. The Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia declares independence\n        as [[Carpatho-Ukraine]].\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** Princess [[Fawzia Fuad of Egypt]]\n        marries Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] of Iran.\\n** Hungary invades Carpatho-Ukraine;\n        final resistance ends on [[March 18]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** British Prime Minister\n        [[Neville Chamberlain]] gives a speech in [[Birmingham]], stating that Britain\n        will oppose any effort at world domination on the part of Germany.\\n** The\n        nationalist governments of Spain and Portugal sign the [[Iberian Pact]] in\n        Lisbon, pledging mutual defence of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and [[Country\n        neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] in the event of a general\n        European war.\\n* [[March 18]] – \\\"Romanian War Scare\\\": Virgil Tilea,\n        the Romanian Minister in London, spreads false rumours that [[Romania]] is\n        on the verge of a German attack.\\n* [[March 19]] – Hitler sends a registered\n        letter to the government of Lithuania stating that Germany intends to annex\n        the port of Memel.\\n* [[March 20]] – At an emergency meeting in London\n        to deal with the Romanian crisis, French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]]\n        suggests to [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]] that the ideal\n        state for saving Romania from a German attack is Poland.\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        In London: the [[Ordo Templi Orientis]] publish [[Aleister Crowley]]''s ''''Eight\n        Lectures on Yoga''''.\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** After an [[1939 German ultimatum\n        to Lithuania|ultimatum of March 20]], [[Nazi Germany]] takes [[Klaip\\u0117da\n        Region|Memelland]] from [[Lithuania]].\\n** In the U.S., undefeated [[LIU Blackbirds\n        men''s basketball|LIU]] tops undefeated [[Loyola Ramblers|Loyola of Chicago]]\n        in the championship game of the second annual [[1939 National Invitation Tournament|National\n        Invitation Tournament]], 44\\u201332.  LIU''s 24\\u20130 final record is the\n        first [[perfect season]] of [[college basketball]]''s postseason tournament\n        era.\\n* [[March 23]] – The [[Slovak\\u2013Hungarian War]] begins.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – Marks the seventh successive year of the worldwide boycott\n        of all German exports initiated by front page declarations in Britain and\n        the U.S. ''Judea declares war on Germany''\\n* [[March 27]] – The [[University\n        of Oregon]] defeats [[Ohio State University]] 46\\u201333 in [[Evanston, Illinois]],\n        to win the championship of the first [[NCAA Men''s Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA\n        men''s basketball tournament]].\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** Dictator [[Francisco Franco]]\n        assumes power in [[Madrid]], remaining in power until [[1975]].\\n** American\n        adventurer [[Richard Halliburton]] delivers a last message from a Chinese\n        junk, before he disappears on a voyage across the Pacific Ocean. In 1945,\n        some wreckage identified as a rudder and believed to belong to the junk, washed\n        ashore in [[San Diego]], [[California]].\\n* [[March 31]] – Neville Chamberlain\n        gives a speech in the House of Commons offering the British \\\"guarantee\\\"\n        of the independence of Poland.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 1]] \\n** The [[Spanish\n        Civil War]] comes to an end when the last of the Republican forces surrender.\\n**\n        The rumor that [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] is dead sweeps the United States as\n        millions of [[CBS]] radio listeners hear the F\\u00fchrer cut off in mid-speech\n        during a shortwave relay of his address at the dedication of the [[German\n        battleship Tirpitz|''''Tirpitz'''']] in [[Wilhelmshaven]].{{cite book|authorlink=William\n        L. Shirer|first=William L.|last=Shirer|title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Third\n        Reich]]''''}} \\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] orders the German\n        military to start planning for [[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall Wei\\u00df]], the codename\n        for the invasion of Poland.\\n** [[Refik Saydam]] forms the new government\n        in [[Turkey]] (12th government; Refik Saydam had served twice as a prime minister).\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Faisal II of Iraq|Faisal II]] becomes King of [[Iraq]] at\n        age 3 following the death of his father, [[Ghazi of Iraq|Ghazi]], in an automobile\n        incident.\\n** The [[Slovak\\u2013Hungarian War]] ends with Slovakia ceding\n        eastern territories to Hungary.\\n** Polish Foreign Minister Colonel [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Beck]], in London, signs a treaty designed to bilateralize [[Neville Chamberlain]]''s\n        \\\"Polish Guarantee\\\" of March 31.\\n* [[April 7]] – Italy invades [[Albania]];\n        [[Zog I of Albania|King Zog]] flees.\\n* [[April 9]] – African-American\n        singer [[Marian Anderson]] performs before 75,000 people at the [[Lincoln\n        Memorial]] in Washington, D.C., after having been denied the use both of [[Constitution\n        Hall]] by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]], and of a public high\n        school by the federally controlled [[District of Columbia]]. [[First Lady\n        of the United States]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] resigns from the DAR because\n        of their decision.\\n* [[April 11]] – Hungary leaves the [[League of\n        Nations]].\\n* [[April 13]] – Britain offers a \\\"guarantee\\\" to Romania\n        and Greece.\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[John Steinbeck]]''s novel ''''[[The Grapes\n        of Wrath]]'''' is first published, in the United States.\\n** At a meeting\n        in Paris, French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] meets with Soviet Ambassador\n        Jakob Suritz, and suggests that a \\\"peace front\\\" comprising France, the Soviet\n        Union, Great Britain, Poland and Romania would deter Germany from war.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – The Soviet Union proposes a \\\"peace front\\\" to resist\n        aggression.\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Billie Holiday]] records \\\"[[Strange\n        Fruit]]\\\", the first anti-lynching song.\\n* [[April 25]] – The [[Federal\n        Security Agency]] (FSA) is founded in the United States, along with the [[Civilian\n        Conservation Corps]] and [[United States Public Health Service|Public Health\n        Service]].\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Ely Racecourse]] in [[Cardiff]] closes.\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – In a speech before the ''''Reichstag'''', [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        renounces the [[Anglo-German Naval Agreement]] and the [[German\\u2013Polish\n        Non-Aggression Pact]].\\n* [[April 30]] – The [[1939 New York World''s\n        Fair]] opens.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* May – The [[H\\u00f2a H\\u1ea3o]] religious\n        sect is established by [[Hu\\u1ef3nh Ph\\u00fa S\\u1ed5]].\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        ''''[[Batman]]'''', created by [[Bob Kane]] and [[Bill Finger]] makes his\n        first appearance in Detective comics no. 27 .\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Major\n        League Baseball]]''s [[Lou Gehrig]], the legendary Yankee first baseman known\n        as \\\"The Iron Horse\\\", ends his  2,130 consecutive games played streak after\n        contracting [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]. The record stands for 56 years\n        before [[Cal Ripken, Jr.]] plays 2,131 consecutive games.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n**\n        [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] succeeds [[Maxim Litvinov]] as Soviet Foreign Commissar.\\n**\n        The [[All India Forward Bloc]] is formed by Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[Carl Friedrich Goerdeler]] tells the British government\n        that the German and Soviet governments are secretly beginning a rapprochement\n        with the aim of dividing Eastern Europe between them. Goerdeler also informs\n        the British of German economic problems which he states threaten the survival\n        of the Nazi regime, and advises that if a firm stand is made for Poland, then\n        Hitler will be deterred from war.\\n* [[May 9]] – Spain leaves the [[League\n        of Nations]].\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Lina Medina]], a 5-year-old [[Peru]]vian\n        girl, gives birth to a baby boy, becoming the youngest confirmed mother in\n        medical history.\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[King George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth\n        The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]] arrive in [[Quebec City]] to begin the\n        first-ever tour of Canada by [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada''s monarch]].\\n**\n        The British government issues the [[White Paper of 1939]], sharply restricting\n        Jewish immigration to [[Mandatory Palestine]].\\n** [[Sweden]], [[Norway]],\n        and [[Finland]] refuse Germany''s offer of non-aggression pacts.\\n* [[May\n        20]] – [[Pan American Airways]] begins transatlantic mail service with\n        the inaugural flight of its [[Boeing 314]] [[flying boat]] ''''Yankee Clipper''''  from\n        [[Port Washington, New York]], to [[Marseille]].\\n* [[May 22]] – Germany\n        and Italy sign the [[Pact of Steel]].\\n* [[May 24]] – First issue of\n        ''''[[Fashizmi]]'''' is published in [[Tirana]].\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Albania]]n\n        [[fascist]] leader [[Tefik Mborja]] is appointed as member of the Italian\n        Chamber of Fasces and Corporations.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Phutthamonthon\n        Buddha.gif|thumb|160px|right| [[June 24]]: Siam is renamed \\\"[[Thailand]]\\\".]]\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – The Soviet government offers its definition of what constitutes\n        \\\"aggression\\\", upon which the projected Anglo-Soviet-French alliance will\n        come into effect. The French Foreign Minister [[Georges Bonnet]] accepts the\n        Soviet definition of aggression at once. The British reject the Soviet definition,\n        especially the concept of \\\"indirect aggression\\\", which they feel is too\n        loose a definition and phrased in such a manner as to imply the Soviet right\n        of inference in the internal affairs of nations of Eastern Europe.\\n* [[June\n        4]] – The [[MS St. Louis|''''St. Louis'''']], a ship carrying a cargo\n        of 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in [[Florida]] after\n        already having been turned away from [[Cuba]]. Forced to return to Europe,\n        many of its passengers later die in [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[death camps]] during\n        [[The Holocaust]].\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The first [[Little League Baseball]]\n        game is played in [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[June 10]] – MGM''s\n        first successful animated character, [[Barney Bear]], makes his debut in ''''[[The\n        Bear That Couldn''t Sleep]]''''. However, he didn''t have a name until 1942.\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – The [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum]] is officially\n        dedicated in [[Cooperstown, New York]].\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Tientsin\n        Incident]]: The Japanese blockade the British concession in [[Tianjin]], China,\n        beginning a crisis which almost causes an Anglo-Japanese war in the summer\n        of 1939.\\n* [[June 17]] – In the last ''''public'''' guillotining in\n        France, murderer [[Eugen Weidmann]] is decapitated by the [[guillotine]].\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – New York Yankees announce Lou Gehrig''s retirement after\n        doctors reveal he has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.See Wikipedia article:\n        [[Lou Gehrig]]\\n* [[June 23]] – Talks are completed in [[Ankara]]\n        between French Ambassador [[Ren\\u00e9 Massigli]] and Turkish Foreign Minister\n        [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]], resolving the Hatay dispute in Turkey''s\n        favor. [[Turkey]] annexes [[Hatay State|Hatay]].\\n* [[June 24]] – The\n        government of Siam changes its name to [[Thailand]], which means ''Free Land''.\\\"Thailand\n        ( Siam ) History\\\" (overview), CS Mngt, 2005, ''''CSMngt.com'''' webpage:\n        [http://www.csmngt.com/thailand_history.htm CSMngt-Thai].\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Ford N-Series tractor#N Series Models|Ford 9N tractor]] with\n        [[Harry Ferguson|Ferguson]] hydraulic [[three-point hitch]] first demonstrated\n        at [[Dearborn, Michigan]].{{cite book|first=Randy|last=Leffingwell|title=Classic\n        Farm Tractors: History of the Farm Tractor|year=1996|location=Osceola, WI,\n        USA|publisher=Motorbooks International|isbn=978-0760302460|page=99}}\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** The [[1st World Science Fiction Convention]] opens\n        in New York City.\\n** [[Theodore Roosevelt]]''s head is dedicated at [[Mount\n        Rushmore]].\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Lou Gehrig]] gives his last public speech,\n        following a diagnosis of [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS).  In it,\n        he says, \\\"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.\\\"\\n**\n        The [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] becomes autonomous.\\n* [[July 6]] –\n        The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed by the [[Nazi]]s.\\n*\n        [[July 8]] – The [[Pan American Airways]] [[Boeing 314]] [[flying boat]]\n        ''''Yankee Clipper'''' inaugurates the world''s first [[heavier-than-air]]\n        North Atlantic air passenger service between the United States ([[Port Washington,\n        New York]]) and Britain.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] the spiritual\n        leader from India writes a personal letter to [[Adolf Hitler]] addressing\n        him \\\"My friend\\\", requesting to prevent any possible war.\\n* [[July 27]]\n        – The first recorded snowfall in [[Auckland]], New Zealand since records\n        began in 1853.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n* [[August 2]] – The [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd\n        letter]] is signed, advising [[President of the United States]] [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] of the potential use of [[uranium]] to construct an [[atomic\n        bomb]].\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Neville Chamberlain]] dismisses Parliament\n        until October 3.\\n* [[August 15]] – MGM''s classic musical film ''''[[The\n        Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'''', based on [[The Wonderful\n        Wizard of Oz|L. Frank Baum''s famous novel]], and starring [[Judy Garland]]\n        as Dorothy, premieres at Grauman''s Chinese Theatre in [[Hollywood]].\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Adolf Hitler]], after evaluating the pace of the [[Molotov\\u2013Ribbentrop\n        Pact|non-aggression negotiations with the Soviet Union]], orders the [[Kriegsmarine]]\n        to begin the opening operations for ''''[[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall Weiss]]'''',\n        the invasion of Poland. The {{Ship|German pocket battleship|Admiral Graf Spee}},\n        along with the {{Ship|German pocket battleship|Deutschland}}, as well as dozens\n        of u-boats, cast off for their advance positions.  According to [[William\n        L. Shirer]], Hitler spends the next few days worrying that the Russians will\n        not come to terms in time for the rest of the invasion plans to unfold as\n        scheduled.\\n* [[August 20]] – Armored forces under the command of Soviet\n        General [[Georgy Zhukov]] deliver a decisive defeat to [[Imperial Japanese\n        Army]] forces in the Japanese-Soviet border war in [[Inner Mongolia]].\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Molotov\\u2013Ribbentrop Pact]] signed between Germany\n        and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agreed to division of\n        spheres of influence (Finland, [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], eastern Poland and\n        Bessarabia (today [[Moldova]]), north-east province of [[Romania]] to the\n        [[Soviet Union]]; [[Lithuania]] and western Poland to Germany). Its annex\n        reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.\\n* [[August 24]] – As details\n        of the [[Molotov\\u2013Ribbentrop Pact]] become public, [[Neville Chamberlain]]\n        recalls the Parliament of the United Kingdom several weeks early. In a burst\n        of legislation, a War Powers Act is approved; and HMG order the [[Royal Navy]]\n        to be put on a war footing, all leaves to be cancelled, and the Naval and\n        coast defense reserves to be called up, especially radar and anti-aircraft\n        units. In addition, the last British and French private citizens in Germany\n        are ordered home by their respective Governments.\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** The\n        German Foreign Ministry cuts off all telegraph and telephone communication\n        with the outside world in accordance with the plan for ''''[[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall\n        Weiss]]''''. At approximately 1830 Central European time, Adolf Hitler postpones\n        ''''Fall Weiss'''' for 5 days, after receiving a message from [[Benito Mussolini]]\n        that he will not honor the Pact of Steel if Germany attacks Poland, and because\n        Chamberlain''s government has not fallen as a result of the German-Soviet\n        Non-Aggression Pact. Some units already in their forward positions (the attack\n        is scheduled for 0430 the next day) do not get the word in time and attack\n        various targets along the border. That same day, [[Neville Chamberlain]] gives\n        [[Edward Rydz-\\u015amig\\u0142y]] his \\\"ironclad guarantee\\\" of assistance\n        if Poland is attacked by Germany.\\n** An [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish\n        Republican Army]] bomb explodes in the centre of [[Coventry]], England, killing\n        5 people.\\n** MGM''s classic musical film ''''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The\n        Wizard of Oz]]'''', based on [[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|L. Frank Baum''s\n        famous novel]], and starring [[Judy Garland]] as Dorothy, is released in theaters\n        everywhere.\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** The first televised [[Major League Baseball]]\n        games were shown on experimental station [[W2XBS]]: a double-header between\n        the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] at [[Ebbets Field]].\\n**\n        Division of Grazing renamed [[United States Grazing Service]].\\n** The [[Kriegsmarine]]\n        orders all German-flagged merchant ships to head to German ports immediately\n        in anticipation of the invasion of Poland.\\n* [[August 27]] – A [[Heinkel\n        He 178]], the first turbojet-powered aircraft, flies for the first time with\n        Captain Erich Warsitz in command.\\n* [[August 28]] – The {{SS|Normandie}}\n        heads into [[New York Harbor]] where she will be interned on 3 September and\n        cut up for scrap beginning in 1946.\\n* [[August 30]] – Poland begins\n        a [[mobilization]] against [[Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Operation\n        Himmler]]: Nazi German troops posing as Poles stage a series of [[false flag]]\n        operations on the border (including the [[Gleiwitz incident]]) giving a pretext\n        for the invasion of Poland.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Zniszczenia1939 0.jpg|160px|right|thumb|[[September\n        1]]: [[Wielu\\u0144]] destroyed by [[Luftwaffe]] bombing.]]\\n[[File:Armia Czerwona,\n        Wehrmacht 22.09.1939 wsp\\u00f3lna parada.jpg|160px|right|thumb|Common parade\n        of Wehrmacht and Red Army in Brest at the end of the Invasion of Poland. At\n        the center Major General [[Heinz Guderian]] and Brigadier [[Semyon Krivoshein]].]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – Beginning of WWII:\\n** Opening shots of [[World War\n        II]] and [[Invasion of Poland]]: At 4:45am Central European Time, under cover\n        of darkness, the German WW1-era battleship [[German battleship Schleswig-Holstein|''''Schleswig-Holstein'''']]\n        quietly slips her moorings at her wharf in Danzig harbor, drifts into the\n        center of the channel, and commences firing on the fortress [[Westerplatte]],\n        a Polish army installation at the northeastern mouth of the port of the internationalized\n        [[Free City of Danzig]]. Five minutes previously the [[bombing of Wielu\\u0144]]\n        in the western part of Poland had begun. Shock-troops of the German [[Wehrmacht]]\n        begin crossing the border into Poland. [[Bombing of Wielu\\u0144]] (two air-raids)\n        follows.\\n** The [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] passes a statement\n        stating that [[Adolf Hitler]]''s second-in-command [[Reichsmarschall]] [[Hermann\n        G\\u00f6ring]] should be appointed as Hitler''s successor as [[F\\u00fchrer]]\n        should Hitler die during the War. [[Rudolf Hess]] is to be appointed in G\\u00f6ring''s\n        place should anything befall G\\u00f6ring.\\n** Norway, Finland, Sweden and\n        Switzerland declare their neutrality.\\n* [[September 2]] – WWII:\\n**\n        Following the invasion of Poland, the Free City of Danzig (modern-day [[Gda\\u0144sk]],\n        Poland) is annexed to [[Nazi Germany]].\\n** Spain and the Irish Free State\n        declare their neutrality.\\n* [[September 3]] – WWII:\\n** The United\n        Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Australia and India (by its [[Governor-General\n        of India|Viceroy]]) declare war on Nazi Germany. [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\n        [[Mackenzie King]], in English, and [[Minister of Justice (Canada)|Justice\n        Minister]] [[Ernest Lapointe]], in French, give an international radio address\n        stating the Dominion''s intention to declare war also.{{cite web|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/on_this_day/09/10/|title=On\n        This Day - September 10, 1939|publisher=[[CBC.ca]]|accessdate=2011-09-15}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.junobeach.org/e/2/can-eve-eve-war-e.htm%7ctitle=War!%7cpublisher=junobeach.org%7caccessdate=2011-09-15|title=Canada\n        in the Second World War|work=Juno Beach Centre}}\\n** United States President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] advocates neutrality in a nationwide radio address.\\n**\n        [[Ocean liner]] {{SS|Athenia}} becomes the first British civilian casualty\n        of the war when she is [[torpedo]]ed and sunk by {{GS|U-30|1936|6}} in the\n        eastern Atlantic. Of the 1,418 aboard, 98 passengers and 19 crew are killed.\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – WWII:\\n** First [[bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World\n        War II]] by the British [[Royal Air Force]].\\n** [[Nepal]] declares war on\n        [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].\\n* [[September 5]] – WWII: The United States\n        declares its neutrality in the war.\\n* [[September 6]] – WWII: South\n        Africa declares war on [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Little\n        Sisters of Jesus]] founded in [[Algeria]] by [[Little Sister Magdeleine]].\\n**\n        WWII: Forward elements of General Hoeppner''s XVI Panzerkorps take up positions\n        outside [[Warsaw]]. The world is stunned by the rapidity of the German advance\n        and the Polish High Command is effectively isolated, but lack of infantry\n        support and effective civilian resistance cause Hoeppner to halt outside the\n        city itself.\\n** WWII: Polish troops on the [[Westerplatte]] are forced, due\n        to lack of food and ammunition, to surrender. The garrison of about two hundred\n        had held out against thousands of German forces (many of them Naval officer\n        cadets from the [[German battleship Schleswig-Holstein|''''Schleswig-Holstein,'''']])\n        for seven days.\\n[[File:Polish kid in the ruins of Warsaw September 1939.jpg|thumb|160px|September:\n        [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|Siege of Warsaw]].]]\\n* [[September 9]] – WWII:\n        Troops of the Polish [[Pozna\\u0144 Army]] under the command of [[Tadeusz Kutrzeba|General\n        Kutrzeba]] open the [[Battle of the Bzura]], the largest and best organized\n        counter-attack mounted by the Polish forces in the [[Invasion of Poland|campaign\n        of 1939.]] For the first few days all goes well and the Germans are forced\n        to retreat; but quick reaction by mechanized units and the Luftwaffe soon\n        take their toll and the operation bogs down.\\n* [[September 10]] – WWII:\n        Canada declares war on [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the only declaration of war\n        by Canada.\\n* [[September 15]] – WWII: Diverse elements of the German\n        Wehrmacht surround [[Warsaw]] and demand its surrender. The Poles refuse and\n        the [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|siege]] begins in earnest.\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – A ceasefire ends the undeclared [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol|Border War]]\n        between the [[Soviet Union]] (and [[Mongolia]]n allies) and Japan.\\n* [[September\n        17]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] [[Soviet invasion of Poland|invades\n        Poland]] and then [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|occupies\n        eastern Polish territories]].\\n** [[Royal Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Courageous|50|6}}\n        is torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-29|1936|6}} in the [[Western Approaches]]\n        with the loss of 519 crew, the first British warship loss of the War.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – WWII: [[Orze\\u0142 incident|''''Orze\\u0142'''' incident]]: The\n        Polish submarine ORP ''''Orze\\u0142'''' escapes internment from [[Tallinn]]\n        harbour, [[Estonia]], leading both the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Germany]] to\n        question Estonia''s neutrality.\\n* [[September 19]] – WWII: The Poznan\n        pocket collapses, and the Germans capture, according to many sources, over\n        150,000 men. Many elements of General [[Tadeusz Kutrzeba]]''s forces work\n        their way into Warsaw under extreme difficulty.\\n* [[September 21]]\\n**[[Reinhard\n        Heydrich]], chief of the Security Police, sends a directive, the Schnellbrief,\n        explaining that Jews living in towns and villages in the Polish occupation\n        zones are to be transferred to ghettos, and Jewish councils, [[Judenr\\u00e4te]],\n        will be established to carry out the German authorities\\u2019 orders.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/02/occupation.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        |title=The Conquest of Poland and the Beginnings of Jewish Persecution |work=The\n        Holocaust |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] |accessdate=2013-03-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108072837/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/02/occupation.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\n        |archivedate=November 8, 2012 |df= }}\\n**Radio station [[WJSV]] in Washington,\n        D.C. records an [[WJSV broadcast day|entire broadcast day]] for preservation\n        in the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]].\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – WWII: Joint [[victory parade]] of [[Wehrmacht]] and\n        [[Red Army]] in [[Brest-Litovsk]] at the end of the [[Invasion of Poland]].\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – WWII: The [[Soviet Union]] issues an ultimatum to\n        [[Estonia]] to allow Soviet military bases on its territory, which Estonia\n        accepts on September 28. Similar ultimatums are issued to [[Latvia]] on October\n        5 and to [[Lithuania]] on October 10, who are forced to accept them as well.\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – WWII:\\n** [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]]\n        agree on a division of Poland after their invasion.\\n** [[Warsaw]] surrenders\n        to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]; [[Modlin (Nowy Dw\\u00f3r Mazowiecki)|Modlin]]\n        surrenders a day later; the last Polish large operational unit surrenders\n        near [[Kock]] 8 days later.\\n* [[September 29]] – Gerald J. Cox, speaking\n        at an [[American Water Works Association]] meeting, becomes the first person\n        to publicly propose the [[Water fluoridation|fluoridation]] of public water\n        supplies in the United States.\\n* [[September 30]] – General [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Sikorski]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister]] of the [[Polish\n        government-in-exile]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October 6]] – WWII: Poland\n        Battle of Kock ends the Polish Campaign. [[Polish resistance movement in World\n        War II|Polish resistance]] moves underground.\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** WWII: [[Nazi\n        Germany|Germany]] annexes [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|Western Poland]].\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: [[Piotrk\\u00f3w Trybunalski Ghetto]], the first Jewish\n        [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe]], is proclaimed\n        in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|German-occupied Poland]].\\n* [[October\n        11]] – The [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter]] is delivered to [[President\n        of the United States]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] advising of the potential\n        use of [[uranium]] to construct an [[atomic bomb]], leading to the [[Manhattan\n        Project]].\\n* [[October 14]] – The {{GS|U-47|1938|6}} sinks the British\n        battleship {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|6}} at anchor in [[Scapa Flow]] (Scotland) with\n        the loss of 833 crew.\\n* [[October 15]] – The New York Municipal Airport\n        (later renamed [[LaGuardia Airport]]) is dedicated.\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        ''''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'''' premieres in Washington, D.C.\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – First meeting of the U.S. [[S-1 Uranium Committee|Advisory\n        Committee on Uranium]] under [[Lyman James Briggs]], authorized by President\n        Roosevelt to oversee [[neutron]] experiments, a precursor of the [[Manhattan\n        Project]].\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Nylon]] stockings go on sale for the\n        first time anywhere in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        ''''[[The Time of Your Life]]'''', a drama by [[William Saroyan]], debuts\n        in New York City.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Hedda-Hopper-1929.jpg|thumb|140px|right|[[November\n        6]]: [[Hedda Hopper]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]–[[November 2|2]] – WWII:\n        Physicist [[Hans Ferdinand Mayer]] writes the [[Oslo Report]] on German weapons\n        systems and passes it to the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]].\\n* [[November\n        4]] – WWII: U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] orders the [[United\n        States Customs Service]] to implement the [[Neutrality Acts of 1930s|Neutrality\n        Act of 1939]], allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons to non-belligerent\n        nations.\\n*[[November 4]] – [[Stewart Menzies]] is appointed head of\n        the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]].\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** ''''Hedda\n        Hopper''s Hollywood'''' debuts on radio with gossip columnist [[Hedda Hopper]]\n        as host (the show runs until 1951, making Hopper a powerful figure in the\n        [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] elite).\\n** WWII: [[Sonderaktion\n        Krakau]]: Germans take action against scientists from the [[University of\n        Krak\\u00f3w]] and other [[Krak\\u00f3w]] universities.\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        WWII: In [[Munich]], an attempt to kill [[Adolf Hitler]] is made by [[Georg\n        Elser]] while Hitler is celebrating the 16th anniversary of the [[Beer Hall\n        Putsch]].\\n** [[CBS]] television station [[W2XAB]] resumes test transmission\n        with an all-electronic system broadcast from the top of the [[Chrysler Building]]\n        in [[New York City]].{{cite web|title=Early Television Stations - W2XAB/W2XAX/WCBW\n        - CBS, New York|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/w2xab.html|work=Early Television\n        Museum|location=Hilliard, OH|accessdate=2014-11-26}}\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – WWII: [[Venlo Incident]]: Two British agents of [[Secret Intelligence\n        Service|SIS]] are captured by the Germans.\\n* [[November 15]] – In Washington,\n        D.C., U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] lays the cornerstone of the\n        [[Jefferson Memorial]].\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Al Capone]] is released\n        from [[Alcatraz]], due to deteriorating health caused by [[syphilis]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – WWII: To punish protests against the Nazi occupation\n        of the Czech homeland, the Nazis storm the University of Prague and murder\n        nine Czech graduate students, send over 1,200 to concentration camps, and\n        close all Czech universities, an event which will be commemorated as [[International\n        Students'' Day]].\\n* [[November 23]] – WWII: British [[armed merchantman]]\n        {{HMS|Rawalpindi}} is sunk in the [[GIUK gap]] in an action against the German\n        [[battleship]]s {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German\n        battleship|Gneisenau||2}}.\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Shelling of Mainila]]:\n        The [[Soviet Union]]''s [[Red Army]] shells the Russian village of Mainila,\n        then claims that the fire originated from [[Finland]], giving a ''''[[casus\n        belli]]'''' for the [[Winter War]].\\n* [[November 30]] – WWII:\\n** [[Winter\n        War]]: Soviet forces attack Finland and reach the [[Mannerheim Line]], starting\n        the war.\\n** Sweden declares itself a [[non-belligerent]] in the Winter War.\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n* [[December 2]] – [[LaGuardia Airport]] opens for business\n        in New York City.\\n* [[December 4]] – WWII:\\n** British battleship {{HMS|Nelson|28|6}}\n        strikes a [[Naval mine|mine]] (laid by {{GS|U-31|1936|2}}) off the coast of\n        Scotland and is laid up for repairs until August 1940.\\n** [[German submarine\n        U-36 (1936)|German submarine ''''U-36'''']] is torpedoed and sunk by British\n        submarine [[HMS Salmon (N65)|HMS ''''Salmon'''']] off [[Stavanger]], the first\n        enemy submarine lost to a British one during the War.\\n* [[December 9]]\\n**\n        WWII: First soldier of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British\n        Expeditionary Force]] killed: Corporal Thomas Priday triggers a French land\n        mine.\\n** Hugh Harman''s animated short Christmas film ''''[[Peace on Earth\n        (film)|Peace on Earth]]'''' is released by MGM in the United States.\\n* [[December\n        12]] – WWII: {{HMS|Duchess|H64|6}} sinks after a collision with {{HMS|Barham|04|6}}\n        off the coast of Scotland with the loss of 124 men.\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        WWII – [[Battle of the River Plate]]:  The [[German cruiser Admiral\n        Graf Spee|German heavy cruiser ''''Admiral Graf Spee'''']] is trapped by cruisers\n        {{HMS|Ajax|22|6}}, [[HMNZS Achilles|HMNZS ''''Achilles'''']], and {{HMS|Exeter|68|6}}\n        after a running battle off the coast of [[Uruguay]]. The ''''Graf Spee''''\n        is scuttled by its crew off [[Montevideo]] harbor on [[December 17]].\\n* [[December\n        14]] – WWII – [[Winter War]]: The [[League of Nations]] expels\n        the USSR for attacking Finland.\\n* [[December 15]] – The epic historical\n        romance film ''''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'''', starring\n        [[Vivien Leigh]], [[Clark Gable]], [[Olivia de Havilland]] and [[Leslie Howard\n        (actor)|Leslie Howard]], premieres at [[Loew''s Grand Theatre]] in [[Atlanta]].\n        Based on [[Margaret Mitchell]]''s [[Gone with the Wind (novel)|best-selling\n        novel]] of 1936, it is the longest American film made up to this date (at\n        nearly four hours) and rapidly becomes the [[Timeline of highest-grossing\n        films|highest-grossing film up to this time]].\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        WWII – [[Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)|Battle of the Heligoland\n        Bight]]: [[RAF Bomber Command]], on a daylight mission to attack ''''[[Kriegsmarine]]''''\n        ships in the [[Heligoland Bight]], is repulsed by [[Luftwaffe]] [[fighter\n        aircraft]].\\n* [[December 22]] – The second [[cel]]-animated feature\n        film and the first produced by an American studio other than [[Walt Disney\n        Productions]], ''''[[Gulliver''s Travels (1939 film)|Gulliver''s Travels]]''''\n        by [[Fleischer Studios]] and very loosely based upon the book by [[Jonathan\n        Swift]], is released. \\n* [[December 26]] – Miners [[Strike action|strike]]\n        in [[Borinage]], Belgium.\\n* [[December 27]] – The 7.8 {{M|w}} [[1939\n        Erzincan earthquake|Erzincan earthquake]] shakes eastern [[Turkey]] with a\n        maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XII (''''Extreme''''),\n        causing $20 million in damage, and leaving 32,700\\u201332,968 dead.\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Kirlian photography]] is invented by [[Semyon Kirlian]].\\n*\n        A logging crew sets off a second [[forest fire]] in the [[Tillamook Burn]]\n        of Oregon, which destroys {{convert|190,000|acre|km2}}.\\n* [[Sandia View Academy]],\n        a private [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Adventist]] school, is founded in\n        [[Corrales, New Mexico]],\\n* [[General Motors]] introduces the [[Hydra-Matic]]\n        drive, the first mass-produced, fully [[automatic transmission]], as an option\n        in 1940 model year [[Oldsmobile]] [[automobile]]s.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n\\n=== January===\\n[[File:Ali4th.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ali\n        Mahdi Muhammad]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Toomey 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill Toomey]]]]\\n[[File:Sal\n        mineo Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sal Mineo]]]]\\n[[File:Abdullah Ensour\n        2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdullah Ensour]]]]\\n[[File:Alfredo Palacio (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alfredo\n        Palacio]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], Somali entrepreneur\n        and politician, 4th [[President of Somalia]]\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Hull]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Ruben Reyes]], Associate Justice of the\n        Supreme Court of the Philippines\\n** [[Gene Summers]], American rock ''n roll\n        singer (member of [[Rockabilly Hall of Fame]])\\n** [[Arik Einstein]], Israeli\n        singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi]], Ukrainian\n        footballer and manager (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Murray Rose]], Australian swimmer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Jimmy Boyd]], American singer, musician\n        and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Rik Kemp]], Australian cartoonist\\n** [[Tadahiro\n        Matsushita]], Japanese politician (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Susannah York]], British\n        actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Sal Mineo]], American actor\n        (d. [[1976]])\\n** [[Bill Toomey]], American athlete\\n* [[January 11]] –\n        [[Anne Heggtveit]], Canadian skier\\n* [[January 12]] – [[William Lee\n        Golden]], American country and gospel singer, member of the [[Oak Ridge Boys]]\\n*\n        [[January 17]]\\n** [[Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens]] (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Maury Povich]], American talk show host\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Bo Gritz]],\n        U.S. Presidential candidate\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Phil Everly]], American\n        rock ''n'' roll musician (member of [[Rockabilly Hall of Fame]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Abdullah Ensour]], Jordanian economist, 75th [[Prime\n        Minister of Jordan]]\\n** [[Chandra Wickramasinghe]], British astronomer and\n        poet\\n* [[January 22]] \\n** [[Alfredo Palacio]], 42nd [[President of Ecuador]]\\n**\n        [[Ray Stevens]], American musician\\n* [[January 29]] \\n** [[Tony Green]],\n        British sportscaster\\n** [[Germaine Greer]], Australian feminist writer\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Karl-%C3%85ke\n        Asph Liding%C3%B6loppet 1967.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karl-Ake Asph]]]]\\n[[File:Defense.gov\n        News Photo 990520-D-9880W-077.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdelraouf Al-Rawabdeh]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Paul Gillmor]], American politician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Ekaterina Maximova]], Russian ballerina (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – [[Karl-Ake Asph]], Swedish Olympic cross-country skiier\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Michael Cimino]], American film director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Mike Farrell]], American actor\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Egon\n        Zimmermann]], Austrian Olympic alpine skiier\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Tsuyoshi\n        Yamanaka]], Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Adrienne Clarkson]],\n        26th [[Governor General of Canada]]\\n** [[Peter Purves]], British actor and\n        television presenter\\n** [[Roberta Flack]], American soul singer\\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Yael Dayan]], Israeli writer and politician\\n** [[Ray Manzarek]],\n        American keyboardist (''''[[The Doors]]'''') (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 13]]\n        – [[Beate Klarsfeld]], German-born Nazi hunter\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Adolfo Azcuna]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]\n        jurist\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Abdelraouf Al-Rawabdeh]], Jordanian political\n        figure, 65th [[Prime Minister of Jordan]]\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Erin\n        Pizzey]], author and founder of the first domestic violence shelter in the\n        modern worldhttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5JYrAQAAIAAJ&q=erin+pizzey+1939+february+19\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Frank Arundel]], English footballer (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Gert Neuhaus]], German artist\\n* [[February 23]]\n        – [[Rachel Elkind-Tourre]], American record producer\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**\n        [[Daniel C. Tsui]], Chinese-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Tommy Tune]], American dancer, choreographer, and actor\\n\\n===\n        March===\\n[[File:Mulroney 2011.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Brian Mulroney]]]]\\n[[File:Terence\n        Hill 2010.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Terence Hill]]]]\\n[[File:Volker Schloendorff Lodz\n        Poland November29 2009 Fot Mariusz Kubik 05.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Volker Schl\\u00f6ndorff]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[Tzvetan Todorov]], Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher,\n        structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayis (d. [[2017]]) \\n**\n        [[Leo Brouwer]], Cuban composer and guitarist\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Bill\n        Frindall]], English cricket scorer and statistician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Jack Fisher]], former American Major League baseball pitcher\\n**\n        [[Carlos Vereza]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Benyamin Sueb]],\n        Indonesian actor, comedian and singer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Lidiya\n        Skoblikova]], Russian speed-skater\\n** [[Robert Tear]], Welsh tenor (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Malcolm Bricklin]], American automotive pioneer\\n* [[March\n        12]] – [[Johnny Callison]], American baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Neil Sedaka]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[H\\u00e9ctor Bonilla]], Mexican actor\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        [[Alicia Freilich]],  Venezuelan writer and novelist\\n* [[March 16]] –\n        [[Carlos Bilardo]], Argentine football player and manager\\n* [[March 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Gary]], American sculptor (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Giovanni Trapattoni]],\n        Italian football player and manager\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Peter Kraus]],\n        German singer\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Brian Mulroney]], 18th [[Prime Minister\n        of Canada]]\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Toni Cade Bambara]], African-American\n        writer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Leila Kasra]], Iranian poet\n        and lyricist (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Vic Vargas]], Filipino\n        actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Terence Hill]], Italian actor\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], [[President of Georgia]] (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Volker Schl\\u00f6ndorff]], German film director\\n** [[Karl-Heinz Schnellinger]],\n        German footballer\\n\\n===April===\\n\\n[[File:Francis Ford Coppola 2011 CC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Francis\n        Ford Coppola]]]]\\n[[File:David Frost Rumsfeld interview cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David\n        Frost]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Sorvino Shankbone 2010 NYC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Sorvino]]]]\\n[[File:Jaime\n        Paz Zamora.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jaime Paz Zamora]]]]\\n[[File:Jo\\u00e3o Bernardo\n        Vieira.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jo\\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        [[Ali MacGraw]], American model and actress \\n** [[Spider Martin]], American\n        photographer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Phil Niekro]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Marvin Gaye]], American singer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[Hugh Masekela]], South African musician\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Francis\n        Ford Coppola]], American film director\\n** Sir [[David Frost]], English television\n        personality (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Elizabeth Clare Prophet]],\n        American writer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[George Harrison (swimmer)|George\n        Harrison]], American competition swimmer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Claudio Magris]], Italian author\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Alan Ayckbourn]],\n        American dramatist\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Seamus Heaney]], Irish writer, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Paul Sorvino]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Jaime Paz Zamora]], 73rd [[President\n        of Bolivia]]\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Dusty Springfield]], English singer\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Jan Hoem]], Norwegian population scientist\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Elspeth Ballantyne]], Australian actress\\n*\n        [[April 22]]\\n** [[Mark Jones (actor)|Mark Jones]], English actor (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Jason Miller (playwright)|Jason Miller]], American playwright and actor\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Ann Mitchell]], English actress\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[Lee Majors]], American actor\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Ted Kooser]], [[United\n        States Poet Laureate]]\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Erik Pevernagie]], Belgian painter\\n**\n        [[Jo\\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira]], [[President of Guinea-Bissau]] (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Judycollins 20090205.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Judy Collins]]]]\\n[[File:Ruud\n        Lubbers, 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ruud Lubbers]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Drayton,\n        Henry Carr, Edwin Roberts 1964.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Drayton (athlete)|Paul\n        Drayton]]]]\\n[[File:Harvey Keitel Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Harvey Keitel]]]]\\n[[File:SDCC13\n        - Ian McKellen.jpg|thumb|120px|Sir [[Ian McKellen]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        [[Judy Collins]], American singer and songwriter\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Taomati\n        Iuta]], [[Vice President of Kiribati]] (1991\\u201394)\\n* [[May 4]] –\n        [[Paul Gleason]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Sidney Altman]],\n        Canadian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Ruud Lubbers]], Dutch politician, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]],\n        1982\\u201394\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Paul Drayton (athlete)|Paul Drayton]],\n        American Olympic athlete (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Ralph Boston]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Pierre Desproges]], French humorist (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]]\\n** [[Milt Pappas]], American baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Dante Ti\\u00f1ga]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme\n        Court]] jurist\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ron Ziegler]], White House Press Secretary\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Harvey Keitel]], American actor\\n* [[May\n        14]] – [[Veruschka von Lehndorff]], German model, actress and artist\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Livio Berruti]], Italian athlete\\n** [[Sonny Fortune]], American\n        jazz musician\\n** [[James Fox (actor)|Jams Fox]], English actor\\n** [[Nancy\n        Kwan]], American actress\\n** [[Dick Scobee]], American astronaut (d. 1986)\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[Heinz Holliger]], Swiss oboist and composer\\n* [[May\n        22]] – [[Paul Winfield]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Reinhard Hauff]], German film director\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Dixie\n        Carter]], American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n** Sir [[Ian McKellen]], English\n        actor\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Brent Musburger]], American sports announcer\\n*\n        [[May 27]]– [[Don Williams]], American musician (d.[[2017]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Al Unser]], American race car driver\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Michael J. Pollard]], American actor\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:JoeClark.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Joe\n        Clark]]]]\\n[[File:Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Osvaldo\n        Hurtado]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Cleavon Little]], American actor (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Ron Baensch]], Australian racing cyclist\\n** [[Joe Clark]],\n        16th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n** [[Margaret Drabble]], English novelist\\n*\n        [[June 6]]\\n** [[Louis Andriessen]], Dutch composer\\n** [[Lawrence Stephen]],\n        Nauruan politician\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Ileana Cotruba\\u0219]], Romanian soprano\\n**\n        [[Dick Vitale]], American basketball broadcaster\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jackie\n        Stewart]], Scottish race car driver\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Steny Hoyer]],\n        American Democrat U.S. Representative for Maryland''s 5th congressional district\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Brian Jacques]], British writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Lou Brock]], American baseball player\\n** [[Jack Herer]], American\n        cannabis activist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[William Magee (politician)|William\n        Magee]], American politician\\n** [[Ken Catchpole]], Australian rugby union\n        footballer\\n** [[Marshall Younger]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Essop\n        Pahad]], South African politician\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Ada E. Yonath]], Israeli\n        crystallographer\\n** [[Heikki Sarmanto]], Finnish jazz pianist and composer\\n**\n        [[Ada Yonath]], Israeli crystallographer\\n** [[Kalbe Sadiq]], internationally\n        renowned Islamic scholar, thinker, reformer, educationist and preacher\\n**\n        [[Magdy Conyd]], Canadian fencer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Ardell Brede]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Jack MacIsaac]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Syed Shahid Hakim]],\n        Indian former Olympic football\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Annette Andre]], Australian\n        actress\\n** [[Michael Gothard]], British actor (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[June 25]]\n        \\n** [[David Ramage]], Australian rower\\n** [[Curtis McClinton]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Barbara Montgomery]], American actress\\n** [[Brian Lowe]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Barbara Chase-Riboud]],\n        American visual artist, bestselling novelist and award-winning poet\\n** [[Osvaldo\n        Hurtado]], 34th [[President of Ecuador]]\\n** [[Chuck Robb]], American politician\n        and former officer in the United States Marine Corps\\n** [[Bobby Henrey]],\n        Anglo-French child actor\\n** [[Arthur Sutton]], English cricketer\\n** [[Zainuddin\n        Maidin]], Malaysian politician\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Brereton Jones]], American\n        politician\\n** [[William Morris (American sport shooter)|William Morris]],\n        American sports shooter\\n** [[Ilija Dimovski (footballer)|Ilija Dimovski]],\n        Macedonian football manager and former player\\n** [[Antonio Mendoza (sport\n        shooter)|Antonio Mendoza]], Filipino former sports shooter\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        [[Jack Harbaugh]], American football player and coach\\n** [[Klaus Schmiegel]],\n        most famous for his work in organic chemistry\\n** [[Wally English]], American\n        football coach\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Sante Gaiardoni]], Italian cyclist\\n**\n        [[John Abel (politician)|John Abel]], Australian politician\\n** [[Hartmut\n        Keyler]], German architect\\n** [[Alan Connolly]], Australian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Ron Headley]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Tony Hatch]],\n        English composer for musical theatre and television\\n** [[Martin A. Herman]],\n        American politician\\n\\n=== July===\\n[[File:Visita de Estado do Presidente\n        Pe\\u00f1a Nieto a Portugal (2014-06-05) - Assinatura do Livro de Honra (cropped).png|thumb|120px|[[An\\u00edbal\n        Cavaco Silva]]]]\\n[[File:Ali Khamenei delivers Nowruz message 02.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ali\n        Khamenei]]]]\\n[[File:Milva in Pistoia 31-01-09 06.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Milva]]]]\\n[[File:Image-Howard2003upr.JPG|thumb|120px|[[John\n        Howard]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Volker Kempe]], German Scientist, Manager\n        and Entrepreneur\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Ferdinand Mount]], British journalist\n        and novelist\\n** [[John H. Sununu]], American politician\\n* [[July 3]] \\n**\n        [[Brian Bades]], English footballer\\n** [[Willy Vanden Berghen]], Belgian\n        professional road bicycle racer\\n** [[Andreas Neocleous]], Greek lawyer\\n*\n        [[July 4]] \\n** [[Abdelmajid Chetali]], Tunisian former footballer and manager\\n**\n        [[Thea Stabell]], Norwegian actress\\n** [[Lee Folkins]], American football\n        tight end\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Booker Edgerson]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Owen Gray]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Bruce Hunter (swimmer)|Bruce\n        Hunter]], American former competition swimmer\\n** [[Mary Peters (athlete)|Mary\n        Peters]], British athlete\\n** [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi]], sovereign\n        ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah\\n** [[Jet Harris]], British bassist, singer\n        and songwriter ([[The Shadows]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Gilbert\n        Ramano]], South African military commander\\n** [[Stanley Henig]], British\n        academic and politician\\n** [[Armand Sahadewsing]], Surinamese football player\n        and manager\\n** [[Satya Prakash Agarwal]], Indian politician\\n** [[Elena Obraztsova]],\n        Russian opera singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Abdelhamid Sharaf]],\n        Jordanian ambassdor to United States and Canada, 51st [[Prime Minister of\n        Jordan]] (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Pavel Parasca]], historian from the Republic\n        of Moldova\\n** [[Rambahadur Limbu]], Nepalese Gurkha recipient of the Victoria\n        Cross\\n** [[Likulia Bolongo]], Congolese former politician and general\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[Mario Da Pozzo]], Italian former football goalkeeper\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Mavis Staples]], American rhythm and blues and gospel singer,\n        actress, and civil rights activist\\n** [[Reg Stratton]], English former footballer\\n**\n        [[Garry Young (footballer)|Garry Young]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July\n        11]]\\n** [[Larry Laoretti]], American golfer\\n** [[Stephen Berger]], American\n        entrepreneur, investment banker, civil servant and political advisor\\n** [[Mick\n        Brown (footballer)|Mick Brown]], England football scout\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Barbara Crossette]], American journalist and author\\n** [[Arlen Ness]],\n        American motorcycle designer and entrepreneur\\n** [[Helen Frith]], Australian\n        athlete\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Daisaku Kimura]], Japanese film director and\n        cinematographer\\n** [[John Danielsen]], Danish former association football\n        midfielder\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Ayoub-Farid Michel Saab]], Lebanese banker\\n**\n        [[Karel Gott]], Czech Schlager singer\\n** [[Sid Haig]], American actor\\n**\n        [[George E. Slusser]], American scholar and writer\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Abdulhussain\n        Abdulredha]], Kuwaiti actor\\n** [[Peter Hirzel]], Swiss cyclist\\n** [[Reg\n        Pridmore]], English former professional motorcycle road racing national champion\n        \\n** [[An\\u00edbal Cavaco Silva]], 113th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and\n        19th [[President of Portugal]]\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Lido Vieri]], Italian\n        football manager and former football player\\n** [[Denise LaSalle]], American\n        blues and R&B/soul singer, songwriter, and record producer\\n** [[Corin Redgrave]],\n        British actor and political activist (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Spencer\n        Davis]], Welsh musician and multi-instrumentalist,\\n** [[Ali Khamenei]], Supreme\n        Leader of Iran\\n** [[Norbert Felsinger]], Austrian figure skater\\n** [[Milva]],\n        Italian actress and singer\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Brian Auger]], English jazz\n        and rock keyboardist\\n** [[Eduard Mudrik]], former Soviet Russian footballer\n        of Jewish ethnicity\\n** [[Dion DiMucci]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[July\n        19]]\\n** [[Victor Kelleher]], Australian author\\n** [[Ray Turnbull (curler)|Ray\n        Turnbull]], Canadian curler\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Didier Tamayo]], Colombian\n        fencer\\n** [[Frans Fiolet]], retired field hockey player from the Netherlands\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Bogus\\u0142aw Hajdas]], Polish football player and coach\\n**\n        [[Barbara Scott]], Australian politician\\n** [[Frank Rankmore]], Welsh former\n        professional footballer and Wales international\\n** [[John Negroponte]], U.S.\n        Director of National Intelligence\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Gila Almagor]], Israeli\n        actress, film star, and author\\n** [[Raul Yzaguirre]], American civil rights\n        activist\\n** [[Robert Phelps (pentathlete)|Robert Phelps]], British modern\n        pentathlete\\n** [[Y. Balaretnarajah]], Sri Lankan military leader\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Raine Karp]], Estonian architect\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[John\n        Howard]], 25th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\\n** [[Bob Lilly]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 27]] \\n** [[Paulo Silvino]], Brazilian actor and\n        humorist (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[William Eggleston]], American photographer\\n**\n        [[Michael Longley]], Northern Irish poet\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Susan Flannery]],\n        American soap opera actress\\n** [[France Nuyen]], French actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Prinses-irene-okt15-s.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Princess\n        Irene of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Romano Prodi in Nova Gorica (2c).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Romano\n        Prodi]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[Terry Kiser]], American actor\\n** [[Jambuwantrao\n        Dhote]], Indian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Robert James Waller]], American\n        novelist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 2]] \\n** [[Benjamin Barber]], American\n        political theorist and author (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John W. Snow]], 73rd United\n        States Secretary of the Treasury\\n** [[Wes Craven]], American film director\n        and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Princess Irene of the Netherlands]]\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – [[Jana Andrsov\\u00e1]], Czech actress and ballerina\\n*\n        [[August 9]] \\n**[[Bulle Ogier]], French actress\\n**[[Romano Prodi]], Italian\n        politician and economist, 52nd [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**[[Pilar\n        Feiss]], Spanish-American animator, writer, and storyboard artist\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Skip Caray]], American baseball broadcaster (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[George\n        Hamilton (actor)|George Hamilton]], American actor\\n** [[David Jacobs (writer)|David\n        Jacobs]], American producer and writer\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Carole Shelley]],\n        English actress\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Ginger Baker]], English drummer\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Fernando Poe, Jr.]], Filipino actor (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Clarence Williams III]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        22]]\\n** [[Valerie Harper]], American actress\\n** [[Carl Yastrzemski]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Bill Mulliken]], American competition\n        swimmer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Joel Schumacher]], American\n        film producer and director\\n* [[August 30]] \\n** [[John Peel]], English disc\n        jockey (d. 2004)\\n** [[Elizabeth Ashley]], American actress\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Lily Tomlin 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lily Tomlin]]]] \\n[[File:GeorgeLazenby11.14.08ByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|120px|[[George\n        Lazenby]]]]\\n[[File:Flickr - Saeima - 10.Saeimas deput%C4%81ts Guntis Ulmanis.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Guntis\n        Ulmanis]]]]\\n[[File:Jorge Sampaio 3.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jorge Sampaio]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Lily Tomlin]], American actress\\n* [[September 5]]\\n**\n        [[George Lazenby]], Australian actor\\n** [[Clay Regazzoni]], Swiss [[Formula\n        One]] driver (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Brigid Berlin]], American\n        actress and artist\\n** [[Susumu Tonegawa]], Japanese biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        [[Carsten Keller]], German field hockey player\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        [[Ron McDole]], American football player\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**[[Cynthia\n        Lennon]] 1st. wife of English musician John Lennon (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Richard Kiel]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Guntis Ulmanis]],\n        5th [[President of Latvia]]\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Ron Walker (Australian\n        businessman)|Ron Walker]], former Lord Mayor of Melbourne and Australian businessman\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Breyten Breytenbach]], South African writer and\n        painter\\n* [[September 17]] – [[David Souter]], [[Associate Justice\n        of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Jorge\n        Sampaio]], 17th [[President of Portugal]]\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Michu\n        Meszaros]], Hungarian-born American actor (''''[[ALF (TV series)|ALF]]'''')\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Janusz Gajos]], Polish actor\\n*\n        [[September 24]]\\n** [[Mark Elliot (voice-over artist)|Mark Elliott]], voice-over\n        artist for the Walt Disney Company\\n** [[Patrick Kearney]], American serial\n        killers\\n** [[Jacques Vall\\u00e9e]], French ufologist\\n* [[September 25]]\n        – [[Leon Brittan]], British politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Ricky Tomlinson]], British actor\\n* [[September 28]] –\n        [[Rudolph Walker]], Trinidadian actor\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Larry\n        Linville]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Jean-Marie\n        Lehn]], French chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ralph\n        Lauren 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ralph Lauren]]]]\\n[[File:Joaquim Chissano (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joaquim\n        Chissano]]]]\\n[[File:F Murray.Abraham cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[F. Murray\n        Abraham]]]]\\n[[File:John Cleese 2008 bigger crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John Cleese]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[George Archer]], American golfer (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Ivan Mauger]], New Zealand speedway rider, 6 times\n        World Speedway Champion\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Consuelo Ynares-Santiago]],\n        Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Melvyn Bragg]], English media arts presenter, critic and novelist\\n*\n        [[October 7]]\\n** [[John Hopcroft]], American computer scientist\\n** [[Clive\n        James]], Australian-born writer, humorist and television personality\\n** [[Harold\n        Kroto]], English organic chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bill Snyder]], American football coach\\n* [[October\n        8]]\\n** [[Lynne Stewart]], American defense attorney (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Paul\n        Hogan]], Australian film actor\\n* [[October 9]] \\n** [[Prince Bartholomew]],\n        Trinidadian cricketer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Pilger]], Australian-born journalist\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Austin Currie]], Irish politician\\n* [[October 13]]\n        – [[T. J. Cloutier]], American poker player\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Ralph Lauren]], American fashion designer\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Suely\n        Franco]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Flavio Cotti]], Swiss\n        Federal Councilor\\n** [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], American assassin of President\n        [[John F. Kennedy]] (d. [[1963]])\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[Joaquim Chissano]],\n        [[President of Mozambique]]\\n** [[George Cohen]], English footballer\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[C. V. Vigneswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer, judge and politician\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[F. Murray Abraham]], American screen actor\\n* [[October\n        26]]\\n** [[Gelek Rimpoche]], Tibetan Buddhist lama (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Karel\n        Schoeman]], South African novelist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[John\n        Cleese]], English comic actor\\n** [[Suzy Covey]], American scholar of popular\n        culture (d. 2007)\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Jane Alexander]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – [[Malay Roy Choudhury]], Bengali poet and novelist,\n        creator of the Indian [[Hungry generation]] literary and cultural movement\\n*\n        [[October 30]]\\n** [[Leland H. Hartwell]], American scientist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Grace Slick]], American\n        rock singer\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Ron Rifkin]], American actor\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Emil Constantinescu.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Emil Constantinescu]]]]\\n[[File:Tina\n        turner 21021985 01 350.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tina Turner]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\n        – [[Barbara Bosson]], American actress\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Richard\n        Serra]], American sculptor\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Cecilia Alvear]], Ecuadorian-born\n        American journalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Athanasios Angelopoulos]],\n        Greek academic\\n** [[Carlos Emilio Morales]], Cuban jazz guitarist\\n** [[Leonardo\n        Quisumbing]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]\n        jurist\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Dawn]], British actress\\n** [[Laila\n        Kinnunen]], Finnish singer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Meg Wynn Owen]], English actress\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Paul Cameron]], American psychologist\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Russell Means]], Native American activist (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Wendy Carlos]], American electronic composer\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Michael Billington (critic)|Michael Billington]],\n        British drama critic\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Auberon Waugh]], English\n        journalist (d. [[2001]]) \\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Margaret Atwood]], Canadian\n        novelist\\n** [[Amanda Lear]], French model and singer\\n** [[Ian McCulloch\n        (actor)|Ian McCulloch]], Anglo-Scottish actor\\n** [[Brenda Vaccaro]], American\n        actress\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Emil Constantinescu]], [[President of\n        Romania]] \\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Budd Dwyer]], American politician (d.\n        [[1987]])\\n** [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], Indian politician\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[Stefan Dimitrov (bass)|Stefan Dimitrov]], [[Bulgaria]]n [[opera]]\n        [[Bass (voice type)|basso]] singer\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Bill Bissett]],\n        Canadian poet\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Shelagh Delaney]], English dramatist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Rais Khan]], Pakistani sitarist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November\n        26]]\\n** [[Tina Turner]], American singer\\n** [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], 5th\n        [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Dudley Storey]], New\n        Zealand rower (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Laurent-D\\u00e9sir\\u00e9 Kabila]], 3rd [[President\n        of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Ulla Str\\u00f6mstedt]],\n        Swedish actress (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Chandra Bahadur\n        Dangi]], Nepalese dwarf, world''s shortest man (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Harry Reid]], American politician and U.S. Senate\n        Majority Leader\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Minita Chico-Nazario]], Filipino\n        [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n* [[December 8]]\n        – [[James Galway]], Irish flautist\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Thomas\n        McGuane]], American writer\\n* [[December 14]] \\n** [[Ernie Davis]], American\n        football player (d. [[1963]])\\n** [[Jay Dickey]], \\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Eddie Kendricks]], American singer ([[The Temptations]]) (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[December 18]]\\n** [[Alex Bennett (broadcaster)|Alex Bennett]], American\n        radio personality\\n** [[Robert T. Bennett]], American politician\\n** [[Michael\n        Moorcock]], English science fiction writer\\n** [[Harold E. Varmus]], American\n        scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Dennis Karjala]], American law professor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Alfred J. Ferrara]], American baseball player\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[La Lupe]], Cuban singer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Dean Corll]], American [[serial killer]], [[rapist]], [[kidnapping|kidnapper]]\n        and [[torture]]r (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Hugo Judd]], New\n        Zealand diplomat and public servant (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[John Amos]], American\n        actor\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Michelle Urry]], American editor of ''''Playboy''''\\n\\n===Date\n        Unknown===\\n* [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]], 8th Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n==\n        Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Valdemar.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Valdemar\n        of Denmark]]]]\\n[[File:Yeats Boughton.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W. B. Yeats]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Roman Dmowski]], Polish politician (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[L\\u00e9on Abrami]], French politician (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Gustavs Zemgals]], 2nd President of Latvia (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Charles Eastman]], American author, physician, reformer,\n        helped found the Boy Scouts of America (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Arthur Barker]], American criminal, son of [[Ma Barker]] (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – [[Prince Valdemar of Denmark]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] – [[Ivan Mosjoukine]], Soviet actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[L\\u00e9opold Bernhard Bernstamm]], Soviet sculptor (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Matthias Sindelar]], Austrian footballer (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Maximilian Bircher-Benner]], Swiss physician and\n        nutritionist (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Helen Ware]], American\n        actress (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[W. B. Yeats]], Irish writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n[[File:Janez Fran%C4%8Di%C5%A1ek Gnidovec.jpg|thumb|110px|Venerable [[Janez\n        Fran\\u010di\\u0161ek Gnidovec]]]]\\n[[File:Papst Pius XI. 1JS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope\n        Pius XI]]]]\\n[[File:Henri Jaspar.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henri Jaspar]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] – [[Lawrence Marston]], American actor, playwright, and film director\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Janez Fran\\u010di\\u0161ek Gnidovec]],\n        Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[Teresa Ma\\u00f1\\u00e9 Miravet]], Spanish teacher, editor and\n        writer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]],\n        Maharada of Baroda (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Henry Balfour]],\n        British archaeologist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Pope Pius XI]]\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n** Patriarch [[Torkom Koushagian of Jerusalem]] (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Franz Schmidt]], Austrian composer (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Francis Xavier Ransdell]], American politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Potenciano Gregorio]], Filipino musician (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[S.\n        P. L. S\\u00f8rensen]], Danish chemist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        [[Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army officer, born 1859)|Alexander Hamilton-Gordon]],\n        British general (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Henri Jaspar]],\n        Belgian politician, 27th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Fred Gamble (actor)|Fred Gamble]], American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Okamoto Kanoko]], Japanese tanka poet (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Charles V. Blanchard]], American politician (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Antonio Machado]], Spanish poet (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne]],\n        British peer and soldier (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Ivan Fedko]],\n        Soviet army commander (b.  [[1897]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Nadezhda\n        Krupskaya]], [[Russians|Russian]] [[Marxist]] revolutionary, [[Vladimir Lenin]]''s\n        widow (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Howard carter.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Howard\n        Carter]]]]\\n[[File:Miron Cristia patriach of Romania.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Patriarch\n        Miron of Romania]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Manuel de C%C3%A9spedes y Quesada circa\n        1914.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada]]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]] – [[Howard Carter]], British archaeologist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Dimitrie Gerota]], Romanian anatomist and physician (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Herbert Mundin]], British actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Ginepro Cocchi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and Servant\n        of God (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Patriarch Miron of Romania]], Austro-Hungarian-born\n        Romanian cleric, politician, priest and 38th [[Prime Minister of Romania]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Immanuel Back]], Finnish clergyman and\n        politician (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Matvei Berman]], Soviet intelligence officer\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Lucien L\\u00e9vy-Bruhl]], French sociologist\n        and anthropologist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Agostino Borgato]],\n        Italian actor and director (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Lloyd L.\n        Gaines]], American civil rights activist\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Evald Aav]],\n        Estonian composer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Avril de Sainte-Croix]], French author\n        and journalist (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj\n        Muhammad]] Palestinian revolt (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Ferdinand\n        von Quast]], German general (b. [[1850]])\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio Xavier Pereira\n        Coutinho]], Portuguese botanist (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Carlos\n        Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada]], Cuban diplomat, politician and writer, 6th\n        [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Francis Matthew John Baker]], Australian\n        politician (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Mario Lertora]], Italian artistic gymnast in\n        the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\n** [[Henri Bernard]],\n        French physicist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Gerardo Machado]], Cuban general, 5th\n        [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Ioannis Tsangaridis]],\n        Greek general (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Ghazi3.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Ghazi of Iraq]]]]\\n[[File:Joseph Lyons.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph Lyons]]]]\n        \\n* [[April 4]]\\n** King [[Ghazi of Iraq]] (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Joaqu\\u00edn\n        Garc\\u00eda Morato]], Spanish fighter ace (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[Bennie and Stella Dickson|Bennie Dickson]], American bank robber\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Joseph Lyons]], 10th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 J\\u00falio de Souza Pinto]], Portuguese painter\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Konstantin Petrovich Grigorovich]],\n        Soviet engineer and professor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Hugo\n        Charlemont]], Austrian painter (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Vladimir\n        \\u0106opi\\u0107]], Yugoslav politician, Communist leader (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Lucilio de Albuquerque]], Brazilian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 20]]\n        – [[Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 22]]\n        – [[Leandro Campanari]], Italian conductor, composer and violinist (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[John Foulds]], British classical music composer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Georges Ricard-Cordingley]], French painter (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Gola]], Argentinian actor (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Archduke Leo Karl of Austria]] (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:SAAVEDRA B.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Bautista Saavedra]]]]\\n[[File:Ursula\n        Leduhovskaya in 1907.jpg|110px|thumb|Saint [[Ursula Led\\u00f3chowska]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Bautista Saavedra]], 35th [[President of Bolivia]] (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Phillips Smalley]], American actor and director\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Wilhelm Groener]], German general (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[James A. Johnson (architect)|James A. Johnson]],\n        American architect (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Puig\n        Casauranc]], Mexican diplomat, journalist and politician (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Francesco Paleari]], Italian priest and blessed (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Mary, Lady Heath]], Irish aviator (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[James Parrott]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 13]]\n        – [[Victor Bernau]], Norwegian actor and director (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Charles deForest Chandler]], American military aviator (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Ahmet A\\u011fao\\u011flu]], Turkish politician,\n        author and writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Joseph Carr]], 2nd president\n        of the [[National Football League]] (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Alexandra \\u010cvanov\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovakian soprano (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Ernst Toller]],\n        German playwright and Communist politician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 23]] –\n        [[Witmer Stone]], American ornithologist and botanist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Aleksander Br\\u00fcckner]], German scholar (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Frank Watson Dyson]], British astronomer (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[Alfred A. Cunningham]], American aviator, the first United\n        States Marine Corps aviator (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Ursula Led\\u00f3chowska]],\n        Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and saint (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Floyd Roberts]], American race car driver (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Jean Boucher 1921.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean Boucher (artist)|Jean\n        Boucher]]]]\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Tommy Ladnier]], American jazz trumpeter\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[George Fawcett]], American actor (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Owen Moore]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Nicolae M. Condiescu]], Romanian novelist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[J\\u00e1nos Teleszky]], Hungarian politician (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[Chick Webb]], American musician (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n** [[Jean Boucher (artist)|Jean Boucher]], French sculptor (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Eugen Weidmann]], German serial killer, last person publicly executed in\n        France (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Grace Abbott]], American social\n        worker and activist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Benjamin Tucker]],\n        American anarchist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Ernest Alexander\n        Cruikshank]], Canadian general (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Richard\n        Seaman]], British motor racing driver (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        [[Ford Madox Ford]], British writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Margaret\n        Campbell]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Bobby\n        Vernon]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Eduardo Lopez\n        Bustamante]], Venezuelan poet, lawyer and journalist (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n[[File:Malietoa Tanumafili I.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Malietoa Tanumafili\n        I]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 G\\u00e1rate]], Spanish painter\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Malietoa Tanumafili I]], [[King of Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Deacon White]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Havelock Ellis]],\n        British sexologist (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Anna Pappritz]], German writer and\n        suffragist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Carlo Chiostri]], Italian painter\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Alphonse Laurencic]], French painter and architect (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Stiliyan Kovachev]], Bulgarian general\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Alphonse Mucha]], Czech painter and decorative\n        artist (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Neculai Cost\\u0103chescu]], Romanian chemist and\n        politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Bartholomeus Roodenburch]],\n        Dutch swimmer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Mar\\u00eda del Carmen\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez-Valerio]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] saint (b. [[1930]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Joseph Mendes da Costa]], Dutch sculptor (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Jack Duffy (actor)|Jack Duffy]], American actor (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Abdul Karim Ghaznavi]], Indian politician,\n        traveler and minister (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[William Mackay]],\n        American artist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Baczy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish writer,  journalist and soldier (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Salvatore A. Cotillo]],\n        Italian lawyer, politician and judge (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[Beryl Mercer]], Spanish actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Pio\n        Laporte]], Canadian physician and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Carlo\n        Galimberti.JPG|thumbnail|110px|[[Carlo Galimberti]]]]\\n[[File:Busch german.jpg|110px|thumb|[[German\n        Busch]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Harvey Spencer Lewis]], American mystic\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Mehmet Emin \\u00c7olako\\u011flu]],\n        Turkish army general (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Carlo Galimberti]],\n        Italian Olympic weightlifter (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Jean\n        Bugatti]], German automobile designer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        [[Eulalio Guti\\u00e9rrez]], President of Mexico (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[Federico Gamboa]], Mexican diplomat and writer (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]] \\n** [[Sidney Howard]], American writer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Germ\\u00e1n\n        Busch]], Bolivian military officer, 2-time [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Piero Colonna]], Italian politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Arthur Asquith]], British general (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Rub\\u00e9n Gonz\\u00e1lez C\\u00e1rdenas]], Venezuelan\n        lawyer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Marthe de Florian]], French\n        painter (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Wilhelm B\\u00f6lsche]], German\n        journalist and science writer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Richard\n        Bouwens van der Boijen]], French architect (b. [[1863]])\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Eliodoro Villaz%C3%B3n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eliodoro Villaz\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:Armand\n        Calinescu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Armand Calinescu]]]]\\n[[File:Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sigmund\n        Freud]]]]\\n[[File:CarlLaemmle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carl Laemmle]]]]\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Arthur Rackham]], British artist (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Ky\\u014dka Izumi]], Japanese author (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Swami Abhedananda]], Indian mystic (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[Wilhelm Fritz von Roettig]], German Waffen SS general, first\n        general killed in action during World War II (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] – [[Marion De Vries]], American politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] – [[Eliodoro Villaz\\u00f3n]], 32nd [[President of Bolivia]] (b.\n        [[1848]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Ludwig R. Conradi]], German evangelist\n        and missionary (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Kustro\\u0144]], Polish general\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Nikolaos Triantafyllakos]], Prime Minister\n        of Greece (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Stanis\\u0142aw Ignacy\n        Witkiewicz]], Polish writer and painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Bruchesi]], Canadian prelate (b. [[1855]])\\n** [[Hermann Brunn]], German\n        mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin]],\n        French astronomer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Armand C\\u0103linescu]],\n        Romanian economist and politician, 39th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[Park Yeong-hyo]], Korean politician and diplomat (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]]\\n** [[Miko\\u0142aj Bo\\u0142tu\\u0107]], Polish army general\n        (killed in battle) (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Olszyna-Wilczy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Werner von Fritsch]], German general (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1880]]) \\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Sigmund Freud]], Austrian\n        psychiatrist (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Eugeniusz Kazimirowski]], Polish painter\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Francisco Leon de la Barra]], Mexican diplomat and political\n        figure, 32nd [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**\n        [[James P. Boyle]], American politician (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Danilo, Crown\n        Prince of Montenegro]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Carl Laemmle]], German film producer\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Samuel Dickstein (mathematician)|Samuel\n        Dickstein]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Yusuf Abu Durra]], Palestinan revolt leader (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n[[File:Prince Joachim Albrecht of Prussia, ca 1904.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince\n        Joachim Albert of Prussia]]]]\\n[[File:AlbrechtHerzogW%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albrecht,\n        Duke of Wurttemberg]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Edgar M. Lazarus]], American\n        architect (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Fay Templeton]], American\n        musical comedy star (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Giulio Gavotti]],\n        Italian aviator (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Harvey Cushing]],\n        American neurosurgeon (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Gustav Henriksen]],\n        Norwegian executive (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Ford Sterling]],\n        American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Polaire]], French\n        actress (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Bernardas Fridmanas]], Lithuanian\n        lawyer, judge, journalist and politician (b.  [[1859]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Zane Grey]], American writer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 24]] –\n        [[Prince Joachim Albert of Prussia]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 28]] –\n        [[Alice Brady]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Dwight B. Waldo]], American educator and historian (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Carlos De Valdez]], Peruvian actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\n** [[Albrecht, Duke of W\\u00fcrttemberg]], German field marshal (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n** [[Otto Rank]], Austrian psychoanalyst (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n[[File:Aurelio mosquera narvaez.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Aurelio Mosquera]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        Naismith with a basketball.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James Naismith]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-1979-122-29A, Philipp Scheidemann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Philipp Scheidemann]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[K\\u00e1lm\\u00e1n Dar\\u00e1nyi]], 31st Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 4]] \\n** [[Percy Douglas]], chairman\n        of the [[British Graham Land Expedition]] (BGLE) Advisory Committee (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Ma Xiangbo]], Chinese [[Jesuit]] priest and blessed (b. [[1840]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Alicja Kotowska]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] nun, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Pedro Nolasco Cruz Vergara]], Chilean novelist and writer\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Norman Bethune]], Canadian humanitarian\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Lois Weber]], American actress\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Platon Ivanovich Ivanov]], Soviet-born\n        Finnish civil servant (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Henry, Duke\n        of Parma]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Aurelio Mosquera]],\n        Ecuadorian politician, 25th [[President of Ecuador]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[\\u00c9mile Paul Amable Gu\\u00e9pratte]], French admiral (b.  [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – King [[Daudi Cwa II of Buganda]] (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – [[John Harron]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[James Naismith]], Canadian inventor of basketball (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Eugen Kolisko]], Austrian-born German physician and\n        educator (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Krasnowolski]], Polish painter (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Philipp Scheidemann]], German politician, 11th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:Douglas Fairbanks Sr. - Private Life of Don Juan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas\n        Fairbanks]]]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess\n        Louise of the United Kingdom]], second youngest daughter of [[Queen Victoria]]\n        (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Santiago Iglesias]], Puerto Rican\n        statesman (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Alimondo Ciampi]], Italian\n        sculptor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Louis de Chappedelaine]],\n        French politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Douglas Fairbanks]],\n        American actor and the father of [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr.]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Gildardo Maga\\u00f1a]], Mexican general, politician\n        and revolutionary (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Juan Dem\\u00f3stenes\n        Arosemena]], 18th [[President of Panama]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 18]]\n        – [[Bruno Liljefors]], Swedish artist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n**\n        [[Dmitry Grave]], Soviet mathematician (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Reginald F. Nicholson]],\n        United States Navy admiral (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Hans\n        Langsdorff]], German naval officer (suicide) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 22]]\n        – [[Ma Rainey]], American blues singer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n**\n        [[Anthony Fokker]], Dutch-born American aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Maxime Laubeuf]], French maritime engineer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[Walter Gordon (physicist)|Walter Gordon]], German physicist (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Ivan Dmitriyevich Borisov]], Soviet\n        aircraft pilot (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\n** [[Rinaldo Cuneo]], American\n        artist (\\\"the painter of San Francisco) (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Napol\\u00e9on\n        Turcot]], Canadian politician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Frank\n        Benson (actor)|Frank Benson]], British actor (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n* [[Keeleri Kunhikannan]], father of the Kerala Circus\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes\n        ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Ernest Lawrence]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt]], [[Leopold Ru\\u017ei\\u010dka]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Gerhard\n        Domagk]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Frans Eemil\n        Sillanp\\u00e4\\u00e4]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Portal|1930s}}\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1939-wwii-timeline.htm\n        1939 WWII Timeline] \\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1939/1939fr.html\n        The 1930s Timeline: 1939] – from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1939-pictures.html 1939 Coin Pictures]\\n*\n        [http://www.zapmedia.com Paula Phelan, 1939 Into The Dark, 2009, ZAPmedia.]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1939}}\\n[[Category:1939|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T05:28:24Z\",\"lastrevid\":799846498,\"length\":89042,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1939&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939\"},\"34708\":{\"pageid\":34708,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1940\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:03:54Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1940}}\\n{{events by month|1940}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1940}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1940}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\nBelow, the events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Axis powers]]: [[Luftwaffe]] Col\n        [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] assumes control of most war industries in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].\\n*\n        [[January 6]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winter War]]: General [[Semyon Timoshenko]] takes\n        command of all [[Soviet]] forces.\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** WWII: [[Winter War]]\n        \\u2013 [[Battle of Suomussalmi]]: The [[44th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|Soviet\n        44th Rifle Division]] is destroyed by Finnish forces.\\n** WWII: [[Rationing\n        in the United Kingdom|Food rationing]] begins in Great Britain.\\n* [[January\n        9]] \\u2013 WWII; British submarine {{HMS|Starfish|19S|6}} is sunk.\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Mechelen incident]]: A German plane carrying secret plans\n        for the invasion of western Europe makes a forced landing in Belgium, leading\n        to mobilization of defense forces in the [[Low Countries]].\\n* [[January 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[The Three Stooges]] short subject comedy film ''''[[You Nazty Spy!]]''''\n        is released, the first Hollywood parody of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the Nazis,\n        with [[Moe Howard]] portraying \\\"Moe Hailstone\\\" as the Hitler-parody lead.\\n*\n        [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Brisbane]], Australia swelters through its hottest\n        day ever, 43.2 degrees Celsius (109.76 Fahrenheit).\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013\n        WWII: A peace resolution introduced in the [[Parliament of South Africa]]\n        is defeated 81\\u201359.\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 Three gasoline-powered trains\n        carrying factory workers crash and explode while approaching [[Ajikawaguchi\n        Station]], [[Yumesaki Line]] (Nishinari Line), [[Osaka]], Japan, killing at\n        least 181 people and injuring at least 92.\\n\\n=== February ===\\n* [[February\n        1]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winter War]] \\u2013 Soviet forces launch a major assault\n        on Finnish troops occupying the [[Karelian Isthmus]].\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Vsevolod Meyerhold]] is executed in the Soviet Union on charges of treason\n        and espionage. He is cleared of all charges 15 years later in the first waves\n        of [[de-Stalinization]]\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 ''''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Disney''s\n        Pinocchio]]'''' was released in [[theaters]] everywhere.\\n* [[February 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mae West]] & [[W. C. Fields]] join comedic forces for ''''[[My Little\n        Chickadee]]'''' with tremendous success. The film becomes one of the highest\n        grossing of the year.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Tom and Jerry]] make their\n        debut in ''''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]''''. However it is not until 1941 that\n        their current names are adopted.\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Altmark\n        Incident|''''Altmark'''' Incident]]: The British destroyer {{HMS|Cossack|F03|6}}\n        pursues the [[German tanker Altmark|German tanker ''''Altmark'''']] into the\n        [[Country neutrality (international relations)|neutral waters]] of [[J\\u00f8ssingfjord]]\n        in southwestern Norway and frees the 290 British seamen held aboard.\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\u2013 In [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], province of [[Amdo|Ando]],\n        4-year-old [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso]] is proclaimed\n        the ''''[[tulku]]'''' ([[reincarnation|rebirth]]) of the thirteenth [[Dalai\n        Lama]].\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Martin Kamen]] and [[Sam Ruben]] discover\n        [[carbon-14]].\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013 [[Hattie McDaniel]] becomes the first\n        African-American to win an [[Academy Award]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March\n        2]] \\u2013 Cartoon character [[Elmer Fudd]] makes his debut in the animated\n        short ''''[[Elmer''s Candid Camera]]''''.\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 In [[Lule\\u00e5]],\n        [[Sweden]], a [[time bomb]] destroys the office of Swedish [[communism|communist]]\n        newspaper ''''[[Flamman|Norrskensflamman]]''''.\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Katyn\n        massacre]]: Members of the Soviet Politburo ([[Joseph Stalin]], [[Vyacheslav\n        Molotov]], [[Lazar Kaganovich]], [[Mikhail Kalinin]], [[Kliment Voroshilov]]\n        and [[Lavrentiy Beria]]) sign an order, prepared by Beria, for the execution\n        of 25,700 Polish intelligentsia, including 14,700 Polish POWs.\\n* [[March\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Ed Ricketts]], [[John Steinbeck]] and six others leave [[Monterey,\n        California]] for the [[Gulf of California]] on a collecting expedition.\\n*\n        [[March 12]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union]] and Finland sign a [[Moscow Peace\n        Treaty|peace treaty]] in Moscow ending the [[Winter War]]; Finns, along with\n        the world at large, are shocked by the harsh terms.\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Axis powers]]: [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] meet at [[Brenner\n        Pass]] in the [[Alps]]. After being informed by Hitler that the Germans are\n        ready to attack in the west, Mussolini agrees to bring Italy into the war\n        in due course.\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[\\u00c9douard Daladier]] resigns as\n        prime minister of France; [[Paul Reynaud]] succeeds him.\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Pakistan Movement]]: The [[Lahore Resolution]], calling for greater autonomy\n        for what will become [[Pakistan]] in [[British India]], is drawn up by the\n        [[All-India Muslim League]] during a three-day general session at [[Iqbal\n        Park]], [[Lahore]].\\n** ''''[[Truth or Consequences]]'''' debuts on [[NBC\n        Radio]].\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Commerce raiding]] {{Ship|German auxiliary\n        cruiser|Atlantis}} leaves the [[Wadden Sea]] for what will become the longest\n        warship cruise of the war. (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair).{{cite\n        book|author=Muggenthaler, August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|ISBN=0-13-354027-8|page=14}}\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n* April \\u2013 [[Robin the Boy Wonder]], [[Batman]]''s trusted\n        sidekick, makes his debut in ''''[[Detective Comics]]'''' #38.\\n* [[April\n        3]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Weser\\u00fcbung|Operation ''''Weser\\u00fcbung'''']]:\n        German ships set out for the [[Norwegian Campaign#German invasion|invasion\n        of Norway]].\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Prime Minister\n        of the United Kingdom]], in what proves to be a tragic misjudgment, declares\n        in a major public speech that [[Hitler]] has \\\"missed the bus\\\".\\n* [[April\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Booker T. Washington]] becomes the first [[African American]]\n        to be depicted on a United States [[postage stamp]].\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Operation Wilfred]]: The British fleet lays [[naval mine]]s off the\n        coast of neutral Norway.\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 WWII: Germany invades the [[Country\n        neutrality (international relations)|neutral countries]] of Denmark and Norway\n        in [[Operation Weser\\u00fcbung|Operation ''''Weser\\u00fcbung'''']], opening\n        the [[Norwegian Campaign]]. The British [[Royal Navy]] attempts to attack\n        elements of the German fleet off Norway. [[Vidkun Quisling]] proclaims a new\n        collaborationist [[Quisling regime|regime]] in Norway. The [[German invasion\n        of Denmark (1940)|German invasion of Denmark]] lasts for about six hours before\n        that country capitulates.\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 WWII: [[First Naval Battle\n        of Narvik]]: The British [[Royal Navy]] attacks the German fleet in the [[Ofotfjord]].\n        At [[Bergen]], [[German cruiser K\\u00f6nigsberg|German cruiser ''''K\\u00f6nigsberg'''']]\n        is sunk by British [[Fleet Air Arm]] [[Blackburn Skua]] [[dive bomber]]s flying\n        from [[RNAS Hatston]] in [[Orkney]].\\n* [[April 12]]\\n**The [[Faroe Islands]]\n        are [[British occupation of the Faroe Islands|occupied by British troops]],\n        following the German invasion of Denmark. This action is taken to avert a\n        possible German occupation of the islands with serious consequences for the\n        course of the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].\\n**Opening day at [[Jamaica Race\n        Course]] features the use of [[parimutuel betting]] equipment, a departure\n        from [[bookmaking]] heretofore used exclusively throughout New York. Other\n        tracks in the state follow suit later in 1940.\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** WWII: [[Second\n        Naval Battle of Narvik]]: The British [[Royal Navy]] causes all eight defending\n        German destroyers in the [[Ofotfjord]] to be sunk.\\n** The [[New York Rangers]]\n        win the [[1940 Stanley Cup Finals]] in [[ice hockey]]. It will be another\n        [[Curse of 1940|54 years]] before their [[1994 Stanley Cup Finals|next win]]\n        in [[1994]].\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Norwegian Campaign]]: First British\n        ground forces land in Norway at [[Namsos]] and [[Harstad]].\\n* [[April 16]]\n        \\u2013 In American baseball, the [[Cleveland Indians]], behind [[Bob Feller]]''s\n        [[Opening Day]] [[no-hitter]], defeat the [[Chicago White Sox]], 1-0.\\n* [[April\n        21]] \\u2013 ''''[[Take It or Leave It (radio show)|Take It or Leave It]]''''\n        makes its debut on [[CBS Radio]] in the United States, with [[Bob Hawk]] as\n        host.\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 The [[Rhythm Club fire]] at a dance hall in [[Natchez,\n        Mississippi]], kills 198.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Olympic Committee]] formally cancels the [[1940 Summer Olympics]].\\n* [[May\n        10]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Battle of France]] begins\\n** German forces invade\n        [[Low Countries]]\\n*** [[Battle of the Netherlands]] begins\\n*** [[Battle\n        of Belgium]] begins\\n*** [[German occupation of Luxembourg during World War\n        II|Invasion of Luxembourg]] begins\\n** British [[Invasion of Iceland]].\\n**\n        With the resignation of [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Winston Churchill]] becomes\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].\\n[[File:Churchill portrait NYP 45063.jpg|thumb|120px|[[May\n        10]]: [[Winston Churchill]]]]\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Winston Churchill]],\n        in his first address as Prime Minister, tells the [[House of Commons of the\n        United Kingdom]], \\\"I have nothing to offer you but [[blood, toil, tears,\n        and sweat]].\\\"\\n** German armies open a {{convert|60|mi|km|adj=on}} wide breach\n        in the [[Maginot Line]] at [[Sedan, France]].\\n* [[May 13]]\\u2013[[May 14]]\n        \\u2013 Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] and her government are evacuated\n        to London using the British destroyer {{HMS|Hereward|H93|6}}.\\n* [[May 14]]\n        \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Rotterdam]] is subjected to savage terror bombing by the\n        [[Luftwaffe]]; 980 are killed, and 20,000 buildings destroyed. General [[Henri\n        Winkelman]] announces surrender of the [[Royal Netherlands Army|Dutch army]]\n        (outside [[Zeeland]]) to German forces\\n** Recruitment begins in Britain for\n        a home defence force: the [[Local Defence Volunteers]], later known as the\n        Home Guard.\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** WWII: The [[Royal Netherlands Army|Dutch Army]]\n        formally signs a surrender document.\\n** The very first [[McDonald''s]] restaurant\n        opens in [[San Bernardino, California]].\\n** Women''s [[stocking]]s made of\n        [[nylon]] are first placed on sale across the United States. Almost five million\n        pairs are bought on this day.{{cite web|title=the history of nylon |url=http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32\n        |first=L. |last=Trossarelli |publisher=Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi\n        Materiali e Tecniche |year=2010 |accessdate=2012-02-28 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65r5ABsxp?url=http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32\n        |archivedate=March 2, 2012 |deadurl=no |df=mdy}}\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013\n        President of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], addressing a joint\n        session of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], asks for an extraordinary\n        credit of approximately $900 million to finance construction of at least 50,000\n        airplanes per year.\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Brussels]] falls to German\n        forces; the Belgian government flees to [[Ostend]].\\n** [[Zeeland]] is overrun\n        by German forces, ending the [[Battle of the Netherlands]] and beginning full\n        [[German occupation of the Netherlands]] ([[Noord-Beveland]] surrenders on\n        May 18 and remaining Dutch troops are withdrawn from [[Zeelandic Flanders]]\n        on May 19).\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 Marshal [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]] is named\n        vice-premier of France.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 General [[Maxime Weygand]] replaces\n        [[Maurice Gamelin]] as commander-in-chief of all French forces.\\n* [[May 20]]\\n**\n        WWII: German forces ([[2nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|2nd Panzer division]]),\n        under General [[Rudolf Veiel]], reach [[Noyelles-sur-Mer|Noyelles]] on the\n        [[English Channel]].\\n** [[Holocaust]]: The [[Nazi concentration camp]] and\n        [[extermination camp]] [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]], the largest of the German concentration\n        camps, opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] near\n        the town of [[O\\u015bwi\\u0119cim]]. From now until January [[1945]], around\n        1.1 million people will be killed here.\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Parliament\n        of the United Kingdom]] passes the [[Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939]],\n        giving the government full control over all persons and property.\\n* [[May\n        24]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Anglo-French Supreme War Council]] decides to withdraw\n        all forces under its control from Norway.\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** WWII: The [[Dunkirk\n        evacuation]] of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary\n        Force]] starts.\\n** First free flight of [[Igor Sikorsky]]''s [[Vought-Sikorsky\n        VS-300]] helicopter.\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** King [[Leopold III of\n        Belgium]] orders the Belgian forces to cease fighting, ending the 18-day [[Battle\n        of Belgium]]. Leaders of the Belgian government on French territory declare\n        Leopold deposed.\\n** In the [[land battle of Narvik]], German forces retire\n        giving the Allies their first victory on land in the war; however, the British\n        have already decided to evacuate [[Narvik]].\\n** [[Winston Churchill]] warns\n        the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] to \\\"prepare itself for hard\n        and heavy tidings.\\\"\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 The Vought XF4U-1, prototype of\n        the [[F4U Corsair]] U.S. fighter later used in WWII, makes its first flight.\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** WW11: Rear Admiral Sir William Frederic Wake-Walker''s\n        flagship the destroyer [[HMS Keith]] sunk by Stuka dive bombers.http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-14B-HMS_Keith.htm\\n\\n*\n        [[June 3]]\\n** WWII: Paris is bombed by the [[Luftwaffe]] for the first time.\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: [[Franz Rademacher]] proposes the [[Madagascar Plan]].\\n**\n        [[Weather Bureau]] transferred to the [[United States Department of Commerce]].\\n*\n        [[June 4]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[Dunkirk evacuation]] ends: The British and\n        French navies together with large numbers of civilian vessels from various\n        nations complete evacuating 300,000 troops from [[Dunkirk]] in France to England.\\n**\n        [[Winston Churchill]] tells the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]],\n        \\\"We shall not flag or fail. [[We shall fight on the beaches]]... on the landing\n        grounds... in the fields and the streets.... We shall never surrender.\\\"\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Daisy Duck]] debuts in ''''[[Mr. Duck Steps Out]]''''.\\n**\n        King [[Haakon VII of Norway]] and his government are evacuated from [[Troms\\u00f8]]\n        to London on [[HMS Devonshire (39)|HMS ''''Devonshire'''']].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|first=Lars|last=Borgersrud|authorlink=Lars Borgersrud|encyclopedia=[[Norsk\n        krigsleksikon 1940-1945]]|title=N\\u00f8ytralitetsvakt|editor=[[Hans Fredrik\n        Dahl|Dahl, Hans Fredrik]] |editor2=[[Guri Hjeltnes|Hjeltnes, Guri]] |editor3=[[Berit\n        N\\u00f8kleby|N\\u00f8kleby, Berit]] |editor4=[[Nils Johan Ringdal|Ringdal,\n        Nils Johan]] |editor5=[[\\u00d8ystein S\\u00f8rensen|S\\u00f8rensen, \\u00d8ystein]]\n        |url=http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/d2e8afecb1aba47bf48bb3cd246dd070#&struct=DIV314|accessdate=2012-06-29|year=1995|publisher=Cappelen|location=Oslo|isbn=82-02-14138-9|page=313|language=Norwegian}}\\n*\n        [[June 9]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[British Commandos]] are created.\\n* [[June 10]]\\n**\n        WWII: Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom.\\n** WWII: U.S.\n        President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] denounces Italy''s actions with his [ftp://webstorage2.mcpa.virginia.edu/library/nara/fdr/audiovisual/speeches/fdr_1940_0610.mp3\n        \\\"Stab in the Back\\\"] speech during the graduation ceremonies of the [[University\n        of Virginia]].\\n** WWII: Canada declares war on Italy.\\n** WWII: The [[Norwegian\n        Army]] surrenders to German forces.\\n** WWII: The French government flees\n        to [[Tours]].\\n** [[Jamaica]]n political activist [[Marcus Garvey]] dies of\n        a stroke in London.\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Western Desert Campaign]]\n        opens with British forces crossing the [[Frontier Wire (Libya)|Frontier Wire]]\n        into [[Italian Libya]].\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013 WWII: 13,000 British and French\n        troops surrender to [[Major-General]] [[Erwin Rommel]]''s 7th Panzer Division\n        at [[Saint-Valery-en-Caux]].\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 WWII: Paris is declared\n        an [[open city]].\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** WWII: The French government flees to\n        [[Bordeaux]] and Paris falls under German occupation.\\n** WWII: U.S. President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs the Naval Expansion Act into law, which aims\n        to increase the [[United States Navy]]''s tonnage by 11%.\\n** WWII: A group\n        of 728 Polish political prisoners from [[Tarn\\u00f3w]] become the first residents\n        of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]].\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** WWII: The Soviet\n        Union [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupies]] [[Lithuania]].\\n** WWII:\n        [[Verdun]] falls to German forces.\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** The [[Churchill war\n        ministry]] in the United Kingdom offers a [[Franco-British Union]] to [[Paul\n        Reynaud]], [[Prime Minister of France]], in the hope of preventing France\n        from agreeing to an [[Second Armistice at Compi\\u00e8gne|armistice with Germany]],\n        but Reynaud resigns when his own cabinet refuses to accept it.\\n** The [[Sturgis\n        Motorcycle Rally]] is held for the first time in [[Sturgis, South Dakota]].\\n*\n        [[June 17]]\\n** WWII: [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]] becomes [[Prime Minister of\n        France]] and immediately asks Germany for peace terms.\\n** WWII: The Soviet\n        Union [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupies]] [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Operation Ariel]] begins: [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] troops\n        start to evacuate France, following Germany''s takeover of Paris and most\n        of the nation.\\n** WWII: {{RMS|Lancastria}}, serving as a [[troopship]], is\n        bombed and sunk by [[Luftwaffe]] [[Junkers Ju 88]] aircraft while evacuating\n        British troops and nationals from [[Saint-Nazaire]] in France with the loss\n        of at least 4,000 lives, the largest single UK loss in any World War II event,\n        immediate news of which is suppressed in the British press.{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50E1FFD3558127A93C4AB178CD85F448485F9|title=Lancastria''s\n        end told by survivors; Italian and Nazi Planes Said to Have Shot at Swimmers\n        and Fired Oily Waters; Many Caught Below Deck; Rescue Craft Reported Set Ablaze;\n        Victims Include Women and Children|work=[[New York Times]]|date=26 July 1940|accessdate=22\n        May 2010}}{{cite book|last=Hooton|first=E. R.|title=Luftwaffe at\n        War: Blitzkrieg in the West|publisher=Chervron/Ian Allan|year=2007|location=London|page=88|isbn=978-1-85780-272-6}}\n        Destroyer {{HMS|Beagle|H30}} rescues around 600.\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** WWII:\n        [[Winston Churchill]] tells the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]:\n        \\\"The [[Battle of France]] is over. The [[Battle of Britain]] is about to\n        begin.\\\"\\n** WWII: [[Appeal of 18 June]]: General [[Charles de Gaulle]], ''''de\n        facto'''' leader of the [[Free French Forces]], makes his first broadcast\n        appeal over [[Radio Londres]] from London rallying [[French Resistance]],\n        calling on all French people to continue the fight against [[Nazi Germany]]:\n        \\\"France has lost a battle. But France has not lost the war\\\".\\n* [[June 22]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Second Armistice at Compi\\u00e8gne]]: The [[French Third Republic]]\n        and [[Nazi Germany]] sign an [[armistice]] ending the [[Battle of France]]\n        in the [[Forest of Compi\\u00e8gne]], in the same [[Compagnie Internationale\n        des Wagons-Lits]] railroad car used by Marshal [[Ferdinand Foch]] to agree\n        the [[Armistice with Germany]] in [[1918]]. This divides France into a ''''[[Zone\n        occup\\u00e9e]]'''' in the north and west under the [[Military Administration\n        in France (Nazi Germany)]] and a southern ''''[[Zone libre]]'''', [[Vichy\n        France]].\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013 WWII: German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] surveys\n        newly defeated Paris in now occupied France.{{cite web|title=Hitler Picture:\n        Hitler in Paris|url=http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blhitler38.htm|work=20th\n        Century History|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2013-03-25}}\\n* [[June\n        24]]\\n** United States politics: The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican\n        Party]] begins its [[1940 Republican National Convention|national convention]]\n        in [[Philadelphia]] and nominates [[Wendell Willkie]] as its candidate for\n        president.\\n** WWII: [[Vichy France]] signs armistice terms with Italy.\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\u2013 WWII: After the defeat of [[Armistice with France (Second\n        Compi\\u00e8gne)|France]], Hitler plans for an invasion of Switzerland, known\n        as [[Operation Tannenbaum]].\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Soviet calendar]]: The\n        Soviet Union reverts to a seven-day week for all purposes.\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        General [[Charles de Gaulle]] is officially recognized by Britain as the \\\"Leader\n        of all [[Free French]]men, wherever they may be.\\\"\\n** [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]\n        [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|cedes Bessarabia and\n        Northern Bukovina]] to the Soviet Union, after an ultimatum.\\n* [[June 30]]\\n**\n        WWII: German forces land in [[Guernsey]], marking the start of the 5-year\n        [[Occupation of the Channel Islands]].\\n** [[Federal government of the United\n        States]] reorganisation:\\n*** The [[Civil Aeronautics Administration (United\n        States)|Civil Aeronautics Administration]] is placed under the [[Department\n        of Commerce]].\\n*** The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) is placed\n        under the [[Federal Security Agency]].\\n*** The [[United States Fish and Wildlife\n        Service]] is placed under the [[Department of the Interior]].\\n\\n=== July\n        ===\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 The [[Galloping Gertie|first Tacoma Narrows Bridge]]\n        opens for business, built with an {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=on}} girder and {{convert|190|ft|m}}\n        above the water, as the third longest [[suspension bridge]] in the world.\\n*\n        [[July 2]] \\u2013 WWII: British-owned {{SS|Arandora Star}}, carrying [[Civilian\n        Internee|civilian internees]] and [[POW]]s of Italian and German origin from\n        [[Liverpool]] to Canada, is [[torpedo]]ed and sunk by the {{GS|U-47|1938|6}}\n        off northwest Ireland with the loss of around 865 lives.\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Attack on Mers-el-K\\u00e9bir]]: British naval units sink or seize\n        ships of the French fleet anchored in the [[Algeria]]n ports of [[Mers-el-Kebir]]\n        and [[Oran]] to prevent them falling into German hands. The following day,\n        [[Vichy France]] breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain.\\n* [[July 6]]\\n**\n        Opening of [[Story Bridge]] in [[Brisbane]].\\n** WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Shark|54S|6}}\n        is sunk.\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Battle of Britain]] begins.\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** WWII: British destroyer {{HMS|Escort|H66|6}} is torpedoed\n        and sunk by an Italian submarine.\\n** WWII: [[Vichy France]] begins with a\n        constitutional law which only [[The Vichy 80|80 members of the parliament]]\n        vote against. [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]] becomes [[Prime Minister of France]].\\n*\n        [[July 14]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winston Churchill]], in a worldwide broadcast,\n        proclaims the intention of Great Britain to fight alone against Germany whatever\n        the outcome: \\\"We shall seek no terms. We shall tolerate no parley. We may\n        show mercy. We shall ask none.\\\"\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 U.S. politics: The\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] begins its national\n        convention in Chicago, and nominates [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] for an unprecedented\n        third term as president.\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** WWII: Allied victory at the [[Battle\n        of Cape Spada]] {{HMAS|Sydney|D48|6}} and five destroyers sink the [[Italian\n        cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni|Italian cruiser ''''Bartolomeo Colleoni'''']].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Adolf Hitler]] makes a peace appeal to Britain in an address to the\n        [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]. [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord\n        Halifax]], the British foreign minister, flatly rejects peace terms in a broadcast\n        reply on [[July 22]].\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** After rigged parliamentary elections\n        in the three occupied countries on [[July 14]]\\u2013[[July 15|15]], the parliaments\n        proclaim the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonian]], [[Latvian Soviet\n        Socialist Republic|Latvian]] and [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]s.\\n**\n        The [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] fighter aircraft enters service, so named as 1940\n        roughly corresponds to the year 2600 on the Japanese Imperial calendar.\\n*\n        [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Welles Declaration]]: United States [[Under Secretary\n        of State]] [[Sumner Welles]] announces that the U.S. will not accord [[diplomatic\n        recognition]] to the [[Soviet Union]]''s [[occupation of the Baltic states]].\\n*\n        [[July 25]] \\u2013 General [[Henri Guisan]] addresses the officer corps of\n        the [[Swiss army]] at [[R\\u00fctli]] resolving to resist any invasion of the\n        country.\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Bugs Bunny]] makes his debut in the [[Academy\n        Awards|Oscar]]-nominated cartoon short, ''''[[A Wild Hare]]''''. However,\n        it is not until 1941 that his name is adopted.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n* [[August\n        1]] \\u2013 WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Spearfish|69S|6}} is sunk in the\n        English Channel by what is much later discovered to be a mine.\\n* [[August\n        3]] \\u2013 The [[Lithuanian SSR]] is annexed into the [[Soviet Union]], followed\n        by the [[Latvian SSR]] on [[August 5]] and the [[Estonian SSR]] [[August 6]],\n        just seven weeks after their occupation.\\n* [[August 3]]\\u2013[[August 19|19]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Italian conquest of British Somaliland]].\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013\n        Gen. [[John J. Pershing]], in a nationwide radio broadcast, urges all-out\n        aid to Britain in order to defend the Americas, while [[Charles Lindbergh]]\n        speaks to an [[isolationist]] rally at [[Soldier Field]] in Chicago.\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signs the \\\"[[Aufbau Ost (1940)|Aufbau\n        Ost]]\\\" directive, which eventually leads to the invasion of the [[Soviet\n        Union]].\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 WWII: British armed merchant cruiser {{HMS|Transylvania|F56|6}}\n        is torpedoed off [[Malin Head]], Ireland, by [[German submarine U-56 (1938)|German\n        submarine ''''U-56'''']].\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 WWII: The ''''[[Adlertag]]''''\n        (\\\"Eagle Day\\\") strike on southern England occurs, starting the rapid escalation\n        of the [[Battle of Britain]] air offensive of the ''''[[Luftwaffe]]'''' against\n        [[RAF Fighter Command]].\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 Italy, without having declared\n        war on Greece, sinks the Greek boat ''''Elli'''' (\\u0388\\u03bb\\u03bb\\u03b7).\\n*\n        [[August 18]]\\n** WWII: \\\"[[The Hardest Day]]\\\" in the [[Battle of Britain]]:\n        both sides lose more aircraft combined on this day than at any other point\n        during the campaign without the ''''Luftwaffe'''' achieving dominance over\n        RAF Fighter Command.\\n** [[Edward VIII|HRH The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor]],\n        is installed as [[Governor of the Bahamas]].{{cite book|last=Bloch|first=Michael|year=1982|title=The\n        Duke of Windsor''s War|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=0-297-77947-8}}\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** WWII: [[Winston Churchill]] pays tribute in the [[House\n        of Commons of the United Kingdom]] to the [[Royal Air Force]]: \\\"Never in\n        the field of human conflict was [[so much owed by so many to so few]].\\\"\\n**\n        [[Leon Trotsky]] is attacked with an [[ice axe]] in his Mexico home by [[NKVD]]\n        agent [[Ram\\u00f3n Mercader]].\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Leon Trotsky]] dies\n        of injuries sustained.\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Howard Florey]] and a team\n        including [[Ernst Chain]] and [[Norman Heatley]] at the [[Sir William Dunn\n        School of Pathology]], [[University of Oxford]], publish their laboratory\n        results showing the ''''[[in vivo]]'''' bactericidal action of [[penicillin]].\n        They have also purified the drug.{{cite journal|last=Drews|first=J\\u00fcrgen|date=March\n        2000|title=Drug Discovery: a Historical Perspective|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=287|issue=5460|pages=1960\\u20134|doi=10.1126/science.287.5460.1960|pmid=10720314}}{{cite\n        book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury\n        Press|year=1974|page=124}}\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 WWII: The first [[Bombing\n        of Berlin in World War II|Bombing of Berlin]] by the [[United Kingdom|British]]\n        [[Royal Air Force]].\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Chad]] is the first French\n        colony to proclaim its support for the Allies.\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Second\n        Vienna Award]]: Germany and Italy compel Romania to cede half of [[Transylvania]]\n        to Hungary.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n* September \\u2013 The [[45th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]] (previously a National\n        Guard Division in [[Arizona]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Oklahoma]]),\n        is activated and ordered into federal service for 1 year, to engage in a training\n        program in [[Ft. Sill]] and [[Louisiana]], prior to serving in WWII.\\n* [[September\n        2]] \\u2013 WWII: An agreement between America and Great Britain is announced\n        to the effect that 50 U.S. destroyers needed for escort work will be transferred\n        to Great Britain. In return, America gains 99-year leases on British bases\n        in the North Atlantic, [[West Indies]] and [[Bermuda]].\\n* [[September 4]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: In Berlin, [[Adolf Hitler]] declares in a speech that [[Nazi\n        Germany]] will avenge all night air raids carried out by Great Britain.\\n*\n        [[September 5]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Commerce raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser\n        Komet|German auxiliary cruiser ''''Komet'''']] enters the Pacific Ocean via\n        the [[Bering Strait]] after crossing the Arctic Ocean from the [[North Sea]]\n        with the help of Soviet icebreakers ''''Lenin'''', ''''Stalin'''', and ''''Kaganovich''''.{{cite\n        book | author=Muggenthaler, August Karl| title=German Raiders of WWII| publisher=Prentice-Hall|\n        year=1977| ISBN=0-13-354027-8| page=58}}\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Treaty\n        of Craiova]]: [[Romania]] loses [[Southern Dobruja]] to [[Bulgaria]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[The Blitz]] \\u2013 [[Nazi Germany]] begins to rain bombs on London\n        (the first of 57 consecutive nights of [[strategic bombing]]).\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Treznea massacre]]: The Hungarian Army, supported by [[Hungarians\n        in Romania|local Hungarians]] kill 93 [[Romanians|Romanian]] civilians in\n        [[Treznea, S\\u0103laj]], a village in [[Northern Transylvania]], as part of\n        attempts to [[ethnic cleansing]].\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** In [[Lascaux]],\n        France, 17,000-year-old [[cave painting]]s are discovered by a group of young\n        Frenchmen hiking through Southern France. The paintings depict animals and\n        date to the [[Stone Age]].\\n** The Hercules Munitions Plant in [[Succasunna-Kenvil,\n        New Jersey]] explodes, killing 55 people.\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Ip\n        massacre]]: The Hungarian Army, supported by [[Hungarians in Romania|local\n        Hungarians]], kill 158 [[Romanians|Romanian]] civilians in [[Ip, S\\u0103laj]],\n        a village in [[Northern Transylvania]], as part of attempts at [[ethnic cleansing]].\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Selective Training and Service Act of\n        1940]] is signed into law by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], creating the first\n        peacetime draft in U.S. history.\\n* [[September 17]]\\u2013[[September 18|18]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: {{SS|City of Benares}} is [[torpedo]]ed by {{GS|U-48|1939|6}}\n        in the Atlantic with the loss of 248 of the 406 on board, including child\n        evacuees bound for Canada. This results in cancellation of the British [[Children''s\n        Overseas Reception Board]]''s plan to relocate children overseas.\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|Japan enters French Indochina]]:\n        an agreement is signed in which Japan promises to station no more than 6,000\n        troops there, and never have more than 25,000 transiting the colony. Rights\n        were also given for three airfields.\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Occupation\n        of Norway by Nazi Germany]]: German ''''[[Reichskommissar]]'''' [[Josef Terboven]]\n        appoints a provisional council of state from the pro-Nazi [[Nasjonal Samling]]\n        party under [[Vidkun Quisling]] as a puppet government for Norway.\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 A group of Japanese officers in violation of an agreement signed\n        four days earlier with [[French Indochina]], take [[\\u0110\\u1ed3ng \\u0110\\u0103ng]]\n        and [[Lam S\\u01a1n]] with 40 Franco-Vietnamese troops killed and around 1,000\n        deserting. The same day the United States imposes a total [[embargo]] on all\n        scrap metal shipments to Japan.\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 WWII: Germany,\n        Italy and Japan sign the [[Tripartite Pact]].\\n* [[September 30]] (night to\n        1 October) \\u2013 [[Arson]]ists from the [[Hitler Youth]] destroy the [[Synagogue\n        du Quai Kl\\u00e9ber|Great Synagogue of Strasbourg]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013 The first section of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the United\n        States'' first long-distance [[controlled-access highway]], is opened.\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 Portuguese-born performer [[Carmen Miranda]] makes her\n        American film debut in ''''[[Down Argentine Way]]'''' one of the first films\n        produced to promote the [[Good Neighbor policy]].\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013\n        The [[Balham tube station disaster]] in London, England, occurs during the\n        Nazi [[Luftwaffe]] [[The Blitz|air raids on Great Britain]].\\n* [[October\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Chaplin]] releases his controversial wartime satire\n        ''''[[The Great Dictator]]'''', nine months after the Stooges'' ''''You Nazty\n        Spy!''''.\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 The draft registration of approximately\n        16 million men begins in the United States.\\n* [[October 18]]\\u2013[[October\n        19|19]] \\u2013 WWII: Thirty-two ships are sunk from [[Convoy SC 7]] and [[Convoy\n        HX 79]] by the most effective \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\" of\n        the war including [[List of U-boat aces|U-boat aces]] [[Otto Kretschmer|Kretschmer]],\n        [[G\\u00fcnther Prien|Prien]] and [[Joachim Schepke|Schepke]].\\n* [[October\n        26]]\\u2013[[October 28|28]] \\u2013 WWII: {{RMS|Empress of Britain|1930|6}},\n        serving as a [[troopship]] under the British flag, is bombed, torpedoed and\n        sunk off the [[Donegal]] coast with the loss of 45 lives. At 42,348 [[Gross\n        register tonnage|GRT]] she is the war''s largest merchant ship loss.\\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Greco-Italian War|Italian troops invade Greece]], meeting\n        strong resistance from Greek troops and civilians. This action signals the\n        beginning of the [[Balkan Campaign (World War II)|Balkan Campaign]].\\n* [[October\n        29]] \\u2013 The [[Selective Service System]] lottery is held in Washington,\n        D.C..\\n\\n=== November ===\\n* November \\u2013 In [[Cambodia]] the [[Khmer Issarak]]\n        is formed to overthrow the [[French Army]] within the nation.\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\u2013[[November 8|8]] \\u2013 WWII ([[Greco-Italian War]]): In the [[Battle\n        of Elaia\\u2013Kalamas]] in [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] outnumbered [[Kingdom\n        of Greece|Greek]] forces repel the [[Royal Italian Army during World War II|Italian\n        Army]].\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[German submarine U-69 (1940)|German submarine\n        ''''U-69'''']] is commissioned, the first [[German Type VII submarine#Type\n        VIIC|Type VIIC]] [[U-boat]] of [[Nazi Germany]]''s ''''[[Kriegsmarine]]''''\n        which will become its most numerous class with 568 commissioned during the\n        War.\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[United States presidential election, 1940]]:\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] incumbent [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]\n        defeats [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger [[Wendell\n        Willkie]] and becomes the United States'' first and only third-term president.\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Agatha Christie]]''s mystery novel ''''[[And Then\n        There Were None]]'''' is published in book form in the United States.\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\u2013 In [[Tacoma, Washington]], the {{convert|600|ft|m|sing=on}}-long\n        center span of the [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)|Tacoma Narrows Bridge]]\n        (known as Galloping Gertie) collapses.\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 WWII: {{MS|City\n        of Rayville}} is sunk by a naval mine, the first [[United States Merchant\n        Marine]] loss of the war, off [[Cape Otway]], Australia.\\n* [[November 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Joaqu\\u00edn Rodrigo]]''s ''''[[Concierto de Aranjuez]]'''' premieres\n        in [[Barcelona]], Spain.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 [[1940 Vrancea earthquake]]:\n        An earthquake in [[Romania]] kills 1,000.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** WWII: The\n        British [[Royal Navy]] launches the first [[aircraft carrier]] strike in history,\n        on the Italian [[battleship]] fleet anchored at [[Battle of Taranto|Taranto]]\n        naval base.\\n** WWII: {{Ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis}} captures\n        [[Classified information|top secret]] British mail intended for [[British\n        Far East Command]] from the {{SS|Automedon}} and sends it to Japan.\\n** [[Armistice\n        Day Blizzard]]: An unexpected blizzard kills 144 in the [[Midwestern United\n        States]].\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Walt Disney]]''s ''''[[Fantasia (1940\n        film)|Fantasia]]'''' is released. It is the first box office failure for Disney,\n        though it eventually recoups its cost years later, and becomes one of the\n        most highly regarded of Disney''s films.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 WWII: The\n        city centre of [[Coventry]], England is destroyed by 500 [[Luftwaffe]] bombers:\n        150,000 [[Incendiary device|fire bombs]], 503 tons of high explosives, and\n        130 parachute mines level 60,000 of the city''s 75,000 buildings; 568 people\n        are killed, during the [[Coventry Blitz]].\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Abbott\n        and Costello]] make their film debut in ''''[[One Night in the Tropics]]''''.\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** WWII: In response to Germany levelling [[Coventry]] 2\n        days before, the [[Royal Air Force]] begins to bomb [[Hamburg]] (by war''s\n        end, 50,000 Hamburg residents will have died from [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        attacks).\\n** An unexploded [[pipe bomb]] is found in the [[Consolidated Edison]]\n        office building (only years later is the culprit, [[George Metesky]], apprehended).\\n**\n        The [[Jamaica Association of Local Government Officers]] is founded.\\n* [[November\n        18]] \\u2013 WWII: German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] and Italian Foreign Minister\n        [[Galeazzo Ciano]] meet to discuss [[Benito Mussolini]]''s disastrous invasion\n        of Greece.\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 WWII: Hungary, [[Romania]] and [[Slovakia]]\n        join the [[Axis powers]].\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Patria disaster|''''Patria''''\n        disaster]]: As British authorities attempt to deport [[Jewish refugees]] (originating\n        from [[German-occupied Europe]]) from [[Mandatory Palestine]] to [[Mauritius]]\n        aboard the requisitioned emigrant liner {{SS|Patria|1913|6}} at [[Haifa]],\n        the Jewish paramilitary organization [[Haganah]] sinks the ship with a bomb,\n        killing around 250 refugees and crew.\\n** [[de Havilland Mosquito]] and [[Martin\n        B-26 Marauder]] military aircraft both make their first flights.\\n** [[Woody\n        Woodpecker]] makes his debut in the animated short, ''''[[Knock Knock (1940\n        film)|Knock Knock]]''''.\\n* [[November 26]]\\u2013[[November 27|27]] \\u2013\n        [[Jilava Massacre]]: In [[Romania]], coup leader General [[Ion Antonescu]]''s\n        [[Iron Guard]] arrests and executes over 60 of exiled king [[Carol II of Romania]]''s\n        aides, starting at a penitentiary near [[Bucharest]]. Among the dead is former\n        minister and acclaimed historian [[Nicolae Iorga]].\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013\n        WWII: The British [[Royal Navy]] and Italian [[Regia Marina]] fight the [[Battle\n        of Cape Spartivento]].\\n\\n=== December ===\\n* December \\u2013 [[Timely Comics]]''\n        [[Captain America|Captain America Comics]] #1 (cover dated March 1941), [[first\n        appearance]] of [[Captain America]] and [[Bucky Barnes|Bucky]], hits newsstands\n        in the United States.\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Manuel \\u00c1vila Camacho]]\n        takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 British\n        submarine {{HMS|Regulus|N88|6}} is sunk near [[Taranto]].\\n* [[December 8]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Chicago Bears]], in what will become the most one-sided victory\n        in [[National Football League]] history, defeat the [[Washington Redskins]]\n        73\\u20130 in the 1940 NFL Championship Game.\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Operation Compass]] \\u2013 British forces in North Africa begin their first\n        major offensive with an attack on Italian forces at [[Sidi Barrani]], [[Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[December 12]] and [[December 15]] \\u2013 WWII: \\\"[[Sheffield Blitz]]\\\" (\\\"Operation\n        Crucible\\\") \\u2013 The [[Yorkshire]] city of [[Sheffield]] is badly damaged\n        by German air-raids.\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** WWII British destroyers {{HMS|Hereward|H93|6}}\n        and {{HMS|Hyperion|H97|6}} sink an Italian submarine off [[Bardia]].\\n** Royal\n        Navy [[Fairey Swordfish]] based on [[Malta]] bomb [[Tripoli]].\\n** [[Plutonium]]\n        is first synthesized in the laboratory by a team led by [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]\n        and [[Edwin McMillan]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].\\n* [[December\n        16]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Abigail Rachel]] \\u2013 [[Royal Air Force|RAF]]\n        bombing of [[Mannheim]].\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 President Roosevelt, at\n        his regular press conference, first sets forth the outline of his plan to\n        send aid to Great Britain that will become known as [[Lend-Lease]].\\n* [[December\n        23]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Winston Churchill]], in a broadcast address to the people\n        of Italy, blames [[Benito Mussolini]] for leading his nation to war against\n        the British, contrary to Italy''s historic friendship with them: \\\"One man\n        has arrayed the trustees and inheritors of ancient Rome upon the side of the\n        ferocious pagan barbarians.\\\"\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Mahatma Gandhi]],\n        Indian spiritual non-violence leader writes his second letter to [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        addressing him \\\"My friend\\\", requesting him to stop the war Germany had begun.\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], in a [[fireside chat]] to the\n        nation, declares that the United States must become \\\"the great arsenal of\n        democracy.\\\"\\n** WWII: \\\"[[Second Great Fire of London]]\\\" \\u2013 [[Luftwaffe]]\n        carries out a massive incendiary bombing raid, starting 1,500 fires. Many\n        famous buildings, including the [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] and Trinity\n        House, are either damaged or destroyed.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[California]]''s\n        first modern [[freeway]], the future [[California State Route 110|State Route\n        110]], opens to traffic in [[Pasadena, California]], as the [[Arroyo Seco\n        Parkway]] (now the Pasadena Freeway).\\n** In Sweden, [[Victor Hasselblad]]\n        forms the [[Hasselblad|Victor Hasselblad AB]] Camera Company.\\n\\n=== Undated\n        ===\\n* In Korea, the ''''[[Hunminjeongeum]]'''' ([[1446]]) is discovered,\n        explaining the basis of the [[Hangul]] alphabet.\\n* US historian [[Arthur\n        Marder]] publishes ''''The Anatomy of British Sea Power: a history of British\n        naval policy in the pre-Dreadnought era, 1880-1905''''.\\n* [[Walter Knott]]\n        begins construction of a California [[ghost town]] replica which would soon\n        evolve into [[Knott''s Berry Farm]].\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Brian\n        Josephson, March 2004.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Josephson]]]]\\n[[File:14-01-10-tbh-012-kipchoge-keino.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kipchoge\n        Keino]]]]\\n[[File:JackNicklaus.cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Nicklaus]]]]\\n[[File:Joachim\n        Gauck (2014).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joachim Gauck]]]]\\n[[File:James Cromwell 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Cromwell]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Slim 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Slim]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Jim Bakker]], American televangelist and former husband\n        of [[Tammy Faye]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Leo de Berardinis]], Italian stage\n        actor and theatre director (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Brian Josephson]],\n        Welsh physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Gao\n        Xingjian]], Chinese-born writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Penny Lernoux]], American journalist and\n        author (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Costa Rican politician, lawyer, economist, and businessman\\n* [[January 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Julian Bond]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Franz M\\u00fcntefering]], German politician\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Kipchoge Keino]], Kenyan athlete\\n** [[Tabar\\u00e9 V\\u00e1zquez]], [[President\n        of Uruguay]]\\n** [[Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni]], Armenian Catholic Patriarch\n        of [[Cilicia]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Mike Reid (actor)|Mike\n        Reid]], English actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Carol Heiss]],\n        American figure skater\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Jeremy Jacobs]], American businessman,\n        owner ([[Boston Bruins]])\\n** [[Jack Nicklaus]], American golfer\\n* [[January\n        22]] \\u2013 [[John Hurt]], English actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Joachim Gauck]], German president\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[James Cromwell]],\n        American actor\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Slim]], Mexican businessman\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:HR Giger 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[H. R. Giger]]]]\\n[[File:Willi_Holdorf_1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willi\n        Holdorf]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Fonda 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Fonda]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Ajmer Singh (athlete)|Ajmer Singh]], Indian athlete\n        and educator (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[David Jason]], English\n        actor\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Fran Tarkenton]], American football player\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[George A. Romero]], American film writer and director\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[H. R. Giger]], Swiss artist (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]]\\n** [[Tom Brokaw]], American television news reporter\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Tarbuck]], English comedian\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Tony Tan]], 7th President\n        of Singapore\\n* [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Ted Koppel]], American journalist\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Brian Bennett]], British drummer and songwriter ([[The\n        Shadows]])\\n** [[J. M. Coetzee]], South African writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Seamus Deane]], Irish poet and novelist\\n* [[February\n        12]]\\n** [[Ralph Bates]], English actor (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Richard Lynch]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Willi Holdorf]], German\n        Olympic athlete\\n** [[Gene Pitney]], American singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Fabrizio De Andr\\u00e9]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Smokey Robinson]], American musician\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy Greaves]], English footballer\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Akihiko\n        Kumashiro]], Japanese politician\\n** [[John Lewis (Georgia politician)|John\n        R. Lewis]], American politician and civil rights leader\\n* [[February 22]]\\n**\n        [[Aracy Balabanian]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Judy Cornwell]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Johnson Mlambo]], South African politician\\n** [[Billy Name]], American\n        photographer and [[Andy Warhol|Warhol]] archivist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Peter Fonda]], American actor\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Pete\n        Duel]], American actor (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Denis Law]], Scottish football\n        player\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Ron Santo]], American baseball player (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Howard Hesseman]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Mario Andretti]], American race car driver\\n** [[Joe\n        South]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Raul\n        Julia - Dracula.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ra\\u00fal Juli\\u00e1]]]]\\n[[File:Chuck Norris\n        May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chuck Norris]]]]\\n[[File:James Caan (1976).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Caan]]]]\\n[[File:Nancy Pelosi 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nancy Pelosi]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Nuala O''Faolain]], Irish journalist and author (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** [[Germ\\u00e1n Castro Caycedo]], Colombian writer and journalist\\n**\n        [[Owen Spencer-Thomas]], English broadcaster, journalist and clergyman\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Willie Stargell]], American baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Rudi Dutschke]], German radical student leader (d. [[1979]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] \\u2013 [[Susan Clark]], Canadian actress (''''Webster'''')\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Ra\\u00fal Juli\\u00e1]], Puerto Rican actor (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]]\\n** [[Chuck Norris]], American actor and martial artist\\n** [[Dean\n        Torrence]], American singer ([[Jan and Dean]])\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Al\n        Jarreau]], American singer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Candi Staton]],\n        American singer\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Phil Lesh]], American musician ([[Grateful\n        Dead]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Bernardo Bertolucci]], Italian writer and film\n        director\\n** [[Jan Pronk]], Dutch politician and diplomat\\n** [[James Wong\n        (lyricist)|James Wong]], Hong Kong composer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mark White]], Governor of Texas (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Solomon Burke]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Haing S. Ngor]], Cambodian actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**\n        [[Anita Bryant]], American entertainer\\n** [[Mina (singer)|Mina]], Italian\n        singer\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[James Caan]], American actor\\n** [[Nancy Pelosi]],\n        Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Ray Davis (musician)|Ray Davis]], American musician ([[P-Funk]]) (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Astrud Gilberto]], Brazilian-born singer\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Drottning\n        Margrethe av Danmark.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Margrethe II of Denmark]]]]\\n[[File:Al\n        Pacino.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Al Pacino]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Wangari Maathai]],\n        Kenyan environmentalist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Mike Hailwood]], English motorcycle racer (d. [[1981]])\\n**\n        [[Penelope Keith]], English actress\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[John Havlicek]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[John Hagee]], American [[televangelist]]\\n**\n        [[Herbie Hancock]], American musician\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Max Mosley]],\n        British motorsport boss\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Willie Davis (baseball)|Willie\n        Davis]], American baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Faimalaga Luka]], 6th\n        Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 Queen [[Margrethe\n        II of Denmark]]\\n* [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Joseph L. Goldstein]], American scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ray Griff]], Canadian country music singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Sue Grafton]], American novelist\\n* [[April 25]]\\n**\n        [[Al Pacino]], American actor and film director\\n** [[Tristram Powell]], English\n        television director, film director, writer and producer\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Giorgio Moroder]], Italian film composer\\n\\n=== May ===\\n\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Elsa Peretti]], Italian jewelry designer\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Manuel Esquivel]],\n        Belizean politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Belize]]\\n** [[Jo Ann Pflug]],\n        American former actress and motivational speaker\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Lance\n        Henriksen]], American actor and potter\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Angela Carter]],\n        English author and editor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Jim Connors]], American radio\n        personality (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Peter Benchley]], American author\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Ricky Nelson]], American singer (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Toni\n        Tennille]], American singer\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[James L. Brooks]], American\n        film producer and writer\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Juan Downey]], Chilean-born\n        video artist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Bruce Chatwin]], British\n        author (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[''H''. Jones]], British soldier\n        (VC recipient) (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Lainie Kazan]], American\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Don Nelson]], American basketball player and coach\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** [[Alan Kay]], American computer scientist\\n** [[Reynato Puno]],\n        Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] Chief Justice\\n*\n        [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Lenny Lipton]], American inventor\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Shorty\n        Long]], American [[soul music]] singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer\n        (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Stan Mikita]], Slovakian-born Canadian hockey player\\n**\n        [[Sadaharu Oh]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Bernard Shaw\n        (journalist)|Bernard Shaw]], American journalist and television news reporter\\n*\n        [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Brodsky]], Russian-born poet, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Sotsha\n        Dlamini]], 5th Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Farooq Leghari]], 8th [[President of Pakistan]] (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:Tom Jones concert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Nancy\n        Sinatra.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Nancy Sinatra]]]]\\n[[File:John Mahoney.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Mahoney]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9 Auberjonois]], American actor\\n*\n        [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Constantine II of Greece]]\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Ludwig\n        Schwarz]], Austrian bishop\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Richard Paul (actor)|Richard\n        Paul]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Monica Evans]], British\n        actress\\n** [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]], Welsh singer\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Nancy Sinatra]], American singer\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Carole Ann Ford]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Neil Goldschmidt]], Governor of Oregon\\n** [[Taylor\n        Gun-Jin Wang]], Chinese-American astronaut\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[George Akerlof]],\n        American economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Alan Murray (golfer)|Alan Murray]], Australian professional golfer\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Paul Shane]], English-born actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Mahoney]], English-born actor\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Mariette\n        Hartley]], American actress\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Abbas Kiarostami]], Iranian\n        film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Esther\n        Rantzen]], British broadcaster\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Adam Faith]], English\n        singer and actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg]],\n        [[Lord Chancellor|Lord Chancellor of England]]\\n** [[Wilma Rudolph]], American\n        athlete (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Stuart Sutcliffe]], British rock musician and\n        painter, better known as an early member of [[the Beatles]] (d. [[1962]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[A. J. Quinnell]], English writer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Anil Karanjai]], Indian painter of the [[Hungry generation]]\n        movement. (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Karpal Singh]], Malaysian politician\n        and lawyer (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Muhammad Yunus]], founder of [[Grameen Bank]],\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Vyacheslav\n        Artyomov]], Russian composer\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 {{Interlanguage link multi|Gil\n        Gomes|pt|3=Gil Gomes}}, Brazilian journalist, lawyer and radio and television\n        police reporter\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Ringo Starr and all his band (8470866906).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ringo\n        Starr]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Stewart Photo Call Logan Berlinale 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick\n        Stewart]]]]\\n[[File:James Brolin 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Brolin]]]]\\n[[File:Roy\n        walker 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roy Walker (comedian)|Roy Walker]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Craig Brown (footballer, born 1940)|Craig Brown]], Scottish former\n        professional football player and manager\\n** [[Abdul Razzak Ahmed]], Iraqi\n        football player\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Joshua Bryant]], American actor, director,\n        author and speaker\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Fontella Bass]], American soul singer\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Jose Alberto Laboy]], Puerto Rican Major League Baseball\n        player\\n** [[Lance Larson]], American former competition swimmer, Olympic\n        champion, and former world record-holder in four events\\n** [[Chuck Sieminski]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Mario Zanin (cyclist)|Mario Zanin]], Italian\n        cyclist\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar Tovar]], Venezuelan baseball player (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]] \\n** [[Karolyn Grimes]], American actress\\n** [[Nasser Madani]],\n        Iranian fencer\\n** [[Pat Stapleton (ice hockey)|Pat Stapleton]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Gene McDowell]], American college football coach\\n**\n        [[Deidre Catt]], English tennis player\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Reiko Kusamura]],\n        Japanese actress\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev]], [[President\n        of Kazakhstan]]\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Dora Baret]], Argentine actress\\n** [[Ringo\n        Starr]], British drummer ([[The Beatles]])\\n** [[Ir\\u00e8ne Sweyd]], Belgian\n        former swimmer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Lofty Drews]], Kenyan rally co-driver\\n**\n        [[Julie Payne (actress, born 1940)|Julie Payne]], American actress\\n** [[Tommy\n        Troelsen]], Danish former football player and manager, and television presenter\\n**\n        [[Jim Cadile]], American professional football offensive guard\\n** [[Gene\n        Alley]], American baseball player\\n** [[Helen Donath]], American soprano\\n**\n        [[Tom Farmer]], Scottish entrepreneur\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Anita Wall]],\n        Swedish actress\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Paul Prudhomme]], American celebrity\n        chef and cookbook author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Patrick Stewart]], English actor\\n*\n        [[July 16]]\\n** [[Lofty Drews]], Kenyan rally co-driver\\n** [[Tom Metcalf]],\n        American baseball pitcher \\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Tim Brooke-Taylor]], English\n        comedian\\n** [[Verne Lundquist]], American sportscaster\\n* [[July 18]]\\n**\n        [[James Brolin]], American actor and director\\n** [[Joe Torre]], American\n        baseball player and manager\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013 [[Anzor Kavazashvili]],\n        Soviet former football goalkeeper\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Alex Trebek]], Canadian\n        game show host\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Stanley Hauerwas]], American theologian\\n*\n        [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], American aide to [[Ted Kennedy]]\n        (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Pina Bausch]], German choreographer (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n** [[Bharati Mukherjee]], Indian-born novelist\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Clive Sinclair]], English inventor\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Roy Walker (comedian)|Roy\n        Walker]], Northern Irish comedian\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Sheen, Martin\n        (2008).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Sheen]]]]\\n[[File:Jack Thompson speaks at\n        the media.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Thompson (actor)|Jack Thompson]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Ram Loevy]], Israeli screenwriter and director\\n* [[August 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Martin Sheen]], American actor, father of [[Charlie Sheen]]\\n* [[August\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Luc Dehaene]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Dilip Sardesai]], former Indian cricketer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Hatfield]], American singer ([[The Righteous\n        Brothers]]) (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Dirk Sager]], German journalist\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Galen Hall]], American football coach\\n**\n        [[Max Schautzer]], Austrian born, German radio and television presenter\\n*\n        [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Jill St. John]], American actress\\n* [[August 20]]\\n**\n        [[Musa Geshaev]], Chechen poet and historian (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Hinojosa]], American politician\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Tom Baker (American\n        actor)|Tom Baker]], American actor (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9\n        van Dam]], Belgian bass-baritone\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Fernest Arceneaux]],\n        American musician (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Sonny Sharrock]], American jazz musician\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Bennie Maupin]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Johnny Paris]], American musician ([[Johnny and the Hurricanes]]) (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Wim Ruska]], Dutch wrestler and martial artist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Wilton Felder]], American saxophonist and bassist (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Thompson (actor)|Jack Thompson]], Australian actor\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Pauline Collins in November 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pauline Collins]]]]\\n[[File:RaquelWelchApr2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Raquel\n        Welch]]]]\\n[[File:Linda Gray.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Linda Gray]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00d3scar\n        Arias.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\u00d3scar Arias]]]]\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Joseph\n        C. Strasser]], American admiral\\n** [[Eduardo Galeano]], Uruguayan writer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Pauline Collins]], English actress\\n** [[Joseph Warioba]],\n        5th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Raquel Welch]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Abdurrahman Wahid]], former [[President\n        of Indonesia]] (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Dario Argento]], Italian filmmaker.\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[David Mann (artist)|David Mann]], American artist\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Brian De Palma]], American film director\\n**\n        [[Ajit Singh (economist)|Ajit Singh]], Indian-born economist (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Linda Gray]], American model and actress\\n** [[Skip\n        Hinnant]], American actor\\n** [[Mickey Lolich]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[\\u00d3scar Arias]], Costa Rican politician, 2-Time\n        [[President of Costa Rica]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[September\n        14]]\\n** [[Ventseslav Konstantinov]], Bulgarian writer and translator\\n**\n        [[Larry Brown (basketball)|Larry Brown]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Frankie Avalon]], American singer and actor\\n* [[September 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tar\\u014d As\\u014d]], 59th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n* [[September\n        23]]\\n** [[Mohammad-Reza Shajarian]], Iranian traditional singer\\n** [[Michel\n        Temer]], Brazilian politician, [[President of Brazil]] in 2016\\n* [[September\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Michiko Suganuma]], [[Urushi]] [[Japanese lacquer]] artist\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:JohnLennonpeace.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Lennon]]]]\\n[[File:Cliff\n        Richard Brussels.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cliff Richard]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Gambon\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Gambon]]]]\\n[[File:Pele200802FabioRodriguesPozzebomAgenciaBrasil.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pel\\u00e9]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Luc Bideau]], Swiss actor\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Ellen Travolta]], American actress\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[John Lennon]],\n        English musician and singer ([[The Beatles]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Pharoah Sanders]], American saxophonist\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Cliff Richard]], British pop musician\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Peter C.\n        Doherty]], Australian immunologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Della Mea]], Italian singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Michael Gambon|Sir Michael Gambon]],\n        Irish actor\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Robert Pinsky]], [[United States Poet\n        Laureate]]\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Geoffrey Boycott]], English cricketer\\n**\n        [[Manfred Mann (musician)|Manfred Mann]], South African rock musician\\n**\n        [[Marita Petersen]], 8th Prime Minister of Faroe Islands (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Pel\\u00e9]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[October 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yossi Sarid]], Israeli politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bobby Knight]], American basketball coach\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[John\n        Gotti]], American gangster (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Shahnaz Pahlavi]], Iranisn\n        princess\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Jack Shepherd (actor)|Jack Shepherd]],\n        English actor\\n\\n=== November ===\\n\\n[[File:Qabus bin Said.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Qaboos\n        bin Said al Said]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Lee as Kato 1967.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce\n        Lee]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]], [[Chief Justice\n        of India]]\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Carolin Reiber]], German television\n        presenter\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Jaime Rold\\u00f3s Aguilera]], 33rd [[President\n        of Ecuador]] (1979-1981) (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Turan Emeksiz]],\n        Turkish student killed in demonstrations (d. [[1960]])\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Glenn Stetson]], Canadian singer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[Roberto Cavalli]], Italian designer\\n** [[Sam Waterston]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Luke Kelly]], Irish ballad singer ([[The Dubliners]])\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]], [[Sultan\n        of Oman]]\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Helma Sanders-Brahms]], German film\n        director (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013 [[Richard Marcinko]], U.S.\n        Navy SEAL team member and author\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Terry Gilliam]],\n        American-born British screenwriter, director and animator\\n** [[Andrzej \\u017bu\\u0142awski]],\n        Polish film director and writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Rockin''\n        Robin Roberts]], American [[rock and roll]] singer (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** [[Joe Gibbs]], American football coach\\n** [[Percy Sledge]], American\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[Bruce Lee]], Chinese-American\n        martial artist and actor (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Chuck Mangione]],\n        American flugelhorn player\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Richard Pryor (1986)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Pryor]]]]\\n[[File:The famous mustache\n        and goatee.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Frank Zappa]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Pryor]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Freddy\n        Cannon]], American singer\\n** [[Gary Gilmore]], American murderer (d. [[1977]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Peter Pohl]], Swedish writer\\n* [[December 11]]\\n**\n        [[David Gates]], American singer-songwriter ([[The Bread]])\\n** [[Donna Mills]],\n        American actress and dancer\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Sharad Pawar]], Indian\n        politician\\n** [[Dionne Warwick]], American singer\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Volli K\\u00e4ro]], Estonian actor\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Valentin]],\n        Austrian actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Ilario Castagner]],\n        Italian football manager\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 [[Phil Ochs]], American\n        [[protest singer]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Pat Chapman]],\n        English author\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Frank Zappa]], American musician,\n        composer, and satirist (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Noel Jones\n        (diplomat)|Noel Jones]], British ambassador to Kazakhstan (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]]\\n** [[Mamnoon Hussain]], 12th President of Pakistan\\n** [[Jorma\n        Kaukonen]], American musician ([[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Hot Tuna]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Labine]], former mayor of [[Gatineau, Quebec]]\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Janet\n        Carroll]], American actress and singer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Edward C. Prescott]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Fred Hansen]],\n        American Olympic athlete\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Michael Jackson (anthropologist)|Michael\n        Jackson]], New Zealand poet and anthropologist\\n* [[Michel Micombero]], 1st\n        President of Burundi (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[Ali Saibou]], 3rd President of Niger\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n=== January===\\n* January \\u2013 [[Fusajiro\n        Yamauchi]], Japanese business executive (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Flora Finch]], English-born actress and comedian (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer]], Polish poet and writer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Isaac Babel]], Ukrainian writer (executed) (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Gunnar\n        H%C3%B6ckert 1936.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Gunnar H\\u00f6ckert]]]]\\n[[File:Michael_Hainisch.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Michael\n        Hainisch]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Philip Francis Nowlan]], American\n        [[science fiction]] writer, creator of ''''[[Buck Rogers]]'''' (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[February 2]]\\n** [[Vsevolod Meyerhold]], Russian theatre practitioner (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Mikhail Koltsov]], Soviet journalist (executed) (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Samuel M. Vauclain]], American engineer (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[William Dodd (ambassador)|William Edward Dodd]], American\n        historian and diplomat (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[John Buchan]],\n        1st Baron Tweedsmuir, Scottish-born novelist and [[Governor General of Canada]]\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Gunnar H\\u00f6ckert]], Finnish Olympic athlete (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Michael Hainisch]], 2nd [[President of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Peter Behrens]], German architect\n        and designer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013 [[Edward Frederic Benson]],\n        English writer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Selma Lagerl\\u00f6f.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Selma\n        Lagerl\\u00f6f]]]]\\n[[File:Spyridon Louis 1896.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Spyridon\n        Louis]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Anton Hansen Tammsaare]], Estonian writer\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Maxine Elliott]], American actress (b.\n        [[1868]])\\n** [[Cai Yuanpei]], Chinese educator (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], Russian writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Monk Saunders]], American writer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Selma Lagerl\\u00f6f]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Ploetz]], German\n        physician, biologist, and eugenicist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Spyridon Louis]], Greek Olympic athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 27]]\\n**\n        [[Madeleine Astor]], American survivor of the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking\n        of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Michael Joseph Savage]],\n        23rd [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013\n        [[George Egerton (Royal Navy officer)|George Egerton]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1852]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Tinsley Lindley]], English footballer (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n\\n=== April===\\n[[File:Carl Bosch.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Carl\n        Bosch]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[John A. Hobson]], English economist (b.\n        [[1858]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[George Barnes (British politician)|George\n        Barnes]], British Labour politician (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Carl\n        Bosch]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Luisa Tetrazzini]], Italian opera singer\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[George Lansbury]], British\n        Labour politician (b. 1859)\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Chujiro Hayashi]], Japanese\n        Reiki Master (b. 1880)\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Emma Goldman]], Lithuanian-born\n        anarchist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Menno ter Braak]], Dutch writer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Diego Mazquiar\\u00e1n]], Spanish matador\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Verner von Heidenstam]], Swedish writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Joe De Grasse]], Canadian film director (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1906\\u20131940)|Wilhelm of Prussia]],\n        Prussian prince (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Prince Frederick Charles\n        of Hesse]] (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Walter Connolly]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Mary Anderson (actress, born 1859)|Mary Anderson]], American\n        stage actress (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:ArthurHarden.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Arthur\n        Harden]]]]\\n[[File:Janusz Kusoci%C5%84ski.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Janusz Kusocinski]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Klee 1911.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Paul Klee]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[Jan\n        F. E. Celliers]], South African poet, writer and dramatist. (b. 1865)\\n* [[June\n        7]]\\n** [[James Hall (actor)|James Hall]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Rodman]], American admiral (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Marcus\n        Garvey]], Jamaican-born publisher, entrepreneur, and black nationalist (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Alfred S. Alschuler]], American [[architect]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[George Fitzmaurice]], American director\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Henry W. Antheil Jr.]], American diplomat\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Harden]], English chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Maurice Jaubert]], French composer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Charley\n        Chase]], American comedian (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard\n        Vuillard]], French painter (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Smedley Butler]], U.S. general\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Janusz Kusoci\\u0144ski]], Polish athlete (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[John T. Thompson]], United States Army officer and inventor\n        of the [[Thompson gun]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Walter Hasenclever]],\n        German poet and playwright (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Italo Balbo]],\n        Italian Fascist leader (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Paul Klee]],\n        Swiss artist (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n=== July===\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Ben Turpin]],\n        American actor and comedian (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Biniszkiewicz]], Silesian politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Wadlow]], tallest man ever (infection) (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Spencer S. Wood]], United States Navy rear admiral (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Trotsky\n        Portrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Leon Trotsky]]]]\\n[[File:paul-nipkow.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Paul\n        Nipkow]]]]\\n[[File:J.J Thomson.jpg|110px|thumb|[[J. J. Thomson]]]]\\n* [[August\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Albert Cook]], American explorer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Dodds]], American jazz clarinetist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August\n        13]]\\n** [[James Fairbairn]], Australian pastoralist, aviator, and politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** Sir [[Henry Gullett]], Australian politician (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Geoffrey Street]], Australian politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** Sir [[Brudenell\n        White]], Australian general (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Walter\n        Chrysler]], American automobile pioneer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 21]]\\n**\n        [[Hermann Obrecht]], Swiss Federal Councillor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Leon Trotsky]],\n        Russian revolutionary (assassinated) (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** Sir\n        [[Oliver Lodge]], British physicist (b. [[1851]])\\n** [[Gerald Strickland,\n        1st Baron Strickland|Gerald Strickland]], 4th Prime Minister of Malta, 23rd\n        Governor of New South Wales, 15th Governor of Western Australia and 9th Governor\n        of Tasmania (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Mary Vaux Walcott]], American artist and naturalist\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Paul Nipkow]], German technician and\n        inventor (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[William Bowie (engineer)|William\n        Bowie]], American geodetic engineer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013\n        [[J. J. Thomson]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Lundeen]], American\n        lawyer and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:M_37_4_Charles_de_Brocqueville.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles\n        de Broqueville]]]]\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[George William de Carteret]],\n        author from Jersey island (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        de Broqueville]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Nikola Ivanov]], Bulgarian general (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Hale Holden]], president of [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy\n        Railroad]] 1914\\u20131918 and 1920-1929 (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Marguerite Clark]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Walter Benjamin]], German philosopher and cultural critic (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]], Austrian neuroscientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1857]])\\n**\n        [[Juli\\u00e1n Besteiro]], Spanish socialist politician (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Ballington Booth]], American co-founder\n        of Volunteers of America (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Lincoln Loy McCandless]], Hawaiian\n        politician and cattle rancher (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Silvestre Revueltas]], Mexican\n        composer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Wilfred Grenfell]], English\n        medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Berton Churchill]], Canadian actor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Adolf von Trotha]], German admiral (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Tom Mix]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Llu\\u00eds Companys]], President of the [[Generalitat of Catalonia]] (executed)\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[George Davis (baseball)|George Davis]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Right\n        Honourable Neville Chamberlain. Wellcome M0003096.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Neville\n        Chamberlain]]]]\\n[[File:Iorga_at_his_desk_Luceaferul_2,_1914.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolae\n        Iorga]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Manuel Aza\\u00f1a]], 2nd [[Spanish Second\n        Republic|President of the Spanish Second Republic]] and 55th [[Prime Minister\n        of Spain]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Otto Plath]], father of\n        American poet [[Sylvia Plath]], and entomologist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November\n        9]]\\n** [[Neville Chamberlain]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[John Henry Kirby]], Texas legislator and American businessman\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Eric Gill]], British sculptor and writer\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Raymond Pearl]], American biologist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[Ion Incule\\u021b]], President of Moldova (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Barnes (journalist)|Ralph W. Barnes]], American journalist\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Nicolae Iorga]], Romanian historian\n        and politician, 34th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Jean\n        Chiappe]], French civil servant (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Henri Guillaumet]], French\n        aviator (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio.png|thumb|right|110px|[[Kyosti\n        Kallio]]]]\\n[[File:F Scott Fitzgerald 1921.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[F. Scott\n        Fitzgerald]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Nikolai Koltsov]], Russian biologist\n        and genetist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Jan Kubel\\u00edk]],\n        Czech violinist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Anton Koro\\u0161ec]],\n        Slovenian political leader (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Billy\n        Hamilton (baseball, born 1866)|Billy Hamilton]], American baseball player\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Eug\\u00e8ne\n        Dubois]], Dutch paleoanthropologist and geologist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Ky\\u00f6sti Kallio]], 4th President of Finland and 4-time Prime\n        Minister of Finland (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]],\n        American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Nathanael West]],\n        American writer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Eddie August Schneider]],\n        American aviator (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Agnes Ayres]],\n        American actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Daniel Frohman]],\n        American theater producer (b. [[1851]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n*\n        [http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1940-wwii-timeline.htm 1940 WWII\n        Timeline]\\n* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1940/1940fr.html The\n        1930s Timeline: 1940] \\u2013 from American Studies Programs at The University\n        of Virginia\\n* [http://1940s.org The 1940s | 1940-1949 | History Fashion Movies\n        Music ]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1940}}\\n[[Category:1940| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years\n        in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:03:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":799771086,\"length\":76541,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1940&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940\"},\"34632\":{\"pageid\":34632,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1941\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T00:51:00Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1941}}\\n{{Events by month|1941}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1941}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1941}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        the events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" acronym.\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        January\\u2013August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and\n        physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber\n        at [[Hadamar Euthanasia Centre]] in [[Nazi Germany]] in the first phase of\n        mass killings under the [[Action T4]] program here.\\n* [[January 1]] –\n        [[Thailand]] Prime Minister [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]] decrees January 1 as\n        the official start of the [[Thai solar calendar]] new year (thus the previous\n        year that began [[April 1]] had only 9 months).\\n* [[January 3]] – A\n        decree (''''Normalschrifterlass'''') promulgated in [[Nazi Germany]] by [[Martin\n        Bormann]] on behalf of [[Adolf Hitler]] requires replacement of [[blackletter]]\n        [[typeface]]s by [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]].{{cite web|title=\\\"The\n        Bormann Decree\\\" banning the use of the Fraktur typeface|url=http://german.about.com/library/gallery/blfoto_fraktur06E.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2013-10-23}}\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – The short subject ''''[[Elmer''s Pet Rabbit]]'''' is\n        released, marking the second appearance of [[Bugs Bunny]], and also the first\n        to have his name on a title card.\\n* [[January 5]] – WWII: At the [[Battle\n        of Bardia]] in [[Libya]], Australian and British troops defeat [[Kingdom of\n        Italy|Italian]] forces, the first battle of the war in which an [[Australian\n        Army]] formation takes part.\\n* [[January 6]] – The keel of  the {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}\n        is laid at the [[New York Navy Yard]] in [[Brooklyn]].\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        The [[Lend-Lease]] Act is introduced into the [[United States Congress]].\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – The British [[Royal Navy]] light cruiser {{HMS|Southampton|83}}\n        is sunk off [[Malta]].\\n* [[January 13]] – All persons born in [[Puerto\n        Rico]] since this day are declared U.S. citizens by birth, through U.S. federal\n        law.{{UnitedStatesCode|8|1402}}.\\n* [[January 14]] – WWII:\n        [[Commerce raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin|German auxiliary cruiser\n        ''''Pinguin'''']] captures the Norwegian whaling fleet near [[Bouvet Island]],\n        effectively ending [[Southern Ocean]] [[whaling]] for the duration of the\n        war.{{cite book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders\n        of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|ISBN=0-13-354027-8|pages=140\\u2013143}}.\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[John Vincent Atanasoff]] and [[Clifford Berry]] describe\n        the workings of the [[Atanasoff\\u2013Berry computer]] in print.\\n* [[January\n        19]] – WWII: British troops attack Italian-held [[Eritrea]].\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is [[Third inauguration of Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt|sworn in]] for a third term as President of the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 22]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Tobruk (1941)|Battle of Tobruk]]: Australian\n        and British forces capture [[Tobruk]] from the Italians.\\n** In [[Sweden]],\n        [[Victor Hasselblad]] registers the [[Hasselblad]] camera company.\\n* [[January\n        23]] – Aviator [[Charles Lindbergh]] testifies before the [[United States\n        Congress|U.S. Congress]] and recommends that the United States negotiate a\n        [[Country neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] pact with [[Adolf\n        Hitler]].\\n* [[January 27]] – WWII:  [[Joseph Grew]], the U.S. ambassador\n        to Japan, reports to Washington a rumor overheard at a diplomatic reception\n        concerning a planned surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.\\n* [[January\n        30]] – WWII: Australians capture [[Derna, Libya]], from the Italians.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – WWII: The [[Nazis]] forcibly restore [[Pierre Laval]]\n        to office in occupied [[Vichy France]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – WWII: The [[United Service Organization]] (USO) is\n        created to entertain American troops.\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Air Training\n        Corps]]: The [[Air Training Corps]] is formed in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[February\n        5]]\\u2013[[April 1]] – WWII: [[Battle of Keren]] – British and\n        [[Free French Forces]] fight hard to capture the strategic town of [[Keren,\n        Eritrea|Keren]] in [[Italian Eritrea]].\\n* [[February 6]] – WWII: Fall\n        of [[Benghazi]] to the [[Western Desert Force]]. Lieutenant-General [[Erwin\n        Rommel]] is appointed commander of [[Afrika Korps]].\\n* [[February 8]] –\n        WWII: The U.S. House of Representatives passes the [[Lend-Lease]] Act.260\\u2013165.\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Winston Churchill]], in a worldwide broadcast, tells\n        the United States to show its support by sending arms to the British: \\\"Give\n        us the tools, and we will finish the job.\\\"\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** WWII: [[Erwin\n        Rommel]] arrives in [[Tripoli]].\\n** Reserve Constable [[Albert Alexander]],\n        a patient at the [[Radcliffe Infirmary]] in [[Oxford]], becomes the first\n        person treated with [[penicillin]] intravenously, by [[Howard Florey]]''s\n        team. He reacts positively but there is insufficient supply of the drug to\n        reverse his terminal infection. A successful treatment is achieved during\n        May.{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of\n        Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|pages=124\\u20135}}\\n*\n        [[February 13]] – Aircraft from {{HMS|Formidable|67|6}} attack [[Massawa]]\n        in Eritrea.\\n* [[February 14]] – WWII: Admiral [[Kichisabur\\u014d Nomura]]\n        begins his duties as Japanese Ambassador to the United States.\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\u2013[[February 22|22]] – WWII: [[Swansea Blitz|Three Nights''\n        Blitz]] over [[Swansea]], South Wales: Over these 3 nights of intensive bombing,\n        which lasted a total of 13 hours and 48 minutes, Swansea''s town centre is\n        almost completely obliterated by the 896 high explosive bombs employed by\n        the [[Luftwaffe]]; 397 casualties and 230 deaths reported.\\n* [[February 22]]\n        – WWII: {{HMS|Shropshire|73|6}} bombards [[Barawa]], on the coast between\n        [[Kismayo]] and [[Mogadishu]].\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]\n        isolates and discovers [[plutonium]].\\n* [[February 25]] – WWII:\\n**\n        The occupied [[Netherlands in World War II|Netherlands]] starts the first\n        popular uprising in Europe against the [[Axis powers]], the \\\"[[February strike]]\\\"\n        against German [[deportation]] of Jews in [[Amsterdam]] and surroundings.\\n**\n        British submarine {{HMS|Upright|N89|6}} attacks an Italian convoy, sinking\n        the [[Italian cruiser Armando Diaz|cruiser ''''Armando Diaz'''']].\\n* [[February\n        27]] – WWII: The [[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy|New Zealand\n        Division]] cruiser [[HMNZS Leander|HMS ''''Leander'''']] (1931) sinks Italian\n        armed merchant raider ''''[[Ramb I]]'''' off the [[Maldives]].\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** WWII: [[Bulgaria]] signs the [[Tripartite Pact]], thus joining\n        the [[Axis powers]].\\n** [[Arthur L. Bristol]] becomes Rear Admiral for the\n        United States Navy''s Support Force, [[U.S. Atlantic Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]].\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – WWII: [[Operation Claymore]] – British Commandos\n        carry out a successful raid on the [[Lofoten Islands]] off the north coast\n        of Norway.\\n* [[March 8]] – WWII: The U.S. Senate passes the [[Lend-Lease]]\n        Act.\\n* [[March 11]] – WWII: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of\n        the United States, signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, providing for the U.S.\n        to provide [[Lend-Lease]] aid to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Richard C. Hottelet]] is arrested by the [[Gestapo]]\n        on \\\"suspicion of espionage\\\", but eventually released in July as part of\n        a [[prisoner exchange]] with the U.S.\\n* [[March 16]] – A group of U.S.\n        warships arrive in [[Auckland]], New Zealand, on a goodwill visit. On March\n        20, they arrive in [[Sydney]], Australia.\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** In [[Washington,\n        D.C.]], the [[National Gallery of Art]] is officially opened by President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].\\n** British [[Secretary of State for Employment|Minister\n        of Labour]] [[Ernest Bevin]] calls for women to fill vital jobs.\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Washington (state)|Washington]] state''s [[Grand Coulee Dam]]\n        begins to generate electricity.\\n* [[March 24]] – WWII: Rommel launches\n        his first offensive in [[Cyrenaica]].\\n* [[March 25]] – WWII: The [[Kingdom\n        of Yugoslavia]] joins the [[Axis powers]] in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Cape Matapan]]: Off the [[Peloponnese]] coast in the\n        Mediterranean, [[Royal Navy|British naval forces]] defeat those of Italy,\n        sinking 5 warships. Battle ends on [[March 29]].\\n** An anti-Axis [[Yugoslav\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] led\n        by General [[Du\\u0161an Simovi\\u0107]] and forces [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia|Prince\n        Paul]] into exile; 17-year-old [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] assumes\n        power following the Coup [[Du\\u0161an Simovi\\u0107|Simovi\\u0107]] was elected\n        the new [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]].\\n** [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]ese\n        spy [[Takeo Yoshikawa]] arrives in [[Honolulu]] to study the [[United States\n        Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]] at [[Pearl Harbor]] in preparation for a future\n        attack.\\n* [[March 30]] – WWII:\\n** All German, Italian and Danish ships\n        anchored in United States waters are taken into \\\"protective custody\\\".\\n**\n        A German [[Lorenz cipher]] machine operator sends a 4,000-character message\n        twice, allowing British mathematician [[Bill Tutte]] to decipher the machine''s\n        coding mechanism.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100204035124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8492762.stm\n        BBC] (archived from [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8492762.stm the\n        original])\\n\\n===April===\\n* April – The [[Valley of Geysers]]\n        is discovered on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] of Russia by [[Tatyana Ustinova]].\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – WWII: Axis forces capture [[Benghazi]].\\n* [[April 6]]\n        – WWII: Germany invades [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Battle\n        of Greece|Greece]].\\n* [[April 9]] – The U.S. acquires full military\n        defense rights in [[Greenland]].\\n* [[April 10]] – WWII:\\n** The U.S.\n        destroyer {{USS|Niblack|DD-424|6}}, while picking up survivors from a sunken\n        Dutch freighter, drops depth charges on a German [[U-boat]] (the first \\\"shot\n        in anger\\\" fired by America against Germany).{{citation needed|date=May 2010|reason=there''s\n        doubt it was actually a sub}}\\n** The [[Independent State of Croatia]], a\n        [[puppet state]] of the [[Axis powers]], is established with [[Usta\\u0161e]]\n        leader [[Ante Paveli\\u0107]] as head (''''[[Poglavnik]]'''') of the government.\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – WWII: German troops enter [[Belgrade]].\\n* [[April 13]]\n        – [[Soviet\\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact]] signed.{{cite\n        book|last=Quigley|first=Carroll|title=Tragedy And Hope|year=1966|publisher=Macmillan|location=New\n        York|isbn=0-945001-10-X|pages=738|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope&dq=tragedy+and+hope&source=bl&ots=P_gAndEgun&sig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}\n        \\n* [[April 15]] – WWII:  Axis forces reach Halfaya Pass on the Libyan-Egyptian\n        frontier.\\n* [[April 18]] – WWII: The Yugoslav Royal Army capitulates.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – WWII: Prime Minister of Greece [[Alexandros Koryzis]]\n        commits suicide as German troops approach [[Athens]].\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Bertolt Brecht]]''s anti-war play ''''[[Mother Courage and Her Children]]''''\n        ({{lang-de|Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder}}) receives its first theatrical\n        production at the [[Schauspielhaus Z\\u00fcrich]].\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        WWII: Greece capitulates. [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] troops\n        and some elements of the [[Greek Army]] withdraw to [[Crete]].\\n* [[April\n        23]] – The [[America First Committee]] holds its first mass rally in\n        New York City, with [[Charles Lindbergh]] as keynote speaker.\\n* [[April 25]]\n        – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], at his regular press conference, criticizes\n        Charles Lindbergh by comparing him to the [[Copperhead (politics)|Copperheads]]\n        of the Civil War period. In response, Lindbergh resigns his commission in\n        the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve on [[April 28]].\\n* [[April 27]] – WWII:\n        German troops enter [[Athens]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** The breakfast\n        cereal ''''[[Cheerios]]'''' is introduced as ''''[[CheeriOats]]'''' by [[General\n        Mills]].\\n** [[Orson Welles]]'' film ''''[[Citizen Kane]]'''' premieres in\n        New York City.\\n** The first Defense Bonds and Defense Savings Stamps go on\n        sale in the United States, to help fund the greatly increased production of\n        military equipment.\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]: British combat\n        operations against the rebel government of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani|Rashid\n        Ali]] in the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] begin.{{cite book|first1=Major-General\n        I. S. O.|last1=Playfair|author1-link=|first2=Captain F. C.|last2=with Flynn\n        R. N.|first3=Brigadier C. J. C.|last3=Molony|first4=Air Vice-Marshal S. E.|last4=Toomer|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J.\n        R. M|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series|title=The\n        Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their\n        Ally (1941)|publisher=Naval & Military Press|year=2004|origyear=1st. pub.\n        HMSO 1956|isbn=1-84574-066-1|lastauthoramp=y|pages=182\\u20133}}\\n* [[May\n        5]] – WWII: Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] enters [[Addis Ababa]], which\n        has been liberated from Italian forces; this date is subsequently commemorated\n        as [[Liberation Day]] in [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[May 6]] – At [[California]]''s\n        [[March Air Reserve Base|March Field]], entertainer [[Bob Hope]] performs\n        his first [[United Service Organizations|USO]] Show.\\n* [[May 8]] –\n        WWII:  The [[German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin|German auxiliary cruiser ''''Pinguin'''']]\n        is sunk by {{HMS|Cornwall|56}} in the Indian Ocean; 555 are killed.\\n* [[May\n        9]] – WWII: The {{ship|German submarine|U-110|1940|6}} is captured by\n        the British [[Royal Navy]]. On board is the latest [[Enigma cryptography machine]],\n        which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.\\n* [[May\n        10]]\\n** WWII: The [[British House of Commons]] is damaged by the [[Luftwaffe]]\n        in an [[airstrike|air raid]].\\n** [[Rudolf Hess]] parachutes into Scotland,\n        claiming to be on a peace mission.\\n* [[May 11]]/[[May 12]] – WWII:\n        The Usta\\u0161e [[Glina massacres#First massacre|massacre]] 260\\u2013373 [[Serb]]\n        men in a Catholic church in [[Glina, Croatia]] where the men had assembled\n        to be received into the Catholic faith in exchange for their lives.\\n* [[May\n        12]] – [[Konrad Zuse]] presents the [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], the world''s\n        first working programmable, fully automatic [[computer]], in Berlin.\\n* [[May\n        15]]\\n** The first British jet aircraft, the [[Gloster E.28/39]], is flown.\\n**\n        [[Joe DiMaggio]]''s 56-game [[hitting streak]] begins as the [[New York Yankees]]''\n        [[center fielder]] goes one for four  against [[Chicago White Sox]] [[Pitcher]]\n        [[Eddie Smith (baseball)|Eddie Smith]].\\n* [[May 19]] – The [[Viet Minh]]\n        is formed in at [[P\\u00e1c B\\u00f3]] in [[Vietnam]] to overthrow [[French\n        colonial empire|French rule]] of the nation as an alliance between the Indochina\n        Communist party, led by [[Ho Chi Minh]], and the Nationalist party. It will\n        become the [[Viet Cong]] during the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[May 20]] –\n        WWII: The [[Battle of Crete]] begins as Germany launches an airborne invasion\n        of [[Crete]], the first mainly airborne invasion in military history.\\n* [[May\n        21]] – {{ship|German submarine|U-69|1940||6}} sinks the U.S.-flagged\n        {{SS|Robin Moor}} off the west African coast, having allowed the passengers\n        and crew to disembark.\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** WWII: In the North Atlantic, {{ship|German\n        battleship|Bismarck|}} sinks [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Hood|51|6}}, killing\n        all but 3 crewmen from a total of 1,418 aboard the pride of the [[Royal Navy]].\\n**\n        The British submarine {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}} torpedoes and sinks the Italian\n        ocean liner {{SS|Conte Rosso}}.\\n* [[May 26]] – WWII: In the North Atlantic,\n        [[Fairey Swordfish]] aircraft from the carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}  cripple\n        the steering of {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck}} in an [[aerial torpedo]]\n        attack.\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** WWII: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of the\n        United States, proclaims an \\\"unlimited national emergency.\\\"[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/410527a.html\n        Proclamation of Unlimited National Emergency], Franklin D. Roosevelt, President\n        of the United States, May 27, 1941\\n** WWII: [[German battleship Bismarck|German\n        battleship ''''Bismarck'''']] is sunk in the North Atlantic, killing 2,300.\n        It is eventually found in [[1989]].\\n** The [[Swiss Socialist Federation]]\n        is banned.{{cite book|last=Lang|first=Karl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMBEFai6EQkC&pg=PA268|title=Solidarit\\u00e9,\n        d\\u00e9bats, mouvement: cent ans de Parti socialiste suisse, 1888-1988|location=Lausanne|publisher=Editions\n        d''en bas|year=1988|pages=270\\u20132}}\\n* [[May 30]] – WWII: [[Manolis\n        Glezos]] and [[Apostolos Santas]] tear down the [[Nazi swastika]] on the [[Acropolis]]\n        in [[Athens]], and replace it with the [[Greek flag]].\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]: British troops complete the re-occupation of the [[Kingdom\n        of Iraq]], returning Prince [[''Abd al-Ilah]] to power as regent for [[Faisal\n        II of Iraq|Faisal II]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n* [[June 1]] – WWII: The [[Battle\n        of Crete]] ends as Crete surrenders to invading German forces.\\n* [[June 5]]\\n**\n        [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: Four thousand [[Chongqing]] residents are asphyxiated\n        in a bomb shelter during the [[Bombing of Chongqing]].\\n** A Serbian ammunition\n        depot explodes at [[Smederevo]] on the outskirts of [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]],\n        killing 2,500, and injuring over 4,500.\\n* [[June 8]] – WWII: British\n        and [[Free France|Free French]] forces invade [[Syria]].\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|TASS]], the official Soviet news agency,\n        denies reports of  tension between Germany and the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June\n        14]]\\n** [[June deportation]]: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] officials deport about\n        65,000 people from [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] to [[Siberia]].\\n**\n        All German and Italian assets in the United States are frozen.\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        All German and Italian consulates in the United States are ordered closed\n        and their staffs to leave the country by July 10.\\n** WWII: British [[Fleet\n        Air Arm]] aircraft sink the [[Vichy France|Vichy]] {{ship|French ship|Chevalier\n        Paul||6}}.\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[United States Army Air Corps]] [[1941 in aviation#June|becomes]]\n        the [[United States Army Air Forces]], with the earlier name reserved solely\n        for the new USAAF''s logistics and training elements.\\n** Walt Disney''s live-action\n        animated feature ''''[[The Reluctant Dragon (1941 film)|The Reluctant Dragon]]''''\n        is released.\\n* [[June 22]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Barbarossa]]: [[Nazi\n        Germany|Germany]] (with Finland and other allies) invades the [[Soviet Union]].\n        [[Winston Churchill]] promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet\n        Union in a worldwide broadcast: \\\"Any man or state who fights against Nazidom\n        will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.\\\"\n        Italy and [[Romania]] declare war on the Soviet Union.\\n** [[Rapid Vienna]]\n        beats [[Schalke 04]] in the final of the German Fottballchampionship after\n        0:3 with 4:3.\\n** The [[First Sisak Partisan Brigade]], the first anti-fascist\n        armed unit in occupied Europe, is founded by [[partisans (Yugoslavia)|Yugoslav\n        partisans]] near [[Sisak]], [[Croatia]].\\n** [[June Uprising in Lithuania]]\n        and establishment of a [[Provisional Government of Lithuania]] begun by the\n        [[Lithuanian Activist Front]] in an attempt to liberate [[Lithuania]] from\n        [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation]].\\n** Rapid escalation\n        of the [[Holocaust in Lithuania]], between June and the end of the year an\n        estimated 190,000-195,000 out of 210,000 [[Lithuanian Jews]] would be massacred;\n        killing an estimated 95% of the nation''s [[Jewish]] population.\\n* [[June\n        23]] – WWII: Hungary and [[Slovakia]] declare war on the Soviet Union.\\n*\n        [[June 24]] – The [[Soviet Information Bureau]], predecessor of [[RIA\n        Novosti]], is founded.\\n** The [[Rainiai massacre]] takes place; approximately\n        80 political prisoners are killed by the [[NKVD]].\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        WWII: Finland as a [[Co-belligerence|co-belligerent]] with Germany attacks\n        the [[Soviet Union]] to start the [[Continuation War]].\\n* [[June 28]] –\n        WWII: [[Albania]] declares war on the Soviet Union.\\n* [[June 29]] –\n        WWII: [[Hitler]]''s second-in-command [[Reichsmarshall]] [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        is appointed as Hitler''s successor in a written decree. The decree will come\n        into effect should Hitler die in the middle of the war. (The decree becomes\n        void in April 1945 after G\\u00f6ring tries to assume power while Hitler is\n        still alive, leading to G\\u00f6ring''s expulsion from the [[Nazi Party]].)\\n**\n        The [[Ia\\u0219i pogrom]] takes place killing \\\"at least 13,266\\\" [[Romanian\n        Jews]].\\n\\n===July===\\n* July – The British Army''s [[Special Air Service]]\n        is formed.\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** Commercial TV authorized by the FCC.\\n** [[NBC]]\n        television begins commercial operation on WNBT on channel 1. The world''s\n        first legal TV commercial, for [[Bulova]] watches, occurs at 2:29 PM over\n        WNBT before a baseball game between the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] and [[Philadelphia\n        Phillies]]. The 10-second spot displays a picture of a clock superimposed\n        on a map of the United States, accompanied by the voice-over \\\"America runs\n        on Bulova time.\\\"  http://www.bulova.com/about/about.aspx{{cite\n        web|url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/chronotv.html|title=A U. S. Television Chronology,\n        1875-1970|publisher=}} As a one-off special, the first quiz show called\n        \\\"Uncle Bee\\\" is telecast on WNBT''s inaugural broadcast day, followed later\n        the same day by [[Ralph Edwards]] hosting the second game show broadcast on\n        U.S. television, ''''[[Truth or Consequences]]'''', as simulcast on radio\n        and TV and sponsored by [[Ivory (soap)|Ivory]] soap. Weekly broadcasts of\n        the show commence in [[1956 in television|1956]], with [[Bob Barker]].\\n**\n        [[CBS Television Network|CBS television]] begins commercial operation on New\n        York station WCBW (modern-day [[WCBS-TV]]) on channel 2.\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        WWII: [[Empire of Japan]] calls up 1 million men for military service.\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – WWII: [[Joseph Stalin]], in his first address since the\n        German invasion, calls upon the Soviet people to carry out a \\\"[[scorched\n        earth]]\\\" policy of resistance to the bitter end.\\n* [[July 4]] – The\n        [[Massacre of Lviv professors|massacre of Polish scientists and writers]]\n        is committed by [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] troops in the occupied Polish\n        city of [[Lviv|Lw\\u00f3w]].\\n* [[July 5]] – WWII:\\n** Operation Barbarossa:\n        German troops reach the [[Dnieper River]].\\n** British [[troopship]] {{SS|Anselm}}\n        is torpedoed and sunk by {{ship|German submarine|U-96|1940|6}} in the Atlantic\n        Ocean with the loss of around 250 out of about 1310 on board.\\n* [[July 5]]\\u2013[[July\n        31|31]]: [[Ecuadorian\\u2013Peruvian War|War]] is fought between [[Peru]] and\n        [[Ecuador]].\\n* [[July 7]] – WWII: American forces take over the defense\n        of [[Iceland]] from the British. \\n* [[July 7]] – the [[League of Communists\n        of Yugoslavia|Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] raised an [[Uprising in Serbia\n        (1941)|uprising against the Nazi occupation]] The Uprising began when [[\\u017dikica\n        Jovanovi\\u0107 \\u0160panac]] and [[Mi\\u0161a Panti\\u0107]] killed two Nazi\n        [[gendarmes]] in the village of [[Bela Crkva (Krupanj)|Bela Crkva]], \\n* [[July\n        10]] – The Holocaust: [[Jedwabne pogrom]]: Local ethnic [[Poles]] massacre\n        at least 340 Jewish residents of [[Jedwabne]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]].{{cite web|title=The Jedwabne Tragedy|url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/J/|year=2000|publisher=Polish\n        Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo|accessdate=2012-07-10}}\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – The [[Northern Rhodesian Labour Party]] holds its first\n        congress in [[Nkana]].{{cite book|author=J. R. T. Wood|title=The\n        Welensky Papers: A History of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzhzAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Graham\n        Publishing|isbn=978-0-620-06410-1|page=80}}\\n* [[July 13]] – WWII:\n        [[Uprising in Montenegro]] against the Axis powers starts; the second popular\n        uprising in Europe (the first being the \\\"[[February strike]]\\\" of February\n        25 ''''(above)'''' in the Netherlands).\\n* [[July 14]] – WWII: [[Vichy\n        France]] signs armistice terms ending all fighting in [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]].\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Joe DiMaggio]]''s 56 game [[hitting streak]] ends.\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** WWII: A [[BBC]] broadcast by \\\"Colonel Britton\\\" calls on\n        the people of occupied Europe to resist the Nazis under the slogan \\\"V for\n        Victory\\\".\\n** The first episode ''''[[The Midnight Snack]]'''' in which [[Tom\n        and Jerry]] are officially named, more than a year after their first production\n        ''''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]''''\\n* [[July 23]] – WWII: Italian aircraft\n        damage the British destroyer {{HMS|Fearless|H67|6}} which has to be sunk.\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – Introduction of [[postal codes in Germany]].\\n* [[July\n        26]] – WWII:\\n** In response to the Japanese occupation of [[French\n        Indochina]], U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] orders the seizure of\n        all Japanese assets in the United States.\\n** General [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        is named commander of all U.S. forces in the [[Philippines]]; the Philippines\n        Army is ordered nationalized by President Roosevelt.\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        The [[Vichy Regime]] signs the Protocol Concerning Joint Defense and Joint\n        Military Cooperation with the [[Empire of Japan]], giving the Japanese a total\n        of eight airfields, allowing them greater troop presence and the use of the\n        Indochinese financial system in return for continued French autonomy.\\n* [[July\n        30]] – WWII: [[Glina massacres#July\\u2013August 1941|Glina massacre\n        of July\\u2013August 1941]] – The [[Usta\\u0161e]] brutally kill 200 [[Serbs]]\n        inside a Serbian Orthodox church in [[Glina, Croatia]], with a total of 700\\u20131,200\n        being killed in the area of the next few days.\\n* [[July 31]] – WWII:\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Under instructions from [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Nazism|Nazi]]\n        official [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] orders [[Schutzstaffel|S.S.]] General [[Reinhard\n        Heydrich]] to \\\"submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative\n        material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired [[Final\n        Solution]] of the Jewish question.\\\"{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook\n        of Holocaust Studies|editor1=Hayes, Peter |editor2=Roth, John K. |publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780199211869|page=122}}\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        August – [[Political Warfare Executive]] is formed in the United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – First production [[Willys MB]] U.S. Army [[Jeep]].\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Provisional Government of Lithuania]] dissolved.\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – Six-year-old [[Elaine Esposito]] goes to have an [[Vermiform\n        appendix|appendix operation]] in [[Florida]] and lapses into a [[coma]], dying\n        37 years later, still comatose. \\n* [[August 7]] – WWII: British submarine\n        {{HMS|Severn|N57|6}} sinks an Italian [[Marconi-class submarine]].\\n* [[August\n        9]] – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] meet onboard\n        ship at [[Naval Station Argentia]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]].\n        The [[Atlantic Charter]] (released [[August 14]]), setting goals for postwar\n        international cooperation, is created as a result.\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        {{HMS|Mercury|shore establishment|6}} Royal Navy Signals School and Combined\n        Signals School opens at Leydene, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire, England.\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – WWII: France: The German Occupation Authority announces\n        that anyone working for or aiding the [[Free French]] will be sentenced to\n        death.\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** WWII: A [[Luftwaffe]] bomb hits the [[Estonia]]n\n        steamer ''''[[Eestirand]]'''' with 3,500 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-mobilized\n        Estonian men on board, killing 598 of them.\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] orders a\n        halt to the [[Action T4]] program, [[Nazi Germany]]''s systematic [[euthanasia]]\n        of the [[Mental illness|mentally ill]] and [[Disability|handicapped]], due\n        to protests from the churches. However, graduates of the program are then\n        transferred to [[Nazi concentration camp]]s where they continue the killings.\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – WWII: The [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] begins.\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – WWII: [[Pierre Laval]] is shot in an assassination attempt\n        at [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France.\\n* [[August 27]] - [[August 28]];\n        the [[Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre]] takes place killing 23,600 Hungarian\n        and Soviet Jews. \\n* [[August 28]] – WWII:\\n** German troops capture\n        [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]] from the Soviet Union, while [[Soviet evacuation\n        of Tallinn|attacks on the evacuating Soviet ships]] leave more than 12,000\n        dead in one of the bloodiest naval battles of World War II. German forces\n        will capture the entire Estonian territory by 6 December.\\n** [[August 29]]\\u2013\n        WWII: The [[Government of National Salvation]] a [[Serbs|Serb]] [[puppet state]]\n        of the [[Axis powers]], is established General [[Milan Nedi\\u0107]] in [[Territory\n        of the Military Commander in Serbia|Nazi-occupied Serbia]] in [[Belgrade]]\n        under the military commander [[Heinrich Danckelmann]] the regime included\n        15 Ministers \\n* [[August 30]] – German Troopship Bahia Laura is sunk\n        by the [[HMS Trident (N52)]], 450 are killed.\\n* [[August 31]] – ''''[[The\n        Great Gildersleeve]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]] Radio in the United States.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[The Holocaust]]: ''''[[SS]]-[[Hauptsturmf\\u00fchrer]]''''\n        [[Karl Fritzsch]] first uses the pesticide [[Zyklon B]] to execute [[Soviet]]\n        [[prisoners of war]] ''''en masse'''' at [[Auschwitz concentration camp]];\n        eventually it will be used to kill about 1.2 million people.\\n* [[September\n        6]] – The Holocaust: The requirement to wear the [[Star of David]] with\n        the word \\\"Jew\\\" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied\n        areas.\\n* [[September 8]] – WWII: The [[Siege of Leningrad]] begins:\n        German forces begin a siege against the [[Soviet Union]]''s second-largest\n        city, [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]. Stalin orders the [[Volga German]]s\n        deported to Siberia.\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** WWII: [[Charles Lindbergh]],\n        at an [[America First Committee]] rally in [[Des Moines, Iowa]], accuses \\\"the\n        British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt administration\\\" of leading the United\n        States toward war. Widespread condemnation of Lindbergh follows.\\n** The [[Medvedev\n        Forest massacre]] of political prisoners takes place at the [[Oryol Prison]]\n        in the Soviet Union. \\n* [[September 12]]\\n** WWII: The first snowfall is\n        reported on the Russian front.\\n** Construction on [[The Pentagon]] begins\n        in [[Washington, D.C.]]\\n** Franklin Roosevelt gives one of his [[fireside\n        chats]] on the [[USS Greer (DD-145)|USS ''''Greer'''']] incident.\\n* [[September\n        14]] – The State of [[Vermont]] \\\"declares war\\\" on Germany, by defining\n        the United States to be in \\\"armed conflict\\\" in order to extend a wartime\n        bonus to Vermonters in the service.[http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-14/lifestyle/30156127_1_actor-adam-lamberg-actor-walter-koenig-danielle-peck\n        Vermont declares war on Germany]\\n* [[September 15]] – The [[Estonian\n        Self-Administration]], headed by [[Hjalmar M\\u00e4e]], is appointed by the\n        German military administration.\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Rez\\u0101 Sh\\u0101h]]\n        of [[Iran]] is forced to resign in favor of his son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]],\n        under pressure from the United Kingdom and the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[September\n        16]] - [[September 30]] The [[Nikolaev massacre]] takes place in [[Mykalaiv]];\n        35,782 men, women and children; mostly Jews, are killed by [[Einsatzgruppe\n        D]] and local collaborators.\\n* [[September 22]] – The town of [[Reshetylivka]]\n        in the [[Soviet Union]] is occupied by German forces.\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – WWII: The [[National Liberation Front (Greece)]], the main [[Greek\n        Resistance]] movement, is established and [[Georgios Siantos]] is appointed\n        its first acting leader.\\n* [[September 27]] – The first [[liberty ship]],\n        the {{SS|Patrick Henry}}, is launched at [[Baltimore]].\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – WWII: The [[Drama Uprising]] against the [[Bulgaria]]n [[Axis occupation\n        of Greece|occupation]] in northern Greece begins.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        WWII:  The [[Moscow Conference (1941)|Moscow Conference]] begins; U.S. representative  [[Averell\n        Harriman]] and British representative [[Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook|Lord\n        Beaverbrook]] meet with Soviet foreign minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]]\n        to arrange urgent assistance for Russia.\\n* [[September 29]]\\u2013[[September\n        30]] – The Holocaust: [[Babi Yar massacre]] – German troops, assisted\n        by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, kill 33,771 Jews.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: The [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Majdanek\n        concentration camp]] (''''Konzentrationslager Lublin'''') opens in [[Occupation\n        of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] on the outskirts of the town [[Lublin]].\n        Between October 1941 and July 1944 at least 200,000 people will be killed\n        in the camp.\\n** [[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy]] becomes the [[Royal\n        New Zealand Navy]]\\n* [[October 2]] – WWII: [[Operation Typhoon]] begins\n        as Germany launches an all-out offensive against Moscow.\\n* [[October 7]]\n        – [[John Curtin]] becomes the 14th [[Prime Minister of Australia]].\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – WWII: In their invasion of the [[Soviet Union]], Germany\n        reaches the [[Sea of Azov]] with the capture of [[Mariupol]].\\n* [[October\n        11]] – WWII: Armed insurgents from the [[People''s Liberation Army of\n        Macedonia]] attacked [[Axis powers|Axis]]-occupied zones in the city of [[Prilep]],\n        beginning the [[World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia|National Liberation War\n        of Macedonia]].\\n* [[October 11]]–[[October 12|12]] – Fire destroys\n        a [[American Printing Company (Fall River Iron Works)|Firestone Tire & Rubber\n        Co.]] plant in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], consuming 15,850 tons of [[rubber]]\n        and causing a setback to the United States war effort.{{cite news|title=No\n        Sabotage Found in Firestone Blaze by FBI Men Making Probe|location=Fall River|newspaper=[[The\n        Herald News]]|date=1941-10-14|page=1}}\\n* [[October 13]] – [[The\n        Holocaust]]: [[Heinrich Himmler]] instructs [[SS and Police Leader]] [[Odilo\n        Globocnik]] to begin construction of [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec extermination camp|Be\\u0142\\u017cec]];\n        the first of the [[Operation Reinhard]] [[extermination camp]]s.\\n* [[October\n        15]] – British submarine {{HMS|Torbay|N79|6}} bombards the port of [[Apollonia,\n        Cyrenaica]] in [[Italian Libya]].\\n* Mid-October – First production\n        [[P-38E Lightning]] fighter produced by [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]].\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – WWII: The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government moves\n        to Kuibyshev (modern [[Samara, Russia|Samara]]), but [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]\n        remains in Moscow.\\n* [[October 17]] – WWII: The destroyer {{USS|Kearny|DD-432|6}}\n        is torpedoed and damaged near [[Iceland]], killing 11 sailors (the first American\n        military casualties of the war).\\n* [[October 18]] – General [[Hideki\n        T\\u014dj\\u014d]] becomes the 40th [[Prime Minister of Japan]].\\n* [[October\n        20]]\\u2013[[October 21|21]] – WWII: [[Kragujevac massacre]] –\n        German soldiers and local auxiliaries massacre more than 2000 civilian men\n        at [[Kragujevac]] in [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|Nazi-occupied\n        Serbia]].\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Walt Disney]]''s fourth [[animated film]]\n        ''''[[Dumbo]]'''' is released.\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Franz von Werra]]\n        disappears during a flight over the North Sea.\\n* [[October 30]] – WWII:\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of the United States, approves US$1 billion\n        in [[Lend-Lease]] aid to the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** WWII:\n        The destroyer {{USS|Reuben James|DD-245|6}} is torpedoed by a German [[U-boat]]\n        near [[Iceland]], killing more than 100 [[United States Navy]] sailors.\\n**\n        Last day of carving on [[Mount Rushmore]] in [[South Dakota]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – WWII: US holds peace talks with Japan\\n* [[November\n        6]] – WWII: Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] addresses the [[Soviet Union]]\n        for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was\n        earlier this year on [[July 2]]). He states that 350,000 Soviet troops have\n        been killed in German attacks but that the Germans have lost 4.5 million{{Citation\n        needed|date=December 2015}} soldiers (a gross exaggeration) and that Soviet\n        victory is near.\\n* [[November 7]] – WWII: The Soviet hospital ship\n        ''''[[Armenia (Soviet hospital ship)|Armenia]]'''' is sunk by German aircraft\n        while evacuating refugees, wounded military and the staff of several [[Crimea]]n\n        hospitals. It is estimated that more than 5,000 die in the sinking.\\n* [[November\n        10]] – In a speech at the [[Mansion House, London]], [[Winston Churchill]]\n        promises \\\"should the United States become involved in war with Japan, the\n        British declaration will follow within the hour\\\".\\n* [[November 12]] –\n        WWII: \\n** As the [[Battle of Moscow]] begins, temperatures around Moscow\n        drop to -12 \\u00b0C, and the [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Ski warfare|ski\n        troops]] for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.\\n**\n        The Soviet cruiser [[Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina|''''Chervona Ukraina'''']]\n        is hit three times in the Severnaya Bay by bombs from German [[Junkers Ju\n        87]] Stuka [[dive bomber]]s from [[Sturzkampfgeschwader 77|II./StG 77]] during\n        the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941\\u201342)|Siege of Sevastopol]].Robert\n        Forczyk (2008). Sevastopol 1942, Von Manstein''s triumph, p. 40. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-221-9}}\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** WWII: The British [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}\n        sinks under tow off [[Gibraltar]] after being torpedoed the previous day by\n        {{ship|German submarine|U-81|1941|6}}.\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: In [[Slonim]]\n        ([[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]]), German forces\n        engaged in [[Operation Barbarossa]] murder 9000 Jews this day.\\n* [[November\n        17]] – WWII: [[Joseph Grew]], the United States ambassador to Japan,\n        cables to Washington, D.C., a warning that Japan may strike suddenly and unexpectedly.\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – WWII: [[Operation Crusader]], a [[British Eighth Army]]\n        operation to relieve the [[Siege of Tobruk]] in North Africa, begins.\\n* [[November\n        19]] – WWII: Both [[commerce raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran|German\n        auxiliary cruiser ''''Kormoran'''']] and Australian cruiser {{HMAS|Sydney|1934|6}}\n        sink following a battle off the coast of Western Australia. There are no survivors\n        from the 645 Australian sailors aboard ''''Sydney''''.{{cite book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August\n        Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|pages=186\\u2013191}}\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – The radio program ''''[[King Biscuit Time]]'''' is\n        broadcast for the first time (it later becomes the longest running daily radio\n        broadcast in history and the most famous live [[blues]] radio program).\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – WWII: {{HMS|Devonshire|39|6}} sinks [[commerce raiding]]\n        {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis||6}}, ending the longest warship\n        cruise of the war (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair).{{cite\n        book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|page=114}}\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – WWII: \\n** The [[Hull note]] (Outline of Proposed\n        Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan), named for [[Secretary\n        of State]] [[Cordell Hull]], is delivered to the [[Empire of Japan]] by the\n        United States.\\n** A fleet of 6 [[aircraft carrier]]s commanded by Japanese\n        Vice Admiral [[Ch\\u016bichi Nagumo]] leaves Hitokapu Bay for [[Pearl Harbor]]\n        under strict [[radio silence]].\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** WWII: Germans reach\n        their closest approach to Moscow. They are subsequently frozen by cold weather\n        and attacks by the [[Soviets]].\\n** A group of young men stop traffic on U.S.\n        Highway 99 south of [[Yreka, California]], handing out fliers proclaiming\n        the establishment of the [[Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)|State of Jefferson]].\\n**\n        [[November 30]] and [[December 8]]; The [[Rumbula massacre]] takes place killing\n        approximately 24,000 [[Latvian Jews]] and 1,000 [[German Jews]] outside of\n        [[Riga]].\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after\n        the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|300px|{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}\n        ablaze after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]]]   \\n* [[December 1]]\n        – WWII:\\n** [[Fiorello La Guardia]], Mayor of New York City and Director\n        of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]], signs [[s:Administrative Order 9|Administrative\n        Order 9]], creating the [[Civil Air Patrol]] under the authority of the [[United\n        States Army Air Forces]].\\n** A state of emergency is declared in [[British\n        Malaya]] and the [[Straits Settlements]].\\n* [[December 2]] – WWII:\n        The code message \\\"Climb Mount Niitaka\\\" is transmitted to the Japanese task\n        force, indicating that negotiations have broken down and that the attack on\n        Pearl Harbor is to be carried out according to plan.\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        The [[Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)|State of Jefferson]] is declared\n        in [[Yreka, California]], with a judge, John Childs, as governor.\\n* [[December\n        6]] – WWII:\\n** Soviet counterattacks begin against German troops encircling\n        Moscow. The [[Wehrmacht]] is subsequently pushed back over 200 miles.\\n**\n        The United Kingdom declares war on Finland and Romania.\\n* [[December 6]]\n        – WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Perseus|N36|6}} is sunk by a [[Naval\n        mine|mine]] off [[Cephalonia]].\\n* [[December 7]] ([[December 8]] –\n        3:18 a.m., [[Japan Standard Time]]) – WWII:\\n** [[Attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]: Aircraft flying from [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] [[Aircraft carrier|carrier]]s\n        launch a surprise attack on the United States fleet at [[Pearl Harbor]] in\n        [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], thus drawing the United States into World\n        War II. The attack begins at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Standard Time and is\n        announced on radio stations in the U.S. at about 11:26 p.m. [[Pacific\n        Time Zone|PST]] (19.26 [[GMT]]).\\n** The [[Japanese declaration of war on\n        the United States and the British Empire]] is published in Japanese evening\n        newspapers but not formally delivered to the U.S. until the following day.\n        Canada declares war on Japan.\\n** Adolf Hitler makes his ''''[[Nacht und Nebel]]''''\n        decree, declaring that all political prisoners and those involved in both\n        [[German resistance to Nazism]] and resistance to Nazism throughout [[German-occupied\n        Europe]] were to be apprehended by the [[Gestapo]], [[Sicherheitsdienst]]\n        and other security forces under [[Heinrich Himmler]]''s control.  \\n** [[Tobruk]]''s\n        British and Commonwealth garrison is relieved after Axis forces under Rommel\n        withdraw.\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** WWII: The [[Battle of Hong Kong]] begins\n        shortly after 8:00 a.m. ([[Hong Kong Time|local time]]), less than eight\n        hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Japanese forces invade [[British\n        Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], which is defended by British, Canadian and local troops.\n        The United Kingdom officially declares war on the [[Empire of Japan]].\\n**\n        WWII: Japanese Invasion of [[Shanghai International Settlement]], Began to\n        occupy the British and the American sectors after the attack on Pearl Harbor.\\n**\n        WWII: The [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]] begins ten hours after\n        the attack on Pearl Harbor when Japanese forces invade [[Luzon]] and destroy\n        U.S. aircraft on [[Clark Field]].{{cite book|first=Antony|last=Shaw|title=World\n        War II Day by Day|location=Staplehurst|publisher=Spellmount|year=2005|isbn=1-86227-304-9}}\\n**\n        WWII: President of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] delivers his\n        \\\"[[Infamy Speech]]\\\" to a [[Joint session of the United States Congress]]\n        at 12:30 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] (17.30 [[GMT]]). Transmitted\n        live over all four major national networks it attracts the largest audience\n        ever for an American radio broadcast, over 81% of homes.{{cite book|first=Robert\n        J.|last=Brown|title=Manipulating the Ether: the Power of Broadcast Radio in\n        Thirties America|pages=117\\u2013120|location=Jefferson, NC|publisher=McFarland\n        & Co|year=1998|isbn=0-7864-2066-9}} Within an hour, Congress agrees\n        to the President''s request for a [[United States declaration of war upon\n        Japan]] and he signs it at 4:10 p.m.\\n** WWII: [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]],\n        The Netherlands, the Free French, Yugoslavia, [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], [[El\n        Salvador]], [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]] also officially declare war on\n        Japan, and the [[Republic of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]] declares\n        war on the [[Axis powers]].\\n** WWII: Japanese also attack\n        [[British Malaya]] and [[Thailand]].\\n** WWII: The German\n        advance on Moscow (Operation Typhoon) is suspended for the winter.\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Che\\u0142mno extermination\n        camp]] opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] near\n        the village of [[Che\\u0142mno nad Nerem]]. Between December 1941-April 1943\n        and June 1944-January 1945 at least 153,000 Jews will be killed in the camp.\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]] The first mass gassing of Jews began in [[Che\\u0142mno extermination\n        camp]] on 8 December 1941, when the Nazis used gas vans to murder people from\n        the Lodz ghetto.\\n* [[December 10]] – WWII: \\n**The British battleship\n        {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}} and battlecruiser [[HMS Repulse (1916)|HMS ''''Repulse'''']]\n        are sunk by Japanese aircraft in the [[South China Sea]] north of [[Singapore]].\\n**The\n        [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] officially declares war\n        on Japan.\\n* [[December 11]] – WWII:\\n** Germany and Italy declare war\n        on the United States. The U.S. responds in kind.\\n** [[Mildred Gillars]] (\\\"Axis\n        Sally\\\") delivers her first [[propaganda]] broadcast to [[Allies of World\n        War II|Allied]] troops.\\n* [[December 12]] – WWII:\\n** [[Kingdom of\n        Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] declare\n        war on the United States.\\n** [[British India]] declares war on the [[Empire\n        of Japan]].\\n** The United States seizes the French ship {{SS|Normandie}}.\\n**\n        The Kimura Detachment of the Japanese Imperial forces is occupied in [[Legaspi,\n        Albay]], [[Philippines]].\\n* [[December 13]] – Sweden''s low temperature\n        record of -53 \\u00b0C is set in a village within the [[Vilhelmina Municipality]].\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – WWII: The [[Independent State of Croatia]] declares\n        war on the United States and the United Kingdom.\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        WWII: \\n** Hitler becomes Supreme [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[German Army\n        (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].\\n** [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Raid on Alexandria]]:\n        Italian [[Regia Marina]] divers on [[human torpedo]]es place [[limpet mine]]s\n        on ships of the British [[Royal Navy]] [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in port at\n        [[Alexandria]], Egypt, disabling battleships {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913}}\n        and {{HMS|Valiant|1914}}.\\n** Twelve days after the Japanese raid on Pearl\n        Harbor, the [[United States Naval Academy]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland]] graduates\n        its \\\"Class of 1942\\\" a semester early so as to induct the graduating students\n        without delay into the U.S. Navy and/or Marine Corps as officers, for immediate\n        stationing in the war.[http://www.usna.com/page.aspx?pid=700 The United\n        States Naval Academy Alumni Association and the United States Naval Academy\n        Foundation website], usna.com; accessed December 4, 2014. \\n* [[December\n        21]]\\n** [[Thailand]] and Japan sign a military alliance.\\n** [[The Holocaust]]:\n        [[Stanis\\u0142aw\\u00f3w Ghetto]] established.\\n* [[December 22]] – WWII:\n        [[Arcadia Conference]] opens in Washington, D.C., the first meeting on military\n        strategy between the heads of government of the United Kingdom and the United\n        States following the latter''s entry into the war.\\n* [[December 23]] –\n        WWII: A second Japanese landing attempt on [[Wake Island]] is successful,\n        and the American garrison surrenders after a full night and morning of fighting.\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – WWII:\\n** British forces capture [[Benghazi]].\\n**\n        Dutch submarine [[HNLMS K XVI]] is the first Allied ship to sink a Japanese\n        warship, sinking the destroyer ''''[[Sagiri]]'''' near [[Sarawak]]; K XVI\n        is herself torpedoed the following day by Japanese submarine [[I 66]].\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of Hong Kong]] ends after 17\n        days with surrender of the British [[Crown colony]] to the Japanese.\\n** Admiral\n        [[\\u00c9mile Muselier]] seizes the archipelago of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]],\n        the first part of France to be liberated by the [[Free French Forces]].\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – WWII: [[Winston Churchill]] becomes the first British\n        Prime Minister to address a [[joint session of the United States Congress]].\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – WWII: [[British Commandos]] raid the Norwegian port\n        of [[V\\u00e5gs\\u00f8y|Vaagso]], causing Hitler to reinforce the garrison and\n        defenses, drawing vital troops away from other areas.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        ''''[[Classics Illustrated|Classic Comics]]'''' series launched in the United\n        States with a version of ''''[[The Three Musketeers]]''''.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Abdiqasimsalad.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Abdiqasim\n        Salad Hassan]]]]\\n[[File:Hayao Miyazaki.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hayao Miyazaki]]]]\\n[[File:Joan\n        Baez 1966.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joan Baez]]]]\\n[[File:Faye Dunaway - 1971 - PBS.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Faye\n        Dunaway]]]]                         \\n[[File:NielDiamondHWOFAug2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Neil\n        Diamond]]]]\\n[[File:Scott Glenn 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Scott Glenn]]]]\\n[[File:46\n        Dick Cheney 3x4.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dick Cheney]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Dardo\n        Cabo]], Argentine journalist and activist (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Martin Evans]],\n        British biologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n**\n        [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan]], Somali politician, 5th [[President of Somalia]]\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Hayao Miyazaki]], Japanese film director\\n* [[January\n        7]]\\n** [[Iona Brown]], British violinist and conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Manfred Schellscheidt]], German soccer coach\\n** [[John E. Walker]], British\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Graham Chapman]], British comedian (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[January 9]]\n        \\n** [[Joan Baez]], American singer, songwriter and activist\\n** [[Robert\n        D. Putnam]], American political scientist \\n* [[January 10]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Greci]], Italian actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Dave Edwards\n        (musician)|Dave Edwards]], American musician (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Jimmy Velvit]],\n        American singer/songwriter\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Long John Baldry]],\n        British singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Faye Dunaway]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Milan Ku\\u010dan]], Slovenian politician and statesman\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Captain Beefheart]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] – [[David Ruffin]], American singer ([[The Temptations]]) (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Pat Patterson (wrestler)|Pat Patterson]], Canadian\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Clift Tsuji]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Allan Young]], English footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Richie Havens]], American musician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Neil\n        Diamond]], American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Aaron Neville]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Dan Shechtman]], Israeli chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Theo Berger]], German criminal (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – [[Scott Glenn]], American actor\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Beatrice Tinsley]], English astronomer (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Delbert Mann]], American television and film director (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Tineke Lagerberg]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Lynne Abraham]],\n        American lawyer; District Attorney of Philadelphia (1991\\u20132010)\\n** [[Dick\n        Gephardt]], American politician \\n** [[Eug\\u00e8ne Terre''Blanche]], South\n        African pro-apartheid politician, farmer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jessica Walter]],\n        American actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:NickNolte(cannesPhotocall).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nick\n        Nolte]]]]\\n[[File:SergioMENDESFeb2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sergio Mendes]]]]\\n[[File:Hipolito\n        mejia.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hipolito Mejia]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\n** [[Jerry\n        Spinelli]], American children''s author\\n** [[Karl Dall]], German comedian,\n        singer and television presenter\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Dory Funk, Jr.]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Howard Phillips (politician)|Howard Phillips]],\n        American politician\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Stephen J. Cannell]], American\n        director and producer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[David Selby]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Kaspar Villiger]], Swiss politician \\n* [[February 6]] – [[Stephen\n        Albert]], American composer. (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Nick\n        Nolte]], American actor\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Michael Apted]], British\n        film director\\n* [[February 11]] \\n** [[Sergio Mendes]], Brazilian jazz musician\\n**\n        [[Sonny Landham]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 12]] –\n        [[Naomi Uemura]], Japanese adventurer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n**\n        [[David Jeremiah]], American televangelist\\n** [[Sigmar Polke]], German painter\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Kim Jong-Il]], [[Leader of North Korea|Leader of\n        the Democratic People''s Republic of Korea]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 19]]\n        – [[David Gross]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Buffy Sainte-Marie]], Canadian\n        singer\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Yau Leung]], photographer in Hong Kong\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Sandy Bull]], American folk musician\n        and composer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Suzanne Mubarak]],\n        Egyptian first lady\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Mike Love.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mike\n        Love]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Dawkins Cooper Union Shankbone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard\n        Dawkins]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Joo Hyun]], South Korean actor\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[John Aprea]], American actor\\n** [[Adrian Lyne]], English film director\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Ernesto Miranda]], American criminal (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Erkki Salmenhaara]], Finnish composer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Wolfgang Petersen]], German film director\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Mike Love]], American musician \\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Gu\\u00e9\\u00ef]], military ruler of C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Chuck Woolery]], American game show host\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Paul\n        Kantner]], American rock guitarist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Wilson\n        Pickett]], American singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Kenji Kimihara]],\n        Japanese long-distance runner\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Jim Trelease]], American\n        educator and author\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Richard Dawkins]], British scientist\\n*\n        [[March 28]]\\n** [[Philip Fang]], Hong Kong [[simultaneous interpretation]]\n        specialist, United Nations official (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jim Turner (placekicker)|Jim\n        Turner]], American football player\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Joseph Hooton\n        Taylor, Jr.]], American astrophysicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[March 30]] \\n** [[Wasim Sajjad]], [[President of Pakistan]]\\n**\n        [[Graeme Edge]], British rock drummer and songwriter ([[The Moody Blues]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Michael\n        D. Higgins 2006.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michael D. Higgins]]]]\\n[[File:Ryan Oneal\n        - 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ryan O''Neal]]]]\\n[[File:Paavo Lipponen 2004.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paavo\n        Lipponen]]]]\\n[[File:Ann Margret 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ann-Margret]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Dr. Demento]] (n\\u00e9 Barret Eugene Hansen), American\n        radio disc jockey, novelty music collector\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Eric Braeden]],\n        German-born American actor\\n** [[Jorma Hynninen]], Finnish baritone\\n** [[Philipp\\u00e9\n        Wynne]], American musician (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Gorden Kaye]],\n        British actor (''''[[''Allo ''Allo!]]'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        [[Peggy Lennon]], American singer ([[The Lennon Sisters]])\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Kay Adams (singer)|Kay Adams]], American country singer\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[Shirley Stelfox]], English actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Bobby Moore]], English football player; World Cup winning captain\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Michael Stuart Brown]], American geneticist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – [[Pete Rose]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Michael\n        D. Higgins]], 9th [[President of Ireland]]\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Ryan\n        O''Neal]], American actor\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Eduardo Guedes]], U.S.\n        Portuguese film-maker (d. [[2000]]) \\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Paavo Lipponen]],\n        59th [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\\n** [[Ed Stewart]], British disc jockey\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ray Tomlinson]], American computer programmer (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]]\\n** [[Richard Holbrooke]], American diplomat (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[John Williams (guitarist)|John Williams]], Australian guitarist\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Lee Roy Jordan]], American football player\\n* [[April 28]]\\n**\n        [[Ann-Margret]], Swedish-born American actress, singer and dancer\\n** [[K.\n        Barry Sharpless]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n** [[Iryna Zhylenko]], Ukrainian poet (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:GohChokTong-WashingtonDC-20010614.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Goh\n        Chok Tong]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Dylan - Azkena Rock Festival 2010 1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob\n        Dylan]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Paul Ferris (composer)]], English film composer\n        and actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Alexander Ragulin]], Russian\n        hockey player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Ivica Osim]], Bosnian football\n        player and manager\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Yuri Voronov]], politician and academic\n        from Abkhazia (murdered) (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Howard Komives]],\n        American professional basketball player (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        [[Ayd\\u0131n G\\u00fcven G\\u00fcrkan]], Turkish academic and politician (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Eric Burdon]], British singer \\n* [[May\n        13]]\\n** [[Senta Berger]], Austrian actress\\n** [[Ritchie Valens]], American\n        singer (d. [[1959]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Bobby Burgess]], American dancer\n        and singer\\n** [[Nora Ephron]], American film producer, director, and screenwriter\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Goh Chok Tong]], 2nd [[Prime Minister\n        of Singapore]]\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Bobby Cox]], American baseball manager\\n*\n        [[May 22]]\\n**[[Menzies Campbell]], British politician\\n**[[Paul Winfield]],\n        American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Bob Dylan]], born Robert\n        Allen Zimmerman, American poet and musician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]]\\n* [[May 26]] – [[John Kaufman]], British sculptor\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[Teppo Hauta-aho]], Finnish double bassist and composer\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – [[Louis Ignarro]], American pharmacologist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Charlie\n        Watts Berlinale 2008.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Charlie Watts]]]]\\n[[File:Vaclav Klaus.jpg|thumb|120px|[[V\\u00e1clav\n        Klaus]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Wayne Kemp]], American country music singer\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[David Ruffin]], American soul singer and musician (d.\n        [[1991]])\\n** [[Alexander V. Zakharov|Alexander Zakharov]], Soviet (later\n        Russian) deputy scientist and astronomer \\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Stacy Keach]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Charlie Watts]], English musician ([[The Rolling Stones]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Martha Argerich]], Argentine pianist\\n** [[Spalding Gray]],\n        American actor and screenwriter (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Tony\n        Ray-Jones]], British photographer (d. [[1972]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Bradford (Northern Irish politician)|Robert Bradford]], Northern Irish politician\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Fuzzy Haskins]], American musician ([[P-Funk]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Jon Lord]], organist of [[Deep Purple]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** [[Mickey Jones]], American actor and musician\\n** [[James A. Paul]],\n        American writer and non-profit executive\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen Prochnow]], German\n        actor\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Marv Albert]], American sports announcer\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Roy Harper (singer)|Roy Harper]], English guitarist\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Neal Adams]], American comic book artist\\n** [[Harry Nilsson]],\n        American musician (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Rosalind Baker]],\n        Australian author \\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Conchita Carpio-Morales]], Filipino\n        [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n** [[V\\u00e1clav\n        Klaus]], 2nd [[President of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Totto\n        Osvold]], Norwegian radio entertainer\\n** [[Liz Mohn]], widow of Reinhard\n        Mohn, the owner of the media conglomerate Bertelsmann\\n** [[Jimmy Rayl]],\n        American professional basketball player\\n** [[Bruce William Nickerson]], American\n        civil rights and gay rights\\n** [[Aloysius Paul D''Souza]], Bishop of the\n        Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore\\n** [[Mitty Collier]], American church\n        pastor, gospel singer and former rhythm and blues singer\\n** [[Eduardo Suplicy]],\n        Brazilian left-wing politician, economist and professor\\n** [[Joe Flaherty]],\n        American-Canadian actor and comedian\\n** [[Valeri Zolotukhin]], Soviet/Russian\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Howard Kindig]], American football\n        defensive end\\n** [[Ed Bradley]], American journalist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Lerner (actor)|Michael Lerner]], American actor\\n** [[Terttu Savola]], Finnish\n        politician\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Tsai Hsun-hsiung]], Taiwanese politician\\n**\n        [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]], Malayalam author\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Julia Kristeva]],\n        Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist, and\n        novelist\\n** [[Graham McKenzie]], Australian cricketer\\n** [[Erkin Koray]],\n        Turkish musician\\n** [[Nelson L\\u00f3pez]], Argentine football defender\\n**\n        [[Bill Reardon]], American politician and educator\\n** [[Charles Whitman]],\n        American mass murderer (d. [[1966]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Miles Feinstein]],\n        American criminal law defense attorney, and legal commentator\\n** [[Kenneth\n        Walker (Australian cricketer)|Kenneth Walker]], Australian cricketer\\n** [[Eddie\n        Large]], British comedian\\n** [[Mike Stoker]], American firefighter, engineer\n        and captain\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Tamara Moskvina]], Russian pair skating\n        coach and former competitive skater\\n** [[Gil Garrido]], Panamanian baseball\n        player \\n** [[Nick Macarchuk]], American basketball head coach\\n** [[Thomas\n        Yeh Sheng-nan]], Taiwanese prelate\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Pavel Schenk]], Czech\n        former volleyball player\\n** [[John Goold]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Jerry Allen]], American football running back\\n** [[John Smyth (barrister)|John\n        Smyth]], British barrister\\n** [[Ian Black (swimmer)|Ian Black]], British\n        competitive swimmer\\n** [[Krzysztof Kie\\u015blowski]], Polish film director\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Ilana Adir]], Israeli Olympic runner and\n        long jumper\\n** [[Barbara Stolz]], German gymnast\\n** [[Len Boehmer]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n** [[C\\u00e9sar Bejarano]], Paraguayan fencer\\n**\n        [[Joseph Goguen]], American computer scientist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[David Johnston]],\n        28th [[Governor General of Canada]]\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Chieko Baisho]],\n        Japanese actress and singer\\n** [[Larry Stahl]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[David A. Bramlett]], United States Army four-star general\\n** [[Stokely\n        Carmichael]], Civil Rights Movement (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Margitta Gummel]],\n        German former Olympic gold medalist\\n** [[John Boccabella]], American professional\n        baseball player\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Cyril Atanassoff]], Bulgarian dancer\n        originally from France\\n** [[Roberto Castrillo]], Cuban sports shooter\\n**\n        [[Mike Leander]], English arranger, songwriter and record producer (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Jean-Baptiste Ou\\u00e9draogo]], 4th President of Burkina Faso\\n** [[Otto\n        Sander]], German actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Tai Kwok Yuen]], general authority\n        of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\\n** [[Nigel Walley]], English\n        golfer and tea-chest bass player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Epeli Nailatikau 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Epeli\n        Nailatikau]]]]\\n[[File:Presidente Sergio Mattarella.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sergio\n        Mattarella]]]]\\n[[File:PaulAnka07.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Paul Anka]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Rod Gilbert]], Canadian professional ice hockey forward\\n** [[Ursula\n        Koch]], Swiss politician\\n** [[Twyla Tharp]], American dancer, choreographer,\n        and author\\n** [[Alf Duval]], Australian rower\\n** [[Jaakko Kailaj\\u00e4rvi]],\n        Finnish weightlifter\\n** [[Alfred G. Gilman]], American scientist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Denis\n        Michael Rohan]], Australian citizen who, on 21 August 1969, set fire to the\n        pulpit of the Al-Aqsa mosque, in Jerusalem (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Chris Noel]], American actress\\n** [[Mogens Frey]], Danish amateur cyclist\\n**\n        [[St\\u00e9phane Venne]], French-Canadian songwriter and composer\\n* [[July\n        3]] \\n** [[Gloria Allred]], American civil rights lawyer\\n** [[Hertha Haase]],\n        German swimmer\\n** [[Casey Cox]], American baseball player \\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Digger Phelps]], American former college basketball coach\\n** [[Jay Carty]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Epeli Nailatikau]], Fijian\n        chief, 4th [[President of Fiji]]\\n** [[Peggy Miley]], American actress and\n        writer\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Harold Leighton Weller]], American conductor\\n**\n        [[John DeCamp]], American politician\\n** [[Randall Robinson]], African-American\n        lawyer, author and activist\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[John Fru Ndi]], Cameroonian\n        politician\\n** [[Vivian Barbot]], Canadian-Haitian teacher, activist, and\n        politician\\n** [[Michael Howard|Michael Howard, Baron Howard of Lympne]],\n        Welsh politician\\n** [[Bill Oddie]], English writer, composer, musician, comedian\\n**\n        [[Alan Durban]], Welsh international footballer and manager\\n** [[Louis Friedman]],\n        American astronautics engineer and space spokesperson\\n** [[Marco Bollesan]],\n        Italian former rugby union player, coach and manager\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Ken\n        Sanders]], American Major League Baseball relief pitcher\\n** [[Thunderbolt\n        Patterson]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Dario Gradi]], Italian-English\n        former amateur football player, coach and manager\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Hans-Gunnar\n        Liljenwall]], Swedish modern pentathlete\\n** [[Jan Lehane]], Australian female\n        tennis player\\n** [[Cirilo Bautista]], Filipino poet, fictionist, critic and\n        writer of nonfiction\\n** [[Tom Black (basketball)|Tom Black]], American professional\n        basketball player\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Robert Pine]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Jackie Lane (actress)|Jackie Lane]], British actress\\n* [[July 11]] \\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen Schmidt]], German speed skater\\n** [[Clive Puzey]], Southern\n        Rhodesian racing driver\\n** [[Tommy Vance]], British disc jockey (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[John Lahr]], American drama critic\\n** [[Juha V\\u00e4\\u00e4t\\u00e4inen]],\n        Finnish athlete\\n** [[Dick Rusteck]], American left-handed pitcher\\n** [[Benny\n        Parsons]], American race car driver (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Forster]], American actor\\n** [[Affonso Beato]], Brazilian cinematographer\\n**\n        [[Zoila Mart\\u00ednez]], Dominican lawyer, prosecutor and diplomat\\n* [[July\n        14]]\\n** [[Maulana Karenga]], American author and activist\\n** [[Andreas Khol]],\n        Austrian politician\\n** [[Dennis Kassian]], Canadian professional ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Vicente Guillot]], Spanish footballer\\n** [[Archie\n        Clark (basketball)|Archie Clark]], American professional basketball player\\n**\n        [[Nikhil Kumar]], Indian politician\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Seijir\\u014d K\\u014dyama]],\n        Japanese film director\\n** [[Hans Wiegel]], Dutch politician\\n** [[Ken Herock]],\n        American college and professional football player\\n** [[K\\u00e1lm\\u00e1n M\\u00e9sz\\u00f6ly]],\n        Hungarian football (soccer) player and coach\\n** [[Lloyd Sisco]], American\n        football coach\\n** [[Valeri Butenko]], Soviet midfielder and football referee\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Namirembe Bitamazire]], Ugandan academic and politician\\n**\n        [[Morimichi Takagi]], Japanese baseball player\\n** [[Rob van Empel]], Dutch\n        breaststroke swimmer\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Marcia Jones-Smoke]], American sprint\n        canoer \\n** [[Winston Choo]], Singaporean diplomat, civil servant and former\n        general\\n** [[Duncan Worsley]], British cricketer\\n** [[Frank Farian]], German\n        record producer and songwriter\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Carlos Alberto \\u00c1lvarez]],\n        Argentine cyclist\\n** [[Vikki Carr]], American singer\\n** [[Neelie Kroes]],\n        Dutch politician\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Vladimir Veber]], Moldovan footballer\n        \\n** [[Frank Natterer]], German mathematician\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Gary Waslewski]],\n        American Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Mick Waters]], Irish sportsperson\\n**\n        [[Ron Corry]], Australian football (soccer) player and coach\\n* [[July 22]]\n        \\n** [[George Clinton (musician)|George Clinton]], American musician\\n** [[Rich\n        Jackson]], American football player\\n** [[Susie Berning]], American professional\n        golfer\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Sergio Mattarella]], Italian lawyer, judge\n        and politician, 12th [[President of Italy]]\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Margarita\n        Isabel]], Mexican actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Darlene Love]],\n        American singer and actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Bill Baxley]], Alabama\n        politician\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Peter Cullen]], Canadian voice actor\\n**\n        [[Riccardo Muti]], Italian conductor\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** [[Jennifer Dunn (politician)|Jennifer\n        Dunn]], American politician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[David Warner (actor)|David\n        Warner]], British actor\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Paul Anka]], Canadian-American\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]], Indian\n        politician\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hage Geingob.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hage Geingob]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Crosby 2006.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David Crosby]]]]\\n[[File:Ibrahim Babangida (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ibrahim\n        Babangida]]]]\\n[[File:Milosevic-Lopez cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Slobodan Milosevic]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Ede Staal]], Dutch singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 3]]\n        \\n** [[Martha Stewart]], American television personality and media entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Hage Geingob]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Namibia]] and 3rd [[President of\n        Namibia]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Ted Strickland]], American politician\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Lyle Berman]], American poker player\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – [[George Tiller]], American physician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – [[Shirlee Busbee]], American novelist\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Deborah\n        Walley]], American actress (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[David Crosby]],\n        American musician \\n** [[Connie Smith]], American singer\\n** [[Lynne Cheney]],\n        [[Second Lady of the United States]], [[Chair of the National Endowment for\n        the Humanities]]\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Th\\u00e9oneste Bagosora]], Rwandan\n        army officer and alleged planner of the [[Rwandan Genocide]]\\n** [[David Dickinson]],\n        British antiques expert and television presenter\\n* [[August 17]] \\n** [[Ibrahim\n        Babangida]], [[President of Nigeria]]\\n** [[Lothar Bisky]], German politician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Fritz Wepper]], German actor\\n* [[August 20]] –\n        [[Slobodan Milo\\u0161evi\\u0107]], 3rd [[President of Yugoslavia]] and 1st\n        [[President of Serbia]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Ludwig M\\u00fcller\n        (footballer)|Ludwig M\\u00fcller]], German footballer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Bernie\n        Sanders New Orleans rally crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bernie Sanders]]]]\\n[[File:Otis\n        Redding (2).png|thumb|120px|[[Otis Redding]]]]\\n[[File:Ahmet Necdet Sezer.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ahmet\n        Necdet Sezer]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[George Saimes]], American football\n        player\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[David Bale]], South African-born businessman;\n        father of actor [[Christian Bale]] and husband of feminist activist [[Gloria\n        Steinem]] (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jyrki Otila]], Finnish quiz show judge and Member\n        of the European Parliament (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[John Thompson (basketball)|John\n        Thompson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Sergei\n        Dovlatov]], Russian short-story writer and novelist (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Sushilkumar Shinde]], Indian politician\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        [[Bernie Sanders]], American politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]]\n        ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Vermont|Vt.]]), and [[United States\n        presidential election, 2016|2016]] presidential candidate\\n* [[September 9]]\\n**\n        [[Otis Redding]], American singer and musician (d. [[1967]])\\n** [[Dennis\n        Ritchie]], American computer scientist, creator of the [[C (programming language)|C\n        programming language]] (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Christopher\n        Hogwood]], English conductor and harpsichordist (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Gunpei\n        Yokoi]], Japanese computer game producer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n**\n        [[Tadao Ando]], Japanese architect\\n** [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]], [[President\n        of Turkey]]\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Alberto Naranjo]], Venezuelan musician\\n*\n        [[September 15]] – [[Signe Toly Anderson]], American singer (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Bob Matsui]], U.S. Congressman from California\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Cass Elliot]], American singer\n        (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Dale Chihuly]], American glass\n        sculptor\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Guy Hovis]], American singer\\n** [[Linda\n        McCartney]], American activist, musician and photographer (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Martine Beswick]], British actress and model\\n*\n        [[September 27]]\\n** [[Gay Kayler]] Ashcroft, Australian country music singer\\n**\n        [[Sam Zell]], American publisher and investor\\n* [[September 28]] –\n        [[Edmund Stoiber]], German politician \\n* [[September 29]] – [[Fred\n        West]], British serial killer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Angela\n        Pleasence]], British actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Duhalde23012007.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Eduardo\n        Duhalde]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Simon at the 9-30 Club (b).jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Paul\n        Simon]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Chubby Checker]], American singer\\n*\n        [[October 4]]\\n** [[Roy Blount, Jr.]], American writer and comedian\\n** [[Elizabeth\n        Eckford]], American activist\\n** [[Anne Rice]], American writer\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Eduardo Duhalde]], 50th [[President of Argentina]]\\n* [[October\n        8]] – [[Jesse Jackson]], American clergyman and civil rights activist\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Trent Lott]], United States Senator (R-MS) \\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Peter Coyote]], American actor\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Paul\n        Simon]], American singer and composer\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Rosie Douglas]],\n        4th Prime Minister of Dominica (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Tim\n        McCarver]], American baseball commentator\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Anneke\n        Wills]], British actress\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Dickie Pride]], British\n        [[rock and roll]] singer (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Mel Winkler]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Helen Reddy]], Australian singer and\n        actress\\n** [[Anne Tyler]], American novelist\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Gerd\n        Brantenberg]], Norwegian feminist author and gay rights activist\\n* [[October\n        28]] – [[John Hallam]], Irish actor\\n** [[Hank Marvin]], British guitarist,\n        singer and songwriter ([[The Shadows]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Theodor\n        W. H\\u00e4nsch]], German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Sally Kirkland]], American actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Art\n        Garfunkel 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Art Garfunkel]]]]\\n[[File:Franco Nero.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Franco\n        Nero]]]]\\n[[File:Pete Best drumming.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pete Best]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Marina Baura]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Nigel Dempster]], British\n        journalist, author, broadcaster and diarist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Robert Foxworth]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Bruce Welch]], British guitarist,\n        singer and songwriter \\n* [[November 5]] – [[Art Garfunkel]], American\n        singer\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Guy Clark]], American singer-songwriter (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n** [[Doug Sahm]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Angelo Scola]], Italian cardinal\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Tom\n        Fogerty]], American guitarist ([[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]) (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Mae-Wan Ho]], geneticist known for her critical\n        views on genetic engineering and neo-Darwinism. (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Joseph L. Galloway]], American newspaper columnist and [[Vietnam\n        War]] historian\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Tova Traesnaes]], Norwegian-American\n        cosmetician and businesswoman; widow of actor [[Ernest Borgnine]]\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Dan Haggerty]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Oliver Sipple]], decorated US Marine and Vietnam War veteran\n        (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Tom Conti]], British actor and\n        theatre director\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Derek Mahon]], Irish poet\\n** [[Franco\n        Nero]], Italian actor\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Pete Best]], English drummer\\n*\n        [[November 25]]\\n** [[Ralph Haben]], American politician, [[Speaker of the\n        Florida House of Representatives]]\\n** [[Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi]], Sufi, author,\n        poet \\n* [[November 26]] – [[G. Alan Marlatt]], Canadian-born American\n        psychologist\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Eddie Rabbitt]], American country musician\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Henry Carr]], American Olympic athlete (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Aime Jacquet]], French football player and manager \\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Laura Antonelli]], Italian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Bill Freehan]], American baseball player\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Pi\\u00f1era - Lee Myung-bak (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lee Myung-bak]]]]\\n[[Image:Alex\n        Ferguson 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alex Ferguson]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Nigel Rodley]], n\\u00e9 Rosenfeld, English international human rights\n        lawyer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\n** [[David Johnston (newsreader)|David\n        Johnston]], Australian newsreader\\n** [[Leila S\\u00e4\\u00e4lik]], Estonian\n        actress \\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Vittorio Mezzogiorno]], Italian actor (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n** [[Richard Speck]], American mass murderer (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Beau Bridges]], American actor\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Kyu\n        Sakamoto]], Japanese singer and actor (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[J. Frank Wilson]], American singer ([[J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers]])\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[December 13]] – [[John Davidson (entertainer)|John\n        Davidson]], American singer and actor\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Prince\n        William of Gloucester]], member of the English royal family\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Lee Myung-bak]], 17th [[President of South Korea|President of the\n        Republic of Korea]]\\n** [[Maurice White]], American singer, songwriter, musician\n        and record producer, founder of [[Earth, Wind & Fire]] (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December\n        21]]\\n** [[Lo Hoi-pang]], Hong Kong-born Chinese actor\\n** [[Jared Martin]],\n        75, American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Ron Bushy]], American\n        rock musician \\n** [[Tim Hardin]], American folk musician (d. [[1980]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Lex Hixon]], American Sufi author, poet, and spiritual\n        teacher (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Miles Aiken]], American\n        basketball player and coach\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Mel Renfro]], American\n        football player\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Alex Ferguson|Sir Alex Ferguson]],\n        Scottish football manager ([[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Revolutionary\n        Joyce Better Contrast.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James Joyce]]]] \\n* [[January 1]]\n        – [[J\\u00f3zsef Konkolics]], Hungarian Slovene writer (d. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Henri Bergson]], French philosopher, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Amy\n        Johnson]], English aviator (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 8]] – Lord [[Robert\n        Baden-Powell]], English soldier and founder of the Boy Scouts (b. [[1857]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]]\\n** [[Frank Bridge]], English composer (b. [[1879]])\\n** Sir\n        [[John Lavery]], Anglo-Irish artist (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Joe Penner]], Hungarian-born\n        American comedic actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Emanuel Lasker]],\n        German chess champion (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[James Joyce]],\n        Irish writer and poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Ioannis Metaxas]],\n        dictator of Greece (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Fredrick banting.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frederick\n        Banting]]]]\\n[[File:Alfonso XIIIdeEspa\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Alfonso\n        XIII of Spain]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Harris Laning]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Otto Strandman]], 1st Prime Minister\n        of Estonia (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Banjo Paterson]], Australian\n        poet and [[journalist]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Giuseppe\n        Tellera]], Italian general (died of wounds) (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 9]]\n        – [[Aaron S. Watkins]], American temperance movement leader (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Rudolf Hilferding]], German economist and Minister\n        of Finance (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Frederick Banting]],\n        Canadian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Lothar von Arnauld de la Peri\\u00e8re]],\n        German submarine commander (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[William\n        D. Byron]], U.S. Congressman (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 28]] – King\n        [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]] (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gutzon Borglum\n        1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gutzon Borglum]]]]\\n[[File:George Charles Beresford\n        - Virginia Woolf in 1902 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Virginia Woolf]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Ludwig Quidde]], German activist and politician, Nobel\n        Prize laureate (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Gutzon Borglum]], American\n        sculptor (''''Mount Rushmore'''') (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[G\\u00fcnther\n        Prien]], German submarine commander (killed in action) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Sherwood Anderson]], American author (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Alexej von Jawlensky]], Russian painter (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] – [[Joachim Schepke]], German submarine commander (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara]], Indian police\n        commissioner (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Virginia Woolf]], English writer (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Vasil Kutinchev]], Bulgarian general (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[P\\u00e1l Teleki]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 5]] – Sir [[Nigel Gresley]], English steam\n        locomotive engineer (''''[[LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|Flying Scotsman]]''''\n        and ''''[[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|Mallard]]'''') (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April\n        13]] – [[Annie Jump Cannon]], American astronomer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April\n        16]] – [[Josiah Stamp]], British baron, banker, civil servant, industrialist,\n        economist and statistician (b.[[1880]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Karin Boye]],\n        Swedish poet (suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Edwin S. Porter]],\n        American film director (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Sh\\u016bz\\u014d\n        Kuki]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[James George\n        Frazer]], Scottish social anthropologist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Peggy Shannon]], American actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ruth\n        Stonehouse]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Minnie\n        Vautrin]], American missionary and heroine of the Nanjing Massacre (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Lancelot Holland]], British admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[G\\u00fcnther L\\u00fctjens]], German admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Prajadhipok]], Rama VII, King of Siam (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Hans\n        Berger]]]] \\n[[File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm\n        II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Hans Berger]], German\n        neurologist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Jenny Dolly]], American singer (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Walpole]], British writer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Lou\n        Gehrig]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], last Emperor\n        of Germany (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Louis Chevrolet]], Swiss-born\n        automobile builder and race car driver (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Evelyn Underhill]], British writer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 21]] –\n        [[Elliott Dexter]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Richard\n        Carle]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Ignacy Jan\n        Paderewski]], Polish pianist, composer, and third [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Rudolf Ramek Svenska Dagbladets %C3%A5rsbok\n        1924.png|thumb|110px|[[Rudolf Ramek]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Friedrich\n        Akel]], Estonian diplomat and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Antoni \\u0141omnicki]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 10]]\n        – [[Jelly Roll Morton]], African-American jazz musician and composer\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Arthur Evans]], English archaeologist\n        (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Walter Ruttmann]], German director\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Lew Fields]], American vaudeville performer\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Qui\\u00f1ones Gonzales]],\n        Peruvian aviator (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Rudolf Ramek]], 5th\n        [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Allan Forrest]],\n        American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Henri Lebesgue]], French\n        mathematician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[James Stephenson]], British\n        actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Hugo Celmi\\u0146\\u0161]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of Latvia (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Mickey Welch]], American baseball\n        player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Fr.Maximilian\n        Kolbe 1939.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maximilian Kolbe]]]]\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Indian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[J. Stuart Blackton|James\n        Stuart Blackton]], American film producer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]], French chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Maximilian Kolbe]], German\n        Franciscan (voluntary execution) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[John\n        Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven]], British politician, former Governor-General\n        of Australia (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Peder Oluf Pedersen]],\n        Danish engineer and physicist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Marina\n        Tsvetaeva]], Russian poet (suicide) (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Hans\n        Spemann nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans Spemann]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Karl Parts]], Estonian military commander (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 9]]\n        – [[Hans Spemann]], German embryologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Alipio\n        Ponce]], Peruvian police officer, Civil Guard hero (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Fred Karno]], British music hall comedian (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Mikhail Kirponos]], Soviet general (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Louis Brandeis]],\n        U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Gus Kahn]],\n        German songwriter (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Valentine O''Hara]], Irish author (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Helen Morgan]], American singer and actress\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Manuel Teixeira Gomes]], 7th President\n        of Portugal (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Robert Delaunay]], French\n        painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Arkady Gaidar]], Russian writer\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Victor Schertzinger]], American composer and director\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Harvey Hendrick]], American baseball\n        player (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[K\\u00e1roly Husz\\u00e1r]], 25th Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Pedro Aguirre Cerda.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Aguirre Cerda]]]]\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Frank Pick]], British transport\n        administrator and designer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Miina\n        H\\u00e4rma]], Estonian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Ernst\n        Udet]], German World War I fighter ace and Nazi ''''Luftwaffe'''' official\n        (suicide) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Nelligan]], Canadian\n        poet (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Walther Nernst]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Chris Watson]], 3rd [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 22]] \\n** [[Werner M\\u00f6lders]],\n        German fighter pilot (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Kurt Koffka]], German psychologist\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Henrietta Vinton Davis]], American\n        elocutionist, dramatist, impersonator, public speaker (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Pedro Aguirre Cerda]], [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Niels Hansen Jacobsen]], Danish sculptor and ceramist\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Charles James Briggs]], British\n        general (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Esmond Romilly]], British\n        socialist (b. [[1918]])\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Edward\n        Rydz-\\u015amig\\u0142y]], Polish marshal (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Christian Sinding]], Norwegian composer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 7]]\n        – [[Isaac Campbell Kidd]], American admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Eduard von B\\u00f6hm-Ermolli]], Austrian general\n        and German field marshal (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Tom Phillips\n        (Royal Navy officer)|Tom Phillips]], British admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[\\u00c9mile Picard]], French mathematician (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Basa]], Filipino pilot (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Blanche Bates]], stage actress (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Tullio Levi-Civita]], Italian mathematician (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[El Lissitzky]], Russian artist and\n        architect (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Chemistry]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or\n        Medicine|Medicine]] – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n*  William K. Klingaman. ''''1941: Our Lives in a World on the\n        Edge'''' (1988) world perspective based on primary sources by a scholar. \\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1941-pictures.html 1941 Coin Pictures],\n        coinpage.com; accessed December 4, 2014.\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1941}}\\n[[Category:1941|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T00:51:00Z\",\"lastrevid\":799650522,\"length\":91166,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1941&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941\"},\"34629\":{\"pageid\":34629,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1942\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T23:09:23Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1942}}\\n{{Events by month|1942}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1942}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1942}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n[[File:World War II\n        in Europe, 1942.svg|thumb|Map of Europe at the height of German control in\n        1942, Britain remaining the only country in Western Europe held by Allied\n        forces]]\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January 1]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Declaration\n        by United Nations]] is signed by China, the United Kingdom, the United States,\n        the Soviet Union and 22 other nations, in which they agree \\\"not to make any\n        separate peace with the Axis powers\\\".\\n** United States and [[Philippines]]\n        troops fight the [[Battle of Bataan]] against Japanese forces.\\n* [[January\n        2]] – WWII:\\n** Japanese warplanes bomb [[Manila]], Philippines.\\n**\n        Activation of the United States [[Eighth Air Force]] in [[Savannah, Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Typhoon]], the German attempt\n        to take Moscow, ends in failure.\\n** The siege of the [[Bataan Peninsula]]\n        begins.\\n* [[January 11]] – WWII:\\n** [[Dutch East Indies campaign]]:\n        Japan declares war on the Netherlands and invades the [[Dutch East Indies]].\\n**\n        [[Malayan Campaign]]: The Japanese capture [[Kuala Lumpur]], the capital of\n        the [[Federated Malay States]].\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Sikorsky R-4]] first\n        flies, in the United States; it will become the first mass-produced [[helicopter]].\\n**\n        [[Heinkel]] test pilot Helmut Schenk becomes the first person to escape from\n        a stricken aircraft with an [[ejection seat]].\\n* [[January 16]] – American\n        film actress [[Carole Lombard]] and her mother are among all 22 aboard [[TWA\n        Flight 3]] killed when the [[Douglas DC-3]] plane crashes into [[Potosi Mountain\n        (Nevada)|Potosi Mountain]] near [[Las Vegas]] while she is returning from\n        a tour to promote the sale of war bonds.\\n* [[January 19]] – WWII:\\n**\n        Japanese forces invade [[Burma]].\\n** Establishment of Commands of the United\n        States [[Eighth Air Force]]: VIII Bomber Command initially at [[Langley Field]]\n        in Virginia and [[VIII Fighter Command]] at [[Selfridge Air National Guard\n        Base|Selfridge Field]] in Michigan.\\n* [[January 20]] – [[The Holocaust]]:\n        [[Nazism|Nazis]] at the [[Wannsee Conference]] in Berlin decide that the \\\"[[Final\n        Solution]] (''''Endl\\u00f6sung'''') to the Jewish problem\\\" is relocation,\n        and later extermination.\\n* [[January 21]] – WWII: [[Erwin Rommel]]\n        launches his new offensive in [[Cyrenaica]].\\n* [[January 23]] – WWII:\n        The [[Battle of Rabaul (1942)|Battle of Rabaul]] begins.\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – WWII: [[Thailand]] declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – WWII: The first American forces arrive in Europe, landing\n        in [[Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[January 31]] – WWII: [[Malayan Campaign]]:\n        The last organized Allied forces leave [[British Malaya]], ending the 54-day\n        campaign, and the [[Johor\\u2013Singapore Causeway]] is severed.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        February – [[C. S. Lewis]]''s ''''[[The Screwtape Letters]]'''' first\n        published in book format in England.\\n* [[February 1]] – WWII: The Command\n        staff of the [[VIII Bomber Command|Eighth Air Force]] reaches England.\\n* February 1 \\u2013 [[Mao Zedong]] makes a speech on \\\"Reform in Learning,\n        the Party and Literature.\\\" This starts [[Yan''an Rectification Movement]].\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – WWII: Rommel suspends his offensive in Cyrenaica.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – [[United States Maritime Commission]] fleet operations\n        transferred to the [[War Shipping Administration]] (lasting until [[September\n        1]], [[1946]]).\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio \\u00d3scar Carmona]]\n        is elected president of Portugal.\\n** WWII: Top United States military leaders\n        hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the\n        war.\\n** [[Daylight saving time]] goes into effect in the United States.\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – The [[ocean liner]] {{SS|Normandie}} catches fire while\n        being converted into the troopship USS ''''Lafayette'''' (AP-53) for WWII\n        at pier 88 in New York City: she capsizes early the following morning.\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Operation Cerberus]]: A flotilla of [[Kriegsmarine]]\n        ships dash from [[Brest, France|Brest]] through the [[English Channel]] to\n        northern ports; the British fail to sink any of them.\\n* [[February 15]] –\n        WWII: [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore surrenders to Japan]]ese forces.\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – WWII: More than 200 American sailors die in [[Newfoundland\n        and Labrador|Newfoundland]] when the {{USS|Truxtun|DD-229|6}} runs aground\n        near Chambers Cove and the {{USS|Pollux|AKS-2|6}} runs aground at Lawn Point.\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – WWII:\\n** [[Bombing of Darwin|Japanese warplanes bomb\n        Darwin]], Australia.\\n** A returning Japanese fighter plane crashes on [[Melville\n        Island (Australia)]] and its pilot, [[Hajime Toyoshima]], becomes the first\n        Japanese captured on Australian soil when [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous\n        resident]] [[Matthias Ulungura]] takes him prisoner. \\n** United States President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs [[Executive Order 9066]] allowing the United\n        States military to define areas as exclusionary zones. These zones affect\n        the [[Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese]] on the West Coast, and [[Internment\n        of German Americans|Germans]] and [[Internment of Italian Americans|Italians]]\n        primarily on the East Coast.\\n* [[February 19]]\\u2013[[February 23|23]] –\n        WWII: [[Battle of Sittang Bridge]] – British forces retreat to the [[Sittaung\n        River]].\\n* [[February 20]] – Lieutenant [[Edward O''Hare]] becomes\n        America''s first U.S. Navy WWII [[flying ace]].\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        General [[George Marshall]] transmits a direct order to [[Douglas MacArthur|General\n        MacArthur]] in [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]]''s name, ordering\n        MacArthur himself to turn over command of the [[Philippines]] to a subordinate\n        and report to Australia to assume command of the large American force being\n        built up there. The orders are worded to allow MacArthur to choose the exact\n        moment of his [[Douglas MacArthur''s escape from the Philippines|departure]];\n        for various reasons, he will not leave until March 12 (Eastern Date).\\n* [[February\n        23]] – The {{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-17||2|up=yes}} fires 17 high-explosive\n        shells toward an oil [[refinery]] near [[Santa Barbara, California]], causing\n        little damage.\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Struma disaster|''''Struma'''' disaster]]:\n        {{MV|Struma}}, carrying Jewish refugees from Axis-allied Romania to British-administered\n        Palestine, is torpedoed and sunk by the {{Ship|Soviet submarine|Shch-213||2|up=yes}},\n        killing about 791 men, women and children, with only one survivor.\\n** [[Propaganda]]:\n        The [[Voice of America]] begins broadcasting.\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Battle\n        of Los Angeles]]: Over 1,400 AA shells are fired at an unidentified, slow-moving\n        object in the skies over Los Angeles. The appearance of the object triggers\n        an immediate wartime blackout over most of [[Southern California]], with thousands\n        of air raid wardens being deployed throughout the city. In total there are\n        6 deaths. Despite the several-hour barrage no planes are downed.\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** The worst [[coal dust]] explosion to date, in Honkeiko, China, claims\n        1,549 lives.\\n** The [[14th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held in Los Angeles;\n        ''''[[How Green Was My Valley (film)|How Green Was My Valley]]'''' wins [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n* [[February 27]] – WWII: [[Battle\n        of the Java Sea]]: An allied ([[ABDA]]) task force of 14 vessels under [[Netherlands|Dutch]]\n        command, trying to stem a Japanese invasion of the [[Dutch East Indies]],\n        is defeated by a 19 vessel Japanese task force in the [[Java Sea]]; 2.300\n        sailors die, including the commander, admiral [[Karel Doorman]]; Japanese\n        attain naval hegemony in East-Asia\\n\\n===March===\\n* March – Construction\n        begins on the [[Badger Army Ammunition Plant]], the largest in the United\n        States during WWII.\\n* [[March 9]] – WWII: [[Executive order]] 9082\n        (February 28, 1942) comes into effect reorganizing the United States Army\n        into three major commands: [[Army Ground Forces]], [[United States Army Air\n        Forces|Army Air Forces]], and [[Services of Supply]], later redesignated [[Army\n        Service Forces]], with [[Henry H. Arnold]] as Commanding General of the [[United\n        States Army Air Forces]].\\n* [[March 12]] – WWII: U.S. General [[Douglas\n        MacArthur]], his family, and key members of his staff are evacuated by [[PT\n        boat]], under cover of darkness, from [[Battle of Corregidor|Corregidor]]\n        in the [[Philippines]]. Command of U.S. forces in the Philippines passes to\n        [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – WWII: New Zealand and Australia declare war on [[Thailand]].\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[The Holocaust]]: [[Operation Reinhard]] – The\n        [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec extermination camp]] opens\n        in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] about 1 km\n        south of the railroad station at [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec extermination camp|Be\\u0142\\u017cec]]\n        in the [[Lublin]] district of the [[General Government]]. At least 434,508\n        people are killed here up to December 1942.\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]], President of the United States, signs [[Executive Order 9102]],\n        creating the [[War Relocation Authority]] (WRA), which becomes responsible\n        for the internment of Americans of Japanese and, to a lesser extent, German\n        and Italian descent, many of them legal citizens.\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        WWII: After being forced to flee the Philippines, U.S. General [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        announces (in [[Terowie, South Australia]]), \\\"I came through and I shall\n        return.\\\"{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48749454|title=''I\n        Came Through; I Shall Return''|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|location=Adelaide|date=21\n        March 1942|accessdate=2013-03-20|page=1}}\\n* [[March 22]] – WWII:\n        [[Second Battle of Sirte]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] – Escorting\n        warships of a British convoy to [[Malta]] ward off a much more powerful ''''[[Regia\n        Marina]]'''' (Italian Navy) squadron north of the [[Gulf of Sirte]].\\n* [[March\n        23]] – WWII: The Germans burn down the Ukrainian village of Yelino ([[Koriukivka\n        Raion]]), killing 296 civilians.{{cite web|url=http://www.russia-today.ru/2012_13_37.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130113222535/http://www.russia-today.ru/2012_13_37.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=13 January 2013 |script-title=ru:\\u0412\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f:\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0445\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043d\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e \\u0441\\u043e\\u043b\\u0434\\u0430\\u0442\\u0430?\n        |language=Russian |work=Russia Today |accessdate=21 September 2012 }}\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – The evacuation of Polish nationals from the Soviet Union\n        begins. It is conducted in two phases: until 5 April; and between 10 and 30\n        August 1942, by sea from Krasnovodsk to Pahlavi (Anzali), and (to a lesser\n        extent) overland from Ashkabad to Mashhad. In all, 115,000 people are evacuated,\n        37,000 of them civilians, 18,000 children (7% of the number of Polish citizens\n        originally exiled to the Soviet Union).{{cite web|url=http://www.parstimes.com/history/polish_refugees/exodus_russia.html|title=Iran\n        and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942|publisher=parstimes|accessdate=25 October\n        2012}}\\n* [[March 28]] – WWII:\\n** [[St Nazaire Raid]] (Operation\n        Chariot) – British Commandos raid [[Saint-Nazaire]] on the coast of\n        Western France to put its dockyard facilities out of action.\\n** [[St. Mary''s\n        Church, L\\u00fcbeck]] is destroyed by an allied bombing raid - [[Bombing of\n        L\\u00fcbeck in World War II]]\\n* [[March 31]] – WWII: [[Battle of Christmas\n        Island]] – Japanese troops occupy [[Christmas Island]] without resistance\n        following a mutiny by [[British Indian Army]] troops against their British\n        officers.\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0918-0201-001, KZ\n        Treblinka, Lageplan (Zeichnung) II.jpg|thumb|300px|Spring 1942: the [[Nazi\n        Germany|Nazi German]] [[extermination camp]] [[Treblinka II]] opens in [[Occupation\n        of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied Poland]] near the village of [[Treblinka,\n        Masovian Voivodeship|Treblinka]]]]\\n* April\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: the [[Nazi\n        Germany|Nazi German]] [[extermination camp]] [[Sobib\\u00f3r extermination\n        camp|Sobib\\u00f3r]] opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]] on the outskirts of the town of [[Sobib\\u00f3r, Lublin Voivodeship|Sobib\\u00f3r]].\n        Between April 1942 and October 1943, at least 160,000 people are killed here.\\n**\n        77 [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] prisoners of war held at [[Amersfoort concentration camp]]\n        in the occupied Netherlands are shot by Nazi German guards, 24 of their compatriots\n        having previously died there as a result of forced starvation.{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2017-05-09|accessdate=2017-05-09|title=Why\n        were 101 Uzbeks killed in the Netherlands in 1942?|first=Rustam|last=Qobil}}\\n*\n        Spring – [[The Holocaust]]: the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[extermination\n        camp]] [[Treblinka II]] opens in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]] near the village of [[Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship|Treblinka]].\n        Between July 23, 1942, and October 1943, around 850,000 people are killed\n        here,{{cite book|chapter=Treblinka\n        - ein Todeslager der \\\"Aktion Reinhard\\\"|title=Aktion Reinhard\\\" - Die Vernichtung\n        der Juden im Generalgouvernement|editor-link=Bogdan Musial|editor=Musial,\n        Bogdan|location=Osnabr\\u00fcck|year=2004|pages=257\\u2013281}} more than\n        800,000 of whom are Jews.{{cite book|first1=Donald L.|last1=Niewyk|first2=Francis\n        R.|last2=Nicosia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC&pg=PA210&dq=%22Treblinka+Treblinka%22&cd=25#v=onepage&q=%22Treblinka%20Treblinka%22&f=false|title=The\n        Columbia Guide to the Holocaust|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-231-11200-9|page=210}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – WWII: Japanese forces begin an all-out assault on the\n        United States and [[Philippines|Filipino]] troops on the [[Bataan Peninsula]].\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – WWII: [[Easter Sunday Raid]] – Aircraft of the [[Imperial\n        Japanese Navy|Japanese Navy]] attack [[Colombo]] in [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]).\n        [[Royal Navy]] [[cruisers]] {{HMS|Cornwall|56|6}} and {{HMS|Dorsetshire|40|6}}\n        are sunk southwest of the island.\\n* [[April 9]] – WWII:\\n** The Bataan\n        Peninsula falls and the [[Bataan Death March]] begins.\\n** The Japanese Navy\n        launches an air raid on [[Trincomalee]] in Ceylon (Sri Lanka); the Royal Navy\n        aircraft carrier {{HMS|Hermes|95}} and [[Royal Australian Navy]] destroyer\n        {{HMAS|Vampire|D68|6}} are sunk off the country''s East Coast.\\n* [[April\n        12]] – ''''[[Bambi|Disney''s Bambi]]'''' was released in [[theaters]]\n        everywhere.\\n* [[April 13]] – The United States [[Federal Communications\n        Commission]]''s minimum programming time required of TV stations is cut from\n        15 hours to 4 hours a week during the  war.\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** WWII: The\n        submarine {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}} is sunk.\\n** WWII: The {{GS|U-85|1941|6}}\n        is sunk by {{USS|Roper|DD-147|6}}.\\n* [[April 15]] – WWII: [[Award of\n        the George Cross to Malta]]: King [[George VI]] awards the [[George Cross]]\n        to the island of [[Malta]] to mark the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|Siege\n        of Malta]], saying, \\\"To honour her brave people I award the George Cross\n        to the Island Fortress of Malta, to bear witness to a heroism and a devotion\n        that will long be famous in history\\\" (from January 1 to July 24, there is\n        only one 24-hour period during which no bombs fall on this tiny island).\\n*\n        [[April 17]] –  WWII: [[Henri Giraud]] the French commander captured\n        in 1940, escapes from [[K\\u00f6nigstein Fortress]].\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        WWII: Tokyo, Japan, is attacked by the [[Doolittle Raid]], a small force of\n        [[B-25 Mitchell]] bomber aircraft commanded by then-Lieutenant Colonel [[Jimmy\n        Doolittle|James \\\"Jimmy\\\" Doolittle]].\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** WWII: [[Exeter]]\n        becomes the first historic English city bombed as part of the [[Baedeker Blitz]]\n        in retaliation for the British [[Bombing of L\\u00fcbeck in World War II|bombing\n        of L\\u00fcbeck]].\\n** Exeter-born [[William Temple (bishop)|William Temple]]\n        enthroned as [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Elizabeth\n        II|The Princess Elizabeth]] registers for war service in the U.K.\\n* [[April\n        26]] – WWII: The [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] meets for the\n        last time, dissolving itself and proclaiming [[Adolf Hitler]] the \\\"Supreme\n        Judge of the German People\\\", granting him the power of life and death over\n        every German citizen.\\n* [[April 27]] \\n** WWII: A [[Conscription Crisis of\n        1944|national plebiscite]] is held in Canada on the issue of [[conscription]].\\n**\n        The Jewish [[Star of David]] is required wearing for all Jews in the Netherlands\n        and Belgium; Jews in other Nazi-controlled countries have already been wearing\n        it.\\n* [[April 29]] – WWII: An explosion at a chemical factory in [[Tessenderlo]],\n        Belgium leaves 200 dead and 1,000 injured.\\n\\n===May===\\n* May – [[Operation\n        Pluto]]: The plan to construct oil pipelines under the [[English Channel]]\n        between England and France is tested in the [[River Medway]].\\n* [[May 3]]–[[May\n        4|4]] – WWII: [[Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)|Invasion of Tulagi]] by\n        Japanese forces in the [[British Solomon Islands]] of the South Pacific as\n        part of [[Operation Mo]].\\n* [[May 5]] – WWII: [[Operation Ironclad]]:\n        British forces invade the French colony of [[Madagascar]].\\n* [[May 7]] –\n        WWII: On [[Corregidor]], the last American and [[Philippines|Filipino]] forces\n        in the [[Philippines]] surrender to the Japanese under command of 2Lt. Robert\n        L. Obourn ([[92nd Coast Artillery (United States)|92nd Coastal Artillery Corps\n        Battalion]], G Battery) from [[Fort Mills]].{{cite book|last=Quigley|first=Carroll|title=Tragedy\n        And Hope|year=1966|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0-945001-10-X|page=745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope&dq=tragedy+and+hope&source=bl&ots=P_gAndEgun&sig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of the Kerch Peninsula]]: The German\n        [[11th Army (Wehrmacht)|11th Army]] begins Operation ''''Trappenjagd'''' (Bustard\n        Hunt) and destroys the [[bridgehead]] of the three Soviet Armies (44th, 47th,\n        and 51st) defending the [[Kerch Peninsula]], in the eastern part of the [[Crimea]].{{cite\n        book|first=Robert|last=Forczyk|year=2008|title=Sevastopol 1942, Von Manstein''s\n        triumph|pages=35\\u201337|isbn=978-1-84603-221-9}} \\n** The [[Battle\n        of the Coral Sea]] (first battle in naval history where 2 enemy fleets fight\n        without seeing each other''s fleets) ends in an Allied victory.\\n** The [[Battle\n        of the Kerch Peninsula]]: German and Romanian forces launches Unternehmen\n        Trappenjagd (Operation Busted Hunt) aiming at defeating the Soviet [[Crimean\n        Front]] defending the [[Kerch Peninsula]]. The battle ends in Axis victory.\n        Part of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].\\n* [[May 8]]/[[May\n        9]] – WWII: At night, gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh\n        Island in the Cocos Islands mutiny. The mutiny is crushed and three executed\n        (the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the\n        Second World War).\\n* [[May 12]] – WWII:\\n** [[Second Battle of Kharkov]]:\n        In the eastern [[Ukraine]],  the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Army initiates a\n        major offensive to capture the city of [[Kharkov]] from the German Army, only\n        to be encircled and destroyed.\\n** The {{ship|Japanese minelayer|Okinoshima}}\n        is sunk by the American submarine {{USS|S-42|SS-153|6}}.\\n* [[May 14]] –\n        [[Aaron Copland]]''s ''''[[Lincoln Portrait]]'''' is performed for the first\n        time by the [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]].\\n* [[May 15]] – WWII:\n        In the United States, a bill creating the [[Women''s Army Corps|Women''s Auxiliary\n        Army Corps]] (WAAC) is signed into law.\\n* [[May 20]] – The first African-American\n        seamen are taken into the [[United States Navy]].\\n* [[May 21]] – WWII:\n        Mexico declares war against [[Nazi Germany]] after the sinking of the Mexican\n        tanker ''''[[Faja de Oro]]'''' by {{GS|U-160|1941|6}} off [[Key West]].\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Bir Hakeim]]: The Free French and\n        British troops slow the German advance in North Africa.\\n** [[Anglo-Soviet\n        Treaty of 1942]] to help establish military and political alliance between\n        the [[USSR]] and the [[British Empire]] is signed in London by foreign Secretary\n        [[Anthony Eden]] and by Soviet foreign minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]].\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – WWII: [[Operation Anthropoid]]: Czech paratroopers attempt\n        to assassinate [[Reinhard Heydrich]] in [[Prague]].\\n* [[May 30]]–[[May\n        31|31]] – WWII: [[Bombing of Cologne in World War II|Bombing of Cologne]]\n        – British [[RAF Bomber Command]]''s \\\"Operation Millennium\\\", its first\n        1,000 bomber raid, with associated fires make 13,000 families homeless and\n        kills around 475 people, mostly civilians; 3,330 non-residential buildings\n        are totally destroyed.\\n* [[May 31]]–[[June 1]] – WWII: [[Attack\n        on Sydney Harbour]]: Japanese [[midget submarine]]s infiltrate Sydney Harbour\n        in Australia in an attempt to attack Allied warships.\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Hiryu\n        f075712.jpg|thumb|300px|June 4: The Japanese aircraft carrier, [[Japanese\n        aircraft carrier Hiry\\u016b|''''Hiry\\u016b'''']] under attack by US aircraft\n        at the [[Battle of Midway]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** WWII: Mexico declares war\n        on Germany, Italy and Japan.\\n** The [[Grand Coulee Dam]] is finished on the\n        [[Columbia River]].\\n* [[June 4]] – WWII: [[Reinhard Heydrich]] succumbs\n        to wounds sustained on [[May 27]] from Czechoslovakian paratroopers acting\n        in [[Operation Anthropoid]].\\n* [[June 5]] – The United States declares\n        war on [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]] & [[Romania]].\\n* [[June 4]]–[[June\n        7]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Midway]]: The Japanese naval advance in\n        the Pacific is halted.\\n* [[June 7]] – WWII: Japanese forces invade\n        the [[Aleutian Islands]] (the first invasion of American soil in 128 years).\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – WWII: [[Attack on Sydney Harbour]]: The Australian cities\n        of Sydney and [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] are shelled by Japanese\n        submarines. The eastern suburbs of both cities are damaged and the east coast\n        is blacked out.\\n* [[June 9]] – WWII:\\n** [[Nazism|Nazis]] burn the\n        Czech village of [[Lidice]] in reprisal for the killing of [[Reinhard Heydrich]].\\n**\n        (12:30 a.m.) – B-17 [[Flying Fortress]] air crash near [[Auckland]].\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – WWII: The Gestapo massacres 173 male residents of [[Lidice]],\n        [[Czechoslovakia]] in retaliation for the killing of [[Reinhard Heydrich]].\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – [[The Holocaust]]: On her 13th birthday, [[Anne Frank]]\n        makes the first  entry in her new [[The Diary of a Young Girl|diary]].\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – WWII: The United States opens its [[Office of War Information]],\n        a [[propaganda]] center.\\n* [[June 18]] – WWII: The SS surrounds the\n        church where [[Jan Kubi\\u0161]] and [[Jozef Gab\\u010d\\u00edk]], the assassins\n        of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], are hiding. Kubi\\u0161 is fatally wounded in the\n        ensuing shootout and Gab\\u010d\\u00edk commits suicide to avoid capture.  \\n*\n        [[June 23]] – The experimental early type of a nuclear reactor L-IV\n        led to [[Leipzig L-IV experiment accident|an accident]], becoming the first\n        nuclear accident in history and consisting of steam explosion and reactor\n        fire in [[Leipzig]].\\n* [[June 28]] – WWII: The Germans launch [[Case\n        Blue]], Army Group South''s drive to Stalingrad and the Baku Oil fields.\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – WWII: The [[11th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Eleventh Army]]\n        under [[Erich von Manstein]] takes [[Sevastopol]], although fighting rages\n        until [[July 9]].\\n\\n===July===\\n* July – [[The Holocaust]]: Inmates\n        of [[Westerbork transit camp]] in the occupied [[Netherlands]] begin to be\n        shipped to Nazi [[extermination camp]]s. From now until 1944 around 107,000,\n        mostly Jewish, from here will be killed.\\n* [[July 1]]–[[July 27]] –\n        WWII: The [[First Battle of El Alamein]]: British forces prevent a second\n        advance by Axis forces into Egypt.\\n* [[July 3]] – WWII: [[Guadalcanal]],\n        occupied only by aborigines, falls to the Japanese Naval construction force\n        deployed to construct an air field on the island.\\n* [[July 4]] – WWII\n        in the [[European Theater of Operations]]:\\n** Twenty-four ships are sunk\n        by German bombers and submarines after [[Convoy PQ 17]] to the Soviet Union\n        is scattered in the Arctic Ocean to evade the [[German battleship Tirpitz|German\n        battleship ''''Tirpitz'''']].\\n** The United States [[Eighth Air Force]] inauspiciously\n        flies its first mission in Europe using borrowed British planes and bombs\n        targets in the Netherlands, such as De Kooy airfield attached to [[Den Helder]]\n        naval base. Three of six aircraft return;{{cite web|url=http://www.taphilo.com/history/8thaf/index.shtml|title=8th\n        Air Force during WWII in the ETO: facts, statistics, history and useful information}}\n        For this mission, Captain Charles C. Kegelman is the first member of the Force\n        to be awarded the U.S. [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished\n        Flying Cross]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20110816165404/http://fpmedia.club.officelive.com/EersteaanvalVIIIBomberCommand.aspx\n        Nieuws-wo2.tk]\\n* [[July 6]] – [[The Holocaust]]: [[Anne Frank]]''s\n        family goes into hiding in an attic above her father''s office in an [[Amsterdam]]\n        warehouse.\\n* [[July 8]] – Turkish prime minister [[Refik Saydam]] dies\n        while working in office. For one day he is succeeded by [[Ahmet Fikri T\\u00fczer]].\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]] forms the new (13th)\n        government in [[Turkey]].\\n* [[July 13]] – WWII: [[U-boat]]s sink 3\n        more merchant ships in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]].\\n* [[July 14]] –\n        WWII: Germany introduces the [[Ostvolk Medal]] for Soviet personnel in the\n        [[Wehrmacht]].\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: By order of the [[Vichy\n        France]] government headed by [[Pierre Laval]], French police officers round-up\n        13,000\\u201320,000 Jews and imprison them in the [[Winter Velodrome]].\\n**\n        [[Georges B\\u00e9gu\\u00e9]] and others escape from the [[Mauzac, Haute-Garonne|Mauzac]]\n        prison camp.\\n* [[July 18]] – WWII: The Germans test fly the [[Messerschmitt\n        Me 262]] (using only its [[jet engine]]s) for the first time.\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – WWII: [[Battle of the Atlantic]]: German Grand Admiral [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]]\n        orders the last [[U-boat]]s to withdraw from their United States Atlantic\n        coast positions, in response to an effective American convoy system.\\n* [[July\n        21]] – WWII: The Japanese establish a beachhead on the north coast of\n        [[New Guinea]] in the Buna-Gona area; a small Australian force begins a rearguard\n        action on the [[Kokoda Track campaign]].\\n* [[July 22]] – [[The Holocaust]]:\n        The systematic deportation of Jews from the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] begins.\\n* [[July\n        23]] – The Holocaust: The [[gas chamber]]s at [[Treblinka extermination\n        camp]] begin operation, killing 6,500 Jews newly arrived from the Warsaw Ghetto.\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – The [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] institutes the [[Order of Suvorov]], the [[Order of Kutuzov]], and\n        reinstates the [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]].\\n* [[July 30]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[WAVES]] (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service), the United States\n        Naval Reserve (Women''s Reserve), is signed into law.\\n** [[SS Robert E. Lee\n        (1924)|SS ''''Robert E. Lee'''']] sunk in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] by {{GS|U-166|1941|2}}\n        which is itself sunk by the escorting patrol craft.\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        The [[Oxford Committee for Famine Relief]] (Oxfam) is founded in England.\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 7]] – WWII: [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] begins – The [[U.S.\n        Navy]] and the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] begin the first American offensive of\n        the war with an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious]] landing on the island of\n        [[Guadalcanal]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** WWII: Allied\n        North Atlantic [[convoy SC 94]] loses ten ships as the first to be heavily\n        attacked by [[U-boat]]s resuming mid-Atlantic [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolf\n        pack]] attacks through the climactic winter of 1942/43.{{cite book|title=Chronology\n        of the War at Sea 1939-1945|author1=Rohwer, J. |author2=Hummelchen, G. |publisher=Naval\n        Institute Press|year=1992|page=153|isbn=978-1-55750-105-9}}\\n** WWII:\n        In Washington, D.C., six German [[sabotage|saboteurs]] are executed for their\n        role in a failed mission of [[Operation Pastorius]]. (Two others are cooperative\n        and receive sentences of life imprisonment instead, being freed a few years\n        after the end of the war.)\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** Indian leader, [[Mohandas Gandhi]]\n        is arrested in [[Bombay]] by British forces.\\n** ''''Start'''', led by the\n        goalkeeper Nikolai Trusevich, [[The Death Match|play football against the\n        German Luftwaffe team Flakelf in Nazi-occupied Kiev]]. Against all odds, they\n        win 5\\u20133. Eight of them are later arrested and tortured, and at least\n        four are killed.\\n** [[Leningrad premi\\u00e8re of Shostakovich''s Symphony\n        No. 7]] with the city still under siege.\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Quit India]]\n        resolution is passed by the [[Bombay]] session of the All India Congress Committee\n        (AICC), which leads to the start of a historical civil disobedience movement\n        across India.\\n* [[August 15]] – WWII: The American tanker {{SS|Ohio||2}}\n        reaches Malta as part of the convoy of ''''[[Operation Pedestal]]''''.\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Polish-Jewish]] teacher [[Janusz Korczak]] follows a group\n        of Jewish children into the [[Treblinka extermination camp]].\\n** U.S. Navy\n        blimp ''''[[L class blimp|L-8]]'''' (Flight 101) comes ashore near San Francisco,\n        eventually coming down in [[Daly City, California|Daly City]] (the crew is\n        missing).\\n* [[August 17]] – WWII: First raid by heavy bombers of U.S.\n        [[Eighth Air Force]] based in England against occupied France.\\n* [[August\n        19]] – WWII: [[Dieppe Raid]]: Allied forces raid [[Dieppe]], France.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Plutonium]] is isolated for the first time at the\n        [[Metallurgical Laboratory]] of the [[University of Chicago]].\\n* [[August\n        21]] – WWII: [[Battle of the Tenaru]]: Allies defeat Japanese land forces\n        on [[Guadalcanal]].\\n* [[August 22]] – WWII: [[Vargas Era#World War\n        II|Brazil declares war]] on Germany and Italy.\\n* [[August 23]] – WWII:\n        [[Battle of Stalingrad]] begins: [[Case Blue|German troops]] reach the suburbs\n        of [[Stalingrad]].\\n* [[August 24]]\\n**  WWII: [[Charge of the Savoia Cavalleria\n        at Isbuscenskij]]: An Italian [[cavalry]] regiment attacks Soviet forces with\n        drawn [[sabre]]s at Isbuscenskij in Russia, one of the last major cavalry\n        [[Charge (warfare)|charge]]s.\\n**  WWII: Allied North Atlantic [[convoy ON\n        122]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s which sink four ships.{{cite book|title=North\n        Atlantic Run|author=Milner, Marc|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1985|pages=148\\u2013150|isbn=0-87021-450-0}}\\n**  WWII:\n        2-day [[Battle of the Eastern Solomons]] opens: Bombers from carrier [[USS\n        Saratoga (CV-3)|USS ''''Saratoga'''']] sink [[Japanese aircraft carrier Ry\\u016bj\\u014d|Japanese\n        aircraft carrier ''''Ry\\u016bj\\u014d'''']] near [[Santa Isabel Island]], helping\n        to lead to an Allied victory.\\n** [[Walt Disney]]''s [[live-action animated\n        film]] ''''[[Saludos Amigos]]'''' has its world premiere in [[Rio de Janeiro]].\\n*\n        [[August 25]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Milne Bay]] opens when Japanese [[marines]]\n        land at [[Milne Bay]].\\n** [[Prince George, Duke of Kent]], brother to King\n        [[George VI]] and King [[Edward VIII]], dies in a flying accident over [[Morven,\n        Caithness|Morven]] in Scotland at the age of 39.\\n* [[August 27]]–[[August\n        28|28]] – [[Sarny Massacre]]: Nazi troops and the [[Ukrainian Auxiliary\n        Police]] systematically execute more than 14,000 people, mostly Jews, in and\n        around [[Sarny]] in [[History of Poland (1939\\u20131945)|German-occupied Poland]].\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Luxembourg]] is formally annexed to the German Reich.\\n*\n        [[August 30]]–[[September 5]] – WWII: [[Battle of Alam el Halfa]]\n        – British forces in the Western Desert resist German attack.\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[1942 Luxembourgish general strike]] is launched to protest\n        against forced conscription in Luxembourg.\\n\\n===September===\\n*[[September\n        2]] – The island of [[Les Casquets]] in the Channel Islands is raided\n        by the forerunner of the British [[Special Air Service|SAS]], the [[SSRF]],\n        led by Major [[Gus March-Phillipps]]; this is one of the first raids by [[Anders\n        Lassen]] VC. In the raid the entire garrison of 7 is abducted and returned\n        to England as prisoners and the radio and lighthouse wrecked.{{cite book|title=Anders\n        Lassen VC MC|first=Mike|last=Langley|location=London|publisher=New English\n        Library|year=1988|isbn=0450424928}}{{cite book|title=Churchill''s\n        Secret Warriors: The Explosive True Story of the Special Forces...|first=Damien|last=Lewis|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2014|isbn=9781848669178}}\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[The Holocaust]]: A German attempt to liquidate the\n        Jewish [[\\u0141achwa Ghetto]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|occupied\n        Poland]] leads to an uprising, probably the first [[ghetto uprising]] of the\n        war.\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Milne Bay]]: Japanese forces\n        suffer their first defeat on land.\\n** The Holocaust: The Jews of [[Wolbrom]]\n        in occupied Poland are rounded up by the Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators.\n        What was once a flourishing community suddenly ceases to exist.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/wolbrom/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki|title=On\n        One Clear Day: The Story of Jewish Wolbrom}}\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        WWII: A Japanese [[floatplane]] drops [[incendiary device]]s at [[Mount Emily]],\n        near [[Brookings, Oregon]], in the first of two \\\"[[Lookout Air Raids]]\\\",\n        the first bombing of the continental United States.\\n* [[September 10]]\\n**\n        WWII: North Atlantic [[convoy ON 127]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s, sinking\n        six ships.{{Cite book| title=North Atlantic Run |author=Milner, Marc|publisher=Naval\n        Institute Press|year=1985|pages=159\\u2013163|isbn=0-87021-450-0}}\\n**\n        [[Women Airforce Service Pilots|Women''s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron]] (WAFS)\n        begins operation in the United States.\\n* [[September 12]] – The {{RMS|Laconia}},\n        carrying civilians, Allied soldiers and Italian Prisoners of War, is torpedoed\n        off the coast of West Africa and sinks, killing 1,649 people.\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Women''s Flying Training Detachment]] (WFTD) established in\n        the United States.\\n* [[September 24]] – WWII: [[Andr\\u00e9e Borrel]]\n        and [[Lise de Baissac]] become the first female [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]]\n        agents to be parachuted into occupied France.\\n* [[September 26]] –\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Nazi official [[August Frank]] issues the [[August Frank\n        memorandum]] setting out how the belongings of \\\"evacuated\\\" (i.e. murdered)\n        Jews are to be disposed of.\\n* [[September 27]] – WWII: Both [[commerce\n        raiding]] [[German auxiliary cruiser Stier|German auxiliary cruiser ''''Stier'''']]\n        and American [[Liberty ship]] {{SS|Stephen Hopkins}} sink following a gun\n        battle in the South Atlantic. ''''Hilfskreuzer'''' ''''Stier'''' is the only\n        commerce raider to be sunk by a [[defensively equipped merchant ship]].{{cite\n        book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|pages=241\\u2013242}}\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – WWII at [[Babi Yar]] a ravine in [[Kiev]], 33,771\n        Jews are killed during a two-day massacre.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 2]]\n        – The British cruiser {{HMS|Curacoa|D41|6}} collides with the liner\n        {{RMS|Queen Mary}} (carrying troops from the United States) off the coast\n        of [[Donegal]] and sinks; 338 drown.\\n* [[October 3]] – The first [[V-2\n        rocket|A-4 rocket]] is successfully launched from [[Test Stand VII]] at [[Peenem\\u00fcnde]],\n        Germany. The rocket flies 147 kilometres wide and reaches a height of 84.5\n        kilometres, becoming the first man-made object to reach space.\\n* [[October\n        9]] – The [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|Statute of Westminster\n        Adoption Act]] passed by the [[Parliament of Australia]] formalizes Australian\n        autonomy from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[October 11]] – WWII – [[Battle\n        of Cape Esperance]]: On the northwest coast of [[Guadalcanal]], [[United States\n        Navy]] ships intercept and defeat a Japanese fleet on their way to reinforce\n        troops on the island.\\n* [[October 13]] – WWII: North Atlantic [[convoy\n        SC 104]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking seven ships.{{cite book|\n        title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945 |author=Rohwer, J.  |author2=Hummelchen,\n        G. |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1992 |page=167 |isbn=1-55750-105-X}}\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – A [[U-boat]] sinks the ferry {{SS|Caribou}} off [[Newfoundland\n        (island)|Newfoundland]], killing 137.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** A [[hurricane]]\n        and flood in [[Bengal]] kill 40,000.{{Specify |reason=Which storm?|date=March\n        2017}}\\n** ''''[[The Mouse of Tomorrow]]'''' featuring the debut of [[Mighty\n        Mouse]] is released.\\n* [[October 18]] – WWII – Hitler issues\n        [[Commando Order]] which stipulates that all Allied [[commando]]s encountered\n        by German forces should be executed immediately without trial, even in proper\n        uniforms, in response to the [[Dieppe Raid]] and [[Operation Basalt]] conducted\n        by the Allies. After the war, the [[Nuremberg trials]] found this order a\n        direct violation of the [[laws and customs of war]].\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        A [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] [[Torpedo Bomber]] sinks the German [[MS\n        Palatia (1928)]] with a loss of 946 people.\\n* [[October 23]] – Award-winning\n        composer and songwriter [[Ralph Rainger]] (\\\"Thanks for the Memory\\\") is among\n        12 people killed in the mid-air collision between an [[American Airlines]]\n        [[DC-3]] airliner and a U.S. Army bomber near [[Palm Springs, California]].\\n*\n        [[October 23]]–[[October 26|26]] – WWII: [[Battle for Henderson\n        Field]]: Japanese forces fail to recapture [[Honiara International Airport|Henderson\n        Field]] airfield in [[Guadalcanal]] from the Americans.\\n* [[October 23]]–[[November\n        4]] – WWII: [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]: British troops go on the\n        offensive against the Axis forces.\\n* [[October 26]] – WWII: [[Battle\n        of the Santa Cruz Islands]]: Two Japanese aircraft carriers are heavily damaged\n        and one U.S. Navy carrier is sunk.\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** Film actor [[Errol\n        Flynn]] is accused of statutory rape by two teenage girls. \\n** The [[Alaska\n        Highway]] is completed.\\n* [[October 29]] – [[The Holocaust]]: In the\n        United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting\n        to register outrage over [[Nazi Germany]]''s persecution of Jews.\\n* [[October\n        30]] – WWII:\\n** [[U-boat]]s sink eleven ships attacking diversionary\n        [[convoy SL 125]], but move out of the path of approaching [[troopship]]s\n        carrying Allied [[Operation Torch]] invasion forces.{{cite book| title=D\\u00f6nitz\n        and the Wolf Packs |author=Edwards, Bernard |publisher=Brockhampton Press\n        |year=1999 |page=115 |ISBN =1-86019-927-5}}\\n** British sailors board\n        {{GS|U-559||2}} as it sinks in the Mediterranean and retrieve its [[Enigma\n        machine]] and codebooks.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]] – WWII:\n        North Atlantic [[convoy SC 107]] is heavily attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking\n        fifteen ships.{{cite book|last=Waters|first=John M., Jr.|title=Bloody\n        Winter|publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company|date=1967|pages=38\\u201355|location=Princeton,\n        NJ}}\\n* [[November 2]] – A [[USAAF]] squadron, including [[B-24\n        Liberator]]s, intercepts many [[Luftwaffe]] patrols off the coast of [[Oran,\n        Algeria]].\\n* [[November 3]] – WWII: [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]:\n        German forces under [[Erwin Rommel]] are forced to retreat during the night.\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Torch]]: United States and United\n        Kingdom forces land in [[French North Africa]].\\n** French Resistance Coup\n        in [[Algiers]]: 400 French civil resisters neutralize the Vichyist XIXth Army\n        Corps and the Vichyist generals (Juin, Darlan, etc.) thus allowing the immediate\n        success of Operation Torch in Algiers, and ultimately the whole of [[French\n        North Africa]].\\n* [[November 9]] – WWII: U.S serviceman [[Edward Leonski]]\n        is hanged at Melbourne''s Pentridge Prison for the \\\"Brown-Out\\\" murders of\n        three women in May.\\n* [[November 10]] – WWII: In violation of a [[1940]]\n        armistice, Germany invades [[Vichy France]], following French Admiral [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Darlan]]''s agreement to an armistice with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]\n        in [[North Africa]].\\n* [[November 12]] – WWII: [[Guadalcanal Campaign]]:\n        A naval battle near [[Guadalcanal]] starts between Japanese and American forces.\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – WWII:\\n** [[Guadalcanal Campaign]]: Aviators from\n        the {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|6}} sink the Japanese [[battleship]] ''''[[Japanese\n        battleship Hiei|Hiei]]''''.\\n** British forces capture [[Tobruk]].\\n* [[November\n        15]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]] ends: Although\n        the [[United States Navy]] suffers heavy losses, it retains control of [[Guadalcanal]].\\n**\n        A [[BOAC]] scheduled passenger flight, a [[DC-3]] with registration G-AGBB,\n        (formerly [[KLM]] PH-ALI, Ibis), en route between [[Lisbon]] and [[Bristol]],\n        is attacked over the [[Bay of Biscay]] by German fighters. Although damaged,\n        it escapes and lands in England. Other attacks follow on the same aircraft\n        and scheduled route: [[April 19]] and [[June 1]], [[1943]] (fatal).\\n** British\n        forces capture [[Derna, Libya]].\\n* [[November 18]] – WWII: North Atlantic\n        [[convoy ON 144]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking five ships.{{cite\n        book| title=Hitler''s U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942-1945|author=Blair, Clay|publisher=Random\n        House|year=1998|pages=118\\u2013120|isbn=0-679-45742-9}}\\n* [[November\n        19]] – WWII: [[Battle of Stalingrad]]: [[Soviet Union]] forces under\n        General [[Georgy Zhukov]] launch the [[Operation Uranus]] counter-attacks\n        at [[Stalingrad]], turning the tide of the battle in the USSR''s favor.\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – WWII: British forces capture [[Benghazi]].\\n* [[November\n        21]] – The completion of the [[Alaska Highway]] (also known as the Alcan\n        Highway) is celebrated (however, the \\\"[[highway]]\\\" is not usable by general\n        vehicles until [[1943]]).\\n* [[November 22]] – WWII: [[Battle of Stalingrad]]:\n        The situation for the German attackers of [[Stalingrad]] seems desperate during\n        the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] counter-attack [[Operation Uranus]], and General\n        [[Friedrich Paulus]] sends [[Adolf Hitler]] a [[telegram]] saying that the\n        [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Sixth Army]] is surrounded.\\n* [[November 23]]\n        – WWII\\n** A [[U-boat]] sinks the SS ''''Ben Lomond'''' off the coast\n        of Brazil. One crewman, Chinese second steward [[Poon Lim]], is separated\n        from the others and spends 130 days adrift until he is rescued on [[April\n        3]], [[1943]].\\n** Legislation approves the [[United States Coast Guard]]\n        Women''s Reserve to help fill jobs and free men to serve during the war effort.\n        They are known as the [[SPARS]] (\\\"Semper Paratus, Always Ready!\\\")\\n* [[November\n        25]]–[[November 26|26]] – WWII: [[Operation Harling]]: A British\n        [[Special Operations Executive]] team, together with [[Greek Resistance]]\n        fighters, blows up the [[Gorgopotamos]] viaduct in the first major sabotage\n        act in occupied continental Europe.\\n* [[November 26]] – The movie ''''[[Casablanca\n        (film)|Casablanca]]'''' premi\\u00e8res at the Hollywood Theater in New York\n        City.\\n* [[November 27]] – WWII: At [[Toulon]], the French navy [[Scuttling\n        of the French fleet in Toulon|scuttles its ships and submarines]] to keep\n        them out of Nazi hands.\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Cocoanut Grove fire]]: A\n        fire in the Cocoanut Grove night club in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], kills\n        491.\\n** The large-scale German \\\"pacification\\\" of the Zamojszczyzna region\n        of Poland begins.\\n* [[November 29]] – The [[Blue Star Line]] [[cargo\n        liner]] {{MV|Dunedin Star}} runs aground on the [[Skeleton Coast]] of [[Namibia]].\n        Crew and passengers survive following a 26-day overland trek to [[Windhoek]].{{cite\n        book|title=Dead Reckoning: The Dunedin Star Disaster|first=Jeff|last=Dawson|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naMFHgAACAAJ|location=London,\n        UK|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|accessdate=2008-03-31|isbn=0-7538-2044-7}}\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – WWII: [[Battle of Tassafaronga]] – In a nighttime\n        naval battle as part of the [[Guadalcanal Campaign]], ships of the [[Imperial\n        Japanese Navy]] defeat those of the [[United States Navy]].\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Gasoline]] rationing begins in the United States.\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Manhattan Project]]: Below the bleachers of Stagg\n        Field at the [[University of Chicago]], a team led by [[Enrico Fermi]] initiates\n        the first self-sustaining [[nuclear chain reaction]] (a coded message, \\\"The\n        Italian navigator has landed in the new world\\\" is then sent to U.S. President\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]).\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[The Holocaust]]: In [[Warsaw]],\n        two women, [[Zofia Kossak|Zofia Kossak and Wanda Filipowicz]], risk their\n        lives by setting up the Council for the Assistance of the Jews.\\n** WWII:\n        USAAF bombers make their first raid on Italy.\\n* [[December 7]] – WWII:\n        British commandos conduct [[Operation Frankton]], a raid on shipping in [[Bordeaux]]\n        harbour.\\n* [[December 8]] – A fire at [[Seacliff Lunatic Asylum]] in\n        New Zealand kills 39 patients.\\n* [[December 17]] – The Allies issue\n        the [[Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations]], the first time\n        they publicly acknowledge the [[Holocaust]].\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** An avalanche\n        in [[Aliquippa, Pennsylvania]], kills 26, including Vulcan Crucible Steel\n        heir-apparent Samuel A. Stafford Sr., when two 100 ton boulders fall on a\n        bus filled with wartime steel workers on their way home.\\n** An airplane carrying\n        prominent Ustashe general [[Jure Franceti\\u0107]] crashes. Franceti\\u0107\n        dies as result of the injuries on [[December 27]].\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        French [[Fran\\u00e7ois Darlan|Admiral Darlan]], the former [[Vichy France|Vichy]]\n        leader who has switched over to the Allies following the Torch landings, is\n        assassinated in [[Algiers]].\\n* [[December 27]] – The [[Union of Pioneers\n        of Yugoslavia]] is founded.\\n* [[December 28]] – North Atlantic [[Convoy\n        ON 154]] is heavily attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking thirteen ships.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.gordonmumford.com/m-navy/ons154-0.htm|title=Convoy ONS\n        154|publisher=J. Gordon Mumford|accessdate=2010-12-02}}\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[DDT]] is first used as a [[pesticide]].\\n* 1942 [[FIFA World Cup]] competition\n        in [[Association football]], which [[Nazi Germany]] sought to host, is not\n        held, due to World War II.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Stephen\n        Hawking.StarChild.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Hawking]]]]\\n[[File:Muhammad Ali\n        NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Muhammad Ali]]]]\\n[[File:Eusebio (1963).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eus\\u00e9bio]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Country Joe McDonald]], American musician\\n** [[Gennadi\n        Sarafanov]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Dennis\n        Hastert]], American politician, [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]\\n**\n        [[Hugh Shelton]], American military leader, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of\n        Staff\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 S\\u00f3lyom]], [[President of\n        Hungary]]\\n** [[John Thaw]], English actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January 4]]\n        \\n** [[Bolaji Akinyemi]], Nigerian professor of political science\\n** Dame\n        [[Marcela Contreras]], Chilean-British immunologist and educator\\n* [[January\n        5]] \\n** [[Maurizio Pollini]], Italian pianist\\n** [[Charlie Rose]], American\n        television anchor, talk show host\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Vasily Alekseyev]],\n        Soviet weightlifter\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Stephen Hawking]], British physicist\\n**\n        [[Junichiro Koizumi]], 56th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Ramiro de Le\\u00f3n Carpio]], 31st [[President of Guatemala]] (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]], [[Chief Justice\n        of India]]\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Ang\\u00e9lil]], Canadian\n        singer and manager (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Muhammad Ali]], American\n        boxer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Ulf Hoelscher]], German violinist\\n** [[Ita Buttrose]],\n        Australian journalist\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Michael Crawford]], English\n        actor, singer and entertainer\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Amine Gemayel]],\n        12th President of Lebanon\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Salim Ahmed Salim]],\n        4th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Carl Eller]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Eus\\u00e9bio]], Mozambican Portuguese footballer (d.\n        [[2014]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Soad Hosny]], Egyptian actress (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[John Witherspoon (actor)]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 28]] \\n** [[Hans J\\u00fcrgen B\\u00e4umler]], German figure skater,\n        actor, pop singer and television host\\n** [[Erkki Pohjanheimo]], Finnish TV-producer\n        and director\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Daniela Bianchi]], Italian actress\\n**\n        [[Derek Jarman]], English director and writer (d. [[1994]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Terry\n        Jones.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Terry Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Ehud Barak official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ehud\n        Barak]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Jones 1965.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Jones]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] \\n** [[Bibi Besch]], Austrian-American actress (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Terry\n        Jones]], Welsh actor and writer\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Graham Nash]],\n        English rock musician ([[The Hollies]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Roger\n        Staubach]], American football player\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Ahmad-Jabir\n        Ahmadov Ismail oghlu]], Azeri professor and academic\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Carole King]], American singer and composer\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Howard\n        Mudd]], American offensive lineman & offensive line coach\\n* [[February 12]]\n        – [[Ehud Barak]], [[Prime Minister of Israel]]\\n* [[February 13]] \\n**\n        [[Carol Lynley]], American actress\\n** [[Donald E. Williams]], American astronaut\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Peter Tork]], American musician, performer \\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Michael Bloomberg]], American businessman, [[philanthropist]],\n        and the founder of [[Bloomberg L.P.]], [[Mayor]] of New York City\\n* [[February\n        15]] – [[Sherry Jackson]], American actress\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Paul Krause]], American football player\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Phil Esposito]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Mitch McConnell]], [[United States Senator]]\n        (R-[[Kentucky|KY]]) \\n* [[February 21]] – [[Margarethe von Trotta]],\n        German actress, film director, and writer\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Joe\n        Lieberman]], American politician, longtime [[List of United States Senators\n        from Connecticut|Connecticut Senator]] (1989-2013), and [[United States presidential\n        election, 2000|2000]] Democratic nominee for Vice President under [[Al Gore]]\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Karen Grassle]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        27]]\\n** [[Michel Forget]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Robert H. Grubbs]], American\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[February 28]]\n        \\n**[[Brian Jones]], English musician ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (d. [[1969]])\\n**[[Dino\n        Zoff]], Italian footballer and manager\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Felipe Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        par Claude Truong-Ngoc juillet 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Felipe Gonz\\u00e1lez]]]]\\n[[File:Lou\n        Reed at the Hop Farm Music Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lou Reed]]]]\\n[[File:President\n        Ali Abdullah Saleh.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ali Abdullah Saleh]]]]\\n[[File:Arethafranklin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aretha\n        Franklin]]]] \\n[[File:Daniel Dennett 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Dennett]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[John Irving]], American author\\n** [[Lou Reed]], American\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Felipe\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Tammy Faye\n        Bakker]], American evangelist, singer and television personality (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Michael Eisner]], American film studio executive\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Pedro\n        Bandeira]], Brazilian children''s author\\n** [[John Cale]], Welsh composer\n        and musician\\n** [[Bert Campaneris]], Cuban-American [[baseball]] player\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Ratko Mladi\\u0107]], former Bosnian Serb military leader\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Wynn]], American baseball player\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Dave Cutler]],\n        American software engineer\\n** [[Scatman John]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[George Negus]], Australian author, journalist, and television presenter\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[James Soong]], Taiwan politician\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[John Wayne Gacy]], American [[serial killer]] (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March 20]]\n        – [[Earl Bramblett]], American [[mass murderer]] (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]], [[President of Yemen]] (1990 to 2012)\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Walter Rodney]], Guyanese historian and political figure\\n*\n        [[March 25]] – [[Aretha Franklin]], American singer\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – [[Erica Jong]], American author\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[John E. Sulston]],\n        British chemist; recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n**\n        [[Michael York]], English actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Neil Kinnock]], British\n        Labour leader\\n** [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]], British film director\\n**\n        [[Conrad Schumann]], East German border guard (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Jerry Sloan]],\n        American basketball coach\\n** [[Daniel Dennett]], American philosopher\\n*\n        [[March 29]] \\n** [[Scott Wilson (actor)|Scott Wilson]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Kenichi Ogata (voice actor)|Kenichi Ogata]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Ruben Kun]], Nauruan politician and former President of Nauru\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Jacob\n        Zuma 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jacob Zuma]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Dee 1961.png|thumb|100px|[[Sandra\n        Dee]]]]\\n[[File:Barbra Streisand - 1966.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barbra Streisand]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Samuel R. Delany]], American science fiction author\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Leon Russell]], American singer, songwriter, pianist and\n        guitarist (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Roshan Seth]], British actor\\n** [[Yury Yarov]],\n        Russian politician and a former deputy prime minister\\n* [[April 3]] –\n        [[Marsha Mason]], American actress\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Pascal Couchepin]],\n        Swiss Federal Councilor\\n** [[Peter Greenaway]], Welsh filmmaker\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Barry Levinson]], American film producer and director\\n* [[April\n        8]]\\n**[[Roger Chapman]], British rock singer ([[Family (band)|Family]])\\n**[[Douglas\n        Trumbull]], American film director and [[special effect]]s artist\\n* [[April\n        9]] – [[James Cowan (author)|James Cowan]], Australian novelist\\n* [[April\n        10]]\\n** [[Hayedeh]], Iranian singer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Nick Auf der Maur]],\n        Canadian journalist and politician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\n** [[Jacob\n        Zuma]], [[President of South Africa]]\\n** [[Carlos Alberto Reutemann]], Argentine\n        racing driver and politician\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Valeriy Brumel]], Russian\n        athlete (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Valentin Lebedev]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[April\n        15]]\\n** [[Kenneth Lay]], American businessman (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Julie Sommars]],\n        American actress\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Kenas Aroi]], Nauruan politician\\n**\n        [[Buster Williams]], American jazz bassist\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Frank\n        Elstner]], German television presenter\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Arto Paasilinna]],\n        Finnish author\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)|Geoffrey\n        Palmer]], 33rd [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Rudolf\n        Jaenisch]], German-American biologist \\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Sandra Dee]],\n        American actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Christian Fr\\u00e9mont]], French politician\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Barbra Streisand]], American singer,\n        actress, composer, and film director\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Katsuji Adachi]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Jon Kyl]], American politician;\n        United States Senator (R-AZ)\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Claudine Auger]], French\n        actress\\n** [[Michael Kergin]], Canadian diplomat\\n** [[Bobby Rydell]], American\n        singer\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Ruth Glick]], American writer\\n** [[Jim Keltner]],\n        American drummer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:14-01-10-tbh-263-jacques-rogge.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jacques\n        Rogge]]]]\\n[[File:Ian Dury 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ian Dury]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        [[Jacques Rogge]], 8th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[V\\u011bra \\u010c\\u00e1slavsk\\u00e1]], Czech gymnast (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Tammy Wynette]], American country singer\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Terry Neill]], Northern Irish footballer\n        and football manager\\n* [[May 9]] – [[John Ashcroft]], [[United States\n        Attorney General]]\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Youssouf Sambo B\\u00e2]], Burkinab\\u00e9\n        politician\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ian Dury]], British musician (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]], 2-Time Prime Minister of\n        Swaziland\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]], American\n        singer and guitarist\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Barbara Parkins]], Canadian actress\\n**\n        [[Rich Garcia]], American [[Major League Baseball]] [[Umpire (baseball)|umpire]]\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Gabriel Liiceanu]], Romanian philosopher\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Ichir\\u014d Ozawa]], Japanese politician\\n** [[Fraser Stoddart]], Scottish-born\n        scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[May 28]]\\n**\n        [[Stanley B. Prusiner]], American scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[James Tien (actor)|James Tien]], Hong Kong-Taiwanese\n        actor\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Jahar Dasgupta]], Indian painter\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Teodoro\n        Obiang detail, 1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]]]\\n[[File:Roger\n        Ebert cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roger Ebert]]]]\\n[[File:Paul McCartney black\n        and white 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul McCartney]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Wilson 2009.png|thumb|100px|[[Brian\n        Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Eduardo Frei 1998 (recorte).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eduardo Frei\n        Ruiz-Tagle]]]]\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Maree Cheatham]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Eduard Malofeyev]], Russian football coach and former international player\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Curtis Mayfield]], American musician (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]], [[President of Equatorial\n        Guinea]]  and [[Chairperson of the African Union]]\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Klaus\n        Bednarz]], German journalist and writer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Gordon\n        Burns]], British journalist and TV presenter\\n** [[Preston Manning]], Canadian\n        politician\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jeannette Vivian Corbiere Lavell]], Canadian-Anishinaabe\n        activist\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Bert Sakmann]], German physiologist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], [[President of Nigeria]]\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[John Rostill]], English bassist, musician and composer ([[The Shadows]])\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Mohamed El Baradei]], Egyptian International\n        Atomic Energy Agency director, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Roger Ebert]], American film critic and television personality\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Thabo Mbeki]], South African politician and 12th [[President\n        of South Africa]]\\n** [[Paul McCartney]], British musician and composer ([[The\n        Beatles]])\\n** [[Nick Tate]], Australian actor\\n** [[Hans Vonk (conductor)|Hans\n        Vonk]], Dutch conductor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Brian Wilson]],\n        American singer-composer-producer ([[The Beach Boys]])\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[George Banks]], American spree killer\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Michele Lee]],\n        American actress and singer   \\n** [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], Chilean politician\n        and 33th [[President of Chile]]\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[James J. Dillon]], American\n        professional wrestling manager\\n** [[Gilberto Gil]], Brazilian singer, politician\\n**\n        [[June 27]] – [[Bruce Johnston]], American singer and songwriter\\n**\n        [[June 28]] – [[Rupert Sheldrake]], British biochemist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Vicente\n        Fox WEF 2003 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vicente Fox]]]]\\n[[File:Harrison Ford\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harrison Ford]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        Bujold]], French-Canadian actress\\n** [[Andra\\u00e9 Crouch]], American gospel\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Vicente Fox]], Mexican businessman,\n        politician and 55th [[President of Mexico]]\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Floyd Little]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Prince Michael of Kent]]\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        [[Hannes L\\u00f6hr]], German footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Carmen Duncan]], Australian actress\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Richard Roundtree]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Ronnie James Dio]], American singer (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Pyotr Klimuk]], Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Orri Vigf\\u00fasson]],\n        Icelandic entrepreneur and environmentalist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Harrison Ford]], American film actor\\n** [[Roger McGuinn]], American musician\n        ([[The Byrds]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Javier Solana]], Spanish politician\n        and diplomat\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Mil M\\u00e1scaras]], Mexican professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Margaret Court]], Australian tennis player\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Adolf Ogi]], member of the Swiss Federal Council\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Myra Hindley]], English multiple murderer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Chris Sarandon]], American actor\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        [[Hannelore Elsner]], German actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Dennis Ralston]],\n        American tennis player\\n* [[July 28]] Maudine Harper\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Isabel\n        Allende - 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Isabel Allende]]]]\\n[[File:Fred Thompson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred\n        Thompson]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[Jerry Garcia]], American musician (d.\n        [[1995]])\\n** [[Giancarlo Giannini]], Italian actor\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Isabel Allende]], Chilean writer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[David Lange]],\n        32nd [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Evelyn Hamann]], German actress (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Tobin\n        Bell]], American film and television actor\\n** [[Garrison Keillor]], American\n        writer and radio host; [[Prairie Home Companion]]\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[Arthur K. Cebrowski]], American admiral (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Friede Springer]], German publisher and widow of Axel Springer\\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Judith Keppel]], first person to win \\u00a31,000,000 on ''''[[Who\n        Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'''' (in the UK)\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Fred\n        Thompson]], American politician and actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 20]] –\n        [[Isaac Hayes]], American singer and actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 23]]\n        – [[Susana Vieira]], Brazilian actress\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Hans\n        Peter Korff]], German actor\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Imogen Hassall]], English\n        actress (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[August 27]] – \\\"Captain\\\" [[Daryl Dragon]],\n        American musician ([[Captain & Tennille]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Eduardo dos Santos]], 2nd [[President of Angola]]\\n* [[August 29]] –\n        [[Sterling Morrison]], American musician ([[The Velvet Underground]], d. [[1995]])\n        \\n* [[August 31]] – [[Isao Aoki]], Japanese golfer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jardinenj.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Al\n        Jardine]]]]\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Michael Hui]], Hong Kong film [[comedian]]\\n**\n        [[Al Jardine]], American musician ([[The Beach Boys]])\\n* [[September 5]]\\n**\n        [[Bj\\u00f6rn Haugan]], Norwegian operatic [[lyric tenor]] (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Werner Herzog]], German filmmaker\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Alan Haskvitz]],\n        American educator\\n* [[September 8]] – [[\\u017delimir \\u017dilnik]],\n        Serbian film director\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Hiss\\u00e8ne Habr\\u00e9]],\n        7th [[President of Chad]]\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Bernard MacLaverty]],\n        Irish writer\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Wen Jiabao]], [[Premier of the\n        People''s Republic of China]]\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Tadamasa Goto]],\n        Japanese [[yakuza]] boss\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Desmond Lynam|Des Lynam]],\n        British television host, presenter\\n* [[September 18]] \\n** [[Gabriella Ferri]],\n        Italian singer\\n** [[Wolfgang Sch\\u00e4uble]], German politician\\n* [[September\n        19]] – [[Freda Payne]], American singer and actress\\n* [[September 20]]\n        – [[Rose Francine Rogomb\\u00e9]], Gabonese lawyer and politician (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Wu Ma]], Chinese film actor, director,\n        producer and writer\\n** [[Marlena Shaw]], American jazz singer\\n** [[David\n        Stern]], American commissioner of the National Basketball Association\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Ilkka Lipsanen|Ilkka \\\"Danny\\\" Lipsanen]], Finnish singer\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Tim Maia]], Brazilian musician, songwriter and\n        businessman (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Madeline Kahn]], American\n        actress (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Ian McShane]], English actor\\n** [[Jean-Luc Ponty]],\n        French jazz violinist\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Frankie Lymon]], American\n        singer (d. [[1968]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Amitabh.Bachchan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amitabh\n        Bachchan]]]]\\n[[File:MichaelCrichton 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Crichton]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[G\\u00fcnter Wallraff]], German investigative journalist\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Asha Parekh]], Indian actress\\n* [[October 3]]\\n**\n        [[Earl Hindman]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Roberto Perfumo]], Argentine\n        footballer and sports commentator (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Britt\n        Ekland]], Swedish actress\\n** [[Fred Travalena]], American comedian and impressionist\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Ronald Baecker]], American computer scientist\\n**\n        [[Joy Behar]], American comedian and television personality\\n* [[October 8]]\n        – [[Stanley Bates]], British actor and screenwriter\\n* [[October 10]]\n        – [[Radu Vasile]], Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Amitabh Bachchan]], Indian actor\\n* [[October 12]] –\n        [[Daliah Lavi]], Israeli actress and singer\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Rutanya\n        Alda]], Latvian-American actress\\n** [[Jerry Jones]], American football team\n        owner\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Evelio Javier]], Filipino politician, lawyer,\n        and civil servant  (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Andrew Vachss]],\n        American author and attorney\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Christiane N\\u00fcsslein-Volhard]],\n        German biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Judith Sheindlin]], American retired judge turned\n        television personality (''''[[Judge Judy]]'''')\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Bobby Fuller]], American rock singer, songwriter, and guitarist (d. [[1966]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Michael Crichton]], American author (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Frank Delaney]], Irish-born novelist, journalist\n        and broadcaster (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Bob Hoskins]], British\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Eili Sild]], Estonian actress\\n* [[October 29]]\n        – [[Bob Ross]], American painter and television presenter (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[George Brizan]], 8th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[David Ogden Stiers]], American actor and voice-over artist\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Martin\n        Scorsese Cannes 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Scorsese]]]]\\n[[File:Official\n        portrait of Vice President Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe Biden]]]]\\n[[File:Billy\n        Connolly Festival Cine Sidney.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy Connolly]]]]\\n[[File:Jimi\n        Hendrix 1967.png|thumb|100px|[[Jimi Hendrix]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Larry\n        Flynt]], American publisher (''''Hustler'''')\\n** [[Ralph Klein]], Canadian\n        politician (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Marcia Wallace]], American actress and comedian\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Shere Hite]], American-born German sexologist\\n**\n        [[Stefanie Powers]], American actress\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Pierangelo\n        Bertoli]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        [[Jean Shrimpton]], English model and actress\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Tom\n        Peters]], American writer\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Angel Cordero, Jr.]], Puerto\n        Rican jockey\\n** [[Fernando Sorrentino]], Argentine writer\\n* [[November 10]]\\n**\n        [[Robert F. Engle]], American economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Hans-Rudolf Merz]], Swiss federal councillor \\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Daniel Barenboim]], Argentine-born pianist and conductor\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Joanna Pettet]], British-born Canadian actress\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Derek Clayton]], Australian long-distance runner\\n**\n        [[Bob Gaudio]], American musician\\n** [[Kang Kek Iew]], Cambodian politician\n        and criminal\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Roszt\\u00f3czy]], Hungarian microbiologist\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Martin Scorsese]], American film director\\n* [[November\n        18]]\\n** [[Linda Evans]], American soap actress\\n** [[Susan Sullivan]], American\n        soap actress\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Joe Biden]], American politician,\n        47th [[Vice President of the United States]] and longtime [[United States\n        Senate|US Senator]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Delaware|De.]])\n        \\n* [[November 22]] \\n** [[Francis K. Butagira]], Ugandan ambassador\\n** [[Dick\n        Stockton]], American sports announcer\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Billy Connolly]],\n        Scottish comedian and singer\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Rosa von Praunheim]],\n        German film director, author and painter\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Manolo Blahnik]],\n        Spanish shoe designer\\n** [[Jimi Hendrix]], American guitarist (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Paul Warfield]], American football player\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Philippe Huttenlocher]], Swiss baritone\\n* [[November 30]]\n        – [[Andr\\u00e9 Brahic]], French astrophysicist (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Muhammadu\n        Buhari - Chatham House.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Muhammadu Buhari]]]]\\n[[File:Hu Jintao\n        Cannes2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hu Jintao]]]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Alice\n        Schwarzer]], German feminist, founder and publisher of the German feminist\n        journal EMMA\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Gemma Jones]], British actress\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n**[[Chelsea Brown]], American actress (d. [[2017]])\\n**[[Peter\n        Handke]], Austrian novelist\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Reginald Lewis]], American\n        Businessman (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Peter Tomarken]], American game-show host\n        (d. [[2006]]) \\n* [[December 9]] – [[Dick Butkus]], American football\n        player\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Peter Sarstedt]], British musician (d.\n        [[2017]]\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Muhammadu Buhari]], Nigerian army general\n        and 15th [[President of Nigeria]]\\n** [[Paul Butterfield]], American musician\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Bob Hayes]], American athlete (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Hu Jintao]], [[General Secretary of the\n        Communist Party of China]], 6th [[President of the People''s Republic of China]]\\n**\n        [[Carla Thomas]], American singer\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Charmian Carr]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Thomas Menino]], 53rd [[Mayor of Boston\n        | Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Rajesh Khanna]], Indian actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Betty\n        Aberlin]], American actress\\n** [[Allan Gotthelf]], American philosopher (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Michael Nesmith]], American singer-songwriter, performer \\n**\n        [[Janko Prunk]], Slovenian historian\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Probable date\n        – [[Muammar Gaddafi]], leader of Libya (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n===January===\\n[[File:Mel\n        Sheppard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mel Sheppard]]]]\\n[[File:Henri de Baillet-Latour.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henri\n        de Baillet-Latour]]]]\\n[[File:Carole Lombard 1940.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carole\n        Lombard]]]]\\n[[File:Lu%C3%ADs de Saxe-Coburgo e Bragan%C3%A7a.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Ivande\n        Kaija]], Soviet writer and feminist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Charles Mann Hamilton]], American politician (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        4]]\\n** [[Sydney Fairbrother]], British actress (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Mel Sheppard]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Otis Skinner]], American actor\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Emma Calv\\u00e9]], French soprano (b.\n        [[1858]])\\n** [[Henri de Baillet-Latour]], 3rd [[President of the International\n        Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Chaudhry Afzal\n        Haq]], Indian writer and humanitarian (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\n**\n        [[Heber Doust Curtis]], American astronomer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Jan Grali\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\n** [[Vladimir Ignatowski]],\n        Soviet physicist  (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssi\\u00e8re]],\n        French biologist and scientist (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Porfirio\n        Barba-Jacob]], Colombian poet and writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n**\n        [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]], 2nd youngest son of [[Queen\n        Victoria]] (b. [[1850]])\\n** [[Sir Jeremiah Colman, 1st Baronet]], British\n        industralist (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Carole Lombard]], American actress (air crash)\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[James P. Parker]], United States\n        Navy commodore (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\n** [[Christiaan Cornelissen]],\n        Dutch writer, economic and trade unionist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Isidoro Di\\u00e9guez\n        Due\\u00f1as]], Spanish bricklayer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Larra\\u00f1aga]],\n        Spanish communist leader (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\n** [[Walter Sickert]],\n        British Impressionist painter (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Racho Petrov]], 12th [[Prime\n        Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Prince Ludwig\n        Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Nazareno Strampelli]],\n        Italian agronomist and plant breeder (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Felix Hausdorff]], German mathematician (suicide) (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January\n        27]] or [[January 28]] – [[Kaarel Eenpalu]], Prime Minister of Estonia\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Viktor Esbensen]], Norwegian mariner\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Relander LC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lauri\n        Kristian Relander]]]]\\n[[File:Malta - Floriana - Triq Sarria - The Mall 31\n        ies.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ugo Pasquale Mifsud]]]]\\n[[File:Epit%C3%A1cio Pessoa\n        (pintura).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Epit\\u00e1cio Pessoa]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Ado Birk]], 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Leonetto Cappiello]],\n        Italian poster designer and painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[Dorando Pietri]], Italian Olympic athlete (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        – [[Fritz Todt]], Nazi German engineer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 9]]\n        – [[Lauri Kristian Relander]], 2nd [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** [[Jamnalal Bajaj]], Indian industralist and philanthropist\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Ugo Pasquale Mifsud]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Malta]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Grant Wood]], American painter\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Otakar Batli\\u010dka]], Czechoslovakian\n        adventurer and journalist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Epit\\u00e1cio Pessoa]], Brazil\n        jurist and politician, 11th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Miros\\u0142aw Feri\\u0107]], Polish pilot of the No. 303 Squadron\n        in Northolt (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Ettore Arrigoni degli Oddi]],\n        Italian ornithologist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Giovanni Bartolena]], Italian painter\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Frank Abbandando]], American gangster\n        (executed) (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa\n        (1872\\u20131942)|Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa]], Ruler of Bahrain (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[Stefan Zweig]], Austrian writer (suicide with wife)\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Robert William Chapman (engineer)|Robert\n        William Chapman]], Australian engineer and mathematician (b. [[1866]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Emile Harley]], American army officer and politician (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]] – [[Karel Doorman]], Dutch admiral (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Amadeo Aosta3rd 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Bosch mit Hut 1888 - 10031.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Bosch]]]]\\n[[File:Marcelo T. de Alvear, ca. 1915.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marcelo\n        Torcuato de Alvear]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[George S. Rentz]], United States\n        Navy Chaplain and [[Navy Cross]] winner (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Cornelius Vanderbilt\n        III]], American military officer, inventor, and engineer (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[Gustave Anjou]], Swedish genealogist (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Sergei\n        Solovyov (Catholic priest)|Sergei Solovyov]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]] and\n        blessed (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]],\n        Italian nobleman and military officer, Viceroy of [[Italian East Africa]]\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Gheorghe Adamescu]], Romanian histotian\n        and bibliographer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Pierre Semard]],\n        French Communist leader (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Ra\\u00fal Capablanca]], Cuban chess player (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 10]] –\n        [[Frederick Behre]], American artist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Camprub\\u00ed]], Spanish publisher (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Raoul Dandurand]],\n        Canadian politician (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March 12]] \\n** [[Robert Bosch]], German\n        industrialist, engineer and inventor (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[William Henry Bragg]],\n        British physicist, chemist and mathematician, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Enric Morera i Viura]], Andorran composer\n        (b. [[1865]]) \\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Bull]], British illustrator\n        and photographer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Friedrich Karl Georg Fedde]], German\n        botanist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Vasile Demetrius]], Austro-Hungarian-born\n        Romanian writer, poet and translator (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Nada Dimi\\u0107]], Yugoslav Communist leader (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[March 20]]\n        – [[Vasily Kalafati]], Soviet composer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 21]]\n        – [[J. S. Woodsworth]], Canadian politician (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] \\n** [[Ludwig von H\\u00f6hnel]], Austrian naval officer and explorer\n        (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear]], 20th [[President of Argentina]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Gustav Hinrichs]], German-born American\n        conductor and composer (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[March 27]] \\n** [[Jannion Steele\n        Elliott]], British ornithologist and naturalist (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[John W.\n        Wilcox, Jr.]], American admiral (lost overboard) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Julio\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez (sculptor)|Julio Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Spanish sculptor and painter\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Miguel Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish poet\n        and playwright (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Ed Brady (actor)|Ed\n        Brady]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:LMM signed photo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucy\n        Maud Montgomery]]]] \\n* [[April 2]] – [[\\u00c9douard Estauni\\u00e9]],\n        French novelist (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 4]] \\n** [[James Bede]], American\n        politician (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Jan Daszewski]], Polish fighter pilot (b. [[1916]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Isidro Michel L\\u00f3pez]], Mexican military officer,\n        leader of the [[Mexican Revolution]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        [[Anandshankar Dhruv]], Indian scholar, writer, educationist and editor (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Frederick Hobbs (singer)|Frederick Hobbs]],\n        New Zealand-born singer and actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Arnold\n        Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle]], British soldier and politician (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Julia Danzas]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]] religious leader\n        and blessed (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[James Fergusson (Royal Navy officer)|James\n        Fergusson]], British admiral (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\n** [[Robert Musil]],\n        Austrian novelist (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Joshua Pim]], Irish tennis player  (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and\n        Gotha]], granddaughter of [[Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 17]]\\n**\n        [[Renward Brandstetter]], Swiss philologist and linguist (b. [[1860]])\\n**\n        [[Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer]], American botanist (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Jean\n        Baptiste Perrin]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Gra\\u017cyna Chrostowska]], Polish\n        poet and activist (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]], American\n        heiress, socialite and sculptor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Olga\n        Ben\\u00e1rio Prestes]], German-born Brazilian militant (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Camille du Gast]], French pioneer (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Deenanath\n        Mangeshkar]], Indian singer and composer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]],\n        Canadian writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Zygmunt Kisielewski]],\n        Polish writer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Arthur L. Bristol]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Stauning i1920-erne.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thorvald\n        Stauning]]]]\\n[[File:Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Abad Santos]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait of John Barrymore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Barrymore]]]] \\n* [[May 3]] – [[Thorvald Stauning]], 9th [[Prime Minister\n        of Denmark]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Czempiel]], Polish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Abad Santos]], Filipino chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of\n        the Philippines|Supreme Court]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Felix Weingartner]], Yugoslavian\n        conductor (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Graham McNamee]], American\n        radio announcer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Joe Weber (vaudevillian)|Joe\n        Weber]], American vaudevillian (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Sakutar\\u014d\n        Hagiwara]], Japanese poet and writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Hannu\n        Hannuksela]], Finnish general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Frank\n        Churchill]], American composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Kaneko Kentar\\u014d]],\n        Japanese diplomat and statesman (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Maria Micha\\u0142 Kowalski]],\n        Polish priest and blessed (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Bronis\\u0142aw Malinowski]],\n        Polish anthropologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[A. E. Waite]],\n        British occultist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[John D. Craddock]], American\n        politician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Charles E. Dietrich]], American politician\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Stjepan Filipovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav nationality\n        hero (executed) (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Tateo Kat\\u014d]], Japanese fighter ace\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Ivan Horbachevsky]],\n        Austrian chemist and politician (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Emanuel\n        Feuermann]], Austrian cellist (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Chen Duxiu]],\n        General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**\n        [[John Barrymore]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Akiko Yosano]], Japanese\n        author and poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Cadras]],\n        French lace designer and militant (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:EUSEBIO\n        AYALA.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eusebio Ayala]]]]\\n[[File:1908 Frank Irons.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Frank\n        Irons]]]]\\n[[File:Pope John XIX of Alexandria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pope John\n        XIX of Alexandria]]]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[William Abercrombie]], American\n        naval officer and aviator, killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b.\n        [[1914]])\\n** [[Eusebio Ayala]], 29th [[President of Paraguay]] (1921–1923)\n        and (1932–1936) (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Edgar R. Bassett]], American naval\n        officer, killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Harold\n        John Ellison]], American naval officer, killed in action at the [[Battle of\n        Midway]] (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Lofton R. Henderson]], United States Marine Corps\n        aviator and commanding officer of Marine Scout Bomber Squadron 241 (VMSB-241);\n        killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Reinhard\n        Heydrich]], headed the Nazi Reich Main Security Office and was Reich governor\n        of Bohemia and Moravia (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[John C. Waldron]], United States\n        Navy aviator and commander of [[Torpedo Squadron 8]], killed in action at\n        the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Tamon Yamaguchi]], Japanese admiral,\n        killed in action at the [[Battle of Midway]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 5]] –\n        [[Virginia Lee Corbin]], American actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Alan Blumlein]], British electronics engineer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[June 11]]\n        \\n** [[Charles Berth\\u00e9zenne]], French politician (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Michael\n        Kitzelmann]], German army officer (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Fyodor\n        Braun]], Soviet-born German scholar (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[David\n        Hawthorne (actor)|David Hawthorne]], British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June\n        19]]\\n** [[Ahmad II of Tunis]], Ruler of Tunisia (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Frank\n        Irons]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Pope\n        John XIX of Alexandria]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Branko Kadia,\n        Jordan Misja and Perlat Rexhepi]], Albanian student trio (b. Albanian nationality)\\n*\n        [[June 23]] – [[William Couper (sculptor)|William Couper]], American\n        architect (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Arthur Anderson (architect)|Arthur\n        Anderson]], Australian architect (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Z\\u00e9non Bernard]],\n        Luxembourgish communist politician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[John\n        Gary Evans]], American politician (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Skar\\u017cy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish army officer (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Gene Stack]], 1st American major league\n        baseball player to be drafted during [[World War II]] as well as the first\n        to die in service (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Billy Bennett (comedian)|Billy\n        Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[William Henry Jackson]], American\n        photographer (b. [[1843]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Refik Saydam.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Refik\n        Saydam]]]]\\n[[File:Santa Paulina 1.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Pauline of the\n        Agonizing Heart of Jesus]]]]\\n[[File:S%C3%A1nchez Toca.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Joaqu\\u00edn\n        S\\u00e1nchez de Toca]]]]\\n[[File:Robertomortiz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roberto Maria\n        Ortiz]]]]\\n[[File:Louis Borno.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Louis Borno]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich]], Irish-language writer (b. [[1857]])\\n**\n        [[Boles\\u0142aw Wieniawa-D\\u0142ugoszowski]], Polish general, diplomat and\n        politician, Interim [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Rudi \\u010cajavec]], Yugoslav poet (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Joseph Domachowski]],\n        American politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Kowalski\n        (priest)|J\\u00f3zef Kowalski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Louis Franchet d''Esp\\u00e8rey]], French\n        general (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Refik Saydam]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]]\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Kelly Harrell]], American surburbia musician\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Pauline of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus]], Brazilian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and saint (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Mary Hayden]], Irish historian and activist (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 13]]\n        – [[Joaqu\\u00edn S\\u00e1nchez de Toca]], Spanish conservative politician\n        and [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[S\\u00e9bastien\n        Faure]], French anarchist and activist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Wenceslao\n        Vinzons]], Filipino politician and resistance leader (bayoneted to death)\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Roberto Mar\\u00eda Ortiz]], 24th [[President of Argentina]]\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Alfred William Flux]], British economist\n        and statistician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Tinus de Jongh]],\n        South African painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[George Beeby]],\n        Australian politician, judge and author (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[George Sutherland]],\n        British-born American Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**\n        [[Ar\\u00edstides Chavier Ar\\u00e9valo]], Puerto Rican composer and pianist\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Adam Czerniak\\u00f3w]], Polish engineer and senator (suicide)\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Edwin Cooper (architect)|Edwin Cooper]],\n        British architect (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Tom Reynolds (actor)|Tom\n        Reynolds]], British actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Roberto Arlt]],\n        Argentine writer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Flinders Petrie]],\n        British Egyptologist (b. [[1853]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Louis Borno]],\n        Haitian lawyer and politician, 28th [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[Jimmy Blanton]], American bassist (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July\n        31]] – [[Jo\\u017eka Jab\\u016frkov\\u00e1]], Czechoslovakan journalist,\n        writer and translator (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Richard Willst\\u00e4tter.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Willst\\u00e4tter]]]]\\n[[File:Edith Stein (ca. 1938-1939).jpg|thumb|100px|Saint\n        [[Edith Stein|Teresa Benedicta of the Cross]]]]\\n[[File:George 1st Kent.png|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        George, Duke of Kent]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Franciszka Arnsztajnowa]],\n        Polish poet and playwright (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[James Cruze]], American actor\n        and director (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Guglielmo Ferrero]], Italian historian, journalist\n        and novelist (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Gustav Indreb\\u00f8]], Norwegian philologist\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Richard Willst\\u00e4tter]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 7]] \\n** [[Louis\n        J. Carpellotti]], American marine army (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Charles E. Ford]],\n        American directed and producer (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Janusz Korczak]], Polish\n        educator, author and pediatrician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Leopold\n        Janikowski]], Polish explorer and ethnographer (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – [[Edith Stein|Terea Benedicta of the Cross]], German philosopher,\n        [[Roman Catholic]] nun, martyr and saint (assassinated) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] – [[Kazimierz Dembowski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman\n        and martyr (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\n** [[Pasquale Amato]], Italian\n        baritone (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Mykola Burachek]], Soviet painter (b. [[1871]])\\n**\n        [[Phillips Holmes]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n** [[Jorge\n        Cuesta]], Mexican chemist, writer and editor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Elina Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        Acha de Correa Morales]], Argentinian educator, scientist and activist (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Mahadev Desai]], Indian independence\n        activist and writer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n** [[Chang Ya-juo]],\n        daughter of [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Heuz\\u00e9]],\n        French director, screenwriter and playwright (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 18]]\n        \\n** [[Agathe Lasch]], German philologist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Henry DeWitt\n        Hamilton]], American general (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Kiyonao\n        Ichiki]], Japanese army officer (killed in action) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Michel Fokine]], Soviet choreographer and dancer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 23]]\\n** [[Jorge Cola\\u00e7o]], Portuguese painter (b. [[1868]])\\n**\n        [[Franciszek Dachtera]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Doyle Clayton Barnes]], American naval\n        aviator (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Edward Ka\\u017amierski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Prince George,\n        Duke of Kent]], 4th eldest son of [[George V]]  (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Lewartowski]], Polish politician and revolutionary (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Irena Bern\\u00e1\\u0161kov\\u00e1]], Czechoslovakian journalist\n        and resistance member (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Archduke Joseph\n        Ferdinand of Austria]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Charles Urban]],\n        American film producer (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Fabio Fiallo]], Dominican writer,\n        poet and politician (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Dominik J\\u0119drzejewski]], Polish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Martin Kirschner]], German surgeon (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ks.\n        Adam Bargielski.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|Blessed [[Adam Bargielski]]]]\\n[[File:Bronis%C5%82aw\n        Kostkowski patron Slupska.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|Blessed [[Bronis\\u0142aw\n        Kostkowski]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Rub\\u00e9n Ruiz Ib\\u00e1rruri]],\n        Spanish communist leader (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Herbert\n        A. Calcaterra]], American navy sailor (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois de Labouch\\u00e8re]], French pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Cecilia Beaux]], American portraitist (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Adam Bargielski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** [[Hermana Fausta|Fausta\n        Labrador]], Filipino [[Roman Catholic]] nun and Servant of God (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        [[E. S. Gosney|Ezra Seymour Gosney]], American philanthropist and eugenicist\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Kanaklata Barua]], Indian freedom\n        fighter (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Fernando D\\u00edaz de Mendoza\n        y Guerrero]], Spanish actor (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Bronis\\u0142aw Kostkowski]],\n        Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Matangini Hazra]], Indian revolutionary (shot) (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]]\\n** [[Hans-Joachim Marseille]], German World War II fighter\n        ace (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Leon\\u012bds Breik\\u0161s]], Soviet poet, journalist\n        and patriot (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ants Piip.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ants\n        Piip]]]]\\n[[File:Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Maria Antonina Kratochwil]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Ants Piip]], 7th\n        [[Prime Minister of Estonia|Prime Minister]] and 1st [[State Elder of Estonia|State\n        Elder]] of Estonia (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Alois Eli\\u00e1\\u0161]],\n        Czech general and politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 3]] \\n** [[Ludwik\n        \\u0106wikli\\u0144ski]], Prussian philologist and professor (b. [[1853]])\\n**\n        [[Olaf Huseby]], Norwegian-born American publisher (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Giuseppe Cassioli]], Italian painter and sculptor (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] \\n** [[Siegmund Gl\\u00fccksmann]], German politician (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Lorenzo Aguirre]], Spanish painter (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Wac\\u0142aw W\\u0105sowicz]],\n        Polish painter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Maria Antonina Kratochwil]],\n        Polish [[Roman Catholic]] nun, martyr and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October\n        9]] – [[William T. Hanna]], American marine (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Aritomo Got\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[October 15]] – Dame [[Marie Tempest]], British actress\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Federico Ferrari Orsi]], Italian\n        army officer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Paul Nikolaus Cossmann]],\n        German journalist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[May Robson]],\n        Australian actress (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Staf De Clercq]],\n        Belgian collabrator and nationalist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Ralph Rainger]], American composer and songwriter (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October\n        24]]\\n** [[Dimitri Amilakhvari]], French military officer (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[St John Hutchinson]], British barrister and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[James C. Morton]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 28]] –\n        [[Alexander von Dassel]], German magistrate (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Emilio Caldara]], Italian politician (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Heinrich\n        XXXIII RjL - Zum Besten der Kriegswaisen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Heinrich\n        XXXIII Reuss of K\\u00f6stritz]]]]\\n[[File:Hernando siles reyes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hernando\n        Siles Reyes]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad Ali Foroughi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohammad Ali\n        Foroughi]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Hugo Distler]], German composer (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Elihu Grant]], American scholar and\n        writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\n** [[Eric Abrahamsson]], Swedish\n        actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Am\\u00e9d\\u00e9 Ardoin]], American musician (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Andrew F. Cook, Jr.]], American army\n        officer (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[George M. Cohan]], American\n        songwriter and entertainer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Edna\n        May Oliver]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Hector\n        Abbas]], Dutch actor (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Merton Beckwith-Smith]], British\n        army officer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Laura Hope Crews]],\n        American actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Daniel J. Callaghan]],\n        American admiral and Medal of Honor recipient (killed in action) (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Norman Scott (Medal of Honor)|Norman Scott]], American admiral and Medal\n        of Honor recipient (killed in action) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        [[Prince Heinrich XXXIII Reuss of K\\u00f6stritz]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        16]] – [[Joseph Schmidt]], Polish tenor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November\n        19]]\\n** [[Ilya Fondaminsky]], Soviet author (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Bruno Schulz]],\n        Polish writer and painter (shot) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[Count Leopold Berchtold]], Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Tomitar\\u014d Horii]], Japanese general (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Hernando Siles Reyes]], Bolivian politician, 31st [[President of Bolivia]]\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Guido Masiero]], Italian World War\n        I flying ace and aviation pioneer (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Francesco Agello]],\n        Italian aviator (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Mihail Dragomirescu]],\n        Romanian aesthetician, theorist and critic (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Clarence Lee\n        Evans]], American naval officer, killed in battle at the [[Battle of Guadalcanal]]\n        (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Mohammad Ali Foroughi]], Iranian diplomat,\n        politician, teacher and writer, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Sigtryggur Jonasson]], Canadian politician (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[November 27]]\n        – [[Hermann Harms]], German botanist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 28]]\n        – [[Marceli Nowotko]], Polish activist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 29]]\n        – [[William Stamps Farish II]], American pioneer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** [[Buck Jones]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Anthony M. Rud]],\n        American writer (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Fran%C3%A7ois Darlan\n        1942 USA-MTO-NWA-p266.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Francois Darlan]]]]\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Wilhelm Junk]], Czechoslovakian natural historian, bibliographer\n        and entomologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Richard Tucker\n        (actor)|Richard Tucker]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n**\n        [[Karl Herxheimer]], German dermatologist (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Amos Rusie]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December\n        7]] – [[Orland Steen Loomis]], Governor of Wisconsin (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] \\n** [[Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia]] (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]], American architect (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[S\\u00e9raphine Louis]], French painter (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] \\n** [[Robert Danneberg]], Austrian politician (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Helen Westley]], American actress (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Hakeem\n        Fateh Mohammad Sehwani]], Indian scholar, poet, literary, journalist and politician\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Wlodimir Led\\u00f3chowski]], Polish [[Jesuit]] priest\n        and servant of God (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Carl Gustav\n        Fleischer]], Norwegian general (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Franz\n        Boas]], German anthropologist (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Robert\n        Kosch]], Prussian general (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Konstantin\n        Balmont]], Soviet poet and translator (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Darlan]], French admiral and politician, 81st [[Prime Minister\n        of France]] (assassinated) (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[William\n        G. Morgan]], inventor of volleyball  (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Nevile Henderson]], British diplomat (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n*\n        [[Habib Pacha Es-Saad]], 3rd Prime Minister and 2nd President of Lebanon (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|33em}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1942-pictures.html\n        1942 coin pictures]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1942}}\\n\\n[[Category:1942| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T23:09:23Z\",\"lastrevid\":799802298,\"length\":100172,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1942&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942\"},\"34630\":{\"pageid\":34630,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1943\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T06:40:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1943|the 1987 arcade game|1943: The\n        Battle of Midway|the EP by Soul-Junk|1943 (EP)}}\\n{{Events by month|1943}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1943}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1943}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1943}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 WWII: The Soviet Union announces\n        that 22 German divisions have been encircled at [[Stalingrad]], with 175,000\n        killed and 137,650 captured.\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** WWII: Greek-Polish athlete\n        and saboteur [[Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz]] is executed by the Germans at [[Kaisariani]].\\n**\n        [[Culbert Olson]], 29th [[Governor of California]], is succeeded by [[Earl\n        Warren]].\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 The United States and United Kingdom give\n        up territorial rights in China.\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 36 people are executed\n        and 200 arrested in anti-[[Nazi]] protests in [[Sofia]].\\n* [[January 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[January 24|24]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Casablanca Conference]]: [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]], President of the United States; [[Winston Churchill]], Prime\n        Minister of the United Kingdom; and Generals [[Charles de Gaulle]] and [[Henri\n        Giraud]] of the [[Free French forces]] meet secretly at the Anfa Hotel in\n        [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]], to plan the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        European strategy for the next stage of the war.\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** WWII:\n        [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] \\u2013 [[Operation Ke]]: [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]ese\n        forces begin to withdraw from [[Guadalcanal]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].\\n**\n        The world''s largest office building, [[The Pentagon]], is dedicated in [[Arlington,\n        Virginia]].\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Iraq]] declares war on the [[Axis powers]].\\n*\n        [[January 18]]\\n** WWII: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] officials announce that the\n        [[Red Army]] has broken the [[Wehrmacht]]''s [[siege of Leningrad]] as part\n        of [[Operation Iskra]], opening a narrow land corridor to the city. [[Georgy\n        Zhukov]] is promoted to [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]].\\n** The first [[Warsaw\n        Ghetto Uprising]] begins.\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[January 23|23]] \\u2013\n        [[Legionnaires'' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom]] in the [[Kingdom of Romania]].\\n*\n        [[January 22]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Buna\\u2013Gona]] ends with American and\n        Australian forces securing control of the [[territory of Papua]].\\n** [[The\n        Holocaust]]: Over 4,000 Jews are detained in Nazi-occupied [[Marseille]] as\n        part of \\\"Action Tiger\\\" before being transported to [[extermination camp]]s\n        in Poland.\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** WWII: British forces capture [[Tripoli]]\n        from the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italians]].\\n** [[Duke Ellington]] plays at New\n        York City''s [[Carnegie Hall]] for the first time.\\n** American critic and\n        commentator [[Alexander Woollcott]] suffers an eventually fatal heart attack\n        during a regular broadcast of the [[CBS]] Radio [[Round table (discussion)|round-table]]\n        program ''''People''s Platform''''.\\n* [[January 27]] \\u2013 WWII: 50 bombers\n        mount the first all American [[airstrike|air raid]] against Germany: [[Wilhelmshaven]]\n        is the target.\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** Nazi German police arrest alleged [[necrophiliac]]\n        and [[serial killer]] [[Bruno L\\u00fcdke]].\\n** [[United States Marine Corps\n        Women''s Reserve]] (MCWR) created.\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[January 30|30]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Rennell Island]] \\u2013 The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]\n        resists the United States Navy''s attempt to interrupt the [[Operation Ke|withdrawal\n        of Japanese forces]] from [[Guadalcanal]] in the last major [[naval battle]]\n        of the [[Guadalcanal Campaign]].\\n* [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[January 31|31]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Wau]] \\u2013 Australian forces with United States\n        support resist a Japanese advance in the [[New Guinea campaign]].\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n{{Main article|February 1943}}\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 WWII: In Russia,\n        the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] comes to an end with the surrender of the [[6th\n        Army (Wehrmacht)|German 6th Army]].\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Four\n        Chaplains]] of the U.S. Army are among those drowned when their ship, {{SS|Dorchester||2}},\n        is struck by a German [[torpedo]] in the North Atlantic.\\n* [[February 5]]\n        \\u2013 Lt. General [[Frank M. Andrews]] is selected to command the U.S. armies\n        in Europe, while General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is assigned command in North\n        Africa. Andrews will serve only three months before dying in an airplane crash.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** North Atlantic [[convoy SC 118]] is attacked\n        by [[U-boat]]s, sinking eight ships.{{cite journal|author=((Waters, John\n        M. Jr., CAPT USCG)) |title=Stay Tough |publisher=United States Naval Institute\n        Proceedings |date=December 1966}}\\n** In the United States, it is announced\n        that shoe [[Rationing#Civilian rationing|rationing]] will go into effect in\n        two days.\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] in the\n        [[Solomon Islands]] ends with United States forces in command of [[Guadalcanal]],\n        the evacuation of Japanese forces in [[Operation Ke]] having been completed\n        two days earlier.\\n** [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]]\n        by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] begin with the [[Paro\\u015bla I massacre]]\n        within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]].\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[March\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Mohandas Gandhi]] (under arrest by forces of the [[British Raj]]\n        in [[Pune]] as a member of the [[Quit India Movement]]) keeps a hunger strike\n        to protest at his imprisonment.\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Rostov-on-Don]]\n        in Russia is liberated.\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[February 17|17]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Battle of Sidi Bou Zid]]: In the [[Tunisia Campaign]], German [[Panzer\n        division]]s commanded by [[Hans-J\\u00fcrgen von Arnim]] are victorious over\n        the United States Army.\\n*[[February 16]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Soviet Union]]\n        reconquers [[Kharkov]], but is later driven out in the [[Third Battle of Kharkov]].\\n*[[February\n        18]]\\n** In a [[Sportpalast speech|''''Sportpalast'''' speech]] in Berlin,\n        German Propaganda Minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] declares a \\\"[[total war]]\\\"\n        against the Allies, tacitly admitting that [[Nazi Germany]] faces serious\n        dangers.\\n** The [[Nazism|Nazis]] arrest the members of the [[White Rose]]\n        [[German resistance to Nazism|German Resistance]] movement.\\n* [[February\n        19]] \\u2013 [[February 25|25]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]]:\n        German General [[Erwin Rommel]]''s [[Afrika Korps]] and other [[Axis powers|Axis]]\n        forces launch an offensive against [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] defenses\n        in [[Tunisia]]; it is the United States'' first major battle defeat of the\n        war. On February 22 an Anglo-American force halts the German advance near\n        [[Thala, Tunisia|Thala]], forcing the Germans to retreat, US bombers harass\n        the retreating Panzers.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** American [[movie studio]] executives\n        agree to allow the [[Office of War Information]] to [[Censorship|censor]]\n        movies.\\n** The [[Par\\u00edcutin]] [[volcano]] begins to appear in a cornfield\n        in Mexico.{{cite web|url=http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Paricutin.html|title=The\n        Eruption of Par\\u00edcutin (1943\\u20131952)|work=How Volcanoes Work|accessdate=2012-10-23}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/img_paricutin.html|title=Par\\u00edcutin,\n        Mexico|work=Volcano World|accessdate=2012-10-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/onehundredyears/expeditions/Paricutin.html|title=Par\\u00edcutin:\n        The Birth of a Volcano|publisher=[[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural\n        History]]|accessdate=2012-10-23}}\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 WWII: North\n        Atlantic [[convoy ON 166]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking eleven ships.{{cite\n        book|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939\\u20131945|author=Rohwer, J.  |author2=Hummelchen,\n        G.|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1992|page=194|isbn=1-55750-105-X}}\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 Members of [[White Rose]] are executed in [[Nazi Germany]].\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[February 24|24]] \\u2013 [[Cavan Orphanage Fire]]:\n        35 girls and a cook from St Joseph''s [[Orphanage]], an [[Industrial Schools\n        in Ireland|industrial school]] at [[Cavan]], Ireland, are killed in a fire\n        in their dormitories. A subsequent inquiry absolves the [[Poor Clares]] of\n        blame.\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Smith Mine disaster]]: an explosion at\n        Smith Mine #3 in [[Bearcreek, Montana]], United States kills 74 coal miners.\\n*\n        [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Operation Gunnerside]]: 6 Norwegians led by [[Joachim\n        R\\u00f8nneberg]] successfully attack the [[heavy water]] plant at [[Vemork]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1943}}\\n[[File:A20BismarckSea.jpg|thumb|A low level attack on\n        a Japanese ship during the [[Battle of the Bismarck Sea]]]]\\n[[File:Krakow\n        Ghetto 06694.jpg|thumb|Jewish prisoners being deported from the [[Krak\\u00f3w\n        Ghetto]]]]\\n* March \\u2013 Publication in New York of exiled French aviator\n        [[Antoine de Saint-Exup\\u00e9ry]]''s self-illustrated children''s [[novella]]\n        ''''[[The Little Prince]]'''', the all-time [[List of best-selling books|best-selling\n        book]] originated in French.\\n* March\\u2013December \\u2013 [[History of computing\n        hardware]]: Construction of British prototype Mark I [[Colossus computer]],\n        the world''s first totally ''''electronic'''' programmable computing device,\n        to assist in [[cryptanalysis]] of German signals at [[Bletchley Park]].{{cite\n        book|year=2006|editor-last=Copeland|editor-first=B. Jack|title=Colossus: the\n        Secrets of Bletchley Park''s Codebreaking Computers|publisher=Oxford University\n        Press|isbn=978-0-19-284055-4}}\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Heinz Guderian]]\n        becomes the Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the [[German Army\n        (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013[[March 2|2]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Koriukivka massacre]] \\u2013 Mass murder of 6,700 inhabitants of [[Koriukivka]]\n        in the [[Ukraine]] by a [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[SS]] unit.\\n* [[March 2]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of the Bismarck Sea]] \\u2013 United States and Australian\n        forces sink Japanese convoy ships.\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 173 people are killed\n        in a crush while trying to enter an [[air-raid shelter]] at [[Bethnal Green\n        tube station|Bethnal Green, London]].\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 The [[15th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held in Los Angeles. ''''[[Mrs. Miniver (film)|Mrs. Miniver]]''''\n        wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] award.\\n* [[March\n        5]] \\u2013 The [[Gloster Meteor]], the first operational military [[jet aircraft]]\n        for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], has its first test flight, in England.\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[March 10|10]] \\u2013 WWII: North Atlantic [[convoy SC\n        121]] is attacked by [[U-boat]]s sinking seven ships.{{cite book|title=Chronology\n        of the War at Sea 1939\\u20131945|author=Rohwer, J.  |author2=Hummelchen, G.|publisher=Naval\n        Institute Press|year=1992|page=196|isbn=1-55750-105-X}}\\n* [[March 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]] forms the new government of\n        Turkey (14th government; \\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu had served twice\n        as a prime minister).\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Banco Bradesco]] is founded\n        in [[Mar\\u00edlia]], [[S\\u00e3o Paulo]], Brazil.\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[The\n        Holocaust]]: [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] forces liquidate the Jews of the\n        [[Krak\\u00f3w Ghetto]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|Occupied Poland]].\\n*\n        [[March 14]] \\u2013 WWII: British submarine [[HMS Thetis (N25)|HMS ''''Thunderbolt'''']]\n        is sunk off [[Sicily]] by an Italian [[corvette]], the second time this vessel\n        has been lost with all hands.{{cite web|title=HMS Thunderbolt (N 25)|work=uboat.net|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3485.html|accessdate=2010-10-21}}{{cite\n        book|first1=C. E. T.|last1=Warren|first2=James|last2=Benson|title=\\\"The Admiralty\n        regrets ...\\\": the story of His Majesty''s submarine Thetis and Thunderbolt|location=London|publisher=Harrap|year=1958}}\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[Italian submarine Leonardo da Vinci|Italian\n        submarine ''''Leonardo da Vinci'''']] sinks the [[Canadian Pacific Railway|Canadian\n        Pacific]] [[Ocean liner|liner]] [[RMS Empress of Canada (1920)|RMS ''''Empress\n        of Canada'''']] off [[Sierra Leone]]. Nearly half of the 392 fatalities are\n        Italian [[prisoners of war]].\\n** German forces recapture [[Kharkov]] after\n        four days of house-to-house fighting against [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops,\n        ending the month-long [[Third Battle of Kharkov]].\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[March 19|19]] \\u2013 WWII: 22 ships from [[Convoys HX 229/SC 122]] and one\n        U-boat are sunk in the largest North Atlantic U-boat \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\"\n        attack of the war.\\n* [[March 17]] ([[Saint Patrick''s Day]]) \\u2013 [[\\u00c9amon\n        de Valera]], [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]], makes the speech\n        \\\"[[The Ireland That We Dreamed Of]]\\\", commonly called the \\\"comely maidens\\\"\n        speech, in [[Dublin Castle]].\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Khatyn massacre]]\n        \\u2013 The entire population of [[Khatyn]] in [[Belarus]] is burnt alive by\n        the German occupation forces.\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 The drugs [[Vicodin]]\n        and [[Lortab]] are first produced in Germany.\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Battle of the Komandorski Islands]]: In the [[Aleutian Islands]], the battle\n        begins when [[United States Navy]] forces intercept Japanese troops attempting\n        to reinforce a garrison at [[Kiska]].\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 WWII: British\n        [[Royal Navy]] [[escort carrier]] {{HMS|Dasher|D37}} is destroyed by an accidental\n        explosion in the [[Firth of Clyde]], killing 379 of the crew of 528.\\n* [[March\n        28]] \\u2013 In Italy a ship full of weapons and ammunition explodes in the\n        port of [[Naples]], killing 600.\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Richard Rodgers|Rodgers]]\n        and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Oklahoma!]]'''' opens on\n        [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], heralds a new era in \\\"integrated\\\" stage musicals,\n        becomes an instantaneous stage classic, and goes on to be Broadway''s longest-running\n        musical up to that time (1948).\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1943}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]] \\u2013 Shipwrecked steward [[Poon Lim]] is rescued by Brazilian\n        fishermen after being adrift for 130 days.\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 WWII: Radio\n        Berlin announces the discovery by [[Wehrmacht]] of mass graves of Poles killed\n        by Soviets in the [[Katyn massacre]].\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[Albert Hofmann]]\n        self-administers the psychedelic drug [[LSD]] (which he first synthesized\n        in [[1938]]) for the first time in history, and records the details of his\n        experience.[http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child1.htm How LSD Originated],\n        Albert Hofmann. {{Main article|History of lysergic acid diethylamide}}\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: The [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] begins when Nazi troops\n        enter the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] to round up remaining Jews.\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013\n        WWII: Worst bombing of [[Aberdeen]], Scotland, killing 125 people.[http://news.stv.tv/north/222033-aberdeen-suffered-its-own-blitzkrieg-70-years-ago-this-weekend\n        Bombing of Aberdeen], news.stv.tv; accessed 6 December 2014.\\n** The\n        first Tiger 1is captured by Allied forces, Tiger No.131 is captured in North\n        Africa by British Forces\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Easter]] occurs on the latest\n        possible date (last time [[1886]]; next time [[2038]]) in the [[Western Christianity|Western\n        Christian Church]].\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 The [[Easter Riots]] in [[Uppsala]],\n        [[Sweden]].\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 The U.S. [[Federal Writers'' Project]]\n        ceases operation.\\n* [[April 30]] - The birth of [[Paul Jennings]]\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1943}}\\n[[File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 08.jpg|thumb|This\n        photograph, from the [[Stroop Report]], shows captured fighters in the [[Warsaw\n        Ghetto Uprising]].]]\\n[[File:Mohne Dam Breached.jpg|thumb|The [[M\\u00f6hne\n        Dam]] breached following [[Operation Chastise]], carried out by the [[No.\n        617 Squadron RAF|\\\"Dambusters\\\"]] of the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]].]]\\n* [[May\n        6]] \\u2013 WWII: Six U-boats are sunk after sinking 12 ships from [[Convoy\n        ONS 5]] in the last major North Atlantic U-boat \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\"\n        attack of the war.\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 [[May 12|12]] \\u2013 Japanese troops\n        carry out the [[Changjiao massacre]] in Changjiao, [[Hunan]], China.\\n* [[May\n        11]] \\u2013 WWII: American troops invade [[Attu Island|Attu]] in the [[Aleutian\n        Islands]], in an attempt to expel occupying Japanese forces.\\n* [[May 12]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Trident Conference]] begins in Washington, D.C., with [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] taking part.\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013\n        WWII: German [[Afrika Korps]] and Italian troops in North Africa surrender\n        to [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces.\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** The [[AHS Centaur|Australian\n        Hospital Ship ''''Centaur'''']] is sunk off the coast of Queensland by {{ship|Japanese\n        submarine |I-177}}, killing 268 of the 332 medical personnel and civilian\n        crew aboard.\\n** [[358th Bombardment Squadron]], [[303d Bombardment Group]]\n        [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants#B-17F|B-17F]] ''''Hell''s Angels''''\n        is the first [[USAAF]] [[bomber]] to complete 25 missions.\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013\n        The [[Comintern]] is dissolved in Moscow.\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[May 17|17]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Chastise]] (the ''Dambuster Raid'') takes place:\n        [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]] use [[bouncing bomb]]s to breach German dams in the\n        [[Ruhr Valley]].\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Holocaust]]: The [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]]\n        ends.\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[United States Army]] contracts\n        with the [[University of Pennsylvania]]''s Moore School to develop the computer\n        [[ENIAC]].\\n** The ''''[[Memphis Belle (aircraft)|Memphis Belle''s]]'''' crew\n        becomes the first aircrew in the [[8th Air Force]] to complete its 25-mission\n        tour of duty. The aircraft and crew are the first to return to the U.S. intact\n        for a War Bond drive.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Winston Churchill]] addresses\n        a [[joint session of the United States Congress]].\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Norman\n        Rockwell]]''s illustration of ''''[[Rosie the Riveter]]'''' first appears\n        on the cover of ''''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''''.\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Dr. [[Josef Mengele]] begins his service as a medical officer\n        in the [[Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1943}}\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013 [[BOAC Flight 777]], a [[DC-3]] with\n        registration G-AGBB (formerly [[KLM]] PH-ALI, ''''Ibis''''), on a scheduled\n        passenger flight, is shot down over the [[Bay of Biscay]] by eight German\n        [[Junkers Ju 88]]s; all 17 persons aboard perish, including the actor [[Leslie\n        Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]]. There is speculation that the downing is an\n        attempt to kill the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], [[Winston Churchill]],\n        as the Germans may have had wrong information he was aboard.\\n* [[June 3]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Zoot Suit Riots]] erupt between military personnel and Mexican\n        American youths in East Los Angeles.{{cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi07t.htm|title=Los\n        Angeles Zoot Suit Riots|work=Los Angeles Almanac}}\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013\n        A military [[1943 Argentine coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Argentina]]\n        ousts [[Ram\\u00f3n Castillo]].\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Japanese battleship\n        Mutsu|Japanese battleship ''''Mutsu'''']] is destroyed by an accidental magazine\n        explosion in [[Hashirajima]] anchorage\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[June 23|23]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Detroit race riot of 1943]] in the United States kills 34 people\n        \\u2013 25 African Americans, nine whites \\u2013 wounds hundreds more and damages\n        and destroys property worth millions.{{cite web|url=http://life.time.com/history/detroit-race-riots-1943-photos-from-a-city-in-turmoil-during-wwii/#1|title=Hatred\n        on the Home Front: The Detroit Race Riots During WWII|first=Ben|last=Cosgrove|work=Time\n        Life|date=2014-06-18|accessdate=2016-11-29}}\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        British saboteurs blow up the strategically significant railway viaduct at\n        [[Asopos]] in Greece.\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[45th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]] lands in North Africa,\n        prior to training at [[Arzew]], French Morocco.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 United\n        States [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] abolished.\\n* June (late) \\u2013 [[The\n        Holocaust]]: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from [[Be\\u0142\\u017cec\n        extermination camp]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939\\u201345)|Occupied Poland]]\n        (for gassing at [[Sobib\\u00f3r extermination camp|Sobib\\u00f3r]]) and for\n        the remainder of the year the [[Nazism|Nazis]] make efforts to obliterate\n        the site.{{cite book|first=Yitzhak|last=Arad|title=Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka:\n        The Operation Reinhard Death Camps|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|year=1999|page=371|isbn=0-253-21305-3}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191|publisher=[[United\n        States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Belzec|work=Holocaust Encyclopedia|accessdate=2013-01-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107184303/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191|archivedate=2012-01-07|df=mdy}}\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:SC180476.jpg|thumb|The\n        U.S. [[Liberty ship]] SS ''''Robert Rowan'''' explodes during the [[Allied\n        invasion of Sicily]], July 11, 1943.]]\\n[[File:Bombing of Hamburg.ogg|thumb|The\n        [[bombing of Hamburg in WWII|bombing of Hamburg]] during 1943.]]\\n[[File:Wladyslaw\n        Sikorski 2.jpg|thumb|Wladyslaw Sikorski, Polish military and political leader\n        of the polish government in exile during World War 2]]\\n{{Main article|July\n        1943}}\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 United States [[Women''s Army Corps]] (WAC) converted\n        to full status.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash]]: The aircraft\n        carrying General [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Sikorski]], Prime Minister of the [[Polish\n        government-in-exile]], crashes, killing him and fifteen others, leading to\n        [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Sikorski''s death controversy|a lasting controversy\n        over the circumstances]].\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Kursk]]\n        \\u2013 The largest tank battle in history begins.\\n** A fleet sets sail for\n        the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]].\\n** Conclusion of the [[National Bands\n        Agreement]] in Greece.\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 WWII: Americans and Japanese fight\n        the [[Battle of Kula Gulf]] off [[Kolombangara]].\\n* [[July 10]] (0245 GMT\n        (4:45 am local time)) \\u2013 WWII: [[Allied invasion of Sicily]]: The [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[Axis powers|Axis]]-controlled Europe\n        begins with landings on the island of [[Sicily]] off mainland Italy by the\n        [[Seventh United States Army]] and the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British\n        Eighth Army]] including the [[1st Canadian Infantry Division]].\\n* [[July\n        11]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** [[United States Army]] forces make an assault on Piano\n        Lupo, just outside [[Gela]], [[Sicily]].\\n** [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia\n        and Eastern Galicia]] by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] within the [[Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine]] ([[Volhynia]]) peak.\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 WWII: Main engagement\n        of the [[Battle of Prokhorovka]] \\u2013 The [[Wehrmacht]] and the [[Red Army]]\n        fight to a draw in one of the largest tank battles in [[military history]].\\n*\n        [[July 19]] \\u2013 WWII: Rome is bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]\n        for the first time in the war.\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Gomorrha]]\n        begins: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb [[Hamburg]] by night; the American\n        planes bomb the city by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000\n        tons of explosives will have killed more than 42,000 people and destroyed\n        280,000 buildings.\\n[[File:Mussolini mezzobusto.jpg|200px|thumb|Mussolini]]\\n*\n        [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Benito Mussolini]], the Fascist [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        since 1922, is arrested after the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] withdraws its\n        support. \\\"Il Duce\\\" is replaced by General [[Pietro Badoglio]].\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:B-24D''s\n        fly over Polesti during World War II.jpg|thumb|B-24d''s fly over [[Ploie\\u015fti]]\n        during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].]]\\n[[File:Quebec conference 1943.png|thumb|[[William\n        Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston\n        Churchill]] at the [[Quebec Conference, 1943|1943 Quebec Conference]].]]\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1943}}\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Operation Tidal Wave]]: 177\n        [[B-24 Liberator]] bombers from the [[U.S. Army Air Force]] bomb oil refineries\n        at [[Ploie\\u0219ti|Ploie\\u0219ti, Romania]].\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[John F. Kennedy]]''s [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109|Motor Torpedo Boat ''''PT-109'''']]\n        is rammed by a destroyer.\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[aircraft carrier]]\n        {{USS|Intrepid|CV-11}} is launched at [[Newport News, Virginia]].\\n* [[August\n        5]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** United States [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] (WASPs)\n        formed, consolidating the [[Women''s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron]] (WAFS)\n        and [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] (WFTD).\\n** [[John F. Kennedy]] and\n        crew are found by [[Solomon Islands]] [[coastwatchers]] [[Biuku Gasa and Eroni\n        Kumana]] with their [[dugout canoe]].\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle\n        of Vella Gulf]]: Americans defeat a Japanese convoy off [[Kolombangara]],\n        as the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] drives the Japanese out of Munda airfield\n        on [[New Georgia]].\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 WWII: Rome is declared an [[open\n        city]] by the Italian government, with Italy offering to demilitarize the\n        capital in return for an Allied agreement not to bomb the city further.\\\"Badolgio\n        Declares Rome An ''Open City'', ''''Pittsburgh Press'''', August 15, 1943,\n        p. 1\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 The [[Quebec Conference, 1943|Quadrant\n        Conference]] begins in [[Quebec City]]; Canadian [[Prime Minister]] [[MacKenzie\n        King]] meets with [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].\\n*\n        [[August 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The [[US 7th Army]] under General [[George\n        S. Patton]] meets the [[British 8th Army]] under [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st\n        Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|General Montgomery]] in [[Messina, Sicily]],\n        completing the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]].\\n** [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation\n        Hydra]]: The British [[Royal Air Force]] sets out to bomb the [[Peenem\\u00fcnde\n        Army Research Center]] to disrupt the German [[V-weapons]] programme.\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Battle of Kursk]] ends with a serious strategic defeat\n        for the German forces.\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 WWII: \\u2013 [[Heinrich Himmler]]\n        is named Reichminister of the Interior in Germany .\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013\n        WWII: [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]]\n        named Supreme Allied Commander for Southeast Asia.\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013\n        WWII: King [[Boris III of Bulgaria]] dies under suspicious circumstances;\n        his 6-year-old son, [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]] (who would be elected\n        in 2001 as Prime Minister under the name Simeon Sakskoburggotski), ascends\n        to the throne.\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Occupation of Denmark]] \\u2013\n        Germany dissolves the Danish government after it refuses to deal with a wave\n        of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1943}}\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Allied invasion\n        of Italy]]: Mainland Italy is invaded by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        forces under General Sir [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of\n        Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]], for the first time in the war.\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 WWII: The 503rd Parachute Regiment under American General [[Douglas\n        MacArthur]] lands and occupies Nadzab, just east of the port city of [[Lae]]\n        in northeastern [[Papua New Guinea]].\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[Gulf Hotel\n        fire]]: A fire at the Gulf Hotel in [[Houston, Texas]] kills 55.\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\n** WWII: United States General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] publicly announces\n        the surrender of Italy to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n** WWII:\n        [[Frascati air raid]]: The USAAF bombs the German General Headquarters for\n        the Mediterranean zone.\\n** The first classes commence at [[Grace University]]\n        in [[Omaha, Nebraska]].\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Bertolt Brecht]]''s play\n        ''''[[Life of Galileo]]'''' ({{Lang-de|Leben des Galilei}}) receives its first\n        theatrical production at the [[Schauspielhaus Z\\u00fcrich]].\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Gran Sasso raid]] \\u2013 German paratroopers rescue Mussolini\n        from imprisonment, in ''''Unternehmen Eiche'''' (\\\"Operation Oak\\\").\\n* [[September\n        16]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Salerno Mutiny]] occurs when soldiers of the [[British\n        Army]]''s [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] refuse postings to new units.\\n*\n        [[September 17]] \\u2013 WWII: Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny \\u2013 a group\n        of pro-[[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisan]] soldiers led by [[Ferid D\\u017eani\\u0107]]\n        and others within the [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar\n        (1st Croatian)]] training in [[Occupied France]] rise against [[Nazi Germany|Nazi\n        German]] troops in the Division; the revolt is rapidly suppressed.\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[October 2]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Landing at Scarlet Beach]] on the\n        [[Huon Peninsula]] of [[New Guinea]] by Allied forces, the first time Australian\n        troops have made an opposed amphibious landing since the [[Gallipoli Campaign]]\n        of [[1915]]. \\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[Italian Social Republic]]\n        (\\\"Republic of Sal\\u00f2\\\") is founded in northern Italy as a [[puppet state]]\n        of [[Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Four days of Naples]]\n        begins: a popular uprising drives German occupying forces from the city.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1943}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 WWII: United States forces\n        enter liberated [[Naples]].\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 WWII: Nazi [[Wehrmacht]]\n        forces commit the [[Lyngiades massacre]] in northwest Greece as an arbitrary\n        reprisal.\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the [[naval\n        Battle of Vella Lavella]].\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 WWII: The [[1943 Naples\n        post-office bombing|Naples post-office bombing]] kills 100.\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        WWII: [[Double Tenth incident]] ([[Japanese occupation of Singapore]]): The\n        Japanese military police, the [[Kempeitai]], arrest and torture more than\n        50 civilians and civilian internees on false suspicion of their involvement\n        in a raid on [[Singapore]] Harbour during [[Operation Jaywick]]. \\n** The\n        [[Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union)|Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky]]\n        is instituted in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 WWII: The\n        new government of Italy sides with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and\n        declares war on Germany.\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** WWII: During the [[Second Raid\n        on Schweinfurt]], the United States [[Eighth Air Force]] suffers so many losses\n        that it loses [[air supremacy]] over Germany for several months.\\n** [[The\n        Holocaust]]: Uprising in [[Sobib\\u00f3r extermination camp]]; about half the\n        inmates escape. Three days later, the camp is closed.\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 P. Laurel]]\n        takes the oath of office as President of the [[Philippines]] ([[Second Philippine\n        Republic]]).\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** The last [[commerce raider]]\n        [[German auxiliary cruiser Michel|''''hilfskreuzer Michel'''']], is sunk off\n        Japan by United States [[submarine]] [[USS Tarpon (SS-175)|''''Tarpon'''']].{{cite\n        book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|ISBN=0-13-354027-8|page=276}}\\n**\n        Completion of the [[Burma Railway]] between [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] and\n        [[Yangon|Rangoon]], Burma (modern-day [[Myanmar]]) ({{convert|415|km|mi|abbr=on}})\n        by the [[Empire of Japan]] to support its forces in the [[Burma campaign]]\n        using the [[forced labour]] of Asian civilians and [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        [[Prisoners of war]].\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Chiang Kai-shek]] takes the\n        oath of office as [[President of the Republic of China|Chairman of the National\n        Government of China]].\\n* [[October 19]]  \\u2013 WWII: Allied aircraft sink\n        the German-controlled cargo ship {{MS|Sinfra}} in the Mediterranean, killing\n        over 2,000 people, mostly [[Italian military internees]].\\n* [[October 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lucie Aubrac]] and others in her [[French Resistance]] cell liberate\n        [[Raymond Aubrac]] from [[Gestapo]] imprisonment.\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013\n        WWII: The British [[Royal Air Force]] delivers a highly destructive airstrike\n        on the German industrial and population center of [[Kassel]]; at least 10,000\n        are killed and 150,000 are made homeless. See [[Bombing of Kassel in World\n        War II]].\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 WWII: British [[Royal Navy]] [[destroyer]]\n        {{HMS|Eclipse|H08}} is sunk by a mine in the [[Aegean Sea]] with the loss\n        of 119 of the ship''s company and 134 troops.{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-21E-Eclipse.htm|title=HMS\n        ''''Eclipse'''', destroyer|work=naval-history.net|accessdate=2013-01-15}}\\n*\n        [[October 28]] \\u2013 Alleged date of the [[Philadelphia Experiment]], in\n        which the [[destroyer escort]] {{USS|Eldridge|DE-173}} was supposed to be\n        rendered invisible to human observers for a brief period.\\n* [[October 30]]\\n**\n        WWII: Signing of [[Moscow Declarations]]: the [[Declaration of the Four Nations]]\n        on general security, by the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and\n        Republic of China; and the Declarations on Italy, Austria and Atrocities by\n        the first three governments.\\n** The [[Merrie Melodies]] [[animated cartoon]]\n        ''''[[Falling Hare]]'''', one of the only [[Short film|short]]s with [[Bugs\n        Bunny]] getting out-smarted, is released in the United States.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1943}}\\n[[File:Cairo conference.jpg|thumb|[[Chiang Kai-shek]],\n        [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] at the [[Cairo Conference]],\n        25 November 1943.]]\\n[[File:Lebanese flag.JPG|thumb|The first [[Flag of Lebanon|Lebanese\n        flag]] hand drawn and signed by the deputies of the Lebanese parliament, November\n        11, 1943. The [[French Mandate of Lebanon|French Mandate]] ends and [[Lebanon]]\n        gains independence in November 1943.]]\\n[[File:Teheran conference-1943.jpg|thumb|[[Joseph\n        Stalin]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Winston Churchill]] on the verandah\n        of the Soviet Embassy in [[Tehran]] during the [[Tehran Conference]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Operation Goodtime]]: [[United States Marines]]\n        land on [[Bougainville Island]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].\\n* [[November\n        2]] \\u2013 WWII:\\n** In the early morning hours, American and Japanese ships\n        fight the inconclusive [[Battle of Empress Augusta Bay]] off [[Bougainville\n        Island]].\\n** WWII: British troops in Italy reach the [[Garigliano River]].\\n*\n        [[November 3]] \\u2013 Holocaust: As part of [[Aktion Erntefest|Operation Harvest\n        Festival]], the single largest massacre of Jews in the entire war took place\n        when over 43,000 Jews were shot or machine-gunned to death by the [[SS]].\\n*\n        [[November 5]] WWII: First [[Bombing of the Vatican]]: Four bombs are dropped\n        on the neutral [[Vatican City]]; the aircraft responsible is never certainly\n        identified.\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/431109a.html\n        Agreement] for foundation of the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation\n        Administration]] signed by 44 countries in the [[White House]], Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 Execution of the [[L\\u00fcbeck martyrs]], four\n        men of religion, for supposedly treasonable views.\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Leonard Bernstein]], substituting at the last minute for ailing principal\n        conductor [[Bruno Walter]], directs the [[New York Philharmonic]] in its regular\n        Sunday afternoon broadcast concert over [[CBS]] Radio. The event receives\n        front-page coverage in ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' the following day.\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Porajmos]]: German [[SS]] leader [[Heinrich Himmler]]\n        orders that [[Romani people|Gypsies]] and \\\"part-Gypsies\\\" be put \\\"on the\n        same level as Jews and placed in [[Nazi concentration camps]].\\\"\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** WWII: After flying from Britain, 160 American bombers [[Norwegian\n        heavy water sabotage|strike]] a [[hydro-electric power]] facility and [[heavy\n        water]] factory in German-controlled [[Vemork]], Norway.\\n** WWII: A Japanese\n        [[submarine]] sinks the surfaced U.S. submarine {{USS|Corvina|SS-226|6}} near\n        [[Chuuk Lagoon]] (Truk).\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Battle of Berlin\n        (RAF campaign)|Battle of Berlin]] \\u2013 The British [[Royal Air Force]] opens\n        its bombing campaign against Berlin with 440 planes causing only light damage\n        and killing 131. The RAF loses 9 aircraft and 53 aviators.\\n* [[November 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[The Holocaust]]: Inmates of [[Janowska concentration camp]] near\n        [[Lw\\u00f3w]] (at this time in [[History of Poland (1939\\u201345)|German-occupied\n        Poland]]), stage a failed uprising, after which the [[SS]] liquidates the\n        camp, resulting in at least 6,000 deaths.\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 WWII:\n        [[Battle of Tarawa]]: [[United States Marines]] land on [[Tarawa Atoll|Tarawa]]\n        and [[Makin (islands)|Makin]] [[atoll]]s in the [[Gilbert Islands]] ([[Kiribati]]\n        from [[1979]]) and take heavy fire from Japanese shore guns.\\n* [[November\n        22]] \\u2013[[November 26|26]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Cairo Conference]] (\\\"Sextant\\\")\n        \\u2013 [[President of the United States]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Prime\n        Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Chairman of the\n        National Government of China]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] meet at [[Cairo]] in Egypt\n        to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the [[Pacific War]].\\n* [[November 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lebanon]] gains independence on ending of the [[French Mandate for\n        Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]].\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 The [[Deutsches\n        Opernhaus]] on Bismarckstra\\u00dfe in the Berlin district of [[Charlottenburg]]\n        is destroyed in an air raid (It is reopened in [[1961]] as the [[Deutsche\n        Oper Berlin]]).\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 WWII: Americans and Japanese fight\n        the naval [[Battle of Cape St. George]] between [[Buka Island|Buka]] and [[New\n        Ireland (island)|New Ireland]].\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 WWII: British [[troopship]]\n        [[HMT Rohna|HMT ''''Rohna'''']] is sunk off the north African coast by a ''''[[Luftwaffe]]''''\n        [[Henschel Hs 293]] radio controlled [[glide bomb]] killing 1015.{{cite\n        book|first=Barbara|last=Tomblin|title=With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations\n        in the Mediterranean, 1942\\u20131945|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2004|pages=308\\u2013310}}{{cite\n        book|first=Carlton|last=Jackson|title=Forgotten Tragedy: The Sinking of HMT\n        Rohna|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1997}}\\n* [[November 28]]\n        \\u2013 WWII: [[Tehran Conference]]: U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],\n        British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]]\n        meet in [[Tehran]] to discuss war strategy. On [[November 30]], they establish\n        an agreement concerning a planned June 1944 invasion of Europe codenamed [[Operation\n        Overlord]].\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 The second session of [[AVNOJ]], the\n        Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of [[Yugoslavia]], is held in\n        [[Jajce]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], to determine the post-war ordering\n        of the country.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1943}}\\n* [[December\n        2]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Bari#The 1943 chemical warfare disaster|Bari chemical warfare\n        disaster]]: A surprise [[Luftwaffe]] [[air raid on Bari]] in Italy sinks 28\n        [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] ships in the harbor, including the American\n        [[Liberty ship]] {{SS|John Harvey}}, releasing its secret cargo of [[mustard\n        gas]] bombs, inflating the number of casualties.{{cite book|first=Glenn\n        B.|last=Infield|title=Disaster at Bari|year=1967}}\\n* [[December 3]]\\n**\n        In reprisal for an act of sabotage, the [[SS]] and [[Gestapo]] execute 100\n        [[Warsaw Tramway]] workers.{{cite web|title=December 3rd, 1943|url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/andrew.etherington/1943/12/03.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15}}\\n**\n        [[Edward R. Murrow]] delivers his classic \\\"Orchestrated Hell\\\" broadcast\n        over [[CBS]] Radio, describing a [[Royal Air Force]] nighttime bombing raid\n        on Berlin.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** WWII: In [[Yugoslavia]], resistance leader\n        Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]] proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav\n        government-in-exile.\\n** The [[Great Depression]] officially ends in the United\n        States: With unemployment figures falling fast due to WWII-related employment,\n        U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] closes the [[Works Progress Administration]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Bolivia]] declares war on [[Romania]] and Hungary.\\n* [[December 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chiara Lubich]] starts the humanitarian [[Focolare Movement]] in\n        [[Trento]], Italy.\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 WWII: [[Massacre of Kalavryta]]:\n        The occupying [[117th J\\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)]] machine-gun all adult\n        males from [[Kalavryta]] in Greece, subsequently burning the town.\\n* [[December\n        15]] \\u2013 WWII: American and Australian forces began the [[Battle of Arawe]]\n        as a diversion before a larger landing at [[Cape Gloucester]] on [[New Britain]]\n        in Papua New Guinea.\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 A [[military coup]] is staged\n        in [[Bolivia]].\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 WWII: U.S. General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        becomes [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]]. He establishes [[Supreme Headquarters\n        Allied Expeditionary Force]] in London.\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Subhas\n        Chandra Bose]] sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at [[Port Blair]],\n        India.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal Famine]].\\n*\n        [[History of the cooperative movement]]: Father [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Arizmendiarrieta]]\n        sets up a polytechnic school at [[Mondrag\\u00f3n]] in the [[Spanish Basque\n        Country]] (predecessor of the [[University of Mondrag\\u00f3n]]) which inspires\n        creation of the [[Mondragon Corporation]].\\n* [[Arana Hall]], a residential\n        college of the [[University of Otago]] in [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, is founded.\\n*\n        [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] co-invents, with [[\\u00c9mile Gagnan]], the first\n        commercially successful open circuit type of [[Scuba set|scuba diving equipment]],\n        the [[Aqua-lung]].\\\"Year by Year 1943\\\" \\u2013 [[History Channel International]].\\n*\n        Publication of [[Martin Noth]]''s groundbreaking work of [[Old Testament]]\n        scholarship ''''\\u00dcberlieferungsgeschichtliche Studien: Die sammelnden\n        und bearbeitenden Geschichtswerke im Alten Testament''''.[Schriften der\n        K\\u00f6nigsberger Gelehrten-Gesellschaft: Geisteswissenschaftliche Klasse;\n        18,2 (trans: \\\"Writings of the K\\u00f6nigsberg Scholarly Society: Spiritual\n        Scientific Class No. 18.2\\\")]: ([[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] [\\\"Halle an\n        der Saale\\\"]: M. Niemeyer, 1943.)\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ren\\u00e9\n        Pr\\u00e9val on March 31, 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ren\\u00e9 Pr\\u00e9val]]]]\\n[[File:Janis\n        Joplin seated 1970.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Janis Joplin]]]]\\n[[File:Margriet von\n        Oranien-Nassau.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Mar\\u00edlia\n        P\\u00eara, 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|Mar\\u00edlia P\\u00eara]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Stanley Kamel]], American actor (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Don Novello]] (aka \\\"[[Father\n        Guido Sarducci]]\\\"), American comedian\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Bar\\u0131\\u015f\n        Man\\u00e7o]], Turkish singer and television personality (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[January\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]], American writer\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Terry Venables]], English football manager\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Sadako\n        Sasaki]], Japanese [[leukemia|atomic bomb sickness]] victim (d. [[1955]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Freddie Starr]], British comedian and singer\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Jim Croce]], American surburbia musician (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Jim Hightower]], American radio host and author\\n* [[January\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Richard Moll]], American television actor\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Ralph M. Steinman]], Canadian immunologist and cell biologist; Nobel laureate\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Holland Taylor]], American actress\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis\n        Rodr\\u00edguez (singer)|Jos\\u00e9 Luis Rodr\\u00edguez]], Venezuelan singer\\n*\n        [[January 15]] \\u2013 Dame [[Margaret Beckett]], British politician\\n* [[January\n        16]] - [[Peter T. Snowe]], American politician and businessman (d. [[1973]])\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9 Pr\\u00e9val]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Haiti]]\n        and 38th and 40th [[President of Haiti]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Kay Granger]], American politician\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Janis Joplin]],\n        American rock singer (d. [[1970]])\\n** [[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands]]\\n**\n        [[Haruo Yasuda]], Japanese gollfer\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Mel Hague]],\n        English singer and author\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Tam\\u00e1s Cseh]], Hungarian\n        composer, singer and actor (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00edlia P\\u00eara]], Brazilian\n        actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Janice Raymond]], American second-wave\n        feminist activist\\n** [[Sharon Tate]], American actress and model murdered\n        by the [[Charles Manson|\\\"Manson Family\\\"]] (d. [[1969]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n**\n        [[Dagmar Berghoff]], German radio and television presenter\\n** [[Roy Black\n        (singer)|Roy Black]], German singer (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Tobe Hooper]], American\n        film director (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[C\\u00e9sar Guti\\u00e9rrez]],\n        Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Beck (actor)|John Beck]], American actor\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Tony Blackburn]], British radio disc jockey\\n** [[Rudy Regalado (musician)|Rudy\n        Regalado]], Venezuelan musician (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Blythe\n        Danner - 1980.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Blythe Danner]]]]\\n[[File:JoePesci-2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe\n        Pesci]]]]\\n[[File:Koehlerhorst08032007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Horst K\\u00f6hler]]]]\\n[[File:George\n        Harrison 1974 edited.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Harrison]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erkan Geni\\u015f]], Turkish artist\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Blythe\n        Danner]], American actress\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Alberto Jo\\u00e3o Jardim]],\n        Portuguese politician\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Nolan Bushnell]], American video\n        game pioneer\\n** [[Michael Mann (director)|Michael Mann]], American film director,\n        writer, and producer\\n** [[Craig Morton]], American football player\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[Gareth Hunt]], English actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[February 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[Creed Bratton]], American actor and musician\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Joe Pesci]], American actor\\n** [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Mohammad Rafiquzzaman]], Bangladeshi lyricist\\n* [[February\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Wac\\u0142aw Kisielewski]], Polish pianist (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Maceo Parker]], American musician ([[James Brown]], [[P-Funk]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Elke Heidenreich]], German author, TV presenter and\n        journalist\\n* [[February 18]] \\u2013 [[Graeme Garden]], Scottish writer, comedian,\n        and actor\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Homer Hickam]], American author and retired\n        [[NASA]] engineer\\n** [[Tim Hunt]], British biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Moshe Cotel]],\n        American composer and pianist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Antonio Inoki]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Mike Leigh]], British film director\\n* [[February\n        21]] \\u2013 [[David Geffen]], American record executive and film producer\\n*\n        [[February 22]] \\u2013 [[Horst K\\u00f6hler]], [[President of Germany|President\n        of the Federal Republic of Germany]]\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Fred Biletnikoff]],\n        American football player and coach\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Hristo Prodanov]],\n        Bulgarian mountaineer\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[George Harrison]], British\n        singer and guitarist ([[The Beatles]]) (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Bill Duke]], American actor and director\\n** [[Darcus Howe]], Trinidadian-born\n        British civil rights activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Morten\n        Lauridsen]], American composer\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Donnie Iris]],\n        American rock singer and guitarist ([[The Jaggerz]], [[Wild Cherry (band)|Wild\n        Cherry]], [[Donnie Iris|Donnie Iris and the Cruisers]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:David\n        Cronenberg 2012-03-08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Cronenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Evstafiev-ratko-mladic-1993-w.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ratko\n        Mladi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Mario Monti - Terre alte 2013.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mario\n        Monti]]]]\\n[[File:George Benson 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Benson]]]]\\n[[File:Eric\n        Idle.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Eric Idle]]]]\\n[[File:John Major 1996.jpg|100px|thumb|[[John\n        Major]]]]\\n[[File:ChristopherWalkenFeb08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Walken]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[Gil Amelio]], American entrepreneur\\n** [[Richard H. Price]],\n        American physicist\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Zygfryd Blaut]], Polish footballer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Tony Meehan]], British drummer ([[The Shadows]]) (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Straub]], American author\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Trond Mohn]], Norwegian\n        billionaire\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Lucio Dalla]], Italian singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Jeney]], Hungarian composer\\n* [[March 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lucio Battisti]], Italian singer and songwriter (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] \\u2013 [[Lynn Redgrave]], English actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March\n        9]]\\n** [[Bobby Fischer]], American chess player (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Charles\n        Gibson]], American television journalist\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Ratko Mladic]],\n        Serbia military leader\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9 T\\u00e9chin\\u00e9]],\n        French film director\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[David Cronenberg]], Canadian film\n        director\\n** [[Sly Stone]], American singer\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Helen Armstrong\n        (violinist)|Helen Armstrong]], American violinist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Kim\n        Mu-saeng]], South Korean actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Kevin\n        Dobson]], American actor\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Mario J. Molina]], Mexican\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Mario Monti]],\n        54th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\\n* [[March 20]] \\n** [[Douglas Tompkins]],\n        American conservationist and businessman (d. [[2015]]) \\n** [[Gerard Malanga]],\n        American poet and photographer\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Gyulai]],\n        Hungarian sports official (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Vivian Stanshall]], British\n        comedian, writer, artist, broadcaster, and musician (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March\n        22]]\\n** [[George Benson]], American guitarist and singer-songwriter.\\n**\n        [[Keith Relf]], British rock musician ([[The Yardbirds]]) (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Paul Michael Glaser]], American actor\\n* [[March 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bob Woodward]], American journalist\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Eric Idle]],\n        British actor, writer, and composer\\n** [[John Major]], British politician,\n        70th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\\n** [[Vangelis]], Greek musician\n        and composer\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]], Bangladeshi politician\n        and convicted war criminal (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Christopher Walken]], American\n        actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:John Eliot Gardiner at rehearsal in Wroclaw cropped\n        portrait.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[John Eliot Gardiner]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Caterina Bueno]], Italian singer (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Hikaru\n        Saeki]], Japanese admiral, the first female [[flag officer|star officer]]\n        of the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]]\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Max Gail]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Miller Farr]], American football player\\n* [[April\n        10]]\\n** [[Andrzej Bade\\u0144ski]], Polish athlete (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Margaret\n        Pemberton]], English writer\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Harley Race]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Petro Tyschtschenko]], German\n        businessman\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Claus Theo G\\u00e4rtner]], German actor\\n*\n        [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[John Eliot Gardiner]], English conductor\\n* [[April\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Louise Gl\\u00fcck]], American poet and 12th [[US Poet Laureate]]\\n*\n        [[April 23]]\\n** [[Dominik Duka]], Czech Roman Catholic bishop and theologian\\n**\n        [[Fighting Harada]], Japanese boxer\\n** [[Frans Koppelaar]], Dutch painter\\n**\n        [[Herv\\u00e9 Villechaize]], French-born actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard Sterban]], American singer ([[The Oak Ridge Boys]])\\n* [[April\n        25]]\\n** [[Alan Feduccia]], American paleornithologist\\n** [[James G. Mitchell]],\n        Canadian computer scientist\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[John O. Creighton]],\n        American astronaut\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Ian Kershaw]], English historian\n        \\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Chiluba]], Zambian politician, 2nd [[President\n        of Zambia]] (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Michael Palin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Palin]]]]\\n[[File:Olafur Ragnar Grimsson - Davos 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\u00d3lafur\n        Ragnar Gr\\u00edmsson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Vassal Gadoengin]], [[Nauru]]an\n        politician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Michael Palin]], English comedian\n        and television presenter\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Grange Calveley]], British\n        writer and artist\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Richard Darman|Richard (Dick) Darman]],\n        American federal government official and businessman\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Kurt Trampedach]], Danish artist\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Jack Bruce]], British\n        musician and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\\u00edmsson]],\n        [[President of Iceland]]\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin]],\n        [[King of Malaysia]]\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)|Betty\n        Williams]], Northern Irish political activist, co-recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]]\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Jessi Colter]], American singer and composer\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Erica Terpstra]], Dutch swimmer, politician and president\n        of the Dutch Olympic Committee\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** [[Bruce Weitz]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Cilla Black]], English singer and entertainer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[James Chaney]], American civil rights worker (d. [[1964]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]]\\n** [[Sharon Gless]], American actress\\n** [[Joe Namath]], American\n        football player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Malcolm McDowell LF.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Malcolm\n        McDowell]]]]\\n[[File:BarryManilow.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barry Manilow]]]]\\n[[File:Klausvonklitzing.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Klaus\n        von Klitzing]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Lorrie Wilmot]], South African cricketer\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Kuki Gallmann]], Kenyan writer and poet\\n* [[June 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ilayaraaja]], Indian composer\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[John Burgess\n        (host)|John Burgess]], Australian game show host and actor\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Joyce Meyer]], Christian author and speaker\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Smalley]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Chan Hung-lit]], Hong Kong actor (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Nikki Giovanni]], American poet\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Colin Baker]], British\n        actor\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Malcolm McDowell]], British actor\\n* [[June\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Jim Sensenbrenner]], American politician\\n* [[June 15]]\\n**\n        [[Johnny Hallyday]], French singer and actor\\n** [[Poul Nyrup Rasmussen]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Denmark]]\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Joan Van Ark]], American\n        actress\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Newt Gingrich]], American politician\\n** [[Barry\n        Manilow]], American pop musician\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Barry Evans (actor)|Barry\n        Evans]], English actor (d. 1997)\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Marika Green]], French-Swedish\n        actress\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Klaus Maria Brandauer]], Austrian actor\\n** [[J.\n        Michael Kosterlitz]], Scottish-born condensed matter physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Patrick Bokanowski]],\n        French filmmaker\\n** [[James Levine]], American conductor\\n** [[Vint Cerf]],\n        American internet pioneer\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[John Beasley (actor)|John\n        Beasley]], American actor\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Rico Petrocelli]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Jens Birkemose]], Danish painter\\n**\n        [[Klaus von Klitzing]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Maureen O''Brien]], British actress\\n** [[Soon-Tek\n        Oh]], Korean-American actor\\n** [[Leopold Grausam]], Austrian footballer\\n**\n        [[Frank Zweerts]], Dutch field hockey player\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Cees Kurpershoek]],\n        Dutch sailor \\n** [[Daniel Kablan Duncan]], Ivorian politician\\n** [[Florence\n        Ballard]], American singer and founder of [[The Supremes]] (d. [[1976]])\\n**\n        [[Dieter Kottysch]], West German Olympic boxer (d. [[2017]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jagger\n        live Italy 2003.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mick Jagger]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Hassan\n        Mohamed Ali Wariiri]], Somali judge\\n** [[Jeff Wayne]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Freddie Lewis]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Lauri Peters]],\n        American actress, dancer, singer, drama teacher and author\\n** [[Kenny Cameron]],\n        Scottish former footballer\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Judith Durham]], Australian\n        singer\\n** [[Ray Lynch]], American musician\\n** [[Kurtwood Smith]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Conny Bauer|Konrad \\\"Conny\\\" Bauer]], German trombonist\\n**\n        [[Geraldo Rivera]], American reporter and talk show host\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**\n        [[Istv\\u00e1n G\\u00e1li]], Hungarian boxer\\n** [[Curt Blefary]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen Geschke]], German\n        track cyclist\\n** [[M. Karathu]], Malaysian football manager and former player\\n**\n        [[Joel Siegel]], American film critic (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Guido\n        Marzulli]], Italian painter\\n** [[Carmine Preziosi]], Italian road bicycle\n        racer\\n*[[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Soledad Miranda]], Spanish actress (d. [[1970]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\n** [[Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika]], Zambian politician\\n** [[Arthur\n        Ashe]], American tennis player (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**[[Christine\n        McVie]], British rock keyboardist and singer ([[Fleetwood Mac]])\\n**[[Walter\n        Murch]], American film editor and sound designer\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Jocelyn\n        Bell Burnell]], British astrophysicist\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Lim Zoong-sun]],\n        North Korean football player\\n** [[Reinaldo Arenas]], Cuban writer (d. [[1990]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Johnson (American football coach)|Jimmy Johnson]], American football\n        coach and television analyst\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[David Griffin (English actor)|David\n        Griffin]], British actor\\n** [[Han Sai Por]], Singaporean sculptor\\n* [[July\n        20]]\\n** [[Christopher Murney]], American actor and vocal artist\\n** [[Wendy\n        Richard]], British actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Edward Herrmann]],\n        American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Henry McCullough]], Northern Irish musician\n        ([[Paul McCartney & Wings]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Bob Shrum]], political consultant\\n*\n        [[July 23]]\\n** Dr. [[Randall Forsberg]], American nuclear freeze advocate\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Bob Hilton]], American game show announcer and host\\n**\n        [[Larry Manetti]], American actor\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Erika Steinbach]],\n        German politician\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Mick Jagger]], English rock singer\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Richard Wright (musician)|Richard Wright]], British musician\n        (Pink Floyd) (d. [[2008]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Pervez Musharraf 2004.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pervez\n        Musharraf]]]]\\n[[File:Roberto micheletti 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roberto Micheletti]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        De Niro Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert De Niro]]]]\\n[[File:Pino Presti\n        in Munich.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pino Presti]]]]\\n[[File:Surayud2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Surayud\n        Chulanont]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013 [[Max Wright]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Clarence Wijewardena]], Sri Lankan musician (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Sa\\u00df-Viehweger]], German politician, lawyer\n        and civil law notary\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Bj\\u00f8rn Wirkola]], Norwegian\n        ski jumper\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Nelson Briles]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Jim Hardin]], former [[Baltimore Orioles]],\n        [[New York Yankees]] and [[Atlanta Braves]] pitcher (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[August\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Ken Norton]], American boxer and actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August\n        11]]\\n** [[Abigail Folger]], American heiress and murder victim (d. [[1969]])\\n**\n        [[Pervez Musharraf]], Pakistani general and leader, 10th [[President of Pakistan]]\\n*\n        [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Micheletti]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n*\n        [[August 17]]\\n** [[Robert De Niro]], American actor\\n** [[Yukio Kasaya]],\n        Japanese ski jumper\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Gianni Rivera]], Italian footballer\\n*\n        [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Sylvester McCoy]], British actor\\n* [[August 23]]\\n**\n        [[Bobby Diamond]], American actor\\n** [[Pino Presti]], Italian bassist, arranger,\n        composer, conductor, record producer\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Tuesday Weld]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Surayud Chulanont]], Thai politician,\n        24th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]\\n** [[Lou Piniella]], American baseball\n        player and manager\\n** [[Jihad Al-Atrash]], Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n*\n        [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Arthur B. McDonald]], Canadian astrophysicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Tal Brody]],\n        American-born Israeli basketball player\\n** [[Robert Crumb|R. Crumb]], American\n        artist and illustrator\\n** [[Altovise Davis]], American entertainer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Jean-Claude Killy]], French skier\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 [[Leonid Ivashov]],\n        Russian general\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Julio Iglesias09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julio\n        Iglesias]]]]\\n[[File:Lech Walesa - 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lech Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Don Stroud]], American actor and surfer\\n* [[September\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Valerie Perrine]], American actress and model\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Dulce Saguisag]], Filipino politician and former DSWD Secretary\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Richard J. Roberts]], English biochemist\n        and molecular biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n**\n        [[Roger Waters]], English musician ([[Pink Floyd]])\\n* [[September 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Lena Valaitis]], Lithuanian-German Schlager singer\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Art LaFleur]], American actor\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Daniel Truhitte]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Neale Donald Walsch]], American author of the popular\n        books [[Conversations with God]]\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Gilbert Proesch]],\n        Italian-born artist ([[Gilbert and George]])\\n** [[Raymond Villeneuve]], Canadian\n        terrorist\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Mildred D. Taylor]], American writer\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Irwin Goodman]], Finnish singer (d. [[1991]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\u2013 [[Oskar Lafontaine]], German politician\\n* [[September\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Joe Morgan]], American Hall of Fame baseball player\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Toni Basil]], American musician and video artist\\n* [[September\n        23]] \\n** [[Ernie Ackerley]], British footballer (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Julio\n        Iglesias]], Spanish singer and songwriter\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[J.\n        T. Walsh]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n**[[Mohammad\n        Khatami]], 5th [[President of Iran]]\\n**[[Lech Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]], [[President\n        of Poland]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[September 30]]\\n**\n        [[Johann Deisenhofer]], German biochemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Ian Ogilvy]], English actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:ChevyChaseMar10.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chevy\n        Chase]]]]\\n[[File:Catherine Deneuve Cannes 2014 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Catherine\n        Deneuve]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]], French film director\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Franklin Rosemont]], American poet (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Michael Durrell]], American actor\\n* [[October 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Oliver North]], American military officer, military historian, political\n        commentator, author and television host\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Chevy Chase]],\n        American comedian and actor\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[John Nettles]], English\n        actor and writer\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Lois Hamilton]], American model,\n        actress and artist (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Penny Marshall]],\n        American actress, director and producer\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Paul Rose\n        (political figure)|Paul Rose]], Canadian terrorist\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Birthe\n        R\\u00f8nn Hornbech]], Danish politician\\n** [[Christine Charbonneau]], Canadian\n        francophone singer and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Noreen\n        Corcoran]], American child actress and director (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Catherine Deneuve]], French actress\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Carmen Argenziano]], American actor\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Cornelia\n        Froboess]], German actress\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Don Simpson]], American\n        film producer, screenwriter, and actor (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Paul Frampton]], English physicist\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Joni Mitchell\n        1983.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joni Mitchell]]]]\\n[[File:A Michael Spence.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Spence]]]]\\n[[File:Wallace Shawn 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wallace\n        Shawn]]]]\\n[[File:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denis Sassou\n        Nguesso]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Jacques Attali]], French economist\\n*\n        [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Bert Jansch]], Scottish folk musician (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\n** [[Sundar Popo]], [[Indo-Trinidadian]] [[Chutney music|chutney]]\n        musician (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Chuck Scarborough]], American news anchor\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Friedman Paul Erhardt]], German-American pioneering television\n        chef (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Sam Shepard]], American playwright and actor (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Stephen Greenblatt]], American literary\n        critic\\n** [[Nasirdin Isanov]], 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Joni Mitchell]], Canadian musician\\n** [[Michael Spence]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Doug Frost (swimming coach)|Doug Frost]], Australian swimming\n        coach\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Wallace Shawn]], American actor\\n* [[November\n        13]]\\n** [[Roberto Boninsegna]], Italian footballer\\n** [[Jay Sigel]], American\n        golfer\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Peter Norton]], American software engineer\n        and businessman\\n** [[Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero|Rafael Leonardo Callejas]],\n        [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Lauren Hutton]], American\n        actress and model\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Aurelio Monteagudo]], Cuban\n        [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Mie\n        Hama]], Japanese actress\\n** [[Marek Tomaszewski]], Polish pianist\\n* [[November\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Larry Mahan]], American rodeo cowboy\\n* [[November 22]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Adair]], American filmmaker (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Yvan Cournoyer]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Billie Jean King]], American tennis player\\n**\n        [[William Kotzwinkle]], American novelist and screenwriter\\n** [[Fouad Siniora]],\n        32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]],\n        [[President of the Republic of the Congo]]\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Dave Bing]],\n        American mayor and longtime [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player\\n**\n        [[Kuniwo Nakamura]], 6th President of Palau\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Marilynne\n        Robinson]], American writer\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Randy Newman]], American\n        musician\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jim Morrison 1969.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Morrison]]]]\\n[[File:John Kerry official Secretary of State portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Kerry]]]]\\n[[File:Keith RichardsCLOSE UP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Tarja\n        Halonen 1c389 8827-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tarja Halonen]]]]\\n[[File:Hanna Schygulla\n        Buchmesse.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Hanna Schygulla]]]]\\n[[File:John Denver 1973.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Denver]]]]\\n[[File:Sir Ben Kingsley 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben Kingsley]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Wayne Allard]], U.S Senator from [[Colorado]]\\n** [[William\n        Wegman (photographer)|William Wegman]], American photographer\\n* [[December\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Eva Joly]], Norwegian-born French magistrate\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Carbajal (Uruguayan musician)|Jos\\u00e9 Carbajal]], Uruguayan\n        singer, composer and guitarist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Larry Martin]], American\n        paleontologist (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Jim Morrison]], American rock musician\n        (d. [[1971]])\\n** [[Bodo T\\u00fcmmler]], German Olympic middle-distance runner\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013 [[John Kerry]], American politician, longtime [[List\n        of United States Senators from Massachusetts|Massachusetts Senator]] (1985\\u20132013),\n        [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]] Democratic nominee for\n        president, and [[List of Secretaries of State of the United States|U.S. Secretary\n        of State]]\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Gianni Russo]], American actor\\n** [[Grover\n        Washington, Jr.]], American saxophonist (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Ferguson Jenkins]], Canadian baseball player\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[David\n        W. Huff]], Singer and guitarist of David and the Giants\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lucien den Arend]], Dutch sculptor\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013 [[Ron\n        Geesin]], British musician and songwriter ([[Pink Floyd]])\\n* [[December 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Keith Richards]], English rock guitarist and songwriter\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Sam Kelly]], English actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Ross M. Lence]],\n        American political scientist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Jimmy Mackay]], Australian\n        football player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Jacqueline Pearce]],\n        English actress\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Jack Nance]], American actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Paul Wolfowitz]], American political\n        scientist \\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Hartman]], American actress\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Harry Shearer]], American actor, comedian and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** [[Tarja Halonen]], 11th [[President of Finland]]\\n** [[James\n        A. Johnson (politics)|James A. Johnson]], American business leader and philanthropist\\n*\n        [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Hanna Schygulla]], German actress\\n* [[December 28]]\\n**\n        [[Keith Floyd]], British chef (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Craig MacIntosh]], noted\n        American comics illustrator\\n** [[Richard Whiteley]], English television presenter\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[John Denver]], American musician (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n** Sir [[Ben Kingsley]], British actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Tang Da Wu]], Singaporean artist\\n* [[James Goldstein]], LA businessman\n        and [[NBA]] basketball aficionado\\n* [[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[Alfredo Rostgaard]],\n        Cuban visual artist (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:N.Tesla.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Nikola\n        Tesla]]]]\\n[[File:Agust%C3%ADn P. Justo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Agustin Pedro Justo]]]]\\n[[File:Taj\n        aldin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Qazim\n        Koculi]], Albanian politician, acting [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Lorenz]], German general (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Bid\n        McPhee]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1859]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]]\\n** Emperor [[H\\u00e0m Nghi]] of Vietnam (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Jerzy\n        Iwanow-Szajnowicz]], Greek-born Polish athlete and resistance member (b. [[1911]])\\n**\n        [[Kate Price (actress)|Kate Price]], Irish-born American actress (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[George Washington Carver]], American botanist (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Nikola Tesla]], Serbian-born American electrical engineer\n        and inventor (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013 [[Richard Hillary]], [[Battle\n        of Britain]] [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]], British pilot, author (''''[[The\n        Last Enemy (autobiography)|The Last Enemy]]''''; b. [[1919]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Lewis Hall]], American soldier (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]], Argentinian military officer, diplomat\n        and politician, 23rd [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Jan Campert]], Dutch journalist and writer ([[Neuengamme concentration\n        camp]]; b. [[1902]])\\n* [[January 13]]  \\n** [[Else Ury]], German writer and\n        children''s book author (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Henner Henkel]], German tennis\n        champion (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Xavier Martinez]], Mexican-born American painter\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Eric Knight]], American author (b.\n        [[1897]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]], Syrian politician,\n        6th [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 6th [[President of Syria]] (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[William Pettigrew (missionary)|William Pettigrew]],\n        British Christian missionary (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\n** [[Giacomo\n        Benvenuti]], Italian composer (b. [[1885]])\\n** Baron [[Max Wladimir von Beck]],\n        former Ministers-President of Austria (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n**\n        [[Konstantinos Davakis]], Greek army officer (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Robert Henry\n        English]], American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Gyula\n        Peidl]], 23rd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Alexander Woollcott]], American critic (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Nikolai Vavilov]], Russian and Soviet botanist and geneticist (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] \\n** [[Henriette Caillaux]], murderer, French socialite and\n        wife of former French prime minister (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Vladimir Kokovtsov]],\n        4th [[Prime Minister of Russia|Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the\n        Russian Empire]] (b. [[1853]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Senjuro Hayashi suit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Senj\\u016br\\u014d\n        Hayashi]]]]\\n[[Image:Hilbert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Hilbert]]]]\\n[[File:Foto\n        Madre Caridad Brader.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed [[Maria Josefa Karolina Brader]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Foy Draper]], American Olympic athlete (killed in\n        action) (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Alfred Cavendish]], British\n        general (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Frank Calder]], the 1st [[NHL\n        President]] (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Senj\\u016br\\u014d Hayashi]], Japanese army\n        commander, politician and 22nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[Sim Gokkes]], Dutch composer (in [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]]) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[W. S. Van Dyke]], American director (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]] \\u2013  [[Arthur Ashe]], American professional tennis player  (b.\n        [[1943]])                              \\n* [[February 9]] \\n** [[Eustace Fiennes]],\n        British soldier and politician (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Dmitry Kardovsky]], Soviet\n        painter and illustrator (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Sverre Granlund]],\n        Norwegian general (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[James T. Powers (actor)|James T. Powers]],\n        American actor (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Bess Houdini]], American\n        wife of [[Harry Houdini]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[David\n        Hilbert]], German mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013  [[Charles\n        Bennett (actor)|Charles Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Paul Ranous Greever]], American politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Jan Pieka\\u0142kiewicz]], Polish economist, statistician\n        and politician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ernest Guglielminetti]],\n        Swiss physician (b. [[1862]]) \\n** [[Donald Haines]], American actor (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]]\\n** [[Tamara Drasin]], Russian-born American singer and actress\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Christoph Probst]], German White Rose resistance member\n        (executed) (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Ben Robertson (journalist)|Ben Robertson]],\n        American novelist, journalist, and war correspondent (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Hans\n        Scholl]], German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. [[1918]])\\n**\n        [[Sophie Scholl]], German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. [[1921]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Edward Heaton-Ellis]], British army officer (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Theodor Eicke]], German Nazi official (killed in\n        action) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Maria Josefa Karolina Brader]],\n        Swiss [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gustav\n        Vigeland 1929.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gustav Vigeland]]]]\\n[[File:Sergei Rachmaninoff\n        cph.3a40575.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]]]\\n[[File:SisterRestituta.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Maria Restituta Kafka]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Gisela Januszewska]],\n        Austrian physician (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Rafael L\\u00f3pez\n        Nussa]], Puerto Rican physician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy\n        Collins]], American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] \\n** [[Alma del Banco]], German painter (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Tjipto\n        Mangoenkoesoemo]], Indonesian independence leader (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Otto Freundlich]], German painter and sculptor (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Tully Marshall]], American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Czes\\u0142awa Kwoka]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister\n        and blessed (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Gustav Vigeland]], Norwegian sculptor (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Jaap Nunes Vaz]], Dutch journalist, writer\n        and editor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Mervyn Herbert, Viscount\n        Clive]], British peer and army officer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Frank Nitti]], Italian-American gangster (suicide) (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        20]]\\n** [[Lizika Jan\\u010dar]], Yugoslav national hero (b. [[1919]])\\n**\n        [[Heinrich Zimmer]], German Indologist and historian (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March\n        27]] \\u2013 [[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway]], British politician,\n        5th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\n**\n        [[Ben Davies (tenor)|Ben Davies]], British tenor (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Lorenzo\n        Gasparri]], Italian admiral (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Edward Heron-Allen]], British\n        polymath, lawyer, scientist and scholar (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]],\n        Soviet composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Robert W. Paul]], British film director\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013 [[Maria Restituta Kafka]], German [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Pavel Milyukov]], Russian politician, founder and leader of the [[Constitutional\n        Democratic Party]] (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Exposition universelle\n        de 1900 - portraits des commissaires g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux-Alexandre Millerand.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alexandre\n        Millerand]]]]\\n[[File:Isoroku Yamamoto.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Isoroku Yamamoto]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Vahida Maglajli\\u0107]], Yugoslav partisan and national\n        hero (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Conrad Veidt]], German actor (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[William George Howard Gritten]], British\n        barrister, writer and conservative politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n**\n        [[Auguste Audollent]], French historian and archaeologist\\n** [[Alexandre\n        Millerand]], French politician, 41st [[Prime Minister of France]] and 11th\n        [[President of France]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Harry Baur]], French\n        actor (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Itamar Ben-Avi]], Israeli activist (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Tom\\u00e1s Garrido Canabal]], Mexican political and revolutionary (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Richard Sears (tennis)|Richard Sears]], American tennis champion (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[Philip Slier]], Dutch Jewish typesetter (in [[Sobib\\u00f3r\n        extermination camp]]) (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Kim Myeong-sik]],\n        Korean independence activist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Oskar\n        Schlemmer]], German painter, sculptor, designer and choreographer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[Rihard Jakopi\\u010d]], Yugoslav painter (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] \\n** [[Kenneth Whiting]], United States Navy officer and submarine\n        and naval aviation pioneer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord]],\n        German general (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Beatrice Webb]], British\n        sociologist, economist, historian and social reformer (b. [[1858]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Fethi\n        Okyar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fethi Okyar]]]]\\n[[File:Rida pasha alrikabi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rida\n        Pasha al-Rikabi]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Johan Oscar Smith]], Norwegian Christian\n        leader, founder of [[Brunstad Christian Church]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Frank Maxwell Andrews]], American general (plane crash) (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[May 4]] \\n** [[Cesira Ferrani]], Italian soprano (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Saverio\n        Marotta]], Italian naval officer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[Grzegorz\n        Boles\\u0142aw Fr\\u0105ckowiak]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart]], British\n        politician and judge (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Fethi Okyar]], Turkish\n        diplomat and politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Miroslav \\u0160alom Freiberger]], Yugoslav rabbi, writer\n        and spiritual leader (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[George, Crown Prince\n        of Saxony]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Henri La Fontaine]], Belgian lawyer and author,\n        Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1854]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Horst Hannig]],\n        German Luftwaffe fighter ace army officer (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[May 17]]\\n**\n        [[Johanna Elberskirchen]], German feminist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Montagu Love]],\n        British actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Kristjan Raud]], Soviet\n        painter and drawer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[John Stone Stone]],\n        American physicist and inventor (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Helen\n        Taft]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Johannes Orasmaa]], Soviet army general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Rida Pasha al-Rikabi]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 2-time [[Prime\n        Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Edsel Ford]], American\n        businessman, president of Ford Motor Company (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 27]] –\n        [[Gordon Coates]], 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Yasuyo Yamasaki]], Imperial Japanese Army officer (killed in\n        action) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Prince Georg of Bavaria]] (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Helmut Kapp]], German Gestapo official\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kermit Roosevelt\n        1926.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kermit Roosevelt]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Landsteiner nobel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl\n        Landsteiner]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n B\\u00e1rczy]], Hungarian\n        politician (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]], British\n        actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013 [[Nile Kinnick]], American athlete\n        and [[Heisman Trophy]] winner (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Osgood\n        Hanbury]], British pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Francesco Pianzola]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Kermit Roosevelt]],\n        American explorer and author (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 Sultan [[Abdelaziz\n        of Morocco]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Heisuke Abe]], Japanese\n        general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Hans Junkermann (actor)|Hans\n        Junkermann]], German actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Karl Landsteiner]],\n        Austrian biologist and physician (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Pietro\n        Porcelli]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[Kristian\n        Kristiansen (explorer)|Kristian Kristiansen]], Norwegian explorer (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Kazimierz\n        Junosza Stepowski Polish actor.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kazimierz Junosza-St\\u0119powski]]]]\\n[[File:Marianna\n        Biernacka.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed [[Marianna Biernacka]]]]\\n* [[July 4]]\\n**\n        [[Cevat Abbas G\\u00fcrer]], Turkish army officer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Gordon\n        Sidney Harrington]], Canadian politician (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Zofia Le\\u015bniowska]],\n        Polish army officer (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Sikorski]], Polish\n        politician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Charles Stevenson (actor)|Charles Stevenson]],\n        American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Leonardo Ferrulli]], Italian\n        pilot (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Kazimierz Junosza-St\\u0119powski]], Polish actor\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Teruo Akiyama]], Japanese admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Ignacia Nazaria March Mesa]], Spanish [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Moulin]], French resistance fighter (b. [[1899]])\\n** Sir [[Harry Oakes]],\n        American-born British gold mine owner (murdered) (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Eugen Lovinescu]], Romanian critic, academic and novelist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]]\\n** [[Shunji Isaki]], Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Cecilia Loftus]], British actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July\n        13]] \\n** [[Lorenzo Barcelata]], Mexican composer (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Marianna\n        Biernacka]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Luz Long]], German long jump athlete (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Mariya Borovichenko]], Soviet medical officer (b. [[1925]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]] \\n** [[Martin Faust (actor)|Martin Faust]], American actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Terragni]], Italian architect (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Maria Gay]], Spanish opera singer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Jurado de la Parra]], Spanish journalist, poet and playwright\n        (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Charley Paddock]], American athlete (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Louis Vauxcelles]], French art critic (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Theodor von Gu\\u00e9rard]],\n        German jurist and politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Luis Barros\n        Borgo\\u00f1o]], Chilean politician (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Charles\n        Granval]], French actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[William Ewart\n        Hart]], Australian aviator and dentist (b. 1943)\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Zdzis\\u0142aw\n        Lubomirski]], Polish aristocrat, landowner, lawyer, politician and activist\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Plakat Jaegerstaetter.JPG|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Franz J\\u00e4gerst\\u00e4tter]]]]\\n[[File:BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris III of Bulgaria.jpeg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Boris III of Bulgaria]]]]\\n[[File:Maynard Ferguson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maynard\n        Ferguson]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Martyrs of Nowogr\\u00f3dek]], Polish\n        nuns, martyrs and blessed (b. Polish nationality)\\n* [[August 5]] \\n** [[Iosif\n        Apanasenko]], Soviet commander (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Eva-Maria Buch]], German\n        resistance leader (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Franz J\\u00e4gerst\\u00e4tter]],\n        Austrian conscientious objector, martyr and blessed (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Chaim\n        Soutine]], Soviet painter (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Peel]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Joe Kelley]], American\n        baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Hans Jeschonnek]], German general (suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Henrik Pontoppidan]], Danish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Virgilio D\\u00e1vila]],\n        Puerto Rican poet, educator, businessman and politician (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Maynard Ferguson]], Canadian jazz musician and bandleader (b.\n        [[1928]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Simone Weil]], French philosopher (b. [[1909]])\\n**\n        [[Ettore Muti]], Italian Fascist politician (murdered) (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Ted Ray (golfer)|Ted Ray]], British golfer (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[William de Burgh (philosopher)|William de Burgh]],\n        British philosopher (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 King [[Boris III\n        of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Baba Nand Singh ji]],\n        Sikhism religious leader (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 [[Gustav Bachmann]],\n        German naval officer and admiral (b. [[1860]])\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Charles Atangana]], Cameroonian chief (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Reginald McKenna]], British [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] 1915\\u20131916\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[G\\u00e9za Gr\\u00fcnwald]], Hungarian\n        mathematician (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Karlrobert Kreiten]], German pianist (executed)\n        (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Julius Fu\\u010d\\u00edk (journalist)|Julius\n        Fu\\u010d\\u00edk]], Czech resistance fighter (executed) (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Carlo Bergamini (admiral)|Carlo Bergamini]], Italian admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Salvatore John Cavallaro]], American navy officer\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Federico Martinengo]], Italian pilot (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[September 13]]\\n** [[David Bacon (actor)|David Bacon]], American actor (b.\n        [[1914]])\\n** [[Ugo Cavallero]], General of the Italian Army (suicide) (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Mieczys\\u0142aw Witold Gutkowski]],\n        Polish lawyer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Germaine Cernay]],\n        French mezzo-soprano (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Elinor Glyn]],\n        British writer (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Ernst Trygger]], 19th Prime Minister of\n        Sweden (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Sam Ruben]], American chemist\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013  [[Mariano Goybet]], French army\n        general (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ex presidente Carlos Blanco\n        Galindo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Blanco Galindo]]]]\\n[[File:Pieter Zeeman.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pieter\n        Zeeman]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Carlos Blanco Galindo]], 38th [[President\n        of Bolivia]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Muhamed Had\\u017eiefendi\\u0107]], Yugoslav\n        army officer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Irena I\\u0142\\u0142akowicz]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Leon Roppolo]], American\n        musician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln]],\n        Hungarian adventurer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Prince Christopher\n        of Hesse]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Hegeler]], German\n        novelist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Pieter Zeeman]], Dutch physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Max Wertheimer]], Austro-Hungarian psychologist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]]\\n** [[Rudolf Beckmann]], German SS officer (Sobib\\u00f3r uprising)\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Siegfried Graetschus]], German SS officer (Sobib\\u00f3r\n        uprising) (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Johann Niemann]], German SS officer (Sobib\\u00f3r\n        uprising) (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[William Penhallow Henderson]],\n        American painter, architect and furniture designer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Margaret Bartholomew]], American army officer (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Camille Claudel]], French sculptor (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Dudley Pound]], British admiral (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] \\u2013 [[William Reginald Hall]], British admiral (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Antoine]], French actor (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Ben Bernie]],\n        American jazz violinist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Antonio Legnani]], Italian admiral\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Franceska Mann]], Polish dancer (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[October\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau]], Canadian poet and lawyer (b.\n        [[1912]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Max Reinhardt]], Austrian director (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Grand Duke Boris of Russia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Grand\n        Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia]]]]\\n[[File:Stamp of Moldova 128.gif|thumb|100px|Metropolitan\n        [[Gurie Grosu]]]]\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Samad Abdullayev]], Soviet army\n        officer (b. [[1920]])\\n**[[Frank Campeau]], American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Idhomene Kosturi]], Albanian politician and acting [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Dwight Frye]], American actor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia]]\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 Blessed [[Lubeck martyrs]] were 3\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] priests, martyr and blessed and pastor:\\n** [[Johannes\n        Prassek]] (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Eduard M\\u00fcller (martyr)|Eduard M\\u00fcller]]\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Hermann Lange]] (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Karl Friedrich Stellbrink]]\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Maurice Denis]], French painter\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Gurie Grosu]], Romanian [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priest and metropolitan (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Baruch Lopes Le\\u00e3o de Laguna]], Dutch painter (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Lorenz Hart]], American lyricist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Keiji\n        Shibazaki]], Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November\n        23]] \\n** [[Maria Forescu]], Austro-Hungarian-born opera singer and actress\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Charles Ray (actor)|Charles Ray]], American actor (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[France Balanti\\u010d]], Yugoslav poet (b.\n        [[1921]])\\n** [[Doris Miller|Doris \\\"Dorie\\\" Miller]], American sailor, Pearl\n        Harbor survivor (killed in action) (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Henry M. Mullinnix]],\n        American admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Renato Cialente]], Italian actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Prince\n        Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1909\\u20131943)|Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg\n        and Gotha]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Kiyoto Kagawa]], Japanese admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Edward O''Hare|Edward \\\"Butch\\\" O''Hare]],\n        American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Aleksander Hellat]], Soviet politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Zsolt Hars\\u00e1nyi]], Hungarian author, dramatist, translator\n        and writer (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:John Harvey Kellogg ggbain.15047.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Harvey Kellogg]]]]\\n[[File:Fats Waller edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fats Waller]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\n** [[Antonio de Viti de Marco]], Italian economist (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        Prince [[Damrong Rajanubhab]], Thai prince and historian (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Nordahl Grieg]], Norwegian poet, novelist, journalist\n        and activist (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 [[Donald Mackintosh (bishop)|Donald\n        Mackintosh]], British clergyman and [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\n** [[George Cooper (actor)|George Cooper]],\n        American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Georges Dufr\\u00e9noy]], French post-impressionist\n        painter (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Charles Belcher (actor)|Charles\n        Belcher]], American actor (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Erich\n        Garske]], German political activist (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[John Harvey Kellogg]], American doctor (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[December 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Fats Waller]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Hector Gray]], British Royal army officer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Edward L. Beach, Sr.]], American naval officer and author (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Beatrix Potter]], British children''s\n        author and illustrator (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[William Irving\n        (actor)|William Irving]], German-born American film actor (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Erich Bey]], German admiral (killed in action in\n        [[Battle of the North Cape]]) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Rupert\n        Julian]], New Zealand actor and director (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Creelman MacArthur]],\n        Canadian businessman and politician (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Hobart Bosworth]], American film actor, director, writer, and producer (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Otto Stern]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        \\u2013 [[George de Hevesy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Carl Peter Henrik Dam]], [[Edward Adelbert Doisy]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1943-pictures.html 1943 Coin Pictures]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1943}}\\n[[Category:1943|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T14:26:59Z\",\"lastrevid\":798485022,\"length\":92817,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1943&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943\"},\"34622\":{\"pageid\":34622,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1944\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T02:46:57Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Year\n        dab|1944}}\\n{{Events by month|1944}}\\n{{Year nav|1944}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year\n        article header|1944}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow, events of [[World\n        War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Landing at Anzio.jpg|thumb|US\n        Army troops landing at [[Anzio]] during [[Operation Shingle]], late January\n        1944.]]\\n* [[January 2]] – WWII:\\n** [[Free France|Free French]] General\n        [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]] is appointed to command [[First Army (France)|French\n        Army B]], part of the [[Sixth United States Army Group]] in North Africa.\\n**\n        [[Landing at Saidor]]: 13,000 US and Australian troops land on [[Papua New\n        Guinea]] in an attempt to cut off a Japanese retreat.\\n* [[January 8]] –\n        WWII: [[Philippine Commonwealth]] troops enter the province of [[Ilocos Sur]]\n        in northern [[Luzon]] and attack Japanese forces.\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** President\n        of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] proposes a [[Second Bill of\n        Rights]] for social and economic security in his [[State of the Union]] address.\\n**\n        Nazi German administration expanded [[Krak\\u00f3w-P\\u0142asz\\u00f3w concentration\n        camp]] into larger and standalone ''Konzentrationslager Plaszow bei Krakau''.\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]] begin\n        a 2-day wartime conference in [[Marrakech]].\\n** [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]:\n        [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] commanded by Lieutenant-General\n        [[Mark W. Clark]] arrive on the [[Garigliano|River Garigliano]] and begin\n        their attack against the [[Winter Line|Gustav Line]] south of Rome. The [[French\n        Expeditionary Corps (1943\\u201344)|French Expeditionary Corps]] under command\n        of General [[Alphonse Juin]] moves into the mountains north of [[Monte Cassino]].Ken\n        Ford (2004). ''''Cassino 1944: Breaking the Gustav Line'''', p. 12. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-623-2}}\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – WWII: Soviet troops start the offensive at [[Leningrad]]\n        and [[Novgorod]].\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** WWII: The [[27th Polish Home Army\n        Infantry Division]] is re-created, marking the start of [[Operation Tempest]]\n        by the Polish [[Home Army]].\\n** [[1944 San Juan earthquake]]: An earthquake\n        hits [[San Juan, Argentina]], killing an estimated 10,000 people in the worst\n        natural disaster in Argentina''s history.\\n* [[January 17]] – WWII:\\n**\n        British forces in Italy cross the [[Garigliano]] river.\\n** The [[Battle of\n        Monte Cassino]] begins in Italy.\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] ceases production\n        of the [[Mosin\\u2013Nagant 1891/30]] [[sniper rifle]].\\n** Meat rationing\n        ends in Australia.\\n* [[January 20]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Royal Air Force]]\n        drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin.\\n** The [[36th Infantry Division (United\n        States)|United States 36th Infantry Division]], in Italy, attempts to cross\n        the [[Rapido River]].\\n* [[January 22]] – WWII: [[Operation Shingle]]:\n        The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] begin the assault on [[Anzio]], Italy.\n        The [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th Infantry Division]]\n        stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.\\n* [[January\n        27]] – WWII: The 2-year [[Siege of Leningrad]] is lifted.\\n* [[January\n        29]] – WWII:\\n** [[Koniuchy massacre]]: [[Soviet partisans|Soviet]]\n        and [[Jewish partisans]] kill at least 38 villagers in Koniuchy, Poland (modern-day\n        [[Kani\\u016bkai]], [[Lithuania]]).\\n** [[Light cruiser]] {{HMS|Spartan|95}}\n        is sunk by a [[Henschel Hs 293]] [[guided missile]] from a German aircraft\n        off [[Anzio]], western Italy, with the loss of 46.\\n* [[January 30]] –\n        WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of Cisterna]] opens as [[United States Army Rangers]]\n        attempt to break out of the [[Anzio]] beachhead.\\n** United States troops\n        invade [[Majuro, Marshall Islands]].\\n* [[January 31]] – WWII: [[Battle\n        of Kwajalein]]: American forces land on [[Kwajalein Atoll]] and other islands\n        in the Japanese-held [[Marshall Islands]].\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-2005-0004, Italien, Monte Cassino.jpg|thumb|The Abbey of [[Monte\n        Cassino]] in ruins after being [[Battle of Monte Cassino|destroyed by Allied\n        bombing]], February 1944.]]\\n* [[February 1]] – WWII: Pacific War –\n        United States troops land in the [[Marshall Islands]].\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        The first issue of ''''[[Human Events]]'''' is published in Washington, D.C.\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – WWII: United States troops capture the [[Marshall Islands]].\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – WWII: At [[Anzio]], German forces launch a counteroffensive.\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – WWII:\\n** 2,765 drown when {{USS|Snook|SS-279|6}} torpedoes\n        [[Lima Maru]].{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/mota02.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Mo-Ta-06 (\\u30e2\\u30bf61\\u8239\\u56e3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-18}}\\n**\n        2,670 drown when {{HMS|Sportsman|P229|6}} torpedoes [[German ship Petrella|''''Petrella'''']].{{cite web|url=http://www.shipwreckregistry.com/index6.htm|title=Greatest\n        Maritime Disasters|publisher=International Registry of Sunken Ships|accessdate=2010-12-06}}\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – WWII: An anti-Japanese revolt breaks out on [[Java]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – WWII – [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]: The monastery\n        atop [[Monte Cassino]] is destroyed by Allied bombing.\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – WWII: [[Pacific War]] – The [[Battle of Eniwetok]] begins when\n        U.S. forces invade the atoll in the [[Marshall Islands]].\\n* [[February 18]]\n        – WWII: [[HMS Penelope (97)|HMS Penelope]] torpedoed by the German U-boat.\n        417 of the crew, including the captain, went down with the ship; 206 survived.\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – WWII:\\n** The \\\"Big Week\\\" begins with American bomber\n        raids on German aircraft manufacturing centers.\\n** The United States takes\n        [[Eniwetok]] Island.\\n* [[February 22]] – [[United States Strategic\n        Air Forces in Europe]] organized from the Eighth Air Force''s strategic planning\n        staff; subsuming strategic planning for all [[US Army Air Force]]s in Europe\n        and Africa.\\n* [[February 23]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Chechens|Chechen]]\n        and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] are [[Operation Lentil (Caucasus)|forcibly deported]]\n        to Central Asia.\\n** [[Battle of Eniwetok]] concludes when U.S. forces secure\n        the last islands in the [[Eniwetok Atoll]].\\n* [[February 24]] – WWII:\n        7,998 drown when {{USS|Rasher|SS-269|6}} torpedoes {{SS|Ry\\u016bsei Maru||2}}\n        and ''''[[Tango Maru]]''''.{{cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/maritime-2a.html|title=More\n        Maritime Disasters of World War II|publisher=George Duncan|accessdate=2010-12-06}}\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** [[Kurt Gerron]] begins shooting the [[Nazism|Nazi]] propaganda\n        film, ''''[[Theresienstadt (film)|Theresienstadt]]'''' in [[Theresienstadt\n        concentration camp]]. He and many others who featured in it are transferred\n        to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] and gassed upon the film''s\n        completion.\\n** First woman appointed to the substantive rank of [[Captain\n        (USN)|captain]] in the [[United States Navy Nurse Corps]], [[Sue S. Dauser]].\\n*\n        [[February 29]] – WWII: [[Pacific War]] – [[Admiralty Islands\n        campaign]] (Operation Brewer) opens when U.S. forces land on [[Los Negros\n        Island]] in the [[Admiralty Islands]].\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Mt Vesuvius\n        Erupting 1944.jpg|thumb|The March 1944 eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]].]]\\n*\n        March – Austrian-born [[economist]] [[Friedrich Hayek]] publishes his\n        book ''''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'''' in London.\\n* [[March 1]] – WWII:\\n**\n        {{USS|Tarawa|CV-40|6}} and {{USS|Kearsarge|CV-33|6}} are laid down.\\n** An\n        anti-[[fascist]] [[Strike action|strike]] begins in northern Italy.\\n** 2,495\n        drown when {{USS|Trout|SS-202|6}} torpedoes ''''[[Sakito Maru]]''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ric.hi-ho.ne.jp/senbotusen/siryo-deta/senbotukisenlist.pdf|title=List\n        of sunken ships in Pacific War (\\u592a\\u5e73\\u6d0b\\u6226\\u4e89\\u6642\\u306e\\u55aa\\u5931\\u8239\\u8236\\u660e\\u7d30\\u8868)|publisher=Sunken\n        Ships Record Association (\\u6226\\u6ca1\\u8239\\u3092\\u8a18\\u9332\\u3059\\u308b\\u4f1a)|accessdate=2012-10-20}}\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[Balvano train disaster]]: A train stalls inside a railway\n        tunnel outside [[Salerno]], Italy; 521 choke to death.\\n** The [[16th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held, the first Oscar ceremony held at a large public\n        venue, [[Grauman''s Chinese Theatre]] in [[Hollywood]]. ''''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]''''\n        (directed by [[Michael Curtiz]]), wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best\n        Picture]] award.\\n* [[March 3]] – WWII: The [[Order of Nakhimov]] and\n        the [[Order of Ushakov]] are instituted in the [[USSR]].\\n* [[March 4]] –\n        In [[Ossining (village), New York|Ossining, New York]], [[Louis Buchalter]],\n        the leader of [[1930s]] crime syndicate [[Murder, Inc.]], is executed at [[Sing\n        Sing]], along with [[Emanuel Weiss]] and [[Louis Capone]].\\n* [[March 6]]\n        – WWII: Soviet Army planes attack [[Narva]], [[Estonia]], destroying\n        almost the entire baroque old town.\\n* [[March 9]] – WWII: Soviet Army\n        planes [[Bombing of Tallinn in World War II|attack]] [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]],\n        killing 757 and leaving 25,000 homeless.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** In Britain, the\n        prohibition on married women working as teachers is lifted.{{cite book|first=David|last=Kynaston|title=Austerity\n        Britain 1945\\u20131951|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7475-7985-4}}\\n**\n        Resistance leader [[Joop Westerweel]] is arrested while returning to the Netherlands\n        having escorted a group of Jewish children to safety in Spain.\\n* [[March\n        12]] – WWII: the Political Committee of National Liberation is created\n        in Greece.\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** WWII: [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]: [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allied]] aircraft bomb the monastery and an assault is staged.\\n**\n        WWII: The National Council of the [[French Resistance]] approves the [[Resistance\n        movement|Resistance]] programme.\\n** In [[Sweden]], the [[1864]] law which\n        had criminalized homosexuality is abolished.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**The last eruption\n        of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in Italy kills 26 and causes thousands to flee their\n        homes.\\n**WWII: The Nazis execute almost 400 prisoners, Soviet citizens and\n        anti-[[fascist]] Romanians at [[R\\u00eebni\\u021ba]].\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        WWII: German forces occupy Hungary in [[Operation Margarethe]].\\n* [[March\n        20]] – WWII:\\n** [[Landing on Emirau]]: 4,000 [[United States Marines]]\n        land on [[Emirau Island]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]] to develop an airbase\n        as part of [[Operation Cartwheel]].\\n** British [[Royal Air Force]] Flight\n        Sergeant [[Nicholas Alkemade]]''s bomber is hit over Germany and he has to\n        bail out without a [[parachute]] from a height of over 4,000 meters.\n        Tree branches interrupt his fall and he lands safely on deep snow.\\n* [[March\n        23]] – WWII: Members of the [[Italian Resistance]] attack [[Nazis]]\n        marching in Via Rasella, killing 33.\\n* [[March 24]] – WWII:\\n** [[Ardeatine\n        massacre]]: 335 Italians are killed, including 75 Jews and over 200 members\n        of the [[Italian Resistance]] from various groups, in Rome.\\n** In the Polish\n        village of [[Markowa]], German police kill J\\u00f3zef and Wiktoria Ulm, their\n        six children and eight Jews they were hiding.\\n** [[Stalag Luft III#The \\\"Great\n        Escape\\\"|The \\\"Great Escape\\\"]]: 76 [[Royal Air Force]] prisoners of war escape\n        by tunnel \\\"Harry\\\" from [[Stalag Luft III]] this night. Only three men, two\n        Norwegians and a Dutchman, return to the UK; of those recaptured, fifty are\n        summarily executed soon afterwards in the [[Stalag Luft III murders]].\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – WWII: [[Ascq massacre]] members of the [[12th SS Panzer\n        Division Hitlerjugend|12th SS Panzer Division ''''Hitlerjugend'''']] shoot\n        85 civilians suspected of blowing up their train on its approach to the [[Gare\n        d''Ascq]] in France.\\n* [[April 4]] – WWII: An Allied [[surveillance\n        aircraft]] of [[60 Squadron SAAF]] photographs part of [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]].\\n* [[April 10]] – The Holocaust: [[Rudolf Vrba]] and [[Alfr\\u00e9d\n        Wetzler]] escape from [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]; by the end of the\n        month they will have prepared the [[Vrba\\u2013Wetzler report]], one of the\n        earliest and most detailed descriptions of the extermination of Jews in the\n        camp.\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Bombay Explosion (1944)|Bombay Explosion]]:\n        The freighter SS ''''Fort Stikine'''', carrying a mixed cargo of ammunition,\n        cotton bales and gold, explodes in harbour at [[Bombay]] (India), sinking\n        surrounding ships and killing around 800 people.\\n* [[April 19]] – WWII:\n        The Japanese launch the [[Operation Ichi-Go]] offensive in central and south\n        China.\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** The Holocaust: [[SS]]-''''[[Obersturmbannf\\u00fchrer]]''''\n        [[Adolf Eichmann]] opens \\\"blood for goods\\\" negotiations with [[Joel Brand]]\n        to offer the release of thousands of Jews from eastern Europe to the Hungarian\n        [[Aid and Rescue Committee]] in exchange for supplies for the German [[Eastern\n        Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].\\n** The [[United Negro College Fund]]\n        is incorporated in the U.S.\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Kidnap of General Kreipe]]\n        on [[Crete]], Greece.\\n** WWII: 2,649 drown when {{USS|Jack|SS-259|6}} torpedoes\n        {{SS|Yoshida Maru No. 1||2}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/take.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Take Ichi|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-17}}\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – WWII: Allied convoy T4, forming part of amphibious [[Exercise\n        Tiger]] (a full-scale rehearsal for the [[Normandy landings]]) in [[Start\n        Bay]] off the [[Devon]] coast of England, is attacked by [[E-boat]]s, resulting\n        in the deaths of 749 American servicemen from [[Landing Ship, Tank|LST]]s.{{cite\n        book|last1=Small|first1=Ken|first2=Mark|last2=Rogerson|title=The Forgotten\n        Dead \\u2013 Why 946 American Servicemen Died off the Coast of Devon in 1944\n        \\u2013 and the Man who Discovered their True Story|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=1988|isbn=0-7475-0309-5}}{{cite\n        news|last=Fenton|first=Ben|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/04/26/ndday126.xml|title=The\n        disaster that could have scuppered Overlord|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|date=26\n        April 2004}}{{cite news|last=Savill|first=Richard|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/04/26/ndday226.xml|title=Last\n        of torpedo survivors remembers brave buddies|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=26\n        April 2004}}{{cite book|first=Gerald|last=Wasley|title=Devon at\n        War, 1939\\u20131945|location=Tiverton|publisher=Devon Books|year=1994|isbn=0-86114-885-1|page=157}}\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg|thumb|The\n        prime ministers of Britain and the four major dominions at the 1944 [[Commonwealth\n        Heads of Government Meeting|Commonwealth Prime Ministers'' Conference]], 1\n        May 1944.]]\\n* May – ''''[[No Exit]]'''' published by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]].\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – WWII: Two hundred Communist prisoners [[Kaisariani executions|are\n        shot by the Germans]] at [[Kaisariani]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]] in reprisal\n        for the killing of General [[Franz Krech]] by partisans at [[Molaoi]].\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – WWII: [[Mohandas Gandhi]] is released in India.\\n* [[May\n        9]] – WWII: In the Ukrainian city of [[Sevastopol]], Soviet troops completely\n        drive out German forces, who had been ordered by [[Hitler]] to \\u201cfight\n        to the last man.\\u201d\\\"Year by Year 1944\\\" –\n        [[History Channel International]]\\n* [[May 12]] – WWII: Soviet\n        troops finalize the liberation of the [[Crimea]].\\n* [[May 14]] – The\n        Holocaust: Predominantly Muslim Albanian troops of the [[21st Waffen Mountain\n        Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian)|21st ''''Waffen'''' Mountain\n        Division of the SS ''''Skanderbeg'''' (1st Albanian)]] round up 281 Jews in\n        [[Pristina]] and hand them over to the Germans for transportation to [[Bergen-Belsen\n        concentration camp]].\\n* [[May 15]]–[[July 8]] – The Holocaust:\n        Deportation of [[Hungarian Jews]] to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]\n        and other [[Nazi concentration camp]]s.\\n* [[May 18]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle\n        of Monte Cassino]]: The Germans evacuate [[Monte Cassino]] and [[Allies of\n        World War II|Allied]] forces led by [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Anders]] from [[Polish\n        II Corps]], take the stronghold after a struggle that has claimed 20,000 lives.\\n**\n        [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]] by the government of the [[Soviet Union]].\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – WWII: Six [[Landing Ship, Tank|LST]]s are accidentally\n        destroyed and 163 men killed in [[Pearl Harbor]]''s [[West Loch disaster]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois|Princess Charlotte\n        Louise Juliette Louvet Grimaldi]] of [[Monaco]], heir to the throne, resigns\n        from her rights in favor of her son [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince\n        Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi]], later reigning Prince Rainier\n        III of Monaco.\\n* [[May 31]] – WWII: Destroyer escort {{USS|England|DE-635|^}}\n        sinks the sixth Japanese submarine in two weeks. This [[anti-submarine]] warfare\n        performance remains unmatched through the twentieth century.\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:NormandySupply\n        edit.jpg|thumb|Allied troops land on the beaches of Normandy during [[D-Day]].]]\\n[[File:LVTs\n        move toward Saipan, past bombarding cruisers, on 15 June 1944 (80-G-231838).jpg|thumb|[[Landing\n        Vehicle Tracked|LVTs]] heading for shore on 15 June 1944 during the [[Battle\n        of Saipan]].]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** WWII: The [[BBC]] transmits a coded message\n        (the first line of the poem \\\"[[Chanson d''automne]]\\\" by [[Paul Verlaine]])\n        to the [[French Resistance]], warning that the invasion of Europe is imminent.\\n**\n        Two [[K-class blimp]]s of the [[United States Navy]] complete the first [[transatlantic\n        crossing]] by [[Blimp|non-rigid airship]]s, from the U.S. to [[French Morocco]]\n        with two stops.{{cite journal|last=Kaiser|first=Don|url=http://www.naval-airships.org/resources/documents/NAN_vol93_no2_KShips_feature.pdf|title=K-Ships\n        Across the Atlantic|journal=Naval Aviation News|volume=93|issue=2|year=2011|accessdate=2011-09-23}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.warwingsart.com/LTA/zp-14.html|title=Blimp Squadron 14|work=Warwingsart.com|accessdate=2011-09-23}}\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – WWII: The [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|provisional\n        French government]] is established.\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Hans Asperger]]\n        publishes his paper on [[Asperger syndrome]].{{cite book|last=Asperger|first=H.|origyear=1944|chapter=''Autistic\n        psychopathy'' in childhood|editor=Frith, Uta|title=Autism and Asperger Syndrome|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|isbn=0-521-38448-6|pages=37\\u201392}}{{cite journal|last1=Asperger|first1=Hans|title=Die\n        \\\"Autistischen Psychopathen\\\" im Kindesalter|journal=Archiv f\\u00fcr Psychiatrie\n        und Nervenkrankheiten|date=3 June 1944|volume=117|issue=1|pages=76–136|doi=10.1007/BF01837709|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01837709?LI=true|accessdate=18\n        August 2014}}\\n* [[June 4]] – WWII:\\n** Rome falls to the [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allies]], the first [[Axis powers|Axis]] capital to fall.\\n**\n        A hunter-killer group of the [[United States Navy]] captures the {{GS|U-505||6}},\n        marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at\n        sea since the 19th century. Some significant intelligence data is acquired.\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – WWII:\\n** The German navy''s [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]\n        messages are decoded almost in real time.\\n** British [[Group Captain]] [[James\n        Stagg]] correctly forecasts a brief improvement in weather conditions over\n        the [[English Channel]] which will permit the following day''s [[Normandy\n        landings]] to take place (having been deferred from today due to unfavourable\n        weather).\\n** At 10:15 p.m. local time, the [[BBC]] transmits the second\n        line of the [[Paul Verlaine]] poem to the [[French Resistance]], indicating\n        that the invasion of Europe is about to begin.{{cite book|authorlink=M.\n        R. D. Foot|last=Foot|first=M. R. D.|title=SOE: An Outline History of the Special\n        Operations Executive 1940\\u201346|location=London|publisher=Pimlico|year=1999|isbn=0-7126-6585-4|page=143}}\\n**\n        More than 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries\n        on the [[Normandy]] coast in preparation for [[D-Day]].\\n** US and British\n        paratrooper divisions jump over Normandy, in preparation for D-Day, including\n        82nd and 101st Airborne divisions of the United States.\\n** [[D-Day naval\n        deceptions]] are launched.\\n* [[June 6]] – WWII – [[Normandy landings|D-Day]]:\n        155,000 [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] troops shipped from England land\n        on the beaches of [[Normandy]] in northern France, beginning [[Operation Overlord]]\n        and the [[Invasion of Normandy]]. The Allied soldiers quickly break through\n        the [[Atlantic Wall]] and push inland, in the largest amphibious [[military]]\n        operation in history. This operation helps liberate France from Germany, and\n        also weakens the Nazi hold on Europe.\\n* [[June 7]] – WWII:\\n** The\n        steamer ''''Danae'''' ({{lang-el|\\u0394\\u03b1\\u03bd\\u03ac\\u03b7}}), carrying\n        600 [[Crete|Cretans]] including 350 Greek Jews on the first leg of the journey\n        to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], is sunk, with no known survivors,\n        off [[Santorini]].\\n** [[Joel Brand]] is intercepted by British agents in\n        [[Aleppo]].\\n** [[Bayeux]] is liberated by British troops.\\n** Opening of\n        [[Operation Perch]], a British attempt to capture [[Caen]] from the Germans;\n        attempt abandoned on June 14.\\n* [[June 9]] – WWII: Soviet leader [[Joseph\n        Stalin]] launches the [[Vyborg\\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive]] against Finland,\n        with the intent of defeating Finland before pushing for Berlin.\\n* [[June\n        10]] – WWII: 642 men, women and children are killed in the [[Oradour-sur-Glane]]\n        Massacre in France.\\n* [[June 13]] – WWII: Germany launches the first\n        [[V-1 flying bomb]] attack on London.{{cite\n        book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – WWII: [[Battle of Saipan]]: United States forces land\n        on [[Saipan]].\\n* [[June 16]] – At age 14, [[George Stinney]] becomes\n        the youngest person ever executed in the United States.\\n* [[June 17]] –\n        [[Iceland]] declares full independence from Denmark.\\n* [[June 19]] –\n        A severe storm badly damages the [[Mulberry harbour]]s on the [[Normandy]]\n        coast.\\n* [[June 20]] – WWII: A [[V-2 rocket]] becomes the first man-made\n        object to cross the [[K\\u00e1rm\\u00e1n line]] and reach the edge of space.{{cite\n        book|title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenem\\u00fcnde and the Coming of the\n        Ballistic Missile Era|last=Neufeld|first=Michael J.|publisher=The Free Press|year=1995|isbn=|location=New\n        York|pages=158, 160\\u2013162, 190}}\\n* [[June 22]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Operation Bagration]]: A general attack by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces\n        clears the German forces from [[Belarus]], resulting in the destruction of\n        German [[Army Group Centre]], possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht\n        during WWII.\\n** [[Burma Campaign]]: The [[Battle of Kohima]] ends in a British\n        victory.\\n* [[June 24]] – [[David Ben-Gurion]] presents the [[One Million\n        Plan]] to the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]], proposing a million-strong [[Jewish\n        exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] as well as from Europe to [[Mandatory\n        Palestine]].\\n* [[June 25]] – WWII\\n** The [[Battle of Tali-Ihantala]]\n        (the largest battle ever in the [[Nordic countries]]) begins between Finnish\n        and Soviet troops. Finland is able to resist the attack and thus manages to\n        stay as an independent nation.\\n** [[Bombardment of Cherbourg]] by ships of\n        the [[United States Navy]] and British [[Royal Navy]] in support of U.S. ground\n        troops.\\n* [[June 26]] – WWII: American troops enter [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]].\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – WWII: 5,400 drown when {{USS|Sturgeon|SS-187|6}} torpedoes\n        ''''[[Toyama Maru]]''''.\\n* [[June 30]] – WWII: 3,219\n        drown when {{USS|Tang|SS-306|6}} torpedoes ''''Nikkin Maru''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/nikkin.pdf|title=Nikkin Maru -\n        Casualties (\\u65e5\\u9326\\u4e38\\u306e\\u88ab\\u5bb3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s\n        Union|accessdate=2011-11-18}}\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        146-1972-025-12, Zerst\\u00f6rte Lagerbaracke nach dem 20. Juli 1944.jpg|thumb|The\n        aftermath of the failed [[20 July plot]] to kill Hitler.]]\\n[[File:19440816\n        soviet soldiers attack jelgava.jpg|thumb|Soviet soldiers fight in the streets\n        of [[Jelgava]], summer 1944.]]\\n[[File:Medics helping injured soldier in France,\n        1944 - NARA - 535973.tif|thumb|American medics helping injured soldier in\n        France, 1944.]]\\n* [[July 1]] – The [[United Nations Monetary and Financial\n        Conference]] begins at [[Bretton Woods, New Hampshire]], United States.\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – WWII:\\n** Soviet troops liberate [[Minsk]].\\n** [[Battle\n        of Imphal]]: Japanese forces call off their advance, ending the battle with\n        a British victory.\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Hartford circus fire]]: More than 100\n        children die in one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United\n        States.\\n** WWII: At [[Camp Hood]], Texas, future baseball star and 1st Lt.\n        [[Jackie Robinson]] is arrested and later [[court-martial]]ed for refusing\n        to move to the back of a segregated U.S. Army bus. He is eventually acquitted.\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – WWII: British and Canadian forces capture [[Caen]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – WWII: Soviet troops begin operations to liberate the [[Baltic\n        states|Baltic countries]].\\n* [[July 13]] – WWII: [[Vilnius]] is freed\n        by USSR.\\n* [[July 16]] – WWII: The first contingent of the [[Brazilian\n        Expeditionary Force]] arrives in Italy.\\n* [[July 17]] – WWII:\\n** The\n        largest convoy of the war embarks from [[Halifax Harbour|Halifax, Nova Scotia]],\n        under [[Royal Canadian Navy]] protection.\\n** The [[Port Chicago disaster|SS\n        ''''E. A. Bryan'''', loaded with ammunition, explodes]] at the [[Port Chicago,\n        California|Port Chicago]] naval base; 320 are killed.\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        WWII:\\n** American forces push back the Germans in [[Saint-L\\u00f4]], capturing\n        the city.\\n** British forces launch [[Operation Goodwood]], an armoured offensive\n        aimed at driving the Germans from the high ground to the south of [[Caen]].\n        The offensive ends 2 days later with minimal gains.\\n** [[Hideki T\\u014dj\\u014d]]\n        resigns as [[Prime Minister of Japan]] due to numerous setbacks in the war\n        effort and is succeeded (on [[July 22]]) by [[Kuniaki Koiso]].\\n* [[July 20]]\n        – WWII: [[Adolf Hitler]] survives an [[20 July plot|assassination attempt]]\n        led by [[Claus von Stauffenberg]].\\n* [[July 21]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle\n        of Guam (1944)|Battle of Guam]]: American troops land on [[Guam]] (the battle\n        ends [[August 10]]).\\n** The Soviet-sponsored [[Polish Committee of National\n        Liberation]] is created in opposition to the [[Polish government-in-exile]].\\n*\n        [[July 22]]\\n**The [[Bretton Woods Conference]] ends with agreements signed\n        to set up the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], [[General\n        Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] and [[International Monetary Fund]].\\n**The\n        new Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes the [[PKWN Manifesto]]\n        in [[Che\\u0142m]], calling for a continuation of fighting against Nazi Germany,\n        radical reforms including nationalisation of industry, and a \\\"decent border\n        in the West\\\" (the [[Oder\\u2013Neisse line]]).\\n**''''United States v. Masaaki\n        Kuwabara'''',56 F. Supp. 716 (N.D. Cal 1944). the only [[Japanese\n        American]] draft avoidance case to be dismissed on a due process violation\n        of the U.S. Constitution.\\n* [[July 25]]\\n**WWII – [[Operation Spring]]:\n        One of the bloodiest days for Canadian forces during the war results in 1,550\n        casualties, including 450 killed, during the [[Operation Overlord|Normandy\n        Campaign]].\\n**WWII – Beginning of the [[Battle of Tannenberg Line]]\n        or the \\\"Battle of the Blue Hills\\\" in Northeastern [[Estonia]], where the\n        [[Red Army]] will result in a Pyrrhic victory by 10 August.\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – WWII: A [[Messerschmitt Me 262]] becomes the first [[Jet aircraft|jet]]\n        [[fighter aircraft]] to have an operational victory.{{cite book|last1=Radinger|first1=Will|first2=Walter|last2=Schick|title=Me\n        262|language=German|location=Berlin|publisher=Avantic Verlag GmbH|year=1996|isbn=3-925505-21-0}}\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – WWII: 2,495 drown when {{USS|Parche|SS-384|6}} torpedoes\n        ''''[[Yoshino Maru]]''''.\\n\\n===August===\\n {{multiple\n        image\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 250\\n | header= \\n | image1 = Polish\n        Boy Scouts fighting in the Warsaw Uprising.jpg\\n | caption1 = [[Szare Szeregi]]\n        Scouts also fought in the [[Warsaw Uprising]].\\n | image2 = Jewish prisones\n        of KZGesiowka liberated by Polish Soldiers of Home Army Warsaw1944.jpg\\n |\n        caption2 = Jewish prisoners of [[G\\u0119si\\u00f3wka]] liberated by Polish\n        soldiers from [[Batalion Zo\\u015bka]], 5 August 1944.\\n | image3 = Crowds\n        of French patriots line the Champs Elysees-edit2.jpg\\n | caption3 = Crowds\n        of French people line the Champs \\u00c9lys\\u00e9es following the [[Liberation\n        of Paris]], 26 August 1944.}}\\n* [[August 1]] – WWII: The [[Warsaw Uprising]]\n        begins.\\n* [[August 2]] – WWII:\\n** [[Single-party period of the Republic\n        of Turkey#World War II|Turkey]] ends diplomatic and economic relations with\n        Germany.\\n** The First Assembly of [[ASNOM]] (the Anti-Fascist Assembly for\n        the People''s Liberation of [[Independent Macedonia (1944)|Macedonia]]) is\n        held in the [[Prohor P\\u010dinjski]] monastery.\\n* [[August 3]] – The\n        [[Education Act 1944|Education Act]] in the United Kingdom, promoted by [[Rab\n        Butler]], creates a [[Tripartite system of education in England, Wales and\n        Northern Ireland]].{{cite web|title=Education Act, 1944|url=http://195.99.1.70/acts/acts1944/pdf/ukpga_19440031_en.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-21}}\\n*\n        [[August 4]] – [[The Holocaust]]: A tip from a [[Netherlands|Dutch]]\n        informer leads the [[Gestapo]] to a sealed-off area in an [[Amsterdam]] warehouse,\n        where they find Jewish diarist [[Anne Frank]], her family, and others in hiding.\n        All would die in the Holocaust except for [[Otto Frank]], Anne''s father.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/01/opinion/prose-anne-frank-final-diary-entry|title=Anne\n        Frank''s final entry|first=Francine|last=Prose|authorlink=Francine Prose|date=2014-08-01|publisher=CNN|quote=On\n        Friday, August 4, 1944... a car pulled up in front of a spice warehouse at\n        [[Anne Frank House|263 Prinsengracht]] in Amsterdam. Inside the car were an\n        Austrian Gestapo officer and his Dutch subordinates, who, acting on a tip-off\n        (whose source has never been identified), had come to arrest the eight Jews\n        who had been hiding for two years in an attic above the warehouse. The eight\n        prisoners were taken to a deportation camp, from where they were sent to [[Auschwitz]].\n        Only one of them, Otto Frank, would survive.|accessdate=2014-08-01}}\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Warsaw Uprising]]:\\n*** The [[Wola massacre]]\n        begins. Between now and August 12, 40,000 to 50,000 Polish civilians will\n        be indiscriminately massacred by occupying SS troops.\\n*** [[The Holocaust]]:\n        Polish insurgents liberate a German [[labor camp]] in [[Warsaw]], freeing\n        348 Jewish prisoners.\\n** [[Cowra breakout]]: Over 500 Japanese prisoners\n        of war attempt a mass breakout from the [[Cowra]] camp in Australia. In the\n        ensuing manhunt, 231 Japanese escapees and four Australian soldiers are killed.\\n*\n        [[August 7]] – [[IBM]] dedicates the first program-controlled [[calculator]],\n        the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the [[Harvard\n        Mark I]]).\\n* [[August 9]] – The [[United States Forest Service]] and\n        the [[Wartime Advertising Council]] release posters featuring [[Smokey Bear]]\n        for the first time.\\n* [[August 12]] – WWII:\\n** The Allies capture\n        [[History of Florence#20th century|Florence, Italy]].\\n** [[Operation Pluto]]:\n        The world''s first undersea [[oil pipeline]] is laid between England and France.\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – WWII: [[Operation Dragoon]] lands Allies in southern\n        France. The [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th Infantry Division]]\n        participates in its fourth assault landing at [[Sainte-Maxime]], spearheading\n        the drive for the [[Belfort Gap]].\\n* [[August 18]] – WWII: [[Submarine#World\n        War II|Submarine]] {{USS|Rasher|SS-269|6}} sinks ''''Teia Maru'''', ''''Eishin\n        Maru'''', ''''Teiyu Maru'''', and [[Aircraft carrier|carrier]] {{Ship|Japanese\n        aircraft carrier|Taiy\\u014d||2}} from Japanese convoy HI71 in one of the most\n        effective American \\\"[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]\\\" attacks of the\n        war.{{cite book|last=Cressman|first=Robert J.|title=The Official Chronology\n        of the U.S. Navy in WWII|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|location=Annapolis,\n        Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-149-3|page=248}}\\n* [[August 19]] –\n        WWII:\\n** More than 4,400 Japanese servicemen drown when {{USS|Spadefish|SS-411|6}}\n        torpedoes ''''[[Tamatsu Maru]]''''.{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/hi71.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Hi-71 (\\u30d271\\u8239\\u56e3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-17}}\\n**\n        [[Liberation of Paris|An insurrection]] starts in Paris.\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – WWII:\\n** American forces successfully defeat Nazi forces at [[Chambois,\n        Orne|Chambois]], closing the [[Falaise Pocket]].\\n** 168 captured Allied airmen,\n        including [[Phil Lamason]], accused of being \\\"terror fliers\\\" by the [[Gestapo]],\n        arrive at [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] where they form the [[KLB Club]].\\n*\n        [[August 21]]\\n** [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] (Washington Conversations\n        on International Peace and Security Organization) opens in Washington, D.C.:\n        U.S., British, Chinese, French and Soviet representatives meet to plan the\n        foundation of the [[United Nations]].\\n**\n        WWII: [[Operation Tractable]] concludes when Canadian troops relieve the Polish\n        and link with the Americans, capturing remaining German forces in the [[Falaise\n        Pocket]] and securing the strategically important French town of [[Falaise,\n        Calvados|Falaise]] in the final offensive of the [[Battle of Normandy]].\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – WWII: ''''[[Tsushima Maru]]'''', an unmarked Japanese\n        passenger/cargo ship, is sunk by [[torpedo]]es launched by the [[submarine]]\n        {{USS|Bowfin|SS-287|6}} off [[Akuseki-jima]], killing 1,484 civilians including\n        767 schoolchildren.\\n* [[August 23]] – WWII: In [[King Michael''s Coup]],\n        [[Ion Antonescu]], prime minister of [[Romania]], is arrested and a new government\n        established. [[Romania]] leaves the war against the [[Soviet Union]], joining\n        the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n* [[August 24]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Liberation of Paris]]: The Allies enter Paris, successfully completing [[Operation\n        Overlord]].\\n** Japanese vessels attack and sink the submarine {{USS|Harder|SS-257|6}}\n        off [[Luzon]].\\n* [[August 25]] – WWII:\\n** [[Liberation of Paris#German\n        surrender (25 August)|German surrender of Paris]]: General [[Dietrich von\n        Choltitz]] surrenders Paris to the Allies in defiance of Hitler''s orders\n        to destroy it.\\n** [[Maill\\u00e9 massacre]]: Massacre of 129 civilians (70%\n        women and children) by the Gestapo at [[Maill\\u00e9, Indre-et-Loire]].\\n**\n        Hungary decides to [[Hungary in World War II|continue the war]] together with\n        Germany.\\n** The [[Red Ball Express]] convoy system begins operation supplying\n        tons of materiel to Allied forces in France.\\n* [[August 29]] – WWII:\n        The [[Slovak Republic (1939\\u201345)|Slovak]] National Uprising against the\n        Axis powers begins.\\n* [[August 31]] – The [[Mad Gasser of Mattoon]]\n        apparently resumes their mysterious attacks in [[Mattoon, Illinois]] for two\n        weeks.\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Waves of paratroops land in Holland.jpg|thumb|Waves\n        of paratroopers land in the Netherlands during [[Operation Market Garden]]\n        in September 1944.]]\\n* [[September 1]] – WWII: In [[Bulgaria]], the\n        [[Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov|Bagryanov]] government resigns.\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[The Holocaust]]: Diarist [[Anne Frank]] and her family are placed on the\n        last transport train from Westerbork to [[Auschwitz concentration camp]],\n        arriving 3 days later.\\n** ''''[[\\u00a1Hola!]]'''' magazine launched in [[Barcelona]].\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – WWII: The Allies liberate [[Brussels]].\\n* [[September\n        4]] – WWII:\\n** The British [[11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|11th\n        Armoured Division]] liberates the city of [[Antwerp]] in Belgium.\\n** Finland\n        breaks off relations with Germany.\\n* [[September 5]] – WWII: The Soviet\n        Union declares war on [[Bulgaria]].\\n* [[September 6]] – WWII: [[Tartu\n        Offensive]] in [[Estonia]] concludes with Soviet forces capturing [[Tartu]].\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – WWII: The Belgian [[government in exile]] returns\n        to Brussels from London.\\n* [[September 8]] – WWII:\\n** The first [[V-2\n        rocket]] attack on London takes place.\\n**\n        The French town of [[Menton]] is liberated from German forces.\\n* [[September\n        9]] – WWII: An insurrection breaks out in [[Sofia]].\\n* [[September\n        11]] – WWII: [[Laksev\\u00e5g]] [[floating dry dock]] at [[Bergen]] (Norway)\n        is sunk by British [[X-class submarine]] ''''X-24''''.\\n* [[September 12]]\n        – WWII: Allied forces from [[Operation Overlord]] (in the north) and\n        [[Operation Dragoon]] (in the south of France) link up near [[Dijon]].\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – [[1944 Great Atlantic hurricane|The Great Atlantic\n        hurricane]] makes landfall in the New York City area.\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – WWII: The [[Battle of Peleliu]] begins in the Pacific.\\n* [[September\n        17]] – WWII: [[Operation Market Garden]] begins, Allied airborne landings\n        in the Netherlands and Germany.\\n* [[September 18]] – WWII: \\n** 5,620\n        drown when {{HMS|Tradewind|P329|6}} torpedoes ''''[[Jun''y\\u014d Maru]]''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~vanderkp/junyopg8.html|last=van der Kuil|first=Peter|title=List\n        of Casualties|work=The Sinking of the Junyo Maru|date=March 2003}}\\n**\n        After German forces declare the evacuation of [[Estonia]] the day before,\n        the Estonian national government [[Estonia in World War II#Attempt to restore\n        independence|briefly resumes control]] of [[Tallinn]] before Soviet advance.\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – WWII:\\n** An armistice between Finland and the Soviet\n        Union is signed, ending the [[Continuation War]].\\n** The [[Battle of H\\u00fcrtgen\n        Forest]] begins east of the Belgian\\u2013German border.\\n* [[September 22]]\n        – WWII: The [[Red Army]] captures [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]. Prime Minister\n        in Duties of the [[President of Estonia]] [[J\\u00fcri Uluots]] and 80,000\n        Estonian civilians manage to escape to Sweden and Germany. The evacuees include\n        almost the entire population of the [[Estonian Swedes]]. Soviet bombing raids\n        on the evacuating ships sink several ships with thousands on board.\\n* [[September\n        24]] – WWII: The [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th\n        Infantry Division]] takes the strongly defended city of [[\\u00c9pinal]] before\n        crossing the [[Moselle]] river and entering the western foothills of the [[Vosges]].\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – WWII:\\n** [[Operation Market Garden]] ends in an\n        Allied withdrawal.\\n** On the [[Gothic Line#Central Front (5th Army)|middle\n        front]] of the [[Gothic Line#Battle|Gothic Line]], Brazilian troops control\n        the Serchio valley region after 10 days of fighting.\\n* September –\n        Start of [[Dutch famine of 1944|Dutch famine]] (\\\"Hongerwinter\\\") in the occupied\n        northern part of the Netherlands.{{cite book|first=Henri A.|last=Van\n        der Zee|title=The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944\\u20135|location=London|publisher=Norman\n        & Hobhouse|year=1982|isbn=978-0-906908-71-6}}\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Henry\n        Larsen on St Roch.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Larsen (explorer)|Henry Larsen]] becomes\n        the first person successfully to navigate the [[Northwest Passage]] in both\n        directions, westbound July\\u2013October 1944.]]\\n[[File:7th Cavalry Leyte\n        Island 20 10 1944.jpeg|thumb|American troops advance towards San Jose on Leyte\n        Island, 20 October 1944.]]\\n[[File:USS Princeton (CVL-23) 1944 10 24 1.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[light aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Princeton|CVL-23|2}} afire, east of [[Luzon]],\n        24 October 1944]]\\n[[File:Volkssturm armband.svg|thumb|[[Volkssturm]] founded\n        in October 1944.]]\\n[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|thumb|The beginning\n        of the [[Battle of Leyte]], 20 October 1944.]]\\n* [[October 2]] – WWII:\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] troops end the [[Warsaw Uprising]].                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           [[October\n        4]]- The Serbian [[Puppet state]] of the [[Axis powers]] [[Government of National\n        Salvation]] fleds from [[Belgrade]], [[Territory of the Military Commander\n        in Serbia|Nazis-occupied Serbia]], At a government meeting at Night     \\n*\n        [[October 5]] – WWII: [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] pilots shoot down\n        the first German [[Jet aircraft|jet]] fighter over the Netherlands. \\n* [[October\n        6]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Debrecen]] starts on the [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|Eastern Front]] (it lasts until [[October 29]])\\n** Withdrawal\n        collaborators: [[Milan Nedi\\u0107]], the president of the Serbian Quisling\n        Regime ([[Government of National Salvation]]), fled from [[Belgrade]] by airplane.Together\n        with other Serbian collaborators and the German Officials, to [[Hungary]],\n        than to [[Vienna]] Austria\\n*** Holocaust: Members of the [[Sonderkommando]]\n        (Jewish work units) in [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] stage a\n        revolt, killing 3 [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] men before being massacred themselves.\\n***\n        [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] concludes.\\n* [[October 8]] – ''''[[The\n        Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet]]'''' radio show debuts in the United States.\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – WWII: Fourth [[Moscow Conference (1944)|Moscow Conference]]:\n        British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Premier\n        [[Joseph Stalin]] begin a 9-day conference in Moscow to discuss the future\n        of Europe.\\n* [[October 10]] \\n**[[The Holocaust]]/[[Porajmos]]: 800 [[Romani\n        people|Romani]] children are systematically murdered at the [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]].\\n** WWII: Allied forces inflict significant losses upon [[Imperial\n        Japanese Navy]] ships moored in [[Naha]] Harbor, destroying much of the city\n        of Naha, [[Okinawa prefecture|Okinawa]] as well, in the [[10-10 Air Raid]].\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** WWII: The Allies land in [[Athens]].\\n** Canadian [[Arctic]]\n        explorer [[Henry Larsen (explorer)|Henry Larsen]] returns to Vancouver, becoming\n        the first person successfully to navigate the [[Northwest Passage]] in both\n        directions, in the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] schooner ''''[[St. Roch\n        (ship)|St. Roch]]''''. His westbound voyage is the first completed in a single\n        season and the first passage through the [[Prince of Wales Strait]].{{cite\n        book|first=Henry A.|last=Larsen|title=The Big Ship: an autobiography|publisher=McClelland\n        and Stewart|location=Toronto|year=1967}}{{cite web|title=Across\n        the Northwest Passage: The Larsen Expeditions|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/arcticexpedition/larsenexpeditions|publisher=University\n        of Calgary|accessdate=2012-12-17}}\\n* [[October 13]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Riga]], the capital of [[Latvia]], is taken by the [[Red Army]].\\n** The\n        first [[V-2]] rocket attack on [[Antwerp]] takes place.{{cite web|url=http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/antwerp.html|title=Antwerp,\n        \\\"City of Sudden Death\\\"|work=V2Rocket.com|accessdate=2013-04-24}}\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – WWII: German [[Field Marshal]] [[Erwin Rommel]] commits\n        suicide rather than face execution for allegedly conspiring against [[Adolf\n        Hitler]].\\n* [[October 18]] – WWII: The [[Volkssturm]] Nazi [[militia]]\n        is founded on [[Adolf Hitler]]''s orders.\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Guatemalan\n        Revolution]] begins, with the overthrow of [[Federico Ponce Vaides]] by a\n        popular leftist movement.\\n* [[October 20]] – WWII:\\n** [[Belgrade]]\n        is [[Belgrade Offensive|liberated]] by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] together with\n        the [[Bulgarian Land Forces|Bulgarian Army]] and the [[Red Army]].\\n** American\n        forces land on Red Beach in [[Palo, Leyte]], as General [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        returns to the [[Philippines]] with Philippine Commonwealth president [[Sergio\n        Osme\\u00f1a]], and [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] Generals Basilio J.\n        Valdes and [[Carlos P. Romulo]].\\n** United States and Filipino troops with\n        Filipino guerrillas begin the [[Battle of Leyte]]. \\n** American forces land\n        on the beaches in [[Dulag, Leyte]], the [[Philippines]], accompanied by Filipino\n        troops entering the town, and fiercely opposed by the Japanese occupation\n        forces. The combined forces liberate [[Tacloban]].  [[Government of National\n        Salvation|Nedi\\u0107''s regime was disbanded by the Yugoslav Partisans and\n        the Red Army After they takeover belgrade]] \\n* [[October 20]] – A [[liquefied\n        natural gas]] explosion destroys a square mile (2.6 km\\u00b2) of [[Cleveland,\n        Ohio]].\\n* [[October 21]] – WWII: [[Aachen]], the first German city\n        to fall, is captured by American troops.\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** WWII: The Naval\n        [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]] in the [[Philippines]] begins (lasts until [[October\n        26]]).\\n** The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] recognise [[Charles de Gaulle]]''s\n        cabinet as the provisional government of France.\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** WWII:\n        The [[Red Army]] liberates [[Kirkenes]], the first town in Norway to be liberated.\\n**\n        WWII: {{USS|Tang|SS-306|6}} (the United States Navy submarine credited with\n        sinking more ships than any other American submarine) is sunk in the [[Formosa\n        Strait]] by one of her own torpedoes. [[Medal of Honor]]-winning submarine\n        ace [[Richard O''Kane]] becomes a [[prisoner of war]].\\n** [[Florence Foster\n        Jenkins]] gives a recital in [[Carnegie Hall]].\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[The\n        Holocaust]]: [[Anne Frank]] and her sister [[Margot Frank|Margot]] are deported\n        from [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] to the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration\n        camp]].\\n** ''''[[Appalachian Spring]]'''', a ballet by [[Martha Graham]]\n        with music by [[Aaron Copland]], debuts at the [[Library of Congress]] in\n        Washington, D.C., with Graham in the lead role.\\n* [[October 31]] –\n        Mass murderer [[Marcel Petiot]] is apprehended at a [[Paris M\\u00e9tro]] station.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]–[[December 7]] – Delegates of 52 nations meet at\n        the International Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago to plan for postwar\n        international cooperation, framing the constitution of the [[International\n        Civil Aviation Organization]].\\n* [[November 3]] – WWII: Two supreme\n        commanders of the [[Slovak National Uprising]], Generals [[J\\u00e1n Golian]]\n        and [[Rudolf Viest]], are captured, tortured and later executed by German\n        forces.\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[United States presidential election, 1944|United\n        States presidential election]]: [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wins reelection\n        over [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger [[Thomas E.\n        Dewey]], becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term.\\n** [[Rail\n        transport in Puerto Rico#Tragedy on election day in 1944|Election day rail\n        accident in Puerto Rico]]: A passenger train derails at [[Aguadilla]] due\n        to excessive speed on a downgrade; 16 are killed, 50 injured.\\n* [[November\n        10]] – WWII: [[Ammunition ship]] {{USS|Mount Hood|AE-11}} disintegrates\n        from accidental detonation of 3800 tons of cargo in the [[Seeadler Harbor]]\n        fleet anchorage at [[Manus Island]]. 22 small boats are destroyed, 36 nearby\n        ships damaged, 432 men are killed and 371 more are injured.{{cite journal|last=Gile|first=Chester\n        A.|title=The ''''Mount Hood'''' Explosion|journal=Proceedings|publisher=[[United\n        States Naval Institute]]|date=February 1963}}\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        Operational ships of the French Navy re-enter their base at [[Toulon]].{{Citation\n        needed|date=August 2017}}\\n* [[November 12]] – WWII: Sinking of the\n        {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz}} by British Royal Air Force [[Avro Lancaster|Lancaster\n        bombers]]. Estimated casualties range from\n        950 to 1,204.\\n* [[November 14]] – WWII: 2,246 drown when {{USS|Queenfish|SS-393|6}}\n        torpedoes [[Japanese aircraft carrier Akitsu Maru|''''Akitsu Maru'''']].{{cite web|url=http://www.jsu.or.jp/siryo/sunk/pdf/hi81.pdf|title=Convoy\n        Hi-81 (\\u30d281\\u8239\\u56e3)|publisher=All Japan Seamen''s Union|accessdate=2011-11-17}}\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – WWII: U.S. forces begin the month-long [[Operation\n        Queen]] in the [[Rur]] valley.\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** The [[Popular Socialist\n        Youth]] is founded in [[Cuba]]\\n** WWII: 3,546 drown when {{USS|Picuda|SS-382|6}}\n        torpedoes ''''[[Mayasan Maru]]''''.\\n* [[November 22]]\\n**\n        [[Conscription Crisis of 1944|Conscription Crisis]]: [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\n        [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|William Mackenzie King]] agrees a one-time [[conscription]]\n        levy in Canada for overseas service.\\n** [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film ''''[[Henry\n        V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'''', based on [[Henry V (play)|Shakespeare''s play]],\n        opens in London. It is the most acclaimed and the most successful movie version\n        of a Shakespeare play made up to that time, and the first in [[Technicolor]].\n        Olivier both stars and directs.As [[Kenneth Branagh]] is to do over forty\n        years later in his successful [[Henry V (1989 film)|remake]].\\n* [[November\n        24]] – WWII: German forces [[Moonsund Landing Operation|evacuate from\n        West Estonian Archipelago]].\\n* [[November 26]] – American opera singer\n        [[Florence Foster Jenkins]] dies in her sleep at the age of 76.\\n* [[November\n        27]] \\n** [[RAF Fauld explosion]]: Between 3,450 and 3,930 [[ton]]s (3,500\n        and 4,000 [[tonne]]s) of [[Ammunition#Ordnance ammunition|ordnance]] explodes\n        at an underground storage depot in [[Staffordshire]], England, leaving about\n        75 dead and a [[explosion crater|crater]] 1,200 metres (0.75 miles)\n        across and 120 metres (400 ft) deep. The blast is one of the [[List\n        of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]]\n        in history and the largest on UK soil.{{cite journal|last=Reed|first=John|year=1977|title=Largest\n        Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staffs. November 27, 1944|journal=[[After\n        the Battle]]|volume=18|pages=35\\u201340|issn=0306-154X}}\\n** [[Operation\n        Tigerfish]] takes place. The [[Royal Air Force]] bombing of [[Freiburg im\n        Breisgau]] kills 2,800.\\n* [[November 29]] – WWII: Submarine {{USS|Archerfish|SS-311}}\n        sinks Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shinano||2}}.\n        ''''Shinano'''' is the largest carrier built to this date, and will remain\n        through the twentieth century the largest ship sunk by a submarine.{{cite\n        book|last=Cressman|first=Robert J.|title=The Official Chronology of the U.S.\n        Navy in WWII|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|location=Annapolis,\n        Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-149-3|page=278}}\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Bodies\n        of U.S. officers and soldiers slained by the Nazis after capture near Malmedy,\n        Belgium. - NARA - 196544.jpg|thumb|Victims of the [[Malmedy massacre]]]]\\n[[File:Glenn\n        Miller Billboard.jpg|thumb|[[December 15]]: American bandleader [[Glenn Miller]]\n        disappears into the [[English Channel]].]]\\n[[File:General George C. Marshall,\n        official military photo, 1946.JPEG|thumb|[[George Marshall]] becomes the first\n        [[General of the Army (United States)|U.S. Five-Star General]] on December\n        16, 1944.]]\\n* [[December 3]] – WWII:\\n** Fighting breaks out between\n        [[Communism|Communists]] and royalists in newly liberated Greece, eventually\n        leading to a full-scale [[Greek Civil War]].\\n** The [[British Home Guard]]\n        is stood down.\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Convention on International Civil\n        Aviation]] signed in Chicago to create the [[International Civil Aviation\n        Organization]].\\n* [[December 10]] – Italian conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]]\n        leads a concert performance of the first half of [[Beethoven]]''s ''''[[Fidelio]]''''\n        (minus its spoken dialogue) on [[NBC]] Radio, starring [[Rose Bampton]]. He\n        chooses this opera for its political message – a statement against tyranny\n        and dictatorship. Conducting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute\n        to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is\n        broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the\n        first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio.\\n* [[December 12]]–[[December\n        13]] – WWII: British units attempt to take the hilltop town of Tossignano,\n        but are repulsed.\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Battle of Mindoro]]: United\n        States, Australian and Philippine Commonwealth troops land on [[Mindoro Island]]\n        in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** The Soviet government changes\n        Turkish place names to Russian in the [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]].\\n** United\n        States release of the film ''''[[National Velvet (film)|National Velvet]]'''',\n        which brings a young [[Elizabeth Taylor]] to stardom.\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        A USAAF utility aircraft carrying bandleader Major [[Glenn Miller]] disappears\n        in heavy fog over the [[English Channel]] while flying to Paris.\\n* [[December\n        16]] – WWII:\\n** Germany begins the Ardennes offensive, later known\n        as [[Battle of the Bulge]].\\n** General [[George C. Marshall]] becomes the\n        first [[General of the Army (United States)|U.S. Five-Star General]].\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\n** WWII: [[Malmedy massacre]]: German [[SS]] troops under [[Joachim\n        Peiper]] machine gun American prisoners of war captured during the Battle\n        of the Bulge near [[Malmedy]] and elsewhere in Belgium.\\n** WWII: [[Bombing\n        of Ulm in World War II]], 707 people are killed and 25,000 are left homeless.\n        \\n* [[December 19]] – The daily newspaper ''''[[Le Monde]]'''' begins\n        publication in Paris.\\n* [[December 20]] – The United States [[Women\n        Airforce Service Pilots]] are disbanded.\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** WWII: Brigadier\n        General [[Anthony C. McAuliffe]], commander of the U.S. forces defending [[Bastogne]],\n        refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, \\\"Nuts!\\\",\n        to the German command.\\n** The [[Vietnam People''s Army]] is formed in [[French\n        Indochina]].\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** WWII: Troopship {{SS|L\\u00e9opoldville|1929|6}}\n        is sunk in the [[English Channel]] by [[German submarine U-486|German submarine\n        ''''U-486'''']]. Approximately 763 soldiers of the [[66th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. 66th Infantry Division]] bound for the Battle of the\n        Bulge drown.{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/history/leopoldville.htm|title=The\n        Sinking of SS Leopoldville|publisher=uboat.net|accessdate=2010-07-04}}\\n**\n        WWII: German tanks reach the furthest point of the Bulge at [[Celles, Houyet|Celles]].\\n**\n        WWII: Fifty German [[V-1 flying bomb]]s, air-launched from [[Heinkel He 111]]\n        [[bomber]]s flying over the [[North Sea]], target [[Manchester]] in England,\n        killing 42 and injuring more than 100 in the [[Oldham]] area.{{cite\n        book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology\n        of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=392\\u2013394|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=95|title=Battle of Britain|work=ww2db.com|accessdate=2016-05-16}}\\n**\n        WWII: [[List of massacres in Belgium|Bande massacre]]. 34 men between the\n        ages of 17 and 32 are executed by the [[Sicherheitsdienst]] near Bande, [[Belgium]]\n        in retaliation for the killing of three German soldiers.\\n** The first complete\n        U.S. production of Tchaikovsky''s ballet ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''' is presented\n        in [[San Francisco]], choreographed by [[Willam Christensen]]. It will become\n        an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet\n        will be the only company in the United States performing the complete work.\\n*\n        [[December 26]]\\n** WWII: American troops repulse German forces at [[Bastogne]].\\n**\n        The original stage version of ''''[[The Glass Menagerie]]'''' by [[Tennessee\n        Williams]] premieres in [[Chicago]].\\n** [[Esztergom]], [[Hungary]], is captured\n        by the Russians.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Edward Stettinius, Jr.]], becomes\n        the last [[United States Secretary of State]] of the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]\n        administration, filling the seat left by [[Cordell Hull]].\\n** King [[George\n        II of Greece]] declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant.\\n** \\\"''''[[Stage\n        Door Cartoon]]''''\\\" is the first cartoon produced by [[Eddie Selzer]].\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Leyte]]: Tens of thousands of\n        Imperial Japanese Army soldiers are killed in action, in a significant Filipino/Allied\n        military victory.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* The [[1944 Summer Olympics]], scheduled\n        for London (together with the [[1944 Winter Olympics|February Winter Olympics]]\n        scheduled for [[Cortina d''Ampezzo]] in Italy), are suspended due to WWII.\\n*\n        In Sweden, Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invent a way to package milk\n        in paper and start the company [[Tetra Pak]].\\n* The [[National Council on\n        Alcoholism and Drug Dependence]] is established in the United States.\\n* Last\n        known evidence of the existence of the [[Asiatic lion]] in the wild in [[Khuzestan\n        Province]], Persia.{{cite book|last=Guggisberg|first=Charles Albert Walter|title=Simba:\n        the life of the lion|year=1961|publisher=Howard Timmins|location=Cape Town}}\\n*\n        [[BC Zalgiris]], as known well for professional basketball club founded in\n        [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]]. (former part of [[Soviet Union]]){{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Omar al-Bashir, 12th AU Summit,\n        090202-N-0506A-137.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir]]]]\\n[[File:Jimmy\n        Page at the Echo music award 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jimmy Page]]]]\\n[[File:Joe\n        Frazier 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joe Frazier]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Omar\n        Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]], 7th [[President of Sudan]]\\n** [[Jimmy Hart]], American\n        wrestling manager\\n** [[Jumabek Ibraimov]], 5th Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Bob Minor]], American actor and stunt performer\\n* [[January\n        2]] – Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]], Cambodian politician\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Chris von Saltza]], American swimmer\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Bonnie\n        Franklin]], American actress and television director (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Rolf\n        M. Zinkernagel]], Swiss immunologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Ian Hornak]], American painter, draughtsman\n        and sculptor (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Jimmy Page]], English guitarist ([[Led Zeppelin]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[Frank Sinatra, Jr.]], American singer-songwriter\n        and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Joe Frazier]], American boxer\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Carlos Villagr\\u00e1n]], Mexican actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 17]]\\n** [[Jan Guillou]], Swedish author\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise Hardy]],\n        French singer\\n* [[January 18]] \\n** [[Paul Keating]], 24th [[Prime Minister\n        of Australia]]\\n** [[Alexander Van der Bellen]], 12th [[President of Austria]]\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Shelley Fabares]], American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Rutger Hauer]], Dutch actor\\n* [[January 24]] –\n        [[Klaus Nomi]], German singer (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\n** [[Sally\n        Beauman]], English writer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Evan Chandler]], screenwriter,\n        dentist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\n**[[Angela Davis]], American feminist\n        and political activist\\n**[[Jerry Sandusky]], American child molester and\n        [[Penn State]] coach\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Adenan Satem]], Malaysian politician,\n        [[Chief Minister of Sarawak]] (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Peter Akinola]], Nigerian\n        religious leader\\n** [[Mairead Corrigan]], Northern Irish activist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Nick Mason]], English rock drummer ([[Pink\n        Floyd]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Susan Howard]], American actress\\n** [[John\n        Tavener]], English composer of religious music (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Susana Gim\\u00e9nez]], TV presenter Argentina\\n** [[Patrick Lipton\n        Robinson]], Jamaican judge\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Connie Booth]], American\n        writer and actress\\n** [[Ivo Opstelten]], Dutch politician\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jerry\n        Springer Musto Party 2011 Shankbone 10.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Jerry Springer]]]]\\n[[File:Alan\n        Parker (Director), London, 2012.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Alan Parker]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Geoffrey Hughes]], English actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Trisha Noble]], Australian singer and actress\\n* [[February\n        5]]\\n** [[Al Kooper]], American rock musician ([[Blood, Sweat & Tears]])\\n**\n        [[Thekla Carola Wied]], German actress\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Roger Lloyd-Pack]],\n        English actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Alice Walker]], American\n        writer\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Peter Allen (musician)|Peter Allen]],\n        Australian-born [[Academy Award]]-winning composer and lyricist (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Michael G. Oxley]], American politician (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Moe Bandy]], American country music singer\\n* [[February\n        13]]\\n** [[Stockard Channing]], American actress\\n** [[Michael Ensign]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Jerry Springer]], English-born American politician and television\n        personality\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Carl Bernstein]], American journalist\\n**\n        Sir [[Alan Parker]], English film director, producer, actor and writer\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Dzhokhar Dudayev]], Chechen leader, first President\n        of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized breakaway state in the\n        North Caucasus (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Richard Ford]], American\n        writer\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio Mascarenhas Monteiro]], [[President of Cape Verde]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Karl Jenkins]], Welsh composer\\n**\n        [[Bernie Grant]], British Labour Party MP (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[February 20]]\n        – [[Willem van Hanegem]], Dutch football player and coach\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Jonathan Demme]], American film director, producer and writer (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Tom Okker]], Dutch tennis player\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        [[Johnny Winter]], American rock musician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 25]]\n        – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Cevert]], French racing driver (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Ken Grimwood]], American writer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Sepp Maier]], German retired footballer\\n* [[February 29]]\n        – [[Dennis Farina]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Roger\n        Daltrey - May 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roger Daltrey]]]]\\n[[File:Uschi Glas\n        II.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Uschi Glas]]]]\\n[[File:Said Musa.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Said\n        Musa]]]]\\n[[File:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2008 Diana Ross4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Diana\n        Ross]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[John Breaux]], U.S. Senator from Louisiana\\n**\n        [[Roger Daltrey]], English singer-songwriter and actor ([[The Who]])\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** [[Uschi Glas]], German actress\\n** [[Leif Segerstam]], Finnish conductor\n        and composer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Harvey Postlethwaite]], English engineer\n        and race car designer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Bobby Womack]], American singer\n        and songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Peter Brandes]], Danish\n        artist\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** Dame [[Kiri Te Kanawa]], New Zealand soprano\\n**\n        [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]], American singer ([[The Supremes]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Townes van Zandt]], American singer (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]] – [[Buzz Hargrove]], Canadian labour leader\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[Graham Lyle]], Grammy-winning Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist,\n        known for writing several international hits for [[Tina Turner]]\\n** [[Don\n        Maclean]], English comedian and broadcaster\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Pattie Boyd]],\n        English model and first wife of [[George Harrison]] and [[Eric Clapton]]\\n**\n        [[John Sebastian]], American singer-songwriter ([[The Lovin'' Spoonful]])\\n*\n        [[March 19]]\\n** [[Said Musa]], [[Prime Minister of Belize]]\\n** [[Sirhan\n        Sirhan]], Palestinian assassin of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Hilary Minster]], British actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[R.\n        Lee Ermey]], U.S. Marine and actor\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Diana Ross]],\n        American urban musician and was lead singer of [[The Supremes]]\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n** [[Khosrow Shakibai]], Iranian actor (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ann Sidney]],\n        Miss World\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Rick Barry]], American basketball player\\n**\n        [[Ken Howard]], American actor (d. 2016)\\n* [[March 29]] \\n** [[Nana Akufo-Addo]],\n        [[President of Ghana]]\\n** [[Denny McLain]], American baseball player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Gerhard\n        Schr\\u00f6der (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerhard Schr\\u00f6der]]]]\\n[[File:Craig\n        T. Nelson at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Craig T. Nelson]]]]\\n[[File:Jill\n        Clayburgh.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Jill Clayburgh]]]]\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Tony\n        Orlando]], American musician\\n* [[April 4]]\\n**[[Magda Aelvoet]], Belgian\n        politician\\n**[[Craig T. Nelson]], American actor\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Peter\n        T. King]], American politician\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Judith McConnell]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Anita Pallenberg]], Italian-born model and actress (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        Dame [[Felicity Palmer]], English soprano\\n* [[April 7]] \\n** [[Warner Fusselle]],\n        American sportscaster (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Gerhard Schr\\u00f6der]], [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor of Germany]]\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Odd\n        Nerdrum]], Norwegian painter\\n** [[Jimmy Walker (basketball, born 1944)|Jimmy\n        Walker]], American professional basketball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[John Milius]], American film director, producer and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – [[Jack Casady]], American rock musician ([[Jefferson\n        Airplane]], [[Hot Tuna]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Charlie Tuna]], American\n        disc jockey and game show announcer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** [[Bernie\n        Worrell]], American keyboardist, (d. 2016)\\n** [[James Heckman]], American\n        economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Steve Fossett]], American aviator, sailor and millionaire\n        adventurer (d. 2007)\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Tony Visconti]], American record\n        producer, musician and singer\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Len Goodman]], British\n        ballroom dancer and television personality\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Larry\n        H. Miller]], American sports owner ([[Utah Jazz]]; d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April\n        27]]\\n** [[Michael Fish]], British TV weatherman\\n** [[Cuba Gooding, Sr.]],\n        American actor and singer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Jean-Claude\n        Van Cauwenberghe]], Belgian politician\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Richard Kline]],\n        American actor and television director\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Jill Clayburgh]],\n        American actress (d. [[2010]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:John Rhys-Davies by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Rhys-Davies]]]]\\n[[File:George Lucas, 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Lucas]]]]\\n[[File:Danny Trejo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Danny Trejo]]]]\\n[[File:Peter\n        Mayhew 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Mayhew]]]]\\n[[File:Joe cocker 1970.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Joe\n        Cocker]]]]\\n[[File:Mary Robinson World Economic Forum 2013 crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary\n        Robinson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Suresh Kalmadi]], Indian politician\\n** [[Costa\n        Cordalis]], German singer\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Russi Taylor]], American\n        voice actress\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Roger Rees]], Welsh actor (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[John Rhys-Davies]], Welsh actor\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Gary Glitter]], English\n        singer\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Richie Furay]], American musician ([[Poco]], [[Buffalo\n        Springfield]])\\n** [[Laurence Owen]], American figure skater (d. [[1961]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[Jim Abrahams]], American film director\\n* [[May 12]]\n        – [[Sara Kestelman]], English actress\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Armistead\n        Maupin]], American author\\n* [[May 14]] – [[George Lucas]], American\n        film director and producer\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Ulrich Beck]], German sociologist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Gunilla Hutton]], Swedish-born American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Danny Trejo]], American actor\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Peter\n        Mayhew]], English actor\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Joe Cocker]], English rock singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Boudewijn de Groot]], Dutch singer\\n** [[Dietrich Mateschitz]],\n        Austrian businessman\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Mary Robinson]], [[President\n        of Ireland]]\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[John Newcombe]], Australian tennis player\\n**\n        [[Avraham Oz]], Israeli theater professor, translator, and political activist\\n*\n        [[May 24]]\\n** [[David Mark Berger]], American-born Israeli weightlifter,\n        murdered at the [[Munich massacre|Munich Olympics]] (d. [[1972]])\\n** [[Patti\n        LaBelle]], American singer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Frank Oz]], English puppeteer\n        and film director\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Chris Dodd]], American politician\\n*\n        [[May 28]]\\n** [[Rudy Giuliani]], former Mayor of New York City\\n** [[Gladys\n        Knight]], American singer\\n** [[Rita MacNeil]], Canadian folk singer (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Patricia Quinn|Patricia, Lady Stephens (n\\u00e9e Quinn)]], retired Northern\n        Irish actress\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Helmut Berger]], Austrian actor\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Meredith MacRae]], American actress (d. [[2000]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:John\n        Carlos, Tommie Smith 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tommie Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ban Ki-moon\n        1-2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ban Ki-moon]]]]\\n[[File:Kinks.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ray\n        Davies]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff Beck.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeff Beck]]]]\\n[[File:CUN2008\n        Oscar party Gary Busey.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gary Busey]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Robert Powell]], English actor\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Edith McGuire]],\n        American sprinter\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Michelle Phillips]], American singer\n        and actress ([[The Mamas & the Papas]])\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Colm Wilkinson]],\n        Irish actor and singer\\n** [[Whitfield Diffie]], American cryptographer\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\n** [[Phillip Allen Sharp]], American scientist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Edgar Froese]], German\n        musician (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Tommie Smith]], American athlete\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        [[Mark Belanger]], American baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Don Grady]],\n        American actor and singer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Marc Ouellet]], Canadian cardinal\\n**\n        [[Boz Scaggs]], American singer and guitarist\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Ban\n        Ki-moon]], South Korean politician and 8th [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations]]\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Henri Richelet]], French\n        painter\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Bill Rafferty]], American comedian and impressionist\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Franco Cordova]], Italian international\n        football player\\n** [[Luigi Sgarbozza]], Italian former cyclist\\n** [[Ray\n        Davies]], English rock-singer and songwriter, co-founder of [[The Kinks]]\\n**\n        [[Carmen Cardinali Paoa]], Chilean professor\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Ercole\n        Gualazzini]], Italian professional road bicycle racer\\n* [[June 23]] –\n        [[Silvestre Bello III]], Filipino businessman and lawyer\\n* [[June 24]] \\n**\n        [[Dennis Butler]], English former footballer and football manager\\n** [[Jeff\n        Beck]], English rock musician\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Zez\\u00e9 Motta]],\n        Brazilian actress and singer\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Gary Busey]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Se\\u00e1n Patrick O''Malley]], American cardinal\\n* [[June 30]]\\n**\n        [[Terry Funk]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Raymond Moody]], American\n        parapsychologist\\n** [[Alan C. Fox]], American author, philanthropist and\n        entrepreneur\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jeffrey Tambor June 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeffrey\n        Tambor]]]]\\n[[File:David Hemery 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Hemery]]]]\\n[[File:Geraldine\n        Chaplin 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Geraldine Chaplin]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Mike Horan]], Australian politician\\n** [[Mercedes Bresso]], Italian politician\\n**\n        [[Diron Talbert]], American football player\\n** [[Syd Jackson (footballer)|Syd\n        Jackson]], Australian rules footballer\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Jayanta Chattopadhyay]],\n        Bangladeshi actor and reciter\\n** [[Vicente de la Mata (born 1944)|Vicente\n        de la Mata]], Argentine former football midfielder\\n** [[Paul Schudel]], American\n        football player and coach\\n** [[Billy Campbell (Northern Irish footballer)|Billy\n        Campbell]], Irish professional footballer\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Michel Polnareff]],\n        French singer\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Joe Berardo]], Portuguese businessman, stock\n        investor, speculator, and art collector\\n** [[Joe Critchlow]], Canadian football\n        player\\n** [[Albert Kapengut]], Soviet chess master\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Deepankar\n        De]], Indian actor\\n** [[Hendrik Born]], German vice admiral\\n** [[Mick Andrews]],\n        English international motorcycle trials rider\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Tim Brown\n        (darts player)|Tim Brown]], Australian darts player\\n** [[Gunhild Hoffmeister]],\n        East German middle-distance runner\\n** [[Max Timisela]], Indonesian footballer\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Feleti Sevele]], former Prime Minister of Tonga\\n** [[Tony\n        Jacklin]], English golfer\\n** [[Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham]],\n        British Army officer\\n** [[Mark Burgess (cricketer)|Mark Burgess]], New Zealand\n        cricketer\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Janet Sheen]], American actress\\n** [[Jeffrey\n        Tambor]], American actor\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Katrin Alvarez]], German\n        contemporary painter\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Keith Doncon]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n** [[Valdeir Vieira]], Brazilian football manager\\n* [[July 12]]\n        \\n** [[Clarence Parfitt]], Bermudian and Scottish cricketer\\n** [[Terry Cooper\n        (footballer, born 1944)|Terry Cooper]], English former football player and\n        manager\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Ern\\u0151 Rubik]], Hungarian inventor\\n*\n        [[July 14]] – [[Aad Mansveld]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[July 15]] –\n        [[Jan-Michael Vincent]], American actor\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Clarence Parfitt]],\n        Bermudian and Scottish cricketer\\n** [[Jose L. Cuisia Jr.]], Philippine Ambassador\n        and banker\\n** [[Angharad Rees]], Welsh actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        [[Mark Burgess (cricketer)|Mark Burgess]], New Zealand [[cricket]] [[Captain\n        (cricket)|captain]]\\n** [[Catherine Schell]], Hungarian actress\\n** [[Carlos\n        Alberto Torres]], Brazilian footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[David Hemery]], British Olympic athlete\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[John Atta Mills]],\n        13th [[President of Ghana]] (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Paul Wellstone]], U.S. Senator\n        from Minnesota (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Alex Buzo]], of Sydney,\n        Australian playwright and author (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Jozo\n        Kri\\u017eanovi\\u0107]], Bosnian politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n**\n        [[Geraldine Chaplin]], English-American actress\\n** [[Jonathan Dimbleby]],\n        British journalist and author\\n** [[Robert C. Merton]], American economist,\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Richard\n        Belzer.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Richard Belzer]]]]\\n[[File:Sam Elliott.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Sam\n        Elliott]]]]\\n[[File:The Emperor Has No Robes.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ian McDiarmid]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Yury Romanenko]], Soviet cosmonaut\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Capaldi]], British drummer, singer and songwriter ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]])\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Nan\\u00e1 Vasconcelos]], Brazilian percussionist and vocalist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Jonas Falk]], Swedish actor (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Richard Belzer]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[William\n        Frankfather]], American actor (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Orhan Gencebay]], Turkish\n        musician, composer, singer and actor\\n* [[August 7]] – [[John Glover\n        (actor)|John Glover]], American actor\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Brooke Bundy]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Hasyim Muzadi]], Indonesian Islamic scholar (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Sam Elliott]], American actor\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**\n        [[Ian McDiarmid]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Frederick W. Smith]], American founder\n        of [[FedEx]]\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Larry Troutman]], American musician\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Kevin Tighe]], American actor\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Sylvie Vartan]], French singer\\n* [[August 18]] \\n**\n        [[Robert Hitchcock]], Australian sculptor\\n** [[Volker Lechtenbrink]], German\n        television actor and singer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Bodil Malmsten]], Swedish\n        writer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Rajiv Gandhi]], Prime Minister\n        of India (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Kari S. Tikka]], Finnish Professor\n        of Finance (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Peter Weir]], Australian film director\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Saira Banu]], Indian actress\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Christine\n        Chubbuck]], American television reporter (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[August 26]] –\n        [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester]]\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Tug McGraw]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Jos LeDuc]],\n        Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Tony\n        Atkinson - Festival Economia 2015.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Tony Atkinson]]]]\\n[[File:Grand\n        Gala du Disque Populaire 1974 - Barry White 927-0099.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barry\n        White]]]]\\n[[File:2004 12LosAngelesPeterCetera.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Cetera]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Douglas Deauville 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael Douglas]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Leonard Slatkin]], American conductor\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        [[Gilles Marchal]], French musician\\n* [[September 3]] \\n** [[Tim Donnelly\n        (actor)|Tim Donnelly]], American actor\\n** [[Ty Warner]], American Businessman,\n        Inventor: Beanie Babies\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Tony Atkinson]], British\n        economist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Christian Boltanski]],\n        French artist\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Earl Manigault]], American basketball\n        player (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Bora Milutinovi\\u0107]], Serbian football coach\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Leonard Peltier]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native\n        American activist]] and convicted murderer\\n** [[Barry White]], American singer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Carol Barnes]], British newsreader\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Jacqueline Bisset]], English actress\\n** [[Peter Cetera]],\n        lead singer and guitarist of American rock group [[Chicago]]\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Graham Taylor]], English footballer and football manager (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Reinhold Messner]], Italian mountaineer\\n*\n        [[September 18]] \\n** [[Veronica Carlson]], English actress and model\\n**\n        [[Satan''s Angel]], American exotic dancer\\n* [[September 19]] – [[\\u0130smet\n        \\u00d6zel]], Turkish poet\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Hamilton Jordan]],\n        Jimmy Carter''s first [[White House Chief of Staff]] (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Frazer Hines]], British actor\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Michael\n        Douglas]], American film actor and producer\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Anne\n        Robinson]], British television host\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Milo\\u0161\n        Zeman]], 3rd President of the Czech Republic\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Jimmy\n        Johnstone]], Scottish footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Arnhim\n        Eustace.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arnhim Eustace]]]]\\n[[File:Kov\\u00e1cskatisziget.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kati\n        Kov\\u00e1cs]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Vernor Vinge]], American science\n        fiction writer\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Tony La Russa]], American baseball\n        player and manager\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Arnhim Eustace]], Vincentian\n        politician and 3rd [[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Mylon LeFevre]], American singer and evangelist\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\n** [[John Entwistle]], English musician ([[The Who]]) (d. [[2002]])\\n**\n        [[Nona Hendryx]], American R&B singer ([[Labelle]])\\n** [[Peter Tosh]], Jamaican\n        singer and musician (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[\\u015eerif G\\u00f6ren]],\n        Turkish film director\\n** [[David Trimble]], Northern Irish Unionist political\n        leader; recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] 1998\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Clive Hornby]], English actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Jean-Pierre\n        Sauvage]], French scientist; recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\n        2016\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Kati Kov\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian jazz, pop and\n        rock musician\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Dennis Franz]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Ahmed Chalabi]], Iraqi businessman and politician\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Askar Akaev MoscowRia 08-2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Askar\n        Akayevich Akayev]]]]\\n[[File:Danny DeVito cropped and edited for brightness.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Danny\n        DeVito]]]]\\n[[File:Lorne Michaels David Shankbone 2010.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lorne\n        Michaels]]]]\\n[[File:Harold Ramis Oct 2009.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Harold Ramis]]]]\\n[[File:Actor\n        Ben Stein.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ben Stein]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Bobby Heenan]],\n        American professional wrestling manager and commentator\\n** [[Oscar Temaru]],\n        President of [[French Polynesia]]\\n** [[Rafic Hariri]], 2-Time Prime Minister\n        of Lebanon (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Keith Emerson]], British\n        keyboardist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Linda Gary]], American\n        voice actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Wild Man Fischer]],\n        Outsider musician\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Joe Niekro]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Askar Akayev|Askar Akayevich\n        Akayev]], 1st [[President of Kyrgyzstan]]\\n** [[Silvestre Reyes]], American\n        politician\\n* [[November 11]] \\n** [[Daniel Ortega]], [[President of Nicaragua]]\\n**\n        [[Kemal Sunal]], Turkish comedian\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Booker T. Jones]],\n        American musician, singer and songwriter\\n** [[Al Michaels]], American sportscaster\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Gene Clark]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[Danny DeVito]], American actor, film producer and director\\n** [[Rem Koolhaas]],\n        Dutch architect\\n** [[Lorne Michaels]], Canadian television and film producer\\n**\n        [[Tom Seaver]], American baseball player\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Wolfgang\n        Joop]], German artist, fashion designer, and art collector\\n** [[Ed Krupp|Edwin\n        C. Krupp]], American [[astronomer]], [[archaeoastronomer]], author, Director\n        [[Griffith Observatory]]\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Donald DiFrancesco]],\n        American lawyer and politician, 51st [[Governor of New Jersey]]  \\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[Dick Durbin|Richard Durbin]], American politician; United States\n        Senator (D-IL)\\n** [[Harold Ramis]], American actor, director and comedy writer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Candy Darling]], American actress (d.\n        [[1974]])\\n** [[Ibrahim Gambari]], Nigerian scholar and diplomat\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Ben Stein]], American law professor, actor and author\\n*   November\n        25   – [[Michael Kijana Wamalwa]], Kenyan politician, 8th [[Vice President\n        of Kenya]]\\n* [[November 30]] – [[George Graham (footballer)|George\n        Graham]], Scottish football player and manager\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Dennis\n        Wilson 1971 cropped.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Dennis Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Jeroen Krabb%C3%A9.png|110px|thumb|[[Jeroen\n        Krabbe]]]]\\n[[File:Brenda Lee 1977.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Brenda Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Bernard\n        Hill2 (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Bernard Hill]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[John Densmore]], drummer, member of [[The Doors]].\\n* [[December 2]]\\n**\n        [[Cathy Lee Crosby]], American actress (''''That''s Incredible!'''')\\n** [[Ibrahim\n        Rugova]], 1st [[President of Kosovo]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        [[Dennis Wilson]], American singer, songwriter and drummer (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Jeroen Krabb\\u00e9]], Dutch actor and film director\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Kit Culkin]], American stage actor\\n** [[Ron Kenoly]],\n        American Christian leader\\n** [[Jonathan King]], British music producer\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** [[Daniel Chorzempa]], American organist\\n** [[Georges Coste]],\n        French Rugby player and coach\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Tadashi Irie]], Japanese\n        [[yakuza]] boss\\n** [[Ki Longfellow]], American novelist\\n* [[December 11]]\\n**\n        [[Brenda Lee]], American singer\\n** [[Lynda Day George]], American actress\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Diana Bracho]], Mexican actress\\n** [[Kenneth Cranham]],\n        Scottish born actor\\n** [[Cara Duff-MacCormick]], Canadian stage actress\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Bernard Hill]], British actor\\n* [[December 19]]\n        – [[Tim Reid]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Bill\n        Atkinson (footballer, born 1944)|Bill Atkinson]], English footballer\\n** [[Michael\n        Tilson Thomas]], American conductor\\n** [[Zheng Xiaoyu]], Chinese bureaucrat\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Steve Carlton]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Wesley Clark]], U.S. general and NATO Supreme\n        Allied Commander\\n** [[Ingar Knudtsen]], Norwegian writer\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[Erhard Keller]], German speed skater\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Jairzinho]], Brazilian football player\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Bill Ayers]],\n        American education theorist and former radical anti-war activist\\n** [[Jane\n        Lapotaire]], British actress\\n** [[Aleksey Mikhaylovich Mikhalyov|Aleksey\n        Mikhalyov]], Russian translator\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Kary Mullis]],\n        American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Joseph Hilbe]], American statistician and author\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Jan Widstr\\u00f6mer]], Swedish artist\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*[[Sima\n        Bina]], Iranian vocalist\\n*[[William Goad]], British businessman and serial\n        child rapist (d. [[2012]])\\n*[[Ahmad Kamyabi Mask]], Iranian scholar\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Kaj\n        Munk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kaj Munk]]]]\\n[[File:Louhenryhoover.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lou\n        Henry Hoover]]]]\\n[[File:Portrett av Edvard Munch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edvard\n        Munch]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Edwin Lutyens]], British architect (b. [[1869]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Turner (Australian cricketer)|Charles Turner]], Australian cricketer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Kaj Munk]], Danish playwright, [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]\n        [[pastor]] and martyr (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Ida Tarbell]],\n        American journalist and [[muckraker]] (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Lou Henry Hoover]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[William Emerson Ritter]], American biologist (b.\n        [[1856]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** Italian Fascist leaders executed in the [[Verona\n        Trial]]\\n*** [[Emilio De Bono]], General, former member of the [[Grand Council\n        of Fascism]] (b. [[1866]])\\n*** [[Galeazzo Ciano|Gian Galeazzo Ciano, 2nd\n        Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari]], aristocrat and diplomat, former member\n        of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] (b. [[1903]])\\n*** [[Giovanni Marinelli]],\n        former member of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*** Carlo\n        Pareschi, former member of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] (b. [[1898]])\\n***\n        Luciano Gottardi (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Charles King (musical actor)|Charles\n        King]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Edgard Potier]], Belgian spy (suicide)\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Nicholas Bunkerd Kitbamrung]], Thai\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        King [[Yuhi V of Rwanda]]\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Mehmet Emin Yurdakul]],\n        Turkish writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[James McKeen Cattell]],\n        American psychologist (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Yoshimi Nishida]],\n        Japanese general (killed in battle) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 23]] –\n        [[Edvard Munch]], Norwegian painter (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Teresa Grillo Michel]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] nun and blessed (b. [[1855]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[William Allen White]], American journalist (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Jean Giraudoux]], French writer (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Piet\n        Cornelies Mondrian.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Piet Mondrian]]]]\\n[[File:P.E.Svinhufvud.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pehr\n        Evind Svinhufvud]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Piet Mondrian]], Dutch painter\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Yvette Guilbert]], French singer\n        and actress (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux]],\n        British poet, essayist and novelist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[Robert E. Park]], American Sociologist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February 11]]\n        – [[Carl Meinhof]], German linguist (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Gandar-Dower]], English sportsman, aviator, explorer and author\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Margaret Woodrow Wilson]], American singer; [[Woodrow\n        Wilson|Presidential]] daughter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Edgar\n        Selwyn]], American screenwriter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\n** [[Carl\n        August Ehrensv\\u00e4rd (1858-1944)|Carl August Ehrensv\\u00e4rd]], Swedish\n        admiral (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Henri Nathansen]], Danish writer and director\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Ferenc Szisz]], Hungarian-born\n        race car driver (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Leo Baekeland]],\n        Belgian-born American chemist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Pehr\n        Evind Svinhufvud]], Finnish politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\n        and 3rd [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Paul-Emile\n        Janson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul-Emile Janson]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Paul-\\u00c9mile\n        Janson]], Belgian politician, 30th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Louis Buchalter]], Jewish-born American mobster, head\n        of Murder, Inc. (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n**[[Max Jacob]],\n        French poet (b. [[1876]])\\n**[[Neel E. Kearby]], American fighter ace (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Demetrios Capetanakis]],\n        Greek poet, essayist and critic (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\n** [[Hendrik\n        Willem van Loon]], Dutch-born American historian, journalist and writer (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n** [[Irvin S. Cobb]], American writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n**[[Otto von Below]], German general (b. [[1857]])\\n**[[Mariya Oktyabrskaya]],\n        Soviet national hero (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Mario Bravo]],\n        Argentinian politician and writer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        de Liguoro]], Italian actor and director (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[No\\u00ebl \\u00c9douard,\n        vicomte de Curi\\u00e8res de Castelnau]], French general (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Pierre Brossolette]], journalist and French Resistance fighter\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Myron Selznick]], American film producer\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Aldo Finzi (politician)|Aldo Finzi]],\n        Italian politician (executed) (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Pietro Pappagallo]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Orde Wingate]],\n        British soldier (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Omelyan Kovch]], Soviet\n        [[Roman Catholic]] and Greek [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** [[Antoni Kiewnarski]], Polish WWII heroine (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Mineichi Koga]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[W\\u0142odzimierz Kolanowski]],\n        Polish army officer (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Bernardino Machado.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bernardino\n        Machado]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Sharifzyan Kazanbaev]], Soviet army officer\n        (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[April 2]] – [[John Batchelor (missionary)|John Batchelor]],\n        British missionary and reverend (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Yevgeniya\n        Rudneva]], Soviet WWII heroine (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Bartolomeo\n        Gosio]], Italian scientist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[J. T. Hearne]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Hans-Valentin Hube]],\n        German army general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Charles Jordan\n        (magician)|Charles Jordan]], American magician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 25]]\n        – [[George Herriman]], American cartoonist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April\n        28]] \\n** [[Mohammed Alim Khan]], [[Emir of Bukhara]] (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Frank\n        Knox]], American Secretary of the Navy during WWII (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April\n        29]]\\n** [[Billy Bitzer]], American cinematographer (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Bernardino\n        Machado]], Portuguese political figure, 2-time [[Prime Minister of Portugal]]\n        and 2-time [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[April 30]] –\n        [[Paul Poiret]], French couturier (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Leon\n        Koz\\u0142owski.PNG|100px|thumb|[[Leon Koz\\u0142owski]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Curtis.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Thomas\n        Curtis]]]]\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Bertha Benz]], German automotive pioneer,\n        wife and business partner of automobile inventor Karl Benz (b. [[1849]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[William Ledyard Rodgers]], American admiral and military\n        and naval historian (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Albert Leo Stevens]],\n        pioneering American balloonist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Leon\n        Koz\\u0142owski]], Polish archaeologist and politician, 25th [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Max Brand]], American author\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Harold Lowe]], British sailor, 5th officer of the [[RMS\n        Titanic|RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Arthur Quiller-Couch]] (aka\n        \\\"Q\\\"), British writer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[May 15]] – Patriarch [[Patriarch\n        Sergius of Moscow|Sergius I]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[George\n        Ade]], American author (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Milena Jesensk\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovakian journalist, writer, editor and translator (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Fraser Barron]], New Zealand bomber pilot during WWII (b.\n        [[1921]])\\n** [[Eugenio Colorni]], Italian philosopher and activist (b. [[1909]])\\n**\n        [[Vincent Rose]], American musician and band leader (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Edmund Mortimer (actor)|Edmund Mortimer]], American actor and\n        director (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Thomas Curtis]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Inigo Campioni]], Italian admiral\n        (executed) (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Matsuji Ijuin]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        [[Luigi Mascherpa]], Italian admiral (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Harold Bell Wright]],\n        American writer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Clark Daniel Stearns]],\n        9th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Josefine\n        Dora]], Austrian actress (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\n** Patriarch [[Mesrob\n        I Naroyan of Constantinople]] (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Jessie Ralph]], American\n        actress (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* June – [[Joseph Campbell (poet)|Joseph\n        Campbell]], Northern Irish poet and lyricist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 5]] –\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Beck]], Polish statesman (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[Ker-Xavier Roussel]], French painter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[Marc Bloch]], French historian (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[D\\u00e9nes\n        Berinkey]], 21st Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Chinchilla Recinos]], Guatemalan teacher (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 27]] –\n        [[Milan Hod\\u017ea]], Slovak politician, champion of regional integration\n        in Europe (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Anton Breinl]], Australian\n        medical practional and research (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Carl-mayer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carl\n        Mayer]]]]\\n[[File:LC-DIG-ggbain-37582.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Theodore Roosevelt\n        Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Claus von Stauffenberg (1907-1944).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Claus\n        von Stauffenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Reza shahpahlavi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Reza Pahlavi\n        of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Carl Mayer]], Austrian screenwriter\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9e Borrel]], French World War II\n        heroine (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Vera Leigh]], British World War II heroine (b.\n        [[1903]])\\n** [[Ch\\u016bichi Nagumo]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Sonya Olschanezky]], German World War II heroine (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Diana\n        Rowden]], British World War II heroine (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Georges Mandel]], French politician and WWII hero (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July\n        8]]\\n** [[George B. Seitz]], American director (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Takeo Takagi]],\n        Japanese admiral (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Ingvar Fredrik H\\u00e5kansson]],\n        Swedish pilot (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Jesus Baza Duenas]], Guamese\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Theodore\n        Roosevelt Jr.]], American political and business leader (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July\n        14]] – [[Asmahan]], Syrian-born Egyptian singer (b.[[1918]])\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Joseph Sadi-Lecointe]], French aviator (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July\n        16]] – [[Moncena Dunn (inventor)|Moncena Dunn]], American inventor (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Tarsykiya Matskiv]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]]\n        and Greek [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] religious sister and blessed\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Augusto De Angelis]], Italian writer and\n        journalist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[George Holt (actor)|George Holt]], American\n        actor and director (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Rex Whistler]], British artist (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Mildred Harris]], American actress (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Ludwig Beck]], German general and Chief of\n        the German General Staff (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Claus von Stauffenberg]], German\n        resistance leader (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Lesley J. McNair]], American\n        general (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Jakob von Uexk\\u00fcll]], Baltic German biologist\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Cl\\u00f3vis Bevil\\u00e1qua]], Brazilian\n        jurist, historian and journalist (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Takakazu Kinashi]], Japanese\n        army officer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Reza Pahlavi of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], 20th\n        [[Prime Minister of Iran]] and [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah of Iran]] (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Perry McGillivray]], American Olympic swmmer (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[Lee Powell (actor)|Lee Powell]], American actor (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Antoine de Saint-Exup\\u00e9ry]], French\n        pilot and writer (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Manuel L. Quezon (November\n        1942).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Manuel L. Quezon]]]]\\n[[File:J%C4%99drzej Moraczewski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J\\u0119drzej\n        Moraczewski]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2008-0184, Berlin, Berthold\n        Schenk Graf v. Stauffenberg.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Lt.\n        Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Navy.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Jean Pr\\u00e9vost]], French writer and journalist, member\n        of the [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Manuel L. Quezon]],\n        Filipino statesman, soldier and politician, 2nd [[President of the Philippines]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Kakuji Kakuta]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Krzysztof Kamil Baczy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish poet (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[J\\u0119drzej Moraczewski]],\n        Polish politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Jadwiga Falkowska]], Polish teacher and activist (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\n** [[Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski]], Polish journalist and novelist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Michael Wittmann]], German tank commander (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Felix Nussbaum]], German painter (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n* [[August 10]] \\n** [[Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]],\n        Nazi opponent and lawyer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Hans Albrecht, Hereditary Prince\n        of Schleswig-Holstein]] (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Francesco Federico\n        Falco]], Italian doctor (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Hideyoshi Obata]], Japanese general\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Jose Garvida Flores]], Filipino writer,\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.]], American\n        fighter pilot, oldest son of [[Joseph P. Kennedy]] (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Suzanne\n        Spaak]], Belgian World War II heroine (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Franciszek\n        Brodniewicz]], Polish actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Eug\\u00e9nio de Castro]],\n        Portuguese poet and writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\n** [[Eugeniusz\n        Horbaczewski]], Polish pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Ernst Th\\u00e4lmann]], German\n        Communist leader (executed) (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[G\\u00fcnther\n        von Kluge]], German field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Henry Wood]],\n        British conductor (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Maciej Kalenkiewicz]],\n        Polish engineer and military officer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Marian Lalewicz]],\n        Polish architect (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\n** [[Aleksander Augustynowicz]],\n        Polish painter (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Abd\\u00fclmecid II]], last Caliph of the\n        Ottoman Empire (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Nikolai Roslavets]], Soviet composer (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia]], Italian aviator\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Teresio Vittorio Martinoli]], Italian\n        pilot (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Hans Leesment]], Estonian general\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Adam von Trott zu Solz]], German diplomat (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\n** [[Carlo Fecia di Cossato]], Italian navy officer (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Princess Mafalda of Savoy]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Teresa\n        Bracco]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (killed\n        in battle) (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Rudolf Breitscheid]], German politician (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Bronislaw Kaminski]], Polish army officer (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Moissaye Boguslawski]], American pianist and composer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Gustav Bauer.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Gustav\n        Bauer]]]]\\n[[File:ZieglerColijn.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Hendrikus Colijn]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Krystyna D\\u0105browska]], Polish sculptor and painter\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Maria Vetulani de Nisau]], Polish\n        soldier (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Gustave Bi\\u00e9ler]],\n        Swiss WWII hero (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Jan Franciszek\n        Czartoryski]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed, executed\n        during the [[Warsaw Uprising]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Eduardo\n        S\\u00e1nchez de Fuentes]], Cuban composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 9]]\n        – [[Robert Benoist]], French race car driver and war hero (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Joseph M\\u00fcller (priest)|Joseph M\\u00fcller]],\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] priest and Servant of God (executed) (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Robert Fiske (actor)|Robert Fiske]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Yolande Beekman]], French WWII heroine\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Madeleine Damerment]], French WWII heroine (b. [[1917]])\\n**\n        [[Noor Inayat Khan]], Indian WWII heroine (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[W. Heath Robinson]],\n        British cartoonist and illustrator (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[John\n        Kenneth Macalister]], Canadian WWII hero (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Frank Pickersgill]],\n        Canadian WWII hero (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Rom\\u00e9o Sabourin]], Canadian WWII\n        hero (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Gustav Bauer]], 11th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Hendrikus Colijn]],\n        Dutch policeman, politician and businessman, 25th [[Prime Minister of the\n        Netherlands]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Fritz Lindemann]],\n        German army officer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Matylda Palfyova]],\n        Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (killed in action) (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] \\n** [[Walter Breisky]], Austrian civil servant, acting [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Eugeniusz Lokajski]], Polish athlete, gymnast\n        and photographer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Aristide Maillol]],\n        French sculptor and painter (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Josef\n        B\\u00fcrckel]], German Nazi gauleiter (suicide) (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ramoncastillo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ramon\n        Castillo]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1985-013-07, Erwin Rommel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Erwin\n        Rommel]]]] \\n[[File:Jose de la Riva Aguero y Osma.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        de la Riva-Ag\\u00fcero y Osma]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Rudolf Schmundt]],\n        German general (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Benjamin Fondane]], Romanian-French\n        Symbolist poet, critic and existentialist philosopher (gassed in [[Auschwitz\n        concentration camp]]) (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Juli\\u00e1n Felipe]], Filipino musician\n        and bandleader (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Maeda Toshisada]], Japanese politician\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Al Smith]], American politician (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Prince Gustav of Denmark]] (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Wendell Willkie]], American politician (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Ram\\u00f3n Castillo]], Argentinian politician, 25th\n        [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Erwin\n        Rommel]], German field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n**\n        [[Alexander, Prince of Erbach-Sch\\u00f6nberg]] (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Josef Maria\n        Eder]], Austrian chemist (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Isadore\n        Bernstein]], American screenwriter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\n** [[Alois\n        Kayser]], German missionary (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Hilma af Klint]], Swedish\n        abstract painter (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Richard Bennett\n        (actor)|Richard Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Charles Glover Barkla]], British physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Sh\\u014dji Nishimura]],\n        Japanese vice admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n**\n        HRH [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|The Princess Beatrice]], youngest\n        and last surviving child of [[Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Hiroyoshi\n        Nishizawa]], Japanese fighter ace (killed in action) (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        de la Riva-Ag\\u00fcero y Osma]], Peruvian historian, writer and politician,\n        84th [[Prime Minister of Peru]] (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[William Temple (bishop)|William\n        Temple]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Caillaux.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph\n        Caillaux]]]]\\n[[File:Florence Foster Jenkins.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Florence Foster\n        Jenkins]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Ismael P\\u00e9rez Pazmi\\u00f1o]],\n        Ecuadoran writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[Karol Irzykowski]],\n        Polish writer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]], American chemist\n        and inventor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[John Dill]], Field\n        Marshal of the British Army (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Alexis\n        Carrel]], French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\n** [[Max Bergmann]],\n        German biochemist (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Hannah Szenes]], Hungarian World War\n        II heroine (executed) (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Jane Grey\n        (actress)|Jane Grey]], American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 10]] –\n        [[Wang Jingwei]], Chinese statesman, President of the Nanjing-based and Japanese-supported\n        collaborationist Government of the Republic of China (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] – [[George F. Houston]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November\n        13]] \\n** [[Carl Lampert]], Austrian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\\n**\n        [[Friedrich Lorenz]], German [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Trafford Leigh-Mallory]], British aviator and Royal\n        Air Force Air Chief Marshal (plane crash) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – [[Cayetano Santos Godino]], Argentinian serial killer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Maria Rodziewicz\\u00f3wna]], Polish writer (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Ignacio Bol\\u00edvar]], Spanish naturalist and entomologist\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Joseph Caillaux]], French politician\n        and 57th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Arthur Eddington]],\n        British astronomer, physicist and mathematician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November\n        25]] – [[Kenesaw Mountain Landis]], 1st commissioner of [[Major League\n        Baseball]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Florence Foster Jenkins]],\n        American socialite and operatic soprano (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Vassily-Kandinsky.jpeg|thumb|right|100px|[[Wassily\n        Kandinsky]]]]\\n[[File:Brigadier General Vicente Lim.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vicente\n        Lim]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Franciszek Pius Radziwi\\u0142\\u0142]],\n        Polish nobleman and activist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\n** [[Filippo\n        Tommaso Marinetti]], Italian poet, editor and art theorist, founder of the\n        [[Futurism|Futurist]] movement (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Josef Lh\\u00e9vinne]],\n        Soviet pianist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Prince Andrew of\n        Greece and Denmark]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Roger Bresnahan]],\n        American baseball player and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Laird Cregar]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 11]]\n        – [[Montgomery Cunningham Meigs (1919-1944)|Montgomery Cunningham Meigs]],\n        American WWII heroine (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Bernard Chrzanowski]],\n        Polish activist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Wassily Kandinsky]],\n        Russian-born artist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Lupe V\\u00e9lez]], Mexican actress\n        (suicide) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Glenn Miller]], American\n        band leader (accident) (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 19]] – King [[Abbas\n        II of Egypt]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Harry Langdon]],\n        American comedian (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[George Bellamy\n        (actor)|George Bellamy]], British actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[S\\u00e1ra Salkah\\u00e1zi]], Hungarian religious sister and blessed (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]] – [[Romain Rolland]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 31]] –\n        [[Vicente Lim]], Filipino general of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Gerald Haxton]], companion and secretary\n        to novelist/playwright [[W. Somerset Maugham]] (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Isidor\n        Isaac Rabi]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Otto Hahn]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Joseph Erlanger]],\n        [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Johannes V. Jensen]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[International\n        Committee of the Red Cross]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|32em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1944}}\\n[[Category:1944|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T02:46:57Z\",\"lastrevid\":799827732,\"length\":109595,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1944&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944\"},\"34624\":{\"pageid\":34624,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1945\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T05:55:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1945}}\\n{{Events by month|1945}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1945}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1945}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\nBelow,\n        events of [[World War II]] have the \\\"WWII\\\" prefix.\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-32279-007, KZ Auschwitz, Eingang.jpg|thumb|upright| [[January 27]]:\n        The Soviet [[Red Army]] liberates [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]].]]\\n*\n        January – WWII: [[Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine]] continues;\n        the [[United States Army]] crosses the [[Siegfried Line]].\\n* [[January 1]]\n        – WWII:\\n** [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] begins [[Operation Bodenplatte]],\n        an attempt by the ''''[[Luftwaffe]]'''' to cripple [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]\n        air forces in the [[Low Countries]].\\n** The [[Chenogne massacre]] in which\n        German prisoners are allegedly killed by American forces near the village\n        of Chenogne, Belgium. \\n* [[January 5]] – Australia recognizes the [[Polish\n        Committee of National Liberation]] as the government of Poland.\\n* [[January\n        6]] – A German offensive recaptures [[Esztergom]], [[Hungary]] from\n        the Russians.\\n* [[January 7]] – WWII: British General [[Bernard Montgomery,\n        1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]] holds a press conference\n        at [[Zonhoven]] describing his role at the [[Battle of the Bulge]].\\n* [[January\n        12]] – WWII: The [[Soviet Union]] begins the [[Vistula\\u2013Oder Offensive]]\n        in Eastern Europe against the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the [[East Prussian Offensive]]\n        to eliminate German forces in [[East Prussia]].\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        WWII: [[Adolf Hitler]] takes residence in the ''''[[F\\u00fchrerbunker]]''''\n        in Berlin.\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** WWII: The [[Soviet Union]] occupies [[Warsaw]],\n        Poland.\\n** The Holocaust: A Soviet patrol arrests [[Raoul Wallenberg]] in\n        Hungary.\\n* [[January 18]] – [[The Holocaust]]: The [[SS]] begins evacuation\n        of [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. Nearly 60,000 prisoners, mostly Jews,\n        are forced to march to other locations in Germany; as many as 15,000 die.\n        The 7,000 too sick to move are left without supplies being distributed.\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – The Holocaust: Soviet forces liberate the [[\\u0141\\u00f3d\\u017a\n        Ghetto]]; only 877 Jews of the initial population of 164,000 remain at this\n        time.\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is [[Fourth inauguration\n        of Franklin D. Roosevelt|sworn in]] for a fourth term as President of the\n        United States, the only President ever to exceed two terms.\\n* [[January 23]]\n        – WWII:\\n** Hungary agrees to an [[armistice]] with the [[Allies of\n        World War II|Allies]].\\n** German Grand Admiral [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]] orders\n        the start of [[Operation Hannibal]], the mass evacuation by sea of German\n        troops and civilians from the [[Courland Pocket]], [[Evacuation of East Prussia|East\n        Prussia]] and the [[Polish Corridor]] evacuating an estimated 800,000-900,000\n        German civilians and 350,000 soldiers from advancing Soviet forces.\\n* [[January\n        24]] – WWII: [[Associated Press|AP]] [[war correspondent]] [[Joseph\n        Morton (correspondent)|Joseph Morton]], nine [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]]\n        men, and four [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] agents are executed by\n        the Germans at [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] under Hitler''s [[Commando\n        Order]] of 1942 which stipulates the immediate execution of all captured Allied\n        [[commando]]s or [[sabotage|saboteurs]] without trial, even those in proper\n        uniforms. Morton is the only [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] correspondent\n        to be executed by the [[Axis powers|Axis]] during the war.\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – WWII: Infantry action at [[Holtzwihr]], France, for which [[Audie\n        Murphy]] is awarded the [[Medal of Honor]].{{cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/audie_murphy.html\n        |title=ANC-AMurphy |publisher=Arlingtoncemetery.org |accessdate=2012-01-16\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915120514/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/audie_murphy.html\n        |archivedate=September 15, 2010 |df= }}\\n* [[January 27]] – [[The\n        Holocaust]]: The Soviet [[Red Army]] liberates the [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp|Auschwitz]] and Birkenau concentration camps.\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        WWII: Supplies begin to reach China over the newly reopened [[Burma Road]].\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – WWII: \\n** {{MV|Wilhelm Gustloff}}, with over 10,000\n        mainly civilian Germans from Gotenhafen ([[Gdynia]]) is sunk in [[Gda\\u0144sk\n        Bay]] by three [[torpedo]]es from the [[Soviet submarine S-13|Soviet submarine\n        ''''S-13'''']] in the [[Baltic Sea]]; up to 9,400, 5,000 of whom are children,\n        are thought to have died \\u2013 the greatest loss of life in a single ship\n        sinking in war action in history.\\n** [[Raid at Cabanatuan]]: 121 American\n        soldiers and 800 Filipino guerrillas free 813 American [[prisoners of war]]\n        from the Japanese-held camp in the city of [[Cabanatuan]] in the [[Philippines]].\\n**\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] makes his last public speech to be delivered personally,\n        on broadcast radio, expressing the belief that Germany will triumph.\\n* [[January\n        31]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Battle of Hill 170]] in the Burma Campaign ends\n        with the British [[3rd Commando Brigade]] defeating the [[54th Division (Imperial\n        Japanese Army)|Imperial Japanese Army 54th Division]] causing the [[Twenty-Eighth\n        Army (Japan)|Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army]] to withdraw from the [[Rakhine\n        State|Arakan]] peninsula.\\n** [[Eddie Slovik]] is executed by firing squad\n        near [[Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines]] for [[desertion]], the only U.S. soldier since\n        the [[American Civil War]] ever executed for this offense.\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n[[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|The\n        \\\"Big Three\\\" at the [[Yalta Conference]]: [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]] and [[Joseph Stalin]], February 2, 1945.]]\\n[[File:USMC-M-IwoJima-cvr.jpg|thumb|During\n        the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]], U.S. Marines land on [[Iwo Jima|the island]],\n        February 19, 1945.]]\\n* February\\n**[[Anne Frank]] dies of [[typhus]] in the\n        [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]], [[Lower Saxony]], Germany.{{cite\n        news | url=http://www.annefrank.org/ImageVaultFiles/id_17318/cf_21/def_AFS_one_day_2015.PDF\n        |title=One day they simply weren\\u2019t there any more... |work=anne frank\n        house |date=March 2015 |accessdate=11 April 2015}}\\n**Raymond L. Libby\n        of [[American Cyanamid]]''s research laboratories at [[Stamford, Connecticut]],\n        announces a method of orally administering the antibiotic [[penicillin]].{{cite\n        news|title=Penicillin Pills May Replace Injection|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19450216&id=N0waAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7wwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2626,3158721|newspaper=[[The\n        Milwaukee Sentinel]]|date=1945-02-16|accessdate=2012-05-22}}\\n* [[February\n        3]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]]: United\n        States forces enter the outskirts of [[Manila]] to capture it from the [[Imperial\n        Japanese Army|Japanese Imperial Army]], starting the battle.\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] agrees to enter the [[Pacific War]] against Japan once hostilities\n        against Germany are concluded.\\n* [[February 4]]\\u2013[[February 11|11]] –\n        WWII: [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] leader [[Joseph Stalin]] hold the [[Yalta Conference]].\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – French writer [[Robert Brasillach]] is executed for\n        [[Collaborationism|collaboration]] with the Germans.\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        WWII: General [[Douglas MacArthur]] returns to [[Manila]].\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Walter Ulbricht]] becomes leader of the German [[communism|Communists]]\n        in Moscow.\\n** WWII: \\\"[[Black Friday (1945)|Black Friday]]\\\": A force of\n        Allied [[Bristol Beaufighter]] aircraft suffers heavy casualties in an unsuccessful\n        attack on [[German destroyer Z33|German destroyer ''''Z33'''']] and escorting\n        vessels sheltering in [[F\\u00f8rde Fjord]], Norway.\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        WWII: 3,608 drown when the [[troopship]] {{SS|General von Steuben}} is sunk\n        by the [[Soviet submarine S-13|Soviet submarine ''''S-13'''']].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?59620|title=SS General von Steuben\n        [+1945]|publisher=WreckSite|accessdate=2010-12-06}}\\n* [[February 10]]\\u2013[[February\n        20|20]] – WWII: [[Operation Kita]]: The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] returns\n        \\\"Completion Force\\\", containing both its [[Ise-class battleship|''''Ise''''-class\n        battleship]]s, safely from [[Singapore]] to [[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]] in Japan\n        despite [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] attacks.\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        WWII:\\n** [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces [[Siege of Budapest|capture]] [[Budapest]],\n        Hungary, from the [[Nazism|Nazis]].\\n** [[Royal Air Force]] and [[United States\n        Army Air Forces]] [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II|bombing of Dresden]],\n        Germany. 22,000-25,000 are estimated to have died. \\n* [[February 14]] –\n        [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]] join the [[United Nations]].\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Bombing of Wesel in World War II]]\n        begins, destroying 97% of the town over three days. \\n** American and Filipino\n        ground forces land on [[Corregidor]] Island in the [[Philippines]].\\n** Combined\n        American and Filipino forces recapture the [[Bataan]] Peninsula.\\n** [[Venezuela]]\n        declares war on Germany.\\n* [[February 19]]\\u2013[[February 20]] – 980\n        Japanese soldiers die as a result of a killing spree by long saltwater [[crocodile]]s\n        in [[Battle of Ramree Island|Ramree, Burma]].{{cite book|title=Guinness\n        Book of World Records|year=2008|page=137}}\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        WWII – [[Battle of Iwo Jima]]: About 30,000 [[United States Marine Corps|United\n        States Marines]] land on [[Iwo Jima]].\\n* [[February 21]] – The last\n        [[V-2 rocket|V-2]]-rocket is launched from [[Peenem\\u00fcnde]].\\n* [[February\n        22]] –  WWII:\\n** [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Front]]:\n        end of the [[Battle of Monte Castello]], after nearly three months of fighting,\n        [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|Brazilian troops]] expel German forces of\n        a pivot point in the [[Apennine Mountains#Northern Apennines|(Tuscan) North\n        Apennines]], where their artillery was impeding the advance of [[Eighth Army\n        (United Kingdom)|British 8th Army]] toward [[Bologna]];\\n** [[Uruguay]] declares\n        war on Germany and Japan.\\n* [[February 23]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of\n        Iwo Jima]]: A group of [[United States Marine Corps|United States Marines]]\n        reach the top of [[Mount Suribachi]] on the island and are photographed raising\n        the [[flag of the United States|American flag]]. The photo, ''''[[Raising\n        the Flag on Iwo Jima]]'''' (taken by [[Joe Rosenthal]]), later wins a [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]].\\n** The [[11th Airborne Division (United States)|11th Airborne Division]],\n        with [[Filipino people|Filipino]] guerrillas, freed the captives of the [[Los\n        Ba\\u00f1os, Laguna|Los Ba\\u00f1os]] internment camp.\\n** The capital of the\n        [[Philippines]], Manila, is liberated by combined American and Filipino ground\n        troops.\\n** American and Filipino troops enter [[Intramuros|Intramuros, Manila]].\\n**\n        The German garrison in [[Pozna\\u0144]] capitulates to [[Red Army]] and Polish\n        troops.\\n** [[Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II|Bombing of Pforzheim]]:\n        Heaviest of a series of bombing raids on [[Pforzheim]] in Germany by Allied\n        aircraft is carried out by the British [[Royal Air Force]]. As many as 17,600\n        people, or 31.4% of the town''s population, are killed in the raid and about\n        83% of the town''s buildings destroyed, two-thirds of its complete area and\n        between 80 and 100% of the inner city.\\n** [[Turkey]] joins the war on [[Allies\n        of WWII|the Allies'' side]].\\n* [[February 24]] – The Egyptian Premier\n        [[Ahmad Mahir Pasha]] is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.\\n* [[February\n        28]] – In [[Bucharest]], a violent demonstration takes place, during\n        which the ''''bol\\u015fevic'''' group opens fire on the army and protesters.\n        In response, [[Andrei Y. Vishinsky]], [[USSR]] vice commissioner of foreign\n        affairs and president of the Allied Control Commission for [[Romania]], travels\n        to Bucharest to compel [[Nicolae R\\u0103descu]] to resign as premier.\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n* [[March 1]] – President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] gives\n        what will be his last address to a [[joint session of the United States Congress]],\n        reporting on the [[Yalta Conference]].\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** Former U.S. Vice-President\n        [[Henry A. Wallace]] starts his term of office as [[United States Secretary\n        of Commerce|U.S. Secretary of Commerce]], serving under President [[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]].\\n** The rocket-propelled [[Bachem Ba 349]] ''''Natter''''\n        is first test launched at [[Stetten am kalten Markt]]. The launch fails and\n        the pilot, [[Lothar Sieber]], dies.''''Year by Year – 1945''''.\n        [[History International]].\\n* [[March 3]] – WWII:\\n** Finland\n        declares war on the [[Axis powers]].\\n** United States and Filipino troops\n        take [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Manila]], [[Philippines]].\\n** [[Bombing of\n        the Bezuidenhout]]: The British [[Royal Air Force]] accidentally bombs the\n        [[Bezuidenhout]] neighbourhood in [[The Hague]], Netherlands, killing 511\n        people.\\n* [[March 4]] \\n** In the United Kingdom, [[Elizabeth II|The Princess\n        Elizabeth]], later to become Queen Elizabeth II, joins the [[British Army]]''s\n        [[Women''s Auxiliary Territorial Service]] as a truck driver/mechanic.\\n**\n        Football club [[Red Star Belgrade]] (in Serbian: ''''FK Crvena zvezda'''')\n        formed in [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]].\\n* [[March 5]] – WWII: Brazilian\n        troops take Castelnuovo ([[Vergato]]), in the last prior operations for the\n        Allied [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy]].\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** A Communist-led\n        government is formed in [[Romania]] under [[Petru Groza]] following [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] intervention.\\n** Resistance fighters accidentally ambush and\n        attempt to execute SS general [[Hanns Albin Rauter]], the arch-persecutor\n        of the Dutch.\\n* [[March 7]] – WWII: At the end of [[Operation Lumberjack]],\n        American troops seize the [[Ludendorff Bridge]] over the [[Rhine]] at [[Remagen]]\n        in Germany and begin to cross; in the next 10 days 25,000 troops with equipment\n        are able to cross.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Josip Broz Tito]] forms a government\n        in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n** The Nazi authorities\n        kill 117 Dutch men in reprisal for the attempted murder of [[Hanns Albin Rauter]].\\n**\n        [[Operation Sunrise (World War II)|Operation Sunrise]]: [[Waffen-SS]] General\n        [[Karl Wolff]] meets with [[Allen Welsh Dulles]] of the United States [[Office\n        of Strategic Services]] at [[Lucerne]] in neutral Switzerland to negotiate\n        surrender of the [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces in Italy to the [[Allies of World\n        War II|Allies]].\\n* [[March 9]]\\u2013[[March 10|10]] – WWII: [[Bombing\n        of Tokyo]]: \\\"Operation Meetinghouse\\\" – [[USAAF]] [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]]\n        [[bomber]]s flying from the [[Mariana Islands]] attack Tokyo, Japan, with\n        [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]], killing 100,000 citizens in the firebombing.\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – The film ''''[[Children of Paradise|Les Enfants du Paradis]]''''\n        premieres in Paris.\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** The [[Empire of Japan]] establishes\n        the [[Empire of Vietnam]], a [[puppet state]] which will last only until August\n        23, with [[B\\u1ea3o \\u0110\\u1ea1i]] as its ruler.\\n** [[Sammarinese general\n        election, 1945|Sammarinese general election]] gives [[San Marino]] the world''s\n        first democratically elected [[communist]] government, which will hold power\n        to [[1957]].{{cite book|editor1=[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, Dieter]] |editor2=St\\u00f6ver,\n        Philip |year=2010|title=Elections in Europe: A data handbook|location=Baden-Baden|publisher=Nomos|page=1678|isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7}}{{cite\n        book|first=Alan James|last=Mayne|title=From Politics Past to Politics Future:\n        An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&pg=PA59|accessdate=2013-08-31|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood\n        Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96151-0|page=59}}\\n* [[March 12]] –\n        WWII: [[Swinem\\u00fcnde]] is destroyed by the USAAF killing an estimated 8,000\n        to 23,000 civilians, mostly refugees saved by [[Operation Hannibal]].\\n* [[March\n        15]]–[[March 31|31]] – WWII: The Soviet [[Red Army]] carries out\n        the [[Upper Silesian Offensive]].\\n* [[March 15]] – The [[17th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held, broadcast via radio for the first time. [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] goes to ''''[[Going My Way]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Iwo Jima]] unofficially ends, with\n        pockets of guerrilla resistance persisting until the official conclusion of\n        the battle.\\n* [[March 17]] – WWII: [[Kobe]], Japan [[Bombing of Kobe\n        in World War II|is fire-bombed]] by 331 [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] bombers,\n        killing over 8,000 people.\\n* [[March 18]] – WWII: 1,250 American bombers\n        attack Berlin.\\n* [[March 19]] – WWII:\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] orders that\n        all industries, military installations, machine shops, transportation facilities\n        and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed.\\n** Off the coast of\n        Japan, bombers hit the [[aircraft carrier]] [[USS Franklin (CV-13)|USS ''''Franklin'''']],\n        killing about 800 of her crewmen and crippling the ship.\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        WWII:\\n** British troops liberate [[Mandalay]], [[Burma]].\\n** [[Bulgaria]]n\n        and [[Soviet]] troops successfully defend the north bank of the [[Drava River]]\n        as the [[Battle of the Transdanubian Hills]] concludes.\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Arab League]] is formed with the adoption of a charter in [[Cairo]], Egypt.\\n**\n        [[Hildesheim Cathedral]] in Germany is destroyed in an air raid.\\n* [[March\n        24]]\\n** WWII – [[Operation Varsity]]: Two airborne divisions capture\n        bridges across the [[Rhine|Rhine River]] to aid the Allied advance.\\n** The\n        cartoon character [[Sylvester (Looney Tunes)|Sylvester the cat]] debuts in\n        ''''[[Life with Feathers]]''''.\\n* [[March 26]] – WWII: The [[Battle\n        of Iwo Jima]] officially ends, with the destruction of the remaining areas\n        of Japanese resistance.\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** WWII: The [[Red Army]] almost\n        destroys the [[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 4th Army]] in the [[Heiligenbeil\n        Pocket]] in [[East Prussia]].\\n** The \\\"Clash of Titans\\\": [[George Mikan]]\n        and [[Bob Kurland]] duel at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square\n        Garden]] in New York as [[Oklahoma State University\\u2013Stillwater|Oklahoma\n        State University]] defeats [[DePaul University|DePaul]] 52\\u201344 in [[basketball]].\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Red Army]] pushes most of the Axis forces\n        out of Hungary into Austria.\\n** [[Alger Hiss]] is congratulated in Moscow\n        for his part in bringing positions of Western powers and the Soviet Union\n        closer to each other at the [[Yalta Conference]].\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Yamato\n        battleship explosion.jpg|thumb|The [[Japanese battleship Yamato|Japanese battleship\n        ''''Yamato'''']] explodes after persistent attacks from U.S. aircraft during\n        the [[Battle of Okinawa]], 7 April 1945.]]\\n[[File:Stars & Stripes & Hitler\n        Dead2.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]], along with his wife [[Eva Braun]], [[Death\n        of Adolf Hitler|committed suicide]] on 30 April 1945.]]\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        WWII: [[Battle of Okinawa]]: The [[Tenth United States Army]] lands on [[Okinawa\n        Prefecture|Okinawa]].\\n* [[April 4]] – WWII:\\n** American troops liberate\n        their first Nazi concentration camp, [[Ohrdruf concentration camp|Ohrdruf]]\n        [[extermination camp]] in Germany.\\n** The [[Red Army]] enters [[Bratislava]]\n        and pushes to the outskirts of [[Vienna]], taking it on April 13 after several\n        days of intense fighting.\\n* [[April 6]] – WWII:\\n** [[Sarajevo]] is\n        liberated from [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (a\n        [[fascist]] [[puppet state]]) by [[Yugoslav Partisans]].\\n** The [[Battle\n        of Slater''s Knoll]] on [[Bougainville Island]] concludes with a decisive\n        victory for the [[Australian Army]]''s [[7th Brigade (Australia)|7th Brigade]].\\n**\n        Allied forces reach [[Merkers Adventure Mines|Merkers Salt Mines]] in [[Thuringia]]\n        where gold reserves of the Nazi German [[Reichsbank]] are stored.\\n* [[April\n        7]] – WWII:\\n** The only flight of the German ramming unit known as\n        the [[Sonderkommando Elbe]] takes place, resulting in the loss of some 24\n        [[B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17s]] and [[B-24 Liberator|B-24s]] of the United\n        States [[Eighth Air Force]].\\n** The {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato}} is\n        sunk {{convert|200|mi|km}} north of [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] while en\n        route on a [[Operation Ten-Go|suicide mission]].\\n** [[Kantar\\u014d Suzuki]]\n        becomes [[Prime Minister of Japan]].\\n* [[April 8]] – The [[SS]] begins\n        to evacuate the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]]; inmates in the [[Buchenwald\n        Resistance]] call for American aid and overpower and kill the remaining guards.\\n*\n        [[April 9]]\\n** WWII: The [[Battle of K\\u00f6nigsberg]], in [[East Prussia]],\n        ends with Soviet forces capturing the city.\\n** [[Abwehr]] conspirators [[Wilhelm\n        Canaris]], [[Hans Oster]] and [[Hans von Dohn\\u00e1nyi]] are hanged at Flossenberg\n        concentration camp, along with pastor [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]].\\n** [[Johann\n        Georg Elser]], would-be assassin of [[Adolf Hitler]], is executed at [[Dachau\n        concentration camp]].\\n* [[April 10]] – WWII: [[Visoko]] is liberated\n        by the 7th, 9th and 17th Krajina Brigades from the Tenth Division of [[Yugoslav\n        Partisans|Yugoslav Partisan]] forces.\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Buchenwald\n        concentration camp]] is liberated by the [[United States Army]].\\n* [[April\n        12]]\\n** President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dies suddenly at [[Warm Springs,\n        Georgia]]; Vice President [[Harry S. Truman]] becomes the 33rd President of\n        the United States and is [[First inauguration of Harry S. Truman|sworn in]]\n        that evening in the [[White House]].\\n** WWII: The [[Ninth United States Army|U.S.\n        Ninth Army]] under General [[William H. Simpson]] crosses the [[Elbe|Elbe\n        River]] astride [[Magdeburg]] and reaches [[Tangerm\\u00fcnde]] \\u2014 only\n        50 miles from [[Berlin]].\\n* [[April 14]] – WWII: The [[First Canadian\n        Army]] assumes military control of the Netherlands where German forces are\n        trapped in the Atlantic wall fortifications along the coastline.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldwar-2.net/timelines/war-in-europe/western-europe/western-europe-index-1945.htm|title=1945|work=A\n        WW2 Timeline|publisher=Worldwar-2.net|accessdate=2012-11-07}}\\n* [[April\n        15]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] is liberated\n        by British and Canadian forces.\\n** The Canadian First Army reaches the coast\n        in the northern [[Netherlands]] and captures [[Arnhem]].\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Berlin]] begins, opening with the [[Battle of the Oder\\u2013Neisse]]\n        and the [[Battle of the Seelow Heights]].\\n** Canadian forces take [[Harlingen,\n        Friesland|Harlingen]], and occupy [[Leeuwarden]] and [[Groningen]] in the\n        Netherlands.\\n** 7000-8000 drown when ''''[[Goya (ship)|Goya]]'''' is sunk\n        by [[Soviet submarine L-3]].\\n* [[April 17]] – WWII:\\n** [[Brazilian\n        Expeditionary Force|Brazilian]] forces liberate the town of [[Montese]], Italy,\n        from German forces.\\n** [[Inundation of the Wieringermeer]] in the Netherlands\n        by occupying German forces.\\n* [[April 18]] – American [[war correspondent]]\n        [[Ernie Pyle]] is killed by Japanese [[machine gun]] fire on the island of\n        [[Iejima|Ie Shima]] off [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]].\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Carousel (musical)|Carousel]]'''', a\n        musical play based on [[Ferenc Moln\\u00e1r]]''s ''''[[Liliom]]'''', opens\n        on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and becomes their second long-running stage\n        classic.\\n* [[April 20]] – WWII: On his 56th birthday [[Adolf Hitler]]\n        leaves his [[F\\u00fchrerbunker]] to decorate a group of [[Hitler Youth]] soldiers\n        in Berlin. It will be his last trip to the surface from his underground bunker.\n        \\n* [[April 22]] – WWII:\\n** [[Heinrich Himmler]], through [[Folke Bernadotte]],\n        Count of Wisborg, puts forth an offer of German surrender to the Western Allies,\n        but not the Soviet Union.\\n** [[Adolf Hitler]] privately concedes defeat in\n        his underground Berlin bunker after learning [[Felix Steiner]] cannot mobilize\n        enough men to launch a counterattack on the [[Soviet Union]] which has just\n        broken through Germany.\\n* [[April 23]] – WWII: [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]]\n        sends the [[G\\u00f6ring Telegram]] to Hitler seeking confirmation that he\n        should take over leadership of Germany in accordance with the decree of 29\n        June 1941. Hitler regards this as treason.\\n* [[April 24]] – Retreating\n        [[Wehrmacht|German troops]] destroy all the bridges over the [[Adige]] in\n        [[Verona]], including the historic [[Castelvecchio Bridge|Ponte di Castelvecchio]]\n        and [[Ponte Pietra (Verona)|Ponte Pietra]].\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** Founding negotiations\n        for the [[United Nations]] begin in [[San Francisco]].\\n** WWII – [[Elbe\n        Day]]: United States and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops link up at the [[Elbe|Elbe\n        River]], cutting Germany in two.\\n* [[April 25]]\\u2013[[April 26|26]] –\n        WWII: Last major [[strategic bombing]] raid by [[RAF Bomber Command]], the\n        destruction of the oil refinery at [[T\\u00f8nsberg]] in southern Norway by\n        107 [[Avro Lancaster]]s.\\n* [[April 26]] – WWII:\\n** [[Battle of Bautzen\n        (1945)|Battle of Bautzen]]: The last \\\"successful\\\" German panzer-offensive\n        in [[Bautzen]] ends with the city recaptured.\\n** The [[3rd Infantry Division\n        (United Kingdom)|British 3rd Infantry Division]] under [[Lashmer Whistler|General\n        Whistler]] captures Bremen.{{cite book|first=John|last=Smythe|title=Bolo\n        Whistler: The Life of General Sir Lashmer Whistler|location=London|publisher=Muller|year=1967}}\\n**\n        Nazi surrenders mean the British and Canadians now control the German border\n        with Switzerland from [[Basle]] to [[Lake Constance]].\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        U.S. Ordnance troops find the coffins of [[Frederick William I of Prussia]],\n        [[Frederick the Great]], [[Paul von Hindenburg]], and his wife.\\n** The Western\n        Allies flatly reject any offer of surrender by Germany other than unconditional\n        on all fronts.\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Benito Mussolini]] and his mistress,\n        [[Clara Petacci]], are executed by Italian partisans as they attempt to flee\n        the country. Their bodies are then hung by their heels in the public square\n        of [[Milan]].\\n** The Canadian First Army captures [[Emden]] and [[Wilhelmshaven]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** At the royal palace in [[Caserta]], Lieutenant-Colonel Viktor\n        von Schweinitz (representing General [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]]) and SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer\n        Eugen Wenner (representing [[Waffen-SS]] General [[Karl Wolff]]) sign an unconditional\n        instrument of surrender for all [[Axis powers]] forces in Italy, taking effect\n        on [[May 2]]. Italian General [[Rodolfo Graziani]] orders the ''''[[Esercito\n        Nazionale Repubblicano]]'''' forces under his command to lay down their arms.\\n**\n        [[Dachau concentration camp]] is surrendered to U.S. forces, who kill SS guards\n        at the camp and the nearby hamlet of Webling.{{cite web|first=George\n        R.|last=Duncan|title=Massacres and Atrocities of World War II|url=http://compunews.com/gus/massacres.htm|accessdate=2015-10-15}}\\n**\n        [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|Brazilian]] forces liberate the commune of\n        [[Fornovo di Taro]], Italy, from German forces.\\n** [[Operations Manna and\n        Chowhound|Operation Manna]]: British [[Avro Lancaster]] bombers drop food\n        into the Netherlands to prevent the starvation of the civilian population.\\n**\n        [[Adolf Hitler]] marries his longtime mistress [[Eva Braun]] in a closed civil\n        ceremony in the Berlin [[F\\u00fchrerbunker]] and signs [[Last will and testament\n        of Adolf Hitler|his last will and testament]].\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Death\n        of Adolf Hitler]]: Adolf Hitler and his wife of one day, Eva Braun, commit\n        suicide as the [[Red Army]] approaches the F\\u00fchrerbunker in Berlin. [[Karl\n        D\\u00f6nitz]] succeeds Hitler as [[President of Germany (1919\\u201345)|President\n        of Germany]] (''''Reichspr\\u00e4sident'''') and [[Joseph Goebbels]] succeeds\n        as [[Chancellor of Germany]] (''''Reichskanzler''''), in accordance with Hitler''s\n        political testament of the previous day.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* May – [[Interpol]]\n        (being headquartered in Berlin) effectively ceases to exist (it is recreated\n        on [[June 3]], [[1946]]).\\n* [[May 1]] – WWII:\\n** [[Hamburg]] Radio\n        announces that Hitler has died in battle, \\\"fighting up to his last breath\n        against [[Bolshevik|Bolshevism]].\\\"\\n** [[Joseph Goebbels]] and his wife [[Magda\n        Goebbels|Magda]] commit suicide after killing their [[Goebbels children|six\n        children]]. Karl D\\u00f6nitz appoints [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk]] as\n        the new [[Chancellor of Germany]] in the [[Flensburg Government]].\\n** Troops\n        of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] 4th Army, together\n        with the [[Slovenes|Slovene]] 9th Corpus NOV, enter [[Trieste]].\\n** [[Mass\n        suicide in Demmin]]. An estimated 700\\u20132,500 suicides take place after\n        80% of the town was destroyed by Soviets during the past three days. \\n* [[May\n        2]] – WWII:\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] announces the [[Battle of Berlin#Breakout\n        and surrender|fall of Berlin]]. Soviet soldiers hoist the [[Red flag (politics)|Red\n        flag]] over the ''''[[Reich Chancellery#New Reich Chancellery|Reich Chancellery]]''''.[[File:Prague liberation 1945\n        konev.jpg|thumb|Prague liberated by [[Red Army]] in May 1945.]]\\n** [[L\\u00fcbeck]]\n        is liberated by the [[British Army]].\\n** Surrender of [[Axis powers|Axis]]\n        troops in Italy comes into effect.\\n** Troops of the [[New Zealand Army]]\n        [[2nd Division (New Zealand)|2nd Division]] enter [[Trieste]] a day after\n        the [[Yugoslavs]]; the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] in [[Trieste]]\n        surrenders to the [[New Zealand Army]].\\n** Following the death or resignation\n        of the [[Hitler Cabinet]] in Germany, the [[Schwerin von Krosigk cabinet]]\n        first meets.\\n** [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] near [[Hamburg]] is evacuated\n        at about this date.\\n** Expatriate American poet [[Ezra Pound]] is arrested\n        by the [[Italian resistance movement]]; released by them, on [[May 5]] he\n        turns himself in to the [[United States Army]] and is imprisoned as a traitor.\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – WWII:\\n** The [[prison ship]]s ''''[[Cap Arcona]]'''' (5,000\n        dead), ''''[[SS Thielbek (1940)|Thielbek]]'''' (2,750 dead) and ''''[[SS Deutschland\n        (1923)|Deutschland]]'''' (All survived) are sunk by the British [[Royal Air\n        Force]] in [[L\\u00fcbeck]] Bay.\\n** Rocket scientist [[Wernher von Braun]]\n        and 120 members of his team surrender to U.S. forces (later going on to help\n        to start the U.S. space program).\\n** German Protestant theologian [[Gerhard\n        Kittel]] is arrested by the French forces in T\\u00fcbingen, Germany.\\n* [[May\n        4]] – WWII:\\n** [[German surrender at L\\u00fcneburg Heath]]: All German\n        armed forces in northwest Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands surrender unconditionally\n        to Field Marshal [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard\n        Montgomery]], officially coming into effect on May 5 at 08:00 hours British\n        Double (and German) Summer Time.\\n** The Netherlands is liberated by British\n        and Canadian troops.{{cite web|url=http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/lib.htm\n        |title=Liberatione |publisher=Lib.usc.edu |date=1945-05-04 |accessdate=2012-01-16\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414115418/http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/lib.htm\n        |archivedate=April 14, 2016 |df= }}\\n** Denmark is liberated.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.befrielsen1945.dk/tidslinje/index.html|title=Befrielsen\n        1945 – Tidslinje|publisher=Befrielsen1945.dk|date=2012-01-02|accessdate=2012-01-16}}\\n**\n        Admiral [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]] orders all [[U-boat]]s to cease offensive operations\n        and return to bases in Norway.{{cite web|title=U-Boats that Surrendered|first=Derek|last=Waller|url=http://www.uboat.net/articles/79.html|work=u-boat.net|date=2010-09-25|accessdate=2014-11-14}}\\n**\n        The [[Holy Crown of Hungary]] is found by the [[86th Infantry Division (United\n        States)|United States Army 86th Infantry Division]]. The United States government\n        keeps the crown in [[Fort Knox]] for safekeeping from the Soviets until it\n        is returned to [[Hungary]] on 6 January [[1978]].\\n**[[German auxiliary cruiser\n        Orion]] is sunk on her way to [[Copenhagen]] carrying refugees; with a loss\n        of over 3,800 lives.\\n* [[May 5]] – WWII:\\n** [[Prague uprising]]: [[Prague]]\n        rises up against occupying Nazi forces.\\n** The [[11th Armored Division (United\n        States)|US 11th Armored Division]] liberates the prisoners of [[Mauthausen-Gusen\n        concentration camp|Mauthausen concentration camp]], including [[Simon Wiesenthal]].[[File:Americans\n        on Okinawa hear of victory in Europe.jpg|thumb|American soldiers fighting\n        in the [[Pacific War|Pacific]] theater listen to radio reports of [[Victory\n        in Europe Day]] on May 8, 1945.]]\\n** Canadian soldiers liberate the city\n        of [[Amsterdam]] from [[Nazism|Nazi]] occupation.\\n** A Japanese [[fire balloon]]\n        kills five children and a woman, Elsie Mitchell, near [[Bly, Oregon]], when\n        it explodes as they drag it from the woods. They are the only people killed\n        by an enemy attack on the American mainland during WWII.\\n** [[Yosemite Sam]],\n        a cartoon character debuts in ''''[[Hare Trigger]]''''.\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** WWII:\n        [[Mildred Gillars]] (\\\"Axis Sally\\\") delivers her last [[propaganda]] broadcast\n        to [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] troops (the first was on December 11,\n        [[1941]]).\\n** [[Holocaust]]: [[Ebensee concentration camp]] in Austria is\n        liberated by troops of the [[80th Division (United States)]].\\n* [[May 6]]\\u2013[[May\n        7|7]] – The government of the [[Independent State of Croatia]], the\n        Nazi-affiliated fascist puppet state established in  occupied [[Kingdom of\n        Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], flees [[Zagreb]] for a location near [[Klagenfurt]]\n        in Austria rather than fall into the hands of the [[Yugoslav Partisans]],\n        initiating the [[Bleiburg repatriations]].{{cite web|url=http://www.feldgrau.com/a-croatia.html|title=Croatian\n        Axis Forces in WWII|first=Allen|last=Milcic|accessdate=2012-06-28}}{{cite\n        journal|last=Dizdar|first=Zdravko|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en|language=Croatian|title=Prilog\n        istra\\u017eivanju problema Bleiburga i kri\\u017enih putova (u povodu 60. obljetnice)|trans_title=An\n        addition to the research of the problem of Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross\n        (dedicated to their 60th anniversary)|pages=117\\u2013193|journal=The Review\n        of Senj|volume=32|number=1|issn=0582-673X|publisher=City Museum Senj; Senj\n        Museum Society|location=[[Senj]], Croatia|accessdate=2012-05-28|date=December\n        2005}}\\n* [[May 7]] – WWII: General [[Alfred Jodl]] signs the\n        unconditional [[German Instrument of Surrender]] at [[Reims]], France, ending\n        Germany''s participation in the war, officially coming into effect on May\n        8 at 23:01 hours Central European Time (00:01 hours May 9 German Summer Time).\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – WWII:\\n** [[Victory in Europe Day]] (V-E Day) observed by\n        the western European powers as [[Nazi Germany]] surrenders, marking the end\n        of WWII in Europe.\\n** Shortly before midnight (May 9 Moscow time) the final\n        [[German Instrument of Surrender]] is signed at the seat of the Soviet Military\n        Administration in Berlin-[[Karlshorst]], attended by representatives of the\n        [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].\\n** Canadian troops move into [[Amsterdam]],\n        after German troops surrender.\\n** Surrender of the [[Dodecanese]] is signed\n        in [[Symi]].\\n** The British 8th Army, together with Slovene partisan troops\n        and a motorized detachment of the Yugoslav 4th Army, arrives in [[Carinthia\n        (state)|Carinthia]] and [[Klagenfurt]]. The [[Croatian Armed Forces (Independent\n        State of Croatia)|Croatian Armed Forces]] of the [[Independent State of Croatia]]\n        are ordered by their commanders not to surrender to the [[Yugoslav Partisans]]\n        but to attempt to retreat to Austria and surrender to the British, part of\n        the events leading to the [[Bleiburg repatriations]].\\n* [[May 8]]\\u2013[[May\n        29|29]] – [[S\\u00e9tif and Guelma massacre]]: In [[Algeria]], thousands\n        die as French troops and released Italian POWs kill an estimated 6,000 to\n        40,000 Algerian citizens.\\n[[File:Ww2 158.jpg|thumb|alt=a black and white\n        image of two Marines in their combat uniforms. One Marine is providing cover\n        fire with his [[Tommy gun|M1 Thompson submachinegun]] as the other with a\n        [[Browning Automatic Rifle]], prepares to break cover to move to a different\n        position. There are bare sticks and rocks on the ground.|Marines of 1st Marine\n        Division [[Battle of Okinawa|fighting on Okinawa]], May 1945.]]\\n* [[May 9]]\n        – WWII:\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] marks [[Victory in Europe Day|V-E Day]].\\n**\n        The [[Red Army]] enters Prague.\\n** [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] surrenders to\n        the United States Army near [[Radstadt]].\\n** [[Vidkun Quisling]] and other\n        members of the [[Collaborationism|collaborationist]] [[Quisling regime]] in\n        Norway surrender to the Resistance ([[Milorg]]) and [[Norwegian police troops\n        in Sweden during World War II|police]] at [[M\\u00f8llergata 19]] in Oslo as\n        part of the [[legal purge in Norway after World War II]].\\n** General [[Alexander\n        L\\u00f6hr]], Commander of German Army Group E near Topol\\u0161ica, [[Slovenia]],\n        signs the capitulation of German occupation troops.\\n** The [[German occupation\n        of the Channel Islands]] in [[Guernsey]] and [[Jersey]] ends with their liberation\n        by British troops.\\n* [[May 10]] – The [[German occupation of the Channel\n        Islands]] in [[Sark]] ends with their liberation by British troops.  \\n* [[May\n        12]]\\n** [[Argentina|Argentinian]] labour leader Jos\\u00e9 Peter declares\n        the ''''[[Meat Industry Workers Federation]]'''' dissolved.\\n** Rev. [[W.\n        V. Awdry]]''s children''s book ''''[[List of Railway Series books#The Three\n        Railway Engines|The Three Railway Engines]]'''', first of [[The Railway Series]],\n        is published in England.\\n* [[May 14]]\\u2013[[May 15|15]] – WWII –\n        [[Battle of Poljana]]: The last battle of the War in Europe is fought at Poljana\n        near [[Slovenj Gradec]], [[Slovenia]].\\n* [[May 15]] – WWII: –\n        [[Bleiburg repatriations#Surrender at Bleiburg|Surrender at Bleiburg]] : Retreating\n        troops of the [[Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)|Croatian\n        Armed Forces]] of the former puppet [[Independent State of Croatia]] (intermingled\n        with fleeing civilians) attempt to surrender to the British Army at [[Bleiburg]]\n        but are directed to surrender to [[Yugoslav Partisans]] who open fire on them.\n        The remainder, after orders are given by [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]], are force-marched\n        through Croatia and [[Serbia]], interned or massacred, with thousands dying.{{cite\n        book|authorlink=Nicholas Bethell|first=Nicholas|last=Bethell|year=1974|title=The\n        Last Secret|location=London}}{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Palaich|title=Bleiburg\n        Tragedy|year=1991|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKymDoAdLzU|accessdate=2013-08-15}}\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – The [[German occupation of the Channel Islands]] in [[Alderney]]\n        ends with their liberation by British troops.  \\n* [[May 23]]\\n** The [[Flensburg\n        Government]] is dissolved by the Allies and [[President of Germany (1919\\u201345)|President\n        of Germany]] [[Karl D\\u00f6nitz]] and [[Chancellor of Germany]] [[Lutz Graf\n        Schwerin von Krosigk]] are arrested by British forces at [[Flensburg]]. They\n        are respectively the last German [[Head of state]] and [[Prime minister|Head\n        of government]] until [[1949]].\\n** [[Heinrich Himmler]], former head of the\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], commits suicide in British custody.\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[William Joyce]] (\\\"[[Lord Haw-Haw]]\\\") is captured. He\n        is later charged with high treason in London for his English-language wartime\n        broadcasts on German radio, convicted, and then hanged in January [[1946]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]]\\n** German communists, led by [[Walter Ulbricht]], arrive in Berlin.\\n**\n        Dutch painter [[Han van Meegeren]] is arrested for collaboration with the\n        Nazis, but the paintings he has sold to [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] (Koch) are\n        later found to be his own fakes.\\n* [[May 30]] – The [[Iran]]ian government\n        demands that all Soviet and British troops leave the country.\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:Montgomery receives Order of Victory HD-SN-99-02756 cropped.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Dwight\n        Eisenhower]] and [[Georgy Zhukov]], June 5, 1945.]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        The British take over [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].\\n* [[June 5]] – The\n        [[Allied Control Council]], military occupation governing body of Germany,\n        formally takes power.\\n* [[June 6]] – King [[Haakon VII of Norway]]\n        returns to Norway.\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] is re-elected\n        as Canadian prime minister.\\n** The Franck Committee recommends against a\n        surprise nuclear bombing of Japan.[http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/1940/1945.htm]\n        {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406133356/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/1940/1945.htm\n        |date=April 6, 2010 }}\\n* [[June 12]] – The [[Socialist Federal\n        Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] Army leaves [[Trieste]], leaving the [[New\n        Zealand Army]] in control.\\n* [[June 21]] – WWII: The [[Battle of Okinawa]]\n        ends with US occupation of the island until [[1972]].\\n* [[June 24]] –\n        WWII: A victory parade is held in [[Red Square]] in Moscow.\\n* [[June 25]]\n        – [[Se\\u00e1n T. O''Kelly]] is elected the second [[President of Ireland]].\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – The [[United Nations Charter]] is signed.\\n* [[June 29]]\n        – [[Czechoslovakia]] cedes [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] to the [[Soviet Union]].\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – Distribution of [[John von Neumann]]''s ''''[[First Draft\n        of a Report on the EDVAC]]'''', containing the first published description\n        of the logical design of a computer with [[Stored-program computer|stored-program]]\n        and instruction data stored in the same address space within the memory ([[von\n        Neumann architecture]]).\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Trinity shot color.jpg|thumb|145px|right|\n        [[July 16]]: [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity Test]] at night in [[New Mexico]].]]\\n*\n        Vannevar Bush''s ''''[[As We May Think]]'''' published.{{citation\n        |url=http://aitopics.org/misc/brief-history |title=Brief History (timeline)\n        |work= AI Topics |publisher=[[Association for the Advancement of Artificial\n        Intelligence]] |accessdate=24 August 2016}}\\n* [[July 1]] – WWII:\n        Germany is [[Inner German border|divided]] between the Allied occupation forces.\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – The [[Brazilian cruiser Bahia|Brazilian cruiser \\\"Bahia\\\"]]\n        is sunk by an accidentally induced explosion, killing more than 300 and stranding\n        the survivors in shark-infested waters.\\n* [[July 5]] \\n**Australian Prime\n        Minister [[John Curtin]] dies of a heart attack at age 60.\\n** WWII: The [[Philippines]]\n        are declared liberated.\\n* [[July 8]] – WWII: [[Harry S. Truman]] is\n        informed that Japan will talk peace if it can retain the reign of the Emperor.\\n* [[July 9]] – A [[Wildfire|forest fire]]\n        breaks out in the [[Tillamook Burn]] (the third in that area of [[Oregon]]\n        since [[1933]]).\\n* [[July 14]] – WWII: Italy declares war on Japan.\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – The [[Scott Morrison Award of Minor Hockey Excellence]]\n        was first given; first recipient is [[Gordie Howe]].\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** The\n        [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity Test]], the first of an [[nuclear weapon|atomic\n        bomb]], using about six kilograms of [[plutonium]], succeeds in unleashing\n        an explosion equivalent to that of 19 kilotons of TNT.\\n** A train collision\n        near [[Munich]], Germany kills 102 war prisoners.\\n* [[July 17]]\\u2013[[August\n        2]] – WWII: [[Potsdam Conference]] – At [[Potsdam]], the three\n        main [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] leaders hold their final summit of\n        the war. President Truman officially informs Stalin that the U.S. has a powerful\n        new weapon.\\n* [[July 21]] – WWII: President [[Harry S. Truman]] approves\n        the order for atomic bombs to be used against Japan.\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – WWII: French marshal [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]], who headed\n        the [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] during WWII, goes on trial for treason.\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Winston Churchill]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of the\n        United Kingdom]] after his [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]\n        is soundly defeated by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the [[United\n        Kingdom general election, 1945|1945 general election]]. [[Clement Attlee]]\n        becomes the new Prime Minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed\n        Britain with a majority in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House\n        of Commons]].{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393271.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1945: Labour landslide buries Churchill|date=April 5, 2005}}\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – The [[Potsdam Declaration]] demands Japan''s unconditional\n        surrender; Article 12 permitting Japan to retain the reign of the Emperor\n        has been deleted by President Truman.\\n* [[July\n        27]] – WWII: [[Bombing of Aomori in World War II|Bombing of Aomori]]\n        – Two [[USAAF]] [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]]s dropped a total of 60,000\n        [[Airborne leaflet propaganda|leaflet]]s on the city of [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]],\n        Japan, warning civilians of an air raid and urge them to leave immediately.\\n*\n        [[July 28]]\\n**A [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] [[B-25\n        Mitchell|B-25]] bomber [[B-25 Empire State Building crash|crashes]] into the\n        [[Empire State Building]], killing 14 people, including all on board.\\n**WWII:\n        Japan ambiguously rejects the [[Potsdam Declaration]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]] \\n** The [[BBC Light Programme]] radio station is launched, aimed\n        at [[mainstream]] light entertainment and [[music]].\\n** WWII: [[Bombing of\n        Aomori in World War II|Bombing of Aomori]]: [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]] is firebombed\n        by 63 [[USAAF]] [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] [[heavy bomber]]s, killing 1,767\n        civilians and destroying 18,045 homes.\\n* [[July 30]] – WWII: The heavy\n        cruiser {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|6}} is hit and sunk by torpedoes from the\n        {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-58|1943|6}} in the [[Philippine Sea]]. Some 900\n        survivors jump into the sea and are adrift for up to four days. Nearly 600\n        die before help arrives. Captain [[Charles B. McVay III]] of the cruiser is\n        later court-martialed and convicted.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|200px|''''August\n        9'''': The mushroom cloud from the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear\n        bomb dropped on Nagasaki]] rising 18 km into the air.]]\\n[[File:Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg|thumb|200px|''''September\n        2'''': Japan signs the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]]\n        aboard the [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS ''''Missouri'''']].]]\\n* [[August 6]]\n        – WWII: [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Atomic bombing of\n        Hiroshima]]: A United States [[B-29 Superfortress]], the [[Enola Gay]], drops\n        an [[nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]], codenamed \\\"[[Little Boy]]\\\", on [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima,\n        Japan]], at 8:15 a.m. (local time). The atomic bombings are believed\n        to have resulted in between 129,000 and 246,000 deaths.\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        U.S. President Harry Truman announces the successful atomic bombing of Hiroshima\n        while he is returning from the Potsdam Conference aboard the U.S. Navy heavy\n        cruiser {{USS|Augusta|CA-31}} in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.\\n* [[August\n        8]]\\n** The [[United Nations Charter]] is ratified by the United States Senate,\n        and this nation becomes the third to join the new international organization.\\n**\n        WWII: The Soviet Union declares war on Japan.\\n* [[August 9]] – WWII:\\n**\n        [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Atomic bombing of Nagasaki]]:\n        A United States [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Bomber]], ''''[[Bockscar]]'''',\n        drops an [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]], codenamed \\\"[[Fat Man]]\\\", on  [[Nagasaki|Nagasaki,\n        Japan]], at 11:02 a.m. (local time).\\n** [[Soviet\\u2013Japanese War (1945)|Soviet\\u2013Japanese\n        War]] opens: The [[Soviet Union]] begins its army offensive against Japan\n        in the northern part of the Japanese-held Chinese region of [[Manchuria]].{{cite\n        web|first=John|last=Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm|title=The\n        Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|accessdate=2012-01-16}}\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – WWII: Japan offers to surrender to the Allies, \\\"provided\n        this does not prejudice the sovereignty of the Emperor\\\".\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**\n        WWII: The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] reply to the Japanese surrender\n        offer by saying that Emperor [[Hirohito]] will be subject to the authority\n        of the [[Supreme Allied Commander|Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces]].\\n**\n        The Holocaust: [[Krak\\u00f3w pogrom]] – [[R\\u00f3\\u017ca Berger]] is\n        shot dead by Polish militia.\\n* [[August 11]]\\u2013[[August 25|25]] –\n        Soviet troops complete occupation of [[Sakhalin]].\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        The [[Zionism|Zionist]] World Congress approaches the British government to\n        discuss the founding of the country of [[Israel]].\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** WWII:\n        Emperor [[Hirohito]] accepts the terms of the [[Potsdam Declaration]]. His\n        recorded announcement of this is smuggled out of the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]].\n        At 19:00 hrs in [[Washington, D.C.]] (23:00 [[GMT]]), U.S. President [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] announces the Japanese surrender.\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** WWII: ''''[[Gyokuon-h\\u014ds\\u014d]]'''':\n        Emperor [[Hirohito]]''s announcement of the unconditional [[surrender of Japan]]\n        is broadcast on the radio a little after noon (12:00 [[Japan Standard Time]]\n        is 03:00 GMT). This is probably the first time an [[Emperor of Japan]] has\n        been heard by the common people. Delivered in formal [[Classical Japanese\n        language|classical Japanese]] and without directly referring to surrender,\n        the recorded speech is not immediately easily understood by ordinary people.\n        The Allies call this day [[Victory over Japan Day]] (V-J Day). This ends the\n        period of [[Japanese militarism|Japanese expansionism]] and begins the period\n        of [[Occupation of Japan]]. Korea gains independence.\\n** The [[August Revolution]]\n        in [[Vietnam]] begins with the [[Viet Minh]] taking over the capital [[Hanoi]],\n        taking advantage of the collapse of Japanese power. \\n** Provisional [[International\n        Civil Aviation Organization]] founded as a specialized agency of the [[United\n        Nations]].\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** Philippines President [[Jos\\u00e9 P. Laurel]]\n        issues an Executive Proclamation putting an end to the [[Second Philippine\n        Republic]], thus ending to his term as President of the Philippines.\\n** [[Proclamation\n        of Indonesian Independence]]: Indonesian nationalists [[Sukarno]] and [[Mohammad\n        Hatta]] declare the independence of the Republic of [[Indonesia]], with Sukarno\n        as president and [[Mohammad Hatta]] as vice-president, igniting the [[Indonesian\n        National Revolution]] against the [[Dutch Empire]].\\n** The [[Allegory|allegorical]]\n        [[dystopia]]n [[novella]] ''''[[Animal Farm]]'''' by [[George Orwell]], a\n        [[satire]] on [[Stalinism]], is first published by [[Fredric Warburg]] in\n        London.\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Chinese Civil War]]: [[Mao Zedong]] and\n        [[Chiang Kai-shek]] meet in [[Chongqing]] to discuss an end to hostilities\n        between the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] and the [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]].\\n*\n        [[August 23]] – [[Soviet\\u2013Japanese War (1945)|Soviet\\u2013Japanese\n        War]] – [[Joseph Stalin]] orders the detention of [[Japanese prisoners\n        of war in the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[August 30]] – WWII: [[Vietnam]]''s\n        capital [[Hanoi]] is overthrown by the [[Viet Minh]] which ends the French\n        occupation in what becomes [[North Vietnam]] and thus the southern provinces\n        become [[South Vietnam]]. This ends the [[August Revolution]].\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n**  WWII: Allied troops arrest German [[field marshal]] [[Walther von\n        Brauchitsch]].\\n** A team at [[American Cyanamid]]''s Lederle Laboratories,\n        [[Pearl River, New York]], led by [[Yellapragada Subbarow]], announces they\n        have obtained [[folic acid]] in a pure crystalline form.{{Cite journal\n        | last1 = Angier | first1 = R. B. | last2 = Boothe | first2 = J. H. | last3\n        = Hutchings | first3 = B. L. | last4 = Mowat | first4 = J. H. | last5 = Semb\n        | first5 = J. | last6 = Stokstad | first6 = E. L. R. | last7 = Subbarow |\n        first7 = Y. | last8 = Waller | first8 = C. W. | last9 = Cosulich | first9\n        = D. B. | last10 = Fahrenbach | first10 = M. J. | last11 = Hultquist | first11\n        = M. E. | last12 = Kuh | first12 = E. | last13 = Northey | first13 = E. H.\n        | last14 = Seeger | first14 = D. R. | last15 = Sickels | first15 = J. P. |\n        last16 = Smith Jr | first16 = J. M. | title = Synthesis of a Compound Identical\n        with the L. Casei Factor Isolated from Liver | doi = 10.1126/science.102.2644.227\n        | journal = Science | volume = 102 | issue = 2644 | pages = 227\\u2013228 |\n        year = 1945 | pmid =  17778509| pmc = }} This [[vitamin]] is abundant\n        in green [[leaf vegetable]]s, [[liver]], [[kidney]], and [[yeast]].{{cite\n        journal|last1=Hoffbrand|first1=A. V.|last2=Weir|first2=D. G.|year=2001|title=The\n        history of folic acid|journal=[[British Journal of Haematology]]|volume=113|issue=3|pages=579\\u2013589|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02822.x|pmid=11380441}}\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n* [[September 2]] – WWII ends:\\n** Japanese general [[Tomoyuki\n        Yamashita]] surrenders to Filipino and American forces at [[Kiangan, Ifugao]].\\n**\n        The final official [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] is accepted by the\n        Supreme Allied Commander, General [[Douglas MacArthur]], and [[Admiral of\n        the Fleet|Fleet Admiral]] [[Chester W. Nimitz]] for the United States, and\n        delegates from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands,\n        China, and others from a Japanese delegation led by [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]],\n        on board the American battleship USS ''''[[USS Missouri (BB-63)|Missouri]]''''\n        in [[Tokyo Bay]].\\n** General [[Douglas MacArthur]] is given the title of\n        [[Supreme Commander Allied Powers]], and is also tasked with the occupation\n        of Japan.{{cite book|last1=Jessup|first1=John E.|title=A\n        Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945-1985|year=1989|publisher=Greenwood\n        Press|location=New York|isbn=0-313-24308-5}}\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        [[Democratic Republic of Viet Nam]] is officially established, by [[Ho Chi\n        Minh]].\\n* [[September 3]] – The earliest events of\n        the [[Cold War]] begin.\\n* [[September 4]] – WWII: Japanese forces surrender\n        on [[Wake Island]] after hearing word of their country''s surrender.\\n* [[September\n        5]]\\n** [[Iva Toguri D''Aquino]], a [[Japanese American]] suspected of being\n        wartime radio propagandist \\\"[[Tokyo Rose]]\\\", is arrested in [[Yokohama]].\\n**\n        The Russian code clerk [[Igor Gouzenko]] comes forward with numerous documents\n        implicating the Soviet Union in many spy rings in North America: both in the\n        United States and in Canada.\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** American troops occupy\n        [[South Korea|southern]] Korea, while the [[Soviet Union]] occupies the [[North\n        Korea|north]], with the dividing line being the 38th parallel of latitude.\n        This arrangement proves to be the indirect beginning of a divided Korea which\n        will lead to the [[Korean War]] in [[1950]].\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Chiang\n        Kai-shek]] officially accepts the Japanese capitulation at [[Nanking]].\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Vidkun Quisling]] is sentenced\n        to death as a Nazi collaborator, in Norway.\\n* [[September\n        11]]\\n** [[Hideki T\\u014dj\\u014d]], Japanese prime minister during most of\n        WWII, attempts suicide to avoid facing a [[war crime]]s tribunal.\\n** ''''[[Radio\n        Republik Indonesia]]'''' starts broadcasting.\\n** The [[Batu Lintang camp]]\n        in [[Sarawak]], [[Borneo]] is liberated by Australian forces.\\n* [[September\n        12]] – The Japanese Army formally surrenders to the British in [[Singapore]].\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Tropical cyclone|Typhoon Makurazaki]] in Japan\n        kills 3,746 people.\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas\n        Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] demand that all British troops depart India.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:Flag of the United Nations (1945-1947).svg|thumb|220px|\n        [[October 24]]: The [[United Nations]] is formed. This was its flag. The modern\n        version is slightly retouched.]]\\n[[File:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg|thumb|220px|\n        [[October 18]]: [[Nuremberg]] trials begin, after [[Buchenwald concentration\n        camp|Buchenwald]] closed.]]\\n* October – [[Arthur C. Clarke]] puts forward\n        the idea of a [[Geosynchronous satellite|geosynchronous]] [[communications\n        satellite]] in a ''''[[Wireless World]]'''' magazine article.\\n* [[October\n        1]]\\u2013[[October|15]] – [[Operation Backfire (WWII)|Operation Backfire]]:\n        Three [[V-2 rocket|A4 rockets]] are launched near [[Cuxhaven]] in a demonstration\n        to Allied forces.\\n* [[October 2]]\\u2013 [[George Albert Smith]] becomes [[President\n        of the Church (LDS Church)|president]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of\n        Latter-day Saints]].\\n* [[October 4]] – The [[Partizan Belgrade]] [[sports\n        club]] is founded in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]].\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Hollywood\n        Black Friday]]: A strike by the Set Decorator''s Union in Hollywood results\n        in a riot.\\n* [[October 8]]\\u2013[[October 15|15]] – Hadamar Trial:\n        Personnel of the [[Hadamar Euthanasia Centre]], now in the American zone of\n        [[Allied-occupied Germany]], are the first to be tried for systematic extermination\n        in [[Nazi Germany]].\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pierre Laval]] is sentenced\n        to death for collaboration with the [[Nazi]]s in [[Vichy France]].\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Czechoslovakia]]: A new provisional national assembly\n        is elected.\\n* [[October 15]] – WWII: [[Pierre Laval]],\n        the former premier of [[Vichy France]], is shot dead by a [[Execution by firing\n        squad|firing squad]] for [[treason]] against France.\\n* [[October 15]]\\u2013[[October\n        21|21]] – The [[Pan-African Congress#5th Pan-African Congress|Fifth\n        Pan-African Congress]] is held in [[Manchester]].\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] established at a meeting in [[Quebec\n        City]] as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October 17]]\n        – A massive number of people, headed for the [[General Confederation\n        of Labour (Argentina)]], gather in the [[Plaza de Mayo]] in [[Buenos Aires]]\n        to demand [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]]''s release. This is known to the [[Peronism|Peronists]]\n        as the ''''D\\u00eda de la lealtad'''' ([[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|Loyalty Day]])\n        and considered the founding day of [[Peronism]].\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        [[Isa\\u00edas Medina Angarita]], president of [[Venezuela]], is overthrown\n        by a [[Coup d''\\u00e9tat|military coup]].\\n* [[October 19]]\n        – Members of the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian People''s\n        Army]] attack Anglo-Dutch forces in [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Mongolia]]ns vote for independence from China.\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Women''s suffrage]]: Women are allowed to vote in\n        the [[French legislative election, 1945|French Legislative Election]] for\n        the first time.\\n* [[October 22]] – [[R\\u00f3mulo Betancourt]] is named\n        provisional president of [[Venezuela]].\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Jackie Robinson]] signs a contract with the [[Montreal Royals]]\n        [[baseball]] team.\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** The [[United Nations]] is founded\n        by ratification of [[United Nations Charter|its Charter]], by [[Enlargement\n        of the United Nations#1945 .28original members.29|29 nations]].\\n**\n        The [[International Court of Justice]] (\\\"World Court\\\") established by the\n        [[United Nations Charter]].\\n** The Norwegian Nazi leader [[Vidkun Quisling]]\n        is [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] for [[treason]]\n        against Norway.\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** WWII: Japanese armed\n        forces in [[Taiwan]] surrender to the Allies. \\n** [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]]\n        is deposed as president in Brazil. [[Jos\\u00e9 Linhares]] is named as temporary\n        president.\\n** [[Osijek prison massacre]]\\n* [[October 27]]\\u2013[[November\n        20]] – [[Indonesian National Revolution]]: [[Battle of Surabaya]] –\n        Pro-independence [[Indonesia]]n soldiers and militia fight British and British\n        Indian troops in [[Surabaya]].\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]]\n        resigns as the president of Brazil.\\n** At [[Gimbels]] Department Store in\n        New York City, the first [[ballpoint pen]]s go on sale at $12.50 each.\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – The undivided country of India joins the [[United Nations]].\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n* [[Astrid Lindgren]]''s children''s book ''''Pippi L\\u00e5ngstrump''''\n        is published in [[Sweden]] and its English translation as ''''[[Pippi Longstocking\n        (novel)|Pippi Longstocking]]'''' is also issued.\\n* [[November 1]]\\n**  [[International\n        Labour Organization]]''s new constitution comes into effect.\\n** [[John H.\n        Johnson]] publishes the first issue of the magazine ''''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]''''.\\n**\n        [[Telechron]] introduces the model 8H59 Musalarm, the first [[clock radio]].\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Colombia]] joins the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Indonesia]]ns reject an offer of autonomy from the [[Netherlands|Dutch]].\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Soo Bahk Do]] [[Moo Duk Kwan]] is\n        founded.\\n* [[November 11]] – Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]] and the [[People''s\n        Front (Yugoslavia)|People''s Front]] win a deciding majority (85%) in the\n        Yugoslavian assembly.\\n* [[November 15]] \\n** [[Harry S.\n        Truman]], [[Clement Attlee]], and [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie\n        King]] share nuclear information with the U.N. and call for a [[United Nations\n        Atomic Energy Commission]].\\n**\n        An offensive is begun in [[Manchuria]] by the [[Kuomintang|Chinese Nationalists]]\n        against further infiltration by the [[Chinese Communists]].\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** [[Charles de Gaulle]] is unanimously elected [[president\n        of France]] by the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|provisional\n        government]].\\n** [[Cold War]]: The United States controversially\n        imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of [[rocket]] technology.\\n**\n        Agreement for the foundation of [[UNESCO]] (United Nations Educational, Scientific\n        and Cultural Organization) at a meeting in London.\\n** [[Casper the Friendly\n        Ghost]], an animated character debuts in ''''[[The Friendly Ghost]]''''.\\n**\n        The motion picture ''''[[The Lost Weekend (film)|The Lost Weekend]]'''', starring\n        [[Ray Milland]], is released. The most realistic film portrayal of [[alcoholism]]\n        up to this time, it wins several [[Academy Awards]] in the following year.\\n**\n        [[Yeshiva College (Yeshiva University)|Yeshiva College]] is founded in New\n        York City.\\n* [[November 18]] – The [[Tudeh Party of Iran|Tudeh party]]\n        starts a bloodless coup and will form [[Azerbaijan People''s Government|Azerbaijan]]\n        within days. Soviet troops prevent [[Iran]]ian troops from getting involved.\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – The [[Nuremberg trials]] begin: Trials against 22\n        [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war crime|war criminals]] of WWII start at the [[Palace\n        of Justice, Nuremberg|Nuremberg Palace of Justice]].\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – U.S. Ambassador to China [[Patrick J. Hurley]] resigns\n        after he is unable to broker a deal between [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and [[Mao\n        Tse Tung]].\\n* [[November 28]] – An [[1945 Balochistan\n        earthquake|earthquake in Balochistan]] causes a tsunami and kills 4,000.\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** The [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] is declared\n        (this day is celebrated as Republic Day until the 1990s). [[Josip Broz Tito|Marshal\n        Tito]] is named president.\\n** Assembly of the world''s first general purpose\n        electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer\n        ([[ENIAC]]), is completed in the United States, covering {{convert|1800|sqft|m2}}\n        of floor space, and the first set of calculations is run on it.\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** General [[Eurico Gaspar Dutra]] is elected president\n        of Brazil.\\n** French banks ([[Banque de France]], [[BNP Paribas|BNCI]], [[BNP\n        Paribas|CNEP]], [[Cr\\u00e9dit Lyonnais]], and [[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 G\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale]])\n        nationalized.\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Communism|Communist]] demonstrations\n        in [[Athens]] presage the [[Greek Civil War]].\\n* [[December 4]] – By\n        a vote of 65\\u20137, the [[United States Senate]] approves the entry of the\n        United States into the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 5]] – A flight\n        of [[United States Navy]] [[Grumman TBF Avenger]] [[torpedo bomber]]s known\n        as [[Flight 19]] disappears on a training exercise from [[Naval Air Station\n        Fort Lauderdale]].\\n* [[December 21]] – General [[George S. Patton]]\n        dies from injuries sustained in a car accident on December 9 in Germany.\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – Five of nine children [[Sodder children disappearance|become\n        missing]] after their home in [[Fayetteville, West Virginia]], is burned down.\\n*\n        [[December 27]]\\n** Twenty-eight nations sign an agreement creating the [[World\n        Bank]].\\n** Terror strikes are carried out against British military bases\n        in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* A team at\n        [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] led by [[Charles D. Coryell|Charles Coryell]]\n        discovers [[chemical element]] 61, the only one still missing between 1 and\n        96 on the [[periodic table]], which they will name [[promethium]].{{cite\n        journal|year=2003 |title=Discovery of Promethium |journal=Oak Ridge National\n        Laboratory Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/article_02.shtml\n        |accessdate=2011-06-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622100448/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/article_02.shtml\n        |archivedate=June 22, 2011 |df= }} Found by analysis of fission products\n        of irradiated uranium fuel, its discovery is not made public until 1947.\\n*\n        The first geothermal milk pasteurization is done in [[Klamath Falls, Oregon]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n===January===\\n[[File:Rod\n        Stewart 86.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rod Stewart]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Selleck 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom\n        Selleck]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Jacky Ickx]], Belgian racing driver\\n**[[Martin\n        Schanche]], Norwegian racing driver and politician\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Stephen Stills]], American rock singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[Richard R. Schrock]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Tony Conigliaro]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Shulamith Firestone]], Canadian American feminist\n        and writer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Gunther von Hagens]], Polish\n        Anatomist and inventor \\n** [[Jennifer Moss (actress)|Jennifer Moss]], British\n        actress (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Steven P. Perskie]], American politician and judge\n        \\n** [[Rod Stewart]], British rock singer\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Christine\n        Kaufmann]], German actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Bicaba]], Burkinab\\u00e9 sprinter\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Einar H\\u00e1konarson]],\n        Icelandic painter\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Vince Foster]], American deputy\n        White House counsel during the first term of President Bill Clinton (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Princess Michael of Kent]], German-born member of the British Royal Family\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Robert Olen Butler]], American writer\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Martin Shaw]], British TV and film actor\\n* [[January 25]]\n        – [[Leigh Taylor-Young]], American actress\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Jacqueline du Pr\\u00e9]], English cellist (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[January 27]]\n        – [[Harold Cardinal]], Cree political leader, writer, and lawyer (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Karen Lynn Gorney]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Chuck Pyle]], American country-folk singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]]) \\n*\n        [[January 29]]\\n** [[Jim Nicholson (Northern Ireland politician)|Jim Nicholson]],\n        Northern Irish politician\\n** [[Tom Selleck]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Michael Dorris]], American author (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] – [[Joseph Kosuth]], American artist\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Edir\n        Macedo2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edir Macedo]]]]\\n[[File:Bob-Marley-in-Concert\n        Zurich 05-30-80.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bob Marley]]]]\\n[[File:Mia Farrow 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Mia\n        Farrow]]]]\\n[[File:Maud Adams.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maud Adams]]]]\\n[[File:F\\u00fcrst\n        Hans-Adam II. von und zu Liechtenstein (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans-Adam\n        II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein]]]]\\n[[File:Brenda\n        Fricker March 1990.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brenda Fricker]]]]\\n* [[February 3]]\\n**\n        [[Roy ''Chubby'' Brown]], British stand-up comedian\\n** [[Bob Griese]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Philip Waruinge]], Kenyan boxer\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[Sarah Weddington]], American attorney\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Bob Marley]],\n        Jamaican [[reggae]] singer, songwriter and musician (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[February\n        7]] – [[Gerald Davies]], Welsh rugby player\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Mia Farrow]], American actress\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Luiz Carlos Alborghetti]],\n        Italian-Brazilian radio commenter, showman and political figure (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Maud\n        Adams]], Swedish actress\\n**[[David D. Friedman]], American economist\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Simon Schama]], English academician and historian\\n* [[February\n        14]] – Prince [[Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II of\n        Liechtenstein]]\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Douglas Hofstadter]], American\n        cognitive scientist\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Jeremy Bulloch]], English\n        actor\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Brenda Fricker]], Irish actress\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Edir Macedo]], Brazilian evangelical leader and media mogul\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Henry Polic II]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] – [[Barry Bostwick]], American actor\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Elkie Brooks]], English singer\\n** [[Roy Saari]], American swimmer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[Marta Kristen]], Norwegian actress\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Carl Anderson (singer)|Carl Anderson]], American singer and\n        actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Bubba Smith]], American football\n        player and actor (d. [[2011]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:George Miller while\n        filming Fury Road (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[George Miller (director)|George\n        Miller]]]]  \\n[[File:Charles Greene 1970.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Greene\n        (athlete)|Charles Greene]]]]\\n[[File:Rodrigo Duterte June 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rodrigo\n        Duterte]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Clapton 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric Clapton]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] – [[Dirk Benedict]], American actor\\n* [[March 3]] \\n** [[George\n        Miller (director)|George Miller]], Australian film director\\n** [[Hattie Winston]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Dieter Meier]], Swiss singer and children''s\n        writer\\n** [[Tommy Svensson]], Swedish football manager and player\\n** [[Gary\n        Williams (basketball)|Gary Williams]], American basketball coach\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[Arthur Lee (musician)|Arthur Lee]], American musician (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[March 8]]\\n** [[Jim Chapman (congressman)|Jim Chapman]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Micky Dolenz]], American actor, director and rock musician ([[The Monkees]])\\n**\n        [[Anselm Kiefer]], German painter\\n* [[March 9]] \\n** [[Katja Ebstein]], German\n        singer\\n** [[Dennis Rader]], American serial killer\\n* [[March 13]] –\n        [[Anatoly Fomenko]], Russian mathematician\\n* [[March 15]] – [[A. K.\n        Faezul Huq]], Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 17]]\n        \\n** [[Katri Helena]], Finnish singer\\n** [[Elis Regina]], Brazilian singer\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Jay Ingram]], Canadian television host, author and journalist\\n**\n        [[Bobby Jameson]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Pat Riley]],\n        American basketball coach\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Charles Greene (athlete)|Charles\n        Greene]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Curtis Hanson]],\n        American film director and screenwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 26]] –\n        [[Mikhail Voronin]], Russian gymnast (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** [[Rodrigo\n        Duterte]], 16th [[President of the Philippines]]\\n** [[Raine Loo]], Estonian\n        actress \\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Walt Frazier]], American basketball player\\n**\n        [[Willem Ruis]], Dutch game show host (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Eric Clapton]], English rock guitarist\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Gabe Kaplan]],\n        American actor, comedian, and professional poker player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Naftali\n        Temu 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Naftali Temu]]]]\\n[[File:Bj\\u00f6rn Ulvaeus in\n        May 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bj\\u00f6rn Ulvaeus]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen\n        Drews]], German singer\\n** [[Linda Hunt]], American actress\\n* [[April 4]]\n        – [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], French activist\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Cem\n        Karaca]], Turkish musician (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Werner Schroeter]],\n        German film director (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Peter Gammons]],\n        American baseball sportswriter\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Christian Quadflieg]],\n        German actor\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Lee Jong-wook]], Korean Director-General\n        of the [[World Health Organization]] (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Tony\n        Dow]], American actor, producer, and director\\n** [[Lowell George]], American\n        rock musician ([[Little Feat]]) (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Bob Kalsu]], American\n        football player (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Ritchie Blackmore]], English\n        rock guitarist \\n** [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Samoa]]\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Naftali Temu]], Kenyan Olympic athlete\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Doug Clifford]], American drummer\n        \\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Stu Cook]], American bassist \\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Ulvaeus]],\n        Swedish rock songwriter \\n* [[April 27]] – [[August Wilson]], American\n        playwright (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Hugh Hopper]], British musician\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Tammi Terrell]], American soul singer (d. [[1970]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bob\n        Seger 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bob Seger]]]]\\n[[File:Pete Townshend (2012).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pete\n        Townshend]]]]\\n[[File:Priscilla Presley 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Priscilla Presley]]]]\\n[[File:Laurent\n        Gbagbo (2008).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Laurent Gbagbo]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Rita\n        Coolidge]], American pop singer\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Narasimhan Ram]], Indian\n        journalist\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Kurt Loder]], American film critic, author,\n        and television personality\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Jimmie Dale Gilmore]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Bob Seger]], American rock singer\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Keith\n        Jarrett]], American musician\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Jupp Heynckes]], German\n        football manager and former footballer\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Tammam Salam]],\n        34th Prime Minister of Lebanon\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Yochanan Vollach]],\n        [[Israel]]i footballer and president of Maccabi Haifa, [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza]], heir to the Portuguese\n        crown\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Nicky Chinn]], English rock songwriter ([[The\n        Sweet|Sweet]], [[Suzi Quatro]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Tony Roche]], Australian\n        tennis player\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Pete Townshend]], English rock guitarist\n        and lyricist ([[The Who]])\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Richard Hatch (actor)|Richard\n        Hatch]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Ernst Messerschmid]], German physicist\n        and astronaut\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Victoria Wyndham]], American actress\n        (''''Another World'''')\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Lauren Chapin]], American child\n        actress and evangelist\\n** [[Doris Mae Oulton]], Canadian community developer\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Priscilla Presley]], American actress and businesswoman\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[John Fogerty]], American rock singer ([[Creedence Clearwater\n        Revival]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Gary Brooker]], English pianist and singer\n        ([[Procol Harum]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Gladys Horton]], American singer\n        ([[The Marvelettes]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]],\n        German film director (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Laurent Gbagbo]], [[President of\n        C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:W Schuessel7.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wolfgang\n        Sch\\u00fcssel]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Livingstone. Any Questions, 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ken\n        Livingston]]]]\\n[[File:Aung San Suu Kyi 17 November 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Aung\n        San Suu Kyi]]]]\\n[[File:Anne Murray.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anne Murray]]]]\\n[[File:Evstafiev-Radovan\n        Karadzic 3MAR94.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Radovan Karad\\u017ei\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Carly\n        Simon (1989).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carly Simon]]]]\\n[[File:Chandrika Bandaranaike\n        Kumaratunga As The President of Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chandrika Kumaratunga]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Frederica von Stade]], American mezzo-soprano\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Jon Peters]], American film producer\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Hale\n        Irwin]], American professional golfer\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Anthony Braxton]],\n        American composer and musical instrumentalist\\n** [[Gordon Waller]], Scottish\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\n** [[John Carlos]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Th\\u00e9ophile Georges Kassab]], Catholic prelate (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Don Reid (singer)|Don Reid]], American singer ([[The Statler\n        Brothers]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[David Dukes]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Billy Butler (singer)|Billy Butler]], American singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Wolfgang Sch\\u00fcssel]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Steven Fromholz]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Nike Wagner]], German woman of the theater\\n* [[June\n        10]] – [[Benny Gallagher]], Scottish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist,\n        half of the duo [[Gallagher and Lyle]]\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Adrienne Barbeau]],\n        American actress, television personality and author\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Pat Jennings]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Rodney\n        P. Rempt]], American admiral\\n* [[June 14]] – [[J\\u00f6rg Immendorff]],\n        German painter\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7oise Chandernagor]], French\n        writer\\n** [[Miriam Defensor Santiago]], Filipino politician (b. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[June 16]]  \\n** [[Claire Alexander]], Canadian ice hockey player \\n** [[Ivan\n        Lins]], Latin Grammy-winning Brazilian musician\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[P. D.\n        T. Acharya]], Secretary General Lok Sabha\\n** [[Frank Ashmore]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Art Bell]], American radio talk show host\\n** [[Ken Livingstone]],\n        British politician\\n** [[Eddy Merckx]], Belgian cyclist\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Radovan Karad\\u017ei\\u0107]], Serbian politician\\n** [[Aung San Suu Kyi]],\n        Myanmar poet, politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Greil\n        Marcus]], American music journalist and cultural critic\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Anne Murray]], Canadian singer\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Roberto D''Angelo]],\n        Italian slalom canoeist\\n** [[Luis Casta\\u00f1eda Lossio]], Peruvian politician\\n**\n        [[Thiagarajan]], Indian actor, director and producer\\n** [[Nirmalendu Goon]],\n        Bangladeshi poet\\n** [[Marijana Lubej]], Slovenian sprinter\\n* [[June 23]]\n        – [[Jim Fouratt]], American gay activist, entertainer\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – [[George Pataki]], [[List of Governors of New York|Governor of New\n        York]]\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Guillermo Mendoza]], Mexican cyclist\\n** [[Carly\n        Simon]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Dwight York]],\n        American musician, fashion consultant, cult leader, and child molester\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Catherine Lacoste]], French amateur golfer\\n** [[Lu Sheng-yen]],\n        leader of the [[True Buddha School]]\\n** [[Norma Kamali]], American fashion\n        designer\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[David Knights]], British bassist ([[Procol\n        Harum]])\\n** [[Raul Seixas]], Brazilian rock singer (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]], 5th [[President of Sri Lanka]]\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Kevin Jackman]], Australian rules footballer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Blondie\n        en el Summercase 08 de Barcelona.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Debbie Harry]]]]\\n[[File:HelenMirrenBerlin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Helen\n        Mirren]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Jane Cederqvist]], Swedish freestyle swimmer\\n**\n        [[Visu]], Indian writer, director, stage, actor and talk-show host\\n** [[Billy\n        Rohr]], American Major League Baseball \\n** [[Debbie Harry]], American rock\n        singer ([[Blondie (band)|Blondie]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Thomas Mapfumo]],\n        Zimbabwean musician\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Steinar Amundsen]], Norwegian sprint\n        canoeist\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Burt Ward]], American actor\\n* [[July 7]]\n        \\n** [[Helo\\u00edsa Pinheiro]], Brazilian model and businesswoman\\n** [[Li\n        Chi-an]], North Korean football striker\\n** [[Michael Ancram]], British politician\\n**\n        [[Matti Salminen]], Finnish bass singer\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Micheline\n        Calmy-Rey]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Dean Koontz]],\n        American writer\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Virginia Wade]], English professional\n        tennis player\\n** [[Ron Glass]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 11]]\n        – [[Richard Wesley]], American playwright and screenwriter\\n* [[July\n        12]]\\n** [[Leopoldo Mastelloni]], Italian actor, comedian and singer\\n** [[Edwin\n        Neal]], American actor\\n** [[Larry Zierlein]], American football coach\\n**\n        [[Thor Martinsen]], Norwegian ice hockey player\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Robert\n        H. Foglesong]], U.S General\\n** [[Danny Abramowicz]], American football player\n        and coach\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[David A. Granger]], President of Guyana\\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen M\\u00f6llemann]], German politician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July\n        16]] \\n** [[Victor Sloan]], Irish artist\\n** [[\\u00c7etin Tekindor]], Turkish\n        actor\\n** [[Roy Ho Ten Soeng]], Dutch politician\\n** [[Jos Stelling]], Dutch\n        film director and screenwriter\\n** [[Barry Dudleston]], English first-class\n        cricketer and umpire\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Eduardo Olivera]], Mexican modern\n        pentathlete\\n** [[Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia]]\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[Boomer Castleman]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – [[Oleg Fotin]], Russian swimmer\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Ziona]], Indian\n        religious, known for fathering the largest living family\\n** [[Kim Carnes]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Larry Craig]], U.S. politician\\n** [[Lothar\n        Koepsel]], German sailor\\n** [[John Lodge (musician)|John Lodge]], English\n        rock singer and songwriter ([[The Moody Blues]]) \\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Barry\n        Richards]], South African batsman\\n** [[John Lowe]], English darts player\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Azim Premji]], Indian businessman\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        Dame [[Helen Mirren]], British actress\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Jim Davis\n        (cartoonist)|Jim Davis]], American cartoonist\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Roger Dobkowitz]],\n        American game show producer\\n** [[Patrick Modiano]], French novelist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Lloyd Carr]], American football\n        coach\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Steve Martin, 2017-08-11.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Vince McMahon 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vince McMahon]]]]\\n[[File:VanMorrison2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Van\n        Morrison]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Douglas D. Osheroff]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Joanna\n        Cassidy]], American actress\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Alan Mulally]], American\n        businessman, former CEO of the [[Ford Motor Company]]\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**\n        [[Loni Anderson]], American actress\\n** [[Ja''net Dubois]], American actress\n        and singer\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Ron Jones (television director)|Ron Jones]],\n        British director (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Alan Page]], American\n        football player\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Posy Simmonds]], English cartoonist\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[Howard Marks]], Welsh drug smuggler and author (d.\n        [[2016]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Steve Martin]], American actor and comedian\\n**\n        [[Eliana Pittman]], Brazilian singer and actress\\n** [[Wim Wenders]], German\n        film director and producer\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Miyuki Matsuhisa]], Japanese\n        artistic gymnast\\n** [[Khaleda Zia]], Bangladesh politician and 2-Time [[Prime\n        Minister of Bangladesh]]\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Ian Gillan]], English\n        rock singer ([[Deep Purple]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Jonathan Goodson]],\n        American television game show producer and son of [[Mark Goodson]]\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Ron Dante]], American rock singer, songwriter, and record producer\n        ([[The Archies]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Vince McMahon|Vincent K. \\\"Vince\\\"\n        McMahon]], American professional wrestling promoter, chairman and CEO of WWE\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Daniel Hulet]], Belgian cartoonist (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Tom Ridge]], American politician\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Marianne S\\u00e4gebrecht]], German film actress\\n* [[August 31]]\\n**\n        [[Van Morrison]], Irish rock musician\\n** [[Itzhak Perlman]], Israeli-American\n        violinist and conductor\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Beckenbauer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz\n        Beckenbauer]]]]\\n[[File:Bryan Ferry (6216585713).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bryan Ferry]]]]\\n[[File:Olmert.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ehud\n        Olmert]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Mustafa Balel]], Turkish writer\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Danny Gatton]], American guitarist (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]] – [[Al Stewart]], Scottish singer-songwriter\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Jacques Lemaire]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n* [[September\n        8]]\\n** [[Kelly Groucutt]], British Bassist (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Ron \\\"Pigpen\\\"\n        McKernan]], American musician (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Rogatien Vachon]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Doug Ingle]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Feliciano]], Puerto Rican-American singer\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Franz Beckenbauer]], German footballer and coach\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Richard Thaler]], American economist \\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Martin Tyler]], British sports broadcaster\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – [[Jessye Norman]], American soprano\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Pat\n        Stevens]], American voice actress (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        [[Phil Jackson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Randolph\n        Mantooth]], American actor and motivational speaker\\n* [[September 20]] \\n**\n        [[Candy Spelling]], American socialite and writer \\n** [[Laurie Spiegel]],\n        American electronic composer\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Shaw Clifton]], General\n        of the Salvation Army\\n** [[Kay Ryan]], American poet\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Paul Petersen]], child actor and advocate of other [[child actor]]s\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Dee Dee Warwick]], American singer (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Bryan Ferry]], English singer-songwriter and musician\n        ([[Roxy Music]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Jack Goldstein]], Canadian\n        artist (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Nadezhda Chizhova]], Russian\n        athlete\\n* [[September 30]] \\n** [[Ehud Olmert]], 12th [[Prime Minister of\n        Israel]]\\n** [[Ralph Siegel]], German record producer and songwriter\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Don\n        McLean in 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Don McLean]]]]\\n[[File:Viktor_Saneyev_c1972.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Viktor\n        Saneyev]]]]\\n[[File:John Lithgow 8 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        Lithgow]]]]                              \\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Rod Carew]],\n        Panamanian-American baseball player\\n** [[Donny Hathaway]], American soul\n        singer-songwriter (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Ram Nath Kovind]], 14th [[President\n        of India]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Don McLean]], American rock singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 3]]\\n** [[Kay Baxter]], American bodybuilder (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Viktor\n        Saneyev]], Soviet athlete\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Clifton Davis]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Brian Connolly]], Scottish musician (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Ivan Graziani]], Italian singer-songwriter (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** [[Aurore Cl\\u00e9ment]], French actress\\n** [[Dusty Rhodes\n        (wrestler)|Dusty Rhodes]], American wrestler (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 13]]\n        – [[Susan Stafford]], American television presenter\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[Jim Palmer]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Huell\n        Howser]], American television personality, host of ''''[[California''s Gold]]''''\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Norio Wakamoto]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Y\\u0131ldo]],\n        Turkish showman, footballer\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Angus Deaton]], Scottish-born\n        economist, recipient of the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]\\n**\n        [[John Lithgow]], American actor\\n* [[October 20]] – [[George Wyner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Yvan Ponton]], Canadian actor and\n        sportscaster\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Kim Larsen]], Danish rock musician.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[Eugenie Scott]], Executive Director of the [[National\n        Center for Science Education]]\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Peter Ledger]], Australian\n        artist (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[David Schramm (astrophysicist)|David Schramm]],\n        American astrophysicist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Pat Conroy]],\n        American author (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Luiz In\\u00e1cio Lula\n        da Silva]], [[List of Presidents of Brazil|35th]] [[President of Brazil]]\\n**\n        [[Carrie Snodgress]], American actress (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Melba Moore]], American singer and actress\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Daniel\n        Albright]], American literary critic and musicologist\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Henry Winkler]], American actor, producer and director\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Brian Doyle-Murray]], American actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Neil\n        Young, Heart of Gold.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Neil Young]]]]\\n[[File:Goldie Hawn\n        - 1978.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Goldie Hawn]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Gerd\n        M\\u00fcller]], German footballer\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Jacques Lanct\\u00f4t]],\n        Canadian terrorist\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Bob Englehart]], American editorial\n        cartoonist\\n** [[Waljinah]], Javanese singer\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Bishop (author)|Michael Bishop]], American author\\n** [[Tracy Kidder]], American\n        journalist and author\\n** [[Neil Young]], Canadian singer-songwriter and musician\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Anni-Frid Lyngstad]], Norwegian rock singer \\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n** [[Wilma Mankiller]], Chief of the Cherokee Nation (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], President of [[Sri Lanka]]\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[Goldie Hawn]], American actress\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Robert Ben Rhoades]], American serial killer and rapist also known as \\\"The\n        Truck Stop Killer\\\"\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Jerry Harris]], American\n        sculptor\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Nuruddin Farah]], Somali novelist\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Daniel Davis]], American actor\\n** [[John McVie]], English\n        rock musician \\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Barbara Anderson (actress)|Barbara\n        Anderson]], American actress\\n** [[James Avery (actor)|James Avery]], American\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Mary Millington]], British porn\n        star (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Linda Bove]], American actress\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:BetteMidler90cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bette\n        Midler]]]]\\n[[File:Portia Miller Shoot.Jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Portia Simpson-Miller]]]]\\n[[File:Diane\n        Sawyer 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Diane Sawyer]]]]\\n[[File:Lemmy-02.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lemmy]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Bette Midler]], American actress, comedian and singer\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Charles \\\"Tex\\\" Watson]], American prisoner\\n* [[December\n        6]] – [[Larry Bowa]], American baseball player and manager\\n* [[December\n        7]] – [[Clive Russell]], English actor\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Michael\n        Nouri]], American actor\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Portia Simpson-Miller]],\n        2-Time [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]]\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Kathy Garver]],\n        American actress, author and online radio hostess\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[Patti Deutsch]], American voice actress\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Ernie Hudson]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Chris Matthews]], American news anchor\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Elaine Joyce]], American actress and game show panelist\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Peter Criss]], American rock drummer \\n** [[Sivakant\n        Tiwari]], senior legal officer of the [[Singapore Legal Service]] (d. [[2010]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Mari Lill]], Estonian actress \\n* [[December 22]]\n        – [[Diane Sawyer]], American news journalist\\n* [[December 24]]\\n**\n        [[Lemmy]], British singer and bassist ([[Mot\\u00f6rhead]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Nicholas Meyer]], American screenwriter, producer, director and novelist\\n**\n        [[Steve Smith (comedian)|Steve Smith]], Canadian actor, comedian and writer\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Gary Sandy]], American actor \\n* [[December 26]]\n        – [[John Walsh (television host)|John Walsh]], American media personality\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – King [[Birendra of Nepal]] (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Davy Jones (musician)|Davy Jones]], English-born pop singer\n        and actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Barbara Carrera]], Nicaraguan-American\n        actress\\n** [[Vernon Wells (actor)|Vernon Wells]], Australian film and television\n        actor\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ricardo Jim%C3%A9nez Oreamuno.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ricardo\n        Jim\\u00e9nez Oreamuno]]]]\\n[[File:Else Lasker-Sch\\u00fcler 1875.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Else\n        Lasker-Sch\\u00fcler]]]]\\n[[File:Pedro Abad Santos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Abad Santos]]]]\\n[[File:Pedro Paulet, padre de la Aeronautica.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Paulet]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Bertram Ramsay]], British admiral (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Edgar Cayce]], American mysticist (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Ricardo Jim\\u00e9nez Oreamuno]], 3-time\n        [[President of Costa Rica]] (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Josefa Llanes\n        Escoda]], Filipino advocate of women''s [[suffrage]] and founder of the [[Girl\n        Scouts of the Philippines]] (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Herbert Lumsden]], British\n        general (killed in action) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[William Noble (missionary)|William\n        Noble]], American missionary (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Vladimir Vernadsky]], Soviet\n        mineralogist and geochemist (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Thomas McGuire]],\n        American World War II fighter ace (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Prince Rainier of Saxe-Coburg\n        and Gotha]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Dennis O''Neill case|Dennis\n        O''Neill]], British child killed by his foster parents, which scandal resulted\n        in an overhaul of the British Care Systems (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[J\\u00fcri Uluots]],\n        Estonian statesman (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[P\\u0113teris\n        Jura\\u0161evskis]], 8th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]]  (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] – [[Teresio Olivelli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] soldier and\n        venerable (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Pedro Abad Santos]], Filipino\n        politician, son of [[Jose Abad Santos]] (killed in action) (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Fabella]], Filipino physician (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]]\\n** [[Petar Bojovi\\u0107]], Serbian field marshal (b. [[1858]])\\n**\n        [[Gustave Mesny]], French Army general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        [[Federico Pedrocchi]], Italian artist and writer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Archibald Murray]], British Army general (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Else Lasker-Sch\\u00fcler]], German poet and author (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Newton E. Mason]], United States Navy rear admiral\n        (b. [[1850]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\n** [[William Goodenough]], British admiral\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Pedro Paulet]], Peruvian scientist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] – [[Eddie Slovik]], American soldier (executed) (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:AnneFrankSchoolPhoto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anne\n        Frank]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Liddell.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric Liddell]]]]\\n[[File:Jose\n        Maria Moncada 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Moncada]]]]\\n* [[Anne\n        Frank]], German-born Jewish diarist and writer (typhus in [[Bergen-Belsen\n        concentration camp]]) (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[February 1]] \\n** [[Teresa Bogus\\u0142awska]],\n        Polish poet (b. [[1929]])\\n** [[Bogdan Filov]], Bulgarian archaeologist, historian\n        and politician, 28th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (executed) (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Kiril of Bulgaria]] (executed) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Adolf Brand]], German writer (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Carl Friedrich Goerdeler]],\n        German politician, civil servant, executive and economist (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Gustav Heistermann von Ziehlberg]], German general (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Joe\n        Hunt]], American tennis champion (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Roland\n        Freisler]], [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] German judge (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[Denise Bloch]], French World War II heroine (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Aurelio\n        Craffonara]], Italian painter and illustrator (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Lilian Rolfe]],\n        French World War II heroine (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Violette Szabo]], French/British\n        World War II heroine (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Robert Brasillach]],\n        French writer (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Karl Schwitalle]],\n        German Olympic weightlifter (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Anacleto\n        D\\u00edaz]], Filipino jurist (murdered during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle\n        of Manila]]) (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Al Dubin]], Swiss\n        songwriter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Antonio Villa-Real]],\n        Filipino jurist (murdered during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]])\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Maria Orosa]], Filipino technologist,\n        chemist, humanitarian and WWII heroine (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 15]] –\n        [[Helmut M\\u00f6ckel (politician)|Helmut M\\u00f6ckel]], German youth leader\n        and politician (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Gabrielle Weidner]],\n        Belgian World War II heroine (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\n** [[Jimmy\n        Butler (actor)|Jimmy Butler]], American actor (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky]],\n        Soviet general (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Heinrich Jasper]],\n        German politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Eric Liddell]],\n        British Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Sara Josephine\n        Baker]], American physician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Serafino\n        Mazzolini]], Italian politician, lawyer and journalist (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Moncada]], 19th [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Josef Mayr-Nusser]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] layman, martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[M\\u00e1rio de Andrade]],\n        Brazilian writer and photographer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[James\n        Roy Andersen]], American general (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Millard Harmon]], American\n        general (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Baron Nishi cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Takeichi\n        Nishi]]]]\\n[[File:David Lloyd George.jpg|110px|thumb|[[David Lloyd George]]]]\\n[[File:Hans\n        Fischer (Nobel).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Hans Fischer]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Emily Carr]], Canadian artist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Aleksandra\n        Samusenko]], Soviet WWII tank commander (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Charles\n        W. Bryan]], American politician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Lucille La Verne]], American\n        actress (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Mark Sandrich]], American director (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[Albert Richards (artist)|Albert Richards]], British war\n        artist (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Rupert Downes]], Australian general (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[George Alan Vasey|George Vasey]], Australian general (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March\n        7]] – [[Ralph Ignatowski]], American WWII heroine (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Frederick Bligh Bond]], British architect\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Friedrich Fromm]], German Nazi official\n        (executed) (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Ant\\u00f4nio Francisco\n        Braga]], Brazilian composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[B\\u00f6rries\n        von M\\u00fcnchhausen]], German poet (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 18]] –\n        [[William Grover-Williams]], French race car driver and war hero (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\n** [[Lord Alfred Douglas]], English poet (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Lacerda de Moura]], Brazilian feminist, anarchist, teacher, journalist\n        and teacher (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Enrico Caviglia]], Italian\n        marshal (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Eliyahu Bet-Zuri]], Israeli assassin (executed)\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Eliyahu Hakim]], Israeli assassin (executed) (b. [[1925]])\\n**\n        [[John Hessin Clarke]], American Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Branca\n        de Gonta Cola\\u00e7o]], Portuguese writer, scholar and linguist (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Heinrich Maier]], Austrian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Takeichi Nishi]], Japanese gold medalist at the 1932 Summer Olympics and\n        tank commander at Iwo Jima (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[\\u00c9lisabeth\n        de Rothschild]], French WWII heroine (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[David\n        Lloyd George]], British politician and statesman, 51st [[Prime Minister of\n        the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Tadamichi Kuribayashi]], Imperial\n        Japanese Army general and commander of the battle of Iwo Jima (probably killed\n        in action) (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Boris Shaposhnikov]], Soviet military leader,\n        Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Halid\n        Ziya U\\u015fakl\\u0131gil]], Turkish author (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 29]] –\n        [[Ferenc Csik]], Hungarian swimmer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[\\u00c9lise\n        Rivet]], French nun and war heroine (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Maurice Rose]], American\n        general (killed in action) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Harriet Boyd\n        Hawes]], American archaeologist (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Hans Fischer]], German\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Torgny Segerstedt]], Swedish newspaper editor and publicist (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Skobtsova]], Soviet [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] nun and saint\n        (killed by poison) (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franklin\n        D. Roosevelt]]]]\\n[[File:Mussolini mezzobusto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benito Mussolini]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-H1216-0500-002, Adolf Hitler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolf Hitler]]]]\\n*\n        April – [[People associated with Anne Frank|Auguste van Pels]], German-Jewish\n        housemate of [[Anne Frank]] (b. [[1900]]) (exact date unknown)\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Giuseppe Girotti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Huldreich Georg\n        Fr\\u00fch]], Swiss composer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Bibesco]],\n        British writer (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Seiichi It\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (killed\n        in action) (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]], German\n        theologian (hanged) (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Canaris]], German admiral\n        and head of the [[Abwehr]] (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Clark (actor)|Frank Clark]], American actor (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[Gloria Dickson]],\n        American actress (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman|H.N. Werkman]],\n        Dutch artist and printer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Walther Wever (pilot)|Walther\n        Wever]], German fighter ace (killed in action)  (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[April 12]]\n        – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], American political leader and statesman,\n        32nd [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Ernst Cassirer]], German philosopher (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 14]] –\n        [[Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles]], [[Duke of Ayen]] (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)|Ernst Bergmann]], German\n        philosopher (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Franz Heritsch]], Austrian\n        geologist and paleontologist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Arthur Andrew\n        Cipriani]], Trinidad and Tobago labour leader (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ernie Pyle]],\n        American journalist (killed in action) (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Conrad Weygand]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[William, Prince of Albania]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] \\n** [[Edward Colquhoun Charlton]], British recipient of the\n        [[Victoria Cross]] (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Walter Model]], German field marshal\n        (suicide) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[K\\u00e4the Kollwitz]], German\n        artist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Pagano]], Italian architect (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[Ernst-Robert Grawitz]], German Reichsphysician (S.S.\n        and Police) in the Third Reich (probable suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] \\n** [[Carlo Grassi (partisan)|Carlo Grassi]], Italian worker and partisan\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Giovanni Preziosi]], Italian politician (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[Franz Brantzky]], German painter, sculptor and architecture\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Hermann Fegelein]], German Nazi general (executed) (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n** [[Benito Mussolini]], Italian politician and journalist, 27th\n        [[Prime Minister of Italy]] and Duce of Fascism (executed) (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Clara Petacci]], mistress of Benito Mussolini (executed) (b. [[1912]])\\n**\n        [[Nicola Bombacci]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[Achille Starace]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Alessandro Pavolini]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Roberto Farinacci]], Italian Fascist politician (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Malcolm McGregor]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Manuel\n        P\\u00e9rez Trevi\\u00f1o]], Mexican politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 30]]\\n**\n        [[William Orlando Darby|William Darby]], American creator of the U.S. Army\n        Rangers (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Luisa Ferida]], Italian actress (b. [[1914]])\n        \\n** [[Adolf Hitler]], Austrian-German politician, [[Chancellor of Germany]]\n        and [[President of Germany|F\\u00fchrer of Nazi Germany]] (suicide) (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Eva Braun]], wife of Adolf Hitler (suicide) (b. [[1912]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1989-0821-502, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph Goebbels]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-R14128A, Martin Bormann.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Martin Bormann]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        Kanin Kotohito.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Kan''in Kotohito]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-R99621, Heinrich Himmler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heinrich Himmler]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Joseph Goebbels]], German Nazi propaganda minister (suicide)\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Magda Goebbels]], wife of Joseph Goebbels (suicide) (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Martin Bormann]], German Nazi leader (probable\n        suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Burgdorf]], German general (suicide)\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Max de Crinis]], German psychiatry (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Hans\n        Krebs (Wehrmacht general)|Hans Krebs]], German general (suicide) (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889-1945)|Prince Waldemar of Prussia]] (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Mario Blasich]], Italian physician and politician\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Fedor von Bock]], German field marshal\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[George Cary (architect)|George\n        Cary]], American architect (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Peter van Pels]], German-Jewish\n        love interest of diarist [[Anne Frank]] (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[May 6]] –\n        [[Xhem Hasa]], Albanian nationalist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Vladimir\n        Boyarsky]], Soviet army officer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Ernst-G\\u00fcnther\n        Baade]], German general (died of wounds) (b. 1897)\\n** [[Francis Brugui\\u00e8re]],\n        American photographer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Rediess]], [[SS and Police\n        Leader]] of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Josef Terboven]],\n        ''''[[Reichskommissar]]'''' of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Bernhard Rust]], education minister of [[Nazi Germany]] (suicide) (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Gustav Becking]], German musician (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[Konrad Henlein]], Sudeten German Nazi leader (suicide) (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Kiyoshi Ogawa]], Japanese [[kamikaze]] pilot\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Joseph Barth\\u00e9lemy]],\n        French jurist, politician and journalist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Heber J. Grant]],\n        7th President of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Charles Williams (British writer)|Charles Williams]],\n        British author (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Kaju Sugiura]], Japanese\n        admiral (killed in action) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Bobby Hutchins]],\n        American child actor (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[William Joseph\n        Simmons]], American founder of the second [[Ku Klux Klan]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Philipp Bouhler]], German Nazi leader (suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[Frank Cable]], American naval architect (b. [[1863]])\\n**[[Horace\n        B. Carpenter]], American actor (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Prince Kan''in Kotohito]],\n        Japanese prince, member of the [[Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office]]\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Heinrich Himmler]], German head of the\n        [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] (suicide) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Robert\n        Ritter von Greim]], German field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] – [[Rafael Estrella Ure\\u00f1a]], Dominican lawyer and politician,\n        acting [[President of the Dominican Republic]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 31]]\n        – [[Odilo Globocnik]], Austrian Nazi leader (suicide) (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Emil\n        H%C3%A1cha.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emil Hacha]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Luis Fernando d%27Orleans.jpg|thumb|110px|Prince\n        [[Lu\\u00eds Fernando de Orleans y Borb\\u00f3n]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef\n        Heszl\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Georg\n        Kaiser]], German dramatist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Kitaro Nishida]],\n        Japanese philosopher (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Robert Desnos]],\n        French poet and resistance fighter (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Minoru\n        \\u014cta]], Japanese admiral (suicide) (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Nikola\n        Avramov]], Bulgarian painter (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Carl Gustaf Ekman]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Henry Bellamann]],\n        American writer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Nikolai Berzarin]], Soviet Red Army general\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Nils Ed\\u00e9n]], 15th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1871]])\\n**\n        [[Aris Velouchiotis]], Greek World War II resistance leader (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] \\n** [[Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.]], American general, killed\n        in action at [[Okinawa]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[William Frederick, Prince of\n        Wied]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Seweryn Franciszek \\u015awiatope\\u0142k-Czetwerty\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish politician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 20]] – Prince [[Lu\\u00eds\n        Fernando de Orleans y Borb\\u00f3n]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Isamu\n        Ch\\u014d]], Japanese general (suicide) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Mitsuru Ushijima]],\n        Japanese general (suicide) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Maria Raffaella\n        Cimatti]], Italian member of the [[Hospitaler Sisters of Mercy]], virgin,\n        religious sister and blessed (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Giuseppina Tuissi]], Italian\n        resistance member (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Guti\\u00e9rrez\n        Solana]], Spanish painter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Javier \\u00c1ngel\n        Figueroa]], Chilean lawyer and politician (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n**\n        [[Alberto Capozzi]], Italian actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Emil H\\u00e1cha]],\n        3rd [[President of Czechoslovakia]] and State President of [[Protectorate\n        of Bohemia and Moravia]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Gabriel El-Registan]],\n        Soviet poet (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Germogen (Maximov)|Germogen]], Yugoslav bishop\n        and metropolitan (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:\\u00d3scar Benavides.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00d3scar\n        R. Benavides]]]]\\n[[File:JohnCurtin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Curtin]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Evaristo Mej\\u00eda]], Dominican diplomat, educator\n        and writer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[\\u00d3scar R. Benavides]],\n        Peruvian field marshal, diplomat and politician, 2-time [[President of Peru]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[John Curtin]], 14th [[Prime Minister\n        of Australia]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Luigi Aldrovandi Marescotti]],\n        Italian politician and diplomat (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Wolfram\n        Freiherr von Richthofen]], German field marshal (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 13]]\n        – [[Alla Nazimova]], Russian-born American actress (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – [[Addison Randall]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] – [[Ernst Busch (field marshal)|Ernst Busch]], German field marshal\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[George Barbier (actor)|George Barbier]],\n        American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Paul Val\\u00e9ry]],\n        French poet (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Malin Craig]], United States\n        Army general (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Margot Asquith, Countess\n        of Oxford and Asquith]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Maria Pierina|Maria\n        Pierina De Micheli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, mystic\n        and blessed (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Artemio Ricarte]], Filipino\n        general (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Dr. Robert H. Goddard - GPN-2002-000131.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert\n        H. Goddard]]]]\\n[[File:Florencio Harmodio Arosemena.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Florencio\n        Harmodio Arosemena]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Blas Cabrera Felipe]], Spanish\n        physicist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Pietro Mascagni]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Roman Kochanowski]], Polish\n        painter and illustrator (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Jacques Vaillant\n        de Gu\\u00e9lis]], French WWII hero (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Harry\n        Hillman]], American track athlete (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Jun Tosaka]], Japanese\n        philosopher (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Robert H. Goddard]],\n        American rocket scientist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Korechika Anami]],\n        Japanese general (''''[[seppuku]]'''') (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Matome Ugaki]],\n        Japanese admiral (on ''''[[kamikaze]]'''' mission) (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August\n        16]] – [[Takijir\\u014d \\u014cnishi]], Japanese admiral (''''seppuku'''')\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], Indian political\n        leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], Indian educationist\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Tom\\u00e1s Burgos]], Chilean philanthropist\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Mustafa Al-Maraghi]], Egyptian reformer\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** [[John Birch (missionary)|John Birch]],\n        American missionary (killed in action) (b.  [[1918]])\\n** [[Willis Augustus\n        Lee]], American admiral and Olympic shooter (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n**\n        [[Pio Collivadino]], Argentinian painter (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Franz Werfel]],\n        Austrian writer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Maria Pilar Izquierdo\n        Albero]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Fritz Pfleumer]], German engineer and inventor (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Florencio Harmodio Arosemena]], 6th [[President\n        of Panama]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\n** [[Stefan Banach]], Polish\n        mathematician (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Pope Macarius III of Alexandria|Macarius\n        III of Alexandria]], Egyptian patriarch and saint (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Vice-Admiral\n        John S McCain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John S. McCain Sr.]]]]\\n[[File:Hans geiger.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans\n        Geiger|Johannes Hans Geiger]]]]\\n[[File:Bart\\u00f3k B\\u00e9la 1927.jpg|thumb|110px|[[B\\u00e9la\n        Bart\\u00f3k]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Frank Craven]], American actor\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\n** [[Witold Leon Czartoryski]], Polish\n        nobleman (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[John S. McCain Sr.]], American admiral (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[September 9]] – [[Aage Bertelsen]], Danish painter (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Hajime Sugiyama|Sugiyama Hajime]], Japanese general\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Tardieu]], 3-Time Prime\n        Minister of France (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Anton Webern]], Austrian composer (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[John McCormack (tenor)|John McCormack]],\n        Irish tenor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Agripino\n        Barnet]], Cuban politician and diplomat, acting [[President of Cuba]] (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Jack Thayer]], American survivor of the\n        [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking of the RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Eduard Wirths]], German doctor, chief SS doctor at [[Auschwitz concentration\n        camp]] (suicide) (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Augusto Tasso Fragoso]], Brazilian soldier\n        and statesman, Interim [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Hans Geiger]], German physicist and inventor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[B\\u00e9la Bart\\u00f3k]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[A. Peter Dewey]], first American casualty in [[Vietnam]] (b. [[1916]])\\n**\n        [[Kiyoshi Miki]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Pierre\n        Laval a Meurisse 1931.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pierre Laval]]]]\\n[[File:Plutarco\n        Elias Calles.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Plutarco Elias Calles]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\n        – [[Walter Bradford Cannon]], American physiology (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Joseph Darnand]], Vichy France politician (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Dmytro Antonovych]], Soviet politician (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Milton S. Hershey]], American chocolate tycoon (b.\n        [[1857]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Pierre Laval]], French politician, 2-time\n        [[Prime Minister of France]] (executed) (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 18]] –\n        [[Yoshiki Yahama]], Japanese author (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Plutarco\n        El\\u00edas Calles]], Mexican general and politician, 40th [[President of Mexico]]\n        (b. 1877)\\n** [[N. C. Wyeth]], American illustrator (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Henry Armetta]], Italian actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – [[Vidkun Quisling]], Norwegian collaborationist leader (executed)\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Robert Ley]], German Nazi politician\n        (suicide) (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Paul Pelliot]], French\n        explorer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Gilbert Emery]], American\n        actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[October 30]] \\n** [[W\\u0142odzimierz Arlamowski]],\n        Polish WWII heroine (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Sinn Sing Hoi]], Chinese composer\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\n** [[Ignacio Zuloaga]], Basque Spanish painter\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Henry Ainley]], British actor (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Sigur%C3%B0ur\n        Eggerz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sigurdur Eggerz]]]]\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Gus\n        Edwards]], American songwriter (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[August\n        von Mackensen]], German field marshal (b. [[1849]])\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[Jerome Kern]], American composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        [[Sigur\\u00f0ur Eggerz]], [[Minister for Iceland]] during [[World War I]]\n        and 2nd [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Carlo Alberto Biggini]], Italian Fascist politician\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Francis William Aston]], British\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[November 21]]\\n** [[Robert Benchley]], American humorist, theater critic,\n        and actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Al Davis (boxer)|Al Davis]], American boxer\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Alice Dudeney]], British author (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Ellen\n        Glasgow]], American novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Alexander Patch]], United\n        States Army lieutenant general, World War II army commander (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Irma Ingertha Gram]], Norwegian historian (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – [[Charles Armijo Woodruff]], 11th [[Governor of American\n        Samoa]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Doris Keane]], American\n        stage actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Josep Maria Sert]],  Spanish\n        Catalan muralist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Dwight F. Davis]],\n        American tennis player (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Shigeru\n        Honj\\u014d]], Japanese general (suicide) (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Fumimaro\n        Konoe.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fumimaro Konoe]]]]\\n[[File:Pattonphoto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        S. Patton]]]]\\n[[File:Vua Duy Tan nho.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Duy Tan]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] – [[Anton Dostler]], German general (executed) (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[George McKay (actor)|George McKay]], Soviet-born\n        American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]],\n        American biologist, geneticist and embryologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Cosmo Gordon Lang|Cosmo Lang]],\n        [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Gabriellino\n        D''Annunzio]], Italian actor, director and screenwriter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Prince Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December\n        13]]\\n**[[Juana Bormann]], [[Nazi concentration camp]] guard (executed) (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n**[[Henri Dentz]], French general (b. [[1881]])\\n**[[Irma Grese]],\n        warden at [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] (executed) (b. [[1923]])\\n**[[Josef\n        Kramer]], commandant of [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] (executed) (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n**[[Elisabeth Volkenrath]], supervisor at [[Nazi concentration\n        camp]]s (executed) (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\n** [[Francis Aupiais]],\n        French missionary (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Forrester Harvey]], Irish actor (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\n** [[Giovanni Agnelli]], Italian entrepreneur\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Fumimaro Konoe]], Japanese general and politician, 23rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[Farley\n        Drew Caminetti]], American publisher (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Leonard F. Wing]],\n        American general and [[Vermont]] politician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 21]]\n        – [[George S. Patton]], American general (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Otto Neurath]], Austrian philosopher and political economist\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Luis Chamizo Trigueros]], Spanish\n        writer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\n** [[Karl Borromaeus Maria Josef\n        Heller]], Austrian entomologist (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Duy T\\u00e2n]], [[Emperor\n        of Vietnam]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Russell Gleason]], American\n        actor (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes]], British admiral\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Theodore Dreiser]], American author\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Glenn Hunter (actor)|Glenn Hunter]],\n        American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Wolfgang Pauli]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – Sir [[Alexander\n        Fleming]], [[Ernst Boris Chain]], Sir [[Howard Florey]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Literature]] – [[Gabriela Mistral]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – [[Cordell Hull]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* [[Ian Buruma]]. ''''Year Zero: A History of 1945'''' (Penguin\n        Press; 2013) 368 pages; covers liberation, revenge, decolonization, and the\n        rise of the United Nations.\\n* Keith Lowe. ''''Savage Continent: Europe in\n        the Aftermath of World War II'''' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1250000203/\n        excerpt and text search]\\n* Walter Yust, ed. ''''10 Eventful Years, 1937 \\u2013\n        1946'''' Chicago: Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica, 1947, 4 vol., encyclopedia\n        yearbook\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1945}}\\n[[Category:1945| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T05:55:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":799681243,\"length\":122714,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1945&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945\"},\"34631\":{\"pageid\":34631,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1946\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-29T22:13:26Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1946|the Ep by Soul-Junk|1946 (EP)}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1946}}\\n{{Year nav|1946}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1946}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main article|January\n        1946}}\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** The [[North Vietnamese parliamentary election,\n        1946|first general election]] ever in [[Vietnam]] is held.\\n** A revised and\n        streamlined revival of [[Jerome Kern|Kern]] and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Hammerstein]]''s  ''''[[Show\n        Boat]]'''' opens on Broadway at the [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937\n        borders, and divide the country into four [[Allied-occupied Austria|occupation\n        zones]].\\n[[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|thumb|110px|right| [[January\n        10]]: First meeting of [[United Nations|UN]].]]\\n[[File:Project Diana antenna.jpg|thumb|100px|right|\n        [[January 10]]: [[Project Diana]]]]\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** The first meeting\n        of the [[United Nations]] is held at [[Methodist Central Hall Westminster]]\n        in London.\\n** ''''[[Project Diana]]'''' bounces [[radar]] waves off the Moon,\n        measuring the exact distance between the Earth and the Moon, and proves that\n        communication is possible between Earth and outer space, effectively opening\n        the [[Space Age]].\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Enver Hoxha]] declares the [[People''s\n        Republic of Albania]], with himself as [[prime minister of Albania|prime minister]].\\n**\n        [[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]''s ashes go back to [[Colombia]].\\n* [[January 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Charles de Gaulle]] resigns as a head of a [[Provisional Government\n        of the French Republic|French provisional government]].\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        The [[United Nations Security Council]] holds its first session at [[Church\n        House, Westminster]] in London.\\n** United States Senator [[Dennis Ch\\u00e1vez]]\n        (D-NM) calls for a vote on a [[Fair Employment Practice Committee]] bill which\n        calls for an end to [[discrimination]] in the workplace. A [[filibuster]]\n        prevents it from passing.\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 The [[Bell X-1|Bell XS-1]]\n        is test flown for the first time (unpowered), with Bell''s chief [[test pilot]]\n        [[Jack Woolams]] at the controls.\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        resigns as [[president of France]].\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Iran crisis of\n        1946]]: [[Qazi Muhammad]] declares the independent people''s [[Republic of\n        Mahabad]] at the [[Chahar Cheragh Square]] in the [[Kurds|Kurdish]] city of\n        [[Mahabad]]. He is the new president, [[Haji Baba Sheikh]] is the [[prime\n        minister]].\\n** The National Intelligence Authority and its operational arm\n        the Central Intelligence Group are established in the United States; these\n        become part of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in [[1947]].{{cite\n        book|editor=[[William M. Leary|Leary, William M.]]|title=The Central Intelligence\n        Agency: History and Documents|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=1984|pages=20\\u201321}}\\n[[File:Stamp\n        Canada 1929 50c Bluenose.jpg|thumb|130px|right| [[January 28]]: ''''[[Bluenose]]''''\n        founders.]]\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 The [[United Mine Workers]] rejoins the\n        [[American Federation of Labor]].\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 The Canadian schooner\n        ''''[[Bluenose]]'''' founders on a Haitian reef.\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** The\n        last session of the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] occurs.\\n**\n        [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]''s [[1946 Yugoslav\n        Constitution|new constitution]], modeling the [[Soviet Union]], establishes\n        6 constituent republics ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Republic\n        of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]] and [[Slovenia]]).\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1946}}\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Trygve Lie]] of Norway is\n        selected as the first [[United Nations Secretary-General]].\\n** The [[Kingdom\n        of Hungary (1920\\u201346)|Kingdom of Hungary]] becomes a [[republic]], heavily\n        influenced by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** The [[Bank of England]]\n        is [[nationalization|nationalized]].\\n** [[ENIAC]] (for \\\"Electronic Numerical\n        Integrator and Computer\\\"), an early general-purpose electronic [[computer]],\n        is unveiled at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. Weighed 60,000 pounds (over\n        27 tons) and occupied a big room.\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 Canada indicts\n        22 communist agents.\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 An explosion kills more than\n        400 coal miners in West Germany.\\n* [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]]\n        is elected [[president of Argentina]].\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 In [[Philadelphia]],\n        [[General Electric]] strikers and police clash.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March\n        1946}}\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** British troops withdraw from [[Iran]] according\n        to treaty; the Soviets do not.\\n** [[Ho Chi Minh]] is elected President of\n        [[North Vietnam]].\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|C.\n        G. E. Mannerheim]] resigns as [[president of Finland]].\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013\n        In his speech at [[Westminster College (Missouri)|Westminster College]], in\n        [[Fulton, Missouri]], [[Winston Churchill]] talks about the ''''[[Iron Curtain]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]]: [[Ho Chi Minh]] signs an agreement with\n        France which recognizes [[Vietnam]] as an autonomous state in the Indochinese\n        Federation and the French Union.\\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 The [[18th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony is held. [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]\n        goes to ''''[[The Lost Weekend (film)|The Lost Weekend]]''''.\\n* [[March 9]]\\n**\n        [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]] becomes [[president of Finland]].\\n** [[Bolton Wanderers\n        F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] [[Burnden Park disaster|stadium disaster]] at [[Burnden\n        Park]], [[Bolton]], England, 33 killed and hundreds amongst the injured\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 British troops begin withdrawing from [[Lebanon]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Clement Attlee]] promises independence to India as soon\n        as they can agree on a constitution.\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]]\n        and Switzerland resume [[diplomatic relations]].\\n** [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]],\n        [[Martinique]] and [[R\\u00e9union]] become [[overseas department|overseas\n        ''''d\\u00e9partements'''']] of France.\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 The United Kingdom\n        grants [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]], as it is then known, its independence;\n        3 years later the country changes its name to [[Jordan]].\\\"Year by Year\n        1946\\\" \\u2013 [[History Channel International]]\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013\n        The [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] has an African majority in\n        its parliament.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1946}}\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        The 8.6 {{M|w}} [[1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake|Aleutian Islands earthquake]]\n        shakes the [[Aleutian Islands]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of VI (''''Strong''''). A destructive [[tsunami]] reaches the\n        [[Hawaiian Islands]] resulting in many deaths, mostly in [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]].\n        Between 165 and 173 were killed.\\n** The [[Malayan Union]] is formed.\\n**\n        [[Singapore]] becomes a [[Crown colony]].\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 Japanese Lt.\n        General [[Masaharu Homma]] is executed outside [[Manila]], the [[Philippines]]\n        for leading the [[Bataan Death March]].\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 In Japan, women\n        vote for the first time, during elections for the House of Representatives\n        of the 90th [[Meiji Constitution|Imperial Diet]].\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 A\n        member of [[Nakam]], the \\\"Jewish Avengers\\\", poisons with arsenic the bread\n        of [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] prisoners of war held at [[Stalag XIII-D]] by the\n        Americans.\\n* [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Syria]]''s independence from France is\n        officially recognized.\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** The inaugural session of the [[International\n        Court of Justice]] (ICJ) occurs.\\n** The United States recognizes [[Josip\n        Broz Tito]]''s government in [[Yugoslavia]].\\n** The [[League of Nations]],\n        in its last meeting, transfers its mission to the [[United Nations]] and disbands\n        itself.\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 The Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League\n        (which is now the [[Continental Basketball Association|CBA]]) is founded.\\n*\n        [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[FA Cup]]: Derby County beat Charlton Athletic in the\n        first FA Cup final since 1939.\\n* [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Kinderdorf Pestalozzi|Pestalozzi\n        Children''s Village]] (''''Kinderdorf Pestalozzi'''') established at [[Trogen]]\n        in Switzerland to accommodate and educate [[orphan]]s of World War II according\n        to [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi|Pestalozzian]] principles.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001442/144223eb.pdf|first=Fritz|last=Wezel|title=Pestalozzi\n        Children Village at Trogen|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|date=1948-10-01|accessdate=2010-11-23}}\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 Trial against [[war criminal]]s begin in Tokyo; the accused\n        include [[Hideki T\\u014dj\\u014d]], [[Shigenori T\\u014dg\\u014d]] and [[Hiroshi\n        \\u014cshima]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main article|May 1946}}\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013\n        At least 800 [[Indigenous Australian]] pastoral workers walk off the job in\n        Northwest Western Australia, starting [[1946 Pilbara strike|one of the longest\n        industrial strikes in Australia]].\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 Six inmates unsuccessfully\n        try to escape from [[Alcatraz Prison]]. A riot occurs, the \\\"[[Battle of Alcatraz]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed ''''[[Sony]]'''')\n        is founded with about 20 employees.\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 King [[Victor Emmanuel\n        III of Italy]] abdicates, and is succeeded by his son [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto\n        II]].\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is elected leader of the [[Indian\n        National Congress|Congress Party]] in India.\\n** The first [[V-2 rocket]]\n        is successfully launched at the [[White Sands Missile Range]].\\n* [[May 20]]\n        \\u2013 The [[British House of Commons]] decides to [[nationalize]] mines.\\n*\n        [[May 21]] \\u2013 At the [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]] Laboratory,\n        Dr. [[Louis Slotin]] saves his coworkers but receives a fatal dose of [[ionizing\n        radiation]] (the incident is initially [[Classified information|classified]]).\\n*\n        [[May 22]] \\u2013 The [[Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan]] is founded.\\n*\n        [[May 25]] \\u2013 The parliament of [[Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan|Transjordan]]\n        makes [[Abdullah I of Jordan|emir Abdullah]] their king.\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Czechoslovak]] parliamentary [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1946|election]],\n        with Communist victory (38%), last before communists take power.\\n* [[May\n        31]] \\u2013 A Greek [[referendum]] supports the return of the [[monarchy of\n        Greece|monarchy]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1946}}\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Ion Antonescu]], prime minister and \\\"Conducator\\\" (Leader) of [[Romania]]\n        during World War II is executed; he was found guilty of betraying the Romanian\n        people for benefits of Germany and sentenced to death by the [[Bucharest People''s\n        Tribunal]].\\n** [[Georges Thierry d''Argenlieu|D''Argenlieu]], French [[High\n        Commissioner]] for [[Indo-China]] recognizes an autonomous \\\"Republic of Cochin-China\\\"\n        in violation of the [[March 6]] [[Ho\\u2013Sainteny agreement]], opening the\n        way for conflict between the [[Viet Minh]] and France.{{cite book |first=Fredrik\n        |last=Logevall |authorlink=Fredrik Logevall |title=[[Embers of War]] |publisher=[[Random\n        House]] |year=2013 |page=136 |isbn=978-0375756474}}\\n* [[June 2]] \\u2013\n        In a [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|referendum]], Italians decide\n        to turn Italy from a [[monarchy]] into a [[republic]]. Women vote for the\n        first time.\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 The [[Interpol]] organization re-founded,\n        [[telegraphic address]] \\\"Interpol\\\" adopted.\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 The [[Basketball\n        Association of America]] is formed in New York City.\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013\n        In [[Indonesia]], [[Sukarno]] incites his supporters to fight Dutch colonial\n        occupation.\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 In [[Thailand]], King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]\n        (Rama IX) accedes the throne after the mysterious death of his brother, King\n        [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama VIII). He will reign until his death in October [[2016]].\\n*\n        [[June 10]] \\u2013 Italy is declared a [[republic]].\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Umberto II of Italy]] leaves the country and goes into exile in Portugal;\n        [[Alcide De Gasperi]] becomes [[head of state]].\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Baruch Plan]] is proposed to the United Nations.\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** A [[1946\n        Windsor\\u2013Tecumseh tornado|tornado]] on the [[Detroit River]] kills 17.\\n**\n        [[Laurence Olivier]]''s ''''[[Henry V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'''' opens in the\n        United States nearly 2 years after its release in England. It is the first\n        Shakespeare film in color, and critics hail it as the finest film of a Shakespeare\n        play ever made.\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** The 7.5 {{M|w}} [[1946 Vancouver Island\n        earthquake|Vancouver Island earthquake]] affected the island with a maximum\n        [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe'''').\n        Two people were killed.\\n** The [[National Democratic Front (French India)|National\n        Democratic Front]] wins a landslide victory in the [[French India municipal\n        election, 1946|municipal elections in French India]].\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013\n        [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) (World Bank)\n        begins operations.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 The [[War Relocation Authority]]\n        is abolished.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1946}}\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Nuclear testing]]: [[Operation Crossroads]], a series of [[nuclear weapon]]\n        tests conducted by the [[United States and nuclear weapons|United States]]\n        at [[Bikini Atoll]] in [[Micronesia]], is initiated by detonation of ''''Able''''\n        at an altitude of 520 feet (158 m).
[[File:Operation Crossroads\n        Baker Edit.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[July 25]]: Undersea Atomic Test Baker]]\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Ankara University]] is founded in [[Turkey]].\\n** After more\n        than 380 years of Western dominance, the [[Philippines]] attains full independence.\\n**\n        The [[Kielce Pogrom]] takes place in [[Poland]].\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 The\n        [[bikini]] is first modeled in Paris.\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** Mother [[Frances Xavier\n        Cabrini]] becomes the first American saint to be canonized.\\n** [[Howard Hughes]]\n        nearly dies in a test flight of the [[Hughes XF-11]], which crashes in a [[Beverly\n        Hills]] neighborhood due to a propeller malfunction.\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Bureau of Land Management]] (BLM) within [[Department of the Interior]]\n        (formed by merger of [[Grazing Service]] and [[General Land Office]]).\\n*\n        [[July 21]] \\u2013 An [[Irgun]] bomb explodes in [[Jerusalem]] due to secretive\n        talks between Jews and Britain to consolidate the state of Israel.\\n* [[July\n        22]] \\u2013 [[King David Hotel bombing]]: The [[Irgun]] bombs the [[King David\n        Hotel]] (headquarters of the British civil and military administration) in\n        [[Jerusalem]], killing 90.\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Nuclear testing]]: In the\n        first underwater test of the [[atomic bomb]], the surplus {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}}\n        is sunk near [[Bikini Atoll]] in the Pacific Ocean, when the United States\n        detonates the ''''Baker'''' device during [[Operation Crossroads]].\\n** At\n        Club 500 in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]], [[Dean\n        Martin]] and [[Jerry Lewis]] stage their first show as a [[comedy]] team.\\n**\n        In the last mass lynching in the United States, a mob of white men [[1946\n        Georgia lynching|shoot and kill]] two [[African-American]] couples near Moore''s\n        Ford Bridge in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1946}}\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** The [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]]\n        is established.\\n** The [[Fulbright Program]], a system of U.S. international\n        educational exchange scholarships, is established.\\n** The [[Hungarian forint]]\n        is introduced in Hungary by the government, ending the world''s biggest [[hyperinflation]]\n        in the country.\\n** The [[Scandinavian Airlines]] System is founded as a consortium\n        of the [[flag carrier]]s of Sweden, Denmark and Norway.\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Santa Claus Land]] (now Holiday World), opens to the public at [[Santa Claus,\n        Indiana]]. It becomes the first themed park, preceding [[Disneyland]] by 9\n        years.\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 The [[1946 Dominican Republic earthquake]] (magnitude\n        8.0) hits the northern Dominican Republic, killing 100 and leaving 20,000\n        homeless.\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Direct Action Day]]: Violence between Muslims\n        and Hindus in [[Calcutta]] begins \\\"The Week of the Long Knives\\\" which leaves\n        3,000 dead.\\n** The [[All Hyderabad Trade Union Congress]] is founded in [[Secunderabad]].\\n**\n        The [[Kurdistan Democratic Party]] is founded in [[South Kurdistan]].\\n* [[August\n        18]] \\u2013 The [[Vergarola explosion]] in [[Croatia]] kills 70.\\n* [[August\n        25]] \\u2013 American golfer [[Ben Hogan]] wins the [[PGA Championship]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1946}}\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[1946 Turin Grand Prix]],\n        a first recorded officially [[Formula One|Formula One Grand Prix Motor Race]]\n        held in [[Italy]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}\\n* [[September 2]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Interim Government of India]] takes charge, with [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]] as Vice President, as part of the transition from the [[British Raj]]\n        to full independence for [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013\n        Street violence between Muslims and Hindus erupts in [[Bombay]].\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Bulgaria]] is declared a [[People''s Republic]] after a [[referendum]];\n        King [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]] leaves.\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013\n        [[Cathay Pacific]] Airways is founded in [[Hong Kong]] by American [[Roy Farrell]]\n        and Australian [[Sydney de Kantzow]].\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[George\n        II of Greece]] returns to [[Athens]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1946}}\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Mensa International|Mensa]], an international\n        organization for people with a high [[intelligence quotient]] (IQ), is founded\n        by [[Roland Berrill]], an Australian-born lawyer, and Dr [[Lancelot Ware]],\n        an English biochemist and lawyer, in [[Oxford]].\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 Communists\n        take over in [[Bulgaria]].\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 Sweden''s Prime Minister\n        [[Per Albin Hansson]] dies in office of a heart attack.\\n* [[October 10]]\n        \\u2013 Commencement of the [[Noakhali genocide]] of Hindus in [[Bengal]] at\n        the hands of Muslim mobs.\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 After a few days of vacancy,\n        the Swedish premiership is taken over by [[Tage Erlander]].\\n* [[October 13]]\n        \\u2013 France adopts the constitution of the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth\n        Republic]].\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[International Organization for Standardization]]\n        (ISO) founded.\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Nuremberg trials]]: [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]],\n        founder of the [[Gestapo]] and recently convicted [[Nazism|Nazi]] war criminal,\n        poisons himself two hours before his scheduled execution.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n**\n        The remaining ten Nazi war criminals sentenced to death at the [[Nuremberg\n        trials]] are executed by hanging in a gymnasium in the [[Palace of Justice,\n        Nuremberg|Nuremberg Palace of Justice]].\\n** The [[United Nations]]'' first\n        meeting in [[Long Island]] is held.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1946}}\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 In the first [[Basketball Association of America]]\n        game, the [[New York Knicks]] defeat the [[Toronto Huskies]] 68\\u201366 at\n        Toronto''s [[Maple Leaf Gardens]].
[[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|thumb|150px|Flag\n        of UNESCO]]\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[UNESCO]] established as a specialized\n        agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[United States\n        Senate elections, 1946|Senate]] and [[United States House of Representatives\n        elections, 1946|House]] elections in the United States both give majorities\n        to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]].\\n* [[November 10]]\\n**\n        At least 1,400 people are killed in an earthquake measuring 7.4 on the [[Richter\n        magnitude scale]], in the [[Ancash Region]] and [[Quiches District]] in [[Peru]].\\n**\n        The [[Slimbridge Wetland Reserve]] opens in England.\\n* [[November 12]]\\n**\n        A truce is declared between Indonesian nationalist troops and the Dutch army\n        in [[Indonesia]].\\n** In Chicago, a branch of the ''''Exchange National Bank''''\n        (now part of the [[LaSalle Bank]]) opens the first 10 [[drive-up teller window]]s.\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 The Netherlands recognizes the Republic of [[Indonesia]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]] \\u2013 Eight British [[British Army|servicemen]] are killed\n        in [[Jerusalem]] by Jewish [[nationalists]].\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Afghanistan]],\n        [[Iceland]] and [[Sweden]] join the [[United Nations]].\\n** [[Romanian general\n        election, 1946]]: The [[Romanian Communist Party]] wins 79.86% of the vote\n        through widespread intimidation tactics and [[electoral fraud]].\\n* [[November\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Tony Benn]] is elected as [[Treasurer]] of the [[Oxford Union]].\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** Vietnamese riot in [[Haiphong]] and clash with French\n        troops. The French cruiser ''''Suffren'''' opens fire, killing 6,000 Vietnamese.\\n**\n        The [[Workers'' Party of South Korea]] is founded.\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Cold War]]: Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] appeals to the United\n        States and the [[Soviet Union]] to end [[nuclear testing]] and to start [[nuclear\n        disarmament]], stating that such an action would \\\"save humanity from the\n        ultimate disaster.\\\"\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 The [[SOBSI|All Indonesia Centre\n        of Labour Organizations]] (SOBSI) is founded in [[Jakarta]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1946}}\\n* [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Miguel Alem\\u00e1n Vald\\u00e9s]]\n        takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Whaling Commission]] was signed in Washington, D.C. to \\\"provide for the proper\n        conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development\n        of the whaling industry\\\".\\n* [[December 7]] \\u2013 A [[Winecoff Hotel fire|fire\n        at the Winecoff Hotel]] in [[Atlanta]], United States kills 119.\\n* [[December\n        11]] \\u2013 [[UNICEF]] (the United Nations Children''s Emergency Fund) is\n        founded.\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** The [[United Nations]] severs relations with\n        [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]''s Spain and recommends that member countries\n        sever diplomatic relations.\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Blum]] founds a government of\n        socialist parties in France.\\n** [[Iran crisis of 1946]]: Iranian troops recapture\n        the [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] province.\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 The\n        [[International Labour Organization]] becomes a specialized agency of the\n        [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** First [[French India Representative\n        Assembly election, 1946|French India Representative Assembly election]] held.\\n**\n        Iran crisis of 1946: Iranian troops recapture the Kurdish [[Republic of Mahabad]].\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Thailand|Siam]] joins the [[United Nations]] (changes\n        name to [[Thailand]] in [[1949]]).\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 [[Viet Minh]]\n        forces begin a [[First Indochina War|war against French occupying forces]]\n        in [[Vietnam]], succeeding in 1954 with France''s surrender at the [[Battle\n        of Dien Bien Phu]].\\n* [[December 20]]\\n** [[Frank Capra]]''s ''''[[It''s\n        a Wonderful Life]]'''', featuring [[James Stewart]], [[Donna Reed]], [[Lionel\n        Barrymore]], [[Henry Travers]], and [[Thomas Mitchell (actor)|Thomas Mitchell]],\n        is released in New York.\\n** At least 1,362 people are killed in an [[1946\n        Nankai earthquake|earthquake]] and associated tsunami in Japan.\\n* [[December\n        22]] \\u2013 The [[Havana Conference]] begins between U.S. [[organized crime]]\n        bosses in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]].\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 France''s [[French\n        Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] is founded.\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 The\n        first artificial, self-sustaining [[nuclear chain reaction]] in Europe was\n        initiated within the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] (Russian) [[nuclear reactor]]\n        [[F-1 (nuclear reactor)|F-1]].\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** The [[Flamingo Las Vegas|Flamingo\n        Hotel]] opens on the [[Las Vegas Strip]].\\n** [[David Lean]]''s ''''[[Great\n        Expectations (1946 film)|Great Expectations]]'''', based on the [[Charles\n        Dickens]] novel, and featuring [[John Mills]], [[Valerie Hobson]], [[Martita\n        Hunt]], [[Alec Guinness]], [[Francis L. Sullivan]], [[Jean Simmons]], and\n        [[Finlay Currie]], is released to great acclaim in the UK.\\n* [[December 31]]\n        \\u2013 President [[Harry S. Truman]] delivers [[Proclamation 2714]], which\n        officially ends hostilities in World War II.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* The\n        20 mm [[M61 Vulcan]] [[Gatling gun]] contract is released.\\n* [[Female\n        suffrage]] is enacted in [[Belgium]], [[Romania]], [[Socialist Federal Republic\n        of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Argentina]] and the Canadian province of [[Quebec]].\\n*\n        The first female police officers are hired in Korea and Japan.\\n* The [[Chinese\n        Civil War]] intensifies between the [[Kuomintang]] and the [[Communist Party\n        of China]].\\n* The first [[Tupperware]] is sold in department and hardware\n        stores.\\n* The British government takes emergency powers to deal with the\n        balance-of-payments crisis.\\n* [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]] tours Spain, Italy and France\n        on behalf of [[Argentina]], a circuit called the Rainbow Tour.\\n* The NFL\n        team [[San Francisco 49ers]] is formed.\\n* The [[Casio]] company is founded\n        by engineer Tadao Kashio.\\n* [[Binghamton University]] is founded.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Diane\n        Keaton 2012-1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Diane Keaton]]]]\\n[[File:Dolly Parton\n        accepting Liseberg Applause Award 2010 portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dolly Parton]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Lynch Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David Lynch]]]]\\n[[File:Arnoldo Alem\\u00e1n.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Arnoldo\n        Alem\\u00e1n]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Roberto Rivelino]], Brazilian football\n        player\\n** [[Alain Voss]], Brazilian-French comics artist (d. 2011)\\n* [[January\n        3]]\\n** [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]], English rock bassist\n        ([[Led Zeppelin]], [[Them Crooked Vultures]])\\n** [[Cissy King]], American\n        dancer and singer\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Diane Keaton]], American actress\n        and film director\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Syd Barrett]], English rock guitarist\n        and singer-songwriter (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Robby Krieger]],\n        American rock musician ([[The Doors]])\\n** [[Stanton Peele]], American psychologist\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Mogens Lykketoft]], Danish politician\\n* [[January\n        11]]\\n** [[Naomi Judd]], American country singer\\n** [[John Piper (theologian)|John\n        Piper]], American theologian\\n** [[Ha Yu (actor)|Ha Yu]], Hong Kong actor\\n*\n        [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[George Duke]], American musician (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]]\\n** [[Fer\\u00f3 Nagy]], Hungarian singer\\n** [[Harold Shipman]],\n        British serial killer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Kabir Bedi]],\n        Indian actor\\n** [[Katia Ricciarelli]], Italian singer\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Joseph Deiss]], Swiss Federal Councillor\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Julian\n        Barnes]], English novelist\\n** [[Dolly Parton]], American singer-songwriter,\n        actress, businesswoman and philanthropist\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[David\n        Lynch]], American film director\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Oates]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Malcolm\n        McLaren]], British music manager (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Serge Savard]], Canadian\n        hockey player and executive\\n* [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Arnoldo Alem\\u00e1n]],\n        [[President of Nicaragua]]\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Michael Ontkean]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[January 25]] \\n** [[G\\u00e9za Berem\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian writer,\n        screenwriter and film director\\n** [[Pete Price]], [[Merseyside]] radio disc\n        jockey\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Gene Siskel]], American film critic (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Michel Delpech]], French singer-songwriter and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Nedra Talley]], American singer ([[The Ronettes]])\\n* [[January\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Bettye LaVette]], American soul singer-songwriter\\n* [[January\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Terry Kath]], American rock musician (d. [[1978]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:President\n        Isaias Afewerk.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Isaias Afwerki]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Tyne\n        Daly at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tyne Daly]]]]\\n[[File:Daniels03\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anthony Daniels]]]]\\n[[File:Alan Rickman cropped\n        and retouched.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alan Rickman]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Elisabeth Sladen]], English actress (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Isaias Afwerki]], [[President of Eritrea]]\\n** [[Blake Clark]], American\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 [[Charlotte Rampling]], British\n        actress\\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Kate McGarrigle]], Canadian singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2010]]) \\n** [[Jim Turner (politician)|Jim Turner]], American politician\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Pete Postlethwaite]], English character actor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[Se\\u00e1n Neeson]], Northern Irish politician\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\n** [[Joe Estevez]], American actor\\n** [[Colin Matthews]],\n        British composer\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Bernard Dowiyogo]], 7-time [[President\n        of Nauru]] (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Gregory Hines]], American dancer and actor\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Karen Silkwood]], American activist\n        (d. [[1974]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Brenda Blethyn]], British actress\\n**\n        [[J. Geils]], lead guitarist of American rock group, [[The J. Geils Band]]\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Tyne Daly]], American actress\\n** [[Anthony\n        Daniels]], English actor\\n** [[Alan Rickman]], English actor and film director\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed B\\u011blohl\\u00e1vek]],\n        Czech orchestral conductor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Andrew Ang]],\n        judge of the [[Supreme Court of Singapore]]\\n** [[Franz Xaver Kroetz]], German\n        dramatist\\n** [[Jean Todt]], French motorsport manager\\n* [[February 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ahmed Zewail]], Egyptian-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Robin Cook]], British\n        politician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Don Francisco (Christian musician)|Don Francisco]],\n        American Christian musician\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:David Gilmour 2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David\n        Gilmour]]]]\\n[[File:Liza Minnelli 1973 Special crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Liza\n        Minnelli]]]]\\n[[File:Alejandro Toledo - Jerusalem 2011.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alejandro\n        Toledo]]]]\\n[[File:9.16.13BillPlymptonByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill\n        Plympton]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Jan Kode\\u0161]], Czech tennis player\\n**\n        [[Lana Wood]], American actress and producer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Ashcroft]], English entrepreneur\\n** [[Haile Gerima]], Ethiopian filmmaker\\n**\n        [[Harvey Goldsmith]], British impresario\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Murray Head]],\n        English singer and actor\\n** [[Lova Moor]], French singer and dancer\\n* [[March\n        6]] \\u2013 [[David Gilmour]], English rock musician ([[Pink Floyd]])\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[John Heard (actor)|John Heard]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n**\n        [[Okko Kamu]], Finnish conductor and violinist\\n** [[Peter Wolf]], American\n        rock musician ([[The J. Geils Band]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Mike Hollands]],\n        Australian animator\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Frank Welker]], American voice actor\n        and singer\\n** [[Liza Minnelli]], American singer and actress\\n* [[March 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yonatan Netanyahu]], American-born Israeli Army officer, killed in\n        [[Operation Entebbe]] (d. [[1976]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Bonds]],\n        American baseball player and manager (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Georges J. F. K\\u00f6hler]], German biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Timothy\n        Dalton]], Welsh actor\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Cliff Balsom]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Johnny Crawford]], American child actor and musician\\n*\n        [[March 27]]\\n** [[Olaf Malolepski]], German musician ([[Die Flippers]])\\n**\n        [[Mike Jackson (left-handed pitcher)|Mike Jackson]], former MLB pitcher.\\n*\n        [[March 28]] \\u2013 [[Alejandro Toledo]], former [[President of Peru]]\\n*\n        [[March 29]] \\n** [[Segun Bucknor]], Nigerian musician and journalist (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n** [[Billy Thorpe]], English-born Australian singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Bill Plympton]], American cartoonist\\n**\n        [[Carolyn Simpson]], judge of the [[Supreme Court of New South Wales]]\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Gonzalo M\\u00e1rquez]], Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (d. [[1984]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hanna Suchocka 1135.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hanna\n        Suchocka]]]]\\n[[File:Brody Janos-01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[J\\u00e1nos Br\\u00f3dy]]]]\\n[[File:Ed\n        O''Neill at 2015 PaleyFest.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ed O''Neill]]]]\\n[[File:Honduras.RicardoMaduro.01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ricardo\n        Maduro]]]]\\n[[File:King Carl XVI Gustaf at National Day 2009 Cropped.png|thumb|120px|[[Carl\n        XVI Gustaf of Sweden]]]]\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Hanna Suchocka]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Poland]]\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Dave Hill]], English guitarist\n        ([[Slade]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Jane Asher]], English actress\\n** [[J\\u00e1nos\n        Br\\u00f3dy]], Hungarian singer, guitarist, composer and songwriter\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn\n        Granath]], Swedish actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Colette Besson]],\n        French track and field athlete (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Krier]], Luxembourgian\n        architect\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Catfish Hunter]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Chris Burden]], American artist (d.\n        [[2015]])\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[Ed O''Neill]], American actor\\n* [[April\n        15]] - [[Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)|Marsha Hunt]], American actress,\n        singer and novelist\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Margot Adler]], American journalist\\n*\n        [[April 18]] \\u2013 [[Hayley Mills]], English actress\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Tim Curry]], British actor, singer and composer\\n* [[April 20]] \\n** [[Julien\n        Poulin]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Ricardo Maduro]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n*\n        [[April 22]] \\n** [[John Waters]], American film director \\n** [[Paul Davies]],\n        English physicist\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[John Fox (statistician)|John Fox]],\n        British statistician\\n** [[Talia Shire]], American actress\\n** [[Strobe Talbott]],\n        American journalist\\n** [[Vladimir Zhirinovsky]], Russian politician\\n* [[April\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Larissa Grunig]], American public relations theorist and feminist\\n*\n        [[April 30]] \\u2013 King [[Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden]]\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Pressekonferenz\n        Aktion Birlikte - Zusammenstehen-8395.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Udo Lindenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Cher\n        by Ian Smith.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cher]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Joanna Lumley]],\n        English actress and author\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Lesley Gore]], American rock\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Ralf Goth\\u00f3ni]], Finnish pianist, conductor\n        and composer\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[John Watson (racing driver)|John Watson]],\n        Northern Irish racecar driver\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Jim Kelly (martial artist)|Jim\n        Kelly]], American actor, martial artist and tennis player (d. [[2013]])\\n**\n        [[Kebby Musokotwane]], Prime Minister of Zambia (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n**\n        [[Thelma Houston]], American singer \\n** [[Michael Rosen]], British novelist\n        and poet\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Candice Bergen]], American actress\\n** [[Drafi\n        Deutscher]], German Schlager singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Graham\n        Gouldman]], English songwriter and musician ([[10cc]], [[Wax (pop band)|Wax]])\\n**\n        [[Donovan|Donovan Leitch]], Scottish rock musician\\n** [[Dave Mason]], English\n        rock musician ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]])\\n** [[Birut\\u0117 Galdikas]], Canadian\n        anthropologist, primatologist, conservationist, ethologist, and author\\n*\n        [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Robert Jarvik]], American physicist and artificial heart\n        inventor\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Richard Bruce Silverman]], John Evans Professor\n        of Chemistry at [[Northwestern University]]\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Tim Pigott-Smith]],\n        English actor and author (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Klaus-Peter\n        Siegloch]], German journalist\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Robert Fripp]], British\n        musician\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Udo Lindenberg]], German musician\\n* [[May\n        18]] \\n** [[Bruce Alexander (actor)|Bruce Alexander]], English actor\\n** [[Reggie\n        Jackson]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 the Giant]],\n        French professional wrestler (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Claude Leli\\u00e8vre]], Belgian\n        Commissioner for Children Rights\\n** [[Roger Sloman]], English actor\\n* [[May\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Cher]], American actress and rock singer\\n* [[May 22]] \\n**\n        [[George Best]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Howard Kendall]],\n        English footballer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Frederik de Groot]],\n        Dutch actor\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Mick Ronson]], English guitarist (d. [[1993]])\\n*\n        [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[K. Satchidanandan]], Malayalam poet\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Fernando Buesa]], Basque politician (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Candy\n        Lightner]], American founder of Mothers Against Drunk Driving\\n* [[May 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[Adriana Bittel]], Romanian writer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Donald Trump\n        Pentagon 2017.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Donald Trump]]]]\\n[[File:Noddy Holder (modified).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Noddy\n        Holder]]]]\\n[[File:11 Xanana 3.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Xanana Gusm\\u00e3o]]]]\\n[[File:Ted\n        Shakelford (253554794).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ted Shackelford]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Brian Cox (actor)|Brian Cox]], Scottish actor\\n* [[June 2]] \\n**\n        [[Peter Sutcliffe]], English serial killer\\n** [[Tomomichi Nishimura]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Suzanne Ciani]], American pianist and electronic\n        composer\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Stefania Sandrelli]], Italian actress\\n* [[June\n        7]]\\n** [[Jenny Jones (presenter)|Jenny Jones]], Palestinian-Canadian comedian\n        and talk show hostess\\n** [[Robert Tilton]], American televangelist and author\\n*\n        [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Pearlette Louisy]], Governor-General of St. Lucia\\n* [[June\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Fernando Balzaretti]], Mexican actor (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Paul L. Modrich]], American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Donald Trump]], American television\n        personality and real estate magnate, 45th [[President of the United States]]\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Noddy Holder]], English rock singer ([[Slade]])\\n** [[Janet\n        Lennon]], American singer ([[The Lennon Sisters]])\\n** [[Demis Roussos]],\n        Greek singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Marcy Kaptur]], U.S. Representative\n        for the Ninth Congressional District of Ohio\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Russell\n        Ash]], British author (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Fabio Capello]], Italian football\n        player and manager\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Xanana Gusm\\u00e3o]], 1st [[President\n        of East Timor]]\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Kay Redfield Jamison]], American psychiatrist\\n**\n        [[J\\u00f3zef Oleksy]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Ted Shackelford]], American actor\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Ellison\n        Onizuka]], American astronaut (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Robert Reich]], 22nd United\n        States Secretary of Labor\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[Pete Vanderwaal]], Dutch\n        engineer\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Maria von Welser]], German TV journalist\n        and President of UNICEF Germany\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Gilda Radner]], American\n        comedian and actress (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Egon von F\\u00fcrstenberg]],\n        Swiss fashion designer (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Gitte H\\u00e6nning]], Danish singer\n        \\n** [[Ernesto P\\u00e9rez Balladares]], [[President of Panama]]\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Mireya\n        Moscoso.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mireya Moscoso]]]]\\n[[File:Leszek Miller Sejm 2013.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Leszek\n        Miller]]]]\\n[[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[George W. Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Sylvester-Stallone-2014-2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sylvester\n        Stallone]]]]\\n[[File:Cheech Marin 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cheech Marin]]]]\\n[[File:Hassanal\n        Bolkiah 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hassanal Bolkiah]]]]\\n[[File:Danny Glover 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Danny\n        Glover]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Alceu Valen\\u00e7a]], Brazilian composer,\n        writer, performer, actor, and poet\\n** [[Stefan Aust]], German journalist\n        and editor-in-chief of the weekly news magazine ''''Der Spiegel'''' from 1994\n        to 2008\\n** [[Mireya Moscoso]], [[President of Panama]]\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Axel]], American scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\u2013 [[Leszek Miller]], [[Prime Minister of\n        Poland]]\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Sam Hunt (poet)|Sam Hunt]], New Zealand poet\\n**\n        [[Michael Milken]], American financier\\n** [[Ed O''Ross]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Roy Cimatu]], Filipino general\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[George W. Bush]], 43rd\n        [[President of the United States]]\\n** [[Sylvester Stallone]], American actor,\n        screenwriter and film director\\n** [[Tiemen Groen]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[July\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Tadeusz Nowicki]], Polish tennis player\\n* [[July 8]] \\n** [[Massimo\n        Vanni]], Italian actor\\n** [[Daniela Beneck]], Italian freestyle swimmer\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Mitch Mitchell]], English drummer ([[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]])\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Bon Scott]], Australian rock singer ([[AC/DC]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Oliver Martin (cyclist)|Oliver Martin]], American cyclist\\n**\n        [[Sue Lyon]], American actress\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Jean-Pierre Coopman]],\n        Belgian boxer\\n** [[Jack Wrangler]], American porn star (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Ernesto Mahieux]], Italian actor\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o\n        Bosco]], Brazilian singer-songwriter \\n** [[Cheech Marin]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[John Wood (Australian actor)|John Wood]],\n        Australian actor\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Hassanal Bolkiah]], [[Sultan of Brunei]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Ronstadt]], American singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Toshio\n        Furukawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Dave Goelz]], American puppeteer\\n**\n        [[Monica Aspelund]], Finnish singer\\n** [[Ron Yary]], American football player\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Alun Armstrong]], English actor\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Ilie N\\u0103stase]], Romanian tennis player\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Danny Glover]],\n        American actor and film director\\n** [[Mireille Mathieu]], French singer\\n**\n        [[Johnson Toribiong]], 8th President of Palau\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Sally\n        Flynn]], American singer\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[Rita Marley]], Jamaican singer\\n*\n        [[July 28]] - [[Jonathan Edwards]], American singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n*\n        [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Ximena Armas]], Chilean painter\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Neil Bonnett]], American race car driver (d. [[1994]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ralph\n        Gonsalves (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ralph Gonsalves]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill\n        Clinton]]]]\\n[[File:Keith Moon 4 - The Who - 1975-2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Keith\n        Moon]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Mike Emrick]], American sportscaster\\n** [[Sandi\n        Griffiths]], American singer\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Jack Straw]], English\n        politician\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Ron Silliman]], American poet\\n** [[Loni\n        Anderson]], American actress\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Gonsalves]], 4th\n        [[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Jim Kiick]], American football player\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Terry Nutkins]],\n        English naturalist (d. 2012)\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Janet Yellen]], American\n        [[Chair of the Federal Reserve]]\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013 [[Lesley Ann Warren]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Drake Levin]], n\\u00e9\n        Levinshefski, American rock guitarist ([[Paul Revere & the Raiders]])\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Charles Bolden]], American astronaut\\n** [[Bill Clinton]], 42nd\n        [[President of the United States]]\\n** [[Beat Raaflaub]], Swiss conductor\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** [[Connie Chung]], American reporter\\n** [[Ralf H\\u00fctter]],\n        German techno singer and musician ([[Kraftwerk]])\\n** [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]],\n        Indian businessman\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Keith Moon]], English rock drummer\n        ([[The Who]]) (d. [[1978]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[John Grahl]], British\n        economist\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Rollie Fingers]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Charles Ghigna]], American poet and children''s author\\n* [[August 26]]\\n**\n        [[Valerie Simpson]], American singer\\n** [[Mark Snow]], American composer\\n**\n        [[Zhou Ji]], education minister of the People''s Republic of China\\n* [[August\n        29]]\\n** [[Jean-Baptiste Bagaza]], 2nd President of Burundi (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Bob Beamon]], American athlete\\n** [[Demetris Christofias]], 6th [[President\n        of Cyprus]]\\n** [[Leona Gom]], Canadian novelist and poet\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Barry\n        Gibb (Bee Gees) - TopPop 1973 3.png|thumb|120px|[[Barry Gibb]]]]\\n[[File:Freddie\n        Mercury performing in New Haven, CT, November 1977.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Freddie\n        Mercury]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Hines 1968.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jim Hines]]]]\\n[[File:TommyLeeJones07TIFF\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tommy Lee Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Siimann Mart.IMG 2960.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Mart\n        Siimann]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Barry Gibb]], English-born Australian\n        singer ([[Bee Gees]])\\n** [[Roh Moo-hyun]], [[President of South Korea]] (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Dan White]], American politician and murderer\n        (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Luis \\u00c1valos]], Cuban-born American character actor\\n**\n        [[Billy Preston]], American soul musician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Francisco Trois]], Brazilian chess player\\n* [[September 4]]\\n**\n        [[Gary Duncan]], American rock guitarist ([[Quicksilver Messenger Service]])\\n**\n        [[Greg Elmore]], American rock drummer ([[Quicksilver Messenger Service]])\\n*\n        [[September 5]]\\n** [[Dennis Dugan]], American actor and director\\n** [[Freddie\n        Mercury]], Lead singer and pianist of British rock group [[Queen (band)|Queen]]\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Willie Crawford]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Francisco Varela]], Chilean biologist (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[September 8]] \\u2013 [[Aziz Sancar]], Turkish biochemist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Doug Ingle]], American\n        rock vocalist ([[Iron Butterfly]])\\n** [[Bruce Palmer]], Canadian musician\n        ([[Buffalo Springfield]]) (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Jim Hines]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Don Powell]], English rock drummer ([[Slade]])\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Henri Kuprashvili]], Georgian Swimmer\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Tommy\n        Lee Jones]], American actor\\n** [[Oliver Stone]], American film director and\n        producer\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Peter Alsop]], American musician\\n** [[Akira\n        Kamiya]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Connie Kreski]],\n        American model (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Mikhail Kovalchuk]],\n        Russian physicist and official\\n** [[Moritz Leuenberger]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n**\n        [[Richard St. Clair]], American musician and composer\\n** [[Mart Siimann]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Estonia]]\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Franz Fischler]],\n        Austrian politician\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Lars Emil Johansen]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Greenland]]\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Morari Bapu]], Hindu Kathakaar\\n**\n        [[Felicity Kendal]], British actress\\n** [[Jerry Penrod]], American bass player\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[Andrea Dworkin]], American feminist and writer (d.\n        [[2005]])\\n** [[Radha Krishna Mainali]], Nepalese politician\\n** [[Christine\n        Todd Whitman]], American politician\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Jeffrey Jones]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor Lavoe]], Puerto Rican\n        singer (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Claude Vorilhon]], French-born ''messenger'' of\n        [[Ra\\u00eblism]]\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Susan Sarandon at the set of ''American\n        Mirror'' cropped and edited.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Susan Sarandon]]]]\\n[[File:Naoto\n        Kan cropped 36th G8 summit member 20100625.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Naoto Kan]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Carpenter b&w portrait, 1970s.png|thumb|120px|[[Richard Carpenter (musician)|Richard\n        Carpenter]]]]\\n[[File:BobSeagren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bob Seagren]]]]\\n* [[October\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Tim O''Brien (author)|Tim O''Brien]], American author\\n* [[October\n        2]]\\n** Gen. [[Sonthi Boonyaratglin]], President of the [[Council for National\n        Security]] and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Royal Thai Army]]\\n** [[Marie-Georges\n        Pascal]], French actress\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[P. P. Arnold]], American\n        singer\\n* [[October 4]] \\n** [[Susan Sarandon]], American actress\\n** [[Rhie\n        Won-bok]], South Korean artist\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Lloyd Doggett]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Renate Holub]], German philosopher\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Xue\n        Jinghua]], Chinese ballerina\\n** [[Catharine MacKinnon]], American feminist\\n*\n        [[October 8]]\\n** [[Hanan Ashrawi]], Palestinian scholar and legislator\\n**\n        [[John T. Walton]], son of Wal-Mart founder [[Sam Walton]] (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Tansu \\u00c7iller]], Turkish politician\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Anne Boyd]], Australian musician\\n** [[Mildred Grieveson]], British\n        writer\\n** [[Naoto Kan]], 61st [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Chris Tarrant]],\n        British radio and TV personality\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Amitabh Bachchan]],\n        Indian actor\\n** [[Daryl Hall]], American rock musician ([[Hall & Oates]])\\n**\n        [[Sawao Kato]], Japanese gymnast\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Edwina Currie]],\n        English politician\\n** [[Dorothy Moore]], American singer\\n** [[Demond Wilson]],\n        American actor and minister\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Craig Venter]], American\n        [[biotechnologist]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Boziz\\u00e9]], [[President of the\n        Central African Republic]]\\n** [[Joey de Leon]], Filipino actor and host\\n**\n        [[Justin Hayward]], English rock singer and songwriter ([[The Moody Blues]])\\n*\n        [[October 15]]\\n** [[Richard Carpenter (musician)|Richard Carpenter]], American\n        pop musician and composer ([[The Carpenters]])\\n** [[John Getz]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Suzanne Somers]], American actress and singer\\n**\n        [[Elizabeth Witmer]], Dutch-born politician\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Vicki\n        Hodge]], English actress and model\\n** [[Bob Seagren]], American athlete and\n        actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[James Robert Baker]], American novelist, screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Howard Shore]], Canadian film composer\\n** [[Andrea Zsadon]], Hungarian\n        soprano\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Philip Pullman]], English author\\n* [[October\n        20]]\\n** [[Marty Gervais]], Canadian writer\\n** [[Elfriede Jelinek]], Austrian\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lyn Allison]], Australian politician\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Eileen\n        Gordon]], British politician\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Edith Leyrer]], Austrian\n        actress\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Pat Sajak]], American game-show host\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Leslie L. Byrne]], American politician\\n** [[Ivan Reitman]],\n        Slovakian-born film director and producer\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Sharon\n        Thesen]], Canadian poet\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Kathryn J. Whitmire]],\n        Texas politician; Mayor of Houston, Texas\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Lynne Marta]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Andrea Mitchell]], American journalist\\n* [[October\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Stephen Rea]], Northern Irish actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Laura\n        Bush portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Laura Bush]]]]\\n[[File:Sally Field - 1981.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sally\n        Field]]]]\\n[[File:Petra Burka 1965.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Petra Burka]]]]\\n[[File:Ismail\n        Omar Guelleh 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Isma\\u00efl Omar Guelleh]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Ric Grech]], British rock bassist (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Lynne Russell]],\n        American newsreader\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Sinopoli]], Italian\n        conductor and composer (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 4]] \\n** [[Laura Bush]],\n        former [[First Lady of the United States]]\\n** [[Les Lannom]], American actor\n        and musician\\n** [[Robert Mapplethorpe]], American photographer (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Herman Brood]], Dutch artist (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Loleatta\n        Holloway]], American singer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Gram Parsons]], American musician\n        (d. [[1973]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Sally Field]], American actress and\n        singer\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Diane Francis]], Canadian journalist\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Stella Chiweshe]], Zimbabwean musician\\n** [[John Farrar]],\n        Australian guitarist, singer and songwriter ([[The Shadows]] & [[Marvin, Welch\n        & Farrar]])\\n** [[Guus Hiddink]], Dutch football player and manager\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Alaina Reed Hall]], American actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Corrine Brown]], American politician\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013\n        [[P. P. Arnold]], English singer\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Ohara Reiko]],\n        Japanese actress\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Carola Dunn]], English writer\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Gwyneth Powell]], British actress\\n** [[Sandy Skoglund]],\n        American photographer\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Mahasti]], Iranian singer (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n** [[Terence McKenna]], American writer, philosopher, [[ethnobotanist]]\n        and [[shaman]] (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Petra Burka]], Canadian\n        figure skater\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Andrea Allan]], Scottish actress\\n*\n        [[November 20]]\\n** [[Greg Cook]], American football player (d, [[2012]])\\n**\n        [[Judy Woodruff]], American television reporter\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Emma\n        Cohen]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Chaviva Ho\\u0161ek]], Czech-born feminist\\n**\n        [[Ulla Jessen]], Danish actress\\n** [[Jacky Lafon]], Belgian actress\\n** [[Marina\n        Warner]], English writer\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Anne Wheeler]], Canadian\n        television and film director\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Diana Quick]], English\n        actress\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Ted Bundy]], American serial killer (d.\n        [[1989]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Marika Lindstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish actress\\n*\n        [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Ottilia Borb\\u00e1th]], Romanian-born Hungarian actress\\n*\n        [[November 27]]\\n** [[Richard Codey]], American politician, 53rd [[Governor\n        of New Jersey]]\\n** [[Isma\\u00efl Omar Guelleh]], 2nd [[President of Djibouti]]\\n**\n        [[Nina Maslova]], Russian actress\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Regina Braga]],\n        Brazilian actress\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Brian Cadd]], Australian singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Suzy Chaffee]], American singer and actress\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Marina\n        Abramovi\\u0107]], Yugoslavian performance artist\\n** [[Barbara Cubin]], U.S.\n        Congresswoman from Wyoming\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jose Carreras - World\n        Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011 - cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Carreras]]]]\\n[[File:Rhoma\n        Irama-cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rhoma Irama]]]]\\n[[File:Don Gummer (6070037472)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Don Gummer]]]]\\n[[File:Patty Duke 1975.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Patty\n        Duke]]]]\\n[[File:Benny Andersson 2012-09-24 001.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Benny Andersson]]]]\\n[[File:Steven\n        Spielberg by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Steven Spielberg]]]]\\n[[File:Carl\n        Wilson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Carl Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff Sessions official portrait.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jeff\n        Sessions]]]]\\n[[File:FEMA - 34604 - Arkansas Governor Mike Beebe in the field\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mike Beebe]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Gianni\n        Versace]], Italian fashion designer (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Marjana\n        Lipov\\u0161ek]], Slovenian singer and actress\\n** [[Joop Zoetemelk]], Dutch\n        cyclist\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Sherry Alberoni]], American actress and voice\n        artist\\n** [[Y\\u014d Inoue]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December\n        5]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Carreras]], Spanish tenor\\n** [[Eva-Britt Svensson]],\n        Swedish politician\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Brinker]], American health\n        activist and diplomat\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Jacques Bourboulon]], French\n        photographer\\n** [[John Rubinstein]], American actor\\n** [[Sharmila Tagore]],\n        Indian actress\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Sonia Gandhi]], Indian politician\\n*\n        [[December 10]]\\n** [[Chrystos]], American poet\\n** [[Thomas Lux]], American\n        poet\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Rhoma Irama]], Indonesian dangdut musician,\n        actor and politician\\n** [[Susan Kyle]], American writer\\n** [[Ellen Meloy]],\n        American writer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Emerson Fittipaldi]],\n        Brazilian racing car driver\\n** [[Gloria Loring]], American singer\\n** [[Don\n        Gummer]], American [[sculpture|sculptor]]\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Nicholas\n        Kollerstrom]], British writer\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Antony Beevor]], English\n        historian\\n** [[Jane Birkin]], English actress and singer\\n** [[Patty Duke]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Lynne Marie Stewart]], American actress\n        \\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Benny Andersson]], Swedish rock singer and songwriter\n        \\n** [[Alice Aycock]], American sculptor\\n** [[Trevor Pinnock]], English harpsichordist\n        and conductor\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Eugene Levy]], Canadian actor, comedian\n        and director\\n** [[Bel Mooney]], English broadcast journalist\\n* [[December\n        18]]\\n** [[Steve Biko]], South African anti-apartheid activist (d. [[1977]])\\n**\n        [[Nina \\u0160kottov\\u00e1]], Czech politician and member of the European Parliament\\n**\n        [[Steven Spielberg]], American film director\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Candace\n        Pert]], American neuroscientist\\n** [[Robert Urich]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Lesley Judd]], English television presenter\\n** [[John\n        Spencer (actor)|John Spencer]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Dick Wolf]],\n        American television producer\\n** [[Uri Geller]], Israeli illusionist\\n* [[December\n        21]]\\n** [[Brian Davison (cricketer)|Brian Davison]], Rhodesian cricketer\n        and Tasmanian politician\\n** [[Carl Wilson]], American musician (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]]\\n** [[Edita Gruberov\\u00e1]], Slovakian soprano\\n** [[Susan\n        Lucci]], American actress\\n** [[John Sullivan (writer)|John Sullivan]], English\n        television scriptwriter (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Jan Akkerman]],\n        Dutch rock guitarist ([[Focus (band)|Focus]])\\n** [[Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin]],\n        French politician and member of the European Parliament\\n** [[Brenda Howard]],\n        American bisexual activist (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Jeff Sessions]], American politician,\n        [[United States Attorney General]]\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Jimmy Buffett]],\n        American rock singer and songwriter\\n** [[Larry Csonka]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Gene Lamont]], American baseball player and manager\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Lenny Kaye]], American guitarist\\n** [[Janet Street-Porter]], English\n        broadcast journalist\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Mike Beebe]], American politician\n        and attorney\\n** [[Edgar Winter]], American rock musician\\n* [[December 29]]\\n**\n        [[Marianne Faithfull]], English singer and actress\\n** [[Ruth Shady]], Peruvian\n        archaeologist\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Patti Smith]], American poet and singer\\n**\n        [[Berti Vogts]], German football player and manager\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Diane von F\\u00fcrstenberg]], Belgian-American fashion designer\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Tyler Burge]], American philosopher\\n* [[Jacques Hiron]],\n        French journalist and writer\\n* [[Jang Song-thaek]], [[North Korea]]n politician\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[Ada Mee]], German artist\\n* [[Afsaneh Najmabadi]], Iranian\n        historian and gender theorist\\n* [[Raul Bragan\\u00e7a Neto]], 8th Prime Minister\n        of S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 and Pr\\u00edncipe (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[Omar Al-Shammaa]],\n        Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[Daouda Malam Wank\\u00e9]], 6th President\n        of Niger (d. [[2004]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 146-1984-018-35A, Laszlo von Bardossy.jpg|thumb|110px|[[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        B\\u00e1rdossy]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[William Joyce]], Irish-American\n        World War II Nazi propaganda broadcaster known as \\\"[[Lord Haw-Haw]]\\\" (executed)\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[George Woolf]], Canadian jockey (b.\n        [[1910]])\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Kitty Cheatham]], American singer (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen]] (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Slim Summerville]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Dion Fortune]], British writer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Countee\n        Cullen]], American poet (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        B\\u00e1rdossy]], Hungarian diplomat and politician, 33rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Hungary]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Harry Von Tilzer]], American songwriter (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Souchon]], German admiral (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Karl Nabersberg]], German youth leader\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013  [[Orishatukeh Faduma]], American missionary\n        (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[January 29]] \\n** [[Hideo Hatoyama]], Japanese jurist (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Harry Hopkins]], American politician (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Adriaan\n        van Maanen]],  Dutch\\u2013American astronomer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 31]]\n        \\n** [[Pietro Boetto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n** [[Luis Orgaz Yodi]], Spanish general (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[Image:Felix\n        Hoffman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Felix Hoffmann]]]]\\n[[File:Maliq Bushati.png|thumb|110px|[[Maliq\n        Bushati]]]]\\n[[File:Rafael-Erich.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rafael Erich]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Rondo Hatton]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[George Arliss]], British actor (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\n**\n        [[Upendranath Brahmachari]], Indian scientist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Oswald Kabasta]],\n        Austrian conductor (suicide) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Felix Hoffmann]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Miles Mander]], British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Ludovic-Oscar Frossard]], French socialist and communist\n        politician (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013  [[George Dumas]], French\n        doctor and psychologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\n** [[Cornelius\n        Johnson (athlete)|Cornelius Johnson]], American athlete (b. [[1913]])\\n**\n        [[Maliq Bushati]], Albanian collabrator and 18th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 17]] \\n** [[Dorothy Gibson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Benjamin I of Constantinople|Benjamin I]], [[Ecumenical\n        Patriarch of Constantinople]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Rafael\n        Erich]], Finnish politician, professor and diplomat, 6th [[Prime Minister\n        of Finland]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Theodore Stark Wilkinson]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]],\n        Japanese general (executed) (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Ren\\u00e9\n        Le Gr\\u00e8ves]], French cyclist (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[B\\u00e9la\n        Imr\\u00e9dy]], 32nd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        Salvago Raggi]], Italian diplomat (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ferenc\n        Sz%C3%A1lasi.jpg|thumbnail|110px|[[Ferenc Sz\\u00e1lasi]]]]\\n[[File:Largo Caballero.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Francisco\n        Largo Caballero]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[George E. Stewart]], American\n        Medal of Honor recipient (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Bror von Blixen-Finecke]],\n        Danish big-game hunter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\u2013  [[Antonio Caso\n        Andrade]], Mexican philosopher (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013  [[Adolfo\n        Ferrata]], Italian pathologist and hematologist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Ferenc Sz\\u00e1lasi]], Hungarian military officer and Fascist politician,\n        37th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Leonida\n        Tonelli]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Werner\n        von Blomberg]], German field marshal (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        J\\u00falio da Costa]], Portuguese activist (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Alladiya Khan]],\n        Indian singer (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013  [[Joseph de Pesquidoux]],\n        French writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013  [[Augusto Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Mart\\u00ednez]], Ecuadorian agronomist, economist, geologist, researcher,\n        educator and mountaineer (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Francisco Largo\n        Caballero]], Spanish politician and trade unionist, 66th [[Prime Minister\n        of Spain]] (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Gilbert N. Lewis]], American chemist (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Alexander Alekhine]], Russian chess player (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Carl Schuhmann]], German athlete (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Ezequiel\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez]], acting [[President of Panama]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\u2013  [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Endre]], Hungarian politician (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort]], British field marshal\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Juan Bautista Sacasa cph.3a44780.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan\n        Bautista Sacasa]]]]\\n[[File:Robert bartlett.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Bartlett\n        (explorer)|Robert Bartlett]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Noah Beery, Sr.]], American\n        actor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Edward Sheldon]], American playwright (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Kate Bruce]], veteran silent screen actress, made many\n        films with [[D. W. Griffith]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Alf Common]],\n        English footballer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Masaharu Homma]], Japanese general\n        (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Vincent Youmans]], American\n        composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013  [[Padmanath Gohain Baruah]],\n        Indian novelist, poet and dramatist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Bo\n        Gu]], 3rd [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]] (accident)\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** Patriarch [[Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)|Eulogius]] (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Otto Dowling]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]]\n        and the 25th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 17]]\n        \\n** [[Guido Calza]], Italian archaeologist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Juan Bautista\n        Sacasa]], 20th [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Mae Busch]], American actress (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Maynard Keynes]], British economist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Lionel\n        Atwill]], British actor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Harlan F. Stone]], [[United States\n        Supreme Court/Chief Justice|Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\u2013  [[Robert Bartlett (explorer)|Robert Bartlett]], American\n        explorer and navigator (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Marcela de Agoncillo.png|thumb|110px|[[Marcela\n        de Agoncillo]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Bill Johnston (tennis)|Bill Johnston]],\n        American tennis champion (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Israfil Mammadov]], Soviet WWII\n        heroine (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013  [[L\\u00e9on Guillet]], French metallurgist\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013  [[Emile de Cartier de Marchienne]], Belgian\n        diplomat (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013  [[Pedro Henr\\u00edquez Ure\\u00f1a]],\n        Dominican essayist, philosopher, humanist and philologist (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]]\\n** [[Bruno Tesch]], German chemist and Nazi war criminal (executed)\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Karl Weinbacher]], German manager and war criminal (executed)\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n** [[Franceso Camero Medici]], Italian diplomat\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Ossorio y Gallardo]], Spanish lawyer and statesman\n        (b.  [[1873]])\\n** [[Booth Tarkington]], American novelist (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Jacob Ellehammer]], Danish inventor (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Enrico\n        Gasparri]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and archbishop (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Karl Hermann Frank]], German Nazi official and war criminal\n        (executed) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013  [[Billy Sullivan (actor)|Billy\n        Sullivan]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\n** [[Friedrich, Prince\n        of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Joseffy]], Austrian magician\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** [[Claire Croiza]], French soprano (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Henri Hauser]], French historian, geographer, and economist (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] \\u2013  [[Cagnaccio di San Pietro]], Italian painter (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013  [[Marcela Agoncillo]], Filipino who sewed the first Filipino\n        flag (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Pico\\u011flu Osman]], Turkish kemenche\n        player (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Ion Antonescu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ion\n        Antonescu]]]]\\n[[File:Gerhart Hauptmann nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerhart Hauptmann]]]]\\n[[File:Jorgeubico1930.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jorge\n        Ubico]]]]\\n[[File:Retrato del Presidente Juan Antonio R%C3%ADos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan\n        Antonio R\\u00edos]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Ion Antonescu]], Romanian soldier\n        and politician, 43rd [[Prime Minister of Romania]] and Romanian dictator (executed)\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Leo Slezak]], German tenor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Chen Gongbo]], 2nd [[President of Republic of China]] during Nanjing\n        regime (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[S\\u00e1ndor Simonyi-Semadam]],\n        26th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Maud Watson]],\n        British tennis player, first female Wimbledon champion (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Gerhart Hauptmann]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Ananda Mahidol|Ananda\n        Mahidol (Rama VIII)]], [[King of Siam]] (assassinated) (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], American boxer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Hisaichi Terauchi]], Marshal of the Imperial Japanese\n        Army (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Charles Butterworth (actor)|Charles\n        Butterworth]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Jorge Ubico]],\n        Guatemalan army general, 21st [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[John Logie Baird]], British television pioneer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Edward\n        Bowes]], American radio personality (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Charles Butterworth\n        (actor)|Charles Butterworth]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 18]]\n        \\u2013  [[Eugen Hirschfield]], Australian practitioner (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Theodor Wulf]], German physicist and [[Jesuit]] priest (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Empress Wanrong]] of China (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[William S. Hart]], American stage actor and silent film [[Western\n        (genre)|Western]] star, film director, and writer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] \\u2013  [[Marian Bernaciak]], Polish World War II heroine (b. [[1917]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Juan Antonio R\\u00edos]], Chilean political figure, 24th\n        [[President of Chile]], leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Wanda\n        G\\u00e1g]], American artist, author, translator and illustrator (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Antoinette Perry]], American actress and director (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013  [[Jelica Belovi\\u0107-Bernardzikowska]],\n        Yugoslav journalist, writer and journalist (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Federico\n        Laredo Bru.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Federico Laredo Bru]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0432\\u0435\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439 (\\u043e\\u0431\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446).jpg|110px|thumb|Blessed\n        [[Alexander Vvedensky (religious leader)|Alexander Vvedensky]]]]\\n[[File:Alphonsa12.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Saint\n        Alphonsa]]]]\\n* July \\u2013 [[Howard Hyde Russell]], American temperance advocate,\n        founder of the [[Anti-Saloon League]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013  [[Augustyn\n        J\\u00f3zef Czartoryski]], Polish nobleman (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 2]] \\n**\n        [[Mary Alden]], American stage and screen actress (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Albert\n        Sechehaye]], Swiss linguist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Jenny-Wanda\n        Barkmann]], German Nazi overseer at [[Stutthof concentration camp]] (executed)\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Elisabeth Becker]], German Nazi overseer at Stutthof concentration\n        camp (executed) (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Wanda Klaff]], German Nazi overseer at\n        Stutthof concentration camp (executed) (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Ewa Paradies]],\n        German Nazi overseer at Stutthof concentration camp (executed) (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Gerda Steinhoff]], German Nazi overseer at Stutthof concentration camp (executed)\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Federico Laredo Br\\u00fa]], 8th [[President\n        of Cuba]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Orrick Glenday Johns]], American\n        writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Ray Stannard Baker]], American journalist\n        and author (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Teresa Janina Kieroci\\u0144ska]], Polish [[Discalced\n        Carmelite]] nun and venerable (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 [[Alfred\n        Stieglitz]], American photographer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Razor\n        Smith]], English cricketer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013  [[Raffaele\n        Conflenti]], Italian engineer and aircraft designer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] \\n** [[Kosta Mu\\u0161icki]], Yugoslav general (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Campbell\n        Tait]], Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013  [[George\n        Mackenzie Brown]], Canadian-born British publisher (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Shiro Kawase]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\n** [[Shefqet V\\u00ebrlaci]], Albanian politician, 12th [[Prime Minister\n        of Albania]] (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Gualberto Villarroel]], 46th [[President\n        of Bolivia]] (assassinated) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Edward Sperling]],\n        Russian-American-Jewish writer and Zionist (assassinated) (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] \\u2013  [[Alexander Vvedensky (religious leader)|Alexander Vvedensky]],\n        Soviet [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] religious leader and blessed (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013  [[Harry Davis (gangster)|Harry Davis]], Canadian\n        gangster (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Gertrude Stein]], American\n        writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Saint Alphonsa]], Indian [[Franciscan]]\n        nun and saint (b. [[1910]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Reichskanzler Wilhelm\n        Marx.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wilhelm Marx]]]]\\n[[File:H.G. Wells by Beresford.jpg|thumb|110px|[[H.\n        G. Wells]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] \\u2013  [[Karl, Prince of Leiningen]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Wilhelm Marx]], German lawyer and politician, 17th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August\n        6]] \\n** [[Blanche Bingley|Blanche Bingley Hillyard]], English tennis champion\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Tony Lazzeri]], American baseball player ([[New York Yankees]])\n        and [[MLB Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013  [[Maria Barrientos]],\n        Spanish opera singer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e9on Gaumont]],\n        French film pioneer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013  [[Giuseppe Pietri]],\n        Italian composer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Inayatullah Khan]],\n        King of Afghanistan (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 13]] \\n** [[H. G. Wells]], British\n        science fiction writer and historian (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Berlia]],\n        French politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013  [[Prince Fushimi\n        Hiroyasu]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[\\\"Rags\\\" Ragland]], American\n        comedian and actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013  [[D\\u00f6me Szt\\u00f3jay]],\n        35th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013  [[Fulco\n        Ruffo di Calabria|Prince Fulco Ruffo di Calabria]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Jeanie MacPherson]], American actress (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August\n        28]]\\n** [[Georgios Kafantaris]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1873]])\\n**\n        [[Florence Turner]], American actress (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013\n        [[John Steuart Curry]], American painter (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Don\n        Francesco Bonifacio.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Blessed [[Francesco Bonifacio]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 11]] \\u2013  [[Francesco Bonifacio]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (killed in action) (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n**\n        [[Henri Gouraud (general)|Henri Gouraud]], French general (b. [[1867]])\\n**\n        [[James Hopwood Jeans]], English physicist, astronomer and mathematician (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Frank Burke (baseball)|Frank Burke]],\n        American baseball player (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich\n        George]], German actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Raimu]],\n        French actor (b. 1883)\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013 [[Takashi Sakai]], Japanese\n        general (executed) (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ignacy Moscicki.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ignacy\n        Moscicki]]]]\\n[[File:AlbertoMarvellii.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Alberto Marvelli]]]]\\n[[File:Per\n        Albin Hansson - Sveriges styresm%C3%A4n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Per Albin Hansson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\u2013  [[Hiroshi Kawabuchi]], Japanese politician (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Ignacy Mo\\u015bcicki]], Polish chemist and politician,\n        4th [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Barney\n        Oldfield]], American race car driver and automobile pioneer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]]\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Bethlen]], 28th Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Alberto Marvelli]], Italian member of the [[Roman Catholic]]\n        action and blessed (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Per Albin Hansson]],\n        Swedsh politician and 23rd [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Francis Sartori]], American banker (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 8]]\n        \\u2013  [[Agust\\u00edn Parrado y Garc\\u00eda]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        cardinal (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Stilwell]], American\n        World War II general (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]],\n        German Nazi Reichsmarschall (suicide) (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\n**\n        [[Hans Frank]], German Nazi Governor General of Poland (executed) (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Wilhelm Frick]], German Nazi Minister of the Interior (executed) (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Alfred Jodl]], German general and World War II Chief of the German armed\n        forces (executed) (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]], German Nazi police\n        general (executed) (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Keitel]], German field marshal\n        (executed) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], German Nazi foreign\n        minister (executed) (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Alfred Rosenberg]], German Nazi ideologist\n        (executed) (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Fritz Sauckel]], German Nazi general plenipotentiary\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]], Austrian Nazi leader\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Julius Streicher]], German Nazi propaganda\n        publisher (executed) (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013  [[Igor Demidov]],\n        Soviet politician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013  [[Francesco Carandini]],\n        Italian poet (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Daluege]], German\n        Nazi officer and war criminal (executed) (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Izabela\n        Wi%C5%82ucka.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Maria Izabela Wi\\u0142ucka-Kowalska]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\u2013  [[John Barrett (bishop)|John Barrett]], British clergyman,\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Joseph Stella]], Italian-American painter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 6]]\n        \\u2013  [[Maria Innocentia Hummel]], German [[Franciscan]] religious sister\n        and blessed (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Henry Lehrman]], American\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013  [[Baldassare Forestiere]],\n        Italian immigration (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Nikolay Burdenko]],\n        Soviet surgeon, founder of Soviet neurosurgery (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\u2013  [[Camillo Caccia Dominioni]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal\n        and eminence (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[Manuel de Falla]],\n        Spanish composer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Donald Meek]],\n        British actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Moholy-Nagy]],\n        Hungarian painter and photographer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013\n        [[George Gandy]], American entrepreneur (b. [[1851]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013  [[Sultana\n        Racho Petrova]], Bulgarian memoirist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013  [[Maria\n        Izabela Wi\\u0142ucka-Kowalska]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] religious leader\n        and saint (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Father FX Lasance.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed\n        [[Francis Xavier Lasance]]]]\\n[[File:W. C. Fields 1938.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W.\n        C. Fields]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Louis Dewis]], Belgian [[Post-Impressionist]]\n        [[Painting|painter]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Laurette Taylor]],\n        American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Sada Yacco]], Japanese stage actress\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Walter Johnson]], American baseball\n        player ([[Washington Senators (1901\\u201360)|Washington Senators]]) and [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]]r (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Damon Runyon]], American writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\u2013  [[Francis Xavier Lasance]], American [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Ben Carter (actor)|Ben\n        Carter]], American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9e Falconetti]], French\n        actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Curtis Hidden Page]], American\n        politician (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Tom Dowse]], Irish major\n        league baseball player in the 1890s (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013  [[Salman\n        al-Murshid]], Syrian religious leader and political figure (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] \\u2013  [[Einosuke Harada]], Japanese ophthamologist (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] \\u2013  [[Pierre B\\u00e9nard]], French journalist (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[John A. Sampson]], American gynecologist (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[W. C. Fields]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[Henri Le Fauconnier]], French painter (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013  [[Franjo\n        Bu\\u010dar]], Yugoslav writer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013  [[Pedro\n        Mata Dominguez]], Spanish novelist, playwright and poet (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December\n        28]] \\n** [[Carrie Jacobs-Bond]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1862]])\\n**\n        [[Francis Salabert]], French publisher (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Percy\n        Williams Bridgman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[James\n        B. Sumner]], [[John Howard Northrop]], [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Hermann\n        Joseph Muller]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Hermann\n        Hesse]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Emily Greene Balch]], [[John\n        Mott]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n==Further reading==\\n* Goulden, Joseph\n        C. ''''The Best Years: 1945-1950'''' (1976), popular social history of USA\\n*\n        Hennessy, Peter. ''''Never Again: Britain, 1945-1951'''' (1994)), a scholarly\n        survey.\\n* Kynaston, David. ''''Austerity Britain, 1945\\u20131951'''' (2008)\n        [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0802716938/ excerpt and text search], a detaied\n        social history.\\n* Sebestyen, Victor. ''''1946: The Making of the Modern World''''\n        (2015) [http://www.amazon.com/1946-Making-Modern-Victor-Sebestyen/dp/1101870427/  excerpt]\\n*\n        Weisbrode, Kenneth. ''''The Year of Indecision, 1946: A Tour Through the Crucible\n        of Harry Truman''s America'''' (2016) [http://www.amazon.com/Year-Indecision-1946-Through-Crucible/dp/0670016845/\n        excerpt]\\n\\n==External links==\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1946-pictures.html\n        1946 Coin Pictures]\\n* [https://archive.org/details/1946-05-23_Rail_Strike_Paralyzes_Entire_US\n        Newsreel May 23, 1946: Rail strike paralyzes the United States]\\n* [https://archive.org/details/1946-05-29_Coal_Strike_Ended\n        Newsreel May 29, 1946: End of U.S. coal strike]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1946}}\\n[[Category:1946|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T23:17:30Z\",\"lastrevid\":797912318,\"length\":79944,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946\"},\"34584\":{\"pageid\":34584,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1947\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T02:48:05Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1947}}\\n{{Events by month|1947}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1947}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1947}}\\n[[File:LocationNigeria.png|thumb|250px|right|\n        [[January 1]]: [[Nigeria]] gains [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]].]]\\n{{TOC\n        limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n* January\\u2013February \\u2013 [[Winter\n        of 1946\\u201347 in the United Kingdom]]: Worst snowfall in the country in\n        the 20th century, with extensive disruption of travel.{{cite web|url=http://www.winter1947.co.uk/|title=Collection\n        of weather statistics for the winter of 1947|accessdate=27 December 2010}}\n        Given the low ratio of private vehicle ownership at the time this is mainly\n        remembered in terms of the effects on the railway networks.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_conditions.shtml|title=collection\n        of film clips of UK rail disruption in winter 1947|accessdate=27 December\n        2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125063222/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_conditions.shtml\n        |archivedate=January 25, 2011 |deadurl=no}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** British\n        coal mines are [[nationalization|nationalised]].\\n** [[Nigeria]] gains limited\n        [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] before gaining independence in [[1960]].\\n**\n        The [[Canadian Citizenship Act]] comes into effect.\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013\n        Proceedings of the [[United States Congress]] are televised for the first\n        time.\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations]] takes control of the\n        free city of [[Trieste]].\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 Elizabeth Short, an aspiring\n        actress nicknamed the \\\"[[Black Dahlia]]\\\", is found brutally murdered in\n        a vacant lot in Los Angeles.  The case remains unsolved to this day.\\n* [[January\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Vincent Auriol]] is inaugurated as president of France.\\n* [[January\n        19]] \\u2013 A shipwreck near [[Athens]], Greece kills 392.\\n* [[January 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Dimitrios Maximos]] founds a monarchist government in Athens.\\n*\n        [[January 25]] \\u2013 A Philippine plane crashes in Hong Kong, with $5 million\n        worth of gold and money.\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 Famous American gangster\n        [[Al Capone]] dies following cardiac arrest at his home in Florida.\\n* [[January\n        26]] \\u2013 A [[KLM]] [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] aircraft crashes soon after\n        taking off from [[Copenhagen Airport|Kastrup Airport, Copenhagen]], killing\n        all on board, including [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\\u00e4sterbotten|Prince\n        Gustaf Adolf]], second in line to the Swedish throne, and the American singer\n        [[Grace Moore]].\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[February 8]] \\u2013 A heavy [[blizzard]]\n        in Canada buries towns from [[Winnipeg]] to [[Calgary]].\\n* [[January 31]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Communists]] take power in Poland.\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** The lowest air temperature in North America (\\u221263 degrees Celsius)\n        is recorded in [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]] in the [[Yukon Territory]].\\n** Percival\n        Prattis becomes the first [[African-American]] news correspondent allowed\n        in the [[United States House of Representatives]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]]\n        press galleries.\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Boles\\u0142aw Bierut]] becomes the\n        [[President of Poland]].\\n** The Government of the United Kingdom announces\n        the \\u00a325 million [[Tanganyika groundnut scheme]] for cultivation of [[peanut]]s\n        in the [[Tanganyika Territory]].{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Alan|title=The\n        Groundnut Affair|publisher=Bodley Head|year=1950|location=London|oclc=1841364}}\\n*\n        [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[South Pacific Commission]] (SPC) founded.\\n* [[February\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Karlslust dance hall fire]] in Berlin, Germany, kills over 80\n        people.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 In Paris, France, peace treaties are signed\n        between the World War II Allies and Italy, Hungary, [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]],\n        and Finland. Italy cedes most of [[Istria]] to the [[Socialist Federal Republic\n        of Yugoslavia]] (later [[Croatia]]).\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** A [[meteor]] creates\n        an [[impact crater]] in [[Sikhote-Alin]], in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n** [[Christian\n        Dior]] introduces [[Christian Dior S.A.#The \\\"New Look\\\"|The \\\"New Look\\\"]]\n        in women''s fashion, in Paris.\\n** In [[Burma]], the [[Panglong Agreement]]\n        is reached between the [[Politics of Burma|Burmese government]] under its\n        leader, General [[Aung San]], and the [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Jingpo people|Kachin]],\n        and [[Chin people|Chin]] ethnic peoples at the Panglong Conference. U Aung\n        Zan Wai, [[Pe Khin]], Major Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung and [[Myoma\n        U Than Kywe]] are among the negotiators.\\n* [[February 17]] \\u2013 [[Cold\n        War]]: The ''''[[Voice of America]]'''' begins to transmit radio broadcasts\n        into Eastern Europe and the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** An explosion\n        at the O''Connor Electro-Plating Company in [[Los Angeles]], leaves 17 dead,\n        100 buildings damaged, and a {{convert|22|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} crater in the\n        ground.\\n** [[Ordnance Corps (United States Army)|U.S. Army Ordnance Corps]]\n        [[Hermes (missile program)|Hermes program]] [[V-2]] [[rocket]] ''''Blossom\n        I'''' launched into space carrying plant material and [[Drosophila melanogaster|fruitflies]],\n        the first animals to enter space.\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 In New York City,\n        [[Edwin Land]] demonstrates the first \\\"instant camera\\\", his [[Polaroid Land\n        Camera]], to a meeting of the [[Optical Society of America]].\\n* [[February\n        22]] \\u2013 ''''Tom and Jerry'''' cartoon ''''[[Cat Fishin'']]'''', is released.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 The [[International Organization for Standardization]]\n        (ISO) is founded.\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** The German state of [[Prussia]] is\n        officially abolished by the [[Allied Control Council]].Law No. 46.\\n**\n        The worst-ever train crash in Japan kills 184 people.\\n** John C. Hennessy,\n        Jr., brings the first [[Volkswagen Beetle]] to the United States. He purchased\n        the 1946 automobile from the U.S. Army Post Exchange in Frankfurt, Germany,\n        while serving in the U.S. Army. The Beetle was shipped from Bremerhaven, arriving\n        in New York this day.Copies of the bill of sale as well as the shipping\n        documents and a letter from the Port of New York confirming the arrival of\n        the VW can be found in Hennessy''s book ''''The Bride and the Beetle''''.\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** The United States grants France a military base in [[Casablanca]].\\n**\n        In [[Taiwan]], [[February 28 Incident|civil disorder is put down]] with large\n        loss of civilian lives.\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** The [[International\n        Monetary Fund]] begins to operate.\\n** [[Wernher von Braun]] marries his first\n        cousin, the 18-year-old Maria von Quirstorp.\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Treaty\n        of Dunkirk]] (coming into effect 8 September) signed between the United Kingdom\n        and France providing for mutual assistance in the event of attack.\\n* [[March\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Carrie Chapman Catt]] dies in New Rochelle.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013\n        The [[Truman Doctrine]] is proclaimed to help stem the spread of [[Communism]].\\n*\n        [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[1947 Thames flood|Thames flood]] and other widespread\n        flooding as the exceptionally harsh [[British winter of 1946\\u20131947]] ends\n        in a thaw.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The\n        Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=396\\u2013397|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}{{cite\n        web|first=G. G.|last=Cullingham|title=The Floods of 1947|work=Histories of\n        Windsor|publisher=The Royal Windsor Web Site|url=http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/windsor/windsorhistory/floods47.html\n        |accessdate=2013-03-01 |date=November 2012}}\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013\n        Hindus and Muslims clash in [[Punjab region|Punjab]].\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013\n        The [[19th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held. The movie ''''[[The Best Years\n        of Our Lives]]'''' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]], along with\n        several other Academy Awards.\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 A [[coal mine]] explosion\n        in [[Centralia, Illinois]], kills 111 miners.\\n* [[March 28]] \\u2013 A World\n        War II Japanese [[booby trap]] explodes on [[Corregidor]] island, killing\n        28 people.\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 A rebellion against French rule erupts in\n        [[Madagascar]].\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 The leaders of the Kurdish People''s\n        [[Republic of Mahabad]], the second [[Kurds|Kurdish]] state in the history\n        of [[Iran]], are hanged at the [[Chuwarchira Square]] in [[Mahabad]] after\n        that country had been overrun by the Iranian army.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* April\n        \\u2013 Previous discovery of the ''[[Dead Sea Scrolls]]'' in the [[Qumran\n        Caves]] (above the northwest shore of the [[Dead Sea]]) by [[Bedouin]] shepherds,\n        becomes known.\\\"Year by Year 1947\\\". [[History Channel International]].\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Jackie Robinson]], the first [[African American]] in [[Major\n        League Baseball]] since the 1880s,\n        signs a contract with the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]].\\n** King [[George II of Greece]]\n        is succeeded by his brother [[Paul I of Greece|Paul]].\\n** [[1947 Royal New\n        Zealand Navy mutinies]] begin.\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[International Civil\n        Aviation Organization]] begins operations.\\n* [[April 7]]\\n**Arab [[Ba''ath\n        Party]] established by merger in Damascus.\\n**[[Edaville Railroad]] is opened\n        in Massachusetts as the first railway theme park.\\n**The largest recorded\n        [[sunspot]] group appears on the solar surface.{{cite web|last1=Packer|first1=Michael|title=A\n        Deeper Look at Sunspots, Part 2|url=http://ephemeris.sjaa.net/1210/e.html}}\\n*\n        [[April 9]] \\n** Multiple tornadoes strike Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas killing\n        181 and injuring 970.\\n** The [[Journey of Reconciliation]] begins, organized\n        by the [[Congress of Racial Equality]].\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 Jackie Robinson\n        becomes the first African American to play Major League Baseball since the\n        1880s.\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Texas\n        City disaster]]: The [[ammonium nitrate]] cargo of French-registered [[Liberty\n        ship]] {{SS|Grandcamp}} explodes in [[Texas City, Texas]], killing at least\n        581, including all but one member of the city fire department, injuring at\n        least 5,000 and destroying 20 city blocks. Of the dead, remains of 113 are\n        never found and 63 are unidentifiable.\\n** American financier and presidential\n        adviser [[Bernard Baruch]] describes the post\\u2013World War II tensions between\n        the [[Soviet Union]] and the United States as a \\\"[[Cold War]]\\\".\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** The British [[Royal Navy]] detonates 6,800 tons of explosives in\n        an attempt to demolish the fortified island of [[Heligoland]], Germany, thus\n        creating one of the [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest\n        man-made non-nuclear explosion]]s in history.\\n** [[Mrs. Ples]] is discovered\n        in the [[Sterkfontein]] area in [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], South Africa.\\n*\n        [[April 26]] \\u2013 Academy-Award-winning ''''[[Tom and Jerry]]'''' cartoon,\n        ''''[[The Cat Concerto]]'''', is released to theatres.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Portella della Ginestra massacre]]: The [[Salvatore Giuliano]]\n        gang of Sicilian separatists opens fire on a [[Labour Day]] parade at Portella\n        della Ginestra, [[Sicily]], killing 11 people and wounding 27.\\n* [[May 2]]\n        \\u2013 The movie ''''[[Miracle on 34th Street]]'''', a Christmastime classic,\n        is first shown in theaters.\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 The new post-war [[Constitution\n        of Japan|Japanese constitution]] goes into effect.\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 The\n        animated cartoon film ''''[[Rabbit Transit (film)|Rabbit Transit]]'''', directed\n        by [[Friz Freleng]], is released.\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** The [[Cold War]] begins:\n        In an effort to fight the spread of [[Communism]], President [[Harry S. Truman]]\n        signs an Act of Congress that implements the [[Truman Doctrine]]. This Act\n        grants $400 million in military and economic aid to [[Turkey]] and Greece.\n        The Cold War [[Cold War (1985\\u201391)|ended]] in [[1991]].\\n** [[David Lean]]''s\n        film ''''[[Great Expectations (1946 film)|Great Expectations]]'''', based\n        on the novel by [[Charles Dickens]], opens in the United States. Critics call\n        it the finest film ever made from a Charles Dickens novel.\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013\n        An airliner of the [[Air Iceland|Flugfelag \\u00cdslands]] crashes into a mountainside,\n        killing 25 people.\\n*[[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 605]]: A\n        [[Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] crashes near [[Port Deposit, Maryland|Bainbridge,\n        Maryland]], killing all 53 aboard in the worst commercial aviation disaster\n        in US history.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-20671-0014, Recklinghausen,\n        Marshallplan im Ruhrgebiet.jpg|thumb|115px|[[Marshall Plan]].]]\\n* June \\u2013\n        The [[Doomsday Clock]] of the [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] is introduced.\\n*\n        [[June 5]] \\u2013 U.S. Secretary of State [[George Marshall]] outlines the\n        [[Marshall Plan]] for American reconstruction and relief aid to Europe in\n        a speech at [[Harvard University]].\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 The Royal [[Romanian\n        Army]] founds the [[Association football]] club [[FC Steaua Bucure\\u0219ti]],\n        which will become [[List of football clubs in Romania by major honors won|the\n        most successful Romanian football team]], as ''''A.S.A. Bucure\\u0219ti''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fcsteaua.ro/index/section/articles/article/5826/|title=Istorie\n        Stelista (I)|publisher=}}\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Saab Automobile|SAAB]]\n        in Sweden produces its first automobile.\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[June 15|15]]\n        \\u2013 First [[Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod]] is held in Wales.{{cite\n        web|title=Llangollen International Eisteddfod \\u2013 How it Started|url=http://www.llangollen.com/eist3.html|publisher=Llangollen\n        International Musical Eisteddfod|accessdate=2012-05-08}}\\n* [[June 15]]\n        \\u2013 The Portuguese government orders 11 military officers and 19 university\n        professors who are accused of revolutionary activity to resign.\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** Seaman Harold Dahl claims to have seen six [[unidentified flying\n        object]]s (UFOs) near [[Maury Island]] in [[Puget Sound]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].\n        On the next morning, Dahl reports the first modern so-called \\\"[[Men in Black]]\\\"\n        encounter.\\n** The [[Canadian Parliament]] votes unanimously to pass several\n        laws regarding displaced foreign refugees.\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013 The [[United\n        States Senate]] follows the [[United States House of Representatives|House\n        of Representatives]] in overriding President [[Harry S. Truman]]''s [[veto]]\n        of the [[Taft\\u2013Hartley Act]].\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Kenneth Arnold]]\n        makes the first widely reported [[Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting|UFO sighting]]\n        near [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].\\n* [[June 25]]\n        \\u2013 ''''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'''' by [[Anne Frank]] is published\n        for the first time as ''''Het Achterhuis: Dagboekbrieven 14 juni 1942 \\u2013\n        1 augustus 1944'''' (\\\"The Annex: Diary Notes from 14 June 1942 \\u2013 1 August\n        1944\\\") in [[Amsterdam]], two years after the writer''s death in [[Bergen-Belsen\n        concentration camp]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 The [[United States]]\n        begins the [[National Malaria Eradication Program]], successfully eradicating\n        Malaria in [[1951]]. \\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 The first prototype AK-47s are\n        built, soon becoming the most produced assault rifle in history.\\n* [[July\n        8]] \\u2013 A supposedly downed [[Unidentified flying object|extraterrestrial\n        spacecraft]] is reportedly found in the [[Roswell UFO incident]], near [[Roswell,\n        New Mexico]], which was written about by [[Stanton T. Friedman]].\\n* [[July\n        9]] \\u2013 In the UK, King [[George VI]] announces the engagement of his daughter\n        [[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] to [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Lt.\n        Philip Mountbatten]].\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 The ''''[[Exodus (ship)|Exodus]]''''\n        leaves France for [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], with 4,500 Jewish [[Holocaust]]\n        survivor refugees on board.\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** The Indian passenger ship\n        {{SS|Ramdas}} is capsized by a cyclone at [[Mumbai]], India, with 625 people\n        killed.\\n** This is the alleged date when [[Raoul Wallenberg]] dies in a [[Soviet]]\n        prison. It is not announced until [[February 6]], [[1957]]. There will be\n        reported sightings of him until [[1987]].\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** Following wide\n        media and [[UNSCOP]] coverage, the ''''[[Exodus (ship)|Exodus]]'''' is captured\n        by British troops and refused entry into Palestine at the port of [[Haifa]].\\n**\n        President [[Harry S. Truman]] signs the [[Presidential Succession Act]] into\n        law, which places the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker\n        of the House]] and the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President\n        pro tempore of the Senate]] next in the line of succession after the [[Vice\n        President of the United States|Vice President]].\\n* [[July 19]] \\u2013 Burmese\n        nationalist [[Aung San]] and six members of his newly formed cabinet are assassinated\n        during a cabinet meeting.\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Cold War]]: U.S. President\n        [[Harry S. Truman]] signs the [[National Security Act of 1947]] into law,\n        creating the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[U.S. Department of Defense|Department\n        of Defense]], the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], and the [[United States National\n        Security Council|National Security Council]].\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[July\n        28|28]] \\u2013 English endurance swimmer [[Tom Blower]] becomes the first\n        person to swim the [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]],\n        from [[Donaghadee]] in [[Northern Ireland]] to [[Portpatrick]] in Scotland.\\n*\n        [[July 29]] \\u2013 After being shut down on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment,\n        the [[ENIAC]] computer, the world''s first electronic [[digital computer]],\n        is turned back on again. It next remains in continuous operation until October\n        2, 1955.\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|thumb|Flag of [[Pakistan]],\n        the country that gained independence on August 14, 1947]]\\n[[File:Flag of\n        India.svg|thumb|Flag of [[India]], the country that gained independence on\n        August 15, 1947]]\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 The Netherlands ends [[Operation\n        Product]], the first of its major ''''[[politionele acties]]'''' (military\n        \\\"police actions\\\") in [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Thor Heyerdahl]]''s\n        [[balsa wood]] raft, the ''''[[Kon-Tiki]]'''', smashes into the [[reef]] at\n        [[Raroia]] in the [[Tuamotu Islands]] after a 101-day, 4,300 mile, voyage\n        across the Eastern Pacific Ocean, demonstrating that prehistoric peoples could\n        have traveled to the Central Pacific islands from South America.\\n** The [[Bombay\n        Municipal Corporation]] formally takes over the [[Bombay Electric Supply and\n        Transport]] (BEST).\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** The Muslim majority regions formed\n        by the [[Partition of India]] gain independence from the [[British Empire]]\n        as the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. While the transition is officially at midnight\n        on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14, compared with\n        India on the 15th, because the [[Pakistan Standard Time]] is 30 minutes behind\n        the standard time of India.\\n** [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] becomes the first\n        [[Governor-General of Pakistan]]. [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] takes office as the\n        first [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** The greater Indian\n        subcontinent with a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs,\n        Buddhists, Jains, Jews and others formed by the [[Partition of India]] gain\n        independence from the British Empire as the [[Dominion of India]].\\n** [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]] takes office as the first [[Prime Minister of India]], taking his\n        oath from [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten,\n        Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]], [[Governor-General of India]] (but no longer\n        [[Viceroy]]).\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013 In Greece, General [[Markos Vafiadis]]\n        takes over the government.\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 The [[Prime Minister of\n        Greece]], [[Dimitrios Maximos]], resigns.\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 The French\n        government lowers the daily bread [[Rationing|ration]] to 200 grams,\n        causing riots in [[Verdun]] and [[Le Mans]].\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013 A fire\n        at a movie theater in [[Rueil-Malmaison|Rueil]], a suburb of Paris, France\n        kills 87 people.\\n* [[August 31]] \\u2013 In [[Hungary]], [[communists]] fail\n        to gain a majority in parliamentary elections (despite widespread fraud) and\n        turn to direct action as part of the country''s [[History of Hungary#Transition\n        to Communism (1944\\u20131949)|transition to Communism (1944\\u20131949)]].\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Seal\n        of the Central Intelligence Agency.svg|thumb|200px|The [[Central Intelligence\n        Agency]] (CIA), officially born September 18, 1947]]\\n*[[September 9]] \\u2013\n        A moth lodged in a [[relay]] is found to be the cause of a malfunction in\n        the [[Harvard Mark II]] electromechanical computer, logged as \\\"First actual\n        case of [[Software bug|bug]] being found.\\\"{{cite web|url=http://catb.org/jargon/html/B/bug.html|title=''''''bug'''''':n.|work=The\n        Jargon File|accessdate=2012-01-20}}{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/main?edan_q=Log+book+with+computer+bug&op=Search|title=Log\n        Book With Computer Bug|publisher=[[National Museum of American History]]|accessdate=2013-01-16}}\\n*[[September\n        13]] \\u2013 Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] suggests the exchange\n        of four million Hindus and Muslims between India and [[Pakistan]].\\n*[[September\n        15]] \\u2013 [[September 16|16]] \\u2013 [[Typhoon Kathleen]] strikes the [[B\\u014ds\\u014d\n        Peninsula]] and the entire [[Kant\\u014d region]] in Japan. Heavy rains cause\n        the [[Arakawa River (Kanto)|Arakawa]] and [[Tone River]]s to overflow and\n        embankment collapse. The resulting floods and [[debris flow]] kill between\n        1,077 and 1,930 people, injuring 1,547Japan Fire and Disaster Management\n        Agency official report. [[:ja:\\u30ad\\u30e3\\u30b9\\u30ea\\u30fc\\u30f3\\u53f0\\u98a8]]\n        (Japanese language) Retrieved 2017-02-20. and leaving 853 missing.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www2.arajo.ktr.mlit.go.jp/english/eng-pamph/12-13.html|title=Arajo.ktr.mlit.go.jp}}\\n*\n        [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[September 21|21]] \\u2013 The [[1947 Fort Lauderdale\n        hurricane]] in southeastern [[Florida]], and also in [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]],\n        and [[Louisiana]] causes widespread damage and kills 51 people.\\n* [[September\n        18]]\\n** [[National Security Act of 1947]] becomes effective on this day creating\n        the [[United States Air Force]], [[National Security Council (United States)|National\n        Security Council]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].\\n** [[United States\n        Department of War|War Department]] becomes the [[Department of the Army]],\n        a branch of the new [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]].\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\u2013 Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers''\n        Parties ([[Communist Information Bureau]], \\\"Cominform\\\") is founded.\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Pakistan]] and [[North Yemen|Yemen]] join the [[United Nations]].\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n* October \\u2013 First recorded use of the word ''''[[computer]]''''\n        in its modern sense, referring to an electronic digital machine.{{cite\n        web|title=computer, ''''n''''.|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] online version|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/37975?redirectedFrom=computer#eid|accessdate=2011-11-29\n        |date=September 2011}} {{OEDsub}}\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 President\n        [[Harry S. Truman]] delivers the first televised White House address speaking\n        on the world food crises.\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 The [[United States Air\n        Force]] [[test pilot]], Captain [[Chuck Yeager]], flies a [[Bell X-1]] rocket\n        plane faster than the [[speed of sound]], the first time it has been accomplished\\n*\n        [[October 20]] \\u2013 A war begins in [[Kashmir]], along the border between\n        India and Pakistan, leading to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] in the following\n        year. Also, Pakistan established diplomatic relations with the United States\n        of America.\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 The first [[Azad Kashmir]] Government\n        is established within Pakistan, headed by [[Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan]]\n        as its first President supported by the government of Pakistan.\\n* [[October\n        30]] \\u2013 The [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT), the foundation\n        of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), is established.\\n\\n=== November\n        ===\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** In [[Long Beach, California]], the designer and\n        airplane pilot [[Howard Hughes]] carries out the one and only flight of the\n        ''''[[Hughes H-4 Hercules]]'''', the largest [[fixed-wing aircraft]] ever\n        built and flown. This flight only lasted eight minutes.\\n** An earthquake\n        in the [[Chile]]an [[Andes]] kills 233 people.\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 The\n        program ''''[[Meet the Press]]'''' makes its television debut on the [[NBC]]-TV\n        network in the United States.\\n* [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Junagadh]] is invaded\n        by the Indian army.\\n* [[November 10]] \\u2013 The arrest of four steel workers\n        in [[Marseille]] begins a [[French Communist Party|French communist]] riot\n        that also spreads to Paris.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[International Telecommunication\n        Union]] becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n** [[Universal\n        Postal Union]] (UPU) becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]]\n        (effective [[1 July]] [[1948]]).\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** In [[Brussels]], 15,000\n        people demonstrate against the relatively short prison sentences of Belgian\n        [[Nazi]] criminals.\\n** Great Britain began withdrawing its troops from Palestine.\\n*\n        [[November 18]] \\u2013 The [[Ballantyne''s fire|Ballantyne''s Department Store\n        fire]] in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, kills 41 people.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n**\n        The Princess Elizabeth (later [[Elizabeth II]]), the daughter of [[George\n        VI]], [[Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh|marries]]\n        [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]] at [[Westminster\n        Abbey]] in London, United Kingdom.\\n** [[Paul Ramadier]] resigns as the [[Prime\n        Minister of France]]. He is succeeded by [[Robert Schuman]], who calls 80,000\n        army reservists to quell rioting miners in France.\\n* [[November 21]] \\u2013\n        The United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment begins in [[Havana]],\n        Cuba. This conference ends in 1948, when its members finish the [[Havana Charter]].\\n*\n        [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[McCarthyism]]: The [[United States House of Representatives]]\n        votes 346\\u201317 to approve citations of Contempt of Congress against the\n        \\\"[[Hollywood Ten]]\\\" after the screenwriters and directors refuse to co-operate\n        with the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] concerning allegations\n        of [[Communism|communist]] influences in the movie business. The ten men are\n        [[Hollywood blacklist|blacklisted]] by the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]\n        movie studios on the following day.[[Waldorf Statement]].\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** The [[Parliament of New Zealand]] ratifies the [[Statute of Westminster\n        1931|Statute of Westminster]], and thus becomes independent of legislative\n        control by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].\\n** The new [[Pakistan\n        Army]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] overrun Mirpur\n        in [[Kashmir]], resulting in the death of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs.{{cite\n        book|title=Forgotten Atrocities|first=Bal K.|last=Gupta}} Date requires confirmation.\\n*\n        [[November 27]] \\u2013 In Paris, France, police occupy the editorial offices\n        of the communist newspapers.\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] votes to [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|partition\n        Palestine]] between Arab and Jewish regions, which results in the creation\n        of the [[State of Israel]].\\n\\n=== December ===\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[French\n        Communist Party|French communist]] [[Strike action|strikers]] derail the Paris-Tourcoing\n        express train because of false rumors that it was transporting soldiers. 21\n        people are killed.\\n** The [[Tennessee Williams]] play ''''[[A Streetcar Named\n        Desire (play)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]'''', starring [[Marlon Brando]] in\n        his first great role, opens at the [[Ethel Barrymore Theatre]] on Broadway.\n        [[Jessica Tandy]] also stars as Blanche Du Bois.http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=1804\\n*\n        [[December 4]] \\u2013 The French [[Interior Minister]], [[Jules S. Moch]],\n        takes [[state of emergency|emergency]] measures against his country''s rioters\n        after six days of violent arguments in the [[National Assembly of France|National\n        Assembly]].\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducts a concert\n        performance of the first half of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]''s opera ''''[[Otello]]''''\n        for a broadcast on [[NBC]] Radio in the United States. The second half of\n        the opera is broadcast a week later.{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2004/Apr04/Verdi_otello_toscanini.htm|title=Giuseppe\n        Verdi (1813\\u20131901) \\u2013 ''''Otello''''|work=MusicWeb International|accessdate=2013-12-09}}\\n**\n        Women are admitted to full membership of the [[University of Cambridge]] in\n        England{{cite web|title=Fact sheet: Women at Cambridge: A Chronology\n        |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/factsheets/women2.html |publisher=University\n        of Cambridge |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107063131/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/factsheets/women2.html\n        |archivedate=November 7, 2007 |df= }} following a vote in September.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/lostdecade/timeline_html.shtml\n        |title=The Lost Decade Timeline |publisher=BBC |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821133044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/lostdecade/timeline_html.shtml\n        |archivedate=August 21, 2006 |df=mdy }}\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 French\n        [[labor union]]s call off the general strike and re-commence negotiations\n        with the French government.\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 The [[Iran]]ian Royal\n        Army takes back power in the [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] province.\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Santiago Bernabeu Stadium]], as known well for sports\n        venues of [[Spain]], officially opened in [[Madrid]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}}\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 400,000 slaughtered during mass migration\n        of Hindus and Muslims into the new states India and Pakistan.\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** The [[Italian Constituent Assembly]] votes to accept the new [[Constitution\n        of Italy]].\\n** The first practical [[electronics|electronic]] [[transistor]]\n        is demonstrated by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley of the United States.\\n*\n        [[December 30]] \\u2013 King [[Michael I of Romania]] abdicates.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* The [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] begins its investigations\n        into [[communism]] in [[Hollywood]].\\n* [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]]''s prototype\n        AK-47s enter testing the assault rifle would be adopted 2 years later by the\n        Soviet Army in 1949.\\n* [[Raytheon]] produces the first commercial [[microwave\n        oven]]\\n* [[Women''s suffrage]] is granted in [[Argentina]].\\n\\n===In fiction===\\n*The\n        song \\\"[[Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)|Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely\n        Hearts Club Band]]\\\" mentions Sgt. Pepper teaching the band to play \\\"20 years\n        ago today\\\". This would place the event somewhere between February 1 and June\n        1 of 1947.\\n*''''[[L.A. Noire]]'''', a video game released in 2011 by [[Rockstar\n        Games]], takes place in Los Angeles throughout the year 1947.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:David-Bowie\n        Chicago 2002-08-08 photoby Adam-Bielawski-cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Bowie]]]]\\n\\n[[File:President Megawati Sukarnoputri - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Megawati\n        Sukarnoputri]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[F. R. David]], Tunisian-born French\n        singer\\n** [[Leon Patillo]], American Christian musician\\n** [[Vladimir Titov]],\n        Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Frances Yip]], Hong Kong singer\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Jack Hanna]], American zoologist\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Chris Cutler]],\n        English percussionist\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[Mercury Morris]], American\n        football player\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Sandy Denny]], British singer (d.\n        [[1978]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[William Bonin]], American serial killer (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n** [[David Bowie]], English singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Samuel Schmid]], Swiss Federal Councilor\\n** [[Terry Sylvester]], English\n        singer and musician\\n** [[Laurie Walters]], American actress \\n* [[January\n        9]] \\n** [[Nic Jones]], English folk singer\\n** [[Ronnie Landfield]], American\n        artist\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Peer Steinbr\\u00fcck]], German politician\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Mart Smeets]], Dutch sports journalist\\n* [[January\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Bill Werbeniuk]], Canadian snooker player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January\n        15]]\\n** [[Andrea Martin]], American actress\\n** [[Michael Schanze]], German\n        television presenter\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Apasra Hongsakula]], [[Miss Universe\n        1965]]\\n** [[Laura Schlessinger]], American radio and TV talk show host\\n*\n        [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Takeshi Kitano]], Japanese film director and actor\\n*\n        [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Paula Deen]], Food Channel star\\n* [[January 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jill Eikenberry]], American actress\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Senichi\n        Hoshino]], former Japanese baseball pitcher and coach \\n* [[January 23]]\\n**\n        [[Thomas R. Carper]], U.S. Senator from Delaware\\n** [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]],\n        5th [[President of Indonesia]]\\n** [[Joel Douglas]], American film producer\\n*\n        [[January 24]]\\n** [[Michio Kaku]], American theoretical physicist\\n** [[Masashi\n        Ozaki]], Japanese golfer\\n** [[Warren Zevon]], American rock musician (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Tost\\u00e3o|Eduardo Gon\\u00e7alves de\n        Andrade (Tost\\u00e3o)]], Brazilian football player\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Perfecto\n        Yasay Jr.]], Philippine Politician, Served as [[Department of Foreign Affairs\n        (Philippines)|DFA]] Secretary\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Afzelius]], Swedish singer-songwriter\n        and guitarist ([[Hoola Bandoola Band]]) (d. 1999)\\n** [[Vyron Polydoras]],\n        Greek politician\\n** [[Cal Schenkel]], American illustrator\\n** [[Philip Sugden\n        (historian)|Philip Sugden]], English historian (d. 2014)\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Ernie Lively]], American actor\\n** [[Linda B. Buck]], American biologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n* [[January 30]]\n        \\u2013 [[Steve Marriott]], British rock musician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Nolan Ryan]], American baseball player\\n* January 31 \\u2013\n        Maggi Clayden, Test Pilot, Solicitor, Artist and serial Entrepreneur\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Dan\n        Quayle, official DoD photo.JPEG|thumb|100px|[[Dan Quayle]]]]\\n[[File:Yukio\n        Hatoyama.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yukio Hatoyama]]]]\\n[[File:Prinses-christina-okt15-s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess\n        Christina of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Lee Evans mod.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lee\n        Evans (sprinter)|Lee Evans]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Jessica Savitch]],\n        American journalist (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Farrah Fawcett]],\n        American actress (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Paul Auster]], American\n        novelist\\n** [[Melanie Safka]], American rock singer\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**\n        [[Dennis C. Blair]], American admiral and [[Director of National Intelligence]]\\n**\n        [[Dan Quayle]], 44th [[Vice President of the United States]] \\n* [[February\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Darrell Waltrip]], American race car driver and broadcaster\\n*\n        [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Wayne Allwine]], American voice actor (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]]\\n** [[Louise Arbour]], Canadian jurist\\n** [[Nicholas Owen\n        (journalist)|Nicholas Owen]], English newsreader (ITN)\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        [[Yukio Hatoyama]], 60th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Derek Shulman]],\n        Lead Singer of [[Gentle Giant]]\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Mike Krzyzewski]],\n        American basketball coach\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[John Adams (composer)|John\n        Adams]], American composer\\n** [[Wenche Myhre]], Norwegian actress and singer\\n**\n        [[\\u00c1d\\u00e1m N\\u00e1dasdy]], Hungarian linguist and poet\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Princess Christina of the Netherlands]]\\n** [[Dennis DeYoung]],\n        American rock musician ([[Styx (band)|Styx]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Gustavo\n        Rodr\\u00edguez]], Venezuelan actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Osgood]], English footballer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Peter Strauss]], American\n        actor\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Victor Sokolov]], Russian dissident journalist\n        and priest (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Rupert Holmes]], British-born\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Edward James Olmos]], American actor, better\n        known for his role in ''''[[Stand and Deliver]]''''\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Lee Evans (sprinter)|Lee Evans]], American Olympic athlete\\n** [[Doug Yule]],\n        American rock singer and musician ([[The Velvet Underground]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Sandie Shaw]], British singer\\n* [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Gidon\n        Kremer]], Latvian violinist\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 [[Stephanie Beacham]],\n        English actress\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Dick Fosbury 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dick\n        Fosbury]]]]\\n[[File:Rob Reiner MFF 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rob Reiner]]]]\\n[[File:Kim\n        Campbell.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kim Campbell]]]]\\n[[File:Mitt Romney by Gage Skidmore\n        7.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mitt Romney]]]]\\n[[File:Glenn Close - Guardians of the\n        Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Glenn Close]]]]\\n[[File:Elton\n        John 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Elton John]]]]\\n[[File:C%C3%A9sar\n        Gaviria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[C\\u00e9sar Gaviria]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Thicke]], Canadian actor and television host (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**\n        [[David Franzoni]], American screenwriter\\n** [[Jan Garbarek]], Norwegian\n        musician\\n** [[Gunnar Hansen]], Icelandic actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Kiki Dee]], English pop singer\\n** [[Dick Fosbury]], American athlete\\n**\n        [[Teru Miyamoto]], Japanese author\\n** [[Rob Reiner]], American actor, comedian,\n        producer, director, activist \\n* [[March 7]] \\u2013 [[Walter R\\u00f6hrl]],\n        German race car driver\\n* [[March 8]] \\n** [[Carole Bayer Sager]], American\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Michael S. Hart]], American author and inventor (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Kim Campbell]], 19th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n**\n        [[Tom Scholz]], American musician, songwriter and inventor\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[David Ferguson (impresario)|David Ferguson]], American music producer and\n        activist\\n** [[Geoff Hunt]], Australian squash player\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Kalervo Palsa]], a Finnish artist\\n** [[Mitt Romney]], American businessman,\n        politician, former [[Governor of Massachusetts]] and [[United States presidential\n        election, 2012|2012]] presidential candidate\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Beat\n        Richner]], Swiss pediatrician and cellist\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Pam Ayres]],\n        British poet\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Ry Cooder]], American guitarist\\n* [[March\n        16]]\\n** [[Baek Yoon-sik]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Ramzan Paskayev]], Chechen\n        accordionist\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Yury Chernavsky]], Russian-born composer\n        and producer\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Tamara Griesser Pe\\u010dar]], Slovenian\n        historian\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Glenn Close]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        20]] \\u2013 [[John Boswell]], American historian (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[March\n        22]]\\n** [[James Patterson]], American author\\n** [[Florence Warner]], Voice\n        of Adult Abigail the Woman in [[Once Upon a Forest]]\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Louise\n        Lanct\\u00f4t]], Canadian terrorist and writer\\n** [[Alan Sugar|Alan Sugar,\n        Baron Sugar]], English entrepreneur\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Elton John]],\n        British rock musician\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 [[Walt Mossberg]], American newspaper\n        columnist\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[C\\u00e9sar Gaviria]], Colombian economist\n        and politician, 28th [[President of Colombia]]\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Gloria\n        Macapagal Arroyo WEF 2009-crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]]]\\n[[File:Tom\n        Clancy at Burns Library cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Clancy]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Letterman - 2015 Indianapolis 500 - Stierch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Letterman]]]]\\n[[File:Kareem\n        Abdul-Jabbar May 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]]]\\n[[File:Gerry\n        Rafferty.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gerry Rafferty]]]]\\n[[File:James_Woods_2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Woods]]]]\\n[[File:Iggy Pop 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Iggy Pop]]]]\\n[[File:Johan\n        Cruijff golfer cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johan Cruijff]]]]\\n[[File:John Ratzenberger\n        2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[John Ratzenberger]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        [[Alain Connes]], French mathematician\\n** [[Ingrid Steeger]], German actress\n        and comedian\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Emmylou Harris]], American singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Camille Paglia]], American literary critic\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Eliseo\n        Soriano]], Philippine preacher\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]],\n        14th [[President of the Philippines]] and daughter of former president [[Diosdado\n        Macapagal]]\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013 [[John Ratzenberger]], American actor \\n*\n        [[April 8]]\\n** [[Tom DeLay]], American politician\\n** [[Robert Kiyosaki]],\n        American investor, businessman, self-help author\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**[[Meshach\n        Taylor]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n**[[Lucian Truscott IV]], American\n        writer and journalist\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Tom Clancy]], American author\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[David Letterman]], American talk show host\\n* [[April\n        15]]\\n** [[Mike Chapman]], Australian-born songwriter, record producer\\n**\n        [[Lois Chiles]], American actress \\n** [[Roy Raymond (businessman)]], American\n        entrepreneur and founder of [[Victoria''s Secret]] (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April\n        16]]\\n** [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]], American pro basketball player\\n** [[Gerry\n        Rafferty]], Scottish singer-songwriter (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Kathy\n        Acker]], American author (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Jerzy Stuhr]], Polish actor and\n        director\\n** [[James Woods]], American actor\\n* [[April 19]]  \\u2013 [[Murray\n        Perahia]], American pianist\\n* [[April 20]]   [[Hector (musician)|Hector]],\n        Finnish rock musician\\n* [[April 21]]  \\u2013 [[Iggy Pop]], American rock\n        musician\\n* [[April 25]]  \\u2013 [[Johan Cruijff]], Dutch footballer and coach\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 28]]  \\u2013 [[Ken St. Andre]], American game designer\n        and author\\n* [[April 29]]  \\u2013 [[Tommy James]], American rock singer and\n        producer \\n* [[April 30]]  \\u2013 [[Leslie Grantham]], English actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:RichardJenkins2AAFeb09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Jenkins]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Westerfield 1977.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ken Westerfield]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Richard Jenkins]], American actor\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Theda\n        Skocpol]], American sociologist\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Martha Nussbaum]], American\n        philosopher\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[H. Robert Horvitz]], American biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n** [[Jamie Donnelly]], American\n        film and stage actress\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 [[Walter Selke]], German physicist\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Michael Ignatieff]], Canadian politician, philosopher\n        and historian\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Stephen R. Donaldson]], American novelist\\n*\n        [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Paul Brady]], Northern Irish singer-songwriter\\n* [[May\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Ken Westerfield]], Disc sports (Frisbee) pioneer, athlete, showman,\n        promoter\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Maude Barlow]], Canadian author, activist\n        and National Chairperson of [[The Council of Canadians]]\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Glenn Turner]], New Zealand [[cricket]] [[Captain (cricket)|captain]]\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Branko Oblak]], Slovenian football player and coach\\n** [[Peter\n        DeFazio]], American politician\\n* [[May 29]] \\u2013 [[Stan Zemanek]], Australian\n        radio broadcaster (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jerry Rawlings visits\n        AMISOM 02 (6874167713) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry Rawlings]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]]\\n** [[Jonathan Pryce]], Welsh actor\\n** [[Ronnie Wood]], English rock\n        musician ([[Faces (band)|The Faces]], [[The Rolling Stones]])\\n* [[June 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], Punjabi saint, Sikh theologian, military\n        leader (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Klima]], [[Chancellor of\n        Austria]]\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Laurie Anderson]], American experimental\n        performance artist, composer and musician\\n* June 5 \\u2013 [[Jojon]], Indonesian\n        comedian and actor (d. 2014)\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[David Blunkett]], British\n        politician\\n** [[Robert Englund]], American actor (''''A Nightmare on Elm\n        Street'''')\\n** [[Ada Kok]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 [[Thurman\n        Munson]], American baseball catcher (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Eric\n        F. Wieschaus]], American biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]]\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Robert Indermaur]], Swiss painter and\n        sculptor \\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Barry Melton]], American rock musician ([[Country\n        Joe and the Fish]])\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[John Hoagland]], American war\n        photographer (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[-minu]], Swiss columnist\n        and writer\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Paula Koivuniemi]], Finnish singer\\n** [[Salman\n        Rushdie]], Indian-born British author (''''The Satanic Verses'''')\\n* [[June\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Candy Clark]], American actress\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Meredith\n        Baxter]], American actress \\n** [[Rachel Adato]], Israeli gynaecologist, lawyer\n        and politician\\n** [[Junko Akimoto]], Japanese kay\\u014dkyoku singer\\n** [[Joey\n        Molland]], English composer and rock guitarist\\n** [[Jim Benzelock]], American\n        professional ice hockey right winger\\n** [[Shirin Ebadi]], Iranian activist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n** [[Michael Gross (actor)|Michael\n        Gross]], American actor \\n** [[Duane Thomas]], American football running back\\n**\n        [[Fernando Savater]], Spanish philosopher and author\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Douglass]], American football quarterback\\n** [[Natalya Varley]], Soviet and\n        Russian film and theater actress\\n** [[Murray Webb]], New Zealand caricature\n        artist and a former New Zealand Test cricketer\\n** [[David Jones (golfer)|David\n        Jones]], European Tour golfer\\n** [[Octavia E. Butler]], American author (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[David Lander]], American actor \\n** [[Trevor Blades]], English\n        cricketer\\n** [[Pete Maravich]], American basketball player (d. [[1988]])\\n**\n        [[Jerry John Rawlings]], 2-time [[President of Ghana]]\\n* [[June 23]] \\n**\n        [[Zvi Rosen]], Israeli international footballer\\n** [[Bryan Brown]], Australian\n        actor\\n** [[Thor Hansen]], professional poker player\\n** [[Ed Werenich]],\n        Canadian curler\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Helena Vondr\\u00e1\\u010dkov\\u00e1]],\n        Czech singer\\n** [[Dean Johnson]], Minnesota politician\\n** [[Walter Willison]],\n        American stage actor\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Jimmie Walker]], American actor\n        \\n** [[Robert Percy]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[John Powell (athlete)|John\n        Powell]], American track and field athlete\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Peggy Cabral]],\n        Dominican journalist, television host, politician and diplomat\\n** [[Edd Hargett]],\n        American football quarterback\\n** [[Huh Young-man]], South Korean manhwa artist\\n**\n        [[Werner Voigt]], German football coach[2] and former player\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[Hans Ooft]], Dutch football player and manager\\n** [[Abdel Djaadaoui]],\n        Algerian footballer\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 [[Mark Helprin]], American writer\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[David Chiang]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Jean-Yves Le Drian]], French minister\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Larry David\n        at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Larry David]]]]\\n[[File:O.J.\n        Simpson 1990 \\u00b7 DN-ST-91-03444 crop.JPEG|thumb|100px|[[O. J. Simpson]]]]\\n[[File:Duchess\n        of Cornwall 2012.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]]]]\\n[[File:Brian-May\n        with red special.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian May]]]]\\n[[File:Albert Brooks at\n        ''Drive'' premiere TIFF 9.10.11.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Albert Brooks]]]]\\n[[File:Arnold\n        Schwarzenegger February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Arantxa Urretabizkaia]], Basque writer, screenwriter and\n        actress\\n** [[Jana \\u0160vandov\\u00e1]], Czech actress\\n** [[Sharad Yadav]],\n        Indian politician\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Larry David]], American actor, writer,\n        producer and director\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Dave Barry]], American writer\\n**\n        [[Betty Buckley]], American actress and singer\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Brown (judge)|Joe Brown]], TV Judge\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Larnelle Harris]],\n        American Christian musician\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** King [[Gyanendra of Nepal]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Beckinsale]], English actor (d. [[1979]])\\n** [[Felix Standaert]],\n        Belgian diplomat\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Sowell]], American pianist and\n        composer\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Haruomi Hosono]], Japanese musician ([[Yellow\n        Magic Orchestra]])\\n** [[Mitch Mitchell]], English rock drummer (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[O. J. Simpson]], American football player, actor\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[Arlo\n        Guthrie]], American folk singer \\n* [[July 12]] \\n** [[Loren Coleman]], American\n        cryptozoologist and author\\n** [[Gareth Edwards]],  Welsh rugby union player\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], British Princess and\n        second wife of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]]\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Steven\n        W. Mahoney]], Canadian politician\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Bernie Leadon]], American\n        musician and songwriter \\n** [[Brian May]], English rock guitarist ([[Queen\n        (band)|Queen]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Gerd Binnig]], German physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Carlos Santana]], Mexican-born\n        rock guitarist\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[Co Adriaanse]], Dutch football manager\\n*\n        [[July 22]]\\n** [[Albert Brooks]], American actor, comedian, director, and\n        novelist\\n** [[Don Henley]], American singer-songwriter and musician \\n* [[July\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Spencer Christian]], American television personality\\n* [[July\n        24]] \\u2013 [[Peter Serkin]], American pianist\\n* [[July 27]] \\n**[[Bob Klein]],\n        American football player\\n**[[Kazuyoshi Miura (businessman)|Kazuyoshi Miura]],\n        Japanese businessman (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[William Atherton]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], Austrian-born American actor,\n        bodybuilder and 38th [[Governor of California]]\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Griffiths]], English actor (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Joe Wilson (U.S. politician)|Joe\n        Wilson]], American politician\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:J. Hunt in 1977.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Hunt]]]]\\n[[File:TempleGrandin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Temple Grandin]]]]\\n[[File:Somchai\n        Wongsawat 15112008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Somchai Wongsawat]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lorna Goodison]], Jamaican poet\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Colleen\n        Corby]], American fashion model\\n* [[August 4]] \\u2013 [[Hubert Ingraham]],\n        Bahamian politician\\n* [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[Franciscus Henri]], Dutch-born\n        Australian children''s entertainer, composer and artist\\n* [[August 8]] \\n**\n        [[Terangi Adam]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[George Costigan]], British actor\n        and screenwriter\\n** [[Ken Dryden]], Canadian NHL Goaltender, Author, Politician\n        \\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[John Varley (author)|John Varley]], American science-fiction\n        author\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Ian Anderson]], British rock musician\\n** [[Drupi]],\n        Italian singer\\n** [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Malaysian politician\\n* [[August 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Diether Krebs]], German actor, cabaret artist and comedian. (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[William Hartston]], British chess player\\n* [[August\n        13]] \\u2013 [[John Stocker (voice actor)|John Stocker]], Canadian voice actor\\n*\n        [[August 14]] \\n** [[Maddy Prior]], English folk singer\\n** [[Danielle Steel]],\n        American romance novelist\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Raakhee]], Indian actress\\n*\n        [[August 16]] \\u2013 [[Marc Messier]], Canadian actor\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**\n        [[Terry Hoeppner]], American football coach (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Gerard Schwarz]],\n        American conductor\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Jos\\u00e9 Wilker]], Brazilian\n        actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Cindy Williams]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Peter Irniq]], Commissioner of Nunavut\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Willy Russell]],\n        British playwright\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Roger De Vlaeminck]], Belgian\n        cyclist\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Bach]], American actress \\n* [[August\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Liza Wang]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[James\n        Hunt]], British 1976 [[Formula 1 ]] world champion (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Temple\n        Grandin]], American animal welfare and autism expert\\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Allan Rock]], Canadian politician and diplomat\\n* [[August 31]]\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n\n        Castellano de Torres]], Spanish painter\\n** [[Somchai Wongsawat]], 26th [[Prime\n        Minister of Thailand]]\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:(Bilden ar tagen vid Nordiska\n        radets session i Oslo, 2003) (1).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kjell Magne Bondevik]]]]\\n[[File:Keone\n        Young.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Keone Young]]]]\\n[[File:Amos Biwott 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amos\n        Biwott]]]]\\n[[File:Sam Neill 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sam Neill]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen\n        King, Comicon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen King]]]]\\n[[File:Meat Loaf.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Meat\n        Loaf]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Al Green (politician)|Al Green]], American\n        politician\\n* [[September 3]] \\u2013 [[Kjell Magne Bondevik]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Norway]]\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Kiyoshi Takayama]], Japanese [[yakuza]]\n        boss\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Jane Curtin]], American actress and comedian\\n**\n        [[Bruce Rioch]], Scottish footballer and coach\\n** [[Jacob Rubinovitz]], [[Israelis|Israeli]]\n        scientist\\n** [[Keone Young]], American actor\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Amos\n        Biwott]], Kenya Olympic athlete\\n** [[Benjamin Orr]], American singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 [[Freddy Weller]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\n** [[Sam Neill]], British-born New Zealand actor\\n** [[Jerzy\n        Popieluszko]], Polish Roman Catholic priest and blessed (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] \\u2013 [[Russ Abbot]], British comedian and actor\\n* [[September 17]]\n        \\u2013 Dame [[Tessa Jowell]], British politician\\n* [[September 19]] \\n**\n        [[Steve Bartlett]], American businessman, lobbyist, politician (former U.S.\n        congressman from Texas''s 3rd congressional district; former mayor of Dallas,\n        Texas; member of the Dallas City Council) \\n** [[Tanith Lee]], British author\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Don Felder]], American musician and\n        songwriter\\n** [[Stephen King]], American writer and novelist, specializing\n        in the horror genre\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Jo Beverley]], Anglo-Canadian\n        writer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Norma McCorvey]], American abortion plaintiff (''''[[Roe\n        v. Wade]]'''') (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Mary Kay Place]],\n        American actress \\n* [[September 25]] \\u2013 [[Cheryl Tiegs]], American model\n        and actress\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Lynn Anderson]], American country-music\n        singer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Dick Advocaat]], a Dutch football\n        manager\\n** [[Meat Loaf]], American rock singer, actor\\n* [[September 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Sheikh Hasina]], the Prime Minister of [[Bangladesh]] (1996\\u20132001;\n        2009\\u2013present)\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Marc Bolan]], English rock musician\n        (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Rula Lenska]], English actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Stephen\n        Collins - white background.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Collins]]]]\\n[[File:Brian\n        Johnson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:SammyHagar.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sammy\n        Hagar]]]]\\n[[File:KevinKlineSept10TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Kline]]]]\\n[[File:Hillary\n        Clinton by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hillary Clinton]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Dreyfuss Cannes 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Dreyfuss]]]]\\n[[File:Herman\n        Van Rompuy 675.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Herman Van Rompuy]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n**\n        [[Aaron Ciechanover]], an Israeli biologist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry]]\\n** [[Stephen Collins]], American actor \\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Ward Churchill]], American author and activist\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Alain\n        Mucchielli]], French physician\\n** [[Fred DeLuca]], American entrepreneur\n        and co-founder of [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Ann Widdecombe]], British politician\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Brian Johnson]], English rock singer ([[AC/DC]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Gail Farrell]], American singer\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Pip Williams]],\n        British record producer\\n* [[October 8]] \\u2013 [[Stephen Shore]], American\n        photographer\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[France Gall]], French singer\\n* [[October\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Larry Lamb]], British actor\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Sammy\n        Hagar]], Lead singer of American rock group [[Van Halen]]\\n* [[October 14]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nikolai Volkoff]], Croatian-Russian professional wrestler\\n* [[October\n        16]] \\n** [[Nicholas Day (actor)|Nicholas Day]], British actor\\n** [[Bob Weir]],\n        American rock guitarist \\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Gene Green]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Michael McKean]], American actor and comedian \\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[James\n        H. Fallon]], American neuroscientist\\n** [[Job Cohen]] \\u2013 Dutch politician\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[Giorgio Cavazzano]], Italian comics artist and illustrator\\n**\n        [[Gunnar Staalesen]], Norwegian author \\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Ed Welch]],\n        English TV-music composer\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Kline]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 25]] \\u2013 [[Glenn Tipton]], English rock guitarist \\n*\n        [[October 26]]\\n** [[Hillary Clinton]], American politician, former [[First\n        Lady of the United States|First Lady]], [[United States Senate|US Senator]]\n        ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[New York (state)|Ny.]]) and [[United\n        States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]\\n** [[Ene J\\u00e4rvis]], Estonian\n        actress \\n** [[Trevor Joyce]], Irish poet\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Dreyfuss]], American actor \\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Timothy B. Schmit]],\n        American musician \\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Herman Van Rompuy]], Belgian\n        politician and 66th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Joe\n        Mantegna 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe Mantegna]]]]\\n[[File:Dwight Schultz 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dwight\n        Schultz]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Rub\\u00e9n Ju\\u00e1rez]], Argentine\n        bandoneonist and singer-songwriter of tango (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Rosenthal]], ITV sport presenter\\n** [[E. Lee Spence]], pioneer [[List\n        of undersea explorers|underwater archaeologist]] and [[treasure hunter]]\\n*\n        [[November 7]]\\n** [[Yutaka Fukumoto]], Japanese professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Sondhi Limthongkul]], Thai journalist, writer and founder of ''''[[Manager\n        Daily]]''''\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Minnie Riperton]], American singer (d.\n        [[1979]])\\n** [[Cassandra B. Whyte]], American educator and higher education\n        administrator\\n** [[Lewis Yocum]], American orthopedic surgeon (d. [[2013]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Phil Driscoll]], American Christian musician and trumpet\n        player\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Glen Buxton]], American rock guitarist (d.\n        [[1997]])\\n** [[Greg Lake]], English musician and producer ([[King Crimson]],\n        [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Joe\n        Mantegna]], American actor\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013 [[P. J. O''Rourke]],\n        American journalist and satirist\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Steven G. Kellman]],\n        American author and critic\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Inky Mark]], Canadian\n        politician\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Bob Boone]], American baseball player\n        and manager\\n** [[Anfinn Kallsberg]], former Faroese Prime Minister\\n** [[Lamar\n        S. Smith]], American politician\\n** [[Ira David Wood III]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\n** [[Joe Walsh]], American rock singer-songwriter, guitarist\\n**\n        [[Nurlan Balgimbayev]], Kazakh politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n**\n        [[Nickolas Grace]], British actor\\n** [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporean painter\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Alphons Orie]], Dutch criminal lawyer\n        and judge\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Dwight Schultz]], American actor (''''The\n        A-Team'''')\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[John Larroquette]], American actor\n        \\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Mirza Khazar]], Azerbaijani author\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** [[Sergio Badilla Castillo]], Chilean poet\\n** [[Stuart Baird]], English\n        film editor, producer and director\\n** [[Jude Ciccolella]], American actor\\n**\n        [[V\\u00e9ronique Le Flaguais]], Canadian actress\\n** [[David Mamet]], American\n        playwright\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Dilma Rousseff - foto oficial 2011-01-09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dilma\n        Rousseff]]]]\\n[[File:Vincent Matthews 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vincent Matthews\n        (athlete)|Vincent Matthews]]]]\\n[[File:Pepe Lobo 2010-01-27.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Porfirio\n        Lobo]]]]\\n[[File:Bob Conti Headshot.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bob Conti]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Bob Fulton]], English-born Australian rugby league player\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Isaac Bitton]], French rock band drummer \\n* [[December\n        6]] \\u2013 [[Romildo Ribeiro Soares|RR Soares]], Brazilian televangelist,\n        missionary, author, singer, businessman, and composer\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[Johnny Bench]], American baseball player\\n** [[Wendy Padbury]], British\n        actress\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Gregg Allman]], American singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[G\\u00e9rard Blanc]], French singer\\n** [[Thomas R. Cech]],\n        American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[December\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Tom Daschle]], U.S. Senator\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Rainer\n        Seifert]], German field hockey player\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Will Alsop]],\n        English architect\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Christopher Parkening]], American\n        guitarist\\n** [[Dilma Rousseff]], 36th [[President of Brazil]]\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** [[Ben Cross]], English actor\\n** [[Vincent Matthews (athlete)|Vincent\n        Matthews]], American athlete\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013 [[Leonid Yuzefovich]],\n        Russian crime fiction writer\\n* [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Paco de Luc\\u00eda]],\n        Spanish guitarist\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[Mitsuo Tsukahara]], Japanese gymnast\\n**\n        [[Porfirio Lobo]], 54th [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013\n        [[Carlton Fisk]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Bob\n        Conti]], American Musician\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Aurelio Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Mexican [[Major League Baseball]] player (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 29]]\n        \\n** [[Ted Danson]], American actor (''''Cheers'''')\\n** [[Cozy Powell]],\n        British Rock Drummer (d. 1998)\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Jeff Lynne]], British\n        musician \\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Burton Cummings]], Canadian rock musician\n        \\n** [[Tim Matheson]], American actor, film director and producer\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois Batellier]], French political cartoonist\\n*\n        [[Stephen LaBerge]], [[Lucid dream]] researcher\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Grzegorz\n        Chomyszyn.png|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Hryhoriy Khomyshyn]]]]\\n[[File:2016 Santuario\n        di Santa Rita (Cascia) 02.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Maria Giovanna Fasce]]]]\\n[[File:Al\n        Capone in 1930.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Al Capone]]]]\\n[[File:Ridsport-Prins-Gustaf-Adolf.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince\n        Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\\u00e4sterbotten]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Al Herpin]],\n        \\\"The Man Who Never Slept\\\", notable French-born American insomniac (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]]\\n** [[Herman Bing]], German actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Karl Mannheim]],\n        Hungarian sociologist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur E. Andersen]],\n        American accountant (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\n** [[Zdenko Bla\\u017eekovi\\u0107]],\n        Yugoslavian politician (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[J\\u00falio Afr\\u00e2nio Peixoto]],\n        Brazilian physician, writer, politician and historian (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] \\n** [[Sixto Mar\\u00eda Dur\\u00e1n C\\u00e1rdenas]], Ecuadorian pianist,\n        composer and lawyer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ignazio Lupo]], Italian-born American\n        gangster (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Bill Hewitt (American football)|Bill\n        Hewitt]], American football player ([[Chicago Bears]]) and a member of the\n        [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth\n        Short]] (''''The Black Dahlia''''), famous murder victim (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Hryhoriy Khomyshyn]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]] bishop,\n        martyr and blessed (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Maria Giovanna\n        Fasce]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed, [[Augustinian]] nun\n        and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Manuel Machado (poet\n        and playwright)|Manuel Machado]], Spanish poet (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        20]]\\n** [[Josh Gibson]], African-American baseball player and a member of\n        the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Andrew Volstead]], American politician\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot]], British\n        writer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Pierre Bonnard]], French painter\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Roy Geiger]], American general (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Al Capone]], American gangster (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n**\n        [[Grace Moore]], American opera singer and actress (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\\u00e4sterbotten]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[January 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Vassily Balabanov]], Soviet administrator and Provincial [[Governor]]\n        of [[Imperial Russia]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[Frederick\n        Blackman]], British plant physiologist (b.[[1866]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Petar\n        Zivkovic.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Petar Zivkovic]]]]\\n[[File:Luigi Russolo ca. 1916.gif|thumb|110px|[[Luigi\n        Russolo]]]]\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Petar Zivkovic]], Yugoslavian politician,\n        11th [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Luigi Russolo]], Italian painter and composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] \\n** [[O. Max Gardner]], Governor of North Carolina (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Luigi Russolo]], Italian [[Futurism|Futurist]] painter and composer (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Martin Klein (wrestler)|Martin Klein]],\n        Estonian wrestler (b.[[1884]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Kurt Lewin]], German-born\n        American psychologist (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Sidney Toler]], American actor (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Celestina Boninsegna]], Italian soprano\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Mustafa ''Abd al-Raziq]], Egyptian\n        Islamic philosipher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 16]] \\n** [[Pedro de R\\u00e9pide\n        Gallegos]], Spanish journalist and writer (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[Bertha Schwarz]],\n        German soprano (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[February 18]] \\n** [[Valentina Dmitryeva]],\n        Soviet writer, teacher and doctor (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Joachim Ernst, Duke\n        of Anhalt]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[February 20]] \\u2013 [[Henry Hebert (actor)|Henry\n        Herbert]], British actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Hakim Habibur\n        Rahman]], Indian physician, writer, journalist and politician (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] \\u2013 [[Morinosuke Chiwaki]], Japanese dentist (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** [[Antonino D''Agata]], Italian politician (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Ben Webster (actor)|Ben Webster]], British-born American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[February 27]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich H\\u00e4berlin]], Swiss Federal Councilor\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Carrie Chapman Catt.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carrie\n        Chapman Catt]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 [[Alfredo Casella]], Italian composer\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], American suffrage\n        leader (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Jhaverchand Meghani]], Indian poet and writer (b.\n        [[1897]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Harukichi Hyakutake]], Japanese general\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\n**[[Victor Lustig]], Austrian-born con artist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n**[[Wilhelm Heye]], German general (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[March\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Walter Samuel Goodland]], Governor of Wisconsin (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\n** [[Arthur Machen]], British-born author (b. [[1863]])\\n**\n        [[Jean-Richard Bloch]], French critic, novelist and playwright (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[William C. Durant]], American automobile pioneer (b.\n        [[1861]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Prudence Heward]], Canadian painter (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Victor Goldschmidt]], Swiss geochemist\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 Homer Lusk Collyer, American hermit brother\n        (''''[[Collyer brothers]]'''') (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\n** [[Archduchess\n        Louise of Austria|Archduchess Louise of Austria, Princess of Tuscany]] (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n** [[Ferdinand Zecca]], French actor, producer, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 [[Chen Cheng-po]], Taiwanese painter\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Johnny Evers]], American baseball player\n        ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Karol \\u015awierczewski]], Polish military leader (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Manuel de Adalid y Gamero]], Honduranian composer (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Georgeiiofgreece.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[George II of Greece]]]]\\n[[File:Henry ford 1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henry\n        Ford]]]]\\n[[File:King Christian X of Denmark.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Christian\n        X of Denmark]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 King [[George II of Greece]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 7]] \\n** [[Henry Ford]], American industrialist and automobile manufacturer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Savvas the New of Kalymnos]], Greek [[Orthodox priest]]\n        and saint (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 Langley Collyer, American hermit\n        brother (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[William Foden]], American composer\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 10]] \\n** [[John Ince (actor)|John Ince]], American\n        actor (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Charles Bally]], Swiss linguist (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[Duke Robert of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Salvador Toscano]], Mexican director, producer and filmmaker\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Georg Friederici]], German ethnologist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Guido Donegani]], Italian engineer, businessman\n        and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Rudolf H\\u00f6ss]], German commandant of\n        [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] (executed) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jozef Tiso]], Prime Minister of Slovakia (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April\n        20]] \\u2013 King [[Christian X of Denmark]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Heitor da Silva Costa]], Brazilian engineer, designer and constructor\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 [[Gyula K\\u00e1rolyi]], Hungarian politician,\n        29th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Willa\n        Siebert Cather]], American novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Reina Andrade]], acting [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1860]])\\n**\n        [[Ana Cump\\u0103na\\u0219]], Austro-Hungarian prostitute (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Paolo Finocchiaro]], Italian painter (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Gheorghe Ciuhandu (priest)|Gheorghie Ciuhandu]], Romanian\n        [[Orthodox priest]], theologian, historian and advocate (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Francesc Camb\\u00f3]], Andorran politician (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Miguel\n        Abad%C3%ADa M%C3%A9ndez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Miguel Abad\\u00eda M\\u00e9ndez]]]]\\n[[File:George\n        William Forbes.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George William Forbes]]]]\\n* [[May 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Harry Gordon Selfridge]], American department store magnate (b. [[1858]])\\n*\n        [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]], Bengali poet (b. [[1926]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[John R. Sinnock]], eighth Chief Engraver of the United\n        States Mint (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Miguel Abad\\u00eda M\\u00e9ndez]],\n        Colombian politician, 12th [[President of Colombia]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[May\n        16]]\\n** [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]], British biochemist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Michael Joseph\n        Curley]], American [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** [[George Forbes (New Zealand politician)|George Forbes]], 22nd\n        [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Seabiscuit]], Thoroughbred\n        Racehorse (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Lucile Gleason]], American\n        actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 [[Philipp Lenard]], Austrian physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz|C. F. Ramuz]], Swiss writer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[August Eigruber]], Nazi war criminal (executed) (b. 1907)\\n*\n        [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Georg Ludwig von Trapp]], Austrian sailor, patriarch of\n        the Von Trapp Family of ''''[[The Sound of Music]]'''' fame (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Adrienne Ames]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw\n        Raczkiewicz 1934.jpg|thumb|110px|[[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Raczkiewicz]]]]\\n[[File:Richard\n        Bedford Bennett.jpg|110px|thumb|[[R. B. Bennett|Richard Bedford Bennett]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\n** [[S. H. Dudley (singer)|S. H. Dudley]], American urban singer\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Raczkiewicz]], Polish politician,\n        lawyer and diplomat, 5th [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Marques da Silva]], Portuguese architect (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Augusto\n        Giacometti]], Italian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[J. Warren Kerrigan]], American\n        actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Richard H\\u00f6nigswald]], Hungarian-born\n        American philosopher (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Albert Marquet]],\n        French painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Maxwell Perkins]], American\n        literary editor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\n** [[Alfred Allen (actor)|Alfred\n        Allen]], American actor (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Richard Cooper (actor)|Richard\n        Cooper]], British actor (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Shigematsu Sakaibara]], Japanese\n        rear admiral and convicted war criminal (executed) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June\n        19]] \\u2013 [[K\\u014ds\\u014d Abe]], Japanese admiral and convicted war criminal\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Bugsy Siegel]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Jim Tully]], vagabond, pugilist,\n        noted American writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Bartolome Pagano]],\n        Italian actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[R. B. Bennett|Richard\n        Bedford Bennett]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Franciszek M\\u0105czy\\u0144ski]], Polish architect (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Raoul\n        Wallenberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Raoul Wallenberg]]]]\\n[[File:JosephCookPEO.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph\n        Cook]]]]\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Jimmie Lunceford]], American jazz musician\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Brandon Hurst]], American stage and screen\n        veteran (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Walter Donaldson]], American songwriter (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Raoul Wallenberg]], Swedish diplomat and humanitarian\n        (presumed dead on this date) (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Fumio Hayashi\n        (doctor)|Fumio Hayashi]], Japanese physician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Aung San]], Burmese nationalist (assassinated) (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] \\u2013 Patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] (b. [[1852]])\\n* [[July\n        23]] \\n** [[Alice Fischer (actress)|Alice Fischer]], American actress (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Roffo]], Argentine doctor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Archbishop Leontios of Cyprus]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[July 27]]\n        \\u2013 [[Ivan Regen]], Slovenian biologist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\n**\n        [[Leo Stein]], American art collector and critic (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[George\n        Bausewine]] American baseball player and umpire (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph Cook]], Australian politician, 6th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Fedir Krychevsky]], Soviet painter (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Fra''\n        Claudio Granzotto.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Claudio Granzotto]]]]\\n[[File:Anders\n        Zorn - Prins Eugen 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Eugen, Duke of N\\u00e4rke]]]]\\n*\n        August \\u2013 [[Teresa Magbanua]], Filipino general (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Nikolai Podogomy (actor)|Nikolai Podogomy]], Soviet actor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Pardo y Barreda]], Peruvian politician,\n        51st [[Prime Minister of Peru]] and 2-time [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Vic Willis]], American baseball player ([[Boston Braves (baseball)|Boston\n        Braves]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Anton Ivanovich Denikin]], Soviet military leader (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Carlo Romanelli]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Antonio Sciortino]], Maltese sculptor (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Claudio Granzotto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious\n        professed and blessed (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Prince Eugen,\n        Duke of N\\u00e4rke]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Franz Cumont]],\n        Belgian archaeologist and historian (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Hasmik (actress)|Hasmik]], Soviet actress (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n**\n        [[Manolete]], Spanish bullfighter (gored) (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[K\\u014dtar\\u014d\n        Nakamura]], General of the Imperial Japanese Army (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], American Scout, father\n        of the international Scouting movement (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Victor Horta]], Belgian Art Nouveau architect (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]], American philosopher (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Hataz\\u014d Adachi]], Japanese general (suicide)\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n**[[Fiorello H. La Guardia]], Mayor of\n        New York (b. [[1882]])\\n**[[Jantina Tammes]], Dutch plant biologist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] \\n** [[Harry Carey (actor)|Harry Carey]], American film actor\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Vasily Glagolev]], Soviet general (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Hugh Lofting]], British-born writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Luigi Barlassina]], Patriarch of Jerusalem (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Max\n        Planck 1933.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max Planck]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Olive\n        Borden]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Gregorio Martinez Sierra]],\n        Spanish writer, poet, dramatist and director (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 2]]\n        \\u2013 [[P. D. Ouspensky]], Soviet mathematician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Ernest L. Riebau]], American politician ([[1895]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Max Planck]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Leevi Madetoja]],\n        Finnish composer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Ian Standish Monteith\n        Hamilton]], British general (b. [[1853]])\\n** [[James Farley (actor)|James\n        Farley]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Sidney Webb,\n        1st Baron Passfield|Sidney Webb]], British economist and social reformer (b.\n        [[1859]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[John Halliday (actor)|John Halliday]],\n        American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\n** [[Harry C. Bradley (actor)|Harry\n        C. Bradley]], American actor (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Massimo Terzano]], Italian\n        cinematographer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013 [[Carl Shelton]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Dudley Digges (actor)|Dudley\n        Digges]], Irish actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 27]] \\u2013 [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Teresalina S\\u00e1nchez]], Spanish [[Franciscan]] religious sister, missionary\n        and martyr (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013 [[Earl Snell]], Governor\n        of Oregon (plane crash) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Frances Cleveland]],\n        [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Jozafat\n        Kocy%C5%82owski.png|thumb|110px|Blessed [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]]]]\\n[[File:Ernst\n        Lubitsch 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ernst Lubitsch]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013\n        [[Man o'' War]], champion thoroughbred racehorse (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Nelson McDowell]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\u2013 [[S\\u00e1ndor Garbai]], Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Mariano Benlliure]], Spanish sculptor (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Eduard Ritter von Schleich]], German fighter ace\n        and air force general (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Volpi]],\n        Italian businessman and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]], bishop, martyr and blessed\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Georg Kolbe]], German sculptor (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[L\\u00e9on-Paul Fargue]], French writer\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[W. E. Lawrence]], American actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n** [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]], French general (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Ernie Adams (actor)|Ernie Adams]], American actor\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Ernst Lubitsch]], German film director\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Stanley Baldwin ggbain.35233.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stanley\n        Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Benigno Aquino, Sr..jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benigno Aquino Sr.]]]]\\n[[File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Aleister Crowley]],\n        British occultist (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[G. H. Hardy]], British mathematician\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Franz Xaver Schwarz]] German [[Nazi]]\n        politician (executed) (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Heinrich Hetsch]],\n        German physician and microbilologist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\n**\n        [[Margaret Butler (sculptor)|Margaret Butler]], New Zealand sculptor (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Walker (actor)|Walter Walker]], American actor (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December\n        7]]\\n** [[Tristan Bernard]], French writer and lawyer (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Nicholas\n        Murray Butler]], American president of Columbia University, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[John Kelly\n        (actor)|John Kelly]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Pierre Petit de Julleville]], French [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop and\n        eminence (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\n** [[Nicholas Roerich]], Soviet\n        painter (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Juan Bautista Vargas Arreola]], Mexican general\n        during [[Mexican Revolution]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Stanley\n        Baldwin]], British Conservative politician, 3-time [[Prime Minister of the\n        United Kingdom]] (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Edward Higgins]], General of [[The Salvation\n        Army]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Machen]], British\n        writer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[J. N. Br\\u00f8nsted]], Danish\n        chemist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Christos Tsigiridis]], Greek engineer (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] \\n** [[Benigno Aquino Sr.]], Filipino politician (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Luigi Chiarelli]], Italian playwright (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013\n        [[Gaspar G. Bacon]], Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Johannes Winkler]], German rocket pioneer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]] \\u2013 King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Han van Meegeren]], Dutch painter and forger (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Alfred North Whitehead]], British mathematician\n        and philosopher (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Ayoub Tabet]], 6th\n        Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[Petro Trad]], 5th President and\n        14th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Edward\n        Victor Appleton]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Robert\n        Robinson (organic chemist)|Sir Robert Robinson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]], [[Gerty Cori]], [[Bernardo\n        Houssay]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Gide]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 The [[Friends Service Council]]\n        (UK) and The [[American Friends Service Committee]] (USA), on behalf of the\n        [[Religious Society of Friends]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=55007 Pathe newsreel,\n        1947.  Experimental snowplough. Pathe says ''Grantham'' but the station name\n        ''Dowlais top'' in Wales can be clearly seen]\\n* [http://www.topfoto.co.uk/gallery/1947Winter/default.htm\n        Gallery of UK winter photographs]\\n* [http://www.jubileeriver.co.uk/100110%20-%20winter%20of%201947.htm\n        Personal testimony of the winter of 1947]\\n* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/brizzlebornandbred/3538507778/\n        Stories from the winter of 1947]\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1947}}\\n\\n[[Category:1947|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T02:48:05Z\",\"lastrevid\":799827872,\"length\":81468,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1947&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947\"},\"34612\":{\"pageid\":34612,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1948\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:22:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1948}}\\n{{Events by month|1948}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1948}}\\n\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1948}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) inaugurated.\\n**\n        Railways of Britain are nationalized to form [[British Railways]].\\n** The\n        [[Constitution of the Italian Republic]] goes into effect.\\n** The latest\n        [[Constitution of New Jersey]] goes into effect.\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[Burma]] gains its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming an independent\n        republic, named the ''''Union of Burma'''', with [[Sao Shwe Thaik]] as its\n        first President and [[U Nu]] its first Prime Minister.\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        [[Warner Brothers]] shows the first color [[newsreel]] (''''[[Tournament of\n        Roses Parade]]'''' and the ''''[[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]]'''').\\n* [[January\n        7]] – [[Kentucky Air National Guard]] pilot Thomas Mantell crashes while\n        [[Mantell UFO incident|in pursuit of]] a supposed [[unidentified flying object|UFO]].\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] begins his fast-unto-death in [[Delhi]]\n        to stop communal violence during the [[Partition of India]].\\n* [[January\n        17]] – A truce is declared between nationalist [[Indonesia]]n and Dutch\n        troops in [[Java]].\\n* [[January 22]] – British foreign secretary [[Ernest\n        Bevin]] proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France,\n        and the [[Benelux]] countries to stand up against the [[Soviet Union]]. The\n        [[Treaty of Brussels]] is signed [[March 17]] as a consequence, a predecessor\n        to [[NATO]].\\n* [[January 26]] – Teigin poison case: a man masquerading\n        as a doctor poisons 12 of 16 bank employees of the Tokyo branch of Imperial\n        Bank and takes the money; artist [[Sadamichi Hirasawa]] is later sentenced\n        to death for the crime, but is never executed.\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**The [[Pakistan\n        Socialist Party]] is founded in [[Karachi]].\\n**[[1948 Los Gatos DC-3 crash|DC-3\n        aircraft crash at Los Gatos Creek]], near [[Coalinga, California]], kills\n        four US citizens and 28 deportees, commemorated in a protest song (\\\"[[Deportee\n        (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos)]]\\\") by [[Woody Guthrie]].\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]: Indian pacifist and leader [[Mahatma\n        Gandhi]] is shot by [[Nathuram Godse]] in [[New Delhi]]. Also on this day\n        [[Orville Wright]] of the pioneering aviators the Wright Brothers dies in\n        [[Dayton, Ohio]].\\n** [[1948 Winter Olympics]] open in [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland.\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – The British [[crown colony]] of the [[Malayan Union]],\n        [[Penang]] and [[Malacca]] form the [[Federation of Malaya]].Cabinet\n        Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies (UK). 21 February 1956.\n        {{sourcetext|source=Federation of Malaya Agreement}}\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\n** The [[Soviet Union]] begins to jam [[Voice of America]]\n        broadcasts.\\n** Proclamation of the [[Federation of Malaya]].\\n* [[February\n        4]] – Ceylon (later known as [[Sri Lanka]]) becomes an independent kingdom\n        within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]].\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]], innermost of the large [[moons of\n        Uranus]], is discovered by [[Gerard Kuiper]].{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Patrick|authorlink=Patrick\n        Moore|year=1995|title=The Guinness Book of Astronomy|edition=5th|location=Enfield,\n        UK|publisher=Guinness Publishing|isbn=085112643X|page=110}}\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]], Irish head of government since 1932,\n        loses power to an opposition coalition. [[John A. Costello]] is appointed\n        [[Taoiseach]] by President [[Se\\u00e1n T. O''Kelly]].\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        The [[Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom\n        and Independence]] convenes in [[Calcutta]].\\n* [[February 21]] – The\n        United States [[stock car racing]] organization [[NASCAR]] is founded by [[Bill\n        France, Sr.]] with other drivers.{{cite web|title=History of NASCAR|url=http://hometracks.nascar.com/nascar_101/history_of_nascar|publisher=NASCAR|date=2010-08-17|accessdate=2017-02-25}}\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – The first of the [[Ben Yehuda Street bombings]] in\n        Jerusalem kills between 49 and 58 civilians and injures between 140 and 200.\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d''\\u00e9tat]]: [[Edvard\n        Bene\\u0161]], [[President of Czechoslovakia]], cedes control of the country\n        to the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|Communist Party]], a day celebrated\n        by that regime as \\\"[[Victorious February]]\\\" ({{lang-cz|V\\u00edt\\u011bzn\\u00fd\n        \\u00fanor|links=no}}; {{lang-sk|V\\u00ed\\u0165azn\\u00fd Febru\\u00e1r}}) until\n        [[November 1989]].\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**[[1948 Accra Riots]]: Riots take\n        place in [[Accra]], capital of the British colony of [[Gold Coast (British\n        colony)|Gold Coast]], when a peaceful protest march by ex-servicemen is broken\n        up by police, leaving several members of the group dead, among them Sergeant\n        Adjetey, one of the leaders.\\n**The [[2nd Congress of the Communist Party\n        of India]] convenes in [[Calcutta]].\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 8]] –\n        ''''[[McCollum v. Board of Education]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]]\n        rules that religious instruction in public schools violates the [[United States\n        Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].\\n* [[March 12]] – The [[Costa Rican\n        Civil War]] begins.\\n* [[March 16]] – The largest flood in the history\n        of [[Brampton, Ontario]], occurs.{{cite web|url=http://thebramptonguardian.com/brampton/news/article/44736|title=Brampton''s\n        largest flood left its watery mark|date=2008-03-10|accessdate=2008-03-10|work=The\n        Brampton Guardian}}{{Dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\\n*\n        [[March 17]]\\n** [[Treaty of Brussels]] signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg,\n        the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, providing for economic, social and\n        cultural collaboration and collective self-defence.\\n** The [[Hells Angels]]\n        motorcycle gang is founded in [[California]].\\n* [[March 18]] – The\n        Round Table Conference in [[The Hague]], Netherlands for the preparation of\n        the decolonization process for Aruba and the other Dutch Colonies. Aruba presents\n        the mandate of the Aruban People for Aruba to become an Independent Country,\n        under the souvereignty of the House of Orange, based on Aruba''s first state\n        constitution presented officially since August 1947,  and a (4th) Member State\n        of the future Dutch Commonwealth.\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Singapore]] holds\n        its first elections.\\n** Renowned Italian conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] makes\n        his television debut, conducting the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] in an all-[[Richard\n        Wagner|Wagner]] program in the United States.\\n** The [[20th Academy Awards]]\n        ceremony is held in Los Angeles. ''''[[Gentleman''s Agreement]]'''' wins the\n        [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        Physicists [[Ralph Asher Alpher]] and [[George Gamow]] publish the [[Alpher\\u2013Bethe\\u2013Gamow\n        paper]] about the [[Big Bang]].{{cite journal|last1=Alpher|first1=R.\n        A.|first2=H.|last2=Bethe|authorlink2=Hans Bethe|first3=G.|last3=Gamow|date=1948-04-01|url=http://www.snolab.ca/public/JournalClub/michael1.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6HxCbSd5r?url=http://www.snolab.ca/public/JournalClub/michael1.pdf|archivedate=2013-07-08|accessdate=2011-03-10|title=The\n        Origin of Chemical Elements|journal=[[Physical Review]]|location=United States|volume=73|issue=7|pages=803\\u2013804|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.73.803|bibcode=1948PhRv...73..803A}}\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n** United States President [[Harry S. Truman]] signs the [[Marshall\n        Plan]], which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.\\n** [[Jeju Uprising]]\n        – residents revolt on [[Jeju island]], South Korea, eventually leading\n        to the deaths of between 14,000 and 30,000.\\n** [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Beethoven''s\n        Symphony No. 9]] is played on television in its entirety for the first time\n        in a series of concerts featuring [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducting the [[NBC\n        Symphony Orchestra]] in the United States. The chorus is conducted by [[Robert\n        Shaw (conductor)|Robert Shaw]].\\n* [[April 5]] – [[1947\\u201348 Civil\n        War in Mandatory Palestine]]: Haganah launches [[Operation Nachshon]]; beginning\n        of the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]].\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** The [[World Health\n        Organization]] is established by the [[United Nations]].\\n** A fire in a Buddhist\n        monastery in Shanghai kills 20 monks.\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[Jorge Eli\\u00e9cer\n        Gait\\u00e1n]]''s assassination provokes a violent riot in [[Bogot\\u00e1]]\n        (the ''''[[Bogotazo]]''''), and a further 10 years of violence (''''[[La Violencia]]'''')\n        across [[Colombia]].\\n** The [[Deir Yassin massacre]] takes place in British\n        [[Mandatory Palestine]].\\n* [[April 13]] – The [[Hadassah medical convoy\n        massacre]] takes place in British [[Mandatory Palestine]].\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] is\n        founded as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC).\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Italian general election, 1948]]:: The first democratic\n        general election with [[universal suffrage]] is held in Italy. The [[Christian\n        Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] party achieves a majority over the\n        [[Popular Democratic Front (Italy)|Popular Democratic Front]] Communist-Socialist\n        coalition.\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[Burma]] joins the [[United Nations]].\\n**\n        The [[American Broadcasting Company]] (otherwise known as ABC) begins television\n        services, on WFIL-TV in [[Philadelphia]] (now [[WPVI-TV]]).\\n* [[April 22]]\n        – Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: [[Battle of Haifa (1948)|Battle\n        of Haifa]] – The Jewish paramilitary group [[Haganah]] captures [[Haifa]]\n        from the [[Arab Liberation Army]].\\n*[[WTVR]] begins television services.\n        WTVR is the first TV station south of Washington D.C., giving it the nickname\n        \\\"The South''s First Television station\\\".\\n* [[April 24]] – The [[Costa\n        Rican Civil War]] ends.\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Organization of American\n        States]] (OAS) founded.\\n* [[April 30]] – The English-built [[Land Rover]]\n        is unveiled at the Amsterdam Motor Show.\\n\\n===May===\\n* May – The [[RAND\n        Corporation]] is established as an independent nonprofit policy research and\n        analysis institution.\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film version\n        of ''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]'''' makes its world premiere in London.\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Luigi Einaudi]] becomes [[President of the Italian Republic]].\\n[[File:Declaration\n        of State of Israel 1948 2.jpg|thumb|115px|[[Israeli Declaration of Independence]],\n        1948]]\\n* [[May 14]] – The [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] is\n        made. [[David Ben-Gurion]] becomes the first prime minister, a provisional\n        position that will become formalized on February 14, 1949.\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[1948 Arab\\u2013Israeli War]]: The [[British Mandate of Palestine]] is officially\n        terminated; expeditionary forces from [[Egypt]], [[Jordan|Transjordan]], [[Syria]]\n        and [[Iraq]] invade [[Israel]] and clash with Israeli forces.\\n** The murder\n        of a 3-year-old girl in [[Blackburn]], England leads to the [[fingerprinting]]\n        of more than 40,000 men in the city in an attempt to find the murderer.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-brutal-murder-begins-an-unusual-investigation|title=A\n        brutal murder begins an unusual investigation|work=HISTORY.com}}\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Chaim Weizmann]] is elected as the first [[President\n        of Israel]].\\n* [[May 18]] – The first [[Legislative Yuan]] of the [[Republic\n        of China (1912\\u201349)|Republic of China]] officially convenes in [[Nanking]].\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – The [[Soviets]] launched the [[Operation Vesna|largest\n        Lithuanian deportation to Siberia]].\\n* [[May 25]] – The United Church\n        of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) was founded on this date at Ellinwood\n        Malate Church in Manila, Philippines.\\n* [[May 26]] – The [[United States\n        Congress|U.S. Congress]] passes ''''[[Public Law 557]]'''', which permanently\n        establishes the [[Civil Air Patrol]] as the auxiliary of the [[United States\n        Air Force]].\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Daniel Fran\\u00e7ois Malan]] defeats\n        [[Jan Smuts]] and becomes Prime Minister of South Africa, ushering in the\n        era of [[apartheid]], which is finally dismantled by [[F. W. de Klerk]]  in\n        [[1994]].\\n* [[May 30]] – A dike along the [[Columbia River]] breaks,\n        obliterating [[Vanport, Oregon]] within minutes; 15 people die and tens of\n        thousands are left homeless.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] – The [[Palomar\n        Observatory]] [[telescope]] is finished in [[California]].\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Hasan Saka]] forms the new government of Turkey. (17th government;\n        Hasan Saka had served twice as a prime minister)\\n* [[June 11]] – The\n        first [[monkeys in space|monkey astronaut]], Albert I, is launched into space\n        from White Sands, New Mexico.\\n*[[June 15]] – [[China|Chinese]] [[newspaper]],\n        ''''Renmin Ribao'''' (''''[[People''s Daily]]''''), a first issue of published\n        in [[Pingshan County, Hebei|Pingshan]], [[Hebei Province]], [[China]].{{citation\n        needed|date=December 2016}}\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** Communist guerrillas kill 3\n        rubber planters in [[Malay states|Malaya]].\\n** Three armed men hijack the\n        [[Cathay Pacific]] passenger plane ''''[[Miss Macao]]'''' and shoot the pilot;\n        the plane crashes, killing 26 of 27 people on board.\\n* [[June 17]] –\n        A [[Douglas DC-6]] carrying [[United Airlines Flight 624]] crashes near [[Mount\n        Carmel, Pennsylvania]], killing all 43 people on board.\\n* [[June 18]]  \\n**\n        [[Malayan Emergency]]: A [[state of emergency]] is declared in the [[Malayan\n        Union]] due to a communist insurgency.\\n** [[LP record]] – Columbia\n        Records introduced its long playing 33 1/3 rpm phonograph\n        format.\\n* [[June 20]] – The [[U.S. Congress]] recesses for the remainder\n        of 1948, after an overtime session closes at 7:00 a.m. D.C. time (to\n        be shortly interrupted by Truman''s recall from Congressional recess for July\n        20, 1948).\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** The [[Deutsche Mark]] becomes official currency\n        of the future [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]].\\n** The [[Manchester\n        Small-Scale Experimental Machine]] (nicknamed \\\"Baby\\\") becomes the first\n        [[stored-program computer]] to successfully execute a program.\\n* [[June 22]]\n        – The ship {{MV|Empire Windrush||6}} brings a large group of Afro-Caribbean\n        immigrants to [[Tilbury]] near London, the start of a large wave of immigration\n        to Britain.\\n[[Image:C-54 landing at Tempelhof 1948.jpg|thumb|150px|Airplane\n        C-54 at airport Berlin-Tempelhof.]]\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Cold War]]: The [[Berlin\n        Blockade]] begins.\\n** The first [[World Health Assembly]] of the [[World\n        Health Organization]] is held in Geneva.\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[William Shockley]]\n        files the original patent for the [[grown-junction transistor]], the first\n        [[bipolar junction transistor]].\\n** The [[Berlin Blockade|Berlin Airlift]]\n        begins.\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** The [[Cominform]] Resolution marks the beginning\n        of the [[Informbiro]] period in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        and the Soviet/Yugoslav split.\\n** [[David Lean]]''s ''''[[Oliver Twist (1948\n        film)|Oliver Twist]]'''', based on [[Charles Dickens]]''s famous novel, premieres\n        in the UK. It is banned for 3 years in the U.S. because of alleged [[antisemitism]]\n        in depicting master criminal [[Fagin]], played by [[Alec Guinness]].\\n** [[1948\n        Fukui earthquake]] strikes [[Fukui, Fukui|Fukui]], Japan. 3,769 dead, 22,203\n        injured.\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 5]] – The [[National Health Service]]\n        Acts are enacted in United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 6]] – The world''s first\n        Air Car-ferry service is flown by a Bristol Freighter of Silver City Airways\n        from [[Lympne]] to [[Le Touquet]].\\n* [[July 13]] – The [[Coptic Orthodox\n        Church of Alexandria]] and [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]es reach\n        an agreement leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank\n        of an autocephalous [[Patriarch]]ate. Five [[bishop]]s are immediately consecrated\n        by the [[Patriarch of Alexandria]], and the successor to [[Abuna Qerellos\n        IV]] is granted the power to consecrate new bishops, who are empowered to\n        elect a new Patriarch for their church.\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** Attempted assassination\n        of [[Palmiro Togliatti]], general secretary of the [[Italian Communist Party]]\n        results in numerous strikes all over the country.\\n** First London chapter\n        of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] is founded.\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Cold War]]:\n        \\n** President [[Harry S. Truman]] issues the second peacetime [[military\n        draft]] in the United States, amid increasing tensions with the [[Soviet Union]]\n        (the first peacetime draft occurred in 1940 under President Roosevelt)\\n**\n        [[Eugene Dennis]], [[William Z. Foster]], and ten other [[CPUSA]] leaders\n        are arrested and charged under the [[Alien Registration Act]]\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – The [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] votes to join  Canada after a [[Newfoundland\n        referendums, 1948|referendum]].\\n* [[July 26]] – U.S. President Truman\n        signs [[Executive Order 9981]], ending [[racial segregation]] in the [[United\n        States Armed Forces]].\\n* [[July 28]] – Around 200 die in explosion\n        at a chemical plant in [[Ludwigshafen]], Germany.\\n* [[July 29]] – The\n        [[1948 Summer Olympics]] begin in London, the first since the [[1936 Summer\n        Olympics]]\\n* [[July 31]] – \\n** At Idlewild Field in New York, New\n        York International Airport (later renamed [[John F. Kennedy International\n        Airport]]) is dedicated\\n** [[Elizabeth Bentley]] appears under subpoena before\n        [[HUAC]] regarding Communist espionage; implicates [[Whittaker Chambers]]\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – The [[U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Whittaker Chambers]] appears under subpoena\n        before [[HUAC]] and alleges that several former U.S. Federal official were\n        communists, including [[Harry Dexter White]] and [[Alger Hiss]]\\n* [[August\n        5]]  – [[Alger Hiss]] appears before [[HUAC]] to deny the allegations\n        of [[Whittaker Chambers]]\\n* [[August 10]] – [[August 23]] – The\n        [[Herrenchiemsee Convent]] prepares the draft for the [[Basic Law for the\n        Federal Republic of Germany]]\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Harry Dexter White]]\n        and [[Donald Hiss]] refute allegations of [[Communism]] by [[Whittaker Chambers]]\n        before [[HUAC]]\\n* [[August 14]] – [[1948 Ashes series]]: The Australian\n        [[batsman]] [[Don Bradman]], playing his last [[Test cricket]] match, against\n        England at [[The Oval]], is bowled by [[Eric Hollies]] for a [[Duck (cricket)|duck]];\n        however, [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|\\\"The Invincibles\\\"]]\n        win the match by an [[innings]] and 149 runs, and [[The Ashes]] 4-0.\\n* [[August\n        15]] – The southern half of Korea is established as South Korea.\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Babe Ruth]] dies in his sleep at the age of 53.\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[HUAC]] holds a private session between [[Alger Hiss]]\n        and [[Whittaker Chambers]]\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Danube Commission]]\n        created by [[Belgrade]] Convention (enters into force [[11 May]] [[1949]]).\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Lee Pressman]], [[Nathan Witt]], and [[John Abt]],\n        represented by [[Harold I. Cammer]], plead the [[Fifth Amendment to the United\n        States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] in response to allegations of [[Communism]]\n        by [[Whittaker Chambers]] before [[HUAC]]\\n* [[August 23]] – The [[World\n        Council of Churches]] is established.\\n* [[August 24]] – The first meeting\n        of the charter members of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ)\n        is held.{{cite web|url=http://www.accj.or.jp/history |title=Archived\n        copy |accessdate=2008-09-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092752/http://www.accj.or.jp/history/\n        |archivedate=September 17, 2008 |df= }}\\n* [[August 25]] – [[HUAC]]\n        holds its first-ever televised congressional hearing, featuring \\\"Confrontation\n        Day\\\" between [[Whittaker Chambers]] and [[Alger Hiss]]\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Whittaker Chambers]] states that [[Alger Hiss]] was a communist on ''''[[Meet\n        the Press]]'''' radio\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 4]] – Queen\n        [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] abdicates for health reasons.\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Robert Schuman]] becomes Prime Minister of France.\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]] is formally [[Inauguration\n        of the Dutch monarch|inaugurated]] to succeed her mother as queen regnant\n        of the Netherlands.\\n* [[September 9]] – The northern half of Korea\n        is formally declared [[North Korea]], with [[Kim Il-sung]] as prime minister.\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder and first [[Governor-General\n        of Pakistan]], dies. Pakistan is in a state of shock as it mourns the departure\n        of the father of the nation. The day is a [[Quaid-i-Azam Day|public holiday]]\n        nationwide.\\n* [[September 13]]–[[September 18|18]] – [[Indian\n        annexation of Hyderabad]] (\\\"Operation Polo\\\"): The [[princely state]] of\n        [[State of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] is invaded by the [[Indian Armed Forces]]\n        in a \\\"[[police action]]\\\" in the aftermath of Pakistani leader [[Jinnah]]''s\n        death. The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] surrenders his state which is amalgamated\n        into the newly-independent [[Dominion of India]]; thousands are killed as\n        a result of this event.\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]\n        members, also known as the Stern Gang, assassinate [[Swedes|Swedish]] count\n        [[Folke Bernadotte]], United Nations Mediator in Palestine, in Jerusalem.\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – Establishment of the city of [[Rabwah]] in [[Pakistan]].\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[Alger Hiss]] files a slander suit against [[Whittaker\n        Chambers]] for his August 27 radio statement in the United States.\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film of ''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]''''\n        opens in the United States.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 6]] – The\n        [[1948 Ashgabat earthquake]] kills 110,000.\\n* [[October 10]] – [[R-1\n        (missile)|R-1 missile]] on test becomes the first [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        launch to enter space.\\n* [[October 16]] – The [[57th Street Art Fair]],\n        the oldest juried art fair in the American Midwest, is founded.\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Brandeis University]] is formally founded in [[Massachusetts]],\n        USA.\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Donora Smog of 1948|Killer smog]] settles\n        into [[Donora, Pennsylvania]].\\n* [[October 28]] – The [[Al-Dawayima\n        massacre]] begins.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Foley Square\n        trial]] of [[Eugene Dennis]] and ten other [[CPUSA]] leaders begins in New\n        York City.\\n** [[Athenagoras I of Constantinople|Athenagoras I]] is elected\n        268th [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]].\\n* [[November 2]] –\n        [[United States presidential election, 1948]]: Democratic incumbent [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] defeats Republican [[Thomas E. Dewey]] and \\\"Dixiecrat\\\" [[Strom\n        Thurmond]].\\n* [[November 12]] – In Tokyo, an international [[war crime]]s\n        tribunal sentences seven Japanese military and government officials to death,\n        including General [[Hideki Tojo]], for their roles in World War II.\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Louis Stephen St. Laurent]] becomes Canada''s 12th [[Prime\n        Minister of Canada|prime minister]].\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** ''''[[Operation\n        Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]]'''' to transport Jews from [[Yemen]]\n        to [[Israel]] begins.\\n** The [[University of the Andes, Colombia|University\n        of the Andes]] (Universidad de los Andes) is founded in [[Bogot\\u00e1]], [[Colombia]].\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]] divorces his second wife,\n        the former Princess [[Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt|Fawzia of Egypt]].\\n**\n        [[Whittaker Chambers]] produces secret government papers handwritten and typewritten\n        by [[Alger Hiss]] during pretrial examination.\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Geoffrey B. Orbell]] rediscovers the [[Takah\\u0113]], last seen 50 years\n        previously, near [[Lake Te Anau]], New Zealand.\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        In [[Venezuela]], president [[R\\u00f3mulo Gallegos]] is ousted by a [[military\n        junta]].\\n* [[November 27]] – The [[Calgary Stampeders]] defeat the\n        [[Ottawa Rough Riders]] 12\\u20137 before 20,013 fans at Toronto''s [[Varsity\n        Stadium]] to capture their first [[Grey Cup]] and complete the only [[perfect\n        season]] to date in [[Canadian Football]].\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December\n        1]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Figueres Ferrer]] abolishes the army in [[Costa Rica]],\n        making it the first country in history to do so\\n* [[December 2]] –\n        [[HUAC]] subpoenas and retrieves the \\\"Pumpkin Papers\\\" from the farm of [[Whittaker\n        Chambers]]\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Richard Nixon]] displays microfilm\n        from the \\\"Pumpkin Papers\\\" to the press\\n* [[December 9]] – The [[United\n        Nations General Assembly]] adopts the [[Genocide Convention]]\\n* [[December\n        10]] – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the [[Universal Declaration\n        of Human Rights]]\\n* [[December 11]]–[[December 12|12]] – [[Malayan\n        Emergency]]: [[Batang Kali massacre]]: [[Scots Guards]] shoot 24 [[Chinese\n        people|Chinese]] villagers in [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]\\n* [[December\n        15]] – The [[United States Department of Justice]] indicts [[Alger Hiss]]\n        on two counts of [[perjury]]\\n* [[December 19]] – In the [[NFL]], the\n        [[Philadelphia Eagles]] defeat the [[Chicago Cardinals]] 7\\u20130 to win the\n        championship.\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Laurence Duggan]] falls to his\n        death from the 16th storey window of his Manhattan office\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – The last [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops withdraw from [[North Korea]]\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – A [[Muslim Brotherhood]] member assassinates [[Egypt]]ian\n        Prime Minister [[Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha|Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi]]\\n* [[December\n        30]] – The musical ''''[[Kiss Me, Kate]]'''' opens for the first of\n        1,077 performances in New York City\\n* [[December 31]] – [[1948 Arab\\u2013Israeli\n        War]]: [[Israel]]i troops drive the [[Egypt]]ians from [[Negev]]\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n\\n* [[Casimir effect]] predicted by Dutch physicist [[Hendrik\n        Casimir]].\\n* The [[Fresh Kills Landfill]], the world''s largest, opens on\n        [[Staten Island, New York]].\\n* The Oakridge Transit Centre opens in [[Vancouver]],\n        [[British Columbia]].\\n* The Slovak city G\\u00fata is renamed [[Kol\\u00e1rovo]].\\n*\n        The Tunnel of Vielha is opened in the [[Aran Valley]], Spanish [[Pyrenees]].\\n*\n        Last recorded sighting of the [[Caspian tiger]] in [[Kazakhstan]].\\n* A pack\n        of wolves kills about 40 children in [[Darovskoy District]], in Russia.{{cite\n        book|title=[[Guinness Book of World Records]]|year=2008|page=137}}\\n*\n        Charles Warrell creates the first [[I-Spy (Michelin)|I-Spy]] books in the\n        United Kingdom.\\n* [[Wilbert Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]''s third book, ''''[[James\n        the Red Engine]]'''', is published in the United Kingdom.\\n* Last edition\n        of the ''''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'''' is published in the [[Holy\n        See|Vatican]].\\n* The first [[Kinsey Reports|Kinsey Report]], ''''Sexual Behavior\n        in the Human Male'''', is published in the United States.\\n* Inspired by World\n        War II fighter planes, [[Cadillac]] introduces the first automobile to sport\n        [[car tailfin|tailfins]].\\n* The inaugural [[6 Hours of Watkins Glen]] sports\n        car endurance race is held in the United States.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ichiro\n        Mizuki 20070706 Japan Expo 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ichirou Mizuki]]]]\\n[[File:JohnCarpenter2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        Carpenter]]]]\\n[[File:David Oddsson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Oddsson]]]]\\n[[File:President\n        Charles Taylor.png|thumb|110px|[[Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)|Charles\n        Taylor]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Mary Archer]], born Mary Weeden, English\n        scientist\\n** [[Judith Miller (journalist)|Judith Miller]], American journalist\\n**\n        [[Joyce Wadler]], American writer and memoirist\\n** [[Deborah Watling]], English\n        actress (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Wally Foreman]], Australian media\n        icon (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Ted Lange]], American actor and director\\n* [[January\n        7]]\\n** [[Kenny Loggins]], American rock singer\\n** [[Ichirou Mizuki]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Donald Fagen]], American rock keyboardist\\n**\n        [[Teresa Graves]], American actress and comedian (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Mischa\n        Maisky]], Latvian cellist\\n** [[William Sanderson]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 12]]\\n** [[Kenny Allen (footballer)|Kenny Allen]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Anthony Andrews]], English actor\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[T Bone Burnett]],\n        American record producer and musician\\n** [[Carl Weathers]], American actor\n        and football player\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Ronnie Van Zant]], American\n        rock musician (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[John Carpenter]], American\n        film director, producer, screenwriter and composer\\n** [[Gregor Gysi]], German\n        politician\\n** [[Cliff Thorburn]], Canadian snooker player\\n** [[Tsuneo Horiuchi]],\n        Japanese baseball pitcher and mamager \\n* [[January 17]] – [[Dav\\u00ed\\u00f0\n        Oddsson]], [[Prime Minister of Iceland]]\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Frank McKenna]],\n        Premier of New Brunswick and Canadian Ambassador\\n** [[Michael J. Jackson]],\n        English actor\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Katharine Holabird]], American writer\\n**\n        [[Mitoji Yabunaka]], Japanese politician\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Mikhail\n        Baryshnikov]], Russian dancer\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Charles Taylor (Liberian\n        politician)|Charles Taylor]], Liberian politician, 22nd [[President of Liberia]]\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Marc Singer]], Canadian actor\\n* [[January 30]] –\n        [[Paul Magee]], Provisional Irish Republican Army member\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Jabara]], American actor, singer and songwriter (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Muneo\n        Suzuki]], Japanese politician\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:carlosbelo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos\n        Felipe Ximenes Belo]]]]\\n[[File:Barbara Hershey TIFF 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barbara\n        Hershey]]]]\\n[[File:Teller Rio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Teller (magician)|Teller]]]]\\n[[File:Peters\n        in 08.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bernadette Peters]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Rick\n        James]], Motown performer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Ina Garten]],\n        American cooking author\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]],\n        East Timorean Catholic bishop, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n**\n        [[Henning Mankell]], Swedish crime novelist (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**\n        [[Alice Cooper]], American hard rock singer and musician\\n** [[Ram Baran Yadav]],\n        [[President of Nepal]]\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Sven-G\\u00f6ran Eriksson]],\n        Swedish football manager\\n** [[Christopher Guest]], American actor, screenwriter,\n        director and composer\\n** [[Barbara Hershey]], American actress\\n** [[Tom\n        Wilkinson]], English actor\\n* [[February 10]] – [[John Magnier]], Irish\n        businessman and thoroughbred racehorse breeder\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Chris Rush]], American stand-up comedian\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Raymond\n        Kurzweil]], American inventor and author\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Kitten\n        Natividad]], Mexican-American film actress\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Jackie\n        Martling]], American comedian and radio personality\\n** [[Wally Tax]], Dutch\n        musician (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Teller (magician)|Raymond Teller]], American\n        illusionist and magician, one half of the duo [[Penn & Teller]]\\n* [[February\n        17]]\\n** [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Cserhalmi]], Hungarian actor\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Jos\\u00e9]],\n        Mexican singer and actor\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Sin\\u00e9ad Cusack]],\n        Irish actress\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Pim Fortuyn]], Dutch politician and\n        author (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Tony Iommi]], English heavy metal guitarist\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Jennifer O''Neill]], American model and actress\\n*\n        [[February 22]]\\n**[[John Ashton (actor)|John Ashton]], American actor\\n**[[Leslie\n        H. Sabo, Jr.]], American [[Medal of Honor]] recipient (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[February\n        24]]\\n** [[Jayalalithaa]], Indian politician and film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Smith]], Scottish football manager\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Danny\n        Denzongpa]], Indian actor\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Steven Chu]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Mike Figgis]],\n        American director, screenwriter and composer\\n** [[Kjell Isaksson]], Swedish\n        pole vaulter\\n** [[Bernadette Peters]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Mercedes\n        Ruehl]], American actress\\n** [[Alfred Sant]], Leader of Malta Labour Party\n        (1992\\u2013) and Prime Minister of Malta (1996\\u20131998)\\n* [[February 29]]\n        – [[Henry Small (singer)|Henry Small]], American-born Canadian singer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Shakin''\n        Stevens.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shakin'' Stevens]]]]\\n[[File:James Taylor - Columbia.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James\n        Taylor]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Crystal VF 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Billy\n        Crystal]]]]\\n[[File:TylerNassauColliseum.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steven Tyler]]]]\\n[[File:Al\n        Gore at SapphireNow 2010 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Al Gore]]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** [[R. T. Crowley]], American pioneer of electronic commerce\\n** [[Rory\n        Gallagher]], Irish musician (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Jeff Kennett]], Australian\n        politician\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Lindy Chamberlain]], Australian author\\n**\n        [[James Ellroy]], American writer\\n** [[Tom Grieve]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Leron Lee]], American baseball player\\n** [[Chris Squire]], English bassist\n        ([[Yes (band)|Yes]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Shakin'' Stevens]], Welsh singer\\n**\n        [[Brian Cummings]], American male voice actors\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Eddy Grant]],\n        Guyanese British singer and musician\\n** [[Elaine Paige]], English singer\n        and actress\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Anna Maria Horsford]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 9]]\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Lov\\u00e1sz]], Hungarian mathematician\\n**\n        [[Jeffrey Osborne]], American singer\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Dominique Sanda]],\n        French actress\\n* [[March 12]] – [[James Taylor]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Billy Crystal]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[S\\u00e9rgio Vieira de Mello]], Brazilian diplomat (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[William Gibson]], American/Canadian writer\\n* [[March\n        20]]\\n** [[John de Lancie]], American actor\\n** [[Bobby Orr]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Helene Vannari]], Estonian actress \\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Inri\n        Cristo]], Brazilian educator who claims to be Jesus Christ reincarnated\\n**\n        [[Wolf Blitzer]], American television journalist\\n** [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]],\n        English composer\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Bonnie Bedelia]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 26]]\\n** [[Nash the Slash]], born James Jeffrey Plewman, Canadian\n        musician (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Steven Tyler]], American singer-songwriter ([[Aerosmith]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]]\\n** [[Jayne Ann Krentz]], American novelist\\n** [[Dennis Unkovic]],\n        American author\\n** [[Dianne Wiest]], American actress\\n* [[March 29]] –\n        [[Bud Cort]], American actor\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Eddie Jordan]], Irish\n        founder of [[Jordan Grand Prix]]\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Al Gore]], American\n        environmentalist and politician, 45th [[Vice President of the United States]]\n        under [[Bill Clinton]], and [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]]\n        Democratic nominee for president\\n** [[Rhea Perlman]], American actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Carlos\n        Salinas.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]]]]\\n[[File:10.12.12TerryPratchettByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Terry\n        Pratchett]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Jimmy Cliff]], Jamaican singer and\n        actor\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Roald Als]], Danish cartoonist\\n* [[April 3]]\n        – [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]], Mexican economist and politician and\n        53rd [[President of Mexico]]\\n* [[April 4]] \\n** [[Squire Parsons]], American\n        gospel singer/songwriter\\n** [[Dan Simmons]], American fantasy and science\n        fiction author \\n* [[April 7]] – [[John Oates]], American rock singer\n        and guitarist ([[Hall & Oates]])\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Jeremy Beadle]], English\n        TV presenter (d. 2008)\\n** [[Don Fernando]], director and actor of pornographic\n        films\\n**[[Joschka Fischer]] German politician\\n** [[Marcello Lippi]], Italian\n        football player and manager\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Nam Hae-il]], 25th Chief\n        of Naval Operations of the [[Republic of Korea Navy]]\\n** [[Mikhail Shufutinsky]],\n        Soviet and Russian singer, actor, TV presenter\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Michael\n        Kamen]], American composer (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Ammar El Sherei]],\n        Egyptian music icon and celebrity (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Kazuyuki Sogabe]], Japanese\n        voice actor (d. 2006)\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Jan Hammer]], Czechoslovakian\n        composer, pianist and keyboardist\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Josef Flammer]],\n        Swiss ophthalmologist (after whom [[Flammer syndrome]] is named)\\n* [[April\n        27]] \\n** [[Amrit Kumar Bohara]], Nepalese politician  \\n** [[Si Robertson]],\n        American reality star                                                   \\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[Terry Pratchett]], English comic fantasy and science fiction\n        author (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Marcia Strassman]], American actress and singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Michael Karoli]], German musician\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:USMC-110802-M-AI118-010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Tupou V]]]]\\n[[File:Grace Jones @ Fremantle Park (17 4 2011) (5648772822).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Grace\n        Jones]]]]\\n[[File:KlausMeine.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Klaus Meine]]]]\\n[[File:Swetlana\n        Alexijewitsch 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Svetlana Alexievich]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Matorin]], Russian opera singer\\n** [[Larry Gatlin]], American\n        singer/songwriter\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[William H. Miller (writer)|William H.\n        Miller]], historian \\n** [[Chris Mulkey]], American actor\\n* [[May 4]] \\n**\n        [[Tanya Falan Welk|Tanya Falan]], American singer\\n** King [[George Tupou\n        V]] of Tongo (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Joe Esposito (singer)|Joe Esposito]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Richard Pacheco]], American pornographic\n        actor\\n** [[Bill Ward (musician)|Bill Ward]], English rock drummer\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** Dame [[Felicity Lott]], English soprano\\n** [[Stephen Stohn]], Canadian\n        television producer\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Steven W. Mosher]], American social\n        scientist and author\\n** [[Calvin Murphy]], American basketball player and\n        analyst\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Shigeru Izumiya]], Japanese musician\\n* [[May\n        12]] \\n** [[Steve Winwood]], English rock singer\\n** [[Lindsay Crouse]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Bob Woolmer]], Indian-born English cricket\n        coach (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Yutaka Enatsu]], Japanese professional\n        baseball pitcher\\n** [[Brian Eno]], English musician and record producer\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Jesper Christensen]], Danish actor\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Mikko Heini\\u00f6]], Finnish composer\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Grace Jones]],\n        Jamaican singer and actress\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Tessh\\u014d Genda]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[D''Jamin Bartlett]], American musical theatre\n        actress\\n** [[Elizabeth Buchan]], English writer\\n** [[Jonathan Hyde]], Australian-born\n        English actor\\n** [[Leo Sayer]], English rock musician\\n* [[May 25]] –\n        [[Klaus Meine]], German singer ([[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]])\\n* [[May 26]]\\n**\n        [[Dayle Haddon]], Canadian model and actress\\n** [[Stevie Nicks]], American\n        rock singer and songwriter \\n* [[May 27]] – [[Wubbo de Boer]], Dutch\n        civil servant\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Michael Berkeley]], English composer\\n*\n        [[May 31]]\\n** [[Svetlana Alexievich]], Belarusian writer of literary reportage,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[John Bonham]], English\n        rock drummer of [[Led Zeppelin]] (d. [[1980]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kathy\n        Bates by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kathy Bates]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Powers Boothe]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Tom Sneva]], American\n        race car driver and [[Indianapolis 500]] winner\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Jerry\n        Mathers]], American actor\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Bob Champion]], English jump\n        jockey\\n** [[David Haskell]],  American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 6]]\n        – [[Richard Sinclair]], English musician ([[Caravan (band)|Caravan]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]]\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen von der Lippe]], German television presenter,\n        actor and comedian\\n** [[Jad Azkoul]], Lebanese-American classical guitarist\\n*\n        [[June 9]] \\n** [[Gudrun Schyman]], Swedish politician\\n** [[Gary Thorne]],\n        American play-by-play announcer\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Dave Cash (baseball)|Dave\n        Cash]], American baseball player\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Garnet Bailey]],\n        Canadian hockey player and scout (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Laurence\n        Yep]], American author\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Paul Michiels]], Belgian singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Dave Concepci\\u00f3n]], Venezuelan baseball player\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Nick Drake]], English musician (d. [[1974]])\\n** [[Lea Laven]],\n        Finnish singer\\n** [[Phylicia Rashad]], American actress\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Ludwig Scotty]], [[President of Nauru]]\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Lionel Rose]],\n        Australian boxer\\n** [[Jovan A\\u0107imovi\\u0107]], Serbian football player\\n**\n        [[Raffaello Martinelli]], Italian prelate\\n** [[Philippe Sarde]], French film\n        composer\\n** [[Andrzej Sapkowski]], Polish writer\\n** [[Wolfgang Seel]], German\n        football player\\n** [[Greg Hyder]], American professional basketball player\\n*\n        [[June 22]] \\n** [[Madeleine Meilleur]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Takashi\n        Sasano]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Sh\\u014dhaku Okumura]], Japanese Soto Zen\\n**\n        [[Peter Prijdekker]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Sue Roberts]], American professional\n        golfer\\n** [[Todd Rundgren]], American rock singer and record producer\\n**\n        [[Curtis Johnson (cornerback)|Curtis Johnson]], American football cornerback\n        \\n** [[Franciszek Smuda]], Polish football coach\\n** [[Panagiotis Xanthakos]],\n        Greek sports shoote\\n** [[Colin Waldron]], English football defender\\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[Luther Kent]], American blues singer\\n** [[Jim Heacock]], American\n        defensive coordinator\\n** [[Clarence Thomas]], [[Associate Justice of the\n        Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n** [[Luther Kent]], American blues singer\\n**\n        [[Larry Coker]], American football coach and former player\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Janet Museveni]], First Lady of Uganda\\n** [[Stephen Martin (Australian\n        politician)|Stephen Martin]], Australian politician, senior academic and rugby\n        league referee\\n** [[Dave Orchard]], South African former first-class cricketer\\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen Stars]], German footballer\\n** [[Jenny Wood]], Zimbabwean swimmer\\n**\n        [[Eigil S\\u00f8rensen]], Danish cyclist\\n** [[Patrick Moraz]], Swiss keyboard\n        player\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Tom Rideout]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Michael\n        Lembeck]], American actor, television and film director\\n** [[Kenn George]],\n        American businessman\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[David Vaughan (golfer)|David Vaughan]],\n        Welsh professional golfer\\n** [[John Pratt (footballer)|John Pratt]], English\n        professional footballer\\n** [[Pablo Anaya Rivera]], Mexican politician\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], Tamil actress\\n** [[Camile Baudoin]],\n        American rock guitarist\\n* [[June 28]] \\n** [[Deborah Moggach]], English writer\\n**\n        [[Kathy Bates]], American actress\\n** [[Jimmy Thomson (footballer, born 1948)|Jimmy\n        Thomson]], Scottish professional footballer \\n** [[Abdul Manan Ismail]], Malaysian\n        politician\\n** [[Brian Rowan]], Scottish professional footballer\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** [[Helge Karlsen]], Norwegian football player\\n** [[Fred Grandy]],\n        American actor and politician\\n** [[Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar]], crossbench\n        member of the House of Lords\\n** [[Leo Burke]], Canadian professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Vic Brooks]], English cricketer\\n** [[Danny Adcock]], Australian actor\\n*\n        [[June 30]] \\n** [[Alice Wong]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Dag Forn\\u00e6ss]],\n        Norwegian speed skater\\n** [[Peter Rossborough]], English rugby union international\\n**\n        {{Interlanguage link multi|Isabelita dos Patins|pt|3=Isabelita dos Patins}},\n        Argentine-Brazilian drag queen\\n** [[Galarrwuy Yunupingu]], Australian Indigenous\n        community\\n** [[Vladimir Yakunin]], Russian official, head of state-run [[Russian\n        Railways]] company\\n** [[Raymond Leo Burke]], American cardinal prelate\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Richard\n        Simmons 2007-08-15.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Simmons]]]] \\n[[File:Yusuf-2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cat\n        Stevens]]]]\\n[[File:Peggy Fleming 1983 Paraguay stamp.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peggy\n        Fleming]]]]\\n[[File:Jean Reno 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean Reno]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] \\n** [[Ever Hugo Almeida]], Paraguayan footballer\\n** [[John Ford (musician)|John\n        Ford]], English-born rock musician ([[Strawbs]]), writer of \\\"[[Part of the\n        Union]]\\\"\\n** [[Michael McGimpsey]], Northern Ireland politician\\n* [[July\n        2]] – [[Mario Villanueva]], Mexican politician\\n* [[July 3]] –\n        [[Tarmo Koivisto]], Finnish comics artist\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Arnoux]],\n        French racing driver\\n** [[Louis Rapha\\u00ebl I Sako]], Head of the Chaldean\n        Catholic Church\\n** [[Ed Armbrister]], Bahamian outfielder in Major League\n        Baseball\\n** [[Nazmul Hussain]], Indian first-class cricketer\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        [[Tony DeMeo]], American football coach and player\\n** [[Dave Lemonds]], American\n        former professional baseball player\\n** [[Salomon Juan Marcos Issa]], Mexican\n        politician\\n** [[Lojze Peterle]], Slovenian politician\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Nathalie\n        Baye]], French film, television and stage actress\\n** [[Jeff Webb (basketball)|Jeff\n        Webb]], American professional basketball player\\n** [[Bob Riley (basketball)|Bob\n        Riley]], American professional basketball player\\n** [[Sid Smith (American\n        football)|Sid Smith]], American football offensive lineman\\n** [[Eiko Segawa]],\n        Japanese female enka singer and actress\\n** [[Jan van der Veen]], Dutch professional\n        association football player\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Jerry Sherk]], American football\n        defensive tackle\\n** [[Jean LeClerc (actor)|Jean LeClerc]], Qu\\u00e9b\\u00e9cois\n        actor\\n** [[Jean-Marie Colombani]], French journalist\\n** [[Tan Lee Meng]],\n        Singaporean jurist\\n** [[Luis Estrada (footballer)|Luis Estrada]], Mexican\n        football league forward and an Olympian\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Raffi (musician)|Raffi]],\n        Egyptian-born children''s entertainer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Theo B\\u00fccker]],\n        German football manager and a player\\n** [[Rich Hand]], American professional\n        baseball player\\n** [[Mick Coop]], English professional football right back\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\n** [[Jay Thomas]], American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Richard\n        Simmons]], American television personality and fitness expert\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Don Sweet]], Canadian star football kicker\\n** [[Alf Hansen]], Norwegian\n        rower\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Richard Franklin (director)|Richard Franklin]],\n        Australian film director (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Rita Barber\\u00e1]],\n        Spanish politician, Mayor of Valencia (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Pinchas Zukerman]],\n        Israeli violinist\\n** [[Jeff Van Wagenen]], American professional golfer\\n**\n        [[Lars Lagerb\\u00e4ck]], Swedish football manager and player\\n* [[July 17]]\n        \\n** [[Alan Sieler]], Australian former cricketer\\n** [[Doug Berry (Canadian\n        football)|Doug Berry]], American Canadian football coach\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[Hartmut Michel]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Muse Watson]], American actor\\n** [[Maroun Elias\n        Nimeh Lahham]], Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Beppe Grillo]], Italian activist, blogger, comedian and actor\\n**\n        [[Ed Hinton (sportswriter)|Ed Hinton]], American sportswriter\\n** [[Cat Stevens]],\n        born Steven Georgiou, later known as Yusuf Islam, British singer, musician\n        \\n** [[Garry Trudeau]], American cartoonist\\n** [[Teruzane Utada]], Japanese\n        music executive producer and attendant\\n** [[Mikhail Nikolayevich Zadornov|Mikhail\n        Zadornov]], Russian stand-up comedian and writer\\n** [[Snooty]], male Florida\n        manatee (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Susan Eloise Hinton]], American\n        author\\n** [[Otto Waalkes]], German comedian and actor\\n* [[July 23]] –\n        [[John Cushnahan]], Northern Irish politician\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Steve\n        Goodman]], American [[Grammy Award]]-winning [[folk music]] singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Peggy Fleming]], American figure skater\\n*\n        [[July 28]]\\n** [[Gerald Casale]], American director and singer ([[Devo]])\\n**\n        [[Sally Struthers]], American actress and spokeswoman\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Jean\n        Reno]], French actor\\n** [[Julia Tsenova]], Bulgarian composer and musician\n        (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jonathan Dollimore]], English academic\n        sociologist and cultural theorist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Jean-Pierre Raffarin\n        par Claude Truong-Ngoc 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]]]]\\n[[File:Tipper\n        Gore Headshot.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tipper Gore]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Plant at the\n        Palace Theatre, Manchester.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Plant]]]]\\n* [[August\n        1]] – [[Jim Carroll]], American author, poet and musician (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[August 2]]\\n** [[Dennis Prager]], American radio talk show host and author\\n**\n        [[Bob Rae]], Canadian politician\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]],\n        Prime Minister of France\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Mizengo Pinda]], 9th Prime\n        Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Kathleen Battle]], American\n        soprano\\n* [[August 15]] – [[George Ryton]], Singapore-born English\n        Formula One engineer\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Sean Scanlan]], Scottish actor\n        (d. [[2017]]) \\n** [[Joseph Marcell]], English actor\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**[[Robert\n        Hughes (Australian actor)|Robert Hughes]], Australian actor\\n**[[Tipper Gore]],\n        [[Second Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[John Noble]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Robert Plant]], English singer ([[Led Zeppelin]])\\n**\n        [[Barbara Allen Rainey]] (born Barbara Ann Allen), American aviator, first\n        female pilot in the U.S. armed forces (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[August 23]] –\n        [[Lev Zeleny]], Soviet and Russian physicist\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Jean Michel\n        Jarre]], French electronic musician\\n** [[Sauli Niinisto]], Finnish politician,\n        12th [[President of Finland]]\\n** [[Kim Sung-il (general)|Kim Sung-il]], Chief\n        of Staff of the [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] \\n**\n        [[Tito Sotto|Vicente Sotto III]], Filipino actor, host and politician\\n* [[August\n        27]] – [[Sgt. Slaughter]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[August\n        30]] \\n** [[Lewis Black]], American comedian\\n** [[Fred Hampton]], American\n        activist (d. [[1969]])\\n** [[Victor Skumin]], Russian scientist, Professor\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[Cyril Jordan]], American musician\\n** [[Holger Osieck]],\n        German football manager\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Sitiveni Rabuka May 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sitiveni\n        Rabuka]]]]\\n[[File:SDCC 2015 - Jeremy Irons (19524260758) (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeremy\n        Irons]]]]\\n[[File:George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        R. R. Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Phil as Chick-1-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Phil Hartman]]]]\\n[[File:Olivia\n        Newton John 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Olivia Newton-John]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\n        – [[James Rebhorn]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[Christa McAuliffe]], American teacher and astronaut (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Nate\n        Archibald]], American basketball player\\n** [[Terry Bradshaw]], American football\n        player and sportscaster\\n* [[September 3]]\\n** [[Don Brewer]], American drummer\n        ([[Grand Funk Railroad]])\\n** [[Levy Mwanawasa]], Zambian president (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Samuel Hui]], Hong Kong singer\\n* [[September 5]]\n        – [[Benita Ferrero-Waldner]], Austrian diplomat and politician\\n* [[September\n        7]] – [[Susan Blakely]], American actress\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        [[Great Kabuki]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Judy\n        Geeson]], English actress\\n** [[Bob Lanier (basketball)|Bob Lanier]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Margaret Trudeau]], born Margaret Sinclair, wife and\n        mother of Prime Ministers of Canada\\n** [[Charlie Waters]], American football\n        player\\n* [[September 11]] – [[John Martyn]], born Iain McGeachy, British\n        folk-rock guitarist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Nell Carter]],\n        American singer and actress (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Sitiveni Rabuka]], 3rd Prime\n        Minister of Fiji \\n* [[September 16]] – [[Ron Blair]], American bassist\n        ([[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[John Ritter]],\n        American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jeremy Irons]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Nadezhda Tkachenko]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] pentathlete\\n* [[September\n        20]]\\n** [[Rey Langit]], Filipino journalist and radio host\\n** [[George R.\n        R. Martin]], American [[speculative fiction]] author\\n* [[September 22]]\\n**\n        [[Denis Burke (Australian politician)|Denis Burke]], Australian politician\\n**\n        [[Mark Phillips]], army captain and equestrian, first husband of [[Anne, Princess\n        Royal]]\\n** [[Jim Byrnes (actor)|Jim Byrnes]], American voice actor, blues\n        musician and actor\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Phil Hartman]], Canadian\n        actor and comedian (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[C\\u00e4cilia Rentmeister]],\n        German art historian and gender researcher\\n** [[Vladimir Yevtushenkov]],\n        [[Russians|Russian]] [[Business oligarch|oligarch]]\\n* [[September 26]]\\n**\n        [[Maurizio Gucci]], Italian businessman and murder victim (k. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Olivia Newton-John]], English-born Australian singer and actress\\n* [[September\n        27]] – [[Michele Dotrice]], English actress\\n* [[September 29]]\\n**\n        [[Mark Farner]], American rock guitarist and singer ([[Grand Funk Railroad]])\\n**\n        [[Bryant Gumbel]], African-American television broadcaster\\n** [[Theo J\\u00f6rgensmann]],\n        German jazz clarinetist\\n** [[Burton Richardson]], American game show announcer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Johnny\n        Ramone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Johnny Ramone]]]]\\n[[File:Chrisde33.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris\n        de Burgh]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Jordan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Jordan]]]]\\n[[File:Kushida\n        anime friends 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Akira Kushida]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] –\n        [[Peter Blake (sailor)|Sir Peter Blake]], New Zealand yachtsman (d. [[2001]])\\n*\n        [[October 2]]\\n** [[Avery Brooks]], American actor and musician\\n** [[Persis\n        Khambatta]], Indian actress and model (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Chris LeDoux]],\n        American singer and rodeo star (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Meg\n        Bennett]], American soap opera writer\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Gerry Adams]],\n        Northern Irish politician\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Diane Ackerman]], American\n        poet and essayist\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Johnny Ramone]], American guitarist\n        ([[Ramones]]) (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Baldwin Spencer]], 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Antigua and Barbuda]]\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Jackson Browne]], American\n        rock musician\\n** [[Ciar\\u00e1n Carson]], Northern Irish poet and novelist\\n**\n        [[Oliver Hart (economist)|Oliver Hart]], English-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 11]] –\n        [[Cynthia Clawson]], American gospel singer\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[John Ford\n        Coley]], American rock musician\\n** [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], Pakistani musician\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Ted Poe]], American politician\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Engin\n        Ar\\u0131k]], [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[nuclear physicist]] (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[David\n        Ruprecht]], American actor and writer (''''Supermarket Sweep'''')\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Renato Corona]], Filipino jurist and lawyer (d. 2016)\\n** [[Chris\n        de Burgh]], born Christopher Davison, Argentine-born Anglo-Irish singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Leo Mazzone]], American baseball coach\\n* [[October\n        17]]\\n** [[Robert Jordan]], American novelist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Margot Kidder]],\n        Canadian actress\\n** [[Akira Kushida]], Japanese singer \\n** [[George Wendt]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Hans K\\u00f6chler]], Austrian philosopher\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Patrick Simmons]], American musician ([[The Doobie\n        Brothers]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Tom Everett]], American actor\\n** [[Allen\n        Vigneron]], [[Archdiocese of Detroit|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Detroit]]\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Lynette Fromme]], American attempted assassin of\n        [[Gerald Ford]]\\n* [[October 23]] – Sir [[Gerry Robinson]], Irish-born\n        British businessman\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Dave Cowens]], American basketball\n        player and coach\\n** [[Dan Gable]], American wrestler and coach\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Toby Harrah]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 28]] –\n        [[Telma Hopkins]], American actress and singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Kate\n        Jackson]], American actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Amadou Toure.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Amadou\n        Toumani Tour\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Hassan Rouhani.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hassan Rouhani]]]]\\n[[File:Charles,\n        Prince of Wales at COP21.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles, Prince of Wales]]]]\\n[[File:Michel\n        Suleiman - 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michel Suleiman]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] –\n        [[Anna Stuart]], American actress\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]],\n        born Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie, Scottish singer and actress\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Amadou Toumani Tour\\u00e9]], [[President of Mali]]\\n* [[November\n        5]]\\n** [[Bob Barr]], American politician\\n** [[Dallas Holm]], American Christian\n        musician\\n** [[William Daniel Phillips]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Glenn Frey]],\n        American guitarist and singer ([[The Eagles]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Jim Houghton]], American actor and director\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]], Brazilian football player and manager\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – [[Vincent Schiavelli]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]]\\n** [[Hassan Rouhani]], 7th [[President of Iran]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Roberts (evangelist)|Richard Roberts]], American evangelist and son of [[Oral\n        Roberts]]\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Humayun Ahmed]], [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]]\n        writer.\\n** [[Lockwood Smith]], New Zealand politician\\n* [[November 14]]\\n**\n        [[Charles, Prince of Wales]], born Prince Charles of Edinburgh, heir apparent\n        to the British throne and son of [[Elizabeth II]] (at this time Duchess of\n        Edinburgh) and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Ginty]], American actor and director (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Dee Wallace]],\n        American actress\\n* [[November 15]] – [[James Kemsley]], Australian\n        cartoonist and actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Chi Coltrane]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Ken James (Australian actor)|Ken James]], Australian\n        actor \\n** [[Mutt Lange]], Rhodesian-born record producer\\n** [[Mate Parlov]],\n        Yugoslav Olympic boxer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Howard Dean]],\n        American politician\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Rance Allen]], American gospel\n        singer and preacher\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[John R. Bolton]], U.S. Ambassador\n        to the U.N.\\n** [[Barbara Hendricks]], American singer \\n** [[Richard Masur]],\n        American actor, director; president of Screen Actors Guild\\n* [[November 21]]\n        – [[Michel Suleiman]], President of Lebanon\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Dominique-France\n        Picard]], also known as Princess Fadila of Egypt, wife of King [[Fuad II]]\n        of Egypt and the Sudan\\n** [[Ron Bouchard]], American NASCAR driver (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Gabriele Seyfert]], East German figure skater\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Joe Howard (actor)|Joe Howard]], American actor\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Elizabeth Blackburn]], Australian-American biologist and winner of [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]  \\n* [[November 27]] – [[James Avery\n        (actor)|James Avery]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Agnieszka Holland]], Polish director and screenwriter\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:OzzyChangingHands02-20-2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ozzy\n        Osbourne]]]]\\n[[File:Jobethwilliams.jpg|thumb|110px|[[JoBeth Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Marcelo\n        Rebelo de Sousa Rio2016.png|thumb|110px|[[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]]]\\n[[File:Samuel\n        L. Jackson SDCC 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Samuel L. Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:G\\u00e9rard\n        Depardieu Cannes 2015 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[G\\u00e9rard Depardieu]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[T. Coraghessan Boyle]], American writer\\n** [[Toninho Horta]], Brazilian\n        singer and musician\\n** [[Christine Westermann]], German television and radio\n        host, journalist and author\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Rick Cua]], American singer\n        and evangelist\\n** [[Ozzy Osbourne]], English singer ([[Black Sabbath]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Keke Rosberg]], Finnish Formula One champion\\n** [[Marius\n        M\\u00fcller-Westernhagen]], German actor and musician\\n** [[JoBeth Williams]],\n        American actress and director\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Gary Morris]], American\n        country singer and actor\\n** [[Tony Thomas (producer)|Tony Thomas]], American\n        television producer\\n** [[Mads Vinding]], Danish bassist\\n* [[December 10]]\n        – [[Abu Abbas]], founder of the Palestine Liberation Front (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – [[Chester Thompson]], American rock drummer\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]], 20th [[President of Portugal]]\\n*\n        [[December 13]]\\n** [[Lillian Board]], South African-born English Olympic\n        athlete (d. [[1970]])\\n** [[Ted Nugent]], American rock guitarist and singer\\n**\n        [[David O''List]], English rock guitarist\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Lester\n        Bangs]], American music journalist (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Kim Beazley]], Australian\n        politician\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Ken Brown (ice hockey)|Ken Brown]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Alan Parsons]], English\n        songwriter, musician and record producer\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Samuel L.\n        Jackson]], African-American actor and film producer\\n** [[Willi Resetarits]],\n        Austrian musician and cabaret artist\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Noel Edmonds]],\n        English TV presenter and DJ\\n** [[Flip Mark]], American child actor\\n** [[Lynne\n        Thigpen]], American actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Jim\n        Ferguson]], American guitarist, composer, educator, author and music journalist\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Alia Al-Hussein|Queen Alia]] (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Barbara\n        Mandrell]], American country singer\\n* [[December 27]]\\n**[[Ronnie Caldwell]],\n        American [[soul music]] and [[rhythm and blues]] musician (d. [[1967]])\\n**[[G\\u00e9rard\n        Depardieu]], French actor\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Dick Siegel]], American\n        songwriter\\n** [[Mary Weiss]], American singer ([[The Shangri-Las]])\\n* [[December\n        29]] – [[Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)|Peter Robinson]],\n        Northern Ireland First Minister\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Joe Dallesandro]],\n        American model and actor\\n** [[Sandy Jardine]], Scottish professional footballer\n        playing for Rangers and Hearts and representing Scotland (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Donna Summer]], African-American singer and actress (d. [[2012]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n[[File:Judy Nylon.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Judy Nylon]]]]\\n* [[Archana\n        Bhattacharyya]], Indian physicist\\n* [[Miguel Cabrera Cabrera]], Spanish architect\n        and politician\\n* [[Vicatan]], born Vicente Doria Catan Jr., Filipino comic\n        book artist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[Gudo Hoegel]], German actor and voice actor\\n*\n        [[Phalon Jones]], American [[soul music]] and [[rhythm and blues]] musician\n        (d. [[1967]])\\n* [[John Blair Moore]], American comic book artist\\n* [[Johnny\n        Nicholas]], American blues musician\\n* [[Judy Nylon]], American artist and\n        musician\\n* [[Edward Rutherfurd]], born Francis Edward Wintle, English novelist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Prince\n        Aimone of Savoy - restored.jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Tomislav II of Croatia]]]]\\n[[File:Giaccardo.jpg|thumb|100px|Blessed\n        [[Giuseppe Giaccardo]]]]\\n[[File:MKGandhi.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Mohandas\n        Gandhi]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Edna May]], American actress (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Vicente Huidobro]], Chilean poet (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Anna Kallina]], Austrian actress (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Mary Dimmick Harrison]], wife of President [[Benjamin\n        Harrison]] (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Charles C. Wilson (actor)|Charles\n        C. Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 8]] \\n** [[Maria de\n        Maeztu Whitney]], Spanish educator and feminist (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Charles\n        Magnusson]], Swedish producer and screenwriter (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Kurt Schwitters]],\n        German artist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Edward Stanley Kellogg]], 16th [[Governor\n        of American Samoa]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Tony Garnier\n        (architect)|Tony Garnier]], French architect (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 21]]\n        \\n** [[Eliza Moore]] last person born into slavery in the United States (b.\n        [[1843]])\\n** [[Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari]], Italian composer (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] \\n** [[Bill Cody (actor)|Bill Cody]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Giuseppe Giaccardo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n** [[Maria Mandl]], Austrian criminal (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[January\n        26]] – [[Georg Bruchm\\u00fcller]], influential German artillery officer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Anna Maria Gove]], American phyisican\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 29]] – King [[Tomislav II of Croatia]] (b.\n        1900)\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Nigel De Brulier]], British actor (b. [[1877]])\\n**[[Arthur\n        Coningham (RAF officer)|Arthur Coningham]], British air force air marshal\n        (disappeared) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Leader of Indian independence\n        movement, (assassinated) (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Herb Pennock]], American baseball\n        player ([[New York Yankees]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n** [[Orville Wright]], American co-inventor of the airplane (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[John T. Daniels]], American Coast Guardsman,\n        took the [[Wright brothers]] first flight photograph (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Karl\n        Valentin by Eugen Rosenfeld (1870 - 1940).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Valentin]]]]\\n[[File:Sergei\n        Eisenstein 03.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sergei Eisenstein]]]]\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u043c\n        (\\u041c\\u0443\\u043d\\u0442\\u044f\\u043d\\u0443).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patriarch Nicodim\n        of Romania]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Jatindramohan Bagchi]], Indian\n        (Bengali) poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Bevil Rudd]], South\n        African athlete (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Otto Praeger]],\n        American postal official who implemented U.S. Airmail (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February\n        9]] \\n** [[Burns Mantle]], American theatre critic (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Valentin]], German actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\n** [[Sergei Eisenstein]],\n        Soviet film director (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Isaac Isaacs]], 9th [[Governor-General\n        of Australia]] (b. [[1855]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Theodor Caspari]],\n        Norwegian poet, novelist, writer, literary critic and teacher (b. [[1853]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Mordecai Brown]], American baseball player ([[Chicago\n        Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February\n        15]] – [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]], Indian poet (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Enrique Finochietto]], Argentine academic, physician and inventor\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Renato Balestrero]], Italian racecar\n        driver (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[John Robert Gregg]], Irish-born\n        inventor of shorthand (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\n** [[Alfredo Baldomir]],\n        Uruguayan politician, soldier and architect, 27th [[President of Uruguay]],\n        leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Alexander du Toit]], South\n        African geologist (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Felix Krueger]], German psychologist\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Juan Esteban Montero]], Chilean political figure and 20th\n        [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Charles Gifford\n        (astronomer)|Charles Gifford]], New Zealander astronomer, explorer and teacher\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Patriarch Nicodim of Romania]] (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Camila Quiroga]], Argentine actress (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Donpierofolli.JPG|thumb|110px|right|Blessed\n        [[Piero Folli]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Gabriel Brunet de Sairign\\u00e9]],\n        French general (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Antonin Artaud]], French\n        playwright, actor and director (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Ross\n        Lockridge, Jr.]], American novelist (suicide) (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[March 8]]\n        – [[Piero Folli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Zelda Fitzgerald]], American wife of [[F.\n        Scott Fitzgerald]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Jan Masaryk]], Foreign Minister of\n        Czechoslovakia (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Giuseppina Catanea]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Senge\n        Motomaro]], Japanese poet (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Paul Dupuy]],\n        French historian and biographer (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[K\\u014dz\\u014d\n        Sat\\u014d]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 24]] \\n** [[Nikolai\n        Berdyaev]], Soviet religious leader and political philosopher (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Giovanni Cuomo]], Italian politician, lawyer and teacher (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Paolo Thaon di Revel]], former admiral of the Royal Italian Navy (b. [[1859]])\\n**\n        [[Sabbas of Kalymnos]], Greek [[Orthodox priest]] and saint (b. [[1862]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Giovanni Ceirano]], Italian industrialist and automotive\n        pioneer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Egon Erwin Kisch]], Austrian\n        journalist and author (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Manuel A Roxas.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Manuel\n        Roxas]]]]\\n[[File:Kantaro Suzuki suit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kantaro Suzuki]]]]\\n[[File:Mitsumasa\n        Yonai smiling.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mitsumasa Yonai]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Biagio Biagetti]], Italian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 5]] –\n        [[Angelo Joseph Rossi]], American political figure and [[Mayor of San Francisco]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Isabel Andreu de Aguilar]], Puerto\n        Rican writer, educator, philanthropist and activist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni]], Palestinian Arab nationalist (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** [[George Carpenter (Salvation Army)|George Carpenter]],\n        5th General of [[The Salvation Army]] (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Jorge Eli\\u00e9cer\n        Gait\\u00e1n]], Colombian politician (assassinated) (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Manuel Roxas]], Filipino statesman, 5th [[President of the\n        Philippines]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Kantar\\u014d Suzuki]],\n        Japanese admiral, 42nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor)|Mikhail Rostovtsev]], Soviet actor\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], Japanese admiral\n        and politician, 37th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April\n        21]] – [[Carlos L\\u00f3pez Buchardo]], Argentine composer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Prosper Montagn\\u00e9]], French chef and author (b.\n        [[1865]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Prince Albrecht of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\\u00fccksburg]]\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Manuel Ponce]], Mexican composer (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Gerardo Matos Rodriguez]], Uruguayan composer,\n        journalist and pianist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Alfredo Miguel\n        Aguayo S\\u00e1nchez]], Puerto Rican educator and writer (b. [[1866]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Lady\n        Hartington.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington]]]]\\n[[File:Dame\n        May Whitty.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dame May Whitty]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[\\u00c1ngel\n        Maria Herrera]], Panamanian educator (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Ernst\n        Tandefelt]], Finnish nobleman, assassin of Minister Ritavuori (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]] \\n** [[Viola Allen]], American actress (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Frank\n        Leigh]], British actor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Milan Begovi\\u0107]],\n        Yugoslavian writer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of\n        Hartington]] (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Dauchez]], French\n        painter (b. [[1870]])\\n** Father [[Edward J. Flanagan]], Irish-born American\n        [[Roman Catholic]] priest, founder of Boys Town and monsignor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Muhammad Habibullah]], Indian politician (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Francisco Alonso]], Spanish composer (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Maximilian Lenz]], Austrian painter and sculptor (b.\n        [[1860]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Jacques Feyder]], French filmmaker (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Claude McKay]], Jamaican-born American writer and poet\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[\\u00c9mile Gaston Chassinat]], French\n        egyptologist (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Unity Mitford]], British\n        socialite; friend of [[Adolf Hitler]] (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 29]] –\n        Dame [[May Whitty]], British actress (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef\n        Klekl (politician)|J\\u00f3zsef Klekl]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] politician in\n        Hungary (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Nasib-bitar-1.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Nasib\n        al-Bitar]]]]\\n[[File:PrensSabahattin.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Prince Sabahaddin]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Vianna da Motta]], Portuguese pianist, teacher\n        and composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Viktor Brack]], German\n        doctor (b. [[1904]]), executed by hanging for warcrimes\\n** [[Karl Brandt]],\n        German S.S. officer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Rudolf Brandt]], German S.S. officer\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Karl Gebhardt]], German S.S. officer (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Waldemar Hoven]], German S.S. officer (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Joachim Mrugowsky]],\n        German S.S. officer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Wolfram Sievers]], German S.S. officer\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Auguste and Louis Lumi\\u00e8re|Louis\n        Lumi\\u00e8re]], French film pioneer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Giacomo\n        Albanese]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Osamu\n        Dazai]], Japanese writer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Eug\\u00eania\n        \\u00c1lvaro Moreyra]], Brazilian journalist, actress and director (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\n** [[Bento de Jesus Cara\\u00e7a]], Portuguese mathematician,\n        economist, statistician (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[William C. Lee]], American general\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Nasib al-Bitar]], Palestine jurist (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n** [[Lilian Velez]], Filipino actress (murder) (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Prince Sabahaddin]] (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Albert\n        Bates mugshot 1934.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Albert Bates]]]]\\n[[File:Charles Fillmore\n        (Unity Church).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)|Charles Fillmore]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Assunta Marchetti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious\n        professed and blessed\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Baba Sawan Singh]], Indian saint\n        known as \\\"The Great Master\\\" (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Albert Bates\n        (criminal)|Albert Bates]], American criminal (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Monteiro\n        Lobato]], Brazilian writer (b. [[1882]]7\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Georges Bernanos]],\n        French writer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)|Charles\n        Fillmore]], American [[Protestant]] mystic (b. [[1854]])\\n** [[Carole Landis]],\n        American actress player (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[James Baskett]],\n        American actor (Uncle Remus in Disney''s [[Song of the South]]) (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Alcibiades Diamandi]], Greek political figure (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n**\n        [[King Baggot]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Franz Weidenreich]], German\n        anatomist and physical anthropologist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Harry\n        Brearley]], British inventor of stainless steel (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Marguerite\n        Moreno]], French actress (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[John J. Pershing]],\n        American general (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Ildebrando Zacchini]],\n        Maltese painter, inventor and traveller (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 18]] \\n**\n        [[May Moss]], Australian women''s rights activist (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Baldassarre\n        Negroni]], Italian director and screenwriter (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        – [[Arshile Gorky]], Soviet-born painter (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – [[Sud Mennucci]], Brazilian journalist and educator (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[D. W. Griffith]], American film director (''''The Birth\n        Of A Nation'''') (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Susan Glaspell]], American\n        playwright (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Joe Tinker]], American baseball player ([[Chicago\n        Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 31]]\n        – [[Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd]], mistress of President [[Franklin Delano\n        Roosevelt]] (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Babe Ruth Red Sox 1918.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Babe\n        Ruth]]]]\\n[[File:Mrs. John Nance Garner.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariette Rheiner\n        Garner]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Michailovich Tarkhanov.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikhail\n        Tarkhanov (actor)|Mikhail Tarkhanov]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Tommy Ryan]],\n        American boxing champion (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Charles Bryant\n        (actor)|Charles Bryant]], American actor (b. 1948)\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Kan''ichi\n        Asakawa]], Japanese historian (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Andrew Brown (soccer)|Andrew\n        Brown]], Scottish soccer coach (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Edwin\n        Maxwell (actor)|Edwin Maxwell]], Irish actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 16]]\n        – [[Babe Ruth]], American baseball player ([[New York Yankees]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[Mariette Rheiner Garner]], Second Lady of the United States (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Mikhail Tarkhanov (actor)|Mikhail Tarkhanov]], Soviet\n        actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[George Anderson (actor)|George\n        Anderson]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Cissie Cahalan]],\n        Irish trade union, feminist and suffragette (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Charles Evans\n        Hughes]], [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1862]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Edvard\n        Bene%C5%A1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edvard Benes]]]]\\n[[File:Zar Ferdinand Bulgarien.jpg|thumb|100px|Tsar\n        [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]]]]\\n[[File:Cardinal Rossi.JPG|thumb|100px|Eminence\n        and Servant of God [[Raffaele Rossi]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Adalbert of Prussia\n        (1884%E2%80%931948).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884\\u20131948)|Prince\n        Adalbert of Prussia]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Muhammad VII al-Munsif]],\n        ruler of Tunisia 1942\\u201343 (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Sylvanus\n        Morley|Sylvanus G. Morley]], American scholar and World War I spy (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[Edvard Bene\\u0161]], Czechoslovakian politician,\n        4th [[Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia]] and 2-time [[President of Czechoslovakia]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Richard C. Tolman]], American mathematical\n        physicist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Suar\\u00e8s]],\n        French poet and critic (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Ferdinand\n        I of Bulgaria]], [[Tsar of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        Quaid-e-Azam [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder and first Governor General of\n        [[Pakistan]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Rupert D''Oyly Carte]],\n        British hotelier, theatre owner and impresario (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Carlo Servolini]],\n        Italian artist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Paul Wegener]],\n        German actor, film director, and screenwriter; one of the pioneers of [[German\n        Expressionism]]  (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Ruth Benedict]],\n        American anthropologist and folklorist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Folke Bernadotte]],\n        Swedish diplomat (assassinated) (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Emil Ludwig]], German-born\n        Swiss historian and biographer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Raffaele Rossi]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal, eminence and servant of God (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Husain Salaahuddin]], Famous Mahl writer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884\\u20131948)|Prince\n        Adalbert of Prussia]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Warren William]],\n        American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Toyoaki Horiuchi]],\n        Japanese general (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Gregg Toland]],\n        American cinematographer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Frank\n        Cellier (actor)|Frank Cellier]], British actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\n** [[Vasily Kachalov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Edith Roosevelt]],\n        [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1861]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Very\n        Rev. Albert Power - Rector of Newman College.jpg|thumb|100px|Reverend [[Albert\n        Power (priest)|Albert Power]]]]\\n[[File:Bain News Service - Franz Leh\\u00e1r.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Franz\n        Leh\\u00e1r]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Phraya Manopakorn Nititada]], 1st\n        [[Prime Minister of Siam]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Mary Ryan\n        (actress; 1885-1948)|Mary Ryan]], American actress (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        4]] – [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]], Pakistani politician (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Umberto Coromaldi]], Italian painter (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] – [[Saif Ali Janjua]], Pakistani commander (b. [[1922]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\n** [[Susan Sutherland Isaacs]], British educational psychologist\n        and psychoanalyst (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Albert Power (priest)|Albert Power]],\n        Australian [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Jesuit]] priest and reverend (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Samuel S. Hinds]], American actor (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Dale Fuller (actress)|Dale Fuller]], American actress\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Edythe Chapman]], American actress\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Maria Olga de Moraes Sarmento da\n        Silveira]], Portuguese feminist and writer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 18]]\n        – [[Walther von Brauchitsch]], German field marshal (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Mehmet Suphi Kula]], Turkish general (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Elissa Landi]], Italian actress (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]] \\n** [[Guillaume de Jerphanion]], French [[Jesuit]], epigrapher,\n        geographer, photographer, linguist and archaeologist (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Alexander\n        Piorkowski]], German SS officer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[William Royland]], British\n        baronet \\n* [[October 24]] \\n** [[Franz Leh\\u00e1r]], Hungarian composer (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n** [[Peter Murdoch]], Australian politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October\n        31]] – [[Mary Nolan]], American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Peterferdinand%C3%B6sterrtosk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Archduke\n        Peter Ferdinand of Austria]]]]\\n[[File:B%C3%A9la Mikl%C3%B3s de D%C3%A1lnok\n        1942.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bela Miklos]]]]\\n* [[November 4]] \\n** [[Albert Stanley,\n        1st Baron Ashfield]], British-born American businessman (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Filippo Perlo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and missionary (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[David Leland (actor)|David Leland]], American actor\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Edgar Kennedy]], American actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\n** [[Julius Curtius]], German politician\n        and diplomat (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Jack Nelson (actor)|Jack Nelson]], American\n        actor and director (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Fred Niblo]],\n        American film director (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Umberto\n        Giordano]], Italian composer (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Oerip\n        Soemohardjo]], Indonesian general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[B\\u00e9la Mikl\\u00f3s]], Hungarian military officer and politician, 38th\n        [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Hack\n        Wilson]], American baseball player ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and a member of the\n        [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[D. D. Sheehan]],\n        Irish politician (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\n** [[Maria Koppenh\\u00f6fer]],\n        German actress (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Roberto Omegna]], Italian cinematographer\n        and director (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Franco Vittadini]],\n        Italian composer (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Joao tamagnini barbosa\n        1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jo\\u00e3o Tamagnini Barbosa]]]]\\n[[File:Hideki Tojo.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Hideki\n        Tojo]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Chano Pozo]], Cuban percussionist (b.\n        [[1915]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\n** [[Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894\\u20131948)|Jan\n        Hendrik Hofmeyr]], South African politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Luis Orrego\n        Luco]], Chilean politician, lawyer, novelist and diplomat (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Jo\\u00e3o Tamagnini Barbosa]], Portuguese military\n        officer and politician, 69th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – [[C. Aubrey Smith]], British actor (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – Japanese war leaders (hanged):\\n** [[Kenji Doihara]],\n        general (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[K\\u014dki Hirota]], diplomat and politician, 32nd\n        [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Seishir\\u014d Itagaki]], military\n        officer (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Heitar\\u014d Kimura]], general (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Iwane Matsui]], general (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Akira Mut\\u014d]], general (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Hideki Tojo]], general, 40th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[John Westley (actor)|John Westley]],\n        American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Muhammad Saleh Akbar\n        Hydari]], Indian civil servant and politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Mahmoud\n        an-Nukrashi Pasha]], Egyptian political figure, 27th [[Prime Minister of Egypt]]\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Guido Di Ruggiero]],\n        Italian philosopher, professor and politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Malcolm Campbell|Sir Malcolm Campbell]], English land and water\n        racer (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Arne Tiselius]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Paul Hermann M\\u00fcller]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[T. S. Eliot]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1948}}\\n[[Category:1948|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:22:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":799773503,\"length\":84726,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948\"},\"34604\":{\"pageid\":34604,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1949\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T23:11:25Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1949}}\\n{{Year nav|1949}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1949}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – UN sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the [[Indo-Pakistani\n        War of 1947]]. The war results in a stalemate and the division of [[Kashmir]],\n        which is still continuing as of 2017.\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Luis Mu\\u00f1oz\n        Mar\\u00edn]] becomes the first democratically elected [[Governor of Puerto\n        Rico]].\\n* [[January 4]]–[[February 22]] – Series of winter storms\n        in [[Nebraska]], [[Wyoming]], [[South Dakota]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]] and\n        [[Nevada]] – winds of up to 72 mph – tens of thousands of\n        cattle and sheep perish.\\n* [[January 4]] – {{RMS|Caronia}} of the [[Cunard\n        Line]] departs [[Southampton]] for New York on her maiden voyage.\\n* [[January\n        5]] – U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] unveils his [[Fair Deal]] program.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Los Angeles]] receives its first recorded snowfall.\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[\\u015eemsettin G\\u00fcnaltay]] forms the new government\n        of [[Turkey]]. (18th government, last single party government of [[Republican\n        People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]])\\n[[File:VW Standard, Bj1950 2005-09-17.jpg|thumb|90px|\n        [[January 17]]: [[Volkswagen Beetle|Beetle]] in U.S.]]\\n* [[January 17]] –\n        The first [[Volkswagen Beetle|VW Type 1]] to arrive in the United States,\n        a 1948 model, is brought to New York by Dutch businessman Ben Pon. Unable\n        to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car\n        to pay his travel expenses. Only two 1949 models were sold in America that\n        year, convincing Volkswagen chairman [[Heinrich Nordhoff]] the car had no\n        future in the U.S. (The Type 1 went on to become an automotive phenomenon.)\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – The [[Poe Toaster]] first appears at the grave of [[Edgar\n        Allan Poe]].\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Harry S. Truman]] is [[Second inauguration\n        of Harry S. Truman|sworn in]] for a full term as President of the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\n** [[Council for Mutual Economic Assistance]] (CMEA or COMECON)\n        established by [[Soviet Union]] and other communist nations.\\n** The first\n        [[Emmy Award]]s are presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club.\\n** In the first\n        [[Israel]]i election, [[David Ben-Gurion]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime\n        Minister]].\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Australian citizenship]] comes into\n        being and the [[Constitution of India]] is prepared.\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        Forces from the [[Communist Party of China]] enter Beijing.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Rationing in the United Kingdom#Non-food rations|Rationing\n        of clothes]] ends in Britain.\\n** Belgian astronomer [[Jean Meeus]] asserts\n        that the orbits of all the planets of the [[Solar System]] are within the\n        same 90\\u00b0 arc of the Solar System on this date. The next time it is thought\n        this will occur is on [[May 6]], 2492.\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Arthur\n        Miller]]''s tragedy ''''[[Death of a Salesman]]'''' opens at the [[Morosco\n        Theatre]] in [[New York City]] and runs for 742 performances.\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[London Mozart Players]] perform their first concert at the\n        [[Wigmore Hall]], London.\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio \\u00d3scar\n        Carmona]] is re-elected [[president of Portugal]] for lack of an opposing\n        candidate.\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Chaim Weizmann]] begins his term as\n        the first [[President of Israel]].\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Ezra Pound]]\n        is awarded the first [[Bollingen Prize]] in poetry by the [[Bollingen Foundation]]\n        and [[Yale University]].\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Cincinnati Gardens]] opens\n        in [[Cincinnati]].\\n** [[Grady the Cow]], a 1,200-pound cow, gets stuck inside\n        a silo on a farm in [[Yukon, Oklahoma]] and garners national media attention\n        in the United States.\\n* [[February 28]] – Margaret Roberts, the future\n        [[Margaret Thatcher]], is adopted as the Conservative candidate for [[Dartford]].\n        She will go on to fight two elections in the constituency unsuccessfully in\n        1950 and 1951.\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Revolutionary Communist Party\n        of India]] stages attacks at [[Dum Dum]].\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        World heavyweight boxing champion [[Joe Louis]] retires.\\n** Indonesia seizes\n        [[Yogyakarta]] from the Dutch.\\n* [[March 2]] – The [[B-50 Superfortress]]\n        ''''[[Lucky Lady II]]'''' under Captain James Gallagher lands in [[Fort Worth,\n        Texas]], after completing the first non-stop around-the-world airplane flight\n        (it was refueled in flight 4 times).\\n* [[March 17]] – The [[Shamrock\n        Hotel]] in [[Houston, Texas]], owned by oil tycoon [[Glenn McCarthy]], has\n        its grand opening.\\n* [[March 20]] – The [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy\n        Railroad|Chicago, Burlington and Quincy]], [[Denver and Rio Grande Western\n        Railroad|Denver and Rio Grande Western]] and [[Western Pacific Railroad|Western\n        Pacific]] railroads inaugurate the ''''[[California Zephyr]]'''' passenger\n        train between Chicago and [[Oakland, California]], as the first long distance\n        train to feature Vista Dome cars as regular equipment.\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[WTVJ]] signs on the air in [[Miami, Florida]] as the first station in the\n        state.\\n* [[March 24]] – The [[21st Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\n        The movie ''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]'''' wins the [[Academy Award for\n        Best Picture]].\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Operation Priboi]]: An extensive\n        deportation campaign begins in [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]].\n        The Soviet authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the Baltic states\n        to remote areas of the Soviet Union.\\n* [[March 26]] – The first half\n        of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]''s opera ''''[[Aida]]'''', conducted by legendary conductor\n        [[Arturo Toscanini]], and performed in concert (i.e. no scenery or costumes),\n        is telecast by [[NBC]], live from [[Studio 8H]] at [[Rockefeller Center]].\n        The second half is telecast a week later. This is the only complete opera\n        that Toscanini ever conducts on television.\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[United States\n        Secretary of Defense]] [[James Forrestal]] resigns suddenly.\\n** English astronomer\n        [[Fred Hoyle]] coins the term ''''[[Big Bang]]''''\n        during a [[BBC Third Programme]] radio broadcast.{{cite web|date=2001-08-22|title=''Big\n        bang'' astronomer dies|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1503721.stm|publisher=[[BBC\n        News]]|accessdate=2008-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208220913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1503721.stm|archivedate=2008-12-08|deadurl=no}}{{cite\n        book|last=Croswell|first=Ken|year=1995|chapter=Chapter 9|title=The Alchemy\n        of the Heavens|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=0-385-47213-7}}{{cite\n        book|last=Mitton|first=Simon|year=2005|title=Fred Hoyle: a Life in Science|page=127|publisher=Aurum\n        Press|isbn=1-85410-961-8}}\\n* [[March 31]] – The former British\n        colony of [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] joins Canada as its 10th\n        province.\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] – The [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[April 4]] – The [[North Atlantic Treaty]] is signed\n        in Washington, D.C., creating the [[NATO]] defense alliance.\\n* [[April 7]]\n        – [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[South Pacific (musical)|South\n        Pacific]]'''', starring [[Mary Martin]] and [[Ezio Pinza]], opens on [[Broadway\n        theatre|Broadway]] and goes on to become R&H''s second longest-running [[Musical\n        theatre|musical]]. It becomes an instant classic of the [[musical theatre]].\n        The score''s biggest hit is the song \\\"[[Some Enchanted Evening]]\\\".\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Kathy Fiscus]], 3\\u00bd years old, dies from falling down an\n        abandoned well in [[San Marino, California]].\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – The day the [[N''Ko alphabet]] is held to have been completed\n        by [[Solomana Kante]].\\n* [[April 18]] – The [[Republic of Ireland]]\n        formally becomes a [[republic]] and leaves the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British\n        Commonwealth]].\\n* [[April 20]] – The [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]] [[HMS\n        Amethyst (U16)|HMS ''''Amethyst'''']] goes up the [[Yangtze]] river to evacuate\n        [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] refugees escaping the advance\n        of Mao''s Communist forces. Under heavy fire, she grounds off Rose Island.\n        After an abortive rescue attempt on [[April 26]], she anchors 10 miles upstream.\n        Negotiations with the Communists to let the ship leave drag on for weeks,\n        during which time the ship''s cat [[Simon (cat)|Simon]] raises the crew''s\n        morale.\\n* [[April 23]] – Chinese Communist troops take [[Nanjing]].\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** The [[1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers'' Conference]] issues\n        the [[London Declaration]], enabling [[India]] (and, thereafter, any other\n        nation) to remain in the Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating\n        the position of ''[[Head of the Commonwealth]]'' (held by the ruling British\n        monarch), and renaming the organisation from ''British Commonwealth'' to ''[[Commonwealth\n        of Nations]]''.\\n** Former [[First Lady of the Philippines]] [[Aurora Quezon]],\n        61, is assassinated while en route to dedicate a hospital in memory of her\n        [[Manuel L. Quezon|late husband]]; her daughter and 10 others are also killed.\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Nereid (moon)|Nereid]], a moon of [[Neptune]], is discovered\n        by [[Gerard Kuiper]].\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Superga air disaster]]: The Fiat\n        G.212 airliner of Avio Linee Italiane carrying the entire Torino F.C. football\n        team, crashes into the back wall of the Basilica of Superga, killing all 31\n        on board.\\n* [[May 5]] – The [[Council of Europe]] is founded by the\n        signing of the [[Treaty of London (1949)|Treaty of London]].\\n* [[May 6]]\n        – [[EDSAC]], the first practicable [[stored-program computer]], runs\n        its first program at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]].{{cite\n        journal|title=Pioneer computer to be rebuilt|journal=Cam|volume=62|date=2011|page=5}}\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Rainier III of Monaco]]\n        becomes Prince of [[Monaco]], upon the death of his maternal grandfather [[Louis\n        II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]].\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Israel]] is admitted\n        to the [[United Nations]] as its 59th member.\\n** Siam officially changes\n        its French name to \\\"Tha\\u00eflande\\\" (English name to \\\"[[Thailand]]\\\"),\n        having officially changed its Thai name to \\\"Prated Thai\\\" since 1939.\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Cold War]]: The [[Soviet Union]] lifts the [[Berlin Blockade]].\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** The [[National Security Agency#History|AFSA]] (predecessor\n        of the [[National Security Agency|NSA]]) is established.\\n** The [[Kuomintang]]\n        regime declares [[Taiwan]] under [[martial law]].\\n* [[May 22]] – After\n        two months in [[Bethesda Naval Hospital]], [[James Forrestal]] commits suicide,\n        under circumstances that seem suspicious to many.\\n* [[May 23]] – The\n        [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] is established.\\n* [[May 31]]\n        – First trial of [[Alger Hiss]] for perjury begins in New York City\n        with [[Whittaker Chambers]] as principal witness for the prosecution, but\n        will end in a jury deadlock (8 for, 4 against)\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 2]]\n        – Transjordan changes name to the Kingdom of [[Jordan]].\\n* [[June 5]]\n        – [[Thailand]] elects [[Orapin Chaiyakan]], the first [[Thai female]]\n        member of [[Thailand''s Parliament]].\\n* [[June 6]] – With the passage\n        of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act by the Indian government, [[Mahabodhi Temple]]\n        is restored to partial [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] control.\\n* [[June 7]]–[[June\n        25|25]] – Dock workers strike in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        [[Second Red Scare]] in the United States: Celebrities including [[Helen Keller]],\n        [[Dorothy Parker]], [[Danny Kaye]], [[Fredric March]], [[John Garfield]],\n        [[Paul Muni]] and [[Edward G. Robinson]] are named in a [[Federal Bureau of\n        Investigation]] report as [[Communist Party]] members.\\n** [[George Orwell]]''s\n        [[dystopia]]n novel ''''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'''' is published in London.\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – Albert II, a [[rhesus macaque|rhesus monkey]], becomes\n        the first [[primate]] to enter space, on U.S. [[Hermes project]] [[V-2 rocket|V-2]]\n        [[rocket]] ''''Blossom IVB'''', but is killed on impact at return.\\n* [[June\n        19]] – [[Glenn Dunaway]] wins the [[1949 NASCAR Strictly Stock Series\n        Race 1|inaugural]] [[NASCAR]] race at [[Charlotte Speedway]], a 3/4 mile oval\n        in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], but is disqualified due to illegal springs.\n        [[Jim Roper]] is declared the official winner.\\n* [[June 24]] – The\n        first [[Westerns on television|television western]], ''''[[Hopalong Cassidy]]'''',\n        airs on [[NBC]] in the United States.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Apartheid]]:\n        The ''''South African Citizenship Act'''' suspends the granting of citizenship\n        to [[Commonwealth of Nations]] immigrants after 5 years and imposes a ban\n        on [[interracial marriage|mixed marriage]]s.\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] is established.\\n* [[July\n        11]] – ''''[[Pamir (ship)|Pamir]]'''' is the last ''''commercial''''\n        [[sailing ship]] to round [[Cape Horn]] under sail alone.\\n* [[July 19]] –\n        The [[Kingdom of Laos]] is officially formed but is not independent from the\n        [[French Army]]. \\n* [[July 20]] – [[Israel]] and [[Syria]] sign a truce\n        to end their 19-month war.\\n* [[July 24]] (St John''s Day) – Eruption\n        of the [[Cumbre Vieja]] volcano on [[La Palma]] begins.\\n* [[July 27]]\\n**\n        The [[de Havilland Comet]], the world''s first jet-powered airliner, makes\n        its first flight, in England.\\n** [[Zimbabwe national rugby union team|Rhodesia]]\n        beats the [[New Zealand national rugby union team]] (the All Blacks) 10-8\n        in an exhibition match in [[Bulawayo]], the only non-[[Test match (rugby union)|Test]]\n        nation ever to achieve this feat.\\n* [[July 30]] – Birth of [[Legal\n        aid#Legal aid in England and Wales|legal aid in England and Wales]].\\n* [[July\n        31]] – Captain Kerans of the [[HMS Amethyst (U16)|HMS ''''Amethyst'''']]\n        decides to make a break after nightfall, under heavy fire from the Chinese\n        [[People''s Liberation Army]] on both sides of the [[Yangtze]] river, and\n        successfully rejoins the fleet at [[Wusong|Woosung]] the next day.\\n\\n===August===\\n*[[August\n        3]] – The [[Basketball Association of America]] and the [[National Basketball\n        League (United States)|National Basketball League]] finalize the merger that\n        would create the [[National Basketball Association]].\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        The 6.8 ML [[1949 Ambato earthquake|Ambato earthquake]] kills more\n        than 5,000 and destroys a number of villages in [[Ecuador]].\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – [[Bhutan]] signs a [[Bhutan\\u2013India relations#1949 Treaty|Treaty\n        of Friendship]] with the newly-independent India, agreeing non-interference\n        in internal affairs but allowing India to \\\"guide\\\" its foreign policy (similar\n        to the previous arrangements with the British administration in India).\\n*\n        [[August 12]] – The [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] is agreed to.\\n* [[August\n        14]]\\n** The [[Salvatore Giuliano]] Gang explodes mines under a police barracks\n        outside [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]].\\n** A [[military coup]] in [[Syria]] ousts\n        the president.\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Deportivo Saprissa]] enters [[Costa\n        Rica]]n soccer''s first division.\\n* [[August 22]] – The [[1949 Queen\n        Charlotte Islands earthquake]] is Canada''s largest earthquake since the [[1700\n        Cascadia earthquake]].\\n* [[August 24]] – [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]\n        established.\\n* [[August 28]] – The last six surviving veterans of the\n        [[American Civil War]] meet in [[Indianapolis]].\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** The\n        [[Council of Europe]] meets for the first time.\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] tests\n        its first [[atomic bomb]], code named \\\"[[Joe 1]]\\\". Its design imitates the\n        American plutonium bomb that was dropped on [[Nagasaki]], Japan, in [[1945]].\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – The retreat of the Greek Democratic Army in Albania\n        after its defeat at Mount Grammos marks the end of the [[Greek Civil War]].\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Film noir]] ''''[[The Third Man]]'''', with screenplay\n        by [[Graham Greene]] and set in [[Allied-occupied Austria|Allied-occupied]]\n        [[Vienna]], is released in the United Kingdom; it wins the 1949 Grand Prix\n        at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Howard Unruh]],\n        a World War II veteran, kills thirteen neighbors in Camden, New Jersey with\n        a souvenir [[Luger pistol|Parabellum P.08]] pistol to become America''s first\n        single-episode [[mass murder]]er.\\n** [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] military\n        authorities relinquish control of former [[Nazi Germany]] assets back to Germany.\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg|thumb|115px|right|[[Konrad Adenauer]].]]\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – The [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] is\n        officially founded. [[Konrad Adenauer]] is the first federal chancellor.\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** [[Albert Guay affair]]: A dynamite bomb destroys [[Canadian\n        Pacific Airlines]] [[Douglas DC-3]] in [[Quebec]].\\n** Notorious [[World War\n        II]] veteran [[Edwin Alonzo Boyd]] commits his first career bank robbery in\n        Toronto.\\n* [[September 13]] – The [[Soviet Union]] vetoes [[United\n        Nations]] membership for [[Ceylon]], Finland, [[Iceland]], Italy, [[Jordan]]\n        and Portugal.\\n* [[September 17]] – The Canadian steamship {{SS|Noronic}}\n        burns in Toronto Harbour with the loss of over 118 lives.\\n* [[September 19]]\n        – The United Kingdom government devalues the [[pound sterling]] from\n        [[United States dollar|$]]4.03 to $2.80, leading to many other currencies\n        being devalued.\\n* [[September 23]] – U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]]\n        announces that the [[Soviet Union]] has tested the [[atomic bomb]].\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Rajk]], ex-foreign minister of Hungary, is\n        sentenced to death.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** The First Plenary Session of the\n        [[Chinese People''s Political Consultative Conference]] approves a design\n        for the [[Flag of the People''s Republic of China]].\\n** Iva Toguri D''Aquino\n        is found guilty of broadcasting for Japan as \\\"[[Tokyo Rose]]\\\" during World\n        War II.\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Flag of the People''s Republic of China.svg|thumb|130px|[[October\n        1]]: People''s Republic of China is founded.]]\\n* [[October 1]] – The\n        People''s Republic of China is officially proclaimed.\\n* [[October 2]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union]] recognizes the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Albanian Subversion]]: First Anglo-American attempt to infiltrate\n        guerillas into [[Albania]]; the operation is fatally flawed by being under\n        the control of double agent [[Kim Philby]].\\n* [[October 7]] – The [[German\n        Democratic Republic]] (East Germany) is officially established.\\n* [[October\n        13]] – Severe flooding hits [[Guatemala]].\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Foley Square trial]] of [[Eugene Dennis]] and ten other leaders of the [[Communist\n        Party USA]] ends in New York City (the longest trial in U.S. history to this\n        date); all defendants are found guilty and all but one sentenced to five years\n        of prison.\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Greek Civil War]] ends with a communist\n        surrender.\\n* [[October 17]] – Chinese communist troops take [[Guangzhou]].\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – The cornerstone of the [[Headquarters of the United\n        Nations]] on [[Manhattan]] is laid.\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** Chinese communist\n        troops fail to take [[Quemoy]] in the [[Battle of Kuningtou]]; their advance\n        towards [[Taiwan]] is halted.\\n** [[1949 Air France Lockheed Constellation\n        crash]]: An Air France flight from Paris to New York crashes in the [[Azores]]\n        on [[S\\u00e3o Miguel Island]], killing all aboard. Among the victims are violinist\n        [[Ginette Neveu]] and French boxer [[Marcel Cerdan]].\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Soekarno.jpg|thumb|80px|[[December\n        16|Dec. 16]]: [[Sukarno]], first President of [[Indonesia]]]]\\n* [[November\n        12]] – First [[Volkswagen Type 2]] panel van rolls off the production\n        line in Germany.\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Nathuram Godse]] and [[Narayan\n        Apte]] are executed for assassinating [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas\n        Gandhi]].\\n* [[November 17]] – Second trial of Alger Hiss begins in\n        New York, again with [[Whittaker Chambers]] as principal witness\\n* [[November\n        24]] – The ski resort in [[Squaw Valley, Placer County, California]]\n        officially opens.\\n* [[November 26]] – The [[Indian Constituent Assembly]]\n        adopts India''s constitution.{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi.htm|title=Constitution\n        of India}}\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Winston Churchill]] makes a\n        landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union at [[Kingsway Hall]],\n        London.{{cite web|url=http://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/address_given_by_winston_churchill_london_28_november_1949-en-ce26cc27-30bc-4ec1-b0df-8a572f3dcc0e.html|title=Address\n        given by Winston Churchill (London, 28 November 1949)|work=cvce.eu|accessdate=2017-03-28}}\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 7]] – The government of the [[Republic of China]] finishes\n        its evacuation to [[Taiwan]] and declares [[Taipei]] its temporary capital\n        city.\\n* [[December 8]] – [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for\n        Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA) established as a [[United Nations]]\n        agency.\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Robert Menzies]] is elected prime minister\n        of Australia.\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Traicho Kostov]], ex-vice prime\n        minister of [[Bulgaria]], is sentenced to death.\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        A [[typhoon]] strikes a fishing fleet off Korea, killing several thousand.\\n*\n        [[December 16]] – [[Sukarno]] is elected president of the Republic of\n        [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Burma]] recognizes the People''s\n        Republic of China.\\n* [[December 18]] – In the American [[National Football\n        League]], the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] defeat the [[Los Angeles Rams]] 14-0\n        to win the championship.\\n* [[December 27]] – Queen [[Juliana of the\n        Netherlands]] grants [[Indonesia]] sovereignty.\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        India recognizes the People''s Republic of China.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n[[File:Currywurst-1.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Currywurst]]\\n*\n        [[Joseph Stalin]] launches a savage attack on [[Soviet Jews]], accusing them\n        of being pro-Western and antisocialist.\\n* The [[Malta Labour Party]] is founded.\\n*\n        The [[Vatican City|Vatican]] announces that [[Saint Peter''s tomb|bones]]\n        uncovered in its subterranean [[catacombs]] could be those of the apostle\n        [[Saint Peter|Peter]]; 19 years later, [[Pope Paul VI]] announces confirmation\n        that the bones belong to this first [[Pope]].\\\"Year by Year 1949\\\". [[History\n        Channel International]].\\n* The first 20 mm [[M61 Vulcan]] [[Gatling\n        gun]] prototypes are completed.\\n* This is the first year in which no African-American\n        is reported lynched in the United States.{{cite book|title=From Harding\n        to Hiroshima|first=Barrington|last=Boardman|year=1988|page=14|isbn=0-934878-94-3}}\\n*\n        [[Samuel Putnam]] publishes his new translation of ''''[[Don Quixote]]'''',\n        the first in contemporary English. It is instantly acclaimed and, in 2008,\n        is still in print.\\n* [[Fernand Braudel]]''s ''''La M\\u00e9diterran\\u00e9e\n        et le Monde M\\u00e9diterran\\u00e9en \\u00e0 l''Epoque de Philippe II'''' is\n        published.\\n* The [[Currywurst]] is invented in Berlin.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:George\n        Foreman 071516.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Foreman]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Goran_Persson,_Sveriges_statsminister,_under_nordiskt_statsministermotet_i_Reykjavik_2005.jpg|thumb|100px|[[G\\u00f6ran\n        Persson]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Vehbi Akda\\u011f]], Turkish wrestler\\n**\n        [[Max Azria]], French fashion designer\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Christopher\n        Durang]], American playwright\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Sylvia Likens]],\n        American murder victim (d. [[1965]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Chavo Guerrero\n        Sr.]], American [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Wolfgang Puck]], Austrian-born chef\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – [[Mary Roos]], German singer\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[George Foreman]],\n        American boxer\\n** [[Linda Lovelace]], American actress (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] – [[Daryl Braithwaite]], Australian singer \\n* [[January 12]]\\n**\n        [[Ottmar Hitzfeld]], German football player and coach\\n** [[Haruki Murakami]],\n        Japanese author\\n** [[Wayne Wang]], Hong Kong-born film director\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Brandon Tartikoff]], American television executive (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – [[Lawrence Kasdan]], American director and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Panos Mihalopoulos]], Greek actor\\n* [[January 16]]\n        – [[Caroline Munro]], English actress and model\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Andy Kaufman]], American comedian and actor (d. [[1984]])\\n** [[Gyude Bryant]],\n        Liberian politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Philippe Starck]],\n        French designer\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Robert Palmer (singer)|Robert Palmer]],\n        British rock singer (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Dennis Taylor]], Irish snooker player\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[G\\u00f6ran Persson]], 31st [[Prime Minister of Sweden]]\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Steve Perry (musician)|Steve Perry]], American rock\n        singer\\n* [[January 24]] \\n** [[John Belushi]], American actor and comedian\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n** [[Nikolaus Brender]], German television journalist\\n* [[January\n        26]] – [[David Strathairn]], American actor\\n* [[January 28]]\\n**[[Gregg\n        Popovich]], American basketball coach\\n**[[Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)|Mike\n        Moore]], 34th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Tommy\n        Ramone]], Hungarian-American drummer ([[Ramones]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Tommi\n        Salmelainen]], Helsinki, FIN\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Peter Agre]], American\n        biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Johan Derksen]], Dutch footballer and sports journalist\\n** [[Ken Wilber]],\n        American philosopher\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Brent Spiner by Gage Skidmore\n        (2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brent Spiner]]]]\\n[[File:Ivana Trump cropped retouched.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ivana\n        Trump]]]]\\n[[File:Andreas Nikolaus Lauda 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Niki Lauda]]]]\\n[[File:Ric\n        Flair 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ric Flair]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Duncan\n        Bannatyne]], Scottish entrepreneur\\n** [[Brent Spiner]], American actor, comedian\n        and singer\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Hennie Kuiper]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[February\n        4]] – [[Rasim Deli\\u0107]], Bosnian military chief of staff and war\n        criminal (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Jim Sheridan]], Irish film\n        director\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Joe English (musician)|Joe English]], American\n        drummer\\n** [[Alan Lancaster]], English bassist\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Florinda\n        Meza]], Mexican actress, television producer, and screenwriter, best known\n        as Do\\u00f1a Florinda in El Chavo del Ocho\\n** [[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke\n        Adams]], American actress\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Judith Light]], American\n        actress\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Maxime Le Forestier]], French singer\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Ken Anderson (quarterback)|Ken Anderson]], American\n        NFL player\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Lyn Paul]], English singer\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Dennis Green]], [[American football]] coach (d. 2016)\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Gary Ridgway]], American serial killer\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Dan Bunten]], American computer game designer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Ivana Trump]], Czech businesswoman\\n* [[February 21]] –\n        [[Ronnie Hellstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish footballer\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Niki\n        Lauda]], Austrian triple [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n* [[February 25]] –\n        [[Ric Flair]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Ilene\n        Graff]], American actress and singer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:EM02035cropped-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Money]]]]\\n[[File:Shaukat Aziz handout pic 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shaukat\n        Aziz]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Duffy at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick\n        Duffy]]]]\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Gates McFadden]], American actress and choreographer\\n**\n        [[Eddie Money]], American rock guitarist and singer\\n** [[J.P.R. Williams]],\n        Welsh rugby player\\n* [[March 3]] \\n**[[Gloria Hendry]], African-American\n        actress\\n**[[Jesse Jefferson]], American baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Franz Josef Jung]], German politician\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Shaukat Aziz]], [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]\\n** [[Martin Buchan]], Scottish\n        footballer\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], Indian politician\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\n**[[Kalevi Aho]], Finnish composer\\n**[[Tapani Kansa]], Finnish\n        singer\\n* [[March 10]] \\n**[[Barbara Corcoran]], American businesswoman, investor,\n        and television personality\\n**[[Larry Wall]], American computer programmer\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – [[Georg Schramm]], German psychologist and Kabarett artist\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Rob Cohen]], American film director, producer and writer\\n**\n        [[Natalia Kuchinskaya]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Julia Migenes]],\n        American soprano\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Erik Estrada]], American actor and\n        police officer\\n** [[Victor Garber]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Elliott Murphy]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Patrick Duffy]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Pat Rice]], Irish footballer and football manager\\n* [[March 18]]\n        – [[Alex Higgins]], Northern Irish snooker player (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March\n        19]]\\n** [[Hirofumi Hirano]], Japanese politician and Chief Cabinet Secretary\\n**\n        [[Valery Leontiev]], Soviet and Russian actor-singer\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[Marcia Ball]], American blues musician\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Slavoj\n        \\u017di\\u017eek]], Slovenian philosopher\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Fanny Ardant]],\n        French actress\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Ric Ocasek]], American rock musician\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Nick Lowe]], English pop singer\\n* [[March 26]]\\n**\n        [[Jon English]], English-born Australian singer-songwriter and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Vicki Lawrence]], American comedian and game show hostess\\n** [[Patrick\n        S\\u00fcskind]], German writer\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Ronnie Ray Smith]],\n        American Olympic athlete (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Michael Brecker]],\n        American jazz musician (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Elijah Harper]],\n        Canadian Aboriginal activist\\n** [[Lene Lovich]], American singer\\n** [[Naomi\n        Sims]], American model and businesswoman\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Zygmunt Zimowski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zygmunt\n        Zimowski]]]]\\n[[File:Jessica Lange (Cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jessica Lange]]]]\\n[[File:Gy%C3%B6rgy\n        Ged%C3%B3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gyorgy Gedo]]]]\\n[[File:Ant\\u00f3nio Guterres\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ant\\u00f3nio Guterres]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[G\\u00e9rard\n        Mestrallet]], French businessman\\n** [[Sammy Nelson]], Northern Irish footballer\\n**\n        [[Gil Scott-Heron]], American musician and composer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April\n        2]] – [[Pamela Reed]], American actress\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Richard\n        Thompson (musician)|Richard Thompson]], English musician and songwriter\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[Parveen Babi]], Bollywood Actress (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Horst Ludwig St\\u00f6rmer]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Zygmunt Zimowski]],\n        Polish bishop (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Brenda Russell]], American-Canadian\n        singer, songwriter and keyboardist\\n** [[Fanie de Jager]], South African operatic\n        tenor\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Daniel Mangeas]], French bicycle commentator\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Bernd Eichinger]], German film producer and director\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Christopher Hitchens]], English-American\n        writer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[John Shea]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 15]]\\n** [[Alla Pugacheva]], Russian musical performer\\n** [[Aleksandra\n        Zi\\u00f3\\u0142kowska-Boehm]], Polish-born writer\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Sandy\n        Hawley]], Canadian jockey\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Geoff Bodine]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Bengt Holmstr\\u00f6m]], Finnish-born economist, [[Nobel Memorial\n        Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Sergey Nikolayevich Volkov]], Russian figure skater (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[April\n        20]]\\n** [[Veronica Cartwright]], English-born American actress\\n** [[Jessica\n        Lange]], American actress\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Patti LuPone]], American\n        actress\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Joyce DeWitt]], American actress\\n** [[Gyorgy\n        Gedo]], Hungarian Olympic boxer\\n* [[April 24]] – [[V\\u00e9ronique Sanson]],\n        French singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Jerry Blackwell]],\n        American professional wrestler (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Bruno\n        Kirby]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Guterres]], [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 9th [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations]]\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Billy Joel Shankbone NYC 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Joel]]]]\\n[[File:Garciaalan09112006-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alan Garc\\u00eda P\\u00e9rez]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Alan Titchmarsh]], English gardener\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Leopoldo Luque]], Argentine soccer player\\n* [[May 4]] – [[John Force]],\n        American race car driver\\n* [[May 9]] \\n** [[Billy Joel]], American singer-songwriter\n        and pianist\\n** [[Ibrahim Bar\\u00e9 Ma\\u00efnassara]], military [[President\n        of Niger]] (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Zo\\u00eb Wanamaker]], American-British\n        actress\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Sverre \\u00c5rnes]], Norwegian writer\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Rick Wakeman]], English rock musician and songwriter\\n** [[Bill\n        Wallace (musician)|Bill Wallace]], Canadian rock musician ([[The Guess Who]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Dusty Hill]], American bassist ([[ZZ Top]])\\n** [[Archie\n        Manning]], former American football player, father of [[Peyton Manning|Peyton]]\n        and [[Eli Manning]]\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Dave Thomas (actor)|Dave Thomas]],\n        Canadian actor and comedian\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Chris Butler (musician)|Chris\n        Butler]], American musician and songwriter ([[The Waitresses]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Alan Garc\\u00eda P\\u00e9rez]], [[President of Peru]]\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Broadbent]], English actor\\n** [[Toma\\u017e Pisanski]], Slovenian mathematician\\n*\n        [[May 26]]\\n** [[Jeremy Corbyn]], British politician\\n** [[Pam Grier]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Philip Michael Thomas]], American actor\\n** [[Hank Williams,\n        Jr.]], American country singer\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Jo Ann Harris]] American\n        actress\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Francis Rossi]], English rock guitarist/singer\n        ([[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Tom Berenger]],\n        American actor\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Lionel Richie 2012 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lionel\n        Richie]]]]\\n[[File:Meryl Streep at the Tokyo International Film Festival 2016\n        (32801846044) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Meryl Streep]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Mu Tiezhu]], Chinese basketball player and coach (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Heather Couper]], British astronomer\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Mark\n        B. Cohen]], Pennsylvania legislative leader\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Emanuel\n        Ax]], Polish-born pianist\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Kevin Corcoran]], American\n        television director, film producer, and former child actor (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Bora Dugi\\u0107]], Serbian musician and flautist\\n* [[June 11]] –\n        [[Frank Beard (musician)|Frank Beard]], American drummer ([[ZZ Top]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] – [[Ann Druyan]], American popular science writer\\n* [[June 14]]\\n**\n        [[Carlos Mar\\u00eda Abascal Carranza|Carlos Mar\\u00eda Abascal]], Mexican\n        lawyer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Harry Turtledove]], American historian and novelist\\n**\n        [[Papa Wemba]], Congolese [[soukous]] musician (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n**\n        [[Russell Hitchcock]], English singer and musician ([[Air Supply]])\\n** [[Jim\n        Varney]], American actor (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Robbin Thompson]],\n        American singer-songwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Andrei Fursenko]],\n        Russian politician, scientist and businessman\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Jaros\\u0142aw\n        Kaczy\\u0144ski]], [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland|Prime Minister\n        of Poland]]\\n** [[Lech Kaczy\\u0144ski]], [[President of Poland]] (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Lincoln Thompson]], Jamaican musician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[June 19]]\n        – [[Hassan Shehata]], Egyptian footballer and coach\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Lionel Richie]], American urban musician and was lead singer of [[Commodores]]\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Derek Emslie, Lord Kingarth]], Scottish judge\\n** [[Stuart\n        Pearson]], English football player\\n** [[Clifford Brooks]], American Football\n        defensive back\\n** [[Shane Molloy]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[John\n        Agard]], Guyanese poet, playwright and children''s writer\\n** [[Jane Urquhart]],\n        Canadian author\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Meryl Streep]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Alan Osmond]], American pop singer\\n** [[Elizabeth Warren]], American academic,\n        politician, and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Democratic Party\n        (United States)|D]]-[[Massachusetts|Mass.]]) since 2013\\n** [[Ayta\\u00e7 Arman]],\n        Turkish actor\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Jon McLachlan]], New Zealand rugby union\n        player\\n** [[Gail Harris (naval officer)|Gail Harris]], United States Navy\n        officer\\n** [[Charles Ho]], Hong Kong pro-Beijing[3] businessman\\n** [[Dave\n        Goltz]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Billy\n        Moeller]], Australian professional feather/super feather/light/light welter/welterweight\n        boxer\\n** [[Hector Thompson]], Australian professional light/light welter/welter/light\n        middleweight boxer\\n** [[Agenor Muniz (Australian footballer)|Agenor Muniz]],\n        Brazilian footballer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Brenda Sykes]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Lalith Kaluperuma]], Sri Lankan Test cricketer and ODI cricketer\\n** [[John\n        Taylor (English footballer, born 1949)|John Taylor]], English professional\n        footballer\\n** [[Kene Holliday]], American actor\\n** [[Dan Barker]], American\n        atheist activist\\n** [[Phyllis George]], American businesswoman, actress,\n        and former sportscaster\\n** [[Patrick Tambay]], French former racing driver\\n*\n        [[June 26]]\\n** [[Arturo V\\u00e1zquez Ayala]], Mexican footballer\\n** [[Avtar\n        Singh Kang]], Punjabi singer and Punjabi Folk contributor\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        [[Vera Wang]], American fashion designer\\n** [[Brent Berk]], American former\n        competition swimmer and Olympic athlete\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Clarence Davis]],\n        American football running back\\n** [[Kevin McLeod (Australian footballer)|Kevin\n        McLeod]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Don Baylor]], American Major League\n        Baseball (MLB) coach and a former MLB player and manager\\n** [[Tom Owens]],\n        American professional basketball player\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[A. Anwhar Raajhaa]],\n        Indian politician\\n** [[Henri Proglio]], French businessman\\n** [[Dan Dierdorf]],\n        American football offensive lineman and current sportscaster\\n** [[Lisette\n        Sevens]], Dutch field hockey defender\\n** [[Joe Moore (American football)|Joe\n        Moore]], American football running back\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Uwe Kliemann]],\n        German football player and coach\\n** [[Norm Mitchell]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Philippe Toussaint]], Belgium''s most successful golfers\\n** [[Andy Scott\n        (guitarist)|Andy Scott]], Welsh singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n** [[Bogdan\n        Turudija]], Serbian football player\\n** [[Silvio Aquino]], Salvadoran football\n        player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Noli de castro.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Noli de Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Richards (1993).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Thaksin DOD\n        20050915.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thaksin Shinawatra]]]]\\n[[File:JamilMahuad.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamil\n        Mahuad]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Seninho]], Portuguese-Angolan footballer\\n**\n        [[N\\u00e9jia Ben Mabrouk]], Tunisian screenwriter and director\\n** [[John\n        Farnham]], Australian singer, recording artist and entertainer\\n* [[July 2]]\n        – [[David Eaton (composer)|David Eaton]], American composer, conductor\n        and producer\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Jan Smithers]], American actress\\n** [[Johnnie\n        Wilder, Jr.]], American vocalist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Horst Seehofer]],\n        German conservative politician\\n** [[Michael Watson (Vietnam Veteran)|Michael\n        Watson]], American war veteran\\n* [[July 6]] \\n** [[Grant McAuley]], New Zealand\n        rower\\n** [[Noli de Castro]], Filipino broadcast journalist and radio commentator,\n        [[Vice President of the Philippines]]\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Shelley Duvall]],\n        American actress\\n** [[John Lippiett]], British senior Royal Navy officer\\n**\n        [[Monte Cater]], American football coach\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Jesse Duplantis]],\n        American televangelist\\n** [[Nigel Lythgoe]], English television producer\n        and personality\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[\\u00c9merson Le\\u00e3o]], Brazilian footballer\\n**\n        [[Ingrid Newkirk]], English-born American-based animal rights activist\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Helena Fibingerov\\u00e1]], Czech athlete\\n* [[July 15]]\\n**\n        [[Carl Bildt]], 28th [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] and Minister for Foreign\n        Affairs\\n** [[Trevor Horn]], English pop singer and producer\\n** [[Mohammed\n        bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], Arab sheikh, Vice President and Prime Minister of\n        the United Arab Emirates, Emir of Dubai, billionaire businessman and racehorse\n        owner\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Geezer Butler]], English heavy metal bassist ([[Black\n        Sabbath]])\\n** [[William C. Faure]], South African film director\\n** [[Charley\n        Steiner]], American sportscaster\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Alan Menken]], American\n        composer\\n** [[Lasse Vir\\u00e9n]], Finnish long-distance runner\\n*[[July 24]]\n        – [[Michael Richards]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Thaksin Shinawatra]], [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] and businessman\\n**\n        [[Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)|Roger Taylor]], English rock musician ([[Queen\n        (band)|Queen]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Jamil Mahuad]], President of Ecuador\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Mike Jackson (basketball)|Mike Jackson]], American basketball\n        player\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Aspettando Clint Keith Carradine fcm.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith\n        Carradine]]]]\\n[[File:Foto oficial de Fernando Collor.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fernando\n        Collor de Mello]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Gere MFF 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Gere]]]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[John Riggins]], American football player\\n*\n        [[August 6]]\\n** [[Alan Campbell (pastor)|Alan Campbell]], Northern Irish\n        cleric \\n** [[Keith Carradine]], American actor\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Walid\n        Jumblatt]], leader of the Lebanese Druze\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Sandra\n        Scheuer]], Kent State University shooting victim (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Fernando Collor de Mello]], 32nd [[President of Brazil]]\\n** [[Mark\n        Essex]], American mass murderer (d. [[1973]])\\n** [[Mark Knopfler]], British\n        rock guitarist ([[Dire Straits]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Morten Olsen]],\n        Danish football player and manager \\n* [[August 15]] – [[Beverly Lynn\n        Burns]], American pilot, first woman in the world to captain the Boeing 747\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Barbara Goodson]], American actress/voice actress\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Sue Draheim]], American fiddler (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Phil Lynott]], Irish rock musician (d. [[1986]])\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Loretta Devine]], American actress\\n** [[Daniel Sivan]], Israeli\n        professor\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Shelley Long]], American actress\\n** [[Rick\n        Springfield]], Australian rock singer and actor\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Charles\n        Rocket]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Martin Amis]],\n        English novelist\\n** [[Gene Simmons]], American rock musician ([[Kiss (band)|Kiss]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]]\\n**[[Martin Lamble]], British [[electric folk]] musician (d.\n        [[1969]])\\n**[[Svetislav Pe\\u0161i\\u0107]], Serbian basketball player and\n        coach\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Peter Maffay]], German singer\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Richard Gere]], American actor\\n** [[H. David Politzer]], American\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:GLORIA\n        GAYNOR - SUMMER 2012 (8317897865).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gloria Gaynor]]]]\\n[[File:Presiden\n        Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.png|thumb|100px|[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]]]\\n[[File:BillOReillySept2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        O''Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O''Reilly]]]] \\n[[File:EdBegleyJrAAFeb09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ed\n        Begley Jr.]]]] \\n[[File:Chrisye in 2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chrisye]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce\n        Springsteen - Roskilde Festival 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce Springsteen]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Leslie Feinberg]], American transgender activist\\n*\n        [[September 7]]\\n** [[Lee McGeorge Durrell]], American author, television\n        presenter, and zookeeper\\n** [[Gloria Gaynor]], American singer\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Alain Mosconi]], French swimmer, Olympic medalist and previous world\n        record holder\\n** [[Joe Theismann]], American football player\\n** [[Susilo\n        Bambang Yudhoyono]], 6th President of Indonesia\\n* [[September 10]] –\n        [[Bill O''Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O''Reilly]], American conservative\n        radio and television commentator\\n* [[September 13]] – [[John W. Henry]],\n        American foreign exchange advisor, [[Boston Red Sox]] owner\\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Eikichi Yazawa]], Japanese singer\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Joe Barton]], American politician\\n* [[September 16]] \\n** [[Ed Begley Jr.]]\n        American actor and environmentalist\\n** [[Chrisye]], Indonesian singer (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Didith Reyes]], Filipina singer (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Mo Mowlam]], British politician (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Shilton]], English goalkeeper\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Twiggy]],\n        English model\\n** [[Richard Rogler]], German Kabarett artist and professor\n        of Kabarett at the University of the Arts in Berlin\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Dean Goss]], American game show announcer and disc jockey\\n* [[September\n        23]] – [[Bruce Springsteen]], American singer and songwriter\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Inshan Ali]], West Indian cricketer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Jane Smiley]], American novelist\\n* [[September 27]] –\n        [[Mike Schmidt]], American baseball player\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sigourney\n        Weaver by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sigourney Weaver]]]]\\n[[File:Benjamin\n        Netanyahu portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]]]\\n[[File:Arsene-Wenger.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ars\\u00e8ne\n        Wenger]]]] \\n[[File:Caitlyn_Jenner.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Caitlyn Jenner]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Isaac Bonewits]], American author and occultist\\n*\n        [[October 2]]\\n** [[Richard Hell]], American musician and writer\\n** [[Annie\n        Leibovitz]], American photographer\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Armand Assante]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Bobby Farrell]], West Indian-born\n        Dutch dancer ([[Boney M.]]) (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Ronnie\n        Mund]], American television personality\\n* [[October 8]] \\n** [[Jerry Bittle]],\n        American cartoonist (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Sigourney Weaver]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** [[Carlos the Jackal]], Venezuelan-born international terrorist\n        \\n** [[Stan Hansen]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[October 14]]\\n**\n        [[Katy Manning]], English actress\\n** [[Katha Pollitt]], American writer\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Owen Arthur]], 5th Prime Minister of Barbados\\n** [[Bill\n        Hudson (singer)|Bill Hudson]], American musician\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Valeriy Borzov]], Ukrainian athlete\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Benjamin\n        Netanyahu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Israel\\n* [[October 22]] \\n** [[Stiv\n        Bators]], American singer ([[The Dead Boys]]) (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Ars\\u00e8ne\n        Wenger]], French football (soccer) manager\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Antonio\n        Carpio]], Filipino [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] jurist\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – [[Cheryl Keeton]], American murder victim (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Caitlyn Jenner]], American transgender track and\n        field athlete and reality star\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Pramod Mahajan]],\n        Indian politician and strategist (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Pierre\n        Buyoya at Chatham House 2013 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre Buyoya]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Jeannie Berlin]], American film actress\\n** [[David Foster]], Canadian\n        musician, record producer, composer, singer, songwriter and arranger\\n** [[Belita\n        Moreno]], American film actress\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Larry Holmes]],\n        American boxer\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Armin Shimerman]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Jimmie Spheeris]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Joseph C. Wilson]], former United States diplomat\\n* [[November\n        7]]\\n** [[Aiswarya]], Queen of Nepal (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Judi Bari]], American\n        environmental activist (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Bonnie Raitt]],\n        American singer and guitarist\\n* [[November 15]] – [[David Rubinstein\n        (pianist)|David Rubinstein]], American pianist and composer\\n* [[November\n        17]] – [[John Boehner]], Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\n        \\n* [[November 19]] – [[Ahmad Rash\\u0101d]], American sportscaster and\n        television personality\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Shaun Garnett]], English\n        footballer and coach\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Pat Condell]], English comedian\n        and internet personality\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Nick Ainger]], British politician\\n**\n        [[Pierre Buyoya]], former [[President of Burundi]]\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**[[Mike\n        Joy]], [[NASCAR]] commentator\\n**[[Kerry O''Keeffe]], Australian cricketer\n        and commentator\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Shlomo Artzi]], Israeli singer\\n**\n        [[Juanin Clay]], American actress (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Alexander\n        Godunov]], Russian-born dancer and actor (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Paul Shaffer]],\n        Canadian-American musician\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Jerry Lawler]], American\n        professional wrestler and commentator\\n** [[Stan Rogers]], Canadian musician\n        (d. [[1983]])\\n** [[Garry Shandling]], American comedian (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Pablo\n        Escobar Mug.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pablo Escobar]]]]\\n[[File:Fotograf%C3%ADa oficial\n        del Presidente Sebasti%C3%A1n Pi%C3%B1era - 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Pinera]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff Bridges by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff\n        Bridges]]]]\\n[[File:Don Johnson-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Don Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Maurice\n        Gibb (Bee Gees) - TopPop 1973.png|thumb|100px|[[Maurice Gibb]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]]\\n** [[Pablo Escobar]], Colombian drug lord (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Pi\\u00f1era]], [[President of Chile]]\\n** [[Kurt Schmoke]], American [[Dean\n        (education)|Dean]], [[Howard University|Howard Law School]], [[Mayor of Baltimore]]\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[John Akii-Bua]], Ugandan hurdler (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Jeff Bridges]], American actor\\n** [[Pamela Stephenson]],\n        New Zealand-born comedian, actress, and singer\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[James\n        Rivi\\u00e8re]], Italian jeweler and designer\\n** [[Tom Waits]], American singer,\n        composer, and actor\\n** [[Cathy Wayne]], Australian pop entertainer (d. [[1969]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] – [[Mary Gordon (writer)|Mary Gordon]], American writer\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Bill Nighy]], English actor\\n* [[December 13]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Lindsay (actor)|Robert Lindsay]], English actor\\n** [[Randy Owen]],\n        American country lead vocalist, rhythm guitar player\\n** [[Tom Verlaine]],\n        American rock singer/guitarist \\n* [[December 14]] – [[Bill Buckner]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Don Johnson]], American\n        actor\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Billy Gibbons]], American guitarist ([[ZZ\n        Top]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Paul Rodgers]], British rock singer\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Sebastian (Danish singer)|Sebastian]], Danish musician\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – [[Claudia Jennings]], American model (d. [[1979]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Thomas Sankara]], 2-Time President of Burkina Faso\n        (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Maurice Gibb]], British rock musician\n        ([[Bee Gees]]) (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Robin Gibb]], British rock musician ([[Bee\n        Gees]]) (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Randy Neugebauer]], American\n        politician\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira]], Brazilian\n        singer\\n** [[Sissy Spacek]], American actress\\n** [[Joe Louis Walker]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Nawaz Sharif]], Current Pakistani Prime Minister\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ramos-Horta]], [[President of East Timor|President]]\n        of [[East Timor]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[December 27]]\n        – [[Klaus Fischer]], German footballer\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Barbara\n        De Fina]], American film producer\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Ali Al-Zein]],\n        Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[Suthep Po-ngam]], Thai comedian, actor,\n        film director and screenwriter\\n* [[Bakri Hassan Saleh]], 12th Prime Minister\n        of Sudan\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Gennaro Righelli.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Gennaro\n        Righelli]]]]\\n[[File:UmezuYosijiro.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Yoshijir\\u014d\n        Umezu]]]]\\n* [[January 6]] \\n** [[Victor Fleming]], American director (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Gennaro Righelli]], Italian actor, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Ramos Preto]], Portuguese jurist\n        and politician, 75th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Suehiko\n        Shiono]], Japanese lawyer, politician and cabinet minister (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Yoshijir\\u014d Umezu]], Japanese general (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Tommy Handley]], British radio comedian (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Nelson Doubleday]], American publisher (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – [[Eduardo Barron]], Spanish engineer and pilot (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Juan Bielovucic]], Peruvian aviator (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Harry Stack Sullivan]], American psychiatrist (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Joaqu\\u00edn Turina]], Spanish composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 19]]\n        – [[William Wright (actor)|William Wright]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Joseph Cawthorn]], American actor (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Henry Slocum (tennis)|Henry Slocum]], American tennis\n        player (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Erich Klossowski]], German-born\n        Polish historian and painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Jean-Pierre\n        Wimille]], French race car driver (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Henri De Vries]], Dutch actor (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Elleryclark.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ellery\n        Harding Clark]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12783, Alcala Zamora.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Niceto\n        Alcal\\u00e1-Zamora]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Herbert Stothart]], American\n        composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 2]] \\n** [[Pedro Paulo Bruno]], Brazilian\n        painter, singer, poet and landscaper (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Theodoros Natsinas]],\n        Greek teacher (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Carlos Obligado]],\n        Argentine poet, critic and writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        [[Hiroaki Abe]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        [[Francesco Ticciati]], Italian composer, pianist, teacher and lecturer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Giovanni Zenatello]], Italian opera\n        singer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 12]] – Imam [[Hassan al-Banna]],\n        Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (b. [[1906]]) (assassinated)\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Fernand Despr\\u00e8s]], French shoemaker, anarchist,\n        journalist and activist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\n** [[Charles L.\n        Bartholomew]], American cartoonist (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Patricia Ryan (actress)|Patricia\n        Ryan]], British-born American actress (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Umberto Brunelleschi]], Italian artist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – [[Ellery Harding Clark]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Niceto Alcal\\u00e1-Zamora]], Spanish lawyer and\n        politician, 6th [[President of Spain]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Fidelio Ponce de Le\\u00f3n]], Cuban painter (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Tan Malaka]], Indonesian nationalist activist and communist\n        leader (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Juan Sinforiano Bogar\\u00edn]],\n        Paraguayan clergyman and [[Roman Catholic]] archibishop (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Paul Hansel]], American financier, economist and scholar (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Prince\n        August Wilhelm of Prussia]]]]\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Bradbury Robinson]],\n        American who threw the first forward pass in [[History of American football|American\n        football history]] in 1906 (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Prince Philip\n        of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Alphonse\n        Hustache]], French entomologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Anastasios\n        Charalambis]], Greek general, interim [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1862]])\\n**\n        [[Henri Giraud]], French general (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Joan Lamote de Grignon]],\n        Spanish pianist and composer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Gheorghe\n        Br\\u0103escu]], Romanian writer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Leyland\n        Hodgson]], British-born American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Felix Bressart]], German-born American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 19]]\n        – [[James Somerville]], British admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 25]]\n        \\n** [[Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Jack Kapp]],\n        president of the U.S. branch of [[Decca Records]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March\n        27]] \\n** [[Elisheva Bikhovski]], Soviet-born Israeli poet, writer and translator\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** [[Alecu Constantinescu]], Romanian trade\n        unionist, journalist and militant (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Grigora\\u0219 Dinicu]],\n        Romanian composer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Inabata Katsutaro]],\n        Japanese industralist and pioneer (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Friedrich\n        Bergius]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Prince Harald of Denmark]] (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===April===\\n\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Evelyn Owen]], Australian gun designer (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[George Graves (actor)|George Graves]], British actor (b.\n        [[1876]])\\n** [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Indian actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Francesco Pasinetti]], Italian director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Hugh Allan (politician)|Hugh Allan]],\n        Canadian politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Seymour Hicks]],\n        British actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Mikhail Denisenko]],\n        Soviet general, WWII heroine (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Wilhelm Adam\n        (general)|Wilhelm Adam]], German general (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Santiago Alba\n        y Bonifaz]], Spanish lawyer and politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano]], Mexican poet, literary critic, editor and\n        teacher (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Reginald Hine]], British solicitor\n        and historian (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Wallace Beery]], American\n        actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Joseph Augustine Cushman]],\n        American geologist, paleontologist and foraminiferologist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Will Hay]], British comedian and actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** [[Guillermo Buitrago]], Colombian composer (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Ulrich Salchow]], Swedish figure skater (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Charles Middleton (actor)|Charles Middleton]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – [[Patrick Lyons (bishop of Kilmore)|Patrick Lyons]],\n        Irish [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 28]]\\n**\n        [[Ponciano Bernardo]], Filipino engineer and politician (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[Aurora Quezon]], [[First Lady of the Philippines]] (shot) (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Hla Thaung]], Burmese battalion\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[Johann Jakob Hess]],\n        Swiss egyptologist and assyriologist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Kaarle Knuutila]],\n        Finnish farmer and politician (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Prince Louis\n        II of Monaco 05670r.jpg|thumb|110px|Prince [[Louis II of Monaco]]]]\\n[[File:Archbishop\n        Damaskinos of Greece.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Damaskinos of Athens]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n**\n        [[Josep Maria Jujol]], Andorran architect (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Gheorghe Petra\\u0219cu]],\n        Romanian painter (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Valerio Bacigalupo]],\n        Italian goalkepper (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Hideo Nagata]], Japanese\n        poet and playwright (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Grabski]],\n        Polish economist and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Kunihiko Hashimoto]],\n        Japanese composer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Maurice Maeterlinck]], Belgian writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] laureate (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[May 9]] –\n        [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Emilio\n        de Gogorza]], American baritone (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Sawnie\n        R. Aldredge]], American attorney and judge (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 19]] –\n        [[Paul Schultze-Naumburg]], German architect, painter, publicist and politician\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Damaskinos of Athens]], Archbishop of\n        Athens, 57th [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n**\n        [[Sir Douglas Alexander, 1st Baronet]], British-born Canadian industralist\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[James Forrestal]], U.S. Secretary of Navy and Defense\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Klaus Mann]], German writer (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Jan Frans De Boever]], Belgian painter (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 27]]\n        – [[Robert Ripley]], American creator of ''''[[Ripley''s Believe It\n        or Not!]]'''' (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Igor Belkovich]], Soviet\n        astronomer (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Karl Vaugoin.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Carl\n        Vaugoin]]]]\\n[[File:Madre Candida.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed [[Maria Candida\n        of the Eucharist]]]]\\n[[File:Themistoklis Sofoulis.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Themistoklis\n        Sofoulis]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Carlo Angela]], Italian doctor (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] \\n** [[Naguib el-Rihani]], Egyptian actor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Virgilia,\n        Mother Abbess]], German [[Roman Catholic]] nun and saint (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Maria Cebotari]], Romanian soprano and actress (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[June 10]]\\n** [[Filippo Silvestri]], Italian entomologist (b. [[1873]])\\n**\n        [[Sigrid Undset]], Norwegian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Carl Vaugoin]], Austrian politician, 8th [[Chancellor\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Giovanni Gioviale]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Maria Candida of the Eucharist]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Russell Doubleday]], American author and publisher (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Syed Zafarul Hasan]], Indian/Pakistani\n        Muslim philosopher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Robert Boudrioz]],\n        French screenwriter and director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Themistoklis\n        Sofoulis]], Greek politician, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Buck Freeman]], American baseball player (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Georgi\n        Dimitrov.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georgi Dimitrov]]]]\\n[[File:Douglas Hyde 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas\n        Hyde]]]]\\n[[File:Nils %C3%96stensson OB.FS0313.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nils \\u00d6stensson]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Georgi Dimitrov]], Bulgarian Communist leader and politician,\n        32nd [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Fritz\n        Hart]], British composer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Corneliu Dragalina]],\n        Romania general, leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Douglas Hyde]], Irish academic, linguist and scholar, 1st [[President of\n        Ireland]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Anastasios Dalipis]], Greek\n        army officer and politician (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Eva Marian Hubback]], British\n        feminist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Ted Alley]], Australian footballer\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Francisco Javier Arana]], Guatemala army officer (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[V\\u00edt\\u011bzslav Nov\\u00e1k]], Czech composer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] – [[Cesare Formichi]], Italian baritone (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Masaharu Anesaki]], Japanese scholar (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Nils \\u00d6stensson]], Swedish Olympic cross-country skiier\n        (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Linda Arvidson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Koszta]], Hungarian painter\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[July 30]] \\n** [[Stoyan Danev]], 13th [[Prime Minister\n        of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Albin Andersson]], Swedish farmer, manager\n        and politician (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Vicenta Ch\\u00e1vez Orozco]], Mexican [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        [[Alfred Bashford]], English cricketer (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Margaret\n        Mitchell NYWTS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Margaret Mitchell]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Ignotus]], Hungarian editor and writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        [[Ernest Fourneau]], French chemist and pharmacologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August\n        9]]\\n** [[Gustavus M. Blech]], German-born American physician and surgeon\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Harry Davenport (actor)|Harry Davenport]], American actor\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[G. E. M. Skues]], British inventor of nymph [[fly fishing]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n** [[Edward Thorndike]], American psychologist (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – [[Homer Burton Adkins]], American chemist (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]]\\n** [[George Cross (actor)|George Cross]], Australian actor\n        and director (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Al Shean]], German-born actor (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Muhsin al-Barazi]], Syrian academic, lawyer and politician,\n        24th [[Prime Minister of Syria]] (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Husni al-Za''im]], Syrian\n        military man and politician, 23rd [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 9th [[President\n        of Syria]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n** [[Ramon Briones Luco]], Chilean\n        lawyer and politician (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Margaret Mitchell]], American writer\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Gregorio Perfecto]], Filipino jurist\n        and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Paul Mares]], American\n        musician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Ludwig Halberst\\u00e4dter]],\n        German-born Israeli radiologist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Amado\n        Aguirre Santiago]], Mexican general and politician (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Domingo D\\u00edaz Arosemena]], Panamian politician, 12th [[President\n        of Panama]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Abdulkerim Abbas]], Chinese\n        politician (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Franciszek Latinik]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Arthur Fielder]], English\n        cricketer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Sevasti Qiriazi]], Albanian educator and women''s\n        rights activist (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Max Liebermann Bildnis\n        Richard Strauss.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Strauss]]]]\\n[[File:Pandeli Evangjeli.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pandeli\n        Evangjeli]]]]\\n[[File:Chrysanthos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Archbishop Chrysanthus\n        of Athens]]]]\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Liberato Pinto]], 78th Prime Minister\n        of Portugal (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Clemente\n        Orozco]], Mexican painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Richard\n        Strauss]], German composer (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Wiley\n        Rutledge]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Harry Burleigh]], American composer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Ignacio C\\u00e1rdenas]], Venezuelan diplomat and physician (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[August Krogh]], Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** [[Gottfried\n        Graf von Bismarck-Sch\\u00f6nhausen]], German Resistance figure (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Pandeli Evangjeli]], Albanian politician, 7th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Heinie Beckendorf]], American\n        baseball catcher (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Frank Morgan]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Will Cuppy]], American\n        humorist (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[George Shiels]], Irish writer (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Nikos Skalkottas]], Greek composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Richard Dix]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Sam Wood]], American director (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Pierre de Br\\u00e9ville]], French composer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Peter Nielsen (actor)|Peter Nielsen]], Danish actor (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[David Adler (architect)|David Adler]], American\n        architect (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Archbishop Chrysanthus of\n        Athens]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[\\u00c9mile Edd\\u00e9]], 4th Prime Minister and\n        3rd President of Lebanon (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430 (1877 - 1949).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Nykyta Budka]]]]\\n[[File:Blessed Roman Lysko (1914 %E2%80%93 1949).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Roman Lysko]]]]\\n[[File:Beata Madre Laura.JPG|thumb|100px|right|Saint [[Laura\n        of Saint Catherine of Siena]]]]\\n[[File:Cura Lorenzo ca 1910.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Lorenzo Massa]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Nykyta Budka]], Soviet [[Roman\n        Catholic]] bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Buddy Clark]], American\n        pop singer (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Luis Armi\\u00f1\\u00e1n\n        P\\u00e9rez]], Spanish politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Federico\n        Beltr\\u00e1n Masses]], Spanish painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 5]] –\n        [[Yoshio Kodaira]], Japanese rapist and serial killer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Timotheos Evangelinidis]], Greek [[Orthodox priest]] and bishop\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Matiu Ratana]], New Zealander politician\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Gheorghe Mironescu]], Romanian politician,\n        33rd [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 9]] –\n        [[Emanuele Fo\\u00e0]], Italian engineer and physicist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] \\n** [[Fritz Leiber (Sr.)|Fritz Leiber]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Roman Lysko]], Soviet [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]\n        priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Elmer Clifton]],\n        American actor and director (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Rajk]], Hungarian\n        Communist politician, former Foreign Minister (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n**\n        [[Jacques Copeau]], French actor, producer, director and dramatist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena]], Colombian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and saint (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Craig Reynolds (actor)|Craig Reynolds]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] \\n** [[Almanzo Wilder]], American writer, and husband of [[Laura\n        Ingalls Wilder]] (b. [[1857]])\\n** [[John Robert Clynes]], British trade unionist\n        and Labour politician (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[October 27]] \\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek\n        Halas]], Czechoslovakian essayist, poet and translator (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Ginette\n        Neveu]], French violinist (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** [[Marcel Cerdan]],\n        French professional boxer (killed in plane crash) (b. [[1916]])\\n** Patriarch\n        [[Guregh Israelian of Jerusalem]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[George Gurdjieff]], Soviet spiritual teacher (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October\n        31]]\\n** [[Jind\\u0159ich Bi\\u0161ick\\u00fd]], Czechoslovakian author (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Lorenzo Massa]], Argentine [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Edward Stettinius, Jr.]], U.S. Secretary of State (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Hazhir.jpg|thumbnail|100px|[[Abdolhossein\n        Hazhir]]]]\\n* November – [[Mar\\u00eda Josepha Sophia de Iturbide]],\n        head of the Imperial House of Mexico (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[William\n        Desmond (actor)|William Desmond]], Irish actor (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Jerome\n        F. Donovan]], American politician (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 3]] –\n        [[Solomon R. Guggenheim]], American philanthropist (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Walther von Bonstetten]], member of Swiss Boy Scout Association\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Abdolhossein Hazhir]], 54th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iran]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[August Hagenbach]],\n        Swiss physicist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Mun Bhuridatta]], Thai\n        Buddhist monk (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Ignatius Stelletskii]], Soviet archaeologist, historian\n        and research (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Nathuram Godse]],\n        assassin of [[Mohandas Gandhi]] (b. [[1910]]), and his accomplice, [[Narayan\n        Apte]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[James Ensor]], Belgian painter\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria]]\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Mizuno Rentar\\u014d]], Japanese statesman,\n        politician and cabinet minister (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Bill Robinson]], American\n        dancer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Vincenzo Irolli]], Italian\n        painter (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Martin Benno Schmidt]], German pathologist (b.\n        [[1863]])\\n* [[November 30]] – Dame [[Irene Vanbrugh]], British actress\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Leon schlesinger.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leon\n        Schlesinger]]]]\\n[[File:Antoni Ponikowski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antoni Ponikowski]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Lovelock 1936b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack Lovelock]]]]\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Philip\n        Barry]], American playwright (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Maria Ouspenskaya]], Soviet\n        actress and acting teacher (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Arthur\n        Bedford]], British navy officer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 6]] \\n** [[Lead\n        Kelly]], American blues musician (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda\n        Zeled\\u00f3n Brenes]], Costa Rican politician, poet, writer and journalist\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 7]] \\n** [[Rex Beach]], American novelist, playwright\n        and Olympic water polo player (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Stanislas Blanchard]], Canadian\n        politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[George Barnes (Australian\n        politician)|George Barnes]], Australian businessman and politician (b. [[1856]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\n** [[Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya]], Indian philosopher\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Marian Grzybowski]], Polish dermatologist (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[December 16]] \\n** [[Sidney Olcott]], Canadian film director (b. [[1873]])\\n**\n        [[Lee White (actor)|Lee White]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] – [[Manuel Camus]], Filipino lawyer and politician (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Felix Kaufmann]], Austrian-born American philosopher\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Gertrude Bacon]], British aeronatucal\n        pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Leon Schlesinger]], American\n        producer and filmmaker (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Julius Brandt]],\n        Austrian actor (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Antoni Ponikowski]],\n        Polish academician and politician, 7th [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]]\\n** [[Hervey Allen]], American author (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Jack\n        Lovelock]], New Zealander Olympic athlete (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December 30]]\n        – [[Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n**\n        [[Josef Maria Auchentaller]], Austrian architect, painter, draftsman and printmaker\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Raimond Valgre]], Soviet composer and musician (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Zhang Haipeng]], Chinese general (executed) (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Yukawa Hideki]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[William Francis Giauque]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]\n        – [[Walter Rudolf Hess]] and [[Ant\\u00f3nio Caetano de Abreu Freire\n        Egas Moniz]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[William\n        Faulkner]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[John Boyd Orr]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1949}}\\n[[Category:1949|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T23:11:25Z\",\"lastrevid\":799802522,\"length\":75225,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949\"},\"19283873\":{\"pageid\":19283873,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1950\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T19:16:56Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Year\n        dab|1950}}\\n{{Events by month|1950}}\\n{{Year nav|1950}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year\n        article header|1950}} \\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1950}}\\n* [[January 1]] \\u2013 The [[International Police\n        Association]] (IPA) \\u2013 the largest police organization in the world \\u2013\n        is formed.\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013 [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Estes\n        Kefauver]] introduces a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] calling for an investigation\n        of [[organized crime]] in the U.S.\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 The UK recognizes\n        the People''s Republic of China; the [[Republic of China]] severs [[diplomatic\n        relations]] with Britain in response.\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 A fire consumes\n        Mercy Hospital in [[Davenport, Iowa]], killing 41 patients.\\n* [[January 9]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Israel]]i government recognizes the People''s Republic of China.\\n*\n        [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Hukbalahap]] [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]] attack\n        the town of [[Hermosa, Bataan]] in the [[Philippines]].\\n[[File:Mount Lamington\n        1951.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[January 14]]: [[Mount Lamington]] erupts in [[New\n        Guinea]].]]\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** The British submarine ''''[[HMS Truculent\n        (P315)|Truculent]]'''' collides with a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[oil tanker]] in\n        the [[Thames Estuary]] and sinks; 64 die.\\n** [[Cold War]]: U.S. Secretary\n        of State [[Dean Acheson]] delivers his ''Perimeter Speech'', outlining the\n        boundary of U.S. security guarantees.\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 Finland forms\n        [[diplomatic relations]] with the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[January\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Great Brink''s Robbery]]: Eleven thieves steal more than $2\n        million from the [[Brink''s]] [[Armored car (valuables)|armored car]] company\n        headquarters in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 Accused\n        communist spy [[Alger Hiss]] is convicted on 2 accounts\\n* [[January 23]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Knesset]] passes a resolution that states [[Jerusalem]] is the\n        capital of [[Israel]].\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Cold War]]: [[Klaus Fuchs]],\n        German \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 and physicist, confesses to an [[MI5]] interrogator\n        that he is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy: For seven years, he passed [[Classified\n        information|top secret]] data on U.S. and British [[nuclear weapons research]]\n        to the [[Soviet Union]]. Fuchs is formally charged on February 2.Christopher\n        Andrew, ''''Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5'''' (Random House\n        Digital, 2009), pp. 387\\u201388\\n* [[January 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Alger Hiss]] receives a five-year sentence following his conviction\n        on two counts of perjury\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 India promulgates its [[constitution]],\n        forming a [[republic]], and [[Rajendra Prasad]] is sworn in as its first [[President\n        of India|president]]. The [[Kingdom of Mysore]] is merged into the new republic.\\n*\n        [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Balfour|Lord Balfour]] criticizes the fact\n        that [[rationing]] is still in force in Britain.\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** United\n        States President [[Harry S. Truman]] orders the development of the [[Teller\\u2013Ulam\n        design|hydrogen bomb]], in response to the detonation of the [[Soviet Union]]''s\n        first [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]] in 1949.\\\"Year by Year\n        1950\\\" \\u2013 [[History Channel International]]\\n** The last [[Kuomintang]]\n        troops surrender in mainland China.\\n*December \\u2013 First five-year plan\n        is tabled in the Parliament by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. It emphasizes Agricultural\n        and Community development.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main article|February 1950}}\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Chiang Kai-shek]] is re-elected as a president of\n        the Republic of China.\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Ingrid Bergman]]''s illegitimate\n        child arouses ire in the U.S.\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 First [[Cabinet Secretary]]\n        N.R. Pillai appointed in India.\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** The [[Stasi]] is founded\n        in [[East Germany]] and acts as a secret police until [[1990]]. \\n** Payment\n        first made by [[Diners Club International|Diners Club]] card, in New York,\n        first use of a [[charge card]].\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013 [[Second Red Scare]]:\n        In his speech to the Republican Women''s Club at the McClure Hotel in [[Wheeling,\n        West Virginia]], [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph McCarthy]] accuses\n        the [[United States Department of State]] of being filled with 205 [[communism|Communists]].\\n*\n        [[February 11]]\\n** Two [[Viet Minh]] battalions attack a French base in [[French\n        Indochina]].\\n** Finland recognizes [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        Pro-communist riots erupt in Paris.\\n** The [[European Broadcasting Union]]\n        is founded.\\n** [[Albert Einstein]] warns that nuclear war could lead to mutual\n        destruction.\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** The U.S. Army begins to deploy anti-aircraft\n        cannons to protect nuclear stations and military targets.\\n** [[1950 British\n        Columbia B-36 crash|British Columbia B-36 crash]] \\u2013 The U.S. Air Force\n        loses a [[Convair B-36]] bomber that carried a [[Mark 4 nuclear bomb]] off\n        the west coast of Canada, and produces the world''s first [[United States\n        military nuclear incident terminology#Broken Arrow|Broken Arrow]].{{citation\n        needed|date=February 2011}}\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Cold War]]:\\n** The Soviet Union and the People''s Republic\n        of China sign a mutual defense treaty.\\n** In an [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1950|election]] speech at [[Edinburgh]], [[Winston Churchill]] proposes\n        \\\"a [[parley]] at the summit\\\" with Soviet leaders, first use of term \\\"[[Summit\n        (meeting)|summit]]\\\" for such a meeting.{{cite book|first=David|last=Kynaston|title=Austerity\n        Britain 1945\\u201351|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7475-7985-4|page=385}}\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n** [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]] is re-elected president of Finland.\\n**\n        [[Walt Disney]] releases his 12th animated film, ''''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]''''\n        in Hollywood.\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Konrad Adenauer]] tries unsuccessfully\n        to negotiate with [[East Germany]] to begin unification.\\n* [[February 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cunard]] liner [[RMS Aquitania]] arrives at the scrapyard in [[Faslane]]\n        at the end of a 36-year career, the longest of any in the 20th Century.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[United Kingdom general election, 1950]] : The Labour\n        Party, led by [[Clement Attlee]] remains in office but the Tories, led by\n        Winston Churchill increase their seats in the House of Commons.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1950}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Klaus Fuchs]] is convicted in London\n        of spying against both Britain and the United States for the Soviet Union,\n        by giving to the latter [[Classified information|top secret]] [[atomic bomb]]\n        data.\\n** Acting Chinese President [[Li Tsung-jen]] ends his term in office.\\n**\n        [[Chiang Kai-shek]] resumes his duties as Chinese president after moving his\n        government to [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]].\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013 Poland indicates\n        its intention to exile all Germans.  \\n* [[March 8]] \\u2013 The first [[Volkswagen\n        Type 2]] (also known as the Microbus) rolls off the assembly line in [[Wolfsburg]],\n        Germany.\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013 A plane carrying returning rugby fans from\n        Ireland to Wales crashes near [[Llandow air disaster|Llandow]], with the loss\n        of 80 lives.\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Royal Question]]: [[Belgian monarchy\n        referendum, 1950]] \\u2013 In Belgium, the [[referendum]] over the monarchy\n        shows 57.7% support the return of [[L\\u00e9opold III of Belgium|King L\\u00e9opold\n        III]], 42.3% against.\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 The ship ''''Cygnet'''' hits\n        a mine off the Dutch coast.\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[University of California,\n        Berkeley]] researchers announce the creation of element 98, which they name\n        \\\"[[Californium]]\\\".\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 The Belgian government collapses\n        after the March 12 [[referendum]] favouring of the return from exile of King\n        L\\u00e9opold III.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/18/newsid_2840000/2840237.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1950: Government falls as Belgians vote for king|date=March 18,\n        1950}}\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 The Polish government enacts a law to\n        take possession of properties owned by Roman Catholic churches.Marian\n        S. Mazgaj, ''''Church and State in Communist Poland: A History, 1944\\u20131989''''\n        (McFarland, 2010) pp. 55\\u201356\\n* [[March 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Egypt]] demands that Britain remove all its troops in the [[Suez\n        Canal]].\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 The [[22nd Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1950}}\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** Influential British [[Comic book|comic]]\n        ''''[[Eagle (British comics)|Eagle]]'''' is launched\\n** [[NSC-68]] is issued\n        by the [[United States National Security Council]]\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013\n        Belgian King Leopold III announces that he is ready to abdicate in favor of\n        his son [[Baudouin I of Belgium|Baudouin]].\\n* [[April 24]] \\u2013 [[Jordan]]\n        formally annexes the [[West Bank]]\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 Trial of alleged\n        communist spy [[Judith Coplon]] commences in New York City\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        [[Apartheid]]: In South Africa, the [[Group Areas Act]] is passed, formally\n        segregating the races.\\n** Britain formally recognises [[Israel]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1950}}\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[UNRWA]] operations begin.\\n* [[May\n        5]] \\u2013 Coronation of Bhomibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) of Thailand at The Grand\n        Palace in Bangkok.\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** The town of Cazin ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]])\n        rises up against Communist [[agrarian reform]]s.\\n** [[Tollund Man]] is unearthed\n        in Denmark.\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Robert Schuman]] presents his proposal for\n        the creation of a pan-European organisation, which he believes to be indispensable\n        to the maintenance of permanently peaceful relations between the different\n        nations of the continent. This proposal, known as the \\\"[[Schuman Declaration]]\\\",\n        is considered to be the beginning of the creation of what is now the [[European\n        Union]].\\n** [[L. Ron Hubbard]] publishes ''''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science\n        of Mental Health]]''''.\\n* [[May 11]] \\u2013 The [[Kefauver Committee]] hearings\n        into U.S. organized crime begin.\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 The first race in the\n        inaugural [[Formula One|FIA Formula One World Championship]] is held at [[Silverstone\n        Circuit|Silverstone]], England.\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 ''''[[The Huntsville\n        Times]]'''' runs the headline \\\"[[Wernher von Braun|Dr. von Braun]] Says Rocket\n        Flights Possible to Moon.\\\"\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Israeli Air Force]] [[Supermarine\n        Spitfire|Spitfire]]s intercept a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Short Sunderland]]\n        when it inadvertently crossed into Israeli airspace, forcing it to land at\n        [[Lod Airport]]. The Sunderland''s crew had been issued maps that did not\n        depict Israel, as Britain had not recognized the Jewish State at the time\n        the maps were issued.\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] becomes the third\n        president of [[Turkey]].\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]] of [[Democratic Party (Turkey,\n        current)|DP]] forms the new government of Turkey (19th government)\\n* [[May\n        24]] \\u2013 [[United States Maritime Administration]] (under [[Department\n        of Commerce]]).\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 The [[Brooklyn\\u2013Battery Tunnel]]\n        is formally opened to traffic.\\n* [[May 29]] \\n** ''''[[St. Roch (ship)|St.\n        Roch]]'''', the first ship to [[circumnavigation|circumnavigate]] North America,\n        arrives in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]].\\n** The pilot series of the world''s\n        longest-running radio soap opera ''''[[The Archers]]'''', is first broadcast\n        on [[BBC Light Programme]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Korean War Montage 2.png|thumbnail|right|240px|[[June\n        25]]: [[Korean War]] begins.]]\\n{{Main article|June 1950}}\\n* [[June 1]] \\u2013\n        [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Mauna Loa]] in Hawaii starts erupting.\\n* [[June 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Annapurna]] I, 10th highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Turkey]]: The [[Adhan]] in Arabic is legalized.\\n* [[June\n        8]] \\u2013 Sir [[Thomas Blamey]] becomes the only [[Field Marshal]] in Australian\n        history.\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Maracana Stadium]], which becomes a well-known\n        sports venue of [[Brazil]], opens in [[Rio de Janeiro]] in advance of the\n        opening of the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] in the country{{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}} on June 24.\\n* [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]] begins: Troops of\n        the [[North Korea]]n [[Korean People''s Army|People''s Army]] cross the [[38th\n        parallel north|38th parallel]] into South Korea.\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Parliament of South Africa]] passes the [[Suppression of Communism Act]].\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] orders\n        American military forces to aid in the defense of South Korea.\\n* [[June 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Korean War]]:\\n** North Korean forces capture [[Seoul]] but do not\n        win the war.\\n** [[Hangang Bridge bombing]]: The South Korean army, in an\n        attempt to defend Seoul, blows up the [[Hangang Bridge]] while it is crowded\n        with refugees.\\n** [[Seoul National University Hospital massacre]]: North\n        Korean troops kill around 800 medical staff and patients.\\n** [[Bodo League\n        massacre]] begins: [[Republic of Korea Armed Forces|South Korean armed forces]]\n        and [[Law enforcement in South Korea|police]] summarily execute at least 100,000\n        suspected North Korean sympathizers.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1950}}\\n*\n        [[July 14]]–[[July 21|21]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: [[Battle of Taejon]]\n        \\u2013 North Korean forces capture the city held by the [[24th Infantry Division\n        (United States)|U.S. 24th Infantry Division]] but the delay allows establishment\n        of the [[Pusan Perimeter]].\\n* [[July 16]] \\u2013 [[Uruguay national football\n        team|Uruguay]] beat [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] 2\\u20131 to win\n        the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950 World Cup]].\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 The [[Suppression\n        of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]] passed on June 26, comes\n        into force in South Africa.\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013 4 workers striking over\n        the \\\"[[Royal Question]]\\\" in Belgium are shot dead by the ''''[[Gendarmerie\n        (Belgium)|Gendarmerie]]'''' at [[Gr\\u00e2ce-Hollogne|Gr\\u00e2ce-Berleur]]\n        near [[Li\\u00e8ge]].{{cite book|last1=Witte|first1=Els|last2=Craeybeckx|first2=Jan|last3=Meynen|first3=Alain|title=Political\n        History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards|date=2009|publisher=ASP|location=Brussels|isbn=978-90-5487-517-8|edition=New|page=242}}\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1950}}\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[2 Squadron SAAF]] departs to take\n        part in the [[Korean War]].{{Cite journal|last=McGregor|first=P.\n        M. J.|date=1978-06-03|title=The History of No 2 Squadron, SAAF, in the Korean\n        War|journal=Military History Journal|publisher=The South African Military\n        History Society|volume=4|issue=3|issn=0026-4016|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/journal.html|accessdate=2009-07-18|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5iSspUjRT?url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/journal.html|archivedate=2009-07-22|deadurl=no}}\\n**\n        [[1950 Fairfield-Suisun Boeing B-29 crash]] \\u2013 A bomb-laden [[Boeing B-29\n        Superfortress]] crashes into a residential area in California, killing 17\n        and injuring 68.\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 Monarchist demonstrations lead to\n        a riot in [[Brussels]].\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Florence Chadwick]] swims across\n        the [[English Channel]] in 13 hours, 22 minutes.\\n** [[Winston Churchill]]\n        supports idea of a pan-European army allied with Canada and the U.S.\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Korean War]]: [[Bloody Gulch massacre]].\\n** In his [[encyclical]]\n        ''''[[Humani generis]]'''', [[Pope Pius XII]] declares [[evolution]] to be\n        a serious [[hypothesis]] that does not contradict essential [[Catholic]] teachings.\\n*\n        [[August 15]] \\u2013 The 8.6 {{M|w}} [[1950 Assam\\u2013Tibet earthquake|Assam\\u2013Tibet\n        earthquake]] shakes the region with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''), killing between 1,500\\u20133,300 people.\n        \\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: In the [[Hill 303 massacre]], 39\n        U.S. soldiers are executed after being captured in battle by North Korea.\\n*\n        [[August 22]] \\u2013 The [[Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary]] is founded\n        in Tagbilaran City, Philippines.\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 Legendary singer-actor\n        [[Paul Robeson]], whose passport had recently been revoked because of his\n        alleged [[Communist]] affiliations, meets with U.S. officials in an effort\n        to get it reinstated. He is unsuccessful, and it is not reinstated until 1958.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1950}}\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Darlington Raceway]] is\n        the site of the inaugural [[Southern 500]], the first 500-mile [[NASCAR]]\n        race.\\n** The [[comic strip]] ''''[[Beetle Bailey]]'''' is created by Mort\n        Walker.\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** A [[coal mine]] collapse in [[New Cumnock]],\n        Scotland, kills 13 miners; 116 are rescued.\\n** The game show ''''[[Truth\n        or Consequences]]'''' debuts on television.\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Defense Production Act]] is enacted into law in the U.S., shaping American\n        military contracting for the next 60 years.\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013 The\n        U.S. state of [[California]] celebrates its centennial anniversary.\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 Communist riots erupt in Berlin.\\n* [[September 15]] \\u2013 [[Korean\n        War]] \\u2013 [[Battle of Inchon]]: Allied troops commanded by [[Douglas MacArthur]]\n        land in [[Incheon|Inchon]], occupied by North Korea, to begin a U.N. counteroffensive.\\n*\n        [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[Rede Tupi]], the first TV broadcaster from [[Brazil]]\n        and [[South America]], is founded.\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 West Germany\n        decides to purge communist officials.\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[World Dance\n        Council]] inaugurated.\\n* [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Indonesia]] is admitted\n        to the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013 [[NSC-68]] is enacted\n        by President Truman, setting U.S. foreign policy for the next 20 years.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1950}}\\n* [[Turing test]] published.{{citation|url=http://aitopics.org/misc/brief-history|title=Brief\n        History (timeline)|work=AI Topics|publisher=[[Association for the Advancement\n        of Artificial Intelligence]]|accessdate=24 August 2016}}\\n* [[October\n        2]] \\u2013 The [[comic strip]] ''''[[Peanuts]]'''' by [[Charles M. Schulz]]\n        is first published in seven U.S. newspapers.\\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Get\\u00falio\n        Dornelles Vargas]] is elected [[president of Brazil]] for a 5-year term.\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\u2013 The Indonesian government quells riots in the [[Moluccas]].\\n*\n        [[October 7]]\\n** [[Battle of Chamdo]]: The [[incorporation of Tibet into\n        the People''s Republic of China]] begins with the Chinese [[People''s Liberation\n        Army]] invading across the [[Jinsha River]]. By October 19 they will have\n        taken the border town of [[Chamdo]] and the Tibetan army will have surrendered.\\n**\n        The [[Agate Pass Bridge]] opens for traffic in Washington State.\\n* [[October\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Goyang Geumjeong Cave massacre]] starts in [[South Korea]].\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 The [[Federal Communications Commission]] in the United\n        States issues the first license to broadcast television in color, to [[CBS]]\n        ([[RCA]] will successfully dispute and block the license from taking effect,\n        however).\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** The second [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge]] opens\n        in [[Washington (state)]].\\n** In [[East Germany]], the Communists win 99.7%\n        of the vote.\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: The People''s Republic\n        of China enters the conflict by sending thousands of soldiers across the Yalu\n        River.\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 Australia passes the Communist Party Dissolution\n        Act, which is later struck down by the High Court.\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Torcida Split]] is founded in support of the [[Association football]] club\n        [[HNK Hajduk Split]] in [[SFR Yugoslavia]].\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 Upon\n        the death of [[Gustaf V of Sweden]], he is succeeded as king by his 68-year-old\n        son [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden|Gustaf VI Adolf]].\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        The [[Jayuya Uprising]] is started by Puerto Rican Nationalists against the\n        United States.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1950}}\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Pope Pius XII]] witnesses the \\\"[[Miracle of the Sun]]\\\" at the\n        [[Vatican City|Vatican]]{{cite book|first=Joseph|last=Pelletier|title=The\n        Sun Danced at Fatima|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|year=1983|pages=150,\n        151}} and [[dogmatic definition|defines]] a new [[dogma]] of [[Roman\n        Catholicism]], the [[Munificentissimus Deus]], which says that [[God]] took\n        Mary''s body into Heaven after her death (the \\\"[[Assumption of the Blessed\n        Virgin Mary]]\\\").\\n** Puerto Rican nationalists [[Griselio Torresola]] and\n        [[Oscar Collazo]] attempt to assassinate U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who\n        is staying at the [[Blair-Lee House]] in Washington, D.C. during White House\n        repairs.\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations]] ends the diplomatic\n        isolation of Spain.\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: While in an [[P-80\n        Shooting Star|F-80]], [[United States Air Force]] Lt. Russell J. Brown intercepts\n        2 North Korean [[MiG-15]]s near the [[Yalu River]] and shoots them down in\n        the first [[jet aircraft|jet]]-to-jet [[dogfight]] in history.\\n* [[November\n        10]] \\u2013 A U.S. Air Force [[B-50 Superfortress]] bomber, [[1950 Rivi\\u00e8re-du-Loup\n        B-50 nuclear weapon loss incident|experiencing an in-flight emergency]], jettisons\n        and detonates a Mark 4 nuclear bomb over Quebec, Canada (the device lacked\n        its plutonium core).\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 The [[Mattachine Society]]\n        is founded in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] as the first [[gay]]-liberation\n        organization.\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** The [[President of Venezuela]], Colonel\n        [[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud]] is kidnapped and murdered in [[Caracas]].\\n**\n        A [[1950 T\\u00eate de l''Obiou C-54 crash|Curtiss Reid Flying Services plane\n        crashes]] while en route to Paris from Rome, killing all 52 on board.\\n* [[November\n        17]] \\u2013 15-year-old Tenzin Gyatso is formally enthroned as [[14th Dalai\n        Lama]], becoming temporal ruler of [[Tibet (1912\\u201351)|Tibet]].{{cite\n        book|first=Ram|last=Rahul|title=March of Central Asia|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2000}}\\n*\n        [[November 18]] \\u2013 The United Nations accepts the formation of the [[Libya]]n\n        National Council.\\n* [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[T. S. Eliot]] speaks against\n        television in the UK.\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** Anti-British riots erupt in [[Egypt]].\\n**\n        [[Shirley Temple]] announces her retirement from show business.\\n* [[November\n        24]] \\u2013 A phenomenal [[winter storm]] ravages the northeastern United\n        States, brings 30 to 50 inches of [[snow]], temperatures below zero,\n        and kills 323 people.\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Korean War]]: Troops from\n        the People''s Republic of China launched a massive counterattack against South\n        Korean and United Nations forces at the [[Battle of the Ch''ongch''on River|Ch''ongch''on\n        River]] and the [[Battle of Chosin Reservoir|Chosin Reservoir]], dashing any\n        hopes for a quick end to the conflict.\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Colombo Plan]]\n        for Co-operative Economic Development in South and South-East Asia\\n** Greece\n        and [[Yugoslavia]] reform diplomatic relations.\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        The [[National Council of Churches|National Council of the Churches of Christ\n        in the USA]] is founded.\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Douglas MacArthur]] threatens\n        to use nuclear weapons in Korea.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1950}}\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 [[Foley Square trial]] commences review in\n        [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as [[Dennis v. United States]]\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013\n        The inaugural [[12 Hours of Sebring]] endurance race is held.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        Canadians [[Harry Wasylyk]], Larry Hansen and Frank Plomp introduce the plastic\n        [[bin bag]] for [[Waste|garbage]] collection.\\n* [[Myxomatosis]] is introduced\n        into Australia in an attempt to control the escalating [[rabbit]] population.\\n*\n        [[IBM]] Israel begins operating in [[Tel Aviv]].\\n* President [[Harry Truman]]\n        sends United States military advisers to [[Vietnam]] to aid French forces.\\n*\n        France institutes a government-guaranteed [[minimum wage]].\\n* [[Knox''s Translation\n        of the Vulgate]] [[Old Testament]] (commissioned by the [[Catholic Church]])\n        is published.\\n* [[Laos]] gets involved in the [[First Indochina War]] to\n        overthrow the French Army.\\n\\n===World population===\\n* Total [[world population]]:\n        2,518,630,000\\n** Africa: 221,214,000\\n** Asia: 1,398,488,000\\n** Europe:\n        547,403,000\\n** Latin America: 167,097,000\\n** North America: 171,616,000\\n**\n        Oceania: 12,812,000.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Victoria Principal\n        at the 39th Emmy Awards cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Victoria Principal]]]]\\n[[File:Debbie\n        Allen.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Debbie Allen]]]]\\n[[File:BillyOcean.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Billy\n        Ocean]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Dean Anderson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard Dean Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:JoergHaider\n        Sep07.JPG|thumb|120px|[[J\\u00f6rg Haider]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[D\\u00e9bora\n        Duarte]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[David Shifrin]], American classical clarinetist\\n*\n        [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Victoria Principal]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        5]]\\n** [[John Manley]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Charlie Richmond (inventor)|Charlie\n        Richmond]], Canadian entrepreneur and inventor\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Louis\n        Freeh]], American [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Director\n        of the FBI]]\\n** [[Thomas J. Pickard]], American Acting Director of the FBI\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[Juan Gabriel]], Mexican singer, songwriter and philanthropist\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Erin Gray]], American actress\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Alec Jeffreys]], British geneticist, who developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting\n        and DNA profiling\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Ernie Wasson]], American gardener\n        and writer\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Sheila Jackson Lee]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Dorrit Moussaieff]], Israeli-born British businesswoman; [[First Lady of\n        Iceland]]\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 [[Jagadguru R\\u0101mabhadr\\u0101c\\u0101rya]],\n        [[Hindu]] religious leader\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Debbie Allen]], American\n        actress, dancer, and choreographer\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Steve Cuozzo]],\n        American writer and columnist\\n** [[Cristina Galb\\u00f3]], Spanish actress\\n**\n        [[Honey Irani]], Indian film actress and screenwriter \\n** [[Luis L\\u00f3pez\n        Nieves]], Puerto Rican writer\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Gilles Villeneuve]],\n        Canadian race car driver (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[January 20]] \\u2013 [[Edward Hirsch]],\n        American poet\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Billy Ocean]], West Indian-born musician\\n*\n        [[January 22]] \\u2013 [[Pamela Salem]], British actress\\n* [[January 23]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard Dean Anderson]], American actor\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Daniel\n        Auteuil]], French actor\\n** [[Gennifer Flowers]], American actress, connected\n        to [[Bill Clinton]]\\n** [[Benjamin Urrutia]], Ecuadorian-born American author\n        and scholar\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[J\\u00f6rg Haider]], Austrian politician\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Janet Lupo]], American model\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Derek\n        Acorah]], British spiritualist and medium\\n** [[Ulrich Deppendorf]], German\n        journalist and television presenter\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Ann Jillian]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Jody Scheckter]], South African race car driver\\n**\n        [[Mikl\\u00f3s V\\u00e1mos]], Hungarian writer and screenwriter\\n* [[January\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Trinidad Silva]], American actor (d. [[1988]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Morgan\n        Fairchild 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Morgan Fairchild]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Gabriel\n        Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter Gabriel]]]]\\n[[File:Julie Walters 2014\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Julie Walters]]]]\\n[[File:Cybill Shepherd.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cybill\n        Shepherd]]]]\\n[[File:Kirchner marzo 2007 Congreso.jpg|thumb|120px|[[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]]]]\\n[[File:Helen Clark UNDP 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Helen Clark]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] \\u2013 [[Kazimierz Nycz]], Polish clergyman\\n* [[February 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Morgan Fairchild]], American actress\\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Natalie\n        Cole]], American singer (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Timothy Michael Dolan]], Roman\n        Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of New York\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Mark\n        Spitz]], American Olympic swimmer\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Steve Hackett]],\n        English songwriter and guitarist\\n** [[Michael Ironside]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Peter Gabriel]], English rock musician and original\n        lead singer of [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Daniel\n        Borel]], Swiss businessman and co-founder of [[Logitech]]\\n* [[February 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tsui Hark]], Hong Kong film director\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Hain]], British politician\\n** [[Roman Tam]], [[Cantopop]] singer (d. 2002)\\n*\n        [[February 18]]\\n** [[John Hughes (filmmaker)|John Hughes]], American film\n        director, producer and writer (d. 2009)\\n** [[Cybill Shepherd]], American\n        actress\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ken Shimura]], Japanese television performer\n        and actor\\n** [[Tony Wilson]], English impresario (d. 2007)\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Julius Erving]], American basketball player\\n** [[Miou-Miou]],\n        French actress\\n** [[Julie Walters]], English actress\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Neil Jordan]], Irish film director, writer, and producer\\n** [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]], 49th [[President of Argentina]] (d. 2010)\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Helen Clark]], [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n** [[Bill Ritter (journalist)|Bill\n        Ritter]], American news anchor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Karen Carpenter.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Karen\n        Carpenter]]]]\\n[[File:Rick Perry by Gage Skidmore 8.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rick\n        Perry]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Flores Facusse.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Carlos Roberto Flores]]]]\\n[[File:WilliamHMacyTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William\n        H. Macy]]]]\\n[[File:William Hurt (2005) crop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[William Hurt]]]]\\n[[File:Martin\n        Short at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Martin Short]]]]\\n[[File:Robbiecoltranecrop.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Robbie\n        Coltrane]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Karen Carpenter]], American singer and\n        drummer (d. 1983)\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Rick Perry]], Governor of Texas\\n*\n        [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Danny Sullivan]], American race car driver\\n* [[March\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Roberto Flores]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[March\n        11]]\\n** [[Bobby McFerrin]], American singer\\n** [[Jerry Zucker (film director)|Jerry\n        Zucker]], American film producer, director, and writer\\n* [[March 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Javier Clemente]], Spanish football player and manager\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013\n        [[William H. Macy]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Brad Dourif]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[William Hurt]], American actor\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Sergey Lavrov]], [[Foreign Minister of Russia|current\n        Foreign Minister of Russia]]\\n* [[March 22]] \\n** [[Hugo Egon Balder]], German\n        actor and television presenter\\n** [[Jocky Wilson]], Scottish darts player\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Teddy Pendergrass]], American singer (d.\n        2010)\\n** [[Martin Short]], Canadian-born comedian\\n** [[Alan Silvestri]],\n        American composer and conductor \\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Claudio Lolli]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Jeffrey Miller]], Kent State University shooting victim\n        (d. [[1970]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[Mory Kant\\u00e9]], Guinean musician\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Robbie Coltrane]], Scottish actor and comedian\\n** [[David\n        Janson]], British actor\\n* [[March 31]] \\u2013 [[Ed Marinaro]], American football\n        player and actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Agnetha F\\u00e4ltskog 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Agnetha\n        F\\u00e4ltskog]]]]\\n[[File:President of Malawi Joyce Banda (8985928177).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joyce\n        Banda]]]]\\n[[File:David Cassidy Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|120px|[[David Cassidy]]]]\\n[[File:Ron\n        Perlman 2016.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ron Perlman]]]]\\n[[File:PeterFrampton06.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Peter\n        Frampton]]]]\\n[[File:JayLenoJul08.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jay Leno]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Samuel Alito]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the\n        United States]]\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Sally Thomsett]], English actress\\n*\n        [[April 4]] \\u2013 [[Christine Lahti]], American actress\\n* [[April 5]]\\n**\n        [[Agnetha F\\u00e4ltskog]], Swedish pop singer and songwriter ([[ABBA]])\\n**\n        [[Harpo (singer)|Harpo]], Swedish pop musician\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Marisa\n        Let\\u00edcia Lula da Silva]], former First Lady of Brazil (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Grzegorz Lato]], Polish footballer\\n** [[Carmen Twillie\n        (actress)|Carmen Twillie]], American actress and singer\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Ken Griffey, Sr.]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Joyce\n        Banda]], n\\u00e9e Mtila, 4th [[President of Malawi]]\\n** [[David Cassidy]],\n        American actor and singer\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Ron Perlman]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[P\\u00e9ter Esterh\\u00e1zy]], Hungarian writer\\n*\n        [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Josiane Balasko]], French actress/writer/director\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Bruce McNall]], American businessman\\n* [[April 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[Steve Erickson]], American novelist\\n* [[April 22]] \\n** [[Peter\n        Frampton]], English rock musician\\n** [[Thierry Z\\u00e9no]], Belgian filmmaker\\n*\n        [[April 25]]\\n** [[Lenora Fulani]], American presidential candidate\\n** [[Apollo\n        Quiboloy|Apollo C. Quiboloy]], Filipino televangelist and religious leader\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\u2013 [[Jay Leno]], American comedian and talk show host\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Paul Holmes (broadcaster)|Paul Holmes]], New Zealand\n        radio and television broadcaster (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Googoosh\n        Malaysia 2009.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Googoosh]]]]\\n[[File:Jeremy paxman dec 2007.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jeremy\n        Paxman]]]]\\n[[File:Gabriel Byrne 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gabriel Byrne]]]]\\n[[File:Stevie\n        Wonder 1973.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Stevie Wonder]]]]\\n[[File:Drnovsek.png|thumb|120px|[[Janez\n        Drnovsek]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Gottschalk (Berlin Film Festival 2010) cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Thomas\n        Gottschalk]]]]\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[Googoosh]], Iranian singer and actress\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Tim Russert]], American journalist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[May\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Jeremy Paxman]], English journalist \\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Gabriel\n        Byrne]], Irish actor\\n** [[Ching Hai]], Vietnamese born Taiwanese author,\n        spiritual leader and jewelry designer\\n** [[Billy Squier]], American musician\\n*\n        [[May 13]]\\n** [[Bobby Valentine]], American baseball manager\\n** [[Stevie\n        Wonder]], American musician\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Jill Stein]], American\n        politician, activist\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Renate Stecher]], German athlete\\n*\n        [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Georg Bednorz]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[Janez Drnovsek]], Slovenian politician,\n        2-Time [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]] and 2nd [[President of Slovenia]]\\n*\n        [[May 18]] \\n** [[Thomas Gottschalk]], German radio and television host, entertainer\n        and actor\\n** [[Mark Mothersbaugh]], American composer, artist, and singer\n        ([[Devo]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Rebbie Jackson]], American singer\\n** [[Frederick\n        Sumaye]], 7th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Gregory Harrison]],\n        American actor and director\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Nouri al-Maliki 2011-04-07.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nouri\n        al-Maliki]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Deniece Williams]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Melissa Mathison]], American screenwriter (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Suzi Quatro]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Abraham Sarmiento, Jr.]],\n        Filipino journalist and political activist (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Howard Finkel]], American ring announcer\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Kathy Baker]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013 [[Graham Russell]], English singer\n        and musician ([[Air Supply]])\\n* [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Belinda Bauer (actress)|Belinda\n        Bauer]], Australian actress\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Rowan Williams]], Archbishop\n        of Canterbury\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Lakshmi Mittal]], Indian industrialist\\n*\n        [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Ann Wilson]], American singer and musician [[Heart (band)|(Heart)]]\\n*\n        [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Nouri al-Maliki]], 74th [[Prime Minister of Iraq]]\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Joey Kramer]], American musician\\n** [[Vasilis Papakonstantinou]],\n        Greek singer and musician\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Zenonas Petrauskas]], Lithuanian\n        lawyer and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Nancy Allen (actress)|Nancy\n        Allen]], American actress\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Nitza Saul]], Israeli actress\\n**\n        [[Marcello Toninelli]], Italian writer\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Jaak Joala]],\n        Estonian singer and musician (d. [[2010]]) \\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Simone Gbagbo]],\n        [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] criminal, former [[C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire|Ivorian]]\n        politician and [[First Lady of Ivory Coast|First Lady]]\\n** [[Don Moen (singer)|Don\n        Moen]], American singer and musician\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 [[Leonard Whiting]],\n        British actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Sir Philip Craven, MBE.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Philip\n        Craven]]]]\\n[[File:President V Yanukovych.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Viktor Yanukovych]]]]\\n[[File:Derek-de-lint-1340646708.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Derek\n        de Lint]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Branson March 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Richard\n        Branson]]]]\\n[[File:Frank Stallone.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frank Stallone]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 4]] \\u2013 [[Philip Craven]], 2nd President of the [[International\n        Paralympic Committee]]\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Huey Lewis]], American rock\n        singer\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Viktor Yanukovych]], [[President of Ukraine]]\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]], Pakistani [[Nuclear physicist]] and\n        social activist\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Eric Carr]], Former [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]\n        drummer and musician (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Ma Ying-jeou]], President\n        of the [[Republic of China (Taiwan)]]\\n** [[Jurelang Zedkaia]], 5th President\n        of the Marshall Islands (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\u2013 [[Derek de Lint]],\n        Dutch actor\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** Sir [[Richard Branson]], British entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Glenn Hughes (Village People)|Glenn Hughes]], American vocalist (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Layton]], Canadian politician (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Simon\n        Cadell]], British actor (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Per-Kristian Foss]], Norwegian\n        Minister of Finance\\n** [[Freddy Moore]], American musician\\n* [[July 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[William Knox Schroeder]], Kent State University shooting victim (d.\n        [[1970]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]], British\n        actress\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Simon Jones (actor)|Simon Jones]], English\n        actor\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Soh Chin Aun]], Malaysian footballer\\n** Sir [[Tapley\n        Seaton]], Kittitian politician, 4th [[Governor-General of Saint Kitts and\n        Nevis]]\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Jenny Holzer]], American conceptual artist\\n*\n        [[July 30]] \\u2013 [[Frank Stallone]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Ernesto_Samper_(cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ernesto\n        Samper]]]]\\n[[File:The Princess Royal.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anne, Princess Royal]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Bunkhouse Buck]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Roy\n        Williams (coach)|Roy Williams]], American basketball coach\\n* [[August 3]]\n        \\n** [[John Landis]], American film director\\n** [[Jo Marie Payton]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Ernesto Samper]], 29th [[President of Colombia]]\\n* [[August\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Rosi Mittermaier]], German ski racer\\n* [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[Alan\n        Keyes]], American conservative political activist\\n* [[August 8]] \\n** [[Lucjan\n        Lis]], Polish-German cyclist (d. 2015)\\n** [[Ken Kutaragi]], ex-C.E.O of Sony\n        Computer Entertainment\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicole Tourneur]], French\n        novelist (d. 2011)\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Erik Brann]], American musician\n        ([[Iron Butterfly]]) (d. 2003)\\n** [[Gennadiy Nikonov]], Russian weapon designer\\n*\n        [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Iris Berben]], German actress\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**\n        [[Anne, Princess Royal]], British Princess and daughter of [[Elizabeth II]]\n        and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n** [[Neil\n        J. Gunther]], Australian/American physicist and computer scientist\\n** [[Tom\n        Kelly (baseball)|Tom Kelly]], American baseball manager\\n** [[Andres Serrano]],\n        American photographer\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Hasely Crawford]], West Indian\n        athlete\\n** [[Marshall Manesh]], Persian actor\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Sudha\n        Murthy]], Indian social worker and author\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Arthur\n        Bremer]], American convicted attempted assassin\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Scooter\n        Libby]], American political adviser \\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Carl Deuker]],\n        American author\\n** [[Annette Badland]], English actor\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Charles Fleischer]], American actor, stand-up comedian and voice artist\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:PM\n        Modi 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Narendra Modi]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Murray by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bill Murray]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Mikhail\n        Fradkov]], Russian politician and [[Prime Minister of Russia]] (2004\\u20132007)\\n**\n        [[Phil McGraw]], American TV psychologist\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Rosanna\n        DeSoto]], American actress\\n** [[Yuen Wah]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n** [[John Friedrich (fraudster)|Johann Friedrich]], German-Australian\n        engineer and conman\\n** [[Julie Kavner]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Mark Gable]], Australian singer and songwriter ([[The Choirboys\n        (band)|The Choirboys]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe\n        Perry]], American rock guitarist ([[Aerosmith]])\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Kossoff]], British rock guitarist ([[free (band)|Free]]) (d. 1976)\\n** [[Masami\n        Kuwashima]], Japanese race car driver \\n* [[September 16]] \\n** [[Henry Louis\n        Gates]], American literary critic\\n** [[Loyd Grossman]], American television\n        presenter and chef\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister\n        of India]]\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Joan Lunden]], American television\n        broadcaster and journalist\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Charles Clarke]], British\n        politician\\n** [[Bill Murray]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Kirka Babitzin]], Finnish singer (d. 2007)\\n* [[September 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kristina Wayborn]], Swedish actress\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 [[Cary-Hiroyuki\n        Tagawa]], Japanese actor\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[John Sayles]], American\n        director and screenwriter\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Randy Quaid.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Randy\n        Quaid]]]]\\n[[File:Jakaya_Kikwete_2011_(cropped).jpg#mw-jump-to-license|thumb|120px|[[Jakaya\n        Kikwete]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Petty 2016 - Jun 20.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Tom Petty]]]]\\n[[File:Abdullah\n        G\\u00fcl Senate of Poland.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Abdullah G\\u00fcl]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Candy.jpg|thumb|120px|[[John Candy]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\n** [[Boris Morukov]],\n        Russian astronaut (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Randy Quaid]], American actor and comedian\n        \\n* [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[Pamela Hensley]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Jeff Conaway]], American actor (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[October 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jakaya Kikwete]], 4th [[President of Tanzania]]\\n* [[October 9]]\n        \\n** [[Everett Peck]], American animator\\n** [[Jody Williams]], American teacher\n        and aid worker, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Nora Roberts]], American novelist\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Edward Bloor]],\n        American novelist\\n** [[Takeshi Kaga|Kaga Takeshi]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Pilar\n        Pilapil]], Filipina actress\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Joey Travolta]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013 [[Cecil Bothwell]]. American atheist writer\n        and politician\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Howard Rollins]], American actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n** [[Dean Shek]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Wendy\n        Wasserstein]], American playwright (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013\n        Bishop [[Bill Ray]], 10th [[Bishop of North Queensland]]\\n* [[October 20]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tom Petty]], American rock singer\\n* [[October 22]] \\u2013 [[Bill\n        Owens (Colorado politician)|Bill Owens]], Governor of Colorado\\n* [[October\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Chris Norman]], English singer ([[Smokie (band)|Smokie]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]]\\n** [[Annette Humpe]], German singer, bands [[Ideal (German\n        band)|Ideal]] and [[Ich + Ich]]\\n** [[Sihem Bensedrine]], Tunisian human rights\n        activist\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013 [[Abdullah G\\u00fcl]], 11th [[President\n        of Turkey]]\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Louise DuArt]], American comedian and\n        impersonator\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[John Candy]], Canadian comedian and actor\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Jane Pauley]], American television broadcaster and journalist\\n\\n===November===\n        \\n[[File:Chuck Schumer official photo (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Chuck Schumer]]]]\\n[[File:Ed\n        Harris by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ed Harris]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Fisher.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Kenneth\n        Fisher]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Robert B. Laughlin]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013 [[Massimo\n        Mongai]], Italian author\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Charles Frazier]], American\n        novelist\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Kenny Marks]], American Christian musician\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Maravillas Rojo]], Catalan politician\\n* [[November\n        10]]\\n** [[Debra Hill]], American producer (d. 2005)\\n** [[Bob Orton, Jr.]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Barbara Fairchild]],\n        American country and gospel singer\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Mary Lou Metzger]],\n        American singer and dancer\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[David Leisure]], American\n        actor\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Roland Matthes]], German swimmer\\n* [[November\n        21]] \\u2013 [[Alberto Juantorena]], Cuban athlete\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Lyman Bostock]], American baseball player (d. 1978)\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Chuck Schumer]], American politician\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Stanley\n        Livingston]], American actor \\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Ed Harris]], American\n        actor and film director\\n** [[Russell Alan Hulse]], American physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Kenneth Fisher]], American financial\n        manager and journalist\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Leonard Maltin (2005).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Leonard\n        Maltin]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] \\n** [[Manju Bansal]], Indian molecular biologist\\n**\n        [[Themba Dlamini]], 9th Prime Minister of Swaziland\\n** [[Richard Keith (actor)|Richard\n        Keith]] [birth name Keith Thibodeaux], American child actor\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[Amin Saikal]], Australian academic professor\\n** [[Benjamin Stora]],\n        French historian\\n** [[Paul Watson]], founder of the [[Sea Shepherd Conservation\n        Society]] \\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Antonieta de las Nieves]], Mexican actress\\n*\n        [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Camar\\u00f3n de la Isla]], Spanish singer (d. 1992)\\n*\n        [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Joan Armatrading]], St. Kitts-born English singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\u2013 [[Tom Towles]], American actor (d. 2015)\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Heiner Flassbeck]], German economist, professor, publicist, political\n        counselor and State secretary\\n** [[Rajinikanth]], Indian actor\\n* [[December\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Wendie Malick]], American actress\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013\n        [[Sylvester James Gates]], American theoretical physicist\\n* [[December 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[Roy Schuiten]], Dutch cyclist (d. 2006)\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Laurence F. Johnson]], American futurist and educator\\n* [[December 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Leonard Maltin]], American film critic\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Manny Trillo]], Venezuelan-born American baseball player\\n* [[December 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Mar\\u00eda Antonieta de las Nieves]], Mexican actress, comedian,\n        and singer, La Chilindrina in El Chavo del Ocho\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Vicente\n        del Bosque]], Spanish footballer and manager\\n** [[Michael C. Burgess]], American\n        politician\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 [[Ed Hochuli]], American football official\\n*\n        [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Alex Chilton]], American rock musician ([[The Box\n        Tops]]) (d. 2010)\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Jon Polito]], American actor\n        (d. 2016)\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Larry Cuba]], American computer-animation\n        artist\\n* [[Koibla Djimasta]], 7th Prime Minister of Chad (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[Joseph Yodoyman]], 4th Prime Minister of Chad (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:George\n        Orwell press photo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George Orwell]]]]\\n[[File:Alan Hale 1921.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alan\n        Hale, Sr.]]]]\\n[[File:V.kolarov.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vasil Kolarov]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] \\u2013 [[William A. Griffin (Roman Catholic bishop)|William A. Griffin]],\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Emil Jannings]], Swiss-born German actor (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Anthony\n        Prusinski]], American politician (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Theophrastos Sakellaridis]],\n        Greek composer and conductor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Tess\n        Gardella]], Italian-born American actress and dancer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January\n        7]] \\n** [[Monty Banks]], Italian comedian and director (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Alfonso Daniel Rodr\\u00edguez Castelao]], Spanish politician, writer, painter\n        and doctor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Joseph, Duke of Parma]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Schumpeter]], Czech economist and political scientist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[James A. Colescott]], [[Imperial\n        Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Gino\n        Frittelli]], Italian painter (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013 [[Henry\n        H. Arnold]], American five-star general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Ali Moustafa Mosharafa]], Egyptian physicist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] \\u2013 [[Seiichi Hatano]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] \\u2013 [[Horace Rice]], Australian tennis player (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Ray Duggan]], Australian-born English speedway rider (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[George Orwell]], British author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Alan Hale Sr.]], American actor  (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Vasil Kolarov]], Bulgarian Communist politician, former provisional\n        head of State and 33rd [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[January\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], [[Sheikh of Kuwait]] (b.  [[1885]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Ferdinand\n        Schmutzer - Karl Seitz, 1925.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Karl Seitz]]]]\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** Sir [[Lionel Cripps]], Rhodesian politician (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Seitz]], 1st [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Georges Imbert]], Alsatian chemist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\n**\n        [[D. K. Broster]], British historical novelist (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Masao Inoue\n        (actor)|Masao Inoue]], Japanese actor and director (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[William\n        Murphy (Bishop of Saginaw)|William Murphy]], American [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman,\n        bishop and reverend (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Abdul Qadir (Muslim\n        leader)|Abdul Qadir]], Indian editor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Franz Justus Rarkowski]],\n        German [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Marcel Mauss]], French sociologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Kiki Cuyler]], American baseball player ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Bernard Meninsky]], Soviet artist, painter, draughtsman and teacher (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 [[Rafael Sabatini]], Italian writer (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Cecilio Guzm\\u00e1n de Rojas]], Bolivian\n        painter (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Karl Guthe Jansky]], American physicist and radio\n        engineer, father of the [[radio astronomy]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[February 16]]\n        \\n** [[Johannes Hjelmslev]], Danish mathematician (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Mile-a-Minute\n        Murphy]], American cyclist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Gerhard\n        Kowalewski]], German mathematician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Piotr \\u015amieta\\u0144ski]], Polish executioner (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\n** [[Ignatius Arnoz]], Czechoslovakian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and\n        reverend (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[George Minot]], American physician, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Harry Lauder]], British entertainer (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Albert\n        Lebrun 1932 (2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert Lebrun]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        183-R98911, Heinrich Mann.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heinrich Mann]]]]\\n[[File:L%C3%A9on\n        Blum Meurisse b 1927.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leon Blum]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013\n        [[Rosli Dhobi]], famous [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] [[Sarawak]]ian (b. [[1932]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Anthony Holles (actor)|Anthony Holles]], British actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Sid Grauman]], American theatre entrepreneur\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Edgar Lee Masters]], American poet (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Albert Fran\\u00e7ois Lebrun]], French politician, 15th [[President\n        of France]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Harry Redfern]], British architect (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] \\u2013 [[Marguerite De La Motte]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[March 11]] \\n** [[Ralph Freeman (1880\\u20131950)|Ralph Freeman]], British\n        engineer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Heinrich Mann]], German novelist (b. [[1871]])\\n**\n        [[Brock Pemberton]], American theatrical producer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n** [[Alexander Kabiskoy]], Soviet WWII heroine (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Carl\n        Storck]], 3rd President of the [[National Football League]] (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[V\\u00e4in\\u00f6 Kivilinna]], Finnish teacher, activist\n        and politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]],\n        American author (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Norman Haworth]], British chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Alexandru Vaida-Voevod]],\n        Prime Minister of Romania (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[Katherine\n        Grey (actress)|Katherine Grey]], American actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] \\u2013 [[Emmanuel Mounier]], French philosopher (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March\n        24]] \\n** [[James Rudolph Garfield]], American politician (b. [[1865]])\\n**\n        [[Harold Laski]], British political theorist and economist (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] \\n** [[Frank Buck (animal collector)|Frank Buck]], American animal\n        collector (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Frances Micklethwait]], British chemist (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[L\\u00e9on Blum]], French statesman and 2-time\n        [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Joe Yule]], British entertainer;\n        father of [[Mickey Rooney]] (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Mehmet Recep\n        Bey Peker.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Recep Peker]]]]\\n[[File:GA Franciscus Janssens\n        02.jpg|thumb|110px|Reverend [[Franciscus Janssens]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013\n        [[F. O. Matthiessen]], American historian and literary critic (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]] \\u2013 [[Recep Peker]], Turkish officer and politician, 6th [[Prime\n        Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Weill]], German-born\n        composer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Charles Binaggio]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Walter Huston]], Canadian-born\n        American actor  (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\u2013 [[Vaslav Nijinsky]], Soviet\n        ballet dancer and choreographer  (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 10]] \\n** [[Fevzi\n        \\u00c7akmak]], Turkish military officer and statesman, [[Prime Minister of\n        Turkey]] (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Alfred Fischer (architect)|Alfred Fischer]],\n        German architect (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Bainbridge Colby]],\n        United States Secretary of State  (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Saleh\n        al-Ali]], Syrian revolt leader (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[James Morrison (bishop)|James\n        Morrison]], Canadian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1861]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Henry J. Knauf]], American politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Filipkowski]], Polish military commander\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 23]] \\n** [[Gemma Bellincioni]], Italian soprano\n        (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Franciscus Janssens]], Dutch [[Roman Catholic]] abbot\n        and reverend (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[G. Murray Hulbert]], American\n        politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Hobart Cavanaugh]], American\n        character actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Karel Ko\\u017eeluh]], Czech tennis player\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013 [[Francesco Jovine]], Italian writer\n        and author (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85\n        %D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE (%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%9B).jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Gavrilo\n        V, Serbian Patriarch]]]]\\n[[File:Mario&isidoro.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Blessed\n        [[Isidore Ngei Ko Lat]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Lothrop Stoddard]], American\n        eugenicist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[V\\u00edctor Manuel Rom\\u00e1n\n        y Reyes]], Nicaraguan politician, 23rd [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Gavrilo V, Serbian Patriarch]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 9]]\n        \\n** [[Harry Stubbs (actor)|Harry Stubbs]], British-born American actor (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n** [[Esteban Terradas i Illa]], Andorran mathematician, scientist,\n        and engineer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 [[Belle da Costa Greene]],\n        American librarian, bibliographer, and archivist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cedric Holland]], British admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n**\n        [[Giuseppe Garibaldi II]], Italian soldier, patriot and revolutionary, grandson\n        of Italian patriot [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Giuseppina Suriano]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] nun and blessed (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013\n        [[John Gould Fletcher]], American poet (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Andrew\n        McDonald (bishop)|Andrew McDonald]], British [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman,\n        bishop and reverend (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Alfonso Qui\\u00f1\\u00f3nez Molina]],\n        27th [[President of El Salvador]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\n** [[Isidore\n        Ngei Ko Lat]], Burmese catechist, [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and blessed\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Peter Petrovich Troyanskii]], Soviet\n        educator and scholar (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell]],\n        British field marshal (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Nicolae Ciuperc\\u0103]],\n        Romanian general (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Stanis\\u0142aw K\\u0119trzy\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish historian and diplomat (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Vicente\n        Sotto]], Filipino politician (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kazys Grinius.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kazys\n        Grinius]]]]\\n[[File:Melitta Bentz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melitta Bentz]]]]\\n* [[June\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Tajuddin]], [[Sultan of Brunei]] (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[June\n        4]]\\n** [[Carmen Baroja]], Spanish writer and ethnologist (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[George Cecil Ives]], German-born British poet, writer, penal reformer and\n        early [[gay rights|gay-rights]] campaigner (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Kazys Grinius]],\n        3rd [[President of Lithuania]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[Mikl\\u00f3s\n        B\\u00e1nffy]], Hungarian nobleman, politician and novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[William Wadsworth (actor)|William Wadsworth]], American\n        actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[Denis Auguste Duch\\u00eane]], French\n        general (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto]], Japanese\n        autobiographer and novelist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Jane Cowl]],\n        American actress  (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Darwan Singh Negi]],\n        Indian VC recipient (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Antonina Nezhdanova]],\n        Soviet soprano (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Z\\u00e1vi\\u0161 Kalandra]],\n        Czechoslovak historian and theorist (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Theophilus Pashkovsky]],\n        [[Orthodox Church in America|American Orthodox]] archbishop and metropolitan\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\u2013 Archbishop [[Makarios II]] (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] \\u2013 [[Melitta Bentz]], German entrepreneur, who invented the\n        coffee filter in 1908 (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Nedosinska.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antonie\n        Nedo\\u0161insk\\u00e1]]]]\\n[[File:WLMackenzieKing.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William\n        Lyon Mackenzie King]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013 [[Eliel Saarinen]], Finnish architect\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Salvatore Giuliano]], Italian bandit\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Fats Navarro]], American jazz trumpet\n        player  (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Helen Holmes]], American actress\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[Richard Maury]], American naturalized\n        Argentine engineer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 11]] \\u2013 [[Buddy DeSylva]],\n        American songwriter  (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Elsie de Wolfe]],\n        American socialite and interior decorator (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[July 17]] \\n**\n        [[Evangeline Booth]], General of The Salvation Army (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Antonie\n        Nedo\\u0161insk\\u00e1]], Czechoslovakian actress (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 21]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rex Ingram (director)|Rex Ingram]], American director (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], Canadian political leader,\n        10th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 [[Marta\n        Steinsvik]], Norwegian author (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Kevin\n        Budden]], amateur Australian herpetologist (b. [[1930]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Tadeusz\n        Tomaszewski, cz%C5%82onek Trybuna%C5%82u Stanu.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Tadeusz Tomaszewski\n        (Prime Minister)|Tadeusz Tomaszewski]]]]\\n[[File:Alessandri Ulk (1932).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arturo\n        Alessandri]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Pierre-\\u00c9mile C\\u00f4t\\u00e9]],\n        Canadian politician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Francisco Jos\\u00e9\n        Urrutia Olano]], Colombian diplomat and jurist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[August 8]]\n        \\u2013 [[Nikolai Myaskovsky]], Soviet composer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tadeusz Tomaszewski (Prime Minister)|Tadeusz Tomaszewski]], 34th\n        [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 19]] \\n** [[Black Elk]],\n        Wi\\u010dh\\u00e1\\u0161a Wak\\u021f\\u00e1\\u014b (Medicine Man or Holy Man) of\n        the Ogala Teton Lakota (Western Sioux) (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Giovanni Giorgi]],\n        Italian physicist and engineer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August 22]] \\u2013 [[Kirk\n        Bryan (geologist)|Kirk Bryan]], American geologist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Frank Phillips (oil industrialist)|Frank Phillips]], American\n        oil executive (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Arturo Alessandri]], Chilean\n        political figure and reformer, 2-time [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1868]])\\n**\n        [[Vasily Gordov]], Soviet military officer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Grassi (politician)|Giuseppe Grassi]], Italian politician\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Giuseppe De Luca]], Italian baritone\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Ransom E. Olds]], American automotive pioneer (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Cesare Pavese]], Italian poet and novelist (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jan\n        Smuts 1947.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jan Smuts]]]]\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Max Davidson]],\n        German actor (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Pieter Franciscus Dierckx]], Belgian painter\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Olaf Stapledon]], British author\n        and philosopher (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Raymond Sommer]],\n        American race car driver (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Rudolph Palm]],\n        [[Cura\\u00e7ao]] born composer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Jan Smuts]], 2nd [[Prime\n        Minister of South Africa]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Sara\n        Allgood]], Irish actress  (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 15]] \\n** [[Maraimalai\n        Adigal]], Indian orator and writer (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Baldomero L\\u00f3pez]],\n        American heroine of [[Korean War]] (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[September 16]] \\n**\n        [[Frederick Bennett (bishop)|Frederick Bennett]], New Zealander [[Anglican]]\n        bishop and reverend (b.  [[1871]])\\n** [[Pedro de Cordoba]], American actor  (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Edward Arthur Milne]], British astrophysicist\n        and mathematician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[George Carleton\n        (actor)|George Carlton]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Kenneth Muir\n        (VC)|Kenneth Muir]], British soldier and posthumous winner of the [[Victoria\n        Cross]]  (b.[[1912]])\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Alfr\\u00e9d Meissner]],\n        Czechoslovak politician and Holocaust survivor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Prince Hubertus of Prussia]] (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Antonio\n        Maria da Silva.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ant\\u00f3nio Maria da Silva]]]]\\n[[File:Miguel\n        Mariano Gomez (contrast enhanced).tif|thumb|110px|[[Miguel Mariano G\\u00f3mez]]]]\\n[[File:Gustaf\n        V f%C3%A4rgfoto.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]]]]\\n* [[October\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Mikhail Rodionov]], Soviet statesman, [[Leader of the Soviet\n        Union]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[John F. Fitzgerald]], American\n        politician, Mayor of Boston (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Thomas\n        Addis Emmet (bishop)|Thomas Addis Emmet]], American-born Jamaican [[Roman\n        Catholic]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Nicolai\n        Hartmann]], German philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Pauline\n        Lord]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Ernest Haycox]],\n        American writer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 14]] \\u2013 [[Ant\\u00f3nio Maria\n        da Silva]], Portuguese politician, Interim and 3-time [[Prime Minister of\n        Portugal]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\u2013 [[Giuseppe Borgatti]], Italian\n        tenor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Charles Ballantyne]], Canadian\n        politician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Edna St. Vincent Millay]], American poet (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Viktor Strazhev]], Soviet bibliographer, translator, poet\n        and literary critic (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Henry L. Stimson]],\n        [[United States Secretary of State]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 23]] \\u2013\n        [[Al Jolson]], American musician and actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[Yi Kwang-su]], Korean writer and activist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Miguel Mariano G\\u00f3mez]], Cuban politician, 7th [[President\n        of Cuba]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Maurice Costello]], American\n        actor (b. [[1877]])\\n** King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]] (b. [[1856]])\\n** [[Lucien\n        Martin]], Canadian violinist, conductor and composer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[October\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Raimundo D\\u00edaz Pacheco]], Puerto Rican activist (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Giacomo Gorrini]], Italian diplomat (b. [[1859]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Bernard-Shaw-ILN-1911-original.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Bernard Shaw]]]]\\n[[File:Kuniaki_koiso.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kuniaki Koiso]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[George Bernard Shaw]], Irish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[November 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Kuniaki Koiso]], Japanese general, 41st [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Grover Cleveland Alexander]], American baseball\n        player ([[Philadelphia Phillies]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Francisca Herrera Garrido]], Spanish writer (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[Bernice Herstein]], American socialite (b. [[1918]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] \\u2013 [[Attilio Andreoli]], Italian painter (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]]\\n** [[Alexandros Diomidis]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n** [[L\\u00facio Alberto Pinheiro dos Santos]], Portuguese philosopher\n        and teacher (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Julia Marlowe]], American\n        stage actress (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 [[Bob Smith (doctor)|Bob\n        Smith]], American doctor, physician and surgeon (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        23]] \\u2013 [[Abdul Hamid Karami]], Lebanese political figure and religious\n        leader, 16th [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Johannes V. Jensen]], Danish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Gustaf John Ramstedt]], Finnish-born Swedish\n        linguist and diplomat (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\u2013 [[T. Sathasiva\n        Iyer]], [[Ceylon Tamil]] scholar and a writer in [[Tamil language]] (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[James Corbitt]], British murderer ([[hanged]]) (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Walter Beech]], American pioneering aviator\n        and aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Ma Zhanshan]], Chinese general\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Werner Haase]], Hitler''s personal\n        physician (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Peter Fraser.png|thumb|110px|[[Peter\n        Fraser (New Zealand politician)|Peter Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:Enrico Mizzi.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Enrico\n        Mizzi]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Renner 1905.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Karl Renner]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Dinu Lipatti]], Romanian pianist (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[December\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Jesse L. Brown]], American aviator in the United States Navy\n        (killed in action) (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013 [[Sri Aurobindo]],\n        Indian guru (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Leslie Comrie]], New Zealand astronomer and computing\n        pioneer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Luigi Biancheri]], Italian\n        admiral (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Peter Fraser (New Zealand politician)|Peter Fraser]],\n        New Zealand political figure, 24th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]], leader\n        of [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 Sardar [[Vallabhbhai\n        Patel]], Indian political leader (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Enrico\n        Mizzi]], Maltese politician, 6th [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] \\n** [[Francisco Lomuto]], Argentine pianist and composer\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Walton Walker]], American general (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Xavier Villaurrutia]], Mexican poet and playwright (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Max Beckmann]], German painter (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Mihail Manoilescu]], Romanian journalist, engineer, economist,\n        politician and memoirist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Karl Renner]],\n        Austrian Social Democrat politician and 4th [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown===\\n* [[Laura Anning Bell]], British artist (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cecil Frank Powell]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013\n        [[Otto Paul Hermann Diels]], [[Kurt Alder]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Edward Calvin Kendall]], [[Tadeusz Reichstein]],\n        [[Philip Showalter Hench]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013\n        [[Bertrand Russell|Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Ralph Bunche]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1950}}\\n[[Category:1950|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T19:16:56Z\",\"lastrevid\":799772794,\"length\":67973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1950&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950\"},\"34602\":{\"pageid\":34602,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1951\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T20:10:39Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1951}}\\n{{Year nav|1951}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1951}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – First week as No. 1 single on ''''[[Billboard charts|Billboard]]''''\n        and ''''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]]'''' [[Record chart|chart]]s in the\n        United States of [[Patti Page]] hit song \\\"[[Tennessee Waltz]]\\\".\\n* [[January\n        4]] – [[Korean War]]: [[Third Battle of Seoul]]: Chinese and [[North\n        Korea]]n forces capture [[Seoul]] for the second time (they had lost Seoul\n        in the [[Second Battle of Seoul]] in September 1950).\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        The Government of the United Kingdom announces abandonment of the [[Tanganyika\n        groundnut scheme]] for the cultivation of [[peanut]]s in the [[Tanganyika\n        Territory]] with the writing off of \\u00a336.5M debt.{{cite news|work=[[The\n        Times]]|location=London|date=10 January 1951|page=6|issue=51895|title=Groundnuts\n        Plan Modified}}\\n* [[January 15]] – In a court in West Germany,\n        [[Ilse Koch]], The \\\"Witch of Buchenwald\\\", wife of the [[commandant]] of\n        the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]], is sentenced to life imprisonment.\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Avalanche]]s in the [[Alps]] kill 240 and bury 45,000\n        for a time in Switzerland, Austria and Italy.\\n* [[January 25]] – Dutch\n        author [[Anne de Vries]] releases the first volume of her novel ''''[[Journey\n        Through the Night]]'''' (''''Reis door de nacht'''') set during World War\n        II.\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Nuclear test]]ing at the [[Nevada Test Site]]\n        begins with a 1-[[kiloton]] bomb dropped on [[Frenchman Flat]], northwest\n        of [[Las Vegas]].\\n* [[January 31]] – The United States'' last narrow\n        gauge passenger train the \\\"[[San Juan Express]]\\\" ends service.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        February – [[Convention People''s Party]] wins national elections in\n        [[Gold Coast (British colony)]].\\n* [[February 1]] – The [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] declares that China is an aggressor in the Korean War in\n        United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498.\\n* [[February 4]]–[[February\n        8]] – Surgeons remove an [[ovarian cyst]] from Gertrude Levandowski\n        in a 96-hour long operation in Chicago. She loses almost half of her weight\n        and emerges weighing 140 kg.{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/tag/gertrude-levandowski|title=This\n        Day in Tech History Wired, February 4, 2010|publisher=Wired.com|date=1951-02-04|accessdate=2013-04-15}}\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – A [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] passenger train derails\n        near [[Woodbridge Township, New Jersey]], killing 85 people and injuring over\n        500, in one of the worst rail disasters in American history.\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Muhammad Reza Shah]] marries [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – Start of the [[1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute]],\n        which lasts for 151 days.\\n* [[February 19]] – Jean Lee becomes the\n        last woman hanged in Australia, when Lee and her 2 [[pimp]]s are hanged for\n        the murder and torture of a 73-year-old bookmaker.\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        The [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution]], limiting\n        [[President of the United States|Presidents]] to two terms, is ratified.\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg NYWTS.jpg|thumb|200px|right| [[March 29]]: The [[Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg|Rosenbergs sentenced to death]].]]\\n[[File:UNIVAC 1 demo.jpg|thumb|200px|right|\n        [[March 31]]: Remington Rand delivers the first [[UNIVAC I]] computer.]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – The first [[NBA All-Star Game]] of basketball is played\n        in the [[Boston Garden]].\\n* March 3 or 5 – [[Jackie Brenston]] \\\"and\n        His Delta Cats\\\" (actually [[Ike Turner]]''s [[Kings of Rhythm]]) record \\\"[[Rocket\n        88]]\\\" at [[Sam Phillips]]'' [[Sun Studio]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], a candidate\n        for [[Origins of rock and roll#Views on the first rock and roll record|the\n        first rock and roll record]] (released in April). It is covered on June 14\n        by [[Bill Haley & His Comets|Bill Haley and His Saddlemen]].\\n* [[March 6]]\n        – The trial of [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] for conspiracy to commit\n        espionage begins in the United States.\\n* [[March 9]] – United Artists\n        releases sci-fi film ''''[[The Man from Planet X]]'''' in the United States.\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – Hank Ketcham''s best-selling [[comic strip]] ''''[[Dennis\n        the Menace (U.S. comics)|Dennis the Menace]]'''' appears in [[newspaper]]s\n        across the United States for the first time.\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Korean\n        War]]: For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul during [[Operation\n        Ripper]].\\n** West Germany joins [[UNESCO]].\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Second\n        Red Scare]]: [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] are convicted of [[Conspiracy\n        (criminal)|conspiracy]] to commit [[espionage]]. On [[April 5]] they are sentenced\n        to receive the death penalty.\\n** [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[The\n        King and I]]'''' opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and runs for three\n        years. It is the first of their musicals specifically written for an actress\n        ([[Gertrude Lawrence]]). Lawrence is stricken with [[cancer]] during the run\n        of the show and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes\n        a star of [[Yul Brynner]].\\n** The [[23rd Academy Awards]] ceremony is held;\n        ''''[[All About Eve]]'''' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]\n        award and four others.\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Remington Rand]] delivers\n        the first [[UNIVAC I]] computer to the [[United States Census Bureau]].\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 5]]–[[April 13|13]] – The most complete recording of [[George\n        Gershwin]]''s opera ''''[[Porgy and Bess (1951 album)|Porgy and Bess]]''''\n        up to \\n* [[April 11]]\\n** U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] relieves General\n        [[Douglas MacArthur]] of his Far Eastern commands.\\n** After its removal from\n        [[Westminster Abbey]] on [[Christmas Day]], [[1950]], the [[Stone of Scone]]\n        resurfaces on the altar of [[Arbroath Abbey]].\\n* [[April 18]] – The\n        [[Treaty of Paris (1951)]] is adopted, establishing the [[European Coal and\n        Steel Community]].\\n* [[April 21]] – The [[National Olympic Committee]]\n        of the [[Soviet Union]] is formed. The USSR first participates in the Olympic\n        Games at [[Helsinki]], Finland, in 1952.\\n* [[April 24]] – In [[Yokohama]],\n        Japan, a fire on a [[train]] kills more than 100.\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Robert Menzies]]'' [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] government\n        in Australia is re-elected for a second term.\\n* [[April 29]] – [[RKO]]\n        releases the [[Howard Hawks]] sci-fi film, ''''[[The Thing (From Another World)]]''''.\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – The [[opera house]] of [[Geneva]], Switzerland is almost\n        destroyed in a fire.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** King [[George VI]] opens London''s [[Royal\n        Festival Hall]] as a patron.\\n** The [[Festival of Britain]] opens.\\n** The\n        [[U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services]] and [[U.S. Senate Committee on\n        Foreign Relations]] begins its closed door hearings into the dismissal of\n        General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.\\n* [[May 9]] –\n        [[Operation Greenhouse]]: The first [[thermonuclear]] weapon is tested on\n        [[Enewetok]] Atoll in the [[Marshall Islands]], by the United States.\\n* [[May\n        14]] – The first volunteer-run passenger trains run on [[Talyllyn Railway]],\n        Wales.\\n* [[May 15]] – A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Bolivia]].\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – The [[9th Street Art Exhibition]], otherwise known as the\n        Ninth Street Show, a gathering of a number of notable artists, marks the stepping-out\n        of the post war New York [[avant-garde]], collectively known as the [[New\n        York School (art)|New York School]].\\n* [[May 23]] – The [[Tibet (1912\\u201351)|Tibetan\n        government]] signs the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation\n        of Tibet]] with the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[May 25]] – The\n        first atomic bomb \\\"boosted\\\" by the inclusion of thermonuclear materials,\n        is tested in the \\\"Item\\\" test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands by\n        the United States.\\n* [[May 28]] – ''''[[The Goon Show]]'''' is first\n        broadcast on [[BBC Home Service]] in the U.K.; the first series was entitled\n        \\\"Crazy People\\\".\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Foley Square trial]]\n        concludes review in [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as [[Dennis v. United States]],\n        with a ruling against the defendants (overturned by [[Yates v. United States]]\n        in 1957)\\n* [[June 14]] – [[UNIVAC I]] is dedicated by the U.S. Census\n        Bureau.{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/06/14/computing.anniversary/\n        | work=CNN | title=50th anniversary of the UNIVAC I | accessdate=April 20,\n        2010 | date=June 14, 2001}}\\n* [[June 15]]–[[July 1]]– In\n        [[New Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]\n        and [[British Columbia]], thousands of acres of forests are destroyed in fires.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Colombo Plan]] operations commence.\\n** [[Judy Garland]]\n        opens the first of 14 concerts in [[Dublin]], Ireland at the [[Theatre Royal,\n        Dublin|Theatre Royal]].\\n* [[July 5]] – [[William Shockley]], [[John\n        Bardeen]] and [[Walter Brattain]] announce the invention of the junction [[transistor]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** Korean War: [[Armistice]] negotiations begin at [[Kaesong]].\\n**\n        A formal peace agreement between [[Canada]] and [[Germany]] is signed.\\n*\n        [[July 13]]\\n** The [[Great Flood of 1951]] reaches its highest point in northeast\n        [[Kansas]], culminating in the greatest flood damage to date in the [[Midwestern\n        United States]].\\n** [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]''s [[Technicolor]] film version\n        of ''''[[Show Boat]]'''', starring [[Kathryn Grayson]], [[Ava Gardner]] and\n        [[Howard Keel]], premieres at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City.\n        The musical brings overnight fame to bass-baritone [[William Warfield]] (who\n        sings ''''[[Ol'' Man River]]'''' in the film).\\n* [[July 14]] – In [[Joplin,\n        Missouri]], the [[George Washington Carver National Monument]] becomes the\n        first [[United States National Monument]] to honor an [[African American]].\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] abdicates in favour of\n        his son [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]].\\n* [[July 17]] – Baudouin\n        takes the oath as king of Belgium.\\n* [[July 20]] – King [[Abdullah\n        I of Jordan]] is assassinated by a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] while\n        attending Friday prayers in [[Jerusalem]]. He is succeeded by his son, King\n        [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]].\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Walt Disney]]''s 13th\n        animated film, ''''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'''',\n        premieres in London, United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 30]] – [[David Lean]]''s\n        film of ''''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'''' is finally shown\n        in the United States, after 10 minutes of supposedly [[anti-Semitic]] references\n        and closeups of [[Alec Guinness]] as [[Fagin]] are cut. It will not be shown\n        uncut in the U.S. until [[1970]].\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 11]] –\n        [[Ren\\u00e9 Pleven]] becomes Prime Minister of France.\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        [[J. D. Salinger]]''s [[coming-of-age story]] ''''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]''''\n        is first published in the United States.\\n* [[August 31]] – The first\n        [[Volkswagen Beetle]] rolls off the plant in [[Uitenhage]], South Africa.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign\n        a mutual defense pact, called the [[ANZUS Treaty]].\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        The American [[soap opera]] ''''[[Search for Tomorrow]]'''' debuts on [[CBS]].\\n*\n        [[September 8]]\\n** [[Treaty of San Francisco]]: In [[San Francisco]], 48\n        representatives out of 51 attending sign a [[peace treaty]] with Japan to\n        formally end the [[Pacific War]]; the delegations of the [[Soviet Union]],\n        [[Poland]] and [[Czechoslovakia]] do not sign the treaty instead favoring\n        separate treaties.\\n** [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between\n        the United States and Japan|Japan-U.S. Security Treaty]], which allows [[United\n        States Forces Japan|United States Armed Forces]] being stationed in Japan\n        after the [[occupation of Japan]], is signed by Japan and the United States.\\n*\n        [[September 9]] – Chinese communist forces move into Lhasa, the capital\n        of Tibet.\\n* [[September 10]] – The United Kingdom begins an economic\n        boycott of [[Iran]].\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Elia Kazan]]''s adaptation\n        of the [[Tennessee Williams]] play ''''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A\n        Streetcar Named Desire]]'''' premieres, becoming a critical and box-office\n        smash.\\n* [[September 20]] – [[NATO]] accepts Greece and Turkey as members.\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[MGM]] releases the musical ''''[[Show Boat (1951\n        film)|Show Boat]]''''. \\n* [[September 26]]–[[September 28]] –\n        A blue sun is seen over Europe: the effect is due to ash coming from the Canadian\n        forest fires 4 months previously.\\n* [[September 28]] – 20th Century\n        Fox releases the [[Robert Wise]] science fiction film, ''''[[The Day the Earth\n        Stood Still]]''''.\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Charlotte Whitton]] becomes\n        mayor of [[Ottawa]] and Canada''s first woman mayor of a major city.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – \\\"[[Shot Heard ''Round the World (baseball)]]\\\": One\n        of the greatest moments in Major League Baseball history occurs when the New\n        York Giants'' Bobby Thomson hits a game-winning home run in the bottom of\n        the 9th inning off of Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca, to win the National\n        League pennant after being down 14 games.\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[MGM]]''s\n        Technicolor musical film, ''''[[An American in Paris (film)|An American in\n        Paris]]'''', starring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron, premieres in New York.\n        It was directed by Vincente Minnelli. It would go on to win 6 [[Academy Awards]],\n        including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n** [[Shoppers\n        World (Framingham, Massachusetts)|Shoppers World]] (one of the first shopping\n        malls in the U.S.) opens in [[Framingham, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[October 6]]\n        – [[Malayan Emergency]]: [[Communist]] insurgents kill British commander\n        Sir [[Henry Gurney]].\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Organization of Central\n        American States]] (''''Organizaci\\u00f3n de Estados Centroamericanos'''',\n        ODECA) formed.\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Norethisterone]], the [[progestin]]\n        used in the [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], is synthesized by [[Luis\n        E. Miramontes]] in Mexico.\\n** ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' makes its television\n        debut on [[CBS]] in the United States.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Judy Garland]]\n        begins a series of concerts in New York''s [[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace\n        Theatre]].\\n** Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] of Pakistan is assassinated.\\n**\n        [[East China Normal University]] is founded in Shanghai, China.\\n* [[October\n        17]] – [[CBS]]''s Eye logo premieres on American television.\\n* [[October\n        19]] – The state of war between the United States and [[Germany]] is\n        officially ended.\\n* [[October 20]] – The [[Johnny Bright incident]]\n        occurs in [[Stillwater, Oklahoma]].\\n* [[October 21]] – A storm in southern\n        Italy kills over 100.\\n* [[October 24]] – U.S. President Harry Truman\n        declares an official end to war with Germany.\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Winston\n        Churchill]] is re-elected [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (a month\n        before his 77th birthday) in a [[United Kingdom general election, 1951|general\n        election]] which sees the defeat of [[Clement Attlee]]''s [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]\n        government after six years in power.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_3687000/3687425.stm\n        |work=[[BBC News]] |title=1951: Churchill wins general election |date=1951-10-26\n        |accessdate=2010-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029105110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_3687000/3687425.stm\n        |archivedate=October 29, 2010 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}\\n* [[October 27]]\n        – [[Farouk of Egypt]] declares himself king of [[Sudan]], with no support.\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – The town of [[Carnation, Washington|Carnation, Washington,\n        USA]] changes its name back to Carnation, after being named Tolt since [[May\n        1928#May 3.2C 1928 .28Thursday.29|May 1928]].\\n* [[October 31]] – The\n        film ''''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'''', starring [[Alastair Sim]], opens\n        in England.\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]] – The first military\n        exercises for [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], with infantry troops included,\n        are held in the [[Nevada]] desert.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Direct distance\n        dialing|Direct dial]] coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United\n        States.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]] is re-elected president\n        of [[Argentina]].\\n** Monogram Pictures releases sci-fi film ''''[[Flight\n        to Mars (film)|Flight to Mars]]'''' in the United States.\\n* [[November 12]]\n        – The [[National Ballet of Canada]] performs for the first time in [[Eaton\n        Auditorium]], Toronto.\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[Po (river)]] floods\n        in northern Italy.\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Paramount Pictures]] releases\n        [[George Pal]] science fiction film ''''[[When Worlds Collide (1951 film)|When\n        Worlds Collide]]'''' in the United States.\\n* [[November 24]] – The\n        [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] play ''''[[Gigi]]'''' opens, starring [[Audrey\n        Hepburn]] as the lead character.\\n* [[November 28]] – The U.K. film\n        ''''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'''', starring [[Alastair Sim]], premieres\n        in the United States under the title of [[Charles Dickens]]''s original novel,\n        ''''[[A Christmas Carol]]''''.\\n* [[November 29]] – [[LEO (computer)]]\n        runs the worlds first commercial computer program, Bakery Valuations, for\n        [[J. Lyons and Co.]]''s tea shops in the U.K.\\n\\n===December===\\n* c. December\n        – The [[Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies|Institute\n        of War and Peace Studies]] is established by [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] at [[Columbia\n        University]] in New York (of which he is [[List of Presidents of Columbia\n        University|President]]) with [[William T. R. Fox]] as first director.{{cite\n        news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20A1EFB3F5F157A93C2A81789D95F458585F9|title=Columbia\n        Founds War-Peace Study|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 December 1951}}\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – The [[Lebanese University]] is founded in [[Lebanon]].\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement\n        of Migrants from Europe.\\n* [[December 6]] – A [[state of emergency]]\n        is declared in [[Egypt]] due to increasing riots.\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        A water storage tank collapses in [[Tucumcari, New Mexico]], resulting in\n        4 deaths and 200 buildings destroyed.\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Salar Jung\n        Museum]] is opened to the public by [[Prime Minister]] of India [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]].\\n* [[December 17]] – \\\"[[We Charge Genocide]]\\\", a petition\n        describing [[genocide]] against [[African American]]s, is delivered to the\n        United Nations.\\n* [[December 20]]\\n** [[Experimental Breeder Reactor I]]\n        (EBR-1), the world''s first (experimental) [[nuclear power plant]], opens\n        in [[Idaho]].\\n** A chartered [[Curtiss C-46 Commando]] crash-lands in [[Cobourg]],\n        [[Ontario]] Canada; all on board survive.\\n** The [[World Meteorological Organization]]\n        becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 22]]\n        – The [[Selangor Labour Party]] is founded in [[Selangor]], [[Federation\n        of Malaya|Malaya]].\\n* [[December 23]] – [[John Huston]]''s drama film\n        ''''[[The African Queen (film)|The African Queen]]'''', starring [[Humphrey\n        Bogart]] and [[Katharine Hepburn]], premieres in Hollywood.\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Libya]] becomes independent from Italy.\\n** [[Gian Carlo Menotti]]''s\n        45-minute opera, ''''[[Amahl and the Night Visitors]]'''', premieres live\n        on [[NBC]] in the United States, becoming the first opera written especially\n        for television.\\n* [[December 31]] – The [[Marshall Plan]] expires after\n        distributing more than $13.3 billion US in [[foreign aid]] to rebuild\n        Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars.html\n        |title=Key Dates for the Marshall Plan |work=For European Recovery: The Fiftieth\n        Anniversary of the Marshall Plan |publisher=The Library of Congress |location=Washington,\n        D.C. |date=2005-07-11 |accessdate=2009-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013025310/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars.html\n        |archivedate=October 13, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\n===Unknown dates===\\n*\n        A fourth and final [[forest fire]] starts in the [[Tillamook Burn]], Oregon;\n        but unlike earlier fires this one burns only {{convert|32700|acre|km2}}, and\n        within an area already affected by the earlier fires.\\n* A [[International\n        Auxiliary Language Association|research team]] publishes the ''''Interlingua\\u2013English\n        Dictionary''''. \\n* [[IBM]] (United Kingdom) is formed.\\n* In [[Munich]],\n        Germany, a collection of mementos and personal papers belonging to [[Adolf\n        Hitler]] are turned over to [[Bayerische Landesbank]] for authentication and\n        eventual sale.  Among the documents are his ''''appointment as Chancellor''''\n        signed by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], his ''''Austrian [[passport]]'''',\n        as well as an assortment of [[swastika]] insignia pins and medals. An initial\n        offer of $200,000.00 is made for the collection.\\\"Year\n        by Year 1951\\\". [[History Channel International]].\\n* An 18-year-old\n        sailor is fined for kissing in public in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. The lawcourt\n        calls his actions \\\"obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals.\\\"\\n* The United States becomes [[malaria]]-free (excluding\n        territories and possessions){{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/25/health/scientists-eliminate-malaria/index.html?hpt=hp_c5|title=Scientists\n        race to eliminate malaria as ''wonder drug'' loses its powers|author=[[Ed\n        Yong]], Special to CNN|date=March 25, 2014|work=CNN}}{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/13694-devastating-infectious-diseases-smallpox-plague.html|title=7\n        Devastating Infectious Diseases|work=LiveScience.com}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Kenny_Anthony,_Sta._Luc%C3%ADa.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenny\n        Anthony]]]]\\n[[File:KirstieAlley1994.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kirstie Alley]]]]\\n[[File:1\n        collins.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil Collins]]]]\\n[[File:Dave Benton.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dave\n        Benton]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Ashfaq Hussain]], Urdu poet\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Waldir Peres]], Brazilian footballer\\n** [[Jan Fischer (politician)|Jan\n        Fischer]], 8th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        [[Steve Arnold (footballer, born 1951)|Steve Arnold]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Kim Wilson]], American singer and harmonica player\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Kenny Anthony]], Lucian politician, 2-time [[Prime Minister\n        of Saint Lucia]]\\n** [[John McTiernan]], American director, producer and writer\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Andy Qunta]], English singer-songwriter, composer,\n        and musician\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Kirstie Alley]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Rush Limbaugh]], American conservative radio personality\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Biff Byford]], English rock singer ([[Saxon (band)|Saxon]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Ian Hill]], English rock bassist ([[Judas Priest]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] – [[Steve Prefontaine]], American runner (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Phil Collins]], British rock musician, producer and was lead\n        singer of [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Dave Benton]],\n        Aruban-American singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        2001|2001]] winner \\n** [[Harry Wayne Casey]], American musician, songwriter\n        and producer\\n** [[Phil Manzanera]], British rock musician\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Blaise\n        Compaor%C3%A9.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Blaise Compaore]]]]\\n[[File:Gordon Brown\n        official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gordon Brown]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Albert\n        Salvad\\u00f3]], Andorran writer\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Blaise Compaor\\u00e9]],\n        3rd [[President of Burkina Faso]] (1987-[[2014 Burkinabe uprising|2014]])\\n**\n        [[Felipe Mu\\u00f1oz]], Mexican swimmer\\n** [[Eugenijus Riabovas]], Lithuanian\n        football manager\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Ry\\u016bsei Nakao]], Japanese\n        actor, singer and voice actor\\n* [[February 13]] – [[David Naughton]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Kevin Keegan]], English footballer\n        and football manager\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Melissa Manchester]], American\n        pop singer\\n** [[Jane Seymour (actress)|Jane Seymour]], English actress\\n*\n        [[February 16]]\\n** [[Mike Flanagan (baseball)|Mike Flanagan]], American baseball\n        pitcher\\n** [[William Katt]], American film and television actor\\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri]], Pakistani Islamic Sufi scholar and\n        leader\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Edward Albert]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Gordon Brown]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Ellen Greene]], American actress\\n* [[February 23]] –\n        [[Patricia Richardson]], American actress\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Debra\n        Jo Rupp]], American actress\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Don Quarrie]], Jamaican\n        sprinter\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Steve Harley]], British rock musician\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Chris\n        Rea 01 AB.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris Rea]]]]\\n[[File:Kurt Russell by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kurt\n        Russell]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Sergei Kourdakov]], KGB agent\\n** [[Mike\n        Read]], British television presenter and radio disc jockey\\n* [[March 3]]\n        – [[Heiz\\u014d Takenaka]], Japanese economist\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Edelgard\n        Bulmahn]], German politician\\n** [[Kenny Dalglish]], Scottish footballer and\n        football manager\\n** [[Mike Quarry]], American light-heavyweight boxer (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Chris Rea]], British singer and musician\\n** [[Gwen Welles]],\n        American actress (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Linda Yamamoto]], Japanese pop star\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Gerrie Knetemann]], Dutch cyclist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Karen Kain]], Canadian ballerina\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Susan\n        Musgrave]], Canadian poet and children''s writer\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Charo]],\n        Spanish-American singer and entertainer\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Jerry Greenfield]],\n        American co-founder of ''''[[Ben & Jerry''s]]'''' ice cream\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – [[Kurt Russell]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Ben Cohen\n        (businessman)|Ben Cohen]], American co-founder of ''''[[Ben & Jerry''s]]''''\n        ice cream\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Fred Berry]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[Tommy Hilfiger]], American fashion designer\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Carl Wieman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Wolfgang Niedecken]], German singer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Beatrix\n        Schuba 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Beatrix Schuba|Trixi Schuba]]]]\\n[[File:DaleEarnhardtSunglassesDriversSuit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dale\n        Earnhardt]]]]\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Joe Bowen]], Canadian hockey broadcaster\\n**\n        [[Dean Kamen]], American inventor and entrepreneur\\n** [[Frank Moulaert]],\n        [[Flemish people|Flemish]] scholar\\n** [[Guy Vanderhaeghe]], Canadian author\\n*\n        [[April 6]]\\n** [[Bert Blyleven]], Dutch [[Major League Baseball]] player\\n**\n        [[Rita Raave]], Estonian actress\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Janis Ian]], American\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Geir Haarde]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Iceland]] (2006\\u20132009)\\n** [[Joan Sebastian]], Mexican singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[David Helvarg]], American journalist\n        and activist\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Doris Angleton]], American socialite\n        and murder victim (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Tom Noonan]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Peabo Bryson]], American singer\\n** [[Peter Davison]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Max Weinberg]], American drummer\\n* [[April 14]] –\n        [[Julian Lloyd Webber]], English cellist\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Beatrix\n        Schuba|Trixi Schuba]], Austrian figure skater\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Mordechai\n        Ben David]], American singer\\n** [[Ioan Mihai Cochinescu]], Romanian writer\\n**\n        [[Bj\\u00f6rgvin Halld\\u00f3rsson]], Icelandic singer\\n** [[Pierre Toutain-Dorbec]],\n        French photographer\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Horst Hrubesch]], German football\n        player\\n** [[Olivia Hussey]], Argentine-born actress (''''Romeo and Juliet'''')\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[J\\u00f3annes Eidesgaard]], [[Prime Minister of the\n        Faroe Islands]]\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Louise Jameson]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Luther Vandross]], American R&B/soul musician (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n**\n        [[Tony Danza]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Vladim\\u00edr \\u0160pidla]],\n        4th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Allison\n        Krause]], Kent State University shooting victim (d. [[1970]]).\\n* [[April\n        27]]\\n** [[Ace Frehley]], original guitarist of [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]\\n** [[Freundel\n        Stuart]], 7th Prime Minister of Barbados\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Dale Earnhardt]],\n        American race-car driver ([[Death of Dale Earnhardt|d. 2001]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Joeyramone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joey\n        Ramone]]]]\\n[[File:Karpov, Anatoly (Flickr).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anatoly Karpov]]]]\\n[[File:Antonis\n        Samaras October 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Antonis Samaras]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Christopher Cross]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Jackie\n        Jackson]], American singer\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Antonio Sald\\u00edas]], Chilean\n        historian\\n** [[Samuel Doe]], [[President of Liberia]] (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[May\n        9]]\\n** [[Christopher Dewdney]], Canadian poet\\n** [[Joy Harjo]], Native American\n        poet\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Sharon Sayles Belton]], Mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota\\n**\n        [[Jumbo Tsuruta]], Japanese professional wrestler (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[Yoshifumi Hibako]], Japanese general\\n** [[Jonathan Richman]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Frank Wilczek]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Unsh\\u014d Ishizuka]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Ben Feringa]], Dutch organic chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Al Franken]],\n        American comedian turned politician ([[United States Senator]], D-MN)\\n**\n        [[Joey Ramone]], American rock musician ([[Ramones]]) (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Dick\n        Slater]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Jill E. Barad]],\n        American businessperson\\n** [[Anatoly Karpov]], Russian chess player\\n** [[Antonis\n        Samaras]], Greek economist and politician, 185th [[Prime Minister of Greece]]\\n*\n        [[May 26]]\\n** [[Madeleine Taylor-Quinn]], Irish politician\\n** [[Sally Ride]],\n        American astronaut (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\n** [[Stephen Tobolowsky]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Fernando Lugo]], [[President of Paraguay]]\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jill\n        Biden official portrait 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill Biden]]]]\\n[[File:5.3.10SuzeOrmanByDavidShankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Suze\n        Orman]]]]\\n[[File:Bonnie Tyler, ESC2013 press conference 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bonnie\n        Tyler]]]]\\n[[File:Stellan Skarsg\\u00e5rd 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stellan Skarsg\\u00e5rd]]]]\\n[[File:Tressmacneille.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tress\n        MacNeille]]]]\\n[[File:Mary McAleese.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary McAleese]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Larry Robinson]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[June 3]]\n        – [[Jill Biden]], [[Second Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[June 5]]\n        – [[Suze Orman]], American financial advisor, writer and television\n        personality\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Bonnie Tyler]], Welsh singer\\n* [[June\n        12]]\\n** [[Brad Delp]], American rock vocalist ([[Boston (band)|Boston]])\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Andranik Margaryan]], 14th [[Prime Minister of Armenia]]\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Stellan Skarsg\\u00e5rd]], Swedish actor\\n**\n        [[Richard Thomas (actor)|Richard Thomas]], American actor \\n* [[June 14]]\n        – [[Paul Boateng]], British politician\\n* [[June 15]] – [[\\u00c1lvaro\n        Colom Caballeros]], President of Guatemala\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Roberto\n        Dur\\u00e1n]], [[Panama]]nian boxer\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Gyula Sax]], Hungarian\n        chess grandmaster (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Tress MacNeille]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Paul Muldoon]], Irish poet\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Nils\n        Lofgren]], American musician\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Mich\\u00e8le Mouton]],\n        French rally driver\\n* [[June 24]] – [[David Rodigan]], British radio\n        DJ/actor\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Julia Duffy]], American actress\\n** [[Mary McAleese]],\n        8th [[President of Ireland]]\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Daniel Ruiz]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Lloyd Maines]], American musician and record producer\\n** [[Lalla Ward]],\n        British actress\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Keno Don Rosa]], American comic book\n        author\\n** [[Zvi Eliezer Alonie]], Israeli rabbi\\n** [[Craig Sager]], American\n        sports commentator (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Stanley Clarke]],\n        American bassist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Yayi Boni.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas\n        Boni Yayi]]]]\\n[[File:Geoffrey Rush Berlinale 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Geoffrey\n        Rush]]]]\\n[[File:Anjelica Huston March 21, 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anjelica\n        Huston]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Cooper at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris\n        Cooper]]]]\\n[[File:Lucy Arnez at Kennedy Center''s Twain Prize 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucie\n        Arnaz]]]]\\n[[File:Elio Di Rupo 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elio Di Rupo]]]]\\n[[File:Robin\n        Williams (6451536411) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robin Williams]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Anne Feeney]], American folk singer\\n** [[Sabah Abdul-Jalil]], Iraqi\n        football player and coach\\n** [[Daryl Anderson]], American actor\\n** [[Terrence\n        Mann]], American actor and dancer\\n** [[Abdul Karim Jassim]], Iraqi football\n        player and coach\\n** [[Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed]], Djiboutian politician\\n**\n        [[Thomas Boni Yayi]], 7th [[President of Benin]]\\n* [[July 2]] \\n** [[Guido\n        Magherini]], Italian football player and coach\\n** [[Wies\\u0142aw Gawlikowski]],\n        Polish sport shooter\\n** [[Keith Marshall (baseball)|Keith Marshall]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Elisabeth Brooks]], Canadian actress (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Sylvia Rivera]], American transgender activist (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[July 3]]\n        \\n** [[Richard Hadlee]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Lodewijk Jacobs]], Dutch\n        sprint canoer\\n** [[Bob Rigby]], U.S. soccer goalkeeper\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Beverly Boys]], Canadian diver\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Goose Gossage]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Yehoshua Gal]], Israeli football player\\n** [[Gilbert\n        Van Binst]], Belgian football player\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Geoffrey Rush]],\n        Australian actor\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Menachem Ben-Sasson]], Israeli politician\n        \\n* [[July 8]] – [[Anjelica Huston]], American actress\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Jeje Odongo]], Ugandan military officer and politician \\n** [[Chris Cooper]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 10]] – \\n** [[Cheryl Wheeler]], American singer\n        and songwriter\\n** [[Phyllis Smith]], American actress\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Cheryl Ladd]], American actress and singer \\n* [[July 14]] – [[Erich\n        Hallhuber]], German actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Rick Kehoe]],\n        Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Jean-Luc\n        Mongrain]], Canadian news anchor and journalist\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Lucie\n        Arnaz]],  American actress\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Eva Wittke]], German swimmer\\n**\n        [[Elio Di Rupo]], Belgian politician\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Robin Williams]],\n        American actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Edie McClurg]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Michael McConnohie]], American actor\\n* [[July 24]]\\n**\n        [[Lynda Carter]], American actress and singer \\n** [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith\n        of Finsbury|Chris Smith]], British politician\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Yury\n        Kovalchuk]], [[Russian oligarch]]\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger]],\n        German politician\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Doug Collins (basketball)|Doug Collins]],\n        American basketball player, coach and analyst\\n** [[Garrett Hongo]], American\n        poet\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Evonne Goolagong Cawley]], Australian tennis player\\n**\n        [[Vjekoslav \\u0160utej]], Croatian orchestra conductor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Juan\n        Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Juan Manuel Santos]]]]\\n[[File:Bass\n        player queen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Deacon]]]]\\n[[File:robhalford.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rob\n        Halford]]]]\\n[[File:Dana Scallon 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dana Rosemary Scallon]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Andrew Gold]], American singer-songwriter and musician\n        ([[10cc]], [[Wax (pop band)|Wax]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[August 3]] \\n** [[Jay\n        North]], American actor\\n** [[Marcel Dionne]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Catherine Hicks]], American actress\\n** [[Daryl Somers]], Australian\n        television personality\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Louis van Gaal]], Dutch football\n        player and manager\\n** [[Mamoru Oshii]], Japanese film director\\n** [[Randy\n        Shilts]], American journalist and author (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 10]] –\n        [[Juan Manuel Santos]], [[President of Colombia]] and recipient of the Nobel\n        Peace Prize\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Katsumi Ch\\u014d]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Willie Horton]], American criminal\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Dan Fogelberg]], American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Carl Lumbly]], American actor\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Jim Allen (cricketer)|Jim Allen]], West Indian cricketer\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Richard Hunt (puppeteer)|Richard Hunt]], American\n        puppeteer (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[John Deacon]], English\n        rock bassist \\n* [[August 20]] – [[Greg Bear]], American author\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Eric Goles]], Chilean mathematician and computer scientist\\n**\n        [[Chesley V. Morton]], American politician and securities arbitrator\\n** [[Glenn\n        Hughes]], British rock musician\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Chandra Prakash\n        Mainali]], Nepalese politician\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Mark Hudson (musician)|Mark\n        Hudson]], American musician\\n** [[Akhmad Kadyrov]], President of Chechnya\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Queen Noor of Jordan]], born Lisa Najeeb Halaby, American-born\n        queen consort\\n** [[Jimi Jamison]], American musician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August\n        24]] – [[Orson Scott Card]], American writer\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Rob Halford]], English rock singer \\n* [[August 26]] – [[Edward Witten]],\n        American mathematician and Fields medalist\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Mack\n        Brown]], American college football coach\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Wayne\n        Osmond]], American pop singer\\n* [[August 30]] \\n** [[Behgjet Pacolli]], 3rd\n        [[President of Kosovo]].\\n** [[Dana Rosemary Scallon]], Irish singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1970]] winner and [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP)\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Michael\n        Keaton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Keaton]]]]\\n[[File:Fred\n        Seibert by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred Seibert]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Coverdale at Hellfest 2013.JPG|thumb|100px|[[David Coverdale]]]]\\n[[File:Mark\n        Hamill by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Hamill]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        Michelle Bachelet.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michelle Bachelet]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n**\n        [[Jim DeMint]], American politician, [[United States Senator]] (R-SC)\\n**\n        [[Mark Harmon]], American actor \\n* [[September 5]] – [[Michael Keaton]],\n        American actor and film director\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Chrissie Hynde]],\n        American rock singer \\n** [[Bert Jones]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Alexander Downer]], Australian foreign minister and diplomat\\n*\n        [[September 11]] – [[Mr. Butch]], American homeless person and Boston\n        icon (d. 2007)\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Bertie Ahern]], [[Taoiseach]] of\n        Ireland\\n** [[Joe Pantoliano]], American actor\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Jean Smart]], American actress, better known for her role in ''''[[Designing\n        Women]]''''\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Duncan Haldane]], English-born condensed-matter\n        physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[September 15]]\\n**\n        [[Pete Carroll]], American football coach\\n** [[Jared Taylor]], American author\n        and journalist\\n** [[Fred Seibert]], American producer and [[Frederator Studios]]\n        founder\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Cassandra Peterson]], American actress,\n        better known for her role in ''''[[Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]]''''\\n* [[September\n        18]]\\n** [[Dee Dee Ramone]], American bassist (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Darryl Stingley]],\n        American football player for the [[National Football League|NFL]] [[New England\n        Patriots]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Guy Lafleur]], Canadian\n        hockey player\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Aslan Maskhadov]], President of\n        Chechnya (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[David Coverdale]], English\n        singer and musician\\n** [[Wolfgang Petry]], German singer\\n* [[September 24]]\n        – [[Alfonso Portillo]], [[President of Guatemala]]\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Pedro Almod\\u00f3var]], Spanish filmmaker\\n** [[Mark Hamill]], American\n        actor, better known for his role in ''''[[Star Wars]]''''\\n* [[September 26]]\n        – [[Stuart Tosh]], Scottish musician\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Paul\n        Craig (law professor)|Paul Craig]], English professor of law\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]], Scottish singer-songwriter\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Michelle Bachelet]], [[President of\n        Chile]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s Caicedo]], Colombian writer (d. [[1977]])\\n** [[Maureen\n        Caird]], Australian hurdler\\n** [[Mike Enriquez]], Filipino radio and television\n        newscaster\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Barry Marshall]], Australian physician\n        and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sting\n        2009 portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sting (musician)|Sting]]]]\\n[[File:Pam Dawber\n        2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pam Dawber]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Sting (musician)|Sting]],\n        British singer, rock musician, philanthropist\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Bernard\n        Cooper]], American writer\\n** [[Keb'' Mo'']], American musician\\n** [[Kathryn\n        D. Sullivan]], American astronaut\\n** [[Dave Winfield]], baseball player\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov]], [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] poet\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Bob Geldof]], Irish musician ([[The Boomtown Rats]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Manfred Winkelhock]], German race car driver\\n* [[October\n        7]]\\n** [[Jakaya Kikwete]], 4th President of Tanzania\\n** [[John Mellencamp]],\n        American musician and songwriter\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Epeli Ganilau]],\n        Fijian soldier and statesman\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Jean-Jacques Goldman]],\n        French singer and songwriter\\n** [[Jon Miller]], American sports announcer\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Rafael Vaganian]], Armenian chess grandmaster\\n*\n        [[October 18]]\\n** [[Pam Dawber]], American actress\\n** [[Mike Antonovich\n        (ice hockey)|Mike Antonovich]], American ice hockey player and executive\\n**\n        [[Terry McMillan]], American author\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Claudio Ranieri]],\n        Italian football manager and former player.\\n* [[October 22]] – [[William\n        David Sanders]], American victim of the [[Columbine High School massacre]]\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], Argentine\n        musician and songwriter\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Richard Lloyd (guitarist)|Richard\n        Lloyd]], American rock guitarist \\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Willie P. Bennett]],\n        Canadian songwriter and singer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Bootsy Collins]], American\n        musician, singer-songwriter \\n* [[October 27]] – [[\\u00c9ric Morena]],\n        French singer\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Harry Hamlin]], American actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:EPP\n        Congress 4732.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Traian B\\u0103sescu]]]]\\n[[File:Nigel Havers\n        2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nigel Havers]]]]\\n[[File:Zeenat Aman still7.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zeenat\n        Aman]]]]\\n[[File:Rodger Bumpass - Standing at Panel - Cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rodger\n        Bumpass]]]]\\n[[File:82nd Academy Awards, Kathryn Bigelow - army mil-66453-2010-03-09-180354.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathryn\n        Bigelow]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Thomas Mallon]], American author and\n        critic\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Ed Murawinski]], American cartoonist (''''New\n        York Daily News'''')\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Traian B\\u0103sescu]], [[President\n        of Romania]]\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Nigel Havers]], English actor\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Alfredo Astiz]], Argentine commander\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Lou Ferrigno]], American actor and bodybuilder \\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Danilo Medina]], Dominican politician 53rd [[President of the\n        Dominican Republic]]\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Marc Summers]], American\n        television host\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Jacob ter Veldhuis]], Dutch composer\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Alamgir Hashmi]], English poet\\n** [[Beverly D''Angelo]],\n        American actress \\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Miguel Sandoval]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Paula Vogel]], American playwright\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Stephen\n        Root]], American actor and voice actor\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Justin\n        Raimondo]], American author\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Lord Falconer of Thoroton]],\n        British politician\\n** [[Zeenat Aman]], Bolywood Actress\\n* [[November 20]]\n        – [[Rodger Bumpass]] voice actor notably Squidward\\n* [[November 21]]\n        – [[Thomas Roth (journalist)|Thomas Roth]], German news anchor presenter\n        and television presenter\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Chet Edwards]], American\n        politician\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Cicciolina]], Hungarian-Italian actress\n        and politician\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Teri DeSario]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Kathryn Bigelow]], American film director\\n** [[Roger\n        Troutman]], American funk musician (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 30]] –\n        [[Christian Bernard]], French-born mystic\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ernesto\n        Zedillo Ponce de Leon World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ernesto\n        Zedillo]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[The Aldridge Sisters|Sherry Aldridge]],\n        American singer \\n** [[Obba Babatund\\u00e9]], American actor\\n** [[Jaco Pastorius]],\n        American bassist (d. [[1987]])\\n** [[Treat Williams]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Adrian Devine]], American baseball pitcher\\n* [[December 3]]\\n**\n        [[Natalis Chan]], Hong Kong actor and producer\\n** [[Riki Choshu]], Korean-Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Chang Fei]], Taiwanese TV personality\\n**\n        [[Patricia Wettig]], American actress\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Tomson Highway]],\n        Canadian writer\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Bill Bryson]], American-born British\n        author\\n** [[Jan Eggum]], Norwegian singer and songwriter\\n* [[December 10]]\n        – [[Doug Allder]], English footballer\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Peter\n        T. Daniels]], American scholar\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Wau Holland]],\n        German hacker (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\n** [[Mike Kr\\u00fcger]],\n        German comedian and singer\\n** [[Jan Timman]], Dutch chess player\\n* [[December\n        17]] – [[Ken Hitchcock]], Canadian hockey coach\\n* [[December 20]] –\n        [[Peter May (writer)|Peter May]], Scottish novelist and television dramatist\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – [[Ernesto Zedillo]], 54th [[President of Mexico]]\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Georges Thurston]], Canadian singer (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], American\n        musician\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[John Kindness]], Irish artist\\n* [[Adriana\n        Monti]], Italian film director\\n* [[Mike Jackson (systems scientist)|Mike\n        Jackson]], British [[Systems science|systems scientist]] and consultant\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:FranziskusHennemann.jpg|thumb|110px|Reverend\n        [[Franziskus Hennemann]]]]\\n[[File:Amy Carmichael with children2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Amy\n        Carmichael]]]]\\n[[File:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.png|thumb|110px|[[Carl\n        Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Richard Hart (actor)|Richard\n        Hart]], American actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Georgios Drossinis]],\n        Greek author, poet, scholar and editor (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[January 5]] \\n**\n        [[Yasunosuke Gonda]], Japanese sociologist and theorist (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Ken Le Breton]], Australian speedway rider (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[January 6]]\n        – [[Maila Talvio]], Finnish writer, nominated for the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Gu\\u00e9non]],\n        French metaphysician (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Lucien Cu\\u00e9not]], French biologist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Sinclair Lewis]], American writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\n** [[Jacques de Baroncelli]], French director and screenwriter (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n** [[Albert Guay]], Canadian murderer (executed) (b. [[1917]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Maximilian of Saxony (1870\\u20131951)|Prince Maximilian of Saxony]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[January 13]] \\n** [[Florence Kahn (actress)|Florence Kahn]],\n        American actress (b.  [[1878]])\\n** [[Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        [[Tsunejir\\u014d Ishii]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 17]]\n        – [[Franziskus Hennemann]], South African [[Titular bishop]] and reverend\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Amy Carmichael]], Irish missionary to\n        India (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Jack Holt (actor)|Jack Holt]], American actor (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Yuriko Miyamoto]], Japanese novelist\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], Finnish\n        military leader and statesman, 6th [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]] \\n** [[Dominic Salvatore Gentile]], American pilot (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Petar Dujam Munzani]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and reverend\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Frank Tarrant]], Australian cricketer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Ferdinand Porsche]], German auto\n        engineer (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:2ndPrinceChun1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Zaifeng,\n        Prince Chun]]]]\\n[[File:Gide 1893.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andr\\u00e9 Gide]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Blas Taracena Aguirre]], Spanish archaeologist (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\n** [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]], one of the founding\n        fathers of Pakistan (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Zaifeng, Prince Chun]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[Fritz Thyssen]], German businessman and industrialist\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Zygmunt Szendzielarz]], Polish commander (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Eddy Duchin]], American pianist and bandleader (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Lloyd C. Douglas]], American author\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Andr\\u00e9s Barbero]], Paraguayan\n        scientist and botanist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Tommy Gagliano]],\n        American mobster (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Lyman Gilmore]], American\n        aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Milo\\u0161 Slov\\u00e1k]], Czech painter\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Gide]], French writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Alfred Lindley]], American Olympic rower - Men''s eights (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n* [[February 28]] \\n** [[Henry W. Armstrong]], American boxer and\n        songwriter (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Giannina Russ]], Italian soprano (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Meszlenyi3.jpg|100px|thumbnail|Blessed\n        [[Zolt\\u00e1n Meszl\\u00e9nyi]]]]\\n[[File:Shidehara Kijuro.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Kijuro\n        Shidehara]]]]\\n[[File:Janusz J%C4%99drzejewicz.PNG|100px|thumbnail|[[Janusz\n        J\\u0119drzejewicz]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Maria Dickin]], British social\n        reformer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Cassiano Conzatti]], Italian botanist,\n        explorer and pteridologist (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Al Taylor (actor)|Al Taylor]],\n        American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Anna Berentine Anthoni]],\n        Norwegian trade unionist and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Meszl\\u00e9nyi]],\n        Hungarian [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] \\n** [[Ivor Novello]], British actor, musician and composer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]], Ukrainian statesman, political activist,\n        writer, playwright and artist, 1st [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – Prince [[Rangsit Prayurasakdi]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Charles Coleman (actor)|Charles Coleman]], American actor (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Kij\\u016br\\u014d Shidehara]], Japanese\n        diplomat, 31st [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 11]] –\n        [[J\\u00e1nos Zsup\\u00e1nek]], [[Prekmurje Slovenes|Prekmurje Slovene]] poet\n        and writer (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Alfred Hugenberg]], German\n        businessman and politician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Val Lewton]],\n        American producer and screenwriter (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Janusz\n        J\\u0119drzejewicz]], Polish politician and educator, 24th [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Archduke Karl Albrecht\n        of Austria]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Dmytro Doroshenko]],\n        Soviet political figure (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Ricardo Leoncio\n        El\\u00edas Arias]], Peruvian soldier and politician, Interim [[President of\n        Peru]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Willem Mengelberg]], Dutch\n        conductor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Enrique Varela]],\n        Spanish military officer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Eddie Collins]],\n        American baseball player ([[Chicago White Sox]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Oscar Micheaux]], American filmmaker (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Ralph Forbes]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Carmona.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oscar\n        Carmona]]]]\\n[[File:Ivanoe Bonomi portrait.png|thumb|100px|[[Ivanoe Bonomi]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Mikhail Vladimirsky]], Soviet politician (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Henrik Visnapuu]], Soviet poet and dramatist (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Al Christie]], Canadian film director and producer (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[George Albert Smith]], President of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day\n        Saints]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[C\\u01b0\\u1eddng \\u0110\\u1ec3]],\n        Vietnamese revolutionary leader (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Robert\n        Broom]], British paleontologist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Enzenauer]], Canadian politician (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Joe King (actor)|Joe\n        King]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Ernest Bevin]],\n        British labour leader, politician and statesman (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 18]]\n        – [[\\u00d3scar Carmona]], 96th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and 11th\n        [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Frank Hopkins]],\n        American professional horseman, soldier (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Ivanoe Bonomi]], Italian politician and statesman, 25th [[Prime Minister\n        of Italy]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus]],\n        Dutch lepidopterist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Horace Donisthorpe]],\n        British myrmecologist (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Charles G. Dawes]],\n        [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|30th]] [[Vice President of\n        the United States]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Shyam (actor)|Shyam]], Hindi actor (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], Austrian philosopher (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:HomeroManzi.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Homero\n        Manzi]]]]\\n[[File:Henri Carton de Wiart.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Henri Carton\n        de Wiart]]]]\\n[[File:Mary Emelia Moore.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Mary Emelia Moore]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Clement Sheptytsky]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]], martyr\n        and blessed (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[Alphonse de Ch\\u00e2teaubriant]],\n        French writer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Mansour bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Saudi politician\n        (b. 1951)\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Homero Manzi]], Argentine Tango lyricist\n        and author (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[Eddie Dunn (actor)|Eddie Dunn]],\n        American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Andronicus Rudenko]], Greek [[Orthodox\n        priest]] and blessed (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Henri Carton de\n        Wiart]], 23rd [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[May 7]] –\n        [[Warner Baxter]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Pat\n        Hartigan (actor)|Pat Hartigan]], American actor and director (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Hussenot]], French engineer (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood]], British field marshal\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Mary Emelia Moore]], New Zealand Presbyterian missionary\n        in [[China]] (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Empress Teimei]] of Japan, Empress consort\n        of [[Emperor Taish\\u014d]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Gaspar Ag\\u00fcero\n        Barreras]], Cuban composer, pianist and composer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Antonio Gandusio]], Italian actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 24]] –\n        [[Thomas N. Heffron]], American silent film director (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Franz Klebusch]], German actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Paula von Preradovi\\u0107]],\n        Austrian poet and writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Thomas Blamey|Sir\n        Thomas Blamey]], Australian field marshal (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 29]] \\n**\n        [[Fanny Brice]], American entertainer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Antonio Mosca]],\n        Italian painter (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Hermann Broch]], Austrian\n        author (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Serge Koussevitzky.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Serge\n        Koussevitzky]]]]\\n[[File:Benchifley.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Ben Chifley]]]]\\n[[File:San\n        Fior - Monumento alla beata Mastena.jpg|100px|thumbnail|Blessed [[Maria Pia\n        Mastena]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Alejandrino]], Filipino general\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Rafael Altamira y Crevea]], Spanish historian and jurist\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Ludvig Oskar]], Estonian painter (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June\n        4]] – [[Serge Koussevitzky]], Soviet conductor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June\n        7]]\\n** [[Paul Blobel]], German SS officer (executed) (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Werner\n        Braune]], German SS officer (executed) (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Erich Naumann]],\n        German SS officer (executed) (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Otto Ohlendorf]], German\n        SS officer (executed) (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Oswald Pohl]], German SS officer\n        (executed) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Mayo Methot]], American actress\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Takuma Nishimura]], Japanese general\n        (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Ben Chifley]], Australian\n        politician, 16th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Pyotr Pavlenko]], Soviet writer and screenwriter (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – [[Charles Dillon Perrine]], American astronomer, discovered\n        two moons of [[Jupiter]] ([[Himalia (moon)|Himalia]] and [[Elara (moon)|Elara]])\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Ferdinand Budicki]], Croatian pioneer\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[David Warfield]], American stage actor\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Maria Pia Mastena]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious sister and blessed (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 29]] –\n        [[Juan Rivero Torres]], Bolivian engineer and statesman (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Philippe\n        P\\u00e9tain (en civil, autour de 1930).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Tadeusz Borowski]], Polish writer and journalist (b.\n        [[1922]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Ferdinand Sauerbruch]], German surgeon (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Harry Heilmann]], American baseball player\n        ([[Detroit Tigers]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Arnold Schoenberg]], Austrian composer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – [[Florentino Collantes]], Filipino poet (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Charles Desplanques]], French anarchist and journalist (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n** [[Riad Al Solh]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 18]] \\n** [[Ludovico di Caporiacco]], Italian arachnologist (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Antti Juutilainen]], Finnish farmer and politician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July\n        20]]\\n** King [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] (assassinated) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[El\\u00edas\n        Ah\\u00faja y Andr\\u00eda]], Spanish philanthropist, politician, businessman\n        and academic (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Wilhelm, German Crown Prince|Crown Prince\n        Wilhelm of Prussia]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Robert J. Flaherty]],\n        American filmmaker (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain]], French World\n        War I marshal, leader of Vichy France, 78th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b.\n        [[1856]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Henrik Ramsay]], Finnish politician and\n        economist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Juozas Gabrys]], Lithuanian politician\n        and diplomat (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Maximilian Ritter von Pohl]], German army\n        and air force officer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Cho Ki-chon]],\n        Korean poet (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Bee-ho-gray-profile.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Bee\n        Ho Gray]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Bee Ho Gray]], American Wild West star,\n        silent film actor and vaudeville performer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Anthony Brancato]], American criminal (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[August 14]] –\n        [[William Randolph Hearst]], American newspaper publisher (b. [[1863]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Artur Schnabel]], Austrian-born Jewish classical pianist\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Louis Jouvet]], French actor and\n        director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Wr\\u00f3blewski]],\n        Polish politician, scientist, diplomat and lawyer, provisional [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Constant Lambert]], British\n        composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Mar\\u00eda Cadilla]], Puerto\n        Rican writer, educator and activist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\n** [[Henri\n        Rivi\\u00e8re (painter)|Henri Rivi\\u00e8re]], French painter (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Antonio S\\u00e1nchez de Bustamante y Sirven]], Cuban lawyer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Bill Barilko]], Canadian hockey player (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)|Robert Walker]],\n        American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Paul Demel]], Czech\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ernestina Lecuona.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Ernestina\n        Lecuona y Casado]]]]\\n[[File:Maria-montez.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Maria Montez]]]]\\n[[File:AugustodeVasconcelos.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Augusto\n        de Vasconcelos]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Wols]], German painter and\n        photographer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Antoine Bibesco]],\n        Romanian aristocrat, lawyer, diplomat and writer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        3]] \\n** [[Ernestina Lecuona y Casado]], Cuban pianist, musician, educator\n        and composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Enrico Valtorta]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        bishop of [[Hong Kong]] and reverend (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[M\\u00e1rio Eloy]], Portuguese painter (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n**\n        [[Maria Montez]], Dominican actress (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[John French Sloan]],\n        American artist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 9]] \\n** [[Anton Golopen\\u021bia]],\n        Romanian sociologist (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Gibson Gowland]], British actor (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Giuseppe Mul\\u00e8]], Italian composer\n        and conductor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Jacinto Guerrero]],\n        Spanish composer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 17]] \\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek Nu\\u0161l]],\n        Czechoslovak astronomer and mathematician (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Jimmy Yancey]],\n        American pianist and composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 18]] \\n** [[M\\u00e1rton\n        R\\u00e1tkai]], Hungarian actor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Tomonaga Sanj\\u016br\\u014d]],\n        Japanese philosopher (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Ioan Dim\\u0103ncescu]],\n        Romania army officer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Augusto de\n        Vasconcelos]], Portuguese surgeon, politician and diplomat, 57th [[Prime Minister\n        of Portugal]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Thomas Cahill (soccer)|Thomas\n        Cahill]], American soccer coach (b. [[1864]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Liaquat\n        Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]]]]\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Henrietta\n        Lacks]], American originator of the [[HeLa]] [[cell (biology)|cell]] line\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]], German-born\n        physician and biochemist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Leon Errol]],\n        Australian-born actor and comedian (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 14]] –\n        [[Herman Charles Bosman]], South African writer and journalist (b. 1905)\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Farkas]],\n        Hungarian nobleman, jurist and politician (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[October 23]]\n        – [[Fernando Poe Sr.]], Filipino actor (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n**\n        [[Al Baker (magician)|Al Baker]], American magician (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Carl, Duke of V\\u00e4sterg\\u00f6tland]] (b. [[1861]])\\n** [[Clarence Stewart\n        Williams]], American admiral (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[\\u00d3scar\n        P\\u00e9rez Sol\\u00eds]], Spanish artillery officer, engineer, jurist and politician\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Mady Christians]], Austrian actress\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Gustav Smedal]], Norwegian jurist\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 3]] \\n** [[Aleksei Badayev]],\n        Soviet functionary (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Richard Wallace (director)|Richard\n        Wallace]], American film director (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 4]] –\n        [[Khelifa Belkacem]], Algerian chaabi singer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[November 5]]\n        \\n** [[Agrippina Vaganova]], Soviet ballerina (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Reggie Walker]],\n        South African Olympic athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\n** [[Luigi\n        Beltrame Quattrocchi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] layman and blessed (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Sigmund Romberg]], Hungarian-born composer (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Nikolai Medtner]], Soviet pianist and composer (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere]]\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Robert Elliott (actor)|Robert Elliott]],\n        American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Thomas Quinlan (impresario)|Thomas\n        Quinlan]], British opera singer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Enrichetta\n        Alfieri]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Friedrich]], 24th Prime Minister\n        of Hungary (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Harry B. Liversedge]], American general (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Timrava]], Slovak novelist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Pramathesh Barua]], Indian actor, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Shoeless Joe Jackson by Conlon, 1913.jpeg|100px|thumbnail|[[Shoeless\n        Joe Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Vescovo Anton Durcovici.jpg|100px|thumbnail|Blessed\n        [[Anton Durcovici]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Felix Petyrek]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Pedro Salinas]], Spanish\n        poet, \\n* [[December 5]] – [[Shoeless Joe Jackson]], American baseball\n        player ([[Chicago White Sox]]) (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[J. Edward\n        Bromberg]], Hungarian-born character actor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Gobert]], French tennis player (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Harold Ross]], American\n        editor (b.[[1892]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Algernon Blackwood]], British\n        writer (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Selim Palmgren]], Finnish\n        composer, pianist and conductor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Bill\n        Patton (actor)|Bill Patton]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 19]]\n        – [[Barton Yarborough]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Anton Durcovici]], Austro-Humgarian born Romanian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        bishop and blessed (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Enrique Santos\n        Disc\\u00e9polo]], Argentine tango and milonga musician and composer (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Raffaele Rossetti]], Italian engineer and military\n        naval officer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Maxim Litvinov]],\n        Russian revolutionary and Soviet diplomat (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[John\n        Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Walton]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Edwin McMillan]] and [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Max Theiler]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[P\\u00e4r Lagerkvist]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[L\\u00e9on Jouhaux]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{commons category|1951}}\\n\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1951}}\\n\\n[[Category:1951|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T20:10:39Z\",\"lastrevid\":799780080,\"length\":67738,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951\"},\"34575\":{\"pageid\":34575,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1952\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:26:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1952}}\\n{{Year nav|1952}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1952}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n[[File:Olympia-1952.jpg|thumb|[[1952\n        Summer Olympic Games]]|alt= 1952 Summer Olympic Games stamp]]\\n\\n== Events\n        ==\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January 8]] – [[West Germany]] has 8 million\n        [[refugee]]s inside its borders.\\n* [[January 12]] – The [[University\n        of Tennessee]] admits its first black student.\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Cairo\n        Fire|Black Saturday]] in [[Egypt]]: rioters burn [[Cairo]]''s central business\n        district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses.\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – A [[Tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] forms just north\n        of [[Cuba]] moving northeast. The storm makes landfall in southern [[Florida]]\n        the next day. It is the earliest reported landfall from a tropical storm,\n        and the earliest formation of a tropical storm on record in the [[Atlantic\n        Ocean|Atlantic basin]].\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[George VI]] (King of the United\n        Kingdom and the Dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[Union of South\n        Africa|South Africa]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Dominion of\n        Ceylon|Ceylon]]) dies aged 56 after a long illness. He is succeeded by his\n        daughter The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh as Queen [[Elizabeth\n        II]], who is on a visit to [[Kenya]].\\n** In the United States, a [[Artificial\n        heart|mechanical heart]] is used for the first time in a human patient.\\n*\n        [[February 7]] – [[Elizabeth II]] [[Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth\n        II|is proclaimed]] [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom]]\n        at [[St James''s Palace]], London, England.\\n* [[February 14]] – [[February\n        25]] –  The [[1952 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]] held in [[Oslo]],\n        Norway.\\n* [[February 15]] – The funeral of [[George VI]] takes place\n        at [[St George''s Chapel, Windsor Castle]].\\n* [[February 18]] – Greece\n        and Turkey join the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]].\\n** The [[SS\n        Pendleton]], a T2 Tanker, breaks in half during a nor''easter off the east\n        coast near Massachusetts. Bernard Webber and a crew of four volunteer to rescue\n        the 32 survivors aboard. This was the one of the most courageous rescues in\n        the history of the US Coast Guard.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Emmett Ashford]]\n        becomes the first [[African-American]] [[umpire (baseball)|umpire]] in organized\n        [[baseball]], by being authorized to be a substitute umpire in the Southwestern\n        International League.\\n** [[Winston Churchill]] scraps UK compulsory national\n        [[identity cards]].\\n* [[February 21]] – In [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]]\n        (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) police open fire on a procession of students,\n        killing 4 people and starting a country-wide protest which leads to the recognition\n        of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as one of the national languages of Pakistan.\n        The day is later declared \\\"[[International Mother Language Day]]\\\" by [[UNESCO]].\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – The [[Par\\u00edcutin]] active volcano in [[Michoac\\u00e1n]],\n        west central Mexico, ceases its discontinuous eruption after spewing forth\n        a gigaton of lava and burying [[San Juan Parangaricutiro]].\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** United Kingdom [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]\n        [[Winston Churchill]] announces that the United Kingdom has an [[atomic bomb]].\\n**\n        [[Vincent Massey]] is sworn in as the first Canada-born [[Governor General\n        of Canada]].\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 7]]  –NME goes on sale for the\n        first time in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[March 10]] – General [[Fulgencio\n        Batista]] re-takes power in [[Cuba]] in a coup.\\n* [[March 15]]\\u2013[[March\n        16|16]] – 73 inches (1,870 mm) of rain falls in [[Cilaos]],\n        [[R\\u00e9union]], the most rainfall in one day up to that time.\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – The [[United States Senate]] ratifies a [[Treaty of San\n        Francisco|peace treaty]] with Japan.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** The last two [[Capital\n        punishment|executions]] in the Netherlands take place.\\n** Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]]\n        is elected Prime Minister of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]].\\n**\n        Tornadoes ravage the lower [[Mississippi embayment|Mississippi River Valley]],\n        leaving 208 dead, through [[March 22]].\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Wernher\n        von Braun]] publishes the first in his series of articles titled ''''[[Man\n        Will Conquer Space Soon!]]'''', including ideas for manned flights to [[Mars]]\n        and the Moon.\\n* [[March 27]]\\n**[[Konrad Adenauer]] survives an assassination\n        attempt.\\n**[[Coorg Legislative Assembly election, 1952|Legislative Assembly\n        election]] held in [[Coorg]].\\n* [[March 29]] – U.S. President [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] announces that he will not seek reelection.\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** In the [[The Hague|Hague Tribunal]], [[Israel]] demands [[Reparations\n        Agreement between Israel and West Germany|reparations]] worth $3 billion from\n        Germany.\\n** [[West Ice accidents]]: During a severe storm in the [[West Ice]],\n        east of [[Greenland]], 78 seal hunters on 5 Norwegian [[seal hunting]] vessels\n        vanish without a trace.\\n* [[April 7]] – The [[American Research Bureau]]\n        reports that the ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' episode, \\\"The Marriage License\\\"\n        was the first TV show in history to be seen in around 10,000,000 homes the\n        evening the episode aired.\\n* [[April 8]] – ''''[[Youngstown Sheet &\n        Tube Co. v. Sawyer]]'''': The U.S. Supreme Court limits the power of the President\n        to seize private business, after President [[Harry S. Truman]] nationalizes\n        all steel mills in the United States, just before the [[1952 steel strike]]\n        begins.\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Hugo Ballivi\\u00e1n]]''s government is overthrown\n        by the Bolivian National Revolution, which starts a period of [[agrarian reform]],\n        [[universal suffrage]] and the [[nationalization]] of tin mines.\\n* [[April\n        11]] – [[Battle of Nanri Island]]: The [[Taiwan|Republic of China]]\n        seizes the island from the [[China|Peoples'' Republic of China]].\\n* [[April\n        15]] – The United States [[B-52 Stratofortress]] flies for the first\n        time.\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Bolivia]] National Revolution: A universal vote\n        enables indigenous peoples and women to vote, nationalizes mines and enacts\n        agrarian reform.\\n** [[West Germany\\u2013Japan relations|West Germany and\n        Japan form diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[April 26]] – The United States\n        Navy aircraft carrier [[USS Wasp (CV-18)|''''Wasp'''']] collides with the\n        destroyer [[USS Hobson (DD-464)|''''Hobson'''']] while on exercises in the\n        Atlantic Ocean, killing 175 men.\\n* [[April 28]] – The [[Treaty of San\n        Francisco]] goes into effect, formally ending the war between [[Japan]] and\n        the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], and simultaneously ending the [[Military\n        occupation|occupation]] of the four main Japanese islands by the [[Supreme\n        Commander for the Allied Powers]].\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Lever House]]\n        officially opens at 390 [[Park Avenue]] in New York City, heralding a new\n        age of commercial architecture in the United States. Designed by [[Gordon\n        Bunshaft]] of [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], it is the first [[International\n        Style (architecture)|International Style]] skyscraper.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May\n        1]] – [[East Germany]] threatens to form its own army.\\n* [[May 2]]\n        – The first passenger jet flight route opens between London and [[Johannesburg]].\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – U.S. [[lieutenant colonel]]s [[Joseph O. Fletcher]] and\n        [[William Pershing Benedict|William P. Benedict]] land a plane at the [[geographic\n        North Pole]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Farouk of Egypt]] has himself announced\n        as a descendant of the Islamic [[prophet]], [[Muhammad]].\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Nehru]] forms his first government in India.\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Israel\\u2013Japan relations|Diplomatic relations are\n        established between Israel and Japan]] at the level of [[legation]]s.\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Ann Davison]] becomes the first woman to single-handedly sail\n        the Atlantic Ocean.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** The [[Catholic Church|Roman\n        Catholic Church]] bans the books of [[Andr\\u00e9 Gide]].\\n** Navigation opens\n        on the [[Volga\\u2013Don Canal]], connecting the [[Caspian Sea]] basin with\n        that of the [[Black Sea]].\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** The [[keel]] is laid for the\n        U.S. nuclear submarine [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)|USS ''''Nautilus'''']].\\n**\n        [[Myxomatosis]] is introduced to Europe on the French estate of Dr. [[Paul-F\\u00e9lix\n        Armand-Delille]].\\n* [[June 15]] – ''''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]''''\n        is published.\\n* [[June 19]] – The [[Special Forces (United States Army)]]\n        are created.\\n* [[June 21]] – The Philippine School of Commerce, through\n        a government act, is converted to the Philippine College of Commerce (later\n        the [[Polytechnic University of the Philippines]]).\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        The [[Labour Party of Malaya|Pan-Malayan Labour Party]] is founded in [[Malayan\n        Union|Malaya]], as a union of statewise labour parties.\\n* [[June 27]] –\n        [[Decree 900]] in Guatemala orders redistribution of uncultivated land.\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – Finnish contestant [[Armi Kuusela]] wins the title of\n        [[Miss Universe]].\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:EGKS.png|thumb|200px|France, West\n        Germany, Italy, Belgium, [[Luxembourg]] and the Netherlands form the [[European\n        Coal and Steel Community|European Coal and Steel community]], the foundation\n        organization which would become the [[European Union]].]]\\n* [[July 3]] –\n        The [[ocean liner]] [[SS United States|SS ''''United States'''']] makes her\n        maiden crossing of the Atlantic.\\n* [[July 13]] – [[East Germany]] announces\n        the formation of its [[National People''s Army]].\\n* [[July 19]] – [[August\n        3]] – The [[1952 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Helsinki]], Finland.\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – The 7.3 {{M|w}} [[1952 Kern County earthquake|Kern County\n        earthquake]] strikes California''s southern [[Central Valley (California)|Central\n        Valley]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of\n        XI (''''Extreme''''), killing 12 and injuring hundreds. \\n* [[July 23]]\\n**\n        The [[European Coal and Steel Community]] is established.\\n** General [[Muhammad\n        Naguib|Mohammed Naguib]] leads [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|The Free Officers]]\n        (formed by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] \\u2013 the real power behind the coup) in\n        the [[Coup d''\\u00e9tat|overthrow]] of King [[Farouk of Egypt]].\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Puerto Rico]] becomes a self-governing commonwealth of the\n        United States.\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 5]] – The [[Treaty of Taipei]]\n        between Japan and the [[Republic of China]] goes into effect, to officially\n        end the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].\\n* [[August 11]] – The [[Jordan]]ian\n        Parliament forces King [[Talal of Jordan]] to abdicate due to mental illness;\n        he is succeeded by his son King [[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]].\\n* [[August\n        12]] – The [[Night of the Murdered Poets]]; the execution of 13 Soviet\n        Jewish poets.\\n* [[August 13]] – Japan joins the [[International Monetary\n        Fund|IMF]].\\n* [[August 14]] – West Germany joins the [[International\n        Monetary Fund|IMF]] and the [[World Bank]].\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Lynmouth]],\n        North [[Devon]], England is devastated by floods; 34 die.\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – The most damaging shock of the [[1952 Kern County earthquake]] sequence\n        strikes with a moment magnitude of 5.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of\n        VIII (''''Severe''''). This shock damaged several hundred buildings in [[Bakersfield,\n        California]], with total additional losses of $10 million, with two associated\n        deaths and some injuries.\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Kitty Wells]] is first\n        woman to score number 1 hit with the song \\\"It wasn''t God Who Made Honky\n        Tonk Angels\\\".\\n* [[August 26]] – A British passenger jet makes a return\n        crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the same day.\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Reparations\n        Agreement between Israel and West Germany|Reparation]] negotiations between\n        West Germany and [[Israel]] end in [[Luxembourg]]: Germany will pay 3 billion\n        [[Deutsche Mark]]s.\\n* [[August 29]] – Composer [[John Cage]]''s ''''[[4\\u203233\\u2033]]'''',\n        during which the performer does not play, premieres in [[Woodstock, New York]].\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – The last Finnish [[war reparations]] are sent to the\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[August 31]] – The [[Grenzlandring]] racetrack\n        closes in [[Wegberg]], Germany.\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        Dr. [[C. Walton Lillehei]] and Dr. F. John Lewis perform the first open-[[Cardiac\n        surgery|heart surgery]] at the [[University of Minnesota]].\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Television]] debuts in Canada as the [[Canadian Broadcasting\n        Corporation|CBC]] in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] airs.\\n* [[September 8]] –\n        CBC Toronto debuts.\\n* [[September 10]] – The [[European Parliamentary\n        Assembly]] (from March [[1962]], [[European Parliament]]) opens.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – The [[Soviet Union]] vetoes Japan''s application for membership\n        in the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 30]] – The [[Revised Standard\n        Version]] of the Bible was published and released to the public.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – The first [[Operation Hurricane|British nuclear weapon]]\n        is detonated in Australia making the United Kingdom the third [[nuclear weapons\n        state]].\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Negotiation]]s for a [[ceasefire]] in Korea\n        are postponed.\\n** [[Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash]] in England kills 112\n        people.\\n* [[October 12]] – The [[Gamma Sigma Sigma]] National Service\n        Sorority is founded in New York City at [[Beekman (Panhellenic) Tower|Panhellenic\n        Tower]].\\n* [[October 14]] – The [[United Nations]] begins work in the\n        new [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations building]] in New\n        York City, designed by [[Le Corbusier]] and [[Oscar Niemeyer]].\\n* [[October\n        16]] – ''''[[Limelight (1952 film)|Limelight]]'''' opens in London;\n        writer/actor/director/producer [[Charlie Chaplin]] arrives by ocean liner;\n        in transit his re-entry permit to the USA is revoked by [[J. Edgar Hoover]].\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Indonesia]]n troops led by General [[Abdul Haris\n        Nasution|Nasution]] surround the presidential palace, seeking the dismissal\n        of the [[People''s Representative Council]]; [[Sukarno]] avoids confrontation.\\n*\n        [[October 19]]\\n** [[Alain Bombard]] begins to sail from the [[Canary Islands]]\n        to [[Barbados]] in 65 days; he reaches them [[December 23]].\\n** [[John Bamford]],\n        aged 15, rescues victims of a house fire and becomes the youngest person to\n        be awarded the [[George Cross]].\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Martial law]]\n        is declared in [[Kenya]] due to the [[Mau Mau Uprising|Mau Mau uprising]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Nuclear weapons testing|Nuclear testing]] and [[Operation\n        Ivy]]: The United States successfully [[Detonation|detonates]] the first [[hydrogen\n        bomb]], codenamed \\\"Mike\\\", at [[Enewetak Atoll|Eniwetok]] Atoll in the [[Marshall\n        Islands]] in the central Pacific Ocean, with a [[nuclear weapon yield|yield]]\n        of 10.4 [[TNT equivalent|megatons]].\\n[[image:IvyMike2.jpg|thumb|220px|The\n        explosion of the first hydrogen bomb.]]\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** The 9.0 {{M|w}}\n        [[1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake|Severo-Kurilsk earthquake]] hits the [[Kamchatka\n        Peninsula]] of the [[Soviet Union]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''). A tsunami took the lives of more than\n        2,300 people.\\n** [[United States presidential election, 1952]]: [[Republican\n        Party (United States)|Republican]] General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] defeats\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[Governor of Illinois]] [[Adlai\n        Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] (correctly predicted by the [[UNIVAC I|UNIVAC]]\n        computer).\\n** The U.S. [[National Security Agency]] is founded.\\n** The [[Pace-Finletter\n        MOU 1952]]: A [[Memorandum of understanding]] is signed between \\\"...Air Force\n        Secretary Finletter and Army Secretary Pace that established a fixed wing\n        weight limit [for the Army] of five thousand pounds empty, but weight restrictions\n        on helicopters were eliminated...\\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=shwtKbTbEuEC&pg=PA196&dq=Army+%22November+4,+1952%22+Air+Force&client=firefox-a\n        ''''Pushing the Envelope'''', p. 196]\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Jomo\n        Kenyatta]] is arrested in [[Kenya]] for an alleged connection to the [[Mau\n        Mau Uprising]].\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Sl\\u00e1nsk\\u00fd trial]]s: A series\n        of largely anti-Semitic show trials are held in Czechoslovakia.\\n** The first\n        official passenger flight over the [[North Pole]] is made from Los Angeles\n        to [[Copenhagen]].\\n**The first successful sex reasignment surgery was performed\n        in [[Copenhagen]], making George Jorgensen Jr. become [[Christine Jorgensen]].\n        \\n* [[November 25]] – [[Agatha Christie]]''s murder-mystery play ''''[[The\n        Mousetrap]]'''' opens at the Ambassadors Theatre in London; as of 2015, it\n        continues next door at the St. Martin''s Theatre, and remains the longest\n        continuously running production of a play in history.\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Korean War]]: U.S. President-elect [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] fulfills a [[political\n        campaign]] promise, by traveling to Korea to find out what can be done to\n        end the conflict.\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Adolfo Ruiz Cortines]]\n        takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n** The ''''[[Daily News (New York)|New\n        York Daily News]]'''' carries a front page story announcing that [[Christine\n        Jorgensen]], a [[Transsexualism|transsexual]] woman in Denmark, has become\n        the recipient of the first successful [[Sex reassignment surgery|sexual reassignment]]\n        operation.\\n* [[December 4]] – the [[Great Smog of London]]: A a severe\n        air-pollution event.\\n* [[December 14]] – The first successful surgical\n        separation of [[Conjoined twins|Siamese twins]] is conducted in Mount Sinai\n        Hospital, [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]].\\n* [[December 20]] – The crash of\n        a U.S. Air Force C-124 Globemaster at Moses Lake, WA kills 86 servicemen.\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – One West German soldier is killed in a shooting incident\n        in [[West Berlin]].\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Joseph Ivor Linton]], the\n        first Israeli [[Envoy (title)|Minister Plenipotentiary]] in Japan, presents\n        his credentials to the [[Emperor of Japan]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Nearly\n        58,000 cases of [[Poliomyelitis|polio]] are reported in the U.S.; 3,145 die\n        and 21,269 are left with mild to disabling [[paralysis]].{{Cite journal|title=A\n        New Challenge for Former Polio Patients|journal=FDA Consumer|date=June 1991|first=Evelyn|last=Zamula|volume=25|issue=5|pages=|publisher=[[Food\n        and Drug Administration]]}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00006.html\n        |title=Consumer |accessdate=29 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126120646/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00006.html\n        |archivedate=January 26, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}\\n* The [[Nordic\n        Council]] agrees to the unrestricted transport of people, goods and services\n        throughout the [[Nordic countries|Nordic Countries]].\\n* The [[National Prohibition\n        Foundation]] is incorporated in [[Indiana]].\\n* [[S\\u00e4yn\\u00e4tsalo Town\n        Hall]] in Finland, designed by [[Alvar Aalto]], is completed.\\n* The influential\n        multistorey residential building, [[Unit\\u00e9 d''Habitation]] in [[Marseille]],\n        France, designed by [[Le Corbusier]], is completed.\\n* The [[American Embassy\n        School]] of New Delhi is founded.\\n* [[Sweden|Swedish]] paratrooper training\n        school [[Fallsk\\u00e4rmsj\\u00e4garna]] (FJS) is established.\\n* Twelve-year-old\n        [[Jimmy Boyd]]''s record of ''''[[I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus]]'''' is\n        released, selling 3 million records\\n*Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the professional\n        wrestling promotion that would later evolve into the modern day [[WWE]] is\n        founded by [[Roderick McMahon|Jess McMahon]] and [[Toots Mondt]]\\n* During\n        the [[Mau Mau Uprising]], the poisonous [[latex]] of the [[Euphorbia grantii|African\n        milk bush]] was used to kill [[cattle]] in an incident of [[Biological warfare]].{{Cite book|last=Verdourt|first=Bernard|author2=Trump,\n        E.C.|author3=Church, M.E.|last-author-amp=yes|title=Common poisonous plants\n        of East Africa|publisher=Collins|year=1969|location=London|pages=254}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Hamad\n        bin Khalifa Al Thani Senate of Poland.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hamad bin Khalifa\n        Al Thani]]]]\\n[[File:Marek Belka NBP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marek Belka]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]], [[Emir of Qatar]]\\n** [[Jury\n        Zacharanka]], Belarusian politician \\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Makoto Nakajima]],\n        Japanese bureaucrat, Commissioner of the [[Japan Patent Office]]\\n** [[Ng\n        Man-tat]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Elvira Saadi]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Jim Ross]], American wrestling announcer\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Sammo Hung]], Hong Kong martial arts superstar, producer and director\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Marek Belka]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\\n*\n        [[January 12]]\\n** [[Charles Faulkner (author)|Charles Faulkner]], American\n        life coach, motivational speaker, trader and author\\n** [[Walter Mosley]],\n        American author\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Maureen Dowd]], American journalist\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Boris Blank (musician)|Boris Blank]], Swiss musician\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Skay Beilinson]], Argentinian guitar player \\n* [[January\n        16]] – H.R.H. Prince Ahmed Fuad Farouk ([[Fuad II of Egypt|Fuad II]]),\n        the last King of Egypt & Sudan, Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur\\n* [[January 17]]\n        – [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]], Japanese musician, composer, producer, and actor\n        (''''[[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]'''')\\n* [[January 19]] \\n** [[Beau Weaver]],\n        American male voice actor\\n** [[Bruce Jay Nelson]], American computer scientist\n        (d. 1999)\\n** [[Michel Plante]], Canadian ice hockey left winger\\n** [[Nadiuska]],\n        German television actress\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Marco Camenisch]], Swiss\n        environmental activist\\n** [[Louis Menand]], American writer and critic\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Ace Vergel]], Filipino actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Raymond Domenech]], French [[Association football|football]]\n        player and manager\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Edward Fialkowski]], Polish political\n        activist\\n** [[Sara Mandiano]], French singer and songwriter\\n** [[Peter Tatchell]],\n        Australian-born British human rights activist \\n* [[January 28]] – [[Tomokazu\n        Miura]], Japanese actor\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Klaus-Peter Hanisch]],\n        German footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Jan Hofer]], German\n        journalist, broadcast news analyst and television presenter\\n\\n===February===\\n[[Image:Park\n        Geun-hye 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Park Geun-hye]]]]\\n[[File:Jenny Shipley.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jenny\n        Shipley]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Stan Kasten]], American baseball executive,\n        President of the [[Washington Nationals]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Park\n        Geun-hye]], President of South Korea\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Jenny Shipley]],\n        36th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Tony Liu]],\n        Chinese actor\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Daisuke G\\u014dri]], Japanese voice\n        actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Nora Miao]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – [[Lee Hsien Loong]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Singapore]]\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Simon MacCorkindale]], English actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Nancy Keenan]], American president of [[NARAL Pro-Choice America|NARAL]]\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\n** [[Nikolai Sorokin]], Soviet and Russian actor, theatre\n        director (d. [[2013]]) \\n** [[Tomislav Nikoli\\u0107]], 4th [[President of\n        Serbia]] (since 2012)\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Garry Chalk]], British\n        voice actor\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Amy Tan]], American novelist\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Vitaly Churkin]], Russian diplomat (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Bill Frist|William Frist]], U.S. Senator and heart surgeon\\n**\n        [[Saufatu Sopoanga]], 8th Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[February 24]] –\n        [[Maxine Chernoff]], American poet, novelist and editor\\n* [[February 25]]\n        – [[Joey Dunlop]], Northern Irish motorcycle racer (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[February 29]]\\n** [[Wack Pack#Gary the Retard|Gary the Retard]], American\n        member of ''''The [[Wack Pack]]'''' (''''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'''')\\n**\n        [[Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush]], American television''s first female African-American\n        primetime weather anchor\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Douglas adams portrait cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Douglas\n        Adams]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Martin O''Neill]], Northern Irish footballer\n        and manager\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Laraine Newman]], American comedian (''''Saturday\n        Night Live'''')\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Scott Hicks]], Australian film director\\n**\n        [[Ronn Moss]], American actor\\n** [[Umberto Tozzi]], Italian singer\\n* [[March\n        7]] – [[Viv Richards]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[March 10]] –\n        [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], Zimbabwean politician\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Douglas\n        Adams]], English author (''''[[The Hitchhiker''s Guide to the Galaxy]]'''')\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[\\u00c1gnes Rapai]], Hungarian writer\\n**\n        [[Wolfgang Rihm]], German composer\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Philippe Kahn]],\n        French-American businessman and inventor\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Perla (singer)|Perla]],\n        Paraguayan-Brazilian singer \\n* [[March 22]] – [[Bob Costas]], American\n        sports announcer\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Kim Stanley Robinson]], American\n        author\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Jung Chang]], Chinese-born author and historian\\n**\n        [[Antanas Mockus]], Colombian mathematician and politician\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Maria Schneider (actress)|Maria Schneider]], French actress (d.\n        [[2011]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Te\\u00f3filo Stevenson|Teofilo Stevenson]],\n        Cuban boxer (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Peter Knights]], Australian\n        footballer and coach\\n* [[March 31]]\\n**[[Dermot Morgan]], Irish actor and\n        comedian (d. [[1998]]) \\n**[[Vanessa del Rio]], American actress\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n[[File:Steven Seagal by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steven Seagal]]]]\\n[[File:Billy\n        West by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy West]]]]\\n[[File:Jean-Paul\n        Gaultier.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean-Paul Gaultier]]]]\\n[[File:Mary McDonnell cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary\n        McDonnell]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\n** [[Bernard Stiegler]], French philosopher\\n**\n        [[Annette O''Toole]], American actress\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Lennart Fagerlund]],\n        Swedish cyclist\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Rosemarie Ackermann]], German athlete\\n**\n        [[Gary Moore]], Irish musician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Karen Magnussen]], Canadian\n        figure skater\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Mitch Pileggi]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Marilu Henner]], American actress and author\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Nichita Danilov]], Romanian writer\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Steven\n        Seagal]], American actor\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Peter Windsor]], British sports\n        reporter\\n** [[Qamar Zaman]], Pakistani squash player\\n* [[April 12]] –\n        [[Ralph Wiley]], American sports journalist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – [[Mickey O''Sullivan]], Irish sportsman\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Glenn\n        Shadix]], American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\n** [[Chaz Jankel]],\n        English singer and multi-instrumentalist\\n** [[Billy West]], American voice\n        actor.\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Joe Alaskey]], American voice actor (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[\\u017deljko Ra\\u017enatovi\\u0107]], Serbian mobster and paramilitary leader\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Alexis Arg\\u00fcello|Alexis Arguello]],\n        Nicaraguan boxer and politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Eric\n        Pickles]], British politician\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Cheryl Gillan]], British\n        politician\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Marilyn Chambers]], American porn actress\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]], French Haute\n        couture and Pr\\u00eat-\\u00e0-Porter fashion designer\\n* [[April 25]] \\n**\n        [[Lane Caudell]], American actor\\n** [[Ketil Bj\\u00f8rnstad]], Norwegian pianist\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Spice Williams-Crosby]], American actress and stunt\n        performer\\n* [[April 27]] – [[George Gervin]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Mary McDonnell]], American actress\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Robert\n        Zemeckis \\\"The Walk\\\" at Opening Ceremony of the 28th Tokyo International\n        Film Festival (21835891403) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Zemeckis]]]]\\n[[File:George\n        Strait 2014 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Strait]]]]\\n[[File:Mr T WWE Hall of\n        Fame 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mr. T]]]]\\n[[File:Anne-Marie David 2015\n        1094.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anne-Marie David]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Mike Thornton\n        (politician)|Michael Thornton]], British [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Eastleigh]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]]\\n** [[Campbell McComas]], Australian impersonator and broadcaster\\n**\n        [[Isla St Clair]], Scottish singer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Leonid Khachiyan]],\n        Russian-born mathematician\\n** [[Allan Wells]], Scottish athlete\\n* [[May\n        4]] – [[Michael Barrymore]], British comedian and TV presenter\\n* [[May\n        6]]\\n** [[Gregg Henry]], American actor and musician\\n** [[Michael O''Hare]],\n        American actor (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Ronnie Dapo]], American\n        child actor\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Roland Kaiser]], German singer\\n** [[Manuel\n        Mora Morales]], Spanish director and writer\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Shohreh Aghdashloo]],\n        Iranian actress\\n** [[Frances Fisher]], British-born American actress\\n**\n        [[Mike Lupica]], American sports journalist\\n** [[Renaud]], French composer\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Christopher Gaze]], British voice actor\\n* [[May 13]]\\n**\n        [[John Kasich]], Governor of [[Ohio]]\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Robert Zemeckis]],\n        American film director\\n** [[David Byrne]], Scottish singer-songwriter ([[Talking\n        Heads]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Chazz Palminteri]], American actor\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Diane Duane]], American writer\\n** [[Ry\\u016bzabur\\u014d \\u014ctomo]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n** [[George Strait]], American country musician\\n* [[May\n        19]] – [[Bert van Marwijk]], Dutch football manager\\n* [[May 20]] –\n        [[Roger Milla]], Cameroonian footballer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Mr. T]], African-American\n        actor (''''The A-Team'''')\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Anne-Marie David]], French\n        singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest 1973|1973]]\n        winner\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Sybil Danning]], Austrian actress\\n* [[May\n        26]] – [[David Meece]], American Christian musician\\n* [[May 28]] –\n        [[Victoria Cunningham]], American actress and Playboy Playmate\\n\\n=== June\n        ===\\n[[File:Bronis\\u0142aw Komorowski official cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bronis\\u0142aw\n        Komorowski]]]]\\n[[File:Liam Neeson Deauville 2012 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liam\n        Neeson]]]]\\n[[File:Papandreou handover cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Papandreou]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Goodman by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Goodman]]]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n**[[Scott\n        Wesley Brown]], American Christian musician\\n**[[Bronis\\u0142aw Komorowski]],\n        President of Poland\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Hubert Auriol]], French racing driver\\n**\n        [[Liam Neeson]], Northern Irish actor\\n** [[Orhan Pamuk]], Turkish writer,\n        Nobel Prize winner\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Yukihiro Takahashi]], Japanese\n        musician and singer (''''[[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]'''')\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Pat Summitt]], American basketball coach (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        [[George Papandreou]], Greek politician\\n** [[Gino Vannelli]], Canadian singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Sarbjit Singh Chadha]], Indian enka singer\\n**\n        [[Mike Milbury]], American ice hockey player, coach and executive\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Idriss D\\u00e9by|Idriss D\\u00e9by Itno]], [[President of Chad]]\\n**\n        [[Carol Kane]], American actress \\n** [[Isabella Rossellini]], Italian model\n        and actress\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[John Goodman]], American actor\\n** [[K\\u014dichi\n        Mashimo]], Japanese anime director\\n** [[Vikram Seth]], Indian novelist\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Dave Downs]], American professional baseball player\\n**\n        [[Jeremy Coney]], New Zealand [[cricket]] [[Captain (cricket)|captain]]\\n**\n        [[Marcella Detroit]], American singer ([[Shakespears Sister]])\\n** [[Kazi\n        Zulkader Siddiqui]], Pakistani businessman, academician\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        [[Phil Nicholls]], English professional footballer\\n** [[Franco Cucinotta]],\n        Italian professional footballer\\n** [[Graham Greene (actor)|Graham Greene]],\n        Canadian (First Nations) actor\\n** [[Alastair Stewart]], British newsreader\\n**\n        [[Santokh Singh]], Malaysian footballer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Marv Kellum]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Peter Whiteside]], British modern pentathlete\\n*\n        [[June 24]]\\n** [[Ladislas Lozano]], French-Spanish football coach and retired\n        player\\n** [[Stephen Pusey]], British-born artist\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[P\\u00e9ter\n        Erd\\u0151]], Hungarian cardinal\\n** [[Tim Finn]], New Zealand singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Madan Kumar Bhandari]], Nepalese politician (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Douglas Unger]], American novelist\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Pietro Mennea]],\n        Italian athlete (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Joe Johnson (snooker\n        player)|Joe Johnson]], English snooker player\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Dan\n        Aykroyd.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dan Aykroyd]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00c1lvaro Uribe V\\u00e9lez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alvaro\n        Uribe]]]]\\n[[File:Hoff 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Hasselhoff]]]]\\n[[File:HRH\n        Vajiralongkorn (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vajiralongkorn]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\n        \\n** [[Dale Hayes]], South African professional golfer\\n** [[Dan Aykroyd]],\n        Canadian actor and comedian (''''Saturday Night Live'''')\\n* [[July 3]] \\n**\n        [[Lu Colombo]], Italian singer\\n** [[Andy Fraser]], English musician (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Rohinton Mistry]], Indian writer\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[\\u00c1lvaro Uribe]],\n        [[President of Colombia]]\\n** [[John Waite]], English singer and musician\\n*\n        [[July 6]] \\n** [[Grant Goodeve]], American male voice actor\\n** [[Adi Shamir]],\n        Modern cryptographer\\n** [[Jennifer Savidge]], American actress\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Li Hongzhi]], Chinese-American founder and spiritual leader of Falun\n        Gong\\n** [[Alain Cortes]], French modern pentathlete\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Ahmed\n        Nazif]], [[Prime Minister of Egypt]]\\n** [[Knud Arne J\\u00fcrgensen]], Danish\n        music, theater and ballet historian\\n* [[July 9]] – [[John Tesh]], American\n        composer, musician, and television host (''''Entertainment Tonight'''')\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[Stephen Lang]], American actor\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Voja\n        Antoni\\u0107]], [[Serbia]]n inventor and writer\\n** [[Philip Taylor Kramer]],\n        American rock musician (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Liz Mitchell]], [[Jamaica]]n-born\n        singer of [[Boney M.]]\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Bob Casale]], American keyboardist\n        ([[Devo]])\\n** [[Franklin Graham]], American evangelist and son of [[Billy\n        Graham]]\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Terry O''Quinn]], American actor\\n** [[Yuriko\n        Koike]], Japanese politician ([[Governor of Tokyo]])\\n* [[July 16]] –\n        [[Stewart Copeland]], American rock musician (''''The Police'''')\\n* [[July\n        17]]\\n**[[David Hasselhoff]], American actor\\n**[[Billy Sprague]], American\n        Christian musician\\n**[[Nicolette Larson]], American pop singer (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]] – [[Allen Collins]], American rock musician (''''Lynyrd\n        Skynyrd'''') (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Keiko Matsuzaka]], Japanese\n        actress\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Gus Van Sant]], American film director\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Eduardo Souto de Moura]], Portuguese Architect\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Hannu-Pekka H\\u00e4nninen]], Finnish sports commentator\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Vajiralongkorn]], [[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Thailand]]\n        ([[Rama (Kings of Thailand)|Rama X]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Chris Ahrens (ice\n        hockey)|Chris Ahrens]], American ice hockey player\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Barreiros]],\n        Portuguese author\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Hun Sen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hun\n        Sen]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Swayze.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick Swayze]]]]\\n[[File:Jonathan\n        Frakes cropped1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jonathan Frakes]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Reubens\n        SXSW 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Reubens]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Zoran\n        \\u0110in\\u0111i\\u0107|Zoran Djindjic]], Serbian politician (d. 2003)\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Art James (baseball)|Arthur \\\"Art\\\" James]], American former\n        [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] baseball outfielder\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Osvaldo Ardiles]], Argentine footballer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Moya Brennan]],\n        Irish singer\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Hun Sen]], [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]]\n        \\n** [[Louis Walsh]], Irish music producer and reality TV show judge\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Wojciech Fortuna]], Polish ski jumper\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Alexei Sayle]], English comedian\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Jostein Gaarder]],\n        Norwegian author\\n** [[Robin Quivers]], African-American radio personality\n        (''''The Howard Stern Show'''')\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Vicki Morgan]],\n        American model (d. [[1983]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Daniel Hugh Kelly]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Bob Mothersbaugh]], American composer\n        and guitarist ([[Devo]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Daniel Biles]], American\n        associate justice of the [[Kansas Supreme Court]]\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[Herb Ritts]], American photographer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        [[Reginald VelJohnson]], American actor\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Guillermo\n        Vilas]], Argentine tennis player\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Patrick Swayze]],\n        American actor and dancer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Jonathan\n        Frakes]], American actor (''''Star Trek: The Next Generation'''')\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Joe Strummer]], British rock musician (''''[[The Clash]]'''') (d.\n        [[2002]])\\n** [[Ji\\u0159\\u00ed Paroubek]], 6th [[Prime Minister of the Czech\n        Republic]]\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Tuxedomoon|Steven Allan Brown]], American\n        punk rock musician (''''[[Tuxedomoon]]'''')\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Linton\n        Kwesi Johnson]], Jamaican-born musician and poet\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Bryon\n        Baltimore]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Michael Jeter]], American actor\n        of film, stage, and television (d. [[2003]])  \\n* [[August 27]] – [[Paul\n        Reubens]],  American actor, writer and comedian (''''Pee-Wee Herman'''')\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[Rita Dove]], American poet ([[1987 Pulitzer Prize]],\n        [[United States Poet Laureate]] 1993-95)\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Wendelin\n        Wiedeking]], German businessman\\n* [[August 31]] \\n**[[Lee Hyla]], American\n        composer\\n**[[Hilary Farr]], British-Canadian actress and designer\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:Mickey Rourke Tribeca 2009 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mickey\n        Rourke]]]]\\n[[File:Zelaya en Brasil Agosto 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Manuel Zelaya]]]]\\n[[File:Joe\n        Kennedy II.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph P. Kennedy II]]]]\\n[[File:C Reeve in Marriage\n        of Figaro Opening night 1985.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Reeve]]]]\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Jimmy Connors]], American tennis player\\n* [[September 6]] –\n        [[Lucky Enam]], Bangladeshi television and theater actress\\n* [[September\n        8]] – [[Patrick Prosser]], Scottish computer scientist\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Angela Cartwright]], British-American child actress, photographer\n        and painter\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Sergey Karaganov]], Russian political\n        scientist\\n** [[Neil Peart]], Canadian rock drummer ''''([[Rush (band)|Rush]])''''\\n*\n        [[September 16]] \\n** [[Fatos Nano]], Albanian prime minister\\n** [[Mickey\n        Rourke]], American film actor, former boxer\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Nile\n        Rodgers]], American musician and guitarist\\n* [[September 19]] – [[George\n        Warrington]], president of [[Amtrak]] (1998-2002); executive director of [[NJ\n        Transit]] (2002\\u201307) (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Manuel\n        Zelaya]], [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Anneliese\n        Michel]], German Roman Catholic believed possessed by demons (d. [[1976]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[Bob Goodlatte]], U.S. Congressman from Virginia\\n*\n        [[September 23]]\\n** [[Jim Morrison (baseball)|Jim Morrison]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Peter Schrank]], Political cartoonist\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph Patrick Kennedy II]], politician\\n** [[Mark Sandman]], American rock\n        musician and artist  (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Jimmy Garvin]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Christopher Reeve]], American actor and\n        activist (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Predrag Mileti\\u0107]],\n        Serbian actor\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Didier Dubois (mathematician)|Didier\n        Dubois]], French mathematician\\n** [[Katie Fforde]], British writer\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Sylvia Kristel]], Dutch actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Max Sandlin]], American politician\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Jack Wild]], English actor ''''(H.R. Pufnstuf)'''' (d. [[2006]])\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:Konferenz Pakistan und der Westen - Imran Khan (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Imran\n        Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Putin with flag of Russia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vladimir Putin]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff\n        Goldblum by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff Goldblum]]]]\\n* [[October\n        2]]\\n** [[Robin Riker]], American Author and Actress\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**\n        [[Clive Barker]], British author\\n** [[Harold Faltermeyer]], German musician\\n**\n        [[Imran Khan]], Pakistani politician \\n** [[Emomali Rahmon]], President of\n        Tajikistan\\n** [[Duncan Regehr]], Canadian actor\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Mary\n        Badham]], American actress\\n** [[Vladimir Putin]], 2-Time [[President of Russia]]\\n**\n        [[Ludmilla Tourischeva]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Beverly Johnson]],\n        African-American model, actress and businesswoman \\n** [[John Lone]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Kaija Saariaho]], Finnish composer\\n*\n        [[October 14]] \\n** [[Nikolai Andrianov]], Soviet gymnast (d. [[2011]])\\n**\n        [[Rick Aviles]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Ron\n        Taylor (actor)|Ron Taylor]], American actor (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[October 18]]\n        – [[Chuck Lorre]], American sitcom creator\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Jeff Goldblum]], American actor\\n* [[October 24]] – [[David Weber]],\n        American science fiction and fantasy author\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Andrew\n        Motion]], English poet\\n* [[October 27]] \\n** [[Roberto Benigni]], Italian\n        actor, screenwriter, and film director\\n** [[Francis Fukuyama]], American\n        political scientist\\n** [[Topi Sorsakoski]], Finnish singer\\n* [[October 28]]\n        – [[Annie Potts]], American actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Roseanne\n        Hard Rock Cafe.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roseanne Barr]]]]\\n[[File:Jim_Cummings_January_2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Cummings]]]]\\n[[File:DCIA David Petraeus.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Petraeus]]]]\\n[[File:Shigeru\n        Miyamoto at E3 2013 1 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Shigeru Miyamoto]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 3]]\\n** [[Roseanne Barr]], American actress and comedian\\n** [[Jim\n        Cummings]], American voice actor\\n** [[David Ho (scientist)|David Ho]], Taiwanese-American\n        [[AIDS]] researcher\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Oleh Blokhin]], Ukrainian football\n        player and manager\\n** [[Brian Muehl]], American puppeteer\\n** [[Bill Walton]],\n        American basketball player and commentator\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Michael\n        Cunningham]], American writer\\n* [[November 7]] – [[David Petraeus]],\n        American general\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Jan Raas]], Dutch professional cyclist\\n**\n        [[Alfre Woodard]], African-American actress\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Art\n        Malik]], Pakistani-born British actor\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Bill Farmer]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Randy Savage]], American\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Roger Bisby]],\n        English journalist\\n** [[Shigeru Miyamoto]], Japanese game designer\\n* [[November\n        17]]–  [[Ties Kruize]], Dutch field hockey player\\n* November 18 –\n        [[John Parr]], English singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[November 24]]\n        – [[Ilja Richter]], German actor, voice actor, television presenter,\n        singer and author\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Buddy Rose]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[S. Epatha Merkerson]],\n        African-American actress \\n* [[November 30]] – [[Keith Giffen]], American\n        comic book writer and artist\\n\\n===December ===\\n[[File:Michael Dorn by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Michael Dorn]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah Douglas.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Sarah\n        Douglas]]]]\\n[[File:Allan Simonsen 20121027.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Allan Simonsen]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Peter Kingsbery]], American singer-songwriter ([[Cock\n        Robin (band)|Cock Robin]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Bruno Jonas]], German\n        Kabarett artist and actor\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Chuck Baker]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Nicolas Br\\u00e9hal]], French novelist\n        and literary critic\\n** [[Charles Bronson (prisoner)|Charles Bronson]], English\n        criminal (has been referred to as the \\\"most violent prisoner in Britain\\\")\\n**\n        [[Edward Etzel]], American Olympic Champion\\n** [[Joe Harris (American football)|Joe\n        Harris]], American football linebacker\\n** [[Christian Kulik]], Polish football\n        player\\n** [[Craig Newmark]], American businessman, founded Craigslist\\n**\n        [[Shio Sat\\u014d]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Jeff Schneider]], American\n        Major League Baseball pitcher\\n** [[David L. Spector]], American cell and\n        molecular biologist\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Richard Walsh (actor)|Richard\n        Walsh]], English actor\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Michael Dorn]], African-American\n        actor (''''Star Trek: The Next Generation'''')\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Herb\n        Dhaliwal|Harbance Singh (Herb) Dhaliwal]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Sarah\n        Douglas]], English actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Karl Howman]], English\n        actor\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Julie Taymor]], American film, theater, and\n        opera director and costume designer\\n** [[Hwang Woo-suk]], South Korean [[biomedical\n        scientist]]\\n** [[Allan Simonsen]], Danish footballer and coach\\n* [[December\n        16]] – [[Joel Garner]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[December 20]] –\n        [[Jenny Agutter]], English actress\\n* [[December 26]] \\n** [[Jon Glover]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Riki Sorsa]], Finnish singer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Jay Hill]], Canadian politician\\n** [[David Knopfler]], British\n        musician\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Arun Jaitley]], Indian politician\\n** [[Hemant\n        Shesh]], Indian Hindi Writer\\n* [[December 29]] – [[K\\u00fclliki Saldre]],\n        Estonian actress \\n* [[December 30]] – [[June Anderson]], American soprano\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Antonia\n        maury.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Antonia Maury]]]]\\n[[File:Curlydisorder.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Curly\n        Howard]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Henri Albert Hartmann]], French surgeon\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Gustave Francq]], Canadian typographer\n        and trade unionist (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Constant Permeke]],\n        Belgian painter (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Hristo Tatarchev]],\n        Bulgarian revolutionary (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Sofoklis\n        Dousmanis]], Greek naval officer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Antonia\n        Maury]], American astronomer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Andrea\n        Cassulo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and missionary (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]]\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw Stempowski]], Polish politician (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]], French general, posthumous [[Marshal of France]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Almas Ildyrym]], Soviet poet (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Paolo Grilli]], Italian sculptor and\n        painter (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Curly Howard]], American\n        actor and comedian (''''The Three Stooges'''') (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Archduke Maximilian Eugen of Austria]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Andr\\u00e9s Luna de San Pedro]], Filipino architect (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Duke York]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] \\n** [[Sveinn Bj\\u00f6rnsson]], 1st President of Iceland (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Gagnepain]], French botanist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Polly Moran]],\n        American actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Zubeida Begum]], Indian\n        actress (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Cheron (actor)|Andr\\u00e9 Cheron]],\n        American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Fannie Ward]], American\n        actress (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Nicolae Constantin Batzaria]],\n        Ottoman statesman, Romanian writer (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[Image:King\n        George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg|thumb|120px|King\n        [[George VI]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] \\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Guilherme Fischer]], Brazilian\n        diplomat and scientist (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Charles de Rochefort]], French\n        actor (b. [[1879]])\\n** Patriarch [[Callistratus of Georgia]] (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Harold L. Ickes]], United States Secretary of the\n        Interior (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Federico Henr\\u00edquez\n        y Carvajal]], Dominican writer (b. [[1848]])\\n* [[February 6]] – King\n        [[George VI|George VI of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** [[Sebasti\\u00e3o da Gama]], Portuguese poet (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Philip\n        G. Epstein]], American screenwriter (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Pete Henry]], American\n        football player ([[Canton Bulldogs]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall\n        of Fame]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Arthur Hayes-Sadler]],\n        British admiral (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Matija Murko]],\n        Yugoslav scholar (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Molly Malone (actress)|Molly\n        Malone]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[John Sheehan (actor)|John Sheehan]],\n        American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Enzo de Muro Lomanto]],\n        Italian tenor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Edvige Carboni]],\n        Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman, mystic and venerable (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]]\\n** [[Lawrence Grant]], British actor (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Knut\n        Hamsun]], Norwegian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Francis Xavier Ford]], American\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop, missionary, servant of God and reverend (b.  [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]] – [[Tadeusz Vetulani]], Polish agriculturalist (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[February 26]]\\n** [[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]], Greek\n        general and politician, [[List of heads of state of Greece|President of Greece]]\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Josef Thorak]], Austrian-born German sculptor (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Helena Concannon]], Irish historian, writer, scholar\n        and politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Quo Tai-chi]], Chinese\n        diplomat (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:AndriesPieters.gif|thumb|120px|right|[[Andries\n        Jan Pieters]]]]\\n[[File:Official Photographic Portrait of Don Stephen Senanayaka\n        (1884-1952).jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Don Stephen Senanayake]]]]\\n[[File:Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg|thumb|120px|right|King\n        [[Jigme Wangchuck]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** [[Masao Kume]], Japanese playwright,\n        novelist and poet (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Gregory La Cava]], American film director\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Antonieta de Barros]], Brazilian journalist\n        and politician (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Charles Scott Sherrington]],\n        British physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1857]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], Indian\n        guru (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Alexandra Kollontai]], Russian\n        revolutionary (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[March 12]] \\n** [[Hugh Herbert]], American\n        actor and comedian (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Duke Siegfried August in Bavaria]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[V\\u00f5 Th\\u1ecb S\\u00e1u]], Vietnamese\n        schoolgirl (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Isaak Mazepa]], Soviet\n        politician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Robert Gu\\u00e9rin]], French\n        administrator, 1st [[President of FIFA]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Andries Jan Pieters]], Dutch criminal (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Uncle Dave Macon]], American musician (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Don Stephen Senanayake]],\n        1st [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister of Ceylon]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[J. P. McGowan|J.P. McGowan]], Australian actor and\n        director (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 28]] – Sir [[Fraser Russell]], Governor\n        of Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 30]] – Sir [[Jigme Wangchuck]],\n        [[King of Bhutan]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Walter Schellenberg]],\n        German Nazi intelligence official (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Roland West]], American\n        film director (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Wallace H. White, Jr.]], U.S. Senator from\n        Maine (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Ferenc Moln\\u00e1r]],\n        Hungarian novelist and dramatist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[Antonio\n        Cortis]], Spanish tenor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Julio Enrique Moreno]], acting\n        [[President of Ecuador]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Miina Sillanp\\u00e4\\u00e4]],\n        Finnish politician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Charles Collett]],\n        British chief mechanical engineer (''''[[Great Western Railway]]'''') (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Tadeusz Estreicher]], Polish cryogenics\n        pioneer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Frederic Austin]], British\n        teacher and composer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\n** [[Bruno Barilli]],\n        Italian actor and composer (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Viktor Chernov]], Russian revolutionary,\n        leader of the [[Socialist Revolutionary Party|Russian Socialist Revolutionary\n        Party]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Leslie Banks]], British actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** Sir [[Stafford Cripps]], British Labour politician, former\n        [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Nikolai\n        Alekseev (Catholic priest)|Nikolai Alekseev]], Soviet-born Greek [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priest and saint (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Julius Freed]],\n        American inventor and banker (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Guido\n        Castelnuovo]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Manuel Portela Valladares]], Spanish political figure (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[April\n        30]] – [[Shigenori Kuroda]], Japanese general (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Matrona\n        Moskovskaya.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Matrona Nikonova]]]]\\n[[File:Maria\n        Montessori1913.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Maria Montessori]]]]\\n[[File:Juan Bautista\n        P\\u00e9rez.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Juan Bautista P\\u00e9rez]]]]\\n* [[May 2]]\n        \\n** [[Lagertha Broch]], Norwegian illustrator (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Matrona\n        Nikonova]], Soviet [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] nun and saint (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Juan Carlos Blanco Acevedo]], Uruguayan politician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Alberto Savinio]], Italian writer (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Maria Montessori]], Italian educator (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Juan Bautista P\\u00e9rez]], Venezuelan lawyer,\n        magistrate and politician, 43rd [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[William Fox (producer)|William Fox]], Austro-Hungarian-born\n        film producer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Canada Lee]], American\n        actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[May 10]] \\n** [[Clark L. Hull]], American psychologist\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Gino Boccasile]], Italian illustrator (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Giovanni Tebaldini]], Italian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] \\n** [[Albert Bassermann]], German actor (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Tadeusz\n        Breyer]], Polish sculptor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Italo Montemezzi]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Antonio Correa Cotto]], Puerto\n        Rican outlaw (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Masakazu Nakai]], Japanese\n        aesthetician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Luigi Fabris]], Italian sculptor\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Bangalore Nagarathnamma]], Indian singer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[John Garfield]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May\n        22]] – [[Peter Ermakov]], Russian [[Bolshevik]] leader (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Georg Schumann (composer)|Georg Schumann]], German composer\n        (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko]], Soviet\n        army officer (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:ArchbishopThomasWalsh.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Thomas\n        Walsh (archbishop of Newark)|Thomas Walsh]]]]\\n[[File:Sergei merkurov.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Sergei\n        Merkurov]]]]\\n[[File:Felix-Louis Calonder.gif|thumb|100px|right|[[Felix Calonder]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]]\\n** [[John Dewey]], American philosopher (b. [[1859]])\\n** [[Malcolm\n        St. Clair (filmmaker)|Malcolm St. Clair]], American filmmaker (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Naum Torbov]], Bulgarian architect (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Thomas Walsh (archbishop of Newark)|Thomas Walsh]], American\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and reverend (b.  [[1873]])\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[Sergey Merkurov]], Soviet sculptor (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix\n        P\\u00e9rez Cardozo]], Paraguayan musician (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Luigi Puccianti]],\n        Italian physicist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 10]] \\n** [[Hilda Hongell]], Finnish\n        architect (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Frances Theodora Parsons]], American naturalist\n        (b. [[1861]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Genovevo de la O]], Mexican revolutionary\n        leader (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Emma Eames]], American soprano\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Felix Calonder]], Swiss politician,\n        36th [[President of Switzerland]] (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Zofia\n        Kirkor-Kiedroniowa]], Polish activist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Krystyna\n        Skarbek]] (aka Christine Granville), Polish-born British SOE operative during\n        World War II (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Jack Parsons (rocket engineer)|Jack Parsons]],\n        American rocket engineer (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Heinrich Schlusnus]],\n        German baritone (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Theodor Becker (actor)|Theodor\n        Becker]], German actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Elmo Lincoln]],\n        American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Eugenio de Liguoro]],\n        Italian actor and director (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pedro Lascurain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Lascurain]]]]\\n[[Image:Evita color.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eva Per\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:Guillermo\n        Tritschler y C\\u00f3rdova.JPG|thumb|110px|Reverend and Servant of God [[Guillermo\n        Tritschler y C\\u00f3rdova]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Ciro Grassi]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Walter Long (actor)|Walter\n        Long]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Alison Skipworth]],\n        British actress (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Rued Langgaard]], Danish\n        composer and organist (b. [[1893]]) \\n* [[July 20]] – [[Isabelle LaMal]],\n        American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 21]] \\n** [[Catherine Chisholm]],\n        British physician (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Pedro Lascur\\u00e1in]], Mexican diplomat,\n        34th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n** [[Harry Carter\n        (actor)|Harry Carter]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Antonio Mar\\u00eda\n        Valencia]], Colombian composer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Henry\n        Hallett]], British actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Edward Ellis\n        (actor)|Edward Ellis]], American actor (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]],\n        Argentine political leader, and First Lady to and partner in power of President\n        [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]] (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Guillermo Tritschler\n        y C\\u00f3rdova]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] prelate, reverend and servant\n        of God (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 31]] \\n** [[Waldemar Bonsels]], German writer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Takashi Hishikari]], Japanese general (b. [[1871]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Padre\n        Hurtado junto a j\\u00f3venes cat\\u00f3licos (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alberto\n        Hurtado]]]]\\n[[File:Hiranuma Kiichiro.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kiichiro Hiranuma|Hiranuma\n        Kiichiro]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Andrew Higgins]], American boatbuilder\n        and industrialist. (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 2]] \\n**[[Charles K. French]],\n        American actor, film director, and screenwriter (b. [[1860]])\\n**[[J. Farrell\n        MacDonald]], American actor and director (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        [[Sameera Moussa]], Egyptian nuclear scientist (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 6]]\n        – [[Francis Pegahmagabow]], Canadian mlitary officer (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[August 11]] \\n** [[Riccardo Martin]], American tenor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Dave\n        Sands]], Australian boxer (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Peretz\n        Markish]], Soviet-born Israeli poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Armida Barelli]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and venerable (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[August 18]] \\n** [[Alberto Hurtado]], Chilean [[Jesuit]] priest\n        and saint (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Ralph Byrd]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – [[Kiichiro Hiranuma|Hiranuma Kiichir\\u014d]], Japanese\n        politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[August 23]]\n        – [[Henri Couti\\u00e8re]], French zoologist (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Giovanni Cazzani]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and\n        servant of God (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Euphrasia Eluvathingal]],\n        Indian [[Carmelite]] nun and saint (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Anton Pi\\u00ebch]],\n        Austrian lawyer, son-in-law of Ferdinand Porsche (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Arky Vaughan]], American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[Henri Bourassa]], Canadian political leader and publisher (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jos\\u00e9\n        Vicente de Freitas.JPG|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Jos\\u00e9 Vicente de Freitas]]]]\\n[[File:Kaarlo\n        Juho St%C3%A5hlberg.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Kaarlo Juho St\\u00e5hlberg]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 4]] \\n** [[Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes]], Indonesian doctor (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Wegrzyn]], Polish actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Fernando Luis Garc\\u00eda]], American mariner (killed in action)\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[September 6]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Vicente de Freitas]], Portuguese\n        military officer and politician, 97th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1869]])\\n**\n        [[Gertrude Lawrence]], English actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 7]] –\n        [[Maria Shkapskaya]], Soviet poet (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Lizinka\n        Dyrssen]], Swedish activist (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Jonas H. Ingram]], American\n        admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Hermann Hummel]], German\n        chemist and politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Hugo Raudsepp]],\n        Estonian playwright (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Maria Matos]],\n        Portuguese actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Kaarlo Juho\n        St\\u00e5hlberg]], Finnish jurist and academic, 1st [[President of Finland]]\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Ray Mala]], American actor (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Eiichi Sugimoto]], Japanese economist\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[George Santayana]], Spanish writer\n        (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor|Viscount\n        Waldorf Astor]], American businessman and politician (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Gral.\n        Arturo Rawson.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Arturo Rawson]]]]\\n[[File:WP Ernst Streeruwitz.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ernst\n        Streeruwitz]]]]\\n[[File:Hughes15-16.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Billy Hughes]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Zavel Kwartin]], Soviet-born Israeli composer (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Keith Murdoch]], Australian journalist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Arturo Rawson]], Argentine military\n        officer and politician, 26th [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Jack Conway (filmmaker)|Jack Conway]], American film producer\n        and director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Julia Dean (actress,\n        born 1878)|Julia Dean]], American stage and screen actress (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] \\n**[[Edward S. Curtis]], American photographer, ethnologist,\n        and film director (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Huang Jiguang]], Chinese soldier (b.\n        [[1931]])\\n** [[Ernst Streeruwitz]], Austrian, businessman and politician,\n        6th [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Basil\n        Radford]], British actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Leonardo\n        Ruiz Pineda]], Venezuela lawyer and politician (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Ernst R\\u00fcdin]], Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Susan Peters]], American actress\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Frederick Jacobi]], American composer\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Sergei Bortkiewicz]], Soviet [[Romantic\n        music|Romantic]] composer and pianist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Hattie McDaniel]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Ludwig Fahrenkrog]], German writer, playwright and artist (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Billy Hughes]], Australian politician, 7th [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]], leader of [[World War I]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Henri Rouvi\\u00e8re]], French professor (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Flickr\n        - Government Press Office (GPO) - President Chaim Weizmann.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chaim\n        Weizmann]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Dixie Lee]], American singer (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[Mehmet Esat B\\u00fclkat]], Ottoman general\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n** [[Henry Edwards (actor)|Henry Edwards]], British actor (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Louis Verneuil]], French playwright\n        and screenwriter (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Charles de Chambrun\n        (1875\\u20131952)|Charles de Chambrun]], French diplomat and writer (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Harold Innis]], Canadian communications scholar (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Hugh Prosser]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Chaim\n        Weizmann]], Jewish biochemist, Zionist leader and Israeli statesman, 1st [[President\n        of Israel]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[John Roche (actor)|John\n        Roche]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Eugene Bossilkov]],\n        Bulgarian [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Josaphat Chichkov]], Bulgarian [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and blessed (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Kamen Vitchev]], Bulgarian [[Orthodox priest|Orthodox]] and\n        [[Assumptionist]] priest, martyr and blessed (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        \\n** [[Vasyl Krychevsky]], Soviet painter (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Vincent Scotto]],\n        French composer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Paul \\u00c9luard|Paul\n        Eluard]], French poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Benedetto\n        Croce]], Italian critic, philosopher, and politician (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[Henriette Roland Holst]], Dutch poet and socialist (b. [[1869]])\\n**\n        [[William D. Upshaw]], [[American temperance movement]] leader (b. [[1866]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Antonio Guarnieri]], Italian conductor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Sven Hedin]], Swedish explorer, geographer and geopolitician\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Carlo Lazzarini]], Australian politician (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – [[Zhou Xuechang]], Chinese politician (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Elena of Montenegro]], Queen of Italy, consort of\n        [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November\n        29]]\\n** [[Vladimir Ipatieff]], Soviet chemist (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Vida Milholland]],\n        American activist (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:VittorioEmanuelleOrlando28379v.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Vittorio\n        Emanuele Orlando]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]],\n        Italian statesman, 23rd [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Miguel Os\\u00f3rio de Almeida]], Brazilian physician and scientist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Vladim\\u00edr Clementis]], Czechoslovak\n        minister, politician, publicist, literary critic and author (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] \\n** [[Giuseppe Antonio Borgese]], Italian writer and journalist\n        (b.  [[1882]])\\n** [[Karen Horney]], German psychoanalyst (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] \\n** [[Andrey Aleksandrovich Gershun]], Soviet physicist (b.\n        [[1903]])\\n** [[Louis Lapicque]], French neuroscientist (b. [[1866]])\\n**\n        [[Dumitru Popovici]], Romanian hisrorian (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Charles Lightoller]], British merchant marine officer, second officer of\n        [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''''Titanic'''']] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n**\n        [[Erika Aittamaa]], Swedish artisan (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Billy Cook (criminal)|Billy\n        Cook]], American criminal (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Bed\\u0159ich Hrozn\\u00fd|Bedrich\n        Hrozn\\u00fd]], Czech orientalist and linguist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December\n        14]]\\n** [[Teixeira de Pascoaes]], Portuguese poet, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature]] (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Fartein Valen]], Norwegian composer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 15]] \\n** [[Goscombe John]], British sculptor\n        (b. [[1860]])\\n** [[Emmanuel Boleslaus Ledvina]], American [[Roman Catholic]]\n        prelate, bishop and reverend (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Leonid\n        Yachenin]], Soviet politician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 18]] \\n** [[Garimella\n        Satyanarayana]], Indian poet (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Ernst Stromer]], German paleontologist\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Pehr G. Holmes]], American politician\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 25]] \\n** [[Bernardino Molinari]], Italian conductor\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Herman S\\u00f6rgel]], German architect (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Lyn Harding]], British actor (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Henri Winkelman]], Dutch general (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[December\n        28]]\\n** [[Carlo Agostini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], Queen consort of\n        [[Christian X of Denmark]] (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Fletcher Henderson]], American\n        musician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Luke McNamee]], American admiral\n        and [[Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Gabriel Skagestad]], Norwegian\n        theologian, [[Roman Catholic]] priest, bishop and reverend (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Felix Bloch]], [[Edward Mills Purcell]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Archer John Porter Martin]], [[Richard Laurence Millington Synge]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Selman Waksman|Selman\n        Abraham Waksman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Mauriac]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Albert Schweitzer]]\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1952}}\\n[[Category:1952| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap\n        years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:26:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":799144411,\"length\":69339,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1952&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952\"},\"34865\":{\"pageid\":34865,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1953\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T04:06:40Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events by month|1953}}\\n{{Year nav|1953}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1953}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main|January\n        1953}}\\n[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|34th\n        President Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Samuel Beckett]]''s\n        play ''''[[Waiting for Godot]]'''' has its first public stage premi\\u00e8re\n        in French as ''''En attendant Godot'''' at the Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre de Babylone\n        in Paris.\\n* [[January 6]] – The [[Asian Socialist Conference]] opens\n        in [[Rangoon]], [[Burma]].\\n* [[January 7]] – United States President\n        [[Harry S. Truman]] announces the United States has developed a [[hydrogen\n        bomb]].\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Estonia]]n [[\\u00e9migr\\u00e9]]s found\n        a [[Estonian government-in-exile|government-in-exile]] in [[Oslo]].\\n* [[January\n        13]] – \\\"[[Doctors'' plot]]\\\": The state newspaper ''''[[Pravda]]''''\n        publishes an article alleging that many of the most prestigious physicians\n        in the [[Soviet Union]], mostly Jews, are part of a major plot to poison the\n        country''s senior political and military leaders.\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** Marshal\n        [[Josip Broz Tito]] is chosen President of [[Socialist Federal Republic of\n        Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n** The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-sponsored\n        [[Robertson Panel]] first meets to discuss the [[UFO]] phenomenon.\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Georg Dertinger]], foreign minister of [[East Germany]], is\n        arrested for spying.\\n* [[January 19]] – 71.1% of all television sets\n        in the United States are tuned into ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' to watch Lucy\n        give birth to Little Ricky, which is more people than those who tuned into\n        Dwight Eisenhower''s inauguration the next day. This record has yet to be\n        broken.\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is [[First inauguration\n        of Dwight D. Eisenhower|sworn in]] as the 34th President of the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – ''''[[The Crucible]]'''', a drama by [[Arthur Miller]],\n        opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Mau Mau Uprising]]:\n        Rebels in [[Kenya]] kill the Ruck family (father, mother, and six-year-old\n        son).\\n** [[Walter Ulbricht]] announces that agriculture will be [[collectivization|collectivized]]\n        in [[East Germany]].\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Derek Bentley]] is executed\n        for murder at [[HM Prison Wandsworth|Wandsworth Prison]] in London.\\n* [[January\n        31]]\\u2013[[February 1]] – The [[North Sea flood of 1953]] kills 1,836\n        people in the southwestern Netherlands (especially [[Zeeland]]), 307 in the\n        United Kingdom{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John\n        Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}{{cite book|title=The great\n        tide: The story of the 1953 flood disaster in Essex|last=Grieve|first=Hilda|year=1959|publisher=Essex\n        County Council}} and several hundred at sea, including 133 on the ferry\n        {{MV|Princess Victoria}} in the [[Irish Sea]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main|February\n        1953}}\\n* [[February 1]] – The surge of the [[North Sea flood of 1953|North\n        Sea flood]] continues from the previous day.\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Batep\\u00e1\n        massacre]]: Hundreds of native [[Creole peoples#Former Spanish colonies|creole]]s\n        known as ''''forros'''' are massacred in [[S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 Island|S\\u00e3o\n        Tom\\u00e9]] by the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners.\\n* [[February\n        5]] – Walt Disney''s feature film ''''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter\n        Pan]]'''' premieres.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        refuses a clemency appeal for [[Ethel and Julius Rosenberg]].\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] breaks diplomatic relations with [[Israel]] after a bomb explosion\n        at the Soviet embassy in reaction to the ''[[Doctors'' plot]]''.\\n* [[February\n        12]] – The [[Nordic Council]] is inaugurated.\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        [[Transsexual]] [[Christine Jorgensen]] returns to New York after successful\n        [[sex reassignment surgery]] in Denmark.\\n* [[February 16]] – The [[Pakistan\n        Academy of Sciences]] is established in [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] approves the first literature censorship\n        board in the United States.\\n* [[February 21]] – Nitroform Products\n        Company plant in Newark, New Jersey, is destroyed by an explosion.Mahoney\n        vs Nitroform Co., 114 A.2d 863 (NJ Appellate Div 1955).\\n* [[February\n        25]] – Release, in France, of [[Jacques Tati]]''s film ''''[[Les Vacances\n        de M. Hulot]]'''', introducing the ''''gauche'''' character of Monsieur Hulot.\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[James Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] of the [[University\n        of Cambridge]] announce their discovery of the structure of the [[DNA]] molecule.\\n**\n        Greece, [[Turkey]], and [[Yugoslavia]] sign the [[Balkan Pact (1953)|Balkan\n        Pact]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main|March 1953}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Joseph Stalin]]\n        suffers a [[stroke]] after an all-night dinner with [[Soviet Union]] interior\n        minister [[Lavrentiy Beria]] and future premiers [[Georgi Malenkov]], [[Nikolai\n        Bulganin]], and [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. The stroke paralyzes the right side\n        of his body and renders him unconscious until his death on [[March 5]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0304/post-stalin.html|title=The Death\n        of Stalin|first=Donna|last=Urschel|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2010-08-09}}\\n**\n        [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg]] is made deputy constable and lieutenant\n        governor of [[Windsor Castle]].\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Georgy Maksimilianovich\n        Malenkov]] succeeds [[Joseph Stalin]] as [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]]\n        and First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[March\n        8]] – The [[Thief in law|Thieves World]], which had been transformed\n        into the [[Russian mafia]], are freed from prisons by the Malenkov regime\n        which ends the [[Bitch Wars]]. \\n* [[March 13]] – The [[United Nations\n        Security Council]] nominates [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]] from [[Sweden]] as\n        [[United Nations Secretary General]].\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        is selected First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – The first [[nuclear test]] of [[Operation Upshot\\u2013Knothole]] is\n        conducted in [[Nevada]], with 1,620 spectators at {{convert|3.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – An earthquake hits western [[Turkey]], killing 250.\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – The [[25th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held (the first\n        one broadcast on television).\\n* [[March 25]]\\u2013[[March 26|26]] –\n        ''''Lari Massacre'''' in [[Kenya]]: [[Mau Mau]] rebels kill up to 150 [[Kikuyu\n        people|Kikuyu]] natives.\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Jonas Salk]] announces\n        his [[polio vaccine]].\\n* [[March 29]] – A fire at the Littlefield Nursing\n        Home in [[Largo, Florida]], kills 33 persons, including singer-songwriter\n        [[Arthur Fields]].\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main|April 1953}}\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]] is elected [[United Nations Secretary-General]].\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Jomo Kenyatta]] is sentenced to seven years in prison\n        for the alleged organization of the [[Mau Mau Uprising]].\\n* [[April 10]]\n        – The [[Melbourne Knights]] is founded as Croatia SC in [[Melbourne]].\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Ian Fleming]] publishes his first [[James Bond]] novel,\n        ''''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'''', in the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        The German football team SG [[Dynamo Dresden]] is founded.\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        President Eisenhower delivers his \\\"Chance for Peace\\\" speech to the National\n        Association of Newspaper Editors.{{cite web|url=http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/speeches/19530416%20Chance%20for%20Peace.htm\n        |title=Chance for Peace Speech |date=April 16, 1953 |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower\n        Memorial Commission |accessdate=9 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122085615/http://eisenhowermemorial.org/speeches/19530416%20Chance%20for%20Peace.htm\n        |archivedate=November 22, 2010 |df= }}\\n** A four-story building in\n        Chicago belonging to the Habar Corporation catches fire, killing 35 employees.\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Mickey Mantle]] hits a 565-foot (172 m) home run at\n        [[Griffith Stadium]] in Washington, D.C.  Mantle''s home run is believed to\n        be the longest home run in baseball history by many historians.\\n* [[April\n        20]] – [[Frank Sinatra]] and the arranger [[Nelson Riddle]] began their\n        first recording sessions together at [[Capitol Records]], which would result\n        in some of the defining recordings of Sinatra''s career.\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        [[Francis Crick]] and [[James Watson]] publish \\\"[[Molecular Structure of\n        Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid]]\\\", their description\n        of the [[double helix]] structure of [[DNA]].{{cite journal|last1=Watson|first1=J.\n        D.|last2=Crick|first2=F. H. C.|year=1953|url=http://www.nature.com/genomics/human/watson-crick/index.html|title=Molecular\n        structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid|volume=171|pages=737\\u2013738|publisher=[[Nature\n        (journal)|Nature]]|accessdate=9 August 2010}}\\n\\n===May===\\n\\n[[File:Sagarmatha ck Oct18 2002.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Mount Everest]].]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]] is crowned [[King of Jordan]].\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Aldous Huxley]] first tries the [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelic]]\n        [[hallucinogen]], [[mescaline]], inspiring his book ''''[[The Doors of Perception]]''''.\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – France agrees to the provisional independence of [[Cambodia]]\n        with King [[Norodom Sihanouk]].\\n* [[May 10]] – The town of [[Chemnitz]]\n        in [[East Germany]] becomes ''''Karl Marx Stadt''''.\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        The [[1953 Waco tornado outbreak|Waco tornado outbreak]]: A [[Fujita scale|F5]]\n        tornado hits in the downtown section of [[Waco, Texas]], killing 114.\\n* [[May\n        15]] – The [[Standards And Recommended Practices]] (SARPS) for [[Aeronautical\n        Information Service]] (AIS) were adopted by the [[ICAO]] Council. These SARPS\n        are in [[Annex 15]] to the [[Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation|Chicago\n        Convention]] and 15 May is celebrated by the AIS community as \\u201cWorld\n        AIS Day\\u201d.\\n* [[May 18]] – At [[Rogers Dry Lake]], Californian [[Jacqueline\n        Cochran|Jackie Cochran]] becomes the first woman to break the [[sound barrier]]\n        (in a [[F-86|F-86 Sabrejet]] at an average speed of 652.337 miles-per-hour).\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Nuclear testing]]: At the [[Nevada Test Site]], the United\n        States conducts its only [[nuclear artillery]] test: [[Upshot-Knothole Grable]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – Sir [[Edmund Hillary]] from [[New Zealand]] and [[Tenzing\n        Norgay]] from [[Nepal]] become the first men to [[1953 British Mount Everest\n        expedition|reach the summit]] of [[Mount Everest]].\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg NYWTS.jpg|thumb|180px| [[June 19]]: Execution of [[Julius\n        and Ethel Rosenberg]].]]\\n{{Main|June 1953}}\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Uprising\n        in Plze\\u0148 (1953)|Uprising in Plze\\u0148]]: [[Currency]] reform causes\n        riots in [[Czechoslovakia]].\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Coronation of Queen Elizabeth\n        II]] of the United Kingdom at [[Westminster Abbey]].\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Italian general election, 1953|Italian general election]]: the [[Christian\n        Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] party wins a plurality in both legislative\n        houses.\\n* [[June 7]]-[[June 9|9]] – [[Flint\\u2013Worcester tornado\n        outbreak sequence]]: A single storm-system spawns 46 [[tornado]]es of various\n        sizes, in ten states from Colorado to Massachusetts, over three days, killing\n        246.\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** On second day of Flint\\u2013Worcester tornado outbreak\n        sequence, a tornado kills 115 in [[Flint, Michigan]]; it will be the last\n        to claim more than 100 lives until the [[2011 Joplin tornado]].\\n** Austria\n        and the [[Soviet Union]] open [[diplomatic relations]].\\n**[[Ivo Sanader]],\n        the \\\"\\u010ca\\u0107a\\\", was born.\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** On third day of Flint\\u2013Worcester\n        tornado outbreak sequence, a tornado spawned from the same storm system as\n        the Flint tornado the day before hits in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], killing\n        94.\\n** [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[Technical Services Staff]] head\n        [[Sidney Gottlieb]] approves of the use of [[LSD]] in a [[MKUltra]] subproject.\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – Hungarian Prime Minister [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s R\\u00e1kosi]]\n        is replaced by [[Imre Nagy]].\\n* [[June 16]] – The [[Soviet Union]]\n        and [[Yugoslavia]] open [[diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Uprising\n        of 1953 in East Germany|Workers'' Uprising in East Germany]]: The [[Soviet\n        Union]] orders a [[Division (military)|division]] of troops into [[East Berlin]]\n        to quell a [[rebellion]].\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Egypt]] declares itself a [[republic]].\\n**\n        [[Tachikawa air disaster]]: A [[United States Air Force]] [[Douglas C-124\n        Globemaster II]] crashes just after takeoff from [[Tachikawa Airfield]] near\n        Tokyo, Japan, killing all 129 people on board in the worst air crash in history\n        up to this time, and the first with a confirmed death toll exceeding 100.\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] are executed at [[Sing Sing\n        Prison]] in  New York, for conspiracy to commit [[espionage]].\\n** [[Baton\n        Rouge bus boycott]] begins.\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** The first [[Chevrolet Corvette]]\n        is built at Flint, Michigan.\\n** First [[roll-on/roll-off]] ferry crossing\n        of the [[English Channel]], [[Dover]]–[[Boulogne]].{{cite web|title=''''Dinard''''\n        – ''''Viking''''|url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/BR_Dinard.html|work=Simplon\n        Postcards: The Passenger Ship Website|year=2005|accessdate=2012-10-22}}\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main|July\n        1953}}\\n* [[July 3]] – [[First ascent]] of [[Nanga Parbat]] in the Pakistan\n        [[Himalayas]], the world''s [[List of highest mountains|ninth highest mountain]],\n        is made by Austrian climber [[Hermann Buhl]] alone.\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Strike action|Strikes]] and [[riot]]s hit [[coal mining]] regions in Poland.\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – The [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) holds its first\n        assembly in [[Strasbourg]], France.{{dubious|reason=The EEC was founded in\n        1957. Maybe it was the ECSC in 1953?|European Economic Community|date=February\n        2014}}\\n* [[July 9]] – The US Treasury formally renames the Bureau of\n        Internal Revenue; the new name (which had previously been used informally)\n        is the [[Internal Revenue Service]].\\n* [[July 10]] – The Soviet official\n        newspaper ''''[[Pravda]]'''' announces that [[Lavrentiy Beria]] has been deposed\n        as head of the [[NKVD]].\\n* [[July 17]] – The greatest recorded loss\n        of United States [[midshipmen]] in a single event results from an [[USMC R4Q\n        NROTC crash|aircraft crash]] near [[NAS Whiting Field]].{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=8407175|title=HISTORIC\n        AIRCRAFT: THE FLYING BOXCAR|publisher=eLIBRARY.RU|accessdate=2012-01-19}}\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Howard Hawks]]''s [[musical film]] ''''[[Gentlemen Prefer\n        Blondes (1953 film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'''', starring [[Marilyn Monroe]]\n        and [[Jane Russell]], is released by [[20th Century Fox]].\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Fidel Castro]] and his brother lead a disastrous assault on the [[Moncada\n        Barracks]], preliminary to the [[Cuban Revolution]].\\n** The [[Short Creek\n        raid]] is carried out on a polygynous [[Mormon]] sect in [[Arizona]].\\n* [[July\n        27]] – The [[Korean War]] ends with the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]]:\n        [[United Nations Command (Korea)]] (United States), People''s Republic of\n        China, [[North Korea]] sign an [[armistice]] agreement at [[Panmunjom]] and\n        the north remains [[Communism|communist]] while the [[South Korea|south]]\n        remains [[Capitalism|capitalist]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main|August 1953}}\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Operation Big Switch]]: [[Prisoners of war]] are repatriated\n        after the [[Korean War]].\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** Soviet prime minister [[Georgi\n        Malenkov]] announces that the [[Soviet Union]] has a [[hydrogen bomb]].\\n**\n        [[London Agreement on German External Debts]] concluded, cancelling 50% of\n        repayable war debt by the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] to\n        its creditors.\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** The [[1953 Ionian earthquake]] of magnitude\n        7.2 totally devastates [[Cephalonia]] and most of the other [[Ionian Islands]]\n        in Greece''s worst natural disaster in centuries.\\n** [[Soviet atomic bomb\n        project]]: \\\"[[Joe 4]]\\\" – The first Soviet [[thermonuclear weapon]]\n        is detonated at [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]], [[Kazakh SSR]].\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – Four million workers go on strike in France to protest against [[austerity]]\n        measures.\\n* [[August 17]] – The first planning session of [[Narcotics\n        Anonymous]] is held in Southern [[California]] (see [[October 5]]).\\n* [[August\n        18]] – The second of the [[Kinsey Reports]], ''''[[Sexual Behavior in\n        the Human Female]]'''', is published in the United States.\\n* [[August 19]]\n        – [[Cold War]]: The [[CIA]] helps to overthrow the government of [[Mohammad\n        Mosaddegh]] in [[Iran]], and retain [[Shah]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] on\n        the throne (''''see'''' [[1953 Iranian coup d''\\u00e9tat|Operation Ajax]]).\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** The French government ousts King [[Mohammed V of Morocco]]\n        and exiles him to [[Corsica]].\\n** The United States returns to West Germany\n        382 ships it had captured during World War II.\\n* [[August 25]] – The\n        [[general strike]] ends in France.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main|September 1953}}\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – The discovery of [[REM sleep]] is first published\n        by researchers [[Eugene Aserinsky]] and [[Nathaniel Kleitman]].\\n* [[September\n        5]] – The [[United Nations]] rejects the [[Soviet Union]]''s suggestion\n        to accept China as a member.\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        becomes head of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Central Committee.\\n* [[September\n        12]] – U.S. Senator [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] marries [[Jacqueline\n        Lee Bouvier]] at St. Mary''s Church in Newport, Rhode Island.\\n* [[September\n        25]] – The first German [[prisoners of war]] return from the [[Soviet\n        Union]] to West Germany.\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Rationing]] of [[sugarcane|cane\n        sugar]] ends in the UK.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main|October 1953}}\\n* October\n        – The [[UNIVAC 1103]] is the first commercial computer to use [[random-access\n        memory]].{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Earl\n        Warren]] is appointed [[Chief Justice of the United States]] by U.S. president\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].\\n** The first meeting of [[Narcotics Anonymous]]\n        is held (the first planning session was held August 17).\\n* [[October 6]]\n        – [[UNICEF]], the United Nations Children''s Fund, is made a permanent\n        specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[West\n        German federal election, 1953]]: [[Konrad Adenauer]] is re-elected as German\n        chancellor.\\n** The [[British Guiana]] constitution is suspended.\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Roland (Monty) Burton]] wins the [[1953 London to Christchurch\n        air race]] in under 23 hours flying time.\\n** The [[Mutual Defense Treaty\n        Between the United States and the Republic of Korea]] is concluded in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[October 12]] – The play ''''[[The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial]]''''\n        opens at [[Plymouth Theatre]], New York.\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Kingdom\n        of Laos|Laos]] becomes independent from France.\\n* [[October 23]] –  [[Alto\n        Broadcasting System]] in the [[Philippines]] makes the first television broadcast\n        in [[southeast Asia]] through [[DZAQ-TV]]. Alto Broadcasting System is the\n        predecessor of what will later become [[ABS-CBN Corporation]].\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[Cold War]]: U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] formally\n        approves the top secret document of the [[United States National Security\n        Council]] [[NSC 162/2]], which states that the United States'' arsenal of\n        [[nuclear weapon]]s must be maintained and expanded to counter the [[Communism|communist]]\n        threat.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main|November 1953}}\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        [[David Ben-Gurion]] resigns as [[prime minister]] of [[Israel]].\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953\\u201370)|Cambodia]] becomes independent\n        from France.\\n** The [[Laotian Civil War]] begins between the [[Kingdom of\n        Laos]] and the [[Pathet Lao]], all the while resuming the [[First Indochina\n        War]] against the [[French Army]] in a [[Two-front war]].\\n** Saudi King Abdul\n        Aziz al-Saud died.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** The [[Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket]],\n        piloted by [[Scott Crossfield]], becomes the first manned aircraft to reach\n        [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.\\n** Authorities at the [[Natural History Museum, London]]\n        announce that the [[human skull|skull]] of [[Piltdown Man]] (allegedly an\n        [[early human]] discovered in [[1912]]) is a [[hoax]].{{cite journal|title=The\n        Solution of the Piltdown Problem|author1=Weiner, J. S.|author2=[[Kenneth Oakley|Oakley,\n        K. P.]]|author3=[[Wilfrid Le Gros Clark|Le Gros Clark, W. E.]]|journal=Bulletin\n        of the British Museum (Natural History), Geological Series|volume=2|issue=3|pages=141\\u20136|date=1953-11-20}}{{cite\n        news|title=Piltdown Man forgery|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=1953-11-21|page=6}}\\n*\n        [[November 21]]\\n** [[Puerto Williams]] is founded in Chile as the southernmost\n        settlement of the world.\\n* [[November 25]] – [[1953 England v Hungary\n        football match|England loses 6\\u20133 to Hungary]] at Wembley Stadium, their\n        first ever loss to a continental team at home.\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        French [[paratrooper]]s take [[\\u0110i\\u1ec7n Bi\\u00ean Ph\\u1ee7]].\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Mutesa II of Buganda|Edward Mutesa II]], the ''''[[Kabaka of\n        Buganda|kabaka]]'''' (king) of [[Buganda]], is deposed and exiled to London\n        by [[Andrew Cohen (colonial governor)|Sir Andrew Benjamin Cohen]], Governor\n        of [[Uganda]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main|December 1953}}\\n[[File:Ramon-Magsaysay-01.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Ramon\n        Magsaysay]]]]\\n* December – [[Hugh Hefner]] publishes the first issue\n        of ''''[[Playboy]]'''' magazine in the United States, featuring a [[centerfold]]\n        nude photograph of [[Marilyn Monroe]]; it sells 54,175 copies at $.50 each.\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – The United Kingdom and [[Iran]] reform [[diplomatic\n        relations]].\\n* [[December 6]] – With the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]],\n        conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] performs what he claims is his favorite [[Beethoven]]\n        symphony, ''''[[Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)|Eroica]]'''', for the last time.\n        The live performance is broadcast nationwide on radio, and later released\n        on records and CD.\\n* [[December 7]] – A visit to Iran by American Vice\n        President Richard Nixon sparks several days of riots, as an reaction to the\n        August 19 overthrow of the government of Mohammed Mossadegh by the US-backed\n        Shah. Three students are shot dead by police in Tehran. This event becomes\n        an annual commemoration.\\n* [[December 8]] – U.S. president [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] delivers his [[Atoms for Peace]] address to the [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] in New York City.\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Albert Schweitzer]]\n        is given the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.\\n* [[December 17]] – The U.S. [[Federal\n        Communications Commission]] (FCC) approves [[color television]] (using the\n        [[NTSC]] standard).\\n* [[December 23]] – The [[Soviet Union]] announces\n        officially that [[Lavrentiy Beria]] has been executed.\\n* [[December 24]]\n        – [[Tangiwai disaster]]: A railway bridge collapses at [[Tangiwai]],\n        New Zealand, sending a fully loaded passenger train into the [[Whangaehu River]];\n        151 are killed.\\n* [[December 25]] – The [[Amami Islands]] are returned\n        to Japan after 8 years of United States military occupation.\\n* [[December\n        30]]\\n** The first [[color television]] sets go on sale for about US$1,175.\\n**\n        [[Ramon Magsaysay]] is the 7th [[President of the Philippines]].\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* The Japanese [[10 yen coin]] is issued with serrated edges for\n        a 5-year period, beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since have had smooth\n        edges.\\n* Heavy massive rain, landslides, and flooding in western and southwestern\n        Japan kill an estimated 2,566, and injure 9,433, mainly at [[Kizugawa]], [[Wakayama]],\n        [[Kumamoto]], and [[Kitakyushu]] (June\\u2013August).\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Johnson\n        Transparent.png|thumb|110px|[[Gary Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm Young en 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Malcolm\n        Young]]]]\\n[[File:Former Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen at the\n        Nordic Council Session in Helsinki 2008-10-28.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anders Fogh\n        Rasmussen]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Gary Johnson]], American businessman\n        and politician, 29th Governor of [[New Mexico]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Vincent\n        Racaniello]], American virologist\\n* [[January 4]] – [[George Tenet]],\n        former American Central Intelligence Agency director\\n* [[January 5]]\\n**\n        [[Pamela Sue Martin]], American actress\\n** [[Mike Rann]], Australian politician\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Malcolm Young]], Australian musician\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Bruce Sutter]], America baseball player\\n* [[January 10]]\\n**\n        [[Pat Benatar]], American rock singer\\n** [[Bobby Rahal]], American race car\n        driver\\n* [[January 13]] – [[John Wake]], English cricketer\\n* [[January\n        15]]\\n** [[Kent Hovind]], American creation science evangelist\\n** [[Randy\n        White (American football)|Randy White]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Robert Jay Mathews]], American neo-Nazi and founder of the\n        terrorist group [[The Order (white supremacist group)|The Order]] (d. [[1984]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]]\\n** [[Desi Arnaz Jr.]], American actor, musician\\n** [[Richard\n        Legendre]], Canadian tennis player and politician\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Allen]], American entrepreneur and co-founder of [[Microsoft]]\\n** [[Glenn\n        Kaiser]], Blues-rock, Heavy metal, Rock, R&B (Early Days)\\n* [[January 22]]\\n**\n        [[Myung-whun Chung]], South Korean conductor and pianist\\n** [[Jim Jarmusch]],\n        American director\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Robin Zander]], American singer\n        and guitarist (Cheap Trick)\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Denmark]] and [[Secretary General of NATO]]\\n** [[Lucinda\n        Williams]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Colin Campbell\n        (ice hockey)|Colin Campbell]], Canadian ice hockey player and executive\\n*\n        [[January 29]]\\n** [[Nate Barnett]], American basketball player\\n** [[Peter\n        Baumann]], German keyboard player and songwriter (Tangerine Dream)\\n** [[Paulin\n        Bordeleau]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Caesar Cervin]], American soccer\n        player\\n** [[Dennis Delaney]], American actor and playwright\\n** [[Paul Fusco]],\n        American puppeteer and voice actor\\n** [[Steve March-Torm\\u00e9]], American\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Kalevi Marjamaa]], Finnish boxer\\n** [[Lynne McGranger]],\n        Australian actress\\n** [[Ronnie Moore]], English footballer and manager\\n**\n        [[Juan Paredes]], Mexican boxer\\n** [[Louie P\\u00e9rez]], American singer-songwriter\n        and guitarist \\n** [[Fred Riebeling]], Australian politician\\n** [[Gra\\u017cyna\n        Szmaci\\u0144ska]], Polish chess player\\n** [[Dwight Takamine]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Teresa Teng]], Taiwanese singer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Yorie Terauchi]], Japanese\n        actress\\n** [[Charlie Wilson (singer)|Charlie Wilson]], American singer-songwriter;\n        producer (The Gap Band)\\n** [[Hwang Woo-suk]], South Korean veterinarian and\n        academic\\n** [[Richard Younger-Ross]], English politician\\n* [[January 31]]\n        – [[Sergei Ivanov]], first deputy [[prime minister]] of Russia and former\n        [[minister of defense]] of Russia\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Cristinakirchnermensaje2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cristina\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]]]]\\n[[File:Aznar in Economic Ideas Forum, Madrid,\n        Spain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Aznar]]]]\\n[[File:Ian Khama (2014)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ian Khama]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Duane\n        Chapman]], American bounty hunter\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Kitar\\u014d]],\n        Japanese New Age musician\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Dan Quisenberry]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Mary Steenburgen]],\n        American actress\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Ciar\\u00e1n Hinds]], Irish actor\\n**\n        [[Rick Wagoner]], American automotive executive\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        [[June Jones]], American quarterback and current NCAA Football head coach\n        at Southern Methodist University\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Jeb Bush]],\n        American politician\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Nabil Shaban]], British disabled\n        actor\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Sergey Mironov]], Russian statesman and\n        Speaker of the Federation Council\\n* [[February 19]]\\n**[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez\n        de Kirchner]], 50th [[President of Argentina]]\\n**[[Massimo Troisi]], Italian\n        actor and film director (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Riccardo\n        Chailly]], Italian orchestral conductor\\n* [[February 21]] – [[William\n        Petersen]], American actor\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Geoffrey Perkins]],\n        British comedy producer, writer, actor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Aznar]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n** [[Martin Kippenberger]],\n        German artist\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Michael Bolton]], American surburbia\n        singer\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Ian Khama]], 4th [[President of Botswana]]\\n**\n        [[Yolande Moreau]], Belgian actress/writer/director\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Krugman]], American economist\\n** [[Ricky Steamboat]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Osmo V\\u00e4nsk\\u00e4]], Finnish orchestral conductor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:CENA\n        LENIN MORENO (16217113764) (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Len\\u00edn Moreno]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Richard Bruton]], Irish politician and economist\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Russell Feingold]], U. S. Senator\\n* [[March 3]]\\n**\n        [[Arthur Antunes Coimbra]], Brazilian footballer and manager\\n** [[Robyn Hitchcock]],\n        British singer-songwriter\\n** [[Agust\\u00ed Villaronga]], Spanish filmmaker\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Emilio Estefan]], Cuban percussionist\\n** [[Rose Laurens]],\n        French singer-songwriter\\n** [[Kay Lenz]], American actress\\n* [[March 5]]\n        – [[Tokyo Sexwale]], South African businessman, politician, anti-apartheid\n        activist, and former political prisoner\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Jan Kj\\u00e6rstad]],\n        Norwegian author\\n** [[Jacklyn Zeman]], American actress\\n* [[March 10]] –\n        [[Debbie Brill]], Canadian high jumper\\n* [[March 11]]  \\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        B\\u00f6l\\u00f6ni]], Romanian footballer\\n** [[Bernie LaBarge]], Canadian guitarist/vocalist\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Carl Hiaasen]], American author\\n** [[Ron Jeremy]], American\n        pornographic actor\\n** [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]], Nepalese politician\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[Johan Ullman]], Swedish medical doctor, physicist and inventor\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Kumba Iala]], Guinea-Bissauan politician and 3rd [[President\n        of Guinea-Bissau]] (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Bryan Duncan]], American\n        Christian musician\\n** [[Isabelle Huppert]], French actress\\n** [[Richard\n        Stallman]], American free software proponent\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Filemon\n        Lagman]], Filipino revolutionary (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Takashi\n        Yoshimatsu]], Japanese composer\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Len\\u00edn Moreno]],\n        Ecuadorian politician and 44th [[President of Ecuador]]\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[S\\u00e1ndor Cs\\u00e1nyi (banker)|S\\u00e1ndor Cs\\u00e1nyi]], Hungarian business\n        executive and banker\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Chaka Khan]], American soul\n        singer\\n* [[March 24]]\\n**[[Louie Anderson]], American comedian \\n**[[Mathias\n        Richling]], German comedian\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Lincoln Chafee]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Elaine Chao]], American politician; wife of Senator [[Mitch\n        McConnell]]\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Melchior Ndadaye]], 4th President of\n        Burundi (d. [[1993]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Guy Verhofstadt in 2005.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Guy\n        Verhofstadt]]]]\\n[[File:Linda Martin 2013 01 (crop 2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Linda\n        Martin]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Jim Allister]], Irish politician\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n**[[Sandra Boynton]], American author, songwriter, and illustrator\\n**[[Russ\n        Francis]], American Football player\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Robert Bertrand]],\n        Canadian politician\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Andy Hertzfeld]], American computer\n        programmer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[John Howard (singer-songwriter)|John Howard]],\n        English singer-songwriter\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Heiner Lauterbach]], German\n        actor\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Guy Verhofstadt]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]\\n**\n        [[Andrew Wiles]], British-born mathematician\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Eric\n        Tsang]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Peter Garrett]], Australian\n        musician and politician\\n** [[J. Neil Schulman]], American writer and activist\n        \\n* [[April 17]] – [[Linda Martin]], Irish singer and television presenter,\n        [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1992 winner\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Rick Moranis]],\n        Canadian actor\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Ruby Wax]], American-born British-based\n        performer \\n* [[April 20]] – [[Sebastian Faulks]], British novelist\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Juhani Komulainen]], Finnish composer\\n* [[April 24]]\n        – [[Eric Bogosian]], American actor, playwright, monologist, and novelist\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Ron Clements]], American animation director and producer\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\n** [[Roberto Bola\\u00f1o]], Chilean author (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Kim Gordon]], American rock musician\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Nikolai Budarin]],\n        Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Bill Drummond]], South African-born British musician\n        ([[The KLF]], The Timelords)\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Merrill Osmond]], American\n        pop singer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ANNUAL MEETING 2009 -\n        Tony Blair.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony Blair]]]]\\n[[File:Alex Van Halen - Van Halen\n        Live.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alex Van Halen]]]]\\n[[File:Norodom Sihamoni (2007)\n        (crop).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Norodom Sihamoni]]]]\\n[[File:Pierce Brosnan Berlinale\n        2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pierce Brosnan]]]]\\n[[File:Danny Elfman cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Danny\n        Elfman]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Valery Gergiev]], Russian/Ossetian conductor\\n*\n        [[May 4]] – [[Salman Hashimikov]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Wrestling\n        weight classes|heavyweight]] [[sport wrestling|wrestler]]\\n* [[May 5]] –\n        [[Dieter Zetsche]], German auto executive\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Tony Blair]],\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]\\n** [[Graeme Souness]], Scottish\n        footballer and manager\\n** [[Lynn Whitfield]], American actress\\n* [[May 7]]\n        – [[Ian McKay]], British soldier, ([[Victoria Cross|VC]] recipient)\n        (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Alex Van Halen]], Dutch-born American\n        rock musician\\n* [[May 11]] – [[David Gest]], American entertainer,\n        producer and television personality (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\n** [[Michael\n        Hebranko]], American exemplar of morbid/mortal obesity (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Norodom\n        Sihamoni]], King of Cambodia\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[George Brett]], American\n        Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Mike Oldfield]], English composer\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Pierce Brosnan]], Irish actor\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Victoria\n        Wood]], English comic performer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Robert\n        Doyle]], Australian politician\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]],\n        4th Prime Minister of Rwanda (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Alfred\n        Molina]], English actor  \\n* [[May 26]] – [[Michael Portillo]], English\n        politician\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Danny Elfman]], American composer\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Colm Meaney]],\n        Irish actor\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Kathie Sullivan]], American singer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Svecanost\n        podizanja NATOve zastave Zagreb 65.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ivo Sanader]]]]\\n[[File:Tim\n        Allen 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tim Allen]]]]\\n[[File:Xi Jinping October 2013\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Xi Jinping]]]]\\n[[File:Lesley Nicol - November\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley Nicol]]]]\\n[[File:Benazir\n        Bhutto.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benazir Bhutto]]]]\\n[[File:Cyndi Lauper in 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cyndi\n        Lauper]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[David Berkowitz]], American serial killer\\n**\n        [[Diana Canova]], American actress and adjunct professor\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        [[Keith Allen (actor)|Keith Allen]], British actor\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Erland\n        Van Lidth De Jeude]], Dutch-born wrestler, opera singer and actor (d. [[1987]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Susumu Ojima]], Japanese entrepreneur\\n* [[June 5]] –\n        [[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]], American film producer\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Johnny Clegg]], South African Zulu musician\\n** [[Dougie\n        Donnelly]], Scottish television broadcaster\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Ivo Sanader]],\n        8th [[Prime Minister of Croatia]]\\n* [[June 10]] – [[John Edwards]],\n        American politician\\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Peter Bergman]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Barbara Minty]], American model\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Michael Donovan]],\n        Canadian voice actor\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** [[Tim Allen]], American actor and\n        comedian \\n** [[Atso Almila]], Finnish conductor and composer\\n* [[June 15]]\n        \\n** [[Antonia Rados]], Austrian television journalist \\n** [[Xi Jinping]],\n        [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]] and [[President of the\n        People''s Republic of China]]\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley\n        Nicol]], English actress\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Ulrich M\\u00fche]], German\n        actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Benazir Bhutto]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Pakistan]] (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Wim Eijk]], Dutch archbishop\\n**\n        [[Cyndi Lauper]], American singer\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**[[Vanessa Campbell]],\n        American actor and singer\\n**[[Ivo Lill]], Estonian artist\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Don Dokken]], American rock singer and musician\\n** [[Colin Hay]], Scottish-born\n        Australian singer/songwriter\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:EPP Congress Marseille\n        7444 (6477260183).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lawrence Gonzi]]]]\\n[[File:Mindy Sterling\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Mindy Sterling]]]]\\n[[File:Clinton&Aristide.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jean\n        Bertrand-Aristide]]]]\\n[[File:Najib Razak 2008-08-21.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Najib\n        Abdul Razak]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[David Gulpilil]], Australian traditional\n        dancer and actor\\n** [[Sangay Ngedup]], former Prime Minister of Bhutan\\n**\n        [[Mohammad Tofiq Rahim]], Iraqi Kurdish politician\\n** [[Mike Haynes (cornerback)|Mike\n        Haynes]], American football player\\n** [[Alan Sunderland]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Pat Donovan]], American football offensive lineman\\n** [[Lawrence Gonzi]],\n        11th [[Prime Minister of Malta]]\\n** [[Nasir Ali Mamun]], Bengali portrait\n        photographer\\n** [[Jadranka Kosor]], Croatian politician\\n* [[July 2]] –\n        [[Nacer Sandjak]], Algerian football manager and former player\\n* [[July 3]]\n        \\n** [[Lotta Sollander]], Swedish alpine skier\\n** [[Les Strong]], English\n        association footballer\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Nanci Griffith]], American\n        folk singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Diederich]],\n        Luxembourgish chemist\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** [[Ang\\u00e9lica Arag\\u00f3n]], Mexican\n        actress\\n** [[Rik Emmett]], singer\\\\songwriter and lead guitarist of the Canadian\n        rock band Triumph\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Mindy Sterling]], American actress\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Gil Birmingham]], Native American actor \\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Bebe Buell]], American model and singer\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Jean-Bertrand\n        Aristide]], [[President of Haiti]]\\n** [[Raisul Islam Asad]], Bangladeshi\n        actor\\n** [[Mila Pivnicki]], wife of Canadian prime minister [[Brian Mulroney]]\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Nuria Bages]], Mexican actress\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** {{Interlanguage\n        link multi|Paula Saldanha|pt|3=Paula Saldanha}}, Brazilian journalist, presenter,\n        writer, illustrator and environmentalist \\n** [[Sh\\u014dichi Nakagawa]], Japanese\n        politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Jeff Fatt]], purple Wiggle\n        from 1991-2012\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Sylvia Chang]], Taiwanese actress\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Najib Abdul Razak]], current [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]\\n*\n        [[July 24]]\\n** [[Tadashi Kawamata]], Japanese contemporary artist\\n** [[Claire\n        McCaskill]], U.S. Senator\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Tim Gunn]], American fashion\n        expert\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Yahoo Serious]], Australian filmmaker\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n** [[Ken Burns]], American documentary filmmaker\\n** [[Geddy Lee]],\n        Canadian rock musician ([[Rush (band)|Rush]])\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[T\\u014dru\n        Furuya]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[James Read]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hulk\n        Hogan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hulk Hogan]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos Mesa, ex-President of\n        Bolivia (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Mesa]]]]\\n[[File:Hohlbein Wolfgang\n        Autor floersheim main 290607.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wolfgang Hohlbein]]]]\\n[[File:Martin-manley\n        (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Martin Manley]]]]\\n[[File:James-horner-07.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James\n        Horner]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Robert Cray]], American musician\\n** [[Steven\n        Krasner]], American sportswriter\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Butch Patrick]],\n        American child actor and musician\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Antonio Tajani]],\n        Italian politician, [[President of the European Parliament]]\\n* [[August 5]]\n        – [[Rick Mahler]], American baseball player (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        8]] – [[Nigel Mansell]], English 1992 [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Jean Tirole]], French [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Nobel Prize]]-winning economist\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Hulk Hogan]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Carlos Mesa]], [[President\n        of Bolivia]]\\n* [[August 14]] \\n** [[Cliff Johnson (game designer)|Cliff Johnson]],\n        American game designer\\n** [[James Horner]], American film composer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Wolfgang Hohlbein]], German writer of science fiction,\n        fantasy and horror fiction \\n** Martin Manley, American sports writer and\n        [[Efficiency (basketball)#NBA|statistician]] (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Carol Thatcher]],\n        English television personality\\n** Sir [[Mark Thatcher]], English businessman\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Kathie Lee Gifford]], American singer and actress\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Herta M\\u00fcller]], German [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]]-winning writer\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Louie Gohmert]], American\n        politician\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Beno\\u00eet R\\u00e9gent]], French actor\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Mike Jackson (Texas politician)|Mike\n        Jackson]], former member of the [[Texas Senate]]\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[G\\u00e9za Sz\\u0151cs]], Hungarian poet and politician\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Ron Holloway]], American tenor saxophonist\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Edward\n        Lowassa]], 8th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n** [[Pat Sharkey]], Irish footballer\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Alex Lifeson]], Canadian rock musician ([[Rush (band)|Rush]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[James Quesada]], Nicaraguan-born anthropologist\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Robert Parish]], American basketball player\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[Gy\\u00f6rgy K\\u00e1roly]], Hungarian author\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[John Zorn]], American musician\\n* [[September 4]]\\n**\n        [[Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs]], American actor\\n** [[Fatih Terim]], Turkish footballer\n        and manager\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Anne Lockhart (actress)|Anne Lockhart]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Mammootty]], Indian actor\\n*\n        [[September 8]] – [[Stu Ungar]], American poker player (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Amy Irving]], American actress\\n* [[September 11]]\n        – [[Lesley Visser]], American sportscaster and journalist\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\n** [[Nan Goldin]], American photographer\\n** [[Stephen Sprouse]], American\n        fashion designer, artist, and photographer (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 13]]\n        – [[Ann Dusenberry]], American film actress\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Betsy Boze]], American dean and CEO, [[Kent State University at Stark]]\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Probal Dasgupta]], Indian linguist and [[Esperantist]]\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Andrew Heermans]], American musician, recording\n        engineer, music producer\\n* [[September 22]] – [[S\\u00e9gol\\u00e8ne\n        Royal]], French politician\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Alexey Maslov]],\n        commander-in-chief of the [[Russian Ground Forces]]\\n* [[September 27]] –\n        [[Greg Ham]], Australian rock musician ([[Men at Work]])\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]], Scottish singer-songwriter ([[Ph.D.\n        (band)|PhD]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Denis Potvin]], Canadian\n        Hall of Fame hockey player\\n** [[Randy West]], American radio personality\n        and game show announcer\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Deborah Allen]], American\n        singer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Tico Torres Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film\n        Festival.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tico Torres]]]]\\n[[File:Greg Evigan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Greg\n        Evigan]]]]\\n[[File:Tito Jackson 2009-07-19.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tito Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\n** [[Grete Waitz]], Norwegian athlete (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Klaus\n        Wowereit]], German politician \\n* [[October 2]] – [[Brandon Wilson]],\n        American author and explorer\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Kerry Sherman]], American\n        actress\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Tico Torres]], American Drummer ([[Bon\n        Jovi]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Tony Shalhoub]], American actor\\n* [[October\n        12]]\\n** [[Les Dennis]], British comedian and television presenter\\n** [[Serge\n        Lepeltier]], French politician\\n* [[October 14]] \\n** [[Greg Evigan]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Shelley Ackerman]], American astrologer, actress, writer\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Tito Jackson]], African-American singer and guitarist ([[The Jackson\n        5]])\\n** [[Larry Miller (comedian)|Larry Miller]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Martha Smith]], American model and actress\\n* [[October\n        21]]\\n** [[Keith Green]], American-born Christian piano player (d. [[1982]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Mandelson]], British politician and member of the [[United Kingdom\n        Labour Party|Labour Party]]\\n** [[Hugh Wolff]], American orchestral conductor\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Loyiso Nongxa]], South African [[Mathematics|mathematician]]\\n*\n        [[October 24]]\\n** [[Christoph Daum]], German football manager and former\n        footballer\\n** [[Steven Hatfill]], American physician, virologist and bio-weapons\n        expert\\n** [[David Wright (British musician)|David Wright]], British composer\n        and producer, co-founder of AD Music\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Keith Strickland]],\n        American musician ([[The B-52''s]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Peter Firth]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Robert Picardo]], American actor\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Lorelei King]], American Actress a.k.a. Tabs Wildcat\\n* [[October 31]] –\n        [[Michael J. Anderson]], American actor\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Launch Republique\n        Solidaire 2010-06-19 n04.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dominique de Villepin]]]]\\n[[File:Curtis\n        Armstrong by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Curtis Armstrong]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Susan Tse]], Hong Kong actress and opera singer\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Dennis Miller]], American comedian and radio host\\n* [[November\n        4]]\\n**[[Carlos Gutierrez]], American politician\\n**[[Van Stephenson]], American\n        singer-songwriter (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Florentino V.\n        Floro]], Filipino dwarf judge\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Ottfried Fischer]],\n        German actor and Kabarett artist \\n* [[November 8]] – [[John Musker]],\n        American animation director\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Andy Partridge]], British\n        musician and frontman of the band [[XTC]]\\n** [[Harley Venton]], American\n        actor\\n* [[November 13]] \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s Manuel L\\u00f3pez Obrador]], Mexican\n        politician\\n** [[Waswo X. Waswo]], American photographer\\n** [[Diana Weston]],\n        [[England|English]] actress\\n** [[Mokhtar Dahari]], Malaysian footballer (d.\n        [[1991]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Dominique de Villepin]], [[Prime Minister\n        of France]]\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Alexander O''Neal]], American singer\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Patrick J. Nause]], Electrition\\n* [[November 18]]\n        \\n** [[Alan Moore]], English writer and magician\\n** [[Kevin Nealon]], American\n        actor and comedian\\n** [[Kath Soucie]], American actress and most active in\n        voice overs\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Robert Beltran]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Tom Villard]], American actor (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Francis\n        Cabrel]], French singer\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[Glenn Withrow]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Tod Machover]], American composer\\n* [[November 25]] –\n        [[Graham Eadie]], Australian rugby player\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Boris\n        Grebenshchikov]], [[Russia]]n [[rock music]]ian\\n** [[Curtis Armstrong]],\n        American actor \\n* [[November 28]] – [[Pamela Hayden]], American voice\n        actress\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Alex Grey]], American artist\\n** [[Vlado\n        Kreslin]], Slovenian singer\\n** [[Christine Pascal]], French actress, director\n        and screenwriter (d. [[1996]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Kim Basinger (2105860771)\n        crop.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Kim Basinger]]]]\\n[[File:IMG 9696 - Flickr - Eye Steel\n        Film.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bill Pullman]]]]\\n[[File:Leonel Fernandez Reyna.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Leonel\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas_Bach_(13951010204).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Thomas\n        Bach]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Joel Fuhrman]], American certified family\n        physician\\n* [[December 6]]\\n**[[Tom Hulce]], American actor and theater producer\\n**[[Gary\n        Ward (outfielder)|Gary Ward]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Basinger]], American actress and fashion model\\n** [[Norman G. Finkelstein]],\n        American political scientist\\n** [[Sam Kinison]], American comedian (d. [[1992]])\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[John Malkovich]], American actor and film director\\n*[[December\n        13]] \\n** [[Ben Bernanke]], American economist and former [[Federal Reserve\n        System]] chairman\\n** [[Bob Gainey]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Vangelis Meimarakis]], Greek lawyer and politician, 4th [[Minister\n        for National Defence (Greece)|Greek Minister for National Defence]]\\n* [[December\n        17]]\\n** [[Ikue Mori]], Japanese drummer, composer, and graphic designer\\n**\n        [[Bill Pullman]], American actor\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Khas-Magomed\n        Hadjimuradov]], Chechen bard\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Andr\\u00e1s Schiff]],\n        Hungarian concert pianist and conductor\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[David Leisner]],\n        American guitarist and composer\\n** [[BernNadette Stanis]], American actress\\n*\n        [[December 26]]\\n** [[Leonel Fern\\u00e1ndez]], [[President of the Dominican\n        Republic]]\\n** [[Toomas Hendrik Ilves]], Estonian politician, 4th [[President\n        of Estonia]]\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Tatsumi Fujinami]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[December 29]] \\n** [[Thomas Bach]], 9th [[President of the International\n        Olympic Committee]]\\n** [[Stanley Williams]], American gang member (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Dana Key]], American Christian musician, guitarist and\n        preacher (''''[[DeGarmo and Key]]'''') (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Meredith Vieira]],\n        American journalist and game show host\\n* [[December 31]] – [[James\n        Remar]], American actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Sheila Andrews]], American\n        surburbian musician (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[Jacques Gounon]], French CEO, the Chairman\n        of [[Eurotunnel]]\\n* [[Peter Lord]], British film producer and director\\n*\n        [[Jing Jing Luo]], Chinese composer\\n* [[Phil Ortiz]], American animator\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Hank\n        Williams MGM Records - cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hank Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        of the Right Hon. J. H. Scullin.png|thumb|110px|[[James Scullin]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n**[[Maksim Purkayev]], Soviet general (b. [[1894]])\\n**[[Hank Williams]],\n        American musician (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Arthur Hoyt]], American\n        actor (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu]], Japanese prince (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Martin and Osa Johnson|Osa Johnson]],\n        American adventurer and documentary filmmaker (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Charles Edward Merriam]], American political scientist (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Madame le Corbeau|Marguerite Pitre]] (aka [[Madame\n        le Corbeau]]), Canadian murderer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Edward\n        Marsh (polymath)|Edward Marsh]], English polymath and civil servant (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Mary Mannering]], early 20th century English stage\n        actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[James Scullin]], 9th [[Prime\n        Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Lionel Belmore]],\n        English actor (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2000-0518-507,\n        Julius Maniu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Iuliu Maniu]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[William\n        Sydney Marchant]], British colonial official (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – [[Alan Curtis (American actor)|Alan Curtis]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]] – [[Iuliu Maniu]], 32nd [[Prime Minister of Romania]]\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Cecil Hepworth]], English director\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Hal Colebatch]], Australian politician\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Nobutake Kond\\u014d]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Richard Rushall]], British businessman (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen]], Bavarian general\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 23]] – Sir [[Cecil Hunter-Rodwell]], British\n        colonial administrator (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Gerd von\n        Rundstedt]], German field marshal (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[February 25]] –\n        [[Sergei Winogradsky]], Russian scientist (b. [[1856]])\\n* [[February 27]]\n        – [[Paul Hurst (actor)|Paul Hurst]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:CroppedStalin1943.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph\n        Stalin]]]]\\n[[File:K Gottwald.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Klement Gottwald]]]]\\n[[File:Queenmaryformalportrait\n        edit3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Thorpe, 1912\n        Summer Olympics.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jim Thorpe]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] – [[James\n        Lightbody]], American middle distance runner (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 3]]\n        – [[James J. Jeffries]], American boxing champion (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[March\n        5]]\\n** [[Herman J. Mankiewicz]], American writer and producer (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Sergei Prokofiev]], Russian composer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Joseph Stalin]],\n        Soviet leader (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Edward Sedgwick]], American\n        director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Johan Laidoner]], Commander-in-chief\n        of the Estonian Army (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Klement Gottwald]],\n        5th [[President of Czechoslovakia]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        [[Carl Stockdale]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Graciliano\n        Ramos]], Brazilian writer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Raoul Dufy]],\n        French painter (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Oskar Luts]], Estonian writer and playwright\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], consort of\n        [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Paul Couturier]],\n        French priest (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Jim Thorpe]], Native-American\n        athlete and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Ivan Lebedeff]], Russian actor (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Catol_al_II-lea.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Carol II of Romania]]]]\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Jean Epstein]], French film\n        director (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Hugo Sperrle]], German field marshal (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – King [[Carol II of Romania]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        9]] \\n** [[Eddie Cochems]], American father of the [[forward pass]] in football\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Hans Reichenbach]], German philosopher (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Stanis\\u0142aw Wojciechowski]], 2nd President of the Republic of Poland\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Boris Kidri\\u010d]], 1st Prime Minister\n        of Slovenia (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Kid Nichols]], American baseball player ([[Boston\n        Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Erich Weinert]], German writer, [[Communist]],\n        and member of the [[Communist Party of Germany|KPD]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Maud Gonne]], English-born Irish republican revolutionary,\n        memoirist; former wife of [[John MacBride]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[Alice Prin|Kiki de Montparnasse]], French artists'' model (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Django\n        Reinhardt (Gottlieb 07301).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Django Reinhardt]]]]\\n[[File:Damaso\n        Berenguer.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Damaso Berenguer]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Everett\n        Shinn]], American painter (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Anna R\\u00fcling]],\n        German journalist, \\\"the first known lesbian activist\\\" (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May\n        16]] \\n** [[Nicolae R\\u0103descu]], Romanian military officer and statesman,\n        former [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Django Reinhardt]],\n        Belgian musician (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[D\\u00e1maso Berenguer]],\n        Spanish soldier and politician, former Prime Minister (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[Ernst Zermelo]], German logician and mathematician (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – [[Jesse Burkett]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Spiders]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Man Mountain Dean]], American professional wrestler (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Dooley Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] – [[Vladimir Tatlin]], Soviet painter and architect (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Norman\n        Ross Sr..JPG|thumb|110px|[[Norman Ross]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Alex James\n        (footballer)|Alex James]], Scottish football (soccer) player (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[William Farnum]], American actor (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Bill\n        Tilden]], American tennis champion (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Roland Young]], English\n        actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Godfrey Tearle]], American actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Henry Scattergood]], American cricketer\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Fonck]], French aviator,\n        top Allied [[World War I]] Flying Ace (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Harold\n        Cazneaux]], Australian photographer (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]],\n        American communist spies (b. [[1918]] and [[1915]], respectively) (executed\n        on same day)\\n** [[Norman Ross]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[June 23]] – [[Albert Gleizes]], French artist and theoretician (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Elsa Beskow]], Swedish author and illustrator\n        of children''s books (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Dumarsais estime\n        portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dumarsais Estime]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Totius\n        (poet)|Totius]], Afrikaans poet. (b. 1877)\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Annie Kenney]],\n        British working-class suffragette (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Oliver\n        Campbell]], American tennis player (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Herbert\n        Rawlinson]], English actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Hilaire\n        Belloc]], French-born British writer and historian (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] – [[Maude Adams]], American actress (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 20]]\n        – [[Dumarsais Estim\\u00e9]], 30th [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Nikolaos Plastiras]], Greek general and politician,\n        former [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Richard\n        Pearse|Richard William Pearse]], New Zealand airplane pioneer (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Robert A. Taft]], American politician, United States\n        Senate Majority Leader (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Abner Powell]], [[Major League Baseball]] player (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[August\n        11]] – [[Tazio Nuvolari]], Italian racing driver (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[Ludwig Prandtl]], German physicist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Jim Tabor]], American baseball player (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[August\n        25]] – [[Jessie Aspinall]], Australian doctor, first female junior medical\n        resident at the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August\n        30]]\\n** [[Gaetano Merola]], Italian conductor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Maurice\n        Nicoll]], British psychiatrist (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Mary\n        Brewster Hazelton, est 1900-1910.png|110px|thumb|[[Mary Brewster Hazelton]]]]\\n[[File:Edwin-hubble.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edwin\n        Hubble]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – General [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Jonathan\n        Wainwright]], American Medal of Honor recipient (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Francis Ford (actor)|Francis Ford]], American actor and director\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Nobuyuki Abe]], Japanese politician\n        and military leader, former Prime Minister (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[September 8]]\n        – [[Fred M. Vinson]], [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Hugo Schmeisser]], German weapons designer (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Lewis Stone]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Mary Brewster Hazelton]], American painter (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Erich Mendelsohn]], German architect (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Wenxiu]], consort of China''s last emperor [[Puyi]] (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba]],\n        Spanish aristocrat (born 1878)\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Xu Beihong]],\n        Chinese painter (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Hans Fritzsche]],\n        senior Nazi official, one of only three acquitted at the [[Nuremberg trials]]\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Edwin Hubble]], American astronomer\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Robert Mawdesley]], British actor\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Lewis Fry Richardson]], English mathematician, physicist,\n        meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Hjalmar_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hjalmar\n        Hammarskjold]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Arnold Bax]], English composer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Porter Hall]], American actor (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Nigel Bruce]], British character actor (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n** [[Kathleen Ferrier]], British contralto (b. [[1912]]) \\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Bush family|Robin Bush]], younger sister of President [[George\n        Walker Bush]] (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Hjalmar Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish politician, 13th [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], leaders of [[World\n        War I]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Millard Mitchell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Arthur Wimperis]], English\n        illustrator and playwright (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Robert\n        Brooke-Popham]], British [[air chief marshal]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Holger Pedersen (linguist)|Holger Pedersen]], Dutch linguist\n        (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Thomas Wass]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Louise DeKoven Bowen.png|110px|thumb|[[Louise\n        DeKoven Bowen]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Harry A. Marmer]], Ukrainian-born\n        American mathematician and oceanographer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        [[Ivan Bunin]], Russian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[John van Melle]], Dutch-born author (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]]\\n** [[Louise DeKoven Bowen]], American philanthropist and activist\n        (b. [[1859]])\\n** King [[Ibn Saud]] of Saudi Arabia (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Dylan\n        Thomas]], Welsh poet and author (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Ruth\n        Crawford Seeger]], American composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[Larry Shields]], American musician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Syed Sulaiman Nadvi]], Indian/Pakistani historian, biographer, litt\\u00e9rateur\n        and scholar of Islam (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Eugene O''Neill]],\n        American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Rudolf Bauer (artist)|Rudolf Bauer]], German-born\n        painter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Ernest Barnes]], English mathematician,\n        scientist and theologist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Sam De Grasse]], Canadian actor\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Milt Gross]], American comic book illustrator and animator\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Francis Picabia]], French painter\n        and poet (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sukru Saracoglu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sukru\n        Saracoglu]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Jorge Negrete]], Mexican singer\n        and actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]],\n        Indian-born Islamic scholar and translator (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 14]]\n        – [[Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings]], American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Robert Andrews Millikan]],  American physicist [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[December 21]] –\n        [[Nicholas H. Heck]], American geophysicist, oceanographer, and surveyor (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Lavrentiy Beria]], [[Ministry of Internal\n        Affairs (Soviet Union)|Minister of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union]]\n        (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 25]]\\n**[[William Haselden]], English\n        cartoonist (b. 1872)\\n**[[Lee Shubert]], Polish-born theater owner and operator\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[\\u015e\\u00fckr\\u00fc Saraco\\u011flu]],\n        9th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Julian Tuwim]], Polish\n        poet (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Albert Plesman]], Dutch aviation\n        pioneer (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Frits Zernike|Frits (Frederik)\n        Zernike]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Hermann Staudinger]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Hans Adolf Krebs]],\n        [[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[George Catlett Marshall]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1953}}\\n[[Category:1953|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T04:06:40Z\",\"lastrevid\":799835983,\"length\":64984,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953\"},\"34982\":{\"pageid\":34982,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1954\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:40:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1954}}\\n{{Events by month|1954}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1954}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1954}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1954}}\\n* [[January 1]] – The [[Soviet Union]] ceases\n        to demand [[war reparations]] from [[East Germany]].\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Georgetown-IBM experiment]]: The first public demonstration of a [[machine\n        translation]] system, is held in New York at the head office of [[IBM]].\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[BOAC Flight 781]], a [[de Havilland Comet]] jet plane,\n        disintegrates in mid-air due to [[metal fatigue]] and crashes in the Mediterranean\n        near [[Elba]]. All 35 people on board are killed.\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[1954 Blons avalanches|Avalanche]]s in Austria kill more than 200.\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Marilyn Monroe]] marries [[baseball]] player [[Joe DiMaggio]].\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Mau Mau]] leader [[Waruhiu Itote]] is captured in\n        [[Kenya]].\\n* [[January 17]] – In [[Yugoslavia]], [[Milovan \\u0110ilas]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]],\n        is relieved of his duties.\\n* [[January 20]] – The US-based [[National\n        Negro Network]] is established with forty-six member [[radio station]]s.\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – The first nuclear-powered [[submarine]], the {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}},\n        is launched in [[Groton, Connecticut]], by [[First Lady of the United States]]\n        [[Mamie Eisenhower]].\\n* [[January 25]] – The foreign ministers of the\n        United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the [[Berlin Conference\n        (1954)|Berlin Conference]].\\n\\n[[File:Monroe DiMaggio Wedding.jpg|thumb|120px|[[January\n        14]]: [[Marilyn Monroe|Marilyn]] weds [[Joe DiMaggio|DiMaggio]].]]\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1954}}\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Elizabeth II]] becomes\n        the first reigning monarch to visit Australia.\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        After authorizing $385 million over the $400 million already budgeted for\n        military aid to Vietnam, [[President of the United States]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        warns against his country''s intervention in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 19]]\n        – [[1954 transfer of Crimea]]: The [[Soviet Politburo]] of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] orders the transfer the [[Crimean Oblast]] from the [[Russian SFSR]]\n        to the [[Ukrainian SSR]].\\n* [[February 23]] – The first mass [[vaccination]]\n        of children against [[polio]] begins in [[Pittsburgh]], United States.\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – Lt. Col. [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] becomes premier of\n        [[Egypt]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1954}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        U.S. officials announce that a [[Thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]] test\n        ([[Castle Bravo]]) has been conducted on [[Bikini Atoll]] in the Pacific Ocean.\\n**\n        [[United States Capitol shooting incident (1954)|U.S. Capitol shooting incident]]:\n        Four [[Puerto Rican independence movement|Puerto Rican nationalists]] open\n        fire in the [[United States House of Representatives]] chamber and wound five;\n        they are apprehended by security guards.\\n* [[March 9]] – American journalists\n        [[Edward R. Murrow]] and [[Fred W. Friendly]] produce a 30-minute ''''[[See\n        It Now]]'''' documentary, entitled ''''[[Joseph McCarthy|A Report on Senator\n        Joseph McCarthy]]''''.\\n* [[March 12]] – Finland and Germany officially\n        end their state of war.\\n* [[March 13]] – French troops begin the battle\n        against the [[Viet Minh]] in [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]].\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Joey Giardello]] knocks out Willie Tory at [[Madison\n        Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]], in the first [[television|televised]]\n        [[boxing]] prize fight to be shown in colour.\\n* [[March 23]] – In Vietnam,\n        the [[Viet Minh]] capture the main airstrip of [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien\n        Bien Phu]]. The remaining French Army units there are partially isolated.\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** The [[26th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n** [[RCA]]\n        manufactures the first color television set (12-inch screen; price: $1,000)\\n**\n        The [[Soviet Union]] recognises the [[sovereignty]] of [[East Germany]]. Soviet\n        troops remain in the country.\\n* [[March 27]] – The [[Castle Romeo]]\n        nuclear test explosion is executed.\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** Puerto Rico''s first\n        television station, ''''[[WKAQ-TV]]'''', commences [[broadcasting]].\\n** Trial\n        of [[A. L. Zissu]] and 12 other Zionist leaders ends with harsh sentences\n        in [[Communist Romania]].\\n* [[March 29]] – A [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47\n        transport]] with French nurse [[Genevi\\u00e8ve de Galard]] on board is wrecked\n        on the runway at [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]].\\n* [[March 30]]\n        – The first operational [[Rapid transit|subway line]] in Canada opens\n        in Toronto.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1954}}\\n* April – [[Bill\n        Haley & His Comets]] record \\\"[[Rock Around the Clock]]\\\", thus starting the\n        [[rock and roll]] craze.\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** The [[U.S. Congress]] and President\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] authorize the founding of the [[United States Air\n        Force Academy]] in [[Colorado]].\\n** [[South Point School (India)]] is founded\n        and becomes the largest school in the world by [[1992]].\\n* [[April 3]] –\n        [[Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov (diplomat)|Vladimir Petrov]] [[Petrov Affair|defects]]\n        from the [[Soviet Union]] and asks for [[political asylum]] in Australia.\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – The legendary symphony conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]]\n        experiences a lapse of memory during a concert. At this concert''s end, his\n        retirement is announced, and Toscanini never conducts in public again.\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] gives his \\\"[[domino theory]]\\\"\n        speech during a news conference.\\n* [[April 8]] – A Royal Canadian Air\n        Force Canadair [[North American T-6 Texan|Harvard]] collides with a [[Trans-Canada\n        Air Lines]] [[Canadair North Star]] over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing\n        37 people.\\n* [[April 11]] – This day is denoted as the most boring\n        day in the 20th century by [[True Knowledge]], an [[Question answering|answer\n        engine]] developed by William Tunstall-Pedoe. No significant newsworthy events,\n        births, or deaths are known to have happened on this day.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8160622/Computer-identifies-the-most-boring-day-in-history.html|title=The\n        Most Boring Day in History – April 11, 1954|author=Daily Telegraph|date=November\n        25, 2010|deadurl=no|accessdate=July 19, 2014}}\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Aneurin\n        Bevan]] resigns from the [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]]''s \\\"[[Shadow\n        Cabinet]]\\\".\\n** A Soviet spy ring in Australia is unveiled.\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – Vice President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that the United States\n        may be \\u201cputting our own boys in Indochina regardless of Allied support\\u201d.\n        {{citation needed|date=December 2014}}\\n* [[April 22]] – [[United States\n        Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph McCarthy]] begins hearings investigating the [[United\n        States Army]] for being \\\"soft\\\" on [[Communism]].\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** An\n        [[Geneva Conference (1954)|international conference]] on Korea and Indo-China\n        opens in Geneva.\\n** [[Akira Kurosawa]]''s ''''[[Seven Samurai]]'''' is released\n        in Japan.\\n* [[April 28]] – U.S. Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]]\n        accuses Communist China of sending combat troops to Indo-China to train the\n        [[Viet Minh]] guerrillas. {{citation needed|date=December 2014}}\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1954}}\\n* [[May 1]] – The [[Unification Church]] is founded\n        in South Korea.\\n* [[May 4]] – General [[Alfredo Stroessner]] deposes\n        [[Federico Ch\\u00e1vez]] in a [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Paraguay]]; from\n        August 15 he will hold the office of [[President of Paraguay|President]] until\n        [[1989]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Roger Bannister]] runs the first [[sub-four\n        minute mile]], in [[Oxford]], England.\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Vietnam War]]\n        (run-up): The [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]] ends in a French defeat (the battle\n        began on [[March 13]]).\\n* [[May 8]] – The [[Asian Football Confederation]]\n        (AFC) is formed in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]].\\n* [[May 11]] – U.S.\n        Secretary of State John Foster Dulles declares that Indochina is important\n        but not essential to the security of Southeast Asia, thus ending any prospect\n        of American intervention on the side of France.\\n* [[May 14]] \\n** The [[Boeing\n        707]] is released after about two years of development.\\n** The [[Hague Convention\n        for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]] was\n        adopted in [[The Hague]], Netherlands. \\n* [[May 15]] – The [[Latin\n        Union]] (''''Uni\\u00f3n Latina'''') is created by the Convention of [[Madrid]].\n        Its member countries use the five [[Romance languages]]: Italian, French,\n        Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian. It will suspend operations in [[2012]].\\n*\n        [[May 17]]\\n** ''''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'''' (347 US 483 1954):\n        The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] rules unanimously\n        that segregated schools are unconstitutional.\\n** The [[Royal Commission]]\n        on the [[Petrov Affair]] in Australia begins its inquiry.\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]]\n        of the [[Democratic Party (Turkey, current)|Democratic Party]] forms the new\n        (21st) government of [[Turkey]].\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Chiang Kai-shek]]\n        is reelected as the [[president of the Republic of China]] by the [[National\n        Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]].\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        The common [[Nordic Passport Union|Nordic Labour Market]] act is signed.\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – A fire on board the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier [[USS Bennington\n        (CV-20)|USS ''''Bennington'''']] off [[Narragansett Bay]], [[Massachusetts]],\n        kills 103 sailors.\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Robert Menzies]]''s government is reelected\n        for a fourth term in Australia.\\n** Creation and first meeting of the [[Bilderberg\n        Group]].\\n** [[Diane Leather]] becomes the first woman to run a sub-five minute\n        mile, in [[Birmingham]], England.{{cite web|url=http://www.sporting-heroes.net/athletics/great-britain/diane-leather-422/two-world-records-in-1957_a08872/|title=Diane\n        Leather|work=Sporting Heroes|accessdate=November 12, 2012}}\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1954}}\\n* [[June 6]] – The grand opening of the [[Statue\n        of Yuriy Dolgorukiy, Moscow|sculpture of Yuriy Dolgorukiy]] took place in\n        [[Moscow]]. This statue is one of the main monuments of Moscow.\\n* [[June\n        7]] – Early computer scientist [[Alan Turing]] commits suicide.\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[McCarthyism]]: [[Joseph N. Welch|Joseph Welch]], special counsel\n        for the [[United States Army]], lashes out at [[United States Senate|Senator]]\n        [[Joseph McCarthy]], during hearings on whether [[Communism]] has infiltrated\n        the Army, saying, \\\"Have you, at long last, no decency?\\\"Robert D. Marcus\n        and Anthony Marcus, [http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6444/ \\\"\\u201cHave You\n        No Sense of Decency\\u201d: The Army-McCarthy Hearings\\\"], ''''History Matters''''\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – The words \\\"under God\\\" are added to the United States\n        [[Pledge of Allegiance]].\\n* [[June 15]] – The [[UEFA]] (Union of European\n        Football Associations) is formed in [[Basel]], Switzerland.\\n* [[June 17]]\n        – A [[1954 Guatemalan coup d''\\u00e9tat|CIA-engineered military coup]]\n        occurs in [[Guatemala]].\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Pierre Mend\\u00e8s France]]\n        becomes prime minister of France.\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Sarah Mae Flemming]]\n        is expelled from a bus in South Carolina for sitting in a white-only section.\\n**\n        [[Parker\\u2013Hulme murder case]]: 16-year old [[Pauline Parker]] and her\n        friend 15-year-old [[Juliet Hulme]] bludgeon Parker''s mother to death using\n        a brick at [[Victoria Park, Christchurch|Victoria Park]] in New Zealand.\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Guatemala]]n President [[Jacobo \\u00c1rbenz]] steps down\n        in a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-sponsored [[1954 Guatemalan coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat|military coup]], triggering a bloody civil war that continues\n        for more than 35 years.\\n** The world''s first [[nuclear power|atomic power\n        station]] opens at [[Obninsk]], near Moscow.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July\n        1954}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Nordic Passport Union|Common Nordic Labor Market\n        Act]] comes into effect.\\n** The United States officially begins using the\n        international unit of the nautical mile, equal to 6,076.11549 ft. or\n        1,852 meters.\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|Food rationing\n        in Great Britain]] ends with the lifting of restrictions on sale and purchase\n        of meat, 14 years after it began early in [[World War II]] and nearly a decade\n        after the war''s end.\\n** \\u201cMiracle of Bern\\u201d: [[Germany national\n        football team|West Germany]] beats [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]]\n        [[1954 FIFA World Cup Final|3\\u20132]] to win the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[Peter Thomson (golfer)|Peter Thomson]] becomes the first\n        Australian to win the [[The Open Championship|British Open Golf Championship]].\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** The maiden flight of the [[Boeing 367-80]] (or Dash 80), prototype\n        of the [[Boeing 707]] series.\\n** [[Juan Manuel Fangio|Juan Fangio]], the\n        [[Argentina|Argentine]] driver for German [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand\n        Prix]] team [[Mercedes-Benz]], makes a new fastest lap of the [[Silverstone\n        Circuit]] with an average speed of 100.35 mph, the previous record being\n        100.16 mph.\\n* [[July 19]] – Release of [[Elvis Presley]]''s first\n        single, \\\"[[That''s All Right]]\\\", by [[Sun Records]] (recorded July 5 in\n        [[Memphis, Tennessee]]).\\n* [[July 21]] – [[First Indochina War]]: The\n        [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Conference]] sends French forces to the\n        south, and Vietnamese forces to the north, of a ceasefire line, and calls\n        for elections to decide the government for all of [[Vietnam]] by July 1956.\n        Failure to abide by the terms of the agreement leads to the establishment\n        de facto of regimes of [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]], and the [[Vietnam\n        War]].\\n* [[July 31]] – Italian mountaineers [[Lino Lacedelli]] and\n        [[Achille Compagnoni]] become the first successfully to reach the summit of\n        the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] peak [[K2]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August\n        1954}}\\n* [[August 1]] – The [[First Indochina War]] ends with the [[Vietnam\n        People''s Army]] in [[North Vietnam]], the [[Vietnamese National Army]] in\n        [[South Vietnam]], the [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953\\u201370)|Kingdom of Cambodia]]\n        in [[Cambodia]], and the [[Kingdom of Laos]] in [[Laos]], emerging victorious\n        against the French Army.\\n* [[August 6]] – Emilie Dionne, one of the\n        [[Dionne quintuplets]], dies of [[asphyxia]]tion following an [[epileptic\n        seizure]]. She is the first of the five to perish, and three of them live\n        into the 21st century.\\n* [[August 16]] – The first issue of ''''[[Sports\n        Illustrated]]'''' magazine is published in the United States.\\n* [[August\n        24]] – Brazilian president [[Get\\u00falio Vargas]] commits suicide after\n        being accused of involvement in a conspiracy to murder his chief political\n        opponent, [[Carlos Lacerda]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September\n        1954}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The last ''new'' episode of ''''[[The Lone\n        Ranger]]'''' radio program is broadcast, after 2,956 episodes over a period\n        of 21 years. Reruns of old episodes continue to be transmitted.\\n* [[September\n        6]] – The [[SEATO]] treaty is signed in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]].\\n*\n        [[September 8]] – The [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] (SEATO)\n        is established in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].\\n* [[September 9]] – The\n        6.7 {{M|w}} [[1954 Chlef earthquake|Chlef earthquake]] shakes northern [[Algeria]]\n        with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme'''').\n        The shock destroyed [[Orl\\u00e9ansville]], left 1,243\\u20131,409 dead, and\n        5,000 injured.\\n* [[September 11]] – The [[Miss America]] Pageant is\n        broadcast on television for the first time.\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] carries out the [[Totskoye nuclear exercise]].\\n** English composer\n        [[Benjamin Britten]]\\u2019s [[chamber opera]] version of ''''[[The Turn of\n        the Screw (opera)|The Turn of the Screw]]'''' receives its world premiere\n        at the [[Teatro La Fenice]] in [[Venice]], Italy.\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Black Wednesday (air travel)|Black Wednesday]] in air travel: severe delays\n        to flights due to bad weather along the [[East Coast of the United States]].\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[William Golding]]''s novel ''''[[Lord of the Flies]]''''\n        is published in London.\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Western Bulldogs|Footscray\n        Football Club]] win their first and only [[Australian Football League]] [[AFL\n        Grand Final|Grand Final]].\\n* [[September 26]] – The Japanese ferry\n        ''''[[T\\u014dya Maru]]'''' sinks during a [[typhoon]] in the [[Tsugaru Strait]].\n        More than 1,100 people are killed. Seven other ships are [[List of shipwrecks\n        in 1954#26 September|wrecked]] and at least nine others seriously damaged.\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – The {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}}, the first nuclear-powered\n        [[submarine]] in the world, is commissioned into the [[U.S. Navy]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1954}}\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** Pre-[[Vietnam War]]: The [[Viet\n        Minh]] takes control of [[North Vietnam]].\\n** [[Hurricane Hazel]] crosses\n        over [[Haiti]], killing 1,000.\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Hurricane Hazel]]\n        makes U.S. landfall; it is the only recorded [[Saffir\\u2013Simpson hurricane\n        scale#Category 4|Category 4 hurricane]] to strike as far north as [[North\n        Carolina]].\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Texas Instruments]] announces the development\n        of the first commercial [[transistor radio]]. The [[Regency TR-1]] goes on\n        sale the following month.\\n** The [[comic strip]] ''''[[Hi and Lois]]'''',\n        by [[Mort Walker]] and [[Dik Browne]], is launched.\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        A [[Stevedore|dock worker]]s'' [[Strike action|strike]] expands in England.\\n*\n        [[October 23]]\\n** West Germany joins [[NATO]].\\n** [[London and Paris Conferences#Paris|Paris\n        Agreement]] sets up the [[Western European Union]] to implement the [[Treaty\n        of Brussels]] (1948) providing for mutual self-defence and other collaboration\n        between Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands\n        and the United Kingdom.\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Landslide]]s caused by\n        heavy rains hit [[Salerno]], Italy, killing about 300.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Muslim Brotherhood]] member Mahmoud Abdul Latif tries to kill [[Gamal Abdel\n        Nasser]].\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Algerian War|Algerian War of Independence]]:\n        The [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Algerian National Liberation Front]]\n        begins a revolt against French rule.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November\n        1954}}\\n* [[November 1]] – The [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]]\n        attacks representative and public buildings of the French colonial power.\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\n** The dock workers'' strike in the UK comes to an end.\\n**\n        The radio program ''''[[Hancock''s Half Hour]]'''', a pioneer in [[situation\n        comedy]], is first broadcast on [[BBC Radio]]. A television version would\n        follow in 1956.\\n* [[November 3]] – The first [[Godzilla (1954 film)|''''Godzilla'''']]\n        film premieres in Tokyo.\\n* [[November 5]] – Japan and [[Burma]] sign\n        a peace treaty in [[Rangoon]], to end their long-extinct state of war.\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] dedicates\n        the [[USMC War Memorial]] (Iwo Jima memorial) at the Arlington National Cemetery.\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – The main immigration port-of-entry in [[New York Harbor]]\n        at [[Ellis Island]] closes permanently.\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Egypt]]ian\n        president [[Muhammad Naguib]] is deposed, and [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] replaces\n        him.\\n* [[November 22]] – The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S.\n        Supreme Court]] decides the landmark case [[Berman v. Parker]] (348 U.S. 26),\n        upholding the federal [[slum clearance]] and urban renewal programs.\\n* [[November\n        23]] – The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] rises 3.27 points, or 0.86\n        percent, closing at an all-time high of 382.74. More significantly, this is\n        the first time the Dow has surpassed its peak level reached just before the\n        [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]].\\n* [[November 30]] – In [[Sylacauga,\n        Alabama]], a four-kilogram piece of the [[Sylacauga (meteorite)|Hodges Meteorite]]\n        crashes through the roof of a house and badly bruises a napping woman, in\n        the first documented case of an object from [[outer space]] hitting a person.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1954}}\\n* [[December 1]] – The first [[Hyatt|Hyatt\n        Hotel]], The Hyatt House Los Angeles, opens on the grounds of [[Los Angeles\n        International Airport]]. It is the first hotel in the world built on an airport\n        property.\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Second Red Scare|Red Scare]]: The [[United\n        States Senate]] votes 67\\u201322 to condemn [[Joseph McCarthy]] for \\\"conduct\n        that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute.\\\"\\n** The Taiwan-United\n        States Mutual Defense Treaty is signed.[[s:Mutual Defense Treaty between\n        the United States of America and the Republic of China]]\\n* [[December\n        4]] – The first [[Burger King]] opens in [[Miami|Miami, Florida]].\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – The [[Netherlands Antilles]] is created out of the\n        Dutch Caribbean nations. It is later dissolved between [[1986]] and [[2010]].\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[J. Hartwell Harrison]], and [[Joseph Murray]] perform\n        the world''s first successful [[Kidney transplantation|kidney transplant]]\n        in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]].\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Laos]] gains\n        full independence from France.\\n\\n===Date titles===\\n* [[New Zealand]] engineer\n        [[Bill Hamilton (engineer)|Sir William Hamilton]] develops the first [[pump-jet]]\n        engine (the \\\"Hamilton Jet\\\") capable of propelling a [[jetboat]].{{cite\n        web|title=Sir William Hamilton OBE|url=http://www.hamiltonjet.co.nz/about_hamiltonjet/sir_william_hamilton|publisher=HamiltonJet|year=2007|accessdate=2012-11-12}}\\n*\n        The first electric [[drip brew]] [[coffeemaker]] is patented in Germany and\n        named the [[Wigomat]] after its inventor Gottlob Widmann.{{cite web|title=Sixty\n        years of the Federal Republic of Germany \\u2013 a retrospective of everyday\n        life|url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/typ/bun/en4922236.htminventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coffee.htm|work=|accessdate=2002-12-28}}\\n*\n        The [[Boy Scouts of America]] desegregates on the basis of race.\\n* Gerbils\n        (''''[[Meriones unguiculatus]]'''') are brought to the United States by Dr.\n        Victor Schwentker.\\n* The case of [[Lothar Malskat]], who had admitted that\n        he had painted the supposedly antique [[fresco]]es in [[Marienkirche, L\\u00fcbeck|Marienkirche]]\n        himself, goes to trial.\\n* The [[TV dinner]] is introduced by the American\n        entrepreneur [[Gerry Thomas]].\\n* [[New York City Ballet]] founding balletmaster\n        [[George Balanchine]]''s production of ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''' is staged\n        for the first time in New York City, and it became a tradition there, still\n        being performed annually {{as of|lc=y|2010}}.\\n* South Korea opens the [[Gimpo\n        International Airport]].\\n* In [[South Vietnam]] the [[Viet Minh]] is reorganised\n        into the [[Viet Cong]].\\n* After the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], the [[Soviet\n        Union]] starts releasing political prisoners and deportees from its [[Gulag]]\n        prison camps.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:MT high res vmag..jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Tina\n        Knowles]]]]\\n[[File:Howard Stern.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Howard Stern]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        F. Kennedy Jr. by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Katey\n        Sagal by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Katey Sagal]]]]\\n[[File:Oprah in\n        2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oprah Winfrey]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Henry\n        Bonilla]], American politician\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Ross the Boss]],\n        American heavy metal/punk guitarist\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Tina Knowles]],\n        Fashion designer; mother of R&B singers [[Beyonc\\u00e9]] and [[Solange Knowles]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Ulliott|Dave \\\"The Devilfish\\\" Ulliott]], English professional poker\n        player\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Alex English]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Anthony Minghella]], British film and theatre director\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Jodi Long]], American actress \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Vitier]], [[Cuba]]n music composer and pianist\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Julieta Castellanos]], Honduran sociologist\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[Howard Stern]], American radio host\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Trevor Rabin]],\n        South African\\u2013American musician\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Tom Cheney (cartoonist)|Tom\n        Cheney]], American cartoonist\\n** [[Masanobu Fuchi]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Jose Dalisay, Jr.]], Filipino writer\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]], American socialite and\n        environmental activist \\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Ted DiBiase]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Katey Sagal]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Katharina\n        Thalbach]], German actress\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Thomas de Maizi\\u00e8re]],\n        German politician\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Peter Pilz]], Austrian politician\\n*\n        [[January 23]]\\n** [[Franco De Vita]], Venezuelan singer and songwriter\\n**\n        [[Edward Ka-Spel]], British/Dutch singer-songwriter ([[The Legendary Pink\n        Dots]])\\n* [[January 28]] \\n** [[Bruno Metsu]], French football coach (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n** [[Kaneto Shiozawa]], Japanese voice actor (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Willy Telavi]], 11th Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Yukinobu\n        Hoshino]], Japanese cartoonist\\n** [[Terry Kinney]], American actor\\n** [[Oprah\n        Winfrey]], American actress, talk show hostess, producer, and publisher\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Matt\n        Groening by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matt Groening]]]]\\n[[File:Rene\n        Russo 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rene Russo]]]]\\n[[File:John Travolta Deauville\n        2013 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Travolta]]]]\\n[[File:Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Recep\n        Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Bill Mumy]], American\n        child actor and musician\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Christie Brinkley]],\n        American model\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Dieter Bohlen]], German music producer\n        and singer-songwriter ([[Modern Talking]], [[Blue System]])\\n* [[February\n        9]]\\n** [[Chris Gardner]], American entrepreneur\\n** [[Gina Rinehart]], Australian\n        mining tycoon.\\n** [[Kevin Warwick]], English cybernetic scientist\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Noriyuki Asakura]], Japanese composer\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        [[Philip Zimmermann]], American cryptographer\\n** [[Joseph Jordania]], Georgian-Australian\n        musicologist and academic\\n** [[Tzimis Panousis]], Greek comedian, singer,\n        and author\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Donnie Moore]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Matt Groening]], American\n        cartoonist \\n* [[February 16]] – [[Iain Banks]], Scottish author (d.\n        [[2013]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Rene Russo]], American actress and fashion\n        model\\n** [[Yuji Takada (wrestler)|Yuji Takada]], Japanese free-style wrestler\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\n** [[John Travolta]], American actor \\n** [[Jalaluddin Hassan]],\n        Malaysian actor\\n* [[February 19]]\\n** [[Messaouda Boubaker]], Tunisian writer\\n**\n        [[S\\u00f3crates]], Brazilian footballer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n**\n        [[Anthony Head]], English actor\\n** [[Patty Hearst]], American heiress and\n        kidnapping victim\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Viktor Yushchenko]], [[President\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Sid Meier]], Canadian programmer\n        and game designer, notable for the ''''[[Civilization series|Civilization]]''''\n        series\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Gerardo Pelusso]], Uruguayan football\n        manager\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Recep Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan]], [[List of\n        Presidents of Turkey|12th]] [[President of Turkey]]\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ron\n        Howard 2011 Shankbone 3.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Ron Howard]]]]\\n[[File:Francois\n        Fillon IMG 3405.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois Fillon]]]]\\n[[File:CATHERINE\n        OHARA.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Catherine O''Hara]]]]\\n[[File:RobertCarradine1SecondFilm.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Carradine]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Catherine Bach]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Ron Howard]], American actor, director, producer (''''The Andy Griffith\n        Show'''' and ''''Happy Days'''')\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Ed Johnstone]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Gara Takashima]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Fillon]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n** [[Catherine\n        O''Hara]], Canadian actress (''''SCTV'''')\\n** [[Irina Ratushinskaya]], Russian\n        writer\\n** [[Willie Thorne]], English snooker player\\n* [[March 6]] –\n        [[Harald Schumacher]], German football goalkeeper\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Marie-Theres\n        Nadig]], Swiss alpine skier\\n** [[David Wilkie (swimmer)|David Wilkie]], Scottish\n        swimmer\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Bobby Sands]], Irish republican hunger striker\n        (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos|The Baroness\n        Amos]], British politician\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Massimo Bubola]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Craig Wasson]], American actor\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[S.A. Griffin]], American actor and poet\\n** [[Nancy Wilson (rock musician)|Nancy\n        Wilson]], American rock musician \\n* [[March 17]] – [[Lesley-Anne Down]],\n        British actress\\n* [[March 18]] – [[James F. Reilly]], American astronaut\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[Indu Shahani]], Indian educator and [[Sheriff of Mumbai]]\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – [[Louis Sachar]], American author\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Geno Auriemma]], American basketball coach\\n** [[Hideyuki Hori]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Robert Carradine]], American actor\\n** [[Donna\n        Pescow]], American actress and director\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Wendy Fulton]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Kazuhiko Inoue]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Clive\n        Palmer]], Australian mining tycoon\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Karen Ann Quinlan]],\n        American right-to-die cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre (d. [[1985]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Jackie\n        Chan July 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jackie Chan]]]]\\n[[File:DennisQuaidTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dennis\n        Quaid]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0620-0034, Angelika Hellmann.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Angelika\n        Hellmann]]]]\\n[[File:Jerry Seinfeld by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry\n        Seinfeld]]]]\\n[[File:Vic Sotto 2015.png|thumb|100px|[[Vic Sotto]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Dieter M\\u00fcller]], German soccer player\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Susumu Hirasawa]], Japanese musician\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Guy Bertrand\n        (broadcaster)|Guy Bertrand]], Canadian linguist and radio/television personality\\n*\n        [[April 6]] \\n** [[Judi Bowker]], English actress\\n** [[Michael Simms (publisher)]],\n        American poet and publisher; founded [[Autumn House Press]]\\n* [[April 7]]\\n**\n        [[Jackie Chan]], Hong Kong-born actor and martial artist\\n** [[Tony Dorsett]],\n        American football player\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Gary Carter]], American baseball\n        player (d. [[2012]])\\n**[[John Schneider (screen actor)|John Schneider]],\n        American actor, better known for his role in ''''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]''''\\n*\n        [[April 9]]\\n** [[Steve Holt (Canadian musician)|Steve Holt]], Canadian musician\\n**\n        [[Dennis Quaid]], American actor\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Anacani]], Mexican-born\n        American singer \\n** [[Angelika Hellmann]], East German artistic gymnast\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – [[Bruce Sterling]], American science fiction writer\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Ellen Barkin]], American actress\\n* [[April 17]]\\n**\n        [[Norio Imamura]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Roddy Piper]], Canadian wrestler\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[J\\u014dji Nakata]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Michael Moore]], American filmmaker/political\n        activist\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Randy Cross]], American football player\n        and broadcaster\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Herman Edwards]], American football\n        head coach\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Michael Daugherty]], American composer\\n**\n        [[Vic Sotto]], Filipino actor and host\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Jake Burton Carpenter]],\n        American founder of [[Burton Snowboards]]\\n** [[Kazuko Kurosawa]], Japanese\n        costume designer\\n** [[Jerry Seinfeld]], American actor, comedian and producer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Johnny-Logan---2010---3---(Gentry).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny\n        Logan (singer)|Johnny Logan]]]]\\n[[File:David Paterson 2 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Paterson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Archie Norman (businessman)|Archie Norman]],\n        British politician and businessman\\n** [[Ray Parker, Jr.]], American musician\n        and composer\\n** [[Maatia Toafa]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n** [[Garry\n        Who]], Australian actor and comedian\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Elliot Goldenthal]],\n        American composer\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Angela Hern\\u00e1ndez Nu\\u00f1ez]],\n        Dominican writer \\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Philippe Geluck]], Belgian cartoonist\\n**\n        [[Amy Heckerling]], American film director\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Pam Arciero]],\n        ''''[[Sesame Street]]'''' puppeteer\\n** [[John Michael Talbot]], American\n        Christian musician\\n** [[Gary Wilmot]], British entertainer\\n* [[May 13]]\n        – [[Johnny Logan (singer)|Johnny Logan]], Australian-born Irish singer\n        and composer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1980, 1987 winner dubbed as \\\"Mister\n        Eurovision\\\"\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Mar\\u00eda Dolores Katarain]] (\\\"Yoyes\\\"),\n        Spanish Basque separatist leader (k. [[1986]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[H\\u014dch\\u016b\n        \\u014ctsuka]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Phil Rudd]], Australian rock drummer\n        (''''[[AC/DC]]'''')\\n* [[May 20]] – [[David Paterson]], American politician,\n        Governor of New York\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Shuji Nakamura]], Japanese electronics\n        engineer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Sudirman Arshad]], Malaysian singer and songwriter\n        (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Danny Rolling]], American murderer (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Pauline Hanson]], Australian politician\\n**\n        [[Lawrence M. Krauss]], American theoretical physicist and science writer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Harvey\n        Fierstein Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harvey Fierstein]]]]\\n[[File:Will\n        patton 2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Will Patton]]]]\\n[[File:Belushi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Belushi]]]]\\n[[File:Kathleen Turner.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathleen Turner]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Anthony.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Anthony (musician)|Michael Anthony]]]]\\n[[File:S\n        Sarkisyan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Serzh Sargsyan]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Chiyoko\n        Kawashima]], Retired Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Kazuhiro\n        Yamaji]], Japanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Nancy Stafford]],\n        American actress and Christian author\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Harvey Fierstein]],\n        American actor\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[John Hagelin]], American physicist and\n        U.S. Presidential candidate\\n** [[Elizabeth May]], leader of the [[Green Party\n        of Canada]]\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Will Patton]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        15]]\\n** [[Jim Belushi]], American actor (''''[[Saturday Night Live]]'''')\\n**\n        [[Bob McDonnell]], American politician\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Sergey Kuryokhin]],\n        Russian pianist, composer, improvisor, performance artist and actor (d. [[1996]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Ted Coombs]], American artist\\n** [[Kathleen Turner]], American\n        actress\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Michael Anthony (musician)|Michael Anthony]],\n        American rock bassist (''''[[Van Halen]]'''')\\n** [[Karlheinz Brandenburg]],\n        German electrical engineer and mathematician\\n** [[Ilan Ramon]], [[Israeli\n        Air Force]] fighter pilot and [[Israel]]''s first [[astronaut]] (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – [[Anne Kirkbride]], British actress (''''[[Coronation\n        Street]]'''') (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Freddie Prinze]], American\n        actor and comedian (d. [[1977]])\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Sonia Sotomayor]],\n        [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]\\n** [[Igor\n        Lisovsky]], Soviet pair skater\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Steve Barton]], American\n        actor (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Ron Kirk]], Mayor of Dallas,\n        Texas\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Ava Barber]], American country singer (''''[[The\n        Lawrence Welk Show]]'''')\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Rick Honeycutt]], American\n        baseball player and coach\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Pierre Charles]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Dominica]] (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Serzh Sargsyan]], [[President of Armenia]]\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Angela\n        Merkel Security Conference February 2015 (cropped).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Angela\n        Merkel]]]]\\n[[File:Hugo Ch\\u00e1vez (02-04-2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugo Ch\\u00e1vez]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]]\\n** [[Peter Randall-Page]], British artist\\n** [[Wendy Schaal]],\n        American actress\\n* [[July 5]] – [[John Wright (cricketer)|John Wright]],\n        New Zealand cricket captain\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Willie Randolph]], American\n        baseball player, coach, manager\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Robert M. Price]],\n        American theologian and writer, [[Cthulhu Mythos]] scholar and editor\\n* [[July\n        9]] – [[Kevin O''Leary]], Canadian businessman, television personality,\n        and political candidate\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Andre Dawson]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Neil Tennant]], British musician\\n** [[Y\\u014d Yoshimura]], Japanese\n        voice actor (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Sezen Aksu]], [[Turkey|Turkish]]\n        singer\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Tarak Dhiab]], Tunisian footballer\\n** [[Mario\n        Kempes]], Argentine footballer\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Jeanette Mott Oxford]],\n        American politician\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Angela Merkel]], 8th [[Chancellor\n        of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)|Chancellor of Germany]]\\n** [[Edward\n        Natapei]], Vanuatu politician and [[Prime Minister of Vanuatu]] (d. [[2015]])\\n**\n        [[Eduardo Romero]], Argentine golfer\\n** [[J. Michael Straczynski]], American\n        author\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Wilson Casey]], American syndicated columnist\n        and entertainer\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Pierre Lebeau]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Jorge Jesus]], Portuguese football player and coach\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Walter Payton]], African-American football player (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Vitas Gerulaitis]], American tennis player\n        (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Leonardo Daniel]], Mexican actor and director\\n* [[July\n        27]]\\n** [[Philippe Alliot]], French race car driver\\n** [[Lynne Frederick]],\n        British actress (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Hugo Ch\\u00e1vez]],\n        [[President of Venezuela]] (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Mark Gersmehl]],\n        American Christian musician\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Francois Hollande 2015.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Hollande]]]]\\n[[File:James Cameron by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Andres Pastrana Arango (2001).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Pastrana Arango]]]]\\n[[File:Ricarda Schmei%C3%9Fer 1976.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richarda\n        Schmeisser]]]]\\n[[File:Alexander Lukashenko crop.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Alexander\n        Lukashenko]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] \\n** [[Michael Badnarik]], American software\n        engineer and presidential candidate\\n** [[James Gleick]], American nonfiction\n        author of several award-winning books.\\n** [[Junpei Morita]], Japanese actor\n        and voice actor\\n* [[August 2]] – [[David Tang]], Hong Kong-British\n        entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Dorottya\n        Udvaros]], Hungarian actress\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Val\\u00e9ry]], French singer-songwriter\n        and composer\\n** [[Uwe Wittwer]], Swiss artist\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Pete\n        Thomas (drummer)|Pete Thomas]], British drummer for the Elvis Costello band\\n*\n        [[August 11]] – [[Joe Jackson (musician)|Joe Jackson]], British rock\n        ''n'' roll singer (''''Steppin'' Out'''')\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Hollande]], [[President of France]] 2012–17\\n** [[Sam J. Jones]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Pat Metheny]], American jazz guitarist\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Nico\n        Assump\\u00e7\\u00e3o]], [[Brazil]]ian [[bass guitar]] player\\n** [[T\\u00f5nu\n        Kilgas]], Estonian singer and actor \\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Mark Fidrych]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Stanley A. McChrystal]], U.S.\n        Army general\\n* [[August 16]] – [[James Cameron]], Canadian-born film\n        director\\n* [[August 17]] \\n** [[Anatoly Kudryavitsky]], Russian-Irish writer\\n**\n        [[Andr\\u00e9s Pastrana Arango]], [[President of Colombia]] \\n* [[August 20]]\\n**\n        [[Tawn Mastrey]], American disc jockey and music video producer (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Al Roker]], American television personality and host \\n** [[Richarda Schmeisser]],\n        East German artistic gymnast\\n** [[Don Stark]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        21]]\\n** [[Steve Smith (musician)|Steve Smith]], American drummer\\n** [[Ivan\n        Stang]], American author and publisher\\n* [[August 23]] \\n** [[Ian Bartholomew]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Charles Busch]], American director, writer and actor\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Philippe Cataldo]], French singer\\n* [[August 25]]\n        – [[Elvis Costello]], English singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 29]] –\n        [[Istv\\u00e1n Cserh\\u00e1ti]], Hungarian keyboardist (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Alexander Lukashenko]], [[President of Belarus]]\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[Caroline Cossey]], British model\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Carly\n        Fiorina (16991338093) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carly Fiorina]]]]\\n[[File:Shinz\\u014d\n        Abe April 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shinz\\u014d Abe]]]]\\n[[File:Cherie Blair\n        in Trento.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cherie Blair]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Dave\n        Lumley]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Carly Fiorina]],\n        American businesswoman, former CEO of [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] (1999-2005),\n        and Senator [[Ted Cruz]]''s running mate in the [[United States presidential\n        election, 2016|2016 presidential election]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Michael\n        Emerson]], American actor\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Mohsen Rezaee]], Iranian\n        politician\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Mark W. Everson]], American businessman;\n        46th Commissioner of the [[Internal Revenue Service]] (2003\\u201307)\\n* [[September\n        13]] – [[Steve Kilbey]], Australian musician\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        [[Jo\\u00ebl-Fran\\u00e7ois Durand]], French composer\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        [[Dennis Johnson]], American basketball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Shinz\\u014d Abe]], current [[Prime Minister of Japan]]\\n** [[Thomas\n        S. Ray]], American ecologist\\n** [[Phil \\\"Philthy Animal\\\" Taylor]], English\n        drummer ([[Mot\\u00f6rhead]] and [[Waysted]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Cherie\n        Blair]], wife of British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]\\n* [[September 24]]\n        – [[Lilian Mercedes Letona]], Salvadoran guerrilla (d. [[1983]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Kevin Kennedy (baseball)|Kevin Kennedy]], American\n        baseball manager and television host\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Steve Largent]],\n        American football player and congressman\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Barry\n        Williams (actor)|Barry Williams]], American actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Scott\n        Bakula by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Scott Bakula]]]]\\n[[File:David Lee\n        Roth - Van Halen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Lee Roth]]]]\\n[[File:Ang Lee - 66\\u00e8me\n        Festival de Venise (Mostra).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ang Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm\n        Turnbull at the Pentagon 2016 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Malcolm Turnbull]]]]\\n[[File:Mario\n        Testino.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mario Testino]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Martin\n        Strel]], Slovenian swimmer\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Eddie DeGarmo]], American\n        Christian keyboardist and producer\\n** [[Dennis Eckersley]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Al Sharpton]], African-American political activist\\n** [[Stevie\n        Ray Vaughan]], American musician (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Wayne\n        Watson]], American Christian musician\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Howard Hoffman]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Robert A. Schuller]], American\n        televangelist and the son of [[Robert H. Schuller]]\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Scott\n        Bakula]], American actor (''''[[Quantum Leap]]'''', ''''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'''')\\n**\n        [[John O''Hurley]], American actor and game show host\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        [[Mohamed Mounir]], Egyptian singer and actor\\n** [[David Lee Roth]], American\n        rock singer\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Linval Thompson]], Jamaican singer\n        and producer\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Mordechai Vanunu]], a former Israeli\n        nuclear technician who revealed secrets of its [[nuclear weapon]]s program\\n*\n        [[October 15]] \\n** [[Peter Bakowski]], Australian poet\\n** [[Michael Garner]],\n        English actor\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Y\\u016bji Mitsuya]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Ang Lee]], Taiwanese film director\\n* [[October\n        24]]\\n** [[Doug Davidson]], American actor\\n** [[Mike Rounds]], South Dakota\n        politician\\n** [[Malcolm Turnbull]], [[Prime Minister of Australia|28th Prime\n        Minister of Australia]]\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Kathleen Cody (actor)|Kathleen\n        Cody]], American actress\\n** [[Mario Testino]], Peruvian photographer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Condoleezza\n        Rice cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Condoleezza Rice]]]]\\n[[File:Aleksander Kwasniewski\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aleksander Kwa\\u015bniewski]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Angela Webber]], Australian author, television writer, producer\n        and comedian (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Adam Ant]], English singer\\n**\n        [[Kathy Kinney]], American actress and comedian\\n** [[Brigitte Lin]], Taiwanese\n        actress\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Robin Beck]], American singer\\n** [[Kamal\n        Haasan]], Indian actor\\n**[[Jon Taffer]], American bar consultant, television\n        host, and author\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Michael D. Brown]], first Undersecretary\n        of Emergency Preparedness and Response, a division of the United States''\n        Department of Homeland Security\\n** [[Kazuo Ishiguro]], Japanese-born British\n        author\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Rhonda Shear]], American TV hostess, actress,\n        and comedian\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Chris Noth]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** [[Willie Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Puerto Rican [[Major League\n        Baseball]] player\\n** [[Bernard Hinault]], French road bicycle racer\\n** [[Condoleezza\n        Rice]], former [[U.S. Secretary of State]]\\n** [[Yanni]], Greek musician\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Aleksander Kwa\\u015bniewski]], [[President of Poland]]\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Bruce Edwards (caddy)|Bruce Edwards]], American\n        golf caddy (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[November 18]] – [[John Parr]], English\n        singer and musician\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], [[President\n        of Egypt]]\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Paolo Gentiloni]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Italy]] \\n* [[November 23]] – [[Bruce Hornsby]], American rock singer\n        \\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Roz Chast]], American cartoonist\\n** [[Dan Kwong]],\n        American performance artist, playwright\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Patricia\n        McPherson]], American actress\\n** [[Kimmy Robertson]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Coen brothers|Joel Coen]], American film director,\n        producer, screenwriter, and editor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:JermaineJackson2007(cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jermaine\n        Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:RayLiottaTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray Liotta]]]]\\n[[File:Annie\n        lennox nemahziz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Annie Lennox]], Ex-[[Eurythmics]]]]\\n[[File:Denzel\n        Washington cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denzel Washington]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Bob Goen]], American television personality and game show host\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Dan Butler]], American actor\\n** [[Stone Phillips]],\n        American television journalist \\n* [[December 3]] – [[Grace Andreacchi]],\n        American author\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Tony Todd]], American actor and\n        producer \\n* [[December 6]] – [[Beat Furrer]], Swiss-born Austrian composer\n        and conductor\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Mark Hofmann]], American forger\n        and murderer\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Jack Hues]], English singer and\n        musician ([[Wang Chung (band)|Wang Chung]])\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Sylvester\n        Clarke]], West Indian cricketer (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Jermaine Jackson]], African-American\n        singer\\n** [[Prachanda]], Nepalese Communist leader\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[John Anderson (musician)|John Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[December 14]]\\n** [[Ib Andersen]], Danish dancer\\n** [[Alan Kulwicki]],\n        American race car driver (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Mark Warner]],\n        American politician\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Ray Liotta]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Uli Jon Roth]], German rock guitarist (''''Scorpions'''')\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\n** [[Binali Yildirim]], [[Prime Minister of Turkey]]\\n** [[Sandra Cisneros]],\n        American writer\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Chris Evert]], American tennis\n        player\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Figueres]], Costa\n        Rican politician, President [[1994]]\\u2013[[1998]]\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Annie Lennox]], British rock musician and was lead singer of [[Eurythmics]]\\n*\n        [[December 26]] \\n** [[Susan Butcher]], American dog-sled racer (d. [[2006]])\\n**\n        [[Ozzie Smith]], HOF baseball shortstop\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Lanny Poffo]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Denzel Washington]], African-American\n        actor\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Albrecht B\\u00f6ttcher]], German mathematician\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Alex Salmond]], Scottish politician\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n** [[Rabbit Maranville]], American baseball player ([[Boston\n        Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Lillian Rich]], English actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Eduard Wiiralt]], Estonian artist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January\n        11]] – [[Oscar Straus (composer)|Oscar Straus]], Austrian composer (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[William H. P. Blandy]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Sydney Greenstreet]], English actor\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Fred Root]], English cricketer (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[John Murray Anderson]], Canadian theater\n        director and producer (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Dorothy Price]], Irish physician\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Edwin Howard Armstrong|Edwin Armstrong]],\n        American electrical engineer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Florence Bates]], American\n        actress (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Maxwell\n        Bodenheim]], American poet and novelist (murdered) (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Laurence Trimble]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        9]] – [[Mabel Paige]], American actress (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Thomas Pierrepoint]], British executioner (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Dziga Vertov]], Russian filmmaker (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]], 24th Prime Minister of\n        Sweden (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[William K. Howard]], American\n        film director (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Otto Paul Hermann Diels.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Otto\n        Diels]]]]\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Otto Diels]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Will H. Hays]], Namesake\n        for the [[Motion Picture Production Code|Hays Code]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        9]] – [[Vagn Walfrid Ekman]], Swedish oceanographer (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Cesar Klein]], German painter (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March\n        24]] – [[Th\\u00e0nh Th\\u00e1i]], former [[Emperor of Vietnam]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – [[Louis Silvers]], American film composer (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] \\n** [[Horatio Dresser]], American writer (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Fritz\n        London]], German physicist (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        [[Fritzi Scheff]], actress & singer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Auguste and Louis Lumi\\u00e8re|Auguste Lumi\\u00e8re]], French film pioneer\n        (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Luis Cabrera Lobato]], Mexican lawyer,\n        politician and writer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Angus Lewis\n        Macdonald|Angus L. Macdonald]], [[Nova Scotia]] Premier (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[\\u00dclo Altermann]], Estonian soldier and forest brother (b.\n        [[1923]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Lucre\\u021biu P\\u0103tr\\u0103\\u0219canu]],\n        Romanian communist activist and sociologist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 28]]\n        – [[L\\u00e9on Jouhaux]], French labor leader, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[Kathleen Clarice Groom]],\n        British writer (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Joe May]], Austrian-born director (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Tom Tyler]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 3]]\n        – [[J\\u00f3zef Garbie\\u0144]], Polish footballer and physician (b. 1896)\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Henri Laurens]], French sculptor and illustrator (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[B. C. Forbes]], Scottish-born publisher (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Heinz Guderian]], German [[World War II]] general (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[William March]], American writer and soldier\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Charles Ives]], American composer (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Chief Bender]], Native-American baseball\n        player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Robert Capa]], Hungarian-born photojournalist\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Omer Nishani]], former Chairman of the\n        Presidium of the People''s Assembly and head of State of Albania (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Alan\n        Turing Aged 16.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alan Turing]]]]\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Alan\n        Turing]], British mathematician, cryptanalyst, and pioneer computer scientist\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Alain LeRoy Locke]],  American writer,\n        philosopher and educator (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Don Hollenbeck]],\n        American newscaster (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Thomas Denman,\n        3rd Baron Denman]], 5th [[Governor-General of Australia]] (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Andrass Samuelsen]], 1st Prime Minister of Faroe Islands\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Frida Kahlo, by Guillermo Kahlo.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frida\n        Kahlo]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Thea von Harbou]], German actress (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Tom\\u00e1s Monje]], 48th [[President of Bolivia]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Reginald Marsh (artist)|Reginald Marsh]], American painter (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Gabriel Pascal]], Hungarian-born film producer\n        and director (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Cornelia Sorabji]], Indian-born lawyer (b.\n        [[1866]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Henry Valentine Knaggs]], English physician\n        and author (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Frida Kahlo]], Mexican painter\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Irving Pichel]], American actor and director (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Grantland Rice]], American sportswriter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**\n        [[Jacinto Benavente]], Spanish dramatist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1866]])\\n** [[Jackie Saunders]], American silent screen\n        actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Herms Niel]], German composer\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Machine Gun Kelly]], American gangster\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Hannes Meyer]], Swiss architect (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[S\\u014djin Kamiyama]] or \\\"Sojin\\\", Japanese\n        film star during the American silent film era (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July 29]]\n        – [[Coen de Koning]], Dutch speed skater (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Alcide\n        de Gasperi 2.jpg|thumbnail|right|120px|[[Alcide de Gasperi]]]]\\n* [[August\n        3]]\\n** [[Bess Streeter Aldrich]], American writer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Colette]],\n        French novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Hugo Eckener]], President\n        of the Zeppelin Dirigible Company (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Alcide\n        De Gasperi]], Italian statesman and Christian Democracy politician, 30th [[Prime\n        Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Get\\u00falio\n        Vargas]], 14th and 17th [[President of Brazil]] (suicide) (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Elsa Barker]], American writer (b. [[1869]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Bert Acosta]], American aviator (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Franz Leopold Neumann]],  German- political activist\n        and Marxist theorist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Eugene Pallette]],\n        American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Eugen Schiffer]],\n        German politician (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Edward C. Kalbfus]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Bud Fisher]], American\n        cartoonist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Glenn Scobey Warner]], American college football\n        coach (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Derain]], French\n        artist, painter and sculptor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Mikimoto\n        K\\u014dkichi]], Japanese pearl farm pioneer (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[September 24]]\n        – [[Edward Pilgrim]], British homeowner (suicide) (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Eugeni d''Ors|Eugenio d''Ors]], Spanish writer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[Maximilian von Weichs]], German field marshal (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Bert Lytell]], American actor (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Robert H. Jackson]],\n        United States Supreme Court associate justice and chief prosecutor at the\n        Nuremberg Trials (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[George Welch (pilot)|George\n        Welch]], American aviator (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Hugh Duffy]],\n        American baseball player ([[Boston Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Jibanananda Das]], Indian poet, writer, novelist and essayist in [[Bengali\n        language|Bengali]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Wilbur Shaw]],\n        American racing driver (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Henri Matisse,\n        1913, photograph by Alvin Langdon Coburn.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Henri Matisse]]]]\\n[[File:Enrico\n        Fermi 1943-49.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Enrico Fermi]]]]\\n[[File:Wilhelm Furtw\\u00e4ngler.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Wilhelm\n        Furtw\\u00e4ngler]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Henri Matisse]], French painter\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist]],\n        German field marshal (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Lionel Barrymore]],\n        American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Albert Francis Blakeslee]],\n        American botanist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Yitzhak Lamdan]],\n        Russian-born Israeli poet and columnist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Clyde Cessna]], American aviator and aircraft designer and manufacturer,\n        founder of the [[Cessna|Cessna Aircraft Corporation]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        22]]\\n** [[Roderick McMahon]], American professional boxing and wrestling\n        promoter; founder of [[WWE#Capitol Wrestling Corporation (1952-1963)|Capitol\n        Wrestling Corporation]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Moroni Olsen]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Andrey Vyshinsky]], Russian jurist and diplomat, former\n        [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Soviet Foreign Minister]] (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Enrico Fermi]], Italian physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Dink Johnson]], American musician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Wilhelm Furtw\\u00e4ngler]], German conductor (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Fred Rose (songwriter)|Fred Rose]], American songwriter\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Claude Cahun]], French photographer\n        and writer (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Gladys George]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]], English\n        novelist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Ich\\u00e9]],\n        French sculptor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Adolph Otto Niedner]],\n        American cartridge designer (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Archduke\n        Eugen of Austria]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[G\\u00fcnther\n        Quandt]], German industrialist who founded an industrial empire that today\n        includes BMW and Altana (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Max Born]], [[Walther Bothe]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Linus Pauling]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[John Franklin Enders]],\n        [[Thomas Huckle Weller]], [[Frederick Chapman Robbins]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Literature|Literature]] – [[Ernest Hemingway]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – The Office of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]].\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1954}}\\n[[Category:1954| ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:40:45Z\",\"lastrevid\":799145856,\"length\":59394,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954\"},\"34851\":{\"pageid\":34851,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1955\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-07T11:50:36Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1955}}\\n{{refimprove|date=March 2016}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1955}}\\n{{Year nav|1955}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1955}}\\n[[File:Marian Anderson.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[January 7]]:\n        [[Marian Anderson]] at the [[Metropolitan Opera|Met]]]]\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1955}}\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Rem\\u00f3n\n        Cantera]], president of [[Panama]], is assassinated at a race track in [[Panama\n        City]].\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ram\\u00f3n Guizado]] becomes\n        president of [[Panama]].\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Marian Anderson]] is the\n        first [[African-American]] singer to perform at the [[Metropolitan Opera]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[January 17]] – {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}}, the\n        first [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] submarine, puts to sea\n        for the first time, from [[Groton, Connecticut]].\\n* [[January 18]]–[[January\n        20]] – [[Battle of Yijiangshan Islands]]: The Chinese Communist [[People''s\n        Liberation Army]] seizes the islands from the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan).\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – In the United States, [[The Pentagon]] announces a\n        plan to develop [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s (ICBMs) armed with\n        [[nuclear weapon]]s.\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Sutton Coldfield rail crash]]\n        kills 17 near Birmingham, England.\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Presidium of\n        the Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Soviet Union]] announces the end of the war\n        between the USSR and Germany, which began during World War II in [[1941]].\\n*\n        [[January 28]] – [[United States Congress]] authorizes President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] to use force to protect [[Taiwan|Formosa]] from the People''s\n        Republic of China.\\n[[File:Minuteman3launch.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[January\n        22]]: [[ICBM]] ]]\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main article|February 1955}}\\n* [[February\n        4]] – \\\"[[Baghdad Pact]]\\\": Military treaty signed between Iraq and\n        Turkey.\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Apartheid]] in [[South Africa]]: 60,000\n        non-white residents of the [[Sophiatown]] [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|suburb\n        of Johannesburg]] are forcibly evicted. \\n* [[February 10]] – The [[United\n        States Seventh Fleet]] helps the [[Republic of China]] evacuate [[Chinese\n        Nationalist]] army and residents from the [[Tachen Islands]] to [[Taiwan]].\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] sends the\n        first U.S. advisors to [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 14]] – [[WFLA-TV]]\n        signs on the air in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]/[[St. Petersburg, Florida]].\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – Nearly 100 die in a fire at a home for the elderly\n        in [[Yokohama]], Japan.\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Southeast Asia Treaty\n        Organization]],(SEATO) established at a meeting in [[Bangkok]].\\n* [[February\n        22]] – In Chicago''s Democratic primary, Mayor [[Martin H. Kennelly]]\n        loses to the head of the Cook County Democratic Party, [[Richard J. Daley]],\n        364,839 to 264,77.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main article|March 1955}}\\n* [[March]]\n        – A young [[Jim Henson]] builds the first version of [[Kermit the Frog]].\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** [[Claudette Colvin]], a fifteen-year-old [[African-American]]\n        girl, refuses to give up her seat on a bus in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], to\n        a white woman after the driver demands it. She is carried off the bus backwards\n        while being kicked and handcuffed and harassed on the way to the police station.\n        She becomes a plaintiff in ''''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'''' (1956) which rules\n        bus segregation to be unconstitutional.\\n** Serious floods in Australia.\\n*\n        [[March 5]]\\n** [[WBBJ-TV]] signs on the air in the [[Jackson, Tennessee]],\n        with WDXI as its initial call-letters, to expanded American commercial television\n        in mostly-rural areas.\\n** [[Elvis Presley]] makes his television debut on\n        \\\"Louisiana Hayride\\\" carried by KSLA-TV Shreveport (although audio recordings\n        exists, there is no known video footage of this appearance).\\n* [[March 7]]\n        – The [[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Broadway musical]] version of ''''[[Peter\n        and Wendy|Peter Pan]]'''', which had opened in [[1954]] starring [[Mary Martin]],\n        is presented on television for the first time by [[NBC]]-TV with its original\n        cast, as an installment of ''''[[Producers'' Showcase]]''''. It is also the\n        first time that a stage musical is presented in its entirety on TV almost\n        exactly as it was performed on stage. This program gains the largest viewership\n        of a TV special up to this time, and it becomes one of the first great TV\n        family musical classics.\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Richard Riot]] in [[Montreal]]:\n        6,000 people protest the [[Suspension (punishment)|suspension]] of [[French\n        Canadian]] [[ice hockey]] star [[Maurice Richard]] of the [[Montreal Canadiens]]\n        by the [[National Hockey League]] following a violent incident during a match.\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – [[KXTV]] signs on the air in [[Sacramento, California]].\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – The movie adaptation of Evan Hunter''s novel ''''[[Blackboard\n        Jungle]]'''' premieres in the United States, featuring the famous single \\\"[[Rock\n        Around the Clock]]\\\" by [[Bill Haley & His Comets]]. Teenagers jump from their\n        seats to dance to the song.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main article|April 1955}}\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[EOKA]] A starts a terrorist campaign against British\n        rule in the [[Crown colony]] of [[Cyprus]].\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Winston Churchill]]\n        resigns as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] due to ill-health at the\n        age of 80.\\n** [[Richard J. Daley]] defeats Robert Merrian to become Mayor\n        of Chicago by a vote of 708,222 to 581,555.\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Anthony\n        Eden]] becomes [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        in the [[NBA]], the [[Syracuse Nationals]] defeat the [[Fort Wayne Pistons]]\n        92-91 in game seven to win the title.\\n* [[April 11]] \\n** The [[Taiwan]]ese\n        [[Kuomintang]] put a time-bomb on the airplane ''''[[Kashmir Princess]]'''',\n        killing 16 but failing to assassinate the People''s Republic of China leader,\n        [[Zhou Enlai]].\\n** [[Taekwondo]], a famous for [[Korean martial arts]], officially\n        recognized as naming in South Korea.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – The [[Salk polio vaccine]], having passed large-scale\n        trials earlier in the United States, receives full approval by the [[Food\n        and Drug Administration]].\\n* [[April 14]] – The [[Detroit Red Wings]]\n        win the [[Stanley Cup]] for the 7th time in franchise history, but will not\n        win again until [[1997]].\\n[[File:McDonalds Museum.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[April\n        15]]: [[McDonald''s]]]]\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Baghdad Pact|Middle East Treaty\n        Organization]] (METO).{{cn|date=January 2017}}\\n** [[Ray Kroc]] opens his\n        first [[McDonald''s]] in [[Des Plaines, Illinois]].\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        [[Burma]]-Japanese peace treaty, signed in [[Rangoon]] on [[November 5]],\n        [[1954]], comes into effect, formally ending a state of war between the two\n        countries that has not existed for a long time.\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Imre\n        Nagy]], the communist Premier of Hungary, is ousted for being too moderate.\\n*\n        [[April 18]]–[[April 24]] – [[Asian-African Conference]] held\n        in [[Bandung]], Indonesia.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{main article|May 1955}}\\n* [[May\n        1]] – Warsaw Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance\n        signed ([[Warsaw Treaty Organization]]) (effective [[June 6]]).\\n* [[May 5]]\n        – West Germany becomes a sovereign country recognized by important Western\n        foreign countries, such as France, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United\n        States.\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Western European Union]] charter effective.\\n*[[May\n        7]] – The last time [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] won a\n        domestic title. \\n* [[May 9]] – West Germany joins the [[North Atlantic\n        Treaty Organization]] (NATO).\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Japanese National Railways]]''\n        ferry [[Shiun Maru disaster|''''Shiun Maru'''' sinks]] after collision with\n        sister ship ''''Uko Maru'''' in thick fog off [[Takamatsu, Kagawa|Takamatsu,\n        Shikoku]], in the [[Seto Inland Sea]] of Japan; 166 passengers (many children)\n        and two crew are killed. This event is influential in plans to construct the\n        [[Akashi Kaiky\\u014d Bridge]] (built 1986-98).\\n*[[May 12]]– New York''s\n        [[IRT Third Avenue Line|Third Avenue Elevated]] runs its last train between\n        Chathem Square in Manhattan and East 149th Street in the Bronx, thus ending\n        elevated train service in [[Manhattan]].\\n* [[May 14]] – Eight Communist\n        Bloc countries, including the [[Soviet Union]], sign a mutual defence treaty\n        in [[Warsaw]], Poland, that is called the [[Warsaw Pact]]. It will be dissolved\n        in [[1991]].\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Austrian State Treaty]], which restores\n        Austria''s national sovereignty, is concluded between the four occupying powers\n        following World War II (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet\n        Union, and France) and Austria, setting it up as a neutral country.\\n* [[May\n        25]] – [[Joe Brown (climber)|Joe Brown]] and [[George Band]] are the\n        first to attain the summit of [[Kangchenjunga]] in the [[Himalayas]], as part\n        of a British team led by [[Charles Evans (mountaineer)|Charles Evans]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{main\n        article|June 1955}}\\n* [[June 7]] – The television [[Game show|quiz\n        program]] ''''[[The $64,000 Question]]'''' premieres on [[CBS]]-TV in the\n        United States, with [[Hal March]] as the host.\\n* [[June 11]] – [[1955\n        Le Mans disaster|Le Mans disaster]]: Eighty-three people are killed and at\n        least 100 are injured after two race cars collide in the [[1955 24 Hours of\n        Le Mans]].\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Mir mine]], the first [[diamond]] mine\n        in the [[Soviet Union]], is discovered.\\n* [[June 16]] – ''''[[Lady\n        and the Tramp]]'''', the [[Walt Disney]] company''s 15th animated film, premieres\n        in [[Chicago]].\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Freedom Charter]] of the anti-[[apartheid]]\n        [[South Africa]]n [[Congress Alliance]] adopted at a [[Congress of the People\n        (1955)|Congress of the People]] in [[Kliptown]].\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main article|July\n        1955}}\\n* [[July 7]] – The [[New Zealand Special Air Service]] is formed.\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Ruth Ellis]] is [[hanged]] for murder in London, becoming\n        the last woman ever to be executed in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 17]]\\n**\n        The [[American Broadcasting Company]] broadcasts a sneak preview of [[Disneyland]]\n        in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n** [[Disneyland]] opens to the public in [[Anaheim,\n        California]].\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** The first nuclear-generated electrical power\n        is sold commercially, partially powering the town of [[Arco, Idaho]].\\n**\n        The Illinois Governor, [[William Stratton]], signs the \\\"Loyalty Oath Act\\\",\n        passed by the State Legislature, which mandates all public employees take\n        a loyalty oath to Illinois and the United States, or lose their jobs.\\n**\n        The first Geneva Summit meeting between the United States, the Soviet Union,\n        the United Kingdom, and France begins. It ends on July 23.\\n* [[July 27]]\n        – [[El Al Flight 402]] from [[Vienna]], Austria to [[Tel Aviv]] via\n        [[Istanbul]] is shot down over [[Bulgaria]]. All 58 passengers and crewmen\n        aboard the [[Lockheed Constellation]] airplane are killed.\\n* [[July 28]]\n        – The first [[Interlingua]] Congress in [[Tours]], France, leading to\n        foundation of the [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main\n        article|August 1955}}\\n[[File:Diane 1955 track.png|thumb|120px|right| [[August\n        19]]: [[Hurricane Diane]]]]\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** The [[First Sudanese Civil\n        War]] begins.\\n** First meeting of the [[Organization of Central American\n        States]] (''''Organizaci\\u00f3n de Estados Centroamericanos'''', ODECA), in\n        [[Antigua Guatemala]].\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Hurricane Diane]] hits the\n        northeastern United States, killing over 200 people, and causing over $1.0\n        billion in damage.\\n* [[August 20]] – Hundreds of people are killed\n        in anti-French rioting in [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]].\\n* [[August 22]] –\n        Eleven schoolchildren are killed when their school bus is hit by a freight\n        train in [[Spring City, Tennessee]].\\n* [[August 25]] – The last [[Soviet\n        Army]] occupation forces leave Austria.\\n* [[August 26]] – Release in\n        India of [[Satyajit Ray]]''s film ''''[[Pather Panchali]]''''.\\n* [[August\n        27]] – First edition of the ''''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'''' is\n        published, in London.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main article|September 1955}}\\n[[File:Rockall\n        Union flag hoisted 1955.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|[[September 18]]: Britain\n        annexes [[Rockall]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] – Under the guidance of Dr.\n        [[Humphry Osmond]], [[Christopher Mayhew]] ingests 400 mg of [[Mescaline|mescaline\n        hydrochloride]] and allows himself to be filmed as part of a ''''[[Panorama\n        (TV series)|Panorama]]'''' special for BBC TV in the U.K. that is never broadcast.\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Istanbul pogrom]]: [[Istanbul]]''s Greek minority\n        is the target of a government-sponsored [[pogrom]].\\n* [[September 10]] –\n        The long-running program ''''[[Gunsmoke]]'''' debuts on the [[CBS|CBS-TV]]\n        network.\\n* [[September 14]] – Pope Pius XII elevates many of the [[Apostolic\n        vicariate]]s in Africa to [[Metropolitan Archdiocese]]s\\n* [[September 15]]\n        – [[Vladimir Nabokov]]''s controversial novel ''''[[Lolita]]'''' is\n        published in Paris by [[Olympia Press]].\\n* [[September 18]] – The United\n        Kingdom formally annexes the uninhabited island of [[Rockall]].\\n* [[September\n        19]]–[[September 21]] – The [[President of Argentina]], [[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n]], is ousted in a military coup.\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Hurricane\n        Hilda (1955)|Hurricane Hilda]] kills about 200 people in Mexico.\\n* [[September\n        22]] – Independent Commercial Television ([[ITV (TV network)|ITV]])\n        begins broadcasting in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]], President of the United States suffers a [[coronary thrombosis]]\n        while on vacation in [[Denver, Colorado]]. Vice President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]\n        serves as Acting President while Eisenhower recovers.\\n* [[September 30]]\n        –[[James Dean]] was killed in a fatal car crash.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main\n        article|October 1955}}\\n* [[October 2]] – ''''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]''''\n        debuts on the [[CBS]] TV network in the United States.\\n* [[October 3]] –\n        ''''[[The Mickey Mouse Club]]'''' debuts on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC-TV]]\n        network in the United States.\\n* [[October 4]] – The Reverend [[Sun\n        Myung Moon]] is released from prison in [[Seoul]], South Korea.\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Disneyland Hotel (California)|Disneyland Hotel]] opens to the\n        public in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n* [[October 11]] – 70-mm film for\n        projection is introduced with the theatrical release of Rodgers and Hammerstein''s\n        musical film, ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]''''.\\n* [[October 14]]\n        – [[Organization of Central American States]] secretariat inaugurated.\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Disc jockey]] [[Bill Randle]] of [[WERE]] ([[Cleveland]])\n        is the key presenter of a concert at [[Brooklyn High School (Ohio)]], featuring\n        [[Pat Boone]] and [[Bill Haley & His Comets]] and opening with [[Elvis Presley]],\n        Elvis''s first filmed performance, for a documentary on Randle titled ''''[[The\n        Pied Piper of Cleveland]]''''.\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** After the last [[Allies\n        of World War II|Allied]] troops have left [[Austria]] and following the provisions\n        of the [[Austrian Independence Treaty]], the country declares its [[Neutral\n        country|permanent neutrality]].\\n** [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh\n        Di\\u1ec7m]] proclaims [[Vietnam]] to be a republic with himself as its President\n        (following the [[State of Vietnam referendum, 1955|State of Vietnam referendum]]\n        on [[October 23]]) and forms the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]].\\n* [[October\n        27]] – Film ''''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'''', starring [[James Dean]],\n        is released in the United States.\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Italian battleship\n        Giulio Cesare#Novorossiysk|Soviet battleship ''''Novorossiysk'''']] explodes\n        at moorings in [[Sevastopol]] Bay, killing 608, the [[Soviet Union]]''s worst\n        naval disaster.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main article|November 1955}}\\n[[File:LocationAustria.svg|thumb|120px|right|\n        [[October 26]]: Austria free]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** The [[Vietnam War]] begins\n        between the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|South Vietnam Army]] and the\n        [[Vietnam People''s Army|North Vietnam Army]] in which the latter is allied\n        with the [[Viet Cong]].\\n** A time bomb explodes in the cargo hold of [[United\n        Airlines Flight 629]], a [[Douglas DC-6B]] airliner flying above [[Longmont,\n        Colorado]], killing all 39 passengers and 5 crew members on board.\\n* [[November\n        3]] – The [[Rimutaka Tunnel]] opens on the [[New Zealand Railways Department|New\n        Zealand Railways]], at 5.46 mi (8.79 km) the longest in the [[Southern\n        Hemisphere]] at this time.\\n* [[November 5]] – Racial segregation is\n        outlawed on trains and buses in [[interstate commerce]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[C. Northcote Parkinson]] first propounds ''[[Parkinson''s\n        law]]'', in ''''[[The Economist]]''''.\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Bo Diddley]]\n        makes his television debut on [[Ed Sullivan]]''s ''''Toast Of The Town''''\n        show for the [[CBS|CBS-TV]] network.\\n* [[November 23]] – The [[Cocos\n        Islands]] in the Indian Ocean are transferred from British to Australian control.\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – The British Governor of [[Cyprus]] declares a [[state\n        of emergency]] on the island.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{main article|December 1955}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – In [[Montgomery, Alabama]], [[Rosa Parks]] refuses\n        to obey bus driver James F. Blake''s order that she give up her seat to make\n        room for a white passenger and is arrested, leading to the [[Montgomery Bus\n        Boycott]].\\n[[File:Tappan Zee Bridge.JPG|thumb|120px|right| [[December 14]]:\n        [[Tappan Zee Bridge]] opens]]\\n* [[December 4]] – The [[International\n        Federation of Blood Donor Organizations]] was founded in [[Luxembourg]].\\n*\n        [[December 5]]\\n** The [[American Federation of Labor]] and the [[Congress\n        of Industrial Organizations]] merge to become the [[AFL\\u2013CIO]].\\n** The\n        [[Montgomery Improvement Association]] is formed in [[Montgomery, Alabama]],\n        by [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]], and other Black ministers to coordinate\n        a Black people''s boycott of all city buses.\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Adnan\n        Menderes]] of [[Democrat Party (Turkey, historical)|DP]] forms the new government\n        of [[Turkey]] (22nd government)\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** The [[Tappan Zee Bridge]]\n        over the [[Hudson River]] in [[New York (state)|New York]] State opens to\n        traffic.\\n** [[Albania]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Cambodia]], [[Finland]],\n        [[Hungary]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Jordan]], [[Laos]],\n        [[Libya]], [[Nepal]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], and [[Sri Lanka]]\n        join the [[United Nations]] simultaneously, after several years of moratorium\n        on admitting new members that began during the [[Korean War]].\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Cardiff]] is declared by the British Government as the capital\n        of Wales.\\n* [[December 22]] – American cytogeneticist [[Joe Hin Tjio]]\n        discovers the correct number of human [[chromosome]]s, forty-six.\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[General Motors]] becomes the first American corporation to\n        make a profit of over one billion dollars in one year.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        The [[Str\\u00f6msund Bridge]] in [[Sweden]] is completed, being the first\n        significant [[cable-stayed bridge]] of the modern era.{{cite web|title=Str\\u00f6msund\n        Bridge (1955)|work=Structurae|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000070|accessdate=2010-10-02}}\\n\\n===World\n        population===\\n* [[World population]]: 2,755,823,000\\n** Africa: 246,746,000\\n**\n        Asia: 1,541,947,000\\n** Europe: 575,184,000\\n** South America: 190,797,000\\n**\n        North America: 186,884,000\\n** Oceania: 14,265,000\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Mulatu\n        Teshome.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mulatu Teshome]]]]\\n[[File:Rowan Atkinson, 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rowan\n        Atkinson]]]]\\n[[File:JK Simmons 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J. K. Simmons]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin\n        Costner 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Costner]]]]\\n[[File:Rattle BPH-Rittershaus2-\n        Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Simon Rattle]]]]\\n[[File:Eddie Van Halen 2007-11-10.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Van Halen]]]]\\n[[File:File-Official roberts CJ cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        G. Roberts]]]]\\n[[File:Nicolas Sarkozy February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicolas\n        Sarkozy]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Mario Andreacchio]], Australian film director\\n**\n        [[Mary Beard (classicist)|Mary Beard]], English classicist\\n** [[Precious\n        (wrestling)|Precious]], Canadian professional wrestling valet\\n** [[Mulatu\n        Teshome]], Ethiopian politician and 8th [[President of Ethiopia]]\\n* [[January\n        2]] – [[Vivien Savage]], French singer\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Mamata\n        Banerjee]], Indian politician, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[Rowan Atkinson]], English comedian and actor\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – [[J. K. Simmons]], American actor\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Michael\n        Schenker]], German guitarist ([[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[UFO (band)|UFO]],\n        [[Michael Schenker Group]])\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Ran Ito]], Japanese actress\\n**\n        [[Paul Kelly (Australian musician)|Paul Kelly]], Australian musician\\n** [[Jay\n        McInerney]], American writer\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Andreas Gursky]], German\n        photographer\\n** [[Mayumi Tanaka]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Steve Earle]], American musician\\n** [[Mami Koyama]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Kevin Costner]], American actor, producer and director\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – Sir [[Simon Rattle]], English orchestral conductor\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Joe Doherty]], [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]\n        member\\n** [[Hiromi \\u014cta]], Japanese singer\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Jeff Koons]], American artist\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Keiko Takahashi]],\n        Japanese actress\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Petra Gerster]], German television\n        presenter and newscaster\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Andr\\u00e9sen]],\n        Swedish actor\\n** [[Eddie Van Halen]], Dutch-born American rock musician ([[Van\n        Halen]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[John Roberts]], [[Chief Justice of the United\n        States]]\\n** [[Alexander Stuart (writer)|Alexander Stuart]], British-born\n        author\\n* [[January 28]]\\n** [[Vinod Khosla]], Indian-born American [[venture\n        capital]]ist\\n** [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], 23rd [[President of France]]\\n** [[George\n        Tokoro]], Japanese TV personality and singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Eddie Jordan (basketball)|Eddie Jordan]], American basketball player and\n        head coach\\n** [[Femi Pedro]], Deputy Governor of Lagos State, Nigeria\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Kelsey\n        Grammer May 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kelsey Grammer]]]]\\n[[File:Steve\n        Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Jobs]]]]\\n[[File:Gilbert_Gottfried_2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gilbert\n        Gottfried]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Hans Werner Olm]], German television\n        and film comedian\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Leszek Engelking]], Polish poet,\n        writer and translator\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Kirsty Wark]], Scottish\n        television presenter\\n* [[February 6]] \\n** [[Michael Pollan]], American journalist\\n**\n        [[Irinej Dobrijevi\\u0107]], American-born Serbian Bishop of Australia and\n        New Zealand\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Miguel Ferrer]], American actor (d.\n        [[2017]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[John Grisham]], American novelist\\n** [[Xu\n        Bing]], Chinese artist \\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Shaughnessy]], English actor\\n** [[Jim J. Bullock]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[February 10]]\\n** [[Chris Adams (wrestler)|Chris Adams]], English wrestler\n        and judoka (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Pablo Borges Delgado]], Cuban artist\\n** [[Greg\n        Norman]], Australian golfer\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Ai Sat\\u014d]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Akiko Yano]], Japanese singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[February 15]]      \\n** [[Janice Dickinson]], American model, photographer,\n        author and talent agent\\n** [[Christopher McDonald]], American actor\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Mo Yan]], Chinese writer\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Jeff\n        Daniels]], American actor\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Kelsey Grammer]], American\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Howard Jones (musician)|Howard\n        Jones]], English pop keyboardist and singer-songwriter\\n** [[Flip Saunders]],\n        American basketball coach (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Steve Jobs]],\n        American businessman and founder of [[Apple Inc.]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Alain\n        Prost]], French four-time [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Gilbert Gottfried]], American actor and comedian\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Penn\n        Jillette by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Penn Jillette]]]]\\n[[File:NinaHagenPremiereDerSiebteZwerg2014-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nina\n        Hagen]]]]\\n[[File:Gary Sinise 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary Sinise]]]]\\n[[File:\n        Federal Deputy Jair Bolsonaro at the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jair\n        Bolsonaro]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Willis by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce\n        Willis]]]]\\n[[File:Mariano_Rajoy_2016_(portrait).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariano\n        Rajoy]]]]\\n[[File:AngusYoung.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Angus Young]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] – Sir [[Timothy Laurence]], English admiral and second husband of\n        [[Anne, Princess Royal]]\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Shoko Asahara]], Japanese cult\n        leader ([[Aum Shinrikyo]])\\n** [[Jay Osmond]], American pop singer\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Kent Derricott]], Canadian TV personality in Japan\\n* [[March\n        4]] – [[Dominique Pinon]], French actor\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Julien\n        Dray]], French politician\\n** [[Penn Jillette]], American magician and comedian\n        ([[Penn & Teller]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Wendy Boglioli]], American swimmer\\n**\n        [[Jay Ilagan]], Filipino actor (d. [[1992]])\\n** [[Cyprien Ntaryamira]], Burundian\n        politician, 5th [[President of Burundi]] (d. [[1994]]) \\n** [[Alberta Watson]],\n        Canadian actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Tommy Kramer]], American\n        football player\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Don Ashby]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player (d. [[1981]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Ornella Muti]], Italian actress\\n**\n        [[Franco Uncini]], Italian motorcycle racer\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Yousra]],\n        Egyptian actress and singer\\n** [[Marianne Rosenberg]], German singer\\n* [[March\n        11]] – [[Nina Hagen]], German pop singer\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Bruno\n        Conti]], Italian football player\\n** [[Glenne Headly]], American actress of\n        film, stage and television (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Robert Kabbas]],\n        Egyptian-born Australian weightlifter\\n** [[Dee Snider]], American rock singer\n        ([[Twisted Sister]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Bruno Barreto]], Brazilian film\n        director\\n** [[Jiro Watanabe]], Japanese boxer\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Gary\n        Sinise]], American actor, producer and director\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Guillermo\n        D\\u00e1vila]], Venezuelan actor and singer\\n** [[Dwayne Murphy]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Pino Daniele]], Italian music artist\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Bruce Willis]], American actor\\n** [[Simon Yam]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Mariya Takeuchi]], Japanese singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\n** [[Jair Bolsonaro]], Brazilian congressman and politician\\n**\n        [[Philippe Troussier]], French football coach\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Lena Olin]],\n        Swedish actress\\n** [[Pete Sessions]], American politician\\n** [[Valdis Zatlers]],\n        7th [[President of Latvia]]\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Moses Malone]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Cel\\u00e2l \\u015eeng\\u00f6r]],\n        Turkish geologist\\n** [[Kim Johnston Ulrich]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Danny Arndt]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        [[Mariano Rajoy]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[John\n        Alderdice]], Irish politician\\n** [[Reba McEntire]], American country singer\n        and actress\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Earl Campbell]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Brendan Gleeson]], Irish actor\\n** [[Marina Sirtis]], English-born actress\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Angus Young]], lead guitarist of Australian rock group\n        [[AC/DC]]\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Akira_Toriyama.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Akira Toriyama]]]]\\n[[File:Michael\n        Rooker Makeup and Hairstyling Symposium - Feb 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Rooker]]]]\\n[[File:Grand Duke Luxembourg Royal Wedding 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henri,\n        Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]]]\\n[[File:Kate Mulgrew Shankbone Metropolitan Opera\n        2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate Mulgrew]]]]\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Michael Burleigh]],\n        British historian\\n** [[Mick Mars]], American rock guitarist ([[M\\u00f6tley\n        Cr\\u00fce]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Janice Long]], English radio disc jockey\\n**\n        [[Akira Toriyama]], Japanese manga artist\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Michael\n        Rooker]], American actor\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Grace Hightower]], American\n        philanthropist, actress and singer\\n** [[Gregg Jarrett]], American lawyer\n        turned journalist\\n** [[Akira Nishino (footballer)|Akira Nishino]], Japanese\n        soccer player and manager\\n** [[Werner Stocker (actor)|Werner Stocker]], German\n        actor (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Kane Hodder]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Barbara Kingsolver]], American fiction writer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Kate\n        Heyhoe]], American food writer\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Kevin Brady]], American\n        politician\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Steve Camp]], American Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Hideki Saijo]], Japanese singer and actor\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Dodi\n        Fayed]], Egyptian businessman (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Henri, Grand\n        Duke of Luxembourg]]\\n** [[DJ Kool Herc]], Jamaican American DJ\\n* [[April\n        17]] – [[Bolland & Bolland|Rob Bolland]], Dutch musician, songwriter\n        and music producer ([[Bolland & Bolland]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Bobby\n        Castillo]], American baseball player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Ebiet\n        G. Ade]], Indonesian singer and songwriter\\n** [[Toninho Cerezo]], Brazilian\n        footballer and coach\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Judy Davis]], Australian actress\\n**\n        [[Fumi Hirano]], Japanese voice actress and essayist\\n** [[Tony Miles]], English\n        chess player (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[John de Mol]], Dutch\n        media tycoon\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[John Nunn]], English [[chess]] player and\n        [[mathematician]]\\n** [[Parviz Parastui]], Iranian actor\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        [[Chen Daoming]], Chinese actor\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[James Risen]], American\n        Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative reporter and author\\n** [[Eric Schmidt]],\n        American software engineer and businessman, former CEO of [[Google]] (2001-2011)\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Eddie Jobson]], English musician\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Epcar]], American voice actor\\n** [[Kate Mulgrew]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Y\\u016bko Tanaka]], Japanese actress\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Zlatko Top\\u010di\\u0107]],\n        Bosnian writer and screenwriter\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:TomBergeronApr09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        Bergeron]]]]\\n[[File:Rick Steves cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rick Steves]]]]\\n[[File:Bill\n        Paxton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill Paxton]]]]\\n[[File:James Gosling\n        2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Gosling]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Ray Buttigieg]],\n        Maltese composer and poet\\n** [[Nick Feldman]], English musician ([[Wang Chung\n        (band)|Wang Chung]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Willie Miller]], Scottish footballer\\n**\n        [[Donatella Versace]], Italian designer\\n** [[Dave Winer]], American software\n        pioneer\\n* [[May 3]] – [[David Hookes]], Australian cricketer (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[May 4]]\\n** [[Avram Grant]], Israeli football manager\\n** [[Robert Ellis\n        Orrall]], American singer\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Tom Bergeron]], American\n        television host\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Mayra Alejandra]], Venezuelan actress\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Meles Zenawi]], 10th [[Prime Minister\n        of Ethiopia]] and 3rd [[President of Ethiopia]] (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 9]]\n        – [[Anne Sofie von Otter]], Swedish mezzo-soprano\\n* [[May 10]]\\n**\n        [[Chris Berman]], American sports broadcaster\\n** [[Mark David Chapman]],\n        American murderer of musician [[John Lennon]]\\n** [[Rick Steves]], American\n        author and television personality; host of [[Rick Steves'' Europe]]\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Andy Pask]], English bass player and composer ([[Landscape\n        (band)|Landscape]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Robert Tapert]], American TV producer\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Lee Horsley]],  American film, television, and theater\n        actor\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Olga Korbut]], Soviet gymnast\\n** [[Olli Kortekangas]],\n        Finnish composer\\n** [[Jack Morris]], American baseball player\\n** [[Hazel\n        O''Connor]], British rock musician\\n** [[Richard Phillips (merchant mariner)|Richard\n        Phillips]], American merchant mariner and captain of the ''''MV Maersk Alabama''''\\n**\n        [[Debra Winger]], American actress\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Bill Paxton]],\n        American actor (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Chow Yun-fat]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Mark Staff Brandl]], American and Swiss artist\n        and art historian\\n** [[James Gosling]], Canadian software engineer\\n** [[Th.\n        Emil Homerin]], American theologian\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Diego Abatantuono]],\n        Italian actor\\n** [[Zbigniew Preisner]], Polish film composer\\n* [[May 22]]\\n**\n        [[Chalmers \\\"Spanky\\\" Alford]], American jazz guitarist (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Iva Davies]], Australian singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist\n        and record producer; lead singer of [[Icehouse (band)|Icehouse]] \\n** [[Dale\n        Winton]], English radio DJ and television presenter\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Rosanne\n        Cash]], American entertainer\\n** [[Rumiko Ukai]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Suguru Egawa]], Japanese baseball player\\n** [[Connie Sellecca]],\n        American actress\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Doris D\\u00f6rrie]], German actress and\n        screenplay writer\\n** [[Masaharu Morimoto]], Japanese chef\\n* [[May 29]] \\n**\n        [[Mike Porcaro]], American bass guitarist (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[John Hinckley\n        Jr.]], attempted assassin of [[Ronald Reagan]]\\n* [[May 30]]\\n**[[Nakamura\n        Kanzabur\\u014d XVIII]], Japanese Kabuki actor\\n**[[Colm T\\u00f3ib\\u00edn]],\n        Irish novelist\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Tommy Emmanuel]], Australian guitarist\\n**\n        [[Susie Essman]], American actress\\n** [[Lynne Truss]], English writer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Sam\n        Simon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sam Simon]]]]\\n[[File:David Kennedy 1968.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        A. Kennedy]]]]\\n[[File:LaurieMetcalfFeb08 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laurie\n        Metcalf]]]]\\n[[File:Michel Platini 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michel Platini]]]]\\n[[File:Sir\n        Tim Berners-Lee.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Berners-Lee]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Chiyonofuji Mitsugu]], Japanese sumo wrestler (58th Yokozuna grand champion)\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Dana Carvey]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – [[Fernando Borrego Linares]], Cuban singer and songwriter\n        (aka Polo Monta\\u00f1ez)\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Sandra Bernhard]], American comedian,\n        actress, author and singer\\n** [[Chris Nyman]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Sam Simon]], American filmmaker (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Tim\n        Richmond]], American race car driver (d. [[1989]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Tim\n        Berners-Lee]], English computer scientist and inventor\\n** [[Griffin Dunne]],\n        American actor and director\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Floyd Bannister]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Andrew Stevens]], American actor, producer and director\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Yuriy Sedykh]], Ukrainian hammer thrower\\n* [[June 14]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Lankford]], American actress, businesswoman and horse wrangler\\n** [[Paul\n        O''Grady]] (also known as \\\"Lily Savage\\\"), English talk show host and comedian\\n*\n        [[June 15]] \\n** [[Polly Draper]], American actress, screenwriter, playwright,\n        producer and director\\n** [[David A. Kennedy]], son of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Laurie Metcalf]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Sandy Allen]], American, world''s tallest woman (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Tor N\\u00f8rretranders]], Danish author\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Aloysius Amwano]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[Tim Bray]],\n        Canadian computer programmer\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Mader]], French singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Leigh McCloskey]], American actor\\n** [[Michel Platini]], French retired\n        football player and President of [[UEFA]]\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Glenn Danzig]],\n        American rock singer ([[Misfits (band)|The Misfits]], [[Samhain]], [[Danzig\n        (band)|Danzig]])\\n** [[Alan J. Gow]], Australian-born British motorsport executive\\n*\n        [[June 24]] – [[Gurumayi Chidvilasananda]], Indian head of [[Siddha\n        Yoga]]\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Mike McShane]], American actor, comedian and\n        voice actor\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Yoko Gushiken]], Japanese boxer\\n* [[June\n        27]]\\n**[[Isabelle Adjani]], French actress\\n**[[Brad Diller]], American cartoonist\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Amelia Kyambadde]], Ugandan politician\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:\n        Lindsey Graham 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lindsey Graham]]]]\\n[[File:Willem Dafoe\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willem Dafoe]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Sanma\n        Akashiya]], Japanese comedian and actor\\n** [[Nikolai Demidenko]], Russian\n        classical pianist\\n** [[Li Keqiang]], [[Premier of the People''s Republic\n        of China]]\\n** [[Lisa Scottoline]], American novelist\\n** [[Christian Estrosi]],\n        French sportsman and politician\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Stephen Walt]], American\n        political scientist\\n** [[Sylvie Le Noach]], French swimmer\\n** [[Randy Burchell]],\n        Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Chau Giang]], Vietnamese-born\n        American professional poker player\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[John Cramer (announcer)|John\n        Cramer]], American game show announcer\\n** [[Matt Keough]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Bruce Altman]], American actor\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Sebastian\n        Barry]], Irish playwright, novelist and poet\\n** [[Henry Lee Summer]], American\n        singer\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Rolf Saxon]], American actor\\n** [[Ludo Vika]],\n        Dominican actress\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Mihaela Mitrache]], Romanian actress\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Lindsey Graham]], American politician, lawyer, former [[United\n        States Army|U.S. Army]] soldier, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Republican\n        Party (United States)|R]]-[[South Carolina|Sc.]]), and unsuccessful [[United\n        States presidential election, 2016|2016]] presidential candidate\\n** [[Fred\n        Norris]], American radio personality\\n** [[Jimmy Smits]], American actor\\n*\n        [[July 11]] \\n** [[Balaji Sadasivan]], Singaporean politician and neurosurgeon\\n**\n        [[S\\u00f8ren S\\u00e6tter-Lassen]], Danish actor\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Yoshitaka\n        Tamba]], Japanese actor\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Ritva Elomaa]], Finnish professional\n        female bodybuilding champion, pop singer and politician\\n* [[July 18]] –\n        [[Bernd Fasching]], Austrian painter and sculptor\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Adrienne\n        King]], American actress\\n** [[Marcelo Bielsa]], Argentine football player\n        and manager\\n** [[Howie Epstein]], American musician and producer (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[B\\u00e9la Tarr]], Hungarian film director\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Willem\n        Dafoe]], American actor\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Iman (model)|Iman]], Somalian\n        model\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Michele Pillar]], American Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Asif Ali Zardari]], 11th President of Pakistan\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Allan\n        Border]], Australian cricketer\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jakie Quartz]], French\n        singer\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:BillyBobThorntonHWOFFeb2012crop.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Bob Thornton]]]]\\n[[File:Mike Huckabee by Gage Skidmore 6.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike\n        Huckabee]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Caleb Carr]], American writer\\n* [[August\n        3]] – [[Roger Gifford]], Lord Mayor of London 2013\\n* [[August 4]]\\n**\n        [[Gerrie Coetzee]], South African boxer, 1983-1984 [[World Boxing Association|WBA]]\n        heavyweight champion.\\n** [[Billy Bob Thornton]], American actor, director\n        and screenwriter\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Gordon J. Brand]], English golfer\\n**\n        [[Ron Davis (pitcher)|Ron Davis]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 7]]\\n**[[Wayne\n        Knight]], American actor and comedian\\n**[[David Learner]], British actor\\n**[[Vladimir\n        Sorokin]], Russian writer\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Didd\\u00fa]] (Sigr\\u00fan\n        Hj\\u00e1lmt\\u00fdsd\\u00f3ttir), Icelandic soprano and songwriter\\n* [[August\n        9]] – [[Doug Williams (American football)|Doug Williams]], American\n        football quarterback\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Mel Tiangco]], Philippine\n        television host and newscaster [[24 Oras]]\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Heintje\n        Simons]], Dutch singer and actor\\n** [[Gish Jen]], American fiction writer\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[Daryl (magician)|Daryl]], American magician (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Gillian Taylforth]], English television actress\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Richard Hilton]], American businessman\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Peter Gallagher]], American actor\\n** [[Terry Harper (baseball)|Terry\n        Harper]], American baseball player\\n** [[Apisai Ielemia]], 10th Prime Minister\n        of Tuvalu\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Agnes Chan]], Hong Kong-born TV personality\n        in Japan\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Chiranjeevi]], Indian actor\\n** [[Gordon Liu]],\n        Chinese actor\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Mike Huckabee]], American politician,\n        former Governor and 2008 Presidential candidate\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Laura\n        Fygi]], Dutch singer\\n** [[Sergey Khlebnikov]], Soviet speed skater (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]]\\n** [[Mayumi Muroyama]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Helge Schneider]],\n        comedian, jazz musician and multi-instrumentalist, author, film and theatre\n        director\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Edwin Moses]], American athlete\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Billy\n        Blanks by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy Blanks]]]]\\n[[File:Zucchero\n        03.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Zucchero Fornaciari]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Billy\n        Blanks]], American martial artist; inventor of the [[Tae Bo]] exercise program\\n**\n        [[Bruce Foxton]], English musician\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Robert C. Duncan\n        (astrophysicist)|Robert Duncan]], American astrophysicist\\n** [[Claus Kleber]],\n        German television journalist\\n** [[Natalya Petrusyova]], Soviet speed skater\\n**\n        [[Michelle Yim]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Hiroshi Izawa]],\n        Japanese actor\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Raymond Benson]], American author\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – [[Efim Zelmanov]], Russian mathematician\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[John Kricfalusi]], Canadian cartoonist\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Peter Scolari]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[\\u017deljka\n        Antunovi\\u0107]], Croatian politician\\n** [[Brendan O''Carroll]], Irish actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Bruce Reitherman]], American filmmaker and voice actor\\n**\n        [[Renzo Rosso]], Italian clothing designer\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Janet\n        Ellis]], British children''s TV presenter\\n** [[Robin Yount]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Charles Martinet]], American voice-actor\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Richard Burmer]], American composer, sound designer\n        and musician (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Richard Hieb]], American\n        astronaut\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Shinbo Nomura]], Japanese manga artist\\n*\n        [[September 25]] \\n**[[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]], German football player\\n**[[Zucchero\n        Fornaciari]], Italian singer-songwriter\\n* [[September 28]] – [[St\\u00e9phane\n        Dion]], Canadian politician\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Bill Gates June 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        Gates]]]]\\n[[File:Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) Executive Minister Brother Eduardo\n        Manalo (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eduardo V. Manalo]]]]\\n* [[October 2]]\n        – [[Philip Oakey]], Member of British pop group [[The Human League]]\\n*[[October\n        3]] – [[Tommy Wiseau]], American film director and actor, known for\n        the 2003 \\\"dark comedy\\\" ''''[[The Room (film)|The Room]]''''\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n**[[Bart D. Ehrman]], American religious studies scholar and writer,\n        specialist of [[textual criticism]]\\n** [[Jean-Jacques Lafon]], French singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Caroline Loeb]], French singer and actress\\n* [[October 7]]\\n**[[Clinton\n        Bennett]], British scholar of religions, specialist in the study of Islam\\n**[[Yo-Yo\n        Ma]], French-born Chinese American cellist\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**[[Bill Elliott]],\n        American racing driver \\n**[[Darrell Hammond]], Comedian ([[Saturday Night\n        Live|SNL]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Sergei Shepelev]], Russian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[James B. Aguayo-Martel]], Mexican-born physician,\n        surgeon, scientist and inventor\\n** [[Kulbir Bhaura]], Indian-born British\n        field hockey player\\n** [[Tanya Roberts]], American actress\\n** [[Emily Yoffe]],\n        American journalist and advice columnist\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Hiromi Go]],\n        Japanese singer\\n** [[Timmy Mallett]], English television presenter\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[LaSalle Ishii]], Japanese television personality\\n* [[October\n        21]]\\n** [[Yasukazu Hamada]], Japanese politician\\n** [[Rich Mullins]], American\n        Christian musician (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Karen Austin]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Katherine Knight]], Australian [[mariticide]]\\n* [[October 25]]\n        – [[Glynis Barber]], South African-born British actress\\n* [[October\n        28]]\\n** [[Bill Gates]], American businessman and co-founder of [[Microsoft]]\\n**\n        [[Indra Nooyi]], Indian business executive\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Kevin DuBrow]],\n        American rock singer (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Roger O''Donnell]], English rock\n        keyboardist\\n** [[Etsuko Shihomi]], Japanese actress\\n* [[October 30]] –\n        [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]], British historian\\n* [[October\n        31]] – [[Eduardo V. Manalo]], 3rd Executive Minister (''''Tagapamahalang\n        Pangkalahatan'''') of the ''''[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]'''' (Church of Christ)\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Kris\n        Jenner shot by Jim Jordan at White Cross Studios.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kris Jenner]]]]\\n[[File:Maria\n        Shriver at Womens Conference book signing October 2010 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria\n        Shriver]]]]\\n[[File:Roland Emmerich Deauville 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roland\n        Emmerich]]]]\\n[[File:Whoopi Goldberg at a NYC No on Proposition 8 Rally.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Whoopi\n        Goldberg]]]]\\n[[File:Dianne de Leeuw 1974c.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dianne de Leeuw]]]]\\n[[File:Mary\n        Landrieu Senate portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary Landrieu]]]]\\n[[File:Miktai.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Najib\n        Mikati]]]]\\n[[File:Bill Nye 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill Nye]]]]\\n[[File:HowieMandelM07.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Howie\n        Mandel]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Idol - picture by Simone van den Boom.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Idol]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Joe Arroyo]], Colombian salsa and tropical\n        music singer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Chris Burnett]], American\n        saxophone player, composer, veteran of US military jazz bands and band leader\\n*\n        [[November 3]]\\n** [[Teresa De Sio]], Italian singer-songwriter\\n** [[Phil\n        Simms]], American football player\\n** [[Yukihiko Tsutsumi]], Japanese film\n        director\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Alhaj Moulana Ghousavi Shah|Moulana Ghousavi\n        Shah]], Sufi teacher and author, Secretary General of The Conference of World\n        Religions\\n** [[Matti Vanhanen]], [[Prime Minister of Finland]]\\n* [[November\n        5]]\\n** [[Pedro Brieger]], Argentine journalist and sociologist.\\n** [[Kris\n        Jenner]], American television personality\\n** [[Karan Thapar]], Indian journalist,\n        political analyst and commentator\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Maria Shriver]],\n        American television journalist, host; First Lady of California\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Detlef Ultsch]], German judo athlete\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Karen Dotrice]], Guernsey-born child actress\\n* [[November 10]] –\n        [[Roland Emmerich]], German film director\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Jigme\n        Singye Wangchuck]], [[King of Bhutan]]\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Whoopi\n        Goldberg]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Koichi Nakano]], Japanese bicycle racer\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Peter Cox (musician)|Peter Cox]], English singer-songwriter\n        ([[Go West (band)|Go West]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Dianne de Leeuw]],\n        Dutch figure skater\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Ray Ozzie]], American computer\n        programmer\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Kyle Gann]], American composer and music\n        critic\\n** [[Cedric Maxwell]], American basketball player\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[George Alagiah]], Ceylonese-born British newsreader, journalist\n        and television news presenter\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Steven Brust]], American\n        author\\n** [[Ludovico Einaudi]], Italian pianist and composer\\n** [[Peter\n        Douglas]], American television and film producer\\n** [[Mary Landrieu]], American\n        politician and former U.S. Senator from Louisiana\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** Sir\n        [[Ian Botham]], English cricketer\\n** [[Najib Mikati]], Lebanese politician,\n        2-Time [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]]\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Bruno Tonioli]],\n        film, music video and theater choreographer\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Tracy\n        Hickman]], American author\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Bill Nye]], American\n        science presenter and public television host\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Alessandro\n        Altobelli]], Italian football player\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Howie Mandel]],\n        Canadian actor and game show host\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Michael Beschloss]],\n        American historian\\n** [[Kevin Conroy]], American voice actor\\n** [[Billy\n        Idol]], born William Broad, British rock musician\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jane\n        Kaczmarek September 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jane Kaczmarek]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 3]]\\n** [[Melody Anderson]], Canadian actress and social worker\\n**\n        [[Steven Culp]], American actor\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Maurizio Bianchi]],\n        Italian musician\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Priscilla Barnes]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Ian Greig]], South African-born English cricketer\\n**\n        [[Martin Semmelrogge]], German actor\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Asashio Tar\\u014d\n        IV]], Japanese sumo wrestler\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki]],\n        Greek politician and businesswoman\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Chiharu Matsuyama]],\n        Japanese singer-songwriter\\n** [[Rob Levin]], American founder of the [[freenode]]\n        [[IRC]] network (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Brad Davis (basketball)|Brad\n        Davis]], American basketball player\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Jane Kaczmarek]],\n        American actress\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Keith Comstock]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Carol Ann Duffy]], Scottish poet\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Mizuho\n        Fukushima]], Japanese politician\\n** [[Clarence Gilyard]], American actor\n        and college professor\\n* [[December 27]] – [[Barbara Olson]], American\n        television commentator (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Liu Xiaobo]],\n        Chinese literary critic and human rights activist, [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Jim Tracy (baseball)|Jim Tracy]],\n        American baseball player\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Mark Marderosian]], American\n        cartoonist\\n* [[Anacleto Rapping]], American photographer and pedagogue\\n*\n        [[Sergey Zimov]], Russian geophysicist and creator of [[Pleistocene Park]]\\n*\n        [[Alan Myers (drummer)|Alan Myers]], former drummer of new wave band [[Devo]]\n        (d. 2013)\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Estatua_de_Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rem%C3%B3n_Cantera_-_Sede_de_la_Polic%C3%ADa_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1_(2012).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jose\n        Antonio Remon Cantera]]]]\\n[[File:Hans hedtoft.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hans Hedtoft]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar]], Indian scientist (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Rem\\u00f3n Cantera]], 19th [[President\n        of Panama]] (assassinated) (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Yevgeny\n        Tarle]], Soviet historian (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Rodolfo\n        Graziani]], Italian general (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Johannes\n        Baader]], German artist (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Yves Tanguy]], French painter\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[August Duesenberg]], German-born\n        American automobile manufacturer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Robert\n        P. T. Coffin]], American poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Archie\n        Hahn]], American athlete (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Ira Hayes]],\n        U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[January 29]] –\n        [[Hans Hedtoft]], Prime Minister of Denmark (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 31]]\n        – [[John Mott]], American YMCA leader, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (b. [[1865]])\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Ona Munson]],\n        American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Thomas J. Moore]],\n        Irish-American film actor (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[S. Z. Sakall]], Hungarian actor\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Oswald Avery]], American physician\n        and medical researcher (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Paul Claudel]],\n        French poet, dramatist, and diplomat (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        [[Trixie Friganza]], American actress (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Matthew\n        Henson 1910.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Matthew Henson]]]]\\n[[File:Synthetic Production\n        of Penicillin TR1468.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander Fleming|Sir Alexander Fleming]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Katharine Drexel]], American [[Roman Catholic]] [[saint]]\n        (b. [[1858]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[William C. deMille]], American screenwriter\n        and director (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Matthew Henson]], American\n        explorer (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March 11]] – Sir [[Alexander Fleming]],\n        Scottish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (b. [[1881]]){{cite web|title=BBC - History - Alexander Fleming|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/fleming_alexander.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=3\n        January 2017}}\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Charlie Parker]], American\n        saxophonist (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Nicolas de Sta\\u00ebl]],\n        Russian painter (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Mih\\u00e1ly K\\u00e1rolyi]],\n        1st President of Hungary and 20th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 22]] – [[Maurice Schutz]], French actor (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Arthur Bernardes]], 12th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[John W. Davis]], American politician, diplomat, and\n        lawyer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Ylla]], Hungarian photographer\n        (b. [[1911]]) (jeep accident)\\n\\n===April=== \\n[[File:Einstein 1933.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Albert\n        Einstein]]]]\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Theda Bara]], American film actress\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]], French\n        Jesuit priest, philosopher, paleontologist and geologist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Clifton Sprague]], American admiral (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – [[Peyton C. March]], United States Army General (b. [[1864]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Albert Einstein]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Constance\n        Collier]], stage and screen actress; acting coach (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie]], 10th [[Governor-General\n        of Australia]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May 4]]\\n**[[Louis Charles Breguet]], French\n        aircraft designer and builder and early aviation pioneer (b. [[1880]])\\n**[[George\n        Enescu]], Romanian composer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Tommy Burns\n        (boxer)|Tommy Burns]], American boxer (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[John Radecki]],\n        Australian stained-glass artist (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Gilbert\n        Jessop]], English cricketer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Charles Pelot\n        Summerall]], American general (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Anwar Wagdi]], Egyptian\n        actor and filmmaker (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[James Agee]], American\n        writer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Owen Roberts]], American Supreme\n        Court Justice (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Mary McLeod Bethune]],\n        American educator (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Richard \\\"Skeets\\\"\n        Gallagher]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Alberto\n        Ascari]], Italian race-car driver (accident) (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Bill Vukovich]], American race-car driver (accident) (b. [[1918]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:PattilloHiggins.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pattillo\n        Higgins]]]]\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Pattillo Higgins]], American oil pioneer and\n        businessman (b. [[1863]])\\n** [[Herbert Stanley]], Governor of Northern Rhodesia,\n        Ceylon and Southern Rhodesia (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Walter\n        Hampden]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Carlyle Blackwell]],\n        American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Adrienne Monnier]],\n        French poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Engelbert Zaschka]], German\n        helicopter pioneer (b. 1895)\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Max Pechstein]], German\n        painter (b. 1881)\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Beatrice Chase]],\n        English writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Ruth Ellis]], Welsh-born\n        murderer, last woman to be executed in the United Kingdom (b. [[1926]])\\n**\n        [[Stanley Price]], American film and television actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] – [[Calouste Gulbenkian]], Armenian businessman and philanthropist\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Cordell Hull]], [[United States Secretary\n        of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July\n        31]] – [[Robert Francis (actor)|Robert Francis]], American actor (b.\n        [[1930]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[Image:Carmen Miranda (1944).jpg|120px|thumb|[[Carmen\n        Miranda]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Mann 1937.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Thomas Mann]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]]\\n**[[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria]], Bavarian military\n        leader and last Bavarian crown prince (b. [[1869]])\\n**[[Wallace Stevens]],\n        American poet (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Carmen Miranda]], Portuguese-born\n        Brazilian singer and actress (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Grace\n        Hartman (actress)|Grace Hartman]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Thomas Mann]], German novelist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[James B. Sumner]], American chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Florence Easton]], English-born operatic soprano (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Fernand L\\u00e9ger]], French painter and sculptor\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Augusto Turati]], Italian fascist\n        politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Emmett Till]], American\n        murder victim (b. [[1941]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:James Dean in Rebel\n        Without a Cause.jpg|thumb|120px|[[James Dean]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Philip Loeb]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 20]] –\n        [[Robert Riskin]], American screenwriter (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Martha Norelius]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Ib Sch\\u00f8nberg]], Danish actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Tamborini]], Argentine physician and politician (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Michael Chekhov]], Russian actor, theatre\n        director, and writer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[James Dean]], American actor (accident)\n        (b. [[1931]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Manuel Avila Camacho.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Manuel\n        \\u00c1vila Camacho]]]]\\n[[File:JoseOrtegayGasset.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Ortega y Gasset]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Charles Christie]], American\n        film studio owner (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Alexander Papagos]],\n        Greek Field Marshal (b. [[1883]]) \\n* [[October 7]] – [[Rodolphe Seeldrayers]],\n        German journalist and administrator, 4th [[President of FIFA]] (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Iry LeJeune]], Cajun musician (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[October\n        9]]\\n** [[Theodor Innitzer]], Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Alice Joyce]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 13]] –\n        [[Manuel \\u00c1vila Camacho]], 45th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Dimitrios Maximos]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Ortega y Gasset]], Spanish\n        philosopher (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[John Hodiak]], American\n        actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[William Woodward, Jr.]], American\n        banker and horse breeder, shot to death by his wife (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Hajos.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alfr\\u00e9d\n        Haj\\u00f3s]]]]\\n[[File:ShempUgly.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Shemp Howard]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Dale Carnegie]], American writer and lecturer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – [[Cy Young]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Spiders]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] – [[Maurice Utrillo]], French artist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Tom Powers]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 11]]\n        – [[Jerry Ross (composer)|Jerry Ross]], American lyricist and composer\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Alfr\\u00e9d Haj\\u00f3s]], Hungarian\n        swimmer and architect (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Moshe Pessach]],\n        chief rabbi of Volos (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Robert E.\n        Sherwood]], American playwright (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Lloyd\n        Bacon]], American actor and director (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Helmuth Weidling]], German general (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 22]] –\n        [[Shemp Howard]], American actor and comedian ([[The Three Stooges]]) (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Arthur Honegger]], French-born Swiss\n        composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Alta Bates]], nurse anesthetist\n        and founder of Alta Bates Hospital (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Honus\n        Wagner (crop).JPG|thumb|120px|[[Honus Wagner]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[Chief Thundercloud]], American character actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Jir\\u014d Minami]], Japanese general and [[Governor-General\n        of Korea]] (1936-1942) (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[George Platt\n        Lynes]], American photographer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Honus Wagner]], American\n        baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Hermann Weyl]], German mathematician,\n        theoretical physicist and philosopher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[Ant\\u00f3nio Egas Moniz]], Portuguese neurologist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        [[Otto Braun]], German politician, former Minister President of the [[Free\n        State of Prussia]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Garegin Nzhdeh]],\n        Armenian statesman (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Otto Eppers]],\n        American cartoonist (b. 1893)\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Harrison\n        Walker|Elizabeth Harrison]], daughter of President [[Benjamin Harrison]] and\n        [[Mary Dimmick Harrison]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Thomas J. Preston, Jr.]], professor\n        of [[Archeology]] at [[Princeton University]]; second husband of [[Frances\n        Cleveland]], widow of President [[Grover Cleveland]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter]], English soldier (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Willis Eugene Lamb]] and [[Polykarp Kusch]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Vincent du Vigneaud]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Axel Hugo Theodor\n        Theorell]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Halld\\u00f3r\n        Laxness|Halld\\u00f3r Kiljan Laxness]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] –\n        not awarded\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1955}}\\n[[Category:1955|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-07T11:50:36Z\",\"lastrevid\":799384741,\"length\":62602,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1955&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955\"},\"34672\":{\"pageid\":34672,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1956\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T22:41:37Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1956}}\\n{{Year nav|1956}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1956}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1956}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** The [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian\n        Condominium]] ends in [[Sudan]].\\n** A crowd crush and stampede during a New\n        Year''s event results in 124 deaths and 77 injuries at the [[Yahiko Shrine]]\n        in [[Niigata Prefecture]], [[Japan]].[[:ja:\\u5f4c\\u5f66\\u795e\\u793e\\u4e8b\\u4ef6]]''''''(Japanese\n        language)'''''' Retrieved January 7, 2017   \\n* [[January 3]] –\n        In the United States:\\n** By popular demand, ''''[[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Peter\n        Pan]]'''', starring [[Mary Martin]], is restaged live by [[Producers'' Showcase]]\n        on [[NBC-TV]].\\n** Columbia Records first releases [[Glenn Gould]]''s solo\n        piano recording of Bach''s ''''[[Bach: The Goldberg Variations (Glenn Gould\n        recording)|Goldberg Variations]]''''.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Operation\n        Auca]]: Five U.S. evangelical Christian [[Missionary|missionaries]], [[Nate\n        Saint]], [[Roger Youderian]], [[Ed McCully]], [[Jim Elliot]] and [[Pete Fleming]],\n        are killed for trespassing by the [[Huaorani people]] of [[Ecuador]] shortly\n        after making contact with them.\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Egypt]]ian leader\n        [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] vows to reconquer [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\u2013[[January 26|26]] – Finnish troops reoccupy [[Porkkala]]\n        after [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops vacate its military base. Civilians can\n        return [[February 4]].\\n* [[January 26]] – The [[1956 Winter Olympics]]\n        open in [[Cortina d''Ampezzo]], [[Italy]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main article|February\n        1956}}\\n* [[February 11]] – British [[Espionage|spies]] [[Guy Burgess]]\n        and [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald Maclean]] resurface in the [[Soviet Union]]\n        after being missing for 5 years.\\n* [[February 14]]\\u2013[[February 26|26]]\n        – [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February\n        16]] – Only a little more than four months after the release of the\n        70mm version of ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]'''', the film version\n        of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Carousel (film)|Carousel]]'''', starring\n        [[Gordon MacRae]] and [[Shirley Jones]], is released in [[CinemaScope 55]].\n        MacRae and Jones had previously starred in ''''Oklahoma!'''' ''''Carousel'''',\n        intended for showing in 55mm, ends up being shown only in 35mm.\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Elvis Presley]] enters the United States music charts for the\n        first time, with \\\"[[Heartbreak Hotel]]\\\".\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Norma\n        Jean Mortenson]] legally changes her name to [[Marilyn Monroe]].\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Doris Day]] records her most famous song, \\\"[[Que Sera, Sera\n        (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)]]\\\"; it is from [[Alfred Hitchcock]]''s ''''[[The\n        Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'''', in which\n        Day co-stars with [[James Stewart]].\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        attacks the veneration of [[Josef Stalin]] in a speech \\\"[[On the Cult of\n        Personality and Its Consequences]]\\\".\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        The [[International Air Transport Association]] finalizes a draft of the [[ICAO\n        spelling alphabet|radiotelephony spelling alphabet]] for the [[International\n        Civil Aviation Organization]].\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Morocco]] declares\n        its independence from France.\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** The British deport Archbishop\n        [[Makarios III|Makarios]] from [[Cyprus]] to the [[Seychelles]].\\n** [[Soviet\n        Armed Forces]] suppresses [[1956 Georgian demonstrations|mass demonstrations]]\n        in the [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]], reacting to [[Nikita Khrushchev]]''s\n        [[de-Stalinization]] policy.\\n* [[March 10]] – The [[Fairey Delta 2]]\n        broke the World Air Speed Record, raising it to {{convert|1132|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}\n        or Mach 1.73, an increase of some {{convert|300|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} over the\n        previous record, and thus becoming the first aircraft to exceed {{convert|1000|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}\n        in level flight.\\n* [[March 11]] – After having opened in London the\n        previous year, [[Laurence Olivier]]''s film, ''''[[Richard III (1955 film)|Richard\n        III]]'''', adapted from [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]''s play, has its\n        U.S. premiere in theatres and on [[NBC]] Television on the same day. On TV\n        it is not shown in prime time, but as an afternoon [[wikt:matinee|matin\\u00e9e]],\n        in a slightly cut version. It is one of the first such experiments of its\n        kind. Olivier is later nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] for his performance.\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** 96 [[U.S. Congress]]men sign the [[Southern Manifesto]],\n        a protest against the 1954 [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]\n        ruling (''''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'''') that [[desegregate]]d public\n        education.\\n** The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] closes above 500 for the\n        [[Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average|first time]] rising\n        2.40 points, or 0.48%, to 500.24.\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Elvis Presley]]\n        releases his first [[music recording sales certification|gold album]] titled\n        ''''Elvis Presley''''.\\n* [[March 15]] – The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]\n        musical ''''[[My Fair Lady]]'''' opens in New York City.\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        At age 48, Dutch [[Boxing|boxer]] [[Bep van Klaveren]] contests his last match\n        in [[Rotterdam]].\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Tunisia]] gains independence from\n        France.\\n* [[March 21]] – The [[28th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Pakistan]] becomes the first [[Islamic republic]],\n        and a [[Holiday#National holidays|national holiday]] is observed in the country\n        including the former [[East Pakistan]] state.\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:2-inch\n        Quad Tape Reel with miniDV cassette.jpg|thumb|A reel of 2-inch [[quadruplex\n        videotape]] compared with a modern-day [[miniDV]] videocassette.]]\\n* [[April\n        2]] – The first episode of ''''[[As the World Turns]]'''' is broadcast\n        on the [[CBS]] television network in the United States.\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        Spain relinquishes [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|its protectorate in Morocco]].\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Habib Bourguiba]] is elected [[President of the Assembly\n        of the Representatives of the People|President of the National Constituent\n        Assembly]] of the [[Kingdom of Tunisia]]; on April 15 he becomes [[Head of\n        Government of Tunisia|Prime Minister]].{{cite book|last1=Bessis|first1=Sophie|authorlink1=:fr:Sophie\n        Bessis|last2=Belhassen|first2=Souhayr|authorlink2=:fr:Souhayr Belhassen|title=Bourguiba|year=2012|publisher=[[:fr:\\u00c9ditions\n        Elyzad|Elyzad]]|location=Tunis|isbn=978-9973-58-044-3|language=fr}}\\n*\n        [[April 14]] – [[Videotape]] is first demonstrated at the 1956 NARTB\n        (now [[National Association of Broadcasters|NAB]]) convention in Chicago by\n        [[Ampex]]. It is the demonstration of the first practical and commercially\n        successful [[videotape]] format known as [[Quadruplex videotape|2\\\" Quadruplex]].\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – Queen [[Elizabeth II]] inaugurates the 4.9 km\\u00b2\n        [[Chew Valley Lake]] in [[Somerset]], England, as a reservoir for the [[Bristol]]\n        area.\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Maria Desylla-Kapodistria]] is elected [[mayor]]\n        of [[Corfu (city)|Corfu]] and becomes the first female mayor in Greece.\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** British [[Underwater diving|diver]] [[Lionel Crabb]] (working\n        for [[MI6]]) dives into [[Portsmouth]] harbour to investigate a visiting [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] cruiser and vanishes.\\n** American actress [[Grace Kelly]]\n        marries [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]].\\n* [[April 21]] – Former\n        U.S. [[First Family of the United States|First Daughter]] [[Margaret Truman]]\n        marries [[Clifton Daniel]].\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Heavyweight]] boxing\n        champion [[Rocky Marciano]] retires without losing a professional boxing match.\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 2]] \\n** The [[United Methodist Church]] in America decides at its General\n        Conference to grant women full [[ordination|ordained]] [[clergy]] status.\n        It also calls for an end to [[racial segregation]] in the denomination.\\n**\n        [[Violet Gibson]], who attempted to assassinate [[Mussolini]] in 1926, dies\n        in a mental hospital after a lifetime of imprisonment.\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** Austria\n        and [[Israel]] form [[Diplomacy|diplomatic relations]].{{noMention}}\\n** The\n        constitutional union between [[Indonesia]] and the Netherlands is dissolved.\\n**\n        [[John Osborne]]''s ''''[[Look Back in Anger]]'''' opens at the [[Royal Court\n        Theatre]], London, changing the scope of theatrical and other forms of drama\n        in the UK: the theatre''s press release describes the dramatist as among the\n        [[angry young men]] of the time.\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Manaslu]], eighth\n        highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Lhotse]]\n        (main), the fourth highest mountain, is first ascended.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        The [[NBC Peacock]] debuts  On Television \\n* [[May 23]] – French minister\n        [[Pierre Mend\\u00e8s France]] resigns due to his government''s policy on [[Algeria]].\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – The first [[Eurovision Song Contest]] is broadcast from\n        [[Lugano]], Switzerland. The winning song is the host country''s ''''Refrain''''\n        by [[Lys Assia]] (music by G\\u00e9o Voumard, text by \\u00c9mile Gardaz).\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – India announces the institution of diplomatic relations\n        with Spain (still under [[Francoist Spain|Franco''s rule]])\\n\\n===June===\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] resigns as foreign minister of the\n        [[Soviet Union]]; he later becomes [[ambassador]] in [[Mongolia]].\\n* [[June\n        3]] – [[British Rail]] renames ''Third Class'' passenger facilities\n        as ''Second Class'' (Second Class facilities had been abolished in [[1875]],\n        leaving just First Class and Third Class).\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Montgomery\n        Bus Boycott]] the related civil suit was heard in federal district court and\n        the court ruled in Browder v. Gayle (1956) that Alabama''s racial segregation\n        laws for buses were unconstitutional.\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Elvis Presley]]\n        performs \\\"[[Hound Dog (song)|Hound Dog]]\\\", on ''''[[The Milton Berle Show]]'''',\n        scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.\\n* [[June 6]]\n        – In [[Singapore]], chief minister [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David\n        Marshall]] resigns after the breakdown of talks about internal self-government\n        in London.\\n* [[June 8]] – [[General Electric]]/Telechron introduces\n        model 7H241 \\\"The Snooz Alarm\\\", first snooze [[alarm clock]] ever.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.telechron.net/eod/7h241.htm|title=7H241 The Snooz-Alarm}}\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[1956 Summer Olympics]]: [[Equestrianism at the 1956\n        Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] events open in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] (all\n        other events are held in November in [[Melbourne]], Australia).\\n* [[June\n        13]]\\n**The International Criminal Police Organization adopts [[Interpol]]\n        as its official name.\\n** [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[Stade Reims]]\n        4-3 at [[Parc des Princes]], Paris and wins the [[1955\\u201356 European Cup]]\n        (football).\\n* [[June 14]] – The [[Flag of the United States Army]]\n        is formally dedicated.{{cite web|title=US Army Flag|url=http://www.worldflags101.com/other-flags/us-army-flag.aspx|work=World\n        Flags 101|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gWo2JMqH?url=http://www.worldflags101.com/other-flags/us-army-flag.aspx\n        |archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-06}}\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] is founded in [[Eindhoven]],\n        The Netherlands.\\n* [[June 18]] – The last foreign troops leave [[Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[June 21]] – Playwright Arthur Miller appears before the [[House Un-American\n        Activities Committee]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Gamal\n        Abdel Nasser]] becomes the 2nd president of [[Egypt]], a post he holds until\n        his death in [[1970]].\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Pozna\\u0144 1956 protests]]: Labour\n        riots in [[Pozna\\u0144]], Poland, are crushed with heavy loss of life. [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] troops fire at a crowd protesting high prices, killing 53 people.\\n**\n        The film version of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[The King and I]]'''',\n        starring [[Deborah Kerr]] and [[Yul Brynner]], is released only a few months\n        after the film version of R&H''s ''''Carousel''''. It becomes the most financially\n        successful film version of a Rodgers and Hammerstein musical up to this time,\n        and the only one to win an acting Oscar (Yul Brynner wins Best Actor for his\n        performance as the King of Siam). It is also one of two Rodgers and Hammerstein\n        films to be nominated for Best Picture (which it does not win).\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** Actress [[Marilyn Monroe]] marries playwright [[Arthur Miller]] in\n        [[White Plains, New York]].\\n** President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the\n        [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956]], creating the [[Interstate Highway System]]\n        in the United States.\\n* [[June 30]] – [[1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision]]:\n        A [[Trans World Airlines|TWA]] [[Lockheed Constellation]] and [[United Airlines]]\n        [[Douglas DC-7]] collide in mid-air over the [[Grand Canyon]] in [[Arizona]],\n        killing all 128 people aboard both aircraft in the deadliest civil [[aviation]]\n        disaster to date; the accident leads to sweeping changes in the regulation\n        of cross-country flight and [[air traffic control]] over the United States.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – A lab experiment involving scrap [[thorium]] at Sylvania\n        Electric Products in [[Bayside, New York]], results in an [[Sylvania Electric\n        Products explosion|explosion]].\\n* [[July 4]] – The first [[Lockheed\n        U-2]] spy plane flight over the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[July 8]] – The\n        mountain [[Gasherbrum II]], on the border of [[Pakistan]] and China, is first\n        ascended by an Austrian expedition.\\n* [[July 9]] – The 7.7 {{M|w}}\n        [[1956 Amorgos earthquake|Amorgos earthquake]] shakes the [[Cyclades]] island\n        group in the [[Agean Sea]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of IX (''''Violent''''). The shaking and the subsequent tsunami\n        leave fifty-three people dead.\\n* [[July 10]] – The British [[House\n        of Lords]] defeats the abolition of the death penalty.\\n* [[July 16]] –\n        With the closing of its \\\"Big Tent\\\" show in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Ringling Bros.\n        and Barnum & Bailey Circus]] announces all subsequent circuses will be \\\"arena\n        shows\\\" due to changing economics.\\n* [[July 24]] – At New York City''s\n        [[Copacabana (nightclub)|Copacabana]] nightclub, [[Dean Martin]] and [[Jerry\n        Lewis]] perform their last comedy show together (their act started on July\n        25, 1946).\\n* [[July 25]] – The Italian ocean liner {{SS|Andrea Doria}}\n        sinks after colliding with the Swedish ship [[MS Athena|SS ''''Stockholm'''']]\n        in heavy fog {{convert|72|km|mi|sp=us}} south of [[Nantucket]] island, killing\n        51.\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Egypt]]ian leader [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] nationalizes\n        the [[Suez Canal]] sparking international condemnation.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        A [[joint resolution]] of [[United States Congress|Congress]] is signed by\n        President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], authorizing \\\"[[In God we trust]]\\\" as\n        the U.S. national [[motto]].\\n* [[July 31]] \\n** [[Cricket]]: [[Jim Laker]]\n        sets an extraordinary record at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]\n        in the fourth [[Test cricket|Test]] between England and Australia, taking\n        19 wickets in a first class match (the previous best was 17).\\n** [[Luzhniki\n        Stadium]], as well known for sports venues of [[Russia]] (former  part of\n        [[Soviet Union]]), officially  open in [[Moscow]].{{citation needed |date=November\n        2016}}\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 6]] – After going bankrupt in 1955,\n        the American broadcaster [[DuMont Television Network]] airs its final broadcast,\n        an episode of its sports series ''''[[Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena]]''''.\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – 262 miners (chiefly Italian nationals) die in a fire\n        at the [[Bois du Cazier]] coal mine in [[Marcinelle]], Belgium.\\n* [[August\n        9]] – The exhibition ''''[[This Is Tomorrow]]'''' opens at [[Whitechapel\n        Art Gallery]] in London.\\n* [[August 12]] – Around 5,000 members of\n        the [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Romanian Greek-Catholic\n        Church]] hold a [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] outside [[Cluj-Napoca Piarists'' Church]]\n        to demonstrate that their church, proscribed by the government in 1948, has\n        not ceased to exist as the regime claims.\\n* [[August 17]] – West Germany\n        bans the [[Communist Party of Germany]].\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Elvis Presley]] appears on ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]''''\n        for the first time.\\n* [[September 13]] – The [[hard disk drive]] is\n        invented by an [[IBM]] team led by [[Reynold B. Johnson]].\\n* [[September\n        16]] – Television broadcasting [[television broadcasting in Australia|commences\n        in Australia]].\\n* [[September 21]] – Nicaraguan dictator [[Anastasio\n        Somoza Garc\\u00eda]] is assassinated.\\n* [[September 25]] – The [[submarine]]\n        [[transatlantic telephone cable]] opens.\\n* [[September 27]] – The [[Bell\n        X-2]] becomes the first manned aircraft to reach [[Mach number|Mach]] 3.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Cecil B. DeMille]]''s [[epic film]] ''''[[The Ten\n        Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]'''', starring [[Charlton Heston]]\n        as [[Moses]], is released in the United States. It will be in the top ten\n        of the worldwide [[list of highest-grossing films]] of all time adjusted for\n        inflation.{{cite web|title=Domestic Grosses, Adjusted for Ticket Price\n        Inflation|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm|work=[[Box\n        Office Mojo]]|accessdate=2013-01-11}}\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Baseball]]\n        [[pitcher]] [[Don Larsen]] of the [[New York Yankees]] throws the only [[perfect\n        game]] in [[World Series]] history in Game 5 of the [[1956 World Series]]\n        against the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]]. [[Yogi Berra]] catches the game. [[Dale\n        Mitchell (baseball)|Dale Mitchell]] is the final out. The [[New York Yankees]]\n        win the series. Larsen is named series [[MVP]].\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** Finland\n        joins [[UNESCO]].\\n** The prototype [[Lockheed L-1649 Starliner]], the final\n        [[Lockheed Constellation]] model, makes its first flight.\\n* [[October 14]]\\n**\n        [[Indira Kala Sangeet University]], [[Khairagarh]] is inaugurated by [[Prime\n        Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]].\\n** [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]: Dr.\n        [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Indian [[Dalit]] leader, converts to [[Buddhism]] along\n        with 385,000 followers.\\n* [[October 15]] – The British [[Royal Air\n        Force]] retires its last [[Avro Lancaster]] [[bomber]].\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**\n        The world''s first commercial [[nuclear power plant]] is opened at [[Sellafield|Calder\n        Hall]] in England.{{cite web|url=http://www.sellafieldsites.com/page/sellafield-site-operations/site-history|title=Sellafield\n        Sites, Site history|accessdate=2007-12-04}}\\n** [[The Game of the Century\n        (chess)]]: 13-year-old [[Bobby Fischer]] beats [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]\n        [[Donald Byrne]] in the Rosenwald Memorial Tournament in New York City.\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Suez Crisis]]: The United Kingdom, France, and [[Israel]]\n        secretly meet in and make plans to invade [[Egypt]].\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]] breaks out against the\n        pro-Soviet government, originating as a student demonstration in [[Budapest]].\n        Hungary attempts to leave the [[Warsaw Pact]].\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Red\n        Army]] troops invade Hungary.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Suez Crisis]]: [[Israel]]\n        invades the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and pushes [[Egypt]]ian forces back toward\n        the [[Suez Canal]].\\n** [[Tangier Protocol]]: The [[international city]] [[Tangier]]\n        is reintegrated into [[Morocco]].\\n** The ''''[[Huntley-Brinkley Report]]''''\n        debuts on [[NBC]]-TV in the United States.\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Suez Crisis]]:\n        The United Kingdom and France begin bombing [[Egypt]] to force the reopening\n        of the [[Suez Canal]].\\n** A [[United States Navy]] team becomes the third\n        group to reach the [[South Pole]] (arriving by air) and commences construction\n        of the first permanent [[Amundsen\\u2013Scott South Pole Station]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** The [[States Reorganisation Act]] of India reforms the\n        boundaries and names of Indian states. Three new states, [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]]\n        and [[Andhra Pradesh]], are formed.\\n** [[City Lights Bookstore]] in [[San\n        Francisco]] publishes ''''[[Howl]] and Other Poems'''' by [[Allen Ginsberg]],\n        a key work of the [[Beat Generation]].\\n** The film ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955\n        film)|Oklahoma!]]'''' (1955), previously released to select cities in [[Todd-AO]],\n        now receives a U.S. national release in [[CinemaScope]], since not all theatres\n        are yet equipped for Todd-AO. To accomplish this, the film had to be actually\n        shot twice, rather than printing one version in two different film processes\n        as was later done.\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Khan Yunis massacre]] ([[Suez Crisis]])\n        – Israeli soldiers shoot dead hundreds of Palestinian refugees and local\n        inhabitants in [[Khan Yunis Camp]].\\n** MGM''s film ''''[[The Wizard of Oz\n        (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'''' is the first major Hollywood film running\n        more than ninety minutes to be televised uncut in one evening.\\n* [[November\n        4]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 Hungarian Revolution]]: More\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops invade Hungary to crush a revolt that started\n        on [[October 23]]. Thousands are killed, more are wounded, and nearly a quarter\n        million leave the country.\\n* [[November 6]] – [[United States presidential\n        election, 1956]]: [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] incumbent\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] defeats [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]\n        challenger [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai E. Stevenson]] in a rematch of their\n        contest 4 years earlier.\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Suez Crisis]]: The [[United\n        Nations]] General Assembly adopts a resolution calling for the United Kingdom,\n        France and [[Israel]] to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately.\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – ''''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'''': The [[United States\n        Supreme Court]] declares illegal the state and municipal laws requiring segregated\n        buses in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], thus ending the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – Fighting ends in Hungary.{{noMention}}\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Middle East Technical University]] is founded in [[Ankara]],\n        Turkey.\\n* [[November 18]] – At a reception at the Polish embassy in\n        Moscow [[Nikita Khrushchev]] utters his famous phrase \\\"[[We will bury you]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – In [[Yugoslavia]], former prime minister [[Milovan\n        \\u0110ilas]] is arrested after he criticizes [[Josip Broz Tito]].\\n* [[November\n        22]] – The [[1956 Summer Olympics]] begin in [[Melbourne]], Australia.\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – The [[Suez Crisis]] causes [[petrol]] [[rationing]]\n        in Britain.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/29/newsid_3247000/3247805.stm|publisher=BBC|work=On\n        This Day|title=29 - 1956: Motorists panic as petrol rations loom}}\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Fidel Castro]] and [[Che Guevara]] depart from [[Tuxpan,\n        Veracruz]], Mexico, en route to [[Santiago de Cuba]] aboard the yacht ''''[[Granma\n        (yacht)|Granma]]'''' with 82 men.\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Roger Vadim]]''s\n        drama film ''''[[And God Created Woman (1956 film)|And God Created Woman]]'''',\n        released in France as ''''Et Dieu ... cr\\u00e9a la femme'''', propels\n        [[Brigitte Bardot]] into the public spotlight as a \\\"[[wiktionary:sex kitten|sex\n        kitten]]\\\".\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Floyd Patterson]] wins the world\n        heavyweight boxing championship that is vacant after the retirement of [[Rocky\n        Marciano]].\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] and his\n        followers land in [[Cuba]] in the boat ''''[[Granma (yacht)|Granma]]''''.\\n**\n        A [[pipe bomb]] planted by [[George Metesky]] explodes at the Paramount Theater\n        in [[Brooklyn]], injuring 6 people.\\n* [[December 3]] – [[1956 Bush\n        Terminal explosion]] in Brooklyn\\n* [[December 4]] – The [[Million Dollar\n        Quartet]] ([[Elvis Presley]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Carl Perkins]], and [[Johnny\n        Cash]]) get together at [[Sun Studio]] for the first and last time in history.\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Rose Heilbron]] becomes Britain''s first female judge.\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810]] crashes into\n        a mountain in British Columbia. All 62 people on board are killed.\\n* [[December\n        12]] – Japan becomes a member of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December\n        18]] – ''''[[To Tell the Truth]]'''' debuts on [[CBS]]-TV.\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[John Bodkin Adams]] is arrested for the murder of 2 patients\n        in [[Eastbourne]], Great Britain.\\n* [[December 23]] – British and French\n        troops leave the [[Suez Canal]] region.\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Bob Barker]]\n        makes his TV debut as host of the game show ''''[[Truth or Consequences]]''''.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Influenza A virus subtype H2N2#Asian flu|Asian flu]] [[Influenza\n        pandemic|pandemic]] originates in China.\\n* [[Minamata disease]] is discovered.\\n*\n        The [[Alpine Club of Canada]], Toronto section, is founded.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n[[File:Mel Gibson Cannes 2016 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mel Gibson]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Caruso 2008.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Caruso]]]]\\n[[File:BillMaherSept10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bill\n        Maher]]]]\\n[[File:Geena Davis 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Geena Davis]]]]\\n[[File:Pat\n        Musick.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Pat Musick]]]]\\n[[File:MimiRogersApr09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mimi\n        Rogers]]]]\\n[[File:John Lydon - 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Lydon]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n** [[Mark R. Hughes]], American entrepreneur (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[K\\u014dji\n        Yakusho]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Christine Lagarde]], French lawyer and politician\\n**\n        [[Andrew Lesnie]], Australian cinematographer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n**\n        [[Mel Gibson]], American-born Australian/Irish actor and director\\n** [[Tomiko\n        Suzuki]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Celso\n        Blues Boy]], Brazilian singer and guitarist (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Chen Kenichi]],\n        Japan-born Chinese chef\\n** [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]], German politician\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[David Caruso]], American actor (''''NYPD Blue'''')\\n**\n        [[Uwe Ochsenknecht]], German actor\\n** [[Johnny Owen]], Welsh professional\n        boxer (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Kimberly Beck]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Imelda Staunton]], English actress\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Nikolai Noskov]],\n        Soviet and Russian rock singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Ronan\n        Bennett]], Northern Irish writer\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Martin Jol]],\n        Dutch football manager\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Paul Young]], English musician\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Tom Bailey (musician)|Tom Bailey]], English musician\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Adriana Acosta]], Argentine militant and field hockey\n        player\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Bill Maher]], American actor, comedian,\n        and political analyst\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Geena Davis]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Loun\\u00e8s Matoub]], Algerian Berber\n        Kabyle singer\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Bronwyn Pike]], Australian politician\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – [[Pat Musick]], American voice actress\\n* [[January\n        27]] \\n** [[Susanne Blakeslee]], American actress\\n** [[Mimi Rogers]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Peter Schilling]], German singer\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\n** [[Jan Jakub Kolski]], Polish film director\\n** [[Irlene Mandrell]],\n        American musician, actress\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[John Lydon]], British punk\n        musician and TV personality\\n** [[Trevor Manuel]], South African politician\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:Nathan Lane - Butley.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nathan Lane]]]]\n        \\n[[File:Jay Nixon crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jay Nixon]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\n        – [[Mike Kitchen]], Canadian ice hockey player and coach\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Philip Franks]], English actor and director\\n* [[February 3]]\\n**\n        [[Nathan Lane]], American actor\\n** [[Lee Ranaldo]], American musician\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – [[Jon Walmsley]], British actor\\n* [[February 7]] \\n**\n        [[John Posey (actor)|John Posey]], American actor\\n** [[Heather Jones]], Australian\n        writer\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Enele Sopoaga]], 12th Prime Minister of\n        Tuvalu\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Catherine Hickland]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Didier Lockwood]], French jazz violinist\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Yiannis\n        Kouros]], Greek-Australian ultra marathoner\\n** [[Jay Nixon]], 55th [[Governor\n        of Missouri|Governor of]] [[Missouri]]\\n** [[Paul Stojanovich]], American\n        television producer\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Tom Burlinson]], Australian\n        actor\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Desmond Haynes]], West Indian cricketer\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Thomas Gradin]], Swedish hockey player\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\n** [[Kathleen Beller]], American actress\\n** [[Roderick MacKinnon]],\n        American biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n** [[Dave\n        Wakeling]], English musician\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Reinhold Beckmann]],\n        German television presenter\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Judith Butler]], American\n        philosopher\\n** [[Paula Zahn]], American television journalist\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\n** [[Davie Cooper]], Scottish footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Michel\n        Friedman]], German lawyer, politician and talk show host\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Kevin Dunn]], American actor\\n** [[Michel Houellebecq]], French author \\n**\n        [[Keisuke Kuwata]], Japanese musician\\n* [[February 29]]\\n** [[Mike Compton\n        (musician)|Mike Compton]], American mandolinist\\n** [[Tommy Remengesau]],\n        2-Time President of Palau\\n** [[Bob Speller]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Aileen\n        Wuornos]], American serial killer (d. [[2002]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Tim\n        Daly Shankbone 2009 Tribeca.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tim Daly]]]]\\n[[File:Bryan Cranston\n        Peabody 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bryan Cranston]]]]\\n[[File:RobPaulsenJune2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rob\n        Paulsen]]]]\\n[[File:Ingemar Stenmark - 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ingemar Stenmark]]]]\\n[[File:Catherine\n        Ashton 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Catherine Ashton]]]]\\n[[File:Jose Manuel Barroso,\n        EU-kommissionens ordforande, under ett mote i Folketinget 2006-05-19 (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Manuel Barroso]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Tim Daly]], American screen actor\\n**\n        [[Dalia Grybauskait\\u0117]], [[President of Lithuania]]\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Eduardo Rodr\\u00edguez]], [[President of Bolivia]]\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Teena\n        Marie]], American singer (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Marco Paolini]], Italian stage\n        actor, dramaturge and author\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Bryan Cranston]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Rob Paulsen]], American voice actor\\n* [[March\n        12]]  – [[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]], British musician,\n        composer ([[Iron Maiden]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Dana Delany]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Vladim\\u00edr God\\u00e1r]], Slovak composer\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Ingemar Stenmark]], Swedish alpine skier\\n* [[March\n        19]] – [[Yegor Gaidar]], Russian economist and politician\\n* [[March\n        20]]\\n** [[Catherine Ashton]], British politician\\n** [[Naoto Takenaka]],\n        Japanese actor, comedian, singer and director\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Manuel Barroso]], Prime Minister of Portugal\\n** [[Ingrid Kristiansen]], Norwegian\n        runner\\n** [[Win Lyovarin]], Thai author\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Steve Ballmer]],\n        American businessman, former CEO of Microsoft (2000\\u20132014), and current\n        owner of the [[Los Angeles Clippers]]\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Susan Ershler]],\n        American mountaineer\\n** [[Evelin Jahl]], German athlete\\n* [[March 29]] –\n        [[Evie (singer)|Evie]], American Christian musician\\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Shahla Sherkat]], Iranian feminist journalist\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Andy\n        Garcia at the 2009 Deauville American Film Festival-01A.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andy\n        Garc\\u00eda]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Roberts FSC 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric Roberts]]]]\\n[[File:Lars\n        Von Trier Cannes 2011 crop.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Lars von Trier]]]]\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n** [[Ray Combs]], American game show host and comedian (d. [[1996]])\\n**\n        [[Boris Miljkovi\\u0107]], Serbian TV & theatre director and video artist\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Kerry Chikarovski]], Australian politician\\n** [[David E.\n        Kelley]], American writer and television producer\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Diamond\n        Dallas Page]], former American professional wrestler\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Sebastian\n        Spreng]], American-Argentinean visual artist\\n** [[Dilip Vengsarkar]], Indian\n        cricketer\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Andy Garc\\u00eda]], Cuban-American actor\\n**\n        [[Herbert Gr\\u00f6nemeyer]], German musician and actor\\n** [[Yasuo Tanaka]],\n        Japanese politician, novelist\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Possum Bourne]], New\n        Zealand rally car driver (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Barbara Bonney]],\n        American soprano\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[David M. Brown|David Brown]], American\n        astronaut (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Lise-Marie Morerod]], Swiss skier\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[John James (actor)|John James]], American actor\\n** [[Melody Thomas\n        Scott]], American actress\\n** [[Eric Roberts]], American actor\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Sue Barker]], British tennis player and television presenter\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Phillip Longman]], American demographer\\n* [[April\n        22]] – [[Jukka-Pekka Saraste]], Finnish conductor\\n* [[April 26]] –\n        [[Koo Stark]], British actress\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Hanka Paldum]], Bosnian\n        singer\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Lars von Trier]], Danish film director\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Jan Peter Balkenende 2006.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jan Peter Balkenende]]]]\\n[[File:Ray\n        Leonard 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sugar Ray Leonard]]]]\\n[[File:La Toya Jackson\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[La Toya Jackson]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Alexander\n        Ivanov (chess player)|Alexander Ivanov]], Russian-born American chess grandmaster\\n*\n        [[May 4]]\\n** [[David Guterson]], American writer\\n** [[Ulrike Meyfarth]],\n        German high jumper\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Lisa Eilbacher]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[Vladimir Lisin]], Russian [[business oligarch]]\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[Jan Peter Balkenende]], [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] (2002\\u20132010)\n        \\n** [[Jean Lapierre]], Canadian politician and television host\\n* [[May 9]]\n        – [[Wendy Crewson]], Canadian actress\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Vladislav\n        Listyev|Vladislav Nikolayevich Listyev]], Russian journalist (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Bikenibeu Paeniu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Tuvalu\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Kenneth\n        Eriksson]], Swedish rally driver\\n** [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]], Indian guru\\n**\n        [[Mirek Topol\\u00e1nek]], 7th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n**\n        [[Kirk Thornton]], American voice actor\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Dan Patrick]],\n        American sports commentator\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Sugar Ray Leonard]], African\n        American boxer\\n** [[Bob Saget]], American actor and television host\\n* [[May\n        20]]\\n** [[Ingvar Ambj\\u00f8rnsen]], Norwegian author\\n** [[Dean Butler (actor)|Dean\n        Butler]], American actor and producer\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Ursula Plassnik]],\n        Austrian politician\\n** [[Buck Showalter]], American baseball player and manager\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Michael Jackson (bishop)|Michael Jackson]], Irish Anglican\n        bishop\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Lisa Niemi]], American actress and dancer,\n        widow of [[Patrick Swayze]]\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Jerry Douglas]], American\n        [[dobro]] player\\n** [[John O''Donoghue (politician)|John O''Donoghue]], former\n        Irish [[Fianna F\\u00e1il]] politician\\n** [[Sayuri Yamauchi]], Japanese voice\n        actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[La Toya Jackson]], African-American\n        singer\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Yoshiko Sakakibara]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Bj\\u00f6rn Borg2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bj\\u00f6rn Borg]]]]\\n[[File:Randy\n        Jackson crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Randy Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:BorisTrajkovski1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Boris\n        Trajkovski]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Isaak 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris Isaak]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Peter Tomka]], Judge, International Court of Justice\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[George Burley]], Scottish football manager\\n* [[June\n        5]] – [[Kenny G]], American saxophonist\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Christopher\n        Adamson (actor)|Christopher Adamson]], British actor\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn Borg]],\n        Swedish tennis player\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Antonio M. Reid]], American\n        record executive\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Udo Bullmann]], German politician\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Patricia Cornwell]], American novelist\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg]], German head of the [[House of Mecklenburg]]\\n*\n        [[June 11]]\\n** [[Joe Montana]], American football player\\n** [[Arthur Porter\n        (physician)|Arthur Porter]], Canadian physician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 14]]\n        – [[King Diamond]], Danish heavy metal musician\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Robin Curtis]], American actress\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Kelly Curtis]], American\n        actor\\n**  [[Andrew Bicknell]], English actor\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Cho\n        Chikun]], Korean professional Go player\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Randy Jackson]],\n        American musician and talent judge\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Anthony Bourdain]],\n        American chef, author and television personality\\n** [[Boris Trajkovski]],\n        [[President of the Republic of Macedonia]] (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Chloe Webb]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[June 26]] \\n** [[Catherine Samba-Panza]],\n        former President of the Central African Republic\\n** [[Chris Isaak]], American\n        musician\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Heiner Dopp]], German field hockey player\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Noel Mugavin]], [[Australian rules football]] player\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n[[File:Tom Hanks 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom Hanks]]]]\\n[[File:Sela\n        Ward 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sela Ward]]]]\\n[[File:Laura Bush and Dorothy Hamill.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dorothy\n        Hamill]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Alan Ruck]], American actor\\n* [[July 2]]\n        – [[Jerry Hall]], American model and actress\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Rick\n        Ducommun]], Canadian actor and comedian\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Sheila Walsh\n        (author/singer)|Sheila Walsh]], Scottish Christian artist and former talk-show\n        hostess\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Tom Hanks]], American actor and director\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** [[Amitav Ghosh]], Indian-American fiction writer\\n** [[Sela\n        Ward]], American actress\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Mel Harris]], American actress\\n*\n        [[July 13]] \\n** [[G\\u00fcnther Jauch]], German television host\\n** [[Koffi\n        Olomide]], Congolese soukous singer, dancer, producer, and composer\\n* [[July\n        14]] – [[Vladimir Kulich]], Czech actor\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Ian Curtis]],\n        English rock musician ([[Joy Division]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n** [[Barry Melrose]],\n        Canadian hockey player, coach, and commentator\\n** [[Toshihiko Seko]], Japanese\n        long-distance runner\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Jerry Doyle]], American talk show\n        host and actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Tony Kushner]], American playwright\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Sheila Aldridge]], American singer\\n* [[July 19]] –\n        [[Yoshiaki Yatsu]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Charlie\n        Crist]], American politician\\n** [[Pat Finn]], American game show host and\n        producer\\n** [[Carmen Nebel]], German television presenter\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Andy Goldsworthy]], British sculptor and photographer\\n** [[Dorothy Hamill]],\n        American figure skater and Olympic Gold medalist\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Delta\n        Burke]], American actress\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Michael Biehn]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Deval Patrick]], American politician; first African-American Governor of\n        Massachusetts\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:BruceGreenwoodTIFFSept10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bruce\n        Greenwood]]]]\\n[[File:Kim Cattrall 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kim Cattrall]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Jim Neidhart]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[August\n        4]] – [[Gerry Cooney]], American boxer\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Bolland\n        & Bolland|Ferdi Bolland]], Dutch musician, songwriter, and music producer\n        ([[Bolland & Bolland]])\\n** [[Maureen McCormick]], American actress\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Stepfanie Kramer]], American actress\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Ernie Johnson, Jr.]], American sportscaster\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Chris\n        Foreman]], English rock guitarist\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Fred Ottman]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Charlie Peacock]], American Christian producer,\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Bruce Greenwood]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Jack\\u00e9e Harry]], American actress and television personality\\n**\n        [[Rusty Wallace]], American [[NASCAR]] race car driver\\n* [[August 17]] –\n        [[Dave Jones (footballer, born 1956)|Dave Jones]], English football manager\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Adam Arkin]], American actor\\n* [[August 20]] –\n        [[Joan Allen]], American actress\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Kim Cattrall]],\n        English-born Canadian actress\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Paul Molitor]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Andreas Floer]], German mathematician\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[John Culberson]], American politician\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Mark Mangino]], American football coach\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Mark Morris (choreographer)|Mark Morris]], American choreographer\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[Masashi Tashiro]], Japanese television performer\\n** [[Tsai\n        Ing-wen]], Taiwanese president\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:DCatAGT.JPG|thumb|110px|[[David\n        Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]]]]\\n[[File:2012-03-20 Almazbek\n        Atambayev.jpeg|thumb|110px|[[Almazbek Atambayev]]]]\\n[[File:10.17.09LindaHamiltonByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Linda\n        Hamilton]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Bernie Wagenblast]], American editor\n        and broadcaster\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Angelo Fusco]], Provisional Irish\n        Republican Army member\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Pat McGeown]], Provisional\n        Irish Republican Army member (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Phillip\n        D. Bissett]], American politician\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Leslie Cheung]],\n        Hong Kong actor (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ricky Rudd]], American race car driver\\n**\n        [[Walter Woon]], law professor and former [[Nominated Member of Parliament]]\n        and [[Attorney-General of Singapore]]\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Kostas Karamanlis]],\n        Greek politician\\n** [[Ray Wilkins]], English footballer and coach\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[George Howard (jazz)|George Howard]], American jazz saxophone\n        musician (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Sergei Beloglazov]], Russian\n        free-style wrestler\\n** [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]],\n        American illusionist\\n** [[Ross Greenberg]], American journalist and antivirus\n        pioneer (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Brian Andreas]], American\n        writer, sculptor, painter, and publisher\\n** [[Almazbek Atambayev]], 3-Time\n        [[Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan]] and 4th [[President of Kyrgyzstan]]\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Tim McInnerny]], English actor\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Gary\n        Cole]], American actor\\n** [[Debbi Morgan]], African-American actress\\n* [[September\n        21]] – [[Jack Givens]], American basketball player\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Paolo Rossi]], Italian soccer player\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Greg Panos|Gregory Peter Panos]], American futurist, writer, inventor\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Jamie Hyneman]], American television co-host\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Linda Hamilton]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Sebastian Coe|Sebastian Coe, Baron Coe]], British athlete;\n        co-ordinator of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London 2012 Olympic Games]]\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Gordon Elliott]], British-Australian television\n        personality and talk show host\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:Theresa May UK Home\n        Office (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theresa May]]]]\\n[[File:Charlie Adler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charlie\n        Adler]]]]\\n[[File:Christoph Waltz Cannes 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christoph\n        Waltz]]]]\\n[[File:Craig Bartlett 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Craig Bartlett]]]]\\n[[File:Carrie\n        Fisher 2013-a straightened.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carrie Fisher]]]]\\n[[File:Mahmoud\n        Ahmadinejad 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n**\n        [[Tara Buckman]], American actress\\n** [[Andrus Ansip]], Estonian politician,\n        10th [[Prime Minister of Estonia]]\\n** [[Theresa May]], [[Prime Minister of\n        the United Kingdom]]\\n* [[October 2]]  – [[Charlie Adler]], American\n        voice actor and director\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Ralph Morgenstern]], German\n        actor\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Christoph Waltz]], German-Austrian actor\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Stephanie Zimbalist]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Amanda Burton]], Irish actress\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Nicanor\n        Duarte]], [[President of Paraguay]]\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Tr\\u1ea7n\n        \\u0110\\u1ea1i Quang]], [[President of Vietnam]]\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        [[Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah]], Bangladeshi poet (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[October\n        17]]\\n** [[Mae Jemison]], African American astronaut\\n** [[Stephen Palumbi]],\n        American academic and author\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Craig Bartlett]], American\n        animator and voice actor\\n** [[Martina Navratilova]], Czech-American tennis\n        player\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Carlo Urbani]], Italian physician (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Danny Boyle]], English film director\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Carrie Fisher]], American actress and novelist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Dwight Yoakam]], American country singer, musician\n        and actor\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Rita Wilson]], American actress and\n        producer\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], 6th [[President\n        of Iran]]\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Richard Curtis MFF 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard\n        Curtis]]]]\\n[[File:Bo Derek by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bo Derek]]]]\\n[[File:WilliamFichtnerApr2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William\n        Fichtner]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Rob Fisher (British musician)|Rob\n        Fisher]], British keyboardist and songwriter ([[Climie Fisher]]) (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Richard Curtis]], English film director, producer\n        and screenwriter\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Mohsen Badawi]], Egyptian entrepreneur,\n        political activist, and writer\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Avi Cohen]], Israeli\n        football player (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Peter R. de Vries]], crime reporter\\n*\n        [[November 17]] – [[Kelly Ward]], American actor\\n* [[November 18]]\\n**\n        [[Noel Brotherston]], Irish footballer (d. [[1995]])\\n** [[Warren Moon]],\n        American football player\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Bo Derek]], American actress\n        and model\\n** [[Olli Dittrich]], German actor, comedian, television personality\n        and musician\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Terri Welles]], American actress\n        and adult model\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Richard Kind]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Shane Gould]], Australian swimmer\\n** [[Nikolay Sidorov]],\n        Soviet athlete\\n** [[Jimmy Hibbert]], British comedian and script writer and\n        script editor\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Jouni Kaipainen]], Finnish composer\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Dale Jarrett]], American race car driver\\n* [[November\n        27]] \\n** [[Nazrin Shah of Perak]], 35th [[Sultan of Perak]]\\n** [[William\n        Fichtner]], American actor\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Kristine Arnold]], American\n        singer ([[Sweethearts of the Rodeo]])\\n** [[Lucy Gutteridge]], English actress\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Eric Laakso]], American football player\\n** [[Leo Laporte]],\n        American author and television host\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Iveta Radi\\u010dov\\u00e1\n        (jan. 2012).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Iveta Radi\\u010dov\\u00e1]]]]\\n[[File:Christine\n        Errath c1974.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christine Errath]]]]\\n* [[December 5]]\\n**\n        [[Klaus Allofs]], German football player\\n** [[Krystian Zimerman]], Polish\n        pianist\\n* [[December 6]] \\n** [[Peter Buck]], American guitarist\\n** [[Randy\n        Rhoads]], American guitarist (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[December 7]] \\n** [[Larry\n        Bird]], American basketball player\\n** [[Iveta Radi\\u010dov\\u00e1]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Slovakia]]\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Jean-Pierre Thiollet]],\n        French writer\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Lani Brockman]], American playwright\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Ana Alicia]], Mexican actress\\n** [[Johan van der Velde]],\n        Dutch cyclist\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Majida El Roumi]], Lebanese singer\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[B\\u00e9la R\\u00e9thy]], German sports journalist\\n*\n        [[December 16]] – [[Duncan Faure]], South African musician\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Ron White]], American comedian\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Masami\n        Akita]], Japanese [[noise music|noise]] musician (also known as [[Merzbow]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Cauty]], British musician ([[The KLF]], The Timelords)\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Anna Erlandsson]], Swedish filmmaker and animator\\n* [[December\n        23]] \\n** [[Michele Alboreto]], Italian race car driver (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Dave Murray (musician)|Dave Murray]], British musician (Iron Maiden)\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** [[Anil Kapoor]], Indian actor\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Kashif\n        (musician)|Michael Jones (aka Kashif)]], 59, musician, singer-songwriter ([[B.T.\n        Express]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[David Sedaris]], American essayist\\n* [[December\n        28]]\\n** [[Nigel Kennedy]], English violinist\\n** [[Jimmy Nicholl]], Canadian-born\n        footballer\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Fred MacAulay]], Scottish comedian\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Patricia Kalember]], American actress\\n** [[Sheryl Lee\n        Ralph]], African American actress\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Hussein Ahmed\n        Salah]], Djiboutian marathon player\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Gilma Jim\\u00e9nez]],\n        Colombian politician (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[Nancy Lynn]], American aerobatic pilot\n        (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[Shelagh Rogers]], Canadian radio host\\n* [[Miladin \\u0160obi\\u0107]],\n        [[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] singer\\n* [[Susan Solomon]], American atmospheric\n        chemist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-105,_Joseph_Wirth.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Joseph\n        Wirth]]]]\\n[[File:Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Konstantin Pats]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 3]]\\n** [[Alexander Gretchaninov]], Russian composer (b. [[1864]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Wirth]], former [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Mistinguett]], French\n        singer and actress (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Marion Leonard]],\n        American actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Karl Ludwig Schmidt]],\n        German theologian (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Norman Kerry]],\n        American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Lyonel Feininger|Lyonel\n        Charles Feininger]], German painter (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Sheila Kaye-Smith]], English writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Konstantin P\\u00e4ts]], 1st [[President of Estonia]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Sam Langford]], Canadian boxer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 23]]\n        – Sir [[Alexander Korda]], Hungarian-born film director (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[Erich Kleiber]], German conductor (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[H. L. Mencken]], American writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[A. A. Milne]], English author (''''Winnie The Pooh'''')\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Elpidio R Quirino.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Elpidio\n        Quirino]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Bob Burns (comedian)|Bob Burns]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Charley Grapewin]], American actor (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Robert Yerkes]], American psychologist and ethologist\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Connie Mack]], American baseball\n        executive and manager ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Hugh Trenchard,\n        1st Viscount Trenchard]], British marshal of the Royal Air Force (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Gustave Charpentier]], French composer (b. [[1860]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]]\\n** [[Heinrich Barkhausen]], German physicist (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[James Cousins]], Irish writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Elsie\n        Janis]], American singer and actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 29]] –\n        [[Elpidio Quirino]], 6th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Joliot-curie.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Irene\n        Joliot-Curie]]]]\\n[[File:WilhelmMiklas37840v.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Wilhelm Miklas]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Boles\\u0142aw Bierut]], Polish Communist politician\n        and statesman, former [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister]] and [[President\n        of Poland|Presdident]] of Poland (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[David\n        Browning]], American Olympic diver (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Fred\n        Allen]], American comedian (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Ir\\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie]],\n        French physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Louis Bromfield]], American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Fanny Durack]], Australian swimmer (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Wilhelm\n        Miklas]], 3rd [[President of Austria]]  (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Edwin Thanhouser]], American actor, businessman, and film producer, founder\n        of the [[Thanhouser Company]] (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Eduardo\n        Lonardi]], Argentine military officer, (de facto) 30th [[President of Argentina]]\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Lou Moore]], American racing driver and\n        team owner (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Robert Newton]], English film actor (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[March 28]] – [[Thomas de Hartmann]], Russian composer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Edmund Clerihew Bentley]], English inventor (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Ralph DePalma]], Italian-born race car driver (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Alben\n        Barkley, Vice-President.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alben W. Barkley]]]]\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[P\\u00edo Valenzuela]], Filipino physician and one of the leaders\n        of the [[Katipunan]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Emil Nolde]],\n        German-Danish painter (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Kathleen Howard]],\n        Canadian-born American actress and opera singer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 19]]\n        – [[Ernst Robert Curtius]], Alsatian philologist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April\n        21]]\\n** [[Samuel Gottesman]], American pulp-paper merchant (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Charles MacArthur]], American playwright and screenwriter (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[Henry Stephenson]], British character actor (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]], American actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Friedrich Schmidt-Ott]], German lawyer,\n        scientific organizer, and science policymaker (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Harold Bride]], English-born junior radio officer on RMS ''''Titanic''''\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb]], German field marshal (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Alben W. Barkley]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the\n        United States|35th]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[Rodney Collin]], British writer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Peter\n        Watson (arts benefactor)|Peter Watson]], English art collector and benefactor\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Louis Calhern]], American actor (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Austin Osman Spare]],  English artist and\n        occultist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Maurice Tate]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Max Beerbohm]], English essayist, parodist\n        and caricaturist (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Halmay]], Hungarian Olympic\n        swimmer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Gustav Suits]], Estonian poet\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Guy Kibbee]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Al Simmons]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia\n        Athletics]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Frank Beaurepaire]], Australian Olympic swimmer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – [[Diedrich Hermann Westermann]], German linguist (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===June===\\n*\n        [[June 2]]\\n** [[Richard S. Edwards]], American admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Jean Hersholt]], Danish actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Katherine\n        MacDonald]], American silent film actress (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 6]] \\n**\n        [[Hiram Bingham III|Hiram Bingham]], American explorer, discoverer of [[Machu\n        Picchu]] (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Margaret Wycherly]], English stage and film actress\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Frank Brangwyn]], Anglo-Welsh artist (b.\n        [[1867]])\\n** [[Ralph Morgan]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 17]]\n        – [[Paul Rostock]], German official, surgeon, and university professor\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Walter de la Mare]], English poet,\n        short story writer, and novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Reinhold\n        Gli\\u00e8re]], Russian composer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Ernest\n        King]], American Fleet Admiral (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Clifford\n        Brown]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1930]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 7]]\n        – [[Gottfried Benn]], German poet (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 8]] –\n        [[Giovanni Papini]], Italian essayist, poet, novelist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        10]] – [[Joe Giard]], American baseball player (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July\n        11]] – [[John T. Raulston]], Scopes Monkey Trial judge (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[James Alexander Calder]], Canadian politician (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Bertolt-Brecht.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bertolt\n        Brecht]]]]\\n[[File:Alfred Kinsey 1955.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alfred Kinsey]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Albert Woolson]], last surviving Union veteran of the\n        American Civil War (b. [[1847]])\\n* [[August 11]] \\n** [[Jackson Pollock]],\n        American painter (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Mincho Neychev]], former Chairman of\n        the Presidium of the National Assembly (head of state) of Bulgaria (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Bertolt Brecht]], German playwright (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Konstantin von Neurath]], Nazi German diplomat and foreign minister (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Bela Lugosi]], Hungarian-born film actor\n        (''''Dracula'''') (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Lynde D. McCormick]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Bernard Griffin]], English Cardinal,\n        Catholic [[Archbishop of Westminster]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 23]] –\n        [[Peaches Browning]], American actress (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Kenji Mizoguchi]], Japanese film director (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 25]]\n        – [[Alfred Kinsey]], American sex researcher (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Billy\n        Bishop VC.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Billy Bishop]]]]\\n[[File:Somoza_1952_(centr%C3%A9e).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anastasio\n        Somoza Garcia]]]]\\n* [[September 6]] \\n** [[Lee Jung-seob]], Korean oil painter\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Felix Borowski]], British-American composer and teacher\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[September 11]] \\n** [[Billy Bishop]], Canadian World War\n        I flying ace (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Lucien Febvre]], French historian (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Flora Eldershaw]], Australian novelist, critic,\n        and historian (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Frederick Soddy]],\n        English chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]]\\n** [[Milburn G. Apt]], American test pilot (b. [[1924]])\\n**\n        [[Babe Zaharias]], American golfer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Anastasio Somoza Garc\\u00eda]], [[President of Nicaragua]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Risto Ryti.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Risto\n        Ryti]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Albert Von Tilzer]], American songwriter\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[George Bancroft (actor)|George Bancroft]],\n        American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Marie Doro]], American\n        stage & silent film actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 12]] – Don [[Lorenzo\n        Perosi]], Italian composer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 14]] – Don [[Jules\n        Richard]],  French mathematician (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[October 16]] – Don\n        [[Jules Rimet]],  French football administrator, 3rd [[president of FIFA]]\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Anne Crawford]], British actress\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Isham Jones]], American musician\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Hannah Mitchell]], English socialist\n        and suffragette (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Risto Ryti]], 23rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and 5th [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]] – [[Walter Gieseking]], French conductor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – [[Charles S. Johnson]], American sociologist (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[P\\u00edo Baroja]], Spanish novelist (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Pbadoglio.jpg|120px|thumbnail|right|[[Pietro\n        Badoglio]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Pietro Badoglio]], Italian general and\n        28th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Tommy Johnson (musician)|Tommy\n        Johnson]], American musician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Leo\n        Baeck]], German rabbi, scholar and theologian (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Jean Metzinger]], French painter, theorist and critic (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Art Tatum]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Paul Kelly (actor)|Paul Kelly]], American stage and\n        film actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Harry F. Sinclair]], American\n        entrepreneur (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Victor Young]], American composer (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Juan Negr\\u00edn]], 67th Prime Minister of Spain\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Francis L. Sullivan]], English\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Theodore Kosloff]], Russian-born\n        ballet dancer, choreographer and actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Guido Cantelli]], Italian conductor (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Tommy Dorsey]], American trombonist and bandleader (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November\n        27]] – [[Hugo Ballin]], American artist, film production designer, and\n        director (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Paasikivi fi01 06a.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Juho\n        Kusti Paasikivi]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Dell Henderson]], Canadian\n        actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Alexander Rodchenko]],  Russian\n        artist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 6]] – Dr [[B. R. Ambedkar]], A founding\n        father of modern India, the architect of its constitution and Indian dalit\n        leader (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Huntley Gordon]], Canadian\n        actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[David Shimoni]], Israeli\n        poet and writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Ewald Andr\\u00e9\n        Dupont]], German film director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Juho\n        Kusti Paasikivi]], twice [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and 7th [[President\n        of Finland]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Couzinet]],\n        French aeronautics engineer and aircraft manufacturer (suicide) (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Nina Hamnett]], Welsh artist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Eddie\n        Acuff]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Lewis Terman]],\n        American psychologist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Josep Puig\n        i Cadafalch]], Spanish architect (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        [[Holmes Herbert]], English actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 30]] –\n        [[Ruth Draper]], American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Lotte\n        Herrlich]], female photographer of German naturism {{Clarify|date=December\n        2014}}\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]],\n        [[Walter Houser Brattain]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        Sir [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]], [[Nikolay Semyonov]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric\n        Cournand]], [[Werner Forssmann]], [[Dickinson W. Richards]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[Juan Ram\\u00f3n Jim\\u00e9nez]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize|Peace]] – Not Awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n*\n        [http://www.coinpage.com/1956-pictures.html 1956 Coin Pictures]\\n* [http://www.brainyhistory.com/years/1956.html\n        1956 in History]\\n\\n==Further reading==\\n* London Institute of World Affairs,\n        ''''The Year Book of World Affairs 1957'''' (London 1957) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rKETAAAAIAAJ\n        full text online], comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy,\n        international affairs and politics for major nations and regions\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1956}}\\n[[Category:1956|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T22:41:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":799145932,\"length\":63444,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956\"},\"34606\":{\"pageid\":34606,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1957\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-05T14:40:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1957}}\\n{{Year nav|1957}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1957}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** The [[Saarland]] joins [[West Germany]].\\n** An [[Irish\n        Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] attack on the [[Brookeborough]]\n        police barracks in [[Northern Ireland]] leads to the deaths of [[Se\\u00e1n\n        South]] and [[Fergal O''Hanlon]].\\n** Italian [[Conducting|conductor]] [[Arturo\n        Toscanini]] suffers the [[stroke]] that leads to his death a little over two\n        weeks later in the United States.\\n* [[January 2]] – The San Francisco\n        and Los Angeles [[stock exchange]]s merge to form the [[Pacific Exchange|Pacific\n        Coast Stock Exchange]].\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Hamilton Watch Company]]\n        introduces the first electric [[watch]].\\n* [[January 4]] – After 69\n        years the last issue of ''''[[Collier''s Weekly]]'''' magazine is published\n        in the United States.\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Russell Endean]] becomes\n        the first [[batsman]] to be [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] for having ''''[[handled\n        the ball]]'''' in [[Test cricket]].\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Elvis Presley]]\n        appears on ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'''' for the 3rd and final time. He\n        is shown only from the waist up, even during the gospel segment, singing \\\"Peace\n        In The Valley\\\". [[Ed Sullivan]] describes Elvis thus: \\\"This is a real decent,\n        fine boy. We''ve never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big\n        name than we''ve had with you. You''re thoroughly all right.\\\"\\n* [[January\n        9]] – British Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]] resigns.\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Harold Macmillan]] becomes the [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]].\\n* [[January 11]] – The [[African Convention]] is founded\n        in [[Dakar]].\\n* [[January 13]] – ''''[[Wham-O]]'''' Company produces\n        the first [[Frisbee]].\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Kripalu Maharaj]] is named\n        fifth [[Jagadguru]] (world teacher) after giving seven days of speeches before\n        500 Hindu scholars. \\n** American screen actor [[Humphrey Bogart]] dies aged\n        57 in California after a long battle with cancer.\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        Release, in Japan, of the film ''''[[Throne of Blood]]'''', [[Akira Kurosawa]]''s\n        reworking of ''''[[Macbeth]]''''.\\n* [[January 16]] – [[The Cavern Club]]\n        opens in [[Liverpool]] as a jazz club.\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        is [[Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower|privately sworn in]] for\n        a second term as President of the United States.\\n** [[Israel]] withdraws\n        from the [[Sinai Peninsula]] (captured from [[Egypt]] on October 29, [[1956]]).\\n**\n        The New York City \\\"[[Mad Bomber]]\\\", [[George P. Metesky]], is arrested in\n        [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], and charged with planting more than 30 bombs.\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – President Dwight D. Eisenhower is publicly sworn in.\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Ku Klux Klan]] members force truck driver [[Willie\n        Edwards]] to jump off a bridge into the [[Alabama River]]; he drowns as a\n        result.\\n* [[January 26]] – The [[Ibirapuera]] [[Planetarium]] (the\n        first in the Southern Hemisphere) is inaugurated in the city of [[S\\u00e3o\n        Paulo]], [[Brazil]].\\n* [[January 31]] – Three students on a junior\n        high school playground in [[Pacoima, California]], are among the 8 persons\n        killed following a mid-air collision between a [[Douglas DC-7]] airliner and\n        a [[Northrop F-89 Scorpion]] fighter jet, in the skies above the [[San Fernando\n        Valley]] section of Los Angeles, U.S.\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 2]]\n        – President [[Iskander Mirza]] of [[Pakistan]] lays the foundation-stone\n        of the [[Guddu Barrage]] across the [[Indus River]] near [[Sukkur]].\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** France prohibits U.N. involvement in [[Algeria]].\\n** The first [[Nuclear\n        marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] [[submarine]], the {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}},\n        logs its 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional ''''[[Nautilus\n        (Verne)|Nautilus]]'''' described in [[Jules Verne]]''s [[1870]] novel ''''[[Twenty\n        Thousand Leagues Under the Sea]]''''. It is decommissioned on [[March 3]],\n        [[1980]].\\n** A coal gas explosion at the giant Bishop coal mine in [[Bishop,\n        Virginia]], kills 37 men.\\n* [[February 6]] – The [[Soviet Union]] announces\n        that Swedish envoy [[Raoul Wallenberg]] had died in a Soviet prison \\\"possibly\n        of a [[heart attack]]\\\" on [[July 17]], [[1947]].\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        The [[Confederation of African Football]] is founded at a meeting in [[Khartoum]].\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Andrei Gromyko]] becomes foreign minister of the\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** The \\\"[[Toddlers'' Truce]]\\\", a controversial\n        television closedown between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m., is abolished\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n** [[Ingmar Bergman]]''s film ''''[[The Seventh Seal]]''''\n        opens at cinema in [[Sweden]].\\n* [[February 17]] – A fire at a home\n        for the elderly in [[Warrenton, Missouri]], kills 72 people.\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Kenya]]n rebel leader [[Dedan Kimathi]] is executed by the British\n        colonial government.\\n** The last person to be executed in New Zealand, [[Walter\n        James Bolton]], is [[hanged]] at [[Mount Eden Prison]] for poisoning his wife.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – The founding congress of the [[Senegalese Popular\n        Bloc]] opens in [[Dakar]].\\n* [[February 25]] – The [[Boy in the Box\n        (Philadelphia)|Boy In The Box]] is discovered along a sidewalk in Philadelphia,\n        Pennsylvania. The murder victim is described as Caucasian in appearance and\n        4 to 6 years old; the case is never solved.\\n* February 28 – ''''[[Gaston\n        (comics)|Gaston]]'''', a French comic strip, is introduced.\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Flag\n        of Ghana.svg|thumb|250px|[[Flag of Ghana]], the first country in colonial\n        Africa to gain independence]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[U Nu]] becomes Prime Minister\n        of [[Burma]].\\n** [[Arturo Lezama]] becomes President of the National Council\n        of Government of [[Uruguay]].\\n** [[Sud Aviation]] forms from a merger between\n        [[SNCASE]] (Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\\u00e9ronautiques\n        du Sud Est) and [[SNCASO]] (Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\\u00e9ronautiques\n        du Sud Ouest).\\n** [[Dr. Seuss]]'' ''''[[The Cat in the Hat]]'''' is published\n        in the United States.\\n* [[March 3]] – ''''[[Net als toen]]'''' sung\n        by [[Corry Brokken]] (music by Guus Jansen, lyrics by [[Willy van Hemert]])\n        wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1957]] (held at [[Frankfurt]]) for the\n        Netherlands.\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Standard & Poor''s]] first publishes\n        the [[S&P 500 Index]] in the United States.\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** United Kingdom\n        colonies [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] and [[British Togoland]]\n        become the independent nation of [[Ghana]].\\n** [[Zodi Ikhia]] founds the\n        [[Nigerien Democratic Front]] (FDN) in [[Niger]].\\n* [[March 7]] – The\n        [[United States Congress]] approves the [[Eisenhower Doctrine]] on assistance\n        to threatened foreign regimes.\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Egypt]] re-opens the\n        [[Suez Canal]].\\n* [[March 10]] – Floodgates of [[The Dalles Dam]] are\n        closed, inundating [[Celilo Falls]] and ancient Indian fisheries along the\n        [[Columbia River]] in [[Oregon]].\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** The United States [[Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation]] arrests [[labor union]] leader [[Jimmy Hoffa]] and\n        charges him with [[bribery]].\\n** The Anglo-Jordanian Treaty of [[1948]] expires.\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – President [[Sukarno]] declares [[martial law]] in [[Indonesia]].\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash]]: [[Philippines|Philippine]]\n        President [[Ramon Magsaysay]] and 24 others are killed in a plane crash.\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – The French news magazine ''''[[L''Express]]'''' reveals\n        that the French army tortures [[Algeria]]n prisoners.\\n* [[March 25]]\\n**\n        The [[Treaty of Rome]] (''''Patto di [[Rome|Roma]]'''') establishes the [[European\n        Economic Community]] (EEC; predecessor of the [[European Union]]) between\n        Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.\\n**\n        Copies of [[Allen Ginsberg]]''s ''''[[Howl and Other Poems]]'''' (first published\n        November 1, [[1956]]) printed in England are seized by [[United States Customs\n        Service]] officials in [[San Francisco]] on the grounds of [[obscenity]].{{cite\n        web|first=Jamie L.|last=Rehlaender|title=A Howl of Free Expression: the 1957\n        Howl Obscenity Trial and Sexual Liberation|date=2015-04-28|work=Young Historians\n        Conference|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2015/oralpres/1|publisher=Portland\n        State University|accessdate=2015-09-29}} On [[October 3]], in ''''People\n        v. Ferlinghetti'''', a subsequent prosecution of publisher [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]],\n        the work is ruled not to be obscene.{{cite web|title=\\u2018Howl\\u2019\n        obscenity prosecution still echoes 50 years later|publisher=First Amendment\n        Center|location=Nashville|date=2007-10-03|accessdate=2015-09-29|first=Lydia\n        Hailman|last=King|url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/%E2%80%98howl%E2%80%99-obscenity-prosecution-still-echoes-50-years-later}}\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – 22-year-old [[Elvis Presley]] buys [[Graceland]] on 3734\n        Bellevue Boulevard ([[U.S. Route 51|Highway 51]] South) for $US100,000. He\n        and his family move from the house on 1034 Audubon Drive.\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – The [[29th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held in [[Hollywood]]. ''''[[Around\n        the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'''' wins [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Rodgers and\n        Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Cinderella (musical)|Cinderella]]'''', the team''s\n        only musical written especially for television, is telecast live and in color\n        by CBS in the United States, starring [[Julie Andrews]] in the title role.\n        The production is seen by millions, but this 1957 version is not to be telecast\n        again for more than 40 years, when a [[kinescope]] of it is shown.\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:E.\n        M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|thumb|150px|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], head of the\n        first democratically elected communist government in the world]]\\n* April\n        – [[IBM]] sells the first compiler for the [[Fortran]] scientific [[programming\n        language]].\\n* [[April 1]] – The first new [[conscript]]s join the [[Bundeswehr]].\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – The [[Communist Party of India]] wins the elections in\n        [[Kerala]], making [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] its first chief minister.\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Egypt]] reopens the [[Suez Canal]] to all shipping.\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – The United Kingdom announces that [[Singapore]] will\n        gain self-rule on January 1, 1958.\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** The [[Distant Early\n        Warning Line]] is handed over by contractors to the U.S. and Canadian military.\\n**\n        [[White Rock, British Columbia|White Rock]] secedes from [[Surrey, British\n        Columbia]], following a referendum.\\n* [[April 17]] – Suspected English\n        [[serial killer]] Dr. [[John Bodkin Adams]] is found not guilty of murder\n        at the [[Old Bailey]].\\n* [[April 24]] – First broadcast of [[BBC Television]]\n        [[astronomy]] series ''''[[The Sky at Night]]'''' in the U.K., presented by\n        [[Patrick Moore]]. This will run with the same presenter until his death in\n        December 2012.\\n* [[April 24]]–[[April 25|25]] – [[1957 Fethiye\n        earthquakes]] on the Mediterranean coast of [[Turkey]].\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May\n        2]]\\n** [[Vincent Gigante]] fails to assassinate [[Sicilian Mafia|mafioso]]\n        [[Frank Costello]] in [[Manhattan]].\\n** [[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]], written\n        by [[Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven]], becomes the South African National Anthem.\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] owner [[Walter O''Malley]] agrees to\n        move the team from [[Brooklyn]], New York, to Los Angeles.\\n* [[May 15]].\\n**\n        [[Operation Grapple#Grapple Z|Operation Grapple]]: At [[Malden Island]] in\n        the Pacific, Britain tests its first [[hydrogen bomb]], which fails to detonate\n        properly.\\n** [[Stanley Matthews]] plays his final international game, ending\n        an [[England national football team|English]] [[England national football\n        team records|record]] international career of almost 23 years.\\n* [[May 16]]\n        – [[Paul-Henri Spaak]] becomes the new [[Secretary General of NATO]].\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – A 42,000-pound hydrogen bomb accidentally falls from a\n        bomber near [[Albuquerque]].{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08-27/news/mn-14421_1_hydrogen-bomb|newspaper=[[Los\n        Angeles Times]]|title=\\nAccident Revealed After 29 Years: H-Bomb Fell Near\n        Albuquerque in 1957|date=1986-08-27|accessdate=2015-09-29}}\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Anti-American]] riots erupt in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]].{{cite\n        web|title=HI Taipei 1957 Riot |url=http://www.msg-history.com/HistoricalItems/HI_Taipei_1957_Riot.html\n        |work= |accessdate=2017-02-20 |df=mdy }}{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]\n        2-0 at [[Santiago Bernab\\u00e9u Stadium]], [[Madrid]] to win the [[1956\\u201357\n        European Cup]] (football).\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]] – Three-year-old\n        [[thoroughbred]] [[Gallant Man]] wins the [[Peter Pan Stakes]] at [[Belmont\n        Park]].\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Broad Peak]], on the China-Pakistan border,\n        is first ascended.\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Oklahoma]] celebrates its semi-centennial\n        statehood. A brand new 1957 [[Plymouth Belvedere]] is buried in a time capsule\n        (to be opened 50 years later on June 15, [[2007]]).\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Gallant Man]] wins the [[Belmont Stakes]] at [[Belmont Park]] in record\n        time.\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Toru Takemitsu]]''s ''''Requiem for Strings''''\n        is first performed, by the [[Tokyo Symphony Orchestra]].{{cite web|title=Toru\n        Takemitsu - Chronology|url=http://www.schott-music.com/shop/persons/featured/toru-takemitsu/vitae/|publisher=[[Schott\n        Music]]|accessdate=2013-02-01}}\\n* [[June 21]] – [[John Diefenbaker]]\n        becomes the 13th [[Prime Minister of Canada]].\\n* [[June 25]] – The\n        [[United Church of Christ]] is formed in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], by the merger\n        of the [[Congregational Christian Churches]] and the [[Evangelical and Reformed\n        Church]].\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Hurricane Audrey]] demolishes [[Cameron,\n        Louisiana]], U.S., killing 400 people.\\n\\n===July===\\n* July\\n** The [[International\n        Geophysical Year]] begins.\\n** The [[University of Waterloo]] is founded in\n        Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.\\n** [[Hugh Everett III]] publishes the first scientifically\n        founded [[many-worlds interpretation]] of [[Interpretations of quantum mechanics|quantum\n        mechanics]].\\n** Production of the [[Citro\\u00ebn Traction Avant]] automobile,\n        begun in [[1934]], ceases.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[John Lennon]] and [[Paul\n        McCartney]] first meet as teenagers at a garden fete at [[St. Peter''s Church,\n        Woolton, Liverpool]], England, at which Lennon''s [[skiffle]] group, [[The\n        Quarrymen]], is playing, 3 years before forming [[The Beatles]].\\n* [[July\n        9]] – [[Elvis Presley]]''s ''''[[Loving You (1957 film)|Loving You]]''''\n        opens in theaters.\\n* [[July 11]] – His Highness Prince Karim [[Aga\n        Khan IV]] becomes the 49th Imam of the [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]] Muslims at age\n        20. His grandfather Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah [[Aga Khan III]] appoints Prince\n        Karim in his will.\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Rawya Ateya]] takes her seat in\n        the [[Parliament of Egypt|National Assembly of Egypt]], thereby becoming the\n        first female parliamentarian in the [[Arab world]].\\n* [[July 16]] –\n        [[United States Marine]] Major [[John Glenn]] flies an [[F8U Crusader|F8U]]\n        [[supersonic]] jet from [[California]] to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes\n        and 8 seconds, setting a new transcontinental speed record.\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Tunisia]] becomes a republic, with [[Habib Bourguiba]] its first\n        president.\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** The [[6th World Festival of Youth and Students]],\n        a high point of the [[Khrushchev Thaw]], kicks off in Moscow.\\n** Heavy rains\n        and mudslides at [[Isahaya]], western [[Ky\\u016bsh\\u016b]], Japan, kill 992.\\n**\n        A strong earthquake shakes Mexico City and Mexican port city [[Acapulco]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] is established.\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 4]] – [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], driving for [[Maserati in motorsport|Maserati]],\n        wins the [[Formula One]] [[German Grand Prix]], clinching (with 4 wins this\n        season) his record 5th [[List of Formula One World Drivers'' Champions|world\n        drivers championship]], including his 4th consecutive championship (also a\n        record); these 2 records endure for nearly half a [[century]].\\n* [[August\n        5]] – ''''[[American Bandstand]]'''', a local dance show produced by\n        [[WPVI-TV|WFIL-TV]] in Philadelphia, joins the ABC Television Network.\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] announces a\n        2-year suspension of nuclear testing.\\n* [[August 28]] – United States\n        Senator [[Strom Thurmond]] (D-SC) sets the record for the longest [[filibuster]]\n        with his 24-hour, 18-minute speech railing against a civil rights bill.\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – The [[Federation of Malaya]] gains independence from\n        the United Kingdom, subsequently celebrated as [[Malaysia]]''s National Day.\n        [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan]], [[Yang di-Pertuan Besar]] of [[Negeri\n        Sembilan]] becomes the first [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Federation of\n        Malaya|Malaya]]. The country''s new [[Constitution of Malaysia|Constitution]]\n        came into force on August 27.\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Flag of Belize.svg|thumb|250px|[[Flag\n        of Belize]], the first country in colonial Central America to gain independence]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – 175 die in [[Jamaica]]''s worst railway disaster.\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – The [[Wolfenden report]] on homosexuality is published\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Civil Rights Movement]]: [[Little\n        Rock Crisis]] – Governor [[Orval Faubus]] of [[Arkansas]] calls out\n        the [[National Guard of the United States]] to prevent African-American students\n        from enrolling in [[Little Rock Central High School]].\\n** The [[Ford Motor\n        Company]] introduces the [[Edsel]] on what the company proclaims as \\\"E Day\\\".\\n*\n        [[September 5]] – The first edition of [[Jack Kerouac]]''s novel ''''[[On\n        the Road]]'''' goes on sale in the United States.\\n* [[September 7]] –\n        [[NBC]] introduces an animated version of its famous \\\"living color\\\" [[peacock\n        logo]].\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** The [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] is enacted,\n        establishing the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]].\\n** [[Catholic\n        Memorial School]] opens its doors for the first time in [[Boston]], Massachusetts.\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – ''''[[Have Gun \\u2013 Will Travel]]'''' premieres\n        on CBS.\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Olav V of Norway|Olav V]] becomes King of\n        Norway on the death of his father [[Haakon VII of Norway|Haakon VII]].\\n**\n        The sailing ship ''''[[Pamir (ship)|Pamir]]'''' sinks off the [[Azores]] in\n        a hurricane.\\n** ''''[[Perry Mason (TV series)|Perry Mason]]'''' premiers\n        on [[CBS]].\\n** [[Belize]] gains independence from the United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – The [[Academy Award]]-winning movie ''''[[The Three\n        Faces of Eve]]'''' is released.\\n* [[September 24]] \\n** U.S. President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] sends federal troops to [[Arkansas]] to provide safe passage\n        into [[Little Rock Central High School]] for the \\\"[[Little Rock Nine]]\\\".\\n**\n        [[Camp Nou]], home-stadium of [[FC Barcelona]], officially opened in [[Barcelona]],\n        [[Spain]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.fr/club/installations/card/histoire-du-camp-nou|title=Histoire\n        du Camp Nou {{!}} FC Barcelona|website=FC Barcelona|language=fr-FR|access-date=2017-01-21}}\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s musical ''''[[West Side\n        Story]]'''' makes its first appearance on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and\n        runs for 732 performances.\\n* [[September 29]] – The [[Kyshtym disaster]]\n        occurs at the [[Mayak]] [[nuclear reprocessing]] plant in Russia.\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        October\\n** ''''[[Which?]]'''' magazine is first published by The Consumers''\n        Association in the United Kingdom.\\n** The [[Africanized bee]] is accidentally\n        released in [[Brazil]].\\n* [[October 2]] – [[David Lean]]''s film ''''[[The\n        Bridge on the River Kwai]]'''' opens in the U.K.\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Space\n        Age]] – [[Sputnik program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Sputnik\n        1]], the first artificial [[satellite]] to orbit the earth.\\n** The [[Avro\n        Canada CF-105 Arrow]] [[delta wing]] [[interceptor aircraft]] is unveiled.\\n**\n        The sitcom ''''[[Leave It to Beaver]]'''' premieres on CBS in the United States.\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Neil H. McElroy]] is sworn in as [[United States Secretary\n        of Defense]].\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        apologizes to the finance minister of [[Ghana]], [[Komla Agbeli Gbedemah]],\n        after he is refused service in a [[Dover, Delaware]], restaurant.\\n** [[Windscale\n        fire]]: Fire at the [[Sellafield|Windscale]] [[nuclear reactor]] on the north-west\n        coast of England releases radioactive material into the surrounding environment,\n        including [[iodine-131]].\\n** [[Ayn Rand]]''s fourth, last and longest novel,\n        ''''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'''', is published in the United States.\\n* [[October\n        11]]\\n** The [[Jodrell Bank]] [[radio telescope]] opens in [[Cheshire]], England.\\n**\n        The [[orbit]] of the last stage of the [[R-7 Semyorka]] rocket (carrying [[Sputnik\n        I]]) is first successfully calculated on an [[IBM 704]] computer at the [[MIT\n        Computation Center]] as part of [[Operation Moonwatch]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Ant\\u00f4nio Vilas Boas]], a Brazilian farmer, claims\n        to have been abducted by [[extraterrestrials]]; the first famous [[alien abduction]]\n        case.\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** Two trains collide in [[Turkey]]; 95 die.\\n**\n        The U.S. military sustains its first combat fatality in [[Vietnam]], Army\n        Capt. Hank Cramer of the [[1st Special Forces Group]].\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Morocco]] begins its [[Ifni War|invasion of Ifni]].\\n* [[October 25]] –\n        [[American Mafia|Mafia]] boss [[Albert Anastasia]] is assassinated in a barber\n        shop, at the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City.\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] is re-elected [[president of Turkey]].\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Toyota]] begins exporting vehicles to the United States, beginning\n        with the [[Toyota Crown]] and the [[Toyota Land Cruiser]].\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** The [[Mackinac Bridge]], the world''s longest [[suspension\n        bridge]] between anchorages at this time, opens in the United States to connect\n        [[Michigan]]''s two [[peninsula]]s.\\n** The first (westbound) tube of the\n        [[Hampton Roads Bridge\\u2013Tunnel]] linking [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]\n        and [[Hampton, Virginia]] opens at a cost of $44 million.\\n* [[November 3]]\n        – [[Sputnik program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Sputnik 2]],\n        with the first [[animal]] to orbit the Earth (a dog named [[Laika]]) on board;\n        there is no technology available to return it to Earth.\\n* [[November 7]]\n        – [[Cold War]]: In the United States, the [[Gaither Report]] calls for\n        more American missiles and [[fallout shelter]]s. \\n* [[November 8]] –\n        Film ''''[[Jailhouse Rock (film)|Jailhouse Rock]]'''' opens across the U.S.\n        to reach #3, and [[Elvis Presley]] continues to gain more notoriety.\\n* [[November\n        13]]\\n** [[Gordon Gould]] invents the [[laser]].\\n** Flooding in the [[Po\n        Valley]] of Italy leads to flooding also in [[Venice]].\\n* [[November 14]]\n        – [[Apalachin Meeting]]: [[American Mafia]] leaders meet in [[Apalachin,\n        New York]] at the house of [[Joseph Barbara (mobster)|Joseph Barbara]]; the\n        meeting is broken up by a curious patrolman.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[1957\n        Aquila Airways Solent crash]]: A [[flying boat]] crash on the [[Isle of Wight]]\n        leaves 45 dead.\\n** [[Yugoslavia]] announces the end of an economic boycott\n        of [[Francoist Spain]] (although it does not reinstitute diplomatic relations).\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** [[Serial killer]] [[Edward Gein]] murders his last victim,\n        Bernice Worden of [[Plainfield, Wisconsin]], U.S.\\n** U.S. President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] has a [[stroke]].\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]] of the [[Democrat\n        Party (Turkey, historical)|Democrat Party]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]]\n        (23rd government, last government formed by DP and Menderes).\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Indonesia]]n president [[Sukarno]] survives a [[grenade]] attack\n        at the Cikini School in [[Jakarta]], but six children are killed.\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – In [[Indonesia]], [[Sukarno]] announces the [[nationalization]]\n        of 246 [[Netherlands|Dutch]] businesses.\\n* [[December 4]] – The [[Lewisham\n        rail crash]] in London leaves 92 dead.\\n* [[December 5]] – All 326,000\n        Dutch nationals are expelled from [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        The first U.S. attempt to launch a [[satellite]] fails when the [[Vanguard\n        TV3|Vanguard rocket]] blows up on the [[launch pad]].\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        Canadian diplomat [[Lester B. Pearson]] receives the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        for his peacekeeping efforts in the United Nations.\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        ''''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'''' is released in the U.S. It goes on\n        to win the [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\n        Additional Oscars go to [[Alec Guinness]] (Best Actor) and David Lean (Best\n        Director), among others. This is Lean''s first Oscar for directing.\\n* [[December\n        19]] – [[Meredith Willson]]''s classic musical ''''[[The Music Man]]'''',\n        starring [[Robert Preston (actor)|Robert Preston]], debuts on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – The [[Boeing 707]] airliner flies for the first time.\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – The [[CBS]] afternoon anthology series ''''[[The Seven\n        Lively Arts]]'''' presents [[Tchaikovsky]]''s ballet ''''[[The Nutcracker]]''''\n        on U.S. television for the first time, although heavily abridged.\\n\\n=== Date\n        unknown ===\\n* [[Mao Zedong]] admits that 800,000 \\\"[[Enemy of the people|class\n        enemies]]\\\" have been summarily [[Death|liquidated]] in [[China]] between\n        [[1949]] and [[1954]].\\n* Expected date for [[Operation Dropshot]], an all-out\n        U.S. war with the Soviet Union, triggered by a Soviet takeover of Western\n        Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia which does not materialize,\n        as prepared for by the [[United States Department of Defense]] in [[1949]].\\n*\n        [[Gruppe SPUR]], an artistic collaboration, is founded in Germany.\\n* The\n        so-called ''mound of [[Midas]]'', the Great [[Tumulus]] near [[Gordium]],\n        is excavated.\\n* Three new neo-[[Grotesque (typeface classification)|grotesque]]\n        [[sans-serif]] [[typeface]]s are released: [[Folio (typeface)|Folio]] (designed\n        by Konrad Bauer and Walter Baum), [[Helvetica|Neue Haas Grotesk]] (designed\n        by [[Max Miedinger]]) and [[Univers]] (designed by [[Adrian Frutiger]]); all\n        will be influential in the [[International Typographic Style]] of [[graphic\n        design]].\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:John Lasseter 2002.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Lasseter]]]]\\n[[File:SteveHarveyHWOFMay2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Harvey]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Isabel Ordaz]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Ewa\n        Kasprzyk (actress)|Ewa Kasprzyk]], Polish actress\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Bojan Kri\\u017eaj]], Slovenian alpine skier\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Charles\n        Allen, Baron Allen of Kensington|Charles Allen]], British television magnate\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Nancy Lopez]], American golfer\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**\n        [[Nicholson Baker]], American novelist\\n** [[Katie Couric]], American television\n        host\\n** [[Hannu Kamppuri]], Finnish ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Julian Sol\\u00eds]],\n        Puerto Rican boxer\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[David Lang (composer)|David Lang]],\n        American composer\\n** [[Dwight Clark]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Bibie]], Ghanaian singer\\n* [[January 11]] \\n** [[Bryan Robson]],\n        English footballer\\n** [[Claude Criquielion]], Belgian bike racer (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[John Lasseter]], American director, writer and animator\\n*\n        [[January 13]]\\n** [[Lorrie Moore]], American writer\\n** [[Daniel Scioli]],\n        Argentine politician and sportsman\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Anchee Min]], Chinese\n        writer\\n** [[Wu Chengzhen]], Chinese Buddhist [[Abbot (Buddhism)|abbess]]\\n*\n        [[January 15]]\\n** [[Mario Van Peebles]], African-American actor and director\\n**\n        [[Patrick Dixon]], British business guru and author\\n* [[January 16]] –\n        [[Ricardo Dar\\u00edn]], Argentinian actor\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Steve\n        Harvey]], American comedian, television host, radio personality, actor and\n        author\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Greg Ryan]], American soccer coach\\n* [[January\n        22]]\\n** [[Mike Bossy]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Rene Requiestas]], Filipino\n        comedian (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Godfrey Thoma]], Nauruan politician\\n* [[January\n        23]] – [[Caroline, Princess of Hanover|Princess Caroline of Monaco]]\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Adrian Edmondson]], British comedian\\n*[[January\n        26]]  – [[Richard Portnow]], American actor\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Miller (comics)|Frank Miller]], American comic book writer\\n** [[Janick Gers]],\n        British heavy metal guitarist\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Gra\\u017cyna Miller]],\n        Polish poet\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Payne Stewart]], American golfer (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Kathy Najimy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kathy\n        Najimy]]]]\\n[[File:Falco Ursela Monn 1986-3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Falco (musician)|Falco]]]]\\n[[File:Danny\n        Antonucci.png|thumb|100px|[[Danny Antonucci]]]]\\n[[File:John Turturro at the\n        2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Turturro]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Phil Barney]], French singer\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Elaine\n        Carbines]], Member of the [[Australian Labor Party]]\\n* [[February 5]] –\n        [[Jackie Woodburne]], Australian actress\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Kathy\n        Najimy]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Cindy\n        Wilson]], American rock singer ([[The B-52''s]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Gordon Strachan]], Scottish footballer and manager\\n* [[February 11]] –\n        [[Mitchell Symons]], British writer\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Soile Isokoski]],\n        Finnish lyric soprano\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Shahriar Mandanipour]],\n        Iranian writer\\n* [[February 16]] – [[LeVar Burton]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Loreena McKennitt]], Canadian singer, composer,\n        harpist\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Vanna White]], American game show presenter\\n**\n        [[Marita Koch]], German athlete\\n* [[February 19]] \\n** [[Falco (musician)|Falco]],\n        Austrian rock musician (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Ray Winstone]], British actor\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Glen Hanlon]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Ria Brieffies]], Dutch singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n**\n        [[Adrian Smith]], British heavy metal guitarist\\n** [[Viktor Markin]], Russian\n        athlete\\n** [[Timothy Spall]], English actor\\n** [[Rob de Castella]], Australian\n        long-distance runner\\n** [[Danny Antonucci]], Canadian creator of the [[Cartoon\n        Network]] show ''''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]''''\\n* [[February 28]] \\n** [[Ainsley\n        Harriott]], British celebrity chef\\n** [[Ian Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Ian\n        Smith]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[John Turturro]], American actor, writer\n        and director\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Osama\n        bin Laden]]]]\\n[[File:Marlon Jackson 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marlon Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Joaquim\n        de Almeida.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joaquim de Almeida]]]]\\n[[File:Spike Lee at the\n        2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Spike Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Lucio Guti\\u00e9rrez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucio\n        Guti\\u00e9rrez]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher Lambert 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher\n        Lambert]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Eric Walters]], Canadian author\\n* [[March\n        4]]\\n** [[Jim Dwyer (journalist)|Jim Dwyer]], American journalist and [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]] winner\\n** [[Rick Mast]], American NASCAR driver\\n* [[March 8]]\\n**\n        [[Clive Burr]], British heavy metal drummer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Mitsuko Horie]],\n        Japanese voice actress and singer\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Mona Sahlin]],\n        Swedish politician\\n* [[March 10]] \\n** [[Osama bin Laden]], Saudi-born founder\n        of [[al-Qaeda]] (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hans-Peter Friedrich]], German politician\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Marlon Jackson]], American singer\\n* [[March 13]] –\n        [[David Peaston]], American singer\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Joaquim de Almeida]],\n        Portuguese actor\\n** [[Park Overall]], American film and television actress\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Mal Donaghy]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[March\n        18]] – [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Pazdera]], Hungarian rock bassist ([[Pokolg\\u00e9p]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Vanessa Bell Calloway]], American actress\\n** [[John Grogan\n        (journalist)|John Grogan]], American journalist and non-fiction writer \\n**\n        [[Spike Lee]], American film director and actor\\n** [[Theresa Russell]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 23]] \\n** [[Teresa Ganzel]], American comedian and actress\\n**\n        [[Lucio Guti\\u00e9rrez]],  41st [[President of Ecuador]]\\n** [[Amanda Plummer]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Jack Edwards (sportscaster)|Jack\n        Edwards]], American play-by-play announcer\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Leeza\n        Gibbons]], American television personality\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Christopher\n        Lambert]], French actor\\n* [[March 30]] \\n** [[Paul Reiser]], American comedian\n        and actor\\n** [[Ian Shelton]],  Canadian astronomer who discovered [[SN 1987A]]\\n*\n        [[March 31]] \\n** [[Alan Duncan]], British politician\\n** [[Marc McClure]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Terry Klassen]], Canadian voice actor and voice director\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Faustin\n        Touadera.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Faustin-Archange Touad\\u00e9ra]]]]\\n[[File:Donald\n        Tusk 2013-12-19.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Donald Tusk]]]]\\n[[File:Daniel Day-Lewis,\n        Jaguar, Mille Miglia 2013 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Day-Lewis]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[J. Karjalainen]], Finnish rock musician\\n** [[Denise Nickerson]],\n        American child actress\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Giuliana De Sio]], Italian\n        actress\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Aki Kaurism\\u00e4ki]], Finnish film director\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Ivan Corea]], Sri Lankan autism campaigner\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Simon Climie]], English singer-songwriter ([[Climie Fisher]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Henry Cluney]], Irish musician\\n* [[April 9]] –\n        [[Seve Ballesteros]], Spanish golfer (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[\\u00dclle Kaljuste]], Estonian actress \\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Michael Card]],\n        American Christian musician\\n** [[Ian Stuart Donaldson|Ian Stuart]], singer\n        for [[white power skinhead]] band [[Skrewdriver]] (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Jim\n        Lauderdale]], bluegrass musician\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Suzzanne Douglas]],\n        American actress\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Mikhail Pletnev]], Russian pianist,\n        conductor and composer\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Susan Roman]], Canadian voice\n        actress\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Genie (feral child)|Genie]], American feral\n        child\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Jesse Orosco]], American baseball player\\n** [[Herbert\n        Wetterauer]], German artist and author\\n** [[Faustin-Archange Touad\\u00e9ra]],\n        8th [[President of the Central African Republic]]\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Donald Tusk]], [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Jan Hooks]],\n        American actress and comedian (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Kenji Kawai]], Japanese\n        composer\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Eric Bristow]], English darts player\\n** [[Roch\n        Marc Christian Kabor\\u00e9]], 7th Prime Minister and 8th President of Burkina\n        Faso\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Michel Barrette]], Canadian actor and stand-up\n        comedian\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Dinorah de Jes\\u00fas Rodriguez]], Cuban-born\n        experimental filmmaker\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], English-born\n        actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Richard E Grant 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        E. Grant]]]]\\n[[File:Vicious.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sid Vicious]]]]\\n[[File:Yoshihiko\n        Noda-3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yoshihiko Noda]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Michael\n        Coyle (composer)|Michael Coyle]], American composer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Jo\n        Brand]], English comedian\\n** [[William Clay Ford, Jr.]], American automobile\n        executive\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Richard E. Grant]], English actor\\n* [[May\n        6]] – [[Mbah Surip]], Indonesian singer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Sid Vicious]] (John Beverly), English punk rock bassist ([[Sex Pistols]])\n        (d. [[1979]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Carrie Lam]], Hong Kong civil servant\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Daniela Dess\\u00ec]], Italian operatic soprano (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Ibarretxe]], Basque Lehendakari (Prime\n        Minister)\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Joan Benoit]], American Olympic gold medal-winning\n        marathon runner\\n* [[May 17]] – [[G\\u00f6sta Sundqvist]], Finnish rock\n        singer and songwriter ([[Leevi and the Leavings]]) (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May\n        18]] \\n** [[Michael Cretu]], Romanian\\u2013German new-age musician ([[Enigma\n        (musical project)|Enigma]])\\n** [[Frank Plasberg]], German journalist and\n        television presenter\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Yoshihiko Noda]], 62nd [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]]\\n** [[Stewart Nozette]], American astronomer\\n* [[May 21]]\\n**\n        [[Judge Reinhold]], American actor\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9e Soutendijk]], Dutch actress\\n*\n        [[May 22]]\\n** [[Albert Boonstra]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Shinji Morisue]],\n        Japanese gymnast\\n** [[Gary Sweet]], Australian actor\\n* [[May 23]] –\n        [[Jimmy McShane]] (aka Baltimora), Northern Irish dancer (d. [[1995]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Walter Moers]], German comic artist and writer\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[John G. Rowland]], American [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]\n        politician, [[Governor of Connecticut]] and felon\\n* [[May 26]] \\n**[[Pontso\n        Sekatle]], Lesotho academic and politician\\n**[[Dan Roodt]], South African\n        author and politician \\n* [[May 27]] – [[Siouxsie Sioux]], born Susan\n        Ballion, English post-punk singer ([[Siouxsie and the Banshees]])\\n* [[May\n        28]] – [[Kirk Gibson]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**  [[Bobby\n        Hamilton]], American stock car racing driver (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jeb Hensarling]],\n        American politician; U.S. Representative (R-TX)\\n** [[Ted Levine]], American\n        screen actor\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Georgi S. Parvanov.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Georgi\n        Parvanov]]]]\\n[[File:Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow_2012-09-11.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gurbanguly\n        Berdimuhamedow]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Dorota K\\u0119dzierzawska]], Polish\n        film director\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Horst-Ulrich H\\u00e4nel]], German field\n        hockey player\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Kim Tai-chung]], Korean martial artist\n        and former actor and [[Bruce Lee]] double (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[Jessica Diamond]], American artist\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Juan Luis Guerra]],\n        Dominican singer and songwriter\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Scott Adams]], American\n        cartoonist ([[Dilbert]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Hidetsugu Aneha]], Japanese\n        architect\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Timothy Busfield]], American actor\\n** [[Javed\n        Miandad]], Pakistani cricketer\\n** [[Ciro Pessoa]], Brazilian musician ([[Tit\\u00e3s]],\n        [[Cabine C]]), journalist, screenwriter and poet\\n* [[June 14]]\\n**[[Debbie\n        Arnold]], British actress and voice artiste\\n** [[Maxi Jazz|Maxwell Fraiser]],\n        African-British rapper for [[Faithless]], [[DJ]]\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Seppo\n        P\\u00e4\\u00e4kk\\u00f6nen]], Finnish actor\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Anna Lindh]],\n        Swedish politician (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Michael Bowen (actor)|Michael\n        Bowen]], American actor\\n**[[Luis Antonio Tagle]], Filipino cardinal, [[Archbishop\n        of Manila]]\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Frances McDormand]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n**[[Lance Nethery]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Georgi\n        Parvanov]], [[President of Bulgaria]]\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Gurbanguly\n        Berdimuhamedow]], Turkmen politician, 2nd [[President of Turkmenistan]]\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Silvio Orlando]], Italian actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Mirziyoyev\n        cropped.jpg|100px|thumbnail|right|[[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]]]\\n[[File:Nellie\n        Kim 1980.jpg|100px|thumbnail|right|[[Nellie Kim]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[Hannu Kamppuri]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Bret\n        Hart]], Canadian professional wrestler\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Ken Ober]], American\n        actor and game show host (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Doug Wilson\n        (ice hockey)|Doug Wilson]], Canadian ice hockey\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Marc Almond]],\n        English singer\\n** [[Kelly McGillis]], American actress\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Cindy Sheehan]], American anti-war activist\\n* [[July 12]] – [[G\\u00f6tz\n        Alsmann]], German television presenter, musician and singer\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[L\\u00edlia Cabral]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Cameron Crowe]], American writer\n        and film director\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Fern Britton]], British television\n        presenter\\n** [[Shinobu Otake]], Japanese actress\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Nick\n        Faldo]], British golfer\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Stefan L\\u00f6fven]], 33rd Prime\n        Minister of Sweden\\n** [[Jon Lovitz]], American comedian and actor\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]], Dutch film director\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], Uzbek politician,\n        3rd [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan]] and 2nd [[President of Uzbekistan]]\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Yuen Biao]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Nana Visitor]], American\n        actress\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Hansi M\\u00fcller]], German footballer\\n** [[Matt\n        Osborne]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        [[Nellie Kim]], Russian gymnast\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Shan Goshorn]], Cherokee\n        artist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Life Ball 2013 - magenta carpet Melanie Griffith\n        02.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Melanie Griffith]]]]\\n[[File:Denis Leary by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denis\n        Leary]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Fry June 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Fry]]]]\\n[[File:Ivo\n        Josipovi\\u0107.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ivo Josipovi\\u0107]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] –\n        [[Taylor Negron]], American actor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Mojo\n        Nixon]], American singer, lyricist and actor\\n** [[Butch Vig]], American record\n        producer and drummer ([[Garbage (band)|Garbage]])\\n* [[August 4]] –\n        [[John Wark]], Scottish footballer\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Clayton Rohner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Jim McGreevey]], 52nd Governor of\n        New Jersey\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Alexander Dityatin]], Soviet gymnast\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Melanie Griffith]], American actress\\n* [[August 10]]\n        – [[Juli B\\u00e1sti]], Hungarian actress\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Richie\n        Ramone]], American rock drummer ([[Ramones]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Peter\n        Costello]], Australian politician\\n* [[August 15]] – [[\\u017deljko Ivanek]],\n        Slovenian-American actor\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Tim Farriss]], Australian\n        rock guitarist ([[INXS]])\\n** [[Laura Innes]], American actress and director\n        \\n* [[August 17]] – [[Robin Cousins]], British figure skater\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Carole Bouquet]], French actress\\n** [[Denis Leary]], American\n        comedian and actor\\n** [[Harald Schmidt]], German actor, writer, columnist,\n        comedian and television entertainer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Li-Young Lee]],\n        Indonesian-born poet\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Finlay Calder]], Scottish\n        rugby player\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Steve Davis]], British snooker player\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Stephen Fry]], British comedian, author and actor\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – [[Simon McBurney]], British actor, writer and theatre\n        director\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Dr. Alban]], Nigerian-born Swedish singer\\n**\n        [[Uzo]], Nigerian-American film producer and director\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Bernhard Langer]], German golfer\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Ivo Josipovi\\u0107]],\n        [[President of Croatia]]\\n** [[Rick Rossovich]], American actor\\n** [[Daniel\n        Stern (actor)|Daniel Stern]], American actor\\n** [[Ai Weiwei]], Chinese artist,\n        philosopher\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Grzegorz Ciechowski]], Polish musician\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Shir\\u014d Sagisu]], Japanese composer\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Manu Tuiasosopo]], American football player\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[Ingrid Washinawatok]], Native American activist (d. [[1999]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Gloria\n        Estefan 2009 White House.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gloria Estefan]]]]\\n[[File:Ricardo-Montaner.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricardo\n        Montaner]]]]\\n[[File:Brad bird cropped 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brad Bird]]]]\\n[[File:The\n        Hon. Kevin Rudd.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Rudd]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Gloria Estefan]], Cuban-born American singer\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Ewa\n        Kasprzyk (athlete)|Ewa Kasprzyk]], Polish athlete\\n** [[John McInerney]],\n        British-German singer-songwriter ([[Bad Boys Blue]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n**\n        [[Ricardo Montaner]], Argentine-born Venezuelan singer\\n** [[Heather Thomas]],\n        American actress and activist\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Preben Elkj\\u00e6r\n        Larsen]], Danish footballer\\n** [[Jeh Johnson]], American politician, 4th\n        Secretary of Homeland Security.\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Jan Egeland]], Norwegian\n        politician, diplomat and humanitarian\\n** [[Rachel Ward]], English-born actress\\n**\n        [[Hans Zimmer]], German composer\\n* [[September 13]]\\n** [[Vinny Appice]],\n        American drummer\\n** [[Cesare Bocci]], Italian actor\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Brad Bird]], American animator and director\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[David McCreery]], Irish footballer\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Chris Roupas]],\n        Greek-American basketball player\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Sabine Christiansen]],\n        German journalist and television presenter\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Ethan\n        Coen]], American film director, producer, screenwriter and editor\\n** [[Kevin\n        Rudd]], 26th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Nick\n        Cave]], Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter and actor \\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Luigi De Canio]], Italian footballer and football\n        manager\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Peter Sellars]], American theatre director\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Luis Cluzeau Mortet]], Uruguayan composer and musician\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Andrew Dice Clay]], American comedian\\n* [[September\n        30]] – [[Fran Drescher]], American actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Paul\n        Kagame 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Kagame]]]]\\n[[File:Martin Luther King,\n        III 2007 NYC crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Luther King III]]]]\\n[[File:Nancy\n        Cartwright (12306390453).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nancy Cartwright]]]]\\n[[File:Dan\n        Castellaneta cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dan Castellaneta]]]]\\n* [[October 4]]\n        – [[Aleksandr Tkachyov (gymnast)|Aleksandr Tkachyov]], Soviet gymnast\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Bernie Mac]], American stand-up comedian and actor\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Michael W. Smith]], Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Jayne Torvill]], British ice skater\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Ewan Stewart]],\n        Scottish actor\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Rumiko Takahashi]], Japanese manga\n        artist\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Dawn French]], British comedian \\n** [[Eric\n        Keenleyside]], Canadian actor\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Kenny Neal]], American\n        guitarist\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Stacy Peralta]], American director and\n        skateboarder\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Wolfgang Ketterle]], German physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n* [[October 23]]\\n**[[Paul\n        Kagame]], [[President of Rwanda]]\\n**[[Martin Luther King III]], American\n        human rights advocate and community activist, son of [[Martin Luther King\n        Jr.]] and [[Coretta Scott King]]\\n* [[October 24]] – [[John Kassir]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Nancy Cartwright]],\n        American voice actress\\n* [[October 26]] \\n** [[Julie Dawn Cole]], English\n        actress\\n** [[Bob Golic]], American football player\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Tsai Ming-liang]], Taiwanese film director\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Dan\n        Castellaneta]], American voice actor ([[Homer Simpson]] from ''[[The Simpsons]]'')\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Richard Jeni]], American comedian (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[Brian Stokes Mitchell]], American actor and singer\\n**\n        [[Robert Pollard]], American musician\\n** [[Shirley Phelps-Roper]], American\n        political and religious activist\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tony Abbott - 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tony\n        Abbott]]]]\\n[[File:Goodluck Jonathan World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Goodluck\n        Jonathan]]]]\\n[[File:Caroline Kennedy US State Dept photo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Caroline\n        Kennedy]]]]\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Dolph Lundgren]], Swedish actor and\n        martial artist\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Tony Abbott]], 28th [[Prime Minister\n        of Australia]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Jon-Erik Hexum]], American actor\n        (d. [[1984]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Cam Clarke]], American voice actor and\n        singer\\n** [[Klaus Kleinfeld]], German business executive\\n** [[Lori Singer]],\n        American actress and musician\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Christopher Knight\n        (actor)|Christopher Knight]], American actor \\n* [[November 12]] – [[C\\u00e9cilia\n        Attias]], wife of French Prime Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Roger Ingram]], American jazz musician, author, educator, trumpet\n        designer\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Gregg Burge]], American tap dancer and\n        choreographer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Kevin Eubanks]],\n        American jazz guitarist\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Debbie Thrower]], English\n        TV news presenter\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Olivia Heussler]], Swiss photojournalist\\n*\n        [[November 19]] \\n** [[Ofra Haza]], Israeli singer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Tom\n        Virtue]], American actor\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[John Eriksen]], Danish footballer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Goodluck Jonathan]], President of Nigeria\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Denise Crosby]], American actress\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        [[Matthias Reim]], German singer-songwriter\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Kenny\n        Acheson]], Irish race car driver\\n** [[Caroline Kennedy]], American author,\n        attorney and daughter of 35th President John F. Kennedy\\n** [[Edda Hei\\u00f0r\\u00fan\n        Backman]], Icelandic actress, singer, director and artist (d. 2016)\\n*[[November\n        30]] – [[Colin Mochrie]], Scottish-born Canadian comedian\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Andrew\n        Cuomo 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew Cuomo]]]]\\n[[File:MichaelClarkeDuncanJan09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Clarke Duncan]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Buscemi 2009 portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Buscemi]]]]\\n[[File:Ray Romano 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray Romano]]]]\\n[[File:Hamid\n        Karzai in August 2009 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hamid Karzai]]]]\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Maxim Korobov]], Russian businessman & politician \\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[Eric S. Raymond]], American open source software advocate\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Adrian Borland]], English musician and producer ([[The\n        Sound (band)|The Sound]]) (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Thomas Brinkman]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Andrew Cuomo]], 56th Governor of New York\\n* [[December 9]]\\n**\n        [[Peter O''Mara]], Australian jazz guitarist and composer\\n** [[Donny Osmond]],\n        American pop singer\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Michael Clarke Duncan]], American\n        actor (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Paul Hardcastle]], English musician\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Steve Buscemi]], American actor\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Ch\\u014d]],\n        Japanese voice actor and actor\\n** [[Laura Molina (artist)|Laura Molina]],\n        American artist, musician and actress\\n* [[December 17]] \\n** [[Masako Natsume]],\n        Japanese model and actress (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Doug Parker (voice actor)|Doug\n        Parker]], Canadian voice actor and voice director\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Kevin McHale (basketball)|Kevin McHale]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Billy Bragg]], British singer\\n** [[Joyce Hyser]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Anna Vissi]], Greek singer\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Tom Henke]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Ray Romano]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Hamid Karzai]], [[President of Afghanistan]]\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Shane MacGowan]], Irish singer and songwriter ([[The\n        Pogues]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**[[Matt Lauer]], American newscaster\\n**[[Joanna\n        Pacu\\u0142a]], Polish actress\\n\\n===Unknown date===\\n*[[Emily Alemika]], Nigerian\n        Professor of Law\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Humphrey Bogart 1945.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Humphrey\n        Bogart]]]]\\n[[File:BASA-3K-7-422-18-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Brendan Connolly]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Wilson Brown (admiral)|Wilson\n        Brown, Jr. Admiral]], American admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[Theodor K\\u00f6rner (Austrian president)|Theodor K\\u00f6rner]], Austrian\n        statesman, 5th [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Gabriela Mistral]], Chilean writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 13]] – [[A. E. Coppard]], English\n        writer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Jack Gilbert Graham]], American\n        mass murderer (executed)  (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Humphrey\n        Bogart]], American actor  (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Arturo\n        Toscanini]], Italian conductor (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[James\n        Brendan Connolly]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[January 21]]\n        – [[Guido Notari]], Italian actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 26]]\\n**\n        [[Helene Costello]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[William Eythe]],\n        American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Linhares]], Brazilian lawyer,\n        15th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1886]])\\n**[[Enoch J. Rector]], American\n        cinema technician, inventor, and film director (b. [[1863]])\\n* [[January\n        29]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Mazurkiewicz (serial killer)|W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Mazurkiewicz]], Polish serial killer (b. [[1911]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif|thumb|100px|[[John\n        von Neumann]]]]\\n[[File:Horthy the regent.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikl\\u00f3s Horthy]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Friedrich Paulus]], German field marshal (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Miguel Covarrubias]], Mexican painter (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[Walther Bothe]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[John von Neumann]], Hungarian-born mathematician\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[John Axon]], English railwayman and\n        hero, in rail accident (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Mikl\\u00f3s Horthy]], Austro-Hungarian\n        admiral and regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]], American author (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Josef Hofmann]], Polish-born pianist and composer (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]]\\n** [[Walter James Bolton]], [[uxoricide]], last person to\n        be executed in New Zealand (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Dedan Kimathi]], Kenyan rebel\n        leader, executed (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Henry Norris Russell]], American astronomer\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[M\\u00e4rta Tor\\u00e9n]], Swedish\n        actress (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Marika Ninou]], Greek singer\n        (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Bugs Moran]], American gangster (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[B. P. Schulberg]], American film producer (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n[[File:Ramon-Magsaysay-01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ramon Magsaysay]]]]\\n[[File:Gheorghe\n        T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gheorghe T\\u0103t\\u0103rescu]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[William Cameron Menzies]], American film production\n        designer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Alexander Godley]], British\n        general (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Wyndham Lewis]], English painter\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[J\\u00e1nos Esterh\\u00e1zy]], Hungarian\n        politician in Czechoslovakia (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Richard\n        E. Byrd]], American explorer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Josephine\n        Hull]], American actress (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Eugenio Castellotti]],\n        Italian racing driver (car crash) (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Constantin\n        Br\\u00e2ncu\\u0219i]], Romanian sculptor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        [[Ramon Magsaysay]], 7th [[President of the Philippines]] (killed in plane\n        crash) (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[\\u00c9douard Herriot]], 3-time\n        Prime Minister of France (b. [[1872]])\\n** [[Max Oph\\u00fcls]], German film\n        director and writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Gheorghe T\\u0103t\\u0103rescu]],\n        Romanian politician, 36th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        29]] \\n** [[Laura Bowman]], American actress, singer (b. [[1881]]) \\n** [[Joyce\n        Cary]], Irish author (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Josefa Segovia Mor\\u00f3n]],\n        Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and venerable (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Gene Lockhart]], Canadian actor (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n[[File:Elinor Fair 1919.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elinor Fair]]]]\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Ned Sparks]], Canadian character actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[E. Herbert Norman]], Canadian diplomat (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April\n        5]] – [[Alagappa Chettiar]], Indian philanthropist (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Pierina Morosini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman,\n        martyr and blessed (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Dorothy Sebastian]],\n        American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Pedro Segura y S\\u00e1enz]], Spanish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop, archbishop and eminence (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Pedro Infante]], Mexican actor and singer (b. [[1917]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Johnny Torrio]], Italian-born American gangster (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Roy Campbell (poet)|Roy Campbell]], South\n        African poet (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Abdullah bin Jassim Al\n        Thani]], [[Emir of Qatar]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Elinor\n        Fair]], American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Joseph McCarthy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph\n        McCarthy]]]]\\n[[File:SelassiesSon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Makonnen]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Grant Mitchell (actor)|Grant Mitchell]], American actor\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Joseph McCarthy]], American Senator (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Katie Johnson (English actress)|Katie Johnson]],\n        British actress (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Filchner]], German\n        explorer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Zen\\u00f3n Noriega Ag\\u00fcero]], Peruvian general,\n        interim [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Ezio Pinza]],\n        Italian bass (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Heinrich Campendonk]], German-Dutch painter\n        and graphic designer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\n** [[Stefan I of Bulgaria]],\n        Bulgarian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] prelate and metropolitan (b.  [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Erich von Stroheim]], Austrian actor and director (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May\n        13]]\\n** [[Michael Fekete]], Hungarian-born Israeli mathematician (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Prince Makonnen]] (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Robert Alfred Theobald|Robert \\\"Fuzzy\\\"\n        Theobald]], American admiral (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Marie Vassilieff]],\n        Russian artist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[John Brown (actor)|John Brown]],\n        British actor (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Eliot Ness]], American policeman (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Francesco Balilla Pratella]], Italian composer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[James Whale]], English film director (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – [[Leopold Staff]], Polish poet (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Johannes_Stark.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johannes\n        Stark]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Feliksas Baltu\\u0161is-\\u017demaitis]], Lithuanian\n        military leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Luisa Casati]], Italian patron of the\n        arts (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Russell Hicks]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Mary Hay (actress)|Mary Hay]], American actress and dancer\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Kulyash Baiseitova]], Soviet composer\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Robert Alton]], American dancer and choreographer\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Mario Urteaga Alvarado]], Peruvian painter (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Dorsey]], American jazz musician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Irving Baxter]], American athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Mar\\u00eda\n        Beatriz del Rosario Arroyo]], Filipino [[Roman Catholic]] nun (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Norina Matchabelli|Princess Norina Matchabelli]], Italian\n        perfumier (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Dorothy Richardson]], English\n        feminist writer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Augusto Samuel Boyd]], 20th [[President\n        of Panama]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Henry H. Goddard]], American\n        psychologist and eugenicist (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Johannes\n        Stark]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June\n        23]] – Patriarch [[Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[Frantisek Kupka]], Czech painter and graphic artist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Alfred D\\u00f6blin]], German writer (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Hermann Buhl]], Austrian mountaineer (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Malcolm\n        Lowry]], English novelist (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Tomasi di Lampedusa.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giuseppe\n        Tomasi di Lampedusa]]]]\\n[[File:FrankFentonLadyofBurlesque1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Frank\n        Fenton (actor)|Frank Fenton]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Richard Mohaupt]], German\n        composer and Kapellmeister (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Judy Tyler]], American actress\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Maria Crocifissa Curcio]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] and [[Carmelite]] nun (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Grace\n        Coolidge]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 10]]\n        – [[Sholem Asch]], Polish-Jewish novelist, dramatist and essayist (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Aga Khan III]], 48th Nizari Imam (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** [[George Cleveland]], Canadian actor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[James\n        M. Cox]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate for [[President\n        of the United States]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1920|election\n        of 1920]] (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Vasily Maklakov]], Russian liberal politician\n        and parliamentary orator (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Giuseppe Tomasi\n        di Lampedusa]], Sicilian writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Metodija\n        Andonov-\\u010cento]], Macedonian statesman (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Frank Fenton\n        (actor)|Frank Fenton]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Sacha Guitry]],\n        Russian-born playwright, actor and director (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        [[Carlos Castillo Armas]], 28th [[President of Guatemala]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Edith Abbott]], American social worker,\n        educator and author (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Isaac Heinemann]], German-born Israeli\n        scholar and professor of classical literature (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Oliver\n        Hardy Portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oliver Hardy]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Devdas Gandhi]], youngest son of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August\n        4]] – [[Washington Lu\\u00eds]], 13th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 7]] –\n        [[Oliver Hardy]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Irving\n        Langmuir]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 19]] – [[David Bomberg]], Vorticist painter\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Julio Lozano D\\u00edaz]], President\n        of Honduras (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Mait Metsanurk]], Estonian\n        writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Harold Gatty]], Australian\n        aviator (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Haakon7.jpg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Haakon VII of Norway]]]]\\n[[File:Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Archduke\n        Joseph Francis of Austria]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Dennis Brain]],\n        English French horn player (b. [[1921]]) (car crash)\\n* [[September 2]] –\n        [[Bobby Myers (racing driver)|Bobby Myers]], American [[NASCAR]] driver (b.\n        [[1927]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Muhammad al-Muqri]], grand vizier of\n        Morocco (b. [[1844]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Lins do Rego]],\n        Brazilian novelist (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Lee Hill (actor)|Lee\n        Hill]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Qi Baishi]],\n        Chinese painter (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Jean Sibelius]],\n        Finnish composer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\n** [[Jimmy Callahan (actor)|Jimmy\n        Callahan]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Norma Gim\\u00e9nez]], Argentine\n        actress (b. [[1930]])\\n** King [[Haakon VII of Norway]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Toyoda Soemu]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Luis Cluzeau Mortet]], Uruguayan composer and musician (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[George Bagration of Mukhrani|Prince George\n        Bagration]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Jane Carr (actress; 1909\\u20131957)|Jane Carr]],\n        British actress (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Stamps of Romania,\n        2005-002.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Christian Dior]]]]\\n[[File:Gerty Theresa\n        Cori.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Gerty Cori]]]]\\n[[File:1904 jose patricio guggiari.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Patricio Guggiari]]]]\\n* [[October 3]] – [[L\\u0151rinc Szab\\u00f3]],\n        Hungarian poet (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Hassiba Ben Bouali]],\n        Algerian militant (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Vere Gordon Childe]],\n        Australian archaeologist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jack Buchanan]],\n        British actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Frederick Burton (actor)|Frederick\n        Burton]], American actor (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Christian Dior]],\n        French fashion designer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef]], South\n        African artist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Albert Anastasia]], American\n        gangster (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany|Edward\n        Plunkett, Baron Dunsany]], Irish author (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Gerty Cori]], Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Giovanni\n        Battista Caproni]], Italian aeronautical, civil and electrical engineer, aircraft\n        designer and industrialist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Louis\n        B. Mayer]], American film studio mogul, former head of [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]\n        (MGM) (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Patricio Guggiari]],\n        Paraguayan politician, 32nd [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Diego\n        Rivera with a xoloitzcuintle dog in the Blue House, Coyoacan - Google Art\n        Project.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Diego Rivera]]]]\\n[[File:Prince George of Greece\n        in 1902, High Commissioner in Crete.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince George of Greece\n        and Denmark]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Ted Meredith]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Charles Brabin]], American director\n        and screenwriter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Laika]], Soviet space dog\\n** [[Wilhelm\n        Reich]], Austrian psychoanalyst (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Shoghi\n        Effendi]], Bah\\u00e1''\\u00ed leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[William Haywood (architect)|William\n        Haywood]], British architect (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Grigore Preoteasa]], Romanian\n        activist (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Hasui Kawase]], Japanese\n        painter and printmaker (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Masao Maruyama\n        (Japanese Army officer)|Masao Maruyama]], Japanese general (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Anton\\u00edn Z\\u00e1potock\\u00fd]], 6th President\n        and 15th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 15]]\n        – [[Andrzej Bursa]], Polish poet (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Cora Witherspoon]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Rudolf Diels]], German Nazi civil servant and ''''Gestapo'''' chief (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Diego Rivera]], Mexican painter (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark]] (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n** [[Raymond Griffith]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[William\n        V. Pratt]], American admiral (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Billy\n        Bevan]], Australian actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Petros Voulgaris]], Prime Minister\n        of Greece (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]],\n        Austrian composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Beniamino Gigli]],\n        Italian tenor (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:James Stevenson-Hamilton.png|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Stevenson-Hamilton]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Harrison Ford (silent film\n        actor)|Harrison Ford]], American silent film actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[John Lavarack]], Australian general, [[Governor of Queensland]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Reginald Sheffield]], English actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Maurice McLoughlin]], American\n        tennis champion (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[James Stevenson-Hamilton]],\n        first warden of South Africa''s [[Kruger National Park]] (b. 1867)\\n** [[Napoleon\n        Zervas]], Greek WW II Resistance leader (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[Musidora]], French actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Alfonso\n        Bedoya]], Mexican actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Dorothy\n        L. Sayers]], British crime writer, poet, playwright and essayist (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Eric Coates]], English composer (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Norma Talmadge]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Alfred Walton Hinds]], 17th [[Naval Governor of Guam]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Charles Path\\u00e9]], French film pioneer (b. [[1863]])\\n**\n        [[Stanley Vestal]], American writer, poet and historian (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Angelo Motta]], Italian entrepreneur (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[\\u00d3scar Dom\\u00ednguez]], Spanish painter (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Chen-Ning Yang]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Alexander R. Todd|Lord Alexander R. Todd]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Daniel Bovet]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[Albert Camus]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – [[Lester Bowles Pearson]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1957}}\\n\\n[[Category:1957|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T02:22:52Z\",\"lastrevid\":799080767,\"length\":69189,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1957&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957\"},\"34953\":{\"pageid\":34953,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1958\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T06:05:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1968}}\\n{{Year nav|1958}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1958}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events ==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** The [[European Economic Community]] (EEC)\n        comes into being.\\n** The first [[Carrefour]] store opens, in [[Annecy]].\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – [[Edmund Hillary]]''s [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic\n        Expedition]] completes the third overland journey to the [[South Pole]], and\n        the first to use powered vehicles.\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Sputnik 1]]\n        (launched on October 4, 1957) falls to Earth from its orbit and burns up.\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – 14-year-old [[Bobby Fischer]] wins the [[United States\n        Chess Championship]].\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** Armed [[Lumbee]] Indians confront\n        a handful of [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansmen]] in [[Maxton, North Carolina]].\\n**\n        The first of [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s ''''[[Young People''s Concerts]]''''\n        with the New York Philharmonic is telecast by CBS. The Emmy-winning series\n        (one concert approximately every three months except for the summer) will\n        run for more than fourteen years. It will make Bernstein''s name a household\n        word, and the most famous conductor in the U.S.\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        Dutch author [[Anne de Vries]] releases the fourth and final volume of ''''[[Journey\n        Through the Night]]'''', her children''s World War II novel.\\n* [[January\n        28]]\\n** [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] [[baseball]] player [[Roy\n        Campanella]] is involved in an automobile accident that ends his career and\n        leaves him paralyzed.\\n** [[Godtfred Kirk Christiansen]] files a patent for\n        the iconic plastic [[Lego brick]]. From its foundation, his company will make\n        400 billion Lego elements.\\n* [[January 31]] – The first successful\n        American [[satellite]], [[Explorer 1]], is launched into orbit.\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] unite to form the [[United\n        Arab Republic]].\\n* [[February 2]] – The word ''''Aerospace'''' is coined,\n        from the words Aircraft (aero) and Spacecraft (space), taking into consideration\n        that the Earth''s atmosphere and outerspace is to be one, or a single realm.\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] is nominated as the first president\n        of the [[United Arab Republic]].\\n** The [[Tybee Bomb]], a 7,600 pound (3,500 kg)\n        Mark 15 [[hydrogen bomb]], is lost in the waters off [[Savannah, Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – Seven [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]\n        footballers are among the 21 people killed in the [[Munich air disaster]]\n        in West Germany, on the return flight from a [[European Cup]] game in [[Yugoslavia]].\n        23 people survive, but four of them, including manager [[Matt Busby]] and\n        players [[Johnny Berry]] and [[Duncan Edwards]], are in a serious condition.\n        Busby and Berry would pullthrough although Berry would never play again.  Edwards\n        died fortnight later.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/6/newsid_2535000/2535961.stm\n        |work=BBC News |title=1958: United players killed in air disaster |date=February\n        6, 1958 |accessdate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917140201/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/6/newsid_2535000/2535961.stm\n        |archivedate=September 17, 2010 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}\\n* [[February\n        11]]\\n** The strongest ever known [[solar maximum]] is recorded.As of\n        2012. {{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/10mar_stormwarning.htm?list862664|title=Solar\n        Storm Warning|work=Science@NASA|date=2006-03-10|accessdate=2012-03-30}}\\n**\n        Marshal [[Chen Yi (communist)|Chen Yi]] succeeds [[Zhou Enlai]] as Chinese\n        Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\n** Ruth Carol Taylor is the first [[African\n        American]] woman hired as a [[flight attendant]]. Hired by [[Mohawk Airlines]],\n        her career lasts only six months, due to another discriminatory barrier –\n        the airline''s ban on married flight attendants.\\n* [[February 14]] –\n        The [[Hashemites|Hashemite]] Kingdoms of [[Iraq]] and [[Jordan]] unite in\n        the [[Arab Federation]] with King [[Faisal II of Iraq]] as head of state.\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] declares [[Clare of Assisi|Saint\n        Clare]] the [[patron saint]] of television.\\n* [[February 20]] – A test\n        rocket explodes at [[Cape Canaveral]].\\n* [[February 21]] – A [[peace\n        symbol]] is designed and completed by [[Gerald Holtom]], commissioned by the\n        [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], in protest against the [[Atomic Weapons\n        Research Establishment]].\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Cuba]]n rebels kidnap five-time\n        world driving champion [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], releasing him 28 hours later.\\n**\n        [[Arturo Frondizi]] is elected president of [[Argentina]].\\n* [[February 24]]\n        – In [[Cuba]], [[Fidel Castro]]''s ''''[[Radio Rebelde]]'''' begins\n        broadcasting from [[Sierra Maestra]].\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Bertrand\n        Russell]] launches the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]].\\n* [[February\n        28]] – One of the worst school bus accidents in U.S. history occurs\n        at [[Prestonsburg, Kentucky bus disaster|Prestonburg, Kentucky]]; 27 are killed.\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n* [[March 1]] – The Turkish passenger ship {{SS|\\u00dcsk\\u00fcdar||2}}\n        capsizes and sinks in the [[Gulf of \\u0130zmit]], Turkey; at least 300 die.\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – A British [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition]]\n        team led by Sir [[Vivian Fuchs]] completes the first overland crossing of\n        the Antarctic, using [[snowcat]] caterpillar tractors and dogsled teams, in\n        99 days, via the [[South Pole]].\\n* [[March 8]] – The {{USS|Wisconsin|BB-64|6}}\n        is decommissioned, leaving the United States Navy without an active battleship\n        for the first time since [[1896]] (it is recommissioned October 22, 1988).\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – A U.S. [[B-47]] bomber accidentally drops an [[atom bomb]]\n        on [[Mars Bluff, South Carolina]]. Without a fissile warhead, its conventional\n        explosives destroy a house and injure several people.\\n* [[March 17]] –\n        The Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization\n        ([[International Maritime Organization|IMCO]]) enters into force, founding\n        the IMCO as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[March 17]]\n        – The United States launches the [[Vanguard 1]] [[satellite]].\\n* [[March\n        19]] – The [[Monarch Underwear Company fire]] occurs in New York, killing\n        twenty-four.\\n* [[March 24]] – The U.S. Army inducts [[Elvis Presley]],\n        transforming The King Of Rock & Roll into U.S. Private #53310761.\\n* [[March\n        25]] – Canada''s [[Avro Arrow]] makes its debut flight.\\n* [[March 26]]\\n**\n        The [[United States Army]] launches [[Explorer 3]].\\n** The [[30th Academy\n        Awards]] ceremony takes place; ''''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'''' wins\n        seven awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].\\n* [[March 27]]\n        \\n** [[Nikita Khrushchev]] becomes [[Premier of the Soviet Union]].\\n**The\n        film: ''''[[Run Silent, Run Deep (1958 film)|Run Silent, Run Deep]]'''' is\n        released in the US.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* April – Unemployment in Detroit\n        reaches 20%, marking the height of the [[Recession of 1958]] in the United\n        States.\\n* [[April 1]] – The [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop]] is established.\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Fidel Castro|Castro]]''s revolutionary army begins its\n        attacks on [[Havana]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[April 7]] – In the first\n        protest march for the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] from [[Hyde Park,\n        London]] to [[Aldermaston]], [[Berkshire]], demonstrators demand the banning\n        of [[nuclear weapons]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Cheryl Crane]], daughter\n        of actress [[Lana Turner]], fatally stabs her mother''s gangster lover [[Johnny\n        Stompanato]] (the stabbing is eventually ruled as [[self-defense]]).\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]] divorces the Shah of Iran, [[Mohammad\n        Reza Pahlavi]] after she is unable to produce any children.\\n* [[April 14]]\\n**\n        The satellite [[Sputnik 2]] (launched 3 November 1957) disintegrates during\n        reentry from orbit.\\n** [[Van Cliburn]] wins the [[International Tchaikovsky\n        Competition]] for [[piano|pianists]] in Moscow, breaking [[Cold War]] tensions.\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – The [[San Francisco Giants]] beat the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]\n        8\\u20130 at [[San Francisco]]''s [[Seals Stadium]], in the first [[Major League\n        Baseball]] regular season game ever played in [[California]].\\n* [[April 17]]\n        – King [[Baudouin of Belgium]] officially opens the [[world''s fair]]\n        in [[Brussels]], also known as [[Expo 58]]. The [[Atomium]] forms the centrepiece.\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – The [[Montreal Canadiens]] win the [[Stanley Cup]] after\n        [[1958 Stanley Cup Finals|defeating]] the [[Boston Bruins]] in six games.\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[United Airlines Flight 736]] is involved in a mid-air\n        collision with a U.S. Air Force [[North American F-100 Super Sabre|F-100F]]\n        jet fighter near [[Las Vegas]]. All 49 persons in both aircraft are killed.\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – \\\"The Sunday Afternoon at Home\\\", one of the most famous\n        episodes of  the comedy radio series [[Hancock''s Half Hour]] is  broadcast\n        on the [[BBC]] Light Programme for the first time.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May\n        1]]\\n** [[Arturo Frondizi]] becomes [[President of Argentina]].\\n** The [[Nordic\n        Passport Union]] comes into force.\\n* [[May 9]] – Actor-singer [[Paul\n        Robeson]], whose passport has been reinstated, sings in a sold-out one-man\n        recital at [[Carnegie Hall]]. The recital is such a success that Robeson gives\n        another one at Carnegie Hall a few days later; but, after this, Robeson is\n        seldom seen in public in the United States again. His Carnegie Hall concerts\n        are later released on records and on [[CD]].\\n* [[May 10]] – Interviewed\n        in the Chave d''Ouro caf\\u00e9, when asked about his rival [[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        de Oliveira Salazar]], [[Humberto Delgado]] utters one of the most famous\n        comments in Portuguese political history: \\\"Obviamente, demito-o! (Obviously,\n        I''ll sack him!)\\\".\\n* [[May 12]] – A formal [[North American Aerospace\n        Defense Command]] agreement is signed between the United States and Canada.\\n*\n        [[May 13]]\\n** [[Pied-Noir|French Algerian]] protesters seize government offices\n        in [[Algiers]], leading to a military coup.\\n** During a visit to [[Caracas]],\n        [[Venezuela]], [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Richard\n        Nixon]]''s car is attacked by [[Anti-Americanism|anti-American]] demonstrators.\\n*\n        [[May 15]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Sputnik 3]].\\n** [[MGM]]''s\n        ''''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]'''' opens in New York City, beginning its run\n        in the U.S. after being shown at the Cannes film festival. The last of the\n        great MGM musicals, it will become a huge critical and box office success\n        and win nine Academy Awards including Best Picture. ''''Gigi'''' is [[Lerner\n        and Loewe]]''s first musical written especially for film, and is deliberately\n        written in a style evoking the team''s ''''[[My Fair Lady]]'''', which was\n        still playing on Broadway at the time and could not be filmed yet.\\n* [[May\n        18]] – An [[F-104 Starfighter]] sets a world speed record of {{Convert|1404.19|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Fulgencio Batista]]''s government launches a counteroffensive\n        against Castro''s rebels.\\n* [[May 21]] – [[United Kingdom Postmaster\n        General]] [[Ernest Marples]] announces that from December, [[subscriber trunk\n        dialling|Subscriber Trunk Dialling]] will be introduced in the [[Bristol]]\n        area.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2510000/2510289.stm\n        | work=BBC News | title=1958: Trunk dialling heralds cheaper calls | date=May\n        21, 1958}}\\n* [[May 22]] - [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Dwight D.\n        Eisenhower]] becomes the first American elected official to be broadcast on\n        color television. \\n* [[May 23]] – [[Explorer 1]] ceases transmission.\\n*\n        [[May 28]] – [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[A.C. Milan|A.C.Milan]]\n        3-2 at [[Heysel Stadium]], [[Brussels]] and wins the [[1957-58 European Cup]]\n        (football).\\n* [[May 30]] – The bodies of unidentified United States\n        soldiers killed in action during World War II and the [[Korean War]] are buried\n        at the [[Tomb of the Unknowns]] in [[Arlington National Cemetery]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Charles de Gaulle]] is brought out of retirement\n        to lead France by decree for 6 months.\\n** [[Iceland]] extends its fishing\n        limits to 12 miles (22.2 km).\\n* [[June 2]] – In [[San Simeon,\n        California]], [[Hearst Castle]] opens to the public for guided tours.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.hearstcastle.com|title=Hearst Castle|publisher=[[California\n        State Parks]]|accessdate=2011-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208001323/http://hearstcastle.com/\n        |archivedate=February 8, 2011|deadurl=no}}\\n* [[June 4]]\n        – French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] visits [[Algeria]].\\n* [[June\n        8]] – The {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}} is launched; she will be the largest\n        [[Lake freighter]] for more than a dozen years.\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Pizza\n        Hut]] is founded.\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Imre Nagy]] is hanged for treason\n        in Hungary.\\n* [[June 20]] – The iron [[barque]] ''''Omega'''' of [[Callao]],\n        [[Peru]] (built in Scotland, 1887), sinks on passage carrying [[guano]] from\n        the Pachacamac Islands for [[Huacho]], the world''s last [[full-rigged ship]]\n        trading under sail alone.{{cite web|title=Drumcliff|url=http://www.sjohistoriskasamfundet.se/LB/Nautica/Ships/Fourmast_ships/Drumcliff(1887).html|publisher=Sj\\u00f6historiska\n        Samfundet|year=1999|accessdate=2011-02-15}}\\n* [[June 27]] – The\n        [[Peronism|Peronist]] party becomes legal again in [[Argentina]].\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] beats [[Sweden national\n        football team|Sweden]] 5\\u20132 in the [[1958 FIFA World Cup Final|final game]]\n        to win the [[Association football|football]] [[1958 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]\n        in [[Sweden]].\\n* [[June 30]] – The [[Ifni War]] ends.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n*\n        July – The plastic [[hula hoop]] is first marketed in the United States.\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – [[Gasherbrum I]], the 11th highest mountain in the world,\n        is first ascended.\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** United States  President [[Dwight D.\n        Eisenhower]] signs the [[Alaska Statehood Act]] into law.\\n** The first International\n        House of Pancakes ([[IHOP]]) opens in [[Toluca Lake, Los Angeles]].\\n* [[July\n        9]] – [[1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami]]: A 7.8 {{M|w}} strike-slip earthquake\n        in [[Southeast Alaska]] causes a [[landslide]] that produces a [[megatsunami]].\n        The runup from the waves reaches {{convert|525|m|abbr=on}} on the rim of [[Lituya\n        Bay]].\\n* [[July 10]] – The first [[parking meter]]s are installed in\n        Britain.\\n* [[July 11]]  \\n** Count Michael Rh\\u00e9dey von Kis-Rh\\u00e9de,\n        direct descendant of [[Samuel Aba, King of Hungary]], at the age of 60 is\n        pistol-whipped and murdered over a few hectares of land by [[Czechoslovak]]\n        Communists during the collectivization process at his residence in [[Ko\\u0161ick\\u00e9\n        O\\u013e\\u0161any|Olcsvar]], [[Slovakia]].\\n** Scottish serial killer [[Peter\n        Manuel]], \\\"The Beast of Birkenshaw\\\" is hanged at [[HM Prison Barlinnie|Barlinnie\n        Prison]] in [[Glasgow]] for the murder of seven people.\\n* [[July 12]]  \\n**\n        [[The Beatles]], at this time known as [[The Quarrymen]], pay 17 shillings\n        and 6 pence to have their first recording session where they record [[Buddy\n        Holly]]''s \\\"[[That''ll Be the Day]]\\\" and \\\"[[In Spite of All the Danger]]\\\",\n        a song written by [[Paul McCartney]] and [[George Harrison]].\\n** [[Henri\n        Cornelis]] becomes Governor-General of the [[Belgian Congo]], the last Belgian\n        governor prior to independence.\\n* [[July 14]] – [[July 14 Revolution]]\n        in Iraq. King Faisal is killed. Abdul Qassim assumes power.\\n* [[July 15]]\n        – In [[Lebanon]], 5,000 [[United States Marines]] land in the capital\n        [[Beirut]] in order to protect the pro-Western government there.\\n* [[July\n        17]] – British paratroopers arrive in [[Jordan]]; King [[Hussein of\n        Jordan|Hussein]] has asked help against pressure from Iraq.\\n* [[July 20]]\n        – Various rebel groups in Cuba join forces but the communists do not\n        join them.\\n* [[July 24]] – The first [[life peerage]] under the [[Life\n        Peerages Act 1958]] is created in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Explorer\n        program]]: [[Explorer 4]] is launched.\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] gives her son\n        and [[heir apparent]] [[Charles, Prince of Wales|The Prince Charles]] the\n        customary title of [[Prince of Wales]].\\n* [[July 29]] – The [[United\n        States Congress|U.S. Congress]] formally creates the [[NASA|National Aeronautics\n        and Space Administration]] (NASA).\\n* [[July 31]] – The [[Protests and\n        uprisings in Tibet since 1950|Tibetan resistance movement]] against rule by\n        China receives support from the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]].\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n* [[August 3]] – The nuclear-powered submarine {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}}\n        becomes the first vessel to cross the [[North Pole]] under water.\\n* [[August\n        6]] – Australian athlete [[Herb Elliott]] clips almost three seconds\n        off the [[Mile run world record progression|world record]] for the [[mile\n        run]] at [[Santry Stadium]], [[Dublin]], recording a time of 3 minutes 54.5\n        seconds.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[KLM Flight 607-E]], operated by a [[Lockheed\n        L-1049 Super Constellation]] aircraft, crashes into the sea with 99 people\n        on board.\\n* [[August 17]] – The first [[Thor-Able]] rocket is launched,\n        carrying [[Pioneer 0]], from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch\n        Complex 17]]. The launch fails due to a first stage malfunction.\\n* [[August\n        18]]\\n** [[Vladimir Nabokov]]''s controversial novel ''''[[Lolita]]'''' is\n        published in the United States.\\n** [[Brojen Das]] from [[East Pakistan]]\n        swims across the [[English Channel]] in a competition, as the first [[Bangali]]\n        as well as the first Asian to ever do it. He is first among 39 competitors.\\n*\n        [[August 23]]\\n** [[Chinese Civil War]]: The [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]]\n        begins with the [[People''s Liberation Army]]''s bombardment of [[Quemoy]].\\n**\n        President of the United States [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the [[Federal\n        Aviation Act of 1958|Federal Aviation Act]], transferring all authority over\n        aviation in the USA to the newly created [[Federal Aviation Agency]] (FAA,\n        later renamed [[Federal Aviation Administration]]).\\n* [[August 26]] –\n        A [[1958 Paraguayan general strike|general strike]] is called in [[Paraguay]].\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Operation Argus]]: The United States begins nuclear\n        tests over the South Atlantic.\\n* [[August 30]] – [[September 1]] –\n        [[1958 Notting Hill race riots|Notting Hill race riots]]: Riots occur between\n        blacks and whites in [[Notting Hill]], London.{{cite web|url=http://newsfilm.bufvc.ac.uk/article.php?story=2005100819205024|title=\\\"Notting\n        Hill Riot Special\\\", newsfilm online|accessdate=2008-03-05}}\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n* [[September 1]] – The [[first Cod War]] begins between\n        the United Kingdom and [[Iceland]].\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Hendrik Verwoerd]]\n        becomes the 6th [[Prime Minister of South Africa]].\\n** China''s first television\n        broadcasts start at Beijing Television Station, a predecessor of [[China Central\n        Television]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}      \\u3000\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Paul Robeson]] performs in concert at the Soviet [[Young Pioneer\n        camp]] [[Artek (camp)|Artek]].\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Jack Kilby]]\n        invents the first [[integrated circuit]]\\n* [[September 14]] – Two [[Mohr\n        Rocket|rockets]] designed by German engineer [[Ernst Mohr]] (the first German\n        post-war rockets) reach the upper atmosphere.\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Typhoon\n        Ida (1958)|Typhoon Ida]] kills at least 1,269 in [[Honsh\\u016b]], Japan.\\n**\n        [[Hurricane Helene (1958)|Hurricane Helene]], the worst storm of the North\n        Atlantic hurricane season, reaches category 4 status.\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – In France, a majority of 79% says yes to the constitution of the [[French\n        Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]].\\n* [[September 30]] – The [[U.S.S.R.]]\n        performs a [[nuclear test]] at [[Novaya Zemlya]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n* [[October\n        1]]\\n** [[Tunisia]] and [[Morocco]] join the [[Arab League]].\\n** [[NASA]]\n        starts operations and replaces the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]].\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Guinea]] declares itself independent from France.\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[British Overseas Airways Corporation|BOAC]] uses the\n        new [[De Havilland Comet]] jets, to become the first airline to fly jet passenger\n        services across the Atlantic.\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] dies.\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Pioneer 1]], the second and most successful of the\n        3 project [[Pioneer program|Able space probes]], becomes the first spacecraft\n        launched by the newly formed [[NASA]].\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Penelope\n        Coelen|Penny Coelen]] is crowned as [[Miss World 1958]] during the 8th Miss\n        World pageant, the first South African to win the title.\\n* [[October 16]]\n        – First broadcast of the long-running [[BBC Television]] children''s\n        programme ''''[[Blue Peter]]''''.{{cite book|title=Penguin\n        Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}\\n*\n        [[October 17]] - ''''[[An Evening with Fred Astaire]]'''', the very first\n        television show recorded on color videotape, is broadcast on [[NBC]].\\n* [[October\n        18]] – The first video game, \\u201cTennis for Two,\\u201d invented by\n        William Higinbotham, is introduced at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Visitors''\n        Day Exhibit. \\n* [[October 19]] – Beginning of [[Great Chinese Famine]].\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – The [[Life Peerages Act 1958|Life Peerages Act]] entitles\n        women to sit in the British [[House of Lords]] for the first time. The Baronesses\n        Swanborough ([[Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading]]) and Wooton ([[Barbara\n        Wootton, Baroness Wootton of Abinger]]) are the first to take their seats.\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Nobel Committee]] announces [[Boris Pasternak]] as\n        the winner of the 1958 Prize for Literature\\n* [[October 26]] – First\n        transatlantic flight of a [[Pan American World Airways]] [[Boeing 707]].\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Pope John XXIII]] succeeds [[Pope Pius XII]] as the\n        261st pope.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n* [[November 3]] – The new [[UNESCO]]\n        building is inaugurated in Paris.\\n* [[November 10]] – The [[bossa nova]]\n        is born in [[Rio de Janeiro]], with [[Jo\\u00e3o Gilberto]]''s recording of\n        ''''[[Chega de Saudade]]''''.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Harry Winston]]\n        donates the [[Hope Diamond]] to the [[Smithsonian Institution]].\\n* [[November\n        18]] – En route to [[Rogers City, Michigan]], the [[lake freighter]]\n        {{SS|Carl D. Bradley}} breaks up and sinks in a storm on [[Lake Michigan]];\n        33 of the 35 crewmen on board perish.\\n* [[November 22]] – The [[Robert\n        Menzies|Menzies]] [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] government in Australia\n        is re-elected for a fifth term.\\n* [[November 23]] – The radio version\n        of ''''[[Have Gun \\u2013 Will Travel]]'''' premieres. It is one of the last\n        dramas to go on the air on commercial radio. Only some NPR stations will broadcast\n        radio dramas in years to come.\\n* [[November 25]] – [[French Sudan]]\n        gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the [[French Community|French\n        colonial empire]].\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Chad]], the [[Republic of\n        the Congo]], and [[Gabon]] become autonomous republics within the French colonial\n        empire.\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Gaullism|Gaullists]] win the [[French\n        legislative election, 1958|French parliamentary election]].\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Adolfo L\\u00f3pez Mateos]] takes office as [[President\n        of Mexico]].\\n** [[Our Lady of the Angels School fire]]: At least 90 students\n        and 3 nuns are killed in a fire in Chicago.\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Subscriber\n        trunk dialling]] (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by the Queen,\n        when she dials a call from [[Bristol]] to [[Edinburgh]] and speaks to the\n        [[Lord Provost]].{{cite web|url=http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/BTsHistory/1912to1968/1958.htm|title=Events\n        in Telecommunications History \\u2013 1958|accessdate=2008-01-27}}\\n**\n        [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]]\n        personally inspects and opens the United Kingdom''s first ever motorway, the\n        [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] Bypass, to traffic for the first time. The\n        Bypass is now part of the [[M6 motorway|M6]] and [[M55 motorway|M55]] Motorways,\n        and was significantly upgraded in the mid 1990s. 11 months later the [[M1\n        motorway|M1]], [[M45 motorway|M45]] and [[M10 motorway (Great Britain)|M10]]\n        Motorways open.\\n* [[December 9]] – The right-wing [[John Birch Society]]\n        is founded in the United States by [[Robert W. Welch Jr.]], a retired candy\n        manufacturer.\\n* [[December 14]] – The ''''3rd [[Soviet Antarctic Expedition]]''''\n        becomes the first ever to reach the Southern [[Pole of Inaccessibility]].\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow|Arthur L. Schawlow]] and\n        [[Charles Hard Townes|Charles H. Townes]] of [[Bell Laboratories]] publish\n        a paper in ''''[[Physical Review|Physical Review Letters]]'''' setting out\n        the principles of the [[optical laser]].\\n* [[December 16]] – A fire\n        breaks out in the Vida Department Store in [[Bogot\\u00e1, Colombia]] and kills\n        84 persons.\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** The United States launches [[SCORE (satellite)|SCORE]],\n        the world''s first [[communications satellite]].\\n** The [[Bell XV-3]] [[Tiltrotor]]\n        makes the first true mid-air transition from vertical helicopter-type flight\n        to fully level fixed-wing flight.\\n* [[December 19]] – A message from\n        U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower is broadcast from the [[SCORE (satellite)|SCORE\n        satellite]].\\n* [[December 21]] – General [[Charles de Gaulle]] is elected\n        president of France with 78.5% of the votes.\\n* [[December 24]] – [[1958\n        BOAC Bristol Britannia crash]]: A [[BOAC]] [[Bristol Britannia]] (312 [[G-AOVD]])\n        crashes near Winkton, England during a test flight.\\n* [[December 25]] –\n        [[Tchaikovsky]]''s [[ballet]] ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''' (the [[George Balanchine]]\n        version) is shown on prime-time television in color for the first time, as\n        an episode of the [[CBS]] [[anthology series]] ''''[[Playhouse 90]]''''.\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – In [[American football]], the [[Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore\n        Colts]] beat the [[New York Giants]] 23\\u201317 to win the [[1958 NFL Championship\n        Game|NFL Championship Game]], the first to go into [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden\n        death]] [[Overtime (sport)|overtime]] and \\\"The Greatest Game Ever Played\\\".Barnidge,\n        Tom. [http://www.nfl.com/insider/story/6032205 1958 Colts remember the ''Greatest\n        Game''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070507054703/http://www.nfl.com/insider/story/6032205\n        |date=May 7, 2007 }}, nfl.com, reprinted from Official [[Super Bowl XXXIII]]\n        Game Program, accessed March 21, 2007.\\n* [[December 29]] – Rebel\n        troops under [[Che Guevara]] begin to invade [[Santa Clara, Cuba]]. Fulgencio\n        Batista resigns two days later, on the night of the 31st.\\n* [[December 31]]\n        – Tallies reveal that, for the first time, the total of passengers carried\n        by air this year exceeds the total carried by sea in transatlantic service.\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n* [[Nikita Khrushchev]] orders the Western allies to evacuate\n        [[West Berlin]] within 6 months but backs down in the face of the Allies''\n        unity.\\n* The United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom agree\n        to stop testing atomic bombs for 3 years.\\n* During the [[International Geophysical\n        Year]], Earth''s [[magnetosphere]] is discovered.\\n* The last legal [[female\n        genital cutting]] occurs in the United States.\\n* [[Denatonium]], the [[bitter\n        (taste)|bitterest]] substance known, is discovered. It is used as an [[aversive\n        agent]] in products such as bleach to reduce the risk of children drinking\n        them.\\n* [[The Jim Henson Company]] is founded.\\n* [[Instant noodle]]s go\n        on sale for the first time.\\n* The Japanese [[10 yen coin]] ceases having\n        serrated edges after a 5-year period beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since\n        have smooth edges.\\n* The [[British Rally Championship]] begins its first\n        year.\\n* The [[University of New Orleans]] established\\n* [[Illinois]] observes\n        the centennial of the [[Lincoln\\u2013Douglas debates]].\\n* [[Sicily|Sicilian]]\n        writer [[Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa]]''s novel ''''[[The Leopard|Il Gattopardo]]''''\n        is published posthumously.\\n* Welsh cultural critic [[Raymond Williams]] publishes\n        ''''[[Culture and Society]]''''.\\n* Based on birth rates (per 1,000 population),\n        the post-war [[baby boom]] ends in the United States as an 11-year decline\n        in the birth rate begins (the longest on record in that country).\\n* The [[Professional\n        Bowlers Tour]] is established at its headquarters in [[Seattle]].\\n\\n== Births\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Boris Tadic 2010 Cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boris\n        Tadi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Ellen DeGeneres 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ellen DeGeneres]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Grandmaster Flash]], African-American hip-hop/rap\n        DJ\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Vladimir Ovchinnikov (pianist)|Vladimir Ovchinnikov]],\n        Russian pianist\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Matt Frewer]], Canadian/American actor\n        (''''Max Headroom'''')\\n** [[James J. Greco]], American businessman\\n** [[Julian\n        Sands]], English actor\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Mehmet Ali A\\u011fca]],\n        Turkish militant, would-be assassin of [[Pope John Paul II]]\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Stephen Neale]], British philosopher\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Samira Said]], Moroccan singer\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Vicki Peterson]],\n        American rock musician ([[The Bangles]])\\n** [[Trevor Taylor (singer)|Trevor\n        Taylor]], Jamaican-German singer and musician ([[Bad Boys Blue]]) (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Curt Fraser]], American ice hockey coach\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Ricardo Acu\\u00f1a]], Chilean tennis player\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Boris Tadi\\u0107]], Serbian president\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Lorenzo\n        Lamas]], American actor, martial artist and reality show participant\\n** [[Masuo\n        Amada]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Hussein Saeed|Hussein\n        Saeed Mohammed]], Iraqi football player\\n* [[January 24]] – [[William\n        Byers]], Australian citizen\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Jools Holland]], British\n        musician\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Anita Baker]], African-American soul and\n        R&B singer\\n** [[Ellen DeGeneres]], American actress, comedian, and television\n        host\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Kadri M\\u00e4lk]], Estonian artist and jewelry\n        designer\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Mait\\u00ea Proen\\u00e7a]], Brazilian\n        actress\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Stephen Lerner]], American labor and community\n        activist\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Ice T SVU March 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ice-T]]]]\\n[[File:Tim\n        Kaine, official 113th Congress photo portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Kaine]]]]\\n[[File:Maggie\n        Hassan, official portrait, 115th Congress.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maggie Hassan]]]]\n        \\n* [[February 1]] – [[Ry\\u014d Horikawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[Tomasz Pacy\\u0144ski]], Polish writer (d. [[2005]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[Sherri Martel]], American professional wrestler (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Michael Weiss (composer)|Michael Weiss]],\n        jazz pianist and composer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Michael Jackson (TV executive)|Michael\n        Jackson]], British broadcasting executive\\n** [[Regina Mar\\u0161\\u00edkov\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovakian tennis player\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Pernilla August]],\n        Swedish actress\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Grant Thomas (footballer)|Grant Thomas]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Francisco Javier L\\u00f3pez Pe\\u00f1a]],\n        Basque separatist\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Ice-T]], African-American rapper,\n        songwriter, and actor\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Steve Nieve]], English\n        musician\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Jamal Hamdan (actor)|Jamal Hamdan]],\n        Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Jake Burns]], Irish\n        punk singer\\n** [[Jake Steinfeld]], American actor\\n** [[Mary Chapin Carpenter]],\n        American singer\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Todd Fisher]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Kurt Rambis]], American basketball player\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Casal]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Susan Helms]], American\n        astronaut\\n** [[Tim Kaine]], American politician\\n* [[February 27]] \\n** [[Max\n        Crivello]], Italian artist\\n** [[Maggie Hassan]], U.S. Senator from New Hampshire\\n**\n        [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy]], American socialite (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] \\n** [[Natalya Estemirova]], Russian activist (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Phil\n        Hayes (actor)|Phil Hayes]], British voice actor\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Miranda\n        Richardson Met Opera 2010 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Miranda Richardson]]]]\\n[[File:PatriciaHeatonHWOFMay2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patricia\n        Heaton]]]]\\n[[File:Andy Gibb 1981.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andy Gibb]]]]\\n[[File:Sharon\n        Stone by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sharon Stone]]]]\\n[[File:Albert\n        II February 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Albert II, Prince of Monaco]]]]\\n[[File:Holly\n        Hunter by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Holly Hunter]]]]\\n[[File:Gary Oldman\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary Oldman]]]]\\n[[File:Maurice LaMarche\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maurice LaMarche]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        [[Nik Kershaw]], English singer\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Miranda Richardson]],\n        English actress\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Patricia Heaton]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – [[Andy Gibb]], British singer (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[Rik Mayall]], English comedian and actor (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Donna\n        Murphy]], American actress and singer\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Gary Numan]],\n        British singer\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Linda Fiorentino]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Mary Murphy (choreographer)|Mary Murphy]], Dance choreographer\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Steve Howe (baseball)|Steve Howe]], American baseball player (d.\n        [[2006]])\\n** [[Sharon Stone]], American actress and producer\\n** [[Frankie\n        Ruiz]], Puerto Rican singer (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Hiroshi Yanaka]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Linda Robson]], English actress\\n* [[March\n        14]]\\n** [[Bruno Dumont]], French film director and screenwriter\\n** [[Albert\n        II, Prince of Monaco]]\\n* [[March 15]] \\n** [[Anne Davies (British journalist)|Anne\n        Davies]], British television presenter and newsreader\\n** [[John Friedrich\n        (actor)|John Friedrich]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[John Elefante]],\n        American singer and producer (''''[[Kansas (band)|Kansas]]'''')\\n** [[Kayo\n        Hatta]], American film director (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Holly\n        Hunter]], American actress\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Gary Oldman]], English\n        actor and filmmaker\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Michael Sorich]], American voice\n        actor, actor, writer, director and voice director\\n* [[March 24]] –\n        [[Roland Koch]], German politician\\n* [[March 25]] – [[James McDaniel]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Todd Joseph Miles Holden]], American-born\n        social scientist, author, basketball coach\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Jessica\n        Soho]], Philippine television celebrity and reporter\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Bart\n        Conner]], American gymnast\\n** [[Edesio Alejandro]], Cuban music composer\\n**\n        [[Curt Hennig|Mr. Perfect]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Anu Lamp]], Estonian actress  \\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Maurice LaMarche]], Canadian voice actor\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Dietmar\n        Bartsch]], German politician\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Alec Baldwin by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alec Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Capaldi by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Capaldi]]]]\\n[[File:Andie MacDowell Cannes\n        2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andie MacDowell]]]]\\n[[File:President Luis Guillermo\n        Solis.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Luis Guillermo Sol\\u00eds]]]]\\n[[File:Michelle Pfeiffer\n        2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michelle Pfeiffer]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[D. Boon]],\n        American singer and guitarist (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Alec Baldwin]],\n        American actor \\n** [[Jaan Rekkor]], Estonian actor \\n* [[April 4]] \\n** [[Cazuza]],\n        Brazilian poet, singer and composer (d. [[1990]])\\n** [[Constance Shulman]],\n        American actress\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Sophie Muller]], British music video\n        director\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Shinobu Adachi]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Yefim Bronfman]], Russian-born pianist\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**\n        [[Hussniya Jabara]], Israeli Arab politician\\n** [[Luc Luycx]], Belgian coin\n        designer\\n** [[Stuart Adamson]], Scottish singer and guitarist ([[Big Country]])\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Ginka Zagorcheva]], Bulgarian athlete\\n*\n        [[April 14]]\\n** [[Peter Capaldi]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Junko Sakurada]],\n        Japanese actress and singer\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Keith Acton]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player and coach\\n** [[Benjamin Zephaniah]], British writer and\n        musician\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Saviour Pirotta]], British/Maltese children''s\n        author\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Andie MacDowell]], American actress\\n** [[Yoshito\n        Usui]], Japanese manga artist ([[Crayon Shin-chan]]) (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April\n        24]] – [[Brian Paddick]], British former deputy assistant commissioner\n        and most senior openly gay police officer\\n* [[April 25]] \\n** [[Fish (singer)|Fish]],\n        Scottish singer\\n** [[Luis Guillermo Sol\\u00eds]], [[President of Costa Rica]]\\n*\n        [[April 26]] \\n** [[Ingolf L\\u00fcck]], German actor, comedian and television\n        host\\n** [[Giancarlo Esposito]], Italian-American actor\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Hal Sutton]], American golfer\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Michelle Pfeiffer]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Eve Plumb]], American actress\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[File:Ron\n        Reagan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ron Reagan]]]]\\n[[File:AnnetteBeningSept2013TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Annette\n        Bening]]]]\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Keith Haring]], American artist (d. [[1990]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[Rick Santorum]], former U.S. Senator\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Christian Brando]], American actor and eldest child of Marlon Brando (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Dries van Noten]], Belgian designer\\n** [[Eric\n        Singer]], American rock drummer\\n** [[Tony Oliver]], American voice actor\\n*\n        [[May 15]] – [[Ron Simmons]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Paul Whitehouse]], Welsh actor, writer and comedian\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Toyah Willcox]], English actress & singer\\n* [[May 20]] –\n        [[Ron Reagan]], political pundit and son of U.S. president [[Ronald Reagan]]\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[Tom Feeney]], American Republican politician from the\n        state of Florida\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Mitch Albom]], American author\\n** [[Drew\n        Carey]], American comedian and actor\\n** [[Lea DeLaria]], American comedian\n        and actress\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Paul Weller]], English singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Carrie Newcomer]], American singer-songwriter & musician\\n* [[May 26]] –\n        [[Margaret Colin]], American actress\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Moinul Ahsan\n        Saber]], [[Bangladesh]]i writer, editor.\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Neil Finn]],\n        New Zealand singer and songwriter\\n** [[Linnea Quigley]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 29]]\\n** [[Annette Bening]], American actress\\n** [[Juliano Mer-Khamis]],\n        Israeli actor, director, filmmaker and political activist (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Marie Fredriksson]], Swedish singer-songwriter\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Sambi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        at Coachella 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince (musician)|Prince]]]]\\n[[File:BarryAdamson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barry\n        Adamson]]]] \\n[[File:Bruce Campbell 2014 Phoenix Comicon (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bruce\n        Campbell]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Lex Luger]], former American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Margot K\\u00e4\\u00dfmann]], Lutheran theologian,\n        German bishop\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Gordon P. Robertson]], American televangelist\n        and son of [[Pat Robertson]]\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed\n        Sambi]], Comoroan businessman and politician, [[President of Comoros]]\\n*\n        [[June 7]] – [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], African-American musician\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Cyril O''Reilly]], American actor\\n** [[Keenen\n        Ivory Wayans]], African-American comedian, actor, and director\\n* [[June 11]]\n        – [[Barry Adamson]], English singer and bass player\\n* [[June 12]]\\n**\n        [[Rebecca Holden]], American actress, singer, and entertainer\\n** [[Meredith\n        Brooks]], American singer/songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Gary Martin (actor)|Gary Martin]], British voice actor and actor\\n* [[June\n        14]]\\n** [[Masami Yoshida]], Japanese athlete (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Eric Heiden]],\n        American speed skater\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Wade Boggs]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Jello Biafra]], American punk musician and\n        activist ''''(Dead Kennedys)''''\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[Chuck Wagner]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Teiy\\u016b Ichiry\\u016bsai]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June\n        21]] – [[Eric Douglas]], American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        [[John Murray (actor)|John Murray]], American actor\\n** [[Bruce Campbell]],\n        American actor, producer, writer and director\\n* [[June 24]] – [[John\n        Tortorella]], American ice hockey coach\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Magnus Lindberg]],\n        Finnish composer\\n* [[June 28]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Gray]], French singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Jeff Coopwood]], American actor, broadcaster\n        and singer\\n** [[Rosa Mota]], Portuguese long-distance runner\\n** [[Mohamed\n        Bendahmane]], Algerian swimmer\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Irina Vorobieva]], Russian\n        pair skater \\n** [[Karl Friesen]], Canadian ice hockey goaltender\\n** [[Esa-Pekka\n        Salonen]], Finnish conductor and composer\\n** [[Vasily Yakusha]], Belarusian\n        rower\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Kevin Bacon SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin\n        Bacon]]]]\\n[[File:Wong Kar-wai Berlin cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wong Kar-wai]]]]\\n[[File:Kate\n        Bush at 1986 Comic Relief (cropped).png|thumb|100px|[[Kate Bush]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]] – [[Tom Magee]], Canadian world champion powerlifter and strongman\n        competitor\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Thomas Bickerton]], American Methodist\n        bishop\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Didier Mouron]], Swiss artist\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        [[Avigdor Lieberman]], Israeli politician\\n** [[Bill Watterson]], American\n        cartoonist ([[Calvin and Hobbes]])\\n** [[Kyoko Terase]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Jennifer Saunders]], British comedian and actress\\n*\n        [[July 7]] – [[Michala Petri]], Danish recorder player\\n* [[July 8]]\\n**\n        [[Kevin Bacon]], American actor\\n** [[Pauline Quirke]], British actress\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** [[Austin Hayes]], Irish footballer (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Mac\n        Thornberry]], American politician\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Michael Flatley]],\n        Irish-born dancer\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Wong Kar-wai]], Hong Kong second\n        wave filmmaker\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Azumah Nelson]], Ghanaian boxer\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Billy Mays]], American infomercial salesperson (d. [[2009]])\\n*\n        [[July 22]] – [[Tatsunori Hara]], Japanese professional-baseball coach\n        and player\\n* [[July 27]] \\n** [[Kimmo Hakola]], Finnish composer\\n** [[Margarethe\n        Schreinemakers]], German television presenter\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Terry Fox]],\n        Canadian athlete and cancer activist (d. [[1981]])\\n** [[Deon van der Walt]],\n        South African tenor (d. 2005)\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Kate Bush]], English\n        musician\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Mark Cuban]], American entrepreneur and\n        basketball team owner\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Madonna Rebel Heart Tour 2015\n        - Stockholm (23051472299) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]]]\\n[[File:Belinda\n        Carlisle June 2011.png|thumb|100px|[[Belinda Carlisle]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Guttenberg\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Guttenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Tim Burton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim\n        Burton]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Jackson 1988.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Adrian Dunbar]], Irish actor and director\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Sh\\u014d Hayami]], Japanese voice actor and singer\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Bruce Dickinson]], English musician ([[Iron Maiden]])\\n** [[Russell\n        Baze]], Canadian/American champion jockey\\n* [[August 10]] \\n** [[Don Swayze]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Rami Hamdallah]], Palestine politician\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**\n        [[Rondell Sheridan]], American actor\\n** [[Victor Shenderovich]], Russian\n        writer\\n** [[Chiharu Suzuka]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Angela Bassett]], African-American actress\\n** [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]],\n        American-born singer, songwriter, and actress\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Belinda\n        Carlisle]], American rock musician and lead singer of the [[Go-Gos]]\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Anthony Mu\\u00f1oz]], American football player\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Nicholas Bell]], English actor based in Australia\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Colm Feore]], American-born actor\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Steve Guttenberg]], American actor\\n* [[August 25]]\\n** [[Tim Burton]],\n        American film director\\n** [[Christian LeBlanc]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        27]] – [[Normand Brathwaite]], African-Canadian comedian and television\n        and radio host\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Michael Jackson]], African-American\n        singer, songwriter and dancer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Julie\n        Brown]], American actress\\n\\n=== September ===\\n[[File:Us mil Foxworthy 0411\n        cropped.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jeff Foxworthy]]]]\\n[[File:Janez Jan\\u0161a 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Janez\n        Jan\\u0161a]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin Sorbo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin\n        Sorbo]]]]\\n[[File:Parker Stevenson Shaun Cassidy Hardy Boys 1977.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shaun\n        Cassidy]]]]\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Jeff Foxworthy]], American comedian,\n        actor, author\\n** [[Sione Vailahi]], Tongan professional wrestler (\\\"The Barbarian\\\")\\n*\n        [[September 8]]\\n** [[Mitsuru Miyamoto]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Reiko\n        Terashima]], Japanese manga artist and illustrator\\n** [[Stevie Vallance]],\n        Canadian actress, voice actress, stage performer, singer, casting director\n        and voice director\\n* [[September 9]] – Colin Murdock, Canadian voice\n        actor\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)]], American film\n        director/writer/producer\\n** [[Siobhan Fahey]], Irish singer ([[Bananarama]],\n        [[Shakespears Sister]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Julia Nickson-Soul]],\n        Singapore actress\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Pawe\\u0142 Przytocki]], Polish\n        conductor\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Silas Malafaia]], Brazilian evangelical\n        pastor, author, and televangelist\\n** [[Michael Bollner]], German actor\\n**\n        [[Jeff Crowe]], New Zealand cricketer\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Orel Hershiser]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Jennifer Tilly]], Canadian/American actress\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Janez Jan\\u0161a]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of\n        Slovenia]]\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Lita Ford]], British musician\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Bruno Fitoussi]], French poker player\\n* [[September\n        22]]\\n** [[Andrea Bocelli]], Italian tenor\\n** [[Joan Jett]], American rock\n        musician\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Marvin Lewis]], American football coach\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Kevin Sorbo]], American actor\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Michael Madsen]], American actor\\n** [[Eamonn Healy]], Irish chemist\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[Darby Crash]], American rock songwriter, singer\n        ([[Germs (band)|Germs]]) (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Shaun Cassidy]],\n        American actor, producer and screenwriter\\n** [[Irvine Welsh]], Scottish writer\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n** [[Eduardo Cunha]], Brazilian politician, former President\n        of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil\\n** [[Tom Buhrow]], German journalist\n        and intendant of the WDR\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Marty Stuart]], American\n        singer\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:TimRobbinsTIFFSept2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim\n        Robbins]]]]\\n[[File:Viggo Mortensen Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Viggo Mortensen]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Chen Yanyin]], Chinese sculptor\\n* [[October 4]] \\n**\n        [[Ned Luke]], American actor\\n** [[Wendy Makkena]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]], American astrophysicist and science communicator\n        (Also host of many episodes of NOVA)\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Ursula von\n        der Leyen]], German politician who has been the Minister of Defence \\n* [[October\n        14]] \\n** [[Thomas Dolby]], English rock musician\\n** [[Peter Kloeppel]],\n        German television journalist \\n* [[October 15]] – [[Masako Katsuki]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Tim Robbins]], American\n        actor and film director\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Alan Jackson]], American\n        country singer and songwriter\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Mark King (musician)|Mark\n        King]], English singer and musician ([[Level 42]])\\n** [[Viggo Mortensen]],\n        American actor and businessman, founder of [[Perceval Press]]\\n** [[Scott\n        Hall]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Hiroyuki\n        Kinoshita]], Japanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Phil Daniels]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Kornelia Ender]], German swimmer\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Simon Le Bon]], English rock singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Bla\\u017eej\n        Bal\\u00e1\\u017e]], Slovak painter\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:GeorgeLowe-Painting\n        crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Lowe]]]]\\n[[File:Megan Mullally by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Megan\n        Mullally]]]]\\n[[File:Jamie Lee Curtis by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamie\n        Lee Curtis]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Willie McGee]], African-American\n        baseball player\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Robert Patrick]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[Dmitry Kozak]], Russian politician and deputy Prime\n        Minister of Russia\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Jeff Speakman]], American actor\n        and martial artist\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Vicky Rosti]], Finnish singer,\n        former Eurovision contestant\\n** [[George Lowe]], American voice actor and\n        comedian\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Megan Mullally]], American actress, singer\n        and media personality\\n** [[Hiromi Iwasaki]], Japanese singer\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Marg Helgenberger]], American actress\\n** [[Boris Krivokapi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian academic\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[November 18]] \\n** [[Laura Miller]], Mayor\n        of Dallas, Texas\\n** [[Karen Pence]], [[Second Lady of the United States]]\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Michael Wilbon]], American sportswriter\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[David Reivers]], Jamaican actor\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Jamie\n        Lee Curtis]], American actress\\n** [[Bruce Payne]], English actor and producer\\n**\n        [[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor]], [[Sultan of Johor]]\\n* [[November 25]] –\n        [[Darlanne Fluegel]], American actress\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Tetsuya\n        Komuro]], Japanese music producer and songwriter\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Dave Righetti]], American baseball player\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Juliette\n        Bergmann]], Dutch bodybuilder\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Nick Park, BBC Radio\n        2 Folk Awards 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nick Park]]]]\\n[[File:Limahl Audley End\n        concert cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Limahl]]]]\\n[[File:Drama League 2010 Bebe\n        Neuwirth (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bebe Neuwirth]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n**\n        [[Charlene Tilton]], American actress\\n** [[Javier Aguirre]], Mexican football\n        player and manager\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Mina Asami]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Dynamite Kid]], English professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Nick Park]], English filmmaker and animator\\n** [[Debbie\n        Rowe]], American ex-wife of pop star [[Michael Jackson]], and mother of two\n        of his children\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Cornelia Funke]], German author\\n**\n        [[Annelore Zinke]], East German gymnast\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Tom Shadyac]],\n        American director and producer\\n** [[Nikki Sixx]], American rock musician\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Monica Attard]], Australian journalist\\n** [[Lucie Guay]],\n        Canadian canoer\\n** [[Dag Ingebrigtsen]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Sheree\n        J. Wilson]], American actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Lynn-Holly Johnson]],\n        American ice skater and actress\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Mike Scott (musician)|Mike\n        Scott]], Scottish singer-songwriter ([[The Waterboys]])\\n** [[Spider Stacy]],\n        English musician ([[The Pogues]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Zocchetto]], French\n        politician\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Julia Wolfe]], American composer\\n*\n        [[December 19]] – [[Limahl]], English singer\\n* [[December 21]] –\n        [[Kevin Blackwell]], English football manager\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Dimi\n        Mint Abba]], Mauritanian musician and singer (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Hanford Dixon]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Rickey Henderson]], African-American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Alannah Myles]], Canadian singer-songwriter\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – [[Mieko Harada]], Japanese actress\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Twila\n        Paris]], American Christian musician\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Lakhdar\n        Belloumi]], Algerian football player\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Bebe Neuwirth]],\n        American actress\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Helena Klakocar]], Dutch cartoonist\\n*\n        [[Yoshiteru Otani]], Japanese cartoonist\\n* [[Kenn Thomas]], American [[conspiracy\n        theory]] writer and publisher of ''''[[Steamshovel Press]]''''.\\n\\n== Deaths\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n[[File:Cafer Tayyar Pasha.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cafer Tayyar\n        E\\u011filmez]]]]\\n[[File:Petru Groza Anefo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Petru Groza]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        Oskar of Prussia1888-1958.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Oskar of Prussia]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Edward Weston]], American photographer (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[January 3]] – [[Cafer Tayyar E\\u011filmez]], Turkish general (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Archie Alexander]], American designer and governor\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 7]] \\n** [[Margaret Anglin]], American stage actress\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Petru Groza]], Romanian politician, 46th [[Prime Minister\n        of Romania]] and head of the State (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 8]] –\n        [[Paul Pilgrim]], American athlete (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        [[Karl Reinhardt (philologist)|Karl Reinhardt]], German philologist. (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Edna Purviance]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – [[Jesse L. Lasky]], American film producer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[Aubrey Mather]], English actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[C\\u00e2ndido Rondon]], Brazilian military officer (b. [[1865]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Ata\\u00falfo Argenta]], Spanish conductor and pianist\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Prince Oskar of Prussia]] (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[January 30]] \\n** [[Jean Crotti]], Swiss artist (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Ernst\n        Heinkel]], German aircraft designer and manufacturer (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:Albrechtbavaria1922.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Heinrich\n        of Bavaria (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\n        – [[Clinton Davisson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Monta Bell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Henry Kuttner]], American author (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]]\\n** [[Geoff Bent]] (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Roger Byrne]] (b. [[1929]])\\n**\n        [[Eddie Colman]] (b. [[1936]])\\n** [[Mark Jones (footballer, born 1933)|Mark\n        Jones]] (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[David Pegg]] (b. [[1935]])\\n** [[Tommy Taylor]]\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Liam Whelan|Liam \\\"Billy\\\" Whelan]] (b. [[1935]]), all\n        footballers that perished  in the [[Munich air disaster]]\\n* [[February 7]]\n        – [[Walter Kingsford]], English actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – [[Aleksander Klumberg]], Estonian decathlete (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        13]]\\n** [[Christabel Pankhurst]], English suffragette (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Georges\n        Rouault]], French painter (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Helen Twelvetrees]], American\n        actress (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Prince Heinrich of Bavaria\n        (1922\\u20131958)|Prince Heinrich of Bavaria]] (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Situ Qiao]], Chinese painter (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – [[Marguerite Snow]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Thurston Hall]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Duncan Edwards]] English footballer (b. [[1936]]), injury in\n        the [[Munich air disaster]]\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Harry Cohn]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Ingeborg of Sweden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess\n        Ingeborg of Denmark]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Giacomo Balla]], Italian\n        painter (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Anton Reinthaller]],  Austrian\n        right wing politician (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Ole Kirk Christiansen]],\n        Danish businessman (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Princess Ingeborg\n        of Denmark]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Adegoke Adelabu]], Nigerian\n        politician (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Cyril M. Kornbluth]], American\n        writer (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[March 22]] (in plane crash)\\n** [[Mike Todd]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Art Cohn]], American screenwriter (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Charlotte Walker (actress)|Charlotte Walker]], American\n        actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Herbert Fields]], American\n        librettist and screenwriter (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Tom Brown\n        (trombonist)|Tom Brown]], American musician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – [[Phil Mead]], English cricketer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n**\n        [[W. C. Handy]], African-American blues composer (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Chuck\n        Klein]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Phillies]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Ferdbavar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Ferdinand of Bavaria]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] \\n** [[Willie Maley]], Scottish football\n        player and manager (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[J\\u014dsei Toda]], Japanese educator\n        and activist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Mar\\u00eda Luisa Sep\\u00falveda]],\n        Chilean composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Prince Ferdinand of\n        Bavaria]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Alcib\\u00edades Arosemena]],\n        Panamanian politician, 15th [[President of Panama]] (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[George\n        Jean Nathan]], American drama critic (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Frank Eaton]], American\n        Deputy Marshal (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Estelle Taylor]], American\n        actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Rosalind Franklin]], English\n        crystallographer (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Maurice Gamelin]],\n        French general (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Billy Meredith]], Welsh\n        footballer (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Henry Cornelius]],\n        South African-born director (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Frank Foster\n        (cricketer)|Frank Foster]], English cricketer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 5]] –\n        [[James Branch Cabell]], American writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\n** [[Joan\n        Comorera]], Spanish politician (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Mihkel L\\u00fcdig]], Estonian\n        composer, organist and choir conductor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Jacob Fichman]], Israeli poet and essayist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 19]] \\n**\n        [[Ronald Colman]], English actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Marie Pujmanov\\u00e1]],\n        Czechoslovak poet and novelist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric\n        Fran\\u00e7ois-Marsal]], Prime Minister of France (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 26]]\n        – [[Constantin Cantacuzino (aviator)|Constantin Cantacuzino]], Romanian\n        aviator (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Juan Ram\\u00f3n Jim\\u00e9nez]],\n        Spanish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Kurt Alder Nobel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kurt Alder]]]]\\n* [[June\n        2]]\\n** [[Townsend Cromwell]], American oceanographer (plane crash) (b. [[1922]])\\n**\n        [[Bell M. Shimada]], American fisheries scientist (plane crash) (b. [[1922]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]]\\n** [[Lloyd Hughes]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Virginia\n        Pearson]], American actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Nicola da\n        Gesturi]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Robert Donat]], English actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] – [[Edwin Keppel Bennett]], British writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        14]] – [[Ibrahim Hashem]], Jordanian lawyer and politician, 3-time [[Prime\n        Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Alexander Chervyakov]],\n        Prime Minister of the [[Byelorussian SSR]] (suicide) (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Imre\n        Nagy]], Hungarian politician, 44th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] (executed)\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Nereu Ramos]], Brazilian politician, 20th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Kurt Alder]], German chemist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Herbert Brenon]], American film director (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Robert\n        L. Ghormley]], American admiral (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[George\n        Orton]], Canadian athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Vytautas\n        Augustauskas]], Soviet educator (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Alfred\n        Noyes]], English poet (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Faisalh.jpg|thumb|100px|King\n        [[Faisal II of Iraq]]]]\\n[[File:Nori.png|thumb|100px|[[Nuri al-Said]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Martha Boswell]], American singer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe]], English politician,\n        4th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        Patriarch [[Vikentije II, Serbian Patriarch|Vikentije II]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[July 9]] – [[James H. Flatley]], American naval aviator and admiral\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July 14]] (killed during ''''coup d''\\u00e9tat''''):\\n**\n        King [[Faisal II of Iraq]] (b. [[1935]])\\n** [[''Abd al-Ilah]], Prince of\n        Iraq (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Julia Lennon]], English mother of\n        [[John Lennon]] (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Nuri al-Said]], Iraqi politician, 7th\n        [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Henri Farman]],\n        pioneer French aviator and aircraft company founder (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July\n        20]] – [[Franklin Pangborn]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        24]] – [[Mabel Ballin]], American actress (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Harry Warner]], American studio executive (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        26]] – [[Iven Carl Kincheloe Jr.]], American Korean War fighter ace\n        and test pilot (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Claire Lee Chennault]],\n        American aviator and general, leader of the [[Flying Tigers]] (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]] – [[William A. Glassford]], American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===\n        August ===\\n[[File:Ernest Lawrence.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ernest Lawrence]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Michele Navarra]], Italian Sicilian Mafia boss (b.\n        [[1931]])\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Peter Collins (racing driver)|Peter Collins]],\n        [[Formula 1]] driver (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Mario Zanin (bishop)|Mario\n        Zanin]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and monsignor (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] – [[Barbara Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Felipe Boero]], Argentine composer (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Joliot-Curie]], French physicist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Gladys Presley]],\n        American, mother of [[Elvis Presley]] (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[August 16]] \\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Domingues dos Santos]], Portuguese politician, 89th [[Prime Minister\n        of Portugal]] (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Paul Panzer]], German actor (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Bonar Colleano]], American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] \\n** [[Stevan Hristi\\u0107]], Yugoslav composer (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Kurt Neumann (director)|Kurt Neumann]], German film director (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – [[Roger Martin du Gard]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Paul Henry (painter)|Paul Henry]], Northern Irish artist (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], English composer (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Ernest Lawrence]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Marjorie\n        Flack]], American artist, illustrator and writer (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Estate Tatanashvili.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Estate Tatanashvili]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Hans Grundig]], German artist (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Robert\n        W. Service]], Scottish-born Canadian poet (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – [[Alma Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n**\n        [[Alfred Piccaver]], British-born American operatic tenor (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Friedrich Otto]], German classical philologist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[John B. Watson]], American psychologist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        27]] – [[Adolfo Salazar]], Spanish historian, composer and diplomat\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Estate Tatanashvili]], Soviet\n        general (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:His Holiness Pope Pius XII.png|thumb|100px|[[Pope\n        Pius XII]]]]\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pope Pius XII]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Maurice de Vlaminck]], French painter (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        14]] – [[Douglas Mawson]], Australian geologist and polar explorer (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Jack Norton]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Michalis Souyioul]], Greek composer (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        cardinal and eminence (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Charlie Townsend]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Paul Outerbridge]], American photographer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – [[G. E. Moore]], British philosopher of (''''Principia\n        Ethica'''') (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Herbert A. Bartholomew]],\n        American farmer and politician (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Marshall\n        Neilan]], American actor and director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Zo\\u00eb Akins]], American playwright, poet and author (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n[[File:Viduva Shironmani C.Ganeshiyer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[C. Ganesha\n        Iyer]]]]\\n[[File:Tyrone Power - still.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tyrone Power]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – [[Sam Zimbalist]], American film producer (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[C. Ganesha Iyer]], [[Ceylon Tamil]] Philologist (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Samuel Hopkins Adams]], American writer\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Tyrone Power]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Vittorio Ambrosio]], Italian general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[Mel Ott]], American baseball player ([[New York Giants (MLB)|New\n        York Giants]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November\n        24]]\\n** [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood]], English politician\n        and diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1864]])\\n** [[Harry\n        Parke]], American comedian (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 27]] \\n** [[Artur Rodzi\\u0144ski]],\n        Polish conductor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Georgi Damyanov]], Bulgarian Communist\n        political, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly and head of\n        the State (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Oscar C. Badger II]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Willie Applegarth\n        and Sam Mussabini 1912.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Willie Applegarth]]]]\\n[[File:Wolfgang\n        Pauli ETH-Bib Portr 01042.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wolfgang Pauli]]]]\\n[[File:Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja,_1997-1958.gif|thumb|100px|[[Mustafa\n        Merlika-Kruja]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Boots Mallory]], American actress\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Caro Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Chilean [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[December\n        5]] \\n** [[Willie Applegarth]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Patras Bokhari]], Pakistani humorist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Tris Speaker]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland Indians]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Alberto\n        Meschi]], Italian anarchist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Albert\n        Walsh]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador|Lieutenant Governor\n        of Newfoundland]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Milutin Milankovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav\n        mathematician, astronomer, climatologist and geophysicist, (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Tim Moore (comedian)|Tim Moore]], American comedian\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Wolfgang Pauli]], Austrian-born\n        American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] \\n** [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], German novelist and playwright\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[H. B. Warner]], English actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Mustafa Merlika-Kruja]], 16th [[Prime Minister of Albania]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Doris Humphrey]], American dancer\n        and choreographer (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Stylianos Lykoudis]],\n        Greek admiral (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[Thomas Chrostwaite]], American educator (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov]], [[Ilya\n        Mikhailovich Frank]], and [[Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Frederick Sanger]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[George Wells Beadle]], [[Edward Lawrie Tatum]], and\n        [[Joshua Lederberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Boris\n        Pasternak|Boris Leonidovich Pasternak]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] –\n        [[Georges Pire]]\\n\\n==Media==\\n* In Stephen King''s novel ''''[[11/22/63]]'''',\n        the time bubble in Al''s Diner sends the protagonist Jake Epping to 11:58\n        AM on the morning of September 9, 1958.\\n* The [[1988 in film|1988]] film\n        [[My Neighbor Totoro]] is set in 1958.\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1958}}\\n[[Category:1958|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T06:05:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":799682048,\"length\":69158,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958\"},\"34662\":{\"pageid\":34662,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1959\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-26T01:38:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1959}}\\n{{Events by month|1959}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1959}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1959}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Flag\n        of Alaska.svg|thumb|100px|right| [[January 3]]: American statehood for [[Alaska]]]]\\n[[File:Luis\n        Korda 02.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[January 8]]: [[Fidel Castro]] arrives in\n        [[Havana]]]]\\n[[File:Boeing 707 of American Airlines at Basle - April 1976.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[January\n        25]]: Boeing 707 begins service]]\\n{{Main|January 1959}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Cultivar]]s of plants named after this date must be named in a modern language,\n        not in [[Latin]].\\n** [[Cuba]]: [[Fulgencio Batista]] flees [[Havana]] when\n        the forces of [[Fidel Castro]] advance.\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[CBS Radio]]\n        discontinues four soap operas: ''''[[Backstage Wife]]'''', ''''Our Gal Sunday'''',\n        ''''The Road of Life'''', and ''''This is Nora Drake''''.\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] successfully launches the [[Luna 1]] spacecraft from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]].\\n*\n        [[January 3]]\\n** The island of [[Addu Atoll|Addu]] in the [[Maldives]] declares\n        independence.\\n** [[Alaska]] is admitted as the 49th U.S. state.\\n* [[January\n        4]]\\n** In [[Cuba]], rebel troops led by [[Che Guevara]] and [[Camilo Cienfuegos]]\n        enter the city of [[Havana]].\\n** In [[Kinshasa|L\\u00e9opoldville]], at least\n        49 people are killed during [[L\\u00e9opoldville Riots|clashes]] between the\n        police and participants of a meeting of the [[ABAKO|Abako]] Party.\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] arrives in Havana.\\n** The [[International Maritime\n        Organization]] is inaugurated.\\n* [[January 7]] – The United States\n        recognizes the new [[Cuba]]n government of [[Fidel Castro]].\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]] is inaugurated as the first president of\n        the [[French Fifth Republic]].\\n* [[January 10]] – The [[Soviet]] government\n        recognizes the new Castro government.\\n* [[January 11]] – The [[Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Mondiale des Activit\\u00e9s Subaquatiques]] is founded in [[Monaco]].\\n* [[January\n        12]]\\n** The [[Caves of Nerja]] are discovered in Spain.\\n** [[Motown Records]]\n        is founded by [[Berry Gordy|Berry Gordy, Jr.]]\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Communist\n        Party of Cuba|Cuban communists]] execute 71 supporters of [[Fulgencio Batista]].\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – The [[Soviet Union]] conducts its [[Soviet Census (1959)|first\n        census]] after [[World War II]].\\n* [[January 21]] – The [[European\n        Court of Human Rights]] is established.\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Knox Mine\n        disaster|Knox Mine Disaster]]: Water breaches the River Slope Mine in [[Port\n        Griffith, Pennsylvania]] near [[Pittston, Pennsylvania]]; 12 miners are killed.\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\n** The [[Boeing 707]] [[airliner]] begins service.\\n** [[Pope\n        John XXIII]] announces that the [[Second Vatican Council]] will be convened\n        in Rome.\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Walt Disney]] releases his 16th animated\n        film, ''''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'''' in [[Beverly\n        Hills, California|Beverly Hills]]. It is Disney''s first animated film to\n        be shown in [[70 mm film|70mm]] and modern [[Stereophonic sound|6-track stereophonic\n        sound]].''''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'''' had also used a multi-speaker\n        stereophonic sound system, but it was primitive compared to the one used in\n        ''''Sleeping Beauty''''. Also on the program is Disney''s new live-action\n        short subject ''''[[Grand Canyon (1958 film)|Grand Canyon]]'''', which uses\n        the music of [[Ferde Grof\\u00e9]]''s ''''[[Grand Canyon Suite]]''''. ''''Grand\n        Canyon'''' wins an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for [[Academy Award for Best Documentary\n        (Short Subject)|Best Documentary Short]].\\n* [[January 30]] – Danish\n        passenger/cargo ship {{MS|Hans Hedtoft}}, returning to [[Copenhagen]] after\n        its maiden voyage to [[Greenland]], strikes an iceberg and sinks off the Greenland\n        coast with the loss of all 95 on board.{{cite news|title=Three Rescue\n        Vessels Reach Ship-Iceberg Collision Scene|location=Oakland|newspaper=Tribune|date=1959-01-31|page=1}}\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main|February\n        1959}}\\n[[file:Vanguard 2 satellite sketch.jpg|right|thumb|[[February 17]]:\n        Technical drawing of [[Vanguard 2]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – A [[Swiss\n        women''s suffrage referendum, 1959|referendum in Switzerland]] turns down\n        [[Women''s suffrage|female suffrage]].\\n* [[February 2]] – Nine ski\n        hikers mysteriously perish in the northern [[Ural Mountains]] in the [[Dyatlov\n        Pass incident]] and are all found dead a few weeks later.\\n* [[February 3]]\\n**\n        A chartered plane transporting musicians [[Buddy Holly]], [[Ritchie Valens]]\n        and [[The Big Bopper]] with pilot [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]]\n        goes down in foggy conditions near [[Clear Lake, Iowa]], killing all four\n        on board. The tragedy is later termed \\\"[[The Day the Music Died]]\\\", popularized\n        in [[Don McLean]]''s [[1971]] song \\\"[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]\\\".\\n**\n        [[American Airlines Flight 320]], a [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] from Chicago\n        crashes into the [[East River]] on approach to New York City''s LaGuardia\n        Airport, killing 65 of the 73 people on board.\\n* [[February 6]] – At\n        [[Cape Canaveral, Florida]], the first successful test firing of a [[Titan\n        intercontinental ballistic missile]] is accomplished.\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Francoist Spain|Spain]]\n        set trade relations (not diplomatic ones).\\n* [[February 13]] – [[TAT-2]],\n        [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]''s second [[transatlantic telephone cable]] goes\n        into operation.\\n* [[February 16]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] becomes Premier of\n        [[Cuba]].\\n** A [[blizzard]] causes a massive power outage in [[Newfoundland\n        and Labrador|Newfoundland]].\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Vanguard 2]], the\n        first [[weather satellite]], is launched to measure [[cloud cover]] for the\n        [[United States Navy]].\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Sosa Blanco]],\n        a  colonel in the  Cuban army of [[Fulgencio Batista]], is executed in [[Cuba]]\n        after being convicted of committing 108 murders for Batista.\\n** Women in\n        [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] vote for the first time.\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        The United Kingdom decides to grant independence to [[Cyprus]].\\n* [[February\n        20]] – The [[Politics of Canada|Canadian Government]] cancels the [[Avro\n        Canada CF-105 Arrow]] [[interceptor aircraft]] project.\\n* [[February 22]]\n        – [[Lee Petty]] wins the [[1959 Daytona 500|first Daytona 500]] at [[Daytona\n        International Speedway]].\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Potala.jpg|thumb|right|[[Potala|Potala\n        Palace]] in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]], [[Tibet]], traditional\n        residence of the [[Dalai Lama]] until March 1959. (2006 photo)]]\\n[[File:Miles\n        Davis by Palumbo.jpg|thumb|[[March 2]]: Jazz trumpeter [[Miles Davis]].]]\\n[[File:Marx\n        Brothers 1948.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[March 8]]: The [[Marx Brothers]] retire]]\\n[[File:USS\n        Skate (SSN-578) surfaced in Arctic - 1959.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[March 17]]:\n        USS ''''Skate'''' surfaces at the North Pole.]]\\n[[File:Edge-of-africa-giraffes.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[March\n        31]]: [[Busch Gardens]] opens in [[Florida]]]]\\n{{Main|March 1959}}\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** The {{USS|Tuscaloosa|CA-37|6}}, {{USS|New Orleans|CA-32|6}}, {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|6}}\n        and {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|6}} are struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register]].\\n**\n        [[Archbishop#Eastern Christianity|Archbishop]] [[Makarios III|Makarios]] returns\n        to [[Cyprus]] from exile.\\n* [[March 2]] – Recording sessions for the\n        album ''''[[Kind of Blue]]'''' by [[Miles Davis]] take place at [[CBS 30th\n        Street Studio|Columbia''s 30th Street Studio]] in New York City.\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Pioneer 4]] becomes first American object to escape dominance\n        by Earth''s gravity.\\n* [[March 8]] – The [[Marx Brothers]] make their\n        last television appearance, in ''''[[The Incredible Jewel Robbery]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Mattel]]''s [[Barbie]] doll debuts in the United States.\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – The [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprising]] erupts\n        in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] when Chinese officials attempt\n        to arrest the [[Dalai Lama]].\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** ''''Een beetje'''' by Teddy\n        Scholten (music by Dick Schallies, text by Willy van Hemert) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1959|Eurovision Song Contest]] for the Netherlands.\\n** ''''[[A\n        Raisin in the Sun]]'''' by [[Lorraine Hansberry]] opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – \\n** [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama]] escapes [[Tibet]],\n        arrives in [[India]].\\n** [[USS ''''Skate'''']] (SSN-578) surfaces at the\n        [[North Pole]].\\n* [[March 18]] – American President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]\n        signs a [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]] to grant statehood to [[Hawaii]].\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – Two other islands join [[Addu Atoll|Addu]] in the [[United\n        Suvadive Republic]] (abolished September [[1963]]), in the Maldives Islands.\\n*\n        [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[saxophone|Tenor saxophon]]ist [[John Coltrane]] holds\n        initial record sessions for album [[Giant Steps]] with [[Cedar Walton]] and\n        [[Lex Humphries]]. \\n* [[March 28]] – The [[Kashag]], the government\n        of [[Tibet]], is abolished by an order signed by Chinese premier [[Zhou Enlai]].\n        The [[Dalai Lama]] is replaced in China by a puppet ruler, the Panchen Lama.\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n** USA: [[Busch Gardens]] opens in [[Tampa, Florida]].\\n** [[India]]:\n        The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] is granted asylum.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main|April\n        1959}}\\n* [[April 6]] – The [[31st Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – The [[Inter-American Development Bank]] (IADB) is established.\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[NASA]] announces its selection of seven [[Aviator#Military|military\n        pilots]] to become the first U.S. [[astronaut]]s (later known as the ''''[[Mercury\n        Seven]]'''').\\n* [[April 10]] – Crown Prince [[Akihito]] of Japan marries\n        [[Empress Michiko|Sh\\u014dda Michiko]], the first commoner to marry into the\n        [[Imperial House of Japan]].\\n* [[April 22]] – Recording sessions for\n        the influential [[jazz]] album [[Kind of Blue]] by [[Miles Davis]] take place\n        at Columbia''s 30th Street Studio in New York City.\\n* [[April 25]] –\n        The  [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] linking the [[Great Lakes]] and the Atlantic\n        Ocean officially opens to shipping.\\n* [[April 27]] – [[National People''s\n        Congress]] elects [[Liu Shaoqi]] as [[President of the People''s Republic\n        of China|Chairman of the People''s Republic of China]], as a successor of\n        [[Mao Zedong]].\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Miss Baker in her bio-pack.jpg|thumb|[[May\n        28]]: [[Miss Baker]] awaits launch.]]\\n{{Main|May 1959}}\\n* May\\n** The first\n        [[Ten Tors]] event is held in [[Dartmoor]].\\n** [[Tariff|Import tariffs]]\n        are lifted in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[May 2]] – [[1959 FA Cup Final]]:\n        Nottingham Forest defeats Luton Town 2\\u20131.\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[saxophone|Tenor\n        saxophon]]ist [[John Coltrane]] begins two days of principal recording sessions\n        for [[jazz]] album [[Giant Steps]]. \\n* [[May 16]] – The [[Triton Fountain\n        (Malta)|Triton Fountain]] is inaugurated in [[Valletta]], [[Malta]].\\n* [[May\n        18]] – The [[National Liberation Committee of C\\u00f4te d''Ivoire]]\n        is launched in [[Conakry, Guinea]].\\n* [[May 21]] – ''''[[Gypsy: A Musical\n        Fable]]'''', starring [[Ethel Merman]] in her last new musical, opens on [[Broadway\n        theatre|Broadway]] and runs for 702 performances\\n* [[May 24]] – British\n        Empire Day is renamed [[Commonwealth Day]].\\n* [[May 28]] USA Florida, Cape\n        Canaveral: [[PGM-19 Jupiter#Biological flights|Jupiter AM-18]] launches two\n        [[monkey]]s, Miss Able and [[Miss Baker]], into space along with living microorganisms\n        and plant seeds. Successful recovery makes them the first living beings to\n        return safely to Earth after space flight.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main|June 1959}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]] \\n** [[Singapore]] becomes a self-governing crown colony of Britain\n        with [[Lee Kuan Yew]] as Prime Minister.\\n** [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]\n        beats [[Stade Reims]] 2\\u20130 at [[Neckarstadion]], [[Stuttgart]] and wins\n        the [[1958\\u201359 European Cup]] (football).\\n* [[June 5]] – A new\n        government of the [[Singapore|State of Singapore]] is sworn in by Sir William\n        Goode. Two former ministers are re-elected to the Legislative Assembly.\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – The [[USS Barbero (SS-317)|USS ''''Barbero'''']] and [[United\n        States Postal Service]] attempt the delivery of mail via [[Missile Mail]].\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – The [[USS George Washington (SSBN-598)|USS ''''George Washington'''']]\n        is launched as the first submarine to carry [[ballistic missile]]s.\\n* [[June\n        14]]\\n** [[Disneyland Monorail System]], the first daily operating monorail\n        system in the Western Hemisphere, opens to the public in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n**\n        A 3-front invasion of the [[Dominican Republic]] by exile forces backed by\n        [[Fidel Castro]] and [[Venezuela]] attempt to overthrow [[Rafael Trujillo]].\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – The film ''''[[The Nun''s Story (film)|The Nun''s Story]]'''',\n        based on the best-selling novel, is released. [[Audrey Hepburn]] stars as\n        the title character; she later says that this is her favorite film role. The\n        film is a [[box-office]] hit, and is nominated for several [[Academy Awards|Oscars]].\\n*\n        [[June 23]]\\n** [[Se\\u00e1n Lemass]] becomes the third [[Taoiseach]] of [[Republic\n        of Ireland|Ireland]].\\n** Convicted [[Manhattan Project]] spy [[Klaus Fuchs]]\n        is released after only nine years in a British prison and allowed to emigrate\n        to [[Dresden]], [[East Germany]] where he resumes a scientific career.\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – A [[KH-1]] [[Corona (satellite)|''''Corona'''']], believed\n        to be the first operational spy satellite, is launched as science mission\n        \\\"[[Discoverer 4]]\\\" from [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]] aboard a [[Thor-Agena]]\n        rocket.\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] ([[Queen of Canada]]) and United\n        States President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]] open the [[Saint\n        Lawrence Seaway]].\\n** ''''[[Darby O''Gill and the Little People]]'''', a\n        film based on [[Herminie Templeton Kavanagh|H. T. Kavanagh]]''s [[short story|short\n        stories]], is released in the U.S. by [[the Walt Disney Company]] two days\n        after a [[premiere|world premiere]] in Ireland.\\n* [[June 30]] – Twenty-one\n        students are killed and more than a hundred injured when an American North\n        American [[F-100 Super Sabre]] jet crashes into Miamori Elementary School\n        on the island of [[Okinawa]]. The pilot ejected before the plane struck the\n        school.\\\"21 Die as Jet Hits School On Okinawa\\\", ''''Oakland Tribune'''',\n        June 30, 1959, p1\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Plaque marking the discovery\n        of Australopithecus in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 17]]: Site of ''''Australopithecus\n        boisei'''' discovery in [[Tanzania]].]]\\n[[File:Kitchen debate.jpg|{{largethumb}}|[[July\n        24]]: Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and USA Vice President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] engage in the [[Kitchen Debate]]]]\\n{{Main|July 1959}}\\n* [[July 1]]\n        – Australia''s longest running children''s TV series, ''''[[Mr. Squiggle]]'''',\n        first airs on [[ABC Television]]. \\n* [[July 2]] – [[Albert II of Belgium|Prince\n        Albert of Belgium]] marries Italian [[Don (honorific)|Donna]] [[Queen Paola\n        of Belgium|Paola Ruffo di Calabria]].\\n* [[July 4]] – With the admission\n        of Alaska as the 49th [[U.S. state]] earlier in the year, the 49-star [[flag\n        of the United States]] debuts in [[Philadelphia]].\\n* [[July 7]] – At\n        14:28 UT [[Venus]] [[occultation|occults]] the star [[Regulus]]. The rare\n        event (which will next occur on October 1, 2044) is used to determine the\n        diameter of Venus and the structure of Venus'' atmosphere.\\n* [[July 9]] –\n        Wing Commander [[Michael Beetham]] flying a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Vickers\n        Valiant]] sets a record of 11 hours 27 minutes for a non-stop [[London]]-[[Cape\n        Town]] flight.{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Records.htm|title=\n        Records set by the RAF|publisher=Air of Authority \\u2013 A History of RAF\n        Organisation|accessdate=10 June 2012}}\\n* [[July 14]] – Groups\n        of [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Communism|communist]] militias rebel in\n        [[Kirkuk|Kirkuk, Iraq]] against the central government.{{cite news|title=Iraq\n        revolt Is Stil Reported Raging|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|location=St.\n        Petersburg, FL|date=July 21, 1959|page=A1|accessdate= June 27, 2012|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N9MNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FncDAAAAIBAJ}}\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – A [[Steel strike of 1959|strike]] occurs against the United\n        States'' [[steel]] industry.\\n* [[July 17]] – The first skull of [[Australopithecus]]\n        is discovered by [[Louis Leakey]] and his wife [[Mary Leakey]] in the [[Olduvai\n        Gorge]] of [[Tanzania]].\\n* [[July 22]] – A [[Kumamoto University]]\n        medical research group studying [[Minamata disease]] concludes that it is\n        caused by [[mercury (element)|mercury]].\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** At the opening\n        of the [[American National Exhibition]] in Moscow, [[United States Vice President]]\n        [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Premier of the Soviet Union|USSR Premier]] [[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]] engage in the \\\"[[Kitchen Debate]]\\\".\\n** In [[Long Beach]],\n        [[United States]], [[Akiko Kojima]] of [[Japan]] will crown [[Miss Universe\n        1959]].\\n* [[July 25]] – The [[SR.N1]] [[hovercraft]] crosses the [[English\n        Channel]] from [[Calais]] to [[Dover]] in just over 2 hours, on the 50th anniversary\n        of [[Louis Bl\\u00e9riot]]''s first crossing by [[heavier-than-air]] craft.\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Thor-Able\n        III Explorer 6.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[August 7]]: Launch of [[Explorer\n        6]]]]\\n[[File:Morris Mini interior 1959.jpg|thumb|right|[[August 26]]: Interior\n        of the [[Mini]]]]\\n\\n{{Main|August 1959}}\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Martial\n        law]] is declared in [[Laos]].\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Explorer program]]: The\n        United States launches [[Explorer 6]] from the Atlantic Missile Range in [[Cape\n        Canaveral]], [[Florida]].\\n** United States: The [[Roseburg blast|Roseburg,\n        Oregon blast]] kills 14 and causes $12 million worth of damage.\\n* [[August\n        8]] – A flood in [[Taiwan]] kills 2,000.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Explorer\n        6]] sends the first picture of Earth from orbit.\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        [[Cyprus]] gains independence.\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** The [[1959 Hebgen Lake\n        earthquake]] in southwest Montana kills 28.\\n** [[Columbia Records]] releases\n        [[Miles Davis]] album ''''[[Kind of Blue]]''''.\\n* [[August 19]] – The\n        [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) is established.\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Hawaii]] is admitted as the 50th [[U.S. state]].\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        [[Cyprus]] joins the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[August 26]] – The original\n        [[Mini]] designed by Sir [[Alec Issigonis]] is launched.\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Workers\\u2019 Stadium|Beijing Workers\\u2019 Stadium]], as known\n        well for sports venues in [[China]], officially opened.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2016}}\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Luna 2 Soviet moon probe.jpg|thumb|75px|\n        [[September 13]]: [[Luna 2]].]]\\n{{Storm path|Vera 1959 track.png|right|caption=[[September\n        26]]: [[Typhoon Vera]] storm path|alt=Track of a tropical cyclone as represented\n        by colored dots; each dot represents the storm''s position and intensity at\n        6-hour intervals.}}\\n{{Main|September 1959}}\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Luna\n        2]] becomes the first man-made object to crash on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Premier of the Soviet Union|USSR Premier]]\n        [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and his wife tour the United States, at the invitation\n        of U.S. President [[Dwight David Eisenhower]].\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        The [[Xerox 914]], the first plain paper copier, is introduced to the public.\\n*\n        [[September 17]]\\n**The first ''''Navy Navigation Satellite System'''' [[Transit\n        (satellite)|Transit 1A]] is launched but fails to reach orbit.\\n**The [[Hypersonic]]\n        [[North American X-15]] Research Vehicle, piloted by [[Scott Crossfield]],\n        makes its first powered flight at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California.\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – The ''''[[Princess of Tasmania|M/S Princess of Tasmania]]'''',\n        (Australia''s first passenger RO/RO [[Diesel engine|diesel]] ferry), makes\n        its maiden voyage across the [[Bass Strait]].\\n* [[September 25]] –\n        [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]''s prime minister [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]] is assassinated.\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[Typhoon Vera]] hits central [[Honsh\\u016b]], Japan,\n        killing an estimated 5,098, injuring another 38,921, and leaving 1,533,000\n        homeless. Most of the victims and damage are centered in the [[Nagoya]] area.\\n**\n        First large unit action of the [[Vietnam War]] takes place, when two companies\n        of the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|ARVN]] 23d Division are ambushed\n        by a well-organized [[Vietcong]] force of several hundred, identified as the\n        \\\"2d Liberation Battalion\\\".\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Soviet Union]]\n        leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] meets [[Mao Zedong]] in Beijing.\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Solomon-R-Guggenheim-Museum-Levels.jpg|right|thumb|287px|[[October\n        21]]: Atrium of the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] designed by [[Frank Lloyd\n        Wright]].]]\\n{{Main|October 1959}}\\n\\n* [[October 1]] – The [[10th anniversary\n        of the People''s Republic of China]] is celebrated with pomp across the country.\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Rod Serling]]''s classic anthology series ''''[[The\n        Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'''' premieres on [[CBS]].\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – The [[U.S.S.R.]] probe ''''[[Luna 3]]'''' sends back\n        the first ever photos of the [[far side of the Moon]].\\n* [[October 12]] –\n        At the national [[Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana|APRA]] Congress\n        in [[Peru]], a group of leftist radicals is expelled from the party; they\n        later form [[APRA Rebelde]].\\n* [[October 13]] – The United States launches\n        [[Explorer 7]].\\n* [[October 16]] – Founding of the [[Boston Patriots]],\n        [[American Football League|AFL]] [[American football]] club.\\n* [[October\n        21]] – In New York City, the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] (designed\n        by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]) opens to the public.\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        First appearance of [[Ast\\u00e9rix]] the Gaul.{{cite web|work=BDoubli\\u00e9es|title=Les\n        BD oubli\\u00e9es D''Ast\\u00e9rix|url=http://bdoubliees.com/journalpilote/series1/asterix.htm|language=French|accessdate=2013-10-03}}\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – Riots break out in the [[Belgian Congo]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main|November\n        1959}}\\n[[File:Charlton Heston in Ben Hur trailer.jpg|thumb|right|[[November\n        18]]: [[Charlton Heston]] in [[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – In [[Rwanda]], [[Hutu]] politician [[Dominique Mbonyumutwa]] is\n        beaten up by [[Tutsi]] forces, leading to a period of violence known as the\n        [[wind of destruction]].\\n* [[November 2]] – At a ceremony near [[Toddington,\n        Bedfordshire|Toddington]], British [[Secretary of State for Transport|Minister\n        of Transport]] [[Ernest Marples]] opens the first section of the [[M1 motorway|M1\n        Motorway]], between [[Watford]] and [[Crick, Northamptonshire|Crick]], along\n        with two [[Spur route|spur]] motorways, the [[M45 motorway|M45]] and [[M10\n        motorway (Great Britain)|M10]]. Three decades of large scale motorway construction\n        follow, leading to the rapid expansion of the UK [[List of motorways in the\n        United Kingdom|motorway network]].\\n* [[November 12]] – The [[Warner\n        Bros.]] religious epic ''''[[The Miracle (1959 film)|The Miracle]]'''', very\n        loosely based on the 1911 stage pantomime ''''[[Das Mirakel (play)|Das Mirakel]]'''',\n        is released. It is a critical and financial bomb.\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        The Clutter family of [[Holcomb, Kansas]] is brutally murdered, inspiring\n        [[Truman Capote]]''s ''''[[In Cold Blood]]''''.\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] releases widescreen [[Technicolor]] version of\n        ''''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'''', starring [[Charlton Heston]]. Film\n        goes on to win record number of [[Academy Award]]s. Last MGM film to win Best\n        Picture Oscar; ''''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'''' nominated\n        in 1965.\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[Declaration of the Rights of the\n        Child]] is adopted by the [[United Nations]].\\n\\n===December===\\n[[Image:Antarctica\n        6400px from Blue Marble.jpg|thumb|right|[[December 1]]: Twelve nations sign\n        the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]].]]\\n{{Main|December 1959}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Cold War]] – [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic\n        Treaty]]: 12 countries, including the United States and the [[Soviet Union]],\n        sign a landmark treaty that sets aside [[Antarctica]] as a scientific preserve\n        and bans military activity on the [[continent]] (the first [[arms control]]\n        agreement established during the Cold War).\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Malpasset\n        Dam]] in southern France collapses and water flows over the town of [[Fr\\u00e9jus]],\n        killing 412.\\n* [[December 8]] – The ''''[[RNLB Mona (ON 775)|Mona]]'''',\n        a lifeboat based at Broughty Ferry in Scotland, capsizes during a rescue attempt,\n        with the loss of 8 lives.\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Charles Robberts Swart]]\n        is appointed the 11th [[Governor-General of the Union of South Africa]].\\n*\n        [[December 14]] – [[Makarios III]] is selected the first [[president\n        of Cyprus]].\\n* [[December 28]] – After having been shot two years earlier,\n        [[Ante Paveli\\u0107]] dies from his wounds in a Spanish hospital.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n[[File:Extantigerturanianwksciam97.jpg|thumb|Illustration of two\n        [[Caspian tiger]]s.]]\\n* The [[Daytona International Speedway]] completes\n        construction.\\n* Nylon tights, popularly called [[pantyhose]] or sheer tights,\n        first sold on the open market as ''Panti-Legs'' by Glen Raven Knitting Mills.\\n*\n        The [[Workers World Party]] is founded by [[Sam Marcy]].\\n* The first known\n        human with [[HIV]] dies in the [[Belgian Congo|Congo]].{{cite journal|title=An\n        African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic|pages=594\\u2013597|doi=10.1038/35400|pmid=9468138|first1=T.|last2=Zhu|first2=Tuofu|last3=Korber|first3=Bette\n        T.|last4=Nahmias|first4=Andre J.|last5= Hooper|first5=Edward|last6=Sharp|first6=Paul\n        M.|journal=Nature|volume=391|issue=6667|year=1998|author1=Zhu}}\\n* The\n        current (as of 2006) design of the Japanese [[10 yen coin]] is put into circulation.\\n*\n        The [[Caspian tiger]] becomes extinct in [[Iran]].\\n* The [[Henney Kilowatt]]\n        goes on sale in the United States, becoming the first mass-produced [[electric\n        car]] in almost three decades.\\n* [[Erving Goffman]] publishes his seminal\n        study in [[sociology]], ''''[[The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life]]''''.\\n*\n        The iconic 1959 [[Cadillac]] is introduced, with [[car tailfin|tailfin]] wars\n        peaking that had begun in 1948.\\n* Chevy El Camino is introduced.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Clancy\n        Brown by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Clancy Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Rigoberta\n        Menchu 2009 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rigoberta Mench\\u00fa]]]]\\n[[File:Larry\n        McReynolds.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Larry McReynolds]]]]\\n[[File:Keith Olbermann-1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith\n        Olbermann]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Azali Assoumani]], [[President of\n        the Comoros]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Joe Bevilacqua]], American producer,\n        director, writer, actor\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Vanity (singer)|Vanity]], Canadian\n        singer and actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Yoshitomo Nara]], Japanese artist\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Clancy Brown]], American actor\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Andy Dog Johnson|Andrew Johnson]], English artist (d. 2016)\\n* [[January\n        9]]\\n** [[Rigoberta Mench\\u00fa]], Guatemalan recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]]\\n** [[Mark Martin]], American NASCAR driver\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Larry McReynolds]], American [[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]] commentator\n        \\n* [[January 12]] – [[Per Gessle]], Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist\n        ([[Roxette]]) \\n* [[January 16]] – [[Sade (singer)|Sade]], Nigerian-born\n        singer\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Susanna Hoffs]], American rock vocalist\\n**\n        [[Momoe Yamaguchi]], Japanese singer\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Alex McLeish]],\n        [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] player\\n** [[Paulo Miklos]],\n        Brazilian singer and actor\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Linda Blair]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Vic Reeves]], English comedian \\n* [[January\n        27]] – [[Keith Olbermann]], American news anchor and sportscaster \\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Mike Foligno]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[Jody Watley]], African-American singer\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Kelly Lynch]], American model and actress\\n** [[Kelly Moore]], American\n        race car driver\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sillon de\n        Rivadavia (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mauricio Macri]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1984-0205-002, Joachim Kunz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joachim Kunz]]]]\\n[[File:Kyle\n        McLachlan Cannes 2017 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyle MacLachlan]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] \\n** [[Jari Tervo]], Finnish author\\n** [[Hella von Sinnen]], German TV-entertainer\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[Tonga Fifita|UliUli Fifita]], Tongan professional\n        Wrestler aka(Haku/Meng)\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Pamelyn Ferdin]], American\n        former child actress; animal rights activist\\n** [[Raquel Morell]], Mexican\n        actress\\n** [[Lawrence Taylor]], American football player\\n* [[February 5]]\n        – [[Jennifer Granholm]], Canadian-American politician, 47th [[Governor\n        of Michigan]] (2003\\u20132011)\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Pat Bullard]], Canadian\n        game show host, comedian and writer\\n** [[Ken Nelson (British record producer)|Ken\n        Nelson]], English record producer\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Vladim\\u00edr\n        Havl\\u00edk]], Czech action artist\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Mauricio Macri]],\n        [[President of Argentina]] \\n* [[February 9]] – [[Joachim Kunz]], East\n        German Olympic weightlifter\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Dennis Gentry]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Ren\\u00e9e Fleming]],\n        American soprano\\n* [[February 16]] – [[John McEnroe]], American tennis\n        player\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Jayne Atkinson]], English-born American\n        film, theatre and television actress\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Kyle MacLachlan]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Renee M. Borges]], Indian ecologist\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[Rolando Blackman]], [[Panama]]nian basketball player\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Tom\n        Arnold by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]]]]\\n[[File:Jaime\n        Augusto Zobel de Ayala II - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jaime\n        Augusto Zobel de Ayala|Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala II]]]]\\n[[File:Jens Stoltenberg\n        February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jens Stoltenberg]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew Modine\n        at the NY Knicks vs Miami Heat game (May 2012).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matthew Modine]]]]\\n[[File:Laura-Chinchilla-cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laura\n        Chinchilla]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Nick Griffin]], British politician\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Rick Ardon]], Australian news presenter\\n** [[Irina Strakhova]],\n        Russian race walker\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Mike Byster]], American [[mathematician]],\n        [[mental calculator]] and [[Mathematics education|math educator]]\\n** [[Vazgen\n        Sargsyan]], 8th Prime Minister of Armenia (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\n**\n        [[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Jaime\n        Augusto Zobel de Ayala]] II, Spanish Filipino businessman\\n**[[Lars Larson]],\n        American conservative talk show host\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Lester Holt]], American\n        television journalist and news anchor\\n** [[Aidan Quinn]], Irish-American\n        actor\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Giovanni di Lorenzo]], German-Italian journalist\n        and talk show host\\n** [[Takaaki Kajita]], Japanese nuclear physicist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Mike Wallace (racing\n        driver)|Mike Wallace]], American race car driver\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Nina\n        Hartley]], American pornographic actress and director\\n** [[Margus Oopkaup]],\n        Estonian actor \\n** [[Dejan Stojanovi\\u0107]], Serbian-American poet, writer,\n        essayist and businessman\\n* [[March 15]] \\n**[[Harold Baines]], American baseball\n        player\\n**[[Fabio Lanzoni]], Italian fashion model and actor\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[Flavor Flav]], American rapper\\n** [[Jens Stoltenberg]], 27th [[Prime Minister\n        of Norway]]\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Danny Ainge]], American basketball player,\n        coach and baseball player\\n** [[Ken Lo]], Hong Kong actor and member of the\n        [[Jackie Chan Stunt Team]]\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Luc Besson]], French film\n        producer, writer and director\\n** [[Irene Cara]], African-American singer\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Sting (wrestler)|Steve Borden]], American wrestler\\n**\n        [[Richard Drummie]], English guitarist and composer ([[Go West (band)|Go West]])\\n**\n        [[Steve McFadden]], British actor\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Nobuo Uematsu]],\n        Japanese composer\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Matthew Modine]], American actor\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Kazue Ikura]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Catherine Keener]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Jun''ichi Sugawara]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Laura Chinchilla]], 49th [[President\n        of Costa Rica]]\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Barry Blanchard]], Canadian mountaineer\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Andrew Bailey (banker)|Andrew Bailey]], [[Executive\n        Director]] [[Banking]] and [[Chief Cashier]] at the [[Bank of England]]\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Markus Hediger]], Swiss writer and translator\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:David\n        Hyde Pierce VF Shankbone 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Hyde Pierce]]]]\\n[[File:Emma\n        Thompson at climate march.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emma Thompson]]]]\\n[[File:Sean\n        Bean TIFF 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sean Bean]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Smith (musician)\n        crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen-Harper-Cropped-2014-02-18.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen\n        Harper]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Badou Ezzaki|Badou Zaki]], Moroccan football\n        player and manager\\n* [[April 3]] – [[David Hyde Pierce]], American\n        actor\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Brian Setzer]], American rock guitarist and\n        singer\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Ana Mar\\u00eda Polo]], Cuban-born judge and\n        television personality\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Steve Byrnes]], American\n        motorsports broadcaster (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Fruit Chan]],\n        Hong Kong film director\\n** [[Ray Neufeld]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[John Onoje]], Sierra Leonean-born Moldovan activist\\n** [[Emma Thompson]],\n        English actress\\n** [[Thomas F. Wilson]], American actor \\n* [[April 16]]\n        \\n** [[David Feiss]], American animator\\n** [[Alison Ramsay]], Scottish field\n        hockey player\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Sean Bean]], British actor\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Patricia Charbonneau]], American actress\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Clint Howard]], American actor and producer\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Robert\n        Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]], lead vocalist and guitarist of the British\n        rock group [[The Cure]]\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Terry Francona]], American baseball\n        player and manager\\n** [[Ryan Stiles]], American comedian\\n* [[April 24]]\n        – [[Paula Yates]], British television presenter (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] – [[Tony Phillips]], American baseball player (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[April 27]] – [[Sheena Easton]], Scottish singer\\n* [[April 30]] –\n        [[Stephen Harper]], 22nd [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Brian\n        Williams 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Brian Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Peter-molyneux-at-university-of-southampton.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter\n        Molyneux]]]]\\n[[File:Clary 2008.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Julian Clary]]]]\\n[[File:MorrisseySXSW2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Morrissey]]]]\\n[[File:RupertEverett\n        cropped-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rupert Everett]]]]\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Alan\n        Best (filmmaker)|Alan Best]], Canadian animation director and producer\\n*\n        [[May 3]]\\n** [[Uma Bharti]], Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh\\n** [[Ben Elton]],\n        British comedian and writer\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Peter Molyneux]], British game\n        programmer\\n** [[Steve Stevens]], American guitarist\\n** [[Brian Williams]],\n        American news anchor\\n* [[May 9]] – [[J\\u00e1nos \\u00c1der]], [[President\n        of Hungary]]\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Victoria Rowell]], American actress\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Ving Rhames]], American actor\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Patrick\n        Bruel]], French singer\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Andrew Eldritch]], British\n        singer/songwriter \\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Marcelo Loffreda]], Argentine rugby\n        player and coach\\n** [[Jim Nantz]], American sports announcer\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – [[Nicole Brown Simpson]], American ex-wife of [[O. J. Simpson]] and\n        murder victim (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Israel Kamakawiwo\\u02bbole]],\n        American singer (d. 1997)\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Brian Lenihan, Jnr|Brian Lenihan]],\n        Irish politician (d. 2011)\\n** [[Loretta Lynch]], [[United States Attorney\n        General]]\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[David Blatt]], Israeli-American professional\n        basketball player and coach\\n** [[Morrissey]], British singer\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[Bob Mortimer]], English comedian\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Pelle Lindbergh]],\n        Swedish-born hockey player (d. 1985)\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Julian Clary]],\n        English comedian, actor, and author\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Kevin Gage (actor)|Kevin\n        Gage]], American actor\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Katherine Lanpher]], American\n        journalist\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Steve Strange]], Welsh singer ([[Visage\n        (band)|Visage]]) (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Rupert Everett]], British\n        actor\\n\\n===June===\\n\\n[[File:Hugh Laurie 2009 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugh\n        Laurie]]]]\\n[[File:Klaus Iohannis at EPP Summit, March 2015, Brussels (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Klaus\n        Iohannis]]]]\\n[[File:Landtag Niedersachsen DSCF7770 cropped.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Christian\n        Wulff]]]]\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Paul Germain]], American television screenwriter\n        and producer\\n*[[June 7]] – [[Mike Pence]], 50th [[Governor of Indiana]],\n        [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|48th]] [[Vice President of\n        the United States]]\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Bernard White (actor)|Bernard\n        White]], Sri Lankan-born American actor, screenwriter and film director\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Miles O''Brien (journalist)|Miles O''Brien]], American\n        television news anchor, pilot\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Carlo Ancelotti]], Italian\n        football player and manager\\n** [[Eliot Spitzer]], American politician and\n        former [[List of Governors of New York|governor of New York]]\\n* [[June 11]]\\n**\n        [[Hugh Laurie]], British actor, comedian, and musician\\n** [[Magnum T.A.]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[June 12]] – [[John Linnell]], American\n        singer-songwriter, half of alternative rock duo [[They Might Be Giants]]\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Klaus Iohannis]], [[President of Romania]] \\n* [[June\n        14]] – [[Marcus Miller]], American bassist\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Eileen\n        Davidson]], American actress and author\\n* [[June 16]] – [[The Ultimate\n        Warrior]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**\n        [[Ulrike Richter]], German swimmer\\n** [[Kazuki Yao]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Joe Ansolabehere]], American television screenwriter\n        and producer\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Christian Wulff]], [[Federal President\n        of Germany]] \\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Wayne Federman]], American comedian, actor,\n        and author\\n** [[Ed Viesturs]], American mountaineer\\n* [[June 24]] –\n        [[Andy McCluskey]], English musician and songwriter ([[Orchestral Manoeuvres\n        in the Dark|OMD]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Mark McKinney]], Canadian actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[June 28]] – [[John Shelley (illustrator)|John Shelley]],\n        British illustrator\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Vincent D''Onofrio]], American\n        actor\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Richie Sambora at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richie\n        Sambora]]]]     \\n[[File:Governor NewMexico.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Susana Martinez]]]]                                                      \\n[[File:Kevin\n        Spacey, May 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Spacey]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[Dale Midkiff]], American actor\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Julie Burchill]],\n        British journalist\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Marc Cohn]], American singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Richard Dacoury]], French basketball player\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Billy Campbell]], American actor\\n** [[Barbara Krause]], German\n        swimmer\\n** [[Ben Linder]], American engineer (d. [[1987]])\\n* [[July 9]]\\n**\n        [[Jim Kerr]], Scottish rock singer ([[Simple Minds]])\\n** [[Kevin Nash]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Richie Sambora]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Suzanne Vega]], American singer\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Charlie\n        Murphy]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 14]] –\n        [[Susana Martinez]], American politician, Governor of New Mexico\\n* [[July\n        16]] – [[Gary Anderson (placekicker)|Gary Anderson]], American football\n        player\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Margaret Becker]], American Christian singer\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Mel Purcell]], American tennis player\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – [[Juan J. Campanella]], Argentinian filmmaker\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        [[Anatoly Onoprienko]], Ukrainian serial killer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Rick Bragg]], American journalist\\n** [[Kevin Spacey]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Richard Pearce (British actor)|Richard Pearce]], British voice artist\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Hugh Green (American football)|Hugh Green]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** [[Sanjay Dutt]], Indian actor\\n** [[Ruud\n        Janssen]], Dutch artist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Rosanna Arquette - Monte-Carlo\n        Television Festival.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Rosanna Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Gustavo\n        Cerati.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gustavo Cerati]]]]\\n[[File:Earvin \\\"Magic\\\" Johnson\n        on ''07.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Magic Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Rebecca-de-Mornay.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rebecca\n        De Mornay]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Koichi Tanaka]], Japanese scientist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Robbin\n        Crosby]], American rock guitarist ([[Ratt]]) (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 5]]\n        – [[Pete Burns]], British singer ([[Dead or Alive (band)|Dead or Alive]])\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 6]] –  [[Rajendra Singh]] Indian [[water conservationist]],\n        [[Magsaysay Award]] (2001)\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Rosanna Arquette]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Gustavo Cerati]], Argentinian singer\n        (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Yoshiaki Murakami]], Japanese investor\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – [[Danny Bonaduce]], American actor and disc jockey\\n* [[August 14]]\\n**\n        [[Marcia Gay Harden]], American actress\\n** [[Magic Johnson]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Scott Altman]], American astronaut\\n* [[August\n        17]]\\n** [[Sakamoto Chika]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Franzen]], American author\\n** [[David Koresh]], American spiritualist, leader\n        of the [[Branch Davidian]] religious cult (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Brad Wellman]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Anthony Sowell]], convicted\n        serial killer and rapist\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Jim McMahon]], American\n        football player\\n* [[August 25]] – [[S\\u00f6nke Wortmann]], German film\n        director\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Stan Van Gundy]], American basketball\n        coach\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Juan Fernando Cobo]], Colombian artist\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen\n        Becker]], German cabaret artist and actor\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Rebecca De\n        Mornay]], American actress\\n** [[Stephen Wolfram]], British scientist\\n* [[August\n        30]] – [[Mark \\\"Jacko\\\" Jackson]], [[Australian rules football]]er and\n        actor\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Tony DeFranco]], Canadian singer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Guy\n        Laliberte WPT.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Guy Lalibert\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Wikicoulier.png|thumb|100px|[[Dave\n        Coulier]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Alexander Fourth of July (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason\n        Alexander]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Kenny Mayne]], American sportscaster\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Guy Lalibert\\u00e9]], Canadian [[Cirque du Soleil]]\n        founder\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Kevin Harrington (actor)|Kevin Harrington]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Armin Kogler]], Austrian ski jumper\\n* [[September\n        8]]\\n** [[Daler Nazarov]], Tajik composer, singer, and actor\\n** [[Saeko Shimazu]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Michael Earl (puppeteer)|Michael\n        Earl]], American puppeteer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Sigmar\n        Gabriel]], German politician\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Kathy Johnson]],\n        American artistic gymnast\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Mary Crosby]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Morten Harket]], Norwegian rock singer ([[A-ha]])\\n** [[Haviland\n        Morris]], American actress\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Mike Reiss]], American\n        television comedy writer\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Charles Lawson]], Irish\n        actor\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[S\\u00e9rgio Britto]], Brazilian singer and\n        keyboardist\\n** [[Kirk Fogg]], American actor, game show host and singer\\n**\n        [[Ryne Sandberg]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Dave\n        Coulier]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Jason\n        Alexander]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Steve\n        Whitmire]], American puppeteer\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Dantes Tsitsi]],\n        Nauruan politician\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Benjamin Sehene]], Rwandan\n        writer\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Ettore Messina]], Italian basketball\n        coach\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Simon Cowell in December 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Simon\n        Cowell]]]]\\n[[File:MO DF-ST-92-07516.JPEG|thumb|100px|[[Marie Osmond]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah\n        Ferguson in Leeds 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah, Duchess of York]]]]\\n[[File:RichardRoeper06TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Roeper]]]]\\n[[File:Ken Watanabe 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ken Watanabe]]]]\\n[[File:AlYankovicByKristineSlipson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\\"Weird\n        Al\\\" Yankovic]]]]\\n[[File:Evo Morales 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Evo Morales]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Magufuli 2015.png|thumb|100px|[[John Magufuli]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Brian\n        P. Cleary]], American humorist, author, poet\\n** [[Youssou N''Dour]], Senegalese\n        singer\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Fred Couples]], American golfer\\n** [[Greg Proops]],\n        American comedian\\n** [[Jack Wagner (actor)|Jack Wagner]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Chris Lowe]], British musician\\n* [[October 5]] –\n        [[David Shannon]], American writer and illustrator\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Simon\n        Cowell]], English music producer and television talent show judge\\n** [[Lourdes\n        Flores]], Peruvian politician\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Nick Bakay]], American\n        actor, producer, and screenwriter\\n** [[Brad Byers]], American entertainer\\n**\n        [[Gavin Friday]], Irish singer-songwriter, actor, and producer ([[Virgin Prunes]])\\n**\n        [[Erik Gundersen]], Danish motorcycle racer\\n** [[Mike Morgan (baseball)|Mike\n        Morgan]], American baseball player and coach\\n** [[Carlos I. Noriega]], Peruvian-American\n        colonel and astronaut\\n* [[October 9]] \\n** [[Michael Par\\u00e9]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Boris Nemtsov]], Russian politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n**[[Kirsty MacColl]], British singer and songwriter (d. [[2000]])\\n**[[Julia\n        Sweeney]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Marie\n        Osmond]], American singer\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Emeril Lagasse]], American\n        chef and restaurant owner\\n** [[Sarah, Duchess of York]], British Princess\n        and former wife of [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        [[Richard Roeper]], American film critic\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Ken Watanabe]],\n        Japanese actor\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Arto Salminen]], Finnish writer\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Nancy Grace]], American television host\\n**\n        [[\\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic]], American singer and parodist\\n** [[Sam Raimi]],\n        American producer, writer and director\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Chrissy\n        Amphlett]], Australian rock singer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Evo Morales]], [[President of Bolivia]]\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Rick\n        Carlisle]], American basketball coach\\n* [[October 29]] – [[John Magufuli]],\n        5th [[President of Tanzania]]\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Neal Stephenson]],\n        American writer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Bryan Adams Hamburg MG 0631 flickr\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bryan Adams]]]]\\n[[File:Allison Janney Oct 2014\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Allison Janney]]]]\\n[[File:Sean Young LF.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sean\n        Young]]]]\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Sa\\u00efd Aouita]], Moroccan athlete\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Timothy Patrick Murphy]], American actor (d. [[1988]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] – [[Bryan Adams]], Canadian singer and photographer\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Nobuo Tobita]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Billy Gillispie]], American basketball coach\\n* [[November 8]]\n        – [[Sel\\u00e7uk Yula]], Turkish football player and top scorer\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Tony Slattery]], British comedian and actor\\n* [[November 10]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Cohn]], American sports reporter\\n** [[Mackenzie Phillips]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Mike McCarthy (American football)|Mike McCarthy]], American\n        football coach\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Christian Schwarzenegger]], Swiss\n        legal scientist and professor\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Paul McGann]],\n        British actor\\n* [[November 17]] – [[William R. Moses]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – [[Jimmy Quinn (Northern Ireland footballer)|Jimmy\n        Quinn]], Northern Irish footballer and football manager\\n* [[November 19]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Barron (bishop)|Robert Barron]], American bishop, author, and theologian\\n**\n        [[Jo Bonner]], American U.S. Representative for Alabama''s 1st congressional\n        district\\n** [[Allison Janney]], American actress\\n* [[November 20]] –\n        [[Sean Young]], American actress\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Dominique Dunne]],\n        American actress (d. [[1982]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Akio \\u014ctsuka]],\n        Japanese voice actor and actor\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Charles Kennedy]],\n        British politician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Viktoria Mullova]],\n        Russian violinist\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Judd Nelson]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** [[Rahm Emanuel]], American politician\\n** [[Platon Lebedev]],\n        Russian executive\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[George S. J. Faber|George Faber]],\n        British television producer\\n** [[Lorraine Kelly]], British presenter and\n        journalist\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Satoru Iwata - Game Developers Conference\n        2011 - Day 2 (1).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Satoru Iwata]]]]\\n[[File:Florence Griffith\n        Joyner2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Florence Griffith Joyner]]]]\\n[[File:Tracey Ullman\n        1990.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tracey Ullman]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Billy Childish]],\n        English painter, writer and musician\\n** [[Wally Lewis]], Australian sport\n        identity\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Christa Luding-Rothenburger]], German\n        speed skater\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Satoru Iwata]], Japanese president\n        of Nintendo (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Karl Shuker]], British\n        zoologist, crypto-zoologist, and author\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Johnny\n        Whitaker]], American actor\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Evan Ziporyn]], American\n        composer\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Alison LaPlaca]], American actress\\n** [[Steve\n        Mattsson]], American writer\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Gregg Araki]], American\n        director\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Waise Lee]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Stephen Chan Chi Wan]], general manager of [[TVB]]\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Florence Griffith Joyner]], American athlete (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Bernd Schuster]], German footballer and manager\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Keith Deller]], English darts player\\n* [[December\n        25]] – [[Michael P. Anderson]], American astronaut (d. [[2003]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – [[Gerina Dunwich]], American author\\n* [[December\n        28]] – [[Ana Torroja]], Spanish singer\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Marco\n        Antonio Sol\\u00eds]], Mexican singer\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Tracey Ullman]],\n        British-American comedian and actress\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Val Kilmer]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Baron Waqa]], Nauruan politician and composer, 14th [[President\n        of Nauru]]\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*[[Jacki Randall]], American artist\\n*Tarek\n        Al-Arabi Tourgane, Syrian singer-songwriter\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Demille\n        - c1920.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Cecil B. DeMille]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[William\n        D. Francis]], Australian botanist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Edwin\n        Muir]], Scottish poet, novelist and translator (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Enrique Pedreira]], Puerto Rican composer (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Zhang Xi (PRC politician)|Zhang Xi]], Chinese politician\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Giuseppe Bottai]], Italian Fascist\n        journalist and politician (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\n** [[Eivind Berggrav]],\n        Norwegian [[Lutheran]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[G. D. H. Cole]],\n        English political theorist, economist and historian (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Eduardo Braun-Men\\u00e9ndez]], Argentine physiologist (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Jennie Ross Cobb]], American photographer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Roger Gray (actor)|Roger Gray]], American actor (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Cecil B. DeMille]], American film director\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Carl Switzer]], American actor (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Mike Hawthorn]], English race car driver (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[January\n        25]] – [[William Flannery]], American director (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Margaret Elizabeth Egan]], American librarian (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[MacGillivray Milne]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]] and\n        the 27th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        [[Walter Beall]], American baseball player (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:DFMalanPortret.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Daniel\n        Fran\\u00e7ois Malan]]]]\\n[[File:Beatrix Jones Farrand cabinet card est 1890s-1910s.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Beatrix\n        Farrand]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Frank Shannon]], American actor (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[The Day the Music Died|Killed in the\n        crash of a private plane]]:\\n** [[The Big Bopper]] (J.P. Richardson), American\n        rock singer (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Buddy Holly]], American rock singer  (b. [[1936]])\\n**\n        [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]], pilot (b. [[1937]])\\n** [[Ritchie\n        Valens]], American rock singer (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Vincent\n        Astor]], American philanthropist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Francesco De Robertis]],\n        Italian screenwriter, editor and director (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 4]]\n        – [[Una O''Connor (actress)|Una O''Connor]], Irish actress (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 7]]\\n** [[Nap Lajoie]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland Indians]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Daniel Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Malan]], South African politician, 4th [[Prime Minister of South Africa]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Marshall Teague]], American race\n        car driver (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[George Antheil]], American\n        composer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Baby Dodds]], American\n        jazz musician (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Ralph Eastwood]], British\n        army officer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Owen Willans Richardson]], British physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Luigi Emanueli]], Italian engineer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Gago Coutinho]], Portuguese aviation pioneer (b. 1869)\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\n** [[Greg\\u00f3rio Bondar]], Russian-Brazilian agronomist (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Laurence Housman]], English playwright and writer (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Helen Parrish]], American actress (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] \\n** [[Pierre Frieden]], Luxembourgish politician and writer, 18th [[Prime\n        Minister of Luxembourg]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Luis Pal\\u00e9s Matos]], Puerto\n        Rican poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Klawdziy Duzh-Dushewski]],\n        Soviet architect, diplomat and journalist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife]], eldest grandchild of King [[Edward\n        VII]] (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Selig Suskin]], Russian-born Israeli agronomist\n        and early Zionist (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 28]] \\n** [[Maxwell Anderson]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Beatrix Farrand]], American gardener\n        and architect (b. [[1872]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Lou Costello in Africa\n        Screams.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lou Costello]]]]\\n[[File:52 HatoyamaI.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ichir\\u014d\n        Hatoyama]]]]\\n[[File:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi Seated.png|thumb|110px|[[Abd al-Rahman\n        al-Mahdi]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Mack Gordon]], American composer and\n        lyricist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Zalman Ben-Ya''akov]], Israel\n        politician (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Eric Blore]], English actor (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Lou Costello]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Adolphe Danziger De Castro]], Israeli scholar (b.  [[1859]])\\n**\n        [[Maxie Long]], American athlete (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 6]] \\n** [[Guido\n        Brignone]], Italian actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Fred Stone]], American actor\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Ichir\\u014d Hatoyama]], Japanese politician,\n        36th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 15]] \\n** [[Shalva\n        Dadiani]], Soviet novelist (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Lester Young]], American jazz\n        saxophonist (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Galaktion Tabidze]], Georgian\n        poet (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Umberto Barbaro]], Italian critic\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Edwin Balmer]], American science fiction\n        and mystery writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Dominick Trcka]],\n        Czechoslovak [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        24]] – [[Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi]], Sudanese political figure and religious\n        leader, Imam of the [[Ansar (Sudan)|Ansar]] and 1st [[Prime Minister of Sudan]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Billy Mayerl]], British pianist and\n        composer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Raymond Chandler]], American-born\n        novelist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Grant Withers]], American\n        actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Lyubov Golanchikova]], Soviet\n        pilot (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Barth\\u00e9lemy Boganda]], 1st\n        [[Prime Minister of the Central African Republic]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Reginald R. Belknap]], United States Navy rear admiral (b.\n        [[1871]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Frank Lloyd Wright portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Frank\n        Lloyd Wright]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Nicholas Charnetsky]], Soviet [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Leo Aryeh Mayer]], Israeli professor and scholar of\n        Islamic art (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 8]] \\n** [[Mario de Bernardi]], Italian\n        aviator (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Marios Makrionitis]], Greek [[Jesuit]] prelate\n        and reverend (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Frank Lloyd Wright]],\n        American architect (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[James Gleason]],\n        American actor, playwright, and screenwriter (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 13]]\n        – [[Dagmar Hansen]], Danish singer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[April 16]] –\n        [[Ram\\u00f3n Armando Rodr\\u00edguez]], Venezuelan writer (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Cecil Cunningham]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Irving Cummings]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Count Michael Mikhailovich of Torby]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[Alabert Fogarasi]], Hungarian philosopher and politician\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Guggiari Echeverr\\u00eda]], Paraguayan [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and venerable (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson]], British general (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Troy Sanders (composer)|Troy Sanders]], American film\n        score composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[William S. Pye]], American\n        admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\n** [[Georges-Fran\\u00e7ois-Xavier-Marie\n        Grente|Georges Grente]], French [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b.\n        [[1872]])\\n** [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]], Argentine politician, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Maria Dul\\u0119ba]],\n        Polish actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 8]] \\n** [[Renato Caccioppoli]], Italian\n        mathematician (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Hector Choquette]], Canadian politician\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Marcella Albani]], Italian actress (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Sidney Bechet]], American musician (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] \\n** [[Joe Cook (actor)|Joe Cook]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Jeanne de Flandreysy]], French author (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 16]] –\n        [[Elisha Scott]], Irish footballer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 17]] \\n** [[George\n        Albert Smith (film pioneer)|George Albert Smith]], English film pioneer (b.\n        [[1864]])\\n** [[Judite Teixeira]], Portuguese writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[Apsley Cherry-Garrard]], Antarctic explorer (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Enrique\n        Guaita]], Argentinian footballer (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Alfred\n        Sch\\u00fctz]], Austrian sociologist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Henri\n        Marchand (actor)|Henri Marchand]], French actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 24]]\n        – [[John Foster Dulles]], [[United States Secretary of State]] (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Ed Walsh]], American baseball player ([[Chicago White\n        Sox]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 30]]\n        \\n** [[Hesperia (actress)|Hesperia]], Italian actress (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Ra\\u00fal\n        Scalabrini Ortiz]], Argentinian journalist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Ede Zathureczky]], Hungarian violinist (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Windaus.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolf\n        Otto Reinhold Windaus]]]]\\n[[File:Hitoshi Ashida.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hitoshi\n        Ashida]]]]\\n[[File:Elias von Parma Postkarte 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elias,\n        Duke of Parma]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Kinahan Cornwallis]], British diplomat\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Charles Vidor]], American director (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Pietro Canonica]], Italian sculptor (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[Sonnie Hale]], English actor and director (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n** [[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[June 12]] – [[Clyde\n        E. Elliott]], American director, producer and writer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June\n        14]] – [[Jer\\u00f3nimo M\\u00e9ndez]], Chilean politician, former acting\n        [[Presidents of Chile|President of the Republic]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Kazimierz Bein]], Polish ophtlalmologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June\n        16]] – [[George Reeves]], American television actor (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Ethel Barrymore]], American stage and screen actress (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Vincenzo Cardarelli]], Italian poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June\n        20]] – [[Hitoshi Ashida]], Japanese politician, 34th [[Prime Minister\n        of Japan]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix Guignot]], French\n        physician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Bruce Harlan]], American Olympic diver (b. [[1926]])\\n*\n        [[June 23]] \\n** [[Cesare Maria De Vecchi]], Italian soldier (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Gorczy\\u0144ska]], Polish actress (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Boris Vian]],\n        French writer, poet, singer, and musician (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Farajallah el-Helou]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Charles Starkweather]],\n        American spree killer (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\n** [[Elias, Duke of Parma]]\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Giovanni Pastrone]], Italian actor, director and screenwriter\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Vasconcelos]], Mexican politician,\n        writer and philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Billie Holiday\n        1949.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Billie Holiday]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Sergei Chetverikov]],\n        Russian biologist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 3]] \\n** [[Pedro Pablo Caro]], Chilean\n        lawyer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Johan Bojer]], Norwegian novelist and dramatist\n        (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Jarabo]], Spanish\n        spree killer (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[George Grosz]], German\n        artist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Ernest Newman]], British music critic\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Hermenegildo Anglada Camarasa|Hermenegildo Anglada]],\n        Spanish painter (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Ferenc Tal\\u00e1nyi]],\n        Yugoslav writer, partisan and painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Marcel Nguy\\u1ec5n T\\u00e2n V\\u0103n]], Vietnamese [[Redemptorist]] brother\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Charlie Parker (cricketer)|Charlie\n        Parker]], English cricketer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Grock]],\n        Swiss clown (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Ernest Bloch]], Swiss composer\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Agostino Gemelli]], Italian [[Franciscan]] friar and reverend\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Billie Holiday]], American singer (b.\n        [[1915]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[William D. Leahy]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog]], Polish-born Chief\n        Rabbi of Ireland, and later of [[Israel]] (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Naim Moghabghab]],\n        Lebanese political leader (b. [[1911]])\\n** King [[Mutara III of Rwanda]]\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Joseph Ayo Babalola]], Nigerian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] apostle (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Manuel Altolaguirre]], Spanish poet\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Heinie Conklin]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Gottfried Fr\\u00f6lich]], German general, recipient of the [[Knight''s Cross\n        of the Iron Cross]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Mar\\u00eda Natividad Venegas de la\n        Torre]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] nun and saint (b. [[1868]])\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Mary Teresa Norton]], American politician (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[August 3]]\\n** [[Herb Byrne]], Australian rules footballer (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Fernando Carpi]], Italian tenor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Ioan\n        B\\u0103lan]], Romanian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] prelate (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Edgar Guest]], English poet (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Preston Sturges]], American film director and writer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[August 8]] \\n** [[Luigi Sturzo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and\n        politician (b. [[1871]])\\n** [[Henry St. George Tucker (bishop)|Henry St.\n        George Tucker]], American [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] bishop\n        and reverend (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Luis Araquist\\u00e1in]], Spanish politician\n        and writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Emil Franti\\u0161ek Burian]],\n        Czechoslovak poet (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Blind Willie McTell]],\n        American Piedmont blues singer and guitarist (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Benny Fields]], American singer (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[William Halsey, Jr.]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Wanda Landowska]], Polish harpsichordist\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque]], Brazilian\n        military officer (b.  [[1885]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Claude Grahame-White]],\n        British aviation pioneer (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jacob Epstein]], American-born\n        sculptor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Alexander Evreinov]], Soviet\n        [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] bishop and reverend (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[August 22]] – [[Marie Luise Droop]], German writer, producer and director\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Raphael Lemkin]], international lawyer\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Bohuslav Martin\\u016f]], Czech composer (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_(1899-1959).jpg|thumb|110px|[[S.\n        W. R. D. Bandaranaike]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Jack Norworth]], American\n        singer and songwriter (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Edmund Gwenn]],\n        English actor (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Kay Kendall]], English actress (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]] \\n** [[Maurice Duplessis]], [[Premier of Quebec]] (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Virgilio Riento]], Italian actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Paul Douglas (actor)|Paul Douglas]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        13]] \\n** [[Adrian (costume designer)|Gilbert Adrian]], American costume designer\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Diomira Jacobini]], Italian actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September\n        14]] – [[Wayne Morris (American actor)|Wayne Morris]], American actor\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Chumbhotbongs Paribatra]], Prince\n        of Thailand (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Jack Llewelyn Davies]],\n        one of the ''Lost Boys'' for the [[Peter Pan]] book (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Adolf Ziegler]],  German painter (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September\n        20]] – [[Nikandr Chibisov]], Russian commander (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] \\n** [[Josef Matthias Hauer]], Austrian composer and music theorist (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n** [[Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside]], British Field Marshal\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]], 4th [[Prime\n        Minister of Ceylon]] (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Helen Broderick]], American actress\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Marcelle G\\u00e9niat]], French\n        actress (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Rimma Brailovskaya]], Russian\n        painter (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Rudolf Caracciola]], German race car driver (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n** [[Oscar Griswold]], American general (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Gerard\n        Hoffnung]], German-born English humorist (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Vinnie Richards]],\n        American tennis player (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Taylor\n        Holmes]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Enrico De\n        Nicola.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Enrico De Nicola]]]]\\n[[File:Errol Flynn1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Errol\n        Flynn]]]]\\n[[File:General George C. Marshall, official military photo, 1946.JPEG|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Marshall|George C. Marshall]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Enrico De Nicola]],\n        Italian jurist, politician and journalist, 1st [[President of Italy]] (b.\n        [[1877]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Bernard Berenson]], American art historian\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Mario Lanza]], American tenor (b.\n        [[1921]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Shir\\u014d Ishii]], Japanese microbiologist\n        and lieutenant general of [[Unit 731]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 11]] –\n        [[Bert Bell]], 2nd commissioner of the [[National Football League]] (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\n** [[Edward Keane (actor)|Edward Keane]], American actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Arnolt Bronnen]], Austrian playwright and director (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Errol Flynn]], Australian actor (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Stepan Bandera]], Ukrainian nationalist\n        leader (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Minor Hall]], American jazz musician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]], [[United States\n        Secretary of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[October 18]] – [[Boughera El Ouafi]], Algerian athlete (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Ebrahim Hakimi]], 29th [[Prime Minister of Iran]]\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Werner Krauss]], German actor (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Joseph Cahill]], Australian politician\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Genevieve R. Cline]], American jurist\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Domenchina]], Spanish\n        poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\n** [[Lili \\u00c1rkayn\\u00e9 Sztehl\\u00f3]],\n        Hungarian painter (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Camilo Cienfuegos]], Cuban revolutionary\n        (b. [[1932]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Jose P. Laurel.jpg|thumbnail|110px|[[Jose\n        P. Laurel]]]]\\n[[File:Alfonso L\\u00f3pez Pumarejo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alfonso\n        L\\u00f3pez Pumarejo]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]],\n        Tamil film actor and producer (b. 1909)\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Michael Considine]],\n        Australian politician (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Federico Tedeschini]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] cardinal and eminence (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[George\n        (Karslidis) of Drama|George Karslidis]], Greek [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]\n        priest, elder and saint (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 P.\n        Laurel]], Filipino politician and judge, 3rd [[President of the Philippines]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Ivan Leonidov]], Russian architect (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] \\n** [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]], [[Nawab of Junagarh]] (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Victor McLaglen]], English actor and boxer (b. [[1886]]) \\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Frank S. Land]], founder of the [[Order of DeMolay]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 10]] – [[Lupino Lane]], British actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson]], Scottish physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[November 17]] –\n        [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]], Brazilian composer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 19]]\n        – [[Joseph Charbonneau]], Canadian [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]], American\n        boxer and actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Molla Mallory]],\n        American tennis champion (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[Stepan Erzia]],\n        Russian sculptor (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Dally Messenger]], Australian rugby league\n        player (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[G\\u00e9rard Philipe]], French\n        actor (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Hans Henny Jahnn]],  German\n        playwright and novelist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Alfonso\n        L\\u00f3pez Pumarejo]], Colombian political figure, 2-time [[President of Colombia]]\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:HIH Kuni Asaakira.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Prince\n        Kuni Asaakira]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Giuseppe Zucca]], Italian screenwriter\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Juozapas Skvireckas]], Soviet [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] archbishop and reverend (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[Hubert Marischka]], Austrian film director (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]] \\n** [[Charlie Hall (actor)|Charlie Hall]], English actor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n** [[Prince Kuni Asaakira]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 9]] –\n        [[Donald MacDonald (actor)|Donald MacDonald]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]] – [[Jim Bottomley]], American baseball player ([[St.\n        Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] \\n** [[Marcella Craft]], American soprano (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Russell Simpson (actor)|Russell Simpson]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 14]] \\n** [[Edna Wallace Hopper]], American stage actress (b. [[1872]])\\n**\n        [[Stanley Spencer]], British painter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Andr\\u00e9s Mart\\u00ednez Trueba]], 31st [[President of Uruguay]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Gilda Gray]], Polish-born dancer and actress (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]],\n        British politician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Edmund Goulding]],\n        American director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Ante Paveli\\u0107|Ante\n        Pavelic]], Croatian fascist leader and WWII war criminal (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Morosoli]], Uruguayan writer (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n\\n===Unknown===\\n* [[Elena S\\u0103c\\u0103lici]], Romanian artistic\n        gymnast (b. [[1935]])\\n\\n==Nobel prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Emilio Gino Segr\\u00e8]], [[Owen\n        Chamberlain]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Jaroslav\n        Heyrovsk\\u00fd]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or\n        Medicine]] – [[Severo Ochoa]], [[Arthur Kornberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Literature]] – [[Salvatore Quasimodo]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[Philip Noel-Baker]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1959}}\\n\\n[[Category:1959|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:56:53Z\",\"lastrevid\":797279886,\"length\":74724,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1959&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959\"},\"34664\":{\"pageid\":34664,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1960\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T17:05:15Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1960}}\\n{{Events by month|1960}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1960}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1960}} It is also\n        known as the \\\"[[Year of Africa]]\\\" because of major events\\u2014particularly\n        the independence of seventeen African nations\\u2014that focused global attention\n        on the continent and intensified feelings of [[Pan-Africanism]].\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1960}}\\n* January \\u2013 The [[state of emergency]] is lifted\n        in [[Kenya]], officially ending the [[Mau Mau Uprising]].\\n* [[January 1]]\n        \\u2013 [[Cameroon]] gains its independence from French-administered U.N. trusteeship.\\n*\n        [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] (D-MA) announces\n        his candidacy for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential\n        nomination.\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 The [[Associations Law]] comes into force\n        in [[Iraq]], allowing registration of political parties.\\n* [[January 9]]\\u2013[[January\n        11|11]] \\u2013 [[Aswan High Dam]] construction begins in [[Egypt]].\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 British Prime Minister [[Harold Macmillan]] makes the [[Wind of\n        Change (speech)|Wind of Change]] speech for the first time (see [[February\n        3]]).\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 The [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]]\n        and [[Commonwealth Bank]] are created in Australia.\\n* [[January 15]] \\u2013\n        The first televised [[anime]], ''''[[Three Tales (anime)|Three Tales]]'''',\n        debuts on [[NHK]].\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 The [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation\n        and Security between the United States and Japan]] is signed in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 A coal mine collapses at [[Holly Country|Coalbrook]],\n        South Africa, killing 435 [[miner]]s.\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** In France, President\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]] fires [[Jacques Massu]], the commander-in-chief of the\n        French troops in [[Algeria]].\\n** [[Jacques Piccard]] and [[Don Walsh]] descend\n        into the [[Mariana Trench]] in the ''''[[bathyscaphe Trieste]]'''', reaching\n        the depth of 10,911 meters (35,797 feet) and become the first human beings\n        to reach the lowest spot on Earth.\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 A major insurrection\n        occurs in [[Algiers]] against French colonial policy.\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013\n        In Washington, D.C., the [[National Association of Broadcasters]] reacts to\n        the [[payola]] scandal by threatening fines for any [[disc jockey]]s who accepted\n        money for playing particular records.\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 The [[National\n        Football League]] announces expansion teams for [[Dallas Cowboys|Dallas]]\n        to start in the 1960 NFL season, and [[Minnesota Vikings|Minneapolis\\u2013St.\n        Paul]] for the 1961 NFL season.\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 The [[African National\n        Party]] is founded in [[Chad]], through the merger of traditionalist parties.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1960}}\\n* [[February 1]] \\u2013 In [[Greensboro, North Carolina]],\n        four black students from [[North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State\n        University]] begin a [[Greensboro sit-ins|sit-in]] at a segregated [[F. W.\n        Woolworth Company|Woolworth''s]] [[lunch counter]]. Although they are refused\n        service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many\n        similar non-violent protests throughout the [[Southern United States]], and\n        six months later the original four protesters are served lunch at the same\n        counter.\\n[[File:Greensboro sit-in counter.jpg|thumb|A section of lunch counter\n        from the [[Greensboro, North Carolina]] [[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth''s]]\n        where the [[Greensboro sit-ins]] began is now preserved in the [[Smithsonian\n        Institution]] [[National Museum of American History]]]]\\n* [[February 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Harold Macmillan]] makes\n        the [[Wind of Change (speech)|Wind of Change]] speech to the South African\n        Parliament in [[Cape Town]] (although he had first made the speech, to little\n        publicity, in [[Accra]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] \\u2014\n        now [[Ghana]] \\u2014 on [[January 10]]).\\n* [[February 5]] \\u2013 The first\n        [[CERN]] [[particle accelerator]] becomes operational in [[Geneva]], Switzerland.\\n*\n        [[February 9]]\\n** [[Joanne Woodward]] receives the first star on the [[Hollywood\n        Walk of Fame]].\\n** [[Adolph Coors III]], the chairman of the board of the\n        [[Coors Brewing Company]], is kidnapped, and his captors demand a ransom of\n        $500,000. Coors is later found murdered, and [[Joseph Corbett, Jr.]] is indicted\n        for the crime.\\n* [[February 10]] \\u2013 A conference about the proposed independence\n        of the [[Belgian Congo]] begins in [[Brussels]], Belgium.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**\n        The [[N-class blimp]] ''''[[ZPG-3W]]'''' of the U.S. Navy is destroyed during\n        a storm over [[Massachusetts]].\\n** Twelve Indian soldiers die in clashes\n        with [[People''s Republic of China|Red Chinese]] troops along their small\n        common border.\\n* [[February 13]] \\u2013 France tests its [[Gerboise Bleue|first\n        atomic bomb]] in the [[Sahara Desert]] of [[Algeria]].\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\u2013 The [[1960 Winter Olympics]] begin at the [[Squaw Valley Ski Resort]],\n        in [[Placer County, California]].\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 A New York-bound\n        [[Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane|Alitalia]] airliner crashes into a cemetery\n        at [[Shannon, Ireland]], shortly after takeoff, killing 34 of the 52 persons\n        on board.\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013 The 5.7 {{M|w}} [[1960 Agadir earthquake|Agadir\n        earthquake]] shakes coastal [[Morocco]] with a maximum perceived intensity\n        of [[Mercalli intensity scale|X (''''Extreme'''')]], destroying Agadir, and\n        leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March\n        1960}}\\n[[File:GuerrilleroHeroico.jpg|thumb|130px|The iconic picture of Che\n        Guevara.\\\"[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/books/21kaku.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all\n        Brand Che: Revolutionary as Marketer''s Dream] by [[Michiko Kakutani]], ''''[[The\n        New York Times]]'''', April 20, 2009]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Lucille\n        Ball]] files for divorce from husband [[Desi Arnaz]] after 19 years of marriage.\n        The divorce ends the ''''[[I Love Lucy]]'''' franchise.\\n* [[March 3]] \\u2013\n        [[Elvis Presley]] returns home from Germany, after being away on military\n        duty for 2 years.\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Elvis Presley]] receives his honorable\n        discharge from the U.S. Army.\\n** [[Alberto Korda]] takes his iconic photograph\n        of [[Che Guevara]], ''''[[Guerrillero Heroico]]'''', in [[Havana]].\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The United States announces that 3,500 American soldiers\n        will be sent to [[Vietnam]].\\n** The [[Canton of Geneva]] in Switzerland gives\n        women the right to vote.\\n* [[March 17]] \\u2013 [[Northwest Orient Airlines\n        Flight 710]] crashes near Tell City, Indiana, killing all 63 on board.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] \\u2013 The [[Sharpeville massacre]] in South Africa results in\n        more than 69 dead, 300 injured.\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow]]\n        and [[Charles Hard Townes]] receive the first [[patent]] for a [[laser]].\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\u2013 Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] meets French president\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]] in Paris.\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 \\\"[[Tom Pillibi]]\\\"\n        by [[Jacqueline Boyer]] (music by [[Andr\\u00e9 Popp]], text by [[Pierre Cour]])\n        wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1960]] for France.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1960}}\\n[[File:Tiros satellite navitar.jpg|thumb|upright|Tiros\n        I prototype on display at the Smithsonian [[National Air and Space Museum]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad]], 1st\n        [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]], dies in office. He is replaced\n        by [[Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah]], [[Sultan]]\n        of [[Selangor]].\\n** The United States launches the first [[weather satellite]],\n        [[TIROS-1]].\\n** The [[1960 United States Census]] begins. There are 179,323,175\n        U.S. residents on this day.[http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1961-02.pdf\n        Population] All people from [[Latin America]] are listed as white, including\n        blacks from the [[Dominican Republic]], European whites from [[Argentina]]\n        and Mexicans who resemble [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** At the [[32nd Academy Awards]] ceremony, ''''[[Ben-Hur (1959\n        film)|Ben-Hur]]'''' wins a record number of [[Oscars]], including [[Academy\n        Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n** [[Elvis Presley]]''s song \\\"[[Are\n        You Lonesome Tonight? (song)|Are You Lonesome Tonight?]]\\\" is recorded for\n        the first time.\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 Gunman [[David Pratt (assassin)|David\n        Pratt]] shoots [[South African Prime Minister]] [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] in [[Johannesburg]],\n        wounding him seriously.\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 Eric Peugeot, the youngest\n        son of the founder of the [[Peugeot Corporation]], is kidnapped in Paris.\n        Then, he is released on [[April 15]] in exchange for $300,000 in ransom.\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** United States launches [[navigation satellite]] Transit I-b.\\n**\n        The proposed mass-production of the [[Blue Streak missile]] is cancelled.\\n*\n        [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[April Revolution]]: South Korean students hold a nationwide\n        pro-democracy protest against President [[Syngman Rhee]], eventually leading\n        him to resign from that office.\\n* [[April 21]] \\u2013 In Brazil, the country''s\n        capital ([[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]) is relocated from\n        the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] to the new city, [[Bras\\u00edlia]], in the\n        highlands. The actual city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] becomes the [[State of Guanabara]].\\n*\n        [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Togo]] gains independence from France, with the French-administered\n        [[United Nations Trust Territory]] being terminated.\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1960}}\\n[[File:RIAN archive 35172 Powers Wears Special Pressure\n        Suit.jpg|thumb|Francis Gary Powers wearing special pressure suit for stratospheric\n        flying]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** Several [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[surface-to-air\n        missile]]s [[1960 U-2 incident|shoot down]] an American [[Lockheed U-2]] spy\n        plane. Its pilot, [[Francis Gary Powers]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]],\n        is captured.\\n** In India, [[May 2]] is declared as ''Maharashtra Divas'',\n        i.e., [[Maharashtra Day]] (also celebrated as ''Kaamgaar Divas'', i.e., Workers\n        Day).\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** The [[European Free Trade Association]] (EFTA) is established.\\n**\n        ''''[[The Fantasticks]]'''', the world''s longest-running [[musical theatre|musical]],\n        opens at New York City''s [[Sullivan Street Playhouse]], where it will play\n        for 42 years.\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** West German refugee minister [[Theodor Oberl\\u00e4nder]]\n        is fired because of his past with [[Nazi Germany]].\\n** [[A. J. Liebling]]\n        promulgates Liebling''s Law in ''''[[The New Yorker]]'''' magazine: \\\"Freedom\n        of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one.\\\"\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013\n        United States President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the [[Civil Rights\n        Act of 1960]] into law.\\n* [[May 9]] \\u2013 The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]]\n        announces that it will approve [[birth control]] as an additional [[indication\n        (medicine)|indication]] for [[G. D. Searle & Company|Searle]]''s Enovid, making\n        it the world''s first approved [[combined oral contraceptive pill|oral contraceptive\n        pill]].\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013 The U.S. nuclear-powered submarine {{USS|Triton|SSRN-586|6}},\n        under the command of Captain [[Edward L. Beach Jr.]], completes the first\n        underwater [[circumnavigation]] of the Earth (codenamed [[Operation Sandblast]]).\\n*\n        [[May 11]] \\u2013 In [[Buenos Aires]], four [[Mossad]] agents abduct the fugitive\n        [[Nazi Germany|Nazi criminal against humanity]], [[Adolf Eichmann]], in order\n        that he can be taken to [[Israel]] and put on trial. (Eichmann is later convicted\n        and executed).\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 A joint Swiss and Austrian expedition\n        makes the first ascent of the Asian mountain, [[Dhaulagiri]], the world''s\n        7th highest mountain.\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 The Kenyan African National Congress\n        Party is founded in [[Kenya]], when 3 political parties join forces.\\n* [[May\n        15]] \\u2013 The [[satellite]] [[Sputnik program|Sputnik 4]] is launched into\n        orbit by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        demands an apology from [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] for the [[1960 U-2 incident|U-2 reconnaissance plane flights]]\n        over the [[Soviet Union]], thus aborting the summit meeting scheduled for\n        Paris in 1960.\\n** [[Theodore Maiman]] operates the first [[laser]].\\n* [[May\n        18]]  \\u2013 [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] beats [[Eintracht Frankfurt]]\n        7-3 at [[Hampden Park]], [[Glasgow]] and wins the [[1959\\u201360 European\n        Cup]] (football).\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2013 In Japan, police carry away [[socialist]]\n        members of the [[Diet of Japan]]. The Diet next approves a mutual security\n        treaty with the United States.\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 The [[1960 Valdivia earthquake|Great\n        Chilean earthquake]]: [[Chile]]''s subduction fault ruptures from [[Talcahuano]]\n        to [[Taitao Peninsula]], causing the most powerful earthquake on record (with\n        a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 9.5) and a [[tsunami]]. Because\n        of its power, the [[seismograph]]s in the city of [[Valdivia]] are overloaded\n        and malfunction through the entire earthquake.\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Prime\n        Minister of Israel]] [[David Ben-Gurion]] announces that [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war\n        criminal]] [[Adolf Eichmann]] has been captured.\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 In Turkey,\n        [[1960 Turkish coup d''\\u00e9tat|a bloodless military coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        removes President [[Cel\\u00e2l Bayar]] and installs General [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]]\n        as the [[head of state]].\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]] forms\n        the new government of [[Turkey]] (its 24th government, composed mostly of\n        so-called \\\"technocrats\\\").\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1960}}\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 New Zealand''s first [[television station]] begins broadcasting\n        in the city of [[Auckland]].\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 The [[Lake Bodom murders]]\n        occur in Finland.\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013 [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        wins the [[California]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[primary\n        election|primary]].\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013 [[1960 Pacific typhoon season|Typhoon\n        Mary]] kills 1,600 people in China.\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Domino''s Pizza]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** Violent [[Demonstration (protest)|demonstrations]]\n        at [[Tokyo University]] result in 182 arrests, 589 injuries.\\n** The [[BC\n        Ferries]] company, later to become the second-largest ferry operator in the\n        world, commences service between [[Tsawwassen]] and [[Swartz Bay, British\n        Columbia]], Canada.\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013 The [[Associated Broadcasting Company]]\n        (now TV5) is founded in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 The short-lived\n        [[Mali Federation]], consisting of the [[Sudanese Republic]] (now the [[Mali|Republic\n        of Mali]]) and [[Senegal]], gains independence from France.\\n* [[June 23]]\n        \\u2013 Japanese prime minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]] announces his resignation.\\n*\n        [[June 24]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]] is elected as the first President\n        of the independent [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        The [[State of Somaliland]] (the former [[British Somaliland]] protectorate)\n        receives its independence from the United Kingdom. Five days later, it unites\n        as scheduled with the [[Trust Territory of Somalia]] (the former [[Italian\n        Somaliland]]) to form the [[Somali Republic]].\\n** The [[Malagasy Republic]],\n        now [[Madagascar]], becomes independent from France.\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[King\n        Bhumibol Adulyadej]] arrives in Washington, D.C. for a 4-day royal visit to\n        the U.S.\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** The [[Belgian Congo]] receives its independence\n        from Belgium as the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)]]. A [[civil\n        war]] follows closely on the heels of this.\\n** Public demonstrations by democratic\n        and left forces, against Italian government support of the post-fascist [[Italian\n        Social Movement]], are heavily suppressed by police.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1960}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Ghana]] becomes a republic and [[Kwame\n        Nkrumah]] becomes its first [[President of Ghana|President]].\\n** [[Cold War]]:\n        A [[Soviet Air Force]] [[MiG-19]] [[fighter plane]] flying north of [[Murmansk]],\n        Russia, over the [[Barents Sea]] shoots down a six-man [[RB-47 Stratojet]]\n        [[reconnaissance plane]] of the U.S. Air Force. Four of the U.S. Air Force\n        officers are killed, and the two survivors are held prisoner in the [[Soviet\n        Union]].\\n** The [[Trust Territory of Somaliland]] (the former [[Italian Somaliland]])\n        gains its independence from Italy. Concurrently, it unites as scheduled with\n        the five-day-old [[State of Somaliland]] (the former [[British Somaliland]])\n        to form the [[Somali Republic]].\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 Following the admission\n        of the State of Hawaii as the 50th state in August 1959, the new 50-star [[Flag\n        of the United States]] is first officially flown over [[Philadelphia]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union national football team]] defeats the\n        [[Yugoslavian national football team]] 2\\u20131 in Paris to win the first\n        [[UEFA European Football Championship|European Soccer Championship]].\\n* [[July\n        11]]\\n** [[Congo Crisis]]: [[Moise Tshombe]] declares the Congolese province\n        of [[State of Katanga|Katanga]] independent. He requests and receives help\n        from Belgium.\\n** [[Harper Lee]] publishes her novel ''''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'''',\n        which later wins the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for the best American novel of 1960.\\n*\n        [[July 12]] \\u2013 [[Chin Peng]] is exiled from [[Malaysia]] to [[Thailand]]\n        and the Malayan [[Malayan Emergency|state of emergency]] is lifted.\\n* [[July\n        13]] \\u2013 [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] is nominated for President\n        of the United States at the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]] in Los\n        Angeles.\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations Security Council]] decides\n        to send troops to Katanga to oversee the withdrawal of Belgian troops.\\n*\n        [[July 20]] \\u2013 [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] elects Mrs. [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]\n        as its Prime Minister, the world''s first elected female [[head of government]].\n        She takes office the following day.\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013 [[Francis Chichester]],\n        English navigator and yachtsman, arrives at New York City aboard his [[sailboat|yacht]],\n        ''''Gypsy Moth II'''', crossing the Atlantic Ocean solo in a new record of\n        just forty days.\\n* [[July 25]] \\u2013 [[F. W. Woolworth Company|The Woolworth\n        Company]]''s lunch counter in [[Greensboro, North Carolina]], the location\n        of a sit-in that had [[F. W. Woolworth Company#Greensboro sit-in|sparked demonstrations]]\n        by [[Negro]]es across the [[Southern United States]], serves a meal to its\n        first black customer.\\n* [[July 25]]\\u2013[[July 28]] \\u2013 In Chicago, the\n        [[1960 Republican National Convention]] nominates [[Vice President of the\n        United States|Vice President]] [[Richard Nixon]] as its candidate for President\n        of the United States, and [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], as its candidate to become\n        the new Vice-President.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1960}}\\n* [[August\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Republic of Dahomey|Dahomey]], now known as [[Benin]], becomes\n        independent from France.\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Niger]] becomes independent\n        from France.\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Republic of Upper Volta|Upper Volta]],\n        now known as [[Burkina Faso]], becomes independent from France.\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Cuban Revolution]]: In response to a [[United States embargo against\n        Cuba]], [[Fidel Castro]] nationalizes all American and foreign-owned property\n        in [[Cuba]].\\n** In the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)]], now\n        the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Albert Kalonji]] declares the\n        independence of the \\\"Autonomous State of [[South Kasai]]\\\".\\n* [[August 7]]\\n**\n        The [[Ivory Coast]]  becomes independent from France.\\n** The world''s first\n        [[standard gauge]] passenger preserved railway, the [[Bluebell Railway]],\n        opens to the public in England.\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 The government of [[Laos]]\n        is overthrown in a coup.\\n* [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Chad]] becomes independent\n        from France.\\n* [[August 13]] \\u2013 [[Ubangi-Shari]] becomes independent\n        from France, as the \\\"[[Central African Republic]]\\\". It later becomes the\n        \\\"[[Central African Empire]]\\\" for some years.\\n* [[August 15]] \\u2013 [[Middle\n        Congo]] becomes independent from France, as [[Republic of Congo|Republic of\n        Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)]].\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Joseph Kittinger]] parachutes\n        from a balloon over [[New Mexico]] at an altitude of about 102,800 feet (31,333\n        meters). Kittinger sets world records for: high-altitude jump; [[free-fall]]\n        by falling 16.0 miles (25.7 [[kilometer]]s) before opening his parachute;\n        and the fastest speed attained by a human being without mechanical or chemical\n        assistance, about 982 k.p.h (614 m.p.h.). (Kittinger survives more or less\n        uninjured, and he is still alive in Florida {{as of|2013|lc=y}}. [[Felix Baumgartner]]\n        breaks his record in [[2012]].)\\n** The Mediterranean island of [[Cyprus]]\n        receives its independence from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** The\n        newly named [[Beatles]] begin a 48-night residency at the Indra club in [[Hamburg]],\n        West Germany.\\n** [[Gabon]] becomes independent from France.\\n** The trial\n        of the American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] pilot [[Francis Gary Powers]] begins\n        in Moscow.\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Cold War]]: In Moscow, American U-2 pilot\n        Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to 10 years in prison for [[espionage]].\\n**\n        [[Sputnik program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches the [[satellite]] [[Sputnik\n        5]], with the dogs [[Belka (dog)|Belka]] and [[Russian space dogs|Strelka]]\n        (the Russian for \\\"Squirrel\\\" and \\\"Little Arrow\\\"), 40 mice, two rats and\n        a variety of plants. This satellite returns to earth the next day and all\n        animals are recovered safely.\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013 [[Senegal]] breaks away\n        from the [[Mali Federation]], declaring its independence.\\n* [[August 25]]\\n**\n        The [[1960 Summer Olympic Games]] begin in Rome.\\n** The American [[nuclear\n        submarine]] {{USS|Seadragon|SSN-584|6}} surfaces through the [[Arctic ice\n        cap]] at the [[North Pole]], the first submarine ever to do so.\\n* [[August\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Hurricane Donna]] kills 50 people in [[Florida]] and [[New England]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1960}}\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah]],\n        [[Sultan]] of [[Selangor]] and 2nd [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]],\n        dies in office. He is replaced by [[Tuanku Syed Putra]], [[Raja]] of [[Perlis]].\\n**\n        Disgruntled railroad workers effectively halt operations of the [[Pennsylvania\n        Railroad]], marking the first shutdown in the company''s history (the event\n        lasts two days).\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 The first elections of the [[Parliament\n        of the Central Tibetan Administration]] are held. The Tibetan community observes\n        this date as Democracy Day.\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** [[1960 Summer Olympic Games]]:\n        [[Muhammad Ali]] (at this time Cassius Clay) wins the gold medal in [[light-heavyweight]]\n        boxing.\\n** [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|The Congolese]] president,\n        [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]], fires [[Patrice Lumumba]]''s entire government, and\n        also places Lumumba under [[house arrest]].\\n* [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Martin\n        and Mitchell defection|William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell]], two\n        American [[cryptologist]]s, announce their defection to the Soviet Union at\n        a press conference in Moscow.\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013 In [[Huntsville, Alabama]],\n        U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] formally dedicates the [[Marshall\n        Space Flight Center]] (which had been activated by [[NASA]] on July 1).\\n*\n        [[September 9]] \\u2013 The first regular season [[American Football League]]\n        game takes place at Boston''s [[Nickerson Field]]. The [[Denver Broncos]]\n        defeated the [[Boston Patriots]] 13-10.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[1960\n        Summer Olympic Games]]: [[Abebe Bikila]] of [[Ethiopia at the 1960 Summer\n        Olympics|Ethiopia]] wins the gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer\n        Olympics \\u2013 Men''s marathon|marathon]], running barefoot in a world time\n        and becoming the first person from [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] to win Olympic gold.\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** Colonel [[Joseph Mobutu]] takes power in [[Democratic\n        Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]] via a [[military coup]].\\n**\n        The countries of [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Venezuela]]\n        form [[OPEC]].\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Mali]], the sole remaining member\n        of the \\\"Mali Federation\\\" following the withdrawal of [[Senegal]] one month\n        earlier, declares its full independence as the ''''Republic of Mali''''.\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 The leading candidates for [[President of the United\n        States]], [[Richard Nixon]] and [[John F. Kennedy]], make the first televised\n        debate.\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013 The television animated sitcom, ''''[[The\n        Flintstones]]'''' premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1960}}\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Nigeria]] becomes independent\n        from United Kingdom, and [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] becomes its first native-born\n        [[Governor General]].\\n** [[Cameroon]] declares independence from United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[October 3]] \\u2013 [[J\\u00e2nio Quadros]] is elected [[President of Brazil]]\n        for a five-year term.\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 White South Africans vote to\n        make the country a [[republic]].\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Nigeria]] becomes\n        the 99th member of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Cold War]]:\n        Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] [[shoe-banging incident|pounds his shoe\n        on a table]] at a meeting of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], his\n        way of protesting the discussion of the [[Soviet Union]]''s policies toward\n        Eastern Europe.\\n** [[Inejiro Asanuma]], chairman of the [[Japan Socialist\n        Party]], is assassinated by [[Otoya Yamaguchi]] using a ''''[[wakizashi]]''''\n        ([[samurai]] sword) during a political debate in Tokyo being taped for broadcast\n        on Japanese television.\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** The third [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        \\u2013 [[Richard M. Nixon]] Presidential Debate takes place.{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/EventDetail.html?EventID=12|title=Our\n        Campaigns - Event - Third Kennedy-Nixon Debate - Oct 13, 1960|publisher=}}\\n**\n        The [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] defeat the [[New York Yankees]] in the seventh\n        game of the [[World Series]] on [[Bill Mazeroski]]''s series-clinching home\n        run.\\n* [[October 14]]\\n**  [[President of the United States|Presidential]]\n        candidate [[John F. Kennedy]] first suggests the idea for the [[Peace Corps]]\n        of the United States.\\n** The Premier of [[New South Wales]] officially opens\n        [[Warragamba Dam]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20131003030413/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/visit/warragamba-dam\n        Warragamba Dam.] one of the world''s largest domestic water supply dams.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Nedelin catastrophe]]: A large [[rocket]] explodes\n        on the launch pad at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], killing at least 90 people\n        of the [[Soviet space program]].\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\n        telephones [[Coretta Scott King]], the wife of [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]],\n        and secures King''s release from jail regarding a traffic violation in [[Atlanta]].\\n*\n        [[October 29]] \\u2013 In [[Louisville, Kentucky]], Cassius Clay (later [[Muhammad\n        Ali]]) wins his first professional [[boxing match]].\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013\n        Dr. [[Michael Woodruff]] carries out the first successful [[kidney transplant]]\n        in the United Kingdom, at the [[Edinburgh Royal Infirmary]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1960}}\\n[[File:Polaris-a3.jpg|thumb|200px|[[November 15]]:\n        [[Polaris missile]] test]]\\n* [[November 2]] \\u2013 [[Penguin Books]] is found\n        not guilty of [[obscenity]], in the case of [[D. H. Lawrence]]''s novel ''''[[Lady\n        Chatterley''s Lover]]''''.\\n* [[November 8]] \\u2013 [[United States presidential\n        election, 1960]]: In a close race, Democratic U. S. Senator [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        is elected over Republican U. S. Vice President [[Richard Nixon]], to become\n        (at 43) the second youngest man to serve as President of the United States,\n        and the youngest man elected to this position.\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013 [[Sammy\n        Davis Jr.]], marries [[Sweden|Swedish]] actress [[May Britt]].\\n* [[November\n        14]]\\n** Belgium threatens to leave the [[United Nations]] over criticism\n        of its policy concerning the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of\n        the Congo]].\\n** A collision between two trains in [[Pardubice]], [[Czechoslovakia]],\n        kills 117 people.\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 A [[Polaris missile]] is test-launched\n        from [[Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]]\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 The [[United\n        Nations]] supports the government of [[Joseph Kasavubu]] and [[Joseph Mobutu]]\n        in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]].\\n* [[November\n        24]] \\u2013 The [[professional basketball]] player [[Wilt Chamberlain]] of\n        the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] gets 55 rebounds in an [[NBA]] game versus the\n        [[Boston Celtics]].\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Mauritania]] becomes independent\n        of France.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December 1960}}\\n* December\\n**\n        The African and [[Madagascar|Malagasy]] Organisation for Economic Cooperation\n        (OAMCE) (Organisation Africain et Malagache de Coop\\u00e9ration \\u00c9conomique)\n        is established.\\n** [[\\u00c9dith Piaf]]''s recording of \\\"[[Non, je ne regrette\n        rien]]\\\" is released in France.\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Patrice Lumumba]],\n        deposed premier of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of the\n        Congo]], is arrested by the troops of [[Colonel]] [[Joseph Mobutu]].\\n** A\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] satellite containing live animals and plants is launched\n        into orbit. Due to a malfunction it burns up during [[atmospheric re-entry|re-entry]].\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the [[Most Rev.]] [[Geoffrey\n        Francis Fisher]], talks with [[Pope John XXIII]] for about one hour in [[Vatican\n        City]]. This is the first time that any chief of the [[Anglican Church]] had\n        ever visited the [[Pope]].\\n** U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] authorizes\n        the use of $1.0 million for the relief and resettlement of [[Cubans|Cuban]]\n        [[refugee]]s, who had been arriving in [[Florida]] at the rate of about 1,000\n        per week.\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013 The admission of [[Mauritania]] to the\n        [[United Nations]] is vetoed by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[December 5]]\\n**\n        [[Pierre Lagaillarde]], who led the insurrections in [[1958]] and 1960 in\n        [[Algeria]], fails to appear in court in Paris, France. He had reportedly{{citation\n        needed|date=August 2013}} fled with his four fellow defendants to Spain ''''en\n        route'''' to Algeria.\\n** ''''[[Boynton v. Virginia]]'''': The [[Supreme Court\n        of the United States]] declares that [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]]\n        in public transportation is illegal in the United States.\\n* [[December 7]]\n        \\u2013 The [[United Nations Security Council]] is called into session by the\n        [[Soviet Union]] in order to consider Soviet demands for the Security Council\n        to seek the immediate release of former [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese\n        Premier]] [[Patrice Lumumba]].\\n* [[December 8]] \\u2013 For the first time,\n        [[Mary Martin]]''s ''''[[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Peter Pan]]'''' is presented\n        as a stand-alone two-hour special on [[NBC]] instead of as part of an anthology\n        series. This version, rather than being presented live, is shown on [[videotape]],\n        enabling NBC to repeat it as often as they wish without having to restage\n        it. Although nearly all of the adult actors repeat their original [[Broadway\n        theatre|Broadway]] roles, all of the original children have, ironically, outgrown\n        their roles and are replaced by new actors.\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** French President\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]]''s visit to [[Algeria]] is bloodied by European and\n        Muslim rioters in Algeria''s largest cities. These riots cause 127 deaths.\\n**\n        The classic British TV series ''''[[Coronation Street]]'''' premieres. Planned\n        as a 13-part drama, it becomes such a success among viewers it continues to\n        be shown five times per week through 2012.\\n* [[December 11]] \\u2013 MGM''s\n        ''''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'''' is rerun on [[CBS]]\n        only a year after its previous [[Broadcasting|telecast]], thus beginning the\n        tradition of annual telecasts of the film.\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 The [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States]] upholds a lower [[Federal Courts of the United\n        States|Federal Court]] ruling that the State of [[Louisiana]]''s [[Race (classification\n        of humans)|racial]] segregation laws are [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]],\n        and overturns them.\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[1960 Ethiopian coup attempt]]:\n        While Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] of [[Ethiopia]] visits Brazil, his [[Kebur\n        Zabagna]] (Imperial Bodyguard) leads a military coup against his rule, proclaiming\n        that the emperor''s son, [[Crown Prince]] [[Amha Selassie|Asfaw Wossen Taffari]],\n        is the new emperor.\\n** The countries of [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]],\n        and [[Nicaragua]] announce the formation of the [[Central American Common\n        Market]].\\n** The U.S. Navy''s Commander Leroy Heath (pilot) and Lieutenant\n        Larry Monroe (bombardier/navigator) establish a world flight-altitude record\n        of 91,450 feet (27,874 m), with [[payload]], in an [[A-5 Vigilante]] [[bomber]]\n        carrying {{convert|1000|kg|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}}, and better the previous\n        world record by over four miles (6 km).\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Antoine\n        Gizenga]] proclaims in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] that he has\n        taken over as the country''s premier.\\n** [[Tied Test#First tied Test, 1960|First\n        tied Test]] by the [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1960\\u201361|West\n        Indian cricket team in Australia]] in [[Brisbane]].\\n* [[December 15]]\\n**\n        King [[Mahendra of Nepal]] deposes the democratic government in his country\n        and takes direct control himself.\\n** King [[Baudouin of Belgium]] marries\n        Do\\u00f1a [[Fabiola de Mora y Arag\\u00f3n]].\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[U.S.\n        Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Christian Herter]] announces that\n        the United States will commit five [[nuclear submarine]]s and eighty [[Polaris\n        missiles]] to the defense of the [[NATO]] countries by the end of 1963.\\n**\n        [[1960 New York mid-air collision|New York mid-air collision]]: A [[United\n        Airlines]] [[DC-8]] collides in mid-air with a [[TWA]] [[Lockheed Constellation]]\n        over [[Staten Island]] in New York City. All 128 passengers and crewmembers\n        on the two airliners, and six people on the ground, are killed.\\n* [[December\n        17]] \\u2013 Troops loyal to Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] in [[Ethiopia]] overcome\n        the [[1960 Ethiopian coup attempt|coup]] that began on December 13, returning\n        the reins to the Emperor upon his return from a trip to Brazil. The Emperor\n        absolves his own son of any guilt.\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013 Fire sweeps through\n        the [[USS Constellation (CV-64)|USS ''''Constellation'''']], to become the\n        U.S. Navy''s largest [[aircraft carrier]], while she is under construction\n        at the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]]; killing 50 workers and injuring 150.\\n* [[December\n        27]] \\u2013 France sets off its third [[nuclear weapons testing|A-bomb test]]\n        at its [[nuclear weapons]] testing range near [[Reggane]], [[Algeria]].\\n*\n        [[December 31]] \\u2013 Last day on which the [[Farthing (British coin)|farthing]],\n        a [[Coins of the pound sterling|coin]] first minted in England in the [[13th\n        century]], is [[legal tender]] in the United Kingdom.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*The\n        [[American Football League]] is established as a rival league to the NFL.\\n\\n===World\n        population===\\n* [[World population]]: 3,021,475,000\\n** Africa: 277,398,000\\n**\n        Asia: 1,701,336,000\\n** Europe: 604,401,000\\n** Latin America: 218,300,000\\n**\n        North America: 204,152,000\\n** Oceania: 15,888,000\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Michael\n        Stipe of REM photographed by Kris Krug.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Stipe]]]]\\n[[File:Aprilwinchellprofile.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[April\n        Winchell]]]]\\n[[File:Nigella2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nigella Lawson]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad\n        Javad Zarif 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohammad Javad Zarif]]]]\\n[[File:Oliver\n        Platt (2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oliver Platt]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Rylance Cannes\n        2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Rylance]]]]\\n[[File:Michael-hutchence-INXS-1986.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Hutchence]]]]\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Naoki Urasawa]], Japanese manga author\n        and artist\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Art Paul Schlosser]], American comedian,\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[Michael Stipe]], American rock singer ([[R.E.M.]])\\n**\n        [[April Winchell]], American writer and voice actress\\n* [[January 6]]\\n**\n        [[Kari Jalonen]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n** [[Howie Long]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Nigella Lawson]], English journalist, broadcaster, television\n        personality, gourmet, and food writer\\n** [[Miriam O''Callaghan (media personality)|Miriam\n        O''Callaghan]], Irish media personality\\n* [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Mohammad\n        Javad Zarif]], Iranian politician, diplomat\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Negro\n        Casas]], Mexican professional wrestler\\n** [[Brian Cowen]], [[Taoiseach]]\n        of Ireland\\n** [[Samira Said]], Moroccan singer\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Oliver\n        Platt]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Dominique Wilkins]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[January 13]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Anderson (actor)|Kevin Anderson]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Mark Rylance]], English actor, theatre director\n        and playwright\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** [[Scott Thunes]], American rock musician\\n**\n        [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]], American computer game designer\\n*\n        [[January 21]]\\n** [[Toxey Haas]], American entrepreneur, founder of [[Haas\n        Outdoors, Inc.]]\\n** [[Mamoru Nagano]], Japanese designer\\n* [[January 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Michael Hutchence]], Australian rock musician ([[INXS]]) (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]] \\u2013 [[Patrick de Gayardon]], French skydiver and skysurfing\n        pioneer (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Rick Leventhal]], American news\n        journalist\\n** [[M\\u00e1ria Bajzek Luk\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian Slovene writer,\n        adjunct of the University ELTE\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Charlie Gillingham]],\n        American keyboardist\\n* [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Robert von Dassanowsky]],\n        American cultural historian, writer and producer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Gia\n        Carangi]], American model (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Sean Kerly]], British field\n        hockey player\\n** [[Greg Louganis]], American diver\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013\n        Alex Titomirov, Russian-American businessman\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:\\u0e01\\u0e32\\u0e23\\u0e2b\\u0e32\\u0e23\\u0e37\\u0e2d\\u0e17\\u0e27\\u0e34\\u0e20\\u0e32\\u0e04\\u0e35\\u0e23\\u0e30\\u0e2b\\u0e27\\u0e48\\u0e32\\u0e07\\u0e19\\u0e32\\u0e22\\u0e01\\u0e23\\u0e31\\u0e10\\u0e21\\u0e19\\u0e15\\u0e23\\u0e35\n        \\u0e41\\u0e25\\u0e30\\u0e1b\\u0e23\\u0e30\\u0e18\\u0e32\\u0e19\\u0e32\\u0e18\\u0e34\\u0e1a\\u0e14\\u0e35\\u0e2a\\u0e32\\u0e18\\u0e32\n        - Flickr - Abhisit Vejjajiva CROP.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benigno Aquino III]]]]\\n[[File:Prince\n        Andrew August 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]]]\\n[[File:Naruhito-2008-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Naruhito,\n        Crown Prince of Japan|Naruhito]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Jari Porttila]],\n        Finnish sports journalist\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Marty Jannetty]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Joachim L\\u00f6w]], German football manager\\n**\n        [[Kerry Von Erich]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** [[Yasunori Matsumoto]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Robert Smigel]],\n        American actor, comedian, and puppeteer\\n** [[James Spader]], American actor\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[Benigno Aquino III]], 15th [[President of the Philippines]]\\n**\n        [[Alfred Gusenbauer]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n* [[February 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Frederik Ndoci]], Albanian singer, songwriter, poet, writer, actor and international\n        Recording artist\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Pierluigi Collina]], Italian football\n        (soccer) referee\\n** [[Gary Patterson]], American football coach\\n* [[February\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Jim Kelly]], American football player\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Cherie Chung]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Gazebo (musician)|Gazebo]],\n        Italian musician\\n** [[Tony Anselmo]], American animator and voice actor\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]], British prince and\n        second son of [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The\n        Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Wendee Lee]], American voice\n        actress\\n** [[Kee Marcello]], Swedish rock guitarist ([[Easy Action]], [[Europe\n        (band)|Europe]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Henry G. Brinton]], American writer\n        and minister\\n** [[Laurent Petitguillaume]], French radio and television host\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan]]\\n* [[February 27]]\n        \\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s G\\u00f3mez]], Ecuadorian tennis player\\n** [[Kara Kennedy]],\n        American television producer, daughter of [[Ted Kennedy]] (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[T\\u014dru \\u014ckawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Dorothy\n        Stratten]], Canadian model and actress (d. [[1980]])\\n* [[February 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Richard Ramirez]], American serial killer (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Adam\n        Clayton in Dublin, Nov 28 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam Clayton]]]]\\n[[File:Ayrton\n        Senna Imola 1989 Cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ayrton Senna]]]]\\n* [[March 2]]\\n**\n        [[Hector Calma]], Filipino basketball player\\n** [[Debra McMichael]], American\n        professional wrestling valet\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Mikko Kuustonen]], Finnish\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[John Mugabi]], Ugandan boxer and World Junior\n        Middleweight champion\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Joe Carter]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Ivan Lendl]], Czech tennis player\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Finn Carter]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Jeffrey Eugenides]], American author\\n* [[March 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Anne MacKenzie (journalist)|Anne MacKenzie]], Scottish broadcaster\\n*\n        [[March 12]] \\u2013 [[Minoru Niihara]], Japanese singer ([[Loudness (band)|Loudness]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]]\\n** [[Adam Clayton]], Irish rock bassist ([[U2]])\\n** [[Joe Ranft]],\n        American animator (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Kirby Puckett]],\n        American baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013 [[Jenny Eclair]],\n        British comedian, actress and novelist\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Richard Biggs]],\n        American actor (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 [[Simo Aalto]], Finnish\n        magician\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Roxanne Kernohan]], Canadian actress (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Norm Magnusson]], American artist\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Ayrton Senna]],\n        Brazilian triple [[Formula One]] world champion (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Sweet (musician)|Robert Sweet]], American rock drummer ([[Stryper]])\\n* [[March\n        23]]\\n** [[Rafael Ferrer (actor)|Rafael Ferrer]], American actor\\n** [[Nicol\n        Stephen]], Scottish politician\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Kelly Le Brock]], American\n        model and actress\\n** [[Annabella Sciorra]], Italian-American actress\\n**\n        [[Jan Berglin]], Swedish cartoonist\\n** [[Nena]], German singer\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\u2013 [[Marcus Allen]], American football player\\n* [[March 27]]\\n**\n        [[Hans Pfl\\u00fcgler]], German footballer\\n** [[Renato Russo]], Brazilian\n        singer ([[Legi\\u00e3o Urbana]]) (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[Hiromi\n        Tsuru]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Hugo Weaving 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugo\n        Weaving]]]]\\n[[File:Jeremy_Clarkson_2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeremy Clarkson]]]]\\n[[File:BradGarrettApr2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brad\n        Garrett]]]]\\n[[File:Philippe de Belgique 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Philippe of\n        Belgium]]]]\\n[[File:ValerieBertinelliHWOFAug2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Valerie\n        Bertinelli]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Lohan 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Lohan]]]]\\n[[File:Steve_Blum_(14948090597).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Blum]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Michael Praed]], British actor\\n* [[April\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Linford Christie]], British athlete\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth\n        Gracen]], American beauty queen, actress and model\\n* [[April 4]] \\u2013  [[Hugo\n        Weaving]], Nigerian-born Australian actor\\n* [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Fabio Golfetti]],\n        Brazilian musician and record producer ([[Violeta de Outono]], [[Gong (band)|Gong]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] \\u2013 [[Jeremy Clarkson]], English journalist and television\n        show host\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Rudi V\\u00f6ller]], German footballer and\n        manager\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Brad Garrett]], American actor, comedian\n        and voice actor\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Myoma Myint Kywe]], Burmese Writer\n        and Historian\\n* [[April 15]] \\n** [[Susanne Bier]], Danish film director\\n**\n        King [[Philippe of Belgium]]\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Wahab Akbar]], Filipino\n        politician (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Rafael Ben\\u00edtez]], Spanish football manager\\n**\n        [[Pierre Littbarski]], German footballer and coach\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Neo\n        Rauch]], German painter\\n** [[J. Christopher Stevens]], American diplomat,\n        U.S. Ambassador to Libya (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Frank Viola]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[April 20]] \\u2013 [[John Altenburgh]], American\n        blues and jazz musician\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 [[Tatiana Thumbtzen]], American\n        actress, model and dancer\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Valerie Bertinelli]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Steve Clark]], English guitarist ([[Def Leppard]]) (d. [[1991]])\\n**\n        [[David Gedge]], English musician ([[The Wedding Present]] and [[Cinerama\n        (band)|Cinerama]])\\n** [[L\\u00e9o Jaime]], Brazilian writer, actor and musician\n        ([[Jo\\u00e3o Penca e Seus Miquinhos Amestrados]])\\n** [[Claude Julien (ice\n        hockey)|Claude Julien]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n** [[Craig Sheffer]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[Michael Lohan]], American television\n        personality; father of [[Lindsay Lohan]]\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Steven Blum]],\n        American voice actor\\n** [[John Cerutti]], American baseball player and announcer\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Elena Kagan]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court\n        of the United States]]\\n** [[Ian Rankin]], Scottish crime novelist\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Munich\n        Security Conference 2010 - dett ivanov 0024.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gjorge Ivanov]]]]\\n[[File:Bono\n        November 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bono]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew_Denton_(cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew\n        Denton]]]]\\n[[File:Jeffrey Dahmer HS Yearbook.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeffrey Dahmer]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]]\\n** [[Gjorge Ivanov]], [[President of the Republic of Macedonia|President\n        of Macedonia]]\\n** [[Stephen Daldry]], English film director\\n* [[May 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Amy Steel (actress)|Amy Steel]], American film actress\\n* [[May 4]]\\n**\n        [[Andrew Denton]], Australian television presenter and comedian\\n** [[Werner\n        Faymann]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[John Flansburgh]],\n        American singer-songwriter, half of alternative rock duo [[They Might Be Giants]]\\n*\n        [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Adam Bernstein]], American music video/television director\\n*\n        [[May 8]] \\u2013 [[Eric Brittingham]], American rock bassist\\n* [[May 9]]\n        \\u2013 [[Tony Gwynn]], American baseball player (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Bono]], Irish rock singer ([[U2]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Ronan Tynan]],\n        Irish tenor\\n** [[\\\"Dr. Death\\\" Steve Williams]], American professional wrestler\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Julian Jarrold]], English film and television\n        director and producer\\n* [[May 16]] \\u2013 [[Landon Deireragea]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n* [[May 17]] \\u2013 [[John Payne (voice actor)|John Payne]], British\n        voice actor\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Jari Kurri]], Finnish hockey player\\n** [[Yannick\n        Noah]], French tennis player\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 [[Yazz]], British pop singer\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[John Billingsley]], American actor\\n** [[Tony Goldwyn]],\n        American actor, voice actor, and film director\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Jeffrey\n        Dahmer]], American serial killer (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[May 21]] \\u2013 [[Mohanlal]],\n        South Indian Actor\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[Hideaki Anno]], Japanese director\\n*\n        [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Linden Ashby]], American actor\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Guy\n        Fletcher]], British keyboardist ([[Dire Straits]])\\n** [[Kristin Scott Thomas]],\n        English actress\\n* [[May 25]] \\u2013 [[Amy Klobuchar]], American politician\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Rob Murphy]], American baseball player\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**\n        [[Thomas Baumer]], Swiss economist, interculturalist and personality assessor\\n**\n        [[Neil Crone]], Canadian actor\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Greg Adams (ice hockey,\n        born 1960)|Greg Adams]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Chris Elliott]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Thomas Haden Church at the\n        2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas Haden Church]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Elena Mukhina]], Soviet artistic gymnast (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June\n        2]]\\n** [[Tony Hadley]], British pop musician and was lead singer of [[Spandau\n        Ballet]]\\n** [[Kyle Petty]], former [[NASCAR]] driver and current sports commentator\\n**\n        [[Maria Lourdes Sereno]], Filipina jurist, 24th [[Chief Justice of the Supreme\n        Court of the Philippines]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Paul Taylor (Winger)|Paul Taylor]],\n        American musician ([[Winger (band)|Winger]])\\n** [[Bradley Walsh]], English\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Steve Vai]], American guitarist\\n*\n        [[June 8]]\\n** [[Diane Meredith Belcher]], American concert organist, teacher,\n        and church musician\\n** [[Mick Hucknall]], English rock singer and songwriter\n        ([[Simply Red]])\\n** [[Garth Smith (musician)|Garth Smith]], American pianist\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\u2013 [[Corynne Charby]], French model, actress and singer\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Peter Mitchell (newsreader)|Peter Mitchell]], Australian\n        newsreader\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 [[Peter Sterling]], Australian rugby player\\n*\n        [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Haden Church]], American actor and film director\\n*\n        [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Harlan]], American sports announcer\\n* [[June 22]]\n        \\u2013 [[Erin Brockovich]], American environmental activist\\n* [[June 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Elway]], American football player\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Angela\n        Raiola]], American television personality (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Tony Bellotto]],\n        Brazilian guitarist and writer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jane Lynch Peabody 2010\n        (8266458405) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jane Lynch]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\u2013\n        [[K\\u014dji Ishii]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Vince Clarke]],\n        British musician and composer ([[Depeche Mode]], [[Erasure]])\\n** [[Perrine\n        Pelen]], French alpine skier\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Sid Eudy]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Barry Windham]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 5]]\n        \\u2013 [[Pruitt Taylor Vince]], American actor\\n* [[July 7]] \\u2013 [[Kevin\n        A. Ford]], American astronaut\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Thilo Martinho]], German\n        composer and singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 9]] \\u2013 [[Charles Gavin]], Brazilian\n        drummer and producer\\n* [[July 13]] \\u2013 [[Ian Hislop]], British journalist\n        and broadcaster\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Kyle Gass]], American music singer-songwriter-guitarist/actor\\n**\n        [[Jane Lynch]], American actress\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 [[Kim Alexis]], American\n        model and actress\\n* [[July 16]] – [[PJ Powers]] aka Thandeka, South\n        African musician.\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Mark Burnett]], British and television\n        and film producer\\n** [[Robin Shou]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Jan Wouters]],\n        Dutch football player and manager\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Anne-Marie Johnson]],\n        American actress\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Atom Egoyan]], Armenian-Canadian film\n        maker\\n** [[Terrie Hall]], American anti-smoking and tobacco advocate\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Ezequiel Vi\\u00f1ao]], Argentine-born composer\\n** [[Fritz Walter\n        (footballer born 1960)|Fritz Walter]], German footballer\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Harald Lesch]], German physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, author,\n        television presenter, professor of physics\\n* [[July 30]] \\u2013 [[Richard\n        Linklater]], American director\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Dale Hunter]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player and coach\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:J. L. R. Zapatero.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Luis Rodr\\u00edguez Zapatero]]]]\\n[[File:David Duchovny by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Duchovny]]]]\\n[[File:Antonio Banderas 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Antonio Banderas]]]]\\n[[File:Sean\n        Penn with Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez crop.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sean Penn]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] \\u2013 [[Chuck D]], American rapper ([[Public Enemy (group)|Public\n        Enemy]])\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Dean Malenko]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Rodr\\u00edguez Zapatero]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]]\\n*\n        [[August 7]] \\u2013 [[David Duchovny]], American actor\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Ulrich Maly]], German politician and Mayor of Nuremberg\\n* [[August 10]]\\n**\n        [[Antonio Banderas]], Spanish actor and film director\\n** [[Kenny Perry]],\n        American golfer\\n* [[August 12]] \\u2013 [[Laurent Fignon]], French road bicycle\n        racer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Koji Kondo]], Japanese composer\\n**\n        [[Phil Taylor (darts player)|Phil Taylor]], English darts player\\n* [[August\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Sarah Brightman]], English soprano singer and actress\\n* [[August\n        15]] \\u2013 [[Judy Holt]], British television actress\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Timothy Hutton]], American actor\\n** [[Martha Moxley]], American murder\n        victim (d. [[1975]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Sean Penn]], American actor\n        and film director\\n* [[August 19]] \\u2013 [[Morten Andersen]], American football\n        player\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Chris Potter (actor)|Chris Potter]], Canadian\n        actor and musician\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Cal Ripken Jr.]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Branford Marsalis]], African-American musician\\n**\n        [[Ola Ray]], American actress and model\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Viire Valdma]],\n        Estonian actress \\n* [[August 30]] \\u2013 [[Chalino S\\u00e1nchez]], Mexican\n        musician (d. [[1992]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Hugh Grant 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugh\n        Grant]]]]\\n[[File:Colin Firth 2016 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Colin Firth]]]]\\n[[File:Melissa\n        Leo at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Melissa Leo]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Williams (musician)|Joseph Williams]], American\n        singer and film score composer\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[John S. Hall]],\n        American poet and spoken-word artist\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Kim Thayil]],\n        American rock guitarist ([[Soundgarden]])\\n** [[Damon Wayans]], African-American\n        actor and comedian\\n* [[September 5]] \\u2013 [[Karita Mattila]], Finnish soprano\\n*\n        [[September 7]] \\u2013 [[Phillip Rhee]], American actor, producer and writer\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** [[Mario Batali]], American chef and host\\n** [[Hugh Grant]],\n        English actor and activist\\n** [[Bob Stoops]], American football coach\\n*\n        [[September 10]] \\u2013 [[Colin Firth]], English actor\\n* [[September 11]]\n        \\u2013 [[Annie Gosfield]], American composer\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[Evan\n        Jenkins (politician)|Evan Jenkins]], American politician\\n* [[September 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kevin Carter]], South African photojournalist (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[September\n        14]]\\n** [[Melissa Leo]], American actress\\n** [[Callum Keith Rennie]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[John Franco]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Yianna Katsoulos]], French singer\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Kevin Clash]],\n        American actor and puppeteer\\n** [[Damon Hill]], British 1996 [[Formula 1]]\n        world champion\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Yolanda Sald\\u00edvar]], American\n        murderer of [[tejano]] singer [[Selena]]\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[David\n        James Elliott]], Canadian actor\\n* [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Scott Baio]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 [[Jennifer Rush]], American singer\\n*\n        [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Alan McGee]], British music industry mogul and musician\\n*\n        [[September 30]] \\u2013 [[Blanche Lincoln]], American politician\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Jean-Claude\n        Van Damme 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean-Claude Van Damme]]]]\\n[[File:Maradona\n        at 2012 GCC Champions League final.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Diego Maradona]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 4]]\\n** [[Ana Patricia Bot\\u00edn]], Spanish banker\\n** [[Billy\n        Hatcher]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 5]] \\n** [[Daniel Baldwin]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Ant\\u00f4nio de Oliveira Filho]], Brazilian footballer\\n*\n        [[October 6]] \\u2013 [[Richard Jobson (television presenter)|Richard Jobson]],\n        Scottish rock singer-songwriter, filmmaker, and television presenter ([[Skids\n        (band)|Skids]])\\n* [[October 7]] \\u2013 [[Kyosuke Himuro]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Maddie Blaustein]], American voice actress (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Alexei Kudrin]], Russian Minister of Finance\\n* [[October\n        13]] \\u2013 [[Joey Belladonna]], American heavy metal singer ([[Anthrax (American\n        band)|Anthrax]])\\n* [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Guy Henry (actor)|Guy Henry]],\n        English actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Alex Ferrer]], Cuban-American television\n        personality, lawyer, and retired judge who presided as the arbiter on ''''[[Judge\n        Alex]]''''\\n** [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]], Belgian actor\\n* [[October 19]]\\n**\n        [[Kerry Sanders]], American news correspondent\\n** [[Jeremy Swift]], English\n        television actor\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Jaime Garz\\u00f3n]], Colombian journalist\n        and comedian (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[BD Wong]], American actor\\n* [[October 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jouke de Vries]], Dutch\\u2013[[Frisians|Frisian]] politician\\n* [[October\n        28]] \\u2013 [[Landon Curt Noll]], American astronomer, cryptographer, and\n        mathematician\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Finola Hughes]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Dieter Nuhr]], German comedian\\n* [[October 30]] \\u2013 [[Diego Maradona]],\n        Argentine footballer\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince\n        of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], Crown Prince of Iran\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tim\n        Cook 2009 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Cook]]]]\\n[[File:Tilda Swinton by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tilda Swinton]]]]\\n[[File:Stanley Tucci 2017\n        Berlinale.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stanley Tucci]]]]\\n[[File:Jonathan Ross by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jonathan Ross]]]]\\n[[File:JFKJr2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        F. Kennedy Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Yulia Tymoshenko 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yulia Tymoshenko]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Tim Cook]], American businessman and current CEO of\n        [[Apple, Inc]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Francis Beckwith]], American philosopher\\n**\n        [[Karch Kiraly]], American volleyball player\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Frl.\n        Menke]], German pop singer\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Tilda Swinton]], British\n        actress\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Andreas Brehme]], German football player and\n        manager\\n** [[Jo\\u00eblle Ursull]], Guadeloupean singer\\n* [[November 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Neil Gaiman]], English author\\n* [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Stanley\n        Tucci]], American actor and film director\\n* [[November 12]] \\u2013 [[Dave\n        Hackett]], professional skateboarder\\n* [[November 15]] \\u2013 [[Susanne Lothar]],\n        German actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[November 17]] \\u2013 [[Jonathan Ross]],\n        English television presenter\\n* [[November 18]] \\n** [[Kim Wilde]], English\n        singer and gardener\\n** [[Elizabeth Perkins]], American actress\\n* [[November\n        19]]\\n** [[Miss Elizabeth]], American professional wrestling valet (d. [[2003]])\\n**\n        [[Hiroshi Naka]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Matt Sorum]], American drummer\\n*\n        [[November 20]] \\u2013 [[Marc Labr\\u00e8che]], Canadian actor and television\n        host\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Amanda Wyss]], American actress\\n* [[November\n        25]]\\n** [[Amy Grant]], American Christian and pop musician\\n** [[John F.\n        Kennedy Jr.]], American lawyer, journalist and son of 35th President [[John\n        F. Kennedy]] (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Danger Danger|Kasey Smith]], American keyboardist\n        ([[Danger Danger]])\\n* [[November 26]] \\u2013 [[Harold Reynolds]], American\n        baseball player and broadcaster\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Eike Immel]], German\n        football player and manager\\n** [[Tim Pawlenty]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]\\n* [[November 30]]\\n**\n        [[Rich Fields]], American television personality\\n** [[Gary Lineker]], English\n        footballer and sports presenter\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Daryl Hannah.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Daryl\n        Hannah]]]]\\n[[File:Julianne Moore (15011443428).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julianne\n        Moore]]]]\\n[[File:Jeff \\\"Swampy\\\" Marsh (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff \\\"Swampy\\\"\n        Marsh]]]]\\n[[File:KennethBranaghApr2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenneth Branagh]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\u2013 [[Carol Alt]], American model and actress\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[Rick Savage]], British rock musician ([[Def Leppard]])\\n** [[Sydney\n        Youngblood]], American singer\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Daryl Hannah]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Julianne Moore]], American actress\\n* [[December 4]] \\u2013\n        [[Glynis Nunn]], Australian athlete\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Brian Bromberg]],\n        American jazz bassist and composer\\n** [[Jack Russell (musician)|Jack Russell]],\n        American rock singer ([[Great White]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Steve Doll]],\n        American professional wrestler (d. 2009)\\n** [[Jeff \\\"Swampy\\\" Marsh]], American\n        television director, writer, producer, storyboard artist, and actor\\n* [[December\n        10]]\\n** [[Kenneth Branagh]], Northern Irish actor and director\\n** [[Michael\n        Schoeffling]], American actor and model\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013 [[Volker\n        Beck (politician)|Volker Beck]], German politician\\n* [[December 17]] \\u2013\n        [[Tarako (singer)|Tarako]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 18]] \\u2013\n        [[Kazuhide Uekusa]], Japanese economist\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Jon St. John]],\n        American Actor\\n** [[Mike Lookinland]], former American actor\\n* [[December\n        22]] \\n** [[Mark Brydon]], British musician ([[Moloko]])\\n** [[Jean-Michel\n        Basquiat]], American musician/graffiti painter (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Kassim\n        Majaliwa]], 10th Prime Minister of Tanzania\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Charles\n        Ng]] \\u2013 Chinese-American serial killer\\n** [[Carol Vorderman]], British\n        television presenter\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Maryam d''Abo]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Fred Hammond]], African-American gospel musician\\n* [[December 28]]\\n**\n        [[Ray Bourque]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[John Fitzgerald (tennis)|John\n        Fitzgerald]], Australian tennis player\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013 [[Dave Pelzer]],\n        American author\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Heather Wilson]], U. S. Secretary\n        of the Air Force\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Steve Bruce]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[John Allen Muhammad]], African-American spree killer (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Randi Altschul]], American toy inventor\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Studio\n        publicity Margaret Sullavan.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Margaret Sullavan]]]]\\n[[File:Albert\n        Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, pos\\u00e9 au bureau, faisant\n        face \\u00e0 gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert Camus]]]]\\n[[File:Ferdinando\n        Pius.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria]]]]\\n[[File:Beno\n        Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Beno Gutenberg]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Gianni\n        Franciolini]], Italian director and screenwriter (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Margaret\n        Sullavan]], American actress (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 [[Victor\n        Sj\\u00f6str\\u00f6m]], Swedish actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Albert\n        Camus]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] winner (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n** [[Dudley Nichols]], American screenwriter (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Donald Knight (cricketer)|Donald Knight]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Dorothea Chambers]], English tennis champion\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria]] (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Elsie J. Oxenham]], British children''s novelist (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur S. Carpender]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 12]] \\u2013 [[Nevil Shute]], English writer (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Andrew Kennaway Henderson]], New Zealand\n        illustrator, cartoonist, and pacifist (b. 1879)\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Dadasaheb\n        Torne]], Indian filmmaker (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Matt Moore\n        (actor)|Matt Moore]], Irish-American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Edwin Fischer]],\n        Swiss pianist and conductor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[John Miljan]], American actor\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Diana Barrymore]], American stage and\n        film actress (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Rutland Boughton]], English composer (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n** [[Beno Gutenberg]], German-American seismologist (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[January 27]] \\u2013 [[Osvaldo Aranha]], Brazilian politician (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]] \\u2013 [[Zora Neale Hurston]], American folklorist and author\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 30]] \\u2013 [[J. C. Kumarappa]], Indian economist\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Stepinac.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Blessed\n        [[Aloysius Stepinac]]]]\\n[[File:Adone Zoli.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Adone Zoli]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha]], Hindu teacher (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Fred Buscaglione]], Italian singer and\n        actor (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[February 6]] \\u2013 [[Jesse Belvin]], American urban\n        singer (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Igor Kurchatov]], Soviet physicist\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[J. L. Austin]], British philosopher\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Giles Gilbert Scott]], British architect (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 10]] \\u2013 [[Aloysius Stepinac]], Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]]\n        prelate and blessed (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Ern\\u0151 Dohn\\u00e1nyi]],\n        Hungarian conductor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 12]] \\u2013 [[Jean-Michel\n        Atlan]], French painter (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[February 14]] \\u2013 [[Masatomi\n        Kimura]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Leonard\n        Woolley]], English archaeologist (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Adone Zoli]], Italian\n        politician, 35th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 29]]\\n**\n        [[Jacques Becker]], French director (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Edwina Mountbatten,\n        Countess Mountbatten of Burma]] (b. [[1901]]), last Vicereine of India\\n**\n        [[Melvin Purvis]], American lawman (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Walter Yust]], American\n        encyclopedia editor (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Oliver Kirk LOC.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Oliver\n        Kirk]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\u2013 [[Stanis\\u0142aw Taczak]], Polish general (b.\n        [[1874]])\\n* [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Leonard Warren]], American opera singer\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 9]] \\u2013 [[Jack Beattie]], Irish politician (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[March 11]] \\u2013 [[Roy Chapman Andrews]], American explorer,\n        adventurer and naturalist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 13]] \\u2013 [[Yosef Zvi\n        HaLevy]], Israeli rabbi and judge (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[March 14]] \\u2013 [[Oliver\n        Kirk]], American Olympic boxer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 23]] \\u2013 [[Franklin\n        Pierce Adams]], American journalist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Ian\n        Keith]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Mario Talavera]],\n        Mexican songwriter (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Gregorio Mara\\u00f1\\u00f3n]],  Spanish\n        physician, scientist, historian and philosopher. (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-U0205-502, Max von Laue.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max von Laue]]]]\\n[[File:1912\n        Gustaf Lindblom2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Gustaf Lindblom (athlete)|Gustaf Lindblom]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]] \\u2013 [[Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad]],\n        King of Malaysia (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Cuthbert Burnup]], English\n        sportsman (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Peter Llewelyn Davies]], namesake for [[Peter\n        Pan]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Alma Kruger]], American actress (b. [[1868]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Benjamin]], Australian composer (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 [[Eddie Cochran]], American rock singer (b. [[1938]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] \\u2013 [[Beardsley Ruml]], American economist and tax plan author\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Hope Emerson]], American actress and strongwoman\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Max von Laue]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[George Relph]], English actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 25]]\\n** [[Am\\u0101null\\u0101h Kh\\u0101n]], Emir and King of Afghanistan\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Turan Emeksiz]], Turkish student killed during the demonstrations\n        (b. [[1940]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Gustaf Lindblom (athlete)|Gustaf Lindblom]],\n        Swedish Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 28]] -- [[Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo]], Chilean army officer and political figure, 20th [[President of\n        Chile]] (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:John D. Rockefeller Jr..jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        D. Rockefeller Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Georges Claude 1926.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georges\n        Claude]]]]\\n[[File:James Montgomery Flagg (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[James Montgomery\n        Flagg]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Charles Holden]], British architect (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] \\u2013 [[Caryl Chessman]], American criminal (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[May\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Masa Niemi]], Finnish actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Hersch\n        Lauterpacht]], British international lawyer (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[J. H. C. Whitehead]],\n        British mathematician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[May 11]] \\n** [[Gottfried, Prince\n        of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], American\n        philanthropist (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Prince Aly Khan]], Pakistani\n        [[United Nations]] ambassador (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Lucrezia\n        Bori]], Spanish opera singer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\u2013 [[\\u0130brahim\n        \\u00c7all\\u0131]], Turkish painter (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Georges\n        Claude]], French inventor (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[May 24]] \\u2013 [[Avraham Arnon]],\n        Israeli educator and a recipient of the Israel Prize  (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Rafael G\\u00f3mez Ortega]], Spanish bullfighter (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Edward Brophy]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[James\n        Montgomery Flagg]], American artist and illustrator (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[George\n        Zucco]], English actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Boris Pasternak]],\n        Russian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (declined)  (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[May 31]] \\u2013 [[Walther Funk]], German Nazi politician (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Kenneth McArthur.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ken McArthur]]]]\\n[[File:OttoEnder1929.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Otto\n        Ender]]]]\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef Haller de Hallenburg]], Polish general\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Lucien Littlefield]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] \\u2013 [[Ken McArthur]], South African athlete (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Ana Pauker]], Romanian communist politician (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Rosson]], English film director (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Shalva Aleksi-Meskhishvili]], Georgian politician (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[June 19]] \\u2013 [[Chris Bristow]], English race car driver\n        (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[June 20]]\\n** [[William E. Fairbairn]], English soldier,\n        police officer, and hand-to-hand combat expert (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[John B.\n        Kelly Sr.]], American rower, father of [[Grace Kelly]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Walter Baade]], German astronomer (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Otto Ender]],\n        Austrian political figure, 8th [[Chancellor of Austria]] (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Tommy Corcoran (baseball)|Tommy Corcoran]], American baseball player (b.\n        [[1869]])\\n* [[June 27]] \\u2013 [[Lottie Dod]], English tennis player; Wimbledon\n        women''s champion, 1887\\u201388, 1891-93 (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[June 28]] \\n**\n        [[M\\u00f3ric Esterh\\u00e1zy]], Hungarian aristocrat and politician, 18th [[Prime\n        Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Jaume Vicens i Vives]], Spanish\n        historians (b. [[1910]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pavol Godjic.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Pavel\n        Peter Gojdi\\u010d]]]]\\n[[File:Hasan H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC Saka.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Hasan\n        Saka]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] -- [[Margherita Bagni]], Italian actress (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Aneurin Bevan]], British politician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July\n        12]] -- [[Francis Xavier Gsell]], Australian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and\n        missionary (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie]],\n        French physicist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Anton Giulio Bragaglia]],\n        Italian cinematographer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Set Persson]], Swedish politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Lawrence Tibbett]], American opera singer and actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Albert Kesselring]], German field marshal (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n** [[John P. Marquand]], American novelist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July\n        17]] -- [[Pavel Peter Gojdi\\u010d]], Czechoslovak [[Roman Catholic]] monk\n        and blessed (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Buddy Adler]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 [[Hans Albers]], German\n        actor and singer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Cedric Gibbons]], Irish-American\n        art director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Enrique Amorim]], Uruguayan\n        novelist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Hasan Saka]], 7th Prime Minister\n        of Turkey (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Former PM Arthur Meighen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur\n        Meighen]]]]\\n[[File:Carlo Emilio Bonferroni.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlo Emilio\n        Bonferroni]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] -- [[Francesca French]], British [[Protestant]]\n        missionary (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[August 5]] \\u2013 [[Arthur Meighen]], 9th [[Prime\n        Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Walden L. Ainsworth|Walden\n        L. \\\"Pug\\\" Ainsworth]], American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Luis \\u00c1ngel\n        Firpo]], Argentine boxer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[Richard Cramer]],\n        American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Frank Lloyd]], American\n        film director (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Oswald Veblen]], American mathematician,\n        geometer and topologist (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\u2013 [[Fred Clarke]],\n        American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Charles W. Ryder]],\n        American general (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 18]] -- [[Carlo Emilio Bonferroni]],\n        Italian mathematician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Eduard P\\u00fctsep]],\n        Estonian wrestler (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Johannes Sikkar]], Estonian politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Jersey Flegg]], English-Australian [[rugby\n        league]] player and chairman (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Oscar Hammerstein II]], American\n        librettist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Bruno Loerzer]], German aviator and air force\n        general (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013 [[Stanley Clifford Weyman]],\n        American impostor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 28]] \\u2013 [[Charles Forbes (Royal\n        Navy officer)|Charles Forbes]], British Admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August\n        29]]\\n** [[Vicki Baum]], Austrian writer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[David Diop]],\n        French West African poet (b. [[1927]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:CO 1069-493-37\n        (7888168060).jpg|thumb|120px|King [[Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan\n        Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\u2013 [[Hisamuddin Alam Shah\n        ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah]], King of Malaysia (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Alfred E. Green]], American film director (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[September 8]]\\n** [[Feroze Gandhi]], Indian politician (b. [[1912]])\\n**\n        [[Oscar Pettiford]], American jazz string player (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[September\n        9]] \\u2013 [[Jussi Bj\\u00f6rling]], Swedish tenor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Edwin Justus Mayer]], American screenwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Le\\u00f3 Weiner]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] \\n** [[Ida Rubinstein]], Russian ballet dancer (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Ernest William Goodpasture]], American pathologist and physician (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\u2013 [[Melanie Klein]], Austrian-British psychoanalyst\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\u2013 [[Kathlyn Williams]], American stage\n        and silent film actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s\n        Seiber]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 27]] \\u2013 [[Sylvia\n        Pankhurst]], English [[suffragette]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 30]] \\u2013\n        [[St John Philby]], British Arabist (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Khalifa\n        bin Hareb.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Sultan [[Khalifa bin Harub of Zanzibar]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\u2014Sultan [[Khalifa bin Harub of Zanzibar]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Richard Cromwell (actor)|Richard Cromwell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Inejiro Asanuma]], Japanese\n        Socialist politician (assassinated) (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Henny\n        Porten]], German actress (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Clara Kimball Young]], American\n        actress (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 21]] \\u2013 [[Ma Hongbin]], Chinese warlord\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 24]] \\u2013 [[Yevgeny Ostashev]], was the test\n        pilot of rocket and space complexes, head of the 1st control polygon NIIP-5\n        ([[Baikonur]]), Lenin prize winner, Candidate of Technical Sciences, engineer-Lieutenant\n        Colonel.(b. [[1924]])\\n* [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[H. L. Davis]], American author\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Anak pili.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julio\n        Nakpil]]]]\\n[[File:Clark Gable - publicity.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Clark Gable]]]]\\n[[File:Dirk\n        Jan de Geer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dirk Jan de Geer]]]]\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Dimitri\n        Mitropoulos]], Greek conductor, pianist and composer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Julio\n        Nakpil]], Filipino composer and general (b. [[1867]])\\n** [[Otoya Yamaguchi]]\n        ultranationalist who assassinated Inejiro Asanuma, a politician and head of\n        the Japan Socialist Party (d. 1960)\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Bobby Wallace\n        (baseball)|Bobby Wallace]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis Browns]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Harold Spencer\n        Jones]], English astronomer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Ward Bond]],\n        American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[August Gailit]], Estonian writer (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Johnny Horton]], American country singer (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Mack Sennett]],\n        Canadian film producer and director (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Erich Neumann (psychologist)|Erich\n        Neumann]], German psychologist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November 6]] \\u2013 [[Erich\n        Raeder]], German World War II naval leader (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[A. P. Carter]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Lord Buckley]], American [[monologist]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[November\n        14]] \\u2013 [[Walter Catlett]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Paul Faure (politician)|Paul Faure]], French Socialist politician\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Clark Gable]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Phyllis Haver]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Ya''akov Cohen (writer)|Ya''akov Cohen]], Israeli poet (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Allen Hobbs]], 32nd [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 24]] \\u2013 [[Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna\n        of Russia]], sister of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] \\u2013 [[Mirabal sisters|Patria (b. 1924), Minerva (b. 1926),\n        and Maria Teresa Mirabal (b. 1935), three Dominican revolutionaries (and their\n        driver, Rufino de la Cruz)]]\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard\n        Wright]], American novelist (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Dirk Jan de Geer]], Dutch\n        nobleman, lawyer and politician, 26th [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Hashim\n        al-Atassi]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot]],\n        German architect, interior designer and designer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December\n        5]] -- [[Hashim al-Atassi]], Syrian statesman, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Syria]]\n        and 4th [[President of Syria]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 7]] \\n** [[Virginia\n        Balestrieri]], Italian actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Ioannis Demestichas]],\n        Greek admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Christopher Hornsrud]],\n        11th Prime Minister of Norway (b. [[1859]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[John\n        Charles Thomas]], American opera singer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Gregory Ratoff]], Russian actor and director\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 Sir\n        [[Godfrey Ince]], British civil servant (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Ninian Comper]], British architect (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[December 25]] -- [[Alberto\n        Maria de Agostini]], Italian missionary (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n**\n        [[Giuseppe Bellanca]], Italian-American aircraft designer and company founder\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Watsuji Tetsuro]], Japanese philosopher (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Boixcar|Guillermo S\\u00e1nchez Boix]], Spanish cartoonist\n        (b. 1917)\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[Donald Arthur Glaser]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013 [[Willard Libby]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]],\n        [[Peter Medawar]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] \\u2013 [[Saint-John\n        Perse]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 [[Albert Lutuli]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1960}}\\n[[Category:1960|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T17:05:15Z\",\"lastrevid\":799925658,\"length\":78016,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960\"},\"34659\":{\"pageid\":34659,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1961\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T17:45:54Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1961}}\\n{{Events by month|1961}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1961}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1961}} As ''''[[MAD\n        Magazine]]'''' pointed out on its cover for the March ''''''1961'''''' issue,\n        this was the first \\\"upside-up\\\" year \\u2014 i.e., one in which the numerals\n        that form the year look the same as when the numerals are rotated upside down,\n        a [[strobogrammatic number]] \\u2014 since [[1881]].{{cite web|url=http://www.madcoversite.com/mad061.html|title=Doug\n        Gilford''s Mad Cover Site - Mad #61|publisher=}} The next such year\n        will be 6009.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orz0SDEakpYC&pg=PA194|title=The\n        Colossal Book of Mathematics|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|author=Gardner,\n        Martin|year=2001|page=194}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1961}}\\n\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** United States President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]] announces that the [[United States]] has severed diplomatic\n        and consular relations with [[Cuba]]. [[Cuba\\u2013United States relations]]\n        are later restored in [[2015]].\\n** At the National Reactor Testing Station\n        near [[Idaho Falls]], [[atomic reactor]] [[SL-1]] explodes, killing three\n        military technicians.\\n** [[Aero Flight 311]] (Koivulahti air disaster): [[Douglas\n        DC-3]]C OH-LCC of Finnish airline [[Finnair|Aero]] crashes near [[Kvevlax]]\n        (Koivulahti) on approach to [[Vaasa Airport]] in Finland killing all 25 on\n        board, due to [[pilot error]]: an investigation finds that the [[Captain (civil\n        aviation)|captain]] and [[First officer (civil aviation)|first officer]] were\n        both exhausted for lack of sleep and had taken excessive alcohol at the time\n        of the crash. It remains the deadliest air disaster to occur in the country.\\n*\n        [[January 5]]\\n** Italian sculptor [[Alfredo Fioravanti]] marches into the\n        U.S. Consulate in Rome, and confesses that he was part of the team that forged\n        the [[Etruscan terracotta warriors]] in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].\\n**\n        [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (25th government).\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – Following a four-day conference in [[Casablanca]], five\n        African chiefs of state announce plans for a [[NATO]]-type African organization\n        to ensure common defense. The Charter of Casablanca involves the [[Casablanca\n        Group]]: [[Morocco]], the [[United Arab Republic]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]],\n        and [[Mali]].\\n* [[January 8]] – In France, a [[referendum]] supports\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]]''s policies on independence for [[Algeria]].\\n* [[January\n        9]] – British authorities announce that they have discovered a large\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[spy]] ring in London.\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** President\n        [[Dwight Eisenhower]] gives his final [[State of the Union Address]] to Congress.  In\n        a Farewell Address the same day, he warns of the increasing power of a \\\"[[military\\u2013industrial\n        complex]].\\\"\\n** [[Patrice Lumumba]] of [[Republic of Congo]] is assassinated.\\n[[File:Jfk\n        inauguration.jpg|thumb|200px| [[January 20|Jan. 20]]: [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        inaugurated as President of the U.S.]]\\n* [[January 20]] – [[John F.\n        Kennedy]] is [[Inauguration of John F. Kennedy|sworn in]] as the 35th President\n        of the United States.\\n* [[January 24]] – A [[B-52 Stratofortress]],\n        with two [[nuclear bomb]]s, [[1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash|crashes]] near [[Goldsboro,\n        North Carolina]].\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** In Washington, D.C., President [[John\n        F. Kennedy]] delivers the first live presidential [[news conference]]. In\n        it, he announces that the [[Soviet Union]] has freed the two surviving crewmen\n        of a [[USAF]] [[RB-47]] reconnaissance plane shot down by Soviet flyers over\n        the [[Barents Sea]] [[July 1]], [[1960]] (see RB-47H shot down).\\n** ''''[[One\n        Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'''' is released in cinemas.\\n** Acting to halt\n        ''leftist excesses'', a [[Military dictatorship|junta]] composed of two army\n        officers and four civilians takes over [[El Salvador]], ousting another junta\n        that had ruled for three months.\\n** [[J\\u00e2nio Quadros]] is elected president\n        of [[Brazil]]. He later resigns on [[August 25]].\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        President [[John F. Kennedy]] appoints [[Janet G. Travell]] to be his physician,\n        the first woman to hold this appointment.\\n* [[January 28]] – ''''[[Supercar\n        (TV series)|Supercar]]'''', the first family sci-fi TV series filmed in [[Supermarionation]]\n        debuts on [[Associated Television|ATV]].\\n* [[January 30]] – President\n        [[John F. Kennedy]] delivers his first [[State of the Union Address]].\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Ham the Chimp]], a 37-pound (17-kg) male, is rocketed\n        into space aboard [[Mercury-Redstone 2]], in a test of the [[Project Mercury]]\n        capsule, designed to carry United States [[astronaut]]s into space.\\n\\n===February===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1961}}\\n\\n* [[February 1]] – The United States tests\n        its first [[Minuteman I]] intercontinental ballistic missile.{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/6555th/6555c3-8.htm|title=The\n        6555th, Chapter III, Section 8, The MINUTEMAN Ballistic Missile Test Program|publisher=}}\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – China buys grain from Canada for $60 million.\\n* [[February\n        4]] – The [[Portuguese Colonial War]] begins in [[Angola]].\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[February 9]] – In [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]],\n        President [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]] names [[Joseph Il\\u00e9o]] as the new Prime\n        Minister.\\n* [[February 9]] – [[The Beatles]] perform for the first\n        time at [[The Cavern Club]].\\n* [[February 12]] – The [[USSR]] launches\n        ''''[[Venera 1]]'''' towards [[Venus]].\\n* [[February 13]] – The [[Republic\n        of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]] government announces that villagers\n        have killed [[Patrice Lumumba]].\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Discovery of\n        the chemical elements]]: Element 103, [[Lawrencium]], is first synthesized\n        in [[Berkeley, California]].\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** President [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]]\n        warns the [[Soviet Union]] to avoid interfering with the [[United Nations]]\n        pacification of the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm\n        |title=Selected Milestones of the Kennedy Presidency - John F. Kennedy Presidential\n        Library & Museum |publisher=Jfklibrary.org |accessdate=2012-04-27 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521194254/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/Selected%2BMilestones%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPresidency%2Bof%2BJohn%2BF.%2BKennedy.htm\n        |archivedate=May 21, 2010 |df= }}\\n** A [[Sabena]] [[Boeing 707]] crashes\n        near [[Brussels]], Belgium, killing 73, including the entire United States\n        [[figure skating]] team and several coaches.\\n** A total [[solar eclipse]]\n        occurs in the southern part of Europe.\\n* [[February 25]] – The last\n        public [[trams in Sydney]], Australia, cease operation, bringing to an end\n        the Southern Hemisphere''s largest tramway network.\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] is pronounced King of [[Morocco]].\\n\\n===March===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1961}}\\n\\n* March–April – Drilling for [[Project\n        Mohole]] is undertaken off the coast of [[Guadalupe Island]], Mexico.\\n* [[March\n        1]] – United States President [[John F. Kennedy]] establishes the [[Peace\n        Corps]].\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] is crowned\n        [[King of Morocco]].\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Max Conrad]] circumnavigates the\n        earth in 8 days, 18 hours and 49 minutes, setting a new world record.\\n**\n        The first U.S. [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] [[submarine]]s arrive at [[Holy\n        Loch]].\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** Black and white [[\\u00a35 note]]s cease to be\n        [[legal tender]] in the UK.\\n** A [[1961 Kurenivka mudslide|dam bursts]] in\n        [[Kiev]], [[USSR]], killing 145.\\n** United States delegate to the [[United\n        Nations Security Council]] Adlai Stevenson votes against Portuguese policies\n        in Africa.\\n** United States President [[John F. Kennedy]] proposes a long-term\n        \\\"[[Alliance for Progress]]\\\" between the United States and Latin America.[http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm\n        JFK Library.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521194254/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/Selected%2BMilestones%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPresidency%2Bof%2BJohn%2BF.%2BKennedy.htm\n        |date=May 21, 2010 }}\\n** [[Cyprus]] joins the [[Commonwealth of Nations]],\n        becoming the first small country in the Commonwealth.{{cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=W.\n        David|authorlink=W. David McIntyre|date=April 2008|title=The Expansion of\n        the Commonwealth and the Criteria for Membership|journal=[[The Round Table\n        Journal|Round Table]]|volume=97|issue=395|pages=273\\u201385|doi=10.1080/00358530801962089}}\\n**\n        [[Monash University]] in Melbourne, Australia, takes in its first students.\\n**\n        A second [[B-52]] [[1961 Yuba City B-52 crash|crashes]] near [[Yuba City,\n        California]] after cabin pressure is lost and the fuel runs out. Two [[nuclear\n        weapon]]s are found unexploded.\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** South Africa announces\n        it will withdraw from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] upon becoming a republic\n        (31 May). The nation rejoins the organization in [[1994]].\\n** The Union of\n        Peoples of Angola, led by [[Holden Roberto]], attacks strategic locations\n        in the north of [[Angola]]. These events result in the beginning of the colonial\n        war with Portugal.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** A [[ceasefire]] takes effect in the\n        [[Algerian War of Independence]].\\n** ''''Nous les amoureux'''' by Jean-Claude\n        Pascal (music by Jacques Datin, text by Maurice Vidalin) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1961]] for [[Luxembourg]].\\n* [[March 29]] – The [[Twenty-third\n        Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is ratified, allowing residents\n        of [[Washington, D.C.]] to vote in [[President of the United States|presidential]]\n        elections.\\n* [[March 30]] – The [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]]\n        is signed at New York.\\n\\n===April===\\n\\n{{Main article|April 1961}}\\n\\n[[File:Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[April\n        12]]: Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]] through [[outer space]].]]\\n* [[April\n        5]] – The [[New Guinea Council]] of [[West Papua (region)|Western Papua]]\n        is installed.\\n* [[April 8]] – The British passenger ship ''''[[MV Dara|Dara]]''''\n        blows up and sinks off Dubai; 238 passengers and crew are killed.\\n* [[April\n        11]] – The trial of [[Nazi]] [[Adolf Eichmann]] begins in [[Jerusalem]].\\n*\n        [[April 12]]\\n** ''''[[Vostok 1]]'''': Soviet [[cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]]\n        becomes the first human in space, orbiting the Earth once.\\n** [[Albert Kalonji]]\n        takes the title ''''Emperor Albert I Kalonji'''' of [[South Kasai]].\\n* [[April\n        13]] – In Portugal, a [[coup]] attempt against [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira\n        Salazar]] fails.\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** The [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of [[Cuba]]\n        begins; it fails by [[April 19]].\\n** The [[33rd Academy Awards]] ceremony\n        is held.\\n* [[April 18]] – Portugal sends to [[Angola]] its first military\n        reinforcement.\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Fidel Castro]] announces that the\n        [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] has been defeated.\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Algiers\n        putsch]]: Four French generals who oppose [[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]]''s\n        policies in [[Algeria]] fail in a [[coup]] attempt.\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[Judy Garland]] performs in a legendary comeback concert at [[Carnegie Hall]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[April 24]] – The Swedish ship ''''[[Vasa (ship)|Vasa]]''''\n        is removed from the water after being sunk 333 years earlier.\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**\n        President [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] urges newspapers to consider national\n        interest in times of struggle against \\\"a monolithic and ruthless conspiracy\\\"\n        in an address before the American Newspaper Publishers Association''''.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8093|author=John F. Kennedy|title=The\n        President and the Press. Before the American Newspaper Publishers Association,\n        New York City|date=April 27, 1961|work=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=June\n        5, 2015}}\\n** [[Sierra Leone]] becomes independent from the United Kingdom.\\n\\n===May===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1961}}\\n* [[May 4]] – U.S. [[Freedom Riders]] begin interstate\n        bus rides to test the new [[U.S. Supreme Court]] [[Discrimination|integration]]\n        [[Boynton v. Virginia|decision]].\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Mercury program]]:\n        [[Alan Shepard]] becomes the first American in space aboard [[Mercury-Redstone\n        3]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]] becomes the first team\n        in the 20th century to win the [[Football in England|English]] league and\n        cup double. This being the last time Tottenham won the English League.\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – Briton [[George Blake]] is sentenced to 42 years imprisonment\n        for spying.\\n* [[May 9]] – In a speech on \\\"[[Television and the Public\n        Interest]]\\\" to the [[National Association of Broadcasters]], [[Federal Communications\n        Commission|FCC]] chairman [[Newton N. Minow]] describes commercial television\n        programming as a \\\"vast wasteland\\\".\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Civil Rights\n        Movement]]: A [[Freedom Riders]] bus is fire-bombed near [[Anniston, Alabama]]\n        and the civil rights protestors are beaten by an [[angry mob]] of [[Ku Klux\n        Klan]] members.\\n* [[May 15]] – [[J. Heinrich Matthaei]] alone performs\n        the Poly-U-Experiment and is the first person to recognize and understand\n        the [[genetic code]]. This is the birthdate of modern [[genetics]].Hans-J\\u00f6rg\n        Rheinberger, \\\"Experimentalsysteme – Eine Geschichte der Proteinsynthese\n        im Reagenzglas\\\" Wallstein; {{ISBN|3-89244-454-4}}\\n* [[May 16]] –\n        [[Park Chung-hee]] takes over in a military coup in South Korea.\\n* [[May\n        19]] – ''''[[Venera 1]]'''' becomes the first man-made object to fly-by\n        another planet by passing [[Venus]] (however, the probe had lost contact with\n        Earth a month earlier and does not send back any data).\\n* [[May 21]] –\n        [[Civil Rights Movement]]: [[Alabama]] Governor [[John Malcolm Patterson|John\n        Patterson]] declares [[martial law]] in an attempt to restore order after\n        [[race riot]]s break out.\\n* [[May 22]] – An [[1961 New South Wales\n        earthquake|earthquake]] rocks New South Wales.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Civil\n        Rights Movement]]: [[Freedom Riders]] are arrested in [[Jackson, Mississippi]]\n        for \\\"disturbing the peace\\\" after disembarking from their bus.\\n* [[May 25]]\n        – [[Apollo program]]: [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] announces\n        before a special joint session of Congress his goal to put a man on the Moon\n        before the end of the decade.\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]],\n        Prime Minister of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], holds a press conference\n        in [[Singapore]], announcing his idea to form the Federation of [[Malaysia]],\n        comprising Malaya, [[Singapore]], [[Sarawak]], [[Brunei]] and North Borneo\n        ([[Sabah]]).\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Peter Benenson]]''s article \\\"The Forgotten\n        Prisoners\\\" is published in several internationally read newspapers. This\n        is later considered the founding of the [[human rights]] organization [[Amnesty\n        International]].\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Rafael Le\\u00f3nidas Trujillo]],\n        totalitarian despot of the [[Dominican Republic]] since [[1930]], is killed\n        in an ambush, putting an end to the second longest-running dictatorship in\n        Latin American history.\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** In France, rebel generals Maurice\n        Challe and Andre Zelelr are sentenced to 15 years in prison.\\n** South Africa\n        becomes a republic, and officially leaves the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n**\n        President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]] meet in Paris.\\n**\n        [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] beats [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] 3-2 at [[Wankdorf\n        Stadium]], [[Bern]] and wins the [[1960\\u201361 European Cup]] (football).\\n\\n===June===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|June 1961}}\\n\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Ethiopia]] experiences its most\n        devastating earthquake of the 20th century, with a magnitude of 6.7. The town\n        of [[Majete]] is destroyed, 45% of the houses in [[Karakore]] collapse, {{convert|17|km|mi|sp=us}}\n        of the main road north of Karakore are damaged by landslides and fissures,\n        and 5,000 inhabitants in the area are left homeless.\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        [[Vienna summit]]: [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] meet during\n        two days in [[Vienna]]. They discuss nuclear tests, [[disarmament]] and Germany.\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – Russian ballet dancer [[Rudolf Nureyev]] requests asylum\n        in France while in Paris with the [[Kirov Ballet]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** A Paris-to-[[Strasbourg]]\n        train derails near [[Vitry-le-Fran\\u00e7ois]]; 24 are killed, 109 injured.\\n**\n        The [[New Democratic Party]] of Canada is founded with the merger of the Cooperative\n        Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the Canadian Labour Congress.\\n* [[June\n        19]] – The British [[protectorate]] ends in [[Kuwait]] and it becomes\n        an [[emirate]].\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Moise Tshombe]] is released for lack\n        of evidence of connection to the murder of [[Patrice Lumumba]].\\n* [[June\n        23]] – The [[Antarctic Treaty]] comes into effect.\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Iraq]]i president [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] announces he is going to annex\n        [[Kuwait]] (such an annexation of Kuwait would [[Gulf War|occur]] in [[1990]]).\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – Kuwait requests British help; the United Kingdom sends\n        in troops.\\n\\n===July===\\n\\n{{Main article|July 1961}}\\n\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] submarine ''''[[Soviet submarine K-19|K-19]]''''\n        reactor leak occurs in the North Atlantic.\\n* [[July 5]] – The first\n        Israeli rocket, ''''[[Shavit 2]]'''', is launched.{{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-18|url=\n        http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Missile/index.html|title=Missile\n        Overview|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105202129/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Missile/index.html\n        |archivedate=2008-01-05|deadurl=yes}}{{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-18|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1961-3.html|title=July\n        1961|publisher=NASA|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071117062555/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1961-3.html|\n        archivedate=2007-11-17|deadurl=no}}\\n* [[July 8]] –\n        A mine explosion in [[Czechoslovakia]] leaves 108 dead.\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        A Czechoslovakian [[Ilyushin Il-18]] crashes while attempting to land at [[Casablanca]],\n        Morocco, killing all 72 persons on board.\\n* [[July 17]] – Baseball\n        legend [[Ty Cobb]] dies at the age of 74 at [[Emory University Hospital]].\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – [[Mercury program]]: [[Gus Grissom]], piloting the [[Mercury-Redstone\n        4]] capsule ''''[[Liberty Bell 7]]'''', becomes the second American to go\n        into space (sub-orbital). Upon splashdown, the hatch prematurely opens, and\n        the capsule sinks (it is recovered in [[1999]]).\\n* [[July 25]] – U.S.\n        President [[John F. Kennedy]] gives a widely watched TV speech on the Berlin\n        crisis, warning \\\"we will not be driven out of Berlin.\\\"  Kennedy urges Americans\n        to build fallout shelters, setting off a four-month debate on civil defense.\\n*\n        [[July 31]]\\n** At [[Fenway Park]] in [[Boston]], the first [[Major League\n        Baseball All-Star Game]] tie occurs, when the game is stopped in the 9th inning\n        due to rain (the only tie until [[2002]]).\\n** Ireland submits the first application\n        from a non-founding country to join the [[European Economic Community]].\\n\\n===August===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|August 1961}}\\n\\n* August – The United States founds the [[Alliance\n        for Progress]].\\n* [[August 1]] – The [[Six Flags Over Texas]] theme\n        park officially opens to the public.\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Vostok 2]]:\n        Soviet cosmonaut [[Gherman Titov]] becomes the second human to orbit the Earth,\n        and the first to be in outer space for more than one day.\\n* [[August 7]]\n        – Vostok 2 (with Titov on board) lands in the Soviet Union.\\n* [[August\n        10]] – The United Kingdom applies for membership in the [[European Economic\n        Community]].\\n* [[August 13]] – Construction of the [[Berlin Wall]]\n        begins, restricting movement between [[East Berlin]] and [[West Berlin]] and\n        forming a clear boundary between West Germany and [[East Germany]], [[Western\n        Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. On August 22 [[Ida Siekmann]] jumps from\n        a window in her tenement building trying to flee to the West, becoming the\n        [[List of deaths at the Berlin Wall|first of at least 138 people to die at\n        the Wall]].\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Jomo Kenyatta]] is released from prison\n        in [[Kenya]].\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Jo\\u00e3o Goulart]] replaces [[J\\u00e2nio\n        Quadros]] as [[President of Brazil]]. He is ousted in [[1964]].\\n\\n===September===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1961}}\\n\\n* [[September 1]] \\n** The [[Eritrean War of Independence]]\n        officially begins with the shooting of the Ethiopian police by Hamid Idris\n        Awate.\\n** The first meeting is held of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].  The\n        Soviet Union resumes nuclear testing, escalating fears over the ongoing Berlin\n        crisis.\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Tom and Jerry]] make a return with their\n        first episode since 1958, ''''[[Switchin'' Kitten]]''''. The new creator,\n        [[Gene Deitch]], makes 12 more Tom and Jerry episodes until 1962.\\n* [[September\n        10]] – During the [[1961 Italian Grand Prix|F1 Italian Grand Prix]]\n        on the [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|circuit of Monza]], German [[Wolfgang von\n        Trips]], driving a [[Ferrari]], crashes into a stand, killing 14 spectators\n        and himself.\\n* [[September 14]] \\n** The new military government of [[Turkey]]\n        sentences 15 members of the previous government to death.\\n** The [[Focolare\n        Movement]] opens its first North American center in New York.\\n* [[September\n        17]] – Military rulers in [[Turkey]] hang former prime minister [[Adnan\n        Menderes]].\\n* [[September 18]] – [[United Nations]] [[Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]] dies in\n        an air crash en route to [[Katanga Province|Katanga]], [[Republic of the Congo\n        (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]].\\n* [[September 21]] – In France, the [[Organisation\n        de l''arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]] slips an anti-[[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]]\n        message into TV programming.\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** The old [[Deutsche Opernhaus]]\n        in the Berlin neighborhood of [[Charlottenburg]] is returned to its newly\n        rebuilt house as the [[Deutsche Oper Berlin]].\\n** In the U.S., the [[Walt\n        Disney anthology television series]], renamed ''''Walt Disney''s Wonderful\n        World of Color'''', moves from ABC to NBC after seven years on the air, and\n        begins telecasting its programs in color for the first time. Years later,\n        after Disney''s death, the still-on-the-air program will be renamed ''''The\n        Wonderful World of Disney''''.\\n* [[September 28]] – A [[military coup]]\n        in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] effectively ends the [[United Arab Republic]],\n        the union between [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]].\\n* [[September 30]] – The\n        [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) is formed\n        to replace the [[Organisation for European Economic Co-operation]] (OEEC).\\n\\n===October===\\n\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1961}}\\n\\n* [[October 1]] – Baseball player [[Roger\n        Maris]] of the New York Yankees hits his 61st home run in the last game of\n        the season, against the [[Boston Red Sox]], setting a new record for the longer\n        baseball season. The record for the shorter season is still held by Babe Ruth.\\n*\n        [[October 10]] – A volcanic eruption on [[Tristan da Cunha]] causes\n        the whole population to be evacuated to Britain, where they will remain until\n        1963.\\n* [[October 12]] – The [[death penalty]] is abolished in New\n        Zealand.\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Paris massacre of 1961]]: French police\n        in Paris attack about 30,000 protesting a curfew applied solely to [[Algeria]]ns.\n        The official death toll is 3, but human rights groups claim 240 dead.\\n* [[October\n        18]] – ''''[[West Side Story (film)|West Side Story]]'''' is released\n        as a film in the United States.\\n* [[October 19]] – The [[Arab League]]\n        takes over protecting [[Kuwait]]; the last British troops leave.\\n* [[October\n        25]] – The first edition of ''''[[Private Eye]]'''', the British satirical\n        magazine, is published.\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]] becomes\n        the fourth president of Turkey. (His former title is head of state and government;\n        he is elected as president by constitutional referendum.)\\n* [[October 27]]\\n**\n        An [[armistice]] begins in [[Katanga Province|Katanga]], [[Republic of the\n        Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]].\\n** [[Mongolia]] and [[Mauritania]] join\n        the [[United Nations]].\\n** Confrontation at [[Checkpoint Charlie]]: A standoff\n        between [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and American tanks in Berlin, Germany heightens\n        [[Cold War]] tensions.\\n** [[Fahrettin \\u00d6zdilek]] becomes the acting prime\n        minister of Turkey.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[GMA Network|DZBB-TV Channel 7]],\n        the Philippines'' third TV station, is launched.\\n** [[Devrim]], the first\n        ever [[car]] designed and produced in [[Turkey]], is released. The project\n        has been completed in only 130 days almost from scratch, a period including\n        decision on the project, research, design, development and production of four\n        vehicles.\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Nuclear weapons testing]]: The [[Soviet\n        Union]] detonates a 58-megaton yield [[hydrogen bomb]] known as [[Tsar Bomba]]\n        over [[Novaya Zemlya]]. It remains the largest ever man-made explosion.\\n**\n        The [[Note Crisis]]: The Soviet Union issues a diplomatic note to Finland\n        proposing military co-operation.\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Hurricane Hattie]]\n        devastates [[Belize City]], [[Belize]] killing over 270. After the hurricane,\n        the capital moves to the inland city of [[Belmopan]].\\n** [[Joseph Stalin]]''s\n        body is removed from the Lenin Mausoleum.\\n\\n===November===\\n\\n{{Main article|November\n        1961}}\\n\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** The [[Hungry generation]] Movement is launched\n        in [[Calcutta]], [[India]].\\n** The Interstate Commerce Commission''s federal\n        order banning segregation at all interstate public facilities officially comes\n        into effect.\\n** The Madame Alexander Doll Club is founded by Margaret Doris\n        Winson of Sweet Springs, MO.\\n* [[November 2]] – ''''[[Kean (musical)|Kean]]''''\n        opens at Broadway Theater in New York City for 92 performances.\\n* [[November\n        3]] – The [[United Nations]] [[United Nations General Assembly|General\n        Assembly]] unanimously elects [[U Thant]] to the position of acting [[Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations|Secretary-General]].\\n* [[November 6]] – The U.S.\n        government issues a stamp honoring the 100th birthday of [[James Naismith]].\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Imperial Airlines Flight 201/8]] crashes while attempting\n        to land at [[Richmond, Virginia]], killing 77 persons on board.\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Neil Armstrong]] records a world record speed in a rocket plane\n        of 6,587 km/h flying a [[X-15]].\\n* [[November 10]] – ''''[[Catch-22]]''''\n        by [[Joseph Heller]] is first published.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** Congolese\n        soldiers murder 13 Italian [[United Nations]] pilots.\\n** Stalingrad is renamed\n        [[Volgograd]].\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Michael Rockefeller]], son of\n        [[Govenor of New York|New York Governor]] and later [[Vice President of the\n        United States|Vice President]] [[Nelson Rockefeller]], disappears in the jungles\n        of [[New Guinea]].\\n* [[November 18]] – U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        sends 18,000 military advisors to South Vietnam.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** The\n        funeral of longtime House Speaker [[Sam Rayburn]] is held in Washington, D.C.\n        Two former Presidents ([[Harry S. Truman|Truman]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]])\n        and one future one ([[Lyndon B. Johnson]]) join [[John F. Kennedy|President\n        Kennedy]] in paying their respects.\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]]\n        of [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]] forms the new government of\n        [[Turkey]] (26th government, first coalition in Turkey, partner [[Justice\n        Party (Turkey)|AP]])\\n* [[November 21]] – The \\\"[[La Ronde (restaurant)|La\n        Ronde]]\\\" opens in [[Honolulu]], the first [[revolving restaurant]] in the\n        United States\\n* [[November 24]] – The [[World Food Programme]] (WFP)\n        is formed as a temporary [[United Nations]] program.\\n* [[November 30]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union]] vetoes [[Kuwait]]''s application for [[United Nations]]\n        membership.\\n\\n===December===\\n\\n{{Main article|December 1961}}\\n\\n* [[December\n        1]] – [[Netherlands New Guinea]] raises the new Morning Star flag and\n        changes its name to [[Republic of West Papua|West Papua]].\\n* [[December 2]]\n        – [[Cold War]]: In a nationally broadcast speech, [[Cuba]]n leader [[Fidel\n        Castro]] announces he is a [[Marxist\\u2013Leninist]], and that Cuba will adopt\n        [[socialism]].\\n* [[December 5]] – U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        gives support to the [[Akosombo Dam|Volta Dam]] project in [[Ghana]].\\n* [[December\n        9]]\\n** [[Tanganyika]] gains independence as a [[Commonwealth realm]], with\n        [[Julius Nyerere]] as its first Prime Minister, with Queen Elizabeth II as\n        [[Queen of Tanganyika]], and represented locally by the [[Governor-General\n        of Tanganyika]].\\n** The Australian government of [[Robert Menzies]] is re-elected\n        for a sixth term.\\n* [[December 10]] – The [[Soviet Union]] severs [[diplomatic\n        relations]] with [[Albania]].\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** The American involvement\n        in the [[Vietnam War]] officially begins, as the first American helicopters\n        arrive in Saigon along with 400 U.S. personnel.\\n** [[Adolf Eichmann]] is\n        pronounced guilty of crimes against humanity by a panel of three [[Israel]]i\n        judges, and sentenced to death.\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Walt Disney]]''s\n        first live-action Technicolor musical, ''''[[Babes in Toyland (1961 film)|Babes\n        in Toyland]]'''', a remake of the famous Victor Herbert operetta, is released,\n        but flops at the box office.\\n* [[December 15]] – An Israeli war crimes\n        tribunal sentences [[Adolf Eichmann]] to death for his part in [[The Holocaust]].\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – A [[circus]] tent fire in [[Niter\\u00f3i]], [[Brazil]]\n        kills 323.{{cite web|accessdate=2011-06-01|url=http://grancircusincendio.blogspot.com/|title=Inc\\u00eandio\n        Gran-Circus Norte-Americano 1961|publisher=Blogger}}\\n* [[December 18]]\n        – India opens hostilities in [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|its annexation]]\n        of [[Portuguese India]], the colonies of [[Goa]], [[Damao]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]].\\n*\n        [[December 19]]\\n** The [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa#Portuguese surrender|Portuguese\n        surrender Goa]] to India after 400 years of Portuguese rule.\\n** [[Indonesia]]n\n        president [[Sukarno]] announces that he will take [[West Irian]] by force\n        if necessary.\\n* [[December 21]] – In [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Congo]],\n        Katangan prime minister [[Moise Tshombe]] recognizes the Congolese constitution.\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Luxembourg]]''s [[National Day|national holiday]],\n        the [[Grand Duke''s Official Birthday]], is set on [[June 23]] by Grand Ducal\n        decree.\\n* [[December 30]] – Congolese troops capture [[Albert Kalonji]]\n        of [[South Kasai]] (who soon escapes).\\n* [[December 31]] – Ireland''s\n        first national television station, ''''Telef\\u00eds \\u00c9ireann'''' (later\n        [[Raidi\\u00f3 Teilif\\u00eds \\u00c9ireann|RT\\u00c9]]), begins broadcasting.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n\\n* \\\"[[Barbie]]\\\" gets a boyfriend when the \\\"[[Ken (doll)|Ken]]\\\"\n        doll is introduced in the United States.\\n* [[Sheila Burnford]]''s ''''[[The\n        Incredible Journey]]'''', a story of three pets travelling through the Canadian\n        wilderness, is published in the United Kingdom.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n=== January\n        ===\\n\\n[[File:Wayne Coyne outside Wal-Mart.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wayne Coyne]]]]\\n[[File:Julia_Louis-Dreyfus_VF_\n        2012_Shankbone_3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Louis-Dreyfus]]]]\\n[[File:Wayne Gretzky\n        2006-02-18 Turin 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wayne Gretzky]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n**\n        [[Sergei Babayan]], American classical pianist\\n** [[Sam Backo]], Australian\n        rugby league footballer\\n* [[January 2]] \\n** [[Neil Dudgeon]], English actor\\n**\n        [[Todd Haynes]], American film director\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Iris DeMent]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Supriya Pathak]], Indian\n        actress\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Calvin Smith]], American athlete\\n* [[January\n        9]] \\n** [[Candi Milo]], American voice actress\\n** [[Al Jean]], American\n        television writer\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Mark Venturini]], American actor\n        (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Jasper Fforde]], British fantasy novelist\\n**\n        [[Karl von Habsburg|Karl Habsburg-Lothringen]], Austrian politician and noble\n        \\n* [[January 12]] – [[Sean Blowers]], English actor\\n* [[January 13]]\\n**\n        [[Wayne Coyne]], American musician and frontman of the band [[The Flaming\n        Lips]]\\n** [[Julia Louis-Dreyfus]], American actress, producer and comedian\n        \\n** [[Suggs (singer)|Suggs]], British singer and TV presenter\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Mike Tramp]], Danish rock singer (''''[[White Lion]]'''')\\n*\n        [[January 16]] – [[Peter Tanfield]], British concert violinist\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Maia Chiburdanidze]], Georgian chess player\\n* [[January 18]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Beardsley]], English footballer \\n** [[Mark Messier]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n* [[January 19]] – [[William Ragsdale]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        22]]\\n** [[Daniel Johnston]], American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist\\n**\n        [[Shigeru Nakahara]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Guido\n        Buchwald]], German football player\\n* [[January 26]] \\n** [[Sharyl Attkisson]],\n        American author and former television journalist and investigative correspondent\\n**\n        [[Wayne Gretzky]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Li Cunxin]], Artistic Director\n        for [[Queensland Ballet]]\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Arnaldur Indri\\u00f0ason]],\n        Icelandic writer\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Petra Th\\u00fcmer]], German swimmer\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – [[Dexter Scott King]], son of [[Martin Luther King,\n        Jr.]]\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Lloyd Cole]], British singer and songwriter\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:HenryRollins2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henry Rollins]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Volker Fried]], German field hockey player\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Jim Balsillie]], Canadian CEO and [[philanthropist]]\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Yuko Kobayashi]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[February 8]] –\n        [[Vince Neil]], American singer\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[John Kruk]], American\n        baseball player and commentator\\n** [[Jussi Lampi]], Finnish musician and\n        actor\\n* [[February 10]] – [[George Stephanopoulos]], American political\n        consultant and commentator\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Mary Docter]], American\n        speed skater\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Henry Rollins]], American musician\n        and activist\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Latifa (singer)|Latifa]], Tunisian\n        singer\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Meir Kessler]], Israeli rabbi\\n** [[Andrey\n        Korotayev]], Russian anthropologist, economic historian, and sociologist\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Hironobu Kageyama]], Japanese singer\\n* [[February\n        20]] \\n** [[Phil Powers (climber)|Phil Powers]], American alpinist\\n** [[Dwayne\n        McDuffie]], American writer of comics and television (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Geoff Moore]], American Christian musician\\n* [[February 22]]\n        – [[Akira Takasaki]], Japanese guitarist\\n* [[February 25]] –\n        [[Davey Allison]], American race car driver (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[February 27]]\n        – [[James Worthy]], American basketball player and analyst\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Mark Latham]], Australian politician\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March\n        3]]\\n** [[Mary Page Keller]], American actress\\n** [[John Matteson]], Pulitzer\n        Prize-winning American biographer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Ray Mancini]], American\n        boxer\\n** [[Steven Weber (actor)|Steven Weber]], American actor\\n** [[Roger\n        Wessels]], South African golfer\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Mike Leach (American\n        football coach)|Mike Leach]], American college football coach\\n** [[Rick Steiner]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Mike Bullard (ice hockey)|Mike\n        Bullard]], American hockey player\\n** [[Laurel Clark]], American astronaut\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Mitch Gaylord]], American gymnast\\n* [[March 14]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Boyce]], American Christian musician \\n** [[Gary Dell''Abate]], American\n        radio producer\\n** [[Marc Koska]], English businessman and inventor\\n* [[March\n        16]]\\n** [[Brett Kenny]], Australian rugby league player\\n** [[Michiru \\u014cshima]],\n        Japanese composer\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Umayya Abu-Hanna]], Palestine-born\n        Finnish writer and politician\\n** [[Alexander Bard]], Swedish musician ([[Army\n        of Lovers]])\\n** [[Sam Bowie]], American basketball player\\n** [[Dana Reeve]],\n        American actress, singer and activist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\n** [[Lothar\n        Matth\\u00e4us]], German footballer\\n** [[Kassie DePaiva]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 23]] \\n** [[Ali Hewson]], Irish activist and businesswoman\\n** [[Helmi\n        Johannes]], Indonesian television newscaster\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Yanis\n        Varoufakis]], Greek economist, current Greek Finance Minister \\n* [[March\n        25]] – [[Reggie Fils-Aim\\u00e9]], American businessman\\n* [[March 27]]\n        – [[Tak Matsumoto]], Japanese guitarist ([[B''z]])\\n* [[March 28]] –\n        [[Byron Scott]], American basketball player and coach\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Amy Sedaris]], American actress, comedian and writer\\n** [[Gerardo Teissonniere]],\n        Puerto Rican pianist\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Eddie Murphy by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Murphy]]]]                          \\n[[File:George Lopez at Kids'' Inaugural\n        1-19-09 hires 090119-N-1928O-136a (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Lopez]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 1]]\\n** [[Susan Boyle]], Scottish singer\\n** [[Kujira]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Christopher Meloni]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 3]] – [[Eddie Murphy]], African-American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Lisa Zane]], American actress\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[Gene Eugene]], Canadian actor and singer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[April 7]] –\n        [[Thurl Bailey]], American basketball player\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Vincent\n        Gallo]], American actor\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Lisa Gerrard]], Australian\n        musician\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Robert Carlyle]], Scottish film and television\n        actor\\n** [[Neil Dougherty]], American basketball coach (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April\n        17]]\\n** [[Frank J. Christensen]], American labor leader\\n** [[Daphna Kastner]],\n        Canadian actress\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Jane Leeves]], English actress\\n*\n        [[April 20]]\\n** [[Konstantin Lavronenko]], Russian actor\\n** [[Don Mattingly]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Cathy Cavadini]], American\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 23]] \\n** [[Dirk Bach]], German actor and comedian\n        (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[George Lopez]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Anthony Cumia]], American radio personality\\n* [[April 27]]\n        – [[Moana Pozzi]], Italian porn actress (d. [[1994]])\\n* [[April 28]]\n        – [[Futoshi Matsunaga]], Japanese serial killer\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Fumihiko Tachiki]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Isiah\n        Thomas]], African-American basketball player, coach, and team owner\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Joe Murray publicity shot.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joe Murray (animator)|Joe\n        Murray]]]]\\n[[File:George Clooney 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Clooney]]]]\\n[[File:Tim\n        Roth by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Roth]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        [[Marilyn Milian]], American judge\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Steve James (snooker\n        player)|Steve James]], English snooker player\\n* [[May 3]] \\n** [[Joe Murray\n        (animator)|Joe Murray]], American animator\\n** [[David Vitter]], U.S. Senator\n        (R-LA)\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Jay Aston]], British singer ([[Bucks Fizz (band)|Bucks\n        Fizz]])\\n** [[Mary Elizabeth McDonough]], American actress, producer, director\n        and author\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Hiroshi Hase]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n**\n        Sarah Zivale, American actress\\n* [[May 6]] – [[George Clooney]], American\n        actor\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Robert Spano]], American conductor and pianist\\n*\n        [[May 8]]\\n** [[Janet McTeer]], British actress\\n** [[Akira Taue]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Rene Capo]], American judoka\n        (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Danny Carey]], American drummer ([[Tool\n        (band)|Tool]], [[Pigmy Love Circus]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Paul Begala]], American\n        political commentator\\n** [[Lar Park Lincoln]], American actress\\n* [[May\n        12]] – [[Billy Duffy]], British guitarist ([[The Cult]])\\n* [[May 13]]\n        – [[Dennis Rodman]], American basketball player and actor\\n* [[May 14]]\n        \\n** [[Tim Roth]], English actor\\n** [[Urban Priol]], German Kabarett artist\n        and comedian\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Kevin McDonald]], Canadian comedian and actor\\n**\n        [[Charles Wright (wrestler)|Charles Wright]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Enya]], Irish musician\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Jim Bowden]],\n        American baseball executive\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Clive Allen]], British\n        footballer\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Mike Breen]], American sports announcer\\n**\n        [[Ann Cusack]], American actress\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Karen Duffy]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Peri Gilpin]], American actress\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Roland Gift]], British singer and musician ([[Fine Young Cannibals]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Melissa Etheridge]], American musician\\n* [[May 30]]\n        \\n** [[Ralph Carter]], American actor\\n** [[Harry Enfield]], English comedian,\n        actor, writer and director\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Ray Cote]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n** [[Justin Madden]], Australian footballer and politician\\n** [[Lea\n        Thompson]], American actress\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Michael J. Fox 2012 (cropped)\n        (2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael J. Fox]]]]\\n[[File:Boy George by Dean Stockings.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boy\n        George]]]]\\n[[File:Vidhya_Bhandari2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]]]]\\n[[File:Joko_Widodo_2014_official_portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joko\n        Widodo]]]]\\n[[File:Curt Smith 08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Curt Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ricky\n        Gervais 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricky Gervais]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Paul\n        Coffey]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Dez Cadena]], American\n        musician\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Lawrence Lessig]], American academic and political\n        activist\\n** [[Ed Wynne (guitarist)|Ed Wynne]], English musician ([[Ozric\n        Tentacles]])\\n*  [[June 4]] – [[El DeBarge]], African-American singer\n        \\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Mary Kay Bergman]], American voice actress (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Anthony Burger]], American musician and singer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Rosie\n        Kane]], Member of Scottish Parliament\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Tom Araya]],\n        Chilean-born rock musician ([[Slayer]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Katy Garbi]],\n        Greek singer\\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[Michael J. Fox]], Canadian-American actor,\n        producer, and author\\n** [[Aaron Sorkin]], American screenwriter, producer,\n        and playwright\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Kim Deal|Kim]] and [[Kelley Deal]], American\n        musicians\\n** [[Maxi Priest]], born Max Elliott, British reggae singer\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Boy George]], born George O''Dowd, British singer-songwriter\n        and music producer\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Dave McAuley]], Northern Irish\n        boxer\\n* [[June 17]] – [[K\\u014dichi Yamadera]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9s Galarraga]], Venezuelan baseball player\\n**\n        [[Alison Moyet]], English singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Bidhya\n        Devi Bhandari]], 2nd [[President of Nepal]]\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Karin\n        Enke|Karin Kania]], German speed skater\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Manu Chao]],\n        French singer\\n** [[Joko Widodo]], [[President of Indonesia]]\\n* [[June 23]]\\n**\n        [[Zoran Janjetov]], Serbian comic artist\\n** [[David Leavitt]], American novelist\\n*\n        [[June 24]]         \\n** [[Lisa Bevill]], American Christian musician\\n**\n        [[Curt Smith]], British musician and lead singer and keyboardist of rock group\n        [[Tears For Fears]]\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Mike Breen]], American broadcaster\\n**\n        [[Ricky Gervais]], English comedian, actor, writer and director. Former singer\n        in [[Seona Dancing]]\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Greg LeMond]], American cyclist\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – [[Meera Syal]], British-Indian comedian and actress\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[Jeff Malone]], American basketball player\\n** [[Eliezer\n        Melamed]], Israeli rabbi\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Greg Hetson]], American\n        rock guitarist ([[Bad Religion]], [[Circle Jerks]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041b\\u0435\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u0434\\u043e-\\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0438\\u044f\n        18 (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Diana, Princess of Wales]]]]\\n[[File:Forest\n        Whitaker 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Forest Whitaker]]]]\\n[[File:Ant\\u00f3nio Costa\n        12.\\u00aa Cimeira Brasil-Portugal 2016-11-01.png|thumb|100px|[[Ant\\u00f3nio\n        Costa]]]]\\n[[File:Woody Harrelson October 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Woody Harrelson]]]]\\n[[File:Gary\n        Cherone-Extreme-2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary Cherone]]]]\\n[[File:Laurence Fishburne\n        2009 - cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laurence Fishburne]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        [[Vito Bratta]], American rock guitarist ([[White Lion]])\\n** [[Ivan Kaye]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], British Princess and first\n        wife of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Carl Lewis]], American\n        athlete\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Andrew Zimmern]], American television personality\n        ([[Bizarre Foods]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Patrizia Scianca]], Italian voice\n        actress\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Eric Jerome Dickey]], American writer\\n* [[July\n        8]] – [[Toby Keith]], American country music singer\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        \\n** [[Jacky Cheung]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Ulla Kock am Brink]],\n        German television presenter\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Jackie Earle Haley]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Forest Whitaker]], American actor\n        and film director\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Copycat (software)#External links|J.\n        Alan Brogan]], Irish programmer\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Jonathan Potts]], Canadian\n        actor\\n** [[Ant\\u00f3nio Costa]], Portuguese politician, [[Prime Minister\n        of Portugal|119th Prime Minister]] (2015\\u2013present)\\n* [[July 19]]\\n**\n        [[Maria Filatova]], Soviet gymnast\\n** [[Beno\\u00eet Mariage]], Belgian film\n        director\\n** [[Noriyuki Abe]], Japanese anime director\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        [[Keith Sweat]], American singer\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**[[Milind Gunaji]], Indian\n        actor, model, television show host\\n**[[Woody Harrelson]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Hugo Teufel III]], 2nd [[Chief Privacy\n        Officer, Department of Homeland Security]]\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Keiko Matsui]],\n        Japanese pianist and composer\\n** [[Gary Cherone]],  American rock singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Laurence Fishburne]], American actor\n        and film director\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Barack\n        Obama]]]]\\n[[File:Lauren Tom by Gage Skidmore.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Lauren Tom]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Key February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Key]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Hillenburg\n        by Carlos Cazurro.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Hillenburg]]]]\\n[[File:R orzabal.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roland\n        Orzabal]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Ray Cyrus 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy\n        Ray Cyrus]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Molly Hagan]], American actress\\n** [[Nick\n        Harvey]], English politician\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Robin Carnahan]], [[Secretary\n        of State of Missouri]]\\n** [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United\n        States]]\\n** [[Lauren Tom]], American actress\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Clayton\n        Rohner]], American actor\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Brian Conley]], English presenter,\n        comedian, singer and  actor\\n** [[Yelena Davydova]], Soviet gymnast\\n** [[Maggie\n        Wheeler]], American actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[The Edge]], Irish rock guitarist\n        ([[U2]])\\n** [[Bruce Matthews (American football)|Bruce Matthews]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Rikki Rockett]], American rock drummer ([[Poison (American\n        band)|Poison]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[John Key]], 38th [[Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand]]\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Sunil Shetty]], Indian Bollywood film\n        actor\\n** [[Jukka Tapanim\\u00e4ki]], Finnish game programmer (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Susan Olsen]], American actress and animal welfare\n        advocate\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**[[Elpidia Carrillo]], Mexican-American actress\\n**[[Urara\n        Takano]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Huw Edwards (journalist)|Huw\n        Edwards]], [[BAFTA]] award-winning Welsh journalist and presenter\\n** [[Bob\n        Woodruff]], American television journalist\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Stephen\n        Hillenburg]], American marine biologist, cartoonist, and animator\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Roland Orzabal]], British musician and songwriter\\n* [[August\n        24]] – [[Jared Harris]], English actor\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Billy\n        Ray Cyrus]], American actor and singer\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Tom Ford]],\n        American fashion designer and film director\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Brian\n        Mitchell (boxer)|Brian Mitchell]], South African boxer\\n* [[August]] ''''Date\n        Unknown''''– [[Joseph Kony]], leader of the [[Lord''s Resistance Army]]\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[File:BamBamBigelow.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bam Bam Bigelow]]]]\\n[[File:James\n        Gandolfini in Kuwait City 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Gandolfini]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Dee 2014.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jack Dee]]]]\\n[[File:Edward M. Kennedy Jr. (aka\n        Ted Kennedy Jr.), 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edward M. Kennedy Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Julia\n        Gillard 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Gillard]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\n** [[Bam\n        Bam Bigelow]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[C\\u00e9cilia\n        Rodhe]], Miss Sweden\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Carlos Valderrama]], Colombian\n        footballer\\n** [[Anthony Wong Chau Sang|Anthony Wong Chau-sang]], Hong Kong\n        actor\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Felix Wong]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Karim Abdul Razak]], Ghanaian footballer\\n* [[September 6]]\\n**\n        [[Akira Kuroiwa]], Japanese speed skater\\n** [[Paul Waaktaar-Savoy]], Norwegian\n        rock musician and songwriter ([[A-ha]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Kevin\n        Kennedy (actor)|Kevin Kennedy]], British actor\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Elizabeth\n        Daily]], American voice actress and singer\\n** [[Virginia Madsen]], American\n        actress\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Myl\\u00e8ne Farmer]], Canadian singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Dave Mustaine]], American metal\n        singer, guitarist ([[Megadeth]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Martina Gedeck]],\n        German actress\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Dan Marino]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Lidia Yusupova]], Chechen human-rights lawyer\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        Jen Tolley, American-Canadian voice actress\\n* [[September 18]] – [[James\n        Gandolfini]], American actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Caroline\n        Flint]], British Labour MP \\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Bonnie Hunt]], American\n        actress, comedian, writer, director and television producer\\n** [[Catherine\n        Oxenberg]], British actress\\n* [[September 23]] – [[William C. McCool]],\n        U.S. Army Commander and astronaut (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        [[Jack Dee]], English stand-up comedian, actor and writer\\n* [[September 25]]\n        \\n** [[Heather Locklear]], American actress\\n** [[Steve Scott (journalist)|Steve\n        Scott]], British journalist and presenter\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Edward\n        M. Kennedy Jr.]], son of [[U.S. Senator]] [[Ted Kennedy]]\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – [[Andy Lau]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[September 28]] \\n**\n        [[Yordanka Donkova]], Bulgarian athlete\\n** [[Wayne Westner]] A South African\n        Golfer who won twice on the [[European Tour]] (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Julia Gillard]], 27th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]\\n* [[September\n        30]]\\n** [[Crystal Bernard]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Eric Stoltz]],\n        American actor and director\\n** [[Sally Yeh]], Hong Kong singer and actress\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n[[File:Amr_Abdul_Baset_Diab.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amr Diab]]]]\\n[[File:Rachel\n        de thame.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rachel De Thame]]]]\\n[[File:Dylan McDermott 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dylan\n        McDermott]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Jackson SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Gary Ablett, Sr.|Gary Ablett]], Australian rules footballer\\n**\n        [[Rico Constantino]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[October 2]] –\n        [[Edmond Yu]], Chinese student (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Ludger\n        St\\u00fchlmeyer]], German cantor, composer and musicologist\\n* [[October 4]]\\n**\n        [[Philippe Russo]], French singer\\n** [[Jon Secada]], Cuban-American singer\n        and songwriter\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Matthew Kauffman]], American journalist\n        and [[George Polk Award]] winner\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Mark Shasha]],\n        American artist, author, illustrator\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Jodi Benson]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Amr Diab]], Egyptian singer\\n**\n        [[Steve Young]], American football player\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Rachel De\n        Thame]], English gardener and television presenter\\n** [[Doc Rivers]], American\n        basketball player and coach\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Jim Burns]], British\n        science-fiction illustrator \\n* [[October 16]] – [[Randy Vasquez]],\n        American actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Wynton Marsalis]], African-American\n        trumpeter and composer\\n** [[Rick Moody]], American writer\\n** [[Gladstone\n        Small]], Barbadian-English cricketer \\n* [[October 20]] – [[Michie Tomizawa]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Dave Meltzer]], American\n        wrestling journalist\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Pat Sharp]], British radio DJ\n        and host\\n** [[Chad Smith]], American musician\\n** [[Ward Burton]], American\n        [[NASCAR]] driver\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Dylan McDermott]], American\n        actor\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)|Randy Jackson]],\n        African-American musician\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Alonzo Babers]], American\n        runner\\n** [[Peter Jackson]], New Zealand film director\\n** [[Larry Mullen,\n        Jr.]], Irish rock drummer ([[U2]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[File:Ralph Macchio\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ralph Macchio]]]]\\n[[File:Nadia Com\\u0103neci\n        at the 2012 BRD N\\u0103stase \\u021airiac Trophy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nadia Com\\u0103neci]]]]\\n[[File:Meg\n        Ryan 2009 portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Meg Ryan]]]]\\n[[File:Mariel Hemingway\n        headshot, free use.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariel Hemingway]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\n        – [[Anne Donovan]], American basketball player\\n* [[November 2]] –\n        [[k.d. lang]], Canadian singer and songwriter\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Daron\n        Hagen]], American composer\\n** [[Dominic Heale]], British journalist and newsreader\n        \\n** [[Ralph Macchio]], American actor\\n** [[Jeff Probst]], American television\n        personality\\n** [[Jerry Sadowitz]], American-born British stand-up comic and\n        card magician\\n** [[Nigel Worthington]], Northern Irish footballer and football\n        manager\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Jill Dando]], British journalist and television\n        presenter (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Jackie Kay]], Scottish poet and novelist\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Nadia Com\\u0103neci]], Romanian gymnast\\n* [[November\n        14]]\\n** [[Jurga Ivanauskait\\u0117]], Lithuanian writer (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[D. B. Sweeney]], American actor\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Corinne Herm\\u00e8s]],\n        French singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest 1983|1983]]\n        winner\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Jan Kuehnemund]], American guitarist ([[Vixen\n        (band)|Vixen]]) (d. 2013)\\n** [[Steven Moffat]], Scottish screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Anthony Warlow]], Australian singer\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Meg Ryan]],\n        American actress and film director\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Dave Watson]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Maria Kawamura]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Mariel Hemingway]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Randal L. Schwartz]], American computer programmer\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Arundhati Roy]], Indian writer and activist\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Alfonso\n        Cuar\\u00f3n]], Mexican film director, screenwriter and producer\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n[[File:Bill Hicks at the Laff Stop in Austin, Texas, 1991 (2) cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bill\n        Hicks]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew Waterhouse - Gallifrey 2011 (cropped etc).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matthew\n        Waterhouse]]]]\\n[[File:Lech Kaczynski Ilham Alijew (10).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ilham\n        Aliyev]]]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Marcelo Fromer]], Brazilian guitarist\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Roy Dennis]], disabled American boy (d. [[1978]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Reich]], American football player\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Ann\n        Coulter]], American author, conservative commentator and attorney\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[David Anthony Higgins]], American actor\\n* [[December 10]] –\n        [[Nia Peeples]], American actress\\n* [[December 11]] – [[DJ Yella]],\n        American DJ and Record Producer\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Daniel O''Donnell]],\n        Irish singer\\n** [[Sarah Sutton]], British actress\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[Karen Witter]], American actress and model\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Karin\n        Resetarits]], Austrian journalist and politician\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Shane\n        Black]], American film director\\n** [[Bill Hicks]], American comedian (d.\n        [[1994]])\\n** [[Sam Robards]], American actor\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Eric\n        Allin Cornell]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate\\n** [[Matthew\n        Waterhouse]], British actor\\n** [[Reggie White]], American football player\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Mohammad Fouad]], Arab singer and\n        actor\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Francis Ng]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Ezzat el Kamhawi]], Egyptian novelist\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        [[Ilham Aliyev]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Azerbaijan]] and 4th [[President\n        of Azerbaijan]]\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[\\u00cdngrid Betancourt]], Colombian\n        senator\\n** [[David Thompson (Barbadian politician)|David Thompson]], 6th\n        Prime Minister of Barbados (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[John\n        Lynch (actor)|John Lynch]], Northern Irish actor\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Guido Westerwelle]], German politician (d. 2016)\\n* [[December 29]] –\n        [[Jim Reid]], Scottish musician\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Douglas Coupland]],\n        Canadian author\\n** [[Bill English]], [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]\\n**\n        [[Blue Man Group|Matt Goldman]], American performance artist\\n** [[Sean Hannity]],\n        American radio/television host and conservative commentator\\n** [[Ben Johnson\n        (sprinter)|Ben Johnson]], Canadian athlete\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n\\n* [[Judie\n        Bamber]], American artist\\n* [[Jaime Crespo]], Mexican-American artist\\n*\n        [[James Rolfe (composer)|James Rolfe]], Canadian composer\\n*[[Acharya S]],\n        American writer and proponent of the [[Christ myth theory]] (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[Lefred Thouron]], French cartoonist\\n* [[Taha al-Hashimi]], 13th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iraq]] (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Erwin\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger (1933).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]]]]\\n[[File:Anefo\n        910-9740 De Congolese2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patrice Lumumba]]]]\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Auvergne Doherty]], Australian businesswoman (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]], Austrian physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Franti\\u0161ek Flos]],\n        Czech novelist (b. [[1864]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Emily Greene Balch]],\n        American writer and pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1867]])\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[Dashiell Hammett]], American writer (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[January 13]] \\n** [[Nino Marchesini]], Italian actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Blanche\n        Ring]], American singer and actress (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Barry Fitzgerald]], Irish actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 17]] –\n        [[Patrice Lumumba]], 1st [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the\n        Congo]] (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Thomas Anthony Dooley III]],\n        physician (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[January 21]] \\n** [[Blaise Cendrars]], Swiss\n        writer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[John J. Becker]], American composer and pianist\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Alfred Carlton Gilbert]], American\n        swimmer and inventor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Stan Nichols]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Jesse Wallace]],\n        American naval officer, 29th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – [[Dorothy Thompson]], American journalist (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:CarlosLuz.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Carlos\n        Luz]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammed V.jpg|thumb|110px|right|King [[Mohammed V of Morocco]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – [[Anna May Wong]], Chinese-American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – [[William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil|Viscount\n        Dunrossil]], Australian Governor-General (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 7]] –\n        [[William Duncan (actor)|William Duncan]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Carlos Luz]], Brazilian politician, 19th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Richmond K. Turner]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Arthur Ripley]],\n        American film director (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Laurence\n        Owen]], American figure skater (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Dazzy\n        Vance]], American baseball player ([[Brooklyn Dodgers]]) and a member of the\n        [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Nita Naldi]],\n        American actress (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Percy Grainger]],\n        Australian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Nick LaRocca]],\n        American jazz musician (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[George de Cuevas]], Chilean-American\n        ballet impresario and choreographer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Karl\n        Albiker]], German sculptor (b. [[1878]])\\n** King [[Mohammed V of Morocco]]\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Aaron S. Merrill|Aaron S. \\\"Tip\\\"\n        Merrill]], American admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Victor d%27Arcy\n        and Harold Abrahams 1920.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Victor d''Arcy]]]]\\n* [[March\n        3]] – [[Paul Wittgenstein]], Austrian-born pianist (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[George Formby]], British singer, comedian & actor (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** Sir [[Thomas Beecham]], English conductor (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Gala Galaction]], Romanian writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        12]]\\n** [[Victor d''Arcy]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Belinda\n        Lee]], English actress (b. [[1935]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Susanna M.\n        Salter]], first woman mayor in the United States (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Nikolai Massalitinov]], Soviet-born Bulgarian actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Valentin Bondarenko]], Russian [[cosmonaut]] (b. [[1937]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]] – [[Arthur Drewry]], English administrator, 5th [[President\n        of FIFA]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Carlos Duarte Costa]], Brazilian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and saint, founder of the Brazilian Catholic\n        Apostolic Church (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ahmet\n        Zog]]/[[Zog I of Albania|Zog I, Skanderberg III]]]]\\n[[File:BASA-3K-7-422-22-1896\n        Summer Olympics.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Garrett]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Wallingford Riegger]],  American music composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Jules Bordet]], Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[April\n        7]] \\n** [[Vanessa Bell]], English artist and interior designer (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[Jes\\u00fas Guridi]], Spanish Basque composer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[April 9]]\n        – [[Ahmet Zog]]/[[Zog I of Albania|Zog I, Skanderberg III]], Albanian\n        political leader, 11th [[Prime Minister of Albania]], 7th [[President of Albania]]\n        and [[King of Albania]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Padma Shumsher\n        Jang Bahadur Rana]], 16th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] \\n** [[Mbarek Bekkay]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Morocco]] (b. [[1907]])\\n**\n        [[Aziz Ezzat Pasha]], Egyptian politician (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        [[James Melton]], American tenor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Lee\n        Moran]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Robert Garrett]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[George Melford]], American actor\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 27]]\\n**[[Roy Del Ruth]], American film director\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n**[[Minoru Sasaki]], Japanese general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        30]] – [[Jessie Redmon Fauset]],  American editor, writer and educator\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Gary Cooper 1936.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gary\n        Cooper]]]]\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Lajos Dinny\\u00e9s]], 41st Prime Minister of\n        Hungary (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], French phenomenological\n        philosopher (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Lucian Blaga]], Romanian\n        poet and philosopher (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Gary Cooper]],\n        American actor, better known for his role in ''''[[High Noon]]'''' (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Albert S\\u00e9vigny]], Canadian politician (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[George A. Malcolm]], American jurist & educator (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Joan Davis]], American actress (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[May\n        30]] – [[Rafael Trujillo]], Dominican politician and soldier, 2-time\n        [[President of the Dominican Republic]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Walter Little (politician)|Walter Little]], Canadian politician (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Jung\n        1910-crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carl Jung]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[George S.\n        Kaufman]], American playwright (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Carl\n        Jung]], Swiss psychiatrist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Camille Gu\\u00e9rin]],\n        French bacteriologist and immunologist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Eddie Polo]], Austrian-American actor (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[Peyami Safa]], Turkish journalist and writer (b. [[1899]]) \\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Marcel Junod]], Swiss physician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jeff Chandler (actor)|Jeff Chandler]], American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n**\n        [[Thomas Darden]], American [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear admiral]],\n        37th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Nikolai\n        Malko]], Soviet conductor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**[[William J. Connors]],\n        American politician (b. [[1891]]) \\n**[[George Washington Vanderbilt III]],\n        American philanthropist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[June 25]] – [[John Alexander\n        Douglas McCurdy|John A D McCurdy]], Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia & pilot\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Paul Guilfoyle (actor, born 1902)|Paul\n        Guilfoyle]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Lee de\n        Forest]], American inventor (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:ErnestHemingway.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ernest\n        Hemingway]]]]\\n[[File:1913 Ty Cobb portrait photo.png|thumb|110px|[[Ty Cobb]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Nasuhi al-Bukhari]], Syrian soldier and politician, 12th\n        [[Prime Minister of Syria]] (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Louis-Ferdinand C\\u00e9line]],\n        French writer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Ernest Hemingway]], American\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (suicide) (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – [[Franklyn Farnum]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July\n        6]]\\n** [[Konstantinos Logothetopoulos]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Woodall Rodgers]], American politician, Mayor of Dallas, Texas (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Ty Cobb]], American baseball player ([[Detroit Tigers]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n**\n        [[Esther Dale]], American actress (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Valentine Davies]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Shigeko Higashikuni|Princess Teru]]\n        (b. [[1925]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Domingo P\\u00e9rez\n        C\\u00e1ceres]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] priest and saint (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Tildy]], 39th Prime Minister of Hungary (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Maurice Tourneur]], French film director (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Sidney Holland]], 25th Prime Minister of New Zealand\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Mei Lanfang]], Beijing opera star\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Walter Bedell Smith]], American general\n        and diplomat (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[William Jackson (gangster)|William\n        Jackson]], American gangster (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[August 14]] \\n** [[Henri Breuil]],\n        French priest, archaeologist, anthropologist and ethnologist (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Clark Ashton Smith]], American writer and sculptor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Percy Williams Bridgman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n**[[Gotthard\n        Sachsenberg]], German World War I naval aviator and fighter ace (b. [[1891]])\\n**[[Beals\n        Wright]], American tennis player (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Howard\n        P. Robertson]], American physicist (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Gail Russell]], American\n        actress (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Charles Coburn]], American\n        actor (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Adnan Menderes VI. Yasama D\\u00f6nemi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adnan\n        Menderes]]]]\\n[[File:Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Eero Saarinen]], Finnish architect (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] \\n** [[Richard Mason (explorer)|Richard Mason]], British explorer\n        (b. [[1934]])\\n** [[Fay-Cooper Cole]], American anthropologist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Isidore Fattal]], Syrian [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Orthodox]]\n        bishop (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Leo Carrillo]], American\n        actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[George Irving (American\n        actor)|George Irving]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Hasan Fehmi (Ata\\u00e7)|Hasan Fehmi]], Turkish politician (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[September 17]] \\n** [[Miguel G\\u00f3mez Bao]], Spanish-born Argentine actor\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Adnan Menderes]], Turkish statesman, 9th [[Prime Minister\n        of Turkey]] (executed) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]],\n        Swedish diplomat, politician and author, 2nd [[Secretary General of the United\n        Nations]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1905]])\\n*[[File:Georgia\n        Ann Robinson.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Georgia Ann Robinson]]September 21 –\n        [[Georgia Ann Robinson]], community worker and first [[African Americans|African\n        American]] woman to be appointed a [[Los Angeles]] [[police officer]] (b.\n        1879)\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Marion Davies]], American actress (b.\n        [[1897]])\\n* [[September 23]] \\n** [[Elmer Diktonius]], Finnish poet and composer\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[John Eldredge (actor)|John Elderdge]], American actor\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Sumner Welles]], American diplomat\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Frank Fay (American actor)|Frank\n        Fay]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Robert L. Eichelberger]],\n        American general (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Juanita Hansen]], American actress (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n[[File:Mariondavies.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Marion Davies]]]]\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Donald Cook (actor)|Donald Cook]], American actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Essington Lewis]], Australian industrialist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** Metropolitan [[Benjamin (Fedchenkov)|Benjamin]],\n        Soviet [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] missionary and writer, [[Exarch]] of  [[Russian\n        Orthodox Church|Russian Church]] in North America (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Max\n        Weber (artist)|Max Weber]], Polish-American artist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October\n        11]]\\n** [[Lucy Tayiah Eads]], Kaw tribal chief (b. [[1888]])\\n**[[File:Chico\n        Marx - signed.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chico Marx]]]][[Chico Marx]], American comedian\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Maya Deren]], Russian-born filmmaker\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Korda]], Hungarian screenwriter and director\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Dun Karm Psaila]], Maltese writer (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[October\n        14]]\\n** [[Paul Ramadier]], Prime Minister of France (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Harriet\n        Shaw Weaver]], English political activist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n**\n        [[\\u015eemsettin G\\u00fcnaltay]], Turkish historian and politician, 8th [[Prime\n        Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Sergio Osme\\u00f1a]], Filipino politician,\n        4th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        [[Karl Korsch]], German Marxist theoretician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 22]]\n        \\n** [[Joseph Schenck]], Russian-born film studio executive (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Aloys Van de Vyvere]], 25th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Luigi Einaudi]], Italian politician, 2nd [[President\n        of Italy]] (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Anselmo Alliegro y Mil\\u00e1.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|[[Anselmo\n        Alliegro y Mil\\u00e1]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Mordecai Ham]], American\n        evangelist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[James Thurber]], American\n        humorist (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa I]], 12th [[Hakim\n        of Bahrain]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Thomas Flynn (bishop\n        of Lancaster)|Thomas Flynn]], British [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and reverend\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Ferdinand Bie]], Norwegian Olympic\n        athlete (b.  [[1888]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Elsie Ferguson]], American\n        actress (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Johanna Westerdijk]], Dutch plant pathologist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Sam Rayburn]], [[Speaker of the\n        United States House of Representatives]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 22]]\n        – [[Anselmo Alliegro y Mil\\u00e1]], Cuban politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Cuba]], leader of [[World War II]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[Ruth Chatterton]], American actress, novelist, and aviator (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Adelina de Lara]], British composer (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Anna Gould]], American heiress and socialite; daughter\n        of financier [[Jay Gould]] (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ehrenfried Pfeiffer]], German\n        scientist (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Earle Page 1950.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Earle\n        Page]]]]\\n[[File:Edith Wilson cropped 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edith Wilson]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Herbert Pitman]], British sailor, third officer of\n        the [[RMS Titanic]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Frantz Fanon]],\n        German philosopher (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[December 13]] – Anna Mary Robertson\n        Moses aka [[Grandma Moses]], painter (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[December 15]] –\n        [[Gioacchino Failla]], Italian-born American physicist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[December\n        20]]\\n** [[Moss Hart]], American dramatist (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Earle Page]],\n        Australian politician, 11th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Kurt Meyer|Kurt \\\"Panzermeyer\\\" Meyer]], German\n        ''''Generalmajor der Waffen-SS'''' and war criminal (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December\n        25]] – [[Otto Loewi]], German-born pharmacologist, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 28]]\n        – [[Edith Bolling Galt Wilson]], [[First Lady of the United States]]\n        from 1915-21 (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Anton Flettner]], German\n        aviation engineer and inventor (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Sibyl Morrison]], first\n        female barrister in New South Wales, Australia (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Wyncie King]], American illustrator\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Robert\n        Hofstadter]], [[Rudolf M\\u00f6ssbauer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Melvin Calvin]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Georg von B\\u00e9k\\u00e9sy]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Ivo Andri\\u0107]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Dag Hammarskj\\u00f6ld]]\n        (posthumously)\\n\\n== See also ==\\n* [[Upside down year]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1961}}\\n[[Category:1961|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T17:45:54Z\",\"lastrevid\":799759437,\"length\":74942,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1961&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961\"},\"34717\":{\"pageid\":34717,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1962\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-01T11:06:30Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1962}}\\n{{Events by month|1962}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1962}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1962}}\\n{{TOC limit|3}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1962}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Samoa|Western Samoa]] became\n        one with New Zealand.\\n** The [[United States Navy SEALs]], elite [[special\n        forces]], are activated. SEAL Team One is commissioned in the [[United States\n        Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]] and SEAL Team Two in the [[United States Atlantic\n        Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]].\\n** [[The Beatles]] [[The Decca audition|audition]]\n        for [[Decca Records]] but are rejected.\\n** [[NBC]] introduces the \\\"[[Logo\n        of NBC#1962.E2.80.931975|Laramie peacock]]\\\" before a midnight showing of\n        the series ''''[[Laramie (TV series)|Laramie]]'''' in the United States.\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[NAACP]] Executive Secretary [[Roy Wilkins]] praises\n        U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]''s \\\"personal role\\\" in advancing civil\n        rights.\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Pope John XXIII]] [[Excommunication|excommunicates]]\n        [[Fidel Castro]].\\n* [[January 4]] – New York City introduces a subway\n        train that operates without a crew on board.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Harmelen\n        train disaster]]: 93 die in the worst [[Netherlands|Dutch]] rail disaster.\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – Cuba and the [[Soviet Union]] sign a trade pact.\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – An avalanche on [[Nevado Huascar\\u00e1n]] in Peru causes\n        4,000 deaths.\\n* [[January 12]] – The Indonesian Army confirms that\n        it has begun operations in [[West Irian]].\\n* [[January 13]] – [[Albania]]\n        allies itself with the [[People''s Republic of China]].\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – Portugal abandons the [[United Nations General Assembly|U.N. General\n        Assembly]] due to the debate over Angola.\\n* [[January 16]] – A [[military\n        coup]] occurs in the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[January 19]] – A counter-coup\n        occurs in the Dominican Republic; the old government returns except for the\n        new president [[Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly]].\\n* [[January 22]] – The\n        [[Organization of American States]] suspends Cuba''s membership. The suspension\n        is lifted in [[2009]].\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** The [[East Germany|East German]]\n        government readopts [[conscription]].\\n** The [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te]]\n        (OAS) bombs the French Foreign Ministry.\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Ranger\n        3]] is launched to study the Moon; it later misses the Moon by 22,000 miles.\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government changed all\n        place names honoring [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]], [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and [[Georgy Malenkov]].\\n* [[January 30]] – Two of the high-wire \\\"[[Flying\n        Wallendas]]\\\" are killed, when their famous seven-person pyramid collapses\n        during a performance in [[Detroit]].\\n* January – [[Stena Line]] established\n        as a ferry operator by Sten A. Olsson in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1962}}\\n* [[February 3]] – The [[United States embargo\n        against Cuba]] is announced.\\n* [[February 4]] – ''''[[The Sunday Times]]''''\n        in the United Kingdom became the first paper to print a colour supplement.\\n*\n        [[February 4]]–[[February 5]] – During a [[new moon]] and [[solar\n        eclipse]], an extremely rare [[grand conjunction]] of the [[classical planets]]\n        occurs (it includes all five of the [[naked-eye planet]]s plus the Sun and\n        Moon), all of them within 16\\u00b0 of one another on the [[ecliptic]].\\n*\n        [[February 5]] – [[President of France|French President]] [[Charles\n        de Gaulle]] calls for [[Algeria]] to be granted independence.\\n* [[February\n        6]] – Negotiations between [[U.S. Steel]] and the [[United States Department\n        of Commerce]] begin.\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** The [[United States embargo against\n        Cuba]] comes into effect, prohibiting all U.S.-related Cuban imports and exports.\\n**\n        [[Luisenthal Mine Disaster]]: A coal mine explosion in [[Saarland]], West\n        Germany kills 299.\\n* [[February 9]] – The Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporation\n        opens.\\n* [[February 10]] – Captured American spy pilot [[Francis Gary\n        Powers]] is exchanged for captured Soviet spy [[Rudolf Abel]] in Berlin.\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – The inaugural [[24 Hours of Daytona]] sports car endurance\n        race is run as a 3-hour event at [[Daytona Beach, Florida]].\\n* [[February\n        12]] – Six members of the Committee of 100 of the [[Campaign for Nuclear\n        Disarmament]] in the U.K. are found guilty of a breach of the [[Official Secrets\n        Act]].\\n* [[February 14]] – [[First Lady of the United States|First\n        Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] takes television viewers on a tour of the [[White\n        House]].\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Urho Kekkonen]] is re-elected president\n        of Finland.\\n* [[February 16]] – Heavy storms flood Germany''s [[North\n        Sea]] coast, mainly around [[Hamburg]]; more than 300 people die and thousands\n        lose their homes.\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Project Mercury]]: While aboard\n        ''''[[Friendship 7]]'''', [[John Glenn]] became the first American to orbit\n        the Earth, three times in 4 hours, 55 minutes.\\n* [[February 21]] –\n        [[Margot Fonteyn]] and [[Rudolf Nureyev]] first dance together in a [[Royal\n        Ballet]] performance of ''''[[Giselle]]'''' in London.\\n[[File:JFK inspects\n        Mercury capsule, 23 February 1962.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[February 23]]: ''''[[Friendship\n        7]]'''' inspected by [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] and Astronaut [[John\n        Glenn]]]]\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1962}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[American\n        Airlines Flight 1]] (a [[Boeing 707]]) crashes on takeoff at [[John F. Kennedy\n        International Airport|New York International Airport]], after a rudder malfunction\n        causes an uncontrolled roll, resulting in the loss of control of the aircraft,\n        with the loss of all 95 on board.\\n** The S. S. Kresge Company opens its first\n        [[Kmart]] discount store in [[Garden City, Michigan]].\\n* [[March 2]]\\n**\n        A military coup in [[Burma]] brings General [[Ne Win]] to power.\\n** [[Wilt\n        Chamberlain''s 100-point game]]: [[Wilt Chamberlain]] scored 100 points in\n        a single [[National Basketball Association]] basketball game.\\n* [[March 7]]\n        – [[Ash Wednesday Storm]]: A snow storm batters the Mid-Atlantic.\\n*\n        [[March 8]]–[[March 12|12]] – In [[Geneva]], France and the [[Algeria]]n\n        [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] begin negotiations.\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[State of Katanga|Katanga]]n Prime Minister [[Moise Tshombe]]\n        begins negotiations to rejoin the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[Flying Tiger Line Flight 739]], a [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed\n        L-1049H Super Constellation]] chartered by the United States [[Military Air\n        Transport Service]] and carrying mainly [[United States Army]] personnel bound\n        for [[South Vietnam]], vanishes over the western Pacific Ocean with the loss\n        of all 107 on board. No wreckage or bodies are ever found.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**\n        [[\\u00c9vian Accords]]: France and Algeria sign an agreement in [[\\u00c9vian-les-Bains]]\n        ending the [[Algerian War]].\\n** ''''Un premier amour'''', sung by [[Isabelle\n        Aubret]] (music by Claude-Henri Vic, lyrics by Roland Stephane Valade), wins\n        the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1962]] for France.\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** An [[armistice]]\n        begins in Algeria; however, the [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]]\n        continues its [[Terrorism|terrorist]] attacks against Algerians.\\n** [[Bob\n        Dylan]]''s [[Bob Dylan (album)|debut album]] is released in the United States.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Taco Bell]] fast food restaurant chain is founded by\n        [[Glen Bell]] in [[Downey, California]].\\n* [[March 23]] – The Scandinavian\n        States of the [[Nordic Council]] sign the [[Helsinki]] Convention on Nordic\n        Co-operation.\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]]\n        leader [[Edmond Jouhaud]] is arrested in [[Oran]].\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** France\n        shortens the term for [[Conscription|military service]] from 26 months to\n        18.\\n** ''''[[Baker v. Carr]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that federal\n        courts can order state legislatures to reapportion seats.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1962}}\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is elected\n        de facto Prime Minister of India.\\n* [[April 4]] – [[James Hanratty]]\n        is hanged in Bedford Gaol (England) for the [[A6 murder]]; many believe he\n        was innocent.\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** Belgium reestablishes [[diplomatic relations]]\n        with the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n** [[New York Philharmonic\n        concert of April 6, 1962]]: [[Leonard Bernstein]] causes controversy with\n        his remarks before a concert featuring [[Glenn Gould]] with the [[New York\n        Philharmonic]], when he (Bernstein) announces that although he disagrees with\n        Gould''s style of playing Brahms'' Piano Concerto No. 1, he finds Gould''s\n        ideas fascinating and will conduct the piece anyway. Bernstein''s action receives\n        a withering review from ''''The New York Times'''' music critic [[Harold C.\n        Schonberg]].\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Milovan \\u0110ilas]], author and former\n        vice-president of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        is re-arrested.\\n* [[April 8]] – In France, the [[\\u00c9vian Accords]]\n        are adopted in a referendum with a majority of 90%.\\n* [[April 9]] –\n        The [[34th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held; ''''[[West Side Story (film)|West\n        Side Story]]'''' wins [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – In [[Los Angeles]], the first MLB baseball game is played\n        at [[Dodger Stadium]].\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]]\n        leader [[Edmond Jouhaud]] is sentenced to death in France.\\n* [[April 14]]\n        – A Cuban [[military tribunal]] convicts 1,179 [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay\n        of Pigs]] attackers.\\n* [[April 18]] – The Commonwealth Immigration\n        Bill in the United Kingdom removes free [[immigration]] from the citizens\n        of member states of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        OAS leader [[Raoul Salan]] is arrested in [[Algiers]].\\n* [[April 21]] –\n        The [[Century 21 Exposition]] [[World''s Fair]] opens in [[Seattle]].\\n* [[April\n        26]] – The [[Ranger 4]] spacecraft crashes into the [[Moon]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1962}}\\n* May – [[Larry Allen Abshier]] defects to [[North\n        Korea]] becoming the first of six (possibly seven) American defectors to the\n        country.\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Norwich City F.C.]] wins the English [[Football\n        League Cup]], beating [[Rochdale F.C.|Rochdale]] in the final.\\n** Dayton\n        Hudson Corporation opens the first of its [[Target Corporation|Target]] discount\n        stores in [[Roseville, Minnesota]].\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** An OAS bomb explodes\n        in [[Algeria]] – this and other attacks kill 110 and injure 147.\\n**\n        [[S.L. Benfica]] beats [[FC Barcelona]] 5-3 at the [[Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)]]\n        to win the [[1961\\u201362 European Cup]] in association football.\\n* [[May\n        3]] – [[Mikawashima train crash]]: 160 die in a triple-train disaster\n        near Tokyo.\\n* [[May 5]] – Twelve [[East Germany|East Germans]] escape\n        via a tunnel under the [[Berlin Wall]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Antonio Segni]]\n        is elected [[President of the Italian Republic]].\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Juan\n        Carlos of Spain]] marries the Greek [[Queen Sof\\u00eda of Spain|Princess Sophia]]\n        in Athens.\\n** [[Milovan \\u0110ilas]] is given a further sentence in Yugoslavia\n        for publishing ''''[[Conversations with Stalin]]''''.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Continental Airlines Flight 11]] crashes near [[Unionville, Missouri]],\n        after the in-flight detonation of a bomb near the rear lavatory. All 45 passengers\n        and crew aboard are killed.\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** Drilling for the new [[Montreal]]\n        [[Rapid transit|subway]] commences.\\n** [[Raoul Salan]], founder of the French\n        terrorist [[Organisation arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te]], is sentenced to life imprisonment\n        in France.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Project Mercury]]: [[Scott Carpenter]]\n        orbits the Earth 3 times in the ''''[[Aurora 7]]'''' [[space capsule]].\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – The new [[Coventry Cathedral]] is consecrated in England.\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Acker Bilk]]''s \\\"[[Stranger on the Shore]]\\\" becomes\n        the first British recording to reach number one in the US Billboard Hot 100.\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – The [[Centralia mine fire]] is ignited in [[Pennsylvania]].\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – Negotiations between the OAS and the FLA lead to a real\n        armistice in [[Algeria]].\\n* [[May 30]] – The beginning of the [[1962\n        FIFA World Cup]] in Chile.\\n* [[May 31]] – Nazi [[Adolf Eichmann]] is\n        hanged at a prison in [[Ramla]], Israel. His body is cremated and his ashes\n        scattered over the Mediterranean.\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1962}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Air France Flight 007]] (a [[Boeing 707]]) crashes on\n        take-off at [[Orly Airport]] in [[Paris]]; 130 of 132 people on board are\n        killed, 2 [[flight attendant]]s survive. Most victims are cultural and civic\n        leaders of [[Atlanta]].\\n* [[June 6]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        gives the commencement address at the [[United States Military Academy]] at\n        [[West Point, New York]].\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** President John F. Kennedy gives\n        the [[commencement address]] at [[Yale University]].\\n** [[Frank Morris (prisoner)|Frank\n        Morris]], [[John Anglin (criminal)|John Anglin]] and [[Clarence Anglin]] escape\n        from the [[Alcatraz Island]] prison; the men are never heard from again.\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Students for a Democratic Society]] in the United States\n        complete the [[Port Huron Statement]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**The [[Organisation\n        arm\\u00e9e secr\\u00e8te|OAS]] signs a truce with the [[National Liberation\n        Front (Algeria)|FLN]] in Algeria, but a day later announces that it will continue\n        the fight on behalf of French Algerians.\\n**[[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]\n        beats [[Czechoslovakia national football team|Czechoslovakia]] 3\\u20131 to\n        win the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]].\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Air France Flight\n        117]] (a [[Boeing 707]] jet) crashes into terrain during bad weather in [[Guadeloupe]],\n        West Indies, killing all 113 on board, the airline''s second fatal accident\n        in just 3 weeks, and the third fatal [[Boeing 707|707]] crash of the year.\\n*\n        [[June 25]]\\n** ''''[[Engel v. Vitale]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]]\n        rules that mandatory prayers in public schools are unconstitutional.\\n** ''''[[MANual\n        Enterprises v. Day]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that photographs\n        of nude men are not obscene, decriminalizing nude male pornographic magazines.\\n**\n        [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] of [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]]\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (27th government, coalition partners;\n        YTP and [[Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)|CKMP]])\\n* [[June 26]] – A 2-day\n        steel [[Strike action|strike]] begins in Italy in support of increased wages\n        and a five-day working week.\\n* [[June 28]] – The [[United Lutheran\n        Church in America]], [[Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America]], [[American\n        Evangelical Lutheran Church]] and [[Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church]]\n        merge to form the [[Lutheran Church in America]].\\n* [[June 30]] – The\n        last soldiers of the [[French Foreign Legion]] leave Algeria.\\n* June –\n        [[Rachel Carson]]''s ''''[[Silent Spring]]'''' begins serialization in ''''[[The\n        New Yorker]]''''; it is released as a book on September 27 in the U.S., giving\n        rise to the modern [[Environmentalism|environmentalist]] movement.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main\n        article|July 1962}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]] gain independence.\\n**\n        [[Algerian independence referendum, 1962]]: Supporters of Algerian independence\n        win 99% majority in a referendum.\\n** A heavy [[Smog#London|smog]] develops\n        over London.\\n** Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation of March 23 comes\n        into force in the Nordic countries.\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        accepts Algerian independence; France recognizes it the next day.\\n** The\n        first [[Walmart]] store, at this time known as ''''Wal-Mart'''' (which remains\n        the corporate name), opens for business in [[Rogers, Arkansas]].\\n* [[July\n        5]] – [[Algeria]] becomes independent from France.\\n* [[July 6]] –\n        [[Gay Byrne]] presents the first edition of ''''[[The Late Late Show (Ireland)|The\n        Late Late Show]]'''' on [[Raidi\\u00f3 Teilif\\u00eds \\u00c9ireann|RT\\u00c9]]\n        in the Republic of Ireland. Byrne goes on to present the show for 37 years,\n        the longest period through which any individual hosts a televised [[talk show]]\n        anywhere in the world, and the show itself becomes the world''s second longest-running\n        talk show.\\n* [[July 9]] – American artist [[Andy Warhol]] premieres\n        his ''''[[Campbell''s Soup Cans]]'''' exhibit in Los Angeles.\\n* [[July 10]]\n        – [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]''s [[Telstar]], the world''s first commercial\n        [[communications satellite]], is launched into orbit and activated the next\n        day.\\n* [[July 12]] – The [[Rolling Stones]] make their debut at London''s\n        [[Marquee Club]], Number 165 Oxford Street, opening for [[Long John Baldry]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – In what the press dubs \\\"[[Night of the Long Knives (1962)|the\n        Night of the Long Knives]]\\\", United Kingdom [[Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]]\n        dismisses one-third of his [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]].\\n* [[July 14]]\n        – [[Norma Nolan]] of [[Argentina]] will crown [[Miss Universe 1962]].\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Nuclear testing]]: The \\\"Small Boy\\\" test shot [[Little\n        Feller I]] became the last atmospheric test detonation at the [[Nevada Test\n        Site]].\\n* [[July 19]] – The first annual Swiss & Wielder [[Hoop rolling|Hoop\n        and Stick]] Tournament is held.\\n* [[July 20]] – France and [[Tunisia]]\n        reestablish [[diplomatic relations]].\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Mariner program]]:\n        The [[Mariner 1]] spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch\n        and has to be destroyed.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Telstar]] relayed the first\n        live trans-[[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] television signal.\\n* [[July 25]]\\n**\n        The first armed [[helicopter]] company of the [[United States Army]] is formed\n        at [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]], [[Japan]].{{cite book|last=Scutts|first=Colin|year=1976|title=Helicopter\n        Gunships|page=2|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Ltd}}\\n** The [[International\n        Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos]] is signed in [[Geneva]].\\n* [[July 31]]\\n**\n        [[Algeria]] proclaims independence; [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] is the first President.\\n**\n        A crowd assaults the rally of Sir [[Oswald Mosley]]''s right-wing [[Union\n        Movement]] in London.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1962}}\\n* [[August\n        5]]\\n** [[Death of Marilyn Monroe]]: [[Marilyn Monroe]] is found dead from\n        an overdose of sleeping pills and chloral hydrate at her home in [[Brentwood,\n        Los Angeles]]; officially ruled a \\\"probable suicide\\\" (the exact cause has\n        been disputed).\\n**[[Nelson Mandela]] is arrested by the South African government\n        near [[Howick, KwaZulu-Natal|Howick]] and charged with incitement to rebellion\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Jamaica]] becomes independent.\\n* [[August 15]] –\n        The [[New York Agreement]] is signed, trading the [[Western New Guinea|West\n        New Guinea]] colony to Indonesia.\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Algeria]] joins the\n        [[Arab League]].\\n* [[August 17]] – [[East Germany|East German]] border\n        guards kill 18-year-old [[Peter Fechter]] as he attempts to cross the [[Berlin\n        Wall]] into West Berlin\\n* [[August 22]] – A failed assassination attempt\n        is made against French President [[Charles de Gaulle]].\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        A group of armed [[Cuban exile]] terrorists fire at a hotel in [[Havana]]\n        from a speedboat.\\n* [[August 27]] – [[NASA]] launches the ''''[[Mariner\n        2]]'''' space probe.\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Trinidad and Tobago]] becomes\n        independent.\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main article|September 1962}}\\n* [[September\n        1]]\\n** A [[referendum]] in Singapore supports the Malayan Federation.\\n**\n        Typhoon Wanda strikes Hong Kong, killing at least 130 and injuring more than\n        600.\\n* [[September 2]] – The [[Soviet Union]] agrees to send arms to\n        Cuba.\\n* [[September 8]] – Newly independent Algeria, by referendum,\n        adopts a constitution.\\n* [[September 12]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]],\n        at a speech at [[Rice University]], reaffirms that the U.S. will put a man\n        on the moon by the end of the decade.\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Atlantic\n        College]] opens its doors for the first time in [[Wales]], marking the birth\n        of the pioneering United World College educational movement.{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcollege.org|title=UWC\n        Atlantic College|accessdate=2015-12-16}}\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        A border conflict between China and India erupts into fighting.\\n* [[September\n        22]] – 21-year-old [[Bob Dylan]] premieres one of his most preeminent\n        songs, \\\"[[A Hard Rain''s a-Gonna Fall]]\\\", in the U.S.\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – The animated sitcom ''''[[The Jetsons]]'''' premieres on [[American\n        Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] in the U.S.\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Sonny\n        Liston]] knocks out [[Floyd Patterson]] two minutes into the first round of\n        his fight for the boxing world title in [[Chicago]].\\n* [[September 26]] –\n        [[North Yemen Civil War]] erupts.\\n* [[September 27]] – A [[flash flood]]\n        in [[Barcelona]], Spain, kills more than 440 people.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        The Canadian ''''[[Alouette 1]]'''', the first satellite built outside the\n        United States and the Soviet Union, is launched from [[Vandenberg Air Force\n        Base]] in [[California]].\\n* [[September 30]] – [[CBS]] broadcasts the\n        final episodes of ''''[[Suspense]]'''' and ''''[[Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar]]'''',\n        marking the end of the [[Golden Age of Radio]] in the United States.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main\n        article|October 1962}}\\n[[File:Cuban missiles.jpg|thumb|200px| [[October 14]]:\n        Pictures of Soviet missile silos in Cuba, taken by US spy planes]]\\n* [[October\n        1]]\\n** The first black student, [[James Meredith]], registers at the [[University\n        of Mississippi]], escorted by Federal Marshals.\\n** [[Johnny Carson]] takes\n        over as permanent host of [[NBC]]''s ''''[[The Tonight Show]]'''' in the U.S.,\n        a post he will hold [[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|for 30 years]].\\n**\n        [[Lucille Ball]] and [[Vivian Vance]] returned to TV with ''''[[The Lucy Show]]'''',\n        two years after the end of ''''[[I Love Lucy]]''''. (Vance was the first person\n        to portray a divorc\\u00e9e on a weekly series.)\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Project\n        Mercury]]: [[Mercury-Atlas 8]] – [[Walter Schirra]] orbits the [[Earth]]\n        six times in the ''''Sigma 7'''' [[space capsule]].\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** The\n        [[French National Assembly]] censures the proposed referendum to sanction\n        presidential elections by popular mandate; Prime Minister [[Georges Pompidou]]\n        resigns, but [[Charles de Gaulle|President de Gaulle]] asks him to stay in\n        office.\\n** [[The Beatles]]'' first [[Single (music)|single]] in their own\n        right, \\\"[[Love Me Do]]\\\"/\\\"P.S. I Love You\\\", is released in the U.K. on\n        [[EMI]]''s [[Parlophone]] label.''''[[New Musical Express]]'''' 21 September\n        1962. This version was recorded on September 4 at [[Abbey Road Studios]]\n        in [[London]] with [[Ringo Starr]] as drummer.\\n** ''''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr.\n        No]]'''', the first [[James Bond in film|James Bond film]], premieres at the\n        [[London Pavilion]], featuring [[Sean Connery]] as the hero.\\n* [[October\n        8]]\\n** The German magazine ''''[[Der Spiegel]]'''' publishes an article about\n        the [[Bundeswehr]]''s poor preparedness; the [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel''''\n        scandal]] erupts.\\n** [[Algeria]] is accepted into the [[United Nations]].\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – Uganda becomes independent within the [[Commonwealth\n        of Nations]].\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Second Vatican Council]]: [[Pope\n        John XXIII]] convenes the first [[ecumenical council]] of the [[Roman Catholic\n        Church]] in 92 years.\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** The infamous [[Columbus Day Storm]]\n        strikes the U.S. Pacific Northwest with wind gusts up to 170 mph (270 km/h);\n        46 are killed, 11 billion board feet (26 million m\\u00b3) of timber is blown\n        down, with $230 million U.S. in damages.\\n** [[Jazz]] bassist/composer [[Charles\n        Mingus]] invites the public to a live recording session at [[The Town Hall\n        (New York City)]], but the public is expecting a formal concert. Along with\n        technical problems the event is the worst moment of his career.\\n* [[October\n        13]] – [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut of [[Edward Albee]]''s drama\n        ''''[[Who''s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]''''.\\n* [[October 14]] – The\n        beginning of the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]: A [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] flight over\n        Cuba in the [[Caribbean]] photographs Soviet [[nuclear weapon]]s being installed.\n        A stand-off then ensues for another 12 days after [[John F. Kennedy|President\n        Kennedy]] is told of the pictures, between the United States and the [[Soviet\n        Union]], threatening the world with [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]].\\n* [[October\n        19]] – Establishment of Th\\u00e1i Nguy\\u00ean City, under [[Th\\u00e1i\n        Nguy\\u00ean]], in Vietnam.\\n* [[October 20]] – The beginning of [[Sino-Indian\n        War]], a border dispute involving two of the world''s largest nations (India\n        and the People''s Republic of China).\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Cuban Missile\n        Crisis]]: In a televised address, U.S. President John F. Kennedy announces\n        to the nation the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba.\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – Cuban Missile Crisis: First confrontation between the U.S. Navy and\n        a Soviet cargo vessel. The vessel changes course.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel'''' scandal]]: German police occupy ''''[[Der\n        Spiegel]]'''' offices in [[Hamburg]].\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** The end of the\n        [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]: Soviet Union leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] announces\n        that he has ordered the removal of Soviet missile bases in Cuba. In a secret\n        deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev, Kennedy agrees to the withdrawal of U.S.\n        missiles from Turkey. The fact that this deal was not made public makes it\n        look as though the Soviets have backed down.{{dubious|date=April 2012}}\\n**\n        A referendum in France favors the election of the president by universal suffrage.\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] asks the United\n        Kingdom to suspend enforcement of the new constitution in Southern Rhodesia\n        (now Zimbabwe), but it comes into effect on [[November 1]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main\n        article|November 1962}}\\n* November – [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]''s\n        [[novella]] ''''[[One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich]]'''' ({{lang-ru|\\u041e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0301\\u043d\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0418\\u0432\\u0430\\u0301\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0414\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0301\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430}},\n        ''''Odin den'' Ivana Denisovicha''''), the author''s semi-autobiographical\n        account of life in the [[gulag]], is published in ''''[[Novy Mir]]'''' in\n        an unprecedented acknowledgement of the [[Soviet Union]]''s [[Stalinist]]\n        past.\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** The Soviets begin dismantling their missiles in\n        Cuba.\\n** First appearance of comic book antihero [[Diabolik]] in Italy.\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – Earliest recorded use of the term \\\"[[personal computer]]\\\"\n        in the report of a speech by computing pioneer [[John Mauchly]] in ''''[[The\n        New York Times]]''''.{{cite news|title=Pocket Computer May Replace Shopping\n        List|work=The New York Times|date=1962-11-03}}\\n* [[November 5]]\\n**\n        [[Franz Josef Strau\\u00df]], the West German defense minister, is relieved\n        of his duties over the [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel'''' scandal]], due to\n        his alleged involvement in police action against the magazine.\\n** Saudi Arabia\n        breaks off diplomatic relations with Egypt, following a period of unrest partly\n        caused by the defection of several Saudi princes to Egypt.\\n** A coal mining\n        disaster in [[Ny-\\u00c5lesund]] killed 21 people. The Norwegian government\n        is forced to resign in the aftermath of this accident in August [[1963]].\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Apartheid]]: The [[United Nations General Assembly]]\n        passes a resolution condemning South Africa''s [[Racism|racist]] [[apartheid]]\n        policies and calls for all UN member states to cease military and economic\n        relations with the nation.\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Richard M. Nixon]]\n        loses the [[California]] governor''s race. In his concession speech, he states\n        that this is \\\"[[Richard Nixon''s last press conference]]\\\" and \\\"you won''t\n        have Nixon to kick around any more\\\".\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Dulles\n        International Airport]] in Washington, D.C., dedicated by President [[John\n        F. Kennedy]].\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Cuban missile crisis]]: In response\n        to the [[Soviet Union]] agreeing to remove its missiles from Cuba, President\n        John F. Kennedy ends the blockade of the island.\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        The [[Sino-Indian War]] ends with a Chinese ceasefire.\\n* [[November 23]]\n        – [[United Airlines Flight 297]] crashes in [[Columbia, Maryland]],\n        killing all 17 on board.\\n* [[November 24]] – The first episode of the\n        groundbreaking satirical comedy program ''''[[That Was the Week That Was]]'''',\n        hosted by [[David Frost]] is broadcast on [[BBC Television]] in the U.K.\\n*\n        [[November 26]]\\n** [[Spiegel scandal|''''Spiegel'''' scandal]]: German police\n        end their occupation of ''''[[Der Spiegel]]''''''s offices.\\n** [[Mies Bouwman]]\n        starts presenting the first live TV-marathon fundraising show (''''[[Open\n        Het Dorp]]'''' in the Netherlands), which lasts 23 hours non-stop.\\n* [[November\n        27]] – French President Charles De Gaulle orders [[Georges Pompidou]]\n        to form a government.\\n* [[November 29]] – An agreement is signed between\n        Britain and France to develop the ''''[[Concorde]]'''' supersonic airliner.\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] elects [[U\n        Thant]] of [[Burma]] as the new [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1962}}\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Vietnam War]]: After a\n        trip to Vietnam at the request of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]], U.S.\n        Senate Majority Leader [[Mike Mansfield]] becomes the first American official\n        to make a non-optimistic public comment on the war''s progress.\\n* [[December\n        7]] – [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]] revises the [[principality]]''s\n        [[Constitution of Monaco|constitution]], devolving some of his formerly autocratic\n        power to several advisory and legislative councils.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        The first period of the [[Second Vatican Council]] closes.\\n** The North [[Kalimantan]]\n        National Army revolts in [[Brunei]], in the first stirrings of the [[Indonesian\n        Confrontation]].\\n** The [[1962\\u201363 New York City newspaper strike]] begins,\n        affecting all of the city''s major newspapers; It will last for 114 days.\\n**\n        Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]], who died on November 28, is buried\n        at the [[Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)]].\\n* [[December 9]] – Tanganyika (modern-day\n        [[Tanzania]]) becomes a republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], with\n        [[Julius Nyerere]] as president.\\n** [[December 10]] – [[David Lean]]''s\n        epic film ''''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'''', featuring\n        [[Peter O''Toole]], [[Omar Sharif]], [[Alec Guinness]], [[Jack Hawkins]] and\n        [[Anthony Quinn]], premieres in London. Six days later it opens in the U.S.\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** In West Germany, a coalition government of Christian Democrats,\n        Christian Socialists and Free Democrats is formed.\\n** The last execution\n        by hanging in Canada\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** U.S. spacecraft [[Mariner 2]]\n        passes by [[Venus]], becoming the first probe to transmit data successfully\n        from another planet.\\n** [[Leonardo da Vinci]]''s early 16th-century painting\n        the ''''[[Mona Lisa]]'''' is assessed for insurance purposed at US$100 million\n        before touring the United States for several months, the highest insurance\n        value for a painting in history. However, the [[Louvre]], its owner, chooses\n        to spend the money that would have been spent on the insurance premium on\n        security instead.\\n* [[December 15]] – Storm over the [[North Sea]]:\n        Belgian [[pirate radio]] station Radio Uylenspiegel is knocked off the airwaves,\n        never to operate again.\\n* [[December 19]] – Britain acknowledged the\n        right of Nyasaland (modern-day [[Malawi]]) to secede from the [[Federation\n        of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Central African Federation]].\\n* [[December 21]]\n        – Britain agrees to purchase [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] missiles from\n        the U.S.\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Winter of 1962\\u201363 in the United Kingdom]]:\n        The \\\"Big Freeze\\\" begins; there are no frost-free nights until March 5, 1963.\\n**\n        [[Telstar (song)]] by [[The Tornados]] becomes the first single by a British\n        Group to reach No.1 on the US charts, predating the first No.1 by The Beatles\n        by thirteen months.\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Cuba]] releases the last\n        1,113 participants in the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] to the U.S., in exchange\n        for food worth $53 million.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[United Nations]] troops\n        occupy the last rebel positions in [[State of Katanga|Katanga]]; [[Moise Tshombe]]\n        moves to [[South Rhodesia]].\\n** An unexpected storm buries Maine under five\n        feet of snow, forcing the ''''[[Bangor Daily News]]'''' to miss a publication\n        date for the only time in history. The same day, also the Netherlands were\n        covered with several feet of snow.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* American advertising\n        man [[Martin K. Speckter]] invents the [[interrobang]], a new English-language\n        [[punctuation mark]].\\n* Publication of [[Helen Gurley Brown]]''s ''''[[Sex\n        and the Single Girl]]'''' in the U.S.\\n* Irish folk band [[The Dubliners]]\n        is formed at [[O''Donoghue''s Pub]] in [[Dublin]].\\n* Invention of the [[Laser\n        Diode]].\\n* [[Slavery in Yemen]] is abolished.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n=== January\n        ===\\n[[File:Guy Pratt On An Island Tour Cropped.png|thumb|100px|[[Guy Pratt]]]]\\n[[File:Suzy\n        Amis 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Suzy Amis Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Jim Carrey 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jim\n        Carrey]]]]\\n[[File:The King of Jordan in 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Abdullah II\n        of Jordan]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Guy Pratt]], English musician and\n        songwriter\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Natalya Bochina]], Russian athlete\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – [[Suzy Amis Cameron]], American actress and model\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Mark Ellis (footballer, born 1962)|Mark Ellis]], English\n        footballer\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**[[Kiiri Tamm]], Estonian actress \\n**[[Hallie\n        Todd]], American actress\\n* [[January 10]] – [[C. Martin Croker]], animator\n        and voice actor (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Kim Coles]], American\n        actress and comedian\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Alfred Sch\\u00f6n]], German\n        manager and former footballer\\n* [[January 13]]\\n**[[Trace Adkins]], American\n        [[country music]] singer\\n**[[Kevin Mitchell (baseball)|Kevin Mitchell]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Michael McCaul]], American\n        politician\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Jim Carrey]], Canadian actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – [[Mike Lynch (cartoonist)|Mike Lynch]], American cartoonist\\n*\n        [[January 20]]\\n** [[Ikko (makeup artist)|IKKO]], Japanese make-up artist\\n**\n        [[Sakiko Tamagawa]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Sophie Thompson]], English\n        actress\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** [[Tyler Cowen]], American economist\\n** [[Marie\n        Trintignant]], French actress (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Mizan\n        Zainal Abidin]], [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]]\\n** [[Lyudmila\n        Dzhigalova]], Russian athlete\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Stephen Keshi]], Nigerian\n        footballer and manager\\n** [[Richard Roxburgh]], Australian actor\\n* [[January\n        25]] – [[Chris Chelios]], American ice hockey player\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – [[Anna LaCazio]], American singer ([[Cock Robin (band)|Cock Robin]])\\n*\n        [[January 28]]\\n** [[Creflo Dollar]], American evangelist\\n** [[Sam Phillips]],\n        American singer\\n* [[January 30]] – King [[Abdullah II of Jordan]]\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n[[File:GNR London Stadium 2017 7.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Axl Rose]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Bryan of Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Bryan]]]]\\n[[File:EddieIzzard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie Izzard]]]]\\n[[File:TobyParker.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Timothy\n        Britten Parker]]]]\\n[[File:Sheryl Crow - November 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sheryl\n        Crow]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Irwin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Irwin]]]]\\n[[File:Adam\n        Baldwin by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam Baldwin]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]] – [[Takashi Murakami]], Japanese pop artist\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[Andy Fordham]], English darts player\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Michele\n        Greene]], American actress\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Clint Black]], American\n        country musician\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Jennifer Jason Leigh]], American\n        actress\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Axl Rose]], American rock singer ([[Guns\n        N'' Roses]])\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Garth Brooks]], American country musician\\n**\n        [[David Bryan]], American keyboardist ([[Bon Jovi]])\\n** [[Eddie Izzard]],\n        British actor and comedian\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Malorie Blackman]], British-born\n        author \\n** [[Timothy Britten Parker]], American actor\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Lolo Ferrari]], French actress (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Dany Roland]], Brazilian\n        drummer ([[Metr\\u00f4 (band)|Metr\\u00f4]]), actor, sound designer, film director\n        and record producer\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Cliff Burton]], American bassist\n        ([[Metallica]]) (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Bobby Czyz]], American boxer\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Sheryl Crow]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[February 12]]\\n**\n        [[Nana Ioseliani]], Georgian chess player\\n** [[Jimmy Kirkwood]], Irish-born\n        field hockey player\\n* [[February 13]] – [[An\\u00edbal Acevedo Vil\\u00e1]],\n        Puerto Rican politician\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Lou Diamond Phillips]],\n        American actor\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Julie Strain]], American actress\n        and model\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Vanessa Feltz]], British television presenter\\n**\n        [[Chuck Palahniuk]], American author\\n** [[David Foster Wallace]], American\n        writer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Steve Irwin]], Australian herpetologist\n        and TV personality (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Lenda Murray]], American [[female bodybuilder|bodybuilder]]\\n*\n        [[February 25]]\\n** [[Birgit Fischer]], German kayaker\\n** [[Junko Ogata]],\n        Japanese serial killer\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Adam Baldwin]], American\n        actor\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Angela Bailey]], Canadian athlete\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Jon\n        Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon Bon Jovi]]]]\\n[[File:Jackie\n        Joyner-Kersee Eugene 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]]]\\n[[File:Chris\n        Sanders, Golden Globes 2014 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris Sanders]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew\n        Broderick 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matthew Broderick]]]]\\n[[File:Rosie O''Donnell\n        by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rosie O''Donnell]]]]\\n[[File:Life Ball\n        2014 red carpet 080 Marcia Cross.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marcia Cross]]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** [[Jon Bon Jovi]], American singer ([[Bon Jovi]])\\n** [[Raimo Summanen]],\n        Finnish ice hockey player and coach\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]],\n        American athlete\\n** [[Herschel Walker]], American football player\\n* [[March\n        4]] – [[Simon Bisley]], British comic book artist\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Andreas Felder]], Austrian ski jumper\\n** [[Erika Hess]], Swiss alpine skier\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Taylor Dayne]], American singer\\n* [[March 8]] –\n        [[Cecilia Yip]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[March 10]] \\n** [[Jasmine Guy]] American\n        actor\\n** [[Seiko Matsuda]], Japanese pop singer/songwriter\\n* [[March 12]]\n        \\n** [[Chris Sanders]], American animator and voice actor\\n** [[Darryl Strawberry]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Branco Mello]], Brazilian\n        singer, actor and writer\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Thomas Ian Griffith]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Mike Rowe]], American TV show host\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Iv\\u00e1n\n        Calder\\u00f3n (baseball)|Iv\\u00e1n Calder\\u00f3n]], Puerto Rican [[Major League\n        Baseball]] player (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Stephen Sommers]],\n        American film director\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Matthew Broderick]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Rosie O''Donnell]], American comedian, actress and talk-show host\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Steve Redgrave]], English rower\\n** [[Jenny Wright]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Star Jones]], American talk show host and\n        publisher\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Marcia Cross]], American actress\\n* [[March\n        26]] \\n** [[Eric Allan Kramer]], American actor\\n** [[John Stockton]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Jann Arden]], Canadian singer\\n**\n        [[John O''Farrell (author)|John O''Farrell]], British author and broadcaster\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Ted Failon]], Filipino broadcast journalist and radio\n        commentator\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Bil Dwyer]], American actor\\n** [[MC Hammer]]\n        (Stanley Kirk Burrell), American rapper\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Clark Gregg\n        WonderCon 2016.png|thumb|100px|[[Clark Gregg]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Kane.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        Kane]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Samboy Lim]], Filipino basketball player\\n**\n        [[Phillip Schofield]], British TV presenter\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**[[Clark Gregg]],\n        American actor\\n**[[Mark Shulman (author)|Mark Shulman]], American children''s\n        author\\n* [[April 3]] \\n**[[Mike Ness]], American Musician \\n* [[April 5]]\n        – [[Kirsan Ilyumzhinov]], President of [[Kalmykia]] and [[FIDE]]\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[Steven Levitan]], American director, writer, and producer\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Hugh O''Connor]], American actor (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April\n        9]] – [[Imran Sherwani]], British field hockey player\\n* [[April 10]]\\n**\n        [[Rick Florian]], American Christian musician and real estate agent\\n** [[Steve\n        Tasker]], American football player\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Carlos Sainz]], Spanish\n        rally driver\\n** [[Nobuhiko Takada]], Japanese mixed martial arts fighter\n        and professional wrestler\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Jennifer Rubin (actress)|Jennifer\n        Rubin]], American actress/model\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Tom Kane]], American\n        voice actor\\n** [[Nawal El Moutawakel]], Moroccan hurdler\\n** [[Nick Kamen]],\n        English singer, songwriter, musician and model\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Jeff\n        Dunham]], American ventriloquist\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Al Unser, Jr.]],\n        American race car driver\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Hank the Angry Drunken\n        Dwarf]] (Henry Joseph Nasiff Jr.), American comedian (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April\n        23]] – [[John Hannah (actor)|John Hannah]], Scottish actor\\n* [[April\n        24]] – [[Steve Roach (rugby league)|Steve Roach]], Australian champion\n        [[rugby league]] prop forward\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Colin Anderson (footballer)|Colin\n        Anderson]], English footballer\\n** [[Michael Damian]], American singer and\n        actor\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Stephan Burger]], German Roman Catholic archbishop\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Emilio Estevez and Martin Sheen (cropped to Emilio).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emilio\n        Estevez]]]]\\n[[File:Craig Ferguson by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Craig\n        Ferguson]]]]\\n[[File:Genie Francis 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Genie Francis]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait\n        de Fran\\u00e7ois-Henri Pinault pris aux journ\\u00e9e de la terre en 2011 \\u00e0\n        l''unesco paris.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois-Henri Pinault]]]]\\n* [[May\n        2]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Berridge (actress)|Elizabeth Berridge]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Jimmy White]], British snooker player\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Anders Graneheim]],\n        Swedish bodybuilder\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Kaoru Wada]], Japanese composer\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Natalia Molchanova]], Russian free-diver\\n* [[May 9]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Gahan]], English singer-songwriter ([[Depeche Mode]])\\n** [[Paul Heaton]],\n        English singer-songwriter ([[The Housemartins]], [[The Beautiful South]])\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Emilio Estevez]], American actor\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Paul\n        McDermott]], Australian comedian\\n** [[Eduardo Palomo]], Mexican actor (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Ian Astbury]], English singer\\n** [[Danny Huston]],\n        American actor and film director\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Lise Lyng Falkenberg]],\n        Danish writer\\n** [[Craig Ferguson]], Scottish-American actor, comedian, and\n        TV host (''''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson|The Late Late Show]]'''',\n        ''''[[Celebrity Name Game]]'''')\\n** [[Kim Mulkey]], American basketball player/coach\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Sandra (singer)|Sandra]], German pop singer\\n* [[May\n        19]] – [[Frances Ondiviela]], Spanish/Mexican actress\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – [[Mike Jeffries (soccer)|Mike Jeffries]], American soccer coach\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Brian Pillman]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1997]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Gene Anthony Ray]], American actor (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May\n        26]]\\n** [[Black (singer)|Black]], English singer-songwriter (d. [[2016]])\\n**\n        [[Genie Francis]], American actress\\n** [[Bobcat Goldthwait]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Ravi Shastri]], Indian cricketer\\n* [[May\n        28]]\\n** [[Brandon Cruz]], American child actor and punk rocker\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois-Henri\n        Pinault]], French businessman\\n** [[James Michael Tyler]], American actor\\n*\n        [[May 29]]\\n** [[Perry Fenwick]], English actor\\n** [[Debra Sandlund]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Timo Soini]], Finnish politician\\n* [[May\n        31]]\\n** [[Corey Hart (singer)|Corey Hart]], Canadian singer\\n** [[Noriko\n        Hidaka]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Sebastian Koch]], German actor\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:Carolyn Hennesy 2010 Daytime Emmy Awards.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carolyn\n        Hennesy]]]]\\n[[File:Paula Abdul February 9, 2011.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Paula Abdul]]]]\\n[[File:Campino\n        at the Echo music award 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Campino (singer)|Campino]]]]\\n[[File:Bussunda\n        AgBrasil.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bussunda]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Ball -Cardiff 21Oct2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Ball (singer)|Michael Ball]]]]\\n[[File:Ollanta Humala 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ollanta\n        Humala]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Sherri Howard]], American athlete\\n* [[June\n        4]]\\n** [[Paul Baloche]], American Christian worship leader\\n** [[John P.\n        Kee]], American gospel singer\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Jeff Garlin]], American\n        comedian\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Thierry Hazard]], French singer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Suzy Gorman]], American photographer\\n* [[June 10]]\\n**\n        [[Gina Gershon]], American actress and musician\\n** [[Carolyn Hennesy]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Ralf Schumann]], German sport shooter\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** [[Olga\n        Charv\\u00e1tov\\u00e1]], Czech alpine skier\\n** [[Erika Salum\\u00e4e]], Estonian\n        cyclist\\n** [[Toshihiko Seki]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Camilla\n        Scott]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Jodi Thelen]], American actress\\n* [[June\n        13]]\\n** [[Ally Sheedy]], American actress\\n** [[Hannah Storm]], American\n        TV personality\\n** [[Bence Szab\\u00f3]], Hungarian fencer\\n* [[June 14]] –\n        [[Emilija Er\\u010di\\u0107]], Yugoslav (Serbian) handball player\\n* [[June\n        15]]\\n** [[Thomas Mikal Ford]], American actor (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Andrea\n        Rost]], Hungarian lyric soprano\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Arnold Vosloo]],\n        South African actor\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Bap Kennedy]], Northern Irish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Lio]], Belgian singer/actress\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Mitsuharu Misawa]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Lisa Randall]], American theoretical\n        physicist\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Paula Abdul]], American dancer, choreographer\n        and singer\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Alex Di Gregorio]], Italian editorial\n        cartoonist\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Pipilotti Rist]], Swiss video artist\\n** [[Viktor\n        Tsoi]], Soviet underground singer and songwriter (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        [[Campino (singer)|Campino]], German singer, band [[Die Toten Hosen]]\\n**\n        [[Stephen Chow]], Hong Kong actor and director\\n** [[Clyde Drexler]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[June 23]] \\n** [[Kari Takko]], Finnish ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Mark DeCarlo]], American actor\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Bussunda]], Brazilian\n        comedian (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Michael Ball (singer)|Michael\n        Ball]], British stage actor and singer\\n** [[Ollanta Humala]], Peruvian politician,\n        65th [[President of Peru]]\\n** [[Tony Leung Chiu-wai]], Hong Kong actor\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Don Chambers]], American newspaper comic strip artist\\n*\n        [[June 29]]\\n** [[Amanda Donohoe]], English actress\\n** [[George Zamka]],\n        American astronaut\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Tony Fern\\u00e1ndez]], Dominican baseball\n        player\\n** [[Deirdre Lovejoy]], American actress\\n** [[Julianne Regan]], British\n        singer/songwriter ([[All About Eve (band)|All About Eve]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Andre\n        Braugher 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andre Braugher]]]]\\n[[File:Jack\n        Reacher- Never Go Back Japan Premiere Red Carpet- Tom Cruise (35375035831).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        Cruise]]]]\\n[[File:Thomas Gibson by Dan Huse (2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas\n        Gibson]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Kenny FSC 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom Kenny]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos\n        Alazraqui 2005.png|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Alazraqui]]]]\\n[[File:Sergey_Kiriyenko_December_2011-1.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Sergey\n        Kiriyenko]]]]\\n[[File:Wesleysnipes cropped 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wesley Snipes]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Andre Braugher]], American actor\\n** [[Dominic Keating]],\n        English actor\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Tom Cruise]], American actor\\n** [[Thomas\n        Gibson]], American actor\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Neil Morrissey]], British actor\\n**\n        [[Pam Shriver]], American tennis player\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Amrozi bin\n        Nurhasyim]], Indonesian terrorist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Klaus\n        Tange]], Danish actor\\n** [[Tom Conroy]], American state legislator\\n** [[MC\n        Jazzy Jeff]], American rapper\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Joan Osborne]], American\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Trond Helleland]], Norwegian\n        politician\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Pauline McLynn]], Irish actress\\n* [[July\n        12]]\\n** [[Dan Murphy (musician)|Dan Murphy]], American rock guitarist ([[Soul\n        Asylum]])\\n** [[Dean Wilkins]], English football manager\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Tom Kenny]], American voice actor and comedian\\n** [[Zlata Petrovi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian pop singer\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Patricio Toledo]], Chilean footballer\n        \\n** [[Jeff Olson (musician)|Jeff Olson]], American percussionist ([[Trouble\n        (band)|Trouble]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Michelle Ford]], Australian swimmer\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – [[Grigory Leps]], Russian singer\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** [[Lee\n        Arenberg]], American actor\\n** [[Jack Irons]], American drummer\\n* [[July\n        19]] \\n** [[Cynthia Farrelly Gesner]], American actress\\n** [[Anthony Edwards]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Carlos Alazraqui]], American actor and\n        comedian\\n** Giovana Amati, Italian race car driver\\n** [[Emmanuel Niyonkuru]],\n        Burundian politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Gabi Bauer]], German\n        journalist and TV presenter\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Eriq La Salle]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Johnny O''Connell]], American race car driver\\n*\n        [[July 26]]\\n** [[Galina Chistyakova]], Ukrainian athlete\\n** [[Sergey Kiriyenko]],\n        Russian politician and statesman, 31st [[Prime Minister of Russia]]\\n* [[July\n        28]] – [[Ray Shero]], American hockey manager\\n* [[July 29]] –\n        [[Scott Steiner]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Alton\n        Brown]], American TV show host and chef\\n** [[Lavinia Greenlaw]], British\n        poet and novelist\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Damien Frawley]], Australian rugby\n        union player\\n** [[John Laurinaitis]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Wesley Snipes]], American actor and martial artist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Cesar\n        Montano.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cesar Montano]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Carell November\n        2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Carell]]]]\\n[[File:Felipe Calderon 20090130.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Felipe\n        Calder\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:Sophie.Aldred.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sophie Aldred]]]]\\n[[File:Dee\n        Bradley Baker by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dee Bradley Baker]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]]\\n** [[Robert Clift]], British field hockey player\\n** [[Cesar\n        Montano]], Filipino actor\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Cynthia Stevenson]], American\n        actress\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Roger Clemens]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – [[Patrick Ewing]], Jamaican-born basketball player\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – [[Michelle Yeoh]], Malaysian-born Hong Kong actress\\n*\n        [[August 7]] \\n** [[Doon Mackichan]], British actress and comedian\\n** [[Bruno\n        Pelletier]], Canadian singer\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Y\\u016bji Machi]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n** [[Mike Zanier]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – [[John Slattery]], American actor and film director\\n* [[August 14]]\n        – [[Kevin Harris]], Canadian skateboarder\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Tom\n        Colicchio]], American chef\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Abdul-Majid al-Khoei]],\n        [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] cleric (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Christian Cameron]], Canadian-American\n        writer\\n** [[Steve Carell]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[August 17]]\n        – [[Pierre Sanoussi-Bliss]], German actor and director\\n* [[August 18]]\n        – [[Felipe Calder\\u00f3n]], Mexican politician, 50th [[President of\n        Mexico]]\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Val\\u00e9rie Kaprisky]], French actress\\n*\n        [[August 20]]\\n** [[Sophie Aldred]], British actress and television presenter\\n**\n        [[James Marsters]], American actor\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]],\n        Japanese serial killer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Gilberto Santa Rosa]], Puerto Rican\n        salsa singer\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Shaun Ryder]], English musician, singer-songwriter,\n        actor, television personality, author, and newspaper columnist\\n* [[August\n        24]]\\n** [[Craig Kilborn]], American talk show host\\n** [[David Koechner]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Mary Ellen Weber]], American astronaut\\n* [[August 25]]\n        – [[Theresa Andrews]], American swimmer\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Princess\n        Lalla Meryem of Morocco]]\\n** [[Bob Mionske]], American cyclist and attorney\\n*\n        [[August 27]] – [[Vic Mignogna]], American voice actor\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Craig Anton]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[David Fincher]], American\n        film director\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Ian James Corlett]], Canadian voice actor\\n**\n        [[Jutta Kleinschmidt]], German rally driver\\n** [[Lycia Naff]], American actress/journalist\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Alexander Litvinenko]], Russian ex-KGB colonel and\n        ex-FSB lieutenant-colonel (d. 2006)\\n* [[August 31]]\\n** [[Dee Bradley Baker]],\n        American comedian, announcer and voice actor\\n** [[Mark L. Walberg]], American\n        TV show host\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Chris Christie April 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris\n        Christie]]]]\\n[[File:Dina Lohan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dina Lohan]]]]\\n[[File:Asvenup.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hesham\n        Qandil]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Ruud Gullit]], Dutch footballer\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Shinya Yamanaka]], Japanese physician and researcher\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Chris Christie]], American politician and 55th [[Governor\n        of New Jersey]]\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Kylie InGold]], Australian fantasy\n        artist\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Thomas Kretschmann]], German actor\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Kristy McNichol]], American actress\\n** [[Victoria\n        Poleva]], Ukrainian composer\\n** [[Andrew Jackson (actor)|Andrew Jackson]],\n        Canadian voice actor\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Dino Merlin]], Bosnian singer-songwriter,\n        musician and producer\\n** [[Amy Yasbeck]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        13]] – [[Hisao Egawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n*[[September 14]] –\n        [[Robert Herjavec]], Croatian-born Canadian businessman, investor, author,\n        dancer, and television personality \\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Dina Lohan]],\n        American television personality\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Bloemhof]], South African\n        author\\n** [[Scott McNeil]], Australian voice actor\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Stephen Jones (Babybird)]], English singer and musician\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Baz Luhrmann]], Australian film director\\n** [[Hesham Qandil]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Egypt]]\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Gottfried von Bismarck]],\n        German aristocrat and socialite (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Rob Morrow]], American actor\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Martin Crowe]],\n        New Zealand cricketer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Jack Dee]],\n        English comedian\\n** [[Rosamund Kwan]], Hong Kong actress\\n** [[Ally McCoist]],\n        Scottish footballer and TV pundit\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Aida Turturro]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Melissa Sue Anderson]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Gregory Crewdson]], American photographer\\n** [[Steve Moneghetti]],\n        Australian long-distance runner\\n** [[Al Pitrelli]], American guitarist\\n**\n        [[Jacky Wu]], Taiwanese talk show host, singer and actor\\n* [[September 27]]\n        – [[Kimberly Carson]], American pornographic actress\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Grant Fuhr]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Frank Rijkaard]], Dutch football player and manager\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Micky\n        Flanagan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Micky Flanagan]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Andretti at\n        Carb Day 2015 at the Indianapolis 500 - Sarah Stierch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Andretti]]]]\\n[[File:Joan Cusack June 2010 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joan\n        Cusack]]]]\\n[[File:Kelly Preston.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kelly Preston]]]]\\n[[File:Mike\n        Judge by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike Judge]]]]\\n[[File:Evander Holyfield\n        LA 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Evander Holyfield]]]]\\n\\n[[File:David\n        Furnish 1 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Furnish]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Lintern\n        in Alpbach, Austria.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Lintern]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\n        \\n** [[Micky Flanagan]], English comedian\\n** [[Esai Morales]], American actor\\n*\n        [[October 2]] \\n** [[Jeff Bennett]], American voice actor and singer\\n** [[James\n        Hunter (singer)|James Hunter]], English singer\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Tommy\n        Lee]], American rock musician and drummer\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Michael Andretti]],\n        American race car driver\\n** [[Caron Keating]], British TV presenter (d. [[2004]])\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Rich Yett]], American baseball player\\n* [[October\n        11]] – [[Joan Cusack]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[October 12]]\\n**\n        [[Branko Crvenkovski]], [[President of the Republic of Macedonia|President\n        of Macedonia]]\\n** [[Deborah Foreman]], American actress\\n* [[October 13]]\\n**\n        [[T''Keyah Crystal Keym\\u00e1h]], American actress and comedian\\n** [[Margareth\n        Menezes]], Brazilian singer\\n** [[Kelly Preston]], American actress\\n** [[Jerry\n        Rice]], American football player\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Manute Bol]], Sudanese\n        basketball player and activist (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Flea (musician)|Flea]],\n        Australian rock bassist ([[Red Hot Chili Peppers]])\\n** [[Dmitri Hvorostovsky]],\n        Russian baritone\\n** [[Durga McBroom]], American singer ([[Blue Pearl]])\\n**\n        [[Tamara McKinney]], American alpine skier\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Mike\n        Judge]], American animator\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Tracy Chevalier]], American\n        author\\n** [[Evander Holyfield]], American boxer\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Anatoly Khrapaty]], Soviet Olympic weightlifter (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Miki It\\u014d]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 23]]\\n**\n        [[Doug Flutie]], American football player\\n** [[Mike Tomczak]], American football\n        player\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Jay Novacek]], American football player\\n*\n        [[October 25]]\\n** [[David Furnish]], Canadian filmmaker, director and producer\\n**\n        [[Nick Hancock]], British actor and television presenter\\n** [[Richard Lintern]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Darlene Vogel]], American actress\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Cary Elwes]], British actor\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Jun''ichi Kanemaru]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Ang Peng Siong]], Singaporean sportsman\\n* [[October\n        28]] – [[Daphne Zuniga]], American actress\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Courtney\n        Walsh]], West Indian cricketer\\n** [[Stefan Kuntz]], German former football\n        player, and currently coach\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Anthony Kiedis at Prudential\n        Center.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony Kiedis]]]]\\n[[File:Demi Moore by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Demi\n        Moore]]]]\\n[[File:Kirk Hammett by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kirk Hammett]]]]\\n[[File:Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Maduro in meeting with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani in Saadabad Palace.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicol\\u00e1s\n        Maduro]]]]\\n[[File:Jon Stewart MFF 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon Stewart]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** [[Sharron Davies]], British swimmer/television presenter\\n**\n        [[Magne Furuholmen]], Norwegian musician ([[A-ha]])\\n** [[Anthony Kiedis]],\n        American rock singer ([[Red Hot Chili Peppers]])\\n* [[November 3]]\\n**[[Phil\n        Katz]], American computer programmer (d. [[2000]])\\n** [[Gabe Newell]], American\n        business executive\\n** [[Jacqui Smith]], UK politician\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        [[Aznil Nawawi]], Malaysian TV host\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Bettina Hoy]],\n        German equestrienne\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Teryl Rothery]], Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Gerard Horan]], English actor\\n** [[Mic Michaeli]],\n        Swedish keyboardist\\n** [[Demi Moore]], American actress\\n** [[James Morrison\n        (musician)|James Morrison]], Australian musician\\n** [[Nicole P. Stott]],\n        American astronaut\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Neal Shusterman]], American author\\n**\n        [[Naomi Wolf]], American feminist author and political consultant\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Steve Altes]], American humorist\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Jessica\n        Straus]], American voice actress\\n** [[Atsuko Tanaka (voice actress)|Atsuko\n        Tanaka]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Judy Gold]],\n        American comedian and actress\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Jamie Moyer]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Kirk Hammett]], American\n        rock musician ([[Metallica]])\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Jodie Foster]], American\n        actress and director\\n** [[Sean Parnell]], American politician\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[Steven Curtis Chapman]], American [[Christian]] musician\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Sumi Jo]], Korean operatic soprano\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Nicol\\u00e1s Maduro]], [[President of Venezuela]]\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[John Kovalic]], American cartoonist\\n* [[November 27]] –\n        [[Marumi Shiraishi]], Japanese actress\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Jon Stewart]],\n        American actor, comedian, media critic, television personality, and former\n        host of ''''[[The Daily Show]]'''' (1999-2015)\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Andrew\n        McCarthy]], American actor\\n** [[Ronny Jordan]], English guitarist (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Bo Jackson]], American football and baseball player\\n**\n        [[Daniel Keys Moran]], American writer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:FelicityHuffmanHWoFMar2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Felicity\n        Huffman]]]]\\n[[File:European 2011 Denise Biellmann.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denise\n        Biellmann]]]]\\n[[File:Ben Browder 2014 Phoenix ComicCon (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben\n        Browder]]]]\\n[[File:41st Annie Awards, Jill Talley.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill\n        Talley]]]]\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Sylvie Daigle]], Canadian speed skater\\n**\n        [[Sh\\u014dz\\u014d Hayashiya IX]], Japanese [[rakugo]]ka, [[tarento]] and [[voice\n        actor]]\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Tammy Jackson]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[December 4]]\\n** [[Julie Lemieux]], Canadian voice actress\\n** [[Anna Walker\n        (television presenter)|Anna Walker]], British television presenter\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]], Argentine tenor\\n* [[December 6]] –\n        [[Janine Turner]], American actress\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Albert Grajales]],\n        INTERPOL Director of Puerto Rico and martial artist\\n** [[Felicity Huffman]],\n        American actress\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Scott Capurro]], American comedian\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Denise Biellmann]], Swiss figure skater\\n** [[Ben Browder]],\n        American actor\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Tracy Austin]], American tennis player\\n**\n        [[Arturo Barrios]], Mexican long-distance runner\\n** [[Max Raabe]], German\n        singer\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Yvonne Ryding]], Swedish pageant winner\n        ([[Miss Universe]] [[1984]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Maruschka Detmers]],\n        Dutch actress\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Paul Dobson (footballer)|Paul Dobson]],\n        English footballer\\n** [[Richard Jewell]], American security guard and media\n        figure (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Galina Malchugina]], Russian athlete\\n** [[Rocco\n        Mediate]], American golfer\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Jill Talley]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Ralph Fiennes]], English actor\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Keiji Mutoh]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Mark Few]], American basketball coach\\n** [[Bill Self]], American\n        basketball coach\\n** [[Sherri Steinhauer]], American golfer\\n* [[December\n        28]]\\n** [[Michelle Cameron]], Canadian synchronised swimmer\\n** [[Choi Soo-jong]],\n        South Korean actor\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Alessandra Mussolini]], Italian\n        politician\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Don Diamont]], American actor\\n** [[Lance\n        Reddick]], American actor\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Gunnar Krantz (artist)|Gunnar\n        Krantz]], Swedish comic artist\\n* [[Nemat Shafik]], Egyptian-born international\n        banker.\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Diego Mart\\u00ednez Barrio.JPG|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Diego\n        Mart\\u00ednez Barrio]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Diego Mart\\u00ednez Barrio]],\n        Spanish politician, 2-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January\n        4]] – [[Hans Lammers]], German Nazi minister (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[Marziyya Davudova]], Soviet actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Ernie Kovacs]], American TV comedian (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[R. H. Tawney]], English historian and social critic (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Snub Pollard]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Robinson Jeffers]], American poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January\n        21]] – [[Arturo Bragaglia]], Italian actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January\n        22]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Beltr\\u00e1n]], Spanish cinematographer\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\n** [[Lucky Luciano]], American gangster\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Fritz Kreisler]], Austrian violinist\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hu Shih 1960 color.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Hu\n        Shih]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Carey Wilson (writer)|Carey Wilson]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Shlomo Hestrin]],\n        Canadian-born Israeli biochemist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Daniel\n        Hal\\u00e9vy]], French historian (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Jacques\n        Ibert]], French composer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Roy Atwell]],\n        American actor, comedian and composer (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[C\\u00e2ndido Portinari]],\n        Brazilian painter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Clara Nordstr\\u00f6m]],\n        German writer and translator (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Eduard\n        von Steiger]], Swiss politician, 51st [[President of Switzerland]] (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Indalecio Prieto]], Spanish Socialist politician\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Hugh Dalton]], British Labour politician\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Joseph Kearns]], American actor (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n** [[Bruno Walter]], German conductor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\n** [[James Barton (actor)|James Barton]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Georgios Papanikolaou]], Greek inventor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 20]]\n        – [[Halliwell Hobbes]], English-born film actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Hu Shih]], Chinese philosopher (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Antonina De Angelis|Mar\\u00eda Ludovico De Angelis]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] professed sister and blessed (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Willie Best]], American actor (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Chic Johnson]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Arthur\n        Compton 1927.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur Compton]]]]\\n[[File:Auguste Piccard\n        at 1927 Solvay Conference.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Auguste Piccard]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]]\\n** [[Roscoe Ates]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Richard L. Conolly]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[W. Alton Jones]], American industrialist\n        and philanthropist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Arnold Kirkeby]], American hotelier,\n        art collector and real estate investor (b. [[1901]])\\n** Louise Lindner Eastman,\n        American wife of [[Lee Eastman]] and mother of [[Linda McCartney]] (b. [[1911]])\\n**\n        [[Emelyn Whiton]], American Olympic sailor (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 2]] –\n        [[Walt Kiesling]], American football player ([[Chicago Cardinals]]) and a\n        member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Pierre Benoit (novelist)|Pierre Benoit]], French novelist (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Giovanna Berneri]], Italian educationalist and anarchist\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Arthur Compton]], American physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n**\n        [[C. Wright Mills]], American sociologist (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[A. E. Douglass]],\n        American astronomer and founder of dendrochronology (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[March\n        24]]\\n** [[Jean Goldkette]], Greek-born jazz musician (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Auguste\n        Piccard]], Swiss physicist, aeronaut and explorer (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===April===\\n*\n        [[April 1]] – [[Jussi Kekkonen]], Finnish major (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Benny Paret]], Cuban welterweight boxer (died as result of [[Benny\n        Paret vs. Emile Griffith III|injuries in the ring]]; b. [[1937]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Juan Belmonte]], Spanish bullfighter (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April\n        10]]\\n** [[Michael Curtiz]], Austrian-born film director (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Manton S. Eddy]], American general (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Stuart Sutcliffe]],\n        British artist and rock guitarist, [[The Beatles]] (b. [[1940]])\\n* [[April\n        13]] – [[Culbert Olson]], American politician, [[Governor of California]]\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Clara Blandick]], American actress (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Arsenio Lacson]], Filipino politician and sportswriter (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Louise Fazenda]], American actress (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[April 21]] – Sir [[Frederick Handley Page]], English\n        aircraft manufacturer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Vera Reynolds]],\n        American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Milt Franklyn]],\n        American film composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Josefa Toledo\n        de Aguirre]], Nicaraguan pioneer educator (d. [[1866]])\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[Gianna Beretta Molla]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] pediatrician and saint\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Hajime Tanabe]], Japanese philosopher\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Pedro-p-ramirez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pedro\n        Pablo Ramirez]]]]\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Ernest Tyldesley]], English cricketer\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Shunroku Hata]], Marshal of the Imperial\n        Japanese Army (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Pedro Pablo Ramirez]],\n        Argentinan military general, 26th [[President of Argentina]], leader of the\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Henry Trendley Dean]],\n        American dental researcher (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Franz Kline]], American painter\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 26]] \\n** [[Wilfrid Wilson Gibson]], English poet (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n** [[Aida de Acosta]], American socialite (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May\n        27]] – [[Egon Petri]], German pianist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 28]] –\n        [[Robert Francis Anthony Studds]], American admiral and engineer, fourth Director\n        of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] – [[Henry Fountain Ashurst]], American politician (b. [[1874]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Eugeniusz\n        Baziak.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Eugeniusz Baziak]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Adolf Eichmann]], German SS officer and a major organiser of the Holocaust\n        (executed) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Vita Sackville-West]], English\n        writer and landscape gardener (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Charles\n        William Beebe]], American naturalist, ornithologist, marine biologist and\n        entomologist (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Abba Ahimeir]], Soviet-born\n        Israeli journalist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Yves Klein]], French painter (b. [[1928]])\\n**\n        [[Guinn Williams (actor)|Guinn Williams]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Joe Profaci]], Italian-American mobster (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Korneli Kekelidze]], Georgian philologist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[Eug\\u00e8ne Freyssinet]], French civil engineer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June\n        12]] – [[John Ireland (composer)|John Ireland]], English composer (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Eugene Aynsley Goossens|Sir Eugene Goossens]],\n        English composer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Eugeniusz Baziak]], Polish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Alfred Cortot]], Swiss pianist\n        and conductor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Aleksei Antonov]], General\n        of the Soviet Army (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 19]]\\n** [[Frank Borzage]], American\n        film director (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Will Wright (actor)|Will Wright]], American\n        character actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Lucile Watson]], Canadian\n        actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Paul Viiding]], Estonian poet,\n        author and literary critic (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Mickey Cochrane]],\n        American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member of the\n        [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Carl Van Vechten\n        - William Faulkner.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William Faulkner]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], Indian physician and politician, [[Chief Minister\n        of West Bengal]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi]],\n        Italian soldier (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Rex Bell]], American\n        actor (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[John Anderson (philosopher)|John Anderson]],\n        British-born Australian philosopher (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Paul Boffa]], Maltese\n        politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Malta]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[William Faulkner]],\n        American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Archduke Joseph August of Austria]], Austrian field marshal and former regent\n        of Hungary (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Georges Bataille]], French\n        writer and philosopher (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Yehuda Leib\n        Maimon]], Bassarabian-born Israeli rabbi and government minister (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Roger Wolfe Kahn]], American band leader (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Jerry Wald]], American screenwriter and producer (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[G. M. Trevelyan]], English historian (b.\n        [[1876]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Victor Moore]], American actor (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – [[Raquel Meller]], Spanish singer and actress (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Richard Aldington]], English poet (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July\n        29]] \\n** [[Leonardo De Lorenzo]], Italian flautist (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Ronald\n        Fisher]], English statistician and biologist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 30]]\n        – [[Myron McCormick]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Monroecirca1953.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Marilyn\n        Monroe]]]]\\n[[File:Charles Rigoulot 1923.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Rigoulot]]]]\\n[[File:DusanSImovicPedroIIDeYugoslaviaYKnezevicEnLondres21061941.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Du%C5%A1an\n        Simovi%C4%87]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Marilyn Monroe]], American actress\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[\\u00c1ngel Borlenghi]], Argentine\n        labor leader and politician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Hermann\n        Hesse]], German-born writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Lei Feng]], Chinese soldier (b. [[1940]])\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Cleo Ridgely]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – [[Ahmad bin Ibrahim]], Malaysian-born Singaporean politician\n        (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Charles Rigoulot]], French Olympic\n        weightlifter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Hoot Gibson]], American\n        actor and film director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Mykolas Bir\\u017ei\\u0161ka]],\n        Lithuanian politician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Du%C5%A1an\n        Simovi%C4%87]], Yugoslav general, 18th [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]] (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Leopoldo Panero]], Spanish poet (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 28]] – [[John Collum]], American actor (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Georgina de Albuquerque]], Brazilian painter (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Felicjan S\\u0142awoj Sk\\u0142adkowski]], Prime Minister\n        of Poland (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:YemenAhmad.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ahmad\n        bin Yahya]]]]\\n[[File:Ouyang Yuqian1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ouyang Yuqian]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[Hans-J\\u00fcrgen von Arnim]], German general (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[E. E. Cummings]], American poet (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Juan Atilio Bramuglia]], Argentine\n        composer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Hanns Eisler]], Austrian\n        composer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Karen Blixen]], Danish writer\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Morris Louis]], American painter (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Graham\n        Walker (motorcycle racer)|Graham Walker]], English motorcycle racer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Ahmad bin Yahya]], King of Yemen (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Nikolai Pogodin]], Soviet playwright (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Conrad Helfrich]], Dutch admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Ouyang Yuqian]], Chinese playwright, director and\n        Peking opera performer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Louis de Soissons]],\n        Canadian-born English architect (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Patrick Hamilton (writer)|Patrick\n        Hamilton]], English dramatist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** [[Sam\n        McDaniel]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Charles Reisner]], American\n        silent film actor and director (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Bernard\n        Rawlings (Royal Navy officer)|Bernard Rawlings]], British admiral (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Henri\n        Oreiller 1948.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Henri Oreiller]]]]\\n[[File:Gaston Bachelard\n        1965.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gaston Bachelard]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Ludwig\n        Bemelmans]], Austro-Hungarian born American writer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October\n        2]]\\n** [[Henry Louis Larsen]], American Marine Corps general; [[Governor\n        of American Samoa]] and [[Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Frank Lovejoy]],\n        American actor (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[K. Kanagaratnam]],\n        Ceylon Tamil civil servant and politician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        [[Tod Browning]], American film director (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        [[Henri Oreiller]], French Olympic alpine skier (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[October\n        9]] – [[Milan Vidmar]], Slovenian chess player (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Stancho Belkovski]], Bulgarian architect and lecturer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Erich von Tschermak]], Austrian agronomist (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Alberto Teisaire]], Argentine Navy officer and [[Vice\n        President of Argentina|Vice President of the Republic]] (assassinated) (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Irma Gramatica]], Italian actress (b.\n        [[1870]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Gaston Bachelard]], French philosopher\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Natalia Goncharova]],  Russian artist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Jes\\u00fas Herrera Alonso|Jes\\u00fas\n        Herrera]], Spanish international footballer (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October 26]]\n        – [[Louise Beavers]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 27]]\\n**\n        [[Otto Froitzheim]], German tennis player (d. [[1884]])\\n** [[Enrico Mattei]],\n        Italian politician (plane crash) (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Louis\n        Massignon]], French Catholic scholar of Islam (b. [[1883]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Eleanor\n        Roosevelt cph.3b16000.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]]]]\\n[[File:Niels\n        Bohr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Niels Bohr]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|110px|Queen\n        [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]]]]\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Eleanor Roosevelt]],\n        American politician, diplomat and activist, [[First Lady of the United States]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[William Bailey (actor)|William Bailey]],\n        American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Alwi bin Thahir al-Haddad]],\n        Yemeni-born Malaysian [[Islamic]] scholar (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Manuel G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        Argentine writer and historian (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Irene\n        Lentz]], American costume designer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\n** [[Domingo\n        Arrieta Le\\u00f3n]], Mexican general and statesman (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Niels\n        Bohr]], Danish physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Coty]], 17th [[President\n        of France]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Forrest Smithson]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 26]]\\n** [[Aleksandr\n        Antonov (actor)|Aleksandr Antonov]], Soviet actor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Albert\n        Sarraut]], 2-time Prime Minister of France (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n**\n        [[K. C. Dey]], Indian singer, composer, actor and teacher (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November 29]] –\n        [[Erik Scavenius]], 12th [[Prime Minister of Denmark]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[November\n        30]] – [[Joseph Lade Pawsey]], Australian radio astronomer. (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sy\n        nami.png|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Ahmad Nami]]]]\\n[[File:Switalski K.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Kazimierz\n        \\u015awitalski]]]]\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Harry Bauler]], American politician\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Kirsten Flagstad]], Norwegian soprano\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Robert C. Giffen]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 13]] \\n** [[John Cunningham (Royal Navy officer)|John\n        Cunningham]], British admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Ahmad Nami]], Prince of\n        the Ottoman Empire, 5th [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and 2nd [[President of\n        Syria]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Charles Laughton]], English\n        actor and director (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Lew Landers]],\n        American TV and film director (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Thomas\n        Mitchell (actor)|Thomas Mitchell]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Garrett Mattingly]], American historian (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Emil Artin]], Austrian mathematician (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Giral]], Spanish politician, former [[Prime Minister\n        of Spain|Prime Minister]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Ackermann]],\n        German mathematician (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Eveline Adelheid von Maydell]], German\n        artist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Kazimierz \\u015awitalski]],\n        Polish diplomat, politician, soldier and military officer, 18th [[Prime Minister\n        of Poland]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Arthur Lovejoy]], American\n        philosopher and historian (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n* [[Abdallah\n        Beyhum]], 10th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[Henry Matthew\n        Talintyre]], British comic strip artist (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel\n        medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Lev\n        Landau]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Max Perutz]],\n        [[John Kendrew]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or\n        Medicine]] – [[Francis Crick]], [[James Watson]], [[Maurice Wilkins]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[John Steinbeck]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Linus Pauling]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1962}}\\n\\n[[Category:1962|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:02Z\",\"lastrevid\":798347954,\"length\":82035,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962\"},\"34648\":{\"pageid\":34648,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1963\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T16:44:24Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1963}}\\n{{Events by month|1963}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1963}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1963}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1963}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Osamu Tezuka]]''s ''''Tetsuwan\n        Atomu ([[Astro Boy (1963 TV series)|Astro Boy]])'''', Japan''s first serialized\n        animated series based on the popular [[manga]], debuts on Japanese television\n        station [[Fuji Television]].\\n** [[Bogle\\u2013Chandler case]]: [[Commonwealth\n        Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle\n        and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland\n        near the [[Lane Cove River]], Sydney, Australia.\\n[[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo\n        da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[January 8]]: ''''[[Mona\n        Lisa]]'''' in Washington, D.C.]]\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Vietnam War]]:\n        The [[Viet Cong]] win their first major victory in the [[Battle of Ap Bac]].\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Leonardo da Vinci]]''s ''''[[Mona Lisa]]'''' is exhibited\n        in the United States for the first time, at the [[National Gallery of Art]]\n        in Washington, D.C.\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[George Wallace]] becomes governor\n        of [[Alabama]]. In his inaugural speech, he defiantly proclaims \\\"segregation\n        now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!\\\"{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/timeline/index_2.html|work=The\n        American Experience|title=Timeline of George Wallace''s Life, 1952–1972|publisher=[[Public\n        Broadcasting Service]]|year=2000|accessdate=2013-03-21}}{{cite\n        journal|first=Michael J.|last=Klarman|title=''''Brown v. Board'''': 40 Years\n        Later|journal=Humanities: The Magazine of the [[National Endowment for the\n        Humanities]]|date=March\\u2013April 2004}}\\n** The steam locomotive ''''[[LNER\n        Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|Flying Scotsman]]'''' (British Railways No.\n        60103) makes its last scheduled run, before going into the hands of [[Alan\n        Pegler]] for preservation.\\n* [[January 18]] – Due to severe winter\n        conditions the twelfth ''''[[elfstedentocht]]'''' skating tour in the Netherlands\n        turns into an almost total disaster. Of the 9,294 participants only 69 manage\n        to finish, making this the heaviest ''''elfstedentocht'''' ever held.\\n* [[January\n        22]] – France and West Germany sign the [[\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e Treaty]].\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – The [[Australia Day]] shootings rock [[Perth]]; 2 people\n        are shot dead and 3 others injured by [[Eric Edgar Cooke]].\\n* [[January 28]]\n        – Black student [[Harvey Gantt]] enters [[Clemson University]] in [[South\n        Carolina]], the last [[U.S. state]] to hold out against racial integration.\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] vetoes the United\n        Kingdom''s entry into the [[European Common Market]].\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1963}}\\n* [[February 5]] – The [[European Court of\n        Justice]]''s ruling in ''''[[Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie\n        der Belastingen]]'''' establishes the principle of [[direct effect]], one\n        of the basic tenets of [[European Union law]].\\n* [[February 8]] – Travel,\n        financial and commercial transactions by United States citizens to [[Cuba]]\n        are made illegal by the John F. Kennedy Administration.\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part of [[Ky\\u016bsh\\u016b]]\n        are merged and become the city of [[Kitaky\\u016bsh\\u016b]], with a population\n        of more than 1 million.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** The [[Central Intelligence\n        Agency]]''s Domestic Operations Division is created in the United States.\\n**\n        [[The Beatles]] record their debut album ''''[[Please Please Me]]'''' in a\n        single day at the [[Abbey Road Studios]] in London.\\n** American-born poet\n        [[Sylvia Plath]] commits suicide in London.\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Northwest\n        Airlines Flight 705]] crashes in the Florida [[Everglades]], killing all 43\n        aboard.\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Harold Wilson]] becomes leader of the\n        opposition [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the United Kingdom;{{cite\n        web| url=http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1950-75/1963.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628220806/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1950-75/1963.html\n        |archivedate=June 28, 2002 |title=Dallas: JFK is shot dead}} in October\n        1964 he became prime minister. \\n* [[February 19]] – The publication\n        of [[Betty Friedan]]''s ''''[[The Feminine Mystique]]'''' launches the reawakening\n        of the [[Second-wave feminism|Women''s Movement]] in the United States as\n        women''s organizations and [[consciousness raising]] groups spread.\\n* [[February\n        21]] – An [[earthquake]] destroys the village of [[Marj]], [[Libya]],\n        killing 900.\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Juan Bosch]] takes office as the 41st\n        president of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n** [[Women''s suffrage|Female suffrage]]\n        is enacted in [[Iran]].\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Dorothy Schiff]] resigns\n        from the New York Newspaper Publishers'' Association, feeling that the city\n        needs at least one paper as New York''s 83-day newspayer strike ensued. Her\n        paper, the ''''[[New York Post]]'''', resumes publication on March 4.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main\n        article|March 1963}}\\n* March\\n** The divorce case of [[Ian Campbell, 11th\n        Duke of Argyll|The Duke]] and [[Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll|Duchess\n        of Argyll]] causes scandal in the United Kingdom.\\n[[File:Alcatraz Island.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[March\n        21]]: [[Alcatraz Island|Alcatraz]] closes]]\\n* [[March 4]] – In Paris,\n        six people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate President\n        [[Charles de Gaulle]]. De Gaulle pardons five, but the other conspirator,\n        [[Jean Bastien-Thiry]], is executed by [[Execution by firing squad|firing\n        squad]] several days later.\\n* [[March 5]] – In [[Camden, Tennessee]],\n        country music superstar [[Patsy Cline]] (Virginia Patterson Hensley) is killed\n        in a plane crash along with fellow performers Hawkshaw Hawkins, Cowboy Copas\n        and Cline''s manager and pilot Randy Hughes, while returning from a benefit\n        performance in [[Kansas City, Kansas]], for country radio disc jockey \\\"Cactus\\\"\n        Jack Call.\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Mount Agung]] erupts on [[Bali]], killing\n        approximately 1,500.\\n* [[March 18]] – ''''[[Gideon v. Wainwright]]'''':\n        The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that state courts are required\n        to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who cannot afford to pay\n        their own attorneys.\\n* [[March 21]] – The [[Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary]]\n        on [[Alcatraz Island]] in [[San Francisco Bay]] closes; the last 27 prisoners\n        are transferred elsewhere at the order of [[United States Attorney General]]\n        [[Robert F. Kennedy]].\\n* [[March 22]] – [[The Beatles]] release their\n        first album, ''''[[Please Please Me]]'''', in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[March\n        23]] – ''''Dansevise'''' by Grethe & J\\u00f8rgen Ingmann (music by Otto\n        Francker, text by Sejr Volmer-S\\u00f8rensen) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        1963]] for Denmark.\\n[[File:Beeching2.svg|150px|thumb|right|[[March 27]]:\n        British Rail network, as it would have become, if \\\"[[Beeching cuts|Beeching\n        axe]]\\\" plans had been fully implemented (only bolded rail lines would have\n        remained).]]\\n* [[March 27]] – In Britain, Dr. [[Richard Beeching, Baron\n        Beeching|Richard Beeching]] issues a report, ''''The Reshaping of British\n        Railways'''', calling for [[Beeching cuts|huge cuts]] to the country''s rail\n        network.\\n* [[March 28]] – Director [[Alfred Hitchcock]]''s film ''''[[The\n        Birds (film)|The Birds]]'''' is released in the United States.\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Indigenous Australians]] are legally allowed to drink alcohol\n        in [[New South Wales]].''''Tracker'''', \\\"Footprints Tracker\\\", August\n        2012, p. 46.\\n* [[March 31]] – The [[1962\\u201363 New York City\n        newspaper strike]] ends after 114 days.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April\n        1963}}\\n* [[April 1]] – The long-running [[soap opera]] ''''[[General\n        Hospital]]'''' debuts on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Television\n        in the United States.\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Southern Christian Leadership\n        Conference]] volunteers kick off the [[Birmingham campaign]] ([[Birmingham,\n        Alabama]]) against [[racial segregation in the United States]] with a [[sit-in]].\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]\n        is proclaimed to be a [[socialist republic]], and [[Josip Broz Tito]] is named\n        [[President for Life]].\\n* [[April 8]] – The [[35th Academy Awards]]\n        ceremony is held. ''''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''''\n        wins [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n* [[April 9]] –\n        British statesman Sir [[Winston Churchill]] becomes an [[honorary citizen\n        of the United States]].\\n* [[April 10]] – The U.S. nuclear submarine\n        ''''[[USS Thresher (SSN-593)|Thresher]]'''' sinks {{convert|220|smi|nmi km|abbr=on}}\n        east of [[Cape Cod]]; all 129 aboard (112 crewmen plus yard personnel) die.\\n*\n        [[April 12]]\\n** [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Ralph Abernathy]], [[Fred Shuttlesworth]]\n        and others are arrested in a Birmingham, Alabama protest for \\\"parading without\n        a permit\\\".\\n** The Soviet nuclear powered submarine ''''[[Soviet submarine\n        K-33|K-33]]'''' collides with the Finnish merchant vessel M/S ''''Finnclipper''''\n        in the Danish Straits. Although severely damaged, both vessels make it to\n        port.\\n* [[April 14]] – The [[Institute of Mental Health (Belgrade)]]\n        is established.\\n* [[April 15]] – 70,000 marchers arrive in London from\n        [[Aldermaston]], to demonstrate against [[nuclear weapons]].\\n* [[April 16]]\n        – Martin Luther King, Jr. issues his \\\"[[Letter from Birmingham Jail]]\\\".\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – In [[Quebec]], Canada, members of the terrorist group\n        [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration du Qu\\u00e9bec]] bomb a [[Canadian Army]] recruitment\n        center, killing night watchman Wilfred V. O''Neill.\\n* [[April 21]]–[[April\n        23]] – The first election of the Supreme Institution of the [[Bah\\u00e1''\\u00ed\n        Faith]] (known as the [[Universal House of Justice]], whose seat is at the\n        [[Bah\\u00e1''\\u00ed World Centre]] on [[Mount Carmel]] in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]])\n        is held.\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Lester Bowles Pearson]] becomes the 14th\n        [[Prime Minister of Canada]].\\n* [[April 28]] – A [[Italian general\n        election, 1963|general election]] is held in [[politics of Italy|Italy]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Buddy Rogers (wrestler)|Buddy Rogers]] becomes the\n        first [[WWE World Heavyweight Championship|WWWF Champion]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1963}}\\n* [[May 1]] – [[The Coca-Cola Company]] introduces\n        its first diet drink, [[Tab (soft drink)|Tab]] cola.\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** Thousands\n        of blacks, many of them children, are arrested while protesting segregation\n        in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. Public Safety Commissioner [[Bull Connor|Eugene\n        \\\"Bull\\\" Connor]] later unleashes fire hoses and police dogs on the demonstrators.\\n**\n        [[Seliger Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH|Berthold Seliger]]\n        launches near [[Cuxhaven]] a 3-stage rocket with a maximum flight altitude\n        of more than 62 miles (the only sounding rocket developed in Germany).\\n*\n        [[May 4]] – The Le Monde Theater fire in Dioirbel, [[Senegal]] kills\n        64.\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** ''''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'''', the first James Bond\n        film, is shown in U.S. theaters.\\n** [[Hu\\u1ebf Ph\\u1eadt \\u0110\\u1ea3n shootings]]:\n        The [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] opens fire on Buddhists who defy a\n        ban on the flying of the [[Buddhist flag]] on [[Vesak]], the birthday of [[Gautama\n        Buddha]], killing 9. (Earlier, President [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]]\n        allowed the flying of the [[Vatican flag]] in honour of his brother, Archbishop\n        [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Th\\u1ee5c]].) Start of [[Buddhist crisis]] in South\n        Vietnam.\\n** [[CVS Pharmacy]] opens in Lowell, Massachusetts.\\n* [[May 12]]\n        –  ''''[[The Shanty]]'''' is established in [[New Castle, Indiana]].\\n*\n        [[May 13]] – A [[smallpox]] outbreak hits [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]],\n        lasting until July.\\n* [[May 14]] – Kuwait becomes the 111th member\n        of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Project Mercury]]: [[NASA]]\n        launches [[Gordon Cooper]] on [[Mercury-Atlas 9]], the last mission (on [[June\n        12]] NASA Administrator [[James E. Webb]] tells Congress the program is complete).\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[A.C. Milan]] beats [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] 2-1 at [[Wembley\n        Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], London and wins the [[1962\\u201363 European\n        Cup]] (football).\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Fidel Castro]] visits the [[Soviet\n        Union]].\\n* [[May 25]] – The [[Organisation of African Unity]] is established\n        in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]].\\n* [[May 27]] – ''''[[The Freewheelin''\n        Bob Dylan]]'''' is singer-songwriter [[Bob Dylan]]''s second [[studio album]],\n        and most influential, opening with the song \\\"[[Blowin'' in the Wind]]\\\",\n        released by [[Columbia Records]].\\n\\n===June===\\n{{Main article|June 1963}}\\n*\n        [[June 3]]\\n** [[Hu\\u1ebf chemical attacks]]: The [[Army of the Republic of\n        Vietnam]] rains [[chloroacetone|liquid chemicals]] on the heads of Buddhist\n        protestors, injuring 67 people. The United States threatens to cut off aid\n        to the regime of [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]].\\n**[[Pope John XXIII]]\n        dies.\\n* [[June 4]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]] signs [[Executive\n        Order 11110]], authorizing the [[Secretary of the Treasury]] to issue [[Silver\n        certificate (United States)|silver certificates]].\\n* [[June 5]] – The\n        first annual [[National Hockey League]] [[NHL Entry Draft|Entry Draft]] is\n        held in [[Montreal]].\\n* [[June 10]] – President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        delivers his [[American University speech]], \\\"A Strategy of Peace\\\", in Washington,\n        D.C.\\n* [[June 10]] – The [[University of Central Florida]] is established\n        by the Florida legislature.\\n* [[June 11]]\\n[[File:Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c\n        self-immolation.jpg|thumb|250px|Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c''s self-immolation]]\\n**\n        In [[Saigon]], [[Buddhist monk]] [[Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c]] commits\n        [[self-immolation]] to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the [[Ng\\u00f4\n        \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]] administration.\\n** Alabama Governor [[George Wallace]]\n        stands in the door of the University of Alabama to protest against integration,\n        before stepping aside and allowing blacks [[James Hood]] and [[Vivian Malone]]\n        to enroll.\\n** President [[John F. Kennedy]] broadcasts a historic [[Civil\n        Rights Address]], in which he promises a Civil Rights Bill, and asks for \\\"the\n        kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves\\\".\\n* [[June\n        12]]\\n** [[Medgar Evers]] is murdered in [[Jackson, Mississippi]]. (His killer,\n        [[Byron De La Beckwith]], is convicted in 1994.)\\n** The film ''''[[Cleopatra\n        (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'''' is released.\\n* [[June 13]] \\n** The cancellation\n        of [[Mercury-Atlas 10]] effectively ends the United States'' manned [[spaceflight]]\n        [[Project Mercury]].\\n** The New York Commodity Exchange begins trading silver\n        [[futures contract]]s.\\n* [[June 15]] – The [[AC Cobra]] makes its first\n        appearance at the [[1963 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]]. It would\n        go on to win its class [[1964 24 Hours of Le Mans|the following year]].\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – ''''[[Vostok 6]]'''' carries Soviet cosmonaut [[Valentina\n        Tereshkova]], the first woman into space.\\n* [[June 17]] – ''''[[Abington\n        School District v. Schempp]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that state-mandated\n        Bible reading in public schools is unconstitutional.\\n* [[June 19]] –\n        [[Valentina Tereshkova]] the first woman in space, returns to Earth.\\n* [[June\n        20]]\\n** Establishment of the [[Moscow\\u2013Washington hotline]] (officially,\n        the Direct Communications Link or DCL; unofficially, the \\\"red telephone\\\";\n        and in fact a [[teleprinter]] link) is authorized by signing of a Memorandum\n        of Understanding in Geneva by representatives of the Soviet Union and the\n        United States.{{cite book|chapter=Hot Line Agreements (1963, 1971, 1984)|title=Historical\n        Dictionary Of Arms Control And Disarmament|first1=Jeffrey A.|last1=Larsen|first2=James\n        M.|last2=Smith|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2005|page=107}}{{cite\n        book|first=David|last=Kahn|title=The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History\n        of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet|publisher=Simon\n        and Schuster|year=1996|page=715}}\\n** Swedish Air Force Colonel [[Stig\n        Wennerstr\\u00f6m (spy)|Stig Wennerstr\\u00f6m]] is arrested as a spy for the\n        [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] (Giovanni Battista\n        Montini) succeeds [[Pope John XXIII]] as the 262nd [[pope]].\\n* [[June 23]]\n        – [[Walt Disney''s Enchanted Tiki Room]] opens at [[Disneyland]], premiering\n        the first [[Audio-Animatronics]] in the park. \\n* [[June 26]] – [[John\n        F. Kennedy]] gives his \\\"[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]\\\" speech in [[West Berlin]],\n        [[East Germany]].\\n* June – [[UNESCO]] ''''History of Mankind'''', vol.\n        1 published.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1963}}\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        [[ZIP code]]s are introduced by the [[United States Postal Service]].\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** Diplomatic relations between the [[Israel]]i and the Japanese governments\n        are raised to embassy level.\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Double Seven Day scuffle]]:\n        Secret police loyal to [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Nhu]], brother of President\n        [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]], attack American journalists including\n        [[Peter Arnett]] and [[David Halberstam]] at a demonstration during the [[Buddhist\n        crisis]] in South Vietnam.\\n* [[July 11]] – South Africa: police raid\n        [[Liliesleaf Farm]] to the north of [[Johannesburg]], arresting a group of\n        [[ANC]] leaders.\\n* [[July 12]] – Pauline Reade (16) is abducted by\n        [[Ian Brady and Myra Hindley]] in [[Manchester]], England, the first victim\n        of the [[Moors murders]]; her remains are located in July [[1987]].\\n* [[July\n        19]] – American test pilot [[Joseph A. Walker|Joe Walker]], flying the\n        [[X-15]], reaches an altitude of 65.8 miles (105.9 kilometers), making it\n        a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards.\\n* [[July\n        26]]\\n** An [[1963 Skopje earthquake|earthquake]] in [[Skopje]], [[Yugoslavia]]\n        (present-day [[Republic of Macedonia]]) leaves 1,800 dead.\\n** [[NASA]] launches\n        [[Syncom]] 2, the world''s first [[geostationary orbit|geostationary]] ([[geosynchronous\n        orbit|synchronous]]) [[satellite]].\\n* [[July 30]] – The Soviet newspaper\n        ''''[[Izvestia]]'''' reports that British diplomat and [[double agent]] [[Kim\n        Philby]] has been given asylum in Moscow.\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:March on\n        Washington edit.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[August 28]]: [[March on Washington\n        for Jobs and Freedom]]]]\\n{{Main article|August 1963}}\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        The United States, United Kingdom, and [[Soviet Union]] sign the [[Partial\n        Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]].\\n* [[August 8]] – The [[Great Train Robbery\n        (1963)|Great Train Robbery]] takes place in [[Buckinghamshire]], England.\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – [[Trois Glorieuses (1963)|Trois Glorieuses]]: President\n        [[Fulbert Youlou]] is overthrown in the [[Republic of Congo]] after a three-day\n        uprising in the capital, [[Brazzaville]].\\n* [[August 18]] – [[American\n        civil rights movement]]: [[James Meredith]] becomes the first black person\n        to graduate from the [[University of Mississippi]].\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[X\\u00e1 L\\u1ee3i Pagoda raids]]: The [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special\n        Forces]] loyal to [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Nhu]], brother of President [[Ng\\u00f4\n        \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]], vandalise Buddhist pagodas across South Vietnam,\n        arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead. In the wake of\n        the raids, the [[Kennedy administration]] by [[Cable 243]] orders the [[United\n        States Embassy, Saigon]] to explore alternative leadership in the country,\n        opening the way towards a coup against Di\\u1ec7m.\\n* [[August 22]] –\n        American test pilot [[Joseph A. Walker|Joe Walker]] again achieves a sub-orbital\n        spaceflight according to international standards, this time by piloting the\n        [[X-15]] to an altitude of 67.0 miles (107.8 kilometers).\\n* [[August 24]]\n        – [[Bundesliga]], as known well for professional football league of\n        world, first games in [[West Germany]], replacing from West German Oberliga.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Martin Luther King\n        Jr.]] delivers his \\\"[[I Have a Dream]]\\\" speech on the steps of the [[Lincoln\n        Memorial]] to an audience of at least 250,000, during the [[March on Washington\n        for Jobs and Freedom]]. It is, at that point, the single [[Largest protests\n        in American history|largest protest in American history]].\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n{{Main article|September 1963}}\\n* [[September 1]] – The [[Language\n        legislation in Belgium|language border]] in Belgium is fixed. This will become\n        the foundation for the further [[state reform in Belgium|federalization of\n        the county]].\\n* [[September 5]] – British prostitute [[Christine Keeler]]\n        is arrested for [[perjury]] for her part in the [[Profumo affair]]. On [[December\n        6]] she is sentenced to 9 months in prison.\\n* [[September 6]] – The\n        [[Centre for International Intellectual Property Studies]] (CEIPI) is founded.\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] opens in [[Canton,\n        Ohio]] with 17 charter members.\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Sicilian Mafia|Mafia]]\n        boss [[Bernardo Provenzano]] is indicted for murder (he is captured 43 years\n        later, on [[April 11]], [[2006]]).\\n* [[September 15]] – [[American\n        civil rights movement]]: The [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]], in [[Birmingham,\n        Alabama]], kills 4 and injures 22.\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Malaysia]]\n        is formed through the merging of the [[Federation of Malaya]] and the British\n        [[crown colony]] of [[Singapore]], [[North Borneo]] (renamed [[Sabah]]) and\n        [[Sarawak]].\\n* [[September 18]] – Rioters burn down the British Embassy\n        in [[Jakarta]], to protest the formation of [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals]] is established\n        by a Saudi Royal Decree as the ''''College of Petroleum and Minerals''''.\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – The [[United States Senate]] ratifies the [[Partial\n        Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]].\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** The Denning Report on the\n        [[Profumo affair]] is published in Great Britain.\\n** In the [[Dominican Republic]],\n        [[Juan Bosch]] is deposed by a coup d''\\u00e9tat led by the military with\n        civilian support.\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** The second period of the [[Second\n        Vatican Council]] in Rome opens.\\n** The [[University of East Anglia]] is\n        established in [[Norwich]], England.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October\n        1963}}\\n* [[October 1]] – [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]]\n        Toasts of the President and Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] at a Luncheon in Rockville,\n        Maryland.\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Nigeria]] becomes a [[republic]]; The [[First\n        Nigerian Republic|1st Republican Constitution]] is established.\\n** In the\n        U.S., the [[Presidential Commission on the Status of Women|President''s Commission\n        on the Status of Women]] issues its final reports to President Kennedy.\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[1963 Honduran coup d''\\u00e9tat]]: A violent coup\n        in [[Honduras]] pre-empts the October 13 election, ends a period of reform\n        under President [[Ram\\u00f3n Villeda Morales]] and begins two decades of military\n        rule under General [[Oswaldo L\\u00f3pez Arellano]].\\n* [[October 4]] –\n        [[Hurricane Flora]], one of the worst Atlantic storms in history, hits [[Hispaniola]]\n        and [[Cuba]], killing nearly 7,000 people.\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Sam\n        Cooke]] and his band are arrested after trying to register at a \\\"whites only\\\"\n        motel in Louisiana. In the months following, he records the song \\\"[[A Change\n        Is Gonna Come]]\\\".\\n* [[October 9]] – In northeast Italy, over 2,000\n        people are killed when a large landslide behind the [[Vajont Dam]] causes\n        a giant wave of water to overtop it.\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**The [[Partial Nuclear\n        Test Ban Treaty]], signed on [[August 5]], takes effect.\\n**The second James\n        Bond film, ''''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'''',\n        opens in the UK.\\n* [[October 14]] – A revolution starts in [[Radfan]],\n        [[South Yemen]], against British colonial rule.\\n* [[October 16]] –\n        The [[A Thousand Days|thousandth day]] of [[John F. Kennedy]]''s presidency.\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Alec Douglas-Home]] succeeds [[Harold Macmillan]]\n        as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].\\n* [[October 24]] – the\n        fire at the spaceport [[Baikonur]] in one of the martial mines missiles [[R-9\n        Desna|R-9]]. Seven people were killed.\\n* [[October 28]] – Demolition\n        of the [[1910]] [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]]\n        begins in New York City, continuing until [[1966]].\\n* [[October 30]] –\n        The car manufacturing firm [[Lamborghini]] is founded in Italy.\\n* [[October\n        31]] – 74 die in a gas explosion during a [[Holiday on Ice]] show at\n        the [[Fairgrounds Coliseum|Indiana State Fair Coliseum]] in [[Indianapolis]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main\n        article|November 1963}}\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Arecibo Observatory]],\n        a [[radio telescope]], officially begins operation in [[Puerto Rico]].\\n*\n        [[November 2]] – [[1963 South Vietnamese coup]]: [[Arrest and assassination\n        of Ngo Dinh Diem]], the [[South Vietnam]]ese President.\\n* [[November 6]]\n        – [[1963 South Vietnamese coup]]: Coup leader General [[D\\u01b0\\u01a1ng\n        V\\u0103n Minh]] takes over as leader of [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[November 7]]\n        – 11 German miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days in\n        what becomes known as the \\\"[[Wunder von Lengede]]\\\" (\\\"miracle of [[Lengede]]\\\").\\n*\n        [[November 8]] – [[Finnair]] aircraft OH-LCA crashes before landing\n        at [[Mariehamn Airport]] on the [[\\u00c5land Islands]].\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – Two disasters in Japan:\\n** [[Miike coal mine]] explosion: A [[Coal\n        mining|coal mine]] explosion kills 458 and sends 839 [[carbon monoxide poisoning]]\n        victims to hospital.\\n** [[Tsurumi rail accident]]: A triple train disaster\n        in [[Yokohama]] kills 161.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Malcolm X]] makes\n        an historic speech in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] (\\\"[[Message to the Grass\n        Roots]]\\\").\\n* [[November 14]] – A volcanic eruption under the sea near\n        [[Iceland]] creates a new island, [[Surtsey]].\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        A newspaper strike begins in [[Toledo, Ohio]].\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** The\n        [[QEII Bridge]] opens in England.\\n** The first [[push-button telephone]]\n        is made available to [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] customers.\\n[[File:Lyndon B.\n        Johnson taking the oath of office, November 1963.jpg|right|thumb|[[November\n        22]]: [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] is sworn in as U.S. President after [[Assassination\n        of John F. Kennedy|assassination]] of [[John F. Kennedy]].]]\\n* [[November\n        22]]\\n** [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy]]: In a motorcade in [[Dallas]],\n        [[Texas]], U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] is fatally shot by [[Lee Harvey\n        Oswald]], and [[Governor of Texas]] [[John Connally]] is seriously wounded.\n        Upon Kennedy''s death, Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] becomes the 36th\n        President of the United States. A few hours later, President Johnson is [[First\n        inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn in]] aboard [[Air Force One]], as\n        Kennedy''s body is flown back to Washington, D.C. Stores and businesses shut\n        down for the entire weekend and Monday, in tribute. \\n** English-born writer\n        [[Aldous Huxley]], author of ''''[[Brave New World]]'''', dies of cancer in\n        the United States. \\n** Irish-born theologian and writer [[C. S. Lewis]],\n        author of works including ''''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'''', ''''[[The\n        Screwtape Letters]]'''' and ''''[[Mere Christianity]]'''', dies of [[renal\n        failure]] at his home in Oxford (England). \\n** [[Phil Spector]]''s ''''[[A\n        Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector]]'''' is released.\\n** [[The Beatles]]''\n        second UK album, ''''[[With the Beatles]]'''', is released.\\n* [[November\n        23]]\\n** [[Moors murders]]: John Kilbride (12) is abducted by [[Ian Brady\n        and Myra Hindley]] in England.\\n** The [[An Unearthly Child|first episode]]\n        of the [[BBC]] television series ''''[[Doctor Who]]'''' is broadcast in the\n        United Kingdom.\\n** The [[Golden Age Nursing Home fire]] kills 63 elderly\n        people near [[Fitchville, Ohio]].\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Lee Harvey Oswald]],\n        assassin of John F. Kennedy, is shot dead by [[Jack Ruby]] in [[Dallas]],\n        an event seen on live national television. \\n** [[Vietnam War]]: New U.S.\n        President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue\n        supporting [[South Vietnam]] militarily and economically.\\n* [[November 25]]\n        – [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy]]: President Kennedy is buried\n        at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Schools around the nation cancel classes\n        that day; millions watch the funeral on live international television.\\n*\n        [[November 29]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] establishes the [[Warren\n        Commission]] to investigate the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].\\n**\n        [[Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831]], a [[Douglas DC-8]] crashes into a wooded\n        hillside after taking-off from [[Dorval International Airport]] near [[Montreal]],\n        killing all 118 on board, the worst [[Aviation accidents and incidents|air\n        disaster]] for many years in Canada''s history.\\n** Foundation stone for [[Mirzapur\n        Cadet College]] is laid in East Pakistan (present-day [[Bangladesh]]).\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1963}}\\n* [[December 3]] – The [[Warren Commission]]\n        begins its investigation into the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – The second period of the [[Second Vatican Council]]\n        closes.\\n* [[December 5]] – The Seliger Forschungs-und-Entwicklungsgesellschaft\n        mbH demonstrates rockets for military use to military representatives of non-NATO-countries\n        near [[Cuxhaven]]. Although these rockets land via parachute at the end of\n        their flight and no allied laws are violated, the [[Soviet Union]] protests\n        this action.\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Tony Verna]], a CBS-TV director,\n        debuts an improved version of [[instant replay]] during his direction of a\n        live televised sporting event, the [[Army\\u2013Navy Game]] of [[college football]]\n        played in Philadelphia.  This instance is notable as it was the first instant\n        replay system to use [[videotape]] instead of film.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        A lightning strike causes the crash of [[Pan Am Flight 214]] near [[Elkton,\n        Maryland]], killing 81 people.\\n** [[Frank Sinatra, Jr.]] is kidnapped at\n        [[Harrah''s Lake Tahoe]].\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** In the United States, the\n        [[X-20 Dyna-Soar]] [[spaceplane]] program is cancelled.\\n** [[Chuck Yeager]]\n        narrowly escapes death while testing an NF-104A rocket-augmented aerospace\n        trainer when his aircraft goes out of control at 108,700 feet (nearly 21 miles\n        up) and crashes. He parachutes to safety at 8,500 feet after vainly battling\n        to gain control of the powerless, rapidly falling craft. In this incident\n        he becomes the first pilot to make an emergency ejection in the full pressure\n        suit needed for high altitude flights.\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Kenya]]\n        gains independence from the United Kingdom, with [[Jomo Kenyatta]] as prime\n        minister.\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Zanzibar]] gains independence from\n        the United Kingdom, as a constitutional monarchy under Sultan [[Jamshid bin\n        Abdullah of Zanzibar|Jamshid bin Abdullah]].\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Cyprus\n        Emergency]]: Inter-communal fighting erupts between [[Greek Cypriots|Greek]]\n        and [[Turkish Cypriots]].\\n* [[December 22]] – The cruise ship ''''[[TSMS\n        Lakonia|Lakonia]]'''' burns {{convert|180|mi|km}} north of [[Madeira]], with\n        the loss of 128 lives.\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Walt Disney]] releases his\n        18th feature-length animated motion picture ''''[[The Sword in the Stone (film)|The\n        Sword in the Stone]]'''', about the boyhood of [[King Arthur]]. It is the\n        penultimate animated film personally supervised by Disney.\\n** [[\\u0130smet\n        \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]] of the [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|Republican\n        People''s Party]] (CHP) forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (28th government,\n        coalition partners; independents, \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc has served 10 ten times\n        as a prime minister, this is his last government).\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        [[The Beatles]]'' \\\"[[I Want to Hold Your Hand]]\\\" and \\\"[[I Saw Her Standing\n        There]]\\\" are released in the United States, marking the beginning of Beatlemania\n        on an international level.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[David H. Frisch]] and\n        J.H. Smith prove that the [[radioactive decay]] of [[meson]]s is slowed by\n        their motion (see [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]''s [[special relativity]] and\n        [[general relativity]]).\\n* The [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment]] for\n        the defense of the United States is fully deployed.\\n* The [[TAT-3]] [[transatlantic\n        communications cable]] goes into operation.\\n* [[Ivan Sutherland]] writes\n        the revolutionary [[Sketchpad]] program and runs it on the [[Lincoln TX-2]]\n        computer at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].\\n* Construction of\n        Moscow''s [[Ostankino Tower]] begins.\\n* The [[IEEE Computer Society]] is\n        founded.\\n* The [[Urdu keyboard]] is standardised by the Central Language\n        Board in [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[Harvey Ball]] invents the ubiquitous [[smiley]]\n        face symbol.\\n* The [[Reformed Druids of North America]] is founded.\\n* The\n        1955 film ''''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]'''', an adaptation of the\n        famed Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is re-released.\\n* The iconic [[Porsche\n        911]] is first produced.\\n* [[Conference Premier]] football club [[Welling\n        United]] is formed.\\n* [[Herg\\u00e9]]''s ''''[[The Castafiore Emerald]]''''\n        is published.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Dave Foley 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dave\n        Foley]]]]\\n[[File:Jos\\u00e9 Mourinho in Kyiv, October 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mourinho]]]]\\n*[[January 1]] – [[Linda Henry]], English actress\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[David Cone]], American baseball player\\n** [[Edgar Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Dave Foley]], Canadian actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Till Lindemann]], German singer ([[Rammstein]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Jiang Wen]], Chinese actor, film director, and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Tony Halme]], Finnish boxer and politician (d. 2010)\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[Rand Paul]], U.S Senator from Kentucky\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Steven Soderbergh]], American film director\\n* [[January 15]]\n        – [[Mathias D\\u00f6pfner]], journalist and chief executive officer of\n        German media group Axel Springer SE\\n* [[January 16]] – [[James May]],\n        English motoring journalist and television show host\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Ian Crook]], English footballer\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Kai Hansen]],\n        German [[power metal]] guitarist and singer\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Caron\n        Wheeler]], British singer-songwriter ([[Soul II Soul]])\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – [[Firebreaker Chip]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[January\n        21]]\\n** [[Hakeem Olajuwon]], Nigerian basketball player\\n** [[Detlef Schrempf]],\n        German basketball player\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Gail O''Grady]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Arnold Vanderlyde]], Dutch boxer\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Chin Siu-ho]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Jazzie B]], British DJ, music\n        producer ([[Soul II Soul]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Mourinho]], Portuguese football\n        manager\\n** [[Andrew Ridgeley]], English singer\\n* [[January 29]] –\n        [[Octave Octavian Teodorescu]], Romanian composer, vanguard rock musician,\n        multi-instrumentist \\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Daphne Ashbrook]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Thomas Brezina]], Austrian author\\n** [[Sh\\u014dko Tsuda]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Michael Jordan in 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Jordan]]]]\\n[[File:Larry the Cable Guy.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Larry the Cable Guy]]]]\\n[[File:Seal\n        2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Seal (musician)|Seal]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Baldwin, GLAAD\n        Awards 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Baldwin]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[Eva Cassidy]], American vocalist (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Gretel Killeen]], Australian journalist\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Pirmin\n        Zurbriggen]], Swiss alpine skier\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Joshua Kadison]],\n        American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Gene Steratore]], American football official\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[Smiley Culture]], British reggae singer (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Diane Franklin]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Brent Jones]], American football player\\n* [[February 14]]\n        \\n** [[Enrico Colantoni]], Canadian actor\\n** [[D''wayne Wiggins]], American\n        singer-songwriter and record producer ([[Tony! Toni! Ton\\u00e9!]])\\n* [[February\n        17]]\\n** [[Michael Jordan]], American former professional basketball player\\n**\n        [[Larry the Cable Guy]], American actor and comedian \\n* [[February 18]] –\n        [[Rob Andrew]], English rugby union player\\n* [[February 19]] \\n** [[Seal\n        (musician)|Seal]], English singer\\n** [[Jessica Tuck]], American actress\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Charles Barkley]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[William Baldwin]], American actor\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Vijay Singh]], Fiji golfer\\n** [[Don Wakamatsu]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Bobby Bonilla]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – [[Chase Masterson]], American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Virginie Boutaud]], Brazilian singer and actress\n        ([[Metr\\u00f4 (band)|Metr\\u00f4]], Virginie & Fruto Proibido)\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Daniel\n        Roebuck.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Roebuck]]]]\\n[[File:RickRubinSept09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rick\n        Rubin]]]]\\n[[File:Homenaje Gustavo Cerati (15528982867).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fito\n        P\\u00e1ez]]]]\\n[[File:BretMichaels.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Bret Michaels]]]]\\n[[File:VanessaWilliamsHWoFMar2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vanessa\n        Williams]]]]\\n[[File:Susan Ann Sulley - Clapham 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Susan\n        Ann Sulley]]]]\\n[[File:Quentin Tarantino by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Quentin\n        Tarantino]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Thomas Anders]], German singer ([[Modern\n        Talking]])\\n** [[Russell Wong]], American actor\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Tuff\n        Hedeman]], American PRCA World Champion Bull Rider\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Mart\\u00edn Fiz]], Spanish long-distance runner\\n* [[March 4]] \\n** [[Jason\n        Newsted]], American bassist \\n** [[Daniel Roebuck]], American actor\\n* [[March\n        5]]\\n** [[Thomas Hermanns]], German TV-presenter, director, TV-author and\n        comedian\\n** [[Joel Osteen]], American televangelist and son of [[John Osteen]]\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n**[[Kathy Kelly (musician)|Kathy Kelly]], American musician\\n**[[Gary\n        Stevens (jockey)|Gary Stevens]], American jockey\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Kim\n        Ung-yong]], Korean child prodigy\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Rick Rubin]], American\n        music producer\\n* [[March 12]] \\n** [[Farahnaz Pahlavi]], Iranian princess\\n**\n        [[Joaquim Cruz]], Brazilian runner\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]],\n        Argentine musician\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Bruce Reid]], Australian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Mike Rochford]], Major League Baseball pitcher\\n** [[Andrew Fleming]], American\n        film director\\n** [[Mahiro Maeda]], Japanese animators\\n* [[March 15]] –\n        [[Bret Michaels]], American rock singer ([[Poison (American band)|Poison]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]]\\n** [[Lise Simms]], American actress\\n** [[Alex Fong (actor)|Alex\n        Fong]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Jeff LaBar]], American rock\n        guitarist\\n** [[Ratna Pathak]], Indian film actress\\n** [[Vanessa Williams]],\n        African-American beauty queen, actress, and singer\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Mary Scheer]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Annacone]], American tennis player and coach\\n** [[Kathy Ireland]], American\n        model and actress\\n** [[David Thewlis]], English actor\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Ronald Koeman]], Dutch football player and manager\\n* [[March 22]] –\n        [[Susan Ann Sulley]], British musician\\n* [[March 23]] – [[M\\u00edchel\n        (footballer)|Jose Miguel Gonzalez Martin del Campo]], Spanish football player\\n*\n        [[March 24]] – [[John T. Chisholm]], American prosecutor; District Attorney\n        of [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] (2007\\u2013present)  \\n* [[March 25]] –\n        [[Andrew O''Connor (actor)|Andrew O''Connor]], English actor, comedian, magician,\n        television presenter and executive producer\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Natsuhiko\n        Kyogoku]], Japanese writer\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Charly Alberti]], Argentinian\n        musician\\n** [[Dave Koz]], American jazz musician\\n** [[Quentin Tarantino]],\n        American actor, director, writer, and producer\\n** [[Xuxa]], Brazilian television\n        personality\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Chieko Honda]], Japanese voice actress\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Graham Norton Crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Graham\n        Norton]]]]\\n[[File:Rafael Correa in France (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rafael\n        Correa]]]]\\n[[File:Julian Lennon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julian Lennon]]]]\\n[[File:Dean\n        Norris by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dean Norris]]]]\\n[[File:Kasparov-34.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Garry\n        Kasparov]]]]\\n[[File:Joel Murray Deauville 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joel Murray]]]]\\n[[File:Conan\n        O''Brien by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Conan O''Brien]]]]\\n[[File:Jet\n        Li 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jet Li]]]]\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Karl Beattie]],\n        British director, husband of [[Yvette Fielding]]\\n** [[Criss Oliva]], American\n        metal guitarist ([[Savatage]]) (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Jack Del\n        Rio]], American football player and coach\\n** [[Dale Hawerchuk]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Graham Norton]], Irish comedian and talk show host\\n**\n        [[Frank Yallop]], Canadian footballer\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Rafael Correa]],\n        [[President of Ecuador]]\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Julian Lennon]], British\n        musician, son of [[John Lennon]]\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Joe Scarborough]],\n        American newscaster\\n* [[April 10]] \\n** [[Warren DeMartini]], American rock\n        guitarist\\n** [[Doris Leuthard]], Swiss politician and lawyer\\n** [[Dean Norris]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Chris Ferguson]], American poker\n        player\\n* [[April 12]] \\n** [[Michael English (American singer)|Michael English]],\n        American Christian musician\\n** [[Tracy Camilla Johns]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Ai Orikasa]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Garry Kasparov]], Russian chess player\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Beata Szyd\\u0142o]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Poland]]\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Jimmy Osmond]], American\n        singer\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Joel Murray]], American actor\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[Eric McCormack]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Conan O''Brien]], American\n        television entertainer and talk show host\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Valerie\n        Plame]], former United States CIA Operations officer\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Ken\n        Caminiti]], American baseball player (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Roy Dupuis]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[April 24]] – [[T\\u00f5nu Trubetsky]], Estonian rock musician\n        ([[Vennaskond]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Pascal of Bollywood]], French singer\\n*\n        [[April 26]]\\n** [[Jet Li]], Chinese martial artist and actor\\n** [[Colin\n        Scotts]], Australian-born American football player\\n* [[April 27]]\\n** [[Russell\n        T. Davies]], Welsh television producer and writer\\n** [[Cali Timmins]], Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Mike Babcock]], Canadian ice hockey coach\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Michael Waltrip]], American race car driver\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Mike Myers David Shankbone 2010 NYC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike\n        Myers]]]]\\n[[File:Viktor Orb\\u00e1n 2016-02-17.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Viktor Orb\\u00e1n]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] – [[Benjamin LaGuer]], American prisoner proclaiming innocence\n        for more than two decades\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Ray Traylor]], American professional\n        wrestler (\\\"Big Boss Man\\\") (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[James LaBrie]],\n        Canadian vocalist ([[Dream Theater]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Gary Daniels]],\n        British martial artist and actor\\n* [[May 10]] – [[A. Raja]], Indian\n        politician\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Natasha Richardson]], English actress (d.\n        [[2009]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Jerry Trimble]], American actor and martial\n        artist\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Jon Coffelt]], American artist\\n** [[Mercedes Echerer]],\n        Austrian actress and politician\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Wally Dallenbach Jr.]],\n        American race car driver and announcer\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Michael Chabon]],\n        American author\\n** [[Joe Dumars]], American basketball player\\n** [[Rich\n        Rodriguez]], American football coach\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Mike Myers]], Canadian\n        actor and comedian\\n** [[Eha R\\u00fcnne]], Estonian shot putter and discus\n        thrower\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Clive Cowdery]], English insurance entrepreneur\\n**\n        [[Musetta Vander]], South African actress\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Lisa Whelchel]],\n        American actress, singer and writer\\n** [[Tracey E. Bregman]], American actress\n        and designer\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Viktor Orb\\u00e1n]], [[Prime Minister of\n        Hungary]]\\n** [[Wesley Willis]], American outsider musician (d. [[2003]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Lopatka\n        Cazeneuve (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bernard Cazeneuve]]]]\\n[[File:JohnnyDeppHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny\n        Depp]]]]\\n[[File:HelenHunt@ambiente2015.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Helen Hunt]]]]\\n[[File:George_Michael_02_(cropped_4).jpg|thumb|100px|[[George\n        Michael]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[David Westhead]], English actor and producer\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], [[Prime Minister of France]]\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Sean Fitzpatrick]], New Zealand rugby union player\\n*\n        [[June 5]] – [[Joe Rud\\u00e1n]], Hungarian heavy metal singer\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Jason Isaacs]], British actor\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Johnny\n        Depp]], American actor and film director\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Warwick Capper]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Tim DeKay]], American character actor\\n**\n        [[Jerry Lynn]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Bettina\n        Bunge]], German tennis player\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Rambo Amadeus]], Montenegrin\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Helen Hunt]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[The Sandman (wrestler)|The Sandman]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Greg Kinnear]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        18]]\\n** [[Juan Chioran]], Argentine-Canadian actor\\n** [[Rumen Radev]], [[President\n        of Bulgaria]]\\n** [[Bruce Smith (defensive end)|Bruce Smith]], American football\n        player\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Amir Derakh]], American musician\\n* [[June\n        21]]\\n** [[Tiger Huang]], Taiwanese popular singer\\n** [[Ignasius Jonan]],\n        Indonesian Minister \\n** [[Rene Medve\\u0161ek]], Croatian actor\\n** [[Jan\n        Pinkava]], Czech director and writer\\n* [[June 22]] \\n** [[Randy Couture]],\n        American [[mixed martial arts]] fighter\\n** [[Hokutoumi Nobuyoshi]], Japanese\n        sumo wrestler \\n** [[John Tenta]], Canadian wrestler (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June\n        23]]\\n** [[Marianne Berglund]], Swedish former road racing cyclinst\\n** [[Laureen\n        Harper]], wife of Prime Minister of Canada [[Stephen Harper]]\\n** [[Shin Ji-ho]],\n        South Korean politician\\n** [[Liu Cixin]], Chinese science fiction writer\\n**\n        [[Colin Montgomerie]], Scottish golfer\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Preki]], Serbia-born\n        American footballer\\n** [[S\\u00fckhbaataryn Batbold]], Mongolian politician\\n**\n        [[Mike Wieringo]], American comic-book artist (d. [[2007]])\\n** [[Jascha Richter]],\n        Danish single and songwriter, frontman of [[Michael Learns to Rock]]\\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Doug Gilmour]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Yann Martel]], Canadian\n        author\\n** [[George Michael]], British pop musician, lead singer of [[Wham!]]\n        (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Mikhail Khodorkovsky]], Russian businessman,\n        activist and former oligarch\\n* [[June 29]] \\n** [[Anne-Sophie Mutter]], German\n        violinist\\n** [[Thomas W. Gabrielsson]], Swedish actor\\n* [[June 30]] \\n**\n        [[Rupert Graves]], English actor\\n** [[Yngwie Malmsteen]], Swedish guitarist,\n        composer, and bandleader\\n** [[Jaddy Simai Jaddy]], Tanzanian CCM politician\\n**\n        [[Paul Newallo]], Trinidad and Tobago swimmer\\n** [[Vladimir Vermezovi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian football former player and current coach\\n** [[Mark Bourneville]],\n        New Zealander rugby league player\\n** [[In-Jin Yoon]], South Korean sociologist\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Brigitte\n        Nielsen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brigitte Nielsen]]]]\\n[[File:Phoebe Cates at 81st\n        Academy Awards.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Phoebe Cates]]]]\\n[[File:Matti Nyk\\u00e4nen\n        2014-01-30 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matti Nyk\\u00e4nen]]]]\\n[[File:Panama.MartinTorrijos.01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mart\\u00edn\n        Torrijos]]]]\\n[[File:Lisa Kudrow 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lisa Kudrow]]]]\\n* [[July\n        1]]\\n** [[Kenneth Erskine]], British serial killer\\n** [[Rick Hunolt]], American\n        heavy metal guitarist\\n** [[Igor Zhelezovski]], Belarusian speed skater\\n**\n        [[Zhang Zhicheng]], Chinese fencer\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Christopher G.\n        Kennedy]], son of [[Attorney General]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]]\\n* [[July 6]]\n        – [[Miguel Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina]], Basque separatist\\n* [[July 7]]\\n**\n        [[Vonda Shepard]], American pop/rock singer, songwriter, and actress\\n** [[Doug\n        Dunakey]], American professional golfer\\n** [[Ferm\\u00edn Alvarado Arroyo]],\n        Mexican politician\\n** [[Janni Larsen]], Danish female darts player\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Larra\\u00f1aga]], Peruvian swimmer\\n** [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]],\n        Indian filmmaker and screenwriter\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Luis de Jes\\u00fas Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        Dominican attorney, businessman, and entrepreneur\\n** [[Dmitry Pevtsov]],\n        Russian actor\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Fatemeh Goudarzi]], Iranian actress\\n**\n        [[Ian Lougher]], British motorcycle racer\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Lisa Rinna]],\n        American actress\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Spud Webb]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[July 15]] \\n** [[Brigitte Nielsen]], Danish actress\\n** [[Joy\n        Smithers]], Australian actress\\n* [[July 16]] \\n** [[Phoebe Cates]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Mikael Pernfors]], Swedish professional tennis player\\n* [[July\n        17]]\\n** [[Suha Arafat]], widow of [[Yasser Arafat]]\\n** King [[Letsie III\n        of Lesotho]]\\n** [[Regina Belle]], American singer\\u2013songwriter and actress\\n**\n        [[Matti Nyk\\u00e4nen]], Finnish ski jumper\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Mart\\u00edn\n        Torrijos]], [[President of Panama]]\\n** [[Al Snow]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Giant Silva]], Brazilian former national\n        basketball player for the Brazilian national basketball team and later mixed\n        martial artist and professional wrestler\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Emilio Butrague\\u00f1o]],\n        Spanish football player\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Julie Krone]], American jockey\\n**\n        [[Karl Malone]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Donnie\n        Yen]], Hong Kong actor and martial artist\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Beverley\n        Craven]], British singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** [[Jim Beglin]], Irish\n        football commentator\\n** [[Graham Poll]], English football referee\\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Lisa Kudrow]], American actress\\n** [[Chris Mullin (basketball)|Chris\n        Mullin]], American basketball player and executive\\n** [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]\n        (aka Yasmeen Joseph), Indian Bollywood actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:JamesHetfield2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James\n        Hetfield]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Strong (Berlin Film Festival 2011).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark\n        Strong]]]]\\n[[File:Sridevi05.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sridevi]]]]\\n[[File:Emmanuelle\n        B\\u00e9art Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emmanuelle B\\u00e9art]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Stamos at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Stamos]]]]\\n[[File:King Mohammed\n        VI.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mohammed VI of Morocco]]]]\\n[[File:Hideo Kojima 20100702\n        Japan Expo 1.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Hideo Kojima]]]]\\n[[File:Miroslav Cerar (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Miro\n        Cerar]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**[[Demi\\u00e1n Bichir]], Mexican actor\\n**[[Coolio]],\n        African-American rapper\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Laura Bennett]], American\n        fashion designer\\n* [[August 3]]\\n** [[Tasmin Archer]], English singer\\n**\n        [[James Hetfield]], American musician ([[Metallica]])\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**[[Mark\n        Strong]], English actor\\n**[[Doris Schr\\u00f6der-K\\u00f6pf]], German journalist\n        and  wife of German chancellor [[Gerhard Schr\\u00f6der]]\\n* [[August 6]] –\n        [[Kevin Mitnick]], American computer hacker\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Ramon Estevez]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Hiroaki Hirata]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Harold Perrineau]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Wendy van der Plank]], Welsh actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n**\n        [[Rica Fukami]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Emi Shinohara]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n** [[Stephen Walkom]], Canadian ice hockey official and executive\\n*\n        [[August 9]] – [[Whitney Houston]], African-American singer (d. [[2012]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – [[Andrew Sullivan]], British-born American blogger and\n        political commentator\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Sridevi]], Indian actress\\n**\n        [[Steve Higgins]], American writer, producer, announcer, actor, and comedian\\n*\n        [[August 14]] – [[Emmanuelle B\\u00e9art]], French actress\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** [[Alejandro Gonz\\u00e1lez I\\u00f1\\u00e1rritu]], Mexican film director,\n        producer and screenwriter\\n** [[Valery Levaneuski]], entrepreneur, politician,\n        former political prisoner\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Christine Cavanaugh]],\n        American voice actress (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[James Whitbourn]],\n        British composer\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Heino Ferch]], German actor\\n*\n        [[August 19]]\\n** [[John Stamos]], American actor\\n** [[Joey Tempest]], Swedish\n        singer-songwriter ([[Europe (band)|Europe]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\n** [[Richmond\n        Arquette]], American actor\\n** King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco]]\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Tori Amos]], American singer\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Gl\\u00f3ria\n        Pires]], Brazilian actress\\n** [[Hans-Henning Fastrich]], German field hockey\n        player\\n** [[Park Chan-wook]], South Korean film director and screenwriter\n        \\n** [[Kenny Wallace]], American race car driver\\n*\n        [[August 24]] – [[Hideo Kojima]], Japanese director, screenwriter, video\n        game designer and video game producer\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Miro Cerar]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]]\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Liu Huan]], Chinese\n        singer\\n** [[Michael Tao]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Chiklis]], American actor\\n** [[Phil Mills]], British race car driver\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Todd Carty]], Irish actor\\n** [[Egyptian Lover]], African-American\n        rapper, DJ and producer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Eazy-E.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eazy-E]]]]\\n[[File:Dan\n        Povenmire Comic-Con 2009.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Dan Povenmire]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Carola Smit]], Dutch musician\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Geert\n        Wilders]], Dutch politician\\n* [[September 7]]\\n**[[Eazy-E]], African-American\n        rapper (d. [[1995]])\\n**[[Karen Dianne Baldwin]], [[Miss Universe 1982]]\\n*\n        [[September 8]] – [[Li Ning]], Chinese gymnast\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        [[Markus Wasmeier]], German alpine-skier\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Randy\n        Johnson]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Joey Dedio]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Norberto Barba]], American cinematographer\n        and film director\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Robert Herjavec]], Canadian\n        businessman, investor, and television personality\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Stephen C. Spiteri]], Maltese military historian\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Richard Marx]], American pop/rock singer\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Masahiro\n        Chono]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**[[Christopher\n        Heyerdahl]], Canadian actor\\n**[[Dan Povenmire]], American animator and voice\n        actor\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jarvis Cocker]], English rock musician ([[Pulp\n        (band)|Pulp]])\\n** [[David Seaman]], English football goalkeeper\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Cecil Fielder]], American baseball player\\n** [[Angus Macfadyen]],\n        Scottish actor\\n** [[Mamoru Samuragochi]], Japanese impostor\\n* [[September\n        28]] \\n** [[Steve Blackman]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Elliot\n        Levine]], Keyboardist ([[Heatwave]])\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Dave Andreychuk]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Les Claypool]], American bassist ([[Primus (band)|Primus]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Elisabeth\n        Shue at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elisabeth Shue]]]]\\n[[File:Norm\n        Macdonald.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Norm Macdonald]]]]\\n[[File:FarinUrlaub credit\n        JoergSteinmetz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Farin Urlaub]]]]\\n[[File:Lauren Holly lf.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lauren\n        Holly]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah Brown 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah Jane Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny\n        Marr University of Salford 2012 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny Marr]]]]\\n[[File:Rob\n        Schneider, USO tour, Nov 16 2001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rob Schneider]]]]\\n* [[October\n        1]] – [[Mark McGwire]], American baseball player\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**\n        Dame [[Laura Davies]], English golfer\\n** [[Ronni Le Tekr\\u00f8]], Norwegian\n        guitarist ([[TNT (band)|TNT]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Elisabeth Shue]],\n        American actress\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Anita Mui]], Hong Kong singer (d.\n        [[2003]])\\n** [[Daniel Pearl]], American journalist (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Jolanda\n        de Rover]], Dutch swimmer\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Mabi de Almeida]], Angolan\n        professional football coach (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Lane Frost]], American rodeo\n        champion (d. [[1989]])\\n** [[Satoshi Kon]], Japanese anime director (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Dave Legeno]], English actor and mixed martial artist (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[October\n        14]]\\n** [[Alan McDonald (association football)|Alan McDonald]], Northern\n        Irish footballer\\n** [[Lori Petty]], American actress, director, and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Norm Macdonald]], Canadian comedian\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[Sinitta]], Anglo-US singer\\n* [[October 20]] – [[John\n        Storg\\u00e5rds]], Finnish conductor and violinist\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        [[Brian Boitano]], American figure skater\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Thomas Di\n        Leva]], Swedish singer\\n** [[Wilson Yip]], Hong Kong actor and director\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – [[John Lev\\u00e9n]], Swedish bassist ([[Europe (band)|Europe]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]]\\n** [[Natalie Merchant]], American singer, songwriter, and\n        musician\\n** [[Ted Demme]], American director and producer (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]] \\n** [[Johnny Adair]], Northern Irish/Ulster loyalist\\n** [[Feyyaz\n        U\\u00e7ar]], Turkish footballer\\n** [[Farin Urlaub]], German singer, band\n        [[Die \\u00c4rzte]]\\n** [[Marla Maples]], American actress and television personality\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Lauren Holly]], American actress\\n* [[October 30]]\n        – [[Kristina Wagner]], American actress\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Sarah\n        Jane Brown]], wife of British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]]\\n** [[Johnny\n        Marr]], English musician\\n** [[Fred McGriff]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Dermot Mulroney]], American actor\\n** [[Rob Schneider]], American actor,\n        comedian, and film director\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Gabby Concepcion at\n        the KC Concepcion Live US Concert Tour, November 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gabby\n        Concepcion]]]]\\n[[File:Nicollette Sheridan at the Beowulf premiere.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicollette\n        Sheridan]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Rick Allen (drummer)|Rick Allen]], British\n        rock musician ([[Def Leppard]])\\n** [[Mark Hughes]], Welsh football player\n        & manager\\n** [[Katja Riemann]], German actress\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Dall]], American rock bassist ([[Poison (American band)|Poison]])\\n** [[Craig\n        Saavedra]], American filmmaker\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Lena Zavaroni]],\n        Scottish entertainer (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Gabby Concepcion]],\n        Filipino actor\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Rozz Williams]], American singer\n        (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[John Barnes (footballer)|John Barnes]],\n        Jamaican-born English footballer\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Paul Butcher\n        (American football)|Paul Butcher]], American football linebacker\\n* [[November\n        10]] – [[Hugh Bonneville]], British actor\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[Kip James]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Vinny\n        Testaverde]], American football player\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Benny\n        Elias]], Australian rugby player\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Dante Bichette]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Terry Farrell (actress)|Terry\n        Farrell]], American actress\\n** [[Jon Potter]], British field hockey player\\n**\n        [[Peter Schmeichel]], Danish football player\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Nicollette\n        Sheridan]], English actress\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Winsor Harmon]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Troy Hurtubise]], Canadian inventor\\n**\n        [[Yoshino Takamori]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Holly\n        Cole]], Canadian jazz singer\\n** [[Bernie Kosar]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Kevin Chamberlin]], American actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jcvarela.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Juan\n        Carlos Varela]]]]\\n[[File:Benjamin Bratt - parade Grand Master.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benjamin\n        Bratt]]]]\\n[[File:Brad Pitt Fury 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brad Pitt]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer\n        Beals at GLAAD Awards cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jennifer Beals]]]]\\n[[File:TilSchweiger\n        2009 Toronto International Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Til Schweiger]]]]\\n[[File:Joel\n        Gretsch by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joel Gretsch]]]]\\n[[File:LarsUlrichComicCon.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Lars\n        Ulrich]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Ann Patchett]], American novelist\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Terri Schiavo]], American right-to-die cause c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Sergey Bubka]], Ukrainian pole vaulter\\n*\n        [[December 7]] \\n** [[Mark Bowen (footballer)|Mark Bowen]], Welsh footballer\\n**\n        [[Paul Dobson (actor)|Paul Dobson]], British voice actor\\n* [[December 8]]\\n**\n        [[Greg Howe]], American guitarist\\n** [[Toshiaki Kawada]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[December 9]] – [[B\\u00e1rbara Palacios]], [[Miss Universe\n        1986]]\\n* [[December 12]] \\n** [[Juan Carlos Varela]], Panamian politician\n        and 37th [[President of Panama]]\\n** [[Ai Orikasa]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[December 13]]\\n** [[Uwe-Jens Mey]], German speed skater\\n** [[Jake White]],\n        South African rugby coach\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Cynthia Gibb]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Vytautas Juozapaitis]], Lithuanian baritone, professor and television\n        host\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Benjamin Bratt]], American actor\\n** [[Jeff\n        Carson]], American singer\\n** [[B\\u00e4rbel Sch\\u00e4fer]], German television\n        presenter and talk show host\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Pauline Ester]], French\n        singer\\n** [[Rikiya Koyama]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Charles Oakley]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Brad Pitt]], American actor and film producer,\n        co-founder of [[Plan B Entertainment]]\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[Jennifer\n        Beals]], American actress\\n** [[Til Schweiger]], German actor\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Joel Gretsch]], American actor \\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[Govinda\n        Ahuja]], Indian actor and politician\\n** [[Jacques Simonet]], Belgian politician\n        (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Vladdo|Vladimir Fl\\u00f3rez]], Colombian\n        cartoonist\\n** [[Bryan Gunn]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[Russell Lewis]],\n        British television writer and former child actor\\n** [[Luna H. Mitani]], Japanese-American\n        Surrealist painter\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Jim Harbaugh]], American football\n        player and coach\\n** [[Jess Harnell]], American voice actor\\n** [[Donna Tartt]],\n        American author\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Sanjay Mehrotra]], Indian entrepreneur\n        \\n* [[December 26]] – [[Lars Ulrich]], Danish rock drummer ([[Metallica]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]]\\n** [[Francisco Bustamante]], Filipino billiard player\\n**\n        [[Sean Payton]], American football coach\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Kim\n        Hill (singer)|Kim Hill]], American Christian singer\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        [[Wei Brian]], Chinese entrepreneur\\n* [[Gregory Henriquez]], Canadian architect\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Sylvanus\n        Olympio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sylvanus Olympio]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad Ali of Bogra.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mohammad\n        Ali Bogra]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Frost NYWTS.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Frost]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Filippo Del Giudice]], Italian film producer (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Robert S. Kerr]], American businessman and politician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Jack Carson]], Canadian actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Al Mamaux]], professional\n        baseball player and manager (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Dick Powell]], American actor\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Rogers Hornsby]], American baseball player,\n        ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Erik Strandmark]], Swedish film actor (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n**\n        [[Frank Tuttle]], American film director (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Stark Young]],\n        American teacher, playwright, novelist, painter, literary critic, and essayist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Erik Lundqvist]], Swedish athlete\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[Boris Morros]], American movie producer\n        and FBI double agent (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Jack Okey]], American art director\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Kay Sage]], American poet (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 9]]\n        – [[Enea Bossi, Sr.]], Italian-born American aerospace engineer and\n        aviation pioneer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Franz Planer]],\n        European film cinematographer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Arthur\n        Nock]], English classicist, theologian, and [[Harvard University]] professor\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Sonny Clark]], American jazz pianist\n        (b. [[1931]])\\n** [[Sylvanus Olympio]], Togolese politician, 1st [[President\n        of Togo]] (assassinated) (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n G\\u00f3mez de la Serna]],\n        Spanish writer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Gustav Regler]],\n        German Socialist novelist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Cesare\n        Fantoni]], Italian actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Gilardo Gilardi]],\n        Argentine composer, pianist, and conductor (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Mario Ruspoli,\n        2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa]] (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Hugh Gaitskell]],\n        British politician, leader of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh]], British mathematician (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Fyodor Terentyev]], Soviet Olympic cross-country skiier (b.\n        [[1925]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Al St. John]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[January 23]]\\n** [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]], Pakistani statesman, politician\n        and diplomat, 3rd [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[J\\u00f3zef\n        Gos\\u0142awski (sculptor)|J\\u00f3zef Gos\\u0142awski]], Polish sculptor and\n        medallic artist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Otto Harbach]], American\n        lyricist and librettist (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Kenneth Western]], part of The\n        Western Brothers (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Marion Sunshine]],\n        American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Ole Olsen (comedian)|Ole\n        Olsen]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Jean Piccard]],\n        Swiss-born chemist and engineer (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Evelyn Francisco]], silent\n        film actress (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[John Farrow]], American\n        film director (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Anthony Coldeway]], American\n        screenwriter (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Robert Frost]], American poet (b. [[1874]])\\n**\n        [[Lee Meadows]], professional baseball player (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n**\n        [[Jane Gail]], American silent movie and stage actress (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Cecil\n        McGivern]], British broadcasting executive and writer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Francis\n        Poulenc]], French composer (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Alasgar Alakbarov]],\n        Azerbaijani actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Ossie Vitt]], professional baseball\n        player and manager (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Qasim in uniform.png|thumbnail|110px|[[Abd\n        al-Karim Qasim]]]]\\n[[File:Fernando Tambroni-1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fernando\n        Tambroni]]]]\\n[[File:Food Minister Rajendra Prasad during a radio broadcast\n        in Dec 1947 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rajendra Prasad]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Louis D. Lighton]], American screenwriter and producer (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Wyndham Standing]], English actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 2]] –\n        [[William Gaxton]], star of vaudeville, film, and theatre (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[February 6]] \\n** [[Abd el-Krim]], Riffian political and military leader\n        (b. [[1882/83]])\\n** [[Piero Manzoni]], Italian artist (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[February\n        8]]\\n** [[George Dolenz]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Ernst Glaeser]],\n        German writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]],\n        Iraqi general, 24th [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] (executed) (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Sylvia Plath]], American poet and novelist (b. [[1932]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]]\\n** [[Edgardo Donato]], Uruguayan tango composer and orchestra\n        leader (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Louis J. Gasnier]], French film director (b. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Bump Hadley]], Major League Baseball pitcher (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Else Jarlbak]], Danish film actress (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3\n        Lajtha]], Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist and conductor (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]]\\n** [[Monte Blue]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Beppe\n        Fenoglio]], Italian writer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Tokugawa Iemasa]], Japanese\n        politician, 17th head of the former [[Tokugawa shogunate]] (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Fernando Tambroni]], Italian politician and 36th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n** Patriarch [[Zareh I]] (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Benny Mor\\u00e9]], Cuban singer (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ferenc\n        Fricsay]], Hungarian conductor (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Jacob Gade]], Danish violinist\n        and composer (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Bill Hinchman]], American professional baseball\n        player (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Arthur Guy Empey]], British\n        soldier, author, screenwriter, and actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 24]]\n        – [[Herbert Asbury]], American journalist and writer (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Rajendra Prasad]], Indian politician, 1st [[President\n        of India]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Eppa Rixey]], American baseball player ([[Cincinnati\n        Reds]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Irish Meusel]], American professional baseball player\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[William Carlos Williams]], American\n        writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Patsy Cline]], American singer [[plane\n        crash]] (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Cowboy Copas]], American country music singer\n        [[plane crash]] (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Ludde Gentzel]], Swedish film actor (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n** [[Hawkshaw Hawkins]], American country music singer [[plane\n        crash]] (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Cyril Smith (actor)|Cyril Smith]], Scottish actor\n        [[heart attack]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Robert E. Cornish]],\n        scientist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Joachim Holst-Jensen]], Norwegian\n        film actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Ignat Bednarik]], Romanian\n        painter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Joe Judge]], American professional baseball player\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\n** [[Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[William Beveridge]], British economist (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]]\\n** [[Thomas Lennon (screenwriter, born 1896)|Thomas Lennon]],\n        screenwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Lizzie Miles]], African American blues singer\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Hubert Gough]], British general (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Wanda Hawley]], American actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Manuel\n        Arteaga y Betancourt]], Cuban cardinal (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Felice Minotti]], Italian film actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Cilly\n        Aussem]], German tennis champion (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Abraham Ellstein]], American\n        composer for Yiddish entertainments (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Mih\\u00e1ly Sz\\u00e9kely]],\n        Hungarian bass singer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Thoralf Skolem]],\n        Norwegian mathematician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Felix Adler\n        (screenwriter)|Felix Adler]], American screenwriter (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Jean Bruce]], French writer (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[March 27]] –\n        [[Harry Piel]], German actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Antoine Balp\\u00eatr\\u00e9]], French film\n        actor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Frank J. Marion]], American motion picture pioneer\n        (b. [[1869]])\\n** [[Alec Templeton]], Welsh composer, pianist and satirist\n        \\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Pola Gojawiczy\\u0144ska]], Polish writer (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Wilcy Moore]], American professional baseball player (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Henry\n        Bordeaux]], French writer and lawyer (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[March 31]] –\n        [[Harry Akst]], American songwriter (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:AlmaRichards.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alma\n        Richards]]]]\\n[[File:Catanoso.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Gaetano Catanoso]]]]\\n[[File:Felix\n        Manalo 2014 stamp of the Philippines.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Felix Manalo]]]]\\n[[File:Yitzhak\n        Ben-Zvi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Agnes\n        Mowinckel]], Norwegian actress and stage producer (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Alma Richards]], American Olympic gold medalist (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Gaetano Catanoso]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and\n        saint (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jason Robards, Sr.]], American stage and screen\n        actor, [[heart attack]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Oskari Tokoi]], leader of the\n        Social Democratic Party of Finland (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Mario\n        Fabrizi]], comedian and actor, [[Stress (biology)|stress]]-related illness\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Otto Struve]], Russian\\u2013American astronomer (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Amedeo Maiuri]], Neapolitan archaeologist (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 9]]\\n** [[Eddie Edwards (musician)|Eddie Edwards]], American jazz\n        trombonist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Benno Moiseiwitsch]], Jewish-Ukrainian pianist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Xul Solar]], Argentine painter, sculptor, writer (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Nando Bruno]], Italian film actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]]\\n** [[Felix Manalo]], 1st Executive Minister, Iglesia ni Cristo\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Herbie Nichols]], American jazz pianist and composer (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Abdel Messih El-Makari]], Egyptian [[Coptic\n        Orthodox]] monk, priest and saint (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Arthur Jonath]], German\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Kod\\u014d Nomura]], Japanese novelist\n        and music critic (b. [[1882]])\\n** Mahapandit [[Rahul Sankrityayan]], Indian\n        historian, writer, and scholar (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Guy\n        Edward Hearn|Edward Hearn]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 23]]\\n**\n        [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]], Israel historian and politician, 2nd [[President of Israel]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Ferruccio Cerio]], Italian film writer and director (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n** [[Paul Fejos]], Hungarian film director (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Harry\n        Harper]], professional baseball player (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Don C. Harvey]],\n        American television and film actor, [[cardiac arrest]] (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Frederick\n        Peters (actor)|Frederick Peters]], American film actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Rino Corso Fougier]], Italian air force general (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Leonid Lukov]], Soviet film director and screenwriter (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April\n        25]] – [[Christopher Hassall]], English actor, dramatist, librettist,\n        lyricist, and poet (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Roland Pertwee]],\n        English playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Kenneth Macgowan]], American film producer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]]\\n** [[Giovanni Grasso]], Italian film actor (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[William C. Mellor]], American cinematographer, [[heart attack]] (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Bryant Washburn]], American film actor, [[heart attack]] (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Bobby\n        Kerr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Kerr (athlete)|Robert Kerr]]]]\\n[[File:MehdiFrasheri.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mehdi\n        Frasheri]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Lope K. Santos]], Filipino writer, Father\n        of [[Filipino language|Philippine National Language and Grammar]] (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Van Wyck Brooks]], American literary critic and writer\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Mohamed Khemisti]], [[Minister of Foreign\n        Affairs of Algeria]] (assassinated) (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Monty\n        Woolley]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 7]] \\n** [[Theodore von K\\u00e1rm\\u00e1n]],\n        Hungarian-American engineer and physicist (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Max Miller (comedian)|Max\n        Miller]], British music hall performer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]], American physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Robert\n        Kerr (athlete)|Robert Kerr]], Canadian Olympic athlete (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[A.\n        W. Tozer]], American Protestant pastor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Ernie Davis]], American football player, first African-American to win the\n        [[Heisman Trophy]] (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Elmore James]], American\n        blues guitarist (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Mehdi Frash\\u00ebri]],\n        Albanian politician, 15th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Netta Muskett]], British novelist (b. 1887)\\n* [[May 31]] –\n        [[Edith Hamilton]], German-born author (b. [[1867]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Pope\n        John XXIII - 1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope John XXIII]]]]\\n[[File:Madre Lupita.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maria\n        Guadalupe Garcia Zavala]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Pope John XXIII]] (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[N\\u00e2z\\u0131m Hikmet]], Turkish poet (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[William Baziotes]], American painter (b. [[1912]])       \\n* [[June 7]]\n        – [[ZaSu Pitts]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Antony\n        Thachuparambil]], Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] priest and servant of God\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Jacques Villon]], French painter (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[June\n        10]] – [[Anita King]], American actress and race-car driver (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]]\\n** [[Th\\u00edch Qu\\u1ea3ng \\u0110\\u1ee9c]], Vietnamese Buddhist\n        monk (suicide) (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Syed Abdul Rahim]], First Indian national\n        football manager (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Alfred V. Kidder]], American archaeologist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 12]] \\n** [[Medgar Evers]], African-American civil\n        rights activist (b. [[1925]]) \\n** [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham\n        of Hyndhope|Andrew Cunningham]], British admiral (b. [[1883]]) \\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n**[[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Alan Brooke]], British Field\n        Marshal (b. [[1883]])\\n**[[Robert James Hudson]], [[Governor of Southern Rhodesia]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[John Cowper Powys]], novelist (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Pedro Armend\\u00e1riz]], Mexican actor (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[Maria Guadalupe Garcia Zavala]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]]\n        religious professed and saint (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[John\n        Maurice Clark]], American economist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Frank\n        Baker]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        Sultan [[Abdullah bin Khalifa of Zanzibar]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[July 6]] –\n        [[George, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Teddy Wakelam]], English sports broadcaster\n        and rugby union player (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Slatan Dudow]],\n        Bulgarian film director (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Carlos Manuel\n        Rodr\\u00edguez Santiago]], Puerto Rican [[Roman Catholic]] layperson and blessed\n        (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Jack Solomon]], American restaurateur\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Georges Braque, 1908, photograph published\n        in Gelett Burgess, The Wild Men of Paris, Architectural Record, May 1910.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Georges\n        Braque]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Theodore Roethke]], American poet (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Oliver La Farge]], American writer (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Tom Keene (actor)|Tom Keene]], American\n        actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy]], American\n        infant son of President and Mrs. Kennedy\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Estes\n        Kefauver]], American politician (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Clem\n        Bevans]], American actor (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Clifford\n        Odets]], American playwright (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Richard\n        Barthelmess]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Joan\n        Vo\\u00fbte]], Dutch astronomer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[William\n        Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield]], British businessman and a philanthropist\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Larry Keating]], American actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[James Kirkwood, Sr.]], American film\n        director (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], American\n        civil rights activist (b. [[1868]])\\n** [[Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi]], Indian\n        founder of the Khaksar Movement (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Guy\n        Burgess]], British spy, one of the [[Cambridge Five]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[August\n        31]] – [[Georges Braque]], French painter (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Linkomies\n        1960.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edwin Linkomies]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Louis\n        MacNeice]], Irish poet (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Robert Schuman]],\n        French statesman, a [[Founding fathers of the European Union|founding father\n        of the European Union]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Edwin Linkomies]],\n        25th [[Prime Minister of Finland]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Suzanne Duchamp]], French painter (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 13]] –\n        [[Eduardo Barrios]],  Chilean writer and poet (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] – [[Modest Altschuler]], Belarus-born American composer (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]] – [[Feng Zhanhai]], Chinese military leader and government\n        official (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Eduard Spranger]], German\n        philosopher and psychologist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[David\n        Low (cartoonist)|David Low]], New Zealand cartoonist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September\n        25]]\\n** [[Alexander Sakharoff]], Russian dancer and choreographer (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Kurt Zeitzler]], German Army officer (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-S01144, Berlin, Gustav Gr%C3%BCndgens als %27Hamlet%27.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustaf\n        Grundgens]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00c9dith Piaf 914-6440.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9dith\n        Piaf]]]] \\n[[File:Jean Cocteau b Meurisse 1923.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jean Cocteau]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 4]] \\n** [[Lloyd Fredendall]], American general (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Kate Gordon Moore]], American psychologist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 7]]\n        – [[Gustaf Gr\\u00fcndgens]], German actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October\n        9]] – [[Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt]] (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[\\u00c9dith Piaf]], French singer and actress (b. [[1915]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Jean Cocteau]], French writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October\n        15]] – [[Alan Goodrich Kirk]], American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Diana Churchill]], daughter of Winston Churchill (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – [[Jean Decoux]], French admiral, [[Governor-General\n        of French Indochina]] (1940-1945) (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Karl\n        B\\u00fchler]], German psychologist and linguist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Beverly\n        Wills]], American actress (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[October 25]] \\n** [[Roger D\\u00e9sormi\\u00e8re]],\n        French conductor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rn \\u00de\\u00f3r\\u00f0arson]],\n        9th [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        [[Adolphe Menjou]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 31]] –\n        [[Henry Daniell]], English actor (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ngo\n        Dinh Diem - Thumbnail - ARC 542189.png|thumb|110px|[[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ng\\u00f4\n        \\u0110\\u00ecnh Di\\u1ec7m]]]]\\n[[File:John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John\n        F. Kennedy]]]]\\n* [[November 1]]\\n** [[Elsa Maxwell]], American gossip columnist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[L\\u00ea Quang Tung]], South Vietnamese military leader\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1923]]) \\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh\n        Di\\u1ec7m]], Vietnamese politician, 1st [[President of South Vietnam]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1901]]) \\n** [[Ng\\u00f4 \\u0110\\u00ecnh Nhu]], South Vietnamese military\n        leader (assassinated) (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Carlos Magalh\\u00e3es\n        de Azeredo]], Brazilian poet and writer (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        [[Luis Cernuda]], Spanish poet (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 12]]\\n**[[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Gatica]], Argentine boxer (b. [[1925]])\\n**[[John R. Hodge]], United\n        States Army general (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Fritz Reiner]],\n        Hungarian conductor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Albert H. Pearson]],\n        American politician (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Carmen Amaya]],\n        Spanish dancer (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Robert Stroud]],\n        American prisoner, known as the \\\"[[Birdman of Alcatraz]]\\\" (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Beiglb\\u00f6ck]], German [[Nazism|Nazi]] physician\n        at [[Dachau concentration camp]] (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Aldous Huxley]], British\n        writer (''''[[Brave New World]]'''') (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[John F. Kennedy]],\n        American politician, 35th [[President of the United States]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[C. S. Lewis]], Irish-born British critic, novelist (''''[[The\n        Chronicles of Narnia]]'''') and Christian apologist (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[J.\n        D. Tippit]], American [[police officer]] with the [[Dallas Police Department]]\n        (b. [[1924]]) \\n* [[November 24]] – [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], American\n        assassin of President John F. Kennedy (assassinated) (b. [[1939]])[[Warren\n        Commission]] Report.\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Amelita Galli-Curci]],\n        Italian opera singer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Ernesto Lecuona]],\n        Cuban composer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\n** [[Phil Baker (comedian)|Phil\n        Baker]], American comedian and radio personality (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Cyril\n        Newall, 1st Baron Newall]], British Air Marshal and State servant, 6th [[Governor-General\n        of New Zealand]] (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        146-1983-098-20a, Heuss.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theodor Heuss]]]]\\n[[File:Hubert\n        Pierlot 1947.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hubert Pierlot]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Hindemith 1923.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul\n        Hindemith]]]]\\n* December – [[Andy Kennedy (footballer, born 1897)|Andy\n        Kennedy]], Northern Ireland footballer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 2]]\\n**\n        [[Sabu Dastagir]], Indian-American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Thomas Hicks\n        (athlete)|Thomas Hicks]], American runner (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 5]]\n        – [[Karl Amadeus Hartmann]], German composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December\n        10]] – [[K. M. Panikkar]], Indian scholar, diplomat and journalist (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[December 12]]\\n** [[Theodor Heuss]], German politician, 5th\n        [[President of Germany]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Yasujir\\u014d Ozu]], Japanese\n        filmmaker (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Hubert Pierlot]], Belgian\n        lawyer and jurist, 32nd [[Prime Minister of Belgium]], leader of the [[World\n        War II]] (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Dinah Washington]], African-American jazz/blues\n        singer (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Rikid\\u014dzan]], Korean-born\n        Japanese professional wrestler (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Jack\n        Hobbs]], English cricketer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Tristan\n        Tzara]], French poet (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Gorgeous George]],\n        American professional wrestler (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Hindemith]], German composer (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[A. J. Liebling]], American\n        journalist (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*[[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Eugene Wigner]], [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]],\n        and [[J. Hans D. Jensen]]\\n*[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Karl Ziegler]] and [[Giulio Natta]]\\n*[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Sir John Carew Eccles]], [[Alan Lloyd Hodgkin]], and\n        [[Andrew Huxley]]\\n*[[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Giorgos\n        Seferis]]\\n*[[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[International Committee\n        of the Red Cross]], League of Red Cross Societies\\n\\n==References ==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1963}}\\n\\n[[Category:1963|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:02Z\",\"lastrevid\":798562574,\"length\":86602,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963\"},\"34550\":{\"pageid\":34550,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1964\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T03:45:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1964}}\\n{{Events by month|1964}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1964}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1964}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1964}}\\n[[File:Lbj2.jpg|thumb|115px|right| [[January 8]]:\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''s [[War on Poverty]]]]\\n* January –\n        The [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] is dissolved.\\n* [[January 5]]\\n**\n        U.S. Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] announces that he will seek the Republican\n        nomination for President.\\n** In the first meeting between leaders of the\n        Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches since the [[15th century]], [[Pope Paul\n        VI]] and [[Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople]] meet in Jerusalem.\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – A British firm, the Leyland Motor Corp., announces the\n        sale of 450 buses to the Cuban government, challenging the United States blockade\n        of [[Cuba]].\\n* [[January 8]] – In his first State of the Union Address,\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] declares a \\\"[[War on Poverty]]\\\".\\n* [[January\n        9]] – ''''[[Martyrs'' Day (Panama)|Martyrs'' Day]]'''': Armed clashes\n        between United States troops and Panamanian civilians in the [[Panama Canal\n        Zone]] precipitate a major international crisis, resulting in the deaths of\n        21 Panamanians and 4 U.S. soldiers.\\n* [[January 10]] – ''''[[Introducing...\n        The Beatles]]'''' is released by Chicago''s Vee-Jay Records to get the jump\n        on Capitol Records'' release of ''''[[Meet the Beatles!]]'''', scheduled for\n        January 20. The two record companies fight over Vee-Jay''s release of this\n        album in court.\\n* [[January 11]] – [[United States Surgeon General]]\n        [[Luther Terry]] reports that smoking may be hazardous to one''s health (the\n        first such statement from the U.S. government).\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Zanzibar\n        Revolution]]: The predominantly Arab government of [[Zanzibar]] is overthrown\n        by African nationalist rebels; a United States Navy destroyer evacuates 61\n        U.S. citizens.\\n** Routine U.S. naval patrols of the [[South China Sea]] begin.\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – In [[Manchester, New Hampshire]], 14-year-old Pamela\n        Mason is murdered. Edward Coolidge is tried and convicted of the crime, but\n        the conviction is set aside by the landmark [[Fourth Amendment to the United\n        States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] case \\\"[[Coolidge v. New Hampshire|Coolidge\n        vs. New Hampshire]] (1971).\\\"\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** Musical ''''[[Hello, Dolly!\n        (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'''' opens in New York''s St. James Theatre.\\n**\n        [[John Glenn]], the first American to orbit the Earth, resigns from [[NASA]].\\n*\n        [[January 17]] \\n** [[John Glenn]] announces that he will seek the Democratic\n        nomination for U.S. Senator from [[Ohio]].\\n** [[Roald Dahl]]''s ''''[[Charlie\n        and the Chocolate Factory]]'''' is published by [[Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.]]\n        in the United States. It will later be published by [[George Allen & Unwin]]\n        in the United Kingdom on November 23.\\n* [[January 18]] – Plans to build\n        the New York City [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] are\n        announced.\\n* [[January 20]] – ''''[[Meet the Beatles!]]'''', the first\n        [[Beatles]] album from [[Capitol Records]] in the United States, is released\n        ten days after Chicago''s [[Vee-Jay Records]] releases ''''[[Introducing...\n        The Beatles]]''''. The two record companies battle it out in court for months,\n        eventually coming to a conclusion.\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Kenneth Kaunda]]\n        is inaugurated as the first Prime Minister of [[Northern Rhodesia]].\\n* [[January\n        23]]\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] institutes the World Day of Prayer for Vocations.\n        During this celebration the Pope reminds the universal Church that still today\n        salvation comes to everyone. It continues to be celebrated every Fourth Sunday\n        of Easter also known as Good Shepherd Sunday.\\n** Thirteen years after its\n        proposal and nearly 2 years after its passage by the [[United States Senate]],\n        the [[24th Amendment to the United States Constitution]], prohibiting the\n        use of [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]]es in national elections, is ratified.\\n**\n        [[Arthur Miller]]''s [[After the Fall (play)|''''After the Fall'''']] opens\n        [[Off-Broadway]]. A semi-autobiographical work, it arouses controversy over\n        his portrayal of late ex-wife [[Marilyn Monroe]].\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** France\n        and the People''s Republic of China announce their decision to establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** U.S. Senator [[Margaret Chase Smith]], 66, announces her candidacy\n        for the Republican presidential nomination.\\n* [[January 28]] – A U.S.\n        Air Force jet training plane that strays into [[East Germany]] is shot down\n        by Soviet fighters near [[Erfurt]]; all 3 crew men are killed.\\n* [[January\n        29]]\\u2013[[February 9]] – The [[1964 Winter Olympics]] are held in\n        [[Innsbruck]], Austria.\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] launches\n        2 scientific [[satellite]]s, Elektron I and II, from a single rocket.\\n**\n        [[Ranger 6]] is launched by [[NASA]], on a mission to carry television cameras\n        and crash-land on the Moon.\\n* [[January 30]] – General [[Nguy\\u1ec5n\n        Kh\\u00e1nh]] leads a bloodless military coup d''\\u00e9tat, replacing [[D\\u01b0\\u01a1ng\n        V\\u0103n Minh]] as Prime Minister of South Vietnam.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|February 1964}}\\n* [[February 1]] – [[The Beatles]] vault to\n        the #1 spot on the U.S. singles charts for the first time, with \\\"[[I Want\n        to Hold Your Hand]]\\\", starting the [[British Invasion]] in America.\\n* [[February\n        3]] – Protesting against alleged de facto school [[racial segregation]],\n        Black and Puerto Rican groups in New York City boycott [[Public school (government\n        funded)|public schools]].\\n* [[February 4]] – The [[Federal government\n        of the United States|Government of the United States]] authorizes the [[Twenty-fourth\n        Amendment to the United States Constitution]], outlawing the [[Poll tax (United\n        States)|poll tax]].\\n* [[February 5]] – India backs out of its promise\n        to hold a plebiscite in the disputed territory of Kashmir. In 1948, India\n        had taken the issue of Kashmir to the United Nations Security Council and\n        offered to hold a plebiscite in the held Kashmir under UN supervision.\\n*\n        [[February 6]] – [[Cuba]] cuts off the normal water supply to the United\n        States [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]], in reprisal for the U.S. seizure 4 days\n        earlier of 4 Cuban fishing boats off the coast of [[Florida]].\\n* [[February\n        7]]\\n** A [[Jackson, Mississippi]], jury, trying [[Byron De La Beckwith]]\n        for the murder of [[Medgar Evers]] in June [[1963]], reports that it cannot\n        reach a verdict, resulting in a mistrial.\\n** [[The Beatles]] arrive from\n        England at New York City''s [[JFK International Airport]], receiving a tumultuous\n        reception from a throng of screaming fans, marking the first occurrence of\n        \\\"[[Beatlemania]]\\\" in the United States.\\n* [[February 9]] – [[The\n        Beatles]] appear on ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'''', marking their first\n        live performance on American television. Seen by an estimated 73 million viewers,\n        the appearance becomes the catalyst for the mid-1960s \\\"[[British Invasion]]\\\"\n        of American popular music.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** Greeks and Turks begin fighting\n        in [[Limassol]], [[Cyprus]].\\n** The [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) severs\n        diplomatic relations with France because of French recognition of the People''s\n        Republic of China.\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** ''''[[Wesberry v. Sanders]]''''\n        (376 US 1 1964): The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that [[Congress\n        of the United States|congressional]] districts have to be approximately equal\n        in population.\\n** Gabonese president [[L\\u00e9on M''ba]] is toppled by [[1964\n        Gabon coup d''\\u00e9tat|a military coup]] and his archrival, [[Jean-Hilaire\n        Aubame]], is installed in his place. However, French intervention restores\n        M''ba''s government the next day.\\n* [[February 23]] – Chrysler''s [[Chrysler\n        Hemi engine#426: The Elephant|second generation hemi]] racing engine debuts\n        at the [[1964 Daytona 500|Daytona 500]]. The 426 hemi-powered [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]]\n        of [[Richard Petty]] (#43) wins. Hemi-powered Plymouths finish 1-2-3.\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Cassius Clay]] (later [[Muhammad Ali]]) beats [[Sonny Liston]]\n        in [[Miami Beach, Florida]], and is [[Ali versus Liston|crowned the heavyweight\n        champion of the world]].\\n* [[February 26]] – U.S. politician [[John\n        Glenn]] slips on a bathroom rug in his [[Columbus, Ohio]], apartment and hits\n        his head on the bathtub, injuring his left inner ear, and prompting him (later\n        that week) to withdraw from the race for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic\n        Party]] Senate nomination.\\n* [[February 27]] – The government of Italy\n        asks for help to keep the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]] from toppling over.\\n*\n        [[February 29]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces that\n        the United States has developed a jet airplane (the [[YF-12A|A-11]]), capable\n        of sustained flight at more than {{convert|2,000|mi/h|km/h}} and of altitudes\n        of more than {{convert|70,000|ft|m}}.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{main article|March\n        1964}}\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Teamsters]] President [[Jimmy Hoffa]] is convicted\n        by a federal jury of tampering with a federal jury in [[1962]].\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]] becomes King of Greece,\n        upon the death of his father King [[Paul of Greece|Paul]].\\n** [[Malcolm X]],\n        suspended from the [[Nation of Islam]], says in New York City that he is forming\n        a black nationalist party.\\n** Boxer [[Cassius Clay]] announces the change\n        of his name to [[Muhammad Ali]].http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2016/06/muhammad_ali_changed_his_name_in_1964_newspapers_called_him_cassius_clay.html\\n*\n        [[March 9]]\\n** ''''[[New York Times Co. v Sullivan]]'''' (376 US 254 1964):\n        The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that under the [[First Amendment\n        to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]], speech criticizing political\n        figures cannot be censored.\\n** [[London Fisheries Convention]] signed, giving\n        signatories the right of full access to fishing grounds within 12 nautical\n        miles of the western European coastline.\\n** The first [[Ford Mustang]] rolls\n        off the [[assembly line]] at [[Ford Motor Company]].\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Soviet\n        Union|Soviet]] military forces shoot down an unarmed reconnaissance bomber\n        that had strayed into [[East Germany]]; the 3 U.S. flyers parachute to safety.\\n**\n        [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], Ambassador to [[South Vietnam]], wins the [[New\n        Hampshire]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] primary.\\n* [[March\n        12]] – [[Malcolm X]] leaves the [[Nation of Islam]].\\n* [[March 13]]\n        – ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' misreports that 38 neighbors of [[Kitty\n        Genovese]], 28, fail to respond to her cries, as she is being stabbed to death\n        in Queens, New York City, prompting investigation into the [[bystander effect]].\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – A [[Dallas, Texas]], jury finds [[Jack Ruby]] guilty\n        of killing [[John F. Kennedy]] assassin [[Lee Harvey Oswald]].\\n* [[March\n        15]] – [[Richard Burton]] and [[Elizabeth Taylor]] marry (for the first\n        time) in [[Montreal]].\\n* [[March 18]] – Approximately 50 Moroccan students\n        [[1964 Moscow protest|broke into the embassy of Morocco in the Soviet Union]]\n        and staged an all\\u2010day [[sit-in]] protesting against sentencing of 11\n        people to death for the alleged assassination attempt of King [[Hassan II\n        of Morocco]].\\n* [[March 19]] – The American [[Jerrie Mock|Geraldine\n        Jerrie Mock]] is the first woman to fly solo around the world from March 19\n        to April 17.\\n* [[March 20]]\\u2013[[June 6]] – The first [[United Nations\n        Conference on Trade and Development]] takes place.\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        The precursor of the [[European Space Agency]], [[ESRO]] (European Space Research\n        Organization) is established per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – ''''Non ho l''et\\u00e0'''' by Gigliola Cinquetti (music\n        by [[Nicola Salerno]], text by [[Mario Panzeri]]) wins the [[Eurovision Song\n        Contest 1964]] for Italy.\\n* [[March 26]] – U.S. Defense Secretary [[Robert\n        McNamara]] delivers an address that reiterates American determination to give\n        South Vietnam increased military and economic aid, in its war against the\n        [[Communist]] insurgency.\\n* [[March 27]] ([[Good Friday]]) – The [[1964\n        Alaska earthquake|Great Alaskan earthquake]], the second most powerful known\n        (and the most powerful earthquake recorded in [[North America]]n history)\n        at a [[moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 9.2, strikes [[Southcentral Alaska]],\n        killing 125 people and inflicting massive damage to the city of [[Anchorage,\n        Alaska|Anchorage]].\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** King [[Saud of Saudi Arabia]] abdicates\n        the throne.\\n** [[Radio Caroline]] becomes the United Kingdom''s first [[Pirate\n        radio in the United Kingdom|\\\"Pirate\\\" radio]] station, broadcasting from\n        a ship anchored just outside UK [[territorial waters]] on the east coast.\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Merv Griffin]]''s game show ''''[[Jeopardy!]]'''' debuts\n        on [[NBC]]; [[Art Fleming]] is its first host.\\n* [[March 31]] – The\n        military overthrows [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]] [[Jo\\u00e3o\n        Goulart]] in a [[Brazilian military coup of 1964|coup]], starting 21 years\n        of [[Brazilian military dictatorship|dictatorship]] in Brazil. It ends in\n        [[1985]].\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main article|April 1964}}\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        Deployed military rule in [[Brazil]] ended the then government democratically\n        elected president [[Jo\\u00e3o Goulart]].\\n* [[April 2]] – Mrs. Malcolm\n        Peabody, 72, mother of [[Massachusetts]] Governor [[Endicott Peabody]], is\n        released on $450 bond after spending 2 days in a [[St. Augustine, Florida]],\n        jail, for participating in an anti-segregation demonstration there.\\n* [[April\n        4]]\\n** [[The Beatles]] hold the top 5 positions in the Billboard Top 40 singles\n        in America, an unprecedented achievement. The top songs in America as listed\n        on April 4, in order, are: [[Can''t Buy Me Love]], [[Twist and Shout]], [[She\n        Loves You]], [[I Want to Hold Your Hand]], and [[Please Please Me]].\\n** Three\n        high school friends in Hoboken, N.J., open the first [[Blimpie]] on Washington\n        Street.\\n[[File:Gemini 1.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[April 8]]: [[Gemini 1]]\n        launched.]]\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Jigme Palden Dorji]], premier of the\n        Himalayan kingdom of [[Bhutan]], is shot dead by an unidentified assassin\n        in Puncholing, near the Indian border.\\n* [[April 7]] – [[IBM]] announces\n        the [[System/360]].\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** Four of 5 railroad operating [[trade\n        union|union]]s strike against the Illinois Central Railroad without warning,\n        bringing to a head a 5-year dispute over railroad work rules.\\n** [[Gemini\n        1]] is launched, the first unmanned test of the 2-man spacecraft.\\n** ''''[[From\n        Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'''' premiers in U.S. movie\n        theaters.\\n* [[April 9]] – The [[United Nations Security Council]] adopts\n        by a 9\\u20130 vote a resolution deploring a British air attack on a fort in\n        [[Yemen]] 12 days earlier, in which 25 persons were reported killed.\\n* [[April\n        10]] – Demolition of the [[Polo Grounds]] sports stadium commences in\n        New York City.\\n* [[April 11]] – The Brazilian Congress elects Field\n        Marshal [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]] as President of [[Brazil]].\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – In [[Detroit]], [[Malcolm X]] delivers a speech entitled\n        \\\"The Ballot or the Bullet\\\"\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** The [[36th Academy Awards]]\n        ceremony is held.\\n** [[Sidney Poitier]] is the first African-American to\n        win an [[Academy Award]] in the category [[Best Actor in a Leading Role]]\n        in ''''[[Lilies of the Field (1963 film)|Lilies of the Field]]''''.\\n* [[April\n        14]] – A [[Delta rocket]]''s third-stage motor ignites prematurely in\n        an assembly room at [[Cape Canaveral]], killing 3.\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[The\n        Rolling Stones]] release their debut album, ''''[[The Rolling Stones (album)|The\n        Rolling Stones]]''''.\\n** Sentences totaling 307 years are passed on 12 men\n        who stole \\u00a32.6m in used bank notes, after holding up the night mail train\n        traveling from [[Glasgow]] to London in August 1963 – a heist that became\n        known as the [[Great Train Robbery (1963)|Great Train Robbery]].\\n* [[April\n        17]]\\n** In the United States, the [[Ford Mustang]] is officially unveiled\n        to the public.\\n** [[Shea Stadium]] opens in [[Flushing, New York]].\\n* [[April\n        19]] – In [[Laos]], the coalition government of Prince [[Souvanna Phouma]]\n        is deposed by a right-wing military group, led by Brig. Gen. [[Kouprasith\n        Abhay]]. Not supported by the U.S., the coup is ultimately unsuccessful, and\n        Souvanna Phouma is reinstated, remaining Prime Minister until [[1975]].\\n*\n        [[April 20]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] in New York, and Soviet\n        Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in Moscow, simultaneously announce plans to\n        cut back production of materials for making [[nuclear weapon]]s.\\n** [[Nelson\n        Mandela]] makes his \\\"I Am Prepared to Die\\\" speech at the opening of the\n        [[Rivonia Trial]], a key event for the anti-apartheid movement.\\n** [[BBC\n        Two|BBC2]] starts broadcasting in the UK.\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** British businessman\n        [[Greville Wynne]], imprisoned in Moscow since 1963 for [[spying]], is exchanged\n        for Soviet spy [[Gordon Lonsdale]].\\n[[File:Unisphere.jpg|thumb|220px|right|\n        [[April 22]]: [[1964 New York World''s Fair]]]]\\n** The [[1964 New York World''s\n        Fair]] opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken\n        over by British forces under the Duke of York (later [[James II of England|King\n        James II]]) and being renamed New York in 1664. The fair runs until October\n        18, 1964, and reopens April 21, 1965, finally closing October 17, 1965. (Not\n        sanctioned, due to being within 10 years of the [[Century 21 Exposition|Seattle\n        World''s Fair]] in [[1962]], some countries decline, but many countries have\n        pavilions with exotic crafts, art and food.)\\n* [[April 25]] – Thieves\n        steal the head of the [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|Little Mermaid]] statue\n        in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark (Henrik Bruun confesses in [[1997]]).\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Tanganyika]] and [[Zanzibar]] merge to form [[Tanzania]].\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{main article|May 1964}}\\n* [[May 1]] – At 4:00 a.m.,\n        [[John George Kemeny]] and [[Thomas Eugene Kurtz]] ran the first computer\n        program written in [[BASIC programming language|BASIC]] (Beginners'' All-purpose\n        Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy to learn high level [[programming language]]\n        which they created. BASIC was eventually included on many [[computer]]s and\n        even some games consoles.\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] receives\n        more than 75% of the votes in the [[Texas]] Republican Presidential primary.\\n**\n        Some 400\\u20131,000 students march through [[Times Square]], New York, and\n        another 700 in [[San Francisco]], in the first major student demonstration\n        against the Vietnam War. Smaller marches also occur in Boston, Seattle, and\n        Madison, Wisconsin.\\n** [[Henry Hezekiah Dee]] and [[Charles Eddie Moore]],\n        hitchhiking in [[Meadville, Mississippi]], are kidnapped, beaten, muredered\n        by members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. Their badly [[Decomposition|decomposed]]\n        bodies are found by chance in July during the search for [[Murders of Chaney,\n        Goodman, and Schwerner|missing activists Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner]].\\n*\n        [[May 4]] – The [[United States Congress]] recognized [[Bourbon whiskey]]\n        as a \\\"distinctive product of the United States\\\".\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Pacific\n        Air Lines Flight 773]] crashes near [[San Ramon, California]], killing all\n        44 aboard; the [[FBI]] later reports that a cockpit recorder tape indicates\n        that the pilot and co-pilot had been shot by a suicidal passenger.\\n** At\n        a [[Rocket mail|mail rockets]] demonstration by [[Gerhard Zucker]] on Hasselkopf\n        Mountain near [[Braunlage]] (Lower Saxonia, Germany), 3 persons are killed\n        by a rocket explosion.\\n* [[May 9]] – South Korean President [[Park\n        Chung-hee]] reshuffles his Cabinet, after a series of student demonstrations\n        against his efforts to restore diplomatic and trade relations with Japan.\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – [[Terence Conran]] opens the first [[Habitat (retailer)|Habitat]]\n        store on London''s [[Fulham Road]].\\n* [[May 12]] – Twelve young men\n        in New York City publicly [[Draft-card burning|burn their draft cards]] to\n        protest the war; the first such act of war resistance.{{cite book |last=Flynn\n        |first1=George Q. |url=https://books.google.dk/books?hl=da&id=ArLuAAAAMAAJ\n        |title=The Draft, 1940-1973 |series=Modern War Studies |location=[[Lawrence,\n        Kansas]] |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |year=1993 |page=175 |isbn=978-0700605866\n        |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}{{cite book |last=Gottlieb |first1=Sherry\n        Gershon |url=https://books.google.dk/books?hl=da&id=ksttP_xGaLUC |title=Hell\n        no, we won''t go!: Resisting the draft during the Vietnam War |location=[[New\n        York, New York]] |publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking Penguin]] |year=1991 |page=xix\n        |isbn=978-0670839353 |accessdate=2016-02-13 |quote=1964: May 12\\u2014Twelve\n        students at a New York rally burn their draft cards... }}\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – The [[United States State Department]] says that more than 40 hidden\n        microphones have been found embedded in the walls of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow.\\n*\n        [[May 23]]\\n** Mrs. Madeline Dassault, 63, wife of a French plane manufacturer\n        and politician, is kidnapped while leaving her car in front of her Paris home;\n        she is found unharmed the next day in a farmhouse {{convert|27|mi|km}} from\n        Paris.\\n** [[Pablo Picasso]] paints his fourth\n        ''''Head of a Bearded Man''''.\\n* [[May 24]]\\u2013[[May 25|25]] – The\n        crowd at a [[soccer|football]] match in [[Lima]], [[Peru]] [[1964 Lima football\n        riot|riots]] over a referee''s decision in the Peru-[[Argentina]] game; 319\n        are killed, 500 injured.\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Nelson Rockefeller]] defeats\n        [[Barry Goldwater]] in the [[Oregon]] Republican primary, slowing but not\n        stalling Goldwater''s drive toward the nomination.\\n* [[May 27]] – Prime\n        Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] dies; he is succeeded by [[Lal Bahadur\n        Shastri]].\\n* [[May 28]] – The Charter of the [[Palestine Liberation\n        Organization]] (PLO) is released by [[Arab League]].\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Eddie Sachs]] and [[Dave MacDonald]] are killed in a fiery crash during\n        the [[1964 Indianapolis 500]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{main article|June 1964}}\\n*\n        [[June 2]]\\n** Senator Barry Goldwater wins the [[California]] Republican\n        Presidential primary, making him the overwhelming favorite for the nomination.\\n**\n        Five million shares of stock in the Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat)\n        are offered for sale at $20 a share, and the issue is quickly sold out.\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – South Korean President [[Park Chung-hee]] declares [[martial\n        law]] in [[Seoul]], after 10,000 student demonstrators overpower police.\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – With a temporary order, the [[Rocket experiments in the\n        area of Cuxhaven|rocket launches at Cuxhaven]] are terminated.\\n* [[June 9]]\n        – In Federal Court in [[Kansas City, Kansas]], army deserter George\n        John Gessner, 28, is convicted of passing United States secrets to the Soviet\n        Union.\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** The U.S. Senate votes [[cloture]] of the Civil Rights\n        Bill after a 75-day filibuster.\\n** The [[Deacons for Defense and Justice]]\n        (Black self-defense organization) is founded in [[Jonesboro, Louisiana]].\\n*\n        [[June 11]]\\n** Greece rejects direct talks with [[Turkey]] over [[Cyprus]].\\n**\n        [[Cologne school massacre]]: In [[Cologne]], West Germany, [[Cologne school\n        massacre#Perpetrator|Walter Seifert]] attacks students and teachers in an\n        elementary school with a [[flamethrower]], killing 10 and injuring 21.\\n*\n        [[June 12]]\\n** [[Pennsylvania]] Governor [[William Scranton]] announces his\n        candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination, as part of a ''stop-Goldwater''\n        movement.\\n** [[Nelson Mandela]] and 7 others are sentenced to [[life imprisonment\n        in South Africa]], and sent to the [[Robben Island]] prison.\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – Keith Bennett, 12, is abducted by [[Myra Hindley]] and [[Ian Brady]].\n        His body was never recovered.\\n* [[June 17]] – Author [[Ken Kesey]]\n        and his [[Merry Pranksters]] embark on their cross-country trip aboard [[Further\n        (bus)]] spreading the gospel of [[Lysergic acid dithylamide|LSD]].\\n* [[June\n        19]] – U.S. Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]], 32, is seriously\n        injured in a private plane crash at Southampton, Massachusetts; the pilot\n        is killed.\\n* [[June 20]] – The [[Ford GT40]] makes its first appearance\n        at the [[1964 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]]. It does not see its\n        first victory, however, until [[1966 24 Hours of Le Mans|1966]]. At the same\n        event, the [[AC Cobra]] wins its class in its second Le Mans appearance.\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[Civil Rights Movement]]: [[Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and\n        Schwerner]] – Three [[Congress of Racial Equality]] workers, [[Michael\n        Schwerner]], [[Andrew Goodman]] and [[James Chaney]], are abducted and murdered\n        near [[Philadelphia, Mississippi]], by local members of the [[White Knights\n        of the Ku Klux Klan]] with local law enforcement officials involved in the\n        conspiracy. Their bodies are not found until August 4.\\n** [[Spain national\n        football team|Spain]] beats the [[USSR national football team|Soviet Union]]\n        2\\u20131 to win the [[1964 UEFA European Football Championship|1964 European\n        Nations Cup]].\\n** [[Jim Bunning]] pitches a [[perfect game]] for the [[Philadelphia\n        Phillies]], the first in the [[National League]] since 1880.\\n* [[June 26]]\n        – [[Moise Tshombe]] returns to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]\n        from exile in Spain.\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Manx Radio]] commences broadcasting\n        from Douglas, [[Isle of Man]] after receiving its first Low power broadcast\n        licence from the United Kingdom''s [[General Post Office]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{main\n        article|July 1964}}\\n* [[July 2]] – President Lyndon Johnson signs the\n        [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] into law, officially abolishing [[racial segregation\n        in the United States]].\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Malawi]] receives its independence\n        from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[July 8]] – U.S. military personnel announce\n        that U.S. casualties in Vietnam have risen to 1,387, including 399 dead and\n        17 MIA.\\n* [[July 16]] – At the [[Republican National Convention]] in\n        [[San Francisco]], U.S. presidential nominee [[Barry Goldwater]] declares\n        that \\\"extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice\\\", and \\\"moderation\n        in the pursuit of justice is no virtue\\\".\\n* [[July 18]]\\n** Six days of [[race\n        riot]]s begin in [[Harlem]].\\n** [[Judith Graham Pool]] publishes her discovery\n        of [[cryoprecipitate]], a frozen blood clotting product made from plasma primarily\n        to treat [[hemophilia]]cs around the world.\\n** \\\"[[False Hare]]\\\" is the\n        final Warner Bros. cartoon with \\\"[[Bullseye (target)|target]]\\\" titles.\\n*\n        [[July 19]] – [[Vietnam War]]: At a rally in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]],\n        [[South Vietnam]]ese Prime Minister [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Kh\\u00e1nh]] calls for expanding\n        the war into [[North Vietnam]].\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** Vietnam War: [[Viet Cong]]\n        forces attack a provincial capital, killing 11 South Vietnamese military personnel\n        and 40 civilians (30 of which are children).\\n** The [[National Movement of\n        the Revolution]] is instituted as the sole legal [[political party]] in the\n        [[Republic of the Congo]].\\n* [[July 21]] – [[1964 race riots in Singapore|Race\n        riots]] begin in [[Singapore]] between ethnic Chinese and Malays.\\n* [[July\n        22]] – The second meeting of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] is\n        held.\\n* [[July 24]] – There is a minor criticality accident at a United\n        Nuclear Corporation Fuels recovery plant in [[Wood River Junction, Rhode Island|Wood\n        River Junction]], [[Richmond, Rhode Island|Richmond]], [[Rhode Island]]. 37-year-old\n        Robert Peabody dies two days after the incident.\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The U.S. sends 5,000 more military advisers to South Vietnam, bringing\n        the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.\\n* [[July 31]]\n        – [[Ranger program]]: [[Ranger 7]] sends back the first close-up photographs\n        of the Moon (images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from Earth-bound\n        [[telescope]]s).\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{main article|August 1964}}\\n* [[August\n        1]]\\n** The Final [[Looney Tunes|Looney Tune]], \\\"[[Se\\u00f1orella and the\n        Glass Huarache]]\\\", is released before the Warner Bros. Cartoon Division is\n        shut down by Jack Warner.\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Vietnam War]]: United\n        States destroyers [[USS Maddox (DD-731)|USS ''''Maddox'''']] and [[USS Turner\n        Joy (DD-951)|USS ''''Turner Joy'''']] are attacked in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]].\n        Air support from the carrier [[USS Ticonderoga (CV-14)|USS ''''Ticonderoga'''']]\n        sinks one gunboat, while the other two leave the battle.\\n* [[August 5]]\\n**\n        Vietnam War: [[Operation Pierce Arrow]] – Aircraft from carriers [[USS\n        Ticonderoga (CV-14)|USS ''''Ticonderoga'''']] and [[USS Constellation (CV-64)|USS\n        ''''Constellation'''']] bomb [[North Vietnam]] in retaliation for strikes\n        against U.S. destroyers in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]].\\n** The Simba rebel army\n        in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] captures [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]],\n        and takes 1,000 Western hostages.\\n* [[August 7]] – Vietnam War: The\n        United States Congress passes the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]], giving U.S.\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese\n        attacks on U.S. forces.\\n* [[August 8]] – A [[The Rolling Stones|Rolling\n        Stones]] [[Gig (musical performance)|gig]] in [[Scheveningen]] gets out of\n        control. Riot police end the gig after about 15 minutes, upon which spectators\n        start to fight the riot police.\\n* [[August 13]] – Murderers [[Gwynne\n        Owen Evans]] and [[Peter Anthony Allen]] become the last people to be executed\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[August 16]] – Vietnam War: In a [[coup]],\n        General [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Kh\\u00e1nh]] replaces [[D\\u01b0\\u01a1ng V\\u0103n Minh]]\n        as South Vietnam''s chief of state and establishes a new [[constitution]],\n        drafted partly by the U.S. Embassy.\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Margaret Harshaw]],\n        Metropolitan Opera soprano, sings the role of Turandot in Puccini''s opera\n        ''''[[Turandot]]'''' at the New York World''s Fair.\\n* [[August 18]] –\n        The International Olympic Committee bans South Africa from the [[1964 Summer\n        Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]] on the grounds that its teams are racially segregated.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – The International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium\n        ([[Intelsat]]) began to work.\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Fannie Lou Hamer]], civil\n        rights activist and Vice Chair of the [[Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party]],\n        addresses the Credentials Committee of the [[Democratic National Convention]],\n        challenging the all-white [[Mississippi]] delegation.\\n** Goalkeeper Derek\n        Foster of Sunderland becomes the youngest-ever player to play in the [[Football\n        League]], aged 15 years and 185 days.\\n* [[August 24]]\\u2013[[August 27|27]]\n        – The [[Democratic National Convention]] in [[Atlantic City]] nominates\n        incumbent President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] for a full term, and U.S. Senator\n        [[Hubert Humphrey]] of [[Minnesota]] as his running mate.\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Walt Disney]]''s ''''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'''' has\n        its world premiere in Los Angeles. It will go on to become Disney''s biggest\n        moneymaker, and winner of 5 Academy Awards, including a [[Academy Award for\n        Best Actress|Best Actress]] award for [[Julie Andrews]], who accepted the\n        part after she was passed over by [[Jack L. Warner]] for the leading role\n        of Eliza Doolittle in the film version of ''''My Fair Lady''''. ''''Mary Poppins''''\n        is the first Disney film to be nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best\n        Picture]].\\n* [[August 28]]\\u2013[[August 30|30]] – [[Philadelphia 1964\n        race riot]]: Tensions between [[African American]] residents and police lead\n        to 341 injuries and 774 arrests.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{main article|September\n        1964}}\\n* [[September 2]] – Indian [[Hungry generation]] poets are arrested\n        on charges of conspiracy against the state and obscenity in literature.\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – The [[Forth Road Bridge]] opens over the [[Firth of\n        Forth]].\\n* [[September 10]] – The [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)\n        is founded.\\n* [[September 11]] – In [[Jacksonville, Florida]], [[John\n        Lennon]] announces that the [[Beatles]] will not play to a segregated audience.\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** The third period of the [[Second Vatican Council]] opens.\\n**\n        The London ''''[[Daily Herald (UK newspaper)|Daily Herald]]'''' ceases publication,\n        replaced by ''''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]''''.\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – ''''[[Shindig!]]'''' premieres on the ''''[[American Broadcasting\n        Company|ABC]]'''', featuring the top musical acts of the Sixties.\\n* [[September\n        17]]\\n** ''''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'''' opens in the UK.\\n** ''''[[Bewitched]]'''',\n        starring [[Elizabeth Montgomery]], premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – In [[Athens]], King [[Constantine II of Greece]]\n        marries [[Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark]], who becomes Europe''s youngest\n        Queen at age 18 years, 19 days.\\n** ''''[[Jonny Quest (TV series)|Jonny Quest]]''''\n        premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]; featured voices include\n        [[Mike Road]], [[Tim Matheson]], [[Don Messick]], [[John Stephenson (actor)|John\n        Stephenson]], and [[Danny Bravo]].\\n* [[September 20]] – At the [[autumnal\n        equinox]], the [[Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids]] (OBOD) is founded in\n        England.\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** The island of [[Malta]] obtains independence\n        from the United Kingdom.\\n** The [[North American XB-70 Valkyrie]] makes its\n        first flight at [[Palmdale, California]].\\n* [[September 24]] – The\n        [[Warren Commission]] Report, the first official investigation of the assassination\n        of United States President [[John F. Kennedy]], is published.\\n* [[September\n        25]] – The [[Mozambican War of Independence]] is launched by [[FRELIMO]].\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n{{main article|October 1964}}\\n[[File:Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics\n        logo.svg|140px|thumbnail|right|[[1964 Summer Olympics]]]]\\n* October –\n        Dr. [[Robert Moog]] demonstrates the prototype [[Moog synthesizer]].{{cite\n        journal|last=Moog|first=R. A.|year=1965|title=Voltage-Controlled Electronic\n        Music Modules|journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=200\\u2013206}}\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** Three thousand student activists at [[University of California,\n        Berkeley]], surround and block a police car from taking a [[Congress of Racial\n        Equality|CORE]] volunteer arrested for not showing his ID, when he violated\n        a ban on outdoor activist card tables. This protest eventually explodes into\n        the [[Berkeley Free Speech Movement]].\\n** The ''''[[Shinkansen]]'''' [[high-speed\n        rail]] system, the world''s first such system, is inaugurated in Japan, for\n        the first sector between Tokyo and [[Osaka]].\\n* [[October 2]] – [[The\n        Kinks]] release their first album, ''''[[Kinks (album)|Kinks]]''''.\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n** Twenty-three men and thirty-one women escape to [[West Berlin]] through\n        a narrow tunnel under the [[Berlin Wall]].\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince\n        Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]] begin an 8-day visit to\n        Canada.\\n* [[October 10]]\\u2013[[October 24|24]] – The [[1964 Summer\n        Olympics]] are held in Tokyo.\\n* [[October 12]] – The Soviet Union launches\n        ''''[[Voskhod 1]]'''' into Earth [[orbit]] as the first spacecraft with a\n        multi-person crew and the first flight without [[space suit]]s. The flight\n        is cut short and lands again on [[October 13]] after 16 orbits.\\n* [[October\n        14]] – American civil rights movement leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]\n        becomes the youngest recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], which was awarded\n        to him for leading non-violent resistance to end [[racism|racial prejudice]]\n        in the United States.\\n* [[October 14]]\\u2013[[October 15|15]] – [[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]] is deposed as leader of the Soviet Union; [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        and [[Alexei Kosygin]] assume power.\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** The [[Labour Party\n        (UK)|Labour Party]] wins the parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom,\n        ending 13 years of Conservative Party rule. The new prime minister is [[Harold\n        Wilson]].{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/basics/4393293.stm\n        |title=1964: Labour scrapes through |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]]\n        |date=2005-04-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213202904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/basics/4393293.stm\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n** [[Craig Breedlove]]''s\n        jet-powered car ''''[[Spirit of America (automobile)|Spirit of America]]''''\n        goes out of control in [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in [[Utah]] and makes skid\n        marks 9.6 km long.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Harold Wilson]] becomes British\n        Prime Minister after leading the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] to a narrow\n        [[United Kingdom general election, 1964|election win]] over the [[Conservative\n        Party (UK)|Conservative]] government of [[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]],\n        which had been in power for 13 years and had four different leaders during\n        that time.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3993000/3993883.stm\n        |title=\\t1964: Labour voters are ''bonkers'' says Hogg |work=BBC On This Day\n        |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213203138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3993000/3993883.stm\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n** [[596 (nuclear\n        test)|596]]: The People''s Republic of China explodes an [[atomic bomb]] in\n        [[Xinjiang|Sinkiang]].\\n* [[October 18]] – The [[1964 New York World''s\n        Fair|New York World''s Fair]] closes for the year (it reopens April 21, 1965).\\n*\n        [[October 21]] – The [[My Fair Lady (film)|film version]] of the hit\n        Broadway stage musical ''''My Fair Lady'''' premieres in New York City. The\n        movie stars [[Audrey Hepburn]] in the role of Eliza Doolittle and [[Rex Harrison]]\n        repeating his stage performance as Professor Henry Higgins, and which will\n        win him his only Academy Award for Best Actor. The film will win seven other\n        Academy Awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]],\n        but Audrey Hepburn will not be nominated. Critics interpret this as a rebuke\n        to Jack L. Warner for choosing Ms. Hepburn over Julie Andrews.\\n* [[October\n        22]]\\n** Canada: A Federal Multi-Party Parliamentary Committee selects a design\n        to become the new official [[Flag of Canada]].\\n** A 5.3 [[kiloton]] nuclear\n        device is detonated at the Tatum Salt Dome, {{convert|21|mi|km}} from [[Hattiesburg,\n        Mississippi]], as part of the [[Vela Uniform]] program. This test is the Salmon\n        phase of the Atomic Energy Commission''s Project Dribble.\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – Northern [[Rhodesia]], a former British protectorate, becomes the\n        independent Republic of [[Zambia]], ending 73 years of British rule.\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Eric Edgar Cooke]] becomes the last man executed in Western\n        Australia, for murdering 8 citizens in [[Perth]] between [[1959]] and [[1963]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – In the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], rebel\n        leader Christopher Gbenye takes 60 Americans and 800 Belgians [[hostage]].\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – A collection of irreplaceable [[gemstone]]s, including\n        the {{convert|565|carat|g}} [[Star of India (gem)|Star of India]], is stolen\n        from the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in New York City.\\n* [[October\n        31]] – Campaigning at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square\n        Garden]], New York, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson pledges the creation of\n        the [[Great Society]].\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main article|November 1964}}\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – Mortar fire from North Vietnamese forces rains on the\n        [[Bien Hoa Air Base]], killing four U.S. servicemen, wounding 72, and destroying\n        five [[B-57 Canberra|B-57]] jet bombers and other planes.\\n* [[November 3]]\\n**\n        [[United States presidential election, 1964]]: Incumbent President Lyndon\n        B. Johnson defeats [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger\n        [[Barry Goldwater]] with over 60 percent of the [[Direct election|popular\n        vote]].\\n** The [[Bolivia]]n government of President [[V\\u00edctor Paz Estenssoro]]\n        is overthrown by a military rebellion led by General [[Alfredo Ovando Cand\\u00eda]],\n        commander-in-chief of the armed forces.\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Mariner\n        program]]: [[Mariner 3]], a U.S. space probe intended for [[Mars]], is launched\n        from [[Cape Kennedy]] but fails.\\n* [[November 9]] – The [[House of\n        Commons of the United Kingdom]] votes to abolish the death penalty for murder\n        in Britain.\\n* [[November 10]] – Australia partially reintroduces [[compulsory\n        military service]] due to the [[Indonesian Confrontation]].\\n* [[November\n        13]] – [[Bob Pettit]] ([[St. Louis Hawks]]) becomes the first American\n        [[National Basketball Association]] player to score 20,000 points.\\n* [[November\n        19]] – The [[United States Department of Defense]] announces the closing\n        of 95 military bases and facilities, including the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]],\n        the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and [[Fort Jay]], New York.\\n* [[November 21]]\\n**\n        [[Second Vatican Council]]: The third period of the [[Catholic Church]]''s\n        [[ecumenical council]] closes. ''''[[Lumen gentium]]'''', the Dogmatic Constitution\n        on the Church, is promulgated.\\n** The [[Verrazano-Narrows Bridge]] across\n        [[New York Bay]] opens to traffic (the world''s longest [[suspension bridge]]\n        at this time).\\n* [[November 24]] – Belgian paratroopers and mercenaries\n        capture [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]], but a number of [[hostage]]s die in the\n        fighting, among them American [[Evangelical Covenant Church]] missionary Dr.\n        [[Paul Carlson]].\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Mariner program]]: NASA launches\n        the [[Mariner 4]] space probe from Cape Kennedy toward Mars to take television\n        pictures of that [[planet]] in July [[1965]].\\n** Vietnam War: [[United States\n        National Security Council]] members, including [[Robert McNamara]], [[Dean\n        Rusk]], and [[Maxwell Taylor]], agree to recommend a plan for a 2-stage escalation\n        of bombing in North Vietnam, to President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].\\n** France\n        performs an underground nuclear test at [[Ecker]], Algeria.\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n{{main article|December 1964}}\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Gustavo D\\u00edaz\n        Ordaz]] takes office as [[President of Mexico]].\\n** Vietnam War: U.S. President\n        Lyndon B. Johnson and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb\n        North Vietnam (after some debate, they agree on a 2-phase bombing plan).\\n*\n        [[December 3]]\\n** [[Berkeley Free Speech Movement]]: Police arrest about\n        800 students at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], following their\n        takeover of and massive sit-in at the Sproul Hall administration building.\n        The sit-in most directly protested the U.C. Regents'' decision to punish student\n        activists for what many thought had been justified civil disobedience earlier\n        in the conflict.\\n** The Danish football club [[Br\\u00f8ndby IF]] was founded\n        as a merger between the two local clubs Br\\u00f8ndby\\u00f8ster Idr\\u00e6tsforening\n        and Br\\u00f8ndbyvester Idr\\u00e6tsforening. The club has won the national\n        championship [[Danish Superliga]] 10 times, and has won the national [[Danish\n        Cup]]s six times since the club joined the Danish top-flight football league\n        in 1981.\\n* [[December 6]] – The 1-hour stop-motion animated special\n        ''''[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)|Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]]'''',\n        based on the popular Christmas song, premieres on [[NBC]]. It becomes a beloved\n        [[Christmas]] tradition, still being shown on television more than 50 years\n        later.\\n* [[December 9]] – [[A Love Supreme]] recorded by [[John Coltrane]]\n        with his quartet at [[Van Gelder Studio]], [[Englewood Cliffs, New\n        Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States]]{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-love-supreme-mw0000187827 |title=A\n        Love Supreme AllMusic Review |last=Samuelson |first=Sam |publisher=[[AllMusic]]\n        |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213203703/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-love-supreme-mw0000187827\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n* [[December 10]]\n        – Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] is awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        in [[Oslo]], Norway.\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Sam Cooke]], African-American\n        singer and songwriter was shot and killed at a motel in Los Angeles, California\n        (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Che Guevara]] addresses the U.N.\n        General Assembly.{{cite book |last=Guevara |first1=Ernesto Che |authorlink=Che\n        Guevara |url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=ierlWAqZ_8cC |title=Che: The\n        Diaries of Ernesto Che Guevara |chapter=Chronology of Ernesto Che Guevara\n        |chapter-url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=ierlWAqZ_8cC&pg=PA6 |location=[[North\n        Melbourne, Victoria]], Australia |publisher=Ocean Press |year=2009 |page=6\n        |isbn=978-1920888930 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n* [[December 12]] –\n        [[Jamhuri Day]]: [[Kenya]] becomes a republic, with [[Jomo Kenyatta]] as its\n        first [[President of Kenya|President]].\\n* [[December 14]] – ''''[[Heart\n        of Atlanta Motel v. United States]]'''' (379 US 241 1964): The U.S. Supreme\n        Court rules that, in accordance with the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], establishments\n        providing public accommodation must refrain from racial discrimination.\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – ''''[[The Washington Post]]'''' publishes an article\n        about [[James Hampton (artist)|James Hampton]], who has built a glittering\n        religious throne out of recycled materials.\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** In the\n        wake of deadly riots in January over control of the [[Panama Canal]], the\n        U.S. offers to negotiate a new canal treaty.\\n** The deadly [[Christmas flood\n        of 1964]] begins; It becomes one of the most destructive weather events to\n        affect Oregon in the 20th century.\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** The [[James Bond]]\n        film ''''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'''' begins its run in U.S. theaters.\n        It becomes one of the most successful and popular Bond films ever made.\\n**\n        The [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark]] makes its first flight.\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[Comedian]] [[Lenny Bruce]] is sentenced to 4 months in prison,\n        concluding a 6-month [[obscenity]] trial.\\n** A cyclone in the [[Palk Strait]]\n        destroys the Indian town of [[Dhanushkodi]], killing 1800 people.\\n** The\n        [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird]] makes its first flight at [[Palmdale, California]].\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Wonderful Radio London]] becomes the United Kingdom''s\n        fourth [[Pirate radio in the United Kingdom|\\\"Pirate\\\" radio]] station, broadcasting\n        from MV ''''Galaxy'''' (a former US Navy minesweeper) anchored off the east\n        coast of England, with an American-style [[Top 40]] (\\\"[[Fab 40]]\\\") [[playlist]]\n        of popular records.\\n* [[December 24]] – [[1964 Brinks Hotel bombing|Bombing\n        of the Brinks Hotel]] in Saigon.\\n* [[December 26]] – Lesley Ann Downey,\n        10, is abducted by [[Ian Brady]] and [[Myra Hindley]] in Manchester, England.\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – The [[1964 Cleveland Browns season|Cleveland Browns]]\n        defeat the [[1964 Baltimore Colts season|Baltimore Colts]], 27-0, in the [[National\n        Football League]] Championship Game.\\n* [[December 30]] – [[United Nations\n        Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) established as a permanent\n        organ of the [[UN General Assembly]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Spring –\n        First recognition of [[cosmic microwave background radiation]] as a detectable\n        phenomenon.In a brief paper by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] astrophysicists\n        [[A. G. Doroshkevich]] and [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov|Igor Novikov]]. {{cite\n        web|last=Penzias|first=A. A.|year=2006|title=The origin of elements|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/penzias-lecture.pdf|work=Nobel\n        lecture|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=2006-10-04}}\\n* [[Jerome\n        Horwitz]] synthesizes [[zidovudine]] (AZT), an [[antiviral drug]] which will\n        later be used in treating [[HIV]].\\n* [[Farrington Daniels]]'' book ''''Direct\n        Use of the Sun''s Energy'''' is published by [[Yale University Press]].\\n*\n        [[Rudi Gernreich]] designs the original [[monokini]] topless swimsuit in the\n        U.S.{{cite web |url=http://gernreich.steirischerbst.at/pages/bio1.htm\n        |title=Biografie Rudi Gernreich |language=German |publisher=Steirischer Herbst\n        Festival GmbH |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213205151/http://gernreich.steirischerbst.at/pages/bio1.htm\n        |archivedate=2016-02-13 |accessdate=2016-02-13 }}\\n* The [[Vishva Hindu\n        Pari\\u1e63ad]] is founded in India.\\n* The [[Centre for Contemporary Cultural\n        Studies]] is established at the [[University of Birmingham]], England, by\n        [[Richard Hoggart]].\\n* The first fatality occurs at [[Disneyland]] in California:\n        a 15-year-old boy is injured while riding the [[Matterhorn Bobsleds]] and\n        dies three days later as a result of his injuries.\\n* The [[Pontiac GTO]],\n        the first vehicle to be officially dubbed a \\\"[[muscle car]]\\\", debuts as\n        a trim of the [[Pontiac Tempest]].\\n* [[Germaine Greer]] becomes the first\n        full female member of Cambridge University [[Footlights]] revue after joining\n        in her first week at [[Newnham College, Cambridge]].\\n* [[Pete Townshend]]\n        of [[The Who]] destroys his first guitar in the name of [[auto-destructive\n        art]] at the Railway Hotel, London.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Dadis\n        Camara portrait.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Moussa Dadis Camara]]]]\\n[[File:Nicolas\n        Cage Deauville 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolas Cage]]]]\\n[[File:YolandaFosterHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yolanda\n        Hadid]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Addy.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Mark Addy]]]]\\n[[File:Penelope\n        Ann Miller.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Penelope Ann Miller]]]]\\n[[File:Michelle Obama\n        2013 official portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michelle Obama]]]]\\n[[File:Bridget\n        Fonda.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bridget Fonda]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] \\n** [[Moussa Dadis\n        Camara]], Guinean general and 3rd [[President of Guinea]]\\n** [[Juliana Donald]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Dedee Pfeiffer]], American film and television actress\\n*\n        [[January 2]] – [[Pernell Whitaker]], American boxer\\n* [[January 3]]\n        – [[Jon Gibson (Christian musician)|Jon Gibson]], American Christian\n        musician\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Dot Jones]], American actress and retired\n        athlete\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel Jim\\u00e9nez]], Spanish\n        golfer\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Colin Cowherd]], American talk show host\\n**\n        [[Henry Maske]], German boxer\\n** [[Jacqueline Moore|Jacqueline DeLois Moore]],\n        American wrestler\\n** [[Rafael Vidal]], Venezuelan swimmer and sports commentator\n        (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Nicolas Cage]], American actor\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – [[Jeff Bezos]], American Internet entrepreneur\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Yolanda Hadid]], Dutch American television personality\\n* [[January\n        13]]\\n** [[Penelope Ann Miller]], American actress\\n** [[Bill Bailey]], British\n        comedian\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Mark Addy]], English actor\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Osmo Tapio R\\u00e4ih\\u00e4l\\u00e4]], Finnish composer\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Chris Dittmar]], Australian squash player\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Michelle Fairley]], Northern Irish actress\\n** [[Michelle Obama]], [[First\n        Lady of the United States]]\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Jane Horrocks]], British\n        actress\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Ricardo Arjona]], Guatemalan singer\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Aquilino Pimentel III]], Filipino politician, 28th\n        [[President of the Senate of the Philippines]]\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Mariska\n        Hargitay]], American actress\\n** [[Bharrat Jagdeo]], Guyanese politician and\n        7th [[President of Guyana]]\\n** [[Kelly Parsons]], American actress and model\\n*\n        [[January 27]] – [[Bridget Fonda]], American actress\\n* [[January 29]]\n        – [[Andre Reed]], NFL player, 2014 [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] inductee\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Jeff Hanneman]], American rock guitarist ([[Slayer]])\n        (d. [[2013]])\\n\\n=== February === \\n[[File:Laura Linney Berlinale 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Laura\n        Linney]]]]\\n[[File:Matt Dillon 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Dillon]]]]\\n* [[February\n        5]]\\n** [[Laura Linney]], American actress\\n** [[Duff McKagan]], American\n        rock musician, songwriter\\n* [[February 8]] – [[German Gref]], Minister\n        of Economics and Trade of Russia\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Glenn Beck]], American\n        conservative broadcaster\\n** [[John Campbell (broadcaster)|John Campbell]],\n        New Zealand broadcaster\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Sarah Palin]], American politician,\n        former Governor of Alaska\\n** [[Ken Shamrock]], American [[mixed martial arts]]\n        fighter\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Chris Farley]], American actor and comedian\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n** [[Mark Price]], American basketball player\\n* [[February\n        16]]\\n** [[Bebeto]], Brazilian footballer\\n** [[Christopher Eccleston]], British\n        actor\\n** [[Valentina Yegorova]], Russian Olympic athlete\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\n** [[Matt Dillon]], American actor and film director\\n** [[Tommy Scott (musician)|Tommy\n        Scott]], British musician and frontman of [[Space (English band)|Space]]\\n*\n        [[February 19]]\\n** [[Jonathan Lethem]], American author\\n** [[Richard A.\n        Scott]], American illustrator\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Willie Garson]],\n        American character actor\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Diane Charlemagne]],\n        English singer ([[52nd Street (band)|52nd Street]], [[Urban Cookie Collective]])\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Todd Field]], American actor and director\\n**\n        [[Ute Geweniger]], German swimmer\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Lee Evans (comedian)|Lee\n        Evans]], British comedian and actor\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Djamolidine\n        Abdoujaparov]], Uzbekistan cyclist\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Emilia Eberle\n        1980b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emilia Eberle]]]]\\n[[File:Movie Juliette Binoche dans\n        les Yeux.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juliette Binoche]]]]\\n[[File:10.14.12SteveWilkosByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        Wilkos]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Edward February 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Edward,\n        Earl of Wessex]]]]\\n[[File:Rob Lowe 2012 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Rob\n        Lowe]]]]\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Paul Bostaph]], American drummer\\n** [[Emilia\n        Eberle]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Tom Lampkin]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Skip Ewing]], American country singer\\n* [[March\n        7]]\\n** [[Bret Easton Ellis]], American author\\n** [[Vladimir Smirnov (skier)|Vladimir\n        Smirnov]], Kazakh cross-country skier\\n** [[Wanda Sykes]], African-American\n        comedian and actress\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Juliette Binoche]], French actress\\n**\n        [[Steve Wilkos]], American retired police officer; talk show host\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Neneh Cherry]], Swedish-born singer-songwriter\\n** [[Prince Edward,\n        Earl of Wessex]], British prince and third son (youngest child) of [[Elizabeth\n        II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]\\n* [[March\n        11]] – [[Shane Richie]], British actor\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Pascal\n        Richard]], Swiss road bicycle racer\\n** [[Gore Verbinski]], American film\n        director\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Rob Lowe]], American actor\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**\n        [[Bonnie Blair]], American speed skater\\n** [[Mika Kanai]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n** [[Rozalla]], Zambian singer\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Yoko Kanno]],\n        Japanese composer\\n** [[Jake Weber]], English actor\\n* [[March 20]] –\n        [[Michael Keith Smith]], American bass player and builder\\n* [[March 23]]\n        – [[Hope Davis]], American actress\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Liz McColgan]],\n        British long-distance runner athlete\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Lisa Gay Hamilton]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Vince Offer]], American writer, director, comedian\n        and pitchman\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[Martin Donnelly (racing driver)|Martin\n        Donnelly]], Northern Irish racecar driver\\n** [[Ed Wasser]], American actor\\n*\n        [[March 27]] – [[Jessica Soho]], Filipino broadcast journalist\\n* [[March\n        29]]\\n** [[Catherine Cortez Masto]], U.S. Senator from [[Nevada]]\\n** [[Ming\n        Tsai]], Chinese-American chef\\n** [[Michael A. Jackson (sheriff)|Michael A.\n        Jackson]], former sheriff of Prince George''s County, Maryland\\n* [[March\n        30]]\\n** [[Tracy Chapman]], African-American singer\\n** [[Sigurd Haveland]],\n        Gibraltarian triathlete and cyclist\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Dave Wyman]], Former\n        American football player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Arrested Development 2011\n        Reunion xvi crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Cross]]]]\\n[[File:David Woodard (Seattle,\n        2013).jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Woodard]]]]\\n[[File:Russell Crowe.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Russell\n        Crowe]]]]\\n[[File:Caroline Rhea1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Caroline Rhea]]]]\\n[[File:Andy\n        Serkis by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andy Serkis]]]]\\n[[File:Hankazaria05.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hank\n        Azaria]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Erik Breukink]], Dutch cyclist and manager\\n*\n        [[April 3]]\\n** [[Nigel Farage]], English politician and MEP, head of UK Independence\n        Party ([[UKIP]])\\n** [[Gary Love]], British actor and film director\\n** [[Bjarne\n        Riis]], Danish cyclist\\n** [[Yelena Ruzina]], Russian Olympic athlete\\n* [[April\n        4]] – [[David Cross]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[April 6]] –\n        [[David Woodard]], American businessman\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Russell Crowe]],\n        New Zealand-born actor\\n** [[Steve Graves]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Lisa Guerrero]], Hispanic American actress, model and\n        sportscaster/reporter\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Caroline Rhea]], Canadian\n        actress and comedian\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Takumi Yamazaki]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Esbj\\u00f6rn Svensson]] Swedish jazz\n        pianist (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Louren\\u00e7o Mutarelli]],\n        Brazilian underground comic book writer\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Harris Barton]],\n        American football player\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Crispin Glover]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Andy Serkis]], English actor\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Ludmila\n        Engquist]], Russian-born Swedish athlete\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Pooky Quesnel]],\n        English actress\\n* [[April 24]]\\n**[[Cedric the Entertainer]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n**[[Augusta Read Thomas]], American composer\\n* [[April 25]]\\n**\n        [[Hank Azaria]], American actor, voice artist and comedian\\n** [[Andy Bell\n        (singer)|Andy Bell]], English singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 28]] –\n        [[L''Wren Scott]], American fashion designer (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[April 29]]\\n**\n        [[Federico Castelluccio]], Italian-born actor\\n** [[Radek Jaro\\u0161]], Czech\n        mountaineer\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Misa Watanabe]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n[[File:Heike Henkel cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heike Henkel]]]]\\n[[File:Melissa\n        Gilbert after Drug Free America shoot - cropped (5242325680).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melissa\n        Gilbert]]]]\\n[[File:Stephen Colbert November 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stephen\n        Colbert]]]]\\n[[File:Lenny Kravitz by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lenny\n        Kravitz]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Yvonne van Gennip]], Dutch speed-skater\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Ron Hextall]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[May 4]]\n        – [[Zsuzsa Mathe]], Hungarian born painter and visual artist, founder\n        of Transrealism{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Heike\n        Henkel]], German Olympic athlete\\n** [[Minami Takayama]], Japanese voice actress\n        and singer ([[Two-Mix]] and [[DoCo]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Dana Hill]],\n        American voice actress (d. [[1996]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Doug Benson]], American\n        comedian\\n** [[Ronnie Harmon]], American football player\\n** [[Leslie O''Neal]],\n        American football player\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Melissa Gilbert]], American actress\n        and president of the Screen Actors Guild\\n** [[Bobby Labonte]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Dave Rowntree]], English drummer ([[Blur (band)|Blur]])\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – [[Mark Andre]], French-born German composer\\n* [[May 11]]\n        – [[John Parrott]], English snooker player\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Stephen\n        Colbert]], American comedian and television personality; host of [[The Late\n        Show with Stephen Colbert]]\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Suzy Kolber]], American\n        sportscaster\\n* [[May 16]] – [[John Salley]], American basketball player\n        and talk show host\\n* [[May 20]] – [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|Charles\n        Edward Maurice Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]], British aristocrat, author, print\n        journalist and broadcaster. Younger brother of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]].\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[Danny Bailey]], English footballer\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Marcus Dupree]], American football player\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Ruth Metzler-Arnold]],\n        member of the Swiss Federal Council\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Adrian Moorhouse]],\n        British swimmer\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Ray Stevenson (actor)|Ray Stevenson]],\n        Northern Irish-born actor\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Caitl\\u00edn R. Kiernan]], American\n        author and paleontologist\\n** [[Lenny Kravitz]], American singer, songwriter,\n        and actor\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Adam Carolla]], American comedic radio personality\n        and television personality\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Jeff Fenech]], Australian\n        boxer\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Wynonna Judd]], American country singer\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n[[File:CourteneyCoxFeb09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Courteney Cox]]]]\\n[[File:Boris\n        Johnson FCA.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Boris Johnson]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Deirdre\n        Bolton]], American broadcast journalist and business news and commentator\\n*\n        [[June 3]]\\n** [[James Purefoy]], British actor\\n** [[Kerry King]], American\n        musician, guitarist [[Slayer]]\\n* [[June 5]]\\n**[[Dukagjin Pupovci]], Kosovo\n        Albanian professor\\n**[[Rick Riordan]], American author\\n* [[June 6]] –\n        [[Guru Josh]], British musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Gia Carides]],\n        Greek-Australian actress\\n** [[Petr Hru\\u0161ka (poet)|Petr Hru\\u0161ka]],\n        Czech poet\\n* [[June 9]]\\n** [[Gloria Reuben]], Canadian-American actress\\n**\n        [[Wayman Tisdale]], American NBA basketball star and smooth jazz musician\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Ben Daniels]], British actor\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        [[Kathy Burke]], English actress and comedian\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Lance\n        Mountain]], American skateboarder\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Courteney Cox]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Michael Laudrup]], Danish footballer and manager\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Martin Streek]], Canadian radio personality (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[June\n        17]] – [[Erin Murphy]], American actress\\n* [[June 19]] \\n** [[Boris\n        Johnson]], American-born British politician, former [[Mayor of London]] (2008-2016)\\n**\n        [[Laura Ingraham]], American radio host and political commentator\\n* [[June\n        21]] \\n** [[Doug Savant]], American actor\\n** [[Sammi Davis]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Josh Pais]], American actor\\n** [[Patrice Bailly-Salins]], French biathlete\\n**\n        [[Tania Mathias]], British ophthalmologist and Conservative Party politician\\n**\n        [[Keith Stevens]], English professional footballer\\n** [[Dean Saunders]],\n        Welsh football manager and former professional footballer\\n** [[Kiyoshi Okuma]],\n        Japanese football player and manager\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Amy Brenneman]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Dan Brown]], American author\\n** [[Hiroshi Abe (actor)|Hiroshi\n        Abe]], Japanese model and actor\\n** [[Cadillac Anderson]], American professional\n        basketball player\\n** [[Miroslav Kadlec]], Czech football defender\\n** [[Nico\n        Jalink]], Dutch footballer and football manager\\n** [[Angelo Tsarouchas]],\n        Canadian comedian/actor\\n** [[Henrik Mestad]], Norwegian actor\\n** [[Tom Crebbin]],\n        Australian rules footballer\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Astrid Carolina Herrera]],\n        Venezuelan actress \\n** [[Tomonohana Shinya]], Japanese sumo wrestler\\n**\n        [[Tara Morice]], Australian actress, singer, and dancer\\n** [[Joey Allen]],\n        American guitarist\\n** [[Clete Blakeman]], American football official\\n**\n        [[Lou Yun]], Chinese gymnast\\n** [[Juan Ignacio Mart\\u00ednez]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Joss Whedon]],  American screenwriter\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Kari Kennell]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Christopher Steele]], British intelligence officer\\n*\n        [[June 25]]\\n** [[Johnny Herbert]], English race car driver\\n** [[Matt Gallant]],\n        American television host\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Tommi M\\u00e4kinen]], Finnish\n        rally driver\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Kai Diekmann]], German journalist\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Mark Grace]], American baseball player\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Life\n        Ball 2014 Courtney Love Crop.png|thumb|110px|[[Courtney Love]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Leguizamo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Leguizamo]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Spade.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Spade]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Bullock (9189702847).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sandra\n        Bullock]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] \\n** [[Yu Long]], Chinese conductor\\n** [[Clayton\n        Lamb]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Paul Coyne]], American TV producer\n        and editor\\n** [[Bernard Laporte]], French rugby player and coach\\n* [[July\n        2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Canseco|Jos\\u00e9]] and [[Ozzie Canseco]], Cuban-born\n        American baseball players; twin brothers\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Joanne Harris]],\n        English novelist\\n** [[Yeardley Smith]], American voice actress\\n* [[July\n        4]]\\n** [[Martin Flood]], Australian quiz show winner\\n** [[Edi Rama]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Albania|current Prime Minister of Albania]]\\n* [[July 5]] –\n        [[Jimmy Demers]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Karina\n        Galvez]], Ecuadorian poet\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Courtney Love]], American\n        musician/actress\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Craig Charles]], British actor\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Gaby Roslin]], British TV presenter\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Charlie Hides]], American drag queen and comedian\\n** [[Leanne Benjamin]],\n        Australian ballet dancer\\n** [[Kujtim Shala]], Kosovo born Croatian football\n        player of Albanian descent\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Andy Abraham]], British singer\\n**\n        [[Miguel Indurain]], Spanish cyclist\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Heather Langenkamp]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Craig Morgan]], American country music singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Wendy Williams]], African-American former radio host\n        and current talk show host\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Masahiko Kond\\u014d]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Chris Cornell]], American singer\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Ross Kemp]], British actor\\n* [[July\n        22]]\\n** [[Adam Godley]], British actor\\n** [[Bonnie Langford]], British actress\\n**\n        [[John Leguizamo]], Colombian-American actor\\n** [[David Spade]], American\n        comedian, actor and television personality\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Nick Menza]],\n        German-born American drummer ([[Megadeth]]) (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        [[Barry Bonds]], African-American baseball player\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Lisa\n        LaFlamme]], Canadian journalist and news anchor\\n* [[July 26]]\\n** [[Sandra\n        Bullock]], American actress and film producer\\n** [[Anne Provoost]], Belgian\n        author\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Vivica A. Fox]], American actress\\n** [[J\\u00fcrgen\n        Klinsmann]], German footballer-manager and retired player\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        [[C.C. Catch]], Dutch-born German singer\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Mary-Louise\n        Parker by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary-Louise Parker]]]]\\n[[File:Abhisit\n        royal.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Abhisit Vejjajiva]]]]\\n[[File:Tom McGrath by Gage\n        Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]]]]\\n[[File:Melinda\n        Gates - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melinda\n        Gates]]]]\\n[[File:William Salyers by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William\n        Salyers]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Mary-Louise Parker]], American actress\\n*\n        [[August 3]]\\n** [[Lucky Dube]], South African reggae musician (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Ye Qiaobo]], Chinese speed skater\\n** [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]], 27th [[Prime\n        Minister of Thailand]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Adam Yauch]], American rapper\n        ([[Beastie Boys]]) (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[August 6]]  – [[Gary Valenciano]],\n        Filipino musician\\n* [[August 7]]  – [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]],\n        American animator and voice ctor\\n* [[August 8]] \\n** [[Nina Hoekman]], Dutch\n        draughts players (d. 2014)\\n** [[Jan Josef Liefers]], German actor, producer,\n        director and musician\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Brett Hull]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[William Martens]], American computer engineer\\n* [[August 10]]\n        – [[Hiro Takahashi]], Japanese singer (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[August 15]]\n        – [[Melinda Gates]], American wife of [[Bill Gates]]\\n* [[August 16]]\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Arias]], American tennis player\\n** [[William Salyers]], American\n        voice actor\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Dermott Brereton]], Australian rules\n        footballer\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Diane Setterfield]], British author\\n**\n        [[Mats Wilander]], Swedish tennis player\\n** [[Andrew Wilson (actor)|Andrew\n        Wilson]], American film actor and director\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Salizhan\n        Sharipov]], Russian cosmonaut\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Maxim Kontsevich]],\n        Russian mathematician\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Dave Boyes]], Canadian male rower\\n**\n        [[Kevin Burns (Illinois mayor)|Kevin Burns]], American politician\\n** [[Allegra\n        Huston]], English-American author\\n** [[Bobby Jurasin]], Canadian football\n        defensive lineman\\n** [[Chad Kreuter]], Major League Baseball catcher\\n**\n        [[Zadok Malka]], Israeli footballer\\n** [[Torsten Schmitz]], German boxer\\n**\n        [[Carsten Wolf]], German male cyclist\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Paul Bernardo]],\n        Canadian serial killer and rapist\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Keanu Reeves\n        2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Keanu Reeves]]]]\\n[[File:Fico Juncker (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert\n        Fico]]]]\\n[[File:Maggie Cheung2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maggie Cheung]]]]\\n[[File:Monica\n        Bellucci, Women''s World Awards 2009 b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Monica Bellucci]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 1]]\\n** [[Brian Bellows]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Ray\n        D''Arcy]], Irish radio and television host\\n** [[Holly Golightly (comics)|Holly\n        Golightly]], American author and illustrator\\n** [[Gary Mavers]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Nabeel Rajab]], Bahraini activist\\n** [[Charlie Robison]], American\n        singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Andrea Illy]], Italian\n        businessman\\n** [[Keanu Reeves]], Lebanese-born Canadian actor and musician\\n*\n        [[September 3]]\\n** [[Adam Curry]], American-Dutch businessman and television\n        host, co-founded mevio\\n** [[Spike Feresten]], American screenwriter and producer\n        \\n** [[Junaid Jamshed]], Pakistani singer-songwriter and guitarist ([[Vital\n        Signs (band)|Vital Signs]])\\n** [[Holt McCallany]], American actor\\n** [[Nigel\n        Rhodes]], English actor and guitarist\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Anthony\n        Weiner]], U.S. Representative for New York''s 9th congressional district\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Todd Palin]], American husband of former governor\n        Sarah Palin\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Andy Hug]], Swiss Seidokaikan [[karateka]]\n        and kickboxer (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Michael Johns (policy\n        analyst)|Michael Johns]], American health care executive and Presidential\n        speechwriter\\n** [[Raven (wrestler)|Raven]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Jack Ma]], Chinese business magnate and billionaire\n        internet entrepreneur; in [[Hangzhou]]\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Ellis\n        Burks]], American baseball player\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Faith Ford]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Robert Fico]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Slovakia]]\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Trisha Yearwood]], American country\n        singer\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Jorge Drexler]], Uruguayan musician\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Maggie Cheung]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September\n        22]]\\n** [[Ian Culverhouse]], English footballer\\n** [[Juha Turunen]], Finnish\n        politician turned criminal\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Koshi Inaba]], Japanese\n        singer ([[B''z]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Rafael Palmeiro]], Cuban-American\n        baseball player\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Kikuko Inoue]], Japanese singer\n        and voice actress\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Stephan Jenkins]], American\n        musician\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Janeane Garofalo]], American actress\n        and comedian\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Trey Anastasio]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Monica Bellucci]], Italian actress and model\\n\\n=== October ===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1982-1019-024, Maxi Gnauck.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maxi Gnauck]], 1980\n        Olympic gold medalist]]\\n[[File:David Kaye at an autograph session at Botcon\n        2008 in Cincinnati, Ohio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Kaye]]]]\\n[[File:Grant Gee.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Grant\n        Gee]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin Michael Richardson by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kevin\n        Michael Richardson]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Harry Hill]], English comedian,\n        writer and actor\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Dirk Brinkmann]], German field hockey\n        player\\n** [[Makharbek Khadartsev]], Russian free-style wrestler\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Clive Owen]], English actor\\n* [[October 4]] \\n**[[Francis Magalona]],\n        Filipino rapper (d. [[2009]])\\n**[[Yvonne Murray]], Scottish athlete                   \\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\n**[[Keiji Fujiwara]], Japanese voice actor\\n**[[Korina Sanchez]],\n        Filipino broadcast journalist\\n* [[October 8]] \\n** [[Martin Marquez]], English\n        actor\\n** [[CeCe Winans]], African-American Christian musician\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Quinton Flynn]], American voice actor\\n** [[Maxi Gnauck]], East\n        German gymnast\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Masaya Onosaka]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Joe Girardi]], American baseball player-manager\\n**\n        [[David Kaye]], Canadian voice actor\\n** [[Jim Rome]], American sports T.V.\n        and radio host\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Kathryn Edwards]], American reality\n        television star\\n* [[October 18]] – [[John Swasey]], American voice\n        actor\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Jorge Luis Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Cuban boxer\\n**\n        [[Ty Pennington]], American carpenter, model and television personality\\n*\n        [[October 20]]\\n** [[Kamala Harris]], U.S. Senator from California\\n* [[October\n        22]]\\n** [[Dra\\u017een Petrovi\\u0107]], Croatian basketball player (d. [[1993]])\\n**\n        [[Paul McStay]], Scottish footballer\\n** [[TobyMac]], American-born Christian\n        musician\\n* [[October 23]] – [[David Sobolov]], Canadian voice actor\n        and director\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Rosana Arbelo]], Spanish singer and composer\\n**\n        [[Paul Bonwick]], Canadian House of Commons member\\n** [[Grant Gee]], English\n        film maker, photographer and cinematographer\\n* [[October 25]] \\n** [[Nicole\n        (German singer)|Nicole]], German singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1982\n        winner\\n** [[Kevin Michael Richardson]], American voice actor\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Marc L\\u00e9pine]], Canadian mass murderer (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[October 28]] – [[Onofrio Catacchio]], Italian artist\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Yasmin Le Bon]], British model\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Marco\n        van Basten]], Dutch footballer and manager\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Daran\n        Norris.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Daran Norris]]]]\\n[[File:Magnus Scheving 2 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Magn\\u00fas\n        Scheving]]]]\\n[[File:Calista Flockhart at the 2009 Deauville American Film\n        Festival-01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Calista Flockhart]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Warburton\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patrick Warburton]]]]\\n[[File:Vbruni2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Valeria\n        Bruni Tedeschi]]]]\\n[[File:Nicholas Patrick 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicholas\n        Patrick]]]]\\n[[File:Don Cheadle UNEP 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Don\n        Cheadle]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Daran Norris]], American voice actor\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Paprika Steen]], Danish actress\\n* [[November 4]]\\n**\n        [[Kurt Krakowian]], American child actor\\n** [[Douglas Wilson (interior designer)|Douglas\n        Wilson]], American television personality and interior designer\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Greg Graffin]], American rock musician ([[Bad Religion]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[Dana Plato]], American actress (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[November\n        10]]\\n** [[Kenny Rogers (baseball)|Kenny Rogers]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Magn\\u00fas Scheving]], Icelandic producer\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Calista\n        Flockhart]], American actress\\n** [[Ai-Ai delas Alas]], Filipino actress\\n*\n        [[November 12]] \\n** [[David Ellefson]], American rock bassist ([[Megadeth]])\\n**\n        [[Barbara St\\u00fchlmeyer]], German musicologist, church musician and writer\n        \\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Rev Run]], African-American rapper ([[Run\\u2013D.M.C.]])\\n**\n        [[Patrick Warburton]], American actor\\n* [[November 16]] \\n** [[Diana Krall]],\n        Canadian jazz pianist and singer\\n** [[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]], Italian-French\n        actress, screenwriter and film director\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Mitch\n        Williams]], American baseball player\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Rita Cosby]],\n        American television personality\\n** [[Seth Joyner]], African-American football\n        player\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Susie Dent]], British lexicographer\\n** [[Fred\n        Diamond]], 21st mathematician-century American\\n** [[Mike Gregory]], English\n        rugby player and coach (d. 2007)\\n** [[Shawn Holman]], American baseball pitcher\\n**\n        [[Phil Hughes (footballer born 1964)|Phil Hughes]], Irish footballer and coach\\n**\n        [[Eric Musselman]], Sacramento Kings head coach\\n** [[Nicholas Patrick]],\n        English astronaut\\n** [[Peter Rohde]], Carlton Football Club player\\n* [[November\n        21]]\\n** [[Shane Douglas]], American wrestler\\n** [[Liza Tarbuck]], British\n        actress and broadcaster\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Boyd Kestner]], American\n        actor\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Garret Dillahunt]], American actor\\n** [[Alistair\n        McGowan]], British actor and comedian\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Vreni Schneider]],\n        Swiss alpine skier\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Robin Givens]], African-American\n        actress\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Giorgi Bagaturov]], Georgian-Armenian chess\n        grandmaster\\n** [[Michael Bennet]], American lawyer, businessman and politician\\n**\n        [[Jorge Capitanich]], Argentine politician\\n** [[Ken Charlery]], St Lucian\n        international footballer\\n** [[Naoto Hori]], Japanese football player\\n**\n        [[Paul Kostacopoulos]], American college baseball coach\\n** [[Eugene Licorish]],\n        Grenadian long jumper\\n** [[Michelle McKormick]], American talk radio personality\\n**\n        [[Oscar Mu\\u00f1oz (wrestler)|Oscar Mu\\u00f1oz]], Colombian wrestler\\n** [[Zurab\n        Sturua]], Georgian chess grandmaster\\n** [[Roy Tarpley]], American former\n        professional basketball player\\n** [[Craig Wilson (third baseman, born 1964)|Craig\n        Wilson]], American professional baseball player\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Don\n        Cheadle]], African-American actor\\n** [[Cork Graham]], American author\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Hape\n        Kerkeling cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hape Kerkeling]]]]\\n[[File:Tony Roper.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony\n        Roper (racing driver)|Tony Roper]]]]\\n[[File:Osaka07 Opening Heike Drechsler.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heike\n        Drechsler]], 1992 Olympic gold medalist]]\\n[[File:Steve Austin by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stone\n        Cold Steve Austin]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Salvatore Schillaci]], Italian\n        footballer\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Darryl Hamilton]], American baseball player\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Scott George Huckabay]], American guitarist\\n* [[December\n        4]]\\n** [[Sertab Erener]], Turkish singer-songwriter, [[Eurovision Song Contest]]\n        2003 winner\\n** [[Jonathan Goldstein (actor)|Jonathan Goldstein]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Marisa Tomei]], American actress \\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Roberta\n        Close]], Brazilian transgender model\\n** [[Curtis Hughes]], American wrestler\\n**\n        [[Peter Laviolette]], American ice hockey coach\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Teri Hatcher]], American actress\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Larry Emdur]],\n        Australian game-show host\\n** [[Hape Kerkeling]], German actor, presenter\n        and comedian\\n** [[Johannes B. Kerner]], German TV personality and sportscaster\\n**\n        [[Paul Landers]], German rock musician ([[Rammstein]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n**\n        [[Bobby Flay]], American chef and host\\n** [[Edith Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Mexican\n        actress\\n* [[December 11]] – [[John Mark Karr]], American murder suspect\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Sabu (wrestler)|Sabu]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[December 13]]\\n**[[Hide (musician)|Hideto \\\"hide\\\" Matsumoto]], Japanese\n        musician (d. [[1998]])\\n**[[Tony Roper (racing driver)|Tony Roper]], American\n        racing driver (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Rebecca Gibney]], New\n        Zealand-born actress\\n** [[Antje Vowinckel]], German radio artist and musician\\n*\n        [[December 15]] \\n** [[Jerry Ball]], American football player\\n** [[Denis\n        Scheck]], German literary critic and journalist\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Heike\n        Drechsler]], German track-and-field athlete\\n** [[Billy Ripken]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Frank Musil]], Czech ice hockey\n        player and scout\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]], American\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[December 19]] \\n** [[Ben Becker]], German film\n        and theatre actor\\n** [[Arvydas Sabonis]], Lithuanian basketball player\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Mike Jackson (right-handed pitcher)|Mike Jackson]],\n        former [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] pitcher\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Eddie\n        Vedder]], American rock singer ([[Pearl Jam]])\\n* [[December 26]] –\n        [[Elizabeth Kostova]], American author\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Michael\n        Cudlitz]], American actor\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[George Newbern]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Sophie Ward]], British actress\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Michael\n        McDonald (comedian)|Michael McDonald]], American actor and comedian\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Juan Carlos Alom]], Cuban photographer\\n* [[Fiona Joy Hawkins]],\n        Australian composer and pianist\\n* [[Famke Janssen]], Dutch actress. Estimated\n        year of birth. \\n* [[Jiang Yu]], Chinese politician\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Julius-Raab-1961.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julius\n        Raab]]]]\\n[[File:Bechara elkhoury.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bechara El Khoury]]]]\\n[[File:Alan\n        Ladd 1950s.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Alan Ladd]]]]\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Leslie\n        Holdsworth Allen]], Australian academic and poet (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Julius Raab]], Austrian politician, 14th [[Chancellor of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Halide Edib Ad\\u0131var]], Turkish\n        novelist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Bechara El Khoury]], 2-Time\n        Prime Minister and 2-Time President of Lebanon (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January\n        15]]\\n** [[Tawfiq Canaan]], Palestinian doctor (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Jack Teagarden]],\n        American jazz trombonist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 17]] – [[T. H. White]],\n        British author (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Joe Weatherly]],\n        [[NASCAR]] championship driver (b. 1922)\\n* [[January 21]] \\n** [[Joseph Baumgartner]],\n        German politician (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Joseph Schildkraut]], Austrian actor\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January 22]] \\n** [[Lissy Arna]], German actress (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Marc Blitzstein]], American composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 23]]\\n**\n        [[Benedetta Bianchi Porro]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and venerable\n        (b. [[1936]])\\n** [[Lucila Gamero de Medina]], Honduranian novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – [[Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi]], Nigerian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and blessed (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Norman Z. McLeod]],\n        American film director (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Waite Phillips]], American oil\n        man, banker and real estate investor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Adolfo\n        Diaz|Adolfo Diaz Recinos]], 2-time [[President of Nicaragua]] (d. [[1875]])\\n**\n        [[Alan Ladd]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Emilio\n        Aguinaldo ca. 1919 (Restored).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]]]\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** [[Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        Amato]], Italian producer, director and screenwriter (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[Matilde Moisant]], American pilot (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], Filipino general and 1st [[President of\n        the Philippines]] (b. [[1869]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Sofoklis Venizelos]],\n        3-Time Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Boshir\\u014d\n        Hosogaya]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Ernst Kretschmer]], German\n        psychiatrist (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Eugen S\\u00e4nger]],\n        Austrian aerospace engineer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Gerald\n        Gardner (Wiccan)]], founder of Wiccan religion (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Paulino Alc\\u00e1ntara]], Filipino-Spanish footballer (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – [[Joseph-Armand Bombardier]], Canadian inventor of\n        the [[snowmobile]] and founder of [[Bombardier Inc.]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[February\n        25]]\\n** [[Alexander Archipenko]], Ukrainian-American sculptor (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Johnny Burke (lyricist)|Johnny Burke]], American lyricist (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Mariano Jes\\u00fas Cuenco]], Filipino politician and writer (b. [[1888]])\\n**\n        [[Maurice Farman]], French aircraft designer (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Grace Metalious]],\n        American writer (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas]],\n        British World War II hero (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Orry-Kelly]],\n        Australian-born costume designer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 29]] –\n        [[Frank Albertson]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Paul\n        I of Greece.jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Paul of Greece]]]]\\n[[File:Sigfrid Edstrom.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sigfrid\n        Edstrom]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Dav\\u00ed\\u00f0 Stef\\u00e1nsson]], Icelandic\n        poet (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Edwin August]], American actor\n        and director (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Paul of Greece]], [[King of\n        Greece]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Edward Van Sloan]], American actor (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]], German general (b. [[1870]])\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[Abb\\u0101s al-Aqq\\u0101d]], Egyptian journalist (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Friedrich Lahrs]], German architect (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Sigfrid Edstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish industrialist,\n        4th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1870]])\\n**\n        [[Norbert Wiener]], American mathematician (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Leo Maximilian Baginski]], German entrepreneur (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Brendan Behan]], Irish poet and writer (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[March\n        22]] – [[Addison Richards]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Peter Lorre]], Hungarian-born actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March\n        25]] – [[Alfredo Bigatti]], Argentine sculptor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March\n        30]] – [[Birinchi Kumar Barua]], Indian folklorist (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:MacArthur\n        Manila.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Douglas MacArthur]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Bo\\u017eidar\n        Kunc]], Yugoslav composer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Franz Joseph,\n        Prince of Hohenzollern-Emden]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Georgia\n        Caine]], American actress (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Douglas MacArthur]],\n        U.S. Army general, Supreme Allied Commander in Japan after World War II (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Jigme Palden Dorji]], 1st [[Prime Minister\n        of Bhutan]] (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Veit Harlan]], German\n        film director (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** [[Tatyana Afanasyeva]], Soviet\n        mathematician and physicist (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Rachel Carson]], American\n        biologist and environmental writer (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 18]] \\n** [[Fumio\n        Asakura]], Japanese sculptor (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Ben Hecht]], American screenwriter\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 20]] \\n** [[Joseph-Alphida Crete]], Canadian politician\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Dimitar Ganev]], Bulgarian communist politician, head\n        of the State (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Gerhard Domagk]], German\n        [[bacteriologist]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]\n        (declined) (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[E. J. Pratt]], Canadian\n        poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[J. M. Kerrigan]], Irish actor (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Wenceslao Fern\\u00e1ndez Fl\\u00f3rez]], Spanish journalist\n        and novelist (b. [[1885]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Jnehru.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]]]]\\n[[File:Leo Szilard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor]], American-born politician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Tadao Ikeda]], Japanese director and\n        screenwriter (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Maza Fern\\u00e1ndez]],\n        Chilean politician, lawyer and diplomat (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        [[Carol Haney]], American dancer and actress (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Diana Wynyard]], English actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Steve\n        Owen (American football)|Steve Owen]], American football coach ([[New York\n        Giants]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[James Franck]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Jawaharlal\n        Nehru]], Indian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of India]] (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]]\\n** [[Dave MacDonald]], sports car driver (b. 1936)\\n** [[Eddie\n        Sachs]], auto racing driver (b. 1927)\\n** [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]], Hungarian-born\n        American physicist (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Frans\n        Eemil Sillanp\\u00e4\\u00e4]], Finnish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[June 6]] \\n** [[Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\n        (1886\\u20131964)|Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Robert Warwick]], American actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Violet\n        Attlee, Countess Attlee]], wife of former British PM Clement Attlee (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Charlie Llewellyn]], first non-white South African Test cricketer (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Carlos Quintanilla]], 44th [[President of Bolivia]] (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook]], Canadian-born\n        newspaper publisher and politician (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 11]]\\n** [[John\n        Eke]], Swedish Olympic athlete (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]],\n        Thai field marshal and 3rd [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] (1938-1944), leader\n        of the [[World War II]] & (1948-1957) (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Paul Carpenter (actor)|Paul Carpenter]], American actor (b. [[1921]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – [[Clarence G. Badger]], American film director (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – [[Giorgio Morandi]], Italian painter (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[June 21]]\\n** [[James Chaney]], American civil rights activist (killed in\n        Mississippi) (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Andrew Goodman]], American civil rights activist\n        (killed in Mississippi) (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Michael Schwerner]], American\n        civil rights activist (killed in Mississippi) (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – [[Stuart Davis (painter)|Stuart Davis]], American painter (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Gerrit Rietveld]], Dutch architect (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Salvatore Aldisio]], Italian politician (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Mona Barrie]], English actress (b. [[1909]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Lillian\n        Copeland 1938.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lillian Copeland]]]]\\n[[File:Princeaxel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Axel of Denmark]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Pierre Monteux]], French conductor\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 2]] – [[Fireball Roberts|Glenn \\\"Fireball\\\"\n        Roberts]], American race car driver and a member of the [[NASCAR Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Henry (Hank) Sylvern|Hank Sylvern]],\n        U.S. [[radio]] personality (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Zeng Junchen]],\n        Sichuan''s ''King of Opium'' (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Lillian\n        Copeland]], American athlete (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Maurice\n        Thorez]], leader of the [[French Communist Party]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July\n        13]] – [[Stephen Galatti]], Director of [[American Field Service|AFS,\n        American Field Service]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Prince Axel\n        of Denmark]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Luis Batlle Berres]],\n        30th [[President of Uruguay]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Alfred\n        Junge]], German-born art director (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Jean\n        Fautrier]],  French painter and sculptor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\n**\n        [[Leonid Baratov]], Soviet director (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Gildo Bocci]], Italian\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Thakin Kodaw Hmaing]], Burmese\n        poet and politician (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[William A. Seiter]],\n        American film director (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Vean Gregg]],\n        American baseball player (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jim Reeves]],\n        American country singer (b. [[1923]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Aleksander Zawadzki\n        01.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Aleksander Zawadzki]]]]\\n[[File:Gracie Allen CBS.JPG|100px|thumbnail|[[Gracie\n        Allen]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Flannery O''Connor]], American writer\n        (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[August 6]] – Sir [[Cedric Hardwicke]], English actor\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Aleksander Zawadzki]], Polish political\n        figure, 12th [[President of Poland]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Fontaine Fox]], American cartoonist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 11]] –\n        [[Andr\\u00e9 Aymard]], French historian (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n**\n        [[Isidro Fabela]], Mexican judge and politician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Ian Fleming]],\n        British writer (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Ernst K\\u00fchnel]], German art historian\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov]], Soviet astronomer and inventor\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]], Indian musician\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Johnny Burnette]], American singer\n        (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Mohammad Gul Khan Momand]], Afghani\n        politician (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Anthony de Francisci]],\n        Italian-born American sculptor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Palmiro\n        Togliatti]], leader of the [[Italian Communist Party]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Symeon Lukach]], Soviet [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Orthodox]]\n        bishop, martyr and blessed (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Estella\n        Canziani]], British painter (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Gracie\n        Allen]], American actress and comedian, known as part of the comedy duo ''''[[Burns\n        and Allen]]'''' (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Lumsden Hare]], Irish-born\n        actor, theatre director, and theatre producer\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Aleksei\n        Aleksandrovich Grechkin]], Soviet commander (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n=== September\n        ===\\n[[File:Alferes Francisco Craveiro Lopes, Mo%C3%A7ambique, 1918 (c.).png|thumb|100px|[[Francisco\n        Craveiro Lopes]]]]\\n[[File:Harpo Marx.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harpo Marx]]]]\\n*\n        [[September 2]]\\n** [[Glenn Albert Black]], American archaeologist (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[Francisco Craveiro Lopes]], Portuguese military officer and politician,\n        12nd [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Alvin C. York|Alvin Cullum\n        York]], American hero of [[World War I]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 5]]\n        – [[Angel Cruchaga Santa Mar\\u00eda]], Chilean writer (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[San Tiago Dantas]], Brazilian journalist (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[September 9]] \\n** [[Sir George Abercromby, 8th Baronet]], British baronet\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Herschel Bennett]], American baseball player of [[St.\n        Louis Browns]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Herbert Heywood\n        (actor)|Herbert Heywood]], American actor (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**\n        [[Clive Bell]], English art critic (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Se\\u00e1n O''Casey]],\n        Irish writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Otto Grotewohl]],\n        East German Communist politician, 1st [[Leadership of East Germany|Prime Minister\n        of the German Democratic Republic]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        [[Fred M. Wilcox]], American motion picture director (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        28]]\\n** [[Nacio Herb Brown]], American songwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Harpo\n        Marx]], American comedian (''''Marx Brothers'''') (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        29]] – [[Fred Tootell]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Herbert\n        Hoover.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Herbert Hoover]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Ernst\n        Toch]], Austrian composer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Eddie\n        Cantor]], American actor, comedian and dancer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[Cole Porter]], American composer (''''You''re The Top'''') (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Russ Brown (actor)|Russ Brown]], American actor (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Herbert Hoover]], American politician,\n        31st [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        [[Margaret Gibson (actress)|Margaret Gibson]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Whip Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[October\n        26]] – [[Eric Edgar Cooke]], Australian serial killer (b. [[1931]])\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Pierre Cartier (jeweler)|Pierre Cartier]], French jeweller\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Rudolph Mat\\u00e9]], Polish cinematographer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Claudio Ermelli]], Italian actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Henry\n        Larsen (explorer)|Henry Larsen]], Canadian explorer (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\n** [[Charles Walter Allfrey]], British general (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Ram\\u00f3n Guizado]], Panamanian politician, 17th [[President\n        of Panama]] (assassinated) (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Mabel Lucie\n        Attwell]], British illustrator (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[John S. Robertson]], Canadian\n        film director (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Hans von Euler-Chelpin]],\n        German-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b.\n        [[1873]])\\n* [[November 10]] \\n** [[Jimmie Dodd]], American actor and TV personality\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Sam Newfield]], American movie director (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\n** [[Franciszek Barda]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman\n        and servant of God (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Juan de Dios Filiberto]], Argentine\n        violinist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Eduard Steuermann]], Austrian-American pianist\n        and composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Rickard Sandler]],\n        20th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Oskar\n        Becker]], German philosopher (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Heinrich\n        von Brentano]], German politician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 18]] –\n        [[Tommaso Besozzi]], Italian journalist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[November 25]] –\n        [[Clarence Kolb]], American actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        [[Charles Meredith (actor)|Charles Meredith]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Anne de Vries]], Dutch writer (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Hess.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Victor\n        Francis Hess]]]]\\n[[File:Rossell-y-arellano.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mariano Rossell\n        y Arellano]]]]\\n[[File:Olafur Thors.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Olafur Thors]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]]\\n** [[Marie-Cl\\u00e9mentine Anuarite Nengapeta]], Congolese\n        [[Roman Catholic]] religious sister, martyr and blessed (b. [[1939]])\\n**\n        [[J. B. S. Haldane]], British geneticist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Charles P. Snyder (admiral)|Charles P. Snyder]], American admiral (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[V. Veerasingam]], Ceylon Tamil teacher and politician\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Consuelo Vanderbilt]], Duchess of\n        Marlborough (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 9]] – Dame [[Edith Sitwell]],\n        British poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Mariano Rossell y\n        Arellano]], Guatemalan [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[December\n        11]]\\n** [[Sam Cooke]], American singer and songwriter (b. [[1931]])\\n** [[Percy\n        Kilbride]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Alma Mahler|Alma Schindler\n        Mahler]], wife of [[Gustav Mahler]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 13]] –\n        [[Ernesto Almirante]], Italian actor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n**\n        [[William Bendix]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Francisco Canaro]],\n        Uruguayan-born composer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 17]] – [[Victor\n        Francis Hess]], Austrian-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Carl Van Vechten]], American\n        writer and photographer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Rosa Borja\n        de Ycaza]], Ecuadorian writer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Kuksha\n        of Odessa]], Soviet [[Orthodox patriarch]] and saint (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Francesco Spoto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and blessed\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Cliff Sterrett]], American cartoonist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Vladimir Favorsky]], Russian artist\n        and engraver (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Gertrude Michael]], American\n        actress (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur Thors]], Icelandic politician, 8th\n        [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Henry Maitland Wilson]],\n        British field marshal (b. [[1881]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Charles Hard Townes]], [[Nicolay\n        Gennadiyevich Basov]], [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov|Aleksandr Prokhorov]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Konrad\n        Bloch]], [[Feodor Lynen]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]]\\n\\n==See also==\\n\\n* [[1964 (film)]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1964}}\\n[[Category:1964|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T03:45:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":799668532,\"length\":100290,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964\"},\"34750\":{\"pageid\":34750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1965\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-08T21:38:18Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1965}}\\n{{Events by month|1965}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1965}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1965}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1965}}\\n* [[January 1]] – Canadian ship {{SS|Catala}}\n        is driven onto the beach in [[Ocean Shores, Washington]], stranding her.\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] proclaims his \\\"[[Great\n        Society]]\\\" during his [[State of the Union address]].\\n* [[January 9]] –\n        The [[Mirzapur Cadet College]] formally opens for academic activities in East\n        Pakistan (now [[Bangladesh]]).\\n* [[January 14]] – The Prime Minister\n        of [[Northern Ireland]] and the [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]]\n        meet for the first time in 43 years.\\n* [[January 19]] – The unmanned\n        ''''[[Gemini 2]]'''' is launched on a suborbital test of various spacecraft\n        systems.\\n* [[January 20]] \\n** [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] is [[Second inauguration\n        of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn in]] for a full term as President of the United\n        States.\\n** [[Indonesia]]n President Sukarno announces the withdrawal of the\n        Indonesian government from the United Nations.\\n* [[January 26]] – Anti-Hindi\n        agitations break out in India, because of which [[Hindi]] does not get \\\"National\n        Language\\\" status and remains one of the 23 official languages of India.\\n*\n        [[January 30]] – The state [[State funeral of Winston Churchill|funeral]]\n        of Sir [[Winston Churchill]] takes place in London with the largest assembly\n        of statesmen in the world until the 2005 funeral of [[Pope John Paul II]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4421081.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Holding\n        history''s largest funeral|date=2005-04-08|accessdate=2010-03-29}}\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|February 1965}}\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Trofim Lysenko]] is removed\n        from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the [[Russian Academy\n        of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]] in the Soviet Union and [[Lysenkoism|Lysenkoist]]\n        theories subjected to criticism as pseudoscience.{{cite journal|url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/229.short\n        |title=The descent of Lysenko |last=Cohen |first=Barry M. |journal=The Journal\n        of Heredity |volume=56 |pages=229\\u2013233 |year=1965 |issue=5 |accessdate=2015-01-01\n        |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VXNmwwHu?url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/229.short\n        |archivedate=January 12, 2015 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}{{cite book|last=Joravsky|first=David|title=The\n        Lysenko Affair|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1970|series=Russian\n        Research Center studies, 61|isbn=0-674-53985-0}}\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        English footballer Sir [[Stanley Matthews]] plays his final [[Football League\n        First Division|First Division]] game, at the record age of 50 years and 5\n        days.\\n* [[February 12]] – The African and [[Malagasy Republic|Malagasy]]\n        Common Organization (''''{{lang|fr|Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache}}'''';\n        OCAM) is formed as successor to the Afro-Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation\n        (''''{{lang|fr|Union Africaine et Malgache de Cooperation Economique}}'''';\n        UAMCE), formerly the [[African and Malagasy Union]] (''''{{lang|fr|Union Africaine\n        et Malgache}}''''; UAM).\\n* [[February 15]] – A new red and white [[maple\n        leaf]] design is inaugurated as the [[flag of Canada]], replacing the [[Union\n        Flag]] and the [[Canadian Red Ensign]].\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Joan\n        Rivers]] makes her [[Tonight Show]] debut.\\n* [[February 18]] – [[The\n        Gambia]] becomes independent from the United Kingdom.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n**\n        ''''[[Ranger 8]]'''' crashes into the Moon, after a successful mission of\n        photographing possible landing sites for the [[Apollo program]] [[astronaut]]s.\\n**\n        {{lang|tr|[[Suat Hayri \\u00dcrg\\u00fcpl\\u00fc]]}} forms the new (interim)\n        government of [[Turkey]] (29th government).\\n* [[February 21]] – African-American\n        Muslim minister and human rights activist [[Malcolm X]] is assassinated in\n        New York City.\\n* [[February 22]] – A new, revised, color production\n        of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Cinderella (musical)|Cinderella]]''''\n        airs on CBS. [[Lesley Ann Warren]] makes her TV debut in the title role. The\n        show becomes an annual tradition.\\n[[File:Flag of Canada.svg|thumb|180px|The\n        newly adopted [[Flag of Canada]]]]\\n[[File:Flag of the Gambia.svg|thumb|180px|Flag\n        of the newly independent [[Gambia]]]]\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main article|March\n        1965}}\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] –\n        The [[United States Air Force]] [[2d Air Division]], [[United States Navy]]\n        and Republic of [[Vietnam Air Force]] begin a 3\\u00bd-year aerial bombardment\n        campaign against [[North Vietnam]].\\n** The film of ''''[[The Sound of Music\n        (film)|The Sound of Music]]'''' premieres at the Rivoli Theater in New York\n        City.\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Bloody Sunday (1965)|Bloody Sunday]]: Some\n        200 Alabama State Troopers attack 525 civil rights demonstrators in [[Selma,\n        Alabama]], as they attempt to [[Selma to Montgomery marches|march to the state\n        capitol of Montgomery]].\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Some 3,500\n        [[United States Marines]] arrive in [[Da Nang]], [[South Vietnam]], becoming\n        the first American ground combat troops in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[March 9]] –\n        The second attempt to march from Selma to [[Montgomery, Alabama]], under the\n        leadership of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], stops at the bridge that was the\n        site of Bloody Sunday, to hold a prayer service and return to Selma, in obedience\n        to a court [[Injunction|restraining order]]. [[White supremacist]]s beat up\n        white [[Unitarian Universalist]] minister [[James J. Reeb]] later that day\n        in Selma.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** An engagement is announced between [[Princess\n        Margriet of the Netherlands]] and [[Pieter van Vollenhoven]], who will become\n        the first commoner and the first Dutchman to marry into the [[Dutch Royal\n        Family]].\\n** [[Goldie (eagle)|Goldie]], a [[London Zoo]] [[golden eagle]],\n        is recaptured 12 days after her escape.\\n* [[March 11]] – White [[Unitarian\n        Universalist]] minister [[James J. Reeb]], beaten by [[White supremacists]]\n        in [[Selma, Alabama]], on [[March 9]] following the second march from Selma,\n        dies in a hospital in [[Birmingham, Alabama]].\\n* [[March 15]] – President\n        Lyndon B. Johnson makes his \\\"We Shall Overcome\\\" speech.\\n* [[March 16]]\n        – Police clash with 600 [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee|SNCC]]\n        marchers in [[Montgomery, Alabama]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** In [[Montgomery,\n        Alabama]], 1,600 civil rights marchers demonstrate at the Courthouse.\\n**\n        In response to the events of March 7 and 9 in Selma, Alabama, President [[Lyndon\n        B. Johnson]] sends a bill to Congress that forms the basis for the Voting\n        Rights Act of 1965. It is passed by the Senate May 26, the House July 10,\n        and signed into law by President Johnson August 6.\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Cosmonaut]]\n        [[Alexey Leonov]], leaving his spacecraft ''''[[Voskhod 2]]'''' for 12 minutes,\n        becomes the first person to walk in space.\\n** A [[United States federal judge]]\n        rules that [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference|SCLC]] has the lawful\n        right to march to [[Montgomery, Alabama]], to petition for ''redress of grievances''.\\n*\n        [[March 19]] – The wreck of the {{SS|Georgiana}}, reputed to have been\n        the most powerful Confederate cruiser ever built, is discovered off the [[Isle\n        of Palms, South Carolina]], by teenage diver [[E. Lee Spence]], exactly 102\n        years after she was sunk with a million dollar cargo, while attempting to\n        run past the Union blockade into [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]].\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** \\\"[[Poup\\u00e9e de cire, poup\\u00e9e de son]]\\\", sung by\n        [[France Gall]] (music and lyrics by [[Serge Gainsbourg]]) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1965]] for [[Luxembourg]].\\n** The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]\n        begins.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Ranger program]]: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Ranger\n        9]]'''', which is the last in a series of unmanned [[Moon|lunar]] [[space\n        probe]]s.''''\\n** [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] leads 3,200 [[Civil Rights Movement|civil\n        rights]] activists in the third march from Selma, Alabama, to the capitol\n        in Montgomery.\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Nicolae Ceau\\u0219escu]] becomes\n        the first secretary of the [[Romanian Communist Party]].\\n* [[March 23]]\\n**\n        [[Events of March 23, 1965]]: Large student demonstration in Morocco, joined\n        by discontented masses, meets with violent police and military repression.\n        \\n**''''[[Gemini 3]]'''': [[NASA]] launches the United States'' first 2-person\n        crew ([[Gus Grissom]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]]) into [[Earth\n        orbit]].\\n**The first issue of ''''[[The Vigilant]]'''' is published from\n        [[Khartoum]].\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and 25,000\n        civil rights activists successfully end the 4-day march from Selma, Alabama,\n        to the capitol in Montgomery.\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** Funeral services are held\n        for Detroit homemaker [[Viola Liuzzo]], who was shot dead by 4 Klansmen as\n        she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the civil rights march.\\n**\n        The second [[ODECA]] charter, signed on 12 December 1962, becomes effective.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main\n        article|April 1965}}\\n* [[April 3]] – The world''s first space nuclear\n        power reactor, ''''[[SNAP-10A]]'''', is launched by the United States from\n        Vandenberg AFB, California. The reactor operates for 43 days and remains in\n        [[low Earth orbit]].\\n* [[April 5]] – At the [[37th Academy Awards]],\n        ''''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'''' wins 8 Academy Awards, including\n        Best Picture and Best Director. [[Rex Harrison]] wins an Oscar for [[Academy\n        Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]. ''''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]''''\n        takes home 5 Oscars. [[Julie Andrews]] wins an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]\n        for her performance in the title role. [[Sherman Brothers]] receives 2 Oscars\n        including [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Song]], \\\"[[Chim Chim\n        Cher-ee]]\\\".\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** The [[Intelsat I]] (\\\"Early Bird\\\") [[communications\n        satellite]] is launched. It becomes operational [[May 2]] and is placed in\n        commercial service in [[June]].\\n** The British Government announces the cancellation\n        of the [[TSR-2]] aircraft project.\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** The West German parliament\n        extends the [[statute of limitations]] on [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war crime]]s.\\n**\n        In [[Houston]], the Harris County Domed Stadium (more commonly known as the\n        [[Astrodome]]) opens.\\n** [[Charlie Brown]] and the ''''[[Peanuts]]'''' Gang\n        appear on the cover of ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''''.\\n* [[April 11]] –\n        The [[1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak]]: An estimated 51 tornadoes (47 confirmed)\n        hit in 6 Midwestern states, killing between 256 and 271 people and injuring\n        some 1,500 more.\\n* [[April 14]] – ''''[[In Cold Blood]]'''' killers\n        [[Richard Hickock]] and [[Perry Smith (murderer)|Perry Smith]], convicted\n        of murdering 4 members of the [[Herbert Clutter]] family of [[Holcomb, Kansas]],\n        are executed by hanging at the Kansas State Penitentiary for Men in [[Lansing,\n        Kansas]].\\n* [[April 17]] – The first [[Students for a Democratic Society]]\n        march against the Vietnam War draws 25,000 protestors to Washington, D.C.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – Consecration of Saint [[Clement of Ohrid]] Macedonian\n        Orthodox Cathedral in Toronto, Canada.\\n* [[April 21]] – The [[1964\n        New York World''s Fair|New York World''s Fair]] in [[Flushing Meadows]], New\n        York, reopens.\\n* [[April 23]] – The [[Pennine Way]] officially opens.\\n*\n        [[April 24]]\\n** The [[1965 Yerevan demonstrations]] start in Yerevan, demanding\n        recognition of the [[Armenian Genocide]].\\n** The bodies of Portuguese opposition\n        politician [[Humberto Delgado]] and his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos\n        are found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno, Spain (they were killed\n        [[February 12]]).\\n** In the [[Dominican Republic]], officers and civilians\n        loyal to deposed President [[Juan Bosch]] mutiny against the right-wing junta\n        running the country, setting up a [[provisional government]]. Forces loyal\n        to the deposed military-imposed government stage a countercoup the next day,\n        and civil war breaks out, although the new government retains its hold on\n        power.\\n* [[April 25]] – Teenage [[sniper]] Michael Clark kills 3 and\n        wounds others shooting at cars from a hilltop along [[Highway 101]] just south\n        of [[Orcutt, California]]. Sixteen-year-old Clark kills himself as police\n        rush the hilltop.\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Rede Globo]], the 3rd largest\n        TV broadcaster of the world, is founded, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]].\\n*\n        [[April 28]]\\n** [[American occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965\\u201366)|U.S.\n        troops occupy the Dominican Republic.]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Prime Minister\n        of Australia [[Robert Menzies]] announces that the country will substantially\n        increase its number of troops in [[South Vietnam]], supposedly at the request\n        of the [[Saigon]] government (it is later revealed that Menzies had asked\n        the leadership in Saigon to send the request at the behest of the Americans).\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – Australia announces that it is sending an [[infantry]]\n        battalion to support the [[South Vietnam]] government.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{main\n        article|May 1965}}\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Robert Askin|Bob Askin]] replaces [[Jack\n        Renshaw]] as Premier of [[New South Wales]].\\n** The [[Battle of Dong-Yin]]\n        occurs as a conflict between [[Taiwan]] and the People''s Republic of China.\\n**\n        Liverpool wins the FA Cup Final, beating Leeds Utd 2\\u20131.\\n* [[May 5]]\n        – Forty men [[Draft-card burning|burn their draft cards]] at the [[University\n        of California, Berkeley]], and a coffin is marched to the Berkeley [[Conscription\n        in the United States|Draft Board]].\\n* [[May 6]] – A [[Early-May 1965\n        tornado outbreak sequence|tornado outbreak]] near the [[Minneapolis\\u2013Saint\n        Paul|Twin Cities]] in [[Minnesota]] kills 13 and injures 683.\\n* [[May 7]]\n        – The [[U.S. Steel]] freighter {{SS|Cedarville}} collides with the SS\n        ''''Topdalsfjord'''' and sinks near the [[Mackinac Bridge]], killing 25. 10\n        are rescued from the ''''Cedarville'''', the 3rd largest lake ship to sink\n        after its sister the {{SS|Carl D. Bradley}}, and the {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}.\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – Pianist [[Vladimir Horowitz]] returns to the stage after\n        a 12-year absence, performing a legendary concert in [[Carnegie Hall]] in\n        New York.\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** West Germany and [[Israel]] establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** The Italian liner {{SS|Michelangelo}} enters service.\\n* [[May\n        13]] – A West German [[court of appeals]] condemns the behavior of ex-defense\n        minister [[Franz Josef Strauss]] during the [[Spiegel scandal]].\\n* [[May\n        21]] – The largest antiwar [[teach-in]] to date begins at [[Berkeley,\n        California]], attended by 30,000.\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** Several hundred Vietnam\n        War protesters in Berkeley, California, march to the Draft Board again to\n        burn 19 more cards. [[Lyndon Johnson]] is hung in [[effigy]].\\n** The first\n        [[skateboarding]] championship is held.\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Muhammad Ali]]\n        knocks out [[Sonny Liston]] in the first round of their championship rematch\n        with the \\\"[[Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston|Phantom Punch]]\\\" at the [[Central\n        Maine Civic Center]] in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]].\\n* [[May 27]] –\n        [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] beats [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] 1-0 at the [[San\n        Siro]], [[Milan]] and wins the [[1964-65 European Cup]] (football).\\n* [[May\n        29]] – A mining accident in [[Dhanbad]], India kills 274.\\n* [[May 31]]\n        – [[Auto racing|Racing driver]] [[Jim Clark]] wins the [[Indianapolis\n        500]], and later wins the [[Formula One]] world driving championship in the\n        same year.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{main article|June 1965}}\\n[[File:FIU Green Library.JPG|right|thumb|170px|Green\n        Library at [[Florida International University]] in [[Miami, FL]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]]\\n** [[Florida International University]] is founded in [[Miami]].\\n**\n        A [[Coal mining|coal mine]] explosion in [[Fukuoka]], Japan kills 237.\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The first contingent of Australian combat\n        troops arrives in [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[June 3]] – ''''[[Gemini 4]]'''':\n        Astronaut [[Edward Higgins White]] makes the first U.S. [[space walk]].\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – The single \\\"[[(I Can''t Get No) Satisfaction]]\\\" by [[The\n        Rolling Stones]] is released. It becames the band''s first number one in the\n        United States and is often thought to be one of the greatest rock ''n'' roll\n        songs of all time. \\n* [[June 7]] – [[Kakanj mine disaster]]: A mining\n        accident in [[Kakanj]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], results in 128 deaths.\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Battle of Dong Xoai]]: About\n        1,500 [[Viet Cong]] mount a mortar attack on [[\\u0110\\u1ed3ng Xo\\u00e0i]],\n        overrunning its military headquarters and the adjoining militia compound.\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – A planned [[Opposition to United States involvement in\n        the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War protest]] at [[The Pentagon]] becomes a teach-in,\n        with demonstrators distributing 50,000 leaflets in and around the building.\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Houari Boumediene]]''s Revolutionary Council ousts [[Ahmed\n        Ben Bella]], in a bloodless [[coup]] in [[Algeria]].\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        Police in [[Algiers]] break up demonstrations by people who have taken to\n        the streets chanting slogans in support of deposed President [[Ahmed Ben Bella]].\\n*\n        [[June 22]] – The [[Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the\n        Republic of Korea]] is signed in Tokyo.\\n* [[June 25]] – A U.S. Air\n        Force [[Boeing C-135 Stratolifter]] bound for Okinawa crashes just after takeoff\n        at [[MCAS El Toro]] in [[Orange County, California]], killing all 85 on board.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – The DeFeo family moves from Brooklyn, New York, to 112\n        Ocean Avenue in Amityville, Long Island, New York, in the United States. The\n        murder of all but one of the DeFeos  nine years later, on November 13, [[1974#November|1974]],\n        by the oldest son, [[Ronald DeFeo Jr.|Ronald/Ronnie \\\"Butch\\\" DeFeo, Jr.]],\n        and the subsequent claims of a haunting at 112 Ocean Avenue by the Lutz family,\n        would lead to [[The Amityville Horror]] franchise of books and movies.\\n\\n===\n        July ===\\n{{main article|July 1965}}\\n* July – The [[Commonwealth of\n        Nations|Commonwealth]] secretariat is created.\\n* [[July 14]] – U.S.\n        spacecraft ''''[[Mariner 4]]'''' flies by [[Mars]], becoming the first spacecraft\n        to return images from the Red Planet.\\n* [[July 15]] – Greek Prime minister\n        [[Georgios Papandreou]] and his government are dismissed by King [[Constantine\n        II of Greece|Constantine II]].\\n* [[July 16]] – The [[Mont Blanc Tunnel]]\n        is inaugurated by presidents [[Giuseppe Saragat]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]].\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Four [[F-4 Phantom II|F-4C Phantoms]]\n        escorting a [[Strategic bombing|bombing raid]] at Kang Chi are targeted by\n        [[antiaircraft missile]]s, in the first such attack against American planes\n        in the war. One is shot down and the other 3 sustain damage.\\n* [[July 25]]\n        – [[Bob Dylan]] elicits controversy among folk purists by \\\"going electric\\\"\n        at the [[Newport Folk Festival]].\\n* [[July 26]] – The [[Maldives]]\n        receive full independence from Great Britain.\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Edward\n        Heath]] becomes Leader of the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative\n        Party]].\\n* [[July 28]] – Vietnam War: U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]\n        announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in [[South\n        Vietnam]] from 75,000 to 125,000, and to more than double the number of men\n        drafted per month - from 17,000 to 35,000.\\n* [[July 29]] – [[The Beatles]]\n        second movie ''''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'''' premieres.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[War on Poverty]]: U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Social\n        Security Act of 1965]] into law, establishing [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]\n        and [[Medicaid]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n{{main article|August 1965}}\\n* [[August\n        1]] – [[Tobacco advertising|Cigarette advertising]] is banned on British\n        television.\\n* [[August 6]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs\n        the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] into law.\\n* [[August 7]] – [[Tunku\n        Abdul Rahman]], [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]], recommends the expulsion of\n        [[Singapore]] from the [[Federation of Malaysia]], negotiating its separation\n        with [[Lee Kuan Yew]], Prime Minister of Singapore.\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Singapore]]\n        is expelled from the Federation of [[Malaysia]], which recognises it as a\n        [[Sovereignty|sovereign nation]]. [[Lee Kuan Yew]] announces Singapore''s\n        independence and assumes the position of Prime Minister of the new island\n        nation \\u2013 a position he holds until [[1990]].\\n** An explosion at an [[Arkansas]]\n        missile plant kills 53.\\n** [[Indonesia]]n president [[Sukarno]] collapses\n        in public.\\n* [[August 11]] – The [[Watts Riots]] begin in Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – The rock group [[Jefferson Airplane]] debuts at the\n        Matrix in [[San Francisco]] and begins to appear there regularly.\\n* [[August\n        15]] – [[The Beatles]] perform the first stadium concert in the history\n        of music, playing before 55,600 persons at [[Shea Stadium]] in New York City.\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation Starlite]]: 5,500\n        [[United States Marines]] destroy a [[Viet Cong]] stronghold on the Van Tuong\n        peninsula in [[Qu\\u1ea3ng Ng\\u00e3i Province]], in the first major American\n        ground battle of the war. The Marines were tipped-off by a Viet Cong deserter\n        who said that there was an attack planned against the U.S. base at [[Chu Lai]].\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – At the conclusion of the [[Frankfurt Auschwitz trials]],\n        66 ex-[[SS]] personnel receive [[life sentence]]s, 15 others smaller ones.\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Jonathan Myrick Daniels]], an [[Episcopal Church (United\n        States)|Episcopal]] seminarian from [[Keene, New Hampshire]], is murdered\n        in [[Hayneville, Alabama]], while working in the [[civil rights movement]].\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – ''''[[Gemini 5]]'''' ([[Gordon Cooper]], [[Pete Conrad]])\n        is launched on the first 1-week flight, as well as the first test of [[fuel\n        cell]]s for electrical power.\\n* [[August 30]]\\n** [[Casey Stengel]] announces\n        his retirement after 55 years in baseball.\\n** [[Rock music]]ian [[Bob Dylan]]\n        releases his influential album ''''[[Highway 61 Revisited]]'''', featuring\n        the song \\\"[[Like a Rolling Stone]]\\\".\\n** An [[avalanche]] buries a [[dam]]\n        construction site at [[Saas-Fee]], Switzerland, killing 90 workers.\\n* [[August\n        31]] – President Johnson signs a law penalizing the burning of draft\n        cards with up to 5 years in prison and a $1,000 fine.\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{main\n        article|September 1965}}\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Pakistan]]i troops enter\n        the Indian sector of [[Kashmir]], while Indian troops try to invade [[Lahore]].\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – The [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] observes its\n        [[Defence Day]], on account of successful defence of [[Lahore]] and other\n        important areas against India.\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Pakistan]] celebrates\n        Air Force Day on account of heavy retaliations to India.\\n** The People''s\n        Republic of China announces that it will reinforce its troops on the Indian\n        border.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: In a follow-up to August''s [[Operation Starlite]],\n        [[United States Marines]] and [[South Vietnam]]ese forces initiate Operation\n        Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula, {{convert|23|mi|km}} south of the Chu Lai\n        Marine base.\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** India opens 2 additional fronts against\n        Pakistan.\\n** The Pakistan Navy raids Indian coasts without any resistance\n        in [[Operation Dwarka]] (Pakistan celebrates [[Victory Day (Pakistan)|Victory\n        Day]] annually).\\n** [[Dorothy Dandridge]] dies of a drug overdose.\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Sandy Koufax]] of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] pitches a [[perfect\n        game]] in a [[baseball]] match against the [[Chicago Cubs]]. The opposing\n        pitcher, [[Bob Hendley]], allows only 1 run, which is unearned, and only one\n        hit, making this the lowest-hit game (1) in baseball history. It is Koufax''s\n        fourth no-hitter in as many seasons.\\n** [[United Nations Secretary-General|U.N.\n        Secretary General]] [[U Thant]] negotiates with Pakistan President [[Ayub\n        Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]].\\n** [[U Thant]] recommends China\n        for [[United Nations]] membership.\\n** [[Hurricane Betsy]] roars ashore near\n        [[New Orleans]] with winds of {{convert|145|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, causing 76\n        deaths and $1.42 billion in damage. The storm is the first hurricane to cause\n        $1 billion in unadjusted damages, giving it the nickname \\\"Billion Dollar\n        Betsy\\\". It is the last major hurricane to strike New Orleans until [[Hurricane\n        Katrina]] 40 years later.\\n* [[September 13]] – The [[Congress of Arab\n        Countries]] begins in [[Casablanca]]; [[Habib Bourguiba]] of [[Tunisia]] boycotts\n        the meeting.\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** The fourth and final period of the [[Second\n        Vatican Council]] opens.\\n** The infamous \\\"bad sitcom\\\" ''''[[My Mother The\n        Car]]'''' premieres on NBC.\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** China protests against\n        Indian provocations in its border region.\\n** In [[Iraq]], Prime Minister\n        [[Arif Abd ar-Razzaq]]''s attempted coup fails.\\n* [[September 17]] –\n        King [[Constantine II of Greece]] forms a new government with Prime Minister\n        [[Stephanos Stephanopoulos]], in an attempt to end a 2-year-old political\n        crisis.\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** In Denmark, [[Palle S\\u00f8rensen]] shoots\n        4 policemen in pursuit; he is apprehended the same day.\\n** [[Comet Ikeya\\u2013Seki]]\n        is first sighted by Japanese astronomers.\\n** [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet\n        Premier]] [[Alexei Kosygin]] invites the leaders of India and Pakistan to\n        meet in the Soviet Union to negotiate.\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: An [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[F-104 Starfighter]] piloted by\n        Captain Philip Eldon Smith is shot down by a Chinese [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19|MiG-19\n        Farmer]]. The pilot is held until 15 March [[1973]].\\n* [[September 21]] –\n        [[Gambia]], [[Maldives]] and [[Singapore]] are admitted as [[Members of the\n        United Nations|members]] of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Radio Peking]] announces that Indian troops have dismantled their equipment\n        on the Chinese side of the border.\\n* [[September 24]]\\n** Fighting resumes\n        between Indian and Pakistani troops.\\n** The British governor of [[Aden]]\n        cancels the constitution and takes direct control of the protectorate, due\n        to the bad security situation.\\n* [[September 25]] – The ''''[[Tom and\n        Jerry|Tom & Jerry]]'''' cartoon series makes its world broadcast premiere\n        on [[CBS Television|CBS]].\\n* [[September 27]] – The largest tanker\n        ship at this time, ''''Tokyo Maru'''', is launched in [[Yokohama]], Japan.\\n*\n        [[September 28]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] announces that anyone who wants to can\n        emigrate to the United States.\\n** [[Taal Volcano]] in [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]],\n        erupts, killing hundreds.\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** The [[Indonesia]]n army,\n        led by General [[Suharto]], crushes an alleged communist coup attempt (see\n        [[Transition to the New Order]] and [[30 September Movement]]).\\n** The classic\n        family sci-fi show ''''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'''' debuts\n        on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] in the United Kingdom.\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{main\n        article|October 1965}}\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] announces that\n        [[Che Guevara]] has resigned and left the country.\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon\n        B. Johnson]] signs the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] which ends\n        quotas based on [[national origin]].\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** At least 150 are\n        killed when a commuter train derails at the outskirts of [[Durban]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]],\n        South Africa.\\n** Prime minister [[Ian Smith]] of [[Rhodesia]] and [[Arthur\n        Bottomley]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] begin negotiations in London.\\n**\n        [[Pope Paul VI]] visits the United States. He appears for a Mass in [[Yankee\n        Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] and makes a speech at the [[United Nations]].\\n**\n        The [[University of California, Irvine]] opens its doors.\\n* [[October 5]]\n        – [[Pakistan]] severs [[diplomatic relations]] with [[Malaysia]] because\n        of their disagreement in the UN.\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Ian Brady]], a\n        27-year-old stock clerk from [[Hyde, Greater Manchester|Hyde]] in [[Cheshire]],\n        is arrested for allegedly hacking to death (with a hatchet) 17-year-old apprentice\n        electrician Edward Evans at a house on the [[Hattersley]] [[housing estate]].\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – Seven Japanese fishing boats are sunk off [[Guam]] by\n        super typhoon Carmen; 209 are killed.\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Indonesian killings\n        of 1965\\u201366]]: The Indonesian army instigates the arrest and execution\n        of communists which last until next March.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}\\n**\n        The 7 Fundamental Principles of the [[Red Cross and Red Crescent]] are adopted\n        at the XX International Conference in Vienna, Austria.\\n** The [[International\n        Olympic Committee]] admits [[East Germany]] as a member.\\n** The [[Post Office\n        Tower]] opens in London.\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Yale University]] presents\n        the ''''[[Vinland map]]''''.\\n** A brigade of South Korean soldiers arrive\n        in [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[October 10]] – The first group of [[Cuba]]n\n        refugees travels to the U.S.\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Per Borten]] forms a\n        government in Norway.\\n** The U.N. General Council recommends that the United\n        Kingdom try everything to stop a rebellion in [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[October 13]]\n        – Congo President [[Joseph Kasavubu]] fires Prime Minister [[Moise Tshombe]]\n        and forms a provisional government, with [[\\u00c9variste Kimba]] in a leading\n        position.\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Catholic Worker\n        Movement]] stages an anti-war protest in Manhattan. One draft card burner\n        is arrested, the first under the new law.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Moors murders]]:\n        Police find a girl''s body on [[Saddleworth Moor]] near [[Oldham]] in [[Lancashire]].\n        The body is quickly identified as that of 10-year-old [[Lesley Ann Downey]],\n        who disappeared on [[Boxing Day]] the previous year from a fairground in the\n        [[Ancoats]] area of [[Manchester]]. [[Ian Brady]], arrested for the murder\n        of a 17-year-old man in nearby [[Hattersley]], is charged with murdering Lesley,\n        as is his 23-year-old girlfriend [[Myra Hindley]].\\n** Anti-war protests draw\n        100,000 in 80 U.S. cities and around the world.\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        The [[1964 New York World''s Fair|New York World''s Fair]] at Flushing Meadows,\n        closes. Due to financial losses, some of the projected site park improvements\n        fail to materialize.\\n* [[October 18]] – The Indonesian government outlaws\n        the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Ludwig Erhard]] is re-elected Chancellor of West\n        Germany (he had first been elected in 1963).\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Comet\n        Ikeya\\u2013Seki]] approaches perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometers from the\n        sun.\\n** The [[Organization of African Unity]] meets in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]].\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** French authors Andr\\u00e9 Figueras and [[Jacques Laurent]]\n        are fined for their comments against [[Charles de Gaulle]].\\n** African countries\n        demand that the United Kingdom use force to prevent [[Rhodesia]] from declaring\n        unilateral independence.\\n** Colonel [[Christophe Soglo]] stages a second\n        coup in [[Dahomey]].\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** British Prime Minister [[Harold\n        Wilson]] and Commonwealth Secretary [[Arthur Bottomley]] travel to [[Rhodesia]]\n        for negotiations.\\n** British police find the decomposed body of a boy on\n        [[Saddleworth Moor]].\\n* [[October 25]] – The Soviet Union declares\n        its support of African countries in case Rhodesia unilaterally declares independence.\\n*\n        [[October 26]]\\n** Anti-government demonstrations occur in the [[Dominican\n        Republic]].\\n** Police discover the body of [[Sylvia Likens]] in [[Indianapolis]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]]\\n** [[Brazil]]ian president [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]]\n        removes power from parliament, legal courts and opposition parties.\\n** [[S\\u00fcleyman\n        Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]]\n        (30th government).\\n[[File:St Louis night expblend cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|The\n        [[Gateway Arch]]]]\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[French Foreign Minister]] [[Maurice\n        Couve de Murville]] travels to Moscow.\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] promulgates ''''[[Nostra\n        aetate]]'''', a \\\"Declaration on the Relation of the (Roman Catholic) Church\n        with Non-Christian Religions\\\" by the [[Second Vatican Council]] which includes\n        a statement that Jews are not collectively responsible for the death of [[Jesus]]\n        ([[Jewish deicide]]).\\n** In [[St. Louis, Missouri]], the {{convert|630|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall\n        inverted catenary steel [[Gateway Arch]] is completed.\\n** [[Mehdi Ben Barka]],\n        a Moroccan politician, is kidnapped in Paris and never seen again.\\n* [[October\n        29]]\\n** [[Moors murders]]: [[Ian Brady]] and [[Myra Hindley]] appear in court,\n        charged with the murders of Edward Evans (17), Lesley Ann Downey (10), and\n        John Kilbride (12) from [[Manchester]].\\n** An 80-kiloton nuclear device is\n        detonated at [[Amchitka Island]], Alaska, as part of the [[Vela Uniform]]\n        program, code-named Project Long Shot.\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]:\n        Near [[Da Nang]], [[United States Marines]] repel an intense attack by [[Viet\n        Cong]] forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions is found\n        on the dead body of a 13-year-old [[Vietnam]]ese boy who sold drinks to the\n        Marines the day before.\\n** In Washington, D.C., a pro-Vietnam War march draws\n        25,000.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{main article|November 1965}}\\n* [[November\n        1]] – A [[trolleybus]] plunges into the [[Nile]] at [[Cairo]], killing\n        74 passengers.\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** Republican [[John Lindsay]] is elected\n        [[mayor of New York City]].\\n** [[Quaker]] [[Norman Morrison]], 32, sets himself\n        on fire in front of [[The Pentagon]].\\n* [[November 3]] – [[President\n        of France|French President]] [[Charles de Gaulle]] announces that he will\n        stand for re-election.\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Martial law]] is announced\n        in [[Rhodesia]]. The [[United Nations General Assembly]] accepts British intent\n        to use force against Rhodesia if necessary by a vote of 82\\u20139.\\n* [[November\n        6]] – Freedom Flights begin: [[Cuba]] and the United States formally\n        agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States (by\n        [[1971]] 250,000 Cubans take advantage of this program).\\n* [[November 7]]\n        – [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]]''s world-famous mascot, the [[Pillsbury\n        Doughboy]], is created.\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation\n        Hump]]: The [[173rd Airborne]] is ambushed by over 1,200 [[Viet Cong]].\\n**\n        The [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] is created, consisting of [[Chagos\n        Archipelago]], [[Aldabra]], [[Farquhar Group|Farquhar]] and [[Desroches Island|Desroches]]\n        islands (on June 23, 1976 Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches are returned to\n        the [[Seychelles]]).\\n** The [[Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965]]\n        is given Royal Assent, suspending the [[death penalty]] for murder in the\n        United Kingdom; renewal of the Act in 1969 makes the abolition permanent.\\n**\n        The [[soap opera]] ''''[[Days of Our Lives]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]].\\n* [[November\n        9]]\\n** [[Northeast blackout of 1965]]: Several U.S. states (VT, NH, MA, CT,\n        RI, NY and portions of NJ) and parts of Canada are hit by a series of [[Power\n        outage|blackouts]] lasting up to 13\\u00bd hours.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: In New\n        York City, 22-year-old [[Catholic Worker Movement]] member [[Roger Allen LaPorte]]\n        sets himself on fire in front of the [[United Nations]] building in protest\n        against the war.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** In [[Rhodesia]] (modern-day [[Zimbabwe]]),\n        the white-minority government of [[Ian Smith]] [[Rhodesia''s Unilateral Declaration\n        of Independence|unilaterally declares ''''de facto'''' independence]] (''UDI'').\\n**\n        [[United Airlines Flight 227]] a [[Boeing 727-22]], crashes short of the runway\n        and catches fire at [[Salt Lake City International Airport]] in [[Salt Lake\n        City]]; 43 out of 91 passengers and crew perish.\\n* [[November 12]] –\n        A [[United Nations Security Council resolution|UN Security Council resolution]]\n        (voted 10\\u20130) recommends that other countries not recognize independent\n        Rhodesia.\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** The {{SS|Yarmouth Castle}} burns and sinks\n        {{convert|60|mi|km}} off [[Nassau, Bahamas]], with the loss of 90 lives.\\n**\n        British Theatre Critic [[Kenneth Tynan]] says [[fuck]] during a discussion\n        on [[BBC]] satirical programme [[BBC-3]] for what many believed was the first\n        time on British television. The corporation later issued a public apology.\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – Vietnam War – [[Battle of Ia Drang]]: In the\n        [[Ia Drang Valley]] of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]\n        in [[Vietnam]], the first major engagement of the war between regular United\n        States and [[North Vietnam]]ese forces begins.\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        U.S. racer [[Craig Breedlove]] sets a new [[land speed record]] of {{convert|600.601|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Venera program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches\n        the ''''[[Venera 3]]'''' space probe from [[Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]] toward\n        [[Venus]] (on March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the\n        surface of another [[planet]]).\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[United Nations\n        Security Council]] recommends that all states stop trading with Rhodesia.\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Mireille Mathieu]] sings on France''s [[:fr:T\\u00e9l\\u00e9\n        Dimanche|T\\u00e9l\\u00e9-Dimanche]] and begins her successful singing career\n        (Dimanche is French for Sunday).\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** ''''[[Man of La Mancha]]''''\n        opens in a Greenwich Village theatre in New York and eventually becomes one\n        of the greatest musical hits of all time, winning a [[Tony Award]] for its\n        star, [[Richard Kiley]].\\n** The [[United Nations Development Programme]]\n        (UNDP) is established as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n*\n        [[November 23]] – Soviet general Mikhail Kazakov assumes command of\n        the [[Warsaw Pact]].\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Democratic Republic of the\n        Congo|Congolese]] [[lieutenant general]] [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Mobutu]] ousts\n        [[Joseph Kasavubu]] and declares himself president.\\n* [[November 26]] –\n        At the [[Hammaguir]] launch facility in the [[Sahara Desert]], France launches\n        a [[Diamant A]] rocket with its first [[satellite]], ''''[[Asterix-1]]''''\n        on board, becoming the third country to enter [[outer space]].\\n* [[November\n        27]]\\n** Tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters picket the [[White House]],\n        then march on the [[Washington Monument]].\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[The Pentagon]]\n        tells U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] that if planned major sweep operations\n        to neutralize [[Viet Cong]] forces during the next year are to succeed, the\n        number of American troops in [[Vietnam]] will have to be increased from 120,000\n        to 400,000.\\n* [[November 28]] – Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President\n        [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''s call for \\\"more flags\\\" in [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]]\n        [[President-elect]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]] announces he will send troops to\n        help fight in [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[November 29]] – The Canadian satellite\n        ''''[[Alouette 2]]'''' is launched.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n{{main article|December\n        1965}}\\n[[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 005.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[December\n        8]]: End of the [[Second Vatican Council|2nd Vatican Council]].]]\\n[[File:Ferdinand\n        Marcos at the White House.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[December 30]]: [[Ferdinand\n        E. Marcos]] is the 10th [[President of the Philippines]].]]\\n* [[December\n        1]] – The [[Border Security Force]] is established in India as a special\n        force to guard the borders.\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** The first British aid flight\n        arrives in [[Lusaka]]; [[Zambia]] had asked for British help against Rhodesia.\\n**\n        Members of the [[Organization of African Unity]] decide to sever diplomatic\n        relations with the United Kingdom, unless the [[British Government]] ends\n        the rebellion of Rhodesia by mid-December.\\n** The Beatles release their sixth\n        album ''''[[Rubber Soul]]''''.\\n** The first album by [[The Who]], ''''[[My\n        Generation (album)|My Generation]]'''', is released in the United Kingdom.\n        An edited version was released in the United States under the title ''''The\n        Who Sings My Generation'''' in April 1966.\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Charles\n        de Gaulle]] is re-elected as French president with 10,828,421 votes.\\n** The\n        \\\"[[Glasnost Meeting]]\\\" in Moscow becomes the first spontaneous political\n        demonstration, and the first demonstration for civil rights in the Soviet\n        Union.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** Rhodesian prime minister [[Ian Smith]] warns\n        that [[Rhodesia]] will resist a [[trade embargo]] by neighboring countries\n        with force.\\n** The [[Race Relations Act 1965|Race Relations Act]] becomes\n        the first legislation to address racial discrimination in the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        The [[Second Vatican Council]] closes.\\n* [[December 9]] – ''''[[A Charlie\n        Brown Christmas]]'''', the first ''''[[Peanuts]]'''' television special, debuts\n        on [[CBS]], quickly becoming an annual tradition.\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** The\n        [[Caribbean Free Trade Association]] (CARIFTA) is formed.\\n** [[Tanzania]]\n        and [[Guinea]] sever [[diplomatic relations]] with the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        ''''[[Gemini 6]]'''' and ''''[[Gemini 7]]'''' perform the first controlled\n        rendezvous in Earth orbit.\\n* [[December 17]] – The British government\n        begins an oil embargo against Rhodesia; the United States joins the effort.\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – The [[World Food Programme]] is made a permanent agency\n        of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** The [[Soviet Union]] announces\n        that it has shipped rockets to [[North Vietnam]].\\n** In West Germany, [[Konrad\n        Adenauer]] resigns as chairman of the Christian Democratic Party.\\n** The\n        [[United Nations]] adopts the [[International Convention on the Elimination\n        of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]].\\n** A new 1-hour German-American\n        production of the ballet ''''[[The Nutcracker]]'''', with an international\n        cast that includes [[Edward Villella]] in the title role, makes its U.S. television\n        debut. It is repeated annually by CBS over the next 3 years but after that\n        is virtually forgotten until issued on DVD in 2009 by Warner Archive.\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[Military coup]] occurs in [[Dahomey]].\\n** A {{convert|70|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}\n        [[speed limit]] is imposed on British roads.\\n** [[David Lean]]''s film of\n        ''''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'''', starring [[Omar Sharif]]\n        and [[Julie Christie]], is released.\\n* [[December 25]] – The [[Yemen]]i\n        [[Nasserist Unionist People''s Organisation]] is founded in [[Ta''izz]].\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – The British [[oil platform]] ''''Sea Gem'''' collapses\n        in the [[North Sea]].\\n* [[December 28]] – Italian Foreign Minister\n        Amintore Fanfani resigns.\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** President [[Kenneth Kaunda]]\n        of [[Zambia]] announces that Zambia and the United Kingdom have agreed on\n        a deadline before which the Rhodesian white government should be ousted.\\n**\n        [[Ferdinand Marcos]] becomes [[President of the Philippines]].\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Bokassa]] takes power in the [[Central African Republic]].\\n\\n===\n        Date unknown ===\\n[[File:Downtown Dallas 1965.jpg|200px|thumb]]\\n* Tokyo officially\n        becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from New York City.{{cite\n        web|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm|title=Largest\n        Cities Through History|work=About.com Geography}}\\n* The [[Council for\n        National Academic Awards]] is established in the UK.\\n* [[TAT-4]] cable goes\n        into operation.\\n* Aborigines are given the vote in Queensland.\\n\\n=== World\n        population ===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=\\\"7\\\"|[[World population]]\\n|-\\n!\\n!1965\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1960]]\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1970]]\\n|-\\n![[File:Globe.svg|50px]]\n        World\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''3,334,874,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,021,475,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 313,399,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,692,492,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 357,618,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Africa satellite orthographic.jpg|50px]]\n        Africa\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''313,744,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|277,398,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 36,346,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|357,283,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 43,539,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Two-point-equidistant-asia.jpg|50px]]\n        Asia\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''1,899,424,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1,701,336,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 198,088,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,143,118,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 243,694,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Europe satellite orthographic.jpg|50px]]\n        Europe\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''634,026,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|604,401,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 29,625,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|655,855,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 21,829,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Latin America terrain.jpg|50px]]\n        Latin America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''250,452,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|218,300,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 32,152,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|284,856,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 34,404,000\\n|-\\n![[File:LocationWHNorthernAmerica.png|50px]]\n        Northern America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''219,570,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|204,152,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 15,418,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|231,937,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,367,000\\n|-\\n![[File:Oceania (World-Factbook).jpg|50px]]\n        Oceania\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''17,657,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|15,888,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,769,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19,443,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,786,000\\n|}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Julia\n        Ormond Cannes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Ormond]]]]\\n[[File:JoelyRichardsonSept11TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joely\n        Richardson]]]]\\n[[File:Butch Hartman by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Butch\n        Hartman]]]]\\n[[File:James Nesbitt 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Nesbitt]]]]\\n[[File:Sophie,\n        grevinna av Wessex.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sophie, Countess of Wessex]]]]\\n[[File:Diane\n        Lane (Berlin Film Festival 2011) 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Diane Lane]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Lisa Roberts Gillan]], American actress and producer\\n* [[January\n        4]]\\n** [[Beth Gibbons]], English singer, lead singer of the band [[Portishead\n        (band)|Portishead]]\\n** [[Julia Ormond]], British actress\\n** [[Aditya Pancholi]],\n        Indian actor\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Vinnie Jones]], British footballer-turned-actor\\n**\n        [[Patrik Sj\\u00f6berg]], Swedish high jumper\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Konnan]],\n        Cuban-born professional wrestler\\n* [[January 9]] \\n** [[Haddaway]], German\n        singer\\n** [[Farah Khan]], Indian choreographer, film director\\n** [[Joely\n        Richardson]], British actress\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Butch Hartman]],\n        American animator\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Nikolai Borschevsky]], Russian professional\n        ice hockey player (retired)\\n** [[Maybrit Illner]], German television journalist\n        and presenter\\n** [[Rob Zombie]], American musician\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Shamil Basayev]], Chechen terrorist (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Marc Delissen]],\n        Dutch field hockey player\\n** [[Bob Essensa]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall]], British chef\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[James\n        Nesbitt]], Northern Irish actor\\n** [[Jill Saward]], English rape victim and\n        activist (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Dave Attell]], American comedian\\n**\n        [[Paudge Behan]], Irish actor\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Sophie, Countess\n        of Wessex]], wife of [[Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex]]\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Jam Master Jay]], American DJ, rapper and producer (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[January\n        22]]\\n** [[DJ Jazzy Jeff]], African-American rapper and actor\\n** [[Diane\n        Lane]], American actress\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Mike Awesome]], American\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[January 25]] – [[Esa Tikkanen]],\n        Finnish ice hockey player\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Natalia Yurchenko]],\n        Soviet artistic gymnast\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Alan Cumming]], Scottish actor\\n**\n        [[Ignacio No\\u00e9]], Argentine artist\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Dominik\n        Ha\\u0161ek]], Czech hockey player\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Peter Sagal]],\n        American [[playwright]], [[screenwriter]], [[actor]], humorist, essayist,\n        [[journalist]], radio host\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Bruce Lee - son.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brandon\n        Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Rock WE 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Chris Rock]]]]\\n[[File:Adama\n        Barrow 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adama Barrow]]]]\\n[[File:MichaelBay08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Bay]]]]\\n[[File:Dr. Dre.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dr. Dre]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Callaghan]], South African cricketer\\n** [[Brandon Lee]], Chinese-American\n        actor (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Sherilyn Fenn]], American actress\\n** [[Princess\n        St\\u00e9phanie of Monaco]]\\n* [[February 3]]  \\n** [[Mattanya Cohen]], Israeli\n        diplomat\\n** [[Maura Tierney]], American actress\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Jerome Brown]], American football player (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February 5]]\n        – [[Gheorghe Hagi]], Romanian footballer\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Chris\n        Rock]], African-American actor, comedian, and film director\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Dicky Cheung]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Stephen\n        Gregory (actor)|Stephen Gregory]], American actor\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        [[Andy Buckley]], American actor\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Adama Barrow]],\n        Gambian politician, 3rd [[President of Gambia]]\\n* [[February 17]] –\n        [[Michael Bay]], American film director\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Dr. Dre]],\n        African-American rapper and music producer\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Dean Karr]],\n        American director and photographer\\n** [[Wilfredo Alicdan]], Filipino artist\\n*\n        [[February 23]]\\n** [[Kristin Davis]], American actress\\n** [[Michael Dell]],\n        American computer manufacturer\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Sylvie Guillem]],\n        French ballerina\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Joakim Sundstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish\n        sound editor, sound designer and musician\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Park\n        Gok-ji]], South Korean film editor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Aamir_Khan_March_2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aamir\n        Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Sarah Jessica Parker at Miami Rhapsody 30th Anniversary Celebration.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah\n        Jessica Parker]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Stewart Elliott]], Canadian jockey\\n**\n        [[Booker Huffman]], American professional wrestler, 5-time WCW World Champion\\n*\n        [[March 3]] – [[Dragan Stojkovi\\u0107]], Serbian footballer and coach\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Paul W. S. Anderson]], British filmmaker, producer and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Ron Gant]], American baseball player\\n** [[Jonathan Shearer]], Scottish\n        castaway\\n** [[WestBam]], German rave techno DJ\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Jesper\n        Parnevik]], Swedish golfer\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Kenny Smith]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Benito Santiago]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Mike Pollock (voice actor)|Mike Pollock]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Rod Woodson]], American football\n        player\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Jesse Jackson, Jr.]], African-American politician\\n**\n        [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]], British designer and television presenter\\n**\n        [[Andy Sturmer]], American musician ([[Jellyfish (band)|Jellyfish]])\\n** [[Barbara\n        Alyn Woods]], American actress\\n* [[March 12]]\\n** [[Steve Finley]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Liza Umarova]], Chechen singer and actress\\n* [[March\n        14]]\\n** [[Kevin Brown (right-handed pitcher)|Kevin Brown]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Aamir Khan]], Indian Bollywood actor, film director, producer,\n        film editor and script writer\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Joseph D. Kucan]],\n        American video game developer\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Taeko Kawata]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Wakana Yamazaki]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Marti Pellow]], Scottish singer ([[Wet Wet\n        Wet]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[The Undertaker]], American professional wrestler\n        (\\\"The Undertaker\\\")\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Avery Johnson]], American basketball\n        player and coach\\n** [[Stefka Kostadinova]], Bulgarian high jumper and president\n        of the [[Bulgarian Olympic Committee]]\\n** [[Sarah Jessica Parker]], American\n        actress\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Francisco Ribeiro]], Portuguese musician\n        and composer ([[Madredeus]]) (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Voula\n        Patoulidou]], Greek athlete\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Piers Morgan]], British\n        journalist and television personality\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Robert Downey\n        Jr 2014 Comic Con (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Downey Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:JonCryerHWOFSept2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jon\n        Cryer]]]]\\n[[File:MartinLawrenceHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Lawrence]]]]\\n[[File:William\n        Mapother 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Mapother]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin James 2011\n        (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kevin James]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Bekir Bozda\\u011f]],\n        Turkish theologian, lawyer, and politician\\n** [[Mark Jackson (basketball)|Mark\n        Jackson]], American basketball coach\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Rodney King]],\n        African-American criminal (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Julie Anne Haddock]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Nazia Hassan]], Pakistani pop singer (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[Robert Downey Jr.]], American actor\\n* [[April 6]]\\n**\n        [[Frank Black]], American musician\\n** [[Rica Reinisch]], German swimmer\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – [[Bill Bellamy]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[April\n        9]] – [[Paulina Porizkova]], Swedish-American  model and actress\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Eelco van Asperen]], Dutch computer scientist\\n* [[April\n        12]] \\n**[[Kim Bodnia]], Danish actor and director\\n**[[Tom O''Brien (actor)|Tom\n        O''Brien]], American actor-producer\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Patricio Pouchulu]],\n        Argentine architect\\n** [[The Real Darren Stevens]], Canadian radio personality\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[Linda Perry]], American musician\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        [[Jon Cryer]], American actor                                                                                                                                \\n**\n        [[Martin Lawrence]], African-American actor, comedian, and producer\\n* [[April\n        17]] – [[William Mapother]], American actor\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        [[Wil Johnson]], English actor\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Suge Knight]], African-American\n        record producer\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** [[Tommy DeCarlo]], American singer and\n        songwriter\\n** [[Leni Robredo]], 14th [[Vice President of the Philippines]]\\n*\n        [[April 26]] – [[Kevin James]], American comedian and actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Owen\n        Hart.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Owen Hart]]]]\\n[[File:JohnCReillyJune09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        C. Reilly]]]]\\n[[File:Yahya Jammeh.png|thumb|100px|[[Yahya Jammeh]]]]\\n[[File:Brooke\n        Shields 2011 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brooke Shields]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] –\n        [[Gary Mitchell]], Irish playwright\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Aykut Kocaman]],\n        Turkish footballer\\n* [[May 7]]\\n** [[Owen Hart]], Canadian professional wrestler\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n** [[Norman Whiteside]], Northern Irish football player\\n*\n        [[May 9]] – [[Steve Yzerman]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[May 10]]\n        \\n** [[Linda Evangelista]], Canadian supermodel\\n** [[Kiyoyuki Yanada]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Monsour del Rosario]], Filipino Olympic\n        athlete and actor\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Ren\\u00e9e Simonsen]], Danish model\n        and writer\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Tim Chapman]], American bounty hunter\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Antonio Delgado]], Venezuelan mountain climber (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Hikari\n        \\u014cta]], Japanese comedian\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Eoin Colfer]], Irish\n        novelist\\n* [[May 16]] \\n** [[Rodica Dunca]], Romania artistic gymnast\\n**\n        [[Krist Novoselic]], American rock bassist ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]])\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Trent Reznor]], American rock musician ([[Nine Inch Nails]])\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Philippe Dhondt]], French singer known as Boris\\n* [[May\n        23]]\\n** [[Manuel Sanch\\u00eds Hontiyuelo]], Spanish footballer\\n** [[Liina\n        Tennosaar]], Estonian actress\\n** [[Kappei Yamaguchi]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[May 24]]\\n** [[Carlos Franco]], Paraguayan golfer\\n** [[John C. Reilly]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Shinichir\\u014d Watanabe]], Japanese anime director\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Yahya Jammeh]], [[President of the Gambia]]\\n* [[May\n        27]] – [[Todd Bridges]], African-American actor\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Brooke\n        Shields]], American actress and supermodel\\n** [[Yoko Soumi]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Larisa Lazutina]], Russian cross-country\n        skier\\n** [[Nigel Short]], English chess player\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Steve\n        Waugh|Steve]] and [[Mark Waugh]], Australian cricketers\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        [[Mick Doohan]], Australian motorcycle racer\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Cam Neely]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Megumi Ogata]], Japanese voice actress and\n        singer\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Mick Foley]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Jean-Pierre Fran\\u00e7ois]], French footballer and singer\\n** [[Damien Hirst]],\n        British artist\\n** [[Christine Roque]], French singer\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Chris\n        Chavis]] (\\\"Tatanka\\\"), American professional wrestler\\n** [[Frank Grillo]],\n        American actor \\n** [[Kevin Ritz]], American former MLB pitcher\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** [[Veronica Ferres]], German actress\\n** [[Scott Graham]], American\n        sportscaster\\n** [[Elizabeth Hurley]], English model and actress\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[Manuel Uribe]], morbidly obese Mexican (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Bernard Hopkins]], American boxer\\n* [[June 17]] \\n**[[Dan\n        Jansen]], American speedskater\\n**[[Dara O''Kearney]], Irish ultra runner\n        and professional poker player\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Paul Arthurs]], British\n        rock guitarist ([[Oasis (band)|Oasis]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Ashley Richardson]],\n        American model\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Belayneh Dinsamo]], Ethiopian long-distance\n        runner\\n** [[Sonny Strait]], American voice actor\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Matthew\n        Weiner]], American writer, director, and producer of television drama\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Slash\n        live in Rome by Paride.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Slash (musician)|Slash]]]]\\n[[File:JeremyPivenFeb09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeremy\n        Piven]]]]\\n[[File:J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J. K. Rowling]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Harald Zwart]], Norwegian film director\\n** [[Teddy McCarthy]],\n        hurler and Gaelic footballer \\n** [[Carl Fogarty]], motorcycle racer\\n** [[Oscar\n        Pelliccioli]], Italian cyclist\\n** [[Mohammed Abdul Hussein]], Iraqi former\n        footballer\\n** [[Simon Youl]], Australian professional tennis player\\n* [[July\n        3]]\\n** [[Shinya Hashimoto]], Japanese professional wrestler (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Connie Nielsen]], Danish actress\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Horace Grant]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Jo Whiley]], British radio DJ\\n* [[July 5]] \\n** [[Kathryn\n        Erbe]], American actress\\n** [[Eyran Katsenelenbogen]], Israeli jazz pianist\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Jeremy Kyle]], English radio and television presenter\\n**\n        [[Paula Devicq]], Canadian actress\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Ernesto Hoost]],\n        Dutch kickboxer\\n* [[July 17]] \\n** [[Ken Evraire]], Canadian television journalist,\n        host and former professional football league player with Hamilton Tiger Cats\\n**\n        [[Martin Kelly (Heavenly)]], British musician, music manager, record label\n        boss, music publisher and author\\n** [[Craig Morgan]], American country music\n        artist\\n** [[Santiago Segura]], Spanish actor, screenwriter, producer and\n        director\\n** [[Alex Winter]], American actor\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** Dame [[Evelyn\n        Glennie]], Scottish virtuoso percussionist\\n** [[Stuart Scott]], American\n        sports reporter and [[ESPN]] anchor (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Gu\\u00f0ni\n        Bergsson]], Icelandic footballer\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Shawn Michaels]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Grace Mugabe]], First\n        Lady of Zimbabwe\\n** [[Slash (musician)|Slash]] (Saul Hudson), American rock\n        musician ([[Guns N'' Roses]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Brian Blades]], American\n        National Football League wide receiver\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Steven Weil]],\n        [[Orthodox Union]] Executive Vice-President\\n* [[July 26]] \\n** [[Vladimir\n        Cruz]], Cuban actor\\n** [[Jeremy Piven]], American actor\\n* [[July 27]]\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis Chilavert]], Paraguayan footballer\\n** [[Trifon Ivanov]],\n        Bulgarian footballer (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[J. K. Rowling]],\n        English author\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Sam Mendes, Charlie and the Chocolate\n        Factory, 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sam Mendes]]]]\\n[[File:Viola Davis June 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Viola\n        Davis]]]]\\n[[File:KyraSedgwickJune09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyra Sedgwick]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Sam Mendes]], English film director\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Sandra Ng]], Hong Kong actress\\n** [[Hisanobu Watanabe]], Japanese baseball\n        player and coach\\n* [[August 4]]\\n** [[Dennis Lehane]], American crime writer\\n**\n        [[Fredrik Reinfeldt]], Swedish Prime Minister\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[David\n        Robinson (basketball)|David Robinson]], American basketball player\\n** [[Mark\n        Speight]], British television presenter (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 9]] –\n        [[Chin Ka-lok]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Claudia Christian]],\n        American actress, writer, singer, musician, and director\\n** [[Mike E. Smith]],\n        American jockey\\n** [[John Starks (basketball)|John Starks]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Viola Davis]], African-American actress\\n**\n        [[Duane Martin]], American actor\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Deborah Falconer]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Terry Richardson]], American fashion\n        photographer\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Vincent Kok|Vincent Kuk]], Hong Kong director\n        and actor\\n** [[Mark Labbett]], British mathematician\\n* [[August 18]]\\n**\n        [[K\\u014dji Kikkawa]], Japanese singer\\n** [[Ikue \\u014ctani]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Kyra Sedgwick]], American actress\\n* [[August\n        25]] – [[Mia Zapata]], American singer (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Satoshi Tajiri]], Japanese video game designer and ''''[[Pok\\u00e9mon]]''''\n        creator\\n** [[Amanda Tapping]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Shania Twain]], Canadian\n        country singer and songwriter\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Peter Grant (footballer,\n        born 1965)|Peter Grant]], Scottish football player and manager\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Charlie\n        Sheen 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlie Sheen]]]]\\n[[File:Bashar al-Assad in\n        Russia (2015-10-21) 08.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bashar al-Assad]]]]\\n[[File:Dmitry\n        Medvedev 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dmitry Medvedev]]]]\\n[[File:Kyle Chandler\n        at the Texas Film Hall of Fame Awards, March 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyle Chandler]]]]\\n[[File:Cheryl\n        Hines 2011 AA.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cheryl Hines]]]]\\n[[File:Petro Porochenko\n        au Conseil de l\\u2019Europe Strasbourg 26 juin 2014 04.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Craig McLachlan]], Australian\n        actor and singer\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Lennox Lewis]], British boxer\\n*\n        [[September 3]]\\n** [[Charlie Sheen]], American actor\\n** [[Costas Mandylor]],\n        Australian actor\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Bowie Lam]], Hong Kong actor\n        and singer\\n* [[September 7]] – [[J\\u00f6rg Pilawa]], German television\n        presenter\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Tutilo Burger]], German Benedictine monk\n        and abbot\\n** [[Darlene Zschech]], Australian singer and worship leader\\n*\n        [[September 9]]\\n** [[Dan Majerle]], American basketball player\\n** [[Constance\n        Marie]], American actress\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Marco Pastors]], Dutch\n        politician\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Bashar al-Assad]], [[President of Syria]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Heyman]], American wrestling promoter, ECW\\n** [[Moby]], American musician\\n*\n        [[September 12]] – [[Einstein Kristiansen]], Norwegian cartoonist, designer\n        and TV host\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[President of Russia]]\\n**\n        [[Ron Pearson]], American actor, comedian and juggler\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – [[Katy Kurtzman]], American actress, director, and producer\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Kyle Chandler]], American actor\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Sabine\n        Paturel]], French singer\\n** [[Tshering Tobgay]], [[Prime Minister of Bhutan]]\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Robert Rusler]], American actor\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n** [[Cheryl Hines]], American actress\\n** [[Johanna Vuoksenmaa]], Finnish\n        film director\\n** [[David Wenham]], Australian actor\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Saffron Henderson]], Canadian voice actress and singer\\n** [[Scottie Pippen]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[September 26]] \\n** [[Alexandra Lencastre]],\n        Portuguese actress\\n** [[Petro Poroshenko]], [[President of Ukraine]]\\n* [[September\n        27]]\\n** [[Steve Kerr]], American basketball player\\n** [[Peter MacKay]],\n        Canadian politician\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Scott Fellows]], American\n        animator\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Kathleen Madigan]], American comedian\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Julianne\n        McNamara 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julianne McNamara]]]]\\n[[File:Steve Coogan\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve Coogan]]]]\\n[[File:Tompkin upload.png|thumb|100px|[[Stephen\n        Tompkinson]]]]\\n[[File:DJ JudgeJules.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Judge Jules]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n** [[Andreas Keller]], German field hockey player\\n** [[Cliff\n        Ronning]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Jan-Ove Waldner]],\n        Swedish table tennis player\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Marcus Bentley]], British\n        actor, broadcaster and voice-over artist\\n** [[John Melendez]], American television\n        announcer\\n** [[Michiko Neya]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Rykers Solomon]],\n        Nauruan politician\\n** [[Micky Ward]], American boxer\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**\n        [[Mario Lemieux]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Patrick Roy]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Kumiko Watanabe]], Japanese voice\n        actress\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Dionicio Cer\\u00f3n]], Mexican long-distance\n        runner\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Chris Penn]], American actor (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]]\\n** [[Julianne McNamara]], American artistic gymnast\\n** [[Ronit\n        Roy]], Indian film and television actor\\n** [[Ivo Uukkivi]], Estonian actor,\n        singer and producer\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]],\n        Indian film actress (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Steve Coogan]],\n        British comedian and actor\\n** [[Constantine Koukias]], Australian composer\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Stephen Tompkinson]], English actor\\n* [[October\n        16]]\\n** [[Kang Kyung-ok]], South Korean artist\\n** [[Steve Lamacq]], British\n        radio DJ\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Aravinda de Silva]], Sri Lankan cricketer\\n*\n        [[October 18]]\\n** [[Zakir Naik]], Indian Islamic speaker and doctor\\n** [[Curtis\n        Stigers]], American jazz vocalist and saxophonist\\n* [[October 19]] –\n        [[Ty Pennington]], American television presenter\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Mikhail Shtalenkov]], Russian ice hockey player\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Aaron\n        Kwok]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Judge Jules|Julius O''Riordan]],\n        British [[dance music]] DJ, producer and entertainment [[lawyer]]\\n** [[Sakari\n        Oramo]], Finland Conductor and violinist\\n** [[Kelly Rowan]], Canadian actress\\n**\n        [[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Kenneth Rutherford]], New Zealand cricketer\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – [[Christy Clark]], Canadian politician\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shah\n        Rukh Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Bj%C3%B6rk_performing_at_Cirque_en_Chantier_1_edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bj\\u00f6rk]]]]\\n[[File:Ben-Stiller-(MS1411200222).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben\n        Stiller]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Mia Korf]], American actress\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Shah Rukh Khan]], Indian actor, film/television producer and\n        television presenter\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Ann Scott]], French novelist\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\n** [[Wayne Static]], American singer ([[Static-X]]) (d. [[2014]])\\n**\n        [[Kiersten Warren]], American actress\\n* [[November 5]]  – [[Agnese\n        Nano]], Italian actress\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Greg Graffin]], American\n        rock singer ([[Bad Religion]])\\n* [[November 7]] \\n** [[Sigrun Wodars]], German\n        athlete\\n** [[Steve Parkin]], English former footballer and manager\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Bryn Terfel]], Welsh baritone\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Eddie\n        Irvine]], Northern Irish racecar driver\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Rick\n        Roberts (actor)|Rick Roberts]], Canadian actor\\n* [[November 16]] –\n        [[Walter Stern (director)|Walter Stern]], English music video and film director\\n*\n        [[November 19]]\\n** [[Paulo S. L. M. Barreto|Paulo Barreto]], Brazilian cryptographer\\n**\n        [[Laurent Blanc]], French football player and manager\\n* [[November 20]]\\n**\n        [[Mike D|Michael Diamond]], American rapper ([[Beastie Boys]])\\n** [[Yoshiki\n        Hayashi]], Japanese rock composer, piano and drummer ([[X Japan]])\\n** [[Takeshi\n        Kusao]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Bj\\u00f6rk]], Icelandic\n        singer-songwriter and musician\\n** [[Alexander Siddig]], Sudanese-born English\n        actor\\n** [[Yuriko Yamaguchi (voice actress)|Yuriko Yamaguchi]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Mads Mikkelsen]], Danish actor\\n*\n        [[November 23]]\\n** [[Don Frye]], American [[professional wrestler]] and mixed\n        martial arts fighter\\n** [[Radion Gataullin]], Uzbek-born, Russian pole-vaulter\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Cris Carter]], American football player\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[Peter Beagrie]], English footballer\\n* [[November 30]]\\n**\n        [[Ben Stiller]], American actor\\n** [[Tashi Tenzing]], Indian mountaineer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:14-01-10-tbh-260-katarina-witt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Katarina\n        Witt]]]]\\n[[File:Andy Dick 2012 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Andy Dick]]]]\\n[[File:Salman\n        Khan filmfare.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Salman Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Gong Li Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gong\n        Li]]]]\\n* [[December 3]]\\n** [[Steve Harris (actor)|Steve Harris]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Katarina Witt]], German figure skater\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        [[Anthony DeSando]], American actor\\n* [[December 5]] \\n**[[Carlton Palmer]],\n        English footballer\\n**[[Johnny Rzeznik]], American rock singer and guitarist\n        ([[Goo Goo Dolls]])\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**[[Teruyuki Kagawa]], Japanese actor\\n**[[Jeffrey\n        Wright (actor)|Jeffrey Wright]], American actor\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Carina Lau Kar-ling]], Chinese actress\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[J Mascis]],\n        American rock singer, guitarist and drummer ([[Dinosaur Jr.]])\\n** [[Greg\n        Giraldo]], American comedian (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Craig\n        Biggio]], American baseball player\\n** [[Ted Raimi]], American actor, producer\n        and writer\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Luis Fabi\\u00e1n Artime]], Argentine footballer\\n**\n        [[Ted Slampyak]], American comic strip cartoonist ([[Little Orphan Annie]])\\n*\n        [[December 18]] – [[John Moshoeu]], South African footballer\\n* [[December\n        19]]  – [[Jessica Steen]], Canadian actress\\n* [[December 21]] \\n**\n        [[Andy Dick]], American actor\\n** [[Anke Engelke]], German comedian, actress\n        and voice-over actress\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Lee R. Berger|Lee Berger]]\n        American-born explorer and paleoanthropologist\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Salman Khan]], Indian actor, television presenter\\n* [[December 28]] –\n        [[Allar Levandi]], Estonian Nordic combined skier\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Heidi\n        Fleiss]], American madam\\n** [[Zoe Kelli Simon]], American actress\\n* [[December\n        31]]\\n** [[Nicholas Sparks]], American author\\n** [[Gong Li]], Chinese actress\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Niko Barun]], Croatian artist\\n* [[Lauren Child]], American\n        author\\n* [[Jeffrey Colwell]], American lawyer\\n* [[Antonio Helguera]], Mexican\n        cartoonist\\n* [[Bradley Joseph]], American composer, pianist and keyboardist\\n*\n        [[John Parry (American football official)|John Parry]], American football\n        official\\n* [[Paul Seawright]], Irish photographer\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Thomas\n        Stearns Eliot by Lady Ottoline Morrell (1934).jpg|thumb|100px|[[T. S. Eliot]]]]\\n[[File:Sir\n        Winston S Churchill.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Winston Churchill]]]]\\n[[File:Hassan\n        Ali Mansur.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hassan Ali Mansur]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] –\n        [[T. S. Eliot]], American-born British poet, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Ludwig Hirschfeld\n        Mack]], German-born Australian artist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 10]]\\n**\n        [[Nahim Abraham]], Lebanese-born American merchant (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Anton\\u00edn\n        Be\\u010dv\\u00e1\\u0159]], Czechoslovak astronomer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Frederick\n        Fleet]], British sailor and lookout aboard the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''''Titanic'''']]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Lorraine Hansberry]], American writer\n        (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Jeanette MacDonald]], American actress\n        and singer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Alan Freed]], American\n        disc jockey (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Winston Churchill]],\n        British politician and statesman, 2-time [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[Hassan Ali Mansur]], Iranian liberal\n        and politician, 69th [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (assassinated) (b. [[1923]])\\n**\n        [[Abraham Walkowitz]], American painter (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 28]]\\n**\n        [[Taimur bin Feisal]], [[Sultan of Muscat and Oman]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Tich\n        Freeman]], English cricketer (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Maxime Weygand]], French\n        general (b. [[1867]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[John Larkin (actor, born\n        1912)|John Larkin]], American actor (b. [[1912]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Nat\n        King Cole (Gottlieb 01511).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Nat King Cole]]]]\\n[[File:Malcolm\n        X NYWTS 4.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Malcolm X]]]]\\n[[File:Stan Laurel c1920.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Stan\n        Laurel]]]]\\n[[File:Adolf Sch%C3%A4rf 1961.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Adolf Sch\\u00e4rf]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 4]] – [[J. B. Danquah]], Ghanaian scholar and opposition\n        leader (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Irving Bacon]], American\n        actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern]]\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Nance O''Neil]], American stage\n        & film actress, friend of [[Lizzie Borden]] (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        [[Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah]], Pakistani educationist, philosopher, social reformer\n        and Sufi thinker (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Joaquin Miguel Elizalde]], Filipino statesman\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Arthur C. Davis]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Loyal Blaine Aldrich]], American\n        astronomer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 13]]\\n** [[Humberto Delgado]], Portuguese\n        general and opposition politician (assassinated) (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Gloria\n        Morgan Vanderbilt]], Swiss-born socialite (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February 15]]\n        – [[Nat King Cole]], American singer and musician (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[February\n        19]]\\n** [[Koreshige Inuzuka]], Japanese military officer (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Forrest Taylor]], American stage, film and television actor (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Tom Wilson (actor)|Tom Wilson]], American actor (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Th\\u00e9ophile Marie Br\\u00e9bant]], French army officer (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Mariano Simon Garriga]], American [[Roman\n        Catholic]] prelate (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Malcolm X]], American activist (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Felix Frankfurter]], [[Supreme\n        Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court Justice]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Stan Laurel]], British actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[February 24]]\n        – [[Takeo It\\u014d]], Japanese general (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Adolf Sch\\u00e4rf]], Austrian politician, 6th [[President of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gral-castaneda.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Salvador\n        Castaneda Castro]]]]\\n[[File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg|100px|thumb|King [[Farouk\n        of Egypt]]]]\\n[[File:Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mary,\n        Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|Princess Mary]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] –\n        [[Salvador Castaneda Castro]], 31st [[President of El Salvador]] (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[Margaret Dumont]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[March 7]] – [[Louise Mountbatten]], Queen of Sweden and second wife\n        of [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden|King Gustaf VI Adolf]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March\n        8]] – [[Francesco Carnelutti]], Italian jurist and lawyer (b. [[1879]])\\n*\n        [[March 13]]\\n** [[Corrado Gini]], Italian statistician (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Fan S. Noli]], Albanian bishop, poet and politician, 13th [[Prime Minister\n        of Albania]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Nancy Cunard]], English writer,\n        heiress and political activist (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Amos Alonzo Stagg]], American\n        baseball, basketball, and football player and coach (b. [[1862]])\\n* [[March\n        18]]\\n** King [[Farouk of Egypt]] (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Jack Quinlan]], American\n        Chicago Cubs radio broadcaster (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Gheorghe\n        Gheorghiu-Dej]], Romanian communist leader and [[President of Romania|head\n        of State of Romania]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Fidel D\\u00e1vila\n        Arrondo|Fidel D\\u00e1vila]], Spanish general and minister (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]] – [[Mae Murray]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March\n        28]]\\n** [[Richard Beesly]], British [[Gold medal|Olympic gold medal]]-winning\n        rower (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Jack Hoxie]], American actor, rodeo performer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Philip Showalter Hench]], American physician, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:OwneyMadden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Owney\n        Madden]]]]\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Ray Enright]], American film director (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n** [[Ernst Kirchweger]], Austrian communist and resistance fighter\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[William M. Branham]], American Christian\n        minister (b. 1909)\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Lars Hanson]], Swedish actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Linda Darnell]], American actress (b.\n        [[1923]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Perry Smith (murderer)|Perry Smith]] (b.\n        [[1928]]) and [[Dick Hickock]] (b. [[1931]]), American murderers of the [[In\n        Cold Blood|Clutters]] in [[1959]] (executed)\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Sydney\n        Chaplin]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Guillermo\n        Gonz\\u00e1lez Camarena]], Mexican inventor (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[George Davis (actor)|George Davis]], Dutch-born American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Edward Victor Appleton]], English physicist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[George Adamski]], Polish-American UFO writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n**\n        [[Louise Dresser]], American actress (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Owney Madden]], British-born\n        American gangster (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Edward R. Murrow]],\n        American journalist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Helen Chandler]],\n        American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Figl leopold 01b.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leopold\n        Figl]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Spike Jones]], American musician and bandleader\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Charles Sheeler]], American photographer\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Leopold Figl]], 14th [[Chancellor of\n        Austria]] and acting [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Hubertus van Mook]], Acting [[Governor-General of the Dutch East\n        Indies]] from [[1942]] to [[1948]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Ignacio\n        Barraquer]], Spanish ophthalmologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Frances\n        Perkins]], First woman appointed as a United States Presidential cabinet member\n        (Labor) (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Yisrael Bar-Yehuda]], Zionist\n        activist and Israel politician (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Maria\n        D\\u0105browska]], Polish writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Eli\n        Cohen]], Israeli spy (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Anastasius (Gribanovsky)|Anastasius]],\n        Metropolitan of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Christopher\n        Stone (broadcaster)|Christopher Stone]], first disc jockey in the United Kingdom\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Rosina Anselmi]], Italian actress (b. [[1880]])\\n**\n        [[David Smith (sculptor)|David Smith]], American sculptor (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Earl Webb]], American baseball player (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 25]] –\n        [[Sonny Boy Williamson II|Sonny Boy Williamson]], American [[blues]] musician\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Vilhelmofsodermanland.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince\n        Wilhelm, Duke of S\\u00f6dermanland]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait of Piaras B\\u00e9asla\\u00ed\n        1919.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Piaras B\\u00e9asla\\u00ed]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Curly Lambeau]], American football coach ([[Green Bay Packers]]) and a member\n        of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Eleanor\n        Farjeon]], British author of children''s literature (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Wilhelm, Duke of S\\u00f6dermanland]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Judy\n        Holliday]], American actress (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mendes Cabe\\u00e7adas]], Portuguese navy officer, 94th [[Prime Minister of\n        Portugal]] and 9th [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 13]]\n        – [[Martin Buber]], Austrian-born Israeli philosopher (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[H. V. Kaltenborn]], American radio commentator (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Steve Cochran]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n** [[William\n        Jennings Gardner|Bill Gardner]], American law enforcement agent and one of\n        [[Eliot Ness]]''s [[Untouchables (law enforcement)|Untouchables]] (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[E. A. Speiser]], American [[Biblical theology|Bible scholar]] (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – [[Bernard Baruch]], American financier and presidential\n        adviser (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Piaras B\\u00e9asla\\u00ed]], Irish\n        author (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Castagnetti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        layman and servant of God (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[David O. Selznick]], American\n        film producer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Mary Boland]], American\n        veteran stage & screen actress (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Kenneth\n        Macdonald Beaumont]], English legal pioneer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Burr Shafer]], American cartoonist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        [[Reginald Beckwith]], English actor (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June 28]] –\n        [[Red Nichols]], American jazz cornettist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 30]] –\n        [[Bessie Barriscale]], American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Moshe\n        Sharett - 1955.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Moshe Sharett]]]]\\n[[File:Rhee Syng-Man in\n        1956.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Syngman Rhee]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Wally Hammond]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Moshe Sharett]], 2nd\n        [[Prime Minister of Israel]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Ray Collins\n        (actor)|Ray Collins]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Laureano G\\u00f3mez|Laureano G\\u00f3mez Castro]], 43th [[President of Colombia]]\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]], American\n        politician (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Max Woosnam]], English sportsman (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 19]]\\n** [[Clyde Beatty]], American animal trainer (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Ingrid Jonker]], South African Afrikaans poet (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Syngman\n        Rhee]], Korean statesman, 1st [[President of South Korea]] (b. [[1875]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Constance Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Freddie Mills]], British boxing champion (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] – [[Rampo Edogawa]], Japanese author and critic (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 30]]\\n** [[Fedor Baranov]], Soviet fisherman (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Pier\n        Ruggero Piccio]], Italian World War I fighter ace and air force general (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Jun''ichir\\u014d Tanizaki]], Japanese writer (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Hayato\n        Ikeda 1962.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hayato Ikeda]]]]\\n[[File:Le Corbusier 1933.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Le\n        Corbusier]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[John Miller (rower)|John Miller]],\n        American Olympic rower - Men''s eights (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Nancy\n        Carroll]], American actress (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Everett Sloane]], American\n        actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Shirley Jackson]], American\n        author (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Creighton Hale]], American\n        actor (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Hayato Ikeda]], Japanese politician,\n        38th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Guillermo\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez-Shaw]], Spanish poet and journalist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August\n        25]]\\n** [[Moonlight Graham]], American baseball player (b. [[1879]])\\n**\n        [[Johnny Hayes]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 26]]\n        – [[Maria Corsini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] laywoman and blessed\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Le Corbusier]], Swiss architect (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]], 9th [[Prime Minister\n        of Iraq]] (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Giulio Racah]], Israeli physicist (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Paul Waner]], American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh\n        Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 4]]\\n** [[Alfred Bossom]], English architect and politician (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n** [[Tommy Hampson]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1907]])\\n**\n        [[Albert Schweitzer]], [[Alsace|Alsatian]] physician and missionary, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Dorothy\n        Dandridge]], American actress (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Hermann Staudinger]], German\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[Bobby Jordan]], American actor (b. [[1923]])\\n*\n        [[September 12]]\\n** [[Raja Aziz Bhatti]], Pakistan army officer (b. [[1928]])\\n**\n        [[Lucian Truscott]], American general (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 14]] –\n        [[J. W. Hearne]], English cricketer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September 15]] –\n        [[Steve Brown (bass player)|Steve Brown]], American musician (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Fred Quimby]], American animated film producer\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Alejandro Casona]], Spanish poet\n        and playwright (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Henry Hugh Tudor]],\n        British general (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Clara Bow]], American\n        silent film actress (b. [[1905]])\\n** Sir [[William Stanier]], English steam\n        locomotive engineer ([[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]) (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Samir\n        Al-Rifai portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Samir Al-Rifai]]]]\\n[[File:Beregi Oszk\\u00e1r.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Beregi\n        Oszk\\u00e1r]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Katamso Darmokusumo]], Indonesian military\n        officer (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Gareth Hughes]], Welsh actor (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Zachary Scott]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Moors murders|Edward Evans]], Murder victim (b. [[1948]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]]\\n** [[Dorothea Lange]], American photographer (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Walther Stampfli]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[October 12]] – [[Samir Al-Rifai]], 6-time [[Prime Minister of Jordan]]\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Paul Hermann M\\u00fcller]], Swiss\n        chemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Randall Jarrell]], American poet (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Abraham Fraenkel]], Israeli mathematician and recipient\n        of the [[Israel Prize]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Bart King|John\n        Barton King]], American cricketer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Oscar\n        Beregi (actor, born 1876)|Oscar Beregi]], Hungarian actor (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Travers]], English actor (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Tom\n        Kennedy (actor)|Tom Kennedy]], American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 21]]\n        – [[Marie McDonald]], American actress (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – [[Paul Tillich]], German American Christian existentialist philosopher\n        and theologian (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Hans Meerwein]],\n        German chemist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Sylvia Likens]],\n        American murder victim (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Miller Anderson\n        (diver)|Miller Anderson]], American Olympic diver (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Bill\n        McKechnie]], American baseball manager ([[Cincinnati Reds]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Arthur\n        M. Schlesinger, Sr.]], American historian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Rita Johnson]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Khalid\n        al-Azm.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Khalid al-Azm]]]]\\n[[File:Shaikh Abdullah III Al-Salim\n        Al-Sabah.jpg|100px|thumb|Emir [[Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix Paiva]], 28th [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Herbert Vere Evatt]], Australian Labour leader and minister (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[William Leo Hansberry]], African American Scholar\n        and Uncle of Playwright Lorraine Hansberry (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 4]]\n        – [[Dickey Chapelle]], American photojournalist (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Edgard Var\\u00e8se]], French-born composer\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Clarence Williams (musician)|Clarence Williams]], American\n        musician (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood\n        Ahmad]], 2nd [[Caliph]] of [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] in [[Islam]] (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[November 8]] \\n** [[Dorothy Kilgallen]], American newspaper\n        columnist (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Emma Gramatica]], Italian actress (b. [[1874]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Syedna Taher Saifuddin]], Indian Bohra spiritual\n        leader (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Harry Blackstone, Sr.]], American\n        magician (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[W. T. Cosgrave]], Irish politician, former president\n        of the [[Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State|Provisional\n        Government]] and the [[President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free\n        State|Executive Council]] of the [[Irish Free State]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[November\n        18]] \\n** [[Khalid al-Azm]], 5-time [[Prime Minister of Syria]] and acting\n        [[President of Syria]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Henry A. Wallace]], 33rd [[Vice\n        President of the United States]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 21]] –\n        [[Astrojildo Pereira]], Brazilian politician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 24]]\n        – [[Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah]], Emir of Kuwait (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – Dame [[Myra Hess]], English pianist (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Maugham\n        retouched.jpg|100px|thumb|[[W. Somerset Maugham|Somerset Maugham]]]]\\n[[File:Laichuanzhu.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lai\n        Chuanzhu]]]]\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Joseph Erlanger]], American physiologist\n        and academic, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Branch Rickey]], American baseball executive\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Dutch Sterrett|Charles Hurlbut \\\"Dutch\\\" Sterrett]], American\n        professional baseball player (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Henry\n        Cowell]], American composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 11]] – [[George\n        Constantinescu]], Romanian scientist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[W. Somerset Maugham]], English writer (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Dimbleby]], English broadcaster (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Ritz Brothers|Al\n        Ritz]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 24]] \\n** [[John Black\n        (businessman)|John Black]], English businessman and chairman of [[Standard\n        Motor Company|Standard-Triumph]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[William M. Branham]],\n        American minister (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Lai Chuanzhu]], Chinese general (b.\n        [[1910]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Frank S. Nugent]], American journalist\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Kosaku Yamada]], Japanese composer and conductor (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n==\n        Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Physics]] – [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]], [[Julian Schwinger]], [[Richard\n        Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] –\n        [[Robert Burns Woodward]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Jacob]], [[Andr\\u00e9 Michel Lwoff]],\n        [[Jacques Monod]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Michail\n        Aleksandrovich Sholokhov]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[UNICEF|United\n        Nation''s Children''s Fund (UNICEF)]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1965}}\\n[[Category:1965|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T21:38:18Z\",\"lastrevid\":799628445,\"length\":91329,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965\"},\"34691\":{\"pageid\":34691,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1966\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T10:48:38Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1966}}\\n{{Events by month|1966}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1966}}\\n{{Year article header|1966}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1966}}\\n* [[January 1]] – In a coup, Colonel [[Jean-B\\u00e9del\n        Bokassa]] takes over as military ruler of the [[Central African Republic]],\n        ousting President [[David Dacko]].\\n* [[January 2]] – [[1966 New York\n        City transit strike|A strike]] of [[public transportation]] workers in New\n        York City begins. (It would end [[January 13]]).\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        The first [[Acid Tests|Acid Test]] is conducted at [[the Fillmore]], [[San\n        Jose, California|San Jose]].\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** A military coup occurs in\n        [[Republic of Upper Volta|Upper Volta]] (later [[Burkina Faso]]).\\n** The\n        prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet in Moscow.\\n** A [[Feyzin disaster|gas\n        leak]] fire at the Feyzin oil refinery near [[Lyon]], France, kills 18 and\n        injures 84.\\n* [[January 10]]\\n** [[Pakistan]]i–Indian peace negotiations\n        end successfully in [[Tashkent]]. Indian prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]\n        dies the next day.\\n** The French paper ''''[[L''Express (France)|L''Express]]''''\n        publishes a story by [[Georges Figon]], who took part in the kidnapping of\n        [[Mehdi Ben Barka]].\\n** [[Georgia House of Representatives]] refuses to seat\n        [[Julian Bond]].\\n** Home of civil rights activist [[Vernon Dahmer]] in [[Hattiesburg,\n        Mississippi]], is firebombed. Dahmer''s family escapes but he dies the next\n        day from severe burns. ([[White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan]] Imperial Wizard\n        [[Samuel Bowers]] will be unsuccessfully tried for this murder on four occasions,\n        and then convicted in 1998.)\\n** [[January 1966 Commonwealth Prime Ministers''\n        Conference|Commonwealth Prime Ministers'' Conference]] convenes in [[Lagos]],\n        [[Nigeria]].\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** A conference on [[Rhodesia]] begins in\n        Lagos, Nigeria.\\n** The first [[SR-71 Blackbird]] spy plane goes into service\n        at [[Beale AFB]].\\n* [[January 12]] – United States President [[Lyndon\n        Johnson]] states that the United States should stay in [[South Vietnam]] until\n        [[Communism|Communist]] aggression there is ended.\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Robert C. Weaver]] becomes the first [[African-American]] Cabinet member,\n        by being appointed [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]].\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – A bloody [[1966 Nigerian coup d''\\u00e9tat|military\n        coup]] is staged in [[Nigeria]], deposing the civilian government.\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Chicago Bulls]], a member of [[National Basketball Association]]''s\n        club, officially founded.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[January\n        17]]\\n** The Nigerian [[coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup]] is overturned by another\n        faction of the military, leaving a military government in power. This is the\n        beginning of a long period of military rule.\\n** A [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52]]\n        bomber collides with a [[KC-135 Stratotanker]] over Spain, dropping three\n        70-kiloton [[hydrogen bomb]]s near the town of [[Palomares, Almer\\u00eda|Palomares]],\n        and one into the sea, in the [[1966 Palomares B-52 crash]].\\n** [[Carl Brashear]],\n        the first African-American [[United States Navy]] diver, is involved in an\n        accident during the recovery of a lost H-bomb which results in the amputation\n        of his leg.\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** French police announce that [[Georges Figon]]\n        has committed suicide, prior to his arrest for the kidnapping of [[Mehdi Ben\n        Barka]].\\n** About 8,000 U.S. soldiers land in [[South Vietnam]]; U.S. troops\n        now total 190,000.\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Indira Gandhi]] is elected\n        [[Prime Minister of India]]; she is sworn in [[January 24]].\\n* [[January\n        20]] – Demonstrations occur against high food prices in Hungary.\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – Italian Prime Minister [[Aldo Moro]] resigns due to\n        a power struggle in his party.\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** The military government\n        of [[Nigeria]] announces that ex-prime minister [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]]\n        was killed during the coup.\\n** The [[Chad]]ian Muslim insurgent group [[FROLINAT]]\n        is founded in [[Sudan]], starting the [[Chadian Civil War (1965\\u201379)|Chadian\n        Civil War]].\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Air India Flight 101]] crashes into\n        [[Mont Blanc]], killing all 117 persons on board, including Dr. [[Homi J.\n        Bhabha]], chairman of the [[Indian Atomic Energy Commission]].\\n* [[January\n        26]]\\n** [[Harold Holt]] becomes Prime Minister of Australia when [[Robert\n        Menzies]] retires.\\n** [[Beaumont children disappearance]]: Three children\n        disappear on their way to [[Glenelg, South Australia]], never to be seen again.\\n*\n        [[January 27]]\\n**The British government promises the U.S. that British troops\n        in [[Malaysia]] will stay until more peaceful conditions occur in the region.\\n**Britain''s\n        [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] unexpectedly retains the parliamentary\n        seat of Hull North in a by-election, with a swing of 4.5% to their candidate\n        from the opposition Conservatives, and a majority up from 1,181 at the 1964\n        General Election to 5,351.\\n* [[January 29]] – The first of 608 performances\n        of ''''[[Sweet Charity]]'''' opens at the Palace Theatre in New York City.\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – The United Kingdom ceases all trade with [[Rhodesia]].\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n{{main article|February 1966}}\\n* [[February 1]] – [[West\n        Germany]] procures some 2,600 [[political prisoner]]s from [[East Germany]].\\n*\n        [[February 3]] – The unmanned Soviet [[Luna 9]] spacecraft makes the\n        first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[February 4]]\\n**[[All\n        Nippon Airways Flight 60]] plunges into Tokyo Bay; 133 are killed.\\n**[[Winnie\n        the Pooh and the Honey Tree]] becomes the first [[Winnie the Pooh]] [[featurette]]\n        to be released\\n* [[February 6]] – The TV series ''''[[Mister Ed]]''''\n        airs its final episode (ran 1961\\u201366).\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Lyndon\n        Johnson]] of the United States and [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Cao K\\u1ef3]] of South Vietnam\n        convene with other officials in [[Honolulu, Hawaii]] to discuss the course\n        of the [[Vietnam War]].David C. Humphrey & David S. Patterson (eds),\n        [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/ch2 \\\"January\n        31\\u2013March 8: The Honolulu Conference; Congressional Hearings on the War]\\\",\n        ''''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964\\u20131968, Volume IV, Vietnam,\n        1966'''', 1998. \\n* [[February 8]] – The [[National Hockey League]]\n        announces it will expand to 12 teams for the 1967 season.\\n* [[February 10]]\n        – Soviet writers [[Yuli Daniel]] and [[Andrei Sinyavsky]] are sentenced\n        to five and seven years, respectively, for \\\"anti-Soviet\\\" writings.\\n* [[February\n        14]] – The [[Australian dollar]] is introduced at a rate of 2 dollars\n        per pound, or 10 shillings per dollar.\\n* [[February 19]] – The naval\n        minister of the United Kingdom, [[Christopher Mayhew]], resigns.\\n* [[February\n        20]] – While Soviet author and translator [[Valery Tarsis]] is abroad,\n        the [[Soviet Union]] negates his citizenship.\\n* [[February 23]] – An\n        intra-party military [[1966 Syrian coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup d''\\u00e9tat in\n        Syria]] replaces the previous government of [[Amin al-Hafiz]] by one led by\n        [[Salah Jadid]].\\n* [[February 24]] – A coup d''\\u00e9tat led by the\n        police and military of [[Ghana]] raises the [[National Liberation Council]]\n        to power while president [[Kwame Nkrumah]] is abroad.\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        A [[curfew]] is declared in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**British\n        Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] calls a General Election in the United Kingdom,\n        to be held on 31 March.\\n**U.S. astronauts [[Charles Bassett]] and [[Elliot\n        See]] are killed in an aircraft accident in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].\\n\\n===\n        March ===\\n{{main article|March 1966}}\\n* March – The [[DKW]] automobile\n        ceases production in Germany.{{Cite web|url=http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/555/|title=DKW\n        F102|accessdate=October 14, 2012|work=motorbase.com}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**The\n        British Government announces plans for the [[decimalisation]] of the [[pound\n        sterling]] (hitherto denominated in 20 shillings and 240 pence to the \\u00a3),\n        to come into force in February 1971 ([[Decimal Day]]).\\n**Soviet [[space probe]]\n        ''''[[Venera 3]]'''' crashes on [[Venus]], becoming the first spacecraft to\n        land on another planet''s surface.\\n**The [[Ba''ath Party]] takes power in\n        [[Syria]].\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Kwame Nkrumah]] arrives in [[Guinea]]\n        and is granted [[right of asylum|asylum]].\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**[[Canadian Pacific\n        Air Lines Flight 402]] crashes during a night landing in poor visibility at\n        [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]] in Japan, killing 64 of 72\n        persons on board.\\n**In an interview with ''''[[London Evening Standard]]''''\n        reporter [[Maureen Cleave]], [[John Lennon]] of [[The Beatles]] states that\n        they are \\\"[[more popular than Jesus]] now\\\".\\n* [[March 5]]\\n**[[BOAC Flight\n        911]] crashes in severe [[clear-air turbulence]] over [[Mount Fuji]] soon\n        after taking off from Tokyo International Airport in Japan, killing all 124\n        people on board.\\n**A massive theft of nuclear materials is revealed in [[Brazil]].\\n**''''[[Merci,\n        Ch\\u00e9rie]]'''' by [[Udo J\\u00fcrgens]] (music by Udo J\\u00fcrgens, lyrics\n        by Udo J\\u00fcrgens and Thomas H\\u00f6rbiger) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        1966]] for Austria.\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]] asks U.S.\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] for negotiations about the state of [[NATO]]\n        equipment in France.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n**Anti-communist demonstrations occur\n        at the [[Indonesia]]n Foreign Ministry.\\n**[[Vietnam War]]: The U.S. announces\n        it will substantially increase the number of its troops in [[Vietnam]].\\n**[[Nelson''s\n        Pillar]] in [[O''Connell Street]], [[Dublin]], is clandestinely blown up by\n        former [[Irish Republican Army (1922\\u201369)|Irish Republican Army]] volunteers\n        marking this year''s 50th anniversary of the [[Easter Rising]].\\n* [[March\n        9]] – Ronnie, one of the [[Kray twins]], shoots [[George Cornell]] (an\n        associate of rivals [[The Richardson Gang]]) dead at [[The Blind Beggar]]\n        pub in [[Whitechapel]], east London, a crime for which he is finally convicted\n        in [[1969]].\\n* [[March 10]] \\n**[[Crown Prince]]ss [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]\n        marries [[Claus von Amsberg]]. Some spectators demonstrate against the groom\n        because he is German.\\n**''''[[The Frost Report]]'''', which launched the\n        television careers of [[John Cleese]], [[Ronnie Barker]] and [[Ronnie Corbett]]\n        and also the careers of other writers and performers, is first broadcast on\n        [[BBC]].\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**[[Transition to the New Order]] in [[Indonesia]]:\n        President [[Sukarno]] gives all [[executive power]]s to General [[Suharto]]\n        by signing the \\\"[[Supersemar]]\\\" order.\\n**French President [[Charles de\n        Gaulle]] states that French troops will be taken out of [[NATO]] and that\n        all French NATO bases and HQ''s must be closed within a year.\\n* [[March 12]]\n        – [[Bobby Hull]] of the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] sets the [[National Hockey\n        League]] single season scoring record against the [[New York Rangers]] with\n        his 51st goal.\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 Racial riots erupt in the Watts section\n        of Los Angeles.\\n* [[March 16]] – [[NASA]] spacecraft ''''[[Gemini 8]]''''\n        ([[David Scott]], [[Neil Armstrong]]) conducts the first docking in space,\n        with an [[Agena target vehicle]].\\n* [[Paul Van Doren]] established the [[Vans]]\n        shoe company in [[California]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n**More anti-communist demonstrations\n        occur in [[Indonesia]].\\n**Off the Mediterranean coast of Spain, the United\n        States Navy [[submersible]] [[DSV Alvin|DSV ''''Alvin'''']] finds a missing\n        U.S. [[hydrogen bomb]].\\n* [[March 19]] – The [[Texas Western Miners]]\n        defeat the [[Kentucky Wildcats]] with five African-American starters, ushering\n        in desegregation in athletic recruiting.\\n* [[March 20]] – Football''s\n        [[FIFA World Cup Trophy|Jules Rimet Trophy]] is stolen while on exhibition\n        in London; it is found seven days later by a mongrel dog named \\\"[[Pickles\n        (dog)|Pickles]]\\\" and his owner David Corbett, wrapped in newspaper in a south\n        London garden.\\n* [[March 22]] – In Washington, D.C., [[General Motors]]\n        President James M. Roche appears before a Senate subcommittee, and apologizes\n        to consumer advocate [[Ralph Nader]] for the company''s intimidation and harassment\n        campaign against him.\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] and [[Michael\n        Ramsey]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], meet in Rome.\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – Demonstrations are held across the United States against the [[Vietnam\n        War]].\\n* [[March 27]] – In [[South Vietnam]], 20,000 Buddhists march\n        in demonstrations against the policies of the military government.\\n* [[March\n        28]]\\n**[[Cevdet Sunay]] becomes the fifth president of [[Turkey]].\\n**[[Indira\n        Gandhi]] visits Washington, D.C.\\n* [[March 29]] – The [[23rd Congress\n        of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|23rd Communist Party Conference]]\n        is held in the [[Soviet Union]]; [[Leonid Brezhnev]] demands that U.S. troops\n        leave Vietnam, and announces that [[Sino-Soviet split|Chinese-Soviet relations]]\n        are not satisfactory.\\n* [[March 31]]\\n**The British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour\n        Party]] led by [[Harold Wilson]] wins the [[United Kingdom general election,\n        1966|United Kingdom General Election]], gaining a 96-seat majority (compared\n        with a single seat majority when the election was called on February 28).{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/31/newsid_4693000/4693142.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1966: Harold Wilson wins sweeping victory|date=March 31, 1966}}\\n**\n        The [[Soviet Union]] launches ''''[[Luna 10]]'''', which later becomes the\n        first [[space probe]] to enter orbit around the Moon.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{main\n        article|April 1966}}\\n* [[April 1]] – ''''[[The Flintstones]]'''' aired\n        its last episode on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] network.\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – The [[Indonesia]]n army demands that the country rejoin\n        the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[April 3]] – ''''[[Luna 10]]'''' is the\n        first manmade object to enter lunar orbit.\\n* [[April 7]] – The United\n        Kingdom asks the [[United Nations Security Council]] for authority to use\n        force to stop [[oil tanker]]s that violate the embargo against [[Rhodesia]]\n        (authority is given [[April 10]]).\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** Buddhists in [[South\n        Vietnam]] protest against the fact that the new government has not set a date\n        for [[Election#Difficulties with elections|free elections]].\\n** [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]] becomes General Secretary of the [[Soviet Union]], as well as Leader\n        of the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R.\\n** ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''''\n        magazine cover story asks \\\"[[Is God Dead]]?\\\"\\n* [[April 9]] – The\n        captain of English football league club [[Norwich City F.C.]], [[Barry Butler\n        (footballer born 1934)|Barry Butler]], is killed in a car accident.\\n* [[April\n        13]]\\n**United States'' magazine [[Time (magazine)|''''Time'''']]''s cover\n        story is \\u2018London: The Swinging City\\u2019 \\n**United States president\n        [[Lyndon Johnson]] signs the 1966 [[Uniform Time Act]], dealing with [[daylight\n        saving time]].\\n* [[April 14]] \\n** Kenyan Vice President [[Oginga Odinga]]\n        resigns, saying \\\"invisible government\\\" representing foreign interests now\n        runs the country. Will head a new party, the [[Kenya People''s Union]]. \\n**The\n        [[South Vietnam]]ese government promises free elections in 3\\u20135 months.\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – An anti-[[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] conspiracy is exposed\n        in [[Egypt]].\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** China declares that it will stop economic\n        aid to [[Indonesia]].\\n** The [[38th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held.\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Bobbi Gibb]] becomes the first woman to run the Boston\n        Marathon.\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** An [[artificial heart]] is installed in the\n        chest of Marcel DeRudder in a [[Houston, Texas]] hospital.\\n** The opening\n        of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] is televised for the first time.\\n**\n        [[Haile Selassie]] visits [[Jamaica]] for the first time, meeting with [[Rastafari\n        movement|Rasta]] leaders.\\n** [[Ian Brady]] and [[Myra Hindley]] go on trial\n        at [[Chester Crown Court]], for the murders of 3 children who vanished between\n        November [[1963]] and October [[1965]].\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Uniform\n        Time Act|Uniform]] [[daylight saving time]] is first observed in most parts\n        of North America.\\n* [[April 26]] \\n** A new government is formed in the [[Republic\n        of the Congo]], led by [[Ambroise Noumazalaye]].\\n** The magnitude 5.1 [[1966\n        Tashkent earthquake|Tashkent earthquake]] affects the largest city in [[Soviet\n        Central Asia]] with a maximum [[Medvedev\\u2013Sponheuer\\u2013Karnik scale|MSK\n        intensity]] of VII (''''Very strong''''). [[Tashkent]] is mostly destroyed\n        and 15\\u2013200 are killed.\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] and Soviet\n        Foreign Minister [[Andrei Gromyko]] meet in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] (the\n        first meeting between leaders of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Soviet\n        Union]]).\\n* [[April 28]] – In [[Rhodesia]], security forces kill seven\n        [[ZANLA]] men in combat; ''''[[Chimurenga]]'''', the [[ZANU]] rebellion, begins.\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – U.S. troops in [[Vietnam]] total 250,000.\\n* [[April\n        30]]\\n** Regular [[hovercraft]] service begins over the [[English Channel]]\n        (discontinued in 2000 due to the [[Channel Tunnel]]).\\n** The [[Church of\n        Satan]] is formed by [[Anton Szandor LaVey]] in [[San Francisco]].\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{main article|May 1966}}\\n* [[May 1]] – Floods occur on the\n        Finnish coast.\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Swinging Radio England]] and Britain\n        Radio commence broadcasting on [[AM broadcasting|AM]], with a combined potential\n        100,000 watts, from the same ship anchored off the south coast of England\n        in international waters.\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Fiat]] signs a contract with\n        the Soviet government to build a car factory in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May\n        5]] – The [[Montreal Canadiens]] defeat the [[Detroit Red Wings]] to\n        win the [[Stanley Cup]].\\n* [[May 6]] \\n**The [[Moors murders]] trial ends\n        with [[Ian Brady]] being found guilty on all three counts of murder and sentenced\n        to three concurrent terms of life imprisonment. [[Myra Hindley]] is convicted\n        on two counts of murder and of being an accessory in the third murder committed\n        by Brady, and receives two concurrent terms of life imprisonment and a seven-year\n        fixed term for being an accessory.\\n**The hit song \\\"[[Paint It Black]]\\\"\n        by [[The Rolling Stones]] is released.\\n* [[May 7]] – Irish bank workers\n        [[Irish bank strikes (1966\\u201376)|go on strike]]. \\n* [[May 12]]\\n** African\n        members of the UN Security Council say that the British army should blockade\n        Rhodesia.\\n** The [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] opens in [[St Louis, Missouri]].\\n**\n        [[China Radio International|Radio Peking]] claims that U.S. planes have shot\n        down a Chinese plane over [[Yunnan]] (the U.S. denies the story the next day).\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Turkey]] and Greece intend to start negotiations about\n        the situation in [[Cyprus]].\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Indonesia]] asks [[Malaysia]]\n        for peace negotiations.\\n** The [[South Vietnam]]ese army besieges [[Da Nang]].\\n**\n        Tens of thousands of anti-war demonstrators again picket the [[White House]],\n        then rally at the [[Washington Monument]].\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** The [[Communist\n        Party of China]] issues the ''[[Cultural Revolution#The May 16 Notification|May\n        16 Notice]]'', marking the beginning of the [[Cultural Revolution]].\\n** A\n        seamen''s strike is called in Britain.\\n** The legendary album ''''[[Pet Sounds]]''''\n        by [[The Beach Boys]] is released.\\n** [[Bob Dylan]]''s seminal album, ''''[[Blonde\n        on Blonde]]'''' is released in the U.S.\\n** In New York City, Dr. [[Martin\n        Luther King Jr.]] makes his first public speech on the [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Gertrude Baniszewski]] is found guilty of murdering and\n        torturing [[Sylvia Likens]] and is sentenced to life in prison (she is released\n        on parole in December [[1985]]).\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Battle of Mengo Hill]]:\n        [[Uganda]]n army troops arrest [[Mutesa II of Buganda]] and occupy his palace.\\n**\n        The [[Nigeria]]n government forbids all political activity in the country\n        until January 17, 1969.\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Explorer program]]: ''''[[Explorer\n        32]]'''' is launched.\\n** [[No. 9 Squadron RAAF]] becomes part of the 4,500\n        strong [[Australia]]n Task Force assigned to duties in [[Vietnam]], leaving\n        for [[Southeast Asia]] aboard the aircraft carrier [[HMAS Sydney (R17)|HMAS\n        ''''Sydney'''']].Scutts, Colin (1976), ''''Helicopter Gunships'''', p.\n        5. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISSN|0307-2886}}\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Guyana]]\n        achieves independence.\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** ''''[[It''s a Small World]]'''' opens\n        at [[Disneyland]].\\n** [[Fidel Castro]] declares [[martial law]] in Cuba because\n        of a possible U.S. attack.\\n** The [[Indonesia]]n and [[Malaysia]]n governments\n        declare that the [[Indonesia\\u2013Malaysia confrontation]] is over (a treaty\n        is signed on [[August 11]]).\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Azteca Stadium]], as\n        known well for sports venues in [[Mexico]], officially opened in [[Mexico\n        City]], before [[1968 Summer Olympics]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n*\n        [[May 31]] – The [[Philippines]] reestablishes [[diplomatic relations]]\n        with [[Malaysia]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{main article|June 1966}}\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        The final new episode of ''''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show]]'''' airs (the first\n        episode aired on [[October 3]], 1961).\\n** [[White House Conference on Civil\n        Rights]]\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]] is re-elected as Irish\n        president.\\n** [[Surveyor program]]: ''''[[Surveyor 1]]'''' lands in Oceanus\n        Procellarum on the [[Moon]], becoming the first U.S. [[spacecraft]] to soft-land\n        on another world.\\n** Four former cabinet ministers including [[\\u00c9variste\n        Kimba]] are executed in the [[Republic of the Congo (L\\u00e9opoldville)|Democratic\n        Republic of the Congo]], for alleged involvement in a plot to kill [[Mobutu\n        Sese Seko]].\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Joaqu\\u00edn Balaguer]] is elected president\n        of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[June 5]] – ''''[[Gemini 9]]'''':\n        [[Gene Cernan]] completes the second U.S. spacewalk (2 hours, 7 minutes).\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – [[Civil Rights Movement|Civil rights]] activist [[James\n        Meredith]] is shot by a sniper while traversing Mississippi in the [[March\n        Against Fear]].\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** An [[XB-70 Valkyrie]] prototype is destroyed\n        in a mid-air collision with a [[F-104 Starfighter]] chase plane during a photo\n        shoot. [[NASA]] pilot [[Joseph A. Walker]] and [[USAF]] test pilot Carl Cross\n        are both killed.\\n** [[Topeka, Kansas]] is devastated by a tornado that registers\n        as an \\\"F5\\\" on the [[Fujita scale]], the first to exceed US $100 million\n        in damages. Sixteen people are killed, hundreds more injured, and thousands\n        of homes damaged or destroyed, and the campus of [[Washburn University]] suffers\n        catastrophic damage.{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/top/events/66tornado.php|title=NOAA.gov|publisher=|accessdate=October\n        6, 2014}}\\n* [[June 12]] – Chicago''s [[Division Street riots]]\n        begin, in response to police shooting of a young Puerto Rican man. \\n* [[June\n        13]] – ''''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of the United\n        States]] rules that the police must inform [[suspect]]s of their rights before\n        questioning them.\\n* [[June 14]] – The [[Holy See|Vatican]] abolishes\n        the ''''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'''' (index of banned books).\\n* [[June\n        17]] – An [[Air France]] personnel strike begins.\\n* [[June 18]] –\n        [[CIA]] chief [[William Raborn]] resigns; [[Richard Helms]] becomes his successor.\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] starts his visit\n        to the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June 21]] – Opposition leader [[Arthur\n        Calwell]] is shot after attending a political meeting in Mosman, Sydney, Australia.\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Frank Zappa]] and [[The Mothers of Invention]]''s debut\n        album, ''''[[Freak Out!]]'''', is released. It is an initial failure, but\n        gains a massive cult following in subsequent years.\\n** The gothic soap opera\n        ''''[[Dark Shadows]]'''' premieres on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – In [[Argentina]], a [[military dictatorship|junta]] calling\n        itself [[Argentine Revolution|''''Revoluci\\u00f3n Argentina'''']] deposes\n        president [[Arturo Umberto Illia]] in a coup, and appoints General [[Juan\n        Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]] to lead.\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]\n        comes to power in \\\"[[Revoluci\\u00f3n Argentina|Argentine Revolution]]\\\" coup\n        d''\\u00e9tat. \\n** A sailors'' strike, organised by the [[National Union of\n        Seamen]], ends in the United Kingdom.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. planes begin\n        bombing [[Hanoi]] and [[Haiphong]].\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** France formally leaves\n        [[NATO]].\\n** The [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) is founded in\n        Washington, D.C.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main article|July 1966}}\\n* July –\n        British [[gangster]] [[Charlie Richardson]] is arrested by police and sentenced\n        to 25 years in prison in the following year for his part in the [[The Richardson\n        Gang|Torture Gang]] assaults.\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Joaqu\\u00edn Balaguer]]\n        becomes president of the [[Dominican Republic]].\\n* [[July 3]]\\n**31 people\n        are arrested when a demonstration by approximately 4,000 anti-[[Vietnam War]]\n        protesters in front of the U.S. Embassy in London''s [[Grosvenor Square]]\n        turns violent\\n**[[Ren\\u00e9 Barrientos]] is elected [[president of Bolivia]].\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[North Vietnam]] declares general [[mobilization]].\\n** American\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Freedom of Information Act (United\n        States)|Freedom of Information Act]], which goes into effect the following\n        year.\\n** [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) endorses goal of [[Black\n        Power]] at well attended convention in [[Baltimore]]. Martin Luther King,\n        Jr., and Roy Wilkins criticize this declaration.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Malawi]]\n        becomes a republic.\\n* [[July 7]] – A [[Warsaw Pact]] conference ends\n        with a promise to support North Vietnam.\\n* [[July 8]] – King [[Mwambutsa\n        IV Bangiriceng of Burundi]] is deposed by his son [[Ntare V]], who is in turn\n        deposed by prime minister [[Michel Micombero]].\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** The [[1966\n        FIFA World Cup]] begins in England.\\n** [[British Motor Corporation]] and\n        [[Jaguar Cars]] announce plans to merge as British Motor Holdings.\\n* [[July\n        12]]\\n** [[Indira Gandhi]] visits Moscow.\\n** [[Zambia]] threatens to leave\n        the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] because of British peace overtures to [[Rhodesia]].\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]\n        is founded in New York City by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].\\n*\n        [[July 14]]\\n** [[Israel]]i and [[Syria]]n jet fighters clash over the [[Jordan\n        River]].\\n** [[Richard Speck]] murders 8 student nurses in their Chicago dormitory.\n        He is arrested on [[July 17]].\\n** [[Gwynfor Evans]], President of [[Plaid\n        Cymru]], becomes Member of the United Kingdom Parliament for [[Carmarthen]],\n        taking the previously Labour-held Welsh seat at a by-election with a majority\n        of 2,435 on an 18% swing, and giving Plaid Cymru its first representation\n        at Westminster in its forty-one year history.\\n* [[July 16]] – British\n        Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] flies to Moscow to try to start peace negotiations\n        about the [[Vietnam War]] (the Soviet government rejects his ideas).\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** ''''[[Gemini 10]]'''' ([[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]], [[Michael\n        Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]) is launched. After docking with an\n        [[Agena target vehicle]], the astronauts then set a world altitude record\n        of 474 miles (763 km).\\n** The [[Hough Riots]] break out in [[Cleveland,\n        Ohio]], the city''s first [[Mass racial violence in the United States|race\n        riot]].\\n** The [[International Court of Justice]] rules in favour of South\n        Africa in a case on the administration of [[South West Africa]] which was\n        brought before them by [[Ethiopia]] and [[Liberia]].\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        Following the death of engineer [[death of Hsu Tsu-tsai|Hsu Tsu-tsai]] in\n        The Hague, the Chinese government declares Dutch delegate G. J. Jongejans\n        [[persona non grata]], but tells him not to leave the country before his fellow\n        Chinese engineers have left the Netherlands.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Katanga\n        Province|Katangese]] troops in [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]], [[Democratic Republic\n        of the Congo|Congo]], revolt for several weeks in support of the exiled minister\n        [[Moise Tshombe]].\\n* [[July 24]] – U.N. Secretary General [[U Thant]]\n        visits Moscow.\\n* [[July 24]] – A USAF [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom\n        II|F-4C Phantom]] #63-7599 was shot down by a North Vietnamese [[S-75 Dvina|SAM-2]]\n        {{convert|45|mi}} northeast of [[Hanoi]], in the first loss of a US aircraft\n        to a Vietnamese SAM in the Vietnam War.{{cite book|last=Van Staaveren|first=Jacob|title=Gradual\n        Failure: The air war over North Vietnam 1965-1966|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=2002|isbn=9781428990180|pages=163\\u20134}}\\n*\n        [[July 26]] – Lord Gardiner issues the [[Practice Statement]] in the\n        [[House of Lords]], stating that the House is not bound to follow its own\n        previous [[precedent]].\\n* [[July 28]] – The U.S. announces that a [[Lockheed\n        U-2]] reconnaissance plane has disappeared over Cuba.\\n* [[July 29]]\\n** A\n        [[Nigerian Counter-Coup of 1966|military counter-coup]] in [[Nigeria]]: army\n        officers from the north of the country execute head of state General [[Johnson\n        Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] and install [[Yakubu Gowon]].\\n** ''''[[La Noche\n        de los Bastones Largos]]'''': Junta takes over Argentine universities.\\n**\n        [[Bob Dylan]] is injured in a motorcycle accident near his home in [[Woodstock,\n        New York]]. He is not seen in public for over a year.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[England national football team|England]] beats [[Germany national football\n        team|West Germany]] 4\\u20132 to win the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]] at [[Wembley\n        Stadium (1923)|Wembley]] after [[extra time]].\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main article|August\n        1966}}\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** Sniper [[Charles Whitman]] kills 14 people and\n        wounds 32 from atop the [[University of Texas at Austin]] Main Building tower,\n        after earlier killing his wife and mother.\\n** British [[Colonial Office]]\n        merges with [[Commonwealth Relations Office]] to form new [[Commonwealth Office]].\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – The Spanish government forbids overflights of British\n        military aircraft.\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** Groundbreaking takes place for the\n        [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]].\\n** [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]] leads a civil rights march in Chicago, during which he is struck\n        by a rock thrown from an angry white mob.\\n** The [[Caesars Palace]] hotel\n        and casino opens in [[Las Vegas]].\\n** [[The Beatles]]'' ''''[[Revolver (The\n        Beatles album)|Revolver]]'''' LP is released in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Braniff Flight 250]] crashes in [[Falls City, Nebraska]], killing\n        all 42 on board.\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Barrientos]] takes office as the president\n        of [[Bolivia]].\\n** The [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]] Bridge\n        (now the [[25 de Abril Bridge]]) opens in [[Lisbon]], Portugal.\\n* [[August\n        7]] – Race riots occur in [[Lansing, Michigan]].\\n* [[August 10]]\\n**\n        An East German court sentences G\\u00fcnter Laudahn to life imprisonment for\n        spying for the United States.\\n** [[Lunar Orbiter 1]], the first U.S. spacecraft\n        to orbit the moon, is launched.\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** Indonesia and Malaysia\n        issue joint peace declaration, formally ending the [[Indonesia\\u2013Malaysia\n        confrontation]] which began in 1963.\\n**[[The Beatles]] hold a press conference\n        in Chicago, during which [[John Lennon]] apologizes for his \\\"more popular\n        than Jesus\\\" remark, saying, \\\"I didn''t mean it as a lousy anti-religious\n        thing.\\\"\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Massacre of Braybrook Street]]: Harry\n        Roberts, John Duddy and Jack Witney shoot dead 3 plainclothes policemen in\n        London; they are later sentenced to life imprisonment.\\n* [[August 13]]\\n**\n        In the People''s Republic of China, [[Mao Zedong]] begins the [[Cultural Revolution]]\n        to purge and reorganize China''s Communist Party.\\n** An [[1966 Varto earthquake|earthquake\n        in Varto town]], [[Turkey]], kills 2,394 and injures 10,000.\\n* [[August 15]]\\n**\n        [[Syria]]n and [[Israel]]i troops clash over Lake Kinneret (also known as\n        the [[Sea of Galilee]]) for 3 hours.\\n** It is announced that the ''''[[New\n        York Herald Tribune]]'''' will not resume publication.\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        [[Vietnam War]]: The [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] starts investigating\n        Americans who have aided the [[Viet Cong]], with the intent to make these\n        activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupt the meeting and 50 are\n        arrested.\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab\n        Republic]] begin negotiations in [[Kuwait]] to end the war in [[Yemen]].\\n*\n        [[August 18]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Battle of Long Tan]]: D Company,\n        6th Battalion of the [[Royal Australian Regiment]], meets and defeats a [[Viet\n        Cong]] force estimated to be four times larger, in Phuoc Tuy Province, [[Republic\n        of Vietnam]].\\n* [[August 19]] – An earthquake in eastern [[Turkey]]\n        destroys whole cities.\\n* [[August 21]] – Seven men are sentenced to\n        death in [[Egypt]], for anti-[[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] agitation.\\n* [[August\n        22]]\\n** The [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) established.\\n** The United\n        Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), predecessor of the [[United Farm\n        Workers|United Farm Workers of America]] (UFW), is formed.\\n* [[August 24]]\n        – [[The Doors]] record their [[The Doors (album)|self-titled]] debut\n        [[album|LP]].\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** Riots occur in [[French Somaliland]].\\n**\n        The first battle of the South African Air Force and the [[South African Police]]\n        with [[People''s Liberation Army of Namibia|PLAN]], the armed wing of the\n        [[South West Africa People''s Organization]] (SWAPO), takes place at [[Ongulumbashe]]\n        in Northern [[South West Africa]] during Operation Blue Wildebeest. This battle\n        starts the [[South African Border War]] which continues until [[1989]].\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[The Beatles]] end their [[The Beatles'' 1966 US tour|US\n        tour]] with a concert at [[Candlestick Park]] in [[San Francisco]]. It is\n        their last performance as a live touring band.\\n* [[August 30]] – France\n        offers independence to French Somaliland (later [[Djibouti]] in 1977).\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main\n        article|September 1966}}\\n[[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[September\n        30]]: [[Botswana]] formerly [[Bechuanaland]], independence from [[United Kingdom]]\n        as a republic and parliament democracy.]]\\n[[File:SeretseKhama.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[September\n        30]]: [[Seretse Khama]] is 1st [[President of Botswana]].]]\\n* [[September\n        1]]\\n** [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[U Thant]] declares that he\n        will not seek re-election, because U.N. efforts in Vietnam have failed.\\n**\n        98 British tourists die in an air crash in [[Ljubljana]], [[Yugoslavia]].\\n**\n        While waiting at a bus stop [[Ralph Baer]], an inventor with [[Sanders Associates]],\n        writes a four-page document that lays out the basic principles for creating\n        a video game to be played on a television: the beginning of a multibillion-dollar\n        industry.\\n* [[September 6]] – South African Prime Minister [[Hendrik\n        Verwoerd]] is stabbed to death in Parliament by [[Dimitri Tsafendas]].\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – The ocean liner {{SS|Hanseatic}} catches fire and\n        burns in New York Harbor.\\n* [[September 8]] – ''''[[Star Trek]]'''',\n        the science fiction television series, debuts on [[NBC]] in the United States\n        with its first episode, titled \\\"[[The Man Trap]]\\\".\\n* [[September 9]] –\n        [[NATO]] decides to move [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|SHAPE]]\n        headquarters to Belgium.\\n* [[September 12]] \\n** ''''[[Gemini 11]]'''' ([[Richard\n        F. Gordon, Jr.]], [[Pete Conrad]]) docks with an [[Agena target vehicle]].\\n**\n        [[B. J. Vorster]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of South Africa]].\\n* [[September\n        13]] – Clashes between the Chinese Communist Party and the Red Guards\n        are reported by [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|TASS]] in the Soviet\n        Union.\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** In South Vietnam, [[Th\\u00edch Tr\\u00ed Quang]]\n        ends a 100-day hunger strike.\\n** The [[Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln\n        Center)|Metropolitan Opera House]] opens at [[Lincoln Center]] in New York\n        City with the world premiere of [[Samuel Barber]]''s opera ''''[[Antony and\n        Cleopatra (opera)|Antony and Cleopatra]]''''.\\n* [[September 18]] –\n        Valerie Percy, 21-year-old daughter of U.S. Senate candidate [[Charles H.\n        Percy]], is stabbed and bludgeoned to death in the family mansion on Chicago''s\n        North Shore.\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Scotland Yard]] arrests [[Buster Edwards]],\n        suspected of involvement in the Great Train Robbery.\\n** [[Timothy Leary]]\n        forms the spiritual group [[League for Spiritual Discovery]].\\n** Indonesian\n        military commander (later President) [[Suharto]] announces the resumption\n        of Indonesian participation in the United Nations.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Hurricane Inez]] strikes Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and tens of\n        thousands homeless in the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Haiti]].\\n* [[September\n        30]]\\n** The [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] in Africa achieves independence\n        from the United Kingdom as [[Botswana]], with [[Seretse Khama]] as its first\n        [[President of Botswana|President]].\\n** [[Baldur von Schirach]] and [[Albert\n        Speer]] are released from [[Spandau Prison]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main article|October\n        1966}}\\n* October\\n** [[Bobby Seale]] and [[Huey P. Newton]] found the [[Black\n        Panther Party]].\\n** The [[Toyota Corolla]] car is introduced.\\n* [[October\n        1]] – [[West Coast Airlines Flight 956]] crashes with 18 fatal injuries\n        and no survivors {{convert|5.5|mi|km}} south of [[Wemme, Oregon]]. This accident\n        marks the first loss of a [[DC-9]].[http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR67-AF.pdf\n        Aircraft Accident Report. West Coast Airlines, Inc DC-9 N9101. Near Wemme,\n        Oregon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216033755/http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR67-AF.pdf\n        |date=February 16, 2008 }}, Adopted:December 11, 1967.\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Tunisia]] severs diplomatic relations with the [[United Arab\n        Republic]].\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Israel]] applies for membership in the\n        [[European Economic Community|EEC]].\\n** [[Basutoland]] becomes independent\n        and takes the name [[Lesotho]].\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[UNESCO]] signs the\n        Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers. This event is now celebrated\n        as World Teachers'' Day.\\n** An experimental Reactor at the [[Enrico Fermi\n        Nuclear Generating Station]] suffers a partial meltdown when its cooling system\n        fails.\\n* [[October 6]] \\n** LSD is made illegal in the United States and\n        controlled so strictly that not only are possession and recreational use criminalized,\n        but all legal scientific research programs on the drug in the US are shut\n        down as well.\\n** The Love Pageant Rally takes place in the [[Panhandle (San\n        Francisco)|Panhandle]] of Golden Gate Park, a narrower section that projects\n        into San Francisco''s [[Haight-Ashbury]] district.\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        The [[Soviet Union]] declares that all Chinese students must leave the country\n        before the end of October.\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Binh Tai\n        Massacre]].\\n* [[October 11]] – France and the [[Soviet Union]] sign\n        a treaty for cooperation in nuclear research.\\n* [[October 14]] \\n** Closure\n        of [[Intra Bank]] begins crisis of Lebanese banking system.\\n** The city of\n        [[Montreal]] inaugurates its [[rapid transit|metro]] system (see [[Montreal\n        Metro]]).\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs\n        a bill creating the [[United States Department of Transportation]].\\n** The\n        U.S. Congress passes a bill for the creation of [[Pictured Rocks National\n        Lakeshore]].\\n** [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC-TV]] telecasts a highly\n        acclaimed 90-minute television adaptation of the musical ''''[[Brigadoon]]'''',\n        starring [[Robert Goulet]], [[Peter Falk]], and [[Sally Ann Howes]]. It wins\n        many [[Emmy Award]]s and inaugurates a short-lived series of special television\n        adaptations of famous Broadway musicals on ABC. Goulet stars in all but one\n        of these specials.\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Grace Slick]] performs live\n        for the first time with [[Jefferson Airplane]].\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        [[Lesotho]] and [[Botswana]] are admitted to the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[October\n        21]]\\n** The [[Aberfan disaster]] occurs in [[South Wales]], United Kingdom.\\n**\n        The [[AFL-NFL merger]] is approved by the U.S. Congress.\\n* [[October 22]]\\n**\n        British spy [[George Blake]] escapes from [[Wormwood Scrubs (HM Prison)|Wormwood\n        Scrubs]] prison; he is next seen in Moscow.\\n** Spain demands that the United\n        Kingdom stop military flights to [[Gibraltar]]; Britain refuses the next day.\\n*\n        [[October 24]] – Negotiations about the [[Vietnam War]] begin in [[Manila]],\n        [[Philippines]].\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** A military court in [[Jakarta]] sentences\n        ex-foreign minister Subandrio to death.\\n** Spain closes its [[Gibraltar]]\n        border to non-pedestrian traffic.\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[NATO]] moves its\n        HQ from Paris to [[Brussels]].\\n** A fire aboard the aircraft carrier {{USS|Oriskany|CV-34|6}}\n        in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] kills 44 crewmen.\\n* [[October 27]] – The\n        [[United Nations]] terminates the mandate given by the [[League of Nations]]\n        and proclaims that South West Africa will be administrated by the United Nations.\n        This is rejected by South Africa.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** The first ever regeneration\n        in ''''[[Doctor Who]]'''' of the Doctor: [[William Hartnell]]''s face transforms\n        into that of [[Patrick Troughton]].\\n** The [[Guinea]]n delegation to the\n        [[Organization of African Unity|OAU]] meeting in [[Ethiopia]], become hostages\n        of the [[Ghana]]ian government in [[Accra]].\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{main article|November\n        1966}}\\n*[[November 1]] – The [[National Football League]] awards the\n        league''s sixteenth franchise to the city of [[New Orleans]]. The team would\n        be named the [[New Orleans Saints]].\\n* [[November 2]] – The [[Cuban\n        Adjustment Act]] comes into force, allowing 123,000 [[Cubans]] the opportunity\n        to apply for [[permanent residency|permanent residence]] in the United States.\\n*\n        [[November 4]] – In Italy, a [[1966 flood of the Arno River|flood of\n        the Arno River]] hits [[Florence]], flooding it to a maximum depth of {{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        leaving thousands homeless and destroying millions of masterpieces of art\n        and rare books. In addition, a [[1966 Venice flood|severe tidal flood]] hits\n        [[Venice]].\\n* [[November 5]] – Thirty-eight African states demand that\n        the [[United Kingdom]] use force against the [[Rhodesia]]n government.\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Lunar Orbiter 2]] is launched.\\n* [[November 8]]\\n**\n        Former [[Massachusetts]] Attorney General [[Edward Brooke]] becomes the first\n        [[African American]] elected to the [[United States Senate]] since [[Reconstruction\n        Era|Reconstruction]].\\n** Actor [[Ronald Reagan]] is elected [[Governor of\n        California]].\\n* [[November 9]] – [[John Lennon]] meets [[Yoko Ono]]\n        at the [[Indica Gallery]], London.\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Se\\u00e1n\n        Lemass]] retires as [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]] to be replaced\n        in the role by fellow [[Fianna F\\u00e1il]] member [[Jack Lynch]].\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** A mine kills 3 [[Israeli]] paratroopers on the [[West Bank]] border.\\n**\n        Spain declares general amnesty for crimes committed during the [[Spanish Civil\n        War]] (effective only for the [[Falangists]]'' side).\\n* [[November 14]] –\n        [[Jack L. Warner]] sells [[Warner Bros.]] to [[Seven Arts Productions]], which\n        eventually becomes [[Warner Bros.-Seven Arts]].\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** ''''[[Gemini\n        12]]'''' ([[James A. Lovell]], [[Buzz Aldrin]]) splashes down safely in the\n        Atlantic Ocean, {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[the Bahamas]].\\n**\n        [[Harry Maurice Roberts]], who killed three policemen in August, is caught\n        near London.\\n** A [[Boeing 727]] carrying [[Pan Am Flight 708]] crashes near\n        Berlin, Germany, killing all three people on board.\\n** Two young couples\n        in Point Pleasant, West Virginia reportedly see a strange [[moth]]-like creature\n        better known as the [[Mothman]].\\n* [[November 16]] – American doctor\n        [[Sam Sheppard]] is acquitted in his second trial for the murder of his pregnant\n        wife in 1954.\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** The U.N. General Assembly decides to\n        found the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]].\\n** A spectacular\n        [[Leonids|Leonid]] meteor shower passes over [[Arizona]], at the rate of 2,300\n        a minute for 20 minutes.\\n* [[November 21]] – In [[Togo]], the army\n        crushes an attempted coup.\\n* [[November 24]] \\n** [[The Beatles]] begin recording\n        sessions for their ''''[[Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'''' L.P.\\n**\n        Bulgarian [[TABSO Flight 101]] crashes near [[Bratislava]], Czechoslovakia,\n        killing all 82 people on board.\\n* [[November 26]] – The [[Saskatchewan\n        Roughriders]] defeat the [[Ottawa Rough Riders]] to win the [[54th Grey Cup]]\n        at [[Vancouver]]''s [[Empire Stadium (Vancouver)|Empire Stadium]] 29-14. Saskatchewan\n        were led by quarterback [[Ron Lancaster]].\\n* [[November 27]] – The\n        [[Washington Redskins]] defeat the [[New York Giants]] 72\\u201341 in the highest\n        scoring game in [[NFL]] history.\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Truman Capote]]''s\n        [[Black and White Ball]] (''The Party of the Century'') is held in New York\n        City.\\n* [[November 29]] – The {{SS|Daniel J. Morrell}} sinks in a storm\n        on [[Lake Huron]], killing 28 of its 29 crewmen.\\n* [[November 30]] –\n        [[Barbados]] achieves [[Barbados Independence Act 1966|independence]].\\n\\n===\n        December ===\\n{{main article|December 1966}}\\n* [[December 1]]\\n** [[Kurt\n        Georg Kiesinger]] is elected [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor\n        of West Germany]].\\n** British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] and [[Rhodesia]]n\n        Prime minister [[Ian Smith]] negotiate on the [[HMS Tiger (C20)|HMS ''''Tiger'''']]\n        in the Mediterranean.\\n* [[December 2]] – [[U Thant]] agrees to serve\n        a second term as U.N. Secretary General.\\n* [[December 3]] – Anti-Portuguese\n        demonstrations occur in [[Macau]]; a [[curfew]] is declared the next day.\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – U.S. Supreme Court rules in ''''[[Bond v. Floyd]]''''\n        that the Georgia House of Representatives must seat Julian Bond, having violated\n        his [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth\n        Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] rights.\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[B\\u00ecnh H\\u00f2a massacre]]: [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** [[Syria]] offers weapons to rebels in [[Jordan]].\\n** [[Barbados]]\n        is [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 230|admitted to the United\n        Nations]].\\n* [[December 8]] – The Typaldos Line''s ferry {{SS|Heraklion}}\n        sinks in rough seas, in the [[Aegean Sea]] near [[Crete]], leaving 217 dead.\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Walt Disney]] dies while producing ''''[[The Jungle\n        Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'''', the last animated feature under his\n        personal supervision.\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** The U.N. Security Council approves\n        an oil embargo against [[Rhodesia]].\\n** The [[International Covenant on Economic,\n        Social and Cultural Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and\n        Political Rights]] are adopted by the General Assembly, as Resolution 2200\n        A (XXI).\\n* [[December 17]] – South Africa does not join the [[trade\n        embargo]] against [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[December 18]] – ''''[[How the Grinch\n        Stole Christmas (television special)|How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]'''',\n        narrated by [[Boris Karloff]], is shown for the first time on [[CBS]], beginning\n        an annual [[Christmas]] tradition in the USA.\\n* [[December 19]] – The\n        [[Asian Development Bank]] begins operations.\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Harold\n        Wilson]] withdraws all his previous offers to the [[Rhodesia]]n government,\n        and announces that he will agree to independence only after the founding of\n        a Black majority government.\\n* [[December 22]] – Prime Minister [[Ian\n        Smith]] declares that Rhodesia is already a republic.\\n* [[December 24]] –\n        New York television station [[WPIX]] broadcasts its Christmas tradition, [[Yule\n        Log (TV program)|\\\"The Yule Log\\\"]] for the first time.\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – The first [[Kwanzaa]] is celebrated by [[Maulana Karenga]], founder\n        of Organization US (a black nationalist group) and later chair of [[Black\n        Studies]] at [[California State University, Long Beach]], from 1989 to 2002.\\n*\n        [[December 31]]\\n** East German Premier [[Walter Ulbricht]] discusses negotiations\n        about [[German reunification]].\\n** Thieves steal millions'' worth of paintings\n        from the [[Dulwich Art Gallery]] in London.\\n** The Congolese government takes\n        over the [[Union Mini\\u00e8re du Haut Katanga]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n*\n        [[Konstantin Chernenko]], later leader of the [[Soviet Union]], becomes a\n        candidate member of the [[Central Committee]].\\n* [[Paramount Pictures Corporation]]\n        becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Gulf+Western Industries, Inc.\\n* The\n        [[Surrealist Movement in the United States]] is founded by [[Franklin Rosemont|Franklin]]\n        and [[Penelope Rosemont]].\\n* [[Lise Meitner]] and [[Otto Hahn]] are awarded\n        the [[Fermi Prize]].\\n* The [[Congress of the United States]] creates the\n        National Council for Marine Resources and Engineering Development.\\n* [[Martin\n        Richards (computer scientist)|Martin Richards]] designs the programming language\n        [[BCPL]].\\n* The World Buddhist [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] Council is convened\n        by [[Theravada|Theravadins]] in [[Sri Lanka]], with the hope of bridging differences\n        and working together.\\n* ''''The [[Jerusalem Bible]]'''', a [[Roman Catholic]]\n        translation, is published in English.\\n* [[Peter L. Berger]] and [[Thomas\n        Luckmann]] publish ''''[[The Social Construction of Reality]]''''.\\n* [[Long-term\n        potentiation]] (LTP), the putative [[cell (biology)|cellular]] mechanism of\n        [[learning]] and [[memory]], is first observed by [[Terje L\\u00f8mo]] in [[Oslo]],\n        Norway.\\n* In or about this year, one person returning to [[Haiti]] from the\n        [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] is thought to have first brought [[HIV]] to\n        the [[Americas]].{{cite journal|title=Solved: the mystery of how AIDS\n        left Africa|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=November 3, 2007|page=20}}\\n*Chevrolet\n        Camaro is introduced.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Christian Kern\n        2016 (portrait).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christian Kern]]]]\\n[[File:Patrick Dempsey\n        2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patrick Dempsey]]]]\\n[[File:Lena Philipsson 2012-11-07\n        001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lena Philipsson]]]]\\n[[File:Senador Rom\\u00e1rio (Retrato\n        oficial).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rom\\u00e1rio]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Anna\n        Burke]], Australian politician\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Christian Kern]], Austrian\n        politician, 24th [[Chancellor of Austria]]\\n** [[Deana Carter]], American\n        singer\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Yuri Amano]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Kate\n        Schellenbach]], American musician\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Sharon Cuneta]],\n        Filipino actress, host and singer\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy]],\n        American actress and model, wife of [[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]] (d. [[1999]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – [[Igor Vyazmikin]], Russian ice hockey player\\n* [[January\n        13]] – [[Patrick Dempsey]], American actor and race car driver\\n* [[January\n        17]]\\n** [[George Morikawa]], Japanese author and illustrator\\n** [[Shabba\n        Ranks]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Floris Jan Bovelander]],\n        Dutch field-hockey player\\n** [[Stefan Edberg]], Swedish tennis player\\n**\n        [[Lena Philipsson]], Swedish singer and media personality\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – [[Rainn Wilson]], American actor\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Jegath\n        Gaspar Raj]], Tamil Maiyam Founder\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Jimeoin]],\n        Northern Irish-Australian comedian and actor\\n* [[January 28]] \\n** [[Andrea\n        Berg]], German singer\\n** [[Seiji Mizushima]], Japanese anime director\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Rom\\u00e1rio]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Neal Chase]], American [[Exilarch]] religious educator\\n** [[Hans\n        Tutschku]], German composer\\n* [[January 31]] – [[The Wealdstone Raider|Gordon\n        Hill]], British internet celebrity and meme known as The Wealdstone Raider\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Rick\n        Astley Dallas.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rick Astley]]]]\\n[[File: Sarah Montague -NHS\n        Confederation annual conference, Manchester-11July2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sarah\n        Montague]]]]\\n[[File:Billy Zane Cannes 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billy Zane]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Michelle Akers]], American footballer\\n* [[February\n        3]] – [[Jimmy Thunder]], Samoan boxer\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Ky\\u014dko\n        Koizumi]], Japanese actress and singer\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Olaz\\u00e1bal]], Spanish golfer\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Rick\n        Astley]], British pop musician\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Kristin Otto]],\n        German swimmer\\n* [[February 8]] \\n** [[Sean Harris]], English actor\\n** [[Sarah\n        Montague]], English journalist and radio host\\n** [[Hristo Stoichkov]], Bulgarian\n        footballer\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Christoph Maria Herbst]], German actor\\n**\n        [[Ellen van Langen]], Dutch athlete\\n* [[February 10]] – [[Daryl Johnston]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Stephen Gregory (actor)|Stephen\n        Gregory]], American actor\\n** [[Cristina Elena Grigoras]], Roman artistic\n        gymnast\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Neal McDonough]], American actor\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Martin Perscheid]], German cartoonist\\n* [[February 17]] –\n        [[Luc Robitaille]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Richard\n        A Collins|Richard A. Collins]], British scientist and author\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Cindy Crawford]], American model and actress\\n* [[February\n        22]]\\n** [[Yahya Ayyash]], Palestinian bombmaker\\n** [[Rachel Dratch]], American\n        actress and comedian\\n** [[Brian Greig]], Australian politician\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Michael Arata]], American actor\\n* [[February 24]] –\n        [[Billy Zane]], American actor\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Samson Kitur]], Kenyan\n        athlete\\n** [[T\\u00e9a Leoni]], American actress\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Jennifer\n        Grant]], American actress\\n** [[Najwa Karam]], Lebanese singer\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Alison Gertz]], American AIDS activist (d. [[1992]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Ickey Woods]], former NFL running back famous for the Ickey\n        Shuffle\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Zack Snyder by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zack\n        Snyder]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Zack Snyder]], American actor, film director,\n        screenwriter and producer\\n* [[March 2]]\\n**[[Sheren Tang]], Hong Kong actress\\n**[[David\n        Wickham]], English concert pianist, musical director and conductor\\n* [[March\n        3]]\\n** [[Tone L\\u014dc]], African-American R&B musician\\n** [[Nick Rhodes\n        (biochemist)|Nick Rhodes]], English biochemist\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Daniela\n        Amavia]], American actress and international model\\n** [[Ant Banks]], African-American\n        rapper\\n** [[Steve Bastoni]], Australian actor\\n** [[Kevin Johnson]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Dav Pilkey]], American writer\\n** [[Wash West]], English-born\n        film director\\n* [[March 5]] \\n** [[Mark Z. Danielewski]], American author\\n**\n        [[Michael Irvin]], American football player\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Maurice\n        Ashley]], American chess grandmaster\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Jeff Feagles]],\n        [[American football]] kicker\\n** [[Atsushi Sakurai]], Japanese singer ([[Buck-Tick]])\\n*\n        [[March 9]] – [[Tony Lockett]], [[Australian rules football]]er\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Edie Brickell]], American singer\\n** [[Mike Timlin]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Chico Science]], Brazilian musician\n        (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Elise Neal]], American actress\\n*\n        [[March 16]] – [[Rodney Peete]], African-American football quarterback\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Espen Hammer]], Norwegian philosopher\\n* [[March 18]]\n        \\n**[[Anne Will]], German television journalist\\n**[[Jerry Cantrell]], American\n        guitarist and singer\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Nigel Clough]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Roy Niederhoffer]], American hedge fund manager and\n        philanthropist\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio Pinto (athlete)|Antonio\n        Pinto]], Portuguese long-distance runner\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** [[Tom Glavine]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Jeff Healey]], Canadian guitarist (d. [[2008]])\\n**\n        [[Anton Rogan]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Michael\n        Imperioli]], American actor\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Cheryl James]], African-American\n        rapper ([[Salt-n-Pepa]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Krasimir Balakov]], Bulgarian\n        footballer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Chris Evans 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chris\n        Evans (presenter)|Chris Evans]]]]\\n[[File:Robin Wright 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robin\n        Wright]]]]\\n[[File:Samantha Fox in Lombardy crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Samantha\n        Fox]]]]\\n[[File:Phil Tufnell August 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil\n        Tufnell]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Chris Evans (presenter)|Chris Evans]],\n        British radio disc-jockey\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** [[Teddy Sheringham]], British\n        footballer\\n** [[Bill Romanowski]], American football player\\n* [[April 3]]\n        \\n** [[Michael Mittermeier]], German comedian\\n** [[Miina Tominaga]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Riduan Isamuddin]], [[2002 Bali bombings|Bali\n        bombing]] suspect\\n** [[Mike Starr (musician)|Mike Starr]], American bassist\n        ([[Alice in Chains]]) (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Bobby Ologun]], Nigerian\n        television personality and martial artist\\n** [[Robin Wright]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[John Hammond (weather forecaster)|John Hammond]], British\n        weather forecaster\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Lisa Stansfield]], British soul\n        singer\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Ali Boumnijel]], Tunisian footballer\\n* [[April\n        14]]\\n** [[David Justice]], African-American baseball player\\n** [[Greg Maddux]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Samantha Fox]], British model\n        and singer\\n** [[Beverly Thomson]], Canadian television personality, journalist,\n        and correspondent for [[CTV Television Network]]\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Trine\n        Hattestad]], Norwegian athlete\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[El Samurai]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Oliver Welke]], German television presenter, actor,\n        comedian and sports journalist\\n* [[April 20]] – [[David Chalmers]],\n        Australian philosopher\\n* [[April 22]] \\n** [[Dana Barron]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Jeffrey Dean Morgan]], American actor\\n* [[April 25]] \\n** [[Man Arenas]],\n        Spanish comic creator\\n** [[Tim Easton]], American songwriter\\n* [[April 26]]\n        – [[Natasha Trethewey]], Pulitzer Prize\\u2013winning poet\\n* [[April\n        27]] \\n** [[Siw Anita Andersen]] Norwegian actress\\n** [[Dorian Lough]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Yoshihiro Togashi]], Japanese author and illustrator\\n* [[April\n        28]]\\n** [[John Daly (golfer)|John Daly]], American golfer\\n** [[Ali-Reza\n        Pahlavi]], titular prince of Iran (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Phil\n        Tufnell]], British cricketer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Stephen Baldwin by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Baldwin]]]]\\n[[File:Darius Rucker.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Darius\n        Rucker]]]]\\n[[File:JanetJacksonUnbreakableTourSanFran2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Janet\n        Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Helena Bonham Carter (Berlin Film Festival 2011) 3 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Helena\n        Bonham Carter]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Charlie Schlatter]], American actor\n        and voice actor\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Firdous Bamji]], Indian-American actor\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Lyubov Yegorova (cross-country skier)|Lyubov Yegorova]],\n        Russian cross-country skier\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Andrea Chiesa]], Swiss Formula\n        One driver\\n** [[Cindy Hsu]], American Emmy-Award-winning journalist\\n* [[May\n        7]]\\n** [[Anderson Cummins]], Canadian cricketer\\n** [[Jes H\\u00f8gh]], Danish\n        footballer\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Robert J. Behnen]], American genealogist and\n        a former member of the Missouri House of Representatives\\n** [[Kamil Ka\\u0161\\u0165\\u00e1k]],\n        Czech ice hockey player\\n** [[Marta S\\u00e1nchez]], Spanish female vocalist,\n        entertainer\\n** [[Rocko Schamoni]], German entertainer, author, musician,\n        club proprietor and member of the comedy ensemble [[Studio Braun]]\\n** [[Cl\\u00e1udio\n        Taffarel]], Brazilian goalkeeper\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Mikael Andersson (ice\n        hockey, born 1966)|Mikael Andersson]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Edwards (athlete)|Jonathan Edwards]], British athlete\\n** [[Anne Elvebakk]],\n        Norwegian biathlete\\n** [[Genaro Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Mexican-American boxer\\n*\n        [[May 12]]\\n** [[Stephen Baldwin]], American actor\\n** [[Dez Fafara]], American\n        singer\\n** [[Bebel Gilberto]], Brazilian popular singer\\n* [[May 13]]\\n**\n        [[Nereus Acosta]], Filipino politician, academician, and political scientist\\n**\n        [[Cheryl Dunye]], Liberian-born film director, producer, screenwriter, editor\n        and actress\\n** [[Alison Goldfrapp]], English musician, [[Goldfrapp]].\\n**\n        [[Darius Rucker]], African-American country singer\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Raphael\n        Saadiq]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Juan Manuel Funes]],\n        Guatemalan footballer and coach\\n** [[Janet Jackson]], African-American singer\\n**\n        [[Thurman Thomas]], American football player\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Hill\n        Harper]], American actor\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Sophia Crawford]], actress,\n        stuntwoman and martial artist\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Mindy Cohn]], American actress\n        and comedian\\n** [[Joey Gamache]], American boxer\\n* [[May 21]]\\n** [[Lisa\n        Edelstein]], American actress and playwright\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Omam-Biyik]],\n        Cameroonian football player\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Francisco Blake Mora]], Mexican\n        politician (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Siri Eftedal]], Norwegian team handball player\n        and Olympic medalist\\n** [[Johnny Gill]], American singer\\n* [[May 23]] \\n**\n        [[H Jon Benjamin]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Graeme Hick]], English\n        cricketer\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Eric Cantona]], French footballer\\n** [[Francisco\n        Javier Cruz]], Mexican football player\\n** [[Ricky Craven]], American race\n        car driver and sportscaster \\n** [[Russell Kun]], Nauruan politician\\n* [[May\n        25]]\\n** [[Ahmad Reza Abedzadeh]], Iranian goalkeeper\\n** [[Jeff Cross (American\n        football)|Jeff Cross]], American football player\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Helena\n        Bonham Carter]], English actress\\n** [[Zola Budd]], South African athlete\\n*\n        [[May 27]]\\n** [[Heston Blumenthal]], British chef\\n** [[Carol Campbell (actress)|Carol\n        Campbell]], Afro-German actress, model and presenter\\n** [[Sean Kinney]],\n        drummer for the rock band [[Alice in Chains]]\\n** [[Titi DJ]], Indonesian\n        pop singer\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Theo Bleckmann]], German vocalist and composer\\n**\n        [[Larry Davis (criminal)|Larry Davis]], American criminal (d. [[2008]])\\n*\n        [[May 29]] – [[Robert Anderson (murderer)|Robert Anderson]], American\n        child murderer (executed) (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[May 30]]\\n** [[Frank Goosen]],\n        German cabaret artist and novel author\\n** [[Thomas H\\u00e4\\u00dfler]], German\n        football player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Emmanuelle Seigner Cannes 2013 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Emmanuelle\n        Seigner]]]]\\n[[File:J. J. Abrams by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J. J.\n        Abrams]]]]\\n[[File:John Cusack Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Cusack]]]]\\n[[File:Mike\n        Tyson Portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mike Tyson]]]]\\n* [[June 2]] – [[Candace\n        Gingrich]], American [[LGBT]] rights activist\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Wasim\n        Akram]], Pakistani cricketer\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Cecilia Bartoli]], Italian\n        mezzo-soprano\\n* [[June 6]] – [[Faure Gnassingb\\u00e9]], President of\n        Togo\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]], American\n        film director and actor \\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Jens Kidman]], Swedish musician\\n**\n        [[Julianna Margulies]], American actress\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Grigori\n        Perelman]], Russian mathematician\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Matt Freeman]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Indira Radi\\u0107]], Bosnian Serb singer\\n** [[Eduardo Waghorn]],\n        Chilean musician\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Roberto Carnevale]], Italian musician\\n*\n        [[June 16]]\\n**[[Phil Vischer]], American voice actor, puppeteer, writer,\n        animator, creator of [[VeggieTales]].\\n**[[Jan \\u017delezn\\u00fd]], Czech\n        javelin thrower\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Kurt Browning]], Canadian figure\n        skater\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Samuel West]], British actor\\n* [[June 21]]\n        – [[Rudi Bakhtiar]], American journalist\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Michael\n        Park (co-driver)|Michael Park]], British rally co-driver (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Emmanuelle Seigner]], French actress\\n* [[June 23]]\\n** [[Richie Jen]],\n        Taiwanese musician\\n** [[Eric Thomas (L-Soft)|Eric Thomas]], Inventor of LISTSERV\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Dikembe Mutombo]], Congolese basketball player\\n* [[June\n        27]] – [[J. J. Abrams]], American television writer and producer\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[John Cusack]], American actor\\n** [[Mary Stuart Masterson]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Cheryl Bernard]], Canadian Olympic curler\\n**\n        [[Marton Csokas]], New Zealand actor\\n** [[Mike Tyson]], African-American\n        boxer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pamela Adlon at San Diego Comic-Con 2011 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pamela\n        Adlon]]]]\\n[[File:Tamsin Greig 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tamsin Greig]]]]\\n[[File:Dan\n        O''Brian-edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dan O''Brien]]]]\\n[[File:Presidente Enrique\n        Pe\\u00f1a Nieto. Fotograf\\u00eda oficial.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Enrique Pe\\u00f1a\n        Nieto]]]]\\n[[File:Tim Brown.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim\n        Brown]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Horvitz Smiling (14696743266).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard\n        Steven Horvitz]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Enrico Annoni]], Italian footballer\\n*\n        [[July 3]]\\n** [[Mois\\u00e9s Alou]], American baseball player\\n** [[Robin\n        Burgener]], Canadian programmer, inventor of [[20Q]]\\n** [[Franti\\u0161ek\n        \\u0160torm]], Czech musician ([[Master''s Hammer]]) and typographer\\n* [[July\n        5]]\\n** [[Claudia Wells]], American actress\\n** [[Gianfranco Zola]], Italian\n        footballer\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Brian Posehn]], American actor and comedian\\n*\n        [[July 7]] – [[Gundula Krause]], German violinist\\n* [[July 8]]\\n**\n        [[Ralf Altmeyer]], German virologist\\n** [[Shadlog Bernicke]], Nauruan politician\\n*\n        [[July 9]] \\n** [[Jon Schmidt]], American pianist\\n** [[Pamela Adlon]], American\n        voice actress\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Gina Bellman]], British actress\\n*\n        [[July 11]]\\n** [[Mick Molloy]], Australian comedian\\n** [[Kentaro Miura]],\n        Japanese author and illustrator\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Tamsin Greig]], English\n        actress\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Matthew Fox]], American actor\\n* [[July 15]]\n        – [[Ir\\u00e8ne Jacob]], French-born actress\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Dan\n        O''Brien]], American athlete\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Enrique Pe\\u00f1a Nieto]],\n        [[President of Mexico]], Governor of the State of Mexico (2005\\u20132011)\\n*\n        [[July 21]] – [[Sarah Waters]], British novelist\\n* [[July 22]] –\n        [[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim Brown]], American football player\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Wataru Takagi]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Miguel\n        \\u00c1ngel Nadal]], Spanish footballer\\n** [[Shikao Suga]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – [[Richard Steven Horvitz]], American voice actor\\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Murilo Bustamante]], Brazilian mixed martial artist\\n** [[Allan\n        Langer]], Australian rugby league footballer\\n** [[Sean Patrick Maloney]],\n        Canadian-American politician and [[United States House of Representatives|U.S.\n        Representative]] of [[New York (state)|New York]] since 2013\\n* [[July 31]]\n        – [[Dean Cain]], American actor\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Wikimania 2016\n        - Press conference with Jimmy Wales and Katherine Maher 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy\n        Wales]]]]\\n[[File:Halle Berry by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Halle Berry]]]]\\n[[File:Rodney\n        Mullen PopTech 2013 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rodney Mullen]]]]\\n[[File:Enrico\n        Letta 2013.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Enrico Letta]]]]\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Tim Wakefield]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Brent\n        Butt]], Canadian comedian and TV producer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Kensuke\n        Sasaki]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[August 7]] \\n** [[Jimmy Wales]],\n        American co-founder of Wikipedia{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206\n        |title=Wikipedia: 50 languages, 1/2 million articles |accessdate=April 10,\n        2009 |date=April 25, 2004 |work=|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|quote=''''The\n        Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by internet entrepreneur Jimmy\n        Wales and philosopher [[Larry Sanger]]''''}}. Quoted from the April 25, 2004,\n        first-ever press release issued by the Wikimedia Foundation.\\n** [[Harith\n        Iskander]], Malaysian actor and comedian\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Charlie Dimmock]],\n        English TV gardening expert\\n** [[Hossam Hassan]], Egyptian footballer\\n*\n        [[August 11]] – [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Solare]], Argentine composer\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Sharon D. Clarke]], English actress and singer\\n** [[Les Ferdinand]],\n        English footballer\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Halle Berry]], African-American\n        actress and fashion model\\n** [[Freddy Rinc\\u00f3n]], Colombian footballer\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Scott Brosius]], American baseball player\\n** [[Neil Stuke]],\n        English actor\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Rodney Mullen]], American skateboarder\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Lee Ann Womack]], American musician\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – [[Enrico Letta]], Italian Prime Minister\\n* [[August 23]] –\n        [[Rik Smits]], Dutch basketball player\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** [[Robert Maschio]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Sandra Maischberger]], German journalist, talk show host,\n        and author\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Jacques Brinkman]], Dutch field hockey\n        player\\n* [[August 27]] \\n** [[Jeroen Duyster]], Dutch rower\\n** [[Juhan Parts]],\n        Estonian Prime Minister\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Priya Dutt]], Indian social\n        worker and politician\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Salma Hayek Cannes 2015 2\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Salma Hayek]]]]\\n[[File:Toby Jones.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Toby\n        Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Carola H\\u00e4ggkvist.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carola H\\u00e4ggkvist]]]]\\n[[File:Adam\n        Sandler 2011 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam Sandler]]]]\\n[[File:Prince and\n        Princess Akishino during their visit to M\\u00e9xico City (2014) (3) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kiko,\n        Princess Akishino|Princess Akishino]]]]\\n[[File:Maria Canals Barrera 2, 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria\n        Canals-Barrera]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Tim Hardaway]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[September 2]] – [[Salma Hayek]], Mexican-American actress\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Yanka Dyagileva]], Russian singer\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Eduardo Maruri]], Ecuadorian businessman and politician\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n** [[Vladimir Andreyev (racewalker)|Vladimir Andreyev]], Russian race\n        walker\\n** [[Toby Jones]], English actor\\n** [[Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann]],\n        German speed skater\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Carola H\\u00e4ggkvist]],\n        Swedish pop singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest\n        1991|1991]] winner\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Georg Hackl]], German [[skiing|luger]]\\n**\n        [[Adam Sandler]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[September 12]] \\n** [[Steve\n        Ells]], American entrepreneur and founder of [[Chipotle Mexican Grill]] \\n**\n        [[Kiko, Princess Akishino|Princess Akishino]] of Japan\\n* [[September 19]]\n        – [[Soledad O''Brien]], American television journalist and news anchor\\n*\n        [[September 20]] – [[Nuno Bettencourt]], Portuguese-American guitarist\n        and singer-songwriter\\n* [[September 21]] – [[James Richardson (presenter)|James\n        Richardson]], English television presenter and journalist\\n* [[September 22]]\\n**\n        [[Moustafa Amar]], Egyptian singer \\n** [[Mike Richter]], American ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Michael J. Varhola]], American author\n        and publisher\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Jason Flemyng]], English actor\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Maria Canals-Barrera]], American actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:David\n        Cameron official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Luke Perry by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Luke Perry]]]]\\n[[File:Jon Favreau 2016.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Jon\n        Favreau]]]]\\n[[File:Roman Abramovich 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roman Abramovich]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] \\n** [[Scott Innes]] American voice actor and singer \\n** [[George\n        Weah]], Liberian politician and football player\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Yokozuna\n        (wrestler)|Rodney Anoa''i]], Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – Rabbi [[Binyamin Ze''ev Kahane]], Israeli settler leader\n        (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Inessa Kravets]], Ukrainian athlete\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Niall Quinn]], Irish footballer\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        [[Sherman Alexie]], Native American author\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Aaron\n        Callaghan (footballer, born 1966)|Aaron Callaghan]], Irish football club executive\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[David Cameron]], former [[Prime Minister of the United\n        Kingdom]]\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Tony Adams]], English footballer\\n** [[Bai\n        Ling]], Chinese actress\\n** [[Elana Meyer]], South African athlete\\n* [[October\n        11]]\\n** [[Luke Perry]], American actor\\n** [[Stephen Williams (politician)|Stephen\n        Williams]], British politician\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Brian Kennedy (singer)|Brian\n        Kennedy]], Northern Irish musician and author\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Savanna\n        Samson]], American porn star\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Eric Benet]], African-American\n        singer and songwriter\\n** [[Jorge Campos]], Mexican footballer and coach\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Mary Elizabeth McGlynn]], American voice actress\n        \\n* [[October 18]] – [[Angela Visser]], Miss Universe 1989\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[Jon Favreau]], American actor and director\\n* [[October 20]]\n        – [[Stefan Raab]], German entertainer, television host, comedian, and\n        musician\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Valeria Golino]], Italian-Greek film\n        and television actress\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Roman Abramovich]], UK-based\n        Russian billionaire businessman \\n* [[October 25]] – [[Wendel Clark]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Steve Valentine]], Scottish\n        actor\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Matt Drudge]], American conservative journalist\\n*\n        [[October 28]]\\n** [[Steve Atwater]], American football player\\n** [[Andy\n        Richter]], American actor, writer, comedian, and late night talk show announcer\\n*\n        [[October 30]] – [[Zoran Milanovi\\u0107]], Prime Minister of Croatia\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n**[[Ad-Rock|Adam Horovitz]], American rapper ([[Beastie Boys]])\\n**[[Koji\n        Kanemoto]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n**[[Mike O''Malley]], American\n        actor and playwright\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:David Schwimmer 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David\n        Schwimmer]]]] \\n[[File:Peter DeLuise 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter DeLuise]]]]\n        \\n[[File:Vincent Cassel Cannes 2015 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vincent Cassel]]]]\\n[[File:GarcelleBeauvaisNilon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Garcelle\n        Beauvais]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Ben Miles]], English actor\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\n** [[Yoshinari Ogawa]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n** [[David Schwimmer]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Joe Hachem]], Lebanese-born Australian\n        poker player\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Kae Araki]], Japanese voice actress\\n**\n        [[Christian Lorenz]], German rock musician (''''[[Rammstein]]'''')\\n** [[Peter\n        DeLuise]], American actor\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Gordon Ramsay]], Scottish\n        chef, restaurateur, and television personality\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Lori\n        Lively]], American actress\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Vanessa Angel]], English\n        model and actress\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Benedicta Boccoli]], Italian\n        model and actress\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Susanna Haapoja]], Finnish\n        politician (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Curt Schilling]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Rachel True]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Jeff Buckley]], American singer-songwriter (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Daisy Fuentes]], Cuban-born American model and television personality\\n**\n        [[Sophie Marceau]], French actress\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Shmuley Boteach]],\n        American rabbi\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Troy Aikman]], American sports\n        commentator and former pro football player\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Vincent\n        Cassel]], French actor\\n* [[November 25]] \\n** [[Tim Armstrong]], American\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]], American actor\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Garcelle Beauvais]], Haitian-American actress, singer\n        and former fashion model\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Andy Merrill]], American\n        voice actor\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Narumi Yasuda]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[John Bradshaw Layfield]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Wil Mara]], American author\\n** [[David\n        Nicholls (writer)|David Nicholls]], English novelist and screenwriter\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Fred\n        Armisen at 2014 Imagen Awards.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred Armisen]]]]\\n[[File:Patricia\n        Kaas Cannes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patricia Kaas]]]]\\n[[File:FIL 2013 - Sin\\u00e9ad\n        O''Connor 01.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Sin\\u00e9ad O''Connor]]]]\\n[[File:Kiefer Sutherland\n        2 SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kiefer Sutherland]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[Larry Walker]], Canadian [[Major League Baseball]] player\\n* [[December\n        4]] – [[Fred Armisen]], American actor, comedian and musician\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Patricia Kaas]], French singer and actress\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[C. Thomas Howell]], American actor\\n** [[Linn Ullmann]], Norwegian journalist\n        and author\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Sin\\u00e9ad O''Connor]], Irish pop\n        singer\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Tim Bull]], Australian politician\\n** [[Michael\n        Foster (musician)|Michael Foster]], drummer for rock band FireHouse\\n** [[Montserrat\n        Gil Torn\\u00e9]], Andorran politician\\n** [[Kirsten Gillibrand]], American\n        politician\\n** [[Dave Harold]], English professional snooker player\\n** [[Toby\n        Huss]], American actor\\n** [[Dana Murzyn]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Julio\n        Rodas|Julio Alberto Rodas Hurtarte]], former soccer player\\n** [[Mateo Romero\n        (artist)|Mateo Romero]], Native American painter\\n** [[Gideon Sa''ar]], Israeli\n        politician\\n** [[Kadyrbek Sarbayev]], foreign minister of Kyrgyzstan\\n** [[Martin\n        Taylor (footballer, born 1966)|Martin Taylor]], footballer coach\\n** [[Natee\n        Thongsookkaew]], Thailand footballer\\n* [[December 11]]\\n** [[Gary Dourdan]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Leon Lai]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Royce Gracie]], Brazilian martial artist\\n** [[Greg Long (singer)|Greg\n        Long]], American Christian musician\\n** [[\\u00daltimo Drag\\u00f3n]], Japanese\n        professional wrestler\\n** [[Lydia Zimmermann]], Spanish filmmaker\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Don Roff]], American writer and filmmaker\\n* [[December 14]]\n        \\n** [[Bill Ranford]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Helle Thorning-Schmidt]],\n        Danish Prime Minister\\n** [[Anthony Mason (basketball)|Anthony Mason]], American\n        basketball player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Katja von Garnier]],\n        German film director\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Dennis Wise]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Milo\\u0161 Tich\\u00fd]], Czech astronomer\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Tim Sk\\u00f6ld]], Swedish multi-instrumentalist musician\\n** [[Alberto\n        Tomba]], Italian alpine skier\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Ed de Goeij]],\n        Dutch footballer\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Kiefer Sutherland]], Canadian\n        actor and film director\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Dmitry Bilozerchev]],\n        Soviet gymnast\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Stephen Twigg]], British politician\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Jay Yuenger]], American musician and producer\\n*\n        [[December 27]] – [[Bill Goldberg]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – [[Kaliopi]], Macedonian singer-songwriter\\n* [[December\n        30]] \\n** [[Eric Kot]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Bennett Miller]],\n        American film director\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Charbel Iskandar]], Lebanese\n        actor\\n* [[Sharon D. Clarke]], British theatre and television actress and\n        singer\\n* [[Kivi Larmola]], Finnish artist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in January 1966}}\\n[[File:VincentAuriol.png|110px|thumb|[[Vincent\n        Auriol]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Vincent Auriol]], French politician,\n        16th [[President of France]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Marguerite\n        Higgins]], American journalist (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Rex Lease]], American actor\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Georges Theunis]], 24th [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Ignacy Oziewicz]],\n        Polish general (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Alberto Giacometti]],\n        Swiss sculptor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Hannes Kolehmainen]], Finnish Olympic athlete\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], Indian activist, 2nd [[Prime Minister\n        of India]] (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\n** [[Sergei Korolev]], Soviet\n        rocket engineer and spacecraft designer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Bill Carr]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]],\n        Nigerian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Nigeria]] (assassinated) (b.\n        [[1912]])\\n** [[Samuel Akintola]], Nigerian premier of the [[Western Nigeria|Western\n        region]] and Aare Ona Kakanfo XIII of the Yoruba (assassinated) (b. [[1910]])\\n**\n        [[Ahmadu Bello]], Nigerian premier of the [[Premier of Northern Nigeria|Northern\n        region]] (assassinated) (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Vincent\n        J. Donehue]], American stage director (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Kathleen Norris]], American writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 22]] –\n        [[Herbert Marshall]], English actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Saul Adler]], Russian-born British-Israeli expert on parasitology (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Patterson (actress)|Elizabeth Patterson]],\n        American actress (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Arthur Percival]], British general (b.[[1887]])\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in February 1966}}\\n[[File:Busterkeaton edit.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Buster\n        Keaton]]]]\\n[[File:Tarzan the-Tiger Merrill2.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Frank Merrill\n        (actor)|Frank Merrill]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Hedda Hopper]], American\n        actress and gossip columnist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Buster Keaton]], American\n        actor and film director (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Joseph R. Knowland]], American\n        politician and newspaper publisher (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[June Walker]], American actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 6]] –\n        [[Narcisa de Leon]], Filipino film mogul (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Sophie Tucker]], American singer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        [[Billy Rose]], American composer and band leader (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[Frank Merrill (actor)|Frank Merrill]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] \\n** [[Gerard Antoni Cio\\u0142ek|Gerard Cio\\u0142ek]], Polish\n        architect and historian of gardens (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Camilo Torres Restrepo]],\n        Colombian socialist and [[Roman Catholic]] priest (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Hans Hofmann]], German-American painter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Robert Rossen]], American film director (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February\n        20]] – [[Chester W. Nimitz]], American admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Gino Severini]], Italian painter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Jonathan Hale]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in March 1966}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Fritz Houtermans]], German\n        physicist (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[William R. Munroe]], American admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Donald Stewart (actor)|Donald Stewart]], American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** [[Joseph Fields]], American playwright (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[William\n        Frawley]], American actor (''''I Love Lucy'''') (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Maxfield\n        Parrish]], American artist (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Alice Pearce]], American actress\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Anna Akhmatova]], Russian poet (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Michitaro Totsuka]], Japanese admiral (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Donald B. Beary]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[William Astor, 3rd Viscount Astor]], British\n        politician (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Abdel Hadi Al Gazzar]], Egyptian painter (b.\n        [[1925]])\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Frank O''Connor]], Irish writer (b. 1903)\\n**\n        [[Frits Zernike]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 20]]\\n** [[Laurence Abrams]], English professional\n        footballer (b. 1889)\\n** [[Johnny Morrison (baseball)|Johnny Morrison]], American\n        professional baseball player (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Helen\n        Menken]], American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Stylianos\n        Gonatas]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[March 30]] –\n        [[Erwin Piscator]], German theater director (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in April 1966}}\\n[[File:Evelynwaugh.jpeg|110px|thumb|[[Evelyn\n        Waugh]]]]\\n[[File:President Abd al-Salam Arif.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Abdul Salam\n        Arif]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Flann O''Brien]], Irish humorist (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[C. S. Forester]], English author (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Battista Farina]], Italian car designer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        6]] – [[Julia Faye]], American actress (b. 1893)\\n* [[April 10]] –\n        [[Evelyn Waugh]], English author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Carlo\n        Carr\\u00e0]], Italian painter (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Georges Duhamel]], French\n        author (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Abdul Salam Arif]], Iraqi military office and statesman,\n        2nd [[President of Iraq]] (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Mario Serandrei]],\n        Italian editor and screenwriter (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 19]] – [[Javier\n        Sol\\u00eds]], Mexican singer (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Prince\n        Frederick of Prussia (1911\\u20131966)|Prince Frederick of Prussia]] (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Sepp Dietrich]], Nazi German military leader (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 23]] – [[George Ohsawa]], Japanese diet founder (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 24]] – [[Tino Pattiera]], Yugoslav-born Italian tenor (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Eugene O''Brien (actor)|Eugene O''Brien]], American\n        actor (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===May===\\n{{main article|Deaths in May 1966}}\\n[[File:Hernandez\n        Martinez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez]]]]\\n* [[May 8]]\n        – [[Erich Pommer]], German film producer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 11]]\n        – [[Alfred Wintle]], British army officer and eccentric (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[May 15]] \\n** [[Maximiliano Hern\\u00e1ndez Mart\\u00ednez]], 30th [[President\n        of El Salvador]] (assassinated) (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Titien Sumarni]], Indonesian\n        actress (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Pat O''Malley (actor)|Pat O''Malley]],\n        American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Tom Goddard]], English\n        cricketer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Demchugdongrub]], Mongolian\n        politician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Jim Barnes]], English golf\n        champion (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Vernon Sturdee]], Australian\n        general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Don Castle]], American actor\n        (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[John and James Woolf|James Woolf]],\n        British film producer (b. [[1919]])\\n\\n===June===\\n{{main article|Deaths in\n        June 1966}}\\n[[File:Ed Wynn All Star Revue.JPG|120px|thumb|[[Ed Wynn]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Papa Jack Laine]], American jazz musician (b. [[1873]])\\n*\n        [[June 3]] – [[Nicholas Straussler]], Hungarian engineer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[June 6]] – [[Ethel Clayton]], American actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June\n        7]] – [[Jean Arp]], Alsatian sculptor, painter, and poet (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[Anton Melik]], Slovenian geographer (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Wallace Ford]], English-born American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – [[Hermann Scherchen]], Austrian conductor (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[Sankichi Takahashi]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Ed Wynn]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[June 20]]\n        – [[Georges Lema\\u00eetre]], Belgian priest and astrophysicist (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[June 30]]\\n** [[Margery Allingham]], British detective fiction writer (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n** [[Giuseppe Farina]], Italian race car driver (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in July 1966}}\\n[[File:Clift, Montgomery.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Montgomery\n        Clift]]]]\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Jan Brzechwa]], Polish poet (b. [[1900]])\\n**\n        [[John of Shanghai and San Francisco|John the Wonderworker]], Chinese [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] bishop, American archbishop and saint (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – [[Deems Taylor]], American composer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July\n        5]] \\n** [[Pete Fox]], American baseball player (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[George\n        de Hevesy]], Hungarian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Harold Breen]], Australian public servant\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Sad Sam Jones]], American baseball player (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Anne Nagel]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Carmelita\n        Geraghty]], American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Marija\n        Petkovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav [[Roman Catholic]] foundress, blessed, venerable\n        and servant of God (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Delmore Schwartz]],\n        American poet (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Vera Franceschi]], Italian-born\n        American pianist (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[D. T. Suzuki]], Japanese philosopher\n        (b. [[1870]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Julie Manet]], French painter (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – [[Bobby Fuller]], American rock and roll musician (b.\n        [[1942]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Francesco Paolo Cantelli]], Italian mathematician\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Montgomery Clift]], American actor (b.\n        [[1920]])\\n** [[Douglass Montgomery]], American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Frank O''Hara]], American poet (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[July 26]]\n        – [[Jean-Edouard de Castella]], Swiss painter (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July\n        31]]\\n** [[Alexander von Falkenhausen]], German general (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Bud Powell]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1924]])\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in August 1966}}\\n[[File:Jan Kiepura 1933.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jan\n        Kiepura]]]]\\n[[File:Vicente Mejia Colindres.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Vicente Mej\\u00eda\n        Colindres]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Lenny Bruce]], American comedian (b.\n        [[1925]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Cordwainer Smith]], American author (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ed \\\"Strangler\\\" Lewis]], professional\n        wrestler (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Artur Alliksaar]], Estonian\n        poet (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Jan Kiepura]], Polish tenor and\n        actor (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Seena Owen]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Fritz Bleyl]], German painter (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Francis X. Bushman]], American actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August\n        24]] \\n** [[Tadeusz B\\u00f3r-Komorowski]], Polish general and statesman, 33rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Vicente Mej\\u00eda Colindres]],\n        29th [[President of Honduras]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Art Baker\n        (actor)|Art Baker]], American actor (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[W. W. E. Ross]], Canadian\n        geophysicist and poet (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main article|Deaths\n        in September 1966}}\\n[[File:HF Verwoerd Transvaler.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Hendrik\n        Verwoerd]]]]\\n[[File:Cemal G\\u00fcrsel (1).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Reynaud 1933.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Paul Reynaud]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Fleming 1961.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Eric\n        Fleming]]]]\\n* September – [[Stepan Bogomyagkov]], Sovier red army commander\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Fu Lei]], Chinese translator (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Dezs\\u0151 Lauber]], Hungarian sportsman\n        and architect (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Shams Ali Qalandar]],\n        Pakistani [[Sufu]] saint (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Margaret Sanger]], American birth\n        control advocate (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Hendrik Verwoerd]], 2nd [[Prime Minister\n        of South Africa]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[C. E. Woolman]],\n        American Airlines founder (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Gertrude\n        Berg]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Hiram Wesley Evans]], American\n        leader of the Ku Klux Klan (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Cemal G\\u00fcrsel]], Turkish\n        general and statesman, 10th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] and 4th [[President\n        of Turkey]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Fritz Wunderlich]],\n        German tenor (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Vladimir Grigoryevich\n        Fyodorov]], Soviet scientist and general (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[September 20]]\n        – [[Fritz Delius (actor)|Fritz Delius]], German actor and artist (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Paul Reynaud]], French lawyer and\n        politician, 77th [[Prime Minister of France]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Helen Kane]], American singer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September\n        28]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Breton]], French poet and writer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Eric\n        Fleming]], American actor (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Te Kani\n        te Ua]], New Zealand tribal leader (b. [[1892]])\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in October 1966}}\\n[[File:Elizabeth Arden NYWTS.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Elizabeth\n        Arden]]]]\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Smiley Lewis]], American urban musician (b.\n        [[1913]])\\n** [[Johnny Kidd (singer)|Johnny Kidd]], English singer (b. [[1935]])\\n*\n        [[October 10]] \\n** [[Charlotte Cooper (tennis)|Charlotte Cooper]], English\n        tennis champion (b. [[1870]])\\n** [[Wilfrid Lawson (actor)|Wilfrid Lawson]],\n        English actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Sergio and Domenica\n        Bernardini|Sergio Bernardini]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] layman and venerable\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Clifton Webb]], American actor,  dancer,\n        and singer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[George O''Hara (actor)|George\n        O''Hara]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Elizabeth\n        Arden]], Canadian-born beautician and cosmetics entrepreneur (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 23]] – [[Claire McDowell]], American silent screen actress\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Hans Dreier]], German art director\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Alma Cogan]], English singer (b. [[1932]])\\n**\n        [[Charles Morton (actor)|Charles Morton]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Serjius]], French actor (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Robert\n        Charpentier]], French Olympic cyclist (b. [[1916]])\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main\n        article|Deaths in November 1966}}\\n[[File:SteingrimurSteinthorsson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steingr\\u00edmur\n        Stein\\u00fe\\u00f3rsson]]]]\\n[[File:O Ceallaigh.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean T. O''Kelly]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[Peter Debye]], Dutch chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Mississippi John Hurt]], African-American\n        singer and guitarist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Dietrich von\n        Choltitz]], Nazi German military governor of Paris in [[World War II]] (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Bernhard Zondek]] German-born Israeli\n        gynecologist, developer of first reliable pregnancy test (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Jisabur\\u014d Ozawa]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[November 12]] – [[Shakeb Jalali]], Pakistani poet (b. [[1934]])\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** [[Steingr\\u00edmur Stein\\u00fe\\u00f3rsson]], 11th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Zengo Yoshida]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[James Jabara|James \\\"Jabby\\\" Jabara]],\n        American aviator, the first American jet fighter ace (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[November\n        19]] – [[Arthur Haynes]], English comedian (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November\n        21]] – [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Bortnowski]], Polish historian and military\n        commander (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Se\\u00e1n T. O''Kelly]],\n        2nd [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===December===\\n{{main article|Deaths\n        in December 1966}}\\n[[File:Walt disney portrait.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Walt Disney]]]]\\n[[File:Husayn\n        Al-Khalidi portrait.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Husayn Al-Khalidi]]]]\\n* [[December\n        2]] – [[Luitzen Brouwer]], Dutch mathematician and philosopher (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai]], Egyptian historian (b.  [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Maria Donati]], Italian actress (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Juan Natalicio Gonz\\u00e1lez]], Paraguayan poet,\n        37th [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Verna\n        Felton]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Richard Whorf]], American actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Walt Disney]], American animated\n        film producer and founder of The Walt Disney Company and Disneyland Resort\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Betty Kuuskemaa]], Estonian actress\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Arturo Riccardi]], Italian general\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** [[Harry Beaumont]], American film director\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Robert Keith (actor)|Robert Keith]], American actor (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[David J. Stewart]], American actor\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Husayn Al-Khalidi]], Jordanian\n        statesman, 29th [[Prime Minister of Jordan]]  (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[December\n        27]] – [[Guillermo St\\u00e1bile]], Argentine football player and manager\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Christian Herter]], United States\n        Secretary of State (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Alfred Kastler]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Robert S. Mulliken]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Peyton Rous]] and\n        [[Charles Brenton Huggins]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] –\n        [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] and [[Nelly Sachs]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – not awarded\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{commons category|1966|position=left}}\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1966}}\\n[[Category:1966|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T10:48:38Z\",\"lastrevid\":799708532,\"length\":96787,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966\"},\"34749\":{\"pageid\":34749,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1967\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:37:52Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{for|the\n        song \\\"1967\\\" by Tom Robinson|1967 (song)}}\\n{{Year dab|1967}}\\n{{Use mdy\n        dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Events by month|1967}}\\n{{Year nav|1967}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1967}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n== Events\n        ==\\n\\n=== January ===\\n{{Main article|January 1967}}\\n* [[January 1]] –\n        Canada begins a year-long celebration of the 100th anniversary of the [[Constitution\n        Act, 1867|British North America Act, 1867]], featuring the [[Expo 67]] World''s\n        Fair.\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Ronald Reagan]], past movie actor and future\n        President of the United States, is inaugurated the new governor of California.\\n*\n        [[January 4]] – [[The Doors]] release their d\\u00e9but album ''''[[The\n        Doors (album)|The Doors]]''''. The album contained their later number one\n        hit, \\\"[[Light My Fire]]\\\".\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** Spain and [[Romania]] sign\n        in Paris an agreement establishing full consular and commercial relations\n        (not diplomatic ones).\\n** [[Charlie Chaplin]] launches his last film, ''''[[A\n        Countess from Hong Kong]]'''', in the UK.\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] and [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|ARVN]]\n        troops launch ''''[[Operation Deckhouse Five]]'''' in the [[Mekong Delta]].\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – Vietnam War: [[Operation Cedar Falls]] starts.\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Racial segregation in the United States|Segregationist]] [[Lester\n        Maddox]] is sworn in as [[Governor of Georgia (U.S. state)|Governor of Georgia]].\\n*\n        [[January 12]] – Dr. [[James Bedford]] becomes the first person to be\n        [[cryonics|cryonically preserved]] with the intent of future resuscitation.\\n*\n        [[January 13]] – A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Togo]] under the leadership\n        of [[\\u00c9tienne Eyadema]].\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** ''''[[The New York Times]]''''\n        reports that the U.S. Army is conducting secret [[germ warfare]] experiments.\\n**\n        The [[Human Be-In]] takes place in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[San Francisco]];\n        the event sets the stage for the [[Summer of Love]].\\n* [[January 15]]\\n**\n        [[Louis Leakey]] announces the discovery of pre-human fossils in [[Kenya]];\n        he names the species ''''[[Proconsul nyanzae|Kenyapithecus africanus]]''''.\\n**\n        The United Kingdom enters the first round of negotiations for [[European Economic\n        Community]] membership in Rome.\\n** [[American football]]: The [[Green Bay\n        Packers]] defeat the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] 35-10 in the [[Super Bowl I|First\n        AFL-NFL World Championship Game]] at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]].\\n*\n        [[January 18]]\\n** [[Albert DeSalvo]] is convicted of numerous crimes and\n        sentenced to life in prison.\\n** [[Jeremy Thorpe]] becomes leader of the UK''s\n        [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]].\\n** ''''[[A Fistful of Dollars]]'''',\n        the first significant \\\"[[spaghetti Western]]\\\" film, is released in the United\n        States.\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** In [[Munich]], the trial begins of [[Wilhelm\n        Harster]], accused of the murder of 82,856 Jews (including [[Anne Frank]])\n        when he led German security police during the German occupation of the Netherlands.\n        He is eventually sentenced to 15 years in prison.\\n** [[Milton Keynes]] (England)\n        is founded as a [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new town]] by [[Order in\n        Council]], with a planning brief to become a city of 250,000 people. Its initial\n        designated area enclosed three existing towns and twenty one villages. The\n        area to be developed was largely farmland,  with [[History of Milton Keynes|evidence\n        of permanent settlement]] dating back to the [[Bronze Age]].\\n* [[January\n        26]] – The [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] decides to nationalise\n        90% of the British [[steel]] industry.\\n** [[1967 Chicago blizzard|Chicago''s\n        largest-ever blizzard]] begins.\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** ''''[[Apollo 1]]'''':\n        U.S. astronauts [[Gus Grissom]], [[Edward Higgins White]], and [[Roger Chaffee]]\n        are killed when fire breaks out in their [[Apollo program|Apollo]] spacecraft\n        during a launch pad test.\\n** The United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom\n        sign the [[Outer Space Treaty]].\\n* [[January 31]] – West Germany and\n        [[Romania]] establish [[diplomatic relations]].\\n\\n=== February ===\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1967}}\\n* [[February 2]] – The [[American Basketball\n        Association]] is formed.\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Ronald Ryan]] becomes\n        the last man hanged in Australia, for murdering a guard while escaping from\n        prison in December [[1965]].\\n* [[February 4]] – The [[Soviet Union]]\n        protests the demonstrations before its embassy in Beijing.\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Lunar Orbiter 3]]''''.\\n** Italy''s first [[guided\n        missile cruiser]], the ''''[[Italian cruiser Vittorio Veneto (550)|Vittorio\n        Veneto]]'''', is launched.\\n** General [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] becomes\n        president of [[Nicaragua]].\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Alexei Kosygin]] arrives\n        in the UK for an 8-day visit. He meets [[Elizabeth II|The Queen]] on [[February\n        9]].\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** The Chinese government announces that it can no\n        longer guarantee the safety of Soviet diplomats outside the Soviet Embassy\n        building.\\n** Serious [[bushfire]]s in southern [[Tasmania]] claim 62 lives,\n        and destroys 2,642.7 square kilometres (653,025.4 acres) of land.\\n**\n        [[Mazenod College, Victoria]] opens in Australia.\\n* [[February 10]] –\n        The [[25th Amendment to the United States Constitution]] (presidential succession\n        and disability) is ratified.\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Burgess Ice Rise]],\n        lying off the west coast of [[Alexander Island]], Antarctica is first mapped\n        by the [[British Antarctic Survey]] (BAS).\\n* [[February 13]] – American\n        researchers discover the Madrid Codices by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] in the [[Biblioteca\n        Nacional de Espa\\u00f1a|National Library of Spain]].[http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html\n        The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci''s Adding Machine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529140741/http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html\n        |date=May 29, 2011 }}\\n* [[February 15]] – The [[Soviet Union]]\n        announces that it has sent troops near the Chinese border.\\n* [[February 18]]\n        – [[New Orleans]] District Attorney [[Jim Garrison]] claims he will\n        solve the John F. Kennedy assassination, and that a conspiracy was planned\n        in New Orleans.\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Suharto]] takes power from [[Sukarno]]\n        in [[Indonesia]] (see [[Transition to the New Order]] and [[Supersemar]]).\\n**\n        [[Donald Sangster]] becomes the new Prime Minister of [[Jamaica]], succeeding\n        [[Alexander Bustamante]].\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Trinidad and Tobago]] is\n        the first [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] nation to join the [[Organization\n        of American States]].\\n** The [[25th Amendment to the United States Constitution]]\n        is enacted.\\n* [[February 24]] – Moscow forbids its [[satellite state]]s\n        to form diplomatic relations with West Germany.\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** The\n        Chinese government announces that it has ordered the army to help in the spring\n        seeding.\\n** Britain''s second [[Polaris missile]] submarine, [[HMS Renown\n        (S26)|HMS ''''Renown'''']], is launched.\\n* [[February 26]] – A Soviet\n        nuclear test is conducted at the [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]], Eastern [[Kazakhstan]].\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] government supports British\n        [[European Community|EEC]] membership.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March\n        1967}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** The city of [[Hatogaya, Saitama|Hatogaya]], [[Saitama\n        Prefecture|Saitama]], Japan is founded.\\n** [[Brazil]]ian police arrest [[Franz\n        Stangl]], ex-commander of [[Treblinka extermination camp|Treblinka]] and [[Sobib\\u00f3r\n        extermination camp]]s.\\n** The [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] return to\n        schools in China.\\n** The [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]] is opened in London.\\n**\n        [[\\u00d3scar Diego Gestido|\\u00d3scar Gestido]] is sworn in as [[President\n        of Uruguay]] after 15 years of [[National Council of Government (Uruguay)|collegiate\n        government]].\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** The first [[North Sea gas]] is pumped ashore\n        at [[Easington, East Riding of Yorkshire]].\\n** [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens\n        Park Rangers]] become the first 3rd Division side to win the English [[Football\n        League Cup]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], defeating [[West\n        Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] 3\\u20132.\\n* [[March 5]] –\n        [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] (or Mosaddeq; {{lang-fa|\\u0645\\u064f\\u062d\\u064e\\u0645\\u064e\\u062f\n        \\u0645\\u064f\\u0635\\u064e\\u062f\\u0650\\u0642}}; {{IPA-fa|moh\\u00e6m\\u02c8m\\u00e6d(-e)\n        mos\\u00e6d\\u02c8de\\u0263|IPA|Fa-\\u0645\\u0635\\u062f\\u0642.ogg}}), deposed Iranian\n        prime minister, dies after fourteen years of house arrest.\\n* [[March 6]]\n        – ''''[[Mark Twain Tonight]]'''' starring [[Hal Holbrook]] as Mark Twain,\n        premieres on CBS television in the United States.\\n* [[March 7]] – U.S.\n        labor union leader [[Jimmy Hoffa]] begins his 8-year sentence for attempting\n        to bribe a jury.\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Joseph Stalin]]''s daughter, [[Svetlana\n        Alliluyeva]], defects to the United States via the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi.\\n*\n        [[March 11]] – The first phase of the [[Cambodian Civil War]] begins\n        between the [[Kingdom of Cambodia]] and the [[Khmer Rouge]].\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        The [[Indonesia]]n State Assembly takes all presidential powers from [[Sukarno]]\n        and names [[Suharto]] as acting president (Suharto resigned in [[1998]]).\\n**\n        [[The Velvet Underground]]''s first album, ''''[[The Velvet Underground &\n        Nico]]'''', is released in the United States. It is initially a commercial\n        failure but receives widespread critical and commercial acclaim in later years.\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Moise Tshombe]], ex-prime minister of [[Democratic\n        Republic of Congo|Congo]], is sentenced to death [[trial in absentia|''''in\n        absentia'''']].\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** The body of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]\n        is moved to a permanent burial place at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].\\n**\n        Nine executives of the German pharmaceutical company Grunenthal are charged\n        for breaking German drug laws because of [[thalidomide]].\\n* [[March 16]]\n        – In the Aspida case in Greece, 15 officers are sentenced to 2\\u201318\n        years in prison, accused of treason and intentions of staging a [[coup]].\\n*\n        [[March 18]] \\n** [[Torrey Canyon oil spill|''''Torrey Canyon'''' oil spill]]:\n        The supertanker {{SS|Torrey Canyon}} runs aground between [[Land''s End]]\n        and the [[Scilly Isles]] off the coast of Britain.\\n** The classic [[Pirates\n        of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]] attraction opens\n        at [[Disneyland]], California.\\n* [[March 19]] – A referendum in [[French\n        Somaliland]] favors the connection to France.\\n* [[March 21]]  \\n**A military\n        coup takes place in [[Sierra Leone]].\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: In ongoing campus\n        unrest, [[Howard University]] students protesting the Vietnam War, the [[ROTC]]\n        program on campus and the draft, confront Gen. [[Lewis Blaine Hershey|Lewis\n        Hershey]], then head of the U.S. [[Selective Service System]], and as he attempts\n        to deliver an address, shout him down with cries of \\\"America is the Black\n        man''s battleground!\\\"\\n** [[Charles Manson]] is released from [[Terminal\n        Island]]. Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested\n        permission to stay. Upon his release, he relocates to San Francisco where\n        he spends the [[Summer of Love]].{{cite book|last1=Bugliosi|first1=Vincent|title=Helter\n        Skelter \\u2013 The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition|date=1994|publisher=W.W.\n        Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-08700-X|pages=137\\u2013146}}\\n* [[March\n        26]]\\n** In New York City, 10,000 gather for the [[Central Park be-in]].\\n**\n        [[Jim Thompson (designer)|Jim Thompson]], co-founder of the Thai Silk Company,\n        disappears from the [[Cameron Highlands]].\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Pope\n        Paul VI]] issues the [[encyclical]] ''''[[Populorum progressio]]''''.\\n* [[March\n        29]]\\n** A 13-day TV strike begins in the United States.\\n** The first French\n        nuclear submarine, ''''[[French submarine Redoutable (S611)|Le Redoutable]]'''',\n        is launched.\\n** The [[SEACOM (Asian cable system)|SEACOM]] Asian telephone\n        cable is inaugurated.\\n** [[Torrey Canyon oil spill|''''Torrey Canyon''''\n        oil spill]]: British [[Fleet Air Arm]] and [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft bomb\n        and sink the grounded supertanker {{SS|Torrey Canyon}}.\\n* [[March 31]] –\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] signs the Consular Treaty.\\n\\n=== April\n        ===\\n{{Main article|April 1967}}\\n\\n* [[April 2]] – A [[United Nations]]\n        delegation arrives in [[Aden]] as its independence approaches. The delegation\n        leaves [[April 7]], accusing British authorities of lack of cooperation. The\n        British say the delegation did not contact them.\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Martin\n        Luther King Jr.]] denounces the Vietnam War during his sermon at the Riverside\n        Church in New York City.\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Georges Pompidou]] begins\n        to form the next French government.\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Six-Day War]]\n        (approach): [[Israel]]i fighters shoot down 7 Syrian [[MIG-21]]s.\\n* [[April\n        8]] – ''''[[Puppet on a String]]'''' by Sandie Shaw (music and lyrics\n        by Bill Martin and Phil Coulter) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1967]]\n        for the United Kingdom.\\n* [[April 9]] – The first [[Boeing 737]] (a\n        100 series) takes its maiden flight.\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** The AFTRA strike\n        is settled just in time for the [[39th Academy Awards]] ceremony to be held,\n        hosted by [[Bob Hope]]. [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] goes\n        to ''''[[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|A Man for All Seasons]]''''.\\n**\n        Oral arguments begin in the landmark [[Supreme Court of the United States]]\n        case ''''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'''', 388 U.S. 1 (1967), challenging the State\n        of Virginia''s statutory scheme to prevent marriages between persons solely\n        on the basis of racial classifications.\\n* [[April 12]] – The [[Ahmanson\n        Theatre]] opens in Los Angeles.\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Conservative Party\n        (UK)|Conservatives]] win the [[Greater London Council]] elections.\\n* [[April\n        14]] – In [[San Francisco]], 10,000 march against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[April 15]] \\n** Large demonstrations are held against the [[Vietnam War]]\n        in New York City and [[San Francisco]]. The march, organized by the [[National\n        Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]], from Central Park to the\n        United Nations drew hundreds of thousands of people, including Dr. Martin\n        Luther King Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, and Dr. Benjamin Spock, who\n        marched and spoke at the event. A simultaneous march in San Francisco was\n        attended by Coretta Scott King.\\n** Scotland defeats England 3-2 at Wembley\n        Stadium, with goals from Law, Lennox and McCalligog, in the British Championships.\n        This is England''s first defeat since they won the World Cup, and ends a 19-game\n        unbeaten run.\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** The [[Surveyor 3]] [[unmanned space missions|probe]]\n        lands on the Moon.\\n** A Globe Air [[Bristol Britannia]] turboprop crashes\n        at [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]], killing 126 people.{{cite web|title=Aviation\n        accidents |url=http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1967/1967-31.htm |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gX4LEIUg?url=http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1967/1967-31.htm\n        |archivedate=May 5, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-04-06 |df=mdy }}{{cite\n        web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19670420-1&lang=en\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-04-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gX4LfrAL?url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19670420-1&lang=en\n        |archivedate=May 5, 2009 |df= }}\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** Greece suffers\n        a military coup by a group of military officers, who establish a [[Greek military\n        junta of 1967\\u20131974|military dictatorship]] led by [[Georgios Papadopoulos|George\n        Papadopoulos]]; future-Prime Minister [[Andreas Papandreou]] remains a political\n        prisoner to [[December 25]]. The dictatorship ends in [[1974]].\\n** An outbreak\n        of tornadoes strikes the upper Midwest section of the United States (in particular\n        the Chicago area, including the suburbs of [[Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere]]\n        and [[Oak Lawn, Illinois]], where 33 people are killed and 500 injured).\\n*\n        [[April 23]] – A group of young leftist radicals are expelled from the\n        [[Nicaraguan Socialist Party]] (PSN). This group goes on to found the [[Communist\n        Party of Nicaragua|Socialist Workers Party]] (POS).\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** ''''[[Soyuz\n        1]]'''': [[Vladimir Komarov]] becomes the first Soviet [[cosmonaut]] to die,\n        when the parachute of his space capsule fails during re-entry.\\n** In the\n        [[NBA]], the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] defeat the [[San Francisco Warriors]]\n        125-122 in game six to win the title.  Some say this team is arguably the\n        greatest of all time.\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], ''''[[Expo\n        67]]'''', a [[World''s Fair]] to coincide with the [[Canadian Confederation]]\n        centennial, officially opens with Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] igniting\n        the Expo Flame in the Place des Nations.\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** In [[Houston,\n        Texas]], boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] refuses military service. He is stripped of\n        his boxing title and barred from professional boxing for the next three years.\\n**\n        [[Expo 67]] opens to the public, with over 310,000 people attending. Al Carter\n        from Chicago is the first visitor as noted by Expo officials.\\n** The U.S.\n        [[aerospace manufacturer]] [[McDonnell Douglas]] is formed through a merger\n        of [[McDonnell Aircraft]] and [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas Aircraft]]\n        (it becomes part of [[The Boeing Company]] three decades later).\\n* [[April\n        29]] – [[Fidel Castro]] announces that all [[intellectual property]]\n        belongs to the people and that [[Cuba]] intends to translate and publish technical\n        literature without compensation.\\n* [[April 30]] – Moscow''s 537m-tall\n        [[Ostankino Tower|TV tower]] is finished.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n{{Main|May 1967}}\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Elvis Presley]] and [[Priscilla Beaulieu]] are married in\n        Las Vegas.\\n** [[GO Transit]], Canada''s first interregional public transit\n        system, is established.\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** The [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] win the\n        [[Stanley Cup]]. It is their last Stanley Cup and last finals appearance to\n        date. It will turn out to be the last game in the [[Original Six]] era. Six\n        more teams will be added in the fall.\\n** [[Harold Wilson]] announces that\n        the United Kingdom has decided to apply for [[European Economic Community|EEC]]\n        membership.\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Lunar Orbiter 4]] is launched by the United\n        States.\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** Dr. [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]\n        is the first Muslim to become president of India.\\n** Four hundred students\n        seize the administration building at Cheyney State College, now [[Cheyney\n        University of Pennsylvania]], the oldest institute for higher education for\n        African Americans.\\n** [[Hong Kong 1967 riots]]: Clashes between striking\n        workers and police kill 51 and injure 800.\\n* [[May 8]] – The [[Provinces\n        of the Philippines|Philippine province]] of Davao is split into three: [[Davao\n        del Norte]], [[Davao del Sur]], and [[Davao Oriental]].\\n* [[May 10]] –\n        The Greek military government accuses [[Andreas Papandreou]] of treason.\\n*\n        [[May 11]] – The United Kingdom and Ireland apply officially for [[European\n        Economic Community]] membership.\\n* [[May 12]] – [[The Jimi Hendrix\n        Experience]] release their debut album, ''''[[Are You Experienced]]''''.\\n*\n        [[May 15]] [[Waiting period (Six-Day War)|Waiting period]] leading up to the\n        [[Six-Day War]] begins\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Syria]] mobilizes against [[Israel]].\\n**\n        President [[Gamal Abdal Nasser]] of [[Egypt]] demands withdrawal of the peacekeeping\n        [[UN Emergency Force]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]. U.N. Secretary-General\n        [[U Thant]] complies ([[May 18]]).\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Tennessee]] [[Buford\n        Ellington|Governor Ellington]] repeals the \\\"Monkey Law\\\" (officially the\n        Butler Act; see the [[Scopes Trial]]).\\n** In Mexico, schoolteacher [[Lucio\n        Caba\\u00f1as]] begins [[guerrilla warfare]] in Atoyac de Alvarez, west of\n        [[Acapulco]], in the state of [[Guerrero]].\\n** [[NASA]] announces the crew\n        for the ''''[[Apollo 7]]'''' space mission (first manned Apollo flight): [[Wally\n        Schirra]], [[Donn F. Eisele]], and [[R. Walter Cunningham]].\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        The [[Soviet Union]] ratifies a treaty with the United States and the United\n        Kingdom, banning nuclear weapons from outer space.\\n** [[Yuri Andropov]] becomes\n        [[KGB]] chief.\\n* [[May 20]] \\u2014 The Spring Mobilization Conference, a\n        gathering of 700 antiwar activists is held in Washington D.C. to chart the\n        future moves for the U.S. antiwar movement\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** The ''''Innovation''''\n        department store in the centre of [[Brussels]], Belgium burns down. It is\n        the most devastating fire in Belgian history, resulting in 323 dead and missing\n        and 150 injured.\\n* [[May 23]] – Egypt closes the [[Straits of Tiran]]\n        to Israeli shipping, blockading Israel''s southern port of [[Eilat]], and\n        Israel''s entire [[Red Sea]] coastline.\\n* [[May 25]] \\n** The Celtic Football\n        Club becomes the first [[Northern Europe]]an football club to win the European\n        Cup/Champions League. \\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Naxalite]] [[guerrilla warfare|Guerrilla\n        War]]: Beginning with a peasant uprising in the town of Naxalbari, this Marxist/Maoist\n        rebellion sputters on in the Indian countryside. The guerrillas operate among\n        the impoverished peasants, fighting both the government security forces and\n        private paramilitary groups funded by wealthy landowners. Most fighting takes\n        place in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]] and\n        [[Madhya Pradesh]].\\n** The [[Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)|Australian\n        referendum, 1967]] passes with an overwhelming 90% support, removing, from\n        the Australian Constitution, 2 discriminatory sentences referring to [[Indigenous\n        Australians]]. It signifies Australia''s first step in recognising [[Indigenous\n        rights]].\\n** The [[folk rock]] band [[Fairport Convention]] plays their first\n        gig in [[Golders Green]], North London.\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Biafra]],\n        in eastern [[Nigeria]], announces its independence.\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main|June\n        1967}}\\n[[File:Six Day War Territories.svg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[June 5]]:\n        [[Six Day War]], Israel defeats Arab countries.]]\\n* [[June]] – [[Moshe\n        Dayan]] becomes [[Israel]]''s Minister of Defense.\\n* [[June 1]] – [[The\n        Beatles]] release ''''[[Sgt. Pepper''s Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'''', nicknamed\n        \\\"The Soundtrack of the [[Summer of Love]]\\\"; it will be number one on the\n        albums charts throughout the summer of 1967.\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** Protests in\n        [[West Berlin]] against the arrival of the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of\n        Iran]] turn into fights, during which 27-year-old [[Benno Ohnesorg]] is killed\n        by a police officer. His death results in the founding of the [[terrorism|terrorist]]\n        group ''''[[2 June Movement]]''''.\\n** [[Luis Monge]] is executed in [[capital\n        punishment in Colorado|Colorado]]''s [[gas chamber]], in the last [[Furman\n        v. Georgia|pre-''''Furman'''']] execution in the United States.\\n* [[June\n        4]] – [[Stockport air disaster]]: [[British Midland International|British\n        Midland]] flight G-ALHG crashes in Hopes Carr, [[Stockport]], killing 72 passengers\n        and crew.\\n* [[June 5]]\\n** [[Six-Day War]] begins: Israel launches [[Operation\n        Focus]], a preemptive strike on [[Egyptian Air Force]] bsir fields; the allied\n        armies of [[Egypt]] [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], and Iraq invade Israel.\n        [[Battle of Ammunition Hill]], start of the [[Jordanian campaign (1967)|Jordanian\n        campaign]]\\n** Murderer [[Richard Speck]] is sentenced to death in the electric\n        chair for killing 8 student nurses in Chicago.\\n* [[June 7]] – \\n**Capture\n        of East Jerusalem in a battle conducted by Israeli forces without the use\n        of artillery in order to avoid damage to the Holy City. \\n**Two [[Moby Grape]]\n        members are arrested for contributing to the delinquency of minors.\\n* [[June\n        8]] [[USS Liberty incident]]\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Six-Day War]] ends: [[Israel]]\n        and [[Syria]] agree to a [[United Nations]]-mediated cease-fire.\\n** The [[Soviet\n        Union]] severs diplomatic relations with Israel.\\n** [[Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe]],\n        heir apparent to the throne of Denmark, marries French count [[Henri de Laborde\n        de Monpezat]].\\n* [[June 11]] – A [[race riot]] occurs in [[Tampa, Florida]]\n        after the shooting death of Martin Chambers by police while allegedly robbing\n        a camera store.  The unrest lasts several days.\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** ''''[[Loving\n        v. Virginia]]'''': The [[United States Supreme Court]] declares all [[U.S.\n        state]] laws prohibiting [[interracial marriage]] to be unconstitutional.[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/loving.html\n        Loving v. Virginia] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5gX4M35KC?url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/loving.html\n        |date=May 5, 2009 }}\\n** [[Venera program]]: ''''[[Venera 4]]'''' is\n        launched by the [[Soviet Union]] (the first [[space probe]] to enter another\n        [[planet]]''s atmosphere and successfully return data).\\n* [[June 13]] –\n        Solicitor General [[Thurgood Marshall]] is nominated as the first [[African\n        American]] justice of the [[United States Supreme Court]].{{cite web\n        |url=http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/082.html\n        |title=Thurgood Marshall |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050903020328/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/082.html\n        |archivedate=September 3, 2005}}\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Mariner program]]:\n        ''''[[Mariner 5]]'''' is launched toward [[Venus]].\\n* [[June 14]]\\u2013[[June\n        15]] – [[Glenn Gould]] records [[Prokofiev]]''s Seventh Piano Sonata,\n        Op. 83, in New York City (his only recording of a Prokofiev composition).\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – The [[Monterey Pop Festival]] begins and is held for 3\n        days.\\n* [[June 17]] – The People''s Republic of China tests its first\n        [[hydrogen bomb]].{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/cpc2011/2011-06/17/content_12725624.htm\n        |title=June 17, 1967: China''s first hydrogen bomb is successfully detonated\n        |publisher=China Daily |date=2011-06-17 |accessdate=2014-08-17}}\\n*\n        [[June 18]] – Eighteen British soldiers are killed in the [[Aden]] police\n        mutiny.{{cite book | last=Grant | first= Neil| authorlink= | title=Chronicle\n        of 20th Century Conflict | year=1993 | publisher=Reed International Books\n        Ltd. & SMITHMARK Publishers Inc.| location=New York City | isbn=0-8317-1371-2|\n        pages=18\\u201319}}\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Cold War]]: U.S. President\n        [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] meets with Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] in [[Glassboro,\n        New Jersey]], for the 3-day [[Glassboro Summit Conference]]. Johnson travels\n        to Los Angeles for a dinner at the Century Plaza Hotel where earlier in the\n        day thousands of war protesters clashed with L.A. police.{{cite web|url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/diary/1967/670623.asp\n        |title=PRESIDENT''S DAILY DIARY, June 23, 1967 |publisher=Lbjlib.utexas.edu\n        |date=1967-06-23 |accessdate=2011-11-29}}\\n* [[June 25]] – 400\n        million viewers watch ''''[[Our World (TV special)|Our World]]'''', the first\n        live, international, satellite television production. It features the live\n        debut of [[The Beatles]]'' song \\\"[[All You Need Is Love]]\\\".\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        [[Pope Paul VI]] ordains 27 new cardinals (one of whom is the future [[Pope\n        Saint John Paul II]]).\\n** The [[Buffalo riot of 1967|Buffalo Race Riot]]\n        begins, lasting until July 1; leads to 200 arrests.\\n[[Image:Atmplaque.jpg|thumb|150px|Plaque\n        commemorating installation of world''s first bank cash machine]]\\n* [[June\n        27]] – The first automatic cash machine (voucher-based) is installed,\n        in the office of [[Barclays Bank]] in [[Enfield Town|Enfield]], England.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Israel]] declares the annexation of East [[Jerusalem]].\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Moise Tshombe]], former President of [[State of Katanga|Katanga]]\n        and former prime minister of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], is\n        kidnapped to [[Algeria]].\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main|July 1967}}\\n* [[July 1]]\\n**\n        Canada celebrates its [[Canadian Centennial|first one hundred years of Confederation]].\\n**\n        The [[European Economic Community|EEC]] joins with the [[European Coal and\n        Steel Community]] and the European Atomic Community, to form the [[European\n        Communities]] (from the 1980s usually known as [[European Community]] [EC]).\\n**\n        Seaboard Air Line Railroad merges with Atlantic Coast Line railroad, to become\n        Seaboard Coast Line railroad, first step to today''s CSX Transportation.\\n**\n        The first UK [[colour television]] broadcasts begin on [[BBC Two|BBC2]]. The\n        first one is from the [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon tennis championships]].\n        A full colour service begins on BBC2 on [[December 2]].\\n** [[American Samoa]]''s\n        first constitution becomes effective.\\n* [[July 3]] – A military rebellion\n        led by Belgian mercenary [[Jean Schramme]] begins in [[Katanga Province|Katanga]],\n        [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].\\n* [[July 4]] – The British Parliament\n        decriminalizes [[homosexuality]].\\n* [[July 5]] – Troops of Belgian\n        [[mercenary]] commander [[Jean Schramme]] revolt against [[Mobutu Sese Seko]],\n        and try to take control of [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]], [[Democratic Republic\n        of the Congo|Congo]].\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** [[Nigerian Civil War]]: [[Nigeria]]n\n        forces invade the secessionist [[Biafra]] [[May 30]].\\n** A [[level crossing]]\n        collision between a train loaded with children and a tanker-truck near [[Magdeburg]],\n        [[East Germany]] kills 94 people, mostly children.\\n* [[July 7]] – ''''[[All\n        You Need Is Love]]'''' is released in the UK.\\n* [[July 10]] \\n** Heavy massive\n        rains and a landslide at [[Kobe]] and [[Kure, Hiroshima]], Japan, kill at\n        least 371.\\n** New Zealand decimalises its currency from [[New Zealand pound|pound]]\n        to [[New Zealand dollar|dollar]] at \\u00a31 to $2 ($1 = 10/-).\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        The Greek military regime strips 480 Greeks of their [[citizenship]].\\n**\n        [[1967 Newark riots]]: After the arrest of an African-American cab driver\n        for allegedly illegally driving around a police car and gunning it down the\n        road, [[race riot]]s break out in [[Newark, New Jersey]], lasting 5 days and\n        leaving 26 dead.\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** The [[Bee Gees]] release their first\n        international album ''''[[Bee Gees'' 1st]]'''' in the UK.\\n** Near Newark,\n        New Jersey, the [[1967 Plainfield riots|Plainfield, NJ, riots]] take place.\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – A prison riot in [[Jay, Florida]] leaves 37 dead.\\n* [[July\n        18]] – The United Kingdom announces the closing of its [[military base]]s\n        in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. Australia and the U.S. disapprove.\\n* [[July\n        19]]\\n**A race riot breaks out in the North Side of Minneapolis on Plymouth\n        Street during the [[Minneapolis Aquatennial]] Parade; businesses are vandalized\n        and fires break out in the area, although the disturbance is quelled within\n        hours.  However, the next day a shooting sets off another incident in the\n        same area that leads to 18 fires, 36 arrests, 3 shootings, 2 dozen people\n        injured, and damages totaling 4.2 million.  There will be two more such incidents\n        in the following two weeks.\\n**Eighty-two people are killed in a collision\n        between [[Piedmont Airlines Flight 22]] and a [[Cessna 310]] near Hendersonville,\n        North Carolina.\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Chile]]an poet [[Pablo Neruda]] receives\n        the first Viareggio-Versile prize.\\n* [[July 21]] – The town of [[Winneconne,\n        Wisconsin]], announces secession from the United States because it is not\n        included in the official maps and declares war. Secession is repealed the\n        next day.\\n* [[July 23]] – [[July 31]] – [[1967 Detroit riot|12th\n        Street Riot]]: In [[Detroit]], one of the worst riots in United States history\n        begins on 12th Street in the predominantly [[African American]] inner city:\n        43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned.\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        During an official state visit to Canada, French President [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in [[Montreal]]: ''''[[Vive le Qu\\u00e9bec\n        libre|Vive le Qu\\u00e9bec libre!]]'''' (Long live free Quebec!). The statement,\n        interpreted as support for [[Quebec independence]], delights many Quebecers\n        but angers the Canadian government and many [[English Canada|English Canadians]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]]\\n** An explosion and fire aboard the U.S. Navy [[aircraft carrier]]\n        {{USS|Forrestal|CV-59|6}} in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] leaves 134 dead.\\n** [[Georges\n        Bidault]] moves to Belgium where he receives [[political asylum]].\\n** An\n        [[1967 Caracas earthquake|earthquake]] in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] leaves\n        240 dead.\\n* [[July 30]] – The [[1967 Milwaukee riot|1967 Milwaukee\n        race riots]] begin, lasting through August 3 and leading to a ten-day shutdown\n        of the city from August 1.\\nJuly 1967 and the evacuation of British Families\n        from Aden, featured in the book \\\"From Barren Rocks to Living Stones\\\". The\n        evacuation was a major British operation at the time.\\n=== August ===\\n{{Main|August\n        1967}}\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Race riot]]s in the United States spread\n        to Washington, D.C..\\n* [[August 2]] – The Turkish football club [[Trabzonspor]]\n        is established in [[Trabzon]].\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Pink Floyd]] releases\n        their debut album ''''[[The Piper at the Gates of Dawn]]'''' in the United\n        Kingdom.\\n* [[August 6]] – A [[pulsar]] is noted by [[Jocelyn Bell]]\n        and [[Antony Hewish]]. The discovery is first recorded in print in 1968: \\\"An\n        entirely novel kind of star came to light on ''''Aug. 6 last year'''' [...]\\\".\n        The date of the discovery is not recorded.\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]:\n        The People''s Republic of China agrees to give [[North Vietnam]] an undisclosed\n        amount of aid in the form of a grant.\\n** A general strike in the old quarter\n        of [[Jerusalem]] protests Israel''s unification of the city.\\n* [[August 8]]\n        – The [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) is founded\n        in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Vietnam War]] –\n        Operation Cochise: [[United States Marines]] begin a new operation in the\n        Que Son Valley.\\n* [[August 10]] – Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme''s\n        troops take the Congolese border town of [[Bukavu]].\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        The first line-up of [[Fleetwood Mac]] makes their live debut at the Windsor\n        Jazz and Blues Festival.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Wonderful Radio London]]\n        shuts down at 3:00 PM in anticipation of the [[Marine Broadcasting Offences\n        Act]].  Many fans greet the staff upon their return to London that evening\n        with placards reading \\\"Freedom died with Radio London.\\\"\\n* [[August 15]]  –\n        The United Kingdom [[Marine Broadcasting Offences Act]] declares participation\n        in offshore [[pirate radio]] illegal. [[Radio Caroline]] defies the Act and\n        continues broadcasting.\\n* [[August 19]] – West Germany receives 36\n        [[East German]] prisoners it has \\\"purchased\\\" through the border posts of\n        Herleshausen and [[Wartha (Eisenach)|Wartha]].\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** A truce\n        is declared in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].\\n** Two U.S. Navy\n        jets stray into the airspace of the People''s Republic of China following\n        an attack on a target in North Vietnam and are shot down.  Lt. [[Robert J.\n        Flynn]], the only survivor, is captured alive and will be held prisoner by\n        China until 1973.  \\n* [[August 25]] – [[American Nazi Party]] leader\n        [[George Lincoln Rockwell]] is assassinated in [[Arlington, Virginia]].\\n*\n        [[August 27]]\\n** The [[East Coast Wrestling Association]] is established.\\n**\n        Beatles manager [[Brian Epstein]] is found dead in his locked bedroom.\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – The final episode of ''''[[The Fugitive (TV series)|The\n        Fugitive]]'''' airs on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. The broadcast\n        attracts 78 million viewers, one of the largest audiences for a single episode\n        in U.S. television history.\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Thurgood Marshall]]\n        is confirmed as the first [[African American]] Justice of the [[Supreme Court\n        of the United States|United States Supreme Court]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n{{Main|September\n        1967}}\\n* [[September 1]]\\n**The [[Khmer\\u2013Chinese Friendship Association]]\n        is banned in [[Cambodia]].\\n** [[Ilse Koch]], known as the \\\"Witch of Buchenwald\\\",\n        commits suicide in the [[Bavaria]]n prison of [[Aichach]].\\n* [[September\n        3]]\\n** [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]] is elected President of [[South\n        Vietnam]].\\n** At 5:00 a.m. local time, all road traffic in [[Sweden]]\n        [[Dagen H|switches from left-hand traffic pattern to right-hand traffic]].\\\"Sweden\n        Goes to Right\\u2014 Momentous Traffic Change\\\", ''''Amarillo (TX) Globe-Times'''',\n        February 15, 1967, p42\\\"Swedes Freeze Traffic\\u2014 Silence Precedes\n        Shift\\\", ''''Minneapolis Star'''', September 3, 1967, p1\\n* [[September\n        4]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation Swift]]: The [[United States\n        Marines]] launch a search and destroy mission in [[Qu\\u1ea3ng Nam Province|Qu\\u1ea3ng\n        Nam]] and [[Qu\\u1ea3ng T\\u00edn Province|Qu\\u1ea3ng T\\u00edn]] provinces.\n        The ensuing 4-day battle in Que Son Valley kills 114 Americans and 376 [[North\n        Vietnam]]ese.\\n* [[September 5]] – The television series ''''[[The Prisoner]]''''\n        has its world broadcast premiere on the [[CTV Television Network]] in Canada.\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – In a [[Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 1967|Gibraltar\n        sovereignty referendum]], only 44 out of 12,182 voters in the British [[Crown\n        colony]] of [[Gibraltar]] support union with Spain.\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        A riot during a football match in Kayseri, Turkey leaves 44 dead, about 600\n        injured.\\n** [[Jim Morrison]] and [[The Doors]] defy [[CBS]] censors on ''''[[The\n        Ed Sullivan Show]]'''', when Morrison sings the word \\\"higher\\\" from their\n        #1 hit ''''[[Light My Fire]]'''', despite having been asked not to.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – ''''[[Love Is a Many Splendored Thing (TV series)|Love Is a Many\n        Splendored Thing]]'''' debuts on U.S. daytime television and is the first\n        [[soap opera]] to deal with an interracial relationship. [[CBS]] censors find\n        it too controversial and ask for it to be stopped, causing show creator [[Irna\n        Phillips]] to quit.\\n* [[September 27]] – The {{RMS|Queen Mary}} arrives\n        in [[Southampton]] at the end of her last [[transatlantic crossing]].\\n* [[September\n        29]] – The classic sci-fi TV series ''''[[Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons]]''''\n        broadcasts on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]].\\n* [[September 30]] – In the\n        United Kingdom, [[BBC Radio]] completely restructures its national programming:\n        the [[Light Programme]] is split between new national pop station [[BBC Radio\n        1|Radio 1]] (modelled on the successful pirate station [[Wonderful Radio London|Radio\n        London]]) and [[BBC Radio 2|Radio 2]]; the cultural [[Third Programme]] is\n        rebranded as [[BBC Radio 3|Radio 3]]; and the primarily-talk [[BBC Home Service|Home\n        Service]] becomes [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]].\\n\\n=== October ===\\n{{Main|October\n        1967}}\\n* [[October 3]] – An [[X-15]] research aircraft with test pilot\n        [[William J. Knight]] establishes an unofficial world fixed-wing speed record\n        of Mach 6.7.\\n* [[October 4]] \\n** [[Omar Ali Saifuddin III]] of [[Brunei]]\n        abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan [[Hassanal Bolkiah]].\\n**The\n        [[Shag Harbour UFO incident]] occurs.\\n* [[October 6]] – Southern California''s\n        [[Pacific Ocean Park]], known as the \\\"Disneyland By The Sea\\\",  closes down.\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – Guerrilla leader [[Che Guevara]] and his men are captured\n        in [[Bolivia]]; they are executed the following day.\\n* [[October 12]]\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] states during a news\n        conference that, because of [[North Vietnam]]''s opposition, proposals by\n        the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] for peace initiatives\n        are futile.\\n** ''''[[The Naked Ape]]'''', by [[Desmond Morris]], is published.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3116000/3116329.stm|title=1967:\n        The Naked Ape steps out|work=On This Day|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2011-08-24|date=1967-10-12}}\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – Quebec Nationalism: [[Ren\\u00e9 L\\u00e9vesque]] leaves\n        the Liberal Party.\\n* [[October 16]] – Thirty-nine people, including\n        singer-activist [[Joan Baez]], are arrested in Oakland, California, for blocking\n        the entrance of that city''s military induction center.\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**The\n        musical ''''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'''' opens off-Broadway. It moves to Broadway\n        the following April.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Battle of Ong Thanh]] takes\n        place.\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Students at the [[University\n        of Wisconsin\\u2013Madison]] protest over recruitment by [[Dow Chemical]] on\n        the University campus; 76 are injured in the resulting riot.\\n** [[Walt Disney]]''s\n        19th full-length animated feature ''''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle\n        Book]]'''', the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, is released\n        and becomes an enormous box-office and critical success. On a double bill\n        with the film is the (now) much less well-known true-life adventure, ''''Charlie\n        the Lonesome Cougar''''.\\n**The [[Venera 4]] probe descends through the [[Venus]]ian\n        atmosphere.\\n* [[October 19]] – The [[Mariner 5]] probe flies by [[Venus]].\\n*\n        [[October 20]] – [[Patterson\\u2013Gimlin film]]: Roger Patterson and\n        Robert Gimlin''s famous film of an unidentified animate [[cryptid]], thought\n        to be [[Bigfoot]] or [[Sasquatch]], is recorded at Bluff Creek, California.\\n*\n        [[October 21]]\\n** Approximately 70,000 [[Vietnam War]] protesters march in\n        Washington, D.C. and rally at the Lincoln Memorial; in a  successive march\n        that day, 50,000 people march to [[the Pentagon]], where [[Allen Ginsberg]],\n        [[Abbie Hoffman]], and Jerry Rubin symbolically chant to \\\"levitate\\\" the\n        building and \\\"exorcise the evil within.\\\"\\n** An [[Egypt]]ian surface-to-surface\n        missile sinks the [[Israel]]i destroyer ''''[[HMS Zealous (R39)|Eilat]]'''',\n        killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries\n        along the [[Suez Canal]].\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]]\n        becomes the first French [[Co-Prince of Andorra]] to visit his Andorran subjects.  In\n        addition to being [[President of France]], de Gaulle is a joint ruler (along\n        with [[Spain]]''s [[Bishop of Urgel]] of the tiny nation located in the mountains\n        between France and Spain, pursuant to the [[1278]] agreement creating the\n        nation.[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/10/24/page/18/article/andorra-has-lordly-visit-by-de-gaulle|\\\"Andorra\n        Has Lordly Visit by de Gaulle\\\"], ''''Chicago Tribune'''', October 24, 1967,\n        p1A-4\\n* [[October 25]] – The [[Abortion Act 1967]] passes in\n        the British Parliament and receives royal assent two days later.\\n* [[October\n        26]]\\n** The coronation ceremony of Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran]],\n        ruler of the nation since 1941, takes place.\\n** U.S. Navy pilot [[Early life\n        and military career of John McCain#Prisoner of war|John McCain]] is shot down\n        over North Vietnam and taken prisoner.  His capture is confirmed two days\n        later, and he remains a prisoner of war for more than five years.  \\n* [[October\n        27]]\\n** French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] vetoes British entry into\n        the [[European Economic Community]] for the second time in the decade.\\n**\n        London criminal [[Jack McVitie]] is murdered by the [[Kray twins]], a crime\n        that eventually leads to their imprisonment and downfall.\\n* [[October 29]]\\n**\n        President Joseph Mobutu of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] launches\n        an offensive against mercenaries in [[Bukavu]].\\n** [[Expo 67]] closes in\n        [[Montreal]], after having attracted more than 50 million visitors in six\n        months.\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Hong Kong 1967 riots]]: British troops\n        and Chinese demonstrators clash on the border of China and Hong Kong.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n{{Main|November 1967}}\\n* November – [[Islamabad]] officially\n        becomes [[Pakistan]]''s political capital, replacing [[Karachi]].{{clarify|date=November\n        2016}}  {{citation needed|date=November 2016}}\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] holds a secret meeting with a\n        group of the nation''s most prestigious leaders (\\\"the Wise Men\\\") and asks\n        them to suggest ways to unite the American people behind the war effort. They\n        conclude that the American people should be given more optimistic reports\n        on the progress of the war.\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Vietnam War]] –\n        [[Battle of Dak To]]: Around [[\\u0110\\u1eafk T\\u00f4]] (located about 280 miles\n        north of [[Saigon]] near the [[Cambodia]]n border), heavy casualties are suffered\n        on both sides (the Americans narrowly win the battle on [[November 22]]).\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\u2013[[November 5]] – In the [[Democratic Republic of\n        the Congo]], mercenaries of [[Jean Schramme]] and Jerry Puren withdraw from\n        Bukavu, over the Shangugu Bridge, to [[Rwanda]].\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        The [[Rhodesia]]n parliament passes pro-[[Apartheid]] laws.\\n* [[November\n        7]]\\n** U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Public Broadcasting\n        Act of 1967]], establishing the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].\\n**\n        [[Carl B. Stokes]] is elected [[List of mayors of Cleveland|mayor]] of [[Cleveland]],\n        [[Ohio]], becoming the first [[African American]] to be elected mayor of a\n        major United States city.\\n** The 50th anniversary of the [[Great October\n        Socialist Revolution]] is celebrated in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[November\n        8]] – The [[BBC]]''s first [[BBC Local Radio|local radio]] station ([[BBC\n        Radio Leicester]]) is launched.\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Apollo program]]:\n        [[NASA]] launches the first [[Saturn V]] rocket, successfully carrying the\n        unmanned ''''[[Apollo 4]]'''' test spacecraft from [[Cape Kennedy]] into Earth\n        orbit.\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Vietnam War]]: In a ceremony in [[Phnom\n        Penh]], [[Cambodia]], 3 United States prisoners of war are released by the\n        [[Viet Cong]] and turned over to American \\\"New Left\\\" antiwar activist [[Tom\n        Hayden]].\\n* [[November 14]] – The [[Congress of Colombia]], in commemoration\n        of the 150-year anniversary of the death of [[Policarpa Salavarrieta]], declares\n        this day as the \\\"Day of the Colombian Woman\\\".\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** General\n        [[Georgios Grivas]] and his 10,000 strong Greek Army division are forced to\n        leave Cyprus, after 24 [[Turkish Cypriot]] civilians are killed by the [[Greek\n        Cypriot National Guard]] in the villages of Kophinou and Ayios Theodhoros;\n        relations sour between Nicosia and Athens. Turkey flies sorties into Greek\n        territory, and masses troops in Thrace on her border with Greece.\\n** Test\n        pilot [[Michael J. Adams|Michael Adams]] is killed when his [[X-15]] rocket\n        plane tumbles out of control during atmospheric re-entry and disintegrates.\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** Vietnam War: Acting on optimistic reports he was given\n        on [[November 13]], U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] tells the nation\n        that, while much remains to be done, \\\"We are inflicting greater losses than\n        we''re taking...We are making progress.\\\" (2 months later the [[Tet Offensive]]\n        by the Viet Cong is widely reported as a Viet Cong victory by the U.S. press\n        and thus as a major setback to the U.S.''s pursuit of the war.)\\n** French\n        author [[R\\u00e9gis Debray]] is sentenced to 30 years imprisonment in [[Bolivia]].\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – The UK [[pound sterling|pound]] is devalued from \\u00a31\n        = [[United States dollar|US$]]2.80 to \\u00a31 = US$2.40.\\n* [[November 20]]\n        The \\\"[[U.S. and World Population Clock|population clock]]\\\" of the [[United\n        States Census Bureau]] records the U.S. population at 200 million people at\n        11:03 a.m. Washington, D.C. time.\\\"Nation Reaches 200 Million, And\n        Then Some\\\", ''''Salt Lake (UT) Tribune'''', November 21, 1967, p1\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Vietnam War]]: United States General [[William Westmoreland]]\n        tells news reporters: \\\"I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy\n        was winning, today he is certainly losing.\\\"\\n* [[November 22]] – [[UN\n        Security Council Resolution 242]] is adopted by the [[UN Security Council]],\n        establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an [[Arab]]\\u2013[[Israel]]i\n        peace settlement.\\n* [[November 26]] – Major floods hit [[Lisbon]],\n        Portugal, killing 462.\\n* [[November 27]] – [[The Beatles]] release\n        ''''[[Magical Mystery Tour (album)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'''' in the U.S.\n        as a full album. The songs added to the original six songs on the double EP\n        include \\\"[[All You Need Is Love]]\\\", \\\"[[Penny Lane]]\\\", \\\"[[Strawberry Fields\n        Forever]]\\\", \\\"[[Baby, You''re a Rich Man]]\\\" and \\\"[[Hello, Goodbye]]\\\".\n        Release as a double EP will not take place in the UK until December.\\n* [[November\n        28]] – The first [[pulsar]] to be discovered by Earth observers is found\n        in the constellation of [[Vulpecula]] by astronomers [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]]\n        and [[Antony Hewish]], and is given the name [[PSR B1919+21]].\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]]\n        announces his resignation to become president of the [[World Bank]]. McNamara''s\n        resignation follows U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''s outright rejection\n        of McNamara''s early November recommendations to freeze troop levels, stop\n        the bombing of [[North Vietnam]], and hand over ground fighting to [[South\n        Vietnam]].\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] founds the [[Pakistan\n        People''s Party]] and becomes its first chairman. It has gone on to become\n        one of Pakistan''s major political parties (alongside the ''''[[Pakistan Muslim\n        League]]'''') that is broken into many factions, bearing the same name under\n        different leaders, such as the Pakistan''s Peoples Party Parliamentarians\n        (PPPP).\\n** The [[Yemen|People''s Republic of South Yemen]] becomes independent\n        of the United Kingdom.\\n** Pro-Soviet communists in the Philippines establish\n        [[Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataan Pilipino]] as its new youth wing.\\n** U.S.\n        Senator [[Eugene McCarthy]] announces his candidacy for the [[Democratic Party\n        (United States)|Democratic Party]] presidential nomination, challenging incumbent\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] over the [[Vietnam War]].\\n\\n=== December\n        ===\\n{{Main|December 1967}}\\n[[File:Christiaan Barnard 1969.jpg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[December\n        3]]: Doctor [[Christiaan Barnard]] carries out first heart transplant.]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\n** [[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]] releases ''''[[Axis: Bold\n        as Love]]''''.\\n** The [[RMS Queen Mary|RMS ''''Queen Mary'''']] is retired.\n        Her place is taken by the [[RMS Queen Elizabeth 2|RMS ''''Queen Elizabeth\n        2'''']].\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Christiaan Barnard]] carries out the\n        world''s first heart transplant at [[Groote Schuur Hospital]] in [[Cape Town]],\n        South Africa.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** At 6:50 PM, a [[volcano]] erupts\n        on [[Deception Island]] in Antarctica.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. and [[South\n        Vietnam]]ese forces engage [[Viet Cong]] troops in the [[Mekong Delta]] (235\n        of the 300-strong Viet Cong battalion are killed).\\n* [[December 5]] –\n        In New York City, [[Benjamin Spock]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]] are arrested for\n        protesting against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[December 6]] – Vice President\n        [[Jorge Pacheco Areco]] is sworn in as [[List of Presidents of Uruguay|President\n        of Uruguay]] after President [[Oscar Gestido]] dies in office.\\n* [[December\n        8]] – ''''[[Magical Mystery Tour (album)|Magical Mystery Tour]]''''\n        is released by [[The Beatles]] as a double EP in the U.K., whilst the only\n        psychedelic rock album by [[The Rolling Stones]], ''''[[Their Satanic Majesties\n        Request]]'''', is released in the U.K and in the U.S.A.\\n* [[December 9]]\\n**\n        [[Nicolae Ceau\\u0219escu]] becomes the Chairman of the Romanian State Council,\n        making him the de facto leader of [[Romania]].\\n** [[Jim Morrison]] is arrested\n        on stage in [[New Haven, Connecticut]] for attempting to spark a riot in the\n        audience during a Doors-concert. \\n* [[December 11]] – [[Supersonic\n        airliner]] [[Concorde]] is unveiled in [[Toulouse]], France.\\n* [[December\n        12]] – ''''[[Guess Who''s Coming to Dinner]]'''', one of the seminal\n        race relations films of the 1960s, is released to theaters.\\n* [[December\n        13]] – King [[Constantine II of Greece]] flees the country when his\n        coup attempt fails.\\n* [[December 15]] – The Silver Bridge over the\n        [[Ohio River]] in [[Point Pleasant, West Virginia]], collapses, killing 46\n        people. \\n* [[December 17]] – [[Harold Holt]], Australian prime minister,\n        disappears when swimming at a beach 60 km from [[Melbourne]].\\n* [[December\n        19]] – Professor [[John Archibald Wheeler]] coined the astronomical\n        term ''''[[black hole]]''''.\\n* [[December 26]] – [[The Beatles]]''\n        film ''''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'''' receives\n        its world premi\\u00e8re on [[BBC Television]] in the UK\\n* [[December 31]]\\n**\n        The Green Bay Packers become the first team in the modern era to win their\n        third consecutive NFL Championship, 21-17 over the Dallas Cowboys in what\n        became known as \\\"The Ice Bowl\\\".\\n** Motorcycle daredevil [[Evel Knievel]]\n        attempts to jump 141 feet over the [[Caesars Palace]] Fountains on the\n        [[Las Vegas Strip]].  Knievel crashes on landing and the accident is caught\n        on film.\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Warner Bros.]] becomes a wholly owned\n        subsidiary of [[Seven Arts Productions]], thus becoming [[Warner Bros.-Seven\n        Arts]].\\n* The [[Jari project]] begins in the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]].\\n*\n        [[Albania]] is officially declared an [[atheism|atheist]] state by its leader,\n        [[Enver Hoxha]].\\n* The [[University of Winnipeg]] is founded in Canada.\\n*\n        [[Lonsdaleite]] (the rarest [[allotrope]] of [[carbon]]) is first discovered\n        in the [[Barringer Crater]], [[Arizona]].\\n* A [[lost city]] is discovered\n        on the island of [[Santorini|Thera]], buried under [[volcano|volcanic]] debris.\n        It has been suggested that [[Plato]] may have heard legends about this, and\n        used them as the germ of his story of [[Atlantis]].\\n* [[St Christopher''s\n        Hospice]], the world''s first purpose-built secular [[hospice]] specialising\n        in [[palliative care]] of the [[terminally ill]], is established in South\n        London by [[Cicely Saunders]] with the support of [[Albertine Winner]].{{cite\n        web|first=Mary|last=Baines|title=History|url=http://www.stchristophers.org.uk/about/history|publisher=St\n        Christopher''s|accessdate=2012-08-08}}\\n* [[PAL]] is first introduced\n        in Germany.\\n* ''''[[Gunsmoke]]'''', after 12 seasons and with declining ratings,\n        almost gets cancelled, but protests from viewers, network affiliates and even\n        members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] and especially [[William S.\n        Paley]], the head of the network, lead the network to move the series from\n        its longtime late Saturday time slot to early Mondays for the fall\\u2014displacing\n        ''''[[Gilligan''s Island]]'''', which initially had been renewed for a fourth\n        season but is cancelled instead.  ''''Gunsmoke'''' would remain on CBS until\n        1975.\\n* The [[Summer of Love]] is held in San Francisco.\\n* [[Lech Wa\\u0142\\u0119sa]]\n        goes to work in [[Gda\\u0144sk]] [[shipyard]]s.\\n* [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] joins\n        the Israeli Army.\\n* The Greek [[military junta]] exiles [[Melina Mercouri]].\\n*\n        [[Parker Morris Committee|Parker Morris Standards]] become mandatory for all\n        housing built in [[new towns in the United Kingdom]].\\n* [[Sabon]] [[typeface]],\n        designed by [[Jan Tschichold]], introduced.\\n* [[Gabriel Garc\\u00eda M\\u00e1rquez]]''s\n        influential novel ''''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'''' is published (in\n        Spanish).\\n* The first edition of the book, ''''[[A Short History of Pakistan]]'''',\n        is published by [[Karachi University]], [[Pakistan]].\\n* [[Fernand Braudel]]\n        begins publication of ''''Civilisation mat\\u00e9rielle, \\u00e9conomie et capitalisme,\n        XVe-XVIIIe si\\u00e8cle''''.\\n*The [[National Hockey\n        League]] adds six more teams, doubling its size. The teams are the [[St. Louis\n        Blues]], [[Oakland Seals]], [[Minnesota North Stars]], [[Los Angeles Kings]],\n        [[Philadelphia Flyers]], and [[Pittsburgh Penguins]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Ballasyrkellypic.jpg|thumb|100px|[[R.\n        Kelly]]]]\\n[[File:Ecaterina Szabo 1985cr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ecaterina Szabo]]]]\\n[[File:Phil.lamarr.2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Phil\n        LaMarr]]]]\\n[[File:RandyBernard.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Randy Bernard]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Sunny Chan]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Tia\n        Carrere]], American actress\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Marina Orsini]], Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Joe Flanigan]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        6]] – [[A R Rahman]], Indian Music composer\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Nick\n        Clegg]], British politician\\n** [[Irrfan Khan]], Indian actor\\n** [[Mark Lamarr]],\n        British comedian/TV and radio presenter\\n* [[January 8]]\\n** [[R. Kelly]],\n        American R&B singer and songwriter\\n** [[Ma\\u0142gorzata Foremniak]], Polish\n        actress\\n* [[January 9]]\\n** [[Dale Gordon]], English footballer\\n** [[Dave\n        Matthews]], South African\\u2013born American musician\\n* [[January 11]] –\n        [[Michael Healy-Rae]], Irish politician, son of  [[Jackie Healy-Rae]]\\n* [[January\n        12]] – [[Vendela Kirsebom]], Swedish supermodel\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Sharon Beshenivsky]], West Yorkshire police constable (d. [[2005]])\\n**\n        [[Leonardo Ortolani|Leo Ortolani]], Italian comic book author\\n** [[Kerri\n        Green]], American actress and film director\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Andrea\n        James]], American producer and author \\n* [[January 17]] – [[Song Kang-ho]],\n        Korean actor\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Iv\\u00e1n Zamorano]], Chilean footballer\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Wigald Boning]], German actor, singer, writer and\n        television presenter\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Artashes Minasian]], Armenian\n        chess grand master\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Eleanor McEvoy]], Irish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Ecaterina Szabo]], Romanian gymnast\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Naim S\\u00fcleymano\\u011flu]],\n        Turkish weightlifter\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Phil LaMarr]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[John Myung]], American musician\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Nozomu\n        Sasaki]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Voltaire (musician)|Voltaire]], Cuban\n        singer\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Toshiyuki Morikawa]], Japanese voice actor\\n*\n        [[January 28]] – [[Jan Lamb]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n* [[January\n        29]] – [[Khalid Skah]], Moroccan long-distance runner\\n* [[January 31]]\\n**\n        [[Joey Wong]], Taiwanese actress\\n** [[Roberto Palazuelos]], Mexican actor\\n**\n        [[Randy Bernard]], CEO of [[Professional Bull Riders]] and [[Indycar]]\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hermione\n        Norris cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hermione Norris]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Rutte-6.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark\n        Rutte]]]]\\n[[File:Benicio Del Toro - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benicio del Toro]]]]\\n[[File:Nirvana around\n        1992.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Kurt Cobain]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Meg Cabot]],\n        American teen author\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Frederick Pitcher]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Chris Parnell]], American actor and\n        comedian (''''[[Saturday Night Live]]'''')\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Izumi\n        Sakai]], Japanese singer ([[Zard]]) (d. 2007)\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Cheung\n        Man]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 9]]\\n** [[Todd Pratt]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Dan Shulman]], Canadian sports announcer\\n* [[February 10]]\\n**\n        [[Laura Dern]], American actress\\n** [[Vince Gilligan]], American writer,\n        director and producer\\n** [[Armand Serrano]], Filipino animator\\n*  [[February\n        11]] \\n** [[Hank Gathers]], American college basketball player (d. 1990)\\n**\n        [[Paul McLoone]], Irish radio presenter, voice actor, former radio producer\n        and frontman with [[The Undertones]]\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Hermione Norris]],\n        British actress\\n** [[Chitravina N. Ravikiran]], Indian composer and musician\\n*\n        [[February 13]] – [[Carolyn Lawrence]], American actress and voice actress\\n*\n        [[February 14]] \\n** [[Mark Rutte]], Dutch politician, 50th [[Prime Minister\n        of the Netherlands]] since 2010.\\n** Sir [[Stelios Haji-Ioannou]], British-Greek\n        entrepreneur, Founder of [[EasyJet]] low-cost airline\\n* [[February 15]]\\n**\n        [[Dan Farr]], American entrepreneur, Founder of [[Salt Lake Comic Con]]\\n**\n        [[Trond Egil Soltvedt]], Norwegian footballer\\n* [[February 18]]\\n** [[Marco\n        Aur\\u00e9lio Cunha dos Santos|Marco Aur\\u00e9lio]], Brazilian footballer\\n**\n        [[Roberto Baggio]], Italian football player\\n** [[Benicio del Toro]], Puerto\n        Rican actor\\n** [[John Valentin]], American baseball player\\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Sven Erik Kristiansen]], Norwegian black metal and hardcore\n        punk singer. He used the stage name ''''Maniac'''' as a member of [[Mayhem\n        (band)|Mayhem]]. \\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Kurt Cobain]], American musician\n        ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]) (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[David Herman]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Andrew Shue]], American actor\\n** [[Lili Taylor]], American actress\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[Paul Lieberstein]], American screenwriter and actor\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Kelly Manison]], American voice actress\\n* [[February\n        26]]\\n** [[Currie Graham]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Kazuyoshi Miura]], Japanese\n        footballer\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Jonathan Ive]], Apple Corporation\n        designer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Lauren Graham August 2014.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Lauren\n        Graham]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** [[George Eads]], American actor\\n** [[Rosyam\n        Nor]], Malaysian actor\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Hans Teeuwen]], Dutch comedian\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Daryll Cullinan]], South African cricketer\\n** [[Tim Vine]],\n        English Comedian and actor\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Mihai Tudose]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Romania]]\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Jean-Pierre Barda]], Swedish\n        singer ([[Army of Lovers]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Aura Cristine Geithner]],\n        Colombian actress\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Omer Tarin]], Pakistani/South\n        Asian poet, writer and scholar\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[John Barrowman]], Scottish-born\n        actor\\n** [[George Gray (television personality)|George Gray]], American comedian\n        and game show announcer\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Massimiliano Frezzato]],\n        Italian comic writer\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Andr\\u00e9s Escobar]], Colombian\n        football player (d. 1994)\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Naoko Takeuchi]], Japanese\n        artist\\n* [[March 16]] \\n** [[Lauren Graham]], American actress\\n** [[John\n        Mangum]], Professional football player\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Billy Corgan]],\n        American musician and songwriter\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Andre Rison]],\n        American pro football player\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Jonas Berggren]], Swedish\n        musician ([[Ace of Base]])\\n** [[Adrian Chiles]], British television and radio\n        presenter\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Mario Cipollini]], Italian cyclist\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** [[Matthew Barney]], American sculptor, photographer and filmmaker\\n**\n        [[Debi Thomas]], American figure skater\\n* [[March 26]] – [[Mark Carroll\n        (rugby league)|Mark Carroll]], Australian rugby league footballer\\n* [[March\n        27]]\\n** [[Kenta Kobashi]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n** [[Talisa Soto]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Brian Jordan]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[March 30]]\\n** [[Albert-L\\u00e1szl\\u00f3 Barab\\u00e1si]], Romanian-born\n        Hungarian-American physicist\\n** [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater\n        (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Megumi Hayashibara]], Japanese voice actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:MariaBelloSept2013TIFF.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Maria\n        Bello]]]]\\n[[File:Koning-willem-alexander-okt-15-s.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Willem-Alexander\n        of the Netherlands]]]]\\n[[File:Philipp Kirkorov cropped.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Philipp\n        Kirkorov]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Ren\\u00e9e Estevez]], American actress\n        and writer\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Andy Parsons]], English comedian and writer\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Anu Garg]], Indian-American writer and speaker\\n* [[April\n        6]] \\n** [[Kathleen Barr]], Canadian voice actress\\n** [[Mika Koivuniemi]],\n        Finnish ten-pin bowler\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Artemis Gounaki]], Greek-German\n        singer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Alex Kahn]], American artist\\n* [[April 11]]\n        – [[Liina Olmaru]], Estonian actress \\n* [[April 14]] \\n** [[Jeff Jarrett]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n** [[Tim Holmes (actor)|Tim Holmes]], American\n        actor and musician\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Frankie Poullain]], British rock\n        bassist ([[The Darkness (band)|The Darkness]])\\n** [[Dara Torres]], American\n        swimmer\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Kimberly Elise]], African-American actress\\n**\n        [[Marquis Grissom]], American baseball player\\n** [[Liz Phair]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Henry Ian Cusick]], Peruvian actor\\n* [[April 18]] –\n        [[Maria Bello]], American actress\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Raymond van Barneveld]],\n        Dutch darts player\\n** [[Lara Jill Miller]], American actress and former child\n        star\\n** [[Mike Portnoy]], American musician\\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Sheryl\n        Lee]], American actress\\n** [[Sherri Shepherd]], American comedian and TV\n        show host\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Melina Kanakaredes]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 26]]\\n** [[Glenn Jacobs]] (Kane), American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Marianne Jean-Baptiste]], English actress, singer-songwriter, composer and\n        director\\n** [[Corrinne Wicks]], English actress\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Willem-Alexander\n        of the Netherlands]]\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Curtis Joseph]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Rachel Williams]], American model, actress and TV presenter\\n*\n        [[April 30]]\\n** [[Steven Mackintosh]], English actor\\n** [[Philipp Kirkorov]],\n        Soviet and Russian pop singer, actor and producer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Chris\n        Benoit in the Ring.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Chris Benoit]]]]\\n[[File:Gascoigne, Paul.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Paul\n        Gascoigne]]]]\\n[[File:KristenSkjeldal.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Kristen Skjeldal]]]]\\n[[File:Noel\n        Gallagher at Razzmatazz, Barcelona, Spain-5March2012 (3).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Noel\n        Gallagher]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] \\n** [[Kenny Hotz]], Canadian entertainer\\n** [[Scott\n        Coffey]], American actor and director\\n** [[Tim McGraw]], American country\n        singer\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Akiko Yajima]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Ana\n        Gasteyer]], American actress\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Takehito Koyasu]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n** [[Bill Ward (actor)|Bill Ward]], English actor\\n* [[May 10]]\n        – [[Nobuhiro Takeda]], Japanese footballer and sportscaster\\n* [[May\n        11]] – [[G\\u00e9za R\\u00f6hrig]], Hungarian actor and poet\\n* [[May\n        13]]\\n** [[Chuck Schuldiner]], American singer and guitarist (d. [[2001]])\\n**\n        [[Melanie Thornton]], American singer ([[La Bouche]]) (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[May\n        14]] – [[Tony Siragusa]], American football player\\n* [[May 15]] \\n**\n        [[Madhuri Dixit]], Indian actress\\n** [[John Smoltz]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Geraldine Somerville]], Irish actress\\n** [[Massimo Taccon]],\n        Italian painter, sculptor and writer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Chris Benoit]],\n        Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Brooke\n        Smith (actress)|Brooke Smith]], American actress\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Andrey\n        Borodin]], Russian banker\\n** [[Heavy D]], Jamaican-born American actor, rapper\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Bruno Putzulu]], French actor\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Poppy\n        Z. Brite]], American author\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Stacy Compton]], American\n        racing driver\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** [[Paul Gascoigne]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Kai Pflaume]], German television presenter and game show host\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Glen Rice]], American basketball player\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Noel\n        Gallagher]], British musician ([[Oasis (band)|Oasis]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Phil\n        Keoghan]], New Zealand-born television host (''''[[The Amazing Race]]'''')\\n**\n        [[Kenny Lofton]], American baseball player\\n** [[Sandrine Bonnaire]], French\n        actress\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:PaulGiamattiSept2013TIFF.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul\n        Giamatti]]]]\\n[[File:Fred Tatasciore cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fred Tatasciore]]]]\\n[[File:Nicole\n        Kidman Cannes 2017 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicole Kidman]]]]\\n[[File:9153ri-Yingluck\n        Shinawatra.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yingluck Shinawatra]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Roger Sanchez]], American DJ\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Anderson Cooper]], American\n        television journalist\\n** [[Tam\\u00e1s Darnyi]], Hungarian swimmer\\n** [[Christopher\n        Walker (athlete)|Christopher Walker]], Gibraltarian triathlete and cyclist\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Joe DeLoach]], American athlete\\n** [[Ron Livingston]], American\n        actor\\n* [[June 6]] \\n** [[Max Casella]], American actor\\n** [[Tristan Gemmill]],\n        English actor\\n** [[Paul Giamatti]], American actor\\n* [[June 7]] –\n        [[Olli Mustonen]], Finnish pianist and composer\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Efan Ekoku]],\n        Nigerian footballer\\n** [[Jasmin Tabatabai]], German/Iranian actress and musician\\n*\n        [[June 9]] – [[Rub\\u00e9n Maza]], Venezuelan long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[June 10]] – [[Darren \\\"Buffy, the Human Beatbox\\\" Robinson]], African-American\n        rapper ''''(The Fat Boys)'''' (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Y\\u016bji\n        Ueda]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Fred Tatasciore]], American voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[J\\u00fcrgen Klopp]], German footballer\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Bj\\u00f8rn D\\u00e6hlie]], Norwegian Olympic skier\\n** [[Mia Sara]], American\n        actress\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Nicole Kidman]], American-born Australian\n        actress\\n* [[June 21]] \\n** [[Jim Breuer]], former ''''[[Saturday Night Live]]''''\n        cast member and stand-up comedian\\n** [[Yingluck Shinawatra]], Thai politician,\n        28th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Lane Napper]],\n        American actor\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Yoko Minamino]], ''''Japanese Idol''''\n        star and actress\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Bill Huard]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Michael Kessler]], German actor, comedian and author\\n** [[Richard Z. Kruspe]],\n        German rock musician ([[Rammstein]])\\n** [[Janez Lapajne]], Slovenian film\n        director\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Kaori Asoh]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n**\n        [[Luisito Espinosa]], Filipino boxer\\n* [[June 28]]\\n** [[Gil Bellows]], Canadian\n        film and television actor\\n** [[Lars Riedel]], German Olympic athlete\\n* [[June\n        29]] – [[Jeff Burton]], American race car driver\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Pam\n        Anderson 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pamela Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:2015_White_House_Astronomy_Night_with_the_MythBusters_(cropped_to_Adam_Savage).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Adam\n        Savage]]]]\\n[[File:Will Ferrell 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Will Ferrell]]]]\\n[[File:Vin\n        Diesel by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vin Diesel]]]]\\n[[File:Reed Diamond\n        April 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Reed Diamond]]]]\\n[[File:Matt LeBlanc, Arqiva\n        British Academy Television Awards, 2013 (tone crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matt\n        LeBlanc]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Statham 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason Statham]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] \\n** [[Pamela Anderson]], Canadian actress and model\\n** [[Luca\n        Bottale]], Italian voice actor\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Brian Cashman]], American\n        baseball executive\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Vinny Castilla]], Mexican Major League\n        Baseball player\\n** [[Andy Walker (journalist)|Andy Walker]], Canadian television\n        personality\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Silvia Ziche]], Italian comics artist\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Heather Nova]], Bermudian singer-songwriter\\n* [[July\n        7]] – [[Tom Kristensen (racing driver)|Tom Kristensen]], Danish racing\n        car driver \\n* [[July 8]] – [[Jordan Chan]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n*\n        [[July 9]]\\n** [[Gunnar Ax\\u00e9n]], Swedish politician\\n** [[Mark Stoops]],\n        American football coach\\n* [[July 10]]\\n** [[Tom Meents]], American monster\n        truck driver. \\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[John Henson]], American TV show host\\n**\n        [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], British-born Indian-American author\\n* [[July 12]]\\n**\n        [[Martin Lynes]], Australian actor\\n** [[John Petrucci]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Count Jefferson von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth]]\\n** [[Richard Herring]], British\n        comedian and writer\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Akira Hokuto]], Japanese women''s\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Robin Ventura]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Patrick J. Kennedy]], American politician\\n* [[July 15]]\\n**\n        [[Adam Savage]], American TV show host\\n** [[Michael Tse]], Hong Kong actor\\n*\n        [[July 16]]\\n** [[Will Ferrell]], American actor, comedian, and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Mihaela Stanulet]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Brian Baker (actor)|Brian\n        Baker]], American actor\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Vin Diesel]], American actor\n        and film director\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Rageh Omaar]], broadcaster\\n* [[July\n        20]] – [[Reed Diamond]], American actor\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Rhys Ifans]],\n        Welsh actor and musician\\n** [[Irene Bedard]], American actress\\n* [[July\n        23]] – [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]], American actor (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[July\n        25]] \\n** [[Matt LeBlanc]], American actor\\n** [[Wendy Raquel Robinson]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Margarita Zavala]], Mexican lawyer and politician,\n        [[First Lady of Mexico]]\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Jason Statham]], English\n        actor, martial artist, and former diver\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Jakob Augstein]],\n        German journalist and publisher\\n** [[Taka Hirose]], Japanese musician ([[Feeder\n        (band)|Feeder]])\\n* [[July 30]] – [[A. W. Yrj\\u00e4n\\u00e4]], Finnish\n        rock musician and poet\\n* [[July 31]]\\n** [[Rodney Harvey]], American actor\n        and model (d. [[1998]])\\n** [[Minako Honda]], Japanese singer and musical\n        actress (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Elizabeth Wurtzel]], author and feminist\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Rock\n        en Seine soad 1.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Serj Tankian]]]]\\n[[File:Ty Burrell 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ty\n        Burrell]]]]\\n[[File:Tom Hollander 1.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Tom Hollander]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 3]] – [[Mathieu Kassovitz]], French movie director and actor\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Michael Marsh (athlete)|Michael Marsh]], American athlete\\n**\n        [[Tom Anderson (politician)|Tom Anderson]], American partner at Optima Public\n        Relations\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Thomas Lang]], Austrian drummer\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Charlotte Lewis]], English actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Y\\u016bki\n        Amami]], Japanese actress\\n** [[Sable (wrestler)|Sable]], American wrestler,\n        model and actress\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Deion Sanders]], African-American\n        pro football and baseball player\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Riddick Bowe]],\n        American boxer\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Enrique Bunbury]], Spanish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Collin Chou]], Taiwanese martial arts actor\\n** [[Joe Rogan]], American\n        comedian and television host\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Andy Hui]], Hong Kong\n        singer and actor\\n** [[Emil Kostadinov]], Bulgarian football player\\n** [[Regilio\n        Tuur]], Dutch boxer\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Am\\u00e9lie Nothomb]], Belgian\n        writer\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Brahim Boutayeb]], Moroccan long-distance\n        runner\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Ulrika Jonsson]], Swedish-born television personality\\n**\n        [[Pamela Smart]], American murderer\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Daler Mehndi]],\n        Indian singer\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Satya Nadella]], Indian-American\n        businessman and current CEO of [[Microsoft]]\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Carrie-Anne\n        Moss]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Serj Tankian]], Lebanese-born singer ([[System\n        of a Down]])\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje]], Nigerian-British\n        actor and model\\n** [[Ty Burrell]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Yukiko\n        Okada]], Japanese idol singer (d. [[1986]])\\n** [[Layne Staley]], American\n        rock musician ([[Alice in Chains]]) (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\n** [[Tom\n        Hollander]], English actor\\n** [[Eckart von Hirschhausen]], German physician\n        and comedian\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Ogie Alcasid]], Filipino singer-songwriter,\n        comedian, parodist, and actor\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Masaaki Endoh]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Neil Gorsuch]], Associate Justice of\n        the U.S. Supreme Court since 2017\\n** [[Anton Newcombe]], American musician\n        ([[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Frederique van\n        der Wal]], Dutch supermodel\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Michael_Johnson_at_London_Olympic_Stadium_2010-07_1.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Johnson (sprinter)|Michael Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Tara Fitzgerald (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tara\n        Fitzgerald]]]]\\n[[File:Kristen Johnston by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kristen\n        Johnston]]]]\\n[[File:Montreuil - Salon du livre jeunesse 2011 - Emmanuelle\n        Houdard - 001.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Emmanuelle Houdart]]]]\\n* [[September\n        3]] – [[Luis Gonzalez (outfielder)|Luis Gonzalez]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** [[Koichi Morishita]], Japanese long-distance\n        runner\\n** [[Arnel Pineda]], Filipino singer-songwriter\\n** [[Matthias Sammer]],\n        German football player\\n** [[Jane Sixsmith]], English field hockey player\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – [[Macy Gray]], American urban musician\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Akshay Kumar]], Bollywood Actor\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Harry Connick Jr.]], American singer and actor\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Louis\n        C.K.]], American comedian and actor\\n** [[Rob Renzetti]], American animator\\n*\n        [[September 13]]\\n** [[Michael Johnson (sprinter)|Michael Johnson]], American\n        athlete\\n** [[Tim \\\"Ripper\\\" Owens]] American rock singer ([[Judas Priest]],\n        [[Iced Earth]], [[Yngwie Malmsteen]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Tara Fitzgerald]],\n        British actress\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Aleksandr Karelin]], Russian\n        Greco-Roman wrestler\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Kristen Johnston]], American\n        actress\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Faith Hill]], American country singer\\n*\n        [[September 22]] \\n** [[F\\u00e9lix Sav\\u00f3n]], Cuban boxer\\n** [[Michelle\n        Ruff]], American voice actress\\n* [[September 23]]\\n** [[Masashi Nakayama]],\n        Japanese footballer\\n** [[Jenna Stern]], American actress\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Kim Issel]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Audrey Wasilewski]], American\n        actress and voice actress\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Debi Derryberry]],\n        American voice actress\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Mira Sorvino]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Moon Unit Zappa]], American actress, musician and author\\n*\n        [[September 30]]\\n** [[Emmanuelle Houdart]], Swiss artist\\n** [[Andrea Roth]],\n        Canadian actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Liev Schreiber 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liev\n        Schreiber]]]]\\n[[File:Guy Pearce Cannes 2012 (revised).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Guy\n        Pearce]]]]\\n[[File:EDDIE GUERRERO.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Eddie Guerrero]]]]\\n[[File:Kate\n        Walsh 2011 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate Walsh (actress)|Kate Walsh]]]]\\n[[File:Julia\n        Roberts Cannes 2016 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julia Roberts]]]]\\n[[File:Joely Fisher\n        at An Evening With Women 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joely Fisher]]]]\\n* [[October\n        2]] – [[Frankie Fredericks]], Namibian athlete\\n* [[October 3]] \\n**\n        [[Rob Liefeld]], American author and illustrador\\n** [[Tiara Jacquelina]],\n        Malaysian actress\\n** [[Denis Villeneuve]], Canadian film director and writer\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Liev Schreiber]], American actor and film director\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Guy Pearce]], English-born Australian actor\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Bruno Bichir]], Mexican actor\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Toni\n        Braxton]], African-American R&B singer\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Eddie Guerrero]],\n        Mexican-American professional wrestler (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 11]]\\n**\n        [[Artie Lange]], American actor, comedian and radio personality\\n** [[David\n        Starr]], American racecar driver\\n** [[Tazz]], American professional wrestler\n        and commentator\\n** [[Peter Thiel]], German-American entrepreneur and venture\n        capitalist \\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Hannu Lintu]], Finnish conductor\\n** [[Trevor\n        Hoffman]], American Major League Baseball player\\n** [[Javier Sotomayor]],\n        Cuban high jumper\\n** [[Kate Walsh (actress)|Kate Walsh]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Davina McCall]], British TV presenter and UK ''''Big\n        Brother'''' host\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Dif]], Danish-Algerian\n        singer (''''Aqua'''')\\n** [[Venus Terzo]], Canadian actress/voice actress\\n*\n        [[October 22]]\\n** [[Salvatore Di Vittorio]], Italian composer-conductor\\n**\n        [[Ulrike Maier]], Austrian alpine skier (d. [[1994]])\\n** [[Carlos Mencia]],\n        Latino-American actor and standup comedian\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Jacqueline\n        McKenzie]], Australian actress\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Keith Urban]],\n        New Zealand-born Australian country music singer\\n* [[October 27]] –\n        [[Scott Weiland]], American musician (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Julia\n        Roberts]], American actress\\n** [[Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein]]\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Joely Fisher]], American actress\\n** [[P\\u00e9ter Kun]],\n        Hungarian guitarist (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Rufus Sewell]], English actor\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Brad Aitken]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Ty Detmer]], American\n        NFL quarterback; 1990 Heisman Trophy winner\\n* [[October 31]]\\n** [[Vanilla\n        Ice]], American rapper\\n** [[Buddy Lazier]], American race car driver\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Rebecca\n        Schaeffer 86-88.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Rebecca Schaeffer]]]]\\n[[File:David Guetta\n        2013-04-12 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Guetta]]]]\\n[[File:JimmyKimmelHWOFJan2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy\n        Kimmel]]]]                                                    \\n[[File:Boris\n        Becker 14.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Boris Becker]]]]\\n[[File:Mark Ruffalo June 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark\n        Ruffalo]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Tina Arena]], Australian singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[November 2]] \\n** [[Akira Ishida]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Scott Walker\n        (politician)|Scott Walker]], American legislator and politician; 45th Governor\n        of Wisconsin (2011\\u2013present)\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Steven Wilson]],\n        British musician\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Judy Reyes]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 6]] – [[Rebecca Schaeffer]], American actress (d. [[1989]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]]\\n** [[David Guetta]], French DJ and songwriter\\n** [[Sharleen\n        Spiteri]], Scottish singer-songwriter\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Courtney\n        Thorne-Smith]], American actress\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Gil de Ferran]],\n        Brazilian race car driver\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Juhi Chawla]], Indian former\n        beauty queen and actress\\n** [[Jimmy Kimmel]], American comedian and talk\n        show host\\n** [[Steve Zahn]], American actor\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Letitia\n        Dean]], English actress\\n** [[Mary Woodvine]], British actress\\n* [[November\n        15]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ozon]], French writer and director\\n* [[November\n        16]] – [[Lisa Bonet]], American actress\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Teoman]],\n        Turkish rock singer and songwriter\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Ken Block]],\n        American racing driver\\n* [[November 22]]\\n** [[Boris Becker]], German tennis\n        player\\n** [[Mark Ruffalo]], American actor\\n** [[Bart Veldkamp]], Dutch-born\n        speed skater\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Salli Richardson]], American actress\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Anthony Nesty]], Surinamese swimmer\\n* [[November\n        28]] – [[Anna Nicole Smith]], American model and actress (d. [[2007]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jamie\n        Foxx by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamie Foxx]]]]\\n[[File:Criss angel\n        (cropped version).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Criss Angel]]]]\\n[[File:Saakashvili76589.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikheil\n        Saakashvili]]]]\\n[[File:Carla Bruni-Sarkozy (3).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carla Bruni]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] \\n** [[Nestor Carbonell]], American actor\\n** [[Reggie Sanders]],\n        American Major League Baseball outfielder\\n* [[December 4]] – [[Adamski]],\n        English dance music producer\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Knez (singer)|Knez]],\n        Montenegrin singer\\n* [[December 6]]\\n** [[Judd Apatow]], American screenwriter\n        and producer\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Hacken Lee]], Hong Kong singer and actor\\n**\n        [[Tino Martinez]], American baseball player\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Kotono\n        Mitsuishi]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 9]]\\n** [[Joshua Bell]],\n        American violinist\\n** [[Caryn Kadavy]], American figure skater\\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Mo''Nique]], African-American actress and comedian \\n* [[December\n        11]] – [[Peter Kelamis]], Australian voice actor\\n* [[December 12]]\n        – [[John Randle]], American football player\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Jamie\n        Foxx]], African-American actor and singer\\n** [[Y\\u016bji Oda]], Japanese\n        singer and actor\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Ewa Bia\\u0142o\\u0142\\u0119cka]],\n        Polish writer                                                                                                                                    \\n**\n        [[Louise Lear]], BBC Weather Prestnter\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Mo Vaughn]],\n        American Baseball player\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Donovan Bailey]], Canadian\n        athlete\\n** [[Miranda Otto]], Australian actress\\n* [[December 17]] –\n        [[Gigi D''Agostino]], Italian musician and DJ\\n* [[December 18]] – [[Toine\n        van Peperstraten]], Dutch sports journalist\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Criss\n        Angel]], American musician, magician, illusionist, escapologist, and stunt\n        performer\\n** [[Charles Austin]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[December 20]]\n        – [[Eugenia Cauduro]], Mexican actress and model\\n* [[December 21]]\n        – [[Mikheil Saakashvili]], Georgian politician, 3rd [[President of Georgia]]\n        and [[Governor of Odessa Oblast]]\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[Dan Petrescu]],\n        Romanian footballer\\n** [[Juan Manuel Bernal]], Mexican actor\\n* [[December\n        23]] – [[Carla Bruni]], Italian-French model, singer-songwriter, former\n        First Lady of France\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Richard Manning]], British\n        cycling legend, Ironman\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Timo Karppinen]], Finnish\n        orienteer\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Andr\\u00e1s Roszt\\u00f3czy]], Hungarian\n        gastroenterologist\\n* [[Joan Vizcarra]], Spanish artist\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n===\n        January ===\\n[[File:CE5301C.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Ruby]]]]\\n[[File:Barney\n        Ross.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Barney Ross]]]]\\n[[File:Eddie Tolan 1932.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eddie\n        Tolan]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Moon Mullican]], American country singer\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 3]]\\n** [[Mary Garden]], Scottish opera singer\n        (b. [[1874]])\\n** [[Jack Ruby]], American killer of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Donald Campbell]], English water and\n        land speed record seeker (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Mohamed Khider]], Algerian politician\n        (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Waldo Frank]], American novelist\n        and historian (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Holland Smith]], American\n        general (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Mikl\\u00f3s K\\u00e1llay]],\n        34th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Evelyn\n        Nesbit]], American actress and model (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Barney Ross]], American\n        boxer (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Harry Antrim]], American actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Ann Sheridan]], American actress\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[Luigi Federzoni]], Italian Fascist\n        politician (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** [[David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl\n        of Kilmuir]], British politician, lawyer, and judge (b. [[1900]])\\n** Crew\n        of [[Apollo 1]] (launch pad fire):\\n*** [[Edward Higgins White|Edward White]],\n        American astronaut (b. [[1930]])\\n*** [[Gus Grissom]], American astronaut\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n*** [[Roger Chaffee]], American astronaut (b. [[1935]])\\n**\n        [[Alphonse Juin]], Marshal of France (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Luigi Tenco]], Italian\n        singer-songwriter (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Eddie Tolan]],\n        American athlete (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg|thumb|100px|[[J.\n        Robert Oppenheimer]]]]\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Albert Orsborn]], 6th General\n        of The Salvation Army (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[February 6]]\\n** [[Martine Carol]],\n        French actress (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]], [[United States\n        Secretary of the Treasury]] during [[World War II]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        7]]   [[David Unaipon]], Australian author and inventor (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[Victor Gollancz]], British publisher (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[February 14]] – [[Sig Ruman]], German actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February\n        15]] – [[Antonio Moreno]], Spanish actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February\n        16]] – [[Smiley Burnette]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Ciro Alegr\\u00eda]],  Peruvian journalist, politician, and\n        novelist (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]],\n        American physicist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Charles Beaumont]],\n        American writer (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Franz Waxman]], German-American\n        composer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Hilliard Almond Wilbanks]], Medal of Honor recipient\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Henry Luce]], American publisher\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n=== March ===\\n[[File:Mossadeghmohammad.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohammad\n        Mosaddegh]]]]\\n[[File:Kod\\u00e1ly Zolt\\u00e1n 1930s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zolt\\u00e1n\n        Kod\\u00e1ly]]]]\\n* [[March 2]] \\n** [[Gordon Harker]], English actor (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Mart\\u00ednez Ruiz|Jos\\u00e9 Mart\\u00ednez Ruiz, ''Azor\\u00edn'']],\n        Spanish writer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 5]] \\n** [[Mischa Auer]], Russian-born\n        actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]], Iranian politician, 35th [[Prime\n        Minister of Iran]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Georges Vanier]], Canadian Governor\n        General (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[John Haden Badley]], English author\n        (b. [[1865]])\\n** [[Nelson Eddy]], American singer and actor (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Harlan]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Zolt\\u00e1n Kod\\u00e1ly]],\n        Hungarian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Alice B. Toklas]],\n        American personality (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Geraldine Farrar]],\n        American soprano (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Hanns Lothar]], German actor (b. [[1929]])\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – [[Marcellus Boss]], American politician, member of the\n        [[Kansas Senate]] and the 5th [[Civilian Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]] – [[Jaroslav Heyrovsk\\u00fd]], Czech chemist, Nobel Prize\n        laureate (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Jean Toomer]], American writer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Don Alvarado]], American actor (b.\n        [[1904]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[Image:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004,\n        Konrad Adenauer.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Konrad Adenauer]]]]\\n* [[April 2]] –\n        [[Laura Evangelista Alvarado Cardozo]], Venezuelan [[Roman Catholic]] religious\n        professed and blessed (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Guy Chamberlin]],\n        American football player and coach and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall\n        of Fame]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Al Lewis (lyricist)|Al Lewis]], American songwriter\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Hermann Joseph Muller]], American geneticist,\n        recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Buster Bailey]], American jazz clarinetist (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – Luis Somoza Debayle]], 26th President of Nicaragua (b.\n        [[1922]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Tot\\u00f2]], Italian actor (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Red Allen]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Friedrich Heiler]], German theologian and historian\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 19]] \\n** [[Konrad Adenauer]], German statesman,\n        27th [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany]]\n        and Christian Democratic leader (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[William Boyle, 12th Earl\n        of Cork and Orrery|William Boyle]], British Admiral (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[April\n        22]] – [[Tom Conway]], British actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April 23]] –\n        [[Edgar Neville]], Spanish playwright and film director (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April\n        24]] \\n** [[Vladimir Komarov]], Soviet cosmonaut (parachute failure) (b. [[1927]])\\n**\n        [[Jacques Brunius]], French actor and director (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Frank Overton]],\n        American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Joseph Boxhall]], British\n        sailor, fourth officer of the {{RMS|Titanic}} (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Benjamin\n        Foulois]], American Brigadier General (USAF), first rated U.S. military pilot,\n        trained by the [[Wright brothers]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[William\n        Douglas Cook]], founder of [[Eastwoodhill Arboretum]] and [[Pukeiti, Taranaki|Pukeiti]],\n        (New Zealand) (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Anthony Mann]], American\n        actor and director (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n=== May ===\\n[[Image:John Masefield 1913.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Masefield]]]]\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Zhou Zuoren]], Chinese writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Judith Evelyn]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** [[The Andrews Sisters|Laverne Andrews]], American singer (b. [[1911]])\\n**\n        [[Barbara Payton]], American actress (b. [[1927]])\\n** [[Elmer Rice]], American\n        playwright (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Philippa Schuyler]], American\n        journalist (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Lorenzo Bandini]], Italian\n        Formula One driver (b. [[1935]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[John Masefield]],\n        English poet and novelist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 15]] \\n** [[Edward Hopper]],\n        American painter (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Italo Mus]], Italian painter (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]] – [[Andy Clyde]], Scottish actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 21]]\n        \\n** [[G\\u00e9za Lakatos]], Hungarian general and politician, 36th [[Prime\n        Minister of Hungary]] (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Rexhep Mitrovica]], Albanian politician,\n        18th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Langston\n        Hughes]], American writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Johannes Itten]],\n        Swiss painter (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Georg Wilhelm Pabst]],\n        Austrian film director (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Claude Rains]],\n        British actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Billy Strayhorn]], American\n        composer and pianist (b. [[1915]])\\n\\n=== June ===\\n[[File:Young Dorothy Parker.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Dorothy\n        Parker]]]]\\n[[File:Spencer tracy state of the union.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Spencer\n        Tracy]]]]\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Arthur Tedder]], British air force general,\n        Marshal of the Royal Air Force (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Arthur\n        Biram]], Israeli philosopher and educator, and [[Israel Prize]] recipient\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Dorothy Parker]], American writer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Spencer Tracy]], American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – [[Wolfgang K\\u00f6hler]], German psychologist (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] \\n** [[Gerald Patterson]], Australian tennis champion (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Edward Leonard Ellington]], British military,  Marshal of the Royal Air\n        Force (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Eddie Eagan]], American sportsman\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Reginald Denny (actor)|Reginald Denny]],\n        English actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Vernon Huber]], American\n        admiral and 36th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 26]]\n        – [[Fran\\u00e7oise Dorl\\u00e9ac]], French actress (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[June\n        29]]\\n** [[Primo Carnera]], Italian boxer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Jayne Mansfield]],\n        American actress (car accident) (b. [[1933]])\\n\\n=== July ===\\n[[File:Vivien\n        Leigh Gone Wind Restored.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vivien Leigh]]]]\\n[[File:Carl Sandburg\n        NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carl Sandburg]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Gerhard\n        Ritter]], German historian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Fatima Jinnah]],\n        Pakistani ''Mother of the Nation'' (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Vivien Leigh]], English\n        actress (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 9]] \\n** [[Douglas MacLean]], American actor\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Eugen Fischer]], German professor of medicine, anthropology\n        and eugenics (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Tommy Lucchese]], Italian-American\n        gangster (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Tudor Arghezi]], Romanian\n        writer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[John Coltrane]], American jazz saxophonist\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[Cyril Ring]], American film actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July\n        18]] – [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]], 26th [[President of Brazil]]\n        (plane crash) (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Lewis H. Brereton]],\n        American aviation pioneer and air force general (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 21]]\\n**\n        [[Jimmie Foxx]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and\n        a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Albert Lutuli]],\n        South African politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize\\n** [[Basil Rathbone]],\n        British actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Carl Sandburg]], American\n        poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Margaret Kennedy]], English writer\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:President Don Manuel Prado.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Manuel\n        Prado Ugarteche]]]]\\n[[File:Nathaniel Cartmell 1908.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nathaniel\n        Cartmell]]]]\\n[[File:Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Retouched).png|thumb|100px|[[Stanley\n        Bruce]]]]\\n[[Image:Brian Epstein 1965.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Epstein]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Richard Kuhn]], Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 2]] – [[Walter Terence Stace]], British philosopher\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Joe Orton]], English playwright (murdered)\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Anton Walbrook]], Austrian actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August\n        13]] – [[Jane Darwell]], American actress (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9 Magritte]], Belgian painter (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Manuel\n        Prado Ugarteche]], 2-Time [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August\n        19]]\\n** [[Hugo Gernsback]], Luxembourg-born editor and publisher (b. [[1884]])\\n**\n        [[Isaac Deutscher]], British Marxist historian (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 22]]\n        – [[Gregory Goodwin Pincus]], American biologist and researcher (b.\n        [[1903]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Nathaniel Cartmell]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Henry J. Kaiser]], American industrialist\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Lam Bun]], Hong Kong radio commentator (b. [[1930]])\\n*\n        [[August 25]]\\n** [[Stanley Bruce]], 8th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n** [[Paul Muni]], Polish actor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[George Lincoln\n        Rockwell]], American Nazi Party leader (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Brian Epstein]], English band manager (''''[[The Beatles]]'''') (b. [[1934]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Ad Reinhardt]], American painter (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[August 31]] – [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], Russian writer (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n[[Image:Siegfried Sassoon by George Charles Beresford (1915).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Siegfried\n        Sassoon]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[James Dunn (actor)|James Dunn]], American\n        actor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Ilse Koch]], Nazi German war criminal (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Siegfried Sassoon]], British poet (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        [[Francis Ouimet]], American professional golfer (b.[[1893]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] – [[Tadeusz \\u017byli\\u0144ski]], Polish technician and textilist\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Vladimir Bartol]], Slovene author\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Varian Fry]], American journalist\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Ethel May Halls]], American theatrical\n        and film actress (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[John Cockcroft]],\n        English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Stanislaus Zbyszko]], professional wrestler (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September\n        27]] – Prince [[Felix Yusupov]], Russian assassin of Rasputin (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n** [[Ludwig Donath]], Austrian actor (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Carson\n        McCullers]], American writer (brain hemorrhage) (b. [[1917]])\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n[[Image:Clement Attlee.png|thumb|100px|[[Clement Attlee]]]]\\n[[Image:CheHigh.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Che\n        Guevara]]]]\\n[[File:Aisin-Gioro Puyi 01.jpg|thumb|100px|Emperor [[Puyi|Xuantong]]]]\\n[[File:Shigeru\n        Yoshida smiling2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shigeru Yoshida]]]]\\n* [[October 3]]\\n**\n        [[Woody Guthrie]], American folk musician (Huntington''s disease) (b. [[1912]])\\n**\n        Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]], English conductor (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Pinto Colvig]],\n        American vaudeville actor, radio actor, newspaper cartoonist, prolific movie\n        voice actor, and circus performer (original voice of [[Goofy]]) (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Claude C. Bloch]], American admiral (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[October 7]] – [[Norman Angell]], British politician, recipient of\n        the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Clement Attlee]],\n        British politician, 60th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\n** [[Che Guevara]], Argentine communist revolutionary (executed)\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]], English chemist, Nobel Prize\n        laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Edith Storey]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Joseph Pilates]], German physical culturist and developer of [[Pilates]]\n        (b. 1883)\\n** [[Gordon Allport]], American psychologist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Nat Pendleton]], American actor and Olympic wrestler (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Puyi|Xuantong Emperor]], last Emperor of China (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Shigeru Yoshida]], Japanese diplomat\n        and politician, 32nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        23]] – [[Helen Palmer Geisel]], Dr. Seuss'' first wife (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – [[Margaret Ayer Barnes]], American playwright, novelist,\n        and short-story writer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Julien Duvivier]],\n        French film director (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n=== November ===\\n[[Image:JohnNanceGarner.png|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Nance Garner]]]]\\n[[File:L%C3%A9on_M%27ba_1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[L\\u00e9on\n        M''ba]]]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Joseph Kesselring]], American playwright\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 7]] – [[John Nance Garner]], [[List of Vice\n        Presidents of the United States|32nd]] [[Vice President of the United States]]\n        (b. [[1868]])\\n* [[November 9]] \\n** [[Charles Bickford]], American actor\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Leslie Brooke (racing driver)|Leslie Brooke]], English\n        racing driver (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Harriet Cohen]],\n        English pianist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Alice Lake]], American\n        actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Casimir Funk]], Polish biochemist\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Charles J. Watters]], U.S. Army chaplain, Medal of Honor\n        recipient (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[C. M. Eddy Jr.]], American\n        writer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Florence Reed]], American stage actress (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Ossip Zadkine]], Russian sculptor, painter and lithographer\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Albert Warner]], American film\n        producer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[L\\u00e9on M''ba]], 1st\n        [[President of Gabon]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Ferenc M\\u00fcnnich]],\n        47th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Theodore Marcuse]], American\n        actor (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n=== December ===\\n[[File:Bert Lahr Circa 1940s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bert\n        Lahr]]]]\\n[[File:Otis Redding (2).png|thumb|100px|[[Otis Redding]]]]\\n[[File:HaroldHolt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Harold\n        Holt]]]]\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]],\n        British phonetician (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Bert Lahr]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Wismer]], American broadcaster and pro football owner (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]] – [[House Peters, Sr.]], British-born actor (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 10]] (in an air crash):\\n** [[Otis Redding]], American singer (b.\n        [[1941]])\\n** [[Ronnie Caldwell]], American musician (b. [[1948]])\\n** [[Phalon\n        Jones]], American musician (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[December 17]]\\n** [[Harold Holt]],\n        17th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (body never found) (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Perrin]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 21]] \\n** [[Stuart\n        Erwin]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Ejnar Hertzsprung]],  Danish chemist\n        and astronomer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Karl Ristenpart]],\n        German conductor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Sydney Barnes]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Katharine McCormick]],\n        American feminist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Paul Whiteman]],\n        American bandleader (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Vincent Massey]],\n        former Canadian Governor General (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 31]] –\n        [[Rodger Penzabene]], [[Motown]] songwriter (b. [[1944]])\\n\\n=== Date unknown\n        ===\\n[[File:Sepahdar.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fathollah Khan Akbar]]]]\\n* [[Fathollah\n        Khan Akbar]], Iranian cabinet minister, 17th [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (b.\n        [[1878]])\\n* [[Bhikhan Lal Atreya]], Indian writer and scholar (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[Ali Akbar Bahman]], Iranian diplomat and politician (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[Ferran\n        Sunyer i Balaguer]], Spanish mathematician (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[Barbara Freire-Marreco]],\n        British anthropologist and folklorist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[Ken Battefield]],\n        American artist (b. ? )\\n* [[Charles Exeter Devereux Crombie]], Scottish cartoonist\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n== Nobel Prizes ==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Hans Albrecht Bethe]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Manfred Eigen]], [[Ronald George\n        Wreyford Norrish]], [[George Porter]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Ragnar Granit]], [[Haldan Keffer Hartline]], [[George\n        Wald]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel\n        Asturias]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – not awarded\\n\\n==Sources==\\n*\n        [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847844\n        1967 \\u2013 Headlines] A report from Michael Wallace of WCBS Newsradio 880\n        (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years of newsradio.\\n*\n        [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847869\n        1967 \\u2013 The Year in Sound] An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS\n        Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years\n        of newsradio.\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1967-pictures.html 1967 Coin Pictures]\\n*\n        [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about\n        the Expo 67]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1967}}\\n[[Category:1967|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T21:37:52Z\",\"lastrevid\":799791608,\"length\":104063,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967\"},\"34655\":{\"pageid\":34655,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1968\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-10T10:54:22Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{redirect|''68|the\n        1988 film|''68 (film)|the American rock band|''68 (band)|the 2013 album|''68\n        (album)|the comic book series|''68 (comic book)}}\\n{{Year dab|1968|the song|An\n        American Carol}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year nav|1968}}\\n{{C20\n        year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1968}} This was the year of the [[Protests\n        of 1968]].\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Captain\n        Franklin P. Eller during Tet Offensive Vietnam.jpg|thumb|125px|right| [[January\n        30]]: [[Tet Offensive|Tet]] begins.]]\\n* [[January 5]] – ''''[[Prague\n        Spring]]'''': [[Alexander Dub\\u010dek]] is chosen as the leader of the Communist\n        Party in [[Czechoslovakia]].{{cite book|last=Navazelskis|first=Inabhfghh|title=Alexander\n        Dubcek|publisher=Chelsea House Publications|year=1990|isbn=1-55546-831-4}}\\n*\n        [[January 8]] – British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] endorses the\n        ''''[[I''m Backing Britain]]'''' campaign for working an additional half-hour\n        each day without pay.{{cite news|first=John|last=Chartres|title=Wilson\n        Joins ''I Back Britain''|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=9 January\n        1968|page=1}}\\n* [[January 14]] – The [[1967 Green Bay Packers\n        season|Green Bay Packers]] defeat the [[1967 Oakland Raiders season|Oakland\n        Raiders]] by the score of 33-14 in [[Super Bowl II]] at the [[Miami Orange\n        Bowl]].\\n* [[January 15]] – An [[1968 Belice earthquake|earthquake]]\n        in Sicily kills 380 and injures around 1,000.{{cite news|title=Italy:\n        The Day the Earth Shook|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837724,00.html|newspaper=[[Time\n        (magazine)|Time]]|date=26 January 1968|accessdate=2 August 2011}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI99/CPTI_finestre.html|title=Catalogo\n        Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani}}\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Lyndon\n        B. Johnson]] calls for the non-conversion of the U.S. dollar.\\n* [[January\n        21]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Battle of Khe Sanh]]: One of the most publicized\n        and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on [[April 8]].\\n** A\n        U.S. [[B-52 Stratofortress]] [[1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash|crashes in Greenland]],\n        discharging 4 [[nuclear bomb]]s.\\n* [[January 22]] – ''''[[Rowan & Martin''s\n        Laugh-In]]'''' debuts on [[NBC]].\\n* [[January 23]] – [[North Korea]]\n        seizes the {{USS|Pueblo|AGER-2|6}}, claiming the ship violated its territorial\n        waters while spying.\\n* [[January 25]] – The [[Israel]]i submarine {{INS|Dakar}}\n        sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 69.\\n[[File:USS Pueblo (AGER-2).jpg|thumb|125px|right|\n        [[January 23]] ''''[[USS Pueblo (AGER-2)|USS Pueblo]]'''']]\\n* [[January 28]]\n        – The [[France|French]] submarine ''''[[French submarine Minerve (S647)|Minerve]]''''\n        sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 52.\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The [[Tet Offensive]] begins, as [[Viet Cong]] forces launch a series\n        of surprise attacks across [[South Vietnam]].\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Vi\\u1ec7t\n        C\\u1ed9ng]] soldiers attack the [[US Embassy, Saigon]].\\n** [[Nauru]] president\n        [[Hammer DeRoburt]] declares independence from [[Australia]].\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: A [[Viet Cong]] officer named [[Nguy\\u1ec5n\n        V\\u0103n L\\u00e9m]] is executed by [[Nguy\\u1ec5n Ng\\u1ecdc Loan]], a [[South\n        Vietnam]]ese National Police Chief. The event is photographed by [[Eddie Adams\n        (photographer)|Eddie Adams]]. The photo makes headlines around the world,\n        eventually winning the [[1969 Pulitzer Prize]], and sways U.S. public opinion\n        against the war.\\n** The [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] and the [[New York Central\n        Railroad]] merge to form [[Penn Central]], the largest ever corporate [[Mergers\n        and acquisitions|merger]] up to this date.\\n* [[February 6]]–[[February\n        18]] – The [[1968 Winter Olympics]] are held in [[Grenoble]], France.\\n*\n        [[February 8]] – [[American civil rights movement]]: A [[Orangeburg\n        massacre|civil rights protest]] staged at a white-only [[bowling alley]] in\n        [[Orangeburg, South Carolina]] is broken up by highway patrolmen; 3 college\n        students are killed.\\n* [[February 11]]\\n**  Border clashes take place between\n        [[Israel]] and [[Jordan]].\\n** [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City\n        opens at its current location.\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Vietnam War]]:\n        [[Phong Nh\\u1ecb and Phong Nh\\u1ea5t massacre]].\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        Civil rights disturbances occur at the [[University of Wisconsin\\u2013Madison]]\n        and the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]].\\n* [[February 17]]\n        – Administrative reforms in [[Romania]] divide the country into 39 [[jude\\u021b|counties]].\\n*\n        [[February 19]] \\n** The [[Florida Education Association]] (FEA) initiates\n        a mass resignation of teachers to protest state funding of education. This\n        is, in effect, the first statewide [[Florida statewide teachers'' strike of\n        1968|teachers'' strike]] in the United States.\\n** [[National Educational\n        Television|NET]] televises the very first episode of ''''[[Mister Rogers''\n        Neighborhood]]''''.\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Tet\n        Offensive]] is halted; [[South Vietnam]] recaptures [[Hu\\u1ebf]].\\n* [[February\n        25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[H\\u00e0 My massacre]].\\n* [[February 27]]\n        – Ex-[[The Teenagers|Teenagers]] singer [[Frankie Lymon]] is found dead\n        from a [[heroin]] [[overdose]] in [[Harlem]].\\n\\n=== March ===\\n\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[First\n        Battle of Saigon]] ends.\\n* [[March 8]] – The first student protests\n        spark the [[1968 Polish political crisis]].\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Battle\n        of Lima Site 85]], the largest single ground combat loss of United States\n        Air Force members (12) during the then-secret war later known as the [[Laotian\n        Civil War]].\\n* [[March 11]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]\n        mandates that all computers purchased by the federal government support the\n        [[ASCII]] [[character encoding]].[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (March 11, 1968).\n        [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28724 Memorandum Approving\n        the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information\n        Interchange]. ''''The American Presidency Project''''. Accessed 2008-04-14.\\n*\n        [[March 12]]\\n** [[Mauritius]] achieves independence from British rule.\\n**\n        U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] barely edges out antiwar candidate [[Eugene\n        McCarthy]] in the [[New Hampshire Democratic primary]], a vote which highlights\n        the deep divisions in the country, and the party, over [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[March\n        13]] – The first [[Rotaract]] club is chartered in [[North Charlotte]],\n        North Carolina.\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Nerve gas]] leaks from the U.S.\n        Army [[Dugway Proving Ground]] near [[Skull Valley (Utah)|Skull Valley, Utah]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – British [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth\n        Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[George Brown, Baron George-Brown|George Brown]]\n        resigns.\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[My Lai Massacre]]:\n        American troops kill scores of civilians. The story will first become public\n        in November 1969 and will help undermine public support for the U.S. efforts\n        in Vietnam.\\n** U.S. Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] enters the race for the\n        [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] presidential nomination.\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – A demonstration in London''s [[Grosvenor Square]] against\n        U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] leads to violence; 91 people are injured,\n        200 demonstrators arrested.\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Gold standard]]: The\n        [[United States Congress]] repeals the requirement for a [[gold]] reserve\n        to back U.S. currency.\\n* [[March 19]]–[[March 23]] – [[Afrocentrism]],\n        [[Black Power]], [[Vietnam War]]: Students at [[Howard University]] in Washington,\n        D.C., signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in\n        the U.S. Students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege\n        to the administration building, shutting down the university in protest over\n        its [[ROTC]] program and the Vietnam War, and demanding a more Afrocentric\n        curriculum.\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]] (\\\"Danny the Red\\\")\n        and 7 other students occupy the administrative offices of the [[University\n        of Nanterre]], setting in motion a chain of events that lead France to the\n        brink of revolution in May.\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Aer Lingus Flight 712]]\n        crashes en route from [[Cork Airport|Cork]] to London near [[Tuskar Rock,\n        Ireland|Tuskar Rock, Wexford]], killing 61 passengers and crew.\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Joan Baez]] marries activist [[David Harris (protester)|David\n        Harris]] in New York.\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Brazil]]ian high school student\n        [[Edson Lu\\u00eds de Lima Souto]] is shot by the police in a protest for cheaper\n        meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death\n        is one of the first major events against the military dictatorship.\\n* [[March\n        31]] – U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces he will not seek\n        re-election.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n* [[April 2]]\\n** Bombs explode at midnight\n        in two department stores in [[Frankfurt-am-Main]]; [[Andreas Baader]] and\n        [[Gudrun Ensslin]] are later arrested and sentenced for [[arson]].\\n** The\n        film  ''''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'''' premieres\n        in Washington, D.C.\\n* [[April 3]] – The American movie ''''[[Planet\n        of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'''' is released in theaters.\\n*\n        [[April 4]]\\n** [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] is [[Assassination of Martin Luther\n        King Jr.|shot dead]] at the [[Lorraine Motel]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]].\n        [[King assassination riots|Riots erupt]] in major American cities, lasting\n        for several days afterwards.\\n** [[Apollo program]]: Apollo-Saturn mission\n        502 (''''[[Apollo 6]]'''') is launched, as the second and last unmanned test-flight\n        of the [[Saturn V]] launch vehicle.\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** ''''[[La, la, la]]''''\n        by [[Massiel]] (music and lyrics by Manuel de la Calva and Ram\\u00f3n Arcusa)\n        wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1968]] for Spain, at the [[Royal Albert\n        Hall]] in London.\\n** A shootout between [[Black Panthers]] and [[Oakland,\n        California|Oakland]] police results in several arrests and deaths, including\n        16-year-old Panther [[Bobby Hutton]].\\n** A [[Richmond, Indiana explosion|double\n        explosion]] in downtown [[Richmond, Indiana]] kills 41 and injures 150.\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – Racing driver [[Jim Clark]] is killed in a [[Formula 2]]\n        race at [[Hockenheimring|Hockenheim]].\\n* [[April 8]] – The [[Bureau\n        of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]] (under [[United States Department of Justice|Department\n        of Justice]]) (BNDD) is created.\\n* [[April 10]] – The ferry {{ship|TEV|Wahine}}\n        strikes a [[reef]] at the mouth of [[Wellington Harbour]], New Zealand, with\n        the loss of 53 lives, in Cyclone Giselle, which created the windiest conditions\n        ever recorded in New Zealand.\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Josef Bachmann]] tries\n        to assassinate [[Rudi Dutschke]], leader of the left-wing movement ([[Ausserparlamentarische\n        Opposition|APO]]) in Germany, and tries to commit suicide afterwards, failing\n        in both, although Dutschke dies of his brain injuries 11 years later.\\n**\n        German left-wing students blockade the [[Axel Springer AG|Springer Press]]\n        HQ in Berlin and many are arrested (one of them [[Ulrike Meinhof]]).\\n** U.S.\n        President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]].\\n**\n        [[MGM]]''s classic film ''''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''''\n        makes its [[NBC]] debut after being telecast on [[CBS]] since 1956. It will\n        remain on NBC for the next 8 years.\\n* [[April 18]] – [[John Rennie\n        the Elder|John Rennie]]''s 1831 New [[London Bridge]] is sold to [[Arizona]]\n        entrepreneur [[Robert P. McCulloch]] and is rebuilt in [[Lake Havasu City,\n        Arizona]], reopening on October 5, 1971.\\n* [[April 20]] \\n** [[Pierre Elliott\n        Trudeau]] becomes the 15th Prime Minister of Canada.\\n\\\"Pierre Elliott\n        Trudeau.\\\" Prime Minister of Canada. August 26, 2013. Accessed April 8, 2015.\\n**\n        English politician [[Enoch Powell]] makes his controversial [[Rivers of Blood\n        speech]].\\n* [[April 23]]\\n** President [[Mobutu]] releases captured [[mercenary|mercenaries]]\n        in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].\\n** Surgeons at the H\\u00f4pital\n        de la Piti\\u00e9, Paris, perform Europe''s first heart transplant, on Clovis\n        Roblain.\\n** The [[United Methodist Church]] is created by the union of the\n        former Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren churches.\\n* [[April 23]]–[[April\n        30]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Student protesters at [[Columbia University]]\n        in New York City take over administration buildings and shut down the university\n        (see main article [[Columbia University protests of 1968]]).\\n* [[April 26]]\n        – The [[nuclear weapon]] \\\"Boxcar\\\" is [[nuclear weapons testing|tested]]\n        at the [[Nevada Test Site]] in the biggest detonation of [[Operation Crosstie]].\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – The musical ''''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'''' officially\n        opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 2]] –\n        The [[Israel Broadcasting Authority]] commences television broadcasts.\\n*\n        [[May 3]] – [[Braniff Flight 352]] crashes near [[Dawson, Texas]], killing\n        all 85 persons on board.\\n* [[May 13]] – [[May 1968 protests in France|Paris\n        student riots]]: One million march through the streets of Paris.\\n* [[May\n        13]] – [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] wins the  [[1967\\u201368\n        Football League First Division]] by 2 clear points, over club rivals Manchester\n        United\\n* [[May 14]] – [[The Beatles]] announce the creation of [[Apple\n        Records]] in a New York press conference.\\n* [[May 15]] – An outbreak\n        of severe thunderstorms produces [[May 1968 tornado outbreak|tornadoes]],\n        causing massive damage and heavy casualties in [[Charles City, Iowa]], [[Oelwein,\n        Iowa]], and [[Jonesboro, Arkansas]].\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Ronan Point]],\n        a 23 floor tower block in Canning Town, east London, partially collapses after\n        a gas explosion, killing 5.\\n* [[May 17]] – The [[Catonsville Nine]]\n        enter the [[Selective Service]] offices in [[Catonsville, Maryland]], take\n        dozens of selective service draft records, and burn them with [[napalm]] as\n        a protest against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[May 18]] – West Bromwich\n        Albion win the Football Association Cup, defeating Everton 1-0 after extra\n        time. The winning goal was scored by Jeff Astle.\\n* [[May 19]]\\n** [[Italian\n        general election, 1968|A general election]] is held in Italy.\\n** Nigerian\n        forces capture [[Port Harcourt]] and form a ring around the [[Nigerian Civil\n        War|Biafrans]]. This contributes to a humanitarian disaster as the surrounded\n        population already suffers from hunger and starvation.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        The U.S. nuclear-powered [[submarine]] [[USS Scorpion (SSN-589)|''''Scorpion'''']]\n        sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the [[Azores]].\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] wins the [[European\n        Champion Clubs'' Cup|European Cup Final]], becoming the first English team\n        to do so.\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Bobby Unser]] wins the [[Indianapolis 500]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Radical feminism|Radical feminist]] [[Valerie\n        Solanas]] shoots [[Andy Warhol]] as he enters his studio, wounding him.\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – The [[S&P 500|Standard & Poor''s 500]] index closes above\n        100 for the first time, at 100.38.\\n* [[June 5]] – U.S. presidential\n        candidate [[Robert F. Kennedy]] is [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|shot]]\n        at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles.\n        [[Sirhan Sirhan]] is arrested. Kennedy dies from his injuries the next day.\\n*\n        [[June 8]] – [[James Earl Ray]] is arrested for the assassination of\n        [[Martin Luther King Jr.]].\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Italy national football\n        team|Italy]] beats [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] 2\\u20130\n        in a replay to win the [[UEFA Euro 1968|1968 European Championship]]. The\n        original final on [[June 8]] ended 1\\u20131.\\n* [[June 12]] – The film\n        ''''[[Rosemary''s Baby (film)|Rosemary''s Baby]]'''' premieres in the U.S.\\n*\n        [[June 17]] – The [[Malayan Communist Party]] launches a second insurgency\n        and the [[Second Malayan Emergency|state of emergency]] is again imposed in\n        [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Austin Currie]], Member of Parliament\n        at [[Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)|Stormont]] in [[Northern Ireland]],\n        along with others, squats a house in [[Caledon, County Tyrone|Caledon]] to\n        protest discrimination in housing allocations.\\n* [[June 23]] – A [[Supercl\\u00e1sico#Puerta\n        12 tragedy|football stampede]] in [[Buenos Aires]] leaves 74 dead and 150\n        injured.\\n* [[June 24]] – Giorgio Rosa declares the independence of\n        his [[Republic of Rose Island]], an artificial island off [[Rimini]], Italy.\n        Italian troops demolish it not long after.\\n* [[June 26]] – The [[Bonin\n        Islands]] are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United\n        States Navy.\\n* [[June 30]] – The [[Lockheed C-5 Galaxy]] heavy [[military\n        transport aircraft]] first flies in the U.S. This model will still be in service\n        40 years later.\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The [[Central Intelligence\n        Agency]]''s [[Phoenix Program]] is officially established.\\n** The [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] opens for signature.\\n* [[July 4]] – Yachtsman\n        [[Alec Rose]], 59, receives a hero''s welcome as he sails into [[Portsmouth]],\n        England after his 354-day round-the-world trip.\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** –\n        The [[soap opera]] ''''[[One Life to Live]]'''' premieres on [[American Broadcasting\n        Company|ABC]].\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Saddam Hussein]] becomes Vice Chairman\n        of the Revolutionary Council in [[Iraq]] after a ''''[[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]''''.\\n*\n        [[July 18]] – The semiconductor company [[Intel]] is founded.\\n* [[July\n        20]] – The first International [[Special Olympics]] Summer Games are\n        held at [[Soldier Field]] in Chicago, Ill, with about 1,000 athletes with\n        intellectual disabilities. \\n* [[July 23]]–[[July 28]] – Black\n        militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police\n        in the [[Glenville Shootout]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio]], in the United States.\\n*\n        [[July 25]] – [[Pope Paul VI]] publishes the [[encyclical]] entitled\n        ''''[[Humanae vitae]]'''', condemning [[birth control]].\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        Vietnam War: [[South Vietnam]]ese opposition leader [[Tr\\u01b0\\u01a1ng \\u0110\\u00ecnh\n        Dzu]] is sentenced to 5 years [[hard labor]], for advocating the formation\n        of a [[coalition government]] as a way to move toward an end to the [[war]].\\n*\n        [[July 29]] – [[Arenal Volcano]] erupts in [[Costa Rica]] for the first\n        time in centuries.\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Thames Television]] starts transmission\n        in London.\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 5]]–[[August 8]] – The\n        [[Republican National Convention]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida]] nominates [[Richard\n        Nixon]] for U.S. President and [[Spiro Agnew]] for Vice President.\\n* [[August\n        11]] – The last steam passenger train service runs in Britain. A selection\n        of [[British Railways]] steam [[locomotive]]s make the 120-mile journey from\n        [[Liverpool]] to [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] and return to Liverpool –\n        the journey is known as the [[Fifteen Guinea Special]].\\n* [[August 18]] –\n        Two charter buses are pushed into the [[Hida River]] on National Highway Route\n        41 in Japan, in an accident caused by heavy rain; 104 are killed.\\n* [[August\n        20]]–[[August 21]] – The ''''[[Prague Spring]]'''' of political\n        liberalization ends, as 750,000 [[Warsaw Pact]] troops and 6,500 [[tank]]s\n        with 800 planes [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invade]] [[Czechoslovakia]].\n        It is dated as the biggest operation in Europe since WWII ended.\\n* [[August\n        21]] – The [[Medal of Honor]] is posthumously awarded to [[James Anderson\n        Jr.]]\\u2013he was the first black [[U.S. Marine]] to be awarded the Medal\n        of Honor.\\n* [[August 24]] – France explodes its first hydrogen bomb.\\n*\n        [[August 22]]–[[August 30]] – Police clash with anti-war protesters\n        in Chicago, [[Illinois]], outside the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]],\n        which nominates [[Hubert Humphrey]] for U.S. President, and [[Edmund Muskie]]\n        for Vice President. The riots and subsequent trials were an essential part\n        of the activism of the [[Youth International Party]].\\n* [[August 28]] –\n        [[John Gordon Mein]], US Ambassador to Guatemala, is assassinated on the streets\n        of Guatemala City. First US Ambassador assassinated in the line of duty.\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Harald V of Norway|Crown Prince Harald]] of Norway\n        marries [[Sonja Haraldsen]], the commoner he has dated for 9 years, in [[Oslo]].\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Swaziland]] becomes independent.\\n** 150 women (members\n        of [[New York Radical Women]]) arrive in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] to\n        [[No More Miss America|protest against]] the [[Miss America]] Pageant, as\n        exploitative of women. Led by activist and author [[Robin Morgan]], it is\n        one of the first large demonstrations of [[Second Wave Feminism]] as [[Women''s\n        Liberation]] begins to gather much media attention.\\n* [[September 11]]\\n**\n        The [[International Association of Classification Societies]] (IACS) is founded.\\n**\n        French General [[Ren\\u00e9 Cogny]] and 94 others die in an [[Air France]]\n        [[Sud Aviation Caravelle|Caravelle]] jetliner crash near [[Nice]] in the [[Mediterranean]].\\n*\n        [[September 13]]\\n** [[Albania]] officially retreats from the Warsaw Pact\n        upon the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, having already\n        ceased to participate actively in Pact activity since [[1962]].\\n** US Army\n        Maj. Gen. [[Keith L. Ware]], WWII Medal of Honor recipient, is killed when\n        his helicopter is shot down in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]]. He is posthumously\n        awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service\n        Cross]].\\n** Agreement for [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] between the\n        [[General Electric Company plc|General Electric Company]] and [[English Electric]],\n        the largest industrial merger in the UK up to this date.\\n* [[September 14]]\n        – [[Detroit Tigers|Detroit Tiger]] [[Denny McLain]] becomes the first\n        baseball pitcher to win 30 games in a season since 1934. He remains the last\n        to accomplish the feat.\\n* [[September 17]] – The [[D''Oliveira affair]]:\n        The [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] tour of South Africa is cancelled when the\n        South Africans refuse to accept the presence of [[Basil D''Oliveira]], a [[Cape\n        Coloured]], in the side.\\n* [[September 20]] – ''''[[Hawaii Five-O]]''''\n        debuts on [[CBS]], and eventually becomes the longest-running crime show in\n        television history, until ''''[[Law & Order]]'''' overtakes it in 2003.\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – The Soviet''s [[Zond 5]] unmanned lunar flyby mission\n        returns to earth, with its first of a kind biological payload intact.\\n* [[September\n        23]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Tet Offensive]] comes to an end in [[South\n        Vietnam]].\\n* [[September 24]] – ''''[[60 Minutes]]'''' debuts on [[CBS]]\n        and is still on the air as of [[2016]].\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Marcelo\n        Caetano]] becomes [[prime minister]] of Portugal.\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        A [[referendum]] in Greece gives more power to the military junta.\\n* [[September\n        30]] – At Paine Field, near Everett, Washington in the United States,\n        [[Boeing]] officially rolls out its new [[Boeing 747|747]] for the media and\n        the public.\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:1968 Mexico emblem.svg|220px|thumbnail|right|[[1968\n        Summer Olympics]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Night of the Living Dead]]\n        premieres in the United States. \\n* [[October 2]] – [[Tlatelolco massacre]]:\n        A student demonstration ends in bloodbath at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas\n        in [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]], Mexico City, Mexico, 10 days before\n        the inauguration of the [[1968 Summer Olympics]].\\n* [[October 3]] –\n        In [[Peru]], [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] takes power in a revolution.\\n* [[October\n        5]] – [[Royal Ulster Constabulary|Police]] baton [[Northern Ireland\n        Civil Rights Association|civil rights]] demonstrators in [[Derry]], [[Northern\n        Ireland]], marking the beginning of [[The Troubles]].\\n* [[October 7]] –\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Feliciano]] At the height of protests against the Vietnam War,\n        Jose Feliciano performed  \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\" at Tiger Stadium in\n        Detroit during Game 5 pre-game ceremonies of the 1968 World Series between\n        the Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals. His personalized, slow, Latin jazz\n        performance[6] proved highly controversial, opening the door for later interpretations\n        of the national anthem.\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation\n        Sealords]]: United States and [[South Vietnam]]ese forces launch a new operation\n        in the [[Mekong Delta]].\\n* [[October 10]] – [[1968 World Series]]:\n        The [[Detroit Tigers]] defeat the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] in 7 games (4-3)\n        after being down 3 games to 1, completing an unlikely comeback against the\n        heavily favored Cardinals led by the overpowering right-handed pitcher [[Bob\n        Gibson]].\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Apollo program]]: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Apollo\n        7]]'''', the first manned Apollo mission ([[Wally Schirra]], [[Donn Eisele]],\n        [[Walter Cunningham]]). Mission goals include the first live [[television]]\n        broadcast from [[orbit]] and testing the [[lunar module]] docking maneuver.\\n**\n        In [[Panama]], a military ''''coup d''\\u00e9tat'''', led by Col. Boris Martinez\n        and Col. [[Omar Torrijos]], overthrows the democratically elected (but highly\n        controversial) government of President [[Arnulfo Arias]]. Within a year, Torrijos\n        ousts Martinez and takes charge as de facto [[Head of Government]] in Panama.\\n*\n        [[October 12]]–[[October 27]] – The [[Games of the XIX Olympiad]]\n        are held in Mexico City, Mexico.\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Equatorial Guinea]]\n        receives its independence from Spain.\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The [[United States Department of Defense]] announces that the [[United\n        States Army]] and [[United States Marines]] will send about 24,000 troops\n        back to [[Vietnam]] for involuntary second tours.\\n* [[October 15]] –\n        [[Led Zeppelin]] makes their first live performance, at [[Surrey University]]\n        in England{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/led-zeppelin\n        |title=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717033456/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/led-zeppelin/\n        |archivedate=July 17, 2015 }}\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** In Mexico City,\n        African-American athletes [[Tommie Smith]] and [[John Carlos]] raise their\n        arms in a [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|black power salute]] after winning,\n        respectively, the gold and bronze medals in the Olympic men''s 200 metres.\\n**\n        [[Kingston, Jamaica]] is rocked by the [[Rodney Riots]], provoked by the banning\n        of [[Walter Rodney]] from the country.\\n* [[October 18]] – US athlete\n        [[Bob Beamon]] breaks the long jump world record by 55 cm / 21 3/4ins\n        at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] in [[Mexico City]]. His record stands for\n        23 years, and is still the second longest jump in history. \\n* [[October 20]]\n        – Former U.S. First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] marries Greek shipping\n        tycoon [[Aristotle Onassis]] on the Greek island of [[Skorpios]].\\n* [[October\n        22]] – The [[Gun Control Act of 1968]] is enacted.\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Vietnam War]]: Citing progress in the Paris peace talks, U.S. President\n        [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete\n        cessation of \\\"all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of [[North Vietnam]]\\\"\n        effective [[November 1]].\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[U.S. presidential\n        election, 1968]]: [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger\n        [[Richard Nixon]] defeats the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]\n        candidate, Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]], and [[American Independent\n        Party]] candidate [[George Wallace|George C. Wallace]].\\n** [[Luis A. Ferr\\u00e9]],\n        of the newly formed [[New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico|New Progressive\n        Party]] is elected [[Governor of Puerto Rico]], by beating incumbent governor\n        [[Roberto S\\u00e1nchez Vilella]] of the [[People''s Party (Puerto Rico)|People''s\n        Party]], [[Luis Negr\\u00f3n L\\u00f3pez]] of the [[Popular Democratic Party\n        of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]] and Antonio J. Gonzalez of the [[Puerto\n        Rican Independence Party]], he also becomes the first \\\"statehooder\\\" governor\n        of the Island.\\n* [[November 11]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: [[Operation Commando\n        Hunt]] is initiated to interdict men and supplies on the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]],\n        through [[Laos]] into [[South Vietnam]]. By the end of the operation, 3 million\n        tons of bombs are dropped on Laos, slowing but not seriously disrupting trail\n        operations.\\n** A second [[republic]] is declared in the [[Maldives]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Yale University]] announces it is going to admit\n        women.\\n* [[November 17]] – The [[Heidi Game]]: [[NBC]] cuts off the\n        final 1:05 of an [[Oakland Raiders]]\\u2013[[New York Jets]] football game\n        to broadcast the pre-scheduled ''''[[Heidi (1968 film)|Heidi]]''''. Fans are\n        unable to see Oakland (which had been trailing 32\\u201329) score 2 late touchdowns\n        to win 43\\u201332; as a result, thousands of outraged football fans flood\n        the NBC switchboards to protest.\\n* [[November 19]] – In [[Mali]], President\n        [[Modibo Ke\\u00efta]]''s regime is overthrown in a bloodless [[military coup]]\n        led by [[Moussa Traor\\u00e9]].{{citation|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Mali.pdf|title=Mali\n        country profile|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|location=Washington,\n        D.C. |page=3 |date=January 2005}}\\n* [[November 20]] – The [[Farmington\n        Mine disaster]] in Farmington, West Virginia, kills seventy-eight men.\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[The Beatles]] release their self-titled album popularly\n        known as the ''''[[White Album]]''''.\\n**\\\"[[Plato''s Stepchildren]]\\\", 12th\n        episode of ''''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'''' 3rd season\n        is aired, featuring the first-ever interracial kiss on U.S. national television\n        between Lieutenant [[Nyota Uhura|Uhura]] and Captain [[James T. Kirk]].\\n*\n        [[November 24]] – 4 men [[Aircraft hijacking|hijack]] [[Pan Am Flight\n        281]] from [[JFK International Airport]], New York to [[Havana]], [[Cuba]].\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[United States Air Force]] First\n        Lieutenant and [[Bell UH-1F]] helicopter pilot [[James P. Fleming]] rescues\n        an Army [[Special Forces]] unit pinned down by [[Viet Cong]] fire, earning\n        a [[Medal of Honor]] for his bravery.\\n* [[November 27]]\\u2013[[November 30|30]]\n        – First National Women''s Liberation Conference in [[Lake Villa, Illinois]].\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – If I Can Dream marks the concert return of [[Elvis\n        Presley]].\\n* [[December 6]] – [[The Rolling Stones]] release ''''[[Beggars\n        Banquet]]'''', which contains the classic song \\\"[[Sympathy for the Devil]].\\\"\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Douglas Engelbart]] publicly demonstrates his pioneering\n        [[hypertext]] system, [[NLS (computer system)|NLS]], in [[San Francisco]],\n        together with the [[computer mouse]], at what becomes retrospectively known\n        as \\\"[[The Mother of All Demos]]\\\".\\n* [[December 10]] – Japan''s biggest\n        heist, the never-solved \\\"[[300 million yen robbery]]\\\", occurs in Tokyo.\\n*\n        [[December 11]] \\n** The film ''''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]'''', based on\n        the hit London and [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical, opens in the U.S.\n        after being released first in England. It goes on to win the [[Academy Award]]\n        for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].\\n** ''''[[The Rolling\n        Stones Rock and Roll Circus]]'''' is filmed but is not released until [[1996]].\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – Prompted by growing unrest and proliferation of pro-communist\n        terrorist actions, [[Brazil]]ian [[President of Brazil|president]] [[Artur\n        da Costa e Silva]] enacts the so-called [[AI-5]], the fifth of a series of\n        non-constitutional emergency decrees that helped stabilize the country after\n        the turmoils of the early 1960s.\\n* [[December 17]] – 11-year-old [[Mary\n        Bell]] is found guilty of murdering two small boys and sentenced to life in\n        [[Detention (imprisonment)|Detention]], but is later released from prison\n        in [[1980]] and granted anonymity.\\n* [[December 20]] – The [[Zodiac\n        Killer]] is believed to have shot Betty Lou Jensen and David Faraday on Lake\n        Herman Road, [[Benicia]], [[San Francisco Bay]], [[California]].\\n* [[December\n        22]]\\n** [[David Eisenhower]], grandson of former U.S. President [[Dwight\n        D. Eisenhower]], marries [[Julie Nixon]], the daughter of U.S. President-elect\n        [[Richard Nixon]].\\n** [[Mao Zedong]] advocates that educated youth in urban\n        China be re-educated in the country. It marks the start of the [[Down to the\n        Countryside Movement|\\\"Up to the mountains and down to the villages\\\" movement]].\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Apollo program]]: U.S. spacecraft ''''[[Apollo 8]]''''\n        enters orbit around the [[Moon]]. Astronauts [[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell]]\n        and [[William A. Anders]] become the first humans to see the [[Far side (Moon)|far\n        side]] of the [[Moon]] and planet [[Earth]] as a whole. Anders photographs\n        ''''[[Earthrise]]''''. The crew also [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading|reads from\n        Genesis]].\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Led Zeppelin]] make their American\n        debut in [[Denver, CO]].\\n* [[December 28]] – Israeli forces launch\n        [[1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon|an attack on Beirut airport]], destroying more\n        than a dozen aircraft.\\n\\n===Dates\n        unknown===\\n* The [[Khmer Rouge]] is officially formed in [[Cambodia]] as\n        an offshoot movement of the [[Vietnam People''s Army]] from [[North Vietnam]]\n        to bring communism to the nation. A few years later, they will become bitter\n        enemies.\\n* [[Mattel]]''s ''''[[Hot Wheels]]'''' toy cars are introduced.\\n*\n        [[United Artists]] pulls eleven [[Looney Tunes]] and [[Merrie Melodies]] cartoons\n        in its library from television due to the depiction of racist stereotypes\n        towards African-Americans. These cartoons come to be known as the [[Censored\n        Eleven]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Cuba Gooding Jr. 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cuba\n        Gooding Jr.]]]]\\n[[File:Retton-m.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary Lou Retton]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        of Spain 2015 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Felipe VI of Spain]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]] – [[Davor \\u0160uker]], Croatian footballer\\n* [[January 2]] –\n        [[Cuba Gooding Jr.]], American actor\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Andrzej Go\\u0142ota]],\n        Polish boxer\\n** [[Carrie Ann Inaba]], American choreographer, game show host\n        and singer\\n* [[January 6]] – [[John Singleton]], American film director\n        and writer\\n* [[January 7]] – [[James Brokenshire]], British politician\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Joey Lauren Adams]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        12]]\\n** [[Keith Anderson]], American country music singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Rachael Harris]], American actress and comedian\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Pat Onstad]], Canadian footballer\\n* [[January 14]] – [[LL Cool J]],\n        American rapper and actor\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Chad Lowe]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Stephan Pastis]], American cartoonist\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Svetlana Masterkova]], Russian athlete\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Matt Hill]], Canadian voice actor\\n* [[January 21]] –\n        [[Charlotte Ross]], American actress\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Yasuhiro\n        Takato]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[Michael Kiske]], German\n        musician\\n** [[Mary Lou Retton]], American gymnast\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Novala\n        Takemoto]], Japanese author and fashion designer\\n** [[Eric Davis (American\n        football)|Eric Davis]], American football player\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Mike Patton]], American singer\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Sarah McLachlan]],\n        Canadian singer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Edward Burns]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Sora Jung]], Korean actress\\n* [[January 30]] – King [[Felipe VI of\n        Spain]]\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Gary Coleman cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary\n        Coleman]]]]\\n[[File:Lavinia Agache 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lavinia Agache]]]]\\n[[File:Josh\n        Brolin Berlin 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Josh Brolin]]]]\\n[[File:Molly Ringwald\n        in Greece (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Molly Ringwald]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Lisa Marie Presley]], American singer\\n** [[Mark Recchi]], Canadian ice\n        hockey player\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Kenny Albert]], American sports\n        announcer\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Vlade Divac]], Serbian basketball player\\n**\n        [[Marwan Khoury]], Lebanese singer and composer\\n** [[David Scarboro]], British\n        actor (d. [[1988]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Roberto Alomar]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Marcus Gr\\u00f6nholm]], Finnish rally driver\\n** [[Qasim Melho]],\n        Syrian television actor\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Peter Bondra]], Slovakian\n        [[ice hockey]] player\\n** [[Porntip Nakhirunkanok]], Miss Universe 1988\\n*\n        [[February 8]]\\n** [[April Stewart]], American voice actress\\n** [[Gary Coleman]],\n        American actor (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Atika Suri]], Indonesian\n        television newscaster\\n** [[Laurie Foell]], New Zealand/Australian actress\\n*\n        [[February 11]] \\n** [[Mo Willems]], American animator\\n** [[Lavinia Agache]],\n        Romanian artistic gymnast\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Josh Brolin]], American\n        actor\\n* [[February 13]]  \\n** [[Kelly Hu]], American actress \\n** [[Niamh\n        Kavanagh]], Irish singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1993 winner\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Jules Asner]], American model and television personality\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Gloria Trevi]], Mexican singer and actress\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Molly Ringwald]], American actress, singer and dancer\\n** [[Dennis\n        Satin]], German film director\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Nitin Ganatra]],\n        Kenyan-born English actor\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Delphine Bo\\u00ebl]], purported\n        out-of-wedlock daughter of King [[Albert II of Belgium]]\\n** [[Bradley Nowell]],\n        American musician (d. [[1996]])\\n** [[Jeri Ryan]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Mitch Hedberg]], American comedian (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[February\n        25]] \\n** [[Thomas G:son]], Swedish composer and musician, co-writer of [[Euphoria\n        (Loreen song)|Euphoria]] \\n** [[Sandrine Kiberlain]], French actress\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Matt Stairs]], Canadian baseball player\\n* [[February 29]]\n        – [[Sam Sneed]], American producer and rapper\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Daniel\n        Craig - Film Premiere \\\"Spectre\\\" 007 - on the Red Carpet in Berlin (22387409720)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniel Craig]]]]\\n[[File:Bajnai Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gordon\n        Bajnai]]]]\\n[[File:Damon Albarn @Plymouth 2012 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Damon Albarn]]]]\\n[[File:Celine\n        Dion Live 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Celine Dion]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Kat\n        Cressida]], American voice actress\\n** [[Kunjarani Devi]], Indian weightlifter\\n**\n        [[Muho Noelke]], German Zen master\\n* [[March 2]] – [[Daniel Craig]],\n        British actor\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Brian Leetch]], American ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Giovanni Carrara]], Venezuelan Major League Baseball\n        player\\n** [[Patsy Kensit]], British actress\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Gordon\n        Bajnai]], Hungarian Prime Minister\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Moira Kelly]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Jeff Kent]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Thio Li-ann]], Singaporean law academic and Nominated\n        Member of Parliament\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Lisa Loeb]], American singer\\n*\n        [[March 12]] \\n** [[Jason Lively]], American former actor\\n** [[Aaron Eckhart]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Akira Nogami]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Masami Okui]], Japanese singer\\n* [[March 14]] – [[James\n        Frain]], British actor\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Mark McGrath]], American singer\n        ([[Sugar Ray]])\\n** [[Terje Riis-Johansen]], Norwegian politician\\n* [[March\n        16]] – [[Trevor Wilson (basketball)|Trevor Wilson]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Shinichiro Miki]], Japanese [[Voice acting\n        in Japan|voice actor]]\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Mots''eoa Senyane]], [[Lesotho]]\n        diplomat\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Carlos Almeida (athlete)|Carlos Almeida]],\n        Cape Verdean long-distance runner\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Euronymous]],\n        Norwegian musician (d. [[1993]])\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Damon Albarn]], English\n        singer-songwriter and musician ([[Blur (band)|Blur]])\\n** [[Mike Atherton]],\n        English cricketer\\n** [[Mitch Cullin]], American novelist\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Cathy Dennis]], British singer-songwriter, record producer and actress\\n*\n        [[March 26]] \\n** [[Kenny Chesney]], American [[country music]] singer\\n**\n        [[James Iha]], American rock musician\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Ben Koldyke]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Iris Chang]], American author (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Nasser Hussain]], English cricketer\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Lucy Lawless]],\n        New Zealand actress and singer\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Celine Dion]], Canadian\n        singer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Patricia Arquette 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Patricia\n        Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Carnie Wilson Oct 2014 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carnie\n        Wilson]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n** [[Julia Boutros]], Lebanese singer\\n** [[Andreas\n        Schnaas]], German director\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Paula Cole]], American singer\n        \\n** [[Stewart Lee]], English stand-up comedian\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Stretch\n        (rapper)|Stretch]], American rapper and record producer (d. [[1995]])\\n**\n        [[Patricia Arquette]], American actress\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Adam Graves]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Ott (record producer)|Ott]], English musician\n        and record producer\\n* [[April 13]] – [[J\\u00f8rn Stubberud]], Norwegian\n        musician\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Anthony Michael Hall]], American actor\n        and singer\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Stacey Williams]], American model\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Martin Dahlin]], Swedish football player\\n* [[April\n        17]] – [[Julie Fagerholt]], Danish fashion designer\\n* [[April 18]]\n        – [[David Hewlett]], English-born Canadian actor, writer and director\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Ashley Judd]], American actress\\n* [[April 20]]\\n**\n        [[J.D. Roth]], American television host\\n** [[Yelena V\\u00e4lbe]], Russian\n        cross-country skier\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Timothy McVeigh]], American\n        terrorist (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Stacy Haiduk]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Yuji Nagata]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Howard\n        Donald]], British singer ([[Take That]])\\n* [[April 29]] \\n** [[Carnie Wilson]],\n        American singer and television host\\n** [[Michael Herbig]], German film director,\n        actor and author\\n** [[Darren Matthews]], English professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[J\\u00fcrgen Vogel]], German actor\\n* [[April 30]] – [[T. T. Boy]],\n        American porn producer and actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Skater Tony Hawk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tony\n        Hawk]]]]\\n[[File:Kyle Eastwood.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kyle Eastwood]]]]\\n[[File:John\n        Ortiz (23864094899).jpg|thumb|100px|[[John Ortiz]]]]\\n[[File:Kylie Brazil\n        2015 (2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kylie Minogue]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Oliver\n        Bierhoff]], German footballer\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Hikaru Midorikawa]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[May 7]] – [[Traci Lords]], American actress/porn\n        star\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Marie-Jos\\u00e9 P\\u00e9rec]], French athlete\\n*\n        [[May 12]] \\n** [[Tony Hawk]], American skateboarder\\n** [[Catherine Tate]],\n        English actress, comedian, and writer\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Sonja Zietlow]],\n        German television presenter\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Chingmy Yau]], Hong Kong\n        actress\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Constance Menard]], French professional dressage\n        rider\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Kyle Eastwood]], American jazz bass musician\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Timothy Olyphant]], American actor\\n** [[Waisale Serevi]],\n        Fijian rugby player\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Julie Vega]], Filipino child actress\n        and singer (d. [[1985]])\\n* [[May 22]] \\n** [[Michael Kelly (American actor)|Michael\n        Kelly]], American actor\\n** [[Graham Linehan]], Irish television writer and\n        director\\n* [[May 23]] – [[John Ortiz]], American actor\\n* [[May 24]]\n        – [[Charles De''Ath]], English actor\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Crown Prince\n        Frederik of Denmark]]\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Jeff Bagwell]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Frank Thomas (AL baseball player)|Frank Thomas]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Kylie Minogue]], Australian actress and singer\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Zacarias Moussaoui]], French-Moroccan 9/11 conspirator\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:James\n        Patrick Stuart 2010 SDCC (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Patrick Stuart]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Rodriguez SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Rodriguez]]]]\\n[[File:Maldini2008.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Paolo\n        Maldini]]]]\\n[[File:Chayannemn.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chayanne]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n**\n        [[Jason Donovan]], Australian actor and singer\\n** [[Karen Mulder]], Dutch\n        model and singer\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Beetlejuice (entertainer)|Beetlejuice]],\n        member of the [[Wack Pack]] (''''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'''')\\n** [[Jon\n        Culshaw]], English impressionist\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Alexander Vladimirovich\n        Konovalov|Alexandr Konovalov]], Russian lawyer and [[politician]]\\n* [[June\n        10]]\\n** [[Bill Burr]], American comedian\\n** [[Nobutoshi Canna]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Yasmine Bleeth]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 16]] – [[James Patrick Stuart]], American actor and voice actor\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – [[Robert Rodriguez]], American film director\\n* [[June\n        21]] – [[Sonique (musician)|Sonique]], British singer\\n* [[June 26]]\\n**\n        [[Paolo Maldini]], Italian football player\\n** [[Iwan Roberts]], Welsh footballer\\n**\n        [[Shannon Sharpe]], American football player and commentator\\n* [[June 28]]\\n**\n        [[Chayanne]], Puerto Rican singer\\n** [[Adam Woodyatt]], British actor\\n*\n        [[June 29]]\\n** [[Theoren Fleury]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Brian\n        d''Arcy James]], American actor and musician\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Phil\n        Anselmo|Philip Anselmo]], American musician\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Stephanie\n        Seymour.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephanie Seymour]]]]\\n[[File:Robert Korzeniowski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Korzeniowski]]]]\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Ramush Haradinaj]], [[Prime Minister\n        of Kosovo]]\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Ken Akamatsu]], Japanese [[Mangaka|manga\n        artist]]\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Jorja Fox]], American actress\\n** [[Allen Payne]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Jeff VanderMeer]], American writer\\n* [[July 8]]\\n**\n        [[Billy Crudup]], American actor\\n** [[Akio Suyama]], Japanese [[Voice acting\n        in Japan|voice actor]]\\n** [[Josephine Teo]], Singaporean politician.\\n**\n        [[Michael Weatherly]], American actor\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Eduardo Santamarina]],\n        Mexican actor\\n* [[July 10]] – [[Hassiba Boulmerka]], Algerian athlete\\n*\n        [[July 13]] – [[Omi Minami]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[July 15]]\n        – [[Eddie Griffin]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[July 16]] \\n**\n        [[Dhanraj Pillay]], Indian field hockey player\\n** [[Barry Sanders]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Darren Day]], British actor and TV\n        presenter\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Robert Flynn]], American vocalist and guitarist\n        ([[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Johnnie Barnes]],\n        American football player\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Gary Payton]], American basketball\n        player\\n** [[Stephanie Seymour]], American model and actress\\n* [[July 24]]\\n**\n        [[Laura Leighton]], American actress  \\n** [[Kristin Chenoweth]], American\n        soprano and actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Julian McMahon]], Australian\n        actor\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Terry Crews]], American actor and former NFL\n        player\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Robert Korzeniowski]], Polish athlete\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Gillian\n        Anderson Berlinale 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gillian Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Eric\n        Bana 2 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eric Bana]]]]\\n* [[August 3]]\n        – [[Rod Beck]], American baseball player (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 4]]\n        \\n** [[Lee Mack]], British actor and stand-up comedian \\n** [[Olga Neuwirth]],\n        Austrian composer\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Terri Clark]], American country music\n        singer\\n** [[Marine Le Pen]], French politician\\n** [[Colin McRae]], Scottish\n        [[rally car]] driver (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Gillian Anderson]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Eric Bana]], Australian actor\\n** [[James Roy (writer)|James\n        Roy]], Australian author\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Greg Hawgood]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Noordin Mohammad Top]], Malaysian\n        Islamist terrorist (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Pablo Rey]], Spanish\n        painter \\n** [[Paul Tucker (musician)|Paul Tucker]], English songwriter and\n        record producer ([[Lighthouse Family]]) \\n** [[K\\u014dji Yusa]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Catherine Bell (actress)|Catherine Bell]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Darren Clarke]], Northern Irish professional golfer\\n**\n        [[Jason Leonard]], English rugby player\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Debra Messing]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Ed McCaffrey]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Bruno van Pottelsberghe]], Belgian economist\\n*  [[August 20]]\n        – [[Yuri Shiratori]] Japanese actress and singer\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Dina Carroll]], British singer\\n* [[August 24]]\\n** [[Shoichi Funaki]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n** [[Hiroshi Kitadani]], Japanese singer\\n**\n        [[Tim Salmon]], American baseball player\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Rachael\n        Ray]], American television chef and host\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Luis Tasc\\u00f3n]],\n        Venezuelan politician (d. [[2010]]) \\n* [[August 28]] \\n** [[Billy Boyd (actor)|Billy\n        Boyd]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Tom Warburton]], American animator\\n* [[August\n        31]]\\n** [[Valdon Dowiyogo]], Nauruan politician and Australian football player\\n**\n        [[Hideo Nomo]], Japanese baseball player\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:John DiMaggio\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John DiMaggio]]]]\\n[[File:Big Daddy Kane\n        at Hip Hop Kemp 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Big Daddy Kane]]]]\\n[[File:GuyRitchiebyKathyHutchins.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Guy\n        Ritchie]]]]\\n[[File:Laura Cutina.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laura Cutina]]]]\\n[[File:Ricki\n        Lake May 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ricki Lake]]]]\\n[[File:Will Smith\n        by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Will Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Ms. Mari KIVINIEMI.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mari\n        Kiviniemi]]]]\\n[[File:Naomi Watts Cannes 2015 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Naomi\n        Watts]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] \\n** [[Mohamed Atta]], 9/11 ringleader of the\n        hijackers and pilot of [[American Airlines Flight 11]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Atsuko\n        Yuya]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Ray Coulthard|Raymond\n        Coulthard]], English actor\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[John DiMaggio]], American\n        voice actor\\n** [[Phill Lewis]], American actor\\n** [[Mike Piazza]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Thomas Levet]], French golfer\\n*\n        [[September 7]]\\n** [[Marcel Desailly]], French footballer\\n** [[Lucy Robinson\n        (actress)|Lucy Robinson]], British actress\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Paul\n        Mazurkiewicz]], American drummer, [[Cannibal Corpse]]\\n* [[September 8]] \\u2013\n        [[Louise Minchin]], British journalist and news presenter\\n* [[September 9]]\n        – [[Julia Sawalha]], English actress\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Big Daddy\n        Kane]], American hip-hop artist\\n** [[Guy Ritchie]], British film director\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Kay Hanley]], American musician\\n** [[Tetsuo Kurata]],\n        Japanese actor\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Laura Cutina]], Romanian artistic\n        gymnast\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Danny Nucci]], American actor\\n* [[September\n        17]]  \\n** [[Anastacia|Anastacia Newkirk]], American singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Tito Vilanova]], Spanish football manager (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[September 18]]\n        – [[Toni Kuko\\u010d]], Croatian basketball player\\n* [[September 20]]\\n**\n        [[Darrell Russell (dragster driver)|Darrell Russell]], American race car driver\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Philippa Forrester]], British TV presenter\\n** [[Leah\n        Pinsent]], Canadian actress\\n* [[September 21]] \\n** [[Ricki Lake]], American\n        actress, producer, and television presenter\\n** [[Lisa Angell]], French singer\\n*\n        [[September 22]] – [[Megan Hollingshead]], American voice actress\\n*\n        [[September 23]]\\n** [[Yvette Fielding]], English television presenter\\n**\n        [[Michelle Thomas]], American actress (d. [[1998]])\\n* [[September 25]]\\n**\n        [[Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau]] (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Heather Stewart-Whyte]],\n        British model\\n** [[John A. List]], American economist\\n** [[Will Smith]],\n        American rapper and actor\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[James Caviezel]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Michelle Meldrum]], American guitarist (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Ben\n        Shenkman]], American television, film and stage actor\\n** [[Tricia O''Kelley]],\n        American actress\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Mari Kiviniemi]], 62nd [[Prime\n        Minister of Finland]]\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Mika H\\u00e4kkinen]], Finnish\n        double [[Formula 1]] world champion\\n** [[Naomi Watts]], English-born Australian\n        actress\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Patrick Burns (paranormal investigator)|Patrick\n        Burns]], American paranormal investigator and television personality\\n** [[Alex\n        Skolnick]], American jazz/heavy metal guitarist\\n** [[Samir Soni]], Indian\n        film and TV actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:World Premiere Logan Berlinale\n        2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hugh Jackman]]]]\\n[[File:Didier Deschamps.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Didier\n        Deschamps]]]]\\n[[File:Juan Orlando Hern\\u00e1ndez, May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Juan\n        Orlando Hern\\u00e1ndez]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Mark Durden-Smith]], British\n        television presenter\\n** [[Jay Underwood]], American actor\\n* [[October 2]]\\n**\n        [[Lucy Cohu]], English actress\\n** [[Victoria Derbyshire]], British radio\n        presenter\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Paul Crichton]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[October 7]] \\n** [[Lumini\\u021ba Anghel]], Romanian dance/pop recording\n        artist, songwriter, TV personality and politician\\n** [[Thom Yorke]], British\n        singer-songwriter\\n* [[October 8]]\\n** [[Daniela Castelo]], Argentine journalist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Emily Procter]], American actress\\n* [[October 9]] \\n**\n        [[Troy Davis]], American high-profile death row inmate and human rights activist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Pete Docter]], American animator, director\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Bart Brentjens]], Dutch mountainbiker\\n** [[Feridun D\\u00fcza\\u011fa\\u00e7]],\n        Turkish rock singer-songwriter\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Tiffany Grant]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Jane Krakowski]], American actress\\n** [[Brett Salisbury]],\n        Author, QB\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Hugh Jackman]], Australian actor\\n*\n        [[October 13]] – [[Tisha Campbell-Martin]], American actress and singer\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Matthew Le Tissier]], English footballer\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Didier Deschamps]], French footballer\\n** [[Jyrki 69]], Finnish\n        singer\\n** [[Vanessa Marcil]], American actress\\n* [[October 17]] –\n        [[Ziggy Marley]], Jamaican musician and oldest son of [[Bob Marley]]\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[Damien Timmer]], British joint-managing director, television\n        producer, television executive producer\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Shaggy\n        (musician)|Shaggy]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Mark Walton\n        (story artist)|Mark Walton]] American story artist, actor\\n* [[October 27]]\n        – [[Alain Auderset]], Swedish writer\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Juan\n        Orlando Hern\\u00e1ndez]], 55th [[President of Honduras]]\\n* [[October 29]]\n        – [[Tsunku]], Japanese singer, music producer, and song composer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tracy_Morgan_3_Shankbone_2009_NYC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tracy\n        Morgan]]]]\\n[[File:Owen Wilson Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Owen Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:JillHennessyTIFFSept10.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill\n        Hennessy]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Silvio Fauner]], Italian cross-country\n        skier\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Debbie Rochon]], Canadian actress\\n* [[November\n        4]]\\n** [[Lee Germon]], New Zealand cricketer\\n** [[Daniel Landa]], Czech\n        composer, singer and actor\\n** [[Miles Long]], American [[pornographic actor]]\n        and [[film director|director]]\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Sam Rockwell]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 6]]\\n** [[Caesar Meadows]], American cartoonist\\n**\n        [[Kelly Rutherford]], American actress\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Parker Posey]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Zara Whites]], Dutch actress\\n* [[November 9]] –\n        [[Nazzareno Carusi]], Italian classical pianist\\n* [[November 10]] –\n        [[Tracy Morgan]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[November 11]] – [[David\n        L. Cook]], American Christian recording star\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Aya\n        Hisakawa]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Sammy Sosa]], Dominican [[Major League\n        Baseball]] player\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Pat Hentgen]], American baseball\n        player\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Janine Lindemulder]], American adult film\n        actress\\n** [[Serge Postigo]], Canadian actor\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Ol''\n        Dirty Bastard]], American rapper (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[Fausto Brizzi]], Italian\n        screenwriter and film director\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Tammy Lauren]],\n        American actress\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Barry Hunter (footballer)|Barry\n        Hunter]], Northern Irish footballer and football manager\\n** [[Luizianne Lins]],\n        Brazilian politician\\n** [[Gary Sheffield]], American retired baseball player\\n**\n        [[Owen Wilson]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Chew\n        Chor Meng]], Singaporean Chinese television actor\\n** [[John Trobaugh]], American\n        artist and photographer\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Qiao Hong]], Chinese table\n        tennis player\\n** [[Sean Schemmel]], American voice actor\\n** [[Alex James\n        (musician)|Alex James]], English bassist ([[Blur (band)|Blur]]) and cheesemaker\\n*\n        [[November 22]]\\n** [[Sidse Babett Knudsen]], Danish actress\\n** [[Rasmus\n        Lerdorf]], Danish-Greenlandic creator of [[PHP]]\\n* [[November 23]] –\n        [[Hamid Hassani]], Iranian scholar\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Phil Starbuck]],\n        former English [[footballer]]\\n** [[yukihiro (musician)|yukihiro]], Japanese\n        musician ([[L''Arc-en-Ciel]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Tunde Baiyewu]], British\n        singer ([[Lighthouse Family]])\\n** [[Jacqueline Hennessy]], Canadian actress\n        and talk show host\\n** [[Jill Hennessy]], Canadian actress\\n* [[November 27]]\n        – [[Michael Vartan]], French actor\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Ken\n        (musician)|Ken]], Japanese musician ([[L''Arc-en-Ciel]])\\n* [[November 29]]\n        – [[Jonathan Knight]], American singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Des''ree]], British singer\\n** [[Rica Matsumoto]], Japanese\n        voice actress and singer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Lucy Liu Comic-Con 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lucy\n        Liu]]]]\\n[[File:7.27.08BrendanFraser.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brendan Fraser]]]]\\n[[File:Eula\n        Valdez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eula Valdez]]]]\\n[[File:Rachel Griffiths 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rachel\n        Griffiths]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Lucy Liu]], American actress\\n*\n        [[December 3]]\\n** [[Brendan Fraser]], Canadian-born American actor\\n** [[Montell\n        Jordan]], American singer\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Margaret Cho]], American\n        actress and comedian\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Greg Ayres]], American voice\n        actor\\n** [[Mark Geyer]], Australian [[rugby league]] player\\n** [[Filip Naudts]],\n        Belgian photographer\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[Michael Cole (wrestling)|Michael\n        Cole]], American television sports commentator\\n** [[Wendi Deng]], Chinese-born\n        American businesswoman\\n** [[Mike Mussina]], American baseball player\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Kurt Angle]], American amateur and professional wrestler, [[1996\n        Summer Olympics|1996 Olympic]] gold medalist\\n* [[December 11]] \\n** [[Monique\n        Garbrecht-Enfeldt]], German speed skater\\n** [[Eula Valdez]], Filipino actress\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Paul Tracy]], Canadian race car driver\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Rachel Griffiths]], Australian actress\\n* [[December 19]] –\n        [[Ken Marino]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Khrystyne\n        Haje]], American actress\\n* [[December 22]] – [[Dina Meyer]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Manuel Rivera-Ortiz]], American photographer\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Choi Jin-sil]], South Korean actress and model\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Helena Christensen]], Danish model\\n* [[December\n        26]] \\n** [[Dennis Knight]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Malcolm\n        L. McCallum]], American herpetologist, conservation biologist, and environmental\n        scientist\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Corey Scott]], American motorcycle\n        stunt rider (d. [[1997]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Tricia Leigh Fisher]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Fabrice Guy]], French\n        Olympic skier\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Gerry Dee]], Canadian actor and\n        stand-up comedian\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Jeff Forshaw]], British particle\n        physicist\\n* [[Andrei Ivanovitch]], Russian classical pianist\\n* [[George\n        Henry Smyth]], Irish artist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Duke_Kahanamoku_c1912.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Duke\n        Kahanamoku]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Joseph Pholien]], Belgian politician,\n        37th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Karl Kobelt]], 2-time President of the Swiss Confederation (b. [[1891]])\n        \\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Hugo Butler]], Canadian screenwriter (b. [[1914]])\\n**\n        [[Gholamreza Takhti]], Iranian wrestler (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Mario Roatta]],\n        Italian general (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Theophilus Ebenhaezer\n        D\\u00f6nges]], acting [[Prime Minister of South Africa]] and elected [[President\n        of South Africa]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 11]] – [[Moshe Zvi Segal]],\n        Israeli linguist and Talmudic scholar, and [[Israel Prize]] recipient (b.\n        [[1876]])\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Bill Masterton]], Canadian hockey player\n        (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Bert Wheeler]], American actor and\n        comedian (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Ray Harroun]], American\n        race car driver (b. [[1879]]), winner of the first [[Indianapolis 500]] (1911)\\n*\n        [[January 21]] – [[Will Lang Jr.]], American journalist (b. [[1914]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Duke Kahanamoku]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[January 26]] – [[Merrill C. Meigs]], American newspaper publisher\n        and aviation promoter (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Robert Wood\n        Johnson II|Robert Wood Johnson]], American business leader and philanthropist\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Georg Hackenschmidt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Georg\n        Hackenschmidt]]]]\\n[[File:CamilleHuysmans1966cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Camille\n        Huysmans]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Jacob van der Hoeden]], Dutch-Israeli\n        veterinary scientist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Lawson Little]], American golfer\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Neal Cassady]], American writer\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)|Nick\n        Adams]], American actor (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Howard\n        Lindsay]], American playwright (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Mae\n        Marsh]], American actress (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[John\n        Westdahl]], American politician (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Georg\n        Hackenschmidt]], German strongman and professional wrestler (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Anthony Asquith]], British director and writer (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Howard Florey]], Australian-born pharmacologist,\n        recipient of the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[February 22]] – [[Peter Arno]], American cartoonist (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Fannie Hurst]], American novelist (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Camille Huysmans]], Belgian politician, 34th [[Prime\n        Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Frankie Lymon]],\n        American singer (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[February 29]] – [[Tore \\u00d8rjas\\u00e6ter]],\n        Norwegian poet (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yuri\n        Gagarin]]]]\\n[[File:Khuang Aphaiwong.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Khuang Aphaiwong]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – [[L\\u00e9on Mathot]], French actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March\n        10]] – [[Helen Walker]], American actress (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[March 15]]\n        – [[Khuang Aphaiwong]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]], leader of\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n** [[Leon Cadore]], American\n        baseball pitcher (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco]], Italian\n        composer (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[June Collyer]], American actress (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]]\\n** [[Charles Chaplin Jr.]], American actor (b. [[1925]])\\n**\n        [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]], Danish film director (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 23]]\n        – [[Edwin O''Connor]], American novelist and [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]\n        winner (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Alice Guy-Blach\\u00e9]], French\n        film director (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Yuri Gagarin]], Soviet\n        cosmonaut, first human in space (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Bobby\n        Driscoll]], American child actor (b. [[1937]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Martin\n        Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Lev Landau]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April 4]] – Rev. [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]], American civil rights activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (assassinated) (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Jim Clark]],\n        Scottish race car driver (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Gustavs Celmi\\u0146\\u0161]],\n        Latvian politician (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Al Benton]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** [[Fay Bainter]], American\n        actress (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Edna Ferber]], American writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]]\\n** [[Poul Reumert]], Danish actor (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Ronald\n        Urquhart]], British general (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Stephen\n        H. Sholes]], American record executive (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 24]] –\n        [[Tommy Noonan]], American actor (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Walter\n        Tewksbury]], American athlete (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] –\n        [[Jack Adams]], Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May\n        5]] – [[Albert Dekker]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 7]]\\n**\n        [[Mike Spence]], British race car driver (b. [[1936]])\\n** [[Craig Wood (golfer)|Craig\n        Wood]], American golfer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Mercedes de Acosta]],\n        American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        [[Finlay Currie]], Scottish actor (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Marion Lorne]], American\n        actress (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Scotty Beckett]], American actor\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Husband E. Kimmel]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Doris Lloyd]], English actress (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[James Burke (actor)|James Burke]], American actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Georg von K\\u00fcchler]], German field marshal\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Kees van Dongen]], Dutch-French painter\n        (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[May 29]] – [[Arnold Susi]], Estonian lawyer and politician\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Preben Uglebjerg]], Danish actor (b.\n        [[1931]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Hellen Keller circa 1920.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Helen\n        Keller]]]]\\n[[File:Robert F Kennedy crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Helen Keller]], American spokeswoman for the deaf and\n        blind (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Jouett Shouse]], American politician\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[R. Norris Williams|Dick Williams]], American tennis champion\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Dorothy Gish]], American actress (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Walter Nash]], 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[June\n        6]]\\n** [[Randolph Churchill]], British politician, son of [[Winston Churchill]]\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Robert F. Kennedy]], U.S. Senator and [[U.S. Attorney\n        General]] (assassinated) (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June 7]] – [[Dan Duryea]],\n        American actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Salvatore Quasimodo]],\n        Italian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]]\\n** [[Sam Crawford]], American baseball player ([[Detroit Tigers]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Wes Montgomery]],\n        American jazz guitarist (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Sally O''Neil]],\n        American actress (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Ingeborg Spangsfeldt]],\n        Danish actress (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Tony Hancock]], British\n        comedian (b. [[1924]]) (suicide)\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Paddy Driscoll]],\n        American football player ([[Chicago Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[Pro\n        Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Ugo Frigerio.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ugo\n        Frigerio]]]]\\n[[File:Otto Hahn (Nobel).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Otto Hahn]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Virginia Weidler]], American actress (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Johnny Indrisano]], American boxer and actor (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Ugo Frigerio]], Italian Olympic athlete (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Ellsworth Johnson]], American gangster (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July 13]] –\n        [[Ilias Tsirimokos]], Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 18]]\n        – [[Corneille Heymans]], Belgian physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Ruth\n        St. Denis]], American dancer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Henry\n        Hallett Dale]], English scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Lilian Harvey]], British-German\n        actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July 28]] \\n** [[Otto Hahn]], German chemist, discoverer\n        of nuclear fission, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Herrera Oria]], Spanish journalist, [[Roman Catholic]]\n        politician, cardinal and servant of God (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Alexander Hall]], American Theatrical Motion Picture Director (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Jack Pizzey]], Premier of Queensland, Australia (b.\n        [[1911]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 19]] – [[George Gamow]], Ukrainian-born\n        physicist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Kay Francis]], American\n        actress (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Robert Z. Leonard]], American\n        film director (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark|Princess\n        Marina, Duchess of Kent]] (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Ulysses\n        S. Grant III]], American soldier and planner (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Dennis O''Keefe]], American actor (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Padre\n        Pio.jpg|thumb|100px|Saint [[Pio of Pietrelcina]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Castro]], Argentine composer and conductor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – [[Lucio Fontana]], Italian painter and sculptor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Luther Perkins]], American guitarist\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Tommy Armour]], Scottish golfer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Armand Blanchonnet]], French Olympic\n        cyclist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 18]]\\n** [[Francis McDonald]], American\n        actor (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Franchot Tone]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Red Foley]], American singer (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[September\n        23]] – [[Pio of Pietrelcina]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and\n        saint (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Virginia Valli]], American\n        actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Lipman Heilprin]], Israeli\n        physician and Israel Prize recipient (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[September 28]] –\n        [[Norman Brookes]], Australian tennis champion (b. [[1877]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Marcel\n        Duchamp 01.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Marcel Duchamp]]]]\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Marcel\n        Duchamp]], French artist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 4]] – [[Hitoshi\n        Imamura]], Japanese general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Pierre\n        Mulele]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] [[revolutionary]]\n        (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Trevor Housley]], Australian public\n        servant (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Bea Benaderet]], American\n        actress (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Lee Tracy]], American actor\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Bud Flanagan]], British entertainer\n        and comedian (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Lise Meitner]], German-Austrian\n        physicist, discoverer of nuclear fission (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October 30]]\\n**\n        [[Pert Kelton]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Rose Wilder Lane]],\n        American author and reporter (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Ramon Novarro]], Mexican\n        actor (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Conrad Richter]], American writer (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Charles\n        Bacon 1909.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles Bacon]]]]\\n[[File:Dobi Istv\\u00e1n 1948-06.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Istv\\u00e1n\n        Dobi]]]]\\n[[File:Upton Beall Sinclair Jr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Upton Sinclair]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Georgios Papandreou]], Prime Minister of Greece (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Vern Stephens]], American baseball player\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Michel Kikoine]], Belarusian painter\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Charles Munch (conductor)|Charles\n        Munch]], French conductor and violinist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 7]] –\n        [[Gordon Coventry]], [[Australian rules football]]er (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November\n        8]]\\n** [[Wendell Corey]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Peter Mohr Dam]],\n        2-time Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[November 9]]\n        – [[Gerald Mohr]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November 13]] –\n        [[Berthold Bartosch]], Czech animator (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[November 15]] –\n        [[Charles Bacon]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 18]]\n        – [[Walter Wanger]], American film producer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November\n        20]] \\n** [[Helen Gardner (actress)|Helen Gardner]], American actress (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[Cathy Lewis]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Shangguan Yunzhu]], Chinese actress (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Istv\\u00e1n Dobi]], Hungarian politician, 42nd [[Prime Minister\n        of Hungary]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[November 25]] – [[Upton Sinclair]],\n        American writer (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[Arnold Zweig]],\n        German writer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Enid Blyton]], British\n        children''s writer (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Tallulah Bankhead\n        1941.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Tallulah Bankhead]]]]\\n[[File:JohnSteinbeck crop.JPG|thumb|100px|[[John\n        Steinbeck]]]]\\n[[File:Trygve Lie 1938.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Trygve Lie]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Adamson-Eric]], Estonian artist (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Archie Mayo]], American actor and director (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Fred Clark]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[Enoch L. Johnson]], American political boss and racketeer (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[December 10]]\\n** [[Karl Barth]], German Protestant theologian\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Thomas Merton]], American author (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December\n        12]] – [[Tallulah Bankhead]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Margarete Klose]], German soprano (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Jess Willard]], American boxer (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December\n        15]] – [[Jian Bozan]], Chinese historian (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December\n        18]] – [[Giovanni Messe]], Italian general, field marshal and politician\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 19]] – [[Norman Thomas]], American politician\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 20]] – [[John Steinbeck]], American writer,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Vittorio Pozzo]], Italian football player and manager (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]] – [[Leo Otis Colbert]], American admiral and engineer,\n        third Director of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – [[Weegee]], Ukrainian photographer and photojournalist\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Trygve Lie]], 1st [[United Nations\n        Secretary General|Secretary General of the United Nations]]  (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Peter Tytla]], American animator (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 31]]\n        – [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]], American musician (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Alan Stuart Paterson]], New Zealand cartoonist\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[Sami as-Solh]], 5-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. [[1887]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Luis Walter Alvarez]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Lars Onsager]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology\n        or Medicine]] – [[Robert W. Holley]], [[Har Gobind Khorana]], [[Marshall\n        W. Nirenberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Yasunari\n        Kawabata]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Cassin]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* Sherman, Daniel J. et al. eds. ''''The Long 1968: Revisions and\n        New Perspectives'''' (Indiana University Press; 2013) 382 pages; essays by\n        scholars on the cultural and political impact of 1968 in France, Mexico, Northern\n        Ireland, the United States, etc.\\n* Kurlansky, Mark. (2004). ''''1968: The\n        Year that Rocked the World''''. London: Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|978-0-224-06251-0}}\\n*\n        NPR \\\"[http://www.npr.org/templates/archives/archive.php?thingId=89372462&startNum=16\n        Echoes of 1968]\\\" report series.\\n* [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847884\n        1968 – The Year in Sound] An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS\n        Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years\n        of newsradio.\\n* ''''TIME'''' Magazine, 40th Anniversary Special (2008). \\\"1968:\n        The Year That Changed the World.\\\"\\n* ''''NEWSWEEK'''' Magazine. \\\"[http://prnwire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/11-11-2007/0004702702&EDATE=\n        1968: The Year That Made Us Who We Are].\\\" November 19, 2007.\\n* [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19880111,00.html\n        1968: The Year That Shaped a Generation], time.com, January 11, 1988.\\n* [http://www.coinpage.com/1968-pictures.html\n        1968 Coin Pictures]\\n* [http://www.magnum1968.com Magnum Photos, Historic\n        photos from 1968]\\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/1968/ BBC Radio 4 –\n        1968 Myth or Reality?] – six months of ''news on this day'' programmes\n        and documentaries\\n* [http://www.glyphingthehum.com/1968/1968.html Interactive\n        1968 Timeline]\\n* [http://people.mnhs.org/ugcs/home.cfm?sysid=6 Reflections\n        on 1968] Read people''s memories of the year 1968. [[Minnesota Historical\n        Society]]\\n\\n==External links==\\n* {{cite web |publisher=[[Digital Public\n        Library of America]] |title=1968 |work=Timeline |url= http://dp.la/timeline#1968\n        |location=USA }}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1968}}\\n[[Category:1968| ]]\\n[[Category:Leap\n        years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T10:54:22Z\",\"lastrevid\":799879597,\"length\":78168,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968\"},\"34610\":{\"pageid\":34610,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1969\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T03:00:16Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1969}}\\n{{year nav|1969}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1969}} The year is associated with the first\n        manned landing on the Moon ([[Apollo 11]]).\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n[[k34]]\\n\\n==\n        Events ==\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** Australian media baron [[Rupert\n        Murdoch]] purchases the largest-selling British Sunday newspaper, ''''The\n        [[News of the World]]''''.\\n** [[People''s Democracy (Ireland)|People''s Democracy]]\n        begins a march from [[Belfast]] to [[Derry|Derry City]], [[Northern Ireland]]\n        to gain publicity and to promote its cause. \\n** [[Ohio State University|Ohio\n        State]] defeats [[University of Southern California|USC]] in the [[Rose Bowl\n        Game|Rose Bowl]] to win the national title for the 1968 season.\\n* [[January\n        4]] – The Government of [[Spain]] hands over [[Ifni]] to [[Morocco]].\\n*\n        [[January 5]] – The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Venera 5]] toward [[Venus]].\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – The final passenger train traverses the [[Waverley Line]],\n        which subsequently closes to passengers.\\n* [[January 10]] – The [[Soviet\n        Union]] launches [[Venera 6]] toward [[Venus]].\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** ''''[[Led\n        Zeppelin (album)|Led Zeppelin]]'''', the first [[Led Zeppelin]] album, is\n        released in the United States.\\n** [[Martial law]] is declared in [[Madrid]],\n        as the University is closed and over 300 students are arrested.\\n** [[American\n        football]]: The [[1968 New York Jets season|New York Jets]] upset the [[1968\n        Baltimore Colts season|Baltimore Colts]] in [[Super Bowl III]], 16-7. [[Joe\n        Namath]] is the MVP of the game.\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** An explosion aboard\n        the aircraft carrier [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''''Enterprise'''']] near\n        [[Hawaii]] kills 27 and injures 314.\\n** The Soviet Union launches [[Soyuz\n        4]].\\n*[[January 15]] – The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Soyuz 5]], which\n        docks with Soyuz 4 for a transfer of crew.\\n*[[January 16]] – Student\n        [[Jan Palach]] sets himself on fire in [[Prague]]''s [[Wenceslas Square]]\n        to protest the Soviet invasion of [[Czechoslovakia]]; 3 days later he dies.\\n*\n        [[January 18]] – In [[Washington, D.C.]], the [[Smithsonian Institution]]\n        displays the art of [[Winslow Homer]] for 6 weeks.\\n* [[January 20]] –\n        [[Richard Nixon]] is [[First inauguration of Richard Nixon|sworn in]] as the\n        37th President of the United States.[[File:Richard M. Nixon, ca. 1935 - 1982\n        - NARA - 530679.jpg|thumb|37th President Richard M. Nixon]]\\n* [[January 22]]\n        – An assassination attempt is carried out on [[Leonid Brezhnev]] by\n        deserter Viktor Ilyin. One person is killed, several are injured. Brezhnev\n        escaped unharmed.\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Elvis Presley]] steps into American\n        Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, recording \\\"Long Black Limousine\\\", thus beginning\n        the recording of what becomes his landmark comeback sessions for the albums\n        ''''[[From Elvis in Memphis]]'''' and ''''Back in Memphis''''. The sessions\n        yield the popular and critically acclaimed singles \\\"Suspicious Minds\\\", \\\"In\n        the Ghetto\\\", and \\\"Kentucky Rain\\\".\\n* [[January 27]]\\n** Fourteen men, 9\n        of them [[Jews]], are executed in [[Baghdad]] for spying for [[Israel]].\\n**\n        Reverend [[Ian Paisley]], Northern Irish Unionist leader and founder of the\n        [[Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster]] is jailed for three months for illegal\n        assembly.\\n** The modern-day powerhouse of [[Hetch Hetchy#The Hetch Hetchy\n        Project|the Hetch Hetchy Project]] at [[Moccasin, Tuolumne County, California|Moccasin,\n        California]], rated at 100,000 kVA, is completed and placed in operation.\n        On February 7, the original is removed from service.\\n* [[January 28]] –\n        [[1969 Santa Barbara oil spill]]: A [[Blowout (well drilling)|blowout]] on\n        [[Union Oil]]''s Platform A spills 80,000 to 100,000 barrels of crude oil\n        into a channel and onto the beaches of [[Santa Barbara County]] in [[Southern\n        California]]; on February 5 the [[oil spill]] closes [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa\n        Barbara]]''s harbor. The incident inspires [[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]]\n        [[Gaylord Nelson]] to organize the first [[Earth Day]] in [[1970]].\\n* [[January\n        30]] – [[The Beatles]] give their last public performance, of several\n        tracks on the roof of [[Apple Records]], [[London]] (featured in [[Let It\n        Be (1970 film)|''''Let It Be'''' (1970 film)]]).\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February\n        2]]\\n** Two cosmonauts transfer from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4 via a spacewalk while\n        the two craft are docked together, the first time such a transfer takes place.\n        The two spacecraft undock. Soyuz 4 will reenter Earth''s atmosphere and land\n        February 17 while Soyuz 5 will have a hard landing February 18.\\n** Ten paintings\n        are defaced in New York''s [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].\\n* [[February 4]]\n        – In [[Cairo]], [[Yasser Arafat]] is elected [[Palestine Liberation\n        Organization]] leader at the [[Palestinian National Congress]].\\n* [[February\n        8]]\\n** The [[Allende meteorite]] explodes over Mexico.\\n** The last issue\n        of ''''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'''' in its original form hits magazine\n        stands in the United States after 147 years.\\n* [[February 9]] – The\n        [[Boeing 747]] makes its maiden flight at [[Everett, Washington]].\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration du Qu\\u00e9bec]] (FLQ) terrorists\n        bomb the [[Montreal Exchange|Montreal Stock Exchange]].\\n* [[February 14]]\n        – [[Pope Paul VI]] issues ''''[[Mysterii Paschalis]]'''', a ''''[[motu\n        proprio]]'''', deleting many names from the [[Roman calendar of saints]] (including\n        [[Valentine''s Day|Valentine]], who was celebrated on this day).\\n* [[February\n        17]] – [[Aquanaut]] [[Berry L. Cannon]] dies of [[carbon dioxide poisoning]]\n        while attempting to repair the [[SEALAB#SEALAB III|SEALAB III]] habitat off\n        [[San Clemente Island, California]].\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** The [[Mariner\n        6]] Mars probe is launched from the United States.\\n** ''''[[Tinker v. Des\n        Moines Independent Community School District]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of\n        the United States]] rules that the [[First Amendment to the United States\n        Constitution]] applies to public schools.\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Aircraft\n        burning on USS Enterprise (CVN-65).jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[January 14]]: Explosion\n        kills 27 on [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''''Enterprise'''']]]]\\n* [[March\n        2]]\\n** In [[Toulouse]], France the first [[Concorde]] test flight is conducted.\\n**\n        [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and Chinese forces clash at a border outpost on the\n        [[Ussuri River]].\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** In a [[Los Angeles]] court, [[Sirhan\n        Sirhan]] admits that he killed presidential candidate [[Robert F. Kennedy]].\\n**\n        [[Apollo program]]: [[NASA]] launches [[Apollo 9]] ([[James McDivitt]], [[David\n        Scott]], [[Rusty Schweickart]]) to test the [[lunar module]].\\n** The United\n        States Navy establishes the [[United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor\n        program|Navy Fighter Weapons School]] (also known as Top Gun) at [[Marine\n        Corps Air Station Miramar|Naval Air Station Miramar]].\\n* [[March 4]] –\n        [[Jim Morrison]] is arrested in [[Florida]] for indecent exposure during a\n        [[The Doors|Doors]] concert three days earlier. \\n* [[March 10]]\\n** In [[Memphis,\n        Tennessee]], [[James Earl Ray]] pleads guilty to assassinating [[Martin Luther\n        King Jr.]] (he later retracts his guilty plea).\\n** The novel [[The Godfather\n        (novel)|''''The Godfather'''']] by [[Mario Puzo]] is published.{{clarify|date=August\n        2013}}\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Apollo\n        program]]: [[Apollo 9]] returns safely to Earth after testing the [[Apollo\n        Lunar Module|Lunar Module]].\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** The [[Longhope, Orkney|Longhope]]\n        [[Lifeboat (rescue)|life-boat]] is lost after answering a mayday call during\n        severe storms in the [[Pentland Firth]] between [[Orkney]] and the northern\n        tip of Scotland; the entire crew of 8 die.[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/82797-orkney-remembers-longhope-disaster/\n        \\\"Orkney remembers Longhope disaster\\\", STV News, 17 March 2009]. Accessed\n        27 June 2013\\n** [[Golda Meir]] becomes the first female prime minister\n        of [[Israel]].\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Operation Breakfast]], the covert\n        bombing of Cambodia by U.S. planes, begins.\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** British paratroopers\n        and Marines land on the island of [[Anguilla]].\\n** A {{Convert|385|m|ft}}\n        tall [[Emley Moor transmitting station|TV mast at Emley Moor]], England, collapses\n        due to ice build-up.\\n* [[March 20]] – [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]]\n        are married at [[Gibraltar]], and proceed to their honeymoon \\\"[[Bed-In]]\\\"\n        for peace in [[Amsterdam]].\\n* [[March 22]] – The landmark art exhibition\n        ''''When Attitudes become Form'''', curated by [[Harald Szeemann]], opens\n        at the [[Kunsthalle Bern]] in Bern, Switzerland.\\n* [[March 29]] – The\n        [[Eurovision Song Contest 1969]] is held in Madrid, and results in four co-winners,\n        with 18 votes each, from Spain, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and France.\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – The body of former United States General and President\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is brought by caisson to the [[United States Capitol]]\n        to lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda; Eisenhower had died two days earlier,\n        after a long illness, in the [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center]], Washington,\n        D.C.\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]] – The [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]]\n        enters service with the [[Royal Air Force]].\\n* [[April 4]] – Dr. [[Denton\n        Cooley]] implants the first temporary [[artificial heart]].\\n* [[April 9]]\\n**\n        The [[Harvard University]] Administration Building is seized by close to 300\n        students, mostly members of the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960\n        organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]]. Before the takeover ends,\n        45 will be injured and 184 arrested.\\n** Ferm\\u00edn Monasterio P\\u00e9rez\n        is murdered by the [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] in [[Biscay]], [[Spain]];\n        the 4th victim in the name of [[Basque nationalism]].\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Queensland]]: The [[Trams in Brisbane|Brisbane Tramways]] end service after\n        84 years of operation.\\n* [[April 15]] – The [[EC-121 shootdown incident]]:\n        [[North Korea]] shoots down the aircraft over the [[Sea of Japan]], killing\n        all 31 on board.\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** British troops arrive in [[Northern Ireland]]\n        to reinforce the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]].\\n** A grassroots movement\n        of Berkeley community members seizes an empty lot owned by the [[University\n        of California]], to begin the formation of \\\"[[People''s Park (Berkeley)|People''s\n        Park]]\\\".\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Robin Knox-Johnston]] becomes the first\n        person to sail around the world solo without stopping.\\n* [[April 24]] –\n        Recently formed [[British Leyland]] launches their first new model, the [[Austin\n        Maxi]] in [[Portugal]].\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]] steps\n        down as president of [[France]] after suffering defeat in a [[French constitutional\n        referendum, 1969|referendum the day before]].\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 10]]\\n**\n        [[Zip to Zap]], a harbinger of the Woodstock Concert, ends with the dispersal\n        and eviction of youths and young adults at [[Zap, North Dakota]] by the [[National\n        Guard of the United States|National Guard]].\\n** The Battle of Dong Ap Bia,\n        also known as [[Battle of Hamburger Hill|Hamburger Hill]], begins during the\n        [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[May 13]] – [[May 13 Incident]]: [[Race riot]]s\n        occur in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[May 14]] – Colonel [[Muammar\n        Gaddafi]] visits Mecca, [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n* [[May 15]] – An [[United\n        States|American]] teenager known as ''[[Robert R.]]'' dies in [[St. Louis,\n        Missouri]], of a baffling medical condition. In 1984 it will be identified\n        as the first confirmed case of [[HIV/AIDS]] in [[North America]].\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Venera program]]: [[Venera 5]], a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spaceprobe,\n        lands on [[Venus]].\\n* [[May 17]] –  Venera program: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        probe ''''[[Venera 6]]'''' begins to descend into [[Venus]]'' atmosphere,\n        sending back atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure.\\n* [[May 18]]\n        – [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 10]] ([[Thomas Patten Stafford|Tom Stafford]],\n        [[Gene Cernan]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]]) is launched, on the\n        full dress-rehearsal for the [[Moon]] landing.\\n* [[May 20]] – [[United\n        States National Guard]] helicopters spray skin-stinging powder on anti-war\n        protesters in [[California]].\\n* [[May 21]] – ''''[[Rosariazo]]'''':\n        Civil unrest breaks out in [[Rosario, Argentina]], following the death of\n        a 15-year-old student.\\n* [[May 22]] – Apollo program: [[Apollo 10]]''s\n        lunar module flies to within 15,400 m of the [[Moon]]''s surface.\\n* [[May\n        25]] – ''''[[Midnight Cowboy]]'''', an [[X-rated]], [[Academy Award|Oscar-winning]]\n        [[John Schlesinger]] film, is released.\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** The [[Andean Pact]]\n        (Andean Group) is established.\\n** Apollo program: [[Apollo 10]] returns to\n        [[Earth]], after a successful 8-day test of all the components needed for\n        the upcoming first manned [[Moon]] landing.\\n* [[May 26]]–[[June 2]]\n        – [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]] conduct their second [[Bed-In]].\n        The follow-up to the Amsterdam event is held at the [[Queen Elizabeth Hotel]]\n        in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].  Lennon composes and records the song ''''[[Give\n        Peace a Chance]]'''' during the Bed-In.\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''':\n        A general strike and civil unrest break out in [[C\\u00f3rdoba, Argentina]].\\n**\n        Guided tours begin at the [[Kremlin]] and other government sites in [[Moscow]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – Riots in [[Cura\\u00e7ao]] mark the start of an Afro-Caribbean\n        [[civil rights]] movement on the island.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 3]] –\n        While operating at sea on SEATO maneuvers, the Australian aircraft carrier\n        [[HMAS Melbourne (R21)|HMAS ''''Melbourne'''']] accidentally rams and slices\n        into the American destroyer [[USS Frank E. Evans (DD-754)|USS ''''Frank E.\n        Evans'''']] in the South China Sea, killing 74 American seamen.\\n* [[June\n        5]] – An [[1969 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties|international\n        communist conference]] begins in [[Moscow]].\\n* [[June 7]] – The rock\n        group [[Blind Faith]] plays its first gig in front of 100,000 people in London''s\n        [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]].\\n* [[June 8]] –  U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] and [[South Vietnam]]ese President [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]]\n        meet at [[Midway Atoll|Midway Island]].   Nixon announces that 25,000 U.S.\n        troops will be withdrawn by September.\\n* [[June 17]] – After a 23-game\n        match, [[Boris Spassky]] defeats [[Tigran Petrosian]] to become the World\n        Chess Champion in Moscow.\\n* [[June 18]]–[[June 22]] – The National\n        Convention of the [[Students for a Democratic Society]], held in [[Chicago]],\n        collapses, and the [[Weather Underground|Weatherman]] faction seizes control\n        of the SDS National Office. Thereafter, any activity run from the National\n        Office or bearing the name of SDS is Weatherman-controlled.\\n* [[June 20]]\n        – [[Georges Pompidou]] is elected President of France.\\n* [[June 22]]\\n**\n        The [[Cuyahoga River]] fire helps spur an avalanche of [[water pollution]]\n        control activities resulting in the [[Clean Water Act]], [[Great Lakes Water\n        Quality Agreement]] and the creation of the federal [[United States Environmental\n        Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]].\\n** [[Judy Garland]]\n        dies of a drug overdose in her London home.\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Warren\n        E. Burger]] is sworn in as [[Chief Justice of the United States]] by retiring\n        Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]].\\n* [[June 24]] – The [[United Kingdom]]\n        and [[Rhodesia]] sever diplomatic ties.\\n* [[June 28]] – The [[Stonewall\n        riots]] in [[New York City]] mark the start of the modern [[gay rights movement]]\n        in the U.S.\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Apollo 11 first step.jpg|thumb|[[Neil Armstrong]]\n        descends a ladder to become the first human to step onto the surface of the\n        Moon during [[Apollo 11]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Charles, Prince of Wales]],\n        is invested with his title at [[Caernarfon]].\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Brian\n        Jones]], musician and founder of [[The Rolling Stones]], drowns in his swimming\n        pool at his home in [[Sussex]], England.\\n* [[July 4]] – Michael Mageau\n        and Darlene Ferrin are shot at [[Blue Rock Springs]] in California. They are\n        the second (known) victims of the [[Zodiac Killer]]. Mageau survives the attack\n        while Ferrin is pronounced dead-on-arrival at [[Kaiser Foundation Hospital\n        - Richmond]].\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Tom Mboya]], [[Kenya]]n Minister of\n        Development, is assassinated.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Francisco Franco]] orders\n        the closing of the border and communications between [[Gibraltar]] and Spain\n        in response to the [[1967]] [[Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 1967|Gibraltar\n        sovereignty referendum]].\\n* [[July 7]] – French is made equal to English\n        throughout the Canadian national government.\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: The very first U.S. troop withdrawals are made.\\n* [[July 10]] –\n        [[Donald Crowhurst]]''s [[trimaran]] ''''Teignmouth Electron'''' is found\n        drifting and unoccupied. It is assumed that Crowhurst might have committed\n        suicide.\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Football War]]: After [[Honduras]] loses a soccer\n        game against [[El Salvador]], rioting breaks out in Honduras against Salvadoran\n        migrant workers. Of the 300,000 Salvadoran workers in Honduras, tens of thousands\n        are expelled, prompting a brief Salvadoran invasion of Honduras. The [[Organization\n        of American States|OAS]] works out a cease-fire on [[July 18]], which takes\n        effect on [[July 20]].\\n** The [[Act of Free Choice]] commences in [[Merauke]],\n        [[Western New Guinea|West Irian]].\\n** The United States'' $500, $1,000, $5,000\n        and $10,000 bills are officially withdrawn from circulation.\\n* [[July 16]]\n        – [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 11]] ([[Neil Armstrong]], [[Buzz Aldrin]],\n        [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]) lifts off toward the first\n        landing on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Chappaquiddick incident]]\n        – [[Edward M. Kennedy]] drives off a bridge on his way home from a party\n        on [[Chappaquiddick Island]], [[Massachusetts]]. [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], a former\n        campaign aide to his brother, dies in the early morning hours of [[July 19]]\n        in the submerged car.\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[John Fairfax (rower)|John Fairfax]]\n        lands in [[Hollywood Beach, Florida]] near [[Miami]] and becomes the first\n        person to row across an ocean solo, after 180 days spent at sea on board  25''\n        ocean rowboat ''Britannia'' (left [[Gran Canaria]] on January 20, 1969).\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Apollo program]]: The lunar module ''''Eagle''''/[[Apollo\n        11]] lands on the lunar surface. An estimated 500 million people worldwide\n        watch in awe as [[Neil Armstrong]] takes his historic first steps on the [[Moon\n        landing|Moon]] at 10:56 pm ET (02:56 UTC July 21), the largest television\n        audience for a live broadcast at that time.{{cite web|title=Manned Space\n        Chronology: Apollo_11|url=http://www.spaceline.org/flightchron/apollo11.html|publisher=spaceline.org|accessdate=2008-02-06|\n        archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080214213826/http://www.spaceline.org/flightchron/apollo11.html|archivedate=February\n        14, 2008 |deadurl=no}}{{cite web|title=Apollo Anniversary: Moon\n        Landing \\\"Inspired World\\\"|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|publisher=nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2008-02-06|\n        archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080209140059/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|archivedate=February\n        9, 2008 |deadurl=no}} \\n* [[July 22]] – Spanish dictator and head\n        of state [[Francisco Franco]] appoints Prince [[Juan Carlos]] his successor.\\n*\n        [[July 24]]\\n** The [[Apollo 11]] astronauts return from the first successful\n        Moon landing, and are placed in biological isolation for several days, on\n        the chance they may have brought back lunar germs. The airless lunar environment\n        is later determined to preclude microscopic life.\\n** The [[Soviet Union]]\n        returns [[Gerald Brooke]] to the  United Kingdom in exchange for spies Peter\n        and Helen Kroger ([[Morris Cohen (spy)|Morris]] and [[Lona Cohen]]).\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] declares the\n        [[Nixon Doctrine]], stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies\n        to take care of their own military defense. This starts the \\\"Vietnamization\\\"\n        of the war.\\n* [[July 26]] – The New York Chapter of the [[Young Lords]]\n        is founded.\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] makes an unscheduled visit to [[South Vietnam]], meeting with President\n        [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]] and U.S. military commanders.\\n* [[July\n        31]] \\n** The [[Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)|halfpenny]] ceases to\n        be [[legal tender]] in the UK.\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] arrives in [[Entebbe]],\n        [[Uganda]] for the first visit by a reigning [[Pope]] to [[Africa]].{{cite\n        web|title=Pope Paul VI''s Apostolic Pilgrimage to Uganda, 31st July - 2nd\n        August 1969|url=http://www.totus2us.co.uk/universal/uganda/pvi-pilgrim-visit-1969/|accessdate=2016-10-29}}\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Woodstock\n        redmond stage.JPG|thumb|230px|right|[[August 15]]–[[August 18|18]]:\n        [[Woodstock]]]]\\n* [[August 4]] – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French\n        intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative [[Henry Kissinger]]\n        and North Vietnamese representative [[Xuan Thuy]] begin secret peace negotiations.\n        They eventually fail since both sides cannot agree to any terms.\\n* [[August\n        5]] – [[Mariner program]]: [[Mariner 7]] makes its closest fly-by of\n        [[Mars]] (3,524 kilometers) and proto-punk band The Stooges releases their\n        homonym debut album.\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[The Beatles]] at 11:30 have photographer\n        [[Iain Macmillan]] take their photo on a zebra crossing on [[Abbey Road]].\\n**\n        A fire breaks out in [[Bannerman''s Castle]] in the [[Hudson River]]; most\n        of the roof collapses and crashes down to the lower levels.\\n* [[August 9]]\\n**\n        The Haunted Mansion attraction opens at Disneyland California. Later versions\n        open in Florida, Tokyo and Paris.\\n** Followers of [[Charles Manson]] murder\n        [[Sharon Tate]], (who was 8 months pregnant), and her friends: [[Folgers]]\n        coffee heiress [[Abigail Folger]], [[Wojciech Frykowski]], and Hollywood hairstylist\n        [[Jay Sebring]] at the home of Tate and her husband, [[Roman Polanski]], in\n        [[Los Angeles]]. Also killed is [[Steven Parent]], leaving from a visit to\n        the Polanski''s caretaker. More than 100 stab wounds are found on the victims,\n        except for Parent, who had been shot almost as soon as the Manson Family entered\n        the property.\\n* [[August 10]] – The Manson Family kills [[Leno and\n        Rosemary LaBianca]], wealthy Los Angeles businessman and his wife.\\n* [[August\n        12]] – Violence erupts after the [[Apprentice Boys of Derry]] march\n        in [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]], resulting in a three-day communal riot\n        known as the [[Battle of the Bogside]].\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Sino-Soviet\n        border conflict|Serious border clashes]] occur between the [[Soviet Union]]\n        and the People''s Republic of China.\\n* [[August 14]] – British troops\n        are deployed in [[Northern Ireland]] following the three-day Battle of the\n        Bogside.\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Captain D''s]] is founded as \\\"Mr. D\\u2019s\n        Seafood and Hamburgers\\\" by Ray Danner with its first location opening in\n        Donelson, Tennessee.\\n* [[August 15]]–[[August 18]] – The [[Woodstock\n        Festival]] is held in upstate New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians\n        of the era.\\n* [[August 17]] – Category 5 [[Hurricane Camille]], the\n        most powerful tropical cyclonic system at landfall in history, hits the [[Mississippi]]\n        coast, killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars).\\n*\n        [[August 20]] – [[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument]] is established\n        in Florissant, CO, USA\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** Donald and Doris Fisher open the\n        first [[Gap Inc.|Gap]] store on Ocean Avenue in San Francisco.\\n** Australian\n        [[Denis Michael Rohan]] sets the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] on fire.\\n** Strong violence\n        on demonstration in [[Prague]] and [[Brno]], Czechoslovakia. Military force\n        contra citizens. [[Prague Spring|Prague spring]] finally beaten.\\n* [[August\n        29]] – A [[Trans World Airlines]] flight from Rome to Tel Aviv is [[TWA\n        Flight 840 hijacking|hijacked]] and diverted to Syria.\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 1]] – [[1969 Libyan coup d''\\u00e9tat]]: A bloodless coup\n        in [[Libya]] ousts King [[Idris I of Libya|Idris]], and brings Colonel [[Muammar\n        Gaddafi]] to power.\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** The first [[automatic teller machine]]\n        in the United States is installed in [[Rockville Centre, New York]].\\n** [[Ho\n        Chi Minh]], former [[president]] of the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]],\n        dies.\\n* [[September 5]] – Lieutenant [[William Calley]] is charged\n        with 6 counts of premeditated murder, for the [[1968]] [[My Lai Massacre]]\n        deaths of 109 [[Vietnam]]ese civilians in [[My Lai]], [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[September\n        9]] – [[Allegheny Airlines Flight 853]] [[Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] collides\n        in flight with a [[Piper Aircraft|Piper]] [[Piper PA-28|PA-28]], and crashes\n        near [[Fairland, Indiana]], killing all 83 persons in both aircraft.\\n* [[September\n        13]] – ''''[[Scooby-Doo]]'''' airs its first episode on the [[CBS]]\n        network in the United States.\\n* [[September 20]] – The very last theatrical\n        Warner Bros. cartoon is released: the [[Merrie Melodies]] short ''''[[Injun\n        Trouble (1969 film)|Injun Trouble]]''''.\\n* [[September 22]] – [[San\n        Francisco Giant]] [[Willie Mays]] becomes the first player since [[Babe Ruth]]\n        to hit 600 career [[home runs]].\\n* [[September 22]] – [[September 25]]\n        – An Islamic conference in [[Rabat]], Morocco, following the al-Aqsa\n        Mosque fire (August 21), condemns the Israeli claim of ownership of [[Jerusalem]].\\n*\n        [[September 23]] \\n** China carries out an [[underground nuclear testing|underground\n        nuclear bomb test]].\\n** ''''[[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]'''' (directed\n        by [[George Roy Hill]] and starring [[Paul Newman]] and [[Robert Redford]])\n        opens to limited release in the United States.\\n* [[September 24]] –\n        The ''''[[Chicago Eight]]'''' trial begins in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation\n        of the Islamic Conference]] is founded.\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[The Beatles]]\n        release their ''''[[Abbey Road]]'''' album which is an enormous commercial\n        success and, although receiving mixed reviews at this time, comes to be viewed\n        by many as the group''s best.\\n** ''''[[The Brady Bunch]]'''' is broadcast\n        for the first time on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n* [[September\n        28]] – The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] and\n        the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democrats]] receive a majority\n        of votes in the [[Germany|German]] parliamentary elections, and decide to\n        form a common government.\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** In [[Sweden]],\n        [[Olof Palme]] is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Worker''s Party,\n        replacing [[Tage Erlander]] as [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]]\n        on [[October 14]].\\n** The [[Beijing Subway]] begins operation.\\n* [[October\n        2]] – A 1.2 [[TNT equivalent|megaton]] thermonuclear device is tested\n        at [[Amchitka Island]], [[Alaska]]. This test is code-named Project Milrow,\n        the 11th test of the [[Operation Mandrel]] 1969\\u2013[[1970]] underground\n        nuclear test series. This test is known as a \\\"calibration shot\\\" to test\n        if the island is fit for larger underground nuclear detonations.\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n**''''[[Monty Python''s Flying Circus]]'''' first airs on [[BBC One]].\\n**''''[[Sazae-san]]''''\n        first airs on [[Fuji Television]].\\n* [[October 9]]–[[October 12]] –\n        [[Days of Rage]]: In [[Chicago]], the [[United States National Guard]] is\n        called in to control demonstrations involving the radical [[Weatherman (organization)|Weathermen]],\n        in connection with the \\\"[[Chicago Eight]]\\\" Trial.\\n* [[October 11]]–[[October\n        16]] – The [[1969 New York Mets season|New York Mets]] defeat the [[1969\n        Baltimore Orioles season|Baltimore Orioles]] four games to one in one of the\n        greatest [[1969 World Series|World Series]] upsets in [[baseball]] history.\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n** [[UK miners'' strike (1969)|An unofficial strike amongst\n        British mineworkers]] begins over the working hours of surface workers.\\n*\n        [[October 15]]\\n** [[Radio Philippines Network|DZKB-TV Channel 9]], the Philippines\n        TV station, owner by Roberto S. Benedicto, is launched.\\n** [[Vietnam War]]:\n        Hundreds of thousands of people take part in [[Moratorium to End the War in\n        Vietnam]] demonstrations across the [[United States]].\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**\n        Willard S. Boyle and George Smith invent the [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]]\n        at [[Bell Laboratories]] (30 years later, this technology is widely used in\n        digital cameras).\\n** Fourteen black athletes are kicked off the [[University\n        of Wyoming]] football team for wearing black armbands into their [[Lloyd Eaton|coach''s]]\n        office.\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Willy Brandt]] becomes Chancellor of [[West\n        Germany]].\\n** General [[Siad Barre]] comes to power in [[Somalia]] in a coup,\n        6 days after the assassination of President [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]].\\n*\n        [[October 22]] – [[Led Zeppelin]] release ''''[[Led Zeppelin II]]''''\n        to critical acclaim and commercial success.\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Pink\n        Floyd]] release their ''''[[Ummagumma]]'''' album.\\n* [[October 29]] –\n        The first message is sent over [[ARPANET]], the forerunner of the [[internet]].\\n*\n        [[October 31]]\\n** [[Wal-Mart]] incorporates as ''''''Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.''''''\\n**\n        The [[disappearance of Patricia Spencer and Pamela Hobley]] occurs.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 3]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] addresses\n        the nation on television and radio, asking the \\\"[[silent majority]]\\\" to\n        join him in solidarity with the [[Vietnam War]] effort, and to support his\n        policies. Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] denounces the President''s critics\n        as ''an effete corps of impudent snobs'' and ''nattering nabobs of negativism''.\\n**\n        [[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government\n        of Turkey (31st government).\\n* [[November 9]] – A group of American\n        Indians, led by [[Richard Oakes (activist)|Richard Oakes]], seizes [[Alcatraz\n        Island]] for 19 months, inspiring a wave of renewed Indian pride and government\n        reform.\\n* [[November 10]] – ''''[[Sesame Street]]'''' aired its first\n        episode on the [[National Educational Television|NET]] network.\\n* [[November\n        12]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[My Lai Massacre]]: Independent investigative\n        journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] breaks the My Lai story.\\n* [[November 14]] \\n**[[Apollo\n        program]]: [[NASA]] launches [[Apollo 12]] ([[Pete Conrad]], [[Richard F.\n        Gordon, Jr.|Richard Gordon]], [[Alan Bean]]), the second manned mission to\n        the [[Moon]].\\n** The [[SS United States]] the last active [[United States\n        Lines]] passenger ship is withdrawn from service.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n** [[Cold\n        War]]: The [[Soviet submarine K-19]] collides with the American submarine\n        [[USS Gato (SSN-615)|USS ''''Gato'''']] in the [[Barents Sea]].\\n** [[Vietnam\n        War]]: In Washington, D.C., 250,000\\u2013500,000 protesters stage a peaceful\n        demonstration against the war, including a symbolic \\\"March Against Death\\\".\\n**\n        Regular [[colour television]] broadcasts begin on [[BBC1]] and [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]\n        in the United Kingdom.\\n** [[Dave Thomas (businessman)|Dave Thomas]] opens\n        his first restaurant in a former steakhouse in downtown [[Columbus, Ohio]].\n        He names the chain ''''[[Wendy''s]]'''' after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda\n        Lou (nicknamed \\\"Wendy\\\" by her siblings).\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Cold\n        War]]: Negotiators from the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] meet\n        in [[Helsinki]], to begin the [[SALT I]] negotiations aimed at limiting the\n        number of strategic weapons on both sides.\\n* [[November 19]]\\n** [[Apollo\n        program]]: [[Apollo 12]] astronauts [[Pete Conrad|Charles Conrad]] and [[Alan\n        Bean]] land at [[Oceanus Procellarum]] (\\\"Ocean of Storms\\\"), becoming the\n        third and fourth humans to walk on the [[Moon]].\\n** Soccer great [[Pel\\u00e9]]\n        scores his 1,000th goal.\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: ''''[[The\n        Plain Dealer]]'''' publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the\n        [[My Lai Massacre]] in [[Vietnam]].\\n** [[Richard Oakes (activist)|Richard\n        Oakes]] returns with 90 followers and offers to buy Alcatraz for $24 (he leaves\n        the island January 1970).\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] and Japanese Premier [[Eisaku Sat\\u014d]] agree in Washington, D.C.\n        to the return of [[Okinawa]] to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms\n        of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island,\n        but they must be nuclear-free.\\n** The first [[ARPANET]] link is established\n        (the progenitor of the global [[Internet]]).\\n** The [[United States Senate]]\n        votes down the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] nomination\n        of [[Clement Haynsworth]], the first such rejection since [[1930]].\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Apollo program]]: The [[Apollo 12]] spacecraft splashes down\n        safely in the [[Pacific Ocean]], ending the second manned mission to the Moon.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[John Lennon]] returns his [[Member of the Order\n        of the British Empire|MBE]] medal to protest the British government''s involvement\n        in the [[Nigerian Civil War]].\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]] –\n        [[Vietnam War]]: The first [[Draft lottery (1969)|draft lottery]] in the United\n        States is held since World War II (on January 4, 1970, ''''[[The New York\n        Times]]'''' will run a long article, \\\"Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery\n        Was Not Random\\\").\\n* [[December 2]] – The [[Boeing 747]] jumbo jet\n        makes its first passenger flight. It carries 191 people, most of them reporters\n        and photographers, from [[Seattle]], to New York City.\\n* [[December 4]] –\n        [[Black Panther Party]] members [[Fred Hampton]] and [[Mark Clark (Black Panther)|Mark\n        Clark]] are shot dead in their sleep during a raid by 14 Chicago police officers.\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[The Rolling Stones]] release Let it Bleed.\\n* [[December\n        6]] – The [[Altamont Free Concert]] is held at the Altamont Speedway\n        in northern California. Hosted by [[The Rolling Stones]], it is an attempt\n        at a \\\"Woodstock West\\\" and is best known for the uproar of violence that\n        occurred. It is viewed by many as the \\\"end of the sixties.\\\"\\n* [[December\n        12]] – The [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] in Italy (Strage di Piazza Fontana)\n        takes place.\\n* [[December 14]] – The [[murder of Diane Maxwell]] takes\n        place, when the 25-year-old phone operator is found sexually assaulted and\n        killed (the case remains unsolved until [[2003]]).\\n* [[December 24]]\\n**\n        [[Charles Manson]] is allowed to defend himself at the Tate-LaBianca murder\n        trial.\\n** The oil company [[Phillips Petroleum]] made the first [[oil]] discovery\n        in the Norwegian sector of [[North Sea]].\\n** Nigerian troops capture [[Umuahia]],\n        the last [[Biafra]]n capital before its dissolution became [[Owerri]]\\n* [[December\n        27]] – The [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]\n        wins 47.6% of the votes in the [[Japanese general election, 1969]]. Future\n        prime ministers [[Yoshir\\u014d Mori]] and [[Tsutomu Hata]] and future kingmaker\n        [[Ichir\\u014d Ozawa]] are elected for the first time.\\n* [[December 28]] –\n        The [[Young Lords]] take over the First Spanish Methodist Church in [[East\n        Harlem]].\\n* [[December 30]] – The [[Linwood bank robbery]] leaves two\n        police officers dead.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* Summer – Invention of\n        [[Unix]] under the potential name \\\"Unics\\\" (after [[Multics]]).[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html\n        Dennis M. Ritchie, \\\"The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System\\\", Lucent\n        Technologies, 1996] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408054606/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html\n        |date=April 8, 2015 }}; accessed 27 June 2013.\\n* Fall – Second-generation\n        [[Dodge Challenger]] automobile introduced in the United States.\\n* Common\n        [[Africa]]n, [[Madagascar|Malagasy]] and [[Mauritius|Mauritian]] Organization\n        (OCAMM) (Organisation Commune Africaine Malgache et Mauricienne).\\n* [[International\n        Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage]], a maritime treaty,\n        is adopted.\\n* The first strain of the [[AIDS virus]] ([[HIV]]) migrates to\n        the United States via [[Haiti]].{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-10-30-voa66.html\n        |title=AIDS Virus Came to US Via Haiti|publisher=Voanews.com|accessdate=2014-05-05}}\\n*\n        Women are allowed membership in the Future Farmers of America (the later [[National\n        FFA Organization]]).\\n* [[Long John Silver''s]] restaurant chain opens its\n        first store in [[Lexington, Kentucky]].\\n* [[Arthur Treacher''s]] Fish and\n        Chips is founded by S. Robert Davis and Dave Thomas and its first location\n        in [[Columbus, Ohio]] opens for business.\\n* The [[Montreal Expos]] debut\n        as [[Major League Baseball]]''s first team outside the United States.\\n\\n==\n        Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Schumacher china 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael\n        Schumacher]]]]\\n[[File:Foo Fighters Tenacious D concert in 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dave\n        Grohl]]]]\\n[[File:Patton Oswalt by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patton\n        Oswalt]]]]\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Dean Francis Alfar]], Filipino author\\n**\n        [[Tommy Morrison]], American boxer (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Christy Turlington]],\n        American fashion model\\n** [[Robby Gordon]], American race car driver\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Michael Schumacher]], German seven-time [[Formula 1]] world\n        champion\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Marilyn Manson]], American rock musician\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Norman Reedus]], American actor\\n* [[January 11]]\n        – [[Ky\\u014dko Hikami]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[January 13]] –\n        [[Stephen Hendry]], British snooker player\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Jason Bateman]],\n        American actor, director and producer\\n** [[Dave Grohl|David Grohl]], American\n        rock drummer and composer ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Foo Fighters]])\\n*\n        [[January 15]] – [[Meret Becker]], German actress and musician\\n* [[January\n        16]]\\n** [[Roy Jones Jr.]], American boxer\\n** [[Per \\\"Dead\\\" Ohlin]], Norwegian\n        vocalist (d. [[1991]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Lukas Moodysson]], Swedish\n        film director\\n** [[Ti\\u00ebsto]], Dutch trance DJ\\n* [[January 18]] –\n        [[Dave Bautista]], American actor, professional mixed martial artist and professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Junior Seau]], American NFL player (d.\n        [[2012]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Patrick K. Kroupa]], American writer,\n        hacker\\n* [[January 27]]\\n**[[Cornelius (musician)|Cornelius]], Japanese rock\n        musician, singer and producer ([[Flipper''s Guitar]])\\n**[[Patton Oswalt]],\n        American stand-up comedian, writer, actor and voice actor\\n* [[January 28]]\n        – [[Kathryn Morris]], American actress\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Hyde\n        (musician)|Hyde]], Japanese rock musician, singer and guitarist\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:JenniferAnistonHWoFFeb2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jennifer\n        Aniston]]]]                                              \\n[[File:Birdman\n        at hot 97 summer jam 2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]]]]\\n[[File:INXS\n        TO ROCK THE HUNTER! - Train.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Patrick Monahan]]]]\\n* [[February\n        1]]\\n** [[Gabriel Batistuta]], Argentine footballer\\n** [[Andrew Breitbart]],\n        American writer and publisher (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Dambisa\n        Moyo]], Zambian-born economist\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Beau Biden]], 44th\n        Attorney General of Delaware (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Retief Goosen]], South African\n        golfer\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Bobby Brown]], African-American singer\\n**\n        [[Michael Sheen]], Welsh actor\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Ian Eagle]], American\n        sports announcer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Jennifer Aniston]], American actress,\n        director, producer and businesswoman\\n** [[Bill Warner (motorcycle racer)|Bill\n        Warner]], American motorcycle racer (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Darren\n        Aronofsky]], American film director\\n** [[Hong Myung-bo]], South Korean footballer\\n**\n        [[Brad Werenka]], Canadian ice-hockey player\\n* [[February 13]] \\n** [[Ahlam]],\n        Arabic singer\\n** [[J. B. Blanc]], French voice actor\\n* [[February 15]] –\n        [[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]], American rapper, entertainer, and record producer\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Burton C. Bell]], American rock vocalist/lyricist\\n*\n        [[February 20]] – [[Gedo (wrestler)|Keiji Takayama]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[February 21]]\\n** [[Bosson]], Swedish singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Petra Kronberger]], Austrian alpine skier\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Thomas\n        Jane]], American actor\\n* [[February 23]]\\n** [[Michael Campbell]], New Zealand\n        golfer\\n** [[Marc Wauters]], Belgian cyclist\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Christine\n        Ng]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[February 28]]\\n** [[Robert Sean Leonard]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Patrick Monahan]], American musician and singer\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:JavierBardemHWOFNov2012\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Javier Bardem]]]]\\n[[File:Terrence Howard TIFF 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Terrence\n        Howard]]]]\\n[[File:Ali Daei in Child Labours Association cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ali\n        Daei]]]]\\n[[File:Kevin Corrigan 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kevin Corrigan]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 1]]\\n** [[Javier Bardem]], Spanish actor\\n** [[Dafydd Ieuan]], Welsh\n        rock drummer\\n** [[Litefoot]], Native American actor\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Chaz\n        Bono]], American LGBT rights activist \\n** [[Annie Yi|Annie Shizuka Inoh]],\n        Taiwanese actress\\n** [[Patrick Roach]], Canadian actor\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Todd Williams (athlete)|Todd Williams]], American long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Paget Brewster]], American actress\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[Terrence Howard]], American actor and singer\\n** [[Soraya (musician)|Soraya]],\n        Colombian singer and multi-instrumentalist (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[March 12]]\\n**\n        [[Graham Coxon]], English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist ([[Blur\n        (band)|Blur]]) and painter\\n** [[Akemi Okamura]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[March 13]] – [[Susanna M\\u00e4lkki]], Finnish conductor\\n* [[March\n        15]]\\n** [[Timo Kotipelto]], Finnish musician\\n** [[Yutaka Take]], Japanese\n        jockey\\n** [[Kim Raver]], American actress\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Markus\n        Lanz]], German-Italian television presenter\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Alexander\n        McQueen]], British fashion designer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 18]] –\n        [[Vassily Ivanchuk]], Ukrainian chess grandmaster\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Patrick\n        Tam (actor)|Patrick Tam]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Connor Trinneer]], American\n        actor\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Ali Daei]], Iranian football player\\n* [[March\n        24]] – [[Stephan Eberharter]], Austrian alpine skier\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Jeffrey Walker]], English musician\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Kevin Corrigan]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Pauley Perrette]], American actress\\n* [[March 28]] \\n**[[Rodney\n        Atkins]], America country music singer-songwriter\\n**[[Laurie Brett]], Scottish\n        actress\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Chiaki Ishikawa]], Japanese singer ([[See-Saw]])\\n*\n        [[March 31]] – [[Samantha Brown]], American television host\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Paul\n        Rudd (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Rudd]]]]\\n[[File:Ren\\u00e9e Zellweger\n        Berlinale 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ren\\u00e9e Zellweger]]]]\\n* [[April\n        1]] – [[Fadl Shaker]], Lebanese singer\\n* [[April 2]] – [[Ajay\n        Devgan]], Bollywood actor\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Lance Storm]], Canadian\n        professional wrestler\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Bret Boone]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Paul Rudd]], American actor, comedian, writer and producer\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Debbie Schlussel]], political commentator and film critic\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Billy Jayne]], American actor\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Barnaby\n        Kay]], English actor\\n** [[Cerys Matthews]], Welsh singer\\n** [[Caren Miosga]],\n        German journalist and television presenter\\n** [[Chisato Moritaka]], Japanese\n        singer\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Michael Jackson (wide receiver)|Michael Jackson]],\n        former [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[April\n        19]]\\n** [[Shannon Lee]], Chinese-American actress\\n** [[Susan Polgar]], Hungarian\n        chess player\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Marietta Slomka]], German journalist\\n*\n        [[April 21]] – [[Toby Stephens]], English actor\\n* [[April 22]] –\n        [[Dion Dublin]], English footballer\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Yelena Shushunova]],\n        Soviet gymnast\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Vanessa Beecroft]], Italian artist\\n**\n        [[Joe Buck]], American sports announcer\\n** [[Gina Torres]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Ren\\u00e9e Zellweger]], American actress and producer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Wes\n        Anderson-20140206-85.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wes Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Cate Blanchett\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Cate Blanchett]]]]\\n[[File:David Boreanaz\n        Comic-Con 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David Boreanaz]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Wes\n        Anderson]], American director, producer, screenwriter and actor\\n* [[May 2]]\n        – [[Brian Lara]], West Indian cricketer\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Daryl\n        F. Mallett]], American author and actor\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Micah Aivazoff]],\n        Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[Christina Billotte]], American musician\\n*\n        [[May 5]] – [[Hideki Irabu]], Japanese baseball player (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – [[Jim Magilton]], Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[May 7]]\n        – [[Eagle-Eye Cherry]], Swedish-born musician\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Amber\n        (singer)|Amber]], Dutch musician\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Dennis Bergkamp]],\n        Dutch soccer player\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Kevin Nalty]], American YouTube\n        comedian\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Nikos Aliagas]], French-born television host\\n**\n        [[Buckethead|Brian Carroll]] (a.k.a. Buckethead), American guitarist\\n* [[May\n        14]]\\n** [[Cate Blanchett]], Australian actress\\n** [[Danny Wood]], American\n        singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Assala Nasri|Asalah\n        Nasri]], Syrian singer\\n** [[Emmitt Smith]], American football player\\n* [[May\n        16]]\\n** [[David Boreanaz]], American actor\\n** [[Tracey Gold]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Steve Lewis (sprinter)|Steve Lewis]], American athlete\\n* [[May\n        18]] – [[Martika]], American singer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]], Ukrainian journalist (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Anne Heche]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Stacy London]], American fashion consultant and media\n        personality\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Siri Lindley]], American triathlete\\n*[[May\n        28]] – [[Rob Ford]], Canadian politician (d. [[2016]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:JP\n        Manoux.jpg|thumb|110px|[[J.P. Manoux]]]]\\n[[File:Peter Dinklage by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter\n        Dinklage]]]]\\n[[File:Steffi Graf in Hamburg 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Steffi\n        Graf]]]]\\n[[File:Ice-Cube 2014-01-09-Chicago-photoby-Adam-Bielawski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ice\n        Cube]]]]\\n[[File:Oliver Kahn 06-2004.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Oliver Kahn]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 2]] – [[Jamie Thraves]], English film writer, director and music\n        video director\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Takako Minekawa]], Japanese musician,\n        composer and writer\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Rob Huebel]], American comedian\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Alina Astafei]], Romanian-German high jumper\\n** [[Prince\n        Joachim of Denmark]]\\n** [[Kim Rhodes]], American actress\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[J. P. Manoux]], American actor\\n* [[June 11]] \\n** [[Peter Dinklage]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Steven Drozd]], American rock drummer ([[The Flaming Lips]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] \\n** [[Zsolt Daczi]], Hungarian rock guitarist (d. [[2007]])\\n**\n        [[Heinz-Christian Strache]], Austrian politician\\n* [[June 13]] – [[S\\u00f8ren\n        Rasted]], Danish musician ([[Aqua (band)|Aqua]])\\n* [[June 14]]\\n** [[Steffi\n        Graf]], German tennis player\\n** [[Eugene Chung]], Korean-American football\n        player\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Ice Cube]], African-American rapper and actor\\n**\n        [[Oliver Kahn]], German football goalkeeper\\n** [[Jansher Khan]], Pakistani\n        squash player\\n** [[Maurice Odumbe]], Kenyan cricketer\\n* [[June 16]] \\n**\n        [[MC Ren]], American rapper ([[N.W.A]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Paul Tergat]],\n        Kenyan athlete\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Haki Doku]], Albanian para-cyclist\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Trine Pallesen]], Danish actress\\n* [[June 20]] –\n        [[Paulo Bento]], Portuguese football player and coach\\n* [[June 23]] \\n**\n        [[Fernanda Ribeiro]], Portuguese long-distance runner\\n** [[Achinoam Nini|Achinoam\n        Nini (Noa)]], Israeli singer\\n* [[June 24]] \\n** [[Rich Eisen]], American\n        television journalist\\n** [[Sissel Kyrkjeb\\u00f8]], Norwegian singer\\n* [[June\n        25]]\\n** [[Storm Large]], American singer and actor\\n** [[Zim Zum]], American\n        guitarist\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Tichina Arnold]], African-American actress\n        (''''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'''')\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[T\\u014dru Hashimoto]],\n        Japanese local governor\\n** [[Ilan Mitchell-Smith]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        30]] – [[Sanath Jayasuriya]], Sri Lankan cricketer\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Ken\n        Jeong March 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ken Jeong]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer Lopez at\n        GLAAD Media Awards.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jennifer Lopez]]]]\\n[[File:Alexis Arquette\n        2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexis Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Simon Baker 2013 4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Simon\n        Baker]]]]\\n* [[July 2]]\\n** [[Matthew Cox]], American criminal\\n** [[Tim Rodber]],\n        English rugby player\\n** [[Jenni Rivera]], Mexican-American singer-songwriter,\n        producer and actress (d. [[2012]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Gedeon Burkhard]],\n        German actor\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Jordan Sonnenblick]], American teacher\n        and novelist\\n* [[July 5]] – [[John LeClair]], American hockey player\\n*\n        [[July 7]]\\n** [[Sylke Otto]], German luger\\n** [[Joe Sakic]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Cree Summer]], American-Canadian actress and singger\\n* [[July\n        8]] \\n** [[George Fisher (musician)|George Fisher]], American vocalist, [[Cannibal\n        Corpse]]\\n** [[Sugizo]], Japanese guitarist and singer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**\n        [[Gale Harold]], American actor\\n** [[Jonas Kaufmann]], German operatic tenor\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[David Tao]], Taiwanese singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 13]]\n        – [[Ken Jeong]], American actor, comedian and physician\\n* [[July 16]]\n        – [[Sahra Wagenknecht]], German politician\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Kazuki\n        Kitamura]], Japanese actor\\n* [[July 18]] – [[The Great Sasuke|Masanori\n        Murakawa]], Japanese wrestler\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Josh Holloway]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Godfrey (comedian)|Godfrey]], American comedian\n        and actor\\n** [[Avraam Russo]], Russian singer\\n** [[Isabell Werth]], German\n        equestrian\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[James Arnold Taylor]], American voice actor\\n**\n        [[Despina Vandi]], Greek singer\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Jennifer Lopez]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Tanni Grey-Thompson]],\n        born Carys Grey, British Paralympian\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Pavel Hapal]], Czech\n        footballer\\n** [[Jonty Rhodes]], South African cricketer.\\n** [[Triple H]]\n        (aka Paul Levesque), American wrestler\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Alexis Arquette]],\n        American actress (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Michael Amott]], English musician \\n*\n        [[July 29]] – [[Timothy Omundson]], American actor\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Simon Baker]], Australian actor and director\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Antonio\n        Conte]], Italian football player and manager\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Michael\n        DeLuise.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael DeLuise]]]]\\n[[File:Kenny Irwin Jr.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kenny\n        Irwin Jr.]]]]\\n[[FIle:Edward Norton 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edward Norton]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew\n        Perry.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matthew Perry]]]]\\n[[File:2016 RiP Tenacious D - Jack\n        Black - by 2eight - 8SC8891.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack Black]]]]\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Jan Axel Blomberg]], Norwegian drummer\\n** [[Fernando Couto]], Portuguese\n        footballer\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Anne Marie DeLuise]], Canadian actress\\n*\n        [[August 4]] \\n** [[Max Cavalera]], Brazilian musician and singer ([[Soulfly]])\\n**\n        [[Michael DeLuise]], American actor\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Kenny Irwin\n        Jr.]], NASCAR Driver (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[August 6]] \\n** [[Elliott Smith]],\n        American musician (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger|Jonathan\n        Aibel]], American script writer\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Faye Wong]], Hong\n        Kong singer and actress\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Troy Percival]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Brian Drummond]], Canadian voice\n        actor\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Ashley Jensen]], British actress\\n** [[Vanderlei\n        de Lima]], Brazilian long-distance runner\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Tanita\n        Tikaram]], German-born British singer-songwriter\\n* [[August 13]] –\n        [[Midori Ito]], Japanese figure skater\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Justin Broadrick]],\n        British musician\\n** [[Kevin Cheng]], Hong Kong television actor and singer\\n*\n        [[August 16]] – [[Kate Higgins]] American voice actress\\n* [[August\n        17]] \\n** [[Donnie Wahlberg]], American singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n**\n        [[Dick Togo]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Timothy\n        Snyder]], American author and historian \\n** [[Everlast (musician)|Everlast]],\n        American singer, rapper, and songwriter\\n** [[Edward Norton]], American actor,\n        film director, screenwriter, and social activist\\n** [[Christian Slater]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Nate Dogg]], African-American rapper\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Matthew Perry]], Canadian-American actor\\n** [[Clay Walker]],\n        American singer\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Oliver Geissen]], German television\n        presenter\\n* [[August 26]] – [[Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger|Glenn\n        Berger]], American scriptwriter\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Jack Black]], American\n        actor and musician\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Lucero (entertainer)|Lucero]], Mexican\n        singer and actress\\n** [[Joe Swail]], Northern Irish snooker player\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:82nd\n        Academy Awards, Tyler Perry - army mil-66455-2010-03-09-180359 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tyler\n        Perry]]]]\\n[[File:Simona P%C4%83uc%C4%83 1984b.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Simona P\\u0103uc\\u0103]]]]\\n[[File:Catherine\n        Zeta-Jones VF 2012 Shankbone 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Catherine Zeta-Jones]]]]\\n[[File:Erika\n        Eleniak 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Erika Eleniak]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[K-Ci\n        & JoJo|Cedric \\\"K-Ci\\\" Hailey]], American singer, one half of R&B duo [[K-Ci\n        & JoJo]]\\n** [[Dave Naz]], American photographer\\n* [[September 3]] –\n        [[Robert Karlsson]], Swedish golfer\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]],\n        president of Georgia\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Dweezil Zappa]], American\n        actor and musician\\n* [[September 7]]\\n** [[Jean-Beno\\u00eet Dunckel]], French\n        musician ([[Air (French band)|Air]])\\n** [[Diane Farr]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Jimmy Urine]], American singer \\n* [[September 8]] – [[Gary Speed]],\n        Welsh footballer and manager (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Rachel\n        Hunter]], New Zealand model and actress\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Ai Jing]],\n        Chinese singer\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Crystal Lewis]], American Christian\n        musician\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Cabrera]], Argentine golfer\\n**\n        [[Shigeki Maruyama]], Japanese golfer\\n* [[September 13]]\\n**[[Tyler Perry]],\n        American actor, film director, and screenwriter\\n**[[Shane Warne]], Australian\n        cricketer\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Bong Joon-ho]], South Korean screenwriter\n        and film director\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Ken Doherty]], Irish snooker\n        player\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Simona P\\u0103uc\\u0103]], Romanian gymnast\\n**\n        [[Michael Symon]], American chef and television personality\\n* [[September\n        24]]\\n** [[Shawn Crahan|Shawn \\\"Clown\\\" Crahan]], American rock percussionist\n        \\n** [[DeVante Swing]], American music producer\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Yves\n        Amyot]], Qu\\u00e9b\\u00e9cois actor\\n** [[Hansie Cronje]], South African cricketer\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Bill Simmons]], American sports columnist\\n** [[Hal Sparks]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n** [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]],  Welsh actress\\n*\n        [[September 26]]\\n** [[Victor N''Gembo-Mouanda]], Congolese author\\n** [[Paul\n        Warhurst]], English football player\\n* [[September 29]] – [[Erika Eleniak]],\n        American model and actress\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Zach Galifianakis 2012\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Zach Galifianakis]]]]\\n[[File:Julia Ann 2 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julia\n        Ann]]]]\\n[[File:Steve McQueen holding Best Picture Oscar (cropped).JPG|thumb|110px|[[Steve\n        McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]]]]\\n[[File:Wendi McLendon-Covey 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wendi\n        McLendon-Covey]]]]\\n[[File:Wendy Wilson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wendy Wilson]]]]\\n[[File:Wyclefjean2\n        (300dpi).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Wyclef Jean]]]]\\n\\n[[File:Trey Parker by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Trey\n        Parker]]]]\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** [[Zach Galifianakis]], American actor and\n        stand-up comedian\\n** [[Igor Ulanov]], Russian hockey player\\n* [[October\n        2]] – [[Mitch English]], American actor and television host\\n* [[October\n        3]]\\n** [[Gwen Stefani]], Lead singer of American rock group [[No Doubt]]\n        and television host\\n** [[Tetsuya (musician)|Tetsuya]], Japanese musician\n        \\n* [[October 5]] – [[Elizabeth Azcona Bocock]], Honduran politician\\n*\n        [[October 6]]\\n** [[Muhammad V of Kelantan]], current [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]\n        of Malaysia and [[Sultan of Kelantan]]\\n** [[Og\\u00fcn Temizkano\\u011flu]],\n        Turkish football player\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Benny Chan (actor)|Benny Chan\n        Ho Man]], Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Benny Chan (film director)|Benny Chan Muk-Sing]],\n        Hong Kong film director\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Julia Ann]], American porn\n        actress\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Jun Akiyama]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[PJ Harvey]], British singer-songwriter\\n** [[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve\n        McQueen]], English film director, producer and screenwriter\\n* [[October 10]]\n        \\n** [[Brett Favre]], American football player\\n** [[Molly Kiely]], American\n        cartoonist\\n** [[Wendi McLendon-Covey]], American actress\\n* [[October 12]]\n        – [[Judit Masc\\u00f3]], Spanish model, television host and writer\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n** [[Rhett Akins]], American country singer\\n** [[Nancy Kerrigan]],\n        American figure skater\\n** [[Cady McClain]], American actress and director\n        \\n* [[October 14]] \\n** [[K\\u014dsuke Okano|Kosuke Okano]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n** [[David Strickland]], American actor (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[October\n        16]] – [[Wendy Wilson]], American singer and television personality\\n*\n        [[October 17]]\\n** [[Ernie Els]], South African golfer\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas \\u00c1ngel\n        Garc\\u00eda Bragado|Jes\\u00fas \\u00c1ngel Garc\\u00eda]], Spanish race walker\\n**\n        [[Wood Harris]], American actor\\n** [[Wyclef Jean]], Haitian rapper\\n** [[Nancy\n        Sullivan (American actress)|Nancy Sullivan]], American actress\\n* [[October\n        19]] – [[Trey Parker]], American voice actor, comedian, screenwriter,\n        composer, director and producer\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Laurie Daley]], Australian\n        rugby league player\\n** [[Juan Gonz\\u00e1lez (baseball)|Juan Gonz\\u00e1lez]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Michael Hancock (rugby\n        league)|Michael Hancock]], Australian rugby league footballer\\n* [[October\n        24]]\\n**[[Peter Dolving]], Swedish musician\\n**[[Adela Noriega]], Mexican\n        actress\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Josef Ber\\u00e1nek]], Czech ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Oleg Salenko]], Russian football player\\n** [[Alex Webster]], American bassist\\n*\n        [[October 29]] – [[Ha Hee-ra]], Korean actress\\n* [[October 30]] \\n**\n        [[Snow (musician)|Snow]], Canadian singer\\n** [[Stanislav Gross]], [[Prime\n        Minister of the Czech Republic]] (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Kim\n        Rossi Stuart]], Italian actor and director\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Sean\n        Combs 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean Combs]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew McConaughey -\n        Goldene Kamera 2014 - Berlin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matthew McConaughey]]]]\\n[[File:Tomas\n        N''evergreen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tomas N''evergreen]]]]\\n[[File:Gerard Butler\n        (29681162176).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerard Butler]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] –\n        [[Diane Parish]], English actress\\n*[[November 2]] – [[Reginald Arvizu]]\n        (aka Fieldy Snuts), American bassist\\n*[[November 3]] – [[Robert Miles]],\n        Italian record producer and DJ (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Sean\n        Combs]], African-American rapper (aka Puff Daddy, P. Diddy)\\n** [[Matthew\n        McConaughey]], American actor\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Michelle Clunie]], American\n        actress\\n** [[H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne Grimaud]], French pianist\\n* [[November 8]]\n        – [[Roxana Zal]], American actress\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Sandra Denton]],\n        African-American rapper ([[Salt-n-Pepa]])\\n** [[Allison Wolfe]], American\n        musician\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Faustino Asprilla]], Colombian football\n        player\\n** [[Jens Lehmann]], German football player\\n** [[Ellen Pompeo]],\n        American actress\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Carson Kressley]], American\n        fashion expert\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Johnny Gosch]], American child kidnap\n        victim\\n** [[Tomas N''evergreen]], Danish singer\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Gerard\n        Butler]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Josh Mancell]], American freelance composer\n        and multi-instrumentalist\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Ry\\u014dtar\\u014d Okiayu]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Jean-Michel Saive]], Belgian table tennis player\\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n** [[Kathleen Van Brempt|Kathleen van Brempt]], Belgian politician\\n**\n        [[Sam Cassell]], American basketball player\\n** [[Ahmed Helmy]], Egyptian\n        actor\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Ertu\\u011frul Sa\\u011flam]], Turkish football\n        coach and former player\\n* [[November 20]] \\n** [[Sakura (musician)|Sakura]],\n        Japanese musician\\n** [[Dabo Swinney]], American college football coach\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Ken Griffey Jr.]], American baseball player\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Robin Padilla]], Filipino actor\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        [[David Adeang]], Nauruan politician\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Lexington\n        Steele]], American actor and film director\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** [[Chris\n        Baker (racing driver)|Chris Baker]], American race car driver\\n** [[Pierre\n        van Hooijdonk]], Dutch footballer\\n** [[Kasey Keller]], [[United States|American]]\n        [[Major League Soccer]] player\\n** [[Mariano Rivera]], [[Panama]]nian [[Major\n        League Baseball]] player\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Jay-Z @ Shawn ''Jay-Z''\n        Carter Foundation Carnival (crop 2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jay Z]]]] \\n[[File:VishyAnand09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Viswanathan\n        Anand]]]]\\n[[File:Ed Miliband June 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ed Miliband]]]]\\n[[File:Vabariigi\n        Presidendi ametisse astumise tseremoonia 2016, crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kersti\n        Kaljulaid]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Richard Carrier]], American historian\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Bill Steer]], English musician\\n* [[December 4]]\n        – [[Jay Z]], African-American rapper\\n* [[December 5]] – [[Alex\n        Kapp Horner]], American actress\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Patrice O''Neal]],\n        American comedian and radio personality (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[December 8]] –\n        [[Kerry Earnhardt]], American race car driver \\n* [[December 9]] \\n**[[Jakob\n        Dylan]], American singer-songwriter ([[The Wallflowers]])\\n**[[Lori Greiner]],\n        American investor, entrepreneur, and television personality\\n* [[December\n        11]]\\n** [[Phil Spencer]], UK television property percenter and estate agent\\n**\n        [[Viswanathan Anand]], Indian chess Grandmaster\\n** [[Sean Grande]], American\n        basketball announcer\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Hideo Ishikawa]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[December 14]] – [[Archie Kao]], Chinese-American film\n        and television actor\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Rick Law]], American illustrator\n        and producer\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Michelle Smith]], Irish swimmer\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Chuck Liddell]], American [[mixed martial arts]] fighter\\n**\n        [[Michael V.]], Filipino comedian and actor\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Irvin\n        Duguid]], Scottish rock keyboard player ([[Stiltskin]])\\n** [[Mille Petrozza]],\n        German-Italian rock vocalist and guitarist ([[Kreator]])\\n** [[Joe Randa]],\n        American [[Major League Baseball]] player and radio talk-show host\\n* [[December\n        19]]\\n** [[Richard Hammond]], British TV presenter\\n** [[Lauren S\\u00e1nchez]],\n        American news anchor\\n** [[Kristy Swanson]], American actress\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Chisa Yokoyama]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 21]]\\n**\n        [[Julie Delpy]], French actress\\n** [[Magnus Samuelsson]], Swedish bodybuilder,\n        [[World''s Strongest Man]]\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Greg Biffle]], American\n        race car driver\\n** [[Martha Byrne]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Rob\n        Pelinka]], American sports agent\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Brad Anderson (wrestler)|Brad\n        Anderson]], American wrestler\\n** [[Milan Blagojevic (footballer)|Milan Blagojevic]],\n        Australian soccer player\\n** [[Pernille Fischer Christensen]], Danish film\n        director\\n** [[Taro Goto]], Japanese soccer player\\n** [[Leavander Johnson]],\n        American lightweight boxer (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Ryuji Kato]], Japanese soccer\n        player\\n** [[Nick Love]], English film director and writer\\n** [[Miyuki Matsushita]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Clinton McKinnon (musician)|Clinton McKinnon]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Sean Cameron Michael]], South African actor and singer\\n**\n        [[Ed Miliband]], English academic and politician, [[Minister for the Cabinet\n        Office]]\\n** [[Mark Millar]], Scottish author\\n** [[Luis Musrri]], Chilean\n        soccer player\\n** [[Mariko Shiga]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[1989]])\\n**\n        [[Oleg Skripochka]], Russian cosmonaut\\n** [[Gintaras Stau\\u010d\\u0117]],\n        Lithuanian soccer player\\n** [[Chen Yueling]], American race walker\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Zittrain]], American professor\\n** [[Michael Zucchet]], American economist\n        and politician, [[Mayor of San Diego]]\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Nicolas\n        Godin]], French musician ([[Air (French band)|Air]])\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        [[Chyna]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[December 28]]\n        – [[Linus Torvalds]], Finnish computer programmer\\n* [[December 30]]\\n**\n        [[Matt Goldman]], American record producer\\n** [[Jay Kay]], English singer\n        ([[Jamiroquai]])\\n** [[Kersti Kaljulaid]], [[President of Estonia]]\\n* [[December\n        31]] \\n** [[Dominik Diamond]], Scottish presenter and newspaper columnist\\n**\n        [[Margaret Travolta]], American actress\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Russ\n        Kick]], American writer and founder of [[The Memory Hole (web site)|The Memory\n        Hole]].\\n\\n== Deaths ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Anukul as a boy.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Anukulchandra\n        Chakravarty]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Barton MacLane]], American actor\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Gilbert Miller]] (''''aka Gilbert\n        Heron'''') American theatrical producer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\n**\n        [[Commodore Cochran]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Howard\n        McNear]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** [[Daisy and Violet\n        Hilton]], English conjoined twin actresses (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[William M.\n        Zachacki]], American politician (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Albert\n        Hill (athlete)|Albert Hill]], British athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 16]]\n        – [[Vernon Duke]], Russian-American songwriter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[January\n        19]] – [[Jan Palach]], Czech student protester (suicide) (b. [[1948]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[Vernon and Irene Castle|Irene Castle]], English dancer\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Anukulchandra Chakravarty]], Indian\n        god man (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Charles Winninger]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[January 29]] – [[Allen Dulles]], American director of the Central\n        Intelligence Agency (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Li Zongren]], Chinese\n        commander, acting [[President of the Republic of China]] (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Dominique Pire|Georges Pire]], Belgian monk, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Meher Baba]], Indian spiritual\n        master (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Borris Karloff still.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Boris\n        Karloff]]]]\\n[[File:Saud of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Saud of Saudi\n        Arabia|Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]]]\\n[[File:Portrait of prime minister Levy\n        Eshkol. August 1963. D699-070.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Levi Eshkol]]]]\\n* [[February\n        2]] – [[Boris Karloff]], British actor  (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February\n        3]]\\n** [[C. N. Annadurai]], Indian politician, 1st [[Chief Minister of Tamil\n        Nadu]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Eduardo Mondlane]], Mozambican FRELIMO leader (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[February 5]] \\n** [[Conrad Hilton Jr.|Conrad Hilton, Jr.]],\n        American heir and socialite (b. [[1926]])\\n** [[Thelma Ritter]], American\n        actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 9]] – [[George \\\"Gabby\\\" Hayes]],\n        American actor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Paltiel Daykan]],\n        Russian-born Israeli jurist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Florence\n        Mary Taylor]], Australia''s first female architect (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February\n        14]] – [[Vito Genovese]], Italian-American mobster (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Pee Wee Russell]], American jazz musician (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Paul Barbarin]], American jazz musician (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[February 20]]\\n** [[Ernest Ansermet]], Swiss conductor (b. [[1883]])\\n**\n        [[Jack Ingram (actor)|Jack Ingram]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February\n        23]]\\n** [[Frank Ellis (actor)|Frank Ellis]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n**\n        [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], [[King of Saudi Arabia]]\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Levi Eshkol]], 3rd [[Prime Minister\n        of Israel]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Karl Jaspers]], German psychiatrist and philosopher\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[February 27]]\\n** [[Marius Barbeau]], Canadian ethnographer\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[John Boles (actor)|John Boles]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Ali\n        Al-Ayoubi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi]]]]\\n[[File:Oscar Osorio.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00d3scar\n        Osorio]]]]\\n[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29,\n        1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]]]\\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Ali Jawdat\n        al-Aiyubi]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Martin Lucas]],\n        Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] archbishop (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 4]] –\n        [[Nicholas Schenck]], Russian-born film impresario (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March\n        6]]\\n** [[Keisai Aoki]], Japanese missionary (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[\\u00d3scar\n        Osorio]], Salvadorian revolutionary leader, 32nd [[President of El Salvador]]\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Charles Brackett]], American novelist and\n        screenwriter (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Richard Crane (actor)|Richard Crane]], American\n        actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Daniel E. Barbey]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[John Wyndham]], British author (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March\n        14]] – [[Ben Shahn]], Lithuanian-American artist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March\n        18]] – [[Barbara Bates]], American actress (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Henri Longchambon]], French politician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Pinky Higgins]], American baseball player and manager (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** [[Billy Cotton]], English entertainer and bandleader (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n** [[Max Eastman]], American writer (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Alan Mowbray]],\n        English actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[John Kennedy Toole]], American\n        author (b. [[1937]])\\n** [[B. Traven]], German writer\\n* [[March 28]] –\n        [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], American general and politician, 34th [[President\n        of the United States]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Botong Francisco]],\n        Filipino artist (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[George de la Warr]], British alternative\n        physician (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:R\\u00f3mulo Gallegos 1940s.jpg|thumb|110px|[[R\\u00f3mulo\n        Gallegos]]]]\\n[[File:Rene barrientos.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rene Barrientos]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 2]] – [[Fortunio Bonanova]], Spanish actor and singer (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 4]] – [[F\\u00e9lix Conde Falc\\u00f3n]], American army soldier,\n        recipient of the [[Medal of Honor]] (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[Alberto\n        Bonucci]], Italian actor and director (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Ain-Ervin Mere]],\n        Estonian Nazi war criminal (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Shelby Storck]], American television\n        producer (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Gabriel Chevallier]], French\n        writer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Aleksandra Artyukhina]], Russian\n        revolutionary hero (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[R\\u00f3mulo Gallegos]], Venezuelan\n        novelist and politician, 48th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Harley Earl]], American designer and executive (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Matilde Mu\\u00f1oz Sampedro]], Spanish\n        actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]],\n        former Queen consort of Spain (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Abu\n        Hussain Sarkar]], Bengali politician (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 20]] –\n        [[Benny Benjamin]], American urban and jazz musician (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[April\n        22]] – [[Husain Bey, Crown Prince of Tunisia]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[April\n        26]] – [[Morihei Ueshiba]], Japanese martial artist and founder of [[aikido]]\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Barrientos]], Bolivian general\n        and statesman, 56th and 58th [[President of Bolivia]] (plane crash) (b. [[1919]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Vonpapen1.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Franz\n        von Papen]]]]\\n[[File:Jeffrey Hunter Sgt Rutledge.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jeffrey\n        Hunter]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Ella Logan]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[May 2]] – [[Franz von Papen]], German and Prussian nobleman, general\n        and politician, 22nd [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of\n        Germany]] and 26th [[Prime Minister of Prussia]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[May 3]]\n        \\n** [[Karl Freund]], German cinematographer (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Amy Ashwood\n        Garvey]], Jamaican [[pan-African]] activist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Zakir Husain\n        (politician)|Zakir Hussain]], Indian politician, 3rd [[President of India]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Osbert Sitwell]], English writer (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Vincenzo Musolino]], Italian actor, director,\n        producer and screenwriter (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Salom\\u00e3o\n        Barbosa Ferraz]], Brazilian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and bishop (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]]\\n** [[Enid Bennett]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Frederick\n        Lane]], Australian swimmer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[William Gould\n        (actor)|William Gould]], Canadian-American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Robert\n        Rayford|Robert R.]], American HIV/AIDS victim (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[May 19]]\n        – [[Coleman Hawkins]], American musician (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – [[Fred Sherman (actor)|Fred Sherman]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[May 21]] – [[William Lincoln Bakewell]], American aboard (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 23]] – [[Jimmy McHugh]], American composer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        24]] – [[Mitzi Green]], American actress (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[May 27]]\\n**\n        [[Muhammad Fareed Didi]], [[Sultan of Maldives]] (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Jeffrey\n        Hunter]], American actor (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Emilio Bigi]],\n        Paraguay musician (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Rhys Williams (Welsh-American actor)|Rhys\n        Williams]], Welsh actor (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Judy Garland-publicity.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Judy\n        Garland]]]]\\n[[File:Volmari Iso-Hollo 1936.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Volmari Iso-Hollo]]]]\\n*\n        [[June 1]]\\n** [[Ivar Ballangrud]], Norwegian Olympic speed skater (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Attilio Degrassi]], Italian scholar (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        [[Leo Gorcey]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Rafael\n        Osuna]], Mexican tennis champion (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Miles\n        Dempsey]], British general (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Robert Taylor\n        (actor)|Robert Taylor]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June 12]] –\n        [[Aleksandr Deyneka]], Russian painter and sculptor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June\n        13]] – [[Martita Hunt]], English actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 15]]\n        – [[Sargis Abrahamyan]], Russian writer (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[June 16]]\n        – [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis]], British field marshal\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Edgar Anderson]], American botanist\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Natalie Talmadge]], American actress\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi]], Egyptian\n        Qur'' anic reciter (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Maureen Connolly]],\n        American tennis player (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Judy Garland]],\n        American actress and pop singer (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Volmari\n        Iso-Hollo]], Finnish Olympic athlete (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[June 24]] –\n        [[Willy Ley]], German science writer and space advocate (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[June\n        28]] \\n** [[Charles Carpenter (bishop)|Charles Carpenter]], American Episcopal\n        Diocese bishop (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Gerald Fitzgerald (priest)|Gerald Fitzgerald]],\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] priest (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Francesco\n        Mottola]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Mo\\u00efse Tshombe]], Congolese politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Zaire]]\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[June 30]] \\n** [[Roman Richard Atkielski]], American [[Roman\n        Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Max Fabian]], Polish-born Israeli cinematographer\n        (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Brian Jones 1965.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian\n        Jones]]]]\\n[[File:WalterGropius-1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Walter Gropius]]]]\\n[[File:Ram\\u00f3n\n        Grau San Mart\\u00edn.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ram\\u00f3n Grau]]]]\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Mikio Naruse]], Japanese film director (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Michael DiBiase]],\n        American wrestler (b [[1923]])\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Brian Jones]], British\n        rock musician ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Ben\n        Alexander (actor)|Ben Alexander]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Walter\n        Gropius]], German architect (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Tom Mboya]], Kenyan politician\n        (assassinated) (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Lambert Hillyer]], American film director\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Leo McCarey]], American film director (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]] – [[Laura Latorre Mendoza]], Filipino [[Roman Catholic]]\n        widow, catechist and saint (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Charlotte Armstrong]],\n        American author (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Gladys Swarthout]], American opera singer\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Raiz\\u014d Tanaka]], Japanese admiral\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Muhammad Shahidullah]], Bengali educationist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[Peter van Eyck]], German-American actor\n        (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 El\\u00edas Moreno]], Mexican actor (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Harry Benham]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July\n        18]]\\n** [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], American teacher, secretary, and political\n        campaign specialist (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Barbara Pepper]], American actress\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[July 20]] – [[Cathy Wayne]], pop entertainer, first\n        Australian woman killed in Vietnam War (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        [[Witold Gombrowicz]], Polish novelist and dramatist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July\n        25]] – [[Otto Dix]], German painter (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        [[Raymond Walburn]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Frank\n        Loesser]], American songwriter (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Ram\\u00f3n Grau]], Cuban\n        physician, 7th [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1882]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Adorno.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theodor\n        W. Adorno]]]]\\n[[File:Otto Stern 1950s.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Otto Stern]]]]\\n[[File:Ismail\n        al-Azahri.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ismail al-Azhari]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Chang\n        Taek-sang]], Korean policeman and politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister of South\n        Korea]]\\n** [[Donald Keith (actor)|Donald Keith]], American actor (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – [[Leslie Cliff (figure skater)|Leslie Cliff]], British\n        pair figure skater (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Duke Adolf Friedrich\n        of Mecklenburg]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Theodor W. Adorno]],\n        German sociologist and philosopher (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Choi\n        Seung-hee]], Korean modern dancer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** [[Tate\n        murders|Abigail Folger]], American socialite, [[Folgers]] Coffee heiress,\n        and social worker (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[C. F. Powell|Cecil Frank Powell]], British\n        physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Jay Sebring]], American celebrity hair stylist (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Sharon\n        Tate]], American actress (murdered) (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[August 11]] –\n        [[\\u00c9mile Bonvouloir]], Canadian politician (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[August 13]]\n        – [[Nicol\\u00e1s Fasolino]], Argentine [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Leonard Woolf]], English writer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]]\\n** [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], German-American architect\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Otto Stern]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel\n        Prize]] laureate (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Mildred Davis]],\n        American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Dudley D. Watkins]],\n        Scottish illustrator for [[D. C. Thomson & Co.]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August\n        25]]\\n** [[Harry Hammond Hess]], American geologist and [[United States Navy]]\n        officer in World War II (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Maria Troncatti]], Italian [[Roman\n        Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[August 26]]\\n**\n        [[Alejandro G. Abadilla]], Filipino poet (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Ismail al-Azhari]],\n        Sudanese political figure, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] and 3rd [[President\n        of Sudan]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** Dame [[Ivy Compton-Burnett]],\n        English novelist (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Erika Mann]], German writer (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Vladislav Anisovich]], Russian painter and educator\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[August 31]] – [[Rocky Marciano]], American professional\n        boxer (b. [[1923]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Ho Chi Minh 1946.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ho\n        Chi Minh]]]]\\n[[File:Adolfo L\\u00f3pez Mateos (1963).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolfo\n        L\\u00f3pez Mateos]]]]\\n[[File:TOGO PRES. NICOLAS GRUNITSKY - CROPPED.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolas\n        Grunitzky]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Sue Hamilton (actress)|Sue Hamilton]],\n        American actress (b. [[1945]])\\n** [[Ho Chi Minh]], Vietnamese Communist revolutionary\n        leader, 1st [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]], 1st [[President of Vietnam|President]]\n        and [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] leader of [[Vietnam]] (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[John Lester]], American [[cricket]]er\n        (b. [[1871]])\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Vicente Faria Lima]],\n        Brazilian engineer and politician (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 5]] –\n        [[Mario Berlinguer]], Italian lawyer and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[September\n        6]] – [[Arthur Friedenreich]], Brazilian [[Association football|footballer]]\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Gavin Maxwell]], Scottish naturalist\n        and author (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Bud Collyer]], American\n        radio and television personality (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September 12]] –\n        [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.]], American general (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[\\u00c5ke Gr\\u00f6nberg]], Swedish actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] – [[Tidemann Flaata Evensen]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Giovanni Urbani]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Rex Ingram (actor)|Rex Ingram]],\n        American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Adolfo L\\u00f3pez\n        Mateos]], Mexican politician, 48th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[September 27]] – [[Nicolas Grunitzky]], 2nd [[President of Togo]]\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sonja Henie 1936.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Sonja\n        Henie]]]]\\n[[File:Francisco J. Orlich.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich]]]]\\n[[File:Carlos\n        arroyo del rio.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Carlos Alberto Arroyo del R\\u00edo]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Natalino Otto]], Italian singer (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[October\n        6]] – [[Walter Hagen]], American golf champion (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October\n        7]]\\n** [[Natalya Lisenko]], Russian actress (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Johnnie Morris\n        (actor)|Johnnie Morris]], American actor (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Ture Nerman]],\n        Swedish politician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Eduardo Ciannelli]],\n        Italian actor and singer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 9]] – [[Mathew Kavukattu]],\n        Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] archbishop and servant of God (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]]\\n** [[Enrique Ballestrero]], Uruguay footballer (b. [[1905]])\\n**\n        [[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]], General of the Polish Army (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October\n        12]] \\n** [[Friedrich von Arnauld de la Peri\\u00e8re]], German aviator (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n** [[Sonja Henie]], Norwegian figure skater (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Julius\n        Saaristo]], Finnish Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Arnie\n        Herber]], American football player ([[Green Bay Packers]]) and a member of\n        the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[August Sang]], Estonian\n        poet and literary translator (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 15]]\\n** [[Rod La\n        Rocque]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]], 3rd\n        [[Prime Minister of Somalia]] and 2nd [[President of Somalia]] (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Jack Kerouac]], American author (b.\n        [[1922]])\\n** [[Wac\\u0142aw Sierpi\\u0144ski]], Polish mathematician (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Paul Bailliart]], French ophtalomogist (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Sholto Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Kirtleside]], British commander (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[Pops Foster]], American musician (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Pavel\n        Mironov]], Russian general (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich]],\n        34th [[President of Costa Rica]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Carlos\n        Alberto Arroyo del R\\u00edo]], 26th [[President of Ecuador]], leader of the\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:LiuShaoqi Colour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Liu\n        Shaoqi]]]]\\n[[File:Iskander Mirza.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Iskander Mirza]]]]\\n[[File:Joseph\n        P. Kennedy, Sr. 1938.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]] – [[Pauline Bush (actress)|Pauline Bush]], American actress (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Ikbal Ali Shah]], Indian-born Afghan\n        diplomat and author (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Lloyd Corrigan]],\n        American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Ricardo Aguirre]], Venezuela\n        surburbian musician (b. [[1939]])\\n** [[Dave O''Brien (actor)|Dave O''Brien]],\n        American actor (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Vesto Slipher]], American astronomer (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Frank Mills (politician)|Frank Mills]],\n        American politician in Ohio legislature (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 12]]\\n**\n        [[William F. Friedman]], American cryptanalyst (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Liu Shaoqi]],\n        Chinese revolutionary and statesman and 2nd [[President of the People''s Republic\n        of China]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Iskander Mirza]], Pakistani\n        politician, 1st [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[Roy D''Arcy]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Ignacio Aldecoa]], Spanish\n        writer (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Billy Southworth]], American baseball manager ([[St.\n        Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]], American politician (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[November 21]] \\n** [[Norman Lindsay]], Australian painter (b.\n        [[1879]])\\n** [[Mutesa II of Buganda]], [[Kabaka of Buganda]] and 1st [[President\n        of Uganda]] (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Eugenio Duse]], Italian\n        actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Malcolm Barclay-Harvey]],\n        British politician, 22nd [[Governor of South Australia]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – [[Roy Barcroft]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 102-03504A, Claudius Dornier.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Claude Dornier]]]]\\n[[File:Lefty-odoul.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lefty\n        O''Doul]]]]\\n[[File:Costa e Silva.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Artur da Costa e Silva]]]]\\n[[File:Penaranda.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Enrique\n        Pe\\u00f1aranda]]]]\\n* December – [[Swami Ashokananda]], Indian monk\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Magic Sam]], American musician (b.\n        [[1937]])\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Arguedas]], Peruvian\n        novelist, poet, and anthropologist  (b. [[1911]]).\\n* [[December 3]] –\n        [[Ruth White (actress)|Ruth White]], American actress (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[December\n        4]]\\n** [[Mark Clark (Black Panther)|Mark Clark]], American Black Panther\n        (b. [[1947]])\\n** [[Fred Hampton]], American Black Panther (b. [[1948]])\\n**\n        [[Oswald Short|Hugh Oswald Short]], aviation pioneer; CEO, Short Brothers\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 5]]\\n** [[Princess Alice of Battenberg]] (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Claude Dornier]], German airplane builder (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 7]]\n        \\n** [[Lefty O''Doul]], American baseball player (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Eric\n        Portman]], English actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Calogero\n        Bagarella]], Italian criminal (b. [[1935]])\\n* [[December 13]]\\n** [[Raymond\n        A. Spruance]], American admiral and ambassador (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Spencer\n        Williams (actor)|Spencer Williams]], American actor (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December\n        16]] – [[Alphonse Castex]], French rugby union player (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Artur da Costa e Silva]], Brazilian general, 27th\n        [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 21]] – [[Georges\n        Catroux]], French Army general and colonial governor (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[December\n        22]] \\n** [[Josef von Sternberg]], Austrian film director (b. [[1894]])\\n**\n        [[Enrique Pe\\u00f1aranda]], Bolivian general, 45th [[President of Bolivia]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Donald\n        Foster (actor)|Donald Foster]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Stanis\\u0142aw B\\u0142eszy\\u0144ski]], Polish entomologist (b.\n        [[1927]])\\n** [[Cortelia Clark]], African American blues singer and guitarist\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Olivia FitzRoy]], British author of children''s books\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Seabury Quinn]], American author (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Alfred\n        B. Skar]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Ricardo\n        Adolfo de la Guardia Arango|Ricardo de la Guardia]], 11th [[President of Panama]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Salvatore\n        Baccaloni]], Italian opera (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Joseph Yablonski]], murdered\n        American labor leader (b. [[1910]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physics|Physics]] – [[Murray Gell-Mann]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Derek Harold Richard Barton]], [[Odd Hassel]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Max Delbr\\u00fcck]], [[Alfred\n        Hershey]], [[Salvador Luria]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Samuel Beckett]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[International\n        Labour Organization]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]]\n        – [[Ragnar Frisch]], [[Jan Tinbergen]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n*\n        [[1969: The Year Everything Changed]] by [[Rob Kirkpatrick]]. Skyhorse Publishing,\n        2009. {{ISBN|978-1-60239-366-0}}.\\n* [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847931\n        1969 – Headlines] A report from Rich Lamb of WCBS Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM\n        New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years of newsradio.\\n* [http://www.wcbs880.com/topic/play_window.php?audioType=Episode&audioId=847934\n        1969 – The Year in Sound] An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS\n        Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880''s celebration of 40 years\n        of newsradio.\\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOG69ALfuvU ''''1969: The\n        Year Everything Changed''''] – YouTube video\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1969}}\\n[[Category:1969|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T03:00:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":799664305,\"length\":90361,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1969&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Sun, 10 Sep 2017 19:35:24 GMT\n- request:\n    method: get\n    uri: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&inprop=url&prop=revisions%7Cinfo&redirects=true&rvprop=content%7Ctimestamp&titles=1970%7C1971%7C1972%7C1973%7C1974%7C1975\n    body:\n      encoding: US-ASCII\n      string: ''\n    headers:\n      User-Agent:\n      - Infoboxer/0.3.0 (https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer; zverok.offline@gmail.com)\n      Accept-Encoding:\n      - gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\n      Accept:\n      - \"*/*\"\n  response:\n    status:\n      code: 200\n      message: OK\n    headers:\n      Date:\n      - Sun, 10 Sep 2017 19:35:25 GMT\n      Content-Type:\n      - application/json; charset=utf-8\n      Transfer-Encoding:\n      - chunked\n      Connection:\n      - keep-alive\n      Server:\n      - mw1286.eqiad.wmnet\n      X-Powered-By:\n      - HHVM/3.18.2\n      X-Content-Type-Options:\n      - nosniff\n      Cache-Control:\n      - private, must-revalidate, max-age=0\n      P3p:\n      - CP=\"This is not a P3P policy! 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Between 10,000\\u201314,621 were killed\n        and 26,783 were injured.\\n* [[January 5]] – The first episode of United\n        States [[soap opera]] ''''[[All My Children]]'''' is broadcast on the [[American\n        Broadcasting Company|ABC television network]].\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Biafra]]\n        capitulates, ending the [[Nigerian Civil War]].\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Diana Ross]] and [[The Supremes]] perform their farewell live concert together\n        at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas. Ross''s replacement, [[Jean Terrell]],\n        is introduced onstage at the end of the last show.\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        After a 32-month fight for independence from [[Nigeria]], [[Biafra]]n forces\n        under [[Philip Effiong]] formally surrender to General [[Yakubu Gowon]].\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – The [[Greater London Council]] announces its plans\n        for the [[Thames Barrier]] at [[Woolwich]] to prevent flooding (the barrier\n        opens in [[1981]]).\\n* [[January 21]]\\n**Five lifeboatmen are killed when\n        a [[Fraserburgh]], Scotland vessel, ''''The Duchess of Kent'''', capsizes.\\n**\n        [[Pan American Airways]] offers the first commercially scheduled Boeing 747\n        service from [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] to [[London Heathrow\n        Airport]].\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Joseph Fielding Smith]] becomes the\n        10th President of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]\\n* [[January\n        26]] – [[Mick Jagger]] is fined \\u00a3200 for possession of [[cannabis]].\\n\\n===February===\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – The [[Benavidez rail disaster]] near [[Buenos Aires]],\n        Argentina kills 236.\\n* [[February 10]] – An [[avalanche]] at [[Val-d''Is\\u00e8re]],\n        France kills 41 tourists.\\n* [[February 11]] – ''''[[\\u014csumi (satellite)|\\u014csumi]]'''',\n        Japan''s first satellite, is launched on a [[Lambda-4]] rocket.\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Black Sabbath]]''s [[Black Sabbath (album)|eponymous debut\n        album]] is released; often regarded as the first true [[Heavy metal music|heavy\n        metal]] album.\\n* [[February 14]] – The iconic live album ''''[[The\n        Who]]: [[Live at Leeds]]'''' is recorded.\\n* [[February 17]]\\n**MacDonald\n        family massacre: [[Jeffrey R. MacDonald]] kills his wife and children at [[Fort\n        Bragg, North Carolina]], claiming that drugged-out \\\"[[hippie]]s\\\" did it.[[File:Ohsumi.jpg|thumb|150px|\n        [[February 11]]: [[\\u014csumi (satellite)]] launched]]\\n**Author [[David Irving]]\n        is ordered to pay \\u00a340,000 [[libel]] damages to Capt. [[Jack Broome|John\n        Broome]] over his book [[Convoy PQ 17|''''The Destruction of Convoy PQ17'''']].\\n*\n        [[February 18]] – A jury finds the [[Chicago Seven]] defendants not\n        guilty of [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiring]] to incite a [[riot]], in charges\n        stemming from the violence at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]].\n        Five of the defendants are found guilty on the lesser charge of crossing state\n        lines to incite a riot.\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Poseidon bubble]]: shares\n        in Australian [[nickel]] mining company Poseidon NL, which stood at $0.80\n        in September 1969, peak at around $280 before the speculative bubble bursts.\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – Construction begins on the [[Bosphorus Bridge|Bo\\u011fazi\\u00e7i\n        Bridge]] crossing the [[Bosphorus]] in [[Istanbul]].\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Guyana]] becomes a Republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Chevrolet]] releases the second generation [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]].\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 1]] – [[Rhodesia]] severs its last tie with the United Kingdom,\n        declaring itself a [[republic]].\\n* [[March 5]] – The [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation\n        Treaty]] goes into effect, after ratification by 56 nations.\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**A\n        bomb being constructed by members of the [[Weatherman (organization)|Weathermen]]\n        and meant to be planted at a military dance in New Jersey, explodes, killing\n        three members of the organization.\\n** [[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice\n        Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (32nd government).\\n*\n        [[March 7]]\\n** [[Citro\\u00ebn]] introduces the [[Citro\\u00ebn SM|SM]] at\n        the [[Geneva Auto Salon]].\\n**A [[solar eclipse]] passes along the Atlantic\n        coast region. Totality is visible across southern Mexico and across the southeast\n        coast of the United States, [[Nantucket]], and [[Nova Scotia]].\\n* [[March\n        12]] – Teenagers in the United Kingdom vote for the first time, in a\n        [[by-election]] in [[Bridgwater (UK Parliament constituency)|Bridgwater]].\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – The [[Expo ''70]] World''s Fair opens in Suita, Osaka,\n        Japan.\\n* [[March 16]] – The complete [[New English Bible]] is published.\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – The United States Army charges 14 officers with suppressing\n        information related to the [[My Lai Massacre]].\\n* [[March 18]]\\n**General\n        [[Lon Nol]] ousts Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]] of [[Cambodia]].\\n** [[United\n        States Postal Service]] workers in New York City go on [[Strike action|strike]];\n        the strike spreads to the state of [[California]] and the cities of [[Akron,\n        Ohio]], [[Philadelphia]], Chicago, [[Boston]], and [[Denver]]; 210,000 out\n        of 750,000 U.S. postal employees walk out. President Nixon assigns military\n        units to New York City post offices. The strike lasts two weeks.\\n* [[March\n        20]] – The Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation ([[Agence\n        de Coop\\u00e9ration Culturelle et Technique|ACCT]]) (Agence de Coop\\u00e9ration\n        Culturelle et Technique) is founded.\\n* [[March 21]]\\n**The first [[Earth\n        Day]] proclamation is issued by [[Mayor of San Francisco|San Francisco Mayor]]\n        [[Joseph Alioto]].\\n**\\\"[[All Kinds of Everything]]\\\", sung by [[Dana Rosemary\n        Scallon|Dana]] (music and text by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith), wins the\n        [[Eurovision Song Contest 1970]] for Ireland.\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[NASA]]''s\n        ''''[[Explorer 1]]'''', the first American [[satellite]] and [[Explorer program]]\n        spacecraft, reenters [[Earth''s atmosphere]] after 12 years in orbit.\\n**\n        [[Japan Airlines Flight 351]], carrying 131 passengers and 7 crew from Tokyo\n        to [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], is hijacked by [[Japanese Red Army]] members.\n        All passengers are eventually freed.\\n[[File:Apollo 13 crew postmission onboard\n        USS Iwo Jima.jpg|thumb|130px| [[April 17]]: ''''[[Apollo 13]]'''' crew after\n        [[splashdown]].]]\\n\\n===April===\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**American President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] signs the [[Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act]] into law, banning\n        [[cigarette]] television advertisements in the United States from January\n        1, 1971.\\n** [[American Motors Corporation]] introduces the [[AMC Gremlin|Gremlin]].\\n**The\n        [[1970 United States Census]] begins. There are 203,392,031 United States\n        residents on this day.\\n* [[April 4]] – Fragments of burnt human remains\n        believed to be those of [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Eva Braun]], [[Joseph Goebbels]],\n        [[Magda Goebbels]] and the [[Goebbels children]] are crushed and scattered\n        in the [[Biederitz]] river at a [[KGB]] center in [[Magdeburg]], [[East Germany]].\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[BBC]] [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]] broadcasts the first edition\n        of ''''[[PM (Radio 4)|PM]]''''.\\n* [[April 8]]\\n**A huge gas explosion at\n        a [[Subway (rail)|subway]] construction site in [[Osaka]], Japan kills 79\n        and injures over 400.\\n**Israeli Air Force [[F-4 Phantom II]] fighter bombers\n        kill 47 Egyptian school children at an elementary school in what is known\n        as [[Bahr el-Baqar massacre]]. The single-floor school is hit by five bombs\n        and two air-to-ground missiles.\\n* [[April 10]]\\n**In a press release written\n        in mock-interview style, that is included in promotional copies of [[McCartney\n        (album)|his first solo album]], [[Paul McCartney]] announces that he has left\n        [[The Beatles]].{{cite book|first=Nicholas|last=Schaffner|title=The Beatles\n        Forever|location=New York|publisher=Cameron House|year=1977|page=135}}\\n*\n        [[April 11]]\\n**An [[avalanche]] at a [[tuberculosis]] [[sanatorium]] in the\n        [[French Alps]] kills 74, mostly young boys.\\n** [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo\n        13]]'''' ([[Jim Lovell]], [[Fred Haise]], [[Jack Swigert]]) is launched toward\n        the [[Moon]].\\n* [[April 13]] – An oxygen tank in the [[Apollo 13]]\n        spacecraft explodes, forcing the crew to abort the mission and return in four\n        days.\\n[[File:1974 Gremlin.jpg|thumb|130px| [[April 1]]: New car: [[AMC Gremlin]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 16]]\\n**Rev. [[Ian Paisley]] wins a [[by-election]] to gain a seat\n        in the [[House of Commons of Northern Ireland]].\\n**The [[NatWest|National\n        Westminster Bank]] begins trading in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[April 17]] –\n        [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 13]]'''' [[Splashdown|splashes down]] safely\n        in the Pacific.\\n* [[April 21]] – The [[Principality of Hutt River]]\n        \\\"secedes\\\" from [[Australia]] (it remains unrecognised by Australia and other\n        nations).\\n* [[April 22]] – The first [[Earth Day]] is celebrated in\n        the U.S.\\n* [[April 24]] – China''s first satellite (''''[[Dong Fang\n        Hong 1]]'''') is launched into orbit using a [[Long March (rocket family)|Long\n        March]]-1 Rocket (CZ-1).\\n* [[April 26]] – The [[World Intellectual\n        Property Organization]] (WIPO) is founded.\\n* [[April 29]] – The U.S.\n        invades [[Cambodia]] to hunt out the [[Viet Cong]]; widespread, large antiwar\n        protests occur in the U.S.\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] – Demonstrations\n        against the trial of the [[New Haven Nine]], [[Bobby Seale]], and [[Ericka\n        Huggins]] draw 12,000.  President [[Richard Nixon]] orders U.S. forces to\n        cross into neutral Cambodia, threatening to widen the [[Vietnam War]], sparking\n        nationwide riots and leading to the [[Kent State shootings]].\\n* [[May 4]]\n        – [[Kent State shootings]]: Four students at [[Kent State University]]\n        in [[Ohio]], USA are killed and nine wounded by [[Ohio National Guard]]smen,\n        at a protest against the incursion into [[Cambodia]].\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Arms\n        Crisis]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]]: [[Charles Haughey]] and [[Neil Blaney]]\n        are dismissed as members of the [[Irish Government]], for accusations of their\n        involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the [[Provisional IRA]] in\n        [[Northern Ireland]].\\n** [[Feyenoord]] wins the [[UEFA Champions League|European\n        Cup]] after a 2\\u20131 win over [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]].\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Hard\n        Hat Riot]]: Unionized construction workers attack about 1,000 students and\n        others protesting the [[Kent State shootings]] near the intersection of [[Wall\n        Street]] and [[Broad Street, Manhattan|Broad Street]] and at [[New York City\n        Hall]].\\n** [[The Beatles]] release their 12th and final album, ''''[[Let\n        It Be (The Beatles album)|Let It Be]]''''.\\n**The [[New York Knicks]] win\n        their first [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] championship, defeating\n        the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] 113-99 in Game 7 of the [[1970 NBA Finals|world\n        championship series]] at [[Madison Square Garden]].\\n* [[May 9]] – In\n        [[Washington, D.C.]], 100,000 people demonstrate against the Vietnam War.\\n*\n        [[May 10]] – The [[Boston Bruins]] win their first [[Stanley Cup]] since\n        1941 when [[Bobby Orr]] scores a goal 40 seconds into overtime for a 4\\u20133\n        victory which completes a four-game sweep of the [[St. Louis Blues]].\\n* [[May\n        11]]\\n** [[Killing of Henry Marrow|Henry Marrow is killed]] in an alleged\n        [[hate crime]] in [[Oxford, North Carolina]].\\n** [[1970 Lubbock tornado|Lubbock\n        tornado]]: An ''''F5'''' [[tornado]] hits downtown [[Lubbock, Texas]], the\n        first to hit a downtown district of a major city since [[Topeka, Kansas]]\n        in [[1966]]; 28 are killed.\\n* [[May 12]] – The [[1976 Winter Olympics]]\n        are awarded to [[Denver]], [[Colorado]] but it is later rejected in [[1972]].\\n*\n        [[May 14]]\\n** [[Ulrike Meinhof]] helps [[Andreas Baader]] escape and create\n        the [[Red Army Faction]] which exists until [[1998]].\\n**In the second day\n        of violent demonstrations at [[Jackson State University]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi]],\n        state law enforcement officers fire into the demonstrators, killing 2 and\n        injuring 12.\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Thor Heyerdahl]] sets sail from [[Morocco]]\n        on the [[papyrus]] boat ''''[[Thor Heyerdahl#Boats Ra and Ra II|Ra II]]'''',\n        to sail the Atlantic Ocean.\\n* [[May 23]] – A fire occurs in the [[Britannia\n        Bridge]] over the [[Menai Strait]] near [[Bangor, Gwynedd|Bangor]], [[Caernarfonshire]],\n        [[Wales]], contributing to its partial destruction and amounting to approximately\n        \\u00a31,000,000 worth of fire damage.\\n* [[May 24]] – The [[scientific\n        drilling]] of the [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]] begins in the [[USSR]].\\n* [[May\n        26]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Tupolev Tu-144]] becomes the first\n        commercial transport to exceed [[speed of sound|Mach]] 2.\\n* [[May 27]] –\n        A British expedition climbs the south face of [[Annapurna I]].\\n* [[May 31]]\\n**The\n        7.9 {{M|w}} [[1970 Ancash earthquake|Ancash earthquake]] shakes [[Peru]] with\n        a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe'''')\n        and a [[landslide]] buries the town of [[Yungay, Peru]]. Between 66,794\\u201370,000\n        were killed and 50,000 were injured.\\n**The [[1970 FIFA World Cup]] is inaugurated\n        in [[Mexico]].\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]] – ''''[[Soyuz 9]]'''', a\n        two-man spacecraft, is launched in the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[June 2]] –\n        Norway announces it has rich oil deposits off its [[North Sea]] coast.\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Tonga]] gains independence from the United Kingdom.\\n*\n        [[June 7]] – [[The Who]] become the first act to perform rock music\n        (their [[rock opera]], ''''[[Tommy (album)|Tommy]]'''') at the [[Metropolitan\n        Opera House (Lincoln Center)|Metropolitan Opera House]], New York.\\n* [[June\n        8]] – A [[coup]] in [[Argentina]] brings a new [[military junta|junta]]\n        of service chiefs; on [[June 18]], [[Roberto M. Levingston]] becomes President.\\n*\n        [[June 11]] – The United States gets its first female generals, [[Anna\n        Mae Hays]] and [[Elizabeth P. Hoisington]].\\n* [[June 12]] – [[NDFLOAG]]\n        guerrillas attack military garrisons at [[Izki]] and [[Nizwa]] in [[Oman]].\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[The Long and Winding Road]] becomes [[the Beatles]]''\n        20th and final single to reach number one on the US [[Billboard Hot 100]]\n        chart. \\n* [[June 15]] – [[Dymshits\\u2013Kuznetsov hijacking affair|Operation\n        Wedding]]: fifteen refuseniks try to escape from the Soviet Union by hijacking\n        a plane.\\n* [[June 18]] – [[United Kingdom general election, 1970]]:\n        the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] wins and [[Edward Heath]]\n        becomes Prime Minister, ousting the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government\n        of [[Harold Wilson]] after nearly six years in power. The election result\n        is something of a surprise, as most of the opinion polls had predicted a third\n        successive Labour win.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/19/newsid_3829000/3829819.stm|work=On\n        This Day|date=2016-06-19|title=Shock election win for Heath|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2016-04-10}}\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – The [[Patent Cooperation Treaty]] is signed into [[international\n        law]], providing a unified procedure for filing [[patent application]]s to\n        protect inventions.\\n* [[June 21]]\\n** [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]\n        defeats [[Italy national football team|Italy]] 4\\u20131 to win the [[1970\n        FIFA World Cup]] in Mexico.\\n** [[Penn Central]] declares Section 77 [[bankruptcy]],\n        the largest ever US corporate bankruptcy up to this date.\\n* [[June 23]] –\n        The film: ''''[[Kelly''s Heroes]]'''' is released in the US.\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – The [[United States Senate]] repeals the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]]\n        of [[1964]].\\n* [[June 28]] – U.S. ground troops withdraw from [[Cambodia]].\\n*\n        [[June 30]] – [[Riverfront Stadium]] in [[Cincinnati]] opens.\\n\\n===July===\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[Colorado State College]] changes its name to [[University\n        of Northern Colorado]].\\n**The [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S.\n        Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) is subordinated to [[Public Health Service]].\\n*\n        [[July 3]] – The French Army detonates a 914 kiloton thermonuclear device\n        in the [[Mururoa Atoll]]. It is their fourth and largest nuclear test.\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n**A chartered [[Dan-Air]] [[De Havilland Comet]] crashes into\n        the mountains north of [[Barcelona]]; at least 112 people are killed.\\n**\n        [[Bob Hope]] and other entertainers gather in [[Washington, D.C.]] for ''''Honor\n        America Day'''', a nonpartisan holiday event.\\n**Longtime radio music countdown\n        show [[American Top 40]] debuts on 5 U.S. stations with [[Casey Kasem]] as\n        host.\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Air Canada Flight 621]] crashes at [[Toronto\n        Pearson International Airport|Toronto International Airport]], [[Toronto]],\n        [[Ontario]]; all 109 passengers and crew are killed.\\n* [[July 11]] –\n        The first tunnel under the [[Pyrenees]] links the towns of [[Aragnouet]] (France)\n        and [[Bielsa]] (Spain).\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Thor Heyerdahl]]''s papyrus\n        boat ''''Ra II'''' arrives in [[Barbados]].\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Three\n        Rivers Stadium]] in [[Pittsburgh]] opens.\\n* [[July 21]] – The [[Aswan\n        High Dam]] in [[Egypt]] is completed.\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Said bin Taimur]],\n        [[Sultan of Muscat]] and [[Oman]], is deposed in a palace [[coup]] by his\n        son, [[Qaboos of Oman|Qaboos]].\\n**Two [[CS gas]] canisters are thrown into\n        the chamber of the [[British House of Commons]].\\n* [[July 30]] – Damages\n        totalling \\u00a3485,528 are awarded to 28 [[Thalidomide]] victims.\\n* [[July\n        31]] – [[NBC]] anchor [[Chet Huntley]] retires from full-time broadcasting.\\n\\n===August===\\n*\n        [[August 7]] – [[Harold Haley]], Marin County Superior Court Judge,\n        is taken hostage and murdered, in an effort to free [[George Jackson (Black\n        Panther)|George Jackson]] from police custody.\\n* [[August 17]]\\n**The United\n        States sinks 418 containers of [[nerve gas]] into the [[Gulf Stream]] near\n        the [[Bahamas]].\\n** [[Venera program]]: ''''[[Venera 7]]'''' is launched\n        toward Venus. It later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit\n        data from the surface of another [[planet]].\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]] protesters [[Sterling Hall bombing|bomb]] Sterling Hall at the [[University\n        of Wisconsin\\u2013Madison]], leading to an international manhunt for the perpetrators.\n        \\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Women''s Strike for Equality]] takes place down [[Fifth\n        Avenue]] in New York City.\\n** The [[Isle of Wight Festival 1970]] begins\n        on East Afton Farm off the coast of England. Some 600,000 people attend the\n        largest rock festival of all time. Artists include [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[The\n        Who]], [[The Doors]], [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]], [[Richie Havens]], [[John\n        Sebastian]], [[Joan Baez]], [[Ten Years After]], [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]],\n        [[The Moody Blues]] and [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]].\\n* [[August 29]]\n        – [[Chicano Moratorium]] against the [[Vietnam War]], [[East Los Angeles,\n        California]]. Police riot kills three people, including journalist [[Rub\\u00e9n\n        Salazar]].\\n\\n===September===\\n* [[September 1]] – An assassination\n        attempt against King [[Hussein of Jordan]] precipitates the [[Black September\n        in Jordan|Black September]] crisis.\\n* [[September 3]] – [[September\n        6]] – [[Israel]]i forces fight [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] guerillas\n        in southern [[Lebanon]].\\n* [[September 5]] \\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation\n        Jefferson Glenn]]: The [[101st Airborne Division|United States 101st Airborne\n        Division]] and the [[South Vietnam]]ese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new\n        operation in [[Thua Thien]] Province (the operation ends in October 1971).\\n**\n        [[Formula One]] driver [[Jochen Rindt]] is killed in qualifying for the [[1970\n        Italian Grand Prix|Italian ''''Grand Prix'''']]. He becomes [[List of Formula\n        One World Drivers'' Champions|World Driving Champion]] anyhow, first to earn\n        the honor posthumously.\\n* [[September 6]] – [[Dawson''s Field hijackings]],\n        The [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] hijacks 4 passenger\n        aircraft from [[Pan Am]], [[TWA]] and [[Swissair]] on flights to [[New York\n        City|New York]] from [[Brussels]], [[Frankfurt]] and [[Z\\u00fcrich]].\\n* [[September\n        7]]\\n**An anti-war rally is held at [[Valley Forge, Pennsylvania]], attended\n        by [[John Kerry]], [[Jane Fonda]] and [[Donald Sutherland]].\\n**Fighting breaks\n        out between Arab guerillas and government forces in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]].\\n*\n        [[September 8]] –[[September 10]] – The [[Jordan]]ian government\n        and Palestinian guerillas make repeated unsuccessful truces.\\n* [[September\n        9]]\\n** [[Guinea]] recognizes the [[German Democratic Republic]].\\n** [[Elvis\n        Presley]] begins his first concert tour since [[1958]] in [[Phoenix, Arizona]],\n        at the [[Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum|Veterans Memorial Coliseum]].\\n*\n        [[September 10]]\\n** [[Cambodia]]n government forces break the siege of Kompong\n        Tho after three months.\\n**The [[Chevrolet Vega]] is introduced.\\n* [[September\n        11]] – The [[Ford Pinto]] is introduced.\\n* [[September 13]]\\n**The\n        covert incursion of [[Operation Tailwind]] is instigated by the American forces\n        in southeast [[Laos]].\\n**The first [[New York City Marathon]] begins.\\n*\n        [[September 15]] – King [[Hussein of Jordan]] forms a military government\n        with Muhammad Daoud as the prime minister.\\n* [[September 18]] – American\n        musician [[Jimi Hendrix]] [[Death of Jimi Hendrix|dies]] from an overdose\n        of sleeping pills.\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Syria]]n armored forces cross\n        the [[Jordan]]ian border.\\n**''''[[Luna 16]]'''' lands on the Moon and lifts\n        off the next day with samples. It lands on Earth [[September 24]].\\n* [[September\n        21]]\\n**Palestinian armored forces reinforce [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]]\n        guerillas in [[Irbidi]], [[Jordan]].\\n**''''[[Monday Night Football]]''''\n        debuts on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]; the [[Cleveland Browns]]\n        defeat the [[New York Jets]] 31\\u201321 in front of more than 85,000 fans\n        at [[Cleveland Stadium]].\\n* [[September 22]]\\n**The [[International Hydrographic\n        Organization]] (IHO) is founded.\\n** [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] resigns as prime\n        minister of [[Malaysia]], and is succeeded by his deputy [[Tun Abdul Razak]].\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – The first women''s only tennis tournament begins\n        in Houston, known as the [[1970 Houston Women''s Invitation|Houston Women''s\n        Invitation]].\\n* [[September 26]] – The [[Laguna Fire]] starts in [[San\n        Diego County]], burning {{convert|175,425|acre|km2}}.\\n* [[September 27]]\\n**\n        [[Richard Nixon]] begins a tour of [[Europe]], visiting [[Italy]], [[Yugoslavia]],\n        [[Spain]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].\\n**\n        [[Pope Paul VI]] names [[Saint Teresa of \\u00c1vila]] as the first female\n        [[Doctor of the Church]].\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]\n        dies; Vice President [[Anwar Sadat]] is named temporary [[president of Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n**The U.S. Congress gives President [[Richard Nixon]] authority\n        to sell arms to [[Israel]].\\n**In [[Berlin]], [[Red Army Faction]] members\n        rob three banks, with loot totaling over [[Deutsche Mark|DM]]200,000.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{redirect|October\n        1970}}\\n* [[October 2]]\\n**Under the [[National Environmental Policy Act]]\n        (NEPA) the [[Environmental Science Services Administration]] (ESSA) Corps,\n        one of seven federal [[Uniformed services of the United States|uniformed services]]\n        of the United States, is renamed to [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n        Commissioned Officer Corps|NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps]] under the soon\n        to be formed [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA).\\n**The\n        [[Wichita State University]] football team''s \\\"Gold\\\" plane [[Wichita State\n        University football team plane crash|crashes]] in [[Colorado]], killing most\n        of the players. They were on their way (along with administrators and fans)\n        to a game with [[Utah State University]].\\n** [[Pink Floyd]] releases ''''[[Atom\n        Heart Mother]]''''. It becomes their first number one album.\\n* [[October\n        3]]\\n**In [[Lebanon]], the government of Prime Minister [[Rashid Karami]]\n        resigns.\\n**The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA)\n        is formed.\\n**The Weather Bureau is renamed to [[National Weather Service]],\n        as part of NOAA.\\n**Pope Paul VI names [[Saint Catherine of Siena]] as the\n        second female Doctor of the Church.\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Jochen Rindt]]\n        becomes [[Formula One]] [[List of Formula One World Drivers'' Champions|World\n        Driving Champion]], first to earn the honor posthumously.\\n**In [[Bolivia]],\n        Army Commander General [[Rogelio Miranda]] and a group of officers rebel and\n        demand the resignation of President [[Alfredo Ovando Cand\\u00eda]], who fires\n        him.\\n** [[National Educational Television]] ends operations, being succeeded\n        by [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]].\\n* [[October 5]]\\n**U.S. President\n        [[Richard Nixon]]''s European tour ends.\\n**The [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration\n        du Qu\\u00e9bec]] (FLQ) kidnaps [[James Cross]] in Montreal and demands release\n        of all its imprisoned members. The next day the Canadian government announces\n        it will not meet the demand, beginning [[Quebec]]''s [[October Crisis]].\\n**The\n        [[Public Broadcasting Service]] begins broadcasting.\\n* [[October 6]]\\n**Bolivian\n        President [[Alfredo Ovando Cand\\u00eda]] resigns; General [[Rogelio Miranda]]\n        takes over but resigns soon after.\\n**French President [[Georges Pompidou]]\n        visits the Soviet Union.\\n* [[October 7]] – General [[Juan Jos\\u00e9\n        Torres]] becomes the new [[President of Bolivia]].\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**The\n        U.S. Foreign Office announces that renewal of arms sales to [[Pakistan]].\\n**Soviet\n        author [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] is awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]]: In Paris, a [[Communism|Communist]] delegation rejects U.S.\n        President [[Richard Nixon]]''s [[October 7]] peace proposal as \\\"a maneuver\n        to deceive world opinion.\\\"\\n* [[October 9]] – The [[Khmer Republic]]\n        is proclaimed in [[Cambodia]] which begins the [[Cambodian Civil War|Civil\n        War]] with the [[Khmer Rouge]].\\n* [[October 10]]\\n** [[Fiji]] becomes independent.\\n**\n        [[October Crisis]]: In [[Montreal]], a national crisis hits Canada when [[Quebec]]\n        Minister of Labour [[Pierre Laporte]] becomes the second statesman kidnapped\n        by members of the [[FLQ]] terrorist group.\\n* [[October 11]] – Eleven\n        French soldiers are killed in a shootout with rebels in [[Chad]].\\n* [[October\n        12]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that\n        the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before [[Christmas]].\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n**Canada and the People''s Republic of China establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** [[Saeb Salam]] forms a government in [[Lebanon]].\\n* [[October\n        14]] – A Chinese nuclear test is conducted in [[Lop Nor]].\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n**In [[Egypt]], a referendum supports [[Anwar Sadat]] 90.04%.\\n**A section\n        of the new [[West Gate Bridge]] in [[Melbourne]] collapses into the river\n        below, killing 35 construction workers.\\n**The domestic [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        [[Aeroflot Flight 244]] is hijacked and diverted to [[Turkey]].\\n* [[October\n        16]] – [[October Crisis]]: The Canadian government declares a [[state\n        of emergency]] and outlaws the [[Quebec Liberation Front]].\\n* [[October 17]]\\n**October\n        Crisis: [[Pierre Laporte]] is found murdered in south Montreal.\\n**A [[cholera]]\n        epidemic breaks out in [[Istanbul]].\\n** [[Anwar Sadat]] officially becomes\n        President of Egypt.\\n* [[October 20]]\\n**The Soviet Union launches the ''''[[Zond\n        8]]'''' lunar probe.\\n**Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names [[Mahmoud Fawzi]]\n        as his prime minister.\\n* [[October 21]] – A U.S. Air Force plane makes\n        an emergency landing near [[Leninakan]], [[Soviet Union]]. The Soviets release\n        the American officers, including two generals, [[November 10]].\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Chile]]an army commander [[Ren\\u00e9 Schneider]] is shot in\n        Santiago; the government declares a state of emergency. Schneider dies [[October\n        25]].\\n* [[October 24]] – [[Salvador Allende]] is elected President\n        of [[Chile]].\\n* [[October 25]] – The wreck of the Confederate submarine\n        ''''[[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|Hunley]]'''' is found off [[Charleston, South\n        Carolina|Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], by pioneer [[underwater archaeologist]],\n        [[Dr. E. Lee Spence]],[https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070624/2hunley_2.htm\n        Cover Story: Time Capsule From The Sea – ''''U.S. News & World Report'''',\n        July 2\\u20139, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133235/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070624/2hunley_2.htm\n        |date=2007-09-29 }} then just 22 years old. ''''Hunley'''' was the first\n        submarine in history to sink a ship in warfare.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        [[Garry Trudeau]]''s [[comic strip]] ''''[[Doonesbury]]'''' debuts in approximately\n        two dozen newspapers in the United States.\\n* [[October 28]]\\n**In Jordan,\n        the government of Ahmed Toukan resigns; the next prime minister is [[Wasfi\n        al-Tal]].\\n**A [[cholera]] outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to\n        close its border with Czechoslovakia.\\n** [[Gary Gabelich]] drives the rocket-powered\n        ''''[[Blue Flame (automobile)|Blue Flame]]'''' to an official [[land speed\n        record]] at {{convert|622.407|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/7D4955E7190F1A25C12572FB00559369/$FILE/Records_List_Cat-C.pdf|title=FIA\n        land speed records, Cat C|publisher=FIA|accessdate=2009-07-12}} on the\n        dry lake bed of the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in Utah. The record, the first\n        above 1 000 km/h, stands for nearly 13 years.\\n* [[October 30]]\n        – In [[Vietnam]], the worst [[monsoon]] to hit the area in 6 years causes\n        large [[flood]]s, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the\n        [[Vietnam War]].\\n\\n===November===\\n* [[November 1]] \\n** [[Club Cinq-Sept\n        fire]] in [[Saint-Laurent-du-Pont]], France, kills 146.\\n** Polish vice president\n        killed at Karachi airport, Pakistan\\n* [[November 3]]\\n**Democrats sweep the\n        U.S. Congressional midterm elections; [[Ronald Reagan]] is reelected governor\n        of California; [[Jimmy Carter]] is elected governor of Georgia.\\n** [[Salvador\n        Allende]] becomes president of [[Chile]].\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Vietnam\n        War]] – [[Vietnamization]]: The United States turns control of the [[air\n        base]] in the [[Mekong Delta]] to [[South Vietnam]].\\n**Social workers in\n        [[Los Angeles]] take custody of [[Genie (feral child)|Genie]], a girl who\n        had been kept in solitary confinement since her birth.\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        Vietnam War: The United States Military Assistance Command in [[Vietnam]]\n        reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in 5 years (24 soldiers\n        die that week, which is the fifth consecutive week the death toll is below\n        50; 431 are reported wounded that week, however).\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Egypt]],\n        [[Libya]] and [[Sudan]] announce their intentions to form a federation.\\n**\n        [[Tom Dempsey]], who was born with a deformed right foot and right hand, sets\n        a [[National Football League]] record by kicking a 63-yard field goal to lift\n        the [[New Orleans Saints]] to a 19\\u201317 victory over the [[Detroit Lions]]\n        at [[Tulane Stadium]].\\n**The British comedy television series, ''''[[The\n        Goodies (TV series)|The Goodies]]'''' debuts on [[BBC 2]].\\n* [[November 9]]\\n**The\n        Soviet Union launches ''''[[Luna 17]]''''.\\n**Vietnam War: The [[Supreme Court\n        of the United States]] votes 6\\u20133 not to hear a case by the state of [[Massachusetts]],\n        about the constitutionality of a state law granting Massachusetts residents\n        the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war.\\n* [[November 10]]\n        – Vietnam War – [[Vietnamization]]: For the first time in five\n        years, an entire week ends with no reports of United States combat fatalities\n        in Southeast Asia.\\n* [[November 12]] – Soviet author [[Andrei Amalrik]]\n        is sentenced to three years for ''anti-Soviet'' writings.\\n* [[November 13]]\\n**\n        [[Hafez al-Assad]] comes to power in [[Syria]], following [[Corrective Movement\n        (Syria)|a military coup]] within the [[Ba''ath Party]].\\n** [[1970 Bhola cyclone]]:\n        A 120-mph (193 km/h) [[tropical cyclone]] hits the densely populated\n        [[Ganges Delta]] region of [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), killing\n        an estimated 500,000 people (considered the [[20th century]]''s worst cyclone\n        disaster). It gives rise to the temporary island of [[New Moore / South Talpatti]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]]\\n** [[Southern Airways Flight 932]] crashes in [[Wayne County,\n        West Virginia]]; all 75 on board, including 37 players and 5 coaches from\n        the [[Marshall University]] [[American football|football]] team, are killed.\\n**The\n        Soviet Union enters the [[ICAO]], making Russian the fourth official language\n        of the organization.\\n* [[November 16]] – The [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]]\n        flies for the first time.\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Lieutenant\n        [[William Calley]] goes on trial for the [[My Lai Massacre]].\\n** [[Luna programme]]:\n        The [[Soviet Union]] lands ''''[[Lunokhod 1]]'''' on [[Mare Imbrium]] (Sea\n        of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to\n        land on another world, and is released by the orbiting [[Luna 17]] spacecraft.\\n*\n        [[November 18]]\\n**U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] asks the [[Congress of\n        the United States|U.S. Congress]] for US$155 million in supplemental aid for\n        the [[Cambodia]]n government (US $85 million is for military assistance to\n        prevent the overthrow of the government of Premier [[Lon Nol]] by the [[Khmer\n        Rouge]] and [[North Vietnam]]).\\n**The [[United Nations Security Council]]\n        demands that no government recognize [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[November 19]] –\n        [[European Economic Community]] prime ministers meet in [[Munich]].\\n* [[November\n        20]] – The [[Miss World 1970]] beauty pageant, hosted by [[Bob Hope]]\n        at the [[Royal Albert Hall]], London is disrupted by Women''s Liberation protesters.\n        Earlier on the same evening a bomb is placed under a [[BBC]] outside broadcast\n        vehicle by [[The Angry Brigade]], in protest at the entry of separate black\n        and white contestants by [[South Africa]].\\n* [[November 21]]\\n** [[Syria]]n\n        Prime Minister [[Hafez al-Assad]] forms a new government but retains the post\n        of defense minister.\\n**In [[Ethiopia]], the [[Eritrean Liberation Front]]\n        kills an Ethiopian general.\\n** [[Vietnam War]] – [[Operation Ivory\n        Coast]]: A joint [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] and Army team raids\n        the [[S\\u01a1n T\\u00e2y (Hanoi)|S\\u01a1n T\\u00e2y]] prison camp in an attempt\n        to free American [[prisoner of war|POW]]s thought to be held there (no Americans\n        are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp; all U.S.\n        POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this\n        raid).\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Guinea]]n president [[Ahmed S\\u00e9kou\n        Tour\\u00e9]] accuses Portugal of an attack when hundreds of mercenaries land\n        near the capital [[Conakry]].\\n* [[November 23]]–[[November 24|24]]\n        – The Guinean army repels the landing attempts.\\n* [[November 23]] \\n**\n        [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]''s ''''[[Oklahoma!]]'''' makes its network TV\n        debut, when [[CBS]] telecasts the [[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|1955 film version]]\n        as a 3-hour [[Thanksgiving]] special.\\n** The [[American Indian Movement]]\n        seizes a replica of the [[Mayflower]] in [[Boston]]. \\n* [[November 25]]–[[November\n        29]] – A U.N. delegation arrives to investigate the Guinea situation.\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – In Tokyo, author and [[Tatenokai]] militia leader\n        [[Yukio Mishima]] and his followers take over the headquarters of the [[Japan\n        Self-Defense Forces]] in an attempted [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]. After Mishima''s\n        speech fails to sway public opinion towards his right-wing political beliefs,\n        including restoration of the powers of the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]], he\n        commits [[seppuku]] (public ritual suicide).\\n* [[November 26]]\\n**East Pakistan\n        leader [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] accuses the central government of negligence\n        in catastrophe relief.\\n** [[Pope Paul VI]] begins an Asian tour.\\n* [[November\n        27]] – Bolivian artist Benjamin Mendoza tries to assassinate [[Pope\n        Paul VI]] during his visit in [[Manila]].\\n* [[November 28]] – The [[Montr\\u00e9al\n        Alouettes]] defeated the [[Calgary Stampeders]] to become victors in the [[58th\n        Grey Cup]] 23\\u201310.{{cite web |url=https://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1970\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823210808/http://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1970\n        |archivedate=2010-08-23 |title=1970 \\u2013 Montreal Alouettes 23, Calgary\n        Stampeders 10}}\\n* [[November 30]] – [[British Caledonian]] Airways\n        Ltd. (BCal) is formed.\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 1]]\\n**The Italian\n        House of Representatives accepts the new divorce law.\\n** [[Ethiopia]] recognizes\n        the People''s Republic of China.\\n**The [[Basques|Basque]] [[ETA (separatist\n        group)|ETA]] kidnaps West German Eugen Beihl in [[San Sebasti\\u00e1n]].\\n**\n        [[Luis Echeverr\\u00eda]] becomes [[president of Mexico]].\\n* [[December 2]]\n        – The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] is established.\\n*\n        [[December 3]] \\n** October Crisis: In [[Montreal]], kidnapped British Trade\n        Commissioner [[James Cross]] is released by the [[Front de lib\\u00e9ration\n        du Qu\\u00e9bec]] terrorist group after being held hostage for 60 days. Police\n        negotiate his release and in return the Government of Canada grants 5 terrorists\n        from the FLQ''s Chenier Cell their request for safe passage to [[Cuba]].\\n**\n        Burgos Trial: In [[Burgos]], Spain, the trial of 16 [[Basque people|Basque]]\n        terrorism suspects begins.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n**The Spanish government declares\n        a 3-month martial law in the Basque county of Guipuzco, over strikes and demonstrations.\\n**The\n        U.N. announces that Portuguese navy and army units were responsible for the\n        attempted invasion of Guinea.\\n* [[December 5]]\\n**The Asian and Australian\n        tour of Pope Paul VI ends.\\n** [[Fluminense]] wins the Brazil Football Championship.\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n**Giovanni Enrico Bucher, the Swiss ambassador to Brazil,\n        is kidnapped in [[Rio de Janeiro]]; kidnappers demand the release of 70 political\n        prisoners.\\n**The U.N. General Assembly supports the isolation of South Africa\n        for its [[apartheid]] policies.\\n**During his visit to the Polish capital,\n        [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|German Chancellor]] [[Willy Brandt]]\n        goes down on his knees in front of a monument to the victims of the [[Warsaw\n        Ghetto]], which will become known as the [[Warschauer Kniefall]] (\\\"Warsaw\n        Genuflection\\\").\\n* [[December 12]] – A [[landslide]] in western [[Colombia]]\n        leaves 200 dead.\\n* [[December 13]] – The government of Poland announces\n        food price increases. Riots and looting lead to a bloody confrontation between\n        the rioters and the government on [[December 15]].\\n* [[December 15]]\\n**The\n        USSR''s ''''[[Venera 7]]'''' becomes the first spacecraft to land successfully\n        on Venus and transmit data back to Earth.\\n**The South Korean ferry ''''Namyong\n        Ho'''' capsizes off [[Korea Strait]]; 308 people are killed.\\n* [[December\n        16]] – The Ethiopian government declares a [[state of emergency]] in\n        the county of Eritrea over the activities of the [[Eritrean Liberation Front]].\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Polish 1970 protests]]: Soldiers fire on civilians\n        returning to work in [[Gdynia]]. Martial law is imposed in the country until\n        December 22.\\n* [[December 20]]\\n**General Secretary of the [[Polish United\n        Workers'' Party]], [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Gomu\\u0142ka]], resigns; [[Edward\n        Gierek]] replaces him.\\n**An Egyptian delegation leaves for Moscow to ask\n        for [[economic aid|economic]] and [[military aid]].\\n* [[December 21]] –\n        The [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat]] makes its first flight.\\n* [[December 22]]\\n**The\n        [[Libya]]n Revolutionary Council declares that it will nationalize all foreign\n        banks in the country.\\n** [[Franz Stangl]], the ex-commander of [[Treblinka]],\n        is sentenced to life imprisonment.\\n* [[December 23]]\\n**The Polish government\n        freezes food prices for two years.\\n**The [[Bolivia]]n government releases\n        [[R\\u00e9gis Debray]].\\n**The North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World\n        Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] is topped out at 1,368 feet (417 m),\n        making it the tallest building in the world.\\n**Law 70-001 is enacted in the\n        [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], amending article 4 of the constitution\n        and making the country a [[one-party state]].\\n* [[December 25]] – The\n        [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] releases Eugen Beihl.\\n* [[December 27]] –\n        India''s president declares new elections.\\n* [[December 28]]\\n**Burgos Trial:\n        Three Basques are sentenced to death, twelve others sentenced to imprisonment\n        (terms from 12 to 62 years), and one is released.\\n**The suspected killers\n        of [[Pierre Laporte]], Jacques and Paul Rose and Francis Sunard, are arrested\n        near Montreal.\\n* [[December 29]] – U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]]\n        signs into law the [[Occupational Safety and Health Act]].\\n* [[December 30]]\n        – In [[Biscay (Spanish Congress Electoral District)|Viscaya]] in the\n        [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque country]] of Spain, 15,000\n        go on strike in protest at the Burgos trial death sentences. [[Francisco Franco]]\n        commutes the sentences to 30 years in prison.\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Paul\n        McCartney]] sues in Britain to dissolve [[The Beatles]]'' legal partnership.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n*The first [[Institutes of Technology in Ireland|Regional Technical\n        Colleges]] open in Ireland.\\n* [[Sada Abe]], Japanese former [[prostitute]]\n        and later actress, disappears.\\n*The [[Sweet Track]] is discovered in England.\n        It was the world''s oldest engineered roadway at the time of its discovery.\\n*\n        [[Alvin Toffler]] publishes his book ''''[[Future Shock]]''''.\\n* [[Sammlung\n        zeitgen\\u00f6ssischer Kunst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland]], the Federal\n        collection of contemporary art, is established in Germany.\\n* [[Xerox PARC]]\n        computer laboratory opens in [[Palo Alto, California]].\\n*The [[American Football\n        League]] and NFL merge, creating the [[National Football Conference]] and\n        [[American Football Conference]]. All AFL teams go to the AFC with a few NFL\n        teams while the NFC is composed entirely of NFL teams.\\n\\n===World population===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!colspan=\\\"7\\\"|[[World\n        population]]\\n|-\\n!\\n!1970\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1965]]\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1975]]\\n|-\\n!World\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''3,692,492,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,334,874,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 357,618,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4,068,109,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 375,617,000\\n|-\\n!Africa\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''357,283,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|313,744,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 43,539,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|408,160,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 50,877,000\\n|-\\n!Asia\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''2,143,118,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|1,899,424,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 243,694,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,397,512,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 254,394,000\\n|-\\n!Europe\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''655,855,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|634,026,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 21,829,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|675,542,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 19,687,000\\n|-\\n!Latin America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''284,856,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|250,452,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 34,404,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|321,906,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 37,050,000\\n|-\\n!North America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''231,937,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|219,570,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,367,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|243,425,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 11,488,000\\n|-\\n!Oceania\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''19,443,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|17,657,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,786,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|21,564,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[Image:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 2,121,000\\n|}\\n\\n==Births==\\n{{BD ToC|births|sectionu=2}}\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:\\u041e\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041e\\u043c\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u044f\\u043d\\u0447\\u0438\\u043a.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Oksana\n        Omelianchik]]]]\\n[[File:Lara Fabian 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lara Fabian]]]]\\n[[File:Genndy\n        Tartakovsky, 2012-crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Genndy Tartakovsky]]]]\\n[[File:Skeet\n        Ulrich 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Skeet Ulrich]]]]\\n[[File:Matthew Lillard 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matthew\n        Lillard]]]]\\n[[File:HeatherGrahamByDimitriSarantis2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heather\n        Graham]]]]\\n[[File:Speaker Paul Ryan official photo (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul\n        Ryan]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Sergei Kiriakov]], Russian footballer\n        and manager\\n* [[January 2]]\\n** [[Royce Clayton]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Oksana Omelianchik]], Soviet artistic gymnast\\n** [[Eric Whitacre]], American\n        composer\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Christian Duguay (actor)|Christian Duguay]],\n        American comic actor\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Chris Kanyon]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[January 6]]\\n** [[Julie Chen]], American television\n        news anchor and host\\n** [[Keenan McCardell]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Gabrielle Reece]], American volleyball player and model\\n* [[January 7]]\\n**\n        [[Todd Day]], American basketball player\\n** [[Doug E. Doug]], American comedian,\n        actor and director\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Nick Miller (weather forecaster)|Nick\n        Miller]], British weather forecaster\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Lara Fabian]],\n        Canadian/Belgian singer\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Zack de la Rocha]], American\n        musician\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Marco Pantani]], Italian cyclist (d. [[2004]])\\n**\n        [[Shonda Rhimes]], American TV producer and writer\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        [[Jamie Bishop (cricketer)]], Welsh cricketer (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jeremy Roenick]], American hockey player\\n** [[Genndy Tartakovsky]], Russian\n        animator\\n* [[January 18]] – [[DJ Quik]], American rapper and producer\\n*\n        [[January 19]]\\n** [[Tim Foster]], British rower\\n** [[Udo Suzuki]], Japanese\n        comedian\\n* [[January 20]] \\n** [[Edwin McCain]], American singer-songwriter\n        and musician\\n** [[Skeet Ulrich]], American actor\\n* [[January 22]] –\n        [[Alex Ross (comic illustrator)|Alex Ross]], American comic artist\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Matthew Lillard]], American actor\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Adam Brand (musician)|Adam Brand]], Australian singer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Janice Kawaye]], American voice actress\\n** [[Heather Graham]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]], Indian shooter\\n** [[Paul Ryan]],\n        American politician, long-time [[U.S. Representative]] since 1999 and [[Speaker\n        of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] since\n        2015; [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]] Republican nominee\n        for [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] under [[Mitt Romney]]\\n*\n        [[January 31]] \\n** [[Minnie Driver]], English actress\\n** [[Chen Lin (singer)]],\n        Chinese Mandopop singer (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Simon Pegg\n        Premiere of Kill Me Three Times (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Simon Pegg]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Malik Sealy]], American basketball player (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[February 2]] – [[Andrew J. Olmsted]], major in the U.S. Army. (d.\n        [[2008]])\\n* [[February 3]] \\n** [[Keith Carney]], American hockey player\\n**\n        [[Warwick Davis]], English actor\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Stephanie Courtney]],\n        American actress and comedian\\n** [[John Filan]], Australian footballer\\n**\n        [[Alonzo Mourning]], American basketball player\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Glenn McGrath]], Australian test cricketer\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Sarah\n        Aldrich]], American actress\\n** [[Ardy Wiranata]], Indonesian badminton player\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Fredrik Thordendal]], Swedish musician \\n* [[February\n        14]]\\n** [[Sean Hill]], American hockey player\\n** [[Simon Pegg]], British\n        comedian, actor, and screenwriter\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Armand Van\n        Helden]], American DJ and music producer\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Tommy Moe]],\n        American Alpine skier\\n** [[Dominic Purcell]], English-Australian actor\\n*\n        [[February 19]] – [[Miisa]], Finnish Eurodance artist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – [[Dayna Devon]], American news anchor\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Dominic Roussel]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[February\n        24]] – [[Jeff Garcia]], American football player\\n* [[February 26]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Brava]], Finnish violinist\\n** [[Cathrine Lindahl]], Swedish curler\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Matthias Lechner]], German art director\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** [[Rupert Hamer (journalist)]], British journalist (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Noureddine Morceli]], Algerian athlete\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Julie Bowen\n        at 2015 PaleyFest.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julie Bowen]]]]\\n[[File:Rachel Weisz Cannes\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rachel Weisz]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Latifah performing BET.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Queen\n        Latifah]]]]\\n[[File:Vince Vaughn by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vince\n        Vaughn]]]]\\n[[File:Alenka Bratusek photo (cropped).JPG|thumb|110px|[[Alenka\n        Bratusek]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] – [[Jason V Brock]], American author, filmmaker,\n        artist, scholar and musician \\n* [[March 2]] – [[Alexander Armstrong]],\n        English comedian, actor and presenter\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Julie Bowen]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[John Frusciante]], American rock musician\\n**\n        [[Lisa Robin Kelly]], American actress (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Aleksandar Vu\\u010di\\u0107]],\n        President of Serbia\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Vladislav Adelkhanov]], Russian classical\n        violinist and writer\\n** [[Jeff Hordley]], English actor\\n** [[Rachel Weisz]],\n        British-American actress\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Jason Elam]], American football\n        player\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Simon Monjack]], British screenwriter, film\n        director (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[March 10]] \\n** [[Michel van der Aa]], Dutch composer\\n**\n        [[Antonio Edwards]], American football player\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Jane\n        Slavin]], British actress and author\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Carme Chac\\u00f3n]],\n        Spanish politician (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Paul Oscar]] (P\\u00e1ll\n        \\u00d3skar Hj\\u00e1lmt\\u00fdsson), Icelandic pop singer, songwriter and disc\n        jockey\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Queen Latifah]], American rapper and actress\\n*\n        [[March 20]] \\n** [[Bernhard Ho\\u00ebcker]], German comedian\\n** [[Michele\n        Jaffe]], American novelist\\n** [[Michael Rapaport]], American actor\\n* [[March\n        21]]\\n** [[Jaya (singer)|Jaya]], Filipino pop singer\\n** [[Shiho Niiyama]],\n        Japanese voice actress (d. [[2000]])\\n* [[March 22]] – [[Leontien van\n        Moorsel]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Lara Flynn Boyle]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Sharon Corr]], Irish musician\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Mariah Carey]],\n        American singer\\n** [[Elizabeth Mitchell]], American actress\\n** [[Leila Pahlavi]],\n        Iranian princess (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Vince Vaughn]], American\n        actor, writer, and producer\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Alenka Bratu\\u0161ek]],\n        [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]]\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Barry Pepper.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Barry\n        Pepper]]]]\\n[[File:PM Andrej Plenkovi\\u0107.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andrej Plenkovi\\u0107]]]]\\n[[File:Q-Tip\n        at Commonwealth Washington, D.C. in 2008.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Q-Tip (musician)|Q-Tip]]]]\\n[[File:Rick\n        Schroder.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ricky Schroder]]]]\\n[[File:Redman (rapper).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Redman\n        (rapper)|Redman]]]]\\n[[File:Luismigueltour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Luis Miguel]]]]\\n[[File:NicoleSullivanByEricSchwabel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicole\n        Sullivan]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Lee - Away and Back premiere (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jason\n        Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]]]]\\n[[File:Melania Trump Official Portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Melania\n        Trump]]]]\\n[[File:Nicklas Lidstr\\u00f6m in Jan 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicklas\n        Lidstr\\u00f6m]]]]\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Sean Kelly (Canadian musician)|Sean\n        Kelly]], Canadian musician\\n** [[Barry Pepper]], Canadian actor\\n* [[April\n        7]] – [[Rosey (wrestler)]], Japanese singer and songwriter (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Andrej Plenkovi\\u0107]], Prime Minister of Croatia\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Q-Tip (musician)|Q-Tip]], American musician and actor\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Trevor Linden]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[April\n        12]] – [[Nick Hexum]], American musician\\n* [[April 13]]\\n** [[Eduardo\n        Capetillo]], Mexican actor and singer\\n** [[Ricky Schroder]], American actor\\n*\n        [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Matt Allwright]], English television presenter and journalist\n        notable for [[Rogue Traders (TV series)|Rogue Traders]], which became part\n        of [[Watchdog (TV series)|Watchdog]]\\n* [[April 15]] – [[Flex Alexander]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]], American\n        rapper and actor\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Saad Hariri]], 2-Time Prime Minister\n        of Lebanon\\n** [[Heike Friedrich]], German swimmer\\n* [[April 19]] –\n        [[Luis Miguel]], Mexican singer\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Adriano Moraes]],\n        Brazilian rodeo performer\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Rob Riggle]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Nicole Sullivan]], American actress, comedian, and writer\\n*\n        [[April 22]] – [[Regine Velasquez]], Filipino singer and actress\\n*\n        [[April 23]]\\n** [[Sadao Abe]], Japanese actor\\n** [[Andrew Gee]], Australian\n        rugby league footballer\\n** [[Hans V\\u00e4lim\\u00e4ki]], Finnish cook\\n* [[April\n        25]]\\n** [[Tomoko Kawakami]], Japanese voice actress (d. [[2011]])\\n** [[Jason\n        Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]], American skateboarder and actor\\n* [[April 26]] \\n**\n        [[Melania Trump]], Slovenian-American model, [[First Lady of the United States]],\n        wife of [[Donald Trump]]\\n** [[Tionne Watkins]], American actress and singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[April 28]] \\n** [[Nicklas Lidstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish hockey player\\n** [[Diego\n        Simeone]], Argentine footballer and manager\\n* [[April 29]]\\n** [[Andre Agassi]],\n        American tennis player\\n** [[Uma Thurman]], American actress\\n* [[April 30]]\n        – [[Halit Ergen\\u00e7]], Turkish actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Will Arnett\n        2012 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Will Arnett]]]]\\n[[File:Tina Fey Muppets\n        Most Wanted Premiere (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tina Fey]]]]\\n[[File:Mat\n        flynn concert.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Flynn (musician)|Matt Flynn]]]]\\n[[File:N.Campbell\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Naomi Campbell]]]]\\n* [[May 3]] – [[Jeffrey Sebelia]],\n        American fashion designer\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Will Arnett]], Canadian actor\\n**\n        [[Karla Homolka]], Canadian serial killer and rapist\\n* [[May 5]]\\n** [[Kyan\n        Douglas]], American television personality\\n** [[Todd Newton]], American television\n        personality\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Roland Kun]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[Kavan\n        Smith]], Canadian actor\\n* [[May 8]]\\n** [[Michael Bevan]], Australian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Luis Enrique Mart\\u00ednez Garc\\u00eda|Luis Enrique]], Spanish footballer\\n**\n        [[Naomi Klein]], American cultural critic\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Doug Christie\n        (basketball)|Doug Christie]], American basketball player and TV personality\\n**\n        [[Ghostface Killah]], American rapper\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Angelica Agurbash]],\n        Belarusian singer and model\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[Eric Champion]], American\n        Christian musician\\n** [[Samantha Mathis]], American actress\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[Ronald de Boer|Ronald]] and [[Frank de Boer]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] footballers\\n**\n        [[Rod Smith (wide receiver)|Rod Smith]], American football player\\n* [[May\n        16]] – [[Gabriela Sabatini]], Argentine tennis player\\n* [[May 17]]\\n**\n        [[Jordan Knight]], American singer\\n** [[Fadwa Soliman]], Syrian actress and\n        voice actress\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Tina Fey]], American comedian and actress\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[Choi Kyung-Ju|K.J. Choi]], South Korean golfer\\n** [[Mario\n        Dumont]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Jason Gray-Stanford]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Juliana Pasha]], Albanian singer\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Naomi Campbell]], British model and actress\\n* [[May 23]]\\n** [[Matt Flynn\n        (musician)|Matt Flynn]], American musician\\n** [[Robert Peirce]], American\n        attorney\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Jeff Zgonina]], American football player\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Jamie Kennedy]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[Octavia\n        Spencer]], American actress\\n** [[Satsuki Yukino]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Nobuhiro Watsuki]], Japanese cartoonist\\n* [[May 27]]\\n**\n        [[Joseph Fiennes]], British actor\\n** [[Bianka Panova]], Bulgarian rhythmic\n        gymnast\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Glenn Quinn]], Irish actor (d. [[2002]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Jeffrey Sebelia]], American fashion designer\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Gabrielle\n        Giffords official portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gabrielle Giffords]]]]\\n[[File:Rivers\n        Cuomo Performing in 2015 - Photo by Peter Dzubay.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rivers\n        Cuomo]]]]\\n[[File:Will Forte April 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Will Forte]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        Thomas Anderson 2007 crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Chris\n        ODonnell Max Payne 2008.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris O''Donnell]]]]\\n[[File:Sean\n        Hayes (portrait).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean Hayes (actor)|Sean Hayes]]]]\\n[[File:Nick\n        Offerman at UMBC (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nick Offerman]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\n        – [[Alexi Lalas]], American soccer player Alison Hinds Queen of Soca\n        popular female soca artiste Of Barbados\\n\\n* [[June 2]] – [[B-Real]],\n        American rapper\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Ammon McNeely]], American rock climber\\n**\n        [[Peter T\\u00e4gtgren]], Swedish musician\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Donald Farley]],\n        Canadian cross-country skier (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Izabella Scorupco]], Polish\n        model and actress\\n* [[June 5]] \\n** [[John Marquez (actor)|John Marquez]],\n        British actor and cinematographer\\n** [[Deborah Yates]], American dancer and\n        actress\\n* [[June 6]]\\n** [[Dulmatin]],  militant group Jemaah Islamiyah (d.\n        [[2010]])\\n** [[Angad Paul]], British businessman and film producer. (d. [[2015]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]]\\n** [[Ronaldo da Costa]], Brazilian long-distance runner\\n** [[Mike\n        Modano]], American hockey player\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Gabrielle Giffords]],\n        American politician\\n** [[Kelli Williams]], American actress\\n* [[June 10]]\n        – [[Katsuhiro Harada]], Japanese game designer\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Rivers\n        Cuomo]], American musician\\n** [[Mikael Ljungberg]], Swedish wrestler (d.\n        [[2004]])\\n** [[Cheryl \\\"Coko\\\" Clemons]], American singer\\n* [[June 15]]\\n**\n        [[Claus Norreen]], Danish musician\\n** [[Leah Remini]], American actress\\n*\n        [[June 16]]\\n** [[Younus AlGohar]], Pakistani spiritualist\\n** [[Phil Mickelson]],\n        American golfer\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** [[Will Forte]], American actor and comedian\\n**\n        [[Sasha Sokol]], Mexican singer\\n** [[Michael Showalter]], American actor,\n        writer, and director\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Katie Derham]], British newsreader\\n*\n        [[June 19]] – [[Quincy Watts]], American athlete\\n* [[June 20]]\\n**\n        [[Russell Garcia (field hockey)|Russell Garcia]], British field hockey player\\n**\n        [[Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco|Moulay Rachid]], Prince of Morocco\\n** [[Michelle\n        Reis]], Hong Kong actress and beauty queen\\n** [[Athol Williams]], South African\n        poet and social philosopher\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Pete Rock]], American\n        rapper and DJ\\n* [[June 22]]\\n** [[Michel Elefteriades]], Greek-Lebanese politician,\n        artist, producer and businessman\\n** [[Freddy Soto]], American comedian and\n        actor\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Zen Gesner]], American actor\\n* [[June 24]]\\n**\n        [[Glenn Medeiros]], American singer and songwriter\\n** [[Andres Raag]], Estonian\n        actor and singer\\n* [[June 25]] \\n** [[Lucy Benjamin]], British actress\\n**\n        [[Roope Latvala]], Finnish guitarist\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Paul Thomas Anderson]],\n        American screenwriter and director\\n** [[Sean Hayes]], American actor\\n**\n        [[David Teeuwen]], managing editor of USA Today where he helped pioneer digital\n        news. (d. [[2015]])\\n** [[Patrick Norton]], American writer and television\n        host\\n** [[Chris O''Donnell]], American actor\\n** [[Nick Offerman]], American\n        actor, writer and carpenter\\n* [[June 27]]\\n** [[Jim Edmonds]], American baseball\n        player\\n** [[Jo Frost]], English nanny and television host\\n* [[June 28]]\n        – [[Steve Burton (actor)|Steve Burton]], American actor\\n* [[June 29]]\n        – [[Mike Vallely]], American skateboarder, actor, and musician\\n* [[June\n        30]] – [[Stephen O''Connor]], Australian citizen\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Derrick\n        Adkins.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Derrick Adkins]]]]\\n[[File:Teemu Selanne on the ice\n        November 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Teemu Sel\\u00e4nne]]]]\\n[[File:Audra McDonald\n        (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Audra McDonald]]]]\\n[[File:Detour 2006 - Beck.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Beck]]]]\\n[[File:Christopher\n        Nolan, London, 2013 (crop).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christopher Nolan]]]]\\n* [[July\n        2]] \\n** [[Derrick Adkins]], American Olympic athlete\\n** [[Steve Morrow]],\n        Northern Irish footballer\\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Teemu Sel\\u00e4nne]], Finnish\n        hockey player\\n** [[Shawnee Smith]], American actress\\n** [[Audra McDonald]],\n        American actress and singer\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Mac Dre]], American rapper\n        (d. [[2004]])\\n** [[O.G. Style]], American hip hop duo (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[July\n        6]] – [[Demonaz Doom Occulta]], Norwegian musician \\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Wayne McCullough]], Northern Irish boxer\\n* [[July 8]] – [[Beck]],\n        American singer\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Trent Green]], American football quarterback\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** [[Jason Orange]], British singer\\n** [[John Simm]], British\n        actor\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Justin Chambers]], American actor and fashion model\\n**\n        [[Saj Karim]], British politician\\n* [[July 17]] – [[William C. Kuebler]],\n        American lawyer (d. [[2014]]) \\n* [[July 23]] \\n** [[Thea Dorn]], German writer\\n**\n        [[Saulius Skvernelis]], [[Prime Minister of Lithuania]]\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        [[Julien Fountain]], English cricket coach\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Andi Peters]],\n        British TV presenter and producer\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Christopher Nolan]],\n        English screenwriter and director\\n** [[MC Trouble]], African American rapper\n        (d. [[1991]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Kevin Smith 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kevin\n        Smith]]]]\\n[[File:Lee Byung-hun 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lee Byung-hun]]]]\\n[[File:Claudia\n        Schiffer 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Claudia Schiffer]]]]\\n[[File:Queen Rania in\n        Washington, DC.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Queen Rania of Jordan]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**\n        [[Quentin Coryatt]], American football player\\n** [[David James (footballer)|David\n        James]], English football goalkeeper\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Elijah Alexander]],\n        linebacker (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Kevin Smith]], American screenwriter, film\n        director, and actor\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Masahiro Sakurai]], Japanese\n        video game director, designer and writer\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Pete Abrams]],\n        American webcomic artist\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Konstantin Yeryomenko]],\n        Russian futsal (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[M. Night Shyamalan]],\n        Indian-American film director and writer \\n* [[August 9]] – [[Thomas\n        Lennon (actor)|Thomas Lennon]], American actor, comedian, and writer\\n* [[August\n        10]]\\n** [[Doug Flach]], American tennis player\\n** [[Bret Hedican]], American\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Brendon Julian]], New Zealand cricket player\\n** [[Steve\n        Mautone]], Australian football player and coach\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Jim\n        Schlossnagle]], American baseball coach\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Will Clarke\n        (novelist)|Will Clarke]], American novelist\\n** [[Lee Byung-hun]], South Korean\n        actor\\n** [[Alan Shearer]], English footballer\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Leah\n        Purcell]], Australian actress\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Anthony Anderson]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Bonnie Bernstein]], American sportscaster\\n**\n        [[Dean Del Mastro]], Canadian politician\\n** [[Saif Ali Khan]], Indian actor\\n**\n        [[Manisha Koirala]], Indian actress\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Jim Courier]],\n        American tennis player\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Malcolm-Jamal Warner]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 19]] – [[Fat Joe]], American rapper\\n* [[August\n        20]]\\n** [[Ove J\\u00f8rstad]], Norwegian footballer (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Fred\n        Durst]], American rapper\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Erik Dekker]], Dutch professional\n        cyclist\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Giada De Laurentiis]], Italian-American celebrity\n        chef\\n** [[Ricco Gro\\u00df]], German biathlete\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Jay\n        Mohr]], American actor and comedian\\n** [[River Phoenix]], American actor\n        (d. [[1993]])\\n** [[Fabian Wilnis]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[August 25]] –\n        [[Claudia Schiffer]], German model\\n* [[August 26]] \\n** [[Olimpiada Ivanova]],\n        Russian race walker\\n** [[Melissa McCarthy]], American actress, comedian,\n        and film producer\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Peter Ebdon]], English snooker player\\n**\n        [[Karl Unterkircher]], Italian mountaineer (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Henny van Schoonhoven]], Dutch professional footballer (d. [[2009]])\\n**\n        [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]], Indian director and poet. (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Nyimpine Chissano]], eldest son of former Mozambican (d. [[2007]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Guang Liang]], Malaysian singer\\n* [[August 31]]\\n**\n        [[Debbie Gibson]], American singer\\n** [[Epic Mazur]], American singer and\n        rapper\\n** [[Queen Rania of Jordan]], Queen consort of Jordan\\n** [[Zack Ward]],\n        Canadian actor\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Hwang Jung-Min.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hwang\n        Jung-min]]]]\\n[[File:-Hidden Figures- Film Celebration (NHQ201612100020) (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Taraji\n        P. Henson]]]]\\n[[File:Tony Hale at the 2010 Streamy Awards (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tony\n        Hale]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Hwang Jung-min]], South Korean actor\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[Jeremy Glick]],  passenger on board United Airlines\n        Flight 93 (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[September 4]]\\n** [[Daisy Dee]], Dutch singer\n        and actress\\n** [[Ione Skye]], British-born American actress\\n* [[September\n        5]] – [[Liam Lynch (musician)|Liam Lynch]], American musician, comedian,\n        and puppetteer\\n* [[September 7]] \\n** [[Gao Min (diver)|Gao Min]], Chinese\n        diver\\n** [[Tom Everett Scott]], American actor\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Benny\n        Ibarra]], Mexican singer\\n** [[Latrell Sprewell]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[September 10]]\\n** [[Molly McKay]], LGBT activist\\n** [[M\\u00e9n\\u00e9lik]],\n        French rapper\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Taraji P. Henson]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Laura Wright]], American actress\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Susumu Chiba]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Mike Burns (soccer)|Mike Burns]],\n        American soccer player\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Valeria Cappellotto]],\n        Italian racing cyclist. (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[September 18]] – [[Darren\n        Gough]], English cricketer\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Dan Bylsma]], American\n        ice hockey player\\n** [[Yuka Imai]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Takanori\n        Nishikawa]], Japanese singer\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Gert Verheyen]],\n        Belgian footballer\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Samantha Power]], Irish-American\n        government official and writer\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Mike Matheny]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Mystikal]], American rapper\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        [[Ani DiFranco]], American musician\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Aja Kong]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Marco Etcheverry]],\n        Bolivian football player\\n** [[Frank Guinta]], American politician\\n** [[Yukio\n        Iketani]], Japanese gymnast\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Yoshiharu Habu]],\n        Japanese professional shogi player\\n* [[September 28]]\\n** [[Isabelle Brasseur]],\n        Canadian figure skater\\n** [[Kimiko Date-Krumm]], Japanese tennis player\\n*\n        [[September 29]]\\n** [[Joe Doucet]], American designer, inventor and artist\\n**\n        [[Emily Lloyd]], English actress\\n** [[Yoshihiro Tajiri]], Japanese professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Natasha Gregson Wagner]], American actress\\n* [[September 30]]\n        \\n** [[Mark Smith (Gladiator)|Mark Smith]], English actor and bodybuilder\\n**\n        [[Tony Hale]], American actor\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kelly Ripa, Red Dress\n        Collection 2007 140x190.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kelly Ripa]]]]\\n[[File:NASA Journey\n        to Mars and \\u201cThe Martian\\\" (201508180006HQ).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Damon]]]]\\n[[File:Sadiq\n        Khan November 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sadiq Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Kirk Cameron by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kirk Cameron]]]]\\n[[File:Nolan North by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nolan North]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Moses\n        Kiptanui]], Kenyan athlete\\n* [[October 2]] – [[Kelly Ripa]], American\n        actress and TV personality\\n* [[October 4]]\\n** [[Richard Hancox]], English\n        footballer\\n** [[Zdravko Zdravkov]], Bulgarian footballer\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**\n        [[Matt Damon]], American actor\\n** [[Sadiq Khan]], British politician; [[Mayor\n        of London]]\\n** [[Tetsuya Nomura]], Japanese video game and film director\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Annika S\\u00f6renstam]], Swedish golfer\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Jokelyn Tienstra]], Dutch handball player (d. [[2010]])\\n**Sir\n        [[Matthew Pinsent]], British rower\\n* [[October 11]]\\n** [[Lee Bong-Ju]],\n        South Korean long-distance runner\\n** [[Andy Marriott]], English footballer\\n*\n        [[October 12]]\\n** [[Kirk Cameron]], American actor and Christian activist\\n**\n        [[Charlie Ward]], American football and basketball player\\n* [[October 14]]\n        – [[Daniela Pe\\u0161tov\\u00e1]], Czech supermodel\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[Chris Mims]], American football (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October 16]]\n        – [[Mehmet Scholl]], German footballer\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Anil\n        Kumble]], Indian cricketer\\n** [[Marciano Vink]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[October\n        18]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Padilla (alleged terrorist)|Jose Padilla]], American\n        gang member and convicted terrorist\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Michelle Malkin]],\n        American political commentator\\n* [[October 21]] \\n** [[Louis Koo]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n** [[Tony Mortimer]], English singer\\n* [[October 24]] –\n        [[Stephen Kipkorir]], Kenyan middle distance runner (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Adam Goldberg]], American actor\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Adrian\n        Erlandsson]], Swedish drummer\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Toby Smith]], British\n        musician (d. [[2017]])\\n** [[Edwin van der Sar]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** [[Ben Bailey]], American host\\n** [[Nia Long]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Xie Jun]], Chinese chess grandmaster\\n* [[October 31]] \\n** [[Nolan North]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Linn Berggren]], Swedish singer\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ethan\n        Hawke (29143642294).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ethan Hawke]]]]\\n[[File:Tonya harding\n        mac club 1994 crop.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tonya Harding]]]]\\n[[File:Martha Plimpton\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Martha Plimpton]]]]\\n[[File:Walter Jones by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Walter\n        Emanuel Jones]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Merle Palmiste]], Estonian actress\\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[Ely Buendia]], Filipino rock lead singer and rhythm guitarist\n        ([[Eraserheads]])\\n** [[Sharmell Sullivan-Huffman]], American wrestling valet\\n*\n        [[November 3]] – [[Dawn Marie Psaltis]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[November 4]]\\n** [[Tony Sly]], American singer (d. [[2012]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Delapierre]], French politician (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Heather\n        Pick]], American television news anchor (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[November 6]] –\n        [[Ethan Hawke]], American actor, writer, and film director\\n* [[November 7]]\\n**\n        [[Neil Hannon]], Northern Irish musician \\n** [[Morgan Spurlock]], American\n        filmmaker and activist\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Tom Anderson]], American\n        co-founder of [[Myspace]]\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Imam Samudra]], Bali bombings,\n        an act of terrorism. (d. [[2008]])\\n** [[Scarface (rapper)|Scarface]], American\n        rapper\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Orny Adams]], American comedian\\n** [[Warren\n        G]], American rapper\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Tonya Harding]], American figure\n        skater\\n** [[Alina Mar\\u00eda Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Cuban transgender (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]]\\n** [[Patrick M''Boma]], Cameroonian footballer\\n** [[Jack\n        Ingram]], American country music singer\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Matt Healy]],\n        British actor\\n** [[Martha Plimpton]], American actress\\n* [[November 17]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Allender]], English guitarist\\n** [[Tania Zaetta]], Australian actress\n        and television presenter\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Peta Wilson]], Australian\n        actress\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Joe Zaso]], American actor and producer\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – [[Karen Davila]], Filipina journalist, TV host and\n        news personality\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Stel Pavlou]], British novelist\n        and screenwriter\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Zo\\u00eb Ball]], British television\n        and radio presenter\\n** [[Oded Fehr]], Israeli-American actor\\n* [[November\n        26]] – [[Dave Hughes]], Australian comedian\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Mr.\n        Lobo]], television personality\\n** [[Jorge Luis Gonz\\u00e1lez Tanquero]],\n        Cuban dissident. (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Richard Osman]], English\n        television presenter, producer and director.\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Walter\n        Emanuel Jones]], American actor\\n** [[Natalie Williams]], American basketball\n        player\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Sarah Silverman DNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sarah\n        Silverman]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer Connelly 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jennifer Connelly]]]]\n        \\n[[File:Krissada Sukosol 20070116.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Krissada Sukosol Clapp]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – [[Sarah Silverman]], American comedian\\n* [[December\n        2]]\\n** [[Joshua Seth]], American voice actor and hypnotist\\n** [[Treach]],\n        American rapper\\n* [[December 3]] – [[Jimmy Shergill]], Indian actor\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Kevin Sussman]], American actor\\n* [[December 5]]\n        – [[Tim Hetherington]], English-born photojournalist (d. [[2011]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] – [[Ulf Ekberg|Ulf \\\"Buddha\\\" Ekberg]], Swedish musician\\n*\n        [[December 9]] – [[Kara DioGuardi]], American songwriter\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Jennifer Connelly]], American actress\\n** [[Regina Hall]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Bart Johnson]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Andrew Lewis (boxer)]], Guyanese professional boxer (d. [[2014]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Przemys\\u0142aw Tru\\u015bci\\u0144ski]], Polish artist\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Craig Doyle]], Irish television presenter\\n* [[December\n        18]]\\n** [[DMX (rapper)|DMX]], American rapper and actor\\n** [[Miles Marshall\n        Lewis]], American author\\n** [[Victoria Pratt]], Canadian-born actress and\n        model\\n** [[Rob Van Dam]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[December 20]]\\n**\n        [[Nicole de Boer]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Massimo Ellul]], Maltese entrepreneur\n        and philanthropist\\n* [[December 22]] \\n** [[Ted Cruz]], Canadian-American\n        politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Republican Party (United\n        States)|R]]-[[Texas|Tx.]]) since 2013, and [[United States presidential election,\n        2016|2016]] presidential candidate\\n** [[Gary Anderson (darts player)|Gary\n        Anderson]], Scottish darts player\\n** [[Clay Dreslough]], American game designer\\n*\n        [[December 23]] – [[Catriona Le May Doan]], Canadian speed skater\\n*\n        [[December 25]] – [[Emmanuel Amuneke]], Nigerian footballer\\n* [[December\n        26]] – [[Krissada Sukosol Clapp]], Thai actor and singer\\n* [[December\n        28]] – [[Francesca Le]], American porn actress and director\\n* [[December\n        29]]\\n** [[Aled Jones]], Welsh singer and television presenter\\n** [[Kevin\n        Weisman]], American actor\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Bryon Russell]], American\n        basketball player\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Max Born.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Max\n        Born]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Alfred Lauck Parson]], British chemist\n        and physicist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 4]] \\n** [[Jean-\\u00c9tienne Valluy]],\n        French general (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[David John Williams]], Welsh-language writer\n        and Welsh nationalist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Max Born]],\n        German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[Robert Barrat]], American actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Pavel Belyayev]], Soviet cosmonaut (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[January\n        14]] – [[Harry M. Woods]], American songwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        18]] – [[David O. McKay]], 9th president of [[The Church of Jesus Christ\n        of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Aldo De Benedetti]],\n        Italian screenwriter (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Hal March]], American actor (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]]\\n** [[Jane Bathori]], French mezzo-soprano (b. [[1877]])\\n**\n        [[Eiji Tsuburaya]], Japanese film director and special effects designer (''''[[Godzilla]]'''',\n        ''''[[Ultraman]]'''') (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Rita Angus]],\n        New Zealand painter (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Erich Heckel]], German painter (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Thomas J. Ryan (admiral)|Thomas J. Ryan]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[January 29]]\\n** [[Lawren Harris]], Canadian\n        painter. (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Basil Liddell Hart]], British military historian\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Thelma Morgan]], American socialite (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[January\n        30]]\\n** [[Fritz Bayerlein]], German general (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[John of Saint-Denis]],\n        French [[Orthodox Church of France|Orthodox]] priest and saint (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[January 31]] – [[Slim Harpo]], American singer (b. [[1924]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Honourable\n        Bertrand Russell.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Bertrand Russell]]]]\\n[[Image:Hugh Dowding.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Hugh\n        Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding|Hugh Dowding]]]]\\n[[File:Cafe Filho.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Joao\n        Cafe Filho]]]]\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** [[Lawrence Gray]], American actor (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n** [[Bertrand Russell]], British logician and philosopher, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Italo Gariboldi]], Italian general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Louise Bogan]], American poet (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 5]] – [[Rudy\n        York]], American baseball player (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Roscoe\n        Karns]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 10]] \\n** [[John Davidson\n        (botanist)|John Davidson]], Scottish-Canadian botanist. (b. [[1878]])\\n**\n        [[Tobias Geffen]], Lithuanian-born, American [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]]\n        rabbi. (b.[[1870]])\\n** [[Alfred Roberts]], English lay preacher, politician,\n        and father of [[Margaret Thatcher]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Arthur\n        Edeson]], American cinematographer (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Sasha Siemel]], adventurer,\n        hunter, guide, actor, writer, photographer, and lecturer. (b. [[1890]])\\n**\n        [[Harry Stradling]], American cinematographer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Herbert\n        Strudwick]], English cricketer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 15]] – [[Hugh\n        Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding|Hugh Dowding]], British [[RAF Fighter Command]]er\n        during the [[Battle of Britain]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Francis Peyton Rous]], American pathologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Shmuel\n        Yosef Agnon]], Israeli writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Alfred Newman (composer)|Alfred Newman]], American film\n        composer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Jules Munshin]], American\n        actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[February 20]] \\n** [[Sophie Treadwell]], American\n        playwright and journalist (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Jo\\u00e3o Fernandes Campos Caf\\u00e9\n        Filho|Jo\\u00e3o Caf\\u00e9 Filho]], Brazilian politician, 18th [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Johannes Semper]],\n        Estonian writer and translator (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Edward\n        Selzer]], American film producer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[February 24]] –\n        [[Conrad Nagel]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\n** [[Mannathu\n        Padmanabha Pillai]], Indian social reformer (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[Mark Rothko]],\n        Latvian-born painter (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 28]] – [[Arthur Henry\n        Knighton-Hammond]], English painter (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Br\\u00fcning.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Heinrich Br\\u00fcning]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 2]] – [[Joseph Vialatoux]], French [[Roman Catholic]] philosopher\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Erle Stanley Gardner]], American crime\n        writer (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Lucille Hegamin]], American singer and entertainer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Waldo Peirce]], American painter (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Nicholas Timasheff]], Russian sociologist\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Alec Clunes]], English actor (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[March 14]] – [[Ma Hongkui]],  prominent warlord in China during the\n        Republic of China era (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Tammi Terrell]],\n        African-American singer (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[William Beaudine]],\n        American film director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Del Lord]],\n        Canadian film director (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Fortune Gallo]],\n        Italian-born opera impresario (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[March 29]] – [[Vera\n        Brittain]], British writer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Heinrich\n        Br\\u00fcning]], German academic and politician, 21st [[Chancellor of Germany]]\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[March 31]] \\n** [[Semyon Timoshenko]], Soviet general,\n        Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[George Wootten]], Australian\n        soldier, public servant, political activist and solicitor (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0438\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\n        \\u0410\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0421\\u0438\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Patriarch\n        Alexy I of Moscow]]]]\\n[[File:Ed Begley 1958.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ed Begley]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[Alfred Henry Sturtevant]], American geneticist (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[April 6]] – [[El Deif Ahmed]], Egyptian actor (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] \\n** [[Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Julius Pokorny]],\n        Austrian-born Czech linguist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Cathy O''Donnell]],\n        American actress (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Richard Neill]], American actor of the\n        silent era (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Joseph Schechtman]], writer and Revisionist\n        political activist (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April 16]] – [[Richard Neutra]],\n        Austrian-born American architect (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[Patriarch\n        Alexy I of Moscow]] (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Micha\\u0142 Kalecki]],\n        Polish economist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Herb Shriner]], American\n        humorist (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Anita Louise]], American\n        actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[April 26]]\\n** [[Francisco Cunha Leal]], Portuguese\n        politician, 84th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Gypsy\n        Rose Lee]], American actress (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Arthur\n        Shields]], Irish actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Ed Begley]],\n        American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Inger Stevens]], Swedish-born\n        actress (b. [[1934]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Crown Prince of Korea Yi Un.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Yi\n        Un]]]]\\n[[File:Nelly Sachs 1966.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Nelly Sachs]]]]\\n[[File:Episcopul\n        Iuliu.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Iuliu Hossu]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Yi Un]], Crown\n        Prince of Korea (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Ralph Hartley]], American inventor (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\n** [[Giovanni Giuriati]], Italian Fascist politician\n        (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Helen Kinnear]], Canadian lawyer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        9]]\\n** [[Andrew Watson Myles]], Canadian politician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Walter\n        Reuther]], American labor union leader (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[May 10]]\\n** [[Mari\n        Blanchard]], American actress (b. [[1927]])\\n** [[Leslie H. Sabo, Jr.]], [[Medal\n        of Honor]] recipient (b. [[1948]])\\n* [[May 11]] – [[Johnny Hodges]],\n        American jazz musician (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw\n        Anders]], General of the Polish Army (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Nelly Sachs]], German\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 13]] – [[Sir William Dobell]], Australian artist (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Billie Burke]], American actress (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Heinz Hartmann]], Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Ray Schalk]], American baseball player ([[Chicago\n        White Sox]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] – [[E. L. Grant Watson]], Australian scientist and writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Joseph Wood Krutch]], American writer and naturalist.\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II]], King\n        of the Ashanti (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Iuliu Hossu]], Romanian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and servant of God (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May 29]]\\n**\n        [[John Gunther]], American writer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Eva Hesse]], German-born\n        American sculptor (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Terry Sawchuk]], Canadian\n        hockey player (b. [[1929]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:PEAramburu.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Pedro\n        Eugenio Aramburu]]]]\\n[[File:Calder\\u00f3n Guardia 1940 cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Rafael\n        \\u00c1ngel Calder\\u00f3n Guardia]]]]\\n[[File:Alexander Kerensky LOC 24416.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alexander\n        Kerensky]]]]\\n[[File:Presiden Sukarno.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sukarno]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]]\\n** [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], Argentine army general, 31st [[President\n        of Argentina]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[George Watkins (baseball)|George Watkins]],\n        American baseball player (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Albert Lamorisse]],\n        French filmmaker (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Bruce McLaren]], Formula 1 driver (b.\n        [[1937]])\\n* [[June 3]] \\n** [[Ruth Sawyer]], American storyteller and writer  (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n** [[Hjalmar Schacht]], Nazi German economic minister (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[June 4]] – [[Sonny Tufts]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June\n        7]] – [[E. M. Forster]], English writer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June 8]]\n        – [[Abraham Maslow]], American psychologist (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Rafael \\u00c1ngel Calder\\u00f3n Guardia]], Costa Rican doctor\n        and politician, 19th [[President of Costa Rica]], leader of the [[World War\n        II]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Blanche]], Chilean\n        military officer, provisional [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] \\n** [[Alexander Kerensky]], Russian revolutionary politician (b. [[1881]])\\n**\n        [[Frank Laubach]], working at a remote location in the Philippines (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 13]] – [[Gonzalo Roig]], Cuban musician, composer, musical director\n        and founder of several orchestras. (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[William\n        H. Daniels]], American cinematographer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June 15]] –\n        [[John Noble Kennedy]], British Army officer (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 16]]\\n**\n        [[Heino Eller]], Estonian composer and composition teacher (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Brian Piccolo]], American football star (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[June 21]] –\n        [[Sukarno]], 1st [[President of Indonesia]] (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Frank J. Wilson]], Chief of the United States Secret Service (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Leopoldo Marechal]], Argentine writer (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[June 27]]\\n** [[Daniel Kinsey]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1902]])\\n**\n        [[Edwin La Dell]], British artist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Arthur\n        Leslie]], British actor (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Bjarni Benediktsson\n        1964 cropped.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908)|Bjarni Benediktsson]]]]\\n[[File:Antonio\n        Salazar-1.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]]]]\\n* [[July\n        6]] – [[Marjorie Rambeau]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        10]]\\n** [[Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908)|Bjarni Benediktsson]], Icelandic\n        Foreign Minister and 11th [[Prime Minister of Iceland]] (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[Maria Orsola Bussone]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] student and venerable\n        (b. [[1954]])\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Lur\\u00e7at]], French modernist\n        architect, landscape architect, (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 12]] – [[L.\n        Wolfe Gilbert]], Russian-born American songwriter. (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[July\n        13]] – [[Lazar Drlja\\u010da]], Yugoslav-Bosnian painter (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[July 14]] – [[Luis Mariano]], Spanish tenor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[July\n        15]] – [[Frits Lugt]], self-taught collector and connoisseur of Dutch\n        drawings and prints and a selfless  (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Ernst\n        Wellmann]], highly decorated German Army officer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n**\n        [[Egon Eiermann]], German architect (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Panagiotis Pipinelis]],\n        Prime Minister of Greece (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Bob Kalsu]],\n        American football player (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Fritz Kortner]],\n        Austrian-born director (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Peter de Noronha]],\n        Indian businessman (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Milner Baily Schaefer|Milner\n        Baily \\\"Bernie\\\" Schaefer]], American fisheries scientist (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] – [[Ant\\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar]], Portuguese economist\n        and politician, 100th [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[July\n        28]] – [[Baba Bujha Singh]], Indian revolutionary\\n* [[July 29]]\\n**\n        [[John Barbirolli]], English conductor (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[George Szell]],\n        Hungarian conductor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Wilfrid Kent Hughes]],\n        Australian Olympian and politician (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Frances\n        Farmer publicity.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Frances Farmer]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**\n        [[Delia Akeley]], American explorer (b. [[1875]])\\n** [[Lula Wardlow]], American\n        businesswoman (b. [[1876]])\\n** [[Doris Fleeson]], American journalist (b.\n        [[1901]])\\n** [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]], German physician and physiologist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] laureate (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Frances\n        Farmer]], American actress and television host (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Giuseppe\n        Pizzardo]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[August\n        10]] –[[Victor W. Voorhees]], American architect (b. [[1876]]) \\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Soledad Miranda]], Spanish actress (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Efisio Melis]], Sardinian folk musician (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August\n        20]] – [[Zeki Velidi Togan]], Turkish historian (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August\n        22]] – [[Vladimir Propp]], Soviet folklorist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August\n        23]] – [[Abdallah Khalil]], 3rd Prime Minister of Sudan (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] \\n** [[Thomas Hunton]], Royal Marines officer (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[William McCance]], Scottish artist (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Jimi\n        Hendrix 1967.png|120px|thumb|[[Jimi Hendrix]]]]\\n[[File:Nasser portrait2.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Gamal\n        Abdel Nasser]]]]\\n* September – [[Mahmud al-Muntasir]], 1st [[Prime\n        Minister of Libya]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Mauriac]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Marie-Pierre Koenig]], French general\n        and politician (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Agnes E. Meyer]], American journalist,\n        a philanthropist(b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Vince Lombardi]],\n        American football player and coach after whom the [[National Football League|NFL''s]]\n        [[Super Bowl]] trophy is named (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[September 5]]\\n** [[Jesse\n        Pennington]], English footballer (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Simon (wine)]],\n        French-born wine merchant, gourmet, and prolific writer about wine (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[September 7]] – [[Yitzhak Gruenbaum]], noted leader of the [[Zionism|Zionist]]\n        movement in the [[interwar period]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[September 14]] –\n        [[Virgil T. McCroskey]], American conservationist (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Jimi Hendrix|James Marshall \\\"Jimi\\\" Hendrix]], American rock\n        musician (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[September 22]] – [[Alice Hamilton]], the\n        first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University (b. [[1869]])\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – [[Bourvil|Andr\\u00e9 Bourvil]], French actor (b.\n        [[1917]])\\n* [[September 25]] – [[Erich Maria Remarque]], German author\n        (''''All Quiet On The Western Front'''') (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 28]]\\n**\n        [[John Dos Passos]], American novelist (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]],\n        31st [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] and 2nd [[President of Egypt]] (b. [[1918]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Edward Everett Horton]], American actor (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[September 30]] – [[Benedetto Aloisi Masella]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]]\n        cardinal (b. [[1875]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Janis Joplin seated 1970.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Janis\n        Joplin]]]]\\n[[File:Daladier 1924.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Edouard Daladier]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Petar Konjovi\\u0107]], Yugoslav composer (b.  [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[October 4]] – [[Janis Joplin]], American rock singer (''''Mercedes\n        Benz'''') (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Fadh\\u00e9la Dziria]],\n        Algerian singer (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[\\u00c9douard Daladier]],\n        72nd [[Prime Minister of France]], signed [[Munich Agreement]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[C\\u00e9sar Falc\\u00f3n]], Peruvian writer, journalist\n        and politician (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 13]] – [[Julia Culp]], mezzo-soprano\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Jack Harrison (boxer)|Jack Harrison]],\n        British boxer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Quincy Wright]], American\n        political scientist (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Prince Zeid\n        bin Hussein]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Antoni Bohdziewicz]],\n        Polish screenplay, writer and director (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n**\n        [[Ernest Haller]], American cinematographer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Corneliu Calotescu]],\n        Romanian Major-General during World War II (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 22]]\n        – [[George Austin Welsh]], Republican member (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Robert Delafield Rands]], Estonian painter (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        B 145 Bild-F010324-0002, Flughafen K\\u00f6ln-Bonn, Adenauer, de Gaulle-cropped.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Charles\n        de Gaulle]]]]\\n[[File:Constantine Tsaldaris.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Konstantinos\n        Tsaldaris]]]]\\n[[File:Sir CV Raman.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Chandrasekhara Venkata\n        Raman]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Otto Kreisler]], Austrian film director\n        of the silent era (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 2]] \\n** [[Abram Samoilovitch\n        Besicovitch]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Fernand Gravey]],\n        French actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]],\n        [[King of Yugoslavia]], leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[November\n        6]] – [[Agust\\u00edn Lara]], Mexican composer (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[November\n        7]] – [[Eddie Peabody]], American musician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[November\n        8]] – [[Napoleon Hill]], American author in the area of the new thought\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Charles de Gaulle]], French general\n        and statesman, 98th [[Prime Minister of France]] and 18th [[President of France]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\n** [[Louis Rich]], American entrepreneur\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Howard Winkler]], Canadian politician (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Konstantinos Tsaldaris]], Greek politician, 2-time\n        [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Andrei\n        Yeremenko]], Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – [[John Louis Clarke]], Blackfoot wood carver from\n        Montana. (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 21]] – [[C. V. Raman]], Indian\n        physicist. (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 23]] – [[Yusof bin Ishak]], Singaporean\n        politician, 1st [[President of Singapore]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Louise Glaum]], American actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Yukio Mishima]], Japanese\n        novelist (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[November 26]] – [[David Brown (footballer,\n        born 1887)|David Brown]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November\n        27]] – [[Helene Madison]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Robert T. Frederick]], American combat commander\n        (b. [[1907]])\\n\\n===December===\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Rube Goldberg]],\n        American cartoonist (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[December 8]] \\n** [[Christopher Kelk\n        Ingold]], British chemist (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Philip Edward Smith]], American\n        endocrinologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Evelyn Temple Emmett]],\n        first Director of the Tasmanian Government Tourist Bureau (b. [[1871]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Doris Blackburn]], Australian politician (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Ernest Marsden]], English-New Zealand physicist.(b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Charles Ruggles]], American actor (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Charles M. Cooke, Jr.]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[John Harvey (American actor)|John\n        Harvey]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[December 28]] – [[Lee Barnes]],\n        American Olympic athlete (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Prince\n        Adalbert of Bavaria (1886\\u20131970)|Prince Adalbert of Bavaria]] (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]] – [[Lenore Ulric]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] \\n** [[Ray Henderson]], American songwriter (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Cyril Scott]], English composer, writer, and poet (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Hannes Alfv\\u00e9n]], [[Louis N\\u00e9el]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]\n        – [[Luis Federico Leloir]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]\n        – [[Sir Bernard Katz]], [[Ulf von Euler]], [[Julius Axelrod]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Aleksandr\n        Isaevich Solzhenitsyn]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Norman Borlaug|Norman\n        E. Borlaug]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] – [[Paul\n        Samuelson]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist}}\\n\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1970}}\\n[[Category:1970|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":798652642,\"length\":96356,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970\"},\"34748\":{\"pageid\":34748,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1971\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-02T03:26:02Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1971}}\\n{{Events by month|1971}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1971}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1971}}\\n\\nThe world\n        population increased by 2.1% this year; the highest in history.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/14/global-population-10-billion-worry|title=A\n        global population of 10 billion is nothing to worry about|author=Danny Dorling|work=The\n        Guardian}}\\n\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[1971 Ibrox disaster|Ibrox disaster]]: A stairway crush at the Rangers\n        vs. Celtic [[association football|football]] match in [[Glasgow]], Scotland,\n        kills 66.\\n** A ban on radio and television [[cigarette]] advertisements goes\n        into effect in the United States.\\\"Cigarette Maker Phillip Morris Agrees\n        to Remove Advertising Signs from Sports Stadiums Where They Were Shown on\n        TV\\\" (1995) [http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/Pre_96/June95/315.txt.html DOJ315\n        United States Department of Justice].\\n* [[January 3]] – [[BBC]]\n        [[Open University]] begins in the United Kingdom.\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        The 1st ever [[One Day International|ODI cricket]] match is played between\n        Australia & England at the M.C.G.\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Tupamaros]] kidnap\n        Geoffrey Jackson, British ambassador to [[Uruguay]], in [[Montevideo]], keeping\n        him captive until September.\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Uruguay]]an president\n        [[Jorge Pacheco Areco]] demands emergency powers for 90 days due to kidnappings,\n        and receives them the next day.\\n* [[January 12]] – The landmark television\n        sitcom ''''[[All in the Family]]'''', starring [[Carroll O''Connor]] as [[Archie\n        Bunker]], debuts on [[CBS]].\\n* [[January 14]] – Seventy [[Brazil]]ian\n        political prisoners are released in [[Santiago]], Chile; Giovanni Enrico Bucher\n        is released [[January 16]].\\n* [[January 15]] – The [[Aswan High Dam]]\n        officially opens in Egypt.\\n* [[January 18]] \\n** Strikes in Poland demand\n        the resignation of Interior Minister [[Kazimierz \\u015awita\\u0142a]]. He resigns\n        January 23 and is replaced by Franciszek Szlachcic.\\n**[[Ivan Koloff]] defeats\n        [[Bruno Sammartino]] for the [[WWE Championship|WWWF World Heavyweight Championship]]\n        ending a Seven and two thirds years reign. (the longest in the Championships\n        history)\\n* [[January 19]] – Representatives of 23 western oil companies\n        begin negotiations with [[OPEC]] in [[Tehran]] to stabilize [[Petroleum|oil]]\n        prices; [[February 14]] they sign a treaty with 6 [[Khalij el-Arab]] countries.\\n*\n        [[January 24]] – The [[Guinea]]n government sentences to death 92 Guineans\n        who helped Portuguese troops in the failed landing attempts in November [[1970]];\n        72 are sentenced to [[hard labor]] for life; 58 of the sentenced are hanged\n        the next day.\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** In [[Uganda]], [[Idi Amin]] deposes [[Milton\n        Obote]] in a coup, and becomes president.\\n** In Los Angeles, [[Charles Manson]]\n        and 3 female \\\"Family\\\" members are found guilty of the 1969 [[Tate\\u2013LaBianca\n        murders]].\\n** [[Himachal Pradesh]] becomes the 18th Indian state.\\n** ''''Intelsat\n        IV'''' (F2) is launched; it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean\n        [[March 26]].\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 14]]''''\n        (carrying astronauts [[Alan Shepard]], [[Stuart Roosa]], and [[Edgar Mitchell]])\n        lifts off on the third successful lunar landing mission.\\n[[File:AswanHighDam\n        Egypt.jpg|thumb| [[January 15]]: [[Aswan Dam]] opens in [[Egypt]].]]\\n\\n===\n        February ===\\n* [[February 4]] – In Britain, [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]\n        goes bankrupt and is nationalised.\\n* [[February 5]] – ''''[[Apollo\n        14]]'''' lands on the Moon.\\n* [[February 6]] – The 4.6 [[Body wave\n        magnitude|Mb]] [[List of earthquakes in Italy|Tuscania earthquake]] shook\n        the Italian province of Viterbo with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli\n        intensity]] of VIII (''''Severe''''), causing 24 deaths, 150 injuries, and\n        extreme damage.\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** Switzerland gives women voting rights\n        in state elections, but not in all [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]]-specific\n        ones.\\n** [[W\\u0142adys\\u0142aw Gomu\\u0142ka]] is expelled from the Central\n        Council of the Polish Communist Party.\\n* [[February 8]] – A new [[stock\n        market index]] called the [[Nasdaq Composite]] debuts.\\n* [[February 9]]\\n**\n        The 6.5\\u20136.7 {{M|w}} [[1971 San Fernando earthquake|Sylmar earthquake]]\n        hits the [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity\n        scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''''Extreme''''), killing 64 and injuring\n        2,000.\\n** [[Satchel Paige]] becomes the first [[Negro league baseball|Negro\n        League]] player to become voted into the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] from the\n        Negro League.\\n** [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 14]]'''' returns to Earth\n        after the third manned Moon landing.\\n* [[February 11]] – The US, UK,\n        USSR and others sign the [[Seabed Treaty]], outlawing [[nuclear weapon]]s\n        on the ocean floor.\\n* [[February 11]]–[[February 12]] – Palestinian\n        and Jordanian fighters clash in [[Amman]].\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Vietnam\n        War]]: Backed by American air and artillery support, [[South Vietnam]]ese\n        troops invade [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Decimal Day]]:\n        – The United Kingdom and Ireland both switch to [[decimal currency]]\n        (see also [[decimalisation]]).\\n** Protesting Belgian farmers bring 3 live\n        cows to crash the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] meeting in [[Brussels]].\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – In Italy, a local parliament elects the city of [[Catanzaro]]\n        as the capital of [[Calabria]]; residents of [[Reggio di Calabria]] riot for\n        5 days because of the decision.\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** Fifty [[tornado]]es\n        rage in [[Mississippi]], killing 74 people.\\n** The U.S. [[Emergency Broadcast\n        System]] sends an erroneous warning, meant to be a standard weekly test conducted\n        by [[NORAD]] in Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado; many radio stations just ignore\n        it. The most notorious warning was of [[WOWO (AM)]] in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].\\n*\n        [[February 21]] – The [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] is signed\n        at [[Vienna]].\\n* [[February 26]] – Secretary General [[U Thant]] signs\n        the [[United Nations]] proclamation of the [[vernal equinox]] as [[Earth Day]].\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – Doctors in the first Dutch [[abortion clinic]] (Mildredhuis\n        in [[Arnhem]]) start to perform [[abortus provocatus]].\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Evel Knievel]] sets a world record and jumps 19 cars in [[Ontario,\n        California]].\\n[[File:Apollo 14 Shepard.jpg|thumb| [[February 5]]: [[Apollo\n        14]] on Moon]]\\n[[File:Tuscania.jpg|thumb| [[February 6]]: Earthquake in [[Tuscania]],\n        Italy.]]\\n[[Image:Dszpics1.jpg|thumb| [[February 20]]: [[Tornado]]es kill\n        74 in [[Mississippi]].]]\\n\\n=== March ===\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** A bomb explodes\n        in the men''s room at the [[United States Capitol]]; the [[Weather Underground]]\n        claims responsibility.\\n** Pakistani President [[Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]]\n        indefinitely postpones the pending National Assembly session, precipitating\n        massive civil disobedience in [[East Pakistan]].\\n** Canadian [[John Robarts]]\n        ends his term of office as the 17th [[Premier of Ontario]].\\n* [[March 4]]\n        – The southern part of [[Quebec]], and especially [[Montreal]], receive\n        16\\u00bd\\\" (42 cm) of snow in what becomes known as the [[Eastern Canadian\n        blizzard of March 1971|Century''s Snowstorm]] (''''la temp\\u00eate du si\\u00e8cle'''').\\n*\n        [[March 5]] – The [[Pakistan]]i army occupies [[East Pakistan]]. In\n        [[Belfast]], a [[Led Zeppelin]] show includes the first public performance\n        of [[Stairway to Heaven]], a song from the [[Led Zeppelin IV|fourth album]].\\n*\n        [[March 6]] – A fire in a mental hospital at [[Burgh\\u00f6lzli]], Switzerland,\n        kills 28 people.\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** The British postal workers'' strike, led\n        by [[Union of Post Office Workers|UPW]] General Secretary [[Thomas Jackson\n        (trade unionist)|Tom Jackson]], ends after 47 days.\\n** [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]],\n        political leader of then [[East Pakistan]] (present day-[[Bangladesh]]), delivers\n        his famous speech in the Racecourse Field in [[Dhaka]], calling on the masses\n        to be prepared to fight for national independence.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** The\n        [[Citizens'' Commission to Investigate the FBI]] breaks into the [[Media,\n        Pennsylvania]] offices of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and removes\n        all the files.\\n** ''[[Fight of the Century]]'': Boxer [[Joe Frazier]] defeats\n        [[Muhammad Ali]] at [[Madison Square Garden]].\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Hafez\n        al-Assad]] becomes president of [[Syria]].\\n* [[March 12]]–[[March 13]]\n        – [[The Allman Brothers Band]] plays their legendary concert at the\n        [[Fillmore East]].\\n* [[March 16]] – [[Trygve Bratteli]] forms a government\n        in Norway.\\n* [[March 18]] – A landslide at Chungar, [[Peru]] crashes\n        into [[Yanawayin Lake]], killing 200.\\n* [[March 23]] – General [[Alejandro\n        Lanusse]] of [[Argentina]] takes power in a military coup.\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – The [[Pakistan]]i army starts [[Operation Searchlight]] in [[East\n        Pakistan]] from midnight, after President [[Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]], a\n        military ruler, voids election results that gave the [[Awami League]] an overwhelming\n        majority in the parliament.\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]])\n        independence is declared by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and transmitted using [[East\n        Pakistan Rifles]] (now [[Border Guards Bangladesh]]) radio.{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Independence|title=Declaration\n        of Independence - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|access-date=2016-03-29}}\\n**\n        [[Nihat Erim]] (a former [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]] member)\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (33rd government, composed mostly of\n        technocrats).\\n* [[March 27]] – [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]])\n        independence is repeatedly declared by Army Major (later President of Bangladesh)\n        [[Ziaur Rahman]] on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Kalurghat Radio Station,\n        [[Chittagong]].\\n* [[March 28]] – ''''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'''' airs\n        its final episode.\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** U.S. Army Lieutenant [[William Calley]]\n        is found guilty of 22 murders in the [[My Lai Massacre]] and sentenced to\n        life in prison (he is later pardoned).\\n** A [[Los Angeles]] jury recommends\n        the [[death penalty]] for [[Charles Manson]] and 3 female followers.\\n\\n===\n        April ===\\n* [[April 1]] – The United Kingdom lifts all restrictions\n        on gold ownership.\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** In [[Ceylon]], a group calling themselves\n        the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|People\\u2019s Liberation Front]] begins a\n        rebellion against the [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike|Bandaranaike]] government.\\n**\n        [[Chile]] and [[East Germany]] establish [[diplomatic relations]].\\n** [[Mount\n        Etna]] erupts in Sicily.\\n* [[April 7]] – Greece releases 261 [[political\n        prisoner]]s, 50 of whom are sent into internal exile.\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        A right-wing coup attempt is exposed in [[Laos]].\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Charles\n        Manson]] is sentenced to death; in 1972, the sentence for all California Death\n        Row inmates is commuted to life imprisonment.\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Veterans\n        Stadium]] in [[Philadelphia]] opens.\\n* [[April 12]] – Palestinians\n        retreat from [[Amman]] to the north of [[Jordan]].\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** The\n        People''s Republic of [[Bangladesh]] forms, under [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]],\n        at Mujibnagor.\\n** [[Libya]], [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]] sign an agreement to\n        form a [[confederation]].\\n* [[April 19]]\\n** The government of [[Bangladesh]]\n        flees to India.\\n** [[Sierra Leone]] becomes a [[republic]].\\n** The Soviet\n        Union launches ''''[[Salyut 1]]''''.\\n** Followers of [[Charles Manson]],\n        the Manson Family, are sentenced to the gas chamber.\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** ''''[[Swann\n        v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of\n        the United States]] rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered\n        to achieve racial [[desegregation]].\\n** [[Cambodia]]n Prime Minister [[Lon\n        Nol]] resigns, but remains effectively in power until the next elections.\\n*\n        [[April 21]]\\n** [[Siaka Stevens]] is elected the first president of [[Sierra\n        Leone]].\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Duvalier]], president of [[Haiti]], dies; his\n        son [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] follows him as [[president-for-life]].\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** ''''[[Soyuz 10]]'''' docks with ''''[[Salyut 1]]''''.\\n** Five hundred\n        thousand people in Washington, D.C. and 125,000 in [[San Francisco]] march\n        in protest against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Todor Zhivkov]]\n        is re-elected as the leader of the [[Bulgaria]]n Communist Party.\\n** [[Franz\n        Jonas]] is re-elected as president of Austria.\\n* [[April 26]] – The\n        government of [[Turkey]] declares a [[state of siege]] in 11 provinces, [[Ankara]]\n        included, due to violent [[Demonstration (protest)|demonstration]]s.\\n* [[April\n        28]] – The first number of ''''Il Manifesto'''' is issued in Italy.\\n*\n        [[April 29]] – [[Bolivia]] nationalizes the American-owned Matilde zinc\n        mine.\\n* [[April 30]] – The [[Milwaukee Bucks]] win the [[National Basketball\n        Association|NBA]] World Championship, sweeping the [[Washington Wizards|Baltimore\n        Bullets]] in 4 straight games.\\n\\n=== May ===\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Amtrak]]\n        begins inter-city rail passenger service in the United States.\\n** The [[Ceylon]]ese\n        government promises [[amnesty]] for those guerillas who surrender before [[April\n        5]].\\n* [[May 2]] – In [[Ceylon]], left-wing guerillas launch a series\n        of assaults against public buildings.\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Arsenal F.C.]] wins\n        the English Division 1 [[association football|football]] league championship\n        at the home of their bitter rivals, [[Tottenham Hotspur]], with [[Ray Kennedy]]\n        scoring the winner. (Arsenal FC will go on to win the league and cup ''double''\n        6 days later by defeating [[Liverpool]] in the [[FA Cup]] final).\\n** The\n        Harris Poll claims that 60% of Americans are against the [[Vietnam War]].\\n**\n        East German leader [[Walter Ulbricht]] resigns as Communist Party leader but\n        retains the position of head of state.\\n** [[1971 May Day Protests]]: Anti-war\n        militants attempt to disrupt government business in [[Washington, D.C.]];\n        police and military units arrest as many as 12,000, most of whom are later\n        released.\\n* [[May 5]] – The [[US dollar]] floods the European [[currency\n        market]]s and threatens especially the [[Deutsche Mark]]; the central banks\n        of Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland stop the currency trading.\\n*\n        [[May 6]] – The [[Ceylon]] government begins a major offensive against\n        the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|People''s Liberation Front]].\\n* [[May 9]]\\n**\n        [[Arsenal FC]] beats [[Liverpool F.C.]] 2-1 to win the English [[FA Cup]],\n        thus completing the league and cup ''double''.\\n** [[Mariner 8]] fails to\n        launch.\\n* [[May 12]] – An [[earthquake]] in [[Turkey]] destroys most\n        of the city of [[Burdur]].\\n* [[May 15]] – Efraim Elrom, [[Israel]]i\n        ambassador to Turkey, is kidnapped; he is found killed in [[Istanbul]] [[May\n        25]].\\n* [[May 16]] – A coup attempt is exposed and foiled in [[Egypt]].\\n*\n        [[May 18]]\\n** The U.S. Congress formally votes to end funding for the American\n        Supersonic Transport program.\\n** The [[Montr\\u00e9al Canadiens]] win the\n        [[Stanley Cup]] against the [[Chicago Blackhawks]]. The Canadiens became only\n        the second team in [[NHL]] history to win the Cup in game 7 on the road. This\n        also marked the last NHL game that the late [[Jean B\\u00e9liveau]] played.\\n*\n        [[May 19]] – [[Mars probe program]]: ''''[[Mars 2]]'''' is launched\n        by the [[Soviet Union]].\\n* [[May 22]] – An [[earthquake]] lasting 20\n        seconds destroys most of [[Bing\\u00f6l]], [[Turkey]] – more than 1,000\n        are killed, 10,000 made homeless.\\n* [[May 23]] – An air crash at [[Rijeka\n        Airport]], [[Yugoslavia]] kills 78 people, mostly British tourists.\\n* [[May\n        26]]\\n** Austria and the People''s Republic of China establish diplomatic\n        relations.\\n** [[Qantas]] agrees to pay $500,000 to bomb hoaxer-extortionist\n        Mr. Brown (Peter Macari), who is later arrested.\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** Six armed\n        passengers hijack a [[Romania]]n passenger plane and force it to fly to [[Vienna]].\\n**\n        [[Christie''s]] auctions a diamond known as [[Deepdene (diamond)|Deepdene]];\n        it is later found to be artificially colored.\\n* [[May 28]] – Portugal\n        resigns from [[UNESCO]].\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Mariner program]]: ''''[[Mariner\n        9]]'''' is launched toward [[Mars]].\\n* [[May 31]] – The birth of [[Bangladesh]]\n        is declared by the government in exile, in territory formerly part of [[Pakistan]].\\n\\n===\n        June ===\\n* June – [[Massachusetts]] passes its Chapter 766 laws enacting\n        [[Special Education]].\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Vietnam Veterans\n        for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who\n        served in [[Southeast Asia]], speak against war protests.\\n* [[June 6]]\\n**\n        [[Soyuz program]]: ''''[[Soyuz 11]]'''' ([[Vladislav Volkov]], [[Georgi Dobrovolski]],\n        [[Viktor Patsayev]]) is launched.\\n** A midair collision between [[Hughes\n        Airwest Flight 706]] [[Douglas DC-9]] jetliner and a U.S. Marine Corps [[McDonnell\n        Douglas F-4 Phantom]] jet fighter near [[Duarte, California]], claims 50 lives.\\n*\n        [[June 10]]\\n** The U.S. ends its [[trade embargo]] of China.\\n** Corpus Thursday:\n        A student rally on the streets of Mexico City is roughly dispersed.\\n* [[June\n        11]] – [[Neville Bonner]] becomes the first [[Indigenous Australian]]\n        to sit in the [[Parliament of Australia|Australian Parliament]].\\n* [[June\n        13]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: ''''[[The New York Times]]'''' begins to publish\n        the [[Pentagon Papers]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051204121721/https://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/48.htm].\\n**\n        [[Gijs van Lennep]] (The Netherlands) and co-driver [[Helmut Marko]] (Austria)\n        win the [[1971 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] in the [[Martini\n        Racing]] [[Porsche 917]]K.\\n* [[June 14]] – Norway begins oil production\n        in the [[North Sea]].\\n* [[June 17]]\\n** Representatives of Japan and the\n        United States sign the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, whereby the U.S. will\n        return control of [[Okinawa]].[http://www.niraikanai.wwma.net/pages/archive/rev71.html\n        www.niraikanai.wwma.net]\\n** President [[Richard Nixon]] declares the\n        U.S. [[War on Drugs]].\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Southwest Airlines]], a [[low-cost\n        carrier]], begins its first flights between [[Dallas]], [[Houston]], and [[San\n        Antonio]].\\n* [[June 20]] – Britain announces that Soviet space scientist\n        Anatoli Fedoseyev has been granted asylum.\\n* [[June 21]] – Britain\n        begins new negotiations for [[European Economic Community|EEC]] membership\n        in Luxembourg.\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Madagascar]] accuses the U.S. of being\n        connected to the plot to oust the current government; the U.S. recalls its\n        ambassador.\\n* [[June 27]] – Concert promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill\n        Graham]] closes the legendary [[Fillmore East]], which first opened on 2nd\n        Avenue (between 5th and 6th Streets) in New York City on March 8, 1968.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – Assassin Jerome A. Johnson shoots [[Joseph Colombo|Joe\n        Colombo]] in the head in a middle of an [[Italian-American]] rally, putting\n        him in a coma.\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** After a successful mission aboard ''''[[Salyut\n        1]]'''', the world''s first manned space station, the crew of the ''''[[Soyuz\n        11]]'''' spacecraft are killed when their air supply leaks out through a faulty\n        valve.\\n** ''''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme\n        Court]] rules that the [[Pentagon Papers]] may be published, rejecting government\n        injunctions as unconstitutional prior restraint.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n* July –\n        [[Nordic Council]] secretariat inaugurated.\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Jim Morrison]],\n        lead singer of [[The Doors]] is found dead in his bathtub in Paris, France.\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – [[Michael S. Hart]] posts the first [[e-book]], a copy\n        of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]], on the [[University\n        of Illinois at Urbana\\u2013Champaign]]''s [[mainframe computer]], the origin\n        of [[Project Gutenberg]].{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:The_History_and_Philosophy_of_Project_Gutenberg_by_Michael_Hart|publisher=Project\n        Gutenberg|title=The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg|first=Michael|last=Hart\n        |accessdate=2011-10-05 |date=August 1992}}.\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Right\n        to vote]]: The [[26th Amendment to the United States Constitution]], formally\n        certified by President [[Richard Nixon]], lowers the voting age from 21 to\n        18.\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Hastings Banda]] is proclaimed [[President for\n        Life]] of [[Malawi]].\\n* [[July 9]] – The United Kingdom increases its\n        troops in [[Northern Ireland]] to 11,000.\\n* [[July 10]]–[[July 11]]\n        – Coup attempt in [[Morocco]]: 1,400 cadets take over the king''s palace\n        for 3 hours and kill 28 people; 158 rebels die when the king''s troops storm\n        the palace (10 high-ranking officers are later executed for involvement).\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[Gloria Steinem]] makes her [[Address to the Women of\n        America]].\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Copper]] mines in [[Chile]] are nationalized.\\n*\n        [[July 13]]\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur J\\u00f3hannesson]] forms a government in [[Iceland]].\\n**\n        [[Jordan]]ian army troops launch an offensive against Palestinian guerillas\n        in Jordan.\\n** The [[Yugoslavia]]n government begins allowing foreign companies\n        to take their profits from the country.\\n** Paced by a prodigious home run\n        by [[Reggie Jackson]], which hits a transformer on the roof of [[Tiger Stadium\n        (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]], the [[American League]] defeats the [[National\n        League]] 6-4 in the [[Major League Baseball]] All-Star Game in [[Detroit,\n        Michigan|Detroit]].\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Libya]] severs its diplomatic\n        ties with [[Morocco]].\\n* [[July 15]] – American President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] announces his [[1972 Nixon visit to China|1972 visit to China]].\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – Italy and Austria sign a treaty that ends the schism about\n        [[South Tyrol]].\\n* [[July 18]] – The [[Trucial States]] are formed\n        in the [[Persian Gulf]].\\n* [[July 19]] – The South Tower of the [[World\n        Trade Center (1973\\u20132001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] is\n        topped out at {{convert|1,362|ft|m}}, making it the second tallest building\n        in the world.\\n* [[July 19]]–[[July 23]] – Major Hashem al-Atta\n        ousts Jaafar Muhammad al-Nimeiri in a military coup in [[Sudan]]. Fighting\n        continues until on [[July 22]], when pro-Nimeiri troops win. Al-Atta and 3\n        officers are executed.\\n* [[July 24]] – [[Georgina Rizk]] of [[Lebanon]]\n        will crown [[Miss Universe 1971]].\\n* [[July 25]]–[[July 30]] –\n        [[Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli]] records in [[Munich]] two [[Debussy]] works\n        for [[Deutsche Grammophon]]; it''s his fifth recording.\\n* [[July 26]] –\n        ''''[[Apollo 15]]'''' (carrying astronauts [[David Scott]], [[Alfred Worden]],\n        and [[James Irwin]]) is launched.\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Abdel Khaliq Mahjub]],\n        [[Sudan]]ese communist leader, is hanged.\\n* [[July 29]] – The United\n        Kingdom opts out of the [[Space Race]], with the cancellation of its [[Black\n        Arrow]] launch vehicle.\\n* [[July 30]] – In Japan, an [[All Nippon Airways]]\n        [[Boeing 727]] collides with a Japanese fighter jet; 162 people are killed.\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – ''''[[Apollo 15]]'''' astronauts [[David Scott]] and [[James\n        Irwin]] become the first to ride in a [[lunar rover]], a day after landing\n        on the Moon.\\n\\n=== August ===\\n* August – [[Camden, New Jersey]] erupts\n        in [[race riot]]s following the beating death of a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto\n        Rican]] motorist by city police. Looting and arson occurred. This is a turning\n        point in Camden''s decline to one of the poorest and highest-crime municipalities\n        in the United States. Camden was, however, the site of a 1949 shooting rampage\n        by [[Howard Unruh]], considered by some to be the first [[mass murder]]er\n        in the United States. The riots result in the demise of Camden''s [[Sears]]\n        and [[The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company|A&P]] branches. Also in 1971,\n        [[Philadelphia International Records]] is established, with Camden native\n        Leon Huff as co-founder.\\n* [[August 1]] – In New York City, 40,000\n        attend [[The Concert for Bangladesh]].\\n* [[August 2]] – [[J. C. Penney]]\n        debuts its trademark [[Helvetica]] wordmark which has been used ever since.\\n*\n        [[August 5]] – The [[South Pacific Forum]] (SPF) is established.\\n*\n        [[August 6]] – A [[lunar eclipse]] lasting 1 hour, 40 minutes, and 4\n        seconds is observed.\\n* [[August 7]] – ''''[[Apollo 15]]'''' returns\n        to [[Earth]].\\n* [[August 9]]\\n** India signs a 20-year treaty of friendship\n        and cooperation with the [[Soviet Union]].\\n** [[Internment]] in [[Northern\n        Ireland]]: British security forces arrest hundreds of [[Irish nationalism|nationalists]]\n        and detain them without trial in [[Maze (HM Prison)|Long Kesh]] prison; 20\n        people die in the riots that follow.\\n* [[August 11]] – Construction\n        begins on the [[Louisiana Superdome]] in [[New Orleans]].\\n* [[August 12]]\\n**\n        Three thousand people from [[Belfast]] and [[Derry]] flee to the [[Republic\n        of Ireland]] because of the violence.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}\\n**\n        [[Syria]] severs diplomatic relations with [[Jordan]] because of border clashes.\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** British troops are stationed on the Ireland border to stop\n        arms smuggling.\\n** [[Bahrain]] declares independence as the State of Bahrain\n        (Kingdom of Bahrain as of February 2002).\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Jackie Stewart]]\n        becomes [[Formula One]] World Drivers'' Champion in the [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]\n        [[Tyrrell 003|003]]-[[Cosworth]].\\n** The number of British troops in Northern\n        Ireland is raised to 12,500.\\n** President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that\n        the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value,\n        effectively ending the [[Bretton Woods system]]. He also imposes a 90-day\n        freeze on wages, prices and rents.\\n* [[August 18]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: Australia\n        and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from [[Vietnam]].\\n** British\n        troops are engaged in a firefight with the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] in\n        [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[August 19]]–[[August 22]] –\n        A right-wing coup ignites a rebellion in [[Bolivia]]. Miners and students\n        join troops to support president [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Torres]], but eventually\n        [[Hugo Banzer]] takes over.\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[International Telecommunications\n        Satellite Organization]] (Intelsat) (effective 12 February 1973).\\n** The\n        [[USS Manatee (AO-58)]] spills {{convert|1,000|USgal|L}} of fuel oil on [[Richard\n        Nixon|President Nixon]]''s Western White House beach in [[San Clemente, California]].\\n*\n        [[August 21]] – A bomb made of two hand grenades by communist rebels\n        explodes in the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] campaign party\n        in [[Plaza Miranda bombing|Plaza Miranda]] in [[Quiapo, Manila]] the [[Philippines]],\n        injuring several anti-[[Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos]] political candidates.\\n*\n        [[August 25]]\\n** Border clashes occur between [[Tanzania]] and [[Uganda]].\\n**\n        [[Bangladesh]] and eastern [[Bengal]] are flooded; thousands flee the area.\\n*\n        [[August 26]] – A civilian government takes power in Greece.\\n* [[August\n        30]] – The [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive\n        Conservatives]] under [[Peter Lougheed]] defeat the [[Social Credit Party\n        of Alberta|Social Credit]] government under [[Harry Strom|Harry E. Strom]]\n        in a [[general election]], ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social\n        Credit in [[Alberta]].\\n\\n=== September ===\\n* September – [[Operation\n        Sourisak Montry VIII]] opens when forces of the [[Royal Thai Army]] recapture\n        several positions in the territory of [[Laos]] on the south bank of the [[Mekong]]\n        in response to an encroaching Chinese presence to the north.\\n* [[September\n        3]]\\n** [[Qatar]] gains independence from the United Kingdom. Unlike most\n        nearby [[emirate]]s, Qatar declines to become part of either the [[United\n        Arab Emirates]] or [[Saudi Arabia]].\\n** [[Manlio Brosio]] resigns as [[NATO]]\n        Secretary General.\\n* [[September 4]] – A [[Boeing 727]] ([[Alaska Airlines\n        Flight 1866]]) crashes into the side of a mountain near [[Juneau, Alaska]],\n        killing all 111 people on board.\\n* [[September 8]] – In Washington,\n        D.C., the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] is inaugurated,\n        with the opening feature being the premiere of [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s ''''[[Mass\n        (Bernstein)|Mass]]''''.\\n* [[September 9]] – [[September 13]] –\n        [[Attica Prison riot]]: – A revolt breaks out at the maximum-security\n        prison in [[Attica (town), New York|Attica, New York]]. In the end, [[state\n        police]] and the [[United States National Guard]] storm the facility; 42 are\n        killed, 10 of them hostages.\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Trams in Ballarat]]\n        (Victoria, Australia) cease to run.\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Pakistan]]\n        declares a [[state of emergency]].\\n* [[September 24]] – Britain expels\n        90 KGB and GRU officials; 15 are not allowed to return.\\n* [[September 27]]–[[October\n        11]] – Japanese Emperor [[Hirohito]] travels abroad.\\n* [[September\n        28]] – [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[J\\u00f3zsef Mindszenty]],\n        who has taken refuge in the U.S. Embassy in [[Budapest]] since [[1956]], is\n        allowed to leave Hungary.\\n* [[September 29]] – A [[cyclone]] in the\n        [[Bay of Bengal]], in the Indian state of [[Odisha]], kills 10,000.\\n\\n===\n        October ===\\n* Over a four-day period, [[Pink Floyd]] recorded their groundbreaking\n        film, ''''[[Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii]]'''' at the [[Amphitheatre of Pompeii]].\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Walt Disney World]] opens in [[Orlando, Florida]].\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Greenpeace]] is founded in Vancouver, British Columbia,\n        Canada.\\n* [[October 18]] – In New York City, the [[Knapp Commission]]\n        begins public hearings on police corruption.\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** U.S. President\n        [[Richard Nixon]] nominates [[Lewis Franklin Powell Jr.]] and [[William H.\n        Rehnquist]] to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].\\n** The [[Clarkston explosion]]\n        in Scotland kills 22 people.\\n* [[October 25]] – The [[United Nations\n        General Assembly]] admits the People''s Republic of China and expels the [[Republic\n        of China]] (or Taiwan).\\n* [[October 27]] – The [[Democratic Republic\n        of the Congo]] is renamed [[Zaire]].\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** The [[House of\n        Commons of the United Kingdom]] votes 356\\u2013244 in favour of joining the\n        [[European Economic Community]].\\n** The United Kingdom becomes the sixth\n        nation successfully to launch a satellite into orbit using its own [[launch\n        vehicle]], the [[Prospero (satellite)|Prospero]] (X-3) experimental communications\n        satellite, using a [[Black Arrow]] carrier rocket from [[Woomera, South Australia]].\\n**\n        The [[Khedivial Opera House]] in [[Cairo]] (Egypt) burns down.\\n* [[October\n        29]] – [[Vietnam War]] – [[Vietnamization]]: The total number\n        of American troops still in [[Vietnam]] drops to a record low of 196,700 (the\n        lowest since January 1966).\\n* [[October 30]] – Rev. [[Ian Paisley]]''s\n        [[Democratic Unionist Party]] is founded in [[Northern Ireland]].\\n* [[October\n        31]] – A bomb explodes at the top of the [[Post Office Tower]] in London.\\n\\n===\n        November ===\\n* [[November 3]] – The ''''[[Unix|UNIX]] Programmer''s\n        Manual'''' is published.\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Operation Grommet]]:\n        The U.S. tests a thermonuclear warhead at [[Amchitka Island]] in Alaska, code-named\n        Project Cannikin. At around 5 [[megatons]], it is the largest ever U.S. [[underground\n        nuclear testing|underground detonation]].\\n* [[November 8]] – Led Zeppelin\n        releases their Fourth Studio album \\\"Led Zeppelin IV\\\", which goes on to sell\n        23,000,000 copies.\\n* [[November 9]] – A [[Royal Air Force]] [[C-130]]\n        crashes into the [[Ligurian Sea]] near [[Leghorn, Italy]], killing all 51\n        people on board.\\n* [[November 10]] – In [[Cambodia]], [[Khmer Rouge]]\n        forces attack [[Phnom Penh]] and its airport, killing 44, wounding at least\n        30 and damaging 9 [[airplane]]s.\\n* [[November 12]] – Vietnam War –\n        [[Vietnamization]]: U.S. President [[Richard M. Nixon]] sets February 1, 1972,\n        as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from [[Vietnam]].\\n*\n        [[November 13]] – [[Mariner program]]: ''''[[Mariner 9]]'''' becomes\n        the first spacecraft to enter [[Mars]] orbit successfully.\\n* [[November 14]]\n        – [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria]] is enthroned.\\n* [[November 15]]\\n**\n        [[Intel]] releases the world''s first [[microprocessor]], the [[Intel 4004]].\\n**\n        International Organization and System of Space Communications ([[Intersputnik]])\n        (effective 12 July 1972).\\n* [[November 18]] – [[Oman]] gains independence\n        from the [[United Kingdom]].\\n* [[November 20]] – A bridge still in\n        construction, called Elevado Engenheiro Freyssinet, falls over the Paulo de\n        Frontin Avenue, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]; 48 people are killed and\n        several injured. Reconstructed, the bridge is currently a part of the Linha\n        Vermelha elevate.\\n* [[November 23]] – The People''s Republic of China\n        takes the [[Republic of China]]''s seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]]\n        (see [[China and the United Nations]]).\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** During a severe\n        storm over [[Washington (state)|Washington]] State, a man calling himself\n        [[D. B. Cooper]] parachutes from the [[Northwest Orient Airlines]] plane he''d\n        just hijacked, with US$200,000 in ransom money, and is never seen again (as\n        of March 2008, this case remains the only unsolved skyjacking in history).\\n**\n        A [[Brussels]] court sentences pretender [[Alexis Brimeyer]] to 18 months\n        in jail for falsely using a noble title; Brimeyer has already fled to Greece.\\n*\n        [[November 28]] – The 59th [[Grey Cup]] Game sees the [[Calgary Stampeders]]\n        beat the [[Toronto Argonauts]] 14-11.\\n\\n=== December ===\\n* [[December 1]]\n        – [[Cambodian Civil War]]: [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels intensify assaults\n        on [[Cambodia]]n government positions, forcing their retreat from Kompong\n        Thmar and nearby Ba Ray, 10 kilometers northeast of [[Phnom Penh]].\\n* [[December\n        2]] – Six [[Persian Gulf]] sheikdoms found the [[United Arab Emirates]].\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] begins with [[Operation\n        Chengiz Khan]] as Pakistan launches preemptive attacks on nine Indian airbases.\n        The next day India launches a massive invasion of East Pakistan.\\n* [[December\n        3]]–[[December 4|4]] – The [[Pakistan]]i [[submarine]] [[PNS Ghazi|PNS\n        ''''Ghazi'''']] (former {{USS|Diablo}}) sinks mysteriously near the Indian\n        coast while laying mines.\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** The [[Montreux]] Casino burns\n        down during a [[Frank Zappa]] concert (the event is memorialized in the [[Deep\n        Purple]] song \\\"[[Smoke on the Water]]\\\"). The casino is rebuilt in [[1975]].\\n**\n        The [[McGurk''s Bar bombing]] by the [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] in [[Belfast]]\n        kills 15.\\n* [[December 8]] – U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] orders\n        the 7th Fleet to move towards the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean.\\n* [[December\n        10]] – The [[John Sinclair Freedom Rally]] in support of the imprisoned\n        activist features a performance by [[John Lennon]] at [[Crisler Arena]], [[Ann\n        Arbor, Michigan]].\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Nihat Erim]] forms the new\n        government of [[Turkey]] (34th government; Nihat Erim has served two times\n        as prime minister).\\n* [[December 16]] – ''''Victory Day of Bangladesh'''':\n        The [[Pakistan|Pakistan Army]] in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) surrenders\n        to the freedom fighters of Bangladesh, ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation\n        War]].\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** The [[U.S. dollar]] is devalued for the second\n        time in history.\\n** The world''s largest [[hydroelectric plant]] in [[Krasnoyarsk]],\n        [[Soviet Union]], begins operations.\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Clube Atl\\u00e9tico\n        Mineiro]] wins the Brazil Football Championship.\\n** Intelsat IV (F3) is launched;\n        it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean February 18, 1972.\\n**\n        The controversial dystopian crime film ''''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork\n        Orange]]'''' directed by [[Stanley Kubrick]] is released in New York City.\\n*\n        [[December 20]] – Two groups of French doctors involved in [[humanitarian\n        aid]] merge to form [[M\\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\\u00e8res]].\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Giovanni Leone]] is elected [[President of the Italian Republic]].\\n**\n        [[Juliane Koepcke]] survives a fall of 10,000 feet following disintegration\n        of [[LANSA Flight 508]].\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** In the longest [[American\n        football]] game in [[National Football League]] history, the [[Miami Dolphins]]\n        beat the [[Kansas City Chiefs]].\\n** A fire at a 22-story hotel in [[Seoul]],\n        South Korea kills 158 people.\\n* [[December 29]] – The United Kingdom\n        gives up its military bases in [[Malta]].\\n\\n=== Date unknown ===\\n* [[Ray\n        Tomlinson]] sends the first [[ARPANET]] [[e-mail]] between host computers.\\n*\n        The [[Free State of Christiania]] is founded.\\n* [[Seychelles International\n        Airport]] in [[Victoria, Seychelles]] ([[Mah\\u00e9, Seychelles|Mahe]]) is\n        completed.\\n* [[Crude oil]] production peaks in the [[continental United States]]\n        at approximately {{convert|4.5|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}}.\\n* The [[Center for Science\n        in the Public Interest]] is established.\\n* The [[National Institute on Alcohol\n        Abuse and Alcoholism]] is established.\\n* The British crime magazine ''''Master\n        Detective'''', in an attempt to capitalize on the [[murder of Diane Maxwell]],\n        illegally takes photo negatives from [[Houston, Texas]] and uses them for\n        a 1971 edition.\\n* [[Kamuzu Banda]], president of [[Malawi]], becomes the\n        first Black President to visit South Africa.\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n=== January\n        ===\\n[[File:Jeremy Renner SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeremy Renner]]]]\\n[[File:MaryJBligeJan10.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary\n        J. Blige]]]]\\n[[File:Guardiola 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pep Guardiola]]]]\\n[[File:Seamus\n        ORegan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Seamus O''Regan]]]]\\n[[File:Gary barlow in concert\n        face.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gary Barlow]]]]\\n[[File:Lee Young-ae in 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lee\n        Young-ae]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Sammie Henson]], American wrestler, Olympic\n        silver medalist\\n** [[Bridget Pettis]], American basketball player\\n* [[January\n        2]]\\n** [[Lisa Harrison]], American basketball player\\n** [[Taye Diggs]],\n        African-American actor\\n** [[Ren\\u00e9e Elise Goldsberry]], American actress,\n        singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Cory Cross]], Canadian ice\n        hockey player\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Mayuko Takata]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[January 7]]\\n** [[DJ \\u00d6tzi]], Austrian entertainer and singer\\n** [[Jeremy\n        Renner]], American actor, singer and producer\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Scott\n        Thornton (ice hockey)|Scott Thornton]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[January\n        11]] – [[Mary J. Blige]], African-American singer\\n* [[January 12]]\n        – [[Jay Burridge]], British artist and television presenter\\n* [[January\n        13]] – Matt McIntosh, American rock singer\\n* [[January 14]] –\n        [[Lasse Kjus]], Norwegian alpine skier\\n* [[January 15]] – [[Regina\n        King]], African-American actress\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Kid Rock]], American\n        rock singer\\n* [[January 18]]\\n** [[Pep Guardiola]], Spanish football manager\\n**\n        [[Seamus O''Regan]], Canadian-Irish politician and former television personality\\n**\n        [[Fabian Ribauw]], Nauruan politician\\n** [[Jonathan Davis]], American musician\n        ([[Korn]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Shawn Wayans]], American actor\\n* [[January\n        20]] – [[Gary Barlow]], British singer-songwriter\\n* [[January 21]]\n        – [[Alan McManus]], Scottish snooker player\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        [[Luca Badoer]], Italian race car driver\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Li Ming\n        (footballer, born 1971)|Li Ming]], Chinese footballer and football executive\\n*\n        [[January 27]]\\n** [[Fann Wong]], Singaporean Chinese actress, model, and\n        singer\\n** [[Lil Jon]], American rapper and producer\\n** [[Karin Tammaru]],\n        Estonian actress\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Clare Balding]], British sports\n        presenter\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Lizzie Grubman]], American publicist\\n*\n        [[January 31]]\\n** [[Lee Young-ae]], South Korean actress\\n** [[Patrick Kielty|Patrick\n        \\\"Pat\\\" Kielty]], Northern Irish comedian and television presenter\\n** [[Patricia\n        Vel\\u00e1squez]], Venezuelan actress and model\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Michael\n        C. Hall 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael C. Hall]]]]\\n[[File:Damian Lewis Berlin\n        2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Damian Lewis]]]]\\n[[File:Alex Borstein by Gage Skidmore\n        4.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alex Borstein]]]]\\n[[File:Gillian_Flynn_2014_(cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gillian\n        Flynn]]]]\\n[[File:Sean Astin by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean Astin]]]]\\n[[File:DanielPowterJan09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Daniel\n        Powter]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Michael C. Hall]], American actor\\n** [[Hynden\n        Walch]], American voice actress\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Andrus Veerpalu]],\n        Estonian cross-country skier\\n* [[February 3]]\\n** [[Jayne Middlemiss]], English\n        television and radio presenter\\n** [[Sarah Kane]], English playwright (d.\n        [[1999]])\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[Fatmir Limaj]], Albanian politician\\n**\n        [[Rob Corddry]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Brian\n        Stepanek]], American actor\\n* [[February 9]] – [[Sharon Case]], American\n        model and actress\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Annie Wood]], American actress,\n        writer and television personality\\n** [[Lisa Marie Varon]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Lorena Rojas]], Mexican actress (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Damian Lewis]], English actor and producer\\n* [[February 13]]\n        – [[Mats Sundin]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n* [[February 14]]\\n**\n        [[Kris Aquino]], Filipina actress\\n** [[Tommy Dreamer]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Viscera (wrestler)|Nelson Frazier Jr.]], American professional\n        wrestler (d. [[2014]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Alex Borstein]], American\n        actress, voice artist, producer, and screenwriter\\n** [[Renee O''Connor]],\n        American actress\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Amanda Holden]], British actress\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[Denise Richards]], American actress\\n* [[February\n        18]] – [[Thomas Bj\\u00f8rn]], Danish golfer\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Gil Shaham]], Israeli/American violinist\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Calpernia\n        Addams]], American actress\\n** [[Jari Litmanen]], Finnish footballer\\n** [[Joost\n        van der Westhuizen]], South African rugby football player (d. [[2017]])\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – [[Melinda Messenger]], English television presenter\\n*\n        [[February 24]]\\n** [[Pedro de la Rosa]], Spanish [[Formula One]] driver\\n**\n        [[Gillian Flynn]], American author, comic book writer, and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[February 25]]\\n** [[Sean Astin]], American actor\\n** [[Daniel Powter]],\n        Canadian rock musician\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[Erykah Badu]], American singer-songwriter\n        and record producer\\n** [[Max Martin]], Swedish music producer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[February 27]] – [[Rozonda Thomas]], African-American singer\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** [[Amanda Davis]], American writer and teacher (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Tristan\n        Louis]], French Internet entrepreneur\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Allen Johnson\n        2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Allen Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Yuri Lowenthal by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Yuri\n        Lowenthal]]]]\\n[[File:Sarsgaard at WUSTL 2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Sarsgaard]]]]\\n[[File:Jon\n        Hamm at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jon Hamm]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny Knoxville\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Johnny Knoxville]]]]\\n[[File:Nathan Fillion\n        @ Nerd HQ (29339543812).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nathan Fillion]]]]\\n[[File:Ewan\n        McGregor Cannes 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ewan McGregor]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        [[Allen Johnson]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[March 2]]\\n** [[Method Man]],\n        African-American rapper, record producer, and actor\\n** [[Roman \\u010cechm\\u00e1nek]],\n        Czech hockey goalie\\n** [[Karel Rada]], Czech footballer\\n** [[Manami Toyota]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Iain Baird]], Canadian\n        soccer player\\n** [[Shavar Ross]], American actor and filmmaker\\n* [[March\n        5]] – [[Yuri Lowenthal]], American voice actor\\n* [[March 6]] –\n        [[Val Venis]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Peter\n        Sarsgaard]], American actor\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Diego Torres]], Argentine\n        singer\\n** [[Kinga Rusin]], Polish journalist\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Jon\n        Hamm]], American actor, director and producer\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Johnny\n        Knoxville]], American actor, comedian, and stunt performer\\n* [[March 16]]\n        – [[Alan Tudyk]], American actor\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Iben Hjejle]],\n        Danish actress\\n** [[Keegan-Michael Key]], American actor, writer, and comedian\\n**\n        [[Will Yun Lee]], Korean-American actor\\n* [[March 23]]\\n** [[Karen McDougal]],\n        American model\\n** [[Alexander Selivanov]], Russian ice hockey player\\n* [[March\n        26]] – [[Behzad Ghorbani]], Iranian scientist\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[David\n        Coulthard]], Scottish racing driver\\n** [[Nathan Fillion]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[March 29]]\\n** [[Attila Csihar]], Hungarian vocalist\\n** [[Robert Gibbs]],\n        White House Press Secretary\\n* [[March 31]]\\n** [[Pavel Bure]], Russian ice\n        hockey player\\n** [[Craig McCracken]], American animator\\n** [[Ewan McGregor]],\n        Scottish actor\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Shannen Doherty 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Shannen\n        Doherty]]]]\\n[[File:2009 07 31 David Tennant smile 09.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David\n        Tennant]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Jessica Collins]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 2]]\\n** [[Todd Woodbridge]], Australian tennis player\\n** [[Zeebra]],\n        Japanese rapper\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Picabo Street]], American skier\\n*\n        [[April 9]] – [[Jacques Villeneuve]], Canadian 1997 [[Formula 1]] world\n        champion\\n* [[April 11]] – [[Oliver Riedel]], German musician ([[Rammstein]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – [[Shannen Doherty]], American actress\\n* [[April 16]]\\n**\n        [[Peter Billingsley]], American actor, director and producer\\n** [[Moses Chan]],\n        Hong Kong actor\\n** [[Selena]], Mexican-American singer (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[April\n        18]]\\n** [[David Tennant]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Fredro Starr]], American\n        rapper\\n** [[Samantha Cameron]], British businesswoman\\n* [[April 19]]\\n**\n        [[Scott McCord]], Canadian voice actor\\n** [[Wendy Powell]], American voice\n        actress\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[Carla Geurts]], Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Allan Houston]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Mikey Welsh]], American musician and artist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Daisuke Enomoto]], first Japanese\n        space tourist\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Bridget Moynahan]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 29]]\\n** [[Darby Stanchfield]], American actress\\n** [[Tamara Johnson-George]],\n        American singer\\n** [[Sini\\u0161a Vuco]], Croatian musician\\n* [[April 30]]\n        – [[John Boyne]], Irish novelist\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Sofia Coppola\n        Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sofia Coppola]]]]\\n[[File:Matt Stone by Gage\n        Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Matt Stone]]]]\\n[[File:George Osborne.jpg|thumb|110px|[[George\n        Osborne]]]]\\n[[File:Marco Rubio (24999272054) (cropped) 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Marco\n        Rubio]]]]\\n[[File:Idina Menzel Defense.gov Crop.png|thumb|110px|[[Idina Menzel]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Stuart Appleby]], Australian golfer\\n** [[Ajith Kumar]], Indian\n        film actor\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Dresta]], American rapper\\n* [[May 8]] –\n        [[Ross Anderson (skier)|Ross Anderson]], American pro speed skier\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[Kim Jong-nam]], eldest son of North Korean leader [[Kim Jong-il]]\n        (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Doug Basham]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Sofia Coppola]], American filmmaker\\n* [[May\n        15]] – [[Phil Pfister]], American strength athlete\\n* [[May 17]]\\n**\n        [[Vernie Bennett]], English singer ([[Eternal (band)|Eternal]])\\n** [[Queen\n        M\\u00e1xima of the Netherlands]]\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Peter Bostr\\u00f6m]],\n        Swedish music producer and songwriter, co-writer of [[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]\\n*\n        [[May 20]] – [[Tony Stewart]], American race car driver\\n* [[May 23]]\n        – [[George Osborne]], British politician\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Emily\n        Hamilton]], British actress\\n* [[May 25]] – [[Kristina Orbakait\\u0117]],\n        Lithuanian-Russian singer and actress\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Matt Stone]],\n        American actor and producer\\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Mathew Batsiua]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n** [[Paul Bettany]], British actor\\n** [[Wayne Carey]], Australian\n        rules footballer\\n** [[Lisa Lopes]], African-American rapper ([[TLC (band)|TLC]])\n        (d. [[2002]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Marco Rubio]], Cuban-American politician,\n        [[United States Senate|U.S Senator]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Florida|Fl.]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Idina Menzel]], American singer, songwriter and actress\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Mark\n        Wahlberg May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mark Wahlberg]]]]\\n[[File:Elon\n        Musk 2015.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elon Musk]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Mario Cimarro]],\n        Cuban actor and singer\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Joseph Kabila]], [[List of heads\n        of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President of the Democratic\n        Republic of the Congo]]\\n** [[Noah Wyle]], American actor\\n* [[June 5]]\\n**\n        [[Susan Lynch]], Northern Irish actress\\n** [[Mark Wahlberg]], American actor,\n        producer, businessman, model and retired rapper formerly known as ''''Marky\n        Mark''''\\n* [[June 8]]\\n** [[Jeff Douglas]], Canadian actor\\n** [[Troy Vincent]],\n        American football player\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Bobby Jindal]], American [[Governor]]\n        of [[Louisiana]]\\n** [[Kyle Sandilands]], Australian DJ, ''''[[Australian\n        Idol]]'''' judge and TV presenter\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Kenjiro Tsuda]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Arman Alizad]], Finnish tailor,\n        columnist and TV personality\\n** [[Mark Henry]], American professional wrestler,\n        former Olympian\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Taavi Eelmaa]], Estonian actor\\n** [[Ism\\u00e9nia\n        do Frederico]], Cape Verdean sprinter\\n* [[June 16]]\\n** [[Eva P\\u00fcssa]],\n        Estonian actress\\n** [[Tupac Shakur]], African-American rapper and actor (d.\n        [[1996]])\\n* [[June 17]] – [[Paulina Rubio]], Mexican singer\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Nathan Morris]], African-American singer ([[Boyz II Men]])\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – [[Josh Lucas]], American actor\\n* [[June 21]] –\n        [[Anette Olzon]], Swedish singer ([[Nightwish]], [[Alyson Avenue]])\\n* [[June\n        22]] – [[Kurt Warner]], former American football player\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Neil Lennon]], Northern Irish footballer\\n** [[Scott Maslen]], English actor\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – [[Max Biaggi]], Italian motercycle racer\\n* [[June 27]]\\n**\n        King [[Dipendra of Nepal]] (d. [[2001]])\\n** [[Kieren Keke]], Nauruan politician\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], Iraqi Islamic extremist leader\\n**\n        [[Fabien Barthez]], French football player\\n** [[Norika Fujiwara]], Japanese\n        actress and television personality\\n** [[Aileen Quinn]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Elon Musk]], South African-born, Canadian-American entrepreneur, engineer,\n        inventor and investor\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Matthew Good]], Canadian musician\\n**\n        [[Junko Noda]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Jamie McLennan]],\n        retired professional ice hockey goaltender, radio sports analyst\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Julian\n        Assange 20091117 Copenhagen 1 cropped to shoulders.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julian\n        Assange]]]]\\n[[File:2014-09-12 - Vitali Klitschko - 9019.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vitali\n        Klitschko]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Oh 2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sandra Oh]]]]\\n[[File:Charlotte\n        Gainsbourg Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charlotte Gainsbourg]]]]\\n[[File:Tom\n        Green in 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tom Green]]]]\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** [[Amira Casar]],\n        French actress\\n** [[Missy Elliott|Missy \\\"Misdemeanor\\\" Elliott]], African-American\n        rapper, singer, and songwriter\\n* [[July 3]] – [[Julian Assange]], Australian\n        activist\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Marc Andreessen]], American software developer\\n**\n        [[Scott Grimes]], American actor\\n* [[July 11]] – [[Brett Hauer]], American\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Robert Allenby]], Australian golfer\\n**\n        [[Kristi Yamaguchi]], American figure skater\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Craig\n        Elliott]], American illustrator\\n* [[July 14]]\\n** [[Alison Bartlett-O''Reilly]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Mark LoMonaco]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Joey Styles]], American professional wrestling announcer\\n** [[Howard Webb]],\n        English referee\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Corey Feldman]], American actor\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Cory Doctorow]], Canadian author and activist\\n* [[July\n        18]] – [[Penny Hardaway]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 19]]\n        – [[Vitali Klitschko]], Ukrainian boxer\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Sandra\n        Oh]], Korean actress\\n** [[DJ Screw]], American hip hop DJ (d. [[2000]])\\n*\n        [[July 21]]\\n** [[Charlotte Gainsbourg]], French actress and singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Nuno Markl]], Portuguese comedian and radio host\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Ahmed\n        Ezz (actor)|Ahmed Ezz]], Egyptian actor\\n** [[Alison Krauss]], American country\n        singer\\n** [[Scott Krippayne]], American Christian musician\\n* [[July 26]]\\n**\n        [[Khaled Mahmud]], Bangladeshi cricketer\\n** [[Scott Cawthon]], American independent\n        video game developer and animator\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Jeffrey S. Williams]],\n        American sportswriter\\n* [[July 30]]\\n** [[Tom Green]], Canadian entertainer\\n**\n        [[Mzukisi Sikali]], South African triple world champion boxer (d. [[2005]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Jeff\n        Gordon wins Phoenix - February 27, 2011 cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jeff Gordon]]]]\\n[[File:Justin\n        Theroux at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Justin Theroux]]]]\\n[[File:David\n        Walliams.JPG|thumb|110px|[[David Walliams]]]]\\n[[File:Richard Armitage 2014\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Armitage (actor)|Richard Armitage]]]]\\n[[File:Carla\n        Gugino 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carla Gugino]]]]\\n* [[August 1]] – [[Juan\n        Camilo Mouri\\u00f1o]], Mexican politician (d. [[2008]])\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Michael Hughes (footballer)|Michael Hughes]], Northern Irish footballer\\n*\n        [[August 4]]\\n** [[Jeff Gordon]], American race car driver\\n** [[Yo-Yo (rapper)|Yo-Yo]],\n        African-American rapper\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Ali Liebegott]], American\n        author and poet\\n* [[August 10]]\\n** [[Roy Keane]], Irish footballer\\n** [[Mario\n        C\\u00e9sar Kindel\\u00e1n Mesa]], Cuban amateur boxer\\n** [[Justin Theroux]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Patrick Carpentier]], Canadian race\n        car driver\\n** [[Pete Sampras]], American tennis player\\n** [[Phil Western]],\n        Canadian musician\\n* [[August 13]]\\n** [[Moritz Bleibtreu]], German actor\\n**\n        [[Heike Makatsch]], German actress\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Anthony Kearns]],\n        Irish tenor\\n** [[Jorge Posada]], Puerto Rican baseball player\\n* [[August\n        18]] – [[Aphex Twin]], Irish-born British electronic musician\\n* [[August\n        19]] – [[Guido Cantz]], German television presenter\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – [[David Walliams]], English comedy actor\\n* [[August 21]] –\n        [[Robert Harvey (footballer)|Robert Harvey]], Australian rules footballer\\n*\n        [[August 22]]\\n** [[Richard Armitage (actor)|Richard Armitage]], English actor\\n**\n        [[Beno\\u00eet Violier]], French-born chef (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[August 25]]\\n**\n        [[Crash Holly|Mike Lockwood]], American wrestler (d. [[2003]])\\n** [[Ayumi\n        Miyazaki]], Japanese singer\\n* [[August 26]]\\n** [[Gaynor Faye]], British\n        actress\\n** [[Thal\\u00eda]], Mexican actress and singer\\n* [[August 27]] –\n        [[Julian Cheung]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[August 28]]\\n** [[Janet\n        Evans]], American swimmer\\n** [[Daniel Goddard (actor)|Daniel Goddard]], Australian\n        actor and model\\n* [[August 29]] – [[Carla Gugino]], American actress\\n*\n        [[August 31]]\\n** [[P\\u00e1draig Harrington]], Irish golfer\\n** [[Chris Tucker]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:David Arquette 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David\n        Arquette]]]]\\n[[File:Martin Freeman during filming of Sherlock cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Martin\n        Freeman]]]]\\n[[File:Stella McCartney 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stella\n        McCartney]]]]\\n[[File:Amy Poehler 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Amy Poehler]]]]\\n[[File:Lance\n        Armstrong (Tour Down Under 2009).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lance Armstrong]]]]\\n[[File:Jada\n        Pinkett Smith at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jada Pinkett\n        Smith]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] – [[Hakan \\u015e\\u00fck\\u00fcr]], Turkish\n        footballer\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Kjetil Andr\\u00e9 Aamodt]], Norwegian\n        alpine skier\\n** [[Arnold Arre]], Filipino graphic novelist\\n** [[Tommy Maddox]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Shauna Sand]], American model and actress\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Anita Yuen]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September 6]]\n        – [[Dolores O''Riordan]], Irish singer\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[David\n        Arquette]], American actor\\n** [[Brooke Burke-Charvet]], American model\\n**\n        [[Martin Freeman]], English actor\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Eric Stonestreet]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Henry Thomas]], American actor\\n* [[September 11]] –\n        [[Richard Ashcroft]], English musician and former lead singer of [[The Verve]]\\n*\n        [[September 13]] – [[Stella McCartney]], British fashion designer, daughter\n        of [[Paul McCartney]]\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Colleen O''Shaughnessey]],\n        American voice actress\\n* [[September 16]] – [[Amy Poehler]], American\n        actress\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Jens Voigt]], German cyclist\\n* [[September\n        18]]\\n** [[Lance Armstrong]], American cyclist\\n** [[Anna Netrebko]], Russian\n        operatic soprano\\n** [[Jada Pinkett Smith]], African-American actress, singer,\n        and songwriter\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Sanaa Lathan]], African-American\n        actress\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Henrik Larsson]], Swedish footballer\\n*\n        [[September 21]]\\n** [[Luke Wilson]], American actor\\n** [[Alfonso Ribeiro]],\n        American actor, television director, dancer, and current host of [[America''s\n        Funniest Home Videos]]\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Chesney Hawkes]], English\n        singer-songwriter\\n** [[Ted Leonard]], American singer ([[Enchant (band)|Enchant]])\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – [[Lee Mi-yeon]], South Korean actress\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Michael S. Engel]], American paleontologist and entomologist\\n*\n        [[September 25]] – [[Jessie Wallace]], English actress\\n* [[September\n        27]] – [[Horacio Sandoval]], Mexican artist\\n* [[September 29]] –\n        [[Sibel T\\u00fcz\\u00fcn]], Turkish pop/rock/jazz singer\\n* [[September 30]]\\n**\n        [[Jenna Elfman]], American actress\\n** [[Jeff Whitty]], American playwright\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Sacha\n        Baron Cohen, 2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sacha Baron Cohen]]]]\\n[[File:Snoop Dogg\n        2016.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Snoop Dogg]]]]\\n[[File:Craig Robinson 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Craig\n        Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]]]]\\n[[File:Winona Ryder 2010 TIFF adjusted.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Winona\n        Ryder]]]]\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Chris Savino]], American animator\\n** [[Xavier\n        Naidoo]], German singer\\n** [[Tiffany Darwish|Tiffany]], American singer\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Kevin Richardson (musician)|Kevin Richardson]], American\n        pop singer\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Samuel Vincent]], Canadian voice actor\\n*\n        [[October 10]]\\n** [[Tiffany Mynx]], American porn actress and director\\n**\n        [[Evgeny Kissin]], Russian pianist\\n* [[October 12]] – [[\\u0110\\u00e0m\n        V\\u0129nh H\\u01b0ng]], Vietnamese singer\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Sacha Baron\n        Cohen]], English comedian and actor\\n** [[Pyrros Dimas]], Greek weightlifter\\n*\n        [[October 14]]\\n** [[Andy Cole]], English Footballer\\n** [[Jorge Costa]],\n        Portuguese footballer\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Mirko Reisser]] ([[DAIM]]),\n        German graffiti-artist\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Martin Heinrich]], American\n        politician and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] ([[Democratic Party (United\n        States)|D]]-[[New Mexico]])\\n** [[Chris Kirkpatrick]], American singer ([[''N\n        Sync]])\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** [[Snoop Dogg]], African-American rapper\\n**\n        [[Dannii Minogue]], Australian singer\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Jade Jagger]],\n        English jewelry designer\\n* [[October 23]] – [[Bohuslav Sobotka]], 11th\n        [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Caprice Bourret]],\n        American model and actress\\n** [[Aaron Bailey (American football)|Aaron Bailey]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Gustavo Jorge]], Argentina rugby union player\\n**\n        [[Zephyr Teachout]], American academic\\n** [[Diane Guthrie-Gresham]], Jamaican\n        track and field athletes\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** [[Athena Chu]], Hong Kong actress\n        and singer\\n** [[Midori Got\\u014d]], Japanese violinist\\n** [[Pedro Mart\\u00ednez]],\n        Dominican baseball player\\n** [[Craig Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]], American\n        actor, comedian and singer\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Winona Ryder]], American\n        actress\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:David DeLuise 2007.jpg|thumb|110px|[[David\n        DeLuise]]]]\\n[[File:Super Bowl-2-2 (6833658879).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael\n        Strahan]]]]\\n[[File:Chris Hardwick by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chris\n        Hardwick]]]]\\n[[File:Christina Applegate 2014 Comic Con (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christina\n        Applegate]]]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Piret Laurimaa]], Estonian actress\\n**\n        [[Dylan Moran]], Irish comedian, actor, and writer\\n* [[November 4]] –\n        [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], Indian actress\\n* [[November 5]] – [[Jonny\n        Greenwood]], English musician and composer\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Robin Finck]],\n        American guitarist\\n** [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Indian film actress\\n* [[November\n        8]]\\n** [[Carlos Atanes]], Spanish film director\\n** [[Tech N9ne]], American\n        rapper\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Big Pun]], American/Latin rapper (d. [[2000]])\\n**\n        [[Niki Karimi]], Iranian actress and movie director\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[David DeLuise]], American actor\\n* [[November 12]]\\n** [[Yasuo Aiuchi]],\n        Japanese snowboarder\\n** [[Chen Guangcheng]], Chinese civil rights activist\\n**\n        [[Gert Thys]], South African long-distance runner\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Adam\n        Gilchrist]], Australian cricketer\\n** [[Marco Leonardi]], Italian actor\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Alexander Popov (swimmer)|Alexander Popov]], Russian\n        swimmer\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Michael Adams (chess player)|Michael\n        Adams]], British chess player\\n* [[November 18]] – [[\\u00d6zlem Tekin]],\n        Turkish singer\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Sundeep Malani]], Indian film\n        director\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** [[Dion Nash]], New Zealand cricket captain\\n**\n        [[Joel McHale]], Italian-born American actor\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Michael\n        Strahan]], American-German television personality and American football player\\n*\n        [[November 22]] – [[Kyran Bracken]], English rugby player\\n* [[November\n        23]] – [[Chris Hardwick]], American actor and comedian\\n* [[November\n        24]] – [[Keith Primeau]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Christina Applegate]], American actress\\n** [[Magnus Arvedson]], Swedish\n        hockey player\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Fenriz]], Norwegian musician\\n*\n        [[November 30]]\\n** [[Jessalyn Gilsig]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Iv\\u00e1n\n        Rodr\\u00edguez|Iv\\u00e1n \\\"Pudge\\\" Rodr\\u00edguez]], Puerto Rican baseball\n        player and actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ricky Martin in store appearance,\n        Sydney Australia (1).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ricky Martin]]]]\\n[[File:Giorgos_Alkaios_03.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giorgos\n        Alkaios]]]]\\n[[File:Justin Trudeau APEC 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Justin\n        Trudeau]]]]\\n[[File:Jared Leto, San Diego Comic Con 2016 (2).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jared\n        Leto]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Jason Keng-Kwin Chan]], Malaysian-Australian\n        actor\\n* [[December 2]] – [[Mine Yoshizaki]], Japanese [[manga artist]]\\n*\n        [[December 5]] – [[Kali Rocha]], American actress\\n* [[December 6]]\\n**\n        [[Helena Bulaja]], Croatian multimedia artist\\n** [[Richard Krajicek]], Dutch\n        tennis player\\n** [[Katariina Unt]], Estonian actress\\n* [[December 7]]\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Akopian]], Armenian chess player\\n** [[Larisa Alexandrovna]], Ukrainian-American\n        feminist\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Abdullah Ercan]], Turkish football player\\n*\n        [[December 10]] \\n** [[Daniel Betts]], British actor\\n** [[Michele Mahone]],\n        American television entertainment reporter and former make-up artist and hair\n        stylist\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Sammy Korir]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Arne Quinze]], Belgian conceptual artist\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** [[Michael McCary]], African-American singer ([[Boyz II Men]])\\n**\n        [[Paul van Dyk]], German dance music DJ, musician and record producer\\n* [[December\n        17]]\\n** [[Antoine Rigaudeau]], French basketball player\\n** [[Alan Khan]],\n        South African media and radio personality\\n** [[Sinan Akku\\u015f]], Turkish-German\n        actor\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Jason Hughes (actor)|Jason Hughes]], Welsh\n        actor\\n** [[Arantxa S\\u00e1nchez Vicario]], Spanish tennis player\\n* [[December\n        20]] – [[Simon O''Neill]], New Zealand opera singer\\n* [[December 22]]\n        – [[Khalid Khannouchi]], Moroccan long-distance runner\\n* [[December\n        23]]\\n** [[Corey Haim]], Canadian actor (d. [[2010]])\\n** [[Tara Palmer-Tomkinson]],\n        English socialite (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Ricky Martin]], Puerto\n        Rican singer\\n** [[Giorgos Alkaios]], Greek recording artist\\n** [[Christopher\n        Daniels]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[December 25]]\\n** [[Dido (singer)|Dido]],\n        English singer\\n** [[Ain M\\u00e4eots]], Estonian actor and director\\n** [[Justin\n        Trudeau]], 23rd and current [[Prime Minister of Canada]]\\n* [[December 26]]\n        – [[Jared Leto]], American actor and musician ([[Thirty Seconds to Mars]])\\n*\n        [[December 31]] – [[Brent Barry]], American basketball player\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[Vic Pratt]], English writer\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[Image:Coco\n        Chanel, 1920.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Coco Chanel]]]]\\n[[File:Arbenz-Vilanova.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jacobo\n        \\u00c1rbenz]]]]\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Arthur Ford (psychic)|Arthur Ford]],\n        American psychic spiritual medium, clairaudient (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        5]] – [[Douglas Shearer]], Canadian film sound engineer (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[Elmer Flick]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Indians]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[January\n        10]] – [[Coco Chanel]], French fashion designer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January\n        12]] – [[John Tovey]], British admiral (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[January 14]]\n        – [[Guillermo de Torre]], Spanish Dadaist author (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[John Dall]], American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[January 20]]\n        – [[Gilbert M. ''Broncho Billy'' Anderson]], American actor, director,\n        writer, and producer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Fritz Feigl]],\n        Austria-born chemist (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n** [[St. John Greer\n        Ervine]], Northern Irish dramatist and author (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Bill W.|\n        Bill W. (William Griffith Wilson)]], co-founder [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Barry III]], Guinean politician (b. [[1923]])\\n**\n        [[Hermann Hoth]], German general (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Isobel Lennart]], American\n        screenwriter (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[January 27]] – [[Jacobo \\u00c1rbenz]],\n        19th [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Donald\n        Winnicott]], British psychoanalyst (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky]], Russian literary historian, linguist (b.\n        [[1891]])\\n\\n=== February ===\\n[[File:Pierino Gabetti.JPG|thumb|110px|right|[[Pierino\n        Gabetti]]]]\\n* [[February 1]] – [[Robert Gordon (actor)|Robert Gordon]],\n        American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Secundino Zuazo]],\n        Spanish architect and city planner (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 3]] –\n        [[Jay C. Flippen]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Charles Lahr]], German-born anarchist, London bookseller and publisher (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** [[Samuel Fox (1884\\u20131971)|Samuel Fox]],\n        American music publisher and founder of the Sam Fox Publishing Company (b.\n        [[1884]])\\n** [[M\\u00e1ty\\u00e1s R\\u00e1kosi]], 43rd Prime Minister of Hungary\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 8]] – [[Charles Walter Simpson (English\n        artist)|Charles Walter Simpson]], English painter (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[February\n        12]] – [[James Cash Penney]], American founder of [[J. C. Penney]] (b.\n        [[1875]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Emil Fuchs (theologian)|Emil Fuchs]],\n        German theologian (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Jaime de Barros\n        C\\u00e2mara]], Brazilian archbishop (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Edwin North McClellan]], United States Marine Corps (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[William B. Hartsfield]], American politician (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[February 25]] – [[Theodor Svedberg]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[February 26]] –\n        [[Yahei Miura]], Japanese athlete (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 28]] –\n        [[Pierino Gabetti]], Italian Olympic weightlfter (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n=== March\n        ===\\n[[File:Harold Lloyd - A Pictorial History of the Silent Screen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harold\n        Lloyd]]]]\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Jean Grenier]], French philosopher and\n        writer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Herbert McLean Evans]], U.S.\n        anatomist and embryologist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[March 7]] – [[Barney Balaban]],\n        American studio executive (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Borden Chase]],\n        American screenwriter (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Harold Lloyd]], American actor and\n        filmmaker (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[James Tait Plowden-Wardlaw]], Vicar of St Clement\\u2019s\n        Cambridge and a barrister (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Pope Cyril\n        VI of Alexandria]], Coptic Orthodox Patriarch (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n**\n        [[Philo T. Farnsworth]], American television pioneer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[C.\n        D. Broad]], English philosopher (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[David\n        Burns (actor)|David Burns]], American actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 16]]\\n**\n        [[Bebe Daniels]], American actress (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Thomas E. Dewey]],\n        Governor of New York; American presidential candidate (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March\n        17]] – [[Elizabeth Okie Paxton]], American painter (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[March 18]] – [[Leland Hayward]], American film and theatrical agent\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[March 19]] – [[Winifred Horrabin]], British socialist\n        activist and journalist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Basil Dearden]],\n        English film director (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 24]]\\n** [[Arne Jacobsen]],\n        Danish architect and designer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Arthur Metcalfe (public\n        servant)|Arthur Metcalfe]], Australian public servant (b. 1895)\\n* [[March\n        31]] – [[Karl King]], United States march music (b. [[1891]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[Image:Igor\n        Stravinsky LOC 32392u.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Igor Stravinsky]]]]\\n[[File:Duvalier\n        (cropped).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Fran\\u00e7ois Duvalier|Papa Doc Duvalier]]]]\\n[[File:Albin\n        Stenroos.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Albin Stenroos]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] – [[Ramiro\n        Arrue]], Basque painter, illustrator, and ceramist (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April\n        3]] – [[Joseph Valachi]], American gangster (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[April\n        6]]\\n** [[Igor Stravinsky]], Russian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Margaret\n        Newton]], Canadian plant pathologist and mycologist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Ivan Vurnik]], Slovene architect that helped found the Ljubljana\n        School of Architecture (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Igor Tamm]],\n        Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] – [[Juhan Smuul]], Estonian writer (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Friedebert Tuglas]], Estonian writer and critic (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[William Eckert]], Commissioner of American baseball\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April 17]] – [[William Corbett (politician)|William\n        Corbett]], American attorney, acting [[Governor of Guam]] (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Earl Thomson]], Canadian athlete (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April\n        20]] – [[Cecil Parker]], English actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n**\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Duvalier]], [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Edmund\n        Lowe]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[T. V. Soong]],\n        [[Republic of China]] businessman and politician (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[April\n        29]] – [[Nikolai P. Barabashov]], Russian astronomer (b.[[1894]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Albin Stenroos]], Finnish athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===May===\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Glenda Farrell]], American actress (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Cheridah\n        de Beauvoir Stocks]], the second British woman to gain a Royal Aero Club aviator\n        licence, in 1911 (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Semaun]], first chairman\n        of the Communist Party (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Frederick Sheffield]],\n        American Olympic rower - Men''s eights (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[May 11]] –\n        [[Se\\u00e1n Lemass]], [[Taoiseach]] of Ireland (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 12]]\\n**\n        [[Harold Lea Fetherstonhaugh]], Canadian architect from Montreal, Quebec (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n** [[Tor Johnson]], Swedish wrestler and actor (b. [[1903]])\\n**\n        [[Heinie Manush]], American baseball player (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May 15]]\\n**\n        [[Goose Goslin]], American baseball player (b. [[1900]])\\n** Sir [[Tyrone\n        Guthrie]], English film director, producer, and writer (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Georg Muschner]], German cinemagratopher (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[May\n        18]]\\n** [[G. Owen Bonawit]], stained glass artist (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Bruno\n        Villabruna]], Italian lawyer and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        [[Ogden Nash]], American poet (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Bernard Wagenaar]], Dutch/American\n        composer, conductor and violinist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Dennis\n        King]], English actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 26]] – [[Laurence Wild]],\n        American basketball player, coach, and 30th [[Governor of American Samoa]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Chips Rafferty]], Australian actor (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n* [[May 28]]\\n** [[Eduardo Blanco Acevedo]], Uruguayan political\n        figure and physician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Garnet Kearney]], Canadian doctor,\n        teacher, and pioneer (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Kim Iryeop]], Korean writer, journalist,\n        feminist activist, [[bhikkhuni|Buddhist nun]] (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Thomas McLaughlin (engineer)|Thomas McLaughlin]], Irish\n        engineer (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Audie Murphy]], American World War II hero and\n        actor (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Alfred Rose (bishop)]], the sixth Bishop of Dover\n        in the modern era (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Miriam Soljak]], New Zealand feminist\n        and communist (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Jean Vilar]], French stage actor (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]] – [[Marcel Dupr\\u00e9]], French composer (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Carlos\n        P Garcia photo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carlos P. Garcia]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] –\n        [[Reinhold Niebuhr]], American theologian (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        [[Gy\\u00f6rgy Luk\\u00e1cs]], Hungarian Marxist philosopher, aesthetician,\n        literary historian, and critic (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[June 10]]\\n** [[Virginia\n        True Boardman]], American actress (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Michael Rennie]], English\n        actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Ambrose (bandleader)|Ambrose]],\n        English violinist and bandleader (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Carlos\n        P. Garcia]], 8th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June\n        15]]\\n** [[Herbert Gundelach]], German general during the Second World War\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Arthur Kaufmann (artist)|Arthur Kaufmann]], German painter,\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]], American chemist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[John Reith, 1st Baron Reith]], British broadcasting executive (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[June 18]]\\n** [[Thomas Gomez]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Libby\n        Holman]], American singer and actress (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Paul Karrer]], Swiss\n        chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1889]])\\n**\n        [[Prajnalok Mahasthavir]], scholar, writer and orator (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Mildred\n        Veitch]], last member of the Veitch family of horticulturists (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[John Boyd Orr]], Scottish physician and biologist, recipient\n        of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Herbert Biberman]],\n        Jewish-American screenwriter and film director (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Alexander\n        Curt Brade]], German botanist (b. [[1881]])\\n** Crew of Soyuz 11:\\n*** [[Georgy\n        Dobrovolsky]] (b. [[1928]])\\n*** [[Viktor Patsayev]] (b. [[1933]])\\n*** [[Vladislav\n        Volkov]] (b. [[1935]])\\n** [[Gaston Balande]], French painter and illustrator\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jim Morrison 1969.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Jim\n        Morrison]]]]\\n[[Image:Louis Armstrong restored.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Louis Armstrong]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]]\\n** [[William Lawrence Bragg]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Learie Constantine|Learie\n        Constantine, Baron Constantine]], Trinidadian cricketer (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Jim Morrison]], American singer ([[The Doors]]) (b. [[1943]])\\n*\n        [[July 4]]\\n** [[Maurice Bowra]], British critic (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[August\n        Derleth]], American author and anthologist (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Thomas C. Hart]],\n        American admiral and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Louis\n        Armstrong]], African-American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n**\n        [[Claude Gauvreau]], Canadian writer (b. [[1925]])\\n** [[Ub Iwerks]], American\n        animator (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 10]] – [[George Kenner]], German artist\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[July 13]] – [[Joseph J. Clark]], American admiral,\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Bill Thompson (voice actor)|Bill Thompson]],\n        American voice actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Cliff Edwards]],\n        American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron\n        Astor of Hever]], British businessman (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Harry W. Hill]],\n        American admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Norman Reilly Raine]], American screenwriter\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Ars\\u00e8ne Roux]], French Arabist (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July\n        21]] – [[Michael Somogyi]], Hungarian-American professor of biochemistry\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[W. Ross Thatcher]], Premier of Saskatchewan,\n        Canada ([[1964]]–1971) (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Van Heflin]],\n        American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[William Tubman]], 19th President of Liberia\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[July 24]]\\n** [[Christl Mardayn]], German actress (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Alan Rawsthorne]], British Composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July 25]] –\n        [[Alfred Michael \\\"Chief\\\" Venne]], Ojibwa/Chippewa Native American leader\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Diane Arbus]], American photographer\n        (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Charlie Tully]], Northern Irish footballer\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Kenneth Slessor]], Australian poet\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===August===\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Satyananda Giri]], Indian\n        monk and Yukteswar Giri\\u2019s chief in Dubai, India (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[John\n        McDermott (golfer)|John McDermott]], American golfer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August\n        3]] – [[Beatrice Kerr]], Australian swimmer, diver, and aquatic performer\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[E. Barrett Prettyman]], United States\n        federal judge (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Royal Rife]], American\n        inventor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Antoine Mostaert]], CICM\n        Missionaries (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August 11]] – [[John Burton Cleland]],\n        Australian naturalist, microbiologist, mycologist and ornithologist (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[August 12]] – [[James T. Berryman]], American political cartoonist,\n        recipient of the 1950 [[Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning]] (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[August 13]] – [[King Curtis]], American saxophonist (b. [[1934]])\\n*\n        [[August 15]]\\n** [[Albrecht Goetze]], German-American Hittitologist (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Paul Lukas]], Hungarian-born American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 17]]\n        – [[Horace McMahon]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 20]]\n        – [[Matiur Rahman (military pilot)|Matiur Rahman]], Bangladeshi war\n        hero (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Carl Blegen]], American archaeologist\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Ted Lewis (musician)|Ted Lewis]],\n        American musician and entertainer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Margaret\n        Bourke-White]], American photographer (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Bennett Cerf]],\n        American publisher and television personality (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 28]]\\n**\n        [[Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey]], British Judge during the Nuremberg\n        trials after World War II (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Reuvein Margolies]], Austrian-Hungarian-born\n        Israeli author and Talmudic scholar (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Picture\n        of Martin Emmett Toppino.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Emmett Toppino]]]]\\n[[Image:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-B0628-0015-035, Nikita S. Chruchstschow.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Nikita\n        Khrushchev]]]]\\n* [[September 5]] – [[George Trafton]], American football\n        player (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Spring Byington]], American\n        actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[September 8]] – [[Emmett Toppino]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 10]] – [[Pier Angeli]],\n        Italian actress (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[September 11]]\\n** [[Bella Darvi]], Polish-born\n        actress (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Percy Helton]], American film and television actor\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Nikita Khrushchev]], Soviet leader (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] – [[Lin Biao]], Chinese defense minister (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        17]] – [[Carlos Lamarca]], Brazilian military officer turned guerrilla\n        leader (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Giorgos Seferis]], Greek\n        writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[September 21]] – [[Bernardo Houssay]], Argentine physiologist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September\n        22]] – [[Lilian Bland]], British journalist (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September\n        23]]\\n** [[James Waddell Alexander II]], mathematician and topologist (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n** [[Billy Gilbert]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September\n        24]] – [[Hedwiga Reicher]], German actress (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Hugo Black]], American [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme\n        Court]] Justice (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===October===\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Jessie\n        Arms Botke]], American artist (b. [[1883]])\\n** [[Richard H. Jackson]], four-star\n        admiral (b. [[1866]])\\n* [[October 3]] – [[Leah Baird]], American actress\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[Debaki Bose]], Bengali director,\n        writer, and actor (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 7]] – [[Henry Shoemaker\n        Conard]], authority on bryophytes and water lilies (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[October\n        8]] – [[Johanna Bordewijk-Roepman]], Dutch composer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]] – [[Peter Rindskopf]], American civil rights lawyer (b.\n        [[1942]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Cyril Burt]], British educational psychologist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Chester Conklin]], American comedic\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 12]]\\n** [[Dean Acheson]], [[United States\n        Secretary of State]] (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Gene Vincent]], American singer (b.\n        [[1935]])\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Benito Can\\u00f3nico]], Venezuelan composer\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Hans Ledersteger]], Austrian art director (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 16]]\\n** [[Richard Thomas Alexander]], American educator and influential\n        education theorist.(b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Robin Boyd]], Australian architect\n        (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Betty Bronson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Raymond Hatton]], American actor (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n** [[Naoya Shiga]], Japanese writer (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October\n        24]] – [[Carl Ruggles]], American composer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October\n        27]] – [[Gustave Baumann]], American printmaker and painter (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Duane Allman]], American rock guitarist (b. [[1946]])\\n**\n        [[Arne Tiselius]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:GladysCooper.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gladys\n        Cooper]]]]\\n[[File:Alberione.jpg|thumb|110px|Blessed [[James Alberione]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] – [[Gertrud von Le Fort]], German writer of novels, poems\n        and essays (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 2]] – [[Martha Vickers]], American\n        actress (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[November 4]] – [[Guillermo Le\\u00f3n Valencia]],\n        21st [[President of Colombia]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 9]] – [[Maude\n        Fealy]], American stage and film actor (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[November 11]]\\n**\n        [[A. P. Herbert]], English humorist, novelist, playwright and law reform activist\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Walther Kittel]], German general during World War II (b.\n        [[1887]])\\n* [[November 16]]\\n** [[Lucien Chopard]], French entomologist (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n** [[Edie Sedgwick]], American actress and model (b. [[1943]])\\n*\n        [[November 17]]\\n** [[Debaki Bose]], Indian actor, director and writer (b.\n        [[1898]])\\n** Dame [[Gladys Cooper]], British actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November\n        22]] – [[J\\u00f3zsef Zakari\\u00e1s]], Hungarian soccer player (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – [[Hank Mann]], American comedic actor (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[November 26]] – [[James Alberione]], Italian Roman Catholic priest\n        and blessed (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 27]]\\n** [[Joe Guyon]], American football\n        player (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Harunur Rashed]], Bangladeshi freedom fighter (b.\n        [[1948]])\\n* [[November 29]] – [[Knud Jessen]], Danish botanist and\n        quaternary geologist (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Roy O. Disney\n        with Company at Press Conference.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roy O. Disney]]]]\\n[[File:Jo\n        Cals 1966.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jo Cals]]]]\\n* [[December 2]] – [[E. M.\n        Almedingen]], Russian-British novelist, biographer and children''s author\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Mathilde Kschessinska]], Russian\n        ballerina (b. [[1872]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Ferdinand Pecora]], American\n        lawyer and judge (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Ralph Bunche]],\n        African-American diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]]\\n** [[Torrance Gillick|Torrance \\\"Torry\\\" Gillick]], Scottish\n        footballer (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Nikolai Kudryavtsev]], Soviet Russian petroleum\n        geologist (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Yechezkel Kutscher]], Israeli philologist and\n        Hebrew linguist (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Alan Morton]], Scottish footballer (b.\n        [[1893]])\\n** [[David Sarnoff]], Radio and television pioneer (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[December 13]] – [[Gotthard Heinrici]], German general (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Paul L\\u00e9vy (mathematician)|Paul Levy]], French\n        mathematician (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Bobby\n        Jones]], American golfer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Diana Lynn]], American actress\n        (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[December 20]]\\n** [[Gustavo Bacarisas]], Gibraltarian painter\n        (b. [[1873]])\\n** [[Roy O. Disney]], American studio executive (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Godfried Bomans]], Dutch writer (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[December 24]]\\n** [[Dora Altmann]], German actress (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Maria\n        Koepcke]], German ornithologist (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[December 26]] – [[Robert\n        Lowery (actor)|Robert Lowery]], American actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December\n        28]] – [[Max Steiner]], Austrian-born film composer (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[December 29]] – [[Stuart Holmes]], American actor (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Jo Cals]], Dutch politician and jurist, [[Prime Minister\n        of the Netherlands]] (1965\\u20131966) (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Dorothy Comingore]],\n        American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Pete Duel]], American\n        actor (''''[[Alias Smith and Jones]]'''') (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Eduardo Zamacois]],\n        Spanish novelist (b. [[1873]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Reg Bunn]], British\n        artist (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[Hussein Al Oweini]], 18th Prime Minister of Lebanon\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Dennis Gabor]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize\n        in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Gerhard Herzberg]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in\n        Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Earl W. Sutherland, Jr]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Pablo Neruda]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[Willy Brandt]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic\n        Sciences|Economics]] – [[Simon Kuznets]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n{{Portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1971}}\\n[[Category:1971|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T19:11:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":798461519,\"length\":87149,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971\"},\"34671\":{\"pageid\":34671,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1972\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T13:31:07Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{refimprove|date=July\n        2017}}\\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1972}}\\n{{Events by\n        month|1972}}\\n{{Year nav|1972}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1972}}\\n\\nWithin\n        the context of [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) it was the longest year\n        ever, as two [[leap second]]s were added during this 366-day year, an event\n        which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using\n        [[Solar time|mean solar time]] [the legal time scale], its duration was 31622401.141\n        seconds of [[Terrestrial Time]] (or [[Ephemeris Time]]), which is slightly\n        shorter than [[1908 in science#Astronomy|1908]]).{{cite journal|journal=Philosophical\n        Transactions of the Royal Society A|author1=Stephenson, F. R. |author2=Morrison,\n        L. V. |year=1984|volume=313|issue=1524|pages=47\\u201370|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RSPTA.313...47S|title=Long-Term\n        Changes in the Rotation of the Earth: 700 B. C. to A. D. 1980|publisher=[[Royal\n        Society]]|accessdate=May 15, 2012|doi=10.1098/rsta.1984.0082|bibcode=1984RSPTA.313...47S}}\\n{{TOC\n        limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main article|January 1972}}\\n*\n        [[January 1]] \\u2013 [[Kurt Waldheim]] becomes [[Secretary-General of the\n        United Nations]].\\n* [[January 2]] \\u2013 [[Pierre Hotel Robbery]]: Six men\n        rob the [[safe deposit box]]es of [[The Pierre]] hotel in New York City of\n        at least $4 million.\\n* [[January 3]] \\u2013 MGM''s 1951 ''''[[Show Boat (1951\n        film)|Show Boat]]'''' is presented on television by [[NBC]] for the first\n        time. This marks the first complete network telecast of any version of ''''Show\n        Boat'''' (it had already been filmed as a part-talkie in 1929, and as a full-sound\n        musical in 1936).\\n* [[January 4]]\\n** The first scientific hand-held calculator\n        ([[HP-35]]) is introduced (price $395).\\n** [[Rose Heilbron]] becomes the\n        first woman judge at the [[Old Bailey]] in London.\\n* [[January 5]] \\u2013\n        U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] orders the development of a [[Space Shuttle\n        program]].\\n* [[January 7]]\\n** [[Iberia Airlines Flight 602]] crashes into\n        a 462-meter peak on the island of [[Ibiza]]; 104 are killed.\\n** [[Howard\n        Hughes]] speaks to the press by telephone to denounce [[Clifford Irving]]''s\n        hoax biography of him.\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 The [[RMS Queen Elizabeth|RMS\n        ''''Queen Elizabeth'''']] is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbor.\\n* [[January\n        10]] \\u2013 [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] returns to [[Bangladesh]] from [[Pakistan]].\\n*\n        [[January 13]] \\u2013 Prime Minister of [[Ghana]] [[Kofi Abrefa Busia]] is\n        overthrown in a military coup.\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 Queen [[Margrethe\n        II of Denmark]] succeeds her father, King [[Frederick IX of Denmark|Frederick\n        IX]], on the throne of Denmark.\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 The [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]]\n        enclave [[Republic of Minerva|Minerva]] on a platform in the South Pacific,\n        sponsored by the [[Phoenix Foundation]], declares independence. Soon neighboring\n        [[Tonga]] annexes the area and dismantles the platform.\\n* [[January 20]]\\n**\n        President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] announces that Pakistan will immediately\n        begin a [[nuclear weapon]]s program.\\n** Fears are growing about the economy\n        of the United Kingdom, where unemployment is now exceeding 1 million for the\n        first time since World War II.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/20/newsid_2506000/2506897.stm|title=UK\n        unemployment tops one million|publisher=BBC|work=On This Day|accessdate=14\n        January 2012|date=January 20, 1972}}\\n* [[January 21]]\\n** A New Delhi\n        [[moonshine|bootlegger]] sells [[methanol|wood alcohol]] to a wedding party;\n        100 die.\\n** [[Tripura]], part of the former independent [[Twipra Kingdom]],\n        becomes a full [[States and union territories of India|state of India]].\\n*\n        [[January 24]] \\u2013 Japanese soldier [[Shoichi Yokoi]] is discovered in\n        [[Guam]]; he had spent 28 years in the jungle.\\n* [[January 25]] \\u2013 [[Shirley\n        Chisholm]], the first [[African American]] Congresswoman, announces her candidacy\n        for President.\\n* [[January 26]]\\n** [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]]\n        air stewardess [[Vesna Vulovi\\u0107]] is the only survivor when her plane\n        crashes in [[Czechoslovakia]]. She survives after falling 10,160 meters (33,330\n        feet) in the tail section of the aircraft.\\n** The [[Aboriginal Tent Embassy]]\n        is set up on the lawn of [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] in\n        [[Canberra]].\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Bloody Sunday (1972)|Bloody Sunday]]:\n        The British Army kills 14 unarmed [[Irish nationalism|nationalist]] civil\n        rights marchers in [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]].\\n** [[Pakistan]] withdraws\n        from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013 King [[Birendra\n        of Nepal|Birendra]] succeeds his father as King of [[Nepal]].\\n\\n=== February\n        ===\\n[[File:Sapporo1972.png|240px|thumbnail|right|[[1972 Winter Olympics]]]]\\n{{Main\n        article|February 1972}}\\n* [[February 2]]\\n** A bomb explodes at the British\n        Yacht Club in [[West Berlin]], killing Irwin Beelitz, a German boat builder.\\n**\n        The German militant group [[2 June Movement]] announces its support of the\n        [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].\\n** Anti-British riots take place throughout\n        Ireland. The British Embassy in [[Dublin]] is burned to the ground, as are\n        several British-owned businesses.\\n** The last draft lottery is held, a watershed\n        event in the wind-down of military [[conscription in the United States]] during\n        the Vietnam era. These draft candidates are never called to duty.\\n* [[February\n        3]] \\u2013 [[February 13]] \\u2013 The [[1972 Winter Olympics]] are held in\n        [[Sapporo]], Japan.\\n* [[February 4]] \\u2013 ''''[[Mariner 9]]'''' sends pictures\n        as it orbits [[Mars]].\\n* [[February 5]]\\n** U.S. airlines begin mandatory\n        inspection of passengers and baggage.\\n** [[Bob Douglas]] becomes the first\n        [[African American]] elected to the [[Basketball Hall of Fame]].\\n* [[February\n        9]] \\u2013 The British government declares a [[state of emergency]] over a\n        miners'' strike.\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** President of [[Ecuador]] [[Jos\\u00e9\n        Mar\\u00eda Velasco Ibarra]] is deposed for the fourth time.\\n** [[Sound recording\n        and reproduction|Phonorecord]]s are granted U.S. federal [[copyright]] protection\n        for the first time.\\n* [[February 17]] \\u2013 [[Volkswagen Beetle]] sales\n        exceed those of the [[Ford Model T]] when the 15,007,034th Beetle is produced.\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\u2013 The [[California Supreme Court]] voids the state''s\n        [[death penalty]], commuting all death sentences to life in prison.\\n* [[February\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Asama-Sans\\u014d incident]]: Five [[United Red Army]] members\n        break into a lodge below [[Mount Asama]], taking the wife of the lodge keeper\n        hostage.\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] unmanned [[Spacecraft|spaceship]]\n        ''''[[Luna 20]]'''' lands on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[February\n        28]] \\u2013 U.S. President [[Richard M. Nixon]] makes an unprecedented [[1972\n        Nixon visit to China|8-day visit]] to the People''s Republic of China and\n        meets with [[Mao Zedong]].\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[1972 Aldershot bombing|Aldershot\n        Bombing]]: An [[Official IRA]] bomb kills 7 in [[Aldershot]], England.\\n**\n        [[Lufthansa Flight 649]] is hijacked and taken to [[Aden]]. Passengers are\n        released the following day after a ransom of 5 million US dollars is agreed.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] \\u2013 [[Angela Davis]] is released from jail. A [[Caruthers,\n        California]] farmer, Rodger McAfee, helps her make bail.\\n* [[February 24]]\n        \\u2013 North Vietnamese negotiators walk out of the Paris Peace Talks to protest\n        U.S. air raids.\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** A [[Buffalo Creek flood|coal sludge\n        spill]] kills 125 people in [[Buffalo Creek (South Branch Potomac River)|Buffalo\n        Creek]], [[West Virginia]].\\n** ''''[[Luna 20]]'''' comes back to Earth with\n        55 grams (1.94 oz) of lunar soil.\\n* [[February 28]] \\u2013 The\n        Asama-Sanso incident ends in a standoff between 5 members of the Japanese\n        United Red Army and the authorities, in which 2 policemen are killed and 12\n        injured.\\n\\n=== March ===\\n{{Main article|March 1972}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n**\n        The Thai province [[Yasothon Province|Yasothon]] is created after being split\n        off from the [[Ubon Ratchathani Province]].\\n** The [[Club of Rome]] publishes\n        its report ''''[[The Limits to Growth]]''''.\\n** [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Bordaberry]]\n        is sworn in as [[President of Uruguay]] amid accusations of election fraud.\\n*\n        [[March 2]]\\n** The ''''[[Pioneer 10]]'''' spacecraft is launched from [[Cape\n        Kennedy]], to be the first man-made satellite to leave the solar system.\\n**\n        [[Jean-B\\u00e9del Bokassa]] becomes President of the [[Central African Republic]].\\n*\n        [[March 3]]\\n** Sculpted figures of [[Jefferson Davis]], [[Robert E. Lee]],\n        and [[Stonewall Jackson]] are completed at [[Stone Mountain]] in the U.S.\n        state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].\\n** [[Mohawk Airlines Flight 405]]\n        crashed into a house on Edgewood Avenue in [[Albany, New York]], killing 16\n        of the 47 persons on board, and one person in an upstairs apartment. The impact\n        happened at 8:48 pm after the commuter plane lost power during a snowstorm.\\n**\n        [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] released ''''[[Thick as a Brick]]'''',\n        a concept album supposedly written by an 8-year-old boy, [[Gerald Bostock]].\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Libya]] and the [[Soviet Union]] sign a cooperation treaty.\\n**\n        The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of the Islamic Conference]]\n        Charter is signed (effective 28 February 1973).\\n* [[March 5]] \\u2013 Greek\n        composer [[Mikis Theodorakis]] leaves the [[Greek Communist Party]].\\n* [[March\n        13]]\\n** The United Kingdom and the People''s Republic of China elevate diplomatic\n        exchanges to the ambassadorial level after 22 years.\\n** [[Clifford Irving]]\n        admits to a New York court that he had fabricated [[Howard Hughes]]'' \\\"autobiography\\\".\\n*\n        [[March 15]] \\u2013 ''''[[The Godfather]]'''' has its premiere at the [[Loew''s\n        State Theatre (New York City)|Loew''s State Theatre]] in [[New York City]].\\n*\n        [[March 16]] \\u2013 The first building of the [[Pruitt\\u2013Igoe]] housing\n        development in [[St. Louis]] is destroyed.\\n* [[March 19]] \\u2013 India and\n        [[Bangladesh]] sign the [[Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation\n        and Peace]].\\n* [[March 22]] \\u2013 The [[92nd U.S. Congress]] votes to send\n        the proposed [[Equal Rights Amendment]] to the states for ratification.\\n*\n        [[March 24]] \\u2013 The British government announces the prorogation of the\n        [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] and the introduction of ''[[Direct Rule]]''\n        of [[Northern Ireland]], after the [[Unionist (Ireland)|Unionist]] government\n        refuses to cede security powers.\\n* [[March 25]] \\u2013 \\\"[[Apr\\u00e8s toi]]\\\"\n        sung by [[Vicky Leandros]] (music by Klaus Munro & Mario Panas, lyric by Klaus\n        Munro & Yves Dessca) wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1972]] for [[Luxembourg]].\\n*\n        [[March 26]]\\n** An [[avalanche]] on [[Mount Fuji]] kills 19 climbers.\\n**\n        The last trolleybus system in the United Kingdom closes in [[Bradford]], West\n        Riding of Yorkshire after over 60 years of operation.\\n** After 14 years,\n        the last of [[Leonard Bernstein]]''s ''''[[Young People''s Concerts]]''''\n        is telecast by CBS. This last concert is devoted to [[Gustav Holst]]''s ''''[[The\n        Planets]]''''.\\n* [[March 27]] \\u2013 The [[First Sudanese Civil War]] ends.\\n*\n        [[March 30]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Easter Offensive]] begins after [[North\n        Vietnam]]ese forces cross into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of [[South Vietnam]]\\n**\n        The [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] is suspended.\\n\\n=== April ===\\n{{Main\n        article|April 1972}}\\n* [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]] veteran [[Richard\n        McCoy, Jr.]] hijacks a [[United Airlines]] jet and extorts $500,000; he is\n        later captured.\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some\n        70 nations in signing the [[Biological Weapons Convention]], an agreement\n        to ban [[biological warfare]].\\n** [[Yinqueshan Han Tombs|Tombs]] containing\n        [[Yinqueshan Han Slips|bamboo slips]], among them [[Sun Tzu]]''s ''''[[The\n        Art of War|Art of War]]'''' and [[Sun Bin]]''s lost [[Sun Bin''s Art of War|military\n        treatise]], are accidentally discovered by construction workers in [[Shandong]].\\n**\n        The 6.7 {{M|w}} [[1972 Qir earthquake|Qir earthquake]] shook southern Iran\n        [[earthquake]] with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing\n        5,374 people in the province of [[Fars Province|Fars]].\\n** The 44th Annual\n        Academy Awards are held at the [[Dorothy Chandler Pavilion]] in Los Angeles.\\n*\n        [[April 12]] \\u2013 The X-rated animated movie ''''[[Fritz the Cat (film)|Fritz\n        the Cat]]'''' is released.\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 The [[Universal Postal Union]]\n        decides to recognize the People''s Republic of China as the only legitimate\n        Chinese representative, effectively expelling the [[Republic of China]] administering\n        [[Taiwan]].\\n* [[April 16]]\\n** ''''[[Apollo 16]]'''' ([[John Young (astronaut)|John\n        Young]], [[Ken Mattingly]], [[Charlie Duke]]) is launched. During the mission,\n        the astronauts achieve a [[lunar rover]] speed record of 18 km/h.\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]] \\u2013 Nguyen Hue Offensive: Prompted by the [[North Vietnam]]ese\n        offensive, the United States resumes bombing of [[Hanoi]] and [[Haiphong]].\\n*\n        [[April 17]] \\u2013 The first [[Boston Marathon]] in which women are officially\n        allowed to compete.\\n* [[April 22]] \\u2013 Sylvia Cook and [[John Fairfax\n        (rower)|John Fairfax]] finish rowing across the Pacific.\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013\n        The [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] enters service with [[Eastern Airlines]].\\n*\n        [[April 27]]\\n** The [[Burundian Genocide]] against the [[Hutu]] begins; more\n        than 500,000 Hutus die.\\n** A no-confidence vote against [[Chancellor of Germany\n        (Federal Republic)|German Chancellor]] [[Willy Brandt]] fails under obscure\n        circumstances.\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 The fourth anniversary of the Broadway\n        musical ''''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'''' is celebrated with a free concert\n        at a Central Park bandshell, followed by dinner at the Four Seasons. There,\n        13 [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] protesters and the show''s co-author,\n        [[Jim Rado]], are arrested for disturbing the peace and for using marijuana.\\n\\n===\n        May ===\\n{{Main article|May 1972}}\\n* [[May 2]] \\u2013 Fire in a [[silver]]\n        mine in [[Idaho]] kills 91.\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 An [[Alitalia]] [[DC-8]] [[Alitalia\n        Flight 112|crashes]] west of [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]; 115 die.\\n* [[May 7]]\n        \\u2013 [[Italian general election, 1972|General elections]] are held in Italy.\\n*\n        [[May 8]] \\u2013 U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] orders the [[Operation Pocket\n        Money|mining]] of [[Haiphong]] Harbor in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[May 10]] \\u2013\n        [[Operation Linebacker]] and [[Operation Custom Tailor]] begin with large-scale\n        bombing operations against North Vietnam by tactical fighter aircraft.\\n*\n        [[May 13]] \\u2013 A [[Sennichi Department Store Building fire|Fire in a nightclub\n        atop the Sennichi department store]] in [[Osaka]], Japan, kills 115.\\n* [[May\n        15]]\\n** [[Okinawa]] is returned to Japan after 27 years of [[United States\n        Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands|United States occupation]].\\n**\n        Governor [[George C. Wallace]] of [[Alabama]] is shot and paralyzed by [[Arthur\n        Herman Bremer]] at a [[Laurel, Maryland]], political rally.\\n* [[May 16]]\n        \\u2013 The first financial derivatives exchange, the [[International Monetary\n        Market]] (IMM), opens on the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]].\\n* [[May 18]]\n        \\u2013 Four troopers of the British [[Special Air Service]] and [[Special\n        Boat Service]] are parachuted onto the ocean liner ''''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]''''\n        {{convert|1000|mi|km}} across the Atlantic after a bomb threat and ransom\n        demand which turn out to be bogus.\\n* [[May 19]] \\u2013 Three out of 6 bombs\n        explode in the [[Axel Springer AG]] media company offices in [[Hamburg]],\n        Germany, injuring 17; the [[Red Army Faction]] claims responsibility.\\n* [[May\n        21]] \\u2013 In [[St. Peter''s Basilica]] ([[Vatican City]]), [[Laszlo Toth]]\n        attacks [[Michelangelo]]''s ''''[[Piet\\u00e0 (Michelangelo)|Piet\\u00e0]]''''\n        statue with a [[geologist''s hammer]], shouting that he is [[Jesus Christ]].\\n*\n        [[May 22]]\\n** The [[Dominion of Ceylon]] becomes the republic of [[Sri Lanka]]\n        under prime minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], when its new [[constitution]]\n        is ratified.\\n** [[Ferit Melen]] forms the new (interim) government of [[Turkey]]\n        (35th government)\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 The Tamil United Front (later known\n        as [[Tamil United Liberation Front]]), a pro-[[Tamils|Tamil]] organization,\n        is founded in Sri Lanka.\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** Scottish [[Association football]]\n        club [[Rangers F.C.]] win the [[UEFA Cup Winners'' Cup]], defeating [[FC Dynamo\n        Moscow]] 3-2 in the [[1972 European Cup Winners'' Cup Final|final]] at [[Camp\n        Nou]] in [[Barcelona]] (Spain). A [[pitch invasion]] by their supporters leads\n        to the team being banned from defending the trophy the following season.\\n**\n        A [[Red Army Faction]] bomb explodes in the [[Campbell Barracks]] of the U.S.\n        Army Supreme European Command in [[Heidelberg]], West Germany; 3 U.S. soldiers\n        (Clyde Bonner, Ronald Woodard and Charles Peck) are killed.\\n** The [[Magnavox\n        Odyssey]] video game system is first demoed, marking the dawn of the video\n        game age; it goes on sale to the public in August.\\n* [[May 26]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Nixon]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] sign the [[SALT I treaty]] in Moscow, as well\n        as the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] and other agreements.\\n** [[Wernher\n        von Braun]] retires from [[NASA]], frustrated by the agency''s unwillingness\n        to pursue a manned trans-orbital space program.\\n** [[Willandra National Park]]\n        is established in Australia.\\n* [[May 27]] \\u2013 [[Mark Donohue]] wins the\n        [[1972 Indianapolis 500|Indianapolis 500]] in the [[Penske Racing]] [[McLaren]]\\u2013[[Offenhauser]].\\n*\n        [[May 30]]\\n** [[The Angry Brigade]] goes on trial in the United Kingdom.\\n**\n        Three [[Japanese Red Army]] members kill 24 and injure 100 in [[Lod Airport]],\n        [[Israel]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1972}}\\n* June \\u2013 [[Iraq]]\n        [[nationalization|nationalizes]] the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]].\\n* [[June\n        2]] \\u2013 [[Andreas Baader]], [[Jan-Carl Raspe]], [[Holger Meins]] and some\n        other members of the [[Red Army Faction]] are arrested in [[Frankfurt am Main]]\n        after a shootout.\\n* [[June 3]] \\u2013 [[Sally Priesand]] becomes the first\n        female U.S. rabbi.\\n* [[June 4]] \\u2013 [[Angela Davis]] is found not guilty\n        of murder.\\n* [[June 5]] \\u2013 [[June 16]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations Conference\n        on the Human Environment]] is held in Stockholm, [[Sweden]]\\n* [[June 8]]\\n**\n        Seven men and three women hijack a plane from [[Czechoslovakia]] to West Germany.\\n**\n        [[Vietnam War]]: [[Associated Press]] photographer [[Nick Ut]] takes his [[Pulitzer\n        Prize]]-winning photograph of a naked nine-year-old [[Phan Thi Kim Phuc]]\n        running down a road after being burned by [[napalm]].\\n* [[June 9]] \\u2013\n        The [[Black Hills flood]] kills 238 in [[South Dakota]].\\n* [[June 11]] \\u2013\n        [[Henri Pescarolo]] (France) and co-driver former [[List of Formula One World\n        Drivers'' Champions|World Drivers'' Champion]] [[Graham Hill]] (Britain) win\n        the [[1972 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] in the [[Equipe Matra\n        Sports|Equipe Matra]] MS670.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Hurricane\n        Agnes]] kills 117 on the U.S. East Coast.\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Japan Airlines\n        Flight 471]] crashes outside of New Delhi airport, killing 82 of 87 occupants.\\n*\n        [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Ulrike Meinhof]] and Gerhard M\\u00fcller of the [[Red\n        Army Faction]] are arrested in a teacher''s apartment in [[Langenhagen]],\n        West Germany.\\n* [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[June 18]] \\u2013 The first U.S. [[Libertarian\n        Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] National Convention is held in Denver,\n        [[Colorado]].\\n* [[June 16]] \\u2013 108 die as 2 passenger trains hit the\n        debris of a collapsed railway tunnel near [[Soissons]], France.\\n* [[June\n        17]]\\n** [[Watergate scandal]]: Five [[White House]] operatives are arrested\n        for burglarizing the offices of the [[Democratic National Committee]].\\n**\n        The United States returns [[Okinawa]], occupied and governed since the World\n        War II [[Battle of Okinawa]], to Japan.\\n** [[Chile]]an president [[Salvador\n        Allende]] forms a new government.\\n* [[June 18]]\\n** [[Staines air disaster]]:\n        118 die when a [[Hawker Siddeley Trident|Trident 1]] jet airliner crashes\n        2 minutes after take off from [[London Heathrow Airport]].\\n** [[Germany national\n        football team|West Germany]] beats the [[USSR national football team|Soviet\n        Union]] 3\\u20130 to win [[1972 European Football Championship|Euro 72]].\\n**\n        Hong Kong''s worst flooding and landslides in recorded history with {{convert|653.2|mm}}\n        of rainfall in the previous 3 days. 67 people die due to building collapses\n        in Mid-levels districts landslide and building collapses, with a further 83\n        due to flooding-related fatalities. It is the second worst fatality due to\n        building collapses, and the worst flooding in Hong Kong''s recorded history.\\n*\n        [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Watergate scandal]]: U.S. President [[Richard M. Nixon]]\n        and [[White House]] chief of staff [[H. R. Haldeman]] are taped talking about\n        using the [[Central Intelligence Agency|C.I.A.]] to obstruct the [[Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation|F.B.I.]]''s investigation into the Watergate break-ins.\\n*\n        [[June 26]] \\u2013 [[Nolan Bushnell]] and [[Ted Dabney]] co-found [[Atari]].\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\u2013 U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces that no new\n        draftees will be sent to [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[June 29]] \\u2013 ''''[[Furman v.\n        Georgia]]'''': The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that [[capital\n        punishment]] is unconstitutional.\\n* [[June 30]] \\u2013 The [[International\n        Time Bureau]] adds the first [[leap second]] (23:59:60) to [[Coordinated Universal\n        Time]] (UTC) at the end of the month.\\n\\n=== July ===\\n{{Main article|July\n        1972}}\\n* [[July]] \\u2013 U.S. actress [[Jane Fonda]] tours [[North Vietnam]],\n        during which she is photographed sitting on a North Vietnamese anti-aircraft\n        gun.\\n* [[July 1]]\\n** The Canadian ketch ''''[[Greenpeace#First campaigns\n        after Amchitka|Vega]]'''', flying the [[Greenpeace]] III banner, collides\n        with the French naval minesweeper ''''La Paimpolaise'''' while in [[international\n        waters]], to protest French nuclear weapon [[Moruroa|tests]] in the [[Oceania|South\n        Pacific]].\\n** The [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] becomes independent\n        from the [[U.S. Internal Revenue Service|IRS]].\\n* [[July 2]] \\u2013 Following\n        [[Pakistan]]''s surrender to India in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]],\n        both nations sign the historic [[Simla Agreement]], agreeing to settle their\n        disputes bilaterally.\\n* [[July 4]] \\u2013 The first [[Rainbow Gathering]]\n        is held in [[Colorado]].\\n* [[July 8]] \\u2013 The U.S. sells [[cereal|grain]]\n        to the Soviet Union for $750 million.\\n* [[July 10]] \\u2013 India''s news\n        agency reports that at least 24 people have been killed in separate incidents,\n        in the Chandka Forest in India, by elephants crazed by heat and drought.\\n*\n        [[July 10]] \\u2013 [[July 14]] \\u2013 The [[Democratic National Convention]]\n        meets in [[Miami Beach]]. Senator [[George McGovern]], who backs the immediate\n        and complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from [[South Vietnam]], is nominated\n        for President. He names fellow Senator [[Thomas Eagleton]] as his running\n        mate.\\n* [[July 15]] \\u2013 The [[Pruitt\\u2013Igoe]] housing development is\n        demolished in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].\\n* [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Anwar Sadat]]\n        expels 20,000 Soviet advisors from [[Egypt]].\\n* [[July 21]]\\n** [[Bloody\n        Friday (1972)|Bloody Friday]]: 22 bombs planted by the [[Provisional IRA]]\n        explode in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]; nine people are killed and 130\n        seriously injured.{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm\n        |title=CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict \\u2013 1972 |publisher=Cain.ulst.ac.uk\n        |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17}}\\n** Comedian [[George Carlin]] is arrested\n        by [[Milwaukee]] police for public [[obscenity]], for reciting his \\\"Seven\n        Words You Can Never Say On Television\\\" at [[Summerfest]].\\n** A collision\n        between two trains near [[Seville]], Spain kills 76 people.\\n* [[July 23]]\n        \\u2013 The United States launches [[Landsat 1]], the first Earth-resources\n        [[satellite]].\\n* [[July 24]] \\u2013 King [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] succeeds\n        his father [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] as king of [[Bhutan]].\\n* [[July 25]]\n        \\u2013 U.S. health officials admit that African-Americans were used as guinea\n        pigs in the [[Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male]].\\n*\n        [[July 27]] \\u2013 The [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle]] makes its first flight.\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 A national dock strike begins in Britain.\\n* [[July 31]]\n        \\u2013 [[The Troubles]], [[Northern Ireland]]:\\n** [[Operation Motorman]]\n        4:00 AM: The British Army begins to regain control of\n        the \\\"[[no-go area]]s\\\" established by [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]]\n        [[paramilitary|paramilitaries]] in [[Belfast]], [[Derry]] (\\\"[[Free Derry]]\\\")\n        and [[Newry]].\\n** [[Claudy bombing]] (\\\"Bloody Monday\\\"),\n        10:00 AM: Three [[car bombs]] in [[Claudy]], [[County\n        Londonderry]], kill 9. It becomes public knowledge only in [[2010]] that a\n        local [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]]\n        was an [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] officer believed to be involved\n        in the bombings but his role was covered up by the authorities.{{cite\n        news|title=Claudy bomb: conspiracy allowed IRA priest to go free|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|publisher=BBC\n        News Northern Ireland|date=2010-08-24|accessdate=2010-08-25| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100825014212/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|\n        archivedate=August 25, 2010| deadurl= no}}\\n\\n=== August\n        ===\\n{{Main article|August 1972}}\\n* [[August 1]] \\u2013 U.S. Senator [[Thomas\n        Eagleton]], the Democratic vice-presidential nominee, withdraws from the race\n        after revealing he was once treated for mental illness.\\n* [[August 4]]\\n**\n        [[Arthur Bremer]] is jailed for 63 years for shooting [[George Wallace]].\\n**\n        Dictator [[Idi Amin]] declares that [[Uganda]] will expel 50,000 Asians with\n        British passports to Britain within 3 months.\\n** A huge [[solar flare]] (one\n        of the largest ever recorded) knocks out cable lines in U.S. It begins with\n        the appearance of sunspots on August 2; an August 4 flare kicks off high levels\n        of activity until [[August 10]].\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 A brilliant, daytime\n        [[1972 Great Daylight Fireball|meteor]] skips off the Earth''s atmosphere\n        due to an [[Apollo asteroid]] streaking over the western US into Canada.{{cite\n        journal\\n |url=http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9806/impact.html \\n\n        |title=Observation of Meteoroid Impacts by Space-Based Sensors \\n |first=Edward\n        \\n |last=Tagliaferri \\n |publisher=astrosociety.org \\n |magazine=Mercury Magazine\n        \\n |volume=27 \\n |issue=6 \\n |date=November\\u2013December 1998 \\n |deadurl=yes\n        \\n |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025037/http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9806/impact.html\n        \\n |archivedate=October 20, 2007 \\n |df= \\n}}\\n\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        Oil tankers [[Oswego-Guardian\\u2013Texanita collision|''''Oswego-Guardian''''\n        and ''''Texanita'''']] collide near [[Stilbaai]], South Africa.\\n* [[August\n        14]] \\u2013 An [[East Germany|East German]] [[Ilyushin]] airliner crashes\n        near [[East Berlin]]; all 156 on board perish.\\n* [[August 16]] \\u2013 As\n        part of a coup attempt, members of the [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] fire upon,\n        but fail to bring down, [[Hassan II of Morocco]]''s plane while he is traveling\n        back to [[Rabat]].\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 The [[Republican National Convention]]\n        in [[Miami Beach, Florida]] renominates U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] and\n        Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] for a second term.\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Rhodesia]]\n        is expelled by the [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] for its racist\n        policies.\\n** [[John Wojtowicz]], 27, and Sal Naturile, 18, hold several Chase\n        Manhattan Bank employees hostage for 17 hours in Gravesend, Brooklyn, N.Y.\n        (an event later dramatized in the film ''''[[Dog Day Afternoon]]'''').\\n**\n        In the Almirante Zar Naval Base, Argentina, 16 detainees are executed by firing\n        squad in the [[Trelew massacre]].\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[September 11]]\n        \\u2013 The [[1972 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Munich]], West Germany.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n{{Main article|September 1972}}\\n[[File:Martiallawjf9906 09.JPG|thumbnail|180px|right|[[September\n        21]]: [[Martial law]] in the [[Philippines]].]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Bobby\n        Fischer]] defeats [[Boris Spassky]] in a [[chess]] match in [[Reykjav\\u00edk]],\n        Iceland, becoming the first American [[World Chess Championship 1972|world\n        chess champion]].\\n** The [[Cod Wars#Second Cod War|Second Cod War]] begins\n        between the United Kingdom and [[Iceland]].\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 The\n        first episode of ''''[[The Price Is Right]]'''' is aired on [[CBS]] by [[Bob\n        Barker]]. ''''Gambit'''' and ''''The Joker''s Wild'''' also premiere.\\n* [[September\n        5]] \\u2013 [[September 6]] \\u2013 [[Munich massacre]]: Eleven [[Israel]]i\n        athletes at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] in [[Munich]] are murdered after\n        8 members of the Arab [[terrorism|terrorist]] group [[Black September Organization|Black\n        September]] invade the Olympic Village; 5 guerillas and 1 policeman are also\n        killed in a failed [[hostage]] rescue.\\n* [[September 10]] \\u2013 The Brazilian\n        driver [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] wins the Italian Grand Prix at [[Monza]] and\n        becomes the youngest [[Formula One]] World Champion.\\n* [[September 14]] \\u2013\n        West Germany and Poland renew diplomatic relations.\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Uganda]] announces that there are [[Tanzania]]n troops in its territory.\\n**\n        The television series ''''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'''' begins its run\n        on [[CBS]].\\n* [[September 18]] \\u2013 [[S\\u00e3o Paulo Metro]] is inaugurated\n        in [[Brazil]].\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 A [[parcel bomb]] sent to the [[Israel]]i\n        Embassy in London kills 1 diplomat.\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Philippines|Philippine]]\n        [[President of the Philippines|president]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]] issues [[Proclamation\n        No. 1081]]{{cite web|url=http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html\n        |title=Full Text \\u2013 Proclamation 1081 |publisher=Lawphil.net |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804032402/http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html\n        |archivedate=August 4, 2012 |df=}} placing the entire country under\n        [[martial law]].\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 An [[F-86]] fighter aircraft leaving\n        an air show at [[Sacramento Executive Airport]] fails to become airborne and\n        crashes into a [[Farrell''s Ice Cream Parlour]], killing 12 children and 11\n        adults.{{cite web |url=http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm\n        |title=Crash at Farrell''s |accessdate=2008-03-16 |work=| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080320003854/http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm|\n        archivedate=March 20, 2008| deadurl= no}}\\n* [[September\n        25]] \\u2013 [[Norwegian EC referendum, 1972]]: Norway rejects membership in\n        the European Economic Community.\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013 The [[Canada men''s\n        national ice hockey team|Canadian national men''s hockey team]] defeats the\n        [[Soviet national ice hockey team]] in Game 8 of the 1972 [[Summit Series]]\n        (French: La S\\u00e9rie du Si\\u00e8cle, Russian: \\u0421\\u0443\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u2014 \\u041a\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430), 6\\u20135,\n        to win the series 4\\u20133\\u20131.\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013 [[Sino-Japanese\n        relations]]: The Joint Communiqu\\u00e9 of the Government of Japan and the\n        Government of the People''s Republic of China is signed in Beijing, which\n        normalizes diplomatic relations with the People''s Republic of China after\n        breaking official ties with the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan).\\n\\n=== October\n        ===\\n{{Main article|October 1972}}\\n* [[October]] \\u2013 The government of\n        former President of Somalia [[Mohamed Siad Barre]] formally introduces the\n        [[Somali alphabet]] as [[Somalia]]''s official writing script.Economist\n        Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), ''''Middle East annual review'''', (1975),\n        p.229\\n* [[October 1]]\\n** The first publication reporting the production\n        of a recombinant [[DNA]] molecule marks the birth of modern [[molecular biology]]\n        methodology.{{cite journal | last = Jackson | first= David A. | last2=Symons\n        |first2=Robert H | last3= Berg |first3= Paul | year=1972 | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/69/10/2904\n        | title = Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA\n        of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes\n        and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli | journal = Proceedings of the\n        National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume = 69\n        | issue=10 | pages = 2904\\u20132909 | doi=10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904 | pmid=4342968\n        | pmc=389671}}\\n** [[Alex Comfort]]''s bestselling manual ''''[[The\n        Joy of Sex]]'''' is published.\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 Denmark joins the [[European\n        Community]]; the [[Faroe Islands]] stay out.\\n* [[October 5]] \\u2013 The [[United\n        Reformed Church]] is founded out of the [[Congregational church|Congregational]]\n        and [[Presbyterian]] Churches.\\n* [[October 6]] \\u2013 A train crash in [[Saltillo]],\n        Mexico kills 208 people.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}\\n* [[October 8]]\\n**A\n        major breakthrough occurs in the [[Paris Peace Accords#Breakthrough and agreement|Paris\n        peace talks]] between [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[L\\u00ea \\u0110\\u1ee9c Th\\u1ecd]].\\n**\n        [[R. Sargent Shriver]] is chosen to replace [[Thomas Eagleton]] as the U.S.\n        vice-presidential nominee of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic\n        Party]].\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 En route to the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], an anti-war\n        protest, the [[USS Kitty Hawk riot]] led by African-Americans and interpreted\n        by some as a [[race riot]] involving more than 200 sailors, breaks out aboard\n        the [[United States Navy]] aircraft carrier [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''''Kitty\n        Hawk'''']]; nearly 50 sailors are injured.\\n* [[October 13]] \\u2013 [[Uruguayan\n        Air Force Flight 571]]: A [[Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild FH-227D]] passenger\n        [[aircraft]] transporting a [[rugby union]] team crashes at about 14,000''\n        in the [[Andes]] mountain range, near the Argentina/Chile border. Sixteen\n        of the survivors are found alive [[December 20]] but they have had to resort\n        to [[cannibalism]] to survive.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n** A plane carrying U.S.\n        Congressman [[Hale Boggs]] of Louisiana and 3 other men vanishes in Alaska.\n        The wreckage has never been found, despite a massive search at the time.\\n**\n        Rioting [[Maze Prison]] inmates cause a fire that destroys most of the camp.\\n*\n        [[October 17]] \\u2013 [[Elizabeth II]] visits [[Socialist Federal Republic\n        of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].\\n* [[October 25]]\\n** The first female [[Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents are hired.\\n** Belgian [[Eddy Merckx]]\n        sets a new world [[hour record]] in cycling in Mexico City.\\n* [[October 26]]\n        \\u2013 Following a visit to [[South Vietnam]], [[U.S. National Security Advisor]]\n        [[Henry Kissinger]] suggests that \\\"peace is at hand.\\\"\\n* [[October 28]]\n        \\u2013 The [[Airbus A300]] flies for the first time.\\n* [[October 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Lufthansa Flight 615]] is hijacked and threats are made to be blown up if\n        the three surviving perpetrators of the [[Munich massacre]] are not released\n        from prison in West Germany. The demands are accepted, leading to fierce condemnation\n        by Israel.{{cite news|last=Greenfeter|first=Yael|title=Israel\n        in shock as Munich killers freed|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/israel-in-shock-as-munich-killers-freed-1.322811|accessdate=27\n        July 2013|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=4 November 2010}}\\n* [[October\n        30]]\\n** U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] approves legislation to increase\n        [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] spending by US$5.3 billion.\\n**\n        A [[Metra Electric|commuter train]] collision in Chicago kills 45, injures\n        hundreds.\\n\\n=== November ===\\n{{Main article|November 1972}}\\n[[File:1972\n        Electoral Map.png|thumb|[[Richard Nixon]]''s [[landslide victory]] in the\n        electoral college during the [[U.S. presidential election, 1972|1972 Election]].]]\\n[[File:PongVideoGameCabinet.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[arcade game|arcade]] version of ''''[[Pong]]'''' is released.]]\\n* November\\n**\n        At a scientific meeting in [[Honolulu]], [[Herbert Boyer]] and [[Stanley N.\n        Cohen]] conceive the concept of [[recombinant DNA]]. They publish their results\n        in November 1973 in [[PNAS]]. Separately in 1972, [[Paul Berg]] also recombines\n        DNA in a test tube. Recombinant DNA technology has dramatically changed the\n        field of biological sciences, especially [[biotechnology]], and opened the\n        door to [[genetically modified organisms]].\\n** The [[Saitama Seibu Lions#Nishitetsu\n        Lions (1951\\u20131972)|Nishitetsu Lions]] baseball club, part of the [[Nippon\n        Professional Baseball|NPB]]''s [[Pacific League]], is sold to the [[Fukuoka\n        Baseball Corporation]], a subsidiary of [[Nishi-Nippon Railroad]]. The team\n        is renamed the Taiheiyo Club Lions.\\n* [[November 5]] \\u2013 A group of Amerindians\n        occupies the Bureau of Indian Affairs.\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[U.S. presidential\n        election, 1972]]: [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] incumbent\n        [[Richard Nixon]] defeats [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator\n        [[George McGovern]] in a landslide (the election had the lowest voter turnout\n        since 1948, with only 55 percent of the electorate voting).\\n* [[November\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]] \\u2013 [[Vietnamization]]: The [[United States\n        Army]] turns over the massive Long Binh military base to [[South Vietnam]].\\n*\n        [[November 14]] \\u2013 The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] closes above 1,000\n        (1,003.16) for the first time.\\n* [[November 16]] \\u2013 The [[United Nations\n        Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] adopts the Convention\n        Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage{{cite\n        web | title = Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and\n        Natural Heritage | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/ | author\n        = UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)\n        | publisher = UNESCO World Heritage Centre| accessdate = 17 October 2012|\n        date = 16 November 1972}}\\n* [[November 19]] \\u2013 [[Se\\u00e1n Mac\n        St\\u00edof\\u00e1in]], a leader of the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]],\n        is arrested in [[Dublin]] after giving an interview to [[Raidi\\u00f3 Teilif\\u00eds\n        \\u00c9ireann|RT\\u00c9]].\\n* [[November 22]] \\u2013 [[Vietnam War]]: The United\n        States loses its first [[B-52 Stratofortress]] of the war.\\n* [[November 28]]\n        \\u2013 The last executions in Paris, France. Roger Bontems and Claude Buffet\n        \\u2013 the Clairvaux Mutineers \\u2013 are guillotined at [[La Sant\\u00e9 Prison]]\n        by chief executioner [[Andr\\u00e9 Obrecht]] . Bontems had been found innocent\n        of murder by the court, but as Buffet''s accomplice is condemned to death\n        anyway. President [[Georges Pompidou]], in private an abolitionist, upholds\n        both death sentences in deference to French public opinion.\\n* [[November\n        29]]\\n** [[Atari Games|Atari]] kicks off the first generation of [[video game]]s\n        with the release of their seminal [[arcade game|arcade]] version of ''''[[Pong]]'''',\n        the first game to achieve commercial success.\\n** The \\\"tea house\\\" Mellow\n        Yellow opens on the [[Amstel|Amstel River]] in [[Amsterdam]], pioneering the\n        legal sale of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] in the Netherlands.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/book/nov29.html |title=*\\u00d8* Wilson''s\n        Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | November 29 | International\n        Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People Die Gr\\u00fcnen Petra Kelly\n        |publisher=Wilsonsalmanac.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17}}\\n* [[November\n        30]]\\n** Vietnam War: [[White House]] Press Secretary [[Ron Ziegler]] tells\n        the press that there will be no more public announcements concerning United\n        States troop withdrawals from [[Vietnam]], due to the fact that troop levels\n        are now down to 27,000.\\n** [[Cod War#The Second Cod War|Cod War]]: British\n        [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]]\n        Sir [[Alec Douglas-Home]] says that [[Royal Navy]] ships will be stationed\n        to protect British trawlers off [[Iceland]].\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main article|December\n        1972}}\\n* [[December 2]] \\u2013 [[Edward Gough Whitlam]] becomes the first\n        [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] [[Prime Minister of Australia]] for\n        23 years. He is sworn in on 5 December and his first action using executive\n        power is to withdraw all Australian personnel from the [[Vietnam War]].\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** ''''[[Apollo 17]]'''' ([[Gene Cernan]], [[Ronald Evans\n        (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]], [[Harrison Schmitt]]), the last manned [[Moon]]\n        mission to date, is launched and \\\"[[The Blue Marble]]\\\" photograph of the\n        [[Earth]] is taken.\\n** The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] kidnaps\n        [[Jean McConville]] in [[Belfast]].\\n** [[Imelda Marcos]] is stabbed and seriously\n        wounded by an assailant; her bodyguards shoot him.\\n* [[December 8]]\\n** [[United\n        Airlines Flight 553]] crashes short of the runway, killing 43 of 61 passengers\n        and 2 people on the ground.\\n** Over $10,000 cash is found in the purse of\n        [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] conspirator [[Howard Hunt]]''s wife.\\n** [[International\n        Human Rights Day]] is proclaimed by the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December\n        11]]\\u2013 [[Apollo 17]] lands on the [[Moon]].\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] is the last person to walk on the moon,\n        after he and [[Harrison Schmitt]] complete the third and final [[Extra-vehicular\n        activity]] (EVA) of [[Apollo 17]]. This is the last manned mission to the\n        moon of the 20th century.\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** The Commonwealth of Australia\n        ordains equal pay for women.\\n** The [[United Nations Environment Programme]]\n        is established as a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December\n        16]]\\n** The [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] comes into effect.\\n** The Portuguese\n        army kills 400 Africans in [[Tete]], [[Mozambique]].\\n* [[December 19]] \\u2013\n        [[Apollo program]]: ''''[[Apollo 17]]'''' returns to [[Earth]], concluding\n        the program of lunar exploration.\\n* [[December 21]]\\n** [[East Germany]]\n        and West Germany recognize each other.\\n** [[ZANLA]] troopers attack Altera\n        Farm in north-east [[Rhodesia]].\\n* [[December 22]]\\n** Australia establishes\n        diplomatic relations with China and East Germany.\\n** A peace delegation that\n        includes singer-activist [[Joan Baez]] and human rights attorney [[Telford\n        Taylor]] visit [[Hanoi]] to deliver Christmas mail to American [[prisoners\n        of war]] (they will be caught in the [[Operation Linebacker II|Christmas bombing\n        of North Vietnam]]).\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** The 6.2 {{m|w|link=y}} [[1972\n        Nicaragua earthquake|Nicaragua earthquake]] kills 5,000\\u201311,000 people\n        in the capital [[Managua]]. President [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] is later\n        accused of not distributing millions of dollars worth of [[foreign aid]].\\n**\n        The Pittsburgh Steelers win their first ever post-season [[NFL]] game, defeating\n        the Oakland Raiders 13\\u20137, on a last second play that becomes known as\n        The [[Immaculate Reception]].\\n** Swedish [[Prime minister of Sweden|Prime\n        minister]] [[Olof Palme]] compares the American bombings of North [[Vietnam]]\n        to [[Nazism|Nazi]] massacres. The U.S. breaks [[Sweden\\u2013United States\n        relations|diplomatic contact]] with Sweden.\\n* [[December 25]] \\u2013 The\n        [[Operation Linebacker II|Christmas bombing of North Vietnam]] causes widespread\n        criticism of the U.S. and President [[Richard Nixon]].\\n* [[December 26]]\n        \\u2013 Former [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Harry\n        S. Truman]] dies in [[Kansas City, Missouri]].\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 The\n        bones of [[Martin Bormann]] are identified in Berlin.\\n* [[December 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 401]] crashes into the [[Everglades]] in Florida,\n        killing 101 of 176 on board. It is the first [[hull-loss]] of a [[wide-body\n        aircraft]].\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Roberto Clemente]] dies in a plane crash\n        off the coast of [[Puerto Rico]] while en route to deliver aid to Nicaraguan\n        earthquake victims.\\n** For the first and last time, a 2nd [[leap second]]\n        is added (23:59:60) to a year, making 1972 366 days and two seconds long,\n        the longest year ever within the context of [[UTC]].\\n** The US ban on the\n        pesticide [[DDT]] takes effect.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* The ''''International\n        Year of the Book'''' is designated by [[UNESCO]].\\n* The [[1972 Yugoslav smallpox\n        outbreak|last major epidemic of smallpox in Europe]] breaks out in [[Yugoslavia]].\\n*\n        The United Kingdom begin to train [[Special Air Service]] for anti-terrorist\n        duties in response to the [[Munich massacre]]\\n* The first women are admitted\n        to [[Dartmouth College]] in the United States.\\n* [[Colombia]]n looters find\n        [[Ciudad Perdida]] but keep it a secret until the government reveals it in\n        [[1975]].\\n* The [[Yellow River]] dries up for the first time in known history.\\n*\n        Worship of [[List of Germanic deities|Norse gods]] is officially approved\n        in [[Iceland]].\\n* The [[Climatic Research Unit]] is founded by climatologist\n        [[Hubert Lamb]] at the [[University of East Anglia]].\\n* The [[Socialist Federal\n        Republic of Yugoslavia]] bans the cultural organization [[Matica hrvatska]],\n        founded in 1842.\\n* The German company [[SAP AG]] is founded.\\n* [[Kadir Nurman]]\n        introduces a sandwich made with [[d\\u00f6ner kebab]] meat as a fast-food item\n        in Berlin.{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24685617|title=Doner\n        kebab ''inventor'' Kadir Nurman dies in Berlin|date=26 October 2013|work=[[BBC\n        News]]|accessdate=2013-10-27}}{{cite\n        web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/oct/28/kadir-nurman-invent-doner-kebab\n        |title=Did Kadir Nurman really invent the doner kebab? |author=James Ramsden\n        |date=October 28, 2013 |website=The Guardian |accessdate=May 6, 2016}}\\n*\n        [[Burt Reynolds]] poses nude for the centerfold of the April edition of [[Cosmopolitan\n        (magazine)]].\\n* Film director [[Stanley Kubrick]] asks [[Warner Bros.]] to\n        withdraw ''''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'''' from exhibition\n        in the UK following death threats made against his family. The film does not\n        receive a public viewing in the country for another 27 years.\\n* [[Motown]]\n        moves all of its operations from [[Detroit]] to [[Los Angeles]] in June.\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Lilian Thuram - F\\u00e9vrier 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lilian\n        Thuram]]]]\\n[[File:Jang Seo-hee at The Exhibition of Three Korean Artists\n        at Today Art Museum in Beijing, China.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jang Seo-hee]]]]\\n[[File:Sakis\n        Rouvas in Moscow.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sakis Rouvas]]]]\\n[[File:Amanda Peet September\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amanda Peet]]]]\\n[[File:Claudia Winkleman.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Claudia\n        Winkleman]]]]\\n[[File:Take That (3604354113).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Owen]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Yoon Chan]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Jennifer Hale]],\n        American voice actress\\n** [[Barron Miles]], Canadian defensive back for the\n        [[BC Lions]] in the [[Canadian Football League|CFL]]\\n** [[Lilian Thuram]],\n        French football player\\n* [[January 4]] \\u2013 [[Brad Zavisha]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Jang Seo-hee]], South Korean actress\\n**\n        [[Sakis Rouvas]], Greek recording, film and television artist; model; businessman\n        and former pole vaulter\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Mat Hoffman]], American\n        BMX rider\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Thomas Alsgaard]], Norwegian cross-country\n        skier\\n* [[January 11]] \\u2013 [[Amanda Peet]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        12]] \\u2013 [[Espen Knutsen]], Norwegian hockey player\\n* [[January 13]]\\n**\n        [[Nicole Eggert]], American actress\\n** [[Yukiko Iwai]], Japanese voice actress\\n**\n        [[Vitaly Scherbo]], Belarusian gymnast\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Il Mi Chung]],\n        South Korean golfer\\n** [[Claudia Winkleman]], British television presenter\\n**\n        [[Yang Yong-eun]], South Korean golfer\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Ruben Bagger]],\n        Danish footballer\\n** [[Ang Christou]], Australian rules footballer\\n** [[Dameon\n        Clarke]], Canadian actor and voice actor\\n** [[Yuri Alekseevich Drozdov]],\n        Russian footballer\\n** [[Ezra Hendrickson]], Vincentian footballer\\n** [[Salah\n        Hissou]], Moroccan long-distance runner\\n** [[Joe Horn]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Greg Page (musician)|Greg Page]], Australian musician and actor\\n**\n        [[Alen Peternac]], Croatian footballer\\n* [[January 17]] \\u2013 [[Ken Hirai]],\n        Japanese singer and songwriter\\n* [[January 18]] \\u2013 [[Mike Lieberthal]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[January 19]] \\u2013 [[Angham]], Egyptian singer,\n        record producer and actress\\n* [[January 20]] - [[Nikki Haley]], Indian-American\n        politician, [[Governor of South Carolina]] since 2010 and nominee for [[U.S.\n        Ambassador to the United Nations]]\\n* [[January 21]] \\u2013 [[Billel Dziri]],\n        Algerian footballer\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** [[Gabriel Macht]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Romi Park]], Japanese [[Voice acting in Japan|voice actress]]\\n* [[January\n        23]]\\n** [[Ewen Bremner]], Scottish actor\\n** [[Marcel Wouda]], Dutch swimmer\\n*\n        [[January 27]]\\n** [[Wynne Evans]], Welsh operatic tenor\\n** [[Mark Owen]],\n        British pop singer ([[Take That]])\\n** [[Keith Wood]], Irish rugby player\\n*\n        [[January 29]] \\u2013 [[Matt Brandstein]], American writer\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Dana\n        International Euro 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dana International]]]]\\n[[File:Robyn\n        Lively - November 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robyn Lively]]]]\\n[[File:Jaromir\n        Jagr Prague.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jarom\\u00edr J\\u00e1gr]]]]\\n[[File:RiP2013 GreenDay\n        Billie Joe Armstrong 0021.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Billie Joe Armstrong]]]]\\n[[File:Valeria\n        Mazza.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Valeria Mazza]]]]\\n[[File:Alexandra Timoshenko 1992\n        Alicante.PNG|thumb|100px|[[Olexandra Timoshenko]]]]\\n[[File:Keith Ferguson\n        - VO Actor.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith Ferguson (voice actor)|Keith Ferguson]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]]\\n** [[Dana International]], Israeli transsexual singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1998 winner\\n** [[Kl\\u00e1ra Dobrev]], wife of Hungarian Prime\n        Minister [[Ferenc Gyurcs\\u00e1ny]]\\n** [[Hendrick Ramaala]], South African\n        long-distance runner\\n** [[Hisashi (musician)|Hisashi Tonomura]], Japanese\n        musician\\n* [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[Jesper Kyd]], Danish video game composer\\n*\n        [[February 4]] \\u2013 [[Giovanni Silva de Oliveira]], Brazilian footballer\\n*\n        [[February 5]]\\n** [[Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark]]\\n** [[Koriki Ch\\u014dsh\\u016b]],\n        Japanese comedian\\n* [[February 7]] \\u2013 [[Robyn Lively]], American actress\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\u2013 [[Big Show]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[February\n        9]]\\n** [[Crispin Freeman]], American voice actor\\n** [[Norbert R\\u00f3zsa]],\n        Hungarian swimmer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Craig Jones (musician)|Craig Jones]],\n        American musician\\n** [[Steve McManaman]], British footballer\\n** [[Kelly\n        Slater]], American professional surfer\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Drew Bledsoe]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]], American\n        singer-songwriter ([[Matchbox Twenty]])\\n* [[February 15]] \\u2013 [[Jarom\\u00edr\n        J\\u00e1gr]], Czech hockey player\\n* [[February 16]] \\u2013 [[Jerome Bettis]],\n        American football player\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Billie Joe Armstrong]],\n        American rock musician and lead singer/guitarist ([[Green Day]])\\n** [[Philippe\n        Candeloro]], French figure skater\\n** [[Yuki Isoya]], Japanese singer\\n**\n        [[Valeria Mazza]], Argentinean model and businesswoman\\n* [[February 18]]\n        \\u2013 [[Olexandra Timoshenko]], Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast\\n* [[February\n        19]] \\u2013 [[Malky Mackay]], Scottish footballer\\n* [[February 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Seo Taiji]], Korean musician\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Michael Chang]], American\n        tennis player\\n** [[Claudia Pechstein]], German speed-skater\\n* [[February\n        24]]\\n** [[Pooja Bhatt]], Indian actress\\n** [[Richard Chelimo]], Kenyan athlete\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[February 25]] \\u2013 [[Jaak Mae]], Estonian cross-country\n        skier\\n* [[February 26]] \\u2013 [[Keith Ferguson (voice actor)|Keith Ferguson]],\n        American voice actor\\n* [[February 29]]\\n** [[Antonio Sab\\u00e0to, Jr.]],\n        Italian actor\\n** [[Dave Williams (singer)|Dave Williams]], American musician\n        and singer of [[Drowning Pool]] (d. [[2002]])\\n** [[Saul Williams]], American\n        singer, poet and actor\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Shaquille O''Neal in 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Shaquille\n        O''Neal]]]]\\n[[File:Leigh-Allyn Baker February 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leigh-Allyn\n        Baker]]]]\\n[[File:9.13.11CommonByLuigiNovi2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Common (rapper)|Common]]]]\\n[[File:Mark\n        Hoppus 2004.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mark Hoppus]]]]\\n[[File:Dane Cook ComicCon (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Dane\n        Cook]]]]\\n[[File:Nick Frost by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nick Frost]]]]\\n*\n        [[March 3]] \\u2013 [[Darren Anderton]], English footballer\\n* [[March 4]]\\n**\n        [[Nocturno Culto]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Pae Gil-su]], North Korean gymnast\\n**\n        [[Ivy Queen]], Puerto Rican-American actress, singer-songwriter and record\n        producer\\n** [[Jos Verstappen]], Dutch race car driver\\n* [[March 6]]\\n**\n        [[Shaquille O''Neal]], African-American basketball player\\n** [[Jaret Reddick]],\n        American singer-songwriter and guitarist\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Ronald Cheng]],\n        Hong Kong singer and actor\\n** [[Spencer Howson]], Australian radio announcer\\n**\n        [[Travis Lane Stork]], American emergency room physician and television personality\\n**\n        [[Kerr Smith]], American actor\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Takashi Fujii]] (Matthew\n        Minami), Japanese television performer\\n** [[Matt Kenseth]], American race\n        car driver\\n** [[Michael Lucas (director)|Michael Lucas]], Russian gay pornographic\n        actor and director\\n** [[Timbaland]], American record producer, songwriter\n        and rapper\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Leigh-Allyn Baker]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Common (rapper)|Common]], African-American rapper and actor\\n** [[Trent\n        Dilfer]], American football player\\n* [[March 15]] \\u2013 [[Mark Hoppus]],\n        American musician\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Mia Hamm]], American soccer player\\n**\n        [[Paige Hemmis]], American television personality\\n* [[March 18]] \\u2013 [[Dane\n        Cook]], American comedian\\n* [[March 21]]\\n** [[Chris Candido]], American\n        professional wrestler (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Bal\\u00e1zs Kiss]], Hungarian Olympic\n        athlete\\n** [[Derartu Tulu]], Ethiopian long-distance runner\\n* [[March 22]]\\n**\n        [[Shawn Bradley]], American basketball player\\n** [[Cory Lidle]], American\n        baseball player (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Elvis Stojko]], Canadian figure skater\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Joe Calzaghe]], Welsh boxer\\n** [[Judith Godr\\u00e8che]],\n        French actress\\n* [[March 26]] \\u2013 [[Leslie Mann]], American actress and\n        comedian\\n* [[March 27]]\\n** [[Ignacio Garrido]], Spanish golfer\\n** [[Charlie\n        Haas]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink]], Dutch\n        footballer\\n** [[Ben Richards (actor)|Ben Richards]], British actor, better\n        known for his role in ''''[[The Bill]]''''\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Nick Frost]],\n        English actor, comedian and screenwriter\\n** [[Eby J. Jose]], Indian journalist\n        and human rights activist\\n* [[March 29]]\\n** [[Hera Bj\\u00f6rk]], Icelandic\n        singer\\n** [[Junichi Suwabe]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[March 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Karel Poborsk\\u00fd]], Czech Republic football player\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Peaketim.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tim\n        Peake]]]]\\n[[File:Jennifer Garner 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jennifer Garner]]]]\\n[[File:Carmen\n        Electra 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carmen Electra]]]]\\n[[File:\\u017deljko Joksimovi\\u0107\n        (Eurovision Song Contest 2012) 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[\\u017deljko Joksimovi\\u0107]]]]\\n*\n        [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Jennie Garth]], American actress\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Tag\n        Adams]], American pornographic film actor\\n** [[Bastian Pastewka]], German\n        comedian and actor\\n** [[Lisa Ray]], Canadian model and actress\\n* [[April\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Junko Takeuchi]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[April 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Jason Hervey]], American actor\\n* [[April 8]]\\n** [[Ariel Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (boxer)|Ariel Hernandez]], Cuban boxer\\n** [[Sung Kang]], Korean actor\\n*\n        [[April 7]] \\u2013 [[Tim Peake]], British astronaut.\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Bernard Ackah]], Ivorian mixed martial artist and comedian\\n* [[April 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Vincent Zhao]], Chinese actor and martial artist\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**\n        [[Balls Mahoney]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Jason\n        Varitek]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 12]] \\u2013 [[\\u015eebnem Ferah]],\n        Turkish singer and songwriter\\n* [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Mariusz Czerkawski]],\n        Polish ice hockey player\\n* [[April 14]] \\u2013 [[Dean Potter]], American\n        free climber (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[April 15]] \\u2013 [[Arturo Gatti]], Canadian\n        boxer (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Conchita Mart\\u00ednez]], Spanish\n        tennis player\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** [[Tony Boselli]], American football player\\n**\n        [[Jennifer Garner]], American actress\\n** [[Muttiah Muralitharan]], Sri Lankan\n        cricketer\\n** [[Terran Sandwith]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[April 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rivaldo]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[April 20]]\\n** [[L\\u00ea Hu\\u1ef3nh\n        \\u0110\\u1ee9c]], Vietnamese footballer\\n** [[Carmen Electra]], American actress\n        and singer\\n** [[\\u017deljko Joksimovi\\u0107]], Serbian singer, composer songwriter,\n        multi-instrumentalist and producer\\n** [[Marko Kon]], Serbian composer, producer\n        and singer\\n** [[Stephen Marley (musician)|Stephen Marley]], Jamaican-American\n        musician\\n* [[April 23]] \\u2013 [[Choky Ice]], Hungarian porn actor\\n* [[April\n        24]]\\n** [[Chad I Ginsburg]], American musician and record producer ([[CKY\n        (band)|CKY]])\\n** [[Chipper Jones]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Avi Nimni]], Israeli footballer\\n* [[April 29]] \\u2013 [[Fredrik\n        Kempe]], Swedish songwriter and opera and pop singer\\n* [[April 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Takako Tokiwa]], Japanese actress\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Dwayne Johnson 2,\n        2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dwayne Johnson]]]]\\n[[File:Ray Whitney.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray\n        Whitney (ice hockey)|Ray Whitney]]]]\\n[[File:Daniela Siliva\\u015f 1987.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Daniela\n        Silivas]]]]\\n[[File:Khary Payton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Khary\n        Payton]]]]\\n[[File:Alison Eastwood 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alison Eastwood]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]] \\u2013 [[Julie Benz]], American actress\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[Paul\n        Adcock]], English footballer\\n** [[Dwayne Johnson]], American professional\n        wrestler and actor\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Vyacheslav Kozlov]], Russian hockey\n        player\\n* [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Mike Dirnt]], American rock musician and bassist\n        ([[Green Day]])\\n* [[May 5]] \\u2013 [[James Cracknell]], British Olympic winning\n        rower\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** [[Janne Blomqvist]], Finnish swimmer\\n** [[Martin Brodeur]],\n        Canadian hockey goaltender\\n** [[Naoko Takahashi]], Japanese long-distance\n        runner\\n* [[May 7]] \\u2013 [[Asghar Farhadi]], Iranian film director\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** [[Darren Hayes]], Australian musician\\n** [[Ray Whitney (ice hockey)|Ray\n        Whitney]], Canadian former NHL player\\n* [[May 9]]\\n** [[Lisa Ann]], American\n        pornographic actress\\n** [[Daniela Siliva\\u0219]], Romanian gymnast\\n* [[May\n        10]]\\n** [[Rados\\u0142aw Majdan]], Polish goalkeeper\\n** [[Katja Seizinger]],\n        German alpine skier\\n* [[May 14]] \\u2013 [[Amma Asante (politician)|Amma Asante]],\n        Dutch politician\\n* [[May 15]] \\u2013 [[Richard Blackwood]], English comedian,\n        actor and rapper\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Derek Mears]], American actor/stuntman\\n**\n        [[Khary Payton]], American actor\\n* [[May 17]]\\n** [[Tyson Cane]], American\n        gay pornographic actor\\n** [[Roman Genn]], Russian artist\\n* [[May 19]]\\n**\n        [[Jenny Berggren]], Swedish rock singer ([[Ace of Base]])\\n** [[Claudia Karvan]],\n        Australian actress\\n** [[Stephanie Nadolny]], American voice actress and singer\\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Andreas Lundstedt]], Swedish singer and actor ([[Alcazar\n        (band)|Alcazar]])\\n** [[Busta Rhymes]], African-American rapper and actor\\n*\n        [[May 21]]\\n** [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], African-American rapper (d. [[1997]])\\n**\n        [[Kaoru Fujino]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Max Brooks]],\n        American horror author and screenwriter\\n** [[Alison Eastwood]], American\n        actress\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Rubens Barrichello]], Brazilian race car driver\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Karan Johar]], Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter\\n**\n        [[Jules Jordan]], American pornographic movie director, actor, and producer\\n*\n        [[May 26]] \\u2013 [[Ahmad Dhani]], Indonesian rock musician, songwriter, arranger,\n        and producer\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 [[Michael Boogerd]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[May\n        29]] \\u2013 [[Stanislas Renoult]], French singer\\n* [[May 30]] \\u2013 [[Manny\n        Ram\\u00edrez]], Dominican baseball player\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Frode Estil]],\n        Norwegian cross-country skier\\n** [[Dave Roberts (outfielder)|Dave Roberts]],\n        American baseball player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Wayne Brady 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wayne\n        Brady]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Urban by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Urban]]]]\\n[[File:Ricardo\n        RikRok Ducent.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rikrok]]]]\\n[[File:C. H. Greenblatt SDCC 2009\n        (crop 2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[C. H. Greenblatt]]]]\\n[[File:Jean Dujardin C\\u00e9sars\n        2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean Dujardin]]]]\\n[[File:XII Prix Di\\u00e1logo (18485723248)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zinedine Zidane]]]]\\n[[File:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0442\\u044b\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0430\\u044f\n        \\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u044f.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria Butyrskaya]]]]\\n* [[June\n        1]] \\u2013 [[Rick Gomez]], American actor\\n* [[June 2]]\\n** [[Wayne Brady]],\n        African-American comedian\\n** [[Wentworth Miller]], American actor and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[June 4]]\\n** [[Derian Hatcher]], American ice hockey player\\n** [[Debra\n        Stephenson]], English actress\\n** [[Stoja]], Serbian [[pop-folk]] singer\\n*\n        [[June 5]]\\n** [[Mike Bucci]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Pawe\\u0142\n        Kotla]], Polish conductor\\n** [[Chokoleit]], Filipino comedian and actor\\n*\n        [[June 6]] \\u2013 [[Cristina Scabbia]], Italian singer\\n* [[June 7]] \\u2013\n        [[Karl Urban]], New Zealand actor\\n* [[June 8]] \\u2013 [[Chapman To]], Hong\n        Kong actor\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Steven Fischer]], American film producer\n        and director\\n* [[June 14]] \\u2013 [[Matthias Ettrich]], German computer scientist\\n*\n        [[June 15]] \\u2013 [[Andy Pettitte]], American baseball player\\n* [[June 16]]\n        \\u2013 [[John Cho]], Korean-American actor and musician\\n* [[June 17]]\\n**\n        [[Rikrok]], British-Jamaican singer\\n** [[Iztok \\u010cop]], Slovenian rower\\n**\n        [[C. H. Greenblatt]], American animator\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Infernus|Roger\n        \\\"Infernus\\\" Tiegs]], Norwegian black metal musician, original member of [[Gorgoroth]]\\n*\n        [[June 19]]\\n** [[Jean Dujardin]], French actor, comedian, and film director\\n**\n        [[Rayveness]], American porn actress\\n* [[June 20]] \\u2013 [[Shane Hamman]],\n        American Olympic weightlifter and powerlifter\\n* [[June 21]] \\u2013 [[Irene\n        van Dyk]], South African and New Zealand netball player\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013\n        [[Miguel del Toro]], Mexican baseball player\\n* [[June 23]] \\u2013 [[Zinedine\n        Zidane]], French footballer\\n* [[June 24]]\\n** [[Robbie McEwen]], Australian\n        professional road bicycle racer\\n** [[Denis \\u017dvegelj]], Slovenian rower\\n*\n        [[June 25]] \\u2013 [[Carlos Delgado]], Puerto Rican baseball player\\n* [[June\n        28]]\\n** [[Maria Butyrskaya]], Russian figure skater\\n** [[Jon Heidenreich]],\n        American professional wrestler\\n* [[June 29]]\\n** [[Samantha Smith]], American\n        peace activist (d. [[1985]])\\n** [[Nawal Al Zoghbi]], Lebanese singer\\n* [[June\n        30]] \\u2013 [[Molly Parker]], Canadian actress\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Robert-esmie.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert\n        Esmie]]]]\\n[[File:Sof\\u00eda Vergara May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sof\\u00eda\n        Vergara]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew Holness cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew Holness]]]]\\n[[File:Maya\n        Rudolph.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maya Rudolph]]]]\\n[[File:6.29.13WilWheatonByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wil\n        Wheaton]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] - [[Darren Shan]], British author\\n* [[July 3]]\n        \\u2013 [[Asha Gill]], British-born television host\\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Alexei\n        Shirov]], Spanish chess Grandmaster\\n** [[Craig Spearman]], New Zealand cricketer\\n*\n        [[July 5]] -- [[Robert Esmie]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013\n        [[Mark Gasser]], British concert pianist\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** [[Stoney Case]],\n        American football player\\n** [[Lisa Leslie]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[July 8]] \\u2013 [[Sourav Ganguly]], Indian cricketer\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**\n        [[Sof\\u00eda Vergara]], Colombian actress and model\\n** [[Tilo Wolff]], German\n        musician\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Travis Best]], American basketball player\\n**\n        [[Jake Wood]], English actor\\n* [[July 13]]\\n** [[Justin Edwards (actor)|Justin\n        Edwards]], English actor and writer\\n** [[Sean Waltman]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n* [[July 14]] \\u2013 [[Masami Suzuki]], Japanese voice actress\\n*\n        [[July 18]] \\u2013 [[Fredrik \\u00c5kesson]], Swedish guitarist\\n* [[July 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Daedalus Howell]], American writer and filmmaker\\n* [[July 21]] \\u2013\n        [[Catherine Ndereba]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Andrew\n        Holness]], 9th [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]]\\n** [[Keyshawn Johnson]], American\n        football player\\n* [[July 23]] \\u2013 [[Marlon Wayans]], American actor, comedian,\n        producer, and screenwriter\\n* [[July 26]] \\u2013 [[Nathan Buckley]], Australian\n        rules footballer\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Takako Fuji]], Japanese actress\\n**\n        [[Maya Rudolph]], American actress, comedian\\n** [[Takashi Shimizu]], Japanese\n        director\\n** [[Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]], Malaysian orthopaedic surgeon and\n        the first commercial astronaut\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Berkley]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Yum Jung-ah]], South Korean actress\\n* [[July 29]] \\u2013 [[Wil\n        Wheaton]], American actor\\n* [[July 31]] \\u2013 [[Tami Stronach]], Iranian-born\n        dancer and former actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:D-Von Dudley WrestleMania\n        32 Axxess.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Devon Hughes]]]]\\n[[File:Geri Halliwell attends\n        New Year''s Eve Party.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Geri Halliwell]]]]\\n[[File:Ben Affleck\n        by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ben Affleck]]]]\\n[[File:Denise Lewis\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Denise Lewis]]]]\\n[[File:CameronDiazByCarolineRenouard2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Cameron\n        Diaz]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Marc Costanzo]], Canadian musician\\n** [[Devon\n        Hughes]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[August 2]]\\n** [[Chris Bender\n        (singer)|Chris Bender]], American musician (d. [[1991]])\\n** [[Kelly Richardson]],\n        Canadian contemporary artist\\n* [[August 3]] \\u2013 [[Patrik Isaksson (singer)|Patrik\n        Isaksson]], Swedish singer and songwriter\\n* [[August 6]] \\u2013 [[Geri Halliwell]],\n        British pop singer ([[Spice Girls]])\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Sarah Cawood]],\n        British television presenter\\n** [[Karen Disher]], American voice actress\\n**\n        [[Brad Patton]], Swedish pornographic actor\\n* [[August 9]] \\u2013 [[A-mei]],\n        Taiwanese singer\\n* [[August 10]] \\u2013 [[Angie Harmon]], American actress\\n*\n        [[August 11]] \\u2013 [[Jonathon Prandi]], American model and actor\\n* [[August\n        12]]\\n** [[Demir Demirkan]], Turkish rock musician and songwriter\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Coachman]], American World Wrestling Entertainment announcer\\n* [[August 13]]\n        \\u2013 [[Kevin Plank]], American entrepreneur ([[Under Armour]])\\n* [[August\n        14]]\\n** [[Takako Honda]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Yoo Jae-suk]], South\n        Korean comedian and television comedy show host\\n** [[Ed O''Bannon]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[August 15]]\\n** [[Ben Affleck]], American actor and\n        film director\\n** [[Mikey Graham]], Irish singer ([[Boyzone]])\\n** [[Jonathan\n        Slinger]], British actor\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Frankie Boyle]], Scottish\n        comedian\\n** [[Emily Robison]], American country music performer ([[Dixie\n        Chicks]])\\n* [[August 17]] \\u2013 [[Ken Ryker]], American pornographic actor\\n*\n        [[August 18]] \\u2013 [[Leo Ku]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[August 19]]\n        \\u2013 [[Sammi Cheng]], Hong Kong singer and actress\\n* [[August 20]] \\u2013\n        [[Chaney Kley]], American actor (d. [[2007]])\\n* [[August 23]] \\u2013 [[Anthony\n        Calvillo]], Canadian Football League quarterback\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Marvin\n        Harrison]], American football player\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Samar Kokash]],\n        Syrian actress and voice actress\\n* [[August 27]]\\n** [[Denise Lewis]], English\n        track and field athlete,\\n** [[Jimmy Pop]], American musician\\n** [[Mike Smith\n        (actor)|Mike Smith]], Canadian actor\\n** [[The Great Khali]], ([[Dalip Singh\n        Rana]]), Indian promoter, actor, powerlifter and professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[August 29]] \\u2013 [[Bae Yong-joon]], South Korean actor\\n* [[August 30]]\\n**\n        [[Cameron Diaz]], American actress\\n** [[Pavel Nedv\\u011bd]], Czech footballer\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Idris\n        Elba 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Idris Elba]]]]\\n[[File:Natasha Kaplinsky 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natasha\n        Kaplinsky]]]]\\n[[File:Jimmy Carr, 2015-04-13 3 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy\n        Carr]]]]\\n[[File:Vebjorn Rodal Klabu2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vebj\\u00f8rn Rodal]]]]\\n[[File:Liam\n        Gallagher.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liam Gallagher]]]]\\n[[File:Karl Pilkington 2008\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Pilkington]]]]\\n[[File:GwynethPaltrowByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gwyneth\n        Paltrow]]]]\\n[[File:Dita Von Teese at Cannes 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dita Von\n        Teese]]]]\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Sergejs \\u017doltoks]], Latvian hockey\n        player (d. [[2004]])\\n* [[September 4]] \\u2013 [[Fran\\u00e7oise Yip]], Chinese-Canadian\n        actress\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Idris Elba]], English actor\\n** [[Martin\n        Gooch]], English filmmaker\\n** [[Anika Noni Rose]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        7]] \\u2013 [[Sean Daley]], American hip-hop musician ([[Atmosphere (music\n        group)|Atmosphere]])\\n* [[September 8]]\\n** [[Lisa Kennedy Montgomery]], American\n        disc jockey and political satirist\\n** [[Os du Randt]], South African rugby\n        player\\n** [[Tomokazu Seki]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[September 9]] \\u2013\n        [[Natasha Kaplinsky]], English newsreader\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Sara Groves]],\n        American Christian musician\\n** [[Bledar Sejko]], Albanian guitarist, composer,\n        and singer\\n** [[Ghada Shouaa]], Syrian athlete\\n** [[Rio Tahara]], Japanese\n        snowboarder\\n* [[September 12]] \\u2013 [[Budi Putra]], Indonesian journalist,\n        writer and blogger\\n* [[September 13]] \\u2013 [[Kelly Chen]], Hong Kong actress\n        and singer\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Queen Letizia of Spain]]\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Carr]], British comedian\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Sprent Dabwido]], Nauruan\n        politician\\n** [[Alessandro Nunziati|Alessandro \\\"Lord Vampyr\\\" Nunziati]],\n        Italian singer, record producer and writer ([[Theatres des Vampires]], [[Cain\n        (band)|Cain]], [[Lord Vampyr''s Shadowsreign]])\\n** [[Vebj\\u00f8rn Rodal]],\n        Norwegian Olympic athlete\\n* [[September 17]] \\u2013 [[Bobby Lee]], Asian-American\n        comedian\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jim Druckenmiller]], National Football\n        League quarterback\\n** [[Ashot Nadanian]], Armenian chess player, theoretician\n        and coach\\n* [[September 21]]\\n** [[Liam Gallagher]], British singer ([[Oasis\n        (band)|Oasis]])\\n** [[Jon Kitna]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        20]] \\u2013 [[Sergio Di Zio]], Canadian actor\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Dana\n        Vespoli]], American porn actress and director\\n** [[Matthew Rush (pornographic\n        actor)|Matthew Rush]], American gay pornographic actor\\n* [[September 23]]\\n**\n        [[Ana Marie Cox]], American author and blogger\\n** [[Karl Pilkington]], English\n        radio producer\\n* [[September 24]] \\u2013 [[Karyn Bosnak]], American author\\n*\n        [[September 26]] \\u2013 [[Shawn Stockman]], American singer and musician ([[Boyz\n        II Men]])\\n* [[September 27]]\\n** [[Sylvia Crawley]], American basketball\n        player\\n** [[Gwyneth Paltrow]], American actress\\n* [[September 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Dita Von Teese]], American [[burlesque]] artist\\n* [[September 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Robert Webb]], comedian and actor\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Ari Behn]],\n        Norwegian author\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Lima]], Dominican baseball player (d. [[2010]])\\n**\n        [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Indian singer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Eminem DJ\n        Hero.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eminem]]]]\\n[[File:GabrielleUnionFeb09 cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gabrielle\n        Union]]]]\\n[[File:Sandra Kim.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sandra Kim]]]]\\n[[File:Tarkan\n        (9).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tarkan (singer)|Tarkan]]]]\\n[[File:Matt Dawson UNICEF\n        cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Matt Dawson]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Jean Paulo\n        Fernandes]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[October 2]] \\u2013 [[Konstantinos Papadakis\n        (pianist)|Konstantinos Papadakis]], Greek pianist\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Kim\n        Joo-hyuk]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Guy Oseary]], Israeli-American businessman\\n*\n        [[October 4]] \\u2013 [[Van Darkholme]], Vietnamese-American gay pornographic\n        actor, director, and photographer\\n* [[October 5]]\\n** [[Aaron Guiel]], Canadian\n        baseball player\\n** [[Grant Hill]], African-American basketball player\\n*\n        [[October 6]]\\n** [[Anders Iwers]], Swedish musician\\n** [[Ko So-young]],\n        South Korean actress\\n** [[J. J. Stokes]], American football player\\n* [[October\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Kim Myung-min]], South Korean actor\\n* [[October 9]] \\u2013 [[Etan\n        Patz]], missing American schoolboy\\n* [[October 10]] \\u2013 [[Jun Lana]],\n        Filipino playwright and screenwriter\\n* [[October 11]] \\u2013 [[Claudia Black]],\n        Australian actress\\n* [[October 12]] \\u2013 [[Mechele Linehan]], American\n        murderer\\n* [[October 15]] \\u2013 [[Sandra Kim]], Belgian singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1986 winner\\n* [[October 17]]\\n** [[Eminem]], American rapper\n        and actor\\n** [[Sharon Leal]], American actress and director\\n** [[Tarkan\n        (singer)|Tarkan]], Turkish singer\\n* [[October 19]] \\u2013 [[Sayaka Aoki (voice\n        actress)|Sayaka Aoki]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[October 21]]\\n** [[Evgeny\n        Afineevsky]], Russian-born American film director and producer\\n** [[Masakazu\n        Morita]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Evhen Tsybulenko]], Ukrainian professor\n        of international law\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[D''Lo Brown]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Saffron Burrows]], British actress\\n* [[October 24]]\\n** [[Kim\n        Ji-soo (actress)|Kim Ji-soo]], South Korean actress\\n** [[Scott Peterson]],\n        American convicted murderer\\n** [[Pat Williams (American football)|Pat Williams]],\n        American football player\\n* [[October 27]]\\n** [[Lee Clark (footballer)|Lee\n        Clark]], English footballer\\n** [[Elissa (Lebanese singer)|Elissa]], Lebanese\n        singer\\n** [[Marika Krook]], Finnish singer ([[Edea (musical group)|Edea]])\\n**\n        [[Maria de Lurdes Mutola]], Mozambican athlete\\n** [[Brad Radke]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Terrell Davis]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Brad Paisley]], American [[country music]] singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 29]]\\n** [[Takafumi Horie]], Japanese entrepreneur\\n** [[Tracee\n        Ellis Ross]], American actress\\n** [[Gabrielle Union]], American actress\\n*\n        [[October 31]] \\u2013 [[Matt Dawson]], English rugby player and TV personality\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Jenny\n        McCarthy at E3 2006.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jenny McCarthy]]]]\\n[[File:Samantha\n        Womack 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Samantha Womack]]]]\\n[[File:Thandie Newton by\n        Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thandie Newton]]]]\\n[[File:Rebecca Romijn\n        in Marchesa 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rebecca Romijn]]]]\\n[[File:Eric Dane March\n        2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eric Dane]]]]\\n[[File:Josh Duhamel SXSW 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Josh\n        Duhamel]]]]\\n[[File:Jonny Lee Miller Comic-Con 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jonny\n        Lee Miller]]]]\\n[[File:Arjun Rampal 12.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Arjun Rampal]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** [[Mario Barth]], German comedian\\n** [[Toni Collette]],\n        Australian actress, singer, and musician\\n** [[Jenny McCarthy]], American\n        actress and model\\n** [[Naoki Yanagi]], Japanese voice actor\\n* [[November\n        2]]\\n** [[Vladimir Vorobiev]], Russian ice hockey player\\n** [[Samantha Womack]],\n        British actress\\n* [[November 4]] \\u2013 [[Lu\\u00eds Figo]], Portuguese footballer\\n*\n        [[November 5]] \\u2013 [[Krassimir Avramov]], Bulgarian singer and songwriter\\n*\n        [[November 6]]\\n** [[Adonis Georgiades]], Greek historian and politician,\n        [[Ministry of Health and Social Security (Greece)|Greek Minister of Health]]\\n**\n        [[Thandie Newton]], British actress\\n** [[Rebecca Romijn]], American actress\n        and model\\n* [[November 7]] \\u2013 [[Danny Grewcock]], British rugby player\\n*\n        [[November 8]]\\n** [[Maja Marijana]], Serbian pop-folk singer\\n** [[Gretchen\n        Mol]], American actress\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Eric Dane]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Doug Russell (radio personality)|Doug Russell]], American sports media personality\\n**\n        [[Naomi Shind\\u014d]], Japanese voice actor\\n** [[Lou Ferrigno]], American\n        bodybuilder, actor\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Lou Brutus]], American radio host,\n        musician and photographer\\n** [[Shawn Green]], American baseball player\\n*\n        [[November 11]] \\u2013 [[Adam Beach]], Canadian actor\\n* [[November 13]] \\u2013\n        [[Takuya Kimura]], Japanese actor\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Matt Bloom]], American\n        wrestler\\n** [[Josh Duhamel]], American actor and model\\n* [[November 15]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jonny Lee Miller]], English American actor\\n* [[November 16]]\\n**\n        [[Aurelia Dobre]], Romanian artistic gymnast\\n** [[Missi Pyle]], American\n        actress and singer\\n* [[November 23]]\\n** [[Veronica Avluv]], American porn\n        actress\\n** [[Alf-Inge H\\u00e5land]], Norwegian footballer\\n* [[November 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Arjun Rampal]], Indian actor\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013 [[Jesper Str\\u00f6mblad]],\n        Swedish musician\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013 [[Andreas Goldberger]], Austrian\n        ski jumper\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013 [[Christopher Fitzgerald (actor)|Christopher\n        Fitzgerald]], American actor\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Daniel Alfredsson 2013-05-24.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Daniel\n        Alfredsson]]]]\\n[[File:Miranda Hart in 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Miranda Hart]]]]\\n[[File:9.12.15AlyssaMilanoByLuigiNovi17.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alyssa\n        Milano]]]]\\n[[File:Jude Law - Headshot.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jude Law]]]]\\n* [[December\n        4]]\\n** [[Marc Bator]], German journalist and television presenter\\n** [[Y\\u016bko\n        Miyamura]], Japanese voice actress, actress and singer\\n* [[December 5]] \\u2013\n        [[Cole Youngblood]], American pornographic actor\\n* [[December 6]] \\u2013\n        [[M\\u00f3nica Santa Mar\\u00eda]], Peruvian model and TV host (d. [[1994]])\\n*\n        [[December 7]]\\n** [[Hermann Maier]], Austrian skier\\n** [[Tammy Lynn Sytch]],\n        American wrestling manager and personality\\n** [[Jason Winer]], American actor,\n        comedian, writer, director and producer\\n* [[December 9]] \\u2013 [[Tr\\u00e9\n        Cool]], American rock musician and drummer ([[Green Day]])\\n* [[December 10]]\n        \\u2013 [[Brian Molko]], American musician ([[Placebo (band)|Placebo]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Daniel Alfredsson]], Swedish-Canadian former ice hockey\n        player\\n** [[LaMont Smith]], American Olympic athlete\\n* [[December 12]]\\n**\n        [[Wilson Kipketer]], Kenyan-Danish athlete\\n** [[Brandon Teena]], American\n        murder victim (d. 1993)\\n** [[Quan Yeomans]], Australian musician; leader\n        singer of [[Regurgitator]]\\n* [[December 13]] \\u2013 [[Chris Grant (footballer)|Chris\n        Grant]], Australian footballer\\n* [[December 14]] \\u2013 [[Miranda Hart]],\n        British Comedian and Actress\\n* [[December 15]]\\n** [[Rodney Harrison]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Lee Jung-jae]], South Korean actor\\n** [[Stuart Townsend]],\n        Irish actor\\n* [[December 16]] \\u2013 [[Angela Bloomfield]], New Zealand actress\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], Indian actor\\n**\n        [[Laurie Holden]], American-Canadian actress and human rights activist\\n*\n        [[December 18]] – [[Eimear Quinn]], Irish Celtic singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1996 winner\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Alyssa Milano]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Rosa Blasi]], American actress\\n** [[Warren Sapp]], American\n        football player\\n* [[December 20]] - [[Gen Urobuchi]], Japanese writer\\n*\n        [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Vanessa Paradis]], French singer and actress\\n* [[December\n        23]]\\n** [[Morgan (singer)|Morgan]], Italian singer, composer, multi-instrumentalist\n        and [[X Factor (Italy)]] judge\\n** [[Christian Potenza]], Canadian actor/voice\n        actor\\n* [[December 24]] \\u2013 [[Klaus Schnellenkamp]], German-Chilean author\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Josh Freese]], American musician and drummer\\n** [[Qu\n        Yunxia]], Chinese middle-distance runner\\n* [[December 26]] \\u2013 [[Shane\n        Meadows]], English director\\n* [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Colin Charvis]], Welsh\n        rugby player\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Patrick Rafter]], Australian tennis\n        player\\n** [[Adam Vinatieri]], American football player\\n* [[December 29]]\n        \\u2013 [[Jude Law]], British actor\\n* [[December 30]] \\u2013 [[Kerry Collins]],\n        American football player\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Joey McIntyre]], American\n        actor and singer ([[New Kids on the Block]])\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Imaani]],\n        English singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1998 runner-up\\n* [[Marente de\n        Moor]], Dutch writer\\n* [[Artur \\u017burawski]], Polish cinematographer and\n        director\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Frederick IX of Denmark.jpg|thumb|110px|King\n        [[Frederick IX of Denmark]]]]\\n[[File:Mohammad Daoud Profile Picture.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mohammad\n        Al-Abbasi]]]]\\n[[File:Mahalia Jackson 1962, van Vechten, LC-USZ62-91314.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mahalia\n        Jackson]]]]\\n[[File:Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mahendra of\n        Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Maurice Chevalier]],\n        French singer and actor (b. [[1888]])\\n** Patriarch [[Maximus V of Constantinople]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Jane Morgan (actress)|Jane Morgan]], British-born American\n        actor and singer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 6]] \\u2013 [[Chen Yi (general)|Chen\n        Yi]], Chinese communist military commander and politician (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[January 7]] \\u2013 [[Emma P. Carr]], American spectroscopist (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Edwin Hugh Lundie]], American architect (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Kenneth Patchen]], American poet and painter (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Wesley\n        Ruggles]], American film director (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January 9]] \\u2013 [[Ted\n        Shawn]], American dancer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[January 10]] \\u2013 [[Aksel Larsen]],\n        Danish politician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 14]] \\u2013 King [[Frederick\n        IX of Denmark]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[January 16]] \\u2013 [[Ross Bagdasarian,\n        Sr.]], American record producer (''''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks]]'''') (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Rochelle Hudson]], American actress (b.\n        [[1916]])\\n** [[Betty Smith]], American writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January\n        18]]\\n** [[Clarence Earl Gideon]], Defendant during civil rights court case\n        (''''[[Gideon v. Wainwright]]'''') (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[George Mitchell (actor)|George\n        Mitchell]], American actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 19]] \\n** [[Mohammad\n        Al-Abbasi]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and 45th [[Prime Minister of\n        Jordan]] (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Richard Fraser (actor)|Richard Fraser]], British\n        actor (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 24]] \\u2013 [[Jerome Cowan]], American actor\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n** [[Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi]], Emir\n        of United Arab Emirates\\n** [[Erhard Milch]], German field marshal and ''''Luftwaffe''''\n        officer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 26]] \\u2013 [[Mahalia Jackson]], American\n        gospel singer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[January 29]] -- [[Hugh McDermott (actor)|Hugh\n        McDermott]], British actor and golfer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 31]] \\u2013\n        [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]] (b. [[1920]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Maria\n        Goeppert-Mayer.jpg|[[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]]|thumb|110px|[[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 2]] \\u2013 [[Jessie Royce Landis]], American actress (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[February 3]] \\u2013 [[John Litel]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] \\u2013 [[Orlando Ward]], American general (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Marianne Moore]], American poet (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[February 7]]\\n**\n        [[Walter Lang]], American film director (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Bob Woodward (actor)|Bob\n        Woodward]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[February 11]] \\u2013 [[Jan Wils]],\n        Dutch architect (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 19]] \\u2013 [[John Grierson]],\n        Scottish documentary filmmaker (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Maria\n        Goeppert-Mayer]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Walter Winchell]], American journalist (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[February 21]] \\u2013 [[Zhang Guohua]], Chinese general and politician (b.\n        [[1914]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Tedd Pierce]], American animator (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        [[Dan Katchongva]], Native American traditional leader (b. [[1860]])\\n* [[February\n        27]] \\u2013 [[Pat Brady]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[February 29]]\n        -- [[Pietro Ubaldi]], Italian author, teacher, philosopher (b. [[1886]])\\n\\n===March===\\n*\n        [[March 4]] \\u2013 [[Harold Barrowclough]], New Zealand general, lawyer and\n        chief justice (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Fredric Brown]], American\n        science fiction and mystery writer (b. [[1906]]).\\n** [[Zack Wheat]], American\n        baseball player ([[Brooklyn Dodgers]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Len Ford]], American football player ([[Cleveland\n        Browns]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1926]])\\n**\n        [[Tony Ray-Jones]], British photographer (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[March 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Pie Traynor]], American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 20]] \\u2013 [[Marilyn\n        Maxwell]], American actress (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[March 21]] \\u2013 [[David McCallum,\n        Sr.]], British violinist and father of actor David McCallum (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[March 23]]\\n** [[Crist\\u00f3bal Balenciaga]], Spanish couturier (b. [[1895]])\\n**\n        [[Margaret Dale (actress)|Margaret Dale]], American actress (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]]\\n** [[Sharkey Bonano]], American jazz musician (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[M. C. Escher]], Dutch artist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\u2013 [[J. Arthur\n        Rank]], British industrialist and film producer (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Ferde\n        Grof\\u00e9.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ferde Grof\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild\n        146-1994-034-22A, Heinrich L\\u00fcbke.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heinrich L\\u00fcbke]]]]\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 102-11032, August Zaleski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[August Zaleski]]]]\\n[[File:Kwame\n        Nkrumah (JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Kwame Nkrumah]]]]\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Franz Halder]], German general (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Gil Hodges]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[April 3]] \\u2013 [[Ferde Grof\\u00e9]],\n        American pianist and composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Adam Clayton\n        Powell, Jr.]], American politician (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Elsa Ratassepp]], Estonian\n        actress (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Stefan Wolpe]], German-born composer (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]] \\u2013 [[Isabel Jewell]], American actress (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April\n        6]]\\n** [[Ralph D. Cornell]], American architect (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Brian\n        Donlevy]], American actor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Heinrich L\\u00fcbke]], 6th [[President\n        of Germany]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Betty Blythe]], American actress\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** Patriarch [[Ephraim II of Georgia]] (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Abeid\n        Karume]], President of Zanzibar (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Victor Wong (actor born\n        1906)|Victor Wong]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[August Zaleski]],\n        Polish economist, politician and diplomat, 6th [[President of Poland]] (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[April 9]] \\u2013 [[James F. Byrnes]], [[United States Secretary\n        of State]] and Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme\n        Court]] (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n** [[Carlo Gualandri]], Italian actor\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[George H. Plympton]], American screenwriter (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]] \\u2013 [[Dorothy Dalton]], American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[April 15]] -- [[Jos\\u00e9 Luis de Oriol y Urig\\u00fcen]], Spanish businessman,\n        architect and politician (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[April 16]] \\u2013 [[Yasunari Kawabata]],\n        Japanese writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[April 21]] -- [[Elizabeth Clark (author)|Elizabeth Clark]], British author\n        (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[April 25]] \\u2013 [[George Sanders]], British actor (b.\n        [[1906]])\\n* [[April 26]] \\u2013 [[Fernando Amorsolo]], Filipino painter (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[April 27]] \\u2013 [[Kwame Nkrumah]], Ghanaian politician, 1st\n        [[Prime Minister of Ghana]] and 1st [[President of Ghana]] (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[April 29]] \\u2013 King [[Ntare V of Burundi]] (b. [[1947]])\\n* [[April 30]]\n        \\u2013 [[Gia Scala]], British actress (b. [[1934]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:FBIHoover.jpg|thumb|110px|[[J.\n        Edgar Hoover]]]]\\n[[File:%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%94%EC%84%9D.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Lee\n        Beom-seok (prime minister)|Lee Beom-seok]]]]\\n[[File:Edward Prince of Wales\n        during his visit to Canada in 1919.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edward VIII]]]]\\n* [[May\n        2]] \\u2013 [[J. Edgar Hoover]], American Federal Bureau of Investigation director\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[May 3]] \\u2013 [[Bruce Cabot]], American actor (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[May 4]] \\u2013 [[Edward Calvin Kendall]], American chemist, recipient of\n        the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[May 5]]\\n**\n        [[Reverend Gary Davis]], American gospel musician and reverend (b. [[1896]])\\n**\n        [[Martiros Saryan]], Armenian painter (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Frank Tashlin]],\n        American film director (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[May 6]] \\u2013 [[Deniz Gezmi\\u015f]],\n        Turkish revolutionary (b. [[1947]])\\n* [[May 11]] -- [[Lee Beom-seok (prime\n        minister)|Lee Beom-seok]], Korean activist, 1st [[Prime Minister of South\n        Korea]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[May 12]] \\u2013 [[Steve Ihnat]], American actor\n        (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[May 13]] \\u2013 [[Dan Blocker]], American actor (''''Bonanza'''')\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[May 18]] \\u2013 [[Sidney Franklin (director)|Sidney Franklin]],\n        American film director (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Cecil Day-Lewis]],\n        British poet (b. [[1904]])\\n** Dame [[Margaret Rutherford]], English actress\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[May 23]] \\u2013 [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]],\n        Canadian art director (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[May 24]]\\n** [[Tarcisio Vincenzo\n        Benedetti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Asta Nielsen]],\n        Danish silent film actress (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Ismail Yassine]], Egyptian\n        comedian and actor (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[May 25]] -- [[Jos\\u00e9 Sebasti\\u00e3o\n        e Silva]], Portuguese mathematician (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 28]] \\u2013 The\n        Duke of Windsor (the former King [[Edward VIII]]) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May 29]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Indian actor and director (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May\n        31]] \\u2013 [[Walter Freeman (neurologist)|Walter Freeman]], American physician\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Joe Deakin 1908.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joe\n        Deakin]]]]\\n* [[June 10]] \\u2013 [[Edward Milford]], Australian general (b.\n        [[1894]])\\n* [[June 12]]\\n** [[Saul Alinsky]], American political activist\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]], Austrian biologist (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Edmund Wilson]], American writer and critic (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 13]]\\n**\n        [[Georg von B\\u00e9k\\u00e9sy]], Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1899]])\\n** [[Stephanie von Hohenlohe]],\n        Austrian-born German World War II spy (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Clyde McPhatter]],\n        American singer (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Felix Stump]], American admiral (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[June 17]] -- [[J\\u00f3hannes Gunnarsson]], Icelandic [[Roman Catholic]]\n        prelate and venerable (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 18]] \\u2013 [[Milton Humason]],\n        American astronomer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 22]] \\u2013 [[Vladimir Durkovi\\u0107]],\n        Serbian footballer (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** [[Nicholas Hannen (actor)|Nicholas\n        Hannen]], British actor (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Jan Matulka]], American painter\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Charles Sullivan (actor)|Charles Sullivan]], American\n        actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 30]] -- [[Joe Deakin]], British Olympic athlete\n        (b. [[1879]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal Leoni 1965.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Leoni]]]]\\n[[File:Talal of Jordan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Talal of Jordan]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] -- [[Norman Cottom]], American basketball player (b. [[1912]])\\n*\n        [[July 2]] \\u2013 [[Joseph Fielding Smith]], 10th president of [[The Church\n        of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[July 3]] -- [[Abdulkadir\n        Dheel]], Somali military figure\\n* [[July 4]] -- [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]],\n        Argentine entrepreneur (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 5]] \\u2013 [[Ra\\u00fal Leoni]],\n        55th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July 6]] \\u2013 [[Brandon\n        deWilde]], American actor (b. [[1942]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n** Patriarch [[Athenagoras\n        I of Constantinople]] (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Pedro Laurenz]], Argentine composer\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n** King [[Talal of Jordan]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[July 11]] --\n        [[Celina Guimar\\u00e3es Viana]], Brazilian professor and suffragist (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] -- [[Dolores Della Penna]], American murder victim (b. [[1954]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]] -- [[Mikl\\u00f3s Dud\\u00e1s (bishop)|Mikl\\u00f3s Dud\\u00e1s]],\n        Hungarian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and servant of God (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July\n        21]]\\n** [[Ralph Craig]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1889]])\\n** King\n        [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[July 22]] \\u2013 [[Max Aub]],\n        Mexican-born Spanish novelist (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July 23]] -- [[Adolfo Casais\n        Monteiro]], Portuguese essayist, poet and writer (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[July 24]]\n        \\u2013 [[Lance Reventlow]], American playboy and race car driver (b. [[1936]])\\n*\n        [[July 25]]\\n** [[Am\\u00e9rico Castro]], Spanish historian and philologist\n        (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Oscar Elton Sette]], American fisheries scientist (b.\n        [[1900]])\\n* [[July 27]] \\u2013 Count [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]],\n        Austrian-Japanese politician, geopolitician and philosopher (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[July 28]] \\u2013 [[Helen Traubel]], American soprano (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[July\n        31]]\\n** [[Alfons Gorbach]], Austrian politician, 15th [[Chancellor of Austria]]\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Paul-Henri Spaak]], Belgian politician and statesman,\n        31st [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] and 2nd [[Secretary General of NATO]] (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Max Theiler nobel.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Max\n        Theiler]]]]\\n[[File:Juan Manuel Galvez.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juan Manuel G\\u00e1lvez]]]]\\n*\n        [[August 7]]\\n** [[Joi Lansing]], American actress (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Tom\n        Neal]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[August 8]] \\u2013 [[Andrea Feldman]],\n        American actress (b. [[1948]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Teresa Franchini]],\n        Italian actress (b. [[1877]])\\n** [[Max Theiler]], South African-born American\n        virologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[August 14]]\\n** [[Oscar Levant]], American pianist and actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Jules Romains]], French poet and writer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Pierre Brasseur]], French actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Mohamed\n        Oufkir]], Moroccan general (assassinated) (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n**\n        [[Rudolf Belling]], German sculptor (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[James Patterson (actor)|James\n        Patterson]], American actor (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[Juan Manuel\n        G\\u00e1lvez]], 39th [[President of Honduras]] (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Harold Rainsford\n        Stark]], American admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 21]] \\u2013 [[Heinz Ziegler]],\n        German general (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 23]] -- [[Salvatore Naturale]], American\n        criminal (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[August 24]] \\u2013 [[Jinichi Kusaka]], Japanese\n        admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 25]] \\u2013 [[Juan Carlos Paz]], Argentine\n        composer and music theorist (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 26]] \\u2013 [[Francis\n        Chichester]], British sailor and aviator (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 27]] \\u2013\n        [[Yung Fung-shee]], Hong Kong philanthropist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[August 28]]\n        \\u2013 [[Prince William of Gloucester]] (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Ren\\u00e9 Leibowitz]], French composer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[August 30]] --\n        [[Augusto Bertazzoni]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and servant\n        of God (b. [[1876]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Warren Kealoha 1924.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Warren\n        Kealoha]]]]\\n[[File:MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Max Fleischer]]]]\\n*\n        September – [[Prince Ismail Imaduddeen]] (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[September\n        1]] \\u2013 [[He Xiangning]], Chinese revolutionary, feminist, politician,\n        painter and poet (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[September 2]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Yumashev (admiral)|Ivan\n        Yumashev]], Soviet admiral (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[September 5]] ([[Munich massacre]]):\\n**\n        [[Yossef Romano]], Israeli weightlifter (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Moshe Weinberg]],\n        Israeli wrestling coach (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[September 6]] ([[Munich massacre]]):\\n**\n        [[David Mark Berger]], Israeli weightlifter (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Ze''ev Friedman]],\n        Israeli weightlifter (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Yossef Gutfreund]], Israeli wrestling\n        referee (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Eliezer Halfin]], Israeli wrestler (b. [[1948]])\\n**\n        [[Amitzur Shapira]], Israeli athletics coach (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Kehat Shorr]],\n        Israeli shooting coach (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Mark Slavin]], Israeli wrestler\n        (b. [[1954]])\\n** [[Andre Spitzer]], Israeli fencing coach (b. [[1945]])\\n**\n        [[Yakov Springer]], Israeli weightlifting judge (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[September\n        8]] \\u2013 [[Warren Kealoha]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September\n        11]] \\u2013 [[Max Fleischer]], American animator (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September\n        12]] \\u2013 [[William Boyd (actor)|William Boyd]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[September 14]] \\u2013 [[Lane Chandler]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[September 15]]\\n** [[\\u00c1sgeir \\u00c1sgeirsson]], 2nd President of Iceland\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Geoffrey Fisher]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1887]])\\n**\n        [[Henry Kent Hewitt]], American admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 17]]\\n**\n        [[Thomas L. Sprague]], American admiral (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Peter Stephens\n        (actor)|Peter Stephens]], British actor (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Akim Tamiroff]],\n        Soviet actor (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 19]] \\u2013 [[Robert Casadesus]],\n        French pianist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September 21]] \\u2013 [[Henry de Montherlant]],\n        French writer (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Charles Correll]], American\n        radio actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Robert E. Dolan]], American composer (b. [[1906]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Louis\n        Leakey.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Louis Leakey]]]]\\n[[File:Edward Cook (athlete) 1908.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Edward\n        Cook (athlete)|Edward Cook]]]]\\n[[File:Sikorsky, Igor.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Igor\n        Sikorsky]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] \\u2013 [[Louis Leakey]], British paleontologist\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[October 4]] -- [[Taro Shoji]], Japanese singer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]] \\u2013 [[Ivan Yefremov]], Soviet paleontologist and science\n        fiction author (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[October 8]] -- [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Cuenco]],\n        Filipino [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and servant of God (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[October 9]]\\n** [[Dave Bancroft]], American baseball player ([[Cleveland\n        Indians]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Miriam\n        Hopkins]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 13]] -- [[Jose Villa\n        Panganiban]], Filipino lexicographer (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\u2013\n        [[Leo G. Carroll]], English actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 17]] -- [[George,\n        Crown Prince of Serbia]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[October 18]] \\n** [[Esma Cannon]],\n        British actress (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Edward Cook (athlete)|Edward Cook]], American\n        Olympic athlete (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 20]] \\u2013 [[Harlow Shapley]],\n        American astronomer (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 21]] -- [[Marcelino Olaechea]],\n        Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and servant of God (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[October 24]]\\n** [[Jackie Robinson]], African-American baseball player ([[Brooklyn\n        Dodgers]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1919]])\\n** [[Claire\n        Windsor]], American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[October 26]] \\u2013 [[Igor\n        Sikorsky]], Soviet aviation engineer (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Mitchell Leisen]], American film director (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[October 29]]\n        \\u2013 [[Victor Milner]], American cinematographer (b. [[1893]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Ezra\n        Pound passport photograph undated.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ezra Pound]]]]\\n[[File:Arnold\n        Jackson 1912.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Arnold Jackson (athlete)|Arnold Jackson]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 1]] \\u2013 [[Ezra Pound]], American poet (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] \\u2013 [[Harry Richman]], American entertainer (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November\n        5]] \\u2013 [[Reginald Owen]], English actor (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 12]]\n        \\u2013 [[Rudolf Friml]], Czech composer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[November 13]]\\n**\n        [[Arnold Jackson (athlete)|Arnold Jackson]], British Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Margaret Webster]], American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November 14]] \\u2013\n        [[Martin Dies, Jr.]], American politician (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[November 17]]\\n**\n        [[L\\u00e9opold Dion]], Canadian sex offender and serial killer (b. [[1920]])\\n**\n        [[Thomas C. Kinkaid]], American admiral (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Eug\\u00e8ne Minkowski]],\n        French psychiartist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[November 18]] \\u2013 [[Danny Whitten]],\n        American musician (b. [[1943]])\\n* [[November 23]] \\u2013 [[Marie Wilson (American\n        actress)|Marie Wilson]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[November 25]]\n        \\n** [[Henri Coand\\u0103]], Romanian aerodynamics pioneer (b. [[1886]])\\n**\n        [[Mary M. Crawford]], American surgeon (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 28]] \\u2013\n        [[Havergal Brian]], English composer (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[November 29]] \\u2013\n        [[Carl Stalling]], American composer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November 30]] \\u2013\n        [[Hans Erich Apostel]], Austrian composer (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Antonio\n        Segni Official.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Antonio Segni]]]]\\n[[File:Rene Mayer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ren\\u00e9\n        Mayer]]]]\\n[[File:Harry S. Truman.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harry Truman]]]]\\n[[File:Lester\n        B. Pearson with a pencil.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lester B. Pearson]]]]\\n* [[December\n        1]]\\n** [[Antonio Segni]], Italian politician, 34th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        (1955\\u20131957, 1959\\u20131960), and 4th [[President of Italy]] (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Andreas Tzimas]], Greek communist politician and Resistance leader (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Ettore Bastico]], Italian field marshal (b. [[1876]])\\n**\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Lim\\u00f3n]], Mexican choreographer (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Yip Man]],\n        master of [[Wing Chun]] Kung Fu (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\u2013 [[Bill\n        Johnson (double-bassist)|Bill Johnson]], American musician (b. [[1872]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]] \\u2013 [[Janet Munro]], British actress (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[December\n        9]]\\n** [[William Dieterle]], German film director (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Louella\n        Parsons]], American gossip columnist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[December 12]] \\u2013\n        [[Thomas H. Robbins, Jr.]], American admiral (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[December 13]]\n        -- [[Ren\\u00e9 Mayer]], French politician, 91st [[Prime Minister of France]]\n        (b. [[1895]]) \\n* [[December 15]] \\u2013 [[Edward Earle]], Canadian actor\n        (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[December 20]] \\u2013 [[Gabby Hartnett]], American baseball\n        player ([[Chicago Cubs]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[December 21]] \\u2013 [[Paul Hausser]], German Waffen SS general (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] \\u2013 [[Jimmy Wallington]], American radio personality (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[December 23]] \\u2013 [[Andrei Tupolev]], Soviet aircraft designer\n        (b. [[1888]]).\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Charles Atlas]], Italian-born American\n        [[strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] and [[sideshow]] performer (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n** [[Gisela Richter]], English art historian (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Daniel McVey]], Australian public servant (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 25]]\n        \\u2013 [[C. Rajagopalachari]], Indian politician and freedom-fighter. Last\n        Governor-General of India (1948\\u201350) (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[December 26]]\n        \\u2013 [[Harry S. Truman]], 33rd [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\u2013 [[Lester B. Pearson]], Canadian scholar, statesman,\n        soldier and politician, 8th [[President of the United Nations General Assembly]]\n        and 14th [[Prime Minister of Canada]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December 28]] \\u2013 [[Link Lyman]], American football\n        player ([[Chicago Bears]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[December 31]] \\u2013 [[Roberto Clemente]], Puerto Rican\n        baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]] (b. [[1934]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] \\u2013 [[John Bardeen]], [[Leon Neil Cooper]],\n        [[John Robert Schrieffer]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] \\u2013\n        [[Christian B. Anfinsen]], [[Stanford Moore]], [[William H. Stein]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] \\u2013 [[Gerald M.\n        Edelman]], [[Rodney R. Porter]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        \\u2013 [[Heinrich B\\u00f6ll]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] \\u2013 not awarded\\n*\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]] \\u2013 [[John Hicks]],\n        [[Kenneth Arrow]]\\n\\n==Other academic awards==\\n* [[Turing Award]] \\u2013\n        [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1972}}\\n[[Category:1972|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-09T13:31:07Z\",\"lastrevid\":799725517,\"length\":101821,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972\"},\"34751\":{\"pageid\":34751,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1973\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-08T14:50:09Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}} \\n{{Year dab|1973}}\\n{{Events by month|1973}}\\n{{Year\n        nav|1973}} \\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1973}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{main\n        article|January 1973}}\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** The [[United Kingdom]], the [[Republic\n        of Ireland]] and [[Denmark]] enter the [[European Economic Community]], which\n        later becomes the [[European Union]].\\n** [[Columbia Broadcasting System|CBS]]\n        sells the [[New York Yankees]] for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led\n        by [[George Steinbrenner]] (3.2 million dollars less than CBS bought the Yankees\n        for).\\n* [[January 5]] – American rock band [[Aerosmith]] releases their\n        debut album.\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Mark Essex]] kills 9 people at the\n        [[Howard Johnson''s]] hotel in downtown [[New Orleans]].\\n* [[January 14]]\\n**\n        [[Elvis Presley]]''s [[Aloha from Hawaii|concert]] in Hawaii is the first\n        worldwide telecast by an entertainer, that is watched by more people than\n        watched the Apollo moon landings.\\n** [[American football]]: The [[Miami Dolphins]]\n        complete the first and only [[1972 Miami Dolphins season|perfect season]]\n        in [[National Football League]] history by defeating the [[Washington Redskins]]\n        14-7 in [[Super Bowl VII]] at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]]. \\n* [[January\n        15]] – [[Vietnam War]]: Citing progress in peace negotiations, U.S.\n        President [[Richard Nixon]] announces the suspension of offensive action in\n        [[North Vietnam]].\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Anna Christian Waters]], 5\n        years old, disappears from her home in Purisima Canyon, near [[Half Moon Bay,\n        California]].\\n* [[January 17]] – [[Ferdinand Marcos]] becomes [[President\n        for Life]] of the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[January 18]] – Eleven [[Labour\n        Party (UK)|Labour Party]] councillors in [[Clay Cross]], [[Derbyshire]], England,\n        are ordered to pay \\u00a36,985 for not enforcing the Housing Finance Act.\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – [[Richard Nixon]] is [[Second inauguration of Richard\n        Nixon|sworn in]] for a second term as President of the United States.\\n* [[January\n        21]] – The [[Communist League (Denmark)|Communist League]] is founded\n        in Denmark.\\n* [[January 22]]\\n** ''''[[Roe v. Wade]]'''': The [[U.S. Supreme\n        Court]] overturns state bans on abortion.\\n** [[George Foreman]] defeats [[Joe\n        Frazier]] to win the heavyweight world [[boxing]] championship.\\n** A [[Royal\n        Jordanian]] [[Boeing 707]] flight from [[Jeddah]] crashes in [[Kano]], [[Nigeria]];\n        176 people are killed.\\n** Former U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] dies\n        at his [[Stonewall, Texas]], ranch, leaving no former U.S. President living\n        until the resignation of [[Richard Nixon]] in [[1974]].\\n** The crew of [[Apollo\n        17]] addresses a joint session of Congress after the completion of the final\n        Apollo moon landing mission.\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Eldfell]] on the [[Iceland]]ic\n        island of [[Heimaey]] erupts.\\n** U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces\n        that a peace accord has been reached in [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[January 25]] –\n        English actor [[Derren Nesbitt]] is convicted of assaulting his wife [[Anne\n        Aubrey]].\\n* [[January 27]] – U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]]\n        ends with the signing of the [[Paris Peace Accords]].\\n* [[January 31]] –\n        [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American]] and [[Trans World Airlines]] cancelled\n        their options to buy 13 [[Concorde]] airliners.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{main\n        article|February 1973}}\\n* [[February 6]] – Toronto: Construction on\n        the [[CN Tower]] begins.\\n* [[February 8]] – A military insurrection\n        in [[Uruguay]] poses an institutional challenge to President [[Juan Mar\\u00eda\n        Bordaberry]].\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The first American\n        prisoners of war are released from [[Vietnam]].\\n* [[February 12]] –\n        [[Ohio]] becomes the first U.S. state to post distance in [[SI|metric]] on\n        signs (see [[Metrication in the United States]]).\\n* [[February 13]] –\n        The [[United States dollar]] is devalued by 10%.\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        The [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales]] rules that ''''[[The Sunday Times]]''''\n        can publish articles on [[thalidomide]] and [[Distillers Company]], despite\n        ongoing legal actions by parents (the decision is overturned in July by the\n        [[Judicial functions of the House of Lords|House of Lords]]).\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114]] ([[Boeing 727]]) is shot\n        down by [[Israel]]i [[fighter aircraft]] over the [[Sinai Desert]], after\n        the passenger plane is suspected of being an enemy military plane. Only 5\n        (1 crew member and 4 passengers) of 113 survive.\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[Sino-American relations]]: Following President [[Richard Nixon]]''s [[1972\n        Nixon visit to China|visit]] to [[mainland China]], the United States and\n        the People''s Republic of China agree to establish liaison offices.\\n* [[February\n        26]] – [[Edward Heath]]''s British government publishes a Green Paper\n        on prices and incomes policy.\\n[[Image:Flag of the American Indian Movement.svg|right|150px|thumb|Flag\n        of the American Indian Movement]]\\n* [[February 27]] – The [[American\n        Indian Movement]] occupies [[Wounded Knee, South Dakota]].\\n* [[February 28]]\\n**\n        The [[Republic of Ireland]] general election is held. [[Liam Cosgrave]] becomes\n        the new [[Taoiseach]].\\n** The landmark postmodern novel ''''[[Gravity''s\n        Rainbow]]'''' by [[Thomas Pynchon]] is published.\\n\\n===March===\\n{{main article|March\n        1973}}\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** ''''[[Charlotte''s Web (1973 film)|Charlotte''s\n        Web]]'''', the animated film based on the children''s book of the same name,\n        is released.\\n** [[Dick Taverne]], having resigned from the [[Parliament of\n        the United Kingdom]] on leaving the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], is\n        re-elected as a ''Democratic Labour'' candidate.\\n** [[Pink Floyd]]''s ''''[[The\n        Dark Side of the Moon]]'''', one of rock''s landmark albums, is released in\n        the US. It is released in the UK on March 24.\\n*  [[March 2]] – [[Wellington\n        Street bus station]] in [[Perth]], Australia, is opened by  western Australia''s\n        premier [[John Tonkin]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham\n        Hotspur]] wins the [[Football League Cup]] final at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]],\n        beating [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] 1\\u20130.\\n* [[March 7]] –\n        [[Comet Kohoutek]] is discovered.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Northern Ireland sovereignty\n        referendum, 1973|Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum]] (the \\\"Border Poll\\\"):\n        98.9% of those voting in the province want [[Northern Ireland]] to remain\n        within the [[United Kingdom]]. Turnout is 58.7%, although less than 1% for\n        Catholics.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9/newsid_2516000/2516477.stm|work=On\n        This Day|title=Northern Ireland votes for union|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=1973-03-09|accessdate=2012-06-19}}\n        This is the first referendum on regional government in the U.K.\\n** [[Provisional\n        Irish Republican Army]] bombs explode in [[Whitehall]] and the [[Old Bailey]]\n        in London.\\n* [[March 10]] – Sir [[Richard Sharples]], Governor of [[Bermuda]],\n        is assassinated in Government House.\\n* [[March 12]]  – Last episode\n        of original ''''Laugh-In'''' airs on NBC. The show will continue with re-runs\n        until May 14, 1973.\\n* [[March 17]]\\n** [[Elizabeth II]] opens the modern\n        [[London Bridge#Modern London Bridge|London Bridge]].\\n** Many of the few\n        remaining United States soldiers begin to leave [[Vietnam]]. One reunion of\n        a former POW with his family is immortalized in the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning\n        photograph ''''[[Burst of Joy]]''''.\\n* [[March 20]] – A British government\n        White Paper on [[Northern Ireland]] proposes the re-establishment of an Assembly\n        elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council.\\n*\n        [[March 21]] – The [[Lofthouse Colliery disaster]] occurs in Great Britain.  Seven\n        miners are trapped underground; none survive.{{Cite web|title=The Lofthouse\n        Colliery Disaster|date=January 2003|work=[[BBC]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/sense_of_place/lofthouse_colliery_disaster.shtml|accessdate=28\n        July 2011}}\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Watergate scandal]] (United States):\n        In a letter to [[John Sirica|Judge John Sirica]], Watergate burglar [[James\n        W. McCord, Jr.]] admits that he and other defendants have been pressured to\n        remain silent about the case.  He names former [[John N. Mitchell|Attorney\n        General John Mitchell]] as ''overall boss'' of the operation.\\n* [[March 26]]\n        – TV [[soap opera]] ''''[[The Young and the Restless]]'''' debuts on\n        [[CBS]].\\n* [[March 27]] – At the 45th Academy Awards, ''''[[The Godfather]]''''\n        wins best picture.https://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/45th-winners.html\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – The last United States soldier leaves Vietnam.\\n\\n===April===\\n{{main\n        article|April 1973}}\\n* [[April 2]] – The [[LexisNexis]] computerized\n        legal research service begins.\\n* [[April 3]] – The first handheld [[mobile\n        phone]] call is made by [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]] of [[Motorola]]\n        in New York City.\\n* [[April 4]] – The [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World\n        Trade Center]] complex in New York City is officially dedicated with a [[ribbon-cutting\n        ceremony]].\\n* [[April 5]][[Image:Pioneer G (Pioneer 11) launch.jpg|thumb|px200|The\n        launch of the [[Atlas-Centaur]] carrying the Pioneer G (11) spacecraft on\n        April 5, 1973.]]\\n** [[Fahri Korut\\u00fcrk]] becomes the sixth president of\n        [[Turkey]].\\n** ''''[[Pioneer 11]]'''' is launched on a mission to study the\n        [[Solar System]].\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Ron Blomberg]] of the [[New York\n        Yankees]] becomes the first [[designated hitter]] in [[Major League Baseball]].\\n*\n        [[April 7]] – ''''[[Tu te reconna\\u00eetras]]'''' by [[Anne-Marie David]]\n        (music by [[Claude Morgan]], text by [[Vline Buggy]]) wins the [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1973]] for [[Luxembourg]]. \\n* [[April 8]] – Artist [[Pablo\n        Picasso]] dies at his home in France.\\n* [[April 10]] – [[Israel]]i\n        commandos raid [[Beirut]], assassinating 3 leaders of the [[Palestinian political\n        violence|Palestinian Resistance Movement]]. The Lebanese army''s inaction\n        brings the immediate resignation of Prime Minister [[Saeb Salam]], a [[Sunni]]\n        Muslim.\\n* [[April 11]] – The [[British House of Commons]] votes against\n        restoring [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|capital punishment]]\n        by a margin of 142 votes.\\n* [[April 12]] – The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour\n        Party]] wins control of the [[Greater London Council]].\\n* [[April 15]] –\n        [[Naim Talu]], a former civil servant, forms the new government of [[Turkey]]\n        (36th government).\\n* [[April 17]]\\n** The German counter-terrorist force\n        [[GSG 9]] is officially formed in response to the [[Munich\n        massacre]].\\n** [[FedEx|Federal Express]] officially begins operations, with\n        the launch of 14 small aircraft from [[Memphis International Airport]]. On\n        that night, Federal Express delivers 186 packages to 25 U.S. cities from [[Rochester,\n        New York]], to [[Miami, Florida]].\\n** The [[Morganza Spillway]] on the Mississippi\n        River is opened for the first time in order to prevent catastrophic flooding\n        of New Orleans.\\n* [[April 20]] – An [[Indian Pacific]] train en route\n        to [[Perth]] derails near [[Broken Hill, New South Wales]], destroying a quarter\n        mile of track.\\n* [[April 26]] – The first day of trading on the [[Chicago\n        Board Options Exchange]].\\n* [[April 28]] \\n**The last section of the [[IRT\n        Third Avenue Line]] from [[149th Street (IRT Third Avenue Line)|149th Street]]\n        to [[Gun Hill Road (IRT Third Avenue Line)|Gun Hill Road]] in [[The Bronx]]\n        is closed.\\n**Six Irishmen, including [[Joe Cahill]], are arrested by the\n        [[Irish Naval Service]] off [[County Waterford]], on board a coaster carrying\n        5 tons of weapons destined for the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: President [[Richard Nixon]] announces\n        that White House Counsel [[John Dean]] has been fired and that Attorney General\n        [[Richard Kleindienst]] has resigned along with staffers [[H. R. Haldeman]]\n        and [[John Ehrlichman]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{main article|May 1973}}\\n* [[May\n        1]] – An estimated 1,600,000 workers in the United Kingdom stop work\n        in support of a [[Trades Union Congress]] \\\"day of national protest and stoppage\\\"\n        against the Government''s anti-inflation policy.\\n[[image:Sears Tower ss.jpg|thumb|250px|Willis\n        Tower]]\\n* [[May 3]] – The [[Willis Tower]] in Chicago is topped-out,\n        becoming the world''s tallest building at {{convert|1451|ft|m}}.\\n* [[May\n        5]]\\n** [[Shambu Tamang]] becomes the youngest person to climb to the summit\n        of [[Mount Everest]]. \\n** [[Sunderland\n        A.F.C.]] defeats [[Leeds United A.F.C.]] in the [[1973 FA Cup Final]].\\n**\n        [[Secretariat (horse)|Secretariat]] wins the [[Kentucky Derby]] in a dramatic\n        come from behind victory and setting a new Derby record of 1:59 2/5ths.\\n**\n        [[Led Zeppelin]] plays before 56,800 persons at [[Tampa Stadium]] on the band''s\n        [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1973|1973 North American Tour]], thus breaking\n        the August 15, 1965, record of 55,600 set by [[The Beatles]] at [[Shea Stadium]].\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – A 71-day standoff between federal authorities and [[American\n        Indian Movement]] activists who were occupying the [[Pine Ridge Reservation]]\n        at [[Wounded Knee, South Dakota]], ends with the surrender of the militants.\n        \\n* [[May 10]]\\n** The [[Montreal\n        Canadiens]] win the [[Stanley Cup]] 4 games to 2 over the [[Chicago Blackhawks]],\n        Yvan Cournoyer was voted MVP. \\n** The [[Polisario Front]], a Sahrawi movement\n        dedicated to the independence of [[Spanish Sahara]], is formed.\\n** The [[New\n        York Knicks]] defeat the [[Los Angeles Lakers]], 102\\u201393 in Game 5 of\n        the [[NBA Finals]] to win the [[NBA]] title.\\n* [[May 11]] – The [[Data\n        Act]] (Sw. ''''Datalagen'''') \\u2212 the world''s first national data protection\n        law \\u2212 is enacted in Sweden.\\n* [[May 13]]\\n** [[Bobby Riggs]] challenges\n        and defeats [[Margaret Court]], the world''s #1 women''s player, in a nationally\n        televised tennis match set in Ramona, CA northeast of San Diego. Riggs wins\n        6-2, 6-1 which leads to the huge [[Battle of the Sexes (tennis)|Battle of\n        the Sexes]] match against [[Billie Jean King]] later in the year on September\n        20.\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** ''''[[Skylab]]'''', the United States'' first [[space\n        station]], is launched.\\n** The [[British House of Commons]] votes to abolish\n        [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|capital punishment]] in [[Northern\n        Ireland]].\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: Televised hearings\n        begin in the [[United States Senate]].\\n* [[May 18]] – [[Second Cod\n        War]]: [[Joseph Godber]], British [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and\n        Food]], announces that [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]]s will protect British trawlers\n        fishing in the disputed 50-mile limit round [[Iceland]].\\n* [[May 19]] –\n        [[Secretariat (horse)|Secretariat]] wins the [[Preakness Stakes]] by 2 1/2\n        lengths over the amazingly quick 2nd placed Sham. A malfunction in the track''s\n        timing equipment prevented a confirmed new track record.\\n* [[May 22]] –\n        [[Antony Lambton|Lord Lambton]] resigns from the British government over a\n        ''[[Prostitution|call girl]]'' scandal.\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Royal Canadian\n        Mounted Police]] celebrate 100 year anniversary.\\n* [[May 24]] – [[George\n        Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe|Earl Jellicoe]], [[Lord Privy Seal]] and [[Leader\n        of the House of Lords]] in Britain, resigns over a separate prostitution scandal.\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** ''''[[Skylab 2]]'''' ([[Pete Conrad]], [[Paul J. Weitz|Paul\n        Weitz]], [[Joseph Kerwin]]) is launched on a mission to repair damage to the\n        recently launched ''''[[Skylab]]'''' space station.\\n** [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9\n        C\\u00e1mpora]] becomes democratic president of the [[Argentine Republic]]\n        ending the 1966 to 1973 [[Revoluci\\u00f3n Argentina]] military dictatorship.\\n*\n        [[May 27]] – By virtue of the non-retroactivity of Soviet copyright\n        laws, all works published before this date are [[public domain]]. This applies\n        worldwide.{{noMention}}\\n* [[May 30]]\\u2013[[Gordon Johncock]] wins the [[1973\n        Indianapolis 500|Indianapolis 500]] in the [[Patrick Racing|''''Patrick Racing\n        Special'''']] [[All American Racers|Eagle]]-[[Offenhauser]], after only 133\n        laps, due to rain. (The race was begun [[May 28]] but called due to rain.)\\n\\n===June===\\n{{main\n        article|June 1973}}\\n* [[June 1]] – The Greek military junta abolishes\n        the [[monarchy]] and proclaims a [[republic]].\\n* [[June 3]] – A [[Tupolev\n        Tu-144]] crashes at the Paris air show; 15 are killed.\\n* [[June 4]] –\n        A [[patent]] for the [[automated teller machine|ATM]]\n        is granted to [[Donald Wetzel]], Tom Barnes and George Chastain.\\n* [[June\n        9]] – [[Secretariat (racehorse)|Secretariat]] wins the [[Belmont Stakes]]\n        shattering the record\\\"Secretariat\\\" by Raymond G. Woolfe Jr. by\n        an unbelievable 2 3/5ths seconds, becoming the first [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred\n        Racing]] winner since 1948.\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Henri Pescarolo]] and\n        co-driver [[G\\u00e9rard Larrousse]] (both France) win the [[1973 24 Hours\n        of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] in the [[Equipe Matra Sports|''''Equipe Matra'''']]\n        [[Matra MS670|MS670]]B.\\n* [[June 17]] – The submersible ''''[[Johnson\n        Sea Link]]'''' becomes [[Johnson Sea Link accident|entangled]] on the wreckage\n        of the {{USS|Fred T. Berry|DD-858|6}} off [[Key West, Florida]]. The submersible\n        is brought to the surface the following day, but 2 of the 4 men aboard die\n        of [[carbon dioxide poisoning]].\\n* [[June 18]] – U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] begins several talks with Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]].\\n* [[June\n        20]] – The [[Ezeiza massacre]] occurs in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]].  Snipers\n        shoot at left-wing Peronists, killing at least 13 and injuring more than 300.\\n*\n        [[June 22]] – [[W. Mark Felt]] (\\\"Deep Throat\\\")\n        retires from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]].\\n* [[June 23]] –\n        A house fire in [[Kingston upon Hull]], England, which kills a 6-year-old\n        boy is passed off as an accident; it later emerges as the first of 26 fire\n        deaths caused over the next 7 years by arsonist [[Bruce George Peter Lee|Peter\n        Dinsdale]].\\n* [[June 24]] – Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] addresses\n        the American people on television, the first to do so.\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Erskine Hamilton Childers]] is elected the 4th [[President of Ireland]].\\n**\n        [[Watergate scandal]]: Former [[White House]] counsel [[John Dean]] begins\n        his testimony before the Senate Watergate Committee.\\n* [[June 26]] –\n        At [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]], 9 persons are killed in\n        the explosion of a Cosmos 3-M rocket.\\n* [[June 27]] – [[1973 Uruguayan\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|Coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Uruguay]]: pressed by the military,\n        President [[Juan Mar\\u00eda Bordaberry]] dissolves Parliament; a 12-year-long\n        [[Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay|civic-military dictatorship]] begins.\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – Elections are held for the [[Northern Ireland Assembly,\n        1973|Northern Ireland Assembly]], which will lead to power-sharing between\n        [[Unionism in Ireland|unionists]] and [[Irish nationalism|nationalists]] in\n        [[Northern Ireland]] for the first time.\\n* [[June 30]] – A [[Solar\n        eclipse of June 30, 1973|very long total solar eclipse]] occurs. During the entire 2nd millennium, only 7 total solar eclipses exceeded\n        7 minutes of totality.\\n\\n===July===\\n{{main article|July 1973}}\\n* [[July\n        1]] – The United States [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] is founded.\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – The [[United States Congress]] passes the Education of\n        the Handicapped Act (EHA) mandating [[Special Education]] federally.\\n* [[July\n        3]] – [[Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (CSCE).\\n*\n        [[July 4]] – [[MLB]]: The [[New York Mets]] fall 12\\u00bd games back\n        in last place of the [[National League]] Eastern Division.\\n* [[July 5]]\\n**\n        The [[Isle of Man Post]] begins to issue its own [[postage stamp]]s.\\n** The\n        catastrophic [[BLEVE]] (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) occurs in\n        [[Kingman, Arizona]], following a fire that broke out as [[propane]] was being\n        transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, killing 11 firefighters.  This\n        explosion becomes a classic incident, studied in fire department training\n        programs worldwide.\\n[[image:Saint Andrew''s Cathedral, Singapore - 20090911.jpg|thumb|300px|Saint\n        Andrew''s Cathedral, Singapore]]\\n* [[July 6]] – [[St Andrew''s Cathedral,\n        Singapore]] is gazetted as a [[National Monuments of Singapore|national monument]].\\n*\n        [[July 10]]\\n** The [[Bahamas]] gains full independence within the [[Commonwealth\n        of Nations]].\\n** The grandson of [[J. Paul Getty]] is kidnapped in Rome.{{noMention}}\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[Varig Flight 820]] crashes near [[Orly]], France; 123\n        are killed.\\n* [[July 12]] – [[National Personnel Records Center fire]]:\n        A major fire destroys the entire 6th floor of the [[National Personnel Records\n        Center]] in St. Louis, Missouri.\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Watergate scandal]]:\n        Former [[White House]] aide [[Alexander Butterfield]] informs the [[United\n        States Senate]] Watergate Committee that President [[Richard Nixon]] had secretly\n        recorded potentially incriminating conversations.\\n* [[July 17]] – King\n        [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] of Afghanistan is deposed by his cousin [[Mohammed\n        Daoud Khan]] while in Italy undergoing eye surgery.\\n* [[July 20]] –\n        \\n**France resumes nuclear bomb tests in [[Mururoa Atoll]], over the protests\n        of Australia and New Zealand.\\n** [[Bruce Lee]], American actor, philosopher,\n        founder of [[Jeet Kune Do]], dies in Hong Kong of [[cerebral edema]] (six\n        days later his final film, ''''[[Enter the Dragon]]'''', is released).\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – The [[Avianca]] Building in [[Bogot\\u00e1]], [[Colombia]]\n        suffers a serious fire.\\n* [[July 25]] – The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]\n        ''''[[Mars 5]]'''' space probe is launched.\\n* [[July 27]] – The New\n        York Dolls release their debut album.\\n* [[July 28]]\\n** The [[Summer Jam\n        at Watkins Glen]], a massive rock festival featuring the [[Grateful Dead]],\n        [[The Allman Brothers Band]] and [[The Band]], attracts over 600,000 music\n        fans.\\n** ''''[[Skylab 3]]'''' ([[Owen Garriott]], [[Jack Lousma]], [[Alan\n        Bean]]) is launched, to conduct various medical and scientific experiments\n        aboard ''''[[Skylab]]''''.\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Formula One]] racing driver\n        [[Roger Williamson]] dies in an accident, witnessed live on European television,\n        during the [[1973 Dutch Grand Prix]].\\n* [[July 30]] – An 11-year legal\n        action for the victims of [[Thalidomide]] ends.{{noMention}}\\n* [[July 31]]\\n**\n        Militant protesters led by [[Ian Paisley]] disrupt the first sitting of the\n        [[Northern Ireland Assembly]].\\n** A [[Delta Air Lines]] [[DC-9]] aircraft\n        flying as [[Delta Air Lines Flight 173]] lands short of Boston''s [[Logan\n        Airport]] runway in poor visibility, striking a sea wall about 165 feet (50\n        m) to the right of the runway centerline and about 3,000 feet (914 m) short.   All\n        6 crew members and 83 passengers are killed, 1 of the passengers dying several\n        months after the accident.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{main article|August 1973}}\\n[[image:Flag\n        of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).svg|thumb|150px|Flag of CARICOM]]\\n*\n        [[August 1]] – [[Caribbean Community and Common Market]] (CARICOM) inaugurated.\\n*\n        [[August 2]] – A flash fire kills 51 at the [[Summerland disaster|Summerland]]\n        amusement centre at [[Douglas, Isle of Man]].{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-23449990|title=Isle\n        of Man ''Shame'' over Summerland Fire Disaster|access-date=5 August 2017|newspaper=BBC\n        News|date=2 August 2013}}\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Black September\n        Organization|Black September]] members open fire at the [[Athens]] airport;\n        3 are killed, 55 injured.\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** South Korean politician [[Kim\n        Dae-jung]] is kidnapped in Tokyo by the [[KCIA]].\\n** American [[serial killer]],\n        [[rapist]], [[kidnapping|kidnapper]] and [[torturer]] [[Dean Corll]] is shot\n        to death by one of his teenage accomplices, [[Elmer Wayne Henley]], at Corll''s\n        [[Pasadena, Texas]] home. Henley turns himself in and confesses, uncovering\n        the Houston Mass Murders, a series of murders in which 28 young boys have\n        been abducted, tortured and murdered by Corll and his accomplices Henley and\n        David Brooks (who is also arrested).\\n* [[August 11]] – [[DJ Kool Herc]]\n        originates the [[hip hop music]] genre in New York City.{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/birthplace-of-hip-hop/|title=Birthplace\n        of Hip Hop|work=[[History Detectives]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2017-08-11}}\\n*\n        [[August 15]] – The U.S. bombing of [[Cambodia]] ends, officially halting\n        12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia according to the [[Case\\u2013Church\n        Amendment]]-an act that prohibites military operations in [[Laos]], Cambodia,\n        and [[North Vietnam|North]] and [[South Vietnam|South]] [[Vietnam]] as a follow\n        up of the [[Paris Peace Accords]]. \\n* [[August 23]] – The [[Norrmalmstorg\n        robbery]] occurs, famous for the origin of the term [[Stockholm syndrome]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{main\n        article|September 1973}}\\n* [[September 3]] – The British [[Trades Union\n        Congress]] expels 20 members for registering under the [[Industrial Relations\n        Act 1971]].\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Jackie Stewart]] places fourth at\n        the [[1973 Italian Grand Prix|Italian ''''Grand Prix'''']] at [[Autodromo\n        Nazionale Monza|Monza]], becoming [[List of Formula One World Drivers'' Champions|World\n        Drivers'' Champion]], in the [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]] [[Tyrrell 003|003]]-[[Cosworth]].\\n*\n        [[September 11]] \\n** [[Chile]]''s democratically elected government is overthrown\n        in [[1973 Chilean coup d''\\u00e9tat|a military coup]] after serious instability.\n        President [[Salvador Allende]] allegedly [[Death of Salvador Allende|commits\n        suicide]] during the coup in the [[La Moneda Palace|presidential palace]],\n        and General [[Augusto Pinochet]] heads a U.S.-backed [[military junta]] that\n        governs Chile for the next 16 years.\\n** [[Art Garfunkel]] finally releases\n        his solo debut album ''''[[Angel Clare]]'''', 17 years after starting his\n        career.\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]] dies. His\n        grandson, [[Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden|Carl XVI Gustaf]], becomes king.\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – The two German Republics, the [[West Germany|Federal\n        Republic of Germany]] (West Germany) and the [[German Democratic Republic]]\n        (East Germany), are admitted to the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[September 20]]\n        – The ''''[[Battle of the Sexes (tennis)|Battle of the Sexes]]'''':\n        [[Billie Jean King]] defeats [[Bobby Riggs]] in a televised tennis match,\n        6\\u20134, 6\\u20134, 6\\u20133, at the [[Astrodome]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]].  With\n        an attendance of 30,492, this remains the largest live audience ever to see\n        a tennis match in US history.  The global audience that viewed on television\n        in 36 countries was estimated at 90 million.\\n* [[September 20]] – Singer-songwriter\n        [[Jim Croce]] dies following a gig at [[Northwestern State University]] in\n        [[Natchitoches, Louisiana]]. Croce boarded a small chartered plane that crashed\n        on takeoff. All six people aboard were killed.\\n* [[September 22]] –\n        [[Henry Kissinger]], [[United States National Security Advisor]], starts his\n        term as [[United States Secretary of State]].\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        The [[Oakland Raiders]] defeat the [[Miami Dolphins]] 12-7, ending the Dolphins''\n        unbeaten streak at 18. It is the Miami Dolphins'' first loss since [[January\n        16]], [[1972]] in [[Super Bowl VI]].\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Soviet space\n        program]]: [[Soyuz 12]], the first Soviet manned flight since the [[Soyuz\n        11]] tragedy in 1971, is launched.\\n** [[Lu\\u00eds Cabral]] declares the independence\n        of the [[Republic of Guinea-Bissau]] from the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado\n        Novo regime]] in [[Portugal]]. It is later granted in September 1974.\\n* [[September\n        28]] – The [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] Building in New York City is bombed\n        in protest at ITT''s alleged involvement in the [[Chilean coup of 1973|September\n        11, 1973, coup d''\\u00e9tat]] in [[Chile]].\\n* [[September 30]] – [[Yankee\n        Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], known as \\\"The House That Ruth Built\\\", closes\n        for a two-year renovation at a cost of $160 million. The [[New York Yankees]]\n        play all of their home games at [[Shea Stadium]] in [[1974]] and [[1975]].\\n\\n===October===\\n{{main\n        article|October 1973}}\\n[[File:Sydney Opera House Sails.jpg|thumb|[[October\n        20]]: [[Sydney Opera House]] is opened by [[Elizabeth II]]]]\\n* [[October\n        6]] \\n** [[Yom Kippur War]] begins: The fourth and largest [[Arab\\u2013Israeli\n        conflict]] begins, as [[Egypt]]ian and [[Syria]]n forces attack Israeli forces\n        in the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and [[Golan Heights]] on [[Yom Kippur]].\\n** French\n        [[Formula One]] driver [[Fran\\u00e7ois Cevert]] is killed  in the [[Tyrrell\n        Racing|Tyrrell]] [[Tyrrell 003|003]]-[[Cosworth]] during the [[1973 United\n        States Grand Prix|U.S. ''''Grand Prix'''']]. Cevert''s teammate, World Champion\n        [[Jackie Stewart]], announces his retirement after the event.\\n* [[October\n        8]] – [[LBC]] Radio begins broadcasting on 97.3 FM in London.\\n* [[October\n        10]]\\n** [[Spiro T. Agnew]] resigns as Vice President of the United States\n        and then, in federal court in [[Baltimore]], pleads no contest to charges\n        of [[income tax]] evasion on $29,500 he received in [[1967]], while he was\n        governor of [[Maryland]]. He is fined $10,000 and put on 3 years'' probation.\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[1973 Thai popular uprising|Thai popular uprising]]\n        Students revolt in Bangkok – In the Thammasat student uprising over\n        100,000 people protest in Thailand against the Thanom military government,\n        77 are killed and 857 are injured by soldiers, Thailand.\\n* [[October 15]]\n        – [[1973 Pacific typhoon season#Typhoon Ruth .28Narsing.29|Typhoon Ruth]]\n        crosses [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]], killing 27 people and causing $5 million\n        in damage.\\n* [[October 17]] – An [[OPEC]] oil embargo against several\n        countries supporting Israel triggers the [[1973 energy crisis]].\\n* [[October 20]]\\n** The [[Saturday Night Massacre]]: U.S. President\n        [[Richard Nixon]] orders Attorney General [[Elliot Richardson]] to dismiss\n        [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] Special Prosecutor [[Archibald Cox]].   Richardson\n        refuses and resigns, along with Deputy Attorney General [[William Ruckelshaus]].   Solicitor\n        General [[Robert Bork]], third in line at the [[United States Department of\n        Justice|Department of Justice]], then fires Cox.   The event raises calls\n        for Nixon''s impeachment.\\n** The [[Sydney Opera House]] is opened by [[Elizabeth\n        II]] after 14 years of construction work.\\n[[File:Bosphorus Bridge.jpg|thumb|[[October\n        30]]: [[Bosphorus Bridge]] was opened by [[Turkish President]] [[Fahri Korut\\u00fcrk]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 25]] – The [[Yom Kippur War]] ends.\\n* [[October 26]] –\n        The [[United Nations]] recognizes the independence of [[Guinea-Bissau]].\\n*\n        [[October 27]] – The [[Meteorite fall|Canon City meteorite]], a 1.4 kilogram chondrite type [[meteorite]], strikes Earth in [[Fremont\n        County, Colorado]].\\n* [[October 30]] – The [[Bosphorus Bridge]] in\n        [[Istanbul]], Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and\n        Asia over the [[Bosporus]] for the first time in history.\\n* [[October 31]]\n        – [[Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape]]: Three [[Provisional Irish Republican\n        Army]] members escape from [[Mountjoy Prison]], [[Dublin]], Republic of Ireland\n        after a hijacked helicopter lands in the exercise yard.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{main\n        article|November 1973}}\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: Acting\n        Attorney General [[Robert Bork]] appoints [[Leon Jaworski]] as the new Watergate\n        Special Prosecutor.{{cite news |author=\n        |title=Attorney General, Prosecutor Picked |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q00iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k6wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2082%2C4677\n        |work=The Argus-Press |agency=Associated Press |date=November 1, 1973}}\\n[[Image:Mariner\n        10 1975 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|220px|Mariner 10 Space probe, [[U.S. Space Exploration\n        History on U.S. Stamps|on U.S. Stamps, Space Exploration History, Issue of\n        1975]]]]\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Pan Am]] cargo flight 160, a [[Boeing 707#Notable\n        accidents|Boeing 707-321C]], crashes at [[Logan International Airport]], [[Boston]],\n        killing 3 people.\\n** [[Mariner program]]: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Mariner\n        10]]'''' toward [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] (on March 29, 1974, it becomes\n        the first [[space probe]] to reach that planet).\\n* [[November 7]] –\n        The [[Congress of the United States]] overrides President [[Richard Nixon]]''s\n        veto of the [[War Powers Resolution]], which limits presidential\n        power to wage war without congressional approval.\\n* [[November 8]] –\n        [[Millennium ''73]], a festival hosted by [[Prem Rawat|Guru Maharaj Ji]] at\n        the [[Astrodome]], is called by supporters the \\\"most significant event in\n        human history\\\".\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Egypt]] and [[Israel]] sign\n        a United States-sponsored cease-fire accord.\\n* [[November 14]] – In\n        the United Kingdom, [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] marries Captain\n        [[Mark Phillips]] in [[Westminster Abbey]] (they divorce in 1992).\\n* [[November\n        16]]\\n** [[Skylab]] program: [[NASA]] launches ''''[[Skylab 4]]'''' ([[Gerald\n        P. Carr|Gerald Carr]], [[William Pogue]], [[Edward Gibson]]) from [[Cape Canaveral,\n        Florida]], on an 84-day mission.\\n** U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] signs\n        the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act]] into law, authorizing the\n        construction of the [[Alaska Pipeline]].\\n* [[November 17]]\\n** [[Watergate\n        scandal]]: In [[Orlando, Florida]], U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] tells\n        400 [[Associated Press]] managing editors \\\"I am not a crook.\\\"\\n** The [[Athens\n        Polytechnic uprising]] occurs against the military regime in [[Athens]], Greece.\\n*\n        [[November 21]] – U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]]''s attorney, [[J.\n        Fred Buzhardt]], reveals the existence of an 18\\u00bd-minute gap in one of\n        the [[White House]] tape recordings related to [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]].\\n*\n        [[November 25]] – Greek dictator [[Georgios Papadopoulos|George Papadopoulos]]\n        is ousted in a military [[coup]] led by Brigadier General [[Dimitrios Ioannidis]].\\n*\n        [[November 27]] – The [[United States Senate]] votes 92\\u20133 to confirm\n        [[Gerald Ford]] as [[Vice President of the United States]].\\n* [[November\n        29]] – 104 people are killed in a Taiyo department store fire in [[Kumamoto]],\n        [[Ky\\u016bsh\\u016b]], Japan.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{main article|December 1973}}\\n*\n        December – [[Chile]] breaks diplomatic contacts with [[Sweden]].{{noMention}}\\n*\n        [[December 1]] –  [[Papua New Guinea]] gains self-government from Australia.\\n*\n        [[December 3]] – [[Pioneer program]]: ''''[[Pioneer 10]]'''' sends back\n        the first close-up images of [[Jupiter]].\\n* [[December 6]] – The [[United\n        States House of Representatives]] votes 387\\u201335 to confirm [[Gerald Ford]]\n        as Vice President of the United States; he is sworn in the same day.\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Rhodesia]] executes two Blacks at Salisbury Central Prison\n        for murder http://www.truecrimelibrary.com/crime_series_show.php?series_number=13&id=1049\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Gay rights]]: The [[American Psychiatric Association]]\n        removes [[homosexuality]] from its [[DSM-II]].\\n* [[December 16]] –\n        [[O. J. Simpson]] of the [[Buffalo Bills]] became the first running back to\n        rush for 2,000 yards in a pro football season.\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        The [[Islamic Development Bank]] is created as a specialized agency of the\n        [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of the Islamic Conference]]\n        (OIC) (effective 12 August 1974).\\n* [[December 20]] – Spanish prime\n        minister [[Luis Carrero-Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero-Blanco|Luis Carrero Blanco]]\n        is assassinated in [[Madrid]] by the separatist organization [[ETA (separatist\n        group)|ETA]].\\n* [[December 23]] – [[OPEC]] doubles the price of [[crude\n        oil]].{{noMention}}\\n* [[December 25]] – The movie premiere of ''''[[The\n        Sting]]'''', starring [[Robert Redford]] and [[Paul Newman]], is held in [[Manhattan]].http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070735/releaseinfo\\n*\n        [[December 26]] – The movie premiere of ''''[[The Exorcist (film)|The\n        Exorcist]]'''' starring [[Ellen Burstyn]] and [[Linda Blair]] is opened in\n        the United States. \\n* [[December 28]] – The [[Endangered Species Act]]\n        is passed in the United States.\\n* [[December 30]] – Terrorist [[Ilich\n        Ram\\u00edrez S\\u00e1nchez|Carlos]] fails in his attempt to assassinate British\n        businessman Joseph Sieff.{{noMention}}\\n* [[December 31]] – In the United\n        Kingdom, due to coal shortages caused by industrial action, the [[Three-Day\n        Week]] electricity consumption reduction measure comes into force.\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n* [[ODECA]] functions are suspended.\\n* Economist [[E. F. Schumacher]]\n        publishes his book ''''[[Small Is Beautiful]]''''.\\n* The [[Biblica|New York\n        Bible Society International]]''s [[New International Version]] of the [[New\n        Testament]] translated into modern [[American English]] is published.\\n* The\n        [[National House Building Council]] is formed in the United Kingdom.\\n* The\n        [[COSC]] The Swiss Official [[chronometer watch|Chronometer]] testing Institute\n        is founded in Switzerland by 5 [[Watch]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|Cantons]]\n        & [[Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry]].\\n* The title [[Queen of Australia]]\n        is created by the Royal Style and Titles Act.\\n* A large [[Song dynasty]]\n        trade ship of c. [[1277]] A.D. is dredged up from the waters near the southern\n        coast of China with 12 compartments in its [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]]. It\n        confirms the descriptions of [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]ed hull compartments\n        for [[Junk (ship)|junk]]s in [[Zhu Yu (author)|Zhu Yu]]''s ''''Pingzhou Table\n        Talks'''' of [[1119]].\\n* The [[Sentosa Musical Fountain]] opens alongside\n        the Fountain Gardens in [[Sentosa]], [[Singapore]].\\n* 5 teams tie for the\n        rugby championship: Wales, England, France, Ireland, and Scotland.\\n* [[Miller\n        Lite|Lite Beer]] is introduced in the U.S. by the [[Miller Brewing Company]].\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Seanpaul01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sean\n        Paul]]]]\\n[[File:Portia de Rossi.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Portia de Rossi]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]]\\n** [[Danny Lloyd]], American actor\\n** [[Bryan Thao Worra]],\n        Lao writer\\n** [[Jimi Mistry]], English actor\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Greg\n        de Vries]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[January 5]] \\n** [[Uday Chopra]],\n        Indian actor\\n* [[January 6]] – [[Scott Ferguson]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Jonna Tervomaa]], Finnish singer\\n* [[January\n        9]] – [[Sean Paul]], Jamaican singer\\n* [[January 12]]\\n** [[Joseph\n        M. Smith]], American actor, writer and producer\\n** [[Hande Yener]], Turkish\n        singer\\n* [[January 13]]\\n** [[Nikolai Khabibulin]], Russian hockey player\\n**\n        [[Gloria Yip]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[January 14]]\\n** [[Giancarlo Fisichella]],\n        Italian race car driver\\n** [[Katie Griffin]], Canadian actress and singer\\n*\n        [[January 15]]\\n** [[Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Gal\\u00e1sek]], Czech football player\\n**\n        [[Essam El-Hadary]], Egyptian goalkeeper\\n** [[Maksim Martynov]], Russian\n        engineer\\n* [[January 16]]\\n** [[Josie Davis]], American actress\\n** [[Scott\n        Greenall]], musician, recording engineer, producer, and performance artist\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Cuauht\\u00e9moc Blanco]], Mexican football player\\n*\n        [[January 18]] \\n** [[Burnie Burns]], American filmmaker\\n** [[Crispian Mills]],\n        British musician ([[The Jeevas]], [[Kula Shaker]])\\n* [[January 19]]\\n** [[Ann\n        Kristin Aar\\u00f8nes]], Norwegian footballer\\n** [[Wang Junxia]], Chinese\n        long-distance runner\\n** [[Karen Lancaume]], French actress (d. 2005)\\n**\n        [[Antero Manninen]], Finnish cellist\\n** [[Yevgeny Sadovyi]], Russian swimmer\\n**\n        [[Aaron Yonda]], American YouTube celebrity\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Chris\n        Kilmore]], American rock DJ ([[Incubus (band)|Incubus]])\\n* [[January 22]]\n        – [[Abi Tucker]], Australian actor and singer\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Brendan Rodgers]], Northern Irish football manager\\n* [[January 27]] –\n        [[Shadmehr Aghili]], Iranian pop singer, musician and composer\\n* [[January\n        29]] \\n** [[Louise Hindsgavl]], Danish artist\\n** [[Jason Schmidt]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Jalen Rose]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Shingo Katayama]], Japanese golfer\\n** [[Portia\n        de Rossi]], American actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Oscar De La Hoya, Feb\n        2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Oscar De La Hoya]]]]\\n[[File:Svetlana Boginskaya.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Svetlana\n        Boginskaya]]]]\\n[[File:Mishal Husain.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mishal Husain]]]]\\n[[File:Tara\n        Strong Portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tara Strong]]]]\\n[[File:ATB in 2010.jpg|thumb|110px|[[ATB]]]]\\n[[File:Alexei\n        Kovalev 2011-04-23.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Alexei Kovalev]]]]\\n* [[February 1]]\\n**\n        [[Yuri Landman]], Dutch artist and musician\\n** [[Nick Mitchell]], American\n        wrestler\\n** [[Makiko Ohmoto]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[\\u00d3scar P\\u00e9rez\n        Rojas]], Mexican football goalkeeper\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Aleksander\n        Tammert]], Estonian discus thrower\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Ilana Sod]],\n        Mexican journalist\\n* [[February 4]]\\n** [[James Hird]], former [[Australian\n        rules football]]er for Essendon\\n** [[Brett Hestla]], American musician and\n        record producer.\\n** [[Oscar De La Hoya]], American boxer\\n* [[February 5]]\\n**\n        [[Trijntje Oosterhuis]], Dutch pop singer\\n** [[Deng Yaping]], Chinese table\n        tennis player\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Turki Al-Dakhil]], Saudi journalist\\n**\n        [[Juwan Howard]], American retired professional basketball player\\n** [[Angel\n        Aquino]], Filipina model, actress and host\\n** [[Mie Sonozaki]], Japanese\n        voice actress\\n** [[Kate Thornton]], British television presenter\\n* [[February\n        8]] – [[Sonia Deol]], British-Asian presenter\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Svetlana Boginskaya]], Soviet gymnast\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Gunn-Rita\n        Dahle]], Norwegian mountain biker\\n** [[N\\u00faria A\\u00f1\\u00f3]], Spanish\n        writer\\n* [[February 11]]\\n** [[Jeon Do-yeon]], South Korean actress\\n** [[Mishal\n        Husain]], British news presenter for the [[BBC]]\\n** [[Craig Jones (musician)|Craig\n        Jones]], American rock sampler ([[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]])\\n** [[Varg Vikernes]],\n        Norwegian rock musician\\n* [[February 12]] – [[Tara Strong]], Canadian-American\n        voice actress\\n* [[February 14]] – [[Steve McNair]], American football\n        player (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Anna Dogonadze]], German trampoline\n        gymnast\\n** [[Amy Van Dyken]], American swimmer\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Cathy Freeman]], Australian athlete\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Claude\n        Mak\\u00e9l\\u00e9l\\u00e9]], French footballer\\n* [[February 20]] – [[Kimberley\n        Davies]], Australian actress\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Heri Joensen]],\n        Faroese musician ([[T\\u00fdr (band)|T\\u00fdr]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Shota\n        Arveladze]], Georgian football player\\n** [[Gustavo Assis-Brasil]], Brazilian\n        guitarist\\n** [[Scott Phillips (musician)|Scott Phillips]], American rock\n        drummer\\n* [[February 24]]\\n** [[Alexei Kovalev]], Russian ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Yordan Yovchev]], Bulgarian gymnast\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Julio Iglesias\n        Jr.]], Spanish singer\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[ATB]], German DJ and music\n        producer\\n** [[Anders Bj\\u00f6rler|Anders]] and [[Jonas Bj\\u00f6rler]], guitarists\\n**\n        [[Marshall Faulk]], American football player\\n** [[Ole Gunnar Solskj\\u00e6r]],\n        Norwegian footballer\\n** [[Jenny Thompson]], American swimmer\\n* [[February\n        27]] – [[Peter Andre]], English singer and television personality\\n*\n        [[February 28]]\\n** [[Eric Lindros]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Masato\n        Tanaka]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Jim Parsons\n        at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jim Parsons]]]]\\n[[File:Larry Page in\n        the European Parliament, 17.06.2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Larry Page]]]]\\n[[File:AdamGoldsteinDec08.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adam\n        Goldstein]]]]\\n* [[March 1]]\\n** [[Jack Davenport]], English actor\\n** [[Anton\n        Gunn]], American politician\\n** [[Ahmed El Sakka]], Egyptian action actor\\n**\n        [[Deltalina|Kathrine Lee-Hinton]], American flight attendant\\n** [[Chris Webber]],\n        American basketball player\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Dejan Bodiroga]], Serbian\n        basketball player\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Jennifer Cole]], American actress,\n        model and game show hostess\\n* [[March 5]] – [[Ryan Franklin]], American\n        baseball pitcher\\n* [[March 6]] \\n** [[Peter Lindgren (musician)|Peter Lindgren]],\n        Swedish musician\\n** [[Rumi Ochiai]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[March 7]]\n        – [[Rick Emerson]], American talk show host and author\\n* [[March 9]]\n        – [[Aaron Boone]], American baseball player\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Eva\n        Herzigov\\u00e1]], Czech model and actress\\n** [[John LeCompt]], American musician\\n**\n        [[Dan Swan\\u00f6]], Swedish musician\\n* [[March 13]]\\n** [[Edgar Davids]],\n        Dutch footballer\\n** [[David Draiman]] songwriter and lead singer for the\n        band [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]\\n** [[\\u00d3lafur Darri \\u00d3lafsson]],\n        Icelandic actor\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Lee Jung-jae]], South Korean actor\n        and model\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Caroline Corr]], Irish musician ([[The\n        Corrs]])\\n* [[March 18]] – [[Luci Christian]], American voice actress\\n*\n        [[March 19]]\\n** [[Magnus Hedman]], Swedish footballer\\n** [[Simmone Jade\n        Mackinnon]], Australian actor\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Arjun Atwal]], Indian\n        golfer\\n* [[March 23]] – [[Jason Kidd]], American basketball player\\n*\n        [[March 24]]\\n** [[Jacek B\\u0105k]], Polish footballer\\n** [[Jim Parsons]],\n        American actor and comedian\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Anders Frid\\u00e9n]],\n        Swedish musician\\n* [[March 26]]\\n** [[T. R. Knight]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Larry Page]], American entrepreneur, founder of and former CEO of [[Google]]\n        (2011-2015)\\n* [[March 27]] – [[Sayaka Aoki (comedian)|Sayaka Aoki]],\n        Japanese comedian\\n* [[March 28]] \\n** [[Matt Nathanson]], American singer-songwriter\\n**\n        [[Umaga (wrestler)|Umaga]], American wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        [[Marc Overmars]], Dutch footballer\\n** [[Brandi Love]], American porn actress\\n*\n        [[March 30]] – [[Adam Goldstein]], American DJ (d. [[2009]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Pharrell\n        Williams - Global Citizen Festival Hamburg 02.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pharrell Williams]]]]\\n[[File:ChristianOConnell.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Christian\n        O''Connell]]]]\\n[[File:Adrien Brody Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adrien Brody]]]]\\n[[File:Olympic\n        great Haile Gebrselassie speaking at the Olympic hunger summit in Downing\n        Street, 12 August 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Haile Gebrselassie]]]]\\n[[File:Lee\n        Westwood by Eugene Goh.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lee Westwood]]]]\\n* [[April 1]]\\n**\n        [[Stephen Fleming]], New Zealand cricket captain\\n** [[Rachel Maddow]], American\n        political commentator\\n** [[Kris Marshall]], British actor\\n* [[April 2]]\n        – [[Roselyn S\\u00e1nchez]], Puerto Rican-American actress\\n* [[April\n        3]]\\n** [[Jamie Bamber]], English actor\\n** [[Matthew Ferguson]], Canadian\n        actor\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[David Blaine]], American magician\\n** [[Loris Capirossi]],\n        Italian motorcycle racer\\n* [[April 5]]\\n** [[\\u00c9lodie Bouchez]], French\n        actress \\n** [[Cho Sung-min]], South Korean baseball pitcher (d. [[2013]])\\n** [[Pharrell Williams]], American musician and producer\n        ([[The Neptunes]])\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Lori Heuring]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Franck Marchis]], American astronomer\\n** [[Rie Miyazawa]], Japanese actress\n        and singer\\n* [[April 7]] – [[Christian O''Connell]], British radio\n        DJ and presenter\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Emma Caulfield]], American actress\\n*\n        [[April 10]] – [[Roberto Carlos]], Brazilian footballer\\n* [[April 11]]\n        – [[Jennifer Esposito]], American actress\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Amr\n        Waked]],  Egyptian film, television, and stage actor\\n* [[April 13]] –\n        [[Sergey Shnurov]], Russian singer\\n* [[April 14]] – [[Adrien Brody]],\n        [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Academy Award]]-winning American actor\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Emanuel Rego]], Brazilian beach volleyball player\\n* [[April\n        16]]\\n** [[Akon]], [[Senegalese American]] rapper, R&B singer, songwriter,\n        and record producer\\n** [[Teddy Cobe\\u00f1a]], Spanish-Ecuadorian Sculptor.\\n*\n        [[April 18]] – [[Haile Gebrselassie]], Ethiopian long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[George Gregan]], Australian rugby union footballer\\n*\n        [[April 21]]\\n** [[Mark Dexter]], British actor\\n** [[Katsuyuki Konishi]],\n        Japanese voice actor\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Christopher Sabat]], American\n        voice actor\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Sachin Tendulkar]], Indian cricketer\\n**\n        [[Lee Westwood]], English golfer\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Fredrik Larzon]],\n        Swedish rock musician ([[Millencolin]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Sharlee\n        D''Angelo]], Swedish guitarist\\n* [[April 28]]\\n** [[Melissa Fahn]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Elisabeth R\\u00f6hm]], German-American actress\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[David Belle]], French actor\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Jeff Timmons]],\n        American singer\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Tori Spelling at The Heart Truth 2009.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tori\n        Spelling]]]]\\n[[File:Sasha Alexander 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sasha Alexander]]]]\\n[[File:Ruslana\n        in Cologne, Germany 04.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Ruslana]]]]\\n[[File:Demetri Martin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Demetri\n        Martin]]]]\\n* [[May 1]]\\n** [[Paul Burke (rugby union)|Paul Burke]], Irish\n        rugby player\\n** [[Diana Hayden]], former [[Miss World]] and Indian actress\\n**\n        [[Oliver Neuville]], German footballer\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Florian Henckel\n        von Donnersmarck]], German director\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Brad Martin]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Michael Reiziger]], Dutch footballer\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Guillermo\n        Barros Schelotto]], Argentine footballer\\n* [[May 5]] – [[Johan Hedberg]],\n        Swedish retired hockey goaltender also known as \\\"Moose\\\"\\n* [[May 7]] –\n        [[Paolo Savoldelli]], Italian professional road racing cyclist\\n* [[May 8]]\\n**\n        [[Hiromu Arakawa]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Marcus Brigstocke]], British\n        comedian\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Tegla Loroupe]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[May 10]]\\n** [[Gareth Ainsworth]], English footballer\\n** [[R\\u00fc\\u015ft\\u00fc\n        Re\\u00e7ber]], Turkish football goalkeeper\\n* [[May 12]] \\n** [[Forbes March]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Robert Tinkler]], Canadian voice actor\\n** [[Mackenzie\n        Astin]], American actor\\n* [[May 14]]\\n** [[Natalie Appleton]], Canadian singer\n        ([[All Saints (group)|All Saints]])\\n** [[Shanice]], African-American singer\\n*\n        [[May 16]]\\n** [[Jason Acu\\u00f1a]], American skateboarder and actor\\n** [[Tori\n        Spelling]], American actress\\n** [[K\\u014dsuke Toriumi]], Japanese voice actor\\n**\n        [[Muna AbuSulayman]], Influential Arab and Muslim Media personality\\n* [[May\n        17]]\\n** [[Sasha Alexander]], American actress\\n** [[Joshua Homme]], American\n        musician\\n** [[Tamsier Joof]], British dancer, choreographer and entrepreneur\n        (of Senegalese and Gambian descent) \\n* [[May 18]] – [[Kaz Hayashi]],\n        Japanese professional wrestler\\n* [[May 19]] – [[Dario Franchitti]],\n        former Scottish racecar driver\\n* [[May 20]] \\n** [[Kaya Yanar]], German comedian\\n**\n        [[Elsa Lunghini]], French actress and singer\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Noel\n        Fielding]], British comedian\\n* [[May 23]] \\n** [[Emperor Magus Caligula]],\n        Swedish Musician\\n** [[Jacopo Gianninoto]], Italian musician\\n* [[May 24]]\\n**\n        [[Bartolo Col\\u00f3n]], Dominican baseball player\\n** [[Dermot O''Leary]],\n        British TV presenter\\n** [[Ruslana]], Ukrainian pop star, activist,  [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 2004 winner\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Jean-Pierre Canlis]], American\n        glass artist\\n** [[Demetri Martin]], American comedian\\n* [[May 30]] –\n        [[Leigh Francis]], British comedian\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Cadaveria]], Italian\n        singer ([[Opera IX]])\\n** [[Dominique van Roost]], Belgian tennis player\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Heidi\n        Klum Judges Red Carpet event April 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Heidi\n        Klum]]]]\\n[[File:Neil Patrick Harris in LG Electronics'' ''Art of the Pixel''\n        New-Media Competition, September 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Neil Patrick Harris]]]]\\n[[File:Carson\n        Daly.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carson Daly]]]]\\n[[File:Maria Naumova 2.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Marie\n        N]]]] \\n[[File:AL Medaillengewinner im Viererbob bei den Olympischen Spielen\n        2002 cropped.JPEG|thumb|110px|[[Andre Lange]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]\\n** [[Fred Deburghgraeve]],\n        Belgian swimmer\\n** [[Adam Garcia]], Australian actor and singer\\n** [[Heidi\n        Klum]], German model\\n** [[Derek Lowe]], American baseball player\\n* [[June\n        2]]\\n** [[Carlos Acosta]], Cuban-born ballet dancer\\n** [[Kevin Feige]], American\n        film producer and president of Marvel Studios\\n* [[June 8]] – [[Lexa\n        Doig]], Canadian actress\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Tedy Bruschi]], American\n        football player\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Faith Evans]], American singer\\n*\n        [[June 12]]\\n** [[Mitsuki Saiga]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Darryl White]],\n        Australian footballer\\n* [[June 13]] – [[Sam Adams (American football)|Sam\n        Adams]], American football player\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Ceca Raznatovic]],\n        Serbian folk singer\\n* [[June 15]]\\n** [[Dean McAmmond]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n** [[Neil Patrick Harris]], American actor, comedian, singer, presenter,\n        and host\\n** [[Greg Vaughan]], American actor\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Yumi\n        Kakazu]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[June 19]] – [[Yuko Nakazawa]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[June 20]] – [[Chino Moreno]], American musician\\n*\n        [[June 21]] \\n** [[Fedja van Hu\\u00eat]], Dutch actor\\n** [[Juliette Lewis]],\n        American actress\\n* [[June 22]] – [[Carson Daly]], American television\n        personality, host of [[NBC]]''s ''''[[The Voice (U.S. TV series)|The Voice]]''''\n        and ''''[[Last Call with Carson Daly]]''''\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Marija\n        Naumova]] (Marie N), Latvian singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest 2002]] winner\\n*\n        [[June 24]] – [[Alexander Beyer]], German actor\\n* [[June 25]] –\n        [[Jamie Redknapp]], English footballer\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Billie Mintz]],\n        American filmmaker\\n** [[Pawe\\u0142 Ma\\u0142aszy\\u0144ski]], Polish actor\\n*\n        [[June 27]] \\n** [[Olve Eikemo]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Gonzalo L\\u00f3pez-Gallego]],\n        Spanish film director\\n** [[Razaaq Adoti]], British actor, producer and screenwriter\\n*\n        [[June 28]] \\n** [[Adri\\u00e1n Annus]], Hungarian athlete\\n** [[Kjetil-Vidar\n        Haraldstad|Frost]], Norwegian musician\\n** [[Andre Lange]], German Olympic\n        bobsledder\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Robert Bales]], United States Army staff-sergeant\n        and suspect of the [[Kandahar massacre]]\\n** [[Chan Ho Park]], Korean [[Major\n        League Baseball]] player\\n** [[Hidetada Yamagishi]], Japanese bodybuilder\\n**\n        [[Rose Beleng \\u00c0 Ngon]], Cameroonian female volleyball player\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Peter\n        Kay comedy masterclass at University of Salford 12 December 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter\n        Kay]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Austin Green.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Brian Austin Green]]]]\\n[[File:Peter\n        Forsberg 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Peter Forsberg]]]]\\n[[File:Rufus Wainwright\n        Met Opera 2010 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rufus Wainwright]]]]\\n[[File:Kate\n        Beckinsale 2011 Comic-Con (truer color).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kate Beckinsale]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Peter Kay]], British comedian \\n* [[July 3]]\\n** [[Emma\n        Cunniffe]], British actress\\n** [[Patrick Wilson (American actor)|Patrick\n        Wilson]], American actor\\n** [[Owen H.M. Smith]], American television producer,\n        writer, actor and comedian\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Gackt]], Japanese singer-songwriter\n        and actor\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Charizma]], African-American rapper (d.\n        [[1993]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Dominic Power]], English actor\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Natsuki Takaya]], Japanese manga artist\\n** {{Interlanguage link\n        multi|Luciano Nassyn|pt|3=Luciano Nassyn}}, Brazilian singer\\n** [[Yoon Kyung-shin]],\n        South Korean handball player\\n** [[Troy Garity]], American actor\\n* [[July\n        8]] – [[Medi Sadoun]], French actor\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Enrique Murciano]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Kelly Holcomb]], American football player\\n* [[July 10]]\n        \\n** [[Neil Bannister]], English cricketer\\n** [[Craig Heap]], English gymnast\\n**\n        [[Martin S. Jensen]], Danish professional football goalkeeper\\n** [[McNeil\n        Hendricks]], South African rugby union player\\n* [[July 11]] \\n** [[Konstantinos\n        Kenteris]], Greek athlete\\n** [[Marcelo Charpentier]], Argentine tennis player\\n**\n        [[Link Abrams]], American-New Zealand basketball player\\n** [[Andrew Bird]],\n        American violinist, singer, and songwriter\\n** [[Kris Steele]], American politician\\n**\n        [[Mohsen Torky]], Iranian football player\\n* [[July 12]] – [[Christian\n        Vieri]], Italian footballer\\n* [[July 13]] \\n** [[Danny Williams (boxer)|Danny\n        Williams]], British professional boxer\\n** [[Roberto Mart\\u00ednez]], Spanish\n        football manager \\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[Halil Mutlu]], Bulgaria-born Turkish\n        weightlifter\\n** [[Candela Pe\\u00f1a]], Spanish actress\\n** [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]],\n        South Indian actress\\n* [[July 15]]\\n** [[John Dolmayan]], Lebanese-born rock\n        drummer for the band [[System of a Down]]\\n** [[Brian Austin Green]], American\n        actor\\n* [[July 16]]\\n** [[Stefano Garzelli]], Italian professional road racing\n        cyclist\\n** [[Graham Robertson]], American filmmaker and author\\n* [[July\n        17]]\\n** [[Daimaou Kosaka]], Japanese comedian\\n** [[Eric Moulds]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Liam Kyle Sullivan]], American comedian\\n** [[Adeel\n        Hashmi]], Pakistani television/film actor, comedian, social worker, producer,\n        filmmaker, and screenwriter\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Chi In-jin]], South Korean\n        boxer\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Nathalie Boltt]], South African actress\\n** [[A\\u00edlton\n        Gon\\u00e7alves da Silva]], Brazilian football player\\n** [[Sa\\u00efd Taghmaoui]],\n        French-American actor and screenwriter\\n** [[Wayne Rigby]], British boxer\\n**\n        [[Diether Ocampo]], Filipino actor, singer and model\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Peter\n        Forsberg]], Swedish hockey player\\n** HRH [[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway|Crown\n        Prince Haakon of Norway]]\\n* [[July 22]]\\n** [[Daniel Jones (musician)|Daniel\n        Jones]], Australian musician and record producer\\n** [[Rufus Wainwright]],\n        American-Canadian musician\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Omar Epps]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Nomar Garciaparra]], American baseball player\\n** [[Fran Healy (musician)|Fran\n        Healy]], Scottish singer-songwriter \\n** [[Monica Lewinsky]], American former\n        White House intern\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[Dani Filth]], British vocalist\\n**\n        [[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]], English footballer\\n** [[Tony\n        Vincent]], American actor and singer\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Kate Beckinsale]],\n        English actress\\n* [[July 27]] – [[Gorden Tallis]], Australian rugby\n        league player\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Steve Staios]], Canadian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Wanya Morris]], American singer \\n* [[July\n        30]]\\n** [[Markus N\\u00e4slund]], Swedish ice hockey player\\n** [[Sonu Nigam]],\n        Indian singer\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Jacob Aagaard]], Danish-Scottish chess\n        player\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Edurne Pasaban recibe el Premio Vasco Universal\n        2010 4 (crop).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edurne Pasaban]]]]\\n[[File:Vera Farmiga 2,\n        2011.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vera Farmiga]]]]\\n[[File:Kristen Wiig TIFF 2014.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kristen\n        Wiig]]]]\\n[[File:Sergey Brin cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sergey Brin]]]]\\n[[File:Howie\n        D NKOTBSB Newcastle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Howie D.]]]]\\n[[File:Grey DeLisle''s\n        Official Wikipedia Pic..JPG|thumb|110px|[[Grey DeLisle]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\n        – [[Edurne Pasaban]], Basque Spanish mountaineer\\n* [[August 2]]\\n**\n        [[Miguel Mendonca]], Anglo-Azorean writer\\n** [[Susie O''Neill]], Australian\n        swimmer\\n* [[August 6]]\\n** [[Asia Carrera]], American actress\\n** [[Vera\n        Farmiga]], American actress\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** [[Jessica Calvello]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Scott Stapp]], American singer and songwriter ([[Creed\n        (band)|Creed]])\\n* [[August 9]] \\n** [[Filippo Inzaghi]], Italian footballer\\n**\n        [[Oleksandr Ponomariov]], Ukrainian singer\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Carolyn\n        Murphy]], American model\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Richard Reid]], English\n        terrorist\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Ryoko Shinohara]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[August 14]]\\n** [[Jared Borgetti]], Mexican footballer\\n** [[Jay-Jay Okocha]],\n        Nigerian footballer\\n** [[Kieren Perkins]], Australian swimmer\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** [[Adnan Sami]], Turkish music composer, pianist, singer\\n** [[Kris\n        Mangum]], Professional football player\\n* [[August 16]] – [[Damian Jackson]],\n        American baseball player\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** HRH [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess\n        of Norway|Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway]]\\n** [[Marco Materazzi]],\n        Italian football player\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Todd Helton]], American\n        baseball player\\n* [[August 21]]\\n** [[Sergey Brin]], Russian-born American\n        entrepreneur, co-founder of [[Google]]\\n** [[Steve McKenna]], American hockey\n        player\\n** [[Nikolai Valuev]], Russian heavyweight boxing champion\\n* [[August\n        22]]\\n** [[Howie D.]], American singer ([[Backstreet Boys]])\\n** [[Kristen\n        Wiig]], American actress, comedian, and screenwriter\\n* [[August 24]]\\n**\n        [[Dave Brown (comedian)|Dave Brown]], English comedian\\n** [[Inge de Bruijn]],\n        Dutch swimmer\\n** [[Dave Chappelle]], African-American actor, comedian\\n**\n        [[Grey DeLisle]], American voice actress\\n** [[Carmine Giovinazzo]], American\n        actor\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Kirby Morrow]], Canadian voice actor\\n* [[August\n        29]] – [[Abdo Hakim]], Lebanese actor and voice actor\\n* [[August 30]]\n        – [[Lisa Ling]], American journalist\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Paddy\n        Considine at the \\\"Tyrannosaur\\\" Q&A at the Quad in Derby (6202793361).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paddy\n        Considine]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew Lincoln by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andrew\n        Lincoln]]]]\\n[[File:Nas July 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nas]]]]\\n[[File:Puffy\n        AmiYumi 20090704 Japan Expo 65.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ami Onuki]]]]\\n* [[September\n        1]] – [[Ram Kapoor]], Indian actor\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Jennifer\n        Paige]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[September 4]]  \\n** [[Jason David\n        Frank]], American actor and martial artist\\n** [[Diosbelys Hurtado]], Cuban\n        boxer\\n* [[September 5]] \\n** [[Paddy Considine]], British actor, filmmaker\n        and musician\\n** [[Rose McGowan]], American actress\\n* [[September 6]]\\n**\n        [[Carlo Cudicini]], Italian footballer\\n** [[Greg Rusedski]], Canadian-British\n        tennis player\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Shannon Elizabeth]], American actress\\n*\n        [[September 9]] – [[Kazuhisa Ishii]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[September\n        12]]\\n** [[Darren Campbell]], British athlete\\n** [[Paul Walker]], American\n        actor (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Fabio Cannavaro]], Italian\n        footballer\\n* [[September 14]]\\n** [[Andrew Lincoln]], British actor\\n** [[Nas]],\n        African-American rapper\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** [[Indira Levak]], Croatian\n        lead vocalist of [[Colonia (music group)|Colonia]]\\n** [[Lidija Perkov]],\n        Croatian writer and journalist\\n** [[Julie Cox]], English actress\\n** [[Prince\n        Daniel, Duke of V\\u00e4sterg\\u00f6tland]], n\\u00e9 Olof Daniel Westling, Swedish\n        prince, married to [[Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden|Crown Princess Victoria]]\\n*\n        [[September 17]] – [[Ada Choi]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[September 18]]\\n**\n        [[Paul Brousseau]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n** [[James Marsden]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Ami Onuki]], Japanese singer\\n** [[Mark Shuttleworth]], South\n        African entrepreneur\\n* [[September 19]] \\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Azevedo]], Portuguese\n        cyclist\\n** [[David Zepeda]], Mexican actor, model and singer\\n* [[September\n        20]] – [[Jo Pavey]], British athlete\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Oswaldo\n        S\\u00e1nchez]], Mexican footballer\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Craig McRae]],\n        Australian footballer\\n** [[Yoo Chae-yeong]], South Korean singer and actress\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Eddie George]], American football player\\n* [[September\n        25]] – [[Bridgette Wilson-Sampras]], American actress\\n* [[September\n        26]] – [[Lainey Lui]], Canadian television personality; one of the co-hosts\n        of [[etalk]]\\n* [[September 29]]\\n** [[Alfie Boe]], English tenor\\n** [[Joe\n        Hulbig]], American ice hockey player\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Mario Lopez\n        by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mario Lopez]]]]\\n[[File:Alex Tagliani -\n        2015 500 Festival Parade - Stierch.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alex Tagliani]]]]\\n[[File:Seth\n        MacFarlane (7607033712).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Seth MacFarlane]]]]\\n[[File:Adam\n        Copeland, 2012.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Edge (wrestler)|Adam Copeland]]]]\\n[[File:Verka\n        Serduchka ESC 2007.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Verka Serduchka]]]]\\n[[File:Kari Korhonen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kari\n        Korhonen]]]]\\n* [[October 1]] – [[Christian Borle]], American actor\n        and singer\\n* [[October 2]] \\n** [[Melissa Harris-Perry]], African-American\n        political commentator\\n** [[Lene Nystr\\u00f8m]], Norwegian singer ([[Aqua\n        (band)|Aqua]])\\n** [[Verka Serduchka]], Ukrainian Drag queen, comedian and\n        singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 2007 runner-up\\n** [[Proof (rapper)|Proof]],\n        American rapper (D12) (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[October 3]]\\n** [[Neve Campbell]],\n        Canadian actress\\n** [[Richard Ian Cox]], Welsh voice actor and radio host\\n*\n        [[October 4]] \\n** [[Abyss (wrestler)|Chris Parks]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Craig Robert Young]], British actor and singer ([[Deuce (band)|Deuce]])\\n*\n        [[October 5]] – [[Annabelle Chvostek]], Canadian singer-songwriter\\n*\n        [[October 6]] – [[Ioan Gruffudd]], Welsh actor\\n* [[October 8]] –\n        [[Kari Korhonen]], Finnish cartoonist\\n* [[October 9]]\\n** [[Steve Burns]],\n        ''''[[Blue''s Clues]]'''' actor\\n** [[Fabio Lione]], Italian singer \\n* [[October\n        10]] – [[Mario Lopez]], American actor\\n* [[October 11]] \\n** [[Takeshi\n        Kaneshiro]], [[Taiwan]]ese/Japanese actor\\n** [[Daisuke Sakaguchi]], Japanese\n        voice actor\\n* [[October 13]]\\n** [[Matt Hughes (fighter)|Matt Hughes]], American\n        [[mixed martial arts]] fighter\\n** [[Nanako Matsushima]], Japanese actress\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Lasha Zhvania]], Georgian politician\\n* [[October\n        15]]\\n** [[Susy Pryde]], New Zealand cyclist\\n** [[Dax Riggs]], American musician\\n*\n        [[October 16]] – [[Todd van der Heyden]], Canadian journalist and news\n        anchor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Rachel Nichols (journalist)|Rachel Nichols]],\n        American sports journalist\\n** [[Alex Tagliani]], Canadian race car driver\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Joaquin Gage]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n* [[October\n        21]] – [[Beverley Turner]], British TV and radio presenter\\n* [[October\n        22]] – [[Ichiro Suzuki]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[October 24]]\n        – [[Levi Leipheimer]], American professional cyclist\\n* [[October 25]]\\n**\n        [[Lamont Bentley]], American actor (d. [[2005]])\\n* [[October 26]]\\n** [[Seth\n        MacFarlane]], American animator and voice actor; creator of [[Family Guy]]\n        and [[American Dad!]]\\n** [[Taka Michinoku]], Japanese professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[October 28]] \\n** [[Maryam Nawaz]], Pakistani politician\\n** [[Montel Vontavious\n        Porter]], [[WWE Raw]] wrestler\\n* [[October 29]] – [[Robert Pir\\u00e8s]],\n        French football player\\n* [[October 30]]\\n** [[Edge (wrestler)|Adam Copeland]],\n        retired Canadian professional wrestler and 4-time [[WWE]] Champion\\n** [[Silvia\n        Corzo]], Colombian newsreader\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Aishwarya Rai Cannes\n        2017.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Aishwarya Rai]]]]\\n[[File:Dana Snyder (14739598153).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dana\n        Snyder]]]]\\n[[File:Cskamu 17.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ryan Giggs]]]]\\n* [[November\n        1]]\\n** [[Assia (singer)|Assia]], Algerian singer\\n** [[Li Xiaoshuang]], Chinese\n        gymnast \\n** [[Aishwarya Rai]], Indian actress, [[Miss\n        World]] 1994\\n* [[November 3]]\\n** [[Mick Thomson]], American guitarist\\n**\n        [[Sticky Fingaz|Kirk Jones]], African-American rapper ([[Onyx (hip hop group)|Onyx]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]]\\n** [[Johnny Damon]], baseball player\\n** [[Peter Emmerich]],\n        American illustrator\\n* [[November 6]] – [[Rumi Shishido]], Japanese\n        voice actress and singer\\n* [[November 8]] – [[David Muir]], American\n        journalist and news anchor \\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Alyson Court]], Canadian\n        actress \\n** [[Nick Lachey]], American singer \\n** [[Maija Vilkkumaa]], Finnish\n        pop rock singer\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[Jacqui Abbott]], English singer \\n**\n        [[R\\u00f3bert Gulya]], Hungarian composer\\n* [[November 14]]\\n** [[Betsy Brandt]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Lawyer Milloy]], American football player\\n** [[Dana\n        Snyder]], American voice actor\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Marcus Lemonis]],\n        Lebanese-American businessman, investor, and television personality\\n* [[November\n        19]] \\n** [[Billy Currington]], American country singer\\n** [[Savion Glover]],\n        American tap dancer\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Sav Rocca]], American football\n        player and Australian rules footballer\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Cassie\n        Campbell]], Canadian ice hockey forward and CBC commentator\\n* [[November\n        26]] – [[Peter Facinelli]], American actor\\n* [[November 27]] –\n        [[Sharlto Copley]],  South African producer, actor, and director\\n* [[November\n        28]]\\n** [[Rob Conway]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Jade Puget]],\n        American guitarist\\n** [[Gina Tognoni]], American actress \\n* [[November 29]]\\n**\n        [[Ryan Giggs]], Welsh footballer\\n** [[Raphael Smith]], South African screenwriter\n        and songwriter\\n* [[November 30]]\\n** [[Nimr\\u00f3d Antal]], Hungarian-American\n        film director, screenwriter and actor\\n** [[Im Chang-jung]], South Korean\n        actor\\n** [[Christian (wrestler)|Jason Reso]], Canadian professional wrestler\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Monica\n        Seles 1991.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Monica Seles]]]]\\n[[File:Banks2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tyra\n        Banks]]]]\\n[[File:Stephenie Meyer by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Stephenie\n        Meyer]]]]\\n[[File:Seth Meyers by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Seth Meyers]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]]\\n** [[Monica Seles]], Hungarian-Yugoslavian tennis player\\n**\n        [[Jan Ullrich]], German professional road bicycle racer\\n* [[December 3]]\n        \\n** [[Super Crazy|Francisco Islas Rueda]], Mexican professiomal wrestler\\n**\n        [[Holly Marie Combs]], American actress\\n* [[December 4]]\\n** [[Tyra Banks]],\n        American supermodel, talk show host\\n** [[Steven Menzies]], Australian [[rugby\n        league]] player\\n** [[Michael Jackson (footballer)|Michael Jackson]], former\n        English football defender\\n* [[December 5]] \\n** [[Sorin Grindeanu]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Romania]]\\n** [[Mikelangelo Loconte]], Italian singer\\n** [[Neil\n        Codling]], Member of Suede\\n* [[December 7]]\\n** [[Terrell Owens]], American\n        football player\\n** [[Damien Rice]], Irish singer-songwriter, musician and\n        record producer\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Corey Taylor]], American rock\n        vocalist ([[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]], ''''[[Stone Sour]])\\n* [[December\n        9]] – [[B\\u00e1rbara Padilla]], American operatic soprano\\n* [[December\n        10]] – [[Arden Myrin]], American comedian\\n* [[December 11]] –\n        [[Mos Def]], African-American rapper and actor\\n* [[December 14]]\\n** [[Tomasz\n        Radzinski]], Canadian footballer\\n** [[Thuy Trang]], Vietnamese-born actress\n        (d. [[2001]])\\n* [[December 15]] – [[Surya Bonaly]], French figure skater\\n*\n        [[December 16]] – [[Scott Storch]], American hip-hop producer\\n* [[December\n        17]] – [[Paula Radcliffe]], British athlete\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Darryl Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Darryl Brown]], Trinidad and West Indian\n        cricketer\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Antti Kasvio]], Finnish swimmer\\n*\n        [[December 21]] – [[Mike Alstott]], American football player\\n* [[December\n        24]]\\n** [[Paul Foot (comedian)|Paul Foot]], English comedian\\n** [[Stephenie\n        Meyer]], American novelist \\n** [[Kerry Nettle]], Australian politician\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[Shalom Harlow]], Canadian model and actress\\n** [[Chris\n        Harris (wrestler)|Chris Harris]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[December\n        27]]\\n** [[Wilson Cruz]], American actor\\n** [[Kristoffer Zegers]], Dutch\n        composer\\n* [[December 28]]\\n** [[Seth Meyers]], American actor and comedian,\n        currently hosts [[Late Night with Seth Meyers]]\\n** [[Ids Postma]], Dutch\n        speed skater\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Theo Epstein]], American baseball general\n        manager\\n** [[Pimp C]], American rap artist\\n* [[December 30]]\\n** [[Jason\n        Behr]], American actor\\n** [[Ato Boldon]], West Indian athlete\\n* [[December\n        31]] – [[Nikolay Tsiskaridze]], Russian dancer\\n\\n===Date Unknown===\\n*\n        [[Hayko]], Armenian singer\\n* [[Tiago Carneiro da Cunha]], Brazilian artist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Eleazar\n        L\\u00f3pez Contreras.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Eleazar L\\u00f3pez Contreras]]]]\\n[[File:37\n        Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]]]\\n* [[January\n        1]]\\n** [[Sir Arthur Elton, 10th Baronet|Sir Arthur Elton]], pioneer of the\n        British documentary film industry (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Sergei Kourdakov]],\n        former KGB agent (b. [[1951]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Eleazar L\\u00f3pez\n        Contreras]], 45th [[President of Venezuela]] (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 7]]\n        – [[Mark Essex]], American spree killer (b. [[1949]])\\n* [[January 8]]\n        – [[Dudley Foster]], English actor (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[January 12]] –\n        [[Turk Edwards]], American football player ([[Washington Redskins]]) and a\n        member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[January 17]]\n        – [[Herbert D. Riley]], United States Navy admiral (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[January 19]] – [[Max Adrian]], Northern Irish actor (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], 36th [[President of the United\n        States]] (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[January 23]] – [[Kid Ory]], American musician\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 24]] – [[J. Carrol Naish]], American actor\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[January 26]] – [[Edward G. Robinson]], American actor\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[John Banner]], Austrian-born actor\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[Ludwig St\\u00f6ssel]], Austrian\n        actor (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[January 31]] – [[Ragnar Frisch]], Norwegian\n        economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Jensen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans D. Jensen]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[J. Hans D. Jensen]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Wally\n        Cox]], American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Tim Holt]], American actor (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Francisco Caama\\u00f1o]], Dominican politician (b.\n        [[1932]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Harold Saxton Burr]], American scientist\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Joseph Szigeti]], Hungarian violinist\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[February 22]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Bowen]], Irish novelist (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n** [[Katina Paxinou]], Greek actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February\n        23]] – [[Dickinson W. Richards]], American physician, recipient of the\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 28]]\n        – [[Cecil Kellaway]], South African actor (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Pearl\n        Buck (Nobel).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pearl S. Buck]]]]\\n[[File:Cropped screenshot\n        of Ken Maynard in In Old Santa Fe film, 1934.png|thumb|110px|[[Ken Maynard]]]]\\n[[File:No\\u00ebl\n        Coward 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[No\\u00ebl Coward]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Vera\n        Panova]], Soviet-Russian writer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[March 4]] – [[Marie-Anne\n        Desmarest]], French novelist (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Pearl\n        S. Buck]], American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Benjam\\u00edn de Arriba y Castro]], Spanish\n        [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and cardinal (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Ron \\\"Pigpen\\\"\n        McKernan]], American rock musician ([[Grateful Dead]]) (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[March\n        10]]\\n** [[Bull Connor]], Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of [[Birmingham,\n        Alabama]], during the [[American Civil Rights Movement]] and member of the\n        [[Ku Klux Klan]] during the 1920s (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Robert Siodmak]], German-born\n        American director (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[March 12]] – [[Frankie Frisch]],\n        American baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB\n        Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Melville Cooper]],\n        British actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[March 14]]\\n** [[Rafael Godoy]], Colombian\n        composer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Chic Young]], American cartoonist (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[March 17]] – [[Giuseppe Ferretto]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** [[Johannes Aavik]], Estonian philologist\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Lauritz Melchior]], Danish opera singer (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[March 20]] – [[Adolf Strauss]], German general (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        23]] – [[Ken Maynard]], American actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[March 25]]\n        – [[Edward Steichen]], American photographer (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[March\n        26]]\\n** [[Safford Cape]], American composer and musicologist (b. [[1906]])\\n**\n        Sir [[No\\u00ebl Coward]], English composer and playwright (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[George Sisler]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis Browns]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Douglas\n        Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton]], Scottish nobleman and pioneering\n        aviator (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Xu Lai 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Xu\n        Lai (actress)|Xu Lai]]]]\\n[[File:Pablo picasso 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pablo Picasso]]]]\\n[[File:Arthur\n        Fadden.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur Fadden]]]]\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Xu Lai\n        (actress)|Xu Lai]], Chinese actress and secret agent (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[April\n        8]] – [[Pablo Picasso]],  Spanish artist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n**\n        [[Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar]], Palestinian militant (killed in action) (b.\n        [[1930]])\\n** [[Peter T. Snowe]], American politician and businessman (b.\n        [[1943]])\\n* [[April 12]]\\n** [[Henry Darger]], reclusive American [[outsider\n        art]]ist (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[Arthur Freed]], American film producer (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[M\\u00e1rio Roberto Emmett Anglim]], American-born Brazilian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] prelate and venerable (b. [[1922]])\\n** [[Dudley Senanayake]],\n        2nd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 14]] – [[K\\u00e1roly\n        Ker\\u00e9nyi]], Hungarian philologist and mythologist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April\n        16]]\\n** [[Nino Bravo]], Spanish singer (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Istv\\u00e1n Kert\\u00e9sz\n        (conductor)|Istvan Kertesz]], Hungarian conductor (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Hans Kelsen]], Austrian-born legal theorist (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[April 20]] – [[Robert Armstrong (actor)|Robert Armstrong]], American\n        actor (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[Merian C. Cooper]], American aviator,\n        director, and producer (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Arthur Fadden]], Australian politician,\n        13th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[April 25]]\\n** [[Armand\n        Annet]], French colonial official (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Fuad Chehab]], 8th President\n        of Lebanon (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Frank Jack Fletcher]], American admiral (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[April 26]] – [[Irene Ryan]], American actress (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[April 28]] – [[Jacques Maritain]], Catholic philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[V\\u00e1clav Ren\\u010d]], Czech poet, dramatist and\n        translator (b. [[1911]])\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Asger Jorn]],\n        Danish painter (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 2]] – [[Alan Carney]], American\n        actor and comedian (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Myrna Fahey]], American\n        actress (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Alexander Vandegrift]], American\n        general (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[May 10]] – [[Jack E. Leonard]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 11]]\\n** [[Lex Barker]], American actor (b.\n        [[1919]])\\n** [[Jes\\u00fas Guerrero Galv\\u00e1n]], Mexican artist (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Frances Marion]], American screenwriter (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[May 14]] – [[Jean Gebser]], German author, linguist and poet (b. [[1905]])\\n*\n        [[May 16]] – [[Jacques Lipchitz]], French American sculptor (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]]\\n** [[Dieudonn\\u00e9 Costes]], French aviator (b. [[1892]])\\n**\n        [[Jeannette Rankin]], first U.S. Congresswoman (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[May 20]]\n        – [[Jarno Saarinen]], Finnish motorcycle racer (b. [[1945]])\\n* [[May\n        21]] \\n** [[Ivan Konev]], Marshal of the [[USSR]] (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Vaughn\n        Monroe]], American singer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[May 23]] – [[Joseph Francis\n        Flannelly]], American [[Roman Catholic]] clergyman (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[May\n        26]] \\n** [[Jay C. Higginbotham]], American musician (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Karl\n        L\\u00f6with]], German philosopher (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Constantin\n        Daicoviciu]], Romanian historian and archaeologist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[May\n        29]] – [[P. Ramlee]], Malaysian film actor, director, singer, songwriter,\n        composer, and producer (b. [[1929]])\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 1]] – [[Mary\n        Kornman]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Dory Funk]],\n        American professional wrestler (b. [[1919]])\\n* [[June 4]] – [[Arna\n        Bontemps]], African-American Harlem Renaissance writer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June\n        5]] – [[Max Terhune]], American actor (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[June 8]] –\n        [[Emmy G\\u00f6ring]] ''''nee'''' Sonnemann, German actress, second wife of\n        [[Hermann G\\u00f6ring]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Erich von Manstein]],\n        German field marshal (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[William Inge]],\n        American playwright (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Thomas Leonard\n        Harrold]], American army general (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Roger\n        Delgado]], English actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Fay Holden]],\n        American actress (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 24]] – [[Mary Carr]], American\n        actress (b. [[1874]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Ernest Truex]], American actor\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Nancy Mitford]], English novelist (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Vasyl Velychkovsky|Vasyl Velychkovsky C.Ss.R]], Ukrainian Catholic bishop,\n        martyr and blessed (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===July===\\n\\n\\n[[File:Robert Ryan in\n        Marine Raiders.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Robert Ryan]]]]\\n[[File:Bruce Lee as Kato\n        1967.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bruce Lee]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Yosef Alon]],\n        Israeli pilot, co-founder of the Israeli Air Force, assassinated in the United\n        States (b. [[1929 in the British Mandate of Palestine|1929]])\\n* [[July 2]]\\n**\n        [[Betty Grable]], American actress (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Chick Hafey]], American\n        baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of\n        Fame]] (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[George Macready]], American actor (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Swede Savage]], American race car driver (b. [[1946]])\\n* [[July 4]] –\n        [[Ellen Kaarma]], Estonian actress (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 5]] – [[Golwalkar]],\n        Second [[sarsanghchalak]] of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[July 6]]\\n** [[Joe E. Brown]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Otto Klemperer]], German-born conductor (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[July 7]]\\n**\n        [[Max Horkheimer]], German philosopher and sociologist (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Veronica\n        Lake]], American actress (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Arthur Calwell]],\n        Australian labor politician (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Ben-Zion Dinur]], Russian-born\n        Israeli educator, historian and politician (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Wilfred Rhodes]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1877]])\\n* [[July 11]]\\n** [[Alexander Mosolov]],\n        Russian composer (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Robert Ryan]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n*\n        [[July 12]] – [[Lon Chaney Jr.]], American actor (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[July\n        13]]\\n** [[David Bauer (actor)|David Bauer]], American actor (b. [[1917]])\\n**\n        [[Willy Fritsch]], German actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Jack\n        Hawkins]], British actor (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Bruce Lee]], Chinese-American\n        martial artist and actor (b. [[1940]])\\n** [[Robert Smithson]], American artist\n        (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], American [[World\n        War I]] flying ace and race car driver (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July 24]] –\n        [[Juli\\u00e1n Acu\\u00f1a Gal\\u00e9]], Cuban botanist (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July\n        25]]\\n** [[Amy Jacques Garvey]], Jamaican-born journalist and activist (b.\n        [[1895]])\\n** [[Louis St. Laurent]], 12th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b.\n        [[1882]])\\n* [[July 26]] – [[Konstantinos Georgakopoulos]], Greek lawyer\n        and professor, 152nd [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n** [[Henri Charri\\u00e8re]], French writer (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Roger\n        Williamson]], British race car driver (b. [[1948]])\\n* [[July 31]] –\n        [[Annibale Bergonzoli]], Italian general (b. [[1884]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Bundesarchiv\n        Bild 183-J1231-1002-002 Walter Ulbricht, Neujahrsansprache.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Walter\n        Ulbricht]]]]\\n[[File:Fulgencio Batista, 1938.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Fulgencio Batista]]]]\\n[[File:Karl\n        Ziegler Nobel.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Karl Ziegler]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n** [[Gian\n        Francesco Malipiero]], Italian composer (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Walter Ulbricht]],\n        German politician, East German leader (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[August 2]] –\n        [[Jean-Pierre Melville]], French film director (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[August 4]]\n        – [[Eddie Condon]], American jazz musician (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[August\n        6]]\\n** [[Fulgencio Batista]], 2-time [[President of Cuba]] (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[James Beck]], British actor (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Charles\n        Daniels (swimmer)|Charles Daniels]], American Olympic swimmer (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[August 10]] – [[Douglas Kennedy (actor)|Douglas Kennedy]], American\n        actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[August 12]]\\n** [[Dayanand Bandodkar]], Chief Minister\n        of Goa (b. [[1911]])\\n** [[Walter Rudolf Hess]], Swiss physiologist, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Karl\n        Ziegler]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Willy Rey]], American model (b. [[1949]])\\n*\n        [[August 16]]\\n** [[Veda Ann Borg]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Selman\n        Waksman]], Ukrainian-born biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology\n        or Medicine]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 17]]\\n** [[Conrad Aiken]], American\n        writer (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Jean Barraqu\\u00e9]], French composer (b. [[1928]])\\n**\n        [[Paul Williams (The Temptations)|Paul Williams]], American singer ([[The\n        Temptations]]) (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Fran\\u00e7ois Bonlieu]],\n        French Olympic alpine skiier (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Tol\n        Avery]], American actor (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[August 30]] – [[Michael Dunn\n        (actor)|Michael Dunn]], American actor (b. [[1934]])\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[John Ford]], American film director (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Tolkien\n        1916.jpg|110px|thumb|[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]]]\\n[[File:Salvador Allende Gossens-.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Salvador\n        Allende]]]]\\n[[File:Gustaf VI Adolf av Sverige som kronprins.jpg|110px|thumb|King\n        [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]]]]\\n[[File:Shaykh Abdullah Daghestani.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Abdullah\n        Fa''izi ad-Daghestani]]]]\\n* [[September 2]]\\n** [[Diana Sands]], American\n        actress (b. [[1934]])\\n** [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], British writer (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[September 11]]\\n** [[Salvador Allende]], 30th [[President of Chile]] (b.\n        [[1908]])\\n** [[Martha Angelici]], French soprano (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        13]]\\n** [[Betty Field]], American actress (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Sajjad Zaheer]],\n        Urdu writer and revolutionary (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 15]]\\n** King [[Gustaf\n        VI Adolf of Sweden]] (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], Chilean politician\n        and singer-songwriter (b. [[1932]])\\n** [[Robert B. McClure]], American general\n        (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Al Sherman]], American songwriter (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September\n        16]] – [[Rafael Franco]], 33rd [[President of Paraguay]] (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 18]] – [[Ken Harada (diplomat)|Ken Harada]], first diplomat\n        from Japan to the [[Holy See]] (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[September 19]] – [[Gram\n        Parsons]], American musician (b. [[1946]])\\n* [[September 20]]\\n** [[Jim Croce]],\n        American songwriter (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Glenn Strange]], American actor (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Pablo Neruda]], Chilean poet, [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[September 24]]\\n**\n        [[Ted Adams (actor)|Ted Adams]], American actor (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Josu\\u00e9\n        de Castro]], Brazilian writer, physician, geographer and activist against\n        hunger (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Ralph Earnhardt]], American\n        race car driver (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Anna Magnani]], Italian actress (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[September 28]] – [[Norma Crane]], American actress (b. [[1928]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[W. H. Auden]], English poet (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[September\n        30]]\\n** [[Abdullah Fa''izi ad-Daghestani]], Syrian Sufi leader (b.  [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Peter Pitseolak]], Inuit photographer and author (b. [[1902]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Paavo\n        Nurmi (Antwerp 1920).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paavo Nurmi]]]]\\n[[File:Abebe Bikila,\n        1972 card.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Abebe Bikila]]]]\\n* [[October 2]]\\n** [[Paul Hartman]],\n        American dancer and actor (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Paavo Nurmi]], Finnish Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[October 6]]\\n** [[Sidney Blackmer]], American actor\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois Cevert]], French race car driver (b. [[1944]])\\n*\n        [[October 8]] – [[Gabriel Marcel]], French Catholic existential thinker\n        (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Ludwig von Mises]], Austrian economist\n        (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[October 12]] – [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], Austrian mountaineer\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Edmund A. Chester]], American broadcaster\n        and journalist (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Ahmed Hamdi]], Egyptian general who fought\n        in [[Yom Kippur]] (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[October 16]] \\n** [[Gene Krupa]], American\n        jazz drummer (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Thevarparampil Kunjachan]], Indian [[Syro-Malabar\n        Catholic]] priest and blessed (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Ingeborg\n        Bachmann]], Austrian poet and author (b. [[1926]])\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Walt\n        Kelly]], American cartoonist (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Crane Wilbur]], American\n        actor (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 19]] – [[Margaret Caroline Anderson]],\n        American magazine publisher (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 22]] – [[Pablo\n        Casals]], Spanish cellist and conductor (b. [[1876]])\\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Zainal Abidin Ahmad (writer)]], Malaysian nationalist writer\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Abebe Bikila]], Ethiopian Olympic athlete (b. [[1932]])\\n*\n        [[October 26]] – [[Semyon Budyonny]], Cossack cavalryman and Marshal\n        of the Soviet Union (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Allan Lane|Allan\n        \\\"Rocky\\\" Lane]], American actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 28]] – [[Cleo\n        Moore]], American actress (b. [[1928]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Virtanen.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Artturi\n        Ilmari Virtanen]]]]\\n[[File:LilaLee.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lila Lee]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Greasy Neale]], American football coach ([[Philadelphia Eagles]])\n        and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[November\n        3]] – [[Marc All\\u00e9gret]], French film director (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – [[Kiyohide Shima]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 9]] – [[Apostol Karamitev]], Bulgarian actor (b. [[1923]])\\n*\n        [[November 10]]\\n** [[David \\\"Stringbean\\\" Akeman]], American banjo player\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n** [[Morton Deyo]], American admiral (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November\n        11]]\\n** [[Hassan al-Hudaybi]], Egyptian general (b. [[1891]])\\n** [[Artturi\n        Ilmari Virtanen]], Finnish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Lila Lee]], American actress\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Alan Watts]], British philosopher\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[November 20]] – [[Allan Sherman]], American comedy\n        writer, television producer, and song parodist (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[November\n        23]]\\n** [[Robert Ellis (actor, born 1933)|Robert Ellis]], American actor\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n** [[Sessue Hayakawa]], Japanese-born American actor and film\n        director (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Constance Talmadge]], American actress (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[November 25]]\\n** [[Albert DeSalvo]], American criminal, suspect in the\n        [[Boston Strangler]] case (b. [[1931]])\\n** [[Laurence Harvey]], English actor\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Frank Christian (trumpeter)|Frank\n        Christian]], American musician (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[November 28]] – [[John\n        Rostill]], English bassist, musician and composer ([[The Shadows]]) (b. [[1942]])\\n*\n        [[November 29]] – [[Philip D. Gallery]], American admiral (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[Salvatore Calabrese]], Italian physician (b. [[1903]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Ben\n        Gurion 1959.jpg|110px|thumb|[[David Ben-Gurion]]]]\\n[[File:Bobby Darin 1959.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Bobby\n        Darin]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[David Ben-Gurion]], 1st [[Prime Minister\n        of Israel]] (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 2]]\\n** [[Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai]],\n        Pakistani nationalist and political leader (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[Giacomo Carboni]],\n        Italian general (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Richard G. Colbert]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[December 3]] \\n** [[Emile Christian]], American musician\n        (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Adolfo Ruiz Cortines]], 47th [[President of Mexico]] (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 4]] \\n** [[Lauri Lehtinen]], Finnish Olympic athlete\n        (b.  [[1908]])\\n** [[Michael O''Shea (actor)|Michael O''Shea]], American actor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[December 5]] – Sir [[Robert Watson-Watt]], Scottish\n        engineer, [[radar]] pioneer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 12]] – [[Atilio\n        Garc\\u00eda]], Argentine-born Uruguayan football player (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[Giuseppe Beltrami]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Antoninho]], Brazilian football player\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Claro Ab\\u00e1nades L\\u00f3pez]], Spanish journalist,\n        publisher, historian and activist (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]], Bengali politician (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 20]]\\n** [[Luis Carrero Blanco]], Spanish admiral and politician,\n        69th [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (assassinated) (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Raffaele\n        Cadorna, Jr.]], Italian general (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Bobby Darin]], American\n        singer, songwriter, musician, actor, dancer, impressionist and TV presenter\n        (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Joe Caldwell (archaeologist)|Joe Caldwell]],\n        American archaeologist (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Gerard Kuiper]], Dutch-born American\n        astronomer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Vittoria Crispo]], Italian\n        actress (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Fritz Gause]], German historian (b. [[1893]])\\n*\n        [[December 25]]\\n** [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]], Turkish general and\n        statesman, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] and 2nd [[President of Turkey]],\n        leader of the [[World War II]] (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Adrian Scott]], American\n        screenwriter, one of the [[Hollywood Ten]] (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Gabriel Voisin]],\n        French aviation pioneer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[William Haines]],\n        American actor (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Harold B. Lee]], American president of\n        [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[December\n        30]] – [[Marcel-Bruno Gensoul]], French admiral (b. [[1880]])\\n\\n==Nobel\n        Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]\n        – [[Leo Esaki]], [[Ivar Giaever]], [[Brian David Josephson]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Ernst Otto Fischer]], [[Geoffrey\n        Wilkinson]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] –\n        [[Karl von Frisch]], [[Konrad Lorenz]], [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Patrick White]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace\n        Prize|Peace]] – [[Henry Kissinger]], [[L\\u00ea \\u0110\\u1ee9c Th\\u1ecd]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]] – [[Wassily\n        Leontief]]\\n\\n== References ==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1973}}\\n[[Category:1973|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T14:50:09Z\",\"lastrevid\":799571872,\"length\":94512,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973\"},\"34654\":{\"pageid\":34654,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1974\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-27T19:45:35Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1974}}\\n{{Year nav|1974}}\\n{{C20 year\n        in topic}}\\n{{Year article header|1974}}\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Rosenkowitz sextuplets|David, Elizabeth, Emma, Grant,\n        Jason and Nicolette Rosenkowitz]] are born in [[Cape Town]], the first [[sextuplets]]\n        in the world where all six babies survive.\\n* [[January 17]] – Two [[commercial\n        diver]]s, Pier Skipness and Robert John Smyth, die from rapid [[Decompression\n        (diving)|decompression]] and drowning in the Norwegian Sector of the [[North\n        Sea]] after their [[diving bell]] [[Drill Master diving accident|abruptly\n        surfaces]] from a depth of {{Convert|320|ft}}.{{cite\n        book|title=North Sea Divers \\u2013 a Requiem|last=Limbrick|first=Jim|pages=96\\u201398|location=Hertford|publisher=Authors\n        OnLine|year=2001|isbn=0 7552 0036 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPp68NAoUF0C&pg=PA96}}{{cite\n        book|title=Into the Lion''s Mouth: The Story of the ''''Wildrake'''' Diving\n        Accident|last=Smart|first=Michael|location=[[Medford, Oregon]]|publisher=Lion''s\n        Mouth Publishing|year=2011|pages=34\\u201335, 148|isbn=978-0-615-52838-0}}\\n*\n        [[January 20]] – The [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] makes\n        its first flight at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California.\\n* [[January 26]]\n        – [[B\\u00fclent Ecevit]], of [[Republican People''s Party (Turkey)|CHP]]\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (37th government, partner [[National\n        Salvation Party|MSP]]).\\n\\n===February===\\n* [[February 1]]\\n** [[Joelma fire|Fire]]\n        breaks out in the [[Joelma Building]] in [[S\\u00e3o Paulo]], Brazil; 177 die,\n        293 are injured, 11 die later of their injuries.\\n** [[Kuala Lumpur]], the\n        capital of [[Malaysia]], is declared a [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|Federal\n        Territory]].\\n* [[February 4]] – Heiress [[Patty Hearst]] is kidnapped\n        outside her [[Berkeley, California]] apartment by the [[Symbionese Liberation\n        Army]].\\n* [[February 8]] – After a record 84 days in [[orbit]], the\n        crew of ''''[[Skylab 4]]'''' returns to Earth.\\n* [[February 12]] –\n        The first episode of children''s television series ''''[[Bagpuss]]'''' airs\n        in Britain.\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Zamalek disaster]]: a [[soccer]]\n        stampede occurs in [[Cairo]], killing 49.\\n\\n===March===\\n* [[March 3]] –\n        [[Turkish Airlines Flight 981]] travelling from Paris to London crashes in\n        a wood near Paris, killing all 346 aboard. This becomes the deadliest single\n        aircraft accident with no survivors.\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** Following a [[hung\n        parliament]] in the [[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|United\n        Kingdom general election]], [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] prime\n        minister [[Edward Heath]] resigns and is succeeded by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]''s\n        [[Harold Wilson]], who previously led the country from [[United Kingdom general\n        election, 1964|1964]] to [[United Kingdom general election, 1970|1970]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393301.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1974 Feb: Hung parliament looms|date=April 5, 2005}}\\n**\n        ''''[[People (magazine)|People]]'''' magazine''s first issue released in the\n        U.S. with [[Mia Farrow]] on the cover.\\n* [[March 8]] \\n**[[Charles de Gaulle\n        Airport]] opens in Paris, France. \\n**[[The Brady Bunch]] is cancelled after\n        5 seasons on ABC. \\n**[[Queen (band)|Queen]] releases [[Queen II]] with the\n        single [[Seven Seas of Rhye]].\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Japanese holdout]]:\n        A Japanese World War II soldier, Second Lieutenant [[Hiroo Onoda]], surrenders\n        in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[March 18]]\\n** End of five month [[Petroleum|oil]]\n        [[embargo]] by most [[OPEC]] nations against the United States, Europe and\n        Japan which had caused the [[1973 oil crisis]].\\n** After 23 consecutive years\n        on television, [[Lucille Ball]] airs the finale of ''''[[Here''s Lucy]]''''.\\n*\n        [[March 26]] – A group of peasant women in [[Chamoli district]], [[Uttarakhand]],\n        India, use their bodies to surround trees in order to prevent loggers from\n        felling them, giving rise to the [[Chipko movement]].\\n* [[March 29]]\\n**\n        The [[Terracotta Army]] of [[Qin Shi Huang]] is discovered at [[Xi''an]],\n        China.{{cite web|title=1974 - Terracotta Army Discovered in China|first=Jennifer|last=Rosenberg|url=http://history1900s.about.com/od/1970s/qt/terracottaarmy.htm|work=About.com\n        20th Century History|accessdate=2013-03-05}}\\n** Launch of the [[Volkswagen\n        Golf]] in [[West Germany]], a modern front-wheel drive hatchback which is\n        expected to replace the iconic [[Volkswagen Beetle]], holder of the world\n        record for the car with the most units produced.\\n\\n===April===\\nApril –\n        The [[world population]] reaches 4 billion people estimated by the [[United\n        States Census Bureau]].\\n\\n* [[April 2]] – French president [[Georges\n        Pompidou]], dies of cancer at 63. [[Alain Poher]] succeeds him immediately;\n        [[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard d''Estaing]] wins the presidential contest in May 1974.\\n*\n        [[April 3]]–[[April 4|4]] – An enormous [[tornado outbreak]] strikes\n        the central parts of the United States, killing around 319 people. Known as\n        the \\\"[[1974 Super Outbreak]]\\\", the event was the largest of its kind until\n        the [[2011 Super Outbreak]].\\n* [[April 4]] – [[Hank Aaron]] ties [[Babe\n        Ruth]] for the all-time home run record with his 714th at [[Riverfront Stadium]]\n        in [[Cincinnati]].\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Stephen King]] publishes ''''[[Carrie\n        (novel)|Carrie]]'''', his first novel.\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Sweden|Swedish]]\n        pop group [[ABBA]]''s song \\\"[[Waterloo (ABBA song)|Waterloo]]\\\" wins the\n        [[1974 Eurovision Song Contest]] in [[Brighton]], [[England]], UK.\\n** [[California\n        Jam]] is held at the [[Ontario Motor Speedway]] in [[Ontario, California]],\n        attracting 250,000 fans.\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Hank Aaron]] became the\n        all-time [[MLB]] home run leader with his 715th at [[Atlanta]] in front of\n        a national television audience.\\n* [[April 11]] – The [[Kiryat Shmona\n        massacre]] takes place in [[Israel]].\\n* [[April 15]] – As \\\"Tania\\\",\n        [[Patty Hearst]] is photographed wielding an M1 carbine while robbing the\n        Sunset District branch of the Hibernia Bank in San Francisco.\\n* [[April 24]]\n        – ''''[[Guillaume Affair]]'''': exposure of an [[East Germany|East German]]\n        spy [[G\\u00fcnter Guillaume]] within the [[West Germany|West German]] government,\n        leading to the resignation of West German Chancellor [[Willy Brandt]].\\\"[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vc5dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f14NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5274%2C5720303\n        Aide to Willy Brandt arrested for spying]\\\", Observer-Reporter no. 7499, 26\n        April 1974, A5.\\n* [[April 25]] – ''''[[Carnation Revolution]]'''':\n        A left-wing military [[coup d''\\u00e9tat|coup]] in Portugal restores [[democracy]],\n        ending 48 years of [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] and [[Ditadura Nacional]]\n        dictatorship in the country. [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Portuguese Prime\n        Minister]] [[Marcelo Caetano]] flees to [[Brazilian military government|Brazil]]\n        and is granted political asylum by [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]]\n        [[Ernesto Geisel]].\\n\\n===May===\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** An all-female Japanese team\n        summits [[Manaslu]] in [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], becoming the first women\n        to climb an 8,000 metre peak.\\n** The [[Expo ''74]] [[world''s fair]] opens\n        in [[Spokane, Washington]].\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Willy Brandt]] West Germany''s\n        chancellor resigns; replaced by [[Helmut Schmidt]]\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Dublin\n        and Monaghan bombings]]: The [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] (UVF), explode four\n        car bombs in [[Dublin]] and [[Monaghan]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. The\n        attacks kill 33 civilians and wound almost 300, the highest number of casualties\n        in any single day during \\\"[[The Troubles]]\\\".\\n** A massive, two-hour shootout\n        between the Los Angeles Police Department and members of the [[Symbionese\n        Liberation Army]] leaves six SLA members, including SLA leader [[Donald DeFreeze]],\n        dead. \\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[Nuclear test]]: Under Project [[Smiling Buddha]],\n        India successfully detonates its first [[nuclear weapon]], becoming the 6th\n        nation to do so.\\n** The [[Warsaw radio mast]] is completed, the second tallest\n        structure ever built (it collapses on August 8, [[1991]]).\\n* [[May 19]] –\n        The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] defeat the [[Boston Bruins]] to become the first\n        team from the [[1967 NHL expansion]] class to win the [[Stanley Cup]] in the\n        North American [[National Hockey League]].\\n* [[May 30]] – [[NASA]]''s\n        [[ATS-6]] [[satellite]] is launched.\\n\\n===June===\\n* [[June 4]] – The\n        [[Cleveland Indians]] stage an ill-advised [[Ten Cent Beer Night]] for a game\n        against the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] at [[Cleveland Municipal\n        Stadium]]. Cleveland forfeits after alcohol-fueled mayhem and violence spreads\n        from the stands onto the field.\\n* [[June 13]] – The [[1974 FIFA World\n        Cup]] begins in West Germany.\\n* [[June 26]] – The [[Universal Product\n        Code]] is scanned for the first time, to sell a package of [[Wrigley Company|Wrigley]]''s\n        [[chewing gum]] at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio.\\n* [[June 29]]\\n**\n        [[Isabel Per\\u00f3n]] is sworn in as the first female [[President of Argentina]],\n        replacing her sick husband [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]], who dies 2 days later.\\n**\n        [[America Sings]] attraction opens to the public for the first time at [[Disneyland]]\n        in [[Anaheim, California]].\\n\\n===July===\\n* [[July 7]] – [[Germany\n        national football team|West Germany]] beats [[Netherlands national football\n        team|the Netherlands]] 2\\u20131 to win the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]]. The West\n        German football team are awarded the new [[FIFA World Cup Trophy]].\\n* [[July\n        8]] – Two weeks after the attraction''s opening, an 18-year-old employee\n        is crushed to her death while working on [[America Sings]] at [[Disneyland]].\n        This is the first casualty to occur to an employee at a [[Walt Disney Parks\n        and Resorts|Disney Park]].\\n* [[July 15]] – [[News anchor]] [[Christine\n        Chubbuck]] commits suicide during a live broadcast on [[WWSB|WXLT-TV]] in\n        [[Sarasota, Florida]].\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Elmer Wayne Henley]] is sentenced\n        to [[life imprisonment]] for assisting [[Dean Corll]] in murdering 28 [[Texas]]\n        boys from 1970 to 1973.\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Railcar]] explosion in [[Decatur,\n        Illinois]]. A tanker car collides with a [[Norfolk and Western Railway|Norfolk\n        & Western]] boxcar. Seven people are killed, 349 are injured and $18 million\n        in property damage.{{cite web|url=http://www3.gendisasters.com/illinois/13000/decatur-il-tank-cars-explode-july-1974|title=Decatur,\n        IL Tank Cars Explode, July 1974|work=GenDisasters|accessdate=2017-07-23}}\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – The [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] occurs.\\n* [[July 23]]\n        – The [[Greek military junta of 1967\\u201374]] is replaced by a civilian\n        government, the ''''[[metapolitefsi]].\\n\\n=== August ===\\n[[File:Ford sworn-in.jpg|thumb|150px|38th\n        US President Gerald R. Ford]]\\n* [[August 4]] – [[Italicus Express bombing\n        1974|A bomb explodes]] in a train between Italy and West Germany, killing\n        12 and wounding 48. Italian neo-fascists take responsibility.\\n* [[August\n        7]] – [[Philippe Petit]] crosses between Twin Towers of the [[World\n        Trade Center (1973\\u20132001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] high-wire\n        walking\\n* [[August 8]] – [[Watergate scandal]]: U.S. President [[Richard\n        Nixon]] announces his resignation (effective [[August 9]]).\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – Vice President [[Gerald Ford]] becomes the 38th President of the United\n        States, upon President Nixon''s resignation.\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Turkey]]\n        [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invades Cyprus for the second time]], occupying\n        37% of the island''s territory.\\n* [[August 30]] – An express train\n        bound for Germany from [[Belgrade]] [[Zagreb train disaster|derails]] in [[Zagreb]],\n        [[Yugoslavia]] (now [[Croatia]]), killing more than 150 passengers.\\n\\n===\n        September ===\\n* [[September 8]]\\n**[[TWA Flight 841 (1974)|TWA Flight 841]]\n        crashes into the [[Ionian Sea]] 18 minutes after take off from [[Athens]],\n        after a bomb explodes in the cargo hold, and kills 88 people. \\n**[[Gerald\n        Ford|President Gerald Ford]] pardons former president [[Richard Nixon]].\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – The Portuguese military junta grants independence\n        to [[Guinea-Bissau]].\\n* [[September 12]] – Emperor [[Haile Selassie]]\n        of [[Ethiopia]] is deposed by the [[Derg]], bringing an end to the [[Solomonic\n        dynasty]]''s rule since [[1270]]. The [[Ethiopian Civil War]] begins.\\n* [[September\n        13]] – [[Japanese Red Army]] members [[1974 French Embassy attack in\n        The Hague|seize the French Embassy]] in [[The Hague]], Netherlands.\\n* [[September\n        20]] – The [[Kootenai War]] is declared, and 10-cent tolls are charged\n        on [[U.S. Highway 95]].\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Ceefax]] (one of the\n        first public service information systems) is started by the [[BBC]].\\n\\n===October===\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – The UK Labour government of Harold Wilson wins the\n        [[United Kingdom general election, October 1974|second general election of\n        the year]], forming a three-seat majority. Wilson, who has led the party for\n        a total of 11 years, has now won four of the five general elections he has\n        contested.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393307.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1974 Oct: Wilson makes it four|date=April 5, 2005}}\\n* [[October\n        30]] – [[The Rumble in the Jungle]] takes place in [[Kinshasa]], [[Zaire]],\n        where [[Muhammad Ali]] knocks out [[George Foreman]] in 8 rounds to regain\n        the [[Heavyweight]] title, which had been stripped from him 7 years earlier.\\n\\n===November===\\n*\n        [[November 1]]\\n** The [[World Tourism Organization]] (WTO or WToO) is established.\\n**\n        The German [[Electronic music|electronic]] band [[Kraftwerk]] releases their\n        studio album ''''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]''''.\\n* [[November 5]] –\n        The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] makes big gains\n        nationwide in [[United States elections, 1974|House, Senate and Gubernatorial\n        elections]].\\n* [[November 13]]\\n** [[Ronald DeFeo, Jr.]], murders his entire\n        family in their home in [[Amityville, New York|Amityville]] on [[Long Island]],\n        an event that inspires the story of ''''[[The Amityville Horror]]''''.\\n**\n        [[McDonald''s]] open their first UK restaurant in Woolwich, South East London.http://metro.co.uk/2015/05/15/someones-dug-up-the-first-ever-uk-mcdonalds-menu-from-1974-guess-how-much-a-value-meal-cost-5198551/\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – [[Arecibo message]]: The [[radio telescope]] at the\n        [[Arecibo Observatory]] on [[Puerto Rico]] sends an interstellar radio message\n        towards [[Messier 13]], the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. The message\n        will reach its destination around the year [[Timeline of the far future#Spacecraft\n        and space exploration|27,000]].\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Birmingham pub\n        bombings]]: In [[Birmingham]], England, two [[pub]]s are bombed, killing 21\n        people in an attack widely believed at the time to be linked to the [[Provisional\n        Irish Republican Army]]. The [[Birmingham Six]] are later sentenced to life\n        in prison for this, but their convictions are quashed after a lengthy campaign.{{cite\n        news|title=1974: Birmingham pub blasts kill 19|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549953.stm|publisher=BBC|work=On\n        This Day|accessdate=2013-02-06|date=November 21, 1974}}\\n* [[November\n        18]] – The [[International Energy Agency]] is founded.\\n* [[November\n        22]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] grants the [[Palestine\n        Liberation Organization]] [[observer status]].\\n* [[November 24]] –\n        A skeleton from the [[Hominidae|hominid]] species ''''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''''\n        is discovered and named [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].\\n* [[November 26]]\n        – [[Anneline Kriel]] is crowned as [[Miss World 1974]], the second South\n        African to hold the title after [[Penelope Coelen|Penny Coelen]] [[1958 in\n        South Africa|in 1958]], when [[Helen Morgan (Miss World)|Helen Morgan]] resigns\n        four days after winning the 24th Miss World pageant.\\n* [[November 28]] –\n        In a rare public performance, former [[Beatle]] [[John Lennon]] joins [[Elton\n        John]] on stage at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City.\\n\\n===December===\\n*\n        [[December 1]] – A [[Boeing 727]] carrying [[TWA Flight 514]] crashes\n        25 miles (40 km) northwest of [[Dulles International Airport]] during\n        bad weather, killing all 92 people on board.\\n* [[December 9]] – The\n        Paris summit, reuniting the [[European Communities]]'' heads of state and\n        government, commences.\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Malta]] becomes a republic.\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – The [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO)\n        becomes a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]].\\n* [[December 24]]–[[December\n        25|25]] – [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] is almost\n        completely destroyed by [[Cyclone Tracy]].\\n* [[December 30]] – [[Japanese\n        holdout]]: The last Japanese World War II soldier, [[Taiwan under Japanese\n        rule|Taiwan]]-born Private [[Teruo Nakamura]], surrenders on the [[Indonesia]]n\n        island of Morota, 34 years after beginning service in the [[Imperial Japanese\n        Army]].\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n* [[Rubik''s Cube]] [[mechanical puzzle|puzzle]]\n        is invented by Hungarian architecture professor [[Ern\\u0151 Rubik]].{{cite\n        book|first=William|last=Fotheringham|title=Fotheringham''s Sporting Pastimes|publisher=Anova\n        Books|year=2007|page=50|isbn=1-86105-953-1}}\\n* ''''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''''\n        fantasy [[tabletop role-playing game]], designed by [[Gary Gygax]] and [[Dave\n        Arneson]], is first released, in the United States.\\n* [[PepsiCo]] becomes\n        the first American company to sell products in the [[Soviet Union]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/30/business/setting-up-an-island-in-the-soviet-storm.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=Setting\n        Up an Island in the Soviet Storm|first=Allen R.|last=Myerson|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=1990-12-30}}\\n\\n==Births==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:KateMoss.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate\n        Moss]]]]\\n[[File:Maulik pancholy cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maulik Pancholy]]]]\\n[[File:EdHelmsJune09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ed\n        Helms]]]]\\n[[File:Christian Bale 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christian\n        Bale]]]]\\n* [[January 1]] – [[Reem Maged]], Egyptian journalist\\n* [[January\n        3]] – [[Alessandro Petacchi]], Italian professional road cyclist\\n*\n        [[January 6]] – [[Shelbee Myne]], American former pornographic actress\\n*\n        [[January 9]] – [[MF Doom]], English recording artist and producer\\n*\n        [[January 10]] – [[Hrithik Roshan]], Bollywood actor\\n* [[January 12]]\\n**\n        [[Melanie Chisholm]], English singer-songwriter ([[Spice Girls]])\\n** [[Tor\n        Arne Hetland]], Norwegian cross-country skier\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Kate\n        Moss]], English model\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Maulik Pancholy]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Gustavo Kupinski]], Argentine guitarist\n        (d. [[2011]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[\\u00c9va Novodomszky]], Hungarian\n        journalist and presenter\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Rae Carruth]], former\n        NFL wide receiver\\n* [[January 21]] – [[Maxwell Atoms]], American animator\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Joseph Muscat]], 13th Prime Minister of Malta\\n*\n        [[January 23]] – [[Tiffani Thiessen]], American actress\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Ed Helms]], American actor and stand-up comedian\\n* [[January\n        27]] – [[Ole Einar Bj\\u00f8rndalen]], Norwegian biathlete\\n* [[January\n        28]] – [[Kari Traa]], Norwegian freestyle skier\\n* [[January 29]] \\n**\n        [[K\\u014dji Wada]], Japanese rock singer (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Michael Andersen]],\n        Danish basketball player\\n* [[January 30]]\\n** [[Christian Bale]], English\n        actor\\n** [[Olivia Colman]], English actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Seth\n        Green Comic-Con 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Seth Green]]]]\\n[[File:Elizabeth Banks\n        Sept 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Elizabeth Banks]]]]\\n[[File:Robbie Williams\n        Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robbie Williams]]]]\\n[[File:JerryO''ConnellHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jerry\n        O''Connell]]]]\\n[[File:James-Blunt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Blunt]]]]\\n* [[February\n        4]]\\n** [[Urmila Matondkar]], Indian actress\\n** [[Shahab Hosseini]], Iranian\n        actor and film director\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Aljo Bendijo]], Filipino\n        journalist, broadcaster, TV/radio host\\n* [[February 7]]\\n** [[Cheryl Cosim]],\n        Filipino journalist, news anchor, TV host\\n** [[J Dilla]], also known as Jay-Dee,\n        African-American hip-hop producer (d. [[2006]])\\n** [[Steve Nash]], Canadian\n        basketball player\\n** [[Jun Seba]], also known as Nujabes, Japanese hip-hop\n        producer (d. [[2010]])\\n* [[February 8]]\\n** [[Seth Green]], American actor\n        and comedian\\n** [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]], French musician and record\n        producer ([[Daft Punk]])\\n** [[Kimbo Slice]], Bahamian-born American boxer\n        and mixed martial artist (d. [[2016]])\\n* [[February 10]]\\n** [[Elizabeth\n        Banks]], American actress and film director\\n** [[Ivri Lider]], Israeli singer\\n*\n        [[February 12]] – [[Naseem Hamed]], British professional boxer\\n* [[February\n        13]] – [[Robbie Williams]], Singer of British pop group [[Take That]]\\n*\n        [[February 14]]\\n** [[Philippe L\\u00e9onard]], Belgian footballer\\n** [[Valentina\n        Vezzali]], Italian fencer\\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Miranda July]], American\n        author, director, actor, musician and spoken-word artist\\n** [[Mr Lordi]],\n        Finnish rock singer (''''[[Lordi]]'''')\\n** [[Alexander Wurz]], Austrian racing\n        driver\\n** [[Gina Lynn]], American porn actress\\n* [[February 16]] –\n        [[Mahershala Ali]], American actor and rapper\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Jerry\n        O''Connell]], American actor\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Jillian Michaels]],\n        American personal trainer, businesswoman, author and TV personality \\n* [[February\n        19]] – [[Lezley Zen]], American porn actress\\n* [[February 22]] –\n        [[James Blunt]], English singer\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Divya Bharti]], Indian\n        actress \\n** [[Chad Hugo]], American rock musician and producer\\n** [[Bonnie\n        Somerville]], American actress\\n* [[February 26]]\\n** [[S\\u00e9bastien Loeb]],\n        French rally driver\\n** [[Mikee Cojuangco-Jaworski]], Filipino actress and\n        equestrienne\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Hiroyasu Shimizu]], Japanese speed\n        skater\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Eva Mend\\u00e8s 66\\u00e8me Festival de Venise\n        (Mostra).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eva Mendes]]]]\\n[[File:Percy Montgomery 2007.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Percy\n        Montgomery]]]]\\n[[File:Ted Kravitz.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ted Kravitz]]]]\\n[[File:Alyson\n        Hannigan May 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alyson Hannigan]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] –\n        [[Mark-Paul Gosselaar]], American actor\\n* [[March 3]] – [[David Faustino]],\n        American actor\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Karol Ku\\u010dera]], Slovakian tennis\n        player\\n** [[Ariel Ortega]], Argentine football player\\n* [[March 5]]\\n**\n        [[Jens Jeremies]], German footballer\\n** [[Matt Lucas]], English comedian\\n**\n        [[Eva Mendes]], American actress and model\\n** [[Barbara Sch\\u00f6neberger]],\n        German actress, singer, and TV host\\n** [[Hiten Tejwani]], Indian model and\n        actor\\n* [[March 6]]\\n** [[Santino Marella|Anthony Carelli]], Canadian professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Cooper Manning]], television host, brother of football players\n        [[Peyton Manning|Peyton]] and [[Eli Manning]]\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Jenna Fischer]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Antonio de la R\\u00faa]], Argentine lawyer\\n* [[March\n        8]] \\n**[[Danny Corkill]], American child actor \\n**[[Cesar Velasco Broca]],\n        Spanish actor \\n* [[March 12]] – [[Hekiru Shiina]], Japanese voice actress\n        and J-pop singer\\n* [[March 14]] – [[Grace Park (actress)|Grace Park]],\n        American born Canadian actress\\n* [[March 15]] – [[Percy Montgomery]],\n        South African [[rugby union]] player\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Carsten Ramelow]],\n        German footballer\\n* [[March 21]] – [[Ted Kravitz]], British presenter\n        and [[Formula One]] pit-lane reporter\\n* [[March 22]]\\n** [[Marcus Camby]],\n        American basketball player\\n** [[Kidada Jones]], American actress\\n** [[Bassem\n        Youssef]], Egyptian journalist\\n* [[March 24]] – [[Alyson Hannigan]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 25]] – [[Lark Voorhies]], American actress\n        and singer\\n* [[March 28]]\\n** [[Daisuke Kishio]], Japanese voice actor\\n**\n        [[Scott Mills]], British radio DJ, television presenter and occasional actor\\n*\n        [[March 29]] – [[Miguel G\\u00f3mez (photographer)|Miguel G\\u00f3mez]],\n        Colombian photographer\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Miho Komatsu]], Japanese\n        pop singer and songwriter\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Jani Sievinen]], Finnish\n        former swimmer\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Jenna Jameson 2 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jenna\n        Jameson]]]]\\n[[File:Victoria Beckham 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Victoria Beckham]]]]\\n[[File:Pen\\u00e9lope\n        Cruz TIFF 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pen\\u00e9lope Cruz]]]]\\n* [[April 1]] –\n        [[Marcos Balter]], Brazilian composer\\n* [[April 2]] – [[H\\u00e5kan\n        Hellstr\\u00f6m]], Swedish musician\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Jenna Jameson]],\n        American pornographic actress\\n* [[April 8]] – [[Chris Kyle]], most\n        lethal sniper in American military history (d. [[2013]])\\n* [[April 11]]\\n**\n        [[Tricia Helfer]], Canadian actress and model\\n** [[Alexander Kuoppala]],\n        Finnish guitarist (ex-[[Children of Bodom]])\\n* [[April 12]] – [[Marley\n        Shelton]], American actress\\n* [[April 13]] – [[Marta Jandov\\u00e1]],\n        Czech musician and actress\\n* [[April 15]]\\n** [[Danny Pino]], Cuban American\n        actor\\n** [[Tim Thomas (ice hockey)|Tim Thomas]], American ice hockey goaltender\\n*\n        [[April 16]] – [[Xu Jinglei]], Chinese actress and director\\n* [[April\n        17]]\\n** [[Mikael \\u00c5kerfeldt]], Swedish musician ([[Opeth]])\\n** [[Victoria\n        Beckham]], English singer and fashion designer\\n* [[April 18]] – [[Edgar\n        Wright]], English film director\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Tina Cousins]],\n        English singer\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Faust (musician)|Faust]], Norwegian\n        drummer\\n* [[April 22]] – [[Shavo Odadjian]], Armenian-born rock bassist\n        (''''[[System of a Down]]'''')\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Barry Watson (actor)|Barry\n        Watson]], American actor\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Pen\\u00e9lope Cruz]], Spanish\n        actress and model\\n* [[April 29]] – [[Anggun]], Indonesian-French singer-songwriter\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Breckin\n        Meyer by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Breckin Meyer]]]]\\n[[File:Laura\n        Pausini 2009.04.30 001.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Laura Pausini]]]]\\n[[File:Milo%C5%9Fovici,\n        %C3%93nodi, Lysenko 1992 Olympics.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Henrietta Onodi]]]]\\n[[File:4.17.16SteveCardenasByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steve\n        Cardenas]]]]\\n[[File:Kenan Dogulu.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Kenan Do\\u011fulu]]]]\\n*\n        [[May 1]]\\n** [[Kellie Crawford]], Australian singer and actress (Hi-5 and\n        Teen Queens)\\n** [[Lornah Kiplagat]], Kenyan-Dutch runner\\n* [[May 2]]\\n**\n        [[Matt Berry]], English actor and singer\\n** [[Horacio Carbonari]], Argentinian\n        footballer and manager\\n** [[Gar\\u00f0ar Th\\u00f3r Cortes]], Icelandic tenor\n        and actor\\n** [[Andy Johnson (Welsh footballer)|Andy Johnson]], English-Welsh\n        footballer\\n** [[Janek Meet]], Estonian footballer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Princess\n        Haya bint Al Hussein]] of Jordan\\n** [[Peter Everitt]], Australian footballer\n        and radio host\\n* [[May 4]]\\n** [[Miguel Cairo]], Venezuelan baseball player\n        and coach\\n** [[Tony McCoy]], Irish jockey and sportscaster\\n* [[May 6]]\\n**\n        [[Bernard Barmasai]], Kenyan runner\\n** [[Daniela B\\u00e1rtov\\u00e1]], Czech\n        pole vaulter and gymnast\\n** [[Faruk Namdar]], German-Turkish footballer\\n**\n        [[Patrick Tang]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n* [[May 7]] \\n** [[Breckin Meyer]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Lawrence Johnson (athlete)|Lawrence Johnson]], American\n        pole vaulter\\n** [[Ian Pearce]], English footballer and manager\\n* [[May 8]]\\n**\n        [[Marge K\\u00f5rkjas]], Estonian swimmer\\n** [[Korey Stringer]], American\n        football player (d. 2001)\\n** [[Jon Tickle]], English television host\\n* [[May\n        10]]\\n** [[Liu Fang]], Chinese pipa player\\n** [[Sylvain Wiltord]], French\n        footballer\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Laura Pausini]], Italian singer\\n** [[Adam\n        Richman (actor)|Adam Richman]], American actor and television personality\\n*\n        [[May 17]] – [[Andrea Corr]], Irish singer\\n* [[May 20]]\\n** [[Colette\n        Wong]], Singaporean sports anchor\\n** [[Mikael Stanne]], Swedish singer\\n*\n        [[May 22]] – [[Henrietta Onodi]], Hungarian artistic gymnast\\n* [[May\n        23]] – [[Jewel (singer)|Jewel]], American singer\\n* [[May 26]] –\n        [[Lars Fr\\u00f6lander]], Swedish swimmer\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Misbah-ul-Haq]],\n        Pakistani cricketer \\n* [[May 29]] – [[Steve Cardenas]], American martial\n        artist and retired actor\\n* [[May 30]] – [[Big L]], American rapper\n        (d. [[1999]])\\n* [[May 31]] – [[Kenan Do\\u011fulu]], Turkish pop musician\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Alanis\n        Morissette 5-19-2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alanis Morissette]]]]\\n[[File:Coventry\n        Scouts groups have a visit from Bear Grylls.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bear Grylls]]]]\\n[[File:Joel\n        Edgerton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joel Edgerton]]]]\\n[[File:Jeter\n        receives 2009 World Series Champion ring.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Derek Jeter]]]]                                                                    \\n*\n        [[June 1]] – [[Alanis Morissette]], Canadian-American singer\\n* [[June\n        2]] – [[Gata Kamsky]], American chess player\\n* [[June 3]] – [[Mart\\u00edn\n        Karpan]], Argentinian actor\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], Indian\n        tennis player\\n** [[Bear Grylls]], British survivalist\\n* [[June 9]] –\n        [[Samoth]], Norwegian musician\\n* [[June 13]]\\n** [[Katharina Bellowitsch]],\n        Austrian radio and TV presenter.\\n** [[Takahiro Sakurai]], Japanese voice\n        actor\\n** [[Selma Bj\\u00f6rnsd\\u00f3ttir|Selma]], Icelandic singer, [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest]] 1999 runner-up\\n** [[Steve-O]], American actor\\n* [[June 19]]\n        – [[Bumper Robinson]], American actor\\n* [[June 22]]  \\n** [[Jo Cox]],\n        British Labour Party politician (d. [[2016]])\\n** [[Donald Faison]], American\n        actor\\n** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], Indian actor\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Joel\n        Edgerton]], Australian actor\\n* [[June 25]] – [[Karisma Kapoor]], Indian\n        actress\\n* [[June 26]]\\n** [[Jason Craig]], American artist\\n** [[Derek Jeter]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Nicole Saba]], Lebanese singer and actress\\n*\n        [[June 27]] – [[Christopher O''Neill]], British-American businessman;\n        husband of Princess Madeleine of Sweden\\n* [[June 28]] – [[Rob Dyrdek]],\n        American skateboarder\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Tony Rock]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Hezeki\\u00e9l Sepeng]], South African middle distance athlete\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Jefferson-Perez.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jefferson\n        Perez]]]]\\n[[File:Friske Schanna.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeanna Friske]]]]\\n[[File:Jeremy\n        Enigk.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeremy Enigk]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Dante DiMartino by\n        Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Dante DiMartino]]]]\\n[[File:Josh\n        Radnor (9448570254).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Josh Radnor]]]]\\n[[File:Hilary Swank\n        at 28th Tokyo International Film Festival.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hilary Swank]]]]\\n*\n        [[July 1]] – [[Jefferson P\\u00e9rez]], Ecuadorean Olympic athlete\\n*\n        [[July 2]] – [[Rocky Gray]], American musician\\n* [[July 3]] –\n        [[Taiga Ishikawa]], Japanese politician and LGBT activist\\n* [[July 7]] –\n        [[Jennifer Jones (curler)|Jennifer Jones]], Canadian [[Olympic Games|Olympic]]\n        curling champion\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[Dragoslav Jevri\\u0107]], Montenegrin\n        footballer\\n** [[Jeanna Friske]], Russian singer, actress, model and socialite\n        (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[July 12]]\\n** [[Sharon den Adel]], Dutch singer\\n** [[Gregory\n        Helms]], American professional wrestler\\n* [[July 14]] \\n** [[David Mitchell\n        (comedian)|David Mitchell]], British comedian and actor\\n** [[Martina Hill]],\n        German actress, comedian and impersonator\\n* [[July 16]] – [[Jeremy\n        Enigk]], American singer-songwriter\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Michael Dante\n        DiMartino]], American animator\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Terry Coldwell]],\n        English singer ([[East 17]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Franka Potente]], German\n        actress\\n* [[July 23]]\\n** [[Kathryn Hahn]], American actress\\n** [[Maurice\n        Greene (athlete)|Maurice Greene]], American athlete\\n** [[Stephanie March]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Rik Verbrugghe]], Belgian professional road racing\n        cyclist\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Lauren Faust]], American cartoonist\\n* [[July\n        26]] – [[Daniel Negreanu]], Canadian poker player\\n* [[July 28]] –\n        [[Alexis Tsipras]], Greek politician\\n* [[July 29]] – [[Josh Radnor]],\n        American actor\\n* [[July 30]] – [[Hilary Swank]], American actress\\n*\n        [[July 31]] – [[Emilia Fox]], English actress\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Chico\n        Benymon.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Chico Benymon]]]]\\n[[File:Michael Shannon (32205688420).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Shannon]]]]\\n[[File:Derek Fisher Thunder.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Derek Fisher]]]]\\n[[File:Natasha\n        Henstridge in March 2012 crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natasha Henstridge]]]]\\n[[File:Amy\n        Adams 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Amy Adams]]]]\\n[[File:RayParkHSJun2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ray\n        Park]]]]\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Kajol]], a Bollywood actress\\n* [[August\n        6]] – [[Ever Carradine]], American actress\\n* [[August 7]]\\n** [[Chico\n        Benymon]], American actor\\n** [[Michael Shannon]], American actor\\n* [[August\n        8]] – [[Brian Harvey]], English singer ([[East 17]])\\n* [[August 9]]\n        – [[Derek Fisher]], American basketball player\\n* [[August 12]] –\n        [[Karl Stefanovic]], Australian TV host\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Niklas\n        Sundin]], Swedish musician\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Christopher Gorham]],\n        American actor\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Natasha Henstridge]], Canadian actress\n        and model\\n* [[August 16]]\\n** [[Didier Cuche]], Swiss alpine skier\\n** [[Krisztina\n        Egerszegi]], Hungarian Olympic champion swimmer\\n* [[August 20]]\\n** [[Amy\n        Adams]], American actress\\n** [[Misha Collins]], American actor\\n** [[Maxim\n        Vengerov]], Russian violinist\\n* [[August 22]]\\n**[[Jenna Leigh Green]], American\n        actress and singer\\n**[[Lee Sheppard (cartoonist)|Lee Sheppard]], Australian\n        cartoonist\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Ray Park]], Scottish actor, martial artist\\n**\n        [[Ovidiu Cern\\u0103u\\u021beanu|Ovi]], Romanian-Norwegian singer-songwriter,\n        producer and musician\\n** [[Shifty Shellshock]], American singer ([[Crazy\n        Town]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Jennifer Lien]], American actress\\n* [[August\n        28]] – [[Carsten Jancker]], German soccer player\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Mylene\n        dizon nyc.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mylene Dizon]]]]\\n[[File:Jimmy Fallon, Montclair\n        Film Festival, 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jimmy Fallon]]]]\\n[[File:Joo Jin-Mo.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joo\n        Jin-mo]]]]\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Jen Royle]], American sports reporter\n        and chef\\n* [[September 4]] – [[Carmit Bachar]], American singer\\n*\n        [[September 6]]\\n** [[Tim Henman]], English tennis player\\n** [[Mylene Dizon]],\n        Filipino actress and lead singer and guitarist of rock group, [[Pin Up Girls]]\\n**\n        [[Nina Persson]], Swedish singer\\n*[[September 7]] – [[Glenn Ljungstr\\u00f6m]],\n        Swedish guitarist\\n* [[September 10]]\\n** [[Mirko Filipovi\\u0107]], Croatian\n        kickboxer; mixed martial arts fighter\\n** [[Kerry Harvick]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Ryan Phillippe]], American actor\\n** [[Ben Wallace]], American basketball\n        player\\n* [[September 12]] – [[Jennifer Nettles]], American country\n        music artist ([[Sugarland]])\\n* [[September 14]] – [[Hicham El Guerrouj]],\n        Moroccan athlete\\n* [[September 15]] – [[Wael Kfoury]], Lebanese singer,\n        musician, and songwriter\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Rasheed Wallace]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Austin St. John]], American actor and martial artist\\n*\n        [[September 18]]\\n** [[Sol Campbell]], English footballer\\n** [[Xzibit]],\n        American rapper\\n* [[September 19]]\\n** [[Jimmy Fallon]], American actor,\n        comedian, and television personality\\n** [[Victoria Silvstedt]], Swedish model\\n*\n        [[September 23]] – [[Matt Hardy]], American professional wrestler\\n*\n        [[September 24]]\\n** [[Niels Brinck]], Danish singer and songwriter\\n** [[Kati\n        Wolf]], Hungarian singer\\n* [[September 26]]\\n** [[Gary Hall, Jr.]], American\n        swimmer\\n** [[Joo Jin-mo]], South Korean actor\\n* [[September 30]] –\n        [[Yul B\\u00fcrkle]], Venezuelan actor and model\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Hoang\n        Xuan Vinh.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hoang Xuan Vinh]]]]\\n[[File:Charlotte Perrelli\n        1c310 7029.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlotte Perrelli]]]]\\n[[File:Paul Kariya 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul\n        Kariya]]]]\\n[[File:Joaquin Phoenix Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joaquin Phoenix]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – [[Keith Duffy]], Irish singer ([[Boyzone]])\\n* [[October\n        3]] – [[Marianne Timmer]], Dutch speed skater\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        [[Hoang Xuan Vinh]], Vietnamese shooter\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Allison Munn]],\n        American actress \\n** [[Charlotte Perrelli]], Swedish singer and occasional\n        television host, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 1999 winner\\n* [[October 8]]\n        – [[Koji Murofushi]], Japanese hammer thrower\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        [[Dale Earnhardt, Jr.]], American race car driver\\n** [[Chris Pronger]], Canadian\n        hockey player\\n* [[October 11]] – [[Jason Arnott]], Canadian hockey\n        player\\n* [[October 14]] – [[Jessica Drake]], American porn actress\\n*\n        [[October 15]] – [[Shumon Basar]], British writer and editor\\n* [[October\n        16]]\\n** [[Aurela Ga\\u00e7e]], Award-winning Albanian singer\\n** [[Paul Kariya]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Matthew Macfadyen]], English\n        actor\\n* [[October 18]]\\n** [[Jeremy Scahill]], writer and documentary film\n        maker\\n** [[Zhou Xun]], Chinese actress and singer\\n* [[October 20]] –\n        [[Bashar Rahal]], American actor\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Lera Auerbach]],\n        Russian composer and pianist\\n* [[October 23]]\\n** [[Aravind Adiga]], Indian-Australian\n        author\\n** [[Sander Westerveld]], Dutch soccer player\\n* [[October 24]] –\n        [[Catherine Sutherland]], Australian actress\\n* [[October 28]]\\n** [[Nelly\n        Ciobanu]], Moldovan singer\\n** [[Joaquin Phoenix]], Puerto Rican actor and\n        music video director\\n* [[October 29]]\\n** [[Akashdeep Saigal]], Indian television\n        actor and model\\n** [[Yenny Wahid]], a political activist and Islamic Indonesia\\n*\n        [[October 31]] – [[Natasja Saad]], Danish rapper and reggae singer (d.\n        [[2007]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Cornell-Haynes-Jr Nelly 2010-06-05 photoby\n        Adam-Bielawski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nelly]]]]\\n[[File:RyanAdams06.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryan\n        Adams]]]]\\n[[File:Leonardo DiCaprio October 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leonardo\n        DiCaprio]]]] \\n[[File:StephenMerchantAltNov09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Merchant]]]]                                                                                  \\n*\n        [[November 2]]\\n** [[Nelly]], American rapper\\n** [[Prodigy (rapper)|Prodigy]],\n        American rapper (d. [[2017]])\\n* [[November 4]]\\n** [[Cedric Bixler-Zavala]],\n        Mexican-American singer/lyricist\\n** [[Louise Nurding]], English singer\\n**\n        [[Carl Steven]], former American child actor\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Ryan\n        Adams]], American singer and songwriter\\n** [[Jerry Stackhouse]], American\n        basketball player\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[Penelope Heyns]], South African\n        swimmer\\n** [[Masashi Kishimoto]], Japanese manga author\\n** [[Matthew Rhys]],\n        Welsh actor\\n* [[November 9]]\\n** [[Alessandro Del Piero]], Italian football\n        player\\n** [[Manav Gohil]], Indian television actor\\n* [[November 11]] –\n        [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], American actor\\n* [[November 13]] – [[Kerim Seiler]],\n        Swiss artist and architect\\n* [[November 15]] – [[Chad Kroeger]], Canadian\n        singer\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Paul Scholes]], English football player\\n*\n        [[November 18]] – [[Petter Solberg]], Norwegian rally driver\\n* [[November\n        20]] – [[Kurt Kr\\u00f6mer]], German television presenter, comedian and\n        actor\\n* [[November 21]] – [[Tiit Sukk]], Estonian actor, director and\n        television presenter\\n* [[November 24]] – [[Stephen Merchant]], English\n        comedian and actor\\n* [[November 27]]\\n**[[Wendy Houvenaghel]], British racing\n        cyclist\\n**[[Zs\\u00f3fia Polg\\u00e1r]], Hungarian-born chess player\\n* [[November\n        29]] – [[Ferenc Merkli]], Hungarian Slovene priest, writer, translator\\n*\n        [[November 30]] – [[Wallace Chung]], Hong Kong actor and singer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Allsaints4.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicole\n        Appleton]]]]\\n[[File:GiovanniRibisiDec09.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giovanni Ribisi]]]]\\n[[File:Paul\n        linger2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Linger]]]]\\n[[File:Ryan Seacrest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryan\n        Seacrest]]]]\\n* [[December 1]] – [[Costinha]], Portuguese footballer\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Tadahito Iguchi]], Japanese baseball player\\n* [[December\n        5]] – [[Kid Koala]], Canadian DJ, turntablist, musician and graphic\n        novelist\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Nicole Appleton]], Canadian singer ([[All\n        Saints (group)|All Saints]])\\n* [[December 9]] – [[Luisa Bradshaw-White]],\n        English actress\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Meg White]], American rock drummer\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Ben Shephard]], English television presenter\\n** [[Rey\n        Mysterio]], American wrestler\\n** [[Gete Wami]], Ethiopian long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Michelle Saram]], [[Chindian]] Singaporean singer\n        and actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Nick McCarthy]], English rock guitarist\\n*\n        [[December 17]] – [[Giovanni Ribisi]], American actor\\n* [[December\n        18]]\\n** [[Kari Byron]], American artist and television personality\\n** [[Viki\n        Miljkovi\\u0107]], Serbian singer\\n* [[December 19]]\\n** [[Eduard Ivakdalam]],\n        Indonesian footballer\\n** [[Ricky Ponting]], Australian cricketer\\n* [[December\n        20]] \\n** [[Jacqui Oatley]], British sports presenter\\n** [[Paul Linger]],\n        English professional footballer\\n* [[December 24]]\\n** [[Marcelo Salas]],\n        Chilean footballer\\n** [[Ryan Seacrest]], American television personality\\n*\n        [[December 27]] \\n** [[Fumiko Orikasa]], Japanese voice actress and singer\\n**\n        [[Alena Vinnitskaya]], Ukrainian singer ([[Nu Virgos]])\\n* [[December 29]]\n        – [[Mekhi Phifer]], American actor\\n* [[December 31]] – [[Tony\n        Kanaan]], Brazilian racing driver\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Glenn\n        Morris and Leni Riefenstahl 1936.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Glenn Morris]]]]\\n*\n        [[January 1]] – [[Jimmy Smith (baseball)|Jimmy Smith]], American [[Major\n        League Baseball]] infielder (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[January 2]] – [[Tex Ritter]],\n        American country musician and actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 3]] –\n        [[Red Snapp]], American baseball player (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 5]] –\n        [[Dewey Mayhew]], American football coach (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        [[Lech Pijanowski]], Polish screenwriter, film critic, broadcaster and director\n        (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[January 7]] – [[Wang Shusheng]], Chinese general\n        (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Charles-\\u00c9douard Ferland]], Canadian\n        jurist, Liberal politician and Senator (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[January 10]] –\n        [[Charles G. Bond]], U. S. House of Representatives from New York (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[January 11]] – [[Antonio Bautista]], Filipino pilot with the [[Philippine\n        Air Force]] (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[January 12]] – [[Jack Jacobs]], American-born\n        [[National Football League]] and [[Canadian Football League]] player (b. [[1919]])\\n*\n        [[January 14]] – [[Joseph Dippolito]], Italian [[American Mafia]] member\n        of the Los Angeles crime syndicate (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[January 15]] –\n        [[Harold D. Cooley]], U.S. House of Representatives (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January\n        17]] – [[Clara Edwards (composer)|Clara Edwards]], American singer,\n        pianist and composer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Bill Finger]],\n        American comic strip and book writer (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[January 19]] –\n        [[Edward Seago]], British artist (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 20]] – [[Leonard\n        Freeman]], American actor ''''[[Hawaii Five-O|Hawaii Five-0]]'''' (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[January 22]] – [[Oskar Herman]], Croatian Jewish painter (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[January 25]] – [[William Fawcett (actor)|William Fawcett]], American\n        character actor, mostly in [[B-movies]] (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Julius Patzak]], Austrian [[tenor]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[January 27]]\\n**[[Georgios\n        Grivas]], Greek-Cypriot colonel (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg]],\n        German general (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Oswald Cornwallis]],\n        English cricketer (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[January 29]] – [[H. E. Bates]],\n        English writer and author (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Pina Gallini]],\n        Italian actress (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Samuel Goldwyn]], Polish-born American\n        film studio executive (b. [[1879]])\\n** [[Einar Texas Ljungberg]], Swedish\n        Socialist politician (b. [[1880]])\\n** [[Glenn Morris]], American Olympic\n        athlete (b. [[1912]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:SatyenBose1925.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Satyendra\n        Nath Bose]]]]\\n[[File:Gral.Manuel A. Odr\\u00eda.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Manuel A.\n        Odr\\u00eda]]]]\\n[[File:George Van Biesbroeck.jpg|110px|thumb|[[George Van\n        Biesbroeck]]]]\\n* [[February 2]] – [[Imre Lakatos]], Hungarian philosopher\n        (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[February 3]] – [[Juan de Ordu\\u00f1a]], Spanish director\n        ''''[[Peque\\u00f1eces]]'''' ([[1950]]) (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 4]] –\n        [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], Indian mathematician and physicist (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[February 5]] – [[Manuel dos Reis Machado]], Brazilian martial arts\n        Master (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[February 7]] – [[Edward Beck (British Army\n        officer)|Edward Beck]], British Army (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[February 8]] –\n        [[Fritz Zwicky]], Swiss astronomer (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        [[Raymond A. Wheeler]], Lieutenant-General United States Armed Forces (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[February 11]] – [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]], Indian\n        playback singer and music composer (b. [[1922]]) \\n* [[February 15]]\\n** [[Kurt\n        Atterberg]], Swedish composer (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[George W. Snedecor]], American\n        mathematician and statistician (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Horace\n        Kallen]], American philosopher (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 17]] – [[Ralph\n        W. Gerard]], American neurophysiologist and behavioural scientist (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[February 18]] \\n** [[Manuel A. Odr\\u00eda]], Peruvian military officer,\n        34th [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1896]])\\n** [[Duncan Archibald Graham]],\n        Canadian physician (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[February 21]] – [[Tim Horton]],\n        Canadian hockey defenseman with [[Toronto Maple Leafs]], [[New York Rangers]],\n        [[Pittsburgh Penguins]], and [[Buffalo Sabres]]. Co-Founder of the [[Tim Hortons]]\n        restaurant chain. (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[February 22]] – [[Samuel Byck]],\n        American airplane hijacker and murderer (b. [[1930]])\\n* [[February 23]]\\n**\n        [[William F. Knowland]], American politician and newspaper owner (b. [[1908]])\\n**\n        [[George Van Biesbroeck]], Belgian-born American astronomer (b. [[1880]])\\n*\n        [[February 24]]\\n** [[Margaret Leech]], American historian and fiction writer\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Robert A. Stemmle]], German screenwriter and film director\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[February 27]] – [[Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia]],\n        Russian great-granddaughter of Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia]] (b. [[1901]])  \\n*\n        [[February 28]] – [[Carole Lesley]], British actress (b. [[1935]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Red\n        Wing 1914.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Red Wing (actress)|Red Wing]]]]\\n[[File:Eduardo\n        Santos Montejo 1.jpg|thumbnail|120px|right|[[Eduardo Santos]]]]\\n* [[March\n        1]] \\n** [[H\\u00fcseyin Kemal G\\u00fcrmen]], Turkish theatre and cinema actor\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Bobby Timmons]], American jazz pianist and composer (b.\n        [[1935]])\\n* [[March 2]] – [[P\\u00e9ter Schell]], Hungarian politician\n        (b. [[1898]]) \\n* [[March 3]]\\n** [[Barbara Ruick]], American actress and\n        singer (b. [[1930]])\\n** [[Frank Wilcox]], American character actor (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[March 4]] – [[Adolph Gottlieb]], American abstract expressionist painter\n        (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[John Samuel Bourque]], French-Canadian\n        politician, Cabinet Minister, military member, and businessman from [[Qu\\u00e9bec,\n        Canada]] (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Billy De Wolfe]], American character actor (b.\n        [[1907]])\\n* [[March 6]] – [[Ernest Becker]], American anthropologist\n        and writer; who won the 1974 [[Pulitzer Prize]] (posthumously) for his book\n        ''''[[The Denial of Death]]'''' (b. [[1924]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Moriji\n        Mochida]], last person ever awarded the 10th dan rank in kendo (b. [[1885]])\\n**\n        [[Hans Sachs (poster collector)|Hans Sachs]], Holocaust survivor and poster\n        collector (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[March 8]] – [[Martha Wentworth]], American\n        actress (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March 9]] – [[Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.]],\n        American physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[March 10]] – [[Alexander John Majeski]],\n        American architect and former Naval Lieutenant (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[March 12]]\n        \\n** [[Oleksii Shovkunenko]], Ukrainian painter (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Red Wing\n        (actress)|Red Wing]], American actress (b. [[1873]])\\n* [[March 14]] –\n        [[Maulana Shams-ud-din Harifal]], Pakistani [[Islamic]] scholar (b. [[1944]])\\n*\n        [[March 15]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Toh\\u00e1]], Chilean Socialist politician,\n        former minister (assassinated) (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[March 17]] – [[Louis\n        Kahn]], Russian-born American architect (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 19]] –\n        [[Edward Platt]], American actor known as, \\\"[[Get Smart|The Chief]]\\\" on\n        NBC/CBS''s ''''[[Get Smart]]'''' (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[March 20]] – [[Chet\n        Huntley]], American television reportor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 21]] –\n        [[Candy Darling]], American actress (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[March 22]] –\n        [[Peter Revson]], American race car driver (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[March 24]] –\n        [[Lewie G. Merritt]], U. S. Marine, major general and aviator (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[March 27]]\\n** [[Wilhelm Herget]], German [[Luftwaffe]] flying ace (b. [[1910]])\\n**\n        [[Eduardo Santos]], Colombian publisher and politician, 15th [[President of\n        Colombia]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[March 29]] \\n** [[Andrea Checchi]], Italian\n        actor (''''[[Two Women|La ciociara]]'''') (b. [[1916]])\\n** [[Joe Stecher]],\n        American professional wrestler (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[March 31]] – [[Frank\n        Seno]], American football running back and defensive back (b. [[1921]])\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Georges\n        Pompidou - Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F020538-0006.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Georges\n        Pompidou]]]]\\n[[File:Muhammad Ayub Khan.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub\n        Khan]]]]\\n[[File:Franz Jonas 1965.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Franz Jonas]]]]\\n[[File:Agnes\n        Moorehead Bewitched 1969.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Agnes Moorehead]]]]\\n* [[April\n        2]] \\n** [[Douglass Dumbrille]], Pioneering Canadian actor in Hollywood (b.\n        [[1889]])\\n** [[Georges Pompidou]], 100th [[Prime Minister of France]] and\n        19th [[President of France]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Ossie\n        Newton-Thompson]], South African cricketer and politician (b. [[1920]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]] – [[A. Y. Jackson]], Canadian painter and a founding member\n        of the Group of Seven (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[April 6]] \\n** [[Willem Marinus Dudok]],\n        Dutch modernist architect (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Roy Wood (baseball)|Roy Wood]],\n        American professional baseball player (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[April 8]] –\n        [[K. A. C. Creswell]], English architectural historian (b. [[1879]])\\n* [[April\n        10]] – [[Patricia Collinge]], Irish-born American actress (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[April 11]] – [[Edward Alexander Bott]], psychologist at the University\n        of Toronto (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Howard Pease]], American adventure\n        novelist (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Michael Whalen (actor)|Michael Whalen]], American\n        actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[April 18]]\\n** [[Betty Compson]], American actress\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Marcel Pagnol]], French novelist (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[April\n        19]] – [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]], Pakistanian general and politician,\n        2nd [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Peter\n        Lee Lawrence]], German actor in [[Spaghetti Westerns]]; such as (''''[[For\n        a Few Dollars More]]'''') (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[April 21]] – [[Mirja Mane]],\n        Finnish actress (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Cy Williams]], American\n        baseball player (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[April 24]]\\n** [[Bud Abbott]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Franz Jonas]], Austrian political figure, 7th\n        [[President of Austria]] (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[April 27]] – [[Hans W. Petersen]],\n        Danish actor of over 40 films (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 28]] – [[Paul\n        Page (actor)|Paul Page]], American actor of the 1920s and 1930s (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[April 30]] – [[Agnes Moorehead]], American actress (b. [[1900]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Duke\n        Ellington restored.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Duke Ellington]]]]\\n[[File:1912 Athletics\n        men%27s 110 metre hurdles - Frederick Kelly.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Fred Kelly (athlete)|Fred\n        Kelly]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Frank Packer]], Australian media proprietor\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[May 2]] \\n** [[James O. Richardson]], American admiral\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n** [[William Wantling]], American ex-Marine, poet and novelist\n        (b. [[1933]])\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], Indian actor\n        (b. [[1924]])\\n** [[Ralph McCabe]], Canadian-born [[Major League Baseball]]\n        player (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Ludwig Karl Koch]], German-born\n        broadcaster and sound recordist in the United Kingdom (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May\n        6]] – [[Robert Maestri]], American of [[Italian people|Italian]] heritage\n        who served as [[mayor of New Orleans]] from ([[1936]] to [[1946]]) (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[May 7]]\\n** [[Abu Bakar of Pahang]], Fourth [[Sultan of Pahang]] (b. [[1904]])\\n**\n        [[Fred Kelly (athlete)|Fred Kelly]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[May 8]] – [[Fred Conyngham]], Australian actor (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[May\n        10]] – [[Takeshi Sakamoto]], Japanese versatile actor (b. [[1899]])\\n*\n        [[May 12]] – [[Wayne Maki]], Canadian [[National Hockey League]] player\n        with [[Chicago]], [[St. Louis]], and [[Vancouver]]; (died of [[brain cancer]])\n        (b. [[1944]])\\n* [[May 14]] – [[Jacob L. Moreno]], Austrian-born American\n        leading psychiatrist and psychosociologist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[May 15]] –\n        [[Guy Simonds]], English-born, Canadian [[Lieutenant-General]] who commanded\n        the [[Canadian Armed Forces]] in [[World War II]] (b. [[1903]])\\n* [[May 16]]\n        – [[Billy Welu]], American profession bowler (b. [[1932]])\\n* [[May\n        17]] – [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] Los Angeles police shootout of\n        its members\\n** [[Angela Atwood]], American founding member of the [[Symbionese\n        Liberation Army]] (b. [[1949]])\\n** [[Donald DeFreeze]], American leader of\n        the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]; who went by the [[nom de guerre]] \\\"Field\n        Marshall Cinque\\\" (b. [[1943]])\\n** [[Camilla Hall]], American member of the\n        [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]; one of main kidnappers of heiress [[Patricia\n        Hearst]] (b. [[1945]])\\n** [[Nancy Ling Perry]], An American member of the\n        [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] (b. [[1947]])\\n** [[Patricia Soltysik]], American\n        member of the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] (b. [[1950]])\\n* [[May 18]] –\n        [[Harry Ricardo]], broadcaster and sound recordist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[May\n        19]] – [[Allal al-Fassi]], Moroccan politician, poet, writer, and scholar\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[May 21]] – [[Lily Kronberger]], Hungarian figure\n        skater (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[May 24]] – [[Duke Ellington]], American jazz\n        pianist and bandleader (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 25]]\\n** [[Donald Crisp]], British-born\n        American actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer (b. [[1882]])\\n**\n        [[Arturo Jauretche]], Argentine writer, politician, and philosopher (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[May 26]] – [[Kitty Gordon]], English stage and silent film actress.\n        (b. [[1878]])\\n* [[May 27]] – [[Rudolf Altstadt]], German soldier in\n        [[World War II]] (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 28]] – [[Francesco Fausto Nitti]],\n        Italian journalist (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[May 31]]\\n** [[Adelle Davis]], American\n        author and nutritionist (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Frederick George Topham]], Canadian\n        soldier and recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]] (b. [[1917]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Mamer-urriol.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mamerto\n        Urriolagoit\\u00eda]]]]\\n[[File:GASPARDUTRA.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eurico Gaspar\n        Dutra]]]]\\n* [[June 1]]  – [[Henry Clay Sevier]], American lawyer and\n        member from [[Louisiana House of Representatives]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June\n        2]]  – [[Roger C. Slaughter]], American lawyer and [[U. S. Representative]]\n        from [[Missouri]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[June 3]]  – [[Rashid Nezhmetdinov]],\n        Soviet chess player (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Smokey Harris]], Canadian\n        ice hockey player (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Mamerto Urriolagoit\\u00eda]], 50th [[President\n        of Bolivia]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[June 5]]  – [[Larry Cabrelli]], American\n        football player and assistant coach [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (b. [[1917]])\\n*\n        [[June 7]]  –  [[Abdul Rahman Hashim]], Malaysian Inspector-General\n        of Police (b. [[1925]]) \\n* [[June 9]] \\n** [[Miguel \\u00c1ngel Asturias]],\n        Guatemalan writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b.\n        [[1890]])\\n** [[Katharine Cornell]], Berlin-born, American stage actress,\n        writer, theatre owner, and producer (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[Carlo Pisacane (actor)|Carlo\n        Pisacane]], Italian actor (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Prince Henry,\n        Duke of Gloucester]], [[Governor-General of Australia]] (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[June\n        11]] \\n** [[Julius Evola]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Eurico\n        Gaspar Dutra]], Brazilian marshal and 16th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1883]])\\n*\n        [[June 12]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Marie]], French Radical politician (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Knud Jeppesen]], Danish [[musicologist]], composer,\n        and songwriter (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 15]] – [[Kevin Gately]], English\n        mathematics student at [[University of Warwick]] involved in the [[Red Lion\n        Square disorders]] (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[June 16]] – [[Mauritz Hugo]],\n        Swedish-born American film and television actor (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 17]]\n        – [[Austin Gunsel]], 3rd commissioner of the [[National Football League]]\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Georgy Zhukov]], Soviet general ([[World\n        War II]]) (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Katsutaro Kouta]], Japanese\n        female geisha and ry\\u016bk\\u014dka singer (b. [[1904]]) \\n* [[June 22]] –\n        [[Darius Milhaud]], French composer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[Calvin\n        B. Hoover]], noted U. S. economist and professor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[June 24]]\n        – [[J\\u00f3zsef Juh\\u00e1sz]], Hungarian stage and film actor (b. [[1908]])\\n*\n        [[June 25]] – [[Cornelius Lanczos]], Hungarian mathematician and physicist\n        (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Ernest Gruening]], American journalist,\n        [[Governor]] of [[Alaska Territory]] from [[1939]] to [[1953]], and [[United\n        States Senator]] from [[1959]] to [[1969]] (b. [[1887]]) \\n* [[June 27]] –\n        [[Fred DeStefano]], American football player and physician; who won the [[National\n        Football League]] title with the [[Chicago Cardinals]] of [[1925]] (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]]\\n** [[Vannevar Bush]], American engineer, inventor and science\n        administrator (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Frank Sutton]], American actor (b. [[1923]])\\n*\n        [[June 29]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Maria Ferreira de Castro]], Portuguese writer\n        and journalist (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Alberta Williams King]],\n        American civil rights champion, wife of [[Martin Luther King, Sr.]], and mother\n        of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] (Shot) (b. [[1904]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Peron\n        tomando un caf\\u00e9.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Juan Per\\u00f3n]]]]\\n[[File:James Chadwick.jpg|110px|thumb|[[James\n        Chadwick]]]]\\n[[File:Erich K\\u00e4stner 1961.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Erich\n        K\\u00e4stner]]]]\\n* [[July 1]] – [[Juan Per\\u00f3n]], Argentine army\n        general and politician, 2-time [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1895]])\\n*\n        [[July 2]]\\n** [[Sonia Holm]], English actress (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Edith L.\n        Sharp]], Canadian writer (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[July 4]] \\n** [[Georgette Heyer]],\n        British writer (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 Randall]], French actor (b.\n        [[1892]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Joseph Baldacchino]], Maltese archaeologist\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[July 7]] \\n** [[Leon Shamroy]], American [[Academy Award]]-winning\n        cinematographer (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Cornelius Vanderbilt IV]], American publisher\n        and member of the [[Vanderbilt Family]] (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 8]]\\n** [[M\\u00e1rio\n        Sim\\u00f5es Dias]], Portuguese violinist (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Margaret Furse]],\n        British [[Academy Award]]-winning costume designer for ''''[[Anne of the Thousand\n        Days]]'''' (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[July 9]] – [[Earl Warren]], Governor of\n        California and [[Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court]] (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[July 10]] – [[Nancy Wickwire]], American soap opera actress (b. [[1925]])\\n*\n        [[July 11]] – [[P\\u00e4r Lagerkvist]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 12]] –\n        [[Sonja Ludvigsen]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[July 13]]\\n**\n        [[Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett|Patrick Blackett]], British physicist,\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1897]])\\n** [[Prince\n        Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (1898\\u20131974)|Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe]]\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[July 14]]\\n**Dame [[Sibyl Hathaway]], [[Seigneur of Sark]]\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n**[[Carl Andrew Spaatz]], American general (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]]\\n** [[William Albrecht]], Chairman of the Department of Soils\n        at the University of Missouri (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Christine Chubbuck]], American\n        TV personality (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Victor Negus]], British surgeon (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[July 16]] – [[Oduvaldo Vianna Filho]], Brazilian playwright (b. [[1936]])\\n*\n        [[July 17]] – [[Dizzy Dean]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis\n        Cardinals]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[July\n        19]] – [[Joe Flynn (US actor)|Joe Flynn]], American actor (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[July 20]] – [[Charles Rudolph d''Olive]], American [[World War I]]\n        ace (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[July 22]] – [[Wayne Morse]], American lawyer,\n        politician, and [[United States Senator]] from [[Oregon]] (1945\\u20131969)\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[July 23]] – [[Peter Lei]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese\n        of Hong Kong|Bishop of Hong Kong]] (b. [[1922]]) \\n* [[July 24]] – Sir\n        [[James Chadwick]], British physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]\n        laureate (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[July 25]] – [[Robert Hanbidge]], Canadian\n        lawyer, {municipal, provincial, & federal} politician; including the Mayor\n        of [[Kerrobert]], and 12th [[Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan]] (b. [[1891]])\\n*\n        [[July 27]] \\n** [[Lightnin'' Slim]], American blues musician (b. [[1913]])\\n**\n        [[Joop Pelser]], Dutch footballer (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[July 28]] – [[Truman\n        Bradley (actor)|Truman Bradley]], American radio actor (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[July\n        29]]\\n** [[Cass Elliot|\\\"Mama Cass\\\" Elliot]], American vocalist (b. [[1941]])\\n**\n        [[Erich K\\u00e4stner]], German author (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        [[Lev Knipper]], Soviet composer (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Col\n        Charles Lindbergh.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Charles Lindbergh]]]]\\n* [[August\n        2]] – [[Cyril Smith (pianist)|Cyril Smith]], English virtuoso concert\n        pianist (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 3]]  \\n** [[Edna Murphy]], American actress\n        of the [[silent era]] (b. [[1899]]) \\n** [[Almira Sessions]], American character\n        actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 4]] – [[J\\u00f3zef Kondrat]], Polish\n        stage and film actor (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Friedrich F.\n        Tippmann]], Hungarian entomologist (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 6]] – [[Gunboat\n        Smith]], Irish-born American boxer and referee (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[August 7]]\n        – [[Rosario Castellanos]], M\\u00e9xican poet and author (b. [[1925]])\n        \\n* [[August 8]] – [[Baldur von Schirach]], Nazi German [[Hitler Youth]]\n        leader (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 11]]\\n** [[Jos\\u00e9 Falc\\u00f3n]], Portuguese\n        matador (gored to death by bull) (b. [[1944]])\\n** [[Jan Tschichold]], German-born\n        typographer (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Romuald Bourque]], French-Canadian\n        politician from [[Qu\\u00e9bec]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Edmund\n        Cobb]], American actor whose career spanner nearly 55 years (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[August 17]] – [[Aldo Palazzeschi]], Italian novelist, poet, journalist\n        and essayist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[August 18]] – [[J. C. Winslow]], British\n        missionary to India for Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (b. [[1882]])\\n*\n        [[August 19]] – [[Rodger Davies]], American diplomat (assassinated)\n        (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Magda Sonja]], Austrian actress (b.\n        [[1886]])\\n* [[August 21]] – [[Buford Pusser]], American Sheriff of\n        [[McNairy County, Tennessee]] (b. [[1937]])\\n* [[August 22]] – [[Jacob\n        Bronowski]], Polish-Jewish British mathematician, biologist and science historian\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[August 23]] – [[Roberto Assagioli]], Italian psychiatrist\n        and pioneer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Alexander P. de Seversky]],\n        Russian-American aviation pioneer and inventor (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[August 26]]\n        – [[Charles Lindbergh]], American aviator (''''Spirit of St. Louis'''')\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Otto Strasser]], Nazi German politician\n        (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Aleksandar Sekulovi\\u0107]], Montenegrin\n        cinematographer (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[August 29]]\\n** [[Judith Furse]], English\n        actress (b. [[1912]])\\n** [[Fred W. Preller]], American politician (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[August 30]] – [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]], Indian-British\n        writer and hunter (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[August 31]] \\n** [[Ali bin Abdullah Al\n        Thani]], [[Emir of Qatar]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Norman Kirk]], 29th Prime Minister\n        of New Zealand (b. [[1923]])\\n** [[Gianna Manzini]], Italian writer (b. [[1896]])\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:Mary\n        Walker 1934.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Mary Broadfoot Walker]]]]\\n[[File:Prince Nikita\n        of Russia.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia]]]]\\n[[File:Cliff\n        Arquette 1941.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Cliff Arquette]]]]\\n* [[September 1]] –\n        [[Mary Broadfoot Walker]], English physician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[September\n        2]] – [[Walter Strenge]], American cinematographer (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[September 3]] – [[Harry Partch]], American composer (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]]\\n** [[Creighton Williams Abrams]], American general (b. [[1914]])\\n**\n        [[Marcel Achard]], French playwright and scriptwriter (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[September\n        6]]\\n** [[Olga Baclanova]], Soviet stage and screen actress, operatic singer,\n        and ballerina (b. c. [[1893]])\\n** [[Otto Kruger]], American actor of German\n        descent (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Juan Antonio Ipi\\u00f1a]],\n        Spanish football manager (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September 8]] \\n** [[Bert Niehoff]],\n        American [[Major League Baseball]] player (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Jimmy Swinnerton]],\n        American cartoonist, ''''[[Little Jimmy]]'''' (b. [[1875]])\\n* [[September\n        10]] – [[Melchior Wa\\u0144kowicz]], Polish army officer, writer, journalist,\n        and publisher (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Robert Nodar, Jr.]],\n        American [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politician from [[New\n        York (state)|New York]] and its member of the [[United States House of Representatives]]\n        (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[September 12]]\\n** [[Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia]]\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Craig Woods]], American actor (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[September\n        15]] – [[Ren\\u00e9 Capistr\\u00e1n Garza]], M\\u00e9xican Association\n        of Catholic Youth leader, lawyer, screenwriter, and film critic (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[September 16]] – [[Phog Allen]], American basketball and baseball\n        player (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[September 17]] – [[Claudia Morgan]], American\n        actress, ''''[[The Edge of Night]]'''' in the 1950s (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September\n        18]] – [[Edna Best]], British actress (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[September 19]]\n        \\n** [[Tr\\u00e1nsito Cocomarola]], Argentine musician and folklorist (b. [[1918]])\\n**\n        [[Zack Taylor (baseball)|Zack Taylor]], American baseball player and manager\n        (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Jos\\u00e9 Mojica|Fray Jos\\u00e9\n        de Guadalupe Mojica]], Mexican [[Franciscan]] friar, singer, and actor (b.\n        [[1896]])\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Walter Brennan]], American actor;\n        3-time Best Supporting [[Academy Award]]-winning actor ([[1936]], [[1938]],\n        and [[1940]]) (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Winfried Otto Schumann]],\n        German physicist (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[George Spahn]], American rancher connected\n        to the Manson family (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[September 23]] – [[Cliff Arquette]],\n        American comedian who created the character ''''[[Charlie Weaver]]'''' (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dorothy Stone (actress)|Dorothy Stone]],\n        American actress (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 26]] – [[Jean Gale]],\n        American [[vaudeville]] performer (b. [[1912]])\\n* [[September 27]] \\n** [[Silvio\n        Frondizi]], Argentine intellectual and lawyer (b. [[1907]])\\n** [[James R.\n        Webb]], American soldier and screenwriter who won the 1963 [[Academy Award]]\n        for ''''[[How the West Was Won (film)]]'''' (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[September 28]]\n        – [[Arnold Fanck]], German film director who pioneered in the [[mountain\n        film]] genre (b. [[1889]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Ed Sullivan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ed\n        Sullivan]]]]\\n[[File:Elie Lescot portrait.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elie Lescot]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 1]]\\n**[[Frederick Moosbrugger]], American admiral (b. [[1900]])\\n**[[Stephen\n        Latchford]], American diplomat and aviation expert (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[October\n        2]] – [[Vasily Shukshin]], Soviet actor, writer, screenwriter, and director\n        from the [[Altai Krai|Altai]] region (b. [[1929]])\\n* [[October 3]] –\n        [[Bessie Louise Pierce]], American historian (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[October 4]]\\n**\n        [[Robert Lee Moore]], American mathematician (b. [[1882]])\\n** [[Anne Sexton]],\n        American poet and writer (b. [[1928]])\\n* [[October 5]] – [[Virgil Miller]],\n        American cinematographer (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 6]] – [[V. K. Krishna\n        Menon]], Indian statesman, diplomat and nationalist (b. [[1896]]) \\n* [[October\n        7]] – [[Henry J. Cadbury]], American biblical scholar and Quaker (b.\n        [[1883]])\\n* [[October 8]] – [[Harry Carney]], American jazz musician\n        (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[October 9]] \\n** [[Theodore Foley]], American [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and servant of God (b. [[1913]])\\n** [[Oskar Schindler]], Sudetgerman\n        businessman (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Werner Heyking]], Danish\n        actor, ''''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'''' (1971) (b. [[1913]])\\n*\n        [[October 11]] – [[Frank Kowalski]], American soldier [[United States\n        Army]] and [[United States Representatives]] from [[Connecticut]] (b. [[1907]])\\n*\n        [[October 13]]\\n** [[Josef Krips]], Austrian conductor and violinist (b. [[1902]])\\n**\n        [[Sam Rice]], American baseball player ([[History of the Washington Senators\n        (1901\\u201360)|Washington Senators]]) and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]]\n        (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Ed Sullivan]], American television host (b. [[1901]])\\n*\n        [[October 14]] – [[Sattar Bahlulzade]], [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]]\n        landscape painter (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 16]] – [[Vlasta Dekanova]],\n        Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[October 17]] – [[Tomotaka\n        Tasaka]], Japanese film director (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 18]] – [[Anders\n        Lange]], Norwegian politician (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[October 19]]\\n** [[Farrukh\n        Ahmad]], Bangladeshi poet and writer (b. [[1918]])\\n** [[Nur Ali Elahi]],\n        Iranian jurist, musician, and spiritual thinker (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[October\n        20]] – [[\\u00c9lie Lescot]], 29th [[President of Haiti]], leader of\n        the [[World War II]] (b. [[1883]])  \\n* [[October 21]] – [[Donald Goines]],\n        American witer of [[urban fiction]] (b. [[1936]])  \\n* [[October 23]] –\n        [[Melchior Lengyel]], Hungarian writer, dramatist, and film screenwriter (b.\n        [[1880]])\\n* [[October 24]] – [[David Oistrakh]], Ukrainian violinist\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[October 25]] – [[Fahrettin Altay]], Ottoman military\n        officer (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[October 26]] – [[Bidia Dandaron]], Buryat\n        Buddhist practitioner in the [[USSR]] (b. [[1914]]) \\n* [[October 27]] \\n**\n        [[Paul Frankeur]], French actor (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[C. P. Ramanujam]], Indian\n        mathematician (b. [[1938]])\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Begum Akhtar]], Indian\n        singer (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Mikheil Chiaureli]], Soviet\n        [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] filmmaker (b. [[1894]])\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:S\n        Kragujevic, Vittorio De Sica, 1959.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Vittorio De Sica]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        II, Duke of Parma.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma]]]]\\n[[File:U\n        Thant (1963).jpg|thumb|110px|[[U Thant]]]]\\n* [[November 1]] – [[Ralf\n        Harolde]], American character actor (b, [[1899]])\\n* [[November 2]]\\n** [[Richard\n        Kroner]], German neo-Hegelian philosopher (b. [[1884]])\\n** [[Farid-ud-Din\n        Qadri]], Pakistani Islamic scholar (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 3]] –\n        [[Mam\\u00e1 Ting\\u00f3]], Dominican activist (b. [[1921]])\\n* [[November 4]]\n        – [[Harry Fritz]], American baseball player [[Chicago Whales]] (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[November 5]] \\n** [[Marguerite Namara]], American lyric [[soprano]] (b.\n        [[1888]])\\n** [[Stafford Repp]], American actor noted for his work on the\n        ''''[[Batman (TV Series)]]'''' (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 7]]\\n** [[Rodolfo\n        Acosta]], Mexican-American actor (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Eric Linklater]], British\n        author (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[November 8]] – [[Ivory Joe Hunter]], American\n        rhythm & blues singer, songwriter, and pianist (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[November\n        9]] – [[Egon Wellesz]], British composer, teacher and musicologist (b.\n        [[1885]])\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Jasper Goodwill]], American municipal\n        politician, Mayor of [[Minden, Louisiana]] (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[November 13]]\n        \\n** [[Vittorio De Sica]], Italian actor and film director (b. [[1901]])\\n**\n        [[Karen Silkwood]], American chemical technician and labour union activist\n        (b. [[1946]])\\n* [[November 14]] – [[Johnny Mack Brown]], American football\n        star and actor (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[November 15]] \\n** [[Robert Hugo, Duke of\n        Parma]] (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Konstantin Shayne]], Russian-born, American actor\n        (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[November 16]] – [[Walther Meissner]], German technical\n        physicist (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[November 17]] – [[Erskine Hamilton Childers]],\n        Irish politician, 4th [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[November\n        18]] – [[G\\u00f6sta Lillieh\\u00f6\\u00f6k]], Swedish pentathlete and\n        [[1912 Olympic Games]] champion (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[November 19]] – [[Alessandro\n        Momo]], Italian actor (b. [[1956]]) \\n* [[November 21]] – [[Frank Martin\n        (composer)|Frank Martin]], Swiss composer (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November 23]]\\n**\n        [[Cornelius Ryan]], Irish-born American writer (b. [[1920]])\\n** [[Massacre\n        of the Sixty]] in Ethiopia of government and military officials.\\n*** [[Abiye\n        Abebe]], politician and army officer (b. [[1918]])\\n*** [[Aklilu Habte-Wold]],\n        politician and 6th [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia]] (b. [[1912]])\\n*** [[Aman\n        Andom]], army officer and 1st [[List of Presidents of Ethiopia|President of\n        Ethiopia]] (b. [[1924]])\\n*** [[Asrate Medhin Kassa]], aristocrat and army\n        officer (b. 1922)\\n*** [[Endelkachew Makonnen]], politician and 4th [[Prime\n        Minister of Ethiopia]] (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[November 25]]\\n** [[Nick Drake]],\n        British musician (b. [[1948]])\\n** [[U Thant]], Burmese diplomat and 3rd [[Secretary-General\n        of the United Nations]] (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[November 27]] – [[T. A. Madhuram]],\n        Tamil stage & film actress and film producer (b. [[1918]])\\n* [[November 28]]\n        – [[Konstantin Melnikov]], Soviet architect (b. [[1890]])\\n* [[November\n        29]]\\n** [[James J. Braddock]], American boxer (b. [[1905]])\\n** [[Peng Dehuai]],\n        Chinese leader (b. [[1898]])\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Harry Hooper 1915.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Harry\n        Hooper]]]]\\n[[File:Nanny and the Professor Richard Long 1970.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Richard\n        Long (actor)|Richard Long]]]]\\n[[File:Jack Benny - 1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jack\n        Benny]]]]\\n[[File:Sir Vincent Zachary Cope.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Zachary Cope]]]]\\n[[File:Robert\n        Ellis.gif|110px|thumb|[[Robert Ellis (actor, born 1892)|Robert Ellis]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] \\n** [[Sophie Carmen Eckhardt-Gramatt\\u00e9]], Russian-born,\n        Canadian composer, [[virtuoso]] [[pianist]], & violinist (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Max Weber (Swiss politician)|Max Weber]], Swiss Federal Councilor (b. [[1897]])\\n*\n        [[December 3]] –  [[Hans Leibelt]], German film actor (b. [[1885]])\\n*\n        [[December 4]] – [[Lee Kinsolving]], American actor (b. [[1938]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]] \\n** [[Pietro Germi]], Italian actor, screemwriter and director\n        (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Zaharia Stancu]], Romanian prose writer (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[December 6]]\\n** [[Frederik Jacobus Johannes Buytendijk]], Dutch anthropologist,\n        biologist and psychologist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov]],\n        Russian admiral (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Luigi Salvatorelli]], Italian historian\n        and publicist (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[December 7]] – [[Ariyavangsagatayana,\n        17th Supreme Patriarch of Thailand]], Member of the Chetupon Temple (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[December 8]] – [[Nadia Benois]], Russian painter and stage designer;\n        also the mother of English actor [[Peter Ustinov]] (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[December\n        9]]\\n** [[Hans Traut]], German General-Lieutenant in the Nazi [[Wehrmacht]]\n        in [[World War II]] (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Ludwig Weber]], Austrian bass (b.\n        [[1899]])\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Paul Richards (actor)|Paul Richards]],\n        American actor, ''''[[Beneath the Planet of the Apes]]'''' (b. [[1924]])\\n*\n        [[December 11]]\\n** [[Maravillas de Jes\\u00fas]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        professed member of the [[Discalced Carmelites]] and saint (b. [[1891]])\\n**\n        [[Reed Hadley]], American radio, television, & film actor (b. [[1911]])\\n*\n        [[December 12]] – [[Booker McDaniels]], American baseball pitcher in\n        the [[Negro Leagues]] with ([[Kansas City Monarchs]]) (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[December\n        13]] – [[John G. Bennett]], British mathematician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[December\n        14]] – [[Walter Lippmann]], American writer and journalist (b. [[1889]])\\n*\n        [[December 15]] – [[Anatole Litvak]], Ukrainian-born film director (b.\n        [[1902]])\\n* [[December 16]] – [[Kostas Varnalis]], Greek poet (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Luis Almarcha Hern\\u00e1ndez]], Spanish cleric, politician\n        and [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Bing Slamet]], Indonesian\n        singer, songwriter, comedian and actor (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[December 18]] –\n        [[Harry Hooper]], American baseball player ([[Boston Red Sox]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[December 19]]\\n**[[Bernd von\n        Brauchitsch]], German air force officer (b. [[1911]])\\n**[[Catrano Catrani]],\n        Italian-born Argentine director & producer (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[December 20]]\n        – [[Andr\\u00e9 Jolivet]], French composer (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[December\n        21]] – [[Richard Long (actor)|Richard Long]], American actor (b. [[1927]])\\n*\n        [[December 22]] – [[Gordon Purdy]], Canadian [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n        politician (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[December 23]] – [[Jules Rykovich]], Croatian-born,\n        American football player (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[December 24]] – [[Sentar\\u014d\n        \\u014cmori]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[December 25]] – [[Gorman\n        Kennedy]], Canadian executive and general manager of the [[Montr\\u00e9al Alouettes]]\n        from (1957 to 1959) (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[December 26]]\\n** [[Jack Benny]], American\n        comedian (b. [[1894]])\\n** [[Frank Hussey]], American Olympic athlete (b.\n        [[1905]])\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Bob Custer]], American film actor (b. [[1898]])\\n**\n        [[Vladimir Fock]], Soviet physicist (b. [[1898]])\\n** [[Ned Maddrell]], last\n        surviving [[first language|native speaker]] of the [[Manx language]] (b. [[1877]])\\n*\n        [[December 28]] – [[Zachary Cope]], British physician and surgeon (b.\n        [[1881]])\\n* [[December 29]]\\n** [[Robert Ellis (actor, born 1892)|Robert\n        Ellis]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n** [[William Charles Fuller]], Welsh\n        soldier and recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]] (b. [[1884]]\\n* [[December\n        30]]\\n** [[George Howard Earle III]], American politician and diplomat; served\n        as [[Governor of Pennsylvania]] from 1935\\u20131939 (b. [[1890]])\\n** [[Sid\n        Terris]], American boxer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[December 31]]\\n** [[Dogen Handa]],\n        Japanese professional Go player (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Robert Pache]], Swiss\n        footballer (b. [[1897]])\\n\\n==Nobel Prizes==\\n[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – Sir [[Martin Ryle]], [[Antony Hewish]]\\n*\n        [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Paul J. Flory]]\\n* [[Nobel\n        Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Albert Claude]], [[Christian\n        de Duve]], [[George E. Palade]]\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]\n        – [[Eyvind Johnson]], [[Harry Martinson]]\\n* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]\n        – [[Se\\u00e1n MacBride]], [[Eisaku Sat\\u014d]]\\n* [[Nobel Memorial Prize\n        in Economic Sciences|Economics]] – [[Gunnar Myrdal]], [[Friedrich Hayek]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{reflist|30em}}\\n{{portal|1970s}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:1974}}\\n[[Category:1974|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-05T12:57:41Z\",\"lastrevid\":797548746,\"length\":79914,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974\"},\"34752\":{\"pageid\":34752,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"1975\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T03:00:11Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Use\n        mdy dates|date=March 2011}}\\n{{Year dab|1975|the band|The 1975}}\\n{{Events\n        by month|1975}}\\n{{Year nav|1975}}\\n{{C20 year in topic}}\\n{{Year article\n        header|1975}}\\nIt was also declared the ''''[[International Women''s Year]]''''\n        by the [[United Nations]] and the European Architectural Heritage Year by\n        the [[Council of Europe]].\\n{{TOC limit|2}}\\n\\n==Events==\\n\\n===January===\\n{{Main\n        article|January 1975}}\\n** [[Altair 8800]] is released, sparking the [[microcomputer\n        revolution]].\\n** [[Volkswagen]] introduces the [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]],\n        its new front-wheel-drive economy car, in the United States and Canada as\n        the [[Volkswagen Golf|Volkswagen Rabbit.]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Stevie Nicks]]\n        and [[Lindsey Buckingham]] join [[Fleetwood Mac]].\\n** [[Watergate scandal]]\n        (United States): [[John N. Mitchell]], [[H. R. Haldeman]] and [[John Ehrlichman]]\n        are found guilty of the [[Watergate]] cover-up.\\n** [[Malawi]] changes its\n        capital city from [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]] to [[Lilongwe]].\\n* [[January 2]]\\n**\n        The [[Federal Rules of Evidence]] are approved by the [[United States Congress]].\\n**\n        Bangladesh revolutionary leader [[Siraj Sikder]] is killed by police while\n        in custody.\\n* [[January 5]] – [[Tasman Bridge disaster]]: The [[Tasman\n        Bridge]] in [[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]], Australia, is struck by the bulk ore\n        carrier {{MV|Lake Illawarra}}, killing 12 people.\\n* [[January 6]] –\n        United States television debuts:\\n** Game show ''''[[Wheel of Fortune (U.S.\n        game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]'''' premieres on [[NBC]].\\n** ''''[[AM America]]''''\n        makes its [[television]] debut on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].\\n*\n        [[January 7]] – [[OPEC]] agrees to raise [[crude oil]] prices by 10%.\\n*\n        [[January 8]]\\n** [[Ella Grasso]] becomes [[Governor of Connecticut]], the\n        first female U.S. governor who does not succeed her husband.\\n** U.S. President\n        [[Gerald Ford]] appoints Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller]] to head a special\n        commission looking into alleged domestic abuses by the [[CIA]].\\n* [[January\n        14]] – Heiress [[Lesley Whittle]], 17, is kidnapped from her home in\n        [[Shropshire]], England by [[Donald Neilson]].\\n* [[January 15]]\\n** [[Alvor\n        Agreement]]: Portugal announces that it will grant independence to [[Angola]]\n        on [[November 11]].\\n** [[International Women''s Year]] is launched in [[United\n        Kingdom|Britain]] by [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess\n        Alexandra]] and [[Barbara Castle]].\\n** [[Steel roller coaster]] [[Space Mountain\n        (Magic Kingdom)]] opens at [[Walt Disney World]] in Florida, becoming one\n        of the park''s most popular attractions into the 21st century.\\n* [[January\n        18]] – The [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]] is divided between\n        the [[Energy Research and Development Administration]] and the [[Nuclear Regulatory\n        Commission]], partly in response to the 1973 oil crisis.\\n* [[January 19]]\n        – [[1975 Kinnaur earthquake]]: An earthquake strikes [[Himachal Pradesh]],\n        India.\\n* [[January 20]]\\n** In [[Hanoi]], [[North Vietnam]], the [[Politburo]]\n        approves the final military offensive against [[South Vietnam]].\\n** American\n        talent agent [[Michael Ovitz]] founds the [[Creative Artists Agency]].\\n**\n        Work is abandoned on the British end of the [[Channel Tunnel]].\\n* [[January\n        24]] – [[Jazz]] [[pianist]] [[Keith Jarrett]] plays the solo [[improvisation]]\n        ''[[The K\\u00f6ln Concert]]'' at the [[Cologne Opera]], which, recorded live,\n        becomes the best-selling piano recording in history.{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=7984\n        |title=Keith Jarrett \\u2013 Biography |work=[[All About Jazz]] |accessdate=2011-04-09\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318092416/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=7984\n        |archivedate=March 18, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* [[January 26]] –\n        [[Immaculata University]] defeats the [[Maryland Terrapins women''s basketball|University\n        of Maryland]] 80-48 in the first nationally televised [[women''s basketball]]\n        game in the United States.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TYZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iQUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3918,4742960&dq=immaculata&hl=en\n        \\\"Women Cagers Make TV Debut\\\"], ''''Ocala (FL) Star-Banner\\\", January 27,\n        1975, p. 2B\\n* [[January 29]] – The [[Weather Underground]] radical\n        student group bombs the [[United States Department of State]] main office\n        in Washington, D.C.\\n\\n===February===\\n{{Main article|February 1975}}\\n* [[February\n        1]] – The [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation]] is launched\n        in the [[Philippines]].\\n* [[February 4]] – The [[1975 Haicheng earthquake|Haicheng\n        earthquake]], the first successfully [[Earthquake prediction|predicted earthquake]],\n        kills 2,041 and injures 27,538 in [[Haicheng, Liaoning]], China.\\n* [[February\n        5]] – The Argentine president [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabelita\n        Per\\u00f3n]] decrees [[Operativo Independencia]], aiming to neutralize or\n        annihilate the \\\"subversive elements\\\" in the province of Tucuman. Isabelita\n        takes advantage to take a self-coup and assume extraordinary powers.\\n* [[February\n        6]] – [[Kankesanthurai Electoral District by-election, 1975|A crucial\n        by-election]] is held in Kankesanthurai, Sri Lanka.\\n* [[February 9]] –\n        The ''''[[Soyuz 17]]'''' crew ([[Georgy Grechko]], [[Aleksei Gubarev]]) returns\n        to Earth after 1 month aboard the ''''[[Salyut 4]]'''' space station.\\n* [[February\n        11]]\\n** [[Margaret Thatcher]] defeats [[Edward Heath]] for the [[Conservative\n        Party (UK) leadership election, 1975|leadership]] of the opposition [[Conservative\n        Party (UK)|UK Conservative Party]]. Thatcher, 49, is Britain''s first female\n        leader of any political party.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539451.stm|work=BBC\n        News|title=1975: Tories choose first woman leader|date=February 11, 1975}}\\n**\n        Colonel [[Richard Ratsimandrava]], President of [[Madagascar]], is assassinated.\\n*\n        [[February 13]]\\n** A \\\"[[Turkish Federative State of North Cyprus|Turkish\n        Federated State of North Cyprus]]\\\" is declared as an unsuccessful first step\n        to international recognition of a [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|Turkish\n        Cypriot separatist state]] in [[Cyprus]]. \\n** A fire breaks out in the [[World\n        Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]].\\n* [[February 21]] –\n        [[Watergate scandal]]: Former [[United States Attorney General]] [[John N.\n        Mitchell]], and former [[White House]] aides [[H. R. Haldeman]] and [[John\n        Ehrlichman]], are sentenced to between 30 months and 8 years in prison.\\n*\n        [[February 23]] – In response to the [[1973 energy crisis|energy crisis]],\n        [[daylight saving time]] commences nearly 2 months early in the United States.\\n*\n        [[February 26]] – A fleeing [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] member\n        [[Murder of Stephen Tibble|shoots and kills off-duty London police officer\n        Stephen Tibble]], 22, as he gives chase.\\n* [[February 27]] – The [[2\n        June Movement]] kidnaps West German politician [[Peter Lorenz]]. He is released\n        on [[March 4]] after most of the kidnappers'' demands are met.\\n* [[February\n        28]]\\n** A [[Moorgate tube crash|major tube train crash]] at [[Moorgate station]],\n        London kills 43 people.\\n** In [[Lom\\u00e9]], [[Togo]], the [[European Economic\n        Community]] and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial\n        and economic treaty, known as the first [[Lom\\u00e9 Convention]].\\n** The\n        [[National Liberation Front of Angola]] (FNLA) approaches the South African\n        Embassy in London and requests 40 to 50 artillery pieces to assist their cause\n        in the [[Angolan Civil War]].\\n\\n===March===\\n{{Main article|March 1975}}\\n*\n        [[March 1]] \\n**[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] win the [[Football League\n        Cup]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]], beating [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich\n        City]] 1\\u20130 in the final.\\n** Australian television switches to full-time\n        colour.\\n* [[March 4]]\\n** [[Charlie Chaplin]] is knighted by [[Elizabeth\n        II]].\\n** A Canadian parliamentary committee is televised for the first time.\\n*\n        [[March 6]]\\n** [[1975 Algiers Agreement|Algiers Accord]]: [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]]\n        announce a settlement in their border dispute.\\n** A bomb explodes in the\n        Paris offices of the [[Axel Springer AG|Springer Press]]. The 6 March Group\n        (connected to the [[Red Army Faction]]) demands amnesty for the [[Baader-Meinhof\n        Group]].\\n* [[March 7]] – The body of teenage heiress [[Lesley Whittle]],\n        kidnapped 7 weeks earlier by the \\\"[[Donald Neilson|Black Panther]]\\\", is\n        discovered in [[Staffordshire]], England.\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** The [[United\n        Nations]] proclaims [[International Women''s Day]].\\n** First appearance of\n        [[Davros]] in ''''[[Doctor Who]]''''.\\n* [[March 9]] – Construction\n        of the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]] begins.\\n* [[March 10]]\\n** [[Vietnam\n        War]]: [[North Vietnam]]ese troops attack [[Ban M\\u00ea Thu\\u1ed9t]], [[South\n        Vietnam]], on their way to capturing [[Saigon]].\\n** ''''[[The Rocky Horror\n        Show]]'''' opens on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in New York City; closed\n        after 3 previews and 45 performances.  \\n** An extended portion of ''''[[Sany\\u014d\n        Shinkansen]]'''' between [[Okayama Station]] and [[Hakata Station]] opens,\n        thus making Shinkansen reach the second island, [[Kyushu]], Japan.\\n* [[March\n        11]] – The leftist military government in Portugal defeats a rightist\n        coup attempt.\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[South Vietnam]] President\n        [[Nguy\\u1ec5n V\\u0103n Thi\\u1ec7u]] orders the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central\n        Highlands]] evacuated. This turns into a mass exodus involving troops and\n        civilians (the ''''Convoy of Tears'''').\\n* [[March 15]] – In Brazil,\n        [[Guanabara (state)|Guanabara State]] merges into the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|state\n        of Rio de Janeiro]]. The state''s capital moves from the city of [[Niter\\u00f3i]]\n        to the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]].\\n* [[March 22]] – ''''Ding-a-dong''''\n        by Teach-In (music by Dick Bakker, text by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens)\n        wins the 20th [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975]] for the Netherlands.\\n* [[March\n        25]] – King [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]] is shot and killed by his nephew.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/years/1975/default.stm\n        BBC News archive ''On This Day'' - 1975]\\n* [[March 27]] – The\n        South African government announces that it will consolidate the 113 separate\n        [[homeland]] areas into 36.\\n* [[March 28]] – A fire in the maternity\n        wing at Kucic Hospital in [[Rijeka]], former [[Yugoslavia]], kills 25 people.\\n*\n        [[March 31]]\\n**[[S\\u00fcleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]]\n        forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (39th government, a four-party coalition,\n        so-called First National Front ({{lang-tr|Milliyet\\u00e7i cephe|links=no}})).\\n**In\n        his final game on the sideline, [[John Wooden]] coaches [[UCLA Bruins men''s\n        basketball|UCLA]] to its 10th national championship in 12 seasons when the\n        Bruins defeat [[Kentucky Wildcats men''s basketball|Kentucky]] 92-85 in the\n        [[1975 NCAA Men''s Division I Basketball Tournament|title game]] at [[San\n        Diego]].\\n\\n===April===\\n{{Main article|April 1975}}\\n* [[April 3]] –\n        [[Bobby Fischer]] refuses to play in a [[chess]] match against [[Anatoly Karpov]],\n        giving Karpov the title.\\n* [[April 4]]\\n** [[Vietnam War]]: The first military\n        [[Operation Babylift]] flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27 minutes after takeoff,\n        killing 138 on board; 176 survive the crash.\\n** [[Bill Gates]] and [[Paul\n        Allen]] found [[Microsoft]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]].\\n*[[April 5]]\n        – The Soviet manned space mission ''''[[Soyuz 18a]]'''' ends in failure\n        during its ascent into [[orbit]] when a critical malfunction occurs in the\n        second and third stages of the [[Soyuz rocket|booster rocket]] during staging,\n        resulting in the cosmonauts and their [[Soyuz spacecraft]] having to be ripped\n        free from the vehicle. Both cosmonauts survive.\\n* [[April 9]]\\n** Asia''s\n        first professional [[basketball]] league, the [[Philippine Basketball Association]],\n        plays its first game at the [[Araneta Coliseum]].\\n** Eight people in South\n        Korea, who are involved in the [[People''s Revolutionary Party Incident]],\n        are hanged.\\n** ''''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]'''' is released.\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Bus massacre]]: The [[Kataeb]] militia kills 27 [[Palestinians]]\n        during an attack on their bus in Ain El Remmeneh, [[Lebanon]], triggering\n        the [[Lebanese Civil War]] which lasts until [[1990]].\\n** A [[Chadian coup\n        of 1975|coup d''\\u00e9tat in Chad]] led by the military overthrows and kills\n        President [[Fran\\u00e7ois Tombalbaye]].\\n* [[April 17]] – The [[Khmer\n        Republic]] surrenders, when the [[Communism|Communist]] [[Khmer Rouge]] guerilla\n        forces capture [[Phnom Penh]] ending the [[Cambodian Civil War]], with mass\n        evacuation of American troops and Cambodian civilians. \\n* [[April 18]] –\n        The [[Khmer Rouge]] beings prompting a forcible [[emergency evacuation|mass\n        evacuation]] of the city and starting the [[Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia|genocide]].\\n*\n        [[April 19]] – [[Nico Diederichs]] becomes the 4th [[State President\n        of South Africa]].[http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/sa_pres1/\n        Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices: South Africa: Heads\n        of State: 1961-1994] (Accessed on 14 April 2017)\\n* [[April 24]] –\n        Six [[Red Army Faction]] terrorists take over the West German embassy in [[Stockholm]],\n        take 11 hostages and demand the release of the group''s jailed members; shortly\n        after, they are captured by Swedish police (See [[West German Embassy siege]]).\\n*\n        [[April 25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: As [[People''s Army of Vietnam|North\n        Vietnamese Army]] forces close in on the [[South Vietnam]]ese capital [[Saigon]],\n        the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day\n        since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.\\n* [[April 29]]\n        – [[Vietnam War]]:\\n** [[Operation Frequent Wind]] – Americans\n        and their allies are evacuated from [[South Vietnam]] by helicopter.\\n** North\n        Vietnam concludes its [[East Sea Campaign]] by capturing all of the [[Spratly\n        Islands]] that were being held by South Vietnam.\\n* [[April 30]] – The\n        [[Vietnam War]] ends with the [[Fall of Saigon]]: The Vietnam War concludes\n        as [[Communism|Communist]] [[People''s Army of Vietnam|forces]] from [[North\n        Vietnam]] take [[Saigon]], resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American\n        troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken, [[South Vietnam]]\n        surrenders unconditionally and is replaced with the temporary [[Provisional\n        Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|Provisional Government]].\\n\\n===May===\\n{{Main\n        article|May 1975}}\\n* [[May 1]] – The [[Cold war (general term)|Cold\n        War]] between [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]] begins, which eventually leads\n        to the [[Cambodian\\u2013Vietnamese War]]. \\n* [[May 3]] – [[West Ham\n        United F.C.|West Ham United]] wins the FA Cup at Wembley, beating Fulham 2\\u20130\n        in the final. Both goals are scored by Alan Taylor. West Ham legend [[Bobby\n        Moore]], appears for Fulham.\\n* [[May 5]] – The [[Busch Gardens Williamsburg]]\n        [[theme park]] opens in [[Virginia]].\\n* [[May 6]]\\n** The South African government\n        announces that it will provide all Black children with free and compulsory\n        education.\\n** A [[1975 Omaha tornado outbreak|violent F4 tornado]] hits the\n        [[Omaha metropolitan area]], killing 3 and injuring more than 137.\\n* [[May\n        12]] – [[Mayaguez incident]]: [[Khmer Rouge]] forces in [[Cambodia]]\n        seize the United States merchant ship {{SS|Mayaguez||2}} in international\n        waters.\\n* [[May 15]] – [[Mayaguez incident]]: The American merchant\n        ship ''''Mayaguez'''', seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S.\n        Navy and Marines; 38 Americans are killed.\\n* [[May 16]]\\n** [[Sikkim]] accedes\n        to India after a referendum and abolishes the [[Chogyal]], its monarchy.\\n**\n        [[Junko Tabei]] from [[Japan]] becomes the first woman to reach the summit\n        of [[Mount Everest]].\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Elton John]]''s ''''[[Captain\n        Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy]]'''' becomes the first album to enter\n        the US [[Billboard 200|''''Billboard'''' 200]] album chart at Number One.\\n*\n        [[May 25]]\\n** [[Bobby Unser]] wins the [[Indianapolis 500]] for a second\n        time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 435 mile (696 km) race.\\n** The\n        [[Golden State Warriors]] win the [[1975 NBA Playoffs|1975 NBA basketball\n        championship]].\\n* [[May 27]] \\n** The [[Dibbles Bridge coach crash]] near\n        [[Grassington]], [[North Yorkshire]], England results in 32 deaths (the highest\n        ever toll in a United Kingdom road accident).\\n**  In the [[1974\\u201375 NHL\n        season|National Hockey League]], The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] defeat the [[Buffalo\n        Sabres]] 2-0 in game six of the finals to claim their second straight [[1975\n        Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]].\\n* [[May 28]] – Fifteen West African\n        countries sign the [[Treaty of Lagos]], creating the [[Economic Community\n        of West African States]].\\n\\n=== June ===\\n{{Main article|June 1975}}\\n* [[June\n        5]]\\n** The [[Suez Canal]] opens for the first time since the [[Six-Day War]].\\n**\n        The United Kingdom votes yes in a [[United Kingdom European Communities membership\n        referendum, 1975|referendum]] to stay in the [[European Community]].\\n* [[June\n        6]] – The [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] Agreement, formally creating\n        the [[ACP Group]], is signed.\\n* [[June 9]] – The [[Order of Australia]]\n        is awarded for the first time.\\n* [[June 10]] – In Washington, D.C.,\n        the [[United States President''s Commission on CIA Activities within the United\n        States|Rockefeller Commission]] issues its report on [[CIA]] abuses, recommending\n        a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence.\\n* [[June 11]]\n        – After a referendum and seven years of military rule, modern day [[Greece]]\n        is established as the [[Third Hellenic Republic|Hellas Republic]].\\n* [[June\n        19]] – [[Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan]] is found guilty [[trial\n        in absentia|''''in absentia'''']] of the murder of nanny Sandra Rivett.\\n*\n        [[June 20]] – ''''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'''' is released in theaters and\n        becomes a popular summer hit, setting the standard for Hollywood blockbusters\n        for years to come.\\n* [[June 25]]\\n** Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declares\n        [[The Emergency (India)|a state of emergency]] in India, suspending civil\n        liberties and elections.\\n** [[Mozambique]] gains [[independence]] from Portugal.\\n*\n        [[June 26]] – Two [[FBI]] agents and one [[American Indian Movement|AIM]]\n        member die in a shootout, at the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] in [[South\n        Dakota]].\\n\\n===July===\\n{{Main article|July 1975}}\\n* [[July 1]] –\n        The [[Postmaster-General''s Department]] is disaggregated into the [[Australian\n        Telecommunications Commission]] (trading as [[Telecom Australia]]) and the\n        [[Australia Post|Australian Postal Commission]] (trading as [[Australia Post]]).\n        \\n* [[July 4]]\\n** [[Zion Square refrigerator bombing]]. A terrorist attack\n        in downtown [[Jerusalem]] kills 15 civilians and wounds 77.\\n** Sydney newspaper\n        publisher [[Juanita Nielsen]] disappears, and is presumed to have been murdered.\\n*\n        [[July 5]] – [[Cape Verde]] gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese\n        rule.\\n* [[July 6]]\\n** The [[Comoros]] declares and is granted their independence\n        from France.\\n** [[Ruffian (horse)|Ruffian]], an American champion [[thoroughbred\n        racehorse]] breaks down in a [[match race]] against [[Kentucky Derby]] winner,\n        [[Foolish Pleasure]]; she has to be [[euthanized]] the following day.\\n* [[July\n        9]] – The National Assembly of [[Senegal]] passes a law that will pave\n        way for a  [[multi-party system]] (albeit highly restricted).\\n* [[July 12]]\n        – [[S\\u00e3o Tom\\u00e9 and Pr\\u00edncipe]] declare independence from\n        Portugal.\\n* [[July 17]] – [[Apollo\\u2013Soyuz Test Project]]: A manned\n        American [[Apollo spacecraft]] and the manned Soviet [[Soyuz spacecraft]]\n        for the ''''[[Soyuz 19]]'''' mission, docks in [[orbit]], marking the first\n        such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations.\\n* [[July 30]] –\n        In [[Detroit]], former [[Teamsters Union]] president [[Jimmy Hoffa]] is reported\n        missing.\\n\\n===August===\\n{{Main article|August 1975}}\\n* The first Cuban\n        forces arrive in Angola to join Russian personnel who are there to assist\n        the [[MPLA]] who controls less than a quarter of Angolan territory.{{Jeffery-People''s\n        War|pages=11\\u201312, 14\\u201315}}\\n* The [[United States]], [[Zaire]]\n        and [[Zambia]] request South Africa to provide training and support for the\n        [[FNLA]] and [[UNITA]].\\n* [[August 1]] – The\n        [[Helsinki Accords]], which officially recognize Europe''s national borders\n        and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        The [[Louisiana Superdome]] opens in [[New Orleans]].\\n* [[August 5]] –\n        U.S. President [[Gerald Ford|Ford]] posthumously restores the U.S. citizenship\n        of General [[Robert E. Lee]], military leader of the Confederate States of\n        America during the American Civil War.\\n* [[August 8]]\\n** The [[Banqiao Dam]],\n        in China''s [[Henan Province]], fails after [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon\n        Nina]]; over 200,000 people perish.\\n** Samuel Bronfman II, son of the president\n        of [[Seagram]]''s, is kidnapped in [[Purchase, New York]].\\n* [[August 11]]\\n**\n        [[British Leyland]] Motor Corporation comes under British government control.\\n**\n        Governor [[M\\u00e1rio Lemos Pires]] of [[Portuguese Timor|Portuguese East\n        Timor]] abandons the capital [[Dili]], following a [[Timorese Democratic Union|UDT]]\n        coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and [[Fretilin]].\\n* [[August\n        15]]\\n** The [[Birmingham Six]] are wrongfully sentenced to life imprisonment\n        in Great Britain (they are released [[1991]]).\\n** Founder President [[Sheikh\n        Mujibur Rahman]] of [[Bangladesh]] is killed during a [[coup]] led by Major\n        [[Syed Faruque Rahman]].\\n** Some members of [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]] believe\n        that [[Armageddon]] will occur this year based on the group''s chronology''''[[The\n        Watchtower]]'''', August 15, 1968, pp. 494\\u2013501; ''''Awake!'''', May 22,\n        1969, p. 15; ''''The Watchtower'''', March 15, 1980, p. 17, para. 5\\u20136.\n        and some sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise\n        which they believe will be created when [[Jesus]] establishes God''s Kingdom\n        on Earth.\\n* [[August 20]] – [[Viking program]]: [[NASA]] launches the\n        ''''[[Viking 1]]'''' planetary probe toward [[Mars]].\\n* [[August 24]] –\n        Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced\n        to death in [[Athens]]. The sentences are later commuted to [[life imprisonment]].\\n*\n        [[August 25]] – The [[Victoria Falls Conference (1975)|Victoria Falls\n        Conference]] between Rhodesian Prime Minister [[Ian Smith]] and the [[United\n        African National Council]] is held in a [[South African Railways]] coach on\n        the [[Victoria Falls Bridge]], officiated by [[Zambia]]n President [[Kenneth\n        Kaunda]] and South African Prime Minister [[B.J. Vorster|John Vorster]].\\n\\n===September===\\n{{Main\n        article|September 1975}}\\n* September–October – In New Zealand,\n        [[M\\u0101ori people|M\\u0101ori]] leader [[Whina Cooper]] leads a march of\n        5,000 people, in support of Maori claims to their land.\\n* [[September 5]]\\n**\n        In [[Sacramento, California]], [[Lynette Fromme]], a follower of jailed cult\n        leader [[Charles Manson]], [[Gerald Ford assassination attempt in Sacramento|attempts\n        to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford]], but is thwarted by a [[United\n        States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent.\\n** The [[London Hilton Hotel]]\n        is bombed by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]; 2 people are killed\n        and 63 injured.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/5/newsid_2499000/2499203.stm\n        |title=1975: London Hilton bombed |publisher=BBC News |date=1975-09-05 |accessdate=2013-11-24}}\\n*\n        [[September 6]] – An earthquake with a [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter\n        magnitude]] of 6.7 kills at least 2,085 in [[Diyarbak\\u0131r]] and [[Lice,\n        Turkey]].\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Riverfront Coliseum]] opens in [[Cincinnati]].\\n*\n        [[September 14]]\\n** [[Elizabeth Seton]] is canonized, becoming the first\n        American [[Roman Catholic]] saint.\\n** [[Rembrandt]]''s painting \\\"[[The Night\n        Watch]]\\\" is slashed a dozen times at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.\\n* [[September\n        15]] – The French department of \\\"''''Corse''''\\\", comprising the entire\n        island of [[Corsica]], is divided into two departments: [[Haute-Corse]] (Upper\n        Corsica) and [[Corse-du-Sud]] (Southern Corsica).\\n[[Image:Flag of Papua New\n        Guinea.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Papua New Guinea]]]]\\n* [[September 16]]\n        – [[Papua New Guinea]] gains its independence from Australia.\\n* [[September\n        18]] – Fugitive [[Patty Hearst]] is captured in [[San Francisco]].\\n*\n        [[September 19]]\\n** General [[Vasco Gon\\u00e7alves]] is ousted as Prime Minister\n        of Portugal.\\n** The British comedy sitcom ''''[[Fawlty Towers]]'''' airs\n        on [[BBC 2]].\\n* [[September 20]] – The term of [[Tuanku Al-Mutassimu\n        Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan\n        Badlishah]], as the 5th [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]], ends. Bruce\n        marries Cathie in Parma, Ohio.\\n* [[September 21]] – [[Sultan Yahya\n        Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra]] of [[Kelantan]], becomes the 6th\n        [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]].\\n* [[September 22]] – U.S.\n        President [[Gerald Ford]] survives a second assassination attempt, this time\n        by [[Sara Jane Moore]] in [[San Francisco]].\\n* [[September 24]] – [[Dougal\n        Haston]] and [[Doug Scott]] on the [[1975 British Mount Everest Southwest\n        Face expedition]] become the first people to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]]\n        by any of its faces and the first Britons to reach the summit by any route.\\n*\n        [[September 27]]\\n** [[Francoist Spain]] executes 5 [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]]\n        and [[Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front|FRAP]] members, the last executions\n        in Spain to date.\\n** The [[Norwood Football Club]] beats the [[Glenelg Football\n        Club]] in the [[South Australian National Football League]] (SANFL) [[Australian\n        rules football]] Grand Final.\\n* [[September 28]] – The [[Spaghetti\n        House siege]] takes place in London.\\n* [[September 30]] –  The [[Hughes\n        Helicopters]] (later [[McDonnell-Douglas]], now [[Boeing IDS]]) [[AH-64 Apache]]\n        makes its first flight.\\n\\n===October===\\n{{Main article|October 1975}}\\n*\n        [[October 1]] – ''''[[Thrilla in Manila]]'''': Muhammad Ali defeats\n        Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.\\n* [[October 2]] –\n        A blast at an explosives factory kills 6 in [[Beloeil, Quebec]].\\n* [[October\n        9]] – A bomb explosion outside the [[Green Park tube station]] near\n        [[Piccadilly]] in London kills 1 and injures 20.\\n* [[October 11]] –\n        [[NBC]] airs the first episode of ''''[[Saturday Night Live]]'''' ([[George\n        Carlin]] is the first host; [[Billy Preston]] and [[Janis Ian]] the first\n        musical guests).\\n* [[October 14]] – The South African Defence Force\n        invades Angola during [[Operation Savannah (Angola)|Operation Savannah]] in\n        support of the [[National Liberation Front of Angola|FNLA]] and [[UNITA]]\n        prior to the Angolan elections scheduled for 11 November.Malan,\n        Magnus (2006). ''''My lewe saam met die SA Weermag'''' (1st ed.). Pretoria:\n        Protea Boekhuis. p. 121. {{ISBN|978-1-86919-113-9}}.\\n* [[October 16]]\\n**\n        The \\\"[[Balibo Five]]\\\" Australian television journalists are killed at [[Balibo]]\n        by [[Indonesian Army]] special forces in the buildup to the [[Indonesian invasion\n        of East Timor]].\\n** The last naturally occurring case of [[smallpox]] is\n        diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old [[Rahima Banu]].Image caption of U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp\n        Public Health Image LibraryC image number 7762].\\n* [[October 21]] –\n        [[1975 World Series]]: The [[Boston Red Sox]] defeated the [[Cincinnati Reds]]\n        in Game Six off [[Carlton Fisk]]''s 12th-inning home run to cap off what many\n        consider to be the best World Series game ever played.\\n* [[October 22]] –\n        The Reds defeat the Red Sox 4 games to 3 in a broadcast that breaks records\n        for a televised sporting event.\\n* [[October 27]] – [[Robert Poulin]]\n        kills 1 and wounds 5 at [[St. Pius X High School (Ottawa)|St. Pius X High\n        School]] in [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada before shooting himself.\\n*\n        [[October 30]]\\n** [[Peter Sutcliffe]] (the \\\"Yorkshire Ripper\\\") commits\n        his first murder, that of Wilma McCann.\\n** [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]] becomes\n        acting [[head of state]] after dictator [[Francisco Franco]] concedes that\n        he is too ill to govern.\\n* [[October 31]] – The [[Queen (band)|Queen]]\n        single \\\"[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]\\\" is released. It later becomes one of their\n        most popular songs.\\n\\n===November===\\n{{Main article|November 1975}}\\n* [[November\n        3]]\\n** An independent audit of [[Mattel]], one of the United States'' largest\n        toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated [[press release]]s\n        and financial information to \\\"maintain the appearance of continued corporate\n        growth.\\\"\\n** The first petroleum pipeline opens from [[Cruden Bay]] to [[Grangemouth]],\n        Scotland.\\n** The long-running television game show ''''[[The Price Is Right]]''''\n        expands from 30 minutes to its current hour-long format on [[CBS]].\\n*\n        [[November 6]] \\n** The [[Green March]] begins: 300,000 unarmed [[Morocco|Moroccans]]\n        converge on the southern city of [[Tarfaya]] and wait for a signal from King\n        [[Hassan II of Morocco]] to cross into [[Western Sahara]].\\n** The [[Sex Pistols]]\n        play their first gig at [[Central Saint Martins|Saint Martins College]], London.\\n*\n        [[November 7]] – A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility\n        in [[Geleen]], Netherlands leaves 14 dead and 109 injured, with fires lasting\n        for 5 days.\\n* [[November 10]]\\n** [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution\n        3379]]: By a vote of 72\\u201335 (with 32 abstentions), the [[United Nations]]\n        General Assembly approves a resolution equating [[Zionism]] with [[racism]].\n        The resolution provokes an outcry among Jews around the world. It is repealed\n        in [[1991]].\\n** The {{convert|729|ft|m|adj=on}}-long freighter {{SS|Edmund\n        Fitzgerald}} sinks during a storm {{convert|17|mi|km}} from the entrance to\n        [[Whitefish Bay]] on [[Lake Superior]], killing all 29 crew members on board\n        (an event immortalized in song by [[Gordon Lightfoot]]).\\n** Lev Leshchenko\n        revives \\\"[[Den Pobedy]]\\\", one of the most popular World War II songs in\n        the [[USSR]].\\n[[Image:Flag of Angola.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Angola]]]]\\n*\n        [[November 11]]\\n** [[Angola]] becomes independent from Portugal and [[Angolan\n        Civil War|civil war]] erupts.\\n** [[Australian constitutional crisis of 1975]]:\n        [[Governor-General of Australia]] Sir [[John Kerr (governor-general)|John\n        Kerr]] dismisses the government of [[Gough Whitlam]] and commissions [[Malcolm\n        Fraser]] as [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]].\\n** The first\n        annual [[Vogalonga]] rowing \\\"race\\\" is held in [[Venice]], Italy.\\n* [[November\n        14]] – [[Madrid Accords]]: Spain abandons [[Western Sahara]].\\n* [[November\n        15]] – The \\\"[[Group of 6]]\\\" (G-6) industrialized nations is formed.\\n*\n        [[November 16]] – Beginning of the [[Third Cod War]] between UK and\n        Iceland, which lasts until June 1976.\\n* [[November 19]] – The [[United\n        States Congress]] approves the [[Clark Amendment]], ending aid to the [[FNLA]]\n        and [[UNITA]].\\n* [[November 20]]\\n** Former [[California]] Governor [[Ronald\n        Reagan]] enters the race for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]\n        presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President [[Gerald Ford]].\\n**\n        Spanish dictator [[Francisco Franco]] dies in [[Madrid]], effectively marking\n        the end of the dictatorship established following the [[Spanish Civil War]]\n        and the beginning of Spain''s [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition\n        to democracy]].\\n* [[November 22]] – [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]]\n        is declared [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]] following the death\n        of dictator [[Francisco Franco]]; he would reign until his abdication in [[2014]].\\n[[Image:Flag\n        of Suriname.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Suriname]].]]\\n* [[November 25]]\\n**\n        [[Suriname]] gains independence from the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].\\n**\n        The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] is outlawed in the United Kingdom.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2013}}\\n* [[November 26]] – The 1975 cult classic\n        movie ''''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'''' is released in the United\n        States.\\n* [[November 27]] – [[Ross McWhirter]], co-founder of the ''''[[Guinness\n        Book of Records]]'''', is shot dead by the [[Provisional Irish Republican\n        Army]] for offering reward money to informers.\\n* [[November 28]]\\n** [[Portuguese\n        Timor]] declares its independence from Portugal as [[East Timor]].\\n** [[South\n        African Navy]] [[Rothesay-class frigate|frigates]] evacuate 26 SADF members\n        from behind enemy lines at [[Ambrizete]], {{convert|160|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}\n        north of [[Luanda]] in Angola.\\n* [[November 29]]\\n** The name \\\"Micro-soft\\\"\n        (for [[microcomputer]] [[software]]) is used by [[Bill Gates]] in a letter\n        to [[Paul Allen]] for the first time ([[Microsoft]] becomes a [[registered\n        trademark]] on November 26, 1976).\\n** While disabled, the submarine tender\n        {{USS|Proteus|AS-19|6}} discharges radioactive coolant water into [[Apra Harbor]],\n        Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor''s public beaches shows 100 millirems/hour,\n        50 times the allowable dose.\\n* [[Formula One]] world champion [[Graham Hill]]\n        is killed when the [[Piper Aztec]] aeroplane he was piloting crashed in foggy\n        conditions near Arkley golf course in North London.\\n\\n===December===\\n{{Main\n        article|December 1975}}\\n* [[December 2]] – In [[Laos]], the [[Communism|communist]]\n        party of the [[Pathet Lao]] takes over [[Vientiane]] and defeats the [[Kingdom\n        of Laos]], forcing King [[Sisavang Vatthana]] to abdicate and creating the\n        Lao People''s Democratic Republic. This ends the [[Laotian Civil War]], with\n        mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians.\\n* [[December 3]]\n        – The ongoing [[Insurgency in Laos]] begins with the Pathet Lao fighting\n        the Hmongs, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings.\\n** The [[1916]] wreck\n        of {{HMHS|Britannic}} is found in the [[Kea Channel]] by [[Jacques Cousteau]].\\n*\n        [[December 8]] – New York City is approved for bailout of 2.3 billion\n        each year through to [[1978]] – 6.9 billion total.\\n* [[December 7]]\n        – [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor]]: [[Indonesia]] invades [[East\n        Timor]]; the occupation continues until 1999, when U.N. peacekeepers take\n        over control until 2002.\\n* [[December 18]] – The Lutz family moves\n        into 112 Ocean Avenue, [[Amityville, New York|Amityville]], [[Long Island]],\n        [[New York (state)|New York]], in the [[United States]], only to flee from\n        the house after 28 days, which would go on to inspire the story of [[The Amityville\n        Horror]].\\n* [[December 21]] – Six people, including [[Carlos the Jackal]],\n        kidnap delegates of an [[OPEC]] conference in [[Vienna]].\\n* [[December 25]]\n        – The [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Iron Maiden]] is formed\n        by Steve Harris in London.\\n* [[December 29]] – A bomb explosion at\n        [[LaGuardia Airport]] in New York City kills 11 people.\\n\\n===Date unknown===\\n*\n        The Spanish Army quits [[Spanish Sahara]] (modern-day Western Sahara), last\n        remnant of the [[Spanish Empire]]. The [[Western Sahara|Sahrawi]] Republic\n        (RASD) is created. [[Morocco]] invades the former territory.\\n* The government\n        of [[Colombia]] announces the finding of [[Ciudad Perdida]].\\n* [[Benoit Mandelbrot]]\n        coins the mathematical term ''''[[fractal]]''''.\\n* [[Lyme disease]] is first\n        diagnosed at [[Lyme, Connecticut]].\\n* [[Victoria (Australia)]] abolishes\n        [[capital punishment]].\\n* [[South Australia]] becomes the first Australian\n        state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.\\n* [[Peter\n        Gabriel]] departs [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], and is replaced on lead vocals\n        by drummer [[Phil Collins]].\\n* The first [[monster truck]], [[Bigfoot (truck)|Bigfoot]],\n        is created by Bob Chandler.\\n\\n===World population===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=\\\"7\\\"|[[World\n        population]]\\n|-\\n!\\n!1975\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1970]]\\n!colspan=\\\"2\\\"|[[1980]]\\n|-\\n!World\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''4,068,109,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|3,692,492,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 375,617,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|4,434,682,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 366,573,000\\n|-\\n!Africa\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''408,160,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|357,283,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 50,877,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|469,618,001\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 61,458,000\\n|-\\n!Asia\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''2,397,512,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,143,118,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 254,394,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|2,632,335,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 234,823,000\\n|-\\n!Europe\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''675,542,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|655,855,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 19,687,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|692,431,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 16,889,000\\n|-\\n!Latin America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''321,906,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|284,856,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 37,050,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|361,401,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 39,495,000\\n|-\\n!Northern America\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''243,425,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|231,937,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 11,488,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|256,068,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,643,000\\n|-\\n!Oceania\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|''''''21,564,000''''''\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|19,443,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 2,121,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|22,828,000\\n|align=\\\"right\\\"|[[File:Green\n        Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,264,000\\n|}\\n\\n== Births ==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Dax\n        Shepard Paleyfest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dax Shepard]]]]\\n[[File:Bradley Cooper\n        (3699322472) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bradley Cooper]]]]\\n[[File:Matteo\n        Renzi cropped.png|thumb|100px|[[Matteo Renzi]]]]\\n[[File:Sara Gilbert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sara\n        Gilbert]]]]\\n[[File:Yumi Yoshimura 20090704 Japan Expo 01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yumi\n        Yoshimura]]]]\\n* [[January 1]]\\n** [[Sonali Bendre]], Indian actress\\n** [[Eiichiro\n        Oda]], Japanese manga artist\\n** [[Tammy Homolka]], Canadian murder victim\n        (d. [[1990]])\\n* [[January 2]] \\n** [[Dax Shepard]], American actor\\n** [[Doug\n        Robb]], American musician ([[Hoobastank]])\\n* [[January 3]] \\n** [[Jason Marsden]],\n        American actor\\n** [[Thomas Bangalter]], French DJ ([[Daft Punk]])\\n** [[Danica\n        McKellar]], American actress and education advocate\\n* [[January 5]]\\n** [[Bradley\n        Cooper]], American actor\\n** [[Mike Grier]], American hockey player\\n* [[January\n        6]]\\n** [[Yukana Nogami]], Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Ricardo Santos (beach\n        volleyball)|Ricardo Santos]], Brazilian beach volleyball player\\n* [[January\n        8]] – [[Chris Simmons]], British actor\\n* [[January 10]] – [[Jake\n        Delhomme]], American football player\\n* [[January 11]]\\n** [[Rory Fitzpatrick]],\n        American hockey player\\n** [[Matteo Renzi]], 56th [[Prime Minister of Italy]]\n        \\n* [[January 13]] – [[Shazia Mirza]], British comedian\\n* [[January\n        15]] \\n** [[Marc Cartwright]], American photographer\\n** [[Mary Pierce]],\n        French tennis player\\n* [[January 16]] – [[Anthony Taberna]], Filipino\n        broadcast journalist and radio commentator\\n* [[January 17]]\\n** [[Tony Brown\n        (rugby union)|Tony Brown]], New Zealand rugby union footballer\\n** [[Freddy\n        Rodriguez (actor)|Freddy Rodriguez]], Puerto Rican actor\\n* [[January 20]]\\n**\n        [[David Eckstein]], American baseball player\\n** [[Mark Allan Robinson]],\n        Canadian recall leader\\n* [[January 22]] – [[Balthazar Getty]], American\n        actor\\n* [[January 23]]\\n** [[Tito Ortiz]], American [[mixed martial arts]]\n        fighter\\n** [[B.G. Knocc Out]], American rapper\\n* [[January 24]] –\n        [[Paul Marazzi]], English singer ([[A1 (band)|A1]])\\n* [[January 25]]\\n**\n        [[Mia Kirshner]], Canadian actress\\n** [[Tim Montgomery]], American athlete\\n**\n        [[John Wade (American football)|John Wade]], American football player\\n* [[January\n        28]]\\n** [[Lee Latchford-Evans]], English singer ([[Steps (group)|Steps]])\\n**\n        [[David Zingler]], American writer\\n** [[Terri Conn]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Hiroshi Kamiya]], Japanese voice actor and singer\\n* [[January 29]]\\n**\n        [[Sharif Atkins]], American television actor\\n** [[Sara Gilbert]], American\n        actress\\n* [[January 30]] – [[Yumi Yoshimura]], Japanese singer ([[Puffy\n        AmiYumi]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Jackie O (radio host)|Jackie O]], Australian\n        radio DJ and TV presenter\\n** [[Preity Zinta]], Indian actress\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Natalie\n        Imbruglia Cannes.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Natalie Imbruglia]]]]\\n[[File:DrewBarrymoreMusicLyrics.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Drew\n        Barrymore]]]]\\n[[File:Gary Neville University of Salford.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gary\n        Neville]]]]\\n[[File:Brian Littrell 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Littrell]]]]\\n*\n        [[February 1]] – [[Big Boi]], American rapper\\n* [[February 2]]\\n**\n        [[Todd Bertuzzi]], Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Ieroklis Stoltidis]], Greek\n        footballer\\n* [[February 4]] – [[Natalie Imbruglia]], Australian actress\n        and singer\\n* [[February 6]] – [[Tomoko Kawase]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[February 9]] – [[Vladimir Guerrero]], Dominican baseball player\\n*\n        [[February 10]] – [[Hiroki Kuroda]], Japanese baseball pitcher\\n* [[February\n        11]] – [[Jacque Vaughn]], American basketball player\\n* [[February 14]]\n        – [[Malik Zidi]], French actor\\n* [[February 16]] – [[Nanase Aikawa]],\n        Japanese singer\\n* [[February 17]]\\n** [[Harisu]], South Korean singer, model\n        and actress\\n** [[Todd Harvey]], Canadian National Hockey League player\\n**\n        [[V\\u00e1clav Prospal]], Czech National Hockey League player\\n* [[February\n        18]]\\n** [[Igor Dodon]], [[President of Moldova]]\\n** [[Keith Gillespie]],\n        Northern Irish footballer\\n** [[Gary Neville]], English footballer\\n** [[Sarah\n        Brown (actress)|Sarah Brown]], American actress\\n* [[February 19]] –\n        [[Mohamed Aly]], Egyptian reformist and writer\\n* [[February 20]] –\n        [[Brian Littrell]], American pop singer ([[Backstreet Boys]])\\n* [[February\n        21]] – [[Mark Ross]], American rock singer and entrepreneur\\n* [[February\n        22]] – [[Drew Barrymore]], American actress and film producer, co-founder\n        of [[Flower Films]]\\n* [[February 23]] – [[Wilfred Kigen|Wilfred Kibet\n        Kigen]], Kenyan long-distance runner\\n* [[February 25]]\\n** [[Chiemi Chiba]],\n        Japanese voice actress\\n** [[Chelsea Handler]], American comedian and television\n        host\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Valentina Monetta, ESC2014 Meet & Greet 05 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Valentina\n        Monetta]]]]\\n[[File:Eva Longoria Cannes 2015.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eva Longoria]]]]\\n[[File:Fergie\n        2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]]]\\n* [[March 1]] \\n** [[Maya\n        Kulenovic]], Canadian painter\\n** [[Valentina Monetta]], Sammarinese singer\\n*\n        [[March 4]]\\n** [[Myrna Veenstra]], Dutch field hockey player\\n** [[Jerod\n        Turner]], American professional golfer\\n* [[March 5]]\\n** [[Jolene Blalock]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Niki Taylor]], American model\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Audrey\n        Marie Anderson]], American actress\\n** [[Leon Dunne]], Australian swimmer\\n**\n        [[T. J. Thyne]], American actor\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Roy Makaay]], Dutch footballer\\n**\n        [[Lisa Miskovsky]], Swedish musician\\n* [[March 11]]\\n** [[Eric the Midget]],\n        American TV personality (d. [[2014]])\\n** [[Buvaisar Saitiev]], Chechen wrestler,\n        Olympic gold-medalist\\n** [[David Ca\\u00f1ada]], Spanish cyclist (d. [[2016]])\\n*\n        [[March 12]] – [[K\\u00e9ll\\u00e9 Bryan]], English singer ([[Eternal\n        (band)|Eternal]])\\n* [[March 15]]\\n** [[Eva Longoria]], American actress\\n**\n        [[Veselin Topalov]], Bulgarian chess player\\n** [[will.i.am]], African-American\n        rapper and singer ([[The Black Eyed Peas]])\\n* [[March 17]] \\n** [[Test (wrestler)|Andrew\n        Martin]], Canadian professional wrestler (d. [[2009]])\\n** [[Natalie Zea]],\n        American actress\\n* [[March 18]] \\n** [[Brian Griese]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Sutton Foster]], American actress\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Vivian\n        Hsu]], Taiwanese singer, actress and model\\n** [[Le Jingyi]], Chinese swimmer\\n**\n        [[Matthew Richardson (footballer)|Matthew Richardson]], Australian rules footballer\\n*\n        [[March 25]]\\n** [[Ladislav Ben\\u00fd\\u0161ek]], Czech ice hockey player\\n**\n        [[Melanie Blatt]], English singer ([[All Saints (group)|All Saints]])\\n* [[March\n        27]] – [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]], American pop/R&B singer/rapper of\n        the Black Eyed Peas and actress\\n* [[March 28]] – [[Richard Kelly (director)|Richard\n        Kelly]], American director \\n* [[March 29]] – [[Jan Bos]], Dutch speed\n        skater\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Bahar Soomekh]], American actress\\n\\n===April===\\n[[File:Deedee\n        Magno Hall (2010).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Deedee Magno]]]]\\n[[File:Zach Braff 2011\n        Shankbone.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Zach Braff]]]]\\n[[File:Anouk, ESC2013 press conference\n        09 (crop).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anouk (singer)|Anouk]]]]\\n[[File:Jasey-Jay Anderson\n        FIS World Cup Parallel Slalom Jauerling 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jasey-Jay Anderson]]]]\\n[[File:Johnny\n        Galecki by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Johnny Galecki]]]]\\n* [[April 2]]\\n**\n        [[Deedee Magno]], American actress and singer\\n** [[Adam Rodr\\u00edguez]],\n        American actor\\n* [[April 3]]\\n** [[Yoshinobu Takahashi]], Japanese professional\n        baseball player\\n** [[Koji Uehara]], Japanese baseball pitcher\\n* [[April\n        4]]\\n** [[Delphine Arnault]], French businesswoman and entrepreneur\\n** [[Scott\n        Rolen]], American baseball player\\n* [[April 5]] – [[Juicy J]], American\n        rapper, songwriter and record producer\\n* [[April 6]]\\n** [[Zach Braff]],\n        American actor\\n** [[S\\u00f3nia Lopes]], Cape Verdean middle distance and\n        long-distance runner\\n* [[April 7]]\\n** [[Ronde Barber]], American football\n        player\\n** [[Tiki Barber]], American football player\\n** [[John Cooper (musician)|John\n        Cooper]], America musician, bass guitarist and lead singer ([[Skillet (band)|Skillet]])\\n*\n        [[April 8]] – [[Anouk (singer)|Anouk]], Dutch singer-songwriter and\n        producer\\n* [[April 9]] – [[Robbie Fowler]], British footballer\\n* [[April\n        10]] – [[Matthew Phillips]], Italian rugby union footballer\\n* [[April\n        13]]\\n** [[Bruce Dyer]], English footballer\\n** [[Jasey-Jay Anderson]], Canadian\n        snowboarder\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Amy Dumas]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Stefano Miceli]], Italian conductor and pianist\\n** [[Anderson Silva]],\n        Brazilian UFC Middleweight Champion\\n** [[Takayoshi Tanimoto]], Japanese singer\\n*\n        [[April 15]] – [[Paul Dana]], American race car driver  (d. [[2006]])\\n*\n        [[April 17]] – [[Lee Hyun-il]], South Korean badminton player\\n* [[April\n        21]] – [[Danyon Loader]], New Zealand swimmer \\n* [[April 22]]\\n** [[Greg\n        Moore (racing driver)|Greg Moore]], Canadian race car driver (d. [[1999]])\\n**\n        [[Carlos Sastre]], Spanish road bicycle racer\\n* [[April 23]] – [[Olga\n        Kern]], Russian pianist\\n* [[April 26]] \\n** [[India Summer]], American pornographic\n        actress\\n** [[Joey Jordison]], American metal drummer ([[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]],\n        [[Murderdolls]], [[Scar The Martyr]])\\n* [[April 25]] – [[Chris Lilley\n        (comedian)|Chris Lilley]], Australian actor, comedian, and writer\\n* [[April\n        27]] – [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]], Japanese ski jumper\\n* [[April 29]] –\n        [[Eric Koston]], American skateboarder\\n* [[April 30]] \\n** [[Johnny Galecki]],\n        Belgian-born American actor\\n** [[Mike Chat]], American actor\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Christina\n        Hendricks at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christina Hendricks]]]]\\n[[File:Enrique\n        Iglesias 2011, 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Enrique Iglesias]]]]\\n[[File:H\\u00e9lio\n        Castroneves at Pit Stop Challenge - 2015 - Stierch.jpg|thumb|100px|[[H\\u00e9lio\n        Castroneves]]]]\\n[[File:Irina Karavayeva 2008.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Irina Karavayeva]]]]\\n[[File:Andrew1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew\n        Sega]]]]\\n[[File:Keiko Fujimori 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keiko Fujimori]]]]\\n[[File:Andre\n        Benjamin.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andr\\u00e9 3000]]]]\\n[[File:Jamie Oliver (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jamie\n        Oliver]]]]\\n[[File:David Burtka 2012.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Burtka]]]]\\n[[File:CEELOGREENGBB.jpg|thumb|100px|[[CeeLo\n        Green]]]]\\n* [[May 1]] – [[Marc-Vivien Fo\\u00e9]], Cameroonian footballer\n        (d. [[2003]])\\n* [[May 2]]\\n** [[David Beckham]], English footballer\\n** [[Ahmed\n        Hassan]], Egyptian footballer\\n* [[May 3]]\\n** [[Andreea Bibiri]], Romanian\n        film and stage actress, dubber and theatre director\\n** [[Christina Hendricks]],\n        American actress\\n** [[Kimora Lee Simmons]], American fashion designer\\n*\n        [[May 7]] – [[Jason Tunks]], Canadian Olympic discus thrower\\n* [[May\n        8]]\\n** [[Enrique Iglesias]], Spanish singer\\n** [[Jussi Markkanen]], Finnish\n        hockey player\\n* [[May 9]] – [[Chris Diamantopoulos]], Canadian actor\\n*\n        [[May 10]]\\n** [[Torbj\\u00f8rn Brundtland]], Norwegian musician ([[R\\u00f6yksopp]])\\n**\n        [[H\\u00e9lio Castroneves]], Brazilian race car driver\\n** [[Hazem Emam]],\n        Egyptian footballer\\n* [[May 12]] – [[Jonah Lomu]], New Zealand rugby\n        player (d. [[2015]])\\n* [[May 13]] – [[Itat\\u00ed Cantoral]], Mexican\n        actress\\n* [[May 15]]\\n** [[Peter Iwers]], Swedish rock bassist ([[In Flames]])\\n**\n        [[Ray Lewis]], American football player\\n* [[May 16]] – [[Tony Kakko]],\n        Finnish singer\\n* [[May 17]] – [[Jonti Picking]], British animator,\n        voice actor and internet personality\\n* [[May 18]]\\n** [[John Higgins (snooker\n        player)|John Higgins]], Scottish snooker player\\n** [[Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack\n        Johnson]], American singer-songwriter\\n** [[Irina Karavayeva]], Russian trampolinist\\n*\n        [[May 19]]\\n** [[London Fletcher]], American football player\\n** [[Jonas Renkse]],\n        Swedish musician \\n** [[Mitsutoshi Shimabukuro]], Japanese manga artist\\n**\n        [[Zhang Ning]], Chinese badminton player \\n*\n        [[May 20]]\\n** [[Al Bano]], Italian singer\\n** [[Tahmoh Penikett]], Canadian\n        actor\\n** [[Miriam Quiambao]], Filipina actress\\n** [[Andrew Sega]], American\n        musician\\n* [[May 22]] – [[Janne Niinimaa]], Finnish hockey player\\n*\n        [[May 23]]\\n** [[Michiel van den Bos]], Dutch composer\\n** [[Molly Wood]],\n        executive editor at [[CNET.com]]\\n* [[May 25]] \\n** [[Lauryn Hill]], African-American\n        singer\\n** [[Keiko Fujimori]], Peruvian politician\\n** [[Harriet Toompere]],\n        Estonian actress \\n* [[May 27]]\\n** [[Andr\\u00e9 3000]], American rapper,\n        singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor\\n** [[Jamie\n        Oliver]], English chef, restaurateur and television personality\\n* [[May 28]]\n        – [[Charmaine Sheh]], Hong Kong actress\\n* [[May 29]]\\n** [[Jason Allison]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n** [[Melanie Brown]], British singer ([[Spice Girls]])\\n**\n        [[Daniel Tosh]], American stand-up comedian\\n** [[David Burtka]], American\n        actor and chef\\n* [[May 30]] – [[CeeLo Green]], American singer\\n* [[May\n        31]] – [[Toni Nieminen]], Finnish ski jumper\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Bryan\n        Konietzko by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bryan Konietzko]]]]\\n[[File:Arthur\n        Russell Brand (5622506846).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Russell Brand]]]]\\n[[File:Angelina\n        Jolie 2 June 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Angelina Jolie]]]]\\n[[File:Linda\n        Cardellini Deauville 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Linda Cardellini]]]]\\n[[File:Tobey\n        Maguire 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tobey Maguire]]]]\\n* [[June 1]] \\n** [[Gareth\n        Edwards (director)|Gareth Edwards]], British director\\n** [[Bryan Konietzko]],\n        American animator\\n* [[June 4]]\\n** [[Russell Brand]], English actor and comedian\\n**\n        [[Angelina Jolie]], American actress\\n* [[June 5]] – [[Karen Strassman]],\n        American actress and voice actress\\n* [[June 7]]\\n** [[Shane Bond]], New Zealand\n        fast bowler\\n** [[Allen Iverson]], American basketball player\\n* [[June 8]]\n        – [[Shilpa Shetty]], Bollywood actress\\n* [[June 9]] – [[Andrew\n        Symonds]], Australian cricketer\\n* [[June 10]] – [[Darren Eadie]], English\n        footballer\\n* [[June 11]] – [[Choi Ji-woo]], South Korean actress and\n        model\\n* [[June 14]] – [[Chris Onstad]], American cartoonist\\n* [[June\n        15]] – [[Elizabeth Reaser]], American actress\\n* [[June 16]] –\n        [[Anabel Conde]], Spanish singer, [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision\n        Song Contest 1995|1995]] runner-up\\n* [[June 17]] \\n** [[Chloe Jones]], American\n        pornstar (d. [[2005]])\\n** [[Phiyada Akkraseranee]], Thai actress\\n* [[June\n        18]] – [[Martin St. Louis]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[June 19]]\\n**\n        [[Oksana Chusovitina]], German artistic gymnast\\n** [[Ed Coode]], British\n        rower\\n* [[June 21]] – [[Jack Guzman]], American actor\\n* [[June 23]]\n        – [[KT Tunstall|Kate Tunstall]], Scottish singer-songwriter\\n* [[June\n        24]] – [[Christie Rampone]], American footballer\\n* [[June 25]]\\n**\n        [[Linda Cardellini]], American actress\\n** [[Vladimir Kramnik]], Russian chess\n        player\\n* [[June 27]] – [[Tobey Maguire]], American actor\\n* [[June\n        28]]\\n** [[Ning Baizura]], Malaysian singer\\n** [[Jon N\\u00f6dtveidt]], Swedish\n        singer (d. [[2006]])\\n* [[June 30]]\\n** [[Ralf Schumacher]], German racing\n        car driver\\n** [[Angela Tong]], Hong Kong actress\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:50\n        Cent cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[50 Cent]]]]\\n[[File:Jack White at the White\n        House (detail).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack White]]]]\\n[[File:Judy Greer July 14,\n        2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Judy Greer]]]]\\n* [[July 5]]\\n** [[Kip Gamblin]],\n        Australian actor\\n** [[Hern\\u00e1n Crespo]], Argentinian footballer\\n** [[Ai\n        Sugiyama]], Japanese tennis player\\n* [[July 6]] – [[50 Cent]], American\n        rapper\\n* [[July 9]]\\n** [[Shelton Benjamin]], American professional wrestler\\n**\n        [[Robert Koenig (filmmaker)|Robert Koenig]], American film director and producer\\n**\n        [[Jack White]], American rock and blues musician\\n* [[July 10]]\\n**[[Alain\n        Nasreddine]], Canadian ice hockey player\\n**[[Stef\\u00e1n Karl Stef\\u00e1nsson]],\n        [[Iceland]]ic film and stage actor\\n* [[July 14]] – [[Flore Zo\\u00e9]],\n        Dutch photographer\\n* [[July 15]] – [[Jill Halfpenny]], British actress\\n*\n        [[July 17]]\\n** [[Elena Anaya]], Spanish actress\\n** [[C\\u00e9cile de France]],\n        Belgian actress\\n** [[Harlette]], British fashion designer of [[lingerie]]\\n**\n        [[Konnie Huq]], English television presenter\\n* [[July 18]] \\n** [[Torii Hunter]],\n        American baseball player\\n** [[Daron Malakian]], Armenian-American guitarist\n        ([[System of a Down]])\\n* [[July 19]] – [[Patricia Ja Lee]], American\n        model/actress\\n* [[July 20]]\\n** [[Judy Greer]], American actress and author\\n**\n        [[Ray Allen]], American basketball player\\n* [[July 21]] – [[Fredrik\n        Johansson (musician)|Fredrik Johansson]], Swedish musician\\n* [[July 22]]\n        – [[Kenshin Kawakami]], Japanese baseball pitcher\\n* [[July 24]]\\n**\n        [[Eric Szmanda]], American actor\\n** [[Torrie Wilson]], American professional\n        wrestler and model\\n* [[July 25]]\\n** [[H\\u00e5vard Ellefsen]], Norwegian\n        rock (metal) musician \\n** [[Evgeni Nabokov]], Kazakh-Russian former hockey\n        goaltender ([[1995]]-[[2015]])\\n* [[July 27]]\\n** [[Shea Hillenbrand]], American\n        baseball player\\n** [[Alex Rodriguez]], American baseball player\\n* [[July\n        29]] – [[Terrence Wilkins]], American football player\\n* [[July 30]]\n        – [[Graham Nicholls]], British artist\\n* [[July 31]] – [[Simon\n        Hirst]], British DJ\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Charlize Theron Cannes 2015 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlize\n        Theron]]]]\\n[[File:Casey Affleck at the Manchester by the Sea premiere (30199719155)\n        (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Casey Affleck]]]]\\n[[File:Dante Basco 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Dante\n        Basco]]]]\\n* [[August 1]]\\n**[[Danny Chan Kwok-kwan]], Hong Kong actor\\n**[[Vhrsti]],\n        Czech illustrator\\n* [[August 3]] – [[Yoyo Mung]], Hong Kong actress\\n*\n        [[August 4]] – [[Jason Crump]], Australian [[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway]]\n        rider, three times world champion\\n* [[August 5]]\\n** [[Kajol Devgan]], Indian\n        actress\\n** [[Eicca Toppinen]], Finnish cellist ([[Apocalyptica]])\\n* [[August\n        7]]\\n** [[Gaahl]] (Kristian Eivind Espedal), Norwegian metal musician\\n**\n        [[Megan Gale]], Australian model and actress\\n** [[Charlize Theron]], South\n        African actress\\n* [[August 11]] – [[Roger Craig Smith]], American voice\n        actor\\n* [[August 12]] – [[Casey Affleck]], American actor and film\n        director. Brother of actor [[Ben Affleck]]\\n* [[August 13]] – [[Shoaib\n        Akhtar]], Pakistani fast bowler\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Kara Wolters]],\n        American women''s basketball player\\n* [[August 18]] – [[Kaitlin Olson]],\n        American actress\\n* [[August 22]]\\n** [[Sheree Murphy]], English actress\\n**\n        [[Rodrigo Santoro]], Brazilian actor\\n* [[August 24]] – [[Hayato Sakurai]],\n        Japanese martial artist\\n* [[August 25]] – [[Raymond Wong Ho-yin]],\n        Hong Kong actor\\n* [[August 27]] – [[Bj\\u00f6rn Gelotte]], Swedish musician\\n*\n        [[August 29]] – [[Dante Basco]], American actor\\n* [[August 31]] –\n        [[Sara Ramirez]], American Actress\\n\\n===September===\\n[[File:MichaelBubleSmileeb2011.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael\n        Bubl\\u00e9]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Sudeikis 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Jason\n        Sudeikis]]]]\\n[[File:Moon Bloodgood 2012 Dark Horse Comics booth (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Moon\n        Bloodgood]]]]\\n[[File:Marion Cotillard Cabourg 2017.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marion\n        Cotillard]]]]\\n* [[September 1]]\\n** [[Natalie Bassingthwaighte]], Australian\n        actress and singer\\n** [[Elvira Rahi\\u0107]], Bosnian singer\\n** [[Scott Speedman]],\n        Canadian actor\\n* [[September 2]] – [[David Jahn]], Czech neo-burlesque\n        impresario\\n* [[September 3]] – [[Redfoo]], American disc jockey ([[LMFAO]])\\n*\n        [[September 4]] – [[Mark Ronson]], English DJ, record producer, and\n        singer\\n* [[September 6]]\\n** [[Derrek Lee]], American baseball player\\n**\n        [[Ryoko Tani]], Japanese judoka\\n* [[September 7]] – [[Renato Sobral|Renato\n        \\\"Babalu\\\" Sobral]], Brazilian martial artist\\n* [[September 9]] – [[Michael\n        Bubl\\u00e9]], Canadian musician\\n* [[September 10]] – [[R. Luke DuBois]],\n        American composer and artist\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Brad Fischetti]],\n        American musician\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Peter Ho]], American-Taiwanese\n        singer and actor\\n* [[September 16]]\\n** [[Gal Fridman]], Israeli windsurfer\\n**\n        [[Shannon Noll]], Australian singer\\n* [[September 17]]\\n** [[Jimmie Johnson]],\n        American race car driver\\n** [[Constantine Maroulis]], American singer\\n**\n        [[Juan Pablo Montoya]], Colombian race car driver\\n** [[Austin St. John]],\n        American actor\\n* [[September 18]] \\n** [[Richard Appleby]], English footballer\\n**\n        [[Jason Sudeikis]], American actor, comedian, and screenwriter\\n* [[September\n        20]]\\n** [[Asia Argento]], Italian actress, singer, and director\\n** [[Moon\n        Bloodgood]], American actress\\n* [[September 22]]\\n** [[Mireille Enos]], American\n        actress\\n** [[Ethan Moreau]], Canadian hockey player\\n* [[September 23]] –\n        [[Kim Dong-moon]], South Korean badminton player\\n* [[September 25]]\\n** [[Declan\n        Donnelly]], British TV presenter, actor and singer \\n** [[Matt Hasselbeck]],\n        American football player\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Sam Lee (actor)|Sam\n        Lee]], Hong Kong actor\\n* [[September 28]] – [[Ana Brnabi\\u0107]], [[Prime\n        Minister of Serbia]]\\n* [[September 30]]\\n** [[Marion Cotillard]], French\n        actress, singer, songwriter, and musician\\n** [[Christopher Jackson (actor)|Christopher\n        Jackson]], American actor, musician, and composer\\n** [[Georges-Alain Jones]],\n        French singer\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Kate Winslet at The Dressmaker event\n        TIFF (headshot).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kate Winslet]]]]\\n[[File:Sean Lennon Saint\n        Asbury Park NJ 09272013 LHCollins 400.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sean Lennon]]]]\\n[[File:Jesse\n        Tyler Ferguson May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jesse Tyler Ferguson]]]]\\n*\n        [[October 2]] – [[Michel Trudeau]], son of Canadian Prime Minister [[Pierre\n        Trudeau]] and brother of Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] (d. [[1998]])\\n*\n        [[October 3]] – [[Alanna Ubach]], American actress and singer\\n* [[October\n        5]]\\n** [[Parminder Nagra]], British actress\\n** [[Monica Rial]], American\n        voice actress\\n** [[Kate Winslet]], British actress\\n** [[Gao Yuanyuan]],\n        Chinese actress\\n* [[October 7]]\\n** [[Terry Gerin]], American professional\n        wrestler\\n** [[Kaspars Znoti\\u0146\\u0161]], Latvian actor\\n* [[October 9]]\n        – [[Joseph McFadden|Joe McFadden]], British actor\\n* [[October 9]] –\n        [[Sean Lennon]], American musician\\n* [[October 10]] – [[Ihsahn]], Norwegian\n        musician\\n* [[October 14]]\\n** [[Floyd Landis]], American cyclist\\n** [[Shaznay\n        Lewis]], English singer\\n* [[October 15]] – [[Mich\\u00e9l Mazingu-Dinzey]],\n        German-Congolese footballer \\n* [[October 16]]\\n** [[Sally Biddulph]], British\n        journalist and presenter\\n** [[Jacques Kallis]], South African Cricket All-Rounder\\n*\n        [[October 17]] – [[Janne Aikala]], Finnish murder victim (d. [[1986]])\\n*\n        [[October 19]] – [[Benjamin Heckendorn]], American electronics modifier\n        and independent filmmaker\\n* [[October 20]] – [[Natalie Gregory]], American\n        child actress\\n* [[October 21]] – [[Henrique Hil\\u00e1rio]], Portuguese\n        footballer\\n* [[October 22]]\\n** [[Jesse Tyler Ferguson]], American actor\\n**\n        [[Mike Riley (cartoonist)|Mike Riley]], American cartoonist\\n* [[October 23]]\\n**\n        [[Odalys Garc\\u00eda]], Cuban-born actress\\n** [[Keith Van Horn]], American\n        basketball player\\n** [[Michelle Beadle]], Sports reporter/host\\n* [[October\n        25]] – [[Zadie Smith]], English writer\\n* [[October 30]] – [[Ian\n        D''Sa]], Canadian guitarist\\n* [[October 31]] – [[Director X]], Canadian\n        music video director\\n\\n===November===\\n[[File:Tara Reid July 14, 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tara\n        Reid]]]]\\n[[File:Jason Lezak 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jason Lezak]]]]\\n[[File:Anthony\n        McPartlin (of Ant and Dec).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Anthony McPartlin]]]]\\n* [[November\n        2]] – [[Danny Cooksey]], American actor\\n* [[November 3]] – [[Marta\n        Dom\\u00ednguez]], Spanish athlete\\n* [[November 4]] – [[\\u00c9ric Fichaud]],\n        Canadian hockey player\\n* [[November 5]]\\n** [[Lisa Scott-Lee]], Welsh singer\n        ([[Steps (group)|Steps]])\\n** [[Jamie Spaniolo]] (Jamie Madrox), American\n        rapper\\n* [[November 8]]\\n** [[\\u00c1ngel Corella]], Spanish dancer\\n** [[Tara\n        Reid]], American actress\\n* [[November 10]] – [[Markko M\\u00e4rtin]],\n        Estonian race car driver\\n* [[November 11]] – [[Daisuke Ohata]], Japanese\n        rugby union player\\n* [[November 12]] – [[Jason Lezak]], American swimmer\\n*\n        [[November 14]] – [[Faye Tozer]], English singer ([[Steps (group)|Steps]])\\n*\n        [[November 15]] – [[Hiromi Ominami]], Japanese long-distance runner\\n*\n        [[November 16]]\\n** [[Yuki Uchida]], Japanese actress\\n** [[Julio Lugo]],\n        Dominican baseball player\\n* [[November 18]]\\n** [[Anthony McPartlin]], British\n        TV presenter, actor and singer\\n** [[David Ortiz]], Dominican baseball player\\n*\n        [[November 19]] – [[Sushmita Sen]], Indian beauty queen and actress\\n*\n        [[November 20]] – [[Dierks Bentley]], American country music singer\\n*\n        [[November 21]]\\n** [[Chris Moneymaker]], American poker player\\n** [[Aaron\n        Solowoniuk]], Canadian drummer\\n* [[November 22]] – [[James Madio]],\n        American actor\\n* [[November 24]]\\n** [[Thomas Kohnstamm]], American writer\\n**\n        [[Lee Wan Wah]], Malaysian badminton player\\n* [[November 28]] – [[Eka\n        Kurniawan]], Indonesian writer\\n* [[November 30]] – [[Ben Thatcher]],\n        Welsh international footballer\\n\\n===December===\\n[[File:Kevin Harvick at\n        the Daytona 500.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Kevin Harvick]]]]\\n[[File:DeLonge2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tom\n        DeLonge]]]]\\n[[File:Mayim Bialik at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mayim\n        Bialik]]]]\\n[[File:Milla Jovovich Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Milla Jovovich]]]]\\n[[File:Charles\n        Michel (politician).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charles Michel (politician)|Charles\n        Michel]]]]\\n[[File:Tiger Woods drives by Allison.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tiger Woods]]]]\\n*\n        [[December 2]] – [[Malinda Williams]], American actress\\n* [[December\n        3]] – [[Csaba Cz\\u00e9bely]], Hungarian heavy metal drummer ([[Pokolg\\u00e9p]])\\n*\n        [[December 5]]\\n** [[Sofi Marinova]], Bulgarian pop-folk and ethno-pop singer\\n**\n        [[Ronnie O''Sullivan]], British snooker player\\n** [[Paula Patton]], American\n        actress\\n* [[December 6]] – [[Ashin]], Taiwanese rock lead singer ([[Mayday\n        (Taiwanese band)|Mayday]])\\n* [[December 8]] – [[Kevin Harvick]], American\n        race car driver\\n* [[December 10]] – [[Joe Mays]], American baseball\n        pitcher\\n* [[December 11]] – [[Gerben de Knegt]], Dutch cyclist\\n* [[December\n        12]]\\n** [[Mayim Bialik]], Israeli-American actress and neuroscientist\\n**\n        [[Houko Kuwashima]], Japanese voice actress\\n* [[December 13]] – [[Tom\n        DeLonge]], American guitarist and vocalist\\n* [[December 16]]\\n** [[Frode\n        Fjerdingstad]], Norwegian photographer\\n** [[Ben Kowalewicz]], Canadian vocalist\\n*\n        [[December 17]]\\n** [[Tim Clark (golfer)|Tim Clark]], South African golfer\\n**\n        [[Nick Dinsmore]], American professional wrestler\\n** [[Susanthika Jayasinghe]],\n        Sri Lankan athlete\\n** [[Hilje Murel]], Estonian actress\\n** [[Milla Jovovich]],\n        Ukrainian-born American actress and model\\n* [[December 18]]\\n** [[Sia Furler]]\n        (aka Sia), Australian singer-songwriter and music video director\\n** [[Trish\n        Stratus]], Canadian professional wrestler and fitness model\\n** [[Randy Houser]],\n        American country music singer\\n** [[Masaki Sumitani]], Japanese television\n        performer\\n* [[December 20]] – [[Bartosz Bosacki]], Polish footballer\\n*\n        [[December 21]]\\n** [[Paloma Herrera]], Argentine ballet dancer\\n** [[Charles\n        Michel (politician)|Charles Michel]], Belgian politician, 51st [[Prime Minister\n        of Belgium]]\\n* [[December 23]]\\n** [[Vadim Sharifijanov]], Russian ice hockey\n        player\\n* [[December 26]] \\n** [[Ed Stafford]], English explorer\\n** [[Marcelo\n        R\\u00edos]], Chilean tennis player\\n* [[December 27]]\\n** [[Heather O''Rourke]],\n        American child actress (d. [[1988]])\\n** [[Nike Ardilla]], Indonesian singer\n        (d. [[1995]])\\n* [[December 29]] – [[Shawn Hatosy]], American actor\\n*\n        [[December 30]]\\n** [[Yoma Komatsu]], Japanese singer\\n** [[Tiger Woods]],\n        American golfer\\n*[[December 31]] – [[Mikko Sir\\u00e9n]], Finnish drummer\\n\\n===Date\n        unknown===\\n*[[Nazma Akter]],  Banglahdesi trade unionist\\n\\n==Deaths==\\n\\n===January===\\n[[File:Gral.\n        Gustavo Rojas Pinilla.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]]]]\\n[[File:Larrydisorder.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Larry\n        Fine]]]]\\n[[File:Anton%C3%ADn Novotn%C3%BD 1968.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Antonin\n        Novotny]]]]\\n* [[January 3]] – [[Victor Kraft]], Austrian philosopher\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 4]] – [[Ole R\\u00f8mer Aagaard Sandberg]],\n        Norwegian military officer and farmer (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 7]] –\n        [[Harry Gunnison Brown]], American economist teaching at Yale in 20th century\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[January 8]] – [[Louis P. Lochner]], American political\n        activist, journalist, and author (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 9]] – [[Pierre\n        Fresnay]], French actor (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[January 14]] – [[Georgi Traykov]],\n        former head of [[List of heads of state of Bulgaria|State of Bulgaria]] as\n        Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (b. [[1898]])\\t\\n* [[January\n        16]] – [[Band\\u014d Mitsugor\\u014d VIII]], Japanese actor (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[January 17]] – [[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]], 19th [[President of Colombia]]\n        (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[January 18]] – [[Evelyn Greeley]], American silent\n        film actress (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[January 19]] – [[Thomas Hart Benton\n        (painter)|Thomas Hart Benton]], American artist (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[January\n        23]] – [[Prince Karl Franz of Prussia]] (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[January 24]]\\n**\n        [[Larry Fine]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Erich Kempka]],\n        German chauffeur of Adolf Hitler (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[January 27]] \\n** [[Anton\\u00edn\n        Novotn\\u00fd]],  Czechoslovak Communist leader and 7th [[President of Czechoslovakia]]\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n** [[Bill Walsh (producer)|Bill Walsh]], American film producer\n        and writer (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[January 28]] – [[Ola Raknes]], Norwegian\n        psychoanalyst and philologist (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[January 31]]\\n** [[Don Kaye]],\n        co-founder of [[TSR, Inc.]] (b. [[1938]])\\n** [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th\n        Duke of Norfolk]], English peer and Earl Marshal (b. [[1908]])\\n\\n===February===\\n[[File:Hux-Oxon-72.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Julian\n        Huxley]]]]\\n[[File:PGWodehouse.jpg|thumb|110px|[[P. G. Wodehouse]]]]\\n[[File:Morgan\n        Taylor 1928.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Morgan Taylor]]]]\\n* [[February 3]]\n        – [[Umm Kulthum]], Egyptian actress and singer (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February\n        4]] – [[Louis Jordan]], American musician (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February\n        5]] – [[George Rowe (actor)|George Rowe]], American actor (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[February 8]] \\n** [[Robert Robinson (organic chemist)|Robert Robinson]],\n        British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Jan Muka\\u0159ovsk\\u00fd]],\n        Czech literary, linguistic and aesthetic theorist. (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February\n        10]] – [[Nikos Kavvadias]], Greek poet and writer (stroke) (b. [[1910]])\\n*\n        [[February 11]] – [[Richard Ratsimandrava]], Military [[President of\n        Madagascar]] (assassinated) (b. [[1931]])\\n* [[February 12]]\\n** [[Giovanni\n        Brancaccio]], Italian painter (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Bernard Knowles]], English\n        film director (b. [[1900]])\\n* [[February 13]] – [[Andr\\u00e9 Beaufre]],\n        French general (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[February 14]]\\n** [[Julian Huxley]], British\n        biologist (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[P. G. Wodehouse]], English writer (b. [[1881]])\\n*\n        [[February 15]] – [[Micha\\u0142 Sopo\\u0107ko]], Polish [[Roman Catholic]]\n        priest and saint, the ''''Apostle of [[Divine Mercy]]'''' (b. [[1888]])\\n*\n        [[February 16]] – [[Morgan Taylor]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1903]])\\n*\n        [[February 17]] – [[George Marshall (director)|George Marshall]], American\n        film director (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[February 18]] – [[Chivu Stoica]], Romanian\n        Communist politician, 48th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] and head of State\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[February 19]] – [[Luigi Dallapiccola]], Italian composer\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[February 20]]\\n** [[Aleksander Ansberg]], Russian politician\n        (b. [[1909]])\\n** [[Robert Strauss (actor)|Robert Strauss]], American actor\n        (b. [[1913]])\\n* [[February 24]] – [[Nikolai Bulganin]], [[Premier of\n        the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[February 25]] – [[Elijah Muhammad]],\n        American Nation of Islam leader (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[February 26]] – [[Stephen\n        Tibble]], London police officer (shot) (b. [[1953]])\\n* [[February 27]] –\n        [[Muriel Hazel Wright]], American author and historian (b. 1885)\\n* [[February\n        28]] – [[Neville Cardus|Sir Neville Cardus]], British music and cricket\n        writer (b. [[1888]])\\n\\n===March===\\n[[File:Joseph Bech (detail).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph\n        Bech]]]]\\n[[File:George Stevens with Oscar for Giant.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[George\n        Stevens]]]]\\n[[File:Susan Hayward - 1940s.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Susan Hayward]]]]\\n[[File:King\n        Faisal of Saudi Arabia on on arrival ceremony welcoming 05-27-1971 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|right|King\n        [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]]]]\\n* [[March 3]] – [[Therese Giehse]], German\n        actress (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[March 7]]\\n** [[Mikhail Bakhtin]], Russian philosopher\n        and literary scholar (b. [[1895]])\\n** [[Ben Blue]], Canadian actor and comedian\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[March 8]]\\n** [[Joseph Bech]], [[Prime Minister of Luxembourg]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[George Stevens]], American director, producer and cinematographer\n        (b. [[1904]])\\n* [[March 9]]\\n** [[Gleb W. Derujinsky]], Russian-American\n        sculptor (b. [[1888]])\\n** [[Joseph Dunninger]], American mentalist (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[March 10]] – [[Arthur W. Hummel, Sr.]], American Christian missionary\n        to China (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[March 11]] – [[Margarita Fischer]], German\n        silent film actress (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[March 13]] – [[Ivo Andri\\u0107]],\n        Serbo-Croatian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[March 14]]\n        – [[Susan Hayward]], American actress (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[March 15]]\n        – [[Aristotle Onassis]], Greek shipping magnate (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[March\n        16]] \\n** [[T-Bone Walker]], American blues performer (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[Richard\n        W. DeKorte]], American New Jersey Energy Administrator and former member of\n        the New Jersey General Assembly (b. [[1936]])\\n* [[March 19]]\\n** [[Harry\n        Lachman]], American set designer and film director (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Roy\n        Middleton]], Australian cricketer and administrator (b. [[1889]])\\n* [[March\n        20]] – [[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]], (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[March\n        21]] – [[Joe Medwick]], American baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]])\n        and a member of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[March 22]] –\n        [[Cass Daley]], American actress (b. [[1915]])\\n* [[March 25]]\\n** King [[Faisal\n        of Saudi Arabia]] (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Deiva Zivarattinam]], Indian politician\n        (b. [[1894]])\\n* [[March 27]] – Sir [[Arthur Bliss]], British composer\n        and Master of the Queen''s Music (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[March 30]] – [[Boots\n        Adams]], American business magnate, president of [[Phillips Petroleum Company]]\n        (b. [[1899]])\\n\\n=== April ===\\n[[File:Chiang Kai-shek Colour.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chiang\n        Kai-shek]]]]\\n[[File:Baker Banana.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Josephine Baker]]]]\\n[[File:Radhakrishnan.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Sarvepalli\n        Radhakrishnan]]]]\\n[[File:Fran\\u00e7ois Tombalbaye p1959.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Tombalbaye]]]]\\n[[File:Ranieri Mazzilli (1961).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pascoal Ranieri\n        Mazzilli]]]]\\n* [[April 3]] – [[Mary Ure]], Scottish actress (b. [[1933]])\\n*\n        [[April 5]]\\n** [[Chiang Kai-shek]], 1st [[President of the Republic of China]]\n        (b. [[1887]])\\n** [[Harold Osborn]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1899]])\\n**\n        [[Victor Marijnen]], Dutch politician and jurist, 40th [[Prime Minister of\n        the Netherlands]] (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[April 6]] – [[Percival Gordon]],\n        Canadian lawyer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[April 10]]\\n** [[Walker Evans]], American\n        photographer (b. [[1903]])\\n** [[Marjorie Main]], American actress (b. [[1890]])\\n*\n        [[April 12]] – [[Josephine Baker]], American dancer (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[April 13]]\\n** [[Larry Parks]], American actor (b. [[1914]])\\n** [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Tombalbaye]], Chadian teacher and activist, 1st [[President of Chad]] (b.\n        [[1918]])\\n* [[April 14]]\\n** [[Fredric March]], American actor (b. [[1897]])\\n**\n        [[Michael Flanders]], English actor and songwriter (b. [[1922]])\\n* [[April\n        15]] – [[Richard Conte]], American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[April 17]]\n        – [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], Indian philosopher and politician, 2nd\n        [[President of India]] (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[April 20]] – [[Abu Bakr Ahmad\n        Haleem]], Pakistani scientist (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[April 21]]\\n** [[William\n        Anderson (cricketer, born 1909)|William Anderson]], English cricketer (b.\n        [[1909]])\\n** [[Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli]], Brazilian politician, 2-time [[President\n        of Brazil]] (b. [[1910]])\\n* [[April 23]] – [[William Hartnell]], British\n        actor (b. [[1908]])\\n* [[April 24]] – [[Pete Ham]], Welsh musician (b.\n        [[1947]])\\n* [[April 30]] – [[Gen Paul]], French artist (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===May===\\n[[File:Disorder\n        in the Court.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Moe Howard]]]]\\n[[File:Avery Brundage 1964.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Avery\n        Brundage]]]]\\n[[File:Archduke Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Archduke\n        Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]]]]\\n* [[May 4]] – [[Moe Howard]],\n        American actor and comedian (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[May 6]] – [[Mary Stocks,\n        Baroness Stocks]], British writer (b. [[1891]])\\n* [[May 8]] – [[Avery\n        Brundage]], 5th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1887]])\\n*\n        [[May 9]]\\n** [[Philip Dorn]], Dutch actor (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Archduke Franz\n        Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]] (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[May 13]] –\n        [[Richard Hollingshead]], American inventor of the drive-in theatre (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[May 18]]\\n** [[Leroy Anderson]], American composer (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[An\\u00edbal\n        Troilo]], Argentine tango musician (b. [[1914]])\\n* [[May 22]]\\n** [[Lefty\n        Grove]], American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Athletics]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1900]])\\n** [[Amanda Labarca]], Chilean\n        diplomat, educator, writer and feminist (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Torben Meyer]],\n        Danish actor (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[May 23]]\\n**[[Paul Legentilhomme]], French\n        general (b. [[1884]])\\n**[[Moms Mabley]], American comedian (b. [[1894]])\\n*\n        [[May 24]] – [[Guy La Chambre]], French politician (b. [[1898]])\\n*\n        [[May 25]] – [[Count Dante]], American martial artist (b. [[1939]])\\n*\n        [[May 30]]\\n** [[Philip Mairet]], American designer, writer and journalist.\n        (b. [[1886]])\\n** [[Steve Prefontaine]], American distance runner (b. [[1951]])\\n**\n        [[Tatsuo Shimabuku]], Japanese martial artist and founder of Isshin-ryu karate\n        (b. [[1908]])\\n** [[Michel Simon]], Swiss actor (b. [[1895]])\\n\\n===June===\\n[[File:Eisaku\n        Sato 1960.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Eisaku Sato]]]]\\n[[File:Rafaelarevalomartinez30.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rafael\n        Ar\\u00e9valo Mart\\u00ednez]]]]\\n* [[June 3]]\\n** [[Ozzie Nelson]], American\n        actor (b. [[1906]])\\n** [[Eisaku Sat\\u014d]], Japanese politician, 39th [[Prime\n        Minister of Japan]], recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[June\n        4]] – [[Evelyn Brent]], American actress (b. [[1899]])\\n* [[June 5]]\n        – [[Paul Keres]], Estonian chess grandmaster (b. [[1916]])\\n* [[June\n        6]] – [[Larry Blyden]], American actor (b. [[1925]])\\n* [[June 12]]\n        – [[Rafael Ar\\u00e9valo Mart\\u00ednez]], Guatemalan writer (b. [[1884]])\\n*\n        [[June 14]] – [[Pablo Antonio]], Filipino modernist architect (b. [[1902]])\\n*\n        [[June 15]] – [[William Austin (actor)|William Austin]], English actor\n        (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[June 18]] – [[Hugo Bergmann]], German and Israeli\n        Jewish philosopher (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[June 23]] – [[William Hansen (actor)|William\n        Hansen]], American actor (b. [[1911]])\\n* [[June 26]] – [[Josemar\\u00eda\n        Escriv\\u00e1]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] priest, saint and founder of Opus\n        Dei (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[June 27]] – [[G. I. Taylor]], British physicist,\n        mathematician and expert on fluid dynamics and wave theory (b. [[1886]])\\n*\n        [[June 28]] – [[Rod Serling]], American television screenwriter (b.\n        [[1924]])\\n* [[June 29]] – [[Tim Buckley]], American singer-songwriter\n        (b. [[1947]])\\n* [[June 30]] – [[Howard I. Chapelle]], American naval\n        architect, museum curator and author (b. [[1901]])\\n\\n===July===\\n[[File:Z.A.Bukhari.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Zulfiqar\n        Ali Bukhari]]]]\\n* [[July 2]] – [[James Robertson Justice]], British\n        actor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[July 4]] – [[Luigi Carlo Borromeo]], Italian\n        [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (b. [[1893]])\\n* [[July 6]] – [[Olive Pink]],\n        Australian botanical illustrator and anthropologist (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[July\n        7]]\\n** [[Barbara Brown (American actress)|Barbara Brown]], American actress\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n** [[Henri Deglane]], French wrestler (b. [[1902]])\\n* [[July\n        12]] – [[Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari]], Pakistan broadcaster (b. [[1904]])\\n*\n        [[July 15]] – [[Charles Weidman]], American choreographer and dancer\n        (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[July 17]]\\n** [[Konstantine Gamsakhurdia]], Georgian writer\n        and public benefactor (b. [[1893]])\\n** [[L. F. Powell]], English literary\n        scholar (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[July 18]] – [[Vaughn Bod\\u0113]], American\n        artist and psychedelic cartoonist (b. [[1941]])\\n* [[July 19]]\\n** [[Lefty\n        Frizzell]], American singer (b. [[1928]])\\n** [[Charles Alan Pownall]], American\n        admiral and third Military Governor of Guam (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[July 21]] –\n        [[Billy West (silent film actor)|Billy West]], American actor (b. [[1892]])\\n*\n        [[July 23]] – [[Emlen Tunnell]], American football player ([[New York\n        Giants]]) and a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1925]])\\n*\n        [[July 24]] – [[Barbara Colby]], American actress (b. [[1939]])\\n* [[July\n        27]] – [[Anne Spencer]], American poet (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[July 30]]\\n**\n        [[James Blish]], American science fiction writer (b. [[1921]])\\n** [[Jimmy\n        Hoffa]], American labor leader, disappeared on this date (b. [[1913]])\\n\\n===August===\\n[[File:Dmitri\n        Shostakovich credit Deutsche Fotothek adjusted.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Dmitri Shostakovich]]]]\\n[[File:Sheikh\n        Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]]]\\n[[File:Haile\n        Selassie in full dress.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Haile Selassie I]]]]\\n[[File:\\u00c9amon\n        de Valera.jpg|thumb|110px|[[\\u00c9amon de Valera]]]]\\n* [[August 3]] –\n        [[Andreas Embirikos]], Greek poet (b. [[1901]])\\n* [[August 5]] – [[Satchidanandendra\n        Saraswati]], founder of the Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya in Holenarasipura\n        (b. [[1880]])\\n* [[August 9]] – [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], Russian composer\n        (b. [[1906]])\\n* [[August 10]] – [[Robert Barton]], Irish politician\n        and last surviving signatory of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[August\n        11]]\\n** [[Rachel Katznelson-Shazar]], Zionist political figure and wife of\n        third President of Israel (b. [[1885]])\\n** [[Anthony McAuliffe]], American\n        general (b. [[1898]])\\n* [[August 14]] – [[Charles Pollard Olivier]],\n        American astronomer (b. [[1884]])\\n* [[August 15]] – [[Sheikh Mujibur\n        Rahman]], Bengali political figure, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] and\n        2-time [[President of Bangladesh]] (b. [[1920]])\\n* [[August 16]] –\n        [[Vladimir Kuts]], Soviet runner (b. [[1927]])\\n* [[August 17]] – [[Sig\n        Arno]], German actor (b. [[1895]])\\n* [[August 19]]\\n** [[Mark Donohue]],\n        American race car driver (b. [[1937]])\\n** [[Frank Shields]], American tennis\n        player (b. [[1909]])\\n* [[August 23]]\\n** [[Sidney Buchman]], American screenwriter\n        (b. [[1902]])\\n** [[Hank Patterson]], American actor (b. [[1888]])\\n* [[August\n        26]] – [[Cullen Landis]], American actor (b. [[1896]])\\n* [[August 27]]\n        – [[Haile Selassie I]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]], leader of the [[World\n        War II]] (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[August 28]] – [[Fritz Wotruba]], Austrian\n        sculptor (b. [[1907]])\\n* [[August 29]] \\n** [[Bob Baker (actor)|Bob Baker]],\n        American actor (b. [[1910]])\\n** [[\\u00c9amon de Valera]], Irish politician\n        and statesman, 3rd [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1882]])\\n* [[August 31]]\n        – [[Pierre Blaise]], French actor (b. [[1955]])\\n\\n===September===\\n*\n        [[September 2]] – [[Mabel Vernon]], American suffragist and pacifist\n        (b. [[1883]])\\n* [[September 5]] – [[Alice Catherine Evans]], American\n        microbiologist (b. [[1881]])\\n* [[September 9]]\\n** [[Minta Durfee]], American\n        actress (b. [[1889]])\\n** [[Ethel Griffies]], British actress (b. [[1878]])\\n*\n        [[September 10]] – [[George Paget Thomson]], British physicist, Nobel\n        Prize laureate (b. [[1892]])\\n* [[September 11]] – [[Ivan Afanasenko]],\n        Soviet red army general (b. [[1923]])\\n* [[September 13]] – [[Mudicondan\n        Venkatarama Iyer]], Indian musician (b. [[1897]])\\n* [[September 16]] –\n        [[Irene Hayes]], American Ziegfeld girl and businesswoman (b. [[1896]])\\n*\n        [[September 19]] – [[Pamela Brown (actress)|Pamela Brown]], English\n        actress (b. [[1917]])\\n* [[September 20]] – [[Saint-John Perse]], French\n        diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. [[1887]])\\n* [[September 23]]\n        – [[Ian Hunter (actor)|Ian Hunter]], British actor (b. [[1900]])\\n*\n        [[September 24]] – [[Earle Cabell]], American politician (b. [[1906]])\\n*\n        [[September 26]] – [[C. H. Waddington]], British biologist, paleontologist,\n        geneticist and philosopher (b. [[1905]])\\n* [[September 27]] – [[Jack\n        Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]], Australian politician (b. [[1876]])\\n*\n        [[September 29]] – [[Casey Stengel]], American baseball player ([[Brooklyn\n        Dodgers]]) and manager ([[New York Yankees]], [[New York Mets]]) and a member\n        of the [[MLB Hall of Fame]] (b. [[1890]])\\n\\n===October===\\n[[File:Gustav\n        Hertz.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustav Ludwig Hertz]]]]\\n* [[October 4]] – [[May\n        Sutton]], American tennis champion (b. [[1886]])\\n* [[October 6]] –\n        [[Chiura Obata]], Japanese-American artist (b. [[1885]])\\n* [[October 10]]\\n**\n        [[Charles A. Dana (philanthropist)|Charles A. Dana]], American businessman,\n        politician and philanthropist (b. [[1881]])\\n** [[Norman Levinson]], American\n        mathematician (b. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\\n|Southwest\n        = \\n|West      = {{Flag|Chile}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|title=International\n        membership\\n|list=\\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\\n{{G15 nations}}\\n{{G20}}\\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul\n        (Southern Common Market)}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of\n        South American Nations}}\\n{{World Trade Organization}}\\n{{Founding member\n        states of the United Nations}}\\n}}\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Federal\n        constitutional republics]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:G15\n        nations]]\\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of Mercosur]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American\n        Nations]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking\n        countries and territories]]\\n[[Category:States and territories established\n        in 1816]]\\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":799647522,\"length\":206395,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\"},\"31750\":{\"pageid\":31750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:15:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        country}}\\n{{pp-pc1}}\\n{{pp-move-indef}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}\\n{{EngvarB|date=October\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox country\\n| conventional_long_name =Ukraine\\n| common_name\n        = Ukraine\\n| native_name = {{native name|uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|italics=off}}''''{{small|Ukrayina}}''''\\n| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\\n| image_coat\n        = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\\n| national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\\\"''''[[Shche\n        ne vmerla Ukraina|Shche ne vmerly Ukrainy ni slava ni volya]]''''\\\"}}
\\\"The\n        glory and the will of Ukraine has not yet died\\\" (also \\u2013 \\\"Ukraine has\n        not yet perished)\\\"
[[File:Anthem-of-Ukraine Chorus Veryovka.ogg]]
\\n|\n        image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\\n| map_caption ={{unbulleted\n        list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green}}|Claimed,\n        but not controlled ({{small|light green}})}}\\n| capital = [[Kiev]]\\n| coordinates\n        = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:city}}\\n| largest_city = capital\\n\\n| official_languages =\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| regional_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]],\n        [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]],\n        [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]],\n        [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]],\n        [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]],\n        [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]],\n        [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]],\n        [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]{{cite web |\n        url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17\n        | archivedate=14 February 2014 | title=Law of Ukraine \\\"On Principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\" (Current version \\u2014 Revision from 1 February 2014) |\n        publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional\n        or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30\n        April 2014}}\\n| ethnic_groups =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\\n  |\n        17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\\n\n        }}\\n| ethnic_groups_year = 2001\\n| demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\\n| government_type\n        = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}}\n        [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n|\n        leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of\n        Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n| leader_name2 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\\n| leader_title3\n        = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\\n| leader_name3\n        = [[Andriy Parubiy]]\\n| legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus'']]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 882\\n| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia|Kingdom\n        of
Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]}}\\n| established_date2 = 1199\\n| established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\\n| established_date3 =\n        17 August 1649\\n| established_event4 = Independence from [[Russian Republic]];\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date4 = 7 November 1917\\n|\n        established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date5\n        = 1 November 1918\\n| established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian\n        SSR]]\\n| established_date6 = 10 March 1919\\n| established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\\n|\n        established_date7 = 8 October 1938\\n| established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet\n        annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviet annexation
of Western\n        Ukraine]]}}\\n| established_date8 = 15 November 1939\\n| established_event9\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration ofUkrainian Independence]]}}\\n| established_date9 = 30 June 1941\\n| established_event10\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the\n        Soviet Union]]}}\\n| established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\\n| area_km2\n        = 603,628\\n| area_rank = 45th \\n| area_sq_mi = or 233,013/ 223,013\\n| percent_water = 7\\n| population_estimate =42,541,633\n        {{decrease}}{{cite web|url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |title=Population (by estimate) as of 1 April, 2016. |publisher=State Statistics\n        Service of Ukraine |accessdate=1 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |archivedate=8 August 2016 |df= }}\\n| population_census = 48,457,102\\n|\n        population_estimate_year = 2016\\n| population_estimate_rank = 32nd\\n| population_census_year\n        = 2001\\n| population_density_km2 = 73.8\\n| population_density_sq_mi = 191\n        \\n| population_density_rank = 115th\\n|\n        GDP_PPP = $353 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=10&sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report\n        for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=World Economic Outlook Database,\n        April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 2017|accessdate=12\n        August 2016}} \\n| GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n| GDP_PPP_rank =\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,305 \\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal\n        = $93.263 billion \\n|\n        GDP_nominal_year = 2016\\n| GDP_nominal_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita =\n        $2,194 \\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        =\\n| Gini = 24.1 \\n| Gini_year = 2014\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n|\n        Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UA\n        |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 9 November 2016}}\\n|\n        Gini_rank =\\n| HDI = 0.747 \\n| HDI_year = 2014 \\n| HDI_change\n        = increase\\n| HDI_ref = {{cite\n        web|format=PDF|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf|title=Human\n        Development Report 2015 Statistical Annex|date=14 December 2015|accessdate=15\n        December 2015}}\\n| HDI_rank = 81st\\n| currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\\n|\n        currency_code = UAH\\n| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\\n| utc_offset\n        = +2{{cite web|url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 30 \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441|trans-title=Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter\n        time on 30 October|language=uk|publisher=korrespondent.net|date=18 October\n        2011|accessdate=31 October 2011}}\\n| utc_offset_DST = +3\\n| time_zone_DST\n        = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\\n| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand\n        traffic|right]]\\n| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\\n|\n        cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440]]}}\\n| footnote_a\n        = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was\n        held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26\n        December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted\n        on 28 June 1996.\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| country_code = UKR\\n}}\\n{{Contains\n        Cyrillic text}}\\n\\n''''''Ukraine'''''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|ju\\u02d0|\\u02c8|k|r|e\\u026a|n}};\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430}}, [[Romanization\n        of Ukrainian|tr.]] {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Ukrayina''''}} {{IPA-uk|ukr\\u0250\\u02c8jin\\u0250|}}),\n        [[Name of Ukraine#\\\"Ukraine\\\" versus \\\"the Ukraine\\\"|sometimes called ''''''the\n        Ukraine'''''']],{{cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844|publisher=BBC|title=Ukraine\n        or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have ''the''?|last1= Geoghegan|first1=Tom|work=BBC\n        News Magazine|date=7 June 2012}} is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Eastern\n        Europe]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=The\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine| publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=7\n        January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014}} [[State Border of Ukraine|bordered]]\n        by [[Russia]] to the east, northeast, and south, [[Belarus]] to the northwest,\n        [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]]\n        to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and\n        southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in [[territorial dispute]] with\n        Russia over the [[Crimean Peninsula]] which [[Annexation of Crimea by the\n        Russian Federation|Russia annexed in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082|title=Russia''s\n        Crimea plan detailed, secret and successful|first=John|last=Simpson|date=19\n        March 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}} but which Ukraine and most of\n        the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine\n        has an area of {{convert|603628|km\\u00b2|0|abbr=on}},{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Ukraine|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 United Nations Statistics Division|work=United Nations|date=2016|accessdate=6\n        September 2016}} making it the largest country entirely within [[Europe]]\n        and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|46th]] largest country\n        in the world. It has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the [[List\n        of countries and dependencies by population|32nd]] most populous country in\n        the world.\\n\\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000\n        BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture,\n        with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus'']] forming the basis of Ukrainian\n        identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was\n        contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Grand Duchy\n        of Lithuania|Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]],\n        and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered\n        during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split\n        between Poland and the [[Russian Empire]], and later merged fully into Russia.\\n\\nDuring\n        the 20th century three periods of independence occurred.  The first of these\n        periods occurred briefly during and immediately after the German occupation\n        near the end of [[World War I]] and the second occurred, also briefly, and\n        also during German occupation, during [[World War II]]. However, both of these\n        first two earlier periods would eventually see Ukraine''s territories consolidated\n        back into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] within\n        the [[USSR]].  The third period of independence began in 1991, when Ukraine\n        gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of [[dissolution\n        of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].  Ukraine\n        has maintained its independence as a sovereign state ever since.  Before its\n        independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as \\\"The Ukraine\\\",\n        but sources since then have moved to drop \\\"the\\\" from the name of Ukraine\n        in all uses.\\n\\nFollowing its independence, Ukraine\n        declared itself a [[neutral state]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=27\n        September 2007|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} Nonetheless it formed\n        a limited military partnership with the Russian Federation and other [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States|CIS countries]] and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership\n        with NATO]] in 1994. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO,\n        and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action\n        Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO\n        should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient,{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|title=NATO\n        confirms readiness for Ukraine''s joining organization|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=13\n        April 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416153024/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|archive-date=16\n        April 2010}} and was against Ukraine joining NATO.{{cite\n        news|author=Richard Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107|title=Yanukovich\n        vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=7 January 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}} In 2013, after the government of President Yanukovych\n        had decided to suspend the [[Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement]]\n        and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations\n        and protests known as the [[Euromaidan]] began, which later escalated into\n        the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] that led to the overthrow of President Yanukovych\n        and his cabinet and the establishment of a new government. These events formed\n        the background for the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] in March 2014, and the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014.\n        On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the [[Deep and Comprehensive\n        Free Trade Area]] with the European Union.\\n\\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because\n        of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the world''s largest [[Grain\n        trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister|title=Ukraine\n        becomes world''s third biggest grain exporter in 2011 \\u2013 minister|publisher=Black\n        Sea Grain|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=31 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister\n        |archivedate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm|title=World\n        Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation|date=2013|accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large\n        [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]],\n        [[executive branch|executive]] and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and\n        largest city is [[Kiev]]. Taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel,[[#IISS2010|IISS\n        2010]], pp. 195\\u2013197 Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military\n        of Ukraine|military]] in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home\n        to 42.5 million people (excluding [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]), 77.8 percent of whom are [[Ukrainians]] \\\"by ethnicity\\\",\n        followed by a sizeable minority of [[Russians]] (17.3 percent) as well as\n        [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Bulgarians]]\n        and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]]\n        and its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion\n        in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has\n        strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]]\n        and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].  It is a member of the [[United Nations]]\n        since its founding, the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization for Security\n        and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic\n        Development|GUAM]], and one of the founding states of the [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States]] (CIS).\\n{{TOC limit}}\\n\\n== Etymology ==\\n{{Main|Name\n        of Ukraine}}\\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name\n        of Ukraine|name ''''Ukraine'''']]. According to the older and most widespread\n        hypothesis, it means \\\"borderland\\\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed\n        today and every day|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides|title=Linguistic\n        divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine?|publisher=The Economist|date=5\n        February 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014|subscription=y}} while more recently\n        some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \\\"homeland\\\" or \\\"region,\n        country\\\".{{cite web|author=Hryhoriy Pivtorak|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u043d,\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=The origin of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians\n        and their languages|language=uk|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\n\\\"The\n        Ukraine\\\" was once the usual form in English,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine \\u2013\n        Definition|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}}\n        but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \\\"the Ukraine\\\"\n        has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides\n        largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml|title=The\n        \\\"the\\\" is gone|publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIX, No. 49|date=8\n        December 1991|accessdate=21 October 2015}}{{cite web|author=Adam\n        Taylor|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12|title=Why\n        Ukraine Isn''t ''The Ukraine,'' And Why That Matters Now|publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]]|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=21 October 2015}} \\\"The Ukraine\\\"\n        now implies disregard for the country''s sovereignty, according to U.S. ambassador\n        [[William B. Taylor, Jr.|William Taylor]].{{cite news|title=\\u2018Ukraine\\u2019\n        or \\u2018the Ukraine\\u2019? It\\u2019s more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|accessdate=11\n        August 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Early history ===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n\n        pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Pokrov, Ukraine|Pokrov]],\n        dated to the 4th century BC]]\\n\\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is\n        seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000\\u201345,000 BC) which include\n        a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html|title=Neanderthals\n        built homes with mammoth bones|publisher=Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=18\n        December 2011|author=Richard Gray|accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova\n        I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is\n        also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of\n        the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm\n        | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories\n        reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge)\n        | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''''Shaping\n        World History'''' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize \\u2013 When and Where Did\n        Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum\n        of the Horse }}{{cite news|title=Horsey-aeology,\n        Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man,\n        Fact or Fiction|url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|archivedate=7\n        October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald|publisher=CBC\n        Radio|date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\\n\\nModern human\n        settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence\n        of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020834|title=The\n        Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating,\n        Culture and Behavior|author1=Sandrine Prat|author2=St\\u00e9phane C. P\\u00e9an|author3=Laurent\n        Cr\\u00e9pin|author4=Doroth\\u00e9e G. Drucker|author5=Simon J. Puaud|author6=H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne\n        Valladas|author7=Martina L\\u00e1zni\\u010dkov\\u00e1-Galetov\\u00e1|author8=Johannes\n        van der Plicht|author9=Alexander Yanevich|date=17 June 2011|publisher=plosone|accessdate=21\n        June 2011}}{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262|title=Early\n        human fossils unearthed in Ukraine|author=Jennifer Carpenter|date=20 June\n        2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]]\n        [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in\n        a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]]\n        and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the\n        land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian|title=Scythian|accessdate=21\n        October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} Between 700 BC\n        and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the sixth century BC, colonies\n        of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such\n        as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded on\n        the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]]. These colonies thrived well into\n        the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the\n        sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory\n        of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of\n        the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions,\n        and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n=== Golden Age of Kiev ===\\n\\n{{Main|Kievan\n        Rus''}}\\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The baptism\n        of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']].]]\\n\\nKievan Rus'' was founded by the [[Rus'' people]], who came from\n        Scandinavia across [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and settled in Kiev around 880\n        AD. Kievan Rus'' included the central, western and northern part of modern\n        Ukraine, [[Belarus]], far eastern strip of Poland and the western part of\n        present-day Russia. According to the ''''[[Primary Chronicle]]'''' the Rus''\n        elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it\n        became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It\n        laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia\n        |edition=6 |year=2001\\u20132007 |article=Kievan Rus |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |archivedate=19 August 2000 }} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine,\n        became the most important city of the Rus''.\\n\\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan\n        Rus'' (1054-1132).jpg|thumb|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus'']], 1054\\u20131132]]\\n\\nThe\n        Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of\n        the first Rus'' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus'' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled\n        by the interrelated Rurikid ''''[[knyaz]]es'''' (\\\"princes\\\"), who often fought\n        each other for possession of Kiev.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        Golden Age of Kievan Rus'' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]]\n        (980\\u20131015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus''|turned Rus'' toward\n        Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]]\n        (1019\\u20131054), Kievan Rus'' reached the zenith of its cultural development\n        and military power. The state soon fragmented as\n        the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence\n        under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113\\u20131125) and his son [[Mstislav\n        I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125\\u20131132), Kievan Rus'' finally disintegrated\n        into separate principalities following Mstislav''s death.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]] devastated\n        Kievan Rus''. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 April 2011 |title=The Destruction of Kiev |accessdate=3\n        January 2008 |work=University of Toronto''s Research Repository }} On\n        today''s Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]]\n        and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state\n        of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm|title=Roman\n        Mstyslavych|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}\\n\\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo\n        Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the\n        Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus'', including\n        Volhynia, Galicia and Rus'' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by\n        the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the\n        first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus''. Under Danylo''s reign, the Kingdom of\n        Galicia\\u2013Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central\n        Europe.[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Romanovich \\\"Daniel\n        Romanovich\\\"].Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.\n        23 August 2007\\n\\n=== Foreign domination ===\\n\\n{{See\n        also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman\n        Empire|Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|Following\n        the [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled\n        by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and after the [[Union of Lublin]]\n        (1569) was included in the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]], illustrated\n        here in 1619.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Boles\\u0142aw\n        Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns\n        (1340\\u20131366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile, the heartland of Rus'',\n        including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled\n        by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen'' River]].\n        Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland\n        and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly\n        Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.\n        By 1392 the so-called [[Galicia\\u2013Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers\n        of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or re-founded\n        many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially\n        Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded\n        the Crimean Khanate.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bohdan\n        Khmelnytsky]], [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine, established\n        an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising in 1648]]\n        against [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\\n\\nIn 1569 the [[Union\n        of Lublin]] established the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much\n        Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural\n        and political pressure of [[Polonisation]], which began in the late 14th century,\n        many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus)\n        converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny,\n        pp. 92\\u201393 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the\n        commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging\n        [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against\n        those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local\n        representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Poland |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]] (fee required) |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nFormed from [[Golden\n        Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol\n        invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern\n        Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured\n        and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The\n        Sultan''s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman\n        Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |year=2013 |page=16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df= }} The borderlands suffered annual\n        [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning\n        of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave\n        raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html\n        Halil Inalcik. \\\"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\\\"] in A. Ascher, B.\n        K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and\n        Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979,\n        pp. 25\\u201343. exported about two million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz\n        Ko\\u0142odziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves,\n        Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives\n        in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate\n        |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to\n        [[Orest Subtelny]], \\\"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar\n        raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\\\"Subtelny, Orest\n        (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record\n        number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''''\\\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. {{ISBN|0-87436-885-5}}\n        The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly\n        regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer. The last\n        remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire\n        in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the\n        Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish\n        Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources\n        |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to\n        govern this territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Location\n        of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as\n        a direct ancestor of today''s Ukraine.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-17th century,\n        a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper\n        Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\Z\\\\A\\\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia,\n        The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population,\n        but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]\n        and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were\n        allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\\\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf\n        The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\\\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki,\n        ''''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'''' However\n        the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and\n        especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 The Cossacks|accessdate=21 October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}}\\n\\nThe\n        Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition\n        of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack\n        Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the\n        Sejm.{{cite web|title=Poland \\u2013 The Cossacks|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Cossacks|publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n=== Cossack Hetmanate ===\\n[[File:Marten''s Poltava.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]],\n        1726]]\\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky\n        Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the\n        Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123\\u2013124 After\n        Khmelnytsky made an entry into Kiev in 1648, where he was hailed liberator\n        of the people from Polish captivity, he founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]\n        which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).\\n\\n[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Khmelnytsky]],\n        deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat\n        at Berestechko]] in 1651, and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654,\n        Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political\n        alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian tsar.\\n\\nIn\n        1657\\u20131686 came \\\"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\\\", a devastating\n        30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine,\n        which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of\n        Poland. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths.\n        Defeat came in 1686 as the \\\"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\\\"\n        between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\\n\\nIn\n        1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639\\u20131709) defected to [[Sweden]]\n        against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700\\u20131721). Eventually\n        Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia''s political and\n        economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]]\n        and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after\n        fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their\n        Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\\n\\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The\n        first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This\n        copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original\n        is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\\n\\nThe [[Constitution of\n        Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian\n        Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]],\n        a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082709/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/\n        \\\"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk\n        being celebrated\\\"], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', (5 April 2010) It established\n        a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative,\n        executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]''s\n        [[The Spirit of the Laws|''''Spirit of the Laws'''']]. The Constitution limited\n        the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected\n        [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk''s [[Constitution]]\n        was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions\n        in Europe.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe hetmanate was abolished\n        in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia\n        centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning\n        of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper\n        were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into\n        the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone\n        of Russian foreign policy.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Kirill\n        Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman\n        of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750\\u20131764 and the first person to declare\n        Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\\n\\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast\n        estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from\n        [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically\n        tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other\n        using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics\n        and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596,\n        they set up the \\\"Greek-Catholic\\\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate\n        Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation\n        left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to\n        follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27\\u201330\\n\\nCossacks\n        led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian\n        borderlands of the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity\n        was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of\n        Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious\n        warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between\n        Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border\n        on the [[Dnieper River]] in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine\n        II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become\n        more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence\n        on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing\n        Polish and Russian political allegiances.{{cite journal | last1 = Skinner\n        | first1 = Barbara | year = 2005 | title = Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering\n        the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy | url = | journal = Slavic Review | volume\n        = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 88\\u2013116 | doi=10.2307/3650068}}\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]]\n        was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421073907/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule\n        Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''''Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica.''''\n        Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the\n        Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting.\n        However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later\n        period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing\n        the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite\n        journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship\n        of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863\\u20131876): Intention\n        and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=March\\u2013June 2007|volume=47|pages=87\\u2013110|jstor=40871165|publisher=Canadian\n        Association of Slavists}}\\n\\n=== 19th century, World War I and revolution\n        ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\\n{{Further information|Ukraine\n        during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\\n[[File:1904\n        Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing administrative\n        units of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia within the Russian Empire\n        prior to Ukrainian independence 1917\\u20131921.]]\\n[[File:Mapa from Ukraine\n        postcard 1919.jpg|thumbnail|Ukraine according to an old postal stamp from\n        1919 that was reprinted in 2008.]]\\n\\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural\n        area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and\n        modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian\n        [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged.\n        The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814\\u20131861) and the\n        political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841\\u20131895) led the growing\n        nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nAfter the [[Russo-Turkish\n        War (1768\\u20131774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors\n        encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into\n        Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage agriculture.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was migration\n        from Ukraine to distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897\n        census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in\n        [[Central Asia]].Rainer M\\u00fcnz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor]''''\\\".\n        Routledge. p. 164. {{ISBN|0-7146-5232-6}} An additional 1.6 million\n        emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian\n        Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}\n        [[Russian Far East|Far Eastern]] areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population\n        became known as [[Green Ukraine]].Jonathan D. Smele (2015). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476\n        Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916\\u20131926]''''. Rowman\n        & Littlefield. p.476. {{ISBN|1-4422-5281-2}}\\n\\nNationalist and socialist\n        parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]],\n        under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the centre\n        of the nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nUkrainians\n        entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under\n        Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians\n        fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]],\n        while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340\\u2013344}}\n        [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian\n        Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This became the [[Ukrainian Galician\n        Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War\n        I period (1919\\u201323). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria\n        were treated harshly.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof\n        |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The\n        world academy of Rusyn culture}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|left|Ukraine\n        in 1918]]\\n\\nWorld War I destroyed both empires. The [[Russian Revolution\n        of 1917]] led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s,\n        and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for\n        self-determination re-emerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence.\n        Several Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the internationally recognized [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (''''''UNR'''''', the predecessor of modern Ukraine,\n        was declared on 23 June 1917 proclaimed at first as a part of the Russian\n        Republic; after the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the Ukrainian People''s Republic\n        proclaimed its independence on 25 January 1918), the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]],\n        the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories\n        in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the Ukrainian lands of former\n        Austro-Hungarian territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[Act\n        Zluky]] (Unification Act) was an agreement signed on January 22, 1919 by the\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] and the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        on the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia Square]] in [[Kiev]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThis led to civil war, and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        movement called the [[Black Guards|Black Army]] or later [[The Revolutionary\n        Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]] developed in Southern Ukraine under the\n        command of the anarchist [[Nestor Makhno]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\M\\\\A\\\\MakhnoNestor.htm\n        |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}} They protected the operation of \\\"[[Soviet (council)|free\n        soviets]]\\\" and [[libertarian socialism|libertarian]] [[communes]] in the\n        [[Free Territory]], an attempt to form a [[Stateless society|stateless]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        society from 1918 to 1921 during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian\n        Revolution]], fighting both the tsarist [[Armed Forces of South Russia|White\n        Army]] under [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and later the [[Red Army]] under [[Leon\n        Trotsky|Trotsky]], before being defeated by the latter in August 1921.\\n\\nPoland\n        defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against\n        the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According\n        to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was incorporated into Poland, which\n        in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919.\n        With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory\n        to Poland, Belarus and Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River\n        was created Moldavian autonomy.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Ukraine\n        became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in\n        December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=2008-04-18|title=Interwar\n        Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]\n        (fee required)}}\\n\\n=== Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina\n        ===\\n{{See also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918\\u20131938)}}\\n[[File:Huculy\n        1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]],\n        c. 1930]]\\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however,\n        most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and\n        Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]]\n        was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First\n        Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:1930 in Ukraine.png|thumb|left|A map showing Ukraine''s territory,\n        circa 1930.]]\\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose\n        in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s because of Polish national policies, which\n        was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement\n        attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish\n        state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of\n        fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented.\n        A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press,\n        and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the\n        1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\\n{{See also|Holodomor}}\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0423\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u0432\n        1925.gif|thumb|Urban population of Ukraine in 1925 {{colbegin}} {{legend|#006400|Ukrainian}}\n        {{legend|#FAD6A5|Russian}} {{legend|#000000|Jewish}} {{legend|#CCFCCC|Polish}}\n        {{colend}}]]\\n\\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated\n        the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people\n        dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory.\n        Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting\n        the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine\n        of 1920\\u20131924\\n|work=The Norka \\u2013 a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4\n        March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine\n        of 1921\\u20133|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}\n        During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy\n        pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet\n        leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part\n        of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''''indigenisation''''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health\n        care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work\n        and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}}\n        [[Women''s rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp.\n        138\\u201339 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early\n        1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''''de facto'''' communist party\n        leader.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source|date=September\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]\n        under construction circa 1930.]]\\n\\nStarting from the late 1920s with a [[First\n        five-year plan (Soviet Union)|centrally planned economy]], Ukraine was involved\n        in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic''s\n        industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The\n        peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]]\n        of agriculture which began during and was part of the [[First five-year plan\n        (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and\n        [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity\n        greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed\n        to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to\n        death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]]\n        known as the [[Holodomor]] or the \\\"Great Famine\\\".\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm\n        Ukraine remembers famine horror]\\\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\\n\\nScholars\n        are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]],\n        but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and the governments of other countries have\n        acknowledged it as such.{{Ref label|B|b|none}}\\n\\nThe Communist leadership\n        perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment\n        tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \\\"The Role\n        of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931\\u20131934.\\\"\n        ''''Europe-Asia Studies'''' 2005 57(6): 823\\u2013841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext\n        in [[Ebsco]]\\n\\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two\n        future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        (an engineer from [[Kamianske]]) depicted together.]]\\n\\nLargely the same\n        groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war,\n        collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were\n        associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891\\u20131939) and operated in the\n        Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration\n        ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929\\u201331. Evdokimov transferred\n        into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary\n        for [[North Caucasus Krai]]. He appears to have continued advising Joseph\n        Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on\n        Evdokimov''s former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that\n        are known as the Great Terror in 1937\\u201338.Stephen G. Wheatcroft,\n        \\\"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin''s Great Terror.\\\"\n        ''''Australian Journal of Politics and History'''' 2007 53(1): 20\\u201343.\n        {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''''The Harvest\n        of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'''' (1986). Mark\n        B. Tauger, \\\"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\\\" ''''Slavic Review'''',\n        Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70\\u201389, notes the harvest was unusually\n        poor. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600 online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]],\n        [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \\\"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine\n        of 1932\\u20131933,\\\" ''''Slavic Review,'''' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995),\n        pp. 642\\u2013657 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740 online in JSTOR]; Michael\n        Ellman. \\\"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333 Revisited\\\", ''''Europe-Asia\n        Studies'''', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663\\u201393.\\n\\nOn\n        13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against\n        Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html\n        Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\\n\\n=== World War II ===\\n\\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\\n\\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]]\n        in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops\n        divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]\n        and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the\n        rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson,\n        p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\\n\\nIn 1940, the Soviets annexed [[Bessarabia]]\n        and northern [[Bukovina]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and\n        southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]].\n        But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist\n        Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. These\n        territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the [[Paris\n        Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u043b \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        1940 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko]] (born\n        in the [[Budjak]] region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including\n        the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] east of Kiev\n        in 1941]]\\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the\n        Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of [[total war]].\n        The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful\n        efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle\n        of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \\\"[[Hero City]]\\\", because of its fierce\n        [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or\n        one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or taken captive\n        there, with many suffering [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|severe\n        mistreatment]].Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\\n\\nAlthough\n        the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet\n        partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\W\\\\O\\\\Worldwars.htm|title=World\n        wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western\n        Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942).\n        Created as forces of the [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government\n        in exile]],Subtelny, Orest (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 410 it fell under the influence of the\n        underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed\n        in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski\n        and the \\\"Volhynia Experiment\\\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]].\n        Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent\n        Ukrainian state]] on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although\n        this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Atanasovych\n        Melnyk|Melnyk]] wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions\n        also carried out [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres\n        of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/\n        A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010\n        which brought reprisals.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf\n        Polska reakcja na dzia\\u0142ania UPA \\u2013 skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych].\n        After the war, the UPA continued to fight the USSR until the 1950s.Piotrowski\n        pp. 352\\u201354Weiner pp. 127\\u2013237 At the same time,\n        the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside\n        the Nazis.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in\n        WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19\n        September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\\n\\nIn total, the number of ethnic\n        Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|C|c|1}} The\n        [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is\n        estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its\n        peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476\n        Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army''s figures are unreliable, with figures\n        ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi,\n        p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMost\n        of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]],\n        with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement.\n        Some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939, hailed\n        the Germans as liberators.  Brutal German rule eventually turned their supporters\n        against the Nazi administrators, who made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction\n        with Stalinist policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227142736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archivedate=2010-02-27|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system,\n        carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against\n        [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions\n        of people to work in Germany]], and began a depopulation program to prepare\n        for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food\n        on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''''Harvest\n        of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'''', Harvard University\n        Press: April 2004. p. 164\\n\\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World\n        War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg,\n        p. 264 By some estimates, 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov,\n        Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \\\"Who won World\n        War II?\\\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5\n        July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population\n        during the war are estimated at [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between\n        5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |archivedate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Kulchytsky, Stalislav,\n        ''''\\\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\\\"'''', [[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]], 2\\u20138 October 2004. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Ukrainian]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one\n        and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding\n        Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local\n        collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in\n        battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Overy, p. 518\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0413. \\u0424., ''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f \\u0438 \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420\n        \\u0432 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430: \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b.\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435''''\n        (Krivosheev G. F., ''''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century:\n        losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'''') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million\n        were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|C|c|2}}{{Ref label|D|d|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory\n        Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20\n        April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of\n        Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Post-World War II ===\\n{{Further\n        information|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union\n        (1953\\u20131964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964\\u20131982)|History of the\n        Soviet Union (1982\\u20131991)}}\\n\\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the\n        war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities\n        and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=29 September 2007 |title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath\n        |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]] (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]]\n        in 1946\\u201347, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction\n        of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest\n        estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation|last=\\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        [Kulchytsky] |first=\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        [Stanislav] |title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 |trans_title=Demographic losses in Ukraine\n        in the twentieth century |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=2\\u20138 October\n        2004 |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php |language=Russian\n        |publisher=[Demoscope] |place=[[Russia|RU]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914100418/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php\n        |archivedate=14 September 2012 |df= }}{{cite web | title =\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine\n        in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21\n        July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Demographic\n        losses in Ukraine twentieth century|language=uk|url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archivedate=2007-03-13|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014}}\\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became\n        one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities\n        of the Member States \\u2013 Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher=\n        United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite\n        web| url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United\n        Nations | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm\n        | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote=\n        Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security\n        Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt\n        and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security\n        Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia\n        while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes\n        for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:Sergey\n        Korolyov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]],\n        the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during\n        the [[Space Race]]]]\\n\\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly\n        expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to\n        Russians among adult \\\"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\\\",\n        comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web|url=http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |title=Migration and migration policy in Ukraine |first=Olena |last=Malynovska\n        |date=14 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061703/http://niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |df= }} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic\n        [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from\n        Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\\n\\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the\n        [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]]\n        in 1938\\u201349, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after\n        taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize \\\"the friendship\\\" between\n        the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty\n        of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954\n        transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The\n        Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International\n        Committee for Crimea}}\\n\\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed\n        pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 The last years of Stalin''s\n        rule |accessdate=28 December 2007 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} During the 1946\\u20131950 [[Five-Year\n        Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested\n        in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from pre-war plans. As a result, the Ukrainian\n        workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times\n        in that same period.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nSoviet Ukraine\n        soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644\n        and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research.\n        Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many\n        members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964\n        to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came\n        from Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nOn 26 April 1986, a\n        reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the\n        [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite\n        news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220746/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=''Sombre anniversary'' of\n        worst nuclear disaster in history \\u2013 Chernobyl: 10th anniversary |accessdate=16\n        December 2007 |author=Remy, Johannes |year=1996 |publisher=Find articles |work=[[UN\n        Chronicle]] }} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible\n        rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \\\"major\n        accident\\\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale\n        | title=''Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale''}} At the\n        time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories,\n        including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title\n        = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2\n        | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|\n        accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources\n        | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\\n\\nAfter the accident, the new city of\n        [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the\n        employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared\n        by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]]\n        attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have\n        been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA\n        Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl}}\\n\\n===\n        Independence ===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate\n        the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian\n        President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris\n        Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving\n        the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament\n        adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|title=Declaration\n        of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July\n        1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} This established the principles\n        of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian\n        law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty\n        of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]]\n        was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period\n        of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a faction\n        among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted\n        a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party''s\n        power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted\n        the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30|title=Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12\n        September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}\\n\\nA\n        [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1\n        December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for\n        the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament,\n        [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha\n        Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma\n        Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine\n        formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall ''Inevitable''\n        Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8\n        December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\\n\\nUkraine was initially\n        viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other\n        regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced\n        deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]].\n        During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian\n        GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October\n        2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12\n        July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December\n        2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation\n        rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The\n        IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31\n        August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International\n        Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well\n        as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested\n        and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn\n        1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine''s Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]\n        |issue=100|pages=125\\u2013143|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the\n        [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country\n        enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent\n        annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm\n        |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher=[[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm\n        |archivedate=21 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607053509/http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-07|title=Ukraine.\n        Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}\n        A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]]\n        and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised\n        by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech\n        and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader''s\n        Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/01/world/leader-s-party-seems-to-slip-in-ukraine.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine\n        also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear\n        weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers\n        on its territory in exchange for various assurances (main article: [[Nuclear\n        weapons and Ukraine]]).{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Country Profiles \\u2013 NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\\n\\n===\n        Orange Revolution ===\\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion\n        Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence\n        Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\\n\\nIn 2004, [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely\n        rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The\n        Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3\n        December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry\n        in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged\n        the outcome. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, candidate Yushchenko\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko#Dioxin poisoning|suddenly became gravely ill]], and was\n        soon found by multiple independent physician groups, to have been poisoned\n        by [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|TCDD dioxin]].{{cite news | title = Yushchenko: ''Live And Carry On''\n        | publisher = CBS News | date = 2005-01-30 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/28/60minutes/main670103.shtml\n        }}[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hW1QRD4tlRX2-UW9yc_oDcwrzMgwD99SBRO80\n        Associated Press: Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab] {{dead\n        link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}  Yushchenko strongly\n        suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49610 |title= Yushchenko to Russia:\n        Hand over witnesses |publisher= [[Kyiv Post]] |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2010-02-11}}  All\n        of this eventually resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing\n        Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor\n        Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |accessdate=14\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }}\\n\\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained\n        in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western\n        pollsters{{Clarify|date=July 2015}} and professional consultants{{Who|date=July\n        2015}} who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies\n        but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]]\n        and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000\n        out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures\n        The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel\n        Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page\n        30-44) According to ''''[[The Guardian]]'''', the foreign donors included\n        the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United\n        States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National\n        Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican\n        Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and\n        [[George Soros]]''s [[Open Society Institute]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004)\n        The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building\n        efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \\\"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html\n        In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\\\" ''''Washington Post'''', 4 December 2004.\n        URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent\n        struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of\n        the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine\n        Russia, the US, \\\"the Others\\\" and the \\\"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\\\":\n        Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October\n        2011)\\n\\nRussian authorities provided support through advisers such\n        as [[Gleb Pavlovsky]], consulting on blackening the image of Yushchenko through\n        the state media, pressuring state-dependent voters to vote for Yanukovych\n        and on vote-rigging techniques such as multiple ''[[carousel voting]]'' and\n        ''dead souls'' voting.\\n\\nYanukovych returned to power\n        in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm\n        Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until\n        [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]]\n        made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm\n        Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid\n        the [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged\n        by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine\n        towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3\n        March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}}\n        [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped\n        all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages\n        in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia\n        shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm\n        Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President\n        in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and\n        Cooperation in Europe said that the election \\\"met most requirements\\\" for\n        fairness and that the election process was \\\"transparent.\\\"{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/67844?download=true|title=Ukraine:\n        Presidential Election 17 January and 7 February 2010: OSCE/ODIHR Election\n        Observation Mission Final Report|work=OSCE|location=Warsaw|date=28 April 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}}\\n\\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\\n{{Main|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\n{{Details|topic=the ongoing protests|Timeline of the\n        Euromaidan}}\\n[[File:Euromaidan 01.JPG|thumb|Pro-EU demonstration in Kiev,\n        27 November 2013, during [[Euromaidan]]]]\\n\\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0404\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d}},\n        literally \\\"Eurosquare\\\") protests started in November 2013 after the president,\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began moving away from an association agreement that\n        had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish\n        closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823\n        Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December\n        2013){{Cite journal|title=Frustrated Leadership: Russia''s Economic\n        Alternative to the West|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12301/abstract|author1-first=Juliet|author1-last=Johnson|author2-first=Se\\u00e7kin|author2-last=K\\u00f6stem|journal=[[Global\n        Policy]]|publisher=[[Wiley Online Library]]|volume=7|issue=2|date=May 2016|p=212|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12301|quote=In\n        fact, the Ukrainian crisis broke out in November 2013 when former President\n        Viktor Yanukovych announced under Russian pressure that he would no longer\n        pursue an EU Association Agreement.}} Some Ukrainians took to the streets\n        to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine\n        Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows\n        |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the\n        predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed\n        the ''''Euromaidan'''' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view:\n        Ukraine ''other half'' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC\n        News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''''Euromaidan'''' came to describe\n        a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to\n        include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov\n        Government|his government]].{{cite news|author=Richard\n        Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212|title=Kiev\n        protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=12 December\n        2013|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nViolence escalated after 16 January\n        2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest\n        Laws]]. Violent anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre\n        of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with\n        approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite\n        web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=\\u0417\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0437\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u0445 \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        1,5 \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0431, 100 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|author=\\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724070743/http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archivedate=24\n        July 2014|script-title=uk:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u041e\\u0417 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|trans-title=Information\n        about the victims of clashes: Press Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine|language=uk|publisher=moz.gov.ua|date=22\n        February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=\\u041c\\u0412\\u0421\n        \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418|work=\\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\\\"\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456\\\" \\u2014 tsn.ua|work=\\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua}}\n        from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency|title=Ukraine\n        threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry|publisher=The\n        Guardian|date=27 January 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska\n        |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706094102/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archivedate=2014-07-06 |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation\n        urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to\n        the violent protests, Members of Parliament voted on 22 February to remove\n        the president and set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]]\n        for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave\n        |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/\n        |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com\n        |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]],\n        running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the\n        vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''''The\n        New York Times'''', \\\"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\\\",\n        By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election\n        of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David\n        M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff.\n        Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would\n        be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with\n        the Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7\n        June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key\n        ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square\n        (the centre of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |author=Adam Taylor |title=Why Ukraine Is So Important |publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]] |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |archivedate=14 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archivedate=29\n        May 2014|title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June\n        7|author=Lukas Alpert|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29\n        May 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |title=Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603165249/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |archivedate= 3 June 2014 |df= }} In October 2014 [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014|Parliament elections]], [[Petro Poroshenko Bloc \\\"Solidarity\\\"]]\n        won 132 of the 423 contested seats.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and\n        Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=27 October\n        2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}\\n\\n===\n        Civil unrest and Russian intervention ===\\n{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|War in Donbass|Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n\\n{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center\\n\n        | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 220\\n | header =\\n |\n        image1 = 2014-03-09. \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b \\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043a\\u0435 022.jpg\\n | alt1 =\\n | caption1\n        = Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014\\n | image2 = 2014 Russo-ukrainian-conflict\n        map.svg\\n | alt2 =\\n | caption2 = [[Crimea]], which is under Russian control,\n        is shown in pink. Pink in the [[Donbass]] area represents areas held by the\n        [[Donetsk People''s Republic|DPR]]/[[Lugansk People''s Republic|LPR]] separatists\n        in September 2014 (cities in red)\\n}}\\n\\nThe ousting[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26304842\n        Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych] bbc.co.uk, 22 February 2014,\n        accessed 1 January 2016 of Yanukovych prompted Vladimir Putin to begin\n        preparations to annex Crimea on 23 February 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/vladimir-putin-describes-secret-meeting-when-russia-decided-to-seize-crimea|title=Vladimir\n        Putin describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea|publisher=The\n        Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/11458426/Putin-reveals-the-moment-he-gave-the-secret-order-for-Russias-annexation-of-Crimea.html|title=Putin\n        reveals the moment he gave the secret order for Russia''s annexation of Crimea|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}} Using the Russian naval base\n        at Sevastopol as cover, Putin directed Russian troops and intelligence agents\n        to disarm Ukrainian forces and take control of Crimea.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|title=Putin:\n        Russia Prepared Raising Nuclear Readiness Over Crimea|publisher=New York Times|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=15 March 2015|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620143551/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|archive-date=20\n        June 2015}}{{cite news|author=Neil MacFarquhar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/16/world/europe/putin-says-he-weighed-nuclear-alert-over-crimea.html|title=Putin\n        Says He Weighed Nuclear Alert Over Crimea|publisher=nytimes.com|date=16 March\n        2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/russia-pressure-ukraine-troops-disarm|title=Russians\n        pressure Ukrainian forces in Crimea to disarm|publisher=The Guardian|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author1=Olena\n        Goncharova|author2=Kyiv Post staff|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/a-year-after-referendum-putin-talks-about-yanukovych-rescue-nuclear-readiness-over-crimea-383567.html|title=A\n        year after referendum, Putin talks about Yanukovych rescue, nuclear readiness\n        over Crimea|publisher=kyivpost.com|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}} After the troops entered Crimea,{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|title=Russian\n        Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch One)|publisher=vicenews.com|date=5\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} a controversial [[Crimean referendum,\n        2014|referendum]] was held on 16 March 2014 and the official result was that\n        97 percent wished to join with Russia.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/official-results-97-of-crimea-voters-back-joining-russia/|title=Official\n        results: 97 percent of Crimea voters back joining Russia|publisher=cbsnews.com|date=17\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} On 18 March 2014, Russia and\n        the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by\n        the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession\n        of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation. The\n        UN general assembly responded by passing [[United Nations General Assembly\n        Resolution 68/262|resolution 68/262]] that the referendum was invalid and\n        supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine.{{cite news|author1=Alex\n        Felton|author2=Marie-Louise Gumuchian|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=U.N.\n        General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid|publisher=cnn.com|date=27\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nSeparately, in the [[Donetsk]]\n        and [[Luhansk]] regions, armed men declaring themselves as local militia seized\n        government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities\n        and held unrecognised [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia\n        Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12\n        May 2014}} The insurgency was led by Russian emissaries [[Igor Girkin]]{{cite\n        web|author=Anna Dolgov|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine/511584.html|title=Russia''s\n        Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine|work=The Moscow\n        Times|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} and [[Alexander\n        Borodai]]{{cite news|author=Roman Olearchyk|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html|title=Rebel\n        leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|publisher=Financial Times|subscription=y|date=7\n        August 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} as well as militants from [[Russia]],\n        such as [[Arseny Pavlov]].{{cite news|author1=Sabrian Tavernise|author2=Noah\n        Sneider|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/first-self-declared-wedding-in-donetsk-peoples-republic-ukraine-rebels-make-love-not-war.html?_r=1|title=For\n        a Weekend, Ukraine Rebels Make Love, Not War|publisher=New York Times|date=13\n        July 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\nTalks in [[Geneva]] between\n        the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred\n        to as the [[2014 Geneva Pact]][https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html\n        Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York\n        Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that\n        all unlawful militias lay down their arms and vacate seized government buildings,\n        and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for\n        Ukraine''s regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election\n        held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian\n        government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |title=Poroshenko promises calm ''in hours'' amid battle to control Donetsk\n        airport |publisher=The Guardian |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |archivedate=26 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} More than 9,000 people\n        have been killed in the military campaign.{{Cite web|url=http://112.international/conflict-in-eastern-ukraine/un-9449-dead-21843-wounded-in-donbas-conflict-6487.html|title=UN:\n        9,449 dead, 21,843 wounded in Donbas conflict|website=112.international|access-date=2016-06-29}}\\n\\n[[File:OSCE\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumb|left|[[OSCE]]\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March\n        2015]]\\n\\nIn August 2014, a bilateral commission of leading scholars from\n        the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step\n        plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.{{cite\n        news|author=Uri Friedman|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/a-24-step-plan-to-resolve-the-ukraine-crisis/379121/|title=A\n        24-Step Plan|publisher=The Atlantic|date=26 August 2014|accessdate=21 October\n        2015}} The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories\n        for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements\n        of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and\n        Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine''s \\\"first\n        but most decisive step\\\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as the target for [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        relations|EU membership application]].\\n\\nIn\n        February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire\n        with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal\n        of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions\n        by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as Ukrainian control\n        of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops\n        from Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015.\n        Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure\n        that the agreement is respected.{{cite\n        web|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work|title=Ukraine\n        ceasefire: European leaders sceptical peace plan will work|publisher=The Guardian|date=13\n        February 2015|accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\nOn 1 January 2016, Ukraine\n        joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]] with European Union, which aims to modernize and\n        develop Ukraine''s economy, governance and rule of law to EU standards and\n        gradually increase integration with the EU [[Internal market]].[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150981.pdf<\n        EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]. trade.ec.europa.eu.\\n\\n==\n        Historical maps of states ==\\nSeveral states have existed on the territory\n        of present-day Ukraine since its foundation. Most of these territories have\n        been located within [[Eastern Europe]]. However, as depicted in the maps here,\n        they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].\n        At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories\n        having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\\n
\\n\\nFile:001\n        Kievan Rus'' Kyivan Rus'' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan\n        Rus'', last 20 years of the state (1220\\u20131240).\\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia\n        Volhynia Rus'' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]\n        or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245\\u20131349).\\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania\n        Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]],\n        Rus'' and Samogitia until 1434.\\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth\n        1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\\u2013Ruthenian Commonwealth]]\n        or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate\n        and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\\n\\n
\\n\\n==\n        Geography ==\\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\\n\\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}}\n        and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world''s [[List\n        of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after\n        [[South Sudan]] and before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European\n        country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second-largest country]]\n        in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref\n        label|E|e|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel\n        north|44\\u00b0]] and [[53rd parallel north|53\\u00b0 N]], and longitudes [[22nd\n        meridian east|22\\u00b0]] and [[41st meridian east|41\\u00b0 E]].\\n\\nThe landscape\n        of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus,\n        crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''Dnipro''''}}),\n        [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug]] as they flow south\n        into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest,\n        the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania.\n        Ukraine''s various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the\n        highlands to the lowlands. The country''s only mountains are the [[Carpathian\n        Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}},\n        and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine\n        |archivedate= 15 January 2008 |title= Ukraine \\u2013 Relief |accessdate= 27\n        December 2007 |work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=\n        yes |df= }} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such\n        as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and\n        the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are\n        the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs\n        the border with the [[Russian Federation]]. Near the [[Sea of Azov]] can be\n        found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the\n        mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form sudden drops\n        in elevation and give rise to [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0413\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0437 \\u041a\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian\n        mountains|Carpathian National Park]] and [[Hoverla]] at {{convert|2,061|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        the highest mountain in Ukraine\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443.jpg|\n        Dawn on South Demerdji, [[Alushta]], [[Crimea]]\\nFile:Flag colors.jpg|Typical\n        agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0422\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u043010.jpg|View of \\\"Tykhaya Bay\\\" near [[Koktebel]]\n        on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]''s [[Black Sea]] coast\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438.jpg|[[Kinburn\n        Spit|Kinburn sandbar]], [[Ochakiv]] Raion, [[Mykolaiv Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0428\\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|\n        Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\\n\\n
\\n\\nSignificant\n        natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas,\n        oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury,\n        timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a\n        number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable\n        water; air- and water-pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination\n        in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl\n        Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household\n        waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.{{cite news|author= Oksana\n        Grytsenko|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|title= Environment\n        suffers from lack of recycling|publisher= [[Kyiv Post]]|date= 9 December 2011|dead-url=\n        y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012539/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|archive-date=\n        5 January 2012}}\\n\\n=== Soil ===\\nFrom northwest to southeast the soils\n        of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title= Ukraine|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n* a zone of sandy podzolized soils\\n* a central belt\n        consisting of the black, extremely fertile Ukrainian ([[Chornozem|chernozems]])\\n*\n        a zone of chestnut and salinized soils\\n\\nAs much as two-thirds of the country''s\n        surface land consists of the so-called black earth ([[chornozem]]), a resource\n        that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well\n        known as a \\\"breadbasket\\\".Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The\n        land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010. These ([[chornozem]])\n        soils may be divided into three broad groups:\\n\\n* in the north a belt of\n        the so-called deep chernozems, about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off}} thick and\n        rich in humus\\n* south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary,\n        chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}\n        thick\\n* the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus\\n\\nInterspersed\n        in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep\n        chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils,\n        which together occupy much of Ukraine''s remaining area. All these soils are\n        very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive\n        cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion\n        and gullying.\\n\\nThe smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the\n        chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly\n        salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.\\n\\n=== Biodiversity ===\\n{{further information|Wildlife of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, microorganisms and plants.\\n\\n====\n        Animals ====\\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black\n        Sea}}\\n{{multiple image\\n   | align = right\\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\\n   |\n        width1 = 184\\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native\n        of the east Ukrainian steppes\\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\\n  | image2\n        = \\u0411\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e. \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u0437\\u044c.jpg\\n   |\n        width2 = 185\\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western\n        and north-western Ukraine\\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\\n}}\\nUkraine is\n        divided{{by whom|date=August 2017}} into two main zoological areas. One of\n        these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of\n        Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located\n        in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested\n        areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar\n        and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals\n        make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine''s\n        lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst in the waters\n        carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the\n        central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers\n        are found in large numbers.\\n\\n==== Fungi ====\\nMore than 6,600 [[species]]\n        of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded\n        from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \\\"Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 a\n        preliminary checklist\\\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm|title= Cybertruffle''s\n        Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated organisms|publisher=\n        cybertruffle.org.uk|accessdate= 13 July 2011}} but this number is far\n        from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine,\n        including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the\n        generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have\n        so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers,\n        J. \\\"Dictionary of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount\n        of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made\n        to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such\n        species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url= http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title= Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher= cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate= 13 July 2011}}\\n\\n=== Climate ===\\n{{further information|Climate\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Ukraine\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate\n        climate]], with the exception of the southern coast of Crimea which has a\n        [[subtropical climate]].\\n{{cite web\\n|url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm\n        \\n|title= Ukraine|work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles\\n|publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization\\n|accessdate= 8 August 2016\\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        climate is influenced by moderately warm, humid air coming from the Atlantic\n        Ocean.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title=\n        Ukraine \\u2013 Climate|accessdate= 20 October 2015|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|\\u2013|7|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}}\n        in the north, to {{convert|11|\\u2013|13|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}} in the south. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately\n        distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and\n        southeast. Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian\n        Mountains, receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually,\n        while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}.\\n\\n== Politics ==\\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government\n        of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\\n{{Further information|2014 Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\n        float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;\\\"\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Petro Poroshenko 2014-06-26.jpg|139px]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Volodymyr Groisman.jpg|125px]]\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]
[[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Volodymyr\n        Groysman]]
[[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n|}\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]],\n        and [[judicial branch]]es.\\n\\n=== Constitution of Ukraine ===\\n{{Main|Constitution\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|In\n        the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false\n        Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design]\n        by [[Paul D''Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1811-5}} (p.\n        63)[https://euobserver.com/foreign/29431 EU endorses Ukraine election\n        result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (9 February 2010)[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014322/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\\n\\nWith the proclamation\n        of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28\n        June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004,\n        deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance\n        of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy\n        of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the\n        Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly\n        Portnykov. \\\"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination\n        of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former\n        Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to\n        the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control,\n        but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\\\". 1 October\n        2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite\n        this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments\n        were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution\n        and again making Ukraine''s political system more presidential in character.\\n\\nThe\n        ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political\n        discourse. Much of the concern was based on the fact that neither the Constitution\n        of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \\\"undo the Constitution\\\",\n        as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the\n        2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for\n        constitutional amendments (articles 154\\u2013159). In any case, the current\n        Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|title=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko: October 1 marks the end of Ukraine''s democracy and beginning\n        of dictatorship|publisher=Tymoshenko.ua|date=1 October 2010|accessdate=31\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009163812/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|archivedate=9\n        October 2011}}{{cite news|first=Serhiy|last=Hrabovsky|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u0441\\u0443\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0454\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f|trans-title=Judicial\n        absurdities, or Kotliarevsky is laughing again|language=uk|publisher=radiosvoboda.org|date=1\n        October 2010|accessdate=6 April 2016|quote=(Translation) These words handed\n        down on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (CCU) regarding\n        cancelling the political reforms of 2004 are worthy of being inscribed in\n        the annals of world jurisprudence. It turns out that \\\"the stability of the\n        constitutional order\\\" will not be changed by the will of the voters, or even\n        by Parliament, but by the decision of 18 persons.}}{{clarify|date=October\n        2011}}\\n\\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych\n        and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The\n        historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests\n        that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes\n        in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country\n        to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition\n        government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime\n        Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite\n        news|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|date=21\n        February 2014|work=europesun.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228115026/http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament\n        dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as\n        interim president{{cite news|title=Ukraine:\n        Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26312008|work=BBC\n        News|location=Kiev|date=23 February 2014|accessdate=6 April 2016}} and\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{cite news|first=Harriet|last=Salem|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov|title=Who\n        exactly is governing Ukraine?|publisher=The Guardian|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=6\n        April 2016}}\\n\\n=== President, parliament and government ===\\n[[File:Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|thumb|Presidential\n        administration building]]\\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|thumb|Cabinet\n        of Ministers building]]\\n\\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected\n        by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672|title=General\n        Articles about Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\\nUkraine''s\n        legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]].{{cite web |url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/ |title=Verkhovna Rada\n        of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine\n        Official Web-site |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190549/http://portal.rada.gov.ua/\n        |archivedate=23 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }} The parliament is primarily\n        responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of\n        Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister\n        of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine,_2004\n        |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}}\n        However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers\n        of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well\n        as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]]\n        and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\\n\\nLaws,\n        acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of\n        the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the\n        [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found\n        to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial\n        review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in\n        the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\\nLocal self-government is officially\n        guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise\n        control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations\n        are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime\n        Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President\n        and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when\n        President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called\n        ''temporarily acting'' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders,\n        thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice\n        was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships\n        and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\n        Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the\n        purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\\n\\n=== Courts and law\n        enforcement ===\\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Klov\n        Palace. Listed ID 80-382-0462. - 8 Pylypa Orlyka Street, Pechersk Raion, Kiev.\n        - Pechersk 28 09 13 396.jpg|thumb|[[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]], home to\n        the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]]]\\n\\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and\n        constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are\n        largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct).\n        Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period\n        of five years, after which Ukraine''s Supreme Council confirms their positions\n        for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have\n        been much improved since Ukraine''s independence in 1991. The Supreme Court\n        is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions\n        ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks\n        Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of\n        Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c \\u043a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Police\n        of Ukraine]] was formed on 3 July 2015, as part of the post-Euromaidan reforms.]]\\n[[Prosecutor]]s\n        in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according\n        to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] ''the role and functions\n        of the Prosecutor''s Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]]\n        standards\\\".[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/\n        Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March\n        2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction\n        rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0436\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukrainian courts almost can\n        not stand the acquittals''''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013)\n        equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193916/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/\n        Moskal: ''Rotten to the core''], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects\n        often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145022/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564\n        Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych\n        formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \\\"clean up the current\n        mess and adopt a law on court organization\\\". One day later,\n        he stated \\\"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\\\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine\n        remain quite punitive.\\n\\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to\n        hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens\n        unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their\n        native language or the services of a translator.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216010621/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/\n        \\\"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian\n        courts]\\\". ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/\n        \\\"\\u0417 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456 \\\"\\u0420\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\\"\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445]\\\".\n        ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''''. 23 June 2009.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111061236/http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{cite\n        web|url=http://for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court\n        proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\\n\\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine\n        are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of\n        Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national\n        police force ''''([[Militsiya|\\u041ci\\u043bi\\u0446i\\u044f]])'''' and various\n        specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of\n        Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services.\n        Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their\n        heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police\n        officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters\n        from challenging the state''s authority but also to provide a quick reaction\n        force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers,\n        [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2DE1238F934A25752C0A9639C8B63\n        BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation''s\n        Path], ''''[[The New York Times]]'''', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was\n        only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues'' calls\n        to withdraw.\\n\\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the\n        maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]];\n        Ukraine''s domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused\n        of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country''s\n        political elite from media criticism. On the other hand, however, it is widely\n        accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government\n        plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the\n        movement.\\n\\n=== Foreign relations ===\\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International\n        membership of Ukraine|Ukraine\\u2013European Union relations|The World Bank\n        in Ukraine}}\\nIn 1999\\u20132001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member\n        of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United\n        Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise\n        with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics.\n        Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes.\n        It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova\n        and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of\n        Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]]\n        operations since 1992.\\n\\n[[File:Normandy format talks in Minsk (February\n        2015) 03 cropped.jpeg|thumb|Leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[France]], and Ukraine at [[Minsk II]] summit, 2015.]]\\n[[File:EU DCFTA EFTA.svg|thumb|In\n        January 2016, Ukraine joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]\n        (green) with the EU (blue), established by the [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        Association Agreement]].]]\\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration\n        its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html\n        Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Ukraine\n        has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html\n        Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status \\u2013 law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/\n        Ukraine''s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December\n        2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1\n        Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226\n        Ukraine Ends ''Nonaligned'' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The\n        Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always\n        balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with\n        strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]''s [[Partnership and Cooperation\n        Agreement]] (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European\n        Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions\n        begin on an association agreement, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999\n        in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine''s long-term aspirations but does not\n        discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference\n        on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security\n        and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member\n        of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\n        are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government''s foreign\n        policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in\n        2010. But after February 2014''s [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership\n        for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual\n        integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU\n        was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the\n        process was suspended by 2012 because of the political developments of that\n        time.{{cite web | url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html\n        | title=Teixeira: Ukraine''s EU integration suspended, association agreement\n        unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6\n        September 2012}} The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European\n        Union was signed in 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html|title=EU,\n        Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 \\u2013\n        European Council|access-date=2016-06-25}}\\n\\nUkraine long had close\n        ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine relations]] became\n        difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\\n\\nUkraine is included\n        in the European Union''s [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims\n        at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\\n\\n=== Administrative divisions\n        ===\\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\\nThe\n        system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country''s status as a [[unitary\n        state]] (as stated in the country''s constitution) with unified legal and\n        [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\\n\\nUkraine consists\n        of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous\n        republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''avtonomna respublika''''}}), [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and\n        [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea\n        are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[raion]]s''''}} (districts) and\n        city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative\n        units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}};\n        the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231154652/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archivedate=2007-12-31|title=Regions\n        of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] of Ukraine Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n[[Populated\n        places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban\n        populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s\n        (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist\n        of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain\n        degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance\n        (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each\n        oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities).\n        City''s significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic\n        and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\\n\\nFollowing the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]]\n        became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They\n        are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international\n        community.\\n{{Further information|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n
{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px;\n        max-width:460px;}}
\\n\\n{| style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{| class=\\\"navbox\\\" style=\\\"width:100%;\n        background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts\n        of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\\n|-\\n|\\n* [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\\n* [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]\\n* [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\\n* [[Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n* [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\\n|\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n* [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\\n* [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\\n*\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n* [[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\\n|\\n* [[Kirovohrad\n        Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\\n* [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\\n* [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\\n* [[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\\n|\\n* [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\\n*\n        [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\\n* [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\\n*\n        [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\\n| valign=\\\"top\\\"|\\n* [[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\\n*\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\\n* [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\\n*\n        [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\\n|-\\n!colspan=2|
''''''[[Autonomous republic]]''''''
\\n!colspan=3|
''''''[[Cities\n        with special status]]''''''
\\n|-\\n|colspan=2|\\n* [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea]]\\n| colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:top;\\\"|\\n* [[Kiev|City\n        of Kiev]]\\n* [[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\\n|}\\n|}\\n|-\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n=== Armed\n        forces ===\\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Kissing the flag.jpg|thumb|left|Commander\n        of the Ukrainian contingent in [[Multi-National Force \\u2013 Iraq]], kisses\n        his country''s flag.]]\\n\\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine\n        inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the\n        third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the\n        world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html\n        |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}}\n        In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed\n        to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified\n        the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history\n        |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=\n        [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\\n\\nUkraine took consistent steps\n        toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional\n        Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery,\n        and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans\n        to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer\n        military]].{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archivedate=8\n        November 2007|title=White Book 2006|accessdate=24 December 2007|publisher=Ministry\n        of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu\n        mori 2012-07-17.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian frigate [[Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)|''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''' (U130)]]]]\\n\\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger\n        role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate\n        ''''Hetman Sagaidachniy'''' joined the European Union''s counter piracy [[Operation\n        Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]]\n        for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/\n        |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter\n        Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of\n        the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite\n        web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo\n        |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December\n        2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was\n        deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN\n        Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also\n        a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003\\u201305,\n        a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]]\n        under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the\n        world is 562 servicemen.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en|title=Peacekeeping|accessdate=2\n        May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMilitary units\n        of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian\n        forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094\n        \\\"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine\n        for exercises\\\". ''''Kyiv Post''''. 18 May 2010]\\n\\nFollowing independence,\n        Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.\n        The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation,\n        other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]]\n        since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper\n        cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed\n        in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered\n        by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining\n        NATO. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO\n        declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets\n        the criteria for the accession.\\n\\n== Economy ==\\n{{Main|Economy\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:GNI per capita\n        (Ukraine) in 2016.png|thumb|GNI per capita in 2016]]\\nIn Soviet times, the\n        economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important\n        industrial and agricultural component of the country''s [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from\n        a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult\n        for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty\n        soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukraine''s economy contracted severely following the\n        years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person\n        living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural\n        Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs\n        and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]}}\\n\\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to\n        combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the\n        problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run\n        industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary\n        policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels.\n        For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar\n        year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future\n        of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25\n        June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural\n        reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for\n        [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government\n        and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts.\n        A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation\n        process.\\n\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[National Bank of Ukraine]] [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]]]]\\n\\nIn\n        the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002\n        |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It\n        recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach\n        the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s,\n        the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial\n        production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}}\n        Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the\n        IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/3243.html\n        \\\"Head of IMF''s Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\\\"].\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010\n        GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked\n        [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in\n        PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S.\n        dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List\n        of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]].\n        By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias\n        per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120529144539/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=Average Wage Income in 2008\n        by Region |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of\n        Ukraine }} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European\n        countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\\n\\nAs of 2016,  Ukraine had average wealth per adult, at [[USD|$]]1,254.{{Cite\n        book |url = https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html?WT.i_short-url=%2Fgwr&WT.i_target-url=%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-institute%2Fglobal-wealth-report.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fnews-and-expertise%2Fthe-global-wealth-report-2016-201611.html\n        |title=Global Wealth Report 2016 |publisher=Credit Suisse |year=2016}}\\n\\n[[File:An-225\n        Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft\n        in operational service.]]\\n\\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation\n        vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes\n        and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian\n        exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220750/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Structure export and import,\n        2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine\n        }} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency,\n        the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active\n        participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between\n        1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch\n        vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics\n        of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space\n        Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232043/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archivedate=2008-11-21|title=Missile\n        defence, NATO: Ukraine''s tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business\n        Ukraine}}{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\\n\\nThe\n        country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to\n        a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the\n        natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia\n        and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia\n        controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western\n        Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine''s\n        Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford\n        Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in\n        the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|Trends in the Human Development\n        Index of Ukraine, 1970\\u20132010]]\\n[[File:Ukraine salary by region 2016.svg|thumb|left|Ukrainian\n        administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by\n        salary|monthly salary]]. All figures are in the Ukrainian hryvnia.]]\\n\\nGrowing\n        sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market,\n        which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries\n        in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104074538/http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archivedate=2009-01-04|title=Microsoft\n        CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20\n        May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}}\n        In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information\n        technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/society/768725-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044e\n        \\u0406\\u0422-\\u0444\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukraine\n        in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''''], [[UNIAN]]\n        (27 March 2013)\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World\n        Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP \\u2013 around $163 billion,\n        2012 \\u2013 $176.6 billion, 2013 \\u2013 $177.4 billion.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP\n        (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency\n        was the world''s worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its\n        value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply\n        raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March\n        2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest\n        rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What\n        are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTMIDINCCOUN/0,,contentMDK:21453301~menuPK:5006209~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:4434098,00.html|publisher=[[The\n        World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include\n        underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.\n        The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated\n        in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych''s\n        regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archivedate=2014-03-25|publisher=Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} However, according\n        to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Ukraine is still the most corrupt country\n        in Europe being ranked 142nd out of 175 countries on the world, in the latest\n        CPI report from 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results/\n        |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014: Full table and rankings |publisher=Transparency\n        International |accessdate=3 December 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine\n        Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth\n        in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine\n        macroeconomic situation \\u2013 February 2008|url=http://www.unian.info/society/99662-ukraine-macroeconomic-situation-feb-2008.html|publisher=UNIAN\n        news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006\n        the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\\n\\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing\n        absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving\n        maternal health and reducing child mortality.\\nThe poverty rate according\n        to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption\n        is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent\n        in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of\n        the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time\n        from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About\n        Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe economy of Ukraine overcame the heavy crisis caused\n        by [[War in Donbass|armed conflict in southeast]] part of country. AT the\n        same time, 200% devaluation of Ukrainian hryvnia (national currency) in 2014\\u20132015\n        made Ukrainian goods and services cheaper and more \\u0441ompetitive.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/management-and-legal-support-for-business-activity-in-ukraine/|title=The\n        economy of Ukraine|last=Thor|first=Anatoliy|date=|website=|access-date=}}\n        In 2016, for the first time since 2010, the economy grew more than 2%. According\n        to [[World Bank]] statement growth is projected at 2% in 2017 and 3.5% in\n        2018.\\n\\n=== Corporations ===\\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch\n        of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'''']]\\nUkraine\n        has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of\n        metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231025730/http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archivedate=2010-12-31\n        |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December\n        2010}} However, the country is also well known for its production of\n        high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft\n        and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://sputniknews.com/business/20100720/159879889.html\n        |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine''s Antonov |work=RIA\n        Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country''s\n        largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded\n        on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\\n\\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include\n        [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]],\n        [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]]\n        and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=https://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012/\n        |title=Brand \\\"Ukraine\\\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com\n        |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine is regarded\n        as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such\n        a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and\n        legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf\n        |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the \\\"Miracle\\\" Meant\n        to Last?| author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}}\n        Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong\n        since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country\n        has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current\n        corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation\n        of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]],\n        the enduring failure to broaden the nation''s economic base and a lack of\n        effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114072151/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520\n        |archivedate= 2010-11-14 |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on\n        list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10\n        November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine''s\n        economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20110208144113/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/\n        |archivedate= 2011-02-08 |title=Ukraine''s economic growth to resume in 2010,\n        unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Transport ===\\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}\\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|thumb|The Kharkiv\\u2013Dnipro\n        motorway (M18)]]\\n\\nIn total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. Major routes, marked with the letter ''M'' for ''International''\n        ''''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''),\n        extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border\n        routes to the country''s neighbours. There are only two true [[motorway]]\n        standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} stretch\n        of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipro]] and a section of the M03 which\n        extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where\n        the city''s [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 \\\"\\u0425\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2\n        multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n[[Rail transport in Ukraine]] connects all major urban areas,\n        port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries.\n        The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is the [[Donbas]] region of\n        Ukraine. Although [[rail freight transport]] fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison\n        with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world''s\n        highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation\n        in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}}\n        The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}},\n        of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently\n        the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and\n        all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on\n        international routes, are operated by its company ''[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]''.\\n\\nTransport\n        by air is developing quickly, with a visa-free programme for EU nationals\n        and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm\n        |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} the nation''s aviation sector is handling a significantly\n        increased number of travellers. The [[Euro 2012]] football tournament, held\n        in Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts, prompted the government to invest heavily\n        in transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=1520657.html\n        |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August\n        2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The Donetsk airport, completed for\n        [[Euro 2012]], was destroyed by the end of 2014 because of the ongoing war\n        between the government and the separatist movement.{{cite web|author=Alan\n        Taylor |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/02/a-year-of-war-completely-destroyed-the-donetsk-airport/386204/\n        |title=A Year of War Completely Destroyed the Donetsk Airport |publisher=The\n        Atlantic |date=26 February 2015 |accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\n[[Boryspil\n        International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county''s largest international\n        airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for the country''s\n        flag carrier, [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. Other large airports in\n        the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv\n        International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]]\n        (now destroyed), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades\n        in the near future. In addition to its flag carrier, Ukraine has a number\n        of airlines including [[Windrose Airlines]], [[Dniproavia]], [[Azur Air Ukraine]],\n        and [[AtlasGlobal Ukraine]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov\n        Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world''s largest fixed\n        wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\\n\\nInternational maritime travel is mainly\n        provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly\n        to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently\n        operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0443\\u0440\\u0446\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439 |publisher=Ukrferry.com\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Energy ===\\n{{Main|Energy in Ukraine}}\\nIn\n        2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security\n        Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute,\n        which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth\n        and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine\n        | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and\n        Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8\n        January 2014}}\\n\\n==== Fuel resources ====\\nUkraine produces and processes\n        its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities\n        are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported,\n        mainly from [[Russia]].{{cite book|author1=Axel Siedenberg|author2=Lutz\n        Hoffmann|title=Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International\n        Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393|accessdate=20\n        October 2015|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7908-1189-6|page=393}}\\n\\nNatural\n        gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel\n        industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country,\n        as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]\n        started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine\\u2014a project aimed\n        at the nation''s total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in\n        electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n==== Power generation\n        ====\\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear\n        Power Plant]], the largest nuclear power plant in Europe]]\\nUkraine has been\n        a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011,\n        3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/minugol/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216629&cat_id=35081\n        \\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0442\\u0430 2011\n        \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe''s largest [[Electricity|energy]]\n        consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319085724/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archivedate=2014-03-19|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22\n        December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US\n        government}} {{As of|2011}}, 47.6% of total electricity generation was\n        from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear\n        power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located\n        in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June\n        2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract\n        selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite\n        web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/westinghouse-wins-contract-to-provide-fuel-supplies-to-ukraine-57318317.html|work=30\n        March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press\n        release}}\\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine,\n        which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia\n        says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15\n        April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation\n        of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of\n        Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries\n        through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine''s Energoatom\n        Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archivedate=2014-04-11|work=11\n        April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}\\n\\n[[Coal]]\n        and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]]\n        are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation\n        needed|date=April 2014}}\\n\\n==== Renewable energy use ====\\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo\n        Solar Park]]]]\\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total\n        energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity\n        of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and {{As of|2012|lc=y}}\n        stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/\n        |title=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u043e \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454,\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 | \\u0417\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012\n        |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar\n        power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe''s largest solar\n        park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-29/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-\n        | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe''s Biggest Solar\n        Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}} Ukrainian\n        State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined\n        installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase\n        by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative\n        energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108232254/http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archivedate=2014-01-08|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research,\n        by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with\n        a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear\n        reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257\n        |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12\n        June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction\n        and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential:\n        the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small\n        hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy\n        at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only\n        starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9\n        May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine''s [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy\n        Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative\n        and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total\n        electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114035724/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archivedate=2012-11-14\n        |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua\n        |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\n=== Internet ===\\n{{Main|Internet\n        in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has a large and steadily\n        growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis\n        of 2007\\u201308]]. As of June, 2014, there were 18.2 million desktop Internet\n        users, which is 56% of the adult population. The core of the audience is the\n        25 to 34-year-old age bracket, representing 29% of the population.{{cite\n        web|title = \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u0446\\u0438\\u0444\\u0440\\u044b \\u043e digital-\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|url = http://www.imena.ua/blog/digital-in-ukraine/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-20}} Ukraine ranks 8th among the world''s top ten countries\n        with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203080726/http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study|publisher=Pandonetworks.com|date=22\n        September 2011|accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\n=== Tourism ===\\n{{Main|Tourism\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[Image:St.MichaelsGoldenDomedCathedral.JPG|thumb|225px|[[St.\n        Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nUkraine occupies 8th\n        place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World\n        Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191518/http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf\n        UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6], [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) because\n        of its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]],\n        hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination;\n        [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosystem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins\n        and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points.\n        [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] are Ukraine''s\n        principal tourist centres each offering many historical landmarks as well\n        as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure. Tourism used to be the mainstay\n        of Crimea''s economy but there has been a major fall in visitor numbers following\n        the Russian annexation in 2014.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28688478\n        Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea] bbc.co.uk, accessed 29 December 2015\\n\\nThe\n        [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are\n        the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general\n        public through an Internet-based vote.\\n\\n== Demographics ==\\n{{Main|Demographics\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|width = 220px\\n|float = right\\n|title = Composition\n        of Ukraine by nationality\\n|titlebar = #ddd\\n|bars =\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\\n|caption = Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian\n        raions (2001)]]\\n\\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census\n        of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant\n        groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]]\n        (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]]\n        (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%),\n        [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%)\n        and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year |work=ukrcensus.gov.ua\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics |accessdate=17 April 2010 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |archivedate=17 December 2011 |df= }} The industrial regions in the\n        east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the\n        population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United\n        Nations Children''s Fund]] (UNICEF)}}\\n\\nUkraine has one of the most\n        equal income distribution as measured by [[Gini index]] and [[Income inequality\n        metrics|Palma ratio]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/datablog/2017/apr/26/inequality-index-where-are-the-worlds-most-unequal-countries|title=Inequality\n        index: where are the world''s most unequal countries?|last=Barr|first=Caelainn|date=2017-04-26|work=The\n        Guardian|access-date=2017-04-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}\\n\\n===\n        Population decline ===\\n\\nUkraine''s population (excluding Crimea) in 2016\n        was estimated at 48,457,102. The country''s population has been declining\n        since the 1990s because of its high death rate and low birth rate. The population\n        has been shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has\n        recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable\n        to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to\n        stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nIn 2007, the country''s rate of population decline was the fourth\n        highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field\n        Listing \\u2013 Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World\n        Factbook}}\\n\\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high\n        [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking,\n        extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna\n        H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm\n        \\\"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process\n        in Ukraine\\\"], ''''Uktraine Magazine'''' No. 2, 1998.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720122016/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archivedate=2009-07-20|title=What\n        Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The\n        World Bank Group}}\\n\\nDuring the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million\n        children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999\\u20132001.\n        In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence.\n        Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000\n        children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up\n        |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January\n        2014}}\\n\\n=== Fertility and natalist policies ===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (1950-2012).svg|thumb|Population\n        of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[https://archive.is/20120805214701/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html\n        State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php\n        Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\\n\\nThe current birth rate in\n        Ukraine, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death\n        rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine\n        demographic tables]]).\\n\\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined\n        as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed\n        by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where\n        total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world''s lowest,\n        shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although\n        Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during\n        1991\\u20132004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal\n        childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive\n        Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition\n        to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest\n        explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence\n        of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns\n        about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between\n        early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris\n        | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility\n        in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages\n        = 55\\u201370 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid\n        = 15764134 }}\\n\\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government\n        continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments\n        of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and\n        50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154\n        hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912\n        |title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry |accessdate=1 February 2008\n        |work=Economic Ministry}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |title=President meets with business bosses |accessdate=1 February 2008 |work=Press\n        office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The demographic trend\n        is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing\n        since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip\n        The demographic situation in Ukraine in January\\u2013September 2009]{{dead\n        link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net\n        population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five\n        provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing\n        signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the\n        western oblasts.[http://www.unian.info/society/69133-ukraines-birth-rate-shows-first-positive-signs-in-decade.html\n        \\\"Ukraine''s birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\\\"]. [[Ukrainian\n        Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July\n        2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward\n        trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 because of the\n        economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\\n\\n===\n        Urbanisation ===\\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\\nIn total, Ukraine has\n        457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''''raion''''}}-class\n        cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type\n        settlements and 28,552 villages.\\n{{Largest cities\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n=== Language ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian\n        language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision\n        according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Russian.svg|thumb|Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision\n        according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}]]\\n\\nAccording\n        to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is\n        Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially\n        in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to\n        the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population\n        declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared\n        Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=1\n        November 2004|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27\n        January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}} Most native\n        Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''''de facto'''' official language of the Soviet Union\n        but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com\n        |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy\n        Yekelchyk]] ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''', [[Oxford University\n        Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}} Effective in August 2012,\n        [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles\n        any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared\n        official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html\n        |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8\n        August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared\n        as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html\n        |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be\n        used in these cities''/oblasts'' administrative office work and documents.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html|title=Romanian\n        becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|author=Michael Schwirtz|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html|title=Ukraine|date=5\n        July 2012|work=The New York Times}} On 23 February 2014, following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal\n        the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at\n        all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President\n        Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\\"|trans-title=Draft Law on\n        the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \\\"On the basic principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12\n        March 2015}}{{cite news|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia|title=Western\n        nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis|date=24 February 2014|work=The\n        Guardian}}{{cite news|author=Andrew Kramer|title=Ukraine Turns\n        to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2\n        March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\\n\\nUkrainian\n        is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such\n        as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used\n        in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}}\n        while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern\n        and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is\n        used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across\n        different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches\n        responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\\n\\nFor a large\n        part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation\n        to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in\n        public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159\\u2013168\n        Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image\n        and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004\n        as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (National Archives of Ukraine)}}\n        Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled\n        or dubbed in Ukrainian.\\n\\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous\n        Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic.\n        However, the republic''s constitution specifically recognises Russian as the\n        language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage ''in all\n        spheres of public life''. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language\n        of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2007-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204020421/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2007 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as\n        the ''languages of other ethnicities''. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming\n        majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers\n        11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2006-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227002737/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |archivedate=27 February 2008 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars\n        and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive\n        account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \\\"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html\n        The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context\n        of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\\\" International Committee\n        for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\\n\\n=== Religion ===\\n{{Main|Religion\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|title=Religion in Ukraine as of 2016 (Razumkov Center){{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches (sample of 2,018 people)|pages = 22, 29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n|float=right\\n|bars=\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|Orchid|65.4}}\\n{{Bar percent|Do\n        not believe in one of the listed religions|Chartreuse|16.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|Simply\n        [[Christianity]]|Turquoise|7.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Greek Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|6.5}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|DodgerBlue|1.9}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Islam in Ukraine|Islam]]|Green|1.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism\n        in Ukraine|Roman Catholicism]]|Indigo|1.0}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[History of the\n        Jews in Ukraine|Judaism]]|Blue|0.2}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism in Ukraine|Hinduism]]|Orange|0.2}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other religions|Chartreuse|0.2}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w - Sob\\u00f3r\n        M\\u0105dro\\u015bci Bo\\u017cej 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in\n        Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev\n        Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational,\n        Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one\n        of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine]]\\n[[File:St. Nicholas Roman Catholic\n        Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St.\n        Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]]]\\n\\nA 2016 survey conducted by\n        the [[Razumkov Centre]] found that 70% of Ukrainians declared themselves believers\n        in any religion, while 10.1% were uncertain whether they believed or not,\n        7.2% were uninterested in beliefs, 6.3% were unbelievers, 2.7% were [[atheists]],\n        and a further 3.9% found it difficult to answer the question.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\n        The level of religiosity in Ukraine is greatest in [[Western Ukraine]] (91%),\n        and lowest in [[Eastern Ukraine]] (56%) and the [[Donbass]] (57%).\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\\\"\\n|-valign=top\\n! colspan\n        = 12| Changes over time and region in the proportions of people in Ukraine\n        identifying themselves as believers, etc.\\n|-valign=top\\n!\n        rowspan=2 | ''''Whether you attend church or not, who do you think you are?''''\\n!\n        colspan = 5| Ukraine\\n| rowspan=8 width=2|\\n! colspan = 5| 2016 survey split\n        by region\\n|-valign=top\\n! | 2000\\n! | 2010\\n! | 2013\\n! | 2014\\n! | 2016\\n!\n        | West\\n! | Centre\\n! | South\\n! | East\\n!| Donbass\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Believers\\n|align=right|\n        57.8%\\n|align=right| 71.4%\\n|align=right| 67.0%\\n|align=right| 76.0%\\n|align=right|\n        70.4%\\n|align=right| 91.0%\\n|align=right| 73.5%\\n|align=right| 65.7%\\n|align=right|\n        55.6%\\n|align=right| 57.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Those who hesitate between belief\n        and disbelief\\n|align=right| 22.5%\\n|align=right| 11.5%\\n|align=right| 14.7%\\n|align=right|\n        7.9%\\n|align=right| 10.1%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        8.3%\\n|align=right| 14.2%\\n|align=right| 19.5%\\n|-valign=top\\n| Not a believer\\n|align=right|\n        11.9%\\n|align=right| 7.9%\\n|align=right| 5.5%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right|\n        6.3%\\n|align=right| 0.9%\\n|align=right| 4.8%\\n|align=right| 7.4%\\n|align=right|\n        13.4%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Atheist beliefs\\n|align=right|\n        3.2%\\n|align=right| 1.4%\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right| 2.5%\\n|align=right|\n        2.7%\\n|align=right| 0.2%\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right| 3.2%\\n|align=right|\n        3.5%\\n|align=right| 5.0%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Do not care\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right|\n        4.4%\\n|align=right| 5.1%\\n|align=right| 4.9%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|align=right|\n        1.2%\\n|align=right| 8.0%\\n|align=right| 13.0%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        9.4%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Difficult to answer\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right|\n        3.3%\\n|align=right| 5.7%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.9%\\n|align=right| 3.8%\\n|align=right| 2.3%\\n|align=right| 5.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.6%\\n|}\\n\\nOf the Ukrainian population, 81.9% were Christians, comprising\n        a 65.4% who declared to be [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], 7.1% simply\n        [[Christian]]s, 6.5% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Rite Catholics]],\n        and 1.9% [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. A further 1.1% were [[Muslim]]s and\n        1.0% [[Latin Church|Latin Rite Catholics]]. [[Judaism]] and [[Hinduism]] were\n        the religions of 0.2% of the population each. A further 16.3% of the population\n        did not identify in one of those listed hitherto. According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s,\n        such numbers have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade.\\n\\nA 2006 survey of the same Razumkov Centre, found\n        that: 62.5% of all respondents were [[irreligion|not religious, not believers]]\n        or not affiliated to any religious body, 33.6% were Christians (26.8% Orthodox,\n        5.9% Catholics, and 0.9% Protestants), 0.1% were Jewish, and 3.8% were members\n        of other religions.{{cite web|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?|trans-title=Sociological\n        poll: Believers, which churches and denominations do you consider yourself\n        to be adherents of? (sample of 11,216 people)|language=uk|work=[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]|date=2006|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}\\n\\nAmong those Ukrainians\n        who declared to believe in Orthodoxy, 38.1% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kiev Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Kievan Patriarchate]] (a body that is not canonically recognized by\n        the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]), while 23.0% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Moscovian Patriarchate]] (which is an [[autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]]\n        Orthodox church under the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]). A further 2.7% were\n        members of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], which, like the\n        Kievan Patriarchate, is not recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2004 |title=State Department of Ukraine on Religious\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=2003 Statistical report |deadurl=yes |df=\n        }} Among the remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 32.3% declared to be \\\"simply\n        Orthodox\\\", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 3.1%\n        declared that they \\\"did not know\\\" which patriarchate or Orthodox church\n        they belonged to.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n\\nThe\n        second largest Christian group in Ukraine, [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]],\n        is predominantly represented by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], an\n        [[Eastern Catholic]] Church in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy\n        See]] of the Roman Catholic Church. It recognizes the primacy of the [[Pope]]\n        as head of the Church while still maintaining a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]]\n        and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archivedate=26 February 2008 |title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Additionally, there\n        are a small number of [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities (1.0%). The church consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who\n        live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in\n        Ukraine]] make up 1.9% of the population as of 2016. A further 7.1% of the population declares to be simply Christian.\\n\\n=== Famines and migration ===\\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]],\n        followed by the devastation of World War II, created a demographic disaster.\n        Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and\n        seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males\n        in the period 1941\\u201344.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 =\n        Jacques | last2 = Mesl\\u00e9 | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3\n        = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A\n        New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages\n        = 249\\u2013264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 | pmid=12553326}}\n        According to ''''The Oxford companion to World War II'''', \\\"Over 7 million\n        inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were\n        killed during the Second World War.\\\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell\n        Foot (2001). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Oxford companion to World War II]''''. Oxford University Press. p. 909.\n        {{ISBN|0-19-860446-7}}\\n\\nSignificant migration took place in the first\n        years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into\n        Ukraine in 1991\\u201392, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In\n        total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among\n        them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and\n        2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved\n        to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska,\n        Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy/\n        \\\"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\\\"].\n        National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3\n        July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the\n        total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries\n        by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web\n        |url= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls\n        |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United\n        Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were\n        an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000\n        \\\"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories \\u2013\n        20% sample data\\\"]. ''''Statistics Canada.'''' giving Canada the world''s\n        third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There\n        are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\\n\\n=== Health ===\\n{{Main|Health\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a)\n        - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children''s hospital in [[Kremenchuk]],\n        [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established\n        in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners\n        of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens.\n        At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists.\n        Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3,200 qualified nurses. The organization takes\n        part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly\n        funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates,\n        the Society annually provides services to more than 105,000 lonely, elderly\n        people, about 23,000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25,000 war veterans, and more than 8,000 adults handicapped\n        since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian\n        citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated\n        in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist\n        nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com\n        |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209112933/http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |archivedate=9 December 2010 }} The public sector employs most healthcare\n        professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also\n        retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public\n        health facilities on a regular basis.\\n\\nAll of the country''s medical service\n        providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides\n        oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible\n        for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this,\n        standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine\n        |url=http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in\n        Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same\n        lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure;\n        as a result most towns have their own hospital ''''(\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)'''' and many also have district\n        hospitals ''''(\\u0420\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\n        Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major\n        cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital,\n        [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have\n        their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost\n        all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres;\n        such hospitals are called ''regional hospitals'' ''''(\\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\\n\\nUkraine currently faces\n        a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic\n        crisis because of its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian\n        birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000\n        population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality\n        rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]]\n        and smoking. In 2008, the country''s population\n        was one of the fastest declining in the world at \\u22125% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915155109/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=15 September 2002 |title=State Statistics Committee\n        of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014 }}\n        The UN warned that Ukraine''s population could fall by as much as 10 million\n        by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects:\n        The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archivedate=2014-03-20|publisher=United\n        Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high\n        blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian\n        healthcare system.\\n\\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming\n        the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family\n        doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency\n        services]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/11044.html National\n        network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister],\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime\n        Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to\n        start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in\n        the spring of 2010.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/|title=Ukraine\n        to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=24 November 2009|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065454/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-to-start-introducing-insurance-based-healt-53483.html|archivedate=23\n        October 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Education ===\\n{{Main|Education in Ukraine|List\n        of universities in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The\n        [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine''s most important educational institutions]]\\n[[File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\n        building by [[Josef Hl\\u00e1vka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\\nAccording\n        to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free\n        education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education\n        is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority.\n        Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is\n        provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archivedate=1997-04-15|title=Constitution\n        of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited\n        private secondary and higher education institutions.\\n\\nBecause of the Soviet\n        Union''s emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues\n        today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since\n        2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year\n        one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six),\n        middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary\n        then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |title=General secondary education |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |archivedate=16 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} In the 12th grade,\n        students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving\n        exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\\n\\nThe first\n        higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th\n        and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution\n        was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin\n        Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the\n        time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium\n        was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern\n        Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and\n        in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as\n        a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]],\n        founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th\n        century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805),\n        [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi\n        University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education\n        institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and\n        Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher\n        Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical\n        Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic\n        Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School\n        (1899) in [[Dnipro|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education\n        institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf\n        |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are\n        those owned by private organisations.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian higher education system\n        comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]]\n        facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing\n        bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007\n        |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |archivedate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The organisation\n        of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure\n        of education of the world''s higher [[developed countries]], as is defined\n        by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |title=System of the Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nUkraine has more\n        than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates\n        reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/\n        |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14\n        October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine produces the fourth\n        largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe,\n        while being ranked seventh in population. [[Higher education in Ukraine|Higher\n        education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state\n        expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term\n        exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some\n        universities. For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%. For\n        most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic\n        living expenses. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city\n        students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all\n        registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor''s\n        degree (4 years) and the master''s degree (5\\u20136th year), in\n        accordance with the [[Bologna process]]. Historically, [[Specialist degree]]\n        (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by\n        universities in the Soviet times.\\n\\nThe Law of Ukraine ''''On Higher Education''''\n        came into force on 6 September 2014. It was approved in Ukrainian Parliament\n        on 1 July 2014. The main changes in the system of higher education:{{cite\n        web|title = 16 \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d \\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456: \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438|url = http://osvita.ua/vnz/reform/42795/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-22}} a separate collegiate body to monitor the quality of\n        education was established (Ukrainian: \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438);\n        each higher education institution has the right to implement its own educational\n        and research programs; role of the student government was increased; higher\n        education institution has the right freely administer own revenues; 5 following\n        types of higher education qualifications were established: Junior Bachelor,\n        Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Science; load on\n        lecturers and students was reduced; academic mobility for faculty and students\n        etc.\\n\\n=== Regional differences ===\\n{{See also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional\n        differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukr\n        elections 2012 multimandate okruhs.png|thumb|Results of the [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2012|2012 parliamentary election]]. Yanukovych''s [[Party of Regions]]\n        in blue. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]] in purple.]]\\n[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in\n        [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language\n        in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently\n        in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer\n        classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009\n        | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic\n        Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html\n        | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]]\n        | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\\n\\nOn the [[Russian language\n        in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]],\n        opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite\n        of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics\n        tend be less extreme.{{cite web|url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/yazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html|title=The\n        language question, the results of recent research in 2012|publisher=[[Sociological\n        group \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]]|date=25 May 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/|title=Who''s\n        Afraid of Ukrainian History?|author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy D.\n        Snyder|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 September 2010}}{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html\n        |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian\n        language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0419\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|trans-title=Attitude of the Ukrainian\n        population to the figure of Joseph Stalin|publisher=[[Kyiv International Institute\n        of Sociology]]|date=1 March 2013|language=uk}}\\n\\nSimilar historical\n        cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification.\n        Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]],\n        differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]]\n        and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], and [[Donetsk]], predominantly\n        Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central\n        and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important\n        and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the\n        [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of\n        the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that\n        the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url=\n        http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all\n        were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic\n        difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture\n        and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation\n        | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all\n        | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine\n        | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3\n        | pages = 345\\u201368 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}}\n        Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging\n        to a \\\"Soviet identity\\\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the\n        Crimea (about 30%).{{cite web|format=PDF |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |title=Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding\n        Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region |work=taraskuzio.net |author=Taras\n        Kuzio |author-link=Taras Kuzio |date=23 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205435/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 May 2014 |df= }}\\n\\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]]\n        voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces)\n        vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc|Our\n        Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|script-title=uk:\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2012|trans-title=The Elections\n        of People''s Deputies of Ukraine 2012|language=uk|date=28 November 2012}}{{cite\n        web|date=30 August 2012|title=CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting\n        papers|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233711/http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archivedate=13\n        August 2014|deadurl=y|accessdate=6 November 2015}} and presidential\n        candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]]\n        and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern\n        and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]],\n        [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]])\n        with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation\n        | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc\n        | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe |\n        last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau\n        | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] |\n        year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation\n        | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle\n        | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher\n        = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url\n        = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981\n        | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine''s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012\n        Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher\n        = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation|url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |title=UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again |first=Taras |last=Kuzio\n        |author-link=Taras Kuzio |publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]] |date=5 October 2007\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515074305/http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df= }} However, this geographical division\n        is decreasing.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217083456/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/\n        \\\"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\\\"]. ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 11\n        February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine''s\n        Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv \\u2013 EU News & policy\n        debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine\n        vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\\n\\n== Culture\n        ==\\n{{Main|Ukrainian culture}}\\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection\n        of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs \\u2013 [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design\n        motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\\n[[File:Rushnyk -\n        Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian\n        embroidery]]]]\\n\\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by [[Orthodox Christianity]],\n        the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles\n        also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in\n        bringing up children, than in the West.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\n        The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western\n        neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music\n        and art.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\\n\\nThe Communist era had quite\n        a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite\n        was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin\n        made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated\n        the decree \\\"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\\\". This\n        greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced\n        and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as\n        they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archivedate=18 December 2007 |title=Gorbachev, Mikhail |accessdate=30 July\n        2008 |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |quote=Under his\n        new policy of glasnost (\\\"openness\\\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms\n        of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and\n        broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism;\n        and the country''s legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely\n        repudiated by the government |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nThe tradition of\n        the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These\n        eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied\n        to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously\n        wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed\n        leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old,\n        and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University\n        of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which\n        won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven\n        Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\\n\\n=== Weaving and embroidery ===\\nArtisan [[textile\n        arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes\n        |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]].\n        [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional\n        [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies\n        depending on the region of origin''''\\\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\\\",\n        Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine''''\n        and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours\n        and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian\n        Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of colour is very important\n        and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different\n        parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\\n\\nNational\n        dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still\n        practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village\n        is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts\n        fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u2013 \\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Rivne\n        Regional State Administration \\u2013 The Regional Centre for Folk Art|language=uk|publisher=Rv.gov.ua|accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0406\\u0421\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0422\\u0410 \\u0412\\u0418\\u0428\\u0418\\u0412\\u041a\\u0418\n        \\u0423\\u041b\\u042f\\u041d\\u0418 \\u041a\\u041e\\u0422 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve\n        this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving\n        centre, a museum and weaving school.\\n\\n=== Literature ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        literature}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|total_width=350\\n|width1=1517|height1=2006|image1=Taras\n        Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|caption1=[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.\\n|width2=560|height2=800|image2=\\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430.1888.jpg|caption2=[[Lesya\n        Ukrainka]], one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers.\\n}}\\nThe history\n        of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the\n        Christianisation of the Kievan Rus''.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Cultural Life \\u2013 The Arts \\u2013 Literature|accessdate=8 January\n        2014|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time\n        were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical\n        accounts of the time were referred to as ''''[[chronicle]]s'''', the most\n        significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archivedate= 6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Literature |accessdate=3\n        July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|G|g|none}}\n        Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'']].\\n\\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century,\n        and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction\n        of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both\n        Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an\n        independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s,\n        which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries,\n        when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless,\n        by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\\n\\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in\n        Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]''s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Eneyida''''}},\n        the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian\n        [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation''s most renowned cultural\n        figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan\n        Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian\n        vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\\\L\\\\I\\\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Danylo\n        Husar Sruk|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThen,\n        in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]]\n        by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary\n        activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish\n        their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central\n        Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete\n        after the revolution and the Bolsheviks'' coming to power.\\n\\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years,\n        when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literary\n        figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola\n        Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep\n        decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others\n        were killed by [[NKVD]] as part of the [[Great Purge]]. In general around\n        223 writers were repressed by what was known as the [[Executed Renaissance]].{{cite\n        web|author=Yuriy Lavrinenko|url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f\n        1917\\u20131933|trans-title=The Executed Renaissance: Anthology 1917\\u20131933|language=uk|location=Kiev|publisher=Smoloskyl|date=2004|archivedate=13\n        December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}}\n        These repressions were part of Stalin''s implemented policy of [[socialist\n        realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian\n        language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works.\\n\\nIn\n        post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited\n        under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet\n        literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk (poet)]],\n        [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\\n\\nLiterary\n        freedom appeared in late 1980s \\u2014 early 1990s with the process of\n        collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are\n        [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Oleksandr\n        Irvanets|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Yuriy\n        Izdryk|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a \\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy\n        Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov writes\n        in Russian, he is predominantly considered a representative of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\n===\n        Architecture ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque\n        Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]]\n        in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, which has a large [[Ukrainian diaspora.]]]]\\nUkrainian\n        architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built\n        in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\\nThese include initial\n        roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']]. Since the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'']] for several\n        ages Ukrainian architecture was influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture]].\n        After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural\n        history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During\n        the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was\n        developed under the western influences of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\n        After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger\n        eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]]\n        of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was\n        developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]].\n        Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\\n\\nThe great [[Architecture of\n        Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus'']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption\n        of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture\n        in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was\n        strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church\n        becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores\n        of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication\n        of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples\n        of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries,\n        many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below).\n        Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of\n        Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid,\n        [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125 and\n        [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], circa 12th-century. All can\n        still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\n        Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']]\n        has survived.\\n\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian\n        Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects\n        in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered.\n        [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]],\n        is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top\n        of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally\n        notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was\n        built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]].\n        During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea,\n        and renamed them as [[New Russia]]. New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]],\n        [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain\n        notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan\n        Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\\nFile:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] \\u2013 one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\\nFile:Kyiv, St Andrew\n        church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew''s Church, Kiev|St Andrew''s Church]] in [[Kiev]]\n        an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\\nFile:\\u041b\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0458\\u0430.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv''s\n        Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its\n        history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\nFile:\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434 \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|[[Vorontsov''s Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov\n        Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic\n        Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\\nFile:Monasterio\n        de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]],\n        an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\\nFile:ArcLviv.JPG|Example of early 20th\n        century architecture in [[Lviv]].\\nFile:LvivArchitecture.JPG|Lviv. The Bernardine\n        church in the style of Italian and Dutch mannerism\\nFile:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430) 02.JPG|[[Poltava]] museum, [[Ukrainian\n        Modern architecture]] example. 1908.\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\n        38 \\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u044c 2 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 2012 01.JPG|Central\n        Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f.JPG|Modern residential architecture\n        in [[Kharkiv]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446 \\u0428\\u0435\\u043d\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438.jpg|Sch\\u00f6nborn Palace. 1895\\n\\n
\\n\\nIn\n        1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously,\n        the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention.\n        All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist\n        architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy,\n        a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired\n        examples such as the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed.\n        Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War\n        contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction\n        of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example\n        of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture\n        once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\\n\\nThe task for\n        modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central\n        Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers\n        were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space\n        for a new shopping centre.\\n\\nA major project, which may take up most of the\n        21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi\n        Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid\n        the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml |script-title=ru:\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020\\u0433., \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u043c, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432, \\u043e\\u0431\\u044a\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u044b, \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0444\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0440.\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u044b\\u0431\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435, \\u041f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d. |trans-title=Architects of Kiev \\u2013 Development\n        rationale for changes in the general development plan of Kiev up to 2020 relating\n        to the construction of residential and office buildings with underground parking,\n        hospitality-office complexes, shopping centres, social and cultural facilities,\n        multi-functional entertainment complexes, etc. on Rybalsky island, Podolsky\n        district. |work=archunion.com.ua |date=7 December 2005 |accessdate=8 January\n        2014 |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510032158/http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml\n        |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Music ===\\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Cossack\n        Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumb|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing a [[kobza]]]]\\n\\nMusic\n        is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences.\n        From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern\n        rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians\n        including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from\n        traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even\n        into modern [[jazz]].\\n\\n[[File:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]]\n        is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}]]\\n\\nUkrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing\n        mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general\n        characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of\n        minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\\n\\nDuring the\n        Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received\n        a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in\n        the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well\n        versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy,\n        Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]]\n        or [[torban]].\\n\\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv,\n        Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura\n        from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers\n        within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated\n        in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\\nSee: [[Dmytro\n        Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\\n\\n[[File:Rapid\n        Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian dance ''''[[hopak]]''''.]]\\n\\nUkrainian\n        classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the\n        composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian\n        ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic\n        Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The\n        music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for\n        whom they cater.\\n\\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has\n        been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana\n        Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international\n        popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]],\n        [[Dakha Brakha]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\nModern musical culture\n        of Ukraine is presented both with academic and entertainment music. Ukraine\n        has five conservatories, 6 opera houses, five houses of Chamber Music, Philharmony\n        in all regional centers.\\n\\nUkraine hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]]\n        and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]].\\n\\n=== Cinema ===\\n{{Main|Cinema\n        of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian\n        directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important\n        early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]],\n        [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director\n        and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian\n        cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which\n        was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\\n\\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira\n        Muratova]]]]\\n\\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa\n        Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid\n        Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and\n        [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and\n        critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla\n        Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\\n\\nDespite a history of important\n        and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a\n        debate about its identity and the level of European and Russian influence.\n        Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian\n        actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films.\n        Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events,\n        including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything\n        Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]].\\n\\nUkrainian State Film\n        Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory\n        and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]],\n        and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival\n        held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and\n        first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\\n\\n===\n        Media ===\\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine\n        |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} was founded by [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum).\n        Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated\n        to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics\n        of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the\n        freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\\n[[Freedom\n        House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \\\"free\\\" and the press as \\\"partly\n        free\\\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution\n        of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \\\"negative trends in Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Kiev]]\n        dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine''s leading\n        English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]]\n        [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such\n        as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian),\n        and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also\n        a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine,\n        [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including\n        books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media,\n        newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing\n        Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts\n        in 1992.\\n\\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]]\n        or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half\n        hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\\n\\n===\n        Sport ===\\n{{Main|Sport in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration\n        Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates\n        a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet\n        emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds\n        of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Sports and recreation |accessdate=12\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]].\n        The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]]\n        (\\\"premier league\\\").\\n\\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national\n        football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners\n        of the prestigious [[Ballon d''Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only\n        presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy\n        Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]],\n        and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy\n        national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]],\n        where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]]\n        have held world heavyweight championships.\\n\\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record\n        in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic\n        abilities, he was voted the world''s best athlete on several occasions.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka | accessdate =27 May 2010\n        | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work\n        = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world''s\n        best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archivedate=2011-05-11\n        |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com\n        |accessdate=30 January 2011}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular\n        in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket\n        2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished\n        6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA\n        World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant\n        [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball\n        club in Ukraine.\\n\\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]]\n        is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]]\n        and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\\n\\nUkraine made its Olympic\n        debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]]\n        has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances)\n        than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number\n        of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every\n        country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March\n        2014}}\\n\\n\\n=== Cuisine ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        cuisine}}\\n\\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef,\n        fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains,\n        fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[varenyky]]''''}}\n        (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries\n        or berries), [[nalysnyky]] (pancakes with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms,\n        caviar or meat), [[kapu\\u015bniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots,\n        onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borscht]]\n        (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[Go\\u0142\\u0105bki|holubtsy]]''''}}\n        (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and\n        [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian\n        specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev cake]]. Ukrainians drink\n        [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese\n        from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional\n        Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:Wareniki.JPG|
[[Varenyky]] topped with fried onion
\\nFile:Borscht served.jpg|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|sour\n        cream]]\\nFile:Martiniouk Paska.JPG|
[[Paska\n        (bread)|Paska]], Ukrainian [[Easter]] bread
\\n\\n
\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of cultural icons\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] \\u2013\n        the first official Ukrainian currency\\n* [[Ukrainian oligarchs]]\\n\\n== Notes\n        ==\\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\\n''''''a.''''''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians\n        that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]],\n        [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who\n        greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen\n        Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\\n\\n''''''b.''''''{{Note\n        label|B|b|none}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data\n        is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the\n        famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting\n        various statements from different branches of different governments as to\n        whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide\n        by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm\n        on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according\n        to ''''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'''': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0491\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\"}}]),\n        16 (according to ''''[[Korrespondent]]'''', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002\n        {{lang|ru|\\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0439\\u043c \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\\"}}]),\n        \\\"more than 10\\\" (according to ''''Korrespondent'''', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780-latviya-viznala-golodomor-1932-33-rr-genocidom-ukrayinciv\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 1932\\u201333 \\u0440\\u0440.\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\\\"}}])\n        Retrieved 27 January 2008.\\n\\n''''''c.''''''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}}\n        These figures are likely to be much higher, as they ''''''do not'''''' include\n        Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians,\n        from the Ukrainian SSR.\\n\\n''''''d.''''''{{Note label|D|d|none}} This figure\n        excludes [[POW]] deaths.\\n\\n''''''e.''''''{{Note label|E|e|none}} Russia and\n        Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include\n        European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European\n        territories larger than Ukraine.\\n\\n''''''f.''''''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note\n        label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census\n        (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number\n        and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census''2001\n        data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite\n        web|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 About number and composition population of Kiev\n        on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}})\n        about 75 percent of Kiev''s population responded ''Ukrainian'' to the\n        native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent\n        responded ''Russian''. On the other hand, when the question ''What language\n        do you use in everyday life?'' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey,\n        the Kievans'' answers were distributed as follows: ''mostly Russian'': 52 percent,\n        ''both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure'': 32 percent, ''mostly\n        Ukrainian'': 14 percent, ''exclusively Ukrainian'': 4.3 percent.{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What\n        language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February\n        2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\\n\\n''''''g.''''''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such\n        writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\\n{{Refend}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681\n        Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published\n        16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth\n        and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925\n        Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]].\n        Published on 25 September 2014.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Trade \\u2013 European Commission|publisher=}}}}\\n\\n== Print sources\n        ==\\n=== Reference books ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* ''''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''''\n        (University of Toronto Press, 1984\\u201393) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\\n* ''''[https://www.questia.com/read/58069636/ukraine-a-concise-encyclopedia\n        Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'''' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University\n        of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''''Ukraine'''' (Culture\n        Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\\n* Evans, Andrew. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T\n        online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== Recent (since 1991)\n        ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''''Revolution in\n        Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''' (2006)\\n* Birch,\n        Sarah. ''''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'''' Macmillan, 2000 [https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* Edwards Mike: \\\"Ukraine \\u2013 Running on empty\\\"\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''''Cleft\n        Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        and Moldova'''', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89821-558-9}}\\n* Kuzio,\n        Taras: ''''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'''',\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7656-0224-5}}\\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''''Ukraine: State\n        and Nation Building'''' Routledge, 1998 [https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building\n        online edition]\\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''''Multilingual education\n        as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'''', in ''''Language\n        Education for Intercultural Communication'''', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens,\n        Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, {{ISBN|1-85359-204-8}}\\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine''s\n        Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\\n*\n        Whitmore, Sarah. ''''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament,\n        1990\\u20132003'''' Routledge, 2004 [https://www.questia.com/read/108557869/state-building-in-ukraine-the-ukrainian-parliament\n        online edition]\\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''''Ukraine''s\n        Orange Revolution'''' (2005)\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected\n        Nation,'''' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L\n        online excerpts at Amazon]\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''Ukrainian Nationalism in\n        the 1990s: A Minority Faith'''', [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-57457-9}}\\n*\n        Zon, Hans van. ''''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'''' 2000\n        [https://www.questia.com/read/98833788/the-political-economy-of-independent-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== History ===\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* [https://www.academia.edu/10220788/UKRAINIAN_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_BETWEEN_40_10.000_BP\n        UKRAINIAN UPPER PALAEOLITHIC BETWEEN 40/10.000 BP]\\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''''The\n        Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'''' (Rutgers UP, 1964)\n        [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world\n        online]\\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''''A History of Ukraine'''' (1986)\\n* Katchanovski\n        Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''''Historical\n        Dictionary of Ukraine.'''' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\\n*\n        Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations\n        between Ukraine and Russia, 1654\\u20131917'''' (Marquette University Press\n        1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations\n        online]\\n* Luckyj, George S. ''''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine:\n        An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'''' (1996)\\n* [[Magocsi,\n        Paul Robert]], ''''A History of Ukraine''''. [[University of Toronto Press]],\n        1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-7820-6}}\\n* Reid, Anna. ''''Borderland: A Journey Through\n        the History of Ukraine'''' (2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/96969196/borderland-a-journey-through-the-history-of-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''''Ukraine: A History'''',\n        1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}.\\n*\n        Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''' (Oxford University\n        Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation\n        online]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==== World War II ====\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian\n        Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\\n* Berkhoff, Karel C.\n        ''''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'''' Harvard\n        U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle\n        and Women''s Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\\n*\n        Gross, Jan T. ''''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland''s\n        Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'''' (1988).\\n* Lower, Wendy. ''''Nazi\n        Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'''' U. of North Carolina Press,\n        2005. 307 pp.\\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''''Poland''s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife,\n        Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918\\u20131947'''',\n        McFarland & Company, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}\\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''''Together\n        and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919\\u20131945.'''' Indiana\n        U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''''Holocaust In The Ukraine'''',\n        Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Sister\n        project links|voy=Ukraine}}\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx\n        Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121072359/https://en.ukrainecityguide.com/\n        Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\\n* [https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine]\n        information from the [[United States Department of State]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416140456/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html\n        Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm\n        Ukraine] at ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\\n*\n        [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\\n*\n        {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development\n        Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62\n        EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/\n        EU Neighbourhood Library]\\n; Government\\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/\n        The President of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government\n        Portal of Ukraine]\\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\\n*\n        [http://escher.com.ua/main.php Ukrainian art. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\\n|Southwest\n        = \\n|West      = {{Flag|Chile}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|title=International\n        membership\\n|list=\\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\\n{{G15 nations}}\\n{{G20}}\\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul\n        (Southern Common Market)}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of\n        South American Nations}}\\n{{World Trade Organization}}\\n{{Founding member\n        states of the United Nations}}\\n}}\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Federal\n        constitutional republics]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:G15\n        nations]]\\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of Mercosur]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American\n        Nations]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking\n        countries and territories]]\\n[[Category:States and territories established\n        in 1816]]\\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":799647522,\"length\":206395,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\"},\"31750\":{\"pageid\":31750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:15:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        country}}\\n{{pp-pc1}}\\n{{pp-move-indef}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}\\n{{EngvarB|date=October\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox country\\n| conventional_long_name =Ukraine\\n| common_name\n        = Ukraine\\n| native_name = {{native name|uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|italics=off}}''''{{small|Ukrayina}}''''\\n| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\\n| image_coat\n        = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\\n| national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\\\"''''[[Shche\n        ne vmerla Ukraina|Shche ne vmerly Ukrainy ni slava ni volya]]''''\\\"}}
\\\"The\n        glory and the will of Ukraine has not yet died\\\" (also \\u2013 \\\"Ukraine has\n        not yet perished)\\\"
[[File:Anthem-of-Ukraine Chorus Veryovka.ogg]]
\\n|\n        image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\\n| map_caption ={{unbulleted\n        list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green}}|Claimed,\n        but not controlled ({{small|light green}})}}\\n| capital = [[Kiev]]\\n| coordinates\n        = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:city}}\\n| largest_city = capital\\n\\n| official_languages =\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| regional_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]],\n        [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]],\n        [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]],\n        [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]],\n        [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]],\n        [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]],\n        [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]],\n        [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]{{cite web |\n        url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17\n        | archivedate=14 February 2014 | title=Law of Ukraine \\\"On Principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\" (Current version \\u2014 Revision from 1 February 2014) |\n        publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional\n        or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30\n        April 2014}}\\n| ethnic_groups =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\\n  |\n        17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\\n\n        }}\\n| ethnic_groups_year = 2001\\n| demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\\n| government_type\n        = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}}\n        [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n|\n        leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of\n        Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n| leader_name2 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\\n| leader_title3\n        = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\\n| leader_name3\n        = [[Andriy Parubiy]]\\n| legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus'']]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 882\\n| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia|Kingdom\n        of
Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]}}\\n| established_date2 = 1199\\n| established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\\n| established_date3 =\n        17 August 1649\\n| established_event4 = Independence from [[Russian Republic]];\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date4 = 7 November 1917\\n|\n        established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date5\n        = 1 November 1918\\n| established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian\n        SSR]]\\n| established_date6 = 10 March 1919\\n| established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\\n|\n        established_date7 = 8 October 1938\\n| established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet\n        annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviet annexation
of Western\n        Ukraine]]}}\\n| established_date8 = 15 November 1939\\n| established_event9\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration ofUkrainian Independence]]}}\\n| established_date9 = 30 June 1941\\n| established_event10\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the\n        Soviet Union]]}}\\n| established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\\n| area_km2\n        = 603,628\\n| area_rank = 45th \\n| area_sq_mi = or 233,013/ 223,013\\n| percent_water = 7\\n| population_estimate =42,541,633\n        {{decrease}}{{cite web|url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |title=Population (by estimate) as of 1 April, 2016. |publisher=State Statistics\n        Service of Ukraine |accessdate=1 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |archivedate=8 August 2016 |df= }}\\n| population_census = 48,457,102\\n|\n        population_estimate_year = 2016\\n| population_estimate_rank = 32nd\\n| population_census_year\n        = 2001\\n| population_density_km2 = 73.8\\n| population_density_sq_mi = 191\n        \\n| population_density_rank = 115th\\n|\n        GDP_PPP = $353 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=10&sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report\n        for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=World Economic Outlook Database,\n        April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 2017|accessdate=12\n        August 2016}} \\n| GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n| GDP_PPP_rank =\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,305 \\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal\n        = $93.263 billion \\n|\n        GDP_nominal_year = 2016\\n| GDP_nominal_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita =\n        $2,194 \\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        =\\n| Gini = 24.1 \\n| Gini_year = 2014\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n|\n        Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UA\n        |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 9 November 2016}}\\n|\n        Gini_rank =\\n| HDI = 0.747 \\n| HDI_year = 2014 \\n| HDI_change\n        = increase\\n| HDI_ref = {{cite\n        web|format=PDF|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf|title=Human\n        Development Report 2015 Statistical Annex|date=14 December 2015|accessdate=15\n        December 2015}}\\n| HDI_rank = 81st\\n| currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\\n|\n        currency_code = UAH\\n| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\\n| utc_offset\n        = +2{{cite web|url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 30 \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441|trans-title=Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter\n        time on 30 October|language=uk|publisher=korrespondent.net|date=18 October\n        2011|accessdate=31 October 2011}}\\n| utc_offset_DST = +3\\n| time_zone_DST\n        = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\\n| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand\n        traffic|right]]\\n| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\\n|\n        cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440]]}}\\n| footnote_a\n        = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was\n        held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26\n        December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted\n        on 28 June 1996.\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| country_code = UKR\\n}}\\n{{Contains\n        Cyrillic text}}\\n\\n''''''Ukraine'''''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|ju\\u02d0|\\u02c8|k|r|e\\u026a|n}};\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430}}, [[Romanization\n        of Ukrainian|tr.]] {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Ukrayina''''}} {{IPA-uk|ukr\\u0250\\u02c8jin\\u0250|}}),\n        [[Name of Ukraine#\\\"Ukraine\\\" versus \\\"the Ukraine\\\"|sometimes called ''''''the\n        Ukraine'''''']],{{cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844|publisher=BBC|title=Ukraine\n        or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have ''the''?|last1= Geoghegan|first1=Tom|work=BBC\n        News Magazine|date=7 June 2012}} is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Eastern\n        Europe]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=The\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine| publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=7\n        January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014}} [[State Border of Ukraine|bordered]]\n        by [[Russia]] to the east, northeast, and south, [[Belarus]] to the northwest,\n        [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]]\n        to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and\n        southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in [[territorial dispute]] with\n        Russia over the [[Crimean Peninsula]] which [[Annexation of Crimea by the\n        Russian Federation|Russia annexed in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082|title=Russia''s\n        Crimea plan detailed, secret and successful|first=John|last=Simpson|date=19\n        March 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}} but which Ukraine and most of\n        the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine\n        has an area of {{convert|603628|km\\u00b2|0|abbr=on}},{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Ukraine|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 United Nations Statistics Division|work=United Nations|date=2016|accessdate=6\n        September 2016}} making it the largest country entirely within [[Europe]]\n        and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|46th]] largest country\n        in the world. It has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the [[List\n        of countries and dependencies by population|32nd]] most populous country in\n        the world.\\n\\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000\n        BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture,\n        with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus'']] forming the basis of Ukrainian\n        identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was\n        contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Grand Duchy\n        of Lithuania|Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]],\n        and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered\n        during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split\n        between Poland and the [[Russian Empire]], and later merged fully into Russia.\\n\\nDuring\n        the 20th century three periods of independence occurred.  The first of these\n        periods occurred briefly during and immediately after the German occupation\n        near the end of [[World War I]] and the second occurred, also briefly, and\n        also during German occupation, during [[World War II]]. However, both of these\n        first two earlier periods would eventually see Ukraine''s territories consolidated\n        back into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] within\n        the [[USSR]].  The third period of independence began in 1991, when Ukraine\n        gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of [[dissolution\n        of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].  Ukraine\n        has maintained its independence as a sovereign state ever since.  Before its\n        independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as \\\"The Ukraine\\\",\n        but sources since then have moved to drop \\\"the\\\" from the name of Ukraine\n        in all uses.\\n\\nFollowing its independence, Ukraine\n        declared itself a [[neutral state]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=27\n        September 2007|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} Nonetheless it formed\n        a limited military partnership with the Russian Federation and other [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States|CIS countries]] and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership\n        with NATO]] in 1994. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO,\n        and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action\n        Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO\n        should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient,{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|title=NATO\n        confirms readiness for Ukraine''s joining organization|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=13\n        April 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416153024/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|archive-date=16\n        April 2010}} and was against Ukraine joining NATO.{{cite\n        news|author=Richard Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107|title=Yanukovich\n        vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=7 January 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}} In 2013, after the government of President Yanukovych\n        had decided to suspend the [[Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement]]\n        and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations\n        and protests known as the [[Euromaidan]] began, which later escalated into\n        the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] that led to the overthrow of President Yanukovych\n        and his cabinet and the establishment of a new government. These events formed\n        the background for the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] in March 2014, and the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014.\n        On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the [[Deep and Comprehensive\n        Free Trade Area]] with the European Union.\\n\\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because\n        of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the world''s largest [[Grain\n        trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister|title=Ukraine\n        becomes world''s third biggest grain exporter in 2011 \\u2013 minister|publisher=Black\n        Sea Grain|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=31 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister\n        |archivedate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm|title=World\n        Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation|date=2013|accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large\n        [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]],\n        [[executive branch|executive]] and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and\n        largest city is [[Kiev]]. Taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel,[[#IISS2010|IISS\n        2010]], pp. 195\\u2013197 Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military\n        of Ukraine|military]] in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home\n        to 42.5 million people (excluding [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]), 77.8 percent of whom are [[Ukrainians]] \\\"by ethnicity\\\",\n        followed by a sizeable minority of [[Russians]] (17.3 percent) as well as\n        [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Bulgarians]]\n        and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]]\n        and its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion\n        in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has\n        strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]]\n        and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].  It is a member of the [[United Nations]]\n        since its founding, the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization for Security\n        and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic\n        Development|GUAM]], and one of the founding states of the [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States]] (CIS).\\n{{TOC limit}}\\n\\n== Etymology ==\\n{{Main|Name\n        of Ukraine}}\\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name\n        of Ukraine|name ''''Ukraine'''']]. According to the older and most widespread\n        hypothesis, it means \\\"borderland\\\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed\n        today and every day|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides|title=Linguistic\n        divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine?|publisher=The Economist|date=5\n        February 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014|subscription=y}} while more recently\n        some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \\\"homeland\\\" or \\\"region,\n        country\\\".{{cite web|author=Hryhoriy Pivtorak|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u043d,\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=The origin of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians\n        and their languages|language=uk|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\n\\\"The\n        Ukraine\\\" was once the usual form in English,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine \\u2013\n        Definition|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}}\n        but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \\\"the Ukraine\\\"\n        has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides\n        largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml|title=The\n        \\\"the\\\" is gone|publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIX, No. 49|date=8\n        December 1991|accessdate=21 October 2015}}{{cite web|author=Adam\n        Taylor|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12|title=Why\n        Ukraine Isn''t ''The Ukraine,'' And Why That Matters Now|publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]]|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=21 October 2015}} \\\"The Ukraine\\\"\n        now implies disregard for the country''s sovereignty, according to U.S. ambassador\n        [[William B. Taylor, Jr.|William Taylor]].{{cite news|title=\\u2018Ukraine\\u2019\n        or \\u2018the Ukraine\\u2019? It\\u2019s more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|accessdate=11\n        August 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Early history ===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n\n        pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Pokrov, Ukraine|Pokrov]],\n        dated to the 4th century BC]]\\n\\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is\n        seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000\\u201345,000 BC) which include\n        a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html|title=Neanderthals\n        built homes with mammoth bones|publisher=Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=18\n        December 2011|author=Richard Gray|accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova\n        I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is\n        also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of\n        the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm\n        | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories\n        reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge)\n        | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''''Shaping\n        World History'''' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize \\u2013 When and Where Did\n        Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum\n        of the Horse }}{{cite news|title=Horsey-aeology,\n        Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man,\n        Fact or Fiction|url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|archivedate=7\n        October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald|publisher=CBC\n        Radio|date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\\n\\nModern human\n        settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence\n        of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020834|title=The\n        Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating,\n        Culture and Behavior|author1=Sandrine Prat|author2=St\\u00e9phane C. P\\u00e9an|author3=Laurent\n        Cr\\u00e9pin|author4=Doroth\\u00e9e G. Drucker|author5=Simon J. Puaud|author6=H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne\n        Valladas|author7=Martina L\\u00e1zni\\u010dkov\\u00e1-Galetov\\u00e1|author8=Johannes\n        van der Plicht|author9=Alexander Yanevich|date=17 June 2011|publisher=plosone|accessdate=21\n        June 2011}}{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262|title=Early\n        human fossils unearthed in Ukraine|author=Jennifer Carpenter|date=20 June\n        2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]]\n        [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in\n        a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]]\n        and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the\n        land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian|title=Scythian|accessdate=21\n        October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} Between 700 BC\n        and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the sixth century BC, colonies\n        of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such\n        as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded on\n        the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]]. These colonies thrived well into\n        the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the\n        sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory\n        of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of\n        the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions,\n        and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n=== Golden Age of Kiev ===\\n\\n{{Main|Kievan\n        Rus''}}\\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The baptism\n        of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']].]]\\n\\nKievan Rus'' was founded by the [[Rus'' people]], who came from\n        Scandinavia across [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and settled in Kiev around 880\n        AD. Kievan Rus'' included the central, western and northern part of modern\n        Ukraine, [[Belarus]], far eastern strip of Poland and the western part of\n        present-day Russia. According to the ''''[[Primary Chronicle]]'''' the Rus''\n        elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it\n        became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It\n        laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia\n        |edition=6 |year=2001\\u20132007 |article=Kievan Rus |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |archivedate=19 August 2000 }} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine,\n        became the most important city of the Rus''.\\n\\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan\n        Rus'' (1054-1132).jpg|thumb|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus'']], 1054\\u20131132]]\\n\\nThe\n        Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of\n        the first Rus'' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus'' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled\n        by the interrelated Rurikid ''''[[knyaz]]es'''' (\\\"princes\\\"), who often fought\n        each other for possession of Kiev.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        Golden Age of Kievan Rus'' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]]\n        (980\\u20131015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus''|turned Rus'' toward\n        Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]]\n        (1019\\u20131054), Kievan Rus'' reached the zenith of its cultural development\n        and military power. The state soon fragmented as\n        the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence\n        under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113\\u20131125) and his son [[Mstislav\n        I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125\\u20131132), Kievan Rus'' finally disintegrated\n        into separate principalities following Mstislav''s death.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]] devastated\n        Kievan Rus''. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 April 2011 |title=The Destruction of Kiev |accessdate=3\n        January 2008 |work=University of Toronto''s Research Repository }} On\n        today''s Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]]\n        and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state\n        of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm|title=Roman\n        Mstyslavych|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}\\n\\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo\n        Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the\n        Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus'', including\n        Volhynia, Galicia and Rus'' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by\n        the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the\n        first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus''. Under Danylo''s reign, the Kingdom of\n        Galicia\\u2013Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central\n        Europe.[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Romanovich \\\"Daniel\n        Romanovich\\\"].Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.\n        23 August 2007\\n\\n=== Foreign domination ===\\n\\n{{See\n        also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman\n        Empire|Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|Following\n        the [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled\n        by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and after the [[Union of Lublin]]\n        (1569) was included in the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]], illustrated\n        here in 1619.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Boles\\u0142aw\n        Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns\n        (1340\\u20131366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile, the heartland of Rus'',\n        including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled\n        by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen'' River]].\n        Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland\n        and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly\n        Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.\n        By 1392 the so-called [[Galicia\\u2013Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers\n        of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or re-founded\n        many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially\n        Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded\n        the Crimean Khanate.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bohdan\n        Khmelnytsky]], [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine, established\n        an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising in 1648]]\n        against [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\\n\\nIn 1569 the [[Union\n        of Lublin]] established the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much\n        Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural\n        and political pressure of [[Polonisation]], which began in the late 14th century,\n        many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus)\n        converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny,\n        pp. 92\\u201393 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the\n        commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging\n        [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against\n        those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local\n        representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Poland |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]] (fee required) |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nFormed from [[Golden\n        Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol\n        invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern\n        Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured\n        and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The\n        Sultan''s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman\n        Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |year=2013 |page=16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df= }} The borderlands suffered annual\n        [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning\n        of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave\n        raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html\n        Halil Inalcik. \\\"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\\\"] in A. Ascher, B.\n        K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and\n        Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979,\n        pp. 25\\u201343. exported about two million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz\n        Ko\\u0142odziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves,\n        Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives\n        in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate\n        |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to\n        [[Orest Subtelny]], \\\"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar\n        raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\\\"Subtelny, Orest\n        (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record\n        number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''''\\\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. {{ISBN|0-87436-885-5}}\n        The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly\n        regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer. The last\n        remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire\n        in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the\n        Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish\n        Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources\n        |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to\n        govern this territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Location\n        of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as\n        a direct ancestor of today''s Ukraine.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-17th century,\n        a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper\n        Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\Z\\\\A\\\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia,\n        The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population,\n        but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]\n        and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were\n        allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\\\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf\n        The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\\\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki,\n        ''''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'''' However\n        the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and\n        especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 The Cossacks|accessdate=21 October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}}\\n\\nThe\n        Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition\n        of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack\n        Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the\n        Sejm.{{cite web|title=Poland \\u2013 The Cossacks|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Cossacks|publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n=== Cossack Hetmanate ===\\n[[File:Marten''s Poltava.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]],\n        1726]]\\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky\n        Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the\n        Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123\\u2013124 After\n        Khmelnytsky made an entry into Kiev in 1648, where he was hailed liberator\n        of the people from Polish captivity, he founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]\n        which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).\\n\\n[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Khmelnytsky]],\n        deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat\n        at Berestechko]] in 1651, and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654,\n        Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political\n        alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian tsar.\\n\\nIn\n        1657\\u20131686 came \\\"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\\\", a devastating\n        30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine,\n        which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of\n        Poland. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths.\n        Defeat came in 1686 as the \\\"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\\\"\n        between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\\n\\nIn\n        1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639\\u20131709) defected to [[Sweden]]\n        against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700\\u20131721). Eventually\n        Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia''s political and\n        economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]]\n        and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after\n        fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their\n        Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\\n\\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The\n        first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This\n        copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original\n        is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\\n\\nThe [[Constitution of\n        Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian\n        Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]],\n        a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082709/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/\n        \\\"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk\n        being celebrated\\\"], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', (5 April 2010) It established\n        a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative,\n        executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]''s\n        [[The Spirit of the Laws|''''Spirit of the Laws'''']]. The Constitution limited\n        the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected\n        [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk''s [[Constitution]]\n        was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions\n        in Europe.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe hetmanate was abolished\n        in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia\n        centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning\n        of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper\n        were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into\n        the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone\n        of Russian foreign policy.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Kirill\n        Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman\n        of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750\\u20131764 and the first person to declare\n        Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\\n\\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast\n        estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from\n        [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically\n        tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other\n        using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics\n        and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596,\n        they set up the \\\"Greek-Catholic\\\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate\n        Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation\n        left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to\n        follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27\\u201330\\n\\nCossacks\n        led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian\n        borderlands of the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity\n        was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of\n        Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious\n        warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between\n        Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border\n        on the [[Dnieper River]] in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine\n        II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become\n        more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence\n        on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing\n        Polish and Russian political allegiances.{{cite journal | last1 = Skinner\n        | first1 = Barbara | year = 2005 | title = Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering\n        the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy | url = | journal = Slavic Review | volume\n        = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 88\\u2013116 | doi=10.2307/3650068}}\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]]\n        was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421073907/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule\n        Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''''Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica.''''\n        Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the\n        Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting.\n        However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later\n        period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing\n        the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite\n        journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship\n        of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863\\u20131876): Intention\n        and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=March\\u2013June 2007|volume=47|pages=87\\u2013110|jstor=40871165|publisher=Canadian\n        Association of Slavists}}\\n\\n=== 19th century, World War I and revolution\n        ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\\n{{Further information|Ukraine\n        during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\\n[[File:1904\n        Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing administrative\n        units of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia within the Russian Empire\n        prior to Ukrainian independence 1917\\u20131921.]]\\n[[File:Mapa from Ukraine\n        postcard 1919.jpg|thumbnail|Ukraine according to an old postal stamp from\n        1919 that was reprinted in 2008.]]\\n\\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural\n        area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and\n        modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian\n        [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged.\n        The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814\\u20131861) and the\n        political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841\\u20131895) led the growing\n        nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nAfter the [[Russo-Turkish\n        War (1768\\u20131774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors\n        encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into\n        Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage agriculture.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was migration\n        from Ukraine to distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897\n        census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in\n        [[Central Asia]].Rainer M\\u00fcnz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor]''''\\\".\n        Routledge. p. 164. {{ISBN|0-7146-5232-6}} An additional 1.6 million\n        emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian\n        Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}\n        [[Russian Far East|Far Eastern]] areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population\n        became known as [[Green Ukraine]].Jonathan D. Smele (2015). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476\n        Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916\\u20131926]''''. Rowman\n        & Littlefield. p.476. {{ISBN|1-4422-5281-2}}\\n\\nNationalist and socialist\n        parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]],\n        under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the centre\n        of the nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nUkrainians\n        entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under\n        Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians\n        fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]],\n        while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340\\u2013344}}\n        [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian\n        Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This became the [[Ukrainian Galician\n        Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War\n        I period (1919\\u201323). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria\n        were treated harshly.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof\n        |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The\n        world academy of Rusyn culture}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|left|Ukraine\n        in 1918]]\\n\\nWorld War I destroyed both empires. The [[Russian Revolution\n        of 1917]] led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s,\n        and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for\n        self-determination re-emerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence.\n        Several Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the internationally recognized [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (''''''UNR'''''', the predecessor of modern Ukraine,\n        was declared on 23 June 1917 proclaimed at first as a part of the Russian\n        Republic; after the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the Ukrainian People''s Republic\n        proclaimed its independence on 25 January 1918), the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]],\n        the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories\n        in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the Ukrainian lands of former\n        Austro-Hungarian territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[Act\n        Zluky]] (Unification Act) was an agreement signed on January 22, 1919 by the\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] and the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        on the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia Square]] in [[Kiev]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThis led to civil war, and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        movement called the [[Black Guards|Black Army]] or later [[The Revolutionary\n        Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]] developed in Southern Ukraine under the\n        command of the anarchist [[Nestor Makhno]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\M\\\\A\\\\MakhnoNestor.htm\n        |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}} They protected the operation of \\\"[[Soviet (council)|free\n        soviets]]\\\" and [[libertarian socialism|libertarian]] [[communes]] in the\n        [[Free Territory]], an attempt to form a [[Stateless society|stateless]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        society from 1918 to 1921 during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian\n        Revolution]], fighting both the tsarist [[Armed Forces of South Russia|White\n        Army]] under [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and later the [[Red Army]] under [[Leon\n        Trotsky|Trotsky]], before being defeated by the latter in August 1921.\\n\\nPoland\n        defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against\n        the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According\n        to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was incorporated into Poland, which\n        in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919.\n        With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory\n        to Poland, Belarus and Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River\n        was created Moldavian autonomy.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Ukraine\n        became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in\n        December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=2008-04-18|title=Interwar\n        Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]\n        (fee required)}}\\n\\n=== Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina\n        ===\\n{{See also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918\\u20131938)}}\\n[[File:Huculy\n        1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]],\n        c. 1930]]\\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however,\n        most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and\n        Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]]\n        was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First\n        Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:1930 in Ukraine.png|thumb|left|A map showing Ukraine''s territory,\n        circa 1930.]]\\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose\n        in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s because of Polish national policies, which\n        was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement\n        attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish\n        state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of\n        fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented.\n        A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press,\n        and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the\n        1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\\n{{See also|Holodomor}}\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0423\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u0432\n        1925.gif|thumb|Urban population of Ukraine in 1925 {{colbegin}} {{legend|#006400|Ukrainian}}\n        {{legend|#FAD6A5|Russian}} {{legend|#000000|Jewish}} {{legend|#CCFCCC|Polish}}\n        {{colend}}]]\\n\\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated\n        the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people\n        dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory.\n        Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting\n        the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine\n        of 1920\\u20131924\\n|work=The Norka \\u2013 a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4\n        March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine\n        of 1921\\u20133|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}\n        During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy\n        pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet\n        leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part\n        of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''''indigenisation''''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health\n        care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work\n        and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}}\n        [[Women''s rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp.\n        138\\u201339 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early\n        1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''''de facto'''' communist party\n        leader.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source|date=September\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]\n        under construction circa 1930.]]\\n\\nStarting from the late 1920s with a [[First\n        five-year plan (Soviet Union)|centrally planned economy]], Ukraine was involved\n        in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic''s\n        industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The\n        peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]]\n        of agriculture which began during and was part of the [[First five-year plan\n        (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and\n        [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity\n        greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed\n        to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to\n        death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]]\n        known as the [[Holodomor]] or the \\\"Great Famine\\\".\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm\n        Ukraine remembers famine horror]\\\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\\n\\nScholars\n        are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]],\n        but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and the governments of other countries have\n        acknowledged it as such.{{Ref label|B|b|none}}\\n\\nThe Communist leadership\n        perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment\n        tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \\\"The Role\n        of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931\\u20131934.\\\"\n        ''''Europe-Asia Studies'''' 2005 57(6): 823\\u2013841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext\n        in [[Ebsco]]\\n\\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two\n        future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        (an engineer from [[Kamianske]]) depicted together.]]\\n\\nLargely the same\n        groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war,\n        collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were\n        associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891\\u20131939) and operated in the\n        Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration\n        ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929\\u201331. Evdokimov transferred\n        into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary\n        for [[North Caucasus Krai]]. He appears to have continued advising Joseph\n        Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on\n        Evdokimov''s former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that\n        are known as the Great Terror in 1937\\u201338.Stephen G. Wheatcroft,\n        \\\"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin''s Great Terror.\\\"\n        ''''Australian Journal of Politics and History'''' 2007 53(1): 20\\u201343.\n        {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''''The Harvest\n        of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'''' (1986). Mark\n        B. Tauger, \\\"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\\\" ''''Slavic Review'''',\n        Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70\\u201389, notes the harvest was unusually\n        poor. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600 online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]],\n        [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \\\"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine\n        of 1932\\u20131933,\\\" ''''Slavic Review,'''' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995),\n        pp. 642\\u2013657 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740 online in JSTOR]; Michael\n        Ellman. \\\"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333 Revisited\\\", ''''Europe-Asia\n        Studies'''', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663\\u201393.\\n\\nOn\n        13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against\n        Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html\n        Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\\n\\n=== World War II ===\\n\\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\\n\\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]]\n        in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops\n        divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]\n        and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the\n        rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson,\n        p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\\n\\nIn 1940, the Soviets annexed [[Bessarabia]]\n        and northern [[Bukovina]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and\n        southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]].\n        But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist\n        Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. These\n        territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the [[Paris\n        Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u043b \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        1940 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko]] (born\n        in the [[Budjak]] region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including\n        the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] east of Kiev\n        in 1941]]\\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the\n        Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of [[total war]].\n        The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful\n        efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle\n        of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \\\"[[Hero City]]\\\", because of its fierce\n        [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or\n        one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or taken captive\n        there, with many suffering [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|severe\n        mistreatment]].Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\\n\\nAlthough\n        the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet\n        partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\W\\\\O\\\\Worldwars.htm|title=World\n        wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western\n        Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942).\n        Created as forces of the [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government\n        in exile]],Subtelny, Orest (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 410 it fell under the influence of the\n        underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed\n        in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski\n        and the \\\"Volhynia Experiment\\\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]].\n        Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent\n        Ukrainian state]] on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although\n        this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Atanasovych\n        Melnyk|Melnyk]] wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions\n        also carried out [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres\n        of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/\n        A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010\n        which brought reprisals.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf\n        Polska reakcja na dzia\\u0142ania UPA \\u2013 skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych].\n        After the war, the UPA continued to fight the USSR until the 1950s.Piotrowski\n        pp. 352\\u201354Weiner pp. 127\\u2013237 At the same time,\n        the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside\n        the Nazis.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in\n        WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19\n        September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\\n\\nIn total, the number of ethnic\n        Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|C|c|1}} The\n        [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is\n        estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its\n        peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476\n        Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army''s figures are unreliable, with figures\n        ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi,\n        p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMost\n        of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]],\n        with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement.\n        Some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939, hailed\n        the Germans as liberators.  Brutal German rule eventually turned their supporters\n        against the Nazi administrators, who made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction\n        with Stalinist policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227142736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archivedate=2010-02-27|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system,\n        carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against\n        [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions\n        of people to work in Germany]], and began a depopulation program to prepare\n        for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food\n        on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''''Harvest\n        of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'''', Harvard University\n        Press: April 2004. p. 164\\n\\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World\n        War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg,\n        p. 264 By some estimates, 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov,\n        Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \\\"Who won World\n        War II?\\\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5\n        July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population\n        during the war are estimated at [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between\n        5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |archivedate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Kulchytsky, Stalislav,\n        ''''\\\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\\\"'''', [[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]], 2\\u20138 October 2004. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Ukrainian]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one\n        and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding\n        Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local\n        collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in\n        battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Overy, p. 518\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0413. \\u0424., ''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f \\u0438 \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420\n        \\u0432 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430: \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b.\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435''''\n        (Krivosheev G. F., ''''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century:\n        losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'''') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million\n        were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|C|c|2}}{{Ref label|D|d|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory\n        Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20\n        April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of\n        Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Post-World War II ===\\n{{Further\n        information|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union\n        (1953\\u20131964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964\\u20131982)|History of the\n        Soviet Union (1982\\u20131991)}}\\n\\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the\n        war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities\n        and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=29 September 2007 |title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath\n        |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]] (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]]\n        in 1946\\u201347, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction\n        of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest\n        estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation|last=\\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        [Kulchytsky] |first=\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        [Stanislav] |title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 |trans_title=Demographic losses in Ukraine\n        in the twentieth century |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=2\\u20138 October\n        2004 |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php |language=Russian\n        |publisher=[Demoscope] |place=[[Russia|RU]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914100418/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php\n        |archivedate=14 September 2012 |df= }}{{cite web | title =\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine\n        in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21\n        July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Demographic\n        losses in Ukraine twentieth century|language=uk|url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archivedate=2007-03-13|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014}}\\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became\n        one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities\n        of the Member States \\u2013 Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher=\n        United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite\n        web| url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United\n        Nations | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm\n        | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote=\n        Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security\n        Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt\n        and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security\n        Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia\n        while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes\n        for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:Sergey\n        Korolyov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]],\n        the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during\n        the [[Space Race]]]]\\n\\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly\n        expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to\n        Russians among adult \\\"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\\\",\n        comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web|url=http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |title=Migration and migration policy in Ukraine |first=Olena |last=Malynovska\n        |date=14 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061703/http://niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |df= }} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic\n        [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from\n        Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\\n\\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the\n        [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]]\n        in 1938\\u201349, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after\n        taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize \\\"the friendship\\\" between\n        the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty\n        of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954\n        transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The\n        Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International\n        Committee for Crimea}}\\n\\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed\n        pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 The last years of Stalin''s\n        rule |accessdate=28 December 2007 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} During the 1946\\u20131950 [[Five-Year\n        Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested\n        in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from pre-war plans. As a result, the Ukrainian\n        workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times\n        in that same period.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nSoviet Ukraine\n        soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644\n        and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research.\n        Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many\n        members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964\n        to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came\n        from Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nOn 26 April 1986, a\n        reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the\n        [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite\n        news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220746/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=''Sombre anniversary'' of\n        worst nuclear disaster in history \\u2013 Chernobyl: 10th anniversary |accessdate=16\n        December 2007 |author=Remy, Johannes |year=1996 |publisher=Find articles |work=[[UN\n        Chronicle]] }} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible\n        rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \\\"major\n        accident\\\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale\n        | title=''Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale''}} At the\n        time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories,\n        including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title\n        = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2\n        | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|\n        accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources\n        | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\\n\\nAfter the accident, the new city of\n        [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the\n        employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared\n        by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]]\n        attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have\n        been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA\n        Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl}}\\n\\n===\n        Independence ===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate\n        the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian\n        President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris\n        Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving\n        the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament\n        adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|title=Declaration\n        of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July\n        1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} This established the principles\n        of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian\n        law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty\n        of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]]\n        was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period\n        of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a faction\n        among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted\n        a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party''s\n        power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted\n        the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30|title=Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12\n        September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}\\n\\nA\n        [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1\n        December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for\n        the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament,\n        [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha\n        Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma\n        Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine\n        formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall ''Inevitable''\n        Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8\n        December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\\n\\nUkraine was initially\n        viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other\n        regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced\n        deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]].\n        During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian\n        GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October\n        2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12\n        July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December\n        2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation\n        rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The\n        IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31\n        August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International\n        Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well\n        as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested\n        and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn\n        1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine''s Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]\n        |issue=100|pages=125\\u2013143|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the\n        [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country\n        enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent\n        annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm\n        |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher=[[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm\n        |archivedate=21 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607053509/http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-07|title=Ukraine.\n        Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}\n        A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]]\n        and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised\n        by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech\n        and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader''s\n        Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/01/world/leader-s-party-seems-to-slip-in-ukraine.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine\n        also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear\n        weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers\n        on its territory in exchange for various assurances (main article: [[Nuclear\n        weapons and Ukraine]]).{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Country Profiles \\u2013 NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\\n\\n===\n        Orange Revolution ===\\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion\n        Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence\n        Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\\n\\nIn 2004, [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely\n        rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The\n        Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3\n        December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry\n        in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged\n        the outcome. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, candidate Yushchenko\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko#Dioxin poisoning|suddenly became gravely ill]], and was\n        soon found by multiple independent physician groups, to have been poisoned\n        by [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|TCDD dioxin]].{{cite news | title = Yushchenko: ''Live And Carry On''\n        | publisher = CBS News | date = 2005-01-30 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/28/60minutes/main670103.shtml\n        }}[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hW1QRD4tlRX2-UW9yc_oDcwrzMgwD99SBRO80\n        Associated Press: Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab] {{dead\n        link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}  Yushchenko strongly\n        suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49610 |title= Yushchenko to Russia:\n        Hand over witnesses |publisher= [[Kyiv Post]] |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2010-02-11}}  All\n        of this eventually resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing\n        Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor\n        Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |accessdate=14\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }}\\n\\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained\n        in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western\n        pollsters{{Clarify|date=July 2015}} and professional consultants{{Who|date=July\n        2015}} who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies\n        but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]]\n        and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000\n        out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures\n        The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel\n        Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page\n        30-44) According to ''''[[The Guardian]]'''', the foreign donors included\n        the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United\n        States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National\n        Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican\n        Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and\n        [[George Soros]]''s [[Open Society Institute]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004)\n        The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building\n        efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \\\"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html\n        In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\\\" ''''Washington Post'''', 4 December 2004.\n        URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent\n        struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of\n        the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine\n        Russia, the US, \\\"the Others\\\" and the \\\"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\\\":\n        Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October\n        2011)\\n\\nRussian authorities provided support through advisers such\n        as [[Gleb Pavlovsky]], consulting on blackening the image of Yushchenko through\n        the state media, pressuring state-dependent voters to vote for Yanukovych\n        and on vote-rigging techniques such as multiple ''[[carousel voting]]'' and\n        ''dead souls'' voting.\\n\\nYanukovych returned to power\n        in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm\n        Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until\n        [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]]\n        made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm\n        Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid\n        the [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged\n        by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine\n        towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3\n        March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}}\n        [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped\n        all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages\n        in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia\n        shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm\n        Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President\n        in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and\n        Cooperation in Europe said that the election \\\"met most requirements\\\" for\n        fairness and that the election process was \\\"transparent.\\\"{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/67844?download=true|title=Ukraine:\n        Presidential Election 17 January and 7 February 2010: OSCE/ODIHR Election\n        Observation Mission Final Report|work=OSCE|location=Warsaw|date=28 April 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}}\\n\\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\\n{{Main|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\n{{Details|topic=the ongoing protests|Timeline of the\n        Euromaidan}}\\n[[File:Euromaidan 01.JPG|thumb|Pro-EU demonstration in Kiev,\n        27 November 2013, during [[Euromaidan]]]]\\n\\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0404\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d}},\n        literally \\\"Eurosquare\\\") protests started in November 2013 after the president,\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began moving away from an association agreement that\n        had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish\n        closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823\n        Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December\n        2013){{Cite journal|title=Frustrated Leadership: Russia''s Economic\n        Alternative to the West|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12301/abstract|author1-first=Juliet|author1-last=Johnson|author2-first=Se\\u00e7kin|author2-last=K\\u00f6stem|journal=[[Global\n        Policy]]|publisher=[[Wiley Online Library]]|volume=7|issue=2|date=May 2016|p=212|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12301|quote=In\n        fact, the Ukrainian crisis broke out in November 2013 when former President\n        Viktor Yanukovych announced under Russian pressure that he would no longer\n        pursue an EU Association Agreement.}} Some Ukrainians took to the streets\n        to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine\n        Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows\n        |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the\n        predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed\n        the ''''Euromaidan'''' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view:\n        Ukraine ''other half'' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC\n        News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''''Euromaidan'''' came to describe\n        a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to\n        include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov\n        Government|his government]].{{cite news|author=Richard\n        Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212|title=Kiev\n        protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=12 December\n        2013|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nViolence escalated after 16 January\n        2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest\n        Laws]]. Violent anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre\n        of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with\n        approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite\n        web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=\\u0417\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0437\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u0445 \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        1,5 \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0431, 100 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|author=\\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724070743/http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archivedate=24\n        July 2014|script-title=uk:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u041e\\u0417 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|trans-title=Information\n        about the victims of clashes: Press Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine|language=uk|publisher=moz.gov.ua|date=22\n        February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=\\u041c\\u0412\\u0421\n        \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418|work=\\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\\\"\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456\\\" \\u2014 tsn.ua|work=\\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua}}\n        from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency|title=Ukraine\n        threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry|publisher=The\n        Guardian|date=27 January 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska\n        |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706094102/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archivedate=2014-07-06 |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation\n        urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to\n        the violent protests, Members of Parliament voted on 22 February to remove\n        the president and set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]]\n        for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave\n        |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/\n        |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com\n        |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]],\n        running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the\n        vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''''The\n        New York Times'''', \\\"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\\\",\n        By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election\n        of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David\n        M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff.\n        Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would\n        be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with\n        the Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7\n        June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key\n        ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square\n        (the centre of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |author=Adam Taylor |title=Why Ukraine Is So Important |publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]] |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |archivedate=14 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archivedate=29\n        May 2014|title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June\n        7|author=Lukas Alpert|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29\n        May 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |title=Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603165249/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |archivedate= 3 June 2014 |df= }} In October 2014 [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014|Parliament elections]], [[Petro Poroshenko Bloc \\\"Solidarity\\\"]]\n        won 132 of the 423 contested seats.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and\n        Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=27 October\n        2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}\\n\\n===\n        Civil unrest and Russian intervention ===\\n{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|War in Donbass|Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n\\n{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center\\n\n        | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 220\\n | header =\\n |\n        image1 = 2014-03-09. \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b \\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043a\\u0435 022.jpg\\n | alt1 =\\n | caption1\n        = Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014\\n | image2 = 2014 Russo-ukrainian-conflict\n        map.svg\\n | alt2 =\\n | caption2 = [[Crimea]], which is under Russian control,\n        is shown in pink. Pink in the [[Donbass]] area represents areas held by the\n        [[Donetsk People''s Republic|DPR]]/[[Lugansk People''s Republic|LPR]] separatists\n        in September 2014 (cities in red)\\n}}\\n\\nThe ousting[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26304842\n        Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych] bbc.co.uk, 22 February 2014,\n        accessed 1 January 2016 of Yanukovych prompted Vladimir Putin to begin\n        preparations to annex Crimea on 23 February 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/vladimir-putin-describes-secret-meeting-when-russia-decided-to-seize-crimea|title=Vladimir\n        Putin describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea|publisher=The\n        Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/11458426/Putin-reveals-the-moment-he-gave-the-secret-order-for-Russias-annexation-of-Crimea.html|title=Putin\n        reveals the moment he gave the secret order for Russia''s annexation of Crimea|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}} Using the Russian naval base\n        at Sevastopol as cover, Putin directed Russian troops and intelligence agents\n        to disarm Ukrainian forces and take control of Crimea.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|title=Putin:\n        Russia Prepared Raising Nuclear Readiness Over Crimea|publisher=New York Times|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=15 March 2015|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620143551/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|archive-date=20\n        June 2015}}{{cite news|author=Neil MacFarquhar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/16/world/europe/putin-says-he-weighed-nuclear-alert-over-crimea.html|title=Putin\n        Says He Weighed Nuclear Alert Over Crimea|publisher=nytimes.com|date=16 March\n        2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/russia-pressure-ukraine-troops-disarm|title=Russians\n        pressure Ukrainian forces in Crimea to disarm|publisher=The Guardian|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author1=Olena\n        Goncharova|author2=Kyiv Post staff|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/a-year-after-referendum-putin-talks-about-yanukovych-rescue-nuclear-readiness-over-crimea-383567.html|title=A\n        year after referendum, Putin talks about Yanukovych rescue, nuclear readiness\n        over Crimea|publisher=kyivpost.com|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}} After the troops entered Crimea,{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|title=Russian\n        Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch One)|publisher=vicenews.com|date=5\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} a controversial [[Crimean referendum,\n        2014|referendum]] was held on 16 March 2014 and the official result was that\n        97 percent wished to join with Russia.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/official-results-97-of-crimea-voters-back-joining-russia/|title=Official\n        results: 97 percent of Crimea voters back joining Russia|publisher=cbsnews.com|date=17\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} On 18 March 2014, Russia and\n        the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by\n        the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession\n        of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation. The\n        UN general assembly responded by passing [[United Nations General Assembly\n        Resolution 68/262|resolution 68/262]] that the referendum was invalid and\n        supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine.{{cite news|author1=Alex\n        Felton|author2=Marie-Louise Gumuchian|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=U.N.\n        General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid|publisher=cnn.com|date=27\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nSeparately, in the [[Donetsk]]\n        and [[Luhansk]] regions, armed men declaring themselves as local militia seized\n        government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities\n        and held unrecognised [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia\n        Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12\n        May 2014}} The insurgency was led by Russian emissaries [[Igor Girkin]]{{cite\n        web|author=Anna Dolgov|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine/511584.html|title=Russia''s\n        Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine|work=The Moscow\n        Times|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} and [[Alexander\n        Borodai]]{{cite news|author=Roman Olearchyk|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html|title=Rebel\n        leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|publisher=Financial Times|subscription=y|date=7\n        August 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} as well as militants from [[Russia]],\n        such as [[Arseny Pavlov]].{{cite news|author1=Sabrian Tavernise|author2=Noah\n        Sneider|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/first-self-declared-wedding-in-donetsk-peoples-republic-ukraine-rebels-make-love-not-war.html?_r=1|title=For\n        a Weekend, Ukraine Rebels Make Love, Not War|publisher=New York Times|date=13\n        July 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\nTalks in [[Geneva]] between\n        the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred\n        to as the [[2014 Geneva Pact]][https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html\n        Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York\n        Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that\n        all unlawful militias lay down their arms and vacate seized government buildings,\n        and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for\n        Ukraine''s regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election\n        held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian\n        government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |title=Poroshenko promises calm ''in hours'' amid battle to control Donetsk\n        airport |publisher=The Guardian |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |archivedate=26 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} More than 9,000 people\n        have been killed in the military campaign.{{Cite web|url=http://112.international/conflict-in-eastern-ukraine/un-9449-dead-21843-wounded-in-donbas-conflict-6487.html|title=UN:\n        9,449 dead, 21,843 wounded in Donbas conflict|website=112.international|access-date=2016-06-29}}\\n\\n[[File:OSCE\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumb|left|[[OSCE]]\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March\n        2015]]\\n\\nIn August 2014, a bilateral commission of leading scholars from\n        the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step\n        plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.{{cite\n        news|author=Uri Friedman|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/a-24-step-plan-to-resolve-the-ukraine-crisis/379121/|title=A\n        24-Step Plan|publisher=The Atlantic|date=26 August 2014|accessdate=21 October\n        2015}} The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories\n        for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements\n        of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and\n        Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine''s \\\"first\n        but most decisive step\\\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as the target for [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        relations|EU membership application]].\\n\\nIn\n        February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire\n        with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal\n        of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions\n        by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as Ukrainian control\n        of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops\n        from Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015.\n        Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure\n        that the agreement is respected.{{cite\n        web|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work|title=Ukraine\n        ceasefire: European leaders sceptical peace plan will work|publisher=The Guardian|date=13\n        February 2015|accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\nOn 1 January 2016, Ukraine\n        joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]] with European Union, which aims to modernize and\n        develop Ukraine''s economy, governance and rule of law to EU standards and\n        gradually increase integration with the EU [[Internal market]].[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150981.pdf<\n        EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]. trade.ec.europa.eu.\\n\\n==\n        Historical maps of states ==\\nSeveral states have existed on the territory\n        of present-day Ukraine since its foundation. Most of these territories have\n        been located within [[Eastern Europe]]. However, as depicted in the maps here,\n        they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].\n        At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories\n        having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\\n
\\n\\nFile:001\n        Kievan Rus'' Kyivan Rus'' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan\n        Rus'', last 20 years of the state (1220\\u20131240).\\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia\n        Volhynia Rus'' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]\n        or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245\\u20131349).\\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania\n        Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]],\n        Rus'' and Samogitia until 1434.\\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth\n        1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\\u2013Ruthenian Commonwealth]]\n        or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate\n        and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\\n\\n
\\n\\n==\n        Geography ==\\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\\n\\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}}\n        and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world''s [[List\n        of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after\n        [[South Sudan]] and before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European\n        country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second-largest country]]\n        in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref\n        label|E|e|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel\n        north|44\\u00b0]] and [[53rd parallel north|53\\u00b0 N]], and longitudes [[22nd\n        meridian east|22\\u00b0]] and [[41st meridian east|41\\u00b0 E]].\\n\\nThe landscape\n        of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus,\n        crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''Dnipro''''}}),\n        [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug]] as they flow south\n        into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest,\n        the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania.\n        Ukraine''s various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the\n        highlands to the lowlands. The country''s only mountains are the [[Carpathian\n        Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}},\n        and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine\n        |archivedate= 15 January 2008 |title= Ukraine \\u2013 Relief |accessdate= 27\n        December 2007 |work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=\n        yes |df= }} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such\n        as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and\n        the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are\n        the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs\n        the border with the [[Russian Federation]]. Near the [[Sea of Azov]] can be\n        found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the\n        mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form sudden drops\n        in elevation and give rise to [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0413\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0437 \\u041a\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian\n        mountains|Carpathian National Park]] and [[Hoverla]] at {{convert|2,061|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        the highest mountain in Ukraine\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443.jpg|\n        Dawn on South Demerdji, [[Alushta]], [[Crimea]]\\nFile:Flag colors.jpg|Typical\n        agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0422\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u043010.jpg|View of \\\"Tykhaya Bay\\\" near [[Koktebel]]\n        on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]''s [[Black Sea]] coast\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438.jpg|[[Kinburn\n        Spit|Kinburn sandbar]], [[Ochakiv]] Raion, [[Mykolaiv Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0428\\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|\n        Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\\n\\n
\\n\\nSignificant\n        natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas,\n        oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury,\n        timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a\n        number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable\n        water; air- and water-pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination\n        in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl\n        Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household\n        waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.{{cite news|author= Oksana\n        Grytsenko|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|title= Environment\n        suffers from lack of recycling|publisher= [[Kyiv Post]]|date= 9 December 2011|dead-url=\n        y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012539/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|archive-date=\n        5 January 2012}}\\n\\n=== Soil ===\\nFrom northwest to southeast the soils\n        of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title= Ukraine|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n* a zone of sandy podzolized soils\\n* a central belt\n        consisting of the black, extremely fertile Ukrainian ([[Chornozem|chernozems]])\\n*\n        a zone of chestnut and salinized soils\\n\\nAs much as two-thirds of the country''s\n        surface land consists of the so-called black earth ([[chornozem]]), a resource\n        that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well\n        known as a \\\"breadbasket\\\".Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The\n        land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010. These ([[chornozem]])\n        soils may be divided into three broad groups:\\n\\n* in the north a belt of\n        the so-called deep chernozems, about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off}} thick and\n        rich in humus\\n* south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary,\n        chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}\n        thick\\n* the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus\\n\\nInterspersed\n        in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep\n        chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils,\n        which together occupy much of Ukraine''s remaining area. All these soils are\n        very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive\n        cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion\n        and gullying.\\n\\nThe smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the\n        chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly\n        salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.\\n\\n=== Biodiversity ===\\n{{further information|Wildlife of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, microorganisms and plants.\\n\\n====\n        Animals ====\\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black\n        Sea}}\\n{{multiple image\\n   | align = right\\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\\n   |\n        width1 = 184\\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native\n        of the east Ukrainian steppes\\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\\n  | image2\n        = \\u0411\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e. \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u0437\\u044c.jpg\\n   |\n        width2 = 185\\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western\n        and north-western Ukraine\\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\\n}}\\nUkraine is\n        divided{{by whom|date=August 2017}} into two main zoological areas. One of\n        these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of\n        Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located\n        in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested\n        areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar\n        and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals\n        make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine''s\n        lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst in the waters\n        carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the\n        central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers\n        are found in large numbers.\\n\\n==== Fungi ====\\nMore than 6,600 [[species]]\n        of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded\n        from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \\\"Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 a\n        preliminary checklist\\\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm|title= Cybertruffle''s\n        Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated organisms|publisher=\n        cybertruffle.org.uk|accessdate= 13 July 2011}} but this number is far\n        from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine,\n        including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the\n        generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have\n        so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers,\n        J. \\\"Dictionary of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount\n        of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made\n        to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such\n        species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url= http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title= Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher= cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate= 13 July 2011}}\\n\\n=== Climate ===\\n{{further information|Climate\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Ukraine\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate\n        climate]], with the exception of the southern coast of Crimea which has a\n        [[subtropical climate]].\\n{{cite web\\n|url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm\n        \\n|title= Ukraine|work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles\\n|publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization\\n|accessdate= 8 August 2016\\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        climate is influenced by moderately warm, humid air coming from the Atlantic\n        Ocean.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title=\n        Ukraine \\u2013 Climate|accessdate= 20 October 2015|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|\\u2013|7|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}}\n        in the north, to {{convert|11|\\u2013|13|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}} in the south. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately\n        distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and\n        southeast. Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian\n        Mountains, receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually,\n        while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}.\\n\\n== Politics ==\\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government\n        of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\\n{{Further information|2014 Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\n        float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;\\\"\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Petro Poroshenko 2014-06-26.jpg|139px]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Volodymyr Groisman.jpg|125px]]\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]
[[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Volodymyr\n        Groysman]]
[[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n|}\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]],\n        and [[judicial branch]]es.\\n\\n=== Constitution of Ukraine ===\\n{{Main|Constitution\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|In\n        the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false\n        Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design]\n        by [[Paul D''Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1811-5}} (p.\n        63)[https://euobserver.com/foreign/29431 EU endorses Ukraine election\n        result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (9 February 2010)[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014322/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\\n\\nWith the proclamation\n        of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28\n        June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004,\n        deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance\n        of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy\n        of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the\n        Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly\n        Portnykov. \\\"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination\n        of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former\n        Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to\n        the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control,\n        but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\\\". 1 October\n        2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite\n        this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments\n        were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution\n        and again making Ukraine''s political system more presidential in character.\\n\\nThe\n        ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political\n        discourse. Much of the concern was based on the fact that neither the Constitution\n        of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \\\"undo the Constitution\\\",\n        as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the\n        2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for\n        constitutional amendments (articles 154\\u2013159). In any case, the current\n        Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|title=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko: October 1 marks the end of Ukraine''s democracy and beginning\n        of dictatorship|publisher=Tymoshenko.ua|date=1 October 2010|accessdate=31\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009163812/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|archivedate=9\n        October 2011}}{{cite news|first=Serhiy|last=Hrabovsky|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u0441\\u0443\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0454\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f|trans-title=Judicial\n        absurdities, or Kotliarevsky is laughing again|language=uk|publisher=radiosvoboda.org|date=1\n        October 2010|accessdate=6 April 2016|quote=(Translation) These words handed\n        down on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (CCU) regarding\n        cancelling the political reforms of 2004 are worthy of being inscribed in\n        the annals of world jurisprudence. It turns out that \\\"the stability of the\n        constitutional order\\\" will not be changed by the will of the voters, or even\n        by Parliament, but by the decision of 18 persons.}}{{clarify|date=October\n        2011}}\\n\\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych\n        and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The\n        historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests\n        that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes\n        in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country\n        to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition\n        government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime\n        Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite\n        news|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|date=21\n        February 2014|work=europesun.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228115026/http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament\n        dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as\n        interim president{{cite news|title=Ukraine:\n        Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26312008|work=BBC\n        News|location=Kiev|date=23 February 2014|accessdate=6 April 2016}} and\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{cite news|first=Harriet|last=Salem|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov|title=Who\n        exactly is governing Ukraine?|publisher=The Guardian|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=6\n        April 2016}}\\n\\n=== President, parliament and government ===\\n[[File:Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|thumb|Presidential\n        administration building]]\\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|thumb|Cabinet\n        of Ministers building]]\\n\\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected\n        by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672|title=General\n        Articles about Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\\nUkraine''s\n        legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]].{{cite web |url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/ |title=Verkhovna Rada\n        of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine\n        Official Web-site |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190549/http://portal.rada.gov.ua/\n        |archivedate=23 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }} The parliament is primarily\n        responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of\n        Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister\n        of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine,_2004\n        |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}}\n        However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers\n        of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well\n        as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]]\n        and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\\n\\nLaws,\n        acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of\n        the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the\n        [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found\n        to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial\n        review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in\n        the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\\nLocal self-government is officially\n        guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise\n        control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations\n        are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime\n        Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President\n        and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when\n        President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called\n        ''temporarily acting'' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders,\n        thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice\n        was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships\n        and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\n        Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the\n        purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\\n\\n=== Courts and law\n        enforcement ===\\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Klov\n        Palace. Listed ID 80-382-0462. - 8 Pylypa Orlyka Street, Pechersk Raion, Kiev.\n        - Pechersk 28 09 13 396.jpg|thumb|[[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]], home to\n        the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]]]\\n\\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and\n        constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are\n        largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct).\n        Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period\n        of five years, after which Ukraine''s Supreme Council confirms their positions\n        for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have\n        been much improved since Ukraine''s independence in 1991. The Supreme Court\n        is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions\n        ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks\n        Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of\n        Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c \\u043a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Police\n        of Ukraine]] was formed on 3 July 2015, as part of the post-Euromaidan reforms.]]\\n[[Prosecutor]]s\n        in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according\n        to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] ''the role and functions\n        of the Prosecutor''s Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]]\n        standards\\\".[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/\n        Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March\n        2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction\n        rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0436\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukrainian courts almost can\n        not stand the acquittals''''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013)\n        equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193916/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/\n        Moskal: ''Rotten to the core''], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects\n        often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145022/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564\n        Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych\n        formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \\\"clean up the current\n        mess and adopt a law on court organization\\\". One day later,\n        he stated \\\"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\\\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine\n        remain quite punitive.\\n\\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to\n        hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens\n        unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their\n        native language or the services of a translator.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216010621/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/\n        \\\"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian\n        courts]\\\". ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/\n        \\\"\\u0417 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456 \\\"\\u0420\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\\"\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445]\\\".\n        ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''''. 23 June 2009.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111061236/http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{cite\n        web|url=http://for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court\n        proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\\n\\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine\n        are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of\n        Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national\n        police force ''''([[Militsiya|\\u041ci\\u043bi\\u0446i\\u044f]])'''' and various\n        specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of\n        Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services.\n        Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their\n        heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police\n        officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters\n        from challenging the state''s authority but also to provide a quick reaction\n        force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers,\n        [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2DE1238F934A25752C0A9639C8B63\n        BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation''s\n        Path], ''''[[The New York Times]]'''', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was\n        only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues'' calls\n        to withdraw.\\n\\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the\n        maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]];\n        Ukraine''s domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused\n        of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country''s\n        political elite from media criticism. On the other hand, however, it is widely\n        accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government\n        plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the\n        movement.\\n\\n=== Foreign relations ===\\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International\n        membership of Ukraine|Ukraine\\u2013European Union relations|The World Bank\n        in Ukraine}}\\nIn 1999\\u20132001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member\n        of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United\n        Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise\n        with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics.\n        Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes.\n        It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova\n        and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of\n        Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]]\n        operations since 1992.\\n\\n[[File:Normandy format talks in Minsk (February\n        2015) 03 cropped.jpeg|thumb|Leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[France]], and Ukraine at [[Minsk II]] summit, 2015.]]\\n[[File:EU DCFTA EFTA.svg|thumb|In\n        January 2016, Ukraine joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]\n        (green) with the EU (blue), established by the [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        Association Agreement]].]]\\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration\n        its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html\n        Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Ukraine\n        has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html\n        Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status \\u2013 law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/\n        Ukraine''s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December\n        2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1\n        Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226\n        Ukraine Ends ''Nonaligned'' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The\n        Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always\n        balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with\n        strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]''s [[Partnership and Cooperation\n        Agreement]] (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European\n        Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions\n        begin on an association agreement, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999\n        in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine''s long-term aspirations but does not\n        discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference\n        on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security\n        and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member\n        of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\n        are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government''s foreign\n        policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in\n        2010. But after February 2014''s [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership\n        for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual\n        integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU\n        was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the\n        process was suspended by 2012 because of the political developments of that\n        time.{{cite web | url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html\n        | title=Teixeira: Ukraine''s EU integration suspended, association agreement\n        unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6\n        September 2012}} The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European\n        Union was signed in 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html|title=EU,\n        Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 \\u2013\n        European Council|access-date=2016-06-25}}\\n\\nUkraine long had close\n        ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine relations]] became\n        difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\\n\\nUkraine is included\n        in the European Union''s [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims\n        at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\\n\\n=== Administrative divisions\n        ===\\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\\nThe\n        system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country''s status as a [[unitary\n        state]] (as stated in the country''s constitution) with unified legal and\n        [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\\n\\nUkraine consists\n        of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous\n        republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''avtonomna respublika''''}}), [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and\n        [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea\n        are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[raion]]s''''}} (districts) and\n        city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative\n        units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}};\n        the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231154652/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archivedate=2007-12-31|title=Regions\n        of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] of Ukraine Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n[[Populated\n        places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban\n        populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s\n        (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist\n        of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain\n        degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance\n        (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each\n        oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities).\n        City''s significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic\n        and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\\n\\nFollowing the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]]\n        became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They\n        are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international\n        community.\\n{{Further information|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n
{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px;\n        max-width:460px;}}
\\n\\n{| style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{| class=\\\"navbox\\\" style=\\\"width:100%;\n        background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts\n        of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\\n|-\\n|\\n* [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\\n* [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]\\n* [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\\n* [[Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n* [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\\n|\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n* [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\\n* [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\\n*\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n* [[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\\n|\\n* [[Kirovohrad\n        Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\\n* [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\\n* [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\\n* [[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\\n|\\n* [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\\n*\n        [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\\n* [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\\n*\n        [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\\n| valign=\\\"top\\\"|\\n* [[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\\n*\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\\n* [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\\n*\n        [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\\n|-\\n!colspan=2|
''''''[[Autonomous republic]]''''''
\\n!colspan=3|
''''''[[Cities\n        with special status]]''''''
\\n|-\\n|colspan=2|\\n* [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea]]\\n| colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:top;\\\"|\\n* [[Kiev|City\n        of Kiev]]\\n* [[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\\n|}\\n|}\\n|-\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n=== Armed\n        forces ===\\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Kissing the flag.jpg|thumb|left|Commander\n        of the Ukrainian contingent in [[Multi-National Force \\u2013 Iraq]], kisses\n        his country''s flag.]]\\n\\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine\n        inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the\n        third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the\n        world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html\n        |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}}\n        In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed\n        to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified\n        the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history\n        |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=\n        [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\\n\\nUkraine took consistent steps\n        toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional\n        Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery,\n        and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans\n        to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer\n        military]].{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archivedate=8\n        November 2007|title=White Book 2006|accessdate=24 December 2007|publisher=Ministry\n        of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu\n        mori 2012-07-17.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian frigate [[Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)|''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''' (U130)]]]]\\n\\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger\n        role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate\n        ''''Hetman Sagaidachniy'''' joined the European Union''s counter piracy [[Operation\n        Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]]\n        for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/\n        |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter\n        Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of\n        the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite\n        web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo\n        |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December\n        2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was\n        deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN\n        Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also\n        a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003\\u201305,\n        a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]]\n        under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the\n        world is 562 servicemen.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en|title=Peacekeeping|accessdate=2\n        May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMilitary units\n        of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian\n        forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094\n        \\\"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine\n        for exercises\\\". ''''Kyiv Post''''. 18 May 2010]\\n\\nFollowing independence,\n        Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.\n        The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation,\n        other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]]\n        since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper\n        cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed\n        in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered\n        by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining\n        NATO. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO\n        declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets\n        the criteria for the accession.\\n\\n== Economy ==\\n{{Main|Economy\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:GNI per capita\n        (Ukraine) in 2016.png|thumb|GNI per capita in 2016]]\\nIn Soviet times, the\n        economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important\n        industrial and agricultural component of the country''s [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from\n        a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult\n        for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty\n        soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukraine''s economy contracted severely following the\n        years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person\n        living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural\n        Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs\n        and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]}}\\n\\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to\n        combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the\n        problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run\n        industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary\n        policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels.\n        For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar\n        year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future\n        of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25\n        June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural\n        reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for\n        [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government\n        and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts.\n        A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation\n        process.\\n\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[National Bank of Ukraine]] [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]]]]\\n\\nIn\n        the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002\n        |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It\n        recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach\n        the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s,\n        the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial\n        production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}}\n        Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the\n        IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/3243.html\n        \\\"Head of IMF''s Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\\\"].\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010\n        GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked\n        [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in\n        PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S.\n        dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List\n        of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]].\n        By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias\n        per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120529144539/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=Average Wage Income in 2008\n        by Region |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of\n        Ukraine }} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European\n        countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\\n\\nAs of 2016,  Ukraine had average wealth per adult, at [[USD|$]]1,254.{{Cite\n        book |url = https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html?WT.i_short-url=%2Fgwr&WT.i_target-url=%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-institute%2Fglobal-wealth-report.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fnews-and-expertise%2Fthe-global-wealth-report-2016-201611.html\n        |title=Global Wealth Report 2016 |publisher=Credit Suisse |year=2016}}\\n\\n[[File:An-225\n        Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft\n        in operational service.]]\\n\\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation\n        vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes\n        and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian\n        exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220750/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Structure export and import,\n        2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine\n        }} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency,\n        the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active\n        participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between\n        1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch\n        vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics\n        of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space\n        Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232043/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archivedate=2008-11-21|title=Missile\n        defence, NATO: Ukraine''s tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business\n        Ukraine}}{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\\n\\nThe\n        country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to\n        a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the\n        natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia\n        and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia\n        controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western\n        Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine''s\n        Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford\n        Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in\n        the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|Trends in the Human Development\n        Index of Ukraine, 1970\\u20132010]]\\n[[File:Ukraine salary by region 2016.svg|thumb|left|Ukrainian\n        administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by\n        salary|monthly salary]]. All figures are in the Ukrainian hryvnia.]]\\n\\nGrowing\n        sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market,\n        which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries\n        in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104074538/http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archivedate=2009-01-04|title=Microsoft\n        CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20\n        May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}}\n        In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information\n        technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/society/768725-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044e\n        \\u0406\\u0422-\\u0444\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukraine\n        in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''''], [[UNIAN]]\n        (27 March 2013)\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World\n        Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP \\u2013 around $163 billion,\n        2012 \\u2013 $176.6 billion, 2013 \\u2013 $177.4 billion.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP\n        (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency\n        was the world''s worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its\n        value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply\n        raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March\n        2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest\n        rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What\n        are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTMIDINCCOUN/0,,contentMDK:21453301~menuPK:5006209~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:4434098,00.html|publisher=[[The\n        World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include\n        underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.\n        The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated\n        in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych''s\n        regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archivedate=2014-03-25|publisher=Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} However, according\n        to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Ukraine is still the most corrupt country\n        in Europe being ranked 142nd out of 175 countries on the world, in the latest\n        CPI report from 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results/\n        |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014: Full table and rankings |publisher=Transparency\n        International |accessdate=3 December 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine\n        Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth\n        in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine\n        macroeconomic situation \\u2013 February 2008|url=http://www.unian.info/society/99662-ukraine-macroeconomic-situation-feb-2008.html|publisher=UNIAN\n        news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006\n        the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\\n\\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing\n        absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving\n        maternal health and reducing child mortality.\\nThe poverty rate according\n        to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption\n        is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent\n        in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of\n        the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time\n        from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About\n        Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe economy of Ukraine overcame the heavy crisis caused\n        by [[War in Donbass|armed conflict in southeast]] part of country. AT the\n        same time, 200% devaluation of Ukrainian hryvnia (national currency) in 2014\\u20132015\n        made Ukrainian goods and services cheaper and more \\u0441ompetitive.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/management-and-legal-support-for-business-activity-in-ukraine/|title=The\n        economy of Ukraine|last=Thor|first=Anatoliy|date=|website=|access-date=}}\n        In 2016, for the first time since 2010, the economy grew more than 2%. According\n        to [[World Bank]] statement growth is projected at 2% in 2017 and 3.5% in\n        2018.\\n\\n=== Corporations ===\\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch\n        of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'''']]\\nUkraine\n        has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of\n        metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231025730/http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archivedate=2010-12-31\n        |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December\n        2010}} However, the country is also well known for its production of\n        high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft\n        and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://sputniknews.com/business/20100720/159879889.html\n        |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine''s Antonov |work=RIA\n        Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country''s\n        largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded\n        on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\\n\\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include\n        [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]],\n        [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]]\n        and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=https://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012/\n        |title=Brand \\\"Ukraine\\\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com\n        |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine is regarded\n        as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such\n        a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and\n        legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf\n        |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the \\\"Miracle\\\" Meant\n        to Last?| author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}}\n        Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong\n        since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country\n        has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current\n        corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation\n        of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]],\n        the enduring failure to broaden the nation''s economic base and a lack of\n        effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114072151/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520\n        |archivedate= 2010-11-14 |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on\n        list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10\n        November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine''s\n        economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20110208144113/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/\n        |archivedate= 2011-02-08 |title=Ukraine''s economic growth to resume in 2010,\n        unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Transport ===\\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}\\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|thumb|The Kharkiv\\u2013Dnipro\n        motorway (M18)]]\\n\\nIn total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. Major routes, marked with the letter ''M'' for ''International''\n        ''''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''),\n        extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border\n        routes to the country''s neighbours. There are only two true [[motorway]]\n        standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} stretch\n        of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipro]] and a section of the M03 which\n        extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where\n        the city''s [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 \\\"\\u0425\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2\n        multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n[[Rail transport in Ukraine]] connects all major urban areas,\n        port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries.\n        The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is the [[Donbas]] region of\n        Ukraine. Although [[rail freight transport]] fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison\n        with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world''s\n        highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation\n        in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}}\n        The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}},\n        of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently\n        the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and\n        all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on\n        international routes, are operated by its company ''[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]''.\\n\\nTransport\n        by air is developing quickly, with a visa-free programme for EU nationals\n        and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm\n        |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} the nation''s aviation sector is handling a significantly\n        increased number of travellers. The [[Euro 2012]] football tournament, held\n        in Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts, prompted the government to invest heavily\n        in transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=1520657.html\n        |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August\n        2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The Donetsk airport, completed for\n        [[Euro 2012]], was destroyed by the end of 2014 because of the ongoing war\n        between the government and the separatist movement.{{cite web|author=Alan\n        Taylor |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/02/a-year-of-war-completely-destroyed-the-donetsk-airport/386204/\n        |title=A Year of War Completely Destroyed the Donetsk Airport |publisher=The\n        Atlantic |date=26 February 2015 |accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\n[[Boryspil\n        International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county''s largest international\n        airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for the country''s\n        flag carrier, [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. Other large airports in\n        the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv\n        International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]]\n        (now destroyed), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades\n        in the near future. In addition to its flag carrier, Ukraine has a number\n        of airlines including [[Windrose Airlines]], [[Dniproavia]], [[Azur Air Ukraine]],\n        and [[AtlasGlobal Ukraine]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov\n        Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world''s largest fixed\n        wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\\n\\nInternational maritime travel is mainly\n        provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly\n        to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently\n        operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0443\\u0440\\u0446\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439 |publisher=Ukrferry.com\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Energy ===\\n{{Main|Energy in Ukraine}}\\nIn\n        2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security\n        Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute,\n        which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth\n        and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine\n        | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and\n        Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8\n        January 2014}}\\n\\n==== Fuel resources ====\\nUkraine produces and processes\n        its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities\n        are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported,\n        mainly from [[Russia]].{{cite book|author1=Axel Siedenberg|author2=Lutz\n        Hoffmann|title=Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International\n        Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393|accessdate=20\n        October 2015|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7908-1189-6|page=393}}\\n\\nNatural\n        gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel\n        industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country,\n        as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]\n        started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine\\u2014a project aimed\n        at the nation''s total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in\n        electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n==== Power generation\n        ====\\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear\n        Power Plant]], the largest nuclear power plant in Europe]]\\nUkraine has been\n        a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011,\n        3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/minugol/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216629&cat_id=35081\n        \\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0442\\u0430 2011\n        \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe''s largest [[Electricity|energy]]\n        consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319085724/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archivedate=2014-03-19|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22\n        December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US\n        government}} {{As of|2011}}, 47.6% of total electricity generation was\n        from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear\n        power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located\n        in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June\n        2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract\n        selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite\n        web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/westinghouse-wins-contract-to-provide-fuel-supplies-to-ukraine-57318317.html|work=30\n        March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press\n        release}}\\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine,\n        which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia\n        says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15\n        April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation\n        of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of\n        Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries\n        through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine''s Energoatom\n        Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archivedate=2014-04-11|work=11\n        April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}\\n\\n[[Coal]]\n        and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]]\n        are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation\n        needed|date=April 2014}}\\n\\n==== Renewable energy use ====\\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo\n        Solar Park]]]]\\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total\n        energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity\n        of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and {{As of|2012|lc=y}}\n        stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/\n        |title=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u043e \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454,\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 | \\u0417\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012\n        |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar\n        power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe''s largest solar\n        park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-29/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-\n        | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe''s Biggest Solar\n        Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}} Ukrainian\n        State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined\n        installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase\n        by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative\n        energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108232254/http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archivedate=2014-01-08|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research,\n        by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with\n        a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear\n        reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257\n        |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12\n        June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction\n        and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential:\n        the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small\n        hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy\n        at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only\n        starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9\n        May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine''s [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy\n        Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative\n        and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total\n        electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114035724/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archivedate=2012-11-14\n        |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua\n        |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\n=== Internet ===\\n{{Main|Internet\n        in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has a large and steadily\n        growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis\n        of 2007\\u201308]]. As of June, 2014, there were 18.2 million desktop Internet\n        users, which is 56% of the adult population. The core of the audience is the\n        25 to 34-year-old age bracket, representing 29% of the population.{{cite\n        web|title = \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u0446\\u0438\\u0444\\u0440\\u044b \\u043e digital-\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|url = http://www.imena.ua/blog/digital-in-ukraine/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-20}} Ukraine ranks 8th among the world''s top ten countries\n        with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203080726/http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study|publisher=Pandonetworks.com|date=22\n        September 2011|accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\n=== Tourism ===\\n{{Main|Tourism\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[Image:St.MichaelsGoldenDomedCathedral.JPG|thumb|225px|[[St.\n        Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nUkraine occupies 8th\n        place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World\n        Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191518/http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf\n        UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6], [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) because\n        of its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]],\n        hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination;\n        [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosystem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins\n        and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points.\n        [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] are Ukraine''s\n        principal tourist centres each offering many historical landmarks as well\n        as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure. Tourism used to be the mainstay\n        of Crimea''s economy but there has been a major fall in visitor numbers following\n        the Russian annexation in 2014.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28688478\n        Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea] bbc.co.uk, accessed 29 December 2015\\n\\nThe\n        [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are\n        the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general\n        public through an Internet-based vote.\\n\\n== Demographics ==\\n{{Main|Demographics\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|width = 220px\\n|float = right\\n|title = Composition\n        of Ukraine by nationality\\n|titlebar = #ddd\\n|bars =\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\\n|caption = Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian\n        raions (2001)]]\\n\\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census\n        of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant\n        groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]]\n        (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]]\n        (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%),\n        [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%)\n        and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year |work=ukrcensus.gov.ua\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics |accessdate=17 April 2010 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |archivedate=17 December 2011 |df= }} The industrial regions in the\n        east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the\n        population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United\n        Nations Children''s Fund]] (UNICEF)}}\\n\\nUkraine has one of the most\n        equal income distribution as measured by [[Gini index]] and [[Income inequality\n        metrics|Palma ratio]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/datablog/2017/apr/26/inequality-index-where-are-the-worlds-most-unequal-countries|title=Inequality\n        index: where are the world''s most unequal countries?|last=Barr|first=Caelainn|date=2017-04-26|work=The\n        Guardian|access-date=2017-04-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}\\n\\n===\n        Population decline ===\\n\\nUkraine''s population (excluding Crimea) in 2016\n        was estimated at 48,457,102. The country''s population has been declining\n        since the 1990s because of its high death rate and low birth rate. The population\n        has been shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has\n        recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable\n        to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to\n        stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nIn 2007, the country''s rate of population decline was the fourth\n        highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field\n        Listing \\u2013 Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World\n        Factbook}}\\n\\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high\n        [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking,\n        extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna\n        H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm\n        \\\"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process\n        in Ukraine\\\"], ''''Uktraine Magazine'''' No. 2, 1998.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720122016/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archivedate=2009-07-20|title=What\n        Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The\n        World Bank Group}}\\n\\nDuring the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million\n        children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999\\u20132001.\n        In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence.\n        Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000\n        children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up\n        |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January\n        2014}}\\n\\n=== Fertility and natalist policies ===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (1950-2012).svg|thumb|Population\n        of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[https://archive.is/20120805214701/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html\n        State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php\n        Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\\n\\nThe current birth rate in\n        Ukraine, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death\n        rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine\n        demographic tables]]).\\n\\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined\n        as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed\n        by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where\n        total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world''s lowest,\n        shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although\n        Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during\n        1991\\u20132004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal\n        childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive\n        Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition\n        to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest\n        explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence\n        of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns\n        about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between\n        early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris\n        | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility\n        in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages\n        = 55\\u201370 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid\n        = 15764134 }}\\n\\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government\n        continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments\n        of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and\n        50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154\n        hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912\n        |title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry |accessdate=1 February 2008\n        |work=Economic Ministry}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |title=President meets with business bosses |accessdate=1 February 2008 |work=Press\n        office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The demographic trend\n        is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing\n        since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip\n        The demographic situation in Ukraine in January\\u2013September 2009]{{dead\n        link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net\n        population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five\n        provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing\n        signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the\n        western oblasts.[http://www.unian.info/society/69133-ukraines-birth-rate-shows-first-positive-signs-in-decade.html\n        \\\"Ukraine''s birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\\\"]. [[Ukrainian\n        Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July\n        2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward\n        trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 because of the\n        economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\\n\\n===\n        Urbanisation ===\\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\\nIn total, Ukraine has\n        457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''''raion''''}}-class\n        cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type\n        settlements and 28,552 villages.\\n{{Largest cities\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n=== Language ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian\n        language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision\n        according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Russian.svg|thumb|Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision\n        according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}]]\\n\\nAccording\n        to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is\n        Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially\n        in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to\n        the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population\n        declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared\n        Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=1\n        November 2004|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27\n        January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}} Most native\n        Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''''de facto'''' official language of the Soviet Union\n        but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com\n        |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy\n        Yekelchyk]] ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''', [[Oxford University\n        Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}} Effective in August 2012,\n        [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles\n        any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared\n        official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html\n        |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8\n        August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared\n        as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html\n        |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be\n        used in these cities''/oblasts'' administrative office work and documents.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html|title=Romanian\n        becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|author=Michael Schwirtz|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html|title=Ukraine|date=5\n        July 2012|work=The New York Times}} On 23 February 2014, following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal\n        the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at\n        all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President\n        Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\\"|trans-title=Draft Law on\n        the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \\\"On the basic principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12\n        March 2015}}{{cite news|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia|title=Western\n        nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis|date=24 February 2014|work=The\n        Guardian}}{{cite news|author=Andrew Kramer|title=Ukraine Turns\n        to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2\n        March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\\n\\nUkrainian\n        is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such\n        as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used\n        in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}}\n        while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern\n        and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is\n        used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across\n        different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches\n        responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\\n\\nFor a large\n        part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation\n        to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in\n        public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159\\u2013168\n        Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image\n        and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004\n        as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (National Archives of Ukraine)}}\n        Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled\n        or dubbed in Ukrainian.\\n\\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous\n        Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic.\n        However, the republic''s constitution specifically recognises Russian as the\n        language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage ''in all\n        spheres of public life''. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language\n        of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2007-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204020421/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2007 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as\n        the ''languages of other ethnicities''. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming\n        majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers\n        11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2006-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227002737/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |archivedate=27 February 2008 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars\n        and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive\n        account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \\\"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html\n        The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context\n        of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\\\" International Committee\n        for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\\n\\n=== Religion ===\\n{{Main|Religion\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|title=Religion in Ukraine as of 2016 (Razumkov Center){{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches (sample of 2,018 people)|pages = 22, 29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n|float=right\\n|bars=\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|Orchid|65.4}}\\n{{Bar percent|Do\n        not believe in one of the listed religions|Chartreuse|16.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|Simply\n        [[Christianity]]|Turquoise|7.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Greek Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|6.5}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|DodgerBlue|1.9}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Islam in Ukraine|Islam]]|Green|1.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism\n        in Ukraine|Roman Catholicism]]|Indigo|1.0}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[History of the\n        Jews in Ukraine|Judaism]]|Blue|0.2}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism in Ukraine|Hinduism]]|Orange|0.2}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other religions|Chartreuse|0.2}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w - Sob\\u00f3r\n        M\\u0105dro\\u015bci Bo\\u017cej 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in\n        Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev\n        Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational,\n        Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one\n        of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine]]\\n[[File:St. Nicholas Roman Catholic\n        Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St.\n        Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]]]\\n\\nA 2016 survey conducted by\n        the [[Razumkov Centre]] found that 70% of Ukrainians declared themselves believers\n        in any religion, while 10.1% were uncertain whether they believed or not,\n        7.2% were uninterested in beliefs, 6.3% were unbelievers, 2.7% were [[atheists]],\n        and a further 3.9% found it difficult to answer the question.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\n        The level of religiosity in Ukraine is greatest in [[Western Ukraine]] (91%),\n        and lowest in [[Eastern Ukraine]] (56%) and the [[Donbass]] (57%).\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\\\"\\n|-valign=top\\n! colspan\n        = 12| Changes over time and region in the proportions of people in Ukraine\n        identifying themselves as believers, etc.\\n|-valign=top\\n!\n        rowspan=2 | ''''Whether you attend church or not, who do you think you are?''''\\n!\n        colspan = 5| Ukraine\\n| rowspan=8 width=2|\\n! colspan = 5| 2016 survey split\n        by region\\n|-valign=top\\n! | 2000\\n! | 2010\\n! | 2013\\n! | 2014\\n! | 2016\\n!\n        | West\\n! | Centre\\n! | South\\n! | East\\n!| Donbass\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Believers\\n|align=right|\n        57.8%\\n|align=right| 71.4%\\n|align=right| 67.0%\\n|align=right| 76.0%\\n|align=right|\n        70.4%\\n|align=right| 91.0%\\n|align=right| 73.5%\\n|align=right| 65.7%\\n|align=right|\n        55.6%\\n|align=right| 57.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Those who hesitate between belief\n        and disbelief\\n|align=right| 22.5%\\n|align=right| 11.5%\\n|align=right| 14.7%\\n|align=right|\n        7.9%\\n|align=right| 10.1%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        8.3%\\n|align=right| 14.2%\\n|align=right| 19.5%\\n|-valign=top\\n| Not a believer\\n|align=right|\n        11.9%\\n|align=right| 7.9%\\n|align=right| 5.5%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right|\n        6.3%\\n|align=right| 0.9%\\n|align=right| 4.8%\\n|align=right| 7.4%\\n|align=right|\n        13.4%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Atheist beliefs\\n|align=right|\n        3.2%\\n|align=right| 1.4%\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right| 2.5%\\n|align=right|\n        2.7%\\n|align=right| 0.2%\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right| 3.2%\\n|align=right|\n        3.5%\\n|align=right| 5.0%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Do not care\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right|\n        4.4%\\n|align=right| 5.1%\\n|align=right| 4.9%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|align=right|\n        1.2%\\n|align=right| 8.0%\\n|align=right| 13.0%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        9.4%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Difficult to answer\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right|\n        3.3%\\n|align=right| 5.7%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.9%\\n|align=right| 3.8%\\n|align=right| 2.3%\\n|align=right| 5.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.6%\\n|}\\n\\nOf the Ukrainian population, 81.9% were Christians, comprising\n        a 65.4% who declared to be [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], 7.1% simply\n        [[Christian]]s, 6.5% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Rite Catholics]],\n        and 1.9% [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. A further 1.1% were [[Muslim]]s and\n        1.0% [[Latin Church|Latin Rite Catholics]]. [[Judaism]] and [[Hinduism]] were\n        the religions of 0.2% of the population each. A further 16.3% of the population\n        did not identify in one of those listed hitherto. According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s,\n        such numbers have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade.\\n\\nA 2006 survey of the same Razumkov Centre, found\n        that: 62.5% of all respondents were [[irreligion|not religious, not believers]]\n        or not affiliated to any religious body, 33.6% were Christians (26.8% Orthodox,\n        5.9% Catholics, and 0.9% Protestants), 0.1% were Jewish, and 3.8% were members\n        of other religions.{{cite web|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?|trans-title=Sociological\n        poll: Believers, which churches and denominations do you consider yourself\n        to be adherents of? (sample of 11,216 people)|language=uk|work=[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]|date=2006|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}\\n\\nAmong those Ukrainians\n        who declared to believe in Orthodoxy, 38.1% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kiev Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Kievan Patriarchate]] (a body that is not canonically recognized by\n        the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]), while 23.0% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Moscovian Patriarchate]] (which is an [[autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]]\n        Orthodox church under the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]). A further 2.7% were\n        members of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], which, like the\n        Kievan Patriarchate, is not recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2004 |title=State Department of Ukraine on Religious\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=2003 Statistical report |deadurl=yes |df=\n        }} Among the remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 32.3% declared to be \\\"simply\n        Orthodox\\\", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 3.1%\n        declared that they \\\"did not know\\\" which patriarchate or Orthodox church\n        they belonged to.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n\\nThe\n        second largest Christian group in Ukraine, [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]],\n        is predominantly represented by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], an\n        [[Eastern Catholic]] Church in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy\n        See]] of the Roman Catholic Church. It recognizes the primacy of the [[Pope]]\n        as head of the Church while still maintaining a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]]\n        and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archivedate=26 February 2008 |title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Additionally, there\n        are a small number of [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities (1.0%). The church consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who\n        live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in\n        Ukraine]] make up 1.9% of the population as of 2016. A further 7.1% of the population declares to be simply Christian.\\n\\n=== Famines and migration ===\\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]],\n        followed by the devastation of World War II, created a demographic disaster.\n        Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and\n        seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males\n        in the period 1941\\u201344.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 =\n        Jacques | last2 = Mesl\\u00e9 | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3\n        = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A\n        New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages\n        = 249\\u2013264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 | pmid=12553326}}\n        According to ''''The Oxford companion to World War II'''', \\\"Over 7 million\n        inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were\n        killed during the Second World War.\\\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell\n        Foot (2001). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Oxford companion to World War II]''''. Oxford University Press. p. 909.\n        {{ISBN|0-19-860446-7}}\\n\\nSignificant migration took place in the first\n        years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into\n        Ukraine in 1991\\u201392, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In\n        total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among\n        them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and\n        2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved\n        to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska,\n        Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy/\n        \\\"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\\\"].\n        National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3\n        July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the\n        total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries\n        by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web\n        |url= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls\n        |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United\n        Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were\n        an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000\n        \\\"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories \\u2013\n        20% sample data\\\"]. ''''Statistics Canada.'''' giving Canada the world''s\n        third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There\n        are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\\n\\n=== Health ===\\n{{Main|Health\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a)\n        - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children''s hospital in [[Kremenchuk]],\n        [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established\n        in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners\n        of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens.\n        At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists.\n        Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3,200 qualified nurses. The organization takes\n        part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly\n        funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates,\n        the Society annually provides services to more than 105,000 lonely, elderly\n        people, about 23,000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25,000 war veterans, and more than 8,000 adults handicapped\n        since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian\n        citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated\n        in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist\n        nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com\n        |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209112933/http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |archivedate=9 December 2010 }} The public sector employs most healthcare\n        professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also\n        retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public\n        health facilities on a regular basis.\\n\\nAll of the country''s medical service\n        providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides\n        oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible\n        for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this,\n        standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine\n        |url=http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in\n        Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same\n        lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure;\n        as a result most towns have their own hospital ''''(\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)'''' and many also have district\n        hospitals ''''(\\u0420\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\n        Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major\n        cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital,\n        [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have\n        their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost\n        all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres;\n        such hospitals are called ''regional hospitals'' ''''(\\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\\n\\nUkraine currently faces\n        a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic\n        crisis because of its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian\n        birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000\n        population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality\n        rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]]\n        and smoking. In 2008, the country''s population\n        was one of the fastest declining in the world at \\u22125% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915155109/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=15 September 2002 |title=State Statistics Committee\n        of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014 }}\n        The UN warned that Ukraine''s population could fall by as much as 10 million\n        by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects:\n        The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archivedate=2014-03-20|publisher=United\n        Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high\n        blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian\n        healthcare system.\\n\\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming\n        the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family\n        doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency\n        services]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/11044.html National\n        network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister],\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime\n        Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to\n        start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in\n        the spring of 2010.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/|title=Ukraine\n        to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=24 November 2009|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065454/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-to-start-introducing-insurance-based-healt-53483.html|archivedate=23\n        October 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Education ===\\n{{Main|Education in Ukraine|List\n        of universities in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The\n        [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine''s most important educational institutions]]\\n[[File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\n        building by [[Josef Hl\\u00e1vka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\\nAccording\n        to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free\n        education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education\n        is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority.\n        Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is\n        provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archivedate=1997-04-15|title=Constitution\n        of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited\n        private secondary and higher education institutions.\\n\\nBecause of the Soviet\n        Union''s emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues\n        today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since\n        2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year\n        one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six),\n        middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary\n        then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |title=General secondary education |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |archivedate=16 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} In the 12th grade,\n        students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving\n        exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\\n\\nThe first\n        higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th\n        and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution\n        was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin\n        Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the\n        time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium\n        was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern\n        Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and\n        in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as\n        a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]],\n        founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th\n        century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805),\n        [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi\n        University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education\n        institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and\n        Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher\n        Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical\n        Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic\n        Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School\n        (1899) in [[Dnipro|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education\n        institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf\n        |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are\n        those owned by private organisations.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian higher education system\n        comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]]\n        facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing\n        bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007\n        |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |archivedate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The organisation\n        of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure\n        of education of the world''s higher [[developed countries]], as is defined\n        by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |title=System of the Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nUkraine has more\n        than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates\n        reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/\n        |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14\n        October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine produces the fourth\n        largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe,\n        while being ranked seventh in population. [[Higher education in Ukraine|Higher\n        education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state\n        expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term\n        exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some\n        universities. For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%. For\n        most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic\n        living expenses. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city\n        students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all\n        registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor''s\n        degree (4 years) and the master''s degree (5\\u20136th year), in\n        accordance with the [[Bologna process]]. Historically, [[Specialist degree]]\n        (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by\n        universities in the Soviet times.\\n\\nThe Law of Ukraine ''''On Higher Education''''\n        came into force on 6 September 2014. It was approved in Ukrainian Parliament\n        on 1 July 2014. The main changes in the system of higher education:{{cite\n        web|title = 16 \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d \\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456: \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438|url = http://osvita.ua/vnz/reform/42795/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-22}} a separate collegiate body to monitor the quality of\n        education was established (Ukrainian: \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438);\n        each higher education institution has the right to implement its own educational\n        and research programs; role of the student government was increased; higher\n        education institution has the right freely administer own revenues; 5 following\n        types of higher education qualifications were established: Junior Bachelor,\n        Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Science; load on\n        lecturers and students was reduced; academic mobility for faculty and students\n        etc.\\n\\n=== Regional differences ===\\n{{See also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional\n        differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukr\n        elections 2012 multimandate okruhs.png|thumb|Results of the [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2012|2012 parliamentary election]]. Yanukovych''s [[Party of Regions]]\n        in blue. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]] in purple.]]\\n[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in\n        [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language\n        in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently\n        in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer\n        classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009\n        | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic\n        Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html\n        | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]]\n        | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\\n\\nOn the [[Russian language\n        in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]],\n        opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite\n        of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics\n        tend be less extreme.{{cite web|url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/yazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html|title=The\n        language question, the results of recent research in 2012|publisher=[[Sociological\n        group \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]]|date=25 May 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/|title=Who''s\n        Afraid of Ukrainian History?|author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy D.\n        Snyder|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 September 2010}}{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html\n        |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian\n        language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0419\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|trans-title=Attitude of the Ukrainian\n        population to the figure of Joseph Stalin|publisher=[[Kyiv International Institute\n        of Sociology]]|date=1 March 2013|language=uk}}\\n\\nSimilar historical\n        cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification.\n        Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]],\n        differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]]\n        and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], and [[Donetsk]], predominantly\n        Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central\n        and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important\n        and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the\n        [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of\n        the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that\n        the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url=\n        http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all\n        were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic\n        difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture\n        and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation\n        | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all\n        | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine\n        | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3\n        | pages = 345\\u201368 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}}\n        Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging\n        to a \\\"Soviet identity\\\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the\n        Crimea (about 30%).{{cite web|format=PDF |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |title=Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding\n        Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region |work=taraskuzio.net |author=Taras\n        Kuzio |author-link=Taras Kuzio |date=23 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205435/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 May 2014 |df= }}\\n\\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]]\n        voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces)\n        vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc|Our\n        Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|script-title=uk:\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2012|trans-title=The Elections\n        of People''s Deputies of Ukraine 2012|language=uk|date=28 November 2012}}{{cite\n        web|date=30 August 2012|title=CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting\n        papers|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233711/http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archivedate=13\n        August 2014|deadurl=y|accessdate=6 November 2015}} and presidential\n        candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]]\n        and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern\n        and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]],\n        [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]])\n        with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation\n        | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc\n        | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe |\n        last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau\n        | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] |\n        year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation\n        | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle\n        | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher\n        = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url\n        = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981\n        | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine''s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012\n        Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher\n        = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation|url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |title=UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again |first=Taras |last=Kuzio\n        |author-link=Taras Kuzio |publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]] |date=5 October 2007\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515074305/http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df= }} However, this geographical division\n        is decreasing.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217083456/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/\n        \\\"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\\\"]. ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 11\n        February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine''s\n        Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv \\u2013 EU News & policy\n        debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine\n        vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\\n\\n== Culture\n        ==\\n{{Main|Ukrainian culture}}\\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection\n        of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs \\u2013 [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design\n        motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\\n[[File:Rushnyk -\n        Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian\n        embroidery]]]]\\n\\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by [[Orthodox Christianity]],\n        the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles\n        also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in\n        bringing up children, than in the West.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\n        The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western\n        neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music\n        and art.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\\n\\nThe Communist era had quite\n        a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite\n        was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin\n        made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated\n        the decree \\\"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\\\". This\n        greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced\n        and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as\n        they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archivedate=18 December 2007 |title=Gorbachev, Mikhail |accessdate=30 July\n        2008 |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |quote=Under his\n        new policy of glasnost (\\\"openness\\\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms\n        of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and\n        broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism;\n        and the country''s legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely\n        repudiated by the government |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nThe tradition of\n        the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These\n        eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied\n        to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously\n        wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed\n        leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old,\n        and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University\n        of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which\n        won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven\n        Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\\n\\n=== Weaving and embroidery ===\\nArtisan [[textile\n        arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes\n        |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]].\n        [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional\n        [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies\n        depending on the region of origin''''\\\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\\\",\n        Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine''''\n        and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours\n        and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian\n        Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of colour is very important\n        and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different\n        parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\\n\\nNational\n        dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still\n        practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village\n        is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts\n        fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u2013 \\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Rivne\n        Regional State Administration \\u2013 The Regional Centre for Folk Art|language=uk|publisher=Rv.gov.ua|accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0406\\u0421\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0422\\u0410 \\u0412\\u0418\\u0428\\u0418\\u0412\\u041a\\u0418\n        \\u0423\\u041b\\u042f\\u041d\\u0418 \\u041a\\u041e\\u0422 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve\n        this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving\n        centre, a museum and weaving school.\\n\\n=== Literature ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        literature}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|total_width=350\\n|width1=1517|height1=2006|image1=Taras\n        Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|caption1=[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.\\n|width2=560|height2=800|image2=\\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430.1888.jpg|caption2=[[Lesya\n        Ukrainka]], one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers.\\n}}\\nThe history\n        of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the\n        Christianisation of the Kievan Rus''.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Cultural Life \\u2013 The Arts \\u2013 Literature|accessdate=8 January\n        2014|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time\n        were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical\n        accounts of the time were referred to as ''''[[chronicle]]s'''', the most\n        significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archivedate= 6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Literature |accessdate=3\n        July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|G|g|none}}\n        Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'']].\\n\\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century,\n        and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction\n        of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both\n        Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an\n        independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s,\n        which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries,\n        when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless,\n        by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\\n\\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in\n        Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]''s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Eneyida''''}},\n        the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian\n        [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation''s most renowned cultural\n        figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan\n        Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian\n        vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\\\L\\\\I\\\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Danylo\n        Husar Sruk|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThen,\n        in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]]\n        by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary\n        activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish\n        their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central\n        Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete\n        after the revolution and the Bolsheviks'' coming to power.\\n\\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years,\n        when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literary\n        figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola\n        Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep\n        decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others\n        were killed by [[NKVD]] as part of the [[Great Purge]]. In general around\n        223 writers were repressed by what was known as the [[Executed Renaissance]].{{cite\n        web|author=Yuriy Lavrinenko|url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f\n        1917\\u20131933|trans-title=The Executed Renaissance: Anthology 1917\\u20131933|language=uk|location=Kiev|publisher=Smoloskyl|date=2004|archivedate=13\n        December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}}\n        These repressions were part of Stalin''s implemented policy of [[socialist\n        realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian\n        language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works.\\n\\nIn\n        post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited\n        under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet\n        literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk (poet)]],\n        [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\\n\\nLiterary\n        freedom appeared in late 1980s \\u2014 early 1990s with the process of\n        collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are\n        [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Oleksandr\n        Irvanets|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Yuriy\n        Izdryk|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a \\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy\n        Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov writes\n        in Russian, he is predominantly considered a representative of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\n===\n        Architecture ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque\n        Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]]\n        in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, which has a large [[Ukrainian diaspora.]]]]\\nUkrainian\n        architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built\n        in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\\nThese include initial\n        roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']]. Since the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'']] for several\n        ages Ukrainian architecture was influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture]].\n        After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural\n        history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During\n        the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was\n        developed under the western influences of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\n        After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger\n        eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]]\n        of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was\n        developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]].\n        Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\\n\\nThe great [[Architecture of\n        Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus'']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption\n        of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture\n        in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was\n        strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church\n        becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores\n        of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication\n        of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples\n        of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries,\n        many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below).\n        Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of\n        Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid,\n        [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125 and\n        [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], circa 12th-century. All can\n        still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\n        Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']]\n        has survived.\\n\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian\n        Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects\n        in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered.\n        [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]],\n        is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top\n        of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally\n        notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was\n        built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]].\n        During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea,\n        and renamed them as [[New Russia]]. New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]],\n        [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain\n        notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan\n        Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\\nFile:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] \\u2013 one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\\nFile:Kyiv, St Andrew\n        church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew''s Church, Kiev|St Andrew''s Church]] in [[Kiev]]\n        an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\\nFile:\\u041b\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0458\\u0430.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv''s\n        Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its\n        history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\nFile:\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434 \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|[[Vorontsov''s Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov\n        Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic\n        Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\\nFile:Monasterio\n        de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]],\n        an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\\nFile:ArcLviv.JPG|Example of early 20th\n        century architecture in [[Lviv]].\\nFile:LvivArchitecture.JPG|Lviv. The Bernardine\n        church in the style of Italian and Dutch mannerism\\nFile:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430) 02.JPG|[[Poltava]] museum, [[Ukrainian\n        Modern architecture]] example. 1908.\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\n        38 \\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u044c 2 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 2012 01.JPG|Central\n        Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f.JPG|Modern residential architecture\n        in [[Kharkiv]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446 \\u0428\\u0435\\u043d\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438.jpg|Sch\\u00f6nborn Palace. 1895\\n\\n
\\n\\nIn\n        1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously,\n        the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention.\n        All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist\n        architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy,\n        a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired\n        examples such as the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed.\n        Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War\n        contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction\n        of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example\n        of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture\n        once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\\n\\nThe task for\n        modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central\n        Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers\n        were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space\n        for a new shopping centre.\\n\\nA major project, which may take up most of the\n        21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi\n        Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid\n        the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml |script-title=ru:\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020\\u0433., \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u043c, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432, \\u043e\\u0431\\u044a\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u044b, \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0444\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0440.\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u044b\\u0431\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435, \\u041f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d. |trans-title=Architects of Kiev \\u2013 Development\n        rationale for changes in the general development plan of Kiev up to 2020 relating\n        to the construction of residential and office buildings with underground parking,\n        hospitality-office complexes, shopping centres, social and cultural facilities,\n        multi-functional entertainment complexes, etc. on Rybalsky island, Podolsky\n        district. |work=archunion.com.ua |date=7 December 2005 |accessdate=8 January\n        2014 |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510032158/http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml\n        |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Music ===\\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Cossack\n        Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumb|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing a [[kobza]]]]\\n\\nMusic\n        is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences.\n        From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern\n        rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians\n        including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from\n        traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even\n        into modern [[jazz]].\\n\\n[[File:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]]\n        is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}]]\\n\\nUkrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing\n        mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general\n        characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of\n        minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\\n\\nDuring the\n        Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received\n        a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in\n        the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well\n        versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy,\n        Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]]\n        or [[torban]].\\n\\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv,\n        Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura\n        from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers\n        within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated\n        in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\\nSee: [[Dmytro\n        Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\\n\\n[[File:Rapid\n        Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian dance ''''[[hopak]]''''.]]\\n\\nUkrainian\n        classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the\n        composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian\n        ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic\n        Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The\n        music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for\n        whom they cater.\\n\\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has\n        been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana\n        Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international\n        popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]],\n        [[Dakha Brakha]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\nModern musical culture\n        of Ukraine is presented both with academic and entertainment music. Ukraine\n        has five conservatories, 6 opera houses, five houses of Chamber Music, Philharmony\n        in all regional centers.\\n\\nUkraine hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]]\n        and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]].\\n\\n=== Cinema ===\\n{{Main|Cinema\n        of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian\n        directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important\n        early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]],\n        [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director\n        and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian\n        cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which\n        was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\\n\\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira\n        Muratova]]]]\\n\\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa\n        Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid\n        Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and\n        [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and\n        critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla\n        Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\\n\\nDespite a history of important\n        and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a\n        debate about its identity and the level of European and Russian influence.\n        Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian\n        actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films.\n        Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events,\n        including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything\n        Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]].\\n\\nUkrainian State Film\n        Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory\n        and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]],\n        and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival\n        held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and\n        first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\\n\\n===\n        Media ===\\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine\n        |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} was founded by [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum).\n        Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated\n        to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics\n        of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the\n        freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\\n[[Freedom\n        House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \\\"free\\\" and the press as \\\"partly\n        free\\\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution\n        of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \\\"negative trends in Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Kiev]]\n        dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine''s leading\n        English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]]\n        [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such\n        as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian),\n        and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also\n        a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine,\n        [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including\n        books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media,\n        newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing\n        Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts\n        in 1992.\\n\\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]]\n        or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half\n        hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\\n\\n===\n        Sport ===\\n{{Main|Sport in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration\n        Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates\n        a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet\n        emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds\n        of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Sports and recreation |accessdate=12\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]].\n        The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]]\n        (\\\"premier league\\\").\\n\\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national\n        football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners\n        of the prestigious [[Ballon d''Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only\n        presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy\n        Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]],\n        and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy\n        national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]],\n        where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]]\n        have held world heavyweight championships.\\n\\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record\n        in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic\n        abilities, he was voted the world''s best athlete on several occasions.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka | accessdate =27 May 2010\n        | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work\n        = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world''s\n        best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archivedate=2011-05-11\n        |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com\n        |accessdate=30 January 2011}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular\n        in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket\n        2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished\n        6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA\n        World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant\n        [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball\n        club in Ukraine.\\n\\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]]\n        is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]]\n        and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\\n\\nUkraine made its Olympic\n        debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]]\n        has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances)\n        than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number\n        of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every\n        country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March\n        2014}}\\n\\n\\n=== Cuisine ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        cuisine}}\\n\\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef,\n        fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains,\n        fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[varenyky]]''''}}\n        (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries\n        or berries), [[nalysnyky]] (pancakes with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms,\n        caviar or meat), [[kapu\\u015bniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots,\n        onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borscht]]\n        (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[Go\\u0142\\u0105bki|holubtsy]]''''}}\n        (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and\n        [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian\n        specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev cake]]. Ukrainians drink\n        [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese\n        from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional\n        Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:Wareniki.JPG|
[[Varenyky]] topped with fried onion
\\nFile:Borscht served.jpg|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|sour\n        cream]]\\nFile:Martiniouk Paska.JPG|
[[Paska\n        (bread)|Paska]], Ukrainian [[Easter]] bread
\\n\\n
\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of cultural icons\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] \\u2013\n        the first official Ukrainian currency\\n* [[Ukrainian oligarchs]]\\n\\n== Notes\n        ==\\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\\n''''''a.''''''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians\n        that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]],\n        [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who\n        greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen\n        Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\\n\\n''''''b.''''''{{Note\n        label|B|b|none}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data\n        is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the\n        famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting\n        various statements from different branches of different governments as to\n        whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide\n        by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm\n        on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according\n        to ''''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'''': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0491\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\"}}]),\n        16 (according to ''''[[Korrespondent]]'''', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002\n        {{lang|ru|\\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0439\\u043c \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\\"}}]),\n        \\\"more than 10\\\" (according to ''''Korrespondent'''', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780-latviya-viznala-golodomor-1932-33-rr-genocidom-ukrayinciv\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 1932\\u201333 \\u0440\\u0440.\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\\\"}}])\n        Retrieved 27 January 2008.\\n\\n''''''c.''''''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}}\n        These figures are likely to be much higher, as they ''''''do not'''''' include\n        Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians,\n        from the Ukrainian SSR.\\n\\n''''''d.''''''{{Note label|D|d|none}} This figure\n        excludes [[POW]] deaths.\\n\\n''''''e.''''''{{Note label|E|e|none}} Russia and\n        Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include\n        European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European\n        territories larger than Ukraine.\\n\\n''''''f.''''''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note\n        label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census\n        (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number\n        and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census''2001\n        data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite\n        web|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 About number and composition population of Kiev\n        on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}})\n        about 75 percent of Kiev''s population responded ''Ukrainian'' to the\n        native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent\n        responded ''Russian''. On the other hand, when the question ''What language\n        do you use in everyday life?'' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey,\n        the Kievans'' answers were distributed as follows: ''mostly Russian'': 52 percent,\n        ''both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure'': 32 percent, ''mostly\n        Ukrainian'': 14 percent, ''exclusively Ukrainian'': 4.3 percent.{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What\n        language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February\n        2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\\n\\n''''''g.''''''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such\n        writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\\n{{Refend}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681\n        Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published\n        16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth\n        and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925\n        Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]].\n        Published on 25 September 2014.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Trade \\u2013 European Commission|publisher=}}}}\\n\\n== Print sources\n        ==\\n=== Reference books ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* ''''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''''\n        (University of Toronto Press, 1984\\u201393) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\\n* ''''[https://www.questia.com/read/58069636/ukraine-a-concise-encyclopedia\n        Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'''' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University\n        of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''''Ukraine'''' (Culture\n        Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\\n* Evans, Andrew. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T\n        online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== Recent (since 1991)\n        ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''''Revolution in\n        Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''' (2006)\\n* Birch,\n        Sarah. ''''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'''' Macmillan, 2000 [https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* Edwards Mike: \\\"Ukraine \\u2013 Running on empty\\\"\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''''Cleft\n        Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        and Moldova'''', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89821-558-9}}\\n* Kuzio,\n        Taras: ''''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'''',\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7656-0224-5}}\\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''''Ukraine: State\n        and Nation Building'''' Routledge, 1998 [https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building\n        online edition]\\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''''Multilingual education\n        as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'''', in ''''Language\n        Education for Intercultural Communication'''', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens,\n        Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, {{ISBN|1-85359-204-8}}\\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine''s\n        Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\\n*\n        Whitmore, Sarah. ''''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament,\n        1990\\u20132003'''' Routledge, 2004 [https://www.questia.com/read/108557869/state-building-in-ukraine-the-ukrainian-parliament\n        online edition]\\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''''Ukraine''s\n        Orange Revolution'''' (2005)\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected\n        Nation,'''' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L\n        online excerpts at Amazon]\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''Ukrainian Nationalism in\n        the 1990s: A Minority Faith'''', [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-57457-9}}\\n*\n        Zon, Hans van. ''''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'''' 2000\n        [https://www.questia.com/read/98833788/the-political-economy-of-independent-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== History ===\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* [https://www.academia.edu/10220788/UKRAINIAN_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_BETWEEN_40_10.000_BP\n        UKRAINIAN UPPER PALAEOLITHIC BETWEEN 40/10.000 BP]\\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''''The\n        Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'''' (Rutgers UP, 1964)\n        [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world\n        online]\\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''''A History of Ukraine'''' (1986)\\n* Katchanovski\n        Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''''Historical\n        Dictionary of Ukraine.'''' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\\n*\n        Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations\n        between Ukraine and Russia, 1654\\u20131917'''' (Marquette University Press\n        1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations\n        online]\\n* Luckyj, George S. ''''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine:\n        An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'''' (1996)\\n* [[Magocsi,\n        Paul Robert]], ''''A History of Ukraine''''. [[University of Toronto Press]],\n        1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-7820-6}}\\n* Reid, Anna. ''''Borderland: A Journey Through\n        the History of Ukraine'''' (2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/96969196/borderland-a-journey-through-the-history-of-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''''Ukraine: A History'''',\n        1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}.\\n*\n        Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''' (Oxford University\n        Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation\n        online]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==== World War II ====\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian\n        Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\\n* Berkhoff, Karel C.\n        ''''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'''' Harvard\n        U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle\n        and Women''s Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\\n*\n        Gross, Jan T. ''''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland''s\n        Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'''' (1988).\\n* Lower, Wendy. ''''Nazi\n        Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'''' U. of North Carolina Press,\n        2005. 307 pp.\\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''''Poland''s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife,\n        Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918\\u20131947'''',\n        McFarland & Company, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}\\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''''Together\n        and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919\\u20131945.'''' Indiana\n        U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''''Holocaust In The Ukraine'''',\n        Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Sister\n        project links|voy=Ukraine}}\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx\n        Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121072359/https://en.ukrainecityguide.com/\n        Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\\n* [https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine]\n        information from the [[United States Department of State]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416140456/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html\n        Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm\n        Ukraine] at ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\\n*\n        [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\\n*\n        {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development\n        Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62\n        EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/\n        EU Neighbourhood Library]\\n; Government\\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/\n        The President of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government\n        Portal of Ukraine]\\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\\n*\n        [http://escher.com.ua/main.php Ukrainian art. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\\n|Southwest\n        = \\n|West      = {{Flag|Chile}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|title=International\n        membership\\n|list=\\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\\n{{G15 nations}}\\n{{G20}}\\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul\n        (Southern Common Market)}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of\n        South American Nations}}\\n{{World Trade Organization}}\\n{{Founding member\n        states of the United Nations}}\\n}}\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Federal\n        constitutional republics]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:G15\n        nations]]\\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of Mercosur]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American\n        Nations]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking\n        countries and territories]]\\n[[Category:States and territories established\n        in 1816]]\\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":799647522,\"length\":206395,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\"},\"31750\":{\"pageid\":31750,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Ukraine\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-09T21:15:45Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{about|the\n        country}}\\n{{pp-pc1}}\\n{{pp-move-indef}}\\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}\\n{{EngvarB|date=October\n        2016}}\\n{{Infobox country\\n| conventional_long_name =Ukraine\\n| common_name\n        = Ukraine\\n| native_name = {{native name|uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430|italics=off}}''''{{small|Ukrayina}}''''\\n| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg\\n| image_coat\n        = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg\\n| national_anthem = {{lang|uk-Latn|\\\"''''[[Shche\n        ne vmerla Ukraina|Shche ne vmerly Ukrainy ni slava ni volya]]''''\\\"}}
\\\"The\n        glory and the will of Ukraine has not yet died\\\" (also \\u2013 \\\"Ukraine has\n        not yet perished)\\\"
[[File:Anthem-of-Ukraine Chorus Veryovka.ogg]]
\\n|\n        image_map = Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg\\n| map_caption ={{unbulleted\n        list|{{map caption |country={{nobold|Ukraine}} |location_color=green}}|Claimed,\n        but not controlled ({{small|light green}})}}\\n| capital = [[Kiev]]\\n| coordinates\n        = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:city}}\\n| largest_city = capital\\n\\n| official_languages =\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]\\n| regional_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]],\n        [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]],\n        [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]],\n        [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]],\n        [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]],\n        [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]],\n        [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]],\n        [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]{{cite web |\n        url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17\n        | archivedate=14 February 2014 | title=Law of Ukraine \\\"On Principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\" (Current version \\u2014 Revision from 1 February 2014) |\n        publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional\n        or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=30\n        April 2014}}\\n| ethnic_groups =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n  | 77.8% [[Ukrainians]]\\n  |\n        17.3% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]\\n  | {{nowrap|4.9% others/unspecified}}\\n\n        }}\\n| ethnic_groups_year = 2001\\n| demonym = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]\\n| government_type\n        = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}}\n        [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1 = [[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n|\n        leader_name1 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]\\n| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of\n        Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n| leader_name2 = [[Volodymyr Groysman]]\\n| leader_title3\n        = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of Parliament]]\\n| leader_name3\n        = [[Andriy Parubiy]]\\n| legislature = [[Verkhovna Rada]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Kievan Rus'']]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 882\\n| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia|Kingdom\n        of
Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]}}\\n| established_date2 = 1199\\n| established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]}}\\n| established_date3 =\n        17 August 1649\\n| established_event4 = Independence from [[Russian Republic]];\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date4 = 7 November 1917\\n|\n        established_event5 = [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\\n| established_date5\n        = 1 November 1918\\n| established_event6 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian\n        SSR]]\\n| established_date6 = 10 March 1919\\n| established_event7 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]\\n|\n        established_date7 = 8 October 1938\\n| established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet\n        annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939\\u20131940|Soviet annexation
of Western\n        Ukraine]]}}\\n| established_date8 = 15 November 1939\\n| established_event9\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|Declaration ofUkrainian Independence]]}}\\n| established_date9 = 30 June 1941\\n| established_event10\n        = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence from
the\n        Soviet Union]]}}\\n| established_date10 = 24 August 1991a\\n| area_km2\n        = 603,628\\n| area_rank = 45th \\n| area_sq_mi = or 233,013/ 223,013\\n| percent_water = 7\\n| population_estimate =42,541,633\n        {{decrease}}{{cite web|url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |title=Population (by estimate) as of 1 April, 2016. |publisher=State Statistics\n        Service of Ukraine |accessdate=1 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp\n        |archivedate=8 August 2016 |df= }}\\n| population_census = 48,457,102\\n|\n        population_estimate_year = 2016\\n| population_estimate_rank = 32nd\\n| population_census_year\n        = 2001\\n| population_density_km2 = 73.8\\n| population_density_sq_mi = 191\n        \\n| population_density_rank = 115th\\n|\n        GDP_PPP = $353 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=10&sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report\n        for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=World Economic Outlook Database,\n        April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 2017|accessdate=12\n        August 2016}} \\n| GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n| GDP_PPP_rank =\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,305 \\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal\n        = $93.263 billion \\n|\n        GDP_nominal_year = 2016\\n| GDP_nominal_rank =\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita =\n        $2,194 \\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        =\\n| Gini = 24.1 \\n| Gini_year = 2014\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n|\n        Gini_ref = {{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UA\n        |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 9 November 2016}}\\n|\n        Gini_rank =\\n| HDI = 0.747 \\n| HDI_year = 2014 \\n| HDI_change\n        = increase\\n| HDI_ref = {{cite\n        web|format=PDF|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf|title=Human\n        Development Report 2015 Statistical Annex|date=14 December 2015|accessdate=15\n        December 2015}}\\n| HDI_rank = 81st\\n| currency = [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]\\n|\n        currency_code = UAH\\n| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\\n| utc_offset\n        = +2{{cite web|url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438: \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 30 \\u0436\\u043e\\u0432\\u0442\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0439\\u0434\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0437\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441|trans-title=Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter\n        time on 30 October|language=uk|publisher=korrespondent.net|date=18 October\n        2011|accessdate=31 October 2011}}\\n| utc_offset_DST = +3\\n| time_zone_DST\n        = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\\n| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand\n        traffic|right]]\\n| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]\\n|\n        cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ua]] |[[.\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440]]}}\\n| footnote_a\n        = An [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was\n        held on 1 December, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on 26\n        December. The [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] was adopted\n        on 28 June 1996.\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| country_code = UKR\\n}}\\n{{Contains\n        Cyrillic text}}\\n\\n''''''Ukraine'''''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|ju\\u02d0|\\u02c8|k|r|e\\u026a|n}};\n        {{lang-uk|\\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430}}, [[Romanization\n        of Ukrainian|tr.]] {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Ukrayina''''}} {{IPA-uk|ukr\\u0250\\u02c8jin\\u0250|}}),\n        [[Name of Ukraine#\\\"Ukraine\\\" versus \\\"the Ukraine\\\"|sometimes called ''''''the\n        Ukraine'''''']],{{cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844|publisher=BBC|title=Ukraine\n        or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have ''the''?|last1= Geoghegan|first1=Tom|work=BBC\n        News Magazine|date=7 June 2012}} is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Eastern\n        Europe]],{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=The\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine| publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=7\n        January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014}} [[State Border of Ukraine|bordered]]\n        by [[Russia]] to the east, northeast, and south, [[Belarus]] to the northwest,\n        [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west, [[Romania]], and [[Moldova]]\n        to the southwest, and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and\n        southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in [[territorial dispute]] with\n        Russia over the [[Crimean Peninsula]] which [[Annexation of Crimea by the\n        Russian Federation|Russia annexed in 2014]]{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082|title=Russia''s\n        Crimea plan detailed, secret and successful|first=John|last=Simpson|date=19\n        March 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}} but which Ukraine and most of\n        the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine\n        has an area of {{convert|603628|km\\u00b2|0|abbr=on}},{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Ukraine|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 United Nations Statistics Division|work=United Nations|date=2016|accessdate=6\n        September 2016}} making it the largest country entirely within [[Europe]]\n        and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|46th]] largest country\n        in the world. It has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the [[List\n        of countries and dependencies by population|32nd]] most populous country in\n        the world.\\n\\nThe territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000\n        BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture,\n        with the powerful state of [[Kievan Rus'']] forming the basis of Ukrainian\n        identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was\n        contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including [[Grand Duchy\n        of Lithuania|Lithuania]], Poland, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]],\n        and Russia. A [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack republic]] emerged and prospered\n        during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split\n        between Poland and the [[Russian Empire]], and later merged fully into Russia.\\n\\nDuring\n        the 20th century three periods of independence occurred.  The first of these\n        periods occurred briefly during and immediately after the German occupation\n        near the end of [[World War I]] and the second occurred, also briefly, and\n        also during German occupation, during [[World War II]]. However, both of these\n        first two earlier periods would eventually see Ukraine''s territories consolidated\n        back into a [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]] within\n        the [[USSR]].  The third period of independence began in 1991, when Ukraine\n        gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of [[dissolution\n        of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].  Ukraine\n        has maintained its independence as a sovereign state ever since.  Before its\n        independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as \\\"The Ukraine\\\",\n        but sources since then have moved to drop \\\"the\\\" from the name of Ukraine\n        in all uses.\\n\\nFollowing its independence, Ukraine\n        declared itself a [[neutral state]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=27\n        September 2007|title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} Nonetheless it formed\n        a limited military partnership with the Russian Federation and other [[Commonwealth\n        of Independent States|CIS countries]] and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership\n        with NATO]] in 1994. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO,\n        and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action\n        Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO\n        should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient,{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|title=NATO\n        confirms readiness for Ukraine''s joining organization|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=13\n        April 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416153024/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63797|archive-date=16\n        April 2010}} and was against Ukraine joining NATO.{{cite\n        news|author=Richard Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/us-ukraine-election-yanukovich-idUSTRE6062P320100107|title=Yanukovich\n        vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=7 January 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}} In 2013, after the government of President Yanukovych\n        had decided to suspend the [[Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement]]\n        and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations\n        and protests known as the [[Euromaidan]] began, which later escalated into\n        the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]] that led to the overthrow of President Yanukovych\n        and his cabinet and the establishment of a new government. These events formed\n        the background for the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea by Russia]] in March 2014, and the [[War in Donbass]] in April 2014.\n        On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the [[Deep and Comprehensive\n        Free Trade Area]] with the European Union.\\n\\nUkraine has long been a global [[breadbasket]] because\n        of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the world''s largest [[Grain\n        trade|grain exporters]].{{cite press release|url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister|title=Ukraine\n        becomes world''s third biggest grain exporter in 2011 \\u2013 minister|publisher=Black\n        Sea Grain|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=31 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister\n        |archivedate=31 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm|title=World\n        Trade Report 2013|publisher=World Trade Organisation|date=2013|accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} The diversified [[economy of Ukraine]] includes a large\n        [[heavy industry]] sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment.\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] under a [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with [[Separation of powers|separate powers]]: [[Legislature|legislative]],\n        [[executive branch|executive]] and [[judicial]] branches. Its capital and\n        largest city is [[Kiev]]. Taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel,[[#IISS2010|IISS\n        2010]], pp. 195\\u2013197 Ukraine maintains the second-largest [[Military\n        of Ukraine|military]] in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home\n        to 42.5 million people (excluding [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]), 77.8 percent of whom are [[Ukrainians]] \\\"by ethnicity\\\",\n        followed by a sizeable minority of [[Russians]] (17.3 percent) as well as\n        [[Romanians]]/[[Moldovans]], [[Belarusians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Bulgarians]]\n        and [[Hungarians]]. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the [[official language]]\n        and its alphabet is [[Ukrainian alphabet|Cyrillic]]. The dominant religion\n        in the country is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], which has\n        strongly influenced [[Ukrainian architecture]], [[Ukrainian literature|literature]]\n        and [[Music of Ukraine|music]].  It is a member of the [[United Nations]]\n        since its founding, the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization for Security\n        and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic\n        Development|GUAM]], and one of the founding states of the [[Commonwealth of\n        Independent States]] (CIS).\\n{{TOC limit}}\\n\\n== Etymology ==\\n{{Main|Name\n        of Ukraine}}\\nThere are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the [[name\n        of Ukraine|name ''''Ukraine'''']]. According to the older and most widespread\n        hypothesis, it means \\\"borderland\\\",{{cite news|author=Stay informed\n        today and every day|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides|title=Linguistic\n        divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine?|publisher=The Economist|date=5\n        February 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014|subscription=y}} while more recently\n        some linguistic studies claim a different meaning: \\\"homeland\\\" or \\\"region,\n        country\\\".{{cite web|author=Hryhoriy Pivtorak|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432, \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u044f\\u043d,\n        \\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0441\\u0456\\u0432 \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0457\\u0445\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432|trans-title=The origin of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians\n        and their languages|language=uk|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\n\\\"The\n        Ukraine\\\" was once the usual form in English,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine|title=Ukraine \\u2013\n        Definition|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=4 May 2012}}\n        but since the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]], \\\"the Ukraine\\\"\n        has become much less common in the [[English-speaking world]], and style-guides\n        largely recommend not using the definite [[Article (grammar)|article]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml|title=The\n        \\\"the\\\" is gone|publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LIX, No. 49|date=8\n        December 1991|accessdate=21 October 2015}}{{cite web|author=Adam\n        Taylor|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12|title=Why\n        Ukraine Isn''t ''The Ukraine,'' And Why That Matters Now|publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]]|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=21 October 2015}} \\\"The Ukraine\\\"\n        now implies disregard for the country''s sovereignty, according to U.S. ambassador\n        [[William B. Taylor, Jr.|William Taylor]].{{cite news|title=\\u2018Ukraine\\u2019\n        or \\u2018the Ukraine\\u2019? It\\u2019s more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|accessdate=11\n        August 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}\\n\\n== History\n        ==\\n{{Main|History of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Early history ===\\n[[File:\\u0424\\u0440\\u0430\\u0433\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u041f\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Scythia]]n\n        pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal [[kurgan]] in [[Pokrov, Ukraine|Pokrov]],\n        dated to the 4th century BC]]\\n\\n[[Neanderthal]] settlement in Ukraine is\n        seen in the Molodova archaeological sites (43,000\\u201345,000 BC) which include\n        a mammoth bone dwelling.{{cite news|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html|title=Neanderthals\n        built homes with mammoth bones|publisher=Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=18\n        December 2011|author=Richard Gray|accessdate=8 January 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/molodova.htm|title=Molodova\n        I and V (Ukraine)|author=K. Kris Hirst|work=About}} The territory is\n        also considered to be the likely location for the human [[domestication of\n        the horse]].{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm\n        | title=Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories\n        reconciled | publisher=www.sciencedaily (sourced from the University of Cambridge)\n        | date=7 May 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2014}}Matossian ''''Shaping\n        World History'''' p. 43{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |title=What We Theorize \\u2013 When and Where Did\n        Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum\n        of the Horse }}{{cite news|title=Horsey-aeology,\n        Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man,\n        Fact or Fiction|url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|archivedate=7\n        October 2014|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald|publisher=CBC\n        Radio|date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}\\n\\nModern human\n        settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence\n        of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].{{cite\n        news|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020834|title=The\n        Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating,\n        Culture and Behavior|author1=Sandrine Prat|author2=St\\u00e9phane C. P\\u00e9an|author3=Laurent\n        Cr\\u00e9pin|author4=Doroth\\u00e9e G. Drucker|author5=Simon J. Puaud|author6=H\\u00e9l\\u00e8ne\n        Valladas|author7=Martina L\\u00e1zni\\u010dkov\\u00e1-Galetov\\u00e1|author8=Johannes\n        van der Plicht|author9=Alexander Yanevich|date=17 June 2011|publisher=plosone|accessdate=21\n        June 2011}}{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262|title=Early\n        human fossils unearthed in Ukraine|author=Jennifer Carpenter|date=20 June\n        2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=21 June 2011}} By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]]\n        [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture]] flourished in\n        a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including [[Trypillia]]\n        and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. During the [[Iron Age]], the\n        land was inhabited by [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian|title=Scythian|accessdate=21\n        October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} Between 700 BC\n        and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or [[Scythia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the sixth century BC, colonies\n        of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], such\n        as [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]] and [[Chersonesus]], were founded on\n        the northeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]]. These colonies thrived well into\n        the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area but came under the\n        sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s AD. In the 7th century AD, the territory\n        of eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of\n        the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions,\n        and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n=== Golden Age of Kiev ===\\n\\n{{Main|Kievan\n        Rus''}}\\n[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The baptism\n        of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in [[Kievan\n        Rus'']].]]\\n\\nKievan Rus'' was founded by the [[Rus'' people]], who came from\n        Scandinavia across [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and settled in Kiev around 880\n        AD. Kievan Rus'' included the central, western and northern part of modern\n        Ukraine, [[Belarus]], far eastern strip of Poland and the western part of\n        present-day Russia. According to the ''''[[Primary Chronicle]]'''' the Rus''\n        elite initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, it\n        became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html|title=Ukraine|accessdate=24\n        December 2007|date=13 December 2007|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}} It\n        laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia\n        |edition=6 |year=2001\\u20132007 |article=Kievan Rus |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html\n        |archivedate=19 August 2000 }} [[Kiev]], the capital of modern Ukraine,\n        became the most important city of the Rus''.\\n\\n[[File:Principalities of Kievan\n        Rus'' (1054-1132).jpg|thumb|Principalities of [[Kievan Rus'']], 1054\\u20131132]]\\n\\nThe\n        Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of\n        the first Rus'' dynasty, the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik Dynasty]]. Kievan Rus'' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled\n        by the interrelated Rurikid ''''[[knyaz]]es'''' (\\\"princes\\\"), who often fought\n        each other for possession of Kiev.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        Golden Age of Kievan Rus'' began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]]\n        (980\\u20131015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus''|turned Rus'' toward\n        Byzantine Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]]\n        (1019\\u20131054), Kievan Rus'' reached the zenith of its cultural development\n        and military power. The state soon fragmented as\n        the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence\n        under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113\\u20131125) and his son [[Mstislav\n        I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125\\u20131132), Kievan Rus'' finally disintegrated\n        into separate principalities following Mstislav''s death.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\nThe 13th century [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]] devastated\n        Kievan Rus''. Kiev was totally [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed in 1240]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 April 2011 |title=The Destruction of Kiev |accessdate=3\n        January 2008 |work=University of Toronto''s Research Repository }} On\n        today''s Ukrainian territory, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]]\n        and [[Volhynia|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] arose, and were merged into the state\n        of [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm|title=Roman\n        Mstyslavych|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}\\n\\n[[Daniel of Galicia|Danylo\n        Romanovych]] (Daniel I of Galicia or Danylo Halytskyi) son of [[Roman the\n        Great|Roman Mstyslavych]], re-united all of south-western Rus'', including\n        Volhynia, Galicia and Rus'' ancient capital of Kiev. Danylo was crowned by\n        the [[Pope|papal]] [[archbishop]] in [[Drohiczyn|Dorohychyn]] 1253 as the\n        first [[Monarch|King]] of all Rus''. Under Danylo''s reign, the Kingdom of\n        Galicia\\u2013Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central\n        Europe.[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Romanovich \\\"Daniel\n        Romanovich\\\"].Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.\n        23 August 2007\\n\\n=== Foreign domination ===\\n\\n{{See\n        also|Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crimean Khanate|Ottoman\n        Empire|Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Russian Empire}}\\n[[File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png|thumb|Following\n        the [[Mongol invasion of Rus''|Mongol invasion]], much of Ukraine was controlled\n        by Lithuania (from the 14th century on) and after the [[Union of Lublin]]\n        (1569) was included in the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]], illustrated\n        here in 1619.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-14th century, upon the death of [[Boles\\u0142aw\n        Jerzy II of Mazovia]], king [[Casimir III of Poland]] initiated campaigns\n        (1340\\u20131366) to take Galicia-Volhynia. Meanwhile, the heartland of Rus'',\n        including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled\n        by [[Gediminas]] and his successors, after the [[Battle on the Irpen'' River]].\n        Following the 1386 [[Union of Krewo]], a [[dynastic union]] between Poland\n        and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly\n        Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.\n        By 1392 the so-called [[Galicia\\u2013Volhynia Wars]] ended. Polish colonisers\n        of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or re-founded\n        many towns. In 1430 [[Podolia]] was incorporated under the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland as [[Podolian Voivodeship]]. In 1441, in the southern Ukraine, especially\n        Crimea and surrounding steppes, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded\n        the Crimean Khanate.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bohdan\n        Khmelnytsky]], [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] of Ukraine, established\n        an independent Ukraine after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising in 1648]]\n        against [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].]]\\n\\nIn 1569 the [[Union\n        of Lublin]] established the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much\n        Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom\n        of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure. Under the demographic, cultural\n        and political pressure of [[Polonisation]], which began in the late 14th century,\n        many landed gentry of Polish [[Ruthenia]] (another name for the land of Rus)\n        converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the [[Polish nobility]].Subtelny,\n        pp. 92\\u201393 Deprived of native protectors among Rus nobility, the\n        commoners (peasants and townspeople) began turning for protection to the emerging\n        [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who by the 17th century became devoutly [[Eastern\n        Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]. The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against\n        those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local\n        representatives.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237\n        |archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Poland |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]] (fee required) |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nFormed from [[Golden\n        Horde]] territory conquered after the [[Mongol invasion#European vassals|Mongol\n        invasion]] the [[Crimean Khanate]] was one of the strongest powers in Eastern\n        Europe until the 18th century; in 1571 it even [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)|captured\n        and devastated Moscow]].{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The\n        Sultan''s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman\n        Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |year=2013 |page=16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf\n        |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df= }} The borderlands suffered annual\n        [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|Tatar invasions]]. From the beginning\n        of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar [[slave\n        raiding]] bands[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html\n        Halil Inalcik. \\\"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire\\\"] in A. Ascher, B.\n        K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and\n        Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979,\n        pp. 25\\u201343. exported about two million slaves from Russia and Ukraine.Darjusz\n        Ko\\u0142odziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves,\n        Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives\n        in the Crimean Khanate |url=http://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate\n        |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}} According to\n        [[Orest Subtelny]], \\\"from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six [[Tatar invasions|Tatar\n        raids]] were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy.\\\"Subtelny, Orest\n        (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 106 In 1688, Tatars captured a record\n        number of 60,000 Ukrainians.Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery]''''\\\". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. {{ISBN|0-87436-885-5}}\n        The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly\n        regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer. The last\n        remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire\n        in 1783.{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the\n        Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish\n        Sources |url=http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources\n        |work=Oxford University}} The [[Taurida Governorate]] was formed to\n        govern this territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Location\n        of Cossack Hetmanate.png|thumb|The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] is considered as\n        a direct ancestor of today''s Ukraine.]]\\n\\nIn the mid-17th century,\n        a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper\n        Cossacks]] and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish [[serfdom]].{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\Z\\\\A\\\\ZaporizhiaThe.htm|title=Zaporizhia,\n        The|accessdate=16 December 2007|author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.|work=[[Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine]]}} Poland exercised little real control over this population,\n        but found the Cossacks to be a useful opposing force to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]\n        and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], and at times the two were\n        allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].\\\"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf\n        The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves]\\\" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki,\n        ''''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.'''' However\n        the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of peasantry by Polish nobility and\n        especially the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 The Cossacks|accessdate=21 October 2015|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}}\\n\\nThe\n        Cossacks sought representation in the Polish [[Sejm generalny|Sejm]], recognition\n        of Orthodox traditions, and the gradual expansion of the [[Registered Cossacks|Cossack\n        Registry]]. These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the\n        Sejm.{{cite web|title=Poland \\u2013 The Cossacks|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Cossacks|publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n=== Cossack Hetmanate ===\\n[[File:Marten''s Poltava.jpg|thumb|The\n        [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, as depicted by [[Denis Martens the Younger]],\n        1726]]\\nIn 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] and [[Petro Doroshenko]] led the [[Khmelnytsky\n        Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the\n        Polish king [[John II Casimir]].Subtelny, pp. 123\\u2013124 After\n        Khmelnytsky made an entry into Kiev in 1648, where he was hailed liberator\n        of the people from Polish captivity, he founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]\n        which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).\\n\\n[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Khmelnytsky]],\n        deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing [[Battle of Berestechko|defeat\n        at Berestechko]] in 1651, and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In 1654,\n        Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], forming a military and political\n        alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian tsar.\\n\\nIn\n        1657\\u20131686 came \\\"[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]\\\", a devastating\n        30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine,\n        which occurred at about the same time as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] of\n        Poland. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths.\n        Defeat came in 1686 as the \\\"[[Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686|Eternal Peace]]\\\"\n        between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them.\\n\\nIn\n        1709, Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639\\u20131709) defected to [[Sweden]]\n        against Russia in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700\\u20131721). Eventually\n        Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia''s political and\n        economic power it was necessary to do away with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|hetmanate]]\n        and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa died in exile after\n        fleeing from the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where the Swedes and their\n        Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat.\\n\\n[[File:Pylyp-orlyk-constitution-1710.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The\n        first page of the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Bendery Constitution]]. This\n        copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman [[Pylyp Orlyk]]. The original\n        is kept in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].]]\\n\\nThe [[Constitution of\n        Pylyp Orlyk]] or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian\n        Host was a 1710 constitutional document written by [[Hetman]] [[Pylyp Orlyk]],\n        a [[Cossack]] of Ukraine, then within the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082709/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/63202/\n        \\\"300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk\n        being celebrated\\\"], ''''[[Kyiv Post]]'''', (5 April 2010) It established\n        a standard for the [[separation of power]]s in government between the legislative,\n        executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of [[Montesquieu]]''s\n        [[The Spirit of the Laws|''''Spirit of the Laws'''']]. The Constitution limited\n        the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected\n        [[Cossack]] parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk''s [[Constitution]]\n        was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions\n        in Europe.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThe hetmanate was abolished\n        in 1764; the [[Zaporizhian Sich|Zaporizhska Sich]] abolished in 1775, as Russia\n        centralised control over its lands. As part of the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning\n        of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper\n        were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into\n        the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern [[Danube]] valley was a cornerstone\n        of Russian foreign policy.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Kirill\n        Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kyrylo Rozumovskyi]], the last Hetman\n        of left- and right-bank Ukraine 1750\\u20131764 and the first person to declare\n        Ukraine to be a sovereign state.]]\\n\\nLithuanians and Poles controlled vast\n        estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from\n        [[Cracow]] were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically\n        tied to the land as [[serf]]s. Occasionally the landowners battled each other\n        using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics\n        and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596,\n        they set up the \\\"Greek-Catholic\\\" or [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate\n        Church]]; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Religious differentiation\n        left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to\n        follow the Ukrainian nobles.Reid (2000) p 27\\u201330\\n\\nCossacks\n        led an uprising, called [[Koliyivschyna|Koliivshchyna]], starting in the Ukrainian\n        borderlands of the Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity\n        was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian [[Massacre of\n        Uman|violence]] that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious\n        warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between\n        Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border\n        on the [[Dnieper River]] in the time of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine\n        II]] set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become\n        more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence\n        on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing\n        Polish and Russian political allegiances.{{cite journal | last1 = Skinner\n        | first1 = Barbara | year = 2005 | title = Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering\n        the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy | url = | journal = Slavic Review | volume\n        = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 88\\u2013116 | doi=10.2307/3650068}}\\n\\nAfter\n        the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, [[New Russia]]\n        was settled by Ukrainians and Russians.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421073907/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30071/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule\n        Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule]. ''''Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica.''''\n        Despite promises in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the\n        Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting.\n        However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and\n        [[Russian Orthodox Church|church]] offices.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} At a later\n        period, [[tsarist]]s established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing\n        the use of the Ukrainian language in print and in public.{{cite\n        journal|last=Remy|first=Johannes|title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship\n        of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863\\u20131876): Intention\n        and Practice|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=March\\u2013June 2007|volume=47|pages=87\\u2013110|jstor=40871165|publisher=Canadian\n        Association of Slavists}}\\n\\n=== 19th century, World War I and revolution\n        ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian War of Independence}}\\n{{Further information|Ukraine\n        during World War I|Russian Civil War|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}\\n[[File:1904\n        Map showing Ukraine region before unification.pdf|thumb|1904 map showing administrative\n        units of Little Russia, South Russia and West Russia within the Russian Empire\n        prior to Ukrainian independence 1917\\u20131921.]]\\n[[File:Mapa from Ukraine\n        postcard 1919.jpg|thumbnail|Ukraine according to an old postal stamp from\n        1919 that was reprinted in 2008.]]\\n\\nIn the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural\n        area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and\n        modernization, and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian\n        [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged.\n        The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814\\u20131861) and the\n        political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841\\u20131895) led the growing\n        nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nAfter the [[Russo-Turkish\n        War (1768\\u20131774)]], [[Catherine the Great]] and her immediate successors\n        encouraged German immigration into Ukraine and especially [[Crimea Germans|into\n        Crimea]], to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage agriculture.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nBeginning in the 19th century, there was migration\n        from Ukraine to distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897\n        census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in\n        [[Central Asia]].Rainer M\\u00fcnz, Rainer Ohliger (2003). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor]''''\\\".\n        Routledge. p. 164. {{ISBN|0-7146-5232-6}} An additional 1.6 million\n        emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian\n        Railway]] in 1906.Subtelny, Orest (2000). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}\n        [[Russian Far East|Far Eastern]] areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population\n        became known as [[Green Ukraine]].Jonathan D. Smele (2015). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476\n        Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916\\u20131926]''''. Rowman\n        & Littlefield. p.476. {{ISBN|1-4422-5281-2}}\\n\\nNationalist and socialist\n        parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]],\n        under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Habsburgs]], became the centre\n        of the nationalist movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nUkrainians\n        entered [[World War I]] on the side of both the [[Central Powers]], under\n        Austria, and the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians\n        fought with the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]],\n        while 250,000 fought for the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].{{cite book|title=Ukraine:\n        A History|author=[[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]|publisher=[[University\n        of Toronto Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|pages=340\\u2013344}}\n        [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities established the Ukrainian\n        Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This became the [[Ukrainian Galician\n        Army]] that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post-World War\n        I period (1919\\u201323). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria\n        were treated harshly.{{cite web |last=Horbal |first=Bogdan |title=Talerhof\n        |url=http://www.rusyn.org/histalerhof.html|accessdate=20 January 2008|publisher=The\n        world academy of Rusyn culture}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|left|Ukraine\n        in 1918]]\\n\\nWorld War I destroyed both empires. The [[Russian Revolution\n        of 1917]] led to the founding of the Soviet Union under the [[Bolshevik]]s,\n        and subsequent [[civil war in Russia]]. A Ukrainian national movement for\n        self-determination re-emerged, with heavy Communist and Socialist influence.\n        Several Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the internationally recognized [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]] (''''''UNR'''''', the predecessor of modern Ukraine,\n        was declared on 23 June 1917 proclaimed at first as a part of the Russian\n        Republic; after the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the Ukrainian People''s Republic\n        proclaimed its independence on 25 January 1918), the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]],\n        the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and the pro-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic]] (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories\n        in the former Russian Empire; while the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        and the [[Hutsul Republic]] emerged briefly in the Ukrainian lands of former\n        Austro-Hungarian territory.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[Act\n        Zluky]] (Unification Act) was an agreement signed on January 22, 1919 by the\n        [[Ukrainian People''s Republic]] and the [[West Ukrainian People''s Republic]]\n        on the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia Square]] in [[Kiev]].{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nThis led to civil war, and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        movement called the [[Black Guards|Black Army]] or later [[The Revolutionary\n        Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]] developed in Southern Ukraine under the\n        command of the anarchist [[Nestor Makhno]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\M\\\\A\\\\MakhnoNestor.htm\n        |title=Makhno, Nestor|author=Cipko, Serge|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}} They protected the operation of \\\"[[Soviet (council)|free\n        soviets]]\\\" and [[libertarian socialism|libertarian]] [[communes]] in the\n        [[Free Territory]], an attempt to form a [[Stateless society|stateless]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]]\n        society from 1918 to 1921 during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian\n        Revolution]], fighting both the tsarist [[Armed Forces of South Russia|White\n        Army]] under [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and later the [[Red Army]] under [[Leon\n        Trotsky|Trotsky]], before being defeated by the latter in August 1921.\\n\\nPoland\n        defeated Western Ukraine in the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]], but failed against\n        the Bolsheviks in [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|an offensive against Kiev]]. According\n        to the [[Peace of Riga]], western Ukraine was incorporated into Poland, which\n        in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919.\n        With establishment of the Soviet power, Ukraine lost half of its territory\n        to Poland, Belarus and Russia, while on the left bank of [[Dniester]] River\n        was created Moldavian autonomy.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Ukraine\n        became a founding member of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in\n        December 1922.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=2008-04-18|title=Interwar\n        Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]\n        (fee required)}}\\n\\n=== Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina\n        ===\\n{{See also|Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918\\u20131938)}}\\n[[File:Huculy\n        1933, Verkhovyna district.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hutsuls]], living in [[Verkhovyna]],\n        c. 1930]]\\nThe war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however,\n        most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and\n        Volhynia (West Ukraine) were incorporated into independent Poland. [[Bukovina]]\n        was annexed by Romania and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to the [[First\n        Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] as an autonomy.{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:1930 in Ukraine.png|thumb|left|A map showing Ukraine''s territory,\n        circa 1930.]]\\nA powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement arose\n        in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s because of Polish national policies, which\n        was led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the [[Organization of Ukrainian\n        Nationalists|Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)]]. The movement\n        attracted a militant following among students. Hostilities between Polish\n        state authorities and the popular movement led to a substantial number of\n        fatalities, and the autonomy which had been promised was never implemented.\n        A number of Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press,\n        and a business sector existed in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the\n        1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n=== Inter-war Soviet Ukraine ===\\n{{See also|Holodomor}}\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0423\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420 \\u0432\n        1925.gif|thumb|Urban population of Ukraine in 1925 {{colbegin}} {{legend|#006400|Ukrainian}}\n        {{legend|#FAD6A5|Russian}} {{legend|#000000|Jewish}} {{legend|#CCFCCC|Polish}}\n        {{colend}}]]\\n\\nThe [[Russian Civil War]] devastated\n        the whole [[Russian Empire]] including Ukraine. It left over 1.5 million people\n        dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire territory.\n        Soviet Ukraine also faced the [[Russian famine of 1921]] (primarily affecting\n        the Russian [[Volga Region|Volga]]-[[Ural (region)|Ural]] region).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html|title=The Famine\n        of 1920\\u20131924\\n|work=The Norka \\u2013 a German Colony in Russia|accessdate=4\n        March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm|title=Famine\n        of 1921\\u20133|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}\n        During the 1920s,Subtelny, p. 380 under the Ukrainisation policy\n        pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet\n        leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]]. [[Ukrainisation]] was part\n        of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''''indigenisation''''). The Bolsheviks were also committed to [[universal health\n        care]], education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work\n        and housing.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kx6hBveb?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572241_2/communism.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2009|title=Communism|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=MSN Encarta}}\n        [[Women''s rights]] were greatly increased through new laws.Cliff, pp.\n        138\\u201339 Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early\n        1930s after [[Joseph Stalin]] became the ''''de facto'''' communist party\n        leader.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source|date=September\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]\n        under construction circa 1930.]]\\n\\nStarting from the late 1920s with a [[First\n        five-year plan (Soviet Union)|centrally planned economy]], Ukraine was involved\n        in [[Industrialization in the USSR|Soviet industrialisation]] and the republic''s\n        industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s. The\n        peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivisation in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]]\n        of agriculture which began during and was part of the [[First five-year plan\n        (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and\n        [[Cheka|secret police]]. Those who resisted were [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] and agricultural productivity\n        greatly declined. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed\n        to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to\n        death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]]\n        known as the [[Holodomor]] or the \\\"Great Famine\\\".\\\"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm\n        Ukraine remembers famine horror]\\\". BBC News. 24 November 2007.\\n\\nScholars\n        are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of [[genocide]],\n        but the [[Ukrainian parliament]] and the governments of other countries have\n        acknowledged it as such.{{Ref label|B|b|none}}\\n\\nThe Communist leadership\n        perceived famine as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment\n        tool to force peasants into collective farms.Michael Ellman, \\\"The Role\n        of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931\\u20131934.\\\"\n        ''''Europe-Asia Studies'''' 2005 57(6): 823\\u2013841. {{ISSN|0966-8136}} Fulltext\n        in [[Ebsco]]\\n\\n[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Two\n        future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (pre-war [[Communist\n        Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]\n        (an engineer from [[Kamianske]]) depicted together.]]\\n\\nLargely the same\n        groups were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war,\n        collectivisation, and the [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]. These groups were\n        associated with [[Yefim Yevdokimov]] (1891\\u20131939) and operated in the\n        Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration\n        ([[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]) in 1929\\u201331. Evdokimov transferred\n        into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary\n        for [[North Caucasus Krai]]. He appears to have continued advising Joseph\n        Stalin and [[Nikolai Yezhov]] on security matters, and the latter relied on\n        Evdokimov''s former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that\n        are known as the Great Terror in 1937\\u201338.Stephen G. Wheatcroft,\n        \\\"Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin''s Great Terror.\\\"\n        ''''Australian Journal of Politics and History'''' 2007 53(1): 20\\u201343.\n        {{ISSN|0004-9522}} Fulltext in [[Ebsco]]; Robert Conquest, ''''The Harvest\n        of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'''' (1986). Mark\n        B. Tauger, \\\"The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\\\" ''''Slavic Review'''',\n        Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70\\u201389, notes the harvest was unusually\n        poor. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600 online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]],\n        [[Mark B. Tauger]], [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], \\\"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine\n        of 1932\\u20131933,\\\" ''''Slavic Review,'''' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995),\n        pp. 642\\u2013657 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740 online in JSTOR]; Michael\n        Ellman. \\\"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932\\u201333 Revisited\\\", ''''Europe-Asia\n        Studies'''', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663\\u201393.\\n\\nOn\n        13 January 2010, Kiev Appellate Court posthumously found Stalin, [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]]\n        and other Soviet Communist Party functionaries guilty of [[genocide]] against\n        Ukrainians during the Holodomor famine.[http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html\n        Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine], [[Radio\n        Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (14 January 2010)\\n\\n=== World War II ===\\n\\n{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat\n        Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}\\n\\nFollowing the [[Invasion of Poland]]\n        in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops\n        divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]\n        and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the\n        rest of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.Wilson,\n        p. 17Subtelny, p. 487\\n\\nIn 1940, the Soviets annexed [[Bessarabia]]\n        and northern [[Bukovina]]. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and\n        southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the [[Hertsa region]].\n        But it ceded the western part of the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist\n        Republic]] to the newly created [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. These\n        territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the [[Paris\n        Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaties of 1947]].{{citation needed|date=November\n        2015}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0430\\u0440\\u0448\\u0430\\u043b \\u0422\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        1940 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko]] (born\n        in the [[Budjak]] region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including\n        the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] east of Kiev\n        in 1941]]\\n[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the\n        Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of [[total war]].\n        The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful\n        efforts of the [[Red Army]]. In the encirclement [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|battle\n        of Kiev]], the city was acclaimed as a \\\"[[Hero City]]\\\", because of its fierce\n        [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|resistance]]. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or\n        one-quarter of the [[Soviet Western Front]]) were killed or taken captive\n        there, with many suffering [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|severe\n        mistreatment]].Roberts, p. 102Boshyk, p. 89\\n\\nAlthough\n        the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet\n        partisans|Soviet resistance]],{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\\\W\\\\O\\\\Worldwars.htm|title=World\n        wars|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}} in Western\n        Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942).\n        Created as forces of the [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian Government\n        in exile]],Subtelny, Orest (1988). \\\"''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        Ukraine: a history.]''''\\\". p 410 it fell under the influence of the\n        underground ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], OUN) which had developed\n        in [[Second Polish Republic|interwar Poland]] as a radical reaction to [[History\n        of the Ukrainian minority in Poland#Policies of J\\u00f3zef Pi\\u0142sudski\n        and the \\\"Volhynia Experiment\\\"|Polish policies towards the Ukrainian minority]].\n        Both supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent\n        Ukrainian state]] on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although\n        this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Atanasovych\n        Melnyk|Melnyk]] wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. Some UPA divisions\n        also carried out [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres\n        of ethnic Poles]],[[Timothy Snyder]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/\n        A fascist hero in democratic Kiev]. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010\n        which brought reprisals.Grzegorz Motyka. [http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf\n        Polska reakcja na dzia\\u0142ania UPA \\u2013 skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych].\n        After the war, the UPA continued to fight the USSR until the 1950s.Piotrowski\n        pp. 352\\u201354Weiner pp. 127\\u2013237 At the same time,\n        the [[Ukrainian Liberation Army]], another nationalist movement, fought alongside\n        the Nazis.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\n[[File:Ruined Kiev in\n        WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kiev]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front\n        (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 19\n        September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]\\n\\nIn total, the number of ethnic\n        Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|C|c|1}} The\n        [[Soviet Partisans|pro-Soviet partisan]] guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is\n        estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its\n        peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians.Subtelny, p. 476\n        Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army''s figures are unreliable, with figures\n        ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.Magocsi,\n        p. 635{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\\\\U\\\\K\\\\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm|title=Ukrainian\n        Insurgent Army|accessdate=20 December 2007|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMost\n        of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]],\n        with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement.\n        Some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939, hailed\n        the Germans as liberators.  Brutal German rule eventually turned their supporters\n        against the Nazi administrators, who made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction\n        with Stalinist policies.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227142736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule|archivedate=2010-02-27|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 World War II and its aftermath|accessdate=28 December 2007|work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system,\n        carried out [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|genocidal policies]] against\n        [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], [[OST-Arbeiter|deported millions\n        of people to work in Germany]], and began a depopulation program to prepare\n        for German colonisation. They blockaded the transport of food\n        on the Kiev River.[[Karel C. Berkhoff|Karel Cornelis Berkhoff]]. ''''Harvest\n        of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule'''', Harvard University\n        Press: April 2004. p. 164\\n\\nThe vast majority of the fighting in World\n        War II took place on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].Weinberg,\n        p. 264 By some estimates, 93% of all German casualties took place there.Rozhnov,\n        Konstantin, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm \\\"Who won World\n        War II?\\\"], BBC. Citing Russian historian [[Valentin Falin]]. Retrieved 5\n        July 2008. The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population\n        during the war are estimated at [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|between\n        5 and 8 million]],{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010\n        |archivedate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Kulchytsky, Stalislav,\n        ''''\\\"Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century\\\"'''', [[Zerkalo\n        Nedeli]], 2\\u20138 October 2004. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429015337/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/47913/\n        in Ukrainian]. Retrieved 27 January 2008. including an estimated one\n        and a half million Jews killed by the [[Einsatzgruppen]],{{cite news|last=Smale|first=Alison|title=Shedding\n        Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html?_r=1|newspaper=[[The\n        New York Times]]|date=27 January 2014}} sometimes with the help of local\n        collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in\n        battle against the Nazis,{{cite web|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |title=Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7 |accessdate=16 December 2007 |work=Peremoga.gov.ua\n        |language=Ukrainian |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070\n        |archivedate=15 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}Overy, p. 518\\u041a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u043e\\u0448\\u0435\\u0435\\u0432\n        \\u0413. \\u0424., ''''\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u044f \\u0438 \\u0421\\u0421\\u0421\\u0420\n        \\u0432 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430\\u0445 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430: \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432\\u043e\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043b.\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0438\\u0441\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435''''\n        (Krivosheev G. F., ''''Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century:\n        losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study'''') {{ru icon}} 1.4 million\n        were ethnic [[Ukrainians]].{{Ref label|C|c|2}}{{Ref label|D|d|none}} [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|Victory\n        Day]] is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420145124/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/publication/content/290.htm|archivedate=20\n        April 2006|title=Holidays |accessdate=24 August 2008|publisher=Ministry of\n        Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}\\n\\n=== Post-World War II ===\\n{{Further\n        information|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|History of the Soviet Union\n        (1953\\u20131964)|History of the Soviet Union (1964\\u20131982)|History of the\n        Soviet Union (1982\\u20131991)}}\\n\\nThe republic was heavily damaged by the\n        war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities\n        and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=29 September 2007 |title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath\n        |accessdate=12 September 2007 |work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]] (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} The situation was worsened by a [[famine]]\n        in 1946\\u201347, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction\n        of infrastructure. The death toll of this famine varies, with even the lowest\n        estimate in the tens of thousands.{{Citation|last=\\u041a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        [Kulchytsky] |first=\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\n        [Stanislav] |title=\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 |trans_title=Demographic losses in Ukraine\n        in the twentieth century |newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=2\\u20138 October\n        2004 |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php |language=Russian\n        |publisher=[Demoscope] |place=[[Russia|RU]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914100418/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0173/analit06.php\n        |archivedate=14 September 2012 |df= }}{{cite web | title =\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0438\\u0447\\u0435\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b\n        \\u0432 XX \\u0432\\u0435\\u043a\\u0435 | trans_title = Demographic losses of Ukraine\n        in the XX century | url = http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091917/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/514/47913/|archivedate=21\n        July 2006| language =Russian}}{{cite web|script-title=uk:\\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u0444\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0456\n        \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0445\\u0445 \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Demographic\n        losses in Ukraine twentieth century|language=uk|url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313004842/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/514/47913/|archivedate=2007-03-13|publisher=Zerkalo\n        Nedeli|accessdate=8 January 2014}}\\nIn 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became\n        one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] organization,{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities\n        of the Member States \\u2013 Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2011 |publisher=\n        United Nations}} part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]].{{cite\n        web| url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm| title=United\n        Nations | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030303022458/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm\n        | archivedate= 3 March 2003 | publisher= U.S. Department of State| quote=\n        Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security\n        Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt\n        and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security\n        Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia\n        while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes\n        for the United States. |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:Sergey\n        Korolyov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sergey Korolyov]], a native of [[Zhytomyr]],\n        the head [[Soviet space program|Soviet rocket engineer]] and designer during\n        the [[Space Race]]]]\\n\\nPost-war [[ethnic cleansing]] occurred in the newly\n        expanded Soviet Union. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to\n        Russians among adult \\\"[[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special deportees]]\\\",\n        comprising 20% of the total.{{cite web|url=http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |title=Migration and migration policy in Ukraine |first=Olena |last=Malynovska\n        |date=14 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061703/http://niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php\n        |archivedate=23 September 2013 |df= }} In addition, over 450,000 ethnic\n        [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from\n        Ukraine and more than 200,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] were victims of [[Population\n        transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].\\n\\nFollowing the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]]\n        became the new leader of the USSR. Having served as First Secretary of the\n        [[Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine|Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR]]\n        in 1938\\u201349, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic; after\n        taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize \\\"the friendship\\\" between\n        the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty\n        of Pereyaslav]] was widely celebrated. [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954\n        transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]].{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html|title=The\n        Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine|accessdate=25 March 2007|date=July 2005|work=International\n        Committee for Crimea}}\\n\\nBy 1950, the republic had fully surpassed\n        pre-war levels of industry and production.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 The last years of Stalin''s\n        rule |accessdate=28 December 2007 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee\n        required) |deadurl=yes |df= }} During the 1946\\u20131950 [[Five-Year\n        Plan (USSR)|five-year plan]], nearly 20% of the Soviet budget was invested\n        in Soviet Ukraine, a 5% increase from pre-war plans. As a result, the Ukrainian\n        workforce rose 33.2% from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times\n        in that same period.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nSoviet Ukraine\n        soon became a European leader in industrial production,Magocsi, p. 644\n        and an important centre of the Soviet [[arms industry]] and high-tech research.\n        Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many\n        members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably [[Leonid\n        Brezhnev]]. He later ousted Khrushchev and became the Soviet leader from 1964\n        to 1982. Many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists, and artists came\n        from Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}\\n\\nOn 26 April 1986, a\n        reactor in the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] exploded, resulting in the\n        [[Chernobyl disaster]], the worst [[nuclear reactor]] accident in history.{{cite\n        news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220746/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=''Sombre anniversary'' of\n        worst nuclear disaster in history \\u2013 Chernobyl: 10th anniversary |accessdate=16\n        December 2007 |author=Remy, Johannes |year=1996 |publisher=Find articles |work=[[UN\n        Chronicle]] }} This was the only accident to receive the highest possible\n        rating of 7 by the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], indicating a \\\"major\n        accident\\\", until the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in March 2011.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale\n        | title=''Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale''}} At the\n        time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories,\n        including 2.2 million in Ukraine.{{cite web | title\n        = Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination | url = http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2\n        | work=Chernobyl.info|publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|\n        accessdate= 8 January 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2#Sources\n        | archivedate=30 June 2007}}\\n\\nAfter the accident, the new city of\n        [[Slavutych]] was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the\n        employees of the plant, which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared\n        by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and [[World Health Organization]]\n        attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have\n        been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.{{cite web| title= IAEA\n        Report|work= In Focus: Chernobyl|accessdate= 31 May 2008 | url = https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl}}\\n\\n===\n        Independence ===\\n[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate\n        the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian\n        President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and President of the Russian Federation [[Boris\n        Yeltsin]] signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving\n        the Soviet Union]], 8 December 1991]]\\nOn 16 July 1990, the new parliament\n        adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|title=Declaration\n        of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|date=16 July\n        1990|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}} This established the principles\n        of the self-determination, democracy, independence, and the priority of Ukrainian\n        law over Soviet law. A month earlier, a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty\n        of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|similar declaration]]\n        was adopted by the parliament of the [[Russian SFSR]]. This started a period\n        of confrontation with the central Soviet authorities. In August 1991, a faction\n        among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|attempted\n        a coup]] to remove [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and to restore the Communist party''s\n        power. After it failed, on 24 August 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted\n        the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine|Act of Independence]].{{cite web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30|title=Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|accessdate=12\n        September 2007|date= 24 August 1991|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}\\n\\nA\n        [[Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991|referendum]] and the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]] took place on 1\n        December 1991. More than 90% of the electorate expressed their support for\n        the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament,\n        [[Leonid Kravchuk]] as the first [[President of Ukraine]]. At the [[Belavezha\n        Accords|meeting in Brest]], Belarus on 8 December, followed by the [[Alma\n        Ata]] meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine\n        formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States]] (CIS).{{cite news|title=Soviet Leaders Recall ''Inevitable''\n        Breakup Of Soviet Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html|work=[[RadioFreeEurope]]|date=8\n        December 2006|accessdate=12 September 2007}}\\n\\nUkraine was initially\n        viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other\n        regions of the Soviet Union.Shen, p. 41 However, the country experienced\n        deeper economic slowdown than some of the other [[former Soviet Republics]].\n        During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2|title=Ukrainian\n        GDP (PPP)|accessdate=10 March 2008|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October\n        2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm|archivedate=12\n        July 2000|title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?|accessdate=16 December\n        2007|date=June 1998|work=[[World Bank]]}} and suffered five-digit inflation\n        rates.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm|title=The\n        IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened|accessdate=16 December 2007|date=31\n        August 2002|last=Figliuoli|first=Lorenzo|last2=Lissovolik|first2=Bogdan |work=[[International\n        Monetary Fund]]}} Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well\n        as the amounts of crime and [[corruption in Ukraine]], Ukrainians protested\n        and organized strikes.{{cite journal|last=Aslund|first=Anders|date=Autumn\n        1995|title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine''s Turnaround|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]\n        |issue=100|pages=125\\u2013143|doi=10.2307/1149308|volume=100|last2=Aslund|first2=Anders|jstor=1149308}}\\n\\nThe\n        Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the\n        [[Ukrainian hryvnia|hryvnia]], was introduced in 1996. After 2000, the country\n        enjoyed steady [[Real GDP|real economic growth]] averaging about seven percent\n        annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Macro/index.htm\n        |title=Macroeconomic Indicators |publisher=[[National Bank of Ukraine]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021232506/http://bank.gov.ua/Engl/Macro/index.htm\n        |archivedate=21 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607053509/http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/ukr_ict.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-07|title=Ukraine.\n        Country profile|accessdate=16 December 2007|work=[[World Bank]]|format=PDF}}\n        A new [[Constitution of Ukraine]] was adopted under second President [[Leonid\n        Kuchma]] in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a [[semi-presidential republic]]\n        and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised\n        by opponents for corruption, [[electoral fraud]], discouraging free speech\n        and concentrating too much power in his office.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wines|title=Leader''s\n        Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/01/world/leader-s-party-seems-to-slip-in-ukraine.html|work=The\n        New York Times|date=1 April 2002|accessdate=24 December 2007}} Ukraine\n        also pursued full nuclear disarmament, giving up the third largest nuclear\n        weapons stockpile in the world and dismantling or removing all strategic bombers\n        on its territory in exchange for various assurances (main article: [[Nuclear\n        weapons and Ukraine]]).{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/ukraine/nuclear/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Country Profiles \\u2013 NTI|accessdate=2 August 2014}}\\n\\n===\n        Orange Revolution ===\\n{{Main|Orange Revolution}}\\n[[File:Joesjtsjenko Marion\n        Kiev 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters at [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence\n        Square]] on the first day of the [[Orange Revolution]]]]\\n\\nIn 2004, [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]], then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the [[Ukrainian\n        presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]], which had been largely\n        rigged, as the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] later ruled.{{cite web|url=http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html|title=The\n        Supreme Court findings|accessdate=7 July 2008|publisher=Supreme Court of Ukraine|date=3\n        December 2004|language=Ukrainian}} The results caused a public outcry\n        in support of the opposition candidate, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], who challenged\n        the outcome. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, candidate Yushchenko\n        [[Viktor Yushchenko#Dioxin poisoning|suddenly became gravely ill]], and was\n        soon found by multiple independent physician groups, to have been poisoned\n        by [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|TCDD dioxin]].{{cite news | title = Yushchenko: ''Live And Carry On''\n        | publisher = CBS News | date = 2005-01-30 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/28/60minutes/main670103.shtml\n        }}[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hW1QRD4tlRX2-UW9yc_oDcwrzMgwD99SBRO80\n        Associated Press: Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab] {{dead\n        link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}  Yushchenko strongly\n        suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/49610 |title= Yushchenko to Russia:\n        Hand over witnesses |publisher= [[Kyiv Post]] |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2010-02-11}}  All\n        of this eventually resulted in the peaceful [[Orange Revolution]], bringing\n        Viktor Yushchenko and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] to power, while casting Viktor\n        Yanukovych in opposition.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |accessdate=14\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }}\\n\\nActivists of the Orange Revolution were funded and trained\n        in tactics of political organisation and [[nonviolent resistance]] by Western\n        pollsters{{Clarify|date=July 2015}} and professional consultants{{Who|date=July\n        2015}} who were partly funded by Western government and non-government agencies\n        but received most of their funding from domestic sources.{{refn|[[Pavol Demes]]\n        and Joerg Forbrig estimate in 2006 that only [[United States dollar|US$]]130,000\n        out of a total of US$1.56 million in [[Pora]] came from donors outside Ukraine.|group=nb}}[http://www.academia.edu/1098375/The_Colour_Revolutions_in_the_Former_Soviet_Republics_Successes_and_Failures\n        The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine] by Nathaniel\n        Copsey, [[Routledge]] Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series (page\n        30-44) According to ''''[[The Guardian]]'''', the foreign donors included\n        the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and [[United\n        States Agency for International Development|USAID]] along with the [[National\n        Democratic Institute for International Affairs]], the [[International Republican\n        Institute]], the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]] [[Freedom House]] and\n        [[George Soros]]''s [[Open Society Institute]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa\n        US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev], [[The Guardian]] (26 November 2004)\n        The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] has supported democracy-building\n        efforts in Ukraine since 1988.Diuk, Nadia. \\\"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34008-2004Dec3.html\n        In Ukraine, Homegrown Freedom].\\\" ''''Washington Post'''', 4 December 2004.\n        URL Retrieved 12 September 2006 Writings on [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent\n        struggle]] by [[Gene Sharp]] contributed in forming the strategic basis of\n        the student campaigns.[http://www.academia.edu/1068864/Russia_the_US_the_Others_and_the_101_Things_to_Do_to_Win_a_Colour_Revolution_Reflections_on_Georgia_and_Ukraine\n        Russia, the US, \\\"the Others\\\" and the \\\"101 Things to Do to Win a (Colour)Revolution\\\":\n        Reflections on Georgia and Ukraine] by Abel Polese, [[Routledge]] (26 October\n        2011)\\n\\nRussian authorities provided support through advisers such\n        as [[Gleb Pavlovsky]], consulting on blackening the image of Yushchenko through\n        the state media, pressuring state-dependent voters to vote for Yanukovych\n        and on vote-rigging techniques such as multiple ''[[carousel voting]]'' and\n        ''dead souls'' voting.\\n\\nYanukovych returned to power\n        in 2006 as Prime Minister in the [[Alliance of National Unity]],[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5242860.stm\n        Ukraine comeback kid in new deal], [[BBC News]] (4 August 2006) until\n        [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|snap elections in September 2007]]\n        made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7149549.stm\n        Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM], [[BBC News]] (18 December 2007) Amid\n        the [[2008\\u201309 Ukrainian financial crisis]] the Ukrainian economy plunged\n        by 15%.{{cite news|title=Lacklustre GDP data push Ukraine\n        towards fresh IMF bailout|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33d073e8-f9e9-11e2-b8ef-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=3\n        March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=31 July 2013|author=Roman Olearchyk|location=Kiev}}\n        [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine gas disputes|Disputes with Russia]] briefly stopped\n        all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages\n        in other countries.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806870.stm Russia\n        shuts off gas to Ukraine], [[BBC News]] (1 January 2009)[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm\n        Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row], [[BBC News]] (20 January 2009) [[Viktor\n        Yanukovych]] was [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|elected President\n        in 2010]] with 48% of votes.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm\n        Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February\n        2010)In its final report on the election, the Organisation for Security and\n        Cooperation in Europe said that the election \\\"met most requirements\\\" for\n        fairness and that the election process was \\\"transparent.\\\"{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/67844?download=true|title=Ukraine:\n        Presidential Election 17 January and 7 February 2010: OSCE/ODIHR Election\n        Observation Mission Final Report|work=OSCE|location=Warsaw|date=28 April 2010|accessdate=20\n        October 2015}}\\n\\n=== Euromaidan and 2014 revolution ===\\n{{Main|Euromaidan|2014\n        Ukrainian revolution}}\\n{{Details|topic=the ongoing protests|Timeline of the\n        Euromaidan}}\\n[[File:Euromaidan 01.JPG|thumb|Pro-EU demonstration in Kiev,\n        27 November 2013, during [[Euromaidan]]]]\\n\\nThe [[Euromaidan]] ({{lang-uk|\\u0404\\u0432\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d}},\n        literally \\\"Eurosquare\\\") protests started in November 2013 after the president,\n        [[Viktor Yanukovych]], began moving away from an association agreement that\n        had been in the works with the [[European Union]] and instead chose to establish\n        closer ties with the Russian Federation.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823\n        Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], [[BBC News]] (17 December 2013)[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212\n        Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise], [[Reuters]] (12 December\n        2013){{Cite journal|title=Frustrated Leadership: Russia''s Economic\n        Alternative to the West|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12301/abstract|author1-first=Juliet|author1-last=Johnson|author2-first=Se\\u00e7kin|author2-last=K\\u00f6stem|journal=[[Global\n        Policy]]|publisher=[[Wiley Online Library]]|volume=7|issue=2|date=May 2016|p=212|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12301|quote=In\n        fact, the Ukrainian crisis broke out in November 2013 when former President\n        Viktor Yanukovych announced under Russian pressure that he would no longer\n        pursue an EU Association Agreement.}} Some Ukrainians took to the streets\n        to show their support for closer ties with Europe.{{cite news |title=Ukraine\n        Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows\n        |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=11 February 2014}} Meanwhile, in the\n        predominantly Russian-speaking east, a large portion of the population opposed\n        the ''''Euromaidan'''' protests, instead supporting the Yanukovych government.{{cite\n        news|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25198943 |title= Donetsk view:\n        Ukraine ''other half'' resents Kiev protests |author=Lina Kushch |publisher=BBC\n        News|date=3 December 2013}} Over time, ''''Euromaidan'''' came to describe\n        a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine,{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0\n        | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government''s Reach | work=The New\n        York Times | date= 15 February 2014}} the scope of which evolved to\n        include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and [[Second Azarov\n        Government|his government]].{{cite news|author=Richard\n        Balmforth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212|title=Kiev\n        protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=12 December\n        2013|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nViolence escalated after 16 January\n        2014 when the government accepted new [[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Anti-Protest\n        Laws]]. Violent anti-government demonstrators occupied buildings in the centre\n        of Kiev, including the Justice Ministry building, and riots left 98 dead with\n        approximately fifteen thousand injured and 100 considered missing{{cite\n        web|url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ua/news/113543/comments/|title=\\u0417\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u0443\n        \\u0432 \\u0437\\u0456\\u0442\\u043a\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\\u0445 \\u0443\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\n        1,5 \\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u044f\\u0447 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0431, 100 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043b\\u0438\n        \\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u0432\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438|author=\\u041d\\u0435\\u0437\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u0431\\u044e\\u0440\\u043e \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0439|work=nbnews.com.ua}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724070743/http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140222_a.html|archivedate=24\n        July 2014|script-title=uk:\\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0436\\u0434\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430\\u0445: \\u041f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441-\\u0441\\u043b\\u0443\\u0436\\u0431\\u0430\n        \\u041c\\u041e\\u0417 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|trans-title=Information\n        about the victims of clashes: Press Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine|language=uk|publisher=moz.gov.ua|date=22\n        February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411|title=\\u041c\\u0412\\u0421\n        \\u0423\\u041a\\u0420\\u0410\\u0407\\u041d\\u0418|work=\\u041c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\n        \\u0432\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u0448\\u043d\\u0456\\u0445 \\u0441\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438|accessdate=25 September 2014}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/onovleniy-spisok-zagiblih-pid-chas-krivavih-podiy-v-kiyevi-335724.html|title=\\\"\\u0441\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0437\\u0430\\u0433\\u0438\\u0431\\u043b\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434 \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\n        \\u043a\\u0440\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0432\\u0438\\u0445 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0432 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0454\\u0432\\u0456\\\" \\u2014 tsn.ua|work=\\u0422\\u0421\\u041d.ua}}\n        from 18 to 20 February.{{cite web|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/ukraine-protesters-occupy-justice-ministry-state-emergency|title=Ukraine\n        threatens state of emergency after protesters occupy justice ministry|publisher=The\n        Guardian|date=27 January 2014|accessdate=12 May 2014}}{{cite web|last=Krasnolutska\n        |first=Daryna |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706094102/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-24/ukraine-warned-of-civil-war-by-eu-as-unrest-spreads-to-regions\n        |archivedate=2014-07-06 |title=Ukraine clashes resume in Kiev as foreign mediation\n        urged |publisher=Businessweek.com |accessdate=12 May 2014}} Owing to\n        the violent protests, Members of Parliament voted on 22 February to remove\n        the president and set [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|an election]]\n        for 25 May to select his replacement.{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave\n        |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-sets-date-for-presidential-election/\n        |title=Ukraine sets date for presidential election |publisher=Europeanvoice.com\n        |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014}} [[Petro Poroshenko]],\n        running on a pro-European Union platform, won with over fifty percent of the\n        vote, therefore not requiring a run-off election.''''The\n        New York Times'''', \\\"Dozens of Separatists Killed in Ukraine Army Attack\\\",\n        By SABRINA TAVERNISE and ANDREW ROTHMAY 27, 2014{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/activists-say-election-of-a-president-is-just-a-start-in-repairing-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Election\n        of President Seen as a Beginning to Repairing Ukraine|agency=NYT|author=David\n        M. Herszenhorn|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015}}RTVi, News-script for Broadcast of 25 May 2014, Ekaterina Andreeff.\n        Upon his election, Poroshenko announced that his immediate priorities would\n        be to take action in the civil unrest in Eastern Ukraine and mend ties with\n        the Russian Federation. Poroshenko was inaugurated as president on 7\n        June 2014, as previously announced by his spokeswoman Irina Friz in a low-key\n        ceremony without a celebration on [[Kiev]]''s [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] square\n        (the centre of the [[Euromaidan]] protests{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |author=Adam Taylor |title=Why Ukraine Is So Important |publisher=[[Business\n        Insider]] |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214135440/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-is-so-important-2014-1\n        |archivedate=14 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}) for the ceremony.{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234158/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140529-707812.html|archivedate=29\n        May 2014|title=Petro Poroshenko to Be Inaugurated as Ukraine President June\n        7|author=Lukas Alpert|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=29\n        May 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |title=Rada decides to hold inauguration of Poroshenko on June 7 at 1000 |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603165249/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207670.html\n        |archivedate= 3 June 2014 |df= }} In October 2014 [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2014|Parliament elections]], [[Petro Poroshenko Bloc \\\"Solidarity\\\"]]\n        won 132 of the 423 contested seats.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/ukraine-election.html|title=Ukrainian\n        Voters Affirm Embrace of Europe and Reject Far Right; Arseniy Yatsenyuk and\n        Petro Poroshenko Solidify Stances|author=David M. Herszenhorn|date=27 October\n        2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}\\n\\n===\n        Civil unrest and Russian intervention ===\\n{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest\n        in Ukraine|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|War in Donbass|Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine (2014\\u2013present)}}\\n\\n{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center\\n\n        | align = right\\n | direction = vertical\\n | width = 220\\n | header =\\n |\n        image1 = 2014-03-09. \\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u044b \\u0432\n        \\u0414\\u043e\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u043a\\u0435 022.jpg\\n | alt1 =\\n | caption1\n        = Pro-Russian protesters in [[Donetsk]], 8 March 2014\\n | image2 = 2014 Russo-ukrainian-conflict\n        map.svg\\n | alt2 =\\n | caption2 = [[Crimea]], which is under Russian control,\n        is shown in pink. Pink in the [[Donbass]] area represents areas held by the\n        [[Donetsk People''s Republic|DPR]]/[[Lugansk People''s Republic|LPR]] separatists\n        in September 2014 (cities in red)\\n}}\\n\\nThe ousting[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26304842\n        Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych] bbc.co.uk, 22 February 2014,\n        accessed 1 January 2016 of Yanukovych prompted Vladimir Putin to begin\n        preparations to annex Crimea on 23 February 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/vladimir-putin-describes-secret-meeting-when-russia-decided-to-seize-crimea|title=Vladimir\n        Putin describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea|publisher=The\n        Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/11458426/Putin-reveals-the-moment-he-gave-the-secret-order-for-Russias-annexation-of-Crimea.html|title=Putin\n        reveals the moment he gave the secret order for Russia''s annexation of Crimea|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}} Using the Russian naval base\n        at Sevastopol as cover, Putin directed Russian troops and intelligence agents\n        to disarm Ukrainian forces and take control of Crimea.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|title=Putin:\n        Russia Prepared Raising Nuclear Readiness Over Crimea|publisher=New York Times|agency=Associated\n        Press|date=15 March 2015|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620143551/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/15/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-crimea.html|archive-date=20\n        June 2015}}{{cite news|author=Neil MacFarquhar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/16/world/europe/putin-says-he-weighed-nuclear-alert-over-crimea.html|title=Putin\n        Says He Weighed Nuclear Alert Over Crimea|publisher=nytimes.com|date=16 March\n        2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author=Shaun Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/russia-pressure-ukraine-troops-disarm|title=Russians\n        pressure Ukrainian forces in Crimea to disarm|publisher=The Guardian|date=9\n        March 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}{{cite news|author1=Olena\n        Goncharova|author2=Kyiv Post staff|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/a-year-after-referendum-putin-talks-about-yanukovych-rescue-nuclear-readiness-over-crimea-383567.html|title=A\n        year after referendum, Putin talks about Yanukovych rescue, nuclear readiness\n        over Crimea|publisher=kyivpost.com|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}} After the troops entered Crimea,{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|title=Russian\n        Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch One)|publisher=vicenews.com|date=5\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} a controversial [[Crimean referendum,\n        2014|referendum]] was held on 16 March 2014 and the official result was that\n        97 percent wished to join with Russia.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/official-results-97-of-crimea-voters-back-joining-russia/|title=Official\n        results: 97 percent of Crimea voters back joining Russia|publisher=cbsnews.com|date=17\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}} On 18 March 2014, Russia and\n        the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by\n        the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession\n        of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation. The\n        UN general assembly responded by passing [[United Nations General Assembly\n        Resolution 68/262|resolution 68/262]] that the referendum was invalid and\n        supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine.{{cite news|author1=Alex\n        Felton|author2=Marie-Louise Gumuchian|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=U.N.\n        General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid|publisher=cnn.com|date=27\n        March 2014|accessdate=20 October 2015}}\\n\\nSeparately, in the [[Donetsk]]\n        and [[Luhansk]] regions, armed men declaring themselves as local militia seized\n        government buildings, police and special police stations in several cities\n        and held unrecognised [[Donbass status referendums, 2014|status referendums]].{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html|title=Russia\n        Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums|work=The New York Times|date=12\n        May 2014}} The insurgency was led by Russian emissaries [[Igor Girkin]]{{cite\n        web|author=Anna Dolgov|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine/511584.html|title=Russia''s\n        Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine|work=The Moscow\n        Times|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} and [[Alexander\n        Borodai]]{{cite news|author=Roman Olearchyk|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html|title=Rebel\n        leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|publisher=Financial Times|subscription=y|date=7\n        August 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}} as well as militants from [[Russia]],\n        such as [[Arseny Pavlov]].{{cite news|author1=Sabrian Tavernise|author2=Noah\n        Sneider|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/first-self-declared-wedding-in-donetsk-peoples-republic-ukraine-rebels-make-love-not-war.html?_r=1|title=For\n        a Weekend, Ukraine Rebels Make Love, Not War|publisher=New York Times|date=13\n        July 2014|accessdate=21 October 2015}}\\n\\nTalks in [[Geneva]] between\n        the EU, Russia, Ukraine and USA yielded a Joint Diplomatic Statement referred\n        to as the [[2014 Geneva Pact]][https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/world/europe/text-of-joint-diplomatic-statement-on-ukraine.html\n        Text of Joint Diplomatic Statement on Ukraine, 17 April 2014, The New York\n        Times], retrieved 30 April 2014 in which the parties requested that\n        all unlawful militias lay down their arms and vacate seized government buildings,\n        and also establish a political dialogue that could lead to more autonomy for\n        Ukraine''s regions. When [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the presidential election\n        held on 25 May 2014, he vowed to continue the military operations by the Ukrainian\n        government forces to end the armed insurgency.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |title=Poroshenko promises calm ''in hours'' amid battle to control Donetsk\n        airport |publisher=The Guardian |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2014\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526224633/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/poroshenko-peace-donetsk-airport-air-strike-separatists\n        |archivedate=26 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} More than 9,000 people\n        have been killed in the military campaign.{{Cite web|url=http://112.international/conflict-in-eastern-ukraine/un-9449-dead-21843-wounded-in-donbas-conflict-6487.html|title=UN:\n        9,449 dead, 21,843 wounded in Donbas conflict|website=112.international|access-date=2016-06-29}}\\n\\n[[File:OSCE\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine (16705750566).jpg|thumb|left|[[OSCE]]\n        SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine, 4 March\n        2015]]\\n\\nIn August 2014, a bilateral commission of leading scholars from\n        the United States and Russia issued the Boisto Agenda indicating a 24-step\n        plan to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.{{cite\n        news|author=Uri Friedman|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/a-24-step-plan-to-resolve-the-ukraine-crisis/379121/|title=A\n        24-Step Plan|publisher=The Atlantic|date=26 August 2014|accessdate=21 October\n        2015}} The Boisto Agenda was organized into five imperative categories\n        for addressing the crisis requiring stabilization identified as: (1) Elements\n        of an Enduring, Verifiable Ceasefire; (2) Economic Relations; (3) Social and\n        Cultural Issues; (4) Crimea; and, (5) International Status of Ukraine. In late 2014, Ukraine ratified the [[Ukraine\\u2013European\n        Union Association Agreement]], which Poroshenko described as Ukraine''s \\\"first\n        but most decisive step\\\" towards EU membership. Poroshenko also set 2020 as the target for [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        relations|EU membership application]].\\n\\nIn\n        February 2015, after a summit hosted in Belarus, Poroshenko negotiated a ceasefire\n        with the separatist troops. This included conditions such as the withdrawal\n        of heavy weaponry from the front line and decentralisation of rebel regions\n        by the end of 2015. It also included conditions such as Ukrainian control\n        of the border with Russia in 2015 and the withdrawal of all foreign troops\n        from Ukrainian territory. The ceasefire began at midnight on 15 February 2015.\n        Participants in this ceasefire also agreed to attend regular meetings to ensure\n        that the agreement is respected.{{cite\n        web|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-ceasefire-european-leaders-sceptical-peace-plan-will-work|title=Ukraine\n        ceasefire: European leaders sceptical peace plan will work|publisher=The Guardian|date=13\n        February 2015|accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\nOn 1 January 2016, Ukraine\n        joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]] with European Union, which aims to modernize and\n        develop Ukraine''s economy, governance and rule of law to EU standards and\n        gradually increase integration with the EU [[Internal market]].[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150981.pdf<\n        EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]. trade.ec.europa.eu.\\n\\n==\n        Historical maps of states ==\\nSeveral states have existed on the territory\n        of present-day Ukraine since its foundation. Most of these territories have\n        been located within [[Eastern Europe]]. However, as depicted in the maps here,\n        they have at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].\n        At other times there has been no distinct Ukrainian state, its territories\n        having been annexed by its more powerful neighbours.\\n
\\n\\nFile:001\n        Kievan Rus'' Kyivan Rus'' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan\n        Rus'', last 20 years of the state (1220\\u20131240).\\nFile:Kingdom of Galicia\n        Volhynia Rus'' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia\\u2013Volhynia]]\n        or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245\\u20131349).\\nFile:Grand Duchy of Lithuania\n        Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]],\n        Rus'' and Samogitia until 1434.\\nFile:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth\n        1658 historical map.jpg|Proposed [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian\\u2013Ruthenian Commonwealth]]\n        or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).\\nFile:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate\n        and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian\n        Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).\\n\\n
\\n\\n==\n        Geography ==\\n{{Main|Geography of Ukraine}}\\n\\nAt {{convert|603628|km2|sqmi}}\n        and with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km|mi}}, Ukraine is the world''s [[List\n        of countries and outlying territories by area|46th-largest country]] (after\n        [[South Sudan]] and before [[Madagascar]]). It is the largest wholly European\n        country and the [[Europe#Territories and regions|second-largest country]]\n        in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before [[metropolitan France]]).{{Ref\n        label|E|e|none}} It lies between latitudes [[44th parallel\n        north|44\\u00b0]] and [[53rd parallel north|53\\u00b0 N]], and longitudes [[22nd\n        meridian east|22\\u00b0]] and [[41st meridian east|41\\u00b0 E]].\\n\\nThe landscape\n        of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile plains (or [[steppes]]) and plateaus,\n        crossed by rivers such as the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''Dnipro''''}}),\n        [[Seversky Donets]], [[Dniester]] and the [[Southern Bug]] as they flow south\n        into the [[Black Sea]] and the smaller [[Sea of Azov]]. To the southwest,\n        the [[Danube Delta|delta]] of the [[Danube]] forms the border with Romania.\n        Ukraine''s various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the\n        highlands to the lowlands. The country''s only mountains are the [[Carpathian\n        Mountains]] in the west, of which the highest is the [[Hora Hoverla]] at {{convert|2061|m}},\n        and the [[Crimean Mountains]] on Crimea, in the extreme south along the coast.{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine\n        |archivedate= 15 January 2008 |title= Ukraine \\u2013 Relief |accessdate= 27\n        December 2007 |work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=\n        yes |df= }} However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such\n        as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and\n        the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are\n        the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs\n        the border with the [[Russian Federation]]. Near the [[Sea of Azov]] can be\n        found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the\n        mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form sudden drops\n        in elevation and give rise to [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0413\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0437 \\u041a\\u0443\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian\n        mountains|Carpathian National Park]] and [[Hoverla]] at {{convert|2,061|m|ft|abbr=on}},\n        the highest mountain in Ukraine\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        05.jpg|View of [[Ukrainian Carpathian mountains|Carpathian National Park]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0456\\u0432\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0414\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0434\\u0436\\u0456 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a\\u0443.jpg|\n        Dawn on South Demerdji, [[Alushta]], [[Crimea]]\\nFile:Flag colors.jpg|Typical\n        agricultural landscape of Ukraine, [[Kherson Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0422\\u0438\\u0445\\u0430\n        \\u0431\\u0443\\u0445\\u0442\\u043010.jpg|View of \\\"Tykhaya Bay\\\" near [[Koktebel]]\n        on [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]]''s [[Black Sea]] coast\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0456\\u043d\\u0431\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438.jpg|[[Kinburn\n        Spit|Kinburn sandbar]], [[Ochakiv]] Raion, [[Mykolaiv Oblast]]\\nFile:\\u0428\\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043a\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043d\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0432\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430.jpg|\n        Balkhovitin, Zuivskyi regional landscape park, [[Donetsk Oblast]]\\n\\n
\\n\\nSignificant\n        natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas,\n        oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury,\n        timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a\n        number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable\n        water; air- and water-pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination\n        in the north-east from the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 accident at the Chernobyl\n        Nuclear Power Plant]]. [[Hazardous Waste Recycling|Recycling toxic household\n        waste]] is still in its infancy in Ukraine.{{cite news|author= Oksana\n        Grytsenko|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|title= Environment\n        suffers from lack of recycling|publisher= [[Kyiv Post]]|date= 9 December 2011|dead-url=\n        y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012539/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118498/|archive-date=\n        5 January 2012}}\\n\\n=== Soil ===\\nFrom northwest to southeast the soils\n        of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title= Ukraine|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}}\\n\\n* a zone of sandy podzolized soils\\n* a central belt\n        consisting of the black, extremely fertile Ukrainian ([[Chornozem|chernozems]])\\n*\n        a zone of chestnut and salinized soils\\n\\nAs much as two-thirds of the country''s\n        surface land consists of the so-called black earth ([[chornozem]]), a resource\n        that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well\n        known as a \\\"breadbasket\\\".Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The\n        land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010. These ([[chornozem]])\n        soils may be divided into three broad groups:\\n\\n* in the north a belt of\n        the so-called deep chernozems, about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off}} thick and\n        rich in humus\\n* south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary,\n        chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}\n        thick\\n* the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus\\n\\nInterspersed\n        in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep\n        chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils,\n        which together occupy much of Ukraine''s remaining area. All these soils are\n        very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive\n        cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion\n        and gullying.\\n\\nThe smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the\n        chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly\n        salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.\\n\\n=== Biodiversity ===\\n{{further information|Wildlife of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine\n        is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, microorganisms and plants.\\n\\n====\n        Animals ====\\n{{See also|List of fish in Ukraine|List of fish of the Black\n        Sea}}\\n{{multiple image\\n   | align = right\\n   | image1 = Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG\\n   |\n        width1 = 184\\n   | caption1 = The [[speckled ground squirrel]] is a native\n        of the east Ukrainian steppes\\n   | alt1 = speckled ground squirrel\\n  | image2\n        = \\u0411\\u0443\\u0441\\u043e\\u043b \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043e. \\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u044f\\u0437\\u044c.jpg\\n   |\n        width2 = 185\\n   | caption2 = [[White stork]]s are native to south-western\n        and north-western Ukraine\\n   | alt2 = White storks danube\\n}}\\nUkraine is\n        divided{{by whom|date=August 2017}} into two main zoological areas. One of\n        these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of\n        Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located\n        in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested\n        areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar\n        and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where a large number of predatory mammals\n        make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine''s\n        lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst in the waters\n        carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the\n        central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers\n        are found in large numbers.\\n\\n==== Fungi ====\\nMore than 6,600 [[species]]\n        of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[lichen]]-forming species) have been recorded\n        from Ukraine,D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. \\\"Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 a\n        preliminary checklist\\\". CAB International, 1996{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm|title= Cybertruffle''s\n        Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated organisms|publisher=\n        cybertruffle.org.uk|accessdate= 13 July 2011}} but this number is far\n        from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine,\n        including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the\n        generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have\n        so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers,\n        J. \\\"Dictionary of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount\n        of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made\n        to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such\n        species have been tentatively identified.{{cite web|url= http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title= Fungi of Ukraine \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher= cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate= 13 July 2011}}\\n\\n=== Climate ===\\n{{further information|Climate\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Ukraine\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\nUkraine has a mostly [[temperate\n        climate]], with the exception of the southern coast of Crimea which has a\n        [[subtropical climate]].\\n{{cite web\\n|url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm\n        \\n|title= Ukraine|work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles\\n|publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization\\n|accessdate= 8 August 2016\\n}}\\n\\nThe\n        climate is influenced by moderately warm, humid air coming from the Atlantic\n        Ocean.{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title=\n        Ukraine \\u2013 Climate|accessdate= 20 October 2015|work= Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica}} Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|\\u2013|7|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}}\n        in the north, to {{convert|11|\\u2013|13|\\u00b0C|\\u00b0F|1}} in the south. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is disproportionately\n        distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and\n        southeast. Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian\n        Mountains, receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually,\n        while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}.\\n\\n== Politics ==\\n{{Main|Politics of Ukraine|Government\n        of Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}\\n{{Further information|2014 Russian military\n        intervention in Ukraine|2014 Crimean crisis}}\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\n        float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;\\\"\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Petro Poroshenko 2014-06-26.jpg|139px]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|\n        [[File:Volodymyr Groisman.jpg|125px]]\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Petro\n        Poroshenko]]
[[President of Ukraine|President]]\\n| style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"|[[Volodymyr\n        Groysman]]
[[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]\\n|}\\n\\nUkraine\n        is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary [[semi-presidential system]]\n        with separate [[legislative branch|legislative]], [[executive branch|executive]],\n        and [[judicial branch]]es.\\n\\n=== Constitution of Ukraine ===\\n{{Main|Constitution\n        of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|In\n        the modern era, Ukraine has become a much more democratic country[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA63&dq=vote+rigging+Ukraine&hl=nl&ei=phVxTqClNIGdOqDkmJMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=vote%20rigging%20Ukraine&f=false\n        Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design]\n        by [[Paul D''Anieri]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1811-5}} (p.\n        63)[https://euobserver.com/foreign/29431 EU endorses Ukraine election\n        result], [[euobserver]] (8 February 2010)[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/08/AR2010020803583.html\n        International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair], [[Washington\n        Post]] (9 February 2010)[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014322/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59077/\n        European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential\n        election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 February 2010)]]\\n\\nWith the proclamation\n        of its independence on 24 August 1991, and adoption of a constitution on 28\n        June 1996, Ukraine became a semi-presidential republic. However, in 2004,\n        deputies introduced changes to the Constitution, which tipped the balance\n        of power in favour of a [[parliamentary system]]. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy\n        of the 2004 Constitutional amendments had official sanction, both with the\n        Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and most major political parties.{{cite\n        web|author=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u0439 \\u041f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0442\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174109.html |title=Vitaly\n        Portnykov. \\\"Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination\n        of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former\n        Justice Minister ... 25 February 2008 the Constitutional Court came to\n        the conclusion that this bill can not be subject to constitutional control,\n        but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can\\\". 1 October\n        2010 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |accessdate=31 October 2011}} Despite\n        this, on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendments\n        were null and void, forcing a return to the terms of the 1996 Constitution\n        and again making Ukraine''s political system more presidential in character.\\n\\nThe\n        ruling on the 2004 Constitutional amendments became a major topic of political\n        discourse. Much of the concern was based on the fact that neither the Constitution\n        of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provided the ability to \\\"undo the Constitution\\\",\n        as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the\n        2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for\n        constitutional amendments (articles 154\\u2013159). In any case, the current\n        Constitution could be modified by a vote in Parliament.{{cite web|url=http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|title=Yulia\n        Tymoshenko: October 1 marks the end of Ukraine''s democracy and beginning\n        of dictatorship|publisher=Tymoshenko.ua|date=1 October 2010|accessdate=31\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009163812/http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/3o3zxoz9|archivedate=9\n        October 2011}}{{cite news|first=Serhiy|last=Hrabovsky|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2174129.html|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\n        \\u0430\\u0431\\u0441\\u0443\\u0440\\u0434\\u0438, \\u0430\\u0431\\u043e \\u041a\\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u044f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0443 \\u0441\\u043c\\u0456\\u0454\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f|trans-title=Judicial\n        absurdities, or Kotliarevsky is laughing again|language=uk|publisher=radiosvoboda.org|date=1\n        October 2010|accessdate=6 April 2016|quote=(Translation) These words handed\n        down on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (CCU) regarding\n        cancelling the political reforms of 2004 are worthy of being inscribed in\n        the annals of world jurisprudence. It turns out that \\\"the stability of the\n        constitutional order\\\" will not be changed by the will of the voters, or even\n        by Parliament, but by the decision of 18 persons.}}{{clarify|date=October\n        2011}}\\n\\nOn 21 February 2014 an agreement between President Viktor Yanukovych\n        and opposition leaders saw the country return to the 2004 Constitution. The\n        historic agreement, brokered by the [[European Union]], followed protests\n        that began in late November 2013 and culminated in a week of violent clashes\n        in which scores of protesters were killed. In addition to returning the country\n        to the 2004 Constitution, the deal provided for the formation of a coalition\n        government, the calling of early elections, and the release of former Prime\n        Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison.{{cite\n        news|title=President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|date=21\n        February 2014|work=europesun.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228115026/http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/220190358|archivedate=28\n        February 2014}} A day after the agreement was reached the Ukraine parliament\n        dismissed Yanukovych and installed its speaker [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] as\n        interim president{{cite news|title=Ukraine:\n        Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26312008|work=BBC\n        News|location=Kiev|date=23 February 2014|accessdate=6 April 2016}} and\n        [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]].{{cite news|first=Harriet|last=Salem|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/who-governing-ukraine-olexander-turchynov|title=Who\n        exactly is governing Ukraine?|publisher=The Guardian|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=6\n        April 2016}}\\n\\n=== President, parliament and government ===\\n[[File:Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|thumb|Presidential\n        administration building]]\\n[[File:Pechersk 28 09 13 077.jpg|thumb|Cabinet\n        of Ministers building]]\\n\\nThe [[President of Ukraine|President]] is elected\n        by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal [[head of state]].{{cite\n        web|url= http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672|title=General\n        Articles about Ukraine|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=Government Portal}}\\nUkraine''s\n        legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the [[Verkhovna\n        Rada]].{{cite web |url=http://portal.rada.gov.ua/ |title=Verkhovna Rada\n        of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007 |work=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine\n        Official Web-site |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190549/http://portal.rada.gov.ua/\n        |archivedate=23 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }} The parliament is primarily\n        responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the [[Cabinet of\n        Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]], headed by the [[Prime Minister\n        of Ukraine|Prime Minister]].{{cite web |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine,_2004\n        |title=Constitution of Ukraine |accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Wikisource]]}}\n        However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers\n        of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well\n        as the power to appoint the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]]\n        and the head of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]].\\n\\nLaws,\n        acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of\n        the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the\n        [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]], should they be found\n        to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial\n        review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]] is the main body in\n        the system of courts of general jurisdiction.\\nLocal self-government is officially\n        guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise\n        control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations\n        are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime\n        Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President\n        and the Prime Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when\n        President Yushchenko exploited a perceived loophole by appointing so-called\n        ''temporarily acting'' officers, instead of actual governors or local leaders,\n        thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime Minister. This practice\n        was controversial and was subject to Constitutional Court review.\\n\\nUkraine\n        has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships\n        and are unknown to the general public.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}\n        Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the\n        purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.\\n\\n=== Courts and law\n        enforcement ===\\n{{Main|Judicial system of Ukraine|Law enforcement in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Klov\n        Palace. Listed ID 80-382-0462. - 8 Pylypa Orlyka Street, Pechersk Raion, Kiev.\n        - Pechersk 28 09 13 396.jpg|thumb|[[Klov Palace|Klovsky Palace]], home to\n        the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]]]]\\n\\nThe courts enjoy legal, financial and\n        constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are\n        largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct).\n        Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period\n        of five years, after which Ukraine''s Supreme Council confirms their positions\n        for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have\n        been much improved since Ukraine''s independence in 1991. The Supreme Court\n        is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions\n        ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks\n        Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of\n        Law Index Rankings|publisher=}}\\n[[File:\\u041f\\u0430\\u0442\\u0440\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0430\\u0432\\u0442\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0431\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c \\u043a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0457.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Police\n        of Ukraine]] was formed on 3 July 2015, as part of the post-Euromaidan reforms.]]\\n[[Prosecutor]]s\n        in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according\n        to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] ''the role and functions\n        of the Prosecutor''s Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]]\n        standards\\\".[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/\n        Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], [[Kyiv Post]] (25 March\n        2010) The criminal judicial system maintains an average [[conviction\n        rate]] of over 99%,{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u043c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0436\\u0435 \\u043d\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u044f\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0434\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0432\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukrainian courts almost can\n        not stand the acquittals''''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (8 March 2013)\n        equal to the conviction rate of the [[Soviet Union]], with[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193916/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/\n        Moskal: ''Rotten to the core''], Kyiv Post (25 March 2010) suspects\n        often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145022/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564\n        Jackpot], Kyiv Post, 25 March 2010 On 24 March 2010, President Yanukovych\n        formed an expert group to make recommendations how to \\\"clean up the current\n        mess and adopt a law on court organization\\\". One day later,\n        he stated \\\"We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.\\\" The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine\n        remain quite punitive.\\n\\nSince 1 January 2010 it has been permissible to\n        hold court proceedings in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens\n        unable to speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] or Russian may use their\n        native language or the services of a translator.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216010621/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/\n        \\\"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian\n        courts]\\\". ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 15 December 2011.
{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/\n        \\\"\\u0417 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0430\\u0447\\u0456 \\\"\\u0420\\u0435\\u0433\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\\\"\n        \\u0420\\u0430\\u0434\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u0438\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0443 \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445]\\\".\n        ''''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''''. 23 June 2009.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111061236/http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686]{{cite\n        web|url=http://for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html|title=\\u0420\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456\\u0439\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0456\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u043e\\u044e\n        \\u0432 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0438\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0434\\u0430\\u0445|work=for-ua.com}} Previously all court\n        proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.\\n\\nLaw enforcement agencies in Ukraine\n        are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of\n        Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the national\n        police force ''''([[Militsiya|\\u041ci\\u043bi\\u0446i\\u044f]])'''' and various\n        specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of\n        Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services.\n        Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their\n        heavy handling of the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]. Many thousands of police\n        officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters\n        from challenging the state''s authority but also to provide a quick reaction\n        force in case of need; most officers were armed.C. J. Chivers,\n        [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2DE1238F934A25752C0A9639C8B63\n        BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation''s\n        Path], ''''[[The New York Times]]'''', 17 January 2005. Bloodshed was\n        only avoided when Lt. Gen. [[Sergei Popkov]] heeded his colleagues'' calls\n        to withdraw.\\n\\nThe Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the\n        maintenance of the [[Security Service of Ukraine|State Security Service]];\n        Ukraine''s domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused\n        of acting like a [[secret police]] force serving to protect the country''s\n        political elite from media criticism. On the other hand, however, it is widely\n        accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government\n        plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution to prevent the collapse of the\n        movement.\\n\\n=== Foreign relations ===\\n{{Main|Foreign relations of Ukraine|International\n        membership of Ukraine|Ukraine\\u2013European Union relations|The World Bank\n        in Ukraine}}\\nIn 1999\\u20132001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member\n        of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United\n        Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise\n        with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics.\n        Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes.\n        It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova\n        and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of\n        Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN [[peacekeeping]]\n        operations since 1992.\\n\\n[[File:Normandy format talks in Minsk (February\n        2015) 03 cropped.jpeg|thumb|Leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]],\n        [[France]], and Ukraine at [[Minsk II]] summit, 2015.]]\\n[[File:EU DCFTA EFTA.svg|thumb|In\n        January 2016, Ukraine joined the [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]\n        (green) with the EU (blue), established by the [[Ukraine\\u2013European Union\n        Association Agreement]].]]\\nUkraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration\n        its primary foreign policy objective,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html\n        Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Ukraine\n        has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration \\u2013 Poroshenko], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html\n        Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status \\u2013 law], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]\n        (23 December 2014)
[http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/\n        Ukraine''s complicated path to NATO membership], [[Euronews]] (23 December\n        2014)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html?_r=1\n        Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO], [[New York Times]] (23 December 2014)https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226\n        Ukraine Ends ''Nonaligned'' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, [[The\n        Wall Street journal]] (23 December 2014) but in practice it has always\n        balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with\n        strong ties to Russia. The [[European Union]]''s [[Partnership and Cooperation\n        Agreement]] (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on 1 March 1998. The European\n        Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions\n        begin on an association agreement, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999\n        in [[Helsinki]], recognizes Ukraine''s long-term aspirations but does not\n        discuss association. On 31 January 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference\n        on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security\n        and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), and on 10 March 1992, it became a member\n        of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations]]\n        are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership. This was removed from the government''s foreign\n        policy agenda upon election of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] to the presidency, in\n        2010. But after February 2014''s [[2014 Ukrainian\n        revolution|Yanukovych ouster]] and the (denied by Russia) following Russian\n        military intervention in Ukraine Ukraine renewed its drive for NATO membership. Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership\n        for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual\n        integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU\n        was expected to be signed and put into effect by the end of 2011, but the\n        process was suspended by 2012 because of the political developments of that\n        time.{{cite web | url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html\n        | title=Teixeira: Ukraine''s EU integration suspended, association agreement\n        unlikely to be signed | publisher=[[Interfax]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=6\n        September 2012}} The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European\n        Union was signed in 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html|title=EU,\n        Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 \\u2013\n        European Council|access-date=2016-06-25}}\\n\\nUkraine long had close\n        ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia\\u2013Ukraine relations]] became\n        difficult in 2014 by the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation\n        of Crimea]], energy dependence and payment disputes.\\n\\nUkraine is included\n        in the European Union''s [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) which aims\n        at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.\\n\\n=== Administrative divisions\n        ===\\n{{Main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukrainian historical regions}}\\nThe\n        system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country''s status as a [[unitary\n        state]] (as stated in the country''s constitution) with unified legal and\n        [[Local government|administrative]] regimes for each unit.\\n\\nUkraine consists\n        of 27 regions which are twenty-four [[oblast]]s (provinces) and one [[autonomous\n        republic]] ({{lang|uk-Latn|''''avtonomna respublika''''}}), [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea|Crimea]]. Additionally, the cities of [[Kiev]], the capital, and\n        [[Sevastopol]], both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea\n        are subdivided into 490 {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[raion]]s''''}} (districts) and\n        city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative\n        units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi}};\n        the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231154652/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002|archivedate=2007-12-31|title=Regions\n        of Ukraine and their divisions|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[Verkhovna\n        Rada]] of Ukraine Official Web-site|language=Ukrainian}}\\n\\n[[Populated\n        places in Ukraine]] are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban\n        populated places are split further into cities and [[urban-type settlement]]s\n        (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist\n        of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have certain\n        degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance\n        (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each\n        oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities).\n        City''s significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic\n        and historical importance, infrastructure and others.\\n\\nFollowing the [[2014\n        Crimean crisis]], [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]]\n        became [[de facto]] administrated by the Russian Federation, which [[Annexation\n        of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claims them]] as the [[Republic of Crimea]]\n        and the [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]]. They\n        are still recognised as being Ukrainian territory by the majority of the international\n        community.\\n{{Further information|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014\n        Crimean crisis}}\\n
{{Oblasts of Ukraine|options=float:left; border:3px;\n        max-width:460px;}}
\\n\\n{| style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{|\n        style=\\\"width:98%; background:none;\\\"\\n|-\\n|\\n{| class=\\\"navbox\\\" style=\\\"width:100%;\n        background:none; border:1px; text-align:left; valign:top;\\\"\\n|-\\n!colspan=6|
[[Oblasts\n        of Ukraine|Oblasts]]
\\n|-\\n|\\n* [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]\\n* [[Chernihiv\n        Oblast|Chernihiv]]\\n* [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]\\n* [[Dnipropetrovsk\n        Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]\\n* [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]\\n|\\n* [[Ivano-Frankivsk\n        Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]\\n* [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]\\n* [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]\\n*\n        [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]]\\n* [[Kiev Oblast|Kiev]]\\n|\\n* [[Kirovohrad\n        Oblast|Kirovohrad]]\\n* [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]\\n* [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]\\n*\n        [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]\\n* [[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]]\\n|\\n* [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]\\n*\n        [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]\\n* [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]\\n* [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]\\n*\n        [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]\\n| valign=\\\"top\\\"|\\n* [[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]\\n*\n        [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]\\n* [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]]\\n*\n        [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]\\n|-\\n!colspan=2|
''''''[[Autonomous republic]]''''''
\\n!colspan=3|
''''''[[Cities\n        with special status]]''''''
\\n|-\\n|colspan=2|\\n* [[Autonomous Republic\n        of Crimea]]\\n| colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:top;\\\"|\\n* [[Kiev|City\n        of Kiev]]\\n* [[Sevastopol|City of Sevastopol]]\\n|}\\n|}\\n|-\\n|\\n|}\\n\\n=== Armed\n        forces ===\\n{{Main|Military of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Kissing the flag.jpg|thumb|left|Commander\n        of the Ukrainian contingent in [[Multi-National Force \\u2013 Iraq]], kisses\n        his country''s flag.]]\\n\\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine\n        inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the\n        third-largest [[nuclear weapons and Ukraine|nuclear weapons arsenal]] in the\n        world.{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html\n        |title=Ukraine Special Weapons |accessdate=24 December 2007 |publisher= GlobalSecurity.org}}\n        In May 1992, Ukraine signed the [[Lisbon Protocol]] in which the country agreed\n        to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the [[Nuclear\n        Non-Proliferation Treaty]] as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified\n        the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.{{cite web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history\n        |title=The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine |accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=\n        [[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]]}}\\n\\nUkraine took consistent steps\n        toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the [[Treaty on Conventional\n        Armed Forces in Europe]], which called for reduction of tanks, artillery,\n        and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans\n        to convert the current [[conscript]]-based military into a professional [[volunteer\n        military]].{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf|archivedate=8\n        November 2007|title=White Book 2006|accessdate=24 December 2007|publisher=Ministry\n        of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\n[[File:Het''man Sahaidachnyi ide na chornomu\n        mori 2012-07-17.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian frigate [[Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130)|''''Hetman\n        Sahaydachniy'''' (U130)]]]]\\n\\nUkraine has been playing an increasingly larger\n        role in peacekeeping operations. On Friday 3 January 2014, the Ukrainian frigate\n        ''''Hetman Sagaidachniy'''' joined the European Union''s counter piracy [[Operation\n        Atalanta]] and will be part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]]\n        for two months.{{cite web|url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/\n        |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter\n        Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukrainian troops are deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of\n        the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].{{cite\n        web |url= http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo\n        |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |accessdate=24 December\n        2007 |publisher= Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}} A Ukrainian unit was\n        deployed in [[Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UN\n        Interim Force]] enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also\n        a maintenance and training battalion deployed in [[Sierra Leone]]. In 2003\\u201305,\n        a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[Multinational force in Iraq]]\n        under Polish command. The total Ukrainian armed forces deployment around the\n        world is 562 servicemen.{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en|title=Peacekeeping|accessdate=2\n        May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}\\n\\nMilitary units\n        of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian\n        forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094\n        \\\"Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine\n        for exercises\\\". ''''Kyiv Post''''. 18 May 2010]\\n\\nFollowing independence,\n        Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.\n        The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation,\n        other CIS countries and a [[Partnership for Peace|partnership with NATO]]\n        since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper\n        cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed\n        in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered\n        by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed [[Ukrainian President|President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        considered the current level of co-operation between [[Ukraine\\u2013NATO relations|Ukraine\n        and NATO]] sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining\n        NATO. During the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], NATO\n        declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets\n        the criteria for the accession.\\n\\n== Economy ==\\n{{Main|Economy\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}\\n\\n[[File:GNI per capita\n        (Ukraine) in 2016.png|thumb|GNI per capita in 2016]]\\nIn Soviet times, the\n        economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important\n        industrial and agricultural component of the country''s [[planned economy]]. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from\n        a planned economy to a [[market economy]]. The transition process was difficult\n        for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.{{cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/966616.stm |title=Child poverty\n        soars in eastern Europe|publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2000 |accessdate=26\n        January 2014}} Ukraine''s economy contracted severely following the\n        years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person\n        living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural\n        Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs\n        and buying the basic necessities through the [[barter economy]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Independent Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]}}\\n\\nIn 1991, the government liberalised most prices to\n        combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the\n        problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run\n        industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary\n        policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to [[hyperinflation]]ary levels.\n        For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar\n        year.{{cite news|last=Skolotiany|first=Yuriy|title=The past and the future\n        of Ukrainian national currency|url=http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo nedeli]]|date=8 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041853/http://www.mw.ua/2000/2040/54367/|archivedate=25\n        June 2008}} Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the [[Ukrainian\n        hryvnia|hryvnia]], in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural\n        reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for\n        [[privatisation]]. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government\n        and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts.\n        A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation\n        process.\\n\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0431\\u0430\\u043d\\u043a \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u0437\\u0443.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[National Bank of Ukraine]] [[National Bank of Ukraine building|building]]]]\\n\\nIn\n        the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/up.html|title=Ukraine |edition=2002\n        |accessdate=5 July 2008 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}} It\n        recovered considerably in the following years, but as at 2014 had yet to reach\n        the historical maximum.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine/gdp#NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 gdp|accessdate=15 July 2012|work=Index Mundi}} In the early 2000s,\n        the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10%, with industrial\n        production growing more than 10% per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2004/geos/up.html|title=CIA\n        World Factbook \\u2013 Ukraine. 2004 edition|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA}}\n        Ukraine was hit by the [[economic crisis of 2008]] and in November 2008, the\n        IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/3243.html\n        \\\"Head of IMF''s Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job\\\"].\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine. Retrieved 17 December 2008.\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010\n        GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), as calculated by the [[CIA]], is ranked\n        [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|38th in the world]] and estimated at $305.2 billion. Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in\n        PPP terms), ranked 107th in the world. Nominal GDP (in U.S.\n        dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136 billion, [[List\n        of countries by GDP (nominal)|ranked 53rd in the world]].\n        By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias\n        per month.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120529144539/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/gdn/reg_zp_m/reg_zpm08_u.htm\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=Average Wage Income in 2008\n        by Region |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of\n        Ukraine }} Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring central European\n        countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8%\\n\\nAs of 2016,  Ukraine had average wealth per adult, at [[USD|$]]1,254.{{Cite\n        book |url = https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html?WT.i_short-url=%2Fgwr&WT.i_target-url=%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-institute%2Fglobal-wealth-report.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fnews-and-expertise%2Fthe-global-wealth-report-2016-201611.html\n        |title=Global Wealth Report 2016 |publisher=Credit Suisse |year=2016}}\\n\\n[[File:An-225\n        Mriya.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] has the largest wingspan of any aircraft\n        in operational service.]]\\n\\nUkraine produces nearly all types of transportation\n        vehicles and [[National Space Agency of Ukraine|spacecraft]]. Antonov airplanes\n        and [[KrAZ]] trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian\n        exports are marketed to the [[European Union]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent\n        States|CIS]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120628220750/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2005/zd/zd_rik/zd_u/gs_u.html\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Structure export and import,\n        2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine\n        }} Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency,\n        the [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU). Ukraine became an active\n        participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between\n        1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made [[satellites]] and 101 [[launch\n        vehicle]]s, and continues to design spacecraft.{{cite web|url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title=Statistics\n        of Launches of Ukrainian LV|accessdate=24 December 2007|work=[[National Space\n        Agency of Ukraine]]}}{{cite web|url=http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232043/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s|archivedate=2008-11-21|title=Missile\n        defence, NATO: Ukraine''s tough call|accessdate=5 July 2008|publisher=Business\n        Ukraine}}{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        Special Weapons|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=The Nuclear Information Project}}\\n\\nThe\n        country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas and to\n        a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25% of the\n        natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35% comes from Russia\n        and the remaining 40% from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia\n        controls. At the same time, 85% of the Russian gas is delivered to [[Western\n        Europe]] through Ukraine.{{cite web|last=Pirani|first=Simon|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG21-UkrainesGasSector-SimonPirani-2007.pdf|title=Ukraine''s\n        Gas Sector|date=June 2007|accessdate=8 January 2014|format=PDF|publisher=[[Oxford\n        Institute for Energy Studies]]|page=36}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine, Trends in\n        the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|Trends in the Human Development\n        Index of Ukraine, 1970\\u20132010]]\\n[[File:Ukraine salary by region 2016.svg|thumb|left|Ukrainian\n        administrative divisions by [[List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by\n        salary|monthly salary]]. All figures are in the Ukrainian hryvnia.]]\\n\\nGrowing\n        sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market,\n        which topped all other [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern European countries\n        in 2007, growing some 40 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104074538/http://www.microsoft.com/emea/presscentre/pressreleases/BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008.mspx|archivedate=2009-01-04|title=Microsoft\n        CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine|accessdate=28 July 2008|last=Ballmer|first=Steve|date=20\n        May 2008|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2014}}\n        In 2013, Ukraine ranked fourth in the world in number of certified [[information\n        technology|IT]] professionals after the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.ua/society/768725-ukrajina-chetverta-v-sviti-za-kilkistyu-it-fahivtsiv.html\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0447\\u0435\\u0442\\u0432\\u0435\\u0440\\u0442\\u0430\n        \\u0432 \\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044e\n        \\u0406\\u0422-\\u0444\\u0430\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432 ''''Ukraine\n        in fourth place in the world in the number of IT professionals''''], [[UNIAN]]\n        (27 March 2013)\\n\\nUkraine''s 2010 GDP, as calculated by the [[World\n        Bank]], was around $136 billion, 2011 GDP \\u2013 around $163 billion,\n        2012 \\u2013 $176.6 billion, 2013 \\u2013 $177.4 billion.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/UA?display=graph|title=GDP\n        (current US$)|publisher=}} In 2014 and 2015, the Ukrainian currency\n        was the world''s worst performing currency, having dropped 80 percent of its\n        value since April 2014 since the [[War in Donbass]] and the [[2014 Crimean\n        crisis|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia.{{cite news |title=Ukraine sharply\n        raises interest rates to 30 per cent |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 March\n        2015 |accessdate=4 March 2015 |first=Roman |last=Olearchyk |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6570d34-c1b0-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3TQRg3ehM}}{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31721332|title=Ukraine raises interest\n        rates to 30%|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[World Bank]] classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.{{cite web|title=What\n        are Middle-Income Countries?|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTMIDINCCOUN/0,,contentMDK:21453301~menuPK:5006209~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:4434098,00.html|publisher=[[The\n        World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Significant issues include\n        underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.\n        The public will to fight against corrupt officials and business elites culminated\n        in a strong wave of public demonstrations against the Victor Yanukovych''s\n        regime in November 2013.{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Ukraine|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx|archivedate=2014-03-25|publisher=Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=25 March 2014}} However, according\n        to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Ukraine is still the most corrupt country\n        in Europe being ranked 142nd out of 175 countries on the world, in the latest\n        CPI report from 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results/\n        |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014: Full table and rankings |publisher=Transparency\n        International |accessdate=3 December 2014}} In 2007 the [[PFTS Ukraine\n        Stock Exchange|Ukrainian stock market]] recorded the second highest growth\n        in the world of 130 percent.{{cite news|first=Olga|last=Pogarska|title=Ukraine\n        macroeconomic situation \\u2013 February 2008|url=http://www.unian.info/society/99662-ukraine-macroeconomic-situation-feb-2008.html|publisher=UNIAN\n        news agency|accessdate=29 February 2008}} According to the CIA, in 2006\n        the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion.\\n\\nUkraine has managed to achieve certain progress in reducing\n        absolute poverty, ensuring access to primary and secondary education, improving\n        maternal health and reducing child mortality.\\nThe poverty rate according\n        to the absolute criterion (share of the population whose daily consumption\n        is below US$5.05 (PPP)) was reduced from 11.9 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent\n        in 2012, and the poverty rate according to the relative criterion (share of\n        the population below the national poverty line) decreased at the same time\n        from 71.2 percent to 24.0 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About\n        Ukraine}}\\n\\nThe economy of Ukraine overcame the heavy crisis caused\n        by [[War in Donbass|armed conflict in southeast]] part of country. AT the\n        same time, 200% devaluation of Ukrainian hryvnia (national currency) in 2014\\u20132015\n        made Ukrainian goods and services cheaper and more \\u0441ompetitive.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/management-and-legal-support-for-business-activity-in-ukraine/|title=The\n        economy of Ukraine|last=Thor|first=Anatoliy|date=|website=|access-date=}}\n        In 2016, for the first time since 2010, the economy grew more than 2%. According\n        to [[World Bank]] statement growth is projected at 2% in 2017 and 3.5% in\n        2018.\\n\\n=== Corporations ===\\n[[File:Sea Launch 01.jpg|thumb|right|A launch\n        of [[Zenit-3SL]] rocket from the [[Sea Launch]] platform ''''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'''']]\\nUkraine\n        has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of\n        metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231025730/http://www.usndt.com.ua/industry.htm|archivedate=2010-12-31\n        |title=Industry of Ukraine |publisher=Usndt.com.ua |accessdate=30 December\n        2010}} However, the country is also well known for its production of\n        high-technological goods and transport products, such as [[Antonov]] aircraft\n        and various private and commercial vehicles.{{cite news |url= http://sputniknews.com/business/20100720/159879889.html\n        |title=Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraine''s Antonov |work=RIA\n        Novosti |date=20 July 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The country''s\n        largest and most competitive firms are components of the [[PFTS index]], traded\n        on the [[PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange]].\\n\\nWell-known Ukrainian brands include\n        [[Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[AvtoZAZ]], [[PrivatBank]], [[Roshen]], [[Yuzhmash]],\n        [[Nemiroff]], [[Motor Sich]], [[Khortytsa (company)|Khortytsa]], [[Kyivstar]]\n        and [[Aerosvit]].{{cite web|url=https://ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/brand-%E2%80%9Cukraine%E2%80%9D-will-be-reloaded-in-2012/\n        |title=Brand \\\"Ukraine\\\" will be reloaded in 2012 |publisher=Ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com\n        |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine is regarded\n        as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such\n        a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and\n        legal reforms.{{cite web |url= http://www.ascent-ag.ch/files/inside/ukraine/Growth%20Potential%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20Economy%20-%20Derrer.pdf\n        |title=Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy: Is the \\\"Miracle\\\" Meant\n        to Last?| author=Michael Derrer | date=2004 | accessdate=18 October 2014}}\n        Although [[Foreign Direct Investment]] in Ukraine remained relatively strong\n        since [[Early 1990s recession|recession of the early 1990s]], the country\n        has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current\n        corporate governance in Ukraine were primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation\n        of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as [[Rinat Akhmetov]],\n        the enduring failure to broaden the nation''s economic base and a lack of\n        effective legal protection for investors and their products.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114072151/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/89520\n        |archivedate= 2010-11-14 |title=U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on\n        list of copyright violators |work=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=10\n        November 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Despite all this, Ukraine''s\n        economy was still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.{{cite news\n        |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/ |archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20110208144113/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/55329/\n        |archivedate= 2011-02-08 |title=Ukraine''s economic growth to resume in 2010,\n        unemployment to be high |work=Kyiv Post |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Transport ===\\n{{Main|Transport in Ukraine|Ukrainian\n        Railways}}\\n[[File:M18 Valki Interchange (Parclo) Ukraine.jpg|thumb|The Kharkiv\\u2013Dnipro\n        motorway (M18)]]\\n\\nIn total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for {{convert|164732|km|mi}}. Major routes, marked with the letter ''M'' for ''International''\n        ''''([[Ukrainian Language|Ukrainian]]: \\u041c\\u0456\\u0436\\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439''''),\n        extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border\n        routes to the country''s neighbours. There are only two true [[motorway]]\n        standard highways in Ukraine; a {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} stretch\n        of motorway from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Dnipro]] and a section of the M03 which\n        extends {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kiev]] to [[Boryspil]], where\n        the city''s [[Boryspil Airport|international airport]] is located.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2013|reason=Statistics (which includes distances) need citations.}}\\n\\n[[File:\\u0421\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0435\\u0437\\u0434 \\\"\\u0425\\u0435\\u043d\\u0434\\u0430\\u0439\\\".jpg|thumb|[[HRCS2\n        multiple unit]]. [[Ukrainian Railways|Rail transport]] is heavily utilised\n        in Ukraine]]\\n\\n[[Rail transport in Ukraine]] connects all major urban areas,\n        port facilities and [[industry|industrial centres]] with neighbouring countries.\n        The heaviest concentration of [[railway track]] is the [[Donbas]] region of\n        Ukraine. Although [[rail freight transport]] fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison\n        with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the [[rail usage statistics by country|world''s\n        highest rail users]].{{cite web|url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm|title=Transportation\n        in Ukraine|accessdate=22 December 2007|work= U.S. Government Printing Office}}\n        The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for {{convert|22473|km|mi}},\n        of which {{convert|9250|km|mi}} is electrified. Currently\n        the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and\n        all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on\n        international routes, are operated by its company ''[[Ukrainian Railways|Ukrzaliznytsia]]''.\\n\\nTransport\n        by air is developing quickly, with a visa-free programme for EU nationals\n        and citizens of a number of other Western nations,{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm\n        |title=Consulate General of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrconsul.org |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} the nation''s aviation sector is handling a significantly\n        increased number of travellers. The [[Euro 2012]] football tournament, held\n        in Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts, prompted the government to invest heavily\n        in transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=1520657.html\n        |title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August\n        2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}} The Donetsk airport, completed for\n        [[Euro 2012]], was destroyed by the end of 2014 because of the ongoing war\n        between the government and the separatist movement.{{cite web|author=Alan\n        Taylor |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/02/a-year-of-war-completely-destroyed-the-donetsk-airport/386204/\n        |title=A Year of War Completely Destroyed the Donetsk Airport |publisher=The\n        Atlantic |date=26 February 2015 |accessdate=18 June 2015}}\\n\\n[[Boryspil\n        International Airport|Kiev Boryspil]] is the county''s largest international\n        airport; it has three main passenger terminals and is the base for the country''s\n        flag carrier, [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. Other large airports in\n        the country include those in [[Kharkiv International Airport|Kharkiv]], [[Lviv\n        International Airport|Lviv]] and [[Donetsk International Airport|Donetsk]]\n        (now destroyed), whilst those in [[Dnipropetrovsk International Airport|Dnipropetrovsk]]\n        and [[Odessa International Airport|Odessa]] have plans for terminal upgrades\n        in the near future. In addition to its flag carrier, Ukraine has a number\n        of airlines including [[Windrose Airlines]], [[Dniproavia]], [[Azur Air Ukraine]],\n        and [[AtlasGlobal Ukraine]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the Antonov\n        Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world''s largest fixed\n        wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].\\n\\nInternational maritime travel is mainly\n        provided through the [[Port of Odessa]], from where ferries sail regularly\n        to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company presently\n        operating these routes is [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrferry.com/\n        |title=\\u0421\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0445\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0430\\u044f \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u0440\\u0438. \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u043c \\u041c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0435\n        \\u043c\\u0435\\u0436\\u0434\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439,\n        \\u0413\\u0440\\u0443\\u0437\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439, \\u0422\\u0443\\u0440\\u0446\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u0438 \\u0411\\u043e\\u043b\\u0433\\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0435\\u0439 |publisher=Ukrferry.com\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}}\\n\\n=== Energy ===\\n{{Main|Energy in Ukraine}}\\nIn\n        2014, Ukraine was ranked number 19 on the Emerging Market Energy Security\n        Growth Prosperity Index, published by the [[think tank]] Bisignis Institute,\n        which ranks emerging market countries using government corruption, GDP growth\n        and oil reserve information.{{cite press release | url=http://www.bisignis.org/press/bisignis-institute-releases-new-country-profiles-for-azerbaijan-and-ukraine\n        | title=Bisignis Institute releases new country profiles for Azerbaijan and\n        Ukraine | publisher=Bisignis Institute | date=6 January 2014 | accessdate=8\n        January 2014}}\\n\\n==== Fuel resources ====\\nUkraine produces and processes\n        its own natural gas and [[petroleum]]. However, the majority of these commodities\n        are imported. Eighty percent of Ukrainian natural gas supplies are imported,\n        mainly from [[Russia]].{{cite book|author1=Axel Siedenberg|author2=Lutz\n        Hoffmann|title=Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International\n        Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTAGTpBHnkC&pg=PA393|accessdate=20\n        October 2015|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7908-1189-6|page=393}}\\n\\nNatural\n        gas is heavily utilised not only in energy production but also by [[steel\n        industry|steel]] and [[chemical industry|chemical]] industries of the country,\n        as well as by the [[district heating]] sector. In 2012, [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]\n        started exploration drilling for [[shale gas]] in Ukraine\\u2014a project aimed\n        at the nation''s total gas supply independence.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nUkraine has sufficient [[coal]] reserves and increases its use in\n        electricity generation.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}\\n\\n==== Power generation\n        ====\\n[[File:Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG|thumbnail|[[Zaporizhia Nuclear\n        Power Plant]], the largest nuclear power plant in Europe]]\\nUkraine has been\n        a net [[Electricity market|energy exporting]] country, for example in 2011,\n        3.3% of electricity produced were exported,[http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/minugol/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=216629&cat_id=35081\n        \\u0406\\u043d\\u0444\\u043e\\u0440\\u043c\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u0439\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u0456 \\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u043d\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u0440\\u043e\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 \\u0433\\u0430\\u043b\\u0443\\u0437\\u0435\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e-\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0443 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0437\\u0430 \\u0433\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u044c \\u0442\\u0430 2011\n        \\u0440\\u0456\\u043a]{{uk icon}} but also one of Europe''s largest [[Electricity|energy]]\n        consumers.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319085724/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UP|archivedate=2014-03-19|title=Ukraine|accessdate=22\n        December 2007|work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA)|publisher=US\n        government}} {{As of|2011}}, 47.6% of total electricity generation was\n        from [[nuclear power]] The largest [[nuclear\n        power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is located\n        in Ukraine. Most of the nuclear fuel has been coming from [[Russia]].{{when|date=June\n        2014}} In 2008 [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] won a five-year contract\n        selling nuclear fuel to three Ukrainian reactors starting in 2011.{{cite\n        web|title=Westinghouse Wins Contract to Provide Fuel Supplies to Ukraine|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/westinghouse-wins-contract-to-provide-fuel-supplies-to-ukraine-57318317.html|work=30\n        March 2008|publisher=Westinghouse Electric|accessdate=15 April 2014|format=press\n        release}}\\nFollowing [[Euromaidan]] then President [[Viktor Yanukovych]]\n        introduced a ban on [[Rosatom]] nuclear fuel shipments to Europe via Ukraine,\n        which was in effect from 28 January until 6 March 2014.{{cite news|title=Russia\n        says restarts nuclear fuel transit to Europe via Ukraine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-idUSL6N0M50B820140308|accessdate=15\n        April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 March 2014}} After the Russian annexation\n        of Crimea in April 2014, the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company of\n        Ukraine [[Energoatom]] and Westinghouse extended the contract for fuel deliveries\n        through 2020.{{cite web|title=Westinghouse and Ukraine''s Energoatom\n        Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract|url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm|archivedate=2014-04-11|work=11\n        April 2014|publisher=Westinghouse|accessdate=15 April 2014}}\\n\\n[[Coal]]\n        and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydro power|hydroelectricity]]\n        are the second and third largest kinds of power generation in the country.{{citation\n        needed|date=April 2014}}\\n\\n==== Renewable energy use ====\\n[[File:Perovosolarstation.jpg|thumbnail|[[Perovo\n        Solar Park]]]]\\nThe share of [[renewable energy|renewables]] within the total\n        energy mix is still very small, but is growing fast. Total installed capacity\n        of renewable energy installations more than doubled in 2011 and {{As of|2012|lc=y}}\n        stands at 397 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ecoclubua.com/2012/01/vidnovlyuvana-enerhetyka-ukrajiny-2011/\n        |title=\\u0412\\u0456\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u043b\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0433\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043c\\u043a\\u043e \\u0437\\u0440\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0454,\n        \\u0430\\u043b\\u0435 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0456 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0454 \\u043c\\u0456\\u0437\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0447\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u043a\\u0443 | \\u0417\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0425\\u0432\\u0438\\u043b\\u044f |publisher=Ecoclubua.com |date=29 July 2012\n        |accessdate=25 August 2012}} In 2011 several large [[solar energy|solar\n        power stations]] were opened in Ukraine, among them Europe''s largest solar\n        park in Perovo, (Crimea).{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-29/europe-s-biggest-solar-park-completed-with-russian-bank-debt-1-\n        | work=Bloomberg | first=Marc | last=Roca | title=Europe''s Biggest Solar\n        Park Completed With Russian Bank Debt | date=29 December 2011}} Ukrainian\n        State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Conservation forecasts that combined\n        installed capacity of wind and solar power plants in Ukraine could increase\n        by another 600 MW in 2012.{{cite web|title=Ukraine could boost alternative\n        energy capacity by 600 MW in 2012|url=http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108232254/http://www.steelguru.com/russian_news/Ukraine_could_boost_alternative_energy_capacity_by_600_MW_in_2012/248084.html|archivedate=2014-01-08|publisher=SteelGuru|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|date=1 February 2012}} According to Macquarie Research,\n        by 2016 Ukraine will construct and commission new solar power stations with\n        a total capacity of 1.8 GW, almost equivalent to the capacity of two nuclear\n        reactors.{{cite news |author=Katya Gorchinskaya |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-to-triple-solar-power-capacity-in-2012.html?goback=.gde_2326359_member_141269257\n        |title=Small business bearing the brunt of corruption |work=Kyiv Post |date=12\n        June 1997 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\nThe Economic Bank for Reconstruction\n        and Development estimates that Ukraine has great renewable energy potential:\n        the technical potential for wind energy is estimated at 40 TWh/year, small\n        hydropower stations at 8.3 TWh/year, biomass at 120 TWh/year, and solar energy\n        at 50 TWh/year.{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first=Mark|title=Ukraine only\n        starting to harness potential of renewable energy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|accessdate=8\n        January 2014|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200142/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/121743/|archivedate=9\n        May 2012}} In 2011, Ukraine''s [[Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Ukraine)|Energy\n        Ministry]] predicted that the installed capacity of generation from alternative\n        and renewable energy sources would increase to 9% (about 6 GW) of the total\n        electricity production in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114035724/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/9_of_electricity_will_be_received_from_renewable_sources_in_2030?goback=.gde_2326359_member_103982024|archivedate=2012-11-14\n        |title=9% of electricity will be received from renewable sources in 2030|publisher=Ukrinform.ua\n        |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 August 2012}}\\n\\n=== Internet ===\\n{{Main|Internet\n        in Ukraine|Telecommunications in Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has a large and steadily\n        growing [[Internet]] sector, mostly uninfluenced by the [[financial crisis\n        of 2007\\u201308]]. As of June, 2014, there were 18.2 million desktop Internet\n        users, which is 56% of the adult population. The core of the audience is the\n        25 to 34-year-old age bracket, representing 29% of the population.{{cite\n        web|title = \\u0413\\u043b\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0444\\u0430\\u043a\\u0442\\u044b\n        \\u0438 \\u0446\\u0438\\u0444\\u0440\\u044b \\u043e digital-\\u0440\\u044b\\u043d\\u043a\\u0435\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u044b|url = http://www.imena.ua/blog/digital-in-ukraine/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-20}} Ukraine ranks 8th among the world''s top ten countries\n        with the fastest [[Internet access]] speed.{{cite web|url=http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203080726/http://www.pandonetworks.com/company/news/pando-networks-releases-global-internet-speed-study|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|title=Pando Networks Releases Global Internet Speed Study|publisher=Pandonetworks.com|date=22\n        September 2011|accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\n=== Tourism ===\\n{{Main|Tourism\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[Image:St.MichaelsGoldenDomedCathedral.JPG|thumb|225px|[[St.\n        Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kiev]].]]\\n\\nUkraine occupies 8th\n        place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the [[World\n        Tourism Organisation]] [[World Tourism rankings|rankings]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191518/http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf\n        UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6], [[UNWTO]] (June 2008) because\n        of its numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for [[skiing]],\n        hiking and fishing: the [[Black Sea]] coastline as a popular summer destination;\n        [[nature reserve]]s of different [[ecosystem]]s; churches, [[castle]] ruins\n        and other architectural and park landmarks; various [[outdoor]] activity points.\n        [[Kiev]], [[Lviv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] are Ukraine''s\n        principal tourist centres each offering many historical landmarks as well\n        as formidable [[hospitality]] infrastructure. Tourism used to be the mainstay\n        of Crimea''s economy but there has been a major fall in visitor numbers following\n        the Russian annexation in 2014.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28688478\n        Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea] bbc.co.uk, accessed 29 December 2015\\n\\nThe\n        [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] and [[Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine]] are\n        the selection of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by the general\n        public through an Internet-based vote.\\n\\n== Demographics ==\\n{{Main|Demographics\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|width = 220px\\n|float = right\\n|title = Composition\n        of Ukraine by nationality\\n|titlebar = #ddd\\n|bars =\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|#0057b8|77.8}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Russians]]|#0057b8|17.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.6%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Moldovans]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Crimean Tatars]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.5%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Bulgarians]]|#0057b8|1.2|0.4%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hungarians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Romanians]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Poles]]|#0057b8|1|0.3%}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other|#0057b8|3|1.7%}}\\n|caption = Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census]\\n}}\\n\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        ethnic 2001 by regions and rayons.PNG|thumb|Main ethnic groups of Ukrainian\n        raions (2001)]]\\n\\nAccording to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census\n        of 2001]], [[Ukrainians]] make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant\n        groups have identified themselves as belonging to the nationality of [[Russians]]\n        (17.3%), [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]]\n        (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%),\n        [[Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.2%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%)\n        and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year |work=ukrcensus.gov.ua\n        |publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics |accessdate=17 April 2010 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/\n        |archivedate=17 December 2011 |df= }} The industrial regions in the\n        east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the\n        population lives in urban areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html\n        |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2008 |work=[[United\n        Nations Children''s Fund]] (UNICEF)}}\\n\\nUkraine has one of the most\n        equal income distribution as measured by [[Gini index]] and [[Income inequality\n        metrics|Palma ratio]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/datablog/2017/apr/26/inequality-index-where-are-the-worlds-most-unequal-countries|title=Inequality\n        index: where are the world''s most unequal countries?|last=Barr|first=Caelainn|date=2017-04-26|work=The\n        Guardian|access-date=2017-04-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}\\n\\n===\n        Population decline ===\\n\\nUkraine''s population (excluding Crimea) in 2016\n        was estimated at 48,457,102. The country''s population has been declining\n        since the 1990s because of its high death rate and low birth rate. The population\n        has been shrinking by over 150,000 annually since 1993. The birth rate has\n        recovered in recent years from a low level around 2000, and is now comparable\n        to the European average. It would need to increase by another 50% or so to\n        stabilize the population and offset the high mortality rate.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2014}}\\n\\nIn 2007, the country''s rate of population decline was the fourth\n        highest in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html|title=Field\n        Listing \\u2013 Population growth rate|accessdate=5 July 2008|work=CIA World\n        Factbook}}\\n\\nLife expectancy is falling, and Ukraine suffers a high\n        [[mortality rate]] from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking,\n        extensive alcoholism and deteriorating medical care.Hanna\n        H. Starostenko, [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/economic.htm\n        \\\"Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process\n        in Ukraine\\\"], ''''Uktraine Magazine'''' No. 2, 1998.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720122016/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm|archivedate=2009-07-20|title=What\n        Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?|accessdate=16 January 2008|work=The\n        World Bank Group}}\\n\\nDuring the years 2008 to 2010, more than 1.5 million\n        children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 1999\\u20132001.\n        In 2008 Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates since its 1991 independence.\n        Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000\n        children under one year of age. This is lower than in 153 countries of the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Ukraine&countryCode=up®ionCode=eur&rank=154#up\n        |title=Infant mortality rate, Ukraine |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=26 January\n        2014}}\\n\\n=== Fertility and natalist policies ===\\n[[File:\\u041d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (1950-2012).svg|thumb|Population\n        of Ukraine (in thousands) from 1950 to 2012[https://archive.is/20120805214701/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html\n        State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] Retrieved 18 September 2009[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pop.php\n        Demoscope] Retrieved 18 September 2009]]\\n\\nThe current birth rate in\n        Ukraine, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death\n        rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine\n        demographic tables]]).\\n\\nThe phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined\n        as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed\n        by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where\n        total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world''s lowest,\n        shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although\n        Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during\n        1991\\u20132004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal\n        childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive\n        Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition\n        to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest\n        explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence\n        of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns\n        about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between\n        early fertility and early marriage.{{cite journal | last1 = Perelli-Harris\n        | first1 = Brienna | year = 2005 | title = The Path to Lowest-low Fertility\n        in Ukraine | journal = Population Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages\n        = 55\\u201370 | jstor = 30040436 | doi = 10.1080/0032472052000332700 | pmid\n        = 15764134 }}\\n\\nTo help mitigate the declining population, the government\n        continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments\n        of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and\n        50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154\n        hryvnias per child.{{cite web|url=http://me.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=115924&cat_id=38912\n        |title=Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry |accessdate=1 February 2008\n        |work=Economic Ministry}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |title=President meets with business bosses |accessdate=1 February 2008 |work=Press\n        office of President Victor Yushchenko |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214153647/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_21296.html\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The demographic trend\n        is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing\n        since 2001.{{uk icon}} [http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/express/expr2009/1109/238.zip\n        The demographic situation in Ukraine in January\\u2013September 2009]{{dead\n        link|date=March 2014}}, [[State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]] Net\n        population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five\n        provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing\n        signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the\n        western oblasts.[http://www.unian.info/society/69133-ukraines-birth-rate-shows-first-positive-signs-in-decade.html\n        \\\"Ukraine''s birth rate shows first positive signs in decade\\\"]. [[Ukrainian\n        Independent Information Agency]] (UNIAN). 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July\n        2008. In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward\n        trend has continued since, except for a slight dip in 2010 because of the\n        economic crisis of 2009 (see [[Demographics of Ukraine|demographic tables]]).\\n\\n===\n        Urbanisation ===\\n{{Main|List of cities in Ukraine}}\\nIn total, Ukraine has\n        457 cities, 176 of them are labelled oblast-class, 279 smaller {{lang|uk-Latn|''''raion''''}}-class\n        cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type\n        settlements and 28,552 villages.\\n{{Largest cities\n        of Ukraine}}\\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n=== Language ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian language|Russian\n        language in Ukraine|Languages of Ukraine|Name of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Ukrainians by subdivision\n        according to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] (by oblast)]]\\n[[File:Ukraine\n        census 2001 Russian.svg|thumb|Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision\n        according to the 2001 census (by oblast){{Ref label|F|f|3}}]]\\n\\nAccording\n        to the constitution, the [[official language|state language]] of Ukraine is\n        Ukrainian. Russian is widely spoken, especially\n        in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to\n        the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], 67.5 percent of the population\n        declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared\n        Russian.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=1\n        November 2004|title=Linguistic composition of the population|accessdate=27\n        January 2008|work=All-Ukrainian population census, 2001}} Most native\n        Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. Russian was the ''''de facto'''' official language of the Soviet Union\n        but both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false\n        |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble |publisher=Books.google.com\n        |accessdate=26 January 2014}} and in the schools of the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[[Serhy\n        Yekelchyk]] ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''', [[Oxford University\n        Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}} Effective in August 2012,\n        [[Legislation on languages in Ukraine|a new law on regional languages]] entitles\n        any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared\n        official within that area.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html\n        |title=Yanukovych signs language bill into law |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=8\n        August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian was within weeks declared\n        as a regional language in several southern and eastern [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]]\n        (provinces) and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html\n        |title=Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest |publisher=Kyivpost.com\n        |date=23 August 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2014}} Russian can now be\n        used in these cities''/oblasts'' administrative office work and documents.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html|title=Romanian\n        becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region|publisher=[[Kyiv\n        Post]]|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=20 October\n        2015}}{{cite news|author=Michael Schwirtz|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html|title=Ukraine|date=5\n        July 2012|work=The New York Times}} On 23 February 2014, following the\n        [[2014 Ukrainian revolution]], the [[Ukrainian Parliament]] voted to repeal\n        the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at\n        all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting [[Oleksandr Turchynov|President\n        Turchynov]] and current President Poroshenko.{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291|script-title=uk:\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\n        \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u043c, \\u0449\\u043e \\u0432\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0432\n        \\u0447\\u0438\\u043d\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c, \\u0417\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0443\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 \\\"\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0437\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0434\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0432\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0438\\\"|trans-title=Draft Law on\n        the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine \\\"On the basic principles of State\n        Language Policy\\\"|language=uk|publisher=Ukrainian Parliament|accessdate=12\n        March 2015}}{{cite news|author=Ian Traynor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia|title=Western\n        nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis|date=24 February 2014|work=The\n        Guardian}}{{cite news|author=Andrew Kramer|title=Ukraine Turns\n        to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html|accessdate=2\n        March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 March 2014}}\\n\\nUkrainian\n        is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such\n        as [[Lviv]]). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used\n        in cities, with Russian being more common in [[Kiev]],{{Ref label|F|f|2}}\n        while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern\n        and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is\n        used in rural areas. These details result in a significant difference across\n        different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches\n        responses of a significant group of people.{{Ref label|F|f|1}}\\n\\nFor a large\n        part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation\n        to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in\n        public life had decreased significantly.Shamshur, p. 159\\u2013168\n        Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image\n        and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of [[Ukrainisation]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302|title=\\u0421\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e \\u0432\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u0432 \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0456-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004\n        as mirrored in the World Press)|accessdate=7 January 2008|work=\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0456\\u0432\\u0438\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 (National Archives of Ukraine)}}\n        Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled\n        or dubbed in Ukrainian.\\n\\nAccording to the Constitution of the [[Crimea|Autonomous\n        Republic of Crimea]], Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic.\n        However, the republic''s constitution specifically recognises Russian as the\n        language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage ''in all\n        spheres of public life''. Similarly, the [[Crimean Tatar language]] (the language\n        of 12 percent of population of Crimea){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |title=National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2007-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204020421/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2007 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. is guaranteed a special state protection as well as\n        the ''languages of other ethnicities''. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming\n        majority of the Crimean population (77 percent), with Crimean Tatar speakers\n        11.4 percent and Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1 percent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |title=Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n        |accessdate=2006-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227002737/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/\n        |archivedate=27 February 2008 |df= }}, [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]. Retrieved\n        27 January 2008. But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars\n        and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.For a more comprehensive\n        account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, \\\"[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html\n        The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context\n        of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement],\\\" International Committee\n        for Crimea. Retrieved 12 August 2007.\\n\\n=== Religion ===\\n{{Main|Religion\n        in Ukraine}}\\n{{Bar box\\n|title=Religion in Ukraine as of 2016 (Razumkov Center){{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches (sample of 2,018 people)|pages = 22, 29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n|float=right\\n|bars=\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|Orchid|65.4}}\\n{{Bar percent|Do\n        not believe in one of the listed religions|Chartreuse|16.3}}\\n{{Bar percent|Simply\n        [[Christianity]]|Turquoise|7.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic\n        Church|Greek Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|6.5}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|DodgerBlue|1.9}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|[[Islam in Ukraine|Islam]]|Green|1.1}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism\n        in Ukraine|Roman Catholicism]]|Indigo|1.0}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[History of the\n        Jews in Ukraine|Judaism]]|Blue|0.2}}\\n{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism in Ukraine|Hinduism]]|Orange|0.2}}\\n{{Bar\n        percent|Other religions|Chartreuse|0.2}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Kij\\u00f3w - Sob\\u00f3r\n        M\\u0105dro\\u015bci Bo\\u017cej 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in\n        Kiev]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527|title=Kiev\n        Saint Sophia Cathedral|accessdate=8 July 2008|work=[[United Nations Educational,\n        Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO)|publisher=UN}} is one\n        of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine]]\\n[[File:St. Nicholas Roman Catholic\n        Cathedral, Kyiv 3.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev|St.\n        Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kiev]]]]\\n\\nA 2016 survey conducted by\n        the [[Razumkov Centre]] found that 70% of Ukrainians declared themselves believers\n        in any religion, while 10.1% were uncertain whether they believed or not,\n        7.2% were uninterested in beliefs, 6.3% were unbelievers, 2.7% were [[atheists]],\n        and a further 3.9% found it difficult to answer the question.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\n        The level of religiosity in Ukraine is greatest in [[Western Ukraine]] (91%),\n        and lowest in [[Eastern Ukraine]] (56%) and the [[Donbass]] (57%).\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\\\"\\n|-valign=top\\n! colspan\n        = 12| Changes over time and region in the proportions of people in Ukraine\n        identifying themselves as believers, etc.\\n|-valign=top\\n!\n        rowspan=2 | ''''Whether you attend church or not, who do you think you are?''''\\n!\n        colspan = 5| Ukraine\\n| rowspan=8 width=2|\\n! colspan = 5| 2016 survey split\n        by region\\n|-valign=top\\n! | 2000\\n! | 2010\\n! | 2013\\n! | 2014\\n! | 2016\\n!\n        | West\\n! | Centre\\n! | South\\n! | East\\n!| Donbass\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Believers\\n|align=right|\n        57.8%\\n|align=right| 71.4%\\n|align=right| 67.0%\\n|align=right| 76.0%\\n|align=right|\n        70.4%\\n|align=right| 91.0%\\n|align=right| 73.5%\\n|align=right| 65.7%\\n|align=right|\n        55.6%\\n|align=right| 57.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Those who hesitate between belief\n        and disbelief\\n|align=right| 22.5%\\n|align=right| 11.5%\\n|align=right| 14.7%\\n|align=right|\n        7.9%\\n|align=right| 10.1%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        8.3%\\n|align=right| 14.2%\\n|align=right| 19.5%\\n|-valign=top\\n| Not a believer\\n|align=right|\n        11.9%\\n|align=right| 7.9%\\n|align=right| 5.5%\\n|align=right| 4.7%\\n|align=right|\n        6.3%\\n|align=right| 0.9%\\n|align=right| 4.8%\\n|align=right| 7.4%\\n|align=right|\n        13.4%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Atheist beliefs\\n|align=right|\n        3.2%\\n|align=right| 1.4%\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right| 2.5%\\n|align=right|\n        2.7%\\n|align=right| 0.2%\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right| 3.2%\\n|align=right|\n        3.5%\\n|align=right| 5.0%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Do not care\\n|align=right| 2.6%\\n|align=right|\n        4.4%\\n|align=right| 5.1%\\n|align=right| 4.9%\\n|align=right| 7.2%\\n|align=right|\n        1.2%\\n|align=right| 8.0%\\n|align=right| 13.0%\\n|align=right| 7.3%\\n|align=right|\n        9.4%\\n|-valign=top\\n|| Difficult to answer\\n|align=right| 2.0%\\n|align=right|\n        3.3%\\n|align=right| 5.7%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right| 3.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.9%\\n|align=right| 3.8%\\n|align=right| 2.3%\\n|align=right| 5.9%\\n|align=right|\n        1.6%\\n|}\\n\\nOf the Ukrainian population, 81.9% were Christians, comprising\n        a 65.4% who declared to be [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], 7.1% simply\n        [[Christian]]s, 6.5% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Rite Catholics]],\n        and 1.9% [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. A further 1.1% were [[Muslim]]s and\n        1.0% [[Latin Church|Latin Rite Catholics]]. [[Judaism]] and [[Hinduism]] were\n        the religions of 0.2% of the population each. A further 16.3% of the population\n        did not identify in one of those listed hitherto. According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s,\n        such numbers have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade.\\n\\nA 2006 survey of the same Razumkov Centre, found\n        that: 62.5% of all respondents were [[irreligion|not religious, not believers]]\n        or not affiliated to any religious body, 33.6% were Christians (26.8% Orthodox,\n        5.9% Catholics, and 0.9% Protestants), 0.1% were Jewish, and 3.8% were members\n        of other religions.{{cite web|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u043e\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u0447\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u043f\\u0438\\u0442\\u0443\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0412\\u0456\\u0440\\u0443\\u044e\\u0447\\u0438\\u043c\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0446\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0438, \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u0444\\u0435\\u0441\\u0456\\u0457\n        \\u0412\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0431\\u0435 \\u0432\\u0432\\u0430\\u0436\\u0430\\u0454\\u0442\\u0435?|trans-title=Sociological\n        poll: Believers, which churches and denominations do you consider yourself\n        to be adherents of? (sample of 11,216 people)|language=uk|work=[[Razumkov\n        Centre]]|date=2006|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}\\n\\nAmong those Ukrainians\n        who declared to believe in Orthodoxy, 38.1% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church \\u2013 Kiev Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Kievan Patriarchate]] (a body that is not canonically recognized by\n        the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]), while 23.0% declared to be members of the\n        [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church\n        of the Moscovian Patriarchate]] (which is an [[autonomy (Eastern Christianity)|autonomous]]\n        Orthodox church under the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]). A further 2.7% were\n        members of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], which, like the\n        Kievan Patriarchate, is not recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html\n        |archivedate= 4 December 2004 |title=State Department of Ukraine on Religious\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=2003 Statistical report |deadurl=yes |df=\n        }} Among the remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 32.3% declared to be \\\"simply\n        Orthodox\\\", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 3.1%\n        declared that they \\\"did not know\\\" which patriarchate or Orthodox church\n        they belonged to.{{cite|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf\n        |title = \\u0420\\u0435\\u043b\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f, \\u0426\\u0435\\u0440\\u043a\\u0432\\u0430,\n        \\u0441\\u0443\\u0441\\u043f\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430: \\u0434\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0456\\u0441\\u043b\\u044f \\u041c\\u0430\\u0439\\u0434\\u0430\\u043d\\u0443\n        |trans-title=Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan|\n        date=26 May 2016|publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian\n        Council of Churches|pages = 22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-22\n        |dead-url=no|format=pdf  |language=Ukrainian|place=Kiev}}\\n\\nThe\n        second largest Christian group in Ukraine, [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]],\n        is predominantly represented by the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], an\n        [[Eastern Catholic]] Church in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[Holy\n        See]] of the Roman Catholic Church. It recognizes the primacy of the [[Pope]]\n        as head of the Church while still maintaining a similar [[liturgy|liturgical]]\n        and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy.{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226124455/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/ugcc_history/definition/\n        |archivedate=26 February 2008 |title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)\n        |accessdate=27 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Additionally, there\n        are a small number of [[Latin Rite]] Catholic communities (1.0%). The church consists mainly of ethnic [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]], who\n        live predominantly in the western regions of the country. [[Protestants in\n        Ukraine]] make up 1.9% of the population as of 2016. A further 7.1% of the population declares to be simply Christian.\\n\\n=== Famines and migration ===\\nThe [[Holodomor|famines of the 1930s]],\n        followed by the devastation of World War II, created a demographic disaster.\n        Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and\n        seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males\n        in the period 1941\\u201344.{{cite journal | last1 = Vallin | first1 =\n        Jacques | last2 = Mesl\\u00e9 | first2 = France | last3 = Adamets | first3\n        = Serguei | last4 = Pyrozhkov | first4 = Serhii | year = 2002 | title = A\n        New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s\n        and 1940s | journal = Population Studies | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages\n        = 249\\u2013264 | jstor = 3092980 | doi = 10.1080/00324720215934 | pmid=12553326}}\n        According to ''''The Oxford companion to World War II'''', \\\"Over 7 million\n        inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were\n        killed during the Second World War.\\\"Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell\n        Foot (2001). ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false\n        The Oxford companion to World War II]''''. Oxford University Press. p. 909.\n        {{ISBN|0-19-860446-7}}\\n\\nSignificant migration took place in the first\n        years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into\n        Ukraine in 1991\\u201392, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In\n        total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among\n        them, 2 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and\n        2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved\n        to other former Soviet Union republics).Malynovska,\n        Olena (January 2006). [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy/\n        \\\"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy\\\"].\n        National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. Retrieved 3\n        July 2008. Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the\n        total population, or 6.9 million people; this is the [[List of countries\n        by immigrant population|fourth largest]] figure in the world.{{cite web\n        |url= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_wallchart.xls\n        |title=International migration 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2008 |publisher= United\n        Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} In 2006, there were\n        an estimated 1.2 million [[Ukrainian Canadian|Canadians]] of Ukrainian ancestry,[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000\n        \\\"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for [[Canada]], provinces and territories \\u2013\n        20% sample data\\\"]. ''''Statistics Canada.'''' giving Canada the world''s\n        third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. There\n        are also large Ukrainian immigrant communities in the [[United States]], [[Poland]],\n        [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].\\n\\n=== Health ===\\n{{Main|Health\n        in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0442\\u044f\\u0447\\u0430\n        \\u043b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f (\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0447\\u0443\\u043a)\n        - 04.JPG|thumb|right|The municipal children''s hospital in [[Kremenchuk]],\n        [[Poltava Oblast]]]]\\nThe [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]] was established\n        in April 1918 in [[Kiev]] as an independent humanitarian society of the [[Ukrainian\n        People''s Republic]]. Its immediate tasks were to help refugees and prisoners\n        of war, care for handicapped people and orphaned children, fight famine and\n        epidemics, support and organize sick quarters, hospitals and public canteens.\n        At present, society involves more than 6.3 million supporters and activists.\n        Its Visiting Nurses Service has 3,200 qualified nurses. The organization takes\n        part in more than 40 humanitarian programmes all over Ukraine, which are mostly\n        funded by public donation and corporate partnerships. By its own estimates,\n        the Society annually provides services to more than 105,000 lonely, elderly\n        people, about 23,000 people disabled during the Second World War and handicapped\n        workers, more than 25,000 war veterans, and more than 8,000 adults handicapped\n        since childhood. Assistance for orphaned and disabled children is also rendered.\\n\\nUkraine''s\n        healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian\n        citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated\n        in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist\n        nationwide.{{cite web|url=http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |title=Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics |publisher=BestOfUkraine.com\n        |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209112933/http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html\n        |archivedate=9 December 2010 }} The public sector employs most healthcare\n        professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also\n        retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public\n        health facilities on a regular basis.\\n\\nAll of the country''s medical service\n        providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides\n        oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible\n        for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this,\n        standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.{{cite web|author=Ukraine\n        |url=http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/ |title=Health in\n        Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine |publisher=Europe-cities.com |accessdate=30\n        December 2010}}\\n\\nHospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same\n        lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure;\n        as a result most towns have their own hospital ''''(\\u041c\\u0456\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)'''' and many also have district\n        hospitals ''''(\\u0420\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d\\u043d\\u0430 \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\n        Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major\n        cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital,\n        [[Kiev]]. However, all [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblasts]] have\n        their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost\n        all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres;\n        such hospitals are called ''regional hospitals'' ''''(\\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u041b\\u0456\\u043a\\u0430\\u0440\\u043d\\u044f)''''.\\n\\nUkraine currently faces\n        a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic\n        crisis because of its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian\n        birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000\n        population). A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high [[mortality\n        rate]] among working-age males from preventable causes such as [[alcohol poisoning]]\n        and smoking. In 2008, the country''s population\n        was one of the fastest declining in the world at \\u22125% growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915155109/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=15 September 2002 |title=State Statistics Committee\n        of Ukraine |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |accessdate=26 January 2014 }}\n        The UN warned that Ukraine''s population could fall by as much as 10 million\n        by 2050 if trends did not improve.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects:\n        The 2012 Revision|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm|archivedate=2014-03-20|publisher=United\n        Nations|accessdate=8 January 2014}} In addition, obesity, systemic high\n        blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian\n        healthcare system.\\n\\nAs of March 2009 the [[Ukrainian government]] is reforming\n        the health care system, by the creation of a national network of [[family\n        doctor]]s and improvements in the [[Emergency medical services|medical emergency\n        services]].[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/11044.html National\n        network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister],\n        [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (30 March 2009) former [[Ukrainian Prime Minister|Prime\n        Minister]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] put forward (in November 2009) an idea to\n        start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in\n        the spring of 2010.{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53483/|title=Ukraine\n        to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010|publisher=Kyiv\n        Post|date=24 November 2009|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065454/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-to-start-introducing-insurance-based-healt-53483.html|archivedate=23\n        October 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Education ===\\n{{Main|Education in Ukraine|List\n        of universities in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|The\n        [[University of Kiev]] is one of Ukraine''s most important educational institutions]]\\n[[File:Cernauti\n        Residentia 04.jpg|thumbnail|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]\n        building by [[Josef Hl\\u00e1vka]], 1882, now [[Chernivtsi University]].]]\\nAccording\n        to the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Ukrainian constitution]], access to free\n        education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education\n        is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority.\n        Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is\n        provided on a competitive basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm|archivedate=1997-04-15|title=Constitution\n        of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna\n        Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996}} There is also a small number of accredited\n        private secondary and higher education institutions.\\n\\nBecause of the Soviet\n        Union''s emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues\n        today, the [[literacy rate]] is an estimated 99.4%. Since\n        2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year\n        one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six),\n        middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary\n        then takes three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |title=General secondary education |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html\n        |archivedate=16 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} In the 12th grade,\n        students take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving\n        exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.\\n\\nThe first\n        higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th\n        and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution\n        was the [[Ostroh Academy|Ostrozka School]], or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin\n        Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the\n        time. Established in 1576 in the town of [[Ostroh|Ostrog]], the Collegium\n        was the first higher education institution in the [[East Slavic peoples|Eastern\n        Slavic]] territories. The oldest university was the [[National University\n        of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]], first established in 1632 and\n        in 1694 officially recognised by the government of [[Imperial Russia]] as\n        a higher education institution. Among the oldest is also the [[Lviv University]],\n        founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th\n        century, beginning with universities in [[Kharkiv University|Kharkiv]] (1805),\n        [[Kiev University|Kiev]] (1834), [[Odessa University|Odessa]] (1865) and [[Chernivtsi\n        University|Chernivtsi]] (1875) and a number of professional higher education\n        institutions, e.g.: [[Nizhyn Pedagogical University|Nizhyn Historical and\n        Philological Institute]] (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher\n        Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a [[Kharkiv Polytechnical\n        Institute|Technological Institute]] (1885) in [[Kharkiv]], a [[Kiev Polytechnic\n        Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Kiev]] (1898) and a Higher Mining School\n        (1899) in [[Dnipro|Katerynoslav]]. Rapid growth followed in the [[Ukrainian\n        Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period. By 1988 a number of higher education\n        institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf\n        |title=Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} Most HEIs established after 1990 are\n        those owned by private organisations.\\n\\nThe Ukrainian higher education system\n        comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]]\n        facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing\n        bodies in charge of education.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007\n        |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html\n        |archivedate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} The organisation\n        of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure\n        of education of the world''s higher [[developed countries]], as is defined\n        by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.{{cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |title=System of the Education of Ukraine |accessdate=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry\n        of Education and Science of Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html\n        |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nUkraine has more\n        than 800 higher education institutions and in 2010 the number of graduates\n        reached 654,700 people.{{cite web|url=http://outsourcing-ukraine.org/2011/10/14/educational-system-ukraine-facilitates-development-outsourcing-sector/\n        |title=Educational system in Ukraine |publisher=Outsourcing-ukraine.org |date=14\n        October 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}\\n\\nUkraine produces the fourth\n        largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe,\n        while being ranked seventh in population. [[Higher education in Ukraine|Higher\n        education]] is either state funded or private. Students that study at state\n        expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term\n        exams and differentiated test suffice; this rule may be different in some\n        universities. For highest grades, the scholarship is increased by 25%. For\n        most students the government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic\n        living expenses. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city\n        students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all\n        registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor''s\n        degree (4 years) and the master''s degree (5\\u20136th year), in\n        accordance with the [[Bologna process]]. Historically, [[Specialist degree]]\n        (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by\n        universities in the Soviet times.\\n\\nThe Law of Ukraine ''''On Higher Education''''\n        came into force on 6 September 2014. It was approved in Ukrainian Parliament\n        on 1 July 2014. The main changes in the system of higher education:{{cite\n        web|title = 16 \\u0437\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d \\u0443 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0456: \\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0437\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0430\\u0432 \\u0434\\u0456\\u044f\\u0442\\u0438|url = http://osvita.ua/vnz/reform/42795/|accessdate\n        = 2015-08-22}} a separate collegiate body to monitor the quality of\n        education was established (Ukrainian: \\u041d\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0430\\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e \\u0456\\u0437 \\u0437\\u0430\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u0435\\u0447\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u044f\\u043a\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0449\\u043e\\u0457 \\u043e\\u0441\\u0432\\u0456\\u0442\\u0438);\n        each higher education institution has the right to implement its own educational\n        and research programs; role of the student government was increased; higher\n        education institution has the right freely administer own revenues; 5 following\n        types of higher education qualifications were established: Junior Bachelor,\n        Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Science; load on\n        lecturers and students was reduced; academic mobility for faculty and students\n        etc.\\n\\n=== Regional differences ===\\n{{See also|Demographics of Ukraine#Regional\n        differences|Central Ukraine|Eastern Ukraine|Southern Ukraine|Western Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Ukr\n        elections 2012 multimandate okruhs.png|thumb|Results of the [[Ukrainian parliamentary\n        election, 2012|2012 parliamentary election]]. Yanukovych''s [[Party of Regions]]\n        in blue. [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]] in purple.]]\\n[[Ukrainian\n        language|Ukrainian]] is the dominant language in [[Western Ukraine]] and in\n        [[Central Ukraine]], while [[Russian language|Russian]] is the dominant language\n        in the cities of [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]]. In the [[Ukrainian\n        SSR]] schools, learning [[Russian language|Russian]] was mandatory; currently\n        in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer\n        classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.{{Citation | url = http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009\n        | title = The Educational System of Ukraine | publisher = [[National Academic\n        Recognition Information Centre]] |date=April 2009}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html\n        | title = Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home | newspaper = [[Ukrinform]]\n        | place = UA | date = 7 September 2011}}\\n\\nOn the [[Russian language\n        in Ukraine|Russian language]], on [[Soviet Union]] and [[Ukrainian nationalism]],\n        opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite\n        of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics\n        tend be less extreme.{{cite web|url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/yazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html|title=The\n        language question, the results of recent research in 2012|publisher=[[Sociological\n        group \\\"RATING\\\"|Rating]]|date=25 May 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/|title=Who''s\n        Afraid of Ukrainian History?|author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy D.\n        Snyder|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 September 2010}}{{cite\n        news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html\n        |title=Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian\n        language |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 December 2012 |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1|script-title=uk:\\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438\n        \\u0434\\u043e \\u043f\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456 \\u0419\\u043e\\u0441\\u0438\\u043f\\u0430\n        \\u0421\\u0442\\u0430\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u0430|trans-title=Attitude of the Ukrainian\n        population to the figure of Joseph Stalin|publisher=[[Kyiv International Institute\n        of Sociology]]|date=1 March 2013|language=uk}}\\n\\nSimilar historical\n        cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification.\n        Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with [[Russia]],\n        differed strongly between [[Lviv]], identifying more with [[Ukrainian nationalism]]\n        and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], and [[Donetsk]], predominantly\n        Russian orientated and favourable to the [[Soviet era]], while in central\n        and southern Ukraine, as well as [[Kiev]], such divisions were less important\n        and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the\n        [[Research & Branding Group]] held March 2010 showed that the attitude of\n        the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that\n        the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).{{cite web|title= Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity| url=\n        http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/| publisher= [[Research & Branding\n        Group]] | accessdate = 8 January 2014|date=March 2010}} However, all\n        were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic\n        difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture\n        and politics than by demographic differences.{{Citation\n        | first = Oksana | last = Malanchuk | publisher = Informa World | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a723749562&db=all\n        | title = Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine\n        | journal = Nationalities Papers | year = 2005 | volume = 33 | number = 3\n        | pages = 345\\u201368 | ISSN = 0090-5992 | doi=10.1080/00905990500193204}}\n        Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging\n        to a \\\"Soviet identity\\\" is strongest in the [[Donbas]] (about 40%) and the\n        Crimea (about 30%).{{cite web|format=PDF |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |title=Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding\n        Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region |work=taraskuzio.net |author=Taras\n        Kuzio |author-link=Taras Kuzio |date=23 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205435/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 May 2014 |df= }}\\n\\nDuring [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]]\n        voters of Western and Central Ukrainian [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblasts]] (provinces)\n        vote mostly for parties ([[Our Ukraine\\u2013People''s Self-Defense Bloc|Our\n        Ukraine]], [[All-Ukrainian Union \\\"Fatherland\\\"|Batkivshchyna]]){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52|publisher=Central\n        Election Commission of Ukraine|script-title=uk:\\u0412\\u0438\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u0438\\u0445 \\u0434\\u0435\\u043f\\u0443\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0438 2012|trans-title=The Elections\n        of People''s Deputies of Ukraine 2012|language=uk|date=28 November 2012}}{{cite\n        web|date=30 August 2012|title=CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting\n        papers|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233711/http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html|archivedate=13\n        August 2014|deadurl=y|accessdate=6 November 2015}} and presidential\n        candidates ([[Viktor Yuschenko]], [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]) with a [[pro-Western]]\n        and state reform [[Political platform|platform]], while voters in Southern\n        and Eastern oblasts vote for parties ([[Communist Party of Ukraine|CPU]],\n        [[Party of Regions]]) and presidential candidates ([[Viktor Yanukovych]])\n        with a [[pro-Russian]] and [[status quo]] platform.{{Citation\n        | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396&dq=Ukrainian++parties+pro-Western+Bloc\n        | title = Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe | first1 = Uwe |\n        last1 = Backes | author1-link = Uwe Backes | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Moreau\n        | author2-link = Patrick Moreau | publisher = [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] |\n        year = 2008 | ISBN = 978-3-525-36912-8 | page = 396}}{{Citation\n        | url = http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle\n        | title = Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? | publisher\n        = [[openDemocracy.net]] | date = 3 January 2011}}{{Citation | url\n        = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981\n        | title = Eight Reasons Why Ukraine''s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012\n        Elections | first = Taras | last = Kuzio | author-link = Taras Kuzio | publisher\n        = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 17 October 2012}}{{Citation|url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |title=UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again |first=Taras |last=Kuzio\n        |author-link=Taras Kuzio |publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]] |date=5 October 2007\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515074305/http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf\n        |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df= }} However, this geographical division\n        is decreasing.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217083456/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/\n        \\\"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate\\\"]. ''''[[Kyiv Post]]''''. 11\n        February 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103|title=Ukraine''s\n        Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory|work=EurActiv \\u2013 EU News & policy\n        debates, across languages}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696|title=Ukraine\n        vote ushers in new constellation of power|work=DW.DE}}\\n\\n== Culture\n        ==\\n{{Main|Ukrainian culture}}\\n[[File:Pysanky2011.JPG|thumb|A collection\n        of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs \\u2013 [[pysanka|pysanky]]. The design\n        motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.]]\\n[[File:Rushnyk -\n        Ukraine embroidered decorative towels..jpg|thumbnail|[[Rushnyk]], [[Ukrainian\n        embroidery]]]]\\n\\nUkrainian customs are heavily influenced by [[Orthodox Christianity]],\n        the dominant religion in the country. Gender roles\n        also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in\n        bringing up children, than in the West.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\n        The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western\n        neighbours, reflected in its [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]], music\n        and art.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}\\n\\nThe Communist era had quite\n        a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine|archivedate=18\n        April 2008|title=Interwar Soviet Ukraine|accessdate=12 September 2007|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica]]|quote=In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite\n        was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s}} In 1932, Stalin\n        made [[socialist realism]] state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated\n        the decree \\\"On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations\\\". This\n        greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s [[glasnost]] (openness) was introduced\n        and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as\n        they wanted.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405\n        |archivedate=18 December 2007 |title=Gorbachev, Mikhail |accessdate=30 July\n        2008 |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |quote=Under his\n        new policy of glasnost (\\\"openness\\\"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms\n        of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and\n        broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism;\n        and the country''s legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely\n        repudiated by the government |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n\\nThe tradition of\n        the [[Easter egg]], known as [[pysanky]], has long roots in Ukraine. These\n        eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied\n        to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously\n        wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed\n        leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old,\n        and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html|title=Pysanky\n        \\u2013 Ukrainian Easter Eggs|accessdate=28 July 2008|publisher=[[University\n        of North Carolina]]}} In the city of [[Kolomyia]] near the foothills\n        of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which\n        won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the [[Seven\n        Wonders of Ukraine]] action.\\n\\n=== Weaving and embroidery ===\\nArtisan [[textile\n        arts]] play an important role in Ukrainian culture,{{cite web|url=http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes\n        |title=Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine |publisher=Ua-travelling.com\n        |accessdate=8 January 2014}} especially in [[Ukrainian wedding traditions]].\n        [[Ukrainian embroidery]], [[weaving]] and lace-making are used in traditional\n        [[folk dress]] and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies\n        depending on the region of origin''''\\\"Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva\\\",\n        Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine''''\n        and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours\n        and types of stitches.{{cite web|title=Traditional Ukrainian\n        Embroidery|url=http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/|publisher=Ukrainian\n        Museum-Archives|accessdate=8 January 2014}} Use of colour is very important\n        and has roots in [[Ukrainian folklore]]. Embroidery motifs found in different\n        parts of Ukraine are preserved in the [[Rushnyk]] Museum in [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]].\\n\\nNational\n        dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still\n        practised in the village of Krupove, situated in [[Rivne Oblast]]. The village\n        is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts\n        fabrication. Nina Myhailivna{{cite web|url=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u0456\\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0430 \\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0432\\u043d\\u0430\n        \\u0430\\u0434\\u043c\\u0456\\u043d\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0456\\u044f\n        \\u2013 \\u041e\\u0431\\u043b\\u0430\\u0441\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\n        \\u043d\\u0430\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u043e\\u0457 \\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0447\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0456|trans-title=Rivne\n        Regional State Administration \\u2013 The Regional Centre for Folk Art|language=uk|publisher=Rv.gov.ua|accessdate=30\n        December 2010}} and Uliana Petrivna{{cite web|url=http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478\n        |title=\\u041f\\u0406\\u0421\\u041d\\u0406 \\u0422\\u0410 \\u0412\\u0418\\u0428\\u0418\\u0412\\u041a\\u0418\n        \\u0423\\u041b\\u042f\\u041d\\u0418 \\u041a\\u041e\\u0422 \\u2013 \\u041c\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c\\u043a\\u0430\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0456\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430 |publisher=Storinka-m.kiev.ua\n        |accessdate=30 December 2010}} with international recognition. To preserve\n        this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving\n        centre, a museum and weaving school.\\n\\n=== Literature ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        literature}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|total_width=350\\n|width1=1517|height1=2006|image1=Taras\n        Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg|caption1=[[Taras Shevchenko]] self-portrait.\\n|width2=560|height2=800|image2=\\u041b\\u0435\\u0441\\u044f\n        \\u0423\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u043a\\u0430.1888.jpg|caption2=[[Lesya\n        Ukrainka]], one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers.\\n}}\\nThe history\n        of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11th century, following the\n        Christianisation of the Kievan Rus''.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Cultural Life \\u2013 The Arts \\u2013 Literature|accessdate=8 January\n        2014|work=[[Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica]]}} The writings of the time\n        were mainly liturgical and were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Historical\n        accounts of the time were referred to as ''''[[chronicle]]s'''', the most\n        significant of which was the [[Primary Chronicle]].{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html\n        |archivedate= 6 April 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Literature |accessdate=3\n        July 2008 |work=MSN Encarta |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{Ref label|G|g|none}}\n        Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'']].\\n\\nUkrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century,\n        and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the introduction\n        of [[printing|print]] and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both\n        Russian and Polish dominance. The Cossacks established an\n        independent society and popularized a [[Duma (epic)|new kind]] of [[epic poem]]s,\n        which marked a high point of Ukrainian [[oral literature]]. These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries,\n        when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless,\n        by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.\\n\\nThe 19th century initiated a [[vernacular]] period in\n        Ukraine, led by [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]''s work {{lang|uk-Latn|''''Eneyida''''}},\n        the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian\n        [[romanticism]] began to develop, and the nation''s most renowned cultural\n        figure, romanticist poet-painter [[Taras Shevchenko]] emerged. Where Ivan\n        Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian\n        vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\\\L\\\\I\\\\Literature.htm|title=Literature|author=Danylo\n        Husar Sruk|accessdate=17 January 2008|work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}\\n\\nThen,\n        in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively [[Ems Ukaz|prohibited]]\n        by the Russian Empire. This severely curtailed literary\n        activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish\n        their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled [[Galicia (Central\n        Europe)|Galicia]]. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete\n        after the revolution and the Bolsheviks'' coming to power.\\n\\nUkrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years,\n        when nearly all literary trends were approved (the most important literary\n        figures of that time were [[Mykola Khvylovy]], [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], [[Mykola\n        Kulish]], [[Mykhayl Semenko]] and some others). These policies faced a steep\n        decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others\n        were killed by [[NKVD]] as part of the [[Great Purge]]. In general around\n        223 writers were repressed by what was known as the [[Executed Renaissance]].{{cite\n        web|author=Yuriy Lavrinenko|url=http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm|script-title=uk:\\u0420\\u043e\\u0437\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0456\\u043b\\u044f\\u043d\\u0435\n        \\u0432\\u0456\\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u0436\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f: \\u0410\\u043d\\u0442\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0456\\u044f\n        1917\\u20131933|trans-title=The Executed Renaissance: Anthology 1917\\u20131933|language=uk|location=Kiev|publisher=Smoloskyl|date=2004|archivedate=13\n        December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm}}\n        These repressions were part of Stalin''s implemented policy of [[socialist\n        realism]]. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian\n        language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works.\\n\\nIn\n        post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited\n        under the Communist Party. The most famous figures of Ukrainian post-war Soviet\n        literature were [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Dmytro Pavlychko]], [[Borys Oliynyk (poet)]],\n        [[Ivan Drach]], [[Oles Honchar]], [[Vasyl Stus]], [[Vasyl Symonenko]].\\n\\nLiterary\n        freedom appeared in late 1980s \\u2014 early 1990s with the process of\n        collapse of the USSR and reestablishing of Ukrainian independence in 1991. Among the most famous writers of the post-Soviet period are\n        [[Oksana Zabuzhko]], [[Yurii Andrukhovych]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Oleksandr\n        Irvanets|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0440\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\\u0446\\u044c \\u041e\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u0430\\u043d\\u0434\\u0440\n        \\u0412\\u0430\\u0441\\u0438\\u043b\\u044c\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Serhiy Zhadan]],\n        [[Taras Prokhasko]], [[Jaroslav Melnik]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Yuriy\n        Izdryk|uk|3=\\u0406\\u0437\\u0434\\u0440\\u0438\\u043a \\u042e\\u0440\\u0456\\u0439\n        \\u0420\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0447}}, [[Yuri Pokalchuk|Yuriy\n        Pokalchuk]], [[Yuriy Vynnychuk]], [[Andrey Kurkov]].Although Kurkov writes\n        in Russian, he is predominantly considered a representative of Ukrainian literature.\\n\\n===\n        Architecture ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian architecture}}\\n[[File:Curitiba Parque\n        Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Ukrainian village [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]]\n        in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, which has a large [[Ukrainian diaspora.]]]]\\nUkrainian\n        architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built\n        in modern Ukraine, and by [[Ukrainians]] worldwide.\\nThese include initial\n        roots which were established in the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] state\n        of [[Kievan Rus'']]. Since the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'']] for several\n        ages Ukrainian architecture was influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture]].\n        After the [[Mongol invasion of Rus|12th century]], the distinct [[architectural\n        history]] continued in the principalities of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]. During\n        the epoch of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], a new style unique to Ukraine was\n        developed under the western influences of the [[Polish\\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth]].\n        After the union with the [[Tsardom of Russia]], many structures in the larger\n        eastern, Russian-ruled area were built in the styles of [[Russian architecture]]\n        of that period, whilst the western [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] was\n        developed under [[Architecture of Austria|Austro-Hungarian architectural influences]].\n        Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the [[Soviet\n        Union]] and in modern independent Ukraine.\\n\\nThe great [[Architecture of\n        Kievan Rus|churches of the Rus'']], built after the [[Baptism of Kievan Rus''|adoption\n        of Christianity]] in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture\n        in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state was\n        strongly influenced by the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]. Early [[Eastern\n        Orthodox]] churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church\n        becoming known as a [[cell church]]. Major cathedrals often featured scores\n        of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication\n        of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples.\\n\\nSeveral examples\n        of these churches survive; however, during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries,\n        many were externally rebuilt in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style (see below).\n        Examples include the grand [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sophia of\n        Kiev]] \\u2013 the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid,\n        [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]] \\u2013 built from 1113 to 1125 and\n        [[St. Cyril''s Monastery|St. Cyril''s Church]], circa 12th-century. All can\n        still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed\n        during the late-19th century, including the [[:File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski\n        Cathedral.jpeg|Assumption Cathedral]] in [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], built in\n        1160 and reconstructed in 1896\\u20131900, the [[:File:AX Chernigiv Pyatnitska\n        Church.jpg|Paraskevi church in Chernihiv]], built in 1201 with reconstruction\n        done in the late 1940s, and the [[Golden Gate (Kiev)|Golden gates in Kiev]],\n        built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982. The latter''s reconstruction was\n        criticised by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.\n        Unfortunately little secular or [[vernacular architecture]] of [[Kievan Rus'']]\n        has survived.\\n\\nAs Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the [[Russian\n        Empire]], Russian architects had the opportunity to realise their projects\n        in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered.\n        [[St. Andrew''s Church of Kiev]] (1747\\u20131754), built by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]],\n        is a notable example of [[Baroque]] architecture, and its location on top\n        of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally\n        notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the [[Mariyinsky Palace]], which was\n        built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]].\n        During the reign of the last [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman of Ukraine]],\n        [[Kirill Razumovsky]], many of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]''s towns such as\n        [[Hlukhiv]], [[Baturyn]] and [[Koselets]] had grandiose projects built by\n        [[Andrey Kvasov]]. Russia eventually conquered the south of Ukraine and Crimea,\n        and renamed them as [[New Russia]]. New cities such as [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]],\n        [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]] and [[Sevastopol]] were founded. These would contain\n        notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture.\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:\\u0427\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0433\\u0456\\u0432.\\u0421\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0411\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0441\\u0430 \\u0439 \\u0413\\u043b\\u0456\\u0431\\u0430.JPG|The\n        Transfiguration Cathedral in [[Chernihiv]] dates to [[Architecture of Kievan\n        Rus|Kievan Rus]]. 1030.\\nFile:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi\n        Castle]] \\u2013 one of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]].\\nFile:Kyiv, St Andrew\n        church (2).jpg|[[St Andrew''s Church, Kiev|St Andrew''s Church]] in [[Kiev]]\n        an example of [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].\\nFile:\\u041b\\u0432\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0413\\u0430\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438\\u0458\\u0430.jpg|[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv''s\n        Old Town]]; architecture [[Western Ukraine|there]] is much influenced by its\n        history as part of [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].\\nFile:\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\n        \\u0441\\u043f\\u043e\\u0440\\u0443\\u0434 \\u0412\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0446\\u043e\\u0432\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446\\u0443.jpg|[[Vorontsov''s Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov\n        Palace]], at the foot of the [[Crimean Mountains]], an example of [[Gothic\n        Revival architecture|Gothic]]/[[Moorish Revival architecture]].\\nFile:Monasterio\n        de San Migueel.jpg|[[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]],\n        an example of [[Ukrainian Baroque]].\\nFile:ArcLviv.JPG|Example of early 20th\n        century architecture in [[Lviv]].\\nFile:LvivArchitecture.JPG|Lviv. The Bernardine\n        church in the style of Italian and Dutch mannerism\\nFile:\\u0411\\u0443\\u0434\\u0438\\u043d\\u043e\\u043a\n        \\u0433\\u0443\\u0431\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e \\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u0430\n        (\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0442\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430) 02.JPG|[[Poltava]] museum, [[Ukrainian\n        Modern architecture]] example. 1908.\\nFile:\\u041a\\u0440\\u0435\\u0449\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\n        38 \\u0434\\u0440\\u043e\\u0431\\u044c 2 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432 2012 01.JPG|Central\n        Department store in [[Kiev]], [[Stalinist architecture]] example.\\nFile:\\u0425\\u0430\\u0440\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f.JPG|Modern residential architecture\n        in [[Kharkiv]]\\nFile:\\u041f\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\\u0446 \\u0428\\u0435\\u043d\\u0431\\u043e\\u0440\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\n        \\u0437 \\u0432\\u0438\\u0441\\u043e\\u0442\\u0438.jpg|Sch\\u00f6nborn Palace. 1895\\n\\n
\\n\\nIn\n        1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from [[Kharkiv]] to [[Kiev]]. Previously,\n        the city was seen as only a regional centre, hence received little attention.\n        All of that was to change, at great price. The first examples of [[Stalinist\n        architecture]] were already showing, and, in light of the official policy,\n        a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired\n        examples such as the [[St. Michael''s Golden-Domed Monastery]] were destroyed.\n        Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War\n        contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new project for the reconstruction\n        of central Kiev transformed [[Khreshchatyk]] avenue into a notable example\n        of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture\n        once again stopped the project from fully being realised.\\n\\nThe task for\n        modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics,\n        the search for an architect''s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing\n        historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture\n        is the reconstruction and renewal of the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in central\n        Kiev. Despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers\n        were able to blend together the uneven landscape, and use underground space\n        for a new shopping centre.\\n\\nA major project, which may take up most of the\n        21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the [[Rybalskyi\n        Peninsula]], which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid\n        the picturesque landscape of the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml |script-title=ru:\\u0410\\u0440\\u0445\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u044b\n        \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u2013 \\u0413\\u0440\\u0430\\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\n        \\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u0441\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0432\\u043d\\u0435\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0438\\u0437\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0432 \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439\n        \\u043f\\u043b\\u0430\\u043d \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438\\u044f\n        \\u0433. \\u041a\\u0438\\u0435\\u0432\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0438\\u043e\\u0434\n        \\u0434\\u043e 2020\\u0433., \\u0441\\u0432\\u044f\\u0437\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0441\\u043e \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u0436\\u0438\\u043b\\u044b\\u0445 \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043f\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0449\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0441 \\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u0437\\u0435\\u043c\\u043d\\u044b\\u043c\n        \\u043f\\u0430\\u0440\\u043a\\u0438\\u043d\\u0433\\u043e\\u043c, \\u0433\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043d\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u0441\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0440\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0446\\u0435\\u043d\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432, \\u043e\\u0431\\u044a\\u0435\\u043a\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\n        \\u0441\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u043e-\\u043a\\u0443\\u043b\\u044c\\u0442\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u043e\\u0439\n        \\u0441\\u0444\\u0435\\u0440\\u044b, \\u043c\\u043d\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\\u0444\\u0443\\u043d\\u043a\\u0446\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u043b\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0440.\n        \\u043d\\u0430 \\u0420\\u044b\\u0431\\u0430\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u043e\\u043c\n        \\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0435, \\u041f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u044c\\u0441\\u043a\\u0438\\u0439\n        \\u0440\\u0430\\u0439\\u043e\\u043d. |trans-title=Architects of Kiev \\u2013 Development\n        rationale for changes in the general development plan of Kiev up to 2020 relating\n        to the construction of residential and office buildings with underground parking,\n        hospitality-office complexes, shopping centres, social and cultural facilities,\n        multi-functional entertainment complexes, etc. on Rybalsky island, Podolsky\n        district. |work=archunion.com.ua |date=7 December 2005 |accessdate=8 January\n        2014 |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510032158/http://archunion.com.ua/sovet-2005/gradsovet_05_12_07.shtml\n        |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}\\n\\n=== Music ===\\n{{Main|Music of Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Cossack\n        Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumb|[[Cossack Mamay]] playing a [[kobza]]]]\\n\\nMusic\n        is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences.\n        From traditional [[folk music]], to [[classical music|classical]] and [[modern\n        rock]], Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians\n        including [[Kirill Karabits]], [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Ruslana]]. Elements from\n        traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even\n        into modern [[jazz]].\\n\\n[[File:\\u041b\\u0438\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u043a\\u043e\n        \\u041c\\u0438\\u043a\\u043e\\u043b\\u0430.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Mykola Lysenko]]\n        is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music{{citation\n        needed|date=June 2015}}]]\\n\\nUkrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing\n        mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general\n        characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of\n        minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals.\\n\\nDuring the\n        Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received\n        a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in\n        the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well\n        versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy,\n        Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the [[kobza]], [[bandura]]\n        or [[torban]].\\n\\nThe first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv,\n        Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura\n        from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers\n        within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated\n        in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school.\\nSee: [[Dmytro\n        Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]] and [[Artemy Vedel|Artemiy Vedel]].\\n\\n[[File:Rapid\n        Trident 2014 06.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian dance ''''[[hopak]]''''.]]\\n\\nUkrainian\n        classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the\n        composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian\n        ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic\n        Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The\n        music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for\n        whom they cater.\\n\\nSince the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has\n        been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player [[Mariana\n        Sadovska]] is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international\n        popularity of groups and performers like [[Vopli Vidoplyasova]], [[Dakh Daughters]],\n        [[Dakha Brakha]], [[Ivan Dorn]] and [[Okean Elzy]].\\n\\nModern musical culture\n        of Ukraine is presented both with academic and entertainment music. Ukraine\n        has five conservatories, 6 opera houses, five houses of Chamber Music, Philharmony\n        in all regional centers.\\n\\nUkraine hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]]\n        and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]].\\n\\n=== Cinema ===\\n{{Main|Cinema\n        of Ukraine}}\\nUkraine has had an influence on the history of the cinema. Ukrainian\n        directors [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], often cited as one of the most important\n        early Soviet filmmakers, as well as being a pioneer of [[Soviet montage theory]],\n        [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and [[Sergei Parajanov]], Armenian film director\n        and artist who made significant contributions to Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian\n        cinema. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which\n        was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism.\\n\\n[[File:Muratova.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Kira\n        Muratova]]]]\\n\\nOther important directors including [[Kira Muratova]], [[Larisa\n        Shepitko]], [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Leonid Bykov]], [[Yuri Ilyenko]], [[Leonid\n        Osyka]], [[Ihor Podolchak]] with his [[Delirium (2013 film)|Delirium]] and\n        [[Maryna Vroda]]. Many Ukrainian actors have achieved international fame and\n        critical success, including: [[Vera Kholodnaya]], [[Bohdan Stupka]], [[Milla\n        Jovovich]], [[Olga Kurylenko]], [[Mila Kunis]].\\n\\nDespite a history of important\n        and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a\n        debate about its identity and the level of European and Russian influence.\n        Ukrainian producers are active in international co-productions and Ukrainian\n        actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Russian (Soviet in past) films.\n        Also successful films have been based on Ukrainian people, stories or events,\n        including [[Battleship Potemkin]], [[Man with a Movie Camera]], [[Everything\n        Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]].\\n\\nUkrainian State Film\n        Agency owns [[National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre]], film copying laboratory\n        and archive, takes part in hosting of the [[Odessa International Film Festival]],\n        and [[Molodist]] is the only one [[FIAPF]] accredited International Film Festival\n        held in Ukraine; competition program is devoted to student, first short and\n        first full feature films from all over the world. Held annually in October.\\n\\n===\n        Media ===\\n{{Main|Media of Ukraine}}\\n[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/UA |title=Top Sites in Ukraine\n        |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=12 May 2014}} was founded by [[Georgiy\n        Gongadze]] in April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum).\n        Published mainly in Ukrainian with selected articles published in or translated\n        to Russian and English, the newspaper has particular emphasis on the politics\n        of Ukraine. Freedom of the press in Ukraine is considered to be among the\n        freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.\\n[[Freedom\n        House]] classifies the Internet in Ukraine as \\\"free\\\" and the press as \\\"partly\n        free\\\". Press freedom has significantly improved since the Orange Revolution\n        of 2004. However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived \\\"negative trends in Ukraine\\\".\\n\\n[[Kiev]]\n        dominates the media sector in Ukraine: the [[Kyiv Post]] is Ukraine''s leading\n        English-language newspaper. National [[List of newspapers in Ukraine|newspapers]]\n        [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], [[Zerkalo Nedeli|Mirror Weekly]], tabloids, such\n        as [[The Ukrainian Week]] or [[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]] (Russian),\n        and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Lviv]] is also\n        a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine,\n        [[Ukrinform]] was founded here in 1918. The Ukraine publishing sector, including\n        books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media,\n        newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover. [[Sanoma]] publishing\n        Ukrainian editions of such magazines as [[Esquire]], [[Harpers Bazaar]] and\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]]. [[BBC Ukrainian]] started its broadcasts\n        in 1992.\\n\\nUkrainians listen to radio programming, such as [[Radio Ukraine]]\n        or [[Radio Liberty]], largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half\n        hours a day. Several television channels operate, and many Websites are popular.\\n\\n===\n        Sport ===\\n{{Main|Sport in Ukraine}}\\n[[File:Andriy Shevchenko goal celebration\n        Euro 2012 vs Sweden.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian footballer [[Andriy Shevchenko]] celebrates\n        a goal against Sweden at Euro 2012]]\\nUkraine greatly benefited from the Soviet\n        emphasis on [[physical education]]. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds\n        of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine\n        |archivedate=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine \\u2013 Sports and recreation |accessdate=12\n        January 2008 |work=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica (fee required) |deadurl=yes\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]].\n        The top professional league is the [[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyscha Liha]]\n        (\\\"premier league\\\").\\n\\nMany Ukrainians also played for the [[Soviet national\n        football team]], most notably [[Ihor Belanov]] and [[Oleh Blokhin]], winners\n        of the prestigious [[Ballon d''Or|Golden Ball Award]]. This award was only\n        presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, [[Andriy\n        Shevchenko]]. The national team made its debut in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]],\n        and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, [[Italy\n        national football team|Italy]]. Ukrainians also fared well in [[boxing]],\n        where the brothers [[Vitali Klitschko|Vitali]] and [[Wladimir Klitschko]]\n        have held world heavyweight championships.\\n\\n[[Sergey Bubka]] held the record\n        in the [[Pole vault]] from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic\n        abilities, he was voted the world''s best athlete on several occasions.{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka | accessdate =27 May 2010\n        | title = Mr. Sergey BUBKA | author = International Olympic Committee | work\n        = Official website of the Olympic Movement | quote =... voted world''s\n        best athlete on several occasions. }}{{cite web|url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html|archivedate=2011-05-11\n        |title=Track and Field Athlete of the Year |publisher=Trackandfieldnews.com\n        |accessdate=30 January 2011}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is becoming popular\n        in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize [[EuroBasket\n        2015]]. Two years later the [[Ukraine national basketball team]] finished\n        6th in [[EuroBasket 2013]] and qualified to [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA\n        World Cup]] for the first time in its history. [[Euroleague]] participant\n        [[BC Budivelnyk|Budivelnyk Kyiv]] is the strongest professional basketball\n        club in Ukraine.\\n\\n[[Chess]] is a popular sport in Ukraine. [[Ruslan Ponomariov]]\n        is the former world champion. There are about 85 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]]\n        and 198 [[International Masters]] in Ukraine.\\n\\nUkraine made its Olympic\n        debut at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]. So far, [[Ukraine at the Olympics]]\n        has been much more successful in [[Summer Olympics]] (115 medals in five appearances)\n        than in the [[Winter Olympics]]. Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number\n        of gold medals won in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count]], with every\n        country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.{{citation needed|date=March\n        2014}}\\n\\n\\n=== Cuisine ===\\n{{Main|Ukrainian\n        cuisine}}\\n\\nThe traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef,\n        fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains,\n        fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[varenyky]]''''}}\n        (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries\n        or berries), [[nalysnyky]] (pancakes with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms,\n        caviar or meat), [[kapu\\u015bniak]] (soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots,\n        onions, cabbage, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), [[borscht]]\n        (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat), {{lang|uk-Latn|''''[[Go\\u0142\\u0105bki|holubtsy]]''''}}\n        (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat) and\n        [[pierogi]] (dumplings filled with boiled potatoes and cheese or meat). Ukrainian\n        specialties also include [[Chicken Kiev]] and [[Kiev cake]]. Ukrainians drink\n        [[kompot|stewed fruit]], juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese\n        from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and {{lang|uk-Latn|[[horilka]]}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm|title=Traditional\n        Foods|accessdate=10 August 2007|last=Stechishin|first=Savella|publisher=Encyclopedia\n        of Ukraine}}\\n\\n
\\n\\nFile:Wareniki.JPG|
[[Varenyky]] topped with fried onion
\\nFile:Borscht served.jpg|[[Borscht]] soup with [[smetana (dairy product)|sour\n        cream]]\\nFile:Martiniouk Paska.JPG|
[[Paska\n        (bread)|Paska]], Ukrainian [[Easter]] bread
\\n\\n
\\n\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==\n        See also ==\\n* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]\\n* [[List of cultural icons\n        of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Outline of Ukraine]]\\n* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] \\u2013\n        the first official Ukrainian currency\\n* [[Ukrainian oligarchs]]\\n\\n== Notes\n        ==\\n{{Refbegin|30em}}\\n''''''a.''''''{{Note label|A|a|none}} Among the Ukrainians\n        that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were [[Aleksey Razumovsky]],\n        [[Alexander Bezborodko]] and [[Ivan Paskevich]]. Among the Ukrainians who\n        greatly influenced the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in this period were [[Stephen\n        Yavorsky]], [[Feofan Prokopovich]] and [[Dimitry of Rostov]].\\n\\n''''''b.''''''{{Note\n        label|B|b|none}} Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data\n        is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the\n        famine. See the [[Holodomor]] article for details. Sources differ on interpreting\n        various statements from different branches of different governments as to\n        whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide\n        by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm\n        on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according\n        to ''''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'''': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 \\u0491\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\\"}}]),\n        16 (according to ''''[[Korrespondent]]'''', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002\n        {{lang|ru|\\\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0441\\u043b\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043b\\u0436\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0445\n        \\u0434\\u0435\\u0431\\u0430\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0421\\u0435\\u0439\\u043c \\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0438\\u0438\n        \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0435\\u0432\\\"}}]),\n        \\\"more than 10\\\" (according to ''''Korrespondent'''', Ukrainian edition: [http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/403780-latviya-viznala-golodomor-1932-33-rr-genocidom-ukrayinciv\n        {{lang|uk|\\\"\\u041b\\u0430\\u0442\\u0432\\u0456\\u044f \\u0432\\u0438\\u0437\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\\u0430\n        \\u0413\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u043e\\u0440 1932\\u201333 \\u0440\\u0440.\n        \\u0433\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0446\\u0438\\u0434\\u043e\\u043c \\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0446\\u0456\\u0432\\\"}}])\n        Retrieved 27 January 2008.\\n\\n''''''c.''''''{{Note label|C|c|1}}{{Note label|C|c|2}}\n        These figures are likely to be much higher, as they ''''''do not'''''' include\n        Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only [[ethnic]] Ukrainians,\n        from the Ukrainian SSR.\\n\\n''''''d.''''''{{Note label|D|d|none}} This figure\n        excludes [[POW]] deaths.\\n\\n''''''e.''''''{{Note label|E|e|none}} Russia and\n        Kazakhstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include\n        European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European\n        territories larger than Ukraine.\\n\\n''''''f.''''''{{note label|F|f|1}}{{note\n        label|F|f|2}}{{note label|F|f|3}} According to the official [[Ukrainian Census\n        (2001)|2001 census]] data (by nationality;{{cite web|title=About number\n        and composition population of Kyiv city by All-Ukrainian population census''2001\n        data|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Kyiv_city/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014}} by language{{cite\n        web|title=\\u041f\\u0440\\u043e \\u043a\\u0456\\u043b\\u044c\\u043a\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\n        \\u0442\\u0430 \\u0441\\u043a\\u043b\\u0430\\u0434 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        \\u043c\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u0430 \\u041a\\u0438\\u0457\\u0432 \\u0437\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0456\\u0434\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043a\\u0430\\u043c\\u0438\n        \\u0412\\u0441\\u0435\\u0443\\u043a\\u0440\\u0430\\u0457\\u043d\\u0441\\u044c\\u043a\\u043e\\u0433\\u043e\n        \\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0435\\u043f\\u0438\\u0441\\u0443 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\n        2001 \\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0443 About number and composition population of Kiev\n        on the results of Census 2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv/|publisher=State\n        Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=Ukrainian}})\n        about 75 percent of Kiev''s population responded ''Ukrainian'' to the\n        native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent\n        responded ''Russian''. On the other hand, when the question ''What language\n        do you use in everyday life?'' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey,\n        the Kievans'' answers were distributed as follows: ''mostly Russian'': 52 percent,\n        ''both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure'': 32 percent, ''mostly\n        Ukrainian'': 14 percent, ''exclusively Ukrainian'': 4.3 percent.{{cite news|url= http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What\n        language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|date=February\n        2003|accessdate=11 July 2008 }}\\n\\n''''''g.''''''{{Note label|G|g|none}} Such\n        writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature.\\n{{Refend}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{reflist|group=nb}}\\n{{reflist|30em|refs=[http://www.dw.de/ukraine-ratifies-eu-association-agreement/a-17925681\n        Ukraine ratifies EU association agreement]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Published\n        16 September 2014.Richard Balmforth\n        and Natalia Zinets. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/25/uk-ukraine-crisis-president-idUKKCN0HK0OE20140925\n        Ukraine president sets 2020 as EU target date, defends peace plan]. [[Reuters]].\n        Published on 25 September 2014.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/|title=Ukraine\n        \\u2013 Trade \\u2013 European Commission|publisher=}}}}\\n\\n== Print sources\n        ==\\n=== Reference books ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* ''''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''''\n        (University of Toronto Press, 1984\\u201393) 5 vol; [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        partial online version], from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies\\n* ''''[https://www.questia.com/read/58069636/ukraine-a-concise-encyclopedia\n        Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1]'''' ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University\n        of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp\\n* Dalton, Meredith. ''''Ukraine'''' (Culture\n        Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001)\\n* Evans, Andrew. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T\n        online excerpts and search at Amazon.com]\\n* Johnstone, Sarah. ''''Ukraine''''\n        (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== Recent (since 1991)\n        ===\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.''''Revolution in\n        Orange: The Origins of Ukraine''s Democratic Breakthrough'''' (2006)\\n* Birch,\n        Sarah. ''''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'''' Macmillan, 2000 [https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* Edwards Mike: \\\"Ukraine \\u2013 Running on empty\\\"\n        [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993\\n* Katchanovski, Ivan: ''''Cleft\n        Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine\n        and Moldova'''', Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89821-558-9}}\\n* Kuzio,\n        Taras: ''''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'''',\n        M.E. Sharpe, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7656-0224-5}}\\n* Kuzio, Taras. ''''Ukraine: State\n        and Nation Building'''' Routledge, 1998 [https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building\n        online edition]\\n* Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., ''''Multilingual education\n        as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine'''', in ''''Language\n        Education for Intercultural Communication'''', By D. E. Ager, George Muskens,\n        Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, {{ISBN|1-85359-204-8}}\\n* {{cite book|title=Ukraine''s\n        Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons|last=Shen|first=Raphael|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0-275-95240-1|year=1996}}\\n*\n        Whitmore, Sarah. ''''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament,\n        1990\\u20132003'''' Routledge, 2004 [https://www.questia.com/read/108557869/state-building-in-ukraine-the-ukrainian-parliament\n        online edition]\\n* [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]], ''''Ukraine''s\n        Orange Revolution'''' (2005)\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''The Ukrainians: Unexpected\n        Nation,'''' 2nd ed. 2002; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L\n        online excerpts at Amazon]\\n* Wilson, Andrew, ''''Ukrainian Nationalism in\n        the 1990s: A Minority Faith'''', [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-57457-9}}\\n*\n        Zon, Hans van. ''''The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine.'''' 2000\n        [https://www.questia.com/read/98833788/the-political-economy-of-independent-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n=== History ===\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* [https://www.academia.edu/10220788/UKRAINIAN_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_BETWEEN_40_10.000_BP\n        UKRAINIAN UPPER PALAEOLITHIC BETWEEN 40/10.000 BP]\\n* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''''The\n        Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'''' (Rutgers UP, 1964)\n        [http://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world\n        online]\\n* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''''A History of Ukraine'''' (1986)\\n* Katchanovski\n        Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''''Historical\n        Dictionary of Ukraine.'''' Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.\\n*\n        Kononenko, Konstantyn. ''''Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations\n        between Ukraine and Russia, 1654\\u20131917'''' (Marquette University Press\n        1958) [http://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations\n        online]\\n* Luckyj, George S. ''''Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine:\n        An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995.'''' (1996)\\n* [[Magocsi,\n        Paul Robert]], ''''A History of Ukraine''''. [[University of Toronto Press]],\n        1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-7820-6}}\\n* Reid, Anna. ''''Borderland: A Journey Through\n        the History of Ukraine'''' (2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/96969196/borderland-a-journey-through-the-history-of-ukraine\n        online edition]\\n* [[Orest Subtelny|Subtelny, Orest]]. ''''Ukraine: A History'''',\n        1st edition. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988. {{ISBN|0-8020-8390-0}}.\\n*\n        Yekelchyk, Serhy. ''''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'''' (Oxford University\n        Press 2007) [http://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation\n        online]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==== World War II ====\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |last=Boshyk|first=Yuri|year=1986|publisher=Canadian\n        Institute of Ukrainian Studies|isbn=0-920862-37-3}}\\n* Berkhoff, Karel C.\n        ''''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule.'''' Harvard\n        U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.\\n* {{cite book|last=Cliff|first=Tony|title=Class Struggle\n        and Women''s Liberation|publisher=Bookmarks|year=1984|isbn=0-906224-12-8}}\\n*\n        Gross, Jan T. ''''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland''s\n        Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'''' (1988).\\n* Lower, Wendy. ''''Nazi\n        Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'''' U. of North Carolina Press,\n        2005. 307 pp.\\n* Piotrowski Tadeusz, ''''Poland''s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife,\n        Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918\\u20131947'''',\n        McFarland & Company, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}\\n* Redlich, Shimon. ''''Together\n        and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919\\u20131945.'''' Indiana\n        U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.\\n* Zabarko, Boris, ed. ''''Holocaust In The Ukraine'''',\n        Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== External links ==\\n{{Sister\n        project links|voy=Ukraine}}\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|up|Ukraine}}\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325003749/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/ukraine/business-corruption-in-ukraine.aspx\n        Ukraine Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business\n        Anti-Corruption Portal]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121072359/https://en.ukrainecityguide.com/\n        Website Ukraine-CityGuide]\\n* [https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/ Ukraine]\n        information from the [[United States Department of State]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416140456/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html\n        Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm\n        Ukraine] at ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ukraine}}\\n*\n        [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 Ukraine] from the [[BBC News]]\\n*\n        {{Wikiatlas|Ukraine}}\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|60199}}\\n* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA Key Development\n        Forecasts for Ukraine] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/\n        Encyclopedia of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.enpi-info.eu/countryeast.php?country=62\n        EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Ukraine]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/\n        EU Neighbourhood Library]\\n; Government\\n* [http://www.president.gov.ua/en/\n        The President of Ukraine]\\n* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en Government\n        Portal of Ukraine]\\n* [http://rada.gov.ua/en The Parliament of Ukraine]\\n*\n        [http://escher.com.ua/main.php Ukrainian art. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3\n        April 2008|isbn=1-4058-8118-6}} {{IPA-de|\\u02c8alb\\u025b\\u0250\\u032ft\n        \\u02c8a\\u026an\\u0283ta\\u026an|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}\\n| image       =\n        Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg\\n| caption     = Albert Einstein\n        in 1921\\n| birth_date  = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}}\\n| birth_place =\n        [[Ulm]], [[Kingdom of W\\u00fcrttemberg]], [[German Empire]]\\n| death_date  =\n        {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}}\\n| death_place = {{nowrap|[[Princeton,\n        New Jersey]], U.S.}}\\n| children    = [[Lieserl Einstein|\\\"Lieserl\\\" Einstein]]\n        
[[Hans Albert Einstein]] 
[[Einstein family#Eduard \\\"Tete\\\" Einstein\n        (Albert''s son)|Eduard \\\"Tete\\\" Einstein]]\\n| spouse      = {{marriage|[[Mileva\n        Mari\\u0107]]
|1903|1919|end=div}}
{{nowrap|{{marriage|[[Elsa L\\u00f6wenthal]]
|1919|1936|end=her\n        death}}{{cite book |editor-last=Heilbron |editor-first=John L. |title=The\n        Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA233\n        |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974376-6 |page=233}}{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}}}}\\n|\n        residence   = Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria (present-day Czech Republic),\n        Belgium, United States\\n| citizenship = {{Plainlist|\\n* Subject of the [[Kingdom\n        of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] during the German Empire (1879\\u20131896)During the German Empire, citizenship were exclusively\n        subject of one of the 27 ''''Bundesstaaten''''\\n* [[Statelessness|Stateless]]\n        (1896\\u20131901)\\n* Citizen of [[Switzerland]] (1901\\u20131955)\\n*\n        Austrian subject of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1911\\u20131912)\\n*\n        Subject of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] during the German Empire (1914\\u20131918)\\n* German citizen of the [[Free State of Prussia]]\n        ([[Weimar Republic]], 1918\\u20131933)\\n* Citizen of the United\n        States (1940\\u20131955)\\n}}\\n| fields     = [[Physics]], [[philosophy]]\\n|\n        workplaces = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[Swiss Patent Office]] ([[Bern]]) (1902\\u20131909)\\n*\n        [[University of Bern]] (1908\\u20131909)\\n* [[University of\n        Zurich]] (1909\\u20131911)\\n* [[Karl-Ferdinands-Universit\\u00e4t|Charles\n        University in Prague]] (1911\\u20131912)\\n* [[ETH Zurich]] (1912\\u20131914)\\n*\n        [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] (1914\\u20131933)\\n* [[Humboldt\n        University of Berlin]] (1914\\u20131933)\\n* [[Kaiser Wilhelm\n        Institute]] (director, 1917\\u20131933)\\n* [[German Physical\n        Society]] (president, 1916\\u20131918)\\n* [[Leiden University]]\n        (visits, 1920)\\n* [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933\\u20131955)\\n*\n        [[Caltech]] (visits, 1931\\u20131933)\\n}}\\n| education = {{Plainlist|\\n*\n        [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Polytechnic]] (1896\\u20131900; B.A., 1900)\\n*\n        [[University of Zurich]] (Ph.D., 1905)\\n}}\\n| doctoral_advisor  =\n        [[Alfred Kleiner]]\\n| thesis_title      = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der\n        Molek\\u00fcldimensionen}} (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)\\n|\n        thesis_url        = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf\\n|\n        thesis_year       = 1905\\n| academic_advisors = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]]\\n|\n        influenced        = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[Ernst G. Straus]]\\n* [[Nathan Rosen]]\\n*\n        [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]]\\n}}\\n| known_for = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[General relativity]]\\n*\n        [[Special relativity]]\\n* [[Photoelectric effect]]\\n* [[Mass\\u2013energy equivalence|''''E=mc2''''\n        (Mass\\u2013energy equivalence)]]\\n* [[Planck\\u2013Einstein relation|''''E=hf''''\n        (Planck\\u2013Einstein relation)]]\\n* Theory of [[Brownian motion]]\\n* [[Einstein\n        field equations]]\\n* [[Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics]]\\n* [[Bose\\u2013Einstein\n        condensate]]\\n* [[Gravitational wave]]\\n* [[Cosmological constant]]\\n* [[Classical\n        unified field theories|Unified field theory]]\\n* [[EPR paradox]]\\n* [[List\n        of things named after Albert Einstein|List of other concepts]]\\n}}\\n| awards\n        = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science|Barnard\n        Medal]] (1920)\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1921)\\n* [[Matteucci Medal]]\n        (1921)\\n* [[ForMemRS]] (1921)\\n* [[Copley Medal]] (1925)\\n* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (1926)\\n*\n        [[Max Planck Medal]] (1929)\\n* [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the\n        Century|''''Time'''' Person of the Century]] (1999)\\n}}\\n| signature = Albert\n        Einstein signature 1934.svg\\n}}\\n''''''Albert Einstein'''''' (14 March 1879 \\u2013\n        18 April 1955) was a German-born [[theoretical physicist]].{{cite\n        web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html\n        |title=Albert Einstein \\u2013 Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel\n        Foundation]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html|\n        archivedate= 6 March 2007 | deadurl= no}} Einstein developed\n        the [[theory of relativity]], one of the two pillars of [[modern physics]]\n        (alongside [[quantum mechanics]]).{{cite journal | last1 = Whittaker\n        | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005\n        | title = Albert Einstein. 1879\\u20131955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs\n        of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37\\u201367 | date\n        = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free}}{{cite\n        book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and\n        Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7}}{{rp|274}}\n        Einstein''s work is also known for its influence on the [[philosophy of science]].{{Citation\n        |title=Einstein''s Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp\n        |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research\n        Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University\n        |editor-first=Don A. | editor-last=Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published\n        11 February 2004 |type=website |accessdate=2015-02-04}}{{Citation\n        |first=Don A. | last=Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science\n        |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |format=PDF |date=December\n        2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |publisher=American Institute\n        of Physics |pages=34\\u201340 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN,\n        author''s personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H\n        |doi=10.1063/1.2169442 }} Einstein is best known by the general public\n        for his [[mass\\u2013energy equivalence]] formula {{nowrap|1=''''E'''' = ''''mc''''2}}\n        (which has been dubbed \\\"the world''s most famous equation\\\").{{cite\n        book |first=David | last=Bodanis |title=E = mc2: A Biography\n        of the World''s Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker\n        |date=2000 }} He received the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] \\\"for\n        his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the\n        law of the [[photoelectric effect]]\\\", a pivotal\n        step in the evolution of [[Introduction to quantum mechanics|quantum theory]].\\n\\nNear\n        the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that [[Newtonian mechanics]]\n        was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of [[classical mechanics]] with\n        the laws of the [[electromagnetic field]]. This led him to develop his [[special\n        theory of relativity]] during his time at the [[Swiss Patent Office]] in [[Bern]]\n        (1902\\u20131909), Switzerland. However, he realized that the principle of\n        relativity could also be extended to [[gravitational fields]] and\\u2014with\n        his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916\\u2014he published a paper on\n        [[general relativity]]. He continued to deal with problems of [[statistical\n        mechanics]] and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of [[particle]]\n        theory and the [[Brownian motion|motion of molecules]]. He also investigated\n        the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the [[photon]]\n        theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity\n        to model the large-scale structure of the [[universe]].{{Citation\n        |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf\n        |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating\n        universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |via=Nobelprize.org |page=2 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=2015-01-04}}{{cite news |last=Overbye\n        |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein\\u2019s\n        Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html\n        |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015\n        }}\\n\\nBetween 1895 and 1914, he lived in Switzerland (except for one\n        year in Prague, 1911\\u201312), where he received his academic diploma from\n        the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Polytechnic]] in Z\\u00fcrich (later the Eidgen\\u00f6ssische\n        Technische Hochschule, ETH) in 1900. He later taught there at the same institute\n        as a professor of theoretical physics between 1912 and 1914 before he left\n        for Berlin. In 1901, after being stateless for more than five years, Einstein\n        acquired [[Swiss citizenship]], which he kept for the rest of his life. In\n        1905, Einstein was awarded a PhD by the [[University of Z\\u00fcrich]]. The\n        same year, his ''''[[annus mirabilis]]'''' (miracle year), he published [[Annus\n        Mirabilis papers|four groundbreaking papers]], which were to bring him to\n        the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26.\\n\\nHe was visiting the\n        United States when [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power in 1933 and\\u2014being [[Jews|Jewish]]\\u2014did\n        not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the [[Prussian Academy\n        of Sciences|Berlin Academy of Sciences]]. He settled in the United States,\n        becoming an [[American citizen]] in 1940.{{cite\n        book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion\n        to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}} On the eve of [[World\n        War II]], he endorsed a [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter|letter to President\n        Franklin D. Roosevelt]] alerting him to the potential development of \\\"extremely\n        powerful bombs of a new type\\\" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar\n        research. This eventually led to what would become the [[Manhattan Project]].\n        Einstein supported defending the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]],\n        but generally denounced the idea of using the newly discovered [[nuclear fission]]\n        as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]], Einstein\n        signed the [[Russell\\u2013Einstein Manifesto]], which highlighted the danger\n        of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the [[Institute for Advanced\n        Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], until his death in 1955.\\n\\nEinstein\n        published [[List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein|more than 300\n        scientific papers]] along with over 150 non-scientific works.{{Citation |editor=Paul\n        Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II\n        |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New\n        York |pages=730\\u2013746}}. His non-scientific works include: ''''About Zionism:\n        Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'''' (1930), \\\"Why War?\\\"\n        (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''''The World As I See It'''' (1934),\n        ''''Out of My Later Years'''' (1950), and a book on science for the general\n        reader, ''''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'''' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold\n        Infeld]]). Einstein''s intellectual achievements and originality have\n        made the word \\\"Einstein\\\" synonymous with \\\"[[genius]]\\\".{{Citation\n        |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of\n        WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton\n        University |accessdate=2015-01-04}}\\n{{TOC limit|3}}\\n== Biography ==\\n\\n===\n        Early life and education ===\\n{{See also|Einstein family}}\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein at the age of three (1882).jpg|alt=A young boy with short hair and\n        a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt\n        and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair.|thumb|upright|Einstein\n        at the age of 3 in 1882]]\\n[[File:Albert Einstein as a child.jpg|alt=Studio\n        photo of a boy seated in a relaxed posture and wearing a suit, posed in front\n        of a backdrop of scenery.|thumb|upright|Albert Einstein in 1893 (age 14)]]\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein''s exam of maturity grades (color2).jpg|alt=Einstein''s matriculation\n        certificate at the age of 17. The heading reads \\\"The Education Committee\n        of the Canton of Aargau\\\". His scores were German 5, French 3, Italian 5,\n        History 6, Geography 4, Algebra 6, Geometry 6, Descriptive Geometry 6, Physics\n        6, Chemistry 5, Natural History 5, Art Drawing 4, Technical Drawing 4. The\n        scores are 6 = excellent, 5 = good, 4 = sufficient, 3 = poor, 2 = very poor,\n        1 = unusable.|thumb|upright|Einstein''s matriculation certificate at the age\n        of 17, showing his final grades from the Argovian cantonal school (Aargauische\n        Kantonsschule, on a scale of 1\\u20136, with 6 being the highest possible mark)]]\\n\\nAlbert\n        Einstein was born in [[Ulm]], in the [[Kingdom of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] in the\n        [[German Empire]], on 14 March 1879. His parents were\n        [[Hermann Einstein]], a salesman and engineer, and [[Pauline Koch]]. In 1880,\n        the family moved to [[Munich]], where Einstein''s father and his uncle Jakob\n        founded ''''Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie'''', a company that\n        manufactured electrical equipment based on [[direct current]].\\n\\nThe Einsteins were non-observant [[Ashkenazi Jews]], and Albert attended\n        a [[Catholic school|Catholic elementary school]] in Munich from the age of\n        5 for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the [[Luitpold Gymnasium]]\n        (now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary\n        and secondary school education until he left the [[German Empire]] seven years\n        later.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA59\n        59\\u201361]}}\\n\\nIn 1894, Hermann and Jakob''s company lost a bid to supply\n        the city of Munich with electrical lighting because they lacked the capital\n        to convert their equipment from the direct current (DC) standard to the more\n        efficient [[alternating current]] (AC) standard.Barry R. Parker, Einstein:\n        The Passions of a Scientist, Prometheus Books \\u2013 2003, page 31 The\n        loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of business, the Einstein\n        family moved to Italy, first to [[Milan]] and a few months later to [[Pavia]].\n        When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies\n        at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue [[electrical\n        engineering]], but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school''s\n        regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and\n        creative thought was lost in strict [[rote learning]]. At the end of December\n        1894, he travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school\n        to let him go by using a doctor''s note.{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=30\\u201331}}\n        During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title \\\"On the Investigation\n        of the State of the [[Aether theories|Ether]] in a Magnetic Field\\\".{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        1 (1987), doc. 5}}{{Citation |last=Mehra |first=Jagdish |contribution=Albert\n        Einstein''s first paper |title=The Golden Age of Physics |publisher=World\n        Scientific |date=2001 |isbn=981-02-4985-3}}\\n\\nIn 1895, at the age of\n        16, Einstein took the entrance examinations for the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal\n        Polytechnic]] in [[Z\\u00fcrich]] (later the Eidgen\\u00f6ssische Technische\n        Hochschule, ETH). He failed to reach the required standard in the general\n        part of the examination,{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol. 1 (1987), p. 11}} but\n        obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics.{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=36\\u201337}}\n        On the advice of the principal of the Polytechnic, he attended the [[Aargau|Argovian]]\n        [[Mittelschule|cantonal school]] ([[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]) in [[Aarau]],\n        Switzerland, in 1895\\u201396 to complete his secondary schooling. While lodging\n        with the family of professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler''s\n        daughter, Marie. (Albert''s sister [[Maja Einstein|Maja]] later married Winteler''s\n        son Paul.){{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|pp=21, 31, 56\\u201357}} In January\n        1896, with his father''s approval, Einstein renounced his [[German citizenship|citizenship\n        in the German Kingdom of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] to avoid [[Conscription in Germany|military\n        service]].{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|p=40}} In September 1896, he passed the\n        Swiss [[Matura]] with mostly good grades, including a top grade of 6 in physics\n        and mathematical subjects, on a scale of 1\\u20136.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        1 (1987), docs. 21\\u201327}} Though only 17, he enrolled in the four-year\n        mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Z\\u00fcrich Polytechnic.\n        Marie Winteler moved to [[Olsberg, Aargau|Olsberg]], Switzerland, for a teaching\n        post.\\n\\nEinstein''s future wife, [[Mileva Mari\\u0107]], also enrolled at\n        the Polytechnic that year. She was the only woman among the six students in\n        the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the\n        next few years, Einstein and Mari\\u0107''s friendship developed into romance,\n        and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein\n        was taking an increasing interest. In 1900, Einstein was awarded the Z\\u00fcrich\n        Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Mari\\u0107 failed the examination with a\n        poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        1 (1987), doc. 67}} There have been claims that Mari\\u0107 collaborated with\n        Einstein on his 1905 papers,{{Citation |author=Troemel-Ploetz, D. |title=Mileva\n        Einstein-Mari\\u0107: The Woman Who Did Einstein''s Mathematics |work=Women''s\n        Studies Int. Forum |date=1990 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=415\\u2013432 |doi=10.1016/0277-5395(90)90094-e}}{{Citation\\n|url=http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf\n        |title=Did Einstein Espouse his Spouse''s Ideas? |author=Walker, Evan Harris\n        |format=PDF |date=February 1989 |publisher=Physics Today |postscript=. |accessdate=19\n        October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119093653/http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf\n        |archive-date=19 January 2012 |dead-url=yes}} known as the [[Annus Mirabilis\n        papers|''''Annus Mirabilis'''' papers]], but historians of physics who have\n        studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.{{Sfnp|Pais|1994|pp=1\\u201329}}Holton,\n        G., ''''Einstein, History, and Other Passions'''', Harvard University Press,\n        1996, pp. 177\\u2013193.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA49\n        49\\u201356]}}Martinez, A. A., \\\"Handling evidence in history: the case\n        of Einstein''s wife\\\", ''''School Science Review'''', 86 (316), March 2005,\n        pp. 49\\u201356. [https://webspace.utexas.edu/aam829/1/m/Maric_files/EvidenceMaric.pdf\n        PDF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811141225/https://webspace.utexas.edu/aam829/1/m/Maric_files/EvidenceMaric.pdf\n        |date=11 August 2011 }}\\n\\n=== Marriages and children ===\\n[[File:Einstein\n        patentoffice.jpg|alt=Head and shoulders shot of a young, moustached man with\n        dark, curly hair wearing a plaid suit and vest, striped shirt, and a dark\n        tie.|thumb|upright|Albert Einstein in 1904 (age 25)]]\\nThe discovery and publication\n        in 1987 of an early correspondence between Einstein and Mari\\u0107 revealed\n        that they had had a daughter, called [[Lieserl Einstein|\\\"Lieserl\\\"]] in their\n        letters, born in early 1902 in [[Novi Sad]] where Mari\\u0107 was staying with\n        her parents. Mari\\u0107 returned to Switzerland without the child, whose real\n        name and fate are unknown. Einstein probably never saw his daughter. The contents\n        of his letter to Mari\\u0107 in September 1903 suggest that the girl was either\n        given up for adoption or died of [[scarlet fever]] in infancy.J. Renn\n        & R. Schulmann, ''''Albert Einstein/Mileva Mari\\u0107: The Love Letters'''',\n        1992, pp. 73\\u201374, 78.A. Calaprice & T. Lipscombe, ''''Albert\n        Einstein: A Biography'''', 2005, pp. 22\\u201323.\\n\\n[[File:Einstein\n        Albert Elsa LOC 32096u.jpg|alt=Einstein, looking relaxed and holding a pipe,\n        stands next to a smiling, well-dressed Elsa who is wearing a fancy hat and\n        fur wrap. She is looking at him.|thumb|Einstein with his wife Elsa, 1921]]\\nEinstein\n        and Mari\\u0107 married in January 1903. In May 1904, their first son, [[Hans\n        Albert Einstein]], was born in [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]]. Their second son,\n        [[Einstein family#Eduard \\\"Tete\\\" Einstein (Albert''s son)|Eduard]], was born\n        in Z\\u00fcrich in July 1910. In April 1914 they moved to [[Berlin]]. After\n        a few months his wife returned to Z\\u00fcrich with their sons, after learning\n        that Einstein''s chief romantic attraction was his first and second cousin\n        Elsa.{{Sfnp|Stachel|1966}} They divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived\n        apart for five years.{{sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA50\n        50]}} Eduard, whom his father called \\\"Tete\\\" (for ''''petit''''), had a breakdown\n        at about age 20 and was diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]].{{cite\n        book|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|authorlink=Walter Isaacson|title=Einstein:\n        A Hundred Years of Relativity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|year=2015|publisher=Princeton\n        University Press|isbn=978-0-691-16989-7|pages=143\\u2013145}} His mother\n        cared for him and he was also committed to asylums for several periods, finally\n        being committed permanently after her death.{{sfnp|Neffe|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B8K6n177ZwcC&pg=PA203\n        203]}}\\n\\nIn letters revealed in 2015, Einstein wrote to his early love, Marie\n        Winteler, about his marriage and his still-strong feelings for Marie. In 1910\n        he wrote to her that \\\"I think of you in heartfelt love every spare minute\n        and am so unhappy as only a man can be\\\" while his wife was pregnant with\n        their second child. Einstein spoke about a \\\"misguided love\\\" and a \\\"missed\n        life\\\" regarding his love for Marie.{{cite news |url=http://www.bernerzeitung.ch/region/bern/Die-Liebesbriefe-des-untreuen-Einstein/story/11875058\n        |first=Urs | last=W\\u00fcthrich |title=Die Liebesbriefe des untreuen Einstein\n        |trans-title=The love letters of the unfaithful Einstein |newspaper=BZ Berner\n        Zeitung |location=Bern, Switzerland |date=11 April 2015 |language=German |quote=Ich\n        denke in innigster Liebe an Dich in jeder freien Minute und bin so ungl\\u00fccklich,\n        wie nur ein Mensch es sein kann. |accessdate=2015-04-11}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        married [[Elsa Einstein|Elsa L\\u00f6wenthal]] in 1919,{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007}}{{Sfnp|Calaprice|Kennefick|Schulmann|2015|p=62}}\n        after having had a personal relationship with her since 1912.\n        She was a first cousin maternally and a second cousin paternally.{{cite\n        book|last1=Calaprice|first1=Alice|last2=Lipscombe|first2=Trevor|title=Albert\n        Einstein: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC&pg=PA50|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood\n        Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33080-3|page=50}} In 1933, they emigrated\n        to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and\n        kidney problems; she died in December 1936.{{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|p=216}}\\n\\n===Friends===\\nAmong\n        Einstein''s well-known friends were [[Michele Besso]], [[Paul Ehrenfest]],\n        [[Marcel Grossmann]], [[J\\u00e1nos Plesch]], [[Maurice Solovine]], and [[Stephen\n        Wise]].''''An Einstein Encyclopedia'''', Alice Calaprice, Daniel Kennefick,\n        Robert Schulmann, p. 65 et seq, Princeton University Press, 2015\\n\\n===\n        Patent office ===\\n[[File:Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Three\n        young men in suits with high white collars and bow ties, sitting.|[[Olympia\n        Academy]] founders: [[Conrad Habicht]], [[Maurice Solovine]] and Einstein]]\\n\\nAfter\n        graduating in 1900, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching\n        for a teaching post. He acquired Swiss citizenship in February 1901,{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|p=82}}\n        but was not [[conscription in Switzerland|conscripted]] for medical reasons.\n        With the help of [[Marcel Grossmann]]''s father, he secured a job in Bern\n        at the [[Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property|Federal Office for\n        Intellectual Property]], the patent office,{{cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Grossmann.html\n        |title=Grossmann biography |publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics,\n        University of St Andrews, Scotland |editor=J J O''Connor |editor2=E F Robertson\n        |date=May 2010 |type=scientific website? |accessdate=2015-03-27}}{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=63}}\n        as an [[Patent examiner|assistant examiner \\u2013 level III]].{{cite\n        web |title=Einstein at the patent office|url=https://www.ipi.ch/en/about-us/einstein/einstein-at-the-patent-office.html\n        |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI |location=Berne,\n        Switzerland |date=6 February 2014 |type=official website |accessdate=2016-09-09}}{{cite web |title=FAQ about Einstein and the Institute |url=https://www.ipi.ch/en/about-us/einstein/frequently-asked-questions.html\n        |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI |location=Berne,\n        Switzerland |date=27 May 2014 |type=official website |accessdate=2015-03-27}}\n        He evaluated [[patent application]]s for a variety of devices including a\n        gravel sorter and an electromechanical typewriter. In 1903,\n        his position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was\n        passed over for promotion until he \\\"fully mastered machine technology\\\".{{cite journal |jstor=1344127 |first=Peter | last=Galison\n        |title=Einstein''s Clocks: The Question of Time |work=Critical Inquiry |volume=26\n        |issue=2 Winter |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago\n        |date=2000 |pp=355\\u2013389 }}{{rp|370}}\\n\\nMuch of his work at the\n        patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals\n        and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems\n        that show up conspicuously in the [[thought experiment]]s that eventually\n        led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the\n        fundamental connection between space and time.{{rp|377}}\\n\\nWith\n        a few friends he had met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group\n        in 1902, self-mockingly named \\\"[[Olympia Academy|The Olympia Academy]]\\\",\n        which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included\n        the works of [[Henri Poincar\\u00e9]], [[Ernst Mach]], and [[David Hume]],\n        which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=79-84}}\\n\\n====\n        First scientific papers ====\\n[[File:Albert Einstein (Nobel).png|thumb|upright|Einstein''s\n        official 1921 portrait after receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\nIn 1900,\n        Einstein''s paper [[List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein#Journal\n        articles|\\\"Folgerungen aus den Capillarit\\u00e4tserscheinungen\\\"]] (\\\"Conclusions\n        from the Capillarity Phenomena\\\") was published in the journal ''''[[Annalen\n        der Physik]]''''.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1901}}{{cite book |last=Galison |first=Peter\n        | authorlink=Peter Galison |title=Einstein''s Clocks, Poincar\\u00e9''s Maps:\n        Empires of Time |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-393-02001-4}}\n        On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis,{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905b|loc=\\\"Meinem\n        Freunde Herr Dr. Marcel Grossmann gewidmet (Dedicated to my friend, Dr. Marcel\n        Grossmann)\\\"}} with [[Alfred Kleiner]], Professor of Experimental Physics,\n        serving as ''''[[Pro forma|pro-forma]]'''' advisor. As a result, Einstein\n        was awarded a PhD by the [[University of Z\\u00fcrich]], with his dissertation\n        \\\"''''A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions''''\\\".{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905b|loc=\\\"Meinem\n        Freunde Herr Dr. Marcel Grossmann gewidmet (Dedicated to my friend, Dr. Marcel\n        Grossmann)\\\"}}{{Sfnp|Einstein|1926b|loc=chap. \\\"A New Determination of Molecular\n        Dimensions\\\"}} That same year, which has been called Einstein''s ''''[[annus\n        mirabilis]]'''' (miracle year), he published [[Annus Mirabilis papers|four\n        groundbreaking papers]], on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special\n        relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which were to bring him\n        to the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26.\\n\\n=== Academic career\n        ===\\nBy 1908, he was recognized as a leading scientist and was appointed lecturer\n        at the [[University of Bern]]. The following year, after giving a lecture\n        on [[electrodynamics]] and the relativity principle at the University of Z\\u00fcrich,\n        [[Alfred Kleiner]] recommended him to the faculty for a newly created professorship\n        in theoretical physics. Einstein was appointed associate professor in 1909.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.library.ethz.ch/en/Resources/Digital-library/Einstein-Online/Associate-Professor-at-the-Universiy-of-Zurich-und-professor-in-Prague-1909-1912\n        |title=Associate Professor at the University of Zurich und professor in Prague\n        (1909\\u20131912) |publisher=ETH-Bibliothek Zurich, ETH Z\\u00fcrich, www.ethz.ch\n        |location=Bern, Switzerland |series=Einstein Online |website=www.library.ethz.ch/en/\n        |date=2014 |type=digital library |language=German, English |accessdate=17\n        August 2014}}\\n\\nEinstein became a full professor at the German [[Charles-Ferdinand\n        University]] in [[Prague]] in April 1911, accepting [[Austria]]n citizenship\n        in the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] to do so.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=164}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/49610/1/569197996.pdf |author=von\n        Hirschhausen, Ulrike |title=Von imperialer Inklusion zur nationalen Exklusion:Staatsb\\u00fcrgerschaft\n        in \\u00d6sterreich- Ungarn 1867\\u20131923 |publisher=WZB Social Science Research\n        Center Berlin |date=2007 |location=Berlin, Germany |series=ZKD \\u2013 Ver\\u00f6ffentlichungsreihe\n        der Forschungsgruppe, \\u201eZivilgesellschaft, Citizenship und politische\n        Mobilisierung in Europa\\\" Schwerpunkt Zivilgesellschaft, Konflikte und Demokratie,\n        Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin f\\u00fcr Sozialforschung |type=WZB Discussion\n        Paper |issue=No. SP IV 2007-403 |ISSN=1860-4315 |page=8 |quote= Eine weitere\n        Diskontinuit\\u00e4t bestand viertens darin, dass die Bestimmungen der \\u00f6sterreichischen\n        Staatsb\\u00fcrgerschaft, die in den ersten Dritteln des Jahrhunderts auch\n        auf Ungarn angewandt worden waren, seit 1867 nur noch f\\u00fcr die cisleithanische\n        Reichsh\\u00e4lfte galten. Ungarn entwickelte hingegen jetzt eine eige-ne Staatsb\\u00fcrgerschaft.\n        |accessdate=2015-08-04}} During his Prague stay, he wrote 11 scientific\n        works, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of\n        solids. In July 1912, he returned to his alma mater in Z\\u00fcrich. From 1912\n        until 1914, he was professor of theoretical physics at the [[ETH Zurich]],\n        where he taught analytical mechanics and [[thermodynamics]]. He also studied\n        [[continuum mechanics]], the molecular theory of heat, and the problem of\n        gravitation, on which he worked with mathematician and friend [[Marcel Grossmann]].{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.library.ethz.ch/en/Resources/Digital-library/Einstein-Online/Professor-at-the-ETH-Zurich-1912-1914\n        |title=Professor at the ETH Zurich (1912\\u20131914) |publisher=ETH-Bibliothek\n        Zurich, ETH Z\\u00fcrich, www.ethz.ch |location=Zurich, Switzerland |series=Einstein\n        Online |website=www.library.ethz.ch/en/ |date=2014 |type=digital library |language=German,\n        English |accessdate=17 August 2014}}\\n\\nOn 3 July 1913, he was voted\n        for membership in the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] in Berlin. [[Max Planck]]\n        and [[Walther Nernst]] visited him the next week in Zurich to persuade him\n        to join the academy, additionally offering him the post of director at the\n        [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics]], which was soon to be established.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=534}}\n        (Membership in the academy included paid salary and professorship without\n        teaching duties at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]].) He was officially\n        elected to the academy on 24 July, and he accepted to move to the German Empire\n        the next year. His decision to move to Berlin was also influenced by the prospect\n        of living near his cousin Elsa, with whom he had developed a romantic affair.\n        He joined the academy and thus the Berlin University on 1 April 1914.{{Sfnp|Weinstein|2015|pp=18-19}}\n        As World War I broke out that year, the plan for Kaiser Wilhelm Institute\n        for Physics was aborted. The institute was established on 1 October 1917,\n        with Einstein as its Director.{{cite web|title=Director in the attic|url=https://www.mpg.de/dossier/einstein/in-berlin|website=www.mpg.de|publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,\n        M\\u00fcnchen|accessdate=9 July 2017}} In 1916, Einstein was elected\n        president of the [[German Physical Society]] (1916\\u20131918).{{cite\n        book |title=Albert Einstein: a biography| first1=Alice |last1=Calaprice |first2=Trevor\n        |last2=Lipscombe |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=2005 |isbn=0-313-33080-8\n        |page=xix |url=https://books.google.com/?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC&pg=PR19\n        Timeline, p. xix]\\n\\nBased on calculations Einstein made in 1911, about\n        his new theory of general relativity, [[Gravitational lens|light from another\n        star should be bent]] by the Sun''s gravity. In 1919, that prediction was\n        confirmed by Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] during the [[solar eclipse of 29 May\n        1919]]. Those observations were published in the international media, making\n        Einstein world famous. On 7 November 1919, the leading British newspaper ''''[[The\n        Times]]'''' printed a banner headline that read: \\\"Revolution in Science \\u2013\n        New Theory of the Universe \\u2013 Newtonian Ideas Overthrown\\\".{{cite\n        journal |last=Andrzej |first=Stasiak |date=2003 |title=Myths in science |journal=EMBO\n        Reports |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.embor779 |url=http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n3/full/embor779.html\n        |accessdate =31 March 2007|doi-access=free |pmc=1315907 }}\\n\\nIn 1920,\n        he became a Foreign Member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and\n        Sciences]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000116\n        |title=Albert Einstein (1879\\u20131955) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy\n        of Arts and Sciences |accessdate=21 July 2015}} In 1922, he was awarded\n        the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] \\\"for his services to Theoretical Physics,\n        and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\\\". While the [[General relativity|general theory of relativity]]\n        was still considered somewhat controversial, the citation also does not treat\n        the cited work as an ''''explanation'''' but merely as a ''''discovery of\n        the law'''', as the idea of photons was considered outlandish and did not\n        receive universal acceptance until the 1924 derivation of the [[Planck spectrum]]\n        by [[S. N. Bose]]. Einstein was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society\n        elected in 1921|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921]]. He also received the [[Copley Medal]] from the [[Royal Society]]\n        in 1925.\\n\\n=== 1921\\u20131922: Travels abroad ===\\nEinstein\n        visited New York City for the first time on 2 April 1921, where he received\n        an official welcome by Mayor [[John Francis Hylan]], followed by three weeks\n        of lectures and receptions. He went on to deliver several lectures at [[Columbia\n        University]] and [[Princeton University]], and in Washington he accompanied\n        representatives of the [[National Academy of Science]] on a visit to the [[White\n        House]]. On his return to Europe he was the guest of the British statesman\n        and philosopher [[Viscount Haldane]] in London, where he met several renowned\n        scientific, intellectual and political figures, and delivered a lecture at\n        [[King''s College London]].{{Sfnp|Hoffmann|1972|pp=145\\u2013148}} {{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=499\\u2013508}}\\n\\nHe\n        also published an essay, \\\"My First Impression of the U.S.A.,\\\" in July 1921,\n        in which he tried briefly to describe some characteristics of Americans, much\n        as had [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], who published his own impressions in ''''[[Democracy\n        in America]]'''' (1835).[http://www.einsteinsworld.com/News-New-York-Herald-Tribune-1931-As-Einstein-Sees-America.htm\n        \\\"As Einstein Sees American\\\"], ''''Einstein''s World'''', a 1931 reprint\n        with minor changes, of his 1921 essay. For some of his observations,\n        Einstein was clearly surprised: \\\"What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive\n        attitude to life . . . The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic,\n        and without envy.\\\"{{rp|20}}\\n\\nIn 1922, his travels took\n        him to Asia and later to Palestine, as part of a six-month excursion and speaking\n        tour, as he visited [[Singapore]], [[Ceylon]] and [[Japan]], where he gave\n        a series of lectures to thousands of Japanese. After his first public lecture,\n        he met the emperor and empress at the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]],\n        where thousands came to watch. In a letter to his sons, he described his impression\n        of the Japanese as being modest, intelligent, considerate, and having a true\n        feel for art.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=307\\u2013308}}\\n\\nBecause of Einstein''s\n        travels to the Far East, he was unable to personally accept the Nobel Prize\n        for Physics at the Stockholm award ceremony in December 1922. In his place,\n        the banquet speech was held by a German diplomat, who praised Einstein not\n        only as a scientist but also as an international peacemaker and activist.[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-speech.html\n        The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921: Albert Einstein. Banquet Speech by R. Nadolny\n        (in German).] Retrieved 9 December 2015 via Nobelprize.org\\n\\nOn his\n        return voyage, he visited [[British Mandate for Palestine|Palestine]] for\n        12 days in what would become his only visit to that region. He was greeted\n        as if he were a head of state, rather than a physicist, which included a cannon\n        salute upon arriving at the home of the British high commissioner, [[Sir Herbert\n        Samuel]]. During one reception, the building was stormed by people who wanted\n        to see and hear him. In Einstein''s talk to the audience, he expressed happiness\n        that the Jewish people were beginning to be recognized as a force in the world.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=308}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        visited Spain for two weeks in 1923, where he briefly met [[Santiago Ram\\u00f3n\n        y Cajal]] and also received a diploma from [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso\n        XIII]] naming him a member of the Spanish Academy of Sciences.{{Cite\n        journal|last=Montes-Santiago|first=J.|date=2017-07-16|title=[The meeting of\n        Einstein with Cajal (Madrid, 1923): a lost tide of fortune]|journal=Revista\n        De Neurologia|volume=43|issue=2|pages=113\\u2013117|issn=0210-0010|pmid=16838259}}\\n\\n===\n        1930\\u20131931: Travel to the U.S. ===\\nIn December 1930, Einstein visited\n        America for the second time, originally intended as a two-month working visit\n        as a research fellow at the [[California Institute of Technology]]. After\n        the national attention he received during his first trip to the U.S., he and\n        his arrangers aimed to protect his privacy. Although swamped with telegrams\n        and invitations to receive awards or speak publicly, he declined them all.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=368}}\\n\\nAfter\n        arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events,\n        including [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], a lunch with the editors of\n        the ''''New York Times'''', and a performance of ''''Carmen'''' at the [[Metropolitan\n        Opera]], where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days\n        following, he was given the keys to the city by Mayor [[Jimmy Walker]] and\n        met the president of Columbia University, who described Einstein as \\\"the\n        ruling monarch of the mind\\\".{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}} [[Harry Emerson\n        Fosdick]], pastor at New York''s [[Riverside Church]], gave Einstein a tour\n        of the church and showed him a full-size statue that the church made of Einstein,\n        standing at the entrance.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}} Also during his stay\n        in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at [[Madison Square Garden]]\n        during a [[Hanukkah]] celebration.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}}\\n\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein and Charlie Chaplin - 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Einstein (left) and [[Charlie\n        Chaplin]] at the [[Hollywood]] premiere of ''''[[City Lights]]'''', January\n        1931]]\\nEinstein next traveled to California, where he met [[Caltech]] president\n        and Nobel laureate, [[Robert A. Millikan]]. His friendship with Millikan was\n        \\\"awkward\\\", as Millikan \\\"had a penchant for patriotic militarism,\\\" where\n        Einstein was a pronounced [[Pacifism|pacifist]].{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=373}}\n        During an address to Caltech''s students, Einstein noted that science was\n        often inclined to do more harm than good.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=374}}\\n\\nThis\n        aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author [[Upton Sinclair]] and\n        film star [[Charlie Chaplin]], both noted for their pacifism. [[Carl Laemmle]],\n        head of [[Universal Studios]], gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced\n        him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein\n        and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner. Chaplin said Einstein''s outward\n        persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a \\\"highly emotional temperament,\\\"\n        from which came his \\\"extraordinary intellectual energy\\\".Chaplin,\n        Charles. ''''Charles Chaplin: My Autobiography'''', Simon and Schuster, N.Y.\n        (1964){{rp|320}}\\n\\nChaplin''s film, ''''[[City Lights]]'''', was to\n        premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa\n        to join him as his special guests. [[Walter Isaacson]], Einstein''s biographer,\n        described this as \\\"one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity\\\".{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=374}}\n        Chaplin visited Einstein at his home on a later trip to Berlin, and recalled\n        his \\\"modest little flat\\\" and the piano at which he had begun writing his\n        theory. Chaplin speculated that it was \\\"possibly used as kindling wood by\n        the Nazis.\\\"{{rp|322}}\\n\\n=== 1933: Emigration to the\n        U.S. ===\\n[[File:Einstein-cartoon1.jpg|thumb|Cartoon of Einstein, who has\n        shed his \\\"Pacifism\\\" wings, standing next to a pillar labeled \\\"World Peace\\\".\n        He is rolling up his sleeves and holding a sword labeled \\\"Preparedness\\\"\n        (by Charles R. Macauley, c. 1933).]]\\nIn February 1933 while on a visit to\n        the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise\n        to power of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] under Germany''s new chancellor, [[Adolf\n        Hitler]].{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|p=659}}{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=404}}\\n\\nWhile\n        at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting\n        professorship at the [[California Institute of Technology]] in Pasadena. He\n        and his wife Elsa returned to Belgium by ship in March, and during the trip\n        they learned that their cottage was raided by the Nazis and his personal sailboat\n        confiscated. Upon landing in [[Antwerp]] on 28 March, he immediately went\n        to the German consulate and surrendered his passport, formally renouncing\n        his German citizenship.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}} The Nazis later\n        sold his boat and converted his cottage into a [[Hitler Youth]] camp.{{YouTube|id=HZ_W3EAfp6I#t=20m50s|title=\\\"Albert\n        Einstein: How I See the World\\\"}}, ''''PBS''''\\n\\n==== Refugee status\n        ====\\nIn April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had\n        passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching\n        at universities.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}} Historian [[Gerald\n        Holton]] describes how, with \\\"virtually no audible protest being raised by\n        their colleagues,\\\" thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenly forced to\n        give up their university positions and their names were removed from the rolls\n        of institutions where they were employed.Holton, Gerald.\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=prgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=Gerald+Holton+migration+physicists+United+States+Einstein+jews&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cFWCU9qcLsr6oASvhYLgBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gerald%20Holton%20migration%20physicists%20United%20States%20Einstein%20jews&f=false\n        \\\"The migration of physicists to the United States\\\"], ''''Bulletin of the\n        Atomic Scientists'''', April 1984 pp. 18\\u201324\\n\\nA month later, Einstein''s\n        works were among those targeted by the [[German Student Union]] in the [[Nazi\n        book burnings]], with Nazi propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] proclaiming,\n        \\\"Jewish intellectualism is dead.\\\"{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}}\n        One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime\n        with the phrase, \\\"not yet hanged\\\", offering a $5,000 bounty on his head.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}}Jerome, Fred, and Taylor, Rodger. ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4d79VQdOfFUC&pg=PR10&dq=Einstein+on+Race+and+Racism+america''s+worst+disease#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        Einstein on Race and Racism]'''' Rutgers University Press, (2006) In\n        a subsequent letter to physicist and friend [[Max Born]], who had already\n        emigrated from Germany to England, Einstein wrote, \\\"... I must confess\n        that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise.\\\"{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}}\n        After moving to the U.S., he described the book burnings as a \\\"spontaneous\n        emotional outburst\\\" by those who \\\"shun popular enlightenment,\\\" and \\\"more\n        than anything else in the world, fear the influence of men of intellectual\n        independence.\\\"{{Sfnp|Einstein|1954|p=197}}\\n\\n\\nEinstein was now without a\n        permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about\n        the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. He rented a house\n        in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months. In late July 1933, he\n        went to England for about six weeks at the personal invitation of British\n        naval officer Commander [[Oliver Locker-Lampson]], who had become friends\n        with Einstein in the preceding years. To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson\n        had two assistants watch over him at his secluded cottage outside London,\n        with photo of them carrying shotguns and guarding Einstein, published in the\n        ''''Daily Herald'''' on 24 July 1933.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=422}}[http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co8223551/professor-einstein-with-commander-locker-lampson-gelatin-silver-print-photograph\n        \\\"Professor Einstein with Commander Locker-Lampson\\\"], ScienceMuseum.org,\n        U.K.\\n\\nLocker-Lampson took Einstein to meet [[Winston Churchill]] at\n        his home, and later, [[Austen Chamberlain]] and former Prime Minister [[David\n        Lloyd George|Lloyd George]].{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=419\\u2013420}} Einstein\n        asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian\n        [[Martin Gilbert]] notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his\n        friend, physicist [[Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell|Frederick Lindemann]]\n        to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities.Gilbert, Martin. ''''Churchill and the Jews'''', Henry Holt and\n        Company, N.Y. (2007) pp. 101, 176 Churchill later observed that as a\n        result of Germany having driven the Jews out, they had lowered their \\\"technical\n        standards\\\" and put [[Allies of World War II|the Allies'']] technology ahead\n        of theirs.\\n\\nEinstein later contacted leaders of other\n        nations, including [[Turkey]]''s Prime Minister, [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]],\n        to whom he wrote in September 1933 requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish\n        scientists. As a result of Einstein''s letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually\n        totaled over \\\"1,000 saved individuals\\\".{{cite web | last=Reisman |\n        first=Arnold | url=http://hnn.us/article/31946 | title=What a Freshly Discovered\n        Einstein Letter Says About Turkey Today | publisher=History News Network,\n        George Masons University | date=20 November 2006}}\\n\\nLocker-Lampson\n        also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein,\n        during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing\n        the crisis brewing in Europe.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}} In one of his speeches he\n        denounced Germany''s treatment of Jews, while at the same time he introduced\n        a bill promoting Jewish citizenship in Palestine, as they were being denied\n        citizenship elsewhere.\\\"Denunciation of German Policy is a Stirring\n        Event\\\", ''''Associated Press'''', 27 July 1933 In his speech he described\n        Einstein as a \\\"citizen of the world\\\" who should be offered a temporary shelter\n        in the U.K.\\\"Their leaders in Germany have not driven out\n        her cut-throats and her blackguards. She has chosen the cream of her culture\n        and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen,\n        Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual...The\n        man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without\n        a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter.\\\"\\\"Stateless\n        Jews: The Exiles from Germany, Nationality Plan\\\", ''''The Guardian'''' (U.K.)\n        27 July 1933 Both bills failed, however, and Einstein then accepted\n        an earlier offer from the Princeton [[Institute for Advanced Study]], in the\n        U.S., to become a resident scholar.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}\\n\\n==== Resident scholar\n        at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study ====\\n[[File:Einstein-formal\n        portrait-35.jpg|thumb|Portrait taken in 1935 in Princeton]]\\nIn October 1933\n        Einstein returned to the U.S. and took up a position at the Institute for\n        Advanced Study,{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=649, 678}} noted\n        for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany. At the time, most American universities, including Harvard, Princeton and\n        Yale, had minimal or no Jewish faculty or students, as a result of their [[Jewish\n        quota]] which lasted until the late 1940s.{{cite\n        book|first=Linda G. | last=Arntzenius|title=Institute for Advanced Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHHguITir80C&pg=PA19|date=2011|publisher=Arcadia\n        Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-7409-7|page=19}}\\n\\nEinstein was still undecided\n        on his future. He had offers from several European universities, including\n        [[Christ Church, Oxford]] where he stayed for three short periods between\n        May 1931 and June 1933 and was offered a 5-year studentship,{{cite web\n        |publisher=Oxford Chabad Society |url=http://www.oxfordchabad.org/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/457396/jewish/Albert-Einstein.htm\n        |title=Oxford Jewish Personalities: |accessdate=7 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web |publisher=The Oxford Times |date=2012 |url=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/leisure/history_heritage/9617968.How_Einstein_fled_from_the_Nazis_to_an_Oxford_college/\n        |title=How Einstein fled from the Nazis to an Oxford college |accessdate=7\n        March 2015}} but in 1935 he arrived at the decision to remain permanently\n        in the United States and apply for citizenship.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=686\\u2013687}}\\n\\nEinstein''s\n        affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death\n        in 1955.{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/einstein/in-brief |title=In\n        Brief |publisher=Institute for Advanced Study |accessdate=4 March 2010| archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100329064405/http://www.ias.edu/people/einstein/in-brief|\n        archivedate= 29 March 2010 | deadurl= no}} He was one\n        of the four first selected (two of the others being [[John von Neumann]] and\n        [[Kurt G\\u00f6del]]) at the new Institute, where he soon developed a close\n        friendship with G\\u00f6del. The two would take long walks together discussing\n        their work. [[Bruria Kaufman]], his assistant, later became a physicist. During\n        this period, Einstein tried to develop a [[unified field theory]] and to refute\n        the [[Copenhagen interpretation|accepted interpretation]] of [[quantum physics]],\n        both unsuccessfully.\\n\\n==== World War II and the Manhattan Project ====\\n{{See\n        also|Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter}}\\nIn 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists\n        that included \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 physicist [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]] attempted\n        to alert Washington to ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group''s warnings\n        were discounted. Einstein and Szil\\u00e1rd, along with other refugees such\n        as [[Edward Teller]] and [[Eugene Wigner]], \\\"regarded it as their responsibility\n        to alert Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the\n        [[German nuclear energy project|race to build an atomic bomb]], and to warn\n        that Hitler would be more than willing to resort to such a weapon.\\\"{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=630}}{{cite\n        web |last=Gosling |first=F. G. |title=The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic\n        Bomb |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, History Division |date=2010 |url=http://energy.gov/management/downloads/gosling-manhattan-project-making-atomic-bomb\n        |page=vii |accessdate=2015-06-07}} To make certain the U.S. was aware\n        of the danger, in July 1939, a few months before the beginning of World War\n        II in Europe, Szil\\u00e1rd and Wigner visited Einstein to explain the possibility\n        of atomic bombs, which Einstein, a pacifist, said he had never considered.{{cite\n        book |last=Lanouette |first=William |last2=Silard |first2=Bela |title=Genius\n        in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szil\\u00e1rd: The Man Behind The Bomb |location=New\n        York |publisher=Charles Scribner''s Sons |date=1992 |isbn=0-684-19011-7 |pages=198\\u2013200}}\n        He was asked to lend his support by writing [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter|a\n        letter]], with Szil\\u00e1rd, to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]],\n        recommending the U.S. pay attention and engage in its own nuclear weapons\n        research.\\n\\nThe letter is believed to be \\\"arguably the key stimulus for\n        the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve\n        of the U.S. entry into World War II\\\".{{cite book |last1=J. Diehl |first1=Sarah\n        |last2=Moltz |first2=James Clay |title=Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation:\n        A Reference Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PN-NEfl_U0C |date=2008\n        |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=218 |isbn=978-1-59884-071-1 |accessdate=2015-06-07}}\n        In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the [[Belgian\n        Royal Family]]{{cite book |last=Hewlett |first=Richard G. |last2=Anderson\n        |first2=Oscar E. |title=The New World, 1939\\u20131946 |location=University\n        Park |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |date=1962 |url=http://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf\n        |format=PDF |pages=15\\u201316 |isbn=0-520-07186-7 |oclc=637004643 |accessdate=2015-06-07}}\n        and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal envoy to the White\n        House''s Oval Office. President Roosevelt could not take the risk of allowing\n        Hitler to possess atomic bombs first. As a result of Einstein''s letter and\n        his meetings with Roosevelt, the U.S. entered the \\\"race\\\" to develop the\n        bomb, drawing on its \\\"immense material, financial, and scientific resources\\\"\n        to initiate the [[Manhattan Project]]. The U.S. became the only country to\n        successfully develop nuclear weapons during World War II and also remains\n        the only country to have used them in combat, [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima\n        and Nagasaki|against Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] on 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively,\n        towards the end of the war.\\n\\nFor Einstein, \\\"war was a disease ...\n        [and] he called for resistance to war.\\\" By signing the letter to Roosevelt,\n        he went against his pacifist principles.{{cite web |author=Einstein,\n        Albert |date=1952 |title=On My Participation in the Atom Bomb Project |url=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hiroshima/EinsteinResponse.shtml\n        |publisher=AJ Software & Multimedia |via=atomicarchive.org |page=??? |accessdate=2015-06-07}}\n        In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, [[Linus\n        Pauling]], \\\"I made one great mistake in my life\\u2014when I signed the letter\n        to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was\n        some justification\\u2014the danger that the Germans would make them ...\\\"{{Sfnp|Clark|1971|p=???}}\\n\\n====\n        U.S. citizenship ====\\n[[File:Citizen-Einstein.jpg|thumb|Einstein accepting\n        [[Citizenship in the United States|U.S. citizenship]] certificate from judge\n        [[Phillip Forman]]]]\\nEinstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long\n        after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study (in Princeton,\n        New Jersey), he expressed his appreciation of the [[meritocracy]] in American\n        culture when compared to Europe. He recognized the \\\"right of individuals\n        to say and think what they pleased\\\", without social barriers, and as a result,\n        individuals were encouraged, he said, to be more creative, a trait he valued\n        from his own early education.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=432}}\\n\\n=== Personal\n        life ===\\n\\n==== Supporter of civil rights ====\\nEinstein was a passionate,\n        committed antiracist and joined [[National Association for the Advancement\n        of Colored People]] (NAACP) in Princeton, where he campaigned for the [[African-American\n        Civil Rights Movement (1896\\u20131954)|civil rights]] of African Americans.\n        He considered racism America''s \\\"worst disease,\\\"\n        seeing it as \\\"handed down from one generation to the next\\\".Calaprice,\n        Alice (2005) ''''[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7921.html The new quotable\n        Einstein] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622063213/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7921.html\n        |date=22 June 2009 }}''''. pp.148\\u2013149 Princeton University Press, 2005.\n        See also ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dLhVn-McDDgC&pg=PA226&dq=racism+americas+worst+disease+1946#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        Odyssey in Climate Modeling, Global Warming, and Advising Five Presidents]''''\n        As part of his involvement, he corresponded with civil rights activist [[W.\n        E. B. Du Bois]] and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial\n        in 1951.Robeson, Paul. ''''Paul Robeson Speaks'''', Citadel\n        (2002) p. 333{{rp|565}} When Einstein offered to be a character witness\n        for Du Bois, the judge decided to drop the case.\\n\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein Head.jpg|thumb|Einstein in 1947]]\\nIn 1946 Einstein visited [[Lincoln\n        University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]] in Pennsylvania, a [[historically\n        black college]], where he was awarded an honorary degree. (Lincoln was the\n        first university in the United States to grant college degrees to [[African\n        Americans]]; alumni include [[Langston Hughes]] and [[Thurgood Marshall]].)\n        Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, \\\"I do not intend\n        to be quiet about it.\\\"{{cite journal|last1=Jerome|first1=Fred|title=Einstein,\n        Race, and the Myth of the Cultural Icon|journal=Isis|date=December 2004|volume=95|issue=4|pages=627\\u2013639\n        |doi=10.1086/430653|jstor=10.1086/430653}} {{open access}} A resident\n        of Princeton recalls that Einstein had once paid the college tuition for a\n        black student.[http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/albert-einstein-civil-rights-activist/\n        \\\"Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist\\\"], ''''Harvard Gazette'''', 12 April\n        2007\\n\\n==== Assisting Zionist causes ====\\nEinstein was a figurehead\n        leader in helping establish the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], which\n        opened in 1925, and was among its first Board of Governors. Earlier, in 1921,\n        he was asked by the biochemist and president of the [[World Zionist Organization]],\n        [[Chaim Weizmann]], to help raise funds for the planned university.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=290}}\n        He also submitted various suggestions as to its initial programs.\\n\\nAmong\n        those, he advised first creating an Institute of Agriculture in order to settle\n        the undeveloped land. That should be followed, he suggested, by a Chemical\n        Institute and an Institute of Microbiology, to fight the various ongoing epidemics\n        such as [[malaria]], which he called an \\\"evil\\\" that was undermining a third\n        of the country''s development.{{rp|161}} Establishing an\n        Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew\n        and Arabic, for scientific exploration of the country and its historical monuments,\n        was also important.Rowe, David E. and Schulmann, Robert, editors.\n        ''''Einstein on Politics'''', Princeton University Press (2007){{rp|158}}\\n\\nChaim\n        Weizmann later became Israel''s first president. Upon his death while in office\n        in November 1952 and at the urging of [[Ezriel Carlebach]], Prime Minister\n        [[David Ben-Gurion]] offered Einstein the position of [[President of Israel]],\n        a mostly ceremonial post.{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817454,00.html\n        |title=ISRAEL: Einstein Declines |work=Time magazine |date=1 December 1952\n        |accessdate=31 March 2010}}{{cite book|last1=Rosenkranz|first1=Ze''ev|title=The\n        Einstein Scrapbook|date=6 November 2002|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University\n        Press]]|location=Baltimore, Maryland, USA|isbn=978-0-8018-7203-7|page=103}}\n        The offer was presented by Israel''s ambassador in Washington, [[Abba Eban]],\n        who explained that the offer \\\"embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish\n        people can repose in any of its sons\\\".{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=522}} Einstein\n        declined, and wrote in his response that he was \\\"deeply moved\\\", and \\\"at\n        once saddened and ashamed\\\" that he could not accept it.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=522}}\\n\\n====\n        Love of music ====\\n{{Multiple image|direction = vertical|image1 =|image2\n        = Rabindranath with Einstein.jpg|caption1 = Albert Einstein playing [[violin]]|caption2\n        = Einstein (right) with writer, musician and Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath\n        Tagore]], 1930|align = right}}\\nEinstein developed an appreciation for music\n        at an early age, and later wrote: \\\"If I were not a physicist, I would probably\n        be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see\n        my life in terms of music... I get most joy in life out of music.\\\"{{cite\n        news|title = The relative beauty of the violin|date = 28 January 2011|url\n        = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/features/the-relative-beauty-of-the-violin-2196313.html|work=[[The\n        Independent]]|author=Duchen, Jessica}}{{cite news|title=Einstein\n        and his love of music |date=January 2005 |url=http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein&music.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=[[Physics World]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828225916/http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein%26music.pdf\n        |archivedate=28 August 2015 |df= }}\\n\\nHis mother played the piano reasonably\n        well and wanted her son to learn the [[violin]], not only to instill in him\n        a love of music but also to help him assimilate into [[German culture]]. According\n        to conductor [[Leon Botstein]], Einstein is said to have begun playing when\n        he was 5, although he did not enjoy it at that age.\\n\\nWhen\n        he turned 13, he discovered the violin sonatas of [[Mozart]], whereupon \\\"Einstein\n        fell in love\\\" with Mozart''s music and studied music more willingly. He taught\n        himself to play without \\\"ever practicing systematically\\\", he said, deciding\n        that \\\"love is a better teacher than a sense of duty.\\\"{{cite\n        book|author1=Peter Galison|author2=Gerald James Holton|author3=Silvan S. Schweber|title=Einstein\n        for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture|date=2008|publisher=Princeton\n        University Press|isbn=0-691-13520-7|pages=161\\u2013164}} At age 17,\n        he was heard by a school examiner in Aarau as he played [[Beethoven]]''s [[violin\n        sonata]]s, the examiner stating afterward that his playing was \\\"remarkable\n        and revealing of ''great insight''.\\\" What struck the examiner, writes Botstein,\n        was that Einstein \\\"displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was\n        and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student.\\\"\\n\\nMusic took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein''s\n        life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional musician\n        himself was not on his mind at any time, among those with whom Einstein played\n        [[chamber music]] were a few professionals, and he performed for private audiences\n        and friends. Chamber music had also become a regular part of his social life\n        while living in Bern, Z\\u00fcrich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck\n        and his son, among others. He is sometimes erroneously credited as the editor\n        of the 1937 edition of the [[K\\u00f6chel catalogue]] of Mozart''s work; that\n        edition was prepared by [[Alfred Einstein]], who may have been a distant relation.Article\n        \\\"Alfred Einstein\\\", in ''''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'''',\n        ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. {{ISBN|1-56159-174-2}}''''The\n        Concise Edition of Baker''s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians'''', 8th\n        ed. Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky. New York, Schirmer Books, 1993. {{ISBN|0-02-872416-X}}\\n\\nIn\n        1931, while engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology,\n        he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played\n        some of Beethoven and Mozart''s works with members of the [[Zoellner Quartet]].[http://articles.latimes.com/1985-12-22/entertainment/ca-20526_1_life-estate\n        Cariaga, Daniel, \\\"Not Taking It with You: A Tale of Two Estates,\\\" ''''Los\n        Angeles Times''''], 22 December 1985. Retrieved April 2012.[http://www.rrauction.com/albert_einstein_signed_photo_to_joseph_zoellner.cfm\n        Auction listing] by RR Auction, auction closed 13 October 2010. Near\n        the end of his life, when the young [[Juilliard Quartet]] visited him in Princeton,\n        he played his violin with them, and the quartet was \\\"impressed by Einstein''s\n        level of coordination and intonation\\\".\\n\\n==== Political\n        and religious views ====\\n{{Main article|Albert Einstein''s political views|Albert\n        Einstein''s religious views}}\\n[[File:Einsteinwiezmann.PNG|alt=Casual group\n        shot of four men and two women standing on a brick pavement.|thumb|Albert\n        Einstein with his wife [[Elsa Einstein]] and Zionist leaders, including future\n        [[President of Israel]] [[Chaim Weizmann]], his wife [[Vera Weizmann]], [[Menahem\n        Ussishkin]], and Ben-Zion Mossinson on arrival in New York City in 1921]]\\n\\nEinstein''s\n        political view was in favor of [[socialism]] and critical of capitalism, which\n        he detailed in his essays such as \\\"[[Why Socialism?]]\\\".{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=Albert|title=Why\n        Socialism?|journal=Monthly Review|date=May 1949|volume=1|issue=1|url=http://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism/|editor1-first=Paul\n        |editor1-last=Sweezy |editor2-first=Leo |editor2-last=Huberman |location=New\n        York}}{{cite journal|first=David E. | last=Rowe|author2=Robert\n        Schulmann|last-author-amp=yes|title=What Were Einstein''s Politics?|journal=[[History\n        News Network]]|date=8 June 2007|url=http://hnn.us/articles/39445.html|accessdate=29\n        July 2012|editor1-first=Walsh|editor1-last=David A.|publisher=[[George Mason\n        University]]}} Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments\n        and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}\n        He strongly advocated the idea of a democratic [[World government|global government]]\n        that would check the power of nation-states in the framework of a world federation.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=487,\n        494, 550}} The FBI created a secret dossier on Einstein in 1932, and by the\n        time of his death his FBI file was 1,427 pages long.{{cite web| url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/science-march-einstein-fbi-genius-science/|\n        first=Mitch | last=Waldrop| title=Why the FBI Kept a 1,400-Page File on Einstein|\n        publisher=National Geographic| date=19 April 2017}}\\n\\nEinstein spoke\n        of his religious outlook in a wide array of original writings and interviews.\n        Einstein stated that he believed in the [[Pantheism|pantheistic]] God of [[Spinozism|Baruch\n        Spinoza]].Calaprice, Alice (2010). ''''The Ultimate\n        Quotable Einstein''''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G_iziBAPXtEC&pg=PA325\n        p. 325.] He did not believe in a [[personal God]] who concerns himself\n        with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as na\\u00efve.Calaprice, Alice (2000). ''''The Expanded Quotable Einstein''''.\n        Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 218. He clarified however\n        that, \\\"I am not an atheist\\\",Isaacson, Walter (2008).\n        ''''Einstein: His Life and Universe''''. New York: Simon and Schuster, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cdxWNE7NY6QC&pg=PT390\n        p. 390.] preferring to call himself an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]],Calaprice, Alice (2010). ''''The Ultimate Quotable Einstein''''.\n        Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G_iziBAPXtEC&pg=PA340\n        p. 340.] [http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2687/4496554935_0b573db853_o.jpg\n        Letter to M. Berkowitz, 25 October 1950.] Einstein Archive 59\\u2013215.\n        or a \\\"deeply religious nonbeliever\\\". When asked\n        if he believed in an [[afterlife]], Einstein replied, \\\"No. And one life is\n        enough for me.\\\"Isaacson, Walter (2008). ''''Einstein: His Life and Universe''''.\n        New York: Simon and Schuster, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzSJgdwk5esC&pg=PT461\n        p. 461.]\\n\\n=== Death ===\\nOn 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced [[internal\n        bleeding]] caused by the rupture of an [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]], which\n        had previously been reinforced surgically by [[Rudolph Nissen]] in 1948.{{Citation\n        |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/436253 |title=The Case of the Scientist\n        with a Pulsating Mass |date=14 June 2002 |accessdate=11 June 2007}}\n        He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance\n        commemorating the State of Israel''s seventh anniversary with him to the hospital,\n        but he did not live long enough to complete it.{{Citation |author=Albert\n        Einstein Archives |contribution=Draft of projected Telecast Israel Independence\n        Day, April 1955 (last statement ever written) |title=Einstein Archives Online\n        |date=April 1955 |contribution-url=http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Digital/EAR000020078#page/1/mode/1up\n        |url=http://www.alberteinstein.info/ |accessdate=14 March 2007 | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313231657/http://www.alberteinstein.info/|\n        archivedate= 13 March 2007 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        refused surgery, saying: \\\"I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong\n        life artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly.\\\"{{Citation\n        |date=November 1995 |author=Cohen, J.R. |author2=Graver, L.M. |title=The ruptured\n        abdominal aortic aneurysm of Albert Einstein |volume =170 |issue=5 |pages\n        =455\\u20138 |journal=Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics |pmid=2183375 |ref=harv\n        |postscript=.\\n}} He died in [[Princeton Hospital]] early the next morning\n        at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end.\\n\\nDuring the\n        autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton Hospital, [[Thomas Stoltz Harvey]],\n        removed [[Albert Einstein''s brain|Einstein''s brain]] for preservation without\n        the permission of his family, in the hope that the [[neuroscience]] of the\n        future would be able to discover what made Einstein so [[human intelligence|intelligent]].{{Citation\n        |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913 |title=The\n        Long, Strange Journey of Einstein''s Brain |accessdate=3 October 2007 |publisher=[[National\n        Public Radio]]}} Einstein''s remains were [[Cremation|cremated]] and\n        his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.{{Citation |last\n        =O''Connor |first =J.J. |last2 =Robertson |first2 =E.F. |chapter=Albert Einstein\n        |title=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |publisher=School of Mathematics\n        and Statistics, University of St. Andrews |date=1997 |chapter-url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Einstein.html\n        }}{{cite news\\n | title=Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep\n        at 76; World Mourns Loss of Great Scientist, Rupture of Aorta Causes Death,\n        Body Cremated, Memorial Here Set\\n | work=The New York Times\\n | publication-date=19\n        April 1955\\n | publication-place = New York, NY\\n | date = 18 April 1955\\n\n        | place = Princeton, NJ\\n | volume = CIV\\n | number = 35,514\\n | issn = 0362-4331\\n\n        | editor = Late City\\n | page = 1\\n | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C1EFC3D55107A93CBA8178FD85F418585F9\\n}}\\n\\nIn\n        a memorial lecture delivered on 13 December 1965, at UNESCO headquarters,\n        nuclear physicist [[Robert Oppenheimer]] summarized his impression of Einstein\n        as a person: \\\"He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without\n        worldliness ... There was always with him a wonderful purity at once\n        childlike and profoundly stubborn.\\\"{{cite journal|last1=Oppenheimer|first1=J.\n        Robert|title=Oppenheimer on Einstein|journal=The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=March\n        1979|volume=35|issue=3|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7goAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38|accessdate=12\n        January 2017|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science|location=Chicago}}\\n\\n==\n        Scientific career ==\\nThroughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of\n        books and articles. He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150\n        non-scientific ones. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced\n        the release of Einstein''s papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008}}{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis\n        Overbye |title=Thousands of Einstein Documents Are Now a Click Away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html\n        |date=4 December 2014 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2015-01-04}}\n        Einstein''s intellectual achievements and originality have made the word \\\"Einstein\\\"\n        synonymous with \\\"[[genius]]\\\". In\n        addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists\n        on additional projects including the [[Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics]], the\n        [[Einstein refrigerator]] and others.\\\"[http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/Einstein_archive/\n        Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz]\\\". ''''Instituut-Lorentz.'''' 2005.\n        Retrieved on 21 November 2005.\\n\\n=== 1905 \\u2013 ''''Annus Mirabilis''''\n        papers ===\\n{{Main article|Annus Mirabilis papers|Photoelectric effect|Special\n        theory of relativity|Mass\\u2013energy equivalence|Brownian motion}}\\nThe ''''Annus\n        Mirabilis'''' papers are four articles pertaining to the [[photoelectric effect]]\n        (which gave rise to [[quantum mechanics|quantum theory]]), [[Brownian motion]],\n        the [[special theory of relativity]], and [[Mass\\u2013energy equivalence|E\n        = mc2]] that Einstein published in the ''''Annalen der Physik''''\n        scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to\n        the foundation of [[History of physics#Modern physics|modern physics]] and\n        changed views on [[space]], time, and [[matter]]. The four papers are:\\n\\n{|\n        class=wikitable\\n|-\\n! Title (translated) !!Area of\n        focus !! Received !! Published !! Significance\\n|-\\n| ''''On a Heuristic\n        Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light'''' || [[Photoelectric\n        effect]] || 18 March || 9 June || Resolved an unsolved puzzle by suggesting\n        that energy is exchanged only in discrete amounts ([[quantum|quanta]]).{{cite\n        book |title=Lectures on quantum mechanics |first1=Ashok |last1=Das |publisher=Hindustan\n        Book Agency |date=2003 |isbn=81-85931-41-0 |page=59 }} This idea was\n        pivotal to the early development of quantum theory.{{cite book |title=Seven\n        ideas that shook the universe |edition=2nd |first1=Nathan |last1=Spielberg\n        |first2=Bryon D. |last2=Anderson |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=1995 |isbn=0-471-30606-1\n        |page=263 }}\\n|-\\n| ''''On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in\n        a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat''''\n        || [[Brownian motion]] || 11 May || 18 July || Explained empirical evidence\n        for the [[atomic theory]], supporting the application of [[statistical physics]].\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'''' || [[Special relativity]]\n        || 30 June || 26 September || Reconciled Maxwell''s equations for electricity\n        and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing major changes to mechanics\n        close to the speed of light, resulting from analysis based on empirical evidence\n        that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer.{{cite\n        book\\n|title=The quantum beat: principles and applications of atomic clocks\n        |edition=2nd |first1=Fouad G. |last1=Major |publisher=Springer |date=2007\n        |isbn=0-387-69533-8 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmdr6Wx_2PYC}}\n        Discredited the concept of a \\\"[[luminiferous ether]]\\\".{{cite book |title=Foundations\n        of physics |first1=Robert Bruce |last1=Lindsay |first2=Henry |last2=Margenau\n        |publisher=Ox Bow Press |date=1981 |isbn=0-918024-17-X |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwZltQAACAAJ}}\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?'''' || [[Mass\\u2013energy\n        equivalence|Matter\\u2013energy equivalence]] || 27 September || 21 November\n        || Equivalence of matter and energy, {{nowrap|1=''''E'''' = ''''mc''''2}}\n        (and by implication, the ability of gravity to \\\"bend\\\" light), the existence\n        of \\\"[[rest energy]]\\\", and the basis of nuclear energy.\\n|}\\n\\n=== Thermodynamic\n        fluctuations and statistical physics ===\\n{{Main article|Statistical mechanics|thermal\n        fluctuations|statistical physics}}\\n\\nEinstein''s first paper{{cite\n        web|first=Hans-Josef | last=Kuepper |url=http://www.einstein-website.de/z_physics/wisspub-e.html\n        |title=List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein |publisher=Einstein-website.de\n        |accessdate=3 April 2011}} submitted in 1900 to ''''Annalen der Physik''''\n        was on [[capillary attraction]]. It was published in 1901 with the title \\\"Folgerungen\n        aus den Capillarit\\u00e4tserscheinungen\\\", which translates as \\\"Conclusions\n        from the capillarity phenomena\\\". Two papers he published in 1902\\u20131903\n        (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret [[atom]]ic phenomena from a statistical\n        point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian\n        motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence\n        that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with\n        the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.\\n\\n=== General principles ===\\nHe articulated the [[principle of relativity]].\n        This was understood by [[Hermann Minkowski]] to be a generalization of rotational\n        invariance from space to space-time. Other principles postulated by Einstein\n        and later vindicated are the [[principle of equivalence]], [[general covariance]]\n        and the principle of [[adiabatic invariant|adiabatic invariance]] of the quantum\n        number.\\n\\n=== Theory of relativity and ''''E'''' = ''''mc''''\\u00b2 ===\\n{{Main\n        article|History of special relativity}}\\nEinstein''s \\\"''''Zur Elektrodynamik\n        bewegter K\\u00f6rper''''\\\" (\\\"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\\\") was\n        received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It\n        reconciles [[Maxwell''s equations]] for electricity and magnetism with the\n        laws of mechanics, by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the\n        [[speed of light]]. This later became known as Einstein''s special theory\n        of relativity.\\n\\nConsequences of this include the [[Spacetime|time\\u2013space\n        frame]] of a moving body appearing to [[Time dilation|slow down]] and [[Length\n        contraction|contract]] (in the direction of motion) when measured in the frame\n        of the observer. This paper also argued that the idea of a [[luminiferous\n        aether]]\\u2014one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time\\u2014was\n        superfluous.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905d}}\\n\\nIn his paper on [[mass\\u2013energy\n        equivalence]], Einstein produced ''''E'''' = ''''mc''''2\n        from his special relativity equations.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=vi, 15, 90, 131,\n        [https://books.google.com/?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA215 215]}} Einstein''s 1905\n        work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted\n        by leading physicists, starting with [[Max Planck]].For a discussion\n        of the reception of relativity theory around the world, and the different\n        controversies it encountered, see the articles in Thomas F. Glick, ed., ''''The\n        Comparative Reception of Relativity'''' (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987),\n        {{ISBN|90-277-2498-9}}.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=382\\u2013386}}\\n\\n=== Photons\n        and energy quanta ===\\n[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|upright|The photoelectric\n        effect. Incoming photons on the left strike a metal plate (bottom), and eject\n        electrons, depicted as flying off to the right.]]\\n{{Main article|Photon|Quantum}}\\nIn\n        a 1905 paper,{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905a}} Einstein postulated that light itself\n        consists of localized particles (''''[[quantum|quanta]]''''). Einstein''s\n        light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including\n        Max Planck and Niels Bohr. This idea only became universally accepted in 1919,\n        with [[Robert Millikan]]''s detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect,\n        and with the measurement of [[Compton scattering]].\\n\\nEinstein concluded\n        that each wave of frequency ''''f'''' is associated with a collection of [[photon]]s\n        with energy ''''hf'''' each, where ''''h'''' is [[Planck''s constant]]. He\n        does not say much more, because he is not sure how the particles are related\n        to the wave. But he does suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental\n        results, notably the photoelectric effect.{{sfnp|Einstein|1905a}}\\n\\n=== Quantized\n        atomic vibrations ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein solid}}\\nIn 1907, Einstein\n        proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent\n        harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently\\u2014a\n        series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was\n        aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult,\n        but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear\n        demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem\n        in classical mechanics. [[Peter Debye]] refined this model.[http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/nuggets/einstein/solidcolda.html\n        Celebrating Einstein \\\"Solid Cold\\\". U.S. DOE.], [[Office of Scientific and\n        Technical Information]], 2011.\\n\\n=== Adiabatic principle and action-angle\n        variables ===\\n{{Main article|Old quantum theory}}\\nThroughout the 1910s,\n        quantum mechanics expanded in scope to cover many different systems. After\n        [[Ernest Rutherford]] discovered the nucleus and proposed that electrons orbit\n        like planets, Niels Bohr was able to show that the same quantum mechanical\n        postulates introduced by Planck and developed by Einstein would explain the\n        discrete motion of electrons in atoms, and the [[periodic table of the elements]].\\n\\nEinstein\n        contributed to these developments by linking them with the 1898 arguments\n        [[Wilhelm Wien]] had made. Wien had shown that the hypothesis of [[adiabatic\n        invariant|adiabatic invariance]] of a thermal equilibrium state allows all\n        the [[blackbody radiation|blackbody curves]] at different temperature to be\n        derived from one another by a [[Wien''s displacement law|simple shifting process]].\n        Einstein noted in 1911 that the same adiabatic principle shows that the quantity\n        which is quantized in any mechanical motion must be an adiabatic invariant.\n        [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] identified this adiabatic invariant as the [[action-angle\n        variables|action variable]] of classical mechanics.\\n\\n=== Wave\\u2013particle\n        duality ===\\n[[File:Albert Einstein photo 1921.jpg|thumb|upright|Einstein\n        during his visit to the United States]]\\n{{Main article|Wave\\u2013particle\n        duality}}\\nAlthough the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner\n        Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became\n        a ''''[[Privatdozent]]'''' at the University of Bern.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|p=522}}\n        In \\\"''''\\u00dcber die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen \\u00fcber das Wesen\n        und die Konstitution der Strahlung''''\\\" (\\\"[[s:The Development of Our Views\n        on the Composition and Essence of Radiation|The Development of our Views on\n        the Composition and Essence of Radiation]]\\\"), on the [[quantization (physics)|quantization]]\n        of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Einstein showed that Max Planck''s\n        energy quanta must have well-defined [[momentum|momenta]] and act in some\n        respects as independent, [[point particle|point-like particles]]. This paper\n        introduced the ''''photon'''' concept (although the name ''''photon'''' was\n        introduced later by [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] in 1926) and inspired the notion\n        of [[wave\\u2013particle duality]] in [[quantum mechanics]]. Einstein saw this\n        wave\\u2013particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction\n        that physics needed a new, unified foundation.\\n\\n=== Theory of critical opalescence\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Critical opalescence}}\\nEinstein returned to the problem\n        of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations\n        in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily the density fluctuations are\n        controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the\n        density. At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large\n        fluctuations. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths\n        is scattered, making the fluid look milky white. Einstein relates this to\n        [[Rayleigh scattering]], which is what happens when the fluctuation size is\n        much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.{{cite\n        web |last=Levenson |first=Thomas |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/genius/\n        |title=Einstein''s Big Idea |publisher=WBGH |type=public broadcaster website\n        |via=NOVA by [[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS), Arlington, VA, USA |location=Boston,\n        MA, USA |date=9 September 1997 |accessdate=2015-06-20}} Einstein quantitatively\n        derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and\n        demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the\n        atomistic constitution of matter.\\n\\n=== Zero-point energy ===\\n{{Main article|Zero-point\n        energy}}\\nIn a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated\n        his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his\n        \\\"second quantum theory\\\". Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Einstein\n        and his assistant [[Otto Stern]]. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic\n        molecules contains zero-point energy, they then compared the theoretical specific\n        heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data. The numbers matched nicely.\n        However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support,\n        because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point\n        energy.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol. 4: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1912\\u20131914|pp=270ff}}\\n\\n===\n        General relativity and the equivalence principle ===\\n{{Main article|History\n        of general relativity}}\\n{{See also|Principle of equivalence|Theory of relativity|Einstein\n        field equations}}\\n[[File:1919 eclipse positive.jpg|alt=Black circle covering\n        the sun, rays visible around it, in a dark sky.|thumb|upright|[[Arthur Stanley\n        Eddington|Eddington]]''s photograph of a [[solar eclipse]]]]\\nGeneral relativity\n        (GR) is a [[theory of gravitation]] that was developed by Einstein between\n        1907 and 1915. According to [[general relativity]], the observed gravitational\n        attraction between masses results from the warping of [[spacetime|space and\n        time]] by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential\n        tool in modern [[astrophysics]]. It provides the foundation for the current\n        understanding of [[black holes]], regions of space where gravitational attraction\n        is so strong that not even light can escape.\\n\\nAs Einstein later said, the\n        reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of\n        inertial motions within [[special relativity]] was unsatisfactory, while a\n        theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated\n        ones) should appear more satisfactory.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1923}} Consequently,\n        in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity.\n        In that article titled \\\"On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn\n        from It\\\", he argued that [[free fall]] is really inertial motion, and that\n        for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This\n        argument is called the [[equivalence principle]]. In the same article, Einstein\n        also predicted the phenomena of [[gravitational time dilation]], [[gravitational\n        red shift]] and [[Gravitational lensing|deflection of light]].{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=179\\u2013183}}{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        2: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1900\\u20131909|pp=273\\u2013274}}\\n\\nIn 1911,\n        Einstein published another article \\\"On the Influence of Gravitation on the\n        Propagation of Light\\\" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated\n        the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical\n        prediction of general relativity can for the first time be tested experimentally.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=194\\u2013195}}\\n\\n====Gravitational\n        waves====\\nIn 1916, Einstein predicted [[gravitational wave]]s,{{cite\n        journal|author=Einstein, A |title=N\\u00e4herungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen\n        der Gravitation |date= June 1916 |url=http://einstein-annalen.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/related_texts/sitzungsberichte\n        |journal=[[Prussian Academy of Sciences|Sitzungsberichte der K\\u00f6niglich\n        Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin]] |volume=part 1|pages=688\\u2013696}}{{cite\n        journal|author=Einstein, A |title=\\u00dcber Gravitationswellen |date=1918\n        |url=http://einstein-annalen.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/related_texts/sitzungsberichte\n        |journal=Sitzungsberichte der K\\u00f6niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften\n        Berlin|volume=part 1|pages=154\\u2013167}} ripples in the [[curvature]]\n        of spacetime which propagate as [[wave]]s, traveling outward from the source,\n        transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational\n        waves is possible under general relativity due to its [[Lorentz invariance]]\n        which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical\n        interactions of gravity with it. By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist\n        in the [[Newton''s law of universal gravitation|Newtonian theory of gravitation]],\n        which postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite\n        speed.\\n\\nThe first, indirect, detection of gravitational waves came in the\n        1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting [[neutron stars]],\n        [[PSR B1913+16]].{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160211-gravitational-waves-found-spacetime-science/\n        |title=Found! Gravitational Waves, or a Wrinkle in Spacetime |work=Nadia Drake\n        |publisher=National Geographic |date=11 February 2016 |accessdate=6 July 2016\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212083049/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160211-gravitational-waves-found-spacetime-science/\n        |archivedate=12 February 2016 |df= }} The explanation of the decay in\n        their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves.{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/press.html|title=Gravity\n        investigated with a binary pulsar-Press Release: The 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics|publisher=Nobel\n        Foundation|accessdate=6 July 2016}} Einstein''s prediction was confirmed\n        on 11 February 2016, when researchers at [[LIGO]] published the [[first observation\n        of gravitational waves]],{{cite journal |collaboration=LIGO\n        Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last1=Abbott |first1=Benjamin\n        P. |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger\n        |url=http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |journal=[[Phys.\n        Rev. Lett.]] |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=061102 |year=2016 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102\n        |arxiv=1602.03837 |lay-summary=https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/system/media_files/binaries/301/original/detection-science-summary.pdf|bibcode\n        = 2016PhRvL.116f1102A |pmid=26918975}} on Earth, exactly one hundred\n        years after the prediction.{{Cite web|title = Gravitational\n        Waves: Ripples in the fabric of space-time|publisher=LIGO {{!}} MIT|url =\n        http://space.mit.edu/LIGO/more.html|website = space.mit.edu|access-date =\n        2016-02-12|date = 2016-02-11}}{{Cite web|title = Scientists make\n        first direct detection of gravitational waves|work=Jennifer Chu|url = http://news.mit.edu/2016/ligo-first-detection-gravitational-waves-0211|publisher\n        = MIT News|access-date = 2016-02-12}}{{Cite web|title = Einstein''s\n        gravitational waves ''seen'' from black holes \\u2013 BBC News|url = http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35524440|website\n        = BBC News|access-date = 2016-02-12|language = en-GB}}{{Cite news|title\n        = Gravitational Waves Detected, Confirming Einstein\\u2019s Theory|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html|newspaper\n        = The New York Times|date = 2016-02-11|access-date = 2016-02-12|issn = 0362-4331|first\n        = Dennis|last = Overbye}}\\n\\n=== Hole argument and Entwurf theory ===\\n{{Main\n        article|Hole argument}}\\nWhile developing general relativity, Einstein became\n        confused about the [[gauge invariance]] in the theory. He formulated an argument\n        that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible.\n        He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations, and searched\n        for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations\n        only.\\n\\nIn June 1913, the Entwurf (\\\"draft\\\") theory was the result of these\n        investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant\n        and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented\n        by additional gauge fixing conditions. After more than two years of intensive\n        work, Einstein realized that the [[hole argument]] was mistakenvan Dongen,\n        Jeroen (2010) ''''Einstein''s Unification'''' Cambridge University Press,\n        p.23. and abandoned the theory in November 1915.\\n\\n=== Physical Cosmology\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Physical Cosmology}}\\n{{cosmology|scientists}}\\nIn 1917,\n        Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the\n        universe as a whole.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1917a}} He discovered that the general\n        field equations predicted a universe that was dynamic, either contracting\n        or expanding. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was not known\n        at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the [[cosmological constant]],\n        to the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe.\n        The modified field equations predicted a static universe of closed curvature,\n        in accordance with Einstein''s understanding of [[Mach''s principle]] in these\n        years. This model became known as the Einstein World or [[Einstein''s static\n        universe]].{{Sfnp|Pais|1994|pp=285\\u2013286}} {{cite book|last1=North|first1=J.D.|title=The\n        Measure of the Universe: A History of Modern Cosmology|date=1965|publisher=Dover|location=New\n        York|pages=81\\u201383}}\\n\\nFollowing the discovery of the recession\n        of the nebulae by [[Edwin Hubble]] in 1929, Einstein abandoned his static\n        model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, [[The\n        Friedmann-Einstein universe]] of 1931Einstein,\n        A. 1931. Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativit\\u00e4tstheorie\n        Sitzungsb.K\\u00f6nig. Preuss. Akad. 235\\u2013237O\\u2019Raifeartaigh,\n        C. and McCann, B. (2014) \\u2018Einstein\\u2019s cosmic model of 1931 revisited:\n        an analysis and translation of a forgotten model of the universe\\u2019. Eur.\n        Phys. J. (H) 39 (1), pp. 63\\u201385. Physics ArXiv preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.2192\n        and the [[Einstein\\u2013de Sitter universe]] of 1932.Einstein,\n        A and de Sitter, W. 1932. On the relation between the expansion and the mean\n        density of the universe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18:\n        213\\u2013214{{cite journal|last1=Nussbaumer|first1=Harry|title=Einstein''s\n        conversion from his static to an expanding universe|journal=Eur. Phys. J (H)|date=2014|volume=39|issue=1|pages=37\\u201362|arxiv=1311.2763|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2013-40037-6|bibcode\n        = 2014EPJH...39...37N }} In each of these models, Einstein discarded\n        the cosmological constant, claiming that it was \\\"in any case theoretically\n        unsatisfactory\\\".{{cite\n        book|last1=Nussbaumer and Bieri|title=Discovering the Expanding Universe|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=144\\u2013152}}\\n\\nIn many\n        Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological\n        constant in later years as his \\\"biggest blunder\\\". The astrophysicist [[Mario\n        Livio]] has recently cast doubt on this claim, suggesting that it may be exaggerated.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/books/review/brilliant-blunders-by-mario-livio.html|title=The\n        Genius of Getting It Wrong|date=9 June 2013|work=The New York Times}}\\n\\nIn\n        late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist [[Cormac O''Raifeartaigh]] discovered\n        evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble''s observations of the recession\n        of the nebulae, Einstein considered a [[Steady State theory|steady-state model]]\n        of the universe.{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/news/einstein-s-lost-theory-uncovered-1.14767|title=Einstein\\u2019s\n        lost theory uncovered|work=Nature News & Comment}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2014/03/14/135th-birthday-einstein-still-full-surprises/#.UybABMHiG9V|title=On\n        His 135th Birthday, Einstein is Still Full of Surprises|work=Out There}}\n        In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein\n        explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter\n        remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process he associated\n        with the cosmological constant.O\\u2019Raifeartaigh,\n        C., B. McCann, W. Nahm and S. Mitton. (2014)'' Einstein\\u2019s steady-state\n        theory: an abandoned model of the cosmos''. Eur. Phys. J (H) 39(3):353\\u2013369.\n        Physics ArXiv preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0132Nussbaumer, H. (2014). \\u2018Einstein\\u2019s aborted attempt\n        at a dynamic steady state universe\\u2019. Physics ArXiv preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4099\n        As he stated in the paper, \\\"In what follows, I would like to draw attention\n        to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel''s [''''sic'''']\n        facts, and in which the density is constant over time\\\" ... \\\"If one considers\n        a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving\n        it. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually\n        formed in the volume from space.\\\"\\n\\nIt thus appears that Einstein considered\n        a [[Steady State theory|steady-state model]] of the expanding universe many\n        years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold.Hoyle, \\\"A New Model for the Expanding\n        Universe,\\\" MNRAS 108 (1948) 372. {{Bibcode|1948MNRAS.108..372H}}Bondi\n        and Gold, \\\"The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe,\\\" MNRAS 108\n        (1948) 252. {{Bibcode|1948MNRAS.108..252B}} However, Einstein''s steady-state\n        model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea.{{cite\n        web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2014/03/07/einsteins-lost-theory-describes-a-universe-without-a-big-bang/#.Uya3EcHiG9U|title=Einstein''s\n        Lost Theory Describes a Universe Without a Big Bang \\u2013 The Crux|work=The\n        Crux}}\\n\\n=== Modern quantum theory ===\\n{{Main article|Schr\\u00f6dinger\n        equation}}\\n[[File:NYT May 4, 1935.jpg|thumb|Newspaper headline on 4 May 1935]]\\nEinstein\n        was displeased with quantum theory and quantum mechanics (a theory he had\n        helped create), despite its acceptance by other physicists, stating that God\n        \\\"is not playing at dice.\\\"{{cite book |title=The New Penguin Dictionary\n        of Modern Quotations |first1=Robert |last1=Andrews |publisher=Penguin UK |date=2003\n        |isbn=0-14-196531-2 |page=499 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VK0vR4fsaigC}}\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=VK0vR4fsaigC&pg=PT499 Extract of page 499]\n        Einstein continued to maintain his disbelief in the theory, and attempted\n        unsuccessfully to disprove it until he died at the age of 76.[http://video.pbs.org/video/1512280538\n        Video: The Elegant Universe: Part 1 | Watch NOVA Online | PBS Video]. Video.pbs.org.\n        Retrieved on 11 May 2012. In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity,\n        Einstein published an article in ''''Physikalische Zeitschrift'''' that proposed\n        the possibility of [[stimulated emission]], the physical process that makes\n        possible the [[maser]] and the [[laser]].{{Sfnp|Einstein|1917b}}\\nThis article\n        showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only\n        be consistent with Planck''s distribution law if the emission of light into\n        a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission\n        of light into an empty mode. This paper was enormously influential in the\n        later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to\n        show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws. Einstein discovered\n        [[Louis de Broglie]]''s work, and supported his ideas, which were received\n        skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave\n        a wave equation for [[Matter wave|de Broglie waves]], which Einstein suggested\n        was the [[Hamilton\\u2013Jacobi equation]] of mechanics. This paper would inspire\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger''s work of 1926.\\n\\n=== Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics ===\\n{{Main\n        article|Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics}}\\nIn 1924, Einstein received a description\n        of a [[statistical mechanics|statistical]] model from Indian physicist [[Satyendra\n        Nath Bose]], based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood\n        as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose''s statistics\n        applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted\n        his translation of Bose''s paper to the ''''[[Zeitschrift f\\u00fcr Physik]]''''.\n        Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications,\n        among them the [[Bose\\u2013Einstein condensate]] phenomenon that some particulates\n        should appear at very low temperatures.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1924}} It was not until\n        1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by [[Eric\n        Allin Cornell]] and [[Carl Wieman]] using [[ultracold atom|ultra-cooling]]\n        equipment built at the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]\\u2013[[JILA]]\n        laboratory at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]].{{Citation|url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm\n        |title=Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics |date=9 October\n        2001 |accessdate=11 June 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610080506/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics\n        are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of [[boson]]s. Einstein''s\n        sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library\n        of the Leiden University.\\n\\n=== Energy momentum\n        pseudotensor ===\\n{{Main article|Stress\\u2013energy\\u2013momentum pseudotensor}}\\nGeneral\n        relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to\n        identify the conserved energy and momentum. [[Noether''s theorem]] allows\n        these quantities to be determined from a [[Lagrangian (field theory)|Lagrangian]]\n        with [[Translational symmetry|translation invariance]], but [[general covariance]]\n        makes translation invariance into something of a [[gauge symmetry]]. The energy\n        and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether''s presecriptions\n        do not make a real tensor for this reason.\\n\\nEinstein argued that this is\n        true for fundamental reasons, because the gravitational field could be made\n        to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant\n        energy momentum pseudotensor was in fact the best description of the energy\n        momentum distribution in a gravitational field. This approach has been echoed\n        by [[Lev Landau]] and [[Evgeny Lifshitz]], and others, and has become standard.\\n\\nThe\n        use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was heavily criticized in\n        1917 by [[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]] and others.\\n\\n=== Unified field theory\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Classical unified field theories}}\\nFollowing his research\n        on general relativity, Einstein entered into a series of attempts to generalize\n        his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism as another\n        aspect of a single entity. In 1950, he described his \\\"[[unified field theory]]\\\"\n        in a ''''[[Scientific American]]'''' article titled \\\"On the Generalized Theory\n        of Gravitation\\\".{{Sfnp|Einstein|1950}} Although he continued to be lauded\n        for his work, Einstein became increasingly isolated in his research, and his\n        efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.\\nIn his pursuit of a unification of\n        the fundamental forces, Einstein ignored some mainstream developments in physics,\n        most notably the [[strong nuclear force|strong]] and [[weak nuclear force]]s,\n        which were not well understood until many years after his death. Mainstream\n        physics, in turn, largely ignored Einstein''s approaches to unification. Einstein''s\n        dream of unifying other laws of physics with gravity motivates modern quests\n        for a [[theory of everything]] and in particular [[string theory]], where\n        geometrical fields emerge in a unified quantum-mechanical setting.\\n\\n===\n        Wormholes ===\\n{{Main article|Wormhole}}\\nIn 1935, Einstein collaborated with\n        [[Nathan Rosen]] to produce a model of a [[wormhole]], often called [[Einstein\\u2013Rosen\n        bridges]].{{cite journal |author=Einstein, Albert |author2=Rosen, Nathan\n        |last-author-amp=yes |date=1935 |title=The Particle Problem in the General\n        Theory of Relativity |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=48 |page=73 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.48.73\n        |bibcode=1935PhRv...48...73E}}{{cite web|title=2015 \\u2013 General\n        Relativity\\u2019s Centennial|publisher=[[American Physical Society]]|date=2015|url=https://journals.aps.org/general-relativity-centennial|accessdate=7\n        April 2017}} His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge\n        as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined\n        in the paper \\\"Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution\n        of the Elementary Particles?\\\". These solutions cut and pasted [[Schwarzschild\n        black hole]]s to make a bridge between two patches.{{cite web|title=Focus:\n        The Birth of Wormholes|first=David | last=Lindley|url=https://physics.aps.org/story/v15/st11|publisher=American\n        Physical Society|date=25 March 2005|accessdate=7 April 2017}}\\n\\nIf\n        one end of a wormhole was positively charged, the other end would be negatively\n        charged. These properties led Einstein to believe that pairs of particles\n        and antiparticles could be described in this way.\\n\\n=== Einstein\\u2013Cartan\n        theory ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein\\u2013Cartan theory}}\\n[[File:Albert Einstein\n        photo 1920.jpg|alt=Einstein, sitting at a table, looks up from the papers\n        he is reading and into the camera.|thumb|upright|Einstein at his office, [[University\n        of Berlin]], 1920]]In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general\n        relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric\n        part, called the [[Torsion tensor|torsion]]. This modification was made by\n        Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s.\\n\\n=== Equations of motion ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein\\u2013Infeld\\u2013Hoffmann\n        equations}}\\nThe theory of general relativity has a fundamental law\\u2014the\n        [[Einstein equations]] which describe how space curves, the [[geodesic equation]]\n        which describes how particles move may be derived from the Einstein equations.\\n\\nSince\n        the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made\n        out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory\n        which is determined by the Einstein equations themselves, not by a new law.\n        So Einstein proposed that the path of a singular solution, like a black hole,\n        would be determined to be a geodesic from general relativity itself.\\n\\nThis\n        was established by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without\n        angular momentum, and by [[Roy Kerr]] for spinning objects.\\n\\n=== Other investigations\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein''s unsuccessful investigations}}\\nEinstein conducted\n        other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to\n        [[force]], [[superconductivity]], and other research.\\n\\n=== Collaboration\n        with other scientists ===\\n[[File:Solvay conference 1927.jpg|thumb|The 1927\n        [[Solvay Conference]] in Brussels, a gathering of the world''s top physicists.\n        Einstein is in the center.]]\\nIn addition to longtime collaborators [[Leopold\n        Infeld]], [[Nathan Rosen]], [[Peter Bergmann]] and others, Einstein also had\n        some one-shot collaborations with various scientists.\\n\\n==== Einstein\\u2013de\n        Haas experiment ====\\n{{Main article|Einstein\\u2013de Haas effect}}\\nEinstein\n        and De Haas demonstrated that magnetization is due to the motion of electrons,\n        nowadays known to be the spin. In order to show this, they reversed the magnetization\n        in an iron bar suspended on a [[torsion pendulum]]. They confirmed that this\n        leads the bar to rotate, because the electron''s angular momentum changes\n        as the magnetization changes. This experiment needed to be sensitive, because\n        the angular momentum associated with electrons is small, but it definitively\n        established that electron motion of some kind is responsible for magnetization.\\n\\n====\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger gas model ====\\nEinstein suggested to Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger\n        that he might be able to reproduce the statistics of a [[Bose\\u2013Einstein\n        condensate|Bose\\u2013Einstein gas]] by considering a box. Then to each possible\n        quantum motion of a particle in a box associate an independent harmonic oscillator.\n        Quantizing these oscillators, each level will have an integer occupation number,\n        which will be the number of particles in it.\\n\\nThis formulation is a form\n        of [[second quantization]], but it predates modern quantum mechanics. Erwin\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger applied this to derive the [[thermodynamic]] properties of\n        a [[Quantum chaos|semiclassical]] [[ideal gas]]. Schr\\u00f6dinger urged Einstein\n        to add his name as co-author, although Einstein declined the invitation.{{Citation\n        |last=Moore |first=Walter |date=1989 |title=Schr\\u00f6dinger: Life and Thought\n        |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43767-9}}\\n\\n====\n        Einstein refrigerator ====\\n{{Main article|Einstein refrigerator}}\\nIn 1926,\n        Einstein and his former student Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd co-invented (and in\n        1930, patented) the [[Einstein refrigerator]]. This [[absorption refrigerator]]\n        was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an\n        input.Goettling, Gary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050525082445/http://gtalumni.org/Publications/magazine/sum98/einsrefr.html\n        Einstein''s refrigerator] ''''Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine.'''' 1998. Retrieved\n        on 12 November 2014. [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]], a Hungarian physicist who\n        later worked on the Manhattan Project, is credited with the discovery of the\n        [[chain reaction]] On 11 November 1930, {{US patent|1781541}} was awarded\n        to Einstein and Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd for the refrigerator. Their invention\n        was not immediately put into commercial production, and the most promising\n        of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company [[Electrolux]].In\n        September 2008 it was reported that Malcolm McCulloch of Oxford University\n        was heading a three-year project to develop more robust appliances that could\n        be used in locales lacking electricity, and that his team had completed a\n        prototype Einstein refrigerator. He was quoted as saying that improving the\n        design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design''s efficiency\n        to be quadrupled.{{Citation | last = Alok | first = Jha | title = Einstein\n        fridge design can help global cooling |work=The Guardian |location=UK | date\n        = 21 September 2008 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/sep/21/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange\n        | accessdate =22 February 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110124172925/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/sep/21/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange|\n        archivedate= 24 January 2011 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\n=== Bohr\n        versus Einstein ===\\n{{Main article|Bohr\\u2013Einstein debates}}\\n[[File:Niels\n        Bohr Albert Einstein by Ehrenfest.jpg|upright|alt=Two men sitting, looking\n        relaxed. A dark-haired Bohr is talking while Einstein looks sceptical.|thumb|Einstein\n        and [[Niels Bohr]], 1925]] The Bohr\\u2013Einstein debates were a series of\n        public disputes about [[quantum mechanics]] between Einstein and [[Niels Bohr]]\n        who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their\n        importance to the [[philosophy of science]].{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/dk/bohr.htm\n        | title = Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic\n        Physics | accessdate =30 August 2010 | author = Bohr N | work=The Value of\n        Knowledge: A Miniature Library of Philosophy | publisher=[[Marxists Internet\n        Archive]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913033345/http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/dk/bohr.htm|\n        archivedate= 13 September 2010 | deadurl= no}} From Albert Einstein:\n        Philosopher-Scientist (1949), publ. Cambridge University Press, 1949. Niels\n        Bohr''s report of conversations with Einstein.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1969|loc=A\n        reprint of this book was published by Edition Erbrich in 1982, {{ISBN|3-88682-005-X}}}}{{Sfnp|Einstein|1935}}\n        Their debates would influence later [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]].\\n\\n===\n        Einstein\\u2013Podolsky\\u2013Rosen paradox ===\\n{{Main article|EPR paradox}}\\nIn\n        1935, Einstein returned to the question of quantum mechanics. He considered\n        how a measurement on one of two entangled particles would affect the other.\n        He noted, along with his collaborators, that by performing different measurements\n        on the distant particle, either of position or momentum, different properties\n        of the entangled partner could be discovered without disturbing it in any\n        way.\\n\\nHe then used a hypothesis of [[local realism]] to conclude that the\n        other particle had these properties already determined. The principle he proposed\n        is that if it is possible to determine what the answer to a position or momentum\n        measurement would be, without in any way disturbing the particle, then the\n        particle actually has values of position or momentum.\\n\\nThis principle distilled\n        the essence of Einstein''s objection to quantum mechanics. As a physical principle,\n        it was shown to be incorrect when the [[Aspect experiment]] of 1982 confirmed\n        [[Bell''s theorem]], which had been promulgated in 1964.\\n\\n== Non-scientific\n        legacy ==\\nWhile traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted\n        stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed\n        to [[The Hebrew University]]. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters\n        to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until\n        twenty years after her death (she died in 1986{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFD9153FF931A25754C0A960948260\n        |title=Obituary |work=New York Times |date=12 July 1986 |accessdate=3 April\n        2011}}). Einstein had expressed his interest in the [[plumbing]] profession\n        and was made an honorary member of the Plumbers and Steamfitters Union.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/orland-park-homer-glen/community/chi-ugc-article-13-plumbing-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-2016-02-15-story.html|title=13\n        Plumbing Facts You Probably Didn\\u2019t Know|last=UGC|first=Chicago Tribune|website=chicagotribune.com|access-date=2016-04-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331093621/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/orland-park-homer-glen/community/chi-ugc-article-13-plumbing-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-2016-02-15-story.html|archivedate=31\n        March 2016|df=dmy-all}}{{Cite web|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117028/world-beckons|title=Carl\n        Sagan Explains Albert Einstein|last=Sagan|first=Carl|date=2014-03-14|website=New\n        Republic|access-date=2016-04-10}} Barbara Wolff, of [[The Hebrew University]]''s\n        [[Albert Einstein Archives]], told the [[BBC]] that there are about 3,500\n        pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.{{Citation\n        |title =Letters Reveal Einstein Love Life |journal=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC\n        |url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5168002.stm |accessdate =14\n        March 2007 | date=11 July 2006}}\\n\\n[[Branded Entertainment Network|Corbis]],\n        successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and associated\n        imagery, as agent for the university.{{Citation|url=http://einstein.biz/|title=Einstein|publisher=Corbis\n        Rights Representation|accessdate=8 August 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080819220424/http://einstein.biz/|\n        archivedate= 19 August 2008 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\n== In popular\n        culture ==\\n{{Main article|Albert Einstein in popular culture}}\\nIn the period\n        before World War II, ''''[[The New Yorker]]'''' published a vignette in their\n        \\\"The Talk of the Town\\\" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in\n        America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain\n        \\\"that theory\\\". He finally figured out a way to handle the incessant inquiries.\n        He told his inquirers \\\"Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor\n        Einstein.\\\"{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1939/01/14/1939_01_14_011_TNY_CARDS_000176356|title=Disguise|first=E.\n        | last=Libman|date=14 January 1939|work=The New Yorker}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and\n        works of music.{{cite web |url=http://www.cindymctee.com/einsteins_dream.html\n        |title=Einstein''s Dream for orchestra |first=Cindy |last=McTee |publisher=Cindymctee.com\n        }} He is a favorite model for depictions of [[mad scientist]]s and [[absent-minded\n        professor]]s; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely\n        copied and exaggerated. ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine''s Frederic\n        Golden wrote that Einstein was \\\"a cartoonist''s dream come true\\\".{{Citation|last\n        =Golden |first =Frederic |title =Person of the Century: Albert Einstein|magazine\n        =Time |date =3 January 2000 |url =http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/albert_einstein5a.html\n        |accessdate =25 February 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060221080452/http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/albert_einstein5a.html|\n        archivedate= 21 February 2006 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\n== Awards\n        and honors ==\\n{{Main article|Einstein''s awards and honors}}\\nEinstein received\n        numerous awards and honors and in 1922 he was awarded the 1921 [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics]] \\\"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for\n        his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\\\". None of the nominations\n        in 1921 met the criteria set by [[Alfred Nobel]], so the 1921 prize was carried\n        forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922.{{cite web\n        |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ |title=The\n        Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Prize\n        |access-date=11 July 2016}}\\n\\n== Publications ==\\n: ''''The following\n        publications by Einstein are referenced in this article. A more complete list\n        of his publications may be found at [[List of scientific publications by Albert\n        Einstein]].''''\\n{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1901\\n|orig-year = Manuscript received: 16 December 1900\\n|publication-date\n        = 14 March 2006\\n|via = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken,\n        NJ\\n|title = Folgerungen aus den Capillarit\\u00e4tserscheinungen\\n|trans-title\n        = Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity\\n|language = German\\n|place\n        = Zurich, Switzerland\\n|work = [[Annalen der Physik]] (Berlin)\\n|volume =\n        309\\n|pages = 513\\u2013523\\n|issue = 3\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19013090306\\n|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19013090306/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1901AnP...309..513E\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1905a\\n|orig-year = Manuscript received: 18 March 1905\\n|publication-date\n        = 10 March 2006\\n|via = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken,\n        NJ\\n|title = \\u00dcber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden\n        heuristischen Gesichtspunkt\\n|trans-title = On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning\n        the Production and Transformation of Light\\n|language = German\\n|place = Berne,\n        Switzerland\\n|work= Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume = 322\\n|pages = 132\\u2013148\\n|issue\n        = 6\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220607\\n|url = http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..132E\\n}}\\n* {{cite thesis\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1905b\\n|orig-year = Completed 30 April and submitted 20\n        July 1905\\n|publication-date = 2008\\n|publisher = [[ETH]] Z\\u00fcrich\\n|via\n        = ETH Bibliothek\\n|publication-place = Zurich, Switzerland\\n|title = Eine\n        neue Bestimmung der Molek\\u00fcldimensionen\\n|trans-title = A new determination\n        of molecular dimensions\\n|language = German\\n|work = Dissertationen [[Universit\\u00e4t\n        Z\\u00fcrich]]\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland, published by Wyss Buchdruckerei\\n|type\n        = PhD Thesis\\n|doi = 10.3929/ethz-a-000565688\\n|url = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|ref = harv\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1905c\\n|orig-year = Manuscript received: 11 May 1905\\n|publication-date\n        = 10 March 2006\\n|via = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken,\n        NJ\\n|title = \\u00dcber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der W\\u00e4rme\n        geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Fl\\u00fcssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen\\n|trans-title\n        = On the Motion \\u2013 Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat \\u2013\n        of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid\\n|language = German\\n|place\n        = Berne, Switzerland\\n|work = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume = 322\\n|issue\n        = 8\\n|pages = 549\\u2013560\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220806\\n|url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19053220806/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..549E\\n|hdl = 10915/2785\\n|hdl-access = free\\n}}\\n*\n        {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1905d\\n|orig-year =\n        Manuscript received: 30 June 1905\\n|publication-date = 10 March 2006\\n|via\n        = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken, NJ\\n|title = Zur Elektrodynamik\n        bewegter K\\u00f6rper\\n|trans-title = On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\\n|language\n        = German\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland\\n|work = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume\n        = 322\\n|issue = 10\\n|pages = 891\\u2013921\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053221004\\n|url\n        = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19053221004/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..891E\\n|hdl = 10915/2786\\n|hdl-access = free\\n}}\\n*\n        {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1905e\\n|orig-year =\n        Manuscript received: 27 September 1905\\n|publication-date = 10 March 2006\\n|via\n        = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken, NJ\\n|title = Ist die\n        Tr\\u00e4gheit eines K\\u00f6rpers von seinem Energieinhalt abh\\u00e4ngig?\\n|trans-title\n        = Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?\\n|language =\n        German\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland\\n|work = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume\n        = 323\\n|issue = 13\\n|pages = 639\\u2013641\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053231314\\n|url\n        = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19053231314/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...323..639E\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1915\\n|orig-year = Published 25 November 1915\\n|via = ECHO,\n        Cultural Heritage Online, [[Max Planck Institute]] for the History of Science\\n|place\n        = Berlin, Germany\\n|title = Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation\\n|trans-title\n        = The Field Equations of Gravitation\\n|language = German\\n|work = [[Prussian\n        Academy of Sciences|K\\u00f6niglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften]]\\n|pages\n        = 844\\u2013847\\n|url = http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:ZZB2HK6W\\n|format\n        = Online page images\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1917a\\n|title = Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativit\\u00e4tstheorie\\n|trans-title\n        = Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity\\n|language\n        = German\\n|work = [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|K\\u00f6niglich Preussische\n        Akademie der Wissenschaften]], Berlin\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1917b\\n|title = Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung\\n|trans-title\n        = On the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation\\n|language = German\\n|work = Physikalische\n        Zeitschrift\\n|volume = 18\\n|pages = 121\\u2013128\\n|bibcode = 1917PhyZ...18..121E\\n}}\\n*\n        {{cite speech\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1923\\n|event = Lecture\n        delivered to the Nordic Assembly of Naturalists at Gothenburg, 11 July 1923\\n|place\n        = Gothenburg\\n|orig-year = First published 1923, in English 1967\\n|publication-date\n        = 3 February 2015\\n|title = Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativit\\u00e4tstheorie\\n|trans-title\n        = Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity\\n|language =\n        German (1923) and English (1967)\\n|work = Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901\\u20131921\\n|publisher\n        = Nobelprice.org\\n|via = Nobel Media AB 2014\\n|publication-place = Stockholm\\n|url\n        = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.html\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|ref = harv\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1924\\n|title = Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases\\n|trans-title\n        = Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases\\n|language = German\\n|orig-year\n        = Published 10 July 1924\\n|via = ECHO, Cultural Heritage Online, [[Max Planck\n        Institute]] for the History of Science\\n|publication-place = Munich, Germany\\n|journal\n        = Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathematische\n        Klasse\\n|pages = 261\\u2013267\\n|publisher = [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|K\\u00f6niglich\n        Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften]], Berlin\\n|url = http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:DRQK5WYB\\n|format\n        = Online page images\\n}}. First of a series of papers on this topic.\\n* {{Citation\\n|last\n        = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 12 March 1926\\n|orig-year = Cover Date\n        1 March 1926\\n|place = Berlin\\n|title = Die Ursache der M\\u00e4anderbildung\n        der Flu\\u00dfl\\u00e4ufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes\\n|trans-title\n        = On [[Baer''s law]] and [[meander]]s in the courses of rivers\\n|language\n        = German\\n|journal = Die Naturwissenschaften\\n|volume = 14\\n|pages = 223\\u2013224\\n|publisher\n        = Springer-Verlag\\n|via = SpringerLink\\n|publication-place = Heidelberg, Germany\\n|doi\n        = 10.1007/BF01510300\\n|bibcode = 1926NW.....14..223E\\n|issue = 11\\n|issn =\n        1432-1904\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1926b\\n|title\n        = Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland\\n|publisher\n        = Dover Publications\\n|editor = R. F\\u00fcrth\\n|others = Translated by A.\n        D. Cowper\\n|publication-date = 1956\\n|publication-place = USA\\n|isbn = 978-1-60796-285-4\\n|url\n        = http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/lectures/Rotman_Summer_School_2013/Einstein_1905_docs/Einstein_Dissertation_English.pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|accessdate = 2015-01-04\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|last2 = Podolsky\\n|first2 = Boris\\n|last3 = Rosen\\n|first3 = Nathan\\n|date\n        = 15 May 1935\\n|title = Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality\n        Be Considered Complete?\\n|journal = Physical Review\\n|publisher = American\n        Physical Society\\n|via = APS Journals\\n|issue = 10\\n|volume = 47\\n|pages =\n        777\\u2013780\\n|orig-year = Received 25 March 1935\\n|doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.47.777\\n|bibcode\n        = 1935PhRv...47..777E\\n|url = http://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|ref = {{harvid|Einstein|1935}}\\n|doi-access = free\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last\n        = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 9 November 1940\\n|title = On Science\n        and Religion\\n|journal = Nature\\n|volume = 146\\n|issue = 3706\\n|doi = 10.1038/146605a0\\n|pages\n        = 605\\u2013607\\n|isbn = 0-7073-0453-9\\n|publisher = Macmillan Publishers Group\\n|location\n        = Edinburgh\\n|bibcode = 1940Natur.146..605E\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|display-authors = etal\\n|date = 4 December 1948\\n|title = To the\n        editors of the New York Times\\n|newspaper = New York Times\\n|url = http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html\\n|isbn\n        = 0-7354-0359-7\\n|publisher = AIP, American Inst. of Physics\\n|location =\n        Melville, New York\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = May 1949\\n|title = Why Socialism? (Reprise)\\n|magazine = Monthly Review\\n|volume\n        = 61\\n|issue = 01 (May)\\n|publisher = Monthly Review Foundation\\n|via = MonthlyReview.org\\n|publication-date\n        = May 2009\\n|publication-place = New York\\n|url = http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm\\n|accessdate\n        = 16 January 2006\\n| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060111081948/http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm|\n        archivedate= 11 January 2006 | deadurl= no\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last\n        = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1950\\n|title = On the Generalized Theory\n        of Gravitation\\n|journal = Scientific American\\n|volume = CLXXXII\\n|issue\n        = 4\\n|pages = 13\\u201317\\n|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0450-13\\n|bibcode\n        = 1950SciAm.182d..13E }}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1954\\n|title = Ideas and Opinions\\n|place = New York\\n|publisher = Random\n        House\\n|isbn = 0-517-00393-7\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first =\n        Albert\\n|date = 1969\\n|title = Albert Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born: Briefwechsel\n        1916\\u20131955\\n|publisher = Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung\\n|location = Munich\\n|language\n        = German\\n|isbn = 3-88682-005-X\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1979\\n|edition = Centennial\\n|title = Autobiographical Notes\\n|place\n        = Chicago\\n|publisher = Open Court\\n|isbn = 0-87548-352-6\\n|others = Paul\n        Arthur Schilpp\\n}}. The ''''chasing a light beam'''' thought experiment is\n        described on pages 48\\u201351.\\n* Collected Papers: {{Citation\\n|editor=Stachel,\n        John\\n|editor-link=John Stachel\\n|editor2=Martin J. Klein\\n|editor3=A. J.\n        Kox\\n|editor4=Michel Janssen\\n|editor5=R. Schulmann\\n|editor6=Diana Komos\n        Buchwald\\n|display-editors=etal\\n|publication-date = 21 July 2008\\n|orig-year\n        = Published between 1987\\u20132006\\n|title = The Collected Papers of Albert\n        Einstein\\n|volume = 1\\u201310\\n|work = Einstein''s Writings\\n|publisher =\n        [[Princeton University Press]]\\n|url = http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/writings.html#papers\\n|ref\n        = {{harvid|Stachel|2008}}\\n}}. Further information about the volumes published\n        so far can be found on the webpages of the [http://www.einstein.caltech.edu/index.html\n        Einstein Papers Project] and on the [[Princeton University Press]] [http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/\n        Einstein Page]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== See also ==\\n{{div col|colwidth=20em}}\\n*\n        [[Albert Einstein House]] in Princeton\\n* {{Books-inline}}\\n* [[Einstein notation]]\\n*\n        [[The Einstein Theory of Relativity|''''Einstein Theory of Relativity, The'''']]\n        (educational film)\\n* ''''[[Genius (U.S. TV series)|Genius]]'''', a television\n        series depicting Einstein''s life\\n* [[Heinrich Burkhardt]]\\n* [[Historical\n        Museum of Bern]] (Einstein Museum)\\n* [[History of gravitational theory]]\\n*\n        [[Introduction to special relativity]]\\n* [[List of coupled cousins]]\\n* [[List\n        of German inventors and discoverers]]\\n* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates|Jewish\n        Nobel laureates]]\\n* [[List of peace activists]]\\n* [[Template:Nature timeline|Nature\n        timeline]]\\n* [[Political views of Albert Einstein]]\\n* [[Relativity priority\n        dispute]]\\n* [[Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein]]\\n* [[Sticky\n        bead argument]]\\n{{div col end}}\\n\\n== Notes ==\\n{{reflist|group=note}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n== Further reading ==\\n{{refbegin|35em}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Brian |first=Denis |date=1996 |title=Einstein: A Life |location=New\n        York |publisher=John Wiley}}\\n* {{Citation |last1=Calaprice |first1=Alice\n        |first2=Daniel |last2=Kennefick |first3=Robert |last3=Schulmann |title=An\n        Einstein Encyclopedia |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Clark |first=Ronald W. |authorlink=Ronald W. Clark |date=1971\n        |title=Einstein: The Life and Times |location=New York |publisher=Avon Books\n        |isbn=0-380-44123-3}}\\n* {{Citation |last=F\\u00f6lsing |first=Albrecht |date=1997\n        |title=Albert Einstein: A Biography |location=New York |publisher=Penguin\n        Viking |others=Translated and abridged from German by Ewald Osers |isbn=978-0-670-85545-2}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last1=Highfield |first1=Roger |authorlink=Roger Highfield |last2=Carter\n        |first2=Paul |date=1993 |title=The Private Lives of Albert Einstein |location=London\n        |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-16744-9}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Hoffmann\n        |first=Banesh |others=with the collaboration of Helen Dukas |date=1972 |title=Albert\n        Einstein: Creator and Rebel'' |location=London |publisher=Hart-Davis, MacGibbon\n        |isbn=978-0-670-11181-7}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter\n        Isaacson |date=2007 |title=Einstein: His Life and Universe |publisher=Simon\n        & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-6473-0}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Moring |first=Gary |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=875TTxildJ0C&dq=idiots+guide+to+einstein&printsec=frontcover\n        |title=The complete idiot''s guide to understanding Einstein |edition=1st\n        |location=Indianapolis IN |publisher=Alpha books (Macmillan) |isbn=0-02-863180-3}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Neffe |first=J\\u00fcrgen |title=Einstein: A Biography |others=Translated\n        by Shelley Frisch |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8K6n177ZwcC\n        |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-14664-1}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Oppenheimer |first=J. Robert |date=1971 |title=On Albert Einstein |pages=8\\u201312,\n        208 |work=Science and synthesis: an international colloquium organized by\n        Unesco on the tenth anniversary of the death of Albert Einstein and Teilhard\n        de Chardin |publisher=Springer-Verlag |others=Lecture delivered at the UNESCO\n        House in Paris on 13 December 1965}}, or {{Citation |work=The New York Review\n        of Books |date=17 March 1966 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1966/mar/17/on-albert-einstein/?pagination=false\n        |title=On Albert Einstein by Robert Oppenheimer}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Pais\n        |first=Abraham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QYTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=1982\n        |title=Subtle is the Lord: The science and the life of Albert Einstein |publisher=Oxford\n        University Press |isbn=978-0-19-853907-0}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Pais |first=Abraham\n        |date=1994 |title=Einstein Lived Here |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=\n        0-19-280672-6}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Parker |first=Barry |date=2000 |title=Einstein''s\n        Brainchild: Relativity Made Relatively Easy! |publisher= Prometheus Books\n        |others=Illustrated by Lori Scoffield-Beer |isbn=978-1-59102-522-1}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Rogers |first=Donald W. |title=Einstein''s \\\"Other\\\" Theory: The Planck-Bose-Einstein\n        Theory of Heat Capacity |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-691-11826-0}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Schweber |first=Silvan S. |authorlink=Silvan S. Schweber\n        |date=2008 |title=Einstein and [[J. Robert Oppenheimer|Oppenheimer]]: The\n        Meaning of Genius |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02828-9}}\\n*\n        {{Citation|last=Stachel |first=John J. |date=1966 |title=Albert Einstein and\n        Mileva Mari\\u0107 |url=http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf\n        |publisher=unknown |series= |volume=9 |isbn= |via=archive.org |accessdate=2016-05-13\n        |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015425/http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf\n        |archivedate=7 March 2008 }}\\n* {{Citation |last=Stachel |first=John J. |date=2002\n        |title=Einstein from \\u2018B\\u2019 to \\u2018Z\\u2019 |url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/einstein-from-b-to-z/oclc/237532460\n        |publisher=Birkh\\u00e4user |series=Einstein Studies |volume=9 |isbn=978-0-8176-4143-6\n        |via=WorldCat by OCLC (Dublin, OH, USA) |accessdate=2015-03-23}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Stone |first=A. Douglas |date=2013 |title=Einstein and the Quantum |publisher=Princeton\n        University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13968-5}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=Steven|title=Einstein\\u2019s\n        mistakes|journal=Physics Today|date=2005|volume=58|issue=11|pages=31\\u201335|doi=10.1063/1.2155755|bibcode\n        = 2005PhT....58k..31W |doi-access=free}}\\n* {{citation|last1=Weinstein|first1=G.|title=General\n        Relativity Conflict and Rivalries: Einstein''s Polemics with Physicists|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge\n        Scholars Publishing|location=Newcastle upon Tyne (UK)|isbn=978-1-4438-8362-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQz5DAAAQBAJ&dq}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n{{Sister project links|Albert Einstein|wikt=Einstein|n=Einstein''s\n        equation turns 100|s=Author:Albert Einstein|b=Introduction to Astrophysics/Albert\n        Einstein|voy=no}}\\n{{wikilivres}}\\n* {{DMOZ|Science/Physics/History/People/Einstein%2C_Albert/}}\\n*\n        {{gutenberg author|id=Albert_Einstein|name=Albert Einstein}}\\n* {{Internet\n        Archive author |sname=Albert Einstein}}\\n* {{Librivox author |id=1035}}\\n*\n        [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Jewish-Figures/Einstein-Albert Einstein''s\n        Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy]\n        Shapell Manuscript Foundation\\n* [http://vault.fbi.gov/Albert%20Einstein Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation file on Albert Einstein]\\n* [http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein&music.pdf\n        Einstein and his love of music], [[Physics World]]\\n* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html\n        Albert Einstein] on [[NobelPrize.org]]\\n* [http://www.history.com/topics/albert-einstein\n        Albert Einstein], videos on History.com\\n* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608004818/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/science-technology-and-society/sts-042j-einstein-oppenheimer-feynman-physics-in-the-20th-century-spring-2006/\n        |date=8 June 2011 |title=MIT OpenCourseWare STS.042J/8.225J: Einstein, Oppenheimer,\n        Feynman: Physics in the 20th century }} \\u2013 free study course that explores\n        the changing roles of physics and physicists during the 20th century\\n* [http://www.alberteinstein.info/\n        Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents)] ([http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46785542/ns/technology_and_science-science/\n        MSNBC, 19 March 2012])\\n* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2745/ Einstein''s declaration\n        of intention for American citizenship] on the [[World Digital Library]]\\n*\n        [http://archon.brandeis.edu/?p=collections/findingaid&id=41 Albert Einstein\n        Collection] at [[Brandeis University]]\\n* [http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/\n        The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein \\\"Digital Einstein\\\"] at [[Princeton\n        University]]\\n\\n{{Einstein|state=expanded}}\\n{{Copley Medallists 1901\\u20131950}}\\n{{Nobel\n        Prize in Physics Laureates 1901\\u20131925}}\\n{{philosophy of science}}\\n{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2012}}\\n{{Portal bar|Biography|Physics|Science|Cosmology}}\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert}}\\n[[Category:Pantheists]]\\n[[Category:Albert\n        Einstein| ]]\\n[[Category:1879 births]]\\n[[Category:1955 deaths]]\\n[[Category:20th-century\n        American engineers]]\\n[[Category:20th-century American writers]]\\n[[Category:20th-century\n        German writers]]\\n[[Category:20th-century Jews]]\\n[[Category:20th-century\n        physicists]]\\n[[Category:American agnostics]]\\n[[Category:American engineers]]\\n[[Category:American\n        inventors]]\\n[[Category:American pacifists]]\\n[[Category:American people of\n        German-Jewish descent]]\\n[[Category:Philosophers from New Jersey]]\\n[[Category:American\n        physicists]]\\n[[Category:American science writers]]\\n[[Category:American socialists]]\\n[[Category:American\n        Zionists]]\\n[[Category:Ashkenazi Jews]]\\n[[Category:Charles University in\n        Prague faculty]]\\n[[Category:Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy\n        of Sciences (1917\\u201325)]]\\n[[Category:Cosmologists]]\\n[[Category:Deaths\n        from abdominal aortic aneurysm]]\\n[[Category:Einstein family]]\\n[[Category:ETH\n        Zurich alumni]]\\n[[Category:ETH Zurich faculty]]\\n[[Category:German agnostics]]\\n[[Category:German\n        Jews]]\\n[[Category:German people of Jewish descent]]\\n[[Category:German emigrants\n        to Switzerland]]\\n[[Category:German Nobel laureates]]\\n[[Category:German inventors]]\\n[[Category:German\n        physicists]]\\n[[Category:German socialists]]\\n[[Category:Anti-nationalists]]\\n[[Category:Institute\n        for Advanced Study 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Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3\n        April 2008|isbn=1-4058-8118-6}} {{IPA-de|\\u02c8alb\\u025b\\u0250\\u032ft\n        \\u02c8a\\u026an\\u0283ta\\u026an|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}\\n| image       =\n        Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg\\n| caption     = Albert Einstein\n        in 1921\\n| birth_date  = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}}\\n| birth_place =\n        [[Ulm]], [[Kingdom of W\\u00fcrttemberg]], [[German Empire]]\\n| death_date  =\n        {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}}\\n| death_place = {{nowrap|[[Princeton,\n        New Jersey]], U.S.}}\\n| children    = [[Lieserl Einstein|\\\"Lieserl\\\" Einstein]]\n        
[[Hans Albert Einstein]] 
[[Einstein family#Eduard \\\"Tete\\\" Einstein\n        (Albert''s son)|Eduard \\\"Tete\\\" Einstein]]\\n| spouse      = {{marriage|[[Mileva\n        Mari\\u0107]]
|1903|1919|end=div}}
{{nowrap|{{marriage|[[Elsa L\\u00f6wenthal]]
|1919|1936|end=her\n        death}}{{cite book |editor-last=Heilbron |editor-first=John L. |title=The\n        Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA233\n        |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974376-6 |page=233}}{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}}}}\\n|\n        residence   = Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria (present-day Czech Republic),\n        Belgium, United States\\n| citizenship = {{Plainlist|\\n* Subject of the [[Kingdom\n        of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] during the German Empire (1879\\u20131896)During the German Empire, citizenship were exclusively\n        subject of one of the 27 ''''Bundesstaaten''''\\n* [[Statelessness|Stateless]]\n        (1896\\u20131901)\\n* Citizen of [[Switzerland]] (1901\\u20131955)\\n*\n        Austrian subject of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1911\\u20131912)\\n*\n        Subject of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] during the German Empire (1914\\u20131918)\\n* German citizen of the [[Free State of Prussia]]\n        ([[Weimar Republic]], 1918\\u20131933)\\n* Citizen of the United\n        States (1940\\u20131955)\\n}}\\n| fields     = [[Physics]], [[philosophy]]\\n|\n        workplaces = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[Swiss Patent Office]] ([[Bern]]) (1902\\u20131909)\\n*\n        [[University of Bern]] (1908\\u20131909)\\n* [[University of\n        Zurich]] (1909\\u20131911)\\n* [[Karl-Ferdinands-Universit\\u00e4t|Charles\n        University in Prague]] (1911\\u20131912)\\n* [[ETH Zurich]] (1912\\u20131914)\\n*\n        [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] (1914\\u20131933)\\n* [[Humboldt\n        University of Berlin]] (1914\\u20131933)\\n* [[Kaiser Wilhelm\n        Institute]] (director, 1917\\u20131933)\\n* [[German Physical\n        Society]] (president, 1916\\u20131918)\\n* [[Leiden University]]\n        (visits, 1920)\\n* [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933\\u20131955)\\n*\n        [[Caltech]] (visits, 1931\\u20131933)\\n}}\\n| education = {{Plainlist|\\n*\n        [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Polytechnic]] (1896\\u20131900; B.A., 1900)\\n*\n        [[University of Zurich]] (Ph.D., 1905)\\n}}\\n| doctoral_advisor  =\n        [[Alfred Kleiner]]\\n| thesis_title      = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der\n        Molek\\u00fcldimensionen}} (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)\\n|\n        thesis_url        = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf\\n|\n        thesis_year       = 1905\\n| academic_advisors = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]]\\n|\n        influenced        = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[Ernst G. Straus]]\\n* [[Nathan Rosen]]\\n*\n        [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]]\\n}}\\n| known_for = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[General relativity]]\\n*\n        [[Special relativity]]\\n* [[Photoelectric effect]]\\n* [[Mass\\u2013energy equivalence|''''E=mc2''''\n        (Mass\\u2013energy equivalence)]]\\n* [[Planck\\u2013Einstein relation|''''E=hf''''\n        (Planck\\u2013Einstein relation)]]\\n* Theory of [[Brownian motion]]\\n* [[Einstein\n        field equations]]\\n* [[Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics]]\\n* [[Bose\\u2013Einstein\n        condensate]]\\n* [[Gravitational wave]]\\n* [[Cosmological constant]]\\n* [[Classical\n        unified field theories|Unified field theory]]\\n* [[EPR paradox]]\\n* [[List\n        of things named after Albert Einstein|List of other concepts]]\\n}}\\n| awards\n        = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science|Barnard\n        Medal]] (1920)\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1921)\\n* [[Matteucci Medal]]\n        (1921)\\n* [[ForMemRS]] (1921)\\n* [[Copley Medal]] (1925)\\n* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (1926)\\n*\n        [[Max Planck Medal]] (1929)\\n* [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the\n        Century|''''Time'''' Person of the Century]] (1999)\\n}}\\n| signature = Albert\n        Einstein signature 1934.svg\\n}}\\n''''''Albert Einstein'''''' (14 March 1879 \\u2013\n        18 April 1955) was a German-born [[theoretical physicist]].{{cite\n        web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html\n        |title=Albert Einstein \\u2013 Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel\n        Foundation]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html|\n        archivedate= 6 March 2007 | deadurl= no}} Einstein developed\n        the [[theory of relativity]], one of the two pillars of [[modern physics]]\n        (alongside [[quantum mechanics]]).{{cite journal | last1 = Whittaker\n        | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005\n        | title = Albert Einstein. 1879\\u20131955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs\n        of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37\\u201367 | date\n        = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free}}{{cite\n        book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and\n        Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7}}{{rp|274}}\n        Einstein''s work is also known for its influence on the [[philosophy of science]].{{Citation\n        |title=Einstein''s Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp\n        |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research\n        Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University\n        |editor-first=Don A. | editor-last=Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published\n        11 February 2004 |type=website |accessdate=2015-02-04}}{{Citation\n        |first=Don A. | last=Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science\n        |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |format=PDF |date=December\n        2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |publisher=American Institute\n        of Physics |pages=34\\u201340 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN,\n        author''s personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H\n        |doi=10.1063/1.2169442 }} Einstein is best known by the general public\n        for his [[mass\\u2013energy equivalence]] formula {{nowrap|1=''''E'''' = ''''mc''''2}}\n        (which has been dubbed \\\"the world''s most famous equation\\\").{{cite\n        book |first=David | last=Bodanis |title=E = mc2: A Biography\n        of the World''s Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker\n        |date=2000 }} He received the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] \\\"for\n        his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the\n        law of the [[photoelectric effect]]\\\", a pivotal\n        step in the evolution of [[Introduction to quantum mechanics|quantum theory]].\\n\\nNear\n        the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that [[Newtonian mechanics]]\n        was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of [[classical mechanics]] with\n        the laws of the [[electromagnetic field]]. This led him to develop his [[special\n        theory of relativity]] during his time at the [[Swiss Patent Office]] in [[Bern]]\n        (1902\\u20131909), Switzerland. However, he realized that the principle of\n        relativity could also be extended to [[gravitational fields]] and\\u2014with\n        his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916\\u2014he published a paper on\n        [[general relativity]]. He continued to deal with problems of [[statistical\n        mechanics]] and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of [[particle]]\n        theory and the [[Brownian motion|motion of molecules]]. He also investigated\n        the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the [[photon]]\n        theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity\n        to model the large-scale structure of the [[universe]].{{Citation\n        |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf\n        |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating\n        universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |via=Nobelprize.org |page=2 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=2015-01-04}}{{cite news |last=Overbye\n        |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein\\u2019s\n        Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html\n        |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015\n        }}\\n\\nBetween 1895 and 1914, he lived in Switzerland (except for one\n        year in Prague, 1911\\u201312), where he received his academic diploma from\n        the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Polytechnic]] in Z\\u00fcrich (later the Eidgen\\u00f6ssische\n        Technische Hochschule, ETH) in 1900. He later taught there at the same institute\n        as a professor of theoretical physics between 1912 and 1914 before he left\n        for Berlin. In 1901, after being stateless for more than five years, Einstein\n        acquired [[Swiss citizenship]], which he kept for the rest of his life. In\n        1905, Einstein was awarded a PhD by the [[University of Z\\u00fcrich]]. The\n        same year, his ''''[[annus mirabilis]]'''' (miracle year), he published [[Annus\n        Mirabilis papers|four groundbreaking papers]], which were to bring him to\n        the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26.\\n\\nHe was visiting the\n        United States when [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power in 1933 and\\u2014being [[Jews|Jewish]]\\u2014did\n        not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the [[Prussian Academy\n        of Sciences|Berlin Academy of Sciences]]. He settled in the United States,\n        becoming an [[American citizen]] in 1940.{{cite\n        book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion\n        to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}} On the eve of [[World\n        War II]], he endorsed a [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter|letter to President\n        Franklin D. Roosevelt]] alerting him to the potential development of \\\"extremely\n        powerful bombs of a new type\\\" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar\n        research. This eventually led to what would become the [[Manhattan Project]].\n        Einstein supported defending the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]],\n        but generally denounced the idea of using the newly discovered [[nuclear fission]]\n        as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]], Einstein\n        signed the [[Russell\\u2013Einstein Manifesto]], which highlighted the danger\n        of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the [[Institute for Advanced\n        Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], until his death in 1955.\\n\\nEinstein\n        published [[List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein|more than 300\n        scientific papers]] along with over 150 non-scientific works.{{Citation |editor=Paul\n        Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II\n        |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New\n        York |pages=730\\u2013746}}. His non-scientific works include: ''''About Zionism:\n        Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'''' (1930), \\\"Why War?\\\"\n        (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''''The World As I See It'''' (1934),\n        ''''Out of My Later Years'''' (1950), and a book on science for the general\n        reader, ''''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'''' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold\n        Infeld]]). Einstein''s intellectual achievements and originality have\n        made the word \\\"Einstein\\\" synonymous with \\\"[[genius]]\\\".{{Citation\n        |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of\n        WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton\n        University |accessdate=2015-01-04}}\\n{{TOC limit|3}}\\n== Biography ==\\n\\n===\n        Early life and education ===\\n{{See also|Einstein family}}\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein at the age of three (1882).jpg|alt=A young boy with short hair and\n        a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt\n        and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair.|thumb|upright|Einstein\n        at the age of 3 in 1882]]\\n[[File:Albert Einstein as a child.jpg|alt=Studio\n        photo of a boy seated in a relaxed posture and wearing a suit, posed in front\n        of a backdrop of scenery.|thumb|upright|Albert Einstein in 1893 (age 14)]]\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein''s exam of maturity grades (color2).jpg|alt=Einstein''s matriculation\n        certificate at the age of 17. The heading reads \\\"The Education Committee\n        of the Canton of Aargau\\\". His scores were German 5, French 3, Italian 5,\n        History 6, Geography 4, Algebra 6, Geometry 6, Descriptive Geometry 6, Physics\n        6, Chemistry 5, Natural History 5, Art Drawing 4, Technical Drawing 4. The\n        scores are 6 = excellent, 5 = good, 4 = sufficient, 3 = poor, 2 = very poor,\n        1 = unusable.|thumb|upright|Einstein''s matriculation certificate at the age\n        of 17, showing his final grades from the Argovian cantonal school (Aargauische\n        Kantonsschule, on a scale of 1\\u20136, with 6 being the highest possible mark)]]\\n\\nAlbert\n        Einstein was born in [[Ulm]], in the [[Kingdom of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] in the\n        [[German Empire]], on 14 March 1879. His parents were\n        [[Hermann Einstein]], a salesman and engineer, and [[Pauline Koch]]. In 1880,\n        the family moved to [[Munich]], where Einstein''s father and his uncle Jakob\n        founded ''''Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie'''', a company that\n        manufactured electrical equipment based on [[direct current]].\\n\\nThe Einsteins were non-observant [[Ashkenazi Jews]], and Albert attended\n        a [[Catholic school|Catholic elementary school]] in Munich from the age of\n        5 for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the [[Luitpold Gymnasium]]\n        (now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary\n        and secondary school education until he left the [[German Empire]] seven years\n        later.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA59\n        59\\u201361]}}\\n\\nIn 1894, Hermann and Jakob''s company lost a bid to supply\n        the city of Munich with electrical lighting because they lacked the capital\n        to convert their equipment from the direct current (DC) standard to the more\n        efficient [[alternating current]] (AC) standard.Barry R. Parker, Einstein:\n        The Passions of a Scientist, Prometheus Books \\u2013 2003, page 31 The\n        loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of business, the Einstein\n        family moved to Italy, first to [[Milan]] and a few months later to [[Pavia]].\n        When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies\n        at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue [[electrical\n        engineering]], but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school''s\n        regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and\n        creative thought was lost in strict [[rote learning]]. At the end of December\n        1894, he travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school\n        to let him go by using a doctor''s note.{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=30\\u201331}}\n        During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title \\\"On the Investigation\n        of the State of the [[Aether theories|Ether]] in a Magnetic Field\\\".{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        1 (1987), doc. 5}}{{Citation |last=Mehra |first=Jagdish |contribution=Albert\n        Einstein''s first paper |title=The Golden Age of Physics |publisher=World\n        Scientific |date=2001 |isbn=981-02-4985-3}}\\n\\nIn 1895, at the age of\n        16, Einstein took the entrance examinations for the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal\n        Polytechnic]] in [[Z\\u00fcrich]] (later the Eidgen\\u00f6ssische Technische\n        Hochschule, ETH). He failed to reach the required standard in the general\n        part of the examination,{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol. 1 (1987), p. 11}} but\n        obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics.{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=36\\u201337}}\n        On the advice of the principal of the Polytechnic, he attended the [[Aargau|Argovian]]\n        [[Mittelschule|cantonal school]] ([[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]) in [[Aarau]],\n        Switzerland, in 1895\\u201396 to complete his secondary schooling. While lodging\n        with the family of professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler''s\n        daughter, Marie. (Albert''s sister [[Maja Einstein|Maja]] later married Winteler''s\n        son Paul.){{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|pp=21, 31, 56\\u201357}} In January\n        1896, with his father''s approval, Einstein renounced his [[German citizenship|citizenship\n        in the German Kingdom of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] to avoid [[Conscription in Germany|military\n        service]].{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|p=40}} In September 1896, he passed the\n        Swiss [[Matura]] with mostly good grades, including a top grade of 6 in physics\n        and mathematical subjects, on a scale of 1\\u20136.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        1 (1987), docs. 21\\u201327}} Though only 17, he enrolled in the four-year\n        mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Z\\u00fcrich Polytechnic.\n        Marie Winteler moved to [[Olsberg, Aargau|Olsberg]], Switzerland, for a teaching\n        post.\\n\\nEinstein''s future wife, [[Mileva Mari\\u0107]], also enrolled at\n        the Polytechnic that year. She was the only woman among the six students in\n        the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the\n        next few years, Einstein and Mari\\u0107''s friendship developed into romance,\n        and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein\n        was taking an increasing interest. In 1900, Einstein was awarded the Z\\u00fcrich\n        Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Mari\\u0107 failed the examination with a\n        poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        1 (1987), doc. 67}} There have been claims that Mari\\u0107 collaborated with\n        Einstein on his 1905 papers,{{Citation |author=Troemel-Ploetz, D. |title=Mileva\n        Einstein-Mari\\u0107: The Woman Who Did Einstein''s Mathematics |work=Women''s\n        Studies Int. Forum |date=1990 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=415\\u2013432 |doi=10.1016/0277-5395(90)90094-e}}{{Citation\\n|url=http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf\n        |title=Did Einstein Espouse his Spouse''s Ideas? |author=Walker, Evan Harris\n        |format=PDF |date=February 1989 |publisher=Physics Today |postscript=. |accessdate=19\n        October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119093653/http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf\n        |archive-date=19 January 2012 |dead-url=yes}} known as the [[Annus Mirabilis\n        papers|''''Annus Mirabilis'''' papers]], but historians of physics who have\n        studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.{{Sfnp|Pais|1994|pp=1\\u201329}}Holton,\n        G., ''''Einstein, History, and Other Passions'''', Harvard University Press,\n        1996, pp. 177\\u2013193.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA49\n        49\\u201356]}}Martinez, A. A., \\\"Handling evidence in history: the case\n        of Einstein''s wife\\\", ''''School Science Review'''', 86 (316), March 2005,\n        pp. 49\\u201356. [https://webspace.utexas.edu/aam829/1/m/Maric_files/EvidenceMaric.pdf\n        PDF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811141225/https://webspace.utexas.edu/aam829/1/m/Maric_files/EvidenceMaric.pdf\n        |date=11 August 2011 }}\\n\\n=== Marriages and children ===\\n[[File:Einstein\n        patentoffice.jpg|alt=Head and shoulders shot of a young, moustached man with\n        dark, curly hair wearing a plaid suit and vest, striped shirt, and a dark\n        tie.|thumb|upright|Albert Einstein in 1904 (age 25)]]\\nThe discovery and publication\n        in 1987 of an early correspondence between Einstein and Mari\\u0107 revealed\n        that they had had a daughter, called [[Lieserl Einstein|\\\"Lieserl\\\"]] in their\n        letters, born in early 1902 in [[Novi Sad]] where Mari\\u0107 was staying with\n        her parents. Mari\\u0107 returned to Switzerland without the child, whose real\n        name and fate are unknown. Einstein probably never saw his daughter. The contents\n        of his letter to Mari\\u0107 in September 1903 suggest that the girl was either\n        given up for adoption or died of [[scarlet fever]] in infancy.J. Renn\n        & R. Schulmann, ''''Albert Einstein/Mileva Mari\\u0107: The Love Letters'''',\n        1992, pp. 73\\u201374, 78.A. Calaprice & T. Lipscombe, ''''Albert\n        Einstein: A Biography'''', 2005, pp. 22\\u201323.\\n\\n[[File:Einstein\n        Albert Elsa LOC 32096u.jpg|alt=Einstein, looking relaxed and holding a pipe,\n        stands next to a smiling, well-dressed Elsa who is wearing a fancy hat and\n        fur wrap. She is looking at him.|thumb|Einstein with his wife Elsa, 1921]]\\nEinstein\n        and Mari\\u0107 married in January 1903. In May 1904, their first son, [[Hans\n        Albert Einstein]], was born in [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]]. Their second son,\n        [[Einstein family#Eduard \\\"Tete\\\" Einstein (Albert''s son)|Eduard]], was born\n        in Z\\u00fcrich in July 1910. In April 1914 they moved to [[Berlin]]. After\n        a few months his wife returned to Z\\u00fcrich with their sons, after learning\n        that Einstein''s chief romantic attraction was his first and second cousin\n        Elsa.{{Sfnp|Stachel|1966}} They divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived\n        apart for five years.{{sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA50\n        50]}} Eduard, whom his father called \\\"Tete\\\" (for ''''petit''''), had a breakdown\n        at about age 20 and was diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]].{{cite\n        book|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|authorlink=Walter Isaacson|title=Einstein:\n        A Hundred Years of Relativity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|year=2015|publisher=Princeton\n        University Press|isbn=978-0-691-16989-7|pages=143\\u2013145}} His mother\n        cared for him and he was also committed to asylums for several periods, finally\n        being committed permanently after her death.{{sfnp|Neffe|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B8K6n177ZwcC&pg=PA203\n        203]}}\\n\\nIn letters revealed in 2015, Einstein wrote to his early love, Marie\n        Winteler, about his marriage and his still-strong feelings for Marie. In 1910\n        he wrote to her that \\\"I think of you in heartfelt love every spare minute\n        and am so unhappy as only a man can be\\\" while his wife was pregnant with\n        their second child. Einstein spoke about a \\\"misguided love\\\" and a \\\"missed\n        life\\\" regarding his love for Marie.{{cite news |url=http://www.bernerzeitung.ch/region/bern/Die-Liebesbriefe-des-untreuen-Einstein/story/11875058\n        |first=Urs | last=W\\u00fcthrich |title=Die Liebesbriefe des untreuen Einstein\n        |trans-title=The love letters of the unfaithful Einstein |newspaper=BZ Berner\n        Zeitung |location=Bern, Switzerland |date=11 April 2015 |language=German |quote=Ich\n        denke in innigster Liebe an Dich in jeder freien Minute und bin so ungl\\u00fccklich,\n        wie nur ein Mensch es sein kann. |accessdate=2015-04-11}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        married [[Elsa Einstein|Elsa L\\u00f6wenthal]] in 1919,{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007}}{{Sfnp|Calaprice|Kennefick|Schulmann|2015|p=62}}\n        after having had a personal relationship with her since 1912.\n        She was a first cousin maternally and a second cousin paternally.{{cite\n        book|last1=Calaprice|first1=Alice|last2=Lipscombe|first2=Trevor|title=Albert\n        Einstein: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC&pg=PA50|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood\n        Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33080-3|page=50}} In 1933, they emigrated\n        to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and\n        kidney problems; she died in December 1936.{{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|p=216}}\\n\\n===Friends===\\nAmong\n        Einstein''s well-known friends were [[Michele Besso]], [[Paul Ehrenfest]],\n        [[Marcel Grossmann]], [[J\\u00e1nos Plesch]], [[Maurice Solovine]], and [[Stephen\n        Wise]].''''An Einstein Encyclopedia'''', Alice Calaprice, Daniel Kennefick,\n        Robert Schulmann, p. 65 et seq, Princeton University Press, 2015\\n\\n===\n        Patent office ===\\n[[File:Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Three\n        young men in suits with high white collars and bow ties, sitting.|[[Olympia\n        Academy]] founders: [[Conrad Habicht]], [[Maurice Solovine]] and Einstein]]\\n\\nAfter\n        graduating in 1900, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching\n        for a teaching post. He acquired Swiss citizenship in February 1901,{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|p=82}}\n        but was not [[conscription in Switzerland|conscripted]] for medical reasons.\n        With the help of [[Marcel Grossmann]]''s father, he secured a job in Bern\n        at the [[Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property|Federal Office for\n        Intellectual Property]], the patent office,{{cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Grossmann.html\n        |title=Grossmann biography |publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics,\n        University of St Andrews, Scotland |editor=J J O''Connor |editor2=E F Robertson\n        |date=May 2010 |type=scientific website? |accessdate=2015-03-27}}{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=63}}\n        as an [[Patent examiner|assistant examiner \\u2013 level III]].{{cite\n        web |title=Einstein at the patent office|url=https://www.ipi.ch/en/about-us/einstein/einstein-at-the-patent-office.html\n        |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI |location=Berne,\n        Switzerland |date=6 February 2014 |type=official website |accessdate=2016-09-09}}{{cite web |title=FAQ about Einstein and the Institute |url=https://www.ipi.ch/en/about-us/einstein/frequently-asked-questions.html\n        |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI |location=Berne,\n        Switzerland |date=27 May 2014 |type=official website |accessdate=2015-03-27}}\n        He evaluated [[patent application]]s for a variety of devices including a\n        gravel sorter and an electromechanical typewriter. In 1903,\n        his position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was\n        passed over for promotion until he \\\"fully mastered machine technology\\\".{{cite journal |jstor=1344127 |first=Peter | last=Galison\n        |title=Einstein''s Clocks: The Question of Time |work=Critical Inquiry |volume=26\n        |issue=2 Winter |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago\n        |date=2000 |pp=355\\u2013389 }}{{rp|370}}\\n\\nMuch of his work at the\n        patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals\n        and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems\n        that show up conspicuously in the [[thought experiment]]s that eventually\n        led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the\n        fundamental connection between space and time.{{rp|377}}\\n\\nWith\n        a few friends he had met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group\n        in 1902, self-mockingly named \\\"[[Olympia Academy|The Olympia Academy]]\\\",\n        which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included\n        the works of [[Henri Poincar\\u00e9]], [[Ernst Mach]], and [[David Hume]],\n        which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=79-84}}\\n\\n====\n        First scientific papers ====\\n[[File:Albert Einstein (Nobel).png|thumb|upright|Einstein''s\n        official 1921 portrait after receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\nIn 1900,\n        Einstein''s paper [[List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein#Journal\n        articles|\\\"Folgerungen aus den Capillarit\\u00e4tserscheinungen\\\"]] (\\\"Conclusions\n        from the Capillarity Phenomena\\\") was published in the journal ''''[[Annalen\n        der Physik]]''''.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1901}}{{cite book |last=Galison |first=Peter\n        | authorlink=Peter Galison |title=Einstein''s Clocks, Poincar\\u00e9''s Maps:\n        Empires of Time |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-393-02001-4}}\n        On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis,{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905b|loc=\\\"Meinem\n        Freunde Herr Dr. Marcel Grossmann gewidmet (Dedicated to my friend, Dr. Marcel\n        Grossmann)\\\"}} with [[Alfred Kleiner]], Professor of Experimental Physics,\n        serving as ''''[[Pro forma|pro-forma]]'''' advisor. As a result, Einstein\n        was awarded a PhD by the [[University of Z\\u00fcrich]], with his dissertation\n        \\\"''''A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions''''\\\".{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905b|loc=\\\"Meinem\n        Freunde Herr Dr. Marcel Grossmann gewidmet (Dedicated to my friend, Dr. Marcel\n        Grossmann)\\\"}}{{Sfnp|Einstein|1926b|loc=chap. \\\"A New Determination of Molecular\n        Dimensions\\\"}} That same year, which has been called Einstein''s ''''[[annus\n        mirabilis]]'''' (miracle year), he published [[Annus Mirabilis papers|four\n        groundbreaking papers]], on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special\n        relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which were to bring him\n        to the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26.\\n\\n=== Academic career\n        ===\\nBy 1908, he was recognized as a leading scientist and was appointed lecturer\n        at the [[University of Bern]]. The following year, after giving a lecture\n        on [[electrodynamics]] and the relativity principle at the University of Z\\u00fcrich,\n        [[Alfred Kleiner]] recommended him to the faculty for a newly created professorship\n        in theoretical physics. Einstein was appointed associate professor in 1909.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.library.ethz.ch/en/Resources/Digital-library/Einstein-Online/Associate-Professor-at-the-Universiy-of-Zurich-und-professor-in-Prague-1909-1912\n        |title=Associate Professor at the University of Zurich und professor in Prague\n        (1909\\u20131912) |publisher=ETH-Bibliothek Zurich, ETH Z\\u00fcrich, www.ethz.ch\n        |location=Bern, Switzerland |series=Einstein Online |website=www.library.ethz.ch/en/\n        |date=2014 |type=digital library |language=German, English |accessdate=17\n        August 2014}}\\n\\nEinstein became a full professor at the German [[Charles-Ferdinand\n        University]] in [[Prague]] in April 1911, accepting [[Austria]]n citizenship\n        in the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] to do so.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=164}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/49610/1/569197996.pdf |author=von\n        Hirschhausen, Ulrike |title=Von imperialer Inklusion zur nationalen Exklusion:Staatsb\\u00fcrgerschaft\n        in \\u00d6sterreich- Ungarn 1867\\u20131923 |publisher=WZB Social Science Research\n        Center Berlin |date=2007 |location=Berlin, Germany |series=ZKD \\u2013 Ver\\u00f6ffentlichungsreihe\n        der Forschungsgruppe, \\u201eZivilgesellschaft, Citizenship und politische\n        Mobilisierung in Europa\\\" Schwerpunkt Zivilgesellschaft, Konflikte und Demokratie,\n        Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin f\\u00fcr Sozialforschung |type=WZB Discussion\n        Paper |issue=No. SP IV 2007-403 |ISSN=1860-4315 |page=8 |quote= Eine weitere\n        Diskontinuit\\u00e4t bestand viertens darin, dass die Bestimmungen der \\u00f6sterreichischen\n        Staatsb\\u00fcrgerschaft, die in den ersten Dritteln des Jahrhunderts auch\n        auf Ungarn angewandt worden waren, seit 1867 nur noch f\\u00fcr die cisleithanische\n        Reichsh\\u00e4lfte galten. Ungarn entwickelte hingegen jetzt eine eige-ne Staatsb\\u00fcrgerschaft.\n        |accessdate=2015-08-04}} During his Prague stay, he wrote 11 scientific\n        works, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of\n        solids. In July 1912, he returned to his alma mater in Z\\u00fcrich. From 1912\n        until 1914, he was professor of theoretical physics at the [[ETH Zurich]],\n        where he taught analytical mechanics and [[thermodynamics]]. He also studied\n        [[continuum mechanics]], the molecular theory of heat, and the problem of\n        gravitation, on which he worked with mathematician and friend [[Marcel Grossmann]].{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.library.ethz.ch/en/Resources/Digital-library/Einstein-Online/Professor-at-the-ETH-Zurich-1912-1914\n        |title=Professor at the ETH Zurich (1912\\u20131914) |publisher=ETH-Bibliothek\n        Zurich, ETH Z\\u00fcrich, www.ethz.ch |location=Zurich, Switzerland |series=Einstein\n        Online |website=www.library.ethz.ch/en/ |date=2014 |type=digital library |language=German,\n        English |accessdate=17 August 2014}}\\n\\nOn 3 July 1913, he was voted\n        for membership in the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] in Berlin. [[Max Planck]]\n        and [[Walther Nernst]] visited him the next week in Zurich to persuade him\n        to join the academy, additionally offering him the post of director at the\n        [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics]], which was soon to be established.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=534}}\n        (Membership in the academy included paid salary and professorship without\n        teaching duties at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]].) He was officially\n        elected to the academy on 24 July, and he accepted to move to the German Empire\n        the next year. His decision to move to Berlin was also influenced by the prospect\n        of living near his cousin Elsa, with whom he had developed a romantic affair.\n        He joined the academy and thus the Berlin University on 1 April 1914.{{Sfnp|Weinstein|2015|pp=18-19}}\n        As World War I broke out that year, the plan for Kaiser Wilhelm Institute\n        for Physics was aborted. The institute was established on 1 October 1917,\n        with Einstein as its Director.{{cite web|title=Director in the attic|url=https://www.mpg.de/dossier/einstein/in-berlin|website=www.mpg.de|publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,\n        M\\u00fcnchen|accessdate=9 July 2017}} In 1916, Einstein was elected\n        president of the [[German Physical Society]] (1916\\u20131918).{{cite\n        book |title=Albert Einstein: a biography| first1=Alice |last1=Calaprice |first2=Trevor\n        |last2=Lipscombe |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=2005 |isbn=0-313-33080-8\n        |page=xix |url=https://books.google.com/?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC&pg=PR19\n        Timeline, p. xix]\\n\\nBased on calculations Einstein made in 1911, about\n        his new theory of general relativity, [[Gravitational lens|light from another\n        star should be bent]] by the Sun''s gravity. In 1919, that prediction was\n        confirmed by Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] during the [[solar eclipse of 29 May\n        1919]]. Those observations were published in the international media, making\n        Einstein world famous. On 7 November 1919, the leading British newspaper ''''[[The\n        Times]]'''' printed a banner headline that read: \\\"Revolution in Science \\u2013\n        New Theory of the Universe \\u2013 Newtonian Ideas Overthrown\\\".{{cite\n        journal |last=Andrzej |first=Stasiak |date=2003 |title=Myths in science |journal=EMBO\n        Reports |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.embor779 |url=http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n3/full/embor779.html\n        |accessdate =31 March 2007|doi-access=free |pmc=1315907 }}\\n\\nIn 1920,\n        he became a Foreign Member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and\n        Sciences]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000116\n        |title=Albert Einstein (1879\\u20131955) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy\n        of Arts and Sciences |accessdate=21 July 2015}} In 1922, he was awarded\n        the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] \\\"for his services to Theoretical Physics,\n        and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\\\". While the [[General relativity|general theory of relativity]]\n        was still considered somewhat controversial, the citation also does not treat\n        the cited work as an ''''explanation'''' but merely as a ''''discovery of\n        the law'''', as the idea of photons was considered outlandish and did not\n        receive universal acceptance until the 1924 derivation of the [[Planck spectrum]]\n        by [[S. N. Bose]]. Einstein was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society\n        elected in 1921|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921]]. He also received the [[Copley Medal]] from the [[Royal Society]]\n        in 1925.\\n\\n=== 1921\\u20131922: Travels abroad ===\\nEinstein\n        visited New York City for the first time on 2 April 1921, where he received\n        an official welcome by Mayor [[John Francis Hylan]], followed by three weeks\n        of lectures and receptions. He went on to deliver several lectures at [[Columbia\n        University]] and [[Princeton University]], and in Washington he accompanied\n        representatives of the [[National Academy of Science]] on a visit to the [[White\n        House]]. On his return to Europe he was the guest of the British statesman\n        and philosopher [[Viscount Haldane]] in London, where he met several renowned\n        scientific, intellectual and political figures, and delivered a lecture at\n        [[King''s College London]].{{Sfnp|Hoffmann|1972|pp=145\\u2013148}} {{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=499\\u2013508}}\\n\\nHe\n        also published an essay, \\\"My First Impression of the U.S.A.,\\\" in July 1921,\n        in which he tried briefly to describe some characteristics of Americans, much\n        as had [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], who published his own impressions in ''''[[Democracy\n        in America]]'''' (1835).[http://www.einsteinsworld.com/News-New-York-Herald-Tribune-1931-As-Einstein-Sees-America.htm\n        \\\"As Einstein Sees American\\\"], ''''Einstein''s World'''', a 1931 reprint\n        with minor changes, of his 1921 essay. For some of his observations,\n        Einstein was clearly surprised: \\\"What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive\n        attitude to life . . . The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic,\n        and without envy.\\\"{{rp|20}}\\n\\nIn 1922, his travels took\n        him to Asia and later to Palestine, as part of a six-month excursion and speaking\n        tour, as he visited [[Singapore]], [[Ceylon]] and [[Japan]], where he gave\n        a series of lectures to thousands of Japanese. After his first public lecture,\n        he met the emperor and empress at the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]],\n        where thousands came to watch. In a letter to his sons, he described his impression\n        of the Japanese as being modest, intelligent, considerate, and having a true\n        feel for art.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=307\\u2013308}}\\n\\nBecause of Einstein''s\n        travels to the Far East, he was unable to personally accept the Nobel Prize\n        for Physics at the Stockholm award ceremony in December 1922. In his place,\n        the banquet speech was held by a German diplomat, who praised Einstein not\n        only as a scientist but also as an international peacemaker and activist.[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-speech.html\n        The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921: Albert Einstein. Banquet Speech by R. Nadolny\n        (in German).] Retrieved 9 December 2015 via Nobelprize.org\\n\\nOn his\n        return voyage, he visited [[British Mandate for Palestine|Palestine]] for\n        12 days in what would become his only visit to that region. He was greeted\n        as if he were a head of state, rather than a physicist, which included a cannon\n        salute upon arriving at the home of the British high commissioner, [[Sir Herbert\n        Samuel]]. During one reception, the building was stormed by people who wanted\n        to see and hear him. In Einstein''s talk to the audience, he expressed happiness\n        that the Jewish people were beginning to be recognized as a force in the world.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=308}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        visited Spain for two weeks in 1923, where he briefly met [[Santiago Ram\\u00f3n\n        y Cajal]] and also received a diploma from [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso\n        XIII]] naming him a member of the Spanish Academy of Sciences.{{Cite\n        journal|last=Montes-Santiago|first=J.|date=2017-07-16|title=[The meeting of\n        Einstein with Cajal (Madrid, 1923): a lost tide of fortune]|journal=Revista\n        De Neurologia|volume=43|issue=2|pages=113\\u2013117|issn=0210-0010|pmid=16838259}}\\n\\n===\n        1930\\u20131931: Travel to the U.S. ===\\nIn December 1930, Einstein visited\n        America for the second time, originally intended as a two-month working visit\n        as a research fellow at the [[California Institute of Technology]]. After\n        the national attention he received during his first trip to the U.S., he and\n        his arrangers aimed to protect his privacy. Although swamped with telegrams\n        and invitations to receive awards or speak publicly, he declined them all.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=368}}\\n\\nAfter\n        arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events,\n        including [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], a lunch with the editors of\n        the ''''New York Times'''', and a performance of ''''Carmen'''' at the [[Metropolitan\n        Opera]], where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days\n        following, he was given the keys to the city by Mayor [[Jimmy Walker]] and\n        met the president of Columbia University, who described Einstein as \\\"the\n        ruling monarch of the mind\\\".{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}} [[Harry Emerson\n        Fosdick]], pastor at New York''s [[Riverside Church]], gave Einstein a tour\n        of the church and showed him a full-size statue that the church made of Einstein,\n        standing at the entrance.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}} Also during his stay\n        in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at [[Madison Square Garden]]\n        during a [[Hanukkah]] celebration.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}}\\n\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein and Charlie Chaplin - 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Einstein (left) and [[Charlie\n        Chaplin]] at the [[Hollywood]] premiere of ''''[[City Lights]]'''', January\n        1931]]\\nEinstein next traveled to California, where he met [[Caltech]] president\n        and Nobel laureate, [[Robert A. Millikan]]. His friendship with Millikan was\n        \\\"awkward\\\", as Millikan \\\"had a penchant for patriotic militarism,\\\" where\n        Einstein was a pronounced [[Pacifism|pacifist]].{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=373}}\n        During an address to Caltech''s students, Einstein noted that science was\n        often inclined to do more harm than good.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=374}}\\n\\nThis\n        aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author [[Upton Sinclair]] and\n        film star [[Charlie Chaplin]], both noted for their pacifism. [[Carl Laemmle]],\n        head of [[Universal Studios]], gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced\n        him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein\n        and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner. Chaplin said Einstein''s outward\n        persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a \\\"highly emotional temperament,\\\"\n        from which came his \\\"extraordinary intellectual energy\\\".Chaplin,\n        Charles. ''''Charles Chaplin: My Autobiography'''', Simon and Schuster, N.Y.\n        (1964){{rp|320}}\\n\\nChaplin''s film, ''''[[City Lights]]'''', was to\n        premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa\n        to join him as his special guests. [[Walter Isaacson]], Einstein''s biographer,\n        described this as \\\"one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity\\\".{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=374}}\n        Chaplin visited Einstein at his home on a later trip to Berlin, and recalled\n        his \\\"modest little flat\\\" and the piano at which he had begun writing his\n        theory. Chaplin speculated that it was \\\"possibly used as kindling wood by\n        the Nazis.\\\"{{rp|322}}\\n\\n=== 1933: Emigration to the\n        U.S. ===\\n[[File:Einstein-cartoon1.jpg|thumb|Cartoon of Einstein, who has\n        shed his \\\"Pacifism\\\" wings, standing next to a pillar labeled \\\"World Peace\\\".\n        He is rolling up his sleeves and holding a sword labeled \\\"Preparedness\\\"\n        (by Charles R. Macauley, c. 1933).]]\\nIn February 1933 while on a visit to\n        the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise\n        to power of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] under Germany''s new chancellor, [[Adolf\n        Hitler]].{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|p=659}}{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=404}}\\n\\nWhile\n        at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting\n        professorship at the [[California Institute of Technology]] in Pasadena. He\n        and his wife Elsa returned to Belgium by ship in March, and during the trip\n        they learned that their cottage was raided by the Nazis and his personal sailboat\n        confiscated. Upon landing in [[Antwerp]] on 28 March, he immediately went\n        to the German consulate and surrendered his passport, formally renouncing\n        his German citizenship.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}} The Nazis later\n        sold his boat and converted his cottage into a [[Hitler Youth]] camp.{{YouTube|id=HZ_W3EAfp6I#t=20m50s|title=\\\"Albert\n        Einstein: How I See the World\\\"}}, ''''PBS''''\\n\\n==== Refugee status\n        ====\\nIn April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had\n        passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching\n        at universities.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}} Historian [[Gerald\n        Holton]] describes how, with \\\"virtually no audible protest being raised by\n        their colleagues,\\\" thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenly forced to\n        give up their university positions and their names were removed from the rolls\n        of institutions where they were employed.Holton, Gerald.\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=prgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=Gerald+Holton+migration+physicists+United+States+Einstein+jews&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cFWCU9qcLsr6oASvhYLgBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gerald%20Holton%20migration%20physicists%20United%20States%20Einstein%20jews&f=false\n        \\\"The migration of physicists to the United States\\\"], ''''Bulletin of the\n        Atomic Scientists'''', April 1984 pp. 18\\u201324\\n\\nA month later, Einstein''s\n        works were among those targeted by the [[German Student Union]] in the [[Nazi\n        book burnings]], with Nazi propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] proclaiming,\n        \\\"Jewish intellectualism is dead.\\\"{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}}\n        One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime\n        with the phrase, \\\"not yet hanged\\\", offering a $5,000 bounty on his head.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}}Jerome, Fred, and Taylor, Rodger. ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4d79VQdOfFUC&pg=PR10&dq=Einstein+on+Race+and+Racism+america''s+worst+disease#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        Einstein on Race and Racism]'''' Rutgers University Press, (2006) In\n        a subsequent letter to physicist and friend [[Max Born]], who had already\n        emigrated from Germany to England, Einstein wrote, \\\"... I must confess\n        that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise.\\\"{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}}\n        After moving to the U.S., he described the book burnings as a \\\"spontaneous\n        emotional outburst\\\" by those who \\\"shun popular enlightenment,\\\" and \\\"more\n        than anything else in the world, fear the influence of men of intellectual\n        independence.\\\"{{Sfnp|Einstein|1954|p=197}}\\n\\n\\nEinstein was now without a\n        permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about\n        the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. He rented a house\n        in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months. In late July 1933, he\n        went to England for about six weeks at the personal invitation of British\n        naval officer Commander [[Oliver Locker-Lampson]], who had become friends\n        with Einstein in the preceding years. To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson\n        had two assistants watch over him at his secluded cottage outside London,\n        with photo of them carrying shotguns and guarding Einstein, published in the\n        ''''Daily Herald'''' on 24 July 1933.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=422}}[http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co8223551/professor-einstein-with-commander-locker-lampson-gelatin-silver-print-photograph\n        \\\"Professor Einstein with Commander Locker-Lampson\\\"], ScienceMuseum.org,\n        U.K.\\n\\nLocker-Lampson took Einstein to meet [[Winston Churchill]] at\n        his home, and later, [[Austen Chamberlain]] and former Prime Minister [[David\n        Lloyd George|Lloyd George]].{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=419\\u2013420}} Einstein\n        asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian\n        [[Martin Gilbert]] notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his\n        friend, physicist [[Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell|Frederick Lindemann]]\n        to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities.Gilbert, Martin. ''''Churchill and the Jews'''', Henry Holt and\n        Company, N.Y. (2007) pp. 101, 176 Churchill later observed that as a\n        result of Germany having driven the Jews out, they had lowered their \\\"technical\n        standards\\\" and put [[Allies of World War II|the Allies'']] technology ahead\n        of theirs.\\n\\nEinstein later contacted leaders of other\n        nations, including [[Turkey]]''s Prime Minister, [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]],\n        to whom he wrote in September 1933 requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish\n        scientists. As a result of Einstein''s letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually\n        totaled over \\\"1,000 saved individuals\\\".{{cite web | last=Reisman |\n        first=Arnold | url=http://hnn.us/article/31946 | title=What a Freshly Discovered\n        Einstein Letter Says About Turkey Today | publisher=History News Network,\n        George Masons University | date=20 November 2006}}\\n\\nLocker-Lampson\n        also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein,\n        during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing\n        the crisis brewing in Europe.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}} In one of his speeches he\n        denounced Germany''s treatment of Jews, while at the same time he introduced\n        a bill promoting Jewish citizenship in Palestine, as they were being denied\n        citizenship elsewhere.\\\"Denunciation of German Policy is a Stirring\n        Event\\\", ''''Associated Press'''', 27 July 1933 In his speech he described\n        Einstein as a \\\"citizen of the world\\\" who should be offered a temporary shelter\n        in the U.K.\\\"Their leaders in Germany have not driven out\n        her cut-throats and her blackguards. She has chosen the cream of her culture\n        and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen,\n        Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual...The\n        man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without\n        a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter.\\\"\\\"Stateless\n        Jews: The Exiles from Germany, Nationality Plan\\\", ''''The Guardian'''' (U.K.)\n        27 July 1933 Both bills failed, however, and Einstein then accepted\n        an earlier offer from the Princeton [[Institute for Advanced Study]], in the\n        U.S., to become a resident scholar.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}\\n\\n==== Resident scholar\n        at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study ====\\n[[File:Einstein-formal\n        portrait-35.jpg|thumb|Portrait taken in 1935 in Princeton]]\\nIn October 1933\n        Einstein returned to the U.S. and took up a position at the Institute for\n        Advanced Study,{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=649, 678}} noted\n        for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany. At the time, most American universities, including Harvard, Princeton and\n        Yale, had minimal or no Jewish faculty or students, as a result of their [[Jewish\n        quota]] which lasted until the late 1940s.{{cite\n        book|first=Linda G. | last=Arntzenius|title=Institute for Advanced Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHHguITir80C&pg=PA19|date=2011|publisher=Arcadia\n        Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-7409-7|page=19}}\\n\\nEinstein was still undecided\n        on his future. He had offers from several European universities, including\n        [[Christ Church, Oxford]] where he stayed for three short periods between\n        May 1931 and June 1933 and was offered a 5-year studentship,{{cite web\n        |publisher=Oxford Chabad Society |url=http://www.oxfordchabad.org/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/457396/jewish/Albert-Einstein.htm\n        |title=Oxford Jewish Personalities: |accessdate=7 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web |publisher=The Oxford Times |date=2012 |url=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/leisure/history_heritage/9617968.How_Einstein_fled_from_the_Nazis_to_an_Oxford_college/\n        |title=How Einstein fled from the Nazis to an Oxford college |accessdate=7\n        March 2015}} but in 1935 he arrived at the decision to remain permanently\n        in the United States and apply for citizenship.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=686\\u2013687}}\\n\\nEinstein''s\n        affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death\n        in 1955.{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/einstein/in-brief |title=In\n        Brief |publisher=Institute for Advanced Study |accessdate=4 March 2010| archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100329064405/http://www.ias.edu/people/einstein/in-brief|\n        archivedate= 29 March 2010 | deadurl= no}} He was one\n        of the four first selected (two of the others being [[John von Neumann]] and\n        [[Kurt G\\u00f6del]]) at the new Institute, where he soon developed a close\n        friendship with G\\u00f6del. The two would take long walks together discussing\n        their work. [[Bruria Kaufman]], his assistant, later became a physicist. During\n        this period, Einstein tried to develop a [[unified field theory]] and to refute\n        the [[Copenhagen interpretation|accepted interpretation]] of [[quantum physics]],\n        both unsuccessfully.\\n\\n==== World War II and the Manhattan Project ====\\n{{See\n        also|Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter}}\\nIn 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists\n        that included \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 physicist [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]] attempted\n        to alert Washington to ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group''s warnings\n        were discounted. Einstein and Szil\\u00e1rd, along with other refugees such\n        as [[Edward Teller]] and [[Eugene Wigner]], \\\"regarded it as their responsibility\n        to alert Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the\n        [[German nuclear energy project|race to build an atomic bomb]], and to warn\n        that Hitler would be more than willing to resort to such a weapon.\\\"{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=630}}{{cite\n        web |last=Gosling |first=F. G. |title=The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic\n        Bomb |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, History Division |date=2010 |url=http://energy.gov/management/downloads/gosling-manhattan-project-making-atomic-bomb\n        |page=vii |accessdate=2015-06-07}} To make certain the U.S. was aware\n        of the danger, in July 1939, a few months before the beginning of World War\n        II in Europe, Szil\\u00e1rd and Wigner visited Einstein to explain the possibility\n        of atomic bombs, which Einstein, a pacifist, said he had never considered.{{cite\n        book |last=Lanouette |first=William |last2=Silard |first2=Bela |title=Genius\n        in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szil\\u00e1rd: The Man Behind The Bomb |location=New\n        York |publisher=Charles Scribner''s Sons |date=1992 |isbn=0-684-19011-7 |pages=198\\u2013200}}\n        He was asked to lend his support by writing [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter|a\n        letter]], with Szil\\u00e1rd, to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]],\n        recommending the U.S. pay attention and engage in its own nuclear weapons\n        research.\\n\\nThe letter is believed to be \\\"arguably the key stimulus for\n        the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve\n        of the U.S. entry into World War II\\\".{{cite book |last1=J. Diehl |first1=Sarah\n        |last2=Moltz |first2=James Clay |title=Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation:\n        A Reference Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PN-NEfl_U0C |date=2008\n        |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=218 |isbn=978-1-59884-071-1 |accessdate=2015-06-07}}\n        In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the [[Belgian\n        Royal Family]]{{cite book |last=Hewlett |first=Richard G. |last2=Anderson\n        |first2=Oscar E. |title=The New World, 1939\\u20131946 |location=University\n        Park |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |date=1962 |url=http://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf\n        |format=PDF |pages=15\\u201316 |isbn=0-520-07186-7 |oclc=637004643 |accessdate=2015-06-07}}\n        and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal envoy to the White\n        House''s Oval Office. President Roosevelt could not take the risk of allowing\n        Hitler to possess atomic bombs first. As a result of Einstein''s letter and\n        his meetings with Roosevelt, the U.S. entered the \\\"race\\\" to develop the\n        bomb, drawing on its \\\"immense material, financial, and scientific resources\\\"\n        to initiate the [[Manhattan Project]]. The U.S. became the only country to\n        successfully develop nuclear weapons during World War II and also remains\n        the only country to have used them in combat, [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima\n        and Nagasaki|against Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] on 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively,\n        towards the end of the war.\\n\\nFor Einstein, \\\"war was a disease ...\n        [and] he called for resistance to war.\\\" By signing the letter to Roosevelt,\n        he went against his pacifist principles.{{cite web |author=Einstein,\n        Albert |date=1952 |title=On My Participation in the Atom Bomb Project |url=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hiroshima/EinsteinResponse.shtml\n        |publisher=AJ Software & Multimedia |via=atomicarchive.org |page=??? |accessdate=2015-06-07}}\n        In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, [[Linus\n        Pauling]], \\\"I made one great mistake in my life\\u2014when I signed the letter\n        to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was\n        some justification\\u2014the danger that the Germans would make them ...\\\"{{Sfnp|Clark|1971|p=???}}\\n\\n====\n        U.S. citizenship ====\\n[[File:Citizen-Einstein.jpg|thumb|Einstein accepting\n        [[Citizenship in the United States|U.S. citizenship]] certificate from judge\n        [[Phillip Forman]]]]\\nEinstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long\n        after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study (in Princeton,\n        New Jersey), he expressed his appreciation of the [[meritocracy]] in American\n        culture when compared to Europe. He recognized the \\\"right of individuals\n        to say and think what they pleased\\\", without social barriers, and as a result,\n        individuals were encouraged, he said, to be more creative, a trait he valued\n        from his own early education.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=432}}\\n\\n=== Personal\n        life ===\\n\\n==== Supporter of civil rights ====\\nEinstein was a passionate,\n        committed antiracist and joined [[National Association for the Advancement\n        of Colored People]] (NAACP) in Princeton, where he campaigned for the [[African-American\n        Civil Rights Movement (1896\\u20131954)|civil rights]] of African Americans.\n        He considered racism America''s \\\"worst disease,\\\"\n        seeing it as \\\"handed down from one generation to the next\\\".Calaprice,\n        Alice (2005) ''''[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7921.html The new quotable\n        Einstein] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622063213/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7921.html\n        |date=22 June 2009 }}''''. pp.148\\u2013149 Princeton University Press, 2005.\n        See also ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dLhVn-McDDgC&pg=PA226&dq=racism+americas+worst+disease+1946#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        Odyssey in Climate Modeling, Global Warming, and Advising Five Presidents]''''\n        As part of his involvement, he corresponded with civil rights activist [[W.\n        E. B. Du Bois]] and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial\n        in 1951.Robeson, Paul. ''''Paul Robeson Speaks'''', Citadel\n        (2002) p. 333{{rp|565}} When Einstein offered to be a character witness\n        for Du Bois, the judge decided to drop the case.\\n\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein Head.jpg|thumb|Einstein in 1947]]\\nIn 1946 Einstein visited [[Lincoln\n        University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]] in Pennsylvania, a [[historically\n        black college]], where he was awarded an honorary degree. (Lincoln was the\n        first university in the United States to grant college degrees to [[African\n        Americans]]; alumni include [[Langston Hughes]] and [[Thurgood Marshall]].)\n        Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, \\\"I do not intend\n        to be quiet about it.\\\"{{cite journal|last1=Jerome|first1=Fred|title=Einstein,\n        Race, and the Myth of the Cultural Icon|journal=Isis|date=December 2004|volume=95|issue=4|pages=627\\u2013639\n        |doi=10.1086/430653|jstor=10.1086/430653}} {{open access}} A resident\n        of Princeton recalls that Einstein had once paid the college tuition for a\n        black student.[http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/albert-einstein-civil-rights-activist/\n        \\\"Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist\\\"], ''''Harvard Gazette'''', 12 April\n        2007\\n\\n==== Assisting Zionist causes ====\\nEinstein was a figurehead\n        leader in helping establish the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], which\n        opened in 1925, and was among its first Board of Governors. Earlier, in 1921,\n        he was asked by the biochemist and president of the [[World Zionist Organization]],\n        [[Chaim Weizmann]], to help raise funds for the planned university.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=290}}\n        He also submitted various suggestions as to its initial programs.\\n\\nAmong\n        those, he advised first creating an Institute of Agriculture in order to settle\n        the undeveloped land. That should be followed, he suggested, by a Chemical\n        Institute and an Institute of Microbiology, to fight the various ongoing epidemics\n        such as [[malaria]], which he called an \\\"evil\\\" that was undermining a third\n        of the country''s development.{{rp|161}} Establishing an\n        Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew\n        and Arabic, for scientific exploration of the country and its historical monuments,\n        was also important.Rowe, David E. and Schulmann, Robert, editors.\n        ''''Einstein on Politics'''', Princeton University Press (2007){{rp|158}}\\n\\nChaim\n        Weizmann later became Israel''s first president. Upon his death while in office\n        in November 1952 and at the urging of [[Ezriel Carlebach]], Prime Minister\n        [[David Ben-Gurion]] offered Einstein the position of [[President of Israel]],\n        a mostly ceremonial post.{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817454,00.html\n        |title=ISRAEL: Einstein Declines |work=Time magazine |date=1 December 1952\n        |accessdate=31 March 2010}}{{cite book|last1=Rosenkranz|first1=Ze''ev|title=The\n        Einstein Scrapbook|date=6 November 2002|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University\n        Press]]|location=Baltimore, Maryland, USA|isbn=978-0-8018-7203-7|page=103}}\n        The offer was presented by Israel''s ambassador in Washington, [[Abba Eban]],\n        who explained that the offer \\\"embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish\n        people can repose in any of its sons\\\".{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=522}} Einstein\n        declined, and wrote in his response that he was \\\"deeply moved\\\", and \\\"at\n        once saddened and ashamed\\\" that he could not accept it.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=522}}\\n\\n====\n        Love of music ====\\n{{Multiple image|direction = vertical|image1 =|image2\n        = Rabindranath with Einstein.jpg|caption1 = Albert Einstein playing [[violin]]|caption2\n        = Einstein (right) with writer, musician and Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath\n        Tagore]], 1930|align = right}}\\nEinstein developed an appreciation for music\n        at an early age, and later wrote: \\\"If I were not a physicist, I would probably\n        be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see\n        my life in terms of music... I get most joy in life out of music.\\\"{{cite\n        news|title = The relative beauty of the violin|date = 28 January 2011|url\n        = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/features/the-relative-beauty-of-the-violin-2196313.html|work=[[The\n        Independent]]|author=Duchen, Jessica}}{{cite news|title=Einstein\n        and his love of music |date=January 2005 |url=http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein&music.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=[[Physics World]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828225916/http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein%26music.pdf\n        |archivedate=28 August 2015 |df= }}\\n\\nHis mother played the piano reasonably\n        well and wanted her son to learn the [[violin]], not only to instill in him\n        a love of music but also to help him assimilate into [[German culture]]. According\n        to conductor [[Leon Botstein]], Einstein is said to have begun playing when\n        he was 5, although he did not enjoy it at that age.\\n\\nWhen\n        he turned 13, he discovered the violin sonatas of [[Mozart]], whereupon \\\"Einstein\n        fell in love\\\" with Mozart''s music and studied music more willingly. He taught\n        himself to play without \\\"ever practicing systematically\\\", he said, deciding\n        that \\\"love is a better teacher than a sense of duty.\\\"{{cite\n        book|author1=Peter Galison|author2=Gerald James Holton|author3=Silvan S. Schweber|title=Einstein\n        for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture|date=2008|publisher=Princeton\n        University Press|isbn=0-691-13520-7|pages=161\\u2013164}} At age 17,\n        he was heard by a school examiner in Aarau as he played [[Beethoven]]''s [[violin\n        sonata]]s, the examiner stating afterward that his playing was \\\"remarkable\n        and revealing of ''great insight''.\\\" What struck the examiner, writes Botstein,\n        was that Einstein \\\"displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was\n        and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student.\\\"\\n\\nMusic took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein''s\n        life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional musician\n        himself was not on his mind at any time, among those with whom Einstein played\n        [[chamber music]] were a few professionals, and he performed for private audiences\n        and friends. Chamber music had also become a regular part of his social life\n        while living in Bern, Z\\u00fcrich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck\n        and his son, among others. He is sometimes erroneously credited as the editor\n        of the 1937 edition of the [[K\\u00f6chel catalogue]] of Mozart''s work; that\n        edition was prepared by [[Alfred Einstein]], who may have been a distant relation.Article\n        \\\"Alfred Einstein\\\", in ''''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'''',\n        ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. {{ISBN|1-56159-174-2}}''''The\n        Concise Edition of Baker''s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians'''', 8th\n        ed. Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky. New York, Schirmer Books, 1993. {{ISBN|0-02-872416-X}}\\n\\nIn\n        1931, while engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology,\n        he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played\n        some of Beethoven and Mozart''s works with members of the [[Zoellner Quartet]].[http://articles.latimes.com/1985-12-22/entertainment/ca-20526_1_life-estate\n        Cariaga, Daniel, \\\"Not Taking It with You: A Tale of Two Estates,\\\" ''''Los\n        Angeles Times''''], 22 December 1985. Retrieved April 2012.[http://www.rrauction.com/albert_einstein_signed_photo_to_joseph_zoellner.cfm\n        Auction listing] by RR Auction, auction closed 13 October 2010. Near\n        the end of his life, when the young [[Juilliard Quartet]] visited him in Princeton,\n        he played his violin with them, and the quartet was \\\"impressed by Einstein''s\n        level of coordination and intonation\\\".\\n\\n==== Political\n        and religious views ====\\n{{Main article|Albert Einstein''s political views|Albert\n        Einstein''s religious views}}\\n[[File:Einsteinwiezmann.PNG|alt=Casual group\n        shot of four men and two women standing on a brick pavement.|thumb|Albert\n        Einstein with his wife [[Elsa Einstein]] and Zionist leaders, including future\n        [[President of Israel]] [[Chaim Weizmann]], his wife [[Vera Weizmann]], [[Menahem\n        Ussishkin]], and Ben-Zion Mossinson on arrival in New York City in 1921]]\\n\\nEinstein''s\n        political view was in favor of [[socialism]] and critical of capitalism, which\n        he detailed in his essays such as \\\"[[Why Socialism?]]\\\".{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=Albert|title=Why\n        Socialism?|journal=Monthly Review|date=May 1949|volume=1|issue=1|url=http://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism/|editor1-first=Paul\n        |editor1-last=Sweezy |editor2-first=Leo |editor2-last=Huberman |location=New\n        York}}{{cite journal|first=David E. | last=Rowe|author2=Robert\n        Schulmann|last-author-amp=yes|title=What Were Einstein''s Politics?|journal=[[History\n        News Network]]|date=8 June 2007|url=http://hnn.us/articles/39445.html|accessdate=29\n        July 2012|editor1-first=Walsh|editor1-last=David A.|publisher=[[George Mason\n        University]]}} Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments\n        and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}\n        He strongly advocated the idea of a democratic [[World government|global government]]\n        that would check the power of nation-states in the framework of a world federation.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=487,\n        494, 550}} The FBI created a secret dossier on Einstein in 1932, and by the\n        time of his death his FBI file was 1,427 pages long.{{cite web| url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/science-march-einstein-fbi-genius-science/|\n        first=Mitch | last=Waldrop| title=Why the FBI Kept a 1,400-Page File on Einstein|\n        publisher=National Geographic| date=19 April 2017}}\\n\\nEinstein spoke\n        of his religious outlook in a wide array of original writings and interviews.\n        Einstein stated that he believed in the [[Pantheism|pantheistic]] God of [[Spinozism|Baruch\n        Spinoza]].Calaprice, Alice (2010). ''''The Ultimate\n        Quotable Einstein''''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G_iziBAPXtEC&pg=PA325\n        p. 325.] He did not believe in a [[personal God]] who concerns himself\n        with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as na\\u00efve.Calaprice, Alice (2000). ''''The Expanded Quotable Einstein''''.\n        Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 218. He clarified however\n        that, \\\"I am not an atheist\\\",Isaacson, Walter (2008).\n        ''''Einstein: His Life and Universe''''. New York: Simon and Schuster, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cdxWNE7NY6QC&pg=PT390\n        p. 390.] preferring to call himself an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]],Calaprice, Alice (2010). ''''The Ultimate Quotable Einstein''''.\n        Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G_iziBAPXtEC&pg=PA340\n        p. 340.] [http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2687/4496554935_0b573db853_o.jpg\n        Letter to M. Berkowitz, 25 October 1950.] Einstein Archive 59\\u2013215.\n        or a \\\"deeply religious nonbeliever\\\". When asked\n        if he believed in an [[afterlife]], Einstein replied, \\\"No. And one life is\n        enough for me.\\\"Isaacson, Walter (2008). ''''Einstein: His Life and Universe''''.\n        New York: Simon and Schuster, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzSJgdwk5esC&pg=PT461\n        p. 461.]\\n\\n=== Death ===\\nOn 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced [[internal\n        bleeding]] caused by the rupture of an [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]], which\n        had previously been reinforced surgically by [[Rudolph Nissen]] in 1948.{{Citation\n        |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/436253 |title=The Case of the Scientist\n        with a Pulsating Mass |date=14 June 2002 |accessdate=11 June 2007}}\n        He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance\n        commemorating the State of Israel''s seventh anniversary with him to the hospital,\n        but he did not live long enough to complete it.{{Citation |author=Albert\n        Einstein Archives |contribution=Draft of projected Telecast Israel Independence\n        Day, April 1955 (last statement ever written) |title=Einstein Archives Online\n        |date=April 1955 |contribution-url=http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Digital/EAR000020078#page/1/mode/1up\n        |url=http://www.alberteinstein.info/ |accessdate=14 March 2007 | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313231657/http://www.alberteinstein.info/|\n        archivedate= 13 March 2007 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        refused surgery, saying: \\\"I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong\n        life artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly.\\\"{{Citation\n        |date=November 1995 |author=Cohen, J.R. |author2=Graver, L.M. |title=The ruptured\n        abdominal aortic aneurysm of Albert Einstein |volume =170 |issue=5 |pages\n        =455\\u20138 |journal=Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics |pmid=2183375 |ref=harv\n        |postscript=.\\n}} He died in [[Princeton Hospital]] early the next morning\n        at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end.\\n\\nDuring the\n        autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton Hospital, [[Thomas Stoltz Harvey]],\n        removed [[Albert Einstein''s brain|Einstein''s brain]] for preservation without\n        the permission of his family, in the hope that the [[neuroscience]] of the\n        future would be able to discover what made Einstein so [[human intelligence|intelligent]].{{Citation\n        |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913 |title=The\n        Long, Strange Journey of Einstein''s Brain |accessdate=3 October 2007 |publisher=[[National\n        Public Radio]]}} Einstein''s remains were [[Cremation|cremated]] and\n        his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.{{Citation |last\n        =O''Connor |first =J.J. |last2 =Robertson |first2 =E.F. |chapter=Albert Einstein\n        |title=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |publisher=School of Mathematics\n        and Statistics, University of St. Andrews |date=1997 |chapter-url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Einstein.html\n        }}{{cite news\\n | title=Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep\n        at 76; World Mourns Loss of Great Scientist, Rupture of Aorta Causes Death,\n        Body Cremated, Memorial Here Set\\n | work=The New York Times\\n | publication-date=19\n        April 1955\\n | publication-place = New York, NY\\n | date = 18 April 1955\\n\n        | place = Princeton, NJ\\n | volume = CIV\\n | number = 35,514\\n | issn = 0362-4331\\n\n        | editor = Late City\\n | page = 1\\n | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C1EFC3D55107A93CBA8178FD85F418585F9\\n}}\\n\\nIn\n        a memorial lecture delivered on 13 December 1965, at UNESCO headquarters,\n        nuclear physicist [[Robert Oppenheimer]] summarized his impression of Einstein\n        as a person: \\\"He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without\n        worldliness ... There was always with him a wonderful purity at once\n        childlike and profoundly stubborn.\\\"{{cite journal|last1=Oppenheimer|first1=J.\n        Robert|title=Oppenheimer on Einstein|journal=The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=March\n        1979|volume=35|issue=3|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7goAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38|accessdate=12\n        January 2017|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science|location=Chicago}}\\n\\n==\n        Scientific career ==\\nThroughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of\n        books and articles. He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150\n        non-scientific ones. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced\n        the release of Einstein''s papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008}}{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis\n        Overbye |title=Thousands of Einstein Documents Are Now a Click Away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html\n        |date=4 December 2014 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2015-01-04}}\n        Einstein''s intellectual achievements and originality have made the word \\\"Einstein\\\"\n        synonymous with \\\"[[genius]]\\\". In\n        addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists\n        on additional projects including the [[Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics]], the\n        [[Einstein refrigerator]] and others.\\\"[http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/Einstein_archive/\n        Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz]\\\". ''''Instituut-Lorentz.'''' 2005.\n        Retrieved on 21 November 2005.\\n\\n=== 1905 \\u2013 ''''Annus Mirabilis''''\n        papers ===\\n{{Main article|Annus Mirabilis papers|Photoelectric effect|Special\n        theory of relativity|Mass\\u2013energy equivalence|Brownian motion}}\\nThe ''''Annus\n        Mirabilis'''' papers are four articles pertaining to the [[photoelectric effect]]\n        (which gave rise to [[quantum mechanics|quantum theory]]), [[Brownian motion]],\n        the [[special theory of relativity]], and [[Mass\\u2013energy equivalence|E\n        = mc2]] that Einstein published in the ''''Annalen der Physik''''\n        scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to\n        the foundation of [[History of physics#Modern physics|modern physics]] and\n        changed views on [[space]], time, and [[matter]]. The four papers are:\\n\\n{|\n        class=wikitable\\n|-\\n! Title (translated) !!Area of\n        focus !! Received !! Published !! Significance\\n|-\\n| ''''On a Heuristic\n        Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light'''' || [[Photoelectric\n        effect]] || 18 March || 9 June || Resolved an unsolved puzzle by suggesting\n        that energy is exchanged only in discrete amounts ([[quantum|quanta]]).{{cite\n        book |title=Lectures on quantum mechanics |first1=Ashok |last1=Das |publisher=Hindustan\n        Book Agency |date=2003 |isbn=81-85931-41-0 |page=59 }} This idea was\n        pivotal to the early development of quantum theory.{{cite book |title=Seven\n        ideas that shook the universe |edition=2nd |first1=Nathan |last1=Spielberg\n        |first2=Bryon D. |last2=Anderson |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=1995 |isbn=0-471-30606-1\n        |page=263 }}\\n|-\\n| ''''On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in\n        a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat''''\n        || [[Brownian motion]] || 11 May || 18 July || Explained empirical evidence\n        for the [[atomic theory]], supporting the application of [[statistical physics]].\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'''' || [[Special relativity]]\n        || 30 June || 26 September || Reconciled Maxwell''s equations for electricity\n        and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing major changes to mechanics\n        close to the speed of light, resulting from analysis based on empirical evidence\n        that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer.{{cite\n        book\\n|title=The quantum beat: principles and applications of atomic clocks\n        |edition=2nd |first1=Fouad G. |last1=Major |publisher=Springer |date=2007\n        |isbn=0-387-69533-8 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmdr6Wx_2PYC}}\n        Discredited the concept of a \\\"[[luminiferous ether]]\\\".{{cite book |title=Foundations\n        of physics |first1=Robert Bruce |last1=Lindsay |first2=Henry |last2=Margenau\n        |publisher=Ox Bow Press |date=1981 |isbn=0-918024-17-X |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwZltQAACAAJ}}\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?'''' || [[Mass\\u2013energy\n        equivalence|Matter\\u2013energy equivalence]] || 27 September || 21 November\n        || Equivalence of matter and energy, {{nowrap|1=''''E'''' = ''''mc''''2}}\n        (and by implication, the ability of gravity to \\\"bend\\\" light), the existence\n        of \\\"[[rest energy]]\\\", and the basis of nuclear energy.\\n|}\\n\\n=== Thermodynamic\n        fluctuations and statistical physics ===\\n{{Main article|Statistical mechanics|thermal\n        fluctuations|statistical physics}}\\n\\nEinstein''s first paper{{cite\n        web|first=Hans-Josef | last=Kuepper |url=http://www.einstein-website.de/z_physics/wisspub-e.html\n        |title=List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein |publisher=Einstein-website.de\n        |accessdate=3 April 2011}} submitted in 1900 to ''''Annalen der Physik''''\n        was on [[capillary attraction]]. It was published in 1901 with the title \\\"Folgerungen\n        aus den Capillarit\\u00e4tserscheinungen\\\", which translates as \\\"Conclusions\n        from the capillarity phenomena\\\". Two papers he published in 1902\\u20131903\n        (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret [[atom]]ic phenomena from a statistical\n        point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian\n        motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence\n        that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with\n        the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.\\n\\n=== General principles ===\\nHe articulated the [[principle of relativity]].\n        This was understood by [[Hermann Minkowski]] to be a generalization of rotational\n        invariance from space to space-time. Other principles postulated by Einstein\n        and later vindicated are the [[principle of equivalence]], [[general covariance]]\n        and the principle of [[adiabatic invariant|adiabatic invariance]] of the quantum\n        number.\\n\\n=== Theory of relativity and ''''E'''' = ''''mc''''\\u00b2 ===\\n{{Main\n        article|History of special relativity}}\\nEinstein''s \\\"''''Zur Elektrodynamik\n        bewegter K\\u00f6rper''''\\\" (\\\"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\\\") was\n        received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It\n        reconciles [[Maxwell''s equations]] for electricity and magnetism with the\n        laws of mechanics, by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the\n        [[speed of light]]. This later became known as Einstein''s special theory\n        of relativity.\\n\\nConsequences of this include the [[Spacetime|time\\u2013space\n        frame]] of a moving body appearing to [[Time dilation|slow down]] and [[Length\n        contraction|contract]] (in the direction of motion) when measured in the frame\n        of the observer. This paper also argued that the idea of a [[luminiferous\n        aether]]\\u2014one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time\\u2014was\n        superfluous.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905d}}\\n\\nIn his paper on [[mass\\u2013energy\n        equivalence]], Einstein produced ''''E'''' = ''''mc''''2\n        from his special relativity equations.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=vi, 15, 90, 131,\n        [https://books.google.com/?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA215 215]}} Einstein''s 1905\n        work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted\n        by leading physicists, starting with [[Max Planck]].For a discussion\n        of the reception of relativity theory around the world, and the different\n        controversies it encountered, see the articles in Thomas F. Glick, ed., ''''The\n        Comparative Reception of Relativity'''' (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987),\n        {{ISBN|90-277-2498-9}}.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=382\\u2013386}}\\n\\n=== Photons\n        and energy quanta ===\\n[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|upright|The photoelectric\n        effect. Incoming photons on the left strike a metal plate (bottom), and eject\n        electrons, depicted as flying off to the right.]]\\n{{Main article|Photon|Quantum}}\\nIn\n        a 1905 paper,{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905a}} Einstein postulated that light itself\n        consists of localized particles (''''[[quantum|quanta]]''''). Einstein''s\n        light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including\n        Max Planck and Niels Bohr. This idea only became universally accepted in 1919,\n        with [[Robert Millikan]]''s detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect,\n        and with the measurement of [[Compton scattering]].\\n\\nEinstein concluded\n        that each wave of frequency ''''f'''' is associated with a collection of [[photon]]s\n        with energy ''''hf'''' each, where ''''h'''' is [[Planck''s constant]]. He\n        does not say much more, because he is not sure how the particles are related\n        to the wave. But he does suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental\n        results, notably the photoelectric effect.{{sfnp|Einstein|1905a}}\\n\\n=== Quantized\n        atomic vibrations ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein solid}}\\nIn 1907, Einstein\n        proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent\n        harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently\\u2014a\n        series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was\n        aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult,\n        but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear\n        demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem\n        in classical mechanics. [[Peter Debye]] refined this model.[http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/nuggets/einstein/solidcolda.html\n        Celebrating Einstein \\\"Solid Cold\\\". U.S. DOE.], [[Office of Scientific and\n        Technical Information]], 2011.\\n\\n=== Adiabatic principle and action-angle\n        variables ===\\n{{Main article|Old quantum theory}}\\nThroughout the 1910s,\n        quantum mechanics expanded in scope to cover many different systems. After\n        [[Ernest Rutherford]] discovered the nucleus and proposed that electrons orbit\n        like planets, Niels Bohr was able to show that the same quantum mechanical\n        postulates introduced by Planck and developed by Einstein would explain the\n        discrete motion of electrons in atoms, and the [[periodic table of the elements]].\\n\\nEinstein\n        contributed to these developments by linking them with the 1898 arguments\n        [[Wilhelm Wien]] had made. Wien had shown that the hypothesis of [[adiabatic\n        invariant|adiabatic invariance]] of a thermal equilibrium state allows all\n        the [[blackbody radiation|blackbody curves]] at different temperature to be\n        derived from one another by a [[Wien''s displacement law|simple shifting process]].\n        Einstein noted in 1911 that the same adiabatic principle shows that the quantity\n        which is quantized in any mechanical motion must be an adiabatic invariant.\n        [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] identified this adiabatic invariant as the [[action-angle\n        variables|action variable]] of classical mechanics.\\n\\n=== Wave\\u2013particle\n        duality ===\\n[[File:Albert Einstein photo 1921.jpg|thumb|upright|Einstein\n        during his visit to the United States]]\\n{{Main article|Wave\\u2013particle\n        duality}}\\nAlthough the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner\n        Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became\n        a ''''[[Privatdozent]]'''' at the University of Bern.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|p=522}}\n        In \\\"''''\\u00dcber die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen \\u00fcber das Wesen\n        und die Konstitution der Strahlung''''\\\" (\\\"[[s:The Development of Our Views\n        on the Composition and Essence of Radiation|The Development of our Views on\n        the Composition and Essence of Radiation]]\\\"), on the [[quantization (physics)|quantization]]\n        of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Einstein showed that Max Planck''s\n        energy quanta must have well-defined [[momentum|momenta]] and act in some\n        respects as independent, [[point particle|point-like particles]]. This paper\n        introduced the ''''photon'''' concept (although the name ''''photon'''' was\n        introduced later by [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] in 1926) and inspired the notion\n        of [[wave\\u2013particle duality]] in [[quantum mechanics]]. Einstein saw this\n        wave\\u2013particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction\n        that physics needed a new, unified foundation.\\n\\n=== Theory of critical opalescence\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Critical opalescence}}\\nEinstein returned to the problem\n        of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations\n        in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily the density fluctuations are\n        controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the\n        density. At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large\n        fluctuations. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths\n        is scattered, making the fluid look milky white. Einstein relates this to\n        [[Rayleigh scattering]], which is what happens when the fluctuation size is\n        much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.{{cite\n        web |last=Levenson |first=Thomas |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/genius/\n        |title=Einstein''s Big Idea |publisher=WBGH |type=public broadcaster website\n        |via=NOVA by [[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS), Arlington, VA, USA |location=Boston,\n        MA, USA |date=9 September 1997 |accessdate=2015-06-20}} Einstein quantitatively\n        derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and\n        demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the\n        atomistic constitution of matter.\\n\\n=== Zero-point energy ===\\n{{Main article|Zero-point\n        energy}}\\nIn a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated\n        his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his\n        \\\"second quantum theory\\\". Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Einstein\n        and his assistant [[Otto Stern]]. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic\n        molecules contains zero-point energy, they then compared the theoretical specific\n        heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data. The numbers matched nicely.\n        However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support,\n        because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point\n        energy.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol. 4: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1912\\u20131914|pp=270ff}}\\n\\n===\n        General relativity and the equivalence principle ===\\n{{Main article|History\n        of general relativity}}\\n{{See also|Principle of equivalence|Theory of relativity|Einstein\n        field equations}}\\n[[File:1919 eclipse positive.jpg|alt=Black circle covering\n        the sun, rays visible around it, in a dark sky.|thumb|upright|[[Arthur Stanley\n        Eddington|Eddington]]''s photograph of a [[solar eclipse]]]]\\nGeneral relativity\n        (GR) is a [[theory of gravitation]] that was developed by Einstein between\n        1907 and 1915. According to [[general relativity]], the observed gravitational\n        attraction between masses results from the warping of [[spacetime|space and\n        time]] by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential\n        tool in modern [[astrophysics]]. It provides the foundation for the current\n        understanding of [[black holes]], regions of space where gravitational attraction\n        is so strong that not even light can escape.\\n\\nAs Einstein later said, the\n        reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of\n        inertial motions within [[special relativity]] was unsatisfactory, while a\n        theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated\n        ones) should appear more satisfactory.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1923}} Consequently,\n        in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity.\n        In that article titled \\\"On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn\n        from It\\\", he argued that [[free fall]] is really inertial motion, and that\n        for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This\n        argument is called the [[equivalence principle]]. In the same article, Einstein\n        also predicted the phenomena of [[gravitational time dilation]], [[gravitational\n        red shift]] and [[Gravitational lensing|deflection of light]].{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=179\\u2013183}}{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        2: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1900\\u20131909|pp=273\\u2013274}}\\n\\nIn 1911,\n        Einstein published another article \\\"On the Influence of Gravitation on the\n        Propagation of Light\\\" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated\n        the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical\n        prediction of general relativity can for the first time be tested experimentally.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=194\\u2013195}}\\n\\n====Gravitational\n        waves====\\nIn 1916, Einstein predicted [[gravitational wave]]s,{{cite\n        journal|author=Einstein, A |title=N\\u00e4herungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen\n        der Gravitation |date= June 1916 |url=http://einstein-annalen.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/related_texts/sitzungsberichte\n        |journal=[[Prussian Academy of Sciences|Sitzungsberichte der K\\u00f6niglich\n        Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin]] |volume=part 1|pages=688\\u2013696}}{{cite\n        journal|author=Einstein, A |title=\\u00dcber Gravitationswellen |date=1918\n        |url=http://einstein-annalen.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/related_texts/sitzungsberichte\n        |journal=Sitzungsberichte der K\\u00f6niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften\n        Berlin|volume=part 1|pages=154\\u2013167}} ripples in the [[curvature]]\n        of spacetime which propagate as [[wave]]s, traveling outward from the source,\n        transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational\n        waves is possible under general relativity due to its [[Lorentz invariance]]\n        which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical\n        interactions of gravity with it. By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist\n        in the [[Newton''s law of universal gravitation|Newtonian theory of gravitation]],\n        which postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite\n        speed.\\n\\nThe first, indirect, detection of gravitational waves came in the\n        1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting [[neutron stars]],\n        [[PSR B1913+16]].{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160211-gravitational-waves-found-spacetime-science/\n        |title=Found! Gravitational Waves, or a Wrinkle in Spacetime |work=Nadia Drake\n        |publisher=National Geographic |date=11 February 2016 |accessdate=6 July 2016\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212083049/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160211-gravitational-waves-found-spacetime-science/\n        |archivedate=12 February 2016 |df= }} The explanation of the decay in\n        their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves.{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/press.html|title=Gravity\n        investigated with a binary pulsar-Press Release: The 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics|publisher=Nobel\n        Foundation|accessdate=6 July 2016}} Einstein''s prediction was confirmed\n        on 11 February 2016, when researchers at [[LIGO]] published the [[first observation\n        of gravitational waves]],{{cite journal |collaboration=LIGO\n        Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last1=Abbott |first1=Benjamin\n        P. |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger\n        |url=http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |journal=[[Phys.\n        Rev. Lett.]] |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=061102 |year=2016 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102\n        |arxiv=1602.03837 |lay-summary=https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/system/media_files/binaries/301/original/detection-science-summary.pdf|bibcode\n        = 2016PhRvL.116f1102A |pmid=26918975}} on Earth, exactly one hundred\n        years after the prediction.{{Cite web|title = Gravitational\n        Waves: Ripples in the fabric of space-time|publisher=LIGO {{!}} MIT|url =\n        http://space.mit.edu/LIGO/more.html|website = space.mit.edu|access-date =\n        2016-02-12|date = 2016-02-11}}{{Cite web|title = Scientists make\n        first direct detection of gravitational waves|work=Jennifer Chu|url = http://news.mit.edu/2016/ligo-first-detection-gravitational-waves-0211|publisher\n        = MIT News|access-date = 2016-02-12}}{{Cite web|title = Einstein''s\n        gravitational waves ''seen'' from black holes \\u2013 BBC News|url = http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35524440|website\n        = BBC News|access-date = 2016-02-12|language = en-GB}}{{Cite news|title\n        = Gravitational Waves Detected, Confirming Einstein\\u2019s Theory|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html|newspaper\n        = The New York Times|date = 2016-02-11|access-date = 2016-02-12|issn = 0362-4331|first\n        = Dennis|last = Overbye}}\\n\\n=== Hole argument and Entwurf theory ===\\n{{Main\n        article|Hole argument}}\\nWhile developing general relativity, Einstein became\n        confused about the [[gauge invariance]] in the theory. He formulated an argument\n        that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible.\n        He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations, and searched\n        for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations\n        only.\\n\\nIn June 1913, the Entwurf (\\\"draft\\\") theory was the result of these\n        investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant\n        and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented\n        by additional gauge fixing conditions. After more than two years of intensive\n        work, Einstein realized that the [[hole argument]] was mistakenvan Dongen,\n        Jeroen (2010) ''''Einstein''s Unification'''' Cambridge University Press,\n        p.23. and abandoned the theory in November 1915.\\n\\n=== Physical Cosmology\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Physical Cosmology}}\\n{{cosmology|scientists}}\\nIn 1917,\n        Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the\n        universe as a whole.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1917a}} He discovered that the general\n        field equations predicted a universe that was dynamic, either contracting\n        or expanding. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was not known\n        at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the [[cosmological constant]],\n        to the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe.\n        The modified field equations predicted a static universe of closed curvature,\n        in accordance with Einstein''s understanding of [[Mach''s principle]] in these\n        years. This model became known as the Einstein World or [[Einstein''s static\n        universe]].{{Sfnp|Pais|1994|pp=285\\u2013286}} {{cite book|last1=North|first1=J.D.|title=The\n        Measure of the Universe: A History of Modern Cosmology|date=1965|publisher=Dover|location=New\n        York|pages=81\\u201383}}\\n\\nFollowing the discovery of the recession\n        of the nebulae by [[Edwin Hubble]] in 1929, Einstein abandoned his static\n        model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, [[The\n        Friedmann-Einstein universe]] of 1931Einstein,\n        A. 1931. Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativit\\u00e4tstheorie\n        Sitzungsb.K\\u00f6nig. Preuss. Akad. 235\\u2013237O\\u2019Raifeartaigh,\n        C. and McCann, B. (2014) \\u2018Einstein\\u2019s cosmic model of 1931 revisited:\n        an analysis and translation of a forgotten model of the universe\\u2019. Eur.\n        Phys. J. (H) 39 (1), pp. 63\\u201385. Physics ArXiv preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.2192\n        and the [[Einstein\\u2013de Sitter universe]] of 1932.Einstein,\n        A and de Sitter, W. 1932. On the relation between the expansion and the mean\n        density of the universe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18:\n        213\\u2013214{{cite journal|last1=Nussbaumer|first1=Harry|title=Einstein''s\n        conversion from his static to an expanding universe|journal=Eur. Phys. J (H)|date=2014|volume=39|issue=1|pages=37\\u201362|arxiv=1311.2763|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2013-40037-6|bibcode\n        = 2014EPJH...39...37N }} In each of these models, Einstein discarded\n        the cosmological constant, claiming that it was \\\"in any case theoretically\n        unsatisfactory\\\".{{cite\n        book|last1=Nussbaumer and Bieri|title=Discovering the Expanding Universe|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=144\\u2013152}}\\n\\nIn many\n        Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological\n        constant in later years as his \\\"biggest blunder\\\". The astrophysicist [[Mario\n        Livio]] has recently cast doubt on this claim, suggesting that it may be exaggerated.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/books/review/brilliant-blunders-by-mario-livio.html|title=The\n        Genius of Getting It Wrong|date=9 June 2013|work=The New York Times}}\\n\\nIn\n        late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist [[Cormac O''Raifeartaigh]] discovered\n        evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble''s observations of the recession\n        of the nebulae, Einstein considered a [[Steady State theory|steady-state model]]\n        of the universe.{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/news/einstein-s-lost-theory-uncovered-1.14767|title=Einstein\\u2019s\n        lost theory uncovered|work=Nature News & Comment}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2014/03/14/135th-birthday-einstein-still-full-surprises/#.UybABMHiG9V|title=On\n        His 135th Birthday, Einstein is Still Full of Surprises|work=Out There}}\n        In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein\n        explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter\n        remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process he associated\n        with the cosmological constant.O\\u2019Raifeartaigh,\n        C., B. McCann, W. Nahm and S. Mitton. (2014)'' Einstein\\u2019s steady-state\n        theory: an abandoned model of the cosmos''. Eur. Phys. J (H) 39(3):353\\u2013369.\n        Physics ArXiv preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0132Nussbaumer, H. (2014). \\u2018Einstein\\u2019s aborted attempt\n        at a dynamic steady state universe\\u2019. Physics ArXiv preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4099\n        As he stated in the paper, \\\"In what follows, I would like to draw attention\n        to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel''s [''''sic'''']\n        facts, and in which the density is constant over time\\\" ... \\\"If one considers\n        a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving\n        it. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually\n        formed in the volume from space.\\\"\\n\\nIt thus appears that Einstein considered\n        a [[Steady State theory|steady-state model]] of the expanding universe many\n        years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold.Hoyle, \\\"A New Model for the Expanding\n        Universe,\\\" MNRAS 108 (1948) 372. {{Bibcode|1948MNRAS.108..372H}}Bondi\n        and Gold, \\\"The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe,\\\" MNRAS 108\n        (1948) 252. {{Bibcode|1948MNRAS.108..252B}} However, Einstein''s steady-state\n        model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea.{{cite\n        web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2014/03/07/einsteins-lost-theory-describes-a-universe-without-a-big-bang/#.Uya3EcHiG9U|title=Einstein''s\n        Lost Theory Describes a Universe Without a Big Bang \\u2013 The Crux|work=The\n        Crux}}\\n\\n=== Modern quantum theory ===\\n{{Main article|Schr\\u00f6dinger\n        equation}}\\n[[File:NYT May 4, 1935.jpg|thumb|Newspaper headline on 4 May 1935]]\\nEinstein\n        was displeased with quantum theory and quantum mechanics (a theory he had\n        helped create), despite its acceptance by other physicists, stating that God\n        \\\"is not playing at dice.\\\"{{cite book |title=The New Penguin Dictionary\n        of Modern Quotations |first1=Robert |last1=Andrews |publisher=Penguin UK |date=2003\n        |isbn=0-14-196531-2 |page=499 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VK0vR4fsaigC}}\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=VK0vR4fsaigC&pg=PT499 Extract of page 499]\n        Einstein continued to maintain his disbelief in the theory, and attempted\n        unsuccessfully to disprove it until he died at the age of 76.[http://video.pbs.org/video/1512280538\n        Video: The Elegant Universe: Part 1 | Watch NOVA Online | PBS Video]. Video.pbs.org.\n        Retrieved on 11 May 2012. In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity,\n        Einstein published an article in ''''Physikalische Zeitschrift'''' that proposed\n        the possibility of [[stimulated emission]], the physical process that makes\n        possible the [[maser]] and the [[laser]].{{Sfnp|Einstein|1917b}}\\nThis article\n        showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only\n        be consistent with Planck''s distribution law if the emission of light into\n        a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission\n        of light into an empty mode. This paper was enormously influential in the\n        later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to\n        show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws. Einstein discovered\n        [[Louis de Broglie]]''s work, and supported his ideas, which were received\n        skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave\n        a wave equation for [[Matter wave|de Broglie waves]], which Einstein suggested\n        was the [[Hamilton\\u2013Jacobi equation]] of mechanics. This paper would inspire\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger''s work of 1926.\\n\\n=== Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics ===\\n{{Main\n        article|Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics}}\\nIn 1924, Einstein received a description\n        of a [[statistical mechanics|statistical]] model from Indian physicist [[Satyendra\n        Nath Bose]], based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood\n        as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose''s statistics\n        applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted\n        his translation of Bose''s paper to the ''''[[Zeitschrift f\\u00fcr Physik]]''''.\n        Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications,\n        among them the [[Bose\\u2013Einstein condensate]] phenomenon that some particulates\n        should appear at very low temperatures.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1924}} It was not until\n        1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by [[Eric\n        Allin Cornell]] and [[Carl Wieman]] using [[ultracold atom|ultra-cooling]]\n        equipment built at the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]\\u2013[[JILA]]\n        laboratory at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]].{{Citation|url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm\n        |title=Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics |date=9 October\n        2001 |accessdate=11 June 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610080506/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics\n        are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of [[boson]]s. Einstein''s\n        sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library\n        of the Leiden University.\\n\\n=== Energy momentum\n        pseudotensor ===\\n{{Main article|Stress\\u2013energy\\u2013momentum pseudotensor}}\\nGeneral\n        relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to\n        identify the conserved energy and momentum. [[Noether''s theorem]] allows\n        these quantities to be determined from a [[Lagrangian (field theory)|Lagrangian]]\n        with [[Translational symmetry|translation invariance]], but [[general covariance]]\n        makes translation invariance into something of a [[gauge symmetry]]. The energy\n        and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether''s presecriptions\n        do not make a real tensor for this reason.\\n\\nEinstein argued that this is\n        true for fundamental reasons, because the gravitational field could be made\n        to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant\n        energy momentum pseudotensor was in fact the best description of the energy\n        momentum distribution in a gravitational field. This approach has been echoed\n        by [[Lev Landau]] and [[Evgeny Lifshitz]], and others, and has become standard.\\n\\nThe\n        use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was heavily criticized in\n        1917 by [[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]] and others.\\n\\n=== Unified field theory\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Classical unified field theories}}\\nFollowing his research\n        on general relativity, Einstein entered into a series of attempts to generalize\n        his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism as another\n        aspect of a single entity. In 1950, he described his \\\"[[unified field theory]]\\\"\n        in a ''''[[Scientific American]]'''' article titled \\\"On the Generalized Theory\n        of Gravitation\\\".{{Sfnp|Einstein|1950}} Although he continued to be lauded\n        for his work, Einstein became increasingly isolated in his research, and his\n        efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.\\nIn his pursuit of a unification of\n        the fundamental forces, Einstein ignored some mainstream developments in physics,\n        most notably the [[strong nuclear force|strong]] and [[weak nuclear force]]s,\n        which were not well understood until many years after his death. Mainstream\n        physics, in turn, largely ignored Einstein''s approaches to unification. Einstein''s\n        dream of unifying other laws of physics with gravity motivates modern quests\n        for a [[theory of everything]] and in particular [[string theory]], where\n        geometrical fields emerge in a unified quantum-mechanical setting.\\n\\n===\n        Wormholes ===\\n{{Main article|Wormhole}}\\nIn 1935, Einstein collaborated with\n        [[Nathan Rosen]] to produce a model of a [[wormhole]], often called [[Einstein\\u2013Rosen\n        bridges]].{{cite journal |author=Einstein, Albert |author2=Rosen, Nathan\n        |last-author-amp=yes |date=1935 |title=The Particle Problem in the General\n        Theory of Relativity |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=48 |page=73 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.48.73\n        |bibcode=1935PhRv...48...73E}}{{cite web|title=2015 \\u2013 General\n        Relativity\\u2019s Centennial|publisher=[[American Physical Society]]|date=2015|url=https://journals.aps.org/general-relativity-centennial|accessdate=7\n        April 2017}} His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge\n        as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined\n        in the paper \\\"Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution\n        of the Elementary Particles?\\\". These solutions cut and pasted [[Schwarzschild\n        black hole]]s to make a bridge between two patches.{{cite web|title=Focus:\n        The Birth of Wormholes|first=David | last=Lindley|url=https://physics.aps.org/story/v15/st11|publisher=American\n        Physical Society|date=25 March 2005|accessdate=7 April 2017}}\\n\\nIf\n        one end of a wormhole was positively charged, the other end would be negatively\n        charged. These properties led Einstein to believe that pairs of particles\n        and antiparticles could be described in this way.\\n\\n=== Einstein\\u2013Cartan\n        theory ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein\\u2013Cartan theory}}\\n[[File:Albert Einstein\n        photo 1920.jpg|alt=Einstein, sitting at a table, looks up from the papers\n        he is reading and into the camera.|thumb|upright|Einstein at his office, [[University\n        of Berlin]], 1920]]In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general\n        relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric\n        part, called the [[Torsion tensor|torsion]]. This modification was made by\n        Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s.\\n\\n=== Equations of motion ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein\\u2013Infeld\\u2013Hoffmann\n        equations}}\\nThe theory of general relativity has a fundamental law\\u2014the\n        [[Einstein equations]] which describe how space curves, the [[geodesic equation]]\n        which describes how particles move may be derived from the Einstein equations.\\n\\nSince\n        the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made\n        out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory\n        which is determined by the Einstein equations themselves, not by a new law.\n        So Einstein proposed that the path of a singular solution, like a black hole,\n        would be determined to be a geodesic from general relativity itself.\\n\\nThis\n        was established by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without\n        angular momentum, and by [[Roy Kerr]] for spinning objects.\\n\\n=== Other investigations\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein''s unsuccessful investigations}}\\nEinstein conducted\n        other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to\n        [[force]], [[superconductivity]], and other research.\\n\\n=== Collaboration\n        with other scientists ===\\n[[File:Solvay conference 1927.jpg|thumb|The 1927\n        [[Solvay Conference]] in Brussels, a gathering of the world''s top physicists.\n        Einstein is in the center.]]\\nIn addition to longtime collaborators [[Leopold\n        Infeld]], [[Nathan Rosen]], [[Peter Bergmann]] and others, Einstein also had\n        some one-shot collaborations with various scientists.\\n\\n==== Einstein\\u2013de\n        Haas experiment ====\\n{{Main article|Einstein\\u2013de Haas effect}}\\nEinstein\n        and De Haas demonstrated that magnetization is due to the motion of electrons,\n        nowadays known to be the spin. In order to show this, they reversed the magnetization\n        in an iron bar suspended on a [[torsion pendulum]]. They confirmed that this\n        leads the bar to rotate, because the electron''s angular momentum changes\n        as the magnetization changes. This experiment needed to be sensitive, because\n        the angular momentum associated with electrons is small, but it definitively\n        established that electron motion of some kind is responsible for magnetization.\\n\\n====\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger gas model ====\\nEinstein suggested to Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger\n        that he might be able to reproduce the statistics of a [[Bose\\u2013Einstein\n        condensate|Bose\\u2013Einstein gas]] by considering a box. Then to each possible\n        quantum motion of a particle in a box associate an independent harmonic oscillator.\n        Quantizing these oscillators, each level will have an integer occupation number,\n        which will be the number of particles in it.\\n\\nThis formulation is a form\n        of [[second quantization]], but it predates modern quantum mechanics. Erwin\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger applied this to derive the [[thermodynamic]] properties of\n        a [[Quantum chaos|semiclassical]] [[ideal gas]]. Schr\\u00f6dinger urged Einstein\n        to add his name as co-author, although Einstein declined the invitation.{{Citation\n        |last=Moore |first=Walter |date=1989 |title=Schr\\u00f6dinger: Life and Thought\n        |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43767-9}}\\n\\n====\n        Einstein refrigerator ====\\n{{Main article|Einstein refrigerator}}\\nIn 1926,\n        Einstein and his former student Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd co-invented (and in\n        1930, patented) the [[Einstein refrigerator]]. This [[absorption refrigerator]]\n        was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an\n        input.Goettling, Gary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050525082445/http://gtalumni.org/Publications/magazine/sum98/einsrefr.html\n        Einstein''s refrigerator] ''''Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine.'''' 1998. Retrieved\n        on 12 November 2014. [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]], a Hungarian physicist who\n        later worked on the Manhattan Project, is credited with the discovery of the\n        [[chain reaction]] On 11 November 1930, {{US patent|1781541}} was awarded\n        to Einstein and Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd for the refrigerator. Their invention\n        was not immediately put into commercial production, and the most promising\n        of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company [[Electrolux]].In\n        September 2008 it was reported that Malcolm McCulloch of Oxford University\n        was heading a three-year project to develop more robust appliances that could\n        be used in locales lacking electricity, and that his team had completed a\n        prototype Einstein refrigerator. He was quoted as saying that improving the\n        design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design''s efficiency\n        to be quadrupled.{{Citation | last = Alok | first = Jha | title = Einstein\n        fridge design can help global cooling |work=The Guardian |location=UK | date\n        = 21 September 2008 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/sep/21/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange\n        | accessdate =22 February 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110124172925/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/sep/21/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange|\n        archivedate= 24 January 2011 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\n=== Bohr\n        versus Einstein ===\\n{{Main article|Bohr\\u2013Einstein debates}}\\n[[File:Niels\n        Bohr Albert Einstein by Ehrenfest.jpg|upright|alt=Two men sitting, looking\n        relaxed. A dark-haired Bohr is talking while Einstein looks sceptical.|thumb|Einstein\n        and [[Niels Bohr]], 1925]] The Bohr\\u2013Einstein debates were a series of\n        public disputes about [[quantum mechanics]] between Einstein and [[Niels Bohr]]\n        who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their\n        importance to the [[philosophy of science]].{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/dk/bohr.htm\n        | title = Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic\n        Physics | accessdate =30 August 2010 | author = Bohr N | work=The Value of\n        Knowledge: A Miniature Library of Philosophy | publisher=[[Marxists Internet\n        Archive]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913033345/http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/dk/bohr.htm|\n        archivedate= 13 September 2010 | deadurl= no}} From Albert Einstein:\n        Philosopher-Scientist (1949), publ. Cambridge University Press, 1949. Niels\n        Bohr''s report of conversations with Einstein.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1969|loc=A\n        reprint of this book was published by Edition Erbrich in 1982, {{ISBN|3-88682-005-X}}}}{{Sfnp|Einstein|1935}}\n        Their debates would influence later [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]].\\n\\n===\n        Einstein\\u2013Podolsky\\u2013Rosen paradox ===\\n{{Main article|EPR paradox}}\\nIn\n        1935, Einstein returned to the question of quantum mechanics. He considered\n        how a measurement on one of two entangled particles would affect the other.\n        He noted, along with his collaborators, that by performing different measurements\n        on the distant particle, either of position or momentum, different properties\n        of the entangled partner could be discovered without disturbing it in any\n        way.\\n\\nHe then used a hypothesis of [[local realism]] to conclude that the\n        other particle had these properties already determined. The principle he proposed\n        is that if it is possible to determine what the answer to a position or momentum\n        measurement would be, without in any way disturbing the particle, then the\n        particle actually has values of position or momentum.\\n\\nThis principle distilled\n        the essence of Einstein''s objection to quantum mechanics. As a physical principle,\n        it was shown to be incorrect when the [[Aspect experiment]] of 1982 confirmed\n        [[Bell''s theorem]], which had been promulgated in 1964.\\n\\n== Non-scientific\n        legacy ==\\nWhile traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted\n        stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed\n        to [[The Hebrew University]]. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters\n        to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until\n        twenty years after her death (she died in 1986{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFD9153FF931A25754C0A960948260\n        |title=Obituary |work=New York Times |date=12 July 1986 |accessdate=3 April\n        2011}}). Einstein had expressed his interest in the [[plumbing]] profession\n        and was made an honorary member of the Plumbers and Steamfitters Union.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/orland-park-homer-glen/community/chi-ugc-article-13-plumbing-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-2016-02-15-story.html|title=13\n        Plumbing Facts You Probably Didn\\u2019t Know|last=UGC|first=Chicago Tribune|website=chicagotribune.com|access-date=2016-04-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331093621/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/orland-park-homer-glen/community/chi-ugc-article-13-plumbing-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-2016-02-15-story.html|archivedate=31\n        March 2016|df=dmy-all}}{{Cite web|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117028/world-beckons|title=Carl\n        Sagan Explains Albert Einstein|last=Sagan|first=Carl|date=2014-03-14|website=New\n        Republic|access-date=2016-04-10}} Barbara Wolff, of [[The Hebrew University]]''s\n        [[Albert Einstein Archives]], told the [[BBC]] that there are about 3,500\n        pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.{{Citation\n        |title =Letters Reveal Einstein Love Life |journal=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC\n        |url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5168002.stm |accessdate =14\n        March 2007 | date=11 July 2006}}\\n\\n[[Branded Entertainment Network|Corbis]],\n        successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and associated\n        imagery, as agent for the university.{{Citation|url=http://einstein.biz/|title=Einstein|publisher=Corbis\n        Rights Representation|accessdate=8 August 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080819220424/http://einstein.biz/|\n        archivedate= 19 August 2008 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\n== In popular\n        culture ==\\n{{Main article|Albert Einstein in popular culture}}\\nIn the period\n        before World War II, ''''[[The New Yorker]]'''' published a vignette in their\n        \\\"The Talk of the Town\\\" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in\n        America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain\n        \\\"that theory\\\". He finally figured out a way to handle the incessant inquiries.\n        He told his inquirers \\\"Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor\n        Einstein.\\\"{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1939/01/14/1939_01_14_011_TNY_CARDS_000176356|title=Disguise|first=E.\n        | last=Libman|date=14 January 1939|work=The New Yorker}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and\n        works of music.{{cite web |url=http://www.cindymctee.com/einsteins_dream.html\n        |title=Einstein''s Dream for orchestra |first=Cindy |last=McTee |publisher=Cindymctee.com\n        }} He is a favorite model for depictions of [[mad scientist]]s and [[absent-minded\n        professor]]s; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely\n        copied and exaggerated. ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine''s Frederic\n        Golden wrote that Einstein was \\\"a cartoonist''s dream come true\\\".{{Citation|last\n        =Golden |first =Frederic |title =Person of the Century: Albert Einstein|magazine\n        =Time |date =3 January 2000 |url =http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/albert_einstein5a.html\n        |accessdate =25 February 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060221080452/http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/albert_einstein5a.html|\n        archivedate= 21 February 2006 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\n== Awards\n        and honors ==\\n{{Main article|Einstein''s awards and honors}}\\nEinstein received\n        numerous awards and honors and in 1922 he was awarded the 1921 [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics]] \\\"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for\n        his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\\\". None of the nominations\n        in 1921 met the criteria set by [[Alfred Nobel]], so the 1921 prize was carried\n        forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922.{{cite web\n        |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ |title=The\n        Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Prize\n        |access-date=11 July 2016}}\\n\\n== Publications ==\\n: ''''The following\n        publications by Einstein are referenced in this article. A more complete list\n        of his publications may be found at [[List of scientific publications by Albert\n        Einstein]].''''\\n{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1901\\n|orig-year = Manuscript received: 16 December 1900\\n|publication-date\n        = 14 March 2006\\n|via = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken,\n        NJ\\n|title = Folgerungen aus den Capillarit\\u00e4tserscheinungen\\n|trans-title\n        = Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity\\n|language = German\\n|place\n        = Zurich, Switzerland\\n|work = [[Annalen der Physik]] (Berlin)\\n|volume =\n        309\\n|pages = 513\\u2013523\\n|issue = 3\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19013090306\\n|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19013090306/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1901AnP...309..513E\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1905a\\n|orig-year = Manuscript received: 18 March 1905\\n|publication-date\n        = 10 March 2006\\n|via = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken,\n        NJ\\n|title = \\u00dcber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden\n        heuristischen Gesichtspunkt\\n|trans-title = On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning\n        the Production and Transformation of Light\\n|language = German\\n|place = Berne,\n        Switzerland\\n|work= Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume = 322\\n|pages = 132\\u2013148\\n|issue\n        = 6\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220607\\n|url = http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..132E\\n}}\\n* {{cite thesis\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1905b\\n|orig-year = Completed 30 April and submitted 20\n        July 1905\\n|publication-date = 2008\\n|publisher = [[ETH]] Z\\u00fcrich\\n|via\n        = ETH Bibliothek\\n|publication-place = Zurich, Switzerland\\n|title = Eine\n        neue Bestimmung der Molek\\u00fcldimensionen\\n|trans-title = A new determination\n        of molecular dimensions\\n|language = German\\n|work = Dissertationen [[Universit\\u00e4t\n        Z\\u00fcrich]]\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland, published by Wyss Buchdruckerei\\n|type\n        = PhD Thesis\\n|doi = 10.3929/ethz-a-000565688\\n|url = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|ref = harv\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1905c\\n|orig-year = Manuscript received: 11 May 1905\\n|publication-date\n        = 10 March 2006\\n|via = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken,\n        NJ\\n|title = \\u00dcber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der W\\u00e4rme\n        geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Fl\\u00fcssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen\\n|trans-title\n        = On the Motion \\u2013 Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat \\u2013\n        of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid\\n|language = German\\n|place\n        = Berne, Switzerland\\n|work = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume = 322\\n|issue\n        = 8\\n|pages = 549\\u2013560\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220806\\n|url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19053220806/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..549E\\n|hdl = 10915/2785\\n|hdl-access = free\\n}}\\n*\n        {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1905d\\n|orig-year =\n        Manuscript received: 30 June 1905\\n|publication-date = 10 March 2006\\n|via\n        = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken, NJ\\n|title = Zur Elektrodynamik\n        bewegter K\\u00f6rper\\n|trans-title = On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\\n|language\n        = German\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland\\n|work = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume\n        = 322\\n|issue = 10\\n|pages = 891\\u2013921\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053221004\\n|url\n        = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19053221004/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..891E\\n|hdl = 10915/2786\\n|hdl-access = free\\n}}\\n*\n        {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1905e\\n|orig-year =\n        Manuscript received: 27 September 1905\\n|publication-date = 10 March 2006\\n|via\n        = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken, NJ\\n|title = Ist die\n        Tr\\u00e4gheit eines K\\u00f6rpers von seinem Energieinhalt abh\\u00e4ngig?\\n|trans-title\n        = Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?\\n|language =\n        German\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland\\n|work = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume\n        = 323\\n|issue = 13\\n|pages = 639\\u2013641\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053231314\\n|url\n        = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19053231314/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...323..639E\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1915\\n|orig-year = Published 25 November 1915\\n|via = ECHO,\n        Cultural Heritage Online, [[Max Planck Institute]] for the History of Science\\n|place\n        = Berlin, Germany\\n|title = Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation\\n|trans-title\n        = The Field Equations of Gravitation\\n|language = German\\n|work = [[Prussian\n        Academy of Sciences|K\\u00f6niglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften]]\\n|pages\n        = 844\\u2013847\\n|url = http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:ZZB2HK6W\\n|format\n        = Online page images\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1917a\\n|title = Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativit\\u00e4tstheorie\\n|trans-title\n        = Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity\\n|language\n        = German\\n|work = [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|K\\u00f6niglich Preussische\n        Akademie der Wissenschaften]], Berlin\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1917b\\n|title = Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung\\n|trans-title\n        = On the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation\\n|language = German\\n|work = Physikalische\n        Zeitschrift\\n|volume = 18\\n|pages = 121\\u2013128\\n|bibcode = 1917PhyZ...18..121E\\n}}\\n*\n        {{cite speech\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1923\\n|event = Lecture\n        delivered to the Nordic Assembly of Naturalists at Gothenburg, 11 July 1923\\n|place\n        = Gothenburg\\n|orig-year = First published 1923, in English 1967\\n|publication-date\n        = 3 February 2015\\n|title = Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativit\\u00e4tstheorie\\n|trans-title\n        = Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity\\n|language =\n        German (1923) and English (1967)\\n|work = Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901\\u20131921\\n|publisher\n        = Nobelprice.org\\n|via = Nobel Media AB 2014\\n|publication-place = Stockholm\\n|url\n        = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.html\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|ref = harv\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1924\\n|title = Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases\\n|trans-title\n        = Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases\\n|language = German\\n|orig-year\n        = Published 10 July 1924\\n|via = ECHO, Cultural Heritage Online, [[Max Planck\n        Institute]] for the History of Science\\n|publication-place = Munich, Germany\\n|journal\n        = Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathematische\n        Klasse\\n|pages = 261\\u2013267\\n|publisher = [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|K\\u00f6niglich\n        Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften]], Berlin\\n|url = http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:DRQK5WYB\\n|format\n        = Online page images\\n}}. First of a series of papers on this topic.\\n* {{Citation\\n|last\n        = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 12 March 1926\\n|orig-year = Cover Date\n        1 March 1926\\n|place = Berlin\\n|title = Die Ursache der M\\u00e4anderbildung\n        der Flu\\u00dfl\\u00e4ufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes\\n|trans-title\n        = On [[Baer''s law]] and [[meander]]s in the courses of rivers\\n|language\n        = German\\n|journal = Die Naturwissenschaften\\n|volume = 14\\n|pages = 223\\u2013224\\n|publisher\n        = Springer-Verlag\\n|via = SpringerLink\\n|publication-place = Heidelberg, Germany\\n|doi\n        = 10.1007/BF01510300\\n|bibcode = 1926NW.....14..223E\\n|issue = 11\\n|issn =\n        1432-1904\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1926b\\n|title\n        = Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland\\n|publisher\n        = Dover Publications\\n|editor = R. F\\u00fcrth\\n|others = Translated by A.\n        D. Cowper\\n|publication-date = 1956\\n|publication-place = USA\\n|isbn = 978-1-60796-285-4\\n|url\n        = http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/lectures/Rotman_Summer_School_2013/Einstein_1905_docs/Einstein_Dissertation_English.pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|accessdate = 2015-01-04\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|last2 = Podolsky\\n|first2 = Boris\\n|last3 = Rosen\\n|first3 = Nathan\\n|date\n        = 15 May 1935\\n|title = Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality\n        Be Considered Complete?\\n|journal = Physical Review\\n|publisher = American\n        Physical Society\\n|via = APS Journals\\n|issue = 10\\n|volume = 47\\n|pages =\n        777\\u2013780\\n|orig-year = Received 25 March 1935\\n|doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.47.777\\n|bibcode\n        = 1935PhRv...47..777E\\n|url = http://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|ref = {{harvid|Einstein|1935}}\\n|doi-access = free\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last\n        = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 9 November 1940\\n|title = On Science\n        and Religion\\n|journal = Nature\\n|volume = 146\\n|issue = 3706\\n|doi = 10.1038/146605a0\\n|pages\n        = 605\\u2013607\\n|isbn = 0-7073-0453-9\\n|publisher = Macmillan Publishers Group\\n|location\n        = Edinburgh\\n|bibcode = 1940Natur.146..605E\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|display-authors = etal\\n|date = 4 December 1948\\n|title = To the\n        editors of the New York Times\\n|newspaper = New York Times\\n|url = http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html\\n|isbn\n        = 0-7354-0359-7\\n|publisher = AIP, American Inst. of Physics\\n|location =\n        Melville, New York\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = May 1949\\n|title = Why Socialism? (Reprise)\\n|magazine = Monthly Review\\n|volume\n        = 61\\n|issue = 01 (May)\\n|publisher = Monthly Review Foundation\\n|via = MonthlyReview.org\\n|publication-date\n        = May 2009\\n|publication-place = New York\\n|url = http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm\\n|accessdate\n        = 16 January 2006\\n| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060111081948/http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm|\n        archivedate= 11 January 2006 | deadurl= no\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last\n        = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1950\\n|title = On the Generalized Theory\n        of Gravitation\\n|journal = Scientific American\\n|volume = CLXXXII\\n|issue\n        = 4\\n|pages = 13\\u201317\\n|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0450-13\\n|bibcode\n        = 1950SciAm.182d..13E }}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1954\\n|title = Ideas and Opinions\\n|place = New York\\n|publisher = Random\n        House\\n|isbn = 0-517-00393-7\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first =\n        Albert\\n|date = 1969\\n|title = Albert Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born: Briefwechsel\n        1916\\u20131955\\n|publisher = Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung\\n|location = Munich\\n|language\n        = German\\n|isbn = 3-88682-005-X\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1979\\n|edition = Centennial\\n|title = Autobiographical Notes\\n|place\n        = Chicago\\n|publisher = Open Court\\n|isbn = 0-87548-352-6\\n|others = Paul\n        Arthur Schilpp\\n}}. The ''''chasing a light beam'''' thought experiment is\n        described on pages 48\\u201351.\\n* Collected Papers: {{Citation\\n|editor=Stachel,\n        John\\n|editor-link=John Stachel\\n|editor2=Martin J. Klein\\n|editor3=A. J.\n        Kox\\n|editor4=Michel Janssen\\n|editor5=R. Schulmann\\n|editor6=Diana Komos\n        Buchwald\\n|display-editors=etal\\n|publication-date = 21 July 2008\\n|orig-year\n        = Published between 1987\\u20132006\\n|title = The Collected Papers of Albert\n        Einstein\\n|volume = 1\\u201310\\n|work = Einstein''s Writings\\n|publisher =\n        [[Princeton University Press]]\\n|url = http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/writings.html#papers\\n|ref\n        = {{harvid|Stachel|2008}}\\n}}. Further information about the volumes published\n        so far can be found on the webpages of the [http://www.einstein.caltech.edu/index.html\n        Einstein Papers Project] and on the [[Princeton University Press]] [http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/\n        Einstein Page]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== See also ==\\n{{div col|colwidth=20em}}\\n*\n        [[Albert Einstein House]] in Princeton\\n* {{Books-inline}}\\n* [[Einstein notation]]\\n*\n        [[The Einstein Theory of Relativity|''''Einstein Theory of Relativity, The'''']]\n        (educational film)\\n* ''''[[Genius (U.S. TV series)|Genius]]'''', a television\n        series depicting Einstein''s life\\n* [[Heinrich Burkhardt]]\\n* [[Historical\n        Museum of Bern]] (Einstein Museum)\\n* [[History of gravitational theory]]\\n*\n        [[Introduction to special relativity]]\\n* [[List of coupled cousins]]\\n* [[List\n        of German inventors and discoverers]]\\n* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates|Jewish\n        Nobel laureates]]\\n* [[List of peace activists]]\\n* [[Template:Nature timeline|Nature\n        timeline]]\\n* [[Political views of Albert Einstein]]\\n* [[Relativity priority\n        dispute]]\\n* [[Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein]]\\n* [[Sticky\n        bead argument]]\\n{{div col end}}\\n\\n== Notes ==\\n{{reflist|group=note}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n== Further reading ==\\n{{refbegin|35em}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Brian |first=Denis |date=1996 |title=Einstein: A Life |location=New\n        York |publisher=John Wiley}}\\n* {{Citation |last1=Calaprice |first1=Alice\n        |first2=Daniel |last2=Kennefick |first3=Robert |last3=Schulmann |title=An\n        Einstein Encyclopedia |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Clark |first=Ronald W. |authorlink=Ronald W. Clark |date=1971\n        |title=Einstein: The Life and Times |location=New York |publisher=Avon Books\n        |isbn=0-380-44123-3}}\\n* {{Citation |last=F\\u00f6lsing |first=Albrecht |date=1997\n        |title=Albert Einstein: A Biography |location=New York |publisher=Penguin\n        Viking |others=Translated and abridged from German by Ewald Osers |isbn=978-0-670-85545-2}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last1=Highfield |first1=Roger |authorlink=Roger Highfield |last2=Carter\n        |first2=Paul |date=1993 |title=The Private Lives of Albert Einstein |location=London\n        |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-16744-9}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Hoffmann\n        |first=Banesh |others=with the collaboration of Helen Dukas |date=1972 |title=Albert\n        Einstein: Creator and Rebel'' |location=London |publisher=Hart-Davis, MacGibbon\n        |isbn=978-0-670-11181-7}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter\n        Isaacson |date=2007 |title=Einstein: His Life and Universe |publisher=Simon\n        & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-6473-0}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Moring |first=Gary |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=875TTxildJ0C&dq=idiots+guide+to+einstein&printsec=frontcover\n        |title=The complete idiot''s guide to understanding Einstein |edition=1st\n        |location=Indianapolis IN |publisher=Alpha books (Macmillan) |isbn=0-02-863180-3}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Neffe |first=J\\u00fcrgen |title=Einstein: A Biography |others=Translated\n        by Shelley Frisch |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8K6n177ZwcC\n        |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-14664-1}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Oppenheimer |first=J. Robert |date=1971 |title=On Albert Einstein |pages=8\\u201312,\n        208 |work=Science and synthesis: an international colloquium organized by\n        Unesco on the tenth anniversary of the death of Albert Einstein and Teilhard\n        de Chardin |publisher=Springer-Verlag |others=Lecture delivered at the UNESCO\n        House in Paris on 13 December 1965}}, or {{Citation |work=The New York Review\n        of Books |date=17 March 1966 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1966/mar/17/on-albert-einstein/?pagination=false\n        |title=On Albert Einstein by Robert Oppenheimer}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Pais\n        |first=Abraham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QYTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=1982\n        |title=Subtle is the Lord: The science and the life of Albert Einstein |publisher=Oxford\n        University Press |isbn=978-0-19-853907-0}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Pais |first=Abraham\n        |date=1994 |title=Einstein Lived Here |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=\n        0-19-280672-6}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Parker |first=Barry |date=2000 |title=Einstein''s\n        Brainchild: Relativity Made Relatively Easy! |publisher= Prometheus Books\n        |others=Illustrated by Lori Scoffield-Beer |isbn=978-1-59102-522-1}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Rogers |first=Donald W. |title=Einstein''s \\\"Other\\\" Theory: The Planck-Bose-Einstein\n        Theory of Heat Capacity |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-691-11826-0}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Schweber |first=Silvan S. |authorlink=Silvan S. Schweber\n        |date=2008 |title=Einstein and [[J. Robert Oppenheimer|Oppenheimer]]: The\n        Meaning of Genius |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02828-9}}\\n*\n        {{Citation|last=Stachel |first=John J. |date=1966 |title=Albert Einstein and\n        Mileva Mari\\u0107 |url=http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf\n        |publisher=unknown |series= |volume=9 |isbn= |via=archive.org |accessdate=2016-05-13\n        |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015425/http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf\n        |archivedate=7 March 2008 }}\\n* {{Citation |last=Stachel |first=John J. |date=2002\n        |title=Einstein from \\u2018B\\u2019 to \\u2018Z\\u2019 |url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/einstein-from-b-to-z/oclc/237532460\n        |publisher=Birkh\\u00e4user |series=Einstein Studies |volume=9 |isbn=978-0-8176-4143-6\n        |via=WorldCat by OCLC (Dublin, OH, USA) |accessdate=2015-03-23}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Stone |first=A. Douglas |date=2013 |title=Einstein and the Quantum |publisher=Princeton\n        University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13968-5}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=Steven|title=Einstein\\u2019s\n        mistakes|journal=Physics Today|date=2005|volume=58|issue=11|pages=31\\u201335|doi=10.1063/1.2155755|bibcode\n        = 2005PhT....58k..31W |doi-access=free}}\\n* {{citation|last1=Weinstein|first1=G.|title=General\n        Relativity Conflict and Rivalries: Einstein''s Polemics with Physicists|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge\n        Scholars Publishing|location=Newcastle upon Tyne (UK)|isbn=978-1-4438-8362-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQz5DAAAQBAJ&dq}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n{{Sister project links|Albert Einstein|wikt=Einstein|n=Einstein''s\n        equation turns 100|s=Author:Albert Einstein|b=Introduction to Astrophysics/Albert\n        Einstein|voy=no}}\\n{{wikilivres}}\\n* {{DMOZ|Science/Physics/History/People/Einstein%2C_Albert/}}\\n*\n        {{gutenberg author|id=Albert_Einstein|name=Albert Einstein}}\\n* {{Internet\n        Archive author |sname=Albert Einstein}}\\n* {{Librivox author |id=1035}}\\n*\n        [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Jewish-Figures/Einstein-Albert Einstein''s\n        Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy]\n        Shapell Manuscript Foundation\\n* [http://vault.fbi.gov/Albert%20Einstein Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation file on Albert Einstein]\\n* [http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein&music.pdf\n        Einstein and his love of music], [[Physics World]]\\n* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html\n        Albert Einstein] on [[NobelPrize.org]]\\n* [http://www.history.com/topics/albert-einstein\n        Albert Einstein], videos on History.com\\n* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608004818/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/science-technology-and-society/sts-042j-einstein-oppenheimer-feynman-physics-in-the-20th-century-spring-2006/\n        |date=8 June 2011 |title=MIT OpenCourseWare STS.042J/8.225J: Einstein, Oppenheimer,\n        Feynman: Physics in the 20th century }} \\u2013 free study course that explores\n        the changing roles of physics and physicists during the 20th century\\n* [http://www.alberteinstein.info/\n        Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents)] ([http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46785542/ns/technology_and_science-science/\n        MSNBC, 19 March 2012])\\n* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2745/ Einstein''s declaration\n        of intention for American citizenship] on the [[World Digital Library]]\\n*\n        [http://archon.brandeis.edu/?p=collections/findingaid&id=41 Albert Einstein\n        Collection] at [[Brandeis University]]\\n* [http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/\n        The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein \\\"Digital Einstein\\\"] at [[Princeton\n        University]]\\n\\n{{Einstein|state=expanded}}\\n{{Copley Medallists 1901\\u20131950}}\\n{{Nobel\n        Prize in Physics Laureates 1901\\u20131925}}\\n{{philosophy of science}}\\n{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2012}}\\n{{Portal bar|Biography|Physics|Science|Cosmology}}\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert}}\\n[[Category:Pantheists]]\\n[[Category:Albert\n        Einstein| ]]\\n[[Category:1879 births]]\\n[[Category:1955 deaths]]\\n[[Category:20th-century\n        American engineers]]\\n[[Category:20th-century American writers]]\\n[[Category:20th-century\n        German writers]]\\n[[Category:20th-century Jews]]\\n[[Category:20th-century\n        physicists]]\\n[[Category:American agnostics]]\\n[[Category:American engineers]]\\n[[Category:American\n        inventors]]\\n[[Category:American pacifists]]\\n[[Category:American people of\n        German-Jewish descent]]\\n[[Category:Philosophers from New Jersey]]\\n[[Category:American\n        physicists]]\\n[[Category:American science writers]]\\n[[Category:American socialists]]\\n[[Category:American\n        Zionists]]\\n[[Category:Ashkenazi Jews]]\\n[[Category:Charles University in\n        Prague faculty]]\\n[[Category:Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy\n        of Sciences (1917\\u201325)]]\\n[[Category:Cosmologists]]\\n[[Category:Deaths\n        from abdominal aortic aneurysm]]\\n[[Category:Einstein family]]\\n[[Category:ETH\n        Zurich alumni]]\\n[[Category:ETH Zurich faculty]]\\n[[Category:German agnostics]]\\n[[Category:German\n        Jews]]\\n[[Category:German people of Jewish descent]]\\n[[Category:German emigrants\n        to Switzerland]]\\n[[Category:German Nobel laureates]]\\n[[Category:German inventors]]\\n[[Category:German\n        physicists]]\\n[[Category:German socialists]]\\n[[Category:Anti-nationalists]]\\n[[Category:Institute\n        for Advanced Study 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Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3\n        April 2008|isbn=1-4058-8118-6}} {{IPA-de|\\u02c8alb\\u025b\\u0250\\u032ft\n        \\u02c8a\\u026an\\u0283ta\\u026an|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}\\n| image       =\n        Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg\\n| caption     = Albert Einstein\n        in 1921\\n| birth_date  = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}}\\n| birth_place =\n        [[Ulm]], [[Kingdom of W\\u00fcrttemberg]], [[German Empire]]\\n| death_date  =\n        {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}}\\n| death_place = {{nowrap|[[Princeton,\n        New Jersey]], U.S.}}\\n| children    = [[Lieserl Einstein|\\\"Lieserl\\\" Einstein]]\n        
[[Hans Albert Einstein]] 
[[Einstein family#Eduard \\\"Tete\\\" Einstein\n        (Albert''s son)|Eduard \\\"Tete\\\" Einstein]]\\n| spouse      = {{marriage|[[Mileva\n        Mari\\u0107]]
|1903|1919|end=div}}
{{nowrap|{{marriage|[[Elsa L\\u00f6wenthal]]
|1919|1936|end=her\n        death}}{{cite book |editor-last=Heilbron |editor-first=John L. |title=The\n        Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA233\n        |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974376-6 |page=233}}{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}}}}\\n|\n        residence   = Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria (present-day Czech Republic),\n        Belgium, United States\\n| citizenship = {{Plainlist|\\n* Subject of the [[Kingdom\n        of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] during the German Empire (1879\\u20131896)During the German Empire, citizenship were exclusively\n        subject of one of the 27 ''''Bundesstaaten''''\\n* [[Statelessness|Stateless]]\n        (1896\\u20131901)\\n* Citizen of [[Switzerland]] (1901\\u20131955)\\n*\n        Austrian subject of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1911\\u20131912)\\n*\n        Subject of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] during the German Empire (1914\\u20131918)\\n* German citizen of the [[Free State of Prussia]]\n        ([[Weimar Republic]], 1918\\u20131933)\\n* Citizen of the United\n        States (1940\\u20131955)\\n}}\\n| fields     = [[Physics]], [[philosophy]]\\n|\n        workplaces = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[Swiss Patent Office]] ([[Bern]]) (1902\\u20131909)\\n*\n        [[University of Bern]] (1908\\u20131909)\\n* [[University of\n        Zurich]] (1909\\u20131911)\\n* [[Karl-Ferdinands-Universit\\u00e4t|Charles\n        University in Prague]] (1911\\u20131912)\\n* [[ETH Zurich]] (1912\\u20131914)\\n*\n        [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] (1914\\u20131933)\\n* [[Humboldt\n        University of Berlin]] (1914\\u20131933)\\n* [[Kaiser Wilhelm\n        Institute]] (director, 1917\\u20131933)\\n* [[German Physical\n        Society]] (president, 1916\\u20131918)\\n* [[Leiden University]]\n        (visits, 1920)\\n* [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933\\u20131955)\\n*\n        [[Caltech]] (visits, 1931\\u20131933)\\n}}\\n| education = {{Plainlist|\\n*\n        [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Polytechnic]] (1896\\u20131900; B.A., 1900)\\n*\n        [[University of Zurich]] (Ph.D., 1905)\\n}}\\n| doctoral_advisor  =\n        [[Alfred Kleiner]]\\n| thesis_title      = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der\n        Molek\\u00fcldimensionen}} (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)\\n|\n        thesis_url        = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf\\n|\n        thesis_year       = 1905\\n| academic_advisors = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]]\\n|\n        influenced        = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[Ernst G. Straus]]\\n* [[Nathan Rosen]]\\n*\n        [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]]\\n}}\\n| known_for = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[General relativity]]\\n*\n        [[Special relativity]]\\n* [[Photoelectric effect]]\\n* [[Mass\\u2013energy equivalence|''''E=mc2''''\n        (Mass\\u2013energy equivalence)]]\\n* [[Planck\\u2013Einstein relation|''''E=hf''''\n        (Planck\\u2013Einstein relation)]]\\n* Theory of [[Brownian motion]]\\n* [[Einstein\n        field equations]]\\n* [[Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics]]\\n* [[Bose\\u2013Einstein\n        condensate]]\\n* [[Gravitational wave]]\\n* [[Cosmological constant]]\\n* [[Classical\n        unified field theories|Unified field theory]]\\n* [[EPR paradox]]\\n* [[List\n        of things named after Albert Einstein|List of other concepts]]\\n}}\\n| awards\n        = {{Plainlist|\\n* [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science|Barnard\n        Medal]] (1920)\\n* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1921)\\n* [[Matteucci Medal]]\n        (1921)\\n* [[ForMemRS]] (1921)\\n* [[Copley Medal]] (1925)\\n* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (1926)\\n*\n        [[Max Planck Medal]] (1929)\\n* [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the\n        Century|''''Time'''' Person of the Century]] (1999)\\n}}\\n| signature = Albert\n        Einstein signature 1934.svg\\n}}\\n''''''Albert Einstein'''''' (14 March 1879 \\u2013\n        18 April 1955) was a German-born [[theoretical physicist]].{{cite\n        web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html\n        |title=Albert Einstein \\u2013 Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel\n        Foundation]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html|\n        archivedate= 6 March 2007 | deadurl= no}} Einstein developed\n        the [[theory of relativity]], one of the two pillars of [[modern physics]]\n        (alongside [[quantum mechanics]]).{{cite journal | last1 = Whittaker\n        | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005\n        | title = Albert Einstein. 1879\\u20131955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs\n        of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37\\u201367 | date\n        = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free}}{{cite\n        book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and\n        Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7}}{{rp|274}}\n        Einstein''s work is also known for its influence on the [[philosophy of science]].{{Citation\n        |title=Einstein''s Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp\n        |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research\n        Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University\n        |editor-first=Don A. | editor-last=Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published\n        11 February 2004 |type=website |accessdate=2015-02-04}}{{Citation\n        |first=Don A. | last=Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science\n        |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |format=PDF |date=December\n        2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |publisher=American Institute\n        of Physics |pages=34\\u201340 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN,\n        author''s personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H\n        |doi=10.1063/1.2169442 }} Einstein is best known by the general public\n        for his [[mass\\u2013energy equivalence]] formula {{nowrap|1=''''E'''' = ''''mc''''2}}\n        (which has been dubbed \\\"the world''s most famous equation\\\").{{cite\n        book |first=David | last=Bodanis |title=E = mc2: A Biography\n        of the World''s Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker\n        |date=2000 }} He received the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] \\\"for\n        his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the\n        law of the [[photoelectric effect]]\\\", a pivotal\n        step in the evolution of [[Introduction to quantum mechanics|quantum theory]].\\n\\nNear\n        the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that [[Newtonian mechanics]]\n        was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of [[classical mechanics]] with\n        the laws of the [[electromagnetic field]]. This led him to develop his [[special\n        theory of relativity]] during his time at the [[Swiss Patent Office]] in [[Bern]]\n        (1902\\u20131909), Switzerland. However, he realized that the principle of\n        relativity could also be extended to [[gravitational fields]] and\\u2014with\n        his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916\\u2014he published a paper on\n        [[general relativity]]. He continued to deal with problems of [[statistical\n        mechanics]] and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of [[particle]]\n        theory and the [[Brownian motion|motion of molecules]]. He also investigated\n        the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the [[photon]]\n        theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity\n        to model the large-scale structure of the [[universe]].{{Citation\n        |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf\n        |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating\n        universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |via=Nobelprize.org |page=2 |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=2015-01-04}}{{cite news |last=Overbye\n        |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein\\u2019s\n        Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html\n        |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015\n        }}\\n\\nBetween 1895 and 1914, he lived in Switzerland (except for one\n        year in Prague, 1911\\u201312), where he received his academic diploma from\n        the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Polytechnic]] in Z\\u00fcrich (later the Eidgen\\u00f6ssische\n        Technische Hochschule, ETH) in 1900. He later taught there at the same institute\n        as a professor of theoretical physics between 1912 and 1914 before he left\n        for Berlin. In 1901, after being stateless for more than five years, Einstein\n        acquired [[Swiss citizenship]], which he kept for the rest of his life. In\n        1905, Einstein was awarded a PhD by the [[University of Z\\u00fcrich]]. The\n        same year, his ''''[[annus mirabilis]]'''' (miracle year), he published [[Annus\n        Mirabilis papers|four groundbreaking papers]], which were to bring him to\n        the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26.\\n\\nHe was visiting the\n        United States when [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power in 1933 and\\u2014being [[Jews|Jewish]]\\u2014did\n        not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the [[Prussian Academy\n        of Sciences|Berlin Academy of Sciences]]. He settled in the United States,\n        becoming an [[American citizen]] in 1940.{{cite\n        book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion\n        to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford\n        University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}} On the eve of [[World\n        War II]], he endorsed a [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter|letter to President\n        Franklin D. Roosevelt]] alerting him to the potential development of \\\"extremely\n        powerful bombs of a new type\\\" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar\n        research. This eventually led to what would become the [[Manhattan Project]].\n        Einstein supported defending the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]],\n        but generally denounced the idea of using the newly discovered [[nuclear fission]]\n        as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]], Einstein\n        signed the [[Russell\\u2013Einstein Manifesto]], which highlighted the danger\n        of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the [[Institute for Advanced\n        Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], until his death in 1955.\\n\\nEinstein\n        published [[List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein|more than 300\n        scientific papers]] along with over 150 non-scientific works.{{Citation |editor=Paul\n        Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II\n        |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New\n        York |pages=730\\u2013746}}. His non-scientific works include: ''''About Zionism:\n        Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'''' (1930), \\\"Why War?\\\"\n        (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''''The World As I See It'''' (1934),\n        ''''Out of My Later Years'''' (1950), and a book on science for the general\n        reader, ''''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'''' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold\n        Infeld]]). Einstein''s intellectual achievements and originality have\n        made the word \\\"Einstein\\\" synonymous with \\\"[[genius]]\\\".{{Citation\n        |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of\n        WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton\n        University |accessdate=2015-01-04}}\\n{{TOC limit|3}}\\n== Biography ==\\n\\n===\n        Early life and education ===\\n{{See also|Einstein family}}\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein at the age of three (1882).jpg|alt=A young boy with short hair and\n        a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt\n        and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair.|thumb|upright|Einstein\n        at the age of 3 in 1882]]\\n[[File:Albert Einstein as a child.jpg|alt=Studio\n        photo of a boy seated in a relaxed posture and wearing a suit, posed in front\n        of a backdrop of scenery.|thumb|upright|Albert Einstein in 1893 (age 14)]]\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein''s exam of maturity grades (color2).jpg|alt=Einstein''s matriculation\n        certificate at the age of 17. The heading reads \\\"The Education Committee\n        of the Canton of Aargau\\\". His scores were German 5, French 3, Italian 5,\n        History 6, Geography 4, Algebra 6, Geometry 6, Descriptive Geometry 6, Physics\n        6, Chemistry 5, Natural History 5, Art Drawing 4, Technical Drawing 4. The\n        scores are 6 = excellent, 5 = good, 4 = sufficient, 3 = poor, 2 = very poor,\n        1 = unusable.|thumb|upright|Einstein''s matriculation certificate at the age\n        of 17, showing his final grades from the Argovian cantonal school (Aargauische\n        Kantonsschule, on a scale of 1\\u20136, with 6 being the highest possible mark)]]\\n\\nAlbert\n        Einstein was born in [[Ulm]], in the [[Kingdom of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] in the\n        [[German Empire]], on 14 March 1879. His parents were\n        [[Hermann Einstein]], a salesman and engineer, and [[Pauline Koch]]. In 1880,\n        the family moved to [[Munich]], where Einstein''s father and his uncle Jakob\n        founded ''''Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie'''', a company that\n        manufactured electrical equipment based on [[direct current]].\\n\\nThe Einsteins were non-observant [[Ashkenazi Jews]], and Albert attended\n        a [[Catholic school|Catholic elementary school]] in Munich from the age of\n        5 for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the [[Luitpold Gymnasium]]\n        (now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary\n        and secondary school education until he left the [[German Empire]] seven years\n        later.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA59\n        59\\u201361]}}\\n\\nIn 1894, Hermann and Jakob''s company lost a bid to supply\n        the city of Munich with electrical lighting because they lacked the capital\n        to convert their equipment from the direct current (DC) standard to the more\n        efficient [[alternating current]] (AC) standard.Barry R. Parker, Einstein:\n        The Passions of a Scientist, Prometheus Books \\u2013 2003, page 31 The\n        loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of business, the Einstein\n        family moved to Italy, first to [[Milan]] and a few months later to [[Pavia]].\n        When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies\n        at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue [[electrical\n        engineering]], but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school''s\n        regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and\n        creative thought was lost in strict [[rote learning]]. At the end of December\n        1894, he travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school\n        to let him go by using a doctor''s note.{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=30\\u201331}}\n        During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title \\\"On the Investigation\n        of the State of the [[Aether theories|Ether]] in a Magnetic Field\\\".{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        1 (1987), doc. 5}}{{Citation |last=Mehra |first=Jagdish |contribution=Albert\n        Einstein''s first paper |title=The Golden Age of Physics |publisher=World\n        Scientific |date=2001 |isbn=981-02-4985-3}}\\n\\nIn 1895, at the age of\n        16, Einstein took the entrance examinations for the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal\n        Polytechnic]] in [[Z\\u00fcrich]] (later the Eidgen\\u00f6ssische Technische\n        Hochschule, ETH). He failed to reach the required standard in the general\n        part of the examination,{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol. 1 (1987), p. 11}} but\n        obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics.{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=36\\u201337}}\n        On the advice of the principal of the Polytechnic, he attended the [[Aargau|Argovian]]\n        [[Mittelschule|cantonal school]] ([[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]) in [[Aarau]],\n        Switzerland, in 1895\\u201396 to complete his secondary schooling. While lodging\n        with the family of professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler''s\n        daughter, Marie. (Albert''s sister [[Maja Einstein|Maja]] later married Winteler''s\n        son Paul.){{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|pp=21, 31, 56\\u201357}} In January\n        1896, with his father''s approval, Einstein renounced his [[German citizenship|citizenship\n        in the German Kingdom of W\\u00fcrttemberg]] to avoid [[Conscription in Germany|military\n        service]].{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|p=40}} In September 1896, he passed the\n        Swiss [[Matura]] with mostly good grades, including a top grade of 6 in physics\n        and mathematical subjects, on a scale of 1\\u20136.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        1 (1987), docs. 21\\u201327}} Though only 17, he enrolled in the four-year\n        mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Z\\u00fcrich Polytechnic.\n        Marie Winteler moved to [[Olsberg, Aargau|Olsberg]], Switzerland, for a teaching\n        post.\\n\\nEinstein''s future wife, [[Mileva Mari\\u0107]], also enrolled at\n        the Polytechnic that year. She was the only woman among the six students in\n        the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the\n        next few years, Einstein and Mari\\u0107''s friendship developed into romance,\n        and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein\n        was taking an increasing interest. In 1900, Einstein was awarded the Z\\u00fcrich\n        Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Mari\\u0107 failed the examination with a\n        poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        1 (1987), doc. 67}} There have been claims that Mari\\u0107 collaborated with\n        Einstein on his 1905 papers,{{Citation |author=Troemel-Ploetz, D. |title=Mileva\n        Einstein-Mari\\u0107: The Woman Who Did Einstein''s Mathematics |work=Women''s\n        Studies Int. Forum |date=1990 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=415\\u2013432 |doi=10.1016/0277-5395(90)90094-e}}{{Citation\\n|url=http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf\n        |title=Did Einstein Espouse his Spouse''s Ideas? |author=Walker, Evan Harris\n        |format=PDF |date=February 1989 |publisher=Physics Today |postscript=. |accessdate=19\n        October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119093653/http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf\n        |archive-date=19 January 2012 |dead-url=yes}} known as the [[Annus Mirabilis\n        papers|''''Annus Mirabilis'''' papers]], but historians of physics who have\n        studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.{{Sfnp|Pais|1994|pp=1\\u201329}}Holton,\n        G., ''''Einstein, History, and Other Passions'''', Harvard University Press,\n        1996, pp. 177\\u2013193.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA49\n        49\\u201356]}}Martinez, A. A., \\\"Handling evidence in history: the case\n        of Einstein''s wife\\\", ''''School Science Review'''', 86 (316), March 2005,\n        pp. 49\\u201356. [https://webspace.utexas.edu/aam829/1/m/Maric_files/EvidenceMaric.pdf\n        PDF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811141225/https://webspace.utexas.edu/aam829/1/m/Maric_files/EvidenceMaric.pdf\n        |date=11 August 2011 }}\\n\\n=== Marriages and children ===\\n[[File:Einstein\n        patentoffice.jpg|alt=Head and shoulders shot of a young, moustached man with\n        dark, curly hair wearing a plaid suit and vest, striped shirt, and a dark\n        tie.|thumb|upright|Albert Einstein in 1904 (age 25)]]\\nThe discovery and publication\n        in 1987 of an early correspondence between Einstein and Mari\\u0107 revealed\n        that they had had a daughter, called [[Lieserl Einstein|\\\"Lieserl\\\"]] in their\n        letters, born in early 1902 in [[Novi Sad]] where Mari\\u0107 was staying with\n        her parents. Mari\\u0107 returned to Switzerland without the child, whose real\n        name and fate are unknown. Einstein probably never saw his daughter. The contents\n        of his letter to Mari\\u0107 in September 1903 suggest that the girl was either\n        given up for adoption or died of [[scarlet fever]] in infancy.J. Renn\n        & R. Schulmann, ''''Albert Einstein/Mileva Mari\\u0107: The Love Letters'''',\n        1992, pp. 73\\u201374, 78.A. Calaprice & T. Lipscombe, ''''Albert\n        Einstein: A Biography'''', 2005, pp. 22\\u201323.\\n\\n[[File:Einstein\n        Albert Elsa LOC 32096u.jpg|alt=Einstein, looking relaxed and holding a pipe,\n        stands next to a smiling, well-dressed Elsa who is wearing a fancy hat and\n        fur wrap. She is looking at him.|thumb|Einstein with his wife Elsa, 1921]]\\nEinstein\n        and Mari\\u0107 married in January 1903. In May 1904, their first son, [[Hans\n        Albert Einstein]], was born in [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]]. Their second son,\n        [[Einstein family#Eduard \\\"Tete\\\" Einstein (Albert''s son)|Eduard]], was born\n        in Z\\u00fcrich in July 1910. In April 1914 they moved to [[Berlin]]. After\n        a few months his wife returned to Z\\u00fcrich with their sons, after learning\n        that Einstein''s chief romantic attraction was his first and second cousin\n        Elsa.{{Sfnp|Stachel|1966}} They divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived\n        apart for five years.{{sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA50\n        50]}} Eduard, whom his father called \\\"Tete\\\" (for ''''petit''''), had a breakdown\n        at about age 20 and was diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]].{{cite\n        book|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|authorlink=Walter Isaacson|title=Einstein:\n        A Hundred Years of Relativity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|year=2015|publisher=Princeton\n        University Press|isbn=978-0-691-16989-7|pages=143\\u2013145}} His mother\n        cared for him and he was also committed to asylums for several periods, finally\n        being committed permanently after her death.{{sfnp|Neffe|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B8K6n177ZwcC&pg=PA203\n        203]}}\\n\\nIn letters revealed in 2015, Einstein wrote to his early love, Marie\n        Winteler, about his marriage and his still-strong feelings for Marie. In 1910\n        he wrote to her that \\\"I think of you in heartfelt love every spare minute\n        and am so unhappy as only a man can be\\\" while his wife was pregnant with\n        their second child. Einstein spoke about a \\\"misguided love\\\" and a \\\"missed\n        life\\\" regarding his love for Marie.{{cite news |url=http://www.bernerzeitung.ch/region/bern/Die-Liebesbriefe-des-untreuen-Einstein/story/11875058\n        |first=Urs | last=W\\u00fcthrich |title=Die Liebesbriefe des untreuen Einstein\n        |trans-title=The love letters of the unfaithful Einstein |newspaper=BZ Berner\n        Zeitung |location=Bern, Switzerland |date=11 April 2015 |language=German |quote=Ich\n        denke in innigster Liebe an Dich in jeder freien Minute und bin so ungl\\u00fccklich,\n        wie nur ein Mensch es sein kann. |accessdate=2015-04-11}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        married [[Elsa Einstein|Elsa L\\u00f6wenthal]] in 1919,{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007}}{{Sfnp|Calaprice|Kennefick|Schulmann|2015|p=62}}\n        after having had a personal relationship with her since 1912.\n        She was a first cousin maternally and a second cousin paternally.{{cite\n        book|last1=Calaprice|first1=Alice|last2=Lipscombe|first2=Trevor|title=Albert\n        Einstein: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC&pg=PA50|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood\n        Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33080-3|page=50}} In 1933, they emigrated\n        to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and\n        kidney problems; she died in December 1936.{{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|p=216}}\\n\\n===Friends===\\nAmong\n        Einstein''s well-known friends were [[Michele Besso]], [[Paul Ehrenfest]],\n        [[Marcel Grossmann]], [[J\\u00e1nos Plesch]], [[Maurice Solovine]], and [[Stephen\n        Wise]].''''An Einstein Encyclopedia'''', Alice Calaprice, Daniel Kennefick,\n        Robert Schulmann, p. 65 et seq, Princeton University Press, 2015\\n\\n===\n        Patent office ===\\n[[File:Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Three\n        young men in suits with high white collars and bow ties, sitting.|[[Olympia\n        Academy]] founders: [[Conrad Habicht]], [[Maurice Solovine]] and Einstein]]\\n\\nAfter\n        graduating in 1900, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching\n        for a teaching post. He acquired Swiss citizenship in February 1901,{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|p=82}}\n        but was not [[conscription in Switzerland|conscripted]] for medical reasons.\n        With the help of [[Marcel Grossmann]]''s father, he secured a job in Bern\n        at the [[Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property|Federal Office for\n        Intellectual Property]], the patent office,{{cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Grossmann.html\n        |title=Grossmann biography |publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics,\n        University of St Andrews, Scotland |editor=J J O''Connor |editor2=E F Robertson\n        |date=May 2010 |type=scientific website? |accessdate=2015-03-27}}{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=63}}\n        as an [[Patent examiner|assistant examiner \\u2013 level III]].{{cite\n        web |title=Einstein at the patent office|url=https://www.ipi.ch/en/about-us/einstein/einstein-at-the-patent-office.html\n        |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI |location=Berne,\n        Switzerland |date=6 February 2014 |type=official website |accessdate=2016-09-09}}{{cite web |title=FAQ about Einstein and the Institute |url=https://www.ipi.ch/en/about-us/einstein/frequently-asked-questions.html\n        |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI |location=Berne,\n        Switzerland |date=27 May 2014 |type=official website |accessdate=2015-03-27}}\n        He evaluated [[patent application]]s for a variety of devices including a\n        gravel sorter and an electromechanical typewriter. In 1903,\n        his position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was\n        passed over for promotion until he \\\"fully mastered machine technology\\\".{{cite journal |jstor=1344127 |first=Peter | last=Galison\n        |title=Einstein''s Clocks: The Question of Time |work=Critical Inquiry |volume=26\n        |issue=2 Winter |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago\n        |date=2000 |pp=355\\u2013389 }}{{rp|370}}\\n\\nMuch of his work at the\n        patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals\n        and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems\n        that show up conspicuously in the [[thought experiment]]s that eventually\n        led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the\n        fundamental connection between space and time.{{rp|377}}\\n\\nWith\n        a few friends he had met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group\n        in 1902, self-mockingly named \\\"[[Olympia Academy|The Olympia Academy]]\\\",\n        which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included\n        the works of [[Henri Poincar\\u00e9]], [[Ernst Mach]], and [[David Hume]],\n        which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=79-84}}\\n\\n====\n        First scientific papers ====\\n[[File:Albert Einstein (Nobel).png|thumb|upright|Einstein''s\n        official 1921 portrait after receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics]]\\nIn 1900,\n        Einstein''s paper [[List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein#Journal\n        articles|\\\"Folgerungen aus den Capillarit\\u00e4tserscheinungen\\\"]] (\\\"Conclusions\n        from the Capillarity Phenomena\\\") was published in the journal ''''[[Annalen\n        der Physik]]''''.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1901}}{{cite book |last=Galison |first=Peter\n        | authorlink=Peter Galison |title=Einstein''s Clocks, Poincar\\u00e9''s Maps:\n        Empires of Time |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-393-02001-4}}\n        On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis,{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905b|loc=\\\"Meinem\n        Freunde Herr Dr. Marcel Grossmann gewidmet (Dedicated to my friend, Dr. Marcel\n        Grossmann)\\\"}} with [[Alfred Kleiner]], Professor of Experimental Physics,\n        serving as ''''[[Pro forma|pro-forma]]'''' advisor. As a result, Einstein\n        was awarded a PhD by the [[University of Z\\u00fcrich]], with his dissertation\n        \\\"''''A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions''''\\\".{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905b|loc=\\\"Meinem\n        Freunde Herr Dr. Marcel Grossmann gewidmet (Dedicated to my friend, Dr. Marcel\n        Grossmann)\\\"}}{{Sfnp|Einstein|1926b|loc=chap. \\\"A New Determination of Molecular\n        Dimensions\\\"}} That same year, which has been called Einstein''s ''''[[annus\n        mirabilis]]'''' (miracle year), he published [[Annus Mirabilis papers|four\n        groundbreaking papers]], on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special\n        relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which were to bring him\n        to the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26.\\n\\n=== Academic career\n        ===\\nBy 1908, he was recognized as a leading scientist and was appointed lecturer\n        at the [[University of Bern]]. The following year, after giving a lecture\n        on [[electrodynamics]] and the relativity principle at the University of Z\\u00fcrich,\n        [[Alfred Kleiner]] recommended him to the faculty for a newly created professorship\n        in theoretical physics. Einstein was appointed associate professor in 1909.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.library.ethz.ch/en/Resources/Digital-library/Einstein-Online/Associate-Professor-at-the-Universiy-of-Zurich-und-professor-in-Prague-1909-1912\n        |title=Associate Professor at the University of Zurich und professor in Prague\n        (1909\\u20131912) |publisher=ETH-Bibliothek Zurich, ETH Z\\u00fcrich, www.ethz.ch\n        |location=Bern, Switzerland |series=Einstein Online |website=www.library.ethz.ch/en/\n        |date=2014 |type=digital library |language=German, English |accessdate=17\n        August 2014}}\\n\\nEinstein became a full professor at the German [[Charles-Ferdinand\n        University]] in [[Prague]] in April 1911, accepting [[Austria]]n citizenship\n        in the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] to do so.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=164}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/49610/1/569197996.pdf |author=von\n        Hirschhausen, Ulrike |title=Von imperialer Inklusion zur nationalen Exklusion:Staatsb\\u00fcrgerschaft\n        in \\u00d6sterreich- Ungarn 1867\\u20131923 |publisher=WZB Social Science Research\n        Center Berlin |date=2007 |location=Berlin, Germany |series=ZKD \\u2013 Ver\\u00f6ffentlichungsreihe\n        der Forschungsgruppe, \\u201eZivilgesellschaft, Citizenship und politische\n        Mobilisierung in Europa\\\" Schwerpunkt Zivilgesellschaft, Konflikte und Demokratie,\n        Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin f\\u00fcr Sozialforschung |type=WZB Discussion\n        Paper |issue=No. SP IV 2007-403 |ISSN=1860-4315 |page=8 |quote= Eine weitere\n        Diskontinuit\\u00e4t bestand viertens darin, dass die Bestimmungen der \\u00f6sterreichischen\n        Staatsb\\u00fcrgerschaft, die in den ersten Dritteln des Jahrhunderts auch\n        auf Ungarn angewandt worden waren, seit 1867 nur noch f\\u00fcr die cisleithanische\n        Reichsh\\u00e4lfte galten. Ungarn entwickelte hingegen jetzt eine eige-ne Staatsb\\u00fcrgerschaft.\n        |accessdate=2015-08-04}} During his Prague stay, he wrote 11 scientific\n        works, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of\n        solids. In July 1912, he returned to his alma mater in Z\\u00fcrich. From 1912\n        until 1914, he was professor of theoretical physics at the [[ETH Zurich]],\n        where he taught analytical mechanics and [[thermodynamics]]. He also studied\n        [[continuum mechanics]], the molecular theory of heat, and the problem of\n        gravitation, on which he worked with mathematician and friend [[Marcel Grossmann]].{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.library.ethz.ch/en/Resources/Digital-library/Einstein-Online/Professor-at-the-ETH-Zurich-1912-1914\n        |title=Professor at the ETH Zurich (1912\\u20131914) |publisher=ETH-Bibliothek\n        Zurich, ETH Z\\u00fcrich, www.ethz.ch |location=Zurich, Switzerland |series=Einstein\n        Online |website=www.library.ethz.ch/en/ |date=2014 |type=digital library |language=German,\n        English |accessdate=17 August 2014}}\\n\\nOn 3 July 1913, he was voted\n        for membership in the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] in Berlin. [[Max Planck]]\n        and [[Walther Nernst]] visited him the next week in Zurich to persuade him\n        to join the academy, additionally offering him the post of director at the\n        [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics]], which was soon to be established.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=534}}\n        (Membership in the academy included paid salary and professorship without\n        teaching duties at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]].) He was officially\n        elected to the academy on 24 July, and he accepted to move to the German Empire\n        the next year. His decision to move to Berlin was also influenced by the prospect\n        of living near his cousin Elsa, with whom he had developed a romantic affair.\n        He joined the academy and thus the Berlin University on 1 April 1914.{{Sfnp|Weinstein|2015|pp=18-19}}\n        As World War I broke out that year, the plan for Kaiser Wilhelm Institute\n        for Physics was aborted. The institute was established on 1 October 1917,\n        with Einstein as its Director.{{cite web|title=Director in the attic|url=https://www.mpg.de/dossier/einstein/in-berlin|website=www.mpg.de|publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,\n        M\\u00fcnchen|accessdate=9 July 2017}} In 1916, Einstein was elected\n        president of the [[German Physical Society]] (1916\\u20131918).{{cite\n        book |title=Albert Einstein: a biography| first1=Alice |last1=Calaprice |first2=Trevor\n        |last2=Lipscombe |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=2005 |isbn=0-313-33080-8\n        |page=xix |url=https://books.google.com/?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC&pg=PR19\n        Timeline, p. xix]\\n\\nBased on calculations Einstein made in 1911, about\n        his new theory of general relativity, [[Gravitational lens|light from another\n        star should be bent]] by the Sun''s gravity. In 1919, that prediction was\n        confirmed by Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] during the [[solar eclipse of 29 May\n        1919]]. Those observations were published in the international media, making\n        Einstein world famous. On 7 November 1919, the leading British newspaper ''''[[The\n        Times]]'''' printed a banner headline that read: \\\"Revolution in Science \\u2013\n        New Theory of the Universe \\u2013 Newtonian Ideas Overthrown\\\".{{cite\n        journal |last=Andrzej |first=Stasiak |date=2003 |title=Myths in science |journal=EMBO\n        Reports |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.embor779 |url=http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n3/full/embor779.html\n        |accessdate =31 March 2007|doi-access=free |pmc=1315907 }}\\n\\nIn 1920,\n        he became a Foreign Member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and\n        Sciences]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000116\n        |title=Albert Einstein (1879\\u20131955) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy\n        of Arts and Sciences |accessdate=21 July 2015}} In 1922, he was awarded\n        the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] \\\"for his services to Theoretical Physics,\n        and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\\\". While the [[General relativity|general theory of relativity]]\n        was still considered somewhat controversial, the citation also does not treat\n        the cited work as an ''''explanation'''' but merely as a ''''discovery of\n        the law'''', as the idea of photons was considered outlandish and did not\n        receive universal acceptance until the 1924 derivation of the [[Planck spectrum]]\n        by [[S. N. Bose]]. Einstein was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society\n        elected in 1921|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921]]. He also received the [[Copley Medal]] from the [[Royal Society]]\n        in 1925.\\n\\n=== 1921\\u20131922: Travels abroad ===\\nEinstein\n        visited New York City for the first time on 2 April 1921, where he received\n        an official welcome by Mayor [[John Francis Hylan]], followed by three weeks\n        of lectures and receptions. He went on to deliver several lectures at [[Columbia\n        University]] and [[Princeton University]], and in Washington he accompanied\n        representatives of the [[National Academy of Science]] on a visit to the [[White\n        House]]. On his return to Europe he was the guest of the British statesman\n        and philosopher [[Viscount Haldane]] in London, where he met several renowned\n        scientific, intellectual and political figures, and delivered a lecture at\n        [[King''s College London]].{{Sfnp|Hoffmann|1972|pp=145\\u2013148}} {{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=499\\u2013508}}\\n\\nHe\n        also published an essay, \\\"My First Impression of the U.S.A.,\\\" in July 1921,\n        in which he tried briefly to describe some characteristics of Americans, much\n        as had [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], who published his own impressions in ''''[[Democracy\n        in America]]'''' (1835).[http://www.einsteinsworld.com/News-New-York-Herald-Tribune-1931-As-Einstein-Sees-America.htm\n        \\\"As Einstein Sees American\\\"], ''''Einstein''s World'''', a 1931 reprint\n        with minor changes, of his 1921 essay. For some of his observations,\n        Einstein was clearly surprised: \\\"What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive\n        attitude to life . . . The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic,\n        and without envy.\\\"{{rp|20}}\\n\\nIn 1922, his travels took\n        him to Asia and later to Palestine, as part of a six-month excursion and speaking\n        tour, as he visited [[Singapore]], [[Ceylon]] and [[Japan]], where he gave\n        a series of lectures to thousands of Japanese. After his first public lecture,\n        he met the emperor and empress at the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]],\n        where thousands came to watch. In a letter to his sons, he described his impression\n        of the Japanese as being modest, intelligent, considerate, and having a true\n        feel for art.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=307\\u2013308}}\\n\\nBecause of Einstein''s\n        travels to the Far East, he was unable to personally accept the Nobel Prize\n        for Physics at the Stockholm award ceremony in December 1922. In his place,\n        the banquet speech was held by a German diplomat, who praised Einstein not\n        only as a scientist but also as an international peacemaker and activist.[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-speech.html\n        The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921: Albert Einstein. Banquet Speech by R. Nadolny\n        (in German).] Retrieved 9 December 2015 via Nobelprize.org\\n\\nOn his\n        return voyage, he visited [[British Mandate for Palestine|Palestine]] for\n        12 days in what would become his only visit to that region. He was greeted\n        as if he were a head of state, rather than a physicist, which included a cannon\n        salute upon arriving at the home of the British high commissioner, [[Sir Herbert\n        Samuel]]. During one reception, the building was stormed by people who wanted\n        to see and hear him. In Einstein''s talk to the audience, he expressed happiness\n        that the Jewish people were beginning to be recognized as a force in the world.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=308}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        visited Spain for two weeks in 1923, where he briefly met [[Santiago Ram\\u00f3n\n        y Cajal]] and also received a diploma from [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso\n        XIII]] naming him a member of the Spanish Academy of Sciences.{{Cite\n        journal|last=Montes-Santiago|first=J.|date=2017-07-16|title=[The meeting of\n        Einstein with Cajal (Madrid, 1923): a lost tide of fortune]|journal=Revista\n        De Neurologia|volume=43|issue=2|pages=113\\u2013117|issn=0210-0010|pmid=16838259}}\\n\\n===\n        1930\\u20131931: Travel to the U.S. ===\\nIn December 1930, Einstein visited\n        America for the second time, originally intended as a two-month working visit\n        as a research fellow at the [[California Institute of Technology]]. After\n        the national attention he received during his first trip to the U.S., he and\n        his arrangers aimed to protect his privacy. Although swamped with telegrams\n        and invitations to receive awards or speak publicly, he declined them all.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=368}}\\n\\nAfter\n        arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events,\n        including [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], a lunch with the editors of\n        the ''''New York Times'''', and a performance of ''''Carmen'''' at the [[Metropolitan\n        Opera]], where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days\n        following, he was given the keys to the city by Mayor [[Jimmy Walker]] and\n        met the president of Columbia University, who described Einstein as \\\"the\n        ruling monarch of the mind\\\".{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}} [[Harry Emerson\n        Fosdick]], pastor at New York''s [[Riverside Church]], gave Einstein a tour\n        of the church and showed him a full-size statue that the church made of Einstein,\n        standing at the entrance.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}} Also during his stay\n        in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at [[Madison Square Garden]]\n        during a [[Hanukkah]] celebration.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}}\\n\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein and Charlie Chaplin - 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Einstein (left) and [[Charlie\n        Chaplin]] at the [[Hollywood]] premiere of ''''[[City Lights]]'''', January\n        1931]]\\nEinstein next traveled to California, where he met [[Caltech]] president\n        and Nobel laureate, [[Robert A. Millikan]]. His friendship with Millikan was\n        \\\"awkward\\\", as Millikan \\\"had a penchant for patriotic militarism,\\\" where\n        Einstein was a pronounced [[Pacifism|pacifist]].{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=373}}\n        During an address to Caltech''s students, Einstein noted that science was\n        often inclined to do more harm than good.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=374}}\\n\\nThis\n        aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author [[Upton Sinclair]] and\n        film star [[Charlie Chaplin]], both noted for their pacifism. [[Carl Laemmle]],\n        head of [[Universal Studios]], gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced\n        him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein\n        and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner. Chaplin said Einstein''s outward\n        persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a \\\"highly emotional temperament,\\\"\n        from which came his \\\"extraordinary intellectual energy\\\".Chaplin,\n        Charles. ''''Charles Chaplin: My Autobiography'''', Simon and Schuster, N.Y.\n        (1964){{rp|320}}\\n\\nChaplin''s film, ''''[[City Lights]]'''', was to\n        premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa\n        to join him as his special guests. [[Walter Isaacson]], Einstein''s biographer,\n        described this as \\\"one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity\\\".{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=374}}\n        Chaplin visited Einstein at his home on a later trip to Berlin, and recalled\n        his \\\"modest little flat\\\" and the piano at which he had begun writing his\n        theory. Chaplin speculated that it was \\\"possibly used as kindling wood by\n        the Nazis.\\\"{{rp|322}}\\n\\n=== 1933: Emigration to the\n        U.S. ===\\n[[File:Einstein-cartoon1.jpg|thumb|Cartoon of Einstein, who has\n        shed his \\\"Pacifism\\\" wings, standing next to a pillar labeled \\\"World Peace\\\".\n        He is rolling up his sleeves and holding a sword labeled \\\"Preparedness\\\"\n        (by Charles R. Macauley, c. 1933).]]\\nIn February 1933 while on a visit to\n        the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise\n        to power of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] under Germany''s new chancellor, [[Adolf\n        Hitler]].{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|p=659}}{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=404}}\\n\\nWhile\n        at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting\n        professorship at the [[California Institute of Technology]] in Pasadena. He\n        and his wife Elsa returned to Belgium by ship in March, and during the trip\n        they learned that their cottage was raided by the Nazis and his personal sailboat\n        confiscated. Upon landing in [[Antwerp]] on 28 March, he immediately went\n        to the German consulate and surrendered his passport, formally renouncing\n        his German citizenship.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}} The Nazis later\n        sold his boat and converted his cottage into a [[Hitler Youth]] camp.{{YouTube|id=HZ_W3EAfp6I#t=20m50s|title=\\\"Albert\n        Einstein: How I See the World\\\"}}, ''''PBS''''\\n\\n==== Refugee status\n        ====\\nIn April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had\n        passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching\n        at universities.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}} Historian [[Gerald\n        Holton]] describes how, with \\\"virtually no audible protest being raised by\n        their colleagues,\\\" thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenly forced to\n        give up their university positions and their names were removed from the rolls\n        of institutions where they were employed.Holton, Gerald.\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=prgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=Gerald+Holton+migration+physicists+United+States+Einstein+jews&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cFWCU9qcLsr6oASvhYLgBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gerald%20Holton%20migration%20physicists%20United%20States%20Einstein%20jews&f=false\n        \\\"The migration of physicists to the United States\\\"], ''''Bulletin of the\n        Atomic Scientists'''', April 1984 pp. 18\\u201324\\n\\nA month later, Einstein''s\n        works were among those targeted by the [[German Student Union]] in the [[Nazi\n        book burnings]], with Nazi propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] proclaiming,\n        \\\"Jewish intellectualism is dead.\\\"{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}}\n        One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime\n        with the phrase, \\\"not yet hanged\\\", offering a $5,000 bounty on his head.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}}Jerome, Fred, and Taylor, Rodger. ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4d79VQdOfFUC&pg=PR10&dq=Einstein+on+Race+and+Racism+america''s+worst+disease#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        Einstein on Race and Racism]'''' Rutgers University Press, (2006) In\n        a subsequent letter to physicist and friend [[Max Born]], who had already\n        emigrated from Germany to England, Einstein wrote, \\\"... I must confess\n        that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise.\\\"{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=407\\u2013410}}\n        After moving to the U.S., he described the book burnings as a \\\"spontaneous\n        emotional outburst\\\" by those who \\\"shun popular enlightenment,\\\" and \\\"more\n        than anything else in the world, fear the influence of men of intellectual\n        independence.\\\"{{Sfnp|Einstein|1954|p=197}}\\n\\n\\nEinstein was now without a\n        permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about\n        the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. He rented a house\n        in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months. In late July 1933, he\n        went to England for about six weeks at the personal invitation of British\n        naval officer Commander [[Oliver Locker-Lampson]], who had become friends\n        with Einstein in the preceding years. To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson\n        had two assistants watch over him at his secluded cottage outside London,\n        with photo of them carrying shotguns and guarding Einstein, published in the\n        ''''Daily Herald'''' on 24 July 1933.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=422}}[http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co8223551/professor-einstein-with-commander-locker-lampson-gelatin-silver-print-photograph\n        \\\"Professor Einstein with Commander Locker-Lampson\\\"], ScienceMuseum.org,\n        U.K.\\n\\nLocker-Lampson took Einstein to meet [[Winston Churchill]] at\n        his home, and later, [[Austen Chamberlain]] and former Prime Minister [[David\n        Lloyd George|Lloyd George]].{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=419\\u2013420}} Einstein\n        asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian\n        [[Martin Gilbert]] notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his\n        friend, physicist [[Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell|Frederick Lindemann]]\n        to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities.Gilbert, Martin. ''''Churchill and the Jews'''', Henry Holt and\n        Company, N.Y. (2007) pp. 101, 176 Churchill later observed that as a\n        result of Germany having driven the Jews out, they had lowered their \\\"technical\n        standards\\\" and put [[Allies of World War II|the Allies'']] technology ahead\n        of theirs.\\n\\nEinstein later contacted leaders of other\n        nations, including [[Turkey]]''s Prime Minister, [[\\u0130smet \\u0130n\\u00f6n\\u00fc]],\n        to whom he wrote in September 1933 requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish\n        scientists. As a result of Einstein''s letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually\n        totaled over \\\"1,000 saved individuals\\\".{{cite web | last=Reisman |\n        first=Arnold | url=http://hnn.us/article/31946 | title=What a Freshly Discovered\n        Einstein Letter Says About Turkey Today | publisher=History News Network,\n        George Masons University | date=20 November 2006}}\\n\\nLocker-Lampson\n        also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein,\n        during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing\n        the crisis brewing in Europe.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}} In one of his speeches he\n        denounced Germany''s treatment of Jews, while at the same time he introduced\n        a bill promoting Jewish citizenship in Palestine, as they were being denied\n        citizenship elsewhere.\\\"Denunciation of German Policy is a Stirring\n        Event\\\", ''''Associated Press'''', 27 July 1933 In his speech he described\n        Einstein as a \\\"citizen of the world\\\" who should be offered a temporary shelter\n        in the U.K.\\\"Their leaders in Germany have not driven out\n        her cut-throats and her blackguards. She has chosen the cream of her culture\n        and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen,\n        Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual...The\n        man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without\n        a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter.\\\"\\\"Stateless\n        Jews: The Exiles from Germany, Nationality Plan\\\", ''''The Guardian'''' (U.K.)\n        27 July 1933 Both bills failed, however, and Einstein then accepted\n        an earlier offer from the Princeton [[Institute for Advanced Study]], in the\n        U.S., to become a resident scholar.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}\\n\\n==== Resident scholar\n        at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study ====\\n[[File:Einstein-formal\n        portrait-35.jpg|thumb|Portrait taken in 1935 in Princeton]]\\nIn October 1933\n        Einstein returned to the U.S. and took up a position at the Institute for\n        Advanced Study,{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=649, 678}} noted\n        for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany. At the time, most American universities, including Harvard, Princeton and\n        Yale, had minimal or no Jewish faculty or students, as a result of their [[Jewish\n        quota]] which lasted until the late 1940s.{{cite\n        book|first=Linda G. | last=Arntzenius|title=Institute for Advanced Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHHguITir80C&pg=PA19|date=2011|publisher=Arcadia\n        Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-7409-7|page=19}}\\n\\nEinstein was still undecided\n        on his future. He had offers from several European universities, including\n        [[Christ Church, Oxford]] where he stayed for three short periods between\n        May 1931 and June 1933 and was offered a 5-year studentship,{{cite web\n        |publisher=Oxford Chabad Society |url=http://www.oxfordchabad.org/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/457396/jewish/Albert-Einstein.htm\n        |title=Oxford Jewish Personalities: |accessdate=7 March 2015}}{{cite\n        web |publisher=The Oxford Times |date=2012 |url=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/leisure/history_heritage/9617968.How_Einstein_fled_from_the_Nazis_to_an_Oxford_college/\n        |title=How Einstein fled from the Nazis to an Oxford college |accessdate=7\n        March 2015}} but in 1935 he arrived at the decision to remain permanently\n        in the United States and apply for citizenship.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}{{Sfnp|F\\u00f6lsing|1997|pp=686\\u2013687}}\\n\\nEinstein''s\n        affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death\n        in 1955.{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/einstein/in-brief |title=In\n        Brief |publisher=Institute for Advanced Study |accessdate=4 March 2010| archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100329064405/http://www.ias.edu/people/einstein/in-brief|\n        archivedate= 29 March 2010 | deadurl= no}} He was one\n        of the four first selected (two of the others being [[John von Neumann]] and\n        [[Kurt G\\u00f6del]]) at the new Institute, where he soon developed a close\n        friendship with G\\u00f6del. The two would take long walks together discussing\n        their work. [[Bruria Kaufman]], his assistant, later became a physicist. During\n        this period, Einstein tried to develop a [[unified field theory]] and to refute\n        the [[Copenhagen interpretation|accepted interpretation]] of [[quantum physics]],\n        both unsuccessfully.\\n\\n==== World War II and the Manhattan Project ====\\n{{See\n        also|Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter}}\\nIn 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists\n        that included \\u00e9migr\\u00e9 physicist [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]] attempted\n        to alert Washington to ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group''s warnings\n        were discounted. Einstein and Szil\\u00e1rd, along with other refugees such\n        as [[Edward Teller]] and [[Eugene Wigner]], \\\"regarded it as their responsibility\n        to alert Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the\n        [[German nuclear energy project|race to build an atomic bomb]], and to warn\n        that Hitler would be more than willing to resort to such a weapon.\\\"{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=630}}{{cite\n        web |last=Gosling |first=F. G. |title=The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic\n        Bomb |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, History Division |date=2010 |url=http://energy.gov/management/downloads/gosling-manhattan-project-making-atomic-bomb\n        |page=vii |accessdate=2015-06-07}} To make certain the U.S. was aware\n        of the danger, in July 1939, a few months before the beginning of World War\n        II in Europe, Szil\\u00e1rd and Wigner visited Einstein to explain the possibility\n        of atomic bombs, which Einstein, a pacifist, said he had never considered.{{cite\n        book |last=Lanouette |first=William |last2=Silard |first2=Bela |title=Genius\n        in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szil\\u00e1rd: The Man Behind The Bomb |location=New\n        York |publisher=Charles Scribner''s Sons |date=1992 |isbn=0-684-19011-7 |pages=198\\u2013200}}\n        He was asked to lend his support by writing [[Einstein\\u2013Szil\\u00e1rd letter|a\n        letter]], with Szil\\u00e1rd, to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]],\n        recommending the U.S. pay attention and engage in its own nuclear weapons\n        research.\\n\\nThe letter is believed to be \\\"arguably the key stimulus for\n        the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve\n        of the U.S. entry into World War II\\\".{{cite book |last1=J. Diehl |first1=Sarah\n        |last2=Moltz |first2=James Clay |title=Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation:\n        A Reference Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PN-NEfl_U0C |date=2008\n        |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=218 |isbn=978-1-59884-071-1 |accessdate=2015-06-07}}\n        In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the [[Belgian\n        Royal Family]]{{cite book |last=Hewlett |first=Richard G. |last2=Anderson\n        |first2=Oscar E. |title=The New World, 1939\\u20131946 |location=University\n        Park |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |date=1962 |url=http://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf\n        |format=PDF |pages=15\\u201316 |isbn=0-520-07186-7 |oclc=637004643 |accessdate=2015-06-07}}\n        and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal envoy to the White\n        House''s Oval Office. President Roosevelt could not take the risk of allowing\n        Hitler to possess atomic bombs first. As a result of Einstein''s letter and\n        his meetings with Roosevelt, the U.S. entered the \\\"race\\\" to develop the\n        bomb, drawing on its \\\"immense material, financial, and scientific resources\\\"\n        to initiate the [[Manhattan Project]]. The U.S. became the only country to\n        successfully develop nuclear weapons during World War II and also remains\n        the only country to have used them in combat, [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima\n        and Nagasaki|against Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] on 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively,\n        towards the end of the war.\\n\\nFor Einstein, \\\"war was a disease ...\n        [and] he called for resistance to war.\\\" By signing the letter to Roosevelt,\n        he went against his pacifist principles.{{cite web |author=Einstein,\n        Albert |date=1952 |title=On My Participation in the Atom Bomb Project |url=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hiroshima/EinsteinResponse.shtml\n        |publisher=AJ Software & Multimedia |via=atomicarchive.org |page=??? |accessdate=2015-06-07}}\n        In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, [[Linus\n        Pauling]], \\\"I made one great mistake in my life\\u2014when I signed the letter\n        to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was\n        some justification\\u2014the danger that the Germans would make them ...\\\"{{Sfnp|Clark|1971|p=???}}\\n\\n====\n        U.S. citizenship ====\\n[[File:Citizen-Einstein.jpg|thumb|Einstein accepting\n        [[Citizenship in the United States|U.S. citizenship]] certificate from judge\n        [[Phillip Forman]]]]\\nEinstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long\n        after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study (in Princeton,\n        New Jersey), he expressed his appreciation of the [[meritocracy]] in American\n        culture when compared to Europe. He recognized the \\\"right of individuals\n        to say and think what they pleased\\\", without social barriers, and as a result,\n        individuals were encouraged, he said, to be more creative, a trait he valued\n        from his own early education.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=432}}\\n\\n=== Personal\n        life ===\\n\\n==== Supporter of civil rights ====\\nEinstein was a passionate,\n        committed antiracist and joined [[National Association for the Advancement\n        of Colored People]] (NAACP) in Princeton, where he campaigned for the [[African-American\n        Civil Rights Movement (1896\\u20131954)|civil rights]] of African Americans.\n        He considered racism America''s \\\"worst disease,\\\"\n        seeing it as \\\"handed down from one generation to the next\\\".Calaprice,\n        Alice (2005) ''''[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7921.html The new quotable\n        Einstein] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622063213/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7921.html\n        |date=22 June 2009 }}''''. pp.148\\u2013149 Princeton University Press, 2005.\n        See also ''''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dLhVn-McDDgC&pg=PA226&dq=racism+americas+worst+disease+1946#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        Odyssey in Climate Modeling, Global Warming, and Advising Five Presidents]''''\n        As part of his involvement, he corresponded with civil rights activist [[W.\n        E. B. Du Bois]] and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial\n        in 1951.Robeson, Paul. ''''Paul Robeson Speaks'''', Citadel\n        (2002) p. 333{{rp|565}} When Einstein offered to be a character witness\n        for Du Bois, the judge decided to drop the case.\\n\\n[[File:Albert\n        Einstein Head.jpg|thumb|Einstein in 1947]]\\nIn 1946 Einstein visited [[Lincoln\n        University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]] in Pennsylvania, a [[historically\n        black college]], where he was awarded an honorary degree. (Lincoln was the\n        first university in the United States to grant college degrees to [[African\n        Americans]]; alumni include [[Langston Hughes]] and [[Thurgood Marshall]].)\n        Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, \\\"I do not intend\n        to be quiet about it.\\\"{{cite journal|last1=Jerome|first1=Fred|title=Einstein,\n        Race, and the Myth of the Cultural Icon|journal=Isis|date=December 2004|volume=95|issue=4|pages=627\\u2013639\n        |doi=10.1086/430653|jstor=10.1086/430653}} {{open access}} A resident\n        of Princeton recalls that Einstein had once paid the college tuition for a\n        black student.[http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/albert-einstein-civil-rights-activist/\n        \\\"Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist\\\"], ''''Harvard Gazette'''', 12 April\n        2007\\n\\n==== Assisting Zionist causes ====\\nEinstein was a figurehead\n        leader in helping establish the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], which\n        opened in 1925, and was among its first Board of Governors. Earlier, in 1921,\n        he was asked by the biochemist and president of the [[World Zionist Organization]],\n        [[Chaim Weizmann]], to help raise funds for the planned university.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=290}}\n        He also submitted various suggestions as to its initial programs.\\n\\nAmong\n        those, he advised first creating an Institute of Agriculture in order to settle\n        the undeveloped land. That should be followed, he suggested, by a Chemical\n        Institute and an Institute of Microbiology, to fight the various ongoing epidemics\n        such as [[malaria]], which he called an \\\"evil\\\" that was undermining a third\n        of the country''s development.{{rp|161}} Establishing an\n        Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew\n        and Arabic, for scientific exploration of the country and its historical monuments,\n        was also important.Rowe, David E. and Schulmann, Robert, editors.\n        ''''Einstein on Politics'''', Princeton University Press (2007){{rp|158}}\\n\\nChaim\n        Weizmann later became Israel''s first president. Upon his death while in office\n        in November 1952 and at the urging of [[Ezriel Carlebach]], Prime Minister\n        [[David Ben-Gurion]] offered Einstein the position of [[President of Israel]],\n        a mostly ceremonial post.{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817454,00.html\n        |title=ISRAEL: Einstein Declines |work=Time magazine |date=1 December 1952\n        |accessdate=31 March 2010}}{{cite book|last1=Rosenkranz|first1=Ze''ev|title=The\n        Einstein Scrapbook|date=6 November 2002|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University\n        Press]]|location=Baltimore, Maryland, USA|isbn=978-0-8018-7203-7|page=103}}\n        The offer was presented by Israel''s ambassador in Washington, [[Abba Eban]],\n        who explained that the offer \\\"embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish\n        people can repose in any of its sons\\\".{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=522}} Einstein\n        declined, and wrote in his response that he was \\\"deeply moved\\\", and \\\"at\n        once saddened and ashamed\\\" that he could not accept it.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=522}}\\n\\n====\n        Love of music ====\\n{{Multiple image|direction = vertical|image1 =|image2\n        = Rabindranath with Einstein.jpg|caption1 = Albert Einstein playing [[violin]]|caption2\n        = Einstein (right) with writer, musician and Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath\n        Tagore]], 1930|align = right}}\\nEinstein developed an appreciation for music\n        at an early age, and later wrote: \\\"If I were not a physicist, I would probably\n        be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see\n        my life in terms of music... I get most joy in life out of music.\\\"{{cite\n        news|title = The relative beauty of the violin|date = 28 January 2011|url\n        = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/features/the-relative-beauty-of-the-violin-2196313.html|work=[[The\n        Independent]]|author=Duchen, Jessica}}{{cite news|title=Einstein\n        and his love of music |date=January 2005 |url=http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein&music.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=[[Physics World]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828225916/http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein%26music.pdf\n        |archivedate=28 August 2015 |df= }}\\n\\nHis mother played the piano reasonably\n        well and wanted her son to learn the [[violin]], not only to instill in him\n        a love of music but also to help him assimilate into [[German culture]]. According\n        to conductor [[Leon Botstein]], Einstein is said to have begun playing when\n        he was 5, although he did not enjoy it at that age.\\n\\nWhen\n        he turned 13, he discovered the violin sonatas of [[Mozart]], whereupon \\\"Einstein\n        fell in love\\\" with Mozart''s music and studied music more willingly. He taught\n        himself to play without \\\"ever practicing systematically\\\", he said, deciding\n        that \\\"love is a better teacher than a sense of duty.\\\"{{cite\n        book|author1=Peter Galison|author2=Gerald James Holton|author3=Silvan S. Schweber|title=Einstein\n        for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture|date=2008|publisher=Princeton\n        University Press|isbn=0-691-13520-7|pages=161\\u2013164}} At age 17,\n        he was heard by a school examiner in Aarau as he played [[Beethoven]]''s [[violin\n        sonata]]s, the examiner stating afterward that his playing was \\\"remarkable\n        and revealing of ''great insight''.\\\" What struck the examiner, writes Botstein,\n        was that Einstein \\\"displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was\n        and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student.\\\"\\n\\nMusic took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein''s\n        life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional musician\n        himself was not on his mind at any time, among those with whom Einstein played\n        [[chamber music]] were a few professionals, and he performed for private audiences\n        and friends. Chamber music had also become a regular part of his social life\n        while living in Bern, Z\\u00fcrich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck\n        and his son, among others. He is sometimes erroneously credited as the editor\n        of the 1937 edition of the [[K\\u00f6chel catalogue]] of Mozart''s work; that\n        edition was prepared by [[Alfred Einstein]], who may have been a distant relation.Article\n        \\\"Alfred Einstein\\\", in ''''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'''',\n        ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. {{ISBN|1-56159-174-2}}''''The\n        Concise Edition of Baker''s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians'''', 8th\n        ed. Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky. New York, Schirmer Books, 1993. {{ISBN|0-02-872416-X}}\\n\\nIn\n        1931, while engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology,\n        he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played\n        some of Beethoven and Mozart''s works with members of the [[Zoellner Quartet]].[http://articles.latimes.com/1985-12-22/entertainment/ca-20526_1_life-estate\n        Cariaga, Daniel, \\\"Not Taking It with You: A Tale of Two Estates,\\\" ''''Los\n        Angeles Times''''], 22 December 1985. Retrieved April 2012.[http://www.rrauction.com/albert_einstein_signed_photo_to_joseph_zoellner.cfm\n        Auction listing] by RR Auction, auction closed 13 October 2010. Near\n        the end of his life, when the young [[Juilliard Quartet]] visited him in Princeton,\n        he played his violin with them, and the quartet was \\\"impressed by Einstein''s\n        level of coordination and intonation\\\".\\n\\n==== Political\n        and religious views ====\\n{{Main article|Albert Einstein''s political views|Albert\n        Einstein''s religious views}}\\n[[File:Einsteinwiezmann.PNG|alt=Casual group\n        shot of four men and two women standing on a brick pavement.|thumb|Albert\n        Einstein with his wife [[Elsa Einstein]] and Zionist leaders, including future\n        [[President of Israel]] [[Chaim Weizmann]], his wife [[Vera Weizmann]], [[Menahem\n        Ussishkin]], and Ben-Zion Mossinson on arrival in New York City in 1921]]\\n\\nEinstein''s\n        political view was in favor of [[socialism]] and critical of capitalism, which\n        he detailed in his essays such as \\\"[[Why Socialism?]]\\\".{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=Albert|title=Why\n        Socialism?|journal=Monthly Review|date=May 1949|volume=1|issue=1|url=http://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism/|editor1-first=Paul\n        |editor1-last=Sweezy |editor2-first=Leo |editor2-last=Huberman |location=New\n        York}}{{cite journal|first=David E. | last=Rowe|author2=Robert\n        Schulmann|last-author-amp=yes|title=What Were Einstein''s Politics?|journal=[[History\n        News Network]]|date=8 June 2007|url=http://hnn.us/articles/39445.html|accessdate=29\n        July 2012|editor1-first=Walsh|editor1-last=David A.|publisher=[[George Mason\n        University]]}} Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments\n        and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}\n        He strongly advocated the idea of a democratic [[World government|global government]]\n        that would check the power of nation-states in the framework of a world federation.{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=487,\n        494, 550}} The FBI created a secret dossier on Einstein in 1932, and by the\n        time of his death his FBI file was 1,427 pages long.{{cite web| url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/science-march-einstein-fbi-genius-science/|\n        first=Mitch | last=Waldrop| title=Why the FBI Kept a 1,400-Page File on Einstein|\n        publisher=National Geographic| date=19 April 2017}}\\n\\nEinstein spoke\n        of his religious outlook in a wide array of original writings and interviews.\n        Einstein stated that he believed in the [[Pantheism|pantheistic]] God of [[Spinozism|Baruch\n        Spinoza]].Calaprice, Alice (2010). ''''The Ultimate\n        Quotable Einstein''''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G_iziBAPXtEC&pg=PA325\n        p. 325.] He did not believe in a [[personal God]] who concerns himself\n        with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as na\\u00efve.Calaprice, Alice (2000). ''''The Expanded Quotable Einstein''''.\n        Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 218. He clarified however\n        that, \\\"I am not an atheist\\\",Isaacson, Walter (2008).\n        ''''Einstein: His Life and Universe''''. New York: Simon and Schuster, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cdxWNE7NY6QC&pg=PT390\n        p. 390.] preferring to call himself an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]],Calaprice, Alice (2010). ''''The Ultimate Quotable Einstein''''.\n        Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G_iziBAPXtEC&pg=PA340\n        p. 340.] [http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2687/4496554935_0b573db853_o.jpg\n        Letter to M. Berkowitz, 25 October 1950.] Einstein Archive 59\\u2013215.\n        or a \\\"deeply religious nonbeliever\\\". When asked\n        if he believed in an [[afterlife]], Einstein replied, \\\"No. And one life is\n        enough for me.\\\"Isaacson, Walter (2008). ''''Einstein: His Life and Universe''''.\n        New York: Simon and Schuster, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzSJgdwk5esC&pg=PT461\n        p. 461.]\\n\\n=== Death ===\\nOn 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced [[internal\n        bleeding]] caused by the rupture of an [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]], which\n        had previously been reinforced surgically by [[Rudolph Nissen]] in 1948.{{Citation\n        |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/436253 |title=The Case of the Scientist\n        with a Pulsating Mass |date=14 June 2002 |accessdate=11 June 2007}}\n        He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance\n        commemorating the State of Israel''s seventh anniversary with him to the hospital,\n        but he did not live long enough to complete it.{{Citation |author=Albert\n        Einstein Archives |contribution=Draft of projected Telecast Israel Independence\n        Day, April 1955 (last statement ever written) |title=Einstein Archives Online\n        |date=April 1955 |contribution-url=http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Digital/EAR000020078#page/1/mode/1up\n        |url=http://www.alberteinstein.info/ |accessdate=14 March 2007 | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20070313231657/http://www.alberteinstein.info/|\n        archivedate= 13 March 2007 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        refused surgery, saying: \\\"I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong\n        life artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly.\\\"{{Citation\n        |date=November 1995 |author=Cohen, J.R. |author2=Graver, L.M. |title=The ruptured\n        abdominal aortic aneurysm of Albert Einstein |volume =170 |issue=5 |pages\n        =455\\u20138 |journal=Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics |pmid=2183375 |ref=harv\n        |postscript=.\\n}} He died in [[Princeton Hospital]] early the next morning\n        at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end.\\n\\nDuring the\n        autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton Hospital, [[Thomas Stoltz Harvey]],\n        removed [[Albert Einstein''s brain|Einstein''s brain]] for preservation without\n        the permission of his family, in the hope that the [[neuroscience]] of the\n        future would be able to discover what made Einstein so [[human intelligence|intelligent]].{{Citation\n        |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913 |title=The\n        Long, Strange Journey of Einstein''s Brain |accessdate=3 October 2007 |publisher=[[National\n        Public Radio]]}} Einstein''s remains were [[Cremation|cremated]] and\n        his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.{{Citation |last\n        =O''Connor |first =J.J. |last2 =Robertson |first2 =E.F. |chapter=Albert Einstein\n        |title=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |publisher=School of Mathematics\n        and Statistics, University of St. Andrews |date=1997 |chapter-url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Einstein.html\n        }}{{cite news\\n | title=Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep\n        at 76; World Mourns Loss of Great Scientist, Rupture of Aorta Causes Death,\n        Body Cremated, Memorial Here Set\\n | work=The New York Times\\n | publication-date=19\n        April 1955\\n | publication-place = New York, NY\\n | date = 18 April 1955\\n\n        | place = Princeton, NJ\\n | volume = CIV\\n | number = 35,514\\n | issn = 0362-4331\\n\n        | editor = Late City\\n | page = 1\\n | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C1EFC3D55107A93CBA8178FD85F418585F9\\n}}\\n\\nIn\n        a memorial lecture delivered on 13 December 1965, at UNESCO headquarters,\n        nuclear physicist [[Robert Oppenheimer]] summarized his impression of Einstein\n        as a person: \\\"He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without\n        worldliness ... There was always with him a wonderful purity at once\n        childlike and profoundly stubborn.\\\"{{cite journal|last1=Oppenheimer|first1=J.\n        Robert|title=Oppenheimer on Einstein|journal=The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=March\n        1979|volume=35|issue=3|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7goAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38|accessdate=12\n        January 2017|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science|location=Chicago}}\\n\\n==\n        Scientific career ==\\nThroughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of\n        books and articles. He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150\n        non-scientific ones. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced\n        the release of Einstein''s papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008}}{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis\n        Overbye |title=Thousands of Einstein Documents Are Now a Click Away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html\n        |date=4 December 2014 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2015-01-04}}\n        Einstein''s intellectual achievements and originality have made the word \\\"Einstein\\\"\n        synonymous with \\\"[[genius]]\\\". In\n        addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists\n        on additional projects including the [[Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics]], the\n        [[Einstein refrigerator]] and others.\\\"[http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/Einstein_archive/\n        Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz]\\\". ''''Instituut-Lorentz.'''' 2005.\n        Retrieved on 21 November 2005.\\n\\n=== 1905 \\u2013 ''''Annus Mirabilis''''\n        papers ===\\n{{Main article|Annus Mirabilis papers|Photoelectric effect|Special\n        theory of relativity|Mass\\u2013energy equivalence|Brownian motion}}\\nThe ''''Annus\n        Mirabilis'''' papers are four articles pertaining to the [[photoelectric effect]]\n        (which gave rise to [[quantum mechanics|quantum theory]]), [[Brownian motion]],\n        the [[special theory of relativity]], and [[Mass\\u2013energy equivalence|E\n        = mc2]] that Einstein published in the ''''Annalen der Physik''''\n        scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to\n        the foundation of [[History of physics#Modern physics|modern physics]] and\n        changed views on [[space]], time, and [[matter]]. The four papers are:\\n\\n{|\n        class=wikitable\\n|-\\n! Title (translated) !!Area of\n        focus !! Received !! Published !! Significance\\n|-\\n| ''''On a Heuristic\n        Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light'''' || [[Photoelectric\n        effect]] || 18 March || 9 June || Resolved an unsolved puzzle by suggesting\n        that energy is exchanged only in discrete amounts ([[quantum|quanta]]).{{cite\n        book |title=Lectures on quantum mechanics |first1=Ashok |last1=Das |publisher=Hindustan\n        Book Agency |date=2003 |isbn=81-85931-41-0 |page=59 }} This idea was\n        pivotal to the early development of quantum theory.{{cite book |title=Seven\n        ideas that shook the universe |edition=2nd |first1=Nathan |last1=Spielberg\n        |first2=Bryon D. |last2=Anderson |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=1995 |isbn=0-471-30606-1\n        |page=263 }}\\n|-\\n| ''''On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in\n        a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat''''\n        || [[Brownian motion]] || 11 May || 18 July || Explained empirical evidence\n        for the [[atomic theory]], supporting the application of [[statistical physics]].\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'''' || [[Special relativity]]\n        || 30 June || 26 September || Reconciled Maxwell''s equations for electricity\n        and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing major changes to mechanics\n        close to the speed of light, resulting from analysis based on empirical evidence\n        that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer.{{cite\n        book\\n|title=The quantum beat: principles and applications of atomic clocks\n        |edition=2nd |first1=Fouad G. |last1=Major |publisher=Springer |date=2007\n        |isbn=0-387-69533-8 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmdr6Wx_2PYC}}\n        Discredited the concept of a \\\"[[luminiferous ether]]\\\".{{cite book |title=Foundations\n        of physics |first1=Robert Bruce |last1=Lindsay |first2=Henry |last2=Margenau\n        |publisher=Ox Bow Press |date=1981 |isbn=0-918024-17-X |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwZltQAACAAJ}}\\n|-\\n|\n        ''''Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?'''' || [[Mass\\u2013energy\n        equivalence|Matter\\u2013energy equivalence]] || 27 September || 21 November\n        || Equivalence of matter and energy, {{nowrap|1=''''E'''' = ''''mc''''2}}\n        (and by implication, the ability of gravity to \\\"bend\\\" light), the existence\n        of \\\"[[rest energy]]\\\", and the basis of nuclear energy.\\n|}\\n\\n=== Thermodynamic\n        fluctuations and statistical physics ===\\n{{Main article|Statistical mechanics|thermal\n        fluctuations|statistical physics}}\\n\\nEinstein''s first paper{{cite\n        web|first=Hans-Josef | last=Kuepper |url=http://www.einstein-website.de/z_physics/wisspub-e.html\n        |title=List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein |publisher=Einstein-website.de\n        |accessdate=3 April 2011}} submitted in 1900 to ''''Annalen der Physik''''\n        was on [[capillary attraction]]. It was published in 1901 with the title \\\"Folgerungen\n        aus den Capillarit\\u00e4tserscheinungen\\\", which translates as \\\"Conclusions\n        from the capillarity phenomena\\\". Two papers he published in 1902\\u20131903\n        (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret [[atom]]ic phenomena from a statistical\n        point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian\n        motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence\n        that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with\n        the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.\\n\\n=== General principles ===\\nHe articulated the [[principle of relativity]].\n        This was understood by [[Hermann Minkowski]] to be a generalization of rotational\n        invariance from space to space-time. Other principles postulated by Einstein\n        and later vindicated are the [[principle of equivalence]], [[general covariance]]\n        and the principle of [[adiabatic invariant|adiabatic invariance]] of the quantum\n        number.\\n\\n=== Theory of relativity and ''''E'''' = ''''mc''''\\u00b2 ===\\n{{Main\n        article|History of special relativity}}\\nEinstein''s \\\"''''Zur Elektrodynamik\n        bewegter K\\u00f6rper''''\\\" (\\\"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\\\") was\n        received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It\n        reconciles [[Maxwell''s equations]] for electricity and magnetism with the\n        laws of mechanics, by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the\n        [[speed of light]]. This later became known as Einstein''s special theory\n        of relativity.\\n\\nConsequences of this include the [[Spacetime|time\\u2013space\n        frame]] of a moving body appearing to [[Time dilation|slow down]] and [[Length\n        contraction|contract]] (in the direction of motion) when measured in the frame\n        of the observer. This paper also argued that the idea of a [[luminiferous\n        aether]]\\u2014one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time\\u2014was\n        superfluous.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905d}}\\n\\nIn his paper on [[mass\\u2013energy\n        equivalence]], Einstein produced ''''E'''' = ''''mc''''2\n        from his special relativity equations.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=vi, 15, 90, 131,\n        [https://books.google.com/?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA215 215]}} Einstein''s 1905\n        work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted\n        by leading physicists, starting with [[Max Planck]].For a discussion\n        of the reception of relativity theory around the world, and the different\n        controversies it encountered, see the articles in Thomas F. Glick, ed., ''''The\n        Comparative Reception of Relativity'''' (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987),\n        {{ISBN|90-277-2498-9}}.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=382\\u2013386}}\\n\\n=== Photons\n        and energy quanta ===\\n[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|upright|The photoelectric\n        effect. Incoming photons on the left strike a metal plate (bottom), and eject\n        electrons, depicted as flying off to the right.]]\\n{{Main article|Photon|Quantum}}\\nIn\n        a 1905 paper,{{Sfnp|Einstein|1905a}} Einstein postulated that light itself\n        consists of localized particles (''''[[quantum|quanta]]''''). Einstein''s\n        light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including\n        Max Planck and Niels Bohr. This idea only became universally accepted in 1919,\n        with [[Robert Millikan]]''s detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect,\n        and with the measurement of [[Compton scattering]].\\n\\nEinstein concluded\n        that each wave of frequency ''''f'''' is associated with a collection of [[photon]]s\n        with energy ''''hf'''' each, where ''''h'''' is [[Planck''s constant]]. He\n        does not say much more, because he is not sure how the particles are related\n        to the wave. But he does suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental\n        results, notably the photoelectric effect.{{sfnp|Einstein|1905a}}\\n\\n=== Quantized\n        atomic vibrations ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein solid}}\\nIn 1907, Einstein\n        proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent\n        harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently\\u2014a\n        series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was\n        aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult,\n        but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear\n        demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem\n        in classical mechanics. [[Peter Debye]] refined this model.[http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/nuggets/einstein/solidcolda.html\n        Celebrating Einstein \\\"Solid Cold\\\". U.S. DOE.], [[Office of Scientific and\n        Technical Information]], 2011.\\n\\n=== Adiabatic principle and action-angle\n        variables ===\\n{{Main article|Old quantum theory}}\\nThroughout the 1910s,\n        quantum mechanics expanded in scope to cover many different systems. After\n        [[Ernest Rutherford]] discovered the nucleus and proposed that electrons orbit\n        like planets, Niels Bohr was able to show that the same quantum mechanical\n        postulates introduced by Planck and developed by Einstein would explain the\n        discrete motion of electrons in atoms, and the [[periodic table of the elements]].\\n\\nEinstein\n        contributed to these developments by linking them with the 1898 arguments\n        [[Wilhelm Wien]] had made. Wien had shown that the hypothesis of [[adiabatic\n        invariant|adiabatic invariance]] of a thermal equilibrium state allows all\n        the [[blackbody radiation|blackbody curves]] at different temperature to be\n        derived from one another by a [[Wien''s displacement law|simple shifting process]].\n        Einstein noted in 1911 that the same adiabatic principle shows that the quantity\n        which is quantized in any mechanical motion must be an adiabatic invariant.\n        [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] identified this adiabatic invariant as the [[action-angle\n        variables|action variable]] of classical mechanics.\\n\\n=== Wave\\u2013particle\n        duality ===\\n[[File:Albert Einstein photo 1921.jpg|thumb|upright|Einstein\n        during his visit to the United States]]\\n{{Main article|Wave\\u2013particle\n        duality}}\\nAlthough the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner\n        Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became\n        a ''''[[Privatdozent]]'''' at the University of Bern.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|p=522}}\n        In \\\"''''\\u00dcber die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen \\u00fcber das Wesen\n        und die Konstitution der Strahlung''''\\\" (\\\"[[s:The Development of Our Views\n        on the Composition and Essence of Radiation|The Development of our Views on\n        the Composition and Essence of Radiation]]\\\"), on the [[quantization (physics)|quantization]]\n        of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Einstein showed that Max Planck''s\n        energy quanta must have well-defined [[momentum|momenta]] and act in some\n        respects as independent, [[point particle|point-like particles]]. This paper\n        introduced the ''''photon'''' concept (although the name ''''photon'''' was\n        introduced later by [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] in 1926) and inspired the notion\n        of [[wave\\u2013particle duality]] in [[quantum mechanics]]. Einstein saw this\n        wave\\u2013particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction\n        that physics needed a new, unified foundation.\\n\\n=== Theory of critical opalescence\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Critical opalescence}}\\nEinstein returned to the problem\n        of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations\n        in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily the density fluctuations are\n        controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the\n        density. At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large\n        fluctuations. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths\n        is scattered, making the fluid look milky white. Einstein relates this to\n        [[Rayleigh scattering]], which is what happens when the fluctuation size is\n        much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.{{cite\n        web |last=Levenson |first=Thomas |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/genius/\n        |title=Einstein''s Big Idea |publisher=WBGH |type=public broadcaster website\n        |via=NOVA by [[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS), Arlington, VA, USA |location=Boston,\n        MA, USA |date=9 September 1997 |accessdate=2015-06-20}} Einstein quantitatively\n        derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and\n        demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the\n        atomistic constitution of matter.\\n\\n=== Zero-point energy ===\\n{{Main article|Zero-point\n        energy}}\\nIn a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated\n        his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his\n        \\\"second quantum theory\\\". Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Einstein\n        and his assistant [[Otto Stern]]. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic\n        molecules contains zero-point energy, they then compared the theoretical specific\n        heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data. The numbers matched nicely.\n        However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support,\n        because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point\n        energy.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol. 4: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1912\\u20131914|pp=270ff}}\\n\\n===\n        General relativity and the equivalence principle ===\\n{{Main article|History\n        of general relativity}}\\n{{See also|Principle of equivalence|Theory of relativity|Einstein\n        field equations}}\\n[[File:1919 eclipse positive.jpg|alt=Black circle covering\n        the sun, rays visible around it, in a dark sky.|thumb|upright|[[Arthur Stanley\n        Eddington|Eddington]]''s photograph of a [[solar eclipse]]]]\\nGeneral relativity\n        (GR) is a [[theory of gravitation]] that was developed by Einstein between\n        1907 and 1915. According to [[general relativity]], the observed gravitational\n        attraction between masses results from the warping of [[spacetime|space and\n        time]] by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential\n        tool in modern [[astrophysics]]. It provides the foundation for the current\n        understanding of [[black holes]], regions of space where gravitational attraction\n        is so strong that not even light can escape.\\n\\nAs Einstein later said, the\n        reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of\n        inertial motions within [[special relativity]] was unsatisfactory, while a\n        theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated\n        ones) should appear more satisfactory.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1923}} Consequently,\n        in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity.\n        In that article titled \\\"On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn\n        from It\\\", he argued that [[free fall]] is really inertial motion, and that\n        for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This\n        argument is called the [[equivalence principle]]. In the same article, Einstein\n        also predicted the phenomena of [[gravitational time dilation]], [[gravitational\n        red shift]] and [[Gravitational lensing|deflection of light]].{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=179\\u2013183}}{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008|loc=vol.\n        2: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1900\\u20131909|pp=273\\u2013274}}\\n\\nIn 1911,\n        Einstein published another article \\\"On the Influence of Gravitation on the\n        Propagation of Light\\\" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated\n        the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical\n        prediction of general relativity can for the first time be tested experimentally.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=194\\u2013195}}\\n\\n====Gravitational\n        waves====\\nIn 1916, Einstein predicted [[gravitational wave]]s,{{cite\n        journal|author=Einstein, A |title=N\\u00e4herungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen\n        der Gravitation |date= June 1916 |url=http://einstein-annalen.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/related_texts/sitzungsberichte\n        |journal=[[Prussian Academy of Sciences|Sitzungsberichte der K\\u00f6niglich\n        Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin]] |volume=part 1|pages=688\\u2013696}}{{cite\n        journal|author=Einstein, A |title=\\u00dcber Gravitationswellen |date=1918\n        |url=http://einstein-annalen.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/related_texts/sitzungsberichte\n        |journal=Sitzungsberichte der K\\u00f6niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften\n        Berlin|volume=part 1|pages=154\\u2013167}} ripples in the [[curvature]]\n        of spacetime which propagate as [[wave]]s, traveling outward from the source,\n        transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational\n        waves is possible under general relativity due to its [[Lorentz invariance]]\n        which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical\n        interactions of gravity with it. By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist\n        in the [[Newton''s law of universal gravitation|Newtonian theory of gravitation]],\n        which postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite\n        speed.\\n\\nThe first, indirect, detection of gravitational waves came in the\n        1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting [[neutron stars]],\n        [[PSR B1913+16]].{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160211-gravitational-waves-found-spacetime-science/\n        |title=Found! Gravitational Waves, or a Wrinkle in Spacetime |work=Nadia Drake\n        |publisher=National Geographic |date=11 February 2016 |accessdate=6 July 2016\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212083049/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160211-gravitational-waves-found-spacetime-science/\n        |archivedate=12 February 2016 |df= }} The explanation of the decay in\n        their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves.{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/press.html|title=Gravity\n        investigated with a binary pulsar-Press Release: The 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics|publisher=Nobel\n        Foundation|accessdate=6 July 2016}} Einstein''s prediction was confirmed\n        on 11 February 2016, when researchers at [[LIGO]] published the [[first observation\n        of gravitational waves]],{{cite journal |collaboration=LIGO\n        Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last1=Abbott |first1=Benjamin\n        P. |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger\n        |url=http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |journal=[[Phys.\n        Rev. Lett.]] |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=061102 |year=2016 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102\n        |arxiv=1602.03837 |lay-summary=https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/system/media_files/binaries/301/original/detection-science-summary.pdf|bibcode\n        = 2016PhRvL.116f1102A |pmid=26918975}} on Earth, exactly one hundred\n        years after the prediction.{{Cite web|title = Gravitational\n        Waves: Ripples in the fabric of space-time|publisher=LIGO {{!}} MIT|url =\n        http://space.mit.edu/LIGO/more.html|website = space.mit.edu|access-date =\n        2016-02-12|date = 2016-02-11}}{{Cite web|title = Scientists make\n        first direct detection of gravitational waves|work=Jennifer Chu|url = http://news.mit.edu/2016/ligo-first-detection-gravitational-waves-0211|publisher\n        = MIT News|access-date = 2016-02-12}}{{Cite web|title = Einstein''s\n        gravitational waves ''seen'' from black holes \\u2013 BBC News|url = http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35524440|website\n        = BBC News|access-date = 2016-02-12|language = en-GB}}{{Cite news|title\n        = Gravitational Waves Detected, Confirming Einstein\\u2019s Theory|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html|newspaper\n        = The New York Times|date = 2016-02-11|access-date = 2016-02-12|issn = 0362-4331|first\n        = Dennis|last = Overbye}}\\n\\n=== Hole argument and Entwurf theory ===\\n{{Main\n        article|Hole argument}}\\nWhile developing general relativity, Einstein became\n        confused about the [[gauge invariance]] in the theory. He formulated an argument\n        that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible.\n        He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations, and searched\n        for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations\n        only.\\n\\nIn June 1913, the Entwurf (\\\"draft\\\") theory was the result of these\n        investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant\n        and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented\n        by additional gauge fixing conditions. After more than two years of intensive\n        work, Einstein realized that the [[hole argument]] was mistakenvan Dongen,\n        Jeroen (2010) ''''Einstein''s Unification'''' Cambridge University Press,\n        p.23. and abandoned the theory in November 1915.\\n\\n=== Physical Cosmology\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Physical Cosmology}}\\n{{cosmology|scientists}}\\nIn 1917,\n        Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the\n        universe as a whole.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1917a}} He discovered that the general\n        field equations predicted a universe that was dynamic, either contracting\n        or expanding. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was not known\n        at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the [[cosmological constant]],\n        to the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe.\n        The modified field equations predicted a static universe of closed curvature,\n        in accordance with Einstein''s understanding of [[Mach''s principle]] in these\n        years. This model became known as the Einstein World or [[Einstein''s static\n        universe]].{{Sfnp|Pais|1994|pp=285\\u2013286}} {{cite book|last1=North|first1=J.D.|title=The\n        Measure of the Universe: A History of Modern Cosmology|date=1965|publisher=Dover|location=New\n        York|pages=81\\u201383}}\\n\\nFollowing the discovery of the recession\n        of the nebulae by [[Edwin Hubble]] in 1929, Einstein abandoned his static\n        model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, [[The\n        Friedmann-Einstein universe]] of 1931Einstein,\n        A. 1931. Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativit\\u00e4tstheorie\n        Sitzungsb.K\\u00f6nig. Preuss. Akad. 235\\u2013237O\\u2019Raifeartaigh,\n        C. and McCann, B. (2014) \\u2018Einstein\\u2019s cosmic model of 1931 revisited:\n        an analysis and translation of a forgotten model of the universe\\u2019. Eur.\n        Phys. J. (H) 39 (1), pp. 63\\u201385. Physics ArXiv preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.2192\n        and the [[Einstein\\u2013de Sitter universe]] of 1932.Einstein,\n        A and de Sitter, W. 1932. On the relation between the expansion and the mean\n        density of the universe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18:\n        213\\u2013214{{cite journal|last1=Nussbaumer|first1=Harry|title=Einstein''s\n        conversion from his static to an expanding universe|journal=Eur. Phys. J (H)|date=2014|volume=39|issue=1|pages=37\\u201362|arxiv=1311.2763|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2013-40037-6|bibcode\n        = 2014EPJH...39...37N }} In each of these models, Einstein discarded\n        the cosmological constant, claiming that it was \\\"in any case theoretically\n        unsatisfactory\\\".{{cite\n        book|last1=Nussbaumer and Bieri|title=Discovering the Expanding Universe|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=144\\u2013152}}\\n\\nIn many\n        Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological\n        constant in later years as his \\\"biggest blunder\\\". The astrophysicist [[Mario\n        Livio]] has recently cast doubt on this claim, suggesting that it may be exaggerated.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/books/review/brilliant-blunders-by-mario-livio.html|title=The\n        Genius of Getting It Wrong|date=9 June 2013|work=The New York Times}}\\n\\nIn\n        late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist [[Cormac O''Raifeartaigh]] discovered\n        evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble''s observations of the recession\n        of the nebulae, Einstein considered a [[Steady State theory|steady-state model]]\n        of the universe.{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/news/einstein-s-lost-theory-uncovered-1.14767|title=Einstein\\u2019s\n        lost theory uncovered|work=Nature News & Comment}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2014/03/14/135th-birthday-einstein-still-full-surprises/#.UybABMHiG9V|title=On\n        His 135th Birthday, Einstein is Still Full of Surprises|work=Out There}}\n        In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein\n        explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter\n        remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process he associated\n        with the cosmological constant.O\\u2019Raifeartaigh,\n        C., B. McCann, W. Nahm and S. Mitton. (2014)'' Einstein\\u2019s steady-state\n        theory: an abandoned model of the cosmos''. Eur. Phys. J (H) 39(3):353\\u2013369.\n        Physics ArXiv preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0132Nussbaumer, H. (2014). \\u2018Einstein\\u2019s aborted attempt\n        at a dynamic steady state universe\\u2019. Physics ArXiv preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4099\n        As he stated in the paper, \\\"In what follows, I would like to draw attention\n        to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel''s [''''sic'''']\n        facts, and in which the density is constant over time\\\" ... \\\"If one considers\n        a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving\n        it. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually\n        formed in the volume from space.\\\"\\n\\nIt thus appears that Einstein considered\n        a [[Steady State theory|steady-state model]] of the expanding universe many\n        years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold.Hoyle, \\\"A New Model for the Expanding\n        Universe,\\\" MNRAS 108 (1948) 372. {{Bibcode|1948MNRAS.108..372H}}Bondi\n        and Gold, \\\"The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe,\\\" MNRAS 108\n        (1948) 252. {{Bibcode|1948MNRAS.108..252B}} However, Einstein''s steady-state\n        model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea.{{cite\n        web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2014/03/07/einsteins-lost-theory-describes-a-universe-without-a-big-bang/#.Uya3EcHiG9U|title=Einstein''s\n        Lost Theory Describes a Universe Without a Big Bang \\u2013 The Crux|work=The\n        Crux}}\\n\\n=== Modern quantum theory ===\\n{{Main article|Schr\\u00f6dinger\n        equation}}\\n[[File:NYT May 4, 1935.jpg|thumb|Newspaper headline on 4 May 1935]]\\nEinstein\n        was displeased with quantum theory and quantum mechanics (a theory he had\n        helped create), despite its acceptance by other physicists, stating that God\n        \\\"is not playing at dice.\\\"{{cite book |title=The New Penguin Dictionary\n        of Modern Quotations |first1=Robert |last1=Andrews |publisher=Penguin UK |date=2003\n        |isbn=0-14-196531-2 |page=499 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VK0vR4fsaigC}}\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=VK0vR4fsaigC&pg=PT499 Extract of page 499]\n        Einstein continued to maintain his disbelief in the theory, and attempted\n        unsuccessfully to disprove it until he died at the age of 76.[http://video.pbs.org/video/1512280538\n        Video: The Elegant Universe: Part 1 | Watch NOVA Online | PBS Video]. Video.pbs.org.\n        Retrieved on 11 May 2012. In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity,\n        Einstein published an article in ''''Physikalische Zeitschrift'''' that proposed\n        the possibility of [[stimulated emission]], the physical process that makes\n        possible the [[maser]] and the [[laser]].{{Sfnp|Einstein|1917b}}\\nThis article\n        showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only\n        be consistent with Planck''s distribution law if the emission of light into\n        a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission\n        of light into an empty mode. This paper was enormously influential in the\n        later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to\n        show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws. Einstein discovered\n        [[Louis de Broglie]]''s work, and supported his ideas, which were received\n        skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave\n        a wave equation for [[Matter wave|de Broglie waves]], which Einstein suggested\n        was the [[Hamilton\\u2013Jacobi equation]] of mechanics. This paper would inspire\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger''s work of 1926.\\n\\n=== Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics ===\\n{{Main\n        article|Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics}}\\nIn 1924, Einstein received a description\n        of a [[statistical mechanics|statistical]] model from Indian physicist [[Satyendra\n        Nath Bose]], based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood\n        as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose''s statistics\n        applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted\n        his translation of Bose''s paper to the ''''[[Zeitschrift f\\u00fcr Physik]]''''.\n        Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications,\n        among them the [[Bose\\u2013Einstein condensate]] phenomenon that some particulates\n        should appear at very low temperatures.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1924}} It was not until\n        1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by [[Eric\n        Allin Cornell]] and [[Carl Wieman]] using [[ultracold atom|ultra-cooling]]\n        equipment built at the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]\\u2013[[JILA]]\n        laboratory at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]].{{Citation|url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm\n        |title=Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics |date=9 October\n        2001 |accessdate=11 June 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610080506/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Bose\\u2013Einstein statistics\n        are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of [[boson]]s. Einstein''s\n        sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library\n        of the Leiden University.\\n\\n=== Energy momentum\n        pseudotensor ===\\n{{Main article|Stress\\u2013energy\\u2013momentum pseudotensor}}\\nGeneral\n        relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to\n        identify the conserved energy and momentum. [[Noether''s theorem]] allows\n        these quantities to be determined from a [[Lagrangian (field theory)|Lagrangian]]\n        with [[Translational symmetry|translation invariance]], but [[general covariance]]\n        makes translation invariance into something of a [[gauge symmetry]]. The energy\n        and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether''s presecriptions\n        do not make a real tensor for this reason.\\n\\nEinstein argued that this is\n        true for fundamental reasons, because the gravitational field could be made\n        to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant\n        energy momentum pseudotensor was in fact the best description of the energy\n        momentum distribution in a gravitational field. This approach has been echoed\n        by [[Lev Landau]] and [[Evgeny Lifshitz]], and others, and has become standard.\\n\\nThe\n        use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was heavily criticized in\n        1917 by [[Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger]] and others.\\n\\n=== Unified field theory\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Classical unified field theories}}\\nFollowing his research\n        on general relativity, Einstein entered into a series of attempts to generalize\n        his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism as another\n        aspect of a single entity. In 1950, he described his \\\"[[unified field theory]]\\\"\n        in a ''''[[Scientific American]]'''' article titled \\\"On the Generalized Theory\n        of Gravitation\\\".{{Sfnp|Einstein|1950}} Although he continued to be lauded\n        for his work, Einstein became increasingly isolated in his research, and his\n        efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.\\nIn his pursuit of a unification of\n        the fundamental forces, Einstein ignored some mainstream developments in physics,\n        most notably the [[strong nuclear force|strong]] and [[weak nuclear force]]s,\n        which were not well understood until many years after his death. Mainstream\n        physics, in turn, largely ignored Einstein''s approaches to unification. Einstein''s\n        dream of unifying other laws of physics with gravity motivates modern quests\n        for a [[theory of everything]] and in particular [[string theory]], where\n        geometrical fields emerge in a unified quantum-mechanical setting.\\n\\n===\n        Wormholes ===\\n{{Main article|Wormhole}}\\nIn 1935, Einstein collaborated with\n        [[Nathan Rosen]] to produce a model of a [[wormhole]], often called [[Einstein\\u2013Rosen\n        bridges]].{{cite journal |author=Einstein, Albert |author2=Rosen, Nathan\n        |last-author-amp=yes |date=1935 |title=The Particle Problem in the General\n        Theory of Relativity |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=48 |page=73 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.48.73\n        |bibcode=1935PhRv...48...73E}}{{cite web|title=2015 \\u2013 General\n        Relativity\\u2019s Centennial|publisher=[[American Physical Society]]|date=2015|url=https://journals.aps.org/general-relativity-centennial|accessdate=7\n        April 2017}} His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge\n        as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined\n        in the paper \\\"Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution\n        of the Elementary Particles?\\\". These solutions cut and pasted [[Schwarzschild\n        black hole]]s to make a bridge between two patches.{{cite web|title=Focus:\n        The Birth of Wormholes|first=David | last=Lindley|url=https://physics.aps.org/story/v15/st11|publisher=American\n        Physical Society|date=25 March 2005|accessdate=7 April 2017}}\\n\\nIf\n        one end of a wormhole was positively charged, the other end would be negatively\n        charged. These properties led Einstein to believe that pairs of particles\n        and antiparticles could be described in this way.\\n\\n=== Einstein\\u2013Cartan\n        theory ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein\\u2013Cartan theory}}\\n[[File:Albert Einstein\n        photo 1920.jpg|alt=Einstein, sitting at a table, looks up from the papers\n        he is reading and into the camera.|thumb|upright|Einstein at his office, [[University\n        of Berlin]], 1920]]In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general\n        relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric\n        part, called the [[Torsion tensor|torsion]]. This modification was made by\n        Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s.\\n\\n=== Equations of motion ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein\\u2013Infeld\\u2013Hoffmann\n        equations}}\\nThe theory of general relativity has a fundamental law\\u2014the\n        [[Einstein equations]] which describe how space curves, the [[geodesic equation]]\n        which describes how particles move may be derived from the Einstein equations.\\n\\nSince\n        the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made\n        out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory\n        which is determined by the Einstein equations themselves, not by a new law.\n        So Einstein proposed that the path of a singular solution, like a black hole,\n        would be determined to be a geodesic from general relativity itself.\\n\\nThis\n        was established by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without\n        angular momentum, and by [[Roy Kerr]] for spinning objects.\\n\\n=== Other investigations\n        ===\\n{{Main article|Einstein''s unsuccessful investigations}}\\nEinstein conducted\n        other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to\n        [[force]], [[superconductivity]], and other research.\\n\\n=== Collaboration\n        with other scientists ===\\n[[File:Solvay conference 1927.jpg|thumb|The 1927\n        [[Solvay Conference]] in Brussels, a gathering of the world''s top physicists.\n        Einstein is in the center.]]\\nIn addition to longtime collaborators [[Leopold\n        Infeld]], [[Nathan Rosen]], [[Peter Bergmann]] and others, Einstein also had\n        some one-shot collaborations with various scientists.\\n\\n==== Einstein\\u2013de\n        Haas experiment ====\\n{{Main article|Einstein\\u2013de Haas effect}}\\nEinstein\n        and De Haas demonstrated that magnetization is due to the motion of electrons,\n        nowadays known to be the spin. In order to show this, they reversed the magnetization\n        in an iron bar suspended on a [[torsion pendulum]]. They confirmed that this\n        leads the bar to rotate, because the electron''s angular momentum changes\n        as the magnetization changes. This experiment needed to be sensitive, because\n        the angular momentum associated with electrons is small, but it definitively\n        established that electron motion of some kind is responsible for magnetization.\\n\\n====\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger gas model ====\\nEinstein suggested to Erwin Schr\\u00f6dinger\n        that he might be able to reproduce the statistics of a [[Bose\\u2013Einstein\n        condensate|Bose\\u2013Einstein gas]] by considering a box. Then to each possible\n        quantum motion of a particle in a box associate an independent harmonic oscillator.\n        Quantizing these oscillators, each level will have an integer occupation number,\n        which will be the number of particles in it.\\n\\nThis formulation is a form\n        of [[second quantization]], but it predates modern quantum mechanics. Erwin\n        Schr\\u00f6dinger applied this to derive the [[thermodynamic]] properties of\n        a [[Quantum chaos|semiclassical]] [[ideal gas]]. Schr\\u00f6dinger urged Einstein\n        to add his name as co-author, although Einstein declined the invitation.{{Citation\n        |last=Moore |first=Walter |date=1989 |title=Schr\\u00f6dinger: Life and Thought\n        |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43767-9}}\\n\\n====\n        Einstein refrigerator ====\\n{{Main article|Einstein refrigerator}}\\nIn 1926,\n        Einstein and his former student Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd co-invented (and in\n        1930, patented) the [[Einstein refrigerator]]. This [[absorption refrigerator]]\n        was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an\n        input.Goettling, Gary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050525082445/http://gtalumni.org/Publications/magazine/sum98/einsrefr.html\n        Einstein''s refrigerator] ''''Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine.'''' 1998. Retrieved\n        on 12 November 2014. [[Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd]], a Hungarian physicist who\n        later worked on the Manhattan Project, is credited with the discovery of the\n        [[chain reaction]] On 11 November 1930, {{US patent|1781541}} was awarded\n        to Einstein and Le\\u00f3 Szil\\u00e1rd for the refrigerator. Their invention\n        was not immediately put into commercial production, and the most promising\n        of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company [[Electrolux]].In\n        September 2008 it was reported that Malcolm McCulloch of Oxford University\n        was heading a three-year project to develop more robust appliances that could\n        be used in locales lacking electricity, and that his team had completed a\n        prototype Einstein refrigerator. He was quoted as saying that improving the\n        design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design''s efficiency\n        to be quadrupled.{{Citation | last = Alok | first = Jha | title = Einstein\n        fridge design can help global cooling |work=The Guardian |location=UK | date\n        = 21 September 2008 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/sep/21/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange\n        | accessdate =22 February 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110124172925/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/sep/21/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange|\n        archivedate= 24 January 2011 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\n=== Bohr\n        versus Einstein ===\\n{{Main article|Bohr\\u2013Einstein debates}}\\n[[File:Niels\n        Bohr Albert Einstein by Ehrenfest.jpg|upright|alt=Two men sitting, looking\n        relaxed. A dark-haired Bohr is talking while Einstein looks sceptical.|thumb|Einstein\n        and [[Niels Bohr]], 1925]] The Bohr\\u2013Einstein debates were a series of\n        public disputes about [[quantum mechanics]] between Einstein and [[Niels Bohr]]\n        who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their\n        importance to the [[philosophy of science]].{{cite\n        web | url = http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/dk/bohr.htm\n        | title = Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic\n        Physics | accessdate =30 August 2010 | author = Bohr N | work=The Value of\n        Knowledge: A Miniature Library of Philosophy | publisher=[[Marxists Internet\n        Archive]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913033345/http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/dk/bohr.htm|\n        archivedate= 13 September 2010 | deadurl= no}} From Albert Einstein:\n        Philosopher-Scientist (1949), publ. Cambridge University Press, 1949. Niels\n        Bohr''s report of conversations with Einstein.{{Sfnp|Einstein|1969|loc=A\n        reprint of this book was published by Edition Erbrich in 1982, {{ISBN|3-88682-005-X}}}}{{Sfnp|Einstein|1935}}\n        Their debates would influence later [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]].\\n\\n===\n        Einstein\\u2013Podolsky\\u2013Rosen paradox ===\\n{{Main article|EPR paradox}}\\nIn\n        1935, Einstein returned to the question of quantum mechanics. He considered\n        how a measurement on one of two entangled particles would affect the other.\n        He noted, along with his collaborators, that by performing different measurements\n        on the distant particle, either of position or momentum, different properties\n        of the entangled partner could be discovered without disturbing it in any\n        way.\\n\\nHe then used a hypothesis of [[local realism]] to conclude that the\n        other particle had these properties already determined. The principle he proposed\n        is that if it is possible to determine what the answer to a position or momentum\n        measurement would be, without in any way disturbing the particle, then the\n        particle actually has values of position or momentum.\\n\\nThis principle distilled\n        the essence of Einstein''s objection to quantum mechanics. As a physical principle,\n        it was shown to be incorrect when the [[Aspect experiment]] of 1982 confirmed\n        [[Bell''s theorem]], which had been promulgated in 1964.\\n\\n== Non-scientific\n        legacy ==\\nWhile traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted\n        stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed\n        to [[The Hebrew University]]. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters\n        to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until\n        twenty years after her death (she died in 1986{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFD9153FF931A25754C0A960948260\n        |title=Obituary |work=New York Times |date=12 July 1986 |accessdate=3 April\n        2011}}). Einstein had expressed his interest in the [[plumbing]] profession\n        and was made an honorary member of the Plumbers and Steamfitters Union.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/orland-park-homer-glen/community/chi-ugc-article-13-plumbing-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-2016-02-15-story.html|title=13\n        Plumbing Facts You Probably Didn\\u2019t Know|last=UGC|first=Chicago Tribune|website=chicagotribune.com|access-date=2016-04-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331093621/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/orland-park-homer-glen/community/chi-ugc-article-13-plumbing-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-2016-02-15-story.html|archivedate=31\n        March 2016|df=dmy-all}}{{Cite web|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117028/world-beckons|title=Carl\n        Sagan Explains Albert Einstein|last=Sagan|first=Carl|date=2014-03-14|website=New\n        Republic|access-date=2016-04-10}} Barbara Wolff, of [[The Hebrew University]]''s\n        [[Albert Einstein Archives]], told the [[BBC]] that there are about 3,500\n        pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.{{Citation\n        |title =Letters Reveal Einstein Love Life |journal=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC\n        |url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5168002.stm |accessdate =14\n        March 2007 | date=11 July 2006}}\\n\\n[[Branded Entertainment Network|Corbis]],\n        successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and associated\n        imagery, as agent for the university.{{Citation|url=http://einstein.biz/|title=Einstein|publisher=Corbis\n        Rights Representation|accessdate=8 August 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080819220424/http://einstein.biz/|\n        archivedate= 19 August 2008 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\n== In popular\n        culture ==\\n{{Main article|Albert Einstein in popular culture}}\\nIn the period\n        before World War II, ''''[[The New Yorker]]'''' published a vignette in their\n        \\\"The Talk of the Town\\\" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in\n        America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain\n        \\\"that theory\\\". He finally figured out a way to handle the incessant inquiries.\n        He told his inquirers \\\"Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor\n        Einstein.\\\"{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1939/01/14/1939_01_14_011_TNY_CARDS_000176356|title=Disguise|first=E.\n        | last=Libman|date=14 January 1939|work=The New Yorker}}\\n\\nEinstein\n        has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and\n        works of music.{{cite web |url=http://www.cindymctee.com/einsteins_dream.html\n        |title=Einstein''s Dream for orchestra |first=Cindy |last=McTee |publisher=Cindymctee.com\n        }} He is a favorite model for depictions of [[mad scientist]]s and [[absent-minded\n        professor]]s; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely\n        copied and exaggerated. ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine''s Frederic\n        Golden wrote that Einstein was \\\"a cartoonist''s dream come true\\\".{{Citation|last\n        =Golden |first =Frederic |title =Person of the Century: Albert Einstein|magazine\n        =Time |date =3 January 2000 |url =http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/albert_einstein5a.html\n        |accessdate =25 February 2006 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060221080452/http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/albert_einstein5a.html|\n        archivedate= 21 February 2006 | deadurl= no}}\\n\\n== Awards\n        and honors ==\\n{{Main article|Einstein''s awards and honors}}\\nEinstein received\n        numerous awards and honors and in 1922 he was awarded the 1921 [[Nobel Prize\n        in Physics]] \\\"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for\n        his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\\\". None of the nominations\n        in 1921 met the criteria set by [[Alfred Nobel]], so the 1921 prize was carried\n        forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922.{{cite web\n        |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ |title=The\n        Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Prize\n        |access-date=11 July 2016}}\\n\\n== Publications ==\\n: ''''The following\n        publications by Einstein are referenced in this article. A more complete list\n        of his publications may be found at [[List of scientific publications by Albert\n        Einstein]].''''\\n{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1901\\n|orig-year = Manuscript received: 16 December 1900\\n|publication-date\n        = 14 March 2006\\n|via = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken,\n        NJ\\n|title = Folgerungen aus den Capillarit\\u00e4tserscheinungen\\n|trans-title\n        = Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity\\n|language = German\\n|place\n        = Zurich, Switzerland\\n|work = [[Annalen der Physik]] (Berlin)\\n|volume =\n        309\\n|pages = 513\\u2013523\\n|issue = 3\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19013090306\\n|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19013090306/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1901AnP...309..513E\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1905a\\n|orig-year = Manuscript received: 18 March 1905\\n|publication-date\n        = 10 March 2006\\n|via = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken,\n        NJ\\n|title = \\u00dcber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden\n        heuristischen Gesichtspunkt\\n|trans-title = On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning\n        the Production and Transformation of Light\\n|language = German\\n|place = Berne,\n        Switzerland\\n|work= Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume = 322\\n|pages = 132\\u2013148\\n|issue\n        = 6\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220607\\n|url = http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..132E\\n}}\\n* {{cite thesis\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1905b\\n|orig-year = Completed 30 April and submitted 20\n        July 1905\\n|publication-date = 2008\\n|publisher = [[ETH]] Z\\u00fcrich\\n|via\n        = ETH Bibliothek\\n|publication-place = Zurich, Switzerland\\n|title = Eine\n        neue Bestimmung der Molek\\u00fcldimensionen\\n|trans-title = A new determination\n        of molecular dimensions\\n|language = German\\n|work = Dissertationen [[Universit\\u00e4t\n        Z\\u00fcrich]]\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland, published by Wyss Buchdruckerei\\n|type\n        = PhD Thesis\\n|doi = 10.3929/ethz-a-000565688\\n|url = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|ref = harv\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1905c\\n|orig-year = Manuscript received: 11 May 1905\\n|publication-date\n        = 10 March 2006\\n|via = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken,\n        NJ\\n|title = \\u00dcber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der W\\u00e4rme\n        geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Fl\\u00fcssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen\\n|trans-title\n        = On the Motion \\u2013 Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat \\u2013\n        of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid\\n|language = German\\n|place\n        = Berne, Switzerland\\n|work = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume = 322\\n|issue\n        = 8\\n|pages = 549\\u2013560\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220806\\n|url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19053220806/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..549E\\n|hdl = 10915/2785\\n|hdl-access = free\\n}}\\n*\n        {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1905d\\n|orig-year =\n        Manuscript received: 30 June 1905\\n|publication-date = 10 March 2006\\n|via\n        = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken, NJ\\n|title = Zur Elektrodynamik\n        bewegter K\\u00f6rper\\n|trans-title = On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\\n|language\n        = German\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland\\n|work = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume\n        = 322\\n|issue = 10\\n|pages = 891\\u2013921\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053221004\\n|url\n        = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19053221004/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..891E\\n|hdl = 10915/2786\\n|hdl-access = free\\n}}\\n*\n        {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1905e\\n|orig-year =\n        Manuscript received: 27 September 1905\\n|publication-date = 10 March 2006\\n|via\n        = Wiley Online Library\\n|publication-place = Hoboken, NJ\\n|title = Ist die\n        Tr\\u00e4gheit eines K\\u00f6rpers von seinem Energieinhalt abh\\u00e4ngig?\\n|trans-title\n        = Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?\\n|language =\n        German\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland\\n|work = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)\\n|volume\n        = 323\\n|issue = 13\\n|pages = 639\\u2013641\\n|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053231314\\n|url\n        = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19053231314/pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|bibcode = 1905AnP...323..639E\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1915\\n|orig-year = Published 25 November 1915\\n|via = ECHO,\n        Cultural Heritage Online, [[Max Planck Institute]] for the History of Science\\n|place\n        = Berlin, Germany\\n|title = Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation\\n|trans-title\n        = The Field Equations of Gravitation\\n|language = German\\n|work = [[Prussian\n        Academy of Sciences|K\\u00f6niglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften]]\\n|pages\n        = 844\\u2013847\\n|url = http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:ZZB2HK6W\\n|format\n        = Online page images\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1917a\\n|title = Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativit\\u00e4tstheorie\\n|trans-title\n        = Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity\\n|language\n        = German\\n|work = [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|K\\u00f6niglich Preussische\n        Akademie der Wissenschaften]], Berlin\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1917b\\n|title = Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung\\n|trans-title\n        = On the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation\\n|language = German\\n|work = Physikalische\n        Zeitschrift\\n|volume = 18\\n|pages = 121\\u2013128\\n|bibcode = 1917PhyZ...18..121E\\n}}\\n*\n        {{cite speech\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1923\\n|event = Lecture\n        delivered to the Nordic Assembly of Naturalists at Gothenburg, 11 July 1923\\n|place\n        = Gothenburg\\n|orig-year = First published 1923, in English 1967\\n|publication-date\n        = 3 February 2015\\n|title = Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativit\\u00e4tstheorie\\n|trans-title\n        = Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity\\n|language =\n        German (1923) and English (1967)\\n|work = Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901\\u20131921\\n|publisher\n        = Nobelprice.org\\n|via = Nobel Media AB 2014\\n|publication-place = Stockholm\\n|url\n        = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.html\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|ref = harv\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1924\\n|title = Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases\\n|trans-title\n        = Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases\\n|language = German\\n|orig-year\n        = Published 10 July 1924\\n|via = ECHO, Cultural Heritage Online, [[Max Planck\n        Institute]] for the History of Science\\n|publication-place = Munich, Germany\\n|journal\n        = Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathematische\n        Klasse\\n|pages = 261\\u2013267\\n|publisher = [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|K\\u00f6niglich\n        Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften]], Berlin\\n|url = http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:DRQK5WYB\\n|format\n        = Online page images\\n}}. First of a series of papers on this topic.\\n* {{Citation\\n|last\n        = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 12 March 1926\\n|orig-year = Cover Date\n        1 March 1926\\n|place = Berlin\\n|title = Die Ursache der M\\u00e4anderbildung\n        der Flu\\u00dfl\\u00e4ufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes\\n|trans-title\n        = On [[Baer''s law]] and [[meander]]s in the courses of rivers\\n|language\n        = German\\n|journal = Die Naturwissenschaften\\n|volume = 14\\n|pages = 223\\u2013224\\n|publisher\n        = Springer-Verlag\\n|via = SpringerLink\\n|publication-place = Heidelberg, Germany\\n|doi\n        = 10.1007/BF01510300\\n|bibcode = 1926NW.....14..223E\\n|issue = 11\\n|issn =\n        1432-1904\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1926b\\n|title\n        = Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement\\n|place = Berne, Switzerland\\n|publisher\n        = Dover Publications\\n|editor = R. F\\u00fcrth\\n|others = Translated by A.\n        D. Cowper\\n|publication-date = 1956\\n|publication-place = USA\\n|isbn = 978-1-60796-285-4\\n|url\n        = http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/lectures/Rotman_Summer_School_2013/Einstein_1905_docs/Einstein_Dissertation_English.pdf\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|accessdate = 2015-01-04\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|last2 = Podolsky\\n|first2 = Boris\\n|last3 = Rosen\\n|first3 = Nathan\\n|date\n        = 15 May 1935\\n|title = Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality\n        Be Considered Complete?\\n|journal = Physical Review\\n|publisher = American\n        Physical Society\\n|via = APS Journals\\n|issue = 10\\n|volume = 47\\n|pages =\n        777\\u2013780\\n|orig-year = Received 25 March 1935\\n|doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.47.777\\n|bibcode\n        = 1935PhRv...47..777E\\n|url = http://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777\\n|format\n        = PDF\\n|ref = {{harvid|Einstein|1935}}\\n|doi-access = free\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last\n        = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 9 November 1940\\n|title = On Science\n        and Religion\\n|journal = Nature\\n|volume = 146\\n|issue = 3706\\n|doi = 10.1038/146605a0\\n|pages\n        = 605\\u2013607\\n|isbn = 0-7073-0453-9\\n|publisher = Macmillan Publishers Group\\n|location\n        = Edinburgh\\n|bibcode = 1940Natur.146..605E\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|display-authors = etal\\n|date = 4 December 1948\\n|title = To the\n        editors of the New York Times\\n|newspaper = New York Times\\n|url = http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html\\n|isbn\n        = 0-7354-0359-7\\n|publisher = AIP, American Inst. of Physics\\n|location =\n        Melville, New York\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = May 1949\\n|title = Why Socialism? (Reprise)\\n|magazine = Monthly Review\\n|volume\n        = 61\\n|issue = 01 (May)\\n|publisher = Monthly Review Foundation\\n|via = MonthlyReview.org\\n|publication-date\n        = May 2009\\n|publication-place = New York\\n|url = http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm\\n|accessdate\n        = 16 January 2006\\n| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060111081948/http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm|\n        archivedate= 11 January 2006 | deadurl= no\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last\n        = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date = 1950\\n|title = On the Generalized Theory\n        of Gravitation\\n|journal = Scientific American\\n|volume = CLXXXII\\n|issue\n        = 4\\n|pages = 13\\u201317\\n|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0450-13\\n|bibcode\n        = 1950SciAm.182d..13E }}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first = Albert\\n|date\n        = 1954\\n|title = Ideas and Opinions\\n|place = New York\\n|publisher = Random\n        House\\n|isbn = 0-517-00393-7\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first =\n        Albert\\n|date = 1969\\n|title = Albert Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born: Briefwechsel\n        1916\\u20131955\\n|publisher = Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung\\n|location = Munich\\n|language\n        = German\\n|isbn = 3-88682-005-X\\n}}\\n* {{Citation\\n|last = Einstein\\n|first\n        = Albert\\n|date = 1979\\n|edition = Centennial\\n|title = Autobiographical Notes\\n|place\n        = Chicago\\n|publisher = Open Court\\n|isbn = 0-87548-352-6\\n|others = Paul\n        Arthur Schilpp\\n}}. The ''''chasing a light beam'''' thought experiment is\n        described on pages 48\\u201351.\\n* Collected Papers: {{Citation\\n|editor=Stachel,\n        John\\n|editor-link=John Stachel\\n|editor2=Martin J. Klein\\n|editor3=A. J.\n        Kox\\n|editor4=Michel Janssen\\n|editor5=R. Schulmann\\n|editor6=Diana Komos\n        Buchwald\\n|display-editors=etal\\n|publication-date = 21 July 2008\\n|orig-year\n        = Published between 1987\\u20132006\\n|title = The Collected Papers of Albert\n        Einstein\\n|volume = 1\\u201310\\n|work = Einstein''s Writings\\n|publisher =\n        [[Princeton University Press]]\\n|url = http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/writings.html#papers\\n|ref\n        = {{harvid|Stachel|2008}}\\n}}. Further information about the volumes published\n        so far can be found on the webpages of the [http://www.einstein.caltech.edu/index.html\n        Einstein Papers Project] and on the [[Princeton University Press]] [http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/\n        Einstein Page]\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n== See also ==\\n{{div col|colwidth=20em}}\\n*\n        [[Albert Einstein House]] in Princeton\\n* {{Books-inline}}\\n* [[Einstein notation]]\\n*\n        [[The Einstein Theory of Relativity|''''Einstein Theory of Relativity, The'''']]\n        (educational film)\\n* ''''[[Genius (U.S. TV series)|Genius]]'''', a television\n        series depicting Einstein''s life\\n* [[Heinrich Burkhardt]]\\n* [[Historical\n        Museum of Bern]] (Einstein Museum)\\n* [[History of gravitational theory]]\\n*\n        [[Introduction to special relativity]]\\n* [[List of coupled cousins]]\\n* [[List\n        of German inventors and discoverers]]\\n* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates|Jewish\n        Nobel laureates]]\\n* [[List of peace activists]]\\n* [[Template:Nature timeline|Nature\n        timeline]]\\n* [[Political views of Albert Einstein]]\\n* [[Relativity priority\n        dispute]]\\n* [[Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein]]\\n* [[Sticky\n        bead argument]]\\n{{div col end}}\\n\\n== Notes ==\\n{{reflist|group=note}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n== Further reading ==\\n{{refbegin|35em}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Brian |first=Denis |date=1996 |title=Einstein: A Life |location=New\n        York |publisher=John Wiley}}\\n* {{Citation |last1=Calaprice |first1=Alice\n        |first2=Daniel |last2=Kennefick |first3=Robert |last3=Schulmann |title=An\n        Einstein Encyclopedia |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Clark |first=Ronald W. |authorlink=Ronald W. Clark |date=1971\n        |title=Einstein: The Life and Times |location=New York |publisher=Avon Books\n        |isbn=0-380-44123-3}}\\n* {{Citation |last=F\\u00f6lsing |first=Albrecht |date=1997\n        |title=Albert Einstein: A Biography |location=New York |publisher=Penguin\n        Viking |others=Translated and abridged from German by Ewald Osers |isbn=978-0-670-85545-2}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last1=Highfield |first1=Roger |authorlink=Roger Highfield |last2=Carter\n        |first2=Paul |date=1993 |title=The Private Lives of Albert Einstein |location=London\n        |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-16744-9}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Hoffmann\n        |first=Banesh |others=with the collaboration of Helen Dukas |date=1972 |title=Albert\n        Einstein: Creator and Rebel'' |location=London |publisher=Hart-Davis, MacGibbon\n        |isbn=978-0-670-11181-7}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter\n        Isaacson |date=2007 |title=Einstein: His Life and Universe |publisher=Simon\n        & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-6473-0}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Moring |first=Gary |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=875TTxildJ0C&dq=idiots+guide+to+einstein&printsec=frontcover\n        |title=The complete idiot''s guide to understanding Einstein |edition=1st\n        |location=Indianapolis IN |publisher=Alpha books (Macmillan) |isbn=0-02-863180-3}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Neffe |first=J\\u00fcrgen |title=Einstein: A Biography |others=Translated\n        by Shelley Frisch |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8K6n177ZwcC\n        |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-14664-1}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Oppenheimer |first=J. Robert |date=1971 |title=On Albert Einstein |pages=8\\u201312,\n        208 |work=Science and synthesis: an international colloquium organized by\n        Unesco on the tenth anniversary of the death of Albert Einstein and Teilhard\n        de Chardin |publisher=Springer-Verlag |others=Lecture delivered at the UNESCO\n        House in Paris on 13 December 1965}}, or {{Citation |work=The New York Review\n        of Books |date=17 March 1966 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1966/mar/17/on-albert-einstein/?pagination=false\n        |title=On Albert Einstein by Robert Oppenheimer}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Pais\n        |first=Abraham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QYTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=1982\n        |title=Subtle is the Lord: The science and the life of Albert Einstein |publisher=Oxford\n        University Press |isbn=978-0-19-853907-0}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Pais |first=Abraham\n        |date=1994 |title=Einstein Lived Here |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=\n        0-19-280672-6}}\\n* {{Citation |last=Parker |first=Barry |date=2000 |title=Einstein''s\n        Brainchild: Relativity Made Relatively Easy! |publisher= Prometheus Books\n        |others=Illustrated by Lori Scoffield-Beer |isbn=978-1-59102-522-1}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Rogers |first=Donald W. |title=Einstein''s \\\"Other\\\" Theory: The Planck-Bose-Einstein\n        Theory of Heat Capacity |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-691-11826-0}}\\n*\n        {{Citation |last=Schweber |first=Silvan S. |authorlink=Silvan S. Schweber\n        |date=2008 |title=Einstein and [[J. Robert Oppenheimer|Oppenheimer]]: The\n        Meaning of Genius |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02828-9}}\\n*\n        {{Citation|last=Stachel |first=John J. |date=1966 |title=Albert Einstein and\n        Mileva Mari\\u0107 |url=http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf\n        |publisher=unknown |series= |volume=9 |isbn= |via=archive.org |accessdate=2016-05-13\n        |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015425/http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf\n        |archivedate=7 March 2008 }}\\n* {{Citation |last=Stachel |first=John J. |date=2002\n        |title=Einstein from \\u2018B\\u2019 to \\u2018Z\\u2019 |url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/einstein-from-b-to-z/oclc/237532460\n        |publisher=Birkh\\u00e4user |series=Einstein Studies |volume=9 |isbn=978-0-8176-4143-6\n        |via=WorldCat by OCLC (Dublin, OH, USA) |accessdate=2015-03-23}}\\n* {{Citation\n        |last=Stone |first=A. Douglas |date=2013 |title=Einstein and the Quantum |publisher=Princeton\n        University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13968-5}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=Steven|title=Einstein\\u2019s\n        mistakes|journal=Physics Today|date=2005|volume=58|issue=11|pages=31\\u201335|doi=10.1063/1.2155755|bibcode\n        = 2005PhT....58k..31W |doi-access=free}}\\n* {{citation|last1=Weinstein|first1=G.|title=General\n        Relativity Conflict and Rivalries: Einstein''s Polemics with Physicists|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge\n        Scholars Publishing|location=Newcastle upon Tyne (UK)|isbn=978-1-4438-8362-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQz5DAAAQBAJ&dq}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==\n        External links ==\\n{{Sister project links|Albert Einstein|wikt=Einstein|n=Einstein''s\n        equation turns 100|s=Author:Albert Einstein|b=Introduction to Astrophysics/Albert\n        Einstein|voy=no}}\\n{{wikilivres}}\\n* {{DMOZ|Science/Physics/History/People/Einstein%2C_Albert/}}\\n*\n        {{gutenberg author|id=Albert_Einstein|name=Albert Einstein}}\\n* {{Internet\n        Archive author |sname=Albert Einstein}}\\n* {{Librivox author |id=1035}}\\n*\n        [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Jewish-Figures/Einstein-Albert Einstein''s\n        Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy]\n        Shapell Manuscript Foundation\\n* [http://vault.fbi.gov/Albert%20Einstein Federal\n        Bureau of Investigation file on Albert Einstein]\\n* [http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein&music.pdf\n        Einstein and his love of music], [[Physics World]]\\n* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html\n        Albert Einstein] on [[NobelPrize.org]]\\n* [http://www.history.com/topics/albert-einstein\n        Albert Einstein], videos on History.com\\n* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608004818/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/science-technology-and-society/sts-042j-einstein-oppenheimer-feynman-physics-in-the-20th-century-spring-2006/\n        |date=8 June 2011 |title=MIT OpenCourseWare STS.042J/8.225J: Einstein, Oppenheimer,\n        Feynman: Physics in the 20th century }} \\u2013 free study course that explores\n        the changing roles of physics and physicists during the 20th century\\n* [http://www.alberteinstein.info/\n        Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents)] ([http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46785542/ns/technology_and_science-science/\n        MSNBC, 19 March 2012])\\n* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2745/ Einstein''s declaration\n        of intention for American citizenship] on the [[World Digital Library]]\\n*\n        [http://archon.brandeis.edu/?p=collections/findingaid&id=41 Albert Einstein\n        Collection] at [[Brandeis University]]\\n* [http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/\n        The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein \\\"Digital Einstein\\\"] at [[Princeton\n        University]]\\n\\n{{Einstein|state=expanded}}\\n{{Copley Medallists 1901\\u20131950}}\\n{{Nobel\n        Prize in Physics Laureates 1901\\u20131925}}\\n{{philosophy of science}}\\n{{Use\n        dmy dates|date=October 2012}}\\n{{Portal bar|Biography|Physics|Science|Cosmology}}\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert}}\\n[[Category:Pantheists]]\\n[[Category:Albert\n        Einstein| ]]\\n[[Category:1879 births]]\\n[[Category:1955 deaths]]\\n[[Category:20th-century\n        American engineers]]\\n[[Category:20th-century American writers]]\\n[[Category:20th-century\n        German writers]]\\n[[Category:20th-century Jews]]\\n[[Category:20th-century\n        physicists]]\\n[[Category:American agnostics]]\\n[[Category:American engineers]]\\n[[Category:American\n        inventors]]\\n[[Category:American pacifists]]\\n[[Category:American people of\n        German-Jewish descent]]\\n[[Category:Philosophers from New Jersey]]\\n[[Category:American\n        physicists]]\\n[[Category:American science writers]]\\n[[Category:American socialists]]\\n[[Category:American\n        Zionists]]\\n[[Category:Ashkenazi Jews]]\\n[[Category:Charles University in\n        Prague faculty]]\\n[[Category:Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy\n        of Sciences (1917\\u201325)]]\\n[[Category:Cosmologists]]\\n[[Category:Deaths\n        from abdominal aortic aneurysm]]\\n[[Category:Einstein family]]\\n[[Category:ETH\n        Zurich alumni]]\\n[[Category:ETH Zurich faculty]]\\n[[Category:German agnostics]]\\n[[Category:German\n        Jews]]\\n[[Category:German people of Jewish descent]]\\n[[Category:German emigrants\n        to Switzerland]]\\n[[Category:German Nobel laureates]]\\n[[Category:German inventors]]\\n[[Category:German\n        physicists]]\\n[[Category:German socialists]]\\n[[Category:Anti-nationalists]]\\n[[Category:Institute\n        for Advanced Study 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. 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It includes all tram systems,\n        past and present. Regions of Chile are arranged geographically, from north\n        to south.\\n\\n==[[Arica-Parinacota Region|XV Arica-Parinacota]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10%\n        | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n!\n        width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Arica, Chile|Arica]]\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n|\n        see note.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n*''''''Note'''''' for Arica: Morrison (1992) [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\n        states that old postcards show rails in the streets of this town, but no other\n        evidence of a town tramway could be found.\\n\\n==[[Tarapac\\u00e1 Region|I Tarapac\\u00e1]]==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20%\n        | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n| rowspan=3 |  \\n| rowspan=3\n        | [[Iquique, Chile|Iquique]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1885\\n| 192_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Accumulator (storage battery)\\n| 1916 (or 1917\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Petrol (gasoline)\\n| ?\\n| 1930\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html] Heritage\n        tramway opened October 24, 2004.\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Pisagua, Chile|Pisagua]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| 1889\\n| 1917\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Antofagasta\n        Region|II Antofagasta]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Antofagasta, Chile|Antofagasta]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1893\\n| 1914\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/02.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Tocopilla, Chile|Tocopilla]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1904\\n| 1909 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/02.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Atacama\n        Region|III Atacama]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Copiap\\u00f3, Chile|Copiap\\u00f3]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1890\\n| 1904 (?)\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/03.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Coquimbo Region|IV Coquimbo]]==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20%\n        | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Coquimbo, Chile|Coquimbo]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| 1895\\n| 1929\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/04.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1887\\n| 1922\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/04.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region|V Valpara\\u00edso]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Cartagena, Chile|Cartagena]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1909\\n| ca. 1935\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Los Andes, Chile|Los Andes]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1889\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Limache, Chile|Limache]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1884\\n| 193_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Quillota, Chile|Quillota]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1884 (?)\\n| 1923 (?)\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n| rowspan=3 |  \\n| rowspan=3\n        | [[San Antonio, Chile|San Antonio]]\\n| Horse\\n| 188_\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Steam\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n|\n        ?\\n| 193_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[San\n        Felipe, Chile|San Felipe]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1886\\n| 1933 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | [[Valpara\\u00edso, Chile|Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| Mar 4, 1863\\n| 1907\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Dec 26, 1904\\n| Dec 30, 1952\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html].  See\n        also [[Trolleybuses in Valpara\\u00edso]].\\n|-\\n| rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2\n        | \\u2666 [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar, Chile|Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1888\\n|\n        1906\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| see Valpara\\u00edso\n        \\u2013 Vi\\u00f1a del Mar\\n|  \\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 Valpara\\u00edso \\u2013 Vi\\u00f1a del Mar\\n| Electric\\n| Jan\n        28, 1906\\n| 1947\\n| (Morrison (1992, page 33) [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\n        states that horse trams worked much of the service until full electric operation\n        began on Nov 11, 1906).\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Santiago Metropolitan Region|RM Regi\\u00f3n\n        Metropolitana de Santiago]]==\\n\\nNeighboring and suburban tramway systems\n        in the Santiago region, arranged anti- (counter-) clockwise, northwest to\n        east.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n!\n        width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date\n        (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n| rowspan=4 |  \\n|\n        rowspan=4 | [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago (de Chile)]]\\n| Horse\\n| Jun 10, 1858\\n1920\\n|\n        1912\\n1942\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n|\n        1922\\n| 1940\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n|\n        Sep 2, 1900\\n| Feb 21, 1959\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Jan 11, 1902\\n| Apr 30, 1910\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html]\n        Electric rack tramway, on Cerro Santa Luc\\u00eda hill.\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Renca,\n        Chile|Renca]]\\n| Horse\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Estaci\\u00f3n Batuco|Batuco]]\\n| Horse\\n| 194_\\n| ca. 1975\\n|\n        Horse tramway operation on branch of Santiago \\u2013 Valpara\\u00edso railway\n        (Morrison (1992, page 54)) [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | \\u2666 Santiago \\u2013 [[Pudahuel]]\\n| Horse,\n        Steam\\n| 1903\\n| 192_\\n|  \\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n| 192_\\n| 1934\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html] Part of line electrified in 1934; remainder\n        of line to Pudahuel and branches to [[Cerro Navia]] and [[Resbal\\u00f3n]].\n        Electrified segment closed 1951 \\n|-\\n| rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 |\n        \\u2666 [[Quinta Normal]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1904\\n| 1929\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| 1929\\n| after 1965\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Maip\\u00fa, Chile|Maip\\u00fa]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1910 (?)\\n|\n        193_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666 [[Malloco,\n        Chile|Malloco]] \\u2013 [[Pe\\u00f1aflor, Chile|Pe\\u00f1aflor]]\\n| Horse\\n|\n        1915 (?)\\n| after 1936\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        \\u2666 [[Melipilla, Chile|Melipilla]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1915\\n| 1932\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | \\u2666 Santiago \\u2013 [[San Bernardo, Chile|San\n        Bernardo]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1901\\n| 1907 (?)\\n|  \\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| Feb 9,\n        1907\\n| 1945 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html], [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[La Cisterna]] \\u2013 [[La Granja, Chile|La Granja]]\\n|\n        [[Horse]]\\n| 1907\\n| 1942\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Nos, Chile|Nos]] \\u2013 Santa In\\u00e9s\\n| Horse\\n| 1890\\n|\n        1940\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666 Santiago\n        \\u2013 [[Puente Alto]]\\n| Electric\\n| 1925\\n| 195_ (by 1963)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Buin, Chile|Buin]] \\u2013 [[Santa Rita, Chile|Santa Rita]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| ?\\n| 1938 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        \\u2666 [[Buin, Chile|Buin]] \\u2013 [[Maipo, Chile|Maipo]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1918\n        (?)\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666\n        Puente Alto\\n| Electric\\n| 1925\\n| 195_ (by 1963)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Chacarilla, Chile|Chacarilla]]\\n| Horse\\n| ?\\n| 1923 (?)\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[O''Higgins Region|VI\n        O''Higgins]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name\n        of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15%\n        | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        [[Graneros]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1920\\n| after 1934 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/06.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | [[Rancagua]]\\n| Horse\\n| Jul 1905\\n| 1918\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/06.html]\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| Jul 8, 1918\\n| 1930\\n|\n        Morrison [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/06.html] describes unsuccessful efforts\n        to find photographs of the Rancagua tramway. \\n|-\\n| rowspan=3 |  \\n|\n        rowspan=3 | [[Rengo, Chile|Rengo]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1872\\n| 1918 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/06.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Mar 14, 1918\\n| 1923\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/06.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Petrol (gasoline)\\n| 1923\\n| ca. 1927\\n| Morrison [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/06.html]\n        states that no photographs of the Rengo tramway could be found.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Maule\n        Region|VII Maule]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Cauquenes, Chile|Cauquenes]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1900\\n| 1915 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Constituci\\u00f3n, Chile|Constituci\\u00f3n]]\\n| Horse\\n| ca. 1915\\n|\n        1934\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Molina, Chile|Molina]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| by 1915\\n| 1927\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        [[Parral, Chile|Parral]]\\n| Horse\\n| ca. 1911\\n| 1928\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[San Javier, Chile|San Javier]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1906\\n| 1927\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | [[Talca, Chile|Talca]]\\n| Horse\\n| ca. 1884\\n|\n        1916\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html]\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| 1916\\n| 1933\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html] Operation suspended Dec 1, 1928 because\n        of damage caused by earthquake. Part of system restored Dec 25, 1928.\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | [[Villa Alegre, Chile|Villa Alegre]]\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Aug 29, 1915\\n| Nov 26, 1926\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html]  Closed\n        Oct 1923, reopened Sep 1925 by a new undertaking.\\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n|\n        1926\\n| 1931\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html]  Horse traction also\n        used during 1926 \\u2013 1931.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n*[[Curic\\u00f3, Chile|Curic\\u00f3]]\n        Morrison [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html] states that Chilean government\n        statistics reported an animal-powered tramway in [[Curic\\u00f3 Province]],\n        but that histories of Curic\\u00f3 town state that no tramway was built.\\n\\n==[[B\\u00edo-B\\u00edo\n        Region|VIII B\\u00edo-B\\u00edo]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n!\n        width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | [[Chill\\u00e1n]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1877 (or 1884)\\n|\n        194_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html]\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| 1921\\n| 1936\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html]\\n|-\\n| rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2\n        | [[Concepci\\u00f3n, Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1886\\n| 1910\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Jul 4, 1908\\n| Nov 21, 1941\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html]\n        See note.\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666 Concepci\\u00f3n \\u2013 [[Talcahuano, Chile|Talcahuano]]\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Jul 4, 1908\\n| Nov 21, 1941\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html]\n        See note.\\n|-\\n| rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | \\u2666 Talcahuano\\n| Horse\\n|\n        1898\\n| 1928\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html] Connected Talcahuano\n        and [[San Vicente, Chile|San Vicente]].\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| 1908\\n| Nov 21,\n        1941\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html] See note.\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Pemuco]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| 1909\\n| 192_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        [[San Carlos, Chile|San Carlos]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1894\\n| 1928\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\nNon-public\n        tramway:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n!\n        width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date\n        (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Lebu,\n        Chile|Lebu]]\\n| Electric\\n| 1914\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/08.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n*''''''Note''''''\n        for Concepci\\u00f3n, Concepci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Talcahuano and Talcahuano: Operation\n        suspended Jan 24, 1939 \\u2013 Feb 1939 because of damage caused by earthquake.\\n\\n==[[Araucan\\u00eda\n        Region|IX Araucan\\u00eda]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Curacaut\\u00edn]]\\n| Horse (?)\\n| 192_ (?)\\n| 192_ (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/09.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | [[Temuco]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1881\\n| 1920\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/09.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Mar 1919\\n| 1936\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/09.html] Southernmost\n        electric tramway system in South America.\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Traigu\\u00e9n]]\\n|\n        Electric\\n| 1903\\n| 1929\\n| Passenger service on electric goods (freight)\n        railway (Morrison [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/09.html]).\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n* [[Collipulli,\n        Chile|Collipulli]]: Morrison [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/09.html] states\n        that the tramway listed here in Chilean government statistics was in fact\n        a goods (freight) railway, worked by electric traction.\\n\\n==[[Los Lagos Region|X\n        Los Lagos]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name\n        of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15%\n        | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        [[Puerto Montt]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1927\\n| 1931\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/07.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Magallanes\n        y Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena Region|XII Magallanes y Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena]]==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20%\n        | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n| Ferrocarril Mina Loreto\\n|\n        [[Punta Arenas]]\\n| Horse\\n| Jan 29, 1902\\n| 1950\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/12.html]\n        Passenger service on railway, connecting docks to coal mine, with part of\n        line built in streets.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n*[[List of town tramway\n        systems|Books, Periodicals and External Links]]\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[List of\n        town tramway systems]]\\n*[[List of town tramway systems in South America]]\\n*[[List\n        of light-rail transit systems]]\\n*[[List of rapid transit systems]]\\n*[[List\n        of trolleybus systems]]\\n\\n[[Category:Rail transport in Chile|*]]\\n[[Category:Chile\n        transport-related lists|Tramways]]\\n[[Category:Tram transport-related lists|Chile]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-06-19T11:50:32Z\",\"lastrevid\":635770663,\"length\":14256,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Chile\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Chile&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Chile\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Sun, 10 Sep 2017 19:36:40 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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It includes all tram systems,\n        past and present. Regions of Chile are arranged geographically, from north\n        to south.\\n\\n==[[Arica-Parinacota Region|XV Arica-Parinacota]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10%\n        | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n!\n        width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Arica, Chile|Arica]]\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n|\n        see note.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n*''''''Note'''''' for Arica: Morrison (1992) [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\n        states that old postcards show rails in the streets of this town, but no other\n        evidence of a town tramway could be found.\\n\\n==[[Tarapac\\u00e1 Region|I Tarapac\\u00e1]]==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20%\n        | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n| rowspan=3 |  \\n| rowspan=3\n        | [[Iquique, Chile|Iquique]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1885\\n| 192_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Accumulator (storage battery)\\n| 1916 (or 1917\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Petrol (gasoline)\\n| ?\\n| 1930\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html] Heritage\n        tramway opened October 24, 2004.\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Pisagua, Chile|Pisagua]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| 1889\\n| 1917\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Antofagasta\n        Region|II Antofagasta]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Antofagasta, Chile|Antofagasta]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1893\\n| 1914\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/02.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Tocopilla, Chile|Tocopilla]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1904\\n| 1909 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/02.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Atacama\n        Region|III Atacama]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Copiap\\u00f3, Chile|Copiap\\u00f3]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1890\\n| 1904 (?)\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/03.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Coquimbo Region|IV Coquimbo]]==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20%\n        | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Coquimbo, Chile|Coquimbo]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| 1895\\n| 1929\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/04.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1887\\n| 1922\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/04.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region|V Valpara\\u00edso]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Cartagena, Chile|Cartagena]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1909\\n| ca. 1935\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Los Andes, Chile|Los Andes]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1889\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Limache, Chile|Limache]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1884\\n| 193_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Quillota, Chile|Quillota]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1884 (?)\\n| 1923 (?)\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n| rowspan=3 |  \\n| rowspan=3\n        | [[San Antonio, Chile|San Antonio]]\\n| Horse\\n| 188_\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Steam\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n|\n        ?\\n| 193_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[San\n        Felipe, Chile|San Felipe]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1886\\n| 1933 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | [[Valpara\\u00edso, Chile|Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| Mar 4, 1863\\n| 1907\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Dec 26, 1904\\n| Dec 30, 1952\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html].  See\n        also [[Trolleybuses in Valpara\\u00edso]].\\n|-\\n| rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2\n        | \\u2666 [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar, Chile|Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1888\\n|\n        1906\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| see Valpara\\u00edso\n        \\u2013 Vi\\u00f1a del Mar\\n|  \\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 Valpara\\u00edso \\u2013 Vi\\u00f1a del Mar\\n| Electric\\n| Jan\n        28, 1906\\n| 1947\\n| (Morrison (1992, page 33) [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\n        states that horse trams worked much of the service until full electric operation\n        began on Nov 11, 1906).\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Santiago Metropolitan Region|RM Regi\\u00f3n\n        Metropolitana de Santiago]]==\\n\\nNeighboring and suburban tramway systems\n        in the Santiago region, arranged anti- (counter-) clockwise, northwest to\n        east.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n!\n        width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date\n        (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n| rowspan=4 |  \\n|\n        rowspan=4 | [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago (de Chile)]]\\n| Horse\\n| Jun 10, 1858\\n1920\\n|\n        1912\\n1942\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n|\n        1922\\n| 1940\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n|\n        Sep 2, 1900\\n| Feb 21, 1959\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Jan 11, 1902\\n| Apr 30, 1910\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html]\n        Electric rack tramway, on Cerro Santa Luc\\u00eda hill.\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Renca,\n        Chile|Renca]]\\n| Horse\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Estaci\\u00f3n Batuco|Batuco]]\\n| Horse\\n| 194_\\n| ca. 1975\\n|\n        Horse tramway operation on branch of Santiago \\u2013 Valpara\\u00edso railway\n        (Morrison (1992, page 54)) [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | \\u2666 Santiago \\u2013 [[Pudahuel]]\\n| Horse,\n        Steam\\n| 1903\\n| 192_\\n|  \\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n| 192_\\n| 1934\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html] Part of line electrified in 1934; remainder\n        of line to Pudahuel and branches to [[Cerro Navia]] and [[Resbal\\u00f3n]].\n        Electrified segment closed 1951 \\n|-\\n| rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 |\n        \\u2666 [[Quinta Normal]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1904\\n| 1929\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| 1929\\n| after 1965\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Maip\\u00fa, Chile|Maip\\u00fa]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1910 (?)\\n|\n        193_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666 [[Malloco,\n        Chile|Malloco]] \\u2013 [[Pe\\u00f1aflor, Chile|Pe\\u00f1aflor]]\\n| Horse\\n|\n        1915 (?)\\n| after 1936\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        \\u2666 [[Melipilla, Chile|Melipilla]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1915\\n| 1932\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | \\u2666 Santiago \\u2013 [[San Bernardo, Chile|San\n        Bernardo]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1901\\n| 1907 (?)\\n|  \\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| Feb 9,\n        1907\\n| 1945 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html], [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[La Cisterna]] \\u2013 [[La Granja, Chile|La Granja]]\\n|\n        [[Horse]]\\n| 1907\\n| 1942\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Nos, Chile|Nos]] \\u2013 Santa In\\u00e9s\\n| Horse\\n| 1890\\n|\n        1940\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666 Santiago\n        \\u2013 [[Puente Alto]]\\n| Electric\\n| 1925\\n| 195_ (by 1963)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Buin, Chile|Buin]] \\u2013 [[Santa Rita, Chile|Santa Rita]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| ?\\n| 1938 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        \\u2666 [[Buin, Chile|Buin]] \\u2013 [[Maipo, Chile|Maipo]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1918\n        (?)\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666\n        Puente Alto\\n| Electric\\n| 1925\\n| 195_ (by 1963)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Chacarilla, Chile|Chacarilla]]\\n| Horse\\n| ?\\n| 1923 (?)\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[O''Higgins Region|VI\n        O''Higgins]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name\n        of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
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It includes all tram systems,\n        past and present. Regions of Chile are arranged geographically, from north\n        to south.\\n\\n==[[Arica-Parinacota Region|XV Arica-Parinacota]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\n        width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10%\n        | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n!\n        width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Arica, Chile|Arica]]\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n|\n        see note.\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n*''''''Note'''''' for Arica: Morrison (1992) [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\n        states that old postcards show rails in the streets of this town, but no other\n        evidence of a town tramway could be found.\\n\\n==[[Tarapac\\u00e1 Region|I Tarapac\\u00e1]]==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20%\n        | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n| rowspan=3 |  \\n| rowspan=3\n        | [[Iquique, Chile|Iquique]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1885\\n| 192_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Accumulator (storage battery)\\n| 1916 (or 1917\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Petrol (gasoline)\\n| ?\\n| 1930\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html] Heritage\n        tramway opened October 24, 2004.\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Pisagua, Chile|Pisagua]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| 1889\\n| 1917\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/01.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Antofagasta\n        Region|II Antofagasta]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Antofagasta, Chile|Antofagasta]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1893\\n| 1914\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/02.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Tocopilla, Chile|Tocopilla]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1904\\n| 1909 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/02.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Atacama\n        Region|III Atacama]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Copiap\\u00f3, Chile|Copiap\\u00f3]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1890\\n| 1904 (?)\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/03.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Coquimbo Region|IV Coquimbo]]==\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n! width=20%\n        | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date (From)\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Coquimbo, Chile|Coquimbo]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| 1895\\n| 1929\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/04.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1887\\n| 1922\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/04.html]\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region|V Valpara\\u00edso]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15%\n        | Name of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n!\n        width=15% | Date (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Cartagena, Chile|Cartagena]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1909\\n| ca. 1935\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Los Andes, Chile|Los Andes]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1889\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Limache, Chile|Limache]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1884\\n| 193_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Quillota, Chile|Quillota]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1884 (?)\\n| 1923 (?)\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n| rowspan=3 |  \\n| rowspan=3\n        | [[San Antonio, Chile|San Antonio]]\\n| Horse\\n| 188_\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Steam\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n|\n        ?\\n| 193_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[San\n        Felipe, Chile|San Felipe]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1886\\n| 1933 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | [[Valpara\\u00edso, Chile|Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| Mar 4, 1863\\n| 1907\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Dec 26, 1904\\n| Dec 30, 1952\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html].  See\n        also [[Trolleybuses in Valpara\\u00edso]].\\n|-\\n| rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2\n        | \\u2666 [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar, Chile|Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1888\\n|\n        1906\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| see Valpara\\u00edso\n        \\u2013 Vi\\u00f1a del Mar\\n|  \\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 Valpara\\u00edso \\u2013 Vi\\u00f1a del Mar\\n| Electric\\n| Jan\n        28, 1906\\n| 1947\\n| (Morrison (1992, page 33) [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/05.html]\n        states that horse trams worked much of the service until full electric operation\n        began on Nov 11, 1906).\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[Santiago Metropolitan Region|RM Regi\\u00f3n\n        Metropolitana de Santiago]]==\\n\\nNeighboring and suburban tramway systems\n        in the Santiago region, arranged anti- (counter-) clockwise, northwest to\n        east.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name of System\\n!\n        width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
Type\\n! width=15% | Date\n        (From)\\n! width=15% | Date (To)\\n! width=25% | Notes\\n|-\\n| rowspan=4 |  \\n|\n        rowspan=4 | [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago (de Chile)]]\\n| Horse\\n| Jun 10, 1858\\n1920\\n|\n        1912\\n1942\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n|\n        1922\\n| 1940\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n| Electric\\n|\n        Sep 2, 1900\\n| Feb 21, 1959\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| Jan 11, 1902\\n| Apr 30, 1910\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html]\n        Electric rack tramway, on Cerro Santa Luc\\u00eda hill.\\n|-\\n|  \\n| [[Renca,\n        Chile|Renca]]\\n| Horse\\n| ?\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| [[Estaci\\u00f3n Batuco|Batuco]]\\n| Horse\\n| 194_\\n| ca. 1975\\n|\n        Horse tramway operation on branch of Santiago \\u2013 Valpara\\u00edso railway\n        (Morrison (1992, page 54)) [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | \\u2666 Santiago \\u2013 [[Pudahuel]]\\n| Horse,\n        Steam\\n| 1903\\n| 192_\\n|  \\n|-\\n| Petrol (gasoline)\\n| 192_\\n| 1934\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html] Part of line electrified in 1934; remainder\n        of line to Pudahuel and branches to [[Cerro Navia]] and [[Resbal\\u00f3n]].\n        Electrified segment closed 1951 \\n|-\\n| rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 |\n        \\u2666 [[Quinta Normal]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1904\\n| 1929\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        Electric\\n| 1929\\n| after 1965\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Maip\\u00fa, Chile|Maip\\u00fa]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1910 (?)\\n|\n        193_\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html]\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666 [[Malloco,\n        Chile|Malloco]] \\u2013 [[Pe\\u00f1aflor, Chile|Pe\\u00f1aflor]]\\n| Horse\\n|\n        1915 (?)\\n| after 1936\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        \\u2666 [[Melipilla, Chile|Melipilla]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1915\\n| 1932\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n        rowspan=2 |  \\n| rowspan=2 | \\u2666 Santiago \\u2013 [[San Bernardo, Chile|San\n        Bernardo]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1901\\n| 1907 (?)\\n|  \\n|-\\n| Electric\\n| Feb 9,\n        1907\\n| 1945 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Ma.html], [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[La Cisterna]] \\u2013 [[La Granja, Chile|La Granja]]\\n|\n        [[Horse]]\\n| 1907\\n| 1942\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Nos, Chile|Nos]] \\u2013 Santa In\\u00e9s\\n| Horse\\n| 1890\\n|\n        1940\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666 Santiago\n        \\u2013 [[Puente Alto]]\\n| Electric\\n| 1925\\n| 195_ (by 1963)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Buin, Chile|Buin]] \\u2013 [[Santa Rita, Chile|Santa Rita]]\\n|\n        Horse\\n| ?\\n| 1938 (?)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n|\n        \\u2666 [[Buin, Chile|Buin]] \\u2013 [[Maipo, Chile|Maipo]]\\n| Horse\\n| 1918\n        (?)\\n| ?\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|  \\n| \\u2666\n        Puente Alto\\n| Electric\\n| 1925\\n| 195_ (by 1963)\\n| [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|\n         \\n| \\u2666 [[Chacarilla, Chile|Chacarilla]]\\n| Horse\\n| ?\\n| 1923 (?)\\n|\n        [http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/0Mb.html].\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\n==[[O''Higgins Region|VI\n        O''Higgins]]==\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" width=100%\\n|-\\n! width=15% | Name\n        of System\\n! width=20% | Location\\n! width=10% | Traction
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Elle se situe au c\\u0153ur d''un vaste bassin s\\u00e9dimentaire\n        aux sols fertiles et au climat temp\\u00e9r\\u00e9, le [[bassin parisien]],\n        sur une boucle de la [[Seine]], entre les confluents de celle-ci avec la [[Marne\n        (rivi\\u00e8re)|Marne]] et l''[[Oise (rivi\\u00e8re)|Oise]]. Ses habitants s\\u2019appellent\n        les Parisiens. Paris est \\u00e9galement le [[chef-lieu]] de la [[R\\u00e9gion\n        fran\\u00e7aise|r\\u00e9gion]] [[\\u00cele-de-France]] et l''unique [[Commune\n        (France)|commune fran\\u00e7aise]] qui est [[#Organisation administrative|en\n        m\\u00eame temps]] un [[D\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partement]].\n        Commune centrale de la [[M\\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9e\n        en 2016, elle est divis\\u00e9e en [[arrondissement]]s, comme les villes de\n        [[Lyon]] et de [[Marseille]], [[Arrondissements de Paris|au nombre de vingt]].\n        L\\u2019\\u00c9tat y dispose de pr\\u00e9rogatives particuli\\u00e8res exerc\\u00e9es\n        par le [[Pr\\u00e9fecture de police de Paris|pr\\u00e9fet de police de Paris]].\\n\\nVille\n        la plus peupl\\u00e9e de [[France]], elle est troisi\\u00e8me parmi les [[Liste\n        des aires urbaines d''Europe|aires urbaines europ\\u00e9ennes]] derri\\u00e8re\n        [[Moscou]] et [[Istanbul]] et la {{29e|plus}} peupl\\u00e9e du monde. Paris\n        compte {{unit\\u00e9|2.22|millions}} d''habitants au {{date-|1 janvier 2014}}.\n        L''[[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris|agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne]] s\\u2019est\n        largement d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9e au cours du {{S-|XX}}, rassemblant {{unit\\u00e9|10.66|millions}}\n        d''habitants au {{date-|1 janvier 2014}}, et son [[Aire urbaine de Paris|aire\n        urbaine]] (l''[[agglom\\u00e9ration]] et la [[couronne p\\u00e9riurbaine]])\n        comptait {{unit\\u00e9|12.48|millions}} d''habitants.\\n\\nLa position de [[Lut\\u00e8ce]],\n        sur une [[\\u00cele de la Cit\\u00e9|\\u00eele]] permettant le franchissement\n        du grand fleuve navigable qu''est la [[Seine]] par une voie reliant le Nord\n        et le Sud des [[Gaule]]s, en fait d\\u00e8s l''Antiquit\\u00e9 une cit\\u00e9\n        importante, capitale des [[Parisii]], puis lieu de s\\u00e9jour d''un empereur\n        romain. Sa position au centre du territoire contr\\u00f4l\\u00e9 par les [[M\\u00e9rovingiens|rois\n        Francs]] la fait choisir comme [[capitale de la France]] \\u00e0 la place de\n        [[Tournai]]. Situ\\u00e9e au c\\u0153ur d''un territoire agricole fertile avec\n        un climat humide et doux, Paris devient une des principales villes de France\n        au cours du {{S-|X}}, avec des [[:Cat\\u00e9gorie:Palais \\u00e0 Paris|palais]]\n        royaux, de riches [[abbaye]]s et une [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale]]\n        ; au cours du {{S-|XII}}, avec l''[[Universit\\u00e9 de Paris]], la cit\\u00e9\n        devient un des premiers foyers en Europe pour l\\u2019enseignement et les arts.\n        Le pouvoir royal se fixant dans cette ville, son importance \\u00e9conomique\n        et politique ne cesse de cro\\u00eetre. Ainsi, au d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XIV}},\n        Paris est l''une des villes les plus importantes du [[Occident chr\\u00e9tien|monde\n        chr\\u00e9tien]]. Au {{S-|XVII}}, elle est la capitale de la principale puissance\n        politique europ\\u00e9enne, au {{S-|XVIII}} l''un des plus grands centres culturels\n        de l\\u2019Europe et au {{S-|XIX}} la capitale des arts et des plaisirs. Paris\n        joue donc un r\\u00f4le culturel, politique et \\u00e9conomique majeur dans\n        l\\u2019[[histoire de l''Europe]] et du [[Occident|monde occidental]] au cours\n        du {{nobr|[[IIe mill\\u00e9naire|{{IIe}} mill\\u00e9naire]]}}.\\n\\nSymbole de\n        la [[culture fran\\u00e7aise]], abritant de nombreux monuments, la ville, surnomm\\u00e9e\n        la ''''Ville Lumi\\u00e8re'''', attire en [[2013]] pr\\u00e8s de {{unit\\u00e9|32|millions}}\n        de visiteurs par an ce qui en fait une des capitales les plus visit\\u00e9es\n        au monde. Paris occupe \\u00e9galement une place pr\\u00e9pond\\u00e9rante dans\n        le milieu de la [[mode (habillement)|mode]] et du [[luxe]]. La capitale fran\\u00e7aise\n        n''est jumel\\u00e9e qu''avec une seule autre ville, [[Rome]], ce qui est valable\n        dans l''autre sens, avec ce slogan : \\u00ab Seul Paris est digne de Rome,\n        seule Rome est digne de Paris \\u00bb. Paris sera, par ailleurs, en [[Jeux\n        olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 2024|2024]] la deuxi\\u00e8me ville apr\\u00e8s\n        [[Londres]] \\u00e0 avoir accueilli trois fois les [[Jeux olympiques]] apr\\u00e8s\n        ceux de [[Jeux olympiques de 1900|1900]] et ceux de [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 1924|1924]]. \\n\\nLa ville est, avec sa [[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris|banlieue]],\n        la capitale \\u00e9conomique et commerciale de la [[France]], ainsi que sa\n        premi\\u00e8re place financi\\u00e8re et boursi\\u00e8re. La [[\\u00cele-de-France|r\\u00e9gion\n        parisienne]], avec un [[produit int\\u00e9rieur brut]] (PIB) de {{unit\\u00e9|649|milliards}}\n        d''euros en 2014, est un acteur \\u00e9conomique europ\\u00e9en majeur. L''\\u00cele-de-France\n        est la huiti\\u00e8me r\\u00e9gion la plus riche d''Europe avec un [[Produit\n        int\\u00e9rieur brut par habitant|PIB par habitant]] de {{Unit\\u00e9|46600|\\u20ac}}\n        en 2013 contre {{Unit\\u00e9|86400}} pour le [[Grand Londres]]. Paris est le\n        si\\u00e8ge de plusieurs organisations internationales comme l''[[Organisation\n        des Nations unies pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture|UNESCO]]\n        ou l''[[Organisation de coop\\u00e9ration et de d\\u00e9veloppement \\u00e9conomiques|OCDE]].\n        Elle est la premi\\u00e8re r\\u00e9gion europ\\u00e9enne par le PIB r\\u00e9gional,\n        devant la Rh\\u00e9nanie du Nord-Westphalie ({{unit\\u00e9|627|milliards}})\n        et le Grand Londres ({{unit\\u00e9|509|milliards}}). \\n\\nLa densit\\u00e9 de\n        ses r\\u00e9seaux ferroviaire, autoroutier et de ses structures a\\u00e9roportuaires\n        en font un point de convergence pour les transports nationaux et internationaux.\n        Cette situation r\\u00e9sulte d\\u2019une longue \\u00e9volution, en particulier\n        des conceptions [[Centralisme|centralisatrices]] des monarchies et des r\\u00e9publiques,\n        qui donnent un r\\u00f4le consid\\u00e9rable \\u00e0 la capitale dans le pays\n        et tendent \\u00e0 y concentrer les institutions. Depuis les [[ann\\u00e9es\n        1960]], les politiques gouvernementales oscillent toutefois entre [[d\\u00e9concentration]]\n        et [[d\\u00e9centralisation]]. La\\u00a0[[Macroc\\u00e9phalie urbaine|macroc\\u00e9phalie]]\\u00a0dont\n        est atteinte la ville se concr\\u00e9tise par la convergence de la plupart\n        des r\\u00e9seaux routiers et ferroviaires du pays en son centre et des \\u00e9carts\n        d\\u00e9mographiques et \\u00e9conomiques disproportionn\\u00e9s entre la\\u00a0[[capitale]]\\u00a0et\n        la\\u00a0[[province]] (pr\\u00e8s de 19\\u00a0% de la population fran\\u00e7aise\n        est dans l''aire urbaine de Paris).\\n{{sommaire|niveau=2}}\\n\\n== G\\u00e9ographie\n        ==\\n=== Localisation ===\\n{{Communes limitrophes\\n | commune = Paris\\n | nord\n        = [[Saint-Ouen (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Ouen]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Denis]],\n        [[Aubervilliers]]\\n | nord-est = [[Pantin]],
[[Le Pr\\u00e9-Saint-Gervais]],[[Les Lilas]]\\n | nord-ouest = [[Clichy]],
[[Levallois-Perret]],[[Neuilly-sur-Seine]]\\n | est = [[Bagnolet]], [[Montreuil (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Montreuil]],\n        [[Saint-Mand\\u00e9]], [[Vincennes]], [[Fontenay-sous-Bois]], [[Nogent-sur-Marne]]\\n\n        | ouest = [[Puteaux]],
[[Suresnes]],
[[Saint-Cloud]]\\n | sud-est\n        = [[Joinville-le-Pont]], [[Saint-Maurice (Val-de-Marne)|Saint-Maurice]], [[Charenton-le-Pont]],\n        [[Ivry-sur-Seine]]\\n | sud-ouest = [[Boulogne-Billancourt]], [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]],\n        [[Vanves]]\\n | sud = [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff]], [[Montrouge]],\n        [[Gentilly (Val-de-Marne)|Gentilly]], [[Le Kremlin-Bic\\u00eatre]]\\n}}\\n\\n===\n        Topographie ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Plans de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Point\n        z\\u00e9ro des routes de France, March 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Point z\\u00e9ro\n        des routes de France, devant la cath\\u00e9drale [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame\n        de Paris|Notre-Dame de Paris]].]]\\nAu milieu du [[Bassin parisien]], deux\n        \\u00eeles sur la [[Seine]] constituent le c\\u0153ur historique de Paris :\n        l''[[\\u00eele Saint-Louis]], la plus \\u00e0 l''est et l''[[\\u00eele de la\n        Cit\\u00e9]], la plus \\u00e0 l''ouest . La ville s''\\u00e9tend de part et d''autre\n        du fleuve, sur une superficie environ deux fois sup\\u00e9rieure au nord, sur\n        la [[Rive droite (Paris)|rive droite]], \\u00e0 celle au sud, sur la [[Rive\n        gauche (Paris)|rive gauche]].\\n\\nPlusieurs reliefs compos\\u00e9s de [[Butte-t\\u00e9moin|buttes-t\\u00e9moin]]\n        [[gypse]]uses forment de petites collines\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3079&portlet_id=10579\\n\n        |titre= Dimensions\\n |date= {{1er}} juillet 2010\\n |site= site de la mairie\n        de Paris\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 20 mars 2011\\n}}. : sur la rive droite,\n        [[Montmartre]] ({{unit\\u00e9|131|m}}), [[Belleville (Seine)|Belleville]] ({{unit\\u00e9|128.5|m}}),\n        [[M\\u00e9nilmontant (quartier parisien)|M\\u00e9nilmontant]] ({{unit\\u00e9|108|m}}),\n        les [[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont|Buttes-Chaumont]] ({{unit\\u00e9|103|m}}), [[Passy\n        (Seine)|Passy]] ({{unit\\u00e9|71|m}}) et [[Quartier de Chaillot|Chaillot]]\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|67|m}}) ; sur la rive gauche, [[Quartier du Montparnasse|Montparnasse]]\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|66|m}}), la [[Butte-aux-Cailles]] ({{unit\\u00e9|63|m}}) et la\n        [[Montagne Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve]] ({{unit\\u00e9|61|m}}). \\nParis intra-muros,\n        d\\u00e9limit\\u00e9e de fait en 1844 par l''[[enceinte de Thiers]], puis administrativement\n        en 1860 par l''[[Liste des anciennes communes de Paris|annexion de communes]]\n        ou de leurs quartiers, est aujourd''hui s\\u00e9par\\u00e9e de ses communes\n        limitrophes par une fronti\\u00e8re artificielle\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.apur.org/notes-48-pages/seuils-paris-etude-linterface-paris-banlieue\\n\n        |titre= Les seuils de Paris : \\u00e9tude de l''interface Paris-banlieue\\n\n        |date=   mars 2001\\n |site= site de l''[[Atelier parisien d''urbanisme]]\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 30 juillet 2010\\n}}., le [[boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        de Paris|boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique]], [[voie rapide]] urbaine de {{unit\\u00e9|35|km}}.\n        Les acc\\u00e8s routiers se font par les [[portes de Paris]] ou par les routes\n        et autoroutes qui rejoignent cette rocade, dont la couverture progressive\n        permet de mieux ouvrir Paris \\u00e0 son agglom\\u00e9ration.\\n\\nAu-del\\u00e0\n        de l''[[enceinte de Thiers]], deux grands espaces bois\\u00e9s ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s par le [[Georges Eug\\u00e8ne Haussmann|baron Haussmann]],\n        [[Pr\\u00e9fet de d\\u00e9partement|pr\\u00e9fet]] de la [[Seine (d\\u00e9partement)|Seine]]\n        de 1853 \\u00e0 1870, sur des communes voisines, avant d''\\u00eatre rattach\\u00e9s\n        \\u00e0 Paris en 1929 : \\u00e0 l''ouest, le [[Bois de Boulogne]] ({{unit\\u00e9|846|hectares}},\n        [[16e arrondissement de Paris|16{{e}}]]) et \\u00e0 l''est, le [[Bois de Vincennes]]\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|995|hectares}}, [[12e arrondissement de Paris|12{{e}}]]), ce\n        qui porte le p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tre de la ville \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|54.74|km}}.\n        Paris s''\\u00e9tend \\u00e9galement sur l''[[H\\u00e9liport de Paris - Issy-les-Moulineaux|h\\u00e9liport]]\n        ({{15e|arrondissement}}). Plus anecdotique, depuis 1864, la ville de Paris\n        est propri\\u00e9taire du domaine entourant les [[Source-Seine|sources de la\n        Seine]]\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/thema/625.htm\\n\n        |titre= Le \\u00ab Domaine des Sources de la Seine \\u00bb in ''''Paris en sc\\u00e8nes\n        / N\\u00b07 {{2e}} trimestre 2005''''\\n |date=     2005\\n |site= site du CNRS\n        (Paris en sc\\u00e8nes / N\\u00b07 {{2e}} trimestre 2005)\\n |consult\\u00e9 le=\n        31 juillet 2010\\n}}., \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|231|km}} de la ville.\\n\\nLa\n        superficie de la ville de Paris est de[http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=COM-75056\n        Commune de Paris, R\\u00e9sum\\u00e9 statistique], sur le site Internet de l''INSEE,\n        ''''insee.fr'''', consult\\u00e9 le 15 octobre 2012. {{unit\\u00e9|105.40|km|2}}\n        ({{113e|rang}} des [[commune (France)|communes de France]] m\\u00e9tropolitaine).\n        Son p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tre en longeant le [[Boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        de Paris|boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique]] est de {{Unit\\u00e9|35|km}}, sa\n        longueur est-ouest de {{Unit\\u00e9|18|km}}, et celle nord-sud de {{Unit\\u00e9|9.5|km}}[http://www.paris.fr/politiques/paris-d-hier-a-aujourd-hui/geographie-de-la-capitale/dimensions/rub_4946_stand_3079_port_10579\n        G\\u00e9ographie de la capitale \\u2013 Dimensions], sur ''''paris.fr'''', article\n        du 20 ao\\u00fbt 2010, consult\\u00e9 le {{1er}} juin 2015..\\n\\nSon [[Unit\\u00e9\n        urbaine (France)|unit\\u00e9 urbaine]] s''\\u00e9tend sur {{unit\\u00e9|2845|km|2}}\n        et rassemble {{Unit\\u00e9|10659489|habitants}} en 2014, r\\u00e9partis dans\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|412|communes}} d''[[\\u00cele-de-France]]\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2874072?geo=UU2010-00851\\n\n        |titre= R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2014\\n |date= juin\n        2017\\n |site= site de l''Insee\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 3 juillet 2017\\n}}..\\n\\nLe\n        [[point z\\u00e9ro des routes de France]] est mat\\u00e9rialis\\u00e9 par une\n        dalle situ\\u00e9e devant [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame\n        de Paris]].\\n\\n\\nFichier:Paris Night.jpg|Vue\n        sur ''''Paris'''', au cr\\u00e9puscule, depuis la [[tour Montparnasse]].\\n\\n\\n===\n        Hydrographie ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Seine \\u00e0 Paris|D\\u00e9bit\n        de la Seine \\u00e0 Paris|Bi\\u00e8vre (affluent de la Seine){{!}}Bi\\u00e8vre|Canal\n        Saint-Martin|Liste des ponts de Paris}}\\n\\nLa [[Seine]] traverse la ville\n        en formant un arc de cercle, y entrant par le sud-est pour en sortir au sud-ouest.\n        Plus de [[Liste des ponts de Paris|trente ponts]] permettent de franchir le\n        [[Seine|fleuve]].\\n\\n\\nFichier:Pont\n        des Arts, Paris.jpg|Le pont des Arts et le pont Neuf, deux des plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        ponts de Paris.\\n\\n\\nLa ville est \\u00e9galement travers\\u00e9e\n        par la [[Bi\\u00e8vre (affluent de la Seine)|Bi\\u00e8vre]], aujourd''hui enti\\u00e8rement\n        souterraine, qui arrive du sud, et par le [[canal Saint-Martin]] ({{unit\\u00e9|4.5|kilom\\u00e8tres}}),\n        inaugur\\u00e9 en 1825. Il constitue la partie terminale du [[canal de l''Ourcq]]\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|108|kilom\\u00e8tres}}) et du [[canal Saint-Denis]] ({{unit\\u00e9|6.6|kilom\\u00e8tres}}),\n        ouvert en 1821, qui permet de rejoindre la Seine en aval en \\u00e9vitant la\n        travers\\u00e9e de la ville. Il alimente le [[bassin de la Villette]], passe\n        en souterrain sous les [[Boulevards parisiens|boulevards]] [[Boulevard Jules-Ferry|Jules-Ferry]]\n        et [[Boulevard Richard-Lenoir|Richard-Lenoir]] et la [[place de la Bastille]],\n        traverse le port de l''Arsenal et rejoint la [[Seine]] en amont de l''[[\\u00eele\n        Saint-Louis]]{{p.|748}}..\\n\\n\\nSeine\n        wide.jpg|Vue panoramique \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|180|degr\\u00e9s}} de la [[Seine]]\n        pr\\u00e8s du [[pont Saint-Michel]] (\\u00e0 gauche) et de [[Cath\\u00e9drale\n        Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] (\\u00e0 droite de l''image).\\n\\n\\nAutrefois,\n        la [[Seine]] recevait encore dans Paris un autre affluent : le [[ruisseau\n        de M\\u00e9nilmontant]] qui traversait les faubourgs [[Porte Saint-Martin|Saint-Martin]]\n        et [[Porte Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]], passait derri\\u00e8re la [[Grange-Bateli\\u00e8re\n        (rivi\\u00e8re)|Grange-Bateli\\u00e8re]], continuait en traversant [[Rue de\n        la Ville-l''\\u00c9v\\u00eaque|la Ville-l''Ev\\u00eaque]] et [[Quartier du Faubourg-du-Roule|le\n        Roule]] et se jetait dans la Seine au nord de la [[Quartier de Chaillot|colline\n        de Chaillot]]. \\u00c0 partir du {{s-|XVI}}, il fut transform\\u00e9 en \\u00e9gout\n        et devint le [[\\u00c9gouts de Paris#Le r\\u00e9seau ancien|Grand \\u00c9gout]]Grand dictionnaire Larousse T12 de Pierre Larousse \\u00e9dition\n        1874..\\n\\nD''autres cours d''eau traversent ou ont travers\\u00e9 Paris,\n        dont le [[ruisseau du Bac]], la [[Bi\\u00e8vre (affluent de la Seine)|Bi\\u00e8vre]],\n        le ru des Orgueilleux, le [[canal de l''Ourcq]], la [[darse du fond de Rouvray]],\n        le [[ruisseau de Gravelle]], le [[ruisseau de Montreuil]] {{Incise|\\u00e9galement\n        appel\\u00e9 ruisseau de la Pissotte}}, le [[ruisseau de Saint-Germain]], le\n        [[canal Saint-Martin]]{{Lien web |auteur=Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Lewino et\n        Gwendoline dos Santos |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/villes/les-rivieres-disparues-07-10-2010-1249354_27.php\n        |titre=Les rivi\\u00e8res disparues |date=article du {{Date-|7 octobre 2010}}\n        |site=[http://www.lepoint.fr lepoint.fr] |consult\\u00e9 le=4 mai 2017}}..\\n\\nLa\n        ville a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 marqu\\u00e9e par de nombreuses inondations, dont les\n        plus importantesGrand dictionnaire Larousse T12 de Pierre Larousse \\u00e9dition\n        1874 pour les inondations avant 1844. sont celles de 583, 842, 1206,\n        1280, 1325, 1407, 1499, 1616, 1658, 1663, 1719, 1733, 1740, 1764, 1799, 1802,\n        1836, 1844, 1876, [[Crue de la Seine de 1910|1910]], 1920, 1924, 1945, 1955,\n        1986 et [[Inondations europ\\u00e9ennes de 2016#Paris|2016]].\\n\\n=== G\\u00e9ologie\n        et relief ===\\nLe [[Bassin parisien]], constitu\\u00e9 il y a {{nobr|41 millions}}\n        d''ann\\u00e9es, forme un grand ensemble de couches s\\u00e9dimentaires successives.\n        C''est un bassin marin \\u00e9picontinental reposant sur des massifs datant\n        du [[pal\\u00e9ozo\\u00efque]], les [[massif des Vosges|Vosges]], le [[Massif\n        central]] et le [[Massif armoricain]]. Avec la formation des [[Alpes]], le\n        bassin se referme mais reste ouvert vers la [[Manche (mer)|Manche]] et l''[[oc\\u00e9an\n        Atlantique]], pr\\u00e9figurant les futurs bassins fluviaux de la [[Loire (fleuve)|Loire]]\n        et de la [[Seine]]. \\u00c0 la fin de l''[[Oligoc\\u00e8ne]], le Bassin parisien\n        devient continental\\n{{Lien web\\n |url = http://www.mnhn.fr/mnhn/geo/collectionlutetien/fichebp.html\\n\n        |titre = Le bassin de Paris, le berceau de la g\\u00e9ologie\\n |date = mai\n        2002\\n |site = site du Mus\\u00e9um national d''histoire naturelle de Paris\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 31 juillet 2010\\n}}..\\n\\nEn 1911, le g\\u00e9ologue\n        [[Paul Lemoine (g\\u00e9ologue)|Paul Lemoine]] montre que le bassin est compos\\u00e9\n        de strates dispos\\u00e9es en cuvettes concentriques\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/mnhn/geo/collectionlutetien/fichebp2.html\\n\n        |titre= Le bassin de Paris, pr\\u00e8s de 200 ans de progr\\u00e8s stratigraphiques\\n\n        |date= mars 2002\\n |site= site du Mus\\u00e9um national d''histoire naturelle\n        de Paris\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 31 juillet 2010\\n}}.{{,}}\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |url=http://www.annales.org/archives/x/lemoine4.html\\n |titre= Paul\n        LEMOINE (1878-1940)\\n |site= site des Annales des Mines\\n |consult\\u00e9 le=\n        31 juillet 2010\\n}}., puis des \\u00e9tudes approfondies sur des donn\\u00e9es\n        sismiques, des forages et des puits confirment les strates en cuvettes concentriques,\n        mais avec des objets complexes comme des [[faille]]s. Les formations du relief\n        parisien se situent dans les couches du [[M\\u00e9sozo\\u00efque]] et du [[Pal\\u00e9og\\u00e8ne]]\n        ([[Tertiaire (g\\u00e9ologie)|\\u00e8re tertiaire]]) et ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9labor\\u00e9es\n        par l''[[\\u00e9rosion]]. \\nLa premi\\u00e8re strate datant de l''\\u00e8re tertiaire\n        est constitu\\u00e9e d''alluvions de la Seine d''\\u00e9poque moderne. Les plus\n        anciens d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts sont des [[sable]]s et des [[argile]]s datant de\n        l''\\u00e9tage [[sparnacien]] pr\\u00e9sent dans le {{nobr|{{16e}} arrondissement}}\n        d''[[Quartier d''Auteuil|Auteuil]] au [[Place du Trocad\\u00e9ro-et-du-11-Novembre|Trocad\\u00e9ro]].\n        Mais l''\\u00e9tage le plus connu est le [[Lut\\u00e9tien]], riche en [[gypse]]\n        et en [[calcaire]]\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/mnhn/geo/collectionlutetien/lutetien3-2.html\\n\n        |titre= Le Lut\\u00e9tien du bassin de Paris\\n |site= site du Mus\\u00e9um national\n        d''histoire naturelle de Paris\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 31 juillet 2010\\n}}..\\n[[Fichier:Paris\n        14 la crypte.jpg|thumb|Aper\\u00e7u des [[carri\\u00e8res souterraines de Paris]].]]\\n\\nLe\n        sous-sol parisien se caract\\u00e9rise par la pr\\u00e9sence de nombreuses [[Carri\\u00e8res\n        souterraines de Paris|carri\\u00e8res]] de [[calcaire]], [[gypse]] et [[Meuli\\u00e8re\n        (g\\u00e9ologie)|pierre meuli\\u00e8re]]. Certaines ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 utilis\\u00e9es\n        comme [[Catacombes de Paris|catacombes]] et forment l''[[ossuaire]] municipal,\n        dont une partie est ouverte au public. Le calcaire a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 exploit\\u00e9\n        jusqu''au {{S-|XIV}} sur la rive gauche, de la [[Place d''Italie (Paris)|place\n        d''Italie]] \\u00e0 [[Vaugirard (Seine)|Vaugirard]], et son extraction s''est\n        aujourd''hui d\\u00e9plac\\u00e9e vers l''[[Oise (d\\u00e9partement)|Oise]],\n        \\u00e0 [[Saint-Maximin (Oise)|Saint-Maximin]] par exempleR. Soyer et\n        A. Cailleux, ''''G\\u00e9ologie de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne'''', \\u00e9dition\n        [[Presses universitaires de France]], coll. Que-sais-je ?, 1959, {{p.|94}}..\n        L''exploitation du gypse a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 tr\\u00e8s active \\u00e0 [[Montmartre]]\n        et [[Bagneux (Hauts-de-Seine)|Bagneux]].\\n\\nL''[[hydrog\\u00e9ologie]] est\n        tr\\u00e8s influenc\\u00e9e par l''urbanisation. La [[Bi\\u00e8vre (affluent\n        de la Seine)|Bi\\u00e8vre]], petit affluent de la [[Seine]] qui a model\\u00e9\n        toute la rive gauche, a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 couverte au {{S-|XIX}} pour des raisons\n        hygi\\u00e9niques. De nombreuses nappes d''eau souterraines, pr\\u00e9sentes\n        dans le sous-sol parisien, fournissent par forage de l''eau \\u00e0 la ville,\n        comme celles d''[[Quartier d''Auteuil|Auteuil]]. La nappe [[albien]]ne est\n        la plus connue de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne et est exploit\\u00e9e \\u00e0 Paris\n        depuis [[1841]] par le [[puits art\\u00e9sien]] de [[Quartier de Grenelle|Grenelle]]R.\n        Soyer et A. Cailleux, ''''op. cit.'''', {{p.|108 et 109}}..\\n{{clr}}\\n\\n===\n        Climat ===\\n[[Fichier:Parc_Montsouris_station_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_2.JPG|vignette|[[Station\n        m\\u00e9t\\u00e9orologique]] du [[parc Montsouris]].]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Climat\n        de Paris}}\\nUne [[station m\\u00e9t\\u00e9orologique]], ouverte le {{date-|17\n        juin 1872}}, est situ\\u00e9e dans le [[14e arrondissement de Paris|{{14e|arrondissement}}]],\n        dans la partie sud du [[parc Montsouris]] (coordonn\\u00e9es : {{coord|48|49|18|N|2|20|16|E|altitude:75_scale:13542|format=dec|name=Station\n        m\\u00e9t\\u00e9o ouverte le 17 juin 1872}}), \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|75|m\\u00e8tres}}\n        d''altitude{{pdf}} [https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/metadonnees_publiques/fiches/fiche_75114001.pdf\n        Fiche du poste 75114001], contenant les donn\\u00e9es publiques de la station\n        [[M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o-France]], consult\\u00e9e le 23 octobre 2015..\\n\\nParis\n        a un [[climat oc\\u00e9anique|climat de type oc\\u00e9anique]] d\\u00e9grad\\u00e9\n        : l''influence oc\\u00e9anique d\\u00e9passe celle continentale et se traduit\n        (1981 - 2010) par une temp\\u00e9rature minimale moyenne de {{tmp|15.1|\\u00b0C}}\n        de juin \\u00e0 ao\\u00fbt et de {{tmp|3|\\u00b0C}} de d\\u00e9cembre \\u00e0 f\\u00e9vrier\n        et de {{tmp|8.9|\\u00b0C}} sur l''ann\\u00e9e, avec des pluies fr\\u00e9quentes\n        en toutes saisons ({{nobr|111 jours}}) et un temps changeant mais avec des\n        pluies plus faibles ({{unit\\u00e9|637|millim\\u00e8tres}}) que sur les c\\u00f4tes,\n        et quelques pointes de temp\\u00e9ratures (influence continentale) au c\\u0153ur\n        de l''hiver ou de l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9. Le d\\u00e9veloppement de l''[[urbanisation]]\n        provoque une augmentation de la temp\\u00e9rature et une baisse du nombre de\n        jours de brouillard[http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579\n        Mairie de Paris - Le climat]{{,}}[http://www.meteo-paris.com/ile-de-france/climat.html\n        M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o-Paris - Climat de l''\\u00cele-de-France]..\\n\\nLors de\n        la [[canicule europ\\u00e9enne de 2003]], il a fait {{tmp|39.4|\\u00b0C}} le\n        {{date-|6 ao\\u00fbt}}, {{tmp|39.5|\\u00b0C}} le {{date-|11 ao\\u00fbt}} et {{tmp|39.4|\\u00b0C}}\n        le {{date-|12 ao\\u00fbt}}[archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.meteo-paris.com/ile-de-france/records/mois/aout&title=Meteo-paris.com%2C\n        relev\\u00e9 des records de temp\\u00e9rature \\u00e0 Paris, Temp\\u00e9ratures\n        et records pour Paris] M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o Paris.com. Le record de temp\\u00e9rature\n        minimale la plus chaude a eu lieu les {{Date-|11|ao\\u00fbt-|2003-}} et {{Date-|12|ao\\u00fbt|2003}}\n        avec {{tmp|25.5|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nEn 2012, le maximum\n        observ\\u00e9 a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 de {{tmp|38.4|\\u00b0C}} le {{date-|18 ao\\u00fbt}}\n        et de {{tmp|38.1|\\u00b0C}} le {{date-|19 ao\\u00fbt}}.\n        Le {{date-|31 octobre 2014}}, le maximum \\u00e9tait de {{tmp|22|\\u00b0C}}[http://www.meteociel.fr/climatologie/villes.php?code=7156&mois=10&annee=2014\n        Donn\\u00e9es mensuelles d''octobre 2014 pour Paris - Montsouris (75)] meteociel.fr,\n        consult\\u00e9 le {{date-|1 novembre 2014}}.. Le {{date-|1 novembre 2014}},\n        le maximum du mois de novembre est battu de {{tmp|0.4|\\u00b0C}} avec {{tmp|21.4|\\u00b0C}}[http://www.meteociel.fr/climatologie/villes.php?code=7156\n        Donn\\u00e9es mensuelles de novembre 2014 pour Paris - Montsouris (75)] meteociel.fr\n        consult\\u00e9 le 2 novembre 2014.. Le {{date-|7 novembre 2015}}, la\n        temp\\u00e9rature culmine \\u00e0 {{tmp|21.6|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nDurant la p\\u00e9riode\n        froide, la journ\\u00e9e o\\u00f9 il a gel\\u00e9 le plus tardivement \\u00e9tait\n        le {{Date-|8 janvier 1935}} avec {{tmp|\\u22120.7|\\u00b0C}}, puis le {{Date-|18\n        janvier 2016}} avec {{tmp|\\u22121.2|\\u00b0C}}. Aucun gel n''est survenu pendant\n        {{unit\\u00e9|340|jours}} de suite en 2015\\u22122016 (il avait gel\\u00e9 le\n        {{date-|12 f\\u00e9vrier 2015}})[http://www.meteociel.fr/actu/603/record_de_la_gelee_la_plus_tardive_a_paris_et_montelimar/\n        Record de la gel\\u00e9e la plus tardive \\u00e0 Paris et Mont\\u00e9limar],\n        sur ''''meteociel.fr'''', publi\\u00e9 le 20 janvier 2016..\\n\\nEn 2016,\n        le 25 ao\\u00fbt, la temp\\u00e9rature atteint {{tmp|36.5|\\u00b0C}} et \\u00e0\n        {{heure|22}} {{tmp|29.2|\\u00b0C}} ({{tmp|33.7|\\u00b0C}} le 12 ao\\u00fbt 2003\n        \\u00e0 {{heure|22}})http://meteociel.fr/climatologie/villes.php?code=7156\n        Donn\\u00e9es mensuelles de ao\\u00fbt 2016\\npour Paris - Montsouris (75) consult\\u00e9\n        2016 ao\\u00fbt 26.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"margin: auto; width:\n        80%; text-align: center; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 90%;\\\"\\n\\n| style=\\\"text-align:\n        center; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 90%;\\\" colspan=\\\"13\\\" | ''''''Paris-Montsouris''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left;\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Mois\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | J\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | F\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | M\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | A\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | M\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | Jn\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | Jt\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | A\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | S\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | O\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | N\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | D\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | Ann\\u00e9e\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left;\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\" | Temp\\u00e9ratures maximales (en\n        \\u00b0C)\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 7,2\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 195); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 8,3\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 255, 69); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 12,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        238, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 15,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 204,\n        0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 19,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 170, 0);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 22,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 153, 0); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 25,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 153, 0); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 25,0\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 187, 0); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 21,1\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 221, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 16,3\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 135); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        10,8\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 7,5\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | {{tmp|16.0|\\u00b0C}}\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Temp\\u00e9ratures minimales (en \\u00b0C)\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 2,7\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 2,8\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 5,3\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 7,3\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 255, 135); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 10,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        255, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 13,8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 238,\n        0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 15,8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 238, 0);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 15,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 0); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 12,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 195); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 9,6\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 5,8\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 3,4\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | {{tmp|8.9|\\u00b0C}}\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Pr\\u00e9cipitations (hauteur moyenne en mm)\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 51,0\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165,\n        198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 41,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198,\n        255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 47,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 51,8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(135, 179, 255); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 63,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 49,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(135, 179, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 62,3\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 52,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        47,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(135, 179, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 61,5\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 51,1\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 57,8\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245,\n        245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | {{unit\\u00e9|637|mm}}\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Nombre de jours avec pr\\u00e9cipitations (> {{unit\\u00e9|1|mm}})\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 9,9\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 8,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(135,\n        179, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 10,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198,\n        255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 9,3\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 9,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 8,4\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 7,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 7,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 7,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        9,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 9,9\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(135, 179, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 10,9\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 111 jrs\\n|-\\n\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Nombre d''heures d''ensoleillement\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255,\n        119); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 62.5\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 119);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 79.2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 245, 0); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 128.9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 225, 0); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 166\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 215, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 193.8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 205, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        202.1\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 205, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 212.2\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 205, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 212.1\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 225, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 167.9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        240, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 117.8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255,\n        119); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 67.7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 153);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 51.4\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1661.6 h\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align: center; line-height:\n        1.5; font-size: 90%;\\\" colspan=\\\"13\\\" | Source : M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o France\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"margin: auto; width: 80%; text-align: center;\n        line-height: 1.2; font-size: 90%;\\\"\\n| style=\\\"text-align: center; line-height:\n        1.5; font-size: 90%;\\\" colspan=\\\"13\\\" | ''''''Paris-Montsouris'''''' - Temp\\u00e9ratures\n        extr\\u00eames de 1873 \\u00e0 2015\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245,\n        245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\" | Mois\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | J\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | F\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | M\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | A\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | M\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | J\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | J\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | A\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | S\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | O\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | N\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | D\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Temp\\u00e9ratures maximales records (en \\u00b0C)\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 221, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 16,1\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        187, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 21,4\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 153,\n        0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 25,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 102, 0);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 30,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 68, 0); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 34,8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 51, 0); color: rgb(255,\n        255, 255);\\\" | 37,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 0, 0); color: rgb(255,\n        255, 255);\\\" | 40,4\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 34, 0); color: rgb(255,\n        255, 255);\\\" | 39,5\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 51, 0); color: rgb(255,\n        255, 255);\\\" | 36,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 119, 0); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 28,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 187, 0); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 21,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 221, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 17,1\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\" | Ann\\u00e9es des temp\\u00e9ratures maximales\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1999\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1960\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1955\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255,\n        255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1949\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1944\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1947\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 1947\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 2003\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 1895\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        2011\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 2015\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1989\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\" | Temp\\u00e9ratures minimales records (en \\u00b0C)\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(30, 113, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -14,6\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(30, 113, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -14,7\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(105, 160, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -9,1\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | -3,5\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(225, 236, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | -0,1\\n| style=\\\"background: white;\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 3,1\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 6,0\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 6,3\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1,8\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | -3,1\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(30,\n        113, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -14,0\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(0,\n        68, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -23,9\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Ann\\u00e9es des temp\\u00e9ratures minimales\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1940\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255,\n        255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1956\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1890\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1879\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 1874\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 1881\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 1907\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        1881\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1889\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1890\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1890\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1879\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align: center;\n        line-height: 1.5; font-size: 90%;\\\" colspan=\\\"13\\\" | Source : M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o-France\\n|}\\n\\nTous\n        les trimestres, [[M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o-France]] et l''Agence parisienne du climat\n        \\u00e9ditent un bulletin climatique qui revient en d\\u00e9tail sur les saisons\n        pass\\u00e9es et les compare \\u00e0 celles des {{nobr|30 derni\\u00e8res}} ann\\u00e9es[http://www.apc-paris.com/points-de-reperes/le-changement-climatique-a-paris.html\n        Le changement climatique \\u00e0 Paris], bulletins trimestriels en ligne sur\n        apc-paris.com.\\n\\nLe {{date-|10|septembre|1896}}, une [[Tornade du 10\n        septembre 1896 \\u00e0 Paris|violente tornade]] frappe le c\\u0153ur de Paris,\n        peu avant {{nobr|15 heures}}. Elle se d\\u00e9place de {{unit\\u00e9|6|km}}\n        et fait cinq morts et une centaine de bless\\u00e9s''''[[Gazette du village]]''''\n        {{num\\u00e9ro}} 38, dat\\u00e9e du 20 septembre 1896..\\n\\n=== Transports\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Transports \\u00e0 Paris|Transports en \\u00cele-de-France}}\\n[[Fichier:Le\n        tramway - Flickr - besopha.jpg|vignette|La ligne 3a du tramway.]]\\n[[Fichier:\\u00c9dicule\n        Guimard - station Colonel Fabien.jpg|vignette|upright|[[\\u00c9dicule Guimard]]\n        \\u00e0 la station de m\\u00e9tro
''''[[Colonel Fabien (m\\u00e9tro de Paris)|Colonel\n        Fabien]]''''.]]\\n[[Fichier:Station Velib DSC 3497.JPG|vignette|Station V\\u00e9lib''\n        place de la Bastille, avec pistes cyclables.]]\\nLe premier mode de d\\u00e9placement\n        est la marche, qui assure 40 % des trajets quotidiens, qu''ils soient internes\n        \\u00e0 Paris ou entre Paris et sa banlieue. En surface, elle repr\\u00e9sente\n        75 % des d\\u00e9placements{{ouvrage |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade\n        |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou l''illusion techniciste de la\n        politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan |lien\n        \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015 |volume=\n        |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=147-151 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire en\n        ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9 le=29/08/2017\n        }}..\\n\\nViennent ensuite les transports en commun, au premier rang desquels\n        figure le [[M\\u00e9tro de Paris|m\\u00e9tro]], qui assure 20 % des d\\u00e9placements\n        parisiens{{ouvrage |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras\n        de Paris |sous-titre=ou l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne\n        des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions\n        L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015 |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271\n        |passage=13 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597\n        |consult\\u00e9 le=29/08/2017 }}.. Pr\\u00e9sent depuis {{date-|1900}}\n        (date d''ouverture du premier tron\\u00e7on de la [[Ligne 1 du m\\u00e9tro de\n        Paris|ligne 1]]), il compte aujourd''hui {{unit\\u00e9|16|lignes}}, et est\n        consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme l''un des symboles de la ville, notamment gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 son style architectural [[Art nouveau]]. Les transports en commun ferr\\u00e9s\n        sont compl\\u00e9t\\u00e9s par les cinq lignes du [[R\\u00e9seau express r\\u00e9gional\n        d''\\u00cele-de-France|RER]], r\\u00e9seau ferroviaire suburbain qui facilite\n        les relations \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9chelle de l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne;\n        par les six grandes gares ferroviaires ([[Gare de Paris-Austerlitz|Paris-Austerlitz]],\n        [[Gare de Paris-Est|Paris-Est]], [[Paris-Gare-de-Lyon]], [[Gare de Paris-Montparnasse|Paris-Montparnasse]],\n        [[Gare de Paris-Nord|Paris-Nord]], [[Gare de Paris-Saint-Lazare|Paris-Saint-Lazare]])\n        qui relient Paris \\u00e0 sa p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 une quinzaine\n        de lignes de chemin de fer de banlieue ([[Transilien]]), ainsi qu''\\u00e0\n        toutes les villes de [[France]] et aux pays proches par le biais du [[TGV]]\n        ou de trains classiques; et enfin, plus r\\u00e9cemment, par un tramway quasi-circulaire\n        (lignes [[Ligne 3a du tramway d''\\u00cele-de-France|T3a]] et [[Ligne 3b du\n        tramway d''\\u00cele-de-France|T3b]]). Enfin, \\u00e0 c\\u00f4t\\u00e9 des transports\n        en commun ferroviaires existe un r\\u00e9seau dense d''une centaine de lignes\n        de [[Autobus|bus]] sur un plan fond\\u00e9 pour l''essentiel en 1947{{lien\n        web|url=http://france3-regions.blog.francetvinfo.fr/transportez-moi/2017/03/03/grand-paris-des-bus-vers-un-grand-gachis.html|titre=Grand\n        Paris des Bus : vers un grand g\\u00e2chis ?|\\u00e9diteur=francetvinfo.fr|date=3\n        mars 2017|auteur=Bertrand Lambert|consult\\u00e9 le=4 mars 2017}}..\\n\n        \\nPour ce qui est des d\\u00e9placements quotidiens, aussi bien dans Paris\n        qu''entre Paris et la banlieue, la voiture, dont l''usage est en baisse continue\n        depuis les ann\\u00e9es 1990, ne joue plus qu''un r\\u00f4le secondaire - elle\n        ne repr\\u00e9sente plus aujourd''hui que 13 % des d\\u00e9placements{{ouvrage\n        |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou\n        l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan\n        |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015\n        |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=19-21 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5\n        |lire en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9\n        le=29/08/2017 }}.. La [[circulation routi\\u00e8re]] n''en reste pas\n        moins tr\\u00e8s dense et souvent difficile, et g\\u00e9n\\u00e8re une pollution\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e (90 % des Parisiens sont expos\\u00e9s \\u00e0 des\n        taux de pollution sup\\u00e9rieurs aux normes sanitaires, et la qualit\\u00e9\n        de l''air est mauvaise ou tr\\u00e8s mauvaise 40 % de l''ann\\u00e9e{{ouvrage\n        |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou\n        l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan\n        |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015\n        |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=55 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire\n        en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9\n        le=29/08/2017 }}.). La circulation automobile b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie pourtant,\n        pour s''effectuer, d''un important ensemble d''infrastructures successivement\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9es. Ce sont tout d''abord les larges avenues trac\\u00e9es par\n        [[Georges Eug\\u00e8ne Haussmann|Haussmann]] au {{S-|XIX}}, qui facilit\\u00e8rent\n        alors grandement un trafic d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 important \\u00e0 cette \\u00e9poque.\n        La ville a ensuite \\u00e9t\\u00e9 entour\\u00e9e par le [[Boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        de Paris|boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique]], termin\\u00e9 en 1973, qui est\n        l''autoroute urbaine la plus emprunt\\u00e9e d''Europe[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=8684&document_type_id=4&document_id=51463&portlet_id=20594&multileveldocument_sheet_id=10225\n        Mairie de Paris - \\u00c9tude sur l''insertion urbaine du boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        (2008)]. avec {{Unit\\u00e9|270000|v\\u00e9hicules}} par jour{{pdf}}\n        [http://www.airparif.fr/airparif/pdf/NUMERO25.pdf Airparif Actualit\\u00e9s\n        {{num\\u00e9ro|25}}], avril 2005.. Au m\\u00eame moment \\u00e9tait mis\n        en place un r\\u00e9seau d''[[autoroute]]s urbaines en toile d''araign\\u00e9e\n        reliant Paris aux banlieues p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9riques et au reste du pays. En\n        2010, une \\u00e9tude place n\\u00e9anmoins l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne\n        championne d''Europe des embouteillages routiers sur {{Unit\\u00e9|109|agglom\\u00e9rations}}\n        \\u00e9tudi\\u00e9es. Les automobilistes passent en moyenne soixante-dix heures\n        par an dans le trafic routier, soit 11 minutes par jour{{lien web |url=http://www.batiactu.com/edito/paris-championne-d-europe-des-embouteillages-27308.php\n        |titre=Paris, championne d\\u2019Europe des embouteillages |date=8 novembre\n        2010 |site=batiactu}}.. Le stationnement \\u00e0 Paris est payant dans\n        la quasi-totalit\\u00e9 des rues, mais il s''effectue essentiellement (\\u00e0\n        80 %) en parkings souterrains[http://temis.documentation.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/docs/Temis/0033/Temis-0033289/8724_2015.pdf\n        Mairie de Paris, ''''Le bilan des d\\u00e9placements en 2015 \\u00e0 Paris'''',\n        p. 33].. \\n\\nEn 2014, {{unit\\u00e9|17636|[[taxi]]s}} circulent \\u00e0\n        Paris\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.prefecturedepolice.interieur.gouv.fr/Demarches/Professionnel/Transports/Taxis-parisiens\\n\n        |titre= Taxis parisiens\\n |site= Pr\\u00e9fecture de police\\n |date = 14 novembre\n        2014\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 16 novembre 2014\\n}}.; ils assurent 0,5 %\n        des d\\u00e9placements{{ouvrage |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les\n        embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne\n        des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions\n        L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015 |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271\n        |passage=80 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597\n        |consult\\u00e9 le=29/08/2017 }}.. La commune a lanc\\u00e9 le {{date-|2|octobre|2011}}\\n{{article|titre=Autolib''\n        : la voiture \\u00e9lectrique en libre-service d\\u00e9barque \\u00e0 Paris|p\\u00e9riodique=[[Le\n        Monde]].fr|date=2 octobre 2011\\n|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2011/10/02/autolib-la-voiture-electrique-en-libre-service-debarque-a-paris_1581177_3224.html\\n}}.\n        le syst\\u00e8me de location de voitures en libre-service de courte dur\\u00e9e\n        \\u00ab [[Autolib'' (Paris)|Autolib'']] \\u00bb. Confi\\u00e9 par [[d\\u00e9l\\u00e9gation\n        de service public]] au groupe [[Bollor\\u00e9]], ce service permet de louer\n        un v\\u00e9hicule con\\u00e7u sp\\u00e9cifiquement pour cet usage : la [[Bollor\\u00e9\n        Bluecar|Bluecar]], [[voiture \\u00e9lectrique|voiture totalement \\u00e9lectrique]]\n        \\u00e0 quatre places de {{unit\\u00e9|3.65|m}} de longueur, dot\\u00e9e d''un\n        coffre de {{unit\\u00e9|350|dm|3}} et d''une autonomie variant de 150 \\u00e0\n        {{unit\\u00e9|250|km}}\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.autolib.eu/\\n |titre=\n        Autolib''\\n |site= Site officiel Autolib''\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 10 octobre\n        2011\\n}}.{{,}}\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.automobile-propre.com/2010/12/16/autolib-paris-choisit-bollore-sans-la-bluecar/\\n\n        |titre=http://www.automobile-propre.com/2010/12/16/autolib-paris-choisit-bollore-sans-la-bluecar/\\n\n        |site=Automobile-propre.com\\n |consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2012\\n}}..\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s\n        avoir quasiment disparu dans les ann\\u00e9es 1980 (la circulation automobile\n        \\u00e9tait alors 85 fois sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 la [[V\\u00e9lo \\u00e0 Paris|circulation\n        cycliste \\u00e0 Paris]]), le v\\u00e9lo n''a cess\\u00e9 d''augmenter tr\\u00e8s\n        rapidement depuis les ann\\u00e9es 1990 - le nombre de d\\u00e9placements effectu\\u00e9s\n        \\u00e0 v\\u00e9lo a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 multipli\\u00e9 par 10 entre 1991 et 2010.\n        Pour les Parisiens, la circulation cycliste repr\\u00e9sente d\\u00e9sormais\n        un tiers de la circulation automobile, et est sup\\u00e9rieure de 45 % \\u00e0\n        la circulation en deux-roues motoris\\u00e9s. La prolongation de ces tendances\n        laisse penser qu''au cours des ann\\u00e9es 2020 la circulation cycliste deviendra\n        sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 la circulation automobile{{ouvrage |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien\n        |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou l''illusion techniciste\n        de la politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan\n        |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015\n        |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=81-82 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5\n        |lire en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9\n        le=29/08/2017 }}.. N\\u00e9anmoins, la part des v\\u00e9los dans les d\\u00e9placements\n        n''\\u00e9tait encore estim\\u00e9e qu''\\u00e0 3 % en 2008{{en}} {{Lien\n        web|url=http://www.epomm.eu/tems/result_city.phtml?city=201&map=1|titre=TEMS\n        - The EPOMM Modal Split Tool |site=epomm.eu|consult\\u00e9 le=21 juin 2014}}.,\n        positionnant Paris dans le bas du classement des capitales europ\\u00e9ennes\n        les plus cyclistes{{article|auteur=Olivier Razemon|titre=Paris peut-elle\n        vraiment devenir \\u00ab la capitale du v\\u00e9lo \\u00bb?|date=17 juin 2014|p\\u00e9riodique=[[Le\n        Monde]].fr|url=http://transports.blog.lemonde.fr/2014/06/17/paris-peut-elle-vraiment-devenir-la-capitale-du-velo/}}.\n        La ville d\\u00e9veloppe depuis 1996 un r\\u00e9seau de [[Am\\u00e9nagement cyclable|pistes\n        cyclables]] en augmentation constante qui atteint en 2011 {{unit\\u00e9|700|km}}\n        incluant les bandes et pistes cyclables ainsi que les couloirs de bus \\u00e9largis{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.metronews.fr/paris/a-paris-700-kilometres-de-pistes-cyclables/pkep!AgtiCGSA3JbnWjT8gIaHfA/|titre=\\u00c0\n        Paris, 700 kilom\\u00e8tres de pistes cyclables|\\u00e9diteur=metronews.fr|date=16\n        mai 2011|consult\\u00e9 le=16 novembre 2014}}.{{,}}\\n{{Lien web\\n\n        |url=http://www.apur.org/notes-48-pages/developpement-bicyclette-politique-partagee-par-toutes-collectivites\\n\n        |titre= Le d\\u00e9veloppement de la bicyclette, une politique partag\\u00e9e\n        par toutes les collectivit\\u00e9s.\\n |site= site de l''[[Atelier parisien\n        d''urbanisme]] (APUR)\\n |date=   janvier 2006\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 4 mars\n        2011\\n}}.. \\u00c0 la suite de [[Rennes]] et [[Lyon]], la mairie de Paris\n        lance le {{date-|15 juillet 2007}} un syst\\u00e8me de location de [[v\\u00e9los\n        en libre-service]], baptis\\u00e9 ''''[[V\\u00e9lib'']]'''', avec le r\\u00e9seau\n        le plus dense d''Europe, {{unit\\u00e9|20000|v\\u00e9los}} fin 2007, {{Unit\\u00e9|1400|stations}}\n        dans Paris, une tous les {{unit\\u00e9|300|m\\u00e8tres}} en moyenne, et g\\u00e9r\\u00e9\n        par [[JCDecaux]]\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.velib.paris.fr/\\n\n        |titre= page d''accueil\\n |site= site ''''V\\u00e9lib'''' de la mairie de Paris\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 2 ao\\u00fbt 2010\\n}}..\\n\\nParis est la deuxi\\u00e8me\n        ville d''Europe en trafic a\\u00e9rien de passagers en 2015\\n{{Lien web\\n\n        |url=http://www.aeroportsdeparis.fr/docs/default-source/groupe-fichiers/finance/relations-investisseurs/trafic/trafic-2015/13012016-trafic-d\\u00e9cembre-2015.pdf?sfvrsn=4\\n\n        |titre= Ann\\u00e9e record avec 95,4 millions de passagers accueillis en 2015\\n\n        |site= site d''A\\u00e9roports de Paris   \\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 10 avril 2016\\n}}.,\n        et la cinqui\\u00e8me au monde en 2015. Les deux a\\u00e9roports qui accueillent\n        l''essentiel du trafic \\u2014 [[a\\u00e9roport de Paris-Orly|Orly]] et surtout\n        [[A\\u00e9roport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle|Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle]] \\u2014\n        ont transport\\u00e9 {{unit\\u00e9|95.4|millions}} de passagers et {{unit\\u00e9|2.2|millions}}\n        de tonnes de [[Transport de marchandises|fret]] en 2015\\n{{Lien web\\n\n        |url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Airport-Statistics-Infographics\\n |titre=\n        Top 20 busiest airports in the world\\n |site= site d''Airports Council International\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 10 avril 2016\\n}}..\\n\\n=== Environnement ===\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Environnement \\u00e0 Paris|Liste des espaces verts de Paris}}\\n\\nLa\n        [[Pollution de l''air|pollution atmosph\\u00e9rique]] est un probl\\u00e8me\n        de sant\\u00e9 publique \\u00e0 Paris, qui a motiv\\u00e9 la cr\\u00e9ation du\n        r\\u00e9seau de surveillance [[Airparif]] en 1984{{lien web|url=http://fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu01479/la-creation-d-airparif-le-controle-de-la-pollution-dans-les-villes.html|titre=\n        La cr\\u00e9ation d''Airparif : le contr\\u00f4le de la pollution dans les villes|\\u00e9diteur=ina.fr|date=26\n        septembre 1994|auteur= Raphael Morera |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}.\n        et depuis 2001 des politiques de r\\u00e9duction de la pr\\u00e9sence automobile\n        et en particulier des plus polluants{{lien web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pollution/article/2015/01/27/anne-hidalgo-en-2020-plus-aucun-vehicule-diesel-ne-roulera-dans-paris_4564657_1652666.html|titre=Comment\n        Anne Hidalgo veut r\\u00e9duire la pollution \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=28\n        janvier 2015|auteur= Laetitia Van Eeckhout |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre\n        2016}}. La [[densit\\u00e9 urbaine]] de Paris, triple de celle de [[Londres]],\n        induit des immeubles plus hauts, moins de maisons de ville et des [[Liste\n        des espaces verts de Paris|espaces verts]] plus r\\u00e9duits{{article|titre=La\n        nature dans la ville : biodiversit\\u00e9 et urbanisme|p\\u00e9riodique=ladocumentationfrancaise.fr|date=2007|page=105|auteur=Bernard\n        Reygrobellet| url=http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/var/storage/rapports-publics/074000752.pdf}}\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|2300|hectares}} en incluant les bois{{lien web|url=http://www.parisinfo.com/decouvrir-paris/guides-thematiques/paris-plein-air/paris-au-vert/les-espaces-verts-parisiens|titre=Les\n        espaces verts parisiens|\\u00e9diteur=parisinfo.com|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}}\n        novembre 2016}}) avec une [[biodiversit\\u00e9]] assez limit\\u00e9e{{article|auteur=Ga\\u00eblle\n        Dupont|titre=Les renards sont entr\\u00e9s dans Paris|p\\u00e9riodique=[[Le\n        Monde]].fr|date=2 mai 2009|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/05/02/les-renards-sont-entres-dans-paris_1188010_3244.html}}.\n        Hormis la cr\\u00e9ation du [[parc de la Villette]] dans les [[ann\\u00e9es\n        1980]]{{lien web|url=http://www.des-gens.net/A-la-Villette-la-concertation-a-l\n        |titre=\\u00c0 La Villette : la concertation \\u00e0 l\\u2019\\u00e9preuve|\\u00e9diteur=des-gens.net|date=28\n        octobre 1983 (publi\\u00e9 en mars 201)|auteur=Collectif La Villette |consult\\u00e9\n        le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}, la reconqu\\u00eate d''espaces verts est\n        r\\u00e9cente{{lien web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/logement/article/2016/07/05/a-paris-hidalgo-veut-batir-et-verdir_4964118_1653445.html\n        |titre= A Paris, Hidalgo veut b\\u00e2tir et verdir |\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=5\n        juillet 2016|auteur=B\\u00e9atrice Jer\\u00f4me |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre\n        2016}}. \\n\\nEn cas de rupture des transports, Paris n''est que peu [[R\\u00e9silience\n        (\\u00e9cologie)|r\\u00e9siliente]] avec \\u00e0 peine quelques jours d''[[S\\u00e9curit\\u00e9\n        alimentaire|autonomie alimentaire]] depuis notamment\n        la disparition d''une ceinture maraich\\u00e8re autour de Paris au {{s-|XX}}{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/medit_0025-8296_2000_num_95_3_3175 |titre=\n        La ceinture mara\\u00eech\\u00e8re et horticole francilienne entre production\n        \\u00e9conomique et production de paysage |\\u00e9diteur=M\\u00e9diterran\\u00e9e|date=2000|auteur=Monique\n        Poulot-Moreau, Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se Rouyres |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre\n        2016}}. L\\u2019\\u00cele-de-France n\\u2019est autonome qu\\u2019\\u00e0\n        hauteur de 10 % pour les l\\u00e9gumes frais, de 1,5 % pour les fruits, de\n        12 % pour les \\u0153ufs ou encore de 1 % pour le lait, l\\u2019autonomie alimentaire\n        n\\u2019\\u00e9tant atteinte que pour le bl\\u00e9 (159 %) et le sucre (117 %).\\n\\nParis est un [[\\u00eelot de chaleur urbain]] avec un\n        exc\\u00e9dent moyen sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 {{tmp|3|\\u00b0C}} pour les valeurs\n        nocturnes{{lien web|url=https://norois.revues.org/1373|titre=L\\u2019\\u00eelot\n        de chaleur urbain parisien selon les types de temps|\\u00e9diteur=Norois|date=|auteur=Olivier\n        Cantat|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}. De ce fait, la [[Canicule\n        europ\\u00e9enne de 2003|canicule d\\u2019ao\\u00fbt 2003]] fait que la surmortalit\\u00e9\n        constat\\u00e9e en \\u00cele-de-France a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0\n        la moyenne nationale{{lien web|url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-thematiques/risques-et-societes/corpus-documentaire/une-vague-de-chaleur-meurtriere-les-enseignements-de-lete-2003-en-france\n        |titre=Une vague de chaleur meurtri\\u00e8re : les enseignements de l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        2003 en France |\\u00e9diteur=geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr|date=19 septembre\n        2004|auteur=Jean-Pierre Besancenot |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}.\n        Aussi reconnue comme un \\u00e9l\\u00e9ment de mod\\u00e9ration du climat, l''[[agriculture\n        urbaine]] a en 2016 une place tr\\u00e8s modeste compar\\u00e9e \\u00e0 d''autres\n        m\\u00e9tropoles comme [[D\\u00e9troit]], [[Montr\\u00e9al]]{{lien\n        web|url=http://territoires.blog.lemonde.fr/2016/03/15/les-chiffres-de-lagriculture-urbaine-et-periurbaine/|titre=Les\n        chiffres de l\\u2019agriculture urbaine et p\\u00e9riurbaine|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=15\n        mars 2016|auteur=Benjamin Taveau|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}},\n        [[Berlin]] ou [[Bruxelles]], avec seulement {{unit\\u00e9|44|installations}}\n        agricoles ({{unit\\u00e9|1.6|hectare}} sur les toits et ({{unit\\u00e9|1.3|hectare}}\n        au sol). La Ville se donne un objectif de {{unit\\u00e9|33|hectares}} en 2020\n        en mobilisant de l''espace sur les toits de Paris{{lien web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/JDD-Paris/Les-toits-et-parkings-de-Paris-passent-au-vert-820525|titre=Les\n        toits et parkings de Paris passent au vert|\\u00e9diteur=lejdd.fr|date=30 octobre\n        2016|auteur=Bertrand Gr\\u00e9co|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}.\\n\\n==\n        Urbanisme ==\\n=== Morphologie urbaine ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire\n        de l''urbanisme parisien|R\\u00e8glements d''urbanisme de Paris|Liste des plus\n        hauts b\\u00e2timents d''\\u00cele-de-France}}\\n\\nLa plupart des souverains\n        fran\\u00e7ais depuis le [[Moyen \\u00c2ge]] ont tenu \\u00e0 laisser leur marque\n        sur une ville qui n''a jamais \\u00e9t\\u00e9 d\\u00e9truite, contrairement \\u00e0\n        [[Londres]] ([[Grand incendie de Londres|grand incendie de 1666]]), [[Lisbonne]]\n        ([[Tremblement de terre de Lisbonne|tremblement de terre de 1755]]) ou [[Berlin]]\n        (combats de la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]]). Tout en conservant l''empreinte\n        du pass\\u00e9 le plus ancien dans le trac\\u00e9 de certaines rues, Paris a\n        \\u00e9labor\\u00e9 au cours des si\\u00e8cles un style homog\\u00e8ne et a su\n        moderniser ses infrastructures.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Paris ile Cite ile Saint Louis\n        pont Tournelle.jpg|vignette|L\\u2019\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9 et l''\\u00eele\n        Saint-Louis]]\\nJusqu''au Moyen \\u00c2ge, la ville \\u00e9tait compos\\u00e9e\n        d''une dizaine d''\\u00eeles ou bancs de sable dans la Seine ; il en subsiste\n        trois : l''[[\\u00eele Saint-Louis]], l''[[\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9]] et l''[[\\u00cele\n        aux Cygnes (Paris)|\\u00eele aux Cygnes]].\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste\n        des \\u00eeles de Paris}}\\nL''organisation actuelle de la ville doit beaucoup\n        aux [[Transformations de Paris sous le Second Empire|travaux d''Haussmann]],\n        sous le [[Second Empire]]. Il a fait percer la plupart des voies les plus\n        fr\\u00e9quent\\u00e9es aujourd''hui ([[Boulevard Saint-Germain]], [[Boulevard\n        de S\\u00e9bastopol]]\\u2026). On associe souvent Paris \\u00e0 l''[[alignement\n        (urbanisme)|alignement]] d''immeubles de hauteur \\u00e9gale le long d''avenues\n        bord\\u00e9es d''arbres, aux fa\\u00e7ades rythm\\u00e9es par les ornements du\n        deuxi\\u00e8me \\u00e9tage et le balcon filant du cinqui\\u00e8me \\u00e9tage.\n        Le centre de Paris se distingue de celui de beaucoup d''autres grandes villes\n        occidentales par la densit\\u00e9 de sa populationSeul Manhattan\n        avec {{unit\\u00e9|26000|habitants/km|2}} a une densit\\u00e9 de population\n        sup\\u00e9rieure sur une superficie relativement comparable..\\n\\nDepuis\n        l''\\u00e9dit du [[grand voyer de France]] de 1607 r\\u00e8glementant les saillies\n        sur voie, il existe des [[r\\u00e8glements d''urbanisme de Paris|r\\u00e8gles\n        strictes d''urbanisme]] \\u00e0 Paris, en particulier des limites de hauteur\n        et de densit\\u00e9 des immeubles. Aujourd''hui, les nouveaux b\\u00e2timents\n        de plus de trente-sept m\\u00e8tres, hauteur maximale admise entre 1974 et\n        2010, sont autoris\\u00e9s jusqu''\\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|50|m}} voire {{unit\\u00e9|180|m}}\n        seulement dans quelques quartiers p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9riques ; la limite de hauteur\n        est encore moins \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e dans de nombreux quartiers centraux\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping/\\n\n        |titre= Plan Local d''Urbanisme - R\\u00e8glement \\u00e0 la parcelle\\n |site=\n        site de la mairie de Paris\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 3 ao\\u00fbt 2010\\n}}..\n        La [[tour Montparnasse]] ({{unit\\u00e9|210|m}}) \\u00e9tait depuis 1973 le\n        plus haut immeuble de Paris et de [[France]], jusqu''\\u00e0 l''exhaussement\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|231|m}} de la [[tour First]] en 2011, dans le quartier\n        de [[la D\\u00e9fense]], \\u00e0 [[Courbevoie]]. Les [[gratte-ciel]]s se multiplient\n        en proche banlieue, en particulier dans le quartier de La D\\u00e9fense et\n        d''autres tours, d''une hauteur comprise entre {{unit\\u00e9|265|m}} et {{unit\\u00e9|323|m}},\n        y sont en projet{{quand}}.\\n\\n=== Voirie parisienne ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|R\\u00e9seau\n        viaire de Paris|Liste des places de Paris|Liste des ponts de Paris|Portes\n        de Paris|Liste des boulevards des Mar\\u00e9chaux et des portes de Paris|\\u00c9clairage\n        des rues \\u00e0 Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Colonnes Morris in Paris.jpg|vignette|upright|Colonne\n        Morris devant l''entr\\u00e9e de la station de m\\u00e9tro ''''[[Saint-Jacques\n        (m\\u00e9tro de Paris)|Saint-Jacques]]''''.]]\\nLa voirie parisienne consacre\n        60 % de son espace aux chauss\\u00e9es et 40 % aux trottoirs{{ouvrage\n        |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou\n        l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan\n        |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015\n        |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=151 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire\n        en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9\n        le=29/08/2017 }}..\\n\\nParis comptait {{Unit\\u00e9|6088|voies}} publiques\n        ou priv\\u00e9es en 1997. La plus large ({{unit\\u00e9|120|m\\u00e8tres}}) est\n        l''[[Avenue Foch (Paris)|avenue Foch]] ([[16e arrondissement de Paris|16{{e}}]]),\n        la plus \\u00e9troite (largeur minimale {{unit\\u00e9|1.80|m}}) la [[rue du\n        Chat-qui-P\\u00eache]] ([[5e arrondissement de Paris|5{{e}}]])Certaines\n        sources mentionnent le [[sentier des Merisiers]], dans le [[12e arrondissement\n        de Paris|12{{e}}]], qui mesure moins d''un m\\u00e8tre.. La plus longue\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|4360|m}}) de [[Paris intra-muros]] est la [[rue de Vaugirard]]\n        ([[6e arrondissement de Paris|6{{e}}]] et [[15e arrondissement de Paris|15{{e}}]])L''[[Avenue Daumesnil (Paris)|avenue Daumesnil]] fait {{Unit\\u00e9|6270|m}}\n        au total mais seulement {{Unit\\u00e9|3400|m}} dans Paris intra-muros, son\n        extension \\u00e9tant dans le [[bois de Vincennes]], rattach\\u00e9 administrativement\n        au [[12e arrondissement de Paris|{{12e|arrondissement}} de Paris]], mais au-del\\u00e0\n        des limites historiques de la ville., la plus courte ({{unit\\u00e9|5.75|m}})\n        la [[rue des Degr\\u00e9s]] ([[2e arrondissement de Paris|2{{e}}]]). L''avenue\n        la plus courte ({{unit\\u00e9|14|m}}) est l''[[avenue Georges-Risler]] ([[16e\n        arrondissement de Paris|16{{e}}]]). La voie la plus pentue (17 %) est la [[rue\n        Gasnier-Guy]] ([[20e arrondissement de Paris|20{{e}}]])\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |url=http://www.v2asp.paris.fr/commun/v2asp/v2/nomenclature_voies/\\n\n        |titre= Recherche des rues de Paris\\n |site= site de la mairie de Paris\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 3 ao\\u00fbt 2010\\n}}..\\n\\n=== Mobilier urbain ===\\nIl\n        existe un mobilier urbain typiquement parisien, imm\\u00e9diatement associ\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 la ville, g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement de couleur vert bouteille, et qui\n        participe \\u00e0 l''image et \\u00e0 l''\\u00e2me de Paris : \\n* les [[Fontaine\n        Wallace|fontaines Wallace]] ;\\n* les entr\\u00e9es de certaines stations de\n        m\\u00e9tro dot\\u00e9es d''[[\\u00c9dicule Guimard|\\u00e9dicules Guimard]] ;\\n*\n        les [[Colonne Morris|colonnes Morris]] ;\\n* les kiosques \\u00e0 journaux Davioud\n        (1857), avec leur petit d\\u00f4me et leur frise caract\\u00e9ristique ;\\n*\n        les \\u00e9choppes des [[Bouquinistes de Paris|bouquinistes]] ;\\n* mais aussi\n        certains mod\\u00e8les de kiosques \\u00e0 musique, bancs publics{{etc}}\\n{{clr}}\\n\\nFontaine\n        Wallace Place Toudouze 9\\u00b0.jpg|Une fontaine Wallace.\\nMetro station entrance\n        (\\u00e9dicule Guimard) Porte Dauphine Paris 16e 002.jpg|Entr\\u00e9e ''''Guimard''''\n        de la station de m\\u00e9tro ''''Porte Dauphine''''.\\nBouquiniste, Quai Voltaire,\n        Paris 17 October 2015.jpg|\\u00c9choppes de bouquinistes.\\nParis 75009 Boulevard\n        des Capucines no 08 - sidewalk and newspaper stand.jpg|Kiosque \\u00e0 journaux\n        mod\\u00e8le ''''Davioud''''.\\nKiosque a musique aux Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es.jpg|Kiosque\n        \\u00e0 musique.\\n\\n\\n=== Paris et ses alentours ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Unit\\u00e9\n        urbaine de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Paris and vicinities, LandSat-5 false color\n        satellite image, 2006-07-16.jpg|vignette|upright|L''[[unit\\u00e9 urbaine de\n        Paris]] vue par satellite, en fausses couleurs (bleu en rouge, marron en vert).\n        On distingue nettement l''expansion de l''urbanisation le long des vall\\u00e9es\n        et grandes voies de communications.]]\\n[[Fichier:Neuilly 3.JPG|vignette|upright|Immeubles\n        r\\u00e9sidentiels de [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]].]]\\n\\nEntre 1870 et 1940, la capitale\n        de la France prend peu \\u00e0 peu un nouveau visage : Paris laisse place au\n        \\u00ab [[Grand Paris]] \\u00bb. L''organisation administrative de Paris avait\n        connu sous [[Napol\\u00e9on III|Napol\\u00e9on {{III}}]] une adaptation \\u00e0\n        l''\\u00e9volution d\\u00e9mographique. Mais la ville est rest\\u00e9e ensuite\n        enferm\\u00e9e dans l\\u2019[[enceinte de Thiers]] (sa limite en 1860), sans\n        conna\\u00eetre de nouvelle \\u00e9volution administrative. {{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        souhait\\u00e9e|Paris, surpeupl\\u00e9e, ne pouvant loger l''importante immigration\n        provinciale, les communes p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9riques absorbent le trop-plein\n        de l''expansion d\\u00e9mographique li\\u00e9e \\u00e0 l''[[exode rural]] et\n        \\u00e0 la croissance \\u00e9conomique de la ville : la notion contemporaine\n        de \\u00ab [[banlieue]] \\u00bb fait son apparition}}. D\\u00e9sormais, on parle\n        moins de Paris que de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne. Jusqu\\u2019alors largement\n        n\\u00e9glig\\u00e9s, de nouveaux probl\\u00e8mes, comme celui des transports,\n        apparaissent. En 1961, \\u00e0 la demande du [[Charles de Gaulle|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        de Gaulle]], [[Paul Delouvrier]] planifie enfin l''\\u00e9volution urbaine\n        et \\u00e9labore la construction de cinq [[Politique des villes nouvelles fran\\u00e7aises|villes\n        nouvelles]] et du r\\u00e9seau de [[R\\u00e9seau express r\\u00e9gional d''\\u00cele-de-France|RER]].\n        Mais cette mutation majeure ne s''accompagne pas de la cr\\u00e9ation d''une\n        autorit\\u00e9 unique, voyant au contraire deux des trois [[D\\u00e9partement\n        fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partements]] de la [[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris|r\\u00e9gion\n        parisienne]] (la [[Seine (d\\u00e9partement)|Seine]] et la [[Seine-et-Oise]])\n        en constituer sept qui, s''ils sont plus proches des habitants, dispersent\n        \\u00e9galement les ressources fiscales et les comp\\u00e9tences politiques.\n        Tandis que la population de la ville de Paris diminue sensiblement de 1954\n        \\u00e0 1982 (- 23,6 %), puis plus lentement \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XX}} avant\n        d''augmenter l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement ces derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es, celle de\n        la banlieue s''accro\\u00eet sans discontinuer depuis la fin du {{S-|XIX}},\n        jusqu''\\u00e0 totaliser au {{S-|XXI}} pr\\u00e8s de 80 % de la population du\n        grand Paris.\\n\\nLa g\\u00e9ographie sociale de l\\u2019[[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine\n        de Paris|agglom\\u00e9ration]] s''est calqu\\u00e9e sur les grandes tendances\n        de la ville durant le {{S-|XIX}} : les classes ais\\u00e9es se retrouvent dans\n        l''Ouest et dans le Sud-Ouest et les plus populaires dans le Nord et dans\n        l''Est. Les autres secteurs sont peupl\\u00e9s de classes moyennes, avec cependant\n        des exceptions li\\u00e9es au site et \\u00e0 l''histoire des communes, comme\n        [[Saint-Maur-des-Foss\\u00e9s]] \\u00e0 l''est et [[Enghien-les-Bains]] au nord,\n        qui accueillent une population fortun\\u00e9e.\\n\\nLes [[Grand ensemble|grands\n        ensembles]] ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9difi\\u00e9s durant les [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]]\n        et [[Ann\\u00e9es 1970|1970]] afin de loger rapidement et \\u00e0 bas co\\u00fbt\n        une population en rapide expansion. Une certaine mixit\\u00e9 sociale y existait\n        \\u00e0 l''origine, mais l''accession \\u00e0 la propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9 (ouverte\n        aux classes moyennes \\u00e0 partir des [[ann\\u00e9es 1970]]), leur pi\\u00e8tre\n        qualit\\u00e9 de construction et leur mauvaise insertion dans le tissu urbain\n        ont contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 les faire d\\u00e9serter par ceux qui le pouvaient\n        et \\u00e0 n''y attirer qu''une population sans grandes possibilit\\u00e9s de\n        choisir : la proportion d\\u2019immigr\\u00e9s pauvres y est tr\\u00e8s forte.\\n\\nOn\n        trouve des \\u00ab quartiers sensibles \\u00bb dans les arrondissements du Nord\n        et de l''Est parisienLa [[politique de la ville]] est cibl\\u00e9e\n        vers certaines \\u00ab [[zone urbaine sensible|zones urbaines sensibles]] \\u00bb\n        (ZUS) d\\u00e9limit\\u00e9es dans ces arrondissements (voir [http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/\n        la liste et les plans des ZUS] sur le site du minist\\u00e8re de la Ville).,\n        autour de la [[Quartier de la Goutte-d''Or|Goutte-d''Or]] et de [[Quartier\n        de Belleville|Belleville]] notamment. En banlieue nord de Paris, ces quartiers\n        sont essentiellement concentr\\u00e9s dans une grande partie du d\\u00e9partement\n        de la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] et dans une moindre mesure \\u00e0 l''est du [[Val-d''Oise]].\n        D''autres, plus \\u00e9pars, se trouvent par exemple dans la vall\\u00e9e de\n        la [[Seine]], en amont \\u00e0 [[\\u00c9vry]] et [[Corbeil-Essonnes]] ([[Essonne\n        (d\\u00e9partement)|Essonne]]), en aval aux [[Les Mureaux|Mureaux]] et \\u00e0\n        [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] ([[Yvelines]]) ou dans certains ensembles sociaux des\n        [[Politique des villes nouvelles fran\\u00e7aises|villes nouvelles]].\\n\\n===\n        Logement ===\\nEn 2009, le nombre total de logements dans la commune \\u00e9tait\n        de {{formatnum:1353036}}, alors qu''il \\u00e9tait de {{formatnum:1322540}}\n        en 1999''''LOG T1M - \\u00c9volution du nombre de logements\n        par cat\\u00e9gorie''''..\\n\\nParmi ces logements, 85,7 % \\u00e9taient\n        des r\\u00e9sidences principales, 6,5 % des r\\u00e9sidences secondaires et\n        7,8 % des logements vacants (en nette diminution par rapport \\u00e0 1999 :\n        10,3 %)''''LOG T2 - Cat\\u00e9gories et types\n        de logements''''..\\n\\nLa proportion des r\\u00e9sidences principales,\n        propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s de leurs occupants \\u00e9tait de 33,1 %, l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement\n        en hausse par rapport \\u00e0 1999 (29,6 %)''''LOG T7 - R\\u00e9sidences\n        selon le statut d''occupation''''..\\n\\nEn 2009, 55,0 % des appartements\n        de Paris ne poss\\u00e9daient qu''une ou deux pi\\u00e8ces''''LOG T3 - R\\u00e9sidences principales selon le nombre de pi\\u00e8ces''''..\\n\\n[[Fichier:Vista\n        Paris 15.JPG|thumb|[[Front-de-Seine]] vu du [[pont Mirabeau]].]]\\n\\nLe logement\n        social repr\\u00e9sente un peu plus de 17 % du parc immobilier urbain, mais\n        ce taux moyen cache de fortes disparit\\u00e9s dans sa r\\u00e9partition spatiale\n        : les dix premiers arrondissements du centre historique ne totalisent que\n        6 % des logements sociaux de la ville, pour 23 % du parc total. Les {{13e}},\n        {{19e}} et {{20e}} en comptaient {{formatnum:96000}} en [[1999]], soit 47\n        % du parc social parisien concentr\\u00e9 dans seulement trois arrondissements.\n        Si on ajoute les {{12e}}, {{14e}}, {{15e}} et {{18e|arrondissements}}, on\n        atteint un taux de 81 % concentr\\u00e9s dans un croissant p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        du sud au nord-est de la ville[http://www.paris.pref.gouv.fr/SDC/Sommaire/1ere%20partie/5.htm\n        Pr\\u00e9fecture de Paris - Les logements].. La proportion de logements\n        sociaux comptabilis\\u00e9s selon la [[Loi relative \\u00e0 la solidarit\\u00e9\n        et au renouvellement urbains|loi SRU]] en 2006 varie de 1,2 % dans le {{nobr|{{7e}}\n        arrondissement}} (357) \\u00e0 34,1 % dans le {{nobr|{{19e}} arrondissement}}\n        ({{formatnum:28147}}). Entre 2001 et 2006, {{Unit\\u00e9|23851|logements}}\n        ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 agr\\u00e9\\u00e9s dans la ville mais {{Unit\\u00e9|88131|Parisiens}}\n        et {{Unit\\u00e9|21266|non-Parisiens}} \\u00e9taient demandeurs d''un logement\n        social en 2006. La rotation des locataires est faible en raison du niveau\n        \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 des prix de l''immobilier. Ce taux est de 10 % par an en France,\n        7,5 % en \\u00cele-de-France mais de seulement 5 % \\u00e0 Paris intra-muros[http://www.apur.org/images/notes4pages/4P26.pdf\n        Les chiffres du logement social \\u00e0 Paris en 2006.] - [[Atelier parisien\n        d''urbanisme]] - {{pdf}}.. De nombreuses associations \\u0153uvrent pour\n        trouver des solutions au [[mal-logement]] et \\u00e0 la pr\\u00e9carit\\u00e9\n        de personnes sans logement ([[Emma\\u00fcs France|Emma\\u00fcs]], [[Association\n        des cit\\u00e9s du secours catholique|Secours catholique]], [[Croix-Rouge fran\\u00e7aise]]\\u2026).\\n\\nParis\n        est la neuvi\\u00e8me ville la plus ch\\u00e8re du mondeClassement du groupe\n        immobilier \\u00ab ''''Knight Frank'''' \\u00bb et de la \\u00ab ''''Citi Private\n        Bank'''' \\u00bb. en ce qui concerne les prix de l''immobilier de luxe\n        : {{unit\\u00e9|12600|euros/m|2}} en 2007 (contre {{formatnum:36800}} pour\n        Londres, la plus ch\\u00e8re){{en}} Citi, Knight Frank [http://www.knightfrank.es/es/prensa/20070523/Wealth_Report_2007_en.pdf\n        ''07 Annual Wealth Report. Prime Resdential Property.].{{,}}{{article|titre=A\n        Londres, le m\\u00e8tre carr\\u00e9 atteint des sommets|p\\u00e9riodique=[[Le\n        Figaro]].fr|date=08/05/2007|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/economie/2007/05/08/04001-20070508ARTWWW90382-a_londres_le_metre_carre_atteint_des_sommets.php}}.\n        Selon une enqu\\u00eate du site ''''MeilleursAgents.com'''' r\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e\n        pour le compte du journal ''''La Tribune'''', au {{date-|1|septembre|2012}},\n        la rue la plus ch\\u00e8re est le [[quai des Orf\\u00e8vres]] ({{nobr|{{1er}}\n        arr.}}), avec un prix m\\u00e9dian de {{unit\\u00e9|20665|euros/m|2}}, contre\n        {{unit\\u00e9|3900|euros/m|2}} [[rue Pajol]] ({{18e}}){{article|auteur=Pascale\n        Besses-Boumard|titre=Palmar\\u00e8s des prix des rues \\u00e0 Paris : le quai\n        des Orf\\u00e8vres grand gagnant !|p\\u00e9riodique=[[La Tribune (France)|La\n        Tribune]].fr|date= 20/10/2012|url=http://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/banques-finance/industrie-financiere/20121019trib000725978/palmares-des-prix-des-rues-a-paris-le-quai-des-orfevres-grand-gagnant.html}}.\\n\\n===\n        Sociologie urbaine ===\\n[[Fichier:Revenus \\u00e0 Paris et Petite Couronne.JPG|thumb|Les\n        m\\u00e9nages ais\\u00e9s vivent essentiellement dans l''Ouest et au Sud de\n        la ville tandis que le Nord-Est concentre les populations les plus pauvres\n        et d''origine immigr\\u00e9e.]]\\n\\nLa hausse continue des prix de l''immobilier\n        explique le remplacement progressif des populations modestes ou interm\\u00e9diaires\n        par une nouvelle classe plus ais\\u00e9e. On constate ce processus de [[gentrification]]\n        dans de nombreuses autres [[m\\u00e9gapole]]s comme [[Londres]] ou [[New York]].\n        \\u00c0 Paris, cette \\u00e9volution a vulgaris\\u00e9 le terme de ''''bobos''''\n        (pour [[bourgeois-boh\\u00e8me]], terme flou mais tr\\u00e8s usit\\u00e9, sauf\n        par les sociologues qui y font rarement r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence) avant de provoquer\n        une mutation sociale de quartiers encore r\\u00e9cemment consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9s\n        comme populaires, tels le {{nobr|{{10e}} arrondissement}} ou certaines communes\n        de proche banlieue comme [[Montreuil (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Montreuil]] en [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].\n        Paris est la {{nobr|{{12e}} ville}} de France de plus de {{Unit\\u00e9|20000|habitants}}\n        pour la proportion d''assujettis \\u00e0 l''[[imp\\u00f4t de solidarit\\u00e9\n        sur la fortune]] (ISF), soit {{nobr|34,5 foyers}} fiscaux pour {{Unit\\u00e9|1000|habitants}}.\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|73362|foyers}} fiscaux d\\u00e9claraient un patrimoine moyen de\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|1961667|euros}} en 2006. Le [[16e arrondissement de Paris|{{16e|arrondissement}}]]\n        arrive en t\\u00eate pour le nombre de redevables avec {{Unit\\u00e9|17356|contribuables}}[http://www.impots.gouv.fr/portal/dgi/public/documentation.impot?pageId=doc_stat_donnees_detaillees&espId=-1&sfid=4503\n        Site officiel de la direction g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale des Imp\\u00f4ts].{{,}}[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/economie/le-classement-des-villes-par-l-isf_476345.html  Le\n        classement des villes par l''ISF], [[L''Express]] du 25/06/2007.. Avec\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|27400|euros}} de revenu moyen par unit\\u00e9 de consommation\n        en 2001, les m\\u00e9nages parisiens sont les plus ais\\u00e9s de France. Les\n        quatre autres d\\u00e9partements en t\\u00eate du palmar\\u00e8s sont tous franciliens\n        : [[Hauts-de-Seine]], [[Yvelines]], [[Essonne (d\\u00e9partement)|Essonne]]\n        et [[Val-de-Marne]], ce qui refl\\u00e8te la concentration de professions tr\\u00e8s\n        qualifi\\u00e9es \\u00e0 haut revenu dans la r\\u00e9gion \\u00cele-de-France.\\n\\nMais\n        si Paris a une image d''une \\u00ab ville de riches \\u00bb avec une proportion\n        de classes sociales \\u00e9lev\\u00e9es plus importante qu''ailleurs, sa sociologie\n        intra-muros reste en r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 tr\\u00e8s contrast\\u00e9e. Selon l''indice\n        de parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat ([[Parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat|PPA]]),\n        les revenus r\\u00e9els des Parisiens sont tr\\u00e8s inf\\u00e9rieurs \\u00e0\n        leurs revenus nominaux : le co\\u00fbt de la vie intra-muros (\\u00e0 commencer\n        par celui du logement) est particuli\\u00e8rement \\u00e9lev\\u00e9, et certains\n        types de denr\\u00e9es co\\u00fbtent plus cher \\u00e0 Paris que dans le reste\n        de la France. De plus, au contraire du [[revenu m\\u00e9dian]], le revenu moyen\n        cache les disparit\\u00e9s, quelques tr\\u00e8s hauts revenus pouvant \\u00e9clipser\n        de tr\\u00e8s bas revenus beaucoup plus nombreux. Dans le cas de Paris, le\n        seuil des 10 % de revenus les plus hauts ({{nobr|{{9e}} [[d\\u00e9cile]]}})\n        s''\\u00e9l\\u00e8ve \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|50961|euros}} annuels[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=8229\n        INSEE - A Paris, les m\\u00e9nages les plus ais\\u00e9s voisins des plus modestes].,\n        ce qui explique en partie le haut revenu moyen de la capitale et l''\\u00e9cart\n        important entre le revenu moyen et le revenu m\\u00e9dian.\\n\\nLes diff\\u00e9rences sociales sont traditionnellement\n        marqu\\u00e9es entre les habitants de l''Ouest de Paris (essentiellement ais\\u00e9s)\n        et ceux de l''Est. Ainsi, le revenu moyen d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9 dans le {{nobr|{{7e}}\n        arrondissement}}, le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9, \\u00e9tait {{Unit\\u00e9|31521|euros}}\n        par unit\\u00e9 de consommation en 2001, soit plus du double de celui du {{19e|arrondissement}}\n        qui n''\\u00e9tait {{Unit\\u00e9|13759|euros}}, valeur proche de la m\\u00e9diane\n        des revenus de la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] de {{Unit\\u00e9|13155|euros}}. Les\n        {{6e}}, {{7e}}, {{8e}} et {{16e|arrondissements}} sont class\\u00e9s au niveau\n        des dix communes franciliennes au revenu moyen le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 alors\n        que les {{10e}}, {{18e}}, {{19e}} et {{20e|arrondissements}} sont au niveau\n        des communes les plus pauvres d''[[\\u00cele-de-France]][http://www.insee.fr/fr/region/rfc/ficdoc_frame.asp?ref_id=8229&doc_id=8042\n        INSEE - \\u00c0 Paris, les m\\u00e9nages les plus ais\\u00e9s voisins des plus\n        modestes]..\\n\\nOn note enfin de tr\\u00e8s fortes disparit\\u00e9s de\n        revenus au sein m\\u00eame de tous les arrondissements : le [[rapport interd\\u00e9cile]]\n        (le seuil des 10 % des revenus les plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s divis\\u00e9 par le\n        seuil des 10 % des revenus les plus bas) le plus faible est 6,7 dans le {{nobr|{{12e}}\n        arrondissement}}, contre 13,0 pour le {{nobr|{{2e}} arrondissement}} (qui\n        pr\\u00e9sente la plus forte dispersion de revenus). Plus globalement, Paris se classe parmi les d\\u00e9partements\n        m\\u00e9tropolitains aux seuils de bas revenus les plus faibles ({{nobr|{{81e}}\n        rang}}), et pr\\u00e9sente\n        un rapport interd\\u00e9cile de 10,5\n        qui en fait le d\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais o\\u00f9 se concentrent les plus\n        fortes disparit\\u00e9s sociales.\\n\\nOn y constate \\u00e9galement la [[Ghetto#Acception\n        r\\u00e9cente|ghetto\\u00efsation]] ethnique et sociale de certains quartiers,\n        comme celui de [[Quartier de Rochechouart|Barb\\u00e8s - Rochechouart]]. En\n        effet, la sociologie de certains arrondissements de l''Est de Paris (comme\n        le {{19e}}) ressemble \\u00e0 celle de quelques quartiers sensibles de banlieue\n        ne constituant que l''extension extra-muros de la cartographie sociale de\n        la ville : le {{nobr|{{16e}} arrondissement}} se prolonge par des communes\n        de banlieue ais\\u00e9es, alors que le Nord-Est de la ville a pour appendice\n        les communes de la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], r\\u00e9put\\u00e9es pauvres. Au d\\u00e9but\n        des [[ann\\u00e9es 2000]], la population la plus d\\u00e9munie est concentr\\u00e9e\n        dans les arrondissements du nord-est : 40 % des foyers concern\\u00e9s r\\u00e9sident\n        dans les {{18e}}, {{19e}} et {{20e|arrondissements}}, contre 2 % dans les\n        {{4e}} et {{6e|arrondissements}}. 32,6 % des familles parisiennes d''origine\n        \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re hors [[Union europ\\u00e9enne]] vivent sous le seuil de\n        pauvret\\u00e9 ; ce n''est le cas que pour 9,7 % des Fran\\u00e7ais dont la\n        personne de r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence est fran\\u00e7aise{{PDF}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.apur.org/sites/default/files/documents/4P11.pdf|titre=La\n        pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e0 Paris \\u2013 Note de 4 pages \\u2013 N\\u00b0 11|date=janvier\n        2004|site=[http://www.apur.org apur.org]|page=1|consult\\u00e9 le=15 juin 2014}}..\n        Certains quartiers, comme celui de la [[Goutte d''Or]], cumulent toutes les\n        difficult\\u00e9s sociales : \\u00e9chec scolaire, ch\\u00f4mage \\u00e9lev\\u00e9\n        ou encore sant\\u00e9 scolaire d\\u00e9ficiente{{PDF}} [http://www.apur.org/sites/default/files/documents/4P24.pdf\n        Politique de la ville, les quartiers parisiens : 17 % de la population parisienne\n        sur 17 % du territoire] - [[Atelier parisien d''urbanisme]] - Note {{n\\u00b0|24}}\n        de f\\u00e9vrier 2006, consult\\u00e9e le 15 juin 2014..\\n\\nCertains quartiers\n        se caract\\u00e9risent par des regroupements communautaires : le [[Le Marais\n        (quartier parisien)|quartier du Marais]] a la particularit\\u00e9 d''attirer\n        une importante communaut\\u00e9 [[Homosexualit\\u00e9|homosexuelle]] \\u00e0\n        proximit\\u00e9 de la communaut\\u00e9 [[juifs|juive]] [[ashk\\u00e9naze]] dont\n        l''implantation autour de la [[rue des Rosiers]] remonte au {{S-|XIII}}. Le\n        {{nobr|{{13e}} arrondissement}} regroupe quant \\u00e0 lui une importante communaut\\u00e9\n        asiatique dans le quartier des Olympiades.\\n\\nIl faut par ailleurs noter que\n        la sociologie d''un quartier peut varier selon les heures. Celui de la place\n        de la Bastille, par exemple, avec ses nombreux bars et lieux de vie nocturne,\n        est anim\\u00e9 le soir par beaucoup de jeunes tandis que, dans la journ\\u00e9e,\n        il jouit d''une relative tranquillit\\u00e9.\\n\\n== Toponymie ==\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Noms, abr\\u00e9viations des noms et surnoms de la ville\n        de Paris}}\\n\\nLe nom de la cit\\u00e9 est attest\\u00e9 pour la premi\\u00e8re\n        fois par [[Jules C\\u00e9sar]], au milieu du {{-s|I|er}}, dans la ''''[[Guerre\n        des Gaules]]'''', sous la forme ''''Lutecia'''' ou ''''Lutetia'''' (selon\n        les manuscrits){{Ouvrage\\n|pr\\u00e9nom1=Pierre-Henri\\n|nom1=Billy\\n|titre=Dictionnaire\n        des noms de lieux de la France\\n|\\u00e9diteur=\\u00e9ditions Errance\\n|ann\\u00e9e=2011\\n|pages\n        totales=639\\n|passage=420\\n|isbn=978-2-87772-449-4\\n}}.. On trouve ensuite\n        ''''Lutetia apud Parisios'''' au {{s|IV|e}}{{Ouvrage |titre=Dictionnaire\n        \\u00e9tymologique des noms de lieu en France |\\u00e9diteur= Librairie Gu\\u00e9n\\u00e9gaud\n        | nom1=[[Albert Dauzat]] |nom2=[[Charles Rostaing]] |langue=fran\\u00e7ais\n        | ann\\u00e9e=1979 | lieu=Paris |isbn=2-85023-076-6 |passage=519}}. (''''Parisios''''\n        \\u00e9tant \\u00e0 l''accusatif pluriel) ; puis ''''Parisios [usque]'''' en\n        [[400]] - [[410]]''''ibidem'''', et enfin ''''Paris'''', attest\\u00e9e\n        d\\u00e8s [[887]].\\n\\nLe mot ''''Paris'''' est issu du nom\n        du [[Gaulois (peuples)|peuple gaulois]] des [[Parisii]] (au datif locatif\n        pluriel : ''''Parisiis''''), dont Paris \\u00e9tait la capitale \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque\n        gallo-romaine. La premi\\u00e8re d\\u00e9signation ''''Lutetia'''' ([[Lut\\u00e8ce]])\n        a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 remplac\\u00e9e au {{s-|IV|e}}, suivant un processus g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        observ\\u00e9 dans la Gaule du [[Bas Empire]] pour les capitales de [[civitas]]\n        (cit\\u00e9s gallo-romaines) : celles-ci furent d''abord appel\\u00e9es de leur\n        nom originel compl\\u00e9t\\u00e9 du nom du peuple dont elles \\u00e9taient la\n        capitale, comme ''''Lutecia des Parisii'''' en l''occurrence. Puis le nom\n        du peuple au datif locatif est seul rest\\u00e9, le nom signifiant alors ''''chez\n        les Parisii'''' (voir entre autres [[Angers]] capitale des [[And\\u00e9caves]],\n        [[Tours]] des [[Turones]], [[\\u00c9vreux]] des [[Aulerques Eburovices|Eburovices]],\n        [[Saintes]] des [[Santons]], [[Poitiers]] des [[Pictons]], [[Amiens]] des\n        [[Ambiens]], etc., qui sont toutes dans le m\\u00eame cas).\\n\\nSelon Pierre-Henry\n        Billy, ''''Lutetia'''' pourrait \\u00eatre issu du gaulois ''''*luta'''', boue,\n        avec le suffixe ''''-etia'''', ce qui correspond tr\\u00e8s\n        bien \\u00e0 la nature du terrain d\\u00e9crit par [[Jules C\\u00e9sar|C\\u00e9sar]]\n        dans la ''''[[Guerre des Gaules]]'''' (existence d''un marais permanent qui\n        d\\u00e9versait ses eaux dans la [[Seine]]). Quant \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9tymologie\n        de l''ethnonyme ''''[[Parisii]]'''', elle n''est pas connue avec certitude.\n        Il pourrait provenir du gaulois ''''*pario'''', chaudron (''''{{cf.}}''''\n        le provencal ''''pairol'''' de m\\u00eame sens), signifiant alors \\u00ab Ceux\n        du chaudron \\u00bb\\n{{ouvrage\\n|auteur1=Xavier Delamarre\\n|titre= Dictionnaire\n        de la langue gauloise\\n|\\u00e9diteur= \\u00e9ditions Errance\\n|ann\\u00e9e=2003\\n|pages\n        totales=440\\n|passage= 246\\n|isbn= 978-2-87772-237-7\\n}}., avec une\n        r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence mythique et sacr\\u00e9e (th\\u00e8me celtique du chaudron\n        d''abondance repr\\u00e9sentant la survie dans l''Au-del\\u00e0 et les richesses\n        de l''[[Autre Monde]])\\n{{Ouvrage\\n|pr\\u00e9nom1=Jacques\\n|nom1=Lacroix\\n|titre=Les\n        noms d''origine gauloise: La Gaule des activit\\u00e9s \\u00e9conomiques\\n|\\u00e9diteur=\\u00e9ditions\n        Errance\\n|ann\\u00e9e=2005\\n|pages totales=288\\n|passage=100\\n|isbn=2-87772-287-2\\n}}..\\n\\nLes\n        Parisii ont donn\\u00e9 leur nom \\u00e0 Paris, ainsi qu''au pays du [[Pays\n        de France|Parisis]] (maintenant \\u00ab pays de France \\u00bb), qui subsiste\n        dans [[Villeparisis]], [[Cormeilles-en-Parisis]], [[Fontenay-en-Parisis]].\n        On trouvait \\u00e9galement des gaulois de la m\\u00eame tribu des Parisii en\n        [[Angleterre]], dans l''actuel [[Yorkshire de l''Est]].\\n\\n== Histoire ==\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire de Paris|Chronologie de l''histoire de Paris}}\\n\\n===\n        Pr\\u00e9histoire et Antiquit\\u00e9 ===\\n[[Fichier:Thermes-de-Cluny-caldarium.jpg|thumb|[[Caldarium]]\n        des [[Mus\\u00e9e national du Moyen \\u00c2ge|thermes de Cluny]].]]\\n\\nUn habitat\n        permanent est attest\\u00e9 dans les limites du Paris actuel \\u00e0 partir\n        de la p\\u00e9riode [[chass\\u00e9en]]ne (entre {{formatnum:4000}} et {{formatnum:3800}}\n        avant notre \\u00e8re) au ''''village de Bercy'''' ; les restes de trois pirogues\n        [[n\\u00e9olithique]]s aujourd''hui visibles au [[mus\\u00e9e Carnavalet]] ont\n        ainsi \\u00e9t\\u00e9 retrouv\\u00e9s[http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=themes&code=C0632055582&num_notice=3&total_notices=4\n        INA - Vid\\u00e9o en ligne du journal de FR3 du 8.10.1991 : halles aux vins\n        Bercy, d\\u00e9couverte de 3 pirogues].{{,}}[http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&num_notice=8&total_notices=9&mc=pirogue\n        INA - Vid\\u00e9o en ligne du journal de FR3 du 27.02.1992 : pirogues de Bercy].\n        sur la rive gauche d''un ancien bras de la Seine dans le [[12e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{12e|arrondissement}}]], o\\u00f9 la pr\\u00e9sence humaine semble\n        avoir \\u00e9t\\u00e9 continue durant le [[N\\u00e9olithique]]{{p.|8-9}}..\\n\\nDe\n        fa\\u00e7on g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale, l''histoire du site parisien est toutefois\n        mal connue jusqu''\\u00e0 la p\\u00e9riode [[Gaule romaine|gallo-romaine]].\n        Seule certitude, les [[Parisii]], l''un des [[Gaulois (peuples)|98 peuples\n        gaulois]], vivent sur cette r\\u00e9gion en [[-52|52 avant notre \\u00e8re]],\n        au moment d''\\u00eatre soumis \\u00e0 [[Empire romain|Rome]]. Ainsi, on ne\n        conna\\u00eet pas pr\\u00e9cis\\u00e9ment l''emplacement de la cit\\u00e9 gauloise\n        mentionn\\u00e9e dans les sources latines : il pourrait s''agir de l''[[\\u00eele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9]] (aucun vestige arch\\u00e9ologique ant\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0\n        [[Auguste]] n''y a toutefois \\u00e9t\\u00e9 retrouv\\u00e9), de l''[[\\u00eele\n        Saint-Louis]], d''une autre \\u00eele aujourd''hui rattach\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la\n        [[Rive gauche (Paris)|rive gauche]], voire du site de [[Nanterre]], o\\u00f9\n        a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 d\\u00e9couvert en 2003 une importante agglom\\u00e9ration ordonn\\u00e9eOn y trouve notamment un atelier mon\\u00e9taire. Cette zone clairement\n        inondable n''entre pas en contradiction avec le texte de C\\u00e9sar qui situe\n        l''[[oppidum]] des Parisii sur une \\u00ab \\u00eele de la Seine \\u00bb. La\n        cit\\u00e9, apr\\u00e8s sa destruction, aurait pu \\u00eatre \\u00ab d\\u00e9plac\\u00e9e\n        \\u00bb de quelques kilom\\u00e8tres vers l''est par les Romains et reconstruite\n        ''''ex nihilo'''' sur le versant nord de la [[montagne Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve]].{{,}}Le\n        Monde du 24/02/2004.{{,}}[http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2009/07/25/lutece-ville-fantome_1222749_3214_1.html\n        Le Monde, 24/7/2008, Lut\\u00e8ce, ville fant\\u00f4me].. Dans tous les\n        cas, la cit\\u00e9 romaine s''\\u00e9tend sur la rive gauche et sur l\\u2019\\u00eele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9 ; elle prend le nom de ''''Lutetia'''' (''''[[Lut\\u00e8ce]]'''').\\n\\n\\u00c0\n        l''\\u00e9poque gallo-romaine, Lut\\u00e8ce n''est qu''une cit\\u00e9 relativement\n        modeste du monde romain, n''ayant probablement que cinq \\u00e0 six mille habitants\n        \\u00e0 son apog\\u00e9e{{p.|40}}. ; en comparaison,\n        [[Lugdunum]] ([[Lyon]]), capitale des trois Gaules (dont la [[Gaule lyonnaise|lyonnaise]]\n        qui englobe la r\\u00e9gion de Lut\\u00e8ce), aurait compt\\u00e9 au {{S-|II}}\n        de {{formatnum:50000}} \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|80000|habitants}}[[Amable\n        Audin]], ''''Lyon, miroir de Rome dans les Gaules'''', R\\u00e9surrection du\n        pass\\u00e9, Fayard, 1965, {{p.|133}}.. Elle connait toutefois une certaine\n        prosp\\u00e9rit\\u00e9 gr\\u00e2ce au trafic fluvial.\n        Suivant la tradition, la cit\\u00e9 aurait \\u00e9t\\u00e9 christianis\\u00e9e\n        par [[Denis de Paris|saint Denis]], martyris\\u00e9 vers 250{{p.|52}}..\\n\\nLa\n        position strat\\u00e9gique de Lut\\u00e8ce face aux [[grandes invasions]]{{p.|47}}. en fait un lieu de s\\u00e9jour pour l''empereur\n        [[Julien (empereur romain)|Julien]] entre 357 et 360, puis [[Valentinien Ier|Valentinien\n        {{Ier}}]] en 365-366. La cit\\u00e9 prend le nom de Paris \\u00e0 cette \\u00e9poque[http://books.google.fr/books?id=Bl9JAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA394&dq=ammien+marcellin+parisii&ei=5p_VR_apPJO0yQSh3YSBBA#PPA396,M1\n        M\\u00e9moires de la Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 nationale des antiquaires de France\n        - 1875 - Ammien Marcelin nomme Lut\\u00e8ce sous le nom de Parisii \\u00e0 la\n        fin du {{S-|IV}}].. Si ses faubourgs subsistent encore au {{S-|IV}}{{p.|46}}., la population se replie au {{S-|V}} dans l''[[\\u00eele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9]], fortifi\\u00e9e par la r\\u00e9cup\\u00e9ration de pierres\n        prises aux grands \\u00e9difices ruin\\u00e9s. En 451, [[sainte Genevi\\u00e8ve]],\n        future patronne de la ville, serait parvenue \\u00e0 convaincre les habitants\n        de ne pas fuir devant les [[Huns]] d''[[Attila]], qui s''en d\\u00e9tournent\n        effectivement sans combat{{p.|11-14}}..\\n\\n=== Moyen\n        \\u00c2ge ===\\n[[Fichier:Plan de Paris 1223 BNF07710747.jpg|vignette|Plan de\n        Paris reconstitu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 l''ann\\u00e9e 1223.]]\\n\\nEn 508, apr\\u00e8s\n        avoir conquis la majeure partie de la [[Gaule]], [[Clovis]] fait de Paris\n        sa capitale{{p.|66}}.. Il y \\u00e9tablit sa r\\u00e9sidence\n        principale ([[Thermes de Cluny|Palais des Thermes]]), et y fait construire\n        plusieurs \\u00e9difices religieux, dont la [[Abbaye Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        de Paris|basilique des Saints-Ap\\u00f4tres]], o\\u00f9 il est enterr\\u00e9\n        ; le r\\u00f4le de la cit\\u00e9 doit cependant \\u00eatre relativis\\u00e9, dans\n        la mesure o\\u00f9 il n\\u2019existe pas alors d\\u2019[[Administration publique|administration]]\n        royale. Tout au long des {{s2-|VI|e|VII|e}}, Paris garde une importance particuli\\u00e8re{{p.|68}}., m\\u00eame si les divisions du royaume de Clovis\n        entre ses h\\u00e9ritiers limitent son rayonnement. [[Childebert Ier|Childebert\n        {{Ier}}]] y fait ainsi construire la plus grande [[cath\\u00e9drale]] de la\n        Gaule (la [[Cath\\u00e9drale Saint-\\u00c9tienne de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale Saint-\\u00c9tienne]]),\n        tandis que [[Child\\u00e9ric II]] fait r\\u00e9nover les [[Ar\\u00e8nes de Lut\\u00e8ce|ar\\u00e8nes\n        gallo-romaines]]. Durant cette p\\u00e9riode, revitalis\\u00e9e par les fondations\n        monastiques{{p.|44}} Patrick Boucheron et Denis Menjot, ''''La ville\n        m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale'''', \\u00e9d. du Seuil, France, 2011. et sa fonction\n        de capitale{{p.|45}} Patrick Boucheron et Denis Menjot, ''''La ville\n        m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale'''', \\u00e9d. du Seuil, France, 2011., la ville\n        commence probablement \\u00e0 s\\u2019\\u00e9tendre sur la rive droite{{p.|14-15}}.,\n        alors que la rive gauche est r\\u00e9occup\\u00e9e.\\n\\nL\\u2019extension vers\n        l\\u2019est du [[royaume franc|royaume des Francs]] sous le r\\u00e8gne de [[Charlemagne]]\n        fait perdre \\u00e0 Paris sa position politique privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9e{{p.|71}}..\n        \\u00c0 partir du milieu du {{S-|IX}}, elle fait partie du territoire des [[Robertiens]],\n        qui prennent le titre de comte de Paris. Particuli\\u00e8rement expos\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 cause de sa situation sur la [[Seine]], elle est \\u00e0 la m\\u00eame\n        \\u00e9poque ruin\\u00e9e \\u00e9conomiquement par les raids des [[Vikings]],\n        qui la ravagent \\u00e0 plusieurs reprises{{p.|98}}.,\n        ce qui oblige la population \\u00e0 se replier \\u00e0 nouveau sur l\\u2019[[\\u00eele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9]]. En 885-886, [[Si\\u00e8ge de Paris (885-887)|assi\\u00e9g\\u00e9e\n        par les Normands]], la cit\\u00e9 parvient \\u00e0 leur r\\u00e9sister avec succ\\u00e8s,\n        tout en leur barrant l\\u2019acc\\u00e8s au fleuve. Cet \\u00e9pisode procure\n        un grand prestige \\u00e0 Paris et \\u00e0 son comte [[Eudes de France|Eudes]],\n        qui a aid\\u00e9 \\u00e0 sa d\\u00e9fense ; il marque par contre une \\u00e9tape\n        du d\\u00e9clin de l\\u2019[[empire carolingien]], le comportement de [[Charles\n        III le Gros|Charles le Gros]] ayant \\u00e9t\\u00e9 jug\\u00e9 indigne durant\n        les \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements.\\n\\nSous le r\\u00e8gne des premiers [[Cap\\u00e9tiens]],\n        Paris est une des principales villes du domaine royal, mais pas une capitale,\n        n\\u2019\\u00e9tant pour eux qu\\u2019une r\\u00e9sidence parmi d\\u2019autres.\n        Elle gagne cependant en importance avec le temps : [[Robert II de France|Robert\n        le Pieux]] fait ainsi restaurer le [[Palais de la Cit\\u00e9]]{{p.|114}}.\n        et plusieurs abbayes, tandis que [[Louis VI de France|Louis VI]] puis [[Louis\n        VII de France|Louis VII]] y fixent leur cour et leur chancellerie. Dans le\n        m\\u00eame temps, la cit\\u00e9 prosp\\u00e8re, devenant une place importante\n        du commerce du [[bl\\u00e9]], du [[poisson]] et du [[Drap (literie)|drap]],\n        les marchands parisiens s\\u2019unissant au sein d''une \\u00ab hanse des marchands\n        de l\\u2019eau \\u00bb[http://www.archive.org/stream/lesmarchandsdele00pica#page/n7/mode/2up\n        ''''Les marchands de l''eau : Hanse parisienne et Compagnie fran\\u00e7aise'''',\n        par Picarda, \\u00c9mile. Paris, \\u00c9. Bouillon, 1901], sur ''''archive.org''''.\n        Consult\\u00e9 le 25 avril 2013. privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9e par {{nobr|Louis\n        VII}} en 1170-1171. Elle devient \\u00e9galement un centre d\\u2019enseignement\n        majeur, gr\\u00e2ce aux \\u00e9coles \\u00e9piscopales dans un premier temps{{p.|22}}., puis \\u00e0 partir du milieu du {{S-|XII}},\n        aux communaut\\u00e9s religieuses qui s\\u2019\\u00e9tablissent sur la rive gauche\n        alors d\\u00e9peupl\\u00e9e{{p.|145}}.. \\u00c0 l\\u2019image\n        de l\\u2019ensemble de l\\u2019Occident chr\\u00e9tien, sa population augmente\n        \\u00e0 cette \\u00e9poque de fa\\u00e7on consid\\u00e9rable : Paris s\\u2019\\u00e9tend\n        d''abord sur la rive droite (d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XI}}){{p.|131}}.,\n        qui devient son poumon \\u00e9conomique{{p.|141}} Patrick Boucheron et\n        Denis Menjot, ''''La ville m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale'''', \\u00e9d. du Seuil, France,\n        2011., l\\u2019\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9 abritant d\\u00e8s lors les grands\n        \\u00e9difices administratifs et religieux.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Armes ville de Paris-2.jpg|vignette|upright|Recueil\n        des ordonnances de la pr\\u00e9v\\u00f4t\\u00e9 des marchands de Paris, contenant\n        la transcription de l''ordonnance rendue en f\\u00e9vrier 1416 par {{nobr|Charles\n        VI}}.]]\\nC\\u2019est [[Philippe Auguste]] qui fait de Paris la capitale incontest\\u00e9e\n        du royaume, sur lequel il est le premier des cap\\u00e9tiens \\u00e0 exercer\n        un fort contr\\u00f4le ; cette position est encore renforc\\u00e9e sous les\n        r\\u00e8gnes de [[Louis IX de France|Louis IX]] et de [[Philippe IV de France|Philippe\n        le Bel]]. L\\u2019administration royale, qui se d\\u00e9veloppe consid\\u00e9rablement,\n        tient ainsi son si\\u00e8ge dans la cit\\u00e9, o\\u00f9 se situent la [[Chambre\n        des comptes]], le Tr\\u00e9sor, et les Archives du royaume. Les bourgeois parisiens\n        jouent un r\\u00f4le majeur dans la gestion de l\\u2019\\u00c9tat, faisant souvent\n        partie du proche entourage du souverain. Les monarques veillent n\\u00e9anmoins\n        \\u00e0 limiter l\\u2019autonomie de la ville, qui n\\u2019obtient pas le statut\n        de [[Commune (Moyen \\u00c2ge)|commune]] ; les [[Corporation (Ancien R\\u00e9gime)|corporations]]\n        se voient seulement accorder divers privil\\u00e8ges politiques, ce qui aboutit\n        en 1263 \\u00e0 l\\u2019apparition d\\u2019une [[Commune (France)|municipalit\\u00e9]]\n        compos\\u00e9e d\\u2019un [[Pr\\u00e9v\\u00f4t des marchands de Paris|pr\\u00e9v\\u00f4t\n        des marchands]] et quatre [[\\u00c9chevin (Paris)|\\u00e9chevins]]. Dans le\n        m\\u00eame temps, les \\u00e9coles de la rive gauche s\\u2019unifient en une\n        \\u00ab [[Universit\\u00e9 de Paris|universitas]] \\u00bb{{p.|147}}.,\n        reconnue par le [[pape]] en 1209-1210, faisant de Paris le plus prestigieux\n        centre d\\u2019enseignement d\\u2019[[Occident chr\\u00e9tien|Europe occidentale]]\n        pendant au moins un si\\u00e8cle. La cit\\u00e9 devient \\u00e9galement le symbole\n        du pouvoir royal, qui cherche \\u00e0 lui donner des \\u00e9difices dignes de\n        son rang : la [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame]]\n        est achev\\u00e9e vers 1250, la [[Sainte-Chapelle]] abritant la [[Sainte Couronne|couronne\n        d''\\u00e9pine du Christ]] en 1248, le Palais de la Cit\\u00e9 est r\\u00e9nov\\u00e9\n        et \\u00e9tendu, et le march\\u00e9 parisien est couvert et emmur\\u00e9 ([[Halles\n        de Paris|Halles]]). Philippe Auguste entoure par ailleurs les deux rives de\n        la cit\\u00e9 de [[Enceinte de Philippe Auguste|murailles de pierres]], termin\\u00e9es\n        en 1209-1212. Paris poursuit sa croissance, la rive gauche \\u00e9tant repeupl\\u00e9e\n        au {{S-|XIII}}{{p.|142}}. ; au d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XIV}},\n        on estime sa population \\u00e0 environ {{nombre|200000|habitants}}{{p.|202}}., ce qui en fait la ville la plus peupl\\u00e9e\n        d''Europe{{p.|31}}..\\n\\nEn 1348, la cit\\u00e9 est frapp\\u00e9e\n        pour la premi\\u00e8re fois par la [[peste noire|peste]], qui ravage l\\u2019Europe\n        entre 1347 et 1351 ; ce mal l\\u2019atteint ensuite de fa\\u00e7on cyclique\n        pendant plusieurs si\\u00e8cles. Pendant la [[guerre de Cent Ans]], elle est\n        expos\\u00e9e aux attaques anglaises, ce qui am\\u00e8ne [[Charles V de France|Charles\n        V]] \\u00e0 construire sur la rive droite un nouveau rempart englobant les\n        faubourgs. Dans le m\\u00eame temps, dans un contexte de d\\u00e9pression \\u00e9conomique\n        et de d\\u00e9faite militaire, l\\u2019autorit\\u00e9 royale est remise en cause\n        : le pr\\u00e9v\\u00f4t des marchands [[\\u00c9tienne Marcel]] tente ainsi de\n        s''emparer du pouvoir en 1357-1358, tandis que les \\u00e9meutes populaires\n        se multiplient, telle celle des [[Maillotins]] en 1382{{p.|207}}..\n        En r\\u00e9action, {{nobr|Charles V}} puis [[Charles VI de France|Charles VI]]\n        \\u00e9lisent r\\u00e9sidence dans l\\u2019est parisien, moins expos\\u00e9 aux\n        troubles. Au d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XV}}, le [[Guerre civile entre Armagnacs et\n        Bourguignons|conflit]] entre Armagnacs et Bourguignons occasionne \\u00e9galement\n        de nombreuses violences dans la capitale ; ces derniers s''imposent en 1418,\n        et Paris tombe en cons\\u00e9quence aux mains du roi d\\u2019Angleterre deux\n        ans plus tard. La cit\\u00e9 est reconquise en 1436 par [[Charles VII de France|Charles\n        {{VII}}]], mais celui-ci pr\\u00e9f\\u00e8re r\\u00e9sider pr\\u00e8s de la [[Loire]],\n        et il en est de m\\u00eame pour ses successeurs [[Louis XI de France|Louis\n        {{XI}}]], [[Charles VIII de France|Charles {{VIII}}]] et [[Louis XII de France|Louis\n        {{XII}}]]. \\u00c0 l\\u2019issue de la guerre, Paris s\\u2019est r\\u00e9tract\\u00e9e\n        derri\\u00e8re ses murailles{{p.|345}} Patrick Boucheron et Denis Menjot,\n        ''''La ville m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale'''', \\u00e9d. du Seuil, France, 2011.,\n        et sa population est tomb\\u00e9e \\u00e0 environ {{unit\\u00e9|100000|habitants}}.\\n\\n=== De la Renaissance au dix-huiti\\u00e8me si\\u00e8cle\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Paris Hotel de Sens dsc04026.jpg|thumb|L''[[H\\u00f4tel des\n        archev\\u00eaques de Sens|h\\u00f4tel de Sens]], une des demeures de Paris,\n        \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 entre [[1475]] et [[1519]].]]\\n\\nLa [[Renaissance artistique|Renaissance]],\n        marqu\\u00e9e par le roi et sa cour r\\u00e9sidant dans le Val de Loire, ne\n        b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie donc gu\\u00e8re \\u00e0 Paris. Malgr\\u00e9 son \\u00e9loignement,\n        la monarchie s\\u2019inqui\\u00e8te de l''expansion d\\u00e9sordonn\\u00e9e de\n        la cit\\u00e9. Une premi\\u00e8re r\\u00e9glementation d\\u2019urbanisme est \\u00e9dict\\u00e9e\n        en 1500 \\u00e0 propos du nouveau [[pont Notre-Dame]], bord\\u00e9 de maisons\n        uniformes de [[Brique (mat\\u00e9riau)|brique]] et de pierre de style Louis\n        {{XII}}{{p.|244}}..\\n\\nEn 1528, [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ier\n        de France|Fran\\u00e7ois {{Ier}}]] fixe officiellement sa r\\u00e9sidence \\u00e0\n        Paris. Le rayonnement intellectuel s''accro\\u00eet : \\u00e0 l''enseignement\n        de l''universit\\u00e9 (th\\u00e9ologie et arts lib\\u00e9raux) s''ajoute un\n        enseignement moderne tourn\\u00e9 vers l''humanisme et les sciences exactes\n        voulu par le roi, au [[Coll\\u00e8ge de France]]. Sous son r\\u00e8gne, Paris\n        atteint {{Unit\\u00e9|280000|habitants}} et reste la plus grande ville du monde\n        chr\\u00e9tien[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=5427&document_type_id=5&document_id=8716&portlet_id=11661\n        Historique et \\u00e9volution]..\\n\\n[[File:Carte topographique des environs\n        et du plan de Paris - 1735 - btv1b8442730b.jpg|thumb|left|Plan des environs\n        de Paris en [[1735]].]]\\n[[Fichier:Plan de Paris en 1787 par Brion de la Tour.jpg|thumb|right|Plan\n        de Paris en [[1787]] par Brion de la Tour.]]\\n\\nLe {{Date-|24|ao\\u00fbt|1572}},\n        sous [[Charles IX de France|Charles {{IX}}]], est organis\\u00e9 le [[massacre\n        de la Saint-Barth\\u00e9lemy]]. On compte entre deux mille et dix mille victimes{{p.|60}}.. La [[Ligue catholique (France)|Ligue catholique]],\n        particuli\\u00e8rement puissante dans la capitale, se dresse contre [[Henri\n        III de France|Henri {{III}}]] durant la [[Journ\\u00e9e des barricades (1588)|Journ\\u00e9e\n        des barricades]] en 1588. Ce dernier s''enfuit avant d''assi\\u00e9ger la ville{{p.|62-64}}.. Apr\\u00e8s son assassinat, le si\\u00e8ge\n        est maintenu par Henri de Navarre, devenu [[Henri IV de France|Henri {{IV}}]].\n        La ville, pourtant ruin\\u00e9e et affam\\u00e9e, ne lui ouvre ses portes qu''en\n        1594 apr\\u00e8s sa conversion.\\n\\nLa [[Journ\\u00e9e des barricades (1648)]]\n        marque le d\\u00e9but de la [[Fronde (histoire)|Fronde]] qui provoque une importante\n        crise \\u00e9conomique et une nouvelle d\\u00e9fiance du roi vis-\\u00e0-vis\n        de sa capitale{{p.|68-73}}..\\n\\nMalgr\\u00e9 une mortalit\\u00e9\n        sup\\u00e9rieure aux naissances, la population atteint les {{Unit\\u00e9|400000|habitants}}\n        gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 l''immigration provinciale. Paris est une ville mis\\u00e9rable\n        o\\u00f9 r\\u00e8gne une forte ins\\u00e9curit\\u00e9, la l\\u00e9gendaire [[cour\n        des miracles]] est progressivement vid\\u00e9e \\u00e0 partir de [[1656]] par\n        le lieutenant-g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de police [[Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie]]Historia\n        th\\u00e9matique {{num\\u00e9ro|107}} mai-juin 2007, page 20 : \\u00ab ''''La\n        Reynie somme les {{Unit\\u00e9|30000|habitants}} de la cour des miracles de\n        d\\u00e9guerpir sous peine de pendre les douze derniers.'''' \\u00bb.\n        qui fait \\u00e9tablir {{nombre|6500|[[Lanterne (\\u00e9clairage)|lanternes]]}}\n        pour [[\\u00c9clairage des rues \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9clairer la ville la nuit]]\n        et rendre les rues plus s\\u00fbres.\\n\\n[[Louis XIV de France|Louis {{XIV}}]]\n        choisit [[Versailles]] comme r\\u00e9sidence en 1677, avant d''y d\\u00e9placer\n        le si\\u00e8ge du gouvernement en 1682. [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|Colbert]] prend\n        en main la gestion parisienne et fait la navette entre Paris et Versailles.\n        Durant son r\\u00e8gne, le Roi Soleil ne vient que vingt-quatre fois \\u00e0\n        Paris, essentiellement pour des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9monies officielles, marquant\n        ainsi envers la cit\\u00e9 une hostilit\\u00e9 que n''appr\\u00e9cient gu\\u00e8re\n        les Parisiens{{p.|74-78}}..\\n\\nAu {{S-|XVIII}}, [[Versailles]]\n        ne d\\u00e9poss\\u00e8de pas Paris de son rayonnement intellectuel ; au contraire\n        m\\u00eame, elle en fait une puissante frondeuse ouverte aux id\\u00e9es des\n        [[Lumi\\u00e8res (philosophie)|Lumi\\u00e8res]]. C''est la p\\u00e9riode des\n        [[Salon litt\\u00e9raire|salons litt\\u00e9raires]], comme celui de [[Marie-Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se\n        Rodet Geoffrin|madame Geoffrin]]. Le {{s-|XVIII}} est aussi celui d''une forte\n        expansion \\u00e9conomique qui permet une importante croissance d\\u00e9mographique,\n        la ville atteint {{Unit\\u00e9|640000|habitants}}[http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=26207\n        D\\u00e9mographie de Paris]. \\u00e0 la veille de la [[R\\u00e9volution\n        fran\\u00e7aise]].\\n\\nEn 1715, le [[Philippe d''Orl\\u00e9ans (1674-1723)|r\\u00e9gent\n        Philippe d''Orl\\u00e9ans]] quitte [[Versailles]] pour le [[Palais-Royal]].\n        Le jeune [[Louis XV de France|Louis {{XV}}]] est install\\u00e9 au [[palais\n        des Tuileries]] pour un retour, \\u00e9ph\\u00e9m\\u00e8re, de la royaut\\u00e9\n        dans Paris. D\\u00e8s 1722, {{nobr|Louis {{XV}}}} retourne au [[ch\\u00e2teau\n        de Versailles]] rompant la fragile r\\u00e9conciliation avec le peuple parisien{{p.|78-81}}..\\n\\nLa ville s''\\u00e9tend alors \\u00e0 peu\n        pr\\u00e8s sur les six premiers arrondissements actuels, le [[jardin du Luxembourg]]\n        marquant la fronti\\u00e8re occidentale de la ville. [[Louis XV de France|Louis\n        {{XV}}]] s''int\\u00e9resse personnellement \\u00e0 la ville en 1749 lorsqu''il\n        d\\u00e9cide l''am\\u00e9nagement de la place {{nobr|Louis {{XV}}}} (actuelle\n        [[place de la Concorde]]), la cr\\u00e9ation de l''\\u00e9cole militaire en\n        1752Jean Favier, Paris, ''''2000 ans d''histoire'''', {{p.|195-196}}.,\n        et surtout la construction d''une \\u00e9glise d\\u00e9di\\u00e9e \\u00e0 Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        en 1754, plus connue sous le nom actuel de [[Panth\\u00e9on (Paris)|Panth\\u00e9on]]Jean\n        Favier, ''''Paris, 2000 ans d''histoire'''', {{p.|492-493}}..\\n\\n===\n        La R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise et l''Empire ===\\n[[Fichier:StormingBastille.jpg|thumb|La\n        [[Prise de la Bastille]] le {{date-|14 juillet 1789}}.]]\\n\\nLa [[R\\u00e9volution\n        fran\\u00e7aise]] d\\u00e9bute \\u00e0 [[Versailles]] par la convocation des\n        [[\\u00c9tats g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux (France)|\\u00c9tats g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux]] puis\n        le [[Serment du Jeu de paume]]. Mais les Parisiens, atteints par la crise\n        \\u00e9conomique (prix du pain), sensibilis\\u00e9s aux probl\\u00e8mes politiques\n        par la philosophie des Lumi\\u00e8res et mus par une ranc\\u0153ur \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9gard\n        du pouvoir royal ayant abandonn\\u00e9 la ville depuis plus d''un si\\u00e8cle,\n        lui donnent une nouvelle orientation{{p.|97-98}}..\n        La [[prise de la Bastille]] le {{Date|14|juillet|1789}}, li\\u00e9e au soul\\u00e8vement\n        des [[\\u00e9b\\u00e9niste]]s du [[faubourg Saint-Antoine]], en est une premi\\u00e8re\n        \\u00e9tape. Le {{date-|15 juillet}}, l''astronome [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]]\n        re\\u00e7oit \\u00e0 l''[[h\\u00f4tel de ville de Paris sous la R\\u00e9volution|h\\u00f4tel\n        de ville]] la charge de premier maire de Paris. Le {{date-|5 octobre}}, l\\u2019\\u00e9meute,\n        d\\u00e9clench\\u00e9e par les femmes sur les march\\u00e9s parisiens, atteint\n        Versailles le soir. Le 6 au matin, le ch\\u00e2teau est envahi et le roi doit\n        accepter de venir r\\u00e9sider \\u00e0 Paris au [[palais des Tuileries]] et\n        d\\u2019y convoquer l\\u2019[[Assembl\\u00e9e constituante de 1789|Assembl\\u00e9e\n        constituante]] qui s\\u2019installe le {{date-|19 octobre}} dans [[le Man\\u00e8ge]]\n        des Tuileries{{p.|406-418}}..\\n\\nLe \\u00ab d\\u00e9partement\n        de Paris \\u00bb comprend alors trois [[District (France)|districts]] : [[district\n        de Paris|Paris]], le [[district de Franciade|Franciade]] et [[district de\n        Bourg-de-l''\\u00c9galit\\u00e9|Bourg-de-l''\\u00c9galit\\u00e9]].\\n \\nLe {{date-|14\n        juillet 1790}} se d\\u00e9roule la [[f\\u00eate de la F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration]]\n        sur le [[Champ-de-Mars (Paris)|Champ-de-Mars]], lieu qui sera le {{date-|17\n        juillet 1791}} le th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre d''une dramatique [[fusillade du Champ-de-Mars|fusillade]].\n        Occup\\u00e9s \\u00e0 partir de {{date-|mai 1790}} apr\\u00e8s la mise en vente\n        des [[Bien national|biens nationaux]], le [[Couvent des Cordeliers de Paris|couvent\n        des Cordeliers]] et le [[Couvent des Jacobins (rue Saint-Honor\\u00e9)|couvent\n        des Jacobins]], hauts lieux du Paris r\\u00e9volutionnaire, marquent la toute-puissance\n        des clubs parisiens sur le cours de la R\\u00e9volution{{p.|418-424}}..\\n\\nDans\n        la nuit du {{date-|9 ao\\u00fbt 1792}}, une [[Commune de Paris (1792)|commune]]\n        r\\u00e9volutionnaire prend possession de l''h\\u00f4tel de ville. La [[journ\\u00e9e\n        du 10 ao\\u00fbt 1792|journ\\u00e9e du 10 ao\\u00fbt]] voit la foule assi\\u00e9ger\n        le [[Palais des Tuileries]] avec le soutien du nouveau gouvernement municipal.\n        Le roi [[Louis XVI de France|Louis {{XVI}}]] et la famille royale sont incarc\\u00e9r\\u00e9s\n        \\u00e0 la [[tour du Temple]]. La monarchie fran\\u00e7aise est de fait abolie.\n        Apr\\u00e8s les \\u00e9lections de 1792, les repr\\u00e9sentants de la [[Commune\n        de Paris (1792)|Commune de Paris]], tr\\u00e8s radicaux, s''opposent \\u00e0\n        la [[Convention nationale]] au groupe des [[Gironde (R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise)|Girondins]]\n        (repr\\u00e9sentant l''opinion plus mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9e de la bourgeoisie des\n        provinces) qui sera \\u00e9cart\\u00e9 en 1793{{p.|424-430}}..\\n\\n[[Fichier:Berthault\n        - Das Volk von Paris vor dem Rathaus.jpg|thumb|left|L''h\\u00f4tel de ville,\n        
 le [[Chute de Robespierre|9 Thermidor an {{II}}]].]]\\n\\nLes Parisiens\n        vivent alors deux ann\\u00e9es de rationnement. La [[Terreur (R\\u00e9volution\n        fran\\u00e7aise)|Terreur]] r\\u00e8gne sous la coupe du [[Comit\\u00e9 de salut\n        public]]. Le [[Tribunal r\\u00e9volutionnaire]], avec l''aide de la mairie,\n        s''emploie \\u00e0 incarc\\u00e9rer tout ce que la ville compte encore de nobles\n        suspects, de pr\\u00eatres r\\u00e9fractaires et d''opposants jug\\u00e9s contre-r\\u00e9volutionnaires.\n        La cr\\u00e9ation de la charge de Pr\\u00e9fet de police par [[Napol\\u00e9on]],\n        \\u00f4tera \\u00e0 la municipalit\\u00e9 tout pouvoir de police judiciaire,\n        de sorte que le maire de Paris est, aujourd''hui encore, le seul de France\n        \\u00e0 en \\u00eatre priv\\u00e9[http://admi.net/jo/12messidor_anVIII.html\n        Arr\\u00eat\\u00e9 du 12 messidor an {{VIII}} ({{Date|1er|juillet|1800}}) qui\n        r\\u00e8gle les attributions du Pr\\u00e9fet de Police de Paris].{{,}}[http://www.tarn.pref.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/02_02_maire_police.pdf\n        Dispositions relatives \\u00e0 la ville de Paris en page 3 du document]..\n        Le {{date-|21 janvier 1793}}, [[Louis XVI de France|Louis {{XVI}}]] est [[guillotine|guillotin\\u00e9]]\n        sur la place {{nobr|Louis {{XV}}}}, rebaptis\\u00e9e \\u00ab place de la R\\u00e9volution\n        \\u00bb. Il est suivi sur l''\\u00e9chafaud par {{Unit\\u00e9|1119|personnes}},\n        dont [[Marie-Antoinette d''Autriche|Marie-Antoinette]], [[Georges Jacques\n        Danton|Danton]], [[Antoine Lavoisier|Lavoisier]] et finalement [[Maximilien\n        de Robespierre|Robespierre]] et ses partisans apr\\u00e8s le [[Chute de Robespierre|9\n        Thermidor an {{II}}]] ({{date-|27 juillet 1794}}){{p.|430-435}}..\\n\\nLa\n        R\\u00e9volution n''est pas une p\\u00e9riode favorable au d\\u00e9veloppement\n        de la ville (peu de monuments sont \\u00e9difi\\u00e9s) qui n''a plus que {{Unit\\u00e9|548000|habitants}}\n        en 1800. De nombreux couvents et \\u00e9glises sont ras\\u00e9s et font place\n        \\u00e0 des lotissements \\u00e9difi\\u00e9s sans plan d''ensemble, ce qui aboutit\n        \\u00e0 une r\\u00e9duction des espaces verts de la ville et \\u00e0 une densification\n        du centre. Sous le [[Directoire]], des [[Immeuble de rapport|immeubles de\n        rapport]], de style n\\u00e9o-classique, sont \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s.\\n\\nEn 1806,\n        Paris a compens\\u00e9 les pertes subies durant la R\\u00e9volution et compte\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|650000|habitants}} ;\n        cette progression est surtout le fait de l''immigration provinciale, la natalit\\u00e9\n        restant faible. Depuis le milieu du {{S-|XVIII}}, la ville est distanc\\u00e9e\n        par [[Londres]] en pleine expansion \\u00e9conomique et d\\u00e9mographique\n        qui atteint {{Unit\\u00e9|1096784|habitants}}{{p.|436-442}}..\n        Le {{date-|2 d\\u00e9cembre 1804}}, [[Napol\\u00e9on Ier|Napol\\u00e9on Bonaparte]],\n        qui a pris le pouvoir en 1799, est sacr\\u00e9 empereur par le pape [[Pie VII|Pie\n        {{VII}}]] \\u00e0 la [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale\n        Notre-Dame]]. Il d\\u00e9cide d''\\u00e9tablir \\u00e0 Paris la capitale de son\n        [[Premier Empire|Empire]] et ambitionne d''en faire la \\u00ab nouvelle Rome\n        \\u00bb{{harvsp|Billaut|2011|p=20}}.. Il\n        ordonne dans ce but la construction des arcs de triomphe de l\\u2019\\u00c9toile\n        et du Carrousel ainsi que celle du palais imp\\u00e9rial de la Bourse (achev\\u00e9\n        sous la Restauration) et de la colonne Vend\\u00f4me{{harvsp|Billaut|2011|p=19\n        et 20}}.. Il soumet \\u00e9galement \\u00e0 [[Jean-Antoine Alavoine]]\n        le projet de l''\\u00e9l\\u00e9phant de la Bastille, et aux architectes [[Charles\n        Percier|Percier]] et [[Pierre Fontaine (architecte)|Fontaine]] l''\\u00e9dification\n        du palais du Roi de Rome, dont seuls les jardins du Trocad\\u00e9ro et le pont\n        d''I\\u00e9na seront en d\\u00e9finitive termin\\u00e9s.\n        L''Empereur multiplie par ailleurs les points d''eau, aliment\\u00e9s par un\n        r\\u00e9seau de {{unit\\u00e9|50|km}} de canaux qui acheminent l''eau de l''Ourcq.\\n\\nEn 1814, la [[Bataille de Paris (1814)|bataille\n        de Paris]] entra\\u00eene la capitulation de la capitale puis conduit \\u00e0\n        la premi\\u00e8re abdication de Napol\\u00e9on et \\u00e0 la [[Restauration (histoire\n        de France)|Restauration]]. Les cosaques de l''arm\\u00e9e russe occupent certains\n        points de la ville, ce qui donnera lieu \\u00e0 une l\\u00e9gende concernant\n        l''origine du mot [[bistro]], comme le proclame le Syndicat d''Initiative\n        du Vieux Montmartre, au restaurant [[\\u00c0 la M\\u00e8re Catherine]], [[place\n        du Tertre]]. Les arm\\u00e9es alli\\u00e9es quittent la ville apr\\u00e8s le\n        3 juin 1814, date du d\\u00e9part du tsar [[Alexandre Ier de Russie|Alexandre\n        {{Ier}}]].\\n\\n=== De la Restauration \\u00e0 la Commune de Paris ===\\n\\u00c0\n        la fin des [[Cent-Jours]], la chute de l''Empire en {{date-|juillet 1815}}\n        am\\u00e8ne \\u00e0 Paris les arm\\u00e9es anglaises et prussiennes, qui vont\n        jusqu''\\u00e0 camper sur les [[Avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]].\n        [[Louis XVIII de France|Louis {{XVIII}}]], de retour de son exil \\u00e0 [[Gand]],\n        s''installe \\u00e0 nouveau aux Tuileries.\\n\\n{{nobr|Louis {{XVIII}}}} et [[Charles\n        X de France|Charles {{X}}]], puis la [[monarchie de Juillet]] se pr\\u00e9occupent\n        peu de l''urbanisme parisien. Le [[prol\\u00e9tariat]] ouvrier, en forte expansion,\n        s''entasse mis\\u00e9rablement dans les quartiers centraux qui, avec plus de\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|100000|habitants}} au kilom\\u00e8tre carr\\u00e9, constituent\n        d''importants foyers d''[[\\u00e9pid\\u00e9mie]] ; le [[chol\\u00e9ra]] en 1832\n        fait {{Unit\\u00e9|32000|victimes}}. En 1848, 80 % des morts vont \\u00e0 la\n        fosse commune et les deux tiers des Parisiens sont trop pauvres pour payer\n        des imp\\u00f4ts. La masse [[paup\\u00e9risation|paup\\u00e9ris\\u00e9e]] du petit\n        peuple, d\\u00e9laiss\\u00e9e et exc\\u00e9d\\u00e9e, est m\\u00fbre pour des r\\u00e9voltes\n        r\\u00e9p\\u00e9t\\u00e9es que le pouvoir ne sent pas germer ou est s\\u00fbr\n        de vaincre : les [[barricade]]s font tomber Charles X lors des [[Trois Glorieuses|Trois\n        glorieuses]] puis [[Louis-Philippe Ier|Louis-Philippe]] en 1848. La soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de l''\\u00e9poque est abondamment d\\u00e9crite par [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac|Balzac]],\n        [[Victor Hugo]] ou [[Eug\\u00e8ne Sue]].\\n\\nDurant cette p\\u00e9riode, la ville\n        acc\\u00e9l\\u00e8re son rythme de croissance pour atteindre le [[mur des Fermiers\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux]]. Entre 1840 et 1844, la derni\\u00e8re enceinte de Paris,\n        dite [[Enceintes de Paris#Enceinte de Thiers|enceinte de Thiers]], est construite\n        sur l''emplacement actuel du [[boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique de Paris|boulevard\n        p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique]]. Au c\\u0153ur de la ville, la [[rue Rambuteau]] est\n        perc\\u00e9e{{p.|452-510}}..\\n\\nAvec l''av\\u00e8nement\n        du [[Second Empire]], Paris se transforme radicalement. De structure m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale,\n        aux constructions anciennes et insalubres, quasiment d\\u00e9pourvue de grands\n        axes de circulation, elle devient en moins de vingt ans une ville moderne.\n        [[Napol\\u00e9on III|Napol\\u00e9on {{III}}]] a des id\\u00e9es pr\\u00e9cises\n        sur l''urbanisme et le logement : le Paris d''aujourd''hui est donc avant\n        tout celui d''[[Georges Eug\\u00e8ne Haussmann|Haussmann]]. Des milliers de\n        logements disparaissent, sur fond d''une [[histoire des bourses de valeurs#Le\n        krach de Vienne en 1873, premi\\u00e8re crise boursi\\u00e8re internationale|sp\\u00e9culation\n        immobili\\u00e8re qui sera la cause d''un krach financier international]].\\n\\n[[Fichier:Camille\n        Pissarro - Avenue de l''Opera - Mus\\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts Reims.jpg|thumb|L''avenue\n        de l''Op\\u00e9ra vue par [[Camille Pissarro|Pissarro]] depuis l''actuel H\\u00f4tel\n        du Louvre.]]\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Transformations de Paris sous\n        le Second Empire|Liste des anciennes communes de Paris{{!}}Annexions de 1860}}\\n\\nLe\n        {{Date-|1|janvier|1860}}, une loi permet \\u00e0 Paris d''annexer plusieurs\n        communes voisinesVoir l''article : [[Liste\n        des anciennes communes de Paris]].. La capitale fran\\u00e7aise passe\n        ainsi de douze \\u00e0 vingt arrondissements et de {{unit\\u00e9/2|3288|\\u00e0=7802|hectares}}Ces superficies incluent l''emprise de la Seine. Les superficies\n        sont respectivement de {{Unit\\u00e9|3288|ha}} en 1859 et {{Unit\\u00e9|7088|ha}}\n        en 1860 si l''on d\\u00e9falque l''emprise de la Seine. Source : [http://books.google.fr/books?id=qQQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA129&dq=paris+%227+802%22\n        ''''Statistique de la France compar\\u00e9e avec les autres \\u00c9tats de l''Europe'''',\n        Maurice Block, Paris, 1860, {{p.|397-399}}].. Apr\\u00e8s ces annexions,\n        les limites administratives de la ville ne seront que peu modifi\\u00e9es et\n        la croissance urbaine, qui continue toujours de la fin du {{S-|XIX}} au {{S-|XX}},\n        ne s''accompagnera donc plus d''une expansion des fronti\\u00e8res communales,\n        ce qui est \\u00e0 l''origine de la \\u00ab [[banlieue]] \\u00bb{{p.|510-517}}..\\n\\nLors\n        de la [[Guerre franco-prussienne de 1870]], Paris est [[Si\\u00e8ge de Paris\n        (1870)|assi\\u00e9g\\u00e9e]] [[Chronologie du si\\u00e8ge de Paris (1870)|pendant\n        plusieurs mois]] mais n''est pas prise par les arm\\u00e9es prussiennes. \\u00c0\n        cette occasion, est invent\\u00e9e la [[poste a\\u00e9rienne]], gr\\u00e2ce aux\n        [[Ballon mont\\u00e9|ballons mont\\u00e9s]]. Refusant l''[[Armistice franco-allemand\n        (1871)|armistice]] sign\\u00e9 le {{Date-|28|janvier|1871}} et \\u00e0 la suite\n        des \\u00e9lections de f\\u00e9vrier qui portent au pouvoir des royalistes d\\u00e9sireux\n        de mettre fin \\u00e0 la guerre, les Parisiens s''insurgent le {{Date-|18|mars|1871}}.\n        C''est le d\\u00e9but de la [[Commune de Paris (1871)|Commune de Paris]]. L''[[Assembl\\u00e9e\n        nationale (1871)|Assembl\\u00e9e monarchiste]] install\\u00e9e provisoirement\n        \\u00e0 [[Versailles]], la r\\u00e9prime entre les {{Date-|22 mai- 1871-}} et\n        {{Date-|28 mai 1871-}} lors de la ''''[[Semaine sanglante]]'''' qui reste\n        \\u00e0 ce jour la derni\\u00e8re [[guerre civile]] qu''ait connue Paris{{p.|518-521}}.{{,}}{{p.|194-204}}..\\nApr\\u00e8s\n        la guerre de 1870, pour se relever, la ville de Paris l\\u00e8ve un grand emprunt\n        public de {{unit\\u00e9|1.2|million}} de francs qui a un grand succ\\u00e8s\n        ; il est souscrit plus de quinze fois{{harvsp|Colling|1949|p=288}}..\\n\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Si\\u00e8ge de Paris (1870)|Chronologie du si\\u00e8ge de\n        Paris (1870)|Commune de Paris (1871)}}\\n\\n=== De la Belle \\u00c9poque \\u00e0\n        la Seconde Guerre mondiale ===\\n[[Fichier:Tour Eiffel 3b40739.jpg|thumb|left|La\n        [[tour Eiffel]] pendant l''[[Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889|exposition\n        universelle de 1889]].]]\\n\\nPendant la [[Belle \\u00c9poque]], l''[[Innovation\n        en Europe \\u00e0 la Belle \\u00c9poque|expansion \\u00e9conomique]] de Paris\n        est importante ; en 1913 la ville poss\\u00e8de cent mille entreprises qui\n        emploient un million d''ouvriers[http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/nouveau_prog/connaissance/alacarte_fiche.php?src_id=29&diff_id=195000198\n        L''innovation \\u00e0 la Belle \\u00e9poque] Conf\\u00e9rence de Marc Giget,\n        Professeur de gestion de l\\u2019innovation au [[conservatoire national des\n        arts et m\\u00e9tiers]].. Entre 1900 et 1913, {{Unit\\u00e9|175|cin\\u00e9mas}}\n        sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Paris, de nombreux [[Innovation en Europe \\u00e0\n        la Belle \\u00c9poque#Les grands magasins|grands magasins]] voient le jour\n        et contribuent au rayonnement de la ''''ville lumi\\u00e8re''''. Lieu de toutes\n        les sp\\u00e9culations, Paris devient aussi la [[histoire des bourses de valeurs#La\n        Place de Paris, centre financier mondial \\u00e0 la Belle \\u00c9poque|deuxi\\u00e8me\n        place financi\\u00e8re internationale]] presque \\u00e0 \\u00e9galit\\u00e9 avec\n        Londres.\\n\\nDeux [[Expositions universelles de Paris|expositions universelles]]\n        laissent une large empreinte dans la ville. La [[tour Eiffel]] est construite\n        pour [[Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889|l''Exposition de 1889]] (centenaire\n        de la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]]) qui accueille vingt-huit millions\n        de visiteurs. La premi\\u00e8re ligne du [[M\\u00e9tro de Paris|m\\u00e9tropolitain]],\n        le [[Grand Palais (Paris)|Grand Palais]], le [[Petit Palais]] et le [[pont\n        Alexandre-III|pont Alexandre-{{III}}]] sont inaugur\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''occasion\n        de celle de [[1900]] qui re\\u00e7oit cinquante-trois millions de visiteurs. L''industrie se d\\u00e9place progressivement en proche banlieue\n        o\\u00f9 se trouve l''espace n\\u00e9cessaire : [[Renault]] \\u00e0 [[Boulogne-Billancourt]]\n        ou [[Citro\\u00ebn]] \\u00e0 [[Suresnes]]. Cette migration est \\u00e0 l''origine\n        de la \\u00ab ''''banlieue [[Communisme|rouge]]'''' \\u00bb. N\\u00e9anmoins\n        certaines activit\\u00e9s restent fortement implant\\u00e9es dans la ville intra-muros,\n        en particulier la presse et l''imprimerie{{p.|471-472}}..\\n\\nDe\n        la [[Belle \\u00c9poque]] aux [[Ann\\u00e9es folles en France|Ann\\u00e9es folles]],\n        Paris conna\\u00eet l''apog\\u00e9e de son influence culturelle (notamment autour\n        des quartiers de [[Quartier du Montparnasse|Montparnasse]] et de [[Montmartre\n        (Seine)|Montmartre]]) et accueille de tr\\u00e8s nombreux artistes tels [[Pablo\n        Picasso|Picasso]], [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]], [[Georges Braque|Braque]] ou\n        [[Fernand L\\u00e9ger]].\\n\\nEn 1910, une [[Crue de la Seine de 1910|crue centennale\n        de la Seine]] provoque l''une des plus graves [[inondation]]s que la ville\n        ait connue et cause trois milliards de francs de d\\u00e9g\\u00e2ts{{p.|573-574}}..\n        Lors de la [[Premi\\u00e8re Guerre mondiale]], Paris, \\u00e9pargn\\u00e9e par\n        les combats, subit des bombardements[http://batmarn1.club.fr/parisbom.htm\n        L''aviation allemande bombarde Paris, en ao\\u00fbt et septembre 1914].\n        et des [[Pariser Kanonen|tirs de canon allemands]]. Ces bombardements restent\n        sporadiques et ne constituent que des op\\u00e9rations \\u00e0 caract\\u00e8re\n        psychologique{{p.|579-592}}.. En 1917, la cr\\u00e9ation\n        d''une [[r\\u00e9plique de Paris]] est envisag\\u00e9e pour leurrer les aviateurs\n        allemands venus bombarder la capitale. \\n\\nL''[[entre-deux-guerres]] se d\\u00e9roule\n        sur fond de crise sociale et \\u00e9conomique. Les pouvoirs publics, pour r\\u00e9pondre\n        \\u00e0 la [[crise du logement]], votent la [[loi Loucheur]] qui cr\\u00e9e\n        les [[Habitation \\u00e0 bon march\\u00e9|habitations \\u00e0 bon march\\u00e9]]\n        (ou HBM) \\u00e9rig\\u00e9es \\u00e0 l''emplacement de l''ancienne [[enceinte\n        de Thiers]]. Les autres immeubles parisiens sont, pour l''essentiel, d\\u00e9labr\\u00e9s\n        et constituent des foyers de [[tuberculose]] ; la densit\\u00e9 urbaine culmine\n        en 1921, Paris intra-muros comptant {{Unit\\u00e9|2906000|habitants}}[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=5427&document_type_id=5&document_id=8716&portlet_id=11661\n        d\\u00e9mographie de Paris].. Parall\\u00e8lement, des [[lotissement]]s\n        se d\\u00e9veloppent partout autour de la cit\\u00e9, en \\u00ab [[Agglom\\u00e9ration\n        parisienne|banlieue]] \\u00bb o\\u00f9 l''expansion se fait de fa\\u00e7on anarchique,\n        souvent en pleins champs sans r\\u00e9els am\\u00e9nagements ou \\u00e9quipements\n        publics{{p.|593-594}}..\\n\\nLes Parisiens tentent de\n        reprendre leur pr\\u00e9\\u00e9minence politique dans un contexte de multiples\n        scandales financiers et de corruption des milieux politiques{{p.|225-226}}..\n        Le {{date-|6 f\\u00e9vrier 1934}}, la manifestation des [[Jeunesses patriotes|Ligues\n        patriotes]] contre la gauche parlementaire d\\u00e9g\\u00e9n\\u00e8re en \\u00e9meute\n        et fait dix-sept tu\\u00e9s et mille cinq cents bless\\u00e9s, puis le {{date-|14\n        juillet 1935}}, un important d\\u00e9fil\\u00e9 en faveur du [[Front populaire\n        (France)|Front populaire]] compte cinq cent mille manifestants{{p.|593-611}}..\\n\\n[[Fichier:Bundesarchiv\n        N 1576 Bild-007, Paris, Parade deutscher Panzer.jpg|thumb|D\\u00e9fil\\u00e9\n        de [[Char l\\u00e9ger|chars]] \\u00e0 Paris en 1941. Les chars sont des [[Somua\n        S-35]] et [[Hotchkiss H35]] fran\\u00e7ais captur\\u00e9s par les Allemands.]]\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Paris sous l''Occupation allemande}}\\nPendant la [[Seconde\n        Guerre mondiale]], Paris, d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e [[ville ouverte]] d\\u00e8s la\n        [[bataille de France|d\\u00e9b\\u00e2cle]], est occup\\u00e9e par la [[Wehrmacht]]\n        le {{date-|14 juin 1940}}. Elle est relativement \\u00e9pargn\\u00e9eParis\n        souffre malgr\\u00e9 tout de bombardements, qui se multiplient \\u00e0 partir\n        de 1942.. Le gouvernement du [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain|mar\\u00e9chal P\\u00e9tain]]\n        install\\u00e9 \\u00e0 Vichy, Paris cesse d''\\u00eatre la capitale et devient\n        le si\\u00e8ge du commandement militaire allemand en France (''''Milit\\u00e4rbefehlshaber\n        in Frankreich''''){{p.|613-620}}.. Le {{date-|23 d\\u00e9cembre\n        1940}}, l''ing\\u00e9nieur [[Jacques Bonsergent]] est le premier r\\u00e9sistant\n        fusill\\u00e9 \\u00e0 Paris. Les {{nobr|16 et 17 juillet 1942}}, il est proc\\u00e9d\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 la [[Rafle du V\\u00e9lodrome d''Hiver|rafle du Vel'' d''Hiv'']], arrestation\n        de {{Unit\\u00e9|12884|[[Juifs]]}}, la plus massive en France, pour l''essentiel\n        des femmes et des enfants{{p.|620-628}}..\\n\\n\\u00c0\n        l''approche des [[Alli\\u00e9s de la Seconde Guerre mondiale|troupes alli\\u00e9es]],\n        la [[R\\u00e9sistance int\\u00e9rieure fran\\u00e7aise|R\\u00e9sistance int\\u00e9rieure]]\n        d\\u00e9clenche un soul\\u00e8vement arm\\u00e9 le {{Date-|19|ao\\u00fbt|1944}}.\n        La [[Lib\\u00e9ration de Paris]] se fait le {{date-|25 ao\\u00fbt}} avec l''entr\\u00e9e\n        dans Paris de la [[2e division blind\\u00e9e (France)|{{2e|division}} blind\\u00e9e]]\n        du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque|Leclerc]] et de la\n        [[4e division d''infanterie (\\u00c9tats-Unis)|{{4e|division}} d''infanterie\n        am\\u00e9ricaine]] du major-g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Raymond O. Barton]]Steven\n        J. Zaloga, ''''Liberation of Paris 1944, Patton''s race for the Seine'''',\n        Osprey Publishing, UK, 2008, {{p.|31}}, {{ISBN|1846032466|978-1846032462}}.\n        La veille, Leclerc avait donn\\u00e9 l''ordre au capitaine [[Raymond Dronne]]\n        de percer les lignes ennemies avec sa neuvi\\u00e8me compagnie, ''''La Nueve'''',\n        ([[R\\u00e9giment de marche du Tchad]]), qui arrive \\u00e0 l''h\\u00f4tel de\n        ville \\u00e0 {{Heure|21|22}} dans la soir\\u00e9e du 24[http://liberation-de-paris.gilles-primout.fr/la-preparation/forces-en-presence/la-2eme-division-blindee\n        Gilles Primout, ''''La Lib\\u00e9ration de Paris, 19-25 ao\\u00fbt 1944, La\n        {{2e}} Division blind\\u00e9e''''], site priv\\u00e9 sur la Lib\\u00e9ration\n        de Paris.. Le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Dietrich von Choltitz|von Choltitz]]\n        capitule sans ex\\u00e9cuter les ordres d''[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] demandant\n        la destruction des principaux monuments de la ville[http://www.choltitz.de/bilderseiten/redentexte/truemmerfeldbefehl.htm\n        ordres d''Hitler de d\\u00e9truire Paris].{{,}}Jean Favier : Paris,\n        deux mille ans d''histoire, {{p.|937}}.. La ville est relativement \\u00e9pargn\\u00e9e\n        par les combats{{p.|628-632}}.. Paris est l''une des\n        rares communes de France \\u00e0 se voir d\\u00e9cerner le titre de [[compagnon\n        de la Lib\\u00e9ration]][http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_ville/paris.html\n        Ordre de la Lib\\u00e9ration - Paris]..\\n\\n=== Le Paris contemporain\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Paris - 20150801 16h07 (10628).jpg|vignette|Vue du nord-ouest\n        de Paris, depuis le troisi\\u00e8me \\u00e9tage de la [[tour Eiffel]].]]\\nEn\n        1956, Paris se lie \\u00e0 [[Rome]] par un [[jumelage]] privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9,\n        symbole fort dans une dynamique g\\u00e9ographiquement plus large{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.ambafrance-de.org/IMG/chrono-f.pdf?1451/7c620dd745b772e3dffaf2a4bb755a2c96600cf3|titre=Relations\n        franco-allemandes : Chronologie de la relation franco-allemande depuis 1948|site=ambafrance-de.org|consult\\u00e9\n        le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016|format=pdf}} de r\\u00e9conciliation et de coop\\u00e9ration\n        apr\\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6594&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14992\n        Le jumelage avec Rome].{{,}}[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?portal_component=17&elected_official_directory_id=8814&actormandate=31&page_id=1&document_id=16330\n        Cinquantenaire du Jumelage Paris-Rome]..\\n\\nSous les mandats du [[Charles\n        de Gaulle|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de Gaulle]] de 1958 \\u00e0 1969, plusieurs \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements\n        politiques se d\\u00e9roulent dans la capitale. Le {{date-|17 octobre 1961}},\n        une [[manifestation]] en faveur de l''[[guerre d''Alg\\u00e9rie|ind\\u00e9pendance\n        de l''Alg\\u00e9rie]] est violemment r\\u00e9prim\\u00e9e. Selon les estimations,\n        entre {{unit\\u00e9/2|32|et=325|personnes}} sont [[Massacre du 17 octobre 1961|massacr\\u00e9es]]\n        par la [[police (institution)|police]], alors dirig\\u00e9e par [[Maurice Papon]][http://www.lexpress.fr/info/france/dossier/octobre61/dossier.asp\n        L''Express - Les \\u00abratonnades\\u00bb du 17 octobre 1961 : Retour sur une\n        trag\\u00e9die].. \\u00c0 partir du {{date-|22 mars 1968}}, un [[Mai 68|important\n        mouvement \\u00e9tudiant]] d\\u00e9marre \\u00e0 l''[[Universit\\u00e9 Paris-Ouest-Nanterre-La-D\\u00e9fense|universit\\u00e9\n        de Nanterre]]. Il entra\\u00eene dans le [[Quartier latin (quartier parisien)|quartier\n        latin]] des manifestations qui d\\u00e9g\\u00e9n\\u00e8rent en \\u00e9meutes.\n        La contestation, prenant corps dans un contexte de solidarit\\u00e9 internationale\n        et d''\\u00e9mulation (noirs et f\\u00e9ministes am\\u00e9ricains, [[Provo (mouvement)|\\u00ab\n        ''''provos'''' \\u00bb]] n\\u00e9erlandais, [[Printemps de Prague]], attentat\n        contre l''Allemand [[Rudi Dutschke]], etc.) entre brim\\u00e9s id\\u00e9alistes\n        et jeunes, berc\\u00e9s par [[Bob Dylan]] et son tube ''''[[The Times They\n        Are a-Changin'']]'''', voulant \\u00ab changer le monde \\u00bb, se d\\u00e9veloppe\n        tr\\u00e8s vite en [[Mouvements sociaux de 1968 dans le monde|crise politique\n        et sociale nationale]]. Le {{date-|13 mai}}, d''immenses d\\u00e9fil\\u00e9s\n        rassemblent {{Unit\\u00e9|800000|personnes}} venues protester contre les violences\n        polici\\u00e8res. Le 30 mai, une manifestation de soutien au gouvernement et\n        au G\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de Gaulle r\\u00e9unit un million de personnes, de la\n        place de l''\\u00c9toile \\u00e0 celle de la Concorde. Apr\\u00e8s deux mois\n        de d\\u00e9sordre et de troubles, les Parisiens votent massivement en faveur\n        du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de Gaulle lors des [[\\u00c9lections l\\u00e9gislatives\n        fran\\u00e7aises de 1968|\\u00e9lections l\\u00e9gislatives des 22 et 29 juin]]\n        et le calme revient{{p.|665-668}}..\\n\\nLe successeur\n        du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de Gaulle, [[Georges Pompidou]] s''int\\u00e9resse de\n        pr\\u00e8s \\u00e0 la capitale. Il laisse son nom au b\\u00e2timent qui abrite\n        le [[mus\\u00e9e national d''Art moderne]] et la [[biblioth\\u00e8que publique\n        d''information]] et \\u00e0 la voie express rive droite. [[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard\n        d''Estaing]], pr\\u00e9sident \\u00e0 son tour, ne partage pas sa vision d''une\n        modernisation radicale : il remet en cause le projet pr\\u00e9vu pour les [[Halles\n        de Paris|Halles]] et interrompt partiellement celui de voie express rive gauche.\n        En 1976, l''\\u00c9tat accorde pour la premi\\u00e8re fois depuis 1871 une municipalit\\u00e9\n        autonome \\u00e0 la capitale. Le gaulliste [[Jacques Chirac]] est alors \\u00e9lu\n        maire. Il sera r\\u00e9\\u00e9lu en 1983 et 1989. Sous le premier mandat du\n        pr\\u00e9sident [[Fran\\u00e7ois Mitterrand]], une r\\u00e9forme est adopt\\u00e9e\n        par la loi de [[d\\u00e9centralisation]] du {{date-|31 d\\u00e9cembre 1982}}\n        : elle dote chaque arrondissement de la capitale d''un maire et d''un [[conseil\n        municipal (France)|conseil municipal]] propre et non plus d\\u00e9sign\\u00e9\n        par le [[Liste des maires de Paris|maire de Paris]]{{p.|668-670}}..\\n\\nEn\n        1991, les [[Rives de la Seine \\u00e0 Paris|quais de la Seine]], du [[pont\n        de Sully]] (en amont) au [[pont d''I\\u00e9na]] (en aval), sont class\\u00e9s\n        sur la liste du [[patrimoine mondial]] de l''[[Organisation des Nations unies\n        pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture|UNESCO]] au titre de remarquable\n        ensemble fluvio-urbain avec ses monuments dont plusieurs constituent des chefs-d''\\u0153uvre\n        architecturaux au rayonnement mondial[http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/600\n        UNESCO - Paris, rives de la Seine]..\\n[[Fichier:Marche hommage Charlie\n        hebdo et aux victimes des attentats de janvier 2015 (25).jpg|gauche|vignette|[[Manifestations\n        des 10 et 11 janvier 2015|Manifestation r\\u00e9publicaine du 11 janvier 2015]]\n        \\u00e0 Paris - [[Place de la R\\u00e9publique (Paris)|Place de la R\\u00e9publique.]]]]\\n\\u00c9lu\n        [[Pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique fran\\u00e7aise|pr\\u00e9sident de la\n        R\\u00e9publique]] en {{date-| mai 1995}}, Jacques Chirac est remplac\\u00e9\n        par [[Jean Tiberi]] dont l''unique mandat est marqu\\u00e9 notamment par la\n        mise au jour de plusieurs [[Affaire politico-financi\\u00e8re|affaires politico-financi\\u00e8res]]\n        et par la division de la majorit\\u00e9 municipale. En 2001, Paris \\u00e9lit\n        un maire de gauche, le [[Parti socialiste (France)|socialiste]] [[Bertrand\n        Delano\\u00eb]]. Il se d\\u00e9marque de ses pr\\u00e9d\\u00e9cesseurs par sa\n        volont\\u00e9 affich\\u00e9e de r\\u00e9duire la place de l''automobile dans\n        la ville au profit notamment des pi\\u00e9tons et des [[transport en commun|transports\n        en commun]]. Il d\\u00e9veloppe l''animation de la vie parisienne par de grandes\n        manifestations culturelles comme ''''[[Nuit blanche (manifestation culturelle)|Nuit\n        Blanche]]'''' ou simplement ludiques comme ''''[[Paris Plages]]''''. Le {{date-|16\n        mars 2008}}, Bertrand Delano\\u00eb est r\\u00e9\\u00e9lu maire de Paris face\n        \\u00e0 [[Fran\\u00e7oise de Panafieu]] (UMP){{lien web|url=http://elections.leparisien.fr/elections-municipales-2008/actualite-resultats-direct-municipales/6774-paris-delanoe-reelu-dans-un-fauteuil-se-dote-d-une-equipe-etoffee-et-remaniee.php|titre=\n        Delano\\u00eb, r\\u00e9\\u00e9lu dans un fauteuil, se dote d''une \\u00e9quipe\n        \\u00e9toff\\u00e9e et remani\\u00e9e |\\u00e9diteur=leparisien.fr|date=21 mars\n        2008|auteur=Agence France Presse|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\n        \\u00c0 l''occasion des [[\\u00c9lections municipales de 2014 \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9lections\n        municipales de 2014]], [[Anne Hidalgo]], premi\\u00e8re adjointe de Bernard\n        Delano\\u00eb, devient la [[Liste des maires de Paris|premi\\u00e8re femme maire\n        de Paris]]{{lien web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2014/04/05/01002-20140405ARTFIG00078-anne-hidalgo-premiere-femme-de-l-histoire-maire-de-paris.php|titre=\n        Anne Hidalgo, premi\\u00e8re femme de l''Histoire maire de Paris |\\u00e9diteur=lefigaro.fr|date=5\n        avril 2014|auteur=Emmanuel Galiero|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\\n\\nDepuis\n        [[2015]], la [[France]] subit une [[Terrorisme en France|vague d''attentats\n        terroristes islamistes]] sans pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dent. La ville de Paris est \\u00e9galement\n        touch\\u00e9e en [[Attentats de janvier 2015 en France|janvier 2015]] avec\n        la [[Attentat contre Charlie Hebdo|tuerie contre Charlie Hebdo]] et la [[Attentats\n        de janvier 2015 en France|prise d''otage de l''Hyper Casher]] qui fait {{Unit\\u00e9|17|victimes}}.\n        \\u00c0 la suite de ces tragiques \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements, une [[Manifestations\n        des 10 et 11 janvier 2015|manifestation r\\u00e9publicaine historique]] se\n        d\\u00e9roule le {{Date|11 janvier 2015}} r\\u00e9unissant plus de {{nobr|trois\n        millions}} de personnes et pr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|50|chefs}} d''\\u00c9tat,\n        pour d\\u00e9fendre la libert\\u00e9 d''expression et rendre hommage aux victimes\n        du terrorisme. Dix mois plus tard, le {{Date|13 novembre 2015}}, des attaques\n        sans pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dent ont frapp\\u00e9 la capitale et sa banlieue sous forme\n        d''[[Attentats du 13 novembre 2015 en France|actions kamikazes]] aux abords\n        du [[Stade de France]], de [[Tuerie de masse|tueries de masse]] dans des terrasses\n        de caf\\u00e9 dans le [[10e arrondissement de Paris|{{10e}}]] et le [[11e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{11e|arrondissement}}]] ainsi qu''\\u00e0 la salle de spectacle du\n        [[Bataclan]], attaques organis\\u00e9es par un commando d''une dizaine d''hommes\n        se revendiquant de l''[[\\u00c9tat islamique (organisation)|\\u00c9tat islamique]]\n        qui ont fait {{Unit\\u00e9|130|morts}} et des centaines de bless\\u00e9s{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2015/11/16/01016-20151116ARTFIG00008-attentats-terroristes-en-france-2015-annus-horribilis.php|titre=\n        Attentats terroristes en France: 2015, \\u00abannus horribilis\\u00bb |\\u00e9diteur=lefigaro.fr|date=16\n        novembre 2015|auteur=Eug\\u00e9nie Basti\\u00e9|consult\\u00e9 le=27 avril 2017}}..\\n\\n==\n        Politique et administration ==\\n=== Organisation administrative ===\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Mairie de Paris|Arrondissements de Paris|Liste des d\\u00e9put\\u00e9s\n        de Paris|Liste des conseillers de Paris}}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Paris plan jms.png|thumb|Carte\n        des [[arrondissements de Paris]].]]\\n\\nDepuis la [[R\\u00e9organisation de\n        la r\\u00e9gion parisienne en 1964|loi du 10 juillet 1964 portant r\\u00e9organisation\n        de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne]], entr\\u00e9e compl\\u00e8tement en vigueur le\n        {{date-|1 janvier 1968}}, Paris est \\u00e0 la fois un [[D\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partement]]\n        et une [[Commune (France)|commune]]. Auparavant et depuis 1790, Paris \\u00e9tait\n        le chef-lieu du [[Seine (d\\u00e9partement)|d\\u00e9partement de la Seine]].\n        La commune est divis\\u00e9e en vingt [[Arrondissements de Paris|arrondissements\n        municipaux]] cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s lors de son [[Liste des anciennes communes de\n        Paris|extension territoriale]] de 1860, en remplacement des [[Anciens arrondissements\n        de Paris|douze arrondissements]] qui existaient auparavant depuis le {{date-|11\n        octobre 1795}}, et en dix-huit [[Circonscriptions \\u00e9lectorales fran\\u00e7aises|circonscriptions\n        \\u00e9lectorales]].\\n\\nLe D\\u00e9partement de Paris n''a pas d''autre subdivision\n        que la seule commune qui le compose. Les entit\\u00e9s municipale et d\\u00e9partementale\n        ont une seule assembl\\u00e9e d\\u00e9lib\\u00e9rante, un r\\u00e8glement int\\u00e9rieur\n        unique et des ordres du jour fusionn\\u00e9s pour le Conseil de Paris. Effective\n        depuis 1987 au plan administratif, la fusion des services de la commune et\n        du d\\u00e9partement imbrique profond\\u00e9ment les deux institutions. Une\n        loi adopt\\u00e9e en f\\u00e9vrier 2017 pr\\u00e9voit la fusion effective des\n        deux collectivit\\u00e9s, ainsi que le regroupement administratif et \\u00e9lectoral\n        des quatre premiers arrondissements, au {{1er}} janvier 2019.\\n\\n=== Statut\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Hotel de Ville Paris Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|L''[[h\\u00f4tel\n        de ville de Paris]] la nuit]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Loi relative \\u00e0\n        l''organisation administrative de Paris, Marseille, Lyon {{!}}Loi PML|Pr\\u00e9fet\n        de Paris|Pr\\u00e9fecture de police|Liste des maires d''arrondissement de Paris}}\\n\\nLe\n        statut de la ville a chang\\u00e9 plusieurs fois. Du {{nobr|26 mars}} au {{date-|22\n        mai 1871}}, Paris fut le si\\u00e8ge d''un pouvoir insurrectionnel, la [[Commune\n        de Paris (1871)|Commune de Paris]], avec une assembl\\u00e9e d\\u00e9mocratiquement\n        \\u00e9lue. La [[Troisi\\u00e8me R\\u00e9publique (France)|Troisi\\u00e8me R\\u00e9publique]]\n        fut dirig\\u00e9e au d\\u00e9but par des conservateurs effray\\u00e9s par cet\n        \\u00e9pisode. Ceux-ci \\u00e9dict\\u00e8rent la loi du {{date-|5 avril 1884}}\n        qui donnait le pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif au [[Liste des pr\\u00e9fets de la Seine|pr\\u00e9fet\n        de la Seine]] et les pouvoirs de police au [[pr\\u00e9fecture de police|pr\\u00e9fet\n        de police]]. Le [[conseil de Paris]], \\u00e9lu lors des \\u00e9lections municipales,\n        d\\u00e9signait chaque ann\\u00e9e un [[Liste des pr\\u00e9sidents du conseil\n        municipal de Paris|pr\\u00e9sident]] dont la fonction \\u00e9tait principalement\n        repr\\u00e9sentative. Paris n''avait alors pas de maire. Le budget de la ville\n        devait \\u00eatre approuv\\u00e9 par l''\\u00c9tat.\\n\\nLa [[R\\u00e9organisation\n        de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne en 1964|r\\u00e9organisation de la r\\u00e9gion\n        parisienne]] qui entre en vigueur le {{date|1|janvier|1968}} fait de Paris\n        \\u00e0 la fois une [[Commune (France)|commune]] et un [[D\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partement]]\n        : le conseil municipal de Paris et le [[conseil g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de la Seine]]\n        sont remplac\\u00e9s par le [[conseil de Paris]], qui exerce \\u00e0 la fois\n        les comp\\u00e9tences d''un [[conseil municipal (France)|conseil municipal]]\n        et celles d''un [[conseil g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral (France)|conseil g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral]]Loi\n        n\\u00b064-707 du 10 juillet 1964, articles 3 et 4. Celui-ci est mis\n        en place au {{date|1|janvier|1968}}. Mais il faut attendre la loi du {{date-|31\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1975}} (entr\\u00e9e en vigueur lors des [[\\u00c9lections municipales\n        fran\\u00e7aises de 1977|\\u00e9lections municipales de 1977]]) pour que Paris\n        retrouve un statut similaire \\u00e0 celui des autres collectivit\\u00e9s avec\n        la restauration du poste de [[maire de Paris]], \\u00e9lu par le conseil de\n        Paris et d\\u00e9tenteur du pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif. Des commissions d''arrondissements,\n        dont les membres sont choisis \\u00e0 parit\\u00e9 entre les \\u00e9lecteurs,\n        le maire de Paris et le Conseil de Paris, ont un r\\u00f4le consultatif et\n        d''animation. Le pr\\u00e9fet de police, nomm\\u00e9 par l''\\u00c9tat, conserve\n        les pouvoirs de [[Police (institution)|police]]. Enfin, la [[Loi relative\n        \\u00e0 l''organisation administrative de Paris, Marseille, Lyon|loi PML]]\n        du {{date-|31 d\\u00e9cembre 1982}}, entr\\u00e9e en vigueur \\u00e0 Paris lors\n        des [[\\u00c9lections municipales de 1983 \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9lections municipales\n        de 1983]] et portant \\u00e0 163 le nombre de conseillers de Paris, \\u00e9tend\n        les pouvoirs du conseil de Paris (principalement en mati\\u00e8re budg\\u00e9taire)\n        et cr\\u00e9e les conseils d''arrondissements.\\n\\nDepuis le d\\u00e9cret 2002-810\n        du {{date-|2 mai 2002}}, les pouvoirs de [[Police administrative en France|police\n        administrative]] sont partag\\u00e9s entre le maire de Paris et le pr\\u00e9fet\n        de police qui se pr\\u00eatent r\\u00e9ciproquement leurs moyens d''action \\u00e0\n        cet effet. Ce dernier peut si\\u00e9ger au conseil de Paris et doit lui soumettre\n        chaque ann\\u00e9e son budget et son compte[http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=4825&document_type_id=5&document_id=3048&portlet_id=10317\n        Paris Politiques> Statut et institutions de Paris> L\\u2019\\u00e9volution du\n        statut de Paris> Les r\\u00e9centes \\u00e9volutions l\\u00e9gislatives].\n        (bien que ce budget reste d\\u00e9cid\\u00e9 par l''\\u00c9tat). Le maire est\n        d\\u00e9sormais impliqu\\u00e9 dans la [[politique de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9]] m\\u00eame\n        si les pouvoirs en ce domaine restent entre les mains du pr\\u00e9fet de police.\n        Le projet de loi d\\u00e9battu en 2016 doit donner l''essentiel des pouvoirs\n        de gestion de la voirie \\u00e0 la mairie d\\u00e8s 2017 hormis les voies d\\u2019acc\\u00e8s\n        aux b\\u00e2timents des institutions nationales tels que l\\u2019\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e,\n        Matignon ou certaines ambassades. Les {{unit\\u00e9|1800|agents}} de surveillance\n        de Paris seront affect\\u00e9s \\u00e0 une \\u00ab brigade de lutte contre les\n        incivilit\\u00e9s \\u00bb.\\n\\nL''action du conseil de Paris\n        s''exerce \\u00e9galement par l''interm\\u00e9diaire de soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9s dont\n        il poss\\u00e8de une part du capital, les [[soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9s d''\\u00e9conomie\n        mixte de Paris]].\\n\\n==== Fusion des collectivit\\u00e9s et regroupement de\n        quatre arrondissements ====\\nEn 2015, la [[Cour des comptes (France)|Chambre\n        r\\u00e9gionale des comptes]], appuy\\u00e9e par la maire de Paris, recommande\n        de fusionner le d\\u00e9partement de Paris et la commune de Paris en une collectivit\\u00e9\n        unique{{lien web|url=http://www.acteurspublics.com/2015/10/05/le-departement-de-paris-n-a-plus-lieu-d-etre-selon-la-chambre-regionale-des-comptes|titre=Le\n        d\\u00e9partement de Paris n\\u2019a plus lieu d\\u2019\\u00eatre, selon la chambre\n        r\\u00e9gionale des comptes|\\u00e9diteur=Acteurs publics|date=5 octobre 2015|auteur=Pierre\n        Laberrondo|consult\\u00e9 le=5 octobre 2015}}. La maire de Paris propose\n        en {{date-|janvier 2016}} un v\\u0153u au conseil municipal reprenant cette\n        proposition, mais aussi la fusion des quatre premiers [[Arrondissements de\n        Paris|arrondissements]] \\u00e0 l''horizon 2020. La population de ce nouvel\n        arrondissement serait alors d''un peu plus de {{unit\\u00e9|100000|habitants}}{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2016/01/29/tout-comprendre-sur-les-vingt-arrondissements-de-paris_4856332_3224.html|titre=Tout\n        comprendre aux vingt arrondissements de Paris|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=29\n        janvier 2016|auteur=Agence France Presse|consult\\u00e9 le=30 janvier 2016}}.\n        Un [[projet de loi]] pr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9 en ao\\u00fbt 2016 reprend ces propositions\n        avec la mise en place au {{date-|1 janvier 2019}} d''une collectivit\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 statut particulier r\\u00e9unissant commune et d\\u00e9partement et nomm\\u00e9e\n        \\u00ab Ville de Paris \\u00bb{{lien web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/08/03/la-reforme-du-statut-de-paris-doit-donner-plus-de-pouvoir-a-la-capitale_4977853_823448.html|titre=La\n        r\\u00e9forme du statut de Paris doit donner plus de pouvoir \\u00e0 la capitale|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=3\n        ao\\u00fbt 2016|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}. \\n\\nCe projet de\n        loi est d\\u00e9finitivement adopt\\u00e9 et la loi est promulgu\\u00e9e en f\\u00e9vrier\n        2017{{lien web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/02/16/accord-definitif-du-parlement-a-la-reforme-du-statut-de-paris_5080680_823448.html#ZXR1dY2IVjFw6DfD.99|titre=Accord\n        d\\u00e9finitif du Parlement \\u00e0 la r\\u00e9forme du statut de Paris|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=16\n        f\\u00e9vrier 2017|consult\\u00e9 le=16 f\\u00e9vrier 2017}}{{,}}Loi\n        {{n\\u00b0}}2017-257 du 28 f\\u00e9vrier 2017 relative au statut de Paris et\n        \\u00e0 l''am\\u00e9nagement m\\u00e9tropolitain ([https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/2017/2/28/2017-257/jo/texte\n        lire sur L\\u00e9gifrance]).. La r\\u00e9forme ne supprime pas les quatre\n        premiers arrondissementsCommentaire de l''article\n        17, [http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/rapports/r4293.asp rapport {{n\\u00b0}}4212]\n        fait au nom de la commission des lois de l''Assembl\\u00e9e nationale par [[Jean-Yves\n        Le Bouillonnec]] et [[Patrick Mennucci]]. mais les regroupe en un secteur\n        administratif et \\u00e9lectoral unique. Ce secteur est pourvu d''un conseil\n        et d''un maire communs aux quatre arrondissements, comme \\u00e0 [[Secteurs\n        et arrondissements de Marseille|Marseille]] o\\u00f9 les seize arrondissements\n        sont regroup\\u00e9s en huit secteurs. Le nombre des [[conseil de Paris|conseillers\n        de Paris]] est inchang\\u00e9.\\n\\n=== Intercommunalit\\u00e9 ===\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Paris M\\u00e9tropole|M\\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris}}\\n[[File:PierreMansat.jpg|vignette|L''adjoint\n        de Bertrand Delano\\u00eb [[Pierre Mansat]] renoue les liens entre Paris et\n        sa banlieue.]]\\nContrairement aux autres m\\u00e9tropoles fran\\u00e7aises,\n        il n''a longtemps pas exist\\u00e9 d''intercommunalit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 fiscalit\\u00e9\n        propre entre Paris et sa banlieue. Paris n''\\u00e9tait que membre de certains\n        syndicats intercommunaux comme le [[Syndicat interd\\u00e9partemental pour\n        l''assainissement de l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne]] (SIAAP) ou le [[Syndicat\n        des transports d''\\u00cele-de-France]] (STIF), apr\\u00e8s avoir longtemps\n        externalis\\u00e9 ses \\u00e9quipements, tels les cimeti\\u00e8res ou usines\n        d''incin\\u00e9ration, hors de Paris. Le territoire parisien ne couvre que\n        le centre de la m\\u00e9tropole, contrairement aux autres grandes m\\u00e9tropoles\n        internationales. Ce manque structurel est consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme un des\n        probl\\u00e8mes majeurs de l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6135&document_type_id=4&document_id=13953&portlet_id=14061&multileveldocument_sheet_id=1510\n        Une histoire crois\\u00e9e de Paris et de ses banlieues]., alors l''organisation\n        des besoins collectifs (transports, logement, etc.) qui d\\u00e9passent de\n        loin le cadre communal. La r\\u00e9gion [[\\u00cele-de-France]] ne peut organiser\n        la m\\u00e9tropole alors que 80 % de l''espace r\\u00e9gional reste rural.\\n\\nLa\n        fiscalit\\u00e9 locale est de m\\u00eame tr\\u00e8s concentr\\u00e9e dans certaines\n        communes riches en entreprises et/ou populations ais\\u00e9es. C''est le cas\n        exemplaire de [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] qui b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie des rentr\\u00e9es\n        fiscales d''une population parmi les plus ais\\u00e9es de France et de nombreuses\n        entreprises de [[La D\\u00e9fense]], tout en ne comptant que 2,8 % de logements\n        sociaux[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/politique/20070704.OBS5021/logement_social__francois_fillonvole_au_secours_de_neui.html\n        Le Nouvel Observateur - Logement social : Fran\\u00e7ois Fillon vole au secours\n        de Neuilly]., alors que les charges qu''entra\\u00eene l\\u2019afflux\n        sur un territoire de populations de conditions modestes sont support\\u00e9es\n        par des communes qui n\\u2019ont pas toujours la possibilit\\u00e9 de trouver\n        dans leurs limites administratives les ressources n\\u00e9cessaires pour les\n        compenser. A contrario, [[Clichy-sous-Bois]] est ainsi une des villes les\n        plus pauvres du pays qui cumule une population jeune et d\\u00e9favoris\\u00e9e\n        avec des ressources fiscales propres tr\\u00e8s limit\\u00e9es, vivant essentiellement\n        de dotations de l''\\u00c9tat ne permettant pas d''assurer des services comparables\n        \\u00e0 ceux des communes ais\\u00e9es[http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/societe/211922.FR.php\n        Lib\\u00e9ration - Clichy-sous-Bois, des chiffres pour le dire]..\\n\\nCes\n        difficult\\u00e9s, manifestes apr\\u00e8s les [[\\u00e9meutes de 2005 dans les\n        banlieues fran\\u00e7aises]], sont \\u00e0 l''origine de la Conf\\u00e9rence\n        m\\u00e9tropolitaine de l\\u2019agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne qui s''est r\\u00e9unie\n        \\u00e0 l''initiative de la ville de Paris pour la premi\\u00e8re fois en mairie\n        de [[Vanves]] le {{date-|7 juillet 2006}}[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=95&document_type_id=4&document_id=21823&portlet_id=13549\n        Conf\\u00e9rence m\\u00e9tropolitaine de l\\u2019agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne].,\n        apr\\u00e8s que l''adjoint [[Pierre Mansat]] a renou\\u00e9 le dialogue de Paris\n        avec les communes riveraines. Le pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique [[Nicolas\n        Sarkozy]] se saisit de cet enjeu dans son discours du {{date-|26 juin 2007}}[http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais/actualites/2007/juin/inauguration_du_satellite_n3_de_roissy_charles-de-gaulle.78946.html\n        Pr\\u00e9sidence de la r\\u00e9publique - Inauguration du Satellite {{num\\u00e9ro|3}}\n        de Roissy Charles-de-Gaulle]., critiquant le projet de [[sch\\u00e9ma\n        directeur de la r\\u00e9gion \\u00cele-de-France]] (SDRIF), se disant repenser\n        \\u00ab l''organisation des pouvoirs \\u00bb et cr\\u00e9er une communaut\\u00e9\n        urbaine, imposant de fait la vision d''une reprise en main par l''\\u00c9tat[http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/263866.FR.php\n        Journal Lib\\u00e9ration du 28 juin 2007 - Nouveau tour de piste pour le \\u00ab\n        Grand Paris \\u00bb].{{,}}[http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169001/Paris-Sarkozy-relance-le-projet-d-un-Grand-Paris.php\n        Journal 20 minutes - Sarkozy relance le projet d''un \\u00ab Grand Paris \\u00bb]..\n        Le projet heurte de nombreux \\u00e9lus locaux de l''agglom\\u00e9ration[http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169099/Paris-Grand-Paris-les-elus-reagissent.php\n        Journal 20 minutes - \\u00ab Grand Paris \\u00bb : les \\u00e9lus r\\u00e9agissent]..\n        [[Christian Blanc]]{{Lien web|url=http://www.lesechos.fr/info/france/4703193.htm|titre=Christian\n        Blanc prend en charge la r\\u00e9gion capitale|\\u00e9diteur=Les \\u00c9chos|date=19\n        mars 2008|consult\\u00e9 le=3 mai 2008}}. puis [[Maurice Leroy]][http://www.lesechos.fr/info/france/020646997731-le-secretaire-d-etat-abandonne-le-chantier-du-grand-paris-au-milieu-du-gue.htm\n        \\u00ab Le secr\\u00e9taire d''\\u00c9tat abandonne le chantier du Grand Paris\n        au milieu du gu\\u00e9 \\u00bb], ''''[[Les \\u00c9chos]]'''', 5 juillet 2010.\n        sont charg\\u00e9s de la R\\u00e9gion Capitale au gouvernement. La [[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        du Grand Paris]] re\\u00e7oit pour mission de construire le projet de m\\u00e9tro\n        automatique [[Grand Paris Express]]{{L\\u00e9gifrance|base=JORF|num\\u00e9ro=PRMX0920421L|texte=Loi\n        {{n\\u00b0|2010-597}} du 3 juin 2010 relative au Grand Paris}}.. Mais\n        c''est le [[Gouvernement Jean-Marc Ayrault (2)|gouvernement Ayrault]] qui\n        donne apr\\u00e8s 2012 une traduction institutionnelle au p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tre\n        identifi\\u00e9 par le projet de transports en cr\\u00e9ant la [[M\\u00e9tropole\n        du Grand Paris]], d\\u00e9finie par la [[Loi de modernisation de l''action\n        publique territoriale et d''affirmation des m\\u00e9tropoles|loi du 27 janvier\n        2014]] dans le cadre de l''[[Acte III de la d\\u00e9centralisation]]. Au {{date-|1|janvier|2016}},\n        elle regroupe Paris, les communes de la [[G\\u00e9ographie de l''\\u00cele-de-France#La\n        petite couronne|petite couronne]] et sept communes de la [[G\\u00e9ographie\n        de l''\\u00cele-de-France#La grande couronne|grande couronne]].\\n\\n=== Liste\n        des maires ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste des maires de Paris}}\\n\\n{{\\u00c9luD\\u00e9but\n        |Titre= Liste des maires successifs depuis 1977}}\\n\\n{{\\u00c9lu |D\\u00e9but=20\n        mars 1977|Fin=16 mai 1995|Identit\\u00e9=[[Jacques Chirac]]|Parti= [[Rassemblement\n        pour la R\\u00e9publique|RPR]]|Qualit\\u00e9= [[Haut fonctionnaire en France|Haut\n        fonctionnaire]]
Membre (1968-1982) et pr\\u00e9sident (1970-1979) du [[conseil\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de la Corr\\u00e8ze]]
D\\u00e9put\\u00e9 de la Corr\\u00e8ze\n        (1967, 1968, 1973, 1976-1986, 1988-1995)
Secr\\u00e9taire d''\\u00c9tat (1967-1971),\n        ministre (1971-1974), [[Premier ministre fran\\u00e7ais|Premier ministre]]\n        (1974-1976 et 1986-1988)}}\\n{{\\u00c9lu |D\\u00e9but=22 mai 1995|Fin=25 mars\n        2001|Identit\\u00e9=[[Jean Tiberi]]|Parti= [[Rassemblement pour la R\\u00e9publique|RPR]]|Qualit\\u00e9=[[Magistrat]]
Premier\n        adjoint au maire de Paris (1983-1995), maire du [[5e arrondissement de Paris|{{5e|arrondissement}}]]\n        (1983-1995 et 2001-2014)
D\\u00e9put\\u00e9 de Paris (1968-2012)
Secr\\u00e9taire\n        d''\\u00c9tat (1976)}}\\n{{\\u00c9lu |D\\u00e9but=25 mars 2001|Fin=5 avril 2014|Identit\\u00e9=[[Bertrand\n        Delano\\u00eb]]|Parti= [[Parti socialiste (France)|PS]]|Qualit\\u00e9=Conseiller\n        en communication
Conseiller de Paris (1977-2014)
D\\u00e9put\\u00e9 (1981-1986),\n        puis s\\u00e9nateur (1995-2001) de Paris}}\\n{{\\u00c9lu actuel|D\\u00e9but=5\n        avril 2014|Fin=  |Identit\\u00e9=[[Anne Hidalgo]]|Parti= [[Parti socialiste\n        (France)|PS]]|Qualit\\u00e9=[[Inspection du travail|Inspectrice du travail]]
Premi\\u00e8re\n        adjointe au maire de Paris (2001-2014)
Conseill\\u00e8re r\\u00e9gionale\n        d''[[\\u00cele-de-France]] (2004-2014)}}\\n{{\\u00c9luFin}}\\n\\nLa particularit\\u00e9\n        du [[Loi relative \\u00e0 l''organisation administrative de Paris, Marseille,\n        Lyon|mode de scrutin par arrondissement]] fait que lors de sa premi\\u00e8re\n        \\u00e9lection en [[\\u00c9lections municipales de 2001 \\u00e0 Paris|2001]],\n        [[Bertrand Delano\\u00eb]] \\u00e9tait minoritaire en nombre de voix mais avait\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9lu gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 un nombre sup\\u00e9rieur de [[Conseil\n        de Paris|conseillers de Paris]].\\n\\n=== Budget et fiscalit\\u00e9 ===\\nLe budget\n        primitif 2011 (ville et d\\u00e9partement) s\\u2019\\u00e9levait \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|8.582|milliards}}\n        d\\u2019[[euro]]s dont {{unit\\u00e9|6.906|milliards}} d\\u2019euros consacr\\u00e9s\n        au fonctionnement et environ {{unit\\u00e9|1.676}} \\u00e0 l\\u2019investissement[http://labs.paris.fr/commun/budget_primitif_2011/pdf/chiffres_cles.pdf\n        Budget 2011 de la ville et d\\u00e9partement de Paris].. L''encours de\n        dette s\\u2019\\u00e9levait \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|2.696|milliards}} d\\u2019[[euro]]s.\n        Les emprunts garantis par le d\\u00e9partement de Paris en [[2008]] s''\\u00e9levaient\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|26.6|milliards}} d''[[euro]]s[http://www.paris.fr/portail/pratique/Portal.lut?page_id=7708&document_type_id=4&document_id=49199&portlet_id=17822&multileveldocument_sheet_id=8692\n        Le budget primitif 2008 : \\u00e9tat de la dette]..\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s une\n        stabilit\\u00e9 entre [[2000]] et [[2008]][http://www.impots.gouv.fr/portal/dgi/public/documentation.donnees_detaillees;jsessionid=OL0OJYMOT3NPZQFIEMRSFE4AVARW4IV1?paf_dm=shared&paf_gm=content&paf_gear_id=1900029&pageId=doc_stat_donnees_detaillees&sfid=4502®ion=&_requestid=760087\n        Site officiel de la direction g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale des Imp\\u00f4ts].,\n        les taux d\\u2019imposition ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 augment\\u00e9s en [[2009]] et\n        sont port\\u00e9s \\u00e0 9,59 % pour la [[taxe d''habitation]], 7,75 % pour\n        la taxe sur le foncier b\\u00e2ti, 14,72 % pour la taxe sur le foncier non\n        b\\u00e2ti et 13,46 % pour la [[taxe professionnelle]][http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4857&document_type_id=5&document_id=7962&portlet_id=10385\n        Budget 2009 de la ville de Paris].{{,}}[http://www.lefigaro.fr/impots/2009/09/29/05003-20090929ARTFIG00001-le-grand-ecart-entre-les-villes-vertueuses-et-les-autres-.php\n        Le Figaro - 28 septembre 2009 - Hausse des imp\\u00f4ts locaux \\u00e0 Paris\n        en 2009].. La fiscalit\\u00e9 repr\\u00e9sente 55 % des recettes de la\n        ville. Paris est l''une des quinze grandes\n        villes fran\\u00e7aises (de plus de {{Unit\\u00e9|1000000|habitants}}) n''ayant\n        pas augment\\u00e9 ses taux d''imp\\u00f4t foncier en cinq ans[http://www.lesechos.fr/patrimoine/immobilier/300223949.htm\n        Les \\u00c9chos - Taxe fonci\\u00e8re : les villes qui ont subi la plus forte\n        hausse].. Cette stabilit\\u00e9 ne concerne que les taux d''imposition.\n        La bulle immobili\\u00e8re qui s''est d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9e pendant toute la\n        premi\\u00e8re mandature de M. Delano\\u00eb a permis une hausse extr\\u00eamement\n        importante des rentr\\u00e9es fiscales assises sur l''immobilier. Le nombre\n        des transactions en m\\u00eame temps que leur valeur a consid\\u00e9rablement\n        augment\\u00e9. Cette bulle fiscale a permis d''accro\\u00eetre les effectifs\n        de la Mairie de Paris de 40 \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|49000|agents}} ({{Unit\\u00e9|73000|agents}},\n        en 2013, pour la mairie et le d\\u00e9partement de Paris selon l\\u2019[[Ifrap]][http://lecercle.lesechos.fr/entreprises-marches/finance-marches/finances/221186902/paris-finances-danger\n        Paris, finances en danger], Aurelien Veron, lecercle.lesechos.fr, 17 d\\u00e9cembre\n        2013.). L''explosion de cette bulle immobili\\u00e8re temporaire laisse\n        la mairie avec un exc\\u00e9dent de d\\u00e9penses permanentes \\u00e0 financer\n        autrement. C''est pourquoi Bertrand Delano\\u00eb a annonc\\u00e9 en 2008 la\n        cr\\u00e9ation d''une nouvelle taxe d\\u00e9partementale de 3 % sur le foncier\n        (pay\\u00e9e uniquement par les propri\\u00e9taires) et une hausse des taux\n        de l''imp\\u00f4t foncierNouvelle taxe fonci\\u00e8re d\\u00e9partementale\n        de 3 % et augmentation des 4 taxes locales (taxe d''habitation, taxes sur\n        le foncier b\\u00e2ti et le non b\\u00e2ti et enfin taxe professionnelle), {{cf.}}\n        ''''Le Figaro'''' du 29 octobre 2008, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/impots/2008/10/08/05003-20081008ARTFIG00453-delanoe-augmente-les-impots-locaux-a-paris-.php\n        ''''Les imp\\u00f4ts locaux en hausse de 9 % \\u00e0 Paris en 2009'''']..\n        Pour la p\\u00e9riode 2007-2012, l''Union nationale de la propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        immobili\\u00e8re (UNPI) calcule que Paris est la ville qui a connu la progression\n        nationale la plus forte de sa taxe fonci\\u00e8re (+ 67,90 % contre 21,17 %\n        en moyenne), en raison notamment de la cr\\u00e9ation de ce taux d\\u00e9partemental[http://www.lejdd.fr/Economie/Ces-grandes-villes-ou-la-taxe-fonciere-explose-632997\n        Ces grandes villes o\\u00f9 la taxe fonci\\u00e8re explose], Le JDD, 8 octobre\n        2013 .{{,}}[http://www.unpi.org/docunpi/otf2013/75.pdf Observatoire\n        UNPI des taxes fonci\\u00e8res sur les propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s b\\u00e2ties : p\\u00e9riode\n        2007/2012].{{,}}[http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2013/10/08/les-taxes-foncieres-pesent-de-plus-en-plus-sur-le-budget-des-menages_937806\n        Les taxes fonci\\u00e8res p\\u00e8sent de plus en plus sur le budget des m\\u00e9nages],\n        Lib\\u00e9ration, 8 octobre 2013 ..\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s six ann\\u00e9es sans\n        aucune hausse des taux des imp\\u00f4ts locaux (2001 \\u00e0 2008 inclus) vot\\u00e9s\n        par les \\u00e9lus parisiens, puis deux ann\\u00e9es de hausse (2009 et 2010),\n        la municipalit\\u00e9 s''est engag\\u00e9e \\u00e0 ne plus augmenter le taux\n        des 4 imp\\u00f4ts locaux. Selon le magazine ''''Capital'''' de juin 2010,\n        Paris reste la grande ville avec les plus faibles montants d''imp\\u00f4ts\n        locaux.\\n\\nLe taux d''endettement de la Mairie de Paris (ville et d\\u00e9partement)\n        est \\u00e0 39 % de ses ressources, bien moins que la moyenne nationale des\n        grandes villes (89 %). La ville b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie, pour 2010 et 2011, de\n        la note maximale des agences de [[notation financi\\u00e8re]], le \\u00ab AAA\n        \\u00bb, qui permet d''emprunter aux meilleurs taux pour investir et construire.\n        \\u00c0 la suite de la forte augmentation de la dette, un \\u00ab quasi-quadruplement\n        de la dette de Paris entre 2001 et 2014 \\u00bb, les agences de notation r\\u00e9trogradent\n        Paris en 2012 et 2013 \\u00e0 la note de AA+.\\n\\nDans un livre intitul\\u00e9 ''''Comptes et l\\u00e9gendes de\n        Paris, Bilan de la gestion Delano\\u00eb'''' (2011), le journaliste Dominique\n        Foing analyse, sur la base des rapports de l''Inspection g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale\n        de la ville de Paris et de la [[chambre r\\u00e9gionale des comptes]] d''\\u00cele-de-France,\n        la gestion des ann\\u00e9es 2001-2011 de la ville de Paris : les d\\u00e9penses\n        municipales auraient augment\\u00e9 de 44,45 % (\\u00ab le produit fiscal, fiscalit\\u00e9\n        immobili\\u00e8re incluse, collect\\u00e9 sur les contribuables parisiens est\n        pass\\u00e9 de 1,7 milliard d''euros au budget 2001 \\u00e0 2,5 milliards d''euros\n        au budget 2008, soit 47 % d''augmentation \\u00bb), signifiant pour ceux-ci\n        une hausse des recettes des imp\\u00f4ts de 70 % entre 2001 et 2011 ; concomitamment,\n        les d\\u00e9penses de fonctionnement se seraient accrues de 2 milliards d''euros,\n        la dette, relativement faible en 2011, augmentant d''un milliard d''euros[http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2011/10/04/01016-20111004ARTFIG00733-polemique-autour-d-un-livre-sur-delanoe.php\n        Pol\\u00e9mique autour d''un livre sur Delano\\u00eb], Aude Seres, ''''Lefigaro.fr'''',\n        5 octobre 2011.{{,}}[http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-75005/le-livre-qui-agace-le-maire-de-paris-06-10-2011-1640905.php\n        Le livre qui agace le maire de Paris], Marie-Anne Gairaud, ''''Leparisien.fr'''',\n        6 octobre 2011..\\n\\nDepuis 2011, les taux d\\u2019imposition ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        port\\u00e9s \\u00e0 13,38 % pour la taxe d''habitation, \\u00e0 8,37 % pour\n        la taxe fonci\\u00e8re sur les propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s b\\u00e2ties, \\u00e0 16,67\n        % pour la taxe fonci\\u00e8re sur les propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s non b\\u00e2ties\n        et 16,52 % pour la cotisation fonci\\u00e8re des entreprises (CFE)[http://www.paris.fr/municipalite/l-hotel-de-ville/taxes-et-impots-2318\n        Taux de r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence pour Paris depuis 2011]..\\n\\n=== Instances\n        judiciaires et administratives ===\\nLe [[Tribunal de grande instance (France)|tribunal\n        de grande instance]] de Paris est situ\\u00e9 dans le [[Palais de justice de\n        Paris|Palais de Justice]], sur l''[[\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9]]. C''est la\n        [[Organisation juridictionnelle (France)|juridiction]] qui traite le plus\n        grand nombre d''affaires en France{{lien web|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt\n        2016|url=http://www.ca-paris.justice.fr/index.php?rubrique=11016&ssrubrique=11051&article=14755|titre=Tribunal\n        de grande instance de Paris}}.. Dans chaque arrondissement se trouve\n        un [[tribunal d''instance]]. Dessin\\u00e9 par [[Renzo Piano]], la [[Cit\\u00e9\n        judiciaire de Paris]] doit \\u00eatre achev\\u00e9e en 2017 [[porte de Clichy]]\n        et r\\u00e9unir l\\u2019ensemble des services du TGI dispers\\u00e9s entre l\\u2019\\u00cele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9 et quatre autres sites, le tribunal de police et les tribunaux\n        d\\u2019instance{{lien web|url=http://www.clichy-batignolles.fr/le-futur-palais-de-justice-de-paris-0|titre=Le\n        futur palais de justice de Paris|\\u00e9diteur=|date=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016|auteur=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Cit\\u00e9 judiciaire vue du parc\n        (07-16).JPG|vignette|La [[Cit\\u00e9 judiciaire de Paris|Cit\\u00e9 judiciaire]]\n        en construction aux Batignolles.]]\\nLe [[Tribunal de commerce (France)|tribunal\n        de commerce]] de Paris se situe quant \\u00e0 lui quai de Corse, \\u00e9galement\n        sur l''\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9. Le [[Tribunal de police (France)|tribunal\n        de police]] de Paris est install\\u00e9 [[rue de Cambrai]], dans le {{19e|arrondissement}},\n        et le [[conseil de prud''hommes (France)|conseil de prud\\u2019hommes]] de\n        Paris [[rue Louis-Blanc (Paris)|rue Louis-Blanc]], dans le {{10e|arrondissement}}.\\n\\nOutre\n        les tribunaux de la ville, les tribunaux de plusieurs d\\u00e9partements rel\\u00e8vent\n        de la [[Cour d''appel de Paris]] : la [[Seine-et-Marne]], l''[[Essonne (d\\u00e9partement)|Essonne]],\n        la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], le [[Val-de-Marne]] et l''[[Yonne (d\\u00e9partement)|Yonne]].\n        Le ressort de cette cour concerne 12,6 % de la population fran\\u00e7aise soit\n        {{nombre|7605603|personnes}} en [[2004]]{{lien web|consult\\u00e9 le=30\n        ao\\u00fbt 2016|url=http://www.ca-paris.justice.fr/|titre=Cour d''appel de\n        Paris}}. Les autres d\\u00e9partements d''\\u00cele-de-France ainsi que\n        l\\u2019[[Eure-et-Loir]] d\\u00e9pendent, eux, de la cour d''appel de [[Versailles]]{{lien\n        web|consult\\u00e9=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016|url=http://www.ca-paris.justice.fr/index.php?rubrique=10977&ssrubrique=11056|\\u00e9diteurca-paris.justice.fr=|titre=Comp\\u00e9tences\n        de la cour d''appel de Paris|date=23 juillet 2014}}.\\n\\nDans l''[[ordre\n        administratif en France|ordre administratif]], Paris est du ressort du [[tribunal\n        administratif (France)|tribunal administratif]] de Paris. Les appels sont\n        port\\u00e9s devant la [[Cour administrative d''appel]] de Paris, laquelle\n        conna\\u00eet aussi les appels des tribunaux administratifs de [[Mata-Utu]],\n        [[Melun]], de la [[Nouvelle-Cal\\u00e9donie]] et de la [[Polyn\\u00e9sie fran\\u00e7aise]].\n        \\u00c0 Paris si\\u00e8gent \\u00e9galement les juridictions nationales supr\\u00eames\n        : [[Conseil constitutionnel (France)|Conseil constitutionnel]], [[Cour de\n        cassation (France)|Cour de cassation]] et [[Conseil d''\\u00c9tat (France)|Conseil\n        d''\\u00c9tat]].\\n\\nLa r\\u00e9gion [[\\u00cele-de-France]] totalise \\u00e0 elle\n        seule plus du quart des crimes et d\\u00e9lits commis en France m\\u00e9tropolitaine.\n        Au sein de la r\\u00e9gion, la [[grande couronne]], la [[petite couronne]]\n        et Paris intra-muros comptabilisent chacune environ un tiers du total des\n        faits constat\\u00e9s. La typologie de la criminalit\\u00e9 parisienne reste\n        largement domin\\u00e9e par les vols qui repr\\u00e9sentent les deux tiers des\n        crimes et d\\u00e9lits. En 2006, {{Unit\\u00e9|255238|faits}} ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        comptabilis\\u00e9s soit un taux de criminalit\\u00e9 de 118,58 actes pour {{Unit\\u00e9|1000|habitants}}\n        (crimes et d\\u00e9lits), ce qui repr\\u00e9sente pr\\u00e8s du double de la\n        moyenne nationale ({{unit\\u00e9|61.03|\\u2030}}) mais se situe dans la moyenne\n        des grandes villes de [[France]] ([[Lyon]] : 109,22, [[Lille]] : 118,93, [[Nice]]\n        : 119,52, [[Marseille]] : 120,62). La part des femmes mises en cause est inf\\u00e9rieure\n        \\u00e0 15 % (l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement sous la moyenne nationale) et la part des\n        mineurs est de 11,02 % soit sept points de moins que la moyenne fran\\u00e7aise\n        de 18,33 %. \\u00c0 l''inverse, la part des \\u00e9trangers (r\\u00e9sidents\n        en France titulaires d''une [[Titre de s\\u00e9jour|carte de s\\u00e9jour]])\n        est sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 la moyenne fran\\u00e7aise de 20,73 %[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/074000386/somm.shtml\n        La documentation Fran\\u00e7aise - Criminalit\\u00e9 et d\\u00e9linquance constat\\u00e9es\n        en France - Tome I (Ann\\u00e9e 2006)].{{,}}[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/074000387/somm.shtml\n        La documentation Fran\\u00e7aise - Criminalit\\u00e9 et d\\u00e9linquance constat\\u00e9es\n        en France - Tome {{II}} (Ann\\u00e9e 2006)]..\\n\\nLe centralisme parisien\n        explique \\u00e9galement que la ville soit parfois victime d''[[Liste d''attentats\n        meurtriers|attentats]]. Aussi bien sous [[Attentat de la rue Saint-Nicaise|Napol\\u00e9on\n        {{Ier}}]] ou, plus proche de nous, lors de l''[[attentat du RER B \\u00e0 Saint-Michel]]\n        en {{date||juillet|1995}} ou ceux du [[Attentats du 13 novembre 2015 en France|13\n        novembre 2015]], l''histoire parisienne est ponctu\\u00e9e de ces \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements\n        \\u00e0 haute valeur symbolique, ce qui n''est pas sans cons\\u00e9quence sur\n        la vie quotidienne dans la ville, particuli\\u00e8rement avec la mise en place\n        du plan [[Plan Vigipirate|vigipirate]][http://www.archives.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/raffarin_version2/information/fiches_52/plan_vigipirate_50932.html\n        Le plan vigipirate expliqu\\u00e9 sur le site du Minist\\u00e8re de l''int\\u00e9rieur].\n        qui voit une pr\\u00e9sence renforc\\u00e9e de policiers, gendarmes et militaires\n        pr\\u00e8s des lieux touristiques et strat\\u00e9giques de la capitale[http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/dossiers/vigipirate_2005.pdf\n        Document expliquant le plan vigipirate en \\u00cele-de-France]..\\n\\n\\u00c0\n        Paris, certaines [[Prison en France|prisons]] sont rest\\u00e9es c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        : le [[Grand Ch\\u00e2telet]] (sur la rive droite) abritait la prison du roi,\n        et son annexe, le Petit Ch\\u00e2telet (au d\\u00e9bouch\\u00e9 du [[Petit-Pont-Cardinal-Lustiger|Petit-Pont]]\n        sur la rive gauche), lieu d''incarc\\u00e9ration \\u00e0 partir du {{S-|XIV|e}},\n        fut d\\u00e9moli en [[1782]]. Trois prisons sont devenues des symboles historiques\n        : la [[Palais de la Cit\\u00e9|Conciergerie]], la [[Bastille]] et le [[ch\\u00e2teau\n        de Vincennes|donjon de Vincennes]]. Le [[Tribunal|Palais de justice]] poss\\u00e9dait\n        sa propre prison, la Conciergerie, qui apr\\u00e8s avoir accueilli parmi d''autres\n        les [[Gironde (R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise)|Girondins]] et [[Marie-Antoinette\n        d''Autriche|Marie-Antoinette]] pendant la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]],\n        continua \\u00e0 servir de prison temporaire jusqu''en [[1914]]. La Bastille,\n        \\u00e9difi\\u00e9e \\u00e0 partir de [[1370]] et devenue exclusivement prison\n        d''\\u00c9tat sous [[Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu|Richelieu]], constituait\n        contrairement \\u00e0 l''id\\u00e9e g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale une prison de \\u00ab\n        luxe \\u00bb pour un nombre de prisonniers n''exc\\u00e9dant jamais la quarantaine.\n        Le donjon de Vincennes, \\u00e9galement prison d''\\u00c9tat jusqu''en [[1784]],\n        mais plus r\\u00e9sidence surveill\\u00e9e que v\\u00e9ritable lieu d''incarc\\u00e9ration,\n        continua \\u00e0 servir occasionnellement de prison jusque sous le Second Empire.\\n\\nIl\n        subsiste une seule prison \\u00e0 Paris, la [[prison de la Sant\\u00e9]], ouverte\n        en [[1867]]. Les principales prisons franciliennes se situent maintenant \\u00e0\n        [[Centre p\\u00e9nitentiaire de Fresnes|Fresnes]] et [[Maison d''arr\\u00eat\n        de Fleury-M\\u00e9rogis|Fleury-M\\u00e9rogis]], auxquelles il faut ajouter la\n        [[maison centrale]] de [[Poissy]]{{p.|1109-1112}}..\\n\\nL''hygi\\u00e8ne\n        est g\\u00e9r\\u00e9e par le service municipal d''actions de salubrit\\u00e9\n        et d''hygi\\u00e8ne de la ville de Paris.\\n\\n=== Jumelages ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Mairie\n        de Paris#Jumelage et partenariats{{!}}Jumelage et partenariats}}\\n\\nParis\n        est [[Jumelage|jumel\\u00e9e]] avec une seule ville, [[Rome]], depuis [[1956]],\n        avec le [[slogan]] \\u00ab Seule Paris est digne de Rome ; seule Rome est digne\n        de Paris \\u00bb (en [[italien]] ''''\\u00ab Solo Parigi \\u00e8 degna di Roma;\n        solo Roma \\u00e8 degna di Parigi \\u00bb''''){{Ouvrage|langue = fr|pr\\u00e9nom1\n        = Philippe|nom1 = Nivet|titre = Le Conseil municipal de Paris de 1944 \\u00e0\n        1977|\\u00e9diteur = Publications de la Sorbonne|ann\\u00e9e = 1994|isbn = 9782859442446|passage=[http://books.google.fr/books?id=ZTDxxCIa9jEC&pg=PA255\n        p. 255]|consult\\u00e9 le = 2015-10-06}}{{,}}{{Ouvrage|langue =\n        fr|pr\\u00e9nom1 = Olivier|nom1 = Bauer|titre = Paris|\\u00e9diteur = Nathan|isbn\n        = 9782092559413|lire en ligne = https://books.google.com/books?id=9JLtBgAAQBAJ|consult\\u00e9\n        le = 2015-10-06|passage = 6|pages totales = 80|collection = Les concentr\\u00e9s}}.\\n\\nLa\n        ville a \\u00e9galement conclu des pactes d''amiti\\u00e9 et de coop\\u00e9ration\n        avec de nombreuses villes dans le monde, dont [[Tokyo]] en [[1982]], [[Berlin]]\n        en [[1987]], [[Madrid]] en [[2000]] et [[Dakar]] en [[2011]]\\u00ab [http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974\n        Les pactes d''amiti\\u00e9 et de coop\\u00e9ration] \\u00bb, site officiel de\n        la Ville de Paris..\\n\\n== Population et soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 ==\\n=== D\\u00e9mographie\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|D\\u00e9mographie de Paris|Unit\\u00e9 urbaine\n        de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Croissance population Paris.PNG|thumb|upright=2|Croissance\n        de la population parisienne depuis le recensement en 1801.]]\\n\\nVille fran\\u00e7aise\n        la plus peupl\\u00e9e, Paris est troisi\\u00e8me parmi les [[Liste des aires\n        urbaines d''Europe|aires urbaines europ\\u00e9ennes]]{{Lien web|nom1=Villeret|pr\\u00e9nom1=Graeme|titre=PopulationData.net\n        : Palmar\\u00e8s - Europe - Grandes villes|url=http://www.populationdata.net/?option=palmares&rid=63&cid=5&nom=Grandes-villes|site=www.populationdata.net|consult\\u00e9\n        le=2016-04-02}} derri\\u00e8re [[Moscou]] et [[Istanbul]] et la {{29e|plus}}\n        peupl\\u00e9e du monde{{Lien web|nom1=Villeret|pr\\u00e9nom1=Graeme|titre=PopulationData.net1\n        : Palmar\\u00e8s - Les plus grandes villes du monde|url=http://www.populationdata.net/?option=palmares&rid=4&nom=grandes-villes/|site=www.populationdata.net|consult\\u00e9\n        le=2016-04-02}}. La commune de Paris compte au {{date-|1 janvier 2014}}\n        plus de {{unit\\u00e9|2.2|millions}} d''habitants\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |langue = fr\\n |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2534314?geo=COM-75056\\n\n        |titre= population l\\u00e9gale au {{1er}} janvier 2014\\n |site= site de l''Insee\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 1er avril 2017.\\n}}. et son [[Aire urbaine de Paris|aire\n        urbaine]] (l''[[agglom\\u00e9ration]] et la [[couronne p\\u00e9riurbaine]])\n        comptait {{unit\\u00e9|12.4|millions}} d''habitants\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF01203\\n\n        |titre= Les 60 premi\\u00e8res aires urbaines en 2013\\n |site= site de l''Insee\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 3 mars 2016\\n}}..\\n\\n==== \\u00c9volution du nombre\n        d''habitants ====\\nEn {{Donn\\u00e9es/Paris/\\u00e9volution population|an}},\n        Paris comptait {{nombre|{{Donn\\u00e9es/Paris/\\u00e9volution population|pop}}|habitants}}.\n        Depuis 2004, les [[recensement de la population en France|recensements des\n        communes]] de plus de {{unit\\u00e9|10000|habitants}} ont lieu au moyen d''enqu\\u00eates\n        annuelles par sondage.\\n\\n{{Tableau D\\u00e9mographie Paris}}\\n\\n{{Histogramme\n        population Paris}}\\n\\n{{Pays & territoires de naissance des Franciliens}}\\n\\n====\n        Nombre d''habitants de l''agglom\\u00e9ration et de l''aire urbaine ====\\nAu\n        {{date|1 janvier 2013}}, l''agglom\\u00e9ration d\\u00e9finie par l''[[Institut\n        national de la statistique et des \\u00e9tudes \\u00e9conomiques|Insee]] comprend\n        {{nobr|412 communes}} et totalise {{Unit\\u00e9|10601122|habitants}}http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=TER&millesime=2013&typgeo=UU2010&search=00851\n        Insee - S\\u00e9rie historique des r\\u00e9sultats du recensement - Unit\\u00e9\n        urbaine de Paris], consult\\u00e9 le 4 juillet 2016.{{,}}[http://insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/zonages/zone.asp?zonage=UU2010&zone=00851\n        Insee - Communes composant l''unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris en 2010], consult\\u00e9\n        le 5 septembre 2011.. C''est la [[Liste des agglom\\u00e9rations d''Europe|deuxi\\u00e8me\n        agglom\\u00e9ration europ\\u00e9enne]], derri\\u00e8re [[Moscou]] et devant [[Londres]],\n        et la {{25e}} du monde en 2014, selon l''ONU[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf\n        World Urbanization Prospects : The 2014 Revision, Table II, {{p.|26}}], consult\\u00e9\n        le 10 avril 2016. Son aire urbaine, incluant des communes situ\\u00e9es\n        dans une zone d''influence forte de la ville, comprend {{nombre|1794|communes}}\n        et atteint {{nombre|12405426|habitants}} au {{date-|1 janvier 2013}}[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF01203\n        Insee - Les 60 premi\\u00e8res aires urbaines en 2013], consult\\u00e9 le 10\n        avril 2016. dans la d\\u00e9limitation de 2010, ce qui en fait la [[Liste\n        des agglom\\u00e9rations les plus peupl\\u00e9es du monde|{{29e|aire}} urbaine\n        du monde]] environ et l''une des trois plus grandes d''Europe avec Moscou\n        et Londres.\\n\\n==== Immigration ====\\nLes recensements fran\\u00e7ais, comme\n        l''impose la l\\u00e9gislation, ne posent aucune question concernant l''appartenance\n        ethnique ou religieuse mais recueillent des informations au sujet du lieu\n        de naissance. Il est ainsi possible de d\\u00e9terminer que l''[[aire urbaine\n        de Paris]] est une des plus multiculturelles en Europe. Au recensement de\n        [[2011]], 23,1 % de la population totale de l''[[\\u00cele-de-France]] \\u00e9tait\n        n\\u00e9e hors de [[France m\\u00e9tropolitaine]] (contre 22,2 % en 2006 et\n        19,7 % en 1999)[http://insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=fd-rp19682011\n        INSEE - Fichier Donn\\u00e9es harmonis\\u00e9es des recensements de la population\n        de 1968 \\u00e0 2011.].. Au recensement de 1999, 4,2 % de la population\n        de l''aire urbaine de Paris \\u00e9tait constitu\\u00e9e d''immigr\\u00e9s r\\u00e9cents\n        (arriv\\u00e9s en France dans les cinq ann\\u00e9es pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dant 1999),\n        dans leur majorit\\u00e9 de [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]] et\n        du [[Afrique|continent africain]][http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=498\n        INSEE - Flux d''immigration permanente par motif en 2003.].. Par ailleurs,\n        la zone m\\u00e9tropolitaine de Paris compte \\u00e9galement 15 % de musulmansLuc\n        Gruson, ''''L''Islam en France'''', ADRI, 2000, {{ISBN|2110046465}}.{{,}}Jonathan\n        Laurence et [[Justin Va\\u00efsse]], ''''Int\\u00e9grer l''Islam'''', {{p.|40}},\n        Odile Jacob, 2007 {{ISBN|9782738119001}}..\\n\\n[[File:Passage Brady.jpg|vignette|gauche|Le\n        [[Passage Brady]], haut lieu de l''immigration indo-pakistanaise \\u00e0 Paris.]]\\nLa\n        premi\\u00e8re vague massive d''immigration vers Paris commence vers [[1820]]\n        avec l''arriv\\u00e9e des paysans [[Allemagne|allemands]] fuyant la crise agricole\n        et \\u00ab ouverts \\u00bb \\u00e0 la France depuis la pr\\u00e9sence outre-Rhin\n        des arm\\u00e9es r\\u00e9volutionnaires et napol\\u00e9oniennes. Plusieurs autres\n        vagues migratoires ont ensuite suivi sans interruption jusqu''\\u00e0 nos jours\n        : [[Italie]]ns et [[Juifs]] d''Europe centrale pendant le {{S-|XIX|e}}, [[Russie|Russes]]\n        apr\\u00e8s la [[R\\u00e9volution russe|r\\u00e9volution de 1917]], habitants\n        des colonies pendant la [[Premi\\u00e8re Guerre mondiale]], [[Pologne|polonais]]\n        entre les deux guerres mondiales, [[Espagne|Espagnols]], [[Italie]]ns, [[Portugal|Portugais]]\n        et [[Afrique du Nord|Africains du Nord]] des [[ann\\u00e9es 1950]] aux [[ann\\u00e9es\n        1970]], Juifs [[s\\u00e9farade]]s apr\\u00e8s l''ind\\u00e9pendance des pays\n        d''[[Afrique du Nord]], Africains et Asiatiques depuis lors[http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=14&flash=0\n        Histoire de l''immigration en France]..\\n\\nLa localisation des immigr\\u00e9s\n        dans la ville varie en fonction de l''appartenance communautaire : les [[18e\n        arrondissement de Paris|18{{e}}]] et [[19e arrondissement de Paris|{{19e|arrondissements}}]]\n        concentrent une forte part des immigr\\u00e9s originaires d''Afrique sub-saharienne,\n        en particulier dans le quartier de [[Ch\\u00e2teau Rouge (quartier de Paris)|Ch\\u00e2teau\n        Rouge]] et pr\\u00e8s du [[boulevard Barb\\u00e8s]] ([[quartier de la Goutte-d''Or]]),\n        tandis que le [[quartier de Belleville]] rassemble d''importantes communaut\\u00e9s\n        maghr\\u00e9bines et chinoises. Dans le [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]]\n        se situe le [[Quartiers asiatiques de Paris|quartier asiatique de Paris]],\n        plus important \\u00ab [[Quartier asiatique|Chinatown]] \\u00bb d''[[Europe]][http://www.apur.org/images/notes4pages/4P7.pdf\n        APUR - La population \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re \\u00e0 Paris] {{pdf}}.. Le\n        seizi\\u00e8me arrondissement fait partie des zones qui ont la plus forte concentration\n        de migrants en provenance des \\u00c9tats-Unis{{pdf}} {{Lien web |url=http://www.chic-cosy.com/france/paris/paris_fr.pdf\n        |titre=Chic & Cosy \\u2013 Guide de voyages \\u2013 Paris |site=[http://www.chic-cosy.com\n        chic-cosy.com] |page=13, paragraphe 1.7 \\u00ab Immigration \\u00bb |consult\\u00e9\n        le=17 novembre 2014}}.. Dans le [[10e arrondissement de Paris|{{10e|arrondissement}}]],\n        entre la [[Gare de Paris-Nord|gare du Nord]] et la station de m\\u00e9tro [[La\n        Chapelle (m\\u00e9tro de Paris)|La Chapelle]], et vers le [[Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis|Faubourg\n        Saint-Denis]], se situent les quartiers indiens, pakistanais et sri lankais,\n        notamment celui de Strasbourg-Saint-Denis{{lien web|url=http://www.azurever.com/paris/le-quartier-indien|titre=Le\n        quartier indien|\\u00e9diteur=azurever.com|auteur= Marie-Camille Julien|consult\\u00e9\n        le=16 novembre 2014}}, et [[Sentier turc|turcs]]{{lien web|url=http://www.gavroche-pere-et-fils.fr/faubourg-saint-denis-le-quartier-turc-de-paris/|titre=Faubourg\n        Saint-Denis \\u2013 le quartier turc de Paris|date=10 novembre 2010|\\u00e9diteur=gavroche-pere-et-fils.fr|consult\\u00e9\n        le=16 novembre 2014}}.\\n\\nEn [[2005]] \\u00e0 Paris, 41,3 % des jeunes\n        de moins de 18 ans avaient au moins un parent immigr\\u00e9 dont 12,1 % d''origine\n        [[Maghreb|maghr\\u00e9bine]] et 9,9 % d''[[Afrique subsaharienne]]Bernard\n        Aubry et [[Mich\\u00e8le Tribalat]], {{pdf}} [http://www.commentaire.fr/pdf/tempo/126%20PDF/18-TRIBALAT_ART126.pdf\n        Les jeunes d''origine \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re], revue Commentaire, juin 2009,\n        {{num\\u00e9ro|126}}, {{p.|434}}..\\n\\n==== D\\u00e9clin d\\u00e9mographique\n        de Paris et reprise r\\u00e9cente ====\\nLa d\\u00e9mographie parisienne n''est\n        pas autonome : elle est totalement li\\u00e9e \\u00e0 celle de son agglom\\u00e9ration.\n        Ce ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne d\\u00e9rive de la petite taille administrative de Paris,\n        qui implique que le partage de l''espace ne se fait pas \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9chelle\n        de la ville mais de sa r\\u00e9gionAlfred Dittgen, \\u00ab\n        Logements et taille des m\\u00e9nages dans la dynamique des populations locales.\n        L''exemple de Paris \\u00bb, ''''Population'''', \\u00e9dition fran\\u00e7aise,\n        {{60e|ann\\u00e9e}}, {{num\\u00e9ro}}3, mai-juin 2005, {{p.|307-347}}..\\n\\nMalgr\\u00e9\n        l''augmentation du nombre de logements, la population de Paris a connu un\n        d\\u00e9clin important depuis les ann\\u00e9es 1950-1960, mais ce d\\u00e9clin\n        est enray\\u00e9 depuis [[1999]] : les chiffres du dernier recensement publi\\u00e9\n        par l''Insee montrent une croissance de {{Unit\\u00e9|125700|habitants}} entre\n        1999 et 2011, la population de Paris s''\\u00e9levant d\\u00e9sormais \\u00e0\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|2249975|personnes}}''''POP T1M - Population''''..\\n\\nLa\n        principale explication r\\u00e9side dans l''\\u00e9volution relative entre l''[[accroissement\n        naturel]] (diff\\u00e9rence entre le nombre de naissances et celui des d\\u00e9c\\u00e8s)\n        et le [[solde migratoire]] (diff\\u00e9rence entre le nombre apparent des arriv\\u00e9es\n        et celui des d\\u00e9parts). L''accroissement naturel \\u00e9tait positif mais\n        relativement faible entre 1968 et 1990, alors que les d\\u00e9parts l''emportaient\n        largement sur les arriv\\u00e9es, avec un solde migratoire n\\u00e9gatif. La\n        diff\\u00e9rence entre ces deux soldes aboutissait \\u00e0 un solde total n\\u00e9gatif,\n        soit une diminution de la population. Depuis 1999, le solde naturel a augment\\u00e9,\n        traduisant une augmentation du nombre des naissances (le taux de natalit\\u00e9\n        est d\\u00e9sormais sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 la moyenne nationale, avec {{unit\\u00e9|14.8|\\u2030}}\n        entre 1999 et 2006 et {{unit\\u00e9|14.1|\\u2030}} entre 2006 et 2011), et une\n        diminution du nombre des d\\u00e9c\\u00e8s. Inversement, le d\\u00e9ficit migratoire\n        a diminu\\u00e9 (- 0,2 % par an entre 2006 et 2011 et - 0,4 % par an de 1999\n        \\u00e0 2006, contre - 0,7 % par an entre 1990 et 1999, - 0,6 % par an de 1982\n        \\u00e0 1999, - 1,1 % par an de 1975 \\u00e0 1982 et - 2,1 % par an de 1968\n        \\u00e0 1975). Au total, la population parisienne recommence donc \\u00e0 augmenter\n        et rajeunit''''POP T2M - Indicateurs d\\u00e9mographiques''''..\\n\\nEnsuite,\n        la capitale avait subi une baisse du nombre des r\\u00e9sidences principales\n        du d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 1960 \\u00e0 1990. Mais, depuis 1990, le mouvement\n        s''est invers\\u00e9, avec une acc\\u00e9l\\u00e9ration de la croissance de leur\n        nombre depuis 1990 : {{Unit\\u00e9|1165541|r\\u00e9sidences}} principales en\n        2011 contre {{formatnum:1111721}} en 1999 et {{formatnum:1095090}} en 1990{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        n\\u00e9cessaire}}. Ce mouvement participe d''une tendance g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale\n        \\u00e0 l''augmentation de la population des villes centres des agglom\\u00e9rations\n        m\\u00e9tropolitaines en France et en Europe. Les statistiques de la construction\n        \\u00e0 Paris montrent \\u00e9galement un mouvement constant de transformation\n        des locaux industriels et artisanaux, ou de commerces en \\u00e9tages, en habitation\n        dans les quartiers centraux, qui s''ajoute \\u00e0 la politique municipale\n        de construction de logement sociaux favoris\\u00e9e par les r\\u00e8gles de\n        pourcentage introduites notamment au [[plan local d''urbanisme]] et qui soutiennent\n        la hausse du nombre de logements dans la capitale.\\n\\nEnfin, la taille moyenne\n        des m\\u00e9nages parisiens a beaucoup baiss\\u00e9 : le recul de la cohabitation\n        des g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rations adultes et la r\\u00e9duction du nombre d''enfants\n        par couple ont longtemps \\u00e9t\\u00e9 les principales explications. Cependant,\n        la f\\u00e9condit\\u00e9 \\u00e9tant d\\u00e9sormais constante, voire en l\\u00e9g\\u00e8re\n        augmentation depuis 2000, la diminution de la taille des m\\u00e9nages parisiens\n        s''explique aujourd''hui essentiellement par l''attraction des jeunes adultes\n        qui, sans enfants, peuvent profiter des loisirs et des emplois de la capitale\n        et faire face au co\\u00fbt de l''immobilier en se contentant de petites surfaces.\n        \\u00c0 l''inverse, les couples faisant de nouveaux enfants ont tendance \\u00e0\n        migrer vers la banlieue dont les habitations sont plus adapt\\u00e9es et meilleur\n        march\\u00e9{{,}}[http://hebdo.nouvelobs.com/hebdo/parution/p2196/dossier/a326392-un_pavillon_au_bout_de_la_ligne.html\n        Exemple de migration].. Cette dynamique Paris-banlieue explique les\n        sp\\u00e9cialisations respectives de la capitale (dont 54,6 % des logements\n        n''ont qu''une ou deux pi\\u00e8ces et du\n        reste de sa r\\u00e9gion.\\n\\n==== Familles et m\\u00e9nages parisiens ====\\nLa\n        population de la ville est relativement jeune : en 2008, selon l''Insee, le\n        pourcentage d''habitants \\u00e2g\\u00e9s de moins de 35 ans est de 46 %[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=12&idTableauDetaille=49&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - Population\n        par sexe et par \\u00e2ge de la commune de Paris], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre\n        2011., soit quatre points de plus que la moyenne nationale, qui est\n        de 41,8 %[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=FRANCE+METROPOLITAINE&codeZone=M-METRODOM&idTheme=12&idTableauDetaille=49&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - Population\n        par sexe et par \\u00e2ge de la France m\\u00e9tropolitaine], consult\\u00e9\n        le 5 septembre 2011..\\n\\n[[File:PlacedesVosges4.jpg|vignette|Familles\n        parisiennes [[place des Vosges]].]]\\nParis rassemble, comme toutes les m\\u00e9tropoles,\n        plus d''\\u00e9tudiants, de jeunes adultes actifs et de personnes \\u00e2g\\u00e9es\n        que la moyenne du pays ; les familles sont par cons\\u00e9quent sous-repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9es.\n        En [[2008]], la commune comptait {{Unit\\u00e9|501836|[[familles]]}} regroupant\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|1433376|personnes}} (soit 68 % de la population parisienne),\n        pour {{Unit\\u00e9|1148720|m\\u00e9nages}}. 51,4 % des m\\u00e9nages \\u00e9taient\n        compos\\u00e9s d''une seule personne : ces {{Unit\\u00e9|590122|personnes}}\n        vivant seules repr\\u00e9sentaient donc pr\\u00e8s de 28 % de l''ensemble des\n        Parisiens[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=14&idTableauDetaille=33&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - M\\u00e9nages\n        \\u00e0 Paris par taille du m\\u00e9nage, sexe et \\u00e2ge de la personne de\n        r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2011.. Il reste donc\n        4 % de Parisiens qui ne vivent ni seuls, ni en famille. 43 % des familles\n        parisiennes sont constitu\\u00e9es d''un couple sans enfant de moins de 25\n        ans ce qui repr\\u00e9sente {{Unit\\u00e9|433000|personnes}}, 39,3 % des familles\n        sont des couples avec au moins un enfant et 17,6 % des familles avec au moins\n        un enfant sont monoparentales (contre 13,5 % en France m\\u00e9tropolitaine)[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=13&idTableauDetaille=11&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - Familles\n        par type de famille et nombre d''enfants de moins de 25 ans \\u00e0 Paris],\n        consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2008.. En 2008, 70,2 % des couples parisiens\n        (soit 27,5 % de la population totale de Paris) sont form\\u00e9s de deux personnes\n        mari\\u00e9es, contre 76,9 % des couples de France m\\u00e9tropolitaine ; 21,5\n        % des couples parisiens sont form\\u00e9s de deux personnes c\\u00e9libataires[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=13&idTableauDetaille=12&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - Couples par\n        \\u00e9tat matrimonial des conjoints et nombre d''enfants de moins de 25 ans\n        \\u00e0 Paris], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2011.. Ces structures familiales\n        s''expliquent en partie par l''importance du nombre de divorces, Paris \\u00e9tant\n        en t\\u00eate des d\\u00e9partements fran\\u00e7ais pour le nombre de nouveaux\n        divorc\\u00e9es pour {{formatnum:1000}} personnes mari\\u00e9es (20,5 en 2006-2008\n        selon une \\u00e9tude de l''[[Ined]])[http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_telechargement/35024/telechargement_fichier_fr_telechargement_fichier_fr_publi_pdf1_evolution_demographique_recente_pop3.pdf\n        Ined, L''\\u00e9volution d\\u00e9mographique r\\u00e9cente de la France, 2009,\n        tableau 16], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2011.. C''est aussi \\u00e0\n        Paris que sont sign\\u00e9s le plus de [[pacte civil de solidarit\\u00e9|Pacs]]\n        en France.\\n\\n\\u00c0 l''inverse, l''[[Taux de f\\u00e9condit\\u00e9|indicateur\n        conjoncturel de f\\u00e9condit\\u00e9]], de {{unit\\u00e9|1.57|enfant}} par femme\n        en 2008, est inf\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 la moyenne r\\u00e9gionale (2,01) et nationale\n        (2,0)[http://insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=poptc0224\n        Insee - Indicateur conjoncturel de f\\u00e9condit\\u00e9 dans les d\\u00e9partements\n        d''\\u00cele-de-France], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2011.. Le nombre\n        d''enfants par foyer est faible : 43 % des familles n''ont aucun enfant de\n        moins de 25 ans et pr\\u00e8s de 25 % n''ont qu''un enfant ; la part des familles\n        nombreuses (8,9 % de familles de trois enfants et plus) est inf\\u00e9rieure\n        \\u00e0 la moyenne r\\u00e9gionale (11,8 %) et nationale (9,6 %), essentiellement\n        \\u00e0 cause de la petite surface des logements et des prix \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s\n        de l''immobilier.\\n\\n=== Enseignement ===\\nLes \\u00e9tablissements d''enseignement\n        de la ville de Paris rel\\u00e8vent de l''[[acad\\u00e9mie de Paris]].\\n\\n====\n        \\u00c9tablissements scolaires ====\\n{{Article connexe|Liste des coll\\u00e8ges\n        et lyc\\u00e9es de Paris}}\\n\\nDurant l''ann\\u00e9e scolaire [[2005]]\\u2013[[2006]],\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|263812|\\u00e9l\\u00e8ves}} \\u00e9taient scolaris\\u00e9s dans le\n        secteur public, dont {{formatnum:135570}} dans le premier degr\\u00e9 et {{formatnum:128242}}\n        dans le second degr\\u00e9, ainsi que {{formatnum:138527}} dans le secteur\n        priv\\u00e9, dont {{formatnum:91818}} sous contrat. Paris poss\\u00e8de des\n        \\u00e9tablissements en [[zone d''\\u00e9ducation prioritaire]] (ZEP) ou en\n        r\\u00e9seau d\\u2019\\u00e9ducation prioritaire (REP) : {{Unit\\u00e9|214|\\u00e9coles}}\n        et {{Unit\\u00e9|32|coll\\u00e8ges}} (soit un enfant parisien sur cinq) rel\\u00e8vent\n        de ces classements[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Education/Portal.lut?page_id=118&document_type_id=5&document_id=2003&portlet_id=4602\n        \\u00c9ducation : Les \\u00e9tablissements en chiffres]..\\n\\nEn [[2007]],\n        la ville totalisait {{Unit\\u00e9|881|\\u00e9tablissements}} publics dont {{Unit\\u00e9|323|\\u00e9coles}}\n        maternelles, {{Unit\\u00e9|334|\\u00e9coles}} \\u00e9l\\u00e9mentaires, six \\u00e9tablissements\n        sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9s (\\u00e9coles \\u00e0 l\\u2019h\\u00f4pital), {{Unit\\u00e9|110|coll\\u00e8ges}},\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|72|lyc\\u00e9es}} g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux et technologiques, {{Unit\\u00e9|34|lyc\\u00e9es}}\n        professionnels et deux lyc\\u00e9es exp\\u00e9rimentaux publics. S''ajoutent\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|256|\\u00e9tablissements}} priv\\u00e9s sous contrat : {{Unit\\u00e9|110|\\u00e9coles}}\n        maternelles et \\u00e9l\\u00e9mentaires, une \\u00e9cole sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9e,\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|67|coll\\u00e8ges}}, {{Unit\\u00e9|73|lyc\\u00e9es}} g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux\n        et technologiques et cinq lyc\\u00e9es professionnels priv\\u00e9s sous contrat.\\n\\nDans\n        l''enseignement secondaire, les lyc\\u00e9es [[Lyc\\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand|Louis-le-Grand]]\n        et [[Lyc\\u00e9e Henri-IV|Henri-{{IV}}]] ont une envergure nationale voire\n        internationale.\\n\\n\\nClo\\u00eetre du lyc\\u00e9e Henri\n        IV.jpg|Lyc\\u00e9e Henri-IV.\\nLouis-le-Grand--cour-honneur.jpg|Lyc\\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand.\\nFa\\u00e7ade\n        du lyc\\u00e9e Condorcet, Paris 12 mars 2014.jpg|Lyc\\u00e9e Condorcet.\\n\\n\\n====\n        Vie universitaire ====\\n{{Article connexe|Enseignement sup\\u00e9rieur en \\u00cele-de-France}}\\n\\nL''enseignement\n        sup\\u00e9rieur regroupait en [[2007]] environ {{Unit\\u00e9|585000|\\u00e9tudiants}}\n        en [[\\u00cele-de-France]], soit plus du quart du total fran\\u00e7ais[http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/chifcle_fiche.asp?ref_id=EDUTC003&tab_id=1124\n        statistiques Insee]..\\n\\nIl existe une certaine volont\\u00e9 de [[d\\u00e9centralisation]]\n        qui a notamment conduit dans les [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]] au transfert de l''[[\\u00c9cole\n        nationale d''administration (France)|ENA]] \\u00e0 [[Strasbourg]] et d''[[\\u00e9cole\n        normale sup\\u00e9rieure (France)|\\u00e9coles normales sup\\u00e9rieures]] \\u00e0\n        [[Lyon]]. Toutefois, la plupart des \\u00e9tablissements nationaux les plus\n        prestigieux se trouvent toujours en r\\u00e9gion parisienne, comme les grandes\n        \\u00e9coles du groupe [[ParisTech]] ([[Arts et M\\u00e9tiers ParisTech]], [[\\u00c9cole\n        sup\\u00e9rieure d''\\u00e9lectricit\\u00e9|Sup\\u00e9lec]], [[\\u00c9cole polytechnique\n        (France)|Polytechnique]] ou [[\\u00c9cole des hautes \\u00e9tudes commerciales\n        de Paris|HEC]]) ou encore [[Institut d''\\u00e9tudes politiques de Paris|Sciences Po]]\n        et [[Universit\\u00e9 Paris-Dauphine|Paris-Dauphine]].\\n\\n==== Historique ====\\n[[File:Universite-Paris-Rive-Gauche.JPG|thumb|L''[[Universit\\u00e9\n        Paris VII - Diderot]].]]\\nD\\u00e8s le {{S-|XII|e}}, Paris est un des grands\n        centres intellectuels d''[[Europe]], particuli\\u00e8rement en mati\\u00e8re\n        de th\\u00e9ologie et de philosophie. On retient symboliquement [[1200]] comme\n        date de fondation de l''[[Universit\\u00e9 de Paris]], lorsque [[Philippe II\n        de France|Philippe Auguste]] accorde un statut particulier \\u00e0 la corporation\n        (ma\\u00eetres et \\u00e9l\\u00e8ves) en l''affranchissant de la justice et de\n        la police publiques, les faisant alors relever de la justice eccl\\u00e9siastique.\n        Les coll\\u00e8ges, r\\u00e9sidences de ma\\u00eetres et d''\\u00e9l\\u00e8ves\n        o\\u00f9 se d\\u00e9roule \\u00e9galement l''essentiel de l''enseignement, sont\n        organis\\u00e9s en facult\\u00e9s. La cr\\u00e9ation de la [[Sorbonne]] remonte\n        \\u00e0 [[1257]]. L''universit\\u00e9 vit essentiellement autour de la [[montagne\n        Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve]], au sein du [[quartier latin (quartier parisien)|quartier\n        latin]] qui s''\\u00e9tale sur une large partie des {{5e}} et {{6e|arrondissements}}.\n        Le quartier est aujourd''hui encore un centre universitaire de grande importance.\\n\\n\\u00c0\n        partir du {{S-|XVIII|e}}, des \\u00e9coles sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9es sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9es\n        pour certaines professions. Elles sont \\u00e0 l''origine des [[grandes \\u00e9coles]]\n        actuelles. L''[[\\u00c9cole polytechnique (France)|\\u00c9cole polytechnique]]\n        et l''[[\\u00c9cole normale sup\\u00e9rieure (rue d''Ulm \\u2014 Paris)|\\u00c9cole\n        normale sup\\u00e9rieure]] sont fond\\u00e9es pendant la R\\u00e9volution. L''[[Universit\\u00e9\n        de Paris]] moderne est constitu\\u00e9e au {{S-|XIX|e}} de six facult\\u00e9s\n        : [[droit]], [[m\\u00e9decine]], [[pharmacie]], [[litt\\u00e9rature]], [[th\\u00e9ologie]]\n        et [[science]]. Au {{S-|XX|e}}, le nombre d''\\u00e9tudiants cro\\u00eet fortement.\n        Apr\\u00e8s la [[1968 en France|r\\u00e9volte des \\u00e9tudiants de mai 1968]]\n        dont la Sorbonne est l''\\u00e9picentre, l''Universit\\u00e9 de Paris est r\\u00e9organis\\u00e9e\n        en treize \\u00e9tablissements autonomes (Paris I \\u00e0 Paris {{XIII}}), chacun\n        sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9 dans un domaine relativement d\\u00e9limit\\u00e9.\\n\\n====\n        Situation actuelle ====\\n[[Fichier:Sorbonne .jpg|thumb|La [[chapelle de la\n        Sorbonne]], symbole de l''[[Universit\\u00e9 de Paris]]]]\\n\\nParis intra-muros\n        reste le centre universitaire fran\\u00e7ais majeur. Les universit\\u00e9s Paris\n        {{I}} \\u00e0 {{VII}} sont regroup\\u00e9es [[rive gauche (Paris)|rive gauche]]\n        sur trois arrondissements ({{5e}}, {{6e}} et {{13e}}). Le [[quartier latin\n        (quartier parisien)|quartier latin]] conserve ainsi une place importante,\n        avec les implantations les plus anciennes : l''[[Universit\\u00e9 Paris-Sorbonne]],\n        l''[[\\u00c9cole normale sup\\u00e9rieure (rue d''Ulm \\u2014 Paris)|\\u00c9cole\n        normale sup\\u00e9rieure]] (ENS) et le [[Coll\\u00e8ge de France]]. D''autres\n        institutions d''enseignement sup\\u00e9rieur se trouvent aussi dans ce quartier\n        ([[Institut d''\\u00e9tudes politiques de Paris]] [Sciences Po], [[Universit\\u00e9\n        de Paris II|universit\\u00e9 de Paris {{II}}]] [Assas], [[campus de Jussieu]],\n        [[\\u00c9cole des hautes \\u00e9tudes en sciences sociales]] [EHESS], etc.).\n        L''[[universit\\u00e9 Paris-Dauphine]] est n\\u00e9anmoins excentr\\u00e9e. De\n        plus, il se manifeste une certaine volont\\u00e9 d''\\u00e9tendre le quartier\n        universitaire vers l''est de la ville, dans le [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]]\n        o\\u00f9 est implant\\u00e9e la [[Biblioth\\u00e8que nationale de France]] et\n        o\\u00f9 plusieurs b\\u00e2timents universitaires ont ouvert, comme l''[[Universit\\u00e9\n        Paris VII - Diderot|universit\\u00e9 Paris {{VII}} - Diderot]], anciennement\n        \\u00e9tabli dans le {{5e|arrondissement}}. La ville accueille depuis 1912,\n        le campus principal des [[Arts et M\\u00e9tiers ParisTech]] pr\\u00e8s de la\n        [[Place d''Italie (Paris)|place d''Italie]].\\n\\nDes universit\\u00e9s ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9es en banlieue depuis les [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]], la plus ancienne\n        \\u00e9tant celle de [[Universit\\u00e9 Paris X|Nanterre]] en [[1964]]. Dans\n        le m\\u00eame temps, plusieurs grandes \\u00e9coles ont \\u00e9galement quitt\\u00e9\n        le centre de Paris, notamment pour disposer de locaux plus vastes. Le [[plateau\n        de Saclay]], au sud de Paris, en est devenu un p\\u00f4le important. Il regroupe,\n        sur un territoire assez vaste, une universit\\u00e9 ([[Universit\\u00e9 Paris\n        XI|Paris {{XI}}]]), des grandes \\u00e9coles ([[\\u00c9cole des hautes \\u00e9tudes\n        commerciales de Paris|HEC]] en 1964, [[Sup\\u00e9lec]] en 1975, [[\\u00c9cole\n        polytechnique (France)|Polytechnique]] en 1976), et des laboratoires publics\n        et priv\\u00e9s. Dans le cadre du Grand Paris, le projet de ''''[[Cluster (economie)|cluster]]''''\n        technologique [[Paris-Saclay]] est lanc\\u00e9 en 2010 et consiste essentiellement\n        en l''installation de huit grandes \\u00e9coles et plusieurs organismes de\n        recherche. Inspir\\u00e9 du mod\\u00e8le de la [[Silicon Valley]], il doit concentrer\n        20 \\u00e0 25 % de la recherche publique fran\\u00e7aise et {{nombre|350000|emplois}}\n        aux alentours de 2020{{Lien web|url = http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/le-plateau-de-saclay-un-defi-pour-l-avenir_938591.html|titre\n        = Le plateau de Saclay, un d\\u00e9fi pour l''avenir|auteur = Jacques Trentesaux|site\n        = [[L''Express (magazine)|L''Express]]|date = 20 novembre 2010|consult\\u00e9\n        le = 20 mai 2014}}.\\n\\nEn 1991, quatre autres universit\\u00e9s sont\n        fond\\u00e9es en banlieue : [[Universit\\u00e9 de Cergy-Pontoise|Cergy-Pontoise]],\n        [[Universit\\u00e9 d''\\u00c9vry-Val d''Essonne|\\u00c9vry]], [[Universit\\u00e9\n        Paris-Est Marne-la-Vall\\u00e9e|Marne-la-Vall\\u00e9e]] et [[Universit\\u00e9\n        de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines|Versailles - Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]].\n        Signe d''un certain volontarisme d\\u00e9centralisateur, \\u00ab Paris \\u00bb\n        n''appara\\u00eet pas dans leur nom contrairement aux autres universit\\u00e9s\n        de proche banlieue.\\n\\nLa ville de Paris entretient elle-m\\u00eame sept \\u00e9tablissements\n        d''enseignement sup\\u00e9rieur[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Education/Portal.lut?page_id=7918\n        \\u00c9coles sup\\u00e9rieures de la ville de Paris].. Quatre sont d\\u00e9di\\u00e9s\n        aux [[arts appliqu\\u00e9s]] dont les prestigieuses [[\\u00c9cole Boulle]] (ameublement)\n        et [[\\u00c9cole Estienne]] (arts graphiques, notamment reliure), deux sont\n        des \\u00e9coles d''ing\\u00e9nieurs ([[\\u00c9cole des ing\\u00e9nieurs de la\n        ville de Paris]] et [[\\u00c9cole sup\\u00e9rieure de physique et de chimie\n        industrielles de la ville de Paris|\\u00c9cole sup\\u00e9rieure de physique\n        et de chimie industrielle]]) et l''[[\\u00c9cole du Breuil]] est \\u00e0 caract\\u00e8re\n        horticole.\\n\\n=== Manifestations culturelles et festivit\\u00e9s ===\\n[[Fichier:French\n        Republican Guard Bastille Day 2007 n4.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Garde r\\u00e9publicaine\n        (France)|Gardes r\\u00e9publicains]] lors du [[d\\u00e9fil\\u00e9 militaire du\n        14 Juillet]]]]\\n \\nTout au long de l''ann\\u00e9e, Paris accueille de nombreuses\n        festivit\\u00e9s : fin janvier, les rues du [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]]\n        s''animent avec les c\\u00e9l\\u00e9brations du [[Nouvel An chinois]] ; en f\\u00e9vrier-mars\n        d\\u00e9filent le cort\\u00e8ge traditionnel du [[Carnaval de Paris]] et celui\n        de la [[Mi-Car\\u00eame au Carnaval de Paris|Mi-Car\\u00eame]] ; fin f\\u00e9vrier\n        se d\\u00e9roule le [[salon international de l''agriculture]] ; mars voit se\n        tenir le [[Salon du livre de Paris|salon du livre]] ; fin avril ou d\\u00e9but\n        mai la [[Foire de Paris]] rappelle les grands rassemblements m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vaux\n        ; le [[semi-marathon de Paris]] et le [[marathon de Paris]] ont lieu en mars\n        et en avril, dans les rues de la ville, la [[Gay pride]] en juin, l''arriv\\u00e9e\n        de la derni\\u00e8re \\u00e9tape du [[Tour de France]] cycliste en ao\\u00fbt\n        et la [[Techno Parade]] en septembre.\\n\\nPlusieurs [[Liste de festivals de\n        cin\\u00e9ma en France#Paris|festivals de cin\\u00e9ma]] ont lieu au fil de\n        l''ann\\u00e9eVoir [http://www.cnrseditions.fr/cinema/7449-cinemas-de-paris.html\n        Jean-Michel Frodon, Dina Iordanova (sous la direction de), ''''Cin\\u00e9mas\n        de Paris'''', CNRS \\u00c9ditions, Paris, 2017.].\\n\\nDepuis 2002, le\n        caract\\u00e8re festif de la ville est accentu\\u00e9 par l''op\\u00e9ration\n        [[Paris Plages]], organis\\u00e9e pendant un mois entre juillet et ao\\u00fbt,\n        qui consiste \\u00e0 transformer une partie des quais de [[Seine]] en plage,\n        avec sable, [[Chaise transat|transat]]s et activit\\u00e9s, et avec la [[Nuit\n        Blanche]], qui permet au public d''assister gratuitement \\u00e0 diff\\u00e9rentes\n        expressions de l''[[art contemporain]] \\u00e0 travers la ville, pendant la\n        nuit du premier samedi au premier dimanche d''octobre.\\n\\nLe [[14 juillet]]\n        est l''occasion du traditionnel d\\u00e9fil\\u00e9 militaire sur [[Avenue des\n        Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|les Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]] et du feu d''artifice\n        tir\\u00e9 depuis les jardins du Trocad\\u00e9ro[http://www.paris.fr/accueil/accueil-paris-fr/les-evenements-autour-du-14-juillet/rub_1_actu_117223_port_24329\n        Feu d''artifice du 14 juillet : vous \\u00e9tiez plus de 800.000 !], article\n        du 17 juillet 2012 sur ''''paris.fr''''. Consult\\u00e9 le 24 juillet 2012..\\n\\nOctobre\n        est le mois du [[mondial de l''automobile de Paris|Mondial de l''automobile]],\n        les ann\\u00e9es paires, en alternance avec le mondial du deux-roues les ann\\u00e9es\n        impaires. Le m\\u00eame mois accueille la [[Foire internationale d''art contemporain]]\n        (FIAC). Le deuxi\\u00e8me samedi d''octobre, Montmartre renoue avec son pass\\u00e9\n        viticole lors de la [[f\\u00eate des vendanges de Montmartre]]. Une des plus\n        anciennes manifestations d''art \\u00e0 Paris est la [[Biennale de Paris]],\n        fond\\u00e9e en 1959 par [[Andr\\u00e9 Malraux]].\\n\\n=== Sant\\u00e9 ===\\n[[Fichier:Hotel\n        Dieu - Entree principale.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|L''[[H\\u00f4tel-Dieu de Paris]].]]\\n\\nDe\n        nombreux [[H\\u00f4pital|h\\u00f4pitaux]] sont implant\\u00e9s dans Paris, dont\n        certains sont particuli\\u00e8rement anciens, la tradition hospitali\\u00e8re\n        remontant au [[Moyen \\u00c2ge]]. L''[[H\\u00f4tel-Dieu de Paris]], fond\\u00e9\n        en [[651]] par [[Landry de Paris|Saint Landry]], \\u00e9v\\u00eaque de Paris,\n        est le plus ancien \\u00e9tablissement de la ville. Symbole de la charit\\u00e9\n        et de l''hospitalit\\u00e9, il fut le seul h\\u00f4pital de Paris jusqu''au\n        {{S-|XII|e}}{{p.|931-936}}..\\n\\nLa plupart des \\u00e9tablissements\n        rel\\u00e8vent de l''''''AP-HP'''', [[Assistance publique - H\\u00f4pitaux de\n        Paris]], [[\\u00c9tablissement public de sant\\u00e9 en France|\\u00e9tablissement\n        public de sant\\u00e9]] cr\\u00e9\\u00e9 par la loi du {{Date|10|janvier|1849}}\n        et relevant de la [[Mairie de Paris|ville de Paris]]. Elle exerce le r\\u00f4le\n        de [[Centre hospitalier r\\u00e9gional]] pour Paris et l''[[\\u00cele-de-France]]\n        et emploie plus de {{Unit\\u00e9|90000|personnes}} dont de nombreux [[m\\u00e9decin]]s\n        et des fonctionnaires de la [[Fonction publique fran\\u00e7aise|fonction publique\n        hospitali\\u00e8re]] (FPH). L''[[h\\u00f4tel de Miramion]] dans le [[5e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{5e|arrondissement}}]] qui abritait un h\\u00f4pital a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        transform\\u00e9 en mus\\u00e9e de l''Assistance publique - H\\u00f4pitaux de\n        Paris et \\u00e9voque l''histoire hospitali\\u00e8re de la ville. Parmi ses\n        principaux \\u00e9tablissements, peuvent \\u00eatre cit\\u00e9s dans Paris intra-muros\n        l''[[h\\u00f4pital Necker-Enfants malades]], l''[[h\\u00f4pital Cochin]], la\n        [[H\\u00f4pital de la Salp\\u00eatri\\u00e8re|Piti\\u00e9-Salp\\u00eatri\\u00e8re]],\n        [[H\\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine|Saint-Antoine]], [[H\\u00f4pital Saint-Louis|Saint-Louis]],\n        [[H\\u00f4pital Bichat-Claude-Bernard|Bichat-Claude Bernard]] ou le dernier-n\\u00e9,\n        l''[[h\\u00f4pital europ\\u00e9en Georges-Pompidou]].\\n\\nEn outre, ne relevant\n        pas de l''AP-HP, mais plac\\u00e9 sous la tutelle du ministre d\\u00e9l\\u00e9gu\\u00e9\n        aupr\\u00e8s du ministre de la D\\u00e9fense, charg\\u00e9 des Anciens combattants,\n        l''[[H\\u00f4tel des Invalides#L''h\\u00f4pital militaire des Invalides|h\\u00f4pital\n        militaire des Invalides]], \\u00e9galement nomm\\u00e9 \\u00ab Institution nationale\n        des Invalides \\u00bb[http://www.invalides.fr/ Site de l''Institution\n        nationale des Invalides], sur ''''invalides.fr''''. Consult\\u00e9 le 16 mai\n        2013., est ouvert pour les soins m\\u00e9dicaux et chirurgicaux aux pensionnaires\n        de l''institution, aux anciens combattants, aux militaires en activit\\u00e9\n        mais \\u00e9galement aux assur\\u00e9s sociaux.\\n\\nEn [[petite couronne]] (proche\n        banlieue), les \\u00e9tablissements hospitaliers [[Centre hospitalier universitaire\n        Henri-Mondor|Henri Mondor]] ([[Cr\\u00e9teil]]), [[Centre hospitalier universitaire\n        Kremlin-Bic\\u00eatre|Bic\\u00eatre]] ([[Le Kremlin-Bic\\u00eatre]]), [[Centre\n        hospitalier intercommunal Le Raincy-Montfermeil|Le Raincy-Montfermeil]] ou\n        encore [[H\\u00f4pital Beaujon|Beaujon]] ([[Clichy]]) sont parmi les plus connus[http://www.aphp.fr/carte/\n        Carte des h\\u00f4pitaux], sur ''''aphp.fr''''. Consult\\u00e9 le 17 mai 2013..\n        La [[grande couronne]] poss\\u00e8de plusieurs h\\u00f4pitaux g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement\n        intercommunaux ne relevant pas non plus de l''AP-HP : on peut citer les h\\u00f4pitaux\n        [[Argenteuil (Val-d''Oise)|Victor Dupouy d''Argenteuil]] ou encore le [[Versailles|centre\n        hospitalier de Versailles]].\\n\\nOn peut \\u00e9galement citer parmi les institutions\n        hospitali\\u00e8res l''[[h\\u00f4pital des Quinze-Vingts]], fond\\u00e9 en [[1260]]\n        par [[Louis IX|Saint Louis]] et dont le but \\u00e9tait de recueillir les aveugles\n        de Paris, les h\\u00f4pitaux d''instruction des arm\\u00e9es ([[H\\u00f4pital\n        d''instruction des arm\\u00e9es du Val-de-Gr\\u00e2ce|du Val-de-Gr\\u00e2ce]],\n        [[H\\u00f4pital d''instruction des arm\\u00e9es Percy|de Percy]], [[H\\u00f4pital\n        d''instruction des arm\\u00e9es B\\u00e9gin|de B\\u00e9gin]]) ou encore l''[[h\\u00f4pital\n        am\\u00e9ricain de Paris]], fond\\u00e9 en [[1906]] et situ\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]],\n        qui rel\\u00e8ve d''un statut particulier d''\\u00e9tablissement priv\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 but non lucratif, agr\\u00e9\\u00e9 et non conventionn\\u00e9 par la [[S\\u00e9curit\\u00e9\n        sociale]].\\n\\nParis a une forte densit\\u00e9 m\\u00e9dicale avec {{unit\\u00e9|11.2|m\\u00e9decins}}\n        pour {{unit\\u00e9|10000|habitants}} contre seulement 9,7 de moyenne en France.\n        Toutefois, les quartiers ouest (VIIe, XVIe) sont trois fois plus dot\\u00e9s\n        que les quartiers nord et est avec une densit\\u00e9 de 6,5 pour le [[20e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{20e|arrondissement}}]] et une d\\u00e9mographie globale baisse depuis\n        2007 chez les g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralistes. Les gyn\\u00e9cologues (\\u2013 16%) et\n        les p\\u00e9diatres (\\u2013 4%) sont en nette baisse entre 2011 \\u00e0 2014\n        {{lien web|url=http://www.topsante.com/medecine/medecine-divers/droits-des-patients/le-nombre-de-medecins-baisse-a-paris-53595|titre=Le\n        nombre de m\\u00e9decins baisse \\u00e0 Paris |\\u00e9diteur=topsante.com|date=29\n        janvier 2014|auteur=Agathe Mayer|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\\n\\n===\n        Sports ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Sport \\u00e0 Paris}}\\n\\n==== Clubs\n        professionnels ====\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!Nom\\n!Sport\\n!Division\\n!Stade/Salle\\n!Fondation\\n!Titres(Championnat de France)\\n!Ann\\u00e9es\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Saint-Germain Football\n        Club|Paris Saint-Germain FC]]\\n|[[Football]]\\n|[[Championnat de France de\n        football|Ligue 1]]\\n|[[Parc des Princes]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" |[[1970 en sport|1970]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |6\\n| [[Championnat de France de football 1985-1986|1986]],\n        [[Championnat de France de football 1993-1994|1994]], [[Championnat de France\n        de football 2012-2013|2013]], [[Championnat de France de football 2013-2014|2014]],\n        [[Championnat de France de football 2014-2015|2015]], [[Championnat de France\n        de football 2015-2016|2016]]\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Football Club|Paris FC]]\\n|[[Football]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de football National|National]]\\n|[[Stade Charl\\u00e9ty]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |[[1969 en sport|1969]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |0\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Saint-Germain\n        Football Club (f\\u00e9minines)|Paris Saint-Germain]]\\n|[[Football f\\u00e9minin]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de football f\\u00e9minin|Division 1]]\\n|[[Stade Charl\\u00e9ty]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |[[1971 en sport|1971]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |0\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Stade fran\\u00e7ais\n        Paris rugby|Stade fran\\u00e7ais Paris]]\\n|[[Rugby \\u00e0 XV|Rugby]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV|Top 14]]\\n|[[Stade Jean-Bouin (Paris)|Stade Jean\n        Bouin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" |[[1883 en sport|1883]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|14\\n|\n        [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1892-1893|1893]], [[Championnat\n        de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1893-1894|1894]], [[Championnat de France de\n        rugby \\u00e0 XV 1894-1895|1895]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0\n        XV 1896-1897|1897]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1897-1898|1898]],\n        [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1900-1901|1901]], [[Championnat\n        de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1902-1903|1903]], [[Championnat de France de\n        rugby \\u00e0 XV 1907-1908|1908]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0\n        XV 1997-1998|1998]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1999-2000|2000]],[[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 2002-2003|2003]], [[Championnat\n        de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 2003-2004|2004]], [[Championnat de France de\n        rugby \\u00e0 XV 2006-2007|2007]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0\n        XV 2014-2015|2015]]\\n|-\\n|[[Paris-Levallois Basket]]\\n|[[Basket-ball]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de basket-ball|Pro A]]\\n|[[Stade Pierre-de-Coubertin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |[[2007 en sport|2007]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|0\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Saint-Germain\n        Handball]]\\n|[[Handball]]\\n|[[Championnat de France de handball masculin|Division\n        1]]\\n|[[Stade Pierre-de-Coubertin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" |[[1941 en sport|1941]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|4\\n|\n        [[Championnat de France de handball masculin de D1 2012-2013|2013]], [[Championnat\n        de France de handball masculin de D1 2014-2015|2015]], [[Championnat de France\n        de handball masculin de D1 2015-2016|2016]], [[Championnat de France de handball\n        masculin de D1 2016-2017|2017]]\\n|-\\n|[[Issy Paris Hand]]\\n|[[Handball]] f\\u00e9minin\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de handball f\\u00e9minin|Division 1]]\\n|[[Stade Pierre-de-Coubertin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |[[1999 en sport|1999]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|0\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Volley]]\\n|[[Volley-ball]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de volley-ball masculin|Ligue A]]\\n|[[Stade Charl\\u00e9ty|Salle\n        Charpy]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" |[[1998 en sport|1998]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|8\\n|\n        [[Championnat de France de volley-ball 1999-2000|2000]], [[Championnat de\n        France de volley-ball 2000-2001|2001]], [[Championnat de France de volley-ball\n        2001-2002|2002]], [[Championnat de France de volley-ball 2002-2003|2003]],\n        [[Championnat de France de volley-ball 2005-2006|2006]], [[Championnat de\n        France de volley-ball 2006-2007|2007]], [[Championnat de France de volley-ball\n        2007-2008|2008]], [[Championnat de France de volley-ball 2008-2009|2009]]\\n|}\\n\\nL''histoire\n        de Paris est marqu\\u00e9e par le [[sport]], du [[jeu de paume]] \\u00e0 partir\n        du {{s-|XII|e}} au football au {{s-|XXI|e}} en passant par les [[Sport hippique|courses\n        hippiques]] et le cyclisme au {{s-|XX|e}}. La ville compte {{Unit\\u00e9|360|\\u00e9quipements}}\n        sportifs : {{Unit\\u00e9|172|courts}} de tennis, {{Unit\\u00e9|131|gymnases}}\n        municipaux, {{Unit\\u00e9|36|piscines}} (accueillant 3,4 millions d''entr\\u00e9es\n        individuelles en 2006) et dix bassins \\u00e9coles, trente-deux stades municipaux,\n        deux bases nautiques, ainsi que six parcs interd\\u00e9partementaux r\\u00e9partis\n        dans les trois d\\u00e9partements de la [[petite couronne]][http://www.paris.fr/portail/Sport/Portal.lut?page_id=151\n        \\u00c9quipements municipaux]..\\n\\nLes principaux clubs de sport de Paris\n        sont le [[Paris Saint-Germain Football Club|Paris Saint-Germain]] et [[Paris\n        Saint-Germain Football Club (f\\u00e9minines)|son \\u00e9quipe f\\u00e9minine]]\n        ([[football]]), le [[Paris-Levallois Basket]] ([[basket-ball]]), le [[Paris\n        Saint-Germain Handball|PSG Handball]] ([[handball]]), le [[Stade fran\\u00e7ais\n        Paris rugby|Stade fran\\u00e7ais]] ([[Rugby \\u00e0 XV|rugby \\u00e0 {{XV}}]])\n        et le [[Paris Volley]] ([[volley-ball]]).\\n\\n[[Fichier:Logo JO d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        - Candidature Paris 2024.svg|vignette|upright=0.5|Logotype officiel de la\n        [[Candidature de Paris pour l''organisation des Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 2024|candidature]] de la ville de Paris.]]\\nLe [[Parc des Princes]] ({{unit\\u00e9|48527|places}}),\n        \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 en 1897, reconstruit en 1932 puis en 1972 au sud-ouest de\n        la capitale, est le stade du [[Paris Saint-Germain Football Club|Paris Saint-Germain]],\n        qui est son club r\\u00e9sident depuis 1974[http://www.paris.fr/loisirs/pratiquer-un-sport/ou-faire-du-sport/les-grands-clubs-parisiens/rub_151_stand_3955_port_10774\n        Paris Saint-Germain (football)]..\\n\\nLe [[Stade Jean-Bouin (Paris)|stade\n        Jean-Bouin]] construit en 1925 \\u00e0 c\\u00f4t\\u00e9 du [[Parc des Princes]],\n        stade historique du [[Paris Jean-Bouin|CASG Paris]] (club athl\\u00e9tique\n        de la Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale), devenu le [[Paris Jean-Bouin]],\n        r\\u00e9nov\\u00e9 une premi\\u00e8re fois en 1972 puis une seconde fois en 2013,\n        est aujourd''hui le temple du rugby parisien dont le principal club r\\u00e9sident\n        est le [[Stade fran\\u00e7ais Paris rugby|Stade fran\\u00e7ais Paris]].\\n\\nLa\n        salle polyvalente [[AccorHotels Arena]] (ex-Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy),\n        vaste espace modulable clos de l''Est parisien inaugur\\u00e9 en [[1984 en\n        sport|1984]], accueille de nombreuses comp\\u00e9titions sportives mais fait\n        \\u00e9galement office de salle de spectacles et re\\u00e7oit diverses manifestations\n        : [[concert]]s, [[patinoire]], etc[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Sport/Portal.lut?page_id=5044&document_type_id=5&document_id=3942&portlet_id=10842\n        Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy].. Le [[stade Charl\\u00e9ty]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9\n        en [[1939]] et reconstruit en [[1994]], temple du sport amateur \\u00e0 Paris[http://equipement.paris.fr/full/details/details/details/?eid=3020&tid=33\n        Mairie de Paris - Stade S\\u00e9bastien Charl\\u00e9ty]., comprend un\n        stade d''athl\\u00e9tisme de {{unit\\u00e9|20000|places}} et une salle omnisports\n        de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|places}}[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Sport/Portal.lut?page_id=5044&document_type_id=5&document_id=3956&portlet_id=10842\n        Stade S\\u00e9bastien Charl\\u00e9ty]..\\n\\nParis a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 la ville\n        d''accueil des matchs de la [[coupe du monde de football de 1938]] ainsi que\n        de [[Coupe du monde de football de 1998|celle de 1998]].\\n\\nLe [[Stade de\n        France]] ({{unit\\u00e9|81338|places}}), \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Saint-Denis\n        (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Denis]] en proche banlieue Nord pour la [[Coupe\n        du monde de football de 1998]], est l''antre de l''[[\\u00e9quipe de France\n        de football]] qui remporte cette comp\\u00e9tition. Il accueille les finales\n        de la [[coupe de France de football]] et de la [[Coupe de la Ligue fran\\u00e7aise\n        de football|coupe de la Ligue]]. Il est \\u00e9galement l''h\\u00f4te, en 2000\n        et 2006, de la finale de la [[Ligue des champions de l''UEFA]]. Il est aussi\n        utilis\\u00e9 toute l''ann\\u00e9e pour les matchs \\u00e0 domicile de l''\\u00e9quipe\n        de France de [[Rugby \\u00e0 XV|rugby \\u00e0 {{XV}}]] durant le [[Tournoi des\n        Six Nations]], parfois pour de grands matchs des \\u00e9quipes de rugby du\n        [[Stade fran\\u00e7ais Paris rugby|Stade fran\\u00e7ais]] et du [[Racing 92|Racing\n        Club de France]], ainsi que pour les finales du [[Championnat de France de\n        rugby \\u00e0 XV|Top 14]]. Plusieurs matchs de la [[Coupe du monde de rugby\n        \\u00e0 XV 2007|Coupe du monde de rugby de 2007]] y sont jou\\u00e9s, dont la\n        finale.\\n\\nParis accueille les [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 1900]]\n        et [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 1924|de 1924]] mais \\u00e9choue dans\n        sa candidature \\u00e0 l''organisation de ceux de [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 1992|1992]], [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 2008|2008]] et [[Jeux\n        olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 2012|2012]], qui se sont d\\u00e9roul\\u00e9s\n        respectivement \\u00e0 [[Barcelone]], [[P\\u00e9kin]] et [[Londres]]. La ville\n        est [[Candidature de Paris pour l''organisation des Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 2024|candidate pour organiser]] les [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 2024]] depuis le {{Date|23|juin|2015}}, face \\u00e0 [[Los Angeles]] ; les\n        trois autres villes, un moment candidates ([[Budapest]], [[Hambourg]] et [[Rome]]),\n        ont toutes renonc\\u00e9 \\u00e0 se maintenir dans le processus de [[S\\u00e9lection\n        des villes h\\u00f4tes pour les Jeux olympiques de 2024 et 2028|s\\u00e9lection]].\n        L''\\u00e9lection de la ville h\\u00f4te aura lieu lors de la [[131e session\n        du Comit\\u00e9 international olympique|{{131e}} session du Comit\\u00e9 international\n        olympique]] qui se tiendra le {{Date-|13|septembre|2017}} \\u00e0 [[Lima]],\n        au [[P\\u00e9rou]]{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Jeux olympiques et paralympiques\n        2024|url=http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/sports-et-loisirs/evenements-sportifs/jeux-olympiques-et-paralympiques-2024-2770|site=www.paris.fr|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=2016-08-27}}. Si elle l''emporte, Paris sera la seconde ville apr\\u00e8s\n        [[Londres]] \\u00e0 organiser trois fois les Jeux olympiques.\\n\\nLe [[Tour\n        de France]] part chaque ann\\u00e9e d''une ville diff\\u00e9rente, mais s''ach\\u00e8ve\n        toujours \\u00e0 Paris (au [[Parc des Princes]] \\u00e0 partir de [[1903]] et\n        depuis [[1975]] sur les [[Avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]]).\n        Le [[tennis]] est un autre sport populaire \\u00e0 Paris : les [[Internationaux\n        de France de tennis|Internationaux de France]], tenus chaque ann\\u00e9e sur\n        la [[terre battue]] du [[stade Roland-Garros]] \\u00e0 proximit\\u00e9 du [[bois\n        de Boulogne]], sont l''un des quatre tournois du [[Grand Chelem de tennis|Grand\n        Chelem]] du tennis professionnel[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Sport/Portal.lut?page_id=5044&document_type_id=5&document_id=3931&portlet_id=10842\n        Roland Garros]..\\n\\n\\nDSC-ParcdesPrinces.jpg|Le\n        [[Parc des Princes]] en f\\u00e9vrier 2012.\\nRolandGarrosCentral.jpg|Court\n        central du stade Roland-Garros.\\nStade Charlety int\\u00e9rieur de jour.JPG|Stade\n        Charl\\u00e9ty.\\n\\n\\n=== M\\u00e9dias ===\\nSelon le linguiste Philippe\n        Boula de Mare\\u00fcil, la norme pour la prononciation du [[fran\\u00e7ais]]\n        {{citation|est attribu\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la bourgeoisie cultiv\\u00e9e de la capitale,\n        o\\u00f9 convergent toutes les voies de communication et o\\u00f9 sont install\\u00e9s\n        aujourd\\u2019hui les grands m\\u00e9dias. Cette prononciation est diffus\\u00e9e\n        par la radio, la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision [...]. Paris agit \\u00e0 la fois comme\n        un p\\u00f4le d\\u2019attraction et un rouleau compresseur}}[http://www.paris.fr/accueil/paris-mag/l-accent-parisien-existe-t-il/rub_9683_actu_100230_port_23863\n        L\\u2019accent parisien existe-t-il ?], sur ''''paris.fr'''', rubrique \\u00ab\n        Actualit\\u00e9s \\u00bb, article du 17 ao\\u00fbt 2011, consult\\u00e9 le 28\n        d\\u00e9cembre 2013..\\n\\n==== Presse \\u00e9crite ====\\n\\nLe [[quotidien\n        r\\u00e9gional]] ''''[[Le Parisien]]'''' est d\\u00e9clin\\u00e9 en dix \\u00e9ditions\n        d\\u00e9partementales dont une \\u00e0 Paris[http://www.teamedia.fr/product/le-parisien-editions-departementales\n        Le Parisien : \\u00e9ditions d\\u00e9partementales], Teamedia.fr, et deux\n        [[Presse gratuite|journaux gratuits]] sont distribu\\u00e9s le matin (''''[[20\n        minutes (France)|20 minutes]]'''' et ''''[[Direct Matin]]'''').\\n\\n''''[[L''Officiel\n        des spectacles]]'''', quant \\u00e0 lui, offre chaque semaine le programme\n        culturel exhaustif de la m\\u00e9tropole.\\n\\n==== T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision locale\n        ====\\nOn peut citer, outre les programmes r\\u00e9gionaux de la cha\\u00eene\n        nationale [[France 3]], quelques cha\\u00eenes associatives ou de collectivit\\u00e9s\n        locales. [[T\\u00e9lif]] rassemble sur un unique canal diffus\\u00e9 par le\n        c\\u00e2ble, l''[[T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision par ADSL|ADSL]] ou le [[T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        par satellite|satellite]] les cha\\u00eenes locales de la r\\u00e9gion : VOTV\n        (Val-d''Oise), T\\u00e9lessonne (Essonne), TVM Est parisien (Seine-Saint-Denis),\n        TVFil78 (Yvelines) et RTV ([[Rosny-sous-Bois]]). Zal\\u00e9a TV, cha\\u00eene\n        associative parisienne, est p\\u00e9riodiquement diffus\\u00e9e par voie hertzienne\n        en fonction des autorisations distribu\\u00e9es qui ont parfois pouss\\u00e9\n        la cha\\u00eene \\u00e0 des diffusions pirates. [[Teleplaisance.org]], autre\n        cha\\u00eene associative, diffuse uniquement des programmes amateurs. Les deux\n        cha\\u00eenes sont disponibles en [[2007]] gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 une diffusion\n        via internet.\\n\\nSept cha\\u00eenes locales [[T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision num\\u00e9rique\n        terrestre|TNT]] \\u00e9mettent depuis le 20 mars [[2008 \\u00e0 Paris|2008]].\n        Il s''agit de [[NRJ Paris]], d''[[IDF 1]], et de [[Cap 24]]. Quatre autres\n        cha\\u00eenes se partagent ensuite un m\\u00eame canal : Demain IDF, \\u00ab\n        t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision de l''urbanit\\u00e9 et de la diversit\\u00e9 \\u00bb ;\n        BDM TV, qui doit aller dans les quartiers parler culture et initiatives, [[Cinaps\n        TV]], un regroupement de scientifiques et d\\u2019artistes inventent une t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        dont l\\u2019objectif est de transmettre du savoir et de cultiver la curiosit\\u00e9.\n        Et enfin T\\u00e9l\\u00e9 Bocal, qui travaille dans les quartiers en difficult\\u00e9,\n        class\\u00e9s \\u00ab politique de la ville \\u00bb.\\n\\nVoir aussi : [[:Cat\\u00e9gorie:Presse\n        \\u00e9crite en \\u00cele-de-France|Presse \\u00e9crite en \\u00cele-de-France]]\n        et [[Radio \\u00e0 Paris]].\\n\\n=== Cultes ===\\n* [[Catholicisme|\\u00c9glise\n        catholique]] : [[Dioc\\u00e8se]] depuis le {{s-|III|e}}, le si\\u00e8ge de Paris\n        a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9rig\\u00e9 en [[archidioc\\u00e8se]] le {{Date|20|octobre|1622}}.\n        La [[cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris]] est la cath\\u00e9drale du dioc\\u00e8sePar ailleurs, la ville de Paris abrite le si\\u00e8ge de quatre\n        autres dioc\\u00e8ses de l''\\u00c9glise catholique : le [[dioc\\u00e8se aux\n        arm\\u00e9es fran\\u00e7aises]] \\u00e0 la [[cath\\u00e9drale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides]],\n        l''[[\\u00e9parchie Saint Vladimir le Grand de Paris des Ukrainiens]] \\u00e0\n        la [[cath\\u00e9drale Saint-Vladimir-le-Grand]], l''[[\\u00e9parchie Notre-Dame\n        du Liban de Paris des Maronites]] \\u00e0 la [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame-du-Liban\n        de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame-du-Liban]] et l''[[\\u00e9parchie Sainte-Croix-de-Paris\n        des Arm\\u00e9niens]] \\u00e0 la [[cath\\u00e9drale Sainte-Croix de Paris des\n        Arm\\u00e9niens]].. L''archev\\u00eaque actuel est le cardinal [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Vingt-Trois]] qui a pour \\u00e9v\\u00eaques auxiliaires [[J\\u00e9r\\u00f4me\n        Beau|J\\u00e9r\\u00f4me Daniel Beau]] et [[\\u00c9ric de Moulins-Beaufort]].\\n:En\n        [[2005]], la ville compte cent-six paroisses catholiques accueillant les fid\\u00e8les\n        et vingt-quatre missions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res ainsi que {{Unit\\u00e9|730|pr\\u00eatres}}\n        et environ {{Unit\\u00e9|220|communaut\\u00e9s}} religieuses (140 de femmes\n        et environ 80 d''hommes)[http://www.paris.catholique.fr/-Archeveche-.html\n        \\u00c9glise catholique \\u00e0 Paris - Le dioc\\u00e8se de Paris en bref]..\\n:Parmi\n        les grands lieux de p\\u00e8lerinage, les deux principaux sont la [[basilique\n        du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur de Montmartre]], o\\u00f9 les fid\\u00e8les assurent\n        depuis [[1885]] l''[[Adoration eucharistique|Adoration perp\\u00e9tuelle]][http://www.sacre-coeur-montmartre.com/fr/pele.html\n        La Basilique du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur de Montmartre - Un lieu de p\\u00e8lerinage].,\n        et la [[chapelle Notre-Dame-de-la-M\\u00e9daille-miraculeuse]], o\\u00f9 la\n        [[Marie (m\\u00e8re de J\\u00e9sus)|Vierge Marie]] serait apparue plusieurs\n        fois en [[1830]] \\u00e0 sainte [[Catherine Labour\\u00e9]][http://www.chapellenotredamedelamedaillemiraculeuse.com/FR/a__Accueil.asp\n        Chapelle Notre Dame de la M\\u00e9daille Miraculeuse]..\\n\\n* [[\\u00c9glises\n        \\u00e9vang\\u00e9liques]] : Paris compte soixante-douze \\u00e9glises [[\\u00c9vang\\u00e9lisme|protestantes\n        \\u00e9vang\\u00e9liques]] de d\\u00e9nominations diverses[http://www.eglises.org/france/75/\n        Liste des \\u00e9glises \\u00e9vang\\u00e9liques \\u00e0 Paris]..\\n* [[Calvinisme|Protestants\n        r\\u00e9form\\u00e9s]] : Paris compte quinze paroisses de l''[[\\u00c9glise r\\u00e9form\\u00e9e\n        de France]][http://www.erf-rp.org/ \\u00c9glise r\\u00e9form\\u00e9e de\n        France - R\\u00e9gion parisienne]..\\n* [[Luth\\u00e9ranisme|Protestants\n        luth\\u00e9riens]] : Paris compte dix paroisses de l''[[\\u00c9glise \\u00e9vang\\u00e9lique\n        luth\\u00e9rienne de France]][http://eelf.org/ipct1.htm \\u00c9glise \\u00e9vang\\u00e9lique\n        luth\\u00e9rienne de France - R\\u00e9gion parisienne]..\\n* [[\\u00c9glise\n        de J\\u00e9sus-Christ des saints des derniers jours]] : deux paroisses situ\\u00e9es\n        [[rue Saint-Merri]] dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e|arrondissement}}]]\n        et [[rue de Romainville]] dans le [[19e arrondissement de Paris|{{19e|arrondissement}}]][http://www.eglisedejesuschrist.fr/nous-contacter/trouver-une-paroisse/recherche-a-l-aide-de-la-carte.html\n        \\u00c9glise de J\\u00e9sus-Christ des saints des derniers jours, trouver une\n        paroisse]..\\n* [[Juda\\u00efsme|Juifs]] : la ville poss\\u00e8de quatre-vingt-seize\n        [[synagogue]]s[http://www.consistoire.org/ Consistoire de Paris]..\\n*\n        [[Islam|Musulmans]] : la [[Grande Mosqu\\u00e9e de Paris]] accueille les fid\\u00e8les\n        depuis [[1926]] sur plus d''un hectare de superficie, place du puits de l''Ermite\n        dans le [[5e arrondissement de Paris|{{5e|arrondissement}}]][http://www.mosquee-de-paris.org/\n        Grande mosqu\\u00e9e de Paris].. En sus de l''[[Institut des cultures\n        d''Islam]] dans le [[18e arrondissement de Paris|18{{e}}]], la ville compte\n        \\u00e9galement soixante-quinze [[Liste des mosqu\\u00e9es de Paris|mosqu\\u00e9es]]\n        ou salles de pri\\u00e8res se trouvant pour la plupart dans des foyers[http://mosquee.free.fr/Adresses/Ile_de_France/75_Paris/75_Paris.html\n        Guide des Mosqu\\u00e9es de France, page sur Paris : d\\u00e9tail arrondissement\n        par arrondissement] consult\\u00e9 le 27 ao\\u00fbt 2008..\\n* [[Bouddhisme|Bouddhistes]]\n        : un [[Pagode de Vincennes|temple]] se situe dans le [[bois de Vincennes]],\n        sur la rive m\\u00e9ridionale du [[lac Daumesnil]], dans un ancien pavillon\n        de l''[[exposition coloniale]] de [[1931]]. Deux autres se trouvent dans le\n        [[quartier asiatique de Paris]], dans le [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]].\\n*\n        [[Hindouisme|Hindouistes]] : un temple ouvert en [[1985]], d\\u00e9di\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 [[Ganesh]], se situe [[rue Pajol]] dans le [[18e arrondissement de\n        Paris|{{18e|arrondissement}}]], ainsi qu''un autre dans le [[10e arrondissement\n        de Paris|10{{e}}]]{{lien web|url=https://indeaparis.com/les-lieux-de-culte-de-linde-en-france|titre=Les\n        lieux de culte de l''Inde en France|\\u00e9diteur=indeaparis.com|date=22 septembre\n        2010|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}\\n* [[Scientologie]] : un lieu\n        de culte ainsi qu''un Celebrity Center.\\n* [[T\\u00e9moins de J\\u00e9hovah]]\n        : la ville compte sept lieux de cultehttp://www.pagesjaunes.fr/trouverlesprofessionnels/rechercheClassique.do?portail=PJ..\\n\\n\\nNotre Dame de Paris DSC 0846w.jpg|[[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame\n        de Paris|Notre-Dame de Paris]].\\nP1040511 Paris Ier rue du Louvre Oratoire\n        du Louvre rwk.JPG|[[Temple protestant de l''Oratoire du Louvre]].\\nParis -\n        Cath\\u00e9drale orthodoxe russe de la Sainte-Trinit\\u00e9 - 3.jpg|[[Cath\\u00e9drale\n        de la Sainte-Trinit\\u00e9 de Paris (orthodoxe russe)]].\\nP1110319 Paris V\n        grande mosqu\\u00e9e de Paris rwk.JPG|[[Grande Mosqu\\u00e9e de Paris]].\\nGrande\n        Synagogue de la Victoire.JPG|[[Grande Synagogue de Paris]].\\nPagode de Vincennes\n        02.jpg|[[Pagode de Vincennes]].\\n\\n\\n=== Personnalit\\u00e9s li\\u00e9es\n        \\u00e0 Paris ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste de personnalit\\u00e9s\n        li\\u00e9es \\u00e0 Paris|Liste des citoyens d''honneur de la Ville de Paris}}\\n\\n==\n        \\u00c9conomie ==\\n{{Article connexe|\\u00c9conomie de l''\\u00cele-de-France}}\\n\\nAvec\n        un [[produit int\\u00e9rieur brut]] (PIB) de 607 milliards d''euros (845 milliards\n        de [[dollar am\\u00e9ricain|dollars]]) en 2011 soit un peu plus de 30 % du\n        PIB fran\\u00e7ais\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/web/_download/Eurostat_Table_tgs00003PDFDesc_7f46f766-4fdd-4fa7-bcc4-d2db235f420d.pdf\\n\n        |titre= Produit int\\u00e9rieur brut r\\u00e9gional en euros courants en 2014\n        (tgs00003)\\n |date= 23 mars 2016\\n |site= Eurostat\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 10\n        avril 2016\\n}}., la r\\u00e9gion parisienne est une des plus riches d''Europe\n        : si elle \\u00e9tait un pays, elle serait la dix-septi\\u00e8me plus grande\n        \\u00e9conomie de la plan\\u00e8te, produisant plus de richesses que les [[Pays-Bas]]\n        et la [[Turquie]], et pratiquement autant que l''[[Indon\\u00e9sie]]{{lien\n        web|langue=en|url=http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/marketplacek12/GDP.pdfWorldBanjk.pdf|format=PDF|titre=Gross\n        domestic product 2011|auteur=Banque Mondiale|consult\\u00e9 le=13 ao\\u00fbt\n        2013}}..\\n\\nLa ville est, avec sa [[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris|banlieue]],\n        la capitale \\u00e9conomique et commerciale de la [[France]], ainsi que sa\n        premi\\u00e8re place financi\\u00e8re et boursi\\u00e8re. La [[\\u00cele-de-France|r\\u00e9gion\n        parisienne]], avec un [[produit int\\u00e9rieur brut]] (PIB) de {{unit\\u00e9|649|milliards}}\n        d''euros en 2014, est un acteur \\u00e9conomique europ\\u00e9en majeur. L''\\u00cele-de-France\n        est la huiti\\u00e8me r\\u00e9gion la plus riche d''Europe avec un [[PIB par\n        habitant]] {{Unit\\u00e9|46600|\\u20ac}} en 2013 contre {{Unit\\u00e9|86400|\\u20ac}}\n        pour le [[Grand Londres]] et {{Unit\\u00e9|68500|\\u20ac}} pour [[Luxembourg\n        (ville)|Luxembourg]]{{lien web|url=http://www.capital.fr/a-la-une/actualites/les-20-regions-les-plus-riches-d-europe-1042069|titre=Top\n        20 des r\\u00e9gions les plus riches d\\u2019Europe : la France ne brille pas\n        !|\\u00e9diteur=capital.fr|date=26 mai 2015|auteur=Ingrid de Chevigny|consult\\u00e9\n        le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\\n\\nParis, comme le reste de l''[[\\u00cele-de-France]]\n        mais de fa\\u00e7on plus marqu\\u00e9e encore, est plus riche et plus [[secteur\n        tertiaire|tertiaris\\u00e9e]] que la moyenne fran\\u00e7aise. L''agglom\\u00e9ration\n        parisienne est toutefois nettement moins sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9e \\u00e9conomiquement\n        que d''autres grands centres \\u00e9conomiques mondiaux, notamment que [[Londres]],\n        sa grande rivale en [[Europe]], qui est particuli\\u00e8rement dynamique dans\n        le secteur [[Finance|financier]]. Toutefois, selon [[\\u00c9ric Le Boucher]],\n        l''\\u00cele-de-France conna\\u00eet un d\\u00e9clin \\u00e9conomique et des pertes\n        d\\u2019emplois : \\u00ab aucune r\\u00e9gion-capitale au monde ne perd ses emplois\n        comme celle de Paris, aveugl\\u00e9e par son pass\\u00e9 brillant, mal gouvern\\u00e9e,\n        fragment\\u00e9e dans ses \\u00e9go\\u00efsmes, an\\u00e9mi\\u00e9e faute de s''inscrire\n        r\\u00e9solument dans la comp\\u00e9tition mondiale des m\\u00e9tropoles du {{S-|XXI|e}}\\u00ab\n        [http://www.lemonde.fr/opinions/article/2008/02/02/paris-capitale-du-malthusianisme-par-eric-le-boucher_1006714_3232.html\n        Paris, capitale du malthusianisme] \\u00bb, ''''in [[Le Monde]]'''', 2 f\\u00e9vrier\n        2007. \\u00bb. Les m\\u00eames inqui\\u00e9tudes sont relay\\u00e9es par\n        l''architecte [[Jean Nouvel]] qui estime imp\\u00e9ratif que Paris \\u00e9volue,\n        \\u00ab sous peine de devenir une ville mus\\u00e9e\\u00ab Une ville doit\n        \\u00e9voluer sous peine de devenir un mus\\u00e9e \\u00bb, entretien avec Jean\n        Nouvel, ''''Direct matin'''', 4 avril 2008, {{p.|9}}. \\u00bb.\\n\\nParis\n        dispose d''une superficie de bureaux sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 celle de Londres\n        (y compris en demande plac\\u00e9e pour les banques[http://www.cushwake.com/cwglobal/jsp/newsDetail.jsp?Language=FR&repId=c10000067p&Country=FR\n        Immobilier de bureaux : dynamisme du secteur bancaire, Paris devance Londres].)\n        bien qu''\\u00e9tant cinq fois moins \\u00e9tendue, un nombre plus important\n        de groupes du [[Fortune 500]] y ont leur si\\u00e8ge[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/\n        Global 500 2008: Cities]., l''\\u00cele-de-France s''impose comme la\n        premi\\u00e8re r\\u00e9gion europ\\u00e9enne, devant le [[Grand Londres]], pour\n        les emplois cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s par les implantations internationales en 2007[http://www.paris-region.com/ard/agence-regionale-de-developpement-ile-de-france/en-direct/actualites/l-ile-de-france-est-la-premiere-region-europeenne-pour-les-emplois-crees-par-les-implantations-internationales-en-2007--5239.kjsp?RH=NEWS\n        Paris \\u00cele-de-France, capitale \\u00c9conomique]. et enfin la capitale\n        fran\\u00e7aise d\\u00e9pose chaque ann\\u00e9e plus de brevets que la capitale\n        anglaise et dispose d''une plus grande proportion de chercheurs dans sa main\n        d''\\u0153uvre[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-NS-06-013/FR/KS-NS-06-013-FR.PDF\n        Industries de haute technologie et services fond\\u00e9s sur la connaissance]..\n        \\u00c0 l''heure actuelle, le [[Produit int\\u00e9rieur brut|PIB]] \\u00e0 parit\\u00e9\n        de pouvoir d''achat de l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne, estim\\u00e9 \\u00e0\n        460 milliards de dollars, est sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 celui de Londres{{en}}\n        {{pdf}} [http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863\n        UK Economic Outlook], chiffres de 2005 (PriceWaterhouseCoopers) ; d''apr\\u00e8s\n        cette \\u00e9tude, Tokyo, New York et Los Angeles distancent Chicago, Paris\n        et Londres qui ont des PIB comparables ; toutefois, Londres d\\u00e9passerait\n        Chicago et Paris d''ici \\u00e0 2020.. Ces comparaisons doivent \\u00eatre\n        prises avec prudence, les p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tres pris en compte n''\\u00e9tant\n        pas toujours les m\\u00eames : ainsi le Grand Londres, avec {{formatnum:7517700}}\n        habitants, ne repr\\u00e9sente pas la totalit\\u00e9 de l''agglom\\u00e9ration\n        londonienne. Dans les enqu\\u00eates comparatives sur l''attractivit\\u00e9\n        \\u00e9conomique, europ\\u00e9ennes ou mondiales, Paris est dor\\u00e9navant\n        num\\u00e9ro deux derri\\u00e8re Londres, mais toujours devant Tokyo, Madrid,\n        New York et Berlin. L''ambition parisienne est, selon la municipalit\\u00e9,\n        \\u00ab d''\\u00eatre \\u00e0 la fois Rome et la Californie \\u00bb (un tiers\n        des brevets de France sont d\\u00e9pos\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Parishttp://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=1&document_type_id=2&document_id=94939&portlet_id=24329.).\\n\\nLe\n        plus gros secteur \\u00e9conomique est le [[tourisme]] de loisirs (caf\\u00e9s,\n        h\\u00f4tels, restaurants et services li\\u00e9s) et professionnel (salons,\n        congr\\u00e8s\\u2026). Paris attire dans les [[ann\\u00e9es 2000]] pr\\u00e8s\n        de {{unit\\u00e9|30|millions}} de visiteurs par an ce qui en fait une des capitales\n        les plus visit\\u00e9es au monde\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.parisinfo.com/uploads/9e//chiffres-cles-2009.pdf\\n\n        |titre= Le tourisme \\u00e0 Paris, chiffres cl\\u00e9s 2008\\n |date=   avril\n        2009\\n |site= site de l''Office du Tourisme et des Congr\\u00e8s de Paris\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 30 juillet 2010\\n}}.\\n\\nElle fait face \\u00e0 la\n        concurrence \\u00e9mergente de villes d''Europe de l\\u2019Est ou du Sud parfois\n        moins ch\\u00e8res. Ainsi, [[Madrid]] est une concurrente s\\u00e9rieuse pour\n        le tourisme de loisirs, [[Vienne (Autriche)|Vienne]] et [[Milan]] pour les\n        salons et congr\\u00e8s. Paris dispose d''un tissu h\\u00f4telier tr\\u00e8s\n        diversifi\\u00e9, \\u00e0 un co\\u00fbt moindre que bien d''autres capitales\n        pour les 2 et 3 \\u00e9toiles et b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie encore de sa r\\u00e9putation\n        pour l''\\u00e9l\\u00e9gance, le [[luxe]], les [[parfum]]s, la [[Mode (habillement)|mode]]\n        et la [[gastronomie]]. Le secteur culturel, public comme priv\\u00e9, est aussi\n        un gros secteur \\u00e9conomique \\u00e0 Paris: \\u00e9dition, m\\u00e9dias, musique,\n        cin\\u00e9mas, salles de spectacle, mus\\u00e9es, galeries et marchands d''art,\n        compagnies de danse et de th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\\u2026 la concentration culturelle\n        est in\\u00e9gal\\u00e9e en Europe. Paris et son agglom\\u00e9ration rassemblent\n        les trois quarts des intermittents du spectacle de tout le pays.\\n\\nParis\n        reste de loin le [[D\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partement]] qui regroupe\n        le plus d''emplois dans la r\\u00e9gion avec pr\\u00e8s d''{{formatnum:1650600}}\n        en [[2004]], soit 31 % des emplois priv\\u00e9s de la r\\u00e9gion, devant les\n        [[Hauts-de-Seine]] avec {{Unit\\u00e9|848200|emplois}} (16 %{{lien bris\\u00e9|consult\\u00e9\n        le=2013-04-07|url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/?page=eco_regionale_chiffres_cles_fr_2007|titre=Chambre\n        R\\u00e9gionale de Commerce et d''Industrie : Les chiffres-cl\\u00e9s de la\n        r\\u00e9gion \\u00cele-de-France - \\u00c9dition 2007}}.). Le taux de ch\\u00f4mage\n        de Paris est, fin 2010, de 8,7 %, ce qui est en dessous du taux national,\n        9,8 %, alors que, pendant trente ans, le taux parisien \\u00e9tait toujours\n        sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 celui de la France.\\n\\nLes [[salaire]]s parisiens sont\n        tr\\u00e8s l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement sup\\u00e9rieurs \\u00e0 ceux de la r\\u00e9gion\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|19|euros}} de l''heure en moyenne annuelle au lieu de {{unit\\u00e9|18.2|euros}},\n        chiffres de [[2002]]) et largement sup\\u00e9rieurs \\u00e0 la moyenne des salaires\n        en France ({{unit\\u00e9|13.1|euros}}). N\\u00e9anmoins, cet \\u00e9cart s''explique\n        essentiellement par la forte surrepr\\u00e9sentation de [[cadre (entreprise)|cadres]]\n        qui constituent 25 % des salari\\u00e9s. La ville se caract\\u00e9rise surtout\n        par sa forte in\\u00e9galit\\u00e9 salariale : les 10 % des salari\\u00e9s les\n        mieux pay\\u00e9s touchent quatre fois plus que les 10 % les moins pay\\u00e9s,\n        ce qui d\\u00e9passe un peu la moyenne r\\u00e9gionale (3,7), mais est largement\n        sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9cart constat\\u00e9 dans le reste de la France\n        (2,6). De m\\u00eame, les in\\u00e9galit\\u00e9s g\\u00e9ographiques apparaissent\n        \\u00e9galement au sein m\\u00eame de la ville : le salaire horaire moyen offert\n        dans le {{8e|arrondissement}} ({{unit\\u00e9|24.2|euros}}) est sup\\u00e9rieur\n        de 82 % \\u00e0 celui du {{20e|arrondissement}} ({{unit\\u00e9|13.3|euros}}).\n        En revanche, les \\u00e9carts salariaux homme-femme \\u00e0 niveau \\u00e9gal\n        ne sont que de 6 % \\u00e0 Paris contre 10 % dans le reste de la France[http://www.insee.fr/fr/region/rfc/ficdoc_frame.asp?ref_id=8977&doc_id=8739\n        INSEE - Les salaires offerts \\u00e0 Paris : pas d''effet \\u00ab capitale \\u00bb]..\\n\\n\\nPanorama La D\\u00e9fense.jpg|
Le quartier d''affaires\n        de [[la D\\u00e9fense]], depuis la [[tour D\\u00e9fense 2000]].
\\n\\n\\n===\n        Revenus de la population et fiscalit\\u00e9 ===\\nEn 2010, le [[Revenu fiscal\n        par m\\u00e9nage en France|revenu fiscal m\\u00e9dian par m\\u00e9nage]] \\u00e9tait\n        de {{euro|32984}}, ce qui pla\\u00e7ait Paris au {{formatnum:9215}}{{e}} rang\n        parmi les {{formatnum:31525}} communes de plus de 39 m\\u00e9nages en m\\u00e9tropole\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/structure-distrib-revenus/structure-distrib-revenus-2010/structure-distrib-revenus-com-2010.zip\\n\n        |titre= Fichier RFDM2010COM : Revenus fiscaux localis\\u00e9s des m\\u00e9nages\n        - Ann\\u00e9e 2010\\n |site= le site de l''Insee\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 11 novembre\n        2012\\n}}..\\n\\n=== Entreprises et commerces ===\\nLa ville de Paris conna\\u00eet\n        une tertiarisation croissante de son \\u00e9conomie avec la prolif\\u00e9ration\n        des soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9s de services. N\\u00e9anmoins, l''artisanat et l''[[industrie]]\n        repr\\u00e9sentent toujours une part non n\\u00e9gligeable des emplois. Le commerce\n        maintient son attractivit\\u00e9 malgr\\u00e9 le d\\u00e9veloppement des [[Hypermarch\\u00e9|grandes\n        surfaces commerciales]], sous-repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9es en [[\\u00cele-de-France]]\n        en proportion du nombre d''habitants.\\n\\nEn 2000, l''imprimerie-presse-\\u00e9dition\n        fournissait l''essentiel de l''activit\\u00e9 avec 40 % des emplois industriels\n        parisiens, et les industries de l''habillement et du cuir 23 %. Le secteur\n        de l''[[artisanat]] totalisait {{Unit\\u00e9|36237|entreprises}} (pour l''essentiel\n        concentr\\u00e9es dans le nord et l''est de la ville), soit 28 % des artisans\n        de la r\\u00e9gion, et rassemblait {{Unit\\u00e9|123000|salari\\u00e9s}} en 2003. Les services rassemblent 35 % des effectifs salari\\u00e9s\n        des entreprises artisanales, suivis par la fabrication avec 28,9 %, le b\\u00e2timent\n        avec 22,4 % et enfin l''alimentation avec 13,7 %[http://www.paris.pref.gouv.fr/SDC/Sommaire/1ere%20partie/3.htm\n        Pr\\u00e9fecture de Paris - Sch\\u00e9ma de d\\u00e9veloppement commercial de\n        Paris : les secteurs d''activit\\u00e9s \\u00e9conomiques].. En 2014,\n        la part de l\\u2019industrie dans l\\u2019\\u00e9conomie parisienne est de 3,2\n        %, soit {{unit\\u00e9|63764|emplois}}, loin des {{formatnum:477000}} en 1954,\n        et des {{formatnum:117000}} en 1999. Selon un rapport du CESER, la perte est\n        34 % entre 1994 et 2004. Elle s''att\\u00e9nue par la suite. La Ville de Paris\n        souhaite relancer l''installation de petite industrie dans Paris en cr\\u00e9ant\n        par exemple des h\\u00f4tels industriels \\u00e0 destination d''artisans, de\n        PME, de fili\\u00e8res techniques, notamment dans les domaines li\\u00e9s \\u00e0\n        l''environnement (\\u00e9nergies renouvelables, r\\u00e9novation thermique,\n        stockage d\\u2019\\u00e9nergie ou dans le cadre de la lutte contre l\\u2019obsolescence\n        programm\\u00e9e{{lien web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Economie/Industrie/Les-communistes-veulent-reindustrialiser-Paris-715470|titre=Les\n        communistes veulent r\\u00e9industrialiser Paris|\\u00e9diteur=lejdd.fr|date=2\n        f\\u00e9vrier 2015|auteur=Bertrand Gr\\u00e9co|consult\\u00e9 le=17 janvier 2017}}..\\n\\nLe\n        [[commerce]] parisien, rest\\u00e9 particuli\\u00e8rement attractif bien au-del\\u00e0\n        des limites de la ville avec pr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|80000|locaux}} et {{Unit\\u00e9|30000|commerces}}\n        de d\\u00e9tail, se caract\\u00e9rise par son extr\\u00eame diversit\\u00e9 et\n        sa r\\u00e9partition g\\u00e9ographique relativement \\u00e9quilibr\\u00e9e. Malgr\\u00e9 l\\u2019\\u00e9mergence d\\u2019une structure\n        polycentrique \\u00e0 l\\u2019\\u00e9chelle de l\\u2019agglom\\u00e9ration, la\n        trame commerciale parisienne continue \\u00e0 se caract\\u00e9riser par une\n        forte continuit\\u00e9 spatiale et un poids important de la logique hi\\u00e9rarchique,\n        avec une grande diversit\\u00e9 d\\u2019\\u00e9chelons de centralit\\u00e9[http://cybergeo.revues.org/25107\n        Selon l''\\u00e9tude d''A. Fleury, H. Mathian et T. Saint-Julien publi\\u00e9e\n        dans la revue ''''Cyberg\\u00e9o'''' en 2012].. N\\u00e9anmoins, l''implantation\n        des grandes surfaces en p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie ou l''augmentation des baux ont\n        entra\\u00een\\u00e9 d''importantes mutations \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XX|e}}.\n        L''\\u00e9mergence ou l''affirmation de nouvelles sp\\u00e9cialisations commerciales\n        ont progressivement conduit au d\\u00e9clin les petits commerces de bouche.\n        C''est le cas pour les boutiques d''informatique fort concentr\\u00e9es ([[rue\n        Montgallet]] et [[rue de Charenton]] en particulier dans le {{12e|arrondissement}})\n        ou les commerces de gros du textile ([[Sentier (quartier de Paris)|quartier\n        du Sentier]] et une partie du {{11e|arrondissement}}). L''arriv\\u00e9e massive\n        de cha\\u00eenes internationales de magasins, de v\\u00eatements pour l''essentiel\n        (Celio, [[Zara (v\\u00eatements)|Zara]], etc.), a encore accru le ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne\n        au point de faire craindre aux Parisiens la disparition rapide du petit commerce\n        de proximit\\u00e9 (commerces de bouche ou librairies de quartier en particulier),\n        ce qui s''est produit dans de nombreux quartiers de [[Londres]] par exemple.\n        La municipalit\\u00e9 a finalement jou\\u00e9 de son droit de pr\\u00e9emption\n        afin de lutter contre ce ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne et le [[plan local d''urbanisme]]\n        tente de limiter l''impact de cette \\u00e9volution dans l''avenir en interdisant\n        par exemple le changement d''affectation d''un local commercial revendu[http://www.apur.org/images/notes4pages/4P16.pdf\n        Assurer la diversit\\u00e9 du commerce. Les nouvelles r\\u00e8gles du Plan local\n        d''urbanisme de Paris. Sp\\u00e9cial PLU.] - [[Atelier parisien d''urbanisme]]\n        - {{pdf}}..\\n\\nLe secteur des [[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de services|services\n        aux entreprises]] est le plus important et correspond au tiers des \\u00e9tablissements\n        parisiens. Au 31 d\\u00e9cembre [[2001]], pr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|122300|entreprises}}\n        employaient au moins un salari\\u00e9. En effet, une des caract\\u00e9ristiques\n        de l''\\u00e9conomie parisienne tient \\u00e0 la forte pr\\u00e9sence, aux c\\u00f4t\\u00e9s\n        des grands si\\u00e8ges sociaux, de petites entreprises d''un \\u00e0 dix salari\\u00e9s\n        qui rassemblent plus d''un quart des emplois. Ce secteur regroupe les activit\\u00e9s\n        de conseil et d''assistance, les services op\\u00e9rationnels, les postes et\n        t\\u00e9l\\u00e9communications ainsi que la recherche et le d\\u00e9veloppement.\\n\\nParis dispose \\u00e0 l''automne 2016 d''une\n        quarantaine d''[[Incubateur d''entreprises|incubateur]]s de [[startup]]s,\n        dont ''''Station F'''' dans l''ancienne [[halle Freyssinet]], le plus important\n        d''Europe mis sur pied par l''entrepreneur [[Xavier Niel]]. La ville s''affirme\n        comme un haut lieu d''attractivit\\u00e9 pour les jeunes entreprises innovantes\n        rattrapant Londres{{lien web|url=http://www.challenges.fr/entreprise/paris-championne-des-start-up-est-sur-le-point-de-detroner-londres_431722|titre=Start-up:\n        Paris est sur le point de d\\u00e9tr\\u00f4ner Londres|\\u00e9diteur=challenges.fr|date=7\n        octobre 2016|auteur=Agence France Presse|consult\\u00e9 le=7 octobre 2016}}.\\n\\nSelon\n        le sch\\u00e9ma directeur \\u00e9tabli par le [[Conseil r\\u00e9gional d''\\u00cele-de-France]],\n        la m\\u00e9tropole table d''ici 2025 sur la cr\\u00e9ation d''un million et\n        demi d''emplois, la construction de {{Unit\\u00e9|500000|bureaux}} et surtout\n        l''implantation d''un millier d''entreprises \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res, notamment\n        indiennes, chinoises et br\\u00e9siliennes, faisant passer le taux de croissance\n        de 2 \\u00e0 5 % par anMagazine [[GEO (magazine)|GEO]], {{num\\u00e9ro|393}}\n        de novembre 2011, {{p.|60}}..\\n\\n=== Quartiers d''affaires ===\\n[[Fichier:Paris-Nord\n        2 - Vue aerienne 02.jpg|vignette|Le parc d''activit\\u00e9s [[Paris-Nord II|Paris-Nord\n        {{II}}]] et, au fond, le village de [[Roissy-en-France]] (\\u00e0 gauche) et\n        l''[[a\\u00e9roport Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle]] (\\u00e0 droite).]]\\n\\nLa ville\n        de Paris n''offrant plus de surfaces disponibles, les quartiers d''affaires\n        se sont en partie d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s \\u00e0 sa p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie. Le\n        p\\u00f4le \\u00ab Paris-La D\\u00e9fense \\u00bbainsi nomm\\u00e9 par la\n        [[Chambre de commerce et d''industrie de Paris]] : [http://www.ccip.fr/upload/pdf/pole-paris-la-defense.pdf\n        La CCIP propose d\\u2019acc\\u00e9l\\u00e9rer l\\u2019implantation des centres\n        de d\\u00e9cision des entreprises internationales en \\u00cele-de-France].,\n        qui regroupe la partie Ouest de la rive droite parisienne et neuf communes\n        des [[Hauts-de-Seine]], domine le monde des affaires francilien : on y trouve\n        la plupart des grands si\\u00e8ges sociaux et des emplois \\u00e0 haut revenu.\n        Deux zones y sont particuli\\u00e8rement importantes : le centre de Paris et\n        le quartier de [[La D\\u00e9fense]][http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/spip/IMG/jpg/EUROPE-France-09-01.jpg\n        Plan du site de La D\\u00e9fense]., en banlieue Ouest, qui constitue\n        le premier [[quartier d''affaires]] europ\\u00e9en par l''\\u00e9tendue de son\n        parc de bureauxCCIP, {{lien bris\\u00e9|consult\\u00e9 le=2013-04-07|url=http://www.pilotimmobilier.com/upload/pdf/LaDefence_CCIP_mars2007.pdf|titre=Paris-La\n        D\\u00e9fense, moteur d''attractivit\\u00e9 internationale pour l''\\u00cele-de-France}},\n        {{p.|12}}..\\n\\nLe quartier des affaires s''\\u00e9tend sur un p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tre\n        assez large autour de l''[[Op\\u00e9ra de Paris|Op\\u00e9ra]] et de la [[Gare\n        de Paris-Saint-Lazare|gare Saint-Lazare]]Voir par exemple les cercles\n        sur une [http://www.ccip75.ccip.fr/upload/pdf/atlas_activites_economiques.pdf\n        carte de la CCIP] (page 6) {{pdf}}.. Il garde un r\\u00f4le majeur mais\n        les prix de l''immobilier de [[bureau (immobilier)|bureau]] y sont particuli\\u00e8rement\n        \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s et les surfaces limit\\u00e9es par les r\\u00e8gles de l''urbanisme.\n        Entre 1994 et 2005, le nombre d''emplois priv\\u00e9s y a assez nettement diminu\\u00e9\n        au profit de la proche banlieue OuestVoir la carte {{p.|6}} de ce {{lien\n        bris\\u00e9|consult\\u00e9 le=2013-04-07|url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2007/04_emploi.pdf|titre=document\n        de la CCIP}} {{pdf}}. dans laquelle la D\\u00e9fense a une place centrale.\\n\\n[[La\n        D\\u00e9fense]], caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9e par ses gratte-ciels, se d\\u00e9veloppe\n        depuis les [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]] et compte trois millions de m\\u00e8tres carr\\u00e9s\n        de [[bureau (immobilier)|bureaux]] et {{Unit\\u00e9|150000|salari\\u00e9s}}.\n        On y trouve {{Unit\\u00e9|1500|entreprises}} dont quatorze des vingt premi\\u00e8res\n        entreprises nationales et quinze des cinquante premi\\u00e8res mondiales[http://www.ladefense.fr/epad_chiffres.php\n        \\u00ab Quelques chiffres utiles afin de comprendre la D\\u00e9fense \\u00bb]\n        sur le site de l''EPAD.. Un grand [[Renouveau de la D\\u00e9fense|plan\n        de relance]] est pr\\u00e9vu pour le quartier pour les ann\\u00e9es \\u00e0 venir.\\n\\nD''autres\n        quartiers d''affaires s''implantent aussi ailleurs. [[Paris Rive Gauche]]\n        dans le {{13e|arrondissement}} est le plus avanc\\u00e9 des projets en cours\n        de d\\u00e9veloppement. En banlieue, d''autres p\\u00f4les naissent dans des\n        zones o\\u00f9 les prix de l''immobilier sont moins \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s ou sur\n        des [[Plate-forme de correspondance|hubs]] strat\\u00e9giques ([[a\\u00e9roport\n        Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle]]). Dans le d\\u00e9partement de la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]]\n        et plus particuli\\u00e8rement dans le quartier intercommunal de [[La Plaine\n        Saint-Denis]], de nombreux projets dont certains sont class\\u00e9s [[Zone\n        d''am\\u00e9nagement concert\\u00e9|ZAC]] devraient modifier radicalement l''ancienne\n        plus grande zone industrielle d''Europe (au {{1er}} juillet [[2008 en France|2008]]\n        moins d''1 % des travaux pr\\u00e9vus avaient d\\u00e9but\\u00e9)[http://www.apur.org/images/notes4pages/4P19.pdf\n        Attractivit\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique et cr\\u00e9ation d''entreprises, les forces\n        des territoires.] - [[Atelier parisien d''urbanisme]] - {{pdf}}..\\n\\n===\n        Tourisme ===\\n\\nParis arc.jpg|Vue panoramique de\n        Paris, depuis le sommet de l''Arc de Triomphe.\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Tourisme\n        en \\u00cele-de-France|Mus\\u00e9es, monuments et sites de Paris}}\\n{{Article\n        connexe|Liste du patrimoine mondial en Europe#France{{!}}Patrimoine mondial\n        de l''Unesco en France}}\\n\\nLe \\u00ab [[tourisme]] \\u00bb, dans le sens moderne\n        du terme, n''a pris d''ampleur qu''\\u00e0 la suite de l''apparition du [[chemin\n        de fer]], au cours des [[ann\\u00e9es 1840]]. Une des premi\\u00e8res attractions\n        fut, d\\u00e8s [[1855]], la s\\u00e9rie d''[[Expositions universelles de Paris|expositions\n        universelles]], autant d''occasions d''\\u00e9difier \\u00e0 Paris de nombreux\n        nouveaux monuments, dont le plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre est la [[tour Eiffel]],\n        \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e pour l''[[Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889|Exposition\n        de 1889]]. Ceux-ci, en plus des embellissements apport\\u00e9s \\u00e0 la capitale\n        sous le [[Second Empire]], ont largement contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 faire de la\n        ville elle-m\\u00eame l''attraction qu''elle est devenue.\\n\\nMais si Paris\n        est aujourd''hui la capitale la plus visit\\u00e9e au monde, elle est jug\\u00e9e\n        comme l''une des moins accueillantes et des plus ch\\u00e8res : selon une enqu\\u00eater\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e\n        par le cabinet \\u00ab ''''Global Market Insite'''' \\u00bb. sur soixante\n        villes aupr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|14000|personnes}} \\u00e0 travers le monde[http://www.lechotouristique.com/article/page_article.cfm?nrub=1104&idoc=109611&navartrech=1\n        L''\\u00e9cho touristique - Paris f\\u00eate le tourisme]., elle se situe\n        \\u00e0 la premi\\u00e8re place pour la beaut\\u00e9 et le dynamisme, mais en\n        fin de classement en ce qui concerne la qualit\\u00e9 de l''accueil ({{52e}}\n        sur 60) et les prix pratiqu\\u00e9s (seulement {{55e}}[http://www.latribune.fr/info/Les-parisiens-incites-a-mieux-accueillir-les-touristes-~-IDCFE294546D54C763C125730F003D41AF\n        La Tribune - Les parisiens incit\\u00e9s \\u00e0 mieux accueillir les touristes].).\n        Afin d''am\\u00e9liorer l''accueil des touristes et rompre cette mauvaise r\\u00e9putation,\n        des habitants, membres du r\\u00e9seau [[greeter]] et s''inscrivant dans la\n        mouvance du [[tourisme participatif]], accueillent chaque ann\\u00e9e de plus\n        en plus de visiteurs pour des balades gratuites \\u00e0 la d\\u00e9couverte\n        de Paris et des parisiens[http://www.paris.fr/accueil/societe/greeters-suivez-le-guide-c-est-gratuit/rub_9651_actu_134969_port_24616\n        \\\"Greeters\\\": suivez le guide, c\\u2019est gratuit !], article du 12 novembre\n        2013, sur le site de la mairie de Paris (''''paris.fr''''). Consult\\u00e9\n        le 4 f\\u00e9vrier 2014..\\n\\nLa [[\\u00cele-de-France|r\\u00e9gion parisienne]]\n        accueille environ {{unit\\u00e9|42|millions}} de touristes par an[http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/images/publications/pdf/chiffres_cles_en/2011/chiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf\n        CRCI Paris {{p.|21}}]. et Paris intra-muros environ {{unit\\u00e9|32|millions}}\n        en 2013 dont approximativement {{unit\\u00e9|15.5|millions}} d''\\u00e9trangers[http://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/2014/03/11/20002-20140311ARTFIG00141-tourisme-paris-devance-bien-londres.php\n        Le Figaro, \\u00ab Tourisme: Paris devance bien Londres \\u00bb, 11 mars 2014].,\n        ce qui fait d''elle la ville la plus visit\\u00e9e au monde[http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=33133\n        Mairie de Paris - Une dynamique pour Paris {{p.|8}}].{{,}}. Elle est \\u00e9galement l''une des villes organisant le plus\n        de congr\\u00e8s internationaux[http://asp.zone-secure.net/v2/index.jsp?id=1203/1515/14072&lng=fr\n        Chiffres cl\\u00e9s - Office du Tourisme et des Congr\\u00e8s, \\u00e9d.2011\n        {{p.|30}}].. En [[2009]], les cinquante premiers sites culturels de\n        la ville ont enregistr\\u00e9 {{unit\\u00e9|71.6|millions}} d''entr\\u00e9es\n        en 2010, un chiffre en l\\u00e9g\\u00e8re augmentation par rapport \\u00e0 [[2008]][http://asp.zone-secure.net/v2/index.jsp?id=1203/1515/14072&lng=fr\n        Chiffres cl\\u00e9s - Office du Tourisme et des Congr\\u00e8s, \\u00e9d.2011].{{,}}Livre\n        d''Histoire/G\\u00e9ographie/\\u00c9ducation Civique de {{3e|\\u00e9ditions}}\n        Hatier 2012..\\n\\n== Culture locale et patrimoine ==\\n=== Monuments et\n        lieux touristiques ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste des \\u00e9difices\n        religieux de Paris|Liste des palais de Paris| Monuments et sites de Paris|\n        Liste des plus hauts b\\u00e2timents d''\\u00cele-de-France|Liste des monuments\n        historiques de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Notre Dame dalla Senna crop.jpg|thumb|La\n        [[cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris]].]]\\n\\nParis compte plus de {{Unit\\u00e9|1800|immeubles}}\n        class\\u00e9s ou inscrits \\u00e0 l''inventaire des monuments historiques, dont\n        pr\\u00e8s de cent lieux de culte. Les monuments les plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        de Paris datent d''\\u00e9poques vari\\u00e9es. Ils se trouvent souvent dans\n        le centre et sur les rives de la Seine. Les quais de Seine du [[Pont de Sully]]\n        au [[Pont de Bir-Hakeim]] constituent l''un des plus beaux paysages fluviaux\n        urbains et sont d''ailleurs class\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''inventaire du [[patrimoine\n        mondial]] de l''[[Organisation des Nations unies pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la\n        science et la culture|UNESCO]]. On y trouve notamment, d''est en ouest : [[cath\\u00e9drale\n        Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]], le [[Palais du Louvre|Louvre]], les [[H\\u00f4tel\n        des Invalides|Invalides]], le [[Pont Alexandre-III|pont Alexandre-{{III}}]],\n        le [[Grand Palais (Paris)|Grand Palais]], le [[Mus\\u00e9e du quai Branly -\n        Jacques Chirac|mus\\u00e9e du quai Branly]], la [[Tour Eiffel]] et le [[Place\n        du Trocad\\u00e9ro-et-du-11-Novembre|Trocad\\u00e9ro]]. Plus \\u00e0 l''est,\n        d''importants \\u00e9difices contemporains ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 construits (le\n        [[Minist\\u00e8re de l''\\u00c9conomie et des Finances (France)|minist\\u00e8re\n        des Finances]], le site Fran\\u00e7ois Mitterrand de la [[biblioth\\u00e8que\n        nationale de France]], etc.).\\n\\nOn trouve sur l''[[\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9]]\n        des monuments anciens embl\\u00e9matiques. La [[cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame\n        de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame]], de [[Architecture gothique|style gothique]],\n        principalement b\\u00e2tie du {{S-|XII|e}} au {{S-|XIII|e}}, a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        tr\\u00e8s restaur\\u00e9e au {{S-|XIX|e}} et sa fa\\u00e7ade occidentale nettoy\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XX|e}}. Elle est symboliquement le noyau de Paris et\n        les distances routi\\u00e8res fran\\u00e7aises sont mesur\\u00e9es \\u00e0 partir\n        de son parvis. L''ancien palais de la [[Conciergerie (palais de la Cit\\u00e9)|Conciergerie]]\n        fut le si\\u00e8ge du pouvoir royal jusqu''au r\\u00e8gne de [[Charles V le\n        Sage|Charles {{V}}]], dans la seconde moiti\\u00e9 du {{S-|XIV|e}}. Une partie\n        du b\\u00e2timent fut d\\u00e8s lors am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9e en prison et fut notamment\n        le lieu de d\\u00e9tention d''illustres personnalit\\u00e9s de l''[[Ancien R\\u00e9gime]]\n        avant leur ex\\u00e9cution, lors de la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]].\n        La [[Sainte-Chapelle]], construite \\u00e0 proximit\\u00e9 de la Conciergerie,\n        est consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9e comme un chef-d''\\u0153uvre de l''[[architecture\n        gothique]]. Le [[pont Neuf]], \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00e9mit\\u00e9 occidentale de\n        l''\\u00eele et datant de la fin du {{S-|XVI|e}}, est le plus vieux pont de\n        Paris en l''\\u00e9tat.\\n\\nDes monuments de [[Classicisme|style classique]]\n        marquent \\u00e9galement le centre de Paris de leur empreinte. La chapelle\n        de la [[Sorbonne]] au c\\u0153ur du [[Quartier latin (quartier parisien)|quartier\n        latin]], a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 construite au d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XVII|e}}. Le [[Palais\n        du Louvre|Louvre]], r\\u00e9sidence royale, a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 embelli au {{S-|XVII|e}}\n        et plusieurs fois retouch\\u00e9 par la suite. L''[[H\\u00f4tel des Invalides]],\n        avec son fameux d\\u00f4me dor\\u00e9, fut \\u00e9rig\\u00e9 \\u00e0 la fin du\n        {{S-|XVII|e}} dans les faubourgs de la ville par un [[Louis XIV de France|Louis\n        {{XIV}}]] soucieux d''offrir un hospice aux soldats bless\\u00e9s. Il abrite\n        depuis le {{date|15|d\\u00e9cembre|1840|en France}} les cendres de [[Napol\\u00e9on\n        Ier|Napol\\u00e9on {{Ier}}]] et son tombeau depuis le 2 avril [[1861 en France|1861]][http://www.invalides.org/pages/dome.html\n        Inhumation de Napol\\u00e9on aux invalides].. Le [[Panth\\u00e9on (Paris)|Panth\\u00e9on]],\n        \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 quant \\u00e0 lui \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XVIII|e}} \\u00e0 proximit\\u00e9\n        de la Sorbonne, est devenu sous la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise|R\\u00e9volution]]\n        un temple civil o\\u00f9 des Fran\\u00e7ais illustres sont enterr\\u00e9s.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Paris\n        - Passage Jouffroy 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Le [[passage Jouffroy]].]]\\n\\nLe\n        patrimoine du {{S-|XIX|e}} est tr\\u00e8s abondant \\u00e0 Paris avec notamment\n        l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]], les [[Passages couverts\n        de Paris|passages couverts]], le [[Op\\u00e9ra Garnier|Palais Garnier]], construit\n        \\u00e0 la fin du [[Second Empire]] et au d\\u00e9but de la [[Troisi\\u00e8me\n        R\\u00e9publique (France)|Troisi\\u00e8me R\\u00e9publique]] et qui abrite l''[[op\\u00e9ra\n        de Paris]], et la [[Tour Eiffel]], construction \\u00ab provisoire \\u00bb \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e\n        par [[Gustave Eiffel]] pour l''[[Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889|Exposition\n        universelle de 1889]] mais qui ne fut jamais d\\u00e9mantel\\u00e9e. Elle est\n        devenue le symbole de Paris, visible de la plupart des quartiers de la ville\n        et parfois de la proche banlieue.\\n\\nAu {{S-|XX|e}}, de nombreuses r\\u00e9alisations\n        des plus grands architectes pars\\u00e8ment les rues de Paris : [[Hector Guimard|Guimard]],\n        [[Charles Plumet|Plumet]][http://paris1900.blogspot.com/2007/05/36-rue-de-tocqueville-17e.html\n        Paris 1900 - Charles Plumet]. ou [[Jules Lavirotte|Lavirotte]], r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences\n        de l''[[Art nouveau]] en France, puis celles de [[Robert Mallet-Stevens|Mallet-Stevens]],\n        [[Michel Roux-Spitz|Roux-Spitz]], [[Willem Marinus Dudok|Dudok]], [[Henri\n        Sauvage]], [[Le Corbusier]], [[Auguste Perret]], etc. pendant l''[[entre-deux-guerres]].\\n\\nL''architecture\n        contemporaine \\u00e0 Paris est repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e par le [[Centre national\n        d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou|Centre Pompidou]], \\u00e9difice des\n        [[ann\\u00e9es 1970]] qui abrite le [[mus\\u00e9e national d''Art moderne]]\n        ainsi qu''une importante [[Biblioth\\u00e8que publique d''information|biblioth\\u00e8que\n        publique]] librement accessible, par l''[[institut du monde arabe]] ouvert\n        en [[1987]] ou encore par les importantes r\\u00e9alisations voulues par le\n        pr\\u00e9sident [[Fran\\u00e7ois Mitterrand]] : la [[biblioth\\u00e8que nationale\n        de France]] dans le nouveau quartier de [[Paris Rive Gauche]] en plein d\\u00e9veloppement,\n        l''[[op\\u00e9ra Bastille]] et, probablement la plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre, la\n        [[pyramide du Louvre]], \\u0153uvre de l''architecte [[Ieoh Ming Pei]] \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e\n        dans la cour du [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|Louvre]]. Plus r\\u00e9cemment, le mus\\u00e9e\n        du quai Branly, ou mus\\u00e9e des arts et civilisations d''Afrique, d''Asie,\n        d''Oc\\u00e9anie et des Am\\u00e9riques, dessin\\u00e9 par [[Jean Nouvel]], inaugur\\u00e9\n        en [[2006]], et la [[Fondation d''entreprise Louis Vuitton|Fondation Louis-Vuitton]],\n        dessin\\u00e9e par [[Frank Gehry]], inaugur\\u00e9e en 2014, ont encore enrichi\n        la diversit\\u00e9 architecturale et culturelle de la capitale.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Butte\n        Montmartre from centre Pompidou.jpg|thumb|La [[Montmartre|butte Montmartre]]\n        et le [[Basilique du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur de Montmartre|Sacr\\u00e9 C\\u0153ur]]\n        vus du [[Centre national d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou|Centre Georges-Pompidou]].]]\\n\\nC''est\n        dans la cour du Louvre que d\\u00e9bute l''[[axe historique]] de Paris : il\n        s''agit d''un alignement monumental d''\\u00e9difices et de voies de communication\n        partant du c\\u0153ur de la ville en direction de l''ouest. Il commence \\u00e0\n        la [[statue]] de [[Louis XIV de France|Louis {{XIV}}]] dans la cour principale\n        du [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|palais du Louvre]], passe sous l''[[Arc de triomphe\n        du Carrousel]] et se poursuit \\u00e0 travers le [[jardin des Tuileries]],\n        la [[place de la Concorde]], les [[Avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]]\n        et aboutit \\u00e0 l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]]\n        au milieu de la [[place Charles-de-Gaulle]] (ancienne place de l''\\u00c9toile).\n        \\u00c0 partir des [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]], la perspective fut prolong\\u00e9e\n        plus \\u00e0 l''ouest par la construction du quartier d''affaires de [[La D\\u00e9fense]],\n        quartier o\\u00f9 se situent la plupart des plus hauts [[gratte-ciel]] de l''[[agglom\\u00e9ration\n        parisienne]]. La perspective est parachev\\u00e9e en [[1989]] par la construction\n        de l''[[Arche de la D\\u00e9fense]].\\n\\nLa [[tour Montparnasse]] et la [[Basilique\n        du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur de Montmartre|basilique du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur]]\n        au sommet de la butte [[Montmartre]] sont, de par leur hauteur, des points\n        de rep\\u00e8re importants dans le ciel parisien. Cette derni\\u00e8re est un\n        des lieux embl\\u00e9matiques de Paris et accueille de nombreux [[Tourisme|visiteurs]],\n        en particulier autour de la [[place du Tertre]] o\\u00f9 se tiennent des peintres\n        et [[Caricature|caricaturistes]].\\n\\nDans les ann\\u00e9es [[1960]], le ministre\n        des affaires culturelles [[Andr\\u00e9 Malraux]] lance une grande campagne\n        de ravalement des fa\\u00e7adesGeoffroy de Courcel, [http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/dossier/malraux/temoignages/colloque_courcel.htm\n        Introduction du colloque \\u00ab De Gaulle et Malraux \\u00bb], sur ''''charles-de-gaulle.org'''',\n        consult\\u00e9 le 29 juillet 2008., ce qui fait dire au cin\\u00e9aste\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Truffaut]] : \\u00ab \\u00c0 partir du blanchiment de Paris,\n        c''est devenu tr\\u00e8s difficile de montrer Paris tel qu''il avait \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        avantFrance culture, [http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions_ete/thema_archives/fiche.php?diffusion_id=62448\n        Grandes Travers\\u00e9es, Fran\\u00e7ois Truffaut, 1/5 : Le temps de la critique],\n        \\u00e9mission du lundi 28 juillet 2008 consult\\u00e9e sur internet le 29 juillet\n        2008. \\u00bb.\\n\\n==== Parcs et jardins ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste\n        des espaces verts de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:070421 Parc des Buttes Chaumont 002.jpg|vignette|upright|[[Parc\n        des Buttes-Chaumont]].]]\\n\\nParis comporte {{Unit\\u00e9|463|parcs}} et jardins\n        dont le [[Bois de Boulogne]] et le [[Bois de Vincennes]] et quatorze cimeti\\u00e8res\n        arbor\\u00e9s. On trouve des jardins anciens dans le c\\u0153ur de Paris, comme\n        ceux des Tuileries et du Luxembourg. Le [[jardin des Tuileries]] a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9 au {{S-|XVI|e}}, sur la rive droite de la [[Seine]], \\u00e0\n        proximit\\u00e9 du [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|Louvre]] pour le palais \\u00e9ponyme\n        aujourd''hui disparu. Le [[jardin du Luxembourg]], sur la rive gauche, \\u00e9tait\n        autrefois une d\\u00e9pendance priv\\u00e9e du ch\\u00e2teau construit pour [[Marie\n        de M\\u00e9dicis]] vers [[1625]]. Le [[Jardin des plantes (Paris)|jardin des\n        plantes]], institu\\u00e9 par [[Guy de La Brosse]], le m\\u00e9decin de [[Louis\n        XIII|Louis {{XIII}}]], pour la culture des [[Plante m\\u00e9dicinale|plantes\n        m\\u00e9dicinales]], fut quant \\u00e0 lui le premier [[jardin public]] de Paris.\\n\\nC''est\n        toutefois au [[Second Empire]] que les jardins parisiens doivent l''essentiel\n        de leur physionomie actuelle. La cr\\u00e9ation d''[[espace vert|espaces verts]]\n        fut une facette importante de la politique d''a\\u00e9ration d''une ville o\\u00f9\n        s''entassait une population en rapide augmentation. Sous la conduite de l''ing\\u00e9nieur\n        [[Jean-Charles Alphand]] et du paysagiste [[Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps]],\n        un nouveau type de jardin voit le jour. Le [[bois de Boulogne]] et le [[bois\n        de Vincennes]], alors \\u00e0 l''ext\\u00e9rieur de Paris, sont am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s\n        : situ\\u00e9s respectivement \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00eame ouest et \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00eame\n        est de Paris intra-muros, ils constituent aujourd''hui, et de loin, les espaces\n        verts les plus \\u00e9tendus de la ville. Certains jardins du centre sont r\\u00e9am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s\n        et des squares de quartier sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s. Dans les quartiers plus r\\u00e9cents,\n        d''importants parcs sont dessin\\u00e9s : [[parc Monceau|Monceau]] (autrefois\n        connu sous le nom de \\u00ab folie de Chartres \\u00bb), [[Parc Montsouris|Montsouris]],\n        les [[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont|Buttes-Chaumont]] ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 con\\u00e7us\n        par l''ing\\u00e9nieur de [[Napol\\u00e9on III|Napol\\u00e9on {{III}}]].\\n\\nDepuis\n        les [[ann\\u00e9es 1980]], plusieurs espaces verts ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s\n        dans des zones d''activit\\u00e9s d\\u00e9saffect\\u00e9es. Le [[parc de la Villette]],\n        imagin\\u00e9 par l''architecte [[Bernard Tschumi]] \\u00e0 l''emplacement des\n        anciens abattoirs de Paris, est aujourd''hui le plus grand parc de Paris intra-muros.\n        Durant les [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]], le [[parc de Bercy]], le [[parc Andr\\u00e9-Citro\\u00ebn]],\n        celui de [[Parc de Belleville|Belleville]] et d''autres encore ont vu le jour.\n        Des jardins familiaux ou \\u00e9ducatifs ont \\u00e9galement agr\\u00e9ment\\u00e9\n        la p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie de la ville le long de l''ancienne ligne ferroviaire\n        circulaire de \\u00ab [[Ligne de Petite Ceinture|petite Ceinture]] \\u00bb.\n        Les [[jardins d''\\u00c9ole]] inaugur\\u00e9s en 2007 et la premi\\u00e8re phase\n        du [[Parc Clichy-Batignolles - Martin Luther King|parc Clichy-Batignolles]]\n        en 2008, sont les plus importants parcs cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Paris dans\n        les [[ann\\u00e9es 2000]].\\n\\n
\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Principaux\n        espaces verts parisiens (entre parenth\\u00e8ses : superficie en hectares)[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Parcs/Portal.lut?page_id=4973 Site de\n        la ville de Paris].''''''\\n|Ant\\u00e9rieurs au Second Empire\\n|Am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s\n        sous le Second Empire\\n|Cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s dans le dernier quart du {{S-|XX|e}}\\n|Cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s\n        au {{S-|XXI|e}}\\n|-\\n|\\n* le [[Jardin des plantes (Paris)|jardin des plantes]]\n        (23,5)\\n* le [[jardin des Tuileries]] (28)\\n* le [[jardin du Luxembourg]]\n        (22,5)Mais r\\u00e9am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9 sous le Second Empire.\\n*\n        le [[Champ-de-Mars (Paris)|Champ de Mars]] (24,3)\\n|\\n* le [[bois de Vincennes]]\n        (995)\\n* le [[bois de Boulogne]] (846)\\n* le [[parc des Buttes-Chaumont]]\n        (24,7)\\n* le [[parc Monceau]] (8,2)Le [[parc Monceau]] est\n        devenu public et r\\u00e9am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9 sous le Second Empire.\\n*\n        le [[parc Montsouris]] (15,5)\\n|\\n* le [[parc de Belleville]] (4,5)\\n* le\n        [[parc de la Villette]] (55)\\n* le [[parc Georges-Brassens|parc Georges Brassens]]\n        (8,7)\\n* le [[parc Andr\\u00e9-Citro\\u00ebn|parc Andr\\u00e9 Citro\\u00ebn]]\n        (13,9)\\n* le [[parc de Bercy]] (14)\\n|\\n* les [[Jardins d''\\u00c9ole]] (4,2)\\n*\n        le [[Parc Clichy-Batignolles - Martin Luther King]] (6,5 et 10 \\u00e0 terme\n        en 2017)\\n|}\\n
\\n\\n\\nAu parc des Buttes-Chaumont\n        2010.jpg|[[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont]].\\nParc Monceau Paris 8e 004.JPG|[[Parc\n        Monceau]].\\nTuileries-Roue.jpg|[[Jardin des Tuileries]].\\nParc Montsouris\n        le lac.JPG|[[Parc Montsouris]].\\n130805 Jardin du Luxembourg.jpg|[[Jardin\n        du Luxembourg]].\\n\\n\\n==== Cimeti\\u00e8res ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Cimeti\\u00e8res\n        parisiens|Liste des cimeti\\u00e8res de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Pere Lachaise looking\n        down the hill.jpg|thumb|Le [[cimeti\\u00e8re du P\\u00e8re-Lachaise]].]]\\n\\nLes\n        principaux cimeti\\u00e8res parisiens \\u00e9taient situ\\u00e9s \\u00e0 la p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie\n        de la ville \\u00e0 leur cr\\u00e9ation en [[1804]] sous [[Napol\\u00e9on Ier|Napol\\u00e9on\n        {{Ier}}]]. Plusieurs \\u00e9glises de Paris poss\\u00e9daient \\u00e9galement\n        leurs propres cimeti\\u00e8res mais \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XVIII|e}}, il fut\n        d\\u00e9cid\\u00e9 de les fermer pour des questions de salubrit\\u00e9. Tous\n        les ossements contenus dans les cimeti\\u00e8res paroissiaux supprim\\u00e9s\n        en [[1786]] ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 transf\\u00e9r\\u00e9s dans d''anciennes carri\\u00e8res\n        souterraines en dehors des portes m\\u00e9ridionales de Paris, lieu devenu\n        depuis la [[place Denfert-Rochereau]] dans le [[14e arrondissement de Paris|{{14e|arrondissement}}]].\n        Ces carri\\u00e8res sont connues de nos jours comme les [[catacombes de Paris]]{{p.|774-775}}..\\n\\nBien que l''extension de Paris ait aujourd''hui\n        de nouveau englob\\u00e9 tous ces anciens cimeti\\u00e8res, ceux-ci sont devenus\n        des oasis de tranquillit\\u00e9 tr\\u00e8s appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9s dans une ville\n        tr\\u00e9pidante. [[Liste de personnalit\\u00e9s enterr\\u00e9es au cimeti\\u00e8re\n        du P\\u00e8re-Lachaise|Plusieurs grandes figures]] ont trouv\\u00e9 le repos\n        dans le [[cimeti\\u00e8re du P\\u00e8re-Lachaise]]. Les autres cimeti\\u00e8res\n        de taille majeure parmi les quatorze de Paris sont le [[cimeti\\u00e8re de\n        Montmartre]], le [[cimeti\\u00e8re du Montparnasse]], le [[cimeti\\u00e8re de\n        Passy]] et les [[catacombes de Paris]].\\n\\nDe nouveaux cimeti\\u00e8res \\u00ab\n        hors-les-murs \\u00bb ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s au d\\u00e9but du {{s-|XX}}\n        : les plus grands sont le [[cimeti\\u00e8re parisien de Saint-Ouen]], le [[cimeti\\u00e8re\n        parisien de Pantin]], le [[cimeti\\u00e8re parisien d''Ivry]] et le [[cimeti\\u00e8re\n        parisien de Bagneux]].\\n\\n\\nCimeti\\u00e8re de Montmartre\n        007.JPG|Cimeti\\u00e8re de Montmartre.\\nCimetiere Montparnasse Paris Genie\n        Daillion.jpg|Cimeti\\u00e8re du Montparnasse.\\nPassy.JPG|Cimeti\\u00e8re de\n        Passy.\\n\\n\\n=== Patrimoine culturel ===\\nParis est un centre [[culture]]l\n        de premier plan. Destination [[tourisme|touristique]] visit\\u00e9e chaque\n        ann\\u00e9e par quelque vingt-six millions de touristes \\u00e9trangers, Paris\n        intra-muros dispose notamment de {{Unit\\u00e9|143|[[mus\\u00e9e]]s}} permanents\n        et de quatre-vingt lieux d''expositions temporaires, soit {{Unit\\u00e9|223|au\n        total}}, tels [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|Le Louvre]] ou le [[Grand Palais (Paris)|Grand\n        Palais]], et des sites exceptionnels, comme les [[Avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]]\n        ou la [[tour Eiffel]]. Capitale mondiale des [[Congr\\u00e8s de Paris (rencontre)|salons\n        et conf\\u00e9rences]] (5 % de l''activit\\u00e9 mondiale des congr\\u00e8s sur\n        pr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|600000|m\\u00e8tres carr\\u00e9s}}), [[Capitale de\n        la mode|de la mode]], du luxe, de la gastronomie et de l''amour romantique,\n        Paris propose \\u00e9galement un choix important en mati\\u00e8re de spectacles,\n        th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres ou op\\u00e9ras notamment, et pr\\u00e9sente \\u00e0 un public\n        particuli\\u00e8rement cin\\u00e9phile un choix sans \\u00e9gal de films en provenance\n        du monde entier.\\n\\nLes principaux quartiers pour les sorties nocturnes sont\n        l''[[avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]], du [[Rond-point des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]]\n        jusqu''\\u00e0 l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]], [[Place\n        de la Bastille|la Bastille]] et la [[rue de Lappe]], le [[quartier des Halles]]\n        et celui du [[Le Marais (quartier parisien)|Marais]], le [[Quartier latin\n        (quartier parisien)|quartier Latin]] jusqu''\\u00e0 [[Quartier Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s|Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s]],\n        [[Quartier du Montparnasse|Montparnasse]], [[Pigalle (quartier parisien)|Pigalle]],\n        la [[rue Oberkampf]], c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre pour ses bars, la [[rue Mouffetard]],\n        la [[Butte-aux-Cailles]], la [[Place de la R\\u00e9publique (Paris)|place de\n        la R\\u00e9publique]] ou les rives du [[canal Saint-Martin]].\\n\\n\\u00c0 [[Las\n        Vegas]], un casino a reconstitu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 une \\u00e9chelle \\u00bd la [[tour\n        Eiffel]], l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]] et l''[[Op\\u00e9ra\n        Garnier]]. Sur le m\\u00eame principe, un promoteur chinois construit actuellement\n        un \\u00ab petit Paris \\u00bb dans la banlieue de [[Hangzhou]] en [[R\\u00e9publique\n        populaire de Chine|Chine]].\\n\\n==== Mus\\u00e9es ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste\n        des mus\\u00e9es de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Paris Le Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|Le\n        [[mus\\u00e9e du Louvre]].]]\\n\\nParis et la r\\u00e9gion [[\\u00cele-de-France]]\n        poss\\u00e8dent la plus importante offre mus\\u00e9ographique de [[France]].\n        On compte en effet pas moins de cent quarante-trois mus\\u00e9es dans Paris\n        intra-muros auxquels il faut ajouter plus de cent-dix mus\\u00e9es dans la\n        r\\u00e9gion. Mais au-del\\u00e0 du nombre, c''est surtout dans la diversit\\u00e9\n        des collections que se trouve la plus grande richesse.\\n\\nCapitale pluris\\u00e9culaire\n        au riche patrimoine, Paris attire chaque ann\\u00e9e de nombreux visiteurs.\n        Le mus\\u00e9e le plus ancien, le plus grand en surface et en collections est\n        le [[mus\\u00e9e du Louvre]]. Avec un record de fr\\u00e9quentation de {{Unit\\u00e9|8.3|millions}}\n        de visiteurs en [[2006]], le Louvre est de loin le mus\\u00e9e d''art le plus\n        visit\\u00e9 au monde. D''autres poss\\u00e8dent \\u00e9galement une renomm\\u00e9e\n        mondiale tels le [[mus\\u00e9e national d''Art moderne]] (dans le [[Centre\n        national d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou|Centre Georges-Pompidou]]),\n        consacr\\u00e9 \\u00e0 l''art moderne et contemporain, ou le [[mus\\u00e9e d''Orsay]],\n        pour l''art de la seconde moiti\\u00e9 du {{S-|XIX|e}} (de [[1848]] \\u00e0\n        [[1905]]). \\u00c0 proximit\\u00e9 de Paris, le [[ch\\u00e2teau de Versailles]],\n        palais \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 par le [[Louis XIV de France|Roi-Soleil]] et r\\u00e9sidence\n        des rois de France aux {{s2-|XVII|e|XVIII|e}}, attire \\u00e9galement plusieurs\n        millions de visiteurs par an. Le palais et le parc de [[Versailles]] sont\n        class\\u00e9s au [[patrimoine mondial]] de l''[[Organisation des Nations unies\n        pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture|UNESCO]] depuis [[1979]][http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/83\n        UNESCO - Palais et parc de Versailles]..\\n\\nOn trouve des mus\\u00e9es\n        sous divers statuts administratifs : les plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres sont des\n        mus\\u00e9es nationaux, c''est-\\u00e0-dire appartenant \\u00e0 l''[[\\u00c9tat]]\n        fran\\u00e7ais. On peut citer, outre le Louvre, Orsay, et le Centre Pompidou,\n        le [[Mus\\u00e9e de Cluny]] (mus\\u00e9e national du Moyen \\u00c2ge), le [[Mus\\u00e9e\n        du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac|mus\\u00e9e du Quai Branly]], la [[Cit\\u00e9\n        de l''architecture et du patrimoine|Cit\\u00e9 de l''Architecture]], le [[Mus\\u00e9e\n        national des arts asiatiques - Guimet|mus\\u00e9e Guimet]], le [[Palais de\n        Tokyo]] par exemple. D''autres d\\u00e9pendent de minist\\u00e8res, tels le\n        [[mus\\u00e9e de l''Arm\\u00e9e (Paris)|mus\\u00e9e de l''Arm\\u00e9e]] \\u00e0\n        l''[[H\\u00f4tel des Invalides]], le [[mus\\u00e9e national de la Marine|mus\\u00e9e\n        de la Marine]] au [[Palais de Chaillot]] et le [[Mus\\u00e9e de l''Air et de\n        l''Espace]] du [[Le Bourget (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Bourget]] qui rel\\u00e8vent\n        du [[Minist\\u00e8re de la D\\u00e9fense (France)|minist\\u00e8re de la D\\u00e9fense]]\n        ou le [[mus\\u00e9um national d''histoire naturelle]] qui d\\u00e9pend de l''[[Minist\\u00e8re\n        de l''\\u00c9ducation nationale (France)|\\u00c9ducation nationale]]. On peut\n        \\u00e9galement citer le [[Panth\\u00e9on (Paris)|Panth\\u00e9on]], o\\u00f9 reposent\n        les \\u00ab grands hommes \\u00bb de la Nation tels que [[Victor Hugo]], [[Voltaire]],\n        [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Jean Moulin]], [[Jean Jaur\\u00e8s]]\n        ou [[Marie Curie]]. D''autres rel\\u00e8vent de l''[[Institut de France]] comme\n        le [[mus\\u00e9e Jacquemart-Andr\\u00e9]], ou encore sont des mus\\u00e9es priv\\u00e9s,\n        tels que le [[Mus\\u00e9e des arts d\\u00e9coratifs de Paris|mus\\u00e9e des\n        Arts D\\u00e9coratifs]], [[Pinacoth\\u00e8que de Paris|La Pinacoth\\u00e8que]]\n        ou le [[mus\\u00e9e Dapper]].\\n\\nLa municipalit\\u00e9 poss\\u00e8de et g\\u00e8re\n        quant \\u00e0 elle quatorze mus\\u00e9es et sites municipaux dont les plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        sont le [[mus\\u00e9e Carnavalet]], consacr\\u00e9 \\u00e0 l''histoire de Paris,\n        \\u00e0 proximit\\u00e9 de la maison de [[Victor Hugo]], le [[mus\\u00e9e d''art\n        moderne de la ville de Paris]] ou encore les [[Catacombes de Paris|catacombes]].\n        La ville poss\\u00e8de \\u00e9galement le [[Petit Palais|mus\\u00e9e du Petit-Palais]]\n        (mus\\u00e9e des beaux-arts de la ville de Paris) ou le [[mus\\u00e9e Cernuschi]]\n        (mus\\u00e9e des Arts Asiatiques de la ville de Paris). De nombreuses expositions\n        th\\u00e9matiques y sont organis\\u00e9es[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=144\n        Mus\\u00e9es]..\\n\\n\\nMus\\u00e9e Guimet.JPG|Mus\\u00e9e\n        Guimet.\\nCarnavalet Par\\u00eds 08.JPG|Mus\\u00e9e Carnavalet.\\nL47 - Mus\\u00e9e\n        Jacquemart Andr\\u00e9.JPG|Mus\\u00e9e Jacquemart Andr\\u00e9.\\nJardin du Mus\\u00e9e\n        Rodin.jpg|Mus\\u00e9e Rodin.\\n2014-10-26 Fondation d''entreprise Louis Vuitton\n        week-end inaugural (vue du jardin d''acclimatation).JPG|Fondation Louis Vuitton.\\nMus\\u00e9e\n        Picasso Paris cot\\u00e9 jardin.jpg|Mus\\u00e9e Picasso, dans l''H\\u00f4tel\n        Sal\\u00e9.\\nMus\\u00e9e du Conservatoire national des Arts et M\\u00e9tiers\n        - panoramio.jpg|Mus\\u00e9e National des Arts et M\\u00e9tiers.\\nMus\\u00e9e\n        de l\\u2019Orangerie exterior.JPG|Mus\\u00e9e de l''Orangerie.\\n\\n\\n====\n        Biblioth\\u00e8ques ====\\n[[Fichier:Vue globale de la BNF1.jpg|vignette|Vue\n        de la BnF et de la [[piscine Jos\\u00e9phine-Baker]].|alt=Photo de la BnF et\n        de la piscine Jos\\u00e9phine-Baker.]]\\nParis accueille un grand nombre de\n        [[biblioth\\u00e8que]]s et m\\u00e9diath\\u00e8ques, notamment publiques. La\n        [[biblioth\\u00e8que Mazarine]], constitu\\u00e9e \\u00e0 partir de la biblioth\\u00e8que\n        personnelle du cardinal [[Jules Mazarin|Mazarin]], est la plus ancienne biblioth\\u00e8que\n        publique de France ; elle fut ouverte au public en [[1643]].\\n\\nLa [[Biblioth\\u00e8que\n        nationale de France]] se trouve pour l''essentiel \\u00e0 Paris, notamment\n        sur deux sites : \\u00ab Richelieu \\u00bb situ\\u00e9 dans le [[2e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{2e|arrondissement}}]] et surtout \\u00ab Fran\\u00e7ois-Mitterrand\n        \\u00bb dans le [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]]. Elle\n        constitue l''une des plus importantes biblioth\\u00e8ques au Monde avec une\n        collection estim\\u00e9e \\u00e0 plus de {{unit\\u00e9|30|millions}} de pi\\u00e8ces\n        dont {{unit\\u00e9|14|millions}} de volumes. Cet [[\\u00e9tablissement public\n        (France)|\\u00e9tablissement public]] est le d\\u00e9positaire en France du\n        [[D\\u00e9p\\u00f4t l\\u00e9gal en France|d\\u00e9p\\u00f4t l\\u00e9gal]] depuis\n        le r\\u00e8gne de [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ier de France|Fran\\u00e7ois {{Ier}}]]. L''autre\n        grande biblioth\\u00e8que publique est la [[Biblioth\\u00e8que publique d''information]]\n        du [[Centre national d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou]].\\n\\nLa ville\n        g\\u00e8re cinquante-cinq biblioth\\u00e8ques municipales de pr\\u00eat g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralistes[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=7973 Les cinquante-cinq\n        biblioth\\u00e8ques de Paris]. et une dizaine de biblioth\\u00e8ques municipales\n        th\\u00e9matiques[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=459Les\n        biblioth\\u00e8ques th\\u00e9matiques de Paris]. o\\u00f9 il est \\u00e9galement\n        possible d''emprunter certains documents. On peut citer parmi les plus connues\n        la [[biblioth\\u00e8que historique de la ville de Paris]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9e\n        en [[1871]], qui poss\\u00e8de un million de livres et brochures, des photographies,\n        cartes et plans li\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''histoire de la ville ou la [[biblioth\\u00e8que\n        du cin\\u00e9ma Fran\\u00e7ois-Truffaut]], offrant une importante documentation\n        sur le cin\\u00e9ma[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=145\n        Biblioth\\u00e8ques].. Contrairement \\u00e0 l''acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 la BNF\n        et \\u00e0 la biblioth\\u00e8que Mazarine, l''acc\\u00e8s aux biblioth\\u00e8ques\n        municipales est enti\\u00e8rement gratuit m\\u00eame s''il peut \\u00eatre interdit\n        aux mineurs dans les biblioth\\u00e8ques th\\u00e9matiques. L''emprunt des livres,\n        revues, bandes dessin\\u00e9es ou partitions est gratuit, celui des disques\n        et vid\\u00e9os se fait moyennant un forfait annuel.\\n\\nIl existe en outre\n        des biblioth\\u00e8ques associatives ou priv\\u00e9es. De nombreuses biblioth\\u00e8ques\n        universitaires sont ouvertes au public, la plus prestigieuse d''entre elles\n        \\u00e9tant la [[Biblioth\\u00e8que Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve]].\\n\\n==== Op\\u00e9ras,\n        th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres et salles de spectacle ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste\n        des th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres et op\\u00e9ras de Paris|Liste des salles de spectacle\n        et cabarets parisiens}}\\n[[Fichier:Olympia Paris dsc00803.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|L''[[Olympia\n        (Paris)|Olympia]], c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre salle de concert parisienne.]]\\n\\nLes\n        trois op\\u00e9ras de Paris sont l''[[Op\\u00e9ra Garnier]], l''[[Op\\u00e9ra\n        Bastille]] et l''[[Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre national de l''Op\\u00e9ra-Comique|Op\\u00e9ra\n        comique]] outre les autres sc\\u00e8nes lyriques occasionnelles que sont le\n        [[Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre du Ch\\u00e2telet]] et le [[Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]].\n        Ils offrent un r\\u00e9pertoire vari\\u00e9 de classique et de moderne.\\n\\nLe\n        [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre]] est traditionnellement un lieu majeur de la culture\n        parisienne. Cela demeure vrai, bien que plusieurs de ses acteurs les plus\n        populaires soient \\u00e9galement des vedettes de la [[T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        en France|t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision fran\\u00e7aise]]. Paris intra-muros offre plus\n        de {{Unit\\u00e9|70000|places}} r\\u00e9parties dans {{Unit\\u00e9|208|th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres}}\n        et [[caf\\u00e9-th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre|caf\\u00e9s-th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres]]. La [[Com\\u00e9die-Fran\\u00e7aise]],\n        le [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre de l''Od\\u00e9on]], le [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre de Chaillot]]\n        ou, sur d''autres registres, le [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre Mogador]] et le [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        de la Ga\\u00eet\\u00e9-Montparnasse]] figurent parmi les principaux th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres\n        parisiens. Quelques-uns sont \\u00e9galement des salles de concert.\\n\\nDes\n        l\\u00e9gendes du monde musical fran\\u00e7ais et francophone tels qu''[[\\u00c9dith\n        Piaf]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Georges Brassens]], [[Charles Aznavour]]\n        ou [[Jacques Brel]] ont trouv\\u00e9 la gloire dans les salles de concert parisiennes\n        : [[Bobino (Paris)|Bobino]], l''[[Olympia (Paris)|Olympia]], [[Les Trois Baudets]],\n        [[La Cigale]] ou encore [[Le Splendid]]. La [[salle Pleyel]] accueille de\n        nombreux [[Concert|concerts symphoniques]], la [[salle Gaveau]] de la [[musique\n        de chambre]] ; la [[maison de Radio France]] offre, quant \\u00e0 elle, de\n        nombreux concerts d''une grande diversit\\u00e9 musicale.\\n\\nL''[[\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e\n        Montmartre]] mentionn\\u00e9 ci-dessous, dont la taille s''est nettement r\\u00e9duite,\n        est devenu une salle de concert. Le [[New Morning]] est l''un des quelques\n        clubs parisiens offrant toujours des concerts de [[jazz]] mais on peut y entendre\n        des musiques d''autres horizons. Plus r\\u00e9cemment, [[Le Z\\u00e9nith (Paris)|Le\n        Z\\u00e9nith]] dans le [[quartier de la Villette]] et [[Bercy Arena]] dans\n        le [[quartier de Bercy]], voire le [[Stade de France]] \\u00e0 [[Saint-Denis\n        (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Denis]] ou le [[Parc des Princes]] proposent des\n        concerts \\u00e0 plus grande \\u00e9chelle.\\n\\nLes [[guinguette]]s et les [[Caf\\u00e9-concert|caf\\u00e9s-concerts]]\n        constituaient l''\\u00e9pine dorsale du divertissement parisien avant la [[Seconde\n        Guerre mondiale]]. Parmi les exemples pr\\u00e9coces, avant le milieu du {{S-|XIX|e}},\n        on peut citer la guinguette du [[moulin de la galette]] et les caf\\u00e9s-concerts\n        de l''[[\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e Montmartre]] et du Ch\\u00e2teau-Rouge. Les orchestres\n        populaires ont ouvert la voie aux accord\\u00e9onistes parisiens dont la musique\n        a d\\u00e9plac\\u00e9 des foules \\u00e0 l''[[Apollo (Paris)|Apollo]] et la [[Java\n        (danse)|java]] a fait danser au faubourg du Temple et \\u00e0 [[Quartier de\n        Belleville|Belleville]]. En dehors des clubs survivants de cette \\u00e9poque\n        s''est d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9e la discoth\\u00e8que moderne : [[Le Palace (Paris)|Le\n        Palace]] et [[Les Bains Douches]], quoique ferm\\u00e9s aujourd''hui, en sont\n        les exemples les plus l\\u00e9gendaires de Paris. Aujourd''hui, une grande\n        partie du clubbing \\u00e0 Paris se d\\u00e9roule dans des clubs comme [[Queen\n        (bo\\u00eete de nuit)|le Queen]], [[L''\\u00c9toile (discoth\\u00e8que)|l''\\u00c9toile]],\n        Le Cab qui sont tr\\u00e8s s\\u00e9lectifs. Les clubs orient\\u00e9s vers la\n        [[musique \\u00e9lectronique]] tels que Le Rex, le [[Batofar]] (un [[bateau]]\n        converti en club) ou The Pulp sont assez populaires et les meilleurs [[Disc\n        jockey|DJ]] du monde y offrent leurs prestations.\\n\\n\\nCom\\u00e9die\n        Fran\\u00e7aise colonnes.jpg|Com\\u00e9die Fran\\u00e7aise.\\n01 Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        de l''Od\\u00e9on.jpg|Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre de l''Od\\u00e9on.\\nTh\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        du Ch\\u00e2telet, Paris 2010.jpg|Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre du Ch\\u00e2telet.\\nTh\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es, 21 April 2013.jpg|Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es.\\nLa\n        Cigale Paris.jpg|La Cigale.\\nSalle-Pleyel-P1000321.jpg|Salle Pleyel.\\n\\n\\n====\n        Discoth\\u00e8ques et cabarets ====\\nParis compte soixante-et-onze [[discoth\\u00e8que]]s\n        et une trentaine de [[cabaret]]s et diners-spectacles dont les plus fameux\n        sont le [[Moulin Rouge]] fond\\u00e9 en 1889, o\\u00f9 l''on mit \\u00e0 la mode\n        le [[French cancan]], le [[Lido (cabaret)|Lido]], les [[Folies Berg\\u00e8re]],\n        le [[Crazy Horse Saloon|Crazy Horse]] ou le [[Paradis Latin]], doyen des cabarets\n        parisiens dont l''origine remonte \\u00e0 1802, et qui symbolisent le \\u00ab\n        Paris canaille \\u00bb, ainsi que des boites de [[Chansonnier (humoriste)|chansonniers]]\n        tels que le [[Caveau de la R\\u00e9publique]] et le [[Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre des\n        Deux \\u00c2nes]] ou de [[travesti]]s comme [[Chez Michou]].\\n\\n\\nCrazy-Horse-Saloon-P1000388.jpg|Crazy\n        Horse Saloon\\nParadis Latin 2012.JPG|Paradis Latin\\nMoulin Rouge p3.JPG|Bal\n        du Moulin Rouge\\nParis Folies Berg\\u00e8re 783.jpg|Les Folies Berg\\u00e8re\\n\\n\\n====\n        Cin\\u00e9ma ====\\n{{article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste des salles de cin\\u00e9ma\n        \\u00e0 Paris}}\\nParis compte un grand nombre de salles obscures avec 88 cin\\u00e9mas\n        en 2012 dont 38 class\\u00e9s [[Art et Essai]]{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.lesechos.fr/23/10/2012/LesEchos/21297-032-ECH_cinema---paris-remporte-la-palme-en-nombre-de-salles.htm|titre=Cin\\u00e9ma\n        : Paris remporte la palme en nombre de salles|\\u00e9diteur=lesechos.fr|date=23\n        novembre 2012|auteur=marion Kindermans|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}\n        pour environ 430 \\u00e9crans en 2015, la plus grande concentration mondiale\n        par habitant). L''offre est vari\\u00e9e : environ 450 \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|500|films}}\n        sont \\u00e0 l''affiche chaque semaine[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=8358\n        Cin\\u00e9ma en chiffres]., ce qui fait de Paris la ville o\\u00f9 le\n        plus de films diff\\u00e9rents sont distribu\\u00e9s (du [[blockbuster]] am\\u00e9ricain\n        au film d''art et essai moyen-oriental)\\u00c9mission \\\"Pendant les travaux,\n        le cin\\u00e9ma reste ouvert\\\", de Jean-Baptiste Thoret et St\\u00e9phane Bou,\n        France Inter, 07/08/2012.. Ces salles sont fr\\u00e9quent\\u00e9es par\n        plus de 28,2 millions de spectateurs par an (chiffres [[2011]]), soit 13 %\n        de la fr\\u00e9quentation nationale.\\n\\nQuelques\n        grands groupes dominent de plus en plus et le [[cin\\u00e9ma ind\\u00e9pendant]]\n        est fragilis\\u00e9. Depuis les [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]], de grands multiplexes\n        UGC, Path\\u00e9 ou MK2 de dix \\u00e0 vingt salles ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s\n        (aux Halles, \\u00e0 Bercy, etc.)[http://www.apur.org/images/bdu/cine_pc_adr99.pdf\n        APUR - Salles de cin\\u00e9ma \\u00e0 Paris et en petite couronne (2000)] {{pdf}}..\\n\\nLa\n        plus grande salle de cin\\u00e9ma \\u00e0 Paris est aujourd''hui [[Le Grand\n        Rex]] avec {{Unit\\u00e9|2800|places}}, depuis que le [[Gaumont-Palace]] de\n        la place de Clichy (qui comptait {{Unit\\u00e9|6000|places}}) a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        d\\u00e9truit en 1973. Toutes les autres salles parisiennes poss\\u00e8dent\n        d\\u00e9sormais moins de {{Unit\\u00e9|1000|places}}.\\n\\nL''ancien ''''American\n        Center'''' de l''architecte [[Frank Gehry|Frank O.Gehry]] abrite d\\u00e9sormais\n        la [[Cin\\u00e9math\\u00e8que fran\\u00e7aise]], au nord de la [[passerelle Simone-de-Beauvoir]]\n        dont elle est s\\u00e9par\\u00e9e par le [[parc de Bercy]] ; elle fait face\n        au site [[Fran\\u00e7ois Mitterrand|Fran\\u00e7ois-Mitterrand]] de la [[Biblioth\\u00e8que\n        nationale de France]].\\n\\n\\nLe Grand Rex - Paris.jpg|Cin\\u00e9ma\n        le Grand Rex.\\nParis Cin\\u00e9ma Le Louxor 7225.JPG|Cin\\u00e9ma Le Louxor.\\nFile:Filmoth\\u00e8que\n        quartier latin.JPG|Filmoth\\u00e8que du quartier latin.\\nStudio 28.JPG|Le Studio\n        28.\\n\\n\\n==== Caf\\u00e9s, restaurants et brasseries ====\\n{{article\n        connexe|Cuisine parisienne}}\\n[[Fichier:Floregermainbenoit.jpg|thumb|Le [[Caf\\u00e9\n        de Flore]], c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre caf\\u00e9 parisien, \\u00e0 [[Quartier Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s|Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s]].]]\\n[[Fichier:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg|thumb|Le\n        caf\\u00e9 [[Les Deux Magots]], un autre caf\\u00e9 parisien c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre\n        de Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s.]]\\nLes caf\\u00e9s sont rapidement devenus\n        une partie int\\u00e9grante de la culture fran\\u00e7aise de par leur aspect,\n        en particulier \\u00e0 partir de l''ouverture du [[caf\\u00e9 de la R\\u00e9gence]]\n        au [[Palais-Royal]] en [[1681]] puis, huit ans plus tard, du [[caf\\u00e9 Procope]]\n        sur la [[Rive gauche (Paris)|rive gauche]]. Les caf\\u00e9s dans les jardins\n        du Palais-Royal sont devenus particuli\\u00e8rement populaires au cours du\n        {{S-|XVIII|e}} et peuvent \\u00eatre consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9s comme les premi\\u00e8res\n        \\u00ab terrasses de caf\\u00e9 \\u00bb \\u00e0 Paris. Celles-ci ne connurent\n        pas d''expansion jusqu''\\u00e0 ce que les [[trottoir]]s et les [[boulevard]]s\n        aient commenc\\u00e9 \\u00e0 appara\\u00eetre au milieu du {{S-|XIX|e}}. \\u00c0\n        la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise|R\\u00e9volution]], les cuisiniers des\n        princes et des nobles cr\\u00e9\\u00e8rent le concept de [[restaurant]].\\n\\nLe\n        premier \\u00e9tablissement annonciateur de \\u00ab la restauration \\u00bb semble\n        avoir \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e0 Paris [[La Tour d''Argent]], fond\\u00e9 en 1582\n        par un certain Rourtaud ; l''endroit aurait contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 l''utilisation\n        de la \\u00ab fourchette \\u00bb en France. Le premier restaurant, dans l''acception\n        moderne, est ouvert \\u00e0 Paris, [[rue des Poulies]], en [[1765]] par un\n        marchand de bouillon nomm\\u00e9 Boulanger (dit Champ d''Oiseau) qui invente\n        la \\u00ab carte de restaurant \\u00bb et le mot \\u00ab restaurant \\u00bb, et\n        en 1782, [[Antoine Beauvilliers]], cuisinier du [[prince de Cond\\u00e9]] et\n        officier de bouche du [[Louis XVIII de France|comte de Provence]], reprend\n        la formule et ouvre, dans un cadre raffin\\u00e9, la ''''Grande Taverne de\n        Londres'''', au 26 [[rue de Richelieu]]. C''est l\\u00e0 le premier v\\u00e9ritable\n        \\u00ab grand restaurant \\u00bb de Paris, qui restera pendant plus de vingt\n        ans sans rival. Mais c''est \\u00e0 partir de la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]]\n        que le ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne prend de l''ampleur avec la fuite des nobles qui\n        laissent sans emploi leur cuisinier, alors que de nombreux provinciaux arrivent\n        \\u00e0 Paris o\\u00f9 ils ne comptent pas de famille qui puisse les nourrir.\n        D\\u00e8s 1789, on compte \\u00e0 Paris une centaine de restaurants fr\\u00e9quent\\u00e9s\n        par la bonne soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9, regroup\\u00e9s autour du Palais-Royal. Trente\n        ans apr\\u00e8s on en d\\u00e9nombre {{formatnum:3000}}.\\n\\nParis compte de\n        grands [[restaurant]]s de la gastronomie fran\\u00e7aise, parmi lesquels figurent\n        ''''[[Maxim''s]]'''', ''''[[Le Grand V\\u00e9four]]'''', ''''[[Lasserre (restaurant)|Lasserre]]'''',\n        ''''[[Archestrate#XXe.C2.A0si.C3.A8cle|L''Archestrate]]'''', ainsi que ''''[[La\n        Tour d''Argent]]'''', \\u00e9tablissement connu pour la vue panoramique qu''il\n        offre sur la [[Seine]].\\n\\nLa r\\u00e9putation culinaire de Paris trouve ses\n        fondations dans les origines fran\\u00e7aises diversifi\\u00e9es de ses habitants.\n        Avec l''arriv\\u00e9e du [[chemin de fer]] au milieu du {{S-|XIX|e}} et la\n        [[r\\u00e9volution industrielle]] qui suivit, de nombreuses personnes de toute\n        la France sont arriv\\u00e9es dans la capitale, apportant toute la diversit\\u00e9\n        gastronomique des diff\\u00e9rentes r\\u00e9gions de France et cr\\u00e9ant de\n        nombreux restaurants de sp\\u00e9cialit\\u00e9s r\\u00e9gionales, comme \\u00ab\n        Chez Jenny \\u00bb pour la cuisine [[Alsace|alsacienne]] et \\u00ab Aux Lyonnais\n        \\u00bb pour celle de [[Lyon]]. L''[[immigration]] en provenance de pays \\u00e9trangers\n        a apport\\u00e9 une encore plus grande diversit\\u00e9 culinaire et on trouve\n        aujourd''hui \\u00e0 Paris, en plus d''un grand nombre d''\\u00e9tablissements\n        de cuisine du [[Maghreb]] ou d''[[Asie]], des \\u00e9tablissements proposant\n        des pr\\u00e9parations culinaires en provenance des cinq continents.\\n\\n\\nLe Procope Cafe Procope.jpg|[[Le Procope]], le plus vieux\n        caf\\u00e9 d''Europe.\\nRestaurant Maxim''s.JPG|[[Maxim''s]].\\nJardins des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es\n        Le Doyen 001.JPG|[[Restaurant Ledoyen]].\\nRestaurant Le Fouquet''s au 99 avenue\n        des Champs-Elys\\u00e9es \\u00e0 Paris.JPG|Le [[Fouquet''s]].\\nRestaurant Lasserre\n        avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt Paris.JPG|[[Restaurant Lasserre]].\\n\\n\\n====\n        H\\u00f4tels et palaces ====\\nUne autre cons\\u00e9quence de l''augmentation\n        du nombre de voyageurs et de [[tourisme|touristes]] dans la capitale est,\n        d\\u00e8s la fin du {{s-|XIX}}, la pr\\u00e9sence de nombreux [[h\\u00f4tel]]s,\n        en partie li\\u00e9e aux [[expositions universelles de Paris|expositions universelles]].\n        Parmi les plus luxueux, figurent :\\n* l''[[Le Meurice|h\\u00f4tel Meurice]],\n        le plus ancien palace de Paris, ouvert en 1835 ;\\n* le [[Le Grand H\\u00f4tel\n        InterContinental|Grand H\\u00f4tel]] Intercontinental, de 1862 ;\\n* l''[[H\\u00f4tel\n        Ritz (Paris)|h\\u00f4tel Ritz]], apparu sur la [[place Vend\\u00f4me]] en [[1898]]\n        ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel de Crillon]], ouvert sur le c\\u00f4t\\u00e9 nord de la\n        [[place de la Concorde]] en [[1909]] ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel Lutetia]], premier\n        palace de la Rive Gauche, ouvert en 1910 ;\\n* l''h\\u00f4tel [[Plaza Ath\\u00e9n\\u00e9e]],\n        ouvert en 1911.\\n\\nDans les ann\\u00e9es 1920, durant les [[Ann\\u00e9es folles\n        en France|Ann\\u00e9es folles]], de nombreux \\u00e9tablissements sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s\n        :\\n* l''[[H\\u00f4tel Le Bristol Paris|h\\u00f4tel Bristol]], en 1925 ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel\n        Raphael]], en 1925 ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel George-V]], en 1928 ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel\n        Prince de Galles]], en 1928 ;\\n* le [[Royal Monceau]], en 1928.\\n\\nPlus r\\u00e9cemment,\n        de grands groupes, souvent \\u00e9trangers, ont ouvert de nombreux h\\u00f4tels\n        de luxe :\\n* l''h\\u00f4tel Marriott Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es (1997) ;\\n* l''h\\u00f4tel\n        [[Mandarin Oriental Paris|Mandarin Oriental]] (2011) ;\\n* le [[Shangri-La\n        Hotel Paris]] (2012) ;\\n* l''h\\u00f4tel [[The Peninsula Paris]] (2014).\\n\\n\\nH\\u00f4tel de Crillon, Paris 15 August 2008 002.jpg|[[H\\u00f4tel\n        de Crillon]].\\nLutetia Hotel, July 4, 2007.jpg|[[H\\u00f4tel Lutetia]].\\nLe\n        Bristol Paris.jpg|[[H\\u00f4tel Le Bristol Paris|Le Bristol]].\\nThe Peninsula\n        Paris, 23 June 2014.jpg|[[The Peninsula Paris]].\\n\\n\\n=== Paris,\n        centre litt\\u00e9raire et intellectuel ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|vie\n        litt\\u00e9raire \\u00e0 Paris}}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Moliere-Pont Neuf.jpg|thumb|Buste\n        de [[Moli\\u00e8re]] au 31 rue du Pont-Neuf, n\\u00e9 en r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 deux\n        rues plus \\u00e0 l''ouest au 96 rue Saint-Honor\\u00e9.]] \\nD\\u00e8s le {{S-|XII|e}},\n        le rayonnement de son universit\\u00e9 fait de Paris l''un des grands foyers\n        intellectuels du monde chr\\u00e9tien. L''adoption du dialecte parisien par\n        la Cour affirme cette vocation. Durant la [[Renaissance (p\\u00e9riode historique)|Renaissance]],\n        la ville devient un foyer de l''[[Humanisme]]. Avec la progressive centralisation\n        du pouvoir, Paris se trouve renforc\\u00e9e dans sa pr\\u00e9\\u00e9minence culturelle\n        en France. Vers le milieu du {{S-|XVII|e}}, Paris et ses [[Salon litt\\u00e9raire|salons]]\n        deviennent le centre presque unique de la litt\\u00e9rature fran\\u00e7ais avec\n        notamment celui de l\\u2019[[h\\u00f4tel de Rambouillet]] o\\u00f9 se r\\u00e9unissaient\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois de Malherbe|Malherbe]], [[Pierre Corneille|Corneille]], [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        de La Rochefoucauld|La Rochefoucauld]], [[Madame de S\\u00e9vign\\u00e9]], [[Madame\n        de La Fayette]], etc. Dans le dernier tiers du si\\u00e8cle, le prestige de\n        la [[Ch\\u00e2teau de Versailles|cour de Louis {{XIV}} \\u00e0 Versailles]]\n        \\u00e9clipse un peu celui de Paris. Toutefois, le [[Classicisme#Litt\\u00e9rature|th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        classique]] et la vie intellectuelle parisienne restent actifs avec notamment\n        [[Moli\\u00e8re]] qui dirige la \\u00ab [[Palais-Royal|Troupe du Roy]] \\u00bb\n        en 1665, qui deviendra la [[Com\\u00e9die-Fran\\u00e7aise]] sous le patronage\n        du roi en 1680.\\n\\nAu cours du {{S-|XVIII|e}}, Paris redevient le centre culturel\n        du royaume. Les salons parisiens connaissent leur plus bel essor. [[Voltaire]],\n        au ton l\\u00e9ger et ironique, est l''\\u00e9crivain parisien par excellence.\n        \\u00c0 l''inverse, [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] fuit cette ville {{Citation|de\n        bruit, de fum\\u00e9e et de boue}} et se r\\u00e9fugie \\u00e0 [[Montmorency\n        (Val-d''Oise)|Montmorency]], \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|15|km}} au nord de Paris,\n        avant de s''y r\\u00e9installer en [[1770]].\\n\\n\\u00c0 partir de la [[R\\u00e9volution\n        fran\\u00e7aise|R\\u00e9volution]], le monde litt\\u00e9raire se fait plus large,\n        plus complexe. Paris n''en demeure pas moins le c\\u0153ur de la vie intellectuelle\n        fran\\u00e7aise, en attirant [[Carlo Goldoni]] et en accueillant des progressistes,\n        comme [[Adam Mickiewicz]] ou [[Heinrich Heine]], menac\\u00e9s ou chass\\u00e9s\n        de diff\\u00e9rents pays d''une Europe rest\\u00e9e globalement tr\\u00e8s conservatrice.\n        Au cours des {{s2-|XIX|e|XX|e}} , Paris est le th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre o\\u00f9 se\n        succ\\u00e8dent les diff\\u00e9rents mouvements litt\\u00e9raires fran\\u00e7ais\n        et leurs figures principales, [[romantisme]] et [[R\\u00e9alisme (litt\\u00e9rature)|r\\u00e9alisme]]\n        avec [[Victor Hugo|Hugo]] ou [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac|Balzac]], [[Naturalisme\n        (litt\\u00e9rature)|naturalisme]] avec [[\\u00c9mile Zola|Zola]], [[Parnasse\n        (litt\\u00e9rature)|Parnasse]] et [[Symbolisme (art)|symbolisme]] avec [[Charles\n        Baudelaire|Baudelaire]], [[Paul Verlaine|Verlaine]] ou [[St\\u00e9phane Mallarm\\u00e9|Mallarm\\u00e9]],\n        [[surr\\u00e9alisme]] avec [[Guillaume Apollinaire|Apollinaire]] et [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Breton]], et d''o\\u00f9 viendra le renouveau litt\\u00e9raire apport\\u00e9\n        par [[Marcel Proust|Proust]] et [[Louis-Ferdinand C\\u00e9line|C\\u00e9line]].\\n[[Fichier:Paris\n        75005 Place Saint-Michel 20080504 no 5 Gibert Jeune.jpg|vignette|Le nord du\n        [[Boulevard Saint-Michel (Paris)|boulevard Saint-Michel]] et ses librairies.]]\\nDans\n        les ann\\u00e9es 1920, beaucoup d''\\u00e9crivains \\u00e9trangers viennent d\\u00e9couvrir\n        Paris et s''en inspirent dans leur \\u0153uvre : [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Henry\n        Miller]], [[Gertrude Stein]], [[Ezra Pound]], etc. et d\\u2019autres attir\\u00e9s\n        par son milieu litt\\u00e9raire viennent y chercher l\\u2019espoir d''un accueil\n        propice : [[D. H. Lawrence]], [[James Joyce]], [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Eug\\u00e8ne\n        Ionesco]], [[Emil Cioran]], [[Gao Xingjian]], etc. [[Quartier du Montparnasse|Montparnasse]],\n        quartier des artistes depuis la fin du {{s-|XIX|e}}, conna\\u00eet son \\u00e2ge\n        d''or dans l''entre deux guerres. Apr\\u00e8s la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]],\n        c''est [[Quartier Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s|Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s]]\n        qui devient le foyer litt\\u00e9raire le plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre, avec la pr\\u00e9sence\n        de [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Boris Vian]] ou [[Jacques\n        Pr\\u00e9vert]]Collectif, sous la direction de Marcel Le Cl\\u00e8re, {{op.\n        cit.}}, {{p.|641}}.. Le [[Quartier latin (quartier parisien)|quartier\n        latin]] demeure le quartier des libraires et l''on y trouve aussi {{Unit\\u00e9|217|bouquinistes}}\n        sur les quais de [[Seine]]. Paris est la principale ville de l''activit\\u00e9\n        litt\\u00e9raire et de l''\\u00e9dition fran\\u00e7aises ; dans beaucoup de quartiers,\n        des immeubles portent une plaque rappelant le s\\u00e9jour d''un \\u00e9crivain.\\n\\n===\n        Paris dans les arts et la culture ===\\n==== Paris dans la litt\\u00e9rature\n        ====\\nDepuis longtemps, Paris a inspir\\u00e9 les \\u00e9crivains. Au {{S-|XV|e}},\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Villon]] plonge dans les bas-fonds de Paris pour amorcer son\n        \\u0153uvre majeure : ''''[[Le Testament]]''''. Toutefois, au {{S-|XVII|e}}\n        et, dans une moindre mesure au {{S-|XVIII|e}}, la description de la r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9\n        parisienne contemporaine int\\u00e9resse peu les auteurs.\\n\\n[[File:Les Halles-L\\u00e9on\n        Augustin Lhermitte.jpg|vignette|Les Halles ont inspir\\u00e9 [[\\u00c9mile Zola]]\n        pour [[Le Ventre de Paris]] (tableau de [[L\\u00e9on Lhermitte]]).]]\\nAu {{S-|XIX|e}},\n        les \\u00e9crivains fran\\u00e7ais s''attachent davantage \\u00e0 d\\u00e9crire\n        la r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 de leur temps de mani\\u00e8re plus exacte. Sous la [[monarchie\n        de Juillet]], [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac]] cherche \\u00e0 brosser un tableau\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9 et moderne de la soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 fran\\u00e7aise, c''est\n        ''''[[La Com\\u00e9die humaine]]''''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/classique/Acamedia_balzac.htm\n        [[La Com\\u00e9die humaine]] de [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac|Balzac]] sur [[Gallica]]]..\n        Paris occupe une place privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9e dans cette \\u0153uvre et pas\n        seulement dans les ''''[[La Com\\u00e9die humaine#Sc\\u00e8nes de la vie parisienne|Sc\\u00e8nes\n        de la vie parisienne]]''''. Il distingue par la diversit\\u00e9 des r\\u00e9seaux\n        de relations : c''est l\\u00e0 que sont possibles les succ\\u00e8s les plus\n        fulgurants, l\\u00e0 que l''on cherche la gloire[[Eug\\u00e8ne de Rastignac]]\n        et [[Lucien de Rubempr\\u00e9]], qui y perd la vie, sont sans doute les deux\n        ambitieux les plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres. mais aussi l\\u00e0 que l''on\n        peut tomber dans l''anonymat le plus absoluVoir ''''[[Le P\\u00e8re Goriot]]''''\n        ou ''''[[Z. Marcas]]'''' entre autres..\\n\\nSi Balzac s''int\\u00e9resse\n        avant tout \\u00e0 la haute soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 ou aux ambitieux d\\u00e9sargent\\u00e9s,\n        on commence \\u00e0 la m\\u00eame \\u00e9poque \\u00e0 s''int\\u00e9resser \\u00e0\n        la ville populaire, per\\u00e7ue comme mena\\u00e7ante et fascinante. Des \\u00e9tudes\n        paraissent sur les \\u00ab classes dangereuses \\u00bb d''une ville en expansion.\n        ''''[[Les Myst\\u00e8res de Paris]]'''' d''[[Eug\\u00e8ne Sue]], qui fait une\n        tr\\u00e8s large place au Paris de la p\\u00e8gre, conna\\u00eet un immense succ\\u00e8s\n        lors de sa parution en feuilleton en [[1842]]\\u2013[[1843]]. Vingt ans plus\n        tard, c''est l''autre plus grand romancier de Paris, [[Victor Hugo]], qui\n        publie ''''[[Notre-Dame de Paris (roman)|Notre-Dame de Paris]]'''' et ''''[[Les\n        Mis\\u00e9rables]]'''', autre volumineux ouvrages traitant du Paris populaire\n        devenu des classiques. Paris fascine avec une double image : une ville fastueuse\n        et prestigieuse (Stendhal sublime Le Frascati, Balzac chante le boulevard\n        des Italiens, Nerval ou Baudelaire ne jurent que par le Divan Le Pelletier)\n        mais aussi une ville populaire o\\u00f9 r\\u00e8gne le vice. [[G\\u00e9rard de\n        Nerval]] s''y suicide dans le lieu le plus sordide qu''il ait pu y trouver.\n        Le Paris en mutation d''[[Georges Eug\\u00e8ne Haussmann|Haussmann]] est largement\n        d\\u00e9crit par [[\\u00c9mile Zola]] dans [[Les Rougon-Macquart]] (''''[[Le\n        Ventre de Paris]]'''', ''''[[Nana (roman)|Nana]]'''', ''''[[Au Bonheur des\n        Dames]]'''') ; il est le cadre des errances et \\u00e9tats d''\\u00e2me des\n        po\\u00e8tes [[Parnasse (po\\u00e9sie)|Parnassiens]] et [[Symbolisme (art)|symbolistes]]\n        et surtout de [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] (''''[[Le Spleen de Paris]]'''').\n        [[Guy de Maupassant]] utilise notamment la capitale pour d\\u00e9peindre la\n        soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de son \\u00e9poque, comme dans la [[satire]] ''''[[Bel-Ami]]''''\n        (publi\\u00e9 en [[1885 en litt\\u00e9rature|1885]]), dans lequel le h\\u00e9ros\n        grimpe dans la hi\\u00e9rarchie sociale parisienne gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 ses ma\\u00eetresses\n        et ses coups bas.\\n\\nToujours au {{s|XIX}}, la ville de Paris est repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e\n        dans d''autres genres que le [[roman social]] et le [[R\\u00e9alisme (litt\\u00e9rature)|roman\n        r\\u00e9aliste]]. Par exemple, [[Jules Verne]] l''imagine en [[dystopie]] dans\n        son roman m\\u00e9connu, ''''[[Paris au XXe si\\u00e8cle|Paris au {{s-|XX}}]]'''',\n        \\u00e9crit en [[1863]]. La ville appara\\u00eet aussi dans de nombreux [[Roman-feuilleton|romans-feuilleton]],\n        tels que ceux o\\u00f9 apparait le personnage [[Rocambole (personnage de fiction)|Rocambole]].\n        De m\\u00eame, elle sert beaucoup de lieux d''action pour les romans historiques\n        tels que ''''[[Les Trois Mousquetaires]]'''' par [[Alexandre Dumas]] ([[1844\n        en litt\\u00e9rature|1844]]). Enfin, on peut citer des [[Pi\\u00e8ce de th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre|pi\\u00e8ces\n        de th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre]], tels que la [[com\\u00e9die dramatique]] ''''[[Cyrano\n        de Bergerac (Rostand)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]'''', par [[Edmond Rostand]] ([[1897\n        au th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre|1897]]), librement inspir\\u00e9e de la vie et de l''\\u0153uvre\n        de l''\\u00e9crivain libertin [[Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac]] ([[1619]]-[[1655]]).  \\n\\nAu\n        d\\u00e9but du {{s|XX}}, la capitale servait de th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre \\u00e0 des\n        s\\u00e9ries polici\\u00e8res, telles que [[Fant\\u00f4mas]] (par [[Pierre Souvestre]]\n        et [[Marcel Allain]]) ou [[Ars\\u00e8ne Lupin]] (par [[Maurice Leblanc]]).\\n\\nDans\n        les [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]], les \\u00e9crivains transforment Paris en une ville\n        mythique : parfois dr\\u00f4le et burlesque comme ''''[[Zazie dans le m\\u00e9tro]]''''\n        de [[Raymond Queneau]] ou encore pleine de souvenirs comme ''''[[Je me souviens\n        (Perec)|Je me souviens]]'''' de [[Georges Perec]].\\n\\nLa ville fascine encore\n        les \\u00e9crivains de la nouvelle g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ration, comme [[Patrick Modiano]]\n        (et le [[quartier de Belleville]]), [[Brahim Metiba]] dans ''''Je n''ai pas\n        eu le temps de bavarder avec toi'''' (un parcours en bus de [[Clichy|Clichy-la-Garenne]]\n        au [[Quartier latin (quartier parisien)|centre de Paris]]), ou [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Vilar]] (et le [[Quartier (ville)|quartier]] de [[Bastille]]).\\n\\nLa po\\u00e9sie\n        joue \\u00e9galement \\u00e0 Paris un r\\u00f4le dans de nombreuses \\u0153uvres\n        : [[Jacques R\\u00e9da]] et ''''Les Ruines de Paris'''', [[Jacques Roubaud]]\n        et ''''La forme d''une ville change plus vite, h\\u00e9las, que le c\\u0153ur\n        des humains''''.\\n\\n==== Paris dans la peinture et la sculpture ====\\n[[Fichier:Le\n        Pont-Neuf Camille Pissaro.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Camille Pissarro]], le [[Pont\n        Neuf]], [[1902]].]]\\n\\nParis a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 une source d''inspiration pour\n        de nombreux artistes qui ont diffus\\u00e9 son image dans le monde entier.\\n\\nIl\n        existe de rares repr\\u00e9sentations de la ville dans certaines peintures\n        et miniatures m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vales, mais les peintures repr\\u00e9sentant Paris\n        ne se multiplie de mani\\u00e8re significative qu''\\u00e0 partir des [[Guerres\n        de religion (France)|Guerres de religion]] \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XVI|e}}.\n        C''est sous les r\\u00e8gnes d''[[Henri IV de France|Henri {{IV}}]] et de [[Louis\n        XIII de France|Louis {{XIII}}]] que la ville est repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e par\n        [[Jacques Callot]] et par les peintres hollandais [[abraham de Verwer|De Verwer]]\n        et [[Reinier Nooms|Zeeman]], en particulier les bords de [[Seine]] qui les\n        fascinent. Le Louvre devient un sujet de pr\\u00e9dilection au {{S-|XVII|e}}\n        mais il faut pourtant attendre la vogue de la peinture en plein air au {{S-|XIX|e}}\n        pour voir les artistes s''int\\u00e9resser \\u00e0 la vie parisienne et au paysage\n        urbain en mutation. [[Jean-Baptiste Corot|Corot]] plante son chevalet sur\n        les quais de Seine, [[Claude Monet|Monet]] repr\\u00e9sente l''atmosph\\u00e8re\n        vaporeuse de la [[gare de Paris-Saint-Lazare|gare Saint-Lazare]], [[Auguste\n        Renoir|Renoir]] d\\u00e9crit la vie Montmartroise ([[Moulin de la galette]],\n        le [[Moulin rouge]]), [[Camille Pissarro|Pissarro]] peint le [[Pont Neuf]]\n        et [[Alfred Sisley|Sisley]] l''[[\\u00cele Saint-Louis]]. Puis, au tournant\n        du si\\u00e8cle, [[Georges Seurat|Seurat]], [[Paul Gauguin|Gauguin]] (parisiens\n        de naissance), [[Paul C\\u00e9zanne|C\\u00e9zanne]] et [[Vincent van Gogh|Van\n        Gogh]] repr\\u00e9sentent largement Paris dans leur \\u0153uvre. [[Henri de\n        Toulouse-Lautrec|Toulouse-Lautrec]] est peut-\\u00eatre le plus parisien dans\n        l''\\u00e2me mais il s''int\\u00e9resse plus aux cabarets et aux bas-fonds parisiens,\n        qu''il fr\\u00e9quente assid\\u00fbment, qu''aux paysages. Au {{S-|XX|e}}, les\n        plus parisiens des peintres sont certainement [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]], [[Maurice\n        de Vlaminck|Vlaminck]], [[Andr\\u00e9 Derain|Derain]], et [[Albert Marquet|Marquet]]\n        ou [[Maurice Utrillo|Utrillo]] qui repr\\u00e9sentent souvent les quartiers\n        d\\u00e9sh\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s de la ville. [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]], [[Kees van\n        Dongen|van Dongen]] et [[Pierre Dumont|Dumont]] m\\u00e8nent une vie de boh\\u00e8me\n        au [[Bateau-Lavoir]] \\u00e0 Montmartre tandis que [[Fernand L\\u00e9ger|L\\u00e9ger]],\n        [[Amedeo Modigliani|Modigliani]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]], [[Ossip Zadkine|Zadkine]],\n        [[Joseph Csaky|Csaky]] et [[Cha\\u00efm Soutine|Soutine]] s''installent dans\n        les ateliers de [[La Ruche (cit\\u00e9 d''artistes)|la Ruche]] \\u00e0 Montparnasse\n        ; c''est l''\\u00e2ge d''or de l''[[\\u00e9cole de Paris]] qui laisse place\n        au [[surr\\u00e9alisme]] apr\\u00e8s la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]].\\n\\nLes\n        [[Sculpture|sculpteurs]] [[Fran\\u00e7ois Rude]] ([[La Marseillaise]], composition\n        la plus forte de l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]])\n        puis [[Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] avec la fontaine de l''[[Observatoire de Paris|Observatoire]]\n        pr\\u00e9c\\u00e8dent les grands ma\\u00eetres de la fin du {{S-|XIX|e}} dont\n        d''innombrables \\u0153uvres ornent la voie publique parisienne : [[Auguste\n        Rodin|Rodin]], [[Aim\\u00e9-Jules Dalou|Dalou]] ([[jardin du Luxembourg]],\n        [[place de la Nation]]), [[Antoine Bourdelle|Bourdelle]] ([[Palais de Tokyo]]),\n        [[Aristide Maillol|Maillol]] ([[jardin des Tuileries]]) puis [[Paul Landowski]]\n        ([[sainte Genevi\\u00e8ve]] au [[pont de la Tournelle]]). L''[[Art nouveau]]\n        a trouv\\u00e9 un \\u00e9tonnant d\\u00e9bouch\\u00e9 en [[1900]] avec le [[m\\u00e9tro\n        de Paris]] naissant dont [[Hector Guimard|Guimard]] orna alors plusieurs dizaines\n        de bouches d''entr\\u00e9e. L''[[art contemporain]] s''illustre par exemple\n        au [[Palais-Royal]] avec les colonnes de [[Daniel Buren|Buren]] ou \\u00e0\n        [[Centre national d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou|Beaubourg]] avec la\n        [[fontaine Stravinski]].\\n\\n==== Paris dans la musique et la chanson ====\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste de chansons sur Paris par ordre chronologique}}\\n\\nParis\n        constitue un th\\u00e8me et un cadre pour d''innombrables chansons et \\u0153uvres\n        musicales.\\n\\nLa tradition musicale \\u00e0 Paris remonte au [[Moyen \\u00c2ge]]\n        avec la cr\\u00e9ation \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XII|e}} de l''\\u00e9cole polyphonique\n        de Notre-Dame dont les \\u0153uvres expriment la foi m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale. Sous\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ier de France|Fran\\u00e7ois {{Ier}}]] na\\u00eet \\u00e0 Paris\n        l''imprimerie musicale fran\\u00e7aise et les premi\\u00e8res chansons populaires\n        apparaissent. Sous le r\\u00e8gne de [[Louis XIV de France|Louis {{XIV}}]],\n        les grands [[Op\\u00e9ra (musique)|op\\u00e9ras]] sont repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9s\n        \\u00e0 Paris : [[Jean-Baptiste Lully|Lully]] s''y installe et devient responsable\n        de la musique de la [[Cour (palais)|Cour]]. Ses [[ballet]]s sont repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9s\n        au [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|Louvre]] \\u00e0 partir de [[1655]]. Au {{S-|XVIII|e}},\n        [[Jean-Philippe Rameau|Rameau]] accentue le r\\u00f4le de l''orchestre dans\n        ses op\\u00e9ras-ballets, la musique s''impose dans les salons. L''[[histoire\n        de France]] influence \\u00e9galement la musique parisienne : de nombreuses\n        chansons populaires sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9es durant la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]]\n        ; la ''''[[Carmagnole (chant)|Carmagnole]]'''' devient l''hymne des [[Sans-culotte]]s\n        en [[1792]]. Au {{S-|XIX|e}}, Paris devient la capitale de la musique, plus\n        par les grands ma\\u00eetres \\u00e9trangers comme [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]]\n        et [[Gaetano Donizetti]] et m\\u00eame [[Richard Wagner]] qu''elle attire par\n        son rayonnement que gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 ses propres compositions. La musique\n        \\u00e9volue progressivement vers le [[Romantisme]] incarn\\u00e9 par exemple\n        par [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Chopin]] et [[Franz Liszt]]. [[Charles Gounod|Gounod]]\n        renouvelle l''op\\u00e9ra lyrique tandis que [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]] importe\n        la [[musique descriptive]].\\n\\nLa musique festive de danses de Paris, au {{S-|XIX|e}}\n        est c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre dans le monde entier. Jou\\u00e9e notamment au moment\n        du [[carnaval de Paris]], elle influence des musiques traditionnelles et des\n        compositeurs \\u00e9trangers. Au nombre de ceux-ci, on trouve [[Johann Strauss\n        I|Johann Strauss p\\u00e8re]], venu \\u00e0 Paris, \\u00e0 l''invitation de [[Philippe\n        Musard]], alors tr\\u00e8s c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre. Ce dernier, ainsi que des dizaines\n        d''autres compositeurs parisiens tr\\u00e8s fameux \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque ([[Louis-Antoine\n        Jullien|Jullien]], [[Auguste Tolbecque|Tolbecque]], etc.).\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s [[1870]],\n        [[Paul Dukas|Dukas]], [[Camille Saint-Sa\\u00ebns|Saint-Sa\\u00ebns]] ou [[Georges\n        Bizet|Bizet]] font de la France la ma\\u00eetresse de la musique de ballet.\n        Le caract\\u00e8re national de la musique revient avec [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]]\n        et [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]], musiciens impressionnistes. La fin du {{S-|XIX|e}}\n        est aussi l''\\u00e9poque des chansonniers dont [[Le Chat noir]] est le lieu\n        de repr\\u00e9sentation embl\\u00e9matique, immortalis\\u00e9 par [[Henri de\n        Toulouse-Lautrec|Toulouse-Lautrec]]. Au {{S-|XX|e}}, les chansons d''[[\\u00c9dith\n        Piaf]], la \\u00ab m\\u00f4me de Paris \\u00bb, ainsi que celles de [[Maurice\n        Chevalier]] incarnent la chanson populaire parisienne dans le monde entier.\n        Plus r\\u00e9cemment, [[Jacques Dutronc]] chante en [[1968]] \\u00ab Il est\n        5 heures, Paris s''\\u00e9veille \\u00bb et [[Dalida]] devient l''une des plus\n        c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres Montmartroises, une place de ''''la Butte'''' porte son\n        nom et un buste a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9rig\\u00e9 en son hommage dix ans apr\\u00e8s\n        son d\\u00e9c\\u00e8s[http://www.linternaute.com/paris/sortir/dossier/dalida-une-vie/1.shtml\n        Magazine l''Internaute - Dalida, une vie parisienne]..\\n\\n==== Paris\n        dans la photographie ====\\n[[Fichier:A Brouhot car in Paris, 1910.jpg|thumb|[[Pha\\u00e9ton]]\n        de marque Brouhot \\u00e0 Paris en 1910.]]\\n\\nD\\u00e8s l''invention de la [[photographie]],\n        de nombreux artistes ont cherch\\u00e9 \\u00e0 capter l''atmosph\\u00e8re de\n        la ville et sa vie quotidienne prise sur le vif. Initi\\u00e9e par [[Eug\\u00e8ne\n        Atget]] ([[1857]]\\u2013[[1927]])[http://www.lexpress.fr/mag/arts/dossier/photographe/dossier.asp?ida=457392\n        L''Express - Eug\\u00e8ne Atget, un regard capital], article du 3/5/2007.,\n        la photographie de sc\\u00e8nes de rues et petits m\\u00e9tiers aujourd''hui\n        disparus est incarn\\u00e9e par [[Robert Doisneau]] ([[1912]]\\u2013[[1994]]),\n        un des premiers grands photographes de Paris[http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=Doisneau&num_notice=1&total_notices=5\n        INA : Le Paris de Doisneau].. Les sc\\u00e8nes insolites constituaient\n        ses sujets de pr\\u00e9dilection : les enfants jouant dans les rues, les concierges,\n        les bistrots, les march\\u00e9s, etc. Ses photographies sont pleines d''humour\n        et de tendresse, la plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre \\u00e9tant ''''Le Baiser de l''H\\u00f4tel\n        de Ville''''[http://www.lexpress.fr/mag/arts/dossier/photographe/dossier.asp?ida=453636\n        L''Express - La passion Doisneau], article du 2/11/2006.. Les images\n        de [[Willy Ronis]] \\u00e9voquent le [[Quartier de Belleville|Belleville]]\n        et le [[M\\u00e9nilmontant (quartier parisien)|M\\u00e9nilmontant]] d''autrefois,\n        saisissante illustration d''une atmosph\\u00e8re populaire \\u00e0 jamais disparueWilly\n        Ronis, [http://www.lexpress.fr/mag/arts/dossier/photographe/dossier.asp?ida=435316\n        - \\u00ab Ce sont les petites gens qui m''int\\u00e9ressent \\u00bb], ''''L''Express'''',\n        article du 20/10/2005.. [[Marcel Bovis]] ([[1904]]-[[1997]]) a quant\n        \\u00e0 lui repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9 la magie de Paris la nuit.\\n\\n==== Paris au\n        cin\\u00e9ma ====\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Paris au cin\\u00e9ma|Liste\n        de films tourn\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:20051018\\u00c9picerie d''Am\\u00e9lie\n        Poulain 2.jpg|thumb|L''\\u00e9picerie Collignon \\u00e0 [[Montmartre]], apparaissant\n        dans le film ''''[[le Fabuleux Destin d''Am\\u00e9lie Poulain]]''''.]]\\n\\nParis\n        est une des villes les plus film\\u00e9es au monde[http://www.cnrseditions.fr/cinema/7449-cinemas-de-paris.html\n        Jean-Michel Frodon, Dina Iordanova (sous la direction de), ''''Cin\\u00e9mas\n        de Paris'''', CNRS \\u00c9ditions, Paris, 2017].. Outre l''importante\n        production fran\\u00e7aise, les r\\u00e9alisateurs \\u00e9trangers qui l''ont\n        choisie pour cadre sont nombreux.\\n\\nParmi une longue liste de films, quelques\n        chefs-d''\\u0153uvre du [[cin\\u00e9ma fran\\u00e7ais]] sont devenus des classiques.\n        ''''[[H\\u00f4tel du Nord]]'''' ([[1938]]) fut le cadre de la c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre\n        r\\u00e9plique d''[[Arletty]] {{Citation|Atmosph\\u00e8re, atmosph\\u00e8re,\n        est-ce que j''ai une gueule d''atmosph\\u00e8re ?}} ; le petit h\\u00f4tel au\n        bord du [[canal Saint-Martin]], o\\u00f9 le film ne fut d''ailleurs pas tourn\\u00e9Le film ''''[[H\\u00f4tel du Nord]]'''' fut tourn\\u00e9 en studio\n        et non au bord du [[canal Saint-Martin]]. est devenu un lieu de p\\u00e8lerinage\n        cin\\u00e9phile.\\n\\n''''[[La Travers\\u00e9e de Paris]]'''' ([[1956]]) et ''''[[Le\n        Dernier M\\u00e9tro]]'''' ([[1980]]) rappellent une certaine r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9\n        de l''[[Europe sous domination nazie|Occupation]], tandis que ''''[[Paris\n        br\\u00fble-t-il ? (film)|Paris br\\u00fble-t-il ?]]'''' ([[1966]]) \\u00e9voque\n        la [[lib\\u00e9ration de Paris]] en [[Seconde Guerre mondiale : ao\\u00fbt 1944|ao\\u00fbt\n        1944]]. Plus r\\u00e9cemment, ''''[[Chacun cherche son chat]]'''' ([[1996]])\n        est une tranche de vie d''un immeuble parisien montrant l''isolement dans\n        une grande m\\u00e9tropole et la solidarit\\u00e9 qui peut pourtant y exister.\n        Enfin, ''''[[le Fabuleux Destin d''Am\\u00e9lie Poulain]]'''' ([[2001]]), conte\n        contemporain dans un Paris mythique et intemporel, a rencontr\\u00e9 un succ\\u00e8s\n        populaire international et amen\\u00e9 de nombreux cin\\u00e9philes \\u00e0 [[Montmartre]]\n        \\u00e0 la recherche des lieux embl\\u00e9matiques du tournage.\\n\\nDe grands\n        succ\\u00e8s du cin\\u00e9ma international, comme ''''[[Tout le monde dit I\n        love you]]'''' ([[1996]]) ou ''''[[Minuit \\u00e0 Paris]]'''' ([[2011]]) de\n        [[Woody Allen]], ''''[[Moulin Rouge (film, 2001)|Moulin Rouge !]]'''' ([[2001]])\n        ou ''''[[Da Vinci Code (film)|Da Vinci code]]'''' ([[2006]]), ont choisi la\n        ville pour cadre. En [[2007]], gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 son image et \\u00e0 sa position\n        de capitale de la [[gastronomie]], Paris a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 choisie comme cadre\n        de l''action du [[Animation|film d''animation]] am\\u00e9ricain ''''[[Ratatouille\n        (film)|Ratatouille]]''''[http://www.allocine.fr/film/anecdote_gen_cfilm=46211.html\n        \\u00ab Ratatouille : les secrets du tournage \\u00bb], sur ''''Allocine''''..\\n\\nDe\n        plus, Paris appara\\u00eet dans de nombreux films r\\u00e9cents comme ''''[[La\n        M\\u00e9moire dans la peau (film)|La M\\u00e9moire dans la peau]]'''' (2002)\n        avec [[Matt Damon]], qui se d\\u00e9roule en grande partie \\u00e0 Paris, ou\n        ''''[[Tout peut arriver (film, 2003)|Tout peut arriver]]'''' (2003) avec [[Jack\n        Nicholson]], qui d\\u00eene dans le restaurant [[Le Grand Colbert (Brasserie)|Le\n        grand Colbert]] \\u00e0 la fin du film. En 2010, Paris est aussi le lieu de\n        r\\u00e9sidence de [[Fabrice Luchini]] dans ''''[[Les Femmes du 6e \\u00e9tage|Les\n        Femmes du {{6e|\\u00e9tage}}]]''''. Paris appara\\u00eet \\u00e9galement dans\n        le film ''''[[Inception]]'''' (2010), o\\u00f9 l''action se situe en partie.\\n\\n====\n        Paris dans la culture populaire ====\\nL''[[argot parisien|argot \\u00ab parisien\n        \\u00bb]] r\\u00e9v\\u00e9l\\u00e9 par les \\u00e9crivains du {{S-|XIX|e}} comme\n        [[Victor Hugo]], [[Eug\\u00e8ne Sue]] ou [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac|Balzac]] reste\n        tr\\u00e8s vivace \\u00e0 Paris jusqu''aux [[ann\\u00e9es 1950]]. L''\\u00e9volution\n        sociologique et ethnique de la population parisienne explique en grande partie\n        cette \\u00ab mort \\u00bb de l''argot parisien, qui ne se pratique plus vraiment\n        dans la rue mais qui fit longtemps la joie des lecteurs de romans comme [[San\n        Antonio]], des spectateurs de films dialogu\\u00e9s par [[Michel Audiard]]\n        ou des auditeurs de chansons de [[Pierre Perret]], de [[Renaud]] ([[titi parisien]]\n        par excellence) ou de sketches de [[Coluche]]. Depuis, l''embourgeoisement\n        de la capitale et l''arriv\\u00e9e massive de populations provinciales et \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res\n        contribuent progressivement \\u00e0 la disparition de l''argot parisien, supplant\\u00e9\n        par le [[verlan]]{{p.|681-682}}. et par de nouvelles formes d''expression\n        d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9es en banlieue, \\u00e9ventuellement ponctu\\u00e9es de mots\n        emprunt\\u00e9s aux langues \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res, telles que l''anglais ou\n        l''arabe.\\n\\nOn appelle souvent Paris la \\u00ab Ville lumi\\u00e8re \\u00bb.\n        L''origine de cette [[p\\u00e9riphrase]] vient de la cr\\u00e9ation de l\\u2019[[\\u00c9clairage\n        des rues \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9clairage public \\u00e0 Paris]] par [[Gabriel Nicolas\n        de La Reynie]], au {{S-|XVII|e}}{{Lien web |url=http://www.directmatin.fr/culture/2014-04-11/pourquoi-surnomme-t-paris-la-ville-lumiere-672951\n        |titre=Pourquoi surnomme-t-on Paris la Ville lumi\\u00e8re ? |site=http://www.directmatin.fr\n        directmatin.fr |date=11 avril 2014 |consult\\u00e9 le=12 d\\u00e9cembre 2015}}..\\n\\nParis\n        est surnomm\\u00e9e famili\\u00e8rement \\u00ab Paname \\u00bb, surnom donn\\u00e9\n        au d\\u00e9but du {{s-|XX|e}} aux Parisiens qui avaient adopt\\u00e9 le chapeau\n        dit ''''[[panama (chapeau)|panama]]''''{{lien web|url=http://www.linternaute.com/paris/magazine/chat/07/claude-dubois/retranscription-claude-dubois.shtml|titre=Paris\n        est devenue une ville pour \\\"rupins\\\" tr\\u00e8s \\\"oseill\\u00e9s\\\"!|\\u00e9diteur=linternaute.com|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2007|consult\\u00e9 le=16 novembre 2014}}, mis en vogue par les ouvriers\n        qui creusaient le [[Canal de Panama|canal du m\\u00eame nom]] au d\\u00e9but\n        du {{s-|XX|e}}. Cette coiffe tr\\u00e8s pratique s''exportait principalement\n        vers les \\u00c9tats-Unis et l''Europe ; elle avait fait fureur \\u00e0 Paris\n        o\\u00f9 tous les hommes portaient un ''''panama''''. Ce chapeau a donn\\u00e9\n        lieu \\u00e0 de nombreuses [[Chanson sur Paris|chansons]], notamment le ''''[[Paname\n        (chanson)|Paname]]'''' de [[L\\u00e9o Ferr\\u00e9]], m\\u00e9lancolique d\\u00e9claration\n        d''amour \\u00e0 la capitale, qui vaudra au chanteur son premier grand succ\\u00e8s.\\n\\nPlus\n        anciennement, Paris et aussi Pantin, une de ses proches banlieues, \\u00e9taient\n        surnomm\\u00e9es argotiquement \\u00ab Pantruche \\u00bb\n        (d''o\\u00f9 le nom de la Compagnie carnavalesque parisienne \\u00ab les Fumantes\n        de Pantruche \\u00bb, pr\\u00e9sente au [[Carnaval de Paris]]).\\n\\n\\u00ab Parigot\n        \\u00bb est un terme d''[[argot]] qui d\\u00e9signe un Parisien. Ce terme est\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme p\\u00e9joratif ou au moins\n        moqueur.\\n\\n==== Paris dans les jeux vid\\u00e9o ====\\n{{Cat\\u00e9gorie d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9e|Jeu\n        vid\\u00e9o se d\\u00e9roulant \\u00e0 Paris}}\\nLa ville est reproduite dans\n        le jeu vid\\u00e9o ''''[[The Saboteur]]'''', sorti en [[2009]], avec la plupart\n        des plus grands monuments de la ville. Le jeu se d\\u00e9roule au tout d\\u00e9but\n        de la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]][http://www.jeuxvideo.com/articles/0001/00011918-the-saboteur-test.htm\n        ''''The Saboteur'''' - Test] sur ''''[[jeuxvideo.com]]''''.{{,}}[http://www.gamekult.com/tout/jeux/fiches/J000083182_test.html\n        ''''The Saboteur'''' - Test sur PS3] sur [[Gamekult]].. Elle est \\u00e9galement\n        enti\\u00e8rement reproduite dans le jeu vid\\u00e9o automobile {{nobr|''''[[Midtown\n        Madness 3]]''''}} et {{nobr|''''[[Midnight Club II]]''''}}. Une partie du\n        sc\\u00e9nario s''y d\\u00e9roule dans ''''[[Tomb Raider : L''Ange des t\\u00e9n\\u00e8bres]]'''',\n        et une mission y a lieu au tout d\\u00e9but du jeu {{nobr|''''[[007: Nightfire]]''''}}.\n        En novembre 2011, des missions y ont lieu \\u00e9galement dans {{nobr|''''[[Call\n        of Duty: Modern Warfare 3]]''''}}. De plus, on retrouve une carte de {{nobr|''''[[Battlefield\n        3]]''''}} dans le mode multijoueur qui se d\\u00e9roule \\u00e0 Paris (Op\\u00e9ration\n        M\\u00e9tro et travers\\u00e9e de la Seine) ainsi que dans son mode solo. Paris\n        apparait \\u00e9galement dans le jeu ''''[[Remember Me (jeu vid\\u00e9o)|Remember\n        me]]'''', se d\\u00e9roulant dans la ville de N\\u00e9o-Paris, une version plus\n        technologique de la Ville Lumi\\u00e8re.\\n\\nDans le jeu ''''[[Assassin''s Creed\n        Unity]]'''', opus de la s\\u00e9rie [[Assassin''s Creed (s\\u00e9rie)|Assassin''s\n        creed]] d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 par les studios [[Ubisoft]] et sorti en octobre\n        [[2014]], l''ensemble de l''intrigue et de l''action principale se d\\u00e9roule\n        \\u00e0 Paris durant la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]]. La ville y est\n        enti\\u00e8rement mod\\u00e9lis\\u00e9e quasiment \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9chelle 1:1\n        telle qu''elle \\u00e9tait de 1789 \\u00e0 1794{{Lien web|url=http://www.jeuxvideo.com/news/2014/00071107-assassin-s-creed-unity-premiere-video.htm|titre=Assassin''s\n        Creed Unity : Premi\\u00e8re vid\\u00e9o|auteur=Kaaraj|site=[[Jeuxvideo.com]]|en\n        ligne le=21 mars 2014|consult\\u00e9 le=22 juin 2014}}.. Les principaux\n        monuments sont reconstitu\\u00e9s avec moult d\\u00e9tails (y compris ceux disparus,\n        comme la [[Bastille]] et le [[palais des Tuileries]]), et les d\\u00e9veloppeurs\n        se sont attach\\u00e9s \\u00e0 reconstituer l''ambiance populaire \\u00e0 cette\n        p\\u00e9riode. Ici le caract\\u00e8re violent et sanguinaire de la soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        parisienne de l''\\u00e9poque est tr\\u00e8s soulign\\u00e9{{Lien web|langue\n        = fran\\u00e7ais|titre = On a fait jouer un historien \\u00e0 \\u00ab Assassin\\u2019s\n        Creed Unity \\u00bb|url = http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/rue89-culture/2014/11/19/a-fait-jouer-historien-a-assassins-creed-unity-256118|site\n        = rue89.nouvelobs.com|date = 19 novembre 2014|consult\\u00e9 le = 5 d\\u00e9cembre\n        2014}}. L''[[Gameplay|exp\\u00e9rience de jeu]] prenant place dans un\n        [[Monde ouvert|monde dit ''''ouvert'''']], le joueur est encourag\\u00e9 \\u00e0\n        explorer cette reconstitution historique de Paris \\u00e0 un moment capital\n        de son histoire{{Lien web|langue = fran\\u00e7ais|titre = Comment recr\\u00e9\\u00e9-t-on\n        le Paris de 1789 avec des pixels ?|url = http://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/jeux/assassin-s-creed-unity-comment-recree-t-on-le-paris-de-1789-avec-des-pixels_743665.html|site\n        = http://www.francetvinfo.fr|date = 13 novembre 2014|consult\\u00e9 le = 6\n        d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}.\\n\\n==== Paris, si\\u00e8ge d''organisations internationales\n        ====\\nPlusieurs organisations internationales ont leur si\\u00e8ge \\u00e0 Paris\n        : l''[[Organisation des Nations unies pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la science et\n        la culture|UNESCO]]{{lien web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/unesco/about-us/where-we-are/unesco-house/|titre=Construire\n        la nouvelle Maison de l''Unesco|\\u00e9diteur=unesco.org|consult\\u00e9 le=30\n        ao\\u00fbt 2016}}, l''[[Organisation de coop\\u00e9ration et de d\\u00e9veloppement\n        \\u00e9conomiques|OCDE]]{{lien web|url=https://www.oecd.org/fr/carrieres/ounoussommes.htm|titre=O\\u00f9\n        nous sommes|\\u00e9diteur=oecd.org|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}},\n        le secr\\u00e9tariat international de la [[Chambre de commerce internationale]],\n        le [[Groupe d''action financi\\u00e8re]] (GAFI){{etc}}\\n\\n==== Paris, capitale\n        de la mode et du luxe ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire de la mode\n        en France|Capitale de la mode}}\\n[[Fichier:Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honor\\u00e9,\n        Paris May 2006.jpg|thumb|left|La [[rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honor\\u00e9]], l''une\n        des plus luxueuses rues de Paris.]]\\n\\nEn [[1945 en France|1945]], il n''existait\n        pas moins de 106 maisons labellis\\u00e9es haute couture en [[France]], toutes\n        concentr\\u00e9es \\u00e0 Paris, avec parmi elles l''une des plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        : [[Givenchy]]. Aujourd\\u2019hui, elles ne sont plus qu\\u2019une dizaine :\n        les plus anciennes, [[Christian Dior (entreprise)|Dior]], [[Chanel]], [[Yves\n        Saint Laurent (entreprise)|Yves Saint Laurent]] ou encore les plus modestes\n        [[Dominique Sirop]], [[Adeline Andr\\u00e9]] ou [[Franck Sorbier]].\\n\\nCes\n        maisons de [[haute couture]] excellent dans la mode, et parfois dans la parfumerie\n        par l''entremise de soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9s tierces. Ainsi, ''''[[No 5 (parfum)|{{num\\u00e9ro\n        avec majuscule|5}}]]'''' de [[Chanel]] ou ''''[[Arp\\u00e8ge (parfum)|Arp\\u00e8ge]]'''',\n        apparus dans les ann\\u00e9es 1920, sont devenus incontournables, tout comme\n        ''''[[Miss Dior]]'''' dans les ann\\u00e9es 1940. Depuis le {{s-|XIX}}, \\u00e0\n        c\\u00f4t\\u00e9 de la parfumerie, se d\\u00e9veloppe la maroquinerie, avec [[Louis\n        Vuitton|Vuitton]] ou [[Herm\\u00e8s International|Herm\\u00e8s]] comme repr\\u00e9sentants\n        notables. Vuitton, qui a su d\\u00e9velopper des malles pratiques et raffin\\u00e9es,\n        est devenu un des premiers en la mati\\u00e8re. Certains se partagent la march\\u00e9\n        de la mode et de ses accessoires : [[Lanvin]], Dior\\u2026 Vers la fin du {{s-|XX}},\n        de nouveaux cr\\u00e9ateurs apparaissent comme [[Jean Paul Gaultier]] (qui\n        a remis les corsets \\u00e0 la mode), [[Claude Montana]], [[Thierry Mugler]],\n        [[Christian Lacroix]] (qui mise sur l''explosion des couleurs) ou encore [[Chantal\n        Thomass]] pour la lingerie. Le [[pr\\u00eat-\\u00e0-porter]] n''est pas en reste,\n        avec [[Jean-Charles de Castelbajac]] ou encore [[Vanessa Bruno]] et [[Isabel\n        Marant]] par exemple.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Galerie Lafayette Haussmann Dome.jpg|thumb|upright|Les\n        [[Galeries Lafayette]] du [[boulevard Haussmann]].]]\\n\\nAu d\\u00e9but du {{s-|XXI}},\n        Paris doit faire face \\u00e0 la concurrence de [[New York]], [[Londres]],\n        [[Milan]]. La ville occupe n\\u00e9anmoins une place \\u00e9minente sur la sc\\u00e8ne\n        mondiale, en particulier pour la [[joaillerie]] (concentr\\u00e9e [[place Vend\\u00f4me]]\n        et [[rue de la Paix (Paris)|rue de la Paix]]) et la [[haute couture]]. L''habillement\n        de luxe est particuli\\u00e8rement pr\\u00e9sent dans le [[8e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{8e|arrondissement}}]], notamment [[avenue Montaigne]] ou [[rue\n        du Faubourg-Saint-Honor\\u00e9]]. On y trouve le si\\u00e8ge de [[LVMH - Mo\\u00ebt\n        Hennessy Louis Vuitton|LVMH]], premier groupe mondial dans le secteur du luxe,\n        et les points de vente d''[[Herm\\u00e8s International|Herm\\u00e8s]], [[Cartier\n        (entreprise)|Cartier]], [[Christian Louboutin]], ou [[Christian Dior (entreprise)|Dior]]\n        ainsi que les boutiques de toutes les marques de luxe ind\\u00e9pendantes ou\n        affili\\u00e9es \\u00e0 de grands groupes tels que LVMH ou [[Kering]].\\n\\nParis\n        est aussi une des capitales du \\u00ab shopping \\u00bb et des magasins aux\n        enseignes r\\u00e9put\\u00e9es et pr\\u00e9sentes partout dans le monde, les\n        [[Groupe Galeries Lafayette|Galeries Lafayette]] ou [[Printemps (grands magasins)|le\n        Printemps]]. La ville vit na\\u00eetre les [[Grand magasin|grands magasins]]\n        modernes, fond\\u00e9s sur l''id\\u00e9e r\\u00e9volutionnaire, \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque,\n        de pr\\u00e9senter un assortiment large et profond, des prix fixes et apparents,\n        un acc\\u00e8s direct et une mise en valeur de la marchandise dans un espace\n        de vente dont l''agencement, la composition et les d\\u00e9cors ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        r\\u00e9fl\\u00e9chis. Le premier exemple du genre est [[Le Bon March\\u00e9]]\n        transform\\u00e9 en [[1852 en France|1852]].\\n\\n==== Paris dans le [[neuvi\\u00e8me\n        art]] ([[bande dessin\\u00e9e]]) ====\\nParis et la bande dessin\\u00e9e sont\n        de vieilles amies. D\\u00e8s le d\\u00e9but du si\\u00e8cle, des cr\\u00e9ateurs\n        pr\\u00e9curseurs du neuvi\\u00e8me art font de la capitale le d\\u00e9cor privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9\n        des aventures de leurs personnages. En 1905 appara\\u00eet Annak Labornez,\n        plus connue sous le sobriquet de [[B\\u00e9cassine (bande dessin\\u00e9e)|B\\u00e9cassine]],\n        qui part bien vite travailler \\u00e0 Paris chez la marquise de Grand''Air.\n        En 1908, trois authentiques Parigots commencent \\u00e0 arpenter le pav\\u00e9\n        parisien, au gr\\u00e9 de leurs filouteries et arnaques en tout genre : Croquignol,\n        Ribouldingue et Filochard deviennent c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres sous le nom des [[Les\n        Pieds Nickel\\u00e9s|Pieds Nickel\\u00e9s]].\\n\\nAu sortir de la guerre, la bande\n        dessin\\u00e9e est incontestablement belge, avec deux grandes \\u00e9coles :\n        la [[Ligne claire]] pour le journal de Tintin, sous la houlette de Herg\\u00e9,\n        et l''[[\\u00e9cole de Marcinelle]] pour Spirou, inspir\\u00e9e par [[Joseph\n        Gillain]]. Elle entame sa migration vers la France et Paris en 1959, avec\n        la cr\\u00e9ation par [[Ren\\u00e9 Goscinny]], [[Albert Uderzo]] et [[Jean-Michel\n        Charlier]] de [[Pilote (p\\u00e9riodique)|Pilote]]. C''est en France que la\n        bande dessin\\u00e9e entame son renouveau, voyant appara\\u00eetre des auteurs\n        tels que [[Philippe Druillet]], [[Jean Giraud|Giraud]], [[Fred (auteur)|Fred]]\\u2026\n        En 1978, Casterman lance son propre journal, [[(\\u00c0 suivre)]], ambitieux\n        magazine qui verra exploser le plus parisien des auteurs de BD, [[Jacques\n        Tardi]], avec ''''[[Les Aventures extraordinaires d''Ad\\u00e8le Blanc-Sec]]''''.\n        Cette s\\u00e9rie reconstitue le Paris de la [[Belle \\u00c9poque]], dans une\n        parodie des romans populaires de l''\\u00e9poque.\\n\\n[[Edgar P. Jacobs]], auteur\n        de [[Blake et Mortimer]], s''illustre aussi dans ce domaine, avec pas moins\n        de trois albums se d\\u00e9roulant dans Paris et sa r\\u00e9gion. Ainsi, dans\n        [[S.O.S. M\\u00e9t\\u00e9ores]] (1958 \\u2013 1959 ; se d\\u00e9roulant dans la\n        capitale et dans le [[D\\u00e9partement (France)|d\\u00e9partement]] des [[Yvelines]])\n        et [[L''Affaire du collier (bande dessin\\u00e9e)|L''affaire du collier]] (1965\n        \\u2013 1966 ; exclusivement dans cette ville), les diff\\u00e9rents lieux visit\\u00e9s\n        par les personnages sont repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9s de mani\\u00e8re tr\\u00e8s r\\u00e9alistes.\n        Dans l''aventure ''''[[Le Pi\\u00e8ge diabolique]]'''' (1960 \\u2013 1961),\n        on n''y voit Paris que tr\\u00e8s furtivement, au d\\u00e9but et \\u00e0 la fin,\n        l''aventure se d\\u00e9roulant essentiellement dans la commune de [[La Roche-Guyon]]\n        ([[Val-d''Oise]]).\\n\\nParis (sous le nom antique de [[Lut\\u00e8ce]]) appara\\u00eet\n        dans pas moins de quatre aventures d''[[Ast\\u00e9rix|Ast\\u00e9rix (le Gaulois)]],\n        s\\u00e9rie r\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e par [[Ren\\u00e9 Goscinny]] et [[Albert Uderzo]].\n        Elle sert de d\\u00e9cor d\\u00e8s la seconde aventure, ''''[[La Serpe d''or]]''''\n        (1962), dans lequel les h\\u00e9ros luttent contre un r\\u00e9seau de trafiquants\n        de [[Serpe|serpes]] d''or. Puis, la cit\\u00e9 gauloise sert de seconde \\u00e9tape\n        dans ''''[[Le Tour de Gaule d''Ast\\u00e9rix]]'''' (1965), o\\u00f9 ils ach\\u00e8tent\n        du [[Jambon de Paris|jambon de Lut\\u00e8ce]] et surtout, rencontre leur futur\n        [[chien]] [[Id\\u00e9fix]] (qui sera nomm\\u00e9 \\u00e0 partir de l''album suivant).\n        Elle apparait au d\\u00e9but de l''histoire ''''[[Les Lauriers de C\\u00e9sar]]''''\n        (1972), o\\u00f9 s''y d\\u00e9clenche l''intrigue : le chef [[Abraracourcix]]\n        y fait un pari d''ivrogne dans lequel seront impliqu\\u00e9s les h\\u00e9ros.\n        Enfin, elle est au centre de ''''Lut\\u00e8ce olympique'''', courte histoire\n        \\u00e9crite et dessin\\u00e9e par Albert Uderzo (et qui sera publi\\u00e9e dans\n        ''''[[Ast\\u00e9rix et la Rentr\\u00e9e gauloise]]''''), visant \\u00e0 soutenir\n        la candidature (infructueuse) de Paris aux [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 1992]]. En outre, [[Lut\\u00e8ce]] est souvent \\u00e9voqu\\u00e9e dans la\n        s\\u00e9rie, donnant l''impression d''\\u00eatre la capitale de la [[Gaule]]\n        (afin de mieux donner au lecteur le sentiment que la s\\u00e9rie se d\\u00e9roule\n        \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque actuelle), alors que la capitale des Gaules \\u00e9tait\n        [[Lugdunum]] (l''antique [[Lyon]]).\\n\\nAujourd''hui, les principaux \\u00e9diteurs\n        sont \\u00e0 Paris, dans la lign\\u00e9e des pionniers du d\\u00e9but du si\\u00e8cle\n        comme la dynastie des [[Fr\\u00e8res Offenstadt|Offenstadt]] et leur [[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        parisienne d''\\u00e9dition]]. Et c''est \\u00e0 Paris que la nouvelle bande\n        dessin\\u00e9e a pris racine, avec les jeunes auteurs ind\\u00e9pendants : [[Joann\n        Sfar]], [[Lewis Trondheim]], [[Jean-Christophe Menu]], [[Winshluss]], [[David\n        B.]]\\u2026\\n\\nPrincipales bandes dessin\\u00e9es ayant pour d\\u00e9cor la ville\n        de Paris : ''''Il \\u00e9tait une fois une fille que j''ai rencontr\\u00e9e\n        deux fois'''' de [[Davy Mourier]], ''''[[Kiki de Montparnasse]]'''' de [[Jos\\u00e9-Louis\n        Bocquet]], ''''Louis la Lune'''' de [[Alban Guillemois]], ''''Le Myst\\u00e8re\n        Tour Eiffel'''' de [[Armand Gu\\u00e9rin]] et [[Fabien Lacaf]], ''''Chambres\n        Noires'''' de [[Olivier Bleys]] et [[Yomgui Dumont]], ''''Le Diable Amoureux\n        et autres films jamais tourn\\u00e9s par M\\u00e9li\\u00e8s'''' de [[Fabien Vehlmann]]\n        et [[Franz Duchazeau]]\\u2026\\n\\n==== Paris, capitale du cin\\u00e9ma ====\\nLa\n        premi\\u00e8re projection cin\\u00e9matographique publique a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 r\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 Paris, le 28 d\\u00e9cembre 1895, par [[Antoine Lumi\\u00e8re]]Georges\n        Sadoul, ''''Histoire du cin\\u00e9ma mondial, des origines \\u00e0 nos jours'''',\n        Flammarion, Paris, 1968, {{p.|19}}.{{,}}[http://www.institut-lumiere.org/francais/patrimoinelumiere/premiereseance.html\n        Institut Lumi\\u00e8re.]., et montrant la sortie d''une usine de Lyon,\n        o\\u00f9 a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 invent\\u00e9 l''appareil. C''est \\u00e9galement \\u00e0\n        Paris que [[Georges M\\u00e9li\\u00e8s]] (1861-1938) invente \\u00ab l''art du\n        cin\\u00e9ma \\u00bb et le spectacle cin\\u00e9matographique : avant lui les\n        films sont uniquement des documentaires ou des d\\u00e9monstrations techniques.\n        Georges M\\u00e9li\\u00e8s est connu pour les d\\u00e9veloppements qu''il apporta\n        aux techniques du cin\\u00e9ma, essentiellement dans le domaine du sc\\u00e9nario\n        et des trucages. Il est le premier r\\u00e9alisateur et le cr\\u00e9ateur du\n        premier Studio de cin\\u00e9ma.\\n\\nLa premi\\u00e8re projection publique du\n        cin\\u00e9ma num\\u00e9rique en [[Europe]][https://books.google.fr/books?id=n_wTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=philippe+binant&source=bl&ots=2_4oxEHqdp&sig=_JDkShudghMzP-Rzj-Nyujey3T0&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=HVIFVY-SOequ7Aaf9IDYDA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=philippe%20binant&f=false\n        L. Creton, K. Kitsopanidou (dir.), ''''Les salles de cin\\u00e9ma. Enjeux,\n        d\\u00e9fis et perspectives'''', Armand Colin / Recherche, Paris, 2013, {{p.|116}}].\n        a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 r\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e \\u00e0 Paris, le 2 f\\u00e9vrier 2000, par\n        Philippe Binant''''[[Cahiers du cin\\u00e9ma]]'''', n\\u00b0 hors-s\\u00e9rie,\n        avril 2000, {{p.|32}}..\\n\\n=== Paris, le mythe et la r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9\n        ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=avril 2013}}\\nL''[[histoire de France]]\n        et celle de sa capitale sont depuis longtemps intimement li\\u00e9es, du \\u00ab\n        Paris vaut bien une messe \\u00bb (attribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Henri IV de France|Henri\n        {{IV}}]] qui y [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ravaillac|laissa sa vie]]) au \\u00ab Paris,\n        Paris outrag\\u00e9 ! Paris bris\\u00e9 ! Paris martyris\\u00e9 ! mais Paris\n        lib\\u00e9r\\u00e9 ! \\u00bb (c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre phrase du [[Charles de Gaulle|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        de Gaulle]] prononc\\u00e9e lors de son discours donn\\u00e9 \\u00e0 19 heures,\n        sur la [[Place de l''H\\u00f4tel-de-Ville - Esplanade de la Lib\\u00e9ration|place\n        de l''H\\u00f4tel-de-Ville]], le soir du {{Date|25|ao\\u00fbt|1944}}, jour m\\u00eame\n        de la [[Lib\\u00e9ration de Paris]]{{Ina|I00012416|Petite phrase du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        de Gaulle, sur la place de l''H\\u00f4tel-de-Ville|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}}\n        d\\u00e9cembre 2014}} : \\u00ab Paris outrag\\u00e9 ! Paris bris\\u00e9 !\\u2026\n        \\u00bb.). En effet, un grand nombre d''\\u00e9v\\u00e9nements embl\\u00e9matiques\n        de l''histoire nationale se sont d\\u00e9roul\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Paris, capitale\n        o\\u00f9 se concentrent temps forts, tensions et douleurs mais aussi joies\n        collectives : grandes heures de la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]], [[Commune\n        de Paris (1871)|Commune de Paris]], manifestations du [[Front populaire (France)|Front\n        populaire]].\\n\\nLes pages de l''[[histoire de France]] peuvent donc facilement\n        s''illustrer par Paris, qui loin d''\\u00eatre seulement le centre de la vie\n        politique du pays, b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie d''une image qui, par son rayonnement\n        culturel, ne peut se r\\u00e9duire \\u00e0 une accumulation de clich\\u00e9s\n        : sa [[cour des miracles]], ses monuments mondialement c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres,\n        la [[Tour Eiffel]], son [[M\\u00e9tro de Paris|m\\u00e9tropolitain]], ses [[Expositions\n        universelles de Paris|expositions universelles]], les chansons (celles de\n        la [[Belle \\u00c9poque]], de l''[[Entre-deux-guerres]], d''[[\\u00c9dith Piaf]],\n        ou de [[Maurice Chevalier]]). La ville de la f\\u00eate et de la frivolit\\u00e9\n        (avec ses cabarets), du [[Swing (musique)|swing]] et du [[jazz]] de l''apr\\u00e8s-guerre,\n        des [[Paris au cin\\u00e9ma|cin\\u00e9mas]], est aussi celle du progr\\u00e8s,\n        celle o\\u00f9 se r\\u00e9alise la r\\u00e9ussite sociale (si souvent d\\u00e9crite\n        dans la litt\\u00e9rature){{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire}}. Cet ensemble\n        a constitu\\u00e9 le mythe de Paris{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire}}.\n        Ces repr\\u00e9sentations s''assoient sur une dualit\\u00e9, une repr\\u00e9sentation\n        mat\\u00e9rielle et une spirituelle et symbolique{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire}}.\\n\\nPourtant\n        la ville a fortement \\u00e9volu\\u00e9 au cours des si\\u00e8cles, les [[Transformations\n        de Paris sous le Second Empire|travaux d''Haussmann]] l''ont radicalement\n        modifi\\u00e9e, les transformations des \\u00ab [[trente Glorieuses]] \\u00bb\n        ont encore modifi\\u00e9 l''aspect de plusieurs quartiers, des g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rations\n        de Parisiens se sont succ\\u00e9d\\u00e9, Paris change sans cesse, Paris \\u00e9volue\n        mais \\u00ab Paris sera toujours Paris \\u00bb, par sa fa\\u00e7on de se transformer\n        sans cesse tout en restant la m\\u00eame et en conservant son \\u00e2me[http://www.champ-vallon.com/Pages/Pagesepoques/Bernard.html\n        Les deux Paris : Les repr\\u00e9sentations de Paris dans la seconde moiti\\u00e9\n        du {{S-|XIX|e}}]..\\n\\nParis ne parvient toujours pas \\u00e0 concilier\n        concentration de richesses et qualit\\u00e9 de vie{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire}},\n        contrairement \\u00e0 plusieurs grandes villes de France{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        n\\u00e9cessaire}} qui ont su d\\u00e9velopper leur attractivit\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique\n        et culturelle tout en conservant un environnement de qualit\\u00e9, ce qui\n        explique en partie leur dynamisme d\\u00e9mographique que ne poss\\u00e8de plus\n        Paris. La capitale reste largement en t\\u00eate des villes de France pour\n        sa puissance \\u00e9conomique, le choix de fili\\u00e8res et d''\\u00e9coles\n        pour l''enseignement sup\\u00e9rieur, son offre culturelle d''exception, l''offre\n        de soins et la qualit\\u00e9 d''acc\\u00e8s aux nouvelles technologies (couverture\n        [[Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line|ADSL]] \\u00e0 100 %, large concurrence\n        des op\\u00e9rateurs internet et r\\u00e9cemment le d\\u00e9ploiement de la [[fibre\n        optique]] r\\u00e9sidentielle et du [[Wi-Fi]] gratuit mis en place par la municipalit\\u00e9).\n        Sa qualit\\u00e9 environnementale (pollution, part r\\u00e9duite des espaces\n        verts) reste m\\u00e9diocre et les prix de l''immobilier n''ont cess\\u00e9\n        d''atteindre les sommets[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/le-palmar-egrave-s-2006-des-d-eacute-partements-heureux_482122.html\n        ''''L''Express'''', \\u00ab classement de la qualit\\u00e9 de vie en France\n        sur 15 crit\\u00e8res \\u00bb, 12/10/2006].. 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Aujourd''hui,\n        le drapeau tricolore flotte sur tous les b\\u00e2timents publics. Il est d\\u00e9ploy\\u00e9\n        dans la plupart des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9monies officielles, qu''elles soient civiles\n        ou militaires. \\u00bb Source : ''''[http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-drapeau-francais       Le\n        drapeau fran\\u00e7ais]'''', sur le site officiel du palais de l\\u2019\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e,\n        si\\u00e8ge du pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique fran\\u00e7aise..\\n\\nDevise\n        : ''''{{lang|la|[[Fluctuat nec mergitur]]}}'''', ce qui signifie en latin\n        : \\u00ab Il est battu par les flots, mais ne sombre pas. \\u00bb. Elle \\u00e9voque\n        le navire repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9 sur le [[Blason de Paris|blason de la ville]],\n        symbole de la [[corporation (Ancien R\\u00e9gime)|corporation]] des ''''[[Nautes]]''''\n        ou ''''Marchands de l''eau'''', puissante \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque antique de\n        la ville.\\n\\nLa [[Liste de saints patrons|patronne]] de la ville est [[sainte\n        Genevi\\u00e8ve]], qui aurait \\u00e9cart\\u00e9 [[Attila]] et les [[Huns]] de\n        la ville au {{S-|V|e}} par ses [[pri\\u00e8re]]s. Sa [[ch\\u00e2sse]] se trouve\n        aujourd''hui \\u00e0 l''[[\\u00e9glise Saint-\\u00c9tienne-du-Mont]].\\n\\nLa mairie\n        s''est en outre dot\\u00e9e d''un [[logotype]] reprenant les couleurs bleu\n        et rouge et le dessin de la nef.}}\\n\\n== Pour approfondir ==\\n=== Bibliographie\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Bibliographie sur Paris}}\\n\\nLa bibliographie\n        partielle ci-dessous ne mentionne que les titres ayant \\u00e9t\\u00e9 utilis\\u00e9s\n        pour la r\\u00e9daction de l''article. L''article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9 permet\n        de consulter une bibliographie plus compl\\u00e8te.\\n* {{ouvrage |langue=fr\n        |pr\\u00e9nom1=Marcel |nom1=Le Cl\\u00e8re |titre=Paris de la Pr\\u00e9histoire\n        \\u00e0 nos jours |\\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9d. Bordessoules |ann\\u00e9e=1985 |pages\n        totales=705 }}\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|taille=15|groupe=c}}\\n* {{ouvrage |langue=fr\n        |auteur1=[[Alfred Fierro]]|titre=Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris  |\\u00e9diteur=\n        \\u00c9d. 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Elle se situe au c\\u0153ur d''un vaste bassin s\\u00e9dimentaire\n        aux sols fertiles et au climat temp\\u00e9r\\u00e9, le [[bassin parisien]],\n        sur une boucle de la [[Seine]], entre les confluents de celle-ci avec la [[Marne\n        (rivi\\u00e8re)|Marne]] et l''[[Oise (rivi\\u00e8re)|Oise]]. Ses habitants s\\u2019appellent\n        les Parisiens. Paris est \\u00e9galement le [[chef-lieu]] de la [[R\\u00e9gion\n        fran\\u00e7aise|r\\u00e9gion]] [[\\u00cele-de-France]] et l''unique [[Commune\n        (France)|commune fran\\u00e7aise]] qui est [[#Organisation administrative|en\n        m\\u00eame temps]] un [[D\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partement]].\n        Commune centrale de la [[M\\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9e\n        en 2016, elle est divis\\u00e9e en [[arrondissement]]s, comme les villes de\n        [[Lyon]] et de [[Marseille]], [[Arrondissements de Paris|au nombre de vingt]].\n        L\\u2019\\u00c9tat y dispose de pr\\u00e9rogatives particuli\\u00e8res exerc\\u00e9es\n        par le [[Pr\\u00e9fecture de police de Paris|pr\\u00e9fet de police de Paris]].\\n\\nVille\n        la plus peupl\\u00e9e de [[France]], elle est troisi\\u00e8me parmi les [[Liste\n        des aires urbaines d''Europe|aires urbaines europ\\u00e9ennes]] derri\\u00e8re\n        [[Moscou]] et [[Istanbul]] et la {{29e|plus}} peupl\\u00e9e du monde. Paris\n        compte {{unit\\u00e9|2.22|millions}} d''habitants au {{date-|1 janvier 2014}}.\n        L''[[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris|agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne]] s\\u2019est\n        largement d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9e au cours du {{S-|XX}}, rassemblant {{unit\\u00e9|10.66|millions}}\n        d''habitants au {{date-|1 janvier 2014}}, et son [[Aire urbaine de Paris|aire\n        urbaine]] (l''[[agglom\\u00e9ration]] et la [[couronne p\\u00e9riurbaine]])\n        comptait {{unit\\u00e9|12.48|millions}} d''habitants.\\n\\nLa position de [[Lut\\u00e8ce]],\n        sur une [[\\u00cele de la Cit\\u00e9|\\u00eele]] permettant le franchissement\n        du grand fleuve navigable qu''est la [[Seine]] par une voie reliant le Nord\n        et le Sud des [[Gaule]]s, en fait d\\u00e8s l''Antiquit\\u00e9 une cit\\u00e9\n        importante, capitale des [[Parisii]], puis lieu de s\\u00e9jour d''un empereur\n        romain. Sa position au centre du territoire contr\\u00f4l\\u00e9 par les [[M\\u00e9rovingiens|rois\n        Francs]] la fait choisir comme [[capitale de la France]] \\u00e0 la place de\n        [[Tournai]]. Situ\\u00e9e au c\\u0153ur d''un territoire agricole fertile avec\n        un climat humide et doux, Paris devient une des principales villes de France\n        au cours du {{S-|X}}, avec des [[:Cat\\u00e9gorie:Palais \\u00e0 Paris|palais]]\n        royaux, de riches [[abbaye]]s et une [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale]]\n        ; au cours du {{S-|XII}}, avec l''[[Universit\\u00e9 de Paris]], la cit\\u00e9\n        devient un des premiers foyers en Europe pour l\\u2019enseignement et les arts.\n        Le pouvoir royal se fixant dans cette ville, son importance \\u00e9conomique\n        et politique ne cesse de cro\\u00eetre. Ainsi, au d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XIV}},\n        Paris est l''une des villes les plus importantes du [[Occident chr\\u00e9tien|monde\n        chr\\u00e9tien]]. Au {{S-|XVII}}, elle est la capitale de la principale puissance\n        politique europ\\u00e9enne, au {{S-|XVIII}} l''un des plus grands centres culturels\n        de l\\u2019Europe et au {{S-|XIX}} la capitale des arts et des plaisirs. Paris\n        joue donc un r\\u00f4le culturel, politique et \\u00e9conomique majeur dans\n        l\\u2019[[histoire de l''Europe]] et du [[Occident|monde occidental]] au cours\n        du {{nobr|[[IIe mill\\u00e9naire|{{IIe}} mill\\u00e9naire]]}}.\\n\\nSymbole de\n        la [[culture fran\\u00e7aise]], abritant de nombreux monuments, la ville, surnomm\\u00e9e\n        la ''''Ville Lumi\\u00e8re'''', attire en [[2013]] pr\\u00e8s de {{unit\\u00e9|32|millions}}\n        de visiteurs par an ce qui en fait une des capitales les plus visit\\u00e9es\n        au monde. Paris occupe \\u00e9galement une place pr\\u00e9pond\\u00e9rante dans\n        le milieu de la [[mode (habillement)|mode]] et du [[luxe]]. La capitale fran\\u00e7aise\n        n''est jumel\\u00e9e qu''avec une seule autre ville, [[Rome]], ce qui est valable\n        dans l''autre sens, avec ce slogan : \\u00ab Seul Paris est digne de Rome,\n        seule Rome est digne de Paris \\u00bb. Paris sera, par ailleurs, en [[Jeux\n        olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 2024|2024]] la deuxi\\u00e8me ville apr\\u00e8s\n        [[Londres]] \\u00e0 avoir accueilli trois fois les [[Jeux olympiques]] apr\\u00e8s\n        ceux de [[Jeux olympiques de 1900|1900]] et ceux de [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 1924|1924]]. \\n\\nLa ville est, avec sa [[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris|banlieue]],\n        la capitale \\u00e9conomique et commerciale de la [[France]], ainsi que sa\n        premi\\u00e8re place financi\\u00e8re et boursi\\u00e8re. La [[\\u00cele-de-France|r\\u00e9gion\n        parisienne]], avec un [[produit int\\u00e9rieur brut]] (PIB) de {{unit\\u00e9|649|milliards}}\n        d''euros en 2014, est un acteur \\u00e9conomique europ\\u00e9en majeur. L''\\u00cele-de-France\n        est la huiti\\u00e8me r\\u00e9gion la plus riche d''Europe avec un [[Produit\n        int\\u00e9rieur brut par habitant|PIB par habitant]] de {{Unit\\u00e9|46600|\\u20ac}}\n        en 2013 contre {{Unit\\u00e9|86400}} pour le [[Grand Londres]]. Paris est le\n        si\\u00e8ge de plusieurs organisations internationales comme l''[[Organisation\n        des Nations unies pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture|UNESCO]]\n        ou l''[[Organisation de coop\\u00e9ration et de d\\u00e9veloppement \\u00e9conomiques|OCDE]].\n        Elle est la premi\\u00e8re r\\u00e9gion europ\\u00e9enne par le PIB r\\u00e9gional,\n        devant la Rh\\u00e9nanie du Nord-Westphalie ({{unit\\u00e9|627|milliards}})\n        et le Grand Londres ({{unit\\u00e9|509|milliards}}). \\n\\nLa densit\\u00e9 de\n        ses r\\u00e9seaux ferroviaire, autoroutier et de ses structures a\\u00e9roportuaires\n        en font un point de convergence pour les transports nationaux et internationaux.\n        Cette situation r\\u00e9sulte d\\u2019une longue \\u00e9volution, en particulier\n        des conceptions [[Centralisme|centralisatrices]] des monarchies et des r\\u00e9publiques,\n        qui donnent un r\\u00f4le consid\\u00e9rable \\u00e0 la capitale dans le pays\n        et tendent \\u00e0 y concentrer les institutions. Depuis les [[ann\\u00e9es\n        1960]], les politiques gouvernementales oscillent toutefois entre [[d\\u00e9concentration]]\n        et [[d\\u00e9centralisation]]. La\\u00a0[[Macroc\\u00e9phalie urbaine|macroc\\u00e9phalie]]\\u00a0dont\n        est atteinte la ville se concr\\u00e9tise par la convergence de la plupart\n        des r\\u00e9seaux routiers et ferroviaires du pays en son centre et des \\u00e9carts\n        d\\u00e9mographiques et \\u00e9conomiques disproportionn\\u00e9s entre la\\u00a0[[capitale]]\\u00a0et\n        la\\u00a0[[province]] (pr\\u00e8s de 19\\u00a0% de la population fran\\u00e7aise\n        est dans l''aire urbaine de Paris).\\n{{sommaire|niveau=2}}\\n\\n== G\\u00e9ographie\n        ==\\n=== Localisation ===\\n{{Communes limitrophes\\n | commune = Paris\\n | nord\n        = [[Saint-Ouen (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Ouen]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Denis]],\n        [[Aubervilliers]]\\n | nord-est = [[Pantin]],
[[Le Pr\\u00e9-Saint-Gervais]],[[Les Lilas]]\\n | nord-ouest = [[Clichy]],
[[Levallois-Perret]],[[Neuilly-sur-Seine]]\\n | est = [[Bagnolet]], [[Montreuil (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Montreuil]],\n        [[Saint-Mand\\u00e9]], [[Vincennes]], [[Fontenay-sous-Bois]], [[Nogent-sur-Marne]]\\n\n        | ouest = [[Puteaux]],
[[Suresnes]],
[[Saint-Cloud]]\\n | sud-est\n        = [[Joinville-le-Pont]], [[Saint-Maurice (Val-de-Marne)|Saint-Maurice]], [[Charenton-le-Pont]],\n        [[Ivry-sur-Seine]]\\n | sud-ouest = [[Boulogne-Billancourt]], [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]],\n        [[Vanves]]\\n | sud = [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff]], [[Montrouge]],\n        [[Gentilly (Val-de-Marne)|Gentilly]], [[Le Kremlin-Bic\\u00eatre]]\\n}}\\n\\n===\n        Topographie ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Plans de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Point\n        z\\u00e9ro des routes de France, March 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Point z\\u00e9ro\n        des routes de France, devant la cath\\u00e9drale [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame\n        de Paris|Notre-Dame de Paris]].]]\\nAu milieu du [[Bassin parisien]], deux\n        \\u00eeles sur la [[Seine]] constituent le c\\u0153ur historique de Paris :\n        l''[[\\u00eele Saint-Louis]], la plus \\u00e0 l''est et l''[[\\u00eele de la\n        Cit\\u00e9]], la plus \\u00e0 l''ouest . La ville s''\\u00e9tend de part et d''autre\n        du fleuve, sur une superficie environ deux fois sup\\u00e9rieure au nord, sur\n        la [[Rive droite (Paris)|rive droite]], \\u00e0 celle au sud, sur la [[Rive\n        gauche (Paris)|rive gauche]].\\n\\nPlusieurs reliefs compos\\u00e9s de [[Butte-t\\u00e9moin|buttes-t\\u00e9moin]]\n        [[gypse]]uses forment de petites collines\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3079&portlet_id=10579\\n\n        |titre= Dimensions\\n |date= {{1er}} juillet 2010\\n |site= site de la mairie\n        de Paris\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 20 mars 2011\\n}}. : sur la rive droite,\n        [[Montmartre]] ({{unit\\u00e9|131|m}}), [[Belleville (Seine)|Belleville]] ({{unit\\u00e9|128.5|m}}),\n        [[M\\u00e9nilmontant (quartier parisien)|M\\u00e9nilmontant]] ({{unit\\u00e9|108|m}}),\n        les [[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont|Buttes-Chaumont]] ({{unit\\u00e9|103|m}}), [[Passy\n        (Seine)|Passy]] ({{unit\\u00e9|71|m}}) et [[Quartier de Chaillot|Chaillot]]\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|67|m}}) ; sur la rive gauche, [[Quartier du Montparnasse|Montparnasse]]\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|66|m}}), la [[Butte-aux-Cailles]] ({{unit\\u00e9|63|m}}) et la\n        [[Montagne Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve]] ({{unit\\u00e9|61|m}}). \\nParis intra-muros,\n        d\\u00e9limit\\u00e9e de fait en 1844 par l''[[enceinte de Thiers]], puis administrativement\n        en 1860 par l''[[Liste des anciennes communes de Paris|annexion de communes]]\n        ou de leurs quartiers, est aujourd''hui s\\u00e9par\\u00e9e de ses communes\n        limitrophes par une fronti\\u00e8re artificielle\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.apur.org/notes-48-pages/seuils-paris-etude-linterface-paris-banlieue\\n\n        |titre= Les seuils de Paris : \\u00e9tude de l''interface Paris-banlieue\\n\n        |date=   mars 2001\\n |site= site de l''[[Atelier parisien d''urbanisme]]\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 30 juillet 2010\\n}}., le [[boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        de Paris|boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique]], [[voie rapide]] urbaine de {{unit\\u00e9|35|km}}.\n        Les acc\\u00e8s routiers se font par les [[portes de Paris]] ou par les routes\n        et autoroutes qui rejoignent cette rocade, dont la couverture progressive\n        permet de mieux ouvrir Paris \\u00e0 son agglom\\u00e9ration.\\n\\nAu-del\\u00e0\n        de l''[[enceinte de Thiers]], deux grands espaces bois\\u00e9s ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s par le [[Georges Eug\\u00e8ne Haussmann|baron Haussmann]],\n        [[Pr\\u00e9fet de d\\u00e9partement|pr\\u00e9fet]] de la [[Seine (d\\u00e9partement)|Seine]]\n        de 1853 \\u00e0 1870, sur des communes voisines, avant d''\\u00eatre rattach\\u00e9s\n        \\u00e0 Paris en 1929 : \\u00e0 l''ouest, le [[Bois de Boulogne]] ({{unit\\u00e9|846|hectares}},\n        [[16e arrondissement de Paris|16{{e}}]]) et \\u00e0 l''est, le [[Bois de Vincennes]]\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|995|hectares}}, [[12e arrondissement de Paris|12{{e}}]]), ce\n        qui porte le p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tre de la ville \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|54.74|km}}.\n        Paris s''\\u00e9tend \\u00e9galement sur l''[[H\\u00e9liport de Paris - Issy-les-Moulineaux|h\\u00e9liport]]\n        ({{15e|arrondissement}}). Plus anecdotique, depuis 1864, la ville de Paris\n        est propri\\u00e9taire du domaine entourant les [[Source-Seine|sources de la\n        Seine]]\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/thema/625.htm\\n\n        |titre= Le \\u00ab Domaine des Sources de la Seine \\u00bb in ''''Paris en sc\\u00e8nes\n        / N\\u00b07 {{2e}} trimestre 2005''''\\n |date=     2005\\n |site= site du CNRS\n        (Paris en sc\\u00e8nes / N\\u00b07 {{2e}} trimestre 2005)\\n |consult\\u00e9 le=\n        31 juillet 2010\\n}}., \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|231|km}} de la ville.\\n\\nLa\n        superficie de la ville de Paris est de[http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=COM-75056\n        Commune de Paris, R\\u00e9sum\\u00e9 statistique], sur le site Internet de l''INSEE,\n        ''''insee.fr'''', consult\\u00e9 le 15 octobre 2012. {{unit\\u00e9|105.40|km|2}}\n        ({{113e|rang}} des [[commune (France)|communes de France]] m\\u00e9tropolitaine).\n        Son p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tre en longeant le [[Boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        de Paris|boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique]] est de {{Unit\\u00e9|35|km}}, sa\n        longueur est-ouest de {{Unit\\u00e9|18|km}}, et celle nord-sud de {{Unit\\u00e9|9.5|km}}[http://www.paris.fr/politiques/paris-d-hier-a-aujourd-hui/geographie-de-la-capitale/dimensions/rub_4946_stand_3079_port_10579\n        G\\u00e9ographie de la capitale \\u2013 Dimensions], sur ''''paris.fr'''', article\n        du 20 ao\\u00fbt 2010, consult\\u00e9 le {{1er}} juin 2015..\\n\\nSon [[Unit\\u00e9\n        urbaine (France)|unit\\u00e9 urbaine]] s''\\u00e9tend sur {{unit\\u00e9|2845|km|2}}\n        et rassemble {{Unit\\u00e9|10659489|habitants}} en 2014, r\\u00e9partis dans\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|412|communes}} d''[[\\u00cele-de-France]]\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2874072?geo=UU2010-00851\\n\n        |titre= R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2014\\n |date= juin\n        2017\\n |site= site de l''Insee\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 3 juillet 2017\\n}}..\\n\\nLe\n        [[point z\\u00e9ro des routes de France]] est mat\\u00e9rialis\\u00e9 par une\n        dalle situ\\u00e9e devant [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame\n        de Paris]].\\n\\n\\nFichier:Paris Night.jpg|Vue\n        sur ''''Paris'''', au cr\\u00e9puscule, depuis la [[tour Montparnasse]].\\n\\n\\n===\n        Hydrographie ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Seine \\u00e0 Paris|D\\u00e9bit\n        de la Seine \\u00e0 Paris|Bi\\u00e8vre (affluent de la Seine){{!}}Bi\\u00e8vre|Canal\n        Saint-Martin|Liste des ponts de Paris}}\\n\\nLa [[Seine]] traverse la ville\n        en formant un arc de cercle, y entrant par le sud-est pour en sortir au sud-ouest.\n        Plus de [[Liste des ponts de Paris|trente ponts]] permettent de franchir le\n        [[Seine|fleuve]].\\n\\n\\nFichier:Pont\n        des Arts, Paris.jpg|Le pont des Arts et le pont Neuf, deux des plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        ponts de Paris.\\n\\n\\nLa ville est \\u00e9galement travers\\u00e9e\n        par la [[Bi\\u00e8vre (affluent de la Seine)|Bi\\u00e8vre]], aujourd''hui enti\\u00e8rement\n        souterraine, qui arrive du sud, et par le [[canal Saint-Martin]] ({{unit\\u00e9|4.5|kilom\\u00e8tres}}),\n        inaugur\\u00e9 en 1825. Il constitue la partie terminale du [[canal de l''Ourcq]]\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|108|kilom\\u00e8tres}}) et du [[canal Saint-Denis]] ({{unit\\u00e9|6.6|kilom\\u00e8tres}}),\n        ouvert en 1821, qui permet de rejoindre la Seine en aval en \\u00e9vitant la\n        travers\\u00e9e de la ville. Il alimente le [[bassin de la Villette]], passe\n        en souterrain sous les [[Boulevards parisiens|boulevards]] [[Boulevard Jules-Ferry|Jules-Ferry]]\n        et [[Boulevard Richard-Lenoir|Richard-Lenoir]] et la [[place de la Bastille]],\n        traverse le port de l''Arsenal et rejoint la [[Seine]] en amont de l''[[\\u00eele\n        Saint-Louis]]{{p.|748}}..\\n\\n\\nSeine\n        wide.jpg|Vue panoramique \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|180|degr\\u00e9s}} de la [[Seine]]\n        pr\\u00e8s du [[pont Saint-Michel]] (\\u00e0 gauche) et de [[Cath\\u00e9drale\n        Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] (\\u00e0 droite de l''image).\\n\\n\\nAutrefois,\n        la [[Seine]] recevait encore dans Paris un autre affluent : le [[ruisseau\n        de M\\u00e9nilmontant]] qui traversait les faubourgs [[Porte Saint-Martin|Saint-Martin]]\n        et [[Porte Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]], passait derri\\u00e8re la [[Grange-Bateli\\u00e8re\n        (rivi\\u00e8re)|Grange-Bateli\\u00e8re]], continuait en traversant [[Rue de\n        la Ville-l''\\u00c9v\\u00eaque|la Ville-l''Ev\\u00eaque]] et [[Quartier du Faubourg-du-Roule|le\n        Roule]] et se jetait dans la Seine au nord de la [[Quartier de Chaillot|colline\n        de Chaillot]]. \\u00c0 partir du {{s-|XVI}}, il fut transform\\u00e9 en \\u00e9gout\n        et devint le [[\\u00c9gouts de Paris#Le r\\u00e9seau ancien|Grand \\u00c9gout]]Grand dictionnaire Larousse T12 de Pierre Larousse \\u00e9dition\n        1874..\\n\\nD''autres cours d''eau traversent ou ont travers\\u00e9 Paris,\n        dont le [[ruisseau du Bac]], la [[Bi\\u00e8vre (affluent de la Seine)|Bi\\u00e8vre]],\n        le ru des Orgueilleux, le [[canal de l''Ourcq]], la [[darse du fond de Rouvray]],\n        le [[ruisseau de Gravelle]], le [[ruisseau de Montreuil]] {{Incise|\\u00e9galement\n        appel\\u00e9 ruisseau de la Pissotte}}, le [[ruisseau de Saint-Germain]], le\n        [[canal Saint-Martin]]{{Lien web |auteur=Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Lewino et\n        Gwendoline dos Santos |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/villes/les-rivieres-disparues-07-10-2010-1249354_27.php\n        |titre=Les rivi\\u00e8res disparues |date=article du {{Date-|7 octobre 2010}}\n        |site=[http://www.lepoint.fr lepoint.fr] |consult\\u00e9 le=4 mai 2017}}..\\n\\nLa\n        ville a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 marqu\\u00e9e par de nombreuses inondations, dont les\n        plus importantesGrand dictionnaire Larousse T12 de Pierre Larousse \\u00e9dition\n        1874 pour les inondations avant 1844. sont celles de 583, 842, 1206,\n        1280, 1325, 1407, 1499, 1616, 1658, 1663, 1719, 1733, 1740, 1764, 1799, 1802,\n        1836, 1844, 1876, [[Crue de la Seine de 1910|1910]], 1920, 1924, 1945, 1955,\n        1986 et [[Inondations europ\\u00e9ennes de 2016#Paris|2016]].\\n\\n=== G\\u00e9ologie\n        et relief ===\\nLe [[Bassin parisien]], constitu\\u00e9 il y a {{nobr|41 millions}}\n        d''ann\\u00e9es, forme un grand ensemble de couches s\\u00e9dimentaires successives.\n        C''est un bassin marin \\u00e9picontinental reposant sur des massifs datant\n        du [[pal\\u00e9ozo\\u00efque]], les [[massif des Vosges|Vosges]], le [[Massif\n        central]] et le [[Massif armoricain]]. Avec la formation des [[Alpes]], le\n        bassin se referme mais reste ouvert vers la [[Manche (mer)|Manche]] et l''[[oc\\u00e9an\n        Atlantique]], pr\\u00e9figurant les futurs bassins fluviaux de la [[Loire (fleuve)|Loire]]\n        et de la [[Seine]]. \\u00c0 la fin de l''[[Oligoc\\u00e8ne]], le Bassin parisien\n        devient continental\\n{{Lien web\\n |url = http://www.mnhn.fr/mnhn/geo/collectionlutetien/fichebp.html\\n\n        |titre = Le bassin de Paris, le berceau de la g\\u00e9ologie\\n |date = mai\n        2002\\n |site = site du Mus\\u00e9um national d''histoire naturelle de Paris\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 31 juillet 2010\\n}}..\\n\\nEn 1911, le g\\u00e9ologue\n        [[Paul Lemoine (g\\u00e9ologue)|Paul Lemoine]] montre que le bassin est compos\\u00e9\n        de strates dispos\\u00e9es en cuvettes concentriques\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/mnhn/geo/collectionlutetien/fichebp2.html\\n\n        |titre= Le bassin de Paris, pr\\u00e8s de 200 ans de progr\\u00e8s stratigraphiques\\n\n        |date= mars 2002\\n |site= site du Mus\\u00e9um national d''histoire naturelle\n        de Paris\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 31 juillet 2010\\n}}.{{,}}\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |url=http://www.annales.org/archives/x/lemoine4.html\\n |titre= Paul\n        LEMOINE (1878-1940)\\n |site= site des Annales des Mines\\n |consult\\u00e9 le=\n        31 juillet 2010\\n}}., puis des \\u00e9tudes approfondies sur des donn\\u00e9es\n        sismiques, des forages et des puits confirment les strates en cuvettes concentriques,\n        mais avec des objets complexes comme des [[faille]]s. Les formations du relief\n        parisien se situent dans les couches du [[M\\u00e9sozo\\u00efque]] et du [[Pal\\u00e9og\\u00e8ne]]\n        ([[Tertiaire (g\\u00e9ologie)|\\u00e8re tertiaire]]) et ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9labor\\u00e9es\n        par l''[[\\u00e9rosion]]. \\nLa premi\\u00e8re strate datant de l''\\u00e8re tertiaire\n        est constitu\\u00e9e d''alluvions de la Seine d''\\u00e9poque moderne. Les plus\n        anciens d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts sont des [[sable]]s et des [[argile]]s datant de\n        l''\\u00e9tage [[sparnacien]] pr\\u00e9sent dans le {{nobr|{{16e}} arrondissement}}\n        d''[[Quartier d''Auteuil|Auteuil]] au [[Place du Trocad\\u00e9ro-et-du-11-Novembre|Trocad\\u00e9ro]].\n        Mais l''\\u00e9tage le plus connu est le [[Lut\\u00e9tien]], riche en [[gypse]]\n        et en [[calcaire]]\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/mnhn/geo/collectionlutetien/lutetien3-2.html\\n\n        |titre= Le Lut\\u00e9tien du bassin de Paris\\n |site= site du Mus\\u00e9um national\n        d''histoire naturelle de Paris\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 31 juillet 2010\\n}}..\\n[[Fichier:Paris\n        14 la crypte.jpg|thumb|Aper\\u00e7u des [[carri\\u00e8res souterraines de Paris]].]]\\n\\nLe\n        sous-sol parisien se caract\\u00e9rise par la pr\\u00e9sence de nombreuses [[Carri\\u00e8res\n        souterraines de Paris|carri\\u00e8res]] de [[calcaire]], [[gypse]] et [[Meuli\\u00e8re\n        (g\\u00e9ologie)|pierre meuli\\u00e8re]]. Certaines ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 utilis\\u00e9es\n        comme [[Catacombes de Paris|catacombes]] et forment l''[[ossuaire]] municipal,\n        dont une partie est ouverte au public. Le calcaire a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 exploit\\u00e9\n        jusqu''au {{S-|XIV}} sur la rive gauche, de la [[Place d''Italie (Paris)|place\n        d''Italie]] \\u00e0 [[Vaugirard (Seine)|Vaugirard]], et son extraction s''est\n        aujourd''hui d\\u00e9plac\\u00e9e vers l''[[Oise (d\\u00e9partement)|Oise]],\n        \\u00e0 [[Saint-Maximin (Oise)|Saint-Maximin]] par exempleR. Soyer et\n        A. Cailleux, ''''G\\u00e9ologie de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne'''', \\u00e9dition\n        [[Presses universitaires de France]], coll. Que-sais-je ?, 1959, {{p.|94}}..\n        L''exploitation du gypse a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 tr\\u00e8s active \\u00e0 [[Montmartre]]\n        et [[Bagneux (Hauts-de-Seine)|Bagneux]].\\n\\nL''[[hydrog\\u00e9ologie]] est\n        tr\\u00e8s influenc\\u00e9e par l''urbanisation. La [[Bi\\u00e8vre (affluent\n        de la Seine)|Bi\\u00e8vre]], petit affluent de la [[Seine]] qui a model\\u00e9\n        toute la rive gauche, a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 couverte au {{S-|XIX}} pour des raisons\n        hygi\\u00e9niques. De nombreuses nappes d''eau souterraines, pr\\u00e9sentes\n        dans le sous-sol parisien, fournissent par forage de l''eau \\u00e0 la ville,\n        comme celles d''[[Quartier d''Auteuil|Auteuil]]. La nappe [[albien]]ne est\n        la plus connue de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne et est exploit\\u00e9e \\u00e0 Paris\n        depuis [[1841]] par le [[puits art\\u00e9sien]] de [[Quartier de Grenelle|Grenelle]]R.\n        Soyer et A. Cailleux, ''''op. cit.'''', {{p.|108 et 109}}..\\n{{clr}}\\n\\n===\n        Climat ===\\n[[Fichier:Parc_Montsouris_station_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_2.JPG|vignette|[[Station\n        m\\u00e9t\\u00e9orologique]] du [[parc Montsouris]].]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Climat\n        de Paris}}\\nUne [[station m\\u00e9t\\u00e9orologique]], ouverte le {{date-|17\n        juin 1872}}, est situ\\u00e9e dans le [[14e arrondissement de Paris|{{14e|arrondissement}}]],\n        dans la partie sud du [[parc Montsouris]] (coordonn\\u00e9es : {{coord|48|49|18|N|2|20|16|E|altitude:75_scale:13542|format=dec|name=Station\n        m\\u00e9t\\u00e9o ouverte le 17 juin 1872}}), \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|75|m\\u00e8tres}}\n        d''altitude{{pdf}} [https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/metadonnees_publiques/fiches/fiche_75114001.pdf\n        Fiche du poste 75114001], contenant les donn\\u00e9es publiques de la station\n        [[M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o-France]], consult\\u00e9e le 23 octobre 2015..\\n\\nParis\n        a un [[climat oc\\u00e9anique|climat de type oc\\u00e9anique]] d\\u00e9grad\\u00e9\n        : l''influence oc\\u00e9anique d\\u00e9passe celle continentale et se traduit\n        (1981 - 2010) par une temp\\u00e9rature minimale moyenne de {{tmp|15.1|\\u00b0C}}\n        de juin \\u00e0 ao\\u00fbt et de {{tmp|3|\\u00b0C}} de d\\u00e9cembre \\u00e0 f\\u00e9vrier\n        et de {{tmp|8.9|\\u00b0C}} sur l''ann\\u00e9e, avec des pluies fr\\u00e9quentes\n        en toutes saisons ({{nobr|111 jours}}) et un temps changeant mais avec des\n        pluies plus faibles ({{unit\\u00e9|637|millim\\u00e8tres}}) que sur les c\\u00f4tes,\n        et quelques pointes de temp\\u00e9ratures (influence continentale) au c\\u0153ur\n        de l''hiver ou de l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9. Le d\\u00e9veloppement de l''[[urbanisation]]\n        provoque une augmentation de la temp\\u00e9rature et une baisse du nombre de\n        jours de brouillard[http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579\n        Mairie de Paris - Le climat]{{,}}[http://www.meteo-paris.com/ile-de-france/climat.html\n        M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o-Paris - Climat de l''\\u00cele-de-France]..\\n\\nLors de\n        la [[canicule europ\\u00e9enne de 2003]], il a fait {{tmp|39.4|\\u00b0C}} le\n        {{date-|6 ao\\u00fbt}}, {{tmp|39.5|\\u00b0C}} le {{date-|11 ao\\u00fbt}} et {{tmp|39.4|\\u00b0C}}\n        le {{date-|12 ao\\u00fbt}}[archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.meteo-paris.com/ile-de-france/records/mois/aout&title=Meteo-paris.com%2C\n        relev\\u00e9 des records de temp\\u00e9rature \\u00e0 Paris, Temp\\u00e9ratures\n        et records pour Paris] M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o Paris.com. Le record de temp\\u00e9rature\n        minimale la plus chaude a eu lieu les {{Date-|11|ao\\u00fbt-|2003-}} et {{Date-|12|ao\\u00fbt|2003}}\n        avec {{tmp|25.5|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nEn 2012, le maximum\n        observ\\u00e9 a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 de {{tmp|38.4|\\u00b0C}} le {{date-|18 ao\\u00fbt}}\n        et de {{tmp|38.1|\\u00b0C}} le {{date-|19 ao\\u00fbt}}.\n        Le {{date-|31 octobre 2014}}, le maximum \\u00e9tait de {{tmp|22|\\u00b0C}}[http://www.meteociel.fr/climatologie/villes.php?code=7156&mois=10&annee=2014\n        Donn\\u00e9es mensuelles d''octobre 2014 pour Paris - Montsouris (75)] meteociel.fr,\n        consult\\u00e9 le {{date-|1 novembre 2014}}.. Le {{date-|1 novembre 2014}},\n        le maximum du mois de novembre est battu de {{tmp|0.4|\\u00b0C}} avec {{tmp|21.4|\\u00b0C}}[http://www.meteociel.fr/climatologie/villes.php?code=7156\n        Donn\\u00e9es mensuelles de novembre 2014 pour Paris - Montsouris (75)] meteociel.fr\n        consult\\u00e9 le 2 novembre 2014.. Le {{date-|7 novembre 2015}}, la\n        temp\\u00e9rature culmine \\u00e0 {{tmp|21.6|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nDurant la p\\u00e9riode\n        froide, la journ\\u00e9e o\\u00f9 il a gel\\u00e9 le plus tardivement \\u00e9tait\n        le {{Date-|8 janvier 1935}} avec {{tmp|\\u22120.7|\\u00b0C}}, puis le {{Date-|18\n        janvier 2016}} avec {{tmp|\\u22121.2|\\u00b0C}}. Aucun gel n''est survenu pendant\n        {{unit\\u00e9|340|jours}} de suite en 2015\\u22122016 (il avait gel\\u00e9 le\n        {{date-|12 f\\u00e9vrier 2015}})[http://www.meteociel.fr/actu/603/record_de_la_gelee_la_plus_tardive_a_paris_et_montelimar/\n        Record de la gel\\u00e9e la plus tardive \\u00e0 Paris et Mont\\u00e9limar],\n        sur ''''meteociel.fr'''', publi\\u00e9 le 20 janvier 2016..\\n\\nEn 2016,\n        le 25 ao\\u00fbt, la temp\\u00e9rature atteint {{tmp|36.5|\\u00b0C}} et \\u00e0\n        {{heure|22}} {{tmp|29.2|\\u00b0C}} ({{tmp|33.7|\\u00b0C}} le 12 ao\\u00fbt 2003\n        \\u00e0 {{heure|22}})http://meteociel.fr/climatologie/villes.php?code=7156\n        Donn\\u00e9es mensuelles de ao\\u00fbt 2016\\npour Paris - Montsouris (75) consult\\u00e9\n        2016 ao\\u00fbt 26.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"margin: auto; width:\n        80%; text-align: center; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 90%;\\\"\\n\\n| style=\\\"text-align:\n        center; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 90%;\\\" colspan=\\\"13\\\" | ''''''Paris-Montsouris''''''\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left;\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Mois\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | J\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | F\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | M\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | A\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | M\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | Jn\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | Jt\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | A\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | S\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | O\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | N\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | D\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\"\n        | Ann\\u00e9e\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left;\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\" | Temp\\u00e9ratures maximales (en\n        \\u00b0C)\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 7,2\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 195); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 8,3\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 255, 69); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 12,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        238, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 15,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 204,\n        0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 19,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 170, 0);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 22,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 153, 0); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 25,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 153, 0); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 25,0\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 187, 0); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 21,1\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 221, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 16,3\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 135); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        10,8\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 7,5\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | {{tmp|16.0|\\u00b0C}}\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Temp\\u00e9ratures minimales (en \\u00b0C)\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 2,7\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 2,8\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 5,3\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 7,3\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 255, 135); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 10,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        255, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 13,8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 238,\n        0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 15,8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 238, 0);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 15,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 0); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 12,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 195); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 9,6\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 5,8\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 3,4\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | {{tmp|8.9|\\u00b0C}}\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Pr\\u00e9cipitations (hauteur moyenne en mm)\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 51,0\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165,\n        198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 41,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198,\n        255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 47,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 51,8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(135, 179, 255); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 63,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 49,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(135, 179, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 62,3\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 52,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        47,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(135, 179, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 61,5\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 51,1\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 57,8\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245,\n        245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | {{unit\\u00e9|637|mm}}\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Nombre de jours avec pr\\u00e9cipitations (> {{unit\\u00e9|1|mm}})\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 9,9\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 8,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(135,\n        179, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 10,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198,\n        255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 9,3\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 9,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 8,4\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 7,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 7,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 7,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        9,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(165, 198, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 9,9\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(135, 179, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 10,9\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 111 jrs\\n|-\\n\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Nombre d''heures d''ensoleillement\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255,\n        119); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 62.5\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 119);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 79.2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 245, 0); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 128.9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 225, 0); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 166\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 215, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 193.8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 205, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        202.1\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 205, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 212.2\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 205, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 212.1\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 225, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 167.9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        240, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 117.8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255,\n        119); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 67.7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 153);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 51.4\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1661.6 h\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align: center; line-height:\n        1.5; font-size: 90%;\\\" colspan=\\\"13\\\" | Source : M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o France\\n|}\\n\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"margin: auto; width: 80%; text-align: center;\n        line-height: 1.2; font-size: 90%;\\\"\\n| style=\\\"text-align: center; line-height:\n        1.5; font-size: 90%;\\\" colspan=\\\"13\\\" | ''''''Paris-Montsouris'''''' - Temp\\u00e9ratures\n        extr\\u00eames de 1873 \\u00e0 2015\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245,\n        245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\" | Mois\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | J\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | F\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | M\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | A\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | M\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | J\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | J\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | A\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | S\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | O\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | N\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"col\\\" | D\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Temp\\u00e9ratures maximales records (en \\u00b0C)\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 221, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 16,1\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        187, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 21,4\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 153,\n        0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 25,7\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 102, 0);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 30,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 68, 0); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 34,8\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 51, 0); color: rgb(255,\n        255, 255);\\\" | 37,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 0, 0); color: rgb(255,\n        255, 255);\\\" | 40,4\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 34, 0); color: rgb(255,\n        255, 255);\\\" | 39,5\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 51, 0); color: rgb(255,\n        255, 255);\\\" | 36,2\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 119, 0); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 28,9\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 187, 0); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 21,6\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 221, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 17,1\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\" | Ann\\u00e9es des temp\\u00e9ratures maximales\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1999\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1960\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1955\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255,\n        255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1949\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1944\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1947\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 1947\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 2003\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 1895\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        2011\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 2015\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1989\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\" | Temp\\u00e9ratures minimales records (en \\u00b0C)\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(30, 113, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -14,6\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(30, 113, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -14,7\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(105, 160, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -9,1\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | -3,5\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(225, 236, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | -0,1\\n| style=\\\"background: white;\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 3,1\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 6,0\\n| style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 6,3\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1,8\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(195, 217, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | -3,1\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(30,\n        113, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -14,0\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(0,\n        68, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\" | -23,9\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(245, 245, 245); text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" scope=\\\"row\\\"\n        | Ann\\u00e9es des temp\\u00e9ratures minimales\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1940\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255,\n        255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1956\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255);\n        color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1890\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color:\n        rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1879\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0,\n        0, 0);\\\" | 1874\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,\n        0);\\\" | 1881\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\"\n        | 1907\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" |\n        1881\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1889\\n|\n        style=\\\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1890\\n| style=\\\"background:\n        rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1890\\n| style=\\\"background: rgb(255,\n        255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\\\" | 1879\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"text-align: center;\n        line-height: 1.5; font-size: 90%;\\\" colspan=\\\"13\\\" | Source : M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o-France\\n|}\\n\\nTous\n        les trimestres, [[M\\u00e9t\\u00e9o-France]] et l''Agence parisienne du climat\n        \\u00e9ditent un bulletin climatique qui revient en d\\u00e9tail sur les saisons\n        pass\\u00e9es et les compare \\u00e0 celles des {{nobr|30 derni\\u00e8res}} ann\\u00e9es[http://www.apc-paris.com/points-de-reperes/le-changement-climatique-a-paris.html\n        Le changement climatique \\u00e0 Paris], bulletins trimestriels en ligne sur\n        apc-paris.com.\\n\\nLe {{date-|10|septembre|1896}}, une [[Tornade du 10\n        septembre 1896 \\u00e0 Paris|violente tornade]] frappe le c\\u0153ur de Paris,\n        peu avant {{nobr|15 heures}}. Elle se d\\u00e9place de {{unit\\u00e9|6|km}}\n        et fait cinq morts et une centaine de bless\\u00e9s''''[[Gazette du village]]''''\n        {{num\\u00e9ro}} 38, dat\\u00e9e du 20 septembre 1896..\\n\\n=== Transports\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Transports \\u00e0 Paris|Transports en \\u00cele-de-France}}\\n[[Fichier:Le\n        tramway - Flickr - besopha.jpg|vignette|La ligne 3a du tramway.]]\\n[[Fichier:\\u00c9dicule\n        Guimard - station Colonel Fabien.jpg|vignette|upright|[[\\u00c9dicule Guimard]]\n        \\u00e0 la station de m\\u00e9tro
''''[[Colonel Fabien (m\\u00e9tro de Paris)|Colonel\n        Fabien]]''''.]]\\n[[Fichier:Station Velib DSC 3497.JPG|vignette|Station V\\u00e9lib''\n        place de la Bastille, avec pistes cyclables.]]\\nLe premier mode de d\\u00e9placement\n        est la marche, qui assure 40 % des trajets quotidiens, qu''ils soient internes\n        \\u00e0 Paris ou entre Paris et sa banlieue. En surface, elle repr\\u00e9sente\n        75 % des d\\u00e9placements{{ouvrage |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade\n        |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou l''illusion techniciste de la\n        politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan |lien\n        \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015 |volume=\n        |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=147-151 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire en\n        ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9 le=29/08/2017\n        }}..\\n\\nViennent ensuite les transports en commun, au premier rang desquels\n        figure le [[M\\u00e9tro de Paris|m\\u00e9tro]], qui assure 20 % des d\\u00e9placements\n        parisiens{{ouvrage |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras\n        de Paris |sous-titre=ou l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne\n        des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions\n        L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015 |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271\n        |passage=13 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597\n        |consult\\u00e9 le=29/08/2017 }}.. Pr\\u00e9sent depuis {{date-|1900}}\n        (date d''ouverture du premier tron\\u00e7on de la [[Ligne 1 du m\\u00e9tro de\n        Paris|ligne 1]]), il compte aujourd''hui {{unit\\u00e9|16|lignes}}, et est\n        consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme l''un des symboles de la ville, notamment gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 son style architectural [[Art nouveau]]. Les transports en commun ferr\\u00e9s\n        sont compl\\u00e9t\\u00e9s par les cinq lignes du [[R\\u00e9seau express r\\u00e9gional\n        d''\\u00cele-de-France|RER]], r\\u00e9seau ferroviaire suburbain qui facilite\n        les relations \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9chelle de l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne;\n        par les six grandes gares ferroviaires ([[Gare de Paris-Austerlitz|Paris-Austerlitz]],\n        [[Gare de Paris-Est|Paris-Est]], [[Paris-Gare-de-Lyon]], [[Gare de Paris-Montparnasse|Paris-Montparnasse]],\n        [[Gare de Paris-Nord|Paris-Nord]], [[Gare de Paris-Saint-Lazare|Paris-Saint-Lazare]])\n        qui relient Paris \\u00e0 sa p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 une quinzaine\n        de lignes de chemin de fer de banlieue ([[Transilien]]), ainsi qu''\\u00e0\n        toutes les villes de [[France]] et aux pays proches par le biais du [[TGV]]\n        ou de trains classiques; et enfin, plus r\\u00e9cemment, par un tramway quasi-circulaire\n        (lignes [[Ligne 3a du tramway d''\\u00cele-de-France|T3a]] et [[Ligne 3b du\n        tramway d''\\u00cele-de-France|T3b]]). Enfin, \\u00e0 c\\u00f4t\\u00e9 des transports\n        en commun ferroviaires existe un r\\u00e9seau dense d''une centaine de lignes\n        de [[Autobus|bus]] sur un plan fond\\u00e9 pour l''essentiel en 1947{{lien\n        web|url=http://france3-regions.blog.francetvinfo.fr/transportez-moi/2017/03/03/grand-paris-des-bus-vers-un-grand-gachis.html|titre=Grand\n        Paris des Bus : vers un grand g\\u00e2chis ?|\\u00e9diteur=francetvinfo.fr|date=3\n        mars 2017|auteur=Bertrand Lambert|consult\\u00e9 le=4 mars 2017}}..\\n\n        \\nPour ce qui est des d\\u00e9placements quotidiens, aussi bien dans Paris\n        qu''entre Paris et la banlieue, la voiture, dont l''usage est en baisse continue\n        depuis les ann\\u00e9es 1990, ne joue plus qu''un r\\u00f4le secondaire - elle\n        ne repr\\u00e9sente plus aujourd''hui que 13 % des d\\u00e9placements{{ouvrage\n        |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou\n        l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan\n        |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015\n        |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=19-21 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5\n        |lire en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9\n        le=29/08/2017 }}.. La [[circulation routi\\u00e8re]] n''en reste pas\n        moins tr\\u00e8s dense et souvent difficile, et g\\u00e9n\\u00e8re une pollution\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e (90 % des Parisiens sont expos\\u00e9s \\u00e0 des\n        taux de pollution sup\\u00e9rieurs aux normes sanitaires, et la qualit\\u00e9\n        de l''air est mauvaise ou tr\\u00e8s mauvaise 40 % de l''ann\\u00e9e{{ouvrage\n        |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou\n        l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan\n        |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015\n        |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=55 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire\n        en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9\n        le=29/08/2017 }}.). La circulation automobile b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie pourtant,\n        pour s''effectuer, d''un important ensemble d''infrastructures successivement\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9es. Ce sont tout d''abord les larges avenues trac\\u00e9es par\n        [[Georges Eug\\u00e8ne Haussmann|Haussmann]] au {{S-|XIX}}, qui facilit\\u00e8rent\n        alors grandement un trafic d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 important \\u00e0 cette \\u00e9poque.\n        La ville a ensuite \\u00e9t\\u00e9 entour\\u00e9e par le [[Boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        de Paris|boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique]], termin\\u00e9 en 1973, qui est\n        l''autoroute urbaine la plus emprunt\\u00e9e d''Europe[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=8684&document_type_id=4&document_id=51463&portlet_id=20594&multileveldocument_sheet_id=10225\n        Mairie de Paris - \\u00c9tude sur l''insertion urbaine du boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        (2008)]. avec {{Unit\\u00e9|270000|v\\u00e9hicules}} par jour{{pdf}}\n        [http://www.airparif.fr/airparif/pdf/NUMERO25.pdf Airparif Actualit\\u00e9s\n        {{num\\u00e9ro|25}}], avril 2005.. Au m\\u00eame moment \\u00e9tait mis\n        en place un r\\u00e9seau d''[[autoroute]]s urbaines en toile d''araign\\u00e9e\n        reliant Paris aux banlieues p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9riques et au reste du pays. En\n        2010, une \\u00e9tude place n\\u00e9anmoins l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne\n        championne d''Europe des embouteillages routiers sur {{Unit\\u00e9|109|agglom\\u00e9rations}}\n        \\u00e9tudi\\u00e9es. Les automobilistes passent en moyenne soixante-dix heures\n        par an dans le trafic routier, soit 11 minutes par jour{{lien web |url=http://www.batiactu.com/edito/paris-championne-d-europe-des-embouteillages-27308.php\n        |titre=Paris, championne d\\u2019Europe des embouteillages |date=8 novembre\n        2010 |site=batiactu}}.. Le stationnement \\u00e0 Paris est payant dans\n        la quasi-totalit\\u00e9 des rues, mais il s''effectue essentiellement (\\u00e0\n        80 %) en parkings souterrains[http://temis.documentation.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/docs/Temis/0033/Temis-0033289/8724_2015.pdf\n        Mairie de Paris, ''''Le bilan des d\\u00e9placements en 2015 \\u00e0 Paris'''',\n        p. 33].. \\n\\nEn 2014, {{unit\\u00e9|17636|[[taxi]]s}} circulent \\u00e0\n        Paris\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.prefecturedepolice.interieur.gouv.fr/Demarches/Professionnel/Transports/Taxis-parisiens\\n\n        |titre= Taxis parisiens\\n |site= Pr\\u00e9fecture de police\\n |date = 14 novembre\n        2014\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 16 novembre 2014\\n}}.; ils assurent 0,5 %\n        des d\\u00e9placements{{ouvrage |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les\n        embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne\n        des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions\n        L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015 |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271\n        |passage=80 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597\n        |consult\\u00e9 le=29/08/2017 }}.. La commune a lanc\\u00e9 le {{date-|2|octobre|2011}}\\n{{article|titre=Autolib''\n        : la voiture \\u00e9lectrique en libre-service d\\u00e9barque \\u00e0 Paris|p\\u00e9riodique=[[Le\n        Monde]].fr|date=2 octobre 2011\\n|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2011/10/02/autolib-la-voiture-electrique-en-libre-service-debarque-a-paris_1581177_3224.html\\n}}.\n        le syst\\u00e8me de location de voitures en libre-service de courte dur\\u00e9e\n        \\u00ab [[Autolib'' (Paris)|Autolib'']] \\u00bb. Confi\\u00e9 par [[d\\u00e9l\\u00e9gation\n        de service public]] au groupe [[Bollor\\u00e9]], ce service permet de louer\n        un v\\u00e9hicule con\\u00e7u sp\\u00e9cifiquement pour cet usage : la [[Bollor\\u00e9\n        Bluecar|Bluecar]], [[voiture \\u00e9lectrique|voiture totalement \\u00e9lectrique]]\n        \\u00e0 quatre places de {{unit\\u00e9|3.65|m}} de longueur, dot\\u00e9e d''un\n        coffre de {{unit\\u00e9|350|dm|3}} et d''une autonomie variant de 150 \\u00e0\n        {{unit\\u00e9|250|km}}\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.autolib.eu/\\n |titre=\n        Autolib''\\n |site= Site officiel Autolib''\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 10 octobre\n        2011\\n}}.{{,}}\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.automobile-propre.com/2010/12/16/autolib-paris-choisit-bollore-sans-la-bluecar/\\n\n        |titre=http://www.automobile-propre.com/2010/12/16/autolib-paris-choisit-bollore-sans-la-bluecar/\\n\n        |site=Automobile-propre.com\\n |consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2012\\n}}..\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s\n        avoir quasiment disparu dans les ann\\u00e9es 1980 (la circulation automobile\n        \\u00e9tait alors 85 fois sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 la [[V\\u00e9lo \\u00e0 Paris|circulation\n        cycliste \\u00e0 Paris]]), le v\\u00e9lo n''a cess\\u00e9 d''augmenter tr\\u00e8s\n        rapidement depuis les ann\\u00e9es 1990 - le nombre de d\\u00e9placements effectu\\u00e9s\n        \\u00e0 v\\u00e9lo a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 multipli\\u00e9 par 10 entre 1991 et 2010.\n        Pour les Parisiens, la circulation cycliste repr\\u00e9sente d\\u00e9sormais\n        un tiers de la circulation automobile, et est sup\\u00e9rieure de 45 % \\u00e0\n        la circulation en deux-roues motoris\\u00e9s. La prolongation de ces tendances\n        laisse penser qu''au cours des ann\\u00e9es 2020 la circulation cycliste deviendra\n        sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 la circulation automobile{{ouvrage |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien\n        |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou l''illusion techniciste\n        de la politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan\n        |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015\n        |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=81-82 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5\n        |lire en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9\n        le=29/08/2017 }}.. N\\u00e9anmoins, la part des v\\u00e9los dans les d\\u00e9placements\n        n''\\u00e9tait encore estim\\u00e9e qu''\\u00e0 3 % en 2008{{en}} {{Lien\n        web|url=http://www.epomm.eu/tems/result_city.phtml?city=201&map=1|titre=TEMS\n        - The EPOMM Modal Split Tool |site=epomm.eu|consult\\u00e9 le=21 juin 2014}}.,\n        positionnant Paris dans le bas du classement des capitales europ\\u00e9ennes\n        les plus cyclistes{{article|auteur=Olivier Razemon|titre=Paris peut-elle\n        vraiment devenir \\u00ab la capitale du v\\u00e9lo \\u00bb?|date=17 juin 2014|p\\u00e9riodique=[[Le\n        Monde]].fr|url=http://transports.blog.lemonde.fr/2014/06/17/paris-peut-elle-vraiment-devenir-la-capitale-du-velo/}}.\n        La ville d\\u00e9veloppe depuis 1996 un r\\u00e9seau de [[Am\\u00e9nagement cyclable|pistes\n        cyclables]] en augmentation constante qui atteint en 2011 {{unit\\u00e9|700|km}}\n        incluant les bandes et pistes cyclables ainsi que les couloirs de bus \\u00e9largis{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.metronews.fr/paris/a-paris-700-kilometres-de-pistes-cyclables/pkep!AgtiCGSA3JbnWjT8gIaHfA/|titre=\\u00c0\n        Paris, 700 kilom\\u00e8tres de pistes cyclables|\\u00e9diteur=metronews.fr|date=16\n        mai 2011|consult\\u00e9 le=16 novembre 2014}}.{{,}}\\n{{Lien web\\n\n        |url=http://www.apur.org/notes-48-pages/developpement-bicyclette-politique-partagee-par-toutes-collectivites\\n\n        |titre= Le d\\u00e9veloppement de la bicyclette, une politique partag\\u00e9e\n        par toutes les collectivit\\u00e9s.\\n |site= site de l''[[Atelier parisien\n        d''urbanisme]] (APUR)\\n |date=   janvier 2006\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 4 mars\n        2011\\n}}.. \\u00c0 la suite de [[Rennes]] et [[Lyon]], la mairie de Paris\n        lance le {{date-|15 juillet 2007}} un syst\\u00e8me de location de [[v\\u00e9los\n        en libre-service]], baptis\\u00e9 ''''[[V\\u00e9lib'']]'''', avec le r\\u00e9seau\n        le plus dense d''Europe, {{unit\\u00e9|20000|v\\u00e9los}} fin 2007, {{Unit\\u00e9|1400|stations}}\n        dans Paris, une tous les {{unit\\u00e9|300|m\\u00e8tres}} en moyenne, et g\\u00e9r\\u00e9\n        par [[JCDecaux]]\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.velib.paris.fr/\\n\n        |titre= page d''accueil\\n |site= site ''''V\\u00e9lib'''' de la mairie de Paris\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 2 ao\\u00fbt 2010\\n}}..\\n\\nParis est la deuxi\\u00e8me\n        ville d''Europe en trafic a\\u00e9rien de passagers en 2015\\n{{Lien web\\n\n        |url=http://www.aeroportsdeparis.fr/docs/default-source/groupe-fichiers/finance/relations-investisseurs/trafic/trafic-2015/13012016-trafic-d\\u00e9cembre-2015.pdf?sfvrsn=4\\n\n        |titre= Ann\\u00e9e record avec 95,4 millions de passagers accueillis en 2015\\n\n        |site= site d''A\\u00e9roports de Paris   \\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 10 avril 2016\\n}}.,\n        et la cinqui\\u00e8me au monde en 2015. Les deux a\\u00e9roports qui accueillent\n        l''essentiel du trafic \\u2014 [[a\\u00e9roport de Paris-Orly|Orly]] et surtout\n        [[A\\u00e9roport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle|Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle]] \\u2014\n        ont transport\\u00e9 {{unit\\u00e9|95.4|millions}} de passagers et {{unit\\u00e9|2.2|millions}}\n        de tonnes de [[Transport de marchandises|fret]] en 2015\\n{{Lien web\\n\n        |url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Airport-Statistics-Infographics\\n |titre=\n        Top 20 busiest airports in the world\\n |site= site d''Airports Council International\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 10 avril 2016\\n}}..\\n\\n=== Environnement ===\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Environnement \\u00e0 Paris|Liste des espaces verts de Paris}}\\n\\nLa\n        [[Pollution de l''air|pollution atmosph\\u00e9rique]] est un probl\\u00e8me\n        de sant\\u00e9 publique \\u00e0 Paris, qui a motiv\\u00e9 la cr\\u00e9ation du\n        r\\u00e9seau de surveillance [[Airparif]] en 1984{{lien web|url=http://fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu01479/la-creation-d-airparif-le-controle-de-la-pollution-dans-les-villes.html|titre=\n        La cr\\u00e9ation d''Airparif : le contr\\u00f4le de la pollution dans les villes|\\u00e9diteur=ina.fr|date=26\n        septembre 1994|auteur= Raphael Morera |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}.\n        et depuis 2001 des politiques de r\\u00e9duction de la pr\\u00e9sence automobile\n        et en particulier des plus polluants{{lien web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pollution/article/2015/01/27/anne-hidalgo-en-2020-plus-aucun-vehicule-diesel-ne-roulera-dans-paris_4564657_1652666.html|titre=Comment\n        Anne Hidalgo veut r\\u00e9duire la pollution \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=28\n        janvier 2015|auteur= Laetitia Van Eeckhout |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre\n        2016}}. La [[densit\\u00e9 urbaine]] de Paris, triple de celle de [[Londres]],\n        induit des immeubles plus hauts, moins de maisons de ville et des [[Liste\n        des espaces verts de Paris|espaces verts]] plus r\\u00e9duits{{article|titre=La\n        nature dans la ville : biodiversit\\u00e9 et urbanisme|p\\u00e9riodique=ladocumentationfrancaise.fr|date=2007|page=105|auteur=Bernard\n        Reygrobellet| url=http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/var/storage/rapports-publics/074000752.pdf}}\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|2300|hectares}} en incluant les bois{{lien web|url=http://www.parisinfo.com/decouvrir-paris/guides-thematiques/paris-plein-air/paris-au-vert/les-espaces-verts-parisiens|titre=Les\n        espaces verts parisiens|\\u00e9diteur=parisinfo.com|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}}\n        novembre 2016}}) avec une [[biodiversit\\u00e9]] assez limit\\u00e9e{{article|auteur=Ga\\u00eblle\n        Dupont|titre=Les renards sont entr\\u00e9s dans Paris|p\\u00e9riodique=[[Le\n        Monde]].fr|date=2 mai 2009|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/05/02/les-renards-sont-entres-dans-paris_1188010_3244.html}}.\n        Hormis la cr\\u00e9ation du [[parc de la Villette]] dans les [[ann\\u00e9es\n        1980]]{{lien web|url=http://www.des-gens.net/A-la-Villette-la-concertation-a-l\n        |titre=\\u00c0 La Villette : la concertation \\u00e0 l\\u2019\\u00e9preuve|\\u00e9diteur=des-gens.net|date=28\n        octobre 1983 (publi\\u00e9 en mars 201)|auteur=Collectif La Villette |consult\\u00e9\n        le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}, la reconqu\\u00eate d''espaces verts est\n        r\\u00e9cente{{lien web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/logement/article/2016/07/05/a-paris-hidalgo-veut-batir-et-verdir_4964118_1653445.html\n        |titre= A Paris, Hidalgo veut b\\u00e2tir et verdir |\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=5\n        juillet 2016|auteur=B\\u00e9atrice Jer\\u00f4me |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre\n        2016}}. \\n\\nEn cas de rupture des transports, Paris n''est que peu [[R\\u00e9silience\n        (\\u00e9cologie)|r\\u00e9siliente]] avec \\u00e0 peine quelques jours d''[[S\\u00e9curit\\u00e9\n        alimentaire|autonomie alimentaire]] depuis notamment\n        la disparition d''une ceinture maraich\\u00e8re autour de Paris au {{s-|XX}}{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/medit_0025-8296_2000_num_95_3_3175 |titre=\n        La ceinture mara\\u00eech\\u00e8re et horticole francilienne entre production\n        \\u00e9conomique et production de paysage |\\u00e9diteur=M\\u00e9diterran\\u00e9e|date=2000|auteur=Monique\n        Poulot-Moreau, Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se Rouyres |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre\n        2016}}. L\\u2019\\u00cele-de-France n\\u2019est autonome qu\\u2019\\u00e0\n        hauteur de 10 % pour les l\\u00e9gumes frais, de 1,5 % pour les fruits, de\n        12 % pour les \\u0153ufs ou encore de 1 % pour le lait, l\\u2019autonomie alimentaire\n        n\\u2019\\u00e9tant atteinte que pour le bl\\u00e9 (159 %) et le sucre (117 %).\\n\\nParis est un [[\\u00eelot de chaleur urbain]] avec un\n        exc\\u00e9dent moyen sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 {{tmp|3|\\u00b0C}} pour les valeurs\n        nocturnes{{lien web|url=https://norois.revues.org/1373|titre=L\\u2019\\u00eelot\n        de chaleur urbain parisien selon les types de temps|\\u00e9diteur=Norois|date=|auteur=Olivier\n        Cantat|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}. De ce fait, la [[Canicule\n        europ\\u00e9enne de 2003|canicule d\\u2019ao\\u00fbt 2003]] fait que la surmortalit\\u00e9\n        constat\\u00e9e en \\u00cele-de-France a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0\n        la moyenne nationale{{lien web|url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-thematiques/risques-et-societes/corpus-documentaire/une-vague-de-chaleur-meurtriere-les-enseignements-de-lete-2003-en-france\n        |titre=Une vague de chaleur meurtri\\u00e8re : les enseignements de l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        2003 en France |\\u00e9diteur=geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr|date=19 septembre\n        2004|auteur=Jean-Pierre Besancenot |consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}.\n        Aussi reconnue comme un \\u00e9l\\u00e9ment de mod\\u00e9ration du climat, l''[[agriculture\n        urbaine]] a en 2016 une place tr\\u00e8s modeste compar\\u00e9e \\u00e0 d''autres\n        m\\u00e9tropoles comme [[D\\u00e9troit]], [[Montr\\u00e9al]]{{lien\n        web|url=http://territoires.blog.lemonde.fr/2016/03/15/les-chiffres-de-lagriculture-urbaine-et-periurbaine/|titre=Les\n        chiffres de l\\u2019agriculture urbaine et p\\u00e9riurbaine|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=15\n        mars 2016|auteur=Benjamin Taveau|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}},\n        [[Berlin]] ou [[Bruxelles]], avec seulement {{unit\\u00e9|44|installations}}\n        agricoles ({{unit\\u00e9|1.6|hectare}} sur les toits et ({{unit\\u00e9|1.3|hectare}}\n        au sol). La Ville se donne un objectif de {{unit\\u00e9|33|hectares}} en 2020\n        en mobilisant de l''espace sur les toits de Paris{{lien web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/JDD-Paris/Les-toits-et-parkings-de-Paris-passent-au-vert-820525|titre=Les\n        toits et parkings de Paris passent au vert|\\u00e9diteur=lejdd.fr|date=30 octobre\n        2016|auteur=Bertrand Gr\\u00e9co|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}} novembre 2016}}.\\n\\n==\n        Urbanisme ==\\n=== Morphologie urbaine ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire\n        de l''urbanisme parisien|R\\u00e8glements d''urbanisme de Paris|Liste des plus\n        hauts b\\u00e2timents d''\\u00cele-de-France}}\\n\\nLa plupart des souverains\n        fran\\u00e7ais depuis le [[Moyen \\u00c2ge]] ont tenu \\u00e0 laisser leur marque\n        sur une ville qui n''a jamais \\u00e9t\\u00e9 d\\u00e9truite, contrairement \\u00e0\n        [[Londres]] ([[Grand incendie de Londres|grand incendie de 1666]]), [[Lisbonne]]\n        ([[Tremblement de terre de Lisbonne|tremblement de terre de 1755]]) ou [[Berlin]]\n        (combats de la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]]). Tout en conservant l''empreinte\n        du pass\\u00e9 le plus ancien dans le trac\\u00e9 de certaines rues, Paris a\n        \\u00e9labor\\u00e9 au cours des si\\u00e8cles un style homog\\u00e8ne et a su\n        moderniser ses infrastructures.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Paris ile Cite ile Saint Louis\n        pont Tournelle.jpg|vignette|L\\u2019\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9 et l''\\u00eele\n        Saint-Louis]]\\nJusqu''au Moyen \\u00c2ge, la ville \\u00e9tait compos\\u00e9e\n        d''une dizaine d''\\u00eeles ou bancs de sable dans la Seine ; il en subsiste\n        trois : l''[[\\u00eele Saint-Louis]], l''[[\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9]] et l''[[\\u00cele\n        aux Cygnes (Paris)|\\u00eele aux Cygnes]].\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste\n        des \\u00eeles de Paris}}\\nL''organisation actuelle de la ville doit beaucoup\n        aux [[Transformations de Paris sous le Second Empire|travaux d''Haussmann]],\n        sous le [[Second Empire]]. Il a fait percer la plupart des voies les plus\n        fr\\u00e9quent\\u00e9es aujourd''hui ([[Boulevard Saint-Germain]], [[Boulevard\n        de S\\u00e9bastopol]]\\u2026). On associe souvent Paris \\u00e0 l''[[alignement\n        (urbanisme)|alignement]] d''immeubles de hauteur \\u00e9gale le long d''avenues\n        bord\\u00e9es d''arbres, aux fa\\u00e7ades rythm\\u00e9es par les ornements du\n        deuxi\\u00e8me \\u00e9tage et le balcon filant du cinqui\\u00e8me \\u00e9tage.\n        Le centre de Paris se distingue de celui de beaucoup d''autres grandes villes\n        occidentales par la densit\\u00e9 de sa populationSeul Manhattan\n        avec {{unit\\u00e9|26000|habitants/km|2}} a une densit\\u00e9 de population\n        sup\\u00e9rieure sur une superficie relativement comparable..\\n\\nDepuis\n        l''\\u00e9dit du [[grand voyer de France]] de 1607 r\\u00e8glementant les saillies\n        sur voie, il existe des [[r\\u00e8glements d''urbanisme de Paris|r\\u00e8gles\n        strictes d''urbanisme]] \\u00e0 Paris, en particulier des limites de hauteur\n        et de densit\\u00e9 des immeubles. Aujourd''hui, les nouveaux b\\u00e2timents\n        de plus de trente-sept m\\u00e8tres, hauteur maximale admise entre 1974 et\n        2010, sont autoris\\u00e9s jusqu''\\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|50|m}} voire {{unit\\u00e9|180|m}}\n        seulement dans quelques quartiers p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9riques ; la limite de hauteur\n        est encore moins \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e dans de nombreux quartiers centraux\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping/\\n\n        |titre= Plan Local d''Urbanisme - R\\u00e8glement \\u00e0 la parcelle\\n |site=\n        site de la mairie de Paris\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 3 ao\\u00fbt 2010\\n}}..\n        La [[tour Montparnasse]] ({{unit\\u00e9|210|m}}) \\u00e9tait depuis 1973 le\n        plus haut immeuble de Paris et de [[France]], jusqu''\\u00e0 l''exhaussement\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|231|m}} de la [[tour First]] en 2011, dans le quartier\n        de [[la D\\u00e9fense]], \\u00e0 [[Courbevoie]]. Les [[gratte-ciel]]s se multiplient\n        en proche banlieue, en particulier dans le quartier de La D\\u00e9fense et\n        d''autres tours, d''une hauteur comprise entre {{unit\\u00e9|265|m}} et {{unit\\u00e9|323|m}},\n        y sont en projet{{quand}}.\\n\\n=== Voirie parisienne ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|R\\u00e9seau\n        viaire de Paris|Liste des places de Paris|Liste des ponts de Paris|Portes\n        de Paris|Liste des boulevards des Mar\\u00e9chaux et des portes de Paris|\\u00c9clairage\n        des rues \\u00e0 Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Colonnes Morris in Paris.jpg|vignette|upright|Colonne\n        Morris devant l''entr\\u00e9e de la station de m\\u00e9tro ''''[[Saint-Jacques\n        (m\\u00e9tro de Paris)|Saint-Jacques]]''''.]]\\nLa voirie parisienne consacre\n        60 % de son espace aux chauss\\u00e9es et 40 % aux trottoirs{{ouvrage\n        |pr\\u00e9nom1=Julien |nom1=Demade |titre=Les embarras de Paris |sous-titre=ou\n        l''illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne des d\\u00e9placements |\\u00e9diteur=L''Harmattan\n        |lien \\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9ditions L''Harmattan |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=2015\n        |volume= |tome= |pages totales=271 |passage=151 |isbn=978-2-343-06517-5 |lire\n        en ligne=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01507597 |consult\\u00e9\n        le=29/08/2017 }}..\\n\\nParis comptait {{Unit\\u00e9|6088|voies}} publiques\n        ou priv\\u00e9es en 1997. La plus large ({{unit\\u00e9|120|m\\u00e8tres}}) est\n        l''[[Avenue Foch (Paris)|avenue Foch]] ([[16e arrondissement de Paris|16{{e}}]]),\n        la plus \\u00e9troite (largeur minimale {{unit\\u00e9|1.80|m}}) la [[rue du\n        Chat-qui-P\\u00eache]] ([[5e arrondissement de Paris|5{{e}}]])Certaines\n        sources mentionnent le [[sentier des Merisiers]], dans le [[12e arrondissement\n        de Paris|12{{e}}]], qui mesure moins d''un m\\u00e8tre.. La plus longue\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|4360|m}}) de [[Paris intra-muros]] est la [[rue de Vaugirard]]\n        ([[6e arrondissement de Paris|6{{e}}]] et [[15e arrondissement de Paris|15{{e}}]])L''[[Avenue Daumesnil (Paris)|avenue Daumesnil]] fait {{Unit\\u00e9|6270|m}}\n        au total mais seulement {{Unit\\u00e9|3400|m}} dans Paris intra-muros, son\n        extension \\u00e9tant dans le [[bois de Vincennes]], rattach\\u00e9 administrativement\n        au [[12e arrondissement de Paris|{{12e|arrondissement}} de Paris]], mais au-del\\u00e0\n        des limites historiques de la ville., la plus courte ({{unit\\u00e9|5.75|m}})\n        la [[rue des Degr\\u00e9s]] ([[2e arrondissement de Paris|2{{e}}]]). L''avenue\n        la plus courte ({{unit\\u00e9|14|m}}) est l''[[avenue Georges-Risler]] ([[16e\n        arrondissement de Paris|16{{e}}]]). La voie la plus pentue (17 %) est la [[rue\n        Gasnier-Guy]] ([[20e arrondissement de Paris|20{{e}}]])\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |url=http://www.v2asp.paris.fr/commun/v2asp/v2/nomenclature_voies/\\n\n        |titre= Recherche des rues de Paris\\n |site= site de la mairie de Paris\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 3 ao\\u00fbt 2010\\n}}..\\n\\n=== Mobilier urbain ===\\nIl\n        existe un mobilier urbain typiquement parisien, imm\\u00e9diatement associ\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 la ville, g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement de couleur vert bouteille, et qui\n        participe \\u00e0 l''image et \\u00e0 l''\\u00e2me de Paris : \\n* les [[Fontaine\n        Wallace|fontaines Wallace]] ;\\n* les entr\\u00e9es de certaines stations de\n        m\\u00e9tro dot\\u00e9es d''[[\\u00c9dicule Guimard|\\u00e9dicules Guimard]] ;\\n*\n        les [[Colonne Morris|colonnes Morris]] ;\\n* les kiosques \\u00e0 journaux Davioud\n        (1857), avec leur petit d\\u00f4me et leur frise caract\\u00e9ristique ;\\n*\n        les \\u00e9choppes des [[Bouquinistes de Paris|bouquinistes]] ;\\n* mais aussi\n        certains mod\\u00e8les de kiosques \\u00e0 musique, bancs publics{{etc}}\\n{{clr}}\\n\\nFontaine\n        Wallace Place Toudouze 9\\u00b0.jpg|Une fontaine Wallace.\\nMetro station entrance\n        (\\u00e9dicule Guimard) Porte Dauphine Paris 16e 002.jpg|Entr\\u00e9e ''''Guimard''''\n        de la station de m\\u00e9tro ''''Porte Dauphine''''.\\nBouquiniste, Quai Voltaire,\n        Paris 17 October 2015.jpg|\\u00c9choppes de bouquinistes.\\nParis 75009 Boulevard\n        des Capucines no 08 - sidewalk and newspaper stand.jpg|Kiosque \\u00e0 journaux\n        mod\\u00e8le ''''Davioud''''.\\nKiosque a musique aux Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es.jpg|Kiosque\n        \\u00e0 musique.\\n\\n\\n=== Paris et ses alentours ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Unit\\u00e9\n        urbaine de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Paris and vicinities, LandSat-5 false color\n        satellite image, 2006-07-16.jpg|vignette|upright|L''[[unit\\u00e9 urbaine de\n        Paris]] vue par satellite, en fausses couleurs (bleu en rouge, marron en vert).\n        On distingue nettement l''expansion de l''urbanisation le long des vall\\u00e9es\n        et grandes voies de communications.]]\\n[[Fichier:Neuilly 3.JPG|vignette|upright|Immeubles\n        r\\u00e9sidentiels de [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]].]]\\n\\nEntre 1870 et 1940, la capitale\n        de la France prend peu \\u00e0 peu un nouveau visage : Paris laisse place au\n        \\u00ab [[Grand Paris]] \\u00bb. L''organisation administrative de Paris avait\n        connu sous [[Napol\\u00e9on III|Napol\\u00e9on {{III}}]] une adaptation \\u00e0\n        l''\\u00e9volution d\\u00e9mographique. Mais la ville est rest\\u00e9e ensuite\n        enferm\\u00e9e dans l\\u2019[[enceinte de Thiers]] (sa limite en 1860), sans\n        conna\\u00eetre de nouvelle \\u00e9volution administrative. {{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        souhait\\u00e9e|Paris, surpeupl\\u00e9e, ne pouvant loger l''importante immigration\n        provinciale, les communes p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9riques absorbent le trop-plein\n        de l''expansion d\\u00e9mographique li\\u00e9e \\u00e0 l''[[exode rural]] et\n        \\u00e0 la croissance \\u00e9conomique de la ville : la notion contemporaine\n        de \\u00ab [[banlieue]] \\u00bb fait son apparition}}. D\\u00e9sormais, on parle\n        moins de Paris que de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne. Jusqu\\u2019alors largement\n        n\\u00e9glig\\u00e9s, de nouveaux probl\\u00e8mes, comme celui des transports,\n        apparaissent. En 1961, \\u00e0 la demande du [[Charles de Gaulle|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        de Gaulle]], [[Paul Delouvrier]] planifie enfin l''\\u00e9volution urbaine\n        et \\u00e9labore la construction de cinq [[Politique des villes nouvelles fran\\u00e7aises|villes\n        nouvelles]] et du r\\u00e9seau de [[R\\u00e9seau express r\\u00e9gional d''\\u00cele-de-France|RER]].\n        Mais cette mutation majeure ne s''accompagne pas de la cr\\u00e9ation d''une\n        autorit\\u00e9 unique, voyant au contraire deux des trois [[D\\u00e9partement\n        fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partements]] de la [[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris|r\\u00e9gion\n        parisienne]] (la [[Seine (d\\u00e9partement)|Seine]] et la [[Seine-et-Oise]])\n        en constituer sept qui, s''ils sont plus proches des habitants, dispersent\n        \\u00e9galement les ressources fiscales et les comp\\u00e9tences politiques.\n        Tandis que la population de la ville de Paris diminue sensiblement de 1954\n        \\u00e0 1982 (- 23,6 %), puis plus lentement \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XX}} avant\n        d''augmenter l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement ces derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es, celle de\n        la banlieue s''accro\\u00eet sans discontinuer depuis la fin du {{S-|XIX}},\n        jusqu''\\u00e0 totaliser au {{S-|XXI}} pr\\u00e8s de 80 % de la population du\n        grand Paris.\\n\\nLa g\\u00e9ographie sociale de l\\u2019[[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine\n        de Paris|agglom\\u00e9ration]] s''est calqu\\u00e9e sur les grandes tendances\n        de la ville durant le {{S-|XIX}} : les classes ais\\u00e9es se retrouvent dans\n        l''Ouest et dans le Sud-Ouest et les plus populaires dans le Nord et dans\n        l''Est. Les autres secteurs sont peupl\\u00e9s de classes moyennes, avec cependant\n        des exceptions li\\u00e9es au site et \\u00e0 l''histoire des communes, comme\n        [[Saint-Maur-des-Foss\\u00e9s]] \\u00e0 l''est et [[Enghien-les-Bains]] au nord,\n        qui accueillent une population fortun\\u00e9e.\\n\\nLes [[Grand ensemble|grands\n        ensembles]] ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9difi\\u00e9s durant les [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]]\n        et [[Ann\\u00e9es 1970|1970]] afin de loger rapidement et \\u00e0 bas co\\u00fbt\n        une population en rapide expansion. Une certaine mixit\\u00e9 sociale y existait\n        \\u00e0 l''origine, mais l''accession \\u00e0 la propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9 (ouverte\n        aux classes moyennes \\u00e0 partir des [[ann\\u00e9es 1970]]), leur pi\\u00e8tre\n        qualit\\u00e9 de construction et leur mauvaise insertion dans le tissu urbain\n        ont contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 les faire d\\u00e9serter par ceux qui le pouvaient\n        et \\u00e0 n''y attirer qu''une population sans grandes possibilit\\u00e9s de\n        choisir : la proportion d\\u2019immigr\\u00e9s pauvres y est tr\\u00e8s forte.\\n\\nOn\n        trouve des \\u00ab quartiers sensibles \\u00bb dans les arrondissements du Nord\n        et de l''Est parisienLa [[politique de la ville]] est cibl\\u00e9e\n        vers certaines \\u00ab [[zone urbaine sensible|zones urbaines sensibles]] \\u00bb\n        (ZUS) d\\u00e9limit\\u00e9es dans ces arrondissements (voir [http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/\n        la liste et les plans des ZUS] sur le site du minist\\u00e8re de la Ville).,\n        autour de la [[Quartier de la Goutte-d''Or|Goutte-d''Or]] et de [[Quartier\n        de Belleville|Belleville]] notamment. En banlieue nord de Paris, ces quartiers\n        sont essentiellement concentr\\u00e9s dans une grande partie du d\\u00e9partement\n        de la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] et dans une moindre mesure \\u00e0 l''est du [[Val-d''Oise]].\n        D''autres, plus \\u00e9pars, se trouvent par exemple dans la vall\\u00e9e de\n        la [[Seine]], en amont \\u00e0 [[\\u00c9vry]] et [[Corbeil-Essonnes]] ([[Essonne\n        (d\\u00e9partement)|Essonne]]), en aval aux [[Les Mureaux|Mureaux]] et \\u00e0\n        [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] ([[Yvelines]]) ou dans certains ensembles sociaux des\n        [[Politique des villes nouvelles fran\\u00e7aises|villes nouvelles]].\\n\\n===\n        Logement ===\\nEn 2009, le nombre total de logements dans la commune \\u00e9tait\n        de {{formatnum:1353036}}, alors qu''il \\u00e9tait de {{formatnum:1322540}}\n        en 1999''''LOG T1M - \\u00c9volution du nombre de logements\n        par cat\\u00e9gorie''''..\\n\\nParmi ces logements, 85,7 % \\u00e9taient\n        des r\\u00e9sidences principales, 6,5 % des r\\u00e9sidences secondaires et\n        7,8 % des logements vacants (en nette diminution par rapport \\u00e0 1999 :\n        10,3 %)''''LOG T2 - Cat\\u00e9gories et types\n        de logements''''..\\n\\nLa proportion des r\\u00e9sidences principales,\n        propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s de leurs occupants \\u00e9tait de 33,1 %, l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement\n        en hausse par rapport \\u00e0 1999 (29,6 %)''''LOG T7 - R\\u00e9sidences\n        selon le statut d''occupation''''..\\n\\nEn 2009, 55,0 % des appartements\n        de Paris ne poss\\u00e9daient qu''une ou deux pi\\u00e8ces''''LOG T3 - R\\u00e9sidences principales selon le nombre de pi\\u00e8ces''''..\\n\\n[[Fichier:Vista\n        Paris 15.JPG|thumb|[[Front-de-Seine]] vu du [[pont Mirabeau]].]]\\n\\nLe logement\n        social repr\\u00e9sente un peu plus de 17 % du parc immobilier urbain, mais\n        ce taux moyen cache de fortes disparit\\u00e9s dans sa r\\u00e9partition spatiale\n        : les dix premiers arrondissements du centre historique ne totalisent que\n        6 % des logements sociaux de la ville, pour 23 % du parc total. Les {{13e}},\n        {{19e}} et {{20e}} en comptaient {{formatnum:96000}} en [[1999]], soit 47\n        % du parc social parisien concentr\\u00e9 dans seulement trois arrondissements.\n        Si on ajoute les {{12e}}, {{14e}}, {{15e}} et {{18e|arrondissements}}, on\n        atteint un taux de 81 % concentr\\u00e9s dans un croissant p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique\n        du sud au nord-est de la ville[http://www.paris.pref.gouv.fr/SDC/Sommaire/1ere%20partie/5.htm\n        Pr\\u00e9fecture de Paris - Les logements].. La proportion de logements\n        sociaux comptabilis\\u00e9s selon la [[Loi relative \\u00e0 la solidarit\\u00e9\n        et au renouvellement urbains|loi SRU]] en 2006 varie de 1,2 % dans le {{nobr|{{7e}}\n        arrondissement}} (357) \\u00e0 34,1 % dans le {{nobr|{{19e}} arrondissement}}\n        ({{formatnum:28147}}). Entre 2001 et 2006, {{Unit\\u00e9|23851|logements}}\n        ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 agr\\u00e9\\u00e9s dans la ville mais {{Unit\\u00e9|88131|Parisiens}}\n        et {{Unit\\u00e9|21266|non-Parisiens}} \\u00e9taient demandeurs d''un logement\n        social en 2006. La rotation des locataires est faible en raison du niveau\n        \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 des prix de l''immobilier. Ce taux est de 10 % par an en France,\n        7,5 % en \\u00cele-de-France mais de seulement 5 % \\u00e0 Paris intra-muros[http://www.apur.org/images/notes4pages/4P26.pdf\n        Les chiffres du logement social \\u00e0 Paris en 2006.] - [[Atelier parisien\n        d''urbanisme]] - {{pdf}}.. De nombreuses associations \\u0153uvrent pour\n        trouver des solutions au [[mal-logement]] et \\u00e0 la pr\\u00e9carit\\u00e9\n        de personnes sans logement ([[Emma\\u00fcs France|Emma\\u00fcs]], [[Association\n        des cit\\u00e9s du secours catholique|Secours catholique]], [[Croix-Rouge fran\\u00e7aise]]\\u2026).\\n\\nParis\n        est la neuvi\\u00e8me ville la plus ch\\u00e8re du mondeClassement du groupe\n        immobilier \\u00ab ''''Knight Frank'''' \\u00bb et de la \\u00ab ''''Citi Private\n        Bank'''' \\u00bb. en ce qui concerne les prix de l''immobilier de luxe\n        : {{unit\\u00e9|12600|euros/m|2}} en 2007 (contre {{formatnum:36800}} pour\n        Londres, la plus ch\\u00e8re){{en}} Citi, Knight Frank [http://www.knightfrank.es/es/prensa/20070523/Wealth_Report_2007_en.pdf\n        ''07 Annual Wealth Report. Prime Resdential Property.].{{,}}{{article|titre=A\n        Londres, le m\\u00e8tre carr\\u00e9 atteint des sommets|p\\u00e9riodique=[[Le\n        Figaro]].fr|date=08/05/2007|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/economie/2007/05/08/04001-20070508ARTWWW90382-a_londres_le_metre_carre_atteint_des_sommets.php}}.\n        Selon une enqu\\u00eate du site ''''MeilleursAgents.com'''' r\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e\n        pour le compte du journal ''''La Tribune'''', au {{date-|1|septembre|2012}},\n        la rue la plus ch\\u00e8re est le [[quai des Orf\\u00e8vres]] ({{nobr|{{1er}}\n        arr.}}), avec un prix m\\u00e9dian de {{unit\\u00e9|20665|euros/m|2}}, contre\n        {{unit\\u00e9|3900|euros/m|2}} [[rue Pajol]] ({{18e}}){{article|auteur=Pascale\n        Besses-Boumard|titre=Palmar\\u00e8s des prix des rues \\u00e0 Paris : le quai\n        des Orf\\u00e8vres grand gagnant !|p\\u00e9riodique=[[La Tribune (France)|La\n        Tribune]].fr|date= 20/10/2012|url=http://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/banques-finance/industrie-financiere/20121019trib000725978/palmares-des-prix-des-rues-a-paris-le-quai-des-orfevres-grand-gagnant.html}}.\\n\\n===\n        Sociologie urbaine ===\\n[[Fichier:Revenus \\u00e0 Paris et Petite Couronne.JPG|thumb|Les\n        m\\u00e9nages ais\\u00e9s vivent essentiellement dans l''Ouest et au Sud de\n        la ville tandis que le Nord-Est concentre les populations les plus pauvres\n        et d''origine immigr\\u00e9e.]]\\n\\nLa hausse continue des prix de l''immobilier\n        explique le remplacement progressif des populations modestes ou interm\\u00e9diaires\n        par une nouvelle classe plus ais\\u00e9e. On constate ce processus de [[gentrification]]\n        dans de nombreuses autres [[m\\u00e9gapole]]s comme [[Londres]] ou [[New York]].\n        \\u00c0 Paris, cette \\u00e9volution a vulgaris\\u00e9 le terme de ''''bobos''''\n        (pour [[bourgeois-boh\\u00e8me]], terme flou mais tr\\u00e8s usit\\u00e9, sauf\n        par les sociologues qui y font rarement r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence) avant de provoquer\n        une mutation sociale de quartiers encore r\\u00e9cemment consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9s\n        comme populaires, tels le {{nobr|{{10e}} arrondissement}} ou certaines communes\n        de proche banlieue comme [[Montreuil (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Montreuil]] en [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].\n        Paris est la {{nobr|{{12e}} ville}} de France de plus de {{Unit\\u00e9|20000|habitants}}\n        pour la proportion d''assujettis \\u00e0 l''[[imp\\u00f4t de solidarit\\u00e9\n        sur la fortune]] (ISF), soit {{nobr|34,5 foyers}} fiscaux pour {{Unit\\u00e9|1000|habitants}}.\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|73362|foyers}} fiscaux d\\u00e9claraient un patrimoine moyen de\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|1961667|euros}} en 2006. Le [[16e arrondissement de Paris|{{16e|arrondissement}}]]\n        arrive en t\\u00eate pour le nombre de redevables avec {{Unit\\u00e9|17356|contribuables}}[http://www.impots.gouv.fr/portal/dgi/public/documentation.impot?pageId=doc_stat_donnees_detaillees&espId=-1&sfid=4503\n        Site officiel de la direction g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale des Imp\\u00f4ts].{{,}}[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/economie/le-classement-des-villes-par-l-isf_476345.html  Le\n        classement des villes par l''ISF], [[L''Express]] du 25/06/2007.. Avec\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|27400|euros}} de revenu moyen par unit\\u00e9 de consommation\n        en 2001, les m\\u00e9nages parisiens sont les plus ais\\u00e9s de France. Les\n        quatre autres d\\u00e9partements en t\\u00eate du palmar\\u00e8s sont tous franciliens\n        : [[Hauts-de-Seine]], [[Yvelines]], [[Essonne (d\\u00e9partement)|Essonne]]\n        et [[Val-de-Marne]], ce qui refl\\u00e8te la concentration de professions tr\\u00e8s\n        qualifi\\u00e9es \\u00e0 haut revenu dans la r\\u00e9gion \\u00cele-de-France.\\n\\nMais\n        si Paris a une image d''une \\u00ab ville de riches \\u00bb avec une proportion\n        de classes sociales \\u00e9lev\\u00e9es plus importante qu''ailleurs, sa sociologie\n        intra-muros reste en r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 tr\\u00e8s contrast\\u00e9e. Selon l''indice\n        de parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat ([[Parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat|PPA]]),\n        les revenus r\\u00e9els des Parisiens sont tr\\u00e8s inf\\u00e9rieurs \\u00e0\n        leurs revenus nominaux : le co\\u00fbt de la vie intra-muros (\\u00e0 commencer\n        par celui du logement) est particuli\\u00e8rement \\u00e9lev\\u00e9, et certains\n        types de denr\\u00e9es co\\u00fbtent plus cher \\u00e0 Paris que dans le reste\n        de la France. De plus, au contraire du [[revenu m\\u00e9dian]], le revenu moyen\n        cache les disparit\\u00e9s, quelques tr\\u00e8s hauts revenus pouvant \\u00e9clipser\n        de tr\\u00e8s bas revenus beaucoup plus nombreux. Dans le cas de Paris, le\n        seuil des 10 % de revenus les plus hauts ({{nobr|{{9e}} [[d\\u00e9cile]]}})\n        s''\\u00e9l\\u00e8ve \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|50961|euros}} annuels[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=8229\n        INSEE - A Paris, les m\\u00e9nages les plus ais\\u00e9s voisins des plus modestes].,\n        ce qui explique en partie le haut revenu moyen de la capitale et l''\\u00e9cart\n        important entre le revenu moyen et le revenu m\\u00e9dian.\\n\\nLes diff\\u00e9rences sociales sont traditionnellement\n        marqu\\u00e9es entre les habitants de l''Ouest de Paris (essentiellement ais\\u00e9s)\n        et ceux de l''Est. Ainsi, le revenu moyen d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9 dans le {{nobr|{{7e}}\n        arrondissement}}, le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9, \\u00e9tait {{Unit\\u00e9|31521|euros}}\n        par unit\\u00e9 de consommation en 2001, soit plus du double de celui du {{19e|arrondissement}}\n        qui n''\\u00e9tait {{Unit\\u00e9|13759|euros}}, valeur proche de la m\\u00e9diane\n        des revenus de la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] de {{Unit\\u00e9|13155|euros}}. Les\n        {{6e}}, {{7e}}, {{8e}} et {{16e|arrondissements}} sont class\\u00e9s au niveau\n        des dix communes franciliennes au revenu moyen le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 alors\n        que les {{10e}}, {{18e}}, {{19e}} et {{20e|arrondissements}} sont au niveau\n        des communes les plus pauvres d''[[\\u00cele-de-France]][http://www.insee.fr/fr/region/rfc/ficdoc_frame.asp?ref_id=8229&doc_id=8042\n        INSEE - \\u00c0 Paris, les m\\u00e9nages les plus ais\\u00e9s voisins des plus\n        modestes]..\\n\\nOn note enfin de tr\\u00e8s fortes disparit\\u00e9s de\n        revenus au sein m\\u00eame de tous les arrondissements : le [[rapport interd\\u00e9cile]]\n        (le seuil des 10 % des revenus les plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s divis\\u00e9 par le\n        seuil des 10 % des revenus les plus bas) le plus faible est 6,7 dans le {{nobr|{{12e}}\n        arrondissement}}, contre 13,0 pour le {{nobr|{{2e}} arrondissement}} (qui\n        pr\\u00e9sente la plus forte dispersion de revenus). Plus globalement, Paris se classe parmi les d\\u00e9partements\n        m\\u00e9tropolitains aux seuils de bas revenus les plus faibles ({{nobr|{{81e}}\n        rang}}), et pr\\u00e9sente\n        un rapport interd\\u00e9cile de 10,5\n        qui en fait le d\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais o\\u00f9 se concentrent les plus\n        fortes disparit\\u00e9s sociales.\\n\\nOn y constate \\u00e9galement la [[Ghetto#Acception\n        r\\u00e9cente|ghetto\\u00efsation]] ethnique et sociale de certains quartiers,\n        comme celui de [[Quartier de Rochechouart|Barb\\u00e8s - Rochechouart]]. En\n        effet, la sociologie de certains arrondissements de l''Est de Paris (comme\n        le {{19e}}) ressemble \\u00e0 celle de quelques quartiers sensibles de banlieue\n        ne constituant que l''extension extra-muros de la cartographie sociale de\n        la ville : le {{nobr|{{16e}} arrondissement}} se prolonge par des communes\n        de banlieue ais\\u00e9es, alors que le Nord-Est de la ville a pour appendice\n        les communes de la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], r\\u00e9put\\u00e9es pauvres. Au d\\u00e9but\n        des [[ann\\u00e9es 2000]], la population la plus d\\u00e9munie est concentr\\u00e9e\n        dans les arrondissements du nord-est : 40 % des foyers concern\\u00e9s r\\u00e9sident\n        dans les {{18e}}, {{19e}} et {{20e|arrondissements}}, contre 2 % dans les\n        {{4e}} et {{6e|arrondissements}}. 32,6 % des familles parisiennes d''origine\n        \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re hors [[Union europ\\u00e9enne]] vivent sous le seuil de\n        pauvret\\u00e9 ; ce n''est le cas que pour 9,7 % des Fran\\u00e7ais dont la\n        personne de r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence est fran\\u00e7aise{{PDF}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.apur.org/sites/default/files/documents/4P11.pdf|titre=La\n        pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e0 Paris \\u2013 Note de 4 pages \\u2013 N\\u00b0 11|date=janvier\n        2004|site=[http://www.apur.org apur.org]|page=1|consult\\u00e9 le=15 juin 2014}}..\n        Certains quartiers, comme celui de la [[Goutte d''Or]], cumulent toutes les\n        difficult\\u00e9s sociales : \\u00e9chec scolaire, ch\\u00f4mage \\u00e9lev\\u00e9\n        ou encore sant\\u00e9 scolaire d\\u00e9ficiente{{PDF}} [http://www.apur.org/sites/default/files/documents/4P24.pdf\n        Politique de la ville, les quartiers parisiens : 17 % de la population parisienne\n        sur 17 % du territoire] - [[Atelier parisien d''urbanisme]] - Note {{n\\u00b0|24}}\n        de f\\u00e9vrier 2006, consult\\u00e9e le 15 juin 2014..\\n\\nCertains quartiers\n        se caract\\u00e9risent par des regroupements communautaires : le [[Le Marais\n        (quartier parisien)|quartier du Marais]] a la particularit\\u00e9 d''attirer\n        une importante communaut\\u00e9 [[Homosexualit\\u00e9|homosexuelle]] \\u00e0\n        proximit\\u00e9 de la communaut\\u00e9 [[juifs|juive]] [[ashk\\u00e9naze]] dont\n        l''implantation autour de la [[rue des Rosiers]] remonte au {{S-|XIII}}. Le\n        {{nobr|{{13e}} arrondissement}} regroupe quant \\u00e0 lui une importante communaut\\u00e9\n        asiatique dans le quartier des Olympiades.\\n\\nIl faut par ailleurs noter que\n        la sociologie d''un quartier peut varier selon les heures. Celui de la place\n        de la Bastille, par exemple, avec ses nombreux bars et lieux de vie nocturne,\n        est anim\\u00e9 le soir par beaucoup de jeunes tandis que, dans la journ\\u00e9e,\n        il jouit d''une relative tranquillit\\u00e9.\\n\\n== Toponymie ==\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Noms, abr\\u00e9viations des noms et surnoms de la ville\n        de Paris}}\\n\\nLe nom de la cit\\u00e9 est attest\\u00e9 pour la premi\\u00e8re\n        fois par [[Jules C\\u00e9sar]], au milieu du {{-s|I|er}}, dans la ''''[[Guerre\n        des Gaules]]'''', sous la forme ''''Lutecia'''' ou ''''Lutetia'''' (selon\n        les manuscrits){{Ouvrage\\n|pr\\u00e9nom1=Pierre-Henri\\n|nom1=Billy\\n|titre=Dictionnaire\n        des noms de lieux de la France\\n|\\u00e9diteur=\\u00e9ditions Errance\\n|ann\\u00e9e=2011\\n|pages\n        totales=639\\n|passage=420\\n|isbn=978-2-87772-449-4\\n}}.. On trouve ensuite\n        ''''Lutetia apud Parisios'''' au {{s|IV|e}}{{Ouvrage |titre=Dictionnaire\n        \\u00e9tymologique des noms de lieu en France |\\u00e9diteur= Librairie Gu\\u00e9n\\u00e9gaud\n        | nom1=[[Albert Dauzat]] |nom2=[[Charles Rostaing]] |langue=fran\\u00e7ais\n        | ann\\u00e9e=1979 | lieu=Paris |isbn=2-85023-076-6 |passage=519}}. (''''Parisios''''\n        \\u00e9tant \\u00e0 l''accusatif pluriel) ; puis ''''Parisios [usque]'''' en\n        [[400]] - [[410]]''''ibidem'''', et enfin ''''Paris'''', attest\\u00e9e\n        d\\u00e8s [[887]].\\n\\nLe mot ''''Paris'''' est issu du nom\n        du [[Gaulois (peuples)|peuple gaulois]] des [[Parisii]] (au datif locatif\n        pluriel : ''''Parisiis''''), dont Paris \\u00e9tait la capitale \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque\n        gallo-romaine. La premi\\u00e8re d\\u00e9signation ''''Lutetia'''' ([[Lut\\u00e8ce]])\n        a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 remplac\\u00e9e au {{s-|IV|e}}, suivant un processus g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        observ\\u00e9 dans la Gaule du [[Bas Empire]] pour les capitales de [[civitas]]\n        (cit\\u00e9s gallo-romaines) : celles-ci furent d''abord appel\\u00e9es de leur\n        nom originel compl\\u00e9t\\u00e9 du nom du peuple dont elles \\u00e9taient la\n        capitale, comme ''''Lutecia des Parisii'''' en l''occurrence. Puis le nom\n        du peuple au datif locatif est seul rest\\u00e9, le nom signifiant alors ''''chez\n        les Parisii'''' (voir entre autres [[Angers]] capitale des [[And\\u00e9caves]],\n        [[Tours]] des [[Turones]], [[\\u00c9vreux]] des [[Aulerques Eburovices|Eburovices]],\n        [[Saintes]] des [[Santons]], [[Poitiers]] des [[Pictons]], [[Amiens]] des\n        [[Ambiens]], etc., qui sont toutes dans le m\\u00eame cas).\\n\\nSelon Pierre-Henry\n        Billy, ''''Lutetia'''' pourrait \\u00eatre issu du gaulois ''''*luta'''', boue,\n        avec le suffixe ''''-etia'''', ce qui correspond tr\\u00e8s\n        bien \\u00e0 la nature du terrain d\\u00e9crit par [[Jules C\\u00e9sar|C\\u00e9sar]]\n        dans la ''''[[Guerre des Gaules]]'''' (existence d''un marais permanent qui\n        d\\u00e9versait ses eaux dans la [[Seine]]). Quant \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9tymologie\n        de l''ethnonyme ''''[[Parisii]]'''', elle n''est pas connue avec certitude.\n        Il pourrait provenir du gaulois ''''*pario'''', chaudron (''''{{cf.}}''''\n        le provencal ''''pairol'''' de m\\u00eame sens), signifiant alors \\u00ab Ceux\n        du chaudron \\u00bb\\n{{ouvrage\\n|auteur1=Xavier Delamarre\\n|titre= Dictionnaire\n        de la langue gauloise\\n|\\u00e9diteur= \\u00e9ditions Errance\\n|ann\\u00e9e=2003\\n|pages\n        totales=440\\n|passage= 246\\n|isbn= 978-2-87772-237-7\\n}}., avec une\n        r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence mythique et sacr\\u00e9e (th\\u00e8me celtique du chaudron\n        d''abondance repr\\u00e9sentant la survie dans l''Au-del\\u00e0 et les richesses\n        de l''[[Autre Monde]])\\n{{Ouvrage\\n|pr\\u00e9nom1=Jacques\\n|nom1=Lacroix\\n|titre=Les\n        noms d''origine gauloise: La Gaule des activit\\u00e9s \\u00e9conomiques\\n|\\u00e9diteur=\\u00e9ditions\n        Errance\\n|ann\\u00e9e=2005\\n|pages totales=288\\n|passage=100\\n|isbn=2-87772-287-2\\n}}..\\n\\nLes\n        Parisii ont donn\\u00e9 leur nom \\u00e0 Paris, ainsi qu''au pays du [[Pays\n        de France|Parisis]] (maintenant \\u00ab pays de France \\u00bb), qui subsiste\n        dans [[Villeparisis]], [[Cormeilles-en-Parisis]], [[Fontenay-en-Parisis]].\n        On trouvait \\u00e9galement des gaulois de la m\\u00eame tribu des Parisii en\n        [[Angleterre]], dans l''actuel [[Yorkshire de l''Est]].\\n\\n== Histoire ==\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire de Paris|Chronologie de l''histoire de Paris}}\\n\\n===\n        Pr\\u00e9histoire et Antiquit\\u00e9 ===\\n[[Fichier:Thermes-de-Cluny-caldarium.jpg|thumb|[[Caldarium]]\n        des [[Mus\\u00e9e national du Moyen \\u00c2ge|thermes de Cluny]].]]\\n\\nUn habitat\n        permanent est attest\\u00e9 dans les limites du Paris actuel \\u00e0 partir\n        de la p\\u00e9riode [[chass\\u00e9en]]ne (entre {{formatnum:4000}} et {{formatnum:3800}}\n        avant notre \\u00e8re) au ''''village de Bercy'''' ; les restes de trois pirogues\n        [[n\\u00e9olithique]]s aujourd''hui visibles au [[mus\\u00e9e Carnavalet]] ont\n        ainsi \\u00e9t\\u00e9 retrouv\\u00e9s[http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=themes&code=C0632055582&num_notice=3&total_notices=4\n        INA - Vid\\u00e9o en ligne du journal de FR3 du 8.10.1991 : halles aux vins\n        Bercy, d\\u00e9couverte de 3 pirogues].{{,}}[http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&num_notice=8&total_notices=9&mc=pirogue\n        INA - Vid\\u00e9o en ligne du journal de FR3 du 27.02.1992 : pirogues de Bercy].\n        sur la rive gauche d''un ancien bras de la Seine dans le [[12e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{12e|arrondissement}}]], o\\u00f9 la pr\\u00e9sence humaine semble\n        avoir \\u00e9t\\u00e9 continue durant le [[N\\u00e9olithique]]{{p.|8-9}}..\\n\\nDe\n        fa\\u00e7on g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale, l''histoire du site parisien est toutefois\n        mal connue jusqu''\\u00e0 la p\\u00e9riode [[Gaule romaine|gallo-romaine]].\n        Seule certitude, les [[Parisii]], l''un des [[Gaulois (peuples)|98 peuples\n        gaulois]], vivent sur cette r\\u00e9gion en [[-52|52 avant notre \\u00e8re]],\n        au moment d''\\u00eatre soumis \\u00e0 [[Empire romain|Rome]]. Ainsi, on ne\n        conna\\u00eet pas pr\\u00e9cis\\u00e9ment l''emplacement de la cit\\u00e9 gauloise\n        mentionn\\u00e9e dans les sources latines : il pourrait s''agir de l''[[\\u00eele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9]] (aucun vestige arch\\u00e9ologique ant\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0\n        [[Auguste]] n''y a toutefois \\u00e9t\\u00e9 retrouv\\u00e9), de l''[[\\u00eele\n        Saint-Louis]], d''une autre \\u00eele aujourd''hui rattach\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la\n        [[Rive gauche (Paris)|rive gauche]], voire du site de [[Nanterre]], o\\u00f9\n        a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 d\\u00e9couvert en 2003 une importante agglom\\u00e9ration ordonn\\u00e9eOn y trouve notamment un atelier mon\\u00e9taire. Cette zone clairement\n        inondable n''entre pas en contradiction avec le texte de C\\u00e9sar qui situe\n        l''[[oppidum]] des Parisii sur une \\u00ab \\u00eele de la Seine \\u00bb. La\n        cit\\u00e9, apr\\u00e8s sa destruction, aurait pu \\u00eatre \\u00ab d\\u00e9plac\\u00e9e\n        \\u00bb de quelques kilom\\u00e8tres vers l''est par les Romains et reconstruite\n        ''''ex nihilo'''' sur le versant nord de la [[montagne Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve]].{{,}}Le\n        Monde du 24/02/2004.{{,}}[http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2009/07/25/lutece-ville-fantome_1222749_3214_1.html\n        Le Monde, 24/7/2008, Lut\\u00e8ce, ville fant\\u00f4me].. Dans tous les\n        cas, la cit\\u00e9 romaine s''\\u00e9tend sur la rive gauche et sur l\\u2019\\u00eele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9 ; elle prend le nom de ''''Lutetia'''' (''''[[Lut\\u00e8ce]]'''').\\n\\n\\u00c0\n        l''\\u00e9poque gallo-romaine, Lut\\u00e8ce n''est qu''une cit\\u00e9 relativement\n        modeste du monde romain, n''ayant probablement que cinq \\u00e0 six mille habitants\n        \\u00e0 son apog\\u00e9e{{p.|40}}. ; en comparaison,\n        [[Lugdunum]] ([[Lyon]]), capitale des trois Gaules (dont la [[Gaule lyonnaise|lyonnaise]]\n        qui englobe la r\\u00e9gion de Lut\\u00e8ce), aurait compt\\u00e9 au {{S-|II}}\n        de {{formatnum:50000}} \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|80000|habitants}}[[Amable\n        Audin]], ''''Lyon, miroir de Rome dans les Gaules'''', R\\u00e9surrection du\n        pass\\u00e9, Fayard, 1965, {{p.|133}}.. Elle connait toutefois une certaine\n        prosp\\u00e9rit\\u00e9 gr\\u00e2ce au trafic fluvial.\n        Suivant la tradition, la cit\\u00e9 aurait \\u00e9t\\u00e9 christianis\\u00e9e\n        par [[Denis de Paris|saint Denis]], martyris\\u00e9 vers 250{{p.|52}}..\\n\\nLa\n        position strat\\u00e9gique de Lut\\u00e8ce face aux [[grandes invasions]]{{p.|47}}. en fait un lieu de s\\u00e9jour pour l''empereur\n        [[Julien (empereur romain)|Julien]] entre 357 et 360, puis [[Valentinien Ier|Valentinien\n        {{Ier}}]] en 365-366. La cit\\u00e9 prend le nom de Paris \\u00e0 cette \\u00e9poque[http://books.google.fr/books?id=Bl9JAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA394&dq=ammien+marcellin+parisii&ei=5p_VR_apPJO0yQSh3YSBBA#PPA396,M1\n        M\\u00e9moires de la Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 nationale des antiquaires de France\n        - 1875 - Ammien Marcelin nomme Lut\\u00e8ce sous le nom de Parisii \\u00e0 la\n        fin du {{S-|IV}}].. Si ses faubourgs subsistent encore au {{S-|IV}}{{p.|46}}., la population se replie au {{S-|V}} dans l''[[\\u00eele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9]], fortifi\\u00e9e par la r\\u00e9cup\\u00e9ration de pierres\n        prises aux grands \\u00e9difices ruin\\u00e9s. En 451, [[sainte Genevi\\u00e8ve]],\n        future patronne de la ville, serait parvenue \\u00e0 convaincre les habitants\n        de ne pas fuir devant les [[Huns]] d''[[Attila]], qui s''en d\\u00e9tournent\n        effectivement sans combat{{p.|11-14}}..\\n\\n=== Moyen\n        \\u00c2ge ===\\n[[Fichier:Plan de Paris 1223 BNF07710747.jpg|vignette|Plan de\n        Paris reconstitu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 l''ann\\u00e9e 1223.]]\\n\\nEn 508, apr\\u00e8s\n        avoir conquis la majeure partie de la [[Gaule]], [[Clovis]] fait de Paris\n        sa capitale{{p.|66}}.. Il y \\u00e9tablit sa r\\u00e9sidence\n        principale ([[Thermes de Cluny|Palais des Thermes]]), et y fait construire\n        plusieurs \\u00e9difices religieux, dont la [[Abbaye Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        de Paris|basilique des Saints-Ap\\u00f4tres]], o\\u00f9 il est enterr\\u00e9\n        ; le r\\u00f4le de la cit\\u00e9 doit cependant \\u00eatre relativis\\u00e9, dans\n        la mesure o\\u00f9 il n\\u2019existe pas alors d\\u2019[[Administration publique|administration]]\n        royale. Tout au long des {{s2-|VI|e|VII|e}}, Paris garde une importance particuli\\u00e8re{{p.|68}}., m\\u00eame si les divisions du royaume de Clovis\n        entre ses h\\u00e9ritiers limitent son rayonnement. [[Childebert Ier|Childebert\n        {{Ier}}]] y fait ainsi construire la plus grande [[cath\\u00e9drale]] de la\n        Gaule (la [[Cath\\u00e9drale Saint-\\u00c9tienne de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale Saint-\\u00c9tienne]]),\n        tandis que [[Child\\u00e9ric II]] fait r\\u00e9nover les [[Ar\\u00e8nes de Lut\\u00e8ce|ar\\u00e8nes\n        gallo-romaines]]. Durant cette p\\u00e9riode, revitalis\\u00e9e par les fondations\n        monastiques{{p.|44}} Patrick Boucheron et Denis Menjot, ''''La ville\n        m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale'''', \\u00e9d. du Seuil, France, 2011. et sa fonction\n        de capitale{{p.|45}} Patrick Boucheron et Denis Menjot, ''''La ville\n        m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale'''', \\u00e9d. du Seuil, France, 2011., la ville\n        commence probablement \\u00e0 s\\u2019\\u00e9tendre sur la rive droite{{p.|14-15}}.,\n        alors que la rive gauche est r\\u00e9occup\\u00e9e.\\n\\nL\\u2019extension vers\n        l\\u2019est du [[royaume franc|royaume des Francs]] sous le r\\u00e8gne de [[Charlemagne]]\n        fait perdre \\u00e0 Paris sa position politique privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9e{{p.|71}}..\n        \\u00c0 partir du milieu du {{S-|IX}}, elle fait partie du territoire des [[Robertiens]],\n        qui prennent le titre de comte de Paris. Particuli\\u00e8rement expos\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 cause de sa situation sur la [[Seine]], elle est \\u00e0 la m\\u00eame\n        \\u00e9poque ruin\\u00e9e \\u00e9conomiquement par les raids des [[Vikings]],\n        qui la ravagent \\u00e0 plusieurs reprises{{p.|98}}.,\n        ce qui oblige la population \\u00e0 se replier \\u00e0 nouveau sur l\\u2019[[\\u00eele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9]]. En 885-886, [[Si\\u00e8ge de Paris (885-887)|assi\\u00e9g\\u00e9e\n        par les Normands]], la cit\\u00e9 parvient \\u00e0 leur r\\u00e9sister avec succ\\u00e8s,\n        tout en leur barrant l\\u2019acc\\u00e8s au fleuve. Cet \\u00e9pisode procure\n        un grand prestige \\u00e0 Paris et \\u00e0 son comte [[Eudes de France|Eudes]],\n        qui a aid\\u00e9 \\u00e0 sa d\\u00e9fense ; il marque par contre une \\u00e9tape\n        du d\\u00e9clin de l\\u2019[[empire carolingien]], le comportement de [[Charles\n        III le Gros|Charles le Gros]] ayant \\u00e9t\\u00e9 jug\\u00e9 indigne durant\n        les \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements.\\n\\nSous le r\\u00e8gne des premiers [[Cap\\u00e9tiens]],\n        Paris est une des principales villes du domaine royal, mais pas une capitale,\n        n\\u2019\\u00e9tant pour eux qu\\u2019une r\\u00e9sidence parmi d\\u2019autres.\n        Elle gagne cependant en importance avec le temps : [[Robert II de France|Robert\n        le Pieux]] fait ainsi restaurer le [[Palais de la Cit\\u00e9]]{{p.|114}}.\n        et plusieurs abbayes, tandis que [[Louis VI de France|Louis VI]] puis [[Louis\n        VII de France|Louis VII]] y fixent leur cour et leur chancellerie. Dans le\n        m\\u00eame temps, la cit\\u00e9 prosp\\u00e8re, devenant une place importante\n        du commerce du [[bl\\u00e9]], du [[poisson]] et du [[Drap (literie)|drap]],\n        les marchands parisiens s\\u2019unissant au sein d''une \\u00ab hanse des marchands\n        de l\\u2019eau \\u00bb[http://www.archive.org/stream/lesmarchandsdele00pica#page/n7/mode/2up\n        ''''Les marchands de l''eau : Hanse parisienne et Compagnie fran\\u00e7aise'''',\n        par Picarda, \\u00c9mile. Paris, \\u00c9. Bouillon, 1901], sur ''''archive.org''''.\n        Consult\\u00e9 le 25 avril 2013. privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9e par {{nobr|Louis\n        VII}} en 1170-1171. Elle devient \\u00e9galement un centre d\\u2019enseignement\n        majeur, gr\\u00e2ce aux \\u00e9coles \\u00e9piscopales dans un premier temps{{p.|22}}., puis \\u00e0 partir du milieu du {{S-|XII}},\n        aux communaut\\u00e9s religieuses qui s\\u2019\\u00e9tablissent sur la rive gauche\n        alors d\\u00e9peupl\\u00e9e{{p.|145}}.. \\u00c0 l\\u2019image\n        de l\\u2019ensemble de l\\u2019Occident chr\\u00e9tien, sa population augmente\n        \\u00e0 cette \\u00e9poque de fa\\u00e7on consid\\u00e9rable : Paris s\\u2019\\u00e9tend\n        d''abord sur la rive droite (d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XI}}){{p.|131}}.,\n        qui devient son poumon \\u00e9conomique{{p.|141}} Patrick Boucheron et\n        Denis Menjot, ''''La ville m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale'''', \\u00e9d. du Seuil, France,\n        2011., l\\u2019\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9 abritant d\\u00e8s lors les grands\n        \\u00e9difices administratifs et religieux.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Armes ville de Paris-2.jpg|vignette|upright|Recueil\n        des ordonnances de la pr\\u00e9v\\u00f4t\\u00e9 des marchands de Paris, contenant\n        la transcription de l''ordonnance rendue en f\\u00e9vrier 1416 par {{nobr|Charles\n        VI}}.]]\\nC\\u2019est [[Philippe Auguste]] qui fait de Paris la capitale incontest\\u00e9e\n        du royaume, sur lequel il est le premier des cap\\u00e9tiens \\u00e0 exercer\n        un fort contr\\u00f4le ; cette position est encore renforc\\u00e9e sous les\n        r\\u00e8gnes de [[Louis IX de France|Louis IX]] et de [[Philippe IV de France|Philippe\n        le Bel]]. L\\u2019administration royale, qui se d\\u00e9veloppe consid\\u00e9rablement,\n        tient ainsi son si\\u00e8ge dans la cit\\u00e9, o\\u00f9 se situent la [[Chambre\n        des comptes]], le Tr\\u00e9sor, et les Archives du royaume. Les bourgeois parisiens\n        jouent un r\\u00f4le majeur dans la gestion de l\\u2019\\u00c9tat, faisant souvent\n        partie du proche entourage du souverain. Les monarques veillent n\\u00e9anmoins\n        \\u00e0 limiter l\\u2019autonomie de la ville, qui n\\u2019obtient pas le statut\n        de [[Commune (Moyen \\u00c2ge)|commune]] ; les [[Corporation (Ancien R\\u00e9gime)|corporations]]\n        se voient seulement accorder divers privil\\u00e8ges politiques, ce qui aboutit\n        en 1263 \\u00e0 l\\u2019apparition d\\u2019une [[Commune (France)|municipalit\\u00e9]]\n        compos\\u00e9e d\\u2019un [[Pr\\u00e9v\\u00f4t des marchands de Paris|pr\\u00e9v\\u00f4t\n        des marchands]] et quatre [[\\u00c9chevin (Paris)|\\u00e9chevins]]. Dans le\n        m\\u00eame temps, les \\u00e9coles de la rive gauche s\\u2019unifient en une\n        \\u00ab [[Universit\\u00e9 de Paris|universitas]] \\u00bb{{p.|147}}.,\n        reconnue par le [[pape]] en 1209-1210, faisant de Paris le plus prestigieux\n        centre d\\u2019enseignement d\\u2019[[Occident chr\\u00e9tien|Europe occidentale]]\n        pendant au moins un si\\u00e8cle. La cit\\u00e9 devient \\u00e9galement le symbole\n        du pouvoir royal, qui cherche \\u00e0 lui donner des \\u00e9difices dignes de\n        son rang : la [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame]]\n        est achev\\u00e9e vers 1250, la [[Sainte-Chapelle]] abritant la [[Sainte Couronne|couronne\n        d''\\u00e9pine du Christ]] en 1248, le Palais de la Cit\\u00e9 est r\\u00e9nov\\u00e9\n        et \\u00e9tendu, et le march\\u00e9 parisien est couvert et emmur\\u00e9 ([[Halles\n        de Paris|Halles]]). Philippe Auguste entoure par ailleurs les deux rives de\n        la cit\\u00e9 de [[Enceinte de Philippe Auguste|murailles de pierres]], termin\\u00e9es\n        en 1209-1212. Paris poursuit sa croissance, la rive gauche \\u00e9tant repeupl\\u00e9e\n        au {{S-|XIII}}{{p.|142}}. ; au d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XIV}},\n        on estime sa population \\u00e0 environ {{nombre|200000|habitants}}{{p.|202}}., ce qui en fait la ville la plus peupl\\u00e9e\n        d''Europe{{p.|31}}..\\n\\nEn 1348, la cit\\u00e9 est frapp\\u00e9e\n        pour la premi\\u00e8re fois par la [[peste noire|peste]], qui ravage l\\u2019Europe\n        entre 1347 et 1351 ; ce mal l\\u2019atteint ensuite de fa\\u00e7on cyclique\n        pendant plusieurs si\\u00e8cles. Pendant la [[guerre de Cent Ans]], elle est\n        expos\\u00e9e aux attaques anglaises, ce qui am\\u00e8ne [[Charles V de France|Charles\n        V]] \\u00e0 construire sur la rive droite un nouveau rempart englobant les\n        faubourgs. Dans le m\\u00eame temps, dans un contexte de d\\u00e9pression \\u00e9conomique\n        et de d\\u00e9faite militaire, l\\u2019autorit\\u00e9 royale est remise en cause\n        : le pr\\u00e9v\\u00f4t des marchands [[\\u00c9tienne Marcel]] tente ainsi de\n        s''emparer du pouvoir en 1357-1358, tandis que les \\u00e9meutes populaires\n        se multiplient, telle celle des [[Maillotins]] en 1382{{p.|207}}..\n        En r\\u00e9action, {{nobr|Charles V}} puis [[Charles VI de France|Charles VI]]\n        \\u00e9lisent r\\u00e9sidence dans l\\u2019est parisien, moins expos\\u00e9 aux\n        troubles. Au d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XV}}, le [[Guerre civile entre Armagnacs et\n        Bourguignons|conflit]] entre Armagnacs et Bourguignons occasionne \\u00e9galement\n        de nombreuses violences dans la capitale ; ces derniers s''imposent en 1418,\n        et Paris tombe en cons\\u00e9quence aux mains du roi d\\u2019Angleterre deux\n        ans plus tard. La cit\\u00e9 est reconquise en 1436 par [[Charles VII de France|Charles\n        {{VII}}]], mais celui-ci pr\\u00e9f\\u00e8re r\\u00e9sider pr\\u00e8s de la [[Loire]],\n        et il en est de m\\u00eame pour ses successeurs [[Louis XI de France|Louis\n        {{XI}}]], [[Charles VIII de France|Charles {{VIII}}]] et [[Louis XII de France|Louis\n        {{XII}}]]. \\u00c0 l\\u2019issue de la guerre, Paris s\\u2019est r\\u00e9tract\\u00e9e\n        derri\\u00e8re ses murailles{{p.|345}} Patrick Boucheron et Denis Menjot,\n        ''''La ville m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale'''', \\u00e9d. du Seuil, France, 2011.,\n        et sa population est tomb\\u00e9e \\u00e0 environ {{unit\\u00e9|100000|habitants}}.\\n\\n=== De la Renaissance au dix-huiti\\u00e8me si\\u00e8cle\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Paris Hotel de Sens dsc04026.jpg|thumb|L''[[H\\u00f4tel des\n        archev\\u00eaques de Sens|h\\u00f4tel de Sens]], une des demeures de Paris,\n        \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 entre [[1475]] et [[1519]].]]\\n\\nLa [[Renaissance artistique|Renaissance]],\n        marqu\\u00e9e par le roi et sa cour r\\u00e9sidant dans le Val de Loire, ne\n        b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie donc gu\\u00e8re \\u00e0 Paris. Malgr\\u00e9 son \\u00e9loignement,\n        la monarchie s\\u2019inqui\\u00e8te de l''expansion d\\u00e9sordonn\\u00e9e de\n        la cit\\u00e9. Une premi\\u00e8re r\\u00e9glementation d\\u2019urbanisme est \\u00e9dict\\u00e9e\n        en 1500 \\u00e0 propos du nouveau [[pont Notre-Dame]], bord\\u00e9 de maisons\n        uniformes de [[Brique (mat\\u00e9riau)|brique]] et de pierre de style Louis\n        {{XII}}{{p.|244}}..\\n\\nEn 1528, [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ier\n        de France|Fran\\u00e7ois {{Ier}}]] fixe officiellement sa r\\u00e9sidence \\u00e0\n        Paris. Le rayonnement intellectuel s''accro\\u00eet : \\u00e0 l''enseignement\n        de l''universit\\u00e9 (th\\u00e9ologie et arts lib\\u00e9raux) s''ajoute un\n        enseignement moderne tourn\\u00e9 vers l''humanisme et les sciences exactes\n        voulu par le roi, au [[Coll\\u00e8ge de France]]. Sous son r\\u00e8gne, Paris\n        atteint {{Unit\\u00e9|280000|habitants}} et reste la plus grande ville du monde\n        chr\\u00e9tien[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=5427&document_type_id=5&document_id=8716&portlet_id=11661\n        Historique et \\u00e9volution]..\\n\\n[[File:Carte topographique des environs\n        et du plan de Paris - 1735 - btv1b8442730b.jpg|thumb|left|Plan des environs\n        de Paris en [[1735]].]]\\n[[Fichier:Plan de Paris en 1787 par Brion de la Tour.jpg|thumb|right|Plan\n        de Paris en [[1787]] par Brion de la Tour.]]\\n\\nLe {{Date-|24|ao\\u00fbt|1572}},\n        sous [[Charles IX de France|Charles {{IX}}]], est organis\\u00e9 le [[massacre\n        de la Saint-Barth\\u00e9lemy]]. On compte entre deux mille et dix mille victimes{{p.|60}}.. La [[Ligue catholique (France)|Ligue catholique]],\n        particuli\\u00e8rement puissante dans la capitale, se dresse contre [[Henri\n        III de France|Henri {{III}}]] durant la [[Journ\\u00e9e des barricades (1588)|Journ\\u00e9e\n        des barricades]] en 1588. Ce dernier s''enfuit avant d''assi\\u00e9ger la ville{{p.|62-64}}.. Apr\\u00e8s son assassinat, le si\\u00e8ge\n        est maintenu par Henri de Navarre, devenu [[Henri IV de France|Henri {{IV}}]].\n        La ville, pourtant ruin\\u00e9e et affam\\u00e9e, ne lui ouvre ses portes qu''en\n        1594 apr\\u00e8s sa conversion.\\n\\nLa [[Journ\\u00e9e des barricades (1648)]]\n        marque le d\\u00e9but de la [[Fronde (histoire)|Fronde]] qui provoque une importante\n        crise \\u00e9conomique et une nouvelle d\\u00e9fiance du roi vis-\\u00e0-vis\n        de sa capitale{{p.|68-73}}..\\n\\nMalgr\\u00e9 une mortalit\\u00e9\n        sup\\u00e9rieure aux naissances, la population atteint les {{Unit\\u00e9|400000|habitants}}\n        gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 l''immigration provinciale. Paris est une ville mis\\u00e9rable\n        o\\u00f9 r\\u00e8gne une forte ins\\u00e9curit\\u00e9, la l\\u00e9gendaire [[cour\n        des miracles]] est progressivement vid\\u00e9e \\u00e0 partir de [[1656]] par\n        le lieutenant-g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de police [[Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie]]Historia\n        th\\u00e9matique {{num\\u00e9ro|107}} mai-juin 2007, page 20 : \\u00ab ''''La\n        Reynie somme les {{Unit\\u00e9|30000|habitants}} de la cour des miracles de\n        d\\u00e9guerpir sous peine de pendre les douze derniers.'''' \\u00bb.\n        qui fait \\u00e9tablir {{nombre|6500|[[Lanterne (\\u00e9clairage)|lanternes]]}}\n        pour [[\\u00c9clairage des rues \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9clairer la ville la nuit]]\n        et rendre les rues plus s\\u00fbres.\\n\\n[[Louis XIV de France|Louis {{XIV}}]]\n        choisit [[Versailles]] comme r\\u00e9sidence en 1677, avant d''y d\\u00e9placer\n        le si\\u00e8ge du gouvernement en 1682. [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|Colbert]] prend\n        en main la gestion parisienne et fait la navette entre Paris et Versailles.\n        Durant son r\\u00e8gne, le Roi Soleil ne vient que vingt-quatre fois \\u00e0\n        Paris, essentiellement pour des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9monies officielles, marquant\n        ainsi envers la cit\\u00e9 une hostilit\\u00e9 que n''appr\\u00e9cient gu\\u00e8re\n        les Parisiens{{p.|74-78}}..\\n\\nAu {{S-|XVIII}}, [[Versailles]]\n        ne d\\u00e9poss\\u00e8de pas Paris de son rayonnement intellectuel ; au contraire\n        m\\u00eame, elle en fait une puissante frondeuse ouverte aux id\\u00e9es des\n        [[Lumi\\u00e8res (philosophie)|Lumi\\u00e8res]]. C''est la p\\u00e9riode des\n        [[Salon litt\\u00e9raire|salons litt\\u00e9raires]], comme celui de [[Marie-Th\\u00e9r\\u00e8se\n        Rodet Geoffrin|madame Geoffrin]]. Le {{s-|XVIII}} est aussi celui d''une forte\n        expansion \\u00e9conomique qui permet une importante croissance d\\u00e9mographique,\n        la ville atteint {{Unit\\u00e9|640000|habitants}}[http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=26207\n        D\\u00e9mographie de Paris]. \\u00e0 la veille de la [[R\\u00e9volution\n        fran\\u00e7aise]].\\n\\nEn 1715, le [[Philippe d''Orl\\u00e9ans (1674-1723)|r\\u00e9gent\n        Philippe d''Orl\\u00e9ans]] quitte [[Versailles]] pour le [[Palais-Royal]].\n        Le jeune [[Louis XV de France|Louis {{XV}}]] est install\\u00e9 au [[palais\n        des Tuileries]] pour un retour, \\u00e9ph\\u00e9m\\u00e8re, de la royaut\\u00e9\n        dans Paris. D\\u00e8s 1722, {{nobr|Louis {{XV}}}} retourne au [[ch\\u00e2teau\n        de Versailles]] rompant la fragile r\\u00e9conciliation avec le peuple parisien{{p.|78-81}}..\\n\\nLa ville s''\\u00e9tend alors \\u00e0 peu\n        pr\\u00e8s sur les six premiers arrondissements actuels, le [[jardin du Luxembourg]]\n        marquant la fronti\\u00e8re occidentale de la ville. [[Louis XV de France|Louis\n        {{XV}}]] s''int\\u00e9resse personnellement \\u00e0 la ville en 1749 lorsqu''il\n        d\\u00e9cide l''am\\u00e9nagement de la place {{nobr|Louis {{XV}}}} (actuelle\n        [[place de la Concorde]]), la cr\\u00e9ation de l''\\u00e9cole militaire en\n        1752Jean Favier, Paris, ''''2000 ans d''histoire'''', {{p.|195-196}}.,\n        et surtout la construction d''une \\u00e9glise d\\u00e9di\\u00e9e \\u00e0 Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve\n        en 1754, plus connue sous le nom actuel de [[Panth\\u00e9on (Paris)|Panth\\u00e9on]]Jean\n        Favier, ''''Paris, 2000 ans d''histoire'''', {{p.|492-493}}..\\n\\n===\n        La R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise et l''Empire ===\\n[[Fichier:StormingBastille.jpg|thumb|La\n        [[Prise de la Bastille]] le {{date-|14 juillet 1789}}.]]\\n\\nLa [[R\\u00e9volution\n        fran\\u00e7aise]] d\\u00e9bute \\u00e0 [[Versailles]] par la convocation des\n        [[\\u00c9tats g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux (France)|\\u00c9tats g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux]] puis\n        le [[Serment du Jeu de paume]]. Mais les Parisiens, atteints par la crise\n        \\u00e9conomique (prix du pain), sensibilis\\u00e9s aux probl\\u00e8mes politiques\n        par la philosophie des Lumi\\u00e8res et mus par une ranc\\u0153ur \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9gard\n        du pouvoir royal ayant abandonn\\u00e9 la ville depuis plus d''un si\\u00e8cle,\n        lui donnent une nouvelle orientation{{p.|97-98}}..\n        La [[prise de la Bastille]] le {{Date|14|juillet|1789}}, li\\u00e9e au soul\\u00e8vement\n        des [[\\u00e9b\\u00e9niste]]s du [[faubourg Saint-Antoine]], en est une premi\\u00e8re\n        \\u00e9tape. Le {{date-|15 juillet}}, l''astronome [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]]\n        re\\u00e7oit \\u00e0 l''[[h\\u00f4tel de ville de Paris sous la R\\u00e9volution|h\\u00f4tel\n        de ville]] la charge de premier maire de Paris. Le {{date-|5 octobre}}, l\\u2019\\u00e9meute,\n        d\\u00e9clench\\u00e9e par les femmes sur les march\\u00e9s parisiens, atteint\n        Versailles le soir. Le 6 au matin, le ch\\u00e2teau est envahi et le roi doit\n        accepter de venir r\\u00e9sider \\u00e0 Paris au [[palais des Tuileries]] et\n        d\\u2019y convoquer l\\u2019[[Assembl\\u00e9e constituante de 1789|Assembl\\u00e9e\n        constituante]] qui s\\u2019installe le {{date-|19 octobre}} dans [[le Man\\u00e8ge]]\n        des Tuileries{{p.|406-418}}..\\n\\nLe \\u00ab d\\u00e9partement\n        de Paris \\u00bb comprend alors trois [[District (France)|districts]] : [[district\n        de Paris|Paris]], le [[district de Franciade|Franciade]] et [[district de\n        Bourg-de-l''\\u00c9galit\\u00e9|Bourg-de-l''\\u00c9galit\\u00e9]].\\n \\nLe {{date-|14\n        juillet 1790}} se d\\u00e9roule la [[f\\u00eate de la F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration]]\n        sur le [[Champ-de-Mars (Paris)|Champ-de-Mars]], lieu qui sera le {{date-|17\n        juillet 1791}} le th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre d''une dramatique [[fusillade du Champ-de-Mars|fusillade]].\n        Occup\\u00e9s \\u00e0 partir de {{date-|mai 1790}} apr\\u00e8s la mise en vente\n        des [[Bien national|biens nationaux]], le [[Couvent des Cordeliers de Paris|couvent\n        des Cordeliers]] et le [[Couvent des Jacobins (rue Saint-Honor\\u00e9)|couvent\n        des Jacobins]], hauts lieux du Paris r\\u00e9volutionnaire, marquent la toute-puissance\n        des clubs parisiens sur le cours de la R\\u00e9volution{{p.|418-424}}..\\n\\nDans\n        la nuit du {{date-|9 ao\\u00fbt 1792}}, une [[Commune de Paris (1792)|commune]]\n        r\\u00e9volutionnaire prend possession de l''h\\u00f4tel de ville. La [[journ\\u00e9e\n        du 10 ao\\u00fbt 1792|journ\\u00e9e du 10 ao\\u00fbt]] voit la foule assi\\u00e9ger\n        le [[Palais des Tuileries]] avec le soutien du nouveau gouvernement municipal.\n        Le roi [[Louis XVI de France|Louis {{XVI}}]] et la famille royale sont incarc\\u00e9r\\u00e9s\n        \\u00e0 la [[tour du Temple]]. La monarchie fran\\u00e7aise est de fait abolie.\n        Apr\\u00e8s les \\u00e9lections de 1792, les repr\\u00e9sentants de la [[Commune\n        de Paris (1792)|Commune de Paris]], tr\\u00e8s radicaux, s''opposent \\u00e0\n        la [[Convention nationale]] au groupe des [[Gironde (R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise)|Girondins]]\n        (repr\\u00e9sentant l''opinion plus mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9e de la bourgeoisie des\n        provinces) qui sera \\u00e9cart\\u00e9 en 1793{{p.|424-430}}..\\n\\n[[Fichier:Berthault\n        - Das Volk von Paris vor dem Rathaus.jpg|thumb|left|L''h\\u00f4tel de ville,\n        
 le [[Chute de Robespierre|9 Thermidor an {{II}}]].]]\\n\\nLes Parisiens\n        vivent alors deux ann\\u00e9es de rationnement. La [[Terreur (R\\u00e9volution\n        fran\\u00e7aise)|Terreur]] r\\u00e8gne sous la coupe du [[Comit\\u00e9 de salut\n        public]]. Le [[Tribunal r\\u00e9volutionnaire]], avec l''aide de la mairie,\n        s''emploie \\u00e0 incarc\\u00e9rer tout ce que la ville compte encore de nobles\n        suspects, de pr\\u00eatres r\\u00e9fractaires et d''opposants jug\\u00e9s contre-r\\u00e9volutionnaires.\n        La cr\\u00e9ation de la charge de Pr\\u00e9fet de police par [[Napol\\u00e9on]],\n        \\u00f4tera \\u00e0 la municipalit\\u00e9 tout pouvoir de police judiciaire,\n        de sorte que le maire de Paris est, aujourd''hui encore, le seul de France\n        \\u00e0 en \\u00eatre priv\\u00e9[http://admi.net/jo/12messidor_anVIII.html\n        Arr\\u00eat\\u00e9 du 12 messidor an {{VIII}} ({{Date|1er|juillet|1800}}) qui\n        r\\u00e8gle les attributions du Pr\\u00e9fet de Police de Paris].{{,}}[http://www.tarn.pref.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/02_02_maire_police.pdf\n        Dispositions relatives \\u00e0 la ville de Paris en page 3 du document]..\n        Le {{date-|21 janvier 1793}}, [[Louis XVI de France|Louis {{XVI}}]] est [[guillotine|guillotin\\u00e9]]\n        sur la place {{nobr|Louis {{XV}}}}, rebaptis\\u00e9e \\u00ab place de la R\\u00e9volution\n        \\u00bb. Il est suivi sur l''\\u00e9chafaud par {{Unit\\u00e9|1119|personnes}},\n        dont [[Marie-Antoinette d''Autriche|Marie-Antoinette]], [[Georges Jacques\n        Danton|Danton]], [[Antoine Lavoisier|Lavoisier]] et finalement [[Maximilien\n        de Robespierre|Robespierre]] et ses partisans apr\\u00e8s le [[Chute de Robespierre|9\n        Thermidor an {{II}}]] ({{date-|27 juillet 1794}}){{p.|430-435}}..\\n\\nLa\n        R\\u00e9volution n''est pas une p\\u00e9riode favorable au d\\u00e9veloppement\n        de la ville (peu de monuments sont \\u00e9difi\\u00e9s) qui n''a plus que {{Unit\\u00e9|548000|habitants}}\n        en 1800. De nombreux couvents et \\u00e9glises sont ras\\u00e9s et font place\n        \\u00e0 des lotissements \\u00e9difi\\u00e9s sans plan d''ensemble, ce qui aboutit\n        \\u00e0 une r\\u00e9duction des espaces verts de la ville et \\u00e0 une densification\n        du centre. Sous le [[Directoire]], des [[Immeuble de rapport|immeubles de\n        rapport]], de style n\\u00e9o-classique, sont \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s.\\n\\nEn 1806,\n        Paris a compens\\u00e9 les pertes subies durant la R\\u00e9volution et compte\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|650000|habitants}} ;\n        cette progression est surtout le fait de l''immigration provinciale, la natalit\\u00e9\n        restant faible. Depuis le milieu du {{S-|XVIII}}, la ville est distanc\\u00e9e\n        par [[Londres]] en pleine expansion \\u00e9conomique et d\\u00e9mographique\n        qui atteint {{Unit\\u00e9|1096784|habitants}}{{p.|436-442}}..\n        Le {{date-|2 d\\u00e9cembre 1804}}, [[Napol\\u00e9on Ier|Napol\\u00e9on Bonaparte]],\n        qui a pris le pouvoir en 1799, est sacr\\u00e9 empereur par le pape [[Pie VII|Pie\n        {{VII}}]] \\u00e0 la [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale\n        Notre-Dame]]. Il d\\u00e9cide d''\\u00e9tablir \\u00e0 Paris la capitale de son\n        [[Premier Empire|Empire]] et ambitionne d''en faire la \\u00ab nouvelle Rome\n        \\u00bb{{harvsp|Billaut|2011|p=20}}.. Il\n        ordonne dans ce but la construction des arcs de triomphe de l\\u2019\\u00c9toile\n        et du Carrousel ainsi que celle du palais imp\\u00e9rial de la Bourse (achev\\u00e9\n        sous la Restauration) et de la colonne Vend\\u00f4me{{harvsp|Billaut|2011|p=19\n        et 20}}.. Il soumet \\u00e9galement \\u00e0 [[Jean-Antoine Alavoine]]\n        le projet de l''\\u00e9l\\u00e9phant de la Bastille, et aux architectes [[Charles\n        Percier|Percier]] et [[Pierre Fontaine (architecte)|Fontaine]] l''\\u00e9dification\n        du palais du Roi de Rome, dont seuls les jardins du Trocad\\u00e9ro et le pont\n        d''I\\u00e9na seront en d\\u00e9finitive termin\\u00e9s.\n        L''Empereur multiplie par ailleurs les points d''eau, aliment\\u00e9s par un\n        r\\u00e9seau de {{unit\\u00e9|50|km}} de canaux qui acheminent l''eau de l''Ourcq.\\n\\nEn 1814, la [[Bataille de Paris (1814)|bataille\n        de Paris]] entra\\u00eene la capitulation de la capitale puis conduit \\u00e0\n        la premi\\u00e8re abdication de Napol\\u00e9on et \\u00e0 la [[Restauration (histoire\n        de France)|Restauration]]. Les cosaques de l''arm\\u00e9e russe occupent certains\n        points de la ville, ce qui donnera lieu \\u00e0 une l\\u00e9gende concernant\n        l''origine du mot [[bistro]], comme le proclame le Syndicat d''Initiative\n        du Vieux Montmartre, au restaurant [[\\u00c0 la M\\u00e8re Catherine]], [[place\n        du Tertre]]. Les arm\\u00e9es alli\\u00e9es quittent la ville apr\\u00e8s le\n        3 juin 1814, date du d\\u00e9part du tsar [[Alexandre Ier de Russie|Alexandre\n        {{Ier}}]].\\n\\n=== De la Restauration \\u00e0 la Commune de Paris ===\\n\\u00c0\n        la fin des [[Cent-Jours]], la chute de l''Empire en {{date-|juillet 1815}}\n        am\\u00e8ne \\u00e0 Paris les arm\\u00e9es anglaises et prussiennes, qui vont\n        jusqu''\\u00e0 camper sur les [[Avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]].\n        [[Louis XVIII de France|Louis {{XVIII}}]], de retour de son exil \\u00e0 [[Gand]],\n        s''installe \\u00e0 nouveau aux Tuileries.\\n\\n{{nobr|Louis {{XVIII}}}} et [[Charles\n        X de France|Charles {{X}}]], puis la [[monarchie de Juillet]] se pr\\u00e9occupent\n        peu de l''urbanisme parisien. Le [[prol\\u00e9tariat]] ouvrier, en forte expansion,\n        s''entasse mis\\u00e9rablement dans les quartiers centraux qui, avec plus de\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|100000|habitants}} au kilom\\u00e8tre carr\\u00e9, constituent\n        d''importants foyers d''[[\\u00e9pid\\u00e9mie]] ; le [[chol\\u00e9ra]] en 1832\n        fait {{Unit\\u00e9|32000|victimes}}. En 1848, 80 % des morts vont \\u00e0 la\n        fosse commune et les deux tiers des Parisiens sont trop pauvres pour payer\n        des imp\\u00f4ts. La masse [[paup\\u00e9risation|paup\\u00e9ris\\u00e9e]] du petit\n        peuple, d\\u00e9laiss\\u00e9e et exc\\u00e9d\\u00e9e, est m\\u00fbre pour des r\\u00e9voltes\n        r\\u00e9p\\u00e9t\\u00e9es que le pouvoir ne sent pas germer ou est s\\u00fbr\n        de vaincre : les [[barricade]]s font tomber Charles X lors des [[Trois Glorieuses|Trois\n        glorieuses]] puis [[Louis-Philippe Ier|Louis-Philippe]] en 1848. La soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de l''\\u00e9poque est abondamment d\\u00e9crite par [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac|Balzac]],\n        [[Victor Hugo]] ou [[Eug\\u00e8ne Sue]].\\n\\nDurant cette p\\u00e9riode, la ville\n        acc\\u00e9l\\u00e8re son rythme de croissance pour atteindre le [[mur des Fermiers\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux]]. Entre 1840 et 1844, la derni\\u00e8re enceinte de Paris,\n        dite [[Enceintes de Paris#Enceinte de Thiers|enceinte de Thiers]], est construite\n        sur l''emplacement actuel du [[boulevard p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique de Paris|boulevard\n        p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique]]. Au c\\u0153ur de la ville, la [[rue Rambuteau]] est\n        perc\\u00e9e{{p.|452-510}}..\\n\\nAvec l''av\\u00e8nement\n        du [[Second Empire]], Paris se transforme radicalement. De structure m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale,\n        aux constructions anciennes et insalubres, quasiment d\\u00e9pourvue de grands\n        axes de circulation, elle devient en moins de vingt ans une ville moderne.\n        [[Napol\\u00e9on III|Napol\\u00e9on {{III}}]] a des id\\u00e9es pr\\u00e9cises\n        sur l''urbanisme et le logement : le Paris d''aujourd''hui est donc avant\n        tout celui d''[[Georges Eug\\u00e8ne Haussmann|Haussmann]]. Des milliers de\n        logements disparaissent, sur fond d''une [[histoire des bourses de valeurs#Le\n        krach de Vienne en 1873, premi\\u00e8re crise boursi\\u00e8re internationale|sp\\u00e9culation\n        immobili\\u00e8re qui sera la cause d''un krach financier international]].\\n\\n[[Fichier:Camille\n        Pissarro - Avenue de l''Opera - Mus\\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts Reims.jpg|thumb|L''avenue\n        de l''Op\\u00e9ra vue par [[Camille Pissarro|Pissarro]] depuis l''actuel H\\u00f4tel\n        du Louvre.]]\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Transformations de Paris sous\n        le Second Empire|Liste des anciennes communes de Paris{{!}}Annexions de 1860}}\\n\\nLe\n        {{Date-|1|janvier|1860}}, une loi permet \\u00e0 Paris d''annexer plusieurs\n        communes voisinesVoir l''article : [[Liste\n        des anciennes communes de Paris]].. La capitale fran\\u00e7aise passe\n        ainsi de douze \\u00e0 vingt arrondissements et de {{unit\\u00e9/2|3288|\\u00e0=7802|hectares}}Ces superficies incluent l''emprise de la Seine. Les superficies\n        sont respectivement de {{Unit\\u00e9|3288|ha}} en 1859 et {{Unit\\u00e9|7088|ha}}\n        en 1860 si l''on d\\u00e9falque l''emprise de la Seine. Source : [http://books.google.fr/books?id=qQQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA129&dq=paris+%227+802%22\n        ''''Statistique de la France compar\\u00e9e avec les autres \\u00c9tats de l''Europe'''',\n        Maurice Block, Paris, 1860, {{p.|397-399}}].. Apr\\u00e8s ces annexions,\n        les limites administratives de la ville ne seront que peu modifi\\u00e9es et\n        la croissance urbaine, qui continue toujours de la fin du {{S-|XIX}} au {{S-|XX}},\n        ne s''accompagnera donc plus d''une expansion des fronti\\u00e8res communales,\n        ce qui est \\u00e0 l''origine de la \\u00ab [[banlieue]] \\u00bb{{p.|510-517}}..\\n\\nLors\n        de la [[Guerre franco-prussienne de 1870]], Paris est [[Si\\u00e8ge de Paris\n        (1870)|assi\\u00e9g\\u00e9e]] [[Chronologie du si\\u00e8ge de Paris (1870)|pendant\n        plusieurs mois]] mais n''est pas prise par les arm\\u00e9es prussiennes. \\u00c0\n        cette occasion, est invent\\u00e9e la [[poste a\\u00e9rienne]], gr\\u00e2ce aux\n        [[Ballon mont\\u00e9|ballons mont\\u00e9s]]. Refusant l''[[Armistice franco-allemand\n        (1871)|armistice]] sign\\u00e9 le {{Date-|28|janvier|1871}} et \\u00e0 la suite\n        des \\u00e9lections de f\\u00e9vrier qui portent au pouvoir des royalistes d\\u00e9sireux\n        de mettre fin \\u00e0 la guerre, les Parisiens s''insurgent le {{Date-|18|mars|1871}}.\n        C''est le d\\u00e9but de la [[Commune de Paris (1871)|Commune de Paris]]. L''[[Assembl\\u00e9e\n        nationale (1871)|Assembl\\u00e9e monarchiste]] install\\u00e9e provisoirement\n        \\u00e0 [[Versailles]], la r\\u00e9prime entre les {{Date-|22 mai- 1871-}} et\n        {{Date-|28 mai 1871-}} lors de la ''''[[Semaine sanglante]]'''' qui reste\n        \\u00e0 ce jour la derni\\u00e8re [[guerre civile]] qu''ait connue Paris{{p.|518-521}}.{{,}}{{p.|194-204}}..\\nApr\\u00e8s\n        la guerre de 1870, pour se relever, la ville de Paris l\\u00e8ve un grand emprunt\n        public de {{unit\\u00e9|1.2|million}} de francs qui a un grand succ\\u00e8s\n        ; il est souscrit plus de quinze fois{{harvsp|Colling|1949|p=288}}..\\n\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Si\\u00e8ge de Paris (1870)|Chronologie du si\\u00e8ge de\n        Paris (1870)|Commune de Paris (1871)}}\\n\\n=== De la Belle \\u00c9poque \\u00e0\n        la Seconde Guerre mondiale ===\\n[[Fichier:Tour Eiffel 3b40739.jpg|thumb|left|La\n        [[tour Eiffel]] pendant l''[[Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889|exposition\n        universelle de 1889]].]]\\n\\nPendant la [[Belle \\u00c9poque]], l''[[Innovation\n        en Europe \\u00e0 la Belle \\u00c9poque|expansion \\u00e9conomique]] de Paris\n        est importante ; en 1913 la ville poss\\u00e8de cent mille entreprises qui\n        emploient un million d''ouvriers[http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/nouveau_prog/connaissance/alacarte_fiche.php?src_id=29&diff_id=195000198\n        L''innovation \\u00e0 la Belle \\u00e9poque] Conf\\u00e9rence de Marc Giget,\n        Professeur de gestion de l\\u2019innovation au [[conservatoire national des\n        arts et m\\u00e9tiers]].. Entre 1900 et 1913, {{Unit\\u00e9|175|cin\\u00e9mas}}\n        sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Paris, de nombreux [[Innovation en Europe \\u00e0\n        la Belle \\u00c9poque#Les grands magasins|grands magasins]] voient le jour\n        et contribuent au rayonnement de la ''''ville lumi\\u00e8re''''. Lieu de toutes\n        les sp\\u00e9culations, Paris devient aussi la [[histoire des bourses de valeurs#La\n        Place de Paris, centre financier mondial \\u00e0 la Belle \\u00c9poque|deuxi\\u00e8me\n        place financi\\u00e8re internationale]] presque \\u00e0 \\u00e9galit\\u00e9 avec\n        Londres.\\n\\nDeux [[Expositions universelles de Paris|expositions universelles]]\n        laissent une large empreinte dans la ville. La [[tour Eiffel]] est construite\n        pour [[Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889|l''Exposition de 1889]] (centenaire\n        de la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]]) qui accueille vingt-huit millions\n        de visiteurs. La premi\\u00e8re ligne du [[M\\u00e9tro de Paris|m\\u00e9tropolitain]],\n        le [[Grand Palais (Paris)|Grand Palais]], le [[Petit Palais]] et le [[pont\n        Alexandre-III|pont Alexandre-{{III}}]] sont inaugur\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''occasion\n        de celle de [[1900]] qui re\\u00e7oit cinquante-trois millions de visiteurs. L''industrie se d\\u00e9place progressivement en proche banlieue\n        o\\u00f9 se trouve l''espace n\\u00e9cessaire : [[Renault]] \\u00e0 [[Boulogne-Billancourt]]\n        ou [[Citro\\u00ebn]] \\u00e0 [[Suresnes]]. Cette migration est \\u00e0 l''origine\n        de la \\u00ab ''''banlieue [[Communisme|rouge]]'''' \\u00bb. N\\u00e9anmoins\n        certaines activit\\u00e9s restent fortement implant\\u00e9es dans la ville intra-muros,\n        en particulier la presse et l''imprimerie{{p.|471-472}}..\\n\\nDe\n        la [[Belle \\u00c9poque]] aux [[Ann\\u00e9es folles en France|Ann\\u00e9es folles]],\n        Paris conna\\u00eet l''apog\\u00e9e de son influence culturelle (notamment autour\n        des quartiers de [[Quartier du Montparnasse|Montparnasse]] et de [[Montmartre\n        (Seine)|Montmartre]]) et accueille de tr\\u00e8s nombreux artistes tels [[Pablo\n        Picasso|Picasso]], [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]], [[Georges Braque|Braque]] ou\n        [[Fernand L\\u00e9ger]].\\n\\nEn 1910, une [[Crue de la Seine de 1910|crue centennale\n        de la Seine]] provoque l''une des plus graves [[inondation]]s que la ville\n        ait connue et cause trois milliards de francs de d\\u00e9g\\u00e2ts{{p.|573-574}}..\n        Lors de la [[Premi\\u00e8re Guerre mondiale]], Paris, \\u00e9pargn\\u00e9e par\n        les combats, subit des bombardements[http://batmarn1.club.fr/parisbom.htm\n        L''aviation allemande bombarde Paris, en ao\\u00fbt et septembre 1914].\n        et des [[Pariser Kanonen|tirs de canon allemands]]. Ces bombardements restent\n        sporadiques et ne constituent que des op\\u00e9rations \\u00e0 caract\\u00e8re\n        psychologique{{p.|579-592}}.. En 1917, la cr\\u00e9ation\n        d''une [[r\\u00e9plique de Paris]] est envisag\\u00e9e pour leurrer les aviateurs\n        allemands venus bombarder la capitale. \\n\\nL''[[entre-deux-guerres]] se d\\u00e9roule\n        sur fond de crise sociale et \\u00e9conomique. Les pouvoirs publics, pour r\\u00e9pondre\n        \\u00e0 la [[crise du logement]], votent la [[loi Loucheur]] qui cr\\u00e9e\n        les [[Habitation \\u00e0 bon march\\u00e9|habitations \\u00e0 bon march\\u00e9]]\n        (ou HBM) \\u00e9rig\\u00e9es \\u00e0 l''emplacement de l''ancienne [[enceinte\n        de Thiers]]. Les autres immeubles parisiens sont, pour l''essentiel, d\\u00e9labr\\u00e9s\n        et constituent des foyers de [[tuberculose]] ; la densit\\u00e9 urbaine culmine\n        en 1921, Paris intra-muros comptant {{Unit\\u00e9|2906000|habitants}}[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=5427&document_type_id=5&document_id=8716&portlet_id=11661\n        d\\u00e9mographie de Paris].. Parall\\u00e8lement, des [[lotissement]]s\n        se d\\u00e9veloppent partout autour de la cit\\u00e9, en \\u00ab [[Agglom\\u00e9ration\n        parisienne|banlieue]] \\u00bb o\\u00f9 l''expansion se fait de fa\\u00e7on anarchique,\n        souvent en pleins champs sans r\\u00e9els am\\u00e9nagements ou \\u00e9quipements\n        publics{{p.|593-594}}..\\n\\nLes Parisiens tentent de\n        reprendre leur pr\\u00e9\\u00e9minence politique dans un contexte de multiples\n        scandales financiers et de corruption des milieux politiques{{p.|225-226}}..\n        Le {{date-|6 f\\u00e9vrier 1934}}, la manifestation des [[Jeunesses patriotes|Ligues\n        patriotes]] contre la gauche parlementaire d\\u00e9g\\u00e9n\\u00e8re en \\u00e9meute\n        et fait dix-sept tu\\u00e9s et mille cinq cents bless\\u00e9s, puis le {{date-|14\n        juillet 1935}}, un important d\\u00e9fil\\u00e9 en faveur du [[Front populaire\n        (France)|Front populaire]] compte cinq cent mille manifestants{{p.|593-611}}..\\n\\n[[Fichier:Bundesarchiv\n        N 1576 Bild-007, Paris, Parade deutscher Panzer.jpg|thumb|D\\u00e9fil\\u00e9\n        de [[Char l\\u00e9ger|chars]] \\u00e0 Paris en 1941. Les chars sont des [[Somua\n        S-35]] et [[Hotchkiss H35]] fran\\u00e7ais captur\\u00e9s par les Allemands.]]\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Paris sous l''Occupation allemande}}\\nPendant la [[Seconde\n        Guerre mondiale]], Paris, d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e [[ville ouverte]] d\\u00e8s la\n        [[bataille de France|d\\u00e9b\\u00e2cle]], est occup\\u00e9e par la [[Wehrmacht]]\n        le {{date-|14 juin 1940}}. Elle est relativement \\u00e9pargn\\u00e9eParis\n        souffre malgr\\u00e9 tout de bombardements, qui se multiplient \\u00e0 partir\n        de 1942.. Le gouvernement du [[Philippe P\\u00e9tain|mar\\u00e9chal P\\u00e9tain]]\n        install\\u00e9 \\u00e0 Vichy, Paris cesse d''\\u00eatre la capitale et devient\n        le si\\u00e8ge du commandement militaire allemand en France (''''Milit\\u00e4rbefehlshaber\n        in Frankreich''''){{p.|613-620}}.. Le {{date-|23 d\\u00e9cembre\n        1940}}, l''ing\\u00e9nieur [[Jacques Bonsergent]] est le premier r\\u00e9sistant\n        fusill\\u00e9 \\u00e0 Paris. Les {{nobr|16 et 17 juillet 1942}}, il est proc\\u00e9d\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 la [[Rafle du V\\u00e9lodrome d''Hiver|rafle du Vel'' d''Hiv'']], arrestation\n        de {{Unit\\u00e9|12884|[[Juifs]]}}, la plus massive en France, pour l''essentiel\n        des femmes et des enfants{{p.|620-628}}..\\n\\n\\u00c0\n        l''approche des [[Alli\\u00e9s de la Seconde Guerre mondiale|troupes alli\\u00e9es]],\n        la [[R\\u00e9sistance int\\u00e9rieure fran\\u00e7aise|R\\u00e9sistance int\\u00e9rieure]]\n        d\\u00e9clenche un soul\\u00e8vement arm\\u00e9 le {{Date-|19|ao\\u00fbt|1944}}.\n        La [[Lib\\u00e9ration de Paris]] se fait le {{date-|25 ao\\u00fbt}} avec l''entr\\u00e9e\n        dans Paris de la [[2e division blind\\u00e9e (France)|{{2e|division}} blind\\u00e9e]]\n        du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque|Leclerc]] et de la\n        [[4e division d''infanterie (\\u00c9tats-Unis)|{{4e|division}} d''infanterie\n        am\\u00e9ricaine]] du major-g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Raymond O. Barton]]Steven\n        J. Zaloga, ''''Liberation of Paris 1944, Patton''s race for the Seine'''',\n        Osprey Publishing, UK, 2008, {{p.|31}}, {{ISBN|1846032466|978-1846032462}}.\n        La veille, Leclerc avait donn\\u00e9 l''ordre au capitaine [[Raymond Dronne]]\n        de percer les lignes ennemies avec sa neuvi\\u00e8me compagnie, ''''La Nueve'''',\n        ([[R\\u00e9giment de marche du Tchad]]), qui arrive \\u00e0 l''h\\u00f4tel de\n        ville \\u00e0 {{Heure|21|22}} dans la soir\\u00e9e du 24[http://liberation-de-paris.gilles-primout.fr/la-preparation/forces-en-presence/la-2eme-division-blindee\n        Gilles Primout, ''''La Lib\\u00e9ration de Paris, 19-25 ao\\u00fbt 1944, La\n        {{2e}} Division blind\\u00e9e''''], site priv\\u00e9 sur la Lib\\u00e9ration\n        de Paris.. Le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Dietrich von Choltitz|von Choltitz]]\n        capitule sans ex\\u00e9cuter les ordres d''[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] demandant\n        la destruction des principaux monuments de la ville[http://www.choltitz.de/bilderseiten/redentexte/truemmerfeldbefehl.htm\n        ordres d''Hitler de d\\u00e9truire Paris].{{,}}Jean Favier : Paris,\n        deux mille ans d''histoire, {{p.|937}}.. La ville est relativement \\u00e9pargn\\u00e9e\n        par les combats{{p.|628-632}}.. Paris est l''une des\n        rares communes de France \\u00e0 se voir d\\u00e9cerner le titre de [[compagnon\n        de la Lib\\u00e9ration]][http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_ville/paris.html\n        Ordre de la Lib\\u00e9ration - Paris]..\\n\\n=== Le Paris contemporain\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Paris - 20150801 16h07 (10628).jpg|vignette|Vue du nord-ouest\n        de Paris, depuis le troisi\\u00e8me \\u00e9tage de la [[tour Eiffel]].]]\\nEn\n        1956, Paris se lie \\u00e0 [[Rome]] par un [[jumelage]] privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9,\n        symbole fort dans une dynamique g\\u00e9ographiquement plus large{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.ambafrance-de.org/IMG/chrono-f.pdf?1451/7c620dd745b772e3dffaf2a4bb755a2c96600cf3|titre=Relations\n        franco-allemandes : Chronologie de la relation franco-allemande depuis 1948|site=ambafrance-de.org|consult\\u00e9\n        le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016|format=pdf}} de r\\u00e9conciliation et de coop\\u00e9ration\n        apr\\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6594&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14992\n        Le jumelage avec Rome].{{,}}[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?portal_component=17&elected_official_directory_id=8814&actormandate=31&page_id=1&document_id=16330\n        Cinquantenaire du Jumelage Paris-Rome]..\\n\\nSous les mandats du [[Charles\n        de Gaulle|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de Gaulle]] de 1958 \\u00e0 1969, plusieurs \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements\n        politiques se d\\u00e9roulent dans la capitale. Le {{date-|17 octobre 1961}},\n        une [[manifestation]] en faveur de l''[[guerre d''Alg\\u00e9rie|ind\\u00e9pendance\n        de l''Alg\\u00e9rie]] est violemment r\\u00e9prim\\u00e9e. Selon les estimations,\n        entre {{unit\\u00e9/2|32|et=325|personnes}} sont [[Massacre du 17 octobre 1961|massacr\\u00e9es]]\n        par la [[police (institution)|police]], alors dirig\\u00e9e par [[Maurice Papon]][http://www.lexpress.fr/info/france/dossier/octobre61/dossier.asp\n        L''Express - Les \\u00abratonnades\\u00bb du 17 octobre 1961 : Retour sur une\n        trag\\u00e9die].. \\u00c0 partir du {{date-|22 mars 1968}}, un [[Mai 68|important\n        mouvement \\u00e9tudiant]] d\\u00e9marre \\u00e0 l''[[Universit\\u00e9 Paris-Ouest-Nanterre-La-D\\u00e9fense|universit\\u00e9\n        de Nanterre]]. Il entra\\u00eene dans le [[Quartier latin (quartier parisien)|quartier\n        latin]] des manifestations qui d\\u00e9g\\u00e9n\\u00e8rent en \\u00e9meutes.\n        La contestation, prenant corps dans un contexte de solidarit\\u00e9 internationale\n        et d''\\u00e9mulation (noirs et f\\u00e9ministes am\\u00e9ricains, [[Provo (mouvement)|\\u00ab\n        ''''provos'''' \\u00bb]] n\\u00e9erlandais, [[Printemps de Prague]], attentat\n        contre l''Allemand [[Rudi Dutschke]], etc.) entre brim\\u00e9s id\\u00e9alistes\n        et jeunes, berc\\u00e9s par [[Bob Dylan]] et son tube ''''[[The Times They\n        Are a-Changin'']]'''', voulant \\u00ab changer le monde \\u00bb, se d\\u00e9veloppe\n        tr\\u00e8s vite en [[Mouvements sociaux de 1968 dans le monde|crise politique\n        et sociale nationale]]. Le {{date-|13 mai}}, d''immenses d\\u00e9fil\\u00e9s\n        rassemblent {{Unit\\u00e9|800000|personnes}} venues protester contre les violences\n        polici\\u00e8res. Le 30 mai, une manifestation de soutien au gouvernement et\n        au G\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de Gaulle r\\u00e9unit un million de personnes, de la\n        place de l''\\u00c9toile \\u00e0 celle de la Concorde. Apr\\u00e8s deux mois\n        de d\\u00e9sordre et de troubles, les Parisiens votent massivement en faveur\n        du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de Gaulle lors des [[\\u00c9lections l\\u00e9gislatives\n        fran\\u00e7aises de 1968|\\u00e9lections l\\u00e9gislatives des 22 et 29 juin]]\n        et le calme revient{{p.|665-668}}..\\n\\nLe successeur\n        du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de Gaulle, [[Georges Pompidou]] s''int\\u00e9resse de\n        pr\\u00e8s \\u00e0 la capitale. Il laisse son nom au b\\u00e2timent qui abrite\n        le [[mus\\u00e9e national d''Art moderne]] et la [[biblioth\\u00e8que publique\n        d''information]] et \\u00e0 la voie express rive droite. [[Val\\u00e9ry Giscard\n        d''Estaing]], pr\\u00e9sident \\u00e0 son tour, ne partage pas sa vision d''une\n        modernisation radicale : il remet en cause le projet pr\\u00e9vu pour les [[Halles\n        de Paris|Halles]] et interrompt partiellement celui de voie express rive gauche.\n        En 1976, l''\\u00c9tat accorde pour la premi\\u00e8re fois depuis 1871 une municipalit\\u00e9\n        autonome \\u00e0 la capitale. Le gaulliste [[Jacques Chirac]] est alors \\u00e9lu\n        maire. Il sera r\\u00e9\\u00e9lu en 1983 et 1989. Sous le premier mandat du\n        pr\\u00e9sident [[Fran\\u00e7ois Mitterrand]], une r\\u00e9forme est adopt\\u00e9e\n        par la loi de [[d\\u00e9centralisation]] du {{date-|31 d\\u00e9cembre 1982}}\n        : elle dote chaque arrondissement de la capitale d''un maire et d''un [[conseil\n        municipal (France)|conseil municipal]] propre et non plus d\\u00e9sign\\u00e9\n        par le [[Liste des maires de Paris|maire de Paris]]{{p.|668-670}}..\\n\\nEn\n        1991, les [[Rives de la Seine \\u00e0 Paris|quais de la Seine]], du [[pont\n        de Sully]] (en amont) au [[pont d''I\\u00e9na]] (en aval), sont class\\u00e9s\n        sur la liste du [[patrimoine mondial]] de l''[[Organisation des Nations unies\n        pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture|UNESCO]] au titre de remarquable\n        ensemble fluvio-urbain avec ses monuments dont plusieurs constituent des chefs-d''\\u0153uvre\n        architecturaux au rayonnement mondial[http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/600\n        UNESCO - Paris, rives de la Seine]..\\n[[Fichier:Marche hommage Charlie\n        hebdo et aux victimes des attentats de janvier 2015 (25).jpg|gauche|vignette|[[Manifestations\n        des 10 et 11 janvier 2015|Manifestation r\\u00e9publicaine du 11 janvier 2015]]\n        \\u00e0 Paris - [[Place de la R\\u00e9publique (Paris)|Place de la R\\u00e9publique.]]]]\\n\\u00c9lu\n        [[Pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique fran\\u00e7aise|pr\\u00e9sident de la\n        R\\u00e9publique]] en {{date-| mai 1995}}, Jacques Chirac est remplac\\u00e9\n        par [[Jean Tiberi]] dont l''unique mandat est marqu\\u00e9 notamment par la\n        mise au jour de plusieurs [[Affaire politico-financi\\u00e8re|affaires politico-financi\\u00e8res]]\n        et par la division de la majorit\\u00e9 municipale. En 2001, Paris \\u00e9lit\n        un maire de gauche, le [[Parti socialiste (France)|socialiste]] [[Bertrand\n        Delano\\u00eb]]. Il se d\\u00e9marque de ses pr\\u00e9d\\u00e9cesseurs par sa\n        volont\\u00e9 affich\\u00e9e de r\\u00e9duire la place de l''automobile dans\n        la ville au profit notamment des pi\\u00e9tons et des [[transport en commun|transports\n        en commun]]. Il d\\u00e9veloppe l''animation de la vie parisienne par de grandes\n        manifestations culturelles comme ''''[[Nuit blanche (manifestation culturelle)|Nuit\n        Blanche]]'''' ou simplement ludiques comme ''''[[Paris Plages]]''''. Le {{date-|16\n        mars 2008}}, Bertrand Delano\\u00eb est r\\u00e9\\u00e9lu maire de Paris face\n        \\u00e0 [[Fran\\u00e7oise de Panafieu]] (UMP){{lien web|url=http://elections.leparisien.fr/elections-municipales-2008/actualite-resultats-direct-municipales/6774-paris-delanoe-reelu-dans-un-fauteuil-se-dote-d-une-equipe-etoffee-et-remaniee.php|titre=\n        Delano\\u00eb, r\\u00e9\\u00e9lu dans un fauteuil, se dote d''une \\u00e9quipe\n        \\u00e9toff\\u00e9e et remani\\u00e9e |\\u00e9diteur=leparisien.fr|date=21 mars\n        2008|auteur=Agence France Presse|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\n        \\u00c0 l''occasion des [[\\u00c9lections municipales de 2014 \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9lections\n        municipales de 2014]], [[Anne Hidalgo]], premi\\u00e8re adjointe de Bernard\n        Delano\\u00eb, devient la [[Liste des maires de Paris|premi\\u00e8re femme maire\n        de Paris]]{{lien web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2014/04/05/01002-20140405ARTFIG00078-anne-hidalgo-premiere-femme-de-l-histoire-maire-de-paris.php|titre=\n        Anne Hidalgo, premi\\u00e8re femme de l''Histoire maire de Paris |\\u00e9diteur=lefigaro.fr|date=5\n        avril 2014|auteur=Emmanuel Galiero|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\\n\\nDepuis\n        [[2015]], la [[France]] subit une [[Terrorisme en France|vague d''attentats\n        terroristes islamistes]] sans pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dent. La ville de Paris est \\u00e9galement\n        touch\\u00e9e en [[Attentats de janvier 2015 en France|janvier 2015]] avec\n        la [[Attentat contre Charlie Hebdo|tuerie contre Charlie Hebdo]] et la [[Attentats\n        de janvier 2015 en France|prise d''otage de l''Hyper Casher]] qui fait {{Unit\\u00e9|17|victimes}}.\n        \\u00c0 la suite de ces tragiques \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements, une [[Manifestations\n        des 10 et 11 janvier 2015|manifestation r\\u00e9publicaine historique]] se\n        d\\u00e9roule le {{Date|11 janvier 2015}} r\\u00e9unissant plus de {{nobr|trois\n        millions}} de personnes et pr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|50|chefs}} d''\\u00c9tat,\n        pour d\\u00e9fendre la libert\\u00e9 d''expression et rendre hommage aux victimes\n        du terrorisme. Dix mois plus tard, le {{Date|13 novembre 2015}}, des attaques\n        sans pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dent ont frapp\\u00e9 la capitale et sa banlieue sous forme\n        d''[[Attentats du 13 novembre 2015 en France|actions kamikazes]] aux abords\n        du [[Stade de France]], de [[Tuerie de masse|tueries de masse]] dans des terrasses\n        de caf\\u00e9 dans le [[10e arrondissement de Paris|{{10e}}]] et le [[11e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{11e|arrondissement}}]] ainsi qu''\\u00e0 la salle de spectacle du\n        [[Bataclan]], attaques organis\\u00e9es par un commando d''une dizaine d''hommes\n        se revendiquant de l''[[\\u00c9tat islamique (organisation)|\\u00c9tat islamique]]\n        qui ont fait {{Unit\\u00e9|130|morts}} et des centaines de bless\\u00e9s{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2015/11/16/01016-20151116ARTFIG00008-attentats-terroristes-en-france-2015-annus-horribilis.php|titre=\n        Attentats terroristes en France: 2015, \\u00abannus horribilis\\u00bb |\\u00e9diteur=lefigaro.fr|date=16\n        novembre 2015|auteur=Eug\\u00e9nie Basti\\u00e9|consult\\u00e9 le=27 avril 2017}}..\\n\\n==\n        Politique et administration ==\\n=== Organisation administrative ===\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Mairie de Paris|Arrondissements de Paris|Liste des d\\u00e9put\\u00e9s\n        de Paris|Liste des conseillers de Paris}}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Paris plan jms.png|thumb|Carte\n        des [[arrondissements de Paris]].]]\\n\\nDepuis la [[R\\u00e9organisation de\n        la r\\u00e9gion parisienne en 1964|loi du 10 juillet 1964 portant r\\u00e9organisation\n        de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne]], entr\\u00e9e compl\\u00e8tement en vigueur le\n        {{date-|1 janvier 1968}}, Paris est \\u00e0 la fois un [[D\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partement]]\n        et une [[Commune (France)|commune]]. Auparavant et depuis 1790, Paris \\u00e9tait\n        le chef-lieu du [[Seine (d\\u00e9partement)|d\\u00e9partement de la Seine]].\n        La commune est divis\\u00e9e en vingt [[Arrondissements de Paris|arrondissements\n        municipaux]] cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s lors de son [[Liste des anciennes communes de\n        Paris|extension territoriale]] de 1860, en remplacement des [[Anciens arrondissements\n        de Paris|douze arrondissements]] qui existaient auparavant depuis le {{date-|11\n        octobre 1795}}, et en dix-huit [[Circonscriptions \\u00e9lectorales fran\\u00e7aises|circonscriptions\n        \\u00e9lectorales]].\\n\\nLe D\\u00e9partement de Paris n''a pas d''autre subdivision\n        que la seule commune qui le compose. Les entit\\u00e9s municipale et d\\u00e9partementale\n        ont une seule assembl\\u00e9e d\\u00e9lib\\u00e9rante, un r\\u00e8glement int\\u00e9rieur\n        unique et des ordres du jour fusionn\\u00e9s pour le Conseil de Paris. Effective\n        depuis 1987 au plan administratif, la fusion des services de la commune et\n        du d\\u00e9partement imbrique profond\\u00e9ment les deux institutions. Une\n        loi adopt\\u00e9e en f\\u00e9vrier 2017 pr\\u00e9voit la fusion effective des\n        deux collectivit\\u00e9s, ainsi que le regroupement administratif et \\u00e9lectoral\n        des quatre premiers arrondissements, au {{1er}} janvier 2019.\\n\\n=== Statut\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Hotel de Ville Paris Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|L''[[h\\u00f4tel\n        de ville de Paris]] la nuit]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Loi relative \\u00e0\n        l''organisation administrative de Paris, Marseille, Lyon {{!}}Loi PML|Pr\\u00e9fet\n        de Paris|Pr\\u00e9fecture de police|Liste des maires d''arrondissement de Paris}}\\n\\nLe\n        statut de la ville a chang\\u00e9 plusieurs fois. Du {{nobr|26 mars}} au {{date-|22\n        mai 1871}}, Paris fut le si\\u00e8ge d''un pouvoir insurrectionnel, la [[Commune\n        de Paris (1871)|Commune de Paris]], avec une assembl\\u00e9e d\\u00e9mocratiquement\n        \\u00e9lue. La [[Troisi\\u00e8me R\\u00e9publique (France)|Troisi\\u00e8me R\\u00e9publique]]\n        fut dirig\\u00e9e au d\\u00e9but par des conservateurs effray\\u00e9s par cet\n        \\u00e9pisode. Ceux-ci \\u00e9dict\\u00e8rent la loi du {{date-|5 avril 1884}}\n        qui donnait le pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif au [[Liste des pr\\u00e9fets de la Seine|pr\\u00e9fet\n        de la Seine]] et les pouvoirs de police au [[pr\\u00e9fecture de police|pr\\u00e9fet\n        de police]]. Le [[conseil de Paris]], \\u00e9lu lors des \\u00e9lections municipales,\n        d\\u00e9signait chaque ann\\u00e9e un [[Liste des pr\\u00e9sidents du conseil\n        municipal de Paris|pr\\u00e9sident]] dont la fonction \\u00e9tait principalement\n        repr\\u00e9sentative. Paris n''avait alors pas de maire. Le budget de la ville\n        devait \\u00eatre approuv\\u00e9 par l''\\u00c9tat.\\n\\nLa [[R\\u00e9organisation\n        de la r\\u00e9gion parisienne en 1964|r\\u00e9organisation de la r\\u00e9gion\n        parisienne]] qui entre en vigueur le {{date|1|janvier|1968}} fait de Paris\n        \\u00e0 la fois une [[Commune (France)|commune]] et un [[D\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partement]]\n        : le conseil municipal de Paris et le [[conseil g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de la Seine]]\n        sont remplac\\u00e9s par le [[conseil de Paris]], qui exerce \\u00e0 la fois\n        les comp\\u00e9tences d''un [[conseil municipal (France)|conseil municipal]]\n        et celles d''un [[conseil g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral (France)|conseil g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral]]Loi\n        n\\u00b064-707 du 10 juillet 1964, articles 3 et 4. Celui-ci est mis\n        en place au {{date|1|janvier|1968}}. Mais il faut attendre la loi du {{date-|31\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1975}} (entr\\u00e9e en vigueur lors des [[\\u00c9lections municipales\n        fran\\u00e7aises de 1977|\\u00e9lections municipales de 1977]]) pour que Paris\n        retrouve un statut similaire \\u00e0 celui des autres collectivit\\u00e9s avec\n        la restauration du poste de [[maire de Paris]], \\u00e9lu par le conseil de\n        Paris et d\\u00e9tenteur du pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif. Des commissions d''arrondissements,\n        dont les membres sont choisis \\u00e0 parit\\u00e9 entre les \\u00e9lecteurs,\n        le maire de Paris et le Conseil de Paris, ont un r\\u00f4le consultatif et\n        d''animation. Le pr\\u00e9fet de police, nomm\\u00e9 par l''\\u00c9tat, conserve\n        les pouvoirs de [[Police (institution)|police]]. Enfin, la [[Loi relative\n        \\u00e0 l''organisation administrative de Paris, Marseille, Lyon|loi PML]]\n        du {{date-|31 d\\u00e9cembre 1982}}, entr\\u00e9e en vigueur \\u00e0 Paris lors\n        des [[\\u00c9lections municipales de 1983 \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9lections municipales\n        de 1983]] et portant \\u00e0 163 le nombre de conseillers de Paris, \\u00e9tend\n        les pouvoirs du conseil de Paris (principalement en mati\\u00e8re budg\\u00e9taire)\n        et cr\\u00e9e les conseils d''arrondissements.\\n\\nDepuis le d\\u00e9cret 2002-810\n        du {{date-|2 mai 2002}}, les pouvoirs de [[Police administrative en France|police\n        administrative]] sont partag\\u00e9s entre le maire de Paris et le pr\\u00e9fet\n        de police qui se pr\\u00eatent r\\u00e9ciproquement leurs moyens d''action \\u00e0\n        cet effet. Ce dernier peut si\\u00e9ger au conseil de Paris et doit lui soumettre\n        chaque ann\\u00e9e son budget et son compte[http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=4825&document_type_id=5&document_id=3048&portlet_id=10317\n        Paris Politiques> Statut et institutions de Paris> L\\u2019\\u00e9volution du\n        statut de Paris> Les r\\u00e9centes \\u00e9volutions l\\u00e9gislatives].\n        (bien que ce budget reste d\\u00e9cid\\u00e9 par l''\\u00c9tat). Le maire est\n        d\\u00e9sormais impliqu\\u00e9 dans la [[politique de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9]] m\\u00eame\n        si les pouvoirs en ce domaine restent entre les mains du pr\\u00e9fet de police.\n        Le projet de loi d\\u00e9battu en 2016 doit donner l''essentiel des pouvoirs\n        de gestion de la voirie \\u00e0 la mairie d\\u00e8s 2017 hormis les voies d\\u2019acc\\u00e8s\n        aux b\\u00e2timents des institutions nationales tels que l\\u2019\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e,\n        Matignon ou certaines ambassades. Les {{unit\\u00e9|1800|agents}} de surveillance\n        de Paris seront affect\\u00e9s \\u00e0 une \\u00ab brigade de lutte contre les\n        incivilit\\u00e9s \\u00bb.\\n\\nL''action du conseil de Paris\n        s''exerce \\u00e9galement par l''interm\\u00e9diaire de soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9s dont\n        il poss\\u00e8de une part du capital, les [[soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9s d''\\u00e9conomie\n        mixte de Paris]].\\n\\n==== Fusion des collectivit\\u00e9s et regroupement de\n        quatre arrondissements ====\\nEn 2015, la [[Cour des comptes (France)|Chambre\n        r\\u00e9gionale des comptes]], appuy\\u00e9e par la maire de Paris, recommande\n        de fusionner le d\\u00e9partement de Paris et la commune de Paris en une collectivit\\u00e9\n        unique{{lien web|url=http://www.acteurspublics.com/2015/10/05/le-departement-de-paris-n-a-plus-lieu-d-etre-selon-la-chambre-regionale-des-comptes|titre=Le\n        d\\u00e9partement de Paris n\\u2019a plus lieu d\\u2019\\u00eatre, selon la chambre\n        r\\u00e9gionale des comptes|\\u00e9diteur=Acteurs publics|date=5 octobre 2015|auteur=Pierre\n        Laberrondo|consult\\u00e9 le=5 octobre 2015}}. La maire de Paris propose\n        en {{date-|janvier 2016}} un v\\u0153u au conseil municipal reprenant cette\n        proposition, mais aussi la fusion des quatre premiers [[Arrondissements de\n        Paris|arrondissements]] \\u00e0 l''horizon 2020. La population de ce nouvel\n        arrondissement serait alors d''un peu plus de {{unit\\u00e9|100000|habitants}}{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2016/01/29/tout-comprendre-sur-les-vingt-arrondissements-de-paris_4856332_3224.html|titre=Tout\n        comprendre aux vingt arrondissements de Paris|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=29\n        janvier 2016|auteur=Agence France Presse|consult\\u00e9 le=30 janvier 2016}}.\n        Un [[projet de loi]] pr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9 en ao\\u00fbt 2016 reprend ces propositions\n        avec la mise en place au {{date-|1 janvier 2019}} d''une collectivit\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 statut particulier r\\u00e9unissant commune et d\\u00e9partement et nomm\\u00e9e\n        \\u00ab Ville de Paris \\u00bb{{lien web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/08/03/la-reforme-du-statut-de-paris-doit-donner-plus-de-pouvoir-a-la-capitale_4977853_823448.html|titre=La\n        r\\u00e9forme du statut de Paris doit donner plus de pouvoir \\u00e0 la capitale|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=3\n        ao\\u00fbt 2016|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}. \\n\\nCe projet de\n        loi est d\\u00e9finitivement adopt\\u00e9 et la loi est promulgu\\u00e9e en f\\u00e9vrier\n        2017{{lien web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/02/16/accord-definitif-du-parlement-a-la-reforme-du-statut-de-paris_5080680_823448.html#ZXR1dY2IVjFw6DfD.99|titre=Accord\n        d\\u00e9finitif du Parlement \\u00e0 la r\\u00e9forme du statut de Paris|\\u00e9diteur=lemonde.fr|date=16\n        f\\u00e9vrier 2017|consult\\u00e9 le=16 f\\u00e9vrier 2017}}{{,}}Loi\n        {{n\\u00b0}}2017-257 du 28 f\\u00e9vrier 2017 relative au statut de Paris et\n        \\u00e0 l''am\\u00e9nagement m\\u00e9tropolitain ([https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/2017/2/28/2017-257/jo/texte\n        lire sur L\\u00e9gifrance]).. La r\\u00e9forme ne supprime pas les quatre\n        premiers arrondissementsCommentaire de l''article\n        17, [http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/rapports/r4293.asp rapport {{n\\u00b0}}4212]\n        fait au nom de la commission des lois de l''Assembl\\u00e9e nationale par [[Jean-Yves\n        Le Bouillonnec]] et [[Patrick Mennucci]]. mais les regroupe en un secteur\n        administratif et \\u00e9lectoral unique. Ce secteur est pourvu d''un conseil\n        et d''un maire communs aux quatre arrondissements, comme \\u00e0 [[Secteurs\n        et arrondissements de Marseille|Marseille]] o\\u00f9 les seize arrondissements\n        sont regroup\\u00e9s en huit secteurs. Le nombre des [[conseil de Paris|conseillers\n        de Paris]] est inchang\\u00e9.\\n\\n=== Intercommunalit\\u00e9 ===\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Paris M\\u00e9tropole|M\\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris}}\\n[[File:PierreMansat.jpg|vignette|L''adjoint\n        de Bertrand Delano\\u00eb [[Pierre Mansat]] renoue les liens entre Paris et\n        sa banlieue.]]\\nContrairement aux autres m\\u00e9tropoles fran\\u00e7aises,\n        il n''a longtemps pas exist\\u00e9 d''intercommunalit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 fiscalit\\u00e9\n        propre entre Paris et sa banlieue. Paris n''\\u00e9tait que membre de certains\n        syndicats intercommunaux comme le [[Syndicat interd\\u00e9partemental pour\n        l''assainissement de l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne]] (SIAAP) ou le [[Syndicat\n        des transports d''\\u00cele-de-France]] (STIF), apr\\u00e8s avoir longtemps\n        externalis\\u00e9 ses \\u00e9quipements, tels les cimeti\\u00e8res ou usines\n        d''incin\\u00e9ration, hors de Paris. Le territoire parisien ne couvre que\n        le centre de la m\\u00e9tropole, contrairement aux autres grandes m\\u00e9tropoles\n        internationales. Ce manque structurel est consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme un des\n        probl\\u00e8mes majeurs de l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6135&document_type_id=4&document_id=13953&portlet_id=14061&multileveldocument_sheet_id=1510\n        Une histoire crois\\u00e9e de Paris et de ses banlieues]., alors l''organisation\n        des besoins collectifs (transports, logement, etc.) qui d\\u00e9passent de\n        loin le cadre communal. La r\\u00e9gion [[\\u00cele-de-France]] ne peut organiser\n        la m\\u00e9tropole alors que 80 % de l''espace r\\u00e9gional reste rural.\\n\\nLa\n        fiscalit\\u00e9 locale est de m\\u00eame tr\\u00e8s concentr\\u00e9e dans certaines\n        communes riches en entreprises et/ou populations ais\\u00e9es. C''est le cas\n        exemplaire de [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] qui b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie des rentr\\u00e9es\n        fiscales d''une population parmi les plus ais\\u00e9es de France et de nombreuses\n        entreprises de [[La D\\u00e9fense]], tout en ne comptant que 2,8 % de logements\n        sociaux[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/politique/20070704.OBS5021/logement_social__francois_fillonvole_au_secours_de_neui.html\n        Le Nouvel Observateur - Logement social : Fran\\u00e7ois Fillon vole au secours\n        de Neuilly]., alors que les charges qu''entra\\u00eene l\\u2019afflux\n        sur un territoire de populations de conditions modestes sont support\\u00e9es\n        par des communes qui n\\u2019ont pas toujours la possibilit\\u00e9 de trouver\n        dans leurs limites administratives les ressources n\\u00e9cessaires pour les\n        compenser. A contrario, [[Clichy-sous-Bois]] est ainsi une des villes les\n        plus pauvres du pays qui cumule une population jeune et d\\u00e9favoris\\u00e9e\n        avec des ressources fiscales propres tr\\u00e8s limit\\u00e9es, vivant essentiellement\n        de dotations de l''\\u00c9tat ne permettant pas d''assurer des services comparables\n        \\u00e0 ceux des communes ais\\u00e9es[http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/societe/211922.FR.php\n        Lib\\u00e9ration - Clichy-sous-Bois, des chiffres pour le dire]..\\n\\nCes\n        difficult\\u00e9s, manifestes apr\\u00e8s les [[\\u00e9meutes de 2005 dans les\n        banlieues fran\\u00e7aises]], sont \\u00e0 l''origine de la Conf\\u00e9rence\n        m\\u00e9tropolitaine de l\\u2019agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne qui s''est r\\u00e9unie\n        \\u00e0 l''initiative de la ville de Paris pour la premi\\u00e8re fois en mairie\n        de [[Vanves]] le {{date-|7 juillet 2006}}[http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=95&document_type_id=4&document_id=21823&portlet_id=13549\n        Conf\\u00e9rence m\\u00e9tropolitaine de l\\u2019agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne].,\n        apr\\u00e8s que l''adjoint [[Pierre Mansat]] a renou\\u00e9 le dialogue de Paris\n        avec les communes riveraines. Le pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique [[Nicolas\n        Sarkozy]] se saisit de cet enjeu dans son discours du {{date-|26 juin 2007}}[http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais/actualites/2007/juin/inauguration_du_satellite_n3_de_roissy_charles-de-gaulle.78946.html\n        Pr\\u00e9sidence de la r\\u00e9publique - Inauguration du Satellite {{num\\u00e9ro|3}}\n        de Roissy Charles-de-Gaulle]., critiquant le projet de [[sch\\u00e9ma\n        directeur de la r\\u00e9gion \\u00cele-de-France]] (SDRIF), se disant repenser\n        \\u00ab l''organisation des pouvoirs \\u00bb et cr\\u00e9er une communaut\\u00e9\n        urbaine, imposant de fait la vision d''une reprise en main par l''\\u00c9tat[http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/263866.FR.php\n        Journal Lib\\u00e9ration du 28 juin 2007 - Nouveau tour de piste pour le \\u00ab\n        Grand Paris \\u00bb].{{,}}[http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169001/Paris-Sarkozy-relance-le-projet-d-un-Grand-Paris.php\n        Journal 20 minutes - Sarkozy relance le projet d''un \\u00ab Grand Paris \\u00bb]..\n        Le projet heurte de nombreux \\u00e9lus locaux de l''agglom\\u00e9ration[http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169099/Paris-Grand-Paris-les-elus-reagissent.php\n        Journal 20 minutes - \\u00ab Grand Paris \\u00bb : les \\u00e9lus r\\u00e9agissent]..\n        [[Christian Blanc]]{{Lien web|url=http://www.lesechos.fr/info/france/4703193.htm|titre=Christian\n        Blanc prend en charge la r\\u00e9gion capitale|\\u00e9diteur=Les \\u00c9chos|date=19\n        mars 2008|consult\\u00e9 le=3 mai 2008}}. puis [[Maurice Leroy]][http://www.lesechos.fr/info/france/020646997731-le-secretaire-d-etat-abandonne-le-chantier-du-grand-paris-au-milieu-du-gue.htm\n        \\u00ab Le secr\\u00e9taire d''\\u00c9tat abandonne le chantier du Grand Paris\n        au milieu du gu\\u00e9 \\u00bb], ''''[[Les \\u00c9chos]]'''', 5 juillet 2010.\n        sont charg\\u00e9s de la R\\u00e9gion Capitale au gouvernement. La [[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        du Grand Paris]] re\\u00e7oit pour mission de construire le projet de m\\u00e9tro\n        automatique [[Grand Paris Express]]{{L\\u00e9gifrance|base=JORF|num\\u00e9ro=PRMX0920421L|texte=Loi\n        {{n\\u00b0|2010-597}} du 3 juin 2010 relative au Grand Paris}}.. Mais\n        c''est le [[Gouvernement Jean-Marc Ayrault (2)|gouvernement Ayrault]] qui\n        donne apr\\u00e8s 2012 une traduction institutionnelle au p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tre\n        identifi\\u00e9 par le projet de transports en cr\\u00e9ant la [[M\\u00e9tropole\n        du Grand Paris]], d\\u00e9finie par la [[Loi de modernisation de l''action\n        publique territoriale et d''affirmation des m\\u00e9tropoles|loi du 27 janvier\n        2014]] dans le cadre de l''[[Acte III de la d\\u00e9centralisation]]. Au {{date-|1|janvier|2016}},\n        elle regroupe Paris, les communes de la [[G\\u00e9ographie de l''\\u00cele-de-France#La\n        petite couronne|petite couronne]] et sept communes de la [[G\\u00e9ographie\n        de l''\\u00cele-de-France#La grande couronne|grande couronne]].\\n\\n=== Liste\n        des maires ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste des maires de Paris}}\\n\\n{{\\u00c9luD\\u00e9but\n        |Titre= Liste des maires successifs depuis 1977}}\\n\\n{{\\u00c9lu |D\\u00e9but=20\n        mars 1977|Fin=16 mai 1995|Identit\\u00e9=[[Jacques Chirac]]|Parti= [[Rassemblement\n        pour la R\\u00e9publique|RPR]]|Qualit\\u00e9= [[Haut fonctionnaire en France|Haut\n        fonctionnaire]]
Membre (1968-1982) et pr\\u00e9sident (1970-1979) du [[conseil\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral de la Corr\\u00e8ze]]
D\\u00e9put\\u00e9 de la Corr\\u00e8ze\n        (1967, 1968, 1973, 1976-1986, 1988-1995)
Secr\\u00e9taire d''\\u00c9tat (1967-1971),\n        ministre (1971-1974), [[Premier ministre fran\\u00e7ais|Premier ministre]]\n        (1974-1976 et 1986-1988)}}\\n{{\\u00c9lu |D\\u00e9but=22 mai 1995|Fin=25 mars\n        2001|Identit\\u00e9=[[Jean Tiberi]]|Parti= [[Rassemblement pour la R\\u00e9publique|RPR]]|Qualit\\u00e9=[[Magistrat]]
Premier\n        adjoint au maire de Paris (1983-1995), maire du [[5e arrondissement de Paris|{{5e|arrondissement}}]]\n        (1983-1995 et 2001-2014)
D\\u00e9put\\u00e9 de Paris (1968-2012)
Secr\\u00e9taire\n        d''\\u00c9tat (1976)}}\\n{{\\u00c9lu |D\\u00e9but=25 mars 2001|Fin=5 avril 2014|Identit\\u00e9=[[Bertrand\n        Delano\\u00eb]]|Parti= [[Parti socialiste (France)|PS]]|Qualit\\u00e9=Conseiller\n        en communication
Conseiller de Paris (1977-2014)
D\\u00e9put\\u00e9 (1981-1986),\n        puis s\\u00e9nateur (1995-2001) de Paris}}\\n{{\\u00c9lu actuel|D\\u00e9but=5\n        avril 2014|Fin=  |Identit\\u00e9=[[Anne Hidalgo]]|Parti= [[Parti socialiste\n        (France)|PS]]|Qualit\\u00e9=[[Inspection du travail|Inspectrice du travail]]
Premi\\u00e8re\n        adjointe au maire de Paris (2001-2014)
Conseill\\u00e8re r\\u00e9gionale\n        d''[[\\u00cele-de-France]] (2004-2014)}}\\n{{\\u00c9luFin}}\\n\\nLa particularit\\u00e9\n        du [[Loi relative \\u00e0 l''organisation administrative de Paris, Marseille,\n        Lyon|mode de scrutin par arrondissement]] fait que lors de sa premi\\u00e8re\n        \\u00e9lection en [[\\u00c9lections municipales de 2001 \\u00e0 Paris|2001]],\n        [[Bertrand Delano\\u00eb]] \\u00e9tait minoritaire en nombre de voix mais avait\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9lu gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 un nombre sup\\u00e9rieur de [[Conseil\n        de Paris|conseillers de Paris]].\\n\\n=== Budget et fiscalit\\u00e9 ===\\nLe budget\n        primitif 2011 (ville et d\\u00e9partement) s\\u2019\\u00e9levait \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|8.582|milliards}}\n        d\\u2019[[euro]]s dont {{unit\\u00e9|6.906|milliards}} d\\u2019euros consacr\\u00e9s\n        au fonctionnement et environ {{unit\\u00e9|1.676}} \\u00e0 l\\u2019investissement[http://labs.paris.fr/commun/budget_primitif_2011/pdf/chiffres_cles.pdf\n        Budget 2011 de la ville et d\\u00e9partement de Paris].. L''encours de\n        dette s\\u2019\\u00e9levait \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|2.696|milliards}} d\\u2019[[euro]]s.\n        Les emprunts garantis par le d\\u00e9partement de Paris en [[2008]] s''\\u00e9levaient\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|26.6|milliards}} d''[[euro]]s[http://www.paris.fr/portail/pratique/Portal.lut?page_id=7708&document_type_id=4&document_id=49199&portlet_id=17822&multileveldocument_sheet_id=8692\n        Le budget primitif 2008 : \\u00e9tat de la dette]..\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s une\n        stabilit\\u00e9 entre [[2000]] et [[2008]][http://www.impots.gouv.fr/portal/dgi/public/documentation.donnees_detaillees;jsessionid=OL0OJYMOT3NPZQFIEMRSFE4AVARW4IV1?paf_dm=shared&paf_gm=content&paf_gear_id=1900029&pageId=doc_stat_donnees_detaillees&sfid=4502®ion=&_requestid=760087\n        Site officiel de la direction g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale des Imp\\u00f4ts].,\n        les taux d\\u2019imposition ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 augment\\u00e9s en [[2009]] et\n        sont port\\u00e9s \\u00e0 9,59 % pour la [[taxe d''habitation]], 7,75 % pour\n        la taxe sur le foncier b\\u00e2ti, 14,72 % pour la taxe sur le foncier non\n        b\\u00e2ti et 13,46 % pour la [[taxe professionnelle]][http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4857&document_type_id=5&document_id=7962&portlet_id=10385\n        Budget 2009 de la ville de Paris].{{,}}[http://www.lefigaro.fr/impots/2009/09/29/05003-20090929ARTFIG00001-le-grand-ecart-entre-les-villes-vertueuses-et-les-autres-.php\n        Le Figaro - 28 septembre 2009 - Hausse des imp\\u00f4ts locaux \\u00e0 Paris\n        en 2009].. La fiscalit\\u00e9 repr\\u00e9sente 55 % des recettes de la\n        ville. Paris est l''une des quinze grandes\n        villes fran\\u00e7aises (de plus de {{Unit\\u00e9|1000000|habitants}}) n''ayant\n        pas augment\\u00e9 ses taux d''imp\\u00f4t foncier en cinq ans[http://www.lesechos.fr/patrimoine/immobilier/300223949.htm\n        Les \\u00c9chos - Taxe fonci\\u00e8re : les villes qui ont subi la plus forte\n        hausse].. Cette stabilit\\u00e9 ne concerne que les taux d''imposition.\n        La bulle immobili\\u00e8re qui s''est d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9e pendant toute la\n        premi\\u00e8re mandature de M. Delano\\u00eb a permis une hausse extr\\u00eamement\n        importante des rentr\\u00e9es fiscales assises sur l''immobilier. Le nombre\n        des transactions en m\\u00eame temps que leur valeur a consid\\u00e9rablement\n        augment\\u00e9. Cette bulle fiscale a permis d''accro\\u00eetre les effectifs\n        de la Mairie de Paris de 40 \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|49000|agents}} ({{Unit\\u00e9|73000|agents}},\n        en 2013, pour la mairie et le d\\u00e9partement de Paris selon l\\u2019[[Ifrap]][http://lecercle.lesechos.fr/entreprises-marches/finance-marches/finances/221186902/paris-finances-danger\n        Paris, finances en danger], Aurelien Veron, lecercle.lesechos.fr, 17 d\\u00e9cembre\n        2013.). L''explosion de cette bulle immobili\\u00e8re temporaire laisse\n        la mairie avec un exc\\u00e9dent de d\\u00e9penses permanentes \\u00e0 financer\n        autrement. C''est pourquoi Bertrand Delano\\u00eb a annonc\\u00e9 en 2008 la\n        cr\\u00e9ation d''une nouvelle taxe d\\u00e9partementale de 3 % sur le foncier\n        (pay\\u00e9e uniquement par les propri\\u00e9taires) et une hausse des taux\n        de l''imp\\u00f4t foncierNouvelle taxe fonci\\u00e8re d\\u00e9partementale\n        de 3 % et augmentation des 4 taxes locales (taxe d''habitation, taxes sur\n        le foncier b\\u00e2ti et le non b\\u00e2ti et enfin taxe professionnelle), {{cf.}}\n        ''''Le Figaro'''' du 29 octobre 2008, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/impots/2008/10/08/05003-20081008ARTFIG00453-delanoe-augmente-les-impots-locaux-a-paris-.php\n        ''''Les imp\\u00f4ts locaux en hausse de 9 % \\u00e0 Paris en 2009'''']..\n        Pour la p\\u00e9riode 2007-2012, l''Union nationale de la propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        immobili\\u00e8re (UNPI) calcule que Paris est la ville qui a connu la progression\n        nationale la plus forte de sa taxe fonci\\u00e8re (+ 67,90 % contre 21,17 %\n        en moyenne), en raison notamment de la cr\\u00e9ation de ce taux d\\u00e9partemental[http://www.lejdd.fr/Economie/Ces-grandes-villes-ou-la-taxe-fonciere-explose-632997\n        Ces grandes villes o\\u00f9 la taxe fonci\\u00e8re explose], Le JDD, 8 octobre\n        2013 .{{,}}[http://www.unpi.org/docunpi/otf2013/75.pdf Observatoire\n        UNPI des taxes fonci\\u00e8res sur les propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s b\\u00e2ties : p\\u00e9riode\n        2007/2012].{{,}}[http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2013/10/08/les-taxes-foncieres-pesent-de-plus-en-plus-sur-le-budget-des-menages_937806\n        Les taxes fonci\\u00e8res p\\u00e8sent de plus en plus sur le budget des m\\u00e9nages],\n        Lib\\u00e9ration, 8 octobre 2013 ..\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s six ann\\u00e9es sans\n        aucune hausse des taux des imp\\u00f4ts locaux (2001 \\u00e0 2008 inclus) vot\\u00e9s\n        par les \\u00e9lus parisiens, puis deux ann\\u00e9es de hausse (2009 et 2010),\n        la municipalit\\u00e9 s''est engag\\u00e9e \\u00e0 ne plus augmenter le taux\n        des 4 imp\\u00f4ts locaux. Selon le magazine ''''Capital'''' de juin 2010,\n        Paris reste la grande ville avec les plus faibles montants d''imp\\u00f4ts\n        locaux.\\n\\nLe taux d''endettement de la Mairie de Paris (ville et d\\u00e9partement)\n        est \\u00e0 39 % de ses ressources, bien moins que la moyenne nationale des\n        grandes villes (89 %). La ville b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie, pour 2010 et 2011, de\n        la note maximale des agences de [[notation financi\\u00e8re]], le \\u00ab AAA\n        \\u00bb, qui permet d''emprunter aux meilleurs taux pour investir et construire.\n        \\u00c0 la suite de la forte augmentation de la dette, un \\u00ab quasi-quadruplement\n        de la dette de Paris entre 2001 et 2014 \\u00bb, les agences de notation r\\u00e9trogradent\n        Paris en 2012 et 2013 \\u00e0 la note de AA+.\\n\\nDans un livre intitul\\u00e9 ''''Comptes et l\\u00e9gendes de\n        Paris, Bilan de la gestion Delano\\u00eb'''' (2011), le journaliste Dominique\n        Foing analyse, sur la base des rapports de l''Inspection g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale\n        de la ville de Paris et de la [[chambre r\\u00e9gionale des comptes]] d''\\u00cele-de-France,\n        la gestion des ann\\u00e9es 2001-2011 de la ville de Paris : les d\\u00e9penses\n        municipales auraient augment\\u00e9 de 44,45 % (\\u00ab le produit fiscal, fiscalit\\u00e9\n        immobili\\u00e8re incluse, collect\\u00e9 sur les contribuables parisiens est\n        pass\\u00e9 de 1,7 milliard d''euros au budget 2001 \\u00e0 2,5 milliards d''euros\n        au budget 2008, soit 47 % d''augmentation \\u00bb), signifiant pour ceux-ci\n        une hausse des recettes des imp\\u00f4ts de 70 % entre 2001 et 2011 ; concomitamment,\n        les d\\u00e9penses de fonctionnement se seraient accrues de 2 milliards d''euros,\n        la dette, relativement faible en 2011, augmentant d''un milliard d''euros[http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2011/10/04/01016-20111004ARTFIG00733-polemique-autour-d-un-livre-sur-delanoe.php\n        Pol\\u00e9mique autour d''un livre sur Delano\\u00eb], Aude Seres, ''''Lefigaro.fr'''',\n        5 octobre 2011.{{,}}[http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-75005/le-livre-qui-agace-le-maire-de-paris-06-10-2011-1640905.php\n        Le livre qui agace le maire de Paris], Marie-Anne Gairaud, ''''Leparisien.fr'''',\n        6 octobre 2011..\\n\\nDepuis 2011, les taux d\\u2019imposition ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        port\\u00e9s \\u00e0 13,38 % pour la taxe d''habitation, \\u00e0 8,37 % pour\n        la taxe fonci\\u00e8re sur les propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s b\\u00e2ties, \\u00e0 16,67\n        % pour la taxe fonci\\u00e8re sur les propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s non b\\u00e2ties\n        et 16,52 % pour la cotisation fonci\\u00e8re des entreprises (CFE)[http://www.paris.fr/municipalite/l-hotel-de-ville/taxes-et-impots-2318\n        Taux de r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence pour Paris depuis 2011]..\\n\\n=== Instances\n        judiciaires et administratives ===\\nLe [[Tribunal de grande instance (France)|tribunal\n        de grande instance]] de Paris est situ\\u00e9 dans le [[Palais de justice de\n        Paris|Palais de Justice]], sur l''[[\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9]]. C''est la\n        [[Organisation juridictionnelle (France)|juridiction]] qui traite le plus\n        grand nombre d''affaires en France{{lien web|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt\n        2016|url=http://www.ca-paris.justice.fr/index.php?rubrique=11016&ssrubrique=11051&article=14755|titre=Tribunal\n        de grande instance de Paris}}.. Dans chaque arrondissement se trouve\n        un [[tribunal d''instance]]. Dessin\\u00e9 par [[Renzo Piano]], la [[Cit\\u00e9\n        judiciaire de Paris]] doit \\u00eatre achev\\u00e9e en 2017 [[porte de Clichy]]\n        et r\\u00e9unir l\\u2019ensemble des services du TGI dispers\\u00e9s entre l\\u2019\\u00cele\n        de la Cit\\u00e9 et quatre autres sites, le tribunal de police et les tribunaux\n        d\\u2019instance{{lien web|url=http://www.clichy-batignolles.fr/le-futur-palais-de-justice-de-paris-0|titre=Le\n        futur palais de justice de Paris|\\u00e9diteur=|date=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016|auteur=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Cit\\u00e9 judiciaire vue du parc\n        (07-16).JPG|vignette|La [[Cit\\u00e9 judiciaire de Paris|Cit\\u00e9 judiciaire]]\n        en construction aux Batignolles.]]\\nLe [[Tribunal de commerce (France)|tribunal\n        de commerce]] de Paris se situe quant \\u00e0 lui quai de Corse, \\u00e9galement\n        sur l''\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9. Le [[Tribunal de police (France)|tribunal\n        de police]] de Paris est install\\u00e9 [[rue de Cambrai]], dans le {{19e|arrondissement}},\n        et le [[conseil de prud''hommes (France)|conseil de prud\\u2019hommes]] de\n        Paris [[rue Louis-Blanc (Paris)|rue Louis-Blanc]], dans le {{10e|arrondissement}}.\\n\\nOutre\n        les tribunaux de la ville, les tribunaux de plusieurs d\\u00e9partements rel\\u00e8vent\n        de la [[Cour d''appel de Paris]] : la [[Seine-et-Marne]], l''[[Essonne (d\\u00e9partement)|Essonne]],\n        la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], le [[Val-de-Marne]] et l''[[Yonne (d\\u00e9partement)|Yonne]].\n        Le ressort de cette cour concerne 12,6 % de la population fran\\u00e7aise soit\n        {{nombre|7605603|personnes}} en [[2004]]{{lien web|consult\\u00e9 le=30\n        ao\\u00fbt 2016|url=http://www.ca-paris.justice.fr/|titre=Cour d''appel de\n        Paris}}. Les autres d\\u00e9partements d''\\u00cele-de-France ainsi que\n        l\\u2019[[Eure-et-Loir]] d\\u00e9pendent, eux, de la cour d''appel de [[Versailles]]{{lien\n        web|consult\\u00e9=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016|url=http://www.ca-paris.justice.fr/index.php?rubrique=10977&ssrubrique=11056|\\u00e9diteurca-paris.justice.fr=|titre=Comp\\u00e9tences\n        de la cour d''appel de Paris|date=23 juillet 2014}}.\\n\\nDans l''[[ordre\n        administratif en France|ordre administratif]], Paris est du ressort du [[tribunal\n        administratif (France)|tribunal administratif]] de Paris. Les appels sont\n        port\\u00e9s devant la [[Cour administrative d''appel]] de Paris, laquelle\n        conna\\u00eet aussi les appels des tribunaux administratifs de [[Mata-Utu]],\n        [[Melun]], de la [[Nouvelle-Cal\\u00e9donie]] et de la [[Polyn\\u00e9sie fran\\u00e7aise]].\n        \\u00c0 Paris si\\u00e8gent \\u00e9galement les juridictions nationales supr\\u00eames\n        : [[Conseil constitutionnel (France)|Conseil constitutionnel]], [[Cour de\n        cassation (France)|Cour de cassation]] et [[Conseil d''\\u00c9tat (France)|Conseil\n        d''\\u00c9tat]].\\n\\nLa r\\u00e9gion [[\\u00cele-de-France]] totalise \\u00e0 elle\n        seule plus du quart des crimes et d\\u00e9lits commis en France m\\u00e9tropolitaine.\n        Au sein de la r\\u00e9gion, la [[grande couronne]], la [[petite couronne]]\n        et Paris intra-muros comptabilisent chacune environ un tiers du total des\n        faits constat\\u00e9s. La typologie de la criminalit\\u00e9 parisienne reste\n        largement domin\\u00e9e par les vols qui repr\\u00e9sentent les deux tiers des\n        crimes et d\\u00e9lits. En 2006, {{Unit\\u00e9|255238|faits}} ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        comptabilis\\u00e9s soit un taux de criminalit\\u00e9 de 118,58 actes pour {{Unit\\u00e9|1000|habitants}}\n        (crimes et d\\u00e9lits), ce qui repr\\u00e9sente pr\\u00e8s du double de la\n        moyenne nationale ({{unit\\u00e9|61.03|\\u2030}}) mais se situe dans la moyenne\n        des grandes villes de [[France]] ([[Lyon]] : 109,22, [[Lille]] : 118,93, [[Nice]]\n        : 119,52, [[Marseille]] : 120,62). La part des femmes mises en cause est inf\\u00e9rieure\n        \\u00e0 15 % (l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement sous la moyenne nationale) et la part des\n        mineurs est de 11,02 % soit sept points de moins que la moyenne fran\\u00e7aise\n        de 18,33 %. \\u00c0 l''inverse, la part des \\u00e9trangers (r\\u00e9sidents\n        en France titulaires d''une [[Titre de s\\u00e9jour|carte de s\\u00e9jour]])\n        est sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 la moyenne fran\\u00e7aise de 20,73 %[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/074000386/somm.shtml\n        La documentation Fran\\u00e7aise - Criminalit\\u00e9 et d\\u00e9linquance constat\\u00e9es\n        en France - Tome I (Ann\\u00e9e 2006)].{{,}}[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/074000387/somm.shtml\n        La documentation Fran\\u00e7aise - Criminalit\\u00e9 et d\\u00e9linquance constat\\u00e9es\n        en France - Tome {{II}} (Ann\\u00e9e 2006)]..\\n\\nLe centralisme parisien\n        explique \\u00e9galement que la ville soit parfois victime d''[[Liste d''attentats\n        meurtriers|attentats]]. Aussi bien sous [[Attentat de la rue Saint-Nicaise|Napol\\u00e9on\n        {{Ier}}]] ou, plus proche de nous, lors de l''[[attentat du RER B \\u00e0 Saint-Michel]]\n        en {{date||juillet|1995}} ou ceux du [[Attentats du 13 novembre 2015 en France|13\n        novembre 2015]], l''histoire parisienne est ponctu\\u00e9e de ces \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements\n        \\u00e0 haute valeur symbolique, ce qui n''est pas sans cons\\u00e9quence sur\n        la vie quotidienne dans la ville, particuli\\u00e8rement avec la mise en place\n        du plan [[Plan Vigipirate|vigipirate]][http://www.archives.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/raffarin_version2/information/fiches_52/plan_vigipirate_50932.html\n        Le plan vigipirate expliqu\\u00e9 sur le site du Minist\\u00e8re de l''int\\u00e9rieur].\n        qui voit une pr\\u00e9sence renforc\\u00e9e de policiers, gendarmes et militaires\n        pr\\u00e8s des lieux touristiques et strat\\u00e9giques de la capitale[http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/dossiers/vigipirate_2005.pdf\n        Document expliquant le plan vigipirate en \\u00cele-de-France]..\\n\\n\\u00c0\n        Paris, certaines [[Prison en France|prisons]] sont rest\\u00e9es c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        : le [[Grand Ch\\u00e2telet]] (sur la rive droite) abritait la prison du roi,\n        et son annexe, le Petit Ch\\u00e2telet (au d\\u00e9bouch\\u00e9 du [[Petit-Pont-Cardinal-Lustiger|Petit-Pont]]\n        sur la rive gauche), lieu d''incarc\\u00e9ration \\u00e0 partir du {{S-|XIV|e}},\n        fut d\\u00e9moli en [[1782]]. Trois prisons sont devenues des symboles historiques\n        : la [[Palais de la Cit\\u00e9|Conciergerie]], la [[Bastille]] et le [[ch\\u00e2teau\n        de Vincennes|donjon de Vincennes]]. Le [[Tribunal|Palais de justice]] poss\\u00e9dait\n        sa propre prison, la Conciergerie, qui apr\\u00e8s avoir accueilli parmi d''autres\n        les [[Gironde (R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise)|Girondins]] et [[Marie-Antoinette\n        d''Autriche|Marie-Antoinette]] pendant la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]],\n        continua \\u00e0 servir de prison temporaire jusqu''en [[1914]]. La Bastille,\n        \\u00e9difi\\u00e9e \\u00e0 partir de [[1370]] et devenue exclusivement prison\n        d''\\u00c9tat sous [[Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu|Richelieu]], constituait\n        contrairement \\u00e0 l''id\\u00e9e g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale une prison de \\u00ab\n        luxe \\u00bb pour un nombre de prisonniers n''exc\\u00e9dant jamais la quarantaine.\n        Le donjon de Vincennes, \\u00e9galement prison d''\\u00c9tat jusqu''en [[1784]],\n        mais plus r\\u00e9sidence surveill\\u00e9e que v\\u00e9ritable lieu d''incarc\\u00e9ration,\n        continua \\u00e0 servir occasionnellement de prison jusque sous le Second Empire.\\n\\nIl\n        subsiste une seule prison \\u00e0 Paris, la [[prison de la Sant\\u00e9]], ouverte\n        en [[1867]]. Les principales prisons franciliennes se situent maintenant \\u00e0\n        [[Centre p\\u00e9nitentiaire de Fresnes|Fresnes]] et [[Maison d''arr\\u00eat\n        de Fleury-M\\u00e9rogis|Fleury-M\\u00e9rogis]], auxquelles il faut ajouter la\n        [[maison centrale]] de [[Poissy]]{{p.|1109-1112}}..\\n\\nL''hygi\\u00e8ne\n        est g\\u00e9r\\u00e9e par le service municipal d''actions de salubrit\\u00e9\n        et d''hygi\\u00e8ne de la ville de Paris.\\n\\n=== Jumelages ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Mairie\n        de Paris#Jumelage et partenariats{{!}}Jumelage et partenariats}}\\n\\nParis\n        est [[Jumelage|jumel\\u00e9e]] avec une seule ville, [[Rome]], depuis [[1956]],\n        avec le [[slogan]] \\u00ab Seule Paris est digne de Rome ; seule Rome est digne\n        de Paris \\u00bb (en [[italien]] ''''\\u00ab Solo Parigi \\u00e8 degna di Roma;\n        solo Roma \\u00e8 degna di Parigi \\u00bb''''){{Ouvrage|langue = fr|pr\\u00e9nom1\n        = Philippe|nom1 = Nivet|titre = Le Conseil municipal de Paris de 1944 \\u00e0\n        1977|\\u00e9diteur = Publications de la Sorbonne|ann\\u00e9e = 1994|isbn = 9782859442446|passage=[http://books.google.fr/books?id=ZTDxxCIa9jEC&pg=PA255\n        p. 255]|consult\\u00e9 le = 2015-10-06}}{{,}}{{Ouvrage|langue =\n        fr|pr\\u00e9nom1 = Olivier|nom1 = Bauer|titre = Paris|\\u00e9diteur = Nathan|isbn\n        = 9782092559413|lire en ligne = https://books.google.com/books?id=9JLtBgAAQBAJ|consult\\u00e9\n        le = 2015-10-06|passage = 6|pages totales = 80|collection = Les concentr\\u00e9s}}.\\n\\nLa\n        ville a \\u00e9galement conclu des pactes d''amiti\\u00e9 et de coop\\u00e9ration\n        avec de nombreuses villes dans le monde, dont [[Tokyo]] en [[1982]], [[Berlin]]\n        en [[1987]], [[Madrid]] en [[2000]] et [[Dakar]] en [[2011]]\\u00ab [http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974\n        Les pactes d''amiti\\u00e9 et de coop\\u00e9ration] \\u00bb, site officiel de\n        la Ville de Paris..\\n\\n== Population et soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 ==\\n=== D\\u00e9mographie\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|D\\u00e9mographie de Paris|Unit\\u00e9 urbaine\n        de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Croissance population Paris.PNG|thumb|upright=2|Croissance\n        de la population parisienne depuis le recensement en 1801.]]\\n\\nVille fran\\u00e7aise\n        la plus peupl\\u00e9e, Paris est troisi\\u00e8me parmi les [[Liste des aires\n        urbaines d''Europe|aires urbaines europ\\u00e9ennes]]{{Lien web|nom1=Villeret|pr\\u00e9nom1=Graeme|titre=PopulationData.net\n        : Palmar\\u00e8s - Europe - Grandes villes|url=http://www.populationdata.net/?option=palmares&rid=63&cid=5&nom=Grandes-villes|site=www.populationdata.net|consult\\u00e9\n        le=2016-04-02}} derri\\u00e8re [[Moscou]] et [[Istanbul]] et la {{29e|plus}}\n        peupl\\u00e9e du monde{{Lien web|nom1=Villeret|pr\\u00e9nom1=Graeme|titre=PopulationData.net1\n        : Palmar\\u00e8s - Les plus grandes villes du monde|url=http://www.populationdata.net/?option=palmares&rid=4&nom=grandes-villes/|site=www.populationdata.net|consult\\u00e9\n        le=2016-04-02}}. La commune de Paris compte au {{date-|1 janvier 2014}}\n        plus de {{unit\\u00e9|2.2|millions}} d''habitants\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |langue = fr\\n |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2534314?geo=COM-75056\\n\n        |titre= population l\\u00e9gale au {{1er}} janvier 2014\\n |site= site de l''Insee\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 1er avril 2017.\\n}}. et son [[Aire urbaine de Paris|aire\n        urbaine]] (l''[[agglom\\u00e9ration]] et la [[couronne p\\u00e9riurbaine]])\n        comptait {{unit\\u00e9|12.4|millions}} d''habitants\\n{{Lien\n        web\\n |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF01203\\n\n        |titre= Les 60 premi\\u00e8res aires urbaines en 2013\\n |site= site de l''Insee\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 3 mars 2016\\n}}..\\n\\n==== \\u00c9volution du nombre\n        d''habitants ====\\nEn {{Donn\\u00e9es/Paris/\\u00e9volution population|an}},\n        Paris comptait {{nombre|{{Donn\\u00e9es/Paris/\\u00e9volution population|pop}}|habitants}}.\n        Depuis 2004, les [[recensement de la population en France|recensements des\n        communes]] de plus de {{unit\\u00e9|10000|habitants}} ont lieu au moyen d''enqu\\u00eates\n        annuelles par sondage.\\n\\n{{Tableau D\\u00e9mographie Paris}}\\n\\n{{Histogramme\n        population Paris}}\\n\\n{{Pays & territoires de naissance des Franciliens}}\\n\\n====\n        Nombre d''habitants de l''agglom\\u00e9ration et de l''aire urbaine ====\\nAu\n        {{date|1 janvier 2013}}, l''agglom\\u00e9ration d\\u00e9finie par l''[[Institut\n        national de la statistique et des \\u00e9tudes \\u00e9conomiques|Insee]] comprend\n        {{nobr|412 communes}} et totalise {{Unit\\u00e9|10601122|habitants}}http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=TER&millesime=2013&typgeo=UU2010&search=00851\n        Insee - S\\u00e9rie historique des r\\u00e9sultats du recensement - Unit\\u00e9\n        urbaine de Paris], consult\\u00e9 le 4 juillet 2016.{{,}}[http://insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/zonages/zone.asp?zonage=UU2010&zone=00851\n        Insee - Communes composant l''unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris en 2010], consult\\u00e9\n        le 5 septembre 2011.. C''est la [[Liste des agglom\\u00e9rations d''Europe|deuxi\\u00e8me\n        agglom\\u00e9ration europ\\u00e9enne]], derri\\u00e8re [[Moscou]] et devant [[Londres]],\n        et la {{25e}} du monde en 2014, selon l''ONU[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf\n        World Urbanization Prospects : The 2014 Revision, Table II, {{p.|26}}], consult\\u00e9\n        le 10 avril 2016. Son aire urbaine, incluant des communes situ\\u00e9es\n        dans une zone d''influence forte de la ville, comprend {{nombre|1794|communes}}\n        et atteint {{nombre|12405426|habitants}} au {{date-|1 janvier 2013}}[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF01203\n        Insee - Les 60 premi\\u00e8res aires urbaines en 2013], consult\\u00e9 le 10\n        avril 2016. dans la d\\u00e9limitation de 2010, ce qui en fait la [[Liste\n        des agglom\\u00e9rations les plus peupl\\u00e9es du monde|{{29e|aire}} urbaine\n        du monde]] environ et l''une des trois plus grandes d''Europe avec Moscou\n        et Londres.\\n\\n==== Immigration ====\\nLes recensements fran\\u00e7ais, comme\n        l''impose la l\\u00e9gislation, ne posent aucune question concernant l''appartenance\n        ethnique ou religieuse mais recueillent des informations au sujet du lieu\n        de naissance. Il est ainsi possible de d\\u00e9terminer que l''[[aire urbaine\n        de Paris]] est une des plus multiculturelles en Europe. Au recensement de\n        [[2011]], 23,1 % de la population totale de l''[[\\u00cele-de-France]] \\u00e9tait\n        n\\u00e9e hors de [[France m\\u00e9tropolitaine]] (contre 22,2 % en 2006 et\n        19,7 % en 1999)[http://insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=fd-rp19682011\n        INSEE - Fichier Donn\\u00e9es harmonis\\u00e9es des recensements de la population\n        de 1968 \\u00e0 2011.].. Au recensement de 1999, 4,2 % de la population\n        de l''aire urbaine de Paris \\u00e9tait constitu\\u00e9e d''immigr\\u00e9s r\\u00e9cents\n        (arriv\\u00e9s en France dans les cinq ann\\u00e9es pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dant 1999),\n        dans leur majorit\\u00e9 de [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]] et\n        du [[Afrique|continent africain]][http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=498\n        INSEE - Flux d''immigration permanente par motif en 2003.].. Par ailleurs,\n        la zone m\\u00e9tropolitaine de Paris compte \\u00e9galement 15 % de musulmansLuc\n        Gruson, ''''L''Islam en France'''', ADRI, 2000, {{ISBN|2110046465}}.{{,}}Jonathan\n        Laurence et [[Justin Va\\u00efsse]], ''''Int\\u00e9grer l''Islam'''', {{p.|40}},\n        Odile Jacob, 2007 {{ISBN|9782738119001}}..\\n\\n[[File:Passage Brady.jpg|vignette|gauche|Le\n        [[Passage Brady]], haut lieu de l''immigration indo-pakistanaise \\u00e0 Paris.]]\\nLa\n        premi\\u00e8re vague massive d''immigration vers Paris commence vers [[1820]]\n        avec l''arriv\\u00e9e des paysans [[Allemagne|allemands]] fuyant la crise agricole\n        et \\u00ab ouverts \\u00bb \\u00e0 la France depuis la pr\\u00e9sence outre-Rhin\n        des arm\\u00e9es r\\u00e9volutionnaires et napol\\u00e9oniennes. Plusieurs autres\n        vagues migratoires ont ensuite suivi sans interruption jusqu''\\u00e0 nos jours\n        : [[Italie]]ns et [[Juifs]] d''Europe centrale pendant le {{S-|XIX|e}}, [[Russie|Russes]]\n        apr\\u00e8s la [[R\\u00e9volution russe|r\\u00e9volution de 1917]], habitants\n        des colonies pendant la [[Premi\\u00e8re Guerre mondiale]], [[Pologne|polonais]]\n        entre les deux guerres mondiales, [[Espagne|Espagnols]], [[Italie]]ns, [[Portugal|Portugais]]\n        et [[Afrique du Nord|Africains du Nord]] des [[ann\\u00e9es 1950]] aux [[ann\\u00e9es\n        1970]], Juifs [[s\\u00e9farade]]s apr\\u00e8s l''ind\\u00e9pendance des pays\n        d''[[Afrique du Nord]], Africains et Asiatiques depuis lors[http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=14&flash=0\n        Histoire de l''immigration en France]..\\n\\nLa localisation des immigr\\u00e9s\n        dans la ville varie en fonction de l''appartenance communautaire : les [[18e\n        arrondissement de Paris|18{{e}}]] et [[19e arrondissement de Paris|{{19e|arrondissements}}]]\n        concentrent une forte part des immigr\\u00e9s originaires d''Afrique sub-saharienne,\n        en particulier dans le quartier de [[Ch\\u00e2teau Rouge (quartier de Paris)|Ch\\u00e2teau\n        Rouge]] et pr\\u00e8s du [[boulevard Barb\\u00e8s]] ([[quartier de la Goutte-d''Or]]),\n        tandis que le [[quartier de Belleville]] rassemble d''importantes communaut\\u00e9s\n        maghr\\u00e9bines et chinoises. Dans le [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]]\n        se situe le [[Quartiers asiatiques de Paris|quartier asiatique de Paris]],\n        plus important \\u00ab [[Quartier asiatique|Chinatown]] \\u00bb d''[[Europe]][http://www.apur.org/images/notes4pages/4P7.pdf\n        APUR - La population \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re \\u00e0 Paris] {{pdf}}.. Le\n        seizi\\u00e8me arrondissement fait partie des zones qui ont la plus forte concentration\n        de migrants en provenance des \\u00c9tats-Unis{{pdf}} {{Lien web |url=http://www.chic-cosy.com/france/paris/paris_fr.pdf\n        |titre=Chic & Cosy \\u2013 Guide de voyages \\u2013 Paris |site=[http://www.chic-cosy.com\n        chic-cosy.com] |page=13, paragraphe 1.7 \\u00ab Immigration \\u00bb |consult\\u00e9\n        le=17 novembre 2014}}.. Dans le [[10e arrondissement de Paris|{{10e|arrondissement}}]],\n        entre la [[Gare de Paris-Nord|gare du Nord]] et la station de m\\u00e9tro [[La\n        Chapelle (m\\u00e9tro de Paris)|La Chapelle]], et vers le [[Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis|Faubourg\n        Saint-Denis]], se situent les quartiers indiens, pakistanais et sri lankais,\n        notamment celui de Strasbourg-Saint-Denis{{lien web|url=http://www.azurever.com/paris/le-quartier-indien|titre=Le\n        quartier indien|\\u00e9diteur=azurever.com|auteur= Marie-Camille Julien|consult\\u00e9\n        le=16 novembre 2014}}, et [[Sentier turc|turcs]]{{lien web|url=http://www.gavroche-pere-et-fils.fr/faubourg-saint-denis-le-quartier-turc-de-paris/|titre=Faubourg\n        Saint-Denis \\u2013 le quartier turc de Paris|date=10 novembre 2010|\\u00e9diteur=gavroche-pere-et-fils.fr|consult\\u00e9\n        le=16 novembre 2014}}.\\n\\nEn [[2005]] \\u00e0 Paris, 41,3 % des jeunes\n        de moins de 18 ans avaient au moins un parent immigr\\u00e9 dont 12,1 % d''origine\n        [[Maghreb|maghr\\u00e9bine]] et 9,9 % d''[[Afrique subsaharienne]]Bernard\n        Aubry et [[Mich\\u00e8le Tribalat]], {{pdf}} [http://www.commentaire.fr/pdf/tempo/126%20PDF/18-TRIBALAT_ART126.pdf\n        Les jeunes d''origine \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re], revue Commentaire, juin 2009,\n        {{num\\u00e9ro|126}}, {{p.|434}}..\\n\\n==== D\\u00e9clin d\\u00e9mographique\n        de Paris et reprise r\\u00e9cente ====\\nLa d\\u00e9mographie parisienne n''est\n        pas autonome : elle est totalement li\\u00e9e \\u00e0 celle de son agglom\\u00e9ration.\n        Ce ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne d\\u00e9rive de la petite taille administrative de Paris,\n        qui implique que le partage de l''espace ne se fait pas \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9chelle\n        de la ville mais de sa r\\u00e9gionAlfred Dittgen, \\u00ab\n        Logements et taille des m\\u00e9nages dans la dynamique des populations locales.\n        L''exemple de Paris \\u00bb, ''''Population'''', \\u00e9dition fran\\u00e7aise,\n        {{60e|ann\\u00e9e}}, {{num\\u00e9ro}}3, mai-juin 2005, {{p.|307-347}}..\\n\\nMalgr\\u00e9\n        l''augmentation du nombre de logements, la population de Paris a connu un\n        d\\u00e9clin important depuis les ann\\u00e9es 1950-1960, mais ce d\\u00e9clin\n        est enray\\u00e9 depuis [[1999]] : les chiffres du dernier recensement publi\\u00e9\n        par l''Insee montrent une croissance de {{Unit\\u00e9|125700|habitants}} entre\n        1999 et 2011, la population de Paris s''\\u00e9levant d\\u00e9sormais \\u00e0\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|2249975|personnes}}''''POP T1M - Population''''..\\n\\nLa\n        principale explication r\\u00e9side dans l''\\u00e9volution relative entre l''[[accroissement\n        naturel]] (diff\\u00e9rence entre le nombre de naissances et celui des d\\u00e9c\\u00e8s)\n        et le [[solde migratoire]] (diff\\u00e9rence entre le nombre apparent des arriv\\u00e9es\n        et celui des d\\u00e9parts). L''accroissement naturel \\u00e9tait positif mais\n        relativement faible entre 1968 et 1990, alors que les d\\u00e9parts l''emportaient\n        largement sur les arriv\\u00e9es, avec un solde migratoire n\\u00e9gatif. La\n        diff\\u00e9rence entre ces deux soldes aboutissait \\u00e0 un solde total n\\u00e9gatif,\n        soit une diminution de la population. Depuis 1999, le solde naturel a augment\\u00e9,\n        traduisant une augmentation du nombre des naissances (le taux de natalit\\u00e9\n        est d\\u00e9sormais sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 la moyenne nationale, avec {{unit\\u00e9|14.8|\\u2030}}\n        entre 1999 et 2006 et {{unit\\u00e9|14.1|\\u2030}} entre 2006 et 2011), et une\n        diminution du nombre des d\\u00e9c\\u00e8s. Inversement, le d\\u00e9ficit migratoire\n        a diminu\\u00e9 (- 0,2 % par an entre 2006 et 2011 et - 0,4 % par an de 1999\n        \\u00e0 2006, contre - 0,7 % par an entre 1990 et 1999, - 0,6 % par an de 1982\n        \\u00e0 1999, - 1,1 % par an de 1975 \\u00e0 1982 et - 2,1 % par an de 1968\n        \\u00e0 1975). Au total, la population parisienne recommence donc \\u00e0 augmenter\n        et rajeunit''''POP T2M - Indicateurs d\\u00e9mographiques''''..\\n\\nEnsuite,\n        la capitale avait subi une baisse du nombre des r\\u00e9sidences principales\n        du d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 1960 \\u00e0 1990. Mais, depuis 1990, le mouvement\n        s''est invers\\u00e9, avec une acc\\u00e9l\\u00e9ration de la croissance de leur\n        nombre depuis 1990 : {{Unit\\u00e9|1165541|r\\u00e9sidences}} principales en\n        2011 contre {{formatnum:1111721}} en 1999 et {{formatnum:1095090}} en 1990{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        n\\u00e9cessaire}}. Ce mouvement participe d''une tendance g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale\n        \\u00e0 l''augmentation de la population des villes centres des agglom\\u00e9rations\n        m\\u00e9tropolitaines en France et en Europe. Les statistiques de la construction\n        \\u00e0 Paris montrent \\u00e9galement un mouvement constant de transformation\n        des locaux industriels et artisanaux, ou de commerces en \\u00e9tages, en habitation\n        dans les quartiers centraux, qui s''ajoute \\u00e0 la politique municipale\n        de construction de logement sociaux favoris\\u00e9e par les r\\u00e8gles de\n        pourcentage introduites notamment au [[plan local d''urbanisme]] et qui soutiennent\n        la hausse du nombre de logements dans la capitale.\\n\\nEnfin, la taille moyenne\n        des m\\u00e9nages parisiens a beaucoup baiss\\u00e9 : le recul de la cohabitation\n        des g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rations adultes et la r\\u00e9duction du nombre d''enfants\n        par couple ont longtemps \\u00e9t\\u00e9 les principales explications. Cependant,\n        la f\\u00e9condit\\u00e9 \\u00e9tant d\\u00e9sormais constante, voire en l\\u00e9g\\u00e8re\n        augmentation depuis 2000, la diminution de la taille des m\\u00e9nages parisiens\n        s''explique aujourd''hui essentiellement par l''attraction des jeunes adultes\n        qui, sans enfants, peuvent profiter des loisirs et des emplois de la capitale\n        et faire face au co\\u00fbt de l''immobilier en se contentant de petites surfaces.\n        \\u00c0 l''inverse, les couples faisant de nouveaux enfants ont tendance \\u00e0\n        migrer vers la banlieue dont les habitations sont plus adapt\\u00e9es et meilleur\n        march\\u00e9{{,}}[http://hebdo.nouvelobs.com/hebdo/parution/p2196/dossier/a326392-un_pavillon_au_bout_de_la_ligne.html\n        Exemple de migration].. Cette dynamique Paris-banlieue explique les\n        sp\\u00e9cialisations respectives de la capitale (dont 54,6 % des logements\n        n''ont qu''une ou deux pi\\u00e8ces et du\n        reste de sa r\\u00e9gion.\\n\\n==== Familles et m\\u00e9nages parisiens ====\\nLa\n        population de la ville est relativement jeune : en 2008, selon l''Insee, le\n        pourcentage d''habitants \\u00e2g\\u00e9s de moins de 35 ans est de 46 %[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=12&idTableauDetaille=49&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - Population\n        par sexe et par \\u00e2ge de la commune de Paris], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre\n        2011., soit quatre points de plus que la moyenne nationale, qui est\n        de 41,8 %[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=FRANCE+METROPOLITAINE&codeZone=M-METRODOM&idTheme=12&idTableauDetaille=49&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - Population\n        par sexe et par \\u00e2ge de la France m\\u00e9tropolitaine], consult\\u00e9\n        le 5 septembre 2011..\\n\\n[[File:PlacedesVosges4.jpg|vignette|Familles\n        parisiennes [[place des Vosges]].]]\\nParis rassemble, comme toutes les m\\u00e9tropoles,\n        plus d''\\u00e9tudiants, de jeunes adultes actifs et de personnes \\u00e2g\\u00e9es\n        que la moyenne du pays ; les familles sont par cons\\u00e9quent sous-repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9es.\n        En [[2008]], la commune comptait {{Unit\\u00e9|501836|[[familles]]}} regroupant\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|1433376|personnes}} (soit 68 % de la population parisienne),\n        pour {{Unit\\u00e9|1148720|m\\u00e9nages}}. 51,4 % des m\\u00e9nages \\u00e9taient\n        compos\\u00e9s d''une seule personne : ces {{Unit\\u00e9|590122|personnes}}\n        vivant seules repr\\u00e9sentaient donc pr\\u00e8s de 28 % de l''ensemble des\n        Parisiens[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=14&idTableauDetaille=33&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - M\\u00e9nages\n        \\u00e0 Paris par taille du m\\u00e9nage, sexe et \\u00e2ge de la personne de\n        r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2011.. Il reste donc\n        4 % de Parisiens qui ne vivent ni seuls, ni en famille. 43 % des familles\n        parisiennes sont constitu\\u00e9es d''un couple sans enfant de moins de 25\n        ans ce qui repr\\u00e9sente {{Unit\\u00e9|433000|personnes}}, 39,3 % des familles\n        sont des couples avec au moins un enfant et 17,6 % des familles avec au moins\n        un enfant sont monoparentales (contre 13,5 % en France m\\u00e9tropolitaine)[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=13&idTableauDetaille=11&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - Familles\n        par type de famille et nombre d''enfants de moins de 25 ans \\u00e0 Paris],\n        consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2008.. En 2008, 70,2 % des couples parisiens\n        (soit 27,5 % de la population totale de Paris) sont form\\u00e9s de deux personnes\n        mari\\u00e9es, contre 76,9 % des couples de France m\\u00e9tropolitaine ; 21,5\n        % des couples parisiens sont form\\u00e9s de deux personnes c\\u00e9libataires[http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=13&idTableauDetaille=12&niveauDetail=1\n        Insee - R\\u00e9sultats du recensement de la population de 2008 - Couples par\n        \\u00e9tat matrimonial des conjoints et nombre d''enfants de moins de 25 ans\n        \\u00e0 Paris], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2011.. Ces structures familiales\n        s''expliquent en partie par l''importance du nombre de divorces, Paris \\u00e9tant\n        en t\\u00eate des d\\u00e9partements fran\\u00e7ais pour le nombre de nouveaux\n        divorc\\u00e9es pour {{formatnum:1000}} personnes mari\\u00e9es (20,5 en 2006-2008\n        selon une \\u00e9tude de l''[[Ined]])[http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_telechargement/35024/telechargement_fichier_fr_telechargement_fichier_fr_publi_pdf1_evolution_demographique_recente_pop3.pdf\n        Ined, L''\\u00e9volution d\\u00e9mographique r\\u00e9cente de la France, 2009,\n        tableau 16], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2011.. C''est aussi \\u00e0\n        Paris que sont sign\\u00e9s le plus de [[pacte civil de solidarit\\u00e9|Pacs]]\n        en France.\\n\\n\\u00c0 l''inverse, l''[[Taux de f\\u00e9condit\\u00e9|indicateur\n        conjoncturel de f\\u00e9condit\\u00e9]], de {{unit\\u00e9|1.57|enfant}} par femme\n        en 2008, est inf\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 la moyenne r\\u00e9gionale (2,01) et nationale\n        (2,0)[http://insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=poptc0224\n        Insee - Indicateur conjoncturel de f\\u00e9condit\\u00e9 dans les d\\u00e9partements\n        d''\\u00cele-de-France], consult\\u00e9 le 5 septembre 2011.. Le nombre\n        d''enfants par foyer est faible : 43 % des familles n''ont aucun enfant de\n        moins de 25 ans et pr\\u00e8s de 25 % n''ont qu''un enfant ; la part des familles\n        nombreuses (8,9 % de familles de trois enfants et plus) est inf\\u00e9rieure\n        \\u00e0 la moyenne r\\u00e9gionale (11,8 %) et nationale (9,6 %), essentiellement\n        \\u00e0 cause de la petite surface des logements et des prix \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s\n        de l''immobilier.\\n\\n=== Enseignement ===\\nLes \\u00e9tablissements d''enseignement\n        de la ville de Paris rel\\u00e8vent de l''[[acad\\u00e9mie de Paris]].\\n\\n====\n        \\u00c9tablissements scolaires ====\\n{{Article connexe|Liste des coll\\u00e8ges\n        et lyc\\u00e9es de Paris}}\\n\\nDurant l''ann\\u00e9e scolaire [[2005]]\\u2013[[2006]],\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|263812|\\u00e9l\\u00e8ves}} \\u00e9taient scolaris\\u00e9s dans le\n        secteur public, dont {{formatnum:135570}} dans le premier degr\\u00e9 et {{formatnum:128242}}\n        dans le second degr\\u00e9, ainsi que {{formatnum:138527}} dans le secteur\n        priv\\u00e9, dont {{formatnum:91818}} sous contrat. Paris poss\\u00e8de des\n        \\u00e9tablissements en [[zone d''\\u00e9ducation prioritaire]] (ZEP) ou en\n        r\\u00e9seau d\\u2019\\u00e9ducation prioritaire (REP) : {{Unit\\u00e9|214|\\u00e9coles}}\n        et {{Unit\\u00e9|32|coll\\u00e8ges}} (soit un enfant parisien sur cinq) rel\\u00e8vent\n        de ces classements[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Education/Portal.lut?page_id=118&document_type_id=5&document_id=2003&portlet_id=4602\n        \\u00c9ducation : Les \\u00e9tablissements en chiffres]..\\n\\nEn [[2007]],\n        la ville totalisait {{Unit\\u00e9|881|\\u00e9tablissements}} publics dont {{Unit\\u00e9|323|\\u00e9coles}}\n        maternelles, {{Unit\\u00e9|334|\\u00e9coles}} \\u00e9l\\u00e9mentaires, six \\u00e9tablissements\n        sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9s (\\u00e9coles \\u00e0 l\\u2019h\\u00f4pital), {{Unit\\u00e9|110|coll\\u00e8ges}},\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|72|lyc\\u00e9es}} g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux et technologiques, {{Unit\\u00e9|34|lyc\\u00e9es}}\n        professionnels et deux lyc\\u00e9es exp\\u00e9rimentaux publics. S''ajoutent\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|256|\\u00e9tablissements}} priv\\u00e9s sous contrat : {{Unit\\u00e9|110|\\u00e9coles}}\n        maternelles et \\u00e9l\\u00e9mentaires, une \\u00e9cole sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9e,\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|67|coll\\u00e8ges}}, {{Unit\\u00e9|73|lyc\\u00e9es}} g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux\n        et technologiques et cinq lyc\\u00e9es professionnels priv\\u00e9s sous contrat.\\n\\nDans\n        l''enseignement secondaire, les lyc\\u00e9es [[Lyc\\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand|Louis-le-Grand]]\n        et [[Lyc\\u00e9e Henri-IV|Henri-{{IV}}]] ont une envergure nationale voire\n        internationale.\\n\\n\\nClo\\u00eetre du lyc\\u00e9e Henri\n        IV.jpg|Lyc\\u00e9e Henri-IV.\\nLouis-le-Grand--cour-honneur.jpg|Lyc\\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand.\\nFa\\u00e7ade\n        du lyc\\u00e9e Condorcet, Paris 12 mars 2014.jpg|Lyc\\u00e9e Condorcet.\\n\\n\\n====\n        Vie universitaire ====\\n{{Article connexe|Enseignement sup\\u00e9rieur en \\u00cele-de-France}}\\n\\nL''enseignement\n        sup\\u00e9rieur regroupait en [[2007]] environ {{Unit\\u00e9|585000|\\u00e9tudiants}}\n        en [[\\u00cele-de-France]], soit plus du quart du total fran\\u00e7ais[http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/chifcle_fiche.asp?ref_id=EDUTC003&tab_id=1124\n        statistiques Insee]..\\n\\nIl existe une certaine volont\\u00e9 de [[d\\u00e9centralisation]]\n        qui a notamment conduit dans les [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]] au transfert de l''[[\\u00c9cole\n        nationale d''administration (France)|ENA]] \\u00e0 [[Strasbourg]] et d''[[\\u00e9cole\n        normale sup\\u00e9rieure (France)|\\u00e9coles normales sup\\u00e9rieures]] \\u00e0\n        [[Lyon]]. Toutefois, la plupart des \\u00e9tablissements nationaux les plus\n        prestigieux se trouvent toujours en r\\u00e9gion parisienne, comme les grandes\n        \\u00e9coles du groupe [[ParisTech]] ([[Arts et M\\u00e9tiers ParisTech]], [[\\u00c9cole\n        sup\\u00e9rieure d''\\u00e9lectricit\\u00e9|Sup\\u00e9lec]], [[\\u00c9cole polytechnique\n        (France)|Polytechnique]] ou [[\\u00c9cole des hautes \\u00e9tudes commerciales\n        de Paris|HEC]]) ou encore [[Institut d''\\u00e9tudes politiques de Paris|Sciences Po]]\n        et [[Universit\\u00e9 Paris-Dauphine|Paris-Dauphine]].\\n\\n==== Historique ====\\n[[File:Universite-Paris-Rive-Gauche.JPG|thumb|L''[[Universit\\u00e9\n        Paris VII - Diderot]].]]\\nD\\u00e8s le {{S-|XII|e}}, Paris est un des grands\n        centres intellectuels d''[[Europe]], particuli\\u00e8rement en mati\\u00e8re\n        de th\\u00e9ologie et de philosophie. On retient symboliquement [[1200]] comme\n        date de fondation de l''[[Universit\\u00e9 de Paris]], lorsque [[Philippe II\n        de France|Philippe Auguste]] accorde un statut particulier \\u00e0 la corporation\n        (ma\\u00eetres et \\u00e9l\\u00e8ves) en l''affranchissant de la justice et de\n        la police publiques, les faisant alors relever de la justice eccl\\u00e9siastique.\n        Les coll\\u00e8ges, r\\u00e9sidences de ma\\u00eetres et d''\\u00e9l\\u00e8ves\n        o\\u00f9 se d\\u00e9roule \\u00e9galement l''essentiel de l''enseignement, sont\n        organis\\u00e9s en facult\\u00e9s. La cr\\u00e9ation de la [[Sorbonne]] remonte\n        \\u00e0 [[1257]]. L''universit\\u00e9 vit essentiellement autour de la [[montagne\n        Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve]], au sein du [[quartier latin (quartier parisien)|quartier\n        latin]] qui s''\\u00e9tale sur une large partie des {{5e}} et {{6e|arrondissements}}.\n        Le quartier est aujourd''hui encore un centre universitaire de grande importance.\\n\\n\\u00c0\n        partir du {{S-|XVIII|e}}, des \\u00e9coles sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9es sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9es\n        pour certaines professions. Elles sont \\u00e0 l''origine des [[grandes \\u00e9coles]]\n        actuelles. L''[[\\u00c9cole polytechnique (France)|\\u00c9cole polytechnique]]\n        et l''[[\\u00c9cole normale sup\\u00e9rieure (rue d''Ulm \\u2014 Paris)|\\u00c9cole\n        normale sup\\u00e9rieure]] sont fond\\u00e9es pendant la R\\u00e9volution. L''[[Universit\\u00e9\n        de Paris]] moderne est constitu\\u00e9e au {{S-|XIX|e}} de six facult\\u00e9s\n        : [[droit]], [[m\\u00e9decine]], [[pharmacie]], [[litt\\u00e9rature]], [[th\\u00e9ologie]]\n        et [[science]]. Au {{S-|XX|e}}, le nombre d''\\u00e9tudiants cro\\u00eet fortement.\n        Apr\\u00e8s la [[1968 en France|r\\u00e9volte des \\u00e9tudiants de mai 1968]]\n        dont la Sorbonne est l''\\u00e9picentre, l''Universit\\u00e9 de Paris est r\\u00e9organis\\u00e9e\n        en treize \\u00e9tablissements autonomes (Paris I \\u00e0 Paris {{XIII}}), chacun\n        sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9 dans un domaine relativement d\\u00e9limit\\u00e9.\\n\\n====\n        Situation actuelle ====\\n[[Fichier:Sorbonne .jpg|thumb|La [[chapelle de la\n        Sorbonne]], symbole de l''[[Universit\\u00e9 de Paris]]]]\\n\\nParis intra-muros\n        reste le centre universitaire fran\\u00e7ais majeur. Les universit\\u00e9s Paris\n        {{I}} \\u00e0 {{VII}} sont regroup\\u00e9es [[rive gauche (Paris)|rive gauche]]\n        sur trois arrondissements ({{5e}}, {{6e}} et {{13e}}). Le [[quartier latin\n        (quartier parisien)|quartier latin]] conserve ainsi une place importante,\n        avec les implantations les plus anciennes : l''[[Universit\\u00e9 Paris-Sorbonne]],\n        l''[[\\u00c9cole normale sup\\u00e9rieure (rue d''Ulm \\u2014 Paris)|\\u00c9cole\n        normale sup\\u00e9rieure]] (ENS) et le [[Coll\\u00e8ge de France]]. D''autres\n        institutions d''enseignement sup\\u00e9rieur se trouvent aussi dans ce quartier\n        ([[Institut d''\\u00e9tudes politiques de Paris]] [Sciences Po], [[Universit\\u00e9\n        de Paris II|universit\\u00e9 de Paris {{II}}]] [Assas], [[campus de Jussieu]],\n        [[\\u00c9cole des hautes \\u00e9tudes en sciences sociales]] [EHESS], etc.).\n        L''[[universit\\u00e9 Paris-Dauphine]] est n\\u00e9anmoins excentr\\u00e9e. De\n        plus, il se manifeste une certaine volont\\u00e9 d''\\u00e9tendre le quartier\n        universitaire vers l''est de la ville, dans le [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]]\n        o\\u00f9 est implant\\u00e9e la [[Biblioth\\u00e8que nationale de France]] et\n        o\\u00f9 plusieurs b\\u00e2timents universitaires ont ouvert, comme l''[[Universit\\u00e9\n        Paris VII - Diderot|universit\\u00e9 Paris {{VII}} - Diderot]], anciennement\n        \\u00e9tabli dans le {{5e|arrondissement}}. La ville accueille depuis 1912,\n        le campus principal des [[Arts et M\\u00e9tiers ParisTech]] pr\\u00e8s de la\n        [[Place d''Italie (Paris)|place d''Italie]].\\n\\nDes universit\\u00e9s ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9es en banlieue depuis les [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]], la plus ancienne\n        \\u00e9tant celle de [[Universit\\u00e9 Paris X|Nanterre]] en [[1964]]. Dans\n        le m\\u00eame temps, plusieurs grandes \\u00e9coles ont \\u00e9galement quitt\\u00e9\n        le centre de Paris, notamment pour disposer de locaux plus vastes. Le [[plateau\n        de Saclay]], au sud de Paris, en est devenu un p\\u00f4le important. Il regroupe,\n        sur un territoire assez vaste, une universit\\u00e9 ([[Universit\\u00e9 Paris\n        XI|Paris {{XI}}]]), des grandes \\u00e9coles ([[\\u00c9cole des hautes \\u00e9tudes\n        commerciales de Paris|HEC]] en 1964, [[Sup\\u00e9lec]] en 1975, [[\\u00c9cole\n        polytechnique (France)|Polytechnique]] en 1976), et des laboratoires publics\n        et priv\\u00e9s. Dans le cadre du Grand Paris, le projet de ''''[[Cluster (economie)|cluster]]''''\n        technologique [[Paris-Saclay]] est lanc\\u00e9 en 2010 et consiste essentiellement\n        en l''installation de huit grandes \\u00e9coles et plusieurs organismes de\n        recherche. Inspir\\u00e9 du mod\\u00e8le de la [[Silicon Valley]], il doit concentrer\n        20 \\u00e0 25 % de la recherche publique fran\\u00e7aise et {{nombre|350000|emplois}}\n        aux alentours de 2020{{Lien web|url = http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/le-plateau-de-saclay-un-defi-pour-l-avenir_938591.html|titre\n        = Le plateau de Saclay, un d\\u00e9fi pour l''avenir|auteur = Jacques Trentesaux|site\n        = [[L''Express (magazine)|L''Express]]|date = 20 novembre 2010|consult\\u00e9\n        le = 20 mai 2014}}.\\n\\nEn 1991, quatre autres universit\\u00e9s sont\n        fond\\u00e9es en banlieue : [[Universit\\u00e9 de Cergy-Pontoise|Cergy-Pontoise]],\n        [[Universit\\u00e9 d''\\u00c9vry-Val d''Essonne|\\u00c9vry]], [[Universit\\u00e9\n        Paris-Est Marne-la-Vall\\u00e9e|Marne-la-Vall\\u00e9e]] et [[Universit\\u00e9\n        de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines|Versailles - Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]].\n        Signe d''un certain volontarisme d\\u00e9centralisateur, \\u00ab Paris \\u00bb\n        n''appara\\u00eet pas dans leur nom contrairement aux autres universit\\u00e9s\n        de proche banlieue.\\n\\nLa ville de Paris entretient elle-m\\u00eame sept \\u00e9tablissements\n        d''enseignement sup\\u00e9rieur[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Education/Portal.lut?page_id=7918\n        \\u00c9coles sup\\u00e9rieures de la ville de Paris].. Quatre sont d\\u00e9di\\u00e9s\n        aux [[arts appliqu\\u00e9s]] dont les prestigieuses [[\\u00c9cole Boulle]] (ameublement)\n        et [[\\u00c9cole Estienne]] (arts graphiques, notamment reliure), deux sont\n        des \\u00e9coles d''ing\\u00e9nieurs ([[\\u00c9cole des ing\\u00e9nieurs de la\n        ville de Paris]] et [[\\u00c9cole sup\\u00e9rieure de physique et de chimie\n        industrielles de la ville de Paris|\\u00c9cole sup\\u00e9rieure de physique\n        et de chimie industrielle]]) et l''[[\\u00c9cole du Breuil]] est \\u00e0 caract\\u00e8re\n        horticole.\\n\\n=== Manifestations culturelles et festivit\\u00e9s ===\\n[[Fichier:French\n        Republican Guard Bastille Day 2007 n4.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Garde r\\u00e9publicaine\n        (France)|Gardes r\\u00e9publicains]] lors du [[d\\u00e9fil\\u00e9 militaire du\n        14 Juillet]]]]\\n \\nTout au long de l''ann\\u00e9e, Paris accueille de nombreuses\n        festivit\\u00e9s : fin janvier, les rues du [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]]\n        s''animent avec les c\\u00e9l\\u00e9brations du [[Nouvel An chinois]] ; en f\\u00e9vrier-mars\n        d\\u00e9filent le cort\\u00e8ge traditionnel du [[Carnaval de Paris]] et celui\n        de la [[Mi-Car\\u00eame au Carnaval de Paris|Mi-Car\\u00eame]] ; fin f\\u00e9vrier\n        se d\\u00e9roule le [[salon international de l''agriculture]] ; mars voit se\n        tenir le [[Salon du livre de Paris|salon du livre]] ; fin avril ou d\\u00e9but\n        mai la [[Foire de Paris]] rappelle les grands rassemblements m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vaux\n        ; le [[semi-marathon de Paris]] et le [[marathon de Paris]] ont lieu en mars\n        et en avril, dans les rues de la ville, la [[Gay pride]] en juin, l''arriv\\u00e9e\n        de la derni\\u00e8re \\u00e9tape du [[Tour de France]] cycliste en ao\\u00fbt\n        et la [[Techno Parade]] en septembre.\\n\\nPlusieurs [[Liste de festivals de\n        cin\\u00e9ma en France#Paris|festivals de cin\\u00e9ma]] ont lieu au fil de\n        l''ann\\u00e9eVoir [http://www.cnrseditions.fr/cinema/7449-cinemas-de-paris.html\n        Jean-Michel Frodon, Dina Iordanova (sous la direction de), ''''Cin\\u00e9mas\n        de Paris'''', CNRS \\u00c9ditions, Paris, 2017.].\\n\\nDepuis 2002, le\n        caract\\u00e8re festif de la ville est accentu\\u00e9 par l''op\\u00e9ration\n        [[Paris Plages]], organis\\u00e9e pendant un mois entre juillet et ao\\u00fbt,\n        qui consiste \\u00e0 transformer une partie des quais de [[Seine]] en plage,\n        avec sable, [[Chaise transat|transat]]s et activit\\u00e9s, et avec la [[Nuit\n        Blanche]], qui permet au public d''assister gratuitement \\u00e0 diff\\u00e9rentes\n        expressions de l''[[art contemporain]] \\u00e0 travers la ville, pendant la\n        nuit du premier samedi au premier dimanche d''octobre.\\n\\nLe [[14 juillet]]\n        est l''occasion du traditionnel d\\u00e9fil\\u00e9 militaire sur [[Avenue des\n        Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|les Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]] et du feu d''artifice\n        tir\\u00e9 depuis les jardins du Trocad\\u00e9ro[http://www.paris.fr/accueil/accueil-paris-fr/les-evenements-autour-du-14-juillet/rub_1_actu_117223_port_24329\n        Feu d''artifice du 14 juillet : vous \\u00e9tiez plus de 800.000 !], article\n        du 17 juillet 2012 sur ''''paris.fr''''. Consult\\u00e9 le 24 juillet 2012..\\n\\nOctobre\n        est le mois du [[mondial de l''automobile de Paris|Mondial de l''automobile]],\n        les ann\\u00e9es paires, en alternance avec le mondial du deux-roues les ann\\u00e9es\n        impaires. Le m\\u00eame mois accueille la [[Foire internationale d''art contemporain]]\n        (FIAC). Le deuxi\\u00e8me samedi d''octobre, Montmartre renoue avec son pass\\u00e9\n        viticole lors de la [[f\\u00eate des vendanges de Montmartre]]. Une des plus\n        anciennes manifestations d''art \\u00e0 Paris est la [[Biennale de Paris]],\n        fond\\u00e9e en 1959 par [[Andr\\u00e9 Malraux]].\\n\\n=== Sant\\u00e9 ===\\n[[Fichier:Hotel\n        Dieu - Entree principale.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|L''[[H\\u00f4tel-Dieu de Paris]].]]\\n\\nDe\n        nombreux [[H\\u00f4pital|h\\u00f4pitaux]] sont implant\\u00e9s dans Paris, dont\n        certains sont particuli\\u00e8rement anciens, la tradition hospitali\\u00e8re\n        remontant au [[Moyen \\u00c2ge]]. L''[[H\\u00f4tel-Dieu de Paris]], fond\\u00e9\n        en [[651]] par [[Landry de Paris|Saint Landry]], \\u00e9v\\u00eaque de Paris,\n        est le plus ancien \\u00e9tablissement de la ville. Symbole de la charit\\u00e9\n        et de l''hospitalit\\u00e9, il fut le seul h\\u00f4pital de Paris jusqu''au\n        {{S-|XII|e}}{{p.|931-936}}..\\n\\nLa plupart des \\u00e9tablissements\n        rel\\u00e8vent de l''''''AP-HP'''', [[Assistance publique - H\\u00f4pitaux de\n        Paris]], [[\\u00c9tablissement public de sant\\u00e9 en France|\\u00e9tablissement\n        public de sant\\u00e9]] cr\\u00e9\\u00e9 par la loi du {{Date|10|janvier|1849}}\n        et relevant de la [[Mairie de Paris|ville de Paris]]. Elle exerce le r\\u00f4le\n        de [[Centre hospitalier r\\u00e9gional]] pour Paris et l''[[\\u00cele-de-France]]\n        et emploie plus de {{Unit\\u00e9|90000|personnes}} dont de nombreux [[m\\u00e9decin]]s\n        et des fonctionnaires de la [[Fonction publique fran\\u00e7aise|fonction publique\n        hospitali\\u00e8re]] (FPH). L''[[h\\u00f4tel de Miramion]] dans le [[5e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{5e|arrondissement}}]] qui abritait un h\\u00f4pital a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        transform\\u00e9 en mus\\u00e9e de l''Assistance publique - H\\u00f4pitaux de\n        Paris et \\u00e9voque l''histoire hospitali\\u00e8re de la ville. Parmi ses\n        principaux \\u00e9tablissements, peuvent \\u00eatre cit\\u00e9s dans Paris intra-muros\n        l''[[h\\u00f4pital Necker-Enfants malades]], l''[[h\\u00f4pital Cochin]], la\n        [[H\\u00f4pital de la Salp\\u00eatri\\u00e8re|Piti\\u00e9-Salp\\u00eatri\\u00e8re]],\n        [[H\\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine|Saint-Antoine]], [[H\\u00f4pital Saint-Louis|Saint-Louis]],\n        [[H\\u00f4pital Bichat-Claude-Bernard|Bichat-Claude Bernard]] ou le dernier-n\\u00e9,\n        l''[[h\\u00f4pital europ\\u00e9en Georges-Pompidou]].\\n\\nEn outre, ne relevant\n        pas de l''AP-HP, mais plac\\u00e9 sous la tutelle du ministre d\\u00e9l\\u00e9gu\\u00e9\n        aupr\\u00e8s du ministre de la D\\u00e9fense, charg\\u00e9 des Anciens combattants,\n        l''[[H\\u00f4tel des Invalides#L''h\\u00f4pital militaire des Invalides|h\\u00f4pital\n        militaire des Invalides]], \\u00e9galement nomm\\u00e9 \\u00ab Institution nationale\n        des Invalides \\u00bb[http://www.invalides.fr/ Site de l''Institution\n        nationale des Invalides], sur ''''invalides.fr''''. Consult\\u00e9 le 16 mai\n        2013., est ouvert pour les soins m\\u00e9dicaux et chirurgicaux aux pensionnaires\n        de l''institution, aux anciens combattants, aux militaires en activit\\u00e9\n        mais \\u00e9galement aux assur\\u00e9s sociaux.\\n\\nEn [[petite couronne]] (proche\n        banlieue), les \\u00e9tablissements hospitaliers [[Centre hospitalier universitaire\n        Henri-Mondor|Henri Mondor]] ([[Cr\\u00e9teil]]), [[Centre hospitalier universitaire\n        Kremlin-Bic\\u00eatre|Bic\\u00eatre]] ([[Le Kremlin-Bic\\u00eatre]]), [[Centre\n        hospitalier intercommunal Le Raincy-Montfermeil|Le Raincy-Montfermeil]] ou\n        encore [[H\\u00f4pital Beaujon|Beaujon]] ([[Clichy]]) sont parmi les plus connus[http://www.aphp.fr/carte/\n        Carte des h\\u00f4pitaux], sur ''''aphp.fr''''. Consult\\u00e9 le 17 mai 2013..\n        La [[grande couronne]] poss\\u00e8de plusieurs h\\u00f4pitaux g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement\n        intercommunaux ne relevant pas non plus de l''AP-HP : on peut citer les h\\u00f4pitaux\n        [[Argenteuil (Val-d''Oise)|Victor Dupouy d''Argenteuil]] ou encore le [[Versailles|centre\n        hospitalier de Versailles]].\\n\\nOn peut \\u00e9galement citer parmi les institutions\n        hospitali\\u00e8res l''[[h\\u00f4pital des Quinze-Vingts]], fond\\u00e9 en [[1260]]\n        par [[Louis IX|Saint Louis]] et dont le but \\u00e9tait de recueillir les aveugles\n        de Paris, les h\\u00f4pitaux d''instruction des arm\\u00e9es ([[H\\u00f4pital\n        d''instruction des arm\\u00e9es du Val-de-Gr\\u00e2ce|du Val-de-Gr\\u00e2ce]],\n        [[H\\u00f4pital d''instruction des arm\\u00e9es Percy|de Percy]], [[H\\u00f4pital\n        d''instruction des arm\\u00e9es B\\u00e9gin|de B\\u00e9gin]]) ou encore l''[[h\\u00f4pital\n        am\\u00e9ricain de Paris]], fond\\u00e9 en [[1906]] et situ\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]],\n        qui rel\\u00e8ve d''un statut particulier d''\\u00e9tablissement priv\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 but non lucratif, agr\\u00e9\\u00e9 et non conventionn\\u00e9 par la [[S\\u00e9curit\\u00e9\n        sociale]].\\n\\nParis a une forte densit\\u00e9 m\\u00e9dicale avec {{unit\\u00e9|11.2|m\\u00e9decins}}\n        pour {{unit\\u00e9|10000|habitants}} contre seulement 9,7 de moyenne en France.\n        Toutefois, les quartiers ouest (VIIe, XVIe) sont trois fois plus dot\\u00e9s\n        que les quartiers nord et est avec une densit\\u00e9 de 6,5 pour le [[20e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{20e|arrondissement}}]] et une d\\u00e9mographie globale baisse depuis\n        2007 chez les g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralistes. Les gyn\\u00e9cologues (\\u2013 16%) et\n        les p\\u00e9diatres (\\u2013 4%) sont en nette baisse entre 2011 \\u00e0 2014\n        {{lien web|url=http://www.topsante.com/medecine/medecine-divers/droits-des-patients/le-nombre-de-medecins-baisse-a-paris-53595|titre=Le\n        nombre de m\\u00e9decins baisse \\u00e0 Paris |\\u00e9diteur=topsante.com|date=29\n        janvier 2014|auteur=Agathe Mayer|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\\n\\n===\n        Sports ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Sport \\u00e0 Paris}}\\n\\n==== Clubs\n        professionnels ====\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!Nom\\n!Sport\\n!Division\\n!Stade/Salle\\n!Fondation\\n!Titres(Championnat de France)\\n!Ann\\u00e9es\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Saint-Germain Football\n        Club|Paris Saint-Germain FC]]\\n|[[Football]]\\n|[[Championnat de France de\n        football|Ligue 1]]\\n|[[Parc des Princes]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" |[[1970 en sport|1970]]\\n|\n        align=\\\"center\\\" |6\\n| [[Championnat de France de football 1985-1986|1986]],\n        [[Championnat de France de football 1993-1994|1994]], [[Championnat de France\n        de football 2012-2013|2013]], [[Championnat de France de football 2013-2014|2014]],\n        [[Championnat de France de football 2014-2015|2015]], [[Championnat de France\n        de football 2015-2016|2016]]\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Football Club|Paris FC]]\\n|[[Football]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de football National|National]]\\n|[[Stade Charl\\u00e9ty]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |[[1969 en sport|1969]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |0\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Saint-Germain\n        Football Club (f\\u00e9minines)|Paris Saint-Germain]]\\n|[[Football f\\u00e9minin]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de football f\\u00e9minin|Division 1]]\\n|[[Stade Charl\\u00e9ty]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |[[1971 en sport|1971]]\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |0\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Stade fran\\u00e7ais\n        Paris rugby|Stade fran\\u00e7ais Paris]]\\n|[[Rugby \\u00e0 XV|Rugby]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV|Top 14]]\\n|[[Stade Jean-Bouin (Paris)|Stade Jean\n        Bouin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" |[[1883 en sport|1883]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|14\\n|\n        [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1892-1893|1893]], [[Championnat\n        de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1893-1894|1894]], [[Championnat de France de\n        rugby \\u00e0 XV 1894-1895|1895]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0\n        XV 1896-1897|1897]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1897-1898|1898]],\n        [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1900-1901|1901]], [[Championnat\n        de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1902-1903|1903]], [[Championnat de France de\n        rugby \\u00e0 XV 1907-1908|1908]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0\n        XV 1997-1998|1998]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 1999-2000|2000]],[[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 2002-2003|2003]], [[Championnat\n        de France de rugby \\u00e0 XV 2003-2004|2004]], [[Championnat de France de\n        rugby \\u00e0 XV 2006-2007|2007]], [[Championnat de France de rugby \\u00e0\n        XV 2014-2015|2015]]\\n|-\\n|[[Paris-Levallois Basket]]\\n|[[Basket-ball]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de basket-ball|Pro A]]\\n|[[Stade Pierre-de-Coubertin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |[[2007 en sport|2007]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|0\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Saint-Germain\n        Handball]]\\n|[[Handball]]\\n|[[Championnat de France de handball masculin|Division\n        1]]\\n|[[Stade Pierre-de-Coubertin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" |[[1941 en sport|1941]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|4\\n|\n        [[Championnat de France de handball masculin de D1 2012-2013|2013]], [[Championnat\n        de France de handball masculin de D1 2014-2015|2015]], [[Championnat de France\n        de handball masculin de D1 2015-2016|2016]], [[Championnat de France de handball\n        masculin de D1 2016-2017|2017]]\\n|-\\n|[[Issy Paris Hand]]\\n|[[Handball]] f\\u00e9minin\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de handball f\\u00e9minin|Division 1]]\\n|[[Stade Pierre-de-Coubertin]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"\n        |[[1999 en sport|1999]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|0\\n|\\n|-\\n|[[Paris Volley]]\\n|[[Volley-ball]]\\n|[[Championnat\n        de France de volley-ball masculin|Ligue A]]\\n|[[Stade Charl\\u00e9ty|Salle\n        Charpy]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\" |[[1998 en sport|1998]]\\n|align=\\\"center\\\"|8\\n|\n        [[Championnat de France de volley-ball 1999-2000|2000]], [[Championnat de\n        France de volley-ball 2000-2001|2001]], [[Championnat de France de volley-ball\n        2001-2002|2002]], [[Championnat de France de volley-ball 2002-2003|2003]],\n        [[Championnat de France de volley-ball 2005-2006|2006]], [[Championnat de\n        France de volley-ball 2006-2007|2007]], [[Championnat de France de volley-ball\n        2007-2008|2008]], [[Championnat de France de volley-ball 2008-2009|2009]]\\n|}\\n\\nL''histoire\n        de Paris est marqu\\u00e9e par le [[sport]], du [[jeu de paume]] \\u00e0 partir\n        du {{s-|XII|e}} au football au {{s-|XXI|e}} en passant par les [[Sport hippique|courses\n        hippiques]] et le cyclisme au {{s-|XX|e}}. La ville compte {{Unit\\u00e9|360|\\u00e9quipements}}\n        sportifs : {{Unit\\u00e9|172|courts}} de tennis, {{Unit\\u00e9|131|gymnases}}\n        municipaux, {{Unit\\u00e9|36|piscines}} (accueillant 3,4 millions d''entr\\u00e9es\n        individuelles en 2006) et dix bassins \\u00e9coles, trente-deux stades municipaux,\n        deux bases nautiques, ainsi que six parcs interd\\u00e9partementaux r\\u00e9partis\n        dans les trois d\\u00e9partements de la [[petite couronne]][http://www.paris.fr/portail/Sport/Portal.lut?page_id=151\n        \\u00c9quipements municipaux]..\\n\\nLes principaux clubs de sport de Paris\n        sont le [[Paris Saint-Germain Football Club|Paris Saint-Germain]] et [[Paris\n        Saint-Germain Football Club (f\\u00e9minines)|son \\u00e9quipe f\\u00e9minine]]\n        ([[football]]), le [[Paris-Levallois Basket]] ([[basket-ball]]), le [[Paris\n        Saint-Germain Handball|PSG Handball]] ([[handball]]), le [[Stade fran\\u00e7ais\n        Paris rugby|Stade fran\\u00e7ais]] ([[Rugby \\u00e0 XV|rugby \\u00e0 {{XV}}]])\n        et le [[Paris Volley]] ([[volley-ball]]).\\n\\n[[Fichier:Logo JO d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        - Candidature Paris 2024.svg|vignette|upright=0.5|Logotype officiel de la\n        [[Candidature de Paris pour l''organisation des Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 2024|candidature]] de la ville de Paris.]]\\nLe [[Parc des Princes]] ({{unit\\u00e9|48527|places}}),\n        \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 en 1897, reconstruit en 1932 puis en 1972 au sud-ouest de\n        la capitale, est le stade du [[Paris Saint-Germain Football Club|Paris Saint-Germain]],\n        qui est son club r\\u00e9sident depuis 1974[http://www.paris.fr/loisirs/pratiquer-un-sport/ou-faire-du-sport/les-grands-clubs-parisiens/rub_151_stand_3955_port_10774\n        Paris Saint-Germain (football)]..\\n\\nLe [[Stade Jean-Bouin (Paris)|stade\n        Jean-Bouin]] construit en 1925 \\u00e0 c\\u00f4t\\u00e9 du [[Parc des Princes]],\n        stade historique du [[Paris Jean-Bouin|CASG Paris]] (club athl\\u00e9tique\n        de la Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale), devenu le [[Paris Jean-Bouin]],\n        r\\u00e9nov\\u00e9 une premi\\u00e8re fois en 1972 puis une seconde fois en 2013,\n        est aujourd''hui le temple du rugby parisien dont le principal club r\\u00e9sident\n        est le [[Stade fran\\u00e7ais Paris rugby|Stade fran\\u00e7ais Paris]].\\n\\nLa\n        salle polyvalente [[AccorHotels Arena]] (ex-Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy),\n        vaste espace modulable clos de l''Est parisien inaugur\\u00e9 en [[1984 en\n        sport|1984]], accueille de nombreuses comp\\u00e9titions sportives mais fait\n        \\u00e9galement office de salle de spectacles et re\\u00e7oit diverses manifestations\n        : [[concert]]s, [[patinoire]], etc[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Sport/Portal.lut?page_id=5044&document_type_id=5&document_id=3942&portlet_id=10842\n        Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy].. Le [[stade Charl\\u00e9ty]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9\n        en [[1939]] et reconstruit en [[1994]], temple du sport amateur \\u00e0 Paris[http://equipement.paris.fr/full/details/details/details/?eid=3020&tid=33\n        Mairie de Paris - Stade S\\u00e9bastien Charl\\u00e9ty]., comprend un\n        stade d''athl\\u00e9tisme de {{unit\\u00e9|20000|places}} et une salle omnisports\n        de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|places}}[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Sport/Portal.lut?page_id=5044&document_type_id=5&document_id=3956&portlet_id=10842\n        Stade S\\u00e9bastien Charl\\u00e9ty]..\\n\\nParis a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 la ville\n        d''accueil des matchs de la [[coupe du monde de football de 1938]] ainsi que\n        de [[Coupe du monde de football de 1998|celle de 1998]].\\n\\nLe [[Stade de\n        France]] ({{unit\\u00e9|81338|places}}), \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Saint-Denis\n        (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Denis]] en proche banlieue Nord pour la [[Coupe\n        du monde de football de 1998]], est l''antre de l''[[\\u00e9quipe de France\n        de football]] qui remporte cette comp\\u00e9tition. Il accueille les finales\n        de la [[coupe de France de football]] et de la [[Coupe de la Ligue fran\\u00e7aise\n        de football|coupe de la Ligue]]. Il est \\u00e9galement l''h\\u00f4te, en 2000\n        et 2006, de la finale de la [[Ligue des champions de l''UEFA]]. Il est aussi\n        utilis\\u00e9 toute l''ann\\u00e9e pour les matchs \\u00e0 domicile de l''\\u00e9quipe\n        de France de [[Rugby \\u00e0 XV|rugby \\u00e0 {{XV}}]] durant le [[Tournoi des\n        Six Nations]], parfois pour de grands matchs des \\u00e9quipes de rugby du\n        [[Stade fran\\u00e7ais Paris rugby|Stade fran\\u00e7ais]] et du [[Racing 92|Racing\n        Club de France]], ainsi que pour les finales du [[Championnat de France de\n        rugby \\u00e0 XV|Top 14]]. Plusieurs matchs de la [[Coupe du monde de rugby\n        \\u00e0 XV 2007|Coupe du monde de rugby de 2007]] y sont jou\\u00e9s, dont la\n        finale.\\n\\nParis accueille les [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 1900]]\n        et [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 1924|de 1924]] mais \\u00e9choue dans\n        sa candidature \\u00e0 l''organisation de ceux de [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 1992|1992]], [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 2008|2008]] et [[Jeux\n        olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de 2012|2012]], qui se sont d\\u00e9roul\\u00e9s\n        respectivement \\u00e0 [[Barcelone]], [[P\\u00e9kin]] et [[Londres]]. La ville\n        est [[Candidature de Paris pour l''organisation des Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 2024|candidate pour organiser]] les [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 2024]] depuis le {{Date|23|juin|2015}}, face \\u00e0 [[Los Angeles]] ; les\n        trois autres villes, un moment candidates ([[Budapest]], [[Hambourg]] et [[Rome]]),\n        ont toutes renonc\\u00e9 \\u00e0 se maintenir dans le processus de [[S\\u00e9lection\n        des villes h\\u00f4tes pour les Jeux olympiques de 2024 et 2028|s\\u00e9lection]].\n        L''\\u00e9lection de la ville h\\u00f4te aura lieu lors de la [[131e session\n        du Comit\\u00e9 international olympique|{{131e}} session du Comit\\u00e9 international\n        olympique]] qui se tiendra le {{Date-|13|septembre|2017}} \\u00e0 [[Lima]],\n        au [[P\\u00e9rou]]{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Jeux olympiques et paralympiques\n        2024|url=http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/sports-et-loisirs/evenements-sportifs/jeux-olympiques-et-paralympiques-2024-2770|site=www.paris.fr|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=2016-08-27}}. Si elle l''emporte, Paris sera la seconde ville apr\\u00e8s\n        [[Londres]] \\u00e0 organiser trois fois les Jeux olympiques.\\n\\nLe [[Tour\n        de France]] part chaque ann\\u00e9e d''une ville diff\\u00e9rente, mais s''ach\\u00e8ve\n        toujours \\u00e0 Paris (au [[Parc des Princes]] \\u00e0 partir de [[1903]] et\n        depuis [[1975]] sur les [[Avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]]).\n        Le [[tennis]] est un autre sport populaire \\u00e0 Paris : les [[Internationaux\n        de France de tennis|Internationaux de France]], tenus chaque ann\\u00e9e sur\n        la [[terre battue]] du [[stade Roland-Garros]] \\u00e0 proximit\\u00e9 du [[bois\n        de Boulogne]], sont l''un des quatre tournois du [[Grand Chelem de tennis|Grand\n        Chelem]] du tennis professionnel[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Sport/Portal.lut?page_id=5044&document_type_id=5&document_id=3931&portlet_id=10842\n        Roland Garros]..\\n\\n\\nDSC-ParcdesPrinces.jpg|Le\n        [[Parc des Princes]] en f\\u00e9vrier 2012.\\nRolandGarrosCentral.jpg|Court\n        central du stade Roland-Garros.\\nStade Charlety int\\u00e9rieur de jour.JPG|Stade\n        Charl\\u00e9ty.\\n\\n\\n=== M\\u00e9dias ===\\nSelon le linguiste Philippe\n        Boula de Mare\\u00fcil, la norme pour la prononciation du [[fran\\u00e7ais]]\n        {{citation|est attribu\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la bourgeoisie cultiv\\u00e9e de la capitale,\n        o\\u00f9 convergent toutes les voies de communication et o\\u00f9 sont install\\u00e9s\n        aujourd\\u2019hui les grands m\\u00e9dias. Cette prononciation est diffus\\u00e9e\n        par la radio, la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision [...]. Paris agit \\u00e0 la fois comme\n        un p\\u00f4le d\\u2019attraction et un rouleau compresseur}}[http://www.paris.fr/accueil/paris-mag/l-accent-parisien-existe-t-il/rub_9683_actu_100230_port_23863\n        L\\u2019accent parisien existe-t-il ?], sur ''''paris.fr'''', rubrique \\u00ab\n        Actualit\\u00e9s \\u00bb, article du 17 ao\\u00fbt 2011, consult\\u00e9 le 28\n        d\\u00e9cembre 2013..\\n\\n==== Presse \\u00e9crite ====\\n\\nLe [[quotidien\n        r\\u00e9gional]] ''''[[Le Parisien]]'''' est d\\u00e9clin\\u00e9 en dix \\u00e9ditions\n        d\\u00e9partementales dont une \\u00e0 Paris[http://www.teamedia.fr/product/le-parisien-editions-departementales\n        Le Parisien : \\u00e9ditions d\\u00e9partementales], Teamedia.fr, et deux\n        [[Presse gratuite|journaux gratuits]] sont distribu\\u00e9s le matin (''''[[20\n        minutes (France)|20 minutes]]'''' et ''''[[Direct Matin]]'''').\\n\\n''''[[L''Officiel\n        des spectacles]]'''', quant \\u00e0 lui, offre chaque semaine le programme\n        culturel exhaustif de la m\\u00e9tropole.\\n\\n==== T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision locale\n        ====\\nOn peut citer, outre les programmes r\\u00e9gionaux de la cha\\u00eene\n        nationale [[France 3]], quelques cha\\u00eenes associatives ou de collectivit\\u00e9s\n        locales. [[T\\u00e9lif]] rassemble sur un unique canal diffus\\u00e9 par le\n        c\\u00e2ble, l''[[T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision par ADSL|ADSL]] ou le [[T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        par satellite|satellite]] les cha\\u00eenes locales de la r\\u00e9gion : VOTV\n        (Val-d''Oise), T\\u00e9lessonne (Essonne), TVM Est parisien (Seine-Saint-Denis),\n        TVFil78 (Yvelines) et RTV ([[Rosny-sous-Bois]]). Zal\\u00e9a TV, cha\\u00eene\n        associative parisienne, est p\\u00e9riodiquement diffus\\u00e9e par voie hertzienne\n        en fonction des autorisations distribu\\u00e9es qui ont parfois pouss\\u00e9\n        la cha\\u00eene \\u00e0 des diffusions pirates. [[Teleplaisance.org]], autre\n        cha\\u00eene associative, diffuse uniquement des programmes amateurs. Les deux\n        cha\\u00eenes sont disponibles en [[2007]] gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 une diffusion\n        via internet.\\n\\nSept cha\\u00eenes locales [[T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision num\\u00e9rique\n        terrestre|TNT]] \\u00e9mettent depuis le 20 mars [[2008 \\u00e0 Paris|2008]].\n        Il s''agit de [[NRJ Paris]], d''[[IDF 1]], et de [[Cap 24]]. Quatre autres\n        cha\\u00eenes se partagent ensuite un m\\u00eame canal : Demain IDF, \\u00ab\n        t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision de l''urbanit\\u00e9 et de la diversit\\u00e9 \\u00bb ;\n        BDM TV, qui doit aller dans les quartiers parler culture et initiatives, [[Cinaps\n        TV]], un regroupement de scientifiques et d\\u2019artistes inventent une t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        dont l\\u2019objectif est de transmettre du savoir et de cultiver la curiosit\\u00e9.\n        Et enfin T\\u00e9l\\u00e9 Bocal, qui travaille dans les quartiers en difficult\\u00e9,\n        class\\u00e9s \\u00ab politique de la ville \\u00bb.\\n\\nVoir aussi : [[:Cat\\u00e9gorie:Presse\n        \\u00e9crite en \\u00cele-de-France|Presse \\u00e9crite en \\u00cele-de-France]]\n        et [[Radio \\u00e0 Paris]].\\n\\n=== Cultes ===\\n* [[Catholicisme|\\u00c9glise\n        catholique]] : [[Dioc\\u00e8se]] depuis le {{s-|III|e}}, le si\\u00e8ge de Paris\n        a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9rig\\u00e9 en [[archidioc\\u00e8se]] le {{Date|20|octobre|1622}}.\n        La [[cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris]] est la cath\\u00e9drale du dioc\\u00e8sePar ailleurs, la ville de Paris abrite le si\\u00e8ge de quatre\n        autres dioc\\u00e8ses de l''\\u00c9glise catholique : le [[dioc\\u00e8se aux\n        arm\\u00e9es fran\\u00e7aises]] \\u00e0 la [[cath\\u00e9drale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides]],\n        l''[[\\u00e9parchie Saint Vladimir le Grand de Paris des Ukrainiens]] \\u00e0\n        la [[cath\\u00e9drale Saint-Vladimir-le-Grand]], l''[[\\u00e9parchie Notre-Dame\n        du Liban de Paris des Maronites]] \\u00e0 la [[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame-du-Liban\n        de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame-du-Liban]] et l''[[\\u00e9parchie Sainte-Croix-de-Paris\n        des Arm\\u00e9niens]] \\u00e0 la [[cath\\u00e9drale Sainte-Croix de Paris des\n        Arm\\u00e9niens]].. L''archev\\u00eaque actuel est le cardinal [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Vingt-Trois]] qui a pour \\u00e9v\\u00eaques auxiliaires [[J\\u00e9r\\u00f4me\n        Beau|J\\u00e9r\\u00f4me Daniel Beau]] et [[\\u00c9ric de Moulins-Beaufort]].\\n:En\n        [[2005]], la ville compte cent-six paroisses catholiques accueillant les fid\\u00e8les\n        et vingt-quatre missions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res ainsi que {{Unit\\u00e9|730|pr\\u00eatres}}\n        et environ {{Unit\\u00e9|220|communaut\\u00e9s}} religieuses (140 de femmes\n        et environ 80 d''hommes)[http://www.paris.catholique.fr/-Archeveche-.html\n        \\u00c9glise catholique \\u00e0 Paris - Le dioc\\u00e8se de Paris en bref]..\\n:Parmi\n        les grands lieux de p\\u00e8lerinage, les deux principaux sont la [[basilique\n        du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur de Montmartre]], o\\u00f9 les fid\\u00e8les assurent\n        depuis [[1885]] l''[[Adoration eucharistique|Adoration perp\\u00e9tuelle]][http://www.sacre-coeur-montmartre.com/fr/pele.html\n        La Basilique du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur de Montmartre - Un lieu de p\\u00e8lerinage].,\n        et la [[chapelle Notre-Dame-de-la-M\\u00e9daille-miraculeuse]], o\\u00f9 la\n        [[Marie (m\\u00e8re de J\\u00e9sus)|Vierge Marie]] serait apparue plusieurs\n        fois en [[1830]] \\u00e0 sainte [[Catherine Labour\\u00e9]][http://www.chapellenotredamedelamedaillemiraculeuse.com/FR/a__Accueil.asp\n        Chapelle Notre Dame de la M\\u00e9daille Miraculeuse]..\\n\\n* [[\\u00c9glises\n        \\u00e9vang\\u00e9liques]] : Paris compte soixante-douze \\u00e9glises [[\\u00c9vang\\u00e9lisme|protestantes\n        \\u00e9vang\\u00e9liques]] de d\\u00e9nominations diverses[http://www.eglises.org/france/75/\n        Liste des \\u00e9glises \\u00e9vang\\u00e9liques \\u00e0 Paris]..\\n* [[Calvinisme|Protestants\n        r\\u00e9form\\u00e9s]] : Paris compte quinze paroisses de l''[[\\u00c9glise r\\u00e9form\\u00e9e\n        de France]][http://www.erf-rp.org/ \\u00c9glise r\\u00e9form\\u00e9e de\n        France - R\\u00e9gion parisienne]..\\n* [[Luth\\u00e9ranisme|Protestants\n        luth\\u00e9riens]] : Paris compte dix paroisses de l''[[\\u00c9glise \\u00e9vang\\u00e9lique\n        luth\\u00e9rienne de France]][http://eelf.org/ipct1.htm \\u00c9glise \\u00e9vang\\u00e9lique\n        luth\\u00e9rienne de France - R\\u00e9gion parisienne]..\\n* [[\\u00c9glise\n        de J\\u00e9sus-Christ des saints des derniers jours]] : deux paroisses situ\\u00e9es\n        [[rue Saint-Merri]] dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e|arrondissement}}]]\n        et [[rue de Romainville]] dans le [[19e arrondissement de Paris|{{19e|arrondissement}}]][http://www.eglisedejesuschrist.fr/nous-contacter/trouver-une-paroisse/recherche-a-l-aide-de-la-carte.html\n        \\u00c9glise de J\\u00e9sus-Christ des saints des derniers jours, trouver une\n        paroisse]..\\n* [[Juda\\u00efsme|Juifs]] : la ville poss\\u00e8de quatre-vingt-seize\n        [[synagogue]]s[http://www.consistoire.org/ Consistoire de Paris]..\\n*\n        [[Islam|Musulmans]] : la [[Grande Mosqu\\u00e9e de Paris]] accueille les fid\\u00e8les\n        depuis [[1926]] sur plus d''un hectare de superficie, place du puits de l''Ermite\n        dans le [[5e arrondissement de Paris|{{5e|arrondissement}}]][http://www.mosquee-de-paris.org/\n        Grande mosqu\\u00e9e de Paris].. En sus de l''[[Institut des cultures\n        d''Islam]] dans le [[18e arrondissement de Paris|18{{e}}]], la ville compte\n        \\u00e9galement soixante-quinze [[Liste des mosqu\\u00e9es de Paris|mosqu\\u00e9es]]\n        ou salles de pri\\u00e8res se trouvant pour la plupart dans des foyers[http://mosquee.free.fr/Adresses/Ile_de_France/75_Paris/75_Paris.html\n        Guide des Mosqu\\u00e9es de France, page sur Paris : d\\u00e9tail arrondissement\n        par arrondissement] consult\\u00e9 le 27 ao\\u00fbt 2008..\\n* [[Bouddhisme|Bouddhistes]]\n        : un [[Pagode de Vincennes|temple]] se situe dans le [[bois de Vincennes]],\n        sur la rive m\\u00e9ridionale du [[lac Daumesnil]], dans un ancien pavillon\n        de l''[[exposition coloniale]] de [[1931]]. Deux autres se trouvent dans le\n        [[quartier asiatique de Paris]], dans le [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]].\\n*\n        [[Hindouisme|Hindouistes]] : un temple ouvert en [[1985]], d\\u00e9di\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 [[Ganesh]], se situe [[rue Pajol]] dans le [[18e arrondissement de\n        Paris|{{18e|arrondissement}}]], ainsi qu''un autre dans le [[10e arrondissement\n        de Paris|10{{e}}]]{{lien web|url=https://indeaparis.com/les-lieux-de-culte-de-linde-en-france|titre=Les\n        lieux de culte de l''Inde en France|\\u00e9diteur=indeaparis.com|date=22 septembre\n        2010|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}\\n* [[Scientologie]] : un lieu\n        de culte ainsi qu''un Celebrity Center.\\n* [[T\\u00e9moins de J\\u00e9hovah]]\n        : la ville compte sept lieux de cultehttp://www.pagesjaunes.fr/trouverlesprofessionnels/rechercheClassique.do?portail=PJ..\\n\\n\\nNotre Dame de Paris DSC 0846w.jpg|[[Cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame\n        de Paris|Notre-Dame de Paris]].\\nP1040511 Paris Ier rue du Louvre Oratoire\n        du Louvre rwk.JPG|[[Temple protestant de l''Oratoire du Louvre]].\\nParis -\n        Cath\\u00e9drale orthodoxe russe de la Sainte-Trinit\\u00e9 - 3.jpg|[[Cath\\u00e9drale\n        de la Sainte-Trinit\\u00e9 de Paris (orthodoxe russe)]].\\nP1110319 Paris V\n        grande mosqu\\u00e9e de Paris rwk.JPG|[[Grande Mosqu\\u00e9e de Paris]].\\nGrande\n        Synagogue de la Victoire.JPG|[[Grande Synagogue de Paris]].\\nPagode de Vincennes\n        02.jpg|[[Pagode de Vincennes]].\\n\\n\\n=== Personnalit\\u00e9s li\\u00e9es\n        \\u00e0 Paris ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste de personnalit\\u00e9s\n        li\\u00e9es \\u00e0 Paris|Liste des citoyens d''honneur de la Ville de Paris}}\\n\\n==\n        \\u00c9conomie ==\\n{{Article connexe|\\u00c9conomie de l''\\u00cele-de-France}}\\n\\nAvec\n        un [[produit int\\u00e9rieur brut]] (PIB) de 607 milliards d''euros (845 milliards\n        de [[dollar am\\u00e9ricain|dollars]]) en 2011 soit un peu plus de 30 % du\n        PIB fran\\u00e7ais\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/web/_download/Eurostat_Table_tgs00003PDFDesc_7f46f766-4fdd-4fa7-bcc4-d2db235f420d.pdf\\n\n        |titre= Produit int\\u00e9rieur brut r\\u00e9gional en euros courants en 2014\n        (tgs00003)\\n |date= 23 mars 2016\\n |site= Eurostat\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 10\n        avril 2016\\n}}., la r\\u00e9gion parisienne est une des plus riches d''Europe\n        : si elle \\u00e9tait un pays, elle serait la dix-septi\\u00e8me plus grande\n        \\u00e9conomie de la plan\\u00e8te, produisant plus de richesses que les [[Pays-Bas]]\n        et la [[Turquie]], et pratiquement autant que l''[[Indon\\u00e9sie]]{{lien\n        web|langue=en|url=http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/marketplacek12/GDP.pdfWorldBanjk.pdf|format=PDF|titre=Gross\n        domestic product 2011|auteur=Banque Mondiale|consult\\u00e9 le=13 ao\\u00fbt\n        2013}}..\\n\\nLa ville est, avec sa [[Unit\\u00e9 urbaine de Paris|banlieue]],\n        la capitale \\u00e9conomique et commerciale de la [[France]], ainsi que sa\n        premi\\u00e8re place financi\\u00e8re et boursi\\u00e8re. La [[\\u00cele-de-France|r\\u00e9gion\n        parisienne]], avec un [[produit int\\u00e9rieur brut]] (PIB) de {{unit\\u00e9|649|milliards}}\n        d''euros en 2014, est un acteur \\u00e9conomique europ\\u00e9en majeur. L''\\u00cele-de-France\n        est la huiti\\u00e8me r\\u00e9gion la plus riche d''Europe avec un [[PIB par\n        habitant]] {{Unit\\u00e9|46600|\\u20ac}} en 2013 contre {{Unit\\u00e9|86400|\\u20ac}}\n        pour le [[Grand Londres]] et {{Unit\\u00e9|68500|\\u20ac}} pour [[Luxembourg\n        (ville)|Luxembourg]]{{lien web|url=http://www.capital.fr/a-la-une/actualites/les-20-regions-les-plus-riches-d-europe-1042069|titre=Top\n        20 des r\\u00e9gions les plus riches d\\u2019Europe : la France ne brille pas\n        !|\\u00e9diteur=capital.fr|date=26 mai 2015|auteur=Ingrid de Chevigny|consult\\u00e9\n        le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}.\\n\\nParis, comme le reste de l''[[\\u00cele-de-France]]\n        mais de fa\\u00e7on plus marqu\\u00e9e encore, est plus riche et plus [[secteur\n        tertiaire|tertiaris\\u00e9e]] que la moyenne fran\\u00e7aise. L''agglom\\u00e9ration\n        parisienne est toutefois nettement moins sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9e \\u00e9conomiquement\n        que d''autres grands centres \\u00e9conomiques mondiaux, notamment que [[Londres]],\n        sa grande rivale en [[Europe]], qui est particuli\\u00e8rement dynamique dans\n        le secteur [[Finance|financier]]. Toutefois, selon [[\\u00c9ric Le Boucher]],\n        l''\\u00cele-de-France conna\\u00eet un d\\u00e9clin \\u00e9conomique et des pertes\n        d\\u2019emplois : \\u00ab aucune r\\u00e9gion-capitale au monde ne perd ses emplois\n        comme celle de Paris, aveugl\\u00e9e par son pass\\u00e9 brillant, mal gouvern\\u00e9e,\n        fragment\\u00e9e dans ses \\u00e9go\\u00efsmes, an\\u00e9mi\\u00e9e faute de s''inscrire\n        r\\u00e9solument dans la comp\\u00e9tition mondiale des m\\u00e9tropoles du {{S-|XXI|e}}\\u00ab\n        [http://www.lemonde.fr/opinions/article/2008/02/02/paris-capitale-du-malthusianisme-par-eric-le-boucher_1006714_3232.html\n        Paris, capitale du malthusianisme] \\u00bb, ''''in [[Le Monde]]'''', 2 f\\u00e9vrier\n        2007. \\u00bb. Les m\\u00eames inqui\\u00e9tudes sont relay\\u00e9es par\n        l''architecte [[Jean Nouvel]] qui estime imp\\u00e9ratif que Paris \\u00e9volue,\n        \\u00ab sous peine de devenir une ville mus\\u00e9e\\u00ab Une ville doit\n        \\u00e9voluer sous peine de devenir un mus\\u00e9e \\u00bb, entretien avec Jean\n        Nouvel, ''''Direct matin'''', 4 avril 2008, {{p.|9}}. \\u00bb.\\n\\nParis\n        dispose d''une superficie de bureaux sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 celle de Londres\n        (y compris en demande plac\\u00e9e pour les banques[http://www.cushwake.com/cwglobal/jsp/newsDetail.jsp?Language=FR&repId=c10000067p&Country=FR\n        Immobilier de bureaux : dynamisme du secteur bancaire, Paris devance Londres].)\n        bien qu''\\u00e9tant cinq fois moins \\u00e9tendue, un nombre plus important\n        de groupes du [[Fortune 500]] y ont leur si\\u00e8ge[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/\n        Global 500 2008: Cities]., l''\\u00cele-de-France s''impose comme la\n        premi\\u00e8re r\\u00e9gion europ\\u00e9enne, devant le [[Grand Londres]], pour\n        les emplois cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s par les implantations internationales en 2007[http://www.paris-region.com/ard/agence-regionale-de-developpement-ile-de-france/en-direct/actualites/l-ile-de-france-est-la-premiere-region-europeenne-pour-les-emplois-crees-par-les-implantations-internationales-en-2007--5239.kjsp?RH=NEWS\n        Paris \\u00cele-de-France, capitale \\u00c9conomique]. et enfin la capitale\n        fran\\u00e7aise d\\u00e9pose chaque ann\\u00e9e plus de brevets que la capitale\n        anglaise et dispose d''une plus grande proportion de chercheurs dans sa main\n        d''\\u0153uvre[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-NS-06-013/FR/KS-NS-06-013-FR.PDF\n        Industries de haute technologie et services fond\\u00e9s sur la connaissance]..\n        \\u00c0 l''heure actuelle, le [[Produit int\\u00e9rieur brut|PIB]] \\u00e0 parit\\u00e9\n        de pouvoir d''achat de l''agglom\\u00e9ration parisienne, estim\\u00e9 \\u00e0\n        460 milliards de dollars, est sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 celui de Londres{{en}}\n        {{pdf}} [http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863\n        UK Economic Outlook], chiffres de 2005 (PriceWaterhouseCoopers) ; d''apr\\u00e8s\n        cette \\u00e9tude, Tokyo, New York et Los Angeles distancent Chicago, Paris\n        et Londres qui ont des PIB comparables ; toutefois, Londres d\\u00e9passerait\n        Chicago et Paris d''ici \\u00e0 2020.. Ces comparaisons doivent \\u00eatre\n        prises avec prudence, les p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tres pris en compte n''\\u00e9tant\n        pas toujours les m\\u00eames : ainsi le Grand Londres, avec {{formatnum:7517700}}\n        habitants, ne repr\\u00e9sente pas la totalit\\u00e9 de l''agglom\\u00e9ration\n        londonienne. Dans les enqu\\u00eates comparatives sur l''attractivit\\u00e9\n        \\u00e9conomique, europ\\u00e9ennes ou mondiales, Paris est dor\\u00e9navant\n        num\\u00e9ro deux derri\\u00e8re Londres, mais toujours devant Tokyo, Madrid,\n        New York et Berlin. L''ambition parisienne est, selon la municipalit\\u00e9,\n        \\u00ab d''\\u00eatre \\u00e0 la fois Rome et la Californie \\u00bb (un tiers\n        des brevets de France sont d\\u00e9pos\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Parishttp://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=1&document_type_id=2&document_id=94939&portlet_id=24329.).\\n\\nLe\n        plus gros secteur \\u00e9conomique est le [[tourisme]] de loisirs (caf\\u00e9s,\n        h\\u00f4tels, restaurants et services li\\u00e9s) et professionnel (salons,\n        congr\\u00e8s\\u2026). Paris attire dans les [[ann\\u00e9es 2000]] pr\\u00e8s\n        de {{unit\\u00e9|30|millions}} de visiteurs par an ce qui en fait une des capitales\n        les plus visit\\u00e9es au monde\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.parisinfo.com/uploads/9e//chiffres-cles-2009.pdf\\n\n        |titre= Le tourisme \\u00e0 Paris, chiffres cl\\u00e9s 2008\\n |date=   avril\n        2009\\n |site= site de l''Office du Tourisme et des Congr\\u00e8s de Paris\\n\n        |consult\\u00e9 le= 30 juillet 2010\\n}}.\\n\\nElle fait face \\u00e0 la\n        concurrence \\u00e9mergente de villes d''Europe de l\\u2019Est ou du Sud parfois\n        moins ch\\u00e8res. Ainsi, [[Madrid]] est une concurrente s\\u00e9rieuse pour\n        le tourisme de loisirs, [[Vienne (Autriche)|Vienne]] et [[Milan]] pour les\n        salons et congr\\u00e8s. Paris dispose d''un tissu h\\u00f4telier tr\\u00e8s\n        diversifi\\u00e9, \\u00e0 un co\\u00fbt moindre que bien d''autres capitales\n        pour les 2 et 3 \\u00e9toiles et b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie encore de sa r\\u00e9putation\n        pour l''\\u00e9l\\u00e9gance, le [[luxe]], les [[parfum]]s, la [[Mode (habillement)|mode]]\n        et la [[gastronomie]]. Le secteur culturel, public comme priv\\u00e9, est aussi\n        un gros secteur \\u00e9conomique \\u00e0 Paris: \\u00e9dition, m\\u00e9dias, musique,\n        cin\\u00e9mas, salles de spectacle, mus\\u00e9es, galeries et marchands d''art,\n        compagnies de danse et de th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\\u2026 la concentration culturelle\n        est in\\u00e9gal\\u00e9e en Europe. Paris et son agglom\\u00e9ration rassemblent\n        les trois quarts des intermittents du spectacle de tout le pays.\\n\\nParis\n        reste de loin le [[D\\u00e9partement fran\\u00e7ais|d\\u00e9partement]] qui regroupe\n        le plus d''emplois dans la r\\u00e9gion avec pr\\u00e8s d''{{formatnum:1650600}}\n        en [[2004]], soit 31 % des emplois priv\\u00e9s de la r\\u00e9gion, devant les\n        [[Hauts-de-Seine]] avec {{Unit\\u00e9|848200|emplois}} (16 %{{lien bris\\u00e9|consult\\u00e9\n        le=2013-04-07|url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/?page=eco_regionale_chiffres_cles_fr_2007|titre=Chambre\n        R\\u00e9gionale de Commerce et d''Industrie : Les chiffres-cl\\u00e9s de la\n        r\\u00e9gion \\u00cele-de-France - \\u00c9dition 2007}}.). Le taux de ch\\u00f4mage\n        de Paris est, fin 2010, de 8,7 %, ce qui est en dessous du taux national,\n        9,8 %, alors que, pendant trente ans, le taux parisien \\u00e9tait toujours\n        sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 celui de la France.\\n\\nLes [[salaire]]s parisiens sont\n        tr\\u00e8s l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement sup\\u00e9rieurs \\u00e0 ceux de la r\\u00e9gion\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|19|euros}} de l''heure en moyenne annuelle au lieu de {{unit\\u00e9|18.2|euros}},\n        chiffres de [[2002]]) et largement sup\\u00e9rieurs \\u00e0 la moyenne des salaires\n        en France ({{unit\\u00e9|13.1|euros}}). N\\u00e9anmoins, cet \\u00e9cart s''explique\n        essentiellement par la forte surrepr\\u00e9sentation de [[cadre (entreprise)|cadres]]\n        qui constituent 25 % des salari\\u00e9s. La ville se caract\\u00e9rise surtout\n        par sa forte in\\u00e9galit\\u00e9 salariale : les 10 % des salari\\u00e9s les\n        mieux pay\\u00e9s touchent quatre fois plus que les 10 % les moins pay\\u00e9s,\n        ce qui d\\u00e9passe un peu la moyenne r\\u00e9gionale (3,7), mais est largement\n        sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9cart constat\\u00e9 dans le reste de la France\n        (2,6). De m\\u00eame, les in\\u00e9galit\\u00e9s g\\u00e9ographiques apparaissent\n        \\u00e9galement au sein m\\u00eame de la ville : le salaire horaire moyen offert\n        dans le {{8e|arrondissement}} ({{unit\\u00e9|24.2|euros}}) est sup\\u00e9rieur\n        de 82 % \\u00e0 celui du {{20e|arrondissement}} ({{unit\\u00e9|13.3|euros}}).\n        En revanche, les \\u00e9carts salariaux homme-femme \\u00e0 niveau \\u00e9gal\n        ne sont que de 6 % \\u00e0 Paris contre 10 % dans le reste de la France[http://www.insee.fr/fr/region/rfc/ficdoc_frame.asp?ref_id=8977&doc_id=8739\n        INSEE - Les salaires offerts \\u00e0 Paris : pas d''effet \\u00ab capitale \\u00bb]..\\n\\n\\nPanorama La D\\u00e9fense.jpg|
Le quartier d''affaires\n        de [[la D\\u00e9fense]], depuis la [[tour D\\u00e9fense 2000]].
\\n\\n\\n===\n        Revenus de la population et fiscalit\\u00e9 ===\\nEn 2010, le [[Revenu fiscal\n        par m\\u00e9nage en France|revenu fiscal m\\u00e9dian par m\\u00e9nage]] \\u00e9tait\n        de {{euro|32984}}, ce qui pla\\u00e7ait Paris au {{formatnum:9215}}{{e}} rang\n        parmi les {{formatnum:31525}} communes de plus de 39 m\\u00e9nages en m\\u00e9tropole\\n{{Lien web\\n |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/structure-distrib-revenus/structure-distrib-revenus-2010/structure-distrib-revenus-com-2010.zip\\n\n        |titre= Fichier RFDM2010COM : Revenus fiscaux localis\\u00e9s des m\\u00e9nages\n        - Ann\\u00e9e 2010\\n |site= le site de l''Insee\\n |consult\\u00e9 le= 11 novembre\n        2012\\n}}..\\n\\n=== Entreprises et commerces ===\\nLa ville de Paris conna\\u00eet\n        une tertiarisation croissante de son \\u00e9conomie avec la prolif\\u00e9ration\n        des soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9s de services. N\\u00e9anmoins, l''artisanat et l''[[industrie]]\n        repr\\u00e9sentent toujours une part non n\\u00e9gligeable des emplois. Le commerce\n        maintient son attractivit\\u00e9 malgr\\u00e9 le d\\u00e9veloppement des [[Hypermarch\\u00e9|grandes\n        surfaces commerciales]], sous-repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9es en [[\\u00cele-de-France]]\n        en proportion du nombre d''habitants.\\n\\nEn 2000, l''imprimerie-presse-\\u00e9dition\n        fournissait l''essentiel de l''activit\\u00e9 avec 40 % des emplois industriels\n        parisiens, et les industries de l''habillement et du cuir 23 %. Le secteur\n        de l''[[artisanat]] totalisait {{Unit\\u00e9|36237|entreprises}} (pour l''essentiel\n        concentr\\u00e9es dans le nord et l''est de la ville), soit 28 % des artisans\n        de la r\\u00e9gion, et rassemblait {{Unit\\u00e9|123000|salari\\u00e9s}} en 2003. Les services rassemblent 35 % des effectifs salari\\u00e9s\n        des entreprises artisanales, suivis par la fabrication avec 28,9 %, le b\\u00e2timent\n        avec 22,4 % et enfin l''alimentation avec 13,7 %[http://www.paris.pref.gouv.fr/SDC/Sommaire/1ere%20partie/3.htm\n        Pr\\u00e9fecture de Paris - Sch\\u00e9ma de d\\u00e9veloppement commercial de\n        Paris : les secteurs d''activit\\u00e9s \\u00e9conomiques].. En 2014,\n        la part de l\\u2019industrie dans l\\u2019\\u00e9conomie parisienne est de 3,2\n        %, soit {{unit\\u00e9|63764|emplois}}, loin des {{formatnum:477000}} en 1954,\n        et des {{formatnum:117000}} en 1999. Selon un rapport du CESER, la perte est\n        34 % entre 1994 et 2004. Elle s''att\\u00e9nue par la suite. La Ville de Paris\n        souhaite relancer l''installation de petite industrie dans Paris en cr\\u00e9ant\n        par exemple des h\\u00f4tels industriels \\u00e0 destination d''artisans, de\n        PME, de fili\\u00e8res techniques, notamment dans les domaines li\\u00e9s \\u00e0\n        l''environnement (\\u00e9nergies renouvelables, r\\u00e9novation thermique,\n        stockage d\\u2019\\u00e9nergie ou dans le cadre de la lutte contre l\\u2019obsolescence\n        programm\\u00e9e{{lien web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Economie/Industrie/Les-communistes-veulent-reindustrialiser-Paris-715470|titre=Les\n        communistes veulent r\\u00e9industrialiser Paris|\\u00e9diteur=lejdd.fr|date=2\n        f\\u00e9vrier 2015|auteur=Bertrand Gr\\u00e9co|consult\\u00e9 le=17 janvier 2017}}..\\n\\nLe\n        [[commerce]] parisien, rest\\u00e9 particuli\\u00e8rement attractif bien au-del\\u00e0\n        des limites de la ville avec pr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|80000|locaux}} et {{Unit\\u00e9|30000|commerces}}\n        de d\\u00e9tail, se caract\\u00e9rise par son extr\\u00eame diversit\\u00e9 et\n        sa r\\u00e9partition g\\u00e9ographique relativement \\u00e9quilibr\\u00e9e. Malgr\\u00e9 l\\u2019\\u00e9mergence d\\u2019une structure\n        polycentrique \\u00e0 l\\u2019\\u00e9chelle de l\\u2019agglom\\u00e9ration, la\n        trame commerciale parisienne continue \\u00e0 se caract\\u00e9riser par une\n        forte continuit\\u00e9 spatiale et un poids important de la logique hi\\u00e9rarchique,\n        avec une grande diversit\\u00e9 d\\u2019\\u00e9chelons de centralit\\u00e9[http://cybergeo.revues.org/25107\n        Selon l''\\u00e9tude d''A. Fleury, H. Mathian et T. Saint-Julien publi\\u00e9e\n        dans la revue ''''Cyberg\\u00e9o'''' en 2012].. N\\u00e9anmoins, l''implantation\n        des grandes surfaces en p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie ou l''augmentation des baux ont\n        entra\\u00een\\u00e9 d''importantes mutations \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XX|e}}.\n        L''\\u00e9mergence ou l''affirmation de nouvelles sp\\u00e9cialisations commerciales\n        ont progressivement conduit au d\\u00e9clin les petits commerces de bouche.\n        C''est le cas pour les boutiques d''informatique fort concentr\\u00e9es ([[rue\n        Montgallet]] et [[rue de Charenton]] en particulier dans le {{12e|arrondissement}})\n        ou les commerces de gros du textile ([[Sentier (quartier de Paris)|quartier\n        du Sentier]] et une partie du {{11e|arrondissement}}). L''arriv\\u00e9e massive\n        de cha\\u00eenes internationales de magasins, de v\\u00eatements pour l''essentiel\n        (Celio, [[Zara (v\\u00eatements)|Zara]], etc.), a encore accru le ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne\n        au point de faire craindre aux Parisiens la disparition rapide du petit commerce\n        de proximit\\u00e9 (commerces de bouche ou librairies de quartier en particulier),\n        ce qui s''est produit dans de nombreux quartiers de [[Londres]] par exemple.\n        La municipalit\\u00e9 a finalement jou\\u00e9 de son droit de pr\\u00e9emption\n        afin de lutter contre ce ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne et le [[plan local d''urbanisme]]\n        tente de limiter l''impact de cette \\u00e9volution dans l''avenir en interdisant\n        par exemple le changement d''affectation d''un local commercial revendu[http://www.apur.org/images/notes4pages/4P16.pdf\n        Assurer la diversit\\u00e9 du commerce. Les nouvelles r\\u00e8gles du Plan local\n        d''urbanisme de Paris. Sp\\u00e9cial PLU.] - [[Atelier parisien d''urbanisme]]\n        - {{pdf}}..\\n\\nLe secteur des [[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de services|services\n        aux entreprises]] est le plus important et correspond au tiers des \\u00e9tablissements\n        parisiens. Au 31 d\\u00e9cembre [[2001]], pr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|122300|entreprises}}\n        employaient au moins un salari\\u00e9. En effet, une des caract\\u00e9ristiques\n        de l''\\u00e9conomie parisienne tient \\u00e0 la forte pr\\u00e9sence, aux c\\u00f4t\\u00e9s\n        des grands si\\u00e8ges sociaux, de petites entreprises d''un \\u00e0 dix salari\\u00e9s\n        qui rassemblent plus d''un quart des emplois. Ce secteur regroupe les activit\\u00e9s\n        de conseil et d''assistance, les services op\\u00e9rationnels, les postes et\n        t\\u00e9l\\u00e9communications ainsi que la recherche et le d\\u00e9veloppement.\\n\\nParis dispose \\u00e0 l''automne 2016 d''une\n        quarantaine d''[[Incubateur d''entreprises|incubateur]]s de [[startup]]s,\n        dont ''''Station F'''' dans l''ancienne [[halle Freyssinet]], le plus important\n        d''Europe mis sur pied par l''entrepreneur [[Xavier Niel]]. La ville s''affirme\n        comme un haut lieu d''attractivit\\u00e9 pour les jeunes entreprises innovantes\n        rattrapant Londres{{lien web|url=http://www.challenges.fr/entreprise/paris-championne-des-start-up-est-sur-le-point-de-detroner-londres_431722|titre=Start-up:\n        Paris est sur le point de d\\u00e9tr\\u00f4ner Londres|\\u00e9diteur=challenges.fr|date=7\n        octobre 2016|auteur=Agence France Presse|consult\\u00e9 le=7 octobre 2016}}.\\n\\nSelon\n        le sch\\u00e9ma directeur \\u00e9tabli par le [[Conseil r\\u00e9gional d''\\u00cele-de-France]],\n        la m\\u00e9tropole table d''ici 2025 sur la cr\\u00e9ation d''un million et\n        demi d''emplois, la construction de {{Unit\\u00e9|500000|bureaux}} et surtout\n        l''implantation d''un millier d''entreprises \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res, notamment\n        indiennes, chinoises et br\\u00e9siliennes, faisant passer le taux de croissance\n        de 2 \\u00e0 5 % par anMagazine [[GEO (magazine)|GEO]], {{num\\u00e9ro|393}}\n        de novembre 2011, {{p.|60}}..\\n\\n=== Quartiers d''affaires ===\\n[[Fichier:Paris-Nord\n        2 - Vue aerienne 02.jpg|vignette|Le parc d''activit\\u00e9s [[Paris-Nord II|Paris-Nord\n        {{II}}]] et, au fond, le village de [[Roissy-en-France]] (\\u00e0 gauche) et\n        l''[[a\\u00e9roport Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle]] (\\u00e0 droite).]]\\n\\nLa ville\n        de Paris n''offrant plus de surfaces disponibles, les quartiers d''affaires\n        se sont en partie d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s \\u00e0 sa p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie. Le\n        p\\u00f4le \\u00ab Paris-La D\\u00e9fense \\u00bbainsi nomm\\u00e9 par la\n        [[Chambre de commerce et d''industrie de Paris]] : [http://www.ccip.fr/upload/pdf/pole-paris-la-defense.pdf\n        La CCIP propose d\\u2019acc\\u00e9l\\u00e9rer l\\u2019implantation des centres\n        de d\\u00e9cision des entreprises internationales en \\u00cele-de-France].,\n        qui regroupe la partie Ouest de la rive droite parisienne et neuf communes\n        des [[Hauts-de-Seine]], domine le monde des affaires francilien : on y trouve\n        la plupart des grands si\\u00e8ges sociaux et des emplois \\u00e0 haut revenu.\n        Deux zones y sont particuli\\u00e8rement importantes : le centre de Paris et\n        le quartier de [[La D\\u00e9fense]][http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/spip/IMG/jpg/EUROPE-France-09-01.jpg\n        Plan du site de La D\\u00e9fense]., en banlieue Ouest, qui constitue\n        le premier [[quartier d''affaires]] europ\\u00e9en par l''\\u00e9tendue de son\n        parc de bureauxCCIP, {{lien bris\\u00e9|consult\\u00e9 le=2013-04-07|url=http://www.pilotimmobilier.com/upload/pdf/LaDefence_CCIP_mars2007.pdf|titre=Paris-La\n        D\\u00e9fense, moteur d''attractivit\\u00e9 internationale pour l''\\u00cele-de-France}},\n        {{p.|12}}..\\n\\nLe quartier des affaires s''\\u00e9tend sur un p\\u00e9rim\\u00e8tre\n        assez large autour de l''[[Op\\u00e9ra de Paris|Op\\u00e9ra]] et de la [[Gare\n        de Paris-Saint-Lazare|gare Saint-Lazare]]Voir par exemple les cercles\n        sur une [http://www.ccip75.ccip.fr/upload/pdf/atlas_activites_economiques.pdf\n        carte de la CCIP] (page 6) {{pdf}}.. Il garde un r\\u00f4le majeur mais\n        les prix de l''immobilier de [[bureau (immobilier)|bureau]] y sont particuli\\u00e8rement\n        \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s et les surfaces limit\\u00e9es par les r\\u00e8gles de l''urbanisme.\n        Entre 1994 et 2005, le nombre d''emplois priv\\u00e9s y a assez nettement diminu\\u00e9\n        au profit de la proche banlieue OuestVoir la carte {{p.|6}} de ce {{lien\n        bris\\u00e9|consult\\u00e9 le=2013-04-07|url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2007/04_emploi.pdf|titre=document\n        de la CCIP}} {{pdf}}. dans laquelle la D\\u00e9fense a une place centrale.\\n\\n[[La\n        D\\u00e9fense]], caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9e par ses gratte-ciels, se d\\u00e9veloppe\n        depuis les [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]] et compte trois millions de m\\u00e8tres carr\\u00e9s\n        de [[bureau (immobilier)|bureaux]] et {{Unit\\u00e9|150000|salari\\u00e9s}}.\n        On y trouve {{Unit\\u00e9|1500|entreprises}} dont quatorze des vingt premi\\u00e8res\n        entreprises nationales et quinze des cinquante premi\\u00e8res mondiales[http://www.ladefense.fr/epad_chiffres.php\n        \\u00ab Quelques chiffres utiles afin de comprendre la D\\u00e9fense \\u00bb]\n        sur le site de l''EPAD.. Un grand [[Renouveau de la D\\u00e9fense|plan\n        de relance]] est pr\\u00e9vu pour le quartier pour les ann\\u00e9es \\u00e0 venir.\\n\\nD''autres\n        quartiers d''affaires s''implantent aussi ailleurs. [[Paris Rive Gauche]]\n        dans le {{13e|arrondissement}} est le plus avanc\\u00e9 des projets en cours\n        de d\\u00e9veloppement. En banlieue, d''autres p\\u00f4les naissent dans des\n        zones o\\u00f9 les prix de l''immobilier sont moins \\u00e9lev\\u00e9s ou sur\n        des [[Plate-forme de correspondance|hubs]] strat\\u00e9giques ([[a\\u00e9roport\n        Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle]]). Dans le d\\u00e9partement de la [[Seine-Saint-Denis]]\n        et plus particuli\\u00e8rement dans le quartier intercommunal de [[La Plaine\n        Saint-Denis]], de nombreux projets dont certains sont class\\u00e9s [[Zone\n        d''am\\u00e9nagement concert\\u00e9|ZAC]] devraient modifier radicalement l''ancienne\n        plus grande zone industrielle d''Europe (au {{1er}} juillet [[2008 en France|2008]]\n        moins d''1 % des travaux pr\\u00e9vus avaient d\\u00e9but\\u00e9)[http://www.apur.org/images/notes4pages/4P19.pdf\n        Attractivit\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique et cr\\u00e9ation d''entreprises, les forces\n        des territoires.] - [[Atelier parisien d''urbanisme]] - {{pdf}}..\\n\\n===\n        Tourisme ===\\n\\nParis arc.jpg|Vue panoramique de\n        Paris, depuis le sommet de l''Arc de Triomphe.\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Tourisme\n        en \\u00cele-de-France|Mus\\u00e9es, monuments et sites de Paris}}\\n{{Article\n        connexe|Liste du patrimoine mondial en Europe#France{{!}}Patrimoine mondial\n        de l''Unesco en France}}\\n\\nLe \\u00ab [[tourisme]] \\u00bb, dans le sens moderne\n        du terme, n''a pris d''ampleur qu''\\u00e0 la suite de l''apparition du [[chemin\n        de fer]], au cours des [[ann\\u00e9es 1840]]. Une des premi\\u00e8res attractions\n        fut, d\\u00e8s [[1855]], la s\\u00e9rie d''[[Expositions universelles de Paris|expositions\n        universelles]], autant d''occasions d''\\u00e9difier \\u00e0 Paris de nombreux\n        nouveaux monuments, dont le plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre est la [[tour Eiffel]],\n        \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e pour l''[[Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889|Exposition\n        de 1889]]. Ceux-ci, en plus des embellissements apport\\u00e9s \\u00e0 la capitale\n        sous le [[Second Empire]], ont largement contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 faire de la\n        ville elle-m\\u00eame l''attraction qu''elle est devenue.\\n\\nMais si Paris\n        est aujourd''hui la capitale la plus visit\\u00e9e au monde, elle est jug\\u00e9e\n        comme l''une des moins accueillantes et des plus ch\\u00e8res : selon une enqu\\u00eater\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e\n        par le cabinet \\u00ab ''''Global Market Insite'''' \\u00bb. sur soixante\n        villes aupr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|14000|personnes}} \\u00e0 travers le monde[http://www.lechotouristique.com/article/page_article.cfm?nrub=1104&idoc=109611&navartrech=1\n        L''\\u00e9cho touristique - Paris f\\u00eate le tourisme]., elle se situe\n        \\u00e0 la premi\\u00e8re place pour la beaut\\u00e9 et le dynamisme, mais en\n        fin de classement en ce qui concerne la qualit\\u00e9 de l''accueil ({{52e}}\n        sur 60) et les prix pratiqu\\u00e9s (seulement {{55e}}[http://www.latribune.fr/info/Les-parisiens-incites-a-mieux-accueillir-les-touristes-~-IDCFE294546D54C763C125730F003D41AF\n        La Tribune - Les parisiens incit\\u00e9s \\u00e0 mieux accueillir les touristes].).\n        Afin d''am\\u00e9liorer l''accueil des touristes et rompre cette mauvaise r\\u00e9putation,\n        des habitants, membres du r\\u00e9seau [[greeter]] et s''inscrivant dans la\n        mouvance du [[tourisme participatif]], accueillent chaque ann\\u00e9e de plus\n        en plus de visiteurs pour des balades gratuites \\u00e0 la d\\u00e9couverte\n        de Paris et des parisiens[http://www.paris.fr/accueil/societe/greeters-suivez-le-guide-c-est-gratuit/rub_9651_actu_134969_port_24616\n        \\\"Greeters\\\": suivez le guide, c\\u2019est gratuit !], article du 12 novembre\n        2013, sur le site de la mairie de Paris (''''paris.fr''''). Consult\\u00e9\n        le 4 f\\u00e9vrier 2014..\\n\\nLa [[\\u00cele-de-France|r\\u00e9gion parisienne]]\n        accueille environ {{unit\\u00e9|42|millions}} de touristes par an[http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/images/publications/pdf/chiffres_cles_en/2011/chiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf\n        CRCI Paris {{p.|21}}]. et Paris intra-muros environ {{unit\\u00e9|32|millions}}\n        en 2013 dont approximativement {{unit\\u00e9|15.5|millions}} d''\\u00e9trangers[http://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/2014/03/11/20002-20140311ARTFIG00141-tourisme-paris-devance-bien-londres.php\n        Le Figaro, \\u00ab Tourisme: Paris devance bien Londres \\u00bb, 11 mars 2014].,\n        ce qui fait d''elle la ville la plus visit\\u00e9e au monde[http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=33133\n        Mairie de Paris - Une dynamique pour Paris {{p.|8}}].{{,}}. Elle est \\u00e9galement l''une des villes organisant le plus\n        de congr\\u00e8s internationaux[http://asp.zone-secure.net/v2/index.jsp?id=1203/1515/14072&lng=fr\n        Chiffres cl\\u00e9s - Office du Tourisme et des Congr\\u00e8s, \\u00e9d.2011\n        {{p.|30}}].. En [[2009]], les cinquante premiers sites culturels de\n        la ville ont enregistr\\u00e9 {{unit\\u00e9|71.6|millions}} d''entr\\u00e9es\n        en 2010, un chiffre en l\\u00e9g\\u00e8re augmentation par rapport \\u00e0 [[2008]][http://asp.zone-secure.net/v2/index.jsp?id=1203/1515/14072&lng=fr\n        Chiffres cl\\u00e9s - Office du Tourisme et des Congr\\u00e8s, \\u00e9d.2011].{{,}}Livre\n        d''Histoire/G\\u00e9ographie/\\u00c9ducation Civique de {{3e|\\u00e9ditions}}\n        Hatier 2012..\\n\\n== Culture locale et patrimoine ==\\n=== Monuments et\n        lieux touristiques ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste des \\u00e9difices\n        religieux de Paris|Liste des palais de Paris| Monuments et sites de Paris|\n        Liste des plus hauts b\\u00e2timents d''\\u00cele-de-France|Liste des monuments\n        historiques de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Notre Dame dalla Senna crop.jpg|thumb|La\n        [[cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris]].]]\\n\\nParis compte plus de {{Unit\\u00e9|1800|immeubles}}\n        class\\u00e9s ou inscrits \\u00e0 l''inventaire des monuments historiques, dont\n        pr\\u00e8s de cent lieux de culte. Les monuments les plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        de Paris datent d''\\u00e9poques vari\\u00e9es. Ils se trouvent souvent dans\n        le centre et sur les rives de la Seine. Les quais de Seine du [[Pont de Sully]]\n        au [[Pont de Bir-Hakeim]] constituent l''un des plus beaux paysages fluviaux\n        urbains et sont d''ailleurs class\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''inventaire du [[patrimoine\n        mondial]] de l''[[Organisation des Nations unies pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la\n        science et la culture|UNESCO]]. On y trouve notamment, d''est en ouest : [[cath\\u00e9drale\n        Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]], le [[Palais du Louvre|Louvre]], les [[H\\u00f4tel\n        des Invalides|Invalides]], le [[Pont Alexandre-III|pont Alexandre-{{III}}]],\n        le [[Grand Palais (Paris)|Grand Palais]], le [[Mus\\u00e9e du quai Branly -\n        Jacques Chirac|mus\\u00e9e du quai Branly]], la [[Tour Eiffel]] et le [[Place\n        du Trocad\\u00e9ro-et-du-11-Novembre|Trocad\\u00e9ro]]. Plus \\u00e0 l''est,\n        d''importants \\u00e9difices contemporains ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 construits (le\n        [[Minist\\u00e8re de l''\\u00c9conomie et des Finances (France)|minist\\u00e8re\n        des Finances]], le site Fran\\u00e7ois Mitterrand de la [[biblioth\\u00e8que\n        nationale de France]], etc.).\\n\\nOn trouve sur l''[[\\u00eele de la Cit\\u00e9]]\n        des monuments anciens embl\\u00e9matiques. La [[cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame\n        de Paris|cath\\u00e9drale Notre-Dame]], de [[Architecture gothique|style gothique]],\n        principalement b\\u00e2tie du {{S-|XII|e}} au {{S-|XIII|e}}, a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        tr\\u00e8s restaur\\u00e9e au {{S-|XIX|e}} et sa fa\\u00e7ade occidentale nettoy\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XX|e}}. Elle est symboliquement le noyau de Paris et\n        les distances routi\\u00e8res fran\\u00e7aises sont mesur\\u00e9es \\u00e0 partir\n        de son parvis. L''ancien palais de la [[Conciergerie (palais de la Cit\\u00e9)|Conciergerie]]\n        fut le si\\u00e8ge du pouvoir royal jusqu''au r\\u00e8gne de [[Charles V le\n        Sage|Charles {{V}}]], dans la seconde moiti\\u00e9 du {{S-|XIV|e}}. Une partie\n        du b\\u00e2timent fut d\\u00e8s lors am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9e en prison et fut notamment\n        le lieu de d\\u00e9tention d''illustres personnalit\\u00e9s de l''[[Ancien R\\u00e9gime]]\n        avant leur ex\\u00e9cution, lors de la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]].\n        La [[Sainte-Chapelle]], construite \\u00e0 proximit\\u00e9 de la Conciergerie,\n        est consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9e comme un chef-d''\\u0153uvre de l''[[architecture\n        gothique]]. Le [[pont Neuf]], \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00e9mit\\u00e9 occidentale de\n        l''\\u00eele et datant de la fin du {{S-|XVI|e}}, est le plus vieux pont de\n        Paris en l''\\u00e9tat.\\n\\nDes monuments de [[Classicisme|style classique]]\n        marquent \\u00e9galement le centre de Paris de leur empreinte. La chapelle\n        de la [[Sorbonne]] au c\\u0153ur du [[Quartier latin (quartier parisien)|quartier\n        latin]], a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 construite au d\\u00e9but du {{S-|XVII|e}}. Le [[Palais\n        du Louvre|Louvre]], r\\u00e9sidence royale, a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 embelli au {{S-|XVII|e}}\n        et plusieurs fois retouch\\u00e9 par la suite. L''[[H\\u00f4tel des Invalides]],\n        avec son fameux d\\u00f4me dor\\u00e9, fut \\u00e9rig\\u00e9 \\u00e0 la fin du\n        {{S-|XVII|e}} dans les faubourgs de la ville par un [[Louis XIV de France|Louis\n        {{XIV}}]] soucieux d''offrir un hospice aux soldats bless\\u00e9s. Il abrite\n        depuis le {{date|15|d\\u00e9cembre|1840|en France}} les cendres de [[Napol\\u00e9on\n        Ier|Napol\\u00e9on {{Ier}}]] et son tombeau depuis le 2 avril [[1861 en France|1861]][http://www.invalides.org/pages/dome.html\n        Inhumation de Napol\\u00e9on aux invalides].. Le [[Panth\\u00e9on (Paris)|Panth\\u00e9on]],\n        \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 quant \\u00e0 lui \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XVIII|e}} \\u00e0 proximit\\u00e9\n        de la Sorbonne, est devenu sous la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise|R\\u00e9volution]]\n        un temple civil o\\u00f9 des Fran\\u00e7ais illustres sont enterr\\u00e9s.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Paris\n        - Passage Jouffroy 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Le [[passage Jouffroy]].]]\\n\\nLe\n        patrimoine du {{S-|XIX|e}} est tr\\u00e8s abondant \\u00e0 Paris avec notamment\n        l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]], les [[Passages couverts\n        de Paris|passages couverts]], le [[Op\\u00e9ra Garnier|Palais Garnier]], construit\n        \\u00e0 la fin du [[Second Empire]] et au d\\u00e9but de la [[Troisi\\u00e8me\n        R\\u00e9publique (France)|Troisi\\u00e8me R\\u00e9publique]] et qui abrite l''[[op\\u00e9ra\n        de Paris]], et la [[Tour Eiffel]], construction \\u00ab provisoire \\u00bb \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e\n        par [[Gustave Eiffel]] pour l''[[Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889|Exposition\n        universelle de 1889]] mais qui ne fut jamais d\\u00e9mantel\\u00e9e. Elle est\n        devenue le symbole de Paris, visible de la plupart des quartiers de la ville\n        et parfois de la proche banlieue.\\n\\nAu {{S-|XX|e}}, de nombreuses r\\u00e9alisations\n        des plus grands architectes pars\\u00e8ment les rues de Paris : [[Hector Guimard|Guimard]],\n        [[Charles Plumet|Plumet]][http://paris1900.blogspot.com/2007/05/36-rue-de-tocqueville-17e.html\n        Paris 1900 - Charles Plumet]. ou [[Jules Lavirotte|Lavirotte]], r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences\n        de l''[[Art nouveau]] en France, puis celles de [[Robert Mallet-Stevens|Mallet-Stevens]],\n        [[Michel Roux-Spitz|Roux-Spitz]], [[Willem Marinus Dudok|Dudok]], [[Henri\n        Sauvage]], [[Le Corbusier]], [[Auguste Perret]], etc. pendant l''[[entre-deux-guerres]].\\n\\nL''architecture\n        contemporaine \\u00e0 Paris est repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e par le [[Centre national\n        d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou|Centre Pompidou]], \\u00e9difice des\n        [[ann\\u00e9es 1970]] qui abrite le [[mus\\u00e9e national d''Art moderne]]\n        ainsi qu''une importante [[Biblioth\\u00e8que publique d''information|biblioth\\u00e8que\n        publique]] librement accessible, par l''[[institut du monde arabe]] ouvert\n        en [[1987]] ou encore par les importantes r\\u00e9alisations voulues par le\n        pr\\u00e9sident [[Fran\\u00e7ois Mitterrand]] : la [[biblioth\\u00e8que nationale\n        de France]] dans le nouveau quartier de [[Paris Rive Gauche]] en plein d\\u00e9veloppement,\n        l''[[op\\u00e9ra Bastille]] et, probablement la plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre, la\n        [[pyramide du Louvre]], \\u0153uvre de l''architecte [[Ieoh Ming Pei]] \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e\n        dans la cour du [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|Louvre]]. Plus r\\u00e9cemment, le mus\\u00e9e\n        du quai Branly, ou mus\\u00e9e des arts et civilisations d''Afrique, d''Asie,\n        d''Oc\\u00e9anie et des Am\\u00e9riques, dessin\\u00e9 par [[Jean Nouvel]], inaugur\\u00e9\n        en [[2006]], et la [[Fondation d''entreprise Louis Vuitton|Fondation Louis-Vuitton]],\n        dessin\\u00e9e par [[Frank Gehry]], inaugur\\u00e9e en 2014, ont encore enrichi\n        la diversit\\u00e9 architecturale et culturelle de la capitale.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Butte\n        Montmartre from centre Pompidou.jpg|thumb|La [[Montmartre|butte Montmartre]]\n        et le [[Basilique du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur de Montmartre|Sacr\\u00e9 C\\u0153ur]]\n        vus du [[Centre national d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou|Centre Georges-Pompidou]].]]\\n\\nC''est\n        dans la cour du Louvre que d\\u00e9bute l''[[axe historique]] de Paris : il\n        s''agit d''un alignement monumental d''\\u00e9difices et de voies de communication\n        partant du c\\u0153ur de la ville en direction de l''ouest. Il commence \\u00e0\n        la [[statue]] de [[Louis XIV de France|Louis {{XIV}}]] dans la cour principale\n        du [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|palais du Louvre]], passe sous l''[[Arc de triomphe\n        du Carrousel]] et se poursuit \\u00e0 travers le [[jardin des Tuileries]],\n        la [[place de la Concorde]], les [[Avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]]\n        et aboutit \\u00e0 l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]]\n        au milieu de la [[place Charles-de-Gaulle]] (ancienne place de l''\\u00c9toile).\n        \\u00c0 partir des [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]], la perspective fut prolong\\u00e9e\n        plus \\u00e0 l''ouest par la construction du quartier d''affaires de [[La D\\u00e9fense]],\n        quartier o\\u00f9 se situent la plupart des plus hauts [[gratte-ciel]] de l''[[agglom\\u00e9ration\n        parisienne]]. La perspective est parachev\\u00e9e en [[1989]] par la construction\n        de l''[[Arche de la D\\u00e9fense]].\\n\\nLa [[tour Montparnasse]] et la [[Basilique\n        du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur de Montmartre|basilique du Sacr\\u00e9-C\\u0153ur]]\n        au sommet de la butte [[Montmartre]] sont, de par leur hauteur, des points\n        de rep\\u00e8re importants dans le ciel parisien. Cette derni\\u00e8re est un\n        des lieux embl\\u00e9matiques de Paris et accueille de nombreux [[Tourisme|visiteurs]],\n        en particulier autour de la [[place du Tertre]] o\\u00f9 se tiennent des peintres\n        et [[Caricature|caricaturistes]].\\n\\nDans les ann\\u00e9es [[1960]], le ministre\n        des affaires culturelles [[Andr\\u00e9 Malraux]] lance une grande campagne\n        de ravalement des fa\\u00e7adesGeoffroy de Courcel, [http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/dossier/malraux/temoignages/colloque_courcel.htm\n        Introduction du colloque \\u00ab De Gaulle et Malraux \\u00bb], sur ''''charles-de-gaulle.org'''',\n        consult\\u00e9 le 29 juillet 2008., ce qui fait dire au cin\\u00e9aste\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Truffaut]] : \\u00ab \\u00c0 partir du blanchiment de Paris,\n        c''est devenu tr\\u00e8s difficile de montrer Paris tel qu''il avait \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        avantFrance culture, [http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions_ete/thema_archives/fiche.php?diffusion_id=62448\n        Grandes Travers\\u00e9es, Fran\\u00e7ois Truffaut, 1/5 : Le temps de la critique],\n        \\u00e9mission du lundi 28 juillet 2008 consult\\u00e9e sur internet le 29 juillet\n        2008. \\u00bb.\\n\\n==== Parcs et jardins ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste\n        des espaces verts de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:070421 Parc des Buttes Chaumont 002.jpg|vignette|upright|[[Parc\n        des Buttes-Chaumont]].]]\\n\\nParis comporte {{Unit\\u00e9|463|parcs}} et jardins\n        dont le [[Bois de Boulogne]] et le [[Bois de Vincennes]] et quatorze cimeti\\u00e8res\n        arbor\\u00e9s. On trouve des jardins anciens dans le c\\u0153ur de Paris, comme\n        ceux des Tuileries et du Luxembourg. Le [[jardin des Tuileries]] a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9 au {{S-|XVI|e}}, sur la rive droite de la [[Seine]], \\u00e0\n        proximit\\u00e9 du [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|Louvre]] pour le palais \\u00e9ponyme\n        aujourd''hui disparu. Le [[jardin du Luxembourg]], sur la rive gauche, \\u00e9tait\n        autrefois une d\\u00e9pendance priv\\u00e9e du ch\\u00e2teau construit pour [[Marie\n        de M\\u00e9dicis]] vers [[1625]]. Le [[Jardin des plantes (Paris)|jardin des\n        plantes]], institu\\u00e9 par [[Guy de La Brosse]], le m\\u00e9decin de [[Louis\n        XIII|Louis {{XIII}}]], pour la culture des [[Plante m\\u00e9dicinale|plantes\n        m\\u00e9dicinales]], fut quant \\u00e0 lui le premier [[jardin public]] de Paris.\\n\\nC''est\n        toutefois au [[Second Empire]] que les jardins parisiens doivent l''essentiel\n        de leur physionomie actuelle. La cr\\u00e9ation d''[[espace vert|espaces verts]]\n        fut une facette importante de la politique d''a\\u00e9ration d''une ville o\\u00f9\n        s''entassait une population en rapide augmentation. Sous la conduite de l''ing\\u00e9nieur\n        [[Jean-Charles Alphand]] et du paysagiste [[Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps]],\n        un nouveau type de jardin voit le jour. Le [[bois de Boulogne]] et le [[bois\n        de Vincennes]], alors \\u00e0 l''ext\\u00e9rieur de Paris, sont am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s\n        : situ\\u00e9s respectivement \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00eame ouest et \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00eame\n        est de Paris intra-muros, ils constituent aujourd''hui, et de loin, les espaces\n        verts les plus \\u00e9tendus de la ville. Certains jardins du centre sont r\\u00e9am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s\n        et des squares de quartier sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s. Dans les quartiers plus r\\u00e9cents,\n        d''importants parcs sont dessin\\u00e9s : [[parc Monceau|Monceau]] (autrefois\n        connu sous le nom de \\u00ab folie de Chartres \\u00bb), [[Parc Montsouris|Montsouris]],\n        les [[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont|Buttes-Chaumont]] ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 con\\u00e7us\n        par l''ing\\u00e9nieur de [[Napol\\u00e9on III|Napol\\u00e9on {{III}}]].\\n\\nDepuis\n        les [[ann\\u00e9es 1980]], plusieurs espaces verts ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s\n        dans des zones d''activit\\u00e9s d\\u00e9saffect\\u00e9es. Le [[parc de la Villette]],\n        imagin\\u00e9 par l''architecte [[Bernard Tschumi]] \\u00e0 l''emplacement des\n        anciens abattoirs de Paris, est aujourd''hui le plus grand parc de Paris intra-muros.\n        Durant les [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]], le [[parc de Bercy]], le [[parc Andr\\u00e9-Citro\\u00ebn]],\n        celui de [[Parc de Belleville|Belleville]] et d''autres encore ont vu le jour.\n        Des jardins familiaux ou \\u00e9ducatifs ont \\u00e9galement agr\\u00e9ment\\u00e9\n        la p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie de la ville le long de l''ancienne ligne ferroviaire\n        circulaire de \\u00ab [[Ligne de Petite Ceinture|petite Ceinture]] \\u00bb.\n        Les [[jardins d''\\u00c9ole]] inaugur\\u00e9s en 2007 et la premi\\u00e8re phase\n        du [[Parc Clichy-Batignolles - Martin Luther King|parc Clichy-Batignolles]]\n        en 2008, sont les plus importants parcs cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Paris dans\n        les [[ann\\u00e9es 2000]].\\n\\n
\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|+ ''''''Principaux\n        espaces verts parisiens (entre parenth\\u00e8ses : superficie en hectares)[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Parcs/Portal.lut?page_id=4973 Site de\n        la ville de Paris].''''''\\n|Ant\\u00e9rieurs au Second Empire\\n|Am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9s\n        sous le Second Empire\\n|Cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s dans le dernier quart du {{S-|XX|e}}\\n|Cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s\n        au {{S-|XXI|e}}\\n|-\\n|\\n* le [[Jardin des plantes (Paris)|jardin des plantes]]\n        (23,5)\\n* le [[jardin des Tuileries]] (28)\\n* le [[jardin du Luxembourg]]\n        (22,5)Mais r\\u00e9am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9 sous le Second Empire.\\n*\n        le [[Champ-de-Mars (Paris)|Champ de Mars]] (24,3)\\n|\\n* le [[bois de Vincennes]]\n        (995)\\n* le [[bois de Boulogne]] (846)\\n* le [[parc des Buttes-Chaumont]]\n        (24,7)\\n* le [[parc Monceau]] (8,2)Le [[parc Monceau]] est\n        devenu public et r\\u00e9am\\u00e9nag\\u00e9 sous le Second Empire.\\n*\n        le [[parc Montsouris]] (15,5)\\n|\\n* le [[parc de Belleville]] (4,5)\\n* le\n        [[parc de la Villette]] (55)\\n* le [[parc Georges-Brassens|parc Georges Brassens]]\n        (8,7)\\n* le [[parc Andr\\u00e9-Citro\\u00ebn|parc Andr\\u00e9 Citro\\u00ebn]]\n        (13,9)\\n* le [[parc de Bercy]] (14)\\n|\\n* les [[Jardins d''\\u00c9ole]] (4,2)\\n*\n        le [[Parc Clichy-Batignolles - Martin Luther King]] (6,5 et 10 \\u00e0 terme\n        en 2017)\\n|}\\n
\\n\\n\\nAu parc des Buttes-Chaumont\n        2010.jpg|[[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont]].\\nParc Monceau Paris 8e 004.JPG|[[Parc\n        Monceau]].\\nTuileries-Roue.jpg|[[Jardin des Tuileries]].\\nParc Montsouris\n        le lac.JPG|[[Parc Montsouris]].\\n130805 Jardin du Luxembourg.jpg|[[Jardin\n        du Luxembourg]].\\n\\n\\n==== Cimeti\\u00e8res ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Cimeti\\u00e8res\n        parisiens|Liste des cimeti\\u00e8res de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Pere Lachaise looking\n        down the hill.jpg|thumb|Le [[cimeti\\u00e8re du P\\u00e8re-Lachaise]].]]\\n\\nLes\n        principaux cimeti\\u00e8res parisiens \\u00e9taient situ\\u00e9s \\u00e0 la p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie\n        de la ville \\u00e0 leur cr\\u00e9ation en [[1804]] sous [[Napol\\u00e9on Ier|Napol\\u00e9on\n        {{Ier}}]]. Plusieurs \\u00e9glises de Paris poss\\u00e9daient \\u00e9galement\n        leurs propres cimeti\\u00e8res mais \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XVIII|e}}, il fut\n        d\\u00e9cid\\u00e9 de les fermer pour des questions de salubrit\\u00e9. Tous\n        les ossements contenus dans les cimeti\\u00e8res paroissiaux supprim\\u00e9s\n        en [[1786]] ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 transf\\u00e9r\\u00e9s dans d''anciennes carri\\u00e8res\n        souterraines en dehors des portes m\\u00e9ridionales de Paris, lieu devenu\n        depuis la [[place Denfert-Rochereau]] dans le [[14e arrondissement de Paris|{{14e|arrondissement}}]].\n        Ces carri\\u00e8res sont connues de nos jours comme les [[catacombes de Paris]]{{p.|774-775}}..\\n\\nBien que l''extension de Paris ait aujourd''hui\n        de nouveau englob\\u00e9 tous ces anciens cimeti\\u00e8res, ceux-ci sont devenus\n        des oasis de tranquillit\\u00e9 tr\\u00e8s appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9s dans une ville\n        tr\\u00e9pidante. [[Liste de personnalit\\u00e9s enterr\\u00e9es au cimeti\\u00e8re\n        du P\\u00e8re-Lachaise|Plusieurs grandes figures]] ont trouv\\u00e9 le repos\n        dans le [[cimeti\\u00e8re du P\\u00e8re-Lachaise]]. Les autres cimeti\\u00e8res\n        de taille majeure parmi les quatorze de Paris sont le [[cimeti\\u00e8re de\n        Montmartre]], le [[cimeti\\u00e8re du Montparnasse]], le [[cimeti\\u00e8re de\n        Passy]] et les [[catacombes de Paris]].\\n\\nDe nouveaux cimeti\\u00e8res \\u00ab\n        hors-les-murs \\u00bb ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s au d\\u00e9but du {{s-|XX}}\n        : les plus grands sont le [[cimeti\\u00e8re parisien de Saint-Ouen]], le [[cimeti\\u00e8re\n        parisien de Pantin]], le [[cimeti\\u00e8re parisien d''Ivry]] et le [[cimeti\\u00e8re\n        parisien de Bagneux]].\\n\\n\\nCimeti\\u00e8re de Montmartre\n        007.JPG|Cimeti\\u00e8re de Montmartre.\\nCimetiere Montparnasse Paris Genie\n        Daillion.jpg|Cimeti\\u00e8re du Montparnasse.\\nPassy.JPG|Cimeti\\u00e8re de\n        Passy.\\n\\n\\n=== Patrimoine culturel ===\\nParis est un centre [[culture]]l\n        de premier plan. Destination [[tourisme|touristique]] visit\\u00e9e chaque\n        ann\\u00e9e par quelque vingt-six millions de touristes \\u00e9trangers, Paris\n        intra-muros dispose notamment de {{Unit\\u00e9|143|[[mus\\u00e9e]]s}} permanents\n        et de quatre-vingt lieux d''expositions temporaires, soit {{Unit\\u00e9|223|au\n        total}}, tels [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|Le Louvre]] ou le [[Grand Palais (Paris)|Grand\n        Palais]], et des sites exceptionnels, comme les [[Avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es|Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]]\n        ou la [[tour Eiffel]]. Capitale mondiale des [[Congr\\u00e8s de Paris (rencontre)|salons\n        et conf\\u00e9rences]] (5 % de l''activit\\u00e9 mondiale des congr\\u00e8s sur\n        pr\\u00e8s de {{Unit\\u00e9|600000|m\\u00e8tres carr\\u00e9s}}), [[Capitale de\n        la mode|de la mode]], du luxe, de la gastronomie et de l''amour romantique,\n        Paris propose \\u00e9galement un choix important en mati\\u00e8re de spectacles,\n        th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres ou op\\u00e9ras notamment, et pr\\u00e9sente \\u00e0 un public\n        particuli\\u00e8rement cin\\u00e9phile un choix sans \\u00e9gal de films en provenance\n        du monde entier.\\n\\nLes principaux quartiers pour les sorties nocturnes sont\n        l''[[avenue des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]], du [[Rond-point des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]]\n        jusqu''\\u00e0 l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]], [[Place\n        de la Bastille|la Bastille]] et la [[rue de Lappe]], le [[quartier des Halles]]\n        et celui du [[Le Marais (quartier parisien)|Marais]], le [[Quartier latin\n        (quartier parisien)|quartier Latin]] jusqu''\\u00e0 [[Quartier Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s|Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s]],\n        [[Quartier du Montparnasse|Montparnasse]], [[Pigalle (quartier parisien)|Pigalle]],\n        la [[rue Oberkampf]], c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre pour ses bars, la [[rue Mouffetard]],\n        la [[Butte-aux-Cailles]], la [[Place de la R\\u00e9publique (Paris)|place de\n        la R\\u00e9publique]] ou les rives du [[canal Saint-Martin]].\\n\\n\\u00c0 [[Las\n        Vegas]], un casino a reconstitu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 une \\u00e9chelle \\u00bd la [[tour\n        Eiffel]], l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]] et l''[[Op\\u00e9ra\n        Garnier]]. Sur le m\\u00eame principe, un promoteur chinois construit actuellement\n        un \\u00ab petit Paris \\u00bb dans la banlieue de [[Hangzhou]] en [[R\\u00e9publique\n        populaire de Chine|Chine]].\\n\\n==== Mus\\u00e9es ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste\n        des mus\\u00e9es de Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:Paris Le Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|Le\n        [[mus\\u00e9e du Louvre]].]]\\n\\nParis et la r\\u00e9gion [[\\u00cele-de-France]]\n        poss\\u00e8dent la plus importante offre mus\\u00e9ographique de [[France]].\n        On compte en effet pas moins de cent quarante-trois mus\\u00e9es dans Paris\n        intra-muros auxquels il faut ajouter plus de cent-dix mus\\u00e9es dans la\n        r\\u00e9gion. Mais au-del\\u00e0 du nombre, c''est surtout dans la diversit\\u00e9\n        des collections que se trouve la plus grande richesse.\\n\\nCapitale pluris\\u00e9culaire\n        au riche patrimoine, Paris attire chaque ann\\u00e9e de nombreux visiteurs.\n        Le mus\\u00e9e le plus ancien, le plus grand en surface et en collections est\n        le [[mus\\u00e9e du Louvre]]. Avec un record de fr\\u00e9quentation de {{Unit\\u00e9|8.3|millions}}\n        de visiteurs en [[2006]], le Louvre est de loin le mus\\u00e9e d''art le plus\n        visit\\u00e9 au monde. D''autres poss\\u00e8dent \\u00e9galement une renomm\\u00e9e\n        mondiale tels le [[mus\\u00e9e national d''Art moderne]] (dans le [[Centre\n        national d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou|Centre Georges-Pompidou]]),\n        consacr\\u00e9 \\u00e0 l''art moderne et contemporain, ou le [[mus\\u00e9e d''Orsay]],\n        pour l''art de la seconde moiti\\u00e9 du {{S-|XIX|e}} (de [[1848]] \\u00e0\n        [[1905]]). \\u00c0 proximit\\u00e9 de Paris, le [[ch\\u00e2teau de Versailles]],\n        palais \\u00e9difi\\u00e9 par le [[Louis XIV de France|Roi-Soleil]] et r\\u00e9sidence\n        des rois de France aux {{s2-|XVII|e|XVIII|e}}, attire \\u00e9galement plusieurs\n        millions de visiteurs par an. Le palais et le parc de [[Versailles]] sont\n        class\\u00e9s au [[patrimoine mondial]] de l''[[Organisation des Nations unies\n        pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture|UNESCO]] depuis [[1979]][http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/83\n        UNESCO - Palais et parc de Versailles]..\\n\\nOn trouve des mus\\u00e9es\n        sous divers statuts administratifs : les plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres sont des\n        mus\\u00e9es nationaux, c''est-\\u00e0-dire appartenant \\u00e0 l''[[\\u00c9tat]]\n        fran\\u00e7ais. On peut citer, outre le Louvre, Orsay, et le Centre Pompidou,\n        le [[Mus\\u00e9e de Cluny]] (mus\\u00e9e national du Moyen \\u00c2ge), le [[Mus\\u00e9e\n        du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac|mus\\u00e9e du Quai Branly]], la [[Cit\\u00e9\n        de l''architecture et du patrimoine|Cit\\u00e9 de l''Architecture]], le [[Mus\\u00e9e\n        national des arts asiatiques - Guimet|mus\\u00e9e Guimet]], le [[Palais de\n        Tokyo]] par exemple. D''autres d\\u00e9pendent de minist\\u00e8res, tels le\n        [[mus\\u00e9e de l''Arm\\u00e9e (Paris)|mus\\u00e9e de l''Arm\\u00e9e]] \\u00e0\n        l''[[H\\u00f4tel des Invalides]], le [[mus\\u00e9e national de la Marine|mus\\u00e9e\n        de la Marine]] au [[Palais de Chaillot]] et le [[Mus\\u00e9e de l''Air et de\n        l''Espace]] du [[Le Bourget (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Bourget]] qui rel\\u00e8vent\n        du [[Minist\\u00e8re de la D\\u00e9fense (France)|minist\\u00e8re de la D\\u00e9fense]]\n        ou le [[mus\\u00e9um national d''histoire naturelle]] qui d\\u00e9pend de l''[[Minist\\u00e8re\n        de l''\\u00c9ducation nationale (France)|\\u00c9ducation nationale]]. On peut\n        \\u00e9galement citer le [[Panth\\u00e9on (Paris)|Panth\\u00e9on]], o\\u00f9 reposent\n        les \\u00ab grands hommes \\u00bb de la Nation tels que [[Victor Hugo]], [[Voltaire]],\n        [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Jean Moulin]], [[Jean Jaur\\u00e8s]]\n        ou [[Marie Curie]]. D''autres rel\\u00e8vent de l''[[Institut de France]] comme\n        le [[mus\\u00e9e Jacquemart-Andr\\u00e9]], ou encore sont des mus\\u00e9es priv\\u00e9s,\n        tels que le [[Mus\\u00e9e des arts d\\u00e9coratifs de Paris|mus\\u00e9e des\n        Arts D\\u00e9coratifs]], [[Pinacoth\\u00e8que de Paris|La Pinacoth\\u00e8que]]\n        ou le [[mus\\u00e9e Dapper]].\\n\\nLa municipalit\\u00e9 poss\\u00e8de et g\\u00e8re\n        quant \\u00e0 elle quatorze mus\\u00e9es et sites municipaux dont les plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        sont le [[mus\\u00e9e Carnavalet]], consacr\\u00e9 \\u00e0 l''histoire de Paris,\n        \\u00e0 proximit\\u00e9 de la maison de [[Victor Hugo]], le [[mus\\u00e9e d''art\n        moderne de la ville de Paris]] ou encore les [[Catacombes de Paris|catacombes]].\n        La ville poss\\u00e8de \\u00e9galement le [[Petit Palais|mus\\u00e9e du Petit-Palais]]\n        (mus\\u00e9e des beaux-arts de la ville de Paris) ou le [[mus\\u00e9e Cernuschi]]\n        (mus\\u00e9e des Arts Asiatiques de la ville de Paris). De nombreuses expositions\n        th\\u00e9matiques y sont organis\\u00e9es[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=144\n        Mus\\u00e9es]..\\n\\n\\nMus\\u00e9e Guimet.JPG|Mus\\u00e9e\n        Guimet.\\nCarnavalet Par\\u00eds 08.JPG|Mus\\u00e9e Carnavalet.\\nL47 - Mus\\u00e9e\n        Jacquemart Andr\\u00e9.JPG|Mus\\u00e9e Jacquemart Andr\\u00e9.\\nJardin du Mus\\u00e9e\n        Rodin.jpg|Mus\\u00e9e Rodin.\\n2014-10-26 Fondation d''entreprise Louis Vuitton\n        week-end inaugural (vue du jardin d''acclimatation).JPG|Fondation Louis Vuitton.\\nMus\\u00e9e\n        Picasso Paris cot\\u00e9 jardin.jpg|Mus\\u00e9e Picasso, dans l''H\\u00f4tel\n        Sal\\u00e9.\\nMus\\u00e9e du Conservatoire national des Arts et M\\u00e9tiers\n        - panoramio.jpg|Mus\\u00e9e National des Arts et M\\u00e9tiers.\\nMus\\u00e9e\n        de l\\u2019Orangerie exterior.JPG|Mus\\u00e9e de l''Orangerie.\\n\\n\\n====\n        Biblioth\\u00e8ques ====\\n[[Fichier:Vue globale de la BNF1.jpg|vignette|Vue\n        de la BnF et de la [[piscine Jos\\u00e9phine-Baker]].|alt=Photo de la BnF et\n        de la piscine Jos\\u00e9phine-Baker.]]\\nParis accueille un grand nombre de\n        [[biblioth\\u00e8que]]s et m\\u00e9diath\\u00e8ques, notamment publiques. La\n        [[biblioth\\u00e8que Mazarine]], constitu\\u00e9e \\u00e0 partir de la biblioth\\u00e8que\n        personnelle du cardinal [[Jules Mazarin|Mazarin]], est la plus ancienne biblioth\\u00e8que\n        publique de France ; elle fut ouverte au public en [[1643]].\\n\\nLa [[Biblioth\\u00e8que\n        nationale de France]] se trouve pour l''essentiel \\u00e0 Paris, notamment\n        sur deux sites : \\u00ab Richelieu \\u00bb situ\\u00e9 dans le [[2e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{2e|arrondissement}}]] et surtout \\u00ab Fran\\u00e7ois-Mitterrand\n        \\u00bb dans le [[13e arrondissement de Paris|{{13e|arrondissement}}]]. Elle\n        constitue l''une des plus importantes biblioth\\u00e8ques au Monde avec une\n        collection estim\\u00e9e \\u00e0 plus de {{unit\\u00e9|30|millions}} de pi\\u00e8ces\n        dont {{unit\\u00e9|14|millions}} de volumes. Cet [[\\u00e9tablissement public\n        (France)|\\u00e9tablissement public]] est le d\\u00e9positaire en France du\n        [[D\\u00e9p\\u00f4t l\\u00e9gal en France|d\\u00e9p\\u00f4t l\\u00e9gal]] depuis\n        le r\\u00e8gne de [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ier de France|Fran\\u00e7ois {{Ier}}]]. L''autre\n        grande biblioth\\u00e8que publique est la [[Biblioth\\u00e8que publique d''information]]\n        du [[Centre national d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou]].\\n\\nLa ville\n        g\\u00e8re cinquante-cinq biblioth\\u00e8ques municipales de pr\\u00eat g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralistes[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=7973 Les cinquante-cinq\n        biblioth\\u00e8ques de Paris]. et une dizaine de biblioth\\u00e8ques municipales\n        th\\u00e9matiques[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=459Les\n        biblioth\\u00e8ques th\\u00e9matiques de Paris]. o\\u00f9 il est \\u00e9galement\n        possible d''emprunter certains documents. On peut citer parmi les plus connues\n        la [[biblioth\\u00e8que historique de la ville de Paris]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9e\n        en [[1871]], qui poss\\u00e8de un million de livres et brochures, des photographies,\n        cartes et plans li\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''histoire de la ville ou la [[biblioth\\u00e8que\n        du cin\\u00e9ma Fran\\u00e7ois-Truffaut]], offrant une importante documentation\n        sur le cin\\u00e9ma[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=145\n        Biblioth\\u00e8ques].. Contrairement \\u00e0 l''acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 la BNF\n        et \\u00e0 la biblioth\\u00e8que Mazarine, l''acc\\u00e8s aux biblioth\\u00e8ques\n        municipales est enti\\u00e8rement gratuit m\\u00eame s''il peut \\u00eatre interdit\n        aux mineurs dans les biblioth\\u00e8ques th\\u00e9matiques. L''emprunt des livres,\n        revues, bandes dessin\\u00e9es ou partitions est gratuit, celui des disques\n        et vid\\u00e9os se fait moyennant un forfait annuel.\\n\\nIl existe en outre\n        des biblioth\\u00e8ques associatives ou priv\\u00e9es. De nombreuses biblioth\\u00e8ques\n        universitaires sont ouvertes au public, la plus prestigieuse d''entre elles\n        \\u00e9tant la [[Biblioth\\u00e8que Sainte-Genevi\\u00e8ve]].\\n\\n==== Op\\u00e9ras,\n        th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres et salles de spectacle ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste\n        des th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres et op\\u00e9ras de Paris|Liste des salles de spectacle\n        et cabarets parisiens}}\\n[[Fichier:Olympia Paris dsc00803.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|L''[[Olympia\n        (Paris)|Olympia]], c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre salle de concert parisienne.]]\\n\\nLes\n        trois op\\u00e9ras de Paris sont l''[[Op\\u00e9ra Garnier]], l''[[Op\\u00e9ra\n        Bastille]] et l''[[Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre national de l''Op\\u00e9ra-Comique|Op\\u00e9ra\n        comique]] outre les autres sc\\u00e8nes lyriques occasionnelles que sont le\n        [[Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre du Ch\\u00e2telet]] et le [[Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es]].\n        Ils offrent un r\\u00e9pertoire vari\\u00e9 de classique et de moderne.\\n\\nLe\n        [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre]] est traditionnellement un lieu majeur de la culture\n        parisienne. Cela demeure vrai, bien que plusieurs de ses acteurs les plus\n        populaires soient \\u00e9galement des vedettes de la [[T\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        en France|t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision fran\\u00e7aise]]. Paris intra-muros offre plus\n        de {{Unit\\u00e9|70000|places}} r\\u00e9parties dans {{Unit\\u00e9|208|th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres}}\n        et [[caf\\u00e9-th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre|caf\\u00e9s-th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres]]. La [[Com\\u00e9die-Fran\\u00e7aise]],\n        le [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre de l''Od\\u00e9on]], le [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre de Chaillot]]\n        ou, sur d''autres registres, le [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre Mogador]] et le [[th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        de la Ga\\u00eet\\u00e9-Montparnasse]] figurent parmi les principaux th\\u00e9\\u00e2tres\n        parisiens. Quelques-uns sont \\u00e9galement des salles de concert.\\n\\nDes\n        l\\u00e9gendes du monde musical fran\\u00e7ais et francophone tels qu''[[\\u00c9dith\n        Piaf]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Georges Brassens]], [[Charles Aznavour]]\n        ou [[Jacques Brel]] ont trouv\\u00e9 la gloire dans les salles de concert parisiennes\n        : [[Bobino (Paris)|Bobino]], l''[[Olympia (Paris)|Olympia]], [[Les Trois Baudets]],\n        [[La Cigale]] ou encore [[Le Splendid]]. La [[salle Pleyel]] accueille de\n        nombreux [[Concert|concerts symphoniques]], la [[salle Gaveau]] de la [[musique\n        de chambre]] ; la [[maison de Radio France]] offre, quant \\u00e0 elle, de\n        nombreux concerts d''une grande diversit\\u00e9 musicale.\\n\\nL''[[\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e\n        Montmartre]] mentionn\\u00e9 ci-dessous, dont la taille s''est nettement r\\u00e9duite,\n        est devenu une salle de concert. Le [[New Morning]] est l''un des quelques\n        clubs parisiens offrant toujours des concerts de [[jazz]] mais on peut y entendre\n        des musiques d''autres horizons. Plus r\\u00e9cemment, [[Le Z\\u00e9nith (Paris)|Le\n        Z\\u00e9nith]] dans le [[quartier de la Villette]] et [[Bercy Arena]] dans\n        le [[quartier de Bercy]], voire le [[Stade de France]] \\u00e0 [[Saint-Denis\n        (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Denis]] ou le [[Parc des Princes]] proposent des\n        concerts \\u00e0 plus grande \\u00e9chelle.\\n\\nLes [[guinguette]]s et les [[Caf\\u00e9-concert|caf\\u00e9s-concerts]]\n        constituaient l''\\u00e9pine dorsale du divertissement parisien avant la [[Seconde\n        Guerre mondiale]]. Parmi les exemples pr\\u00e9coces, avant le milieu du {{S-|XIX|e}},\n        on peut citer la guinguette du [[moulin de la galette]] et les caf\\u00e9s-concerts\n        de l''[[\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e Montmartre]] et du Ch\\u00e2teau-Rouge. Les orchestres\n        populaires ont ouvert la voie aux accord\\u00e9onistes parisiens dont la musique\n        a d\\u00e9plac\\u00e9 des foules \\u00e0 l''[[Apollo (Paris)|Apollo]] et la [[Java\n        (danse)|java]] a fait danser au faubourg du Temple et \\u00e0 [[Quartier de\n        Belleville|Belleville]]. En dehors des clubs survivants de cette \\u00e9poque\n        s''est d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9e la discoth\\u00e8que moderne : [[Le Palace (Paris)|Le\n        Palace]] et [[Les Bains Douches]], quoique ferm\\u00e9s aujourd''hui, en sont\n        les exemples les plus l\\u00e9gendaires de Paris. Aujourd''hui, une grande\n        partie du clubbing \\u00e0 Paris se d\\u00e9roule dans des clubs comme [[Queen\n        (bo\\u00eete de nuit)|le Queen]], [[L''\\u00c9toile (discoth\\u00e8que)|l''\\u00c9toile]],\n        Le Cab qui sont tr\\u00e8s s\\u00e9lectifs. Les clubs orient\\u00e9s vers la\n        [[musique \\u00e9lectronique]] tels que Le Rex, le [[Batofar]] (un [[bateau]]\n        converti en club) ou The Pulp sont assez populaires et les meilleurs [[Disc\n        jockey|DJ]] du monde y offrent leurs prestations.\\n\\n\\nCom\\u00e9die\n        Fran\\u00e7aise colonnes.jpg|Com\\u00e9die Fran\\u00e7aise.\\n01 Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        de l''Od\\u00e9on.jpg|Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre de l''Od\\u00e9on.\\nTh\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        du Ch\\u00e2telet, Paris 2010.jpg|Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre du Ch\\u00e2telet.\\nTh\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es, 21 April 2013.jpg|Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es.\\nLa\n        Cigale Paris.jpg|La Cigale.\\nSalle-Pleyel-P1000321.jpg|Salle Pleyel.\\n\\n\\n====\n        Discoth\\u00e8ques et cabarets ====\\nParis compte soixante-et-onze [[discoth\\u00e8que]]s\n        et une trentaine de [[cabaret]]s et diners-spectacles dont les plus fameux\n        sont le [[Moulin Rouge]] fond\\u00e9 en 1889, o\\u00f9 l''on mit \\u00e0 la mode\n        le [[French cancan]], le [[Lido (cabaret)|Lido]], les [[Folies Berg\\u00e8re]],\n        le [[Crazy Horse Saloon|Crazy Horse]] ou le [[Paradis Latin]], doyen des cabarets\n        parisiens dont l''origine remonte \\u00e0 1802, et qui symbolisent le \\u00ab\n        Paris canaille \\u00bb, ainsi que des boites de [[Chansonnier (humoriste)|chansonniers]]\n        tels que le [[Caveau de la R\\u00e9publique]] et le [[Th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre des\n        Deux \\u00c2nes]] ou de [[travesti]]s comme [[Chez Michou]].\\n\\n\\nCrazy-Horse-Saloon-P1000388.jpg|Crazy\n        Horse Saloon\\nParadis Latin 2012.JPG|Paradis Latin\\nMoulin Rouge p3.JPG|Bal\n        du Moulin Rouge\\nParis Folies Berg\\u00e8re 783.jpg|Les Folies Berg\\u00e8re\\n\\n\\n====\n        Cin\\u00e9ma ====\\n{{article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste des salles de cin\\u00e9ma\n        \\u00e0 Paris}}\\nParis compte un grand nombre de salles obscures avec 88 cin\\u00e9mas\n        en 2012 dont 38 class\\u00e9s [[Art et Essai]]{{lien\n        web|url=http://www.lesechos.fr/23/10/2012/LesEchos/21297-032-ECH_cinema---paris-remporte-la-palme-en-nombre-de-salles.htm|titre=Cin\\u00e9ma\n        : Paris remporte la palme en nombre de salles|\\u00e9diteur=lesechos.fr|date=23\n        novembre 2012|auteur=marion Kindermans|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}}\n        pour environ 430 \\u00e9crans en 2015, la plus grande concentration mondiale\n        par habitant). L''offre est vari\\u00e9e : environ 450 \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|500|films}}\n        sont \\u00e0 l''affiche chaque semaine[http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=8358\n        Cin\\u00e9ma en chiffres]., ce qui fait de Paris la ville o\\u00f9 le\n        plus de films diff\\u00e9rents sont distribu\\u00e9s (du [[blockbuster]] am\\u00e9ricain\n        au film d''art et essai moyen-oriental)\\u00c9mission \\\"Pendant les travaux,\n        le cin\\u00e9ma reste ouvert\\\", de Jean-Baptiste Thoret et St\\u00e9phane Bou,\n        France Inter, 07/08/2012.. Ces salles sont fr\\u00e9quent\\u00e9es par\n        plus de 28,2 millions de spectateurs par an (chiffres [[2011]]), soit 13 %\n        de la fr\\u00e9quentation nationale.\\n\\nQuelques\n        grands groupes dominent de plus en plus et le [[cin\\u00e9ma ind\\u00e9pendant]]\n        est fragilis\\u00e9. Depuis les [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]], de grands multiplexes\n        UGC, Path\\u00e9 ou MK2 de dix \\u00e0 vingt salles ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s\n        (aux Halles, \\u00e0 Bercy, etc.)[http://www.apur.org/images/bdu/cine_pc_adr99.pdf\n        APUR - Salles de cin\\u00e9ma \\u00e0 Paris et en petite couronne (2000)] {{pdf}}..\\n\\nLa\n        plus grande salle de cin\\u00e9ma \\u00e0 Paris est aujourd''hui [[Le Grand\n        Rex]] avec {{Unit\\u00e9|2800|places}}, depuis que le [[Gaumont-Palace]] de\n        la place de Clichy (qui comptait {{Unit\\u00e9|6000|places}}) a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        d\\u00e9truit en 1973. Toutes les autres salles parisiennes poss\\u00e8dent\n        d\\u00e9sormais moins de {{Unit\\u00e9|1000|places}}.\\n\\nL''ancien ''''American\n        Center'''' de l''architecte [[Frank Gehry|Frank O.Gehry]] abrite d\\u00e9sormais\n        la [[Cin\\u00e9math\\u00e8que fran\\u00e7aise]], au nord de la [[passerelle Simone-de-Beauvoir]]\n        dont elle est s\\u00e9par\\u00e9e par le [[parc de Bercy]] ; elle fait face\n        au site [[Fran\\u00e7ois Mitterrand|Fran\\u00e7ois-Mitterrand]] de la [[Biblioth\\u00e8que\n        nationale de France]].\\n\\n\\nLe Grand Rex - Paris.jpg|Cin\\u00e9ma\n        le Grand Rex.\\nParis Cin\\u00e9ma Le Louxor 7225.JPG|Cin\\u00e9ma Le Louxor.\\nFile:Filmoth\\u00e8que\n        quartier latin.JPG|Filmoth\\u00e8que du quartier latin.\\nStudio 28.JPG|Le Studio\n        28.\\n\\n\\n==== Caf\\u00e9s, restaurants et brasseries ====\\n{{article\n        connexe|Cuisine parisienne}}\\n[[Fichier:Floregermainbenoit.jpg|thumb|Le [[Caf\\u00e9\n        de Flore]], c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre caf\\u00e9 parisien, \\u00e0 [[Quartier Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s|Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s]].]]\\n[[Fichier:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg|thumb|Le\n        caf\\u00e9 [[Les Deux Magots]], un autre caf\\u00e9 parisien c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre\n        de Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s.]]\\nLes caf\\u00e9s sont rapidement devenus\n        une partie int\\u00e9grante de la culture fran\\u00e7aise de par leur aspect,\n        en particulier \\u00e0 partir de l''ouverture du [[caf\\u00e9 de la R\\u00e9gence]]\n        au [[Palais-Royal]] en [[1681]] puis, huit ans plus tard, du [[caf\\u00e9 Procope]]\n        sur la [[Rive gauche (Paris)|rive gauche]]. Les caf\\u00e9s dans les jardins\n        du Palais-Royal sont devenus particuli\\u00e8rement populaires au cours du\n        {{S-|XVIII|e}} et peuvent \\u00eatre consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9s comme les premi\\u00e8res\n        \\u00ab terrasses de caf\\u00e9 \\u00bb \\u00e0 Paris. Celles-ci ne connurent\n        pas d''expansion jusqu''\\u00e0 ce que les [[trottoir]]s et les [[boulevard]]s\n        aient commenc\\u00e9 \\u00e0 appara\\u00eetre au milieu du {{S-|XIX|e}}. \\u00c0\n        la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise|R\\u00e9volution]], les cuisiniers des\n        princes et des nobles cr\\u00e9\\u00e8rent le concept de [[restaurant]].\\n\\nLe\n        premier \\u00e9tablissement annonciateur de \\u00ab la restauration \\u00bb semble\n        avoir \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e0 Paris [[La Tour d''Argent]], fond\\u00e9 en 1582\n        par un certain Rourtaud ; l''endroit aurait contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 l''utilisation\n        de la \\u00ab fourchette \\u00bb en France. Le premier restaurant, dans l''acception\n        moderne, est ouvert \\u00e0 Paris, [[rue des Poulies]], en [[1765]] par un\n        marchand de bouillon nomm\\u00e9 Boulanger (dit Champ d''Oiseau) qui invente\n        la \\u00ab carte de restaurant \\u00bb et le mot \\u00ab restaurant \\u00bb, et\n        en 1782, [[Antoine Beauvilliers]], cuisinier du [[prince de Cond\\u00e9]] et\n        officier de bouche du [[Louis XVIII de France|comte de Provence]], reprend\n        la formule et ouvre, dans un cadre raffin\\u00e9, la ''''Grande Taverne de\n        Londres'''', au 26 [[rue de Richelieu]]. C''est l\\u00e0 le premier v\\u00e9ritable\n        \\u00ab grand restaurant \\u00bb de Paris, qui restera pendant plus de vingt\n        ans sans rival. Mais c''est \\u00e0 partir de la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]]\n        que le ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne prend de l''ampleur avec la fuite des nobles qui\n        laissent sans emploi leur cuisinier, alors que de nombreux provinciaux arrivent\n        \\u00e0 Paris o\\u00f9 ils ne comptent pas de famille qui puisse les nourrir.\n        D\\u00e8s 1789, on compte \\u00e0 Paris une centaine de restaurants fr\\u00e9quent\\u00e9s\n        par la bonne soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9, regroup\\u00e9s autour du Palais-Royal. Trente\n        ans apr\\u00e8s on en d\\u00e9nombre {{formatnum:3000}}.\\n\\nParis compte de\n        grands [[restaurant]]s de la gastronomie fran\\u00e7aise, parmi lesquels figurent\n        ''''[[Maxim''s]]'''', ''''[[Le Grand V\\u00e9four]]'''', ''''[[Lasserre (restaurant)|Lasserre]]'''',\n        ''''[[Archestrate#XXe.C2.A0si.C3.A8cle|L''Archestrate]]'''', ainsi que ''''[[La\n        Tour d''Argent]]'''', \\u00e9tablissement connu pour la vue panoramique qu''il\n        offre sur la [[Seine]].\\n\\nLa r\\u00e9putation culinaire de Paris trouve ses\n        fondations dans les origines fran\\u00e7aises diversifi\\u00e9es de ses habitants.\n        Avec l''arriv\\u00e9e du [[chemin de fer]] au milieu du {{S-|XIX|e}} et la\n        [[r\\u00e9volution industrielle]] qui suivit, de nombreuses personnes de toute\n        la France sont arriv\\u00e9es dans la capitale, apportant toute la diversit\\u00e9\n        gastronomique des diff\\u00e9rentes r\\u00e9gions de France et cr\\u00e9ant de\n        nombreux restaurants de sp\\u00e9cialit\\u00e9s r\\u00e9gionales, comme \\u00ab\n        Chez Jenny \\u00bb pour la cuisine [[Alsace|alsacienne]] et \\u00ab Aux Lyonnais\n        \\u00bb pour celle de [[Lyon]]. L''[[immigration]] en provenance de pays \\u00e9trangers\n        a apport\\u00e9 une encore plus grande diversit\\u00e9 culinaire et on trouve\n        aujourd''hui \\u00e0 Paris, en plus d''un grand nombre d''\\u00e9tablissements\n        de cuisine du [[Maghreb]] ou d''[[Asie]], des \\u00e9tablissements proposant\n        des pr\\u00e9parations culinaires en provenance des cinq continents.\\n\\n\\nLe Procope Cafe Procope.jpg|[[Le Procope]], le plus vieux\n        caf\\u00e9 d''Europe.\\nRestaurant Maxim''s.JPG|[[Maxim''s]].\\nJardins des Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es\n        Le Doyen 001.JPG|[[Restaurant Ledoyen]].\\nRestaurant Le Fouquet''s au 99 avenue\n        des Champs-Elys\\u00e9es \\u00e0 Paris.JPG|Le [[Fouquet''s]].\\nRestaurant Lasserre\n        avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt Paris.JPG|[[Restaurant Lasserre]].\\n\\n\\n====\n        H\\u00f4tels et palaces ====\\nUne autre cons\\u00e9quence de l''augmentation\n        du nombre de voyageurs et de [[tourisme|touristes]] dans la capitale est,\n        d\\u00e8s la fin du {{s-|XIX}}, la pr\\u00e9sence de nombreux [[h\\u00f4tel]]s,\n        en partie li\\u00e9e aux [[expositions universelles de Paris|expositions universelles]].\n        Parmi les plus luxueux, figurent :\\n* l''[[Le Meurice|h\\u00f4tel Meurice]],\n        le plus ancien palace de Paris, ouvert en 1835 ;\\n* le [[Le Grand H\\u00f4tel\n        InterContinental|Grand H\\u00f4tel]] Intercontinental, de 1862 ;\\n* l''[[H\\u00f4tel\n        Ritz (Paris)|h\\u00f4tel Ritz]], apparu sur la [[place Vend\\u00f4me]] en [[1898]]\n        ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel de Crillon]], ouvert sur le c\\u00f4t\\u00e9 nord de la\n        [[place de la Concorde]] en [[1909]] ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel Lutetia]], premier\n        palace de la Rive Gauche, ouvert en 1910 ;\\n* l''h\\u00f4tel [[Plaza Ath\\u00e9n\\u00e9e]],\n        ouvert en 1911.\\n\\nDans les ann\\u00e9es 1920, durant les [[Ann\\u00e9es folles\n        en France|Ann\\u00e9es folles]], de nombreux \\u00e9tablissements sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9s\n        :\\n* l''[[H\\u00f4tel Le Bristol Paris|h\\u00f4tel Bristol]], en 1925 ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel\n        Raphael]], en 1925 ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel George-V]], en 1928 ;\\n* l''[[h\\u00f4tel\n        Prince de Galles]], en 1928 ;\\n* le [[Royal Monceau]], en 1928.\\n\\nPlus r\\u00e9cemment,\n        de grands groupes, souvent \\u00e9trangers, ont ouvert de nombreux h\\u00f4tels\n        de luxe :\\n* l''h\\u00f4tel Marriott Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es (1997) ;\\n* l''h\\u00f4tel\n        [[Mandarin Oriental Paris|Mandarin Oriental]] (2011) ;\\n* le [[Shangri-La\n        Hotel Paris]] (2012) ;\\n* l''h\\u00f4tel [[The Peninsula Paris]] (2014).\\n\\n\\nH\\u00f4tel de Crillon, Paris 15 August 2008 002.jpg|[[H\\u00f4tel\n        de Crillon]].\\nLutetia Hotel, July 4, 2007.jpg|[[H\\u00f4tel Lutetia]].\\nLe\n        Bristol Paris.jpg|[[H\\u00f4tel Le Bristol Paris|Le Bristol]].\\nThe Peninsula\n        Paris, 23 June 2014.jpg|[[The Peninsula Paris]].\\n\\n\\n=== Paris,\n        centre litt\\u00e9raire et intellectuel ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|vie\n        litt\\u00e9raire \\u00e0 Paris}}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Moliere-Pont Neuf.jpg|thumb|Buste\n        de [[Moli\\u00e8re]] au 31 rue du Pont-Neuf, n\\u00e9 en r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 deux\n        rues plus \\u00e0 l''ouest au 96 rue Saint-Honor\\u00e9.]] \\nD\\u00e8s le {{S-|XII|e}},\n        le rayonnement de son universit\\u00e9 fait de Paris l''un des grands foyers\n        intellectuels du monde chr\\u00e9tien. L''adoption du dialecte parisien par\n        la Cour affirme cette vocation. Durant la [[Renaissance (p\\u00e9riode historique)|Renaissance]],\n        la ville devient un foyer de l''[[Humanisme]]. Avec la progressive centralisation\n        du pouvoir, Paris se trouve renforc\\u00e9e dans sa pr\\u00e9\\u00e9minence culturelle\n        en France. Vers le milieu du {{S-|XVII|e}}, Paris et ses [[Salon litt\\u00e9raire|salons]]\n        deviennent le centre presque unique de la litt\\u00e9rature fran\\u00e7ais avec\n        notamment celui de l\\u2019[[h\\u00f4tel de Rambouillet]] o\\u00f9 se r\\u00e9unissaient\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois de Malherbe|Malherbe]], [[Pierre Corneille|Corneille]], [[Fran\\u00e7ois\n        de La Rochefoucauld|La Rochefoucauld]], [[Madame de S\\u00e9vign\\u00e9]], [[Madame\n        de La Fayette]], etc. Dans le dernier tiers du si\\u00e8cle, le prestige de\n        la [[Ch\\u00e2teau de Versailles|cour de Louis {{XIV}} \\u00e0 Versailles]]\n        \\u00e9clipse un peu celui de Paris. Toutefois, le [[Classicisme#Litt\\u00e9rature|th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre\n        classique]] et la vie intellectuelle parisienne restent actifs avec notamment\n        [[Moli\\u00e8re]] qui dirige la \\u00ab [[Palais-Royal|Troupe du Roy]] \\u00bb\n        en 1665, qui deviendra la [[Com\\u00e9die-Fran\\u00e7aise]] sous le patronage\n        du roi en 1680.\\n\\nAu cours du {{S-|XVIII|e}}, Paris redevient le centre culturel\n        du royaume. Les salons parisiens connaissent leur plus bel essor. [[Voltaire]],\n        au ton l\\u00e9ger et ironique, est l''\\u00e9crivain parisien par excellence.\n        \\u00c0 l''inverse, [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] fuit cette ville {{Citation|de\n        bruit, de fum\\u00e9e et de boue}} et se r\\u00e9fugie \\u00e0 [[Montmorency\n        (Val-d''Oise)|Montmorency]], \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|15|km}} au nord de Paris,\n        avant de s''y r\\u00e9installer en [[1770]].\\n\\n\\u00c0 partir de la [[R\\u00e9volution\n        fran\\u00e7aise|R\\u00e9volution]], le monde litt\\u00e9raire se fait plus large,\n        plus complexe. Paris n''en demeure pas moins le c\\u0153ur de la vie intellectuelle\n        fran\\u00e7aise, en attirant [[Carlo Goldoni]] et en accueillant des progressistes,\n        comme [[Adam Mickiewicz]] ou [[Heinrich Heine]], menac\\u00e9s ou chass\\u00e9s\n        de diff\\u00e9rents pays d''une Europe rest\\u00e9e globalement tr\\u00e8s conservatrice.\n        Au cours des {{s2-|XIX|e|XX|e}} , Paris est le th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre o\\u00f9 se\n        succ\\u00e8dent les diff\\u00e9rents mouvements litt\\u00e9raires fran\\u00e7ais\n        et leurs figures principales, [[romantisme]] et [[R\\u00e9alisme (litt\\u00e9rature)|r\\u00e9alisme]]\n        avec [[Victor Hugo|Hugo]] ou [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac|Balzac]], [[Naturalisme\n        (litt\\u00e9rature)|naturalisme]] avec [[\\u00c9mile Zola|Zola]], [[Parnasse\n        (litt\\u00e9rature)|Parnasse]] et [[Symbolisme (art)|symbolisme]] avec [[Charles\n        Baudelaire|Baudelaire]], [[Paul Verlaine|Verlaine]] ou [[St\\u00e9phane Mallarm\\u00e9|Mallarm\\u00e9]],\n        [[surr\\u00e9alisme]] avec [[Guillaume Apollinaire|Apollinaire]] et [[Andr\\u00e9\n        Breton]], et d''o\\u00f9 viendra le renouveau litt\\u00e9raire apport\\u00e9\n        par [[Marcel Proust|Proust]] et [[Louis-Ferdinand C\\u00e9line|C\\u00e9line]].\\n[[Fichier:Paris\n        75005 Place Saint-Michel 20080504 no 5 Gibert Jeune.jpg|vignette|Le nord du\n        [[Boulevard Saint-Michel (Paris)|boulevard Saint-Michel]] et ses librairies.]]\\nDans\n        les ann\\u00e9es 1920, beaucoup d''\\u00e9crivains \\u00e9trangers viennent d\\u00e9couvrir\n        Paris et s''en inspirent dans leur \\u0153uvre : [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Henry\n        Miller]], [[Gertrude Stein]], [[Ezra Pound]], etc. et d\\u2019autres attir\\u00e9s\n        par son milieu litt\\u00e9raire viennent y chercher l\\u2019espoir d''un accueil\n        propice : [[D. H. Lawrence]], [[James Joyce]], [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Eug\\u00e8ne\n        Ionesco]], [[Emil Cioran]], [[Gao Xingjian]], etc. [[Quartier du Montparnasse|Montparnasse]],\n        quartier des artistes depuis la fin du {{s-|XIX|e}}, conna\\u00eet son \\u00e2ge\n        d''or dans l''entre deux guerres. Apr\\u00e8s la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]],\n        c''est [[Quartier Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s|Saint-Germain-des-Pr\\u00e9s]]\n        qui devient le foyer litt\\u00e9raire le plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre, avec la pr\\u00e9sence\n        de [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Boris Vian]] ou [[Jacques\n        Pr\\u00e9vert]]Collectif, sous la direction de Marcel Le Cl\\u00e8re, {{op.\n        cit.}}, {{p.|641}}.. Le [[Quartier latin (quartier parisien)|quartier\n        latin]] demeure le quartier des libraires et l''on y trouve aussi {{Unit\\u00e9|217|bouquinistes}}\n        sur les quais de [[Seine]]. Paris est la principale ville de l''activit\\u00e9\n        litt\\u00e9raire et de l''\\u00e9dition fran\\u00e7aises ; dans beaucoup de quartiers,\n        des immeubles portent une plaque rappelant le s\\u00e9jour d''un \\u00e9crivain.\\n\\n===\n        Paris dans les arts et la culture ===\\n==== Paris dans la litt\\u00e9rature\n        ====\\nDepuis longtemps, Paris a inspir\\u00e9 les \\u00e9crivains. Au {{S-|XV|e}},\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Villon]] plonge dans les bas-fonds de Paris pour amorcer son\n        \\u0153uvre majeure : ''''[[Le Testament]]''''. Toutefois, au {{S-|XVII|e}}\n        et, dans une moindre mesure au {{S-|XVIII|e}}, la description de la r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9\n        parisienne contemporaine int\\u00e9resse peu les auteurs.\\n\\n[[File:Les Halles-L\\u00e9on\n        Augustin Lhermitte.jpg|vignette|Les Halles ont inspir\\u00e9 [[\\u00c9mile Zola]]\n        pour [[Le Ventre de Paris]] (tableau de [[L\\u00e9on Lhermitte]]).]]\\nAu {{S-|XIX|e}},\n        les \\u00e9crivains fran\\u00e7ais s''attachent davantage \\u00e0 d\\u00e9crire\n        la r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 de leur temps de mani\\u00e8re plus exacte. Sous la [[monarchie\n        de Juillet]], [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac]] cherche \\u00e0 brosser un tableau\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9 et moderne de la soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 fran\\u00e7aise, c''est\n        ''''[[La Com\\u00e9die humaine]]''''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/classique/Acamedia_balzac.htm\n        [[La Com\\u00e9die humaine]] de [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac|Balzac]] sur [[Gallica]]]..\n        Paris occupe une place privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9e dans cette \\u0153uvre et pas\n        seulement dans les ''''[[La Com\\u00e9die humaine#Sc\\u00e8nes de la vie parisienne|Sc\\u00e8nes\n        de la vie parisienne]]''''. Il distingue par la diversit\\u00e9 des r\\u00e9seaux\n        de relations : c''est l\\u00e0 que sont possibles les succ\\u00e8s les plus\n        fulgurants, l\\u00e0 que l''on cherche la gloire[[Eug\\u00e8ne de Rastignac]]\n        et [[Lucien de Rubempr\\u00e9]], qui y perd la vie, sont sans doute les deux\n        ambitieux les plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres. mais aussi l\\u00e0 que l''on\n        peut tomber dans l''anonymat le plus absoluVoir ''''[[Le P\\u00e8re Goriot]]''''\n        ou ''''[[Z. Marcas]]'''' entre autres..\\n\\nSi Balzac s''int\\u00e9resse\n        avant tout \\u00e0 la haute soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 ou aux ambitieux d\\u00e9sargent\\u00e9s,\n        on commence \\u00e0 la m\\u00eame \\u00e9poque \\u00e0 s''int\\u00e9resser \\u00e0\n        la ville populaire, per\\u00e7ue comme mena\\u00e7ante et fascinante. Des \\u00e9tudes\n        paraissent sur les \\u00ab classes dangereuses \\u00bb d''une ville en expansion.\n        ''''[[Les Myst\\u00e8res de Paris]]'''' d''[[Eug\\u00e8ne Sue]], qui fait une\n        tr\\u00e8s large place au Paris de la p\\u00e8gre, conna\\u00eet un immense succ\\u00e8s\n        lors de sa parution en feuilleton en [[1842]]\\u2013[[1843]]. Vingt ans plus\n        tard, c''est l''autre plus grand romancier de Paris, [[Victor Hugo]], qui\n        publie ''''[[Notre-Dame de Paris (roman)|Notre-Dame de Paris]]'''' et ''''[[Les\n        Mis\\u00e9rables]]'''', autre volumineux ouvrages traitant du Paris populaire\n        devenu des classiques. Paris fascine avec une double image : une ville fastueuse\n        et prestigieuse (Stendhal sublime Le Frascati, Balzac chante le boulevard\n        des Italiens, Nerval ou Baudelaire ne jurent que par le Divan Le Pelletier)\n        mais aussi une ville populaire o\\u00f9 r\\u00e8gne le vice. [[G\\u00e9rard de\n        Nerval]] s''y suicide dans le lieu le plus sordide qu''il ait pu y trouver.\n        Le Paris en mutation d''[[Georges Eug\\u00e8ne Haussmann|Haussmann]] est largement\n        d\\u00e9crit par [[\\u00c9mile Zola]] dans [[Les Rougon-Macquart]] (''''[[Le\n        Ventre de Paris]]'''', ''''[[Nana (roman)|Nana]]'''', ''''[[Au Bonheur des\n        Dames]]'''') ; il est le cadre des errances et \\u00e9tats d''\\u00e2me des\n        po\\u00e8tes [[Parnasse (po\\u00e9sie)|Parnassiens]] et [[Symbolisme (art)|symbolistes]]\n        et surtout de [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] (''''[[Le Spleen de Paris]]'''').\n        [[Guy de Maupassant]] utilise notamment la capitale pour d\\u00e9peindre la\n        soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de son \\u00e9poque, comme dans la [[satire]] ''''[[Bel-Ami]]''''\n        (publi\\u00e9 en [[1885 en litt\\u00e9rature|1885]]), dans lequel le h\\u00e9ros\n        grimpe dans la hi\\u00e9rarchie sociale parisienne gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 ses ma\\u00eetresses\n        et ses coups bas.\\n\\nToujours au {{s|XIX}}, la ville de Paris est repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e\n        dans d''autres genres que le [[roman social]] et le [[R\\u00e9alisme (litt\\u00e9rature)|roman\n        r\\u00e9aliste]]. Par exemple, [[Jules Verne]] l''imagine en [[dystopie]] dans\n        son roman m\\u00e9connu, ''''[[Paris au XXe si\\u00e8cle|Paris au {{s-|XX}}]]'''',\n        \\u00e9crit en [[1863]]. La ville appara\\u00eet aussi dans de nombreux [[Roman-feuilleton|romans-feuilleton]],\n        tels que ceux o\\u00f9 apparait le personnage [[Rocambole (personnage de fiction)|Rocambole]].\n        De m\\u00eame, elle sert beaucoup de lieux d''action pour les romans historiques\n        tels que ''''[[Les Trois Mousquetaires]]'''' par [[Alexandre Dumas]] ([[1844\n        en litt\\u00e9rature|1844]]). Enfin, on peut citer des [[Pi\\u00e8ce de th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre|pi\\u00e8ces\n        de th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre]], tels que la [[com\\u00e9die dramatique]] ''''[[Cyrano\n        de Bergerac (Rostand)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]'''', par [[Edmond Rostand]] ([[1897\n        au th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre|1897]]), librement inspir\\u00e9e de la vie et de l''\\u0153uvre\n        de l''\\u00e9crivain libertin [[Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac]] ([[1619]]-[[1655]]).  \\n\\nAu\n        d\\u00e9but du {{s|XX}}, la capitale servait de th\\u00e9\\u00e2tre \\u00e0 des\n        s\\u00e9ries polici\\u00e8res, telles que [[Fant\\u00f4mas]] (par [[Pierre Souvestre]]\n        et [[Marcel Allain]]) ou [[Ars\\u00e8ne Lupin]] (par [[Maurice Leblanc]]).\\n\\nDans\n        les [[ann\\u00e9es 1960]], les \\u00e9crivains transforment Paris en une ville\n        mythique : parfois dr\\u00f4le et burlesque comme ''''[[Zazie dans le m\\u00e9tro]]''''\n        de [[Raymond Queneau]] ou encore pleine de souvenirs comme ''''[[Je me souviens\n        (Perec)|Je me souviens]]'''' de [[Georges Perec]].\\n\\nLa ville fascine encore\n        les \\u00e9crivains de la nouvelle g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ration, comme [[Patrick Modiano]]\n        (et le [[quartier de Belleville]]), [[Brahim Metiba]] dans ''''Je n''ai pas\n        eu le temps de bavarder avec toi'''' (un parcours en bus de [[Clichy|Clichy-la-Garenne]]\n        au [[Quartier latin (quartier parisien)|centre de Paris]]), ou [[Jean-Fran\\u00e7ois\n        Vilar]] (et le [[Quartier (ville)|quartier]] de [[Bastille]]).\\n\\nLa po\\u00e9sie\n        joue \\u00e9galement \\u00e0 Paris un r\\u00f4le dans de nombreuses \\u0153uvres\n        : [[Jacques R\\u00e9da]] et ''''Les Ruines de Paris'''', [[Jacques Roubaud]]\n        et ''''La forme d''une ville change plus vite, h\\u00e9las, que le c\\u0153ur\n        des humains''''.\\n\\n==== Paris dans la peinture et la sculpture ====\\n[[Fichier:Le\n        Pont-Neuf Camille Pissaro.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Camille Pissarro]], le [[Pont\n        Neuf]], [[1902]].]]\\n\\nParis a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 une source d''inspiration pour\n        de nombreux artistes qui ont diffus\\u00e9 son image dans le monde entier.\\n\\nIl\n        existe de rares repr\\u00e9sentations de la ville dans certaines peintures\n        et miniatures m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vales, mais les peintures repr\\u00e9sentant Paris\n        ne se multiplie de mani\\u00e8re significative qu''\\u00e0 partir des [[Guerres\n        de religion (France)|Guerres de religion]] \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XVI|e}}.\n        C''est sous les r\\u00e8gnes d''[[Henri IV de France|Henri {{IV}}]] et de [[Louis\n        XIII de France|Louis {{XIII}}]] que la ville est repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e par\n        [[Jacques Callot]] et par les peintres hollandais [[abraham de Verwer|De Verwer]]\n        et [[Reinier Nooms|Zeeman]], en particulier les bords de [[Seine]] qui les\n        fascinent. Le Louvre devient un sujet de pr\\u00e9dilection au {{S-|XVII|e}}\n        mais il faut pourtant attendre la vogue de la peinture en plein air au {{S-|XIX|e}}\n        pour voir les artistes s''int\\u00e9resser \\u00e0 la vie parisienne et au paysage\n        urbain en mutation. [[Jean-Baptiste Corot|Corot]] plante son chevalet sur\n        les quais de Seine, [[Claude Monet|Monet]] repr\\u00e9sente l''atmosph\\u00e8re\n        vaporeuse de la [[gare de Paris-Saint-Lazare|gare Saint-Lazare]], [[Auguste\n        Renoir|Renoir]] d\\u00e9crit la vie Montmartroise ([[Moulin de la galette]],\n        le [[Moulin rouge]]), [[Camille Pissarro|Pissarro]] peint le [[Pont Neuf]]\n        et [[Alfred Sisley|Sisley]] l''[[\\u00cele Saint-Louis]]. Puis, au tournant\n        du si\\u00e8cle, [[Georges Seurat|Seurat]], [[Paul Gauguin|Gauguin]] (parisiens\n        de naissance), [[Paul C\\u00e9zanne|C\\u00e9zanne]] et [[Vincent van Gogh|Van\n        Gogh]] repr\\u00e9sentent largement Paris dans leur \\u0153uvre. [[Henri de\n        Toulouse-Lautrec|Toulouse-Lautrec]] est peut-\\u00eatre le plus parisien dans\n        l''\\u00e2me mais il s''int\\u00e9resse plus aux cabarets et aux bas-fonds parisiens,\n        qu''il fr\\u00e9quente assid\\u00fbment, qu''aux paysages. Au {{S-|XX|e}}, les\n        plus parisiens des peintres sont certainement [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]], [[Maurice\n        de Vlaminck|Vlaminck]], [[Andr\\u00e9 Derain|Derain]], et [[Albert Marquet|Marquet]]\n        ou [[Maurice Utrillo|Utrillo]] qui repr\\u00e9sentent souvent les quartiers\n        d\\u00e9sh\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s de la ville. [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]], [[Kees van\n        Dongen|van Dongen]] et [[Pierre Dumont|Dumont]] m\\u00e8nent une vie de boh\\u00e8me\n        au [[Bateau-Lavoir]] \\u00e0 Montmartre tandis que [[Fernand L\\u00e9ger|L\\u00e9ger]],\n        [[Amedeo Modigliani|Modigliani]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]], [[Ossip Zadkine|Zadkine]],\n        [[Joseph Csaky|Csaky]] et [[Cha\\u00efm Soutine|Soutine]] s''installent dans\n        les ateliers de [[La Ruche (cit\\u00e9 d''artistes)|la Ruche]] \\u00e0 Montparnasse\n        ; c''est l''\\u00e2ge d''or de l''[[\\u00e9cole de Paris]] qui laisse place\n        au [[surr\\u00e9alisme]] apr\\u00e8s la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]].\\n\\nLes\n        [[Sculpture|sculpteurs]] [[Fran\\u00e7ois Rude]] ([[La Marseillaise]], composition\n        la plus forte de l''[[Arc de triomphe de l''\\u00c9toile|Arc de Triomphe]])\n        puis [[Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] avec la fontaine de l''[[Observatoire de Paris|Observatoire]]\n        pr\\u00e9c\\u00e8dent les grands ma\\u00eetres de la fin du {{S-|XIX|e}} dont\n        d''innombrables \\u0153uvres ornent la voie publique parisienne : [[Auguste\n        Rodin|Rodin]], [[Aim\\u00e9-Jules Dalou|Dalou]] ([[jardin du Luxembourg]],\n        [[place de la Nation]]), [[Antoine Bourdelle|Bourdelle]] ([[Palais de Tokyo]]),\n        [[Aristide Maillol|Maillol]] ([[jardin des Tuileries]]) puis [[Paul Landowski]]\n        ([[sainte Genevi\\u00e8ve]] au [[pont de la Tournelle]]). L''[[Art nouveau]]\n        a trouv\\u00e9 un \\u00e9tonnant d\\u00e9bouch\\u00e9 en [[1900]] avec le [[m\\u00e9tro\n        de Paris]] naissant dont [[Hector Guimard|Guimard]] orna alors plusieurs dizaines\n        de bouches d''entr\\u00e9e. L''[[art contemporain]] s''illustre par exemple\n        au [[Palais-Royal]] avec les colonnes de [[Daniel Buren|Buren]] ou \\u00e0\n        [[Centre national d''art et de culture Georges-Pompidou|Beaubourg]] avec la\n        [[fontaine Stravinski]].\\n\\n==== Paris dans la musique et la chanson ====\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Liste de chansons sur Paris par ordre chronologique}}\\n\\nParis\n        constitue un th\\u00e8me et un cadre pour d''innombrables chansons et \\u0153uvres\n        musicales.\\n\\nLa tradition musicale \\u00e0 Paris remonte au [[Moyen \\u00c2ge]]\n        avec la cr\\u00e9ation \\u00e0 la fin du {{S-|XII|e}} de l''\\u00e9cole polyphonique\n        de Notre-Dame dont les \\u0153uvres expriment la foi m\\u00e9di\\u00e9vale. Sous\n        [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ier de France|Fran\\u00e7ois {{Ier}}]] na\\u00eet \\u00e0 Paris\n        l''imprimerie musicale fran\\u00e7aise et les premi\\u00e8res chansons populaires\n        apparaissent. Sous le r\\u00e8gne de [[Louis XIV de France|Louis {{XIV}}]],\n        les grands [[Op\\u00e9ra (musique)|op\\u00e9ras]] sont repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9s\n        \\u00e0 Paris : [[Jean-Baptiste Lully|Lully]] s''y installe et devient responsable\n        de la musique de la [[Cour (palais)|Cour]]. Ses [[ballet]]s sont repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9s\n        au [[Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre|Louvre]] \\u00e0 partir de [[1655]]. Au {{S-|XVIII|e}},\n        [[Jean-Philippe Rameau|Rameau]] accentue le r\\u00f4le de l''orchestre dans\n        ses op\\u00e9ras-ballets, la musique s''impose dans les salons. L''[[histoire\n        de France]] influence \\u00e9galement la musique parisienne : de nombreuses\n        chansons populaires sont cr\\u00e9\\u00e9es durant la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]]\n        ; la ''''[[Carmagnole (chant)|Carmagnole]]'''' devient l''hymne des [[Sans-culotte]]s\n        en [[1792]]. Au {{S-|XIX|e}}, Paris devient la capitale de la musique, plus\n        par les grands ma\\u00eetres \\u00e9trangers comme [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]]\n        et [[Gaetano Donizetti]] et m\\u00eame [[Richard Wagner]] qu''elle attire par\n        son rayonnement que gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 ses propres compositions. La musique\n        \\u00e9volue progressivement vers le [[Romantisme]] incarn\\u00e9 par exemple\n        par [[Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Chopin]] et [[Franz Liszt]]. [[Charles Gounod|Gounod]]\n        renouvelle l''op\\u00e9ra lyrique tandis que [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]] importe\n        la [[musique descriptive]].\\n\\nLa musique festive de danses de Paris, au {{S-|XIX|e}}\n        est c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre dans le monde entier. Jou\\u00e9e notamment au moment\n        du [[carnaval de Paris]], elle influence des musiques traditionnelles et des\n        compositeurs \\u00e9trangers. Au nombre de ceux-ci, on trouve [[Johann Strauss\n        I|Johann Strauss p\\u00e8re]], venu \\u00e0 Paris, \\u00e0 l''invitation de [[Philippe\n        Musard]], alors tr\\u00e8s c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre. Ce dernier, ainsi que des dizaines\n        d''autres compositeurs parisiens tr\\u00e8s fameux \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque ([[Louis-Antoine\n        Jullien|Jullien]], [[Auguste Tolbecque|Tolbecque]], etc.).\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s [[1870]],\n        [[Paul Dukas|Dukas]], [[Camille Saint-Sa\\u00ebns|Saint-Sa\\u00ebns]] ou [[Georges\n        Bizet|Bizet]] font de la France la ma\\u00eetresse de la musique de ballet.\n        Le caract\\u00e8re national de la musique revient avec [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]]\n        et [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]], musiciens impressionnistes. La fin du {{S-|XIX|e}}\n        est aussi l''\\u00e9poque des chansonniers dont [[Le Chat noir]] est le lieu\n        de repr\\u00e9sentation embl\\u00e9matique, immortalis\\u00e9 par [[Henri de\n        Toulouse-Lautrec|Toulouse-Lautrec]]. Au {{S-|XX|e}}, les chansons d''[[\\u00c9dith\n        Piaf]], la \\u00ab m\\u00f4me de Paris \\u00bb, ainsi que celles de [[Maurice\n        Chevalier]] incarnent la chanson populaire parisienne dans le monde entier.\n        Plus r\\u00e9cemment, [[Jacques Dutronc]] chante en [[1968]] \\u00ab Il est\n        5 heures, Paris s''\\u00e9veille \\u00bb et [[Dalida]] devient l''une des plus\n        c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres Montmartroises, une place de ''''la Butte'''' porte son\n        nom et un buste a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 \\u00e9rig\\u00e9 en son hommage dix ans apr\\u00e8s\n        son d\\u00e9c\\u00e8s[http://www.linternaute.com/paris/sortir/dossier/dalida-une-vie/1.shtml\n        Magazine l''Internaute - Dalida, une vie parisienne]..\\n\\n==== Paris\n        dans la photographie ====\\n[[Fichier:A Brouhot car in Paris, 1910.jpg|thumb|[[Pha\\u00e9ton]]\n        de marque Brouhot \\u00e0 Paris en 1910.]]\\n\\nD\\u00e8s l''invention de la [[photographie]],\n        de nombreux artistes ont cherch\\u00e9 \\u00e0 capter l''atmosph\\u00e8re de\n        la ville et sa vie quotidienne prise sur le vif. Initi\\u00e9e par [[Eug\\u00e8ne\n        Atget]] ([[1857]]\\u2013[[1927]])[http://www.lexpress.fr/mag/arts/dossier/photographe/dossier.asp?ida=457392\n        L''Express - Eug\\u00e8ne Atget, un regard capital], article du 3/5/2007.,\n        la photographie de sc\\u00e8nes de rues et petits m\\u00e9tiers aujourd''hui\n        disparus est incarn\\u00e9e par [[Robert Doisneau]] ([[1912]]\\u2013[[1994]]),\n        un des premiers grands photographes de Paris[http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=Doisneau&num_notice=1&total_notices=5\n        INA : Le Paris de Doisneau].. Les sc\\u00e8nes insolites constituaient\n        ses sujets de pr\\u00e9dilection : les enfants jouant dans les rues, les concierges,\n        les bistrots, les march\\u00e9s, etc. Ses photographies sont pleines d''humour\n        et de tendresse, la plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre \\u00e9tant ''''Le Baiser de l''H\\u00f4tel\n        de Ville''''[http://www.lexpress.fr/mag/arts/dossier/photographe/dossier.asp?ida=453636\n        L''Express - La passion Doisneau], article du 2/11/2006.. Les images\n        de [[Willy Ronis]] \\u00e9voquent le [[Quartier de Belleville|Belleville]]\n        et le [[M\\u00e9nilmontant (quartier parisien)|M\\u00e9nilmontant]] d''autrefois,\n        saisissante illustration d''une atmosph\\u00e8re populaire \\u00e0 jamais disparueWilly\n        Ronis, [http://www.lexpress.fr/mag/arts/dossier/photographe/dossier.asp?ida=435316\n        - \\u00ab Ce sont les petites gens qui m''int\\u00e9ressent \\u00bb], ''''L''Express'''',\n        article du 20/10/2005.. [[Marcel Bovis]] ([[1904]]-[[1997]]) a quant\n        \\u00e0 lui repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9 la magie de Paris la nuit.\\n\\n==== Paris au\n        cin\\u00e9ma ====\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Paris au cin\\u00e9ma|Liste\n        de films tourn\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Paris}}\\n[[Fichier:20051018\\u00c9picerie d''Am\\u00e9lie\n        Poulain 2.jpg|thumb|L''\\u00e9picerie Collignon \\u00e0 [[Montmartre]], apparaissant\n        dans le film ''''[[le Fabuleux Destin d''Am\\u00e9lie Poulain]]''''.]]\\n\\nParis\n        est une des villes les plus film\\u00e9es au monde[http://www.cnrseditions.fr/cinema/7449-cinemas-de-paris.html\n        Jean-Michel Frodon, Dina Iordanova (sous la direction de), ''''Cin\\u00e9mas\n        de Paris'''', CNRS \\u00c9ditions, Paris, 2017].. Outre l''importante\n        production fran\\u00e7aise, les r\\u00e9alisateurs \\u00e9trangers qui l''ont\n        choisie pour cadre sont nombreux.\\n\\nParmi une longue liste de films, quelques\n        chefs-d''\\u0153uvre du [[cin\\u00e9ma fran\\u00e7ais]] sont devenus des classiques.\n        ''''[[H\\u00f4tel du Nord]]'''' ([[1938]]) fut le cadre de la c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre\n        r\\u00e9plique d''[[Arletty]] {{Citation|Atmosph\\u00e8re, atmosph\\u00e8re,\n        est-ce que j''ai une gueule d''atmosph\\u00e8re ?}} ; le petit h\\u00f4tel au\n        bord du [[canal Saint-Martin]], o\\u00f9 le film ne fut d''ailleurs pas tourn\\u00e9Le film ''''[[H\\u00f4tel du Nord]]'''' fut tourn\\u00e9 en studio\n        et non au bord du [[canal Saint-Martin]]. est devenu un lieu de p\\u00e8lerinage\n        cin\\u00e9phile.\\n\\n''''[[La Travers\\u00e9e de Paris]]'''' ([[1956]]) et ''''[[Le\n        Dernier M\\u00e9tro]]'''' ([[1980]]) rappellent une certaine r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9\n        de l''[[Europe sous domination nazie|Occupation]], tandis que ''''[[Paris\n        br\\u00fble-t-il ? (film)|Paris br\\u00fble-t-il ?]]'''' ([[1966]]) \\u00e9voque\n        la [[lib\\u00e9ration de Paris]] en [[Seconde Guerre mondiale : ao\\u00fbt 1944|ao\\u00fbt\n        1944]]. Plus r\\u00e9cemment, ''''[[Chacun cherche son chat]]'''' ([[1996]])\n        est une tranche de vie d''un immeuble parisien montrant l''isolement dans\n        une grande m\\u00e9tropole et la solidarit\\u00e9 qui peut pourtant y exister.\n        Enfin, ''''[[le Fabuleux Destin d''Am\\u00e9lie Poulain]]'''' ([[2001]]), conte\n        contemporain dans un Paris mythique et intemporel, a rencontr\\u00e9 un succ\\u00e8s\n        populaire international et amen\\u00e9 de nombreux cin\\u00e9philes \\u00e0 [[Montmartre]]\n        \\u00e0 la recherche des lieux embl\\u00e9matiques du tournage.\\n\\nDe grands\n        succ\\u00e8s du cin\\u00e9ma international, comme ''''[[Tout le monde dit I\n        love you]]'''' ([[1996]]) ou ''''[[Minuit \\u00e0 Paris]]'''' ([[2011]]) de\n        [[Woody Allen]], ''''[[Moulin Rouge (film, 2001)|Moulin Rouge !]]'''' ([[2001]])\n        ou ''''[[Da Vinci Code (film)|Da Vinci code]]'''' ([[2006]]), ont choisi la\n        ville pour cadre. En [[2007]], gr\\u00e2ce \\u00e0 son image et \\u00e0 sa position\n        de capitale de la [[gastronomie]], Paris a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 choisie comme cadre\n        de l''action du [[Animation|film d''animation]] am\\u00e9ricain ''''[[Ratatouille\n        (film)|Ratatouille]]''''[http://www.allocine.fr/film/anecdote_gen_cfilm=46211.html\n        \\u00ab Ratatouille : les secrets du tournage \\u00bb], sur ''''Allocine''''..\\n\\nDe\n        plus, Paris appara\\u00eet dans de nombreux films r\\u00e9cents comme ''''[[La\n        M\\u00e9moire dans la peau (film)|La M\\u00e9moire dans la peau]]'''' (2002)\n        avec [[Matt Damon]], qui se d\\u00e9roule en grande partie \\u00e0 Paris, ou\n        ''''[[Tout peut arriver (film, 2003)|Tout peut arriver]]'''' (2003) avec [[Jack\n        Nicholson]], qui d\\u00eene dans le restaurant [[Le Grand Colbert (Brasserie)|Le\n        grand Colbert]] \\u00e0 la fin du film. En 2010, Paris est aussi le lieu de\n        r\\u00e9sidence de [[Fabrice Luchini]] dans ''''[[Les Femmes du 6e \\u00e9tage|Les\n        Femmes du {{6e|\\u00e9tage}}]]''''. Paris appara\\u00eet \\u00e9galement dans\n        le film ''''[[Inception]]'''' (2010), o\\u00f9 l''action se situe en partie.\\n\\n====\n        Paris dans la culture populaire ====\\nL''[[argot parisien|argot \\u00ab parisien\n        \\u00bb]] r\\u00e9v\\u00e9l\\u00e9 par les \\u00e9crivains du {{S-|XIX|e}} comme\n        [[Victor Hugo]], [[Eug\\u00e8ne Sue]] ou [[Honor\\u00e9 de Balzac|Balzac]] reste\n        tr\\u00e8s vivace \\u00e0 Paris jusqu''aux [[ann\\u00e9es 1950]]. L''\\u00e9volution\n        sociologique et ethnique de la population parisienne explique en grande partie\n        cette \\u00ab mort \\u00bb de l''argot parisien, qui ne se pratique plus vraiment\n        dans la rue mais qui fit longtemps la joie des lecteurs de romans comme [[San\n        Antonio]], des spectateurs de films dialogu\\u00e9s par [[Michel Audiard]]\n        ou des auditeurs de chansons de [[Pierre Perret]], de [[Renaud]] ([[titi parisien]]\n        par excellence) ou de sketches de [[Coluche]]. Depuis, l''embourgeoisement\n        de la capitale et l''arriv\\u00e9e massive de populations provinciales et \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res\n        contribuent progressivement \\u00e0 la disparition de l''argot parisien, supplant\\u00e9\n        par le [[verlan]]{{p.|681-682}}. et par de nouvelles formes d''expression\n        d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9es en banlieue, \\u00e9ventuellement ponctu\\u00e9es de mots\n        emprunt\\u00e9s aux langues \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res, telles que l''anglais ou\n        l''arabe.\\n\\nOn appelle souvent Paris la \\u00ab Ville lumi\\u00e8re \\u00bb.\n        L''origine de cette [[p\\u00e9riphrase]] vient de la cr\\u00e9ation de l\\u2019[[\\u00c9clairage\n        des rues \\u00e0 Paris|\\u00e9clairage public \\u00e0 Paris]] par [[Gabriel Nicolas\n        de La Reynie]], au {{S-|XVII|e}}{{Lien web |url=http://www.directmatin.fr/culture/2014-04-11/pourquoi-surnomme-t-paris-la-ville-lumiere-672951\n        |titre=Pourquoi surnomme-t-on Paris la Ville lumi\\u00e8re ? |site=http://www.directmatin.fr\n        directmatin.fr |date=11 avril 2014 |consult\\u00e9 le=12 d\\u00e9cembre 2015}}..\\n\\nParis\n        est surnomm\\u00e9e famili\\u00e8rement \\u00ab Paname \\u00bb, surnom donn\\u00e9\n        au d\\u00e9but du {{s-|XX|e}} aux Parisiens qui avaient adopt\\u00e9 le chapeau\n        dit ''''[[panama (chapeau)|panama]]''''{{lien web|url=http://www.linternaute.com/paris/magazine/chat/07/claude-dubois/retranscription-claude-dubois.shtml|titre=Paris\n        est devenue une ville pour \\\"rupins\\\" tr\\u00e8s \\\"oseill\\u00e9s\\\"!|\\u00e9diteur=linternaute.com|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2007|consult\\u00e9 le=16 novembre 2014}}, mis en vogue par les ouvriers\n        qui creusaient le [[Canal de Panama|canal du m\\u00eame nom]] au d\\u00e9but\n        du {{s-|XX|e}}. Cette coiffe tr\\u00e8s pratique s''exportait principalement\n        vers les \\u00c9tats-Unis et l''Europe ; elle avait fait fureur \\u00e0 Paris\n        o\\u00f9 tous les hommes portaient un ''''panama''''. Ce chapeau a donn\\u00e9\n        lieu \\u00e0 de nombreuses [[Chanson sur Paris|chansons]], notamment le ''''[[Paname\n        (chanson)|Paname]]'''' de [[L\\u00e9o Ferr\\u00e9]], m\\u00e9lancolique d\\u00e9claration\n        d''amour \\u00e0 la capitale, qui vaudra au chanteur son premier grand succ\\u00e8s.\\n\\nPlus\n        anciennement, Paris et aussi Pantin, une de ses proches banlieues, \\u00e9taient\n        surnomm\\u00e9es argotiquement \\u00ab Pantruche \\u00bb\n        (d''o\\u00f9 le nom de la Compagnie carnavalesque parisienne \\u00ab les Fumantes\n        de Pantruche \\u00bb, pr\\u00e9sente au [[Carnaval de Paris]]).\\n\\n\\u00ab Parigot\n        \\u00bb est un terme d''[[argot]] qui d\\u00e9signe un Parisien. Ce terme est\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme p\\u00e9joratif ou au moins\n        moqueur.\\n\\n==== Paris dans les jeux vid\\u00e9o ====\\n{{Cat\\u00e9gorie d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9e|Jeu\n        vid\\u00e9o se d\\u00e9roulant \\u00e0 Paris}}\\nLa ville est reproduite dans\n        le jeu vid\\u00e9o ''''[[The Saboteur]]'''', sorti en [[2009]], avec la plupart\n        des plus grands monuments de la ville. Le jeu se d\\u00e9roule au tout d\\u00e9but\n        de la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]][http://www.jeuxvideo.com/articles/0001/00011918-the-saboteur-test.htm\n        ''''The Saboteur'''' - Test] sur ''''[[jeuxvideo.com]]''''.{{,}}[http://www.gamekult.com/tout/jeux/fiches/J000083182_test.html\n        ''''The Saboteur'''' - Test sur PS3] sur [[Gamekult]].. Elle est \\u00e9galement\n        enti\\u00e8rement reproduite dans le jeu vid\\u00e9o automobile {{nobr|''''[[Midtown\n        Madness 3]]''''}} et {{nobr|''''[[Midnight Club II]]''''}}. Une partie du\n        sc\\u00e9nario s''y d\\u00e9roule dans ''''[[Tomb Raider : L''Ange des t\\u00e9n\\u00e8bres]]'''',\n        et une mission y a lieu au tout d\\u00e9but du jeu {{nobr|''''[[007: Nightfire]]''''}}.\n        En novembre 2011, des missions y ont lieu \\u00e9galement dans {{nobr|''''[[Call\n        of Duty: Modern Warfare 3]]''''}}. De plus, on retrouve une carte de {{nobr|''''[[Battlefield\n        3]]''''}} dans le mode multijoueur qui se d\\u00e9roule \\u00e0 Paris (Op\\u00e9ration\n        M\\u00e9tro et travers\\u00e9e de la Seine) ainsi que dans son mode solo. Paris\n        apparait \\u00e9galement dans le jeu ''''[[Remember Me (jeu vid\\u00e9o)|Remember\n        me]]'''', se d\\u00e9roulant dans la ville de N\\u00e9o-Paris, une version plus\n        technologique de la Ville Lumi\\u00e8re.\\n\\nDans le jeu ''''[[Assassin''s Creed\n        Unity]]'''', opus de la s\\u00e9rie [[Assassin''s Creed (s\\u00e9rie)|Assassin''s\n        creed]] d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 par les studios [[Ubisoft]] et sorti en octobre\n        [[2014]], l''ensemble de l''intrigue et de l''action principale se d\\u00e9roule\n        \\u00e0 Paris durant la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]]. La ville y est\n        enti\\u00e8rement mod\\u00e9lis\\u00e9e quasiment \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9chelle 1:1\n        telle qu''elle \\u00e9tait de 1789 \\u00e0 1794{{Lien web|url=http://www.jeuxvideo.com/news/2014/00071107-assassin-s-creed-unity-premiere-video.htm|titre=Assassin''s\n        Creed Unity : Premi\\u00e8re vid\\u00e9o|auteur=Kaaraj|site=[[Jeuxvideo.com]]|en\n        ligne le=21 mars 2014|consult\\u00e9 le=22 juin 2014}}.. Les principaux\n        monuments sont reconstitu\\u00e9s avec moult d\\u00e9tails (y compris ceux disparus,\n        comme la [[Bastille]] et le [[palais des Tuileries]]), et les d\\u00e9veloppeurs\n        se sont attach\\u00e9s \\u00e0 reconstituer l''ambiance populaire \\u00e0 cette\n        p\\u00e9riode. Ici le caract\\u00e8re violent et sanguinaire de la soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        parisienne de l''\\u00e9poque est tr\\u00e8s soulign\\u00e9{{Lien web|langue\n        = fran\\u00e7ais|titre = On a fait jouer un historien \\u00e0 \\u00ab Assassin\\u2019s\n        Creed Unity \\u00bb|url = http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/rue89-culture/2014/11/19/a-fait-jouer-historien-a-assassins-creed-unity-256118|site\n        = rue89.nouvelobs.com|date = 19 novembre 2014|consult\\u00e9 le = 5 d\\u00e9cembre\n        2014}}. L''[[Gameplay|exp\\u00e9rience de jeu]] prenant place dans un\n        [[Monde ouvert|monde dit ''''ouvert'''']], le joueur est encourag\\u00e9 \\u00e0\n        explorer cette reconstitution historique de Paris \\u00e0 un moment capital\n        de son histoire{{Lien web|langue = fran\\u00e7ais|titre = Comment recr\\u00e9\\u00e9-t-on\n        le Paris de 1789 avec des pixels ?|url = http://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/jeux/assassin-s-creed-unity-comment-recree-t-on-le-paris-de-1789-avec-des-pixels_743665.html|site\n        = http://www.francetvinfo.fr|date = 13 novembre 2014|consult\\u00e9 le = 6\n        d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}.\\n\\n==== Paris, si\\u00e8ge d''organisations internationales\n        ====\\nPlusieurs organisations internationales ont leur si\\u00e8ge \\u00e0 Paris\n        : l''[[Organisation des Nations unies pour l''\\u00e9ducation, la science et\n        la culture|UNESCO]]{{lien web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/unesco/about-us/where-we-are/unesco-house/|titre=Construire\n        la nouvelle Maison de l''Unesco|\\u00e9diteur=unesco.org|consult\\u00e9 le=30\n        ao\\u00fbt 2016}}, l''[[Organisation de coop\\u00e9ration et de d\\u00e9veloppement\n        \\u00e9conomiques|OCDE]]{{lien web|url=https://www.oecd.org/fr/carrieres/ounoussommes.htm|titre=O\\u00f9\n        nous sommes|\\u00e9diteur=oecd.org|consult\\u00e9 le=30 ao\\u00fbt 2016}},\n        le secr\\u00e9tariat international de la [[Chambre de commerce internationale]],\n        le [[Groupe d''action financi\\u00e8re]] (GAFI){{etc}}\\n\\n==== Paris, capitale\n        de la mode et du luxe ====\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire de la mode\n        en France|Capitale de la mode}}\\n[[Fichier:Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honor\\u00e9,\n        Paris May 2006.jpg|thumb|left|La [[rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honor\\u00e9]], l''une\n        des plus luxueuses rues de Paris.]]\\n\\nEn [[1945 en France|1945]], il n''existait\n        pas moins de 106 maisons labellis\\u00e9es haute couture en [[France]], toutes\n        concentr\\u00e9es \\u00e0 Paris, avec parmi elles l''une des plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres\n        : [[Givenchy]]. Aujourd\\u2019hui, elles ne sont plus qu\\u2019une dizaine :\n        les plus anciennes, [[Christian Dior (entreprise)|Dior]], [[Chanel]], [[Yves\n        Saint Laurent (entreprise)|Yves Saint Laurent]] ou encore les plus modestes\n        [[Dominique Sirop]], [[Adeline Andr\\u00e9]] ou [[Franck Sorbier]].\\n\\nCes\n        maisons de [[haute couture]] excellent dans la mode, et parfois dans la parfumerie\n        par l''entremise de soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9s tierces. Ainsi, ''''[[No 5 (parfum)|{{num\\u00e9ro\n        avec majuscule|5}}]]'''' de [[Chanel]] ou ''''[[Arp\\u00e8ge (parfum)|Arp\\u00e8ge]]'''',\n        apparus dans les ann\\u00e9es 1920, sont devenus incontournables, tout comme\n        ''''[[Miss Dior]]'''' dans les ann\\u00e9es 1940. Depuis le {{s-|XIX}}, \\u00e0\n        c\\u00f4t\\u00e9 de la parfumerie, se d\\u00e9veloppe la maroquinerie, avec [[Louis\n        Vuitton|Vuitton]] ou [[Herm\\u00e8s International|Herm\\u00e8s]] comme repr\\u00e9sentants\n        notables. Vuitton, qui a su d\\u00e9velopper des malles pratiques et raffin\\u00e9es,\n        est devenu un des premiers en la mati\\u00e8re. Certains se partagent la march\\u00e9\n        de la mode et de ses accessoires : [[Lanvin]], Dior\\u2026 Vers la fin du {{s-|XX}},\n        de nouveaux cr\\u00e9ateurs apparaissent comme [[Jean Paul Gaultier]] (qui\n        a remis les corsets \\u00e0 la mode), [[Claude Montana]], [[Thierry Mugler]],\n        [[Christian Lacroix]] (qui mise sur l''explosion des couleurs) ou encore [[Chantal\n        Thomass]] pour la lingerie. Le [[pr\\u00eat-\\u00e0-porter]] n''est pas en reste,\n        avec [[Jean-Charles de Castelbajac]] ou encore [[Vanessa Bruno]] et [[Isabel\n        Marant]] par exemple.\\n\\n[[Fichier:Galerie Lafayette Haussmann Dome.jpg|thumb|upright|Les\n        [[Galeries Lafayette]] du [[boulevard Haussmann]].]]\\n\\nAu d\\u00e9but du {{s-|XXI}},\n        Paris doit faire face \\u00e0 la concurrence de [[New York]], [[Londres]],\n        [[Milan]]. La ville occupe n\\u00e9anmoins une place \\u00e9minente sur la sc\\u00e8ne\n        mondiale, en particulier pour la [[joaillerie]] (concentr\\u00e9e [[place Vend\\u00f4me]]\n        et [[rue de la Paix (Paris)|rue de la Paix]]) et la [[haute couture]]. L''habillement\n        de luxe est particuli\\u00e8rement pr\\u00e9sent dans le [[8e arrondissement\n        de Paris|{{8e|arrondissement}}]], notamment [[avenue Montaigne]] ou [[rue\n        du Faubourg-Saint-Honor\\u00e9]]. On y trouve le si\\u00e8ge de [[LVMH - Mo\\u00ebt\n        Hennessy Louis Vuitton|LVMH]], premier groupe mondial dans le secteur du luxe,\n        et les points de vente d''[[Herm\\u00e8s International|Herm\\u00e8s]], [[Cartier\n        (entreprise)|Cartier]], [[Christian Louboutin]], ou [[Christian Dior (entreprise)|Dior]]\n        ainsi que les boutiques de toutes les marques de luxe ind\\u00e9pendantes ou\n        affili\\u00e9es \\u00e0 de grands groupes tels que LVMH ou [[Kering]].\\n\\nParis\n        est aussi une des capitales du \\u00ab shopping \\u00bb et des magasins aux\n        enseignes r\\u00e9put\\u00e9es et pr\\u00e9sentes partout dans le monde, les\n        [[Groupe Galeries Lafayette|Galeries Lafayette]] ou [[Printemps (grands magasins)|le\n        Printemps]]. La ville vit na\\u00eetre les [[Grand magasin|grands magasins]]\n        modernes, fond\\u00e9s sur l''id\\u00e9e r\\u00e9volutionnaire, \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque,\n        de pr\\u00e9senter un assortiment large et profond, des prix fixes et apparents,\n        un acc\\u00e8s direct et une mise en valeur de la marchandise dans un espace\n        de vente dont l''agencement, la composition et les d\\u00e9cors ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        r\\u00e9fl\\u00e9chis. Le premier exemple du genre est [[Le Bon March\\u00e9]]\n        transform\\u00e9 en [[1852 en France|1852]].\\n\\n==== Paris dans le [[neuvi\\u00e8me\n        art]] ([[bande dessin\\u00e9e]]) ====\\nParis et la bande dessin\\u00e9e sont\n        de vieilles amies. D\\u00e8s le d\\u00e9but du si\\u00e8cle, des cr\\u00e9ateurs\n        pr\\u00e9curseurs du neuvi\\u00e8me art font de la capitale le d\\u00e9cor privil\\u00e9gi\\u00e9\n        des aventures de leurs personnages. En 1905 appara\\u00eet Annak Labornez,\n        plus connue sous le sobriquet de [[B\\u00e9cassine (bande dessin\\u00e9e)|B\\u00e9cassine]],\n        qui part bien vite travailler \\u00e0 Paris chez la marquise de Grand''Air.\n        En 1908, trois authentiques Parigots commencent \\u00e0 arpenter le pav\\u00e9\n        parisien, au gr\\u00e9 de leurs filouteries et arnaques en tout genre : Croquignol,\n        Ribouldingue et Filochard deviennent c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres sous le nom des [[Les\n        Pieds Nickel\\u00e9s|Pieds Nickel\\u00e9s]].\\n\\nAu sortir de la guerre, la bande\n        dessin\\u00e9e est incontestablement belge, avec deux grandes \\u00e9coles :\n        la [[Ligne claire]] pour le journal de Tintin, sous la houlette de Herg\\u00e9,\n        et l''[[\\u00e9cole de Marcinelle]] pour Spirou, inspir\\u00e9e par [[Joseph\n        Gillain]]. Elle entame sa migration vers la France et Paris en 1959, avec\n        la cr\\u00e9ation par [[Ren\\u00e9 Goscinny]], [[Albert Uderzo]] et [[Jean-Michel\n        Charlier]] de [[Pilote (p\\u00e9riodique)|Pilote]]. C''est en France que la\n        bande dessin\\u00e9e entame son renouveau, voyant appara\\u00eetre des auteurs\n        tels que [[Philippe Druillet]], [[Jean Giraud|Giraud]], [[Fred (auteur)|Fred]]\\u2026\n        En 1978, Casterman lance son propre journal, [[(\\u00c0 suivre)]], ambitieux\n        magazine qui verra exploser le plus parisien des auteurs de BD, [[Jacques\n        Tardi]], avec ''''[[Les Aventures extraordinaires d''Ad\\u00e8le Blanc-Sec]]''''.\n        Cette s\\u00e9rie reconstitue le Paris de la [[Belle \\u00c9poque]], dans une\n        parodie des romans populaires de l''\\u00e9poque.\\n\\n[[Edgar P. Jacobs]], auteur\n        de [[Blake et Mortimer]], s''illustre aussi dans ce domaine, avec pas moins\n        de trois albums se d\\u00e9roulant dans Paris et sa r\\u00e9gion. Ainsi, dans\n        [[S.O.S. M\\u00e9t\\u00e9ores]] (1958 \\u2013 1959 ; se d\\u00e9roulant dans la\n        capitale et dans le [[D\\u00e9partement (France)|d\\u00e9partement]] des [[Yvelines]])\n        et [[L''Affaire du collier (bande dessin\\u00e9e)|L''affaire du collier]] (1965\n        \\u2013 1966 ; exclusivement dans cette ville), les diff\\u00e9rents lieux visit\\u00e9s\n        par les personnages sont repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9s de mani\\u00e8re tr\\u00e8s r\\u00e9alistes.\n        Dans l''aventure ''''[[Le Pi\\u00e8ge diabolique]]'''' (1960 \\u2013 1961),\n        on n''y voit Paris que tr\\u00e8s furtivement, au d\\u00e9but et \\u00e0 la fin,\n        l''aventure se d\\u00e9roulant essentiellement dans la commune de [[La Roche-Guyon]]\n        ([[Val-d''Oise]]).\\n\\nParis (sous le nom antique de [[Lut\\u00e8ce]]) appara\\u00eet\n        dans pas moins de quatre aventures d''[[Ast\\u00e9rix|Ast\\u00e9rix (le Gaulois)]],\n        s\\u00e9rie r\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e par [[Ren\\u00e9 Goscinny]] et [[Albert Uderzo]].\n        Elle sert de d\\u00e9cor d\\u00e8s la seconde aventure, ''''[[La Serpe d''or]]''''\n        (1962), dans lequel les h\\u00e9ros luttent contre un r\\u00e9seau de trafiquants\n        de [[Serpe|serpes]] d''or. Puis, la cit\\u00e9 gauloise sert de seconde \\u00e9tape\n        dans ''''[[Le Tour de Gaule d''Ast\\u00e9rix]]'''' (1965), o\\u00f9 ils ach\\u00e8tent\n        du [[Jambon de Paris|jambon de Lut\\u00e8ce]] et surtout, rencontre leur futur\n        [[chien]] [[Id\\u00e9fix]] (qui sera nomm\\u00e9 \\u00e0 partir de l''album suivant).\n        Elle apparait au d\\u00e9but de l''histoire ''''[[Les Lauriers de C\\u00e9sar]]''''\n        (1972), o\\u00f9 s''y d\\u00e9clenche l''intrigue : le chef [[Abraracourcix]]\n        y fait un pari d''ivrogne dans lequel seront impliqu\\u00e9s les h\\u00e9ros.\n        Enfin, elle est au centre de ''''Lut\\u00e8ce olympique'''', courte histoire\n        \\u00e9crite et dessin\\u00e9e par Albert Uderzo (et qui sera publi\\u00e9e dans\n        ''''[[Ast\\u00e9rix et la Rentr\\u00e9e gauloise]]''''), visant \\u00e0 soutenir\n        la candidature (infructueuse) de Paris aux [[Jeux olympiques d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        de 1992]]. En outre, [[Lut\\u00e8ce]] est souvent \\u00e9voqu\\u00e9e dans la\n        s\\u00e9rie, donnant l''impression d''\\u00eatre la capitale de la [[Gaule]]\n        (afin de mieux donner au lecteur le sentiment que la s\\u00e9rie se d\\u00e9roule\n        \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque actuelle), alors que la capitale des Gaules \\u00e9tait\n        [[Lugdunum]] (l''antique [[Lyon]]).\\n\\nAujourd''hui, les principaux \\u00e9diteurs\n        sont \\u00e0 Paris, dans la lign\\u00e9e des pionniers du d\\u00e9but du si\\u00e8cle\n        comme la dynastie des [[Fr\\u00e8res Offenstadt|Offenstadt]] et leur [[Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        parisienne d''\\u00e9dition]]. Et c''est \\u00e0 Paris que la nouvelle bande\n        dessin\\u00e9e a pris racine, avec les jeunes auteurs ind\\u00e9pendants : [[Joann\n        Sfar]], [[Lewis Trondheim]], [[Jean-Christophe Menu]], [[Winshluss]], [[David\n        B.]]\\u2026\\n\\nPrincipales bandes dessin\\u00e9es ayant pour d\\u00e9cor la ville\n        de Paris : ''''Il \\u00e9tait une fois une fille que j''ai rencontr\\u00e9e\n        deux fois'''' de [[Davy Mourier]], ''''[[Kiki de Montparnasse]]'''' de [[Jos\\u00e9-Louis\n        Bocquet]], ''''Louis la Lune'''' de [[Alban Guillemois]], ''''Le Myst\\u00e8re\n        Tour Eiffel'''' de [[Armand Gu\\u00e9rin]] et [[Fabien Lacaf]], ''''Chambres\n        Noires'''' de [[Olivier Bleys]] et [[Yomgui Dumont]], ''''Le Diable Amoureux\n        et autres films jamais tourn\\u00e9s par M\\u00e9li\\u00e8s'''' de [[Fabien Vehlmann]]\n        et [[Franz Duchazeau]]\\u2026\\n\\n==== Paris, capitale du cin\\u00e9ma ====\\nLa\n        premi\\u00e8re projection cin\\u00e9matographique publique a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 r\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 Paris, le 28 d\\u00e9cembre 1895, par [[Antoine Lumi\\u00e8re]]Georges\n        Sadoul, ''''Histoire du cin\\u00e9ma mondial, des origines \\u00e0 nos jours'''',\n        Flammarion, Paris, 1968, {{p.|19}}.{{,}}[http://www.institut-lumiere.org/francais/patrimoinelumiere/premiereseance.html\n        Institut Lumi\\u00e8re.]., et montrant la sortie d''une usine de Lyon,\n        o\\u00f9 a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 invent\\u00e9 l''appareil. C''est \\u00e9galement \\u00e0\n        Paris que [[Georges M\\u00e9li\\u00e8s]] (1861-1938) invente \\u00ab l''art du\n        cin\\u00e9ma \\u00bb et le spectacle cin\\u00e9matographique : avant lui les\n        films sont uniquement des documentaires ou des d\\u00e9monstrations techniques.\n        Georges M\\u00e9li\\u00e8s est connu pour les d\\u00e9veloppements qu''il apporta\n        aux techniques du cin\\u00e9ma, essentiellement dans le domaine du sc\\u00e9nario\n        et des trucages. Il est le premier r\\u00e9alisateur et le cr\\u00e9ateur du\n        premier Studio de cin\\u00e9ma.\\n\\nLa premi\\u00e8re projection publique du\n        cin\\u00e9ma num\\u00e9rique en [[Europe]][https://books.google.fr/books?id=n_wTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=philippe+binant&source=bl&ots=2_4oxEHqdp&sig=_JDkShudghMzP-Rzj-Nyujey3T0&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=HVIFVY-SOequ7Aaf9IDYDA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=philippe%20binant&f=false\n        L. Creton, K. Kitsopanidou (dir.), ''''Les salles de cin\\u00e9ma. Enjeux,\n        d\\u00e9fis et perspectives'''', Armand Colin / Recherche, Paris, 2013, {{p.|116}}].\n        a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 r\\u00e9alis\\u00e9e \\u00e0 Paris, le 2 f\\u00e9vrier 2000, par\n        Philippe Binant''''[[Cahiers du cin\\u00e9ma]]'''', n\\u00b0 hors-s\\u00e9rie,\n        avril 2000, {{p.|32}}..\\n\\n=== Paris, le mythe et la r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9\n        ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=avril 2013}}\\nL''[[histoire de France]]\n        et celle de sa capitale sont depuis longtemps intimement li\\u00e9es, du \\u00ab\n        Paris vaut bien une messe \\u00bb (attribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Henri IV de France|Henri\n        {{IV}}]] qui y [[Fran\\u00e7ois Ravaillac|laissa sa vie]]) au \\u00ab Paris,\n        Paris outrag\\u00e9 ! Paris bris\\u00e9 ! Paris martyris\\u00e9 ! mais Paris\n        lib\\u00e9r\\u00e9 ! \\u00bb (c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre phrase du [[Charles de Gaulle|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        de Gaulle]] prononc\\u00e9e lors de son discours donn\\u00e9 \\u00e0 19 heures,\n        sur la [[Place de l''H\\u00f4tel-de-Ville - Esplanade de la Lib\\u00e9ration|place\n        de l''H\\u00f4tel-de-Ville]], le soir du {{Date|25|ao\\u00fbt|1944}}, jour m\\u00eame\n        de la [[Lib\\u00e9ration de Paris]]{{Ina|I00012416|Petite phrase du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        de Gaulle, sur la place de l''H\\u00f4tel-de-Ville|consult\\u00e9 le={{1er}}\n        d\\u00e9cembre 2014}} : \\u00ab Paris outrag\\u00e9 ! Paris bris\\u00e9 !\\u2026\n        \\u00bb.). En effet, un grand nombre d''\\u00e9v\\u00e9nements embl\\u00e9matiques\n        de l''histoire nationale se sont d\\u00e9roul\\u00e9s \\u00e0 Paris, capitale\n        o\\u00f9 se concentrent temps forts, tensions et douleurs mais aussi joies\n        collectives : grandes heures de la [[R\\u00e9volution fran\\u00e7aise]], [[Commune\n        de Paris (1871)|Commune de Paris]], manifestations du [[Front populaire (France)|Front\n        populaire]].\\n\\nLes pages de l''[[histoire de France]] peuvent donc facilement\n        s''illustrer par Paris, qui loin d''\\u00eatre seulement le centre de la vie\n        politique du pays, b\\u00e9n\\u00e9ficie d''une image qui, par son rayonnement\n        culturel, ne peut se r\\u00e9duire \\u00e0 une accumulation de clich\\u00e9s\n        : sa [[cour des miracles]], ses monuments mondialement c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres,\n        la [[Tour Eiffel]], son [[M\\u00e9tro de Paris|m\\u00e9tropolitain]], ses [[Expositions\n        universelles de Paris|expositions universelles]], les chansons (celles de\n        la [[Belle \\u00c9poque]], de l''[[Entre-deux-guerres]], d''[[\\u00c9dith Piaf]],\n        ou de [[Maurice Chevalier]]). La ville de la f\\u00eate et de la frivolit\\u00e9\n        (avec ses cabarets), du [[Swing (musique)|swing]] et du [[jazz]] de l''apr\\u00e8s-guerre,\n        des [[Paris au cin\\u00e9ma|cin\\u00e9mas]], est aussi celle du progr\\u00e8s,\n        celle o\\u00f9 se r\\u00e9alise la r\\u00e9ussite sociale (si souvent d\\u00e9crite\n        dans la litt\\u00e9rature){{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire}}. Cet ensemble\n        a constitu\\u00e9 le mythe de Paris{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire}}.\n        Ces repr\\u00e9sentations s''assoient sur une dualit\\u00e9, une repr\\u00e9sentation\n        mat\\u00e9rielle et une spirituelle et symbolique{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire}}.\\n\\nPourtant\n        la ville a fortement \\u00e9volu\\u00e9 au cours des si\\u00e8cles, les [[Transformations\n        de Paris sous le Second Empire|travaux d''Haussmann]] l''ont radicalement\n        modifi\\u00e9e, les transformations des \\u00ab [[trente Glorieuses]] \\u00bb\n        ont encore modifi\\u00e9 l''aspect de plusieurs quartiers, des g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rations\n        de Parisiens se sont succ\\u00e9d\\u00e9, Paris change sans cesse, Paris \\u00e9volue\n        mais \\u00ab Paris sera toujours Paris \\u00bb, par sa fa\\u00e7on de se transformer\n        sans cesse tout en restant la m\\u00eame et en conservant son \\u00e2me[http://www.champ-vallon.com/Pages/Pagesepoques/Bernard.html\n        Les deux Paris : Les repr\\u00e9sentations de Paris dans la seconde moiti\\u00e9\n        du {{S-|XIX|e}}]..\\n\\nParis ne parvient toujours pas \\u00e0 concilier\n        concentration de richesses et qualit\\u00e9 de vie{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire}},\n        contrairement \\u00e0 plusieurs grandes villes de France{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        n\\u00e9cessaire}} qui ont su d\\u00e9velopper leur attractivit\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique\n        et culturelle tout en conservant un environnement de qualit\\u00e9, ce qui\n        explique en partie leur dynamisme d\\u00e9mographique que ne poss\\u00e8de plus\n        Paris. La capitale reste largement en t\\u00eate des villes de France pour\n        sa puissance \\u00e9conomique, le choix de fili\\u00e8res et d''\\u00e9coles\n        pour l''enseignement sup\\u00e9rieur, son offre culturelle d''exception, l''offre\n        de soins et la qualit\\u00e9 d''acc\\u00e8s aux nouvelles technologies (couverture\n        [[Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line|ADSL]] \\u00e0 100 %, large concurrence\n        des op\\u00e9rateurs internet et r\\u00e9cemment le d\\u00e9ploiement de la [[fibre\n        optique]] r\\u00e9sidentielle et du [[Wi-Fi]] gratuit mis en place par la municipalit\\u00e9).\n        Sa qualit\\u00e9 environnementale (pollution, part r\\u00e9duite des espaces\n        verts) reste m\\u00e9diocre et les prix de l''immobilier n''ont cess\\u00e9\n        d''atteindre les sommets[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/le-palmar-egrave-s-2006-des-d-eacute-partements-heureux_482122.html\n        ''''L''Express'''', \\u00ab classement de la qualit\\u00e9 de vie en France\n        sur 15 crit\\u00e8res \\u00bb, 12/10/2006].. 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Aujourd''hui,\n        le drapeau tricolore flotte sur tous les b\\u00e2timents publics. Il est d\\u00e9ploy\\u00e9\n        dans la plupart des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9monies officielles, qu''elles soient civiles\n        ou militaires. \\u00bb Source : ''''[http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-drapeau-francais       Le\n        drapeau fran\\u00e7ais]'''', sur le site officiel du palais de l\\u2019\\u00c9lys\\u00e9e,\n        si\\u00e8ge du pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique fran\\u00e7aise..\\n\\nDevise\n        : ''''{{lang|la|[[Fluctuat nec mergitur]]}}'''', ce qui signifie en latin\n        : \\u00ab Il est battu par les flots, mais ne sombre pas. \\u00bb. Elle \\u00e9voque\n        le navire repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9 sur le [[Blason de Paris|blason de la ville]],\n        symbole de la [[corporation (Ancien R\\u00e9gime)|corporation]] des ''''[[Nautes]]''''\n        ou ''''Marchands de l''eau'''', puissante \\u00e0 l''\\u00e9poque antique de\n        la ville.\\n\\nLa [[Liste de saints patrons|patronne]] de la ville est [[sainte\n        Genevi\\u00e8ve]], qui aurait \\u00e9cart\\u00e9 [[Attila]] et les [[Huns]] de\n        la ville au {{S-|V|e}} par ses [[pri\\u00e8re]]s. Sa [[ch\\u00e2sse]] se trouve\n        aujourd''hui \\u00e0 l''[[\\u00e9glise Saint-\\u00c9tienne-du-Mont]].\\n\\nLa mairie\n        s''est en outre dot\\u00e9e d''un [[logotype]] reprenant les couleurs bleu\n        et rouge et le dessin de la nef.}}\\n\\n== Pour approfondir ==\\n=== Bibliographie\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Bibliographie sur Paris}}\\n\\nLa bibliographie\n        partielle ci-dessous ne mentionne que les titres ayant \\u00e9t\\u00e9 utilis\\u00e9s\n        pour la r\\u00e9daction de l''article. L''article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9 permet\n        de consulter une bibliographie plus compl\\u00e8te.\\n* {{ouvrage |langue=fr\n        |pr\\u00e9nom1=Marcel |nom1=Le Cl\\u00e8re |titre=Paris de la Pr\\u00e9histoire\n        \\u00e0 nos jours |\\u00e9diteur=\\u00c9d. Bordessoules |ann\\u00e9e=1985 |pages\n        totales=705 }}\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|taille=15|groupe=c}}\\n* {{ouvrage |langue=fr\n        |auteur1=[[Alfred Fierro]]|titre=Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris  |\\u00e9diteur=\n        \\u00c9d. Robert Laffont |lieu=Paris |ann\\u00e9e=1996 |pages totales=1580 |isbn=2-221-07862-4\n        |lire en ligne= }}.\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|taille=15|groupe=f}}\\n\\n==== Autres\n        \\u00e9l\\u00e9ments bibliographiques ====\\n* {{ouvrage |titre= [[La Prodigieuse\n        Histoire de la Bourse]] |auteur1=[[Alfred Colling]] |\\u00e9diteur= Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        d''\\u00c9ditions \\u00c9conomiques et Financi\\u00e8res  |ann\\u00e9e= 1949|plume=\n        oui }}\\n* {{article|langue=fr|auteur1=Fran\\u00e7ois Billaut|titre=Architecture\n        : une ambition inachev\\u00e9e|p\\u00e9riodique=Point de Vue Histoire|num\\u00e9ro=10|titre\n        num\\u00e9ro=Napol\\u00e9on {{Ier}} : l''apog\\u00e9e de l''Empire|mois=d\\u00e9cembre|ann\\u00e9e=2011|issn=2112-4728}}.\\n\\n===\n        Articles connexes ===\\n* [[Grand Paris]]\\n\\n=== Liens externes ===\\n{{Autres\n        projets\\n | wiktionary=Paris\\n | commons=Category:Paris\\n | wikibooks=Special:Search/Paris\\n\n        | wikisource=Cat\\u00e9gorie:Paris\\n | wikinews=Cat\\u00e9gorie:Paris\\n | wikiquote=Paris\\n\n        | wikivoyage=Paris}}\\n{{Cat\\u00e9gorie principale}}\\n* {{Autorit\\u00e9}}\\n*\n        {{mul}} [http://www.paris.fr/ Site de la mairie de Paris]\\n* {{mul}} [http://www.parisinfo.com/\n        Site de l\\u2019office du tourisme et des congr\\u00e8s]\\n* ''''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343512457/date\n        Bulletin municipal officiel de la Ville de Paris]'''' (1882-1970) sur [[Gallica]]\\n\\n==\n        Notes et r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences ==\\n=== Notes ===\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|groupe=Note|taille=30}}\\n\\n===\n        R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences ===\\n;R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences issues du site de la mairie\n        de Paris\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|colonnes=3|groupe=s}}\\n;Donn\\u00e9es fournies\n        par l''[[Institut national de la statistique et des \\u00e9tudes \\u00e9conomiques]]\n        (Insee)\\n* Dossier relatif \\u00e0 la commune, {{lire en ligne|lien=http://insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056}}\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|taille=30|groupe=\\\"a\\\"}}\\n*\n        Autres sources Insee\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|taille=30|groupe=\\\"b\\\"}}\\n;Autres\n        sources\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences nombreuses|taille=30}}\\n\\n{{Palette\\n|Succession/\\u00c9tape\n        de Compostelle\\n | pr\\u00e9c\\u00e8de = [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Denis]]\n        \\n | choix p = [[Via Gallia Belgica]]\\n | distance p =\\n | voie = [[Via Turonensis]]\\n\n        | variante = Rassemblement \\u00e0 la [[Tour Saint-Jacques]] -- 
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{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
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Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has been found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|pmid=20059473|volume=74|issue=1|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376|year=2010|last1=Corach|first1=Daniel|last2=Lao|first2=Oscar|last3=Bobillo|first3=Cecilia|last4=Van\n        Der Gaag|first4=Kristiaan|last5=Zuniga|first5=Sofia|last6=Vermeulen|first6=Mark|last7=Van\n        Duijn|first7=Kate|last8=Goedbloed|first8=Miriam|last9=Vallone|first9=Peter\n        M|last10=Parson|first10=Walther|last11=De Knijff|first11=Peter|last12=Kayser|first12=Manfred}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
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It has been called ''''Himno Nacional\n        Argentino'''' since it was published with that name in 1847. Its lyrics were\n        written by the Buenos Aires-born politician [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]]\n        and the music was composed by the Spanish musician [[Blas Parera]].{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.casarosada.gov.ar/nuestro-pais/simbolos-nacionales |title=S\\u00edmbolos\n        Nacionales |publisher=Presidency of the Argentine Nation |language=Spanish\n        |trans_title=National Symbols |accessdate=21 November 2011 |quote=La necesidad\n        de tener una canci\\u00f3n patri\\u00f3tica, que surgi\\u00f3 con la Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        de Mayo y que el Triunvirato supo comprender, se ve plasmada hoy en el Himno\n        Nacional Argentino, con m\\u00fasica de Blas Parera, letra de Vicente L\\u00f3pez\n        y Planes, y arreglo de Juan P. Esnaola.}} The work was adopted as the\n        sole official song on May 11, 1813, three years after the [[May Revolution]];\n        May 11 is therefore [[Anthem]] Day in Argentina.\\n\\nSome first, quite different,\n        anthems were composed from 1810; a version was then introduced in 1813 which\n        was used throughout the nineteenth century. The present, much shorter, anthem\n        comprises only the first and last verses and the chorus of the 1813 Patriotic\n        March, omitting much emotional text about the [[Argentine War of Independence|struggle\n        for independence]] from [[Spain]] (''''with strong arms they tear to pieces\n        the arrogant Iberian lion'''').\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:Versi\\u00f3n francesa\n        del Himno argentino.jpg|thumb|right|160px|French transcription for piano by\n        Luis Messemaeckers, published in 1822. This is the oldest sheet found of the\n        anthem outside Argentina.]]\\nThe first anthem was the Patriotic March, published\n        on 15 November 1810 in the ''''{{lang|es|[[Gazeta de Buenos Ayres]]}}''''.\n        It had lyrics by Esteban de Luca and music by Blas Parera. This original anthem\n        made no reference to the [[name of Argentina]] (the country was not formally\n        named \\\"Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\\\" until 1826, although it was referred to\n        as such) or an independentist will, and talked instead about Spain being conquered\n        by France in the [[Peninsular War]], the absolutist restoration begun by the\n        Council of Regency, and the need to keep the republican freedoms achieved\n        so far in the Americas: \\\"Spain was victim / of the plotting Gaul / because\n        to the tyrants / she bent her neck / If there treachery / has doomed a thousands\n        cities / let sacred freedom and union reign here / Let the father to the sons\n        / be able to say / enjoy rights / that I did not enjoy\\\".{{cite book\n        |title=Seamos libres y lo dem\\u00e1s no importa nada |trans_title=Let us be\n        free and nothing else matters |last=Galasso |first=Norberto |authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso |year=2000 |publisher=Colihue |location=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |isbn=978-950-581-779-5 |page=103 |quote=''''Espa\\u00f1a fue presa / del Galo\n        sutil / porque a los tiranos / rindi\\u00f3 la cerbiz. / Si all\\u00e1 la perfidia\n        / perdi\\u00f3 a pueblos mil / libertad sagrada / y uni\\u00f3n reine aqu\\u00ed\n        / El padre a sus hijos / pueda ya decir / Gozad de derechos / que no conoc\\u00ed.''''}}\\n\\nIn\n        mid-1812, the ruling [[First Triumvirate (Argentina)|triumvirate]] ordered\n        the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] to commission a national anthem. Cayetano Rodr\\u00edguez,\n        a Franciscan friar, wrote a text that was approved on 4 August. The Catalan\n        musician Blas Parera, music director of the local theater, set it to music\n        and performed it for the first time with the orchestra he conducted on 1 November.{{cite\n        book |title=El Himno Nacional Argentino |trans_title=The Argentine National\n        Anthem |last=Vega |first=Carlos |year=1962 |publisher=Eudeba |location=Buenos\n        Aires |language=Spanish |pages=15\\u201318}}\\n\\nLess than a year later\n        the [[Asamblea del A\\u00f1o XIII|Assembly of Year XIII]] estimated that the\n        song was not effective enough to serve as a national anthem. On 6 March 1813\n        several poets were asked to submit lyrics. The poem by the lawyer Vicente\n        L\\u00f3pez y Planes was unanimously considered the best. It was approved as\n        the \\\"sole national march\\\" (''''{{lang|es|\\u00fanica marcha nacional}}'''')\n        on May 11, 1813. Parera was asked to compose a new musical setting around\n        the same date. He must have finished the piece in a few days. Oral tradition\n        has it that the premiere took place on May 14, 1813 at the home of the aristocrat\n        [[Mariquita S\\u00e1nchez|Mariquita S\\u00e1nchez de Thompson]], but there is\n        no documentary evidence of that.Galasso, p. 102. If this episode\n        is true, then Parera, contrary to certain misconceptions, wrote quickly and\n        under no visible coercion. The published song sheet is dated 14 May 1813.\n        He again conducted the official premiere in the theater on May 28, and was\n        paid 200 [[Argentine peso|pesos]].Vega, ''''El Himno Nacional Argentino'''',\n        pp. 22\\u201327.\\n\\n[[File:Partitura del Himno Nacional Argentino hallada\n        en Bolivia.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Music sheet]] found in [[Santa Ana de Velasco]],\n        [[Bolivia]], c. 1860.]]\\nThe song includes a line that has given rise to controversy:\n        ''''Buenos--Ayres se [o]pone \\u00e1 la frente De los pueblos de la \\u00ednclita\n        union''''. In the manuscript and an early printed song-sheet the word\n        ''''opone'''' is used; a slightly later version of the song-sheet correcting\n        obvious errors such as spelling mistakes was issued with the same date of\n        14 May 1813, but with ''''opone'''' changed to ''''pone''''. The meaning reverses:\n        \\\"Buenos Aires ''''opposes'''' the front of the people of the union\\\" to \\\"Buenos\n        Aires ''''positions itself at'''' the front ...\\\". The original ''''opone''''  has\n        been interpreted as advancing part of the centralist views in Buenos Aires,\n        but has also been considered a \\\"tragical misprint\\\". In\n        many other lines the anthem goes beyond the [[Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        theater]] of the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] and references\n        events in Mexico, Central America, Northern South America, and Upper Peru.Galasso,\n        pp. 102\\u2013103. The growing ideas of independence are reflected in\n        lines such as \\\"On the surface of the earth rises a glorious new nation, her\n        head is crowned with laurels, and a Lion lies defeated at her feet\\\". This\n        portrays not just Spanish absolutism, but Spain itself, as the enemy.Galasso,\n        p. 103.\\n\\nThe composition was then known as ''''{{lang|es|Canci\\u00f3n\n        Patri\\u00f3tica Nacional}}'''' (National Patriotic Song), and later simply\n        as ''''{{lang|es|Canci\\u00f3n Patri\\u00f3tica}}'''' (Patriotic Song), but\n        in [[Juan Pedro Esnaola]]''s early arrangement, dated around 1848, it appeared\n        under the title ''''{{lang|es|Himno Nacional Argentino}}'''', and the name\n        has been retained until today.Vega, ''''El Himno Nacional Argentino'''',\n        pp. 88\\u201389. In the complete version of the Anthem of May (as was\n        christened by L\\u00f3pez) it is noted that the political vision portrayed\n        is not only Argentine, but Latin American. The lyrics are ardently pro-independence\n        and anti-Spanish, as the country was at that time fighting for its independence\n        from Spain.{{cite web |url=http://nationalanthems.me/argentina-himno-nacional-argentino/\n        |title=Argentina |publisher=NationalAnthems.me |accessdate=21 November 2011\n        |quote=The original lyrics of the anthem included harsh attacks on Spain,\n        the former colonial power.}}\\n\\nThe song became popular immediately.\n        Within ten years documented performances took place throughout Argentina,\n        and also in Chile, Peru, and Colombia until they had their own anthems.Vega,\n        ''''El Himno Nacional Argentino'''', pp. 30\\u201341. Different versions\n        emerged, making mass singing difficult; several reforms were then proposed.\n        In 1860 Esnaola was commissioned to create an official version. He took the\n        task to heart, making many changes to the music, including a slower tempo,\n        a fuller texture, alterations to the melody, and enrichment of the harmony.\n        In 1927 a committee produced a historicist version that undid several of Esnaola''s\n        changes, but introduced new problems in the sung line. After a heated public\n        debate fueled by the newspaper ''''{{lang|es|[[La Prensa (Buenos Aires)|La\n        Prensa]]}}'''', this version was rejected and, following the recommendations\n        of a second committee, Esnaola''s arrangement was officially reinstated.{{cite\n        book |title=O juremos con gloria morir: historia de una \\u00e9pica de estado\n        |trans_title=Or swear to die gloriously: history of a state epic |last=Buch\n        |first=Esteban |date=January 1994 |publisher=Editorial Sudamericana |location=Buenos\n        Aires |language=Spanish |isbn=978-950-07-0964-4 |pages=103\\u2013114 }}\n        In 1944 it was confirmed as the official anthem.\\n\\nThroughout the 19th century\n        the anthem was sung in its entirety. However, once harsh feelings against\n        Spain had dissipated, and the country had become home to many Spanish immigrants,\n        a modification was introduced by a decree of President [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        on March 30, 1900:\\n\\n{{quote|''''\\\"Without producing alterations in the lyrics\n        of the National Anthem, there are in it verses that perfectly describe the\n        concept that nations universally have regarding their anthems in peaceful\n        times, and that harmonize with the serenity and dignity of thousands of Spanish\n        that share our living, those that can and must be preferred to be sung in\n        official parties, for they respect the traditions and the law in no offense\n        to anyone, the President of the Republic decrees that:''''\\n\\n''''In official\n        or public parties, as well as in public schools, shall be sung only the first\n        and last verses and the chorus of the National Song sanctioned by the General\n        Assembly on May 11, 1813.\\\"''''}}\\n\\nThe words strongly attacking Spain were\n        no longer sung.Buch, ''''O juremos con gloria morir'''', pp. 87\\u201392.\\n\\n==Usage==\\nPerformance\n        of the anthem is mandatory during all official events, and Argentines in attendance\n        are expected to stand up and sing it. [[Radio in Argentina|Radio]] broadcasters\n        voluntarily perform the anthem at midnight, while [[Television in Argentina|TV\n        channels]] do so before closing down their daily broadcast. On [[Public holidays\n        in Argentina|national holidays]], it is mandatory to perform the anthem at\n        midnight and noon.\\n\\nThe anthem is ruled in [[Law of Argentina|Argentine\n        law]] by Decree 10302/1944.\\n{{cite web |url=http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/verNorma.do?id=59311\n        |title=Decreto 10302/1944 |publisher=Ministry of Justice and Human Rights\n        |language=Spanish |trans_title=Decree 10302/1944 |accessdate=21 November 2011}}\\n\\nThe\n        rock musician [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]] broke legal regulations dealing with\n        the reproduction of the song when he included an idiosyncratic [[cover version]]\n        in his 1990 album ''''{{lang|es|Filosof\\u00eda barata y zapatos de goma}}'''',\n        stirring much controversy.Buch, ''''O juremos con gloria morir'''', pp.\n        147\\u2013156. In 1998 various [[Music of Argentina|Argentine artists]]\n        reedited the anthem and other patriotic songs in the joint album ''''{{lang|es|El\n        Grito Sagrado}}''''. Other singers followed on their footsteps recreating\n        the piece in their own ways.\\n\\nA line from the original anthem was used as\n        the Argentine title of the 1928 film known in English as ''''[[The Charge\n        of the Gauchos]]''''.\\n\\nThe anthem appears at the beginning of the [[1985\n        in film|1985]] movie ''''[[The Official Story]]'''', [[Academy Awards|Academy\n        Award]] winner.\\n===Short instrumental versions===\\n{{listen\\n | filename    =\n        Himno Nacional Argentino short instrumental.ogg\\n | title       = Short instrumental\\n\n        | description = Recording by the [[United States Navy]] Band of the abridged\n        version, used at occasions such as soccer games.\\n | format      = [[Ogg]]\\n}}\\nDue\n        to the excessive length of the official version, in international events such\n        as the [[Olympic Games]], professional [[Association football|soccer]] games,\n        and the [[Rugby World Cup]], only the instrumental introduction (which lasts\n        1 minute 6 seconds) is played. Another variation is to play the musical break\n        that leads into the chorus, the chorus itself, and the [[coda (music)|coda]].\n        Although traditional, these arrangements are not recognized by Argentine law.\\n\\n==Lyrics==\\n\\n===Original\n        version===\\nSeveral slightly different renderings of the original version,\n        ''''{{lang|es|Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica}}'''', have been published, some with\n        older spellings modernised and so on.{{cite web |url=http://www.profesorgentile.com.ar/himnonacional.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202074704/http://www.profesorgentile.com.ar/himnonacional.html|archivedate=2013-12-02|title=\\u00a1O\\u00edd\n        Mortales!... |first=Fernando |last=Pereyra |work=Dr. Jorge Horacio Gentile\n        |language=Spanish |trans_title=Hear mortals!... |accessdate=5 November 2014}}\n        A modern rendering of the original version, with some changes to wording and\n        punctuation The very first version published[http://colegiodecaligrafos.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/primerimpresohimno.jpg\n        Early published version of the Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica, with errors], including\n        \\\"se ''''opone'''' a la frente\\\" instead of \\\"se ''''pone'''' a la frente\\\".\n        had some errors. In addition to spelling mistakes (\\\"imbasor\\\" for \\\"invasor\\\"\n        in the printed version, but not the manuscriptImage of manuscript [http://mininterior.gov.ar/archivo/galerias/img_galerias/himno_03.jpg\n        page 1] [http://mininterior.gov.ar/archivo/galerias/img_galerias/himno_04.jpg\n        page 2]), an error that was particularly unfortunate in light of later\n        conflicts was \\\"Buenos--Ayres se ''''opone'''' a la frente de los pueblos\n        ...\\\" in the manuscript instead of \\\"... se ''''pone'''' ...\\\"; \\\"Buenos Aires\n        ''''opposes'''' the front of the peoples\\\" instead of \\\"Buenos Aires ''''puts\n        itself at'''' the front of the peoples\\\".[http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1669-90412006000100015&script=sci_arttext\n        The Patriotic March written by Vicente L\\u00f3pez: Depiction of a historical\n        scene of tension]. Analysis of the original Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica, in Spanish,\n        with abstract in English. A \\\"corrected\\\" original version bearing the\n        same date of 14 May 1813 (still with some clear errors, such as ''''son\\u00f3ro'''',\n        ''''cien'''' for [[Temple (anatomy)|temples]] of the head, and inconsistencies\n        such as both ''''alas'''' and ''''\\u00e1las'''') is transcribed below, as\n        printed.[http://tn.com.ar/sites/default/files/2013/05/11/uploaded/image012.gif\n        Image of the 14 May 1813 sheet with the words of the  Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica]\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=\\\"320\\\"|''''''''''{{lang|es|Marcha\n        Patri\\u00f3tica}}'''' (1813)''''''!!width=\\\"390\\\"|English translation\\n|-\n        valign=\\\"top\\\"\\n||\\n  O\\u00edd, mortales el grito sagrado\\nLibertad,\n        libertad, libertad:\\nO\\u00edd el ruido de rotas cadenas,\\nved en trono a la\n        noble igualdad.\\nSe levanta en la faz de la tierra\\nUna nueva gloriosa naci\\u00f3n,\\nCoronada\n        su cien de laureles,\\nY a sus plantas rendido un Leon.\\n            CORO\\n      ''''Sean\n        eternos los laureles,''''\\n    ''''Que supimos conseguir:''''\\n    ''''Coronados\n        de gloria vivamos,''''\\n    ''''O juremos con gloria morir.''''\\n\\n  De los\n        nuevos campeones los rostros\\nMarte mismo parece animar;\\nLa grandeza se anida\n        en sus pechos:\\nA su marcha todo hacen temblar.\\nSe conmueven del Inca las\n        tumbas,\\nY en sus huesos revive el ardor,\\nLo que v\\u00e9 renovando a sus\n        hijos\\nDe la Patria el antiguo esplendor.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  Pero\n        sierras y muros se sienten\\nRetumbar con horrible fragor:\\nTodo el pa\\u00eds\n        se conturba por gritos\\nDe venganza, de guerra, y furor.\\nEn los fieros tiranos\n        la envidia\\nEscupi\\u00f3 su pest\\u00edfera hiel,\\nSu estandarte sangriento\n        levantan\\nprovocando a la lid m\\u00e1s cruel.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles\n        &c.''''\\n  \\u00bfNo los veis sobre M\\u00e9xico, y Quito\\nArrojarse con sa\\u00f1a\n        tenaz?\\n\\u00bfY qu\\u00e1l lloran, ba\\u00f1ados en sangre\\nPotos\\u00ed, Cochabamba,\n        y La Paz?\\n\\u00bfNo los veis sobre el triste Caracas\\nLuto, y llanto, y muerte\n        esparcir?\\n\\u00bfNo los veis devorando qual fieras\\nTodo pueblo que logran\n        rendir?\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  A vosotros se atreve Argentinos,\\nEl\n        orgullo del vil invasor.\\nVuestros campos y\\u00e1 pisa contando\\nTantas glorias\n        hollar vencedor.\\nMas los bravos, que unidos juraron\\nSu feliz libertad sostener,\\nA\n        estos tigres sedientos de sangre\\nFuertes pechos sabr\\u00e1n oponer.\\n''''Sean\n        eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  El valiente Argentino \\u00e1 las armas\\nCorre\n        ardiendo con br\\u00edo y valor:\\nEl clar\\u00edn de la guerra, qual trueno\\nEn\n        los campos del Sud reson\\u00f3.\\n{{sic|Buenos--Ayres|hide=y}} se oponeTypo; \\\"pone\\\" is meant. \\u00e1 la frente\\nDe\n        los pueblos de la \\u00ednclita union,\\nY con brazos robustos desgarran\\nAl\n        ib\\u00e9rico altivo Leon.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  San Jos\\u00e9,\n        San Lorenzo, Suipacha,\\nAmbas Piedras, Salta, y Tucum\\u00e1n,\\nLa Colonia\n        y las mismas murallas\\nDel tirano en la banda Oriental.\\nSon letreros eternos\n        que dicen:\\nAqu\\u00ed el brazo argentino triunf\\u00f3:\\nAqu\\u00ed el fiero\n        opresor de la Patria\\nsu cerviz orgullosa dobl\\u00f3.\\n''''Sean eternos los\n        laureles &c.''''\\n  La victoria al guerrero argentino\\ncon sus \\u00e1las brillantes\n        cubri\\u00f3,\\nY azorado \\u00e1 su vista el tirano\\nCon infamia \\u00e1 la fuga\n        se di\\u00f3.\\nSus banderas, sus armas se rinden \\npor trofeos a la libertad,\\nY\n        sobre alas de gloria alza el pueblo\\nTrono digno a su gran majestad.\\n''''Sean\n        eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  Desde un polo hasta el otro resuena\\nDe la\n        fama el son\\u00f3ro clar\\u00edn,\\nY de Am\\u00e9rica el nombre ense\\u00f1ando\\nLes\n        repite, mortales, o\\u00edd:\\nY\\u00e1 su trono dign\\u00edsimo abrieron\\nLas\n        provincias unidas del Sud.\\nY los libres del mundo responden\\nAl gran pueblo\n        argentino salud.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n\\n  Es copia ''''Dr\n        Bernardo Velez''''  Secretario del Gobierno de Intendencia.\\n    ''''Buenos\n        Ayres mayo 14 de 1813. [[:es:Real Imprenta de Ni\\u00f1os Exp\\u00f3sitos|Imprenta\n        de Ni\\u00f1os Exp\\u00f3sitos]]''''.\\n||\\nHear, mortals, the sacred\n        cry:\\n\\\"Freedom, freedom, freedom\\\"\\nHear the sound of broken chains,\\nsee\n        noble equality enthroned.\\nOn the face of the earth rises \\nA glorious new\n        nation. \\nHer head is crowned with laurels, \\nAnd a Lion lies defeated at\n        her feet.\\n            CHORUS\\n''''May the laurels be eternal'''',\\n''''that\n        we knew how to win''''.\\n''''Let us live crowned with glory'''',\\n''''or swear\n        to die gloriously''''.\\n\\nThe faces of the new champions\\nseem animated by\n        Mars himself\\nGreatness nestles in their breasts:\\nas they march everything\n        trembles.\\nThe tombs of the dead Inca are shaken up,\\nand in their bones the\n        ardour revives\\nwhich renews their children\\nof the Fatherland the ancient\n        splendour.\\n''''May the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nBut hills and walls are\n        heard\\nto echo with awful clamour:\\nthe whole country is shaken by cries\\nof\n        revenge, of war, and fury.\\nOn fierce tyrants envy\\nspat its pestilential\n        bile;\\ntheir bloody standard they raise\\nprovoking the most cruel fighting.\\n''''May\n        the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nDo you not see them on Mexico and Quito\\nthrowing\n        themselves with tenacious cruelty?\\nAnd how weep, soaked in blood,\\nPotos\\u00ed,\n        Cochabamba and La Paz?\\nDo you not see them over sad Caracas\\nspread mourning,\n        and tears, and death?\\nDo you not see them devouring as wild beasts\\nall peoples\n        who they defeat?\\n''''May the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nIt dares face you,\n        Argentines,\\nthe pride of the vile invader.\\nYour lands it tramples, boasting\\nof\n        many glories as victor.\\nBut the brave, who united swore\\ntheir happy freedom\n        to sustain,\\nthese blood-thirsty tigers\\nthey will confront with strong chests.\\n''''May\n        the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nThe valiant Argentine to arms\\nruns burning\n        with zest and valour,\\nthe bugle of war, as thunder,\\nin the fields of the\n        South resounded.\\nBuenos Aires opposesTypo in original; \\\"puts itself\n        at the front\\\" is meant. See top of this section the front\\nof the people\n        of the illustrious Union,\\nand with strong arms they tear to pieces\\nthe arrogant\n        Iberian lion.\\n''''May the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nSan Jos\\u00e9, San\n        Lorenzo, Suipacha,\\nboth Piedras, Salta and Tucum\\u00e1n,\\nLa Colonia and\n        even the walls\\nof the tyrant on the Eastern bank\\u2020.\\nThey are eternal\n        signboards that say:\\n\\\"Here Argentine hands triumphed,\\nhere the fierce oppressor\n        of the Fatherland\\nhis proud neck bent\\\".\\n''''May the laurels be eternal\n        etc''''.\\nVictory enveloped the Argentine warrior\\nwith its shining wings,\\nand\n        stunned at this sight the tyrant\\nwith infamy took to flight.\\nHis flags,\n        his arms surrendered\\nas trophies to freedom,\\nand on wings of glory the people\n        raise\\na throne worthy of its great majesty.\\n''''May the laurels be eternal\n        etc''''.\\nFrom pole to pole resounds\\nthe sonorous bugle of fame,\\nand showing\n        the name of America\\nit repeats \\\"Mortals, hear!:\\nTheir noble throne have\n        now opened\\nthe united provinces of the South.\\\"\\nAnd the free people of the\n        world reply:\\n\\\"To the great Argentine people, hail!\\\"\\n''''May the laurels\n        be eternal etc''''.\\n\\n\\u2020 \\\"Eastern bank\\\" of the [[Uruguay\n        River]].\\n|}\\n\\n===Modern version===\\nThe following is the modern\n        version, adopted in 1924, omitting the long anti-Spanish middle section.\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=\\\"290\\\"|''''''Abbreviated modern version (1924)''''''!!width=\\\"360\\\"|English\n        translation\\n|- valign=\\\"top\\\"\\n||\\nO\\u00edd, mortales, el grito sagrado:\\n\\\"\\u00a1Libertad! \\u00a1Libertad! \\u00a1Libertad!\\\"
\\nO\\u00edd el\n        ruido de rotas cadenas
\\nved en trono a la noble igualdad
\\n\\nYa su trono dign\\u00edsimo abrieron
\\nlas Provincias Unidas del Sud\\ny los libres del mundo responden:
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino,\n        salud!\\\"
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino, salud!\\\"
\\nY los libres\n        del mundo responden:
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino, salud!\\\"\\nY los libres del mundo responden:
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino,\n        salud!\\\"
\\n
\\nSean eternos los laureles,
\\nque supimos conseguir,\\nque supimos conseguir.
\\nCoronados de gloria vivamos
\\no juremos\n        con gloria morir!
\\nO juremos con gloria morir!
\\nO juremos con\n        gloria morir!
\\n||\\nHear, mortals, the sacred cry:
\\n\\\"Freedom!\n        Freedom! Freedom!\\\"
\\nHear the sound of broken chains
\\nSee noble\n        equality enthroned.
\\n
\\nTheir most worthy throne have now opened\\nThe [[United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata|United Provinces of the\n        South]].
\\nAnd the free people of the world reply:
\\n\\\"To the great\n        [[Argentine people]], hail!\\\"
\\n\\\"To the great Argentine people, hail!\\\"\\nAnd the free ones of the world reply:
\\n\\\"To the great Argentine\n        people, hail!\\\"
\\nAnd the free ones of the world reply:
\\n\\\"To the\n        great Argentine people, hail!\\\"
\\n
\\nMay the laurels be eternal\\nthat we were able to achieve
\\nthat we were able to achieve
\\nLet\n        us live crowned in glory
\\nor let us swear in glory to die
\\nOr\n        let us swear in glory to die
\\nOr let us swear in glory to die.
\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://nationalanthems.me/argentina-himno-nacional-argentino/ Argentina:\n        ''''Himno Nacional Argentino'''' - Audio of the national anthem of Argentina,\n        with information and lyrics]\\n*[http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/ANTHEMS/Argentina%20(long).mp3\n        Argentine National Anthem MP3]\\n*[http://www.nationalanthems.info/ar.mp3 Argentine\n        National Anthem MP3]\\n*[https://archive.org/download/HimnoNacionalArgentino_100/HimnoNacionalArgentinovocal.mp3\n        Argentine National Anthem (vocal) MP3]\\n*[http://www.sitiosargentina.com.ar/mp3/himno_inst.mp3\n        Argentine National Anthem MP3]\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTAf27OkuYE\n        Argentine National Anthem with English subtitles] on [[YouTube]].\\n*[https://archive.org/details/himnoargquechua\n        Listen in the Quechua language]\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wjz5ZcHNgbA\n        Argentine National Anthem] Upade Radio broadcast Television Versi\\u00f3n.\\n*[http://users.atw.hu/szbszig/argentina.mp3\n        Choral]\\n\\n{{National emblems of Argentina}}\\n{{National Anthems of South\n        America}}\\n\\n[[Category:National symbols of Argentina]]\\n[[Category:South\n        American anthems|Argentina]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-language songs]]\\n[[Category:1810s\n        songs]]\\n[[Category:National anthems]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T06:00:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":786039401,\"length\":25152,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_National_Anthem\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine_National_Anthem&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_National_Anthem\"},\"29464291\":{\"pageid\":29464291,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"En\n        uni\\u00f3n y libertad\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-22T22:50:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''''''{{lang|es|En\n        uni\\u00f3n y libertad}}'''''''''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for \\\"in unity\n        and freedom\\\") is [[Argentina]]''s national motto.{{cite web |url=http://www.centrosanfrancisco.org.ar/noticias/UNION.pdf\n        |title=En uni\\u00f3n y libertad |last=Pezzano |first=Luciano |website=Centro\n        Filat\\u00e9lico y Numism\\u00e1tico San Francisco |page=1 |language=Spanish\n        |trans_title=In unity and freedom |format=PDF |accessdate=3 January 2014 |quote=El\n        objeto de este estudio es la divisa \\\"En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad\\\", aut\\u00e9ntico\n        lema nacional ...}}{{cite web |url=http://www.caei.com.ar/sites/default/files/cultura.pdf#page=17\n        |title=La cultura como factor de un poder de estado |last=Fern\\u00e1ndez |first=Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Mart\\u00edn |website=Centro Argentino de Estudios Internacionales |page=17\n        |language=Spanish |trans_title=Culture as a factor of a state power |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=3 January 2014 |quote=El lema de la Argentina es desde la Asamblea\n        del A\\u00f1o XIII \\\"En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad\\\".}} It appeared for the\n        first time on the earliest Argentine gold and silver coins, as established\n        by the [[Assembly of the Year XIII|1813 General Assembly]]{{cite web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/escudonacional/asamblea.html\n        |title=Asamblea General Constituyente. Sesi\\u00f3n del 12 de Marzo de 1813\n        |website=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n |language=Spanish\n        |trans_title=General Constituent Assembly. Session of March 12, 1813 |accessdate=3\n        January 2014 |quote=... por el reverso un Sol que ocupe todo el centro,\n        y alrededor la inscripci\\u00f3n siguiente: En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad ...\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104034616/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/escudonacional/asamblea.html\n        |archivedate=4 January 2014 |df= }} during the [[Argentine War of Independence|War\n        of Independence]] of the [[United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\n        from the [[Spanish Empire]]. It can be seen in all [[Argentine peso|peso]]\n        coins and banknotes currently in circulation.\\n\\n\\nFile:Coat\n        of arms of Argentina.svg|[[Coat of arms of Argentina]]. The handshake symbolizes\n        unity and the [[Phrygian cap]], freedom.\\n\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{National\n        emblems of Argentina}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:En union y libertad}}\\n[[Category:National\n        symbols of Argentina]]\\n[[Category:National mottos]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-22T22:50:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":796764760,\"length\":2322,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_uni%C3%B3n_y_libertad\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=En_uni%C3%B3n_y_libertad&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_uni%C3%B3n_y_libertad\"},\"2627884\":{\"pageid\":2627884,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Constitution\n        of Argentina\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-19T21:51:55Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Politics\n        of Argentina}}\\nThe ''''''Constitution of Argentina'''''' is the basic governing\n        document of [[Argentina]], and the primary source of existing [[Law of Argentina|law\n        in Argentina]]. [[Argentine Constitution of 1853|Its first version]] was written\n        in 1853 by a Constitutional Assembly gathered in [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]], and the doctrinal basis was taken in part from the [[United States Constitution]].\n        It was then reformed in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 (which mainly repealed\n        the 1949 reform), and the current version is the [[1994 reform of the Argentine\n        Constitution|reformed text of 1994]].\\n\\n==History==\\n[[Image:JuanBaustistaAlberdi.JPG|thumb|230px|[[Juan\n        Bautista Alberdi]], the legal scholar who drafted the 1853 Constitution.]]\n        \\nThe first attempt to divide political power in [[Argentina]] was during\n        the government created after the [[May Revolution]] (Spanish: Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        de Mayo): the [[Primera Junta]] could not create new taxes without the ''''Cabildo''''''s\n        authorization.\\n\\nMany revolutionary leaders, led by [[Mariano Moreno]], wanted\n        to declare independence immediately and to make a constitution in order to\n        build an independent state. In October 1811, the [[Junta Grande]], which succeeded\n        the Primera Junta, enacted the Regulation for the Division of Power, but it\n        was not accepted by the [[First Triumvirate (Argentina)|executive power]].\n        Nevertheless, the [[freedom of press]] and the Decree on Individual Security\n        were accepted by November.\\nIn 1813, the [[Asamblea del A\\u00f1o XIII|General\n        Constitutional Assembly]] was intended to declare a constitution but it could\n        only declare the freedom for slaves'' sons.\\n\\nIn [[Argentine Constitution\n        of 1819|1819]] and [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826]] were declared two\n        constitutions that eventually failed because of the disagreement between [[Federales\n        (Argentina)|Federals]] and [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]].\\nMany other ''''constitutional''''\n        pacts existed between 1820 and 1853 (when the current Argentine Constitution\n        was enacted). The most important of them are: the [[Treaty of Pilar]] (1820),\n        the [[Quadrilateral Treaty|Treaty of the ''''Cuadril\\u00e1tero'''']] (1822),\n        the [[Pacto Federal|Federal Pact]] (1831), the Palermo Protocol (1852), and\n        the [[San Nicol\\u00e1s Agreement|Treaty of San Nicol\\u00e1s]] (1852).\\n\\nThe\n        [[Pacto Federal|Federal Pact]] urged all the provinces to call a General Federal\n        Congress, however this would have limited [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]]''s power\n        who was the most powerful province governor, so the Congress was never called.\\nWhen\n        Rosas was defeated, in 1852, the [[San Nicol\\u00e1s Agreement|Treaty of San\n        Nicol\\u00e1s]] finally called the Constitutional Congress that, in Santa Fe,\n        on May 1, 1853, sworn to make effective the federal Constitution. Consequently,\n        the [[Buenos Aires Province|Province of Buenos Aires]] left the [[Argentine\n        Confederation]] until 1859.\\n\\n===Reforms to the 1853 Constitution===\\nThe\n        first constitutional amendment to the original 1853 text was performed in\n        1860 after Buenos Aires rejoined the Argentine Confederation. It consisted\n        of several changes to many of the original articles. One of the major changes\n        was the renaming of the state: according to the reform, the country would\n        be officially named ''''Rep\\u00fablica Argentina'''' (\\\"Argentine Republic\\\")\n        and, for legal purposes, ''''Naci\\u00f3n Argentina'''' (\\\"Argentine Nation\\\"),\n        replacing the older Argentine Confederation denomination in all articles of\n        the constitution. Another important inclusion was the constitutional recognizing\n        of Buenos Aires'' exclusive rights guaranteed by the Treaty of San Nicol\\u00e1s.\\n\\nThe\n        following reform was done in 1866 and established that exportation and importation\n        taxes would be destined to the National Treasury indefinitely, no longer until\n        1866 as the 1860 reform did.\\n\\nIn 1898, another minor constitutional amendment\n        was approved. It allowed a more flexible ratio for proportional apportionment\n        in the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] and set the number\n        of ministries to eight.\\n\\nDuring [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]]''s government\n        the [[Argentine Constitution of 1949]] was successfully passed, a major revision\n        of the constitution. Its goal was to modernize and adapt the text to the twentieth\n        century''s concepts of democracy, as for example, including a list of ''''social\n        rights'''' including better working conditions for the working class, right\n        to good education, etc. This also was included into the principles stated\n        on the Preamble. Also, it permitted the indefinite reelection of the president.\\n\\nDuring\n        the military regime known as the ''''[[Revoluci\\u00f3n Libertadora]]'''' that\n        had deposed Per\\u00f3n''s government in 1955, in 1957 and before the elections\n        that had to be held in 1958, a Constitutional Convention was elected to reform\n        the constitution. This reform does not include 1949''s, implicitly annulling\n        it so the text was based on the 1898 one. The only changes done were to include\n        a summary of Per\\u00f3n''s social articles known as ''''article 14 bis''''\n        (existing currently) and to establish the necessity to have a Labour and Social\n        Security Code.\\n\\nIn 1972, a \\\"Constitutional Amendment\\\" done by the military\n        government led by general [[Alejandro A. Lanusse]] reformed the 1957 text.\n        This had to last until 1977 but its application could be extended until 1981\n        if no Constitutional Convention in 1976 decided either to accept it or reject\n        it definitively. This amendment was not fully applied by the democratic government\n        of Per\\u00f3n in his third term nor by his wife [[Isabel Per\\u00f3n]] acting\n        as President after his death. Some changes were related to the size of Senate\n        and one-term reelection of president and vice-president. Also reduced presidential,\n        senatorial and deputies'' terms all to four years.\\n\\nThe last (and current)\n        version of the Argentine Constitution was done by [[Carlos Sa\\u00fal Menem]]\n        in 1994. It included many of the modifications from the 1972 \\\"amendment\\\"\n        as the growth of the Senate size (three per Province), one-term presidential\n        reelection and reduction of its term to four years. It also made [[Buenos\n        Aires|Buenos Aires City]] an [[Autonomous city|autonomous entity]] with its\n        own authorities. Other changes were done to ensure a softer presidentialist\n        regime, the inclusion of a new chapter into the Bill of Rights related to\n        politics, health and environment, and also the adoption of a much faster legislative\n        procedure for creating laws. In addition with the 1994 constitutional reform,\n        the requirement of belonging to the Roman Catholic faith in order to be President\n        or Vice President of the Republic, was also abolished.{{cite web|title=Argentina\n        1853 (reinst. 1983, rev. 1994)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Argentina_1994?lang=en|website=Constitute|accessdate=2\n        March 2015}}\\n\\n==Divisions==\\nThe Argentine Constitution has four major\n        division types; Parts, Titles, Divisions and Chapters, though these need not\n        be present all the time. For example, the First Part is divided into Chapters\n        but not into Titles nor Sections. The scheme of the Constitution is the following:\\n*Preamble\\n*First\n        Part (43 sections)\\n**First Chapter ''''Declarations, rights and guarantees''''\n        (35 sections)\\n**Second Chapter ''''New rights and guarantees'''' (8 sections)\\n*Second\n        Part ''''Authorities of the Nation'''' (86 sections)\\n**First Title ''''Federal\n        Government'''' (77 sections)\\n***First Division ''''Of the Legislative Power''''\n        (43 sections, 42 + 1 separated)\\n****First Chapter ''''Of the Chamber of Deputies''''''(9\n        sections)\\n****Second Chapter ''''Of the Senate'''' (9 sections)\\n****Third\n        Chapter ''''Common dispositions to both Chambers'''' (12 sections)\\n****Fourth\n        Chapter ''''Powers of the Congress'''' (2 sections, of which one is sub-divided\n        32 times)\\n****Fifth Chapter ''''Of the formation of Laws'''' (8 sections)\\n****Sixth\n        Chapter ''''Of the [[Auditor\\u00eda General de la Nacion]] (1 sections)\\n****Seventh\n        Chapter ''''Of the Ombudsman'''' (1 sections)\\n***Second Division ''''Of the\n        Executive Power'''' (21 sections)\\n****First Chapter ''''Of its nature and\n        duration'''' (7 sections)\\n****Second Chapter ''''Of the way and time of the\n        election of the President and \\n****Third Chapter ''''Powers of the Executive\n        Branch'''' (1 sections sub-divided 20 times)\\n****Fourth Chapter ''''Of the\n        ministers'''' (8 sections, of which one is sub-divided 13 times)\\n***Third\n        Division ''''Of the Judicial Power'''' (12 sections)\\n****First Chapter ''''Of\n        its nature and duration'''' (8 sections)\\n****Second Chapter ''''Powers of\n        the Judicial Branch'''' (4 sections)\\n***Fourth Section ''''Of the Office\n        of the Public Prosecution'''' (1 sections)\\n**Second Title ''''Provincial\n        Governments'''' (9 sections)\\n*Transitorial Provisions\\n\\n==Preamble==\\n[[Image:Constituci\\u00f3n\n        Nacional Argentina 1853 - p\\u00e1gina 1.jpeg|thumb|240px|left|''''\\\"Nos los\n        Representantes del Pueblo de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina …\\\"'''']]\\nThe\n        Preamble of the Argentine Constitution states or implies, in short terms,\n        a number of starting points for the conception of the nation, such as a representative\n        government. It acknowledges previous agreements to create a constitution (in\n        order to legitimize the gathering of the Assembly). Finally, it lays the foundations\n        for the policy of support of [[immigration in Argentina|immigration]], by\n        asking \\\"for the protection of [[God]], source of all reason and justice\\\"\n        for all people who desire to inhabit Argentina.\\n\\n==Declarations, rights\n        and guarantees ==\\nThe Constitution establishes a Bill of Rights and Guarantees\n        for all individuals, Argentine or foreign; the inviolability of the right\n        of life, liberty, equality, security and property. The second chapter, added\n        in 1994, deals with public ethics, political rights, environmental protection\n        and consumer rights.\\n\\nCivil rights are recognized to all inhabitants with\n        no distinction of nationality. This is a consequence of the traditional interest\n        of Argentina in the affluence of foreigners and foreign investment. Labor\n        rights are also acknowledged (this is part of the legacy of [[Peronism]],\n        resulting in the 1949 and 1957 reforms). These include limited labor day,\n        just salary, right of organization, social security benefits, etc.\\n\\nThe\n        constitution declares that no one can be deprived of property, except in case\n        of judicial sentence based on previously enacted legislation, or through expropriation\n        for reasons of public utility, dully qualified by law and previously indemnified.\n        The person, its judicial defense, its domicile and correspondence are inviolable.\\n\\nWhat\n        the law does not forbid is permitted. Individuals have complete freedom to\n        do or refuse to do anything in private, except if that interferes with public\n        order or morality, or causes damage to third parties.\\n\\nThe 1994 reform introduces\n        several new legal figures: ''''amparo judicial'''' (an [[injunction]]), ''''habeas\n        corpus'''' and ''''habeas data''''. Injunctions are destined to protect citizens\n        from actual or imminent damage; ''''[[habeas corpus (Argentine law)|habeas\n        corpus]]'''' (known for a long time to Argentine jurisprudence, and related\n        to the [[habeas corpus]] of [[Common Law]]) is to protect the citizen''s physical\n        freedom; and ''''[[habeas data (Argentine law)|habeas data]]'''' is a person''s\n        right to access information about himself or herself, and request its confidentiality,\n        a change or a suppression.\\n\\nThe Argentine Constitution''s rights are divided\n        in four groups: Civil, patrimonial, politic and social.\\n\\n===Declarations===\\nDeclarations\n        state the basis that hold the nation''s politics and define it as an independent\n        entity, for example, Article 1 states that the government is representative,\n        republican and federal and Article 35 lists the Country''s official names.\\n\\n===Guarantees===\\nThey\n        are institutional methods to protect the exercise of fundamental rights. They\n        are so important that it is possible to say that a right can be held as long\n        as it has a guarantee to protect it.\\nMost of Guarantees are in the sections\n        18 and 43, between these are: habeas corpus, the abolition of death penalty\n        and torture.\\n\\n===Rights===\\nThe Argentine Constitution''s rights are divided\n        in four groups: Civil, patrimonial, politic and social.\\n\\n* ''''''Civil''''''\n        rights are related to the people as individuals. Some examples are: right\n        to live, have honor, have a name, make associations and to express opinions.\\n*\n        ''''''Patrimonial'''''' rights protect men in relation to their goods. Some\n        examples are: to own, to sell and to hire and build legal industries.\\n* ''''''Politic''''''\n        rights allow people to take part in the government, by themselves or by electing\n        representatives: this category includes the right to choose and be chosen\n        for the government and to make or join a political party.\\n* ''''''Social''''''\n        rights are related to people as part of society: these are (among many others)\n        the rights to work, to have fair wages, to know, to learn, to teach.\\n\\nIn\n        [[Argentina]], Freedom is one of the most important rights. Section 19 says\n        that private actions of men that don''t harm the public order or another man\n        can not be judged by authorities. Moreover, it holds the \\\"principle of legality\\\":\n        ''''No inhabitant of the Nation will be forced to do what the law doesn''t\n        order nor forbidden to do what the law doesn''t forbid''''.\\nEquality is as\n        important as freedom. Section 16 states that in the country there are no noble\n        titles and \\\"all its inhabitants are equal before the law\\\"\\n\\n==Form of government==\\nAccording\n        to the Constitution, Argentina is a representative [[federalism|federal]]\n        [[republic]], divided in [[provinces of Argentina|provinces]], [[municipality|municipalities]],\n        and the Autonomous City of [[Buenos Aires]]. Each province has the right and\n        duty to dictate its own constitution, respecting the same principles as the\n        national constitution.\\n\\n==Divisions of government powers==\\n[[Image:Edificio\n        del Congreso en Buenos Aires 2004.JPG|thumb|250px|Congress building in Buenos\n        Aires, Argentina]]\\nThe Constitution mandates a strict separation of government\n        powers, into three branches (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial) and the\n        Public Ministry.\\n\\n===Executive===\\nThe Executive Branch is formed by the\n        [[President of Argentina|President]] (Art. 87). The Vice-president replaces\n        the President in case of illness, absence from the capital, death, resignation,\n        or removal.\\n\\nThe Vice-President doesn''t belong to the executive branch.\n        Curiously, it belongs to the legislative branch since he is also the president\n        of the senate. (Art. 57)\\n\\nThe President promulgates the laws sanctioned\n        by Congress, and has veto power over them. The President directs international\n        relations and is the Commander in Chief of the Army. In some cases, the President\n        can issue [[Necessity and Urgency Decree|emergency decrees]].\\n\\n===Legislative===\\nThe\n        Legislative Branch is composed of the Vice-President, a bicameral Congress,\n        the General Auditing Office of the Nation and the Ombudsman. Congress is divided\n        in two Houses: ''''C\\u00e1mara de Diputados'''' ([[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]], the Lower House) and ''''C\\u00e1mara de Senadores'''' ([[Argentine\n        Senate|Senate]], the Upper House).\\n\\nThe Vice-President belongs in the Legislative\n        Branch since he (or she) is also the President of the Senate Chamber.\\n\\nThe\n        General Auditing Office of the Nation is a technical advisory body of Congress\n        with functional autonomy.\\n\\nThe Ombudsman is an independent body which works\n        without receiving instructions from any authority. The mission of the Ombudsman\n        is the defense and protection of human rights, civil rights and guarantees,\n        and the control of the Administration.\\n\\n===Judicial===\\nThe Judicial Branch\n        is formed by the Supreme Court, and lower courts throughout the country. The\n        Supreme Justices and all judges hold their offices as long as they are not\n        deposed for misbehavior.\\n\\n===Public Ministry===\\nThe Public Ministry is\n        an independent body with functional autonomy and financial autarchy, with\n        the function of promoting justice for the defense of legality, of the general\n        interests of society, in coordination with the other authorities of the Republic.\\n\\nIt\n        is composed of an Attorney General of the Nation and an Ombudsman General\n        of the Nation, and such other members as the law may establish.\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Argentine\n        Constitution of 1853]]\\n* [[Argentine Constitution of 1949]]\\n* [[Politics\n        of Argentina]]\\n* [[Law of Argentina]]\\n* [[Constitution]]\\n* [[Constitutional\n        law]]\\n* [[Constitutional economics]]\\n* [[Constitutionalism]]\\n* [[Rule according\n        to higher law]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n{{wikisourcepar|Constitution\n        of Argentina}}\\n*{{en icon}} [http://www.biblioteca.jus.gov.ar/argentina-constitution.pdf\n        Official translation to English]\\n*{{es icon}} {{cite web |url= http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dip/congreso/Constitucion%20sola.pdf\n        |archive-url= http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090224232449/http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dip/congreso/Constitucion%20sola.pdf\n        |dead-url= yes |archive-date= 2009-02-24 |title= Complete text }} {{small|(323 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}\n        from the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies]] page.\\n*{{es icon}} [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12948322049039384109435/p0000001.htm#I_0_\n        Reforms to the original 1853 Constitution]\\n\\n''''Formaci\\u00f3n \\u00c9tica\n        y ciudadana, los derechos humanos, la vida en democracia y la sociedad justa''''\n        - Casullo, Funes, Hirschmann, Rasnosky, and Schuster, {{ISBN|950-46-0582-6}}\\n\\n{{Americas\n        topic|Constitution of|title=Constitutions of American countries}}\\n{{Argentina\n        topics}}\\n\\n[[Category:Constitutions of Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Argentine\n        law]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-19T21:51:55Z\",\"lastrevid\":796301393,\"length\":17412,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 19:32:26 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has been found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|pmid=20059473|volume=74|issue=1|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376|year=2010|last1=Corach|first1=Daniel|last2=Lao|first2=Oscar|last3=Bobillo|first3=Cecilia|last4=Van\n        Der Gaag|first4=Kristiaan|last5=Zuniga|first5=Sofia|last6=Vermeulen|first6=Mark|last7=Van\n        Duijn|first7=Kate|last8=Goedbloed|first8=Miriam|last9=Vallone|first9=Peter\n        M|last10=Parson|first10=Walther|last11=De Knijff|first11=Peter|last12=Kayser|first12=Manfred}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
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It has been called ''''Himno Nacional\n        Argentino'''' since it was published with that name in 1847. Its lyrics were\n        written by the Buenos Aires-born politician [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]]\n        and the music was composed by the Spanish musician [[Blas Parera]].{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.casarosada.gov.ar/nuestro-pais/simbolos-nacionales |title=S\\u00edmbolos\n        Nacionales |publisher=Presidency of the Argentine Nation |language=Spanish\n        |trans_title=National Symbols |accessdate=21 November 2011 |quote=La necesidad\n        de tener una canci\\u00f3n patri\\u00f3tica, que surgi\\u00f3 con la Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        de Mayo y que el Triunvirato supo comprender, se ve plasmada hoy en el Himno\n        Nacional Argentino, con m\\u00fasica de Blas Parera, letra de Vicente L\\u00f3pez\n        y Planes, y arreglo de Juan P. Esnaola.}} The work was adopted as the\n        sole official song on May 11, 1813, three years after the [[May Revolution]];\n        May 11 is therefore [[Anthem]] Day in Argentina.\\n\\nSome first, quite different,\n        anthems were composed from 1810; a version was then introduced in 1813 which\n        was used throughout the nineteenth century. The present, much shorter, anthem\n        comprises only the first and last verses and the chorus of the 1813 Patriotic\n        March, omitting much emotional text about the [[Argentine War of Independence|struggle\n        for independence]] from [[Spain]] (''''with strong arms they tear to pieces\n        the arrogant Iberian lion'''').\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:Versi\\u00f3n francesa\n        del Himno argentino.jpg|thumb|right|160px|French transcription for piano by\n        Luis Messemaeckers, published in 1822. This is the oldest sheet found of the\n        anthem outside Argentina.]]\\nThe first anthem was the Patriotic March, published\n        on 15 November 1810 in the ''''{{lang|es|[[Gazeta de Buenos Ayres]]}}''''.\n        It had lyrics by Esteban de Luca and music by Blas Parera. This original anthem\n        made no reference to the [[name of Argentina]] (the country was not formally\n        named \\\"Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\\\" until 1826, although it was referred to\n        as such) or an independentist will, and talked instead about Spain being conquered\n        by France in the [[Peninsular War]], the absolutist restoration begun by the\n        Council of Regency, and the need to keep the republican freedoms achieved\n        so far in the Americas: \\\"Spain was victim / of the plotting Gaul / because\n        to the tyrants / she bent her neck / If there treachery / has doomed a thousands\n        cities / let sacred freedom and union reign here / Let the father to the sons\n        / be able to say / enjoy rights / that I did not enjoy\\\".{{cite book\n        |title=Seamos libres y lo dem\\u00e1s no importa nada |trans_title=Let us be\n        free and nothing else matters |last=Galasso |first=Norberto |authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso |year=2000 |publisher=Colihue |location=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |isbn=978-950-581-779-5 |page=103 |quote=''''Espa\\u00f1a fue presa / del Galo\n        sutil / porque a los tiranos / rindi\\u00f3 la cerbiz. / Si all\\u00e1 la perfidia\n        / perdi\\u00f3 a pueblos mil / libertad sagrada / y uni\\u00f3n reine aqu\\u00ed\n        / El padre a sus hijos / pueda ya decir / Gozad de derechos / que no conoc\\u00ed.''''}}\\n\\nIn\n        mid-1812, the ruling [[First Triumvirate (Argentina)|triumvirate]] ordered\n        the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] to commission a national anthem. Cayetano Rodr\\u00edguez,\n        a Franciscan friar, wrote a text that was approved on 4 August. The Catalan\n        musician Blas Parera, music director of the local theater, set it to music\n        and performed it for the first time with the orchestra he conducted on 1 November.{{cite\n        book |title=El Himno Nacional Argentino |trans_title=The Argentine National\n        Anthem |last=Vega |first=Carlos |year=1962 |publisher=Eudeba |location=Buenos\n        Aires |language=Spanish |pages=15\\u201318}}\\n\\nLess than a year later\n        the [[Asamblea del A\\u00f1o XIII|Assembly of Year XIII]] estimated that the\n        song was not effective enough to serve as a national anthem. On 6 March 1813\n        several poets were asked to submit lyrics. The poem by the lawyer Vicente\n        L\\u00f3pez y Planes was unanimously considered the best. It was approved as\n        the \\\"sole national march\\\" (''''{{lang|es|\\u00fanica marcha nacional}}'''')\n        on May 11, 1813. Parera was asked to compose a new musical setting around\n        the same date. He must have finished the piece in a few days. Oral tradition\n        has it that the premiere took place on May 14, 1813 at the home of the aristocrat\n        [[Mariquita S\\u00e1nchez|Mariquita S\\u00e1nchez de Thompson]], but there is\n        no documentary evidence of that.Galasso, p. 102. If this episode\n        is true, then Parera, contrary to certain misconceptions, wrote quickly and\n        under no visible coercion. The published song sheet is dated 14 May 1813.\n        He again conducted the official premiere in the theater on May 28, and was\n        paid 200 [[Argentine peso|pesos]].Vega, ''''El Himno Nacional Argentino'''',\n        pp. 22\\u201327.\\n\\n[[File:Partitura del Himno Nacional Argentino hallada\n        en Bolivia.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Music sheet]] found in [[Santa Ana de Velasco]],\n        [[Bolivia]], c. 1860.]]\\nThe song includes a line that has given rise to controversy:\n        ''''Buenos--Ayres se [o]pone \\u00e1 la frente De los pueblos de la \\u00ednclita\n        union''''. In the manuscript and an early printed song-sheet the word\n        ''''opone'''' is used; a slightly later version of the song-sheet correcting\n        obvious errors such as spelling mistakes was issued with the same date of\n        14 May 1813, but with ''''opone'''' changed to ''''pone''''. The meaning reverses:\n        \\\"Buenos Aires ''''opposes'''' the front of the people of the union\\\" to \\\"Buenos\n        Aires ''''positions itself at'''' the front ...\\\". The original ''''opone''''  has\n        been interpreted as advancing part of the centralist views in Buenos Aires,\n        but has also been considered a \\\"tragical misprint\\\". In\n        many other lines the anthem goes beyond the [[Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        theater]] of the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] and references\n        events in Mexico, Central America, Northern South America, and Upper Peru.Galasso,\n        pp. 102\\u2013103. The growing ideas of independence are reflected in\n        lines such as \\\"On the surface of the earth rises a glorious new nation, her\n        head is crowned with laurels, and a Lion lies defeated at her feet\\\". This\n        portrays not just Spanish absolutism, but Spain itself, as the enemy.Galasso,\n        p. 103.\\n\\nThe composition was then known as ''''{{lang|es|Canci\\u00f3n\n        Patri\\u00f3tica Nacional}}'''' (National Patriotic Song), and later simply\n        as ''''{{lang|es|Canci\\u00f3n Patri\\u00f3tica}}'''' (Patriotic Song), but\n        in [[Juan Pedro Esnaola]]''s early arrangement, dated around 1848, it appeared\n        under the title ''''{{lang|es|Himno Nacional Argentino}}'''', and the name\n        has been retained until today.Vega, ''''El Himno Nacional Argentino'''',\n        pp. 88\\u201389. In the complete version of the Anthem of May (as was\n        christened by L\\u00f3pez) it is noted that the political vision portrayed\n        is not only Argentine, but Latin American. The lyrics are ardently pro-independence\n        and anti-Spanish, as the country was at that time fighting for its independence\n        from Spain.{{cite web |url=http://nationalanthems.me/argentina-himno-nacional-argentino/\n        |title=Argentina |publisher=NationalAnthems.me |accessdate=21 November 2011\n        |quote=The original lyrics of the anthem included harsh attacks on Spain,\n        the former colonial power.}}\\n\\nThe song became popular immediately.\n        Within ten years documented performances took place throughout Argentina,\n        and also in Chile, Peru, and Colombia until they had their own anthems.Vega,\n        ''''El Himno Nacional Argentino'''', pp. 30\\u201341. Different versions\n        emerged, making mass singing difficult; several reforms were then proposed.\n        In 1860 Esnaola was commissioned to create an official version. He took the\n        task to heart, making many changes to the music, including a slower tempo,\n        a fuller texture, alterations to the melody, and enrichment of the harmony.\n        In 1927 a committee produced a historicist version that undid several of Esnaola''s\n        changes, but introduced new problems in the sung line. After a heated public\n        debate fueled by the newspaper ''''{{lang|es|[[La Prensa (Buenos Aires)|La\n        Prensa]]}}'''', this version was rejected and, following the recommendations\n        of a second committee, Esnaola''s arrangement was officially reinstated.{{cite\n        book |title=O juremos con gloria morir: historia de una \\u00e9pica de estado\n        |trans_title=Or swear to die gloriously: history of a state epic |last=Buch\n        |first=Esteban |date=January 1994 |publisher=Editorial Sudamericana |location=Buenos\n        Aires |language=Spanish |isbn=978-950-07-0964-4 |pages=103\\u2013114 }}\n        In 1944 it was confirmed as the official anthem.\\n\\nThroughout the 19th century\n        the anthem was sung in its entirety. However, once harsh feelings against\n        Spain had dissipated, and the country had become home to many Spanish immigrants,\n        a modification was introduced by a decree of President [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        on March 30, 1900:\\n\\n{{quote|''''\\\"Without producing alterations in the lyrics\n        of the National Anthem, there are in it verses that perfectly describe the\n        concept that nations universally have regarding their anthems in peaceful\n        times, and that harmonize with the serenity and dignity of thousands of Spanish\n        that share our living, those that can and must be preferred to be sung in\n        official parties, for they respect the traditions and the law in no offense\n        to anyone, the President of the Republic decrees that:''''\\n\\n''''In official\n        or public parties, as well as in public schools, shall be sung only the first\n        and last verses and the chorus of the National Song sanctioned by the General\n        Assembly on May 11, 1813.\\\"''''}}\\n\\nThe words strongly attacking Spain were\n        no longer sung.Buch, ''''O juremos con gloria morir'''', pp. 87\\u201392.\\n\\n==Usage==\\nPerformance\n        of the anthem is mandatory during all official events, and Argentines in attendance\n        are expected to stand up and sing it. [[Radio in Argentina|Radio]] broadcasters\n        voluntarily perform the anthem at midnight, while [[Television in Argentina|TV\n        channels]] do so before closing down their daily broadcast. On [[Public holidays\n        in Argentina|national holidays]], it is mandatory to perform the anthem at\n        midnight and noon.\\n\\nThe anthem is ruled in [[Law of Argentina|Argentine\n        law]] by Decree 10302/1944.\\n{{cite web |url=http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/verNorma.do?id=59311\n        |title=Decreto 10302/1944 |publisher=Ministry of Justice and Human Rights\n        |language=Spanish |trans_title=Decree 10302/1944 |accessdate=21 November 2011}}\\n\\nThe\n        rock musician [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]] broke legal regulations dealing with\n        the reproduction of the song when he included an idiosyncratic [[cover version]]\n        in his 1990 album ''''{{lang|es|Filosof\\u00eda barata y zapatos de goma}}'''',\n        stirring much controversy.Buch, ''''O juremos con gloria morir'''', pp.\n        147\\u2013156. In 1998 various [[Music of Argentina|Argentine artists]]\n        reedited the anthem and other patriotic songs in the joint album ''''{{lang|es|El\n        Grito Sagrado}}''''. Other singers followed on their footsteps recreating\n        the piece in their own ways.\\n\\nA line from the original anthem was used as\n        the Argentine title of the 1928 film known in English as ''''[[The Charge\n        of the Gauchos]]''''.\\n\\nThe anthem appears at the beginning of the [[1985\n        in film|1985]] movie ''''[[The Official Story]]'''', [[Academy Awards|Academy\n        Award]] winner.\\n===Short instrumental versions===\\n{{listen\\n | filename    =\n        Himno Nacional Argentino short instrumental.ogg\\n | title       = Short instrumental\\n\n        | description = Recording by the [[United States Navy]] Band of the abridged\n        version, used at occasions such as soccer games.\\n | format      = [[Ogg]]\\n}}\\nDue\n        to the excessive length of the official version, in international events such\n        as the [[Olympic Games]], professional [[Association football|soccer]] games,\n        and the [[Rugby World Cup]], only the instrumental introduction (which lasts\n        1 minute 6 seconds) is played. Another variation is to play the musical break\n        that leads into the chorus, the chorus itself, and the [[coda (music)|coda]].\n        Although traditional, these arrangements are not recognized by Argentine law.\\n\\n==Lyrics==\\n\\n===Original\n        version===\\nSeveral slightly different renderings of the original version,\n        ''''{{lang|es|Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica}}'''', have been published, some with\n        older spellings modernised and so on.{{cite web |url=http://www.profesorgentile.com.ar/himnonacional.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202074704/http://www.profesorgentile.com.ar/himnonacional.html|archivedate=2013-12-02|title=\\u00a1O\\u00edd\n        Mortales!... |first=Fernando |last=Pereyra |work=Dr. Jorge Horacio Gentile\n        |language=Spanish |trans_title=Hear mortals!... |accessdate=5 November 2014}}\n        A modern rendering of the original version, with some changes to wording and\n        punctuation The very first version published[http://colegiodecaligrafos.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/primerimpresohimno.jpg\n        Early published version of the Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica, with errors], including\n        \\\"se ''''opone'''' a la frente\\\" instead of \\\"se ''''pone'''' a la frente\\\".\n        had some errors. In addition to spelling mistakes (\\\"imbasor\\\" for \\\"invasor\\\"\n        in the printed version, but not the manuscriptImage of manuscript [http://mininterior.gov.ar/archivo/galerias/img_galerias/himno_03.jpg\n        page 1] [http://mininterior.gov.ar/archivo/galerias/img_galerias/himno_04.jpg\n        page 2]), an error that was particularly unfortunate in light of later\n        conflicts was \\\"Buenos--Ayres se ''''opone'''' a la frente de los pueblos\n        ...\\\" in the manuscript instead of \\\"... se ''''pone'''' ...\\\"; \\\"Buenos Aires\n        ''''opposes'''' the front of the peoples\\\" instead of \\\"Buenos Aires ''''puts\n        itself at'''' the front of the peoples\\\".[http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1669-90412006000100015&script=sci_arttext\n        The Patriotic March written by Vicente L\\u00f3pez: Depiction of a historical\n        scene of tension]. Analysis of the original Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica, in Spanish,\n        with abstract in English. A \\\"corrected\\\" original version bearing the\n        same date of 14 May 1813 (still with some clear errors, such as ''''son\\u00f3ro'''',\n        ''''cien'''' for [[Temple (anatomy)|temples]] of the head, and inconsistencies\n        such as both ''''alas'''' and ''''\\u00e1las'''') is transcribed below, as\n        printed.[http://tn.com.ar/sites/default/files/2013/05/11/uploaded/image012.gif\n        Image of the 14 May 1813 sheet with the words of the  Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica]\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=\\\"320\\\"|''''''''''{{lang|es|Marcha\n        Patri\\u00f3tica}}'''' (1813)''''''!!width=\\\"390\\\"|English translation\\n|-\n        valign=\\\"top\\\"\\n||\\n  O\\u00edd, mortales el grito sagrado\\nLibertad,\n        libertad, libertad:\\nO\\u00edd el ruido de rotas cadenas,\\nved en trono a la\n        noble igualdad.\\nSe levanta en la faz de la tierra\\nUna nueva gloriosa naci\\u00f3n,\\nCoronada\n        su cien de laureles,\\nY a sus plantas rendido un Leon.\\n            CORO\\n      ''''Sean\n        eternos los laureles,''''\\n    ''''Que supimos conseguir:''''\\n    ''''Coronados\n        de gloria vivamos,''''\\n    ''''O juremos con gloria morir.''''\\n\\n  De los\n        nuevos campeones los rostros\\nMarte mismo parece animar;\\nLa grandeza se anida\n        en sus pechos:\\nA su marcha todo hacen temblar.\\nSe conmueven del Inca las\n        tumbas,\\nY en sus huesos revive el ardor,\\nLo que v\\u00e9 renovando a sus\n        hijos\\nDe la Patria el antiguo esplendor.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  Pero\n        sierras y muros se sienten\\nRetumbar con horrible fragor:\\nTodo el pa\\u00eds\n        se conturba por gritos\\nDe venganza, de guerra, y furor.\\nEn los fieros tiranos\n        la envidia\\nEscupi\\u00f3 su pest\\u00edfera hiel,\\nSu estandarte sangriento\n        levantan\\nprovocando a la lid m\\u00e1s cruel.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles\n        &c.''''\\n  \\u00bfNo los veis sobre M\\u00e9xico, y Quito\\nArrojarse con sa\\u00f1a\n        tenaz?\\n\\u00bfY qu\\u00e1l lloran, ba\\u00f1ados en sangre\\nPotos\\u00ed, Cochabamba,\n        y La Paz?\\n\\u00bfNo los veis sobre el triste Caracas\\nLuto, y llanto, y muerte\n        esparcir?\\n\\u00bfNo los veis devorando qual fieras\\nTodo pueblo que logran\n        rendir?\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  A vosotros se atreve Argentinos,\\nEl\n        orgullo del vil invasor.\\nVuestros campos y\\u00e1 pisa contando\\nTantas glorias\n        hollar vencedor.\\nMas los bravos, que unidos juraron\\nSu feliz libertad sostener,\\nA\n        estos tigres sedientos de sangre\\nFuertes pechos sabr\\u00e1n oponer.\\n''''Sean\n        eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  El valiente Argentino \\u00e1 las armas\\nCorre\n        ardiendo con br\\u00edo y valor:\\nEl clar\\u00edn de la guerra, qual trueno\\nEn\n        los campos del Sud reson\\u00f3.\\n{{sic|Buenos--Ayres|hide=y}} se oponeTypo; \\\"pone\\\" is meant. \\u00e1 la frente\\nDe\n        los pueblos de la \\u00ednclita union,\\nY con brazos robustos desgarran\\nAl\n        ib\\u00e9rico altivo Leon.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  San Jos\\u00e9,\n        San Lorenzo, Suipacha,\\nAmbas Piedras, Salta, y Tucum\\u00e1n,\\nLa Colonia\n        y las mismas murallas\\nDel tirano en la banda Oriental.\\nSon letreros eternos\n        que dicen:\\nAqu\\u00ed el brazo argentino triunf\\u00f3:\\nAqu\\u00ed el fiero\n        opresor de la Patria\\nsu cerviz orgullosa dobl\\u00f3.\\n''''Sean eternos los\n        laureles &c.''''\\n  La victoria al guerrero argentino\\ncon sus \\u00e1las brillantes\n        cubri\\u00f3,\\nY azorado \\u00e1 su vista el tirano\\nCon infamia \\u00e1 la fuga\n        se di\\u00f3.\\nSus banderas, sus armas se rinden \\npor trofeos a la libertad,\\nY\n        sobre alas de gloria alza el pueblo\\nTrono digno a su gran majestad.\\n''''Sean\n        eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  Desde un polo hasta el otro resuena\\nDe la\n        fama el son\\u00f3ro clar\\u00edn,\\nY de Am\\u00e9rica el nombre ense\\u00f1ando\\nLes\n        repite, mortales, o\\u00edd:\\nY\\u00e1 su trono dign\\u00edsimo abrieron\\nLas\n        provincias unidas del Sud.\\nY los libres del mundo responden\\nAl gran pueblo\n        argentino salud.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n\\n  Es copia ''''Dr\n        Bernardo Velez''''  Secretario del Gobierno de Intendencia.\\n    ''''Buenos\n        Ayres mayo 14 de 1813. [[:es:Real Imprenta de Ni\\u00f1os Exp\\u00f3sitos|Imprenta\n        de Ni\\u00f1os Exp\\u00f3sitos]]''''.\\n||\\nHear, mortals, the sacred\n        cry:\\n\\\"Freedom, freedom, freedom\\\"\\nHear the sound of broken chains,\\nsee\n        noble equality enthroned.\\nOn the face of the earth rises \\nA glorious new\n        nation. \\nHer head is crowned with laurels, \\nAnd a Lion lies defeated at\n        her feet.\\n            CHORUS\\n''''May the laurels be eternal'''',\\n''''that\n        we knew how to win''''.\\n''''Let us live crowned with glory'''',\\n''''or swear\n        to die gloriously''''.\\n\\nThe faces of the new champions\\nseem animated by\n        Mars himself\\nGreatness nestles in their breasts:\\nas they march everything\n        trembles.\\nThe tombs of the dead Inca are shaken up,\\nand in their bones the\n        ardour revives\\nwhich renews their children\\nof the Fatherland the ancient\n        splendour.\\n''''May the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nBut hills and walls are\n        heard\\nto echo with awful clamour:\\nthe whole country is shaken by cries\\nof\n        revenge, of war, and fury.\\nOn fierce tyrants envy\\nspat its pestilential\n        bile;\\ntheir bloody standard they raise\\nprovoking the most cruel fighting.\\n''''May\n        the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nDo you not see them on Mexico and Quito\\nthrowing\n        themselves with tenacious cruelty?\\nAnd how weep, soaked in blood,\\nPotos\\u00ed,\n        Cochabamba and La Paz?\\nDo you not see them over sad Caracas\\nspread mourning,\n        and tears, and death?\\nDo you not see them devouring as wild beasts\\nall peoples\n        who they defeat?\\n''''May the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nIt dares face you,\n        Argentines,\\nthe pride of the vile invader.\\nYour lands it tramples, boasting\\nof\n        many glories as victor.\\nBut the brave, who united swore\\ntheir happy freedom\n        to sustain,\\nthese blood-thirsty tigers\\nthey will confront with strong chests.\\n''''May\n        the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nThe valiant Argentine to arms\\nruns burning\n        with zest and valour,\\nthe bugle of war, as thunder,\\nin the fields of the\n        South resounded.\\nBuenos Aires opposesTypo in original; \\\"puts itself\n        at the front\\\" is meant. See top of this section the front\\nof the people\n        of the illustrious Union,\\nand with strong arms they tear to pieces\\nthe arrogant\n        Iberian lion.\\n''''May the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nSan Jos\\u00e9, San\n        Lorenzo, Suipacha,\\nboth Piedras, Salta and Tucum\\u00e1n,\\nLa Colonia and\n        even the walls\\nof the tyrant on the Eastern bank\\u2020.\\nThey are eternal\n        signboards that say:\\n\\\"Here Argentine hands triumphed,\\nhere the fierce oppressor\n        of the Fatherland\\nhis proud neck bent\\\".\\n''''May the laurels be eternal\n        etc''''.\\nVictory enveloped the Argentine warrior\\nwith its shining wings,\\nand\n        stunned at this sight the tyrant\\nwith infamy took to flight.\\nHis flags,\n        his arms surrendered\\nas trophies to freedom,\\nand on wings of glory the people\n        raise\\na throne worthy of its great majesty.\\n''''May the laurels be eternal\n        etc''''.\\nFrom pole to pole resounds\\nthe sonorous bugle of fame,\\nand showing\n        the name of America\\nit repeats \\\"Mortals, hear!:\\nTheir noble throne have\n        now opened\\nthe united provinces of the South.\\\"\\nAnd the free people of the\n        world reply:\\n\\\"To the great Argentine people, hail!\\\"\\n''''May the laurels\n        be eternal etc''''.\\n\\n\\u2020 \\\"Eastern bank\\\" of the [[Uruguay\n        River]].\\n|}\\n\\n===Modern version===\\nThe following is the modern\n        version, adopted in 1924, omitting the long anti-Spanish middle section.\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=\\\"290\\\"|''''''Abbreviated modern version (1924)''''''!!width=\\\"360\\\"|English\n        translation\\n|- valign=\\\"top\\\"\\n||\\nO\\u00edd, mortales, el grito sagrado:\\n\\\"\\u00a1Libertad! \\u00a1Libertad! \\u00a1Libertad!\\\"
\\nO\\u00edd el\n        ruido de rotas cadenas
\\nved en trono a la noble igualdad
\\n\\nYa su trono dign\\u00edsimo abrieron
\\nlas Provincias Unidas del Sud\\ny los libres del mundo responden:
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino,\n        salud!\\\"
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino, salud!\\\"
\\nY los libres\n        del mundo responden:
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino, salud!\\\"\\nY los libres del mundo responden:
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino,\n        salud!\\\"
\\n
\\nSean eternos los laureles,
\\nque supimos conseguir,\\nque supimos conseguir.
\\nCoronados de gloria vivamos
\\no juremos\n        con gloria morir!
\\nO juremos con gloria morir!
\\nO juremos con\n        gloria morir!
\\n||\\nHear, mortals, the sacred cry:
\\n\\\"Freedom!\n        Freedom! Freedom!\\\"
\\nHear the sound of broken chains
\\nSee noble\n        equality enthroned.
\\n
\\nTheir most worthy throne have now opened\\nThe [[United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata|United Provinces of the\n        South]].
\\nAnd the free people of the world reply:
\\n\\\"To the great\n        [[Argentine people]], hail!\\\"
\\n\\\"To the great Argentine people, hail!\\\"\\nAnd the free ones of the world reply:
\\n\\\"To the great Argentine\n        people, hail!\\\"
\\nAnd the free ones of the world reply:
\\n\\\"To the\n        great Argentine people, hail!\\\"
\\n
\\nMay the laurels be eternal\\nthat we were able to achieve
\\nthat we were able to achieve
\\nLet\n        us live crowned in glory
\\nor let us swear in glory to die
\\nOr\n        let us swear in glory to die
\\nOr let us swear in glory to die.
\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://nationalanthems.me/argentina-himno-nacional-argentino/ Argentina:\n        ''''Himno Nacional Argentino'''' - Audio of the national anthem of Argentina,\n        with information and lyrics]\\n*[http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/ANTHEMS/Argentina%20(long).mp3\n        Argentine National Anthem MP3]\\n*[http://www.nationalanthems.info/ar.mp3 Argentine\n        National Anthem MP3]\\n*[https://archive.org/download/HimnoNacionalArgentino_100/HimnoNacionalArgentinovocal.mp3\n        Argentine National Anthem (vocal) MP3]\\n*[http://www.sitiosargentina.com.ar/mp3/himno_inst.mp3\n        Argentine National Anthem MP3]\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTAf27OkuYE\n        Argentine National Anthem with English subtitles] on [[YouTube]].\\n*[https://archive.org/details/himnoargquechua\n        Listen in the Quechua language]\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wjz5ZcHNgbA\n        Argentine National Anthem] Upade Radio broadcast Television Versi\\u00f3n.\\n*[http://users.atw.hu/szbszig/argentina.mp3\n        Choral]\\n\\n{{National emblems of Argentina}}\\n{{National Anthems of South\n        America}}\\n\\n[[Category:National symbols of Argentina]]\\n[[Category:South\n        American anthems|Argentina]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-language songs]]\\n[[Category:1810s\n        songs]]\\n[[Category:National anthems]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T06:00:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":786039401,\"length\":25152,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_National_Anthem\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine_National_Anthem&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_National_Anthem\"},\"29464291\":{\"pageid\":29464291,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"En\n        uni\\u00f3n y libertad\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-22T22:50:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''''''{{lang|es|En\n        uni\\u00f3n y libertad}}'''''''''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for \\\"in unity\n        and freedom\\\") is [[Argentina]]''s national motto.{{cite web |url=http://www.centrosanfrancisco.org.ar/noticias/UNION.pdf\n        |title=En uni\\u00f3n y libertad |last=Pezzano |first=Luciano |website=Centro\n        Filat\\u00e9lico y Numism\\u00e1tico San Francisco |page=1 |language=Spanish\n        |trans_title=In unity and freedom |format=PDF |accessdate=3 January 2014 |quote=El\n        objeto de este estudio es la divisa \\\"En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad\\\", aut\\u00e9ntico\n        lema nacional ...}}{{cite web |url=http://www.caei.com.ar/sites/default/files/cultura.pdf#page=17\n        |title=La cultura como factor de un poder de estado |last=Fern\\u00e1ndez |first=Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Mart\\u00edn |website=Centro Argentino de Estudios Internacionales |page=17\n        |language=Spanish |trans_title=Culture as a factor of a state power |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=3 January 2014 |quote=El lema de la Argentina es desde la Asamblea\n        del A\\u00f1o XIII \\\"En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad\\\".}} It appeared for the\n        first time on the earliest Argentine gold and silver coins, as established\n        by the [[Assembly of the Year XIII|1813 General Assembly]]{{cite web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/escudonacional/asamblea.html\n        |title=Asamblea General Constituyente. Sesi\\u00f3n del 12 de Marzo de 1813\n        |website=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n |language=Spanish\n        |trans_title=General Constituent Assembly. Session of March 12, 1813 |accessdate=3\n        January 2014 |quote=... por el reverso un Sol que ocupe todo el centro,\n        y alrededor la inscripci\\u00f3n siguiente: En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad ...\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104034616/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/escudonacional/asamblea.html\n        |archivedate=4 January 2014 |df= }} during the [[Argentine War of Independence|War\n        of Independence]] of the [[United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\n        from the [[Spanish Empire]]. It can be seen in all [[Argentine peso|peso]]\n        coins and banknotes currently in circulation.\\n\\n\\nFile:Coat\n        of arms of Argentina.svg|[[Coat of arms of Argentina]]. The handshake symbolizes\n        unity and the [[Phrygian cap]], freedom.\\n\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{National\n        emblems of Argentina}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:En union y libertad}}\\n[[Category:National\n        symbols of Argentina]]\\n[[Category:National mottos]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-22T22:50:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":796764760,\"length\":2322,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_uni%C3%B3n_y_libertad\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=En_uni%C3%B3n_y_libertad&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_uni%C3%B3n_y_libertad\"},\"2627884\":{\"pageid\":2627884,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Constitution\n        of Argentina\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-19T21:51:55Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Politics\n        of Argentina}}\\nThe ''''''Constitution of Argentina'''''' is the basic governing\n        document of [[Argentina]], and the primary source of existing [[Law of Argentina|law\n        in Argentina]]. [[Argentine Constitution of 1853|Its first version]] was written\n        in 1853 by a Constitutional Assembly gathered in [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]], and the doctrinal basis was taken in part from the [[United States Constitution]].\n        It was then reformed in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 (which mainly repealed\n        the 1949 reform), and the current version is the [[1994 reform of the Argentine\n        Constitution|reformed text of 1994]].\\n\\n==History==\\n[[Image:JuanBaustistaAlberdi.JPG|thumb|230px|[[Juan\n        Bautista Alberdi]], the legal scholar who drafted the 1853 Constitution.]]\n        \\nThe first attempt to divide political power in [[Argentina]] was during\n        the government created after the [[May Revolution]] (Spanish: Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        de Mayo): the [[Primera Junta]] could not create new taxes without the ''''Cabildo''''''s\n        authorization.\\n\\nMany revolutionary leaders, led by [[Mariano Moreno]], wanted\n        to declare independence immediately and to make a constitution in order to\n        build an independent state. In October 1811, the [[Junta Grande]], which succeeded\n        the Primera Junta, enacted the Regulation for the Division of Power, but it\n        was not accepted by the [[First Triumvirate (Argentina)|executive power]].\n        Nevertheless, the [[freedom of press]] and the Decree on Individual Security\n        were accepted by November.\\nIn 1813, the [[Asamblea del A\\u00f1o XIII|General\n        Constitutional Assembly]] was intended to declare a constitution but it could\n        only declare the freedom for slaves'' sons.\\n\\nIn [[Argentine Constitution\n        of 1819|1819]] and [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826]] were declared two\n        constitutions that eventually failed because of the disagreement between [[Federales\n        (Argentina)|Federals]] and [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]].\\nMany other ''''constitutional''''\n        pacts existed between 1820 and 1853 (when the current Argentine Constitution\n        was enacted). The most important of them are: the [[Treaty of Pilar]] (1820),\n        the [[Quadrilateral Treaty|Treaty of the ''''Cuadril\\u00e1tero'''']] (1822),\n        the [[Pacto Federal|Federal Pact]] (1831), the Palermo Protocol (1852), and\n        the [[San Nicol\\u00e1s Agreement|Treaty of San Nicol\\u00e1s]] (1852).\\n\\nThe\n        [[Pacto Federal|Federal Pact]] urged all the provinces to call a General Federal\n        Congress, however this would have limited [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]]''s power\n        who was the most powerful province governor, so the Congress was never called.\\nWhen\n        Rosas was defeated, in 1852, the [[San Nicol\\u00e1s Agreement|Treaty of San\n        Nicol\\u00e1s]] finally called the Constitutional Congress that, in Santa Fe,\n        on May 1, 1853, sworn to make effective the federal Constitution. Consequently,\n        the [[Buenos Aires Province|Province of Buenos Aires]] left the [[Argentine\n        Confederation]] until 1859.\\n\\n===Reforms to the 1853 Constitution===\\nThe\n        first constitutional amendment to the original 1853 text was performed in\n        1860 after Buenos Aires rejoined the Argentine Confederation. It consisted\n        of several changes to many of the original articles. One of the major changes\n        was the renaming of the state: according to the reform, the country would\n        be officially named ''''Rep\\u00fablica Argentina'''' (\\\"Argentine Republic\\\")\n        and, for legal purposes, ''''Naci\\u00f3n Argentina'''' (\\\"Argentine Nation\\\"),\n        replacing the older Argentine Confederation denomination in all articles of\n        the constitution. Another important inclusion was the constitutional recognizing\n        of Buenos Aires'' exclusive rights guaranteed by the Treaty of San Nicol\\u00e1s.\\n\\nThe\n        following reform was done in 1866 and established that exportation and importation\n        taxes would be destined to the National Treasury indefinitely, no longer until\n        1866 as the 1860 reform did.\\n\\nIn 1898, another minor constitutional amendment\n        was approved. It allowed a more flexible ratio for proportional apportionment\n        in the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] and set the number\n        of ministries to eight.\\n\\nDuring [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]]''s government\n        the [[Argentine Constitution of 1949]] was successfully passed, a major revision\n        of the constitution. Its goal was to modernize and adapt the text to the twentieth\n        century''s concepts of democracy, as for example, including a list of ''''social\n        rights'''' including better working conditions for the working class, right\n        to good education, etc. This also was included into the principles stated\n        on the Preamble. Also, it permitted the indefinite reelection of the president.\\n\\nDuring\n        the military regime known as the ''''[[Revoluci\\u00f3n Libertadora]]'''' that\n        had deposed Per\\u00f3n''s government in 1955, in 1957 and before the elections\n        that had to be held in 1958, a Constitutional Convention was elected to reform\n        the constitution. This reform does not include 1949''s, implicitly annulling\n        it so the text was based on the 1898 one. The only changes done were to include\n        a summary of Per\\u00f3n''s social articles known as ''''article 14 bis''''\n        (existing currently) and to establish the necessity to have a Labour and Social\n        Security Code.\\n\\nIn 1972, a \\\"Constitutional Amendment\\\" done by the military\n        government led by general [[Alejandro A. Lanusse]] reformed the 1957 text.\n        This had to last until 1977 but its application could be extended until 1981\n        if no Constitutional Convention in 1976 decided either to accept it or reject\n        it definitively. This amendment was not fully applied by the democratic government\n        of Per\\u00f3n in his third term nor by his wife [[Isabel Per\\u00f3n]] acting\n        as President after his death. Some changes were related to the size of Senate\n        and one-term reelection of president and vice-president. Also reduced presidential,\n        senatorial and deputies'' terms all to four years.\\n\\nThe last (and current)\n        version of the Argentine Constitution was done by [[Carlos Sa\\u00fal Menem]]\n        in 1994. It included many of the modifications from the 1972 \\\"amendment\\\"\n        as the growth of the Senate size (three per Province), one-term presidential\n        reelection and reduction of its term to four years. It also made [[Buenos\n        Aires|Buenos Aires City]] an [[Autonomous city|autonomous entity]] with its\n        own authorities. Other changes were done to ensure a softer presidentialist\n        regime, the inclusion of a new chapter into the Bill of Rights related to\n        politics, health and environment, and also the adoption of a much faster legislative\n        procedure for creating laws. In addition with the 1994 constitutional reform,\n        the requirement of belonging to the Roman Catholic faith in order to be President\n        or Vice President of the Republic, was also abolished.{{cite web|title=Argentina\n        1853 (reinst. 1983, rev. 1994)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Argentina_1994?lang=en|website=Constitute|accessdate=2\n        March 2015}}\\n\\n==Divisions==\\nThe Argentine Constitution has four major\n        division types; Parts, Titles, Divisions and Chapters, though these need not\n        be present all the time. For example, the First Part is divided into Chapters\n        but not into Titles nor Sections. The scheme of the Constitution is the following:\\n*Preamble\\n*First\n        Part (43 sections)\\n**First Chapter ''''Declarations, rights and guarantees''''\n        (35 sections)\\n**Second Chapter ''''New rights and guarantees'''' (8 sections)\\n*Second\n        Part ''''Authorities of the Nation'''' (86 sections)\\n**First Title ''''Federal\n        Government'''' (77 sections)\\n***First Division ''''Of the Legislative Power''''\n        (43 sections, 42 + 1 separated)\\n****First Chapter ''''Of the Chamber of Deputies''''''(9\n        sections)\\n****Second Chapter ''''Of the Senate'''' (9 sections)\\n****Third\n        Chapter ''''Common dispositions to both Chambers'''' (12 sections)\\n****Fourth\n        Chapter ''''Powers of the Congress'''' (2 sections, of which one is sub-divided\n        32 times)\\n****Fifth Chapter ''''Of the formation of Laws'''' (8 sections)\\n****Sixth\n        Chapter ''''Of the [[Auditor\\u00eda General de la Nacion]] (1 sections)\\n****Seventh\n        Chapter ''''Of the Ombudsman'''' (1 sections)\\n***Second Division ''''Of the\n        Executive Power'''' (21 sections)\\n****First Chapter ''''Of its nature and\n        duration'''' (7 sections)\\n****Second Chapter ''''Of the way and time of the\n        election of the President and \\n****Third Chapter ''''Powers of the Executive\n        Branch'''' (1 sections sub-divided 20 times)\\n****Fourth Chapter ''''Of the\n        ministers'''' (8 sections, of which one is sub-divided 13 times)\\n***Third\n        Division ''''Of the Judicial Power'''' (12 sections)\\n****First Chapter ''''Of\n        its nature and duration'''' (8 sections)\\n****Second Chapter ''''Powers of\n        the Judicial Branch'''' (4 sections)\\n***Fourth Section ''''Of the Office\n        of the Public Prosecution'''' (1 sections)\\n**Second Title ''''Provincial\n        Governments'''' (9 sections)\\n*Transitorial Provisions\\n\\n==Preamble==\\n[[Image:Constituci\\u00f3n\n        Nacional Argentina 1853 - p\\u00e1gina 1.jpeg|thumb|240px|left|''''\\\"Nos los\n        Representantes del Pueblo de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina …\\\"'''']]\\nThe\n        Preamble of the Argentine Constitution states or implies, in short terms,\n        a number of starting points for the conception of the nation, such as a representative\n        government. It acknowledges previous agreements to create a constitution (in\n        order to legitimize the gathering of the Assembly). Finally, it lays the foundations\n        for the policy of support of [[immigration in Argentina|immigration]], by\n        asking \\\"for the protection of [[God]], source of all reason and justice\\\"\n        for all people who desire to inhabit Argentina.\\n\\n==Declarations, rights\n        and guarantees ==\\nThe Constitution establishes a Bill of Rights and Guarantees\n        for all individuals, Argentine or foreign; the inviolability of the right\n        of life, liberty, equality, security and property. The second chapter, added\n        in 1994, deals with public ethics, political rights, environmental protection\n        and consumer rights.\\n\\nCivil rights are recognized to all inhabitants with\n        no distinction of nationality. 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They\n        are so important that it is possible to say that a right can be held as long\n        as it has a guarantee to protect it.\\nMost of Guarantees are in the sections\n        18 and 43, between these are: habeas corpus, the abolition of death penalty\n        and torture.\\n\\n===Rights===\\nThe Argentine Constitution''s rights are divided\n        in four groups: Civil, patrimonial, politic and social.\\n\\n* ''''''Civil''''''\n        rights are related to the people as individuals. Some examples are: right\n        to live, have honor, have a name, make associations and to express opinions.\\n*\n        ''''''Patrimonial'''''' rights protect men in relation to their goods. Some\n        examples are: to own, to sell and to hire and build legal industries.\\n* ''''''Politic''''''\n        rights allow people to take part in the government, by themselves or by electing\n        representatives: this category includes the right to choose and be chosen\n        for the government and to make or join a political party.\\n* ''''''Social''''''\n        rights are related to people as part of society: these are (among many others)\n        the rights to work, to have fair wages, to know, to learn, to teach.\\n\\nIn\n        [[Argentina]], Freedom is one of the most important rights. Section 19 says\n        that private actions of men that don''t harm the public order or another man\n        can not be judged by authorities. Moreover, it holds the \\\"principle of legality\\\":\n        ''''No inhabitant of the Nation will be forced to do what the law doesn''t\n        order nor forbidden to do what the law doesn''t forbid''''.\\nEquality is as\n        important as freedom. Section 16 states that in the country there are no noble\n        titles and \\\"all its inhabitants are equal before the law\\\"\\n\\n==Form of government==\\nAccording\n        to the Constitution, Argentina is a representative [[federalism|federal]]\n        [[republic]], divided in [[provinces of Argentina|provinces]], [[municipality|municipalities]],\n        and the Autonomous City of [[Buenos Aires]]. Each province has the right and\n        duty to dictate its own constitution, respecting the same principles as the\n        national constitution.\\n\\n==Divisions of government powers==\\n[[Image:Edificio\n        del Congreso en Buenos Aires 2004.JPG|thumb|250px|Congress building in Buenos\n        Aires, Argentina]]\\nThe Constitution mandates a strict separation of government\n        powers, into three branches (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial) and the\n        Public Ministry.\\n\\n===Executive===\\nThe Executive Branch is formed by the\n        [[President of Argentina|President]] (Art. 87). The Vice-president replaces\n        the President in case of illness, absence from the capital, death, resignation,\n        or removal.\\n\\nThe Vice-President doesn''t belong to the executive branch.\n        Curiously, it belongs to the legislative branch since he is also the president\n        of the senate. 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Congress is divided\n        in two Houses: ''''C\\u00e1mara de Diputados'''' ([[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]], the Lower House) and ''''C\\u00e1mara de Senadores'''' ([[Argentine\n        Senate|Senate]], the Upper House).\\n\\nThe Vice-President belongs in the Legislative\n        Branch since he (or she) is also the President of the Senate Chamber.\\n\\nThe\n        General Auditing Office of the Nation is a technical advisory body of Congress\n        with functional autonomy.\\n\\nThe Ombudsman is an independent body which works\n        without receiving instructions from any authority. The mission of the Ombudsman\n        is the defense and protection of human rights, civil rights and guarantees,\n        and the control of the Administration.\\n\\n===Judicial===\\nThe Judicial Branch\n        is formed by the Supreme Court, and lower courts throughout the country. 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      white;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ed2|\\u9ed2]] black;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d64|\\u8d64]]\n        red;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d05|\\u7d05]] crimson;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9752|\\u9752]]\n        blue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ec4|\\u9ec4]] yellow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dd1|\\u7dd1]]\n        green;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]] gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9280|\\u9280]]\n        silver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d2b|\\u7d2b]] violet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d3a|\\u7d3a]]\n        dark blue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6731|\\u6731]] vermilion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8910|\\u8910]]\n        brown;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85cd|\\u85cd]] indigo;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f69|\\u5f69]]\n        brightly coloured;}}\\n\\n=== Shape, size, pattern, arrangement ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f62|\\u5f62]]\n        shape;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f53|\\u4f53]] form;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ff|\\u59ff]]\n        figure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a21|\\u6a21]] pattern;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67c4|\\u67c4]]\n        design, pattern;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5186|\\u5186]] circle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e38|\\u4e38]]\n        circular;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f2|\\u66f2]] curve;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f27|\\u5f27]]\n        arc;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74b0|\\u74b0]] ring, surround;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f2a|\\u8f2a]]\n        ring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51f9|\\u51f9]] concave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51f8|\\u51f8]]\n        convex;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89d2|\\u89d2]] angle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u659c|\\u659c]]\n        diagonal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7403|\\u7403]] sphere;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u570f|\\u570f]]\n        sphere;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7389|\\u7389]] ball;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dda|\\u7dda]]\n        line;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5217|\\u5217]] row, line;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e26|\\u4e26]]\n        line up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5927|\\u5927]] large;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de8|\\u5de8]]\n        huge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c0f|\\u5c0f]] small;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fae|\\u5fae]]\n        minute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72ed|\\u72ed]] narrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aef|\\u7aef]]\n        edge or border;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e01|\\u7e01]] edge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5468|\\u5468]]\n        perimeter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5883|\\u5883]] boundary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67a0|\\u67a0]]\n        frame, border;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aef|\\u7aef]] end, tip;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5074|\\u5074]]\n        side;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9685|\\u9685]] corner;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ad8|\\u9ad8]]\n        tall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9577|\\u9577]] long;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77ed|\\u77ed]]\n        short;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e83|\\u5e83]] wide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e45|\\u5e45]]\n        width;}}\\n\\n=== Miscellaneous properties ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u786c|\\u786c]]\n        hard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8edf|\\u8edf]] soft;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cd|\\u91cd]]\n        heavy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8efd|\\u8efd]] light (weight);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56fa|\\u56fa]]\n        solid, firm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6db2|\\u6db2]] liquid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f37|\\u5f37]]\n        strong;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f31|\\u5f31]] weak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u539a|\\u539a]]\n        thick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6fc3|\\u6fc3]] thick, concentrated;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8584|\\u8584]]\n        dilute, thin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d30|\\u7d30]] slender;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dfb|\\u7dfb]]\n        fine, delicate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fae|\\u5fae]] delicate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92ed|\\u92ed]]\n        sharp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592a|\\u592a]] fat, thick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6df1|\\u6df1]]\n        deep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d45|\\u6d45]] shallow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6691|\\u6691]]\n        hot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u71b1|\\u71b1]] hot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e29|\\u6e29]]\n        warm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6696|\\u6696]] warm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51b7|\\u51b7]]\n        cold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bd2|\\u5bd2]] cold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e72|\\u5e72]]\n        dry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e7e|\\u4e7e]] dry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e7f|\\u6e7f]]\n        damp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f64|\\u6f64]] moist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d44|\\u6d44]]\n        clean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c5a|\\u6c5a]] dirty;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c98|\\u7c98]]\n        sticky;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8276|\\u8276]] glossy;}}\\n\\n== Directions and\n        spatial relationships ==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5317|\\u5317]] north;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5357|\\u5357]]\n        south;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6771|\\u6771]] east;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u897f|\\u897f]]\n        west;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de6|\\u5de6]] left;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f3|\\u53f3]]\n        right;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e0b|\\u4e0b]] down;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e0a|\\u4e0a]]\n        up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u524d|\\u524d]] front;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f8c|\\u5f8c]]\n        back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88cf|\\u88cf]] rear, back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e95|\\u5e95]]\n        bottom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5916|\\u5916]] outside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e2d|\\u4e2d]]\n        inside/middle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5185|\\u5185]] inside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592e|\\u592e]]\n        centre;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5965|\\u5965]] interior;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9593|\\u9593]]\n        between;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5165|\\u5165]] direction in;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51fa|\\u51fa]]\n        direction out;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b9|\\u65b9]] direction;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fd1|\\u8fd1]]\n        near;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9060|\\u9060]] distant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5411|\\u5411]]\n        toward}}\\n\\n=== Movement ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6765|\\u6765]] come;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u884c|\\u884c]]\n        go;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65c5|\\u65c5]] travel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f80|\\u5f80]]\n        go, depart;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e30|\\u5e30]] return;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53c2|\\u53c2]]\n        go (esp. visit);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u843d|\\u843d]] fall, drop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d74|\\u8d74]]\n        go to;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d8a|\\u8d8a]] go beyond, exceed;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5012|\\u5012]]\n        fall over;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u589c|\\u589c]] fall down, crash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u63da|\\u63da]]\n        raise, elevate}}\\n\\n== Numbers, counting, sequence==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6570|\\u6570]]\n        number;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f6|\\u96f6]] zero;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e00|\\u4e00]]\n        one;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e8c|\\u4e8c]] two;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e09|\\u4e09]]\n        three;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56db|\\u56db]] four;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e94|\\u4e94]]\n        five;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u516d|\\u516d]] six;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e03|\\u4e03]]\n        seven;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u516b|\\u516b]] eight;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e5d|\\u4e5d]]\n        nine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5341|\\u5341]] ten;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u767e|\\u767e]]\n        100;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5343|\\u5343]] 1,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e07|\\u4e07]]\n        10,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5104|\\u5104]] 100,000,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5146|\\u5146]]\n        1,000,000,000,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b2c|\\u7b2c]] ordinal marker;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u521d|\\u521d]]\n        first;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e59|\\u4e59]] second (ordinal);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e19|\\u4e19]]\n        third (ordinal);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6841|\\u6841]] digit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53cc|\\u53cc]]\n        pair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u591a|\\u591a]] many;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c11|\\u5c11]]\n        few;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u534a|\\u534a]] half;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e21|\\u4e21]]\n        both;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5404|\\u5404]] each;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bce|\\u6bce]]\n        every;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b21|\\u6b21]] next;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fcc|\\u7fcc]]\n        the following;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u756a|\\u756a]] numerical order;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9806|\\u9806]]\n        sequence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e8f|\\u5e8f]] sequence}}\\n\\n===Counters===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u500b|\\u500b]]\n        general counter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f0|\\u53f0]] counter for machines\n        and vehicles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679a|\\u679a]] counter for flat things;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672c|\\u672c]] counter for cylindrical things;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96bb|\\u96bb]]\n        counter for ships;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u518a|\\u518a]] counter for books;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5339|\\u5339]] counter for animals;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u758b|\\u758b]]\n        counter for small animals or insects;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982d|\\u982d]]\n        counter for large animals;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fbd|\\u7fbd]] counter for\n        birds and rabbits;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b87|\\u7b87]] counter for articles;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8db3|\\u8db3]] counter for pairs of footwear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672d|\\u672d]]\n        counter for bonds, tickets;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u676f|\\u676f]] counter for\n        cupfuls;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ed2|\\u8ed2]] counter for houses;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6238|\\u6238]]\n        counter for houses;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f2a|\\u8f2a]] counter for wheels\n        and flowers;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7573|\\u7573]] counter for tatami mats;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] counter for loaves of bread;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e01|\\u4e01]]\n        miscellaneous counter}}\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eba|\\u4eba]] counter for people}}\\n\\n===Handling\n        amounts===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b97|\\u7b97]] calculation;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u500d|\\u500d]]\n        times, double;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5897|\\u5897]] increase, add;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b96|\\u6b96]]\n        increase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8017|\\u8017]] decrease, consume;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e1b|\\u6e1b]]\n        dwindle, decrease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e2e|\\u7e2e]] shrink, contract;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u52a0|\\u52a0]] add to;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9664|\\u9664]]\n        division;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5206|\\u5206]] divide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5256|\\u5256]]\n        split in two}}\\n\\n===Units===\\n\\nUnits of length:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3a|\\u5c3a]]\n        Japanese foot (around 30 cm);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bf8|\\u5bf8]] 1/10 Japanese\n        foot (around 3 cm);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5398|\\u5398]] (around 0.3 mm);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cc|\\u91cc]] league (around 3.9 km)}}\\n\\nUnits of area:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u576a|\\u576a]]\n        two-mat area (around 3.3 m\\u00b2);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u755d|\\u755d]] 30\n        tsubo (around 100 m\\u00b2)}}\\n\\nUnits of volume:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u52fa|\\u52fa]]\n        ladle (around 18 ml);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5347|\\u5347]] (around 1.8 l);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6597|\\u6597]] (around 18 l);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77f3|\\u77f3]]\n        (around 180 l)}}\\n\\nUnits of weight:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5301|\\u5301]] (around\n        3.75 grams);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] (around 600 g)}}\\n\\n== Time\n        ==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]] day;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9031|\\u9031]]\n        week;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] month;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e74|\\u5e74]]\n        year;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66dc|\\u66dc]] day of week;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66a6|\\u66a6]]\n        calendar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u671d|\\u671d]] morning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5348|\\u5348]]\n        noon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u663c|\\u663c]] daytime;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5915|\\u5915]]\n        evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6669|\\u6669]] evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb5|\\u5bb5]]\n        early evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u591c|\\u591c]] night;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6681|\\u6681]]\n        sunrise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ed|\\u65ed]] rising sun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e6|\\u65e6]]\n        sunrise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66ae|\\u66ae]] sunset;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6642|\\u6642]]\n        time, hour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5206|\\u5206]] minute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79d2|\\u79d2]]\n        second;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eca|\\u4eca]] now;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e9|\\u65e9]]\n        early;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9045|\\u9045]] late;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u524d|\\u524d]]\n        before;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f8c|\\u5f8c]] after;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e45|\\u4e45]]\n        long ago;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e7|\\u65e7]] former;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66fd|\\u66fd]]\n        formerly;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fd1|\\u8fd1]] recent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5148|\\u5148]]\n        ahead, previous;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9593|\\u9593]] interval of time;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u671f|\\u671f]]\n        time period;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66ab|\\u66ab]] a while;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d00|\\u7d00]]\n        era;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6628|\\u6628]] previous time;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56de|\\u56de]]\n        number of times;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9803|\\u9803]] time, about;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u969b|\\u969b]]\n        moment, occasion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ea6|\\u5ea6]] number of times;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6614|\\u6614]]\n        antiquity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c38|\\u6c38]] eternity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ec|\\u65ec]]\n        period of 10 days;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59cb|\\u59cb]] begin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d42|\\u7d42]]\n        end;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e4|\\u53e4]] old;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8001|\\u8001]]\n        old;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82e5|\\u82e5]] young;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b0|\\u65b0]]\n        new;}}\\n\\n=== Seasons ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b63|\\u5b63]] season;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5019|\\u5019]]\n        season;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] season, period;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6625|\\u6625]]\n        spring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u590f|\\u590f]] summer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79cb|\\u79cb]]\n        autumn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51ac|\\u51ac]] winter}}\\n\\n=== Days of the week\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66dc|\\u66dc]] weekday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]]\n        Sunday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] Monday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706b|\\u706b]]\n        Tuesday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c34|\\u6c34]] Wednesday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6728|\\u6728]]\n        Thursday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]] Friday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u571f|\\u571f]]\n        Saturday}}\\n\\n== Nature ==\\n\\n===Sky and heavens===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]]\n        sun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u967d|\\u967d]] sun or [[Yin and yang|yang principle]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] moon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u661f|\\u661f]]\n        star;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5929|\\u5929]] sky or heaven;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a7a|\\u7a7a]]\n        sky or void;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c17|\\u6c17]] air;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b87|\\u5b87]]\n        universe;}}\\n\\n===Natural substances ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]]\n        metal or gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9280|\\u9280]] silver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9285|\\u9285]]\n        copper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u925b|\\u925b]] lead;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9244|\\u9244]]\n        iron;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9291|\\u9291]] pig iron;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92fc|\\u92fc]]\n        steel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9271|\\u9271]] ore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6676|\\u6676]]\n        crystal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7389|\\u7389]] jewel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u73e0|\\u73e0]]\n        pearl or jewel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c34|\\u6c34]] water;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c37|\\u6c37]]\n        ice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c7d|\\u6c7d]] steam, vapour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77f3|\\u77f3]]\n        stone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u70ad|\\u70ad]] coal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7070|\\u7070]]\n        ash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u571f|\\u571f]] earth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5730|\\u5730]]\n        ground or earth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7802|\\u7802]] sand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c99|\\u6c99]]\n        sand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ce5|\\u6ce5]] mud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5869|\\u5869]]\n        salt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e39|\\u4e39]] cinnabar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u786b|\\u786b]]\n        sulphur;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9178|\\u9178]] acid, oxygen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a92|\\u7a92]]\n        nitrogen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6750|\\u6750]] timber, material;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cb9|\\u6cb9]]\n        oil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8102|\\u8102]] fat;}}\\n\\n===Weather and other natural\n        phenomena===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f2|\\u96f2]] cloud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66c7|\\u66c7]]\n        cloud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96e8|\\u96e8]] rain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8679|\\u8679]]\n        rainbow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98a8|\\u98a8]] wind;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96ea|\\u96ea]]\n        snow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d50|\\u5d50]] storm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5019|\\u5019]]\n        climate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6674|\\u6674]] fine weather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u971e|\\u971e]]\n        haze or mist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f7|\\u96f7]] lightning or thunder;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9727|\\u9727]] fog or mist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u971c|\\u971c]]\n        frost;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9732|\\u9732]] dew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ce2|\\u6ce2]]\n        wave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f6e|\\u6f6e]] tide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e26|\\u6e26]]\n        whirlpool;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d2a|\\u6d2a]] flood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9707|\\u9707]]\n        earthquake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u707d|\\u707d]] natural disaster;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6697|\\u6697]]\n        dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95c7|\\u95c7]] dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51a5|\\u51a5]]\n        dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5149|\\u5149]] light;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u660e|\\u660e]]\n        light;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9670|\\u9670]] [[Yin and yang|yin principle]]\n        or shadow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f71|\\u5f71]] shadow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7159|\\u7159]]\n        smoke or fumes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96fb|\\u96fb]] electricity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78c1|\\u78c1]]\n        magnet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706b|\\u706b]] fire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u708e|\\u708e]]\n        blaze}}\\n\\n===Landscape and topography===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9678|\\u9678]]\n        land;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91ce|\\u91ce]] field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7551|\\u7551]]\n        field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u539f|\\u539f]] field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7530|\\u7530]]\n        rice paddy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7267|\\u7267]] pasture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cc|\\u91cc]]\n        countryside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58cc|\\u58cc]] fertile soil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f20|\\u6f20]]\n        desert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c71|\\u5c71]] mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cb3|\\u5cb3]]\n        peak or mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cf0|\\u5cf0]] peak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ce0|\\u5ce0]]\n        mountain pass;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e18|\\u4e18]] hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ca1|\\u5ca1]]\n        hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u961c|\\u961c]] hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5742|\\u5742]]\n        slope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9e93|\\u9e93]] foot of mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5824|\\u5824]]\n        embankment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c37|\\u8c37]] valley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6eaa|\\u6eaa]]\n        mountain stream or valley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ce1|\\u5ce1]] gorge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e13|\\u6e13]]\n        ravine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a9f|\\u7a9f]] cave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ca9|\\u5ca9]]\n        rock or boulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5dcc|\\u5dcc]] rock or boulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f20|\\u6f20]]\n        desert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ddd|\\u5ddd]] river;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cb3|\\u6cb3]]\n        river or stream;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cc9|\\u6cc9]] water spring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6edd|\\u6edd]]\n        waterfall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u702c|\\u702c]] shallows, rapids;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5800|\\u5800]]\n        ditch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7554|\\u7554]] levee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ca2|\\u6ca2]]\n        swamp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cbc|\\u6cbc]] marsh;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d77|\\u6d77]]\n        ocean or sea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d0b|\\u6d0b]] ocean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c96|\\u6c96]]\n        open sea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e56|\\u6e56]] lake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c60|\\u6c60]]\n        pond;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f5f|\\u6f5f]] lagoon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7901|\\u7901]]\n        reef;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c5f|\\u6c5f]] creek or bay;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e7e|\\u6e7e]]\n        bay, gulf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cb8|\\u5cb8]] shore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78ef|\\u78ef]]\n        seashore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d5c|\\u6d5c]] beach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d66|\\u6d66]]\n        bay, beach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d16|\\u5d16]] cliff;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d0e|\\u5d0e]]\n        promontory or cape;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57fc|\\u57fc]] promontory;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cac|\\u5cac]]\n        headland;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cf6|\\u5cf6]] island;}}\\n\\n=== Animals ===\\n\\n:''''See\n        also Food and Drink''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72ac|\\u72ac]] dog;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72d7|\\u72d7]]\n        dog;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u732b|\\u732b]] cat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f20|\\u9f20]]\n        mouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u514e|\\u514e]] rabbit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u99ac|\\u99ac]]\n        horse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u725b|\\u725b]] cow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f8a|\\u7f8a]]\n        sheep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c5a|\\u8c5a]] pig;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9e7f|\\u9e7f]]\n        deer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7363|\\u7363]] beast;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u755c|\\u755c]]\n        livestock;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c61|\\u8c61]] elephant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u864e|\\u864e]]\n        tiger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u718a|\\u718a]] bear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72fc|\\u72fc]]\n        wolf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72d0|\\u72d0]] fox;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72f8|\\u72f8]]\n        raccoon dog ([[tanuki]]);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u733f|\\u733f]] monkey;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f9c|\\u9f9c]]/[[wikt:\\u4e80|\\u4e80]]\n        turtle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bc6|\\u9bc6]] dolphin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9be8|\\u9be8]]\n        whale;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u866b|\\u866b]] insect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6606|\\u6606]]\n        insect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8702|\\u8702]] bee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u868a|\\u868a]]\n        mosquito;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8695|\\u8695]] silkworm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u86cd|\\u86cd]]\n        firefly;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u86c7|\\u86c7]] snake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c10|\\u9c10]]\n        alligator or crocodile}}\\n\\n==== Fish ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b5a|\\u9b5a]]\n        fish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c9d|\\u8c9d]] shellfish;}}\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bc9|\\u9bc9]]\n        [[carp]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b92|\\u9b92]] [[crucian carp]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ba0|\\u9ba0]]\n        [[minnow]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c52|\\u9c52]] [[trout]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bad|\\u9bad]]\n        [[salmon]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c78|\\u9c78]] [[Dicentrarchus labrax|sea\n        bass]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bdb|\\u9bdb]] [[sea bream]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0c|\\u9c0c]]\n        [[stone loach]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c48|\\u9c48]] [[cod]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c3b|\\u9c3b]]\n        [[eel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bca|\\u9bca]] [[goby]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bd6|\\u9bd6]]\n        [[mackerel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c2f|\\u9c2f]] [[sardine]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bf5|\\u9bf5]]\n        [[Trachurus trachurus|scad]] / [[Trachurus trachurus|horse mackerel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0a|\\u9c0a]]\n        [[herring]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0d|\\u9c0d]] [[Cottus gobio|bullhead]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bf0|\\u9bf0]] [[catfish]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c08|\\u9c08]]/[[wikt:\\u9b83|\\u9b83]]\n        [[flounder]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c24|\\u9c24]] [[amberjack]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b83|\\u9b83]]\n        [[sole (fish)|sole]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bab|\\u9bab]] [[shark]];}}\\n\\n====\n        Birds ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ce5|\\u9ce5]] bird;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9d8f|\\u9d8f]]\n        chicken;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9d28|\\u9d28]] duck;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9df9|\\u9df9]]\n        hawk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9db4|\\u9db4]] crane;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96c0|\\u96c0]]\n        sparrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u689f|\\u689f]] [[owl]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u71d5|\\u71d5]]\n        [[swallow]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u70cf|\\u70cf]]/[[wikt:\\u9d09|\\u9d09]] [[crow]];}}\\n\\n====\n        Animal parts ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fbd|\\u7fbd]] feather, wing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ffc|\\u7ffc]]\n        wing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bdb|\\u6bdb]] fur;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3e|\\u5c3e]]\n        tail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7259|\\u7259]] tusk, fang;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89d2|\\u89d2]]\n        horn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u722a|\\u722a]] claw;}}\\n\\n=== Plants and trees\n        ===\\n\\n:''''See also Food and Drink''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u690d|\\u690d]] plant;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6728|\\u6728]] tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a39|\\u6a39]]\n        tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6797|\\u6797]] grove;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68ee|\\u68ee]]\n        forest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u677e|\\u677e]] pine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6749|\\u6749]]\n        cedar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u685c|\\u685c]] cherry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6885|\\u6885]]\n        plum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68a8|\\u68a8]] pear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67ff|\\u67ff]]\n        persimmon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6803|\\u6803]] horse chestnut;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85e4|\\u85e4]]\n        wisteria;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6851|\\u6851]] mulberry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6843|\\u6843]]\n        peach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f3|\\u67f3]] willow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6842|\\u6842]]\n        cinnamon tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8349|\\u8349]] grass;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a32|\\u7a32]]\n        rice plant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ebb|\\u9ebb]] hemp or flax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7af9|\\u7af9]]\n        bamboo;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u845b|\\u845b]] vine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8328|\\u8328]]\n        brier;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83ca|\\u83ca]] chrysanthemum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u683d|\\u683d]]\n        cultivation of plants;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85fb|\\u85fb]] algae, seaweed;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8338|\\u8338]] mushroom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83cc|\\u83cc]]\n        fungi or bacteria;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6839|\\u6839]] root;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e79|\\u5e79]]\n        tree trunk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679d|\\u679d]] branch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8449|\\u8449]]\n        leaf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b1|\\u82b1]] flower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82bd|\\u82bd]]\n        bud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82d7|\\u82d7]] seedling;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u830e|\\u830e]]\n        stem;}}\\n\\n== People ==\\n\\n=== General ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eba|\\u4eba]]\n        person;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8005|\\u8005]] person (usually with qualifier);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c11|\\u6c11]] people;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7537|\\u7537]]\n        man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5973|\\u5973]] woman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96c4|\\u96c4]]\n        male;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96cc|\\u96cc]] female;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fc1|\\u7fc1]]\n        old man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a46|\\u5a46]] old woman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b22|\\u5b22]]\n        young lady;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b50|\\u5b50]] child;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5150|\\u5150]]\n        child;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u574a|\\u574a]] boy, sonny;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u90ce|\\u90ce]]\n        son, boy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ae5|\\u7ae5]] juvenile;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f92|\\u5f92]]\n        gang or junior;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79c1|\\u79c1]] I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50d5|\\u50d5]]\n        I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ffa|\\u4ffa]] I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f7c|\\u5f7c]]\n        he;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u541b|\\u541b]] you;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81ea|\\u81ea]]\n        oneself;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5df1|\\u5df1]] oneself;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6211|\\u6211]]\n        self, ego;}}\\n\\n=== Roles and status ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3b|\\u4e3b]]\n        master or husband;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592b|\\u592b]] husband or man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59bb|\\u59bb]]\n        wife;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a66|\\u5a66]] wife or lady;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u738b|\\u738b]]\n        king;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7687|\\u7687]] emperor or sovereign;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e1d|\\u5e1d]]\n        Mikado or emperor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59eb|\\u59eb]] princess;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a9b|\\u5a9b]]\n        princess;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5983|\\u5983]] princess, queen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u540e|\\u540e]]\n        empress;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f2f|\\u4f2f]] earl, count;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4faf|\\u4faf]]\n        lord, marquis;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7235|\\u7235]] noble rank;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58eb|\\u58eb]]\n        man or gentleman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b9|\\u65b9]] honorable person;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f22|\\u6f22]] honorable man or [[Han Chinese|Han]] person;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f66|\\u5f66]] boy, high-status man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5091|\\u5091]]\n        great man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d33|\\u7d33]] gentleman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c0f|\\u6c0f]]\n        courtesy title;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9577|\\u9577]] leader;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fc2|\\u4fc2]]\n        person in charge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7763|\\u7763]] supervisor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e2b|\\u5e2b]]\n        expert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ef2|\\u4ef2]] intermediary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f7f|\\u4f7f]]\n        messenger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u533b|\\u533b]] doctor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53cb|\\u53cb]]\n        friend;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50da|\\u50da]] colleague;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f29|\\u8f29]]\n        fellow, comrade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba2|\\u5ba2]] guest, customer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cd3|\\u8cd3]]\n        guest, VIP;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96a3|\\u96a3]] neighbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5974|\\u5974]]\n        servant, fellow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96b7|\\u96b7]] underling;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ed9|\\u4ed9]]\n        hermit;}}\\n\\n===Family relationships===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb6|\\u5bb6]]\n        family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65cf|\\u65cf]] family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u540d|\\u540d]]\n        name;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7236|\\u7236]] father;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bcd|\\u6bcd]]\n        mother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89aa|\\u89aa]] parent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ac1|\\u5ac1]]\n        wife, bride;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a18|\\u5a18]] daughter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f1f|\\u5f1f]]\n        younger brother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59b9|\\u59b9]] younger sister;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5144|\\u5144]]\n        older brother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59c9|\\u59c9]] older sister;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u723a|\\u723a]]\n        grandfather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a46|\\u5a46]] grandmother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7956|\\u7956]]\n        ancestor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b6b|\\u5b6b]] grandchild;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53d4|\\u53d4]]\n        aunt, uncle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f2f|\\u4f2f]] aunt, uncle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7525|\\u7525]]\n        nephew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ea|\\u59ea]] niece;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a7f|\\u5a7f]]\n        son-in-law, bridegroom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6606|\\u6606]] descendants;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u621a|\\u621a]] relatives;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a5a|\\u5a5a]]\n        marry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59fb|\\u59fb]] matrimony;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ae1|\\u5ae1]]\n        legitimate wife/family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5be1|\\u5be1]] widow;}}\\n\\n===Groups===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56fd|\\u56fd]]\n        country;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u793e|\\u793e]] company;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56e3|\\u56e3]]\n        group;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d3e|\\u6d3e]] faction, group;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d44|\\u7d44]]\n        association, assemble;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fa4|\\u7fa4]] flock, crowd}}\\n\\n==\n        Body ==\\n\\n=== General ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8eab|\\u8eab]] body;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f53|\\u4f53]]\n        body;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8089|\\u8089]] flesh;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8840|\\u8840]]\n        blood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8108|\\u8108]] vein;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b4b|\\u7b4b]]\n        muscles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aa8|\\u9aa8]] bone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ac4|\\u9ac4]]\n        marrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] joint;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ae|\\u76ae]]\n        skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u819a|\\u819a]] skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u808c|\\u808c]]\n        skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ba|\\u76ba]] wrinkle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u817a|\\u817a]]\n        gland;}}\\n\\n=== Head and neck ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982d|\\u982d]] head;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8133|\\u8133]] brain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aea|\\u9aea]]\n        hair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9854|\\u9854]] face;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aed|\\u9aed]]\n        beard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984d|\\u984d]] forehead;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8033|\\u8033]]\n        ear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ee|\\u76ee]] eye;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u773c|\\u773c]]\n        eyeball;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7709|\\u7709]] eyebrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77b3|\\u77b3]]\n        pupil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f3b|\\u9f3b]] nose;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984e|\\u984e]]\n        jaw;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e3|\\u53e3]] mouth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5507|\\u5507]]\n        lips;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b6f|\\u6b6f]] tooth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u820c|\\u820c]]\n        tongue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982c|\\u982c]] cheek;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9824|\\u9824]]\n        chin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5589|\\u5589]] throat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54bd|\\u54bd]]\n        throat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9996|\\u9996]] neck;}}\\n\\n===Torso and organs===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80f4|\\u80f4]]\n        torso;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80cc|\\u80cc]] back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u810a|\\u810a]]\n        backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5442|\\u5442]] backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u690e|\\u690e]]\n        backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u808b|\\u808b]] rib;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80f8|\\u80f8]]\n        chest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8179|\\u8179]] stomach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80c3|\\u80c3]]\n        stomach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81cd|\\u81cd]] navel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8170|\\u8170]]\n        waist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81d3|\\u81d3]] entrails;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8178|\\u8178]]\n        intestines;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fc3|\\u5fc3]] heart;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80ba|\\u80ba]]\n        lung;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u809d|\\u809d]] liver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81b5|\\u81b5]]\n        pancreas;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u814e|\\u814e]] kidney;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80c6|\\u80c6]]\n        gall bladder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u809b|\\u809b]] anus;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81a3|\\u81a3]]\n        vagina;}}\\n\\n===Arms and legs===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a2|\\u80a2]] limb;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8155|\\u8155]] arm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a9|\\u80a9]]\n        shoulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8107|\\u8107]] armpit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8098|\\u8098]]\n        elbow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u624b|\\u624b]] hand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u62f3|\\u62f3]]\n        fist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6307|\\u6307]] finger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u722a|\\u722a]]\n        nail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u638c|\\u638c]] palm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3b|\\u5c3b]]\n        buttocks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a1|\\u80a1]] thighs;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u811a|\\u811a]]\n        leg;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8db3|\\u8db3]] leg, foot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u819d|\\u819d]]\n        knee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e1d|\\u8e1d]] ankle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e35|\\u8e35]]\n        heel;}}\\n\\n===Body functions ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c57|\\u6c57]] sweat;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cea|\\u6cea]] tear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d99|\\u6d99]]\n        tear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u553e|\\u553e]] saliva;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cbe|\\u7cbe]]\n        sperm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3f|\\u5c3f]] urine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fbf|\\u4fbf]]\n        faeces;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80ce|\\u80ce]] foetus;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u598a|\\u598a]]\n        pregnant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a20|\\u5a20]] pregnant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]]\n        birth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7523|\\u7523]] give birth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54fa|\\u54fa]]\n        suckle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u606f|\\u606f]] breath;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bdd|\\u5bdd]]\n        sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7720|\\u7720]] sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7761|\\u7761]]\n        sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5922|\\u5922]] dream}}\\n\\n===Health, illness,\n        medicine ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]] life;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b7b|\\u6b7b]]\n        death;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5065|\\u5065]] healthy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eb7|\\u5eb7]]\n        healthy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u529b|\\u529b]] strength;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75c5|\\u75c5]]\n        illness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75c7|\\u75c7]] disease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75be|\\u75be]]\n        disease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60a3|\\u60a3]] sick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75ab|\\u75ab]]\n        epidemic;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ab8|\\u9ab8]] corpse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75db|\\u75db]]\n        pain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75b2|\\u75b2]] tired;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f11|\\u4f11]]\n        rest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75e9|\\u75e9]] weight loss;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u760d|\\u760d]]\n        ulcer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75d8|\\u75d8]] pox;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75e2|\\u75e2]]\n        diarrhoea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u764c|\\u764c]] cancer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b7|\\u50b7]]\n        wound;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75d5|\\u75d5]] scar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u533b|\\u533b]]\n        medicine, doctor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7642|\\u7642]] heal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7652|\\u7652]]\n        heal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cbb|\\u6cbb]] cure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5264|\\u5264]]\n        medicine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9320|\\u9320]] pill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85ac|\\u85ac]]\n        drug;}}\\n\\n===Gestures and sports===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7acb|\\u7acb]] stand\n        up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d70|\\u8d70]] run;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ea7|\\u5ea7]]\n        sit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e0a|\\u8e0a]] jump;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b69|\\u6b69]]\n        walk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cf3|\\u6cf3]] swim;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b62|\\u6b62]]\n        stop}}\\n\\n== Emotions and senses ==\\n\\n===Emotions===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60c5|\\u60c5]]\n        emotion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u611f|\\u611f]] feeling, emotion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c17|\\u6c17]]\n        feeling, mood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u611b|\\u611b]] love;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u604b|\\u604b]]\n        love;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6155|\\u6155]] adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d07|\\u5d07]]\n        reverence, adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u606d|\\u606d]] respect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u656c|\\u656c]]\n        respect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6148|\\u6148]] affection, benevolence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u618e|\\u618e]]\n        hate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u597d|\\u597d]] like;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5acc|\\u5acc]]\n        dislike;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8511|\\u8511]] contempt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6050|\\u6050]]\n        fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u865e|\\u865e]] fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6016|\\u6016]]\n        fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u754f|\\u754f]] fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6144|\\u6144]]\n        fear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60e7|\\u60e7]] apprehension;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60b2|\\u60b2]]\n        sadness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54c0|\\u54c0]] sadness or pity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6182|\\u6182]]\n        sadness, anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7169|\\u7169]] anxiety, annoyance;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6101|\\u6101]] melancholy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b31|\\u9b31]]\n        melancholy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60dc|\\u60dc]] regret;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61be|\\u61be]]\n        regret;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6094|\\u6094]] remorse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61d0|\\u61d0]]\n        yearning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61a7|\\u61a7]] yearning, adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61ac|\\u61ac]]\n        yearning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u621a|\\u621a]] grief;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6068|\\u6068]]\n        resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6028|\\u6028]] resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6168|\\u6168]]\n        indignation, resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bc2|\\u5bc2]] loneliness;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697d|\\u697d]] fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6109|\\u6109]]\n        fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a2f|\\u5a2f]] fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e78|\\u5e78]]\n        happiness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b09|\\u5b09]] happiness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u559c|\\u559c]]\n        joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60a6|\\u60a6]] joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6176|\\u6176]]\n        joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b53|\\u6b53]] joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5feb|\\u5feb]]\n        pleasure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b11|\\u7b11]] laughter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7591|\\u7591]]\n        doubt or suspicion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ff7|\\u8ff7]] doubt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ff7|\\u8ff7]]\n        confusion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d1b|\\u7d1b]] confusion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60d1|\\u60d1]]\n        bewilderment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u614c|\\u614c]] disconcertion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9a5a|\\u9a5a]]\n        surprise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b32|\\u6b32]] desire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6012|\\u6012]]\n        anger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6fc0|\\u6fc0]] violent excitement;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66b4|\\u66b4]]\n        violent rage;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61a4|\\u61a4]] indignation;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b2|\\u50b2]]\n        pride;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6065|\\u6065]] shame;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f9e|\\u7f9e]]\n        shame;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ac|\\u59ac]] envy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fa8|\\u7fa8]]\n        envy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ac9|\\u5ac9]] envy;}}\\n\\n===Senses===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u898b|\\u898b]]\n        see;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u805e|\\u805e]] hear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8074|\\u8074]]\n        listen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u97f3|\\u97f3]] sound;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9759|\\u9759]]\n        quiet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5473|\\u5473]] taste, flavour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fa3|\\u8fa3]]\n        bitter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f9b|\\u8f9b]] pungent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89e6|\\u89e6]]\n        touch, feel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u55c5|\\u55c5]] smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b3|\\u82b3]]\n        fragrant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5302|\\u5302]] fragrant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9999|\\u9999]]\n        pleasant smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81ed|\\u81ed]] bad smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76f2|\\u76f2]]\n        blind;}}\\n\\n===Judgment===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u601d|\\u601d]] think;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8003|\\u8003]]\n        think;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b63|\\u6b63]] correct;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u826f|\\u826f]]\n        good;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5584|\\u5584]] good;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60aa|\\u60aa]]\n        bad;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7406|\\u7406]] reason}}\\n\\n== Food and drink ==\\n:''''See\n        also Animals and Plants''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98df|\\u98df]] eat, meal;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98f2|\\u98f2]] drink;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c73|\\u7c73]]\n        rice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98ef|\\u98ef]] cooked rice, meal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9905|\\u9905]]\n        rice cake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ea6|\\u9ea6]] wheat or barley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c92|\\u7c92]]\n        grain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a40|\\u7a40]] cereal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a42|\\u7a42]]\n        ear of grain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679c|\\u679c]] fruit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b9f|\\u5b9f]]\n        fruit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83dc|\\u83dc]] vegetable;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c46|\\u8c46]]\n        bean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9eba|\\u9eba]] noodles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u828b|\\u828b]]\n        potato;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c89|\\u7c89]] flour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5375|\\u5375]]\n        egg;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cd6|\\u7cd6]] sugar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8089|\\u8089]]\n        meat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e73|\\u4e73]] milk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u916a|\\u916a]]\n        dairy products;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u871c|\\u871c]] honey;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83d3|\\u83d3]]\n        confectionery;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6817|\\u6817]] chestnut;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9152|\\u9152]]\n        alcoholic drink;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u914e|\\u914e]] sake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u914c|\\u914c]]\n        serve alcohol;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9162|\\u9162]] vinegar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f2c|\\u6f2c]]\n        pickle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c41|\\u6c41]] juice, soup;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8336|\\u8336]]\n        tea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u708a|\\u708a]] cook;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u713c|\\u713c]]\n        bake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u714e|\\u714e]] roast, boil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u84b8|\\u84b8]]\n        steam;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91b8|\\u91b8]] brew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u63da|\\u63da]]\n        fry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3c|\\u4e3c]] bowl of food;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb8|\\u7bb8]]\n        chopsticks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ba8|\\u9ba8]] [[sushi]];}}\\n\\n== Man-made\n        structures and artefacts ==\\n\\n=== Towns, cities, buildings, structures, roads\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6751|\\u6751]] village;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u753a|\\u753a]]\n        town;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e02|\\u5e02]] city;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eac|\\u4eac]]\n        capital city;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u90fd|\\u90fd]] metropolis;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u757f|\\u757f]]\n        capital;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8857|\\u8857]] street, city district;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5efa|\\u5efa]]\n        build;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb6|\\u5bb6]] house;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b85|\\u5b85]]\n        home;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c4b|\\u5c4b]] roof, house, shop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e97|\\u5e97]]\n        shop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8358|\\u8358]] villa;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ead|\\u4ead]]\n        pavilion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5712|\\u5712]] garden;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u829d|\\u829d]]\n        lawn, turf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ead|\\u5ead]] garden, courtyard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba4|\\u5ba4]]\n        room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u623f|\\u623f]] room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eca|\\u5eca]]\n        corridor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58c1|\\u58c1]] wall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6238|\\u6238]]\n        door;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6249|\\u6249]] door;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a93|\\u7a93]]\n        window;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68da|\\u68da]] shelf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9580|\\u9580]]\n        gate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57a3|\\u57a3]] fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5840|\\u5840]]\n        wall, fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f5|\\u67f5]] fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bee|\\u5bee]]\n        dormitory;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8535|\\u8535]] storehouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eab|\\u5eab]]\n        storage room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5009|\\u5009]] warehouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u820e|\\u820e]]\n        building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9928|\\u9928]] public building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95a3|\\u95a3]]\n        imposing building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bae|\\u5bae]] palace;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bbf|\\u6bbf]]\n        hall, palace;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5802|\\u5802]] hall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697c|\\u697c]]\n        tower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5854|\\u5854]] tower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57ce|\\u57ce]]\n        castle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5841|\\u5841]] base, fort;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7344|\\u7344]]\n        prison;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bbf|\\u5bbf]] inn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u99c5|\\u99c5]]\n        station;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e2f|\\u6e2f]] harbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d25|\\u6d25]]\n        harbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a4b|\\u6a4b]] bridge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7891|\\u7891]]\n        monument;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u685f|\\u685f]] wooden structure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6841|\\u6841]]\n        beam, column;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f1|\\u67f1]] pillar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68df|\\u68df]]\n        ridgepole;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58c7|\\u58c7]] podium;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f0|\\u53f0]]\n        pedestal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e95|\\u4e95]] well;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7089|\\u7089]]\n        fireplace, hearth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9053|\\u9053]] path or road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8def|\\u8def]]\n        path or road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9014|\\u9014]] way, route;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c90|\\u5c90]]\n        fork in the road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fbb|\\u8fbb]] crossroads;}}\\n\\n===\n        Vehicles and machines ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8eca|\\u8eca]] vehicle, wheel;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ef8|\\u8ef8]] axle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a5f|\\u6a5f]]\n        machine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68b0|\\u68b0]] contraption;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8239|\\u8239]]\n        boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8247|\\u8247]] boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u821f|\\u821f]]\n        small boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8236|\\u8236]] oceangoing ship;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8237|\\u8237]]\n        side of a ship;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e57|\\u4e57]] ride, board;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u642d|\\u642d]]\n        board, load;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u529b|\\u529b]] power}}\\n\\n=== Clothing and\n        textiles ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e03|\\u5e03]] cloth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5dfe|\\u5dfe]]\n        cloth, towel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8863|\\u8863]] garment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u670d|\\u670d]]\n        clothes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88c5|\\u88c5]] attire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d79|\\u7d79]]\n        silk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8896|\\u8896]] sleeve;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88fe|\\u88fe]]\n        hem, cuff;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u895f|\\u895f]] collar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e2f|\\u5e2f]]\n        belt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9774|\\u9774]] shoes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c65|\\u5c65]]\n        footwear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e3d|\\u5e3d]] hat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7740|\\u7740]]\n        wear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cf8|\\u7cf8]] thread;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e2b|\\u7e2b]]\n        sew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e54|\\u7e54]] weave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d21|\\u7d21]]\n        spin (yarn);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dbf|\\u7dbf]] cotton;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9326|\\u9326]]\n        brocade;}}\\n\\n=== Miscellaneous manufactured items ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54c1|\\u54c1]]\n        article;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5668|\\u5668]] vessel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9262|\\u9262]]\n        bowl;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3c|\\u4e3c]] bowl;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u676f|\\u676f]]\n        cup;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u934b|\\u934b]] pot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91dc|\\u91dc]]\n        kettle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76bf|\\u76bf]] plate, dish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u677f|\\u677f]]\n        board, plate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76e4|\\u76e4]] disk, board;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76c6|\\u76c6]]\n        basin, tray;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74f6|\\u74f6]] bottle, jar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f36|\\u7f36]]\n        tin can;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb8|\\u7bb8]] chopsticks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u84cb|\\u84cb]]\n        lid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6813|\\u6813]] stopper, plug;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5353|\\u5353]]\n        table;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6905|\\u6905]] chair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u673a|\\u673a]]\n        desk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e8a|\\u5e8a]] bed;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81b3|\\u81b3]]\n        tray, small table;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb1|\\u7bb1]] box;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706f|\\u706f]]\n        lamp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u888b|\\u888b]] bag;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff5|\\u4ff5]]\n        straw sack, bag;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c60|\\u7c60]] basket;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6247|\\u6247]]\n        fan;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6795|\\u6795]] pillow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e55|\\u5e55]]\n        curtain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e06|\\u5e06]] sail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7573|\\u7573]]\n        tatami mat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5098|\\u5098]] umbrella;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78c1|\\u78c1]]\n        porcelain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9676|\\u9676]] pottery;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74e6|\\u74e6]]\n        tile;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d19|\\u7d19]] paper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b8b|\\u7b8b]]\n        paper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9769|\\u9769]] leather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5857|\\u5857]]\n        paint;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f06|\\u6f06]] lacquer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68d2|\\u68d2]]\n        rod;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dad|\\u7dad]] fibre;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7db2|\\u7db2]]\n        net;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d22|\\u7d22]] cord;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e04|\\u7e04]]\n        rope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7db1|\\u7db1]] rope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f26|\\u5f26]]\n        string;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91dd|\\u91dd]] needle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u938c|\\u938c]]\n        sickle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ba1|\\u7ba1]] pipe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u69fd|\\u69fd]]\n        tank;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9396|\\u9396]] chain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e32|\\u4e32]]\n        skewer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5177|\\u5177]] tool;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9375|\\u9375]]\n        key;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9320|\\u9320]] lock;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9234|\\u9234]]\n        bell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9418|\\u9418]] bell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92f3|\\u92f3]]\n        casting;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u93e1|\\u93e1]] mirror;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68fa|\\u68fa]]\n        coffin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aaf|\\u7aaf]] stove, kiln;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81fc|\\u81fc]]\n        millstone, mortar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9318|\\u9318]] spindle, plumb;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67a2|\\u67a2]]\n        hinge, pivot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] axe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u920e|\\u920e]]\n        [[fish hook]];}}\\n\\n== Human activities ==\\n\\n=== Money and commerce===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]]\n        money or gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92ad|\\u92ad]] coin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672d|\\u672d]]\n        banknote;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5186|\\u5186]] yen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e63|\\u5e63]]\n        currency;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca1|\\u8ca1]] wealth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bcc|\\u5bcc]]\n        rich;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cb7|\\u8cb7]] buy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cfc|\\u8cfc]]\n        purchase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58f2|\\u58f2]] sell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u696d|\\u696d]]\n        business, industry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5546|\\u5546]] trade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cbf|\\u8cbf]]\n        trade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca9|\\u8ca9]] marketing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5378|\\u5378]]\n        wholesale;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6255|\\u6255]] pay;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c9d|\\u8c9d]]\n        cowry ([[Chinese currency#Ancient currencies|ancient Chinese currency]]);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca8|\\u8ca8]] goods, property;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b9d|\\u5b9d]]\n        treasure, wealth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7523|\\u7523]] product;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de5|\\u5de5]]\n        manufacture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fa1|\\u4fa1]] price;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5024|\\u5024]]\n        price;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ad8|\\u9ad8]] expensive;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b89|\\u5b89]]\n        cheap;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ec9|\\u5ec9]] cheap;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc7|\\u8cc7]]\n        capital;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc3|\\u8cc3]] fee or wages;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6599|\\u6599]]\n        fee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cbb|\\u8cbb]] expense;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u55b6|\\u55b6]]\n        management;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8077|\\u8077]] employment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50cd|\\u50cd]]\n        work;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a3c|\\u7a3c]] work, earn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d66|\\u7d66]]\n        salary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff8|\\u4ff8]] salary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u511f|\\u511f]]\n        recompense;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b5|\\u50b5]] debt, bond;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8caf|\\u8caf]]\n        savings;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a0e|\\u7a0e]] tax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79df|\\u79df]]\n        tax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ce6|\\u8ce6]] levy, instalment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc4|\\u8cc4]]\n        bribe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc2|\\u8cc2]] bribe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ced|\\u8ced]]\n        gamble;}}\\n\\n=== Culture, arts, music, learning ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b8|\\u82b8]]\n        art;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d75|\\u7d75]] picture, painting;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u753b|\\u753b]]\n        picture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697d|\\u697d]] music;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f2|\\u66f2]]\n        musical composition;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b4c|\\u6b4c]] song;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8b21|\\u8b21]]\n        song, noh chant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5504|\\u5504]] song;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ae7|\\u8ae7]]\n        harmony;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7434|\\u7434]] cithare, harp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b1b|\\u7b1b]]\n        flute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f13|\\u9f13]] drum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u62cd|\\u62cd]]\n        clap, beat (music);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] tune, melody;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a69|\\u8a69]]\n        poetry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a60|\\u8a60]] recite poetry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff3|\\u4ff3]]\n        haiku;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5287|\\u5287]] drama, play;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u796d|\\u796d]]\n        festival;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6821|\\u6821]] school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b66|\\u5b66]]\n        study, school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]] student;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u587e|\\u587e]]\n        private school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79d1|\\u79d1]] faculty;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6559|\\u6559]]\n        teach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a76|\\u7a76]] study, research;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7814|\\u7814]]\n        study, research;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77e5|\\u77e5]] know;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5352|\\u5352]]\n        graduate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5112|\\u5112]] Confucianism;}}\\n\\n=== Language,\n        communication ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a9e|\\u8a9e]] language;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a00|\\u8a00]]\n        say;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a71|\\u8a71]] speak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58f0|\\u58f0]]\n        voice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u544a|\\u544a]] tell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ac7|\\u8ac7]]\n        discuss;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u805e|\\u805e]] ask;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u554f|\\u554f]]\n        question;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b54|\\u7b54]] answer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u541f|\\u541f]]\n        recite;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8aad|\\u8aad]] read;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f8|\\u66f8]]\n        write;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672c|\\u672c]] book;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6587|\\u6587]]\n        text;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56f3|\\u56f3]] map, diagram;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b46|\\u7b46]]\n        writing, brush;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b57|\\u5b57]] character;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f9e|\\u8f9e]]\n        word;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a5e|\\u8a5e]] words;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e5|\\u53e5]]\n        phrase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a18|\\u8a18]] written record;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u520a|\\u520a]]\n        publish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a8c|\\u8a8c]] document, journal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a03|\\u8a03]]\n        obituary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fe1|\\u4fe1]] message;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5831|\\u5831]]\n        inform;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8aac|\\u8aac]] explain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984c|\\u984c]]\n        topic;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8868|\\u8868]] express;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f1d|\\u4f1d]]\n        transmit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ad6|\\u8ad6]] discourse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8b1b|\\u8b1b]]\n        lecture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba3|\\u5ba3]] proclaim}}\\n\\n=== Religion, supernatural\n        world ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u795e|\\u795e]] god;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b97|\\u5b97]]\n        religion, sect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6559|\\u6559]] religion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8056|\\u8056]]\n        sacred;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7948|\\u7948]] pray;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ecf|\\u4ecf]]\n        Buddha;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bfa|\\u5bfa]] Buddhist temple;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50e7|\\u50e7]]\n        Buddhist priest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3c|\\u5c3c]] Buddhist nun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7985|\\u7985]]\n        Zen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u793e|\\u793e]] Shinto shrine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5239|\\u5239]]\n        temple;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a63|\\u8a63]] temple visit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bae|\\u5bae]]\n        shrine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d3e|\\u6d3e]] sect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b42|\\u9b42]]\n        soul;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u970a|\\u970a]] spirit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b54|\\u9b54]]\n        demon, witch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b3c|\\u9b3c]] ghost, devil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e7b|\\u5e7b]]\n        phantom, apparition;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7adc|\\u7adc]] dragon;}}\\n\\n====\n        Chinese-Japanese signs of zodiac ====\\n''''The four trines of the Chinese-Japanese\n        horoscope:''''\\n
\\n''''''A.'''''' 01. \\u9f20 (\\u5b50)  [[Rat (zodiac)|Rat]]\n        - 05. \\u9f8d  (\\u8fb0)  [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] - 09. \\u7334  (\\u7533)  [[Monkey\n        (zodiac)|Monkey]] ; ''''''B.'''''' 02. \\u725b  (\\u4e11)  [[Ox (zodiac)|Ox]]\n        - 06. \\u86c7  (\\u5df3)  [[Snake (zodiac)|Snake]] - 10. \\u96de / \\u9dc4  (\\u9149)  [[Rooster\n        (zodiac)|Rooster]]\\n
\\n''''''C.'''''' 03. \\u864e  (\\u5bc5)  [[Tiger (zodiac)|Tiger]]\n        - 07. \\u99ac  (\\u5348)  [[Horse (zodiac)|Horse]] - 11. \\u72d7  (\\u620c)  [[Dog\n        (zodiac)|Dog]] ; ''''''D.'''''' 04. \\u5154  (\\u536f)  [[Rabbit (zodiac)|Rabbit]]\n        - 08. \\u7f8a  (\\u672a)  [[Goat (zodiac)|Goat]] - 12. \\u8c6c  (\\u4ea5) ''''China:''''\n        [[Pig (zodiac)|Pig]] ''''Japan:'''' Boar\\n\\n''''Note that in Japan the new\n        sign of zodiac starts on January 01, while in China it starts, according to\n        the traditional Chinese lunar calendar, at the new moon that falls between\n        January 21 and February 20, so that persons born in January or February may\n        have two different signs in the two countries.''''\\n\\n=== War, fighting, weapons\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b66|\\u6b66]] military;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6226|\\u6226]]\n        battle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95d8|\\u95d8]] battle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6575|\\u6575]]\n        enemy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u653b|\\u653b]] attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ac|\\u65ac]]\n        slash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f10|\\u4f10]] attack or punish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bba|\\u6bba]]\n        kill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6483|\\u6483]] attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a0e|\\u8a0e]]\n        attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bb4|\\u6bb4]] beat, assault;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6483|\\u6483]]\n        beat, attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c04|\\u5c04]] shoot at;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8972|\\u8972]]\n        raid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f81|\\u5f81]] conquer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5175|\\u5175]]\n        soldier;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5200|\\u5200]] sword or [[katana]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77db|\\u77db]]\n        [[halberd]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6208|\\u6208]] spear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5263|\\u5263]]\n        sword;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ac|\\u65ac]] cut with a sword;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76fe|\\u76fe]]\n        shield;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7532|\\u7532]] armour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f8d|\\u4f8d]]\n        [[samurai]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fcd|\\u5fcd]] [[Ninja|ninja or shinobi]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5075|\\u5075]] spy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f13|\\u5f13]]\n        bow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77e2|\\u77e2]] arrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9283|\\u9283]]\n        gun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7832|\\u7832]] gun or cannon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c06|\\u5c06]]\n        commander;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f9|\\u66f9]] sergeant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c09|\\u5c09]]\n        military officer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ecd|\\u8ecd]] troops;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u968a|\\u968a]]\n        corps;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u73ed|\\u73ed]] squad, corps;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9663|\\u9663]]\n        battle formation, camp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c6f|\\u5c6f]] barracks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7206|\\u7206]]\n        bomb;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f3e|\\u5f3e]] bullet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8266|\\u8266]]\n        warship;}}\\n\\n== See also ==\\n* [[List of kanji by stroke count]]\\n* [[List\n        of kanji by school year]]\\n* [[List of j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji]]\\n{{Japanese\n        language}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanji By Concept}}\\n[[Category:Kanji|Concept]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T20:59:43Z\",\"lastrevid\":769995346,\"length\":48973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_concept\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kanji_by_concept&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_concept\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 20:03:56 GMT\n- request:\n    method: get\n    uri: https://en.wiktionary.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&meta=siteinfo&siprop=namespaces%7Cnamespacealiases%7Cinterwikimap\n    body:\n      encoding: US-ASCII\n      string: ''\n    headers:\n      User-Agent:\n      - Infoboxer/0.3.0 (https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer; zverok.offline@gmail.com)\n      Accept-Encoding:\n      - gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\n      Accept:\n      - \"*/*\"\n  response:\n    status:\n      code: 200\n      message: OK\n    headers:\n      Date:\n      - Mon, 11 Sep 2017 20:03:57 GMT\n      Content-Type:\n      - application/json; charset=utf-8\n      Transfer-Encoding:\n      - chunked\n      Connection:\n      - keep-alive\n      Server:\n      - mw1287.eqiad.wmnet\n      X-Powered-By:\n      - HHVM/3.18.2\n      X-Content-Type-Options:\n      - nosniff\n      Cache-Control:\n      - private, must-revalidate, max-age=0\n      P3p:\n      - CP=\"This is not a P3P policy! 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{{zh-x|\\u984f\\u8272|color}}\\n#\n        [[look]]; [[expression]]\\n# [[kind]]; [[sort]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u8ca8\\u8272|goods;\n        stuff; trash; rubbish; quality of goods; specification}}\\n# [[feminine]] [[charm]];\n        [[beauty]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u59ff\\u8272|good looks (of women)}}\\n# [[sexual]];\n        [[lewd]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u8272\\u60c5|pornography; sexual desire}}\\n# {{lb|zh|colloquial}}\n        [[perverted]]; being a [[pervert]]\\n# [[theatrical]] [[role]]\\n# [[metallic]]\n        [[content]]\\n# [[die]] {{gloss|a cube with numbers or symbols on each side\n        and used in games of chance}}\\n\\n====Synonyms====\\n* {{sense|color}} {{zh-l|\\u984f}}\\n\\n===Compounds===\\n{{zh-der|\\u7da0\\u4e00\\u8272:(''''mahjong'''')\n        all green|\\u8272\\u5f69|\\u8272\\u5dee|\\u8272\\u81bd|\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u8272\\u5ea6|\\u8272\\u5149|\\u8272\\u9b3c|\\u8272\\u89ba|\\u8272\\u62c9|\\u8272\\u72fc|\\u8272\\u53b2\\u5167\\u834f|\\u8272\\u76f2|\\u8272\\u76f2\\u8868|\\u8272\\u8ff7|\\u8272\\u8b5c|\\u8272\\u60c5|\\u8272\\u5f31|\\u8272\\u6563|\\u8272\\u7d20|\\u8272\\u76f8|\\u8272\\u85dd|\\u8272\\u617e|\\u8272\\u6fa4|\\u905c\\u8272:[[inferior]]|\\u5b57\\u4e00\\u8272:(''''mahjong'''')\n        all honours|\\u4e00\\u8272|\\u4e03\\u8272|\\u4e03\\u8272\\u677f|\\u4e09\\u539f\\u8272|\\u4e09\\u8272\\u7248|\\u4e09\\u8272\\u83eb|\\u4e0a\\u8272|\\u4e1f\\u773c\\u8272|\\u4e73\\u767d\\u8272|\\u4e92\\u88dc\\u8272|\\u4e94\\u8272|\\u4e94\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u4ea4\\u914d\\u8272|\\u4eae\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u4ee4\\u8272|\\u4ee5\\u8272\\u5217|\\u4ef6\\u8272|\\u4f5c\\u8272|\\u4f7f\\u773c\\u8272|\\u4fdd\\u8b77\\u8272|\\u5026\\u8272|\\u505a\\u773c\\u8272|\\u5109\\u8272|\\u5143\\u8272|\\u5149\\u8272|\\u516b\\u8272\\u9ce5|\\u51fa\\u8272|\\u5206\\u8272|\\u5206\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u524a\\u8272|\\u524d\\u9032\\u8272|\\u5370\\u8272|\\u5373\\u8272\\u5b97|\\u539f\\u8272|\\u53b2\\u8272|\\u53c9\\u8272|\\u53e4\\u9285\\u8272|\\u5404\\u8272|\\u5408\\u8272\\u978b|\\u540c\\u985e\\u8272|\\u540d\\u8272|\\u541d\\u8272|\\u5496\\u5561\\u8272|\\u559c\\u8272|\\u55ae\\u8272|\\u55ae\\u8272\\u74f7|\\u55d4\\u8272|\\u570b\\u8272|\\u571f\\u8272|\\u571f\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u57fa\\u8272|\\u5857\\u8272|\\u589e\\u8272|\\u58de\\u8272\\u8863|\\u591c\\u8272|\\u5929\\u8272|\\u5929\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u5931\\u8272|\\u5957\\u8272|\\u5973\\u8272|\\u597d\\u8272|\\u5983\\u8272|\\u59ff\\u8272|\\u5bb9\\u8272|\\u5bd2\\u6696\\u8272|\\u5bd2\\u8272|\\u5bf6\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u5c0d\\u6bd4\\u8272|\\u5c0f\\u8173\\u8272|\\u5c71\\u8272|\\u5e03\\u8272|\\u5e73\\u8272|\\u5e95\\u8272|\\u5f62\\u8272|\\u5f69\\u8272|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7167|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7247|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u5f8c\\u9000\\u8272|\\u5f97\\u8272|\\u5fb7\\u8272|\\u6012\\u8272|\\u6021\\u8272|\\u6027\\u8272|\\u6085\\u8272|\\u60c5\\u8272|\\u6109\\u8272|\\u610f\\u8272|\\u6127\\u8272|\\u614d\\u8272|\\u615a\\u8272|\\u6182\\u8272|\\u618a\\u8272|\\u61fc\\u8272|\\u6210\\u8272|\\u6210\\u8272\\u5291|\\u6230\\u8272|\\u624d\\u8272|\\u6253\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6258\\u8272|\\u628a\\u8272|\\u6298\\u8272|\\u634e\\u8272|\\u6389\\u8272|\\u64f2\\u8272|\\u65b0\\u8272|\\u65e6\\u8272|\\u661f\\u8272|\\u6625\\u8272|\\u666f\\u8272|\\u6696\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u6697\\u8272|\\u669d\\u8272|\\u66ae\\u8272|\\u66c9\\u8272|\\u66d9\\u8272|\\u6708\\u8272|\\u6709\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6709\\u8d77\\u8272|\\u670d\\u8272|\\u672c\\u8272|\\u672c\\u8272\\u9280|\\u67d3\\u8272|\\u67d3\\u8272\\u9ad4|\\u67d4\\u8272|\\u6817\\u8272|\\u6843\\u8272|\\u68d5\\u8272|\\u68d5\\u8272\\u7a2e|\\u68d7\\u7d05\\u8272|\\u6975\\u8272|\\u6a59\\u8272|\\u6b63\\u8272|\\u6c23\\u8272|\\u6c92\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6c92\\u984f\\u8272|\\u6ce8\\u8272|\\u6d41\\u884c\\u8272|\\u6de1\\u8272|\\u6e05\\u4e00\\u8272|\\u6e1b\\u8272|\\u6e56\\u8272|\\u6f01\\u8272|\\u6f64\\u8272|\\u6ffe\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u706b\\u8272|\\u7070\\u8272|\\u7121\\u8272\\u754c|\\u71c8\\u8272|\\u7259\\u8272|\\u7269\\u8272|\\u7279\\u8272|\\u7389\\u8272|\\u7425\\u73c0\\u8272|\\u751f\\u8272|\\u7537\\u8272|\\u767d\\u8272|\\u767d\\u8272\\u9ad4|\\u767e\\u8272\\u7e23|\\u773c\\u8272|\\u795e\\u8272|\\u79cb\\u8272|\\u7a14\\u8272|\\u7ba1\\u8272\\u8b5c|\\u7c73\\u8272|\\u7c73\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u7c89\\u8272|\\u7d05\\u8272|\\u7d14\\u8272|\\u7d20\\u8272|\\u7d2b\\u8272|\\u7d55\\u8272|\\u7da0\\u8272|\\u7f8e\\u8272|\\u8001\\u4e09\\u8272|\\u8072\\u8272|\\u8089\\u8272|\\u812b\\u8272|\\u8173\\u8272|\\u819a\\u8272|\\u81c9\\u8272|\\u8272\\u53b2|\\u8272\\u5b50|\\u8272\\u5f48|\\u8272\\u5fc3|\\u8272\\u601d\\u6eab|\\u8272\\u60c5\\u72c2|\\u8272\\u6212|\\u8272\\u6493|\\u8272\\u6578\\u5152|\\u8272\\u65e6|\\u8272\\u667a|\\u8272\\u6a23|\\u8272\\u6eab|\\u8272\\u7136|\\u8272\\u74b0|\\u8272\\u754c|\\u8272\\u76ee|\\u8272\\u76ee\\u4eba|\\u8272\\u7787\\u7787|\\u8272\\u7b11|\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u8272\\u7cfb|\\u8272\\u8272|\\u8272\\u8352|\\u8272\\u8a8d|\\u8272\\u8eab|\\u8272\\u8ff7\\u8ff7|\\u8272\\u9577|\\u8272\\u990a|\\u82b1\\u8272|\\u8336\\u8272|\\u8336\\u8910\\u8272|\\u83dc\\u8272|\\u8457\\u8272|\\u843d\\u8272|\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u85d5\\u8272|\\u871a\\u8272|\\u871c\\u8272|\\u8840\\u8272|\\u884c\\u8272|\\u8852\\u8272|\\u88dc\\u8272|\\u8907\\u8272\\u5149|\\u8910\\u8272|\\u892a\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u795e\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u98a8\\u8272|\\u89d2\\u8272|\\u8a18\\u8272|\\u8a2d\\u8272|\\u8a5e\\u8272|\\u8a6d\\u8272|\\u8a98\\u60d1\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u773c\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u8272\\u677f|\\u8abf\\u8272\\u76e4|\\u8af8\\u8272|\\u8b66\\u6212\\u8272|\\u8b8a\\u8272|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u9f8d|\\u8c54\\u8272|\\u8ca8\\u8272|\\u8ced\\u8272|\\u8d64\\u8272|\\u8d67\\u8272|\\u8d70\\u8272|\\u8d77\\u8272|\\u8db3\\u8272|\\u8f9f\\u8272|\\u8fa8\\u8272|\\u8fad\\u8272|\\u9000\\u8272|\\u905e\\u773c\\u8272|\\u907d\\u8272|\\u9130\\u8fd1\\u8272|\\u914d\\u8272|\\u9152\\u8272|\\u91ac\\u8272|\\u91c7\\u8272|\\u91d1\\u8272|\\u91d1\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9280\\u7070\\u8272|\\u9280\\u767d\\u8272|\\u9280\\u8272|\\u9306\\u8272|\\u9435\\u7070\\u8272|\\u9593\\u8272|\\u9694\\u591c\\u8272|\\u96d5\\u8272|\\u96dc\\u8272|\\u96e3\\u8272|\\u973d\\u8272|\\u9762\\u8272|\\u97f3\\u8272|\\u984f\\u8272|\\u984f\\u8272\\u5152|\\u98a8\\u8272|\\u98e2\\u8272|\\u9999\\u8272|\\u99dd\\u8272|\\u9a55\\u8272|\\u9ad4\\u8272|\\u9d5d\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9ed1\\u8272|\\u9ed1\\u8272\\u7d20}}\\n\\n{{zh-cat|Elementary}}\\n\\n===See\n        also===\\n{{table:colors/zh}}\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Japanese==\\n{{stroke order|strokes=6}}\\n\\n===Kanji===\\n{{ja-kanji|grade=2|rs=\\u827200}}\\n\\n====Readings====\\n{{ja-readings\\n|goon=\\u3057\\u304d\\n|kanon=\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f\\n\\n|kun=\\u3044\\u308d-,\n        \\u3044\\u308d\\u3048\\n|nanori=\\u3057\\u304b, \\u3057\\u3053\\n}}\\n\\n====Compounds====\\n{{der-top|Compounds}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u4e09%\\u8272%\\u540c%\\u523b|\\u3055\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3069\\u3046%\\u3053|(''''mahjong'''')\n        same triplets on each suit}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u4e09%\\u8272%\\u540c%\\u9806|\\u3055\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3069\\u3046%\\u3058\\u3085\\u3093|(''''mahjong'''')\n        same sequences on each suit}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5b57%\\u4e00%\\u8272|\\u30c4\\u30fc%\\u30a4\\u30fc%\\u30bd\\u30fc|(''''mahjong'''')\n        all honours}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7dd1%\\u4e00%\\u8272|\\u30ea\\u30e5\\u30fc%\\u30a4\\u30fc%\\u30bd\\u30fc|(''''mahjong'''')\n        all green}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology 1===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3044\\u308d|yomi=k}}\\nFrom\n        {{etyl|ojp|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}}. Originally referred to [[kin]], indicating\n        [[sibling]]s sharing the same mother.{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}\n        Later came to indicate feelings of [[familial]] [[love]].{{R:Kokugo\n        Dai Jiten}} Apparently this then evolved to refer to [[romantic]] love,\n        and by extension [[sex]], or by alternate extension, [[female]] [[beauty]].\n        Then by further extension, this came to refer to [[beauty]] in general, and\n        then [[colorfulness]], and finally [[color]].\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=k|\\u3044\\u308d|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|audio=Ja-iro-colour.ogg}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n#: {{ja-usex|\\u76ee\\u306e''''''\\u8272''''''\\u304c\\u9055\\u3046\\u732b|\\u3081\n        \\u306e ''''''\\u3044\\u308d'''''' \\u304c \\u3061\\u304c\\u3046 \\u306d\\u3053|a cat\n        that has eyes of different ''''''color''''''}}\\n# the metaphorical color or\n        [[mood]]\\n## one''s [[facial]] [[coloring]] or [[expression]]\\n## the [[shape]]\n        of one''s [[face]] or [[appearance]]; more specifically, beautiful [[looks]]\n        or a beautiful [[figure]]\\n## [[lively]] [[elegance]], [[enjoyable]] or [[interesting]]\n        [[charm]]\\n## apparent [[thoughtfulness]], [[warmheartedness]]\\n## the [[feeling]]\n        or [[mood]] of a thing\\n## the [[tenor]] or [[timber]] of a [[voice]] or [[sound]]\\n##\n        in [[Noh]], a section that is [[chant]]ed at a medium pace; alternately, a\n        [[decorative]] [[poetic]] section\\n## in {{m|ja|\\u6d44\\u7460\\u7483|tr=j\\u014druri||puppet\n        show narrative}}, a [[lively]] section that is neither strictly [[dialog]]\n        nor [[narration]], but has many elements of dialog\\n## when playing the [[koto]],\n        pushing on a string with the fingers of the left hand to change the [[pitch]]\n        of a [[note]], or for [[vibrato]]\\n# something related to [[romantic]] or\n        [[sexual]] [[love]], particularly between genders\\n## the [[emotion]]s or\n        [[circumstance]]s of [[attraction]] between [[gender]]s\\n## [[extramarital]]\n        [[relation]]s, an [[affair]]\\n## an [[extramarital]] [[lover]]\\n## a [[prostitute]]\\n##\n        a [[red-light district]]\\n# the [[type]] or [[kind]] of something\\n# {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}}\n        various specific kinds of [[color]]:\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang|woman''s\n        word}} [[lipstick]] or [[rouge]]\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}}\n        [[soy sauce]]\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}} [[paint]]\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top|Terms derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=color}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8276|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3064\\u3084|[[color]] and [[luster]]; a\n        person''s [[facial]] [[coloring]]; [[warmth]] of [[feeling]] in [[speech]]\n        or [[attitude]]; [[interest]] or [[fun]] in [[speech]] or [[writing]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5408\\u3044|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3042\\u3044}}, {{ja-r|\\u8272\\u5408|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3042\\u3044|a\n        [[shade]], [[hue]], [[tone]]; [[coloring]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u892a\\u305b\\u308b|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3042\\u305b\\u308b|lose\n        [[color]], [[fade]]; fade, lose [[freshness]], become [[old]] and [[musty]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7d19|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u304c\\u307f|[[colored]] [[paper]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u773c%\\u93e1|\\u3044\\u308d% \\u3081%\\u304c\\u306d|[[colored]]\n        [[glasses]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7269|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3082\\u306e|a [[colored]]\n        item, particularly [[cloth]] or [[clothing]]; a [[lively]] and [[colorful]]\n        [[variety]] [[act]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u597d\\u3044|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3088\\u3044|having\n        a [[beautiful]] [[figure]]; [[favorable]] {{qualifier|as in a [[reply]] or\n        [[attitude]]}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5206\\u3051|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u308f\\u3051}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5206|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u308f\\u3051|to [[color-code]], to [[separate]]\n        by color}}\\n{{der-mid}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b% \\u3044\\u308d|[[red]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272|\\u304d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8336%\\u8272|\\u3061\\u3083% \\u3044\\u308d|[[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u72d0%\\u8272|\\u304d\\u3064\\u306d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[reddish]]-[[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a59%\\u8272|\\u3060\\u3044\\u3060\\u3044% \\u3044\\u308d|[[orange]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u30aa\\u30ec\\u30f3\\u30b8\\u8272|\\u30aa\\u30ec\\u30f3\\u30b8 \\u3044\\u308d|[[orange]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u67ff%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[reddish]]-[[orange]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[purple]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8584%\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3046\\u3059%-\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[purple]], [[lavender]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6843%\\u8272|\\u3082\\u3082% \\u3044\\u308d|[[peach]]\n        [[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u685c%\\u8272|\\u3055\\u304f\\u3089% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6c34%\\u8272|\\u307f\\u305a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]] [[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7fa4%\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u3050\\u3093%\\u3058\\u3087\\u3046% \\u3044\\u308d|[[ultramarine]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b%-\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[magenta]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u7dd1%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304a%-\\u307f\\u3069\\u308a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[cyan]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7070%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u3044% \\u3044\\u308d|[[gray]] (possibly darker\n        than ''''nezumi iro'''')}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9f20%\\u8272|\\u306d\\u305a\\u307f% \\u3044\\u308d|[[gray]]\n        (possibly darker than ''''hai iro'''')}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9d07%\\u8272|\\u3068\\u304d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7e39%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u306a\\u3060% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[indigo]] [[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6817%\\u8272|\\u304f\\u308a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[maroon]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7dcb%\\u8272|\\u3072% \\u3044\\u308d|[[scarlet]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u831c%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b\\u306d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[madder]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u82fa%\\u8272|\\u3044\\u3061\\u3054%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[strawberry]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9b31%\\u91d1%\\u8272|\\u3046%\\u3053\\u3093%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[turmeric]] {{gloss|dye}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u30b3\\u30b3\\u30a2\\u8272|\\u30b3\\u30b3\\u30a2\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[cocoa]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8461%\\u8404%\\u8272|\\u3076%\\u3069\\u3046%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[grape]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6ab8%\\u6aac%\\u8272|\\u308c%\\u3082\\u3093%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[lemon]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u91d1%\\u7cf8\\u96c0%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u306a%\\u308a\\u3042%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[canary]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u82a5\\u5b50%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3089\\u3057%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[mustard]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7425%\\u73c0%\\u8272|\\u3053%\\u306f\\u304f%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[amber]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8594\\u8587%\\u8272|\\u3070\\u3089% \\u3044\\u308d|[[rose]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5341%\\u4eba%\\u5341%\\u8272|\\u3058\\u3085\\u3046%\n        \\u306b\\u3093% \\u3068% \\u3044\\u308d|[[to each his own]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n{{der-top|Terms\n        derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=kind or type}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8272|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3044\\u308d|[[various]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272\\u3093\\u306a|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3093\\u306a|[[various]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n=====Related\n        terms=====\\n{{rel-top|Terms related to {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=color}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u767d\\u3044|\\u3057\\u308d\\u3044|[[white]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ed2\\u3044|\\u304f\\u308d\\u3044|[[black]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64\\u3044|\\u3042\\u304b\\u3044|[[red]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9752\\u3044|\\u3042\\u304a\\u3044|[[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272\\u3044|\\u304d%\\u3044\\u308d\\u3044|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8336%\\u8272\\u3044|\\u3061\\u3083%\\u3044\\u308d\\u3044|[[brown]]}}\\n{{rel-bottom}}\\n\\n====Adjective====\\n{{ja-adj|infl=na|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} of exceptional [[beauty]] of [[form]]\n        or [[appearance]]\\n#* ''''[[w:Utsubo Monogatari|Utsubo Monogatari]]'''', late\n        10th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u5a18\\u3069\\u3082\\u3090\\u306a\\u307f\\u3066|''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\n        \\u3080\\u3059\\u3081 \\u3069\\u3082 \\u3090\\u306a\\u307f\\u3066|''''''beautiful''''''\n        girls all in a row}}\\n# {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} [[knowledgeable]]\n        about [[lovemaking]], [[sensual]]; [[lascivious]], [[lecherous]]\\n#* ''''[[w:Ochikubo\n        Monogatari|Ochikubo Monogatari]]'''', late 10th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|\\u8d8a\\u524d\\u5b88''''''\\u8272''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u4eba\\u306b\\u3066|\\u3048\\u3061\\u305c\\u3093\\u3082\\u308a\n        ''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b \\u3072\\u3068 \\u306b \\u3066|Echizenmori\n        was a man who ''''''liked the girls'''''' / ''''''had quite the libido''''''}}\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} [[elegant]], [[tasteful]], [[refined]]\\n#*\n        ''''[[w:The Tale of Genji|The Tale of Genji]]'''', early 11th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|\\u76ee\\u99b4\\u308c\\u305a\\u3082\\u3042\\u308b\\u4f4f\\u307e\\u3072\\u306e\\u69d8\\u304b\\u306a''''''\\u8272''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u5fa1\\u5fc3\\u306b\\u306f\\u3092\\u304b\\u3057\\u304f\\u304a\\u307c\\u3057\\u306a\\u3055\\u308b|\\u3081\\u306a\\u308c\\u305a\n        \\u3082 \\u3042\\u308b \\u3059\\u307e\\u3072 \\u306e \\u3055\\u307e \\u304b \\u306a ''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\n        \\u304a\\u3053\\u3053\\u308d \\u306b \\u306f \\u3092\\u304b\\u3057\\u304f \\u304a\\u307c\\u3057\\u306a\\u3055\\u308b|\\\"I\n        haven''t seen it before, but it looks like a house,\\\" he thought bemusedly\n        in his ''''''refined'''''' mind...}}\\n\\n====Affix====\\n{{ja-pos|affix|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        [[kin]], [[blood relative]], more specifically family members sharing the\n        same [[mother]]\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nOnly found in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top|Terms derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=kin}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u306f|one''s [[birth mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u80cc|\\u3044\\u308d\\u305b|a\n        [[sibling]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u306d|a [[sibling]]\n        from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u5144|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048|an\n        [[older]] [[brother]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3068|a\n        [[younger]] [[sibling]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3082|a\n        [[younger]] [[sister]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology\n        2===\\n{{ja-kanjitab||\\u3044\\u308d|yomi=k}}\\n[[nominalization|Nominalization]]\n        of the {{m|ja|\\u9023\\u7528\\u5f62|tr=ren''y\\u014dkei||continuative or stem\n        form}} of verb {{m|ja|\\u8272\\u3046|tr=irou||to color something}}.\\n\\nNot used\n        in modern Japanese.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=k|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048|obsolete}} [[coloring]]/[[colouring]], [[design]]\\n\\n===Etymology\n        3===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3057\\u304d|yomi=o}}\\nFrom {{etyl|ltc|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d}}\n        {{m|ltc|\\u8272|tr=srik}}. Used in [[Buddhist]] contexts as a translation of\n        {{etyl|sa|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d}} {{m|sa|\\u0930\\u0942\\u092a||outward [[appearance]],\n        [[color]], [[form]], [[shape]]}}.\\n\\nThe [[\\u5449\\u97f3#Japanese|''''goon'''']]\n        reading, so likely the initial borrowing.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=goon|\\u3057\\u304d|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3057\\u304d}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d|Buddhism}} [[material]] [[form]], specifically the\n        organized [[body]] as one of the five constituent [[element]]s or [[skandha]]s\\n#:\n        [[\\u822c\\u82e5\\u5fc3\\u7d4c#Japanese|Heart Sutra]] ([[w:Heart Sutra|Wikipedia\n        article]])\\n#: {{ja-usex|...\\u820e%\\u5229%\\u5b50%\\u3000''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u4e0d%\\u7570%\\u7a7a%\\u3000\\u7a7a%\\u4e0d%\\u7570%''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u3000''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u5373%\\u662f%\\u7a7a%\\u3000\\u7a7a%\\u5373%\\u662f%''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u3000\\u53d7%\\u60f3%\\u884c%\\u8b58%\\u3000\\u4ea6%\\u5fa9%\\u5982%\\u662f...|...^\\u3057\\u3083%\\u308a%\\u3057%\\u3000''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\n        \\u3075% \\u3044% \\u304f\\u3046%\\u3000\\u304f\\u3046% \\u3075% \\u3044% ''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\\u3000''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\n        \\u305d\\u304f% \\u305c% \\u304f\\u3046%\\u3000\\u304f\\u3046% \\u305d\\u304f% \\u305c%\n        ''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\\u3000\\u3058\\u3085% \\u305d\\u3046% \\u304e\\u3087\\u3046%\n        \\u3057\\u304d%\\u3000\\u3084\\u304f% \\u3076% \\u306b\\u3087% \\u305c...|rom=Sharishi,\n        ''''''shiki'''''' fu i k\\u016b, k\\u016b fu i ''''''shiki'''''', ''''''shiki''''''\n        soku ze k\\u016b, k\\u016b soku ze ''''''shiki'''''', ju s\\u014d gy\\u014d shiki,\n        yaku bu nyo ze|Oh Shariputra! ''''''Form'''''' is not different from emptiness;\n        emptiness is not different from ''''''form''''''. ''''''Form'''''' is indeed\n        emptiness; emptiness is indeed ''''''form''''''. Feeling, perception, mental\n        formations, and consciousness are also like this.{{cite-web|author=|authorlink=|title=Translation\n        of the kanji of the Heart Sutra in Japanese|url=https://www.theartofcalligraphy.com/heart-sutra-in-japanese|archiveurl=|archivedate=|work=The\n        Heart Sutra In Japanese Explained \\u2013 Online Kanji Course For Sutra Copying\n        And Self-Study|publisher=|date=|accessdate=August 24, 2017|passage=}}}}\\n\\n\\n#\n        that which is [[visible]] of a thing, specifically [[form]] and [[color]]\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nUsed extensively\n        in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived terms=====\\n{{der-top}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u754c|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u304b\\u3044|the\n        [[material]] [[world]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5f69|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3055\\u3044|[[coloring]],\n        [[coloration]], [[hue]], [[tint]]; [[color]], [[mood]], [[influence]], [[leaning]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7d19|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3057|a [[square]] piece of [[cardboard]]\n        used for painting or for writing poems}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8abf|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3061\\u3087\\u3046|the\n        [[coloring]] of a thing; a [[tone]], [[shade]], or [[hue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7e39%\\u8272|\\u3072\\u3087\\u3046%\\u3057\\u304d|[[light]]\n        [[indigo]] [[blue]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology 4===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|yomi=o}}\\nFrom\n        {{etyl|ltc|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}} {{m|ltc|\\u8272|tr=srik|pos=reconstructed\n        by some linguists as {{IPAchar|/\\u0283i\\u0259k/}}}}.\\n\\nThe [[\\u6f22\\u97f3#Japanese|''''kan''on'''']]\n        reading, so likely a later borrowing.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=kanon|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n====Affix====\\n{{ja-pos|affix|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nUsed in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6697%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[dark]] [[color]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5a01%\\u5687%\\u8272|\\u3044%\\u304b\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[threatening]] [[color]] or [[pattern]] on an animal}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7570%\\u8272|\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|of\n        a [[different]] [[color]]; [[different]] from the [[norm]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u708e%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u7130%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[flame]] [[colour]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6028%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[grudging]] [[look]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6f14%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[colour]] [[rendering]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8276%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[bewitching]] [[looks]];\n        [[beautiful]] [[colour]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272|\\u304a\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u9ec4\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7070%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[grey]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8910%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3063%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[dark]] [[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a44%\\u6b16%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3093%\\u3089\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[olive]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u597d%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[lasciviousness]],\n        [[lechery]]; 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The [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term ''''kanji'''' for\n        the Chinese characters literally means \\\"[[Han Chinese|Han]] characters\\\"{{cite\n        book|last=Suski|first=P.M.|title=The Phonetics of Japanese Language: With\n        Reference to Japanese Script|year=2011|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyUc7oNgaqoC|isbn=9780203841808}}\n        and is written using the same characters as the [[Chinese language|Chinese]]\n        word ''''{{transl|zh|[[Hanzi|h\\u00e0nz\\u00ec]]}}''''.''''{{transl|zh|[[Hanzi|H\\u00e0nz\\u00ec]]}}'''',\n        {{zh|s=\\u6c49\\u5b57|t=\\u6f22\\u5b57}}. {{cite book|last1=Malatesha Joshi|first1=R.|last2=Aaron|first2=P.G.|title=Handbook\n        of orthography and literacy|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|location=New Jersey|isbn=0-8058-4652-2|pages=481\\u20132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkXzdWSyBFgC&pg}}\\n\\n{{Japanese\n        writing}}\\n{{Infobox writing system\\n|name=Kanji\\n|type=[[Logographic]]\\n|languages=[[Old\n        Japanese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]]\\n|time=\\n|fam1=[[Oracle bone script]]\\n|fam2=[[Seal\n        script]]\\n|fam3=[[Clerical script]]\\n|fam4=[[Regular script|Kaishu]]\\n|sisters=[[Hanja]],\n        [[Zhuyin]], [[traditional Chinese]], [[simplified Chinese]], [[Ch\\u1eef n\\u00f4m|Nom]],\n        [[Khitan script]], [[Jurchen script]]\\n|children=\\n|unicode\\n|iso15924=Hani\\n}}\\n{{Table\n        Hanzi}}\\n{{Wiktionary category| type=kanji| category=Japanese-coined CJKV\n        characters}}\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:Nihonshoki tanaka version.jpg|thumb|''''[[Nihon\n        Shoki]]'''' (720 AD), considered by historians and archaeologists as the most\n        complete extant historical record of ancient Japan, was written entirely in\n        kanji.]]\\n[[Chinese character]]s first came to [[Japan]] on official seals,\n        letters, swords, coins, mirrors, and other decorative items imported from\n        [[China]]. The earliest known instance of such an import was the [[King of\n        Na gold seal]] given by [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]] to a [[Yamato Province|Yamato]]\n        emissary in 57 AD.{{Cite web| title =Gold Seal (Kin-in)| url =http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/en/exhibition.html\n        | publisher=Fukuoka City Museum |accessdate =September 1, 2014 }} Chinese\n        coins from the first century AD have been found in [[Yayoi-period]] archaeological\n        sites.Miyake (2003), 8. However, the Japanese\n        of that era probably had no comprehension of the script, and would remain\n        illiterate until the fifth century AD. According to\n        the ''''[[Nihon Shoki]]'''' and ''''[[Kojiki]]'''', a semi-legendary scholar\n        called [[Wani (scholar)|Wani]] ({{nihongo|\\u738b\\u4ec1}}) was dispatched to\n        Japan by the [[Baekje|Kingdom of Baekje]] during the reign of [[Emperor \\u014cjin]]\n        in the early fifth century, bringing with him knowledge of [[Confucianism]]\n        and Chinese characters.Miyake (2003), 9.\\n\\nThe\n        earliest Japanese documents were probably written by bilingual Chinese or\n        Korean officials employed at the [[Yamato period|Yamato]] court. For example, the diplomatic correspondence from [[Five kings of Wa|King\n        Bu of Wa]] to [[Emperor Shun of Liu Song]] in 478 has been praised for its\n        skillful use of [[allusion]]. Later, groups of people called ''''fuhito''''\n        were organized under the monarch to read and write [[Classical Chinese]].\n        During the reign of [[Empress Suiko]] (593\\u2013628), the Yamato court began\n        sending full-scale diplomatic missions to China, which resulted in a large\n        increase in Chinese literacy at the Japanese court.\\n\\nThe\n        Japanese language had no written form at the time Chinese characters were\n        introduced, and texts were written and read only in Chinese. Later, during\n        the [[Heian period]] (794\\u20131185), however, a system known as ''''[[kanbun]]''''\n        emerged, which involved using Chinese text with [[diacritical mark]]s to allow\n        Japanese speakers to restructure and read Chinese sentences, by changing word\n        order and adding particles and verb endings, in accordance with the rules\n        of [[Japanese grammar]].\\n\\nChinese characters also came to be used to write\n        Japanese words, resulting in the modern kana syllabaries. Around 650 CE, a\n        writing system called ''''[[man''y\\u014dgana]]'''' (used in the ancient poetry\n        anthology ''''[[Man''y\\u014dsh\\u016b]]'''') evolved that used a number of\n        Chinese characters for their sound, rather than for their meaning. Man''y\\u014dgana\n        written in [[Grass script|cursive style]] evolved into ''''[[hiragana]]'''',\n        or ''''[[hiragana|onna-de]]'''', that is, \\\"ladies'' hand,\\\"Hadamitzky,\n        Wolfgang and Spahn, Mark (2012), ''''Kanji and Kana:  A Complete Guide to\n        the Japanese Writing System'''',  Third Edition, Rutland, VT:  Tuttle Publishing.\n        {{ISBN|4805311169}}. p. 14. a writing system that was accessible to\n        women (who were denied [[higher education]]). Major works of [[Heian-era]]\n        [[literature]] by women were written in hiragana. ''''[[Katakana]]'''' emerged\n        via a parallel path: [[monastery]] students simplified ''''man''y\\u014dgana''''\n        to a single constituent element. Thus the two other writing systems, hiragana\n        and katakana, referred to collectively as ''''[[kana]]'''', are descended\n        from kanji.\\n\\nIn modern Japanese, kanji are used to write parts of the language\n        (usually [[content word]]s) such as [[noun]]s, [[adjective]] [[word stem|stems]],\n        and [[verb]] [[word stem|stems]], while hiragana are used to write [[inflection|inflected]]\n        verb and adjective endings and as [[phonetic complement]]s to disambiguate\n        readings (''''[[okurigana]]''''), [[grammatical particle|particles]], and\n        miscellaneous words which have no kanji or whose kanji is considered obscure\n        or too difficult to read or remember. [[Katakana]] are mostly used for representing\n        [[onomatopoeia]], [[gairaigo|non-Japanese loanwords]] (except those borrowed\n        from [[Old Chinese|ancient Chinese]]), the names of plants and animals (with\n        exceptions), and for emphasis on certain words.\\n\\n==Orthographic reform and\n        lists of kanji==\\n{{Main|Japanese script reform}}\\n[[File:Y\\u014dsh\\u016b\n        Chikanobu Shin Bijin No. 20.jpg|thumb|left|A young woman practicing kanji.\n        [[Ukiyo-e]] woodblock print by [[Toyohara Chikanobu|Y\\u014dsh\\u016b Chikanobu]],\n        1897]]\\nIn 1946, following [[World War II]] and under the [[Occupation of\n        Japan|Allied Occupation of Japan]], the Japanese government, guided by the\n        [[Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers]] instituted a series of [[orthography|orthographic]]\n        reforms. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children\n        and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals.\\nThe number of characters\n        in circulation was reduced, and formal lists of characters to be learned during\n        each grade of school were established.\\nSome characters were given simplified\n        [[glyph]]s, called {{nihongo||\\u65b0\\u5b57\\u4f53|[[shinjitai]]}}. Many variant\n        forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially\n        discouraged.\\n\\nThese are simply guidelines, so many characters outside these\n        standards are still widely known and commonly used; these are known as {{Nihongo||\\u8868\\u5916\\u5b57|[[hy\\u014dgaiji]]}}.\\n\\n===Ky\\u014diku\n        kanji===\\n{{Main|Ky\\u014diku kanji}}\\nThe {{Nihongo||\\u6559\\u80b2\\u6f22\\u5b57|ky\\u014diku\n        kanji|{{abbr|lit.|literally}} \\\"education kanji\\\"}} are 1,006 characters that\n        Japanese children learn in elementary school. Originally the list only contained\n        881 characters. This was expanded to 996 characters in 1977. It was not until\n        1982 the list was expanded to its current size. The grade-level breakdown\n        of these kanji is known as the {{Nihongo||\\u5b66\\u5e74\\u5225\\u6f22\\u5b57\\u914d\\u5f53\\u8868|gakunen-betsu\n        kanji hait\\u014dhy\\u014d}}, or the ''''gakush\\u016b kanji''''.\\n\\n===J\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji===\\n{{Main|J\\u014dy\\u014d kanji}}\\nThe {{Nihongo||\\u5e38\\u7528\\u6f22\\u5b57|j\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji|regular-use kanji}} are 2,136 characters consisting of all the ''''Ky\\u014diku\n        kanji'''', plus 1,130 additional kanji taught in junior high and high school.\n        In publishing, characters outside this category are often given ''''[[furigana]]''''.\n        The ''''j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji'''' were introduced in 1981, replacing an older\n        list of 1,850 characters known as the {{Nihongo||\\u5f53\\u7528\\u6f22\\u5b57|[[t\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji]]|general-use kanji}}, introduced in 1946. Originally numbering 1,945\n        characters, the ''''j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji'''' list was extended to 2,136 in\n        2010. Some of the new characters were previously ''''Jinmeiy\\u014d kanji'''';\n        some are used to write prefecture names: \\u962a, \\u718a, \\u5948, \\u5ca1, \\u9e7f,\n        \\u68a8, \\u961c, \\u57fc, \\u8328, \\u6803 and \\u5a9b.\\n\\n===Jinmeiy\\u014d kanji===\\n{{Main|Jinmeiy\\u014d\n        kanji}}\\nSince September 27, 2004, the {{Nihongo||\\u4eba\\u540d\\u7528\\u6f22\\u5b57|jinmeiy\\u014d\n        kanji|kanji for use in personal names}} consist of 3,119 characters, containing\n        the ''''j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji'''' plus an additional 983 kanji found in people''s\n        names. There were only 92 kanji in the original list published in 1952, but\n        new additions have been made frequently. Sometimes the term ''''jinmeiy\\u014d\n        kanji'''' refers to all 3,119, and sometimes it only refers to the 983 that\n        are only used for names.\\n\\n===Hy\\u014dgai kanji===\\n{{Main|Hy\\u014dgai kanji}}\\n{{Nihongo||\\u8868\\u5916\\u6f22\\u5b57|Hy\\u014dgai\n        kanji|\\\"unlisted characters\\\"}} are any kanji not contained in the ''''j\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji'''' and ''''jinmeiy\\u014d kanji'''' lists. These are generally written\n        using traditional characters, but [[extended shinjitai]] forms exist.\\n\\n===Japanese\n        Industrial Standards for kanji===\\nThe [[Japanese Industrial Standards]] for\n        kanji and kana define character code-points for each kanji and kana, as well\n        as other forms of writing such as the [[Latin alphabet]], [[Cyrillic script]],\n        [[Greek alphabet]], [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]], etc. for use in information\n        processing. They have had numerous revisions. The current standards are:\\n*[[JIS\n        X 0208]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522084722/http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanji90#kanji90\n        JIS X 0208:1997]. the most recent version of the main standard. It has\n        6,355 kanji.\\n*[[JIS X 0212]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522084722/http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanjisup#kanjisup\n        JIS X 0212:1990]. a supplementary standard containing a further 5,801\n        kanji. This standard is rarely used, mainly because the common [[Shift JIS]]\n        encoding system could not use it. This standard is effectively obsolete;\\n*[[JIS\n        X 0213]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522084722/http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanji00#kanji00\n        JIS X 0213:2000]. a further revision which extended the JIS X 0208 set\n        with 3,695 additional kanji, of which 2,743 (all but 952) were in JIS X 0212.\n        The standard is in part designed to be compatible with Shift JIS encoding;\\n*JIS\n        X 0221:1995, the Japanese version of the ISO 10646/[[Unicode]] standard.\\n\\n====Gaiji====\\n{{Nihongo||\\u5916\\u5b57|Gaiji|literally\n        \\\"external characters\\\"}} are kanji that are not represented in existing Japanese\n        [[Character encoding|encoding systems]]. These include variant forms of common\n        kanji that need to be represented alongside the more conventional [[glyph]]\n        in reference works, and can include non-kanji symbols as well.\\n\\n''''Gaiji''''\n        can be either user-defined characters or system-specific characters. Both\n        are a problem for information interchange, as the [[codepoint]] used to represent\n        an external character will not be consistent from one computer or operating\n        system to another.\\n\\n''''Gaiji'''' were nominally prohibited in JIS X 0208-1997,\n        and JIS X 0213-2000 used the range of code-points previously allocated to\n        ''''gaiji'''', making them completely unusable. Nevertheless, they persist\n        today with [[NTT DoCoMo]]''s \\\"[[i-mode]]\\\" service, where they are used for\n        [[emoji]] (pictorial characters).\\n\\n[[Unicode]] allows for optional encoding\n        of ''''gaiji'''' in [[Private Use (Unicode)|private use areas]], while [[OpenType#SING\n        gaiji solution|Adobe''s SING]] (Smart INdependent Glyphlets){{citation\n        | publisher = Adobe | url = https://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/detail.jsp?ftpID=2437\n        | title = Introducing the SING Gaiji architecture}}.{{citation\n        | publisher = Adobe | url = https://www.adobe.com/devnet/opentype/ | title\n        = OpenType Technology Center}}. technology allows the creation of customized\n        gaiji.\\n\\nThe [[Text Encoding Initiative]] uses a '''''''''''' element\n        to encode any non-standard character or glyph, including gaiji.{{citation\n        | publisher = TEI-C | url = http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/WD.html\n        | chapter = Representation of Non-standard Characters and Glyphs | title =\n        P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange}}. (The\n        ''''''g'''''' stands for \\\"gaiji\\\"){{citation | publisher = TEI-C | url\n        = http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-g.html | chapter\n        = TEI element g (character or glyph) | title = P5: Guidelines for Electronic\n        Text Encoding and Interchange}}.\\n\\n==Total number of kanji==\\nThere\n        is no definitive count of kanji characters, just as there is none of Chinese\n        characters generally. The ''''[[Dai Kan-Wa Jiten]]'''', which is considered\n        to be comprehensive in Japan,  contains about 50,000 characters. The ''''[[Zhonghua\n        Zihai]]'''', published in 1994 in China contains about 85,000 characters;Kuang-Hui Chiu, Chi-Ching Hsu (2006). [http://www.ntpu.edu.tw/ads/doc/95/paper%20hsu95.doc\n        Chinese Dilemmas : How Many Ideographs are Needed], National Taipei UniversityShouhui\n        Zhao, Dongbo Zhang, [http://www.colips.org/journals/volume17/JCLC_2007_V17_N2_04.pdf\n        The Totality of Chinese Characters \\u2013 A Digital Perspective]Daniel\n        G. Peebles, [http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/reports/TR2007-592.pdf SCML: A Structural\n        Representation for Chinese Characters], May 29, 2007 however, the majority\n        of these are not in common use in any country, and many are obscure variants\n        or archaic forms.\\n\\nApproximately 2,000 to 3,000 characters are commonly\n        used in Japan, a few thousand more find occasional use, and a total of 13,108\n        characters can be encoded in various [[#Japanese Industrial Standards for\n        kanji|Japanese Industrial Standards for kanji]].\\n\\n==Readings==\\n{| class=\\\"infobox\\\"\n        align=\\\"right\\\"\\n|-\\n! colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"| ''''''Borrowing typology\n        of Han characters''''''\\n|-\\n!\\n! ''''''Meaning''''''\\n! ''''''Pronunciation''''''\\n|-\\n|\n        a) semantic ''''on''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | L1\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | L1\\n|-\\n|\n        b) semantic ''''kun''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | L1\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | L2\\n|-\\n|-\\n|\n        c) phonetic ''''on''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | \\u2014\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |\n        L1\\n|-\\n| d) phonetic ''''kun''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | \\u2014\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        | L2\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"width:300px;\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" | *With L1 representing\n        the language borrowed from (Chinese) and L2 representing the borrowing language\n        (Japanese).Rogers, Henry (2005). ''''Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach''''.\n        Oxford: Blackwell. {{ISBN|0631234640}}\\n|}\\n\\nBecause of the way they\n        have been adopted into Japanese, a single kanji may be used to write one or\n        more different words \\u2013 or, in some cases, [[morphemes]] \\u2013 and thus\n        the same character may be pronounced in different ways. From the point of\n        view of the reader, kanji are said to have one or more different \\\"readings\\\".\n        Although more than one reading may become activated in the brain,{{Cite\n        journal | doi = 10.1080/17470218.2013.773050|url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236062398_The_multiple_pronunciations_of_Japanese_kanji_A_masked_priming_investigation|\n        pmid = 23510000| title = The multiple pronunciations of Japanese kanji: A\n        masked priming investigation| journal = The Quarterly Journal of Experimental\n        Psychology| volume = 66| issue = 10| pages = 2023| year = 2013| last1 = Verdonschot\n        | first1 = R. G. | last2 = La Heij | first2 = W. | last3 = Tamaoka | first3\n        = K. | last4 = Kiyama | first4 = S. | last5 = You | first5 = W. P. | last6\n        = Schiller | first6 = N. O. }} deciding which reading is appropriate\n        depends on recognizing which word it represents, which can usually be determined\n        from context, intended meaning, whether the character occurs as part of a\n        compound word or an independent word, and sometimes location within the sentence.\n        For example, {{lang|ja|\\u4eca\\u65e5}} is usually read ''''ky\\u014d,'''' meaning\n        \\\"today\\\", but in formal writing is instead read ''''konnichi,'''' meaning\n        \\\"nowadays\\\"; this is understood from context. Nevertheless, some cases are\n        ambiguous and require a ''''[[furigana]]'''' gloss, which are also used simply\n        for difficult readings or to specify a non-standard reading.\\n\\nKanji readings\n        are categorized as either ''''on''yomi'''' (literally \\\"sound reading\\\", from\n        Chinese) or ''''kun''yomi'''' (literally \\\"meaning reading\\\", native Japanese),\n        and most characters have at least two readings, at least one of each. However,\n        some characters have only a single reading, such as {{Nihongo||\\u83ca|kiku|\\\"chrysanthemum\\\",\n        an ''''on''''-reading}} or {{Nihongo||\\u9c2f|iwashi|\\\"sardine\\\", a ''''kun''''-reading}};\n        ''''kun''''-only are common for Japanese-coined kanji (''''kokuji''''). Some\n        common kanji have ten or more possible readings; the most complex common example\n        is \\u751f, which is read as ''''sei, sh\\u014d, nama, ki, o-u, i-kiru, i-kasu,\n        i-keru, u-mu, u-mareru, ha-eru,'''' and ''''ha-yasu'''', totaling 8 basic\n        readings (first 2 are ''''on,'''' rest are ''''kun''''), or 12 if related\n        verbs are counted as distinct; see [[Okurigana#\\u751f|okurigana: \\u751f]]\n        for details.\\n\\nMost often, a character will be used for both sound and meaning,\n        and it is simply a matter of choosing the correct reading based on which word\n        it represents. In other cases, a character is used only for sound (''''[[ateji]]'''').\n        In this case, pronunciation is still based on a standard reading, or used\n        only for meaning (broadly a form of ''''ateji,'''' narrowly ''''jukujikun'''').\n        Therefore, only the full compound\\u2014not the individual character\\u2014has\n        a reading. There are also [[#Special readings|special cases]] where the reading\n        is completely different, often based on an historical or traditional reading.\\n\\nThe\n        analogous phenomenon occurs to a much lesser degree in [[varieties of Chinese|Chinese\n        varieties]], where there are [[literary and colloquial readings of Chinese\n        characters]] \\u2013 borrowed readings and native readings. In Chinese these\n        borrowed readings and native readings are etymologically related, since they\n        are between Chinese varieties (which are related), not from Chinese to Japanese\n        (which are not related). They thus form [[Doublet (linguistics)|doublets]]\n        and are generally similar, analogous to different on''yomi, reflecting different\n        stages of Chinese borrowings into Japanese.\\n\\n===''''On''yomi'''' (Sino-Japanese\n        reading) {{anchor|on''yomi|on-yomi|onyomi|on''yomi (Chinese reading)}}  ===\\nThe {{Nihongo||\\u97f3\\u8aad\\u307f|''''''on''yomi''''''|literally\n        \\\"sound(-based) reading\\\"}}, the [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese]]\n        reading, is the modern descendant of the Japanese approximation of the base\n        Chinese pronunciation of the character at the time it was introduced. It was\n        often previously referred to as ''''''translation reading'''''', as it was\n        recreated readings of the Chinese pronunciation but not the Chinese pronunciation\n        or reading itself. Old Japanese scripts often stated that ''''on''yomi''''\n        readings were also created by the Japanese during their arrival and re-borrowed\n        by the Chinese as their own. There also exist kanji created by the Japanese\n        and given an ''''on''yomi'''' reading despite not being a Chinese-derived\n        or a Chinese-originating character. Some kanji were introduced from different\n        parts of China at different times, and so have multiple ''''on''yomi,''''\n        and often multiple meanings. ''''Kanji'''' invented in Japan would not normally\n        be expected to have ''''on''yomi,'''' but there are exceptions, such as the\n        character {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}} \\\"to work\\\", which has the ''''kun''yomi''''\n        \\\"''''hataraku''''\\\" and the ''''on''yomi'''' \\\"''''d\\u014d''''\\\", and {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}}\n        \\\"gland\\\", which has only the ''''on''yomi'''' \\\"''''sen''''\\\" \\u2013 in both\n        cases these come from the ''''on''yomi'''' of the phonetic component, respectively\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u52d5}} \\\"''''d\\u014d''''\\\" and {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6cc9}} \\\"''''sen''''\\\".\\n\\nGenerally,\n        ''''on''yomi'''' are classified into four types according to their region\n        and time of origin:\\n*{{Nihongo||\\u5449\\u97f3|''''''[[Go-on]]''''''|\\\"Wu sound\\\"}}\n        readings are from the pronunciation during the [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]]\n        of China during the 5th and 6th centuries. ''''Go'''' refers to the [[Wu (region)|Wu]]\n        region (in the vicinity of modern [[Shanghai]]), which still maintains linguistic\n        similarities with modern Sino-Japanese vocabulary.\\n*{{Nihongo||\\u6f22\\u97f3|''''''[[Kan-on]]''''''|\\\"Han\n        sound\\\"}} readings are from the pronunciation during the [[Tang Dynasty]]\n        of China in the 7th to 9th centuries, primarily from the standard speech of\n        the capital, [[Chang''an]] (modern [[Xi''an]]). Here, ''''Kan'''' refers to\n        [[Han Chinese]] or [[China proper]].\\n*{{Nihongo||\\u5510\\u97f3|''''''[[T\\u014d-on]]''''''|\\\"Tang\n        sound\\\"}} readings are from the pronunciations of later dynasties of China,\n        such as the [[Song Dynasty|Song]] and [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]]. They cover all\n        readings adopted from the [[Heian era]] to the [[Edo period]]. This is also\n        known as {{Nihongo||\\u5510\\u5b8b\\u97f3|T\\u014ds\\u014d-on|Tang and Song sound}}.\\n*{{anchor|kan''y\\u014d-on|kan''y\\u014don|kan''you-on}}\n        {{Nihongo||\\u6163\\u7528\\u97f3|''''Kan''y\\u014d-on''''''|\\\"customary sound\\\"}}\n        readings, which are mistaken or changed readings of the kanji that have become\n        accepted into Japanese language. In some cases, they are the actual readings\n        that accompanied the character''s introduction to Japan, but do not match\n        how the character [[linguistic prescription|\\\"should\\\"]] be read according\n        to the rules of character construction and pronunciation.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"infobox\\\"\n        align=\\\"right\\\"\\n|+ Examples (rare readings in parentheses)\\n|-\\n!\n        Kanji\\n! Meaning\\n! Go-on\\n! Kan-on\\n! T\\u014d-on\\n! Kan''y\\u014d-on\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u660e}}\\n| bright\\n| ''''my\\u014d''''\\n|\n        ''''mei''''\\n| (''''min'''')\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\"\n        | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u884c}}\\n| go\\n| ''''gy\\u014d''''
''''g\\u014d''''\\n|\n        ''''k\\u014d''''
''''k\\u014d''''\\n| (''''an'''')\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight:\n        normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6975}}\\n| extreme\\n| ''''goku''''\\n| ''''kyoku''''\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u73e0}}\\n|\n        pearl\\n| ''''shu''''\\n| ''''shu''''\\n| ''''ju''''\\n| (''''zu'''')\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight:\n        normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5ea6}}\\n| degree\\n| ''''do''''\\n| (''''to'''')\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8f38}}\\n|\n        transport\\n| (''''shu'''')\\n| (''''shu'''')\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''yu''''\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u96c4}}\\n| masculine\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''y\\u016b''''\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\"\n        | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u718a}}\\n| bear\\n| \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''y\\u016b''''\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5b50}}\\n| child\\n| ''''shi''''\\n|\n        ''''shi''''\\n| ''''su''''\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\"\n        | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6e05}}\\n| clear\\n| ''''sh\\u014d''''\\n| ''''sei''''\\n| ''''(shin)''''\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u4eac}}\\n|\n        capital\\n| ''''ky\\u014d''''\\n| ''''kei''''\\n| ''''(kin)''''\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5175}}\\n| soldier\\n| ''''hy\\u014d''''\\n|\n        ''''hei''''\\n| \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5f37}}\\n|\n        strong\\n| ''''g\\u014d''''\\n| ''''ky\\u014d''''\\n| \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        most common form of readings is the ''''kan-on'''' one, and use of a non-''''kan-on''''\n        reading in a word where the ''''kan-on'''' reading is well-known is a common\n        cause of reading mistakes or difficulty, such as in {{Nihongo||\\u89e3\\u6bd2|ge-doku|detoxification,\n        anti-poison}} (''''go-on''''), where {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u89e3}} is usually instead\n        read as ''''kai''''. The ''''go-on'''' readings are especially common in [[Buddhist]]\n        terminology such as {{Nihongo||\\u6975\\u697d|gokuraku|paradise}}, as well as\n        in some of the earliest loans, such as the Sino-Japanese numbers. The ''''t\\u014d-on''''\n        readings occur in some later words, such as {{Nihongo||\\u6905\\u5b50|isu|chair}},\n        {{Nihongo||\\u5e03\\u56e3|[[futon]]|mattress}}, and {{Nihongo||\\u884c\\u706f|andon|a\n        kind of paper lantern}}. The go-on, kan-on, and t\\u014d-on readings are generally\n        [[cognate]] (with rare exceptions of homographs; see below), having a common\n        origin in [[Old Chinese]], and hence form [[doublet (linguistics)|linguistic\n        doublets]] or triplets, but they can differ significantly from each other\n        and from modern Chinese pronunciation.\\n\\nIn Chinese, most characters are\n        associated with a single Chinese sound, though there are distinct [[literary\n        and colloquial readings of Chinese characters|literary and colloquial readings]].\n        However, some homographs ({{lang|zh|\\u591a\\u97f3\\u5b57}} {{zh|p=du\\u014dy\\u012bnz\\u00ec}})\n        such as {{lang|zh|\\u884c}} (''''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|h\\u00e1ng}}'''' or ''''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|x\\u00edng}}'''')\n        (Japanese: ''''an, g\\u014d, gy\\u014d'''') have more than one reading in Chinese representing different\n        meanings, which is reflected in the carryover to Japanese as well. Additionally,\n        many Chinese syllables, especially those with an [[entering tone]], did not\n        fit the largely consonant-vowel (CV) [[phonotactics]] of classical Japanese.\n        Thus most ''''on''yomi'''' are composed of two [[Mora (linguistics)|morae]]\n        (beats), the second of which is either a lengthening of the vowel in the first\n        mora (to ''''ei'''', ''''\\u014d'''', or ''''\\u016b''''), the vowel ''''i'''', or one of the syllables ''''ku'''', ''''ki'''',\n        ''''tsu'''', ''''chi'''', ''''fu'''' (historically, later merged into ''''\\u014d''''),\n        or moraic ''''n'''', chosen for their approximation to the final consonants\n        of Middle Chinese. It may be that [[Y\\u014don|palatalized consonants before\n        vowels other than ''''i'''']] developed in Japanese as a result of Chinese\n        borrowings, as they are virtually unknown in words of native Japanese origin,\n        but are common in Chinese.\\n\\n''''On''yomi'''' primarily occur in {{nihongo|multi-kanji\n        compound words|\\u719f\\u8a9e|jukugo}} words, which are  many of which are the\n        result of the adoption, along with the kanji themselves, of Chinese words\n        for concepts that either did not exist in Japanese or could not be articulated\n        as elegantly using native words. This borrowing process is often compared\n        to the [[List of English words with dual French and Anglo-Saxon variations|English\n        borrowings from Latin, Greek, and Norman French]], since Chinese-borrowed\n        terms are often more specialized, or considered to sound more erudite or formal,\n        than their native counterparts (occupying a higher [[linguistic register]]).  The\n        major exception to this rule is [[Japanese family name|family name]]s, in\n        which the native ''''kun''yomi'''' are usually used (though ''''on''yomi''''\n        are found in many personal names, especially men''s names).\\n\\n=== Native\n        reading (''''Kun''yomi'''')  {{anchor|kun''yomi|kun-yomi|kunyomi|Japanese\n        reading|native reading}} ===\\nThe {{Nihongo||\\u8a13\\u8aad\\u307f|''''''kun''yomi''''''|{{abbr|lit.|literally}}\n        \\\"meaning reading\\\"}}, the native reading, is a reading based on the pronunciation\n        of a native [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word, or ''''[[yamato kotoba]]'''',\n        that closely approximated the meaning of the [[Chinese language|Chinese]]\n        character when it was introduced. As with ''''on''yomi'''', there can be multiple\n        ''''kun''yomi'''' for the same kanji, and some kanji have no ''''kun''yomi''''\n        at all.\\n\\nFor instance, the character for [[east]], {{lang|ja|[[wikt:\\u6771|\\u6771]]}},\n        has the ''''on''yomi'''' ''''t\\u014d'''', from [[Middle Chinese]] ''''{{IPA|tung}}''''.\n        However, [[Japanese language|Japanese]] already had two words for \\\"east\\\":\n        ''''higashi'''' and ''''azuma''''. Thus the kanji {{lang|ja|\\u6771}} had the\n        latter readings added as ''''kun''yomi''''. In contrast, the kanji {{lang|ja|[[Cun\n        (length)|\\u5bf8]]}}, denoting a Chinese unit of measurement (about 30 mm\n        or 1.2 inch), has no native [[Japanese language|Japanese]] equivalent;\n        it only has an ''''on''yomi'''', ''''[[Cun (length)|sun]]'''', with no native\n        ''''kun''yomi''''. Most ''''[[#kokuji|kokuji]]'''', Japanese-created Chinese\n        characters, only have ''''kun''yomi'''', although some have back-formed a\n        pseudo-''''on''yomi'''' by analogy with similar characters, such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}}\n        ''''d\\u014d,'''' from {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u52d5}} ''''d\\u014d'''', and there are\n        even some, such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}} ''''sen'''' \\\"gland\\\", that have\n        only an ''''on''yomi''''.\\n\\n''''Kun''yomi'''' are characterized by the strict\n        (C)V syllable structure of ''''yamato kotoba''''. Most noun or adjective ''''kun''yomi''''\n        are two to three syllables long, while verb ''''kun''yomi'''' are usually\n        between one and three syllables in length, not counting trailing [[hiragana]]\n        called ''''[[okurigana]]''''. ''''Okurigana'''' are not considered to be part\n        of the internal reading of the character, although they are part of the reading\n        of the word. A beginner in the language will rarely come across characters\n        with long readings, but readings of three or even four syllables are not uncommon.\n        This contrasts with ''''on''yomi,'''' which are monosyllabic, and is unusual\n        in the [[Chinese family of scripts]], which generally use one character per\n        syllable \\u2013 not only in Chinese, but also in Korean, Vietnamese, and Zhuang;\n        [[polysyllabic Chinese character]]s are rare and considered non-standard.\\n\\n{{lang|ja-Hani|\\u627f\\u308b}}\n        ''''uketamawaru,''''  {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5fd7}} ''''kokorozashi,'''' and {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8a54}}\n        ''''mikotonori'''' have five syllables represented by a single kanji, the\n        longest readings in the [[J\\u014dy\\u014d kanji|''''j\\u014dy\\u014d'''' character\n        set]]. These unusually long readings are due to a single character representing\n        a compound word. In detail, due respectively to {{lang|ja|\\u627f\\u308b}} being\n        a single character for a compound verb, one component of which has a long\n        reading (alternative spelling as {{lang|ja|\\u53d7\\u3051\\u8cdc\\u308b}} ''''u(ke)-tamawa(ru)'''',\n        hence (1+1)+3=5; compare common {{lang|ja|\\u53d7\\u3051\\u4ed8\\u3051\\u308b}}\n        ''''u(ke)-tsu(keru)'''', to {{lang|ja|\\u5fd7}} being a nominalization of the\n        verb {{lang|ja|\\u5fd7\\u3059}} which has a long reading ''''kokoroza(su)''''\n        (due to being derived from a noun-verb compound, {{lang|ja|\\u5fc3\\u6307\\u3059}}\n        ''''kokoro-za(su)''''), the nominalization removing the okurigana, hence increasing\n        the reading by one mora, yielding 4+1=5 (compare common {{lang|ja|\\u8a71}}\n        ''''hanashi'''' 2+1=3, from {{lang|ja|\\u8a71\\u3059}} ''''hana(su),'''' and\n        {{lang|ja|\\u8a54}} being a triple compound (alternative spelling {{lang|ja|\\u5fa1\\u8a00\\u5ba3}}\n        ''''mi-koto-nori,'''' hence 1+2+2=5). Longer readings exist for non-J\\u014dy\\u014d\n        characters and non-kanji symbols, where a long [[gairaigo]] word may be the\n        reading (this is classed as ''''kun''yomi'''' \\u2013 see [[#Single character\n        gairaigo|single character gairaigo]], below) \\u2013 the character {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u7cce}}\n        has the seven kana reading {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u30bb\\u30f3\\u30c1\\u30e1\\u30fc\\u30c8\\u30eb}}\n        ''''senchim\\u0113toru'''' \\\"centimeter\\\", though it is generally written as\n        \\\"cm\\\" (with two half-width characters, so occupying one space); another common\n        example is ''%'' (the percent sign), which has the five kana reading {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u30d1\\u30fc\\u30bb\\u30f3\\u30c8}}\n        ''''p\\u0101sento''''. Further, some J\\u014dy\\u014d characters have long non-J\\u014dy\\u014d\n        readings (students learn the character, but not the reading), such as ''''omonpakaru''''\n        for {{lang|ja|\\u616e\\u308b}}.\\n\\nIn a number of cases, multiple kanji were\n        assigned to cover a single [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word. Typically\n        when this occurs, the different kanji refer to specific shades of meaning.\n        For instance, the word {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u306a\\u304a\\u3059}}, ''''naosu'''',\n        when written {{lang|ja|\\u6cbb\\u3059}}, means \\\"to heal an illness or sickness\\\".\n        When written {{lang|ja|\\u76f4\\u3059}} it means \\\"to fix or correct something\\\".\n        Sometimes the distinction is very clear, although not always. Differences\n        of opinion among reference works is not uncommon; one dictionary may say the\n        kanji are equivalent, while another dictionary may draw distinctions of use.\n        As a result, native speakers of the language may have trouble knowing which\n        kanji to use and resort to personal preference or by writing the word in [[hiragana]].\n        This latter strategy is frequently employed with more complex cases such as\n        \\u3082\\u3068 ''''moto'''', which has at least five different kanji: {{lang|ja|\\u5143,\n        \\u57fa, \\u672c, \\u4e0b}}, and {{lang|ja|\\u7d20}}, the first three of which\n        have only very subtle differences. Another notable example is ''''sakazuki''''\n        \\\"sake cup\\\", which may be spelt as at least five different kanji: {{lang|ja|\\u676f,\n        \\u76c3, \\u5df5/\\u536e}}, and {{lang|ja|\\u574f}}; of these, the first two are\n        common \\u2013 formally {{lang|ja|\\u676f}} is a small cup and {{lang|ja|\\u76c3}}\n        a large cup.\\n\\nLocal dialectical readings of kanji are also classified under\n        ''''kun''yomi'''', most notably readings for words in [[Ryukyuan languages]].\n        Further, in rare cases gairaigo (borrowed words) have a single character associated\n        with them, in which case this reading is formally classified as a ''''kun''yomi'''',\n        because the character is being used for meaning, not sound. This is discussed\n        under [[#Single character gairaigo|single character gairaigo]], below.\\n\\n===Mixed\n        readings {{anchor|j\\u016bbako|juubako|jubako|yut\\u014d|yutou|yuto}} ===\\n[[File:J\\u016bbako.jpg|thumb|A\n        {{Nihongo||\\u91cd\\u7bb1|j\\u016bbako}}, which has a mixed on-kun reading]]\\n[[File:Pail,yutou,soba-yu,katori-city,japan.JPG|thumb|A\n        {{Nihongo||\\u6e6f\\u6876|yut\\u014d}}, which has a mixed kun-on reading]]\\nThere\n        are many kanji compounds that use a mixture of ''''on''yomi'''' and ''''kun''yomi'''',\n        known as {{Nihongo||\\u91cd\\u7bb1|j\\u016bbako|multi-layered food box}} or {{Nihongo||\\u6e6f\\u6876|yut\\u014d|hot\n        liquid pail}} words (depending on the order), which are themselves examples\n        of this kind of compound (they are [[autological word]]s): the first character\n        of ''''j\\u016bbako'''' is read using ''''on''yomi'''', the second ''''kun''yomi''''\n        (''''on-kun''''). \\nIt is the other way around with ''''yut\\u014d'''' (''''kun-on'''').\\n\\nFormally,\n        these are referred to as {{Nihongo||\\u91cd\\u7bb1\\u8aad\\u307f|j\\u016bbako-yomi|''''j\\u016bbako''''\n        reading}} and {{Nihongo||\\u6e6f\\u6876\\u8aad\\u307f|yut\\u014d-yomi|''''yut\\u014d''''\n        reading}}. Note that in both these words, the ''''on''yomi'''' has a long\n        vowel; long vowels in Japanese generally come from Chinese, hence distinctive\n        of ''''on''yomi''''. These are the Japanese form of [[hybrid word]]s. Other\n        examples include {{nihongo||\\u5834\\u6240|basho|\\\"place\\\", ''''kun-on''''}},\n        {{nihongo||\\u91d1\\u8272|kin''iro|\\\"golden\\\", ''''on-kun''''}} and {{nihongo||\\u5408\\u6c17\\u9053|aikid\\u014d|the\n        martial art [[Aikido]]\\\", ''''kun-on-on''''}}.\\n\\n''''Ateji'''' often use\n        mixed readings. For instance the city of [[Sapporo]], whose name derives from\n        the [[Ainu language]] and has no meaning in Japanese, is written with the\n        ''''on-kun'''' compound {{lang|ja|\\u672d\\u5e4c}} (which includes ''''[[sokuon]]''''\n        as if it were a purely ''''on'''' compound).\\n\\n===Special readings===\\n{{nihongo||\\u7fa9\\u8a13|{{visible\n        anchor|Gikun}}}} and {{nihongo||\\u719f\\u5b57\\u8a13|{{visible anchor|jukujikun}}}}\n        are readings of kanji combinations that have no direct correspondence to the\n        characters'' individual ''''on''yomi'''' or ''''kun''yomi,''''. From the point\n        of view of the character, rather than the word, this is known as a {{Nihongo||\\u96e3\\u8a13|nankun|difficult\n        reading}}, and these are listed in kanji dictionaries under the entry for\n        the character.\\n\\n''''Gikun'''' are when non-standard kanji are used, generally\n        for effect, such as using {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5bd2}} with reading ''''fuyu''''\n        (\\\"winter\\\"), rather than the standard character {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u51ac}}.\\n\\n''''Jukujikun''''\n        are when the standard kanji for a word are related to the meaning, but not\n        the sound. The word is pronounced as a whole, not corresponding to sounds\n        of individual kanji. For example, \\u4eca\\u671d (\\\"this morning\\\") is jukujikun,\n        and read neither as ''''*ima''asa'''', the ''''kun''yomi'''' of the characters,\n        nor ''''konch\\u014d'''', the ''''on''yomi'''' of the characters, nor any combination\n        thereof. Instead it is read as ''''kesa'''', a native bisyllabic Japanese\n        word that may be seen as a single [[morpheme]], or as a fusion of ''''ky\\u014d''''\n        (previously ''''kefu''''), \\\"today\\\", and ''''asa'''', \\\"morning\\\". Likewise,\n        \\u660e\\u65e5 (\\\"tomorrow\\\") is jukujikun, and read neither as ''''akari(no)hi'''',\n        the ''''kun''yomi'''' of the characters, nor ''''meinichi'''', the ''''on''yomi''''\n        of the characters, nor any combination thereof. Instead it is read as ''''ashita'''',\n        a native  Japanese word that may be seen as a single [[morpheme]]. \\n\\nJukujikun\n        are primarily used for some native Japanese words, such as [[Yamato (disambiguation)|Yamato]] (\\u5927\\u548c or \\u502d, the name of a Japanese\n        province as well as ancient name for Japan), and for some old borrowings,\n        such as {{Nihongo||\\u67f3\\u8449\\u9b5a|[[shishamo]]|willow leaf fish}} from\n        Ainu, {{Nihongo||\\u7159\\u8349|tabako|smoke grass}} from Portuguese, or ''''b\\u012bru''''\n        (\\u9ea6\\u9152, wheat alcohol) from Dutch. Words whose kanji are jukujikun\n        are often usually written as hiragana (if native), or katakana (if borrowed);\n        some old borrowed words are also written as hiragana, especially Portuguese\n        loanwords such as ''''karuta'''' (\\u304b\\u308b\\u305f) from Portuguese \\\"carta\\\"\n        (Eng: card), ''''tempura'''' (\\u3066\\u3093\\u3077\\u3089) from Portuguese \\\"tempora\\\"\n        (Eng: time), and ''''pan'''' (\\u3071\\u3093) from Spanish \\\"pan\\\" (Eng: bread),\n        as well as ''''tabako'''' (\\u305f\\u3070\\u3053).\\n\\nSometimes, jukujikun can\n        even have more kanji than there syllables, examples being ''''kera'''' (\\u5544\\u6728\\u9ce5,\n        woodpecker) and ''''gumi'''' (\\u80e1\\u983d\\u5b50, silver berry/oleaster).{{Cite\n        web|url=https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/29056/how-many-possible-phonological-forms-could-be-represented-by-a-randomly-chosen-s|title=How\n        many possible phonological forms could be represented by a randomly chosen\n        single character?|website=japanese.stackexchange.com|access-date=2017-07-15}}\\n\\nJukujikun\n        are quite varied. Often the kanji compound for jukujikun is idiosyncratic\n        and created for the word, with the corresponding Chinese word not existing;\n        in other cases a kanji compound for an existing Chinese word is reused, where\n        the Chinese word and ''''on''yomi'''' may or may not be used in Japanese;\n        for example, {{Nihongo||\\u99b4\\u9e7f||reindeer}} is jukujikun for ''''tonakai,''''\n        from Ainu, but the ''''on''yomi'''' reading of ''''junroku'''' is also used.\n        In some cases Japanese coinages have subsequently been borrowed back into  Chinese,\n        such as {{Nihongo||\\u9b9f\\u9c47|ank\\u014d|monkfish}}.\\n\\nThe underlying word\n        for jukujikun is a native Japanese word or foreign borrowing, which either\n        does not have an existing kanji spelling (either ''''kun''yomi'''' or ''''ateji'''')\n        or for which a new kanji spelling is produced. Most often the word is a noun,\n        which may be a simple noun (not a compound or derived from a verb), or may\n        be a verb form or a fusional pronunciation; for example {{Nihongo||\\u76f8\\u64b2|sum\\u014d|[[sumo]]}}\n        is originally from the verb {{Nihongo||\\u4e89\\u3046|suma-u|to vie}}, while\n        {{Nihongo||\\u4eca\\u65e5|ky\\u014d|today}} is fusional. In rare cases jukujikun\n        is also applied to inflectional words (verbs and adjectives), in which case\n        there is frequently a corresponding Chinese word.\\n\\nExamples of jukujikun\n        for inflectional words follow. The most common example of a jukujikun adjective\n        is {{Nihongo||\\u53ef\\u611b\\u3044|kawai-i|cute}}, originally ''''kawayu-i;''''\n        the word {{Nihongo||\\u53ef\\u611b}} is used in Chinese, but the corresponding\n        ''''on''yomi'''' is not used in Japanese. By contrast, \\\"appropriate\\\" can\n        be either {{Nihongo||\\u76f8\\u5fdc\\u3057\\u3044|fusawa-shii|in jukujikun}} or\n        {{Nihongo||\\u76f8\\u5fdc|s\\u014d\\u014d|in ''''on''yomi''''}} are both used;\n        the ''''-shii'''' ending is because these were formerly a different class\n        of adjectives. A common example of a verb with jukujikun is {{Nihongo||\\u6d41\\u884c\\u308b|haya-ru|to\n        spread, to be in vogue}}, corresponding to ''''on''yomi'''' {{Nihongo||\\u6d41\\u884c|ry\\u016bk\\u014d}}.\n        A sample jukujikun deverbal (noun derived from a verb form) is {{Nihongo||\\u5f37\\u8acb|yusuri|extortion}},\n        from {{Nihongo||\\u5f37\\u8acb\\u308b|yusu-ru|to extort}}, spelling from {{Nihongo||\\u5f37\\u8acb|ky\\u014dsei|extortion}}.\n        See [[:ja:\\u7fa9\\u8a13#\\u7fa9\\u8a13|\\u7fa9\\u8a13]] and [[:ja:\\u719f\\u5b57\\u8a13|\\u719f\\u5b57\\u8a13]]\n        for many more examples. Note that there are also compound verbs and, less\n        commonly, compound adjectives, and while these may have multiple kanji without\n        intervening characters, they are read using usual ''''kun''yomi;'''' examples\n        include {{Nihongo||\\u9762\\u767d\\u3044|omo-shiro-i|interesting|face-whitening}}\n        and {{Nihongo||\\u72e1\\u8ce2\\u3044|zuru-gashiko-i|sly}}.\\n\\nTypographically,\n        the [[furigana]] for jukujikun are often written so they are centered across\n        the entire word, or for inflectional words over the entire root \\u2013 corresponding\n        to the reading being related to the entire word \\u2013 rather than each part\n        of the word being centered over its corresponding character, as is often done\n        for the usual phono-semantic readings.\\n\\nBroadly speaking, jukujikun can\n        be considered a form of ''''[[ateji]],'''' though in narrow usage \\\"ateji\\\"\n        refers specifically to using characters for sound and not meaning (sound-spelling),\n        rather than meaning and not sound (meaning-spelling), as in jukujikun.\\n\\nMany\n        jukujikun (established meaning-spellings) began life as gikun (improvised\n        meaning-spellings). Occasionally a single word will have many such kanji spellings;\n        an extreme example is {{nihongo|||hototogisu|[[Lesser Cuckoo|lesser cuckoo]]}},\n        which may be spelt in a great many ways, including \\u675c\\u9d51, \\u6642\\u9ce5,\n        \\u5b50\\u898f, \\u4e0d\\u5982\\u5e30, \\u970d\\u516c\\u9ce5, \\u8700\\u9b42, \\u6c93\\u624b\\u9ce5,\n        \\u675c\\u5b87, \\u7530\\u9d51, \\u6c93\\u76f4\\u9ce5, and \\u90ed\\u516c \\u2013 many\n        of these variant spellings are particular to [[haiku]] poems.\\n\\n===Single\n        character gairaigo===\\nIn some rare cases, an individual kanji has a reading\n        that is borrowed from a modern foreign language ([[gairaigo]]), though most\n        often these words are written in katakana. Notable examples include {{nihongo||\\u9801\\u3001\\u30da\\u30fc\\u30b8|p\\u0113ji|page}},\n        {{nihongo||\\u91e6\\uff0f\\u9215\\u3001\\u30dc\\u30bf\\u30f3|botan|button}}, {{nihongo||\\u96f6\\u3001\\u30bc\\u30ed|zero|zero}},\n        and {{nihongo||\\u7c73\\u3001\\u30e1\\u30fc\\u30c8\\u30eb|m\\u0113toru|meter}}. See\n        [[wikt:Appendix:Single character gairaigo|list of single character gairaigo]]\n        for more. These are classed as ''''kun''yomi'''' of a single character, because\n        the character is being used for meaning only (without the Chinese pronunciation),\n        rather than as [[ateji]], which is the classification used when a gairaigo\n        term is written as a compound (2 or more characters). However, unlike the\n        vast majority of other ''''kun''yomi'''', these readings are not native Japanese,\n        but rather borrowed, so the \\\"kun''yomi\\\" label can be misleading. The readings\n        are also written in katakana, unlike the usual hiragana for native ''''kun''yomi''''.\n        Note that most of these characters are for units, particularly [[International\n        System of Units#Chinese and Japanese|SI units]], in many cases using new characters\n        ([[kokuji]]) coined during the [[Meiji period]], such as {{nihongo||\\u7c81\\u3001\\u30ad\\u30ed\\u30e1\\u30fc\\u30c8\\u30eb|kirom\\u0113toru|kilometer,\n        \\u7c73 \\\"meter\\\" + \\u5343 \\\"thousand\\\"}}.\\n\\n===Other readings===\\nSome kanji\n        also have lesser-known readings called ''''[[nanori]]'''' (\\u540d\\u4e57\\u308a),\n        which are mostly used for names (often [[given name]]s) and in general, are\n        closely related to the ''''kun''yomi''''. Place names sometimes also use ''''nanori''''\n        or, occasionally, unique readings not found elsewhere.\\n\\nFor example, there\n        is the surname {{lang|ja|\\u5c0f\\u9ce5\\u904a}} (literally, \\\"little birds at\n        play\\\") that implies there are no predators, such as hawks, present. Pronounced,\n        \\\"''''kotori asobu''''\\\". The name then can also mean {{lang|ja|\\u9df9\\u304c\\u3044\\u306a\\u3044}}\n        (''''taka ga inai'''', literally, \\\"no hawks around\\\") and it can be shortened\n        to be pronounced as ''''Takanashi''''.[http://myoji-yurai.net/searchResult.htm?myojiKanji=\\u5c0f\\u9ce5\\u904a\n        \\u3010\\u540d\\u5b57\\u3011\\u5c0f\\u9ce5\\u904a]\\n\\n===When to use which\n        reading===\\nAlthough there are general rules for when to use ''''on''yomi''''\n        and when to use ''''kun''yomi'''', the language is littered with exceptions,\n        and it is not always possible for even a native speaker to know how to read\n        a character without prior knowledge (this is especially true for names, both\n        of people and places); further, a given character may have multiple ''''kun''yomi''''\n        or ''''on''yomi.'''' When reading Japanese, one primarily recognizes ''''words''''\n        (multiple characters and okurigana) and their readings, rather than individual\n        characters, and only guess readings of characters when trying to \\\"sound out\\\"\n        an unrecognized word.\\n\\nHomographs exist, however, which can sometimes be\n        deduced from context, and sometimes cannot, requiring a glossary.  For example,\n        \\u4eca\\u65e5 may be read either as ''''ky\\u014d'''' \\\"today (informal)\\\" (special\n        fused reading for native word) or as ''''konnichi'''' \\\"these days (formal)\\\"\n        (''''on''yomi''''); in formal writing this will generally be read as ''''konnichi''''.\n        In some cases multiple readings are common, as in \\u8c5a\\u6c41 \\\"pork soup\\\",\n        which is commonly pronounced both as ''''ton-jiru'''' (mixed ''''on-kun'''')\n        and ''''buta-jiru'''' (''''kun-kun''''), with ''''ton'''' somewhat more common\n        nationally. Inconsistencies abound \\u2013 for example \\u725b\\u8089 ''''gyu-niku''''\n        \\\"beef\\\" and \\u7f8a\\u8089 ''''y\\u014d-niku'''' \\\"mutton\\\" have ''''on-on''''\n        readings, but \\u8c5a\\u8089 ''''buta-niku'''' \\\"pork\\\" and \\u9d8f\\u8089 ''''tori-niku''''\n        \\\"poultry\\\" have ''''kun-on'''' readings.\\n\\nThe main guideline is that a\n        single kanji followed by ''''okurigana'''' (hiragana characters that are part\n        of the word) \\u2013 as used in native verbs and adjectives \\u2013 ''''always''''\n        indicates ''''kun''yomi,'''' while kanji compounds (kango) usually use ''''on''yomi,''''\n        which is usually ''''kan-on;'''' however, other ''''on''yomi'''' are also\n        common, and ''''kun''yomi'''' are also commonly used in kango. For a kanji\n        in isolation without okurigana, it is typically read using their ''''kun''yomi,''''\n        though there are numerous exceptions. For example, {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9244}}\n        \\\"iron\\\" is usually read with the ''''on''yomi'''' ''''tetsu'''' rather than\n        the ''''kun''yomi'''' ''''kurogane.'''' Chinese ''''on''yomi'''' which are\n        not the common ''''kan-on'''' reading are a frequent cause of difficulty or\n        mistakes when encountering unfamiliar words or for inexperienced readers,\n        though skilled natives will recognize the word; a good example is {{Nihongo||\\u89e3\\u6bd2|ge-doku|detoxification,\n        anti-poison}} (''''go-on''''), where {{Nihongo||\\u89e3}} is usually instead\n        read as ''''kai''''.\\n\\n[[Okurigana]] are used with ''''kun''yomi'''' to mark\n        the inflected ending of a native verb or adjective, or by convention. Note\n        that Japanese verbs and adjectives are [[closed class]], and do not generally\n        admit new words (borrowed Chinese vocabulary, which are nouns, can form verbs\n        by adding {{Nihongo||\\u301c\\u3059\\u308b|-suru|to do}} at the end, and adjectives\n        via \\u301c\\u306e ''''-no'''' or \\u301c\\u306a ''''-na'''', but cannot become\n        native Japanese vocabulary, which inflect). For example: \\u8d64\\u3044 ''''aka-i''''\n        \\\"red\\\", \\u65b0\\u3057\\u3044 ''''atara-shii'''' \\\"new\\\", \\u898b\\u308b ''''mi-ru''''\n        \\\"(to) see\\\". Okurigana can be used to indicate which ''''kun''yomi'''' to\n        use, as in \\u98df\\u3079\\u308b ''''ta-beru'''' versus \\u98df\\u3046 ''''ku-u''''\n        (casual), both meaning \\\"(to) eat\\\", but this is not always sufficient, as\n        in \\u958b\\u304f, which may be read as ''''a-ku'''' or ''''hira-ku,'''' both\n        meaning \\\"(to) open\\\". \\u751f is a particularly complicated example, with\n        multiple ''''kun'''' and ''''on''yomi'''' \\u2013 see [[Okurigana#\\u751f|okurigana:\n        \\u751f]] for details. Okurigana is also used for some nouns and adverbs, as\n        in \\u60c5\\u3051 ''''nasake'''' \\\"sympathy\\\",  \\u5fc5\\u305a ''''kanarazu''''\n        \\\"invariably\\\", but not for \\u91d1 ''''kane'''' \\\"money\\\", for instance. [[Okurigana]]\n        is an important aspect of kanji usage in Japanese; see that article for more\n        information on ''''kun''yomi'''' orthography\\n\\n{{anchor|jukugo|multi-kanji\n        compound words}}\\nKanji occurring in {{nihongo|compounds (multi-kanji words)|\\u719f\\u8a9e|jukugo}}\n        are generally read using ''''on''yomi'''', especially for four-character compounds\n        (''''[[yojijukugo]]''''). Though again, exceptions abound, for example, \\u60c5\\u5831\n        ''''j\\u014dh\\u014d'''' \\\"information\\\", \\u5b66\\u6821 ''''gakk\\u014d'''' \\\"school\\\",\n        and \\u65b0\\u5e79\\u7dda ''''shinkansen'''' \\\"bullet train\\\" all follow this\n        pattern. This isolated kanji versus compound distinction gives words for similar\n        concepts completely different pronunciations. \\u6771 \\\"east\\\" and \\u5317 \\\"north\\\"\n        use the ''''kun''yomi'''' ''''higashi'''' and ''''kita'''', being stand-alone\n        characters, while \\u5317\\u6771 \\\"northeast\\\", as a compound, uses the ''''on''yomi''''\n        ''''hokut\\u014d''''. This is further complicated by the fact that many kanji\n        have more than one ''''on''yomi'''': \\u751f is read as ''''sei'''' in \\u5148\\u751f\n        ''''sensei'''' \\\"teacher\\\" but as ''''sh\\u014d'''' in \\u4e00\\u751f ''''issh\\u014d''''\n        \\\"one''s whole life\\\". Meaning can also be an important indicator of reading;\n        \\u6613 is read ''''i'''' when it means \\\"simple\\\", but as ''''eki'''' when\n        it means \\\"divination\\\", both being ''''on''yomi'''' for this character.\\n\\nThese\n        rules of thumb have many exceptions. ''''Kun''yomi'''' compound words are\n        not as numerous as those with ''''on''yomi'''', but neither are they rare.\n        Examples include \\u624b\\u7d19 ''''tegami'''' \\\"letter\\\", \\u65e5\\u5098 ''''higasa''''\n        \\\"parasol\\\", and the famous \\u795e\\u98a8 ''''[[kamikaze]]'''' \\\"divine wind\\\".\n        Such compounds may also have okurigana, such as \\u7a7a\\u63da\\u3052 (also written\n        \\u5510\\u63da\\u3052) ''''karaage'''' \\\"Chinese-style fried chicken\\\" and \\u6298\\u308a\\u7d19\n        ''''[[origami]]'''', although many of these can also be written with the okurigana\n        omitted (for example, \\u7a7a\\u63da or \\u6298\\u7d19).\\n\\nSimilarly, some ''''on''yomi''''\n        characters can also be used as words in isolation: \\u611b ''''ai'''' \\\"love\\\",\n        \\u7985 ''''[[Zen]]'''', \\u70b9 ''''ten'''' \\\"mark, dot\\\". Most of these cases\n        involve kanji that have no ''''kun''yomi'''', so there can be no confusion,\n        although exceptions do occur. Alone \\u91d1 may be read as ''''kin'''' \\\"gold\\\"\n        or as ''''kane'''' \\\"money, metal\\\"; only context can determine the writer''s\n        intended reading and meaning.\\n\\nMultiple readings have given rise to a number\n        of [[homograph]]s, in some cases having different meanings depending on how\n        they are read. One example is \\u4e0a\\u624b, which can be read in three different\n        ways: ''''j\\u014dzu'''' (skilled), ''''uwate'''' (upper part), or ''''kamite''''\n        ([[Blocking (stage)#Stage directions|stage left/house right]]). In addition,\n        \\u4e0a\\u624b\\u3044 has the reading ''''umai'''' (skilled). More subtly, \\u660e\\u65e5\n        has three different readings, all meaning \\\"tomorrow\\\": ''''ashita'''' (casual),\n        ''''asu'''' (polite), and ''''my\\u014dnichi'''' (formal). [[Furigana]] (reading\n        glosses) is often used to clarify any potential ambiguities.\\n\\nConversely,\n        in some cases homophonous terms may be distinguished in writing by different\n        characters, but not so distinguished in speech, and hence potentially confusing.\n        In some cases when it is important to distinguish these in speech, the reading\n        of a relevant character may be changed. For example, \\u79c1\\u7acb (privately\n        established, esp. school) and \\u5e02\\u7acb (city established) are both normally\n        pronounced ''''shi-ritsu;'''' in speech these may be distinguished by the\n        alternative pronunciations ''''watakushi-ritsu'''' and ''''ichi-ritsu.''''\n        More informally, in legal jargon \\u524d\\u6587 \\\"preamble\\\" and \\u5168\\u6587\n        \\\"full text\\\" are both pronounced ''''zen-bun,'''' so \\u524d\\u6587 may be\n        pronounced ''''mae-bun'''' for clarity, as in \\\"Have you memorized the preamble\n        [not ''whole text''] of the constitution?\\\". As in these examples, this is\n        primarily using a ''''kun''yomi'''' for one character in a normally ''''on''yomi''''\n        term.\\n\\nAs stated above, [[#Mixed readings|''''j\\u016bbako'''' and ''''yut\\u014d''''\n        readings]] are also not uncommon. Indeed, all four combinations of reading\n        are possible: ''''on-on'''', ''''kun-kun'''', ''''kun-on'''' and ''''on-kun''''.\\n\\nSome\n        famous place names, including [[names of Japan|those of Japan]] itself (\\u65e5\\u672c\n        ''''Nihon'''' or sometimes ''''Nippon'''') and that of [[Tokyo]] (\\u6771\\u4eac\n        ''''T\\u014dky\\u014d'''') are read with ''''on''yomi''''; \\nhowever, the majority\n        of Japanese place names are read with ''''kun''yomi'''': \\u5927\\u962a ''''\\u014csaka'''',\n        \\u9752\\u68ee ''''Aomori'''', \\u7bb1\\u6839 ''''Hakone''''. Names often use\n        characters and readings that are not in common use outside of names. When\n        characters are used as abbreviations of place names, their reading may not\n        match that in the original. The Osaka (\\u5927\\u962a) and Kobe (\\u795e\\u6238)\n        baseball team, the Hanshin (\\u962a\\u795e) Tigers, take their name from the\n        ''''on''yomi'''' of the second kanji of ''''\\u014csaka'''' and the first of\n        ''''K\\u014dbe''''. The name of the Keisei (\\u4eac\\u6210) railway line \\u2013\n        linking Tokyo (\\u6771\\u4eac) and Narita (\\u6210\\u7530) \\u2013 is formed similarly,\n        although the reading of \\u4eac from \\u6771\\u4eac is ''''kei'''', despite ''''ky\\u014d''''\n        already being an ''''on''yomi'''' in the word ''''T\\u014dky\\u014d''''.\\n\\n[[Japanese\n        family name]]s are also usually read with ''''kun''yomi'''': \\u5c71\\u7530\n        ''''Yamada'''', \\u7530\\u4e2d ''''Tanaka'''', \\u9234\\u6728 ''''Suzuki''''.\n        \\nJapanese [[Given name|given names]] often have very irregular readings.\n        Although they are not typically considered ''''j\\u016bbako'''' or ''''yut\\u014d'''',\n        they often contain mixtures of ''''kun''yomi'''', ''''on''yomi'''' and ''''nanori,''''\n        such as \\u5927\\u52a9 ''''Daisuke'''' [''''on-kun''''], \\u590f\\u7f8e ''''Natsumi''''\n        [''''kun-on'''']. Being chosen at the discretion of the parents, the readings\n        of given names do not follow any set rules, and it is impossible to know with\n        certainty how to read a person''s name without independent verification. Parents\n        can be quite creative, and rumours abound of children called \\u5730\\u7403\n        ''''\\u0100su'''' (\\\"Earth\\\") and \\u5929\\u4f7f ''''Enjeru'''' (\\\"Angel\\\");\n        neither are common names, and have normal readings ''''chiky\\u016b'''' and\n        ''''tenshi'''' respectively. Some common Japanese names can be written in\n        multiple ways, e.g. Akira can be written as \\u4eae, \\u5f70, \\u660e, \\u9855,\n        \\u7ae0, \\u8074, \\u5149, \\u6676, \\u6644, \\u5f6c, \\u6636, \\u4e86, \\u79cb\\u826f,\n        \\u660e\\u697d, \\u65e5\\u65e5\\u65e5, \\u4e9c\\u7d00\\u826f, \\u5b89\\u559c\\u826f and\n        many other characters and kanji combinations not listed,{{Cite web|title\n        = ateji Archives - Tofugu|url = http://www.tofugu.com/tag/ateji/|website =\n        Tofugu|access-date = 2016-02-18|language = en-US}} Satoshi can be written\n        as \\u8061, \\u54f2, \\u54f2\\u53f2, \\u609f, \\u4f50\\u767b\\u53f2, \\u6681, \\u8a13,\n        \\u54f2\\u58eb, \\u54f2\\u53f8, \\u654f, \\u8aed, \\u667a, \\u4f50\\u767b\\u53f8, \\u7e3d,\n        \\u91cc\\u53f2, \\u4e09\\u5341\\u56db, \\u4e86, \\u667a\\u8a5e, etc.,{{Cite web|url=http://jisho.org/search/Satoshi|title=Satoshi\n        - Jisho.org|website=jisho.org|access-date=2016-03-05}} and Haruka can\n        be written as \\u9065, \\u6625\\u9999, \\u6674\\u9999, \\u9065\\u9999, \\u6625\\u679c,\n        \\u6674\\u590f, \\u6625\\u8cc0, \\u6625\\u4f73, and several other possibilities.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://jisho.org/search/Haruka|title=Haruka - Jisho.org|website=jisho.org|access-date=2016-03-05}}\n        Common patterns do exist, however, allowing experienced readers to make a\n        good guess for most names. To alleviate any confusion on how to pronounce\n        the names of other Japanese people, official Japanese documents require Japanese\n        to write their names in both kana and kanji.\\n\\nChinese place names and [[Chinese\n        personal name]]s appearing in Japanese texts, if spelled in kanji, are almost\n        invariably read with ''''on''yomi''''. Especially for older and well-known\n        names, the resulting Japanese pronunciation may differ widely from that used\n        by modern Chinese speakers. For example, [[Mao Zedong]]''s name is pronounced\n        as {{nihongo||\\u6bdb\\u6ca2\\u6771|M\\u014d Takut\\u014d}} in Japanese, and the\n        name of the legendary Monkey King, [[Sun Wukong]], is pronounced ''''[[Son\n        Goku (Journey to the West)|Son Gok\\u016b]]'''' (\\u5b6b\\u609f\\u7a7a) in Japanese.\\n\\nToday,\n        Chinese names that are not well known in Japan are often spelled in [[katakana]]\n        instead, in a form much more closely approximating the native Chinese pronunciation.\n        Alternatively, they may be written in kanji with katakana furigana. Many such\n        cities has names that come from non-[[Chinese languages]] like [[Mongolian\n        language|Mongolian]] or [[Manchu]]. Examples of such not-well-known Chinese\n        names include:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! rowspan=\\\"2\\\" |English name\\n! colspan=\\\"3\\\"\n        |Japanese name\\n|-\\n!R\\u014dmaji\\n!Katakana\\n!Kanji\\n|-\\n|Harbin\\n|''''Harubin''''\\n|\\u30cf\\u30eb\\u30d3\\u30f3\\n|\\u54c8\\u723e\\u6d5c\\n|-\\n|\\u00dcr\\u00fcmqi\\n|''''Urumuchi''''\\n|\\u30a6\\u30eb\\u30e0\\u30c1\\n|\\u70cf\\u9b6f\\u6728\\u6589\\n|-\\n|Qiqihar\\n|''''Chichiharu''''\\n|\\u30c1\\u30c1\\u30cf\\u30eb\\n|\\u6589\\u6589\\u54c8\\u723e\\n|-\\n|Lhasa\\n|''''Rasa''''\\n|\\u30e9\\u30b5\\n|\\u62c9\\u85a9\\n|}\\nInternationally\n        renowned Chinese-named cities tend to imitate the older English pronunciations\n        of their names, regardless of the kanji''s ''''on''yomi'''' or the Mandarin\n        or Cantonese pronunciation'''','''' and can be written in either katakana\n        or kanji. Examples include:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! rowspan=\\\"2\\\" |English\n        name\\n! rowspan=\\\"2\\\" |Mandarin name (Pinyin)\\n! rowspan=\\\"2\\\" |Cantonese\n        name (Yale)\\n! colspan=\\\"3\\\" |Japanese name\\n|-\\n!Kanji\\n!Katakana\\n!R\\u014dmaji\\n|-\\n|Hong\n        Kong\\n|''''Xianggang''''\\n|''''H\\u0113ung G\\u00f3ng''''\\n|\\u9999\\u6e2f\\n|\\u30db\\u30f3\\u30b3\\u30f3\\n|''''Honkon''''\\n|-\\n|Macao/Macau\\n|''''Ao''men''''\\n|''''Ou\n        M\\u00f9hn''''\\n|\\u6fb3\\u9580\\n|\\u30de\\u30ab\\u30aa\\n|''''Makao''''\\n|-\\n|Shanghai\\n|''''Shanghai''''\\n|''''Seuhng\n        H\\u00f3i''''\\n|\\u4e0a\\u6d77 \\n|\\u30b7\\u30e3\\u30f3\\u30cf\\u30a4\\n|''''Shanhai''''\\n|-\\n|Beijing\n        (formerly Peking)\\n|''''Beijing''''\\n|''''B\\u0101k G\\u012bng''''\\n|\\u5317\\u4eac\\n|\\u30da\\u30ad\\u30f3\\n|''''Pekin''''\\n|-\\n|Nanjing\n        (formerly Nanking)\\n|''''Nanjing''''\\n|''''N\\u00e0ahm G\\u012bng''''\\n|\\u5357\\u4eac\n        \\n|\\u30ca\\u30f3\\u30ad\\u30f3\\n|''''Nankin''''\\n|-\\n|Taipei\\n|''''Taibei''''\\n|''''T\\u00f2ih\n        B\\u0101k''''\\n|\\u53f0\\u5317\\n|\\u30bf\\u30a4\\u30da\\u30a4\\n|''''Taipei''''\\n|-\\n|Tainan\\n|''''Tainan''''\\n|''''T\\u00f2ih\n        N\\u00e0ahm''''\\n|\\u53f0\\u5357\\n|\\u30bf\\u30a4\\u30ca\\u30f3\\n|''''Tainan''''\\n|-\\n|Kaohsiung\\n|''''Gaoxiong''''\\n|''''G\\u014du\n        H\\u00f9hng''''\\n|\\u9ad8\\u96c4\\n|\\u30ab\\u30aa\\u30b7\\u30e5\\u30f3 / \\u30bf\\u30ab\\u30aa\\n|''''Kaoshun''''\n        / ''''Takao''''\\n|}\\n\\nNotes: \\n*Guangzhou, the city, is pronounced ''''K\\u014dsh\\u016b'''',\n        while Guangdong, its province, is pronounced ''''Kanton'''', not ''''K\\u014dt\\u014d''''\n        (in this case, opting for a T\\u014d-on reading rather than the usual Kan-on).\\n*Kaohsiung\n        was originally pronounced ''''Takao'''' (or similar) in [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]\n        and Japanese. It received this written [[Kaohsiung#Etymology and names|name]]\n        (kanji/Chinese) from Japanese, and later its spoken Mandarin name from the\n        corresponding characters. The English name \\\"Kaohsiung\\\" derived from its\n        Mandarin pronunciation. Today it is pronounced either \\u30ab\\u30aa\\u30b7\\u30e5\\u30f3\n        or \\u30bf\\u30ab\\u30aa in Japanese.\\n\\nIn some cases the same kanji can appear\n        in a given word with different readings. Normally this occurs when a character\n        is duplicated and the reading of the second character has voicing (''''[[rendaku]]''''),\n        as in {{lang|ja|\\u4eba\\u4eba}} ''''hito-bito'''' \\\"people\\\" (more often written\n        with the [[iteration mark]] as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u4eba\\u3005}}), but in rare\n        cases the readings can be unrelated, as in {{nihongo||\\u8df3\\u3073\\u8df3\\u306d\\u308b|tobi-haneru|\\\"hop\n        around\\\", more often written {{lang|ja|\\u98db\\u3073\\u8df3\\u306d\\u308b}}}}.\\n\\n===Pronunciation\n        assistance===\\nBecause of the ambiguities involved, kanji sometimes have their\n        pronunciation for the given context spelled out in [[ruby character]]s known\n        as ''''[[furigana]]'''', (small ''''[[kana]]'''' written above or to the right\n        of the character) or ''''kumimoji'''' (small ''''kana'''' written in-line\n        after the character). This is especially true in texts for children or foreign\n        learners. It is also used in [[newspaper]]s and ''''[[manga]]'''' (comics)\n        for rare or unusual readings and for characters not included in the officially\n        recognized set of [[j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji|essential kanji]]. Works of fiction\n        sometimes use ''''furigana'''' to create new \\\"words\\\" by giving normal kanji\n        non-standard readings, or to attach a foreign word rendered in katakana as\n        the reading for a kanji or kanji compound of the same or similar meaning.\\n\\n===Spelling\n        words===\\nConversely, specifying a given kanji, or spelling out a kanji word\\u2014whether\n        the pronunciation is known or not\\u2014can be complicated, due to the fact\n        that there is not a commonly used standard way to refer to individual kanji\n        (one does not refer to \\\"kanji #237\\\"), and that a given reading does not\n        map to a single kanji\\u2014indeed there are many homophonous ''''words,''''\n        not simply individual characters, particularly for ''''kango'''' (with ''''on''yomi'''').\n        Easiest is to write the word out\\u2014either on paper or tracing it in the\n        air\\u2014or look it up (given the pronunciation) in a dictionary, particularly\n        an electronic dictionary; when this is not possible, such as when speaking\n        over the phone or writing implements are not available (and tracing in air\n        is too complicated), various techniques can be used. These include giving\n        ''''kun''yomi'''' for characters\\u2014these are often unique\\u2014using a\n        well-known word with the same character (and preferably the same pronunciation\n        and meaning), and describing the character via its components. For example,\n        one may explain how to spell the word {{Nihongo||\\u9999\\u8f9b\\u6599|k\\u014dshinry\\u014d|spice}}\n        via the words {{Nihongo||\\u9999\\u308a|kao-ri|fragrance}}, {{Nihongo||\\u8f9b\\u3044|kara-i|spicy}},\n        and {{Nihongo||\\u98f2\\u6599|in-ry\\u014d|beverage}}\\u2014the first two use\n        the ''''kun''yomi'''', the third is a well-known compound\\u2014saying \\\"''''kaori,''''\n        ''''karai,'''' ''''ry\\u014d'''' as in ''''inry\\u014d''''.\\\"\\n\\n===Dictionaries===\\nIn\n        dictionaries, both words and individual characters have readings glossed,\n        via various conventions. Native words and Sino-Japanese vocabulary are glossed\n        in hiragana (for both ''''kun'''' and ''''on'''' readings), while borrowings\n        (''''gairaigo'''') \\u2013 including modern borrowings from Chinese \\u2013\n        are glossed in katakana; this is the standard writing convention also used\n        in furigana. By contrast, readings for individual characters are conventionally\n        written in katakana for ''''on'''' readings, and hiragana for ''''kun''''\n        readings. Kun readings may further have a separator to indicate which characters\n        are okurigana, and which are considered readings of the character itself.\n        For example, in the entry for \\u98df, the reading corresponding to the basic\n        verb {{Nihongo|''''eat''''|\\u98df\\u3079\\u308b|taberu}} may be written as {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u305f.\\u3079\\u308b}}\n        (''''ta.beru''''), to indicate that ''''ta'''' is the reading of the character\n        itself. Further, [[kanji dictionary|kanji dictionaries]] often list compounds\n        including irregular readings of a kanji.\\n\\n==Local developments and divergences\n        from Chinese==\\nSince kanji are essentially Chinese ''''[[hanzi]]'''' used\n        to write Japanese, the majority of characters used in modern Japanese still\n        retain their Chinese meaning, physical resemblance with some of their modern\n        [[traditional Chinese characters]] counterparts, and a degree of similarity\n        with [[Classical Chinese]] pronunciation imported to Japan from 5th to 9th\n        century. Nevertheless, after centuries of development, there is a notable\n        number of kanji used in modern Japanese which have different meaning from\n        ''''hanzi'''' used in modern Chinese. Such differences are the result of:\\n*\n        the use of characters created in Japan,\\n* characters that have been given\n        different meanings in Japanese, and \\n* post-[[World War II]] simplifications\n        (''''[[shinjitai]]'''') of the character.\\n\\nLikewise, the process of [[simplified\n        characters|character simplification]] in [[mainland China]] since the 1950s\n        has resulted in the fact that Japanese speakers who have not studied Chinese\n        may not recognize some simplified characters.\\n\\n===Kokuji {{anchor|Wasei\n        kanji}} ===\\n{{see also|Gukja|Chu Nom|Chinese family of scripts#Adaptations\n        for other languages}}\\nIn Japanese, {{nihongo||[[:ja:\\u56fd\\u5b57|\\u56fd\\u5b57]]|Kokuji|\\\"national\n        characters\\\"}} refers to Chinese characters made outside of China. Specifically,\n        kanji made in Japan are referred to as {{nihongo||\\u548c\\u88fd\\u6f22\\u5b57|Wasei\n        kanji}}. They are primarily formed in the usual way of Chinese characters,\n        namely by combining existing components, though using a combination that is\n        not used in China. The corresponding phenomenon in Korea is called ''''[[gukja]]''''\n        (\\u570b\\u5b57), a cognate name; there are however far fewer Korean-coined\n        characters than Japanese-coined ones. [[Chinese family of scripts#Adaptations\n        for other languages|Other languages]] using the [[Chinese family of scripts]]\n        sometimes have far more extensive systems of native characters, most significantly\n        Vietnamese [[ch\\u1eef n\\u00f4m]], which comprises over 20,000 characters used\n        throughout traditional Vietnamese writing, and [[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]]\n        [[sawndip]], which comprises over 10,000 characters, which are still in use.\\n\\nSince\n        kokuji are generally devised for existing native words, these usually only\n        have native [[Kun reading#Kun''yomi (Japanese reading)|''''kun'''' readings]].\n        However, they occasionally have a Chinese [[On reading#On''yomi (Sino-Japanese\n        reading)|''''on'''' reading]], derived from a phonetic, as in {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}},\n        ''''d\\u014d,'''' from {{lang|ja|\\u52d5}}, and in rare cases only have an ''''on''''\n        reading, as in {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}}, ''''sen,'''' from {{lang|ja|\\u6cc9}},\n        which was derived for use in technical compounds ({{lang|ja|\\u817a}} means\n        \\\"gland\\\", hence used in medical terminology).\\n\\nThe majority of kokuji are\n        [[Chinese character classification#Ideogrammatic compounds|ideogrammatic compounds]]\n        ({{lang|ja|\\u4f1a\\u610f\\u5b57}}), meaning that they are composed of two (or\n        more) characters, with the meaning associated with the combination. For example,\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}} is composed of \\u4ebb (person radical) plus {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u52d5}}\n        (action), hence \\\"action of a person, work\\\". This is in contrast to kanji\n        generally, which are overwhelmingly phono-semantic compounds. This difference\n        is because kokuji were coined to express Japanese words, so borrowing existing\n        (Chinese) readings could not express these \\u2013 combining existing characters\n        to logically express the meaning was the simplest way to achieve this. Other\n        illustrative examples (below) include {{lang|ja|\\u698a}} ''''[[sakaki]]''''\n        tree, formed as \\u6728 \\\"tree\\\" and {{lang|ja|\\u795e}} \\\"god\\\", literally\n        \\\"divine tree\\\", and {{lang|ja|\\u8fbb}} ''''tsuji'''' \\\"crossroads, street\\\"\n        formed as {{lang|ja|\\u8fb6}} (\\u2ecc) \\\"road\\\" and {{lang|ja|\\u5341}} \\\"cross\\\",\n        hence \\\"cross-road\\\".\\n\\nIn terms of meanings, these are especially for natural\n        phenomena (esp. [[flora]] and [[fauna]] [[species]]) that were not present\n        in ancient China, including a very large number of fish, such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9c2f}}\n        ([[sardine]]), \\u9c48 ([[codfish]]), \\u9bb4 ([[Perch (disambiguation)|seaperch]]),\n        and \\u9c5a ([[sillago]]), and trees, such as \\u6a2b ([[evergreen oak]]), \\u6919\n        ([[Japanese cedar]]), \\u691b ([[birch]], [[maple]]) and \\u67fe ([[spindle\n        tree]]).{{Cite news|url=http://www.tofugu.com/japanese/kokuji/?series=kanji|title=Kokuji:\n        \\\"Made In Japan,\\\" Kanji Edition|last=Koichi|date=2012-08-21|work=Tofugu|access-date=2017-03-05|language=en-US}}\n        In other cases they refer to specifically Japanese abstract concepts, everyday\n        words (like \\u8fbb), or later technical coinages (such as \\u817a).\\n\\nThere\n        are hundreds of ''''kokuji'''' in existence.{{citation | title = SLJ\n        FAQ | url = http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/kokuji-list.html | chapter = Kokuji\n        list}}.  Many are rarely used, but a number have become commonly used\n        components of the written Japanese language. These include the following:\\n\\nJ\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji has about 9 kokuji; there is some dispute over classification, but generally\n        includes these:\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3069\\u3046}} ''''d\\u014d'''',\n        {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u306f\\u305f\\u3089(\\u304f)}} ''''hatara(ku)'''' \\\"work\\\", the\n        most commonly used kokuji, used in the fundamental verb {{nihongo||\\u50cd\\u304f|hatara(ku)|\\\"work\\\"}},\n        included in elementary texts and on the [[Japanese Language Proficiency Test|Proficiency\n        Test]] N5.\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8fbc}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3053(\\u3080)}} ''''ko(mu)'''',\n        used in the fundamental verb {{nihongo||\\u8fbc\\u3080|komu|\\\"to be crowded\\\"}}\\n*\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5302}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u306b\\u304a(\\u3046)}} ''''nio(u)'''',\n        used in common verb {{nihongo||\\u5302\\u3046|niou|\\\"to smell, to be fragrant\\\"}}\\n*\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u7551}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u306f\\u305f\\u3051}} ''''hatake''''\n        \\\"field of crops\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u305b\\u3093}}\n        ''''sen'''', \\\"gland\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5ce0}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3068\\u3046\\u3052}}\n        ''''t\\u014dge'''' \\\"mountain pass\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u67a0}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u308f\\u304f}}\n        ''''waku'''', \\\"frame\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5840}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3078\\u3044}}\n        ''''hei'''', \\\"wall\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u643e}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3057\\u307c(\\u308b)}}\n        ''''shibo(ru)'''', \\\"to squeeze\\\" (disputed; see below); a \\n''''jinmeiy\\u014d\n        kanji''''\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u698a}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3055\\u304b\\u304d}} ''''sakaki''''\n        \\\"tree, genus ''''[[Sakaki|Cleyera]]''''\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8fbb}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3064\\u3058}}\n        ''''tsuji'''' \\\"crossroads, street\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5301}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3082\\u3093\\u3081}}\n        ''''monme'''' (unit of weight)\\nHy\\u014dgaiji:\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8ebe}}\n        {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3057\\u3064\\u3051}} ''''shitsuke'''' \\\"training, rearing (an\n        animal, a child)\\\"\\n\\nSome of these characters (for example, {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}},\n        \\\"gland\\\")Buck, James H. (October 15, 1969) \\\"Some Observations on kokuji\\\"\n        in ''''The Journal-Newsletter of the Association of Teachers of Japanese'''',\n        Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 45\\u20139. have been introduced to China. In some\n        cases the Chinese reading is the inferred Chinese reading, interpreting the\n        character as a phono-semantic compound (as in how ''''on'''' readings are\n        sometimes assigned to these characters in Chinese), while in other cases (such\n        as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}}), the Japanese ''''on'''' reading is borrowed (in\n        general this differs from the modern Chinese pronunciation of this phonetic).\n        Similar coinages occurred to a more limited extent in Korea and Vietnam.\\n\\nHistorically,\n        some kokuji date back to very early Japanese writing, being found in the ''''[[Man''y\\u014dsh\\u016b]],''''\n        for example \\u2013 {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9c2f}} ''''iwashi'''' \\\"sardine\\\" dates\n        to the [[Nara period]] (8th century) \\u2013 while they have continued to be\n        created as late as the late 19th century, when a number of characters were\n        coined in the [[Meiji era]] for new scientific concepts. For example, some\n        characters were produced as regular compounds for some (but not all) SI units,\n        such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u7c81}} (\\u7c73 \\\"meter\\\" + \\u5343 \\\"thousand, kilo-\\\")\n        for kilometer, \\u7acf (\\u7acb \\\"liter\\\" + \\u5343 \\\"thousand, kilo-\\\") for\n        kiloliter, and \\u74e9 (\\u74e6 \\\"gram\\\" + \\\"thousand, kilo-\\\") for kilogram\n        \\u2013 see [[International System of Units#Chinese and Japanese|Chinese characters\n        for SI units]] for details. However, SI units in Japanese today are almost\n        exclusively written using r\\u014dmaji or katakana such as \\u30ad\\u30ed\\u30e1\\u30fc\\u30c8\\u30eb\n        or \\u3316 for km, \\u30ad\\u30ed\\u30ea\\u30c3\\u30c8\\u30eb for kl, and \\u30ad\\u30ed\\u30b0\\u30e9\\u30e0\n        or \\u3315 for kg.{{Cite web|url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/kokuji-list.html|title=A\n        list of kokuji (\\u56fd\\u5b57)|website=www.sljfaq.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-05}}\\n\\nIn\n        Japan the kokuji category is strictly defined as characters whose ''''earliest''''\n        appearance is in Japan. If a character appears earlier in the Chinese literature,\n        it is not considered a kokuji even if the character was independently coined\n        in Japan and unrelated to the Chinese character (meaning \\\"not borrowed from\n        Chinese\\\"). In other words, kokuji are not simply characters that were made\n        in Japan, but characters that were ''''first'''' made in Japan. An illustrative\n        example is {{Nihongo||\\u9b9f\\u9c47|ank\\u014d|[[monkfish]]}}. This spelling\n        was created in Edo period Japan from the [[ateji]] (phonetic kanji spelling)\n        \\u5b89\\u5eb7 for the existing word ''''ank\\u014d'''' by adding the \\u9b5a\n        radical to each character \\u2013 the characters were \\\"made in Japan\\\". However,\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b9f}} is not considered kokuji, as it is found in ancient\n        Chinese texts as a corruption of {{lang|zh-hant|\\u9c0b}} (\\u9b5a\\u533d). {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9c47}}\n        is considered kokuji, as it has not been found in any earlier Chinese text.\n        Casual listings may be more inclusive, including characters such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b9f}}.[http://www.kanjijiten.net/japanese.html\n        \\u56fd\\u5b57] at [http://www.kanjijiten.net/ \\u6f22\\u5b57\\u8f9e\\u5178\\u30cd\\u30c3\\u30c8]\n        demonstrates this, listing both {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b9f}} and {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9c47}}\n        as kokuji, but starring {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b9f}} and stating that dictionaries\n        do not consider it to be a kokuji. Another example is {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u643e}},\n        which is sometimes not considered kokuji due to its earlier presence as a\n        corruption of Chinese {{lang|zh-hant|\\u69a8}}.\\n\\n===Kokkun===\\nIn addition\n        to ''''kokuji'''', there are kanji that have been given meanings in Japanese\n        different from their original Chinese meanings. These are not considered ''''kokuji''''\n        but are instead called ''''kok{{zwnj}}[[#kunyomi|kun]]'''' (\\u56fd\\u8a13)\n        and include characters such as the following:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        rowspan=2 |  {{abbr|Char.|Character (both Kanji and Hanzi)}} !! colspan=2\n        | Japanese !! colspan=22 | Chinese\\n|-\\n! Reading !! Meaning !! [[Pinyin]]\n        !! Meaning\\n|-\\n| {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u85e4}} || ''''fuji'''' || [[wisteria]]\n        || ''''t\\u00e9ng'''' || rattan, cane, vinethe word for wisteria being\n        \\\"\\u7d2b\\u85e4\\\", with the addition of \\\"\\u7d2b\\\", \\\"purple\\\"\\n|-\\n|\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6c96}} || ''''oki'''' || [[wikt:offing|offing]], offshore\n        || ''''ch\\u014dng'''' || rinse, minor river (Cantonese)\\n|-\\n| {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u693f}}\n        || ''''tsubaki'''' || ''''[[Camellia japonica]]'''' || ''''ch\\u016bn'''' ||''''[[Toona]]''''\n        spp.\\n|-\\n| {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b8e}} || ''''ayu'''' || [[sweetfish]] || ''''ni\\u00e1n''''\n        || [[catfish]] (rare, usually written {{lang|zh-hant|\\u9bf0}})\\n|}\\n\\n==Types\n        of kanji by category==\\n{{Main|Chinese character classification}}\\n[[Han-dynasty]]\n        scholar [[Xu Shen]] in his 2nd-century dictionary ''''[[Shuowen Jiezi]]''''\n        classified Chinese characters into six categories ({{zh|c=\\u516d\\u66f8}} ''''li\\u00f9sh\\u016b'''',\n        Japanese: ''''rikusho''''). The traditional classification is still taught\n        but is problematic and no longer the focus of modern lexicographic practice,\n        as some categories are not clearly defined, nor are they mutually exclusive:\n        the first four refer to structural composition, while the last two refer to\n        usage.\\n\\n===''''Sh\\u014dkei moji'''' (\\u8c61\\u5f62\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Sh\\u014dkei''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''xi\\u00e0ngx\\u00edng'''') characters are [[pictograph]]ic sketches\n        of the object they represent. For example, \\u76ee is an eye, while \\u6728\n        is a tree. The current forms of the characters are very different from the\n        originals, though their representations are more clear in [[oracle bone script]]\n        and [[seal script]]. These pictographic characters make up only a small fraction\n        of modern characters.\\n\\n===''''Shiji moji'''' (\\u6307\\u4e8b\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Shiji''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''zh\\u01d0sh\\u00ec'''') characters are [[ideograph]]s, often\n        called \\\"simple ideographs\\\" or \\\"simple indicatives\\\" to distinguish them\n        and tell the difference from compound ideographs (below). They are usually\n        simple graphically and represent an abstract concept such as \\u4e0a \\\"up\\\"\n        or \\\"above\\\" and \\u4e0b \\\"down\\\" or \\\"below\\\". These make up a tiny fraction\n        of modern characters.\\n\\n===''''Kaii moji'''' (\\u4f1a\\u610f\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Kaii''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''hu\\u00ecy\\u00ec'''') characters are compound ideographs, often\n        called \\\"compound indicatives\\\", \\\"associative compounds\\\", or just \\\"ideographs\\\".\n        These are usually a combination of pictographs that combine semantically to\n        present an overall meaning. An example of this type is \\u4f11 (rest) from\n        \\u4ebb (person radical) and \\u6728 (tree).  Another is the ''''kokuji''''\n        \\u5ce0 (mountain pass) made from \\u5c71 (mountain), \\u4e0a (up) and \\u4e0b\n        (down). These make up a tiny fraction of modern characters.\\n\\n===''''Keisei\n        moji'''' (\\u5f62\\u58f0\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Keisei'''' (Mandarin: ''''x\\u00edngsh\\u0113ng'''')\n        characters are phono-semantic or [[Radical (Chinese character)|radical]]-phonetic\n        compounds, sometimes called \\\"semantic-phonetic\\\", \\\"semasio-phonetic\\\", or\n        \\\"phonetic-ideographic\\\" characters, are by far the largest category, making\n        up about 90% of the characters in the standard lists; however, some of the\n        most frequently used kanji belong to one of the three groups mentioned above,\n        so ''''keisei moji'''' will usually make up less than 90% of the characters\n        in a text. Typically they are made up of two components, one of which (most\n        commonly, but by no means always, the left or top element) suggests the general\n        category of the meaning or semantic context, and the other (most commonly\n        the right or bottom element) approximates the pronunciation. The pronunciation\n        relates to the original Chinese, and may now only be distantly detectable\n        in the modern Japanese ''''on''yomi'''' of the kanji; it generally has no\n        relation at all to ''''kun''yomi''''. The same is true of the semantic context,\n        which may have changed over the centuries or in the transition from Chinese\n        to Japanese. As a result, it is a common error in folk etymology to fail to\n        recognize a phono-semantic compound, typically instead inventing a compound-indicative\n        explanation.\\n\\n===''''Tench\\u016b moji'''' (\\u8ee2\\u6ce8\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Tench\\u016b''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''zhu\\u01cenzh\\u00f9'''') characters have variously been called\n        \\\"derivative characters\\\", \\\"derivative [[cognate]]s\\\", or translated as \\\"mutually\n        explanatory\\\" or \\\"mutually synonymous\\\" characters; this is the most problematic\n        of the six categories, as it is vaguely defined. It may refer to kanji where\n        the meaning or application has become extended. For example, {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u697d}}\n        is used for ''music'' and ''comfort, ease'', with different pronunciations\n        in Chinese reflected in the two different ''''on''yomi'''', ''''gaku'''' ''music''\n        and ''''raku'''' ''pleasure''.\\n\\n===''''Kasha moji'''' (\\u4eee\\u501f\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Kasha''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''ji\\u01ceji\\u00e8'''') are [[rebus]]es, sometimes called \\\"phonetic\n        loans\\\". The etymology of the characters follows one of the patterns above,\n        but the present-day meaning is completely unrelated to this. A character was\n        appropriated to represent a similar-sounding word. For example, {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6765}}\n        in ancient Chinese was originally a pictograph for \\\"wheat\\\". Its syllable\n        was homophonous with the verb meaning \\\"to come\\\", and the character is used\n        for that verb as a result, without any embellishing \\\"meaning\\\" element attached.\n        The character for wheat {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9ea6}}, originally meant \\\"to come\\\",\n        being a ''''keisei moji'''' having ''foot'' at the bottom for its meaning\n        part and \\\"wheat\\\" at the top for sound. The two characters swapped meaning,\n        so today the more common word has the simpler character. This borrowing of\n        sounds has a very long history.\\n\\n==Related symbols==\\n{{see also | Japanese\n        typographic symbols}}\\n\\nThe [[iteration mark]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|\\u3005}})\n        is used to indicate that the preceding kanji is to be repeated, functioning\n        similarly to a [[ditto mark]] in English. It is pronounced as though the kanji\n        were written twice in a row, for example {{Nihongo||{{linktext|\\u8272\\u3005}}|iroiro|\\\"various\\\"}}\n        and {{Nihongo||\\u6642\\u3005|tokidoki|\\\"sometimes\\\"}}. This mark also appears\n        in personal and place names, as in the [[Japanese name|surname]] Sasaki ({{lang|ja|\\u4f50\\u3005\\u6728}}).\n        This symbol is a simplified version of the kanji {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u4edd}},\n        a variant of {{Nihongo||\\u540c|d\\u014d|\\\"same\\\"}}.\\n\\nAnother abbreviated\n        symbol is [[\\u30f6]], in appearance a small [[katakana]] \\\"ke\\\", but actually\n        a simplified version of the kanji \\u7b87, a general counter. It is pronounced\n        \\\"ka\\\" when used to indicate quantity (such as {{lang|ja|\\u516d\\u30f6\\u6708}},\n        ''''rok''''''ka''''''getsu'''' \\\"six months\\\") or \\\"ga\\\" in place names like\n        {{Nihongo|[[Kasumigaseki]]|\\u971e\\u30f6\\u95a2}}.\\n\\nThe way how these symbols\n        may be produced on a computer depends on the operating system. In OS X, typing\n        \\u300c\\u3058\\u304a\\u304f\\u308a\\u300dwill reveal the symbol \\u3005 as well\n        as \\u30fd\\u3001\\u309d and \\u309e. To produce \\u303b, type \\u300c\\u304a\\u3069\\u308a\\u3058\\u300d.\n        Under Windows, typing\\u300c\\u304f\\u308a\\u304b\\u3048\\u3057\\u300dwill reveal\n        some of these symbols, while in Google IME, \\u300c\\u304a\\u3069\\u308a\\u3058\\u300dmay\n        be used.\\n\\n==Collation==\\nKanji, whose thousands of symbols defy ordering\n        by conventions such as those used for the [[Latin script]], are often [[collation|collated]]\n        using the traditional Chinese [[radical-and-stroke sorting]] method. In this\n        system, common components of characters are identified; these are called [[radical\n        (Chinese character)|radicals]]. Characters are grouped by their primary radical,\n        then ordered by number of pen strokes within radicals. For example, the kanji\n        character {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u685c}}, meaning \\\"cherry\\\", is sorted as a ten-stroke\n        character under the four-stroke primary radical {{lang|ja|\\u6728}} meaning\n        \\\"tree\\\". When there is no obvious radical or more than one radical, convention\n        governs which is used for collation.\\n\\nOther kanji sorting methods, such\n        as the [[Kodansha Kanji Learner''s Dictionary#SKIP|SKIP]] system, have been\n        devised by various authors.\\n\\nModern general-purpose [[Japanese dictionaries]]\n        (as opposed to specifically character dictionaries) generally collate all\n        entries, including words written using kanji, according to their [[kana]]\n        representations (reflecting the way they are pronounced). The [[goj\\u016bon]]\n        ordering of kana is normally used for this purpose.\\n\\n==Kanji education==\\n[[File:3002_Kanji.svg|thumb|An\n        image that lists most joyo-kanji, according to [[Kodansha Kanji Learner''s\n        Dictionary|Halpern''s KKLD indexing system]], with kyo-iku kanji color-coded\n        by grade level.]]\\n\\nJapanese school children are expected to learn 1006 basic\n        kanji characters, the ''''[[ky\\u014diku kanji]]'''', before finishing the\n        sixth grade. The order in which these characters are learned is fixed. The\n        ''''ky\\u014diku kanji'''' list is a subset of a larger list, originally of\n        1945 kanji characters, in 2010 extended to 2136, known as the ''''[[j\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji]]'''' \\u2013 characters required for the level of fluency necessary\n        to read newspapers and literature in Japanese. This larger list of characters\n        is to be mastered by the end of the ninth grade.Halpern, J. (2006) ''''The\n        Kodansha Kanji Learner''s Dictionary''''. {{ISBN|1568364075}}. p. 38a.\n        Schoolchildren learn the characters by repetition and [[Radical (Chinese character)|radical]].\\n\\nStudents\n        studying Japanese as a foreign language are often required by a curriculum\n        to acquire kanji without having first learned the vocabulary associated with\n        them. Strategies for these learners vary from copying-based methods to [[mnemonic]]-based\n        methods such as those used in [[James Heisig]]''s series ''''[[Remembering\n        the Kanji]]''''. Other textbooks use methods based on the [[etymology]] of\n        the characters, such as Mathias and Habein''s ''''The Complete Guide to Everyday\n        Kanji'''' and Henshall''s ''''A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters''''.\n        Pictorial [[mnemonics]], as in the text ''''Kanji Pict-o-graphix'''', are\n        also seen.\\n\\nThe [[Japanese government]] provides the ''''[[Kanji kentei]]''''\n        (\\u65e5\\u672c\\u6f22\\u5b57\\u80fd\\u529b\\u691c\\u5b9a\\u8a66\\u9a13 ''''Nihon kanji\n        n\\u014dryoku kentei shiken''''; \\\"Test of Japanese Kanji Aptitude\\\"), which\n        tests the ability to read and write kanji. The highest level of the ''''Kanji\n        kentei'''' tests about six thousand kanji.\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[Japanese writing\n        system]]\\n* [[List of kanji by concept]]\\n* [[List of kanji by stroke count]]\\n*\n        [[Braille kanji]]\\n* [[Han unification]]\\n* [[Han-Nom]] (Vietnamese equivalent)\\n*\n        [[Hanja]] (Korean equivalent)\\n* [[Japanese script reform]]\\n* [[Japanese\n        typefaces]] (''''shotai'''')\\n* [[Kanji of the year]]\\n* [[POP (Point of Purchase\n        typeface)]]\\n* [[Radical (Chinese character)]]\\n* [[Stroke order]]\\n* [[Table\n        of Japanese kanji radicals|Table of kanji radicals]]\\n\\n== Notes ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n* DeFrancis, John (1990). ''''The Chinese Language: Fact and\n        Fantasy''''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-1068-6}}.\\n*\n        Hadamitzky, W., and Spahn, M., (1981) ''''Kanji and Kana'''', Boston: Tuttle.\\n*\n        Hannas, William. C. (1997). ''''Asia''s Orthographic Dilemma''''. Honolulu:\n        University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-1892-X}} (paperback); {{ISBN|0-8248-1842-3}}\n        (hardcover).\\n* Kaiser, Stephen (1991). Introduction to the Japanese Writing\n        System. In ''''Kodansha''s Compact Kanji Guide''''. Tokyo: Kondansha International.\n        {{ISBN|4-7700-1553-4}}.\\n* [[Marc Hideo Miyake|Miyake, Marc Hideo]] (2003).\n        ''''Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction''''. New York, London: RoutledgeCurzon.\\n*\n        Morohashi, Tetsuji. \\u5927\\u6f22\\u548c\\u8f9e\\u5178 ''''[[Dai Kan-Wa Jiten]]''''\n        (Comprehensive Chinese\\u2013Japanese Dictionary) 1984\\u20131986. Tokyo: Taishukan\\n*\n        Mitamura, Joyce Yumi and Mitamura, Yasuko Kosaka (1997). ''''Let''s Learn\n        Kanji''''. Tokyo: Kondansha International. {{ISBN|4-7700-2068-6}}.\\n* Unger,\n        J. Marshall (1996). ''''Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading\n        Between the Lines''''. {{ISBN|0-19-510166-9}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{wikibooks|Japanese|Kanji}}\\n{{Wiktionary}}\\n{{commons\n        category}}\\n* [https://www.kanshudo.com Kanshudo] \\u2014 integrated system\n        for finding and learning kanji, Japanese vocab and grammar, with multiple\n        ways to search, 3500+ mnemonics, free flashcards and lessons\\n* [https://www.japaneseapp.com\n        Japanese] - A free Japanese-English dictionary with flashcard study features\n        for iOS and Android\\n* [http://kanji-trainer.org/learn-kanji.php Kanji-Trainer]\n        Free flashcard learning tool with mnemonic phrases for each character\\n* [http://jlearn.net/Kanji/SearchByRadical\n        JLearn] Find Kanji by radical, readings or meanings and see how to draw it.\n        Common words that contain it are also shown\\n* [http://www.infomongolia.com/lesson-category/67\n        Learning Kanji], an animated application for the 1st Grade Kanji.\\n* [http://www.nihongomaster.com/dictionary/kanji\n        Kanji Dictionary] online Free Kanji Dictionary\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150103191356/http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-bin/wwwjdic.cgi?1C\n        Jim Breen''s WWWJDIC server] used to find Kanji from English or romanized\n        Japanese\\n* [http://www.romajidesu.com/kanji/ RomajiDesu Kanji Dictionary]\n        a comprehensive Kanji dictionary with strokes order and various lookup methods.\\n*\n        [http://www.1776kanji.com/kanji/explore.php?kanji=&doku=off Kanji Explorer]\n        More than 13000 Kanji\\n* [http://www.languagebug.com/kanji_q KanjiQ] \\u2013\n        Kanji flashcard tool that runs on mobile phones.\\n* [http://www.jishop.com\n        JISHOP] \\u2013 Japanese-English computer kanji dictionary\\n* [http://www2.gol.com/users/jpc/Japan/Kanji/KanjiLearn/\n        KanjiLearn] \\u2013 Electronic set of 2135 two-sided kanji flashcards, as easy\n        to use as paper flashcards.\\n* [http://nihongo.j-talk.com/kanji/ Convert Kanji\n        to Romaji, Hiragana]\\u2014Converts Kanji and websites to forms that are easy\n        to read and gives a word by word translation\\n* [http://tangorin.com/multiradical/\n        Tangorin]\\u2014Find kanji fast by selecting their elements\\n* [http://homepage2.nifty.com/TAB01645/\n        Dictionary of Kokuji] in Japanese\\n* [http://learnjapanese.elanguageschool.net/kanji-jlpt-lists\n        Learn Japanese Kanji]\\u2014How to write Kanji in Japanese\\n* [http://www.japanese-kanji.com/\n        Drill the kanji]\\u2014online Java tool (Asahi-net)\\n* [http://kanjialive.com/\n        Kanji Alive]\\u2014Online kanji learning tool in wide use at many universities,\n        colleges and high-schools.\\n* [http://www.realkanji.com/ Real Kanji]\\u2014Practice\n        kanji using different typefaces.\\n* [http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/2005/Tomoda.html\n        Change in Script Usage in Japanese: A Longitudinal Study of Japanese Government\n        White Papers on Labor], discussion paper by Takako Tomoda in the [http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/\n        ''''Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies''''], August 19, 2005.\\n*\n        [http://www.taipansoftware.com/en/japanese/dictionary/ Kanji Dictionary],\n        a kanji dictionary with a focus on compound-exploring.\\n* [http://www.genetickanji.com/\n        Genetic Kanji], etymologically organized lists for learning kanji.\\n* [http://www.kanjinetworks.com/\n        Kanji Networks], a kanji etymology dictionary\\n* [http://www.saiga-jp.com/kanji_dictionary.html\n        Japanese Kanji Dictionary]\\u2014Each character is presented by a grade, stroke\n        count, [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/wwwjdicinf.html#sod_tag stroke\n        order], phonetic reading and native Japanese reading. You can also listen\n        to the pronunciation.\\n* [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/jwb/wwwjdic?1KG\n        WWWJDIC Text Translator]\\u2014Takes Japanese text and returns each word with\n        pronunciation (hiragana) and a translation in English.\\n* [http://www.javadikt.net/en\n        JavaDiKt] \\u2014 Open source kanji dictionary for desktop\\n* [http://www.cymraeg.ru/daoulagad.html\n        Daoulagad Han] \\u2014 Mobile OCR kanji dictionary, OCR interface to the UniHan\n        database\\n* [http://www.jisho.org/ Denshi Jisho] \\u2014 Online Japanese dictionary\\n*\n        [http://ck.kolivas.org/Japanese/kanji.html GSF Jouyou Kanji] \\u2014 organized\n        list of kanji which takes into account both grade, stroke count and frequency\\n\\n===Glyph\n        conversion===\\n* [http://www.geocities.jp/qjitai/ A simple Shinjitai \\u2013\n        Ky\\u016bjitai converter]\\n* [http://yurara.kir.jp/material/kanji.html A practical\n        Shinjitai \\u2013 Ky\\u016bjitai \\u2013 Simplified Chinese character converter]\\n*\n        [http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/ja/tools/tradkan0.htm A complex Shinjitai\n        \\u2013 Ky\\u016bjitai converter]\\n* [http://www.skycn.com/soft/44716.html A\n        downloadable Shinjitai \\u2013 Ky\\u016bjitai \\u2013 Simplified Chinese character\n        converter]\\n\\n{{Japanese language}}\\n{{Kangxi Radicals}}\\n{{list of writing\n        systems}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Kanji| ]]\\n[[Category:Chinese\n        characters]]\\n[[Category:Chinese scripts| ]]\\n[[Category:Japanese writing\n        system terms]]\\n[[Category:Logographic writing systems]]\\n[[Category:Writing\n        systems]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-11T10:37:49Z\",\"lastrevid\":800071688,\"length\":86134,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanji&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 20:03:58 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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      white;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ed2|\\u9ed2]] black;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d64|\\u8d64]]\n        red;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d05|\\u7d05]] crimson;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9752|\\u9752]]\n        blue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ec4|\\u9ec4]] yellow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dd1|\\u7dd1]]\n        green;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]] gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9280|\\u9280]]\n        silver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d2b|\\u7d2b]] violet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d3a|\\u7d3a]]\n        dark blue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6731|\\u6731]] vermilion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8910|\\u8910]]\n        brown;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85cd|\\u85cd]] indigo;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f69|\\u5f69]]\n        brightly coloured;}}\\n\\n=== Shape, size, pattern, arrangement ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f62|\\u5f62]]\n        shape;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f53|\\u4f53]] form;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ff|\\u59ff]]\n        figure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a21|\\u6a21]] pattern;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67c4|\\u67c4]]\n        design, pattern;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5186|\\u5186]] circle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e38|\\u4e38]]\n        circular;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f2|\\u66f2]] curve;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f27|\\u5f27]]\n        arc;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74b0|\\u74b0]] ring, surround;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f2a|\\u8f2a]]\n        ring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51f9|\\u51f9]] concave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51f8|\\u51f8]]\n        convex;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89d2|\\u89d2]] angle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u659c|\\u659c]]\n        diagonal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7403|\\u7403]] sphere;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u570f|\\u570f]]\n        sphere;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7389|\\u7389]] ball;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dda|\\u7dda]]\n        line;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5217|\\u5217]] row, line;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e26|\\u4e26]]\n        line up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5927|\\u5927]] large;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de8|\\u5de8]]\n        huge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c0f|\\u5c0f]] small;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fae|\\u5fae]]\n        minute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72ed|\\u72ed]] narrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aef|\\u7aef]]\n        edge or border;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e01|\\u7e01]] edge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5468|\\u5468]]\n        perimeter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5883|\\u5883]] boundary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67a0|\\u67a0]]\n        frame, border;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aef|\\u7aef]] end, tip;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5074|\\u5074]]\n        side;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9685|\\u9685]] corner;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ad8|\\u9ad8]]\n        tall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9577|\\u9577]] long;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77ed|\\u77ed]]\n        short;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e83|\\u5e83]] wide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e45|\\u5e45]]\n        width;}}\\n\\n=== Miscellaneous properties ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u786c|\\u786c]]\n        hard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8edf|\\u8edf]] soft;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cd|\\u91cd]]\n        heavy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8efd|\\u8efd]] light (weight);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56fa|\\u56fa]]\n        solid, firm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6db2|\\u6db2]] liquid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f37|\\u5f37]]\n        strong;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f31|\\u5f31]] weak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u539a|\\u539a]]\n        thick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6fc3|\\u6fc3]] thick, concentrated;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8584|\\u8584]]\n        dilute, thin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d30|\\u7d30]] slender;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dfb|\\u7dfb]]\n        fine, delicate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fae|\\u5fae]] delicate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92ed|\\u92ed]]\n        sharp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592a|\\u592a]] fat, thick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6df1|\\u6df1]]\n        deep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d45|\\u6d45]] shallow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6691|\\u6691]]\n        hot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u71b1|\\u71b1]] hot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e29|\\u6e29]]\n        warm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6696|\\u6696]] warm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51b7|\\u51b7]]\n        cold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bd2|\\u5bd2]] cold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e72|\\u5e72]]\n        dry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e7e|\\u4e7e]] dry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e7f|\\u6e7f]]\n        damp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f64|\\u6f64]] moist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d44|\\u6d44]]\n        clean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c5a|\\u6c5a]] dirty;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c98|\\u7c98]]\n        sticky;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8276|\\u8276]] glossy;}}\\n\\n== Directions and\n        spatial relationships ==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5317|\\u5317]] north;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5357|\\u5357]]\n        south;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6771|\\u6771]] east;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u897f|\\u897f]]\n        west;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de6|\\u5de6]] left;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f3|\\u53f3]]\n        right;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e0b|\\u4e0b]] down;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e0a|\\u4e0a]]\n        up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u524d|\\u524d]] front;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f8c|\\u5f8c]]\n        back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88cf|\\u88cf]] rear, back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e95|\\u5e95]]\n        bottom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5916|\\u5916]] outside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e2d|\\u4e2d]]\n        inside/middle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5185|\\u5185]] inside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592e|\\u592e]]\n        centre;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5965|\\u5965]] interior;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9593|\\u9593]]\n        between;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5165|\\u5165]] direction in;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51fa|\\u51fa]]\n        direction out;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b9|\\u65b9]] direction;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fd1|\\u8fd1]]\n        near;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9060|\\u9060]] distant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5411|\\u5411]]\n        toward}}\\n\\n=== Movement ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6765|\\u6765]] come;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u884c|\\u884c]]\n        go;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65c5|\\u65c5]] travel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f80|\\u5f80]]\n        go, depart;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e30|\\u5e30]] return;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53c2|\\u53c2]]\n        go (esp. visit);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u843d|\\u843d]] fall, drop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d74|\\u8d74]]\n        go to;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d8a|\\u8d8a]] go beyond, exceed;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5012|\\u5012]]\n        fall over;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u589c|\\u589c]] fall down, crash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u63da|\\u63da]]\n        raise, elevate}}\\n\\n== Numbers, counting, sequence==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6570|\\u6570]]\n        number;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f6|\\u96f6]] zero;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e00|\\u4e00]]\n        one;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e8c|\\u4e8c]] two;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e09|\\u4e09]]\n        three;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56db|\\u56db]] four;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e94|\\u4e94]]\n        five;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u516d|\\u516d]] six;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e03|\\u4e03]]\n        seven;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u516b|\\u516b]] eight;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e5d|\\u4e5d]]\n        nine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5341|\\u5341]] ten;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u767e|\\u767e]]\n        100;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5343|\\u5343]] 1,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e07|\\u4e07]]\n        10,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5104|\\u5104]] 100,000,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5146|\\u5146]]\n        1,000,000,000,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b2c|\\u7b2c]] ordinal marker;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u521d|\\u521d]]\n        first;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e59|\\u4e59]] second (ordinal);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e19|\\u4e19]]\n        third (ordinal);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6841|\\u6841]] digit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53cc|\\u53cc]]\n        pair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u591a|\\u591a]] many;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c11|\\u5c11]]\n        few;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u534a|\\u534a]] half;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e21|\\u4e21]]\n        both;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5404|\\u5404]] each;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bce|\\u6bce]]\n        every;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b21|\\u6b21]] next;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fcc|\\u7fcc]]\n        the following;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u756a|\\u756a]] numerical order;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9806|\\u9806]]\n        sequence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e8f|\\u5e8f]] sequence}}\\n\\n===Counters===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u500b|\\u500b]]\n        general counter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f0|\\u53f0]] counter for machines\n        and vehicles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679a|\\u679a]] counter for flat things;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672c|\\u672c]] counter for cylindrical things;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96bb|\\u96bb]]\n        counter for ships;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u518a|\\u518a]] counter for books;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5339|\\u5339]] counter for animals;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u758b|\\u758b]]\n        counter for small animals or insects;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982d|\\u982d]]\n        counter for large animals;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fbd|\\u7fbd]] counter for\n        birds and rabbits;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b87|\\u7b87]] counter for articles;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8db3|\\u8db3]] counter for pairs of footwear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672d|\\u672d]]\n        counter for bonds, tickets;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u676f|\\u676f]] counter for\n        cupfuls;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ed2|\\u8ed2]] counter for houses;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6238|\\u6238]]\n        counter for houses;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f2a|\\u8f2a]] counter for wheels\n        and flowers;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7573|\\u7573]] counter for tatami mats;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] counter for loaves of bread;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e01|\\u4e01]]\n        miscellaneous counter}}\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eba|\\u4eba]] counter for people}}\\n\\n===Handling\n        amounts===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b97|\\u7b97]] calculation;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u500d|\\u500d]]\n        times, double;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5897|\\u5897]] increase, add;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b96|\\u6b96]]\n        increase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8017|\\u8017]] decrease, consume;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e1b|\\u6e1b]]\n        dwindle, decrease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e2e|\\u7e2e]] shrink, contract;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u52a0|\\u52a0]] add to;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9664|\\u9664]]\n        division;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5206|\\u5206]] divide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5256|\\u5256]]\n        split in two}}\\n\\n===Units===\\n\\nUnits of length:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3a|\\u5c3a]]\n        Japanese foot (around 30 cm);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bf8|\\u5bf8]] 1/10 Japanese\n        foot (around 3 cm);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5398|\\u5398]] (around 0.3 mm);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cc|\\u91cc]] league (around 3.9 km)}}\\n\\nUnits of area:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u576a|\\u576a]]\n        two-mat area (around 3.3 m\\u00b2);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u755d|\\u755d]] 30\n        tsubo (around 100 m\\u00b2)}}\\n\\nUnits of volume:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u52fa|\\u52fa]]\n        ladle (around 18 ml);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5347|\\u5347]] (around 1.8 l);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6597|\\u6597]] (around 18 l);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77f3|\\u77f3]]\n        (around 180 l)}}\\n\\nUnits of weight:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5301|\\u5301]] (around\n        3.75 grams);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] (around 600 g)}}\\n\\n== Time\n        ==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]] day;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9031|\\u9031]]\n        week;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] month;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e74|\\u5e74]]\n        year;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66dc|\\u66dc]] day of week;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66a6|\\u66a6]]\n        calendar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u671d|\\u671d]] morning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5348|\\u5348]]\n        noon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u663c|\\u663c]] daytime;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5915|\\u5915]]\n        evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6669|\\u6669]] evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb5|\\u5bb5]]\n        early evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u591c|\\u591c]] night;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6681|\\u6681]]\n        sunrise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ed|\\u65ed]] rising sun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e6|\\u65e6]]\n        sunrise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66ae|\\u66ae]] sunset;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6642|\\u6642]]\n        time, hour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5206|\\u5206]] minute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79d2|\\u79d2]]\n        second;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eca|\\u4eca]] now;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e9|\\u65e9]]\n        early;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9045|\\u9045]] late;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u524d|\\u524d]]\n        before;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f8c|\\u5f8c]] after;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e45|\\u4e45]]\n        long ago;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e7|\\u65e7]] former;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66fd|\\u66fd]]\n        formerly;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fd1|\\u8fd1]] recent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5148|\\u5148]]\n        ahead, previous;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9593|\\u9593]] interval of time;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u671f|\\u671f]]\n        time period;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66ab|\\u66ab]] a while;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d00|\\u7d00]]\n        era;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6628|\\u6628]] previous time;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56de|\\u56de]]\n        number of times;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9803|\\u9803]] time, about;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u969b|\\u969b]]\n        moment, occasion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ea6|\\u5ea6]] number of times;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6614|\\u6614]]\n        antiquity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c38|\\u6c38]] eternity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ec|\\u65ec]]\n        period of 10 days;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59cb|\\u59cb]] begin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d42|\\u7d42]]\n        end;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e4|\\u53e4]] old;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8001|\\u8001]]\n        old;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82e5|\\u82e5]] young;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b0|\\u65b0]]\n        new;}}\\n\\n=== Seasons ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b63|\\u5b63]] season;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5019|\\u5019]]\n        season;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] season, period;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6625|\\u6625]]\n        spring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u590f|\\u590f]] summer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79cb|\\u79cb]]\n        autumn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51ac|\\u51ac]] winter}}\\n\\n=== Days of the week\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66dc|\\u66dc]] weekday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]]\n        Sunday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] Monday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706b|\\u706b]]\n        Tuesday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c34|\\u6c34]] Wednesday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6728|\\u6728]]\n        Thursday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]] Friday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u571f|\\u571f]]\n        Saturday}}\\n\\n== Nature ==\\n\\n===Sky and heavens===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]]\n        sun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u967d|\\u967d]] sun or [[Yin and yang|yang principle]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] moon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u661f|\\u661f]]\n        star;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5929|\\u5929]] sky or heaven;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a7a|\\u7a7a]]\n        sky or void;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c17|\\u6c17]] air;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b87|\\u5b87]]\n        universe;}}\\n\\n===Natural substances ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]]\n        metal or gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9280|\\u9280]] silver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9285|\\u9285]]\n        copper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u925b|\\u925b]] lead;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9244|\\u9244]]\n        iron;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9291|\\u9291]] pig iron;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92fc|\\u92fc]]\n        steel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9271|\\u9271]] ore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6676|\\u6676]]\n        crystal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7389|\\u7389]] jewel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u73e0|\\u73e0]]\n        pearl or jewel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c34|\\u6c34]] water;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c37|\\u6c37]]\n        ice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c7d|\\u6c7d]] steam, vapour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77f3|\\u77f3]]\n        stone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u70ad|\\u70ad]] coal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7070|\\u7070]]\n        ash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u571f|\\u571f]] earth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5730|\\u5730]]\n        ground or earth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7802|\\u7802]] sand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c99|\\u6c99]]\n        sand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ce5|\\u6ce5]] mud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5869|\\u5869]]\n        salt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e39|\\u4e39]] cinnabar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u786b|\\u786b]]\n        sulphur;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9178|\\u9178]] acid, oxygen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a92|\\u7a92]]\n        nitrogen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6750|\\u6750]] timber, material;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cb9|\\u6cb9]]\n        oil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8102|\\u8102]] fat;}}\\n\\n===Weather and other natural\n        phenomena===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f2|\\u96f2]] cloud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66c7|\\u66c7]]\n        cloud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96e8|\\u96e8]] rain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8679|\\u8679]]\n        rainbow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98a8|\\u98a8]] wind;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96ea|\\u96ea]]\n        snow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d50|\\u5d50]] storm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5019|\\u5019]]\n        climate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6674|\\u6674]] fine weather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u971e|\\u971e]]\n        haze or mist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f7|\\u96f7]] lightning or thunder;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9727|\\u9727]] fog or mist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u971c|\\u971c]]\n        frost;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9732|\\u9732]] dew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ce2|\\u6ce2]]\n        wave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f6e|\\u6f6e]] tide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e26|\\u6e26]]\n        whirlpool;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d2a|\\u6d2a]] flood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9707|\\u9707]]\n        earthquake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u707d|\\u707d]] natural disaster;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6697|\\u6697]]\n        dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95c7|\\u95c7]] dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51a5|\\u51a5]]\n        dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5149|\\u5149]] light;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u660e|\\u660e]]\n        light;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9670|\\u9670]] [[Yin and yang|yin principle]]\n        or shadow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f71|\\u5f71]] shadow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7159|\\u7159]]\n        smoke or fumes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96fb|\\u96fb]] electricity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78c1|\\u78c1]]\n        magnet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706b|\\u706b]] fire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u708e|\\u708e]]\n        blaze}}\\n\\n===Landscape and topography===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9678|\\u9678]]\n        land;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91ce|\\u91ce]] field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7551|\\u7551]]\n        field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u539f|\\u539f]] field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7530|\\u7530]]\n        rice paddy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7267|\\u7267]] pasture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cc|\\u91cc]]\n        countryside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58cc|\\u58cc]] fertile soil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f20|\\u6f20]]\n        desert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c71|\\u5c71]] mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cb3|\\u5cb3]]\n        peak or mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cf0|\\u5cf0]] peak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ce0|\\u5ce0]]\n        mountain pass;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e18|\\u4e18]] hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ca1|\\u5ca1]]\n        hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u961c|\\u961c]] hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5742|\\u5742]]\n        slope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9e93|\\u9e93]] foot of mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5824|\\u5824]]\n        embankment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c37|\\u8c37]] valley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6eaa|\\u6eaa]]\n        mountain stream or valley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ce1|\\u5ce1]] gorge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e13|\\u6e13]]\n        ravine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a9f|\\u7a9f]] cave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ca9|\\u5ca9]]\n        rock or boulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5dcc|\\u5dcc]] rock or boulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f20|\\u6f20]]\n        desert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ddd|\\u5ddd]] river;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cb3|\\u6cb3]]\n        river or stream;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cc9|\\u6cc9]] water spring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6edd|\\u6edd]]\n        waterfall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u702c|\\u702c]] shallows, rapids;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5800|\\u5800]]\n        ditch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7554|\\u7554]] levee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ca2|\\u6ca2]]\n        swamp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cbc|\\u6cbc]] marsh;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d77|\\u6d77]]\n        ocean or sea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d0b|\\u6d0b]] ocean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c96|\\u6c96]]\n        open sea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e56|\\u6e56]] lake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c60|\\u6c60]]\n        pond;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f5f|\\u6f5f]] lagoon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7901|\\u7901]]\n        reef;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c5f|\\u6c5f]] creek or bay;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e7e|\\u6e7e]]\n        bay, gulf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cb8|\\u5cb8]] shore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78ef|\\u78ef]]\n        seashore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d5c|\\u6d5c]] beach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d66|\\u6d66]]\n        bay, beach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d16|\\u5d16]] cliff;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d0e|\\u5d0e]]\n        promontory or cape;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57fc|\\u57fc]] promontory;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cac|\\u5cac]]\n        headland;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cf6|\\u5cf6]] island;}}\\n\\n=== Animals ===\\n\\n:''''See\n        also Food and Drink''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72ac|\\u72ac]] dog;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72d7|\\u72d7]]\n        dog;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u732b|\\u732b]] cat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f20|\\u9f20]]\n        mouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u514e|\\u514e]] rabbit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u99ac|\\u99ac]]\n        horse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u725b|\\u725b]] cow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f8a|\\u7f8a]]\n        sheep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c5a|\\u8c5a]] pig;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9e7f|\\u9e7f]]\n        deer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7363|\\u7363]] beast;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u755c|\\u755c]]\n        livestock;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c61|\\u8c61]] elephant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u864e|\\u864e]]\n        tiger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u718a|\\u718a]] bear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72fc|\\u72fc]]\n        wolf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72d0|\\u72d0]] fox;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72f8|\\u72f8]]\n        raccoon dog ([[tanuki]]);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u733f|\\u733f]] monkey;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f9c|\\u9f9c]]/[[wikt:\\u4e80|\\u4e80]]\n        turtle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bc6|\\u9bc6]] dolphin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9be8|\\u9be8]]\n        whale;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u866b|\\u866b]] insect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6606|\\u6606]]\n        insect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8702|\\u8702]] bee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u868a|\\u868a]]\n        mosquito;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8695|\\u8695]] silkworm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u86cd|\\u86cd]]\n        firefly;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u86c7|\\u86c7]] snake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c10|\\u9c10]]\n        alligator or crocodile}}\\n\\n==== Fish ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b5a|\\u9b5a]]\n        fish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c9d|\\u8c9d]] shellfish;}}\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bc9|\\u9bc9]]\n        [[carp]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b92|\\u9b92]] [[crucian carp]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ba0|\\u9ba0]]\n        [[minnow]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c52|\\u9c52]] [[trout]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bad|\\u9bad]]\n        [[salmon]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c78|\\u9c78]] [[Dicentrarchus labrax|sea\n        bass]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bdb|\\u9bdb]] [[sea bream]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0c|\\u9c0c]]\n        [[stone loach]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c48|\\u9c48]] [[cod]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c3b|\\u9c3b]]\n        [[eel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bca|\\u9bca]] [[goby]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bd6|\\u9bd6]]\n        [[mackerel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c2f|\\u9c2f]] [[sardine]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bf5|\\u9bf5]]\n        [[Trachurus trachurus|scad]] / [[Trachurus trachurus|horse mackerel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0a|\\u9c0a]]\n        [[herring]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0d|\\u9c0d]] [[Cottus gobio|bullhead]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bf0|\\u9bf0]] [[catfish]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c08|\\u9c08]]/[[wikt:\\u9b83|\\u9b83]]\n        [[flounder]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c24|\\u9c24]] [[amberjack]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b83|\\u9b83]]\n        [[sole (fish)|sole]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bab|\\u9bab]] [[shark]];}}\\n\\n====\n        Birds ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ce5|\\u9ce5]] bird;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9d8f|\\u9d8f]]\n        chicken;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9d28|\\u9d28]] duck;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9df9|\\u9df9]]\n        hawk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9db4|\\u9db4]] crane;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96c0|\\u96c0]]\n        sparrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u689f|\\u689f]] [[owl]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u71d5|\\u71d5]]\n        [[swallow]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u70cf|\\u70cf]]/[[wikt:\\u9d09|\\u9d09]] [[crow]];}}\\n\\n====\n        Animal parts ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fbd|\\u7fbd]] feather, wing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ffc|\\u7ffc]]\n        wing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bdb|\\u6bdb]] fur;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3e|\\u5c3e]]\n        tail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7259|\\u7259]] tusk, fang;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89d2|\\u89d2]]\n        horn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u722a|\\u722a]] claw;}}\\n\\n=== Plants and trees\n        ===\\n\\n:''''See also Food and Drink''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u690d|\\u690d]] plant;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6728|\\u6728]] tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a39|\\u6a39]]\n        tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6797|\\u6797]] grove;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68ee|\\u68ee]]\n        forest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u677e|\\u677e]] pine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6749|\\u6749]]\n        cedar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u685c|\\u685c]] cherry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6885|\\u6885]]\n        plum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68a8|\\u68a8]] pear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67ff|\\u67ff]]\n        persimmon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6803|\\u6803]] horse chestnut;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85e4|\\u85e4]]\n        wisteria;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6851|\\u6851]] mulberry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6843|\\u6843]]\n        peach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f3|\\u67f3]] willow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6842|\\u6842]]\n        cinnamon tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8349|\\u8349]] grass;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a32|\\u7a32]]\n        rice plant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ebb|\\u9ebb]] hemp or flax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7af9|\\u7af9]]\n        bamboo;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u845b|\\u845b]] vine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8328|\\u8328]]\n        brier;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83ca|\\u83ca]] chrysanthemum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u683d|\\u683d]]\n        cultivation of plants;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85fb|\\u85fb]] algae, seaweed;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8338|\\u8338]] mushroom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83cc|\\u83cc]]\n        fungi or bacteria;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6839|\\u6839]] root;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e79|\\u5e79]]\n        tree trunk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679d|\\u679d]] branch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8449|\\u8449]]\n        leaf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b1|\\u82b1]] flower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82bd|\\u82bd]]\n        bud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82d7|\\u82d7]] seedling;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u830e|\\u830e]]\n        stem;}}\\n\\n== People ==\\n\\n=== General ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eba|\\u4eba]]\n        person;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8005|\\u8005]] person (usually with qualifier);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c11|\\u6c11]] people;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7537|\\u7537]]\n        man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5973|\\u5973]] woman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96c4|\\u96c4]]\n        male;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96cc|\\u96cc]] female;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fc1|\\u7fc1]]\n        old man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a46|\\u5a46]] old woman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b22|\\u5b22]]\n        young lady;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b50|\\u5b50]] child;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5150|\\u5150]]\n        child;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u574a|\\u574a]] boy, sonny;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u90ce|\\u90ce]]\n        son, boy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ae5|\\u7ae5]] juvenile;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f92|\\u5f92]]\n        gang or junior;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79c1|\\u79c1]] I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50d5|\\u50d5]]\n        I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ffa|\\u4ffa]] I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f7c|\\u5f7c]]\n        he;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u541b|\\u541b]] you;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81ea|\\u81ea]]\n        oneself;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5df1|\\u5df1]] oneself;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6211|\\u6211]]\n        self, ego;}}\\n\\n=== Roles and status ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3b|\\u4e3b]]\n        master or husband;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592b|\\u592b]] husband or man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59bb|\\u59bb]]\n        wife;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a66|\\u5a66]] wife or lady;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u738b|\\u738b]]\n        king;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7687|\\u7687]] emperor or sovereign;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e1d|\\u5e1d]]\n        Mikado or emperor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59eb|\\u59eb]] princess;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a9b|\\u5a9b]]\n        princess;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5983|\\u5983]] princess, queen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u540e|\\u540e]]\n        empress;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f2f|\\u4f2f]] earl, count;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4faf|\\u4faf]]\n        lord, marquis;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7235|\\u7235]] noble rank;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58eb|\\u58eb]]\n        man or gentleman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b9|\\u65b9]] honorable person;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f22|\\u6f22]] honorable man or [[Han Chinese|Han]] person;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f66|\\u5f66]] boy, high-status man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5091|\\u5091]]\n        great man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d33|\\u7d33]] gentleman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c0f|\\u6c0f]]\n        courtesy title;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9577|\\u9577]] leader;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fc2|\\u4fc2]]\n        person in charge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7763|\\u7763]] supervisor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e2b|\\u5e2b]]\n        expert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ef2|\\u4ef2]] intermediary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f7f|\\u4f7f]]\n        messenger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u533b|\\u533b]] doctor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53cb|\\u53cb]]\n        friend;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50da|\\u50da]] colleague;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f29|\\u8f29]]\n        fellow, comrade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba2|\\u5ba2]] guest, customer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cd3|\\u8cd3]]\n        guest, VIP;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96a3|\\u96a3]] neighbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5974|\\u5974]]\n        servant, fellow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96b7|\\u96b7]] underling;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ed9|\\u4ed9]]\n        hermit;}}\\n\\n===Family relationships===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb6|\\u5bb6]]\n        family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65cf|\\u65cf]] family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u540d|\\u540d]]\n        name;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7236|\\u7236]] father;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bcd|\\u6bcd]]\n        mother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89aa|\\u89aa]] parent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ac1|\\u5ac1]]\n        wife, bride;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a18|\\u5a18]] daughter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f1f|\\u5f1f]]\n        younger brother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59b9|\\u59b9]] younger sister;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5144|\\u5144]]\n        older brother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59c9|\\u59c9]] older sister;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u723a|\\u723a]]\n        grandfather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a46|\\u5a46]] grandmother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7956|\\u7956]]\n        ancestor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b6b|\\u5b6b]] grandchild;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53d4|\\u53d4]]\n        aunt, uncle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f2f|\\u4f2f]] aunt, uncle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7525|\\u7525]]\n        nephew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ea|\\u59ea]] niece;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a7f|\\u5a7f]]\n        son-in-law, bridegroom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6606|\\u6606]] descendants;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u621a|\\u621a]] relatives;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a5a|\\u5a5a]]\n        marry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59fb|\\u59fb]] matrimony;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ae1|\\u5ae1]]\n        legitimate wife/family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5be1|\\u5be1]] widow;}}\\n\\n===Groups===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56fd|\\u56fd]]\n        country;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u793e|\\u793e]] company;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56e3|\\u56e3]]\n        group;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d3e|\\u6d3e]] faction, group;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d44|\\u7d44]]\n        association, assemble;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fa4|\\u7fa4]] flock, crowd}}\\n\\n==\n        Body ==\\n\\n=== General ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8eab|\\u8eab]] body;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f53|\\u4f53]]\n        body;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8089|\\u8089]] flesh;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8840|\\u8840]]\n        blood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8108|\\u8108]] vein;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b4b|\\u7b4b]]\n        muscles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aa8|\\u9aa8]] bone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ac4|\\u9ac4]]\n        marrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] joint;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ae|\\u76ae]]\n        skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u819a|\\u819a]] skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u808c|\\u808c]]\n        skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ba|\\u76ba]] wrinkle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u817a|\\u817a]]\n        gland;}}\\n\\n=== Head and neck ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982d|\\u982d]] head;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8133|\\u8133]] brain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aea|\\u9aea]]\n        hair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9854|\\u9854]] face;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aed|\\u9aed]]\n        beard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984d|\\u984d]] forehead;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8033|\\u8033]]\n        ear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ee|\\u76ee]] eye;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u773c|\\u773c]]\n        eyeball;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7709|\\u7709]] eyebrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77b3|\\u77b3]]\n        pupil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f3b|\\u9f3b]] nose;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984e|\\u984e]]\n        jaw;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e3|\\u53e3]] mouth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5507|\\u5507]]\n        lips;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b6f|\\u6b6f]] tooth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u820c|\\u820c]]\n        tongue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982c|\\u982c]] cheek;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9824|\\u9824]]\n        chin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5589|\\u5589]] throat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54bd|\\u54bd]]\n        throat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9996|\\u9996]] neck;}}\\n\\n===Torso and organs===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80f4|\\u80f4]]\n        torso;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80cc|\\u80cc]] back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u810a|\\u810a]]\n        backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5442|\\u5442]] backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u690e|\\u690e]]\n        backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u808b|\\u808b]] rib;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80f8|\\u80f8]]\n        chest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8179|\\u8179]] stomach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80c3|\\u80c3]]\n        stomach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81cd|\\u81cd]] navel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8170|\\u8170]]\n        waist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81d3|\\u81d3]] entrails;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8178|\\u8178]]\n        intestines;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fc3|\\u5fc3]] heart;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80ba|\\u80ba]]\n        lung;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u809d|\\u809d]] liver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81b5|\\u81b5]]\n        pancreas;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u814e|\\u814e]] kidney;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80c6|\\u80c6]]\n        gall bladder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u809b|\\u809b]] anus;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81a3|\\u81a3]]\n        vagina;}}\\n\\n===Arms and legs===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a2|\\u80a2]] limb;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8155|\\u8155]] arm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a9|\\u80a9]]\n        shoulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8107|\\u8107]] armpit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8098|\\u8098]]\n        elbow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u624b|\\u624b]] hand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u62f3|\\u62f3]]\n        fist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6307|\\u6307]] finger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u722a|\\u722a]]\n        nail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u638c|\\u638c]] palm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3b|\\u5c3b]]\n        buttocks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a1|\\u80a1]] thighs;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u811a|\\u811a]]\n        leg;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8db3|\\u8db3]] leg, foot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u819d|\\u819d]]\n        knee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e1d|\\u8e1d]] ankle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e35|\\u8e35]]\n        heel;}}\\n\\n===Body functions ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c57|\\u6c57]] sweat;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cea|\\u6cea]] tear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d99|\\u6d99]]\n        tear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u553e|\\u553e]] saliva;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cbe|\\u7cbe]]\n        sperm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3f|\\u5c3f]] urine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fbf|\\u4fbf]]\n        faeces;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80ce|\\u80ce]] foetus;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u598a|\\u598a]]\n        pregnant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a20|\\u5a20]] pregnant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]]\n        birth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7523|\\u7523]] give birth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54fa|\\u54fa]]\n        suckle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u606f|\\u606f]] breath;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bdd|\\u5bdd]]\n        sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7720|\\u7720]] sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7761|\\u7761]]\n        sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5922|\\u5922]] dream}}\\n\\n===Health, illness,\n        medicine ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]] life;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b7b|\\u6b7b]]\n        death;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5065|\\u5065]] healthy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eb7|\\u5eb7]]\n        healthy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u529b|\\u529b]] strength;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75c5|\\u75c5]]\n        illness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75c7|\\u75c7]] disease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75be|\\u75be]]\n        disease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60a3|\\u60a3]] sick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75ab|\\u75ab]]\n        epidemic;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ab8|\\u9ab8]] corpse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75db|\\u75db]]\n        pain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75b2|\\u75b2]] tired;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f11|\\u4f11]]\n        rest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75e9|\\u75e9]] weight loss;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u760d|\\u760d]]\n        ulcer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75d8|\\u75d8]] pox;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75e2|\\u75e2]]\n        diarrhoea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u764c|\\u764c]] cancer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b7|\\u50b7]]\n        wound;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75d5|\\u75d5]] scar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u533b|\\u533b]]\n        medicine, doctor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7642|\\u7642]] heal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7652|\\u7652]]\n        heal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cbb|\\u6cbb]] cure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5264|\\u5264]]\n        medicine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9320|\\u9320]] pill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85ac|\\u85ac]]\n        drug;}}\\n\\n===Gestures and sports===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7acb|\\u7acb]] stand\n        up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d70|\\u8d70]] run;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ea7|\\u5ea7]]\n        sit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e0a|\\u8e0a]] jump;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b69|\\u6b69]]\n        walk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cf3|\\u6cf3]] swim;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b62|\\u6b62]]\n        stop}}\\n\\n== Emotions and senses ==\\n\\n===Emotions===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60c5|\\u60c5]]\n        emotion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u611f|\\u611f]] feeling, emotion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c17|\\u6c17]]\n        feeling, mood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u611b|\\u611b]] love;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u604b|\\u604b]]\n        love;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6155|\\u6155]] adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d07|\\u5d07]]\n        reverence, adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u606d|\\u606d]] respect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u656c|\\u656c]]\n        respect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6148|\\u6148]] affection, benevolence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u618e|\\u618e]]\n        hate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u597d|\\u597d]] like;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5acc|\\u5acc]]\n        dislike;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8511|\\u8511]] contempt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6050|\\u6050]]\n        fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u865e|\\u865e]] fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6016|\\u6016]]\n        fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u754f|\\u754f]] fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6144|\\u6144]]\n        fear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60e7|\\u60e7]] apprehension;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60b2|\\u60b2]]\n        sadness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54c0|\\u54c0]] sadness or pity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6182|\\u6182]]\n        sadness, anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7169|\\u7169]] anxiety, annoyance;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6101|\\u6101]] melancholy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b31|\\u9b31]]\n        melancholy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60dc|\\u60dc]] regret;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61be|\\u61be]]\n        regret;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6094|\\u6094]] remorse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61d0|\\u61d0]]\n        yearning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61a7|\\u61a7]] yearning, adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61ac|\\u61ac]]\n        yearning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u621a|\\u621a]] grief;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6068|\\u6068]]\n        resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6028|\\u6028]] resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6168|\\u6168]]\n        indignation, resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bc2|\\u5bc2]] loneliness;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697d|\\u697d]] fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6109|\\u6109]]\n        fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a2f|\\u5a2f]] fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e78|\\u5e78]]\n        happiness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b09|\\u5b09]] happiness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u559c|\\u559c]]\n        joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60a6|\\u60a6]] joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6176|\\u6176]]\n        joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b53|\\u6b53]] joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5feb|\\u5feb]]\n        pleasure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b11|\\u7b11]] laughter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7591|\\u7591]]\n        doubt or suspicion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ff7|\\u8ff7]] doubt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ff7|\\u8ff7]]\n        confusion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d1b|\\u7d1b]] confusion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60d1|\\u60d1]]\n        bewilderment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u614c|\\u614c]] disconcertion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9a5a|\\u9a5a]]\n        surprise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b32|\\u6b32]] desire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6012|\\u6012]]\n        anger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6fc0|\\u6fc0]] violent excitement;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66b4|\\u66b4]]\n        violent rage;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61a4|\\u61a4]] indignation;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b2|\\u50b2]]\n        pride;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6065|\\u6065]] shame;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f9e|\\u7f9e]]\n        shame;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ac|\\u59ac]] envy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fa8|\\u7fa8]]\n        envy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ac9|\\u5ac9]] envy;}}\\n\\n===Senses===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u898b|\\u898b]]\n        see;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u805e|\\u805e]] hear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8074|\\u8074]]\n        listen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u97f3|\\u97f3]] sound;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9759|\\u9759]]\n        quiet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5473|\\u5473]] taste, flavour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fa3|\\u8fa3]]\n        bitter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f9b|\\u8f9b]] pungent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89e6|\\u89e6]]\n        touch, feel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u55c5|\\u55c5]] smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b3|\\u82b3]]\n        fragrant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5302|\\u5302]] fragrant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9999|\\u9999]]\n        pleasant smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81ed|\\u81ed]] bad smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76f2|\\u76f2]]\n        blind;}}\\n\\n===Judgment===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u601d|\\u601d]] think;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8003|\\u8003]]\n        think;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b63|\\u6b63]] correct;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u826f|\\u826f]]\n        good;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5584|\\u5584]] good;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60aa|\\u60aa]]\n        bad;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7406|\\u7406]] reason}}\\n\\n== Food and drink ==\\n:''''See\n        also Animals and Plants''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98df|\\u98df]] eat, meal;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98f2|\\u98f2]] drink;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c73|\\u7c73]]\n        rice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98ef|\\u98ef]] cooked rice, meal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9905|\\u9905]]\n        rice cake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ea6|\\u9ea6]] wheat or barley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c92|\\u7c92]]\n        grain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a40|\\u7a40]] cereal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a42|\\u7a42]]\n        ear of grain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679c|\\u679c]] fruit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b9f|\\u5b9f]]\n        fruit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83dc|\\u83dc]] vegetable;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c46|\\u8c46]]\n        bean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9eba|\\u9eba]] noodles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u828b|\\u828b]]\n        potato;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c89|\\u7c89]] flour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5375|\\u5375]]\n        egg;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cd6|\\u7cd6]] sugar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8089|\\u8089]]\n        meat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e73|\\u4e73]] milk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u916a|\\u916a]]\n        dairy products;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u871c|\\u871c]] honey;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83d3|\\u83d3]]\n        confectionery;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6817|\\u6817]] chestnut;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9152|\\u9152]]\n        alcoholic drink;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u914e|\\u914e]] sake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u914c|\\u914c]]\n        serve alcohol;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9162|\\u9162]] vinegar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f2c|\\u6f2c]]\n        pickle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c41|\\u6c41]] juice, soup;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8336|\\u8336]]\n        tea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u708a|\\u708a]] cook;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u713c|\\u713c]]\n        bake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u714e|\\u714e]] roast, boil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u84b8|\\u84b8]]\n        steam;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91b8|\\u91b8]] brew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u63da|\\u63da]]\n        fry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3c|\\u4e3c]] bowl of food;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb8|\\u7bb8]]\n        chopsticks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ba8|\\u9ba8]] [[sushi]];}}\\n\\n== Man-made\n        structures and artefacts ==\\n\\n=== Towns, cities, buildings, structures, roads\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6751|\\u6751]] village;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u753a|\\u753a]]\n        town;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e02|\\u5e02]] city;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eac|\\u4eac]]\n        capital city;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u90fd|\\u90fd]] metropolis;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u757f|\\u757f]]\n        capital;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8857|\\u8857]] street, city district;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5efa|\\u5efa]]\n        build;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb6|\\u5bb6]] house;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b85|\\u5b85]]\n        home;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c4b|\\u5c4b]] roof, house, shop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e97|\\u5e97]]\n        shop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8358|\\u8358]] villa;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ead|\\u4ead]]\n        pavilion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5712|\\u5712]] garden;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u829d|\\u829d]]\n        lawn, turf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ead|\\u5ead]] garden, courtyard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba4|\\u5ba4]]\n        room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u623f|\\u623f]] room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eca|\\u5eca]]\n        corridor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58c1|\\u58c1]] wall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6238|\\u6238]]\n        door;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6249|\\u6249]] door;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a93|\\u7a93]]\n        window;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68da|\\u68da]] shelf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9580|\\u9580]]\n        gate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57a3|\\u57a3]] fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5840|\\u5840]]\n        wall, fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f5|\\u67f5]] fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bee|\\u5bee]]\n        dormitory;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8535|\\u8535]] storehouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eab|\\u5eab]]\n        storage room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5009|\\u5009]] warehouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u820e|\\u820e]]\n        building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9928|\\u9928]] public building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95a3|\\u95a3]]\n        imposing building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bae|\\u5bae]] palace;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bbf|\\u6bbf]]\n        hall, palace;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5802|\\u5802]] hall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697c|\\u697c]]\n        tower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5854|\\u5854]] tower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57ce|\\u57ce]]\n        castle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5841|\\u5841]] base, fort;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7344|\\u7344]]\n        prison;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bbf|\\u5bbf]] inn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u99c5|\\u99c5]]\n        station;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e2f|\\u6e2f]] harbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d25|\\u6d25]]\n        harbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a4b|\\u6a4b]] bridge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7891|\\u7891]]\n        monument;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u685f|\\u685f]] wooden structure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6841|\\u6841]]\n        beam, column;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f1|\\u67f1]] pillar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68df|\\u68df]]\n        ridgepole;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58c7|\\u58c7]] podium;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f0|\\u53f0]]\n        pedestal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e95|\\u4e95]] well;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7089|\\u7089]]\n        fireplace, hearth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9053|\\u9053]] path or road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8def|\\u8def]]\n        path or road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9014|\\u9014]] way, route;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c90|\\u5c90]]\n        fork in the road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fbb|\\u8fbb]] crossroads;}}\\n\\n===\n        Vehicles and machines ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8eca|\\u8eca]] vehicle, wheel;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ef8|\\u8ef8]] axle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a5f|\\u6a5f]]\n        machine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68b0|\\u68b0]] contraption;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8239|\\u8239]]\n        boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8247|\\u8247]] boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u821f|\\u821f]]\n        small boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8236|\\u8236]] oceangoing ship;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8237|\\u8237]]\n        side of a ship;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e57|\\u4e57]] ride, board;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u642d|\\u642d]]\n        board, load;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u529b|\\u529b]] power}}\\n\\n=== Clothing and\n        textiles ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e03|\\u5e03]] cloth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5dfe|\\u5dfe]]\n        cloth, towel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8863|\\u8863]] garment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u670d|\\u670d]]\n        clothes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88c5|\\u88c5]] attire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d79|\\u7d79]]\n        silk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8896|\\u8896]] sleeve;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88fe|\\u88fe]]\n        hem, cuff;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u895f|\\u895f]] collar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e2f|\\u5e2f]]\n        belt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9774|\\u9774]] shoes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c65|\\u5c65]]\n        footwear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e3d|\\u5e3d]] hat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7740|\\u7740]]\n        wear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cf8|\\u7cf8]] thread;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e2b|\\u7e2b]]\n        sew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e54|\\u7e54]] weave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d21|\\u7d21]]\n        spin (yarn);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dbf|\\u7dbf]] cotton;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9326|\\u9326]]\n        brocade;}}\\n\\n=== Miscellaneous manufactured items ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54c1|\\u54c1]]\n        article;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5668|\\u5668]] vessel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9262|\\u9262]]\n        bowl;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3c|\\u4e3c]] bowl;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u676f|\\u676f]]\n        cup;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u934b|\\u934b]] pot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91dc|\\u91dc]]\n        kettle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76bf|\\u76bf]] plate, dish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u677f|\\u677f]]\n        board, plate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76e4|\\u76e4]] disk, board;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76c6|\\u76c6]]\n        basin, tray;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74f6|\\u74f6]] bottle, jar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f36|\\u7f36]]\n        tin can;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb8|\\u7bb8]] chopsticks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u84cb|\\u84cb]]\n        lid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6813|\\u6813]] stopper, plug;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5353|\\u5353]]\n        table;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6905|\\u6905]] chair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u673a|\\u673a]]\n        desk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e8a|\\u5e8a]] bed;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81b3|\\u81b3]]\n        tray, small table;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb1|\\u7bb1]] box;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706f|\\u706f]]\n        lamp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u888b|\\u888b]] bag;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff5|\\u4ff5]]\n        straw sack, bag;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c60|\\u7c60]] basket;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6247|\\u6247]]\n        fan;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6795|\\u6795]] pillow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e55|\\u5e55]]\n        curtain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e06|\\u5e06]] sail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7573|\\u7573]]\n        tatami mat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5098|\\u5098]] umbrella;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78c1|\\u78c1]]\n        porcelain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9676|\\u9676]] pottery;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74e6|\\u74e6]]\n        tile;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d19|\\u7d19]] paper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b8b|\\u7b8b]]\n        paper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9769|\\u9769]] leather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5857|\\u5857]]\n        paint;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f06|\\u6f06]] lacquer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68d2|\\u68d2]]\n        rod;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dad|\\u7dad]] fibre;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7db2|\\u7db2]]\n        net;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d22|\\u7d22]] cord;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e04|\\u7e04]]\n        rope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7db1|\\u7db1]] rope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f26|\\u5f26]]\n        string;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91dd|\\u91dd]] needle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u938c|\\u938c]]\n        sickle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ba1|\\u7ba1]] pipe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u69fd|\\u69fd]]\n        tank;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9396|\\u9396]] chain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e32|\\u4e32]]\n        skewer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5177|\\u5177]] tool;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9375|\\u9375]]\n        key;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9320|\\u9320]] lock;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9234|\\u9234]]\n        bell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9418|\\u9418]] bell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92f3|\\u92f3]]\n        casting;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u93e1|\\u93e1]] mirror;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68fa|\\u68fa]]\n        coffin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aaf|\\u7aaf]] stove, kiln;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81fc|\\u81fc]]\n        millstone, mortar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9318|\\u9318]] spindle, plumb;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67a2|\\u67a2]]\n        hinge, pivot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] axe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u920e|\\u920e]]\n        [[fish hook]];}}\\n\\n== Human activities ==\\n\\n=== Money and commerce===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]]\n        money or gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92ad|\\u92ad]] coin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672d|\\u672d]]\n        banknote;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5186|\\u5186]] yen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e63|\\u5e63]]\n        currency;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca1|\\u8ca1]] wealth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bcc|\\u5bcc]]\n        rich;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cb7|\\u8cb7]] buy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cfc|\\u8cfc]]\n        purchase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58f2|\\u58f2]] sell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u696d|\\u696d]]\n        business, industry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5546|\\u5546]] trade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cbf|\\u8cbf]]\n        trade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca9|\\u8ca9]] marketing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5378|\\u5378]]\n        wholesale;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6255|\\u6255]] pay;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c9d|\\u8c9d]]\n        cowry ([[Chinese currency#Ancient currencies|ancient Chinese currency]]);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca8|\\u8ca8]] goods, property;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b9d|\\u5b9d]]\n        treasure, wealth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7523|\\u7523]] product;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de5|\\u5de5]]\n        manufacture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fa1|\\u4fa1]] price;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5024|\\u5024]]\n        price;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ad8|\\u9ad8]] expensive;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b89|\\u5b89]]\n        cheap;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ec9|\\u5ec9]] cheap;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc7|\\u8cc7]]\n        capital;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc3|\\u8cc3]] fee or wages;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6599|\\u6599]]\n        fee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cbb|\\u8cbb]] expense;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u55b6|\\u55b6]]\n        management;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8077|\\u8077]] employment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50cd|\\u50cd]]\n        work;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a3c|\\u7a3c]] work, earn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d66|\\u7d66]]\n        salary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff8|\\u4ff8]] salary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u511f|\\u511f]]\n        recompense;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b5|\\u50b5]] debt, bond;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8caf|\\u8caf]]\n        savings;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a0e|\\u7a0e]] tax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79df|\\u79df]]\n        tax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ce6|\\u8ce6]] levy, instalment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc4|\\u8cc4]]\n        bribe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc2|\\u8cc2]] bribe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ced|\\u8ced]]\n        gamble;}}\\n\\n=== Culture, arts, music, learning ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b8|\\u82b8]]\n        art;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d75|\\u7d75]] picture, painting;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u753b|\\u753b]]\n        picture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697d|\\u697d]] music;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f2|\\u66f2]]\n        musical composition;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b4c|\\u6b4c]] song;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8b21|\\u8b21]]\n        song, noh chant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5504|\\u5504]] song;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ae7|\\u8ae7]]\n        harmony;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7434|\\u7434]] cithare, harp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b1b|\\u7b1b]]\n        flute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f13|\\u9f13]] drum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u62cd|\\u62cd]]\n        clap, beat (music);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] tune, melody;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a69|\\u8a69]]\n        poetry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a60|\\u8a60]] recite poetry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff3|\\u4ff3]]\n        haiku;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5287|\\u5287]] drama, play;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u796d|\\u796d]]\n        festival;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6821|\\u6821]] school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b66|\\u5b66]]\n        study, school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]] student;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u587e|\\u587e]]\n        private school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79d1|\\u79d1]] faculty;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6559|\\u6559]]\n        teach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a76|\\u7a76]] study, research;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7814|\\u7814]]\n        study, research;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77e5|\\u77e5]] know;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5352|\\u5352]]\n        graduate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5112|\\u5112]] Confucianism;}}\\n\\n=== Language,\n        communication ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a9e|\\u8a9e]] language;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a00|\\u8a00]]\n        say;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a71|\\u8a71]] speak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58f0|\\u58f0]]\n        voice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u544a|\\u544a]] tell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ac7|\\u8ac7]]\n        discuss;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u805e|\\u805e]] ask;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u554f|\\u554f]]\n        question;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b54|\\u7b54]] answer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u541f|\\u541f]]\n        recite;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8aad|\\u8aad]] read;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f8|\\u66f8]]\n        write;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672c|\\u672c]] book;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6587|\\u6587]]\n        text;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56f3|\\u56f3]] map, diagram;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b46|\\u7b46]]\n        writing, brush;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b57|\\u5b57]] character;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f9e|\\u8f9e]]\n        word;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a5e|\\u8a5e]] words;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e5|\\u53e5]]\n        phrase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a18|\\u8a18]] written record;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u520a|\\u520a]]\n        publish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a8c|\\u8a8c]] document, journal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a03|\\u8a03]]\n        obituary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fe1|\\u4fe1]] message;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5831|\\u5831]]\n        inform;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8aac|\\u8aac]] explain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984c|\\u984c]]\n        topic;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8868|\\u8868]] express;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f1d|\\u4f1d]]\n        transmit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ad6|\\u8ad6]] discourse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8b1b|\\u8b1b]]\n        lecture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba3|\\u5ba3]] proclaim}}\\n\\n=== Religion, supernatural\n        world ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u795e|\\u795e]] god;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b97|\\u5b97]]\n        religion, sect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6559|\\u6559]] religion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8056|\\u8056]]\n        sacred;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7948|\\u7948]] pray;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ecf|\\u4ecf]]\n        Buddha;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bfa|\\u5bfa]] Buddhist temple;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50e7|\\u50e7]]\n        Buddhist priest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3c|\\u5c3c]] Buddhist nun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7985|\\u7985]]\n        Zen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u793e|\\u793e]] Shinto shrine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5239|\\u5239]]\n        temple;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a63|\\u8a63]] temple visit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bae|\\u5bae]]\n        shrine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d3e|\\u6d3e]] sect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b42|\\u9b42]]\n        soul;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u970a|\\u970a]] spirit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b54|\\u9b54]]\n        demon, witch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b3c|\\u9b3c]] ghost, devil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e7b|\\u5e7b]]\n        phantom, apparition;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7adc|\\u7adc]] dragon;}}\\n\\n====\n        Chinese-Japanese signs of zodiac ====\\n''''The four trines of the Chinese-Japanese\n        horoscope:''''\\n
\\n''''''A.'''''' 01. \\u9f20 (\\u5b50)  [[Rat (zodiac)|Rat]]\n        - 05. \\u9f8d  (\\u8fb0)  [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] - 09. \\u7334  (\\u7533)  [[Monkey\n        (zodiac)|Monkey]] ; ''''''B.'''''' 02. \\u725b  (\\u4e11)  [[Ox (zodiac)|Ox]]\n        - 06. \\u86c7  (\\u5df3)  [[Snake (zodiac)|Snake]] - 10. \\u96de / \\u9dc4  (\\u9149)  [[Rooster\n        (zodiac)|Rooster]]\\n
\\n''''''C.'''''' 03. \\u864e  (\\u5bc5)  [[Tiger (zodiac)|Tiger]]\n        - 07. \\u99ac  (\\u5348)  [[Horse (zodiac)|Horse]] - 11. \\u72d7  (\\u620c)  [[Dog\n        (zodiac)|Dog]] ; ''''''D.'''''' 04. \\u5154  (\\u536f)  [[Rabbit (zodiac)|Rabbit]]\n        - 08. \\u7f8a  (\\u672a)  [[Goat (zodiac)|Goat]] - 12. \\u8c6c  (\\u4ea5) ''''China:''''\n        [[Pig (zodiac)|Pig]] ''''Japan:'''' Boar\\n\\n''''Note that in Japan the new\n        sign of zodiac starts on January 01, while in China it starts, according to\n        the traditional Chinese lunar calendar, at the new moon that falls between\n        January 21 and February 20, so that persons born in January or February may\n        have two different signs in the two countries.''''\\n\\n=== War, fighting, weapons\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b66|\\u6b66]] military;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6226|\\u6226]]\n        battle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95d8|\\u95d8]] battle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6575|\\u6575]]\n        enemy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u653b|\\u653b]] attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ac|\\u65ac]]\n        slash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f10|\\u4f10]] attack or punish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bba|\\u6bba]]\n        kill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6483|\\u6483]] attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a0e|\\u8a0e]]\n        attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bb4|\\u6bb4]] beat, assault;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6483|\\u6483]]\n        beat, attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c04|\\u5c04]] shoot at;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8972|\\u8972]]\n        raid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f81|\\u5f81]] conquer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5175|\\u5175]]\n        soldier;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5200|\\u5200]] sword or [[katana]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77db|\\u77db]]\n        [[halberd]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6208|\\u6208]] spear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5263|\\u5263]]\n        sword;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ac|\\u65ac]] cut with a sword;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76fe|\\u76fe]]\n        shield;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7532|\\u7532]] armour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f8d|\\u4f8d]]\n        [[samurai]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fcd|\\u5fcd]] [[Ninja|ninja or shinobi]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5075|\\u5075]] spy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f13|\\u5f13]]\n        bow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77e2|\\u77e2]] arrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9283|\\u9283]]\n        gun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7832|\\u7832]] gun or cannon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c06|\\u5c06]]\n        commander;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f9|\\u66f9]] sergeant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c09|\\u5c09]]\n        military officer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ecd|\\u8ecd]] troops;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u968a|\\u968a]]\n        corps;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u73ed|\\u73ed]] squad, corps;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9663|\\u9663]]\n        battle formation, camp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c6f|\\u5c6f]] barracks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7206|\\u7206]]\n        bomb;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f3e|\\u5f3e]] bullet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8266|\\u8266]]\n        warship;}}\\n\\n== See also ==\\n* [[List of kanji by stroke count]]\\n* [[List\n        of kanji by school year]]\\n* [[List of j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji]]\\n{{Japanese\n        language}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanji By Concept}}\\n[[Category:Kanji|Concept]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T20:59:43Z\",\"lastrevid\":769995346,\"length\":48973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_concept\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kanji_by_concept&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_concept\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 20:04:00 GMT\n- request:\n    method: get\n    uri: https://en.wiktionary.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&inprop=url&prop=revisions%7Cinfo&redirects=true&rvprop=content%7Ctimestamp&titles=%E8%89%B2\n    body:\n      encoding: US-ASCII\n      string: ''\n    headers:\n      User-Agent:\n      - Infoboxer/0.3.0 (https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer; zverok.offline@gmail.com)\n      Accept-Encoding:\n      - gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\n      Accept:\n      - \"*/*\"\n  response:\n    status:\n      code: 200\n      message: OK\n    headers:\n      Date:\n      - Mon, 11 Sep 2017 20:04:01 GMT\n      Content-Type:\n      - application/json; charset=utf-8\n      Transfer-Encoding:\n      - chunked\n      Connection:\n      - keep-alive\n      Server:\n      - mw1285.eqiad.wmnet\n      X-Powered-By:\n      - HHVM/3.18.2\n      X-Content-Type-Options:\n      - nosniff\n      Cache-Control:\n      - private, must-revalidate, max-age=0\n      P3p:\n      - CP=\"This is not a P3P policy! 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ref|kx=1014.020|dkj=30602|dj=1473.040|hdz=53071.010|uh=8272|ud=33394|bh=A6E2|bd=42722}}\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Chinese==\\n{{zh-forms|alt=\\ud849\\udcb8}}\\n\\n===Glyph\n        origin===\\n{{Han etyl}}\\n\\n{{Han compound|\\u722a|\\u5369|ls=ic|t1=claw; hand|t2=kneeling\n        person}} \\u2013 complexion.\\n\\n''''{{w|Shuowen}}'''' interprets this character\n        as an {{Han compound|\\u4eba|\\u5369|ls=ic|t1=person; human|t2=etiquette|nocap=1}}\n        \\u2013 complexion.\\n\\nCompare {{zh-l|*\\u5370}}, {{zh-l|*\\u6291}}.\\n\\n===Pronunciation===\\n{{zh-pron\\n|m=s\\u00e8,sh\\u01cei,1nb=literary,2nb=colloquial\\n|m_note=s\\u00e8\n        - all senses except \\u201cdie\\u201d; sh\\u01cei - \\u201cdie; colour\\u201d\\n|c=sik1\\n|h=pfs=set\\n|md=s\\u00e1ik\\n|mn=xm,zz,tw:sek/qz:siak\\n|mn-t=s\\u00eag4\\n|w=4seq\\n|mc=y\\n|oc=y\\n|ma=y\\n|cat=n,a\\n}}\\n\\n===Definitions===\\n{{zh-hanzi}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]]/[[colour]]; [[tint]]; [[hue]]; [[shade]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u984f\\u8272|color}}\\n#\n        [[look]]; [[expression]]\\n# [[kind]]; [[sort]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u8ca8\\u8272|goods;\n        stuff; trash; rubbish; quality of goods; specification}}\\n# [[feminine]] [[charm]];\n        [[beauty]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u59ff\\u8272|good looks (of women)}}\\n# [[sexual]];\n        [[lewd]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u8272\\u60c5|pornography; sexual desire}}\\n# {{lb|zh|colloquial}}\n        [[perverted]]; being a [[pervert]]\\n# [[theatrical]] [[role]]\\n# [[metallic]]\n        [[content]]\\n# [[die]] {{gloss|a cube with numbers or symbols on each side\n        and used in games of chance}}\\n\\n====Synonyms====\\n* {{sense|color}} {{zh-l|\\u984f}}\\n\\n===Compounds===\\n{{zh-der|\\u7da0\\u4e00\\u8272:(''''mahjong'''')\n        all green|\\u8272\\u5f69|\\u8272\\u5dee|\\u8272\\u81bd|\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u8272\\u5ea6|\\u8272\\u5149|\\u8272\\u9b3c|\\u8272\\u89ba|\\u8272\\u62c9|\\u8272\\u72fc|\\u8272\\u53b2\\u5167\\u834f|\\u8272\\u76f2|\\u8272\\u76f2\\u8868|\\u8272\\u8ff7|\\u8272\\u8b5c|\\u8272\\u60c5|\\u8272\\u5f31|\\u8272\\u6563|\\u8272\\u7d20|\\u8272\\u76f8|\\u8272\\u85dd|\\u8272\\u617e|\\u8272\\u6fa4|\\u905c\\u8272:[[inferior]]|\\u5b57\\u4e00\\u8272:(''''mahjong'''')\n        all honours|\\u4e00\\u8272|\\u4e03\\u8272|\\u4e03\\u8272\\u677f|\\u4e09\\u539f\\u8272|\\u4e09\\u8272\\u7248|\\u4e09\\u8272\\u83eb|\\u4e0a\\u8272|\\u4e1f\\u773c\\u8272|\\u4e73\\u767d\\u8272|\\u4e92\\u88dc\\u8272|\\u4e94\\u8272|\\u4e94\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u4ea4\\u914d\\u8272|\\u4eae\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u4ee4\\u8272|\\u4ee5\\u8272\\u5217|\\u4ef6\\u8272|\\u4f5c\\u8272|\\u4f7f\\u773c\\u8272|\\u4fdd\\u8b77\\u8272|\\u5026\\u8272|\\u505a\\u773c\\u8272|\\u5109\\u8272|\\u5143\\u8272|\\u5149\\u8272|\\u516b\\u8272\\u9ce5|\\u51fa\\u8272|\\u5206\\u8272|\\u5206\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u524a\\u8272|\\u524d\\u9032\\u8272|\\u5370\\u8272|\\u5373\\u8272\\u5b97|\\u539f\\u8272|\\u53b2\\u8272|\\u53c9\\u8272|\\u53e4\\u9285\\u8272|\\u5404\\u8272|\\u5408\\u8272\\u978b|\\u540c\\u985e\\u8272|\\u540d\\u8272|\\u541d\\u8272|\\u5496\\u5561\\u8272|\\u559c\\u8272|\\u55ae\\u8272|\\u55ae\\u8272\\u74f7|\\u55d4\\u8272|\\u570b\\u8272|\\u571f\\u8272|\\u571f\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u57fa\\u8272|\\u5857\\u8272|\\u589e\\u8272|\\u58de\\u8272\\u8863|\\u591c\\u8272|\\u5929\\u8272|\\u5929\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u5931\\u8272|\\u5957\\u8272|\\u5973\\u8272|\\u597d\\u8272|\\u5983\\u8272|\\u59ff\\u8272|\\u5bb9\\u8272|\\u5bd2\\u6696\\u8272|\\u5bd2\\u8272|\\u5bf6\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u5c0d\\u6bd4\\u8272|\\u5c0f\\u8173\\u8272|\\u5c71\\u8272|\\u5e03\\u8272|\\u5e73\\u8272|\\u5e95\\u8272|\\u5f62\\u8272|\\u5f69\\u8272|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7167|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7247|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u5f8c\\u9000\\u8272|\\u5f97\\u8272|\\u5fb7\\u8272|\\u6012\\u8272|\\u6021\\u8272|\\u6027\\u8272|\\u6085\\u8272|\\u60c5\\u8272|\\u6109\\u8272|\\u610f\\u8272|\\u6127\\u8272|\\u614d\\u8272|\\u615a\\u8272|\\u6182\\u8272|\\u618a\\u8272|\\u61fc\\u8272|\\u6210\\u8272|\\u6210\\u8272\\u5291|\\u6230\\u8272|\\u624d\\u8272|\\u6253\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6258\\u8272|\\u628a\\u8272|\\u6298\\u8272|\\u634e\\u8272|\\u6389\\u8272|\\u64f2\\u8272|\\u65b0\\u8272|\\u65e6\\u8272|\\u661f\\u8272|\\u6625\\u8272|\\u666f\\u8272|\\u6696\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u6697\\u8272|\\u669d\\u8272|\\u66ae\\u8272|\\u66c9\\u8272|\\u66d9\\u8272|\\u6708\\u8272|\\u6709\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6709\\u8d77\\u8272|\\u670d\\u8272|\\u672c\\u8272|\\u672c\\u8272\\u9280|\\u67d3\\u8272|\\u67d3\\u8272\\u9ad4|\\u67d4\\u8272|\\u6817\\u8272|\\u6843\\u8272|\\u68d5\\u8272|\\u68d5\\u8272\\u7a2e|\\u68d7\\u7d05\\u8272|\\u6975\\u8272|\\u6a59\\u8272|\\u6b63\\u8272|\\u6c23\\u8272|\\u6c92\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6c92\\u984f\\u8272|\\u6ce8\\u8272|\\u6d41\\u884c\\u8272|\\u6de1\\u8272|\\u6e05\\u4e00\\u8272|\\u6e1b\\u8272|\\u6e56\\u8272|\\u6f01\\u8272|\\u6f64\\u8272|\\u6ffe\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u706b\\u8272|\\u7070\\u8272|\\u7121\\u8272\\u754c|\\u71c8\\u8272|\\u7259\\u8272|\\u7269\\u8272|\\u7279\\u8272|\\u7389\\u8272|\\u7425\\u73c0\\u8272|\\u751f\\u8272|\\u7537\\u8272|\\u767d\\u8272|\\u767d\\u8272\\u9ad4|\\u767e\\u8272\\u7e23|\\u773c\\u8272|\\u795e\\u8272|\\u79cb\\u8272|\\u7a14\\u8272|\\u7ba1\\u8272\\u8b5c|\\u7c73\\u8272|\\u7c73\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u7c89\\u8272|\\u7d05\\u8272|\\u7d14\\u8272|\\u7d20\\u8272|\\u7d2b\\u8272|\\u7d55\\u8272|\\u7da0\\u8272|\\u7f8e\\u8272|\\u8001\\u4e09\\u8272|\\u8072\\u8272|\\u8089\\u8272|\\u812b\\u8272|\\u8173\\u8272|\\u819a\\u8272|\\u81c9\\u8272|\\u8272\\u53b2|\\u8272\\u5b50|\\u8272\\u5f48|\\u8272\\u5fc3|\\u8272\\u601d\\u6eab|\\u8272\\u60c5\\u72c2|\\u8272\\u6212|\\u8272\\u6493|\\u8272\\u6578\\u5152|\\u8272\\u65e6|\\u8272\\u667a|\\u8272\\u6a23|\\u8272\\u6eab|\\u8272\\u7136|\\u8272\\u74b0|\\u8272\\u754c|\\u8272\\u76ee|\\u8272\\u76ee\\u4eba|\\u8272\\u7787\\u7787|\\u8272\\u7b11|\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u8272\\u7cfb|\\u8272\\u8272|\\u8272\\u8352|\\u8272\\u8a8d|\\u8272\\u8eab|\\u8272\\u8ff7\\u8ff7|\\u8272\\u9577|\\u8272\\u990a|\\u82b1\\u8272|\\u8336\\u8272|\\u8336\\u8910\\u8272|\\u83dc\\u8272|\\u8457\\u8272|\\u843d\\u8272|\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u85d5\\u8272|\\u871a\\u8272|\\u871c\\u8272|\\u8840\\u8272|\\u884c\\u8272|\\u8852\\u8272|\\u88dc\\u8272|\\u8907\\u8272\\u5149|\\u8910\\u8272|\\u892a\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u795e\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u98a8\\u8272|\\u89d2\\u8272|\\u8a18\\u8272|\\u8a2d\\u8272|\\u8a5e\\u8272|\\u8a6d\\u8272|\\u8a98\\u60d1\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u773c\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u8272\\u677f|\\u8abf\\u8272\\u76e4|\\u8af8\\u8272|\\u8b66\\u6212\\u8272|\\u8b8a\\u8272|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u9f8d|\\u8c54\\u8272|\\u8ca8\\u8272|\\u8ced\\u8272|\\u8d64\\u8272|\\u8d67\\u8272|\\u8d70\\u8272|\\u8d77\\u8272|\\u8db3\\u8272|\\u8f9f\\u8272|\\u8fa8\\u8272|\\u8fad\\u8272|\\u9000\\u8272|\\u905e\\u773c\\u8272|\\u907d\\u8272|\\u9130\\u8fd1\\u8272|\\u914d\\u8272|\\u9152\\u8272|\\u91ac\\u8272|\\u91c7\\u8272|\\u91d1\\u8272|\\u91d1\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9280\\u7070\\u8272|\\u9280\\u767d\\u8272|\\u9280\\u8272|\\u9306\\u8272|\\u9435\\u7070\\u8272|\\u9593\\u8272|\\u9694\\u591c\\u8272|\\u96d5\\u8272|\\u96dc\\u8272|\\u96e3\\u8272|\\u973d\\u8272|\\u9762\\u8272|\\u97f3\\u8272|\\u984f\\u8272|\\u984f\\u8272\\u5152|\\u98a8\\u8272|\\u98e2\\u8272|\\u9999\\u8272|\\u99dd\\u8272|\\u9a55\\u8272|\\u9ad4\\u8272|\\u9d5d\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9ed1\\u8272|\\u9ed1\\u8272\\u7d20}}\\n\\n{{zh-cat|Elementary}}\\n\\n===See\n        also===\\n{{table:colors/zh}}\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Japanese==\\n{{stroke order|strokes=6}}\\n\\n===Kanji===\\n{{ja-kanji|grade=2|rs=\\u827200}}\\n\\n====Readings====\\n{{ja-readings\\n|goon=\\u3057\\u304d\\n|kanon=\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f\\n\\n|kun=\\u3044\\u308d-,\n        \\u3044\\u308d\\u3048\\n|nanori=\\u3057\\u304b, \\u3057\\u3053\\n}}\\n\\n====Compounds====\\n{{der-top|Compounds}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u4e09%\\u8272%\\u540c%\\u523b|\\u3055\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3069\\u3046%\\u3053|(''''mahjong'''')\n        same triplets on each suit}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u4e09%\\u8272%\\u540c%\\u9806|\\u3055\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3069\\u3046%\\u3058\\u3085\\u3093|(''''mahjong'''')\n        same sequences on each suit}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5b57%\\u4e00%\\u8272|\\u30c4\\u30fc%\\u30a4\\u30fc%\\u30bd\\u30fc|(''''mahjong'''')\n        all honours}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7dd1%\\u4e00%\\u8272|\\u30ea\\u30e5\\u30fc%\\u30a4\\u30fc%\\u30bd\\u30fc|(''''mahjong'''')\n        all green}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology 1===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3044\\u308d|yomi=k}}\\nFrom\n        {{etyl|ojp|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}}. Originally referred to [[kin]], indicating\n        [[sibling]]s sharing the same mother.{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}\n        Later came to indicate feelings of [[familial]] [[love]].{{R:Kokugo\n        Dai Jiten}} Apparently this then evolved to refer to [[romantic]] love,\n        and by extension [[sex]], or by alternate extension, [[female]] [[beauty]].\n        Then by further extension, this came to refer to [[beauty]] in general, and\n        then [[colorfulness]], and finally [[color]].\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=k|\\u3044\\u308d|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|audio=Ja-iro-colour.ogg}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n#: {{ja-usex|\\u76ee\\u306e''''''\\u8272''''''\\u304c\\u9055\\u3046\\u732b|\\u3081\n        \\u306e ''''''\\u3044\\u308d'''''' \\u304c \\u3061\\u304c\\u3046 \\u306d\\u3053|a cat\n        that has eyes of different ''''''color''''''}}\\n# the metaphorical color or\n        [[mood]]\\n## one''s [[facial]] [[coloring]] or [[expression]]\\n## the [[shape]]\n        of one''s [[face]] or [[appearance]]; more specifically, beautiful [[looks]]\n        or a beautiful [[figure]]\\n## [[lively]] [[elegance]], [[enjoyable]] or [[interesting]]\n        [[charm]]\\n## apparent [[thoughtfulness]], [[warmheartedness]]\\n## the [[feeling]]\n        or [[mood]] of a thing\\n## the [[tenor]] or [[timber]] of a [[voice]] or [[sound]]\\n##\n        in [[Noh]], a section that is [[chant]]ed at a medium pace; alternately, a\n        [[decorative]] [[poetic]] section\\n## in {{m|ja|\\u6d44\\u7460\\u7483|tr=j\\u014druri||puppet\n        show narrative}}, a [[lively]] section that is neither strictly [[dialog]]\n        nor [[narration]], but has many elements of dialog\\n## when playing the [[koto]],\n        pushing on a string with the fingers of the left hand to change the [[pitch]]\n        of a [[note]], or for [[vibrato]]\\n# something related to [[romantic]] or\n        [[sexual]] [[love]], particularly between genders\\n## the [[emotion]]s or\n        [[circumstance]]s of [[attraction]] between [[gender]]s\\n## [[extramarital]]\n        [[relation]]s, an [[affair]]\\n## an [[extramarital]] [[lover]]\\n## a [[prostitute]]\\n##\n        a [[red-light district]]\\n# the [[type]] or [[kind]] of something\\n# {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}}\n        various specific kinds of [[color]]:\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang|woman''s\n        word}} [[lipstick]] or [[rouge]]\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}}\n        [[soy sauce]]\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}} [[paint]]\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top|Terms derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=color}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8276|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3064\\u3084|[[color]] and [[luster]]; a\n        person''s [[facial]] [[coloring]]; [[warmth]] of [[feeling]] in [[speech]]\n        or [[attitude]]; [[interest]] or [[fun]] in [[speech]] or [[writing]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5408\\u3044|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3042\\u3044}}, {{ja-r|\\u8272\\u5408|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3042\\u3044|a\n        [[shade]], [[hue]], [[tone]]; [[coloring]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u892a\\u305b\\u308b|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3042\\u305b\\u308b|lose\n        [[color]], [[fade]]; fade, lose [[freshness]], become [[old]] and [[musty]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7d19|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u304c\\u307f|[[colored]] [[paper]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u773c%\\u93e1|\\u3044\\u308d% \\u3081%\\u304c\\u306d|[[colored]]\n        [[glasses]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7269|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3082\\u306e|a [[colored]]\n        item, particularly [[cloth]] or [[clothing]]; a [[lively]] and [[colorful]]\n        [[variety]] [[act]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u597d\\u3044|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3088\\u3044|having\n        a [[beautiful]] [[figure]]; [[favorable]] {{qualifier|as in a [[reply]] or\n        [[attitude]]}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5206\\u3051|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u308f\\u3051}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5206|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u308f\\u3051|to [[color-code]], to [[separate]]\n        by color}}\\n{{der-mid}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b% \\u3044\\u308d|[[red]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272|\\u304d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8336%\\u8272|\\u3061\\u3083% \\u3044\\u308d|[[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u72d0%\\u8272|\\u304d\\u3064\\u306d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[reddish]]-[[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a59%\\u8272|\\u3060\\u3044\\u3060\\u3044% \\u3044\\u308d|[[orange]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u30aa\\u30ec\\u30f3\\u30b8\\u8272|\\u30aa\\u30ec\\u30f3\\u30b8 \\u3044\\u308d|[[orange]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u67ff%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[reddish]]-[[orange]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[purple]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8584%\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3046\\u3059%-\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[purple]], [[lavender]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6843%\\u8272|\\u3082\\u3082% \\u3044\\u308d|[[peach]]\n        [[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u685c%\\u8272|\\u3055\\u304f\\u3089% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6c34%\\u8272|\\u307f\\u305a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]] [[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7fa4%\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u3050\\u3093%\\u3058\\u3087\\u3046% \\u3044\\u308d|[[ultramarine]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b%-\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[magenta]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u7dd1%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304a%-\\u307f\\u3069\\u308a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[cyan]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7070%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u3044% \\u3044\\u308d|[[gray]] (possibly darker\n        than ''''nezumi iro'''')}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9f20%\\u8272|\\u306d\\u305a\\u307f% \\u3044\\u308d|[[gray]]\n        (possibly darker than ''''hai iro'''')}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9d07%\\u8272|\\u3068\\u304d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7e39%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u306a\\u3060% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[indigo]] [[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6817%\\u8272|\\u304f\\u308a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[maroon]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7dcb%\\u8272|\\u3072% \\u3044\\u308d|[[scarlet]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u831c%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b\\u306d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[madder]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u82fa%\\u8272|\\u3044\\u3061\\u3054%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[strawberry]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9b31%\\u91d1%\\u8272|\\u3046%\\u3053\\u3093%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[turmeric]] {{gloss|dye}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u30b3\\u30b3\\u30a2\\u8272|\\u30b3\\u30b3\\u30a2\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[cocoa]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8461%\\u8404%\\u8272|\\u3076%\\u3069\\u3046%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[grape]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6ab8%\\u6aac%\\u8272|\\u308c%\\u3082\\u3093%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[lemon]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u91d1%\\u7cf8\\u96c0%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u306a%\\u308a\\u3042%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[canary]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u82a5\\u5b50%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3089\\u3057%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[mustard]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7425%\\u73c0%\\u8272|\\u3053%\\u306f\\u304f%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[amber]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8594\\u8587%\\u8272|\\u3070\\u3089% \\u3044\\u308d|[[rose]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5341%\\u4eba%\\u5341%\\u8272|\\u3058\\u3085\\u3046%\n        \\u306b\\u3093% \\u3068% \\u3044\\u308d|[[to each his own]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n{{der-top|Terms\n        derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=kind or type}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8272|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3044\\u308d|[[various]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272\\u3093\\u306a|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3093\\u306a|[[various]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n=====Related\n        terms=====\\n{{rel-top|Terms related to {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=color}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u767d\\u3044|\\u3057\\u308d\\u3044|[[white]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ed2\\u3044|\\u304f\\u308d\\u3044|[[black]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64\\u3044|\\u3042\\u304b\\u3044|[[red]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9752\\u3044|\\u3042\\u304a\\u3044|[[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272\\u3044|\\u304d%\\u3044\\u308d\\u3044|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8336%\\u8272\\u3044|\\u3061\\u3083%\\u3044\\u308d\\u3044|[[brown]]}}\\n{{rel-bottom}}\\n\\n====Adjective====\\n{{ja-adj|infl=na|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} of exceptional [[beauty]] of [[form]]\n        or [[appearance]]\\n#* ''''[[w:Utsubo Monogatari|Utsubo Monogatari]]'''', late\n        10th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u5a18\\u3069\\u3082\\u3090\\u306a\\u307f\\u3066|''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\n        \\u3080\\u3059\\u3081 \\u3069\\u3082 \\u3090\\u306a\\u307f\\u3066|''''''beautiful''''''\n        girls all in a row}}\\n# {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} [[knowledgeable]]\n        about [[lovemaking]], [[sensual]]; [[lascivious]], [[lecherous]]\\n#* ''''[[w:Ochikubo\n        Monogatari|Ochikubo Monogatari]]'''', late 10th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|\\u8d8a\\u524d\\u5b88''''''\\u8272''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u4eba\\u306b\\u3066|\\u3048\\u3061\\u305c\\u3093\\u3082\\u308a\n        ''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b \\u3072\\u3068 \\u306b \\u3066|Echizenmori\n        was a man who ''''''liked the girls'''''' / ''''''had quite the libido''''''}}\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} [[elegant]], [[tasteful]], [[refined]]\\n#*\n        ''''[[w:The Tale of Genji|The Tale of Genji]]'''', early 11th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|\\u76ee\\u99b4\\u308c\\u305a\\u3082\\u3042\\u308b\\u4f4f\\u307e\\u3072\\u306e\\u69d8\\u304b\\u306a''''''\\u8272''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u5fa1\\u5fc3\\u306b\\u306f\\u3092\\u304b\\u3057\\u304f\\u304a\\u307c\\u3057\\u306a\\u3055\\u308b|\\u3081\\u306a\\u308c\\u305a\n        \\u3082 \\u3042\\u308b \\u3059\\u307e\\u3072 \\u306e \\u3055\\u307e \\u304b \\u306a ''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\n        \\u304a\\u3053\\u3053\\u308d \\u306b \\u306f \\u3092\\u304b\\u3057\\u304f \\u304a\\u307c\\u3057\\u306a\\u3055\\u308b|\\\"I\n        haven''t seen it before, but it looks like a house,\\\" he thought bemusedly\n        in his ''''''refined'''''' mind...}}\\n\\n====Affix====\\n{{ja-pos|affix|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        [[kin]], [[blood relative]], more specifically family members sharing the\n        same [[mother]]\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nOnly found in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top|Terms derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=kin}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u306f|one''s [[birth mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u80cc|\\u3044\\u308d\\u305b|a\n        [[sibling]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u306d|a [[sibling]]\n        from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u5144|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048|an\n        [[older]] [[brother]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3068|a\n        [[younger]] [[sibling]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3082|a\n        [[younger]] [[sister]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology\n        2===\\n{{ja-kanjitab||\\u3044\\u308d|yomi=k}}\\n[[nominalization|Nominalization]]\n        of the {{m|ja|\\u9023\\u7528\\u5f62|tr=ren''y\\u014dkei||continuative or stem\n        form}} of verb {{m|ja|\\u8272\\u3046|tr=irou||to color something}}.\\n\\nNot used\n        in modern Japanese.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=k|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048|obsolete}} [[coloring]]/[[colouring]], [[design]]\\n\\n===Etymology\n        3===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3057\\u304d|yomi=o}}\\nFrom {{etyl|ltc|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d}}\n        {{m|ltc|\\u8272|tr=srik}}. Used in [[Buddhist]] contexts as a translation of\n        {{etyl|sa|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d}} {{m|sa|\\u0930\\u0942\\u092a||outward [[appearance]],\n        [[color]], [[form]], [[shape]]}}.\\n\\nThe [[\\u5449\\u97f3#Japanese|''''goon'''']]\n        reading, so likely the initial borrowing.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=goon|\\u3057\\u304d|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3057\\u304d}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d|Buddhism}} [[material]] [[form]], specifically the\n        organized [[body]] as one of the five constituent [[element]]s or [[skandha]]s\\n#:\n        [[\\u822c\\u82e5\\u5fc3\\u7d4c#Japanese|Heart Sutra]] ([[w:Heart Sutra|Wikipedia\n        article]])\\n#: {{ja-usex|...\\u820e%\\u5229%\\u5b50%\\u3000''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u4e0d%\\u7570%\\u7a7a%\\u3000\\u7a7a%\\u4e0d%\\u7570%''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u3000''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u5373%\\u662f%\\u7a7a%\\u3000\\u7a7a%\\u5373%\\u662f%''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u3000\\u53d7%\\u60f3%\\u884c%\\u8b58%\\u3000\\u4ea6%\\u5fa9%\\u5982%\\u662f...|...^\\u3057\\u3083%\\u308a%\\u3057%\\u3000''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\n        \\u3075% \\u3044% \\u304f\\u3046%\\u3000\\u304f\\u3046% \\u3075% \\u3044% ''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\\u3000''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\n        \\u305d\\u304f% \\u305c% \\u304f\\u3046%\\u3000\\u304f\\u3046% \\u305d\\u304f% \\u305c%\n        ''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\\u3000\\u3058\\u3085% \\u305d\\u3046% \\u304e\\u3087\\u3046%\n        \\u3057\\u304d%\\u3000\\u3084\\u304f% \\u3076% \\u306b\\u3087% \\u305c...|rom=Sharishi,\n        ''''''shiki'''''' fu i k\\u016b, k\\u016b fu i ''''''shiki'''''', ''''''shiki''''''\n        soku ze k\\u016b, k\\u016b soku ze ''''''shiki'''''', ju s\\u014d gy\\u014d shiki,\n        yaku bu nyo ze|Oh Shariputra! ''''''Form'''''' is not different from emptiness;\n        emptiness is not different from ''''''form''''''. ''''''Form'''''' is indeed\n        emptiness; emptiness is indeed ''''''form''''''. Feeling, perception, mental\n        formations, and consciousness are also like this.{{cite-web|author=|authorlink=|title=Translation\n        of the kanji of the Heart Sutra in Japanese|url=https://www.theartofcalligraphy.com/heart-sutra-in-japanese|archiveurl=|archivedate=|work=The\n        Heart Sutra In Japanese Explained \\u2013 Online Kanji Course For Sutra Copying\n        And Self-Study|publisher=|date=|accessdate=August 24, 2017|passage=}}}}\\n\\n\\n#\n        that which is [[visible]] of a thing, specifically [[form]] and [[color]]\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nUsed extensively\n        in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived terms=====\\n{{der-top}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u754c|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u304b\\u3044|the\n        [[material]] [[world]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5f69|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3055\\u3044|[[coloring]],\n        [[coloration]], [[hue]], [[tint]]; [[color]], [[mood]], [[influence]], [[leaning]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7d19|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3057|a [[square]] piece of [[cardboard]]\n        used for painting or for writing poems}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8abf|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3061\\u3087\\u3046|the\n        [[coloring]] of a thing; a [[tone]], [[shade]], or [[hue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7e39%\\u8272|\\u3072\\u3087\\u3046%\\u3057\\u304d|[[light]]\n        [[indigo]] [[blue]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology 4===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|yomi=o}}\\nFrom\n        {{etyl|ltc|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}} {{m|ltc|\\u8272|tr=srik|pos=reconstructed\n        by some linguists as {{IPAchar|/\\u0283i\\u0259k/}}}}.\\n\\nThe [[\\u6f22\\u97f3#Japanese|''''kan''on'''']]\n        reading, so likely a later borrowing.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=kanon|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n====Affix====\\n{{ja-pos|affix|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nUsed in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6697%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[dark]] [[color]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5a01%\\u5687%\\u8272|\\u3044%\\u304b\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[threatening]] [[color]] or [[pattern]] on an animal}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7570%\\u8272|\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|of\n        a [[different]] [[color]]; [[different]] from the [[norm]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u708e%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u7130%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[flame]] [[colour]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6028%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[grudging]] [[look]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6f14%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[colour]] [[rendering]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8276%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[bewitching]] [[looks]];\n        [[beautiful]] [[colour]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272|\\u304a\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u9ec4\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7070%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[grey]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8910%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3063%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[dark]] [[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a44%\\u6b16%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3093%\\u3089\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[olive]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u597d%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[lasciviousness]],\n        [[lechery]]; 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The [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term ''''kanji'''' for\n        the Chinese characters literally means \\\"[[Han Chinese|Han]] characters\\\"{{cite\n        book|last=Suski|first=P.M.|title=The Phonetics of Japanese Language: With\n        Reference to Japanese Script|year=2011|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyUc7oNgaqoC|isbn=9780203841808}}\n        and is written using the same characters as the [[Chinese language|Chinese]]\n        word ''''{{transl|zh|[[Hanzi|h\\u00e0nz\\u00ec]]}}''''.''''{{transl|zh|[[Hanzi|H\\u00e0nz\\u00ec]]}}'''',\n        {{zh|s=\\u6c49\\u5b57|t=\\u6f22\\u5b57}}. {{cite book|last1=Malatesha Joshi|first1=R.|last2=Aaron|first2=P.G.|title=Handbook\n        of orthography and literacy|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|location=New Jersey|isbn=0-8058-4652-2|pages=481\\u20132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkXzdWSyBFgC&pg}}\\n\\n{{Japanese\n        writing}}\\n{{Infobox writing system\\n|name=Kanji\\n|type=[[Logographic]]\\n|languages=[[Old\n        Japanese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]]\\n|time=\\n|fam1=[[Oracle bone script]]\\n|fam2=[[Seal\n        script]]\\n|fam3=[[Clerical script]]\\n|fam4=[[Regular script|Kaishu]]\\n|sisters=[[Hanja]],\n        [[Zhuyin]], [[traditional Chinese]], [[simplified Chinese]], [[Ch\\u1eef n\\u00f4m|Nom]],\n        [[Khitan script]], [[Jurchen script]]\\n|children=\\n|unicode\\n|iso15924=Hani\\n}}\\n{{Table\n        Hanzi}}\\n{{Wiktionary category| type=kanji| category=Japanese-coined CJKV\n        characters}}\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:Nihonshoki tanaka version.jpg|thumb|''''[[Nihon\n        Shoki]]'''' (720 AD), considered by historians and archaeologists as the most\n        complete extant historical record of ancient Japan, was written entirely in\n        kanji.]]\\n[[Chinese character]]s first came to [[Japan]] on official seals,\n        letters, swords, coins, mirrors, and other decorative items imported from\n        [[China]]. The earliest known instance of such an import was the [[King of\n        Na gold seal]] given by [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]] to a [[Yamato Province|Yamato]]\n        emissary in 57 AD.{{Cite web| title =Gold Seal (Kin-in)| url =http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/en/exhibition.html\n        | publisher=Fukuoka City Museum |accessdate =September 1, 2014 }} Chinese\n        coins from the first century AD have been found in [[Yayoi-period]] archaeological\n        sites.Miyake (2003), 8. However, the Japanese\n        of that era probably had no comprehension of the script, and would remain\n        illiterate until the fifth century AD. According to\n        the ''''[[Nihon Shoki]]'''' and ''''[[Kojiki]]'''', a semi-legendary scholar\n        called [[Wani (scholar)|Wani]] ({{nihongo|\\u738b\\u4ec1}}) was dispatched to\n        Japan by the [[Baekje|Kingdom of Baekje]] during the reign of [[Emperor \\u014cjin]]\n        in the early fifth century, bringing with him knowledge of [[Confucianism]]\n        and Chinese characters.Miyake (2003), 9.\\n\\nThe\n        earliest Japanese documents were probably written by bilingual Chinese or\n        Korean officials employed at the [[Yamato period|Yamato]] court. For example, the diplomatic correspondence from [[Five kings of Wa|King\n        Bu of Wa]] to [[Emperor Shun of Liu Song]] in 478 has been praised for its\n        skillful use of [[allusion]]. Later, groups of people called ''''fuhito''''\n        were organized under the monarch to read and write [[Classical Chinese]].\n        During the reign of [[Empress Suiko]] (593\\u2013628), the Yamato court began\n        sending full-scale diplomatic missions to China, which resulted in a large\n        increase in Chinese literacy at the Japanese court.\\n\\nThe\n        Japanese language had no written form at the time Chinese characters were\n        introduced, and texts were written and read only in Chinese. Later, during\n        the [[Heian period]] (794\\u20131185), however, a system known as ''''[[kanbun]]''''\n        emerged, which involved using Chinese text with [[diacritical mark]]s to allow\n        Japanese speakers to restructure and read Chinese sentences, by changing word\n        order and adding particles and verb endings, in accordance with the rules\n        of [[Japanese grammar]].\\n\\nChinese characters also came to be used to write\n        Japanese words, resulting in the modern kana syllabaries. Around 650 CE, a\n        writing system called ''''[[man''y\\u014dgana]]'''' (used in the ancient poetry\n        anthology ''''[[Man''y\\u014dsh\\u016b]]'''') evolved that used a number of\n        Chinese characters for their sound, rather than for their meaning. Man''y\\u014dgana\n        written in [[Grass script|cursive style]] evolved into ''''[[hiragana]]'''',\n        or ''''[[hiragana|onna-de]]'''', that is, \\\"ladies'' hand,\\\"Hadamitzky,\n        Wolfgang and Spahn, Mark (2012), ''''Kanji and Kana:  A Complete Guide to\n        the Japanese Writing System'''',  Third Edition, Rutland, VT:  Tuttle Publishing.\n        {{ISBN|4805311169}}. p. 14. a writing system that was accessible to\n        women (who were denied [[higher education]]). Major works of [[Heian-era]]\n        [[literature]] by women were written in hiragana. ''''[[Katakana]]'''' emerged\n        via a parallel path: [[monastery]] students simplified ''''man''y\\u014dgana''''\n        to a single constituent element. Thus the two other writing systems, hiragana\n        and katakana, referred to collectively as ''''[[kana]]'''', are descended\n        from kanji.\\n\\nIn modern Japanese, kanji are used to write parts of the language\n        (usually [[content word]]s) such as [[noun]]s, [[adjective]] [[word stem|stems]],\n        and [[verb]] [[word stem|stems]], while hiragana are used to write [[inflection|inflected]]\n        verb and adjective endings and as [[phonetic complement]]s to disambiguate\n        readings (''''[[okurigana]]''''), [[grammatical particle|particles]], and\n        miscellaneous words which have no kanji or whose kanji is considered obscure\n        or too difficult to read or remember. [[Katakana]] are mostly used for representing\n        [[onomatopoeia]], [[gairaigo|non-Japanese loanwords]] (except those borrowed\n        from [[Old Chinese|ancient Chinese]]), the names of plants and animals (with\n        exceptions), and for emphasis on certain words.\\n\\n==Orthographic reform and\n        lists of kanji==\\n{{Main|Japanese script reform}}\\n[[File:Y\\u014dsh\\u016b\n        Chikanobu Shin Bijin No. 20.jpg|thumb|left|A young woman practicing kanji.\n        [[Ukiyo-e]] woodblock print by [[Toyohara Chikanobu|Y\\u014dsh\\u016b Chikanobu]],\n        1897]]\\nIn 1946, following [[World War II]] and under the [[Occupation of\n        Japan|Allied Occupation of Japan]], the Japanese government, guided by the\n        [[Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers]] instituted a series of [[orthography|orthographic]]\n        reforms. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children\n        and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals.\\nThe number of characters\n        in circulation was reduced, and formal lists of characters to be learned during\n        each grade of school were established.\\nSome characters were given simplified\n        [[glyph]]s, called {{nihongo||\\u65b0\\u5b57\\u4f53|[[shinjitai]]}}. Many variant\n        forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially\n        discouraged.\\n\\nThese are simply guidelines, so many characters outside these\n        standards are still widely known and commonly used; these are known as {{Nihongo||\\u8868\\u5916\\u5b57|[[hy\\u014dgaiji]]}}.\\n\\n===Ky\\u014diku\n        kanji===\\n{{Main|Ky\\u014diku kanji}}\\nThe {{Nihongo||\\u6559\\u80b2\\u6f22\\u5b57|ky\\u014diku\n        kanji|{{abbr|lit.|literally}} \\\"education kanji\\\"}} are 1,006 characters that\n        Japanese children learn in elementary school. Originally the list only contained\n        881 characters. This was expanded to 996 characters in 1977. It was not until\n        1982 the list was expanded to its current size. The grade-level breakdown\n        of these kanji is known as the {{Nihongo||\\u5b66\\u5e74\\u5225\\u6f22\\u5b57\\u914d\\u5f53\\u8868|gakunen-betsu\n        kanji hait\\u014dhy\\u014d}}, or the ''''gakush\\u016b kanji''''.\\n\\n===J\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji===\\n{{Main|J\\u014dy\\u014d kanji}}\\nThe {{Nihongo||\\u5e38\\u7528\\u6f22\\u5b57|j\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji|regular-use kanji}} are 2,136 characters consisting of all the ''''Ky\\u014diku\n        kanji'''', plus 1,130 additional kanji taught in junior high and high school.\n        In publishing, characters outside this category are often given ''''[[furigana]]''''.\n        The ''''j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji'''' were introduced in 1981, replacing an older\n        list of 1,850 characters known as the {{Nihongo||\\u5f53\\u7528\\u6f22\\u5b57|[[t\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji]]|general-use kanji}}, introduced in 1946. Originally numbering 1,945\n        characters, the ''''j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji'''' list was extended to 2,136 in\n        2010. Some of the new characters were previously ''''Jinmeiy\\u014d kanji'''';\n        some are used to write prefecture names: \\u962a, \\u718a, \\u5948, \\u5ca1, \\u9e7f,\n        \\u68a8, \\u961c, \\u57fc, \\u8328, \\u6803 and \\u5a9b.\\n\\n===Jinmeiy\\u014d kanji===\\n{{Main|Jinmeiy\\u014d\n        kanji}}\\nSince September 27, 2004, the {{Nihongo||\\u4eba\\u540d\\u7528\\u6f22\\u5b57|jinmeiy\\u014d\n        kanji|kanji for use in personal names}} consist of 3,119 characters, containing\n        the ''''j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji'''' plus an additional 983 kanji found in people''s\n        names. There were only 92 kanji in the original list published in 1952, but\n        new additions have been made frequently. Sometimes the term ''''jinmeiy\\u014d\n        kanji'''' refers to all 3,119, and sometimes it only refers to the 983 that\n        are only used for names.\\n\\n===Hy\\u014dgai kanji===\\n{{Main|Hy\\u014dgai kanji}}\\n{{Nihongo||\\u8868\\u5916\\u6f22\\u5b57|Hy\\u014dgai\n        kanji|\\\"unlisted characters\\\"}} are any kanji not contained in the ''''j\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji'''' and ''''jinmeiy\\u014d kanji'''' lists. These are generally written\n        using traditional characters, but [[extended shinjitai]] forms exist.\\n\\n===Japanese\n        Industrial Standards for kanji===\\nThe [[Japanese Industrial Standards]] for\n        kanji and kana define character code-points for each kanji and kana, as well\n        as other forms of writing such as the [[Latin alphabet]], [[Cyrillic script]],\n        [[Greek alphabet]], [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]], etc. for use in information\n        processing. They have had numerous revisions. The current standards are:\\n*[[JIS\n        X 0208]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522084722/http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanji90#kanji90\n        JIS X 0208:1997]. the most recent version of the main standard. It has\n        6,355 kanji.\\n*[[JIS X 0212]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522084722/http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanjisup#kanjisup\n        JIS X 0212:1990]. a supplementary standard containing a further 5,801\n        kanji. This standard is rarely used, mainly because the common [[Shift JIS]]\n        encoding system could not use it. This standard is effectively obsolete;\\n*[[JIS\n        X 0213]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522084722/http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanji00#kanji00\n        JIS X 0213:2000]. a further revision which extended the JIS X 0208 set\n        with 3,695 additional kanji, of which 2,743 (all but 952) were in JIS X 0212.\n        The standard is in part designed to be compatible with Shift JIS encoding;\\n*JIS\n        X 0221:1995, the Japanese version of the ISO 10646/[[Unicode]] standard.\\n\\n====Gaiji====\\n{{Nihongo||\\u5916\\u5b57|Gaiji|literally\n        \\\"external characters\\\"}} are kanji that are not represented in existing Japanese\n        [[Character encoding|encoding systems]]. These include variant forms of common\n        kanji that need to be represented alongside the more conventional [[glyph]]\n        in reference works, and can include non-kanji symbols as well.\\n\\n''''Gaiji''''\n        can be either user-defined characters or system-specific characters. Both\n        are a problem for information interchange, as the [[codepoint]] used to represent\n        an external character will not be consistent from one computer or operating\n        system to another.\\n\\n''''Gaiji'''' were nominally prohibited in JIS X 0208-1997,\n        and JIS X 0213-2000 used the range of code-points previously allocated to\n        ''''gaiji'''', making them completely unusable. Nevertheless, they persist\n        today with [[NTT DoCoMo]]''s \\\"[[i-mode]]\\\" service, where they are used for\n        [[emoji]] (pictorial characters).\\n\\n[[Unicode]] allows for optional encoding\n        of ''''gaiji'''' in [[Private Use (Unicode)|private use areas]], while [[OpenType#SING\n        gaiji solution|Adobe''s SING]] (Smart INdependent Glyphlets){{citation\n        | publisher = Adobe | url = https://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/detail.jsp?ftpID=2437\n        | title = Introducing the SING Gaiji architecture}}.{{citation\n        | publisher = Adobe | url = https://www.adobe.com/devnet/opentype/ | title\n        = OpenType Technology Center}}. technology allows the creation of customized\n        gaiji.\\n\\nThe [[Text Encoding Initiative]] uses a '''''''''''' element\n        to encode any non-standard character or glyph, including gaiji.{{citation\n        | publisher = TEI-C | url = http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/WD.html\n        | chapter = Representation of Non-standard Characters and Glyphs | title =\n        P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange}}. (The\n        ''''''g'''''' stands for \\\"gaiji\\\"){{citation | publisher = TEI-C | url\n        = http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-g.html | chapter\n        = TEI element g (character or glyph) | title = P5: Guidelines for Electronic\n        Text Encoding and Interchange}}.\\n\\n==Total number of kanji==\\nThere\n        is no definitive count of kanji characters, just as there is none of Chinese\n        characters generally. The ''''[[Dai Kan-Wa Jiten]]'''', which is considered\n        to be comprehensive in Japan,  contains about 50,000 characters. The ''''[[Zhonghua\n        Zihai]]'''', published in 1994 in China contains about 85,000 characters;Kuang-Hui Chiu, Chi-Ching Hsu (2006). [http://www.ntpu.edu.tw/ads/doc/95/paper%20hsu95.doc\n        Chinese Dilemmas : How Many Ideographs are Needed], National Taipei UniversityShouhui\n        Zhao, Dongbo Zhang, [http://www.colips.org/journals/volume17/JCLC_2007_V17_N2_04.pdf\n        The Totality of Chinese Characters \\u2013 A Digital Perspective]Daniel\n        G. Peebles, [http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/reports/TR2007-592.pdf SCML: A Structural\n        Representation for Chinese Characters], May 29, 2007 however, the majority\n        of these are not in common use in any country, and many are obscure variants\n        or archaic forms.\\n\\nApproximately 2,000 to 3,000 characters are commonly\n        used in Japan, a few thousand more find occasional use, and a total of 13,108\n        characters can be encoded in various [[#Japanese Industrial Standards for\n        kanji|Japanese Industrial Standards for kanji]].\\n\\n==Readings==\\n{| class=\\\"infobox\\\"\n        align=\\\"right\\\"\\n|-\\n! colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"center\\\"| ''''''Borrowing typology\n        of Han characters''''''\\n|-\\n!\\n! ''''''Meaning''''''\\n! ''''''Pronunciation''''''\\n|-\\n|\n        a) semantic ''''on''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | L1\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | L1\\n|-\\n|\n        b) semantic ''''kun''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | L1\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | L2\\n|-\\n|-\\n|\n        c) phonetic ''''on''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | \\u2014\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" |\n        L1\\n|-\\n| d) phonetic ''''kun''''\\n| align=\\\"center\\\" | \\u2014\\n| align=\\\"center\\\"\n        | L2\\n|-\\n| style=\\\"width:300px;\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" | *With L1 representing\n        the language borrowed from (Chinese) and L2 representing the borrowing language\n        (Japanese).Rogers, Henry (2005). ''''Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach''''.\n        Oxford: Blackwell. {{ISBN|0631234640}}\\n|}\\n\\nBecause of the way they\n        have been adopted into Japanese, a single kanji may be used to write one or\n        more different words \\u2013 or, in some cases, [[morphemes]] \\u2013 and thus\n        the same character may be pronounced in different ways. From the point of\n        view of the reader, kanji are said to have one or more different \\\"readings\\\".\n        Although more than one reading may become activated in the brain,{{Cite\n        journal | doi = 10.1080/17470218.2013.773050|url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236062398_The_multiple_pronunciations_of_Japanese_kanji_A_masked_priming_investigation|\n        pmid = 23510000| title = The multiple pronunciations of Japanese kanji: A\n        masked priming investigation| journal = The Quarterly Journal of Experimental\n        Psychology| volume = 66| issue = 10| pages = 2023| year = 2013| last1 = Verdonschot\n        | first1 = R. G. | last2 = La Heij | first2 = W. | last3 = Tamaoka | first3\n        = K. | last4 = Kiyama | first4 = S. | last5 = You | first5 = W. P. | last6\n        = Schiller | first6 = N. O. }} deciding which reading is appropriate\n        depends on recognizing which word it represents, which can usually be determined\n        from context, intended meaning, whether the character occurs as part of a\n        compound word or an independent word, and sometimes location within the sentence.\n        For example, {{lang|ja|\\u4eca\\u65e5}} is usually read ''''ky\\u014d,'''' meaning\n        \\\"today\\\", but in formal writing is instead read ''''konnichi,'''' meaning\n        \\\"nowadays\\\"; this is understood from context. Nevertheless, some cases are\n        ambiguous and require a ''''[[furigana]]'''' gloss, which are also used simply\n        for difficult readings or to specify a non-standard reading.\\n\\nKanji readings\n        are categorized as either ''''on''yomi'''' (literally \\\"sound reading\\\", from\n        Chinese) or ''''kun''yomi'''' (literally \\\"meaning reading\\\", native Japanese),\n        and most characters have at least two readings, at least one of each. However,\n        some characters have only a single reading, such as {{Nihongo||\\u83ca|kiku|\\\"chrysanthemum\\\",\n        an ''''on''''-reading}} or {{Nihongo||\\u9c2f|iwashi|\\\"sardine\\\", a ''''kun''''-reading}};\n        ''''kun''''-only are common for Japanese-coined kanji (''''kokuji''''). Some\n        common kanji have ten or more possible readings; the most complex common example\n        is \\u751f, which is read as ''''sei, sh\\u014d, nama, ki, o-u, i-kiru, i-kasu,\n        i-keru, u-mu, u-mareru, ha-eru,'''' and ''''ha-yasu'''', totaling 8 basic\n        readings (first 2 are ''''on,'''' rest are ''''kun''''), or 12 if related\n        verbs are counted as distinct; see [[Okurigana#\\u751f|okurigana: \\u751f]]\n        for details.\\n\\nMost often, a character will be used for both sound and meaning,\n        and it is simply a matter of choosing the correct reading based on which word\n        it represents. In other cases, a character is used only for sound (''''[[ateji]]'''').\n        In this case, pronunciation is still based on a standard reading, or used\n        only for meaning (broadly a form of ''''ateji,'''' narrowly ''''jukujikun'''').\n        Therefore, only the full compound\\u2014not the individual character\\u2014has\n        a reading. There are also [[#Special readings|special cases]] where the reading\n        is completely different, often based on an historical or traditional reading.\\n\\nThe\n        analogous phenomenon occurs to a much lesser degree in [[varieties of Chinese|Chinese\n        varieties]], where there are [[literary and colloquial readings of Chinese\n        characters]] \\u2013 borrowed readings and native readings. In Chinese these\n        borrowed readings and native readings are etymologically related, since they\n        are between Chinese varieties (which are related), not from Chinese to Japanese\n        (which are not related). They thus form [[Doublet (linguistics)|doublets]]\n        and are generally similar, analogous to different on''yomi, reflecting different\n        stages of Chinese borrowings into Japanese.\\n\\n===''''On''yomi'''' (Sino-Japanese\n        reading) {{anchor|on''yomi|on-yomi|onyomi|on''yomi (Chinese reading)}}  ===\\nThe {{Nihongo||\\u97f3\\u8aad\\u307f|''''''on''yomi''''''|literally\n        \\\"sound(-based) reading\\\"}}, the [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese]]\n        reading, is the modern descendant of the Japanese approximation of the base\n        Chinese pronunciation of the character at the time it was introduced. It was\n        often previously referred to as ''''''translation reading'''''', as it was\n        recreated readings of the Chinese pronunciation but not the Chinese pronunciation\n        or reading itself. Old Japanese scripts often stated that ''''on''yomi''''\n        readings were also created by the Japanese during their arrival and re-borrowed\n        by the Chinese as their own. There also exist kanji created by the Japanese\n        and given an ''''on''yomi'''' reading despite not being a Chinese-derived\n        or a Chinese-originating character. Some kanji were introduced from different\n        parts of China at different times, and so have multiple ''''on''yomi,''''\n        and often multiple meanings. ''''Kanji'''' invented in Japan would not normally\n        be expected to have ''''on''yomi,'''' but there are exceptions, such as the\n        character {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}} \\\"to work\\\", which has the ''''kun''yomi''''\n        \\\"''''hataraku''''\\\" and the ''''on''yomi'''' \\\"''''d\\u014d''''\\\", and {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}}\n        \\\"gland\\\", which has only the ''''on''yomi'''' \\\"''''sen''''\\\" \\u2013 in both\n        cases these come from the ''''on''yomi'''' of the phonetic component, respectively\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u52d5}} \\\"''''d\\u014d''''\\\" and {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6cc9}} \\\"''''sen''''\\\".\\n\\nGenerally,\n        ''''on''yomi'''' are classified into four types according to their region\n        and time of origin:\\n*{{Nihongo||\\u5449\\u97f3|''''''[[Go-on]]''''''|\\\"Wu sound\\\"}}\n        readings are from the pronunciation during the [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]]\n        of China during the 5th and 6th centuries. ''''Go'''' refers to the [[Wu (region)|Wu]]\n        region (in the vicinity of modern [[Shanghai]]), which still maintains linguistic\n        similarities with modern Sino-Japanese vocabulary.\\n*{{Nihongo||\\u6f22\\u97f3|''''''[[Kan-on]]''''''|\\\"Han\n        sound\\\"}} readings are from the pronunciation during the [[Tang Dynasty]]\n        of China in the 7th to 9th centuries, primarily from the standard speech of\n        the capital, [[Chang''an]] (modern [[Xi''an]]). Here, ''''Kan'''' refers to\n        [[Han Chinese]] or [[China proper]].\\n*{{Nihongo||\\u5510\\u97f3|''''''[[T\\u014d-on]]''''''|\\\"Tang\n        sound\\\"}} readings are from the pronunciations of later dynasties of China,\n        such as the [[Song Dynasty|Song]] and [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]]. They cover all\n        readings adopted from the [[Heian era]] to the [[Edo period]]. This is also\n        known as {{Nihongo||\\u5510\\u5b8b\\u97f3|T\\u014ds\\u014d-on|Tang and Song sound}}.\\n*{{anchor|kan''y\\u014d-on|kan''y\\u014don|kan''you-on}}\n        {{Nihongo||\\u6163\\u7528\\u97f3|''''Kan''y\\u014d-on''''''|\\\"customary sound\\\"}}\n        readings, which are mistaken or changed readings of the kanji that have become\n        accepted into Japanese language. In some cases, they are the actual readings\n        that accompanied the character''s introduction to Japan, but do not match\n        how the character [[linguistic prescription|\\\"should\\\"]] be read according\n        to the rules of character construction and pronunciation.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"infobox\\\"\n        align=\\\"right\\\"\\n|+ Examples (rare readings in parentheses)\\n|-\\n!\n        Kanji\\n! Meaning\\n! Go-on\\n! Kan-on\\n! T\\u014d-on\\n! Kan''y\\u014d-on\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u660e}}\\n| bright\\n| ''''my\\u014d''''\\n|\n        ''''mei''''\\n| (''''min'''')\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\"\n        | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u884c}}\\n| go\\n| ''''gy\\u014d''''
''''g\\u014d''''\\n|\n        ''''k\\u014d''''
''''k\\u014d''''\\n| (''''an'''')\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight:\n        normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6975}}\\n| extreme\\n| ''''goku''''\\n| ''''kyoku''''\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u73e0}}\\n|\n        pearl\\n| ''''shu''''\\n| ''''shu''''\\n| ''''ju''''\\n| (''''zu'''')\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight:\n        normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5ea6}}\\n| degree\\n| ''''do''''\\n| (''''to'''')\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8f38}}\\n|\n        transport\\n| (''''shu'''')\\n| (''''shu'''')\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''yu''''\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u96c4}}\\n| masculine\\n| \\u2014\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''y\\u016b''''\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\"\n        | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u718a}}\\n| bear\\n| \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n| ''''y\\u016b''''\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5b50}}\\n| child\\n| ''''shi''''\\n|\n        ''''shi''''\\n| ''''su''''\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\"\n        | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6e05}}\\n| clear\\n| ''''sh\\u014d''''\\n| ''''sei''''\\n| ''''(shin)''''\\n|\n        \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u4eac}}\\n|\n        capital\\n| ''''ky\\u014d''''\\n| ''''kei''''\\n| ''''(kin)''''\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n!\n        style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5175}}\\n| soldier\\n| ''''hy\\u014d''''\\n|\n        ''''hei''''\\n| \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"font-weight: normal;\\\" | {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5f37}}\\n|\n        strong\\n| ''''g\\u014d''''\\n| ''''ky\\u014d''''\\n| \\u2014\\n| \\u2014\\n|-\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        most common form of readings is the ''''kan-on'''' one, and use of a non-''''kan-on''''\n        reading in a word where the ''''kan-on'''' reading is well-known is a common\n        cause of reading mistakes or difficulty, such as in {{Nihongo||\\u89e3\\u6bd2|ge-doku|detoxification,\n        anti-poison}} (''''go-on''''), where {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u89e3}} is usually instead\n        read as ''''kai''''. The ''''go-on'''' readings are especially common in [[Buddhist]]\n        terminology such as {{Nihongo||\\u6975\\u697d|gokuraku|paradise}}, as well as\n        in some of the earliest loans, such as the Sino-Japanese numbers. The ''''t\\u014d-on''''\n        readings occur in some later words, such as {{Nihongo||\\u6905\\u5b50|isu|chair}},\n        {{Nihongo||\\u5e03\\u56e3|[[futon]]|mattress}}, and {{Nihongo||\\u884c\\u706f|andon|a\n        kind of paper lantern}}. The go-on, kan-on, and t\\u014d-on readings are generally\n        [[cognate]] (with rare exceptions of homographs; see below), having a common\n        origin in [[Old Chinese]], and hence form [[doublet (linguistics)|linguistic\n        doublets]] or triplets, but they can differ significantly from each other\n        and from modern Chinese pronunciation.\\n\\nIn Chinese, most characters are\n        associated with a single Chinese sound, though there are distinct [[literary\n        and colloquial readings of Chinese characters|literary and colloquial readings]].\n        However, some homographs ({{lang|zh|\\u591a\\u97f3\\u5b57}} {{zh|p=du\\u014dy\\u012bnz\\u00ec}})\n        such as {{lang|zh|\\u884c}} (''''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|h\\u00e1ng}}'''' or ''''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|x\\u00edng}}'''')\n        (Japanese: ''''an, g\\u014d, gy\\u014d'''') have more than one reading in Chinese representing different\n        meanings, which is reflected in the carryover to Japanese as well. Additionally,\n        many Chinese syllables, especially those with an [[entering tone]], did not\n        fit the largely consonant-vowel (CV) [[phonotactics]] of classical Japanese.\n        Thus most ''''on''yomi'''' are composed of two [[Mora (linguistics)|morae]]\n        (beats), the second of which is either a lengthening of the vowel in the first\n        mora (to ''''ei'''', ''''\\u014d'''', or ''''\\u016b''''), the vowel ''''i'''', or one of the syllables ''''ku'''', ''''ki'''',\n        ''''tsu'''', ''''chi'''', ''''fu'''' (historically, later merged into ''''\\u014d''''),\n        or moraic ''''n'''', chosen for their approximation to the final consonants\n        of Middle Chinese. It may be that [[Y\\u014don|palatalized consonants before\n        vowels other than ''''i'''']] developed in Japanese as a result of Chinese\n        borrowings, as they are virtually unknown in words of native Japanese origin,\n        but are common in Chinese.\\n\\n''''On''yomi'''' primarily occur in {{nihongo|multi-kanji\n        compound words|\\u719f\\u8a9e|jukugo}} words, which are  many of which are the\n        result of the adoption, along with the kanji themselves, of Chinese words\n        for concepts that either did not exist in Japanese or could not be articulated\n        as elegantly using native words. This borrowing process is often compared\n        to the [[List of English words with dual French and Anglo-Saxon variations|English\n        borrowings from Latin, Greek, and Norman French]], since Chinese-borrowed\n        terms are often more specialized, or considered to sound more erudite or formal,\n        than their native counterparts (occupying a higher [[linguistic register]]).  The\n        major exception to this rule is [[Japanese family name|family name]]s, in\n        which the native ''''kun''yomi'''' are usually used (though ''''on''yomi''''\n        are found in many personal names, especially men''s names).\\n\\n=== Native\n        reading (''''Kun''yomi'''')  {{anchor|kun''yomi|kun-yomi|kunyomi|Japanese\n        reading|native reading}} ===\\nThe {{Nihongo||\\u8a13\\u8aad\\u307f|''''''kun''yomi''''''|{{abbr|lit.|literally}}\n        \\\"meaning reading\\\"}}, the native reading, is a reading based on the pronunciation\n        of a native [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word, or ''''[[yamato kotoba]]'''',\n        that closely approximated the meaning of the [[Chinese language|Chinese]]\n        character when it was introduced. As with ''''on''yomi'''', there can be multiple\n        ''''kun''yomi'''' for the same kanji, and some kanji have no ''''kun''yomi''''\n        at all.\\n\\nFor instance, the character for [[east]], {{lang|ja|[[wikt:\\u6771|\\u6771]]}},\n        has the ''''on''yomi'''' ''''t\\u014d'''', from [[Middle Chinese]] ''''{{IPA|tung}}''''.\n        However, [[Japanese language|Japanese]] already had two words for \\\"east\\\":\n        ''''higashi'''' and ''''azuma''''. Thus the kanji {{lang|ja|\\u6771}} had the\n        latter readings added as ''''kun''yomi''''. In contrast, the kanji {{lang|ja|[[Cun\n        (length)|\\u5bf8]]}}, denoting a Chinese unit of measurement (about 30 mm\n        or 1.2 inch), has no native [[Japanese language|Japanese]] equivalent;\n        it only has an ''''on''yomi'''', ''''[[Cun (length)|sun]]'''', with no native\n        ''''kun''yomi''''. Most ''''[[#kokuji|kokuji]]'''', Japanese-created Chinese\n        characters, only have ''''kun''yomi'''', although some have back-formed a\n        pseudo-''''on''yomi'''' by analogy with similar characters, such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}}\n        ''''d\\u014d,'''' from {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u52d5}} ''''d\\u014d'''', and there are\n        even some, such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}} ''''sen'''' \\\"gland\\\", that have\n        only an ''''on''yomi''''.\\n\\n''''Kun''yomi'''' are characterized by the strict\n        (C)V syllable structure of ''''yamato kotoba''''. Most noun or adjective ''''kun''yomi''''\n        are two to three syllables long, while verb ''''kun''yomi'''' are usually\n        between one and three syllables in length, not counting trailing [[hiragana]]\n        called ''''[[okurigana]]''''. ''''Okurigana'''' are not considered to be part\n        of the internal reading of the character, although they are part of the reading\n        of the word. A beginner in the language will rarely come across characters\n        with long readings, but readings of three or even four syllables are not uncommon.\n        This contrasts with ''''on''yomi,'''' which are monosyllabic, and is unusual\n        in the [[Chinese family of scripts]], which generally use one character per\n        syllable \\u2013 not only in Chinese, but also in Korean, Vietnamese, and Zhuang;\n        [[polysyllabic Chinese character]]s are rare and considered non-standard.\\n\\n{{lang|ja-Hani|\\u627f\\u308b}}\n        ''''uketamawaru,''''  {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5fd7}} ''''kokorozashi,'''' and {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8a54}}\n        ''''mikotonori'''' have five syllables represented by a single kanji, the\n        longest readings in the [[J\\u014dy\\u014d kanji|''''j\\u014dy\\u014d'''' character\n        set]]. These unusually long readings are due to a single character representing\n        a compound word. In detail, due respectively to {{lang|ja|\\u627f\\u308b}} being\n        a single character for a compound verb, one component of which has a long\n        reading (alternative spelling as {{lang|ja|\\u53d7\\u3051\\u8cdc\\u308b}} ''''u(ke)-tamawa(ru)'''',\n        hence (1+1)+3=5; compare common {{lang|ja|\\u53d7\\u3051\\u4ed8\\u3051\\u308b}}\n        ''''u(ke)-tsu(keru)'''', to {{lang|ja|\\u5fd7}} being a nominalization of the\n        verb {{lang|ja|\\u5fd7\\u3059}} which has a long reading ''''kokoroza(su)''''\n        (due to being derived from a noun-verb compound, {{lang|ja|\\u5fc3\\u6307\\u3059}}\n        ''''kokoro-za(su)''''), the nominalization removing the okurigana, hence increasing\n        the reading by one mora, yielding 4+1=5 (compare common {{lang|ja|\\u8a71}}\n        ''''hanashi'''' 2+1=3, from {{lang|ja|\\u8a71\\u3059}} ''''hana(su),'''' and\n        {{lang|ja|\\u8a54}} being a triple compound (alternative spelling {{lang|ja|\\u5fa1\\u8a00\\u5ba3}}\n        ''''mi-koto-nori,'''' hence 1+2+2=5). Longer readings exist for non-J\\u014dy\\u014d\n        characters and non-kanji symbols, where a long [[gairaigo]] word may be the\n        reading (this is classed as ''''kun''yomi'''' \\u2013 see [[#Single character\n        gairaigo|single character gairaigo]], below) \\u2013 the character {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u7cce}}\n        has the seven kana reading {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u30bb\\u30f3\\u30c1\\u30e1\\u30fc\\u30c8\\u30eb}}\n        ''''senchim\\u0113toru'''' \\\"centimeter\\\", though it is generally written as\n        \\\"cm\\\" (with two half-width characters, so occupying one space); another common\n        example is ''%'' (the percent sign), which has the five kana reading {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u30d1\\u30fc\\u30bb\\u30f3\\u30c8}}\n        ''''p\\u0101sento''''. Further, some J\\u014dy\\u014d characters have long non-J\\u014dy\\u014d\n        readings (students learn the character, but not the reading), such as ''''omonpakaru''''\n        for {{lang|ja|\\u616e\\u308b}}.\\n\\nIn a number of cases, multiple kanji were\n        assigned to cover a single [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word. Typically\n        when this occurs, the different kanji refer to specific shades of meaning.\n        For instance, the word {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u306a\\u304a\\u3059}}, ''''naosu'''',\n        when written {{lang|ja|\\u6cbb\\u3059}}, means \\\"to heal an illness or sickness\\\".\n        When written {{lang|ja|\\u76f4\\u3059}} it means \\\"to fix or correct something\\\".\n        Sometimes the distinction is very clear, although not always. Differences\n        of opinion among reference works is not uncommon; one dictionary may say the\n        kanji are equivalent, while another dictionary may draw distinctions of use.\n        As a result, native speakers of the language may have trouble knowing which\n        kanji to use and resort to personal preference or by writing the word in [[hiragana]].\n        This latter strategy is frequently employed with more complex cases such as\n        \\u3082\\u3068 ''''moto'''', which has at least five different kanji: {{lang|ja|\\u5143,\n        \\u57fa, \\u672c, \\u4e0b}}, and {{lang|ja|\\u7d20}}, the first three of which\n        have only very subtle differences. Another notable example is ''''sakazuki''''\n        \\\"sake cup\\\", which may be spelt as at least five different kanji: {{lang|ja|\\u676f,\n        \\u76c3, \\u5df5/\\u536e}}, and {{lang|ja|\\u574f}}; of these, the first two are\n        common \\u2013 formally {{lang|ja|\\u676f}} is a small cup and {{lang|ja|\\u76c3}}\n        a large cup.\\n\\nLocal dialectical readings of kanji are also classified under\n        ''''kun''yomi'''', most notably readings for words in [[Ryukyuan languages]].\n        Further, in rare cases gairaigo (borrowed words) have a single character associated\n        with them, in which case this reading is formally classified as a ''''kun''yomi'''',\n        because the character is being used for meaning, not sound. This is discussed\n        under [[#Single character gairaigo|single character gairaigo]], below.\\n\\n===Mixed\n        readings {{anchor|j\\u016bbako|juubako|jubako|yut\\u014d|yutou|yuto}} ===\\n[[File:J\\u016bbako.jpg|thumb|A\n        {{Nihongo||\\u91cd\\u7bb1|j\\u016bbako}}, which has a mixed on-kun reading]]\\n[[File:Pail,yutou,soba-yu,katori-city,japan.JPG|thumb|A\n        {{Nihongo||\\u6e6f\\u6876|yut\\u014d}}, which has a mixed kun-on reading]]\\nThere\n        are many kanji compounds that use a mixture of ''''on''yomi'''' and ''''kun''yomi'''',\n        known as {{Nihongo||\\u91cd\\u7bb1|j\\u016bbako|multi-layered food box}} or {{Nihongo||\\u6e6f\\u6876|yut\\u014d|hot\n        liquid pail}} words (depending on the order), which are themselves examples\n        of this kind of compound (they are [[autological word]]s): the first character\n        of ''''j\\u016bbako'''' is read using ''''on''yomi'''', the second ''''kun''yomi''''\n        (''''on-kun''''). \\nIt is the other way around with ''''yut\\u014d'''' (''''kun-on'''').\\n\\nFormally,\n        these are referred to as {{Nihongo||\\u91cd\\u7bb1\\u8aad\\u307f|j\\u016bbako-yomi|''''j\\u016bbako''''\n        reading}} and {{Nihongo||\\u6e6f\\u6876\\u8aad\\u307f|yut\\u014d-yomi|''''yut\\u014d''''\n        reading}}. Note that in both these words, the ''''on''yomi'''' has a long\n        vowel; long vowels in Japanese generally come from Chinese, hence distinctive\n        of ''''on''yomi''''. These are the Japanese form of [[hybrid word]]s. Other\n        examples include {{nihongo||\\u5834\\u6240|basho|\\\"place\\\", ''''kun-on''''}},\n        {{nihongo||\\u91d1\\u8272|kin''iro|\\\"golden\\\", ''''on-kun''''}} and {{nihongo||\\u5408\\u6c17\\u9053|aikid\\u014d|the\n        martial art [[Aikido]]\\\", ''''kun-on-on''''}}.\\n\\n''''Ateji'''' often use\n        mixed readings. For instance the city of [[Sapporo]], whose name derives from\n        the [[Ainu language]] and has no meaning in Japanese, is written with the\n        ''''on-kun'''' compound {{lang|ja|\\u672d\\u5e4c}} (which includes ''''[[sokuon]]''''\n        as if it were a purely ''''on'''' compound).\\n\\n===Special readings===\\n{{nihongo||\\u7fa9\\u8a13|{{visible\n        anchor|Gikun}}}} and {{nihongo||\\u719f\\u5b57\\u8a13|{{visible anchor|jukujikun}}}}\n        are readings of kanji combinations that have no direct correspondence to the\n        characters'' individual ''''on''yomi'''' or ''''kun''yomi,''''. From the point\n        of view of the character, rather than the word, this is known as a {{Nihongo||\\u96e3\\u8a13|nankun|difficult\n        reading}}, and these are listed in kanji dictionaries under the entry for\n        the character.\\n\\n''''Gikun'''' are when non-standard kanji are used, generally\n        for effect, such as using {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5bd2}} with reading ''''fuyu''''\n        (\\\"winter\\\"), rather than the standard character {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u51ac}}.\\n\\n''''Jukujikun''''\n        are when the standard kanji for a word are related to the meaning, but not\n        the sound. The word is pronounced as a whole, not corresponding to sounds\n        of individual kanji. For example, \\u4eca\\u671d (\\\"this morning\\\") is jukujikun,\n        and read neither as ''''*ima''asa'''', the ''''kun''yomi'''' of the characters,\n        nor ''''konch\\u014d'''', the ''''on''yomi'''' of the characters, nor any combination\n        thereof. Instead it is read as ''''kesa'''', a native bisyllabic Japanese\n        word that may be seen as a single [[morpheme]], or as a fusion of ''''ky\\u014d''''\n        (previously ''''kefu''''), \\\"today\\\", and ''''asa'''', \\\"morning\\\". Likewise,\n        \\u660e\\u65e5 (\\\"tomorrow\\\") is jukujikun, and read neither as ''''akari(no)hi'''',\n        the ''''kun''yomi'''' of the characters, nor ''''meinichi'''', the ''''on''yomi''''\n        of the characters, nor any combination thereof. Instead it is read as ''''ashita'''',\n        a native  Japanese word that may be seen as a single [[morpheme]]. \\n\\nJukujikun\n        are primarily used for some native Japanese words, such as [[Yamato (disambiguation)|Yamato]] (\\u5927\\u548c or \\u502d, the name of a Japanese\n        province as well as ancient name for Japan), and for some old borrowings,\n        such as {{Nihongo||\\u67f3\\u8449\\u9b5a|[[shishamo]]|willow leaf fish}} from\n        Ainu, {{Nihongo||\\u7159\\u8349|tabako|smoke grass}} from Portuguese, or ''''b\\u012bru''''\n        (\\u9ea6\\u9152, wheat alcohol) from Dutch. Words whose kanji are jukujikun\n        are often usually written as hiragana (if native), or katakana (if borrowed);\n        some old borrowed words are also written as hiragana, especially Portuguese\n        loanwords such as ''''karuta'''' (\\u304b\\u308b\\u305f) from Portuguese \\\"carta\\\"\n        (Eng: card), ''''tempura'''' (\\u3066\\u3093\\u3077\\u3089) from Portuguese \\\"tempora\\\"\n        (Eng: time), and ''''pan'''' (\\u3071\\u3093) from Spanish \\\"pan\\\" (Eng: bread),\n        as well as ''''tabako'''' (\\u305f\\u3070\\u3053).\\n\\nSometimes, jukujikun can\n        even have more kanji than there syllables, examples being ''''kera'''' (\\u5544\\u6728\\u9ce5,\n        woodpecker) and ''''gumi'''' (\\u80e1\\u983d\\u5b50, silver berry/oleaster).{{Cite\n        web|url=https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/29056/how-many-possible-phonological-forms-could-be-represented-by-a-randomly-chosen-s|title=How\n        many possible phonological forms could be represented by a randomly chosen\n        single character?|website=japanese.stackexchange.com|access-date=2017-07-15}}\\n\\nJukujikun\n        are quite varied. Often the kanji compound for jukujikun is idiosyncratic\n        and created for the word, with the corresponding Chinese word not existing;\n        in other cases a kanji compound for an existing Chinese word is reused, where\n        the Chinese word and ''''on''yomi'''' may or may not be used in Japanese;\n        for example, {{Nihongo||\\u99b4\\u9e7f||reindeer}} is jukujikun for ''''tonakai,''''\n        from Ainu, but the ''''on''yomi'''' reading of ''''junroku'''' is also used.\n        In some cases Japanese coinages have subsequently been borrowed back into  Chinese,\n        such as {{Nihongo||\\u9b9f\\u9c47|ank\\u014d|monkfish}}.\\n\\nThe underlying word\n        for jukujikun is a native Japanese word or foreign borrowing, which either\n        does not have an existing kanji spelling (either ''''kun''yomi'''' or ''''ateji'''')\n        or for which a new kanji spelling is produced. Most often the word is a noun,\n        which may be a simple noun (not a compound or derived from a verb), or may\n        be a verb form or a fusional pronunciation; for example {{Nihongo||\\u76f8\\u64b2|sum\\u014d|[[sumo]]}}\n        is originally from the verb {{Nihongo||\\u4e89\\u3046|suma-u|to vie}}, while\n        {{Nihongo||\\u4eca\\u65e5|ky\\u014d|today}} is fusional. In rare cases jukujikun\n        is also applied to inflectional words (verbs and adjectives), in which case\n        there is frequently a corresponding Chinese word.\\n\\nExamples of jukujikun\n        for inflectional words follow. The most common example of a jukujikun adjective\n        is {{Nihongo||\\u53ef\\u611b\\u3044|kawai-i|cute}}, originally ''''kawayu-i;''''\n        the word {{Nihongo||\\u53ef\\u611b}} is used in Chinese, but the corresponding\n        ''''on''yomi'''' is not used in Japanese. By contrast, \\\"appropriate\\\" can\n        be either {{Nihongo||\\u76f8\\u5fdc\\u3057\\u3044|fusawa-shii|in jukujikun}} or\n        {{Nihongo||\\u76f8\\u5fdc|s\\u014d\\u014d|in ''''on''yomi''''}} are both used;\n        the ''''-shii'''' ending is because these were formerly a different class\n        of adjectives. A common example of a verb with jukujikun is {{Nihongo||\\u6d41\\u884c\\u308b|haya-ru|to\n        spread, to be in vogue}}, corresponding to ''''on''yomi'''' {{Nihongo||\\u6d41\\u884c|ry\\u016bk\\u014d}}.\n        A sample jukujikun deverbal (noun derived from a verb form) is {{Nihongo||\\u5f37\\u8acb|yusuri|extortion}},\n        from {{Nihongo||\\u5f37\\u8acb\\u308b|yusu-ru|to extort}}, spelling from {{Nihongo||\\u5f37\\u8acb|ky\\u014dsei|extortion}}.\n        See [[:ja:\\u7fa9\\u8a13#\\u7fa9\\u8a13|\\u7fa9\\u8a13]] and [[:ja:\\u719f\\u5b57\\u8a13|\\u719f\\u5b57\\u8a13]]\n        for many more examples. Note that there are also compound verbs and, less\n        commonly, compound adjectives, and while these may have multiple kanji without\n        intervening characters, they are read using usual ''''kun''yomi;'''' examples\n        include {{Nihongo||\\u9762\\u767d\\u3044|omo-shiro-i|interesting|face-whitening}}\n        and {{Nihongo||\\u72e1\\u8ce2\\u3044|zuru-gashiko-i|sly}}.\\n\\nTypographically,\n        the [[furigana]] for jukujikun are often written so they are centered across\n        the entire word, or for inflectional words over the entire root \\u2013 corresponding\n        to the reading being related to the entire word \\u2013 rather than each part\n        of the word being centered over its corresponding character, as is often done\n        for the usual phono-semantic readings.\\n\\nBroadly speaking, jukujikun can\n        be considered a form of ''''[[ateji]],'''' though in narrow usage \\\"ateji\\\"\n        refers specifically to using characters for sound and not meaning (sound-spelling),\n        rather than meaning and not sound (meaning-spelling), as in jukujikun.\\n\\nMany\n        jukujikun (established meaning-spellings) began life as gikun (improvised\n        meaning-spellings). Occasionally a single word will have many such kanji spellings;\n        an extreme example is {{nihongo|||hototogisu|[[Lesser Cuckoo|lesser cuckoo]]}},\n        which may be spelt in a great many ways, including \\u675c\\u9d51, \\u6642\\u9ce5,\n        \\u5b50\\u898f, \\u4e0d\\u5982\\u5e30, \\u970d\\u516c\\u9ce5, \\u8700\\u9b42, \\u6c93\\u624b\\u9ce5,\n        \\u675c\\u5b87, \\u7530\\u9d51, \\u6c93\\u76f4\\u9ce5, and \\u90ed\\u516c \\u2013 many\n        of these variant spellings are particular to [[haiku]] poems.\\n\\n===Single\n        character gairaigo===\\nIn some rare cases, an individual kanji has a reading\n        that is borrowed from a modern foreign language ([[gairaigo]]), though most\n        often these words are written in katakana. Notable examples include {{nihongo||\\u9801\\u3001\\u30da\\u30fc\\u30b8|p\\u0113ji|page}},\n        {{nihongo||\\u91e6\\uff0f\\u9215\\u3001\\u30dc\\u30bf\\u30f3|botan|button}}, {{nihongo||\\u96f6\\u3001\\u30bc\\u30ed|zero|zero}},\n        and {{nihongo||\\u7c73\\u3001\\u30e1\\u30fc\\u30c8\\u30eb|m\\u0113toru|meter}}. See\n        [[wikt:Appendix:Single character gairaigo|list of single character gairaigo]]\n        for more. These are classed as ''''kun''yomi'''' of a single character, because\n        the character is being used for meaning only (without the Chinese pronunciation),\n        rather than as [[ateji]], which is the classification used when a gairaigo\n        term is written as a compound (2 or more characters). However, unlike the\n        vast majority of other ''''kun''yomi'''', these readings are not native Japanese,\n        but rather borrowed, so the \\\"kun''yomi\\\" label can be misleading. The readings\n        are also written in katakana, unlike the usual hiragana for native ''''kun''yomi''''.\n        Note that most of these characters are for units, particularly [[International\n        System of Units#Chinese and Japanese|SI units]], in many cases using new characters\n        ([[kokuji]]) coined during the [[Meiji period]], such as {{nihongo||\\u7c81\\u3001\\u30ad\\u30ed\\u30e1\\u30fc\\u30c8\\u30eb|kirom\\u0113toru|kilometer,\n        \\u7c73 \\\"meter\\\" + \\u5343 \\\"thousand\\\"}}.\\n\\n===Other readings===\\nSome kanji\n        also have lesser-known readings called ''''[[nanori]]'''' (\\u540d\\u4e57\\u308a),\n        which are mostly used for names (often [[given name]]s) and in general, are\n        closely related to the ''''kun''yomi''''. Place names sometimes also use ''''nanori''''\n        or, occasionally, unique readings not found elsewhere.\\n\\nFor example, there\n        is the surname {{lang|ja|\\u5c0f\\u9ce5\\u904a}} (literally, \\\"little birds at\n        play\\\") that implies there are no predators, such as hawks, present. Pronounced,\n        \\\"''''kotori asobu''''\\\". The name then can also mean {{lang|ja|\\u9df9\\u304c\\u3044\\u306a\\u3044}}\n        (''''taka ga inai'''', literally, \\\"no hawks around\\\") and it can be shortened\n        to be pronounced as ''''Takanashi''''.[http://myoji-yurai.net/searchResult.htm?myojiKanji=\\u5c0f\\u9ce5\\u904a\n        \\u3010\\u540d\\u5b57\\u3011\\u5c0f\\u9ce5\\u904a]\\n\\n===When to use which\n        reading===\\nAlthough there are general rules for when to use ''''on''yomi''''\n        and when to use ''''kun''yomi'''', the language is littered with exceptions,\n        and it is not always possible for even a native speaker to know how to read\n        a character without prior knowledge (this is especially true for names, both\n        of people and places); further, a given character may have multiple ''''kun''yomi''''\n        or ''''on''yomi.'''' When reading Japanese, one primarily recognizes ''''words''''\n        (multiple characters and okurigana) and their readings, rather than individual\n        characters, and only guess readings of characters when trying to \\\"sound out\\\"\n        an unrecognized word.\\n\\nHomographs exist, however, which can sometimes be\n        deduced from context, and sometimes cannot, requiring a glossary.  For example,\n        \\u4eca\\u65e5 may be read either as ''''ky\\u014d'''' \\\"today (informal)\\\" (special\n        fused reading for native word) or as ''''konnichi'''' \\\"these days (formal)\\\"\n        (''''on''yomi''''); in formal writing this will generally be read as ''''konnichi''''.\n        In some cases multiple readings are common, as in \\u8c5a\\u6c41 \\\"pork soup\\\",\n        which is commonly pronounced both as ''''ton-jiru'''' (mixed ''''on-kun'''')\n        and ''''buta-jiru'''' (''''kun-kun''''), with ''''ton'''' somewhat more common\n        nationally. Inconsistencies abound \\u2013 for example \\u725b\\u8089 ''''gyu-niku''''\n        \\\"beef\\\" and \\u7f8a\\u8089 ''''y\\u014d-niku'''' \\\"mutton\\\" have ''''on-on''''\n        readings, but \\u8c5a\\u8089 ''''buta-niku'''' \\\"pork\\\" and \\u9d8f\\u8089 ''''tori-niku''''\n        \\\"poultry\\\" have ''''kun-on'''' readings.\\n\\nThe main guideline is that a\n        single kanji followed by ''''okurigana'''' (hiragana characters that are part\n        of the word) \\u2013 as used in native verbs and adjectives \\u2013 ''''always''''\n        indicates ''''kun''yomi,'''' while kanji compounds (kango) usually use ''''on''yomi,''''\n        which is usually ''''kan-on;'''' however, other ''''on''yomi'''' are also\n        common, and ''''kun''yomi'''' are also commonly used in kango. For a kanji\n        in isolation without okurigana, it is typically read using their ''''kun''yomi,''''\n        though there are numerous exceptions. For example, {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9244}}\n        \\\"iron\\\" is usually read with the ''''on''yomi'''' ''''tetsu'''' rather than\n        the ''''kun''yomi'''' ''''kurogane.'''' Chinese ''''on''yomi'''' which are\n        not the common ''''kan-on'''' reading are a frequent cause of difficulty or\n        mistakes when encountering unfamiliar words or for inexperienced readers,\n        though skilled natives will recognize the word; a good example is {{Nihongo||\\u89e3\\u6bd2|ge-doku|detoxification,\n        anti-poison}} (''''go-on''''), where {{Nihongo||\\u89e3}} is usually instead\n        read as ''''kai''''.\\n\\n[[Okurigana]] are used with ''''kun''yomi'''' to mark\n        the inflected ending of a native verb or adjective, or by convention. Note\n        that Japanese verbs and adjectives are [[closed class]], and do not generally\n        admit new words (borrowed Chinese vocabulary, which are nouns, can form verbs\n        by adding {{Nihongo||\\u301c\\u3059\\u308b|-suru|to do}} at the end, and adjectives\n        via \\u301c\\u306e ''''-no'''' or \\u301c\\u306a ''''-na'''', but cannot become\n        native Japanese vocabulary, which inflect). For example: \\u8d64\\u3044 ''''aka-i''''\n        \\\"red\\\", \\u65b0\\u3057\\u3044 ''''atara-shii'''' \\\"new\\\", \\u898b\\u308b ''''mi-ru''''\n        \\\"(to) see\\\". Okurigana can be used to indicate which ''''kun''yomi'''' to\n        use, as in \\u98df\\u3079\\u308b ''''ta-beru'''' versus \\u98df\\u3046 ''''ku-u''''\n        (casual), both meaning \\\"(to) eat\\\", but this is not always sufficient, as\n        in \\u958b\\u304f, which may be read as ''''a-ku'''' or ''''hira-ku,'''' both\n        meaning \\\"(to) open\\\". \\u751f is a particularly complicated example, with\n        multiple ''''kun'''' and ''''on''yomi'''' \\u2013 see [[Okurigana#\\u751f|okurigana:\n        \\u751f]] for details. Okurigana is also used for some nouns and adverbs, as\n        in \\u60c5\\u3051 ''''nasake'''' \\\"sympathy\\\",  \\u5fc5\\u305a ''''kanarazu''''\n        \\\"invariably\\\", but not for \\u91d1 ''''kane'''' \\\"money\\\", for instance. [[Okurigana]]\n        is an important aspect of kanji usage in Japanese; see that article for more\n        information on ''''kun''yomi'''' orthography\\n\\n{{anchor|jukugo|multi-kanji\n        compound words}}\\nKanji occurring in {{nihongo|compounds (multi-kanji words)|\\u719f\\u8a9e|jukugo}}\n        are generally read using ''''on''yomi'''', especially for four-character compounds\n        (''''[[yojijukugo]]''''). Though again, exceptions abound, for example, \\u60c5\\u5831\n        ''''j\\u014dh\\u014d'''' \\\"information\\\", \\u5b66\\u6821 ''''gakk\\u014d'''' \\\"school\\\",\n        and \\u65b0\\u5e79\\u7dda ''''shinkansen'''' \\\"bullet train\\\" all follow this\n        pattern. This isolated kanji versus compound distinction gives words for similar\n        concepts completely different pronunciations. \\u6771 \\\"east\\\" and \\u5317 \\\"north\\\"\n        use the ''''kun''yomi'''' ''''higashi'''' and ''''kita'''', being stand-alone\n        characters, while \\u5317\\u6771 \\\"northeast\\\", as a compound, uses the ''''on''yomi''''\n        ''''hokut\\u014d''''. This is further complicated by the fact that many kanji\n        have more than one ''''on''yomi'''': \\u751f is read as ''''sei'''' in \\u5148\\u751f\n        ''''sensei'''' \\\"teacher\\\" but as ''''sh\\u014d'''' in \\u4e00\\u751f ''''issh\\u014d''''\n        \\\"one''s whole life\\\". Meaning can also be an important indicator of reading;\n        \\u6613 is read ''''i'''' when it means \\\"simple\\\", but as ''''eki'''' when\n        it means \\\"divination\\\", both being ''''on''yomi'''' for this character.\\n\\nThese\n        rules of thumb have many exceptions. ''''Kun''yomi'''' compound words are\n        not as numerous as those with ''''on''yomi'''', but neither are they rare.\n        Examples include \\u624b\\u7d19 ''''tegami'''' \\\"letter\\\", \\u65e5\\u5098 ''''higasa''''\n        \\\"parasol\\\", and the famous \\u795e\\u98a8 ''''[[kamikaze]]'''' \\\"divine wind\\\".\n        Such compounds may also have okurigana, such as \\u7a7a\\u63da\\u3052 (also written\n        \\u5510\\u63da\\u3052) ''''karaage'''' \\\"Chinese-style fried chicken\\\" and \\u6298\\u308a\\u7d19\n        ''''[[origami]]'''', although many of these can also be written with the okurigana\n        omitted (for example, \\u7a7a\\u63da or \\u6298\\u7d19).\\n\\nSimilarly, some ''''on''yomi''''\n        characters can also be used as words in isolation: \\u611b ''''ai'''' \\\"love\\\",\n        \\u7985 ''''[[Zen]]'''', \\u70b9 ''''ten'''' \\\"mark, dot\\\". Most of these cases\n        involve kanji that have no ''''kun''yomi'''', so there can be no confusion,\n        although exceptions do occur. Alone \\u91d1 may be read as ''''kin'''' \\\"gold\\\"\n        or as ''''kane'''' \\\"money, metal\\\"; only context can determine the writer''s\n        intended reading and meaning.\\n\\nMultiple readings have given rise to a number\n        of [[homograph]]s, in some cases having different meanings depending on how\n        they are read. One example is \\u4e0a\\u624b, which can be read in three different\n        ways: ''''j\\u014dzu'''' (skilled), ''''uwate'''' (upper part), or ''''kamite''''\n        ([[Blocking (stage)#Stage directions|stage left/house right]]). In addition,\n        \\u4e0a\\u624b\\u3044 has the reading ''''umai'''' (skilled). More subtly, \\u660e\\u65e5\n        has three different readings, all meaning \\\"tomorrow\\\": ''''ashita'''' (casual),\n        ''''asu'''' (polite), and ''''my\\u014dnichi'''' (formal). [[Furigana]] (reading\n        glosses) is often used to clarify any potential ambiguities.\\n\\nConversely,\n        in some cases homophonous terms may be distinguished in writing by different\n        characters, but not so distinguished in speech, and hence potentially confusing.\n        In some cases when it is important to distinguish these in speech, the reading\n        of a relevant character may be changed. For example, \\u79c1\\u7acb (privately\n        established, esp. school) and \\u5e02\\u7acb (city established) are both normally\n        pronounced ''''shi-ritsu;'''' in speech these may be distinguished by the\n        alternative pronunciations ''''watakushi-ritsu'''' and ''''ichi-ritsu.''''\n        More informally, in legal jargon \\u524d\\u6587 \\\"preamble\\\" and \\u5168\\u6587\n        \\\"full text\\\" are both pronounced ''''zen-bun,'''' so \\u524d\\u6587 may be\n        pronounced ''''mae-bun'''' for clarity, as in \\\"Have you memorized the preamble\n        [not ''whole text''] of the constitution?\\\". As in these examples, this is\n        primarily using a ''''kun''yomi'''' for one character in a normally ''''on''yomi''''\n        term.\\n\\nAs stated above, [[#Mixed readings|''''j\\u016bbako'''' and ''''yut\\u014d''''\n        readings]] are also not uncommon. Indeed, all four combinations of reading\n        are possible: ''''on-on'''', ''''kun-kun'''', ''''kun-on'''' and ''''on-kun''''.\\n\\nSome\n        famous place names, including [[names of Japan|those of Japan]] itself (\\u65e5\\u672c\n        ''''Nihon'''' or sometimes ''''Nippon'''') and that of [[Tokyo]] (\\u6771\\u4eac\n        ''''T\\u014dky\\u014d'''') are read with ''''on''yomi''''; \\nhowever, the majority\n        of Japanese place names are read with ''''kun''yomi'''': \\u5927\\u962a ''''\\u014csaka'''',\n        \\u9752\\u68ee ''''Aomori'''', \\u7bb1\\u6839 ''''Hakone''''. Names often use\n        characters and readings that are not in common use outside of names. When\n        characters are used as abbreviations of place names, their reading may not\n        match that in the original. The Osaka (\\u5927\\u962a) and Kobe (\\u795e\\u6238)\n        baseball team, the Hanshin (\\u962a\\u795e) Tigers, take their name from the\n        ''''on''yomi'''' of the second kanji of ''''\\u014csaka'''' and the first of\n        ''''K\\u014dbe''''. The name of the Keisei (\\u4eac\\u6210) railway line \\u2013\n        linking Tokyo (\\u6771\\u4eac) and Narita (\\u6210\\u7530) \\u2013 is formed similarly,\n        although the reading of \\u4eac from \\u6771\\u4eac is ''''kei'''', despite ''''ky\\u014d''''\n        already being an ''''on''yomi'''' in the word ''''T\\u014dky\\u014d''''.\\n\\n[[Japanese\n        family name]]s are also usually read with ''''kun''yomi'''': \\u5c71\\u7530\n        ''''Yamada'''', \\u7530\\u4e2d ''''Tanaka'''', \\u9234\\u6728 ''''Suzuki''''.\n        \\nJapanese [[Given name|given names]] often have very irregular readings.\n        Although they are not typically considered ''''j\\u016bbako'''' or ''''yut\\u014d'''',\n        they often contain mixtures of ''''kun''yomi'''', ''''on''yomi'''' and ''''nanori,''''\n        such as \\u5927\\u52a9 ''''Daisuke'''' [''''on-kun''''], \\u590f\\u7f8e ''''Natsumi''''\n        [''''kun-on'''']. Being chosen at the discretion of the parents, the readings\n        of given names do not follow any set rules, and it is impossible to know with\n        certainty how to read a person''s name without independent verification. Parents\n        can be quite creative, and rumours abound of children called \\u5730\\u7403\n        ''''\\u0100su'''' (\\\"Earth\\\") and \\u5929\\u4f7f ''''Enjeru'''' (\\\"Angel\\\");\n        neither are common names, and have normal readings ''''chiky\\u016b'''' and\n        ''''tenshi'''' respectively. Some common Japanese names can be written in\n        multiple ways, e.g. Akira can be written as \\u4eae, \\u5f70, \\u660e, \\u9855,\n        \\u7ae0, \\u8074, \\u5149, \\u6676, \\u6644, \\u5f6c, \\u6636, \\u4e86, \\u79cb\\u826f,\n        \\u660e\\u697d, \\u65e5\\u65e5\\u65e5, \\u4e9c\\u7d00\\u826f, \\u5b89\\u559c\\u826f and\n        many other characters and kanji combinations not listed,{{Cite web|title\n        = ateji Archives - Tofugu|url = http://www.tofugu.com/tag/ateji/|website =\n        Tofugu|access-date = 2016-02-18|language = en-US}} Satoshi can be written\n        as \\u8061, \\u54f2, \\u54f2\\u53f2, \\u609f, \\u4f50\\u767b\\u53f2, \\u6681, \\u8a13,\n        \\u54f2\\u58eb, \\u54f2\\u53f8, \\u654f, \\u8aed, \\u667a, \\u4f50\\u767b\\u53f8, \\u7e3d,\n        \\u91cc\\u53f2, \\u4e09\\u5341\\u56db, \\u4e86, \\u667a\\u8a5e, etc.,{{Cite web|url=http://jisho.org/search/Satoshi|title=Satoshi\n        - Jisho.org|website=jisho.org|access-date=2016-03-05}} and Haruka can\n        be written as \\u9065, \\u6625\\u9999, \\u6674\\u9999, \\u9065\\u9999, \\u6625\\u679c,\n        \\u6674\\u590f, \\u6625\\u8cc0, \\u6625\\u4f73, and several other possibilities.{{Cite\n        web|url=http://jisho.org/search/Haruka|title=Haruka - Jisho.org|website=jisho.org|access-date=2016-03-05}}\n        Common patterns do exist, however, allowing experienced readers to make a\n        good guess for most names. To alleviate any confusion on how to pronounce\n        the names of other Japanese people, official Japanese documents require Japanese\n        to write their names in both kana and kanji.\\n\\nChinese place names and [[Chinese\n        personal name]]s appearing in Japanese texts, if spelled in kanji, are almost\n        invariably read with ''''on''yomi''''. Especially for older and well-known\n        names, the resulting Japanese pronunciation may differ widely from that used\n        by modern Chinese speakers. For example, [[Mao Zedong]]''s name is pronounced\n        as {{nihongo||\\u6bdb\\u6ca2\\u6771|M\\u014d Takut\\u014d}} in Japanese, and the\n        name of the legendary Monkey King, [[Sun Wukong]], is pronounced ''''[[Son\n        Goku (Journey to the West)|Son Gok\\u016b]]'''' (\\u5b6b\\u609f\\u7a7a) in Japanese.\\n\\nToday,\n        Chinese names that are not well known in Japan are often spelled in [[katakana]]\n        instead, in a form much more closely approximating the native Chinese pronunciation.\n        Alternatively, they may be written in kanji with katakana furigana. Many such\n        cities has names that come from non-[[Chinese languages]] like [[Mongolian\n        language|Mongolian]] or [[Manchu]]. Examples of such not-well-known Chinese\n        names include:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! rowspan=\\\"2\\\" |English name\\n! colspan=\\\"3\\\"\n        |Japanese name\\n|-\\n!R\\u014dmaji\\n!Katakana\\n!Kanji\\n|-\\n|Harbin\\n|''''Harubin''''\\n|\\u30cf\\u30eb\\u30d3\\u30f3\\n|\\u54c8\\u723e\\u6d5c\\n|-\\n|\\u00dcr\\u00fcmqi\\n|''''Urumuchi''''\\n|\\u30a6\\u30eb\\u30e0\\u30c1\\n|\\u70cf\\u9b6f\\u6728\\u6589\\n|-\\n|Qiqihar\\n|''''Chichiharu''''\\n|\\u30c1\\u30c1\\u30cf\\u30eb\\n|\\u6589\\u6589\\u54c8\\u723e\\n|-\\n|Lhasa\\n|''''Rasa''''\\n|\\u30e9\\u30b5\\n|\\u62c9\\u85a9\\n|}\\nInternationally\n        renowned Chinese-named cities tend to imitate the older English pronunciations\n        of their names, regardless of the kanji''s ''''on''yomi'''' or the Mandarin\n        or Cantonese pronunciation'''','''' and can be written in either katakana\n        or kanji. Examples include:\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n! rowspan=\\\"2\\\" |English\n        name\\n! rowspan=\\\"2\\\" |Mandarin name (Pinyin)\\n! rowspan=\\\"2\\\" |Cantonese\n        name (Yale)\\n! colspan=\\\"3\\\" |Japanese name\\n|-\\n!Kanji\\n!Katakana\\n!R\\u014dmaji\\n|-\\n|Hong\n        Kong\\n|''''Xianggang''''\\n|''''H\\u0113ung G\\u00f3ng''''\\n|\\u9999\\u6e2f\\n|\\u30db\\u30f3\\u30b3\\u30f3\\n|''''Honkon''''\\n|-\\n|Macao/Macau\\n|''''Ao''men''''\\n|''''Ou\n        M\\u00f9hn''''\\n|\\u6fb3\\u9580\\n|\\u30de\\u30ab\\u30aa\\n|''''Makao''''\\n|-\\n|Shanghai\\n|''''Shanghai''''\\n|''''Seuhng\n        H\\u00f3i''''\\n|\\u4e0a\\u6d77 \\n|\\u30b7\\u30e3\\u30f3\\u30cf\\u30a4\\n|''''Shanhai''''\\n|-\\n|Beijing\n        (formerly Peking)\\n|''''Beijing''''\\n|''''B\\u0101k G\\u012bng''''\\n|\\u5317\\u4eac\\n|\\u30da\\u30ad\\u30f3\\n|''''Pekin''''\\n|-\\n|Nanjing\n        (formerly Nanking)\\n|''''Nanjing''''\\n|''''N\\u00e0ahm G\\u012bng''''\\n|\\u5357\\u4eac\n        \\n|\\u30ca\\u30f3\\u30ad\\u30f3\\n|''''Nankin''''\\n|-\\n|Taipei\\n|''''Taibei''''\\n|''''T\\u00f2ih\n        B\\u0101k''''\\n|\\u53f0\\u5317\\n|\\u30bf\\u30a4\\u30da\\u30a4\\n|''''Taipei''''\\n|-\\n|Tainan\\n|''''Tainan''''\\n|''''T\\u00f2ih\n        N\\u00e0ahm''''\\n|\\u53f0\\u5357\\n|\\u30bf\\u30a4\\u30ca\\u30f3\\n|''''Tainan''''\\n|-\\n|Kaohsiung\\n|''''Gaoxiong''''\\n|''''G\\u014du\n        H\\u00f9hng''''\\n|\\u9ad8\\u96c4\\n|\\u30ab\\u30aa\\u30b7\\u30e5\\u30f3 / \\u30bf\\u30ab\\u30aa\\n|''''Kaoshun''''\n        / ''''Takao''''\\n|}\\n\\nNotes: \\n*Guangzhou, the city, is pronounced ''''K\\u014dsh\\u016b'''',\n        while Guangdong, its province, is pronounced ''''Kanton'''', not ''''K\\u014dt\\u014d''''\n        (in this case, opting for a T\\u014d-on reading rather than the usual Kan-on).\\n*Kaohsiung\n        was originally pronounced ''''Takao'''' (or similar) in [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]\n        and Japanese. It received this written [[Kaohsiung#Etymology and names|name]]\n        (kanji/Chinese) from Japanese, and later its spoken Mandarin name from the\n        corresponding characters. The English name \\\"Kaohsiung\\\" derived from its\n        Mandarin pronunciation. Today it is pronounced either \\u30ab\\u30aa\\u30b7\\u30e5\\u30f3\n        or \\u30bf\\u30ab\\u30aa in Japanese.\\n\\nIn some cases the same kanji can appear\n        in a given word with different readings. Normally this occurs when a character\n        is duplicated and the reading of the second character has voicing (''''[[rendaku]]''''),\n        as in {{lang|ja|\\u4eba\\u4eba}} ''''hito-bito'''' \\\"people\\\" (more often written\n        with the [[iteration mark]] as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u4eba\\u3005}}), but in rare\n        cases the readings can be unrelated, as in {{nihongo||\\u8df3\\u3073\\u8df3\\u306d\\u308b|tobi-haneru|\\\"hop\n        around\\\", more often written {{lang|ja|\\u98db\\u3073\\u8df3\\u306d\\u308b}}}}.\\n\\n===Pronunciation\n        assistance===\\nBecause of the ambiguities involved, kanji sometimes have their\n        pronunciation for the given context spelled out in [[ruby character]]s known\n        as ''''[[furigana]]'''', (small ''''[[kana]]'''' written above or to the right\n        of the character) or ''''kumimoji'''' (small ''''kana'''' written in-line\n        after the character). This is especially true in texts for children or foreign\n        learners. It is also used in [[newspaper]]s and ''''[[manga]]'''' (comics)\n        for rare or unusual readings and for characters not included in the officially\n        recognized set of [[j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji|essential kanji]]. Works of fiction\n        sometimes use ''''furigana'''' to create new \\\"words\\\" by giving normal kanji\n        non-standard readings, or to attach a foreign word rendered in katakana as\n        the reading for a kanji or kanji compound of the same or similar meaning.\\n\\n===Spelling\n        words===\\nConversely, specifying a given kanji, or spelling out a kanji word\\u2014whether\n        the pronunciation is known or not\\u2014can be complicated, due to the fact\n        that there is not a commonly used standard way to refer to individual kanji\n        (one does not refer to \\\"kanji #237\\\"), and that a given reading does not\n        map to a single kanji\\u2014indeed there are many homophonous ''''words,''''\n        not simply individual characters, particularly for ''''kango'''' (with ''''on''yomi'''').\n        Easiest is to write the word out\\u2014either on paper or tracing it in the\n        air\\u2014or look it up (given the pronunciation) in a dictionary, particularly\n        an electronic dictionary; when this is not possible, such as when speaking\n        over the phone or writing implements are not available (and tracing in air\n        is too complicated), various techniques can be used. These include giving\n        ''''kun''yomi'''' for characters\\u2014these are often unique\\u2014using a\n        well-known word with the same character (and preferably the same pronunciation\n        and meaning), and describing the character via its components. For example,\n        one may explain how to spell the word {{Nihongo||\\u9999\\u8f9b\\u6599|k\\u014dshinry\\u014d|spice}}\n        via the words {{Nihongo||\\u9999\\u308a|kao-ri|fragrance}}, {{Nihongo||\\u8f9b\\u3044|kara-i|spicy}},\n        and {{Nihongo||\\u98f2\\u6599|in-ry\\u014d|beverage}}\\u2014the first two use\n        the ''''kun''yomi'''', the third is a well-known compound\\u2014saying \\\"''''kaori,''''\n        ''''karai,'''' ''''ry\\u014d'''' as in ''''inry\\u014d''''.\\\"\\n\\n===Dictionaries===\\nIn\n        dictionaries, both words and individual characters have readings glossed,\n        via various conventions. Native words and Sino-Japanese vocabulary are glossed\n        in hiragana (for both ''''kun'''' and ''''on'''' readings), while borrowings\n        (''''gairaigo'''') \\u2013 including modern borrowings from Chinese \\u2013\n        are glossed in katakana; this is the standard writing convention also used\n        in furigana. By contrast, readings for individual characters are conventionally\n        written in katakana for ''''on'''' readings, and hiragana for ''''kun''''\n        readings. Kun readings may further have a separator to indicate which characters\n        are okurigana, and which are considered readings of the character itself.\n        For example, in the entry for \\u98df, the reading corresponding to the basic\n        verb {{Nihongo|''''eat''''|\\u98df\\u3079\\u308b|taberu}} may be written as {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u305f.\\u3079\\u308b}}\n        (''''ta.beru''''), to indicate that ''''ta'''' is the reading of the character\n        itself. Further, [[kanji dictionary|kanji dictionaries]] often list compounds\n        including irregular readings of a kanji.\\n\\n==Local developments and divergences\n        from Chinese==\\nSince kanji are essentially Chinese ''''[[hanzi]]'''' used\n        to write Japanese, the majority of characters used in modern Japanese still\n        retain their Chinese meaning, physical resemblance with some of their modern\n        [[traditional Chinese characters]] counterparts, and a degree of similarity\n        with [[Classical Chinese]] pronunciation imported to Japan from 5th to 9th\n        century. Nevertheless, after centuries of development, there is a notable\n        number of kanji used in modern Japanese which have different meaning from\n        ''''hanzi'''' used in modern Chinese. Such differences are the result of:\\n*\n        the use of characters created in Japan,\\n* characters that have been given\n        different meanings in Japanese, and \\n* post-[[World War II]] simplifications\n        (''''[[shinjitai]]'''') of the character.\\n\\nLikewise, the process of [[simplified\n        characters|character simplification]] in [[mainland China]] since the 1950s\n        has resulted in the fact that Japanese speakers who have not studied Chinese\n        may not recognize some simplified characters.\\n\\n===Kokuji {{anchor|Wasei\n        kanji}} ===\\n{{see also|Gukja|Chu Nom|Chinese family of scripts#Adaptations\n        for other languages}}\\nIn Japanese, {{nihongo||[[:ja:\\u56fd\\u5b57|\\u56fd\\u5b57]]|Kokuji|\\\"national\n        characters\\\"}} refers to Chinese characters made outside of China. Specifically,\n        kanji made in Japan are referred to as {{nihongo||\\u548c\\u88fd\\u6f22\\u5b57|Wasei\n        kanji}}. They are primarily formed in the usual way of Chinese characters,\n        namely by combining existing components, though using a combination that is\n        not used in China. The corresponding phenomenon in Korea is called ''''[[gukja]]''''\n        (\\u570b\\u5b57), a cognate name; there are however far fewer Korean-coined\n        characters than Japanese-coined ones. [[Chinese family of scripts#Adaptations\n        for other languages|Other languages]] using the [[Chinese family of scripts]]\n        sometimes have far more extensive systems of native characters, most significantly\n        Vietnamese [[ch\\u1eef n\\u00f4m]], which comprises over 20,000 characters used\n        throughout traditional Vietnamese writing, and [[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]]\n        [[sawndip]], which comprises over 10,000 characters, which are still in use.\\n\\nSince\n        kokuji are generally devised for existing native words, these usually only\n        have native [[Kun reading#Kun''yomi (Japanese reading)|''''kun'''' readings]].\n        However, they occasionally have a Chinese [[On reading#On''yomi (Sino-Japanese\n        reading)|''''on'''' reading]], derived from a phonetic, as in {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}},\n        ''''d\\u014d,'''' from {{lang|ja|\\u52d5}}, and in rare cases only have an ''''on''''\n        reading, as in {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}}, ''''sen,'''' from {{lang|ja|\\u6cc9}},\n        which was derived for use in technical compounds ({{lang|ja|\\u817a}} means\n        \\\"gland\\\", hence used in medical terminology).\\n\\nThe majority of kokuji are\n        [[Chinese character classification#Ideogrammatic compounds|ideogrammatic compounds]]\n        ({{lang|ja|\\u4f1a\\u610f\\u5b57}}), meaning that they are composed of two (or\n        more) characters, with the meaning associated with the combination. For example,\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}} is composed of \\u4ebb (person radical) plus {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u52d5}}\n        (action), hence \\\"action of a person, work\\\". This is in contrast to kanji\n        generally, which are overwhelmingly phono-semantic compounds. This difference\n        is because kokuji were coined to express Japanese words, so borrowing existing\n        (Chinese) readings could not express these \\u2013 combining existing characters\n        to logically express the meaning was the simplest way to achieve this. Other\n        illustrative examples (below) include {{lang|ja|\\u698a}} ''''[[sakaki]]''''\n        tree, formed as \\u6728 \\\"tree\\\" and {{lang|ja|\\u795e}} \\\"god\\\", literally\n        \\\"divine tree\\\", and {{lang|ja|\\u8fbb}} ''''tsuji'''' \\\"crossroads, street\\\"\n        formed as {{lang|ja|\\u8fb6}} (\\u2ecc) \\\"road\\\" and {{lang|ja|\\u5341}} \\\"cross\\\",\n        hence \\\"cross-road\\\".\\n\\nIn terms of meanings, these are especially for natural\n        phenomena (esp. [[flora]] and [[fauna]] [[species]]) that were not present\n        in ancient China, including a very large number of fish, such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9c2f}}\n        ([[sardine]]), \\u9c48 ([[codfish]]), \\u9bb4 ([[Perch (disambiguation)|seaperch]]),\n        and \\u9c5a ([[sillago]]), and trees, such as \\u6a2b ([[evergreen oak]]), \\u6919\n        ([[Japanese cedar]]), \\u691b ([[birch]], [[maple]]) and \\u67fe ([[spindle\n        tree]]).{{Cite news|url=http://www.tofugu.com/japanese/kokuji/?series=kanji|title=Kokuji:\n        \\\"Made In Japan,\\\" Kanji Edition|last=Koichi|date=2012-08-21|work=Tofugu|access-date=2017-03-05|language=en-US}}\n        In other cases they refer to specifically Japanese abstract concepts, everyday\n        words (like \\u8fbb), or later technical coinages (such as \\u817a).\\n\\nThere\n        are hundreds of ''''kokuji'''' in existence.{{citation | title = SLJ\n        FAQ | url = http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/kokuji-list.html | chapter = Kokuji\n        list}}.  Many are rarely used, but a number have become commonly used\n        components of the written Japanese language. These include the following:\\n\\nJ\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji has about 9 kokuji; there is some dispute over classification, but generally\n        includes these:\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3069\\u3046}} ''''d\\u014d'''',\n        {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u306f\\u305f\\u3089(\\u304f)}} ''''hatara(ku)'''' \\\"work\\\", the\n        most commonly used kokuji, used in the fundamental verb {{nihongo||\\u50cd\\u304f|hatara(ku)|\\\"work\\\"}},\n        included in elementary texts and on the [[Japanese Language Proficiency Test|Proficiency\n        Test]] N5.\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8fbc}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3053(\\u3080)}} ''''ko(mu)'''',\n        used in the fundamental verb {{nihongo||\\u8fbc\\u3080|komu|\\\"to be crowded\\\"}}\\n*\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5302}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u306b\\u304a(\\u3046)}} ''''nio(u)'''',\n        used in common verb {{nihongo||\\u5302\\u3046|niou|\\\"to smell, to be fragrant\\\"}}\\n*\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u7551}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u306f\\u305f\\u3051}} ''''hatake''''\n        \\\"field of crops\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u305b\\u3093}}\n        ''''sen'''', \\\"gland\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5ce0}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3068\\u3046\\u3052}}\n        ''''t\\u014dge'''' \\\"mountain pass\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u67a0}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u308f\\u304f}}\n        ''''waku'''', \\\"frame\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5840}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3078\\u3044}}\n        ''''hei'''', \\\"wall\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u643e}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3057\\u307c(\\u308b)}}\n        ''''shibo(ru)'''', \\\"to squeeze\\\" (disputed; see below); a \\n''''jinmeiy\\u014d\n        kanji''''\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u698a}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3055\\u304b\\u304d}} ''''sakaki''''\n        \\\"tree, genus ''''[[Sakaki|Cleyera]]''''\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8fbb}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3064\\u3058}}\n        ''''tsuji'''' \\\"crossroads, street\\\"\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u5301}} {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3082\\u3093\\u3081}}\n        ''''monme'''' (unit of weight)\\nHy\\u014dgaiji:\\n* {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u8ebe}}\n        {{lang|ja-Kana|\\u3057\\u3064\\u3051}} ''''shitsuke'''' \\\"training, rearing (an\n        animal, a child)\\\"\\n\\nSome of these characters (for example, {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u817a}},\n        \\\"gland\\\")Buck, James H. (October 15, 1969) \\\"Some Observations on kokuji\\\"\n        in ''''The Journal-Newsletter of the Association of Teachers of Japanese'''',\n        Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 45\\u20139. have been introduced to China. In some\n        cases the Chinese reading is the inferred Chinese reading, interpreting the\n        character as a phono-semantic compound (as in how ''''on'''' readings are\n        sometimes assigned to these characters in Chinese), while in other cases (such\n        as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u50cd}}), the Japanese ''''on'''' reading is borrowed (in\n        general this differs from the modern Chinese pronunciation of this phonetic).\n        Similar coinages occurred to a more limited extent in Korea and Vietnam.\\n\\nHistorically,\n        some kokuji date back to very early Japanese writing, being found in the ''''[[Man''y\\u014dsh\\u016b]],''''\n        for example \\u2013 {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9c2f}} ''''iwashi'''' \\\"sardine\\\" dates\n        to the [[Nara period]] (8th century) \\u2013 while they have continued to be\n        created as late as the late 19th century, when a number of characters were\n        coined in the [[Meiji era]] for new scientific concepts. For example, some\n        characters were produced as regular compounds for some (but not all) SI units,\n        such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u7c81}} (\\u7c73 \\\"meter\\\" + \\u5343 \\\"thousand, kilo-\\\")\n        for kilometer, \\u7acf (\\u7acb \\\"liter\\\" + \\u5343 \\\"thousand, kilo-\\\") for\n        kiloliter, and \\u74e9 (\\u74e6 \\\"gram\\\" + \\\"thousand, kilo-\\\") for kilogram\n        \\u2013 see [[International System of Units#Chinese and Japanese|Chinese characters\n        for SI units]] for details. However, SI units in Japanese today are almost\n        exclusively written using r\\u014dmaji or katakana such as \\u30ad\\u30ed\\u30e1\\u30fc\\u30c8\\u30eb\n        or \\u3316 for km, \\u30ad\\u30ed\\u30ea\\u30c3\\u30c8\\u30eb for kl, and \\u30ad\\u30ed\\u30b0\\u30e9\\u30e0\n        or \\u3315 for kg.{{Cite web|url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/kokuji-list.html|title=A\n        list of kokuji (\\u56fd\\u5b57)|website=www.sljfaq.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-05}}\\n\\nIn\n        Japan the kokuji category is strictly defined as characters whose ''''earliest''''\n        appearance is in Japan. If a character appears earlier in the Chinese literature,\n        it is not considered a kokuji even if the character was independently coined\n        in Japan and unrelated to the Chinese character (meaning \\\"not borrowed from\n        Chinese\\\"). In other words, kokuji are not simply characters that were made\n        in Japan, but characters that were ''''first'''' made in Japan. An illustrative\n        example is {{Nihongo||\\u9b9f\\u9c47|ank\\u014d|[[monkfish]]}}. This spelling\n        was created in Edo period Japan from the [[ateji]] (phonetic kanji spelling)\n        \\u5b89\\u5eb7 for the existing word ''''ank\\u014d'''' by adding the \\u9b5a\n        radical to each character \\u2013 the characters were \\\"made in Japan\\\". However,\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b9f}} is not considered kokuji, as it is found in ancient\n        Chinese texts as a corruption of {{lang|zh-hant|\\u9c0b}} (\\u9b5a\\u533d). {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9c47}}\n        is considered kokuji, as it has not been found in any earlier Chinese text.\n        Casual listings may be more inclusive, including characters such as {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b9f}}.[http://www.kanjijiten.net/japanese.html\n        \\u56fd\\u5b57] at [http://www.kanjijiten.net/ \\u6f22\\u5b57\\u8f9e\\u5178\\u30cd\\u30c3\\u30c8]\n        demonstrates this, listing both {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b9f}} and {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9c47}}\n        as kokuji, but starring {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b9f}} and stating that dictionaries\n        do not consider it to be a kokuji. Another example is {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u643e}},\n        which is sometimes not considered kokuji due to its earlier presence as a\n        corruption of Chinese {{lang|zh-hant|\\u69a8}}.\\n\\n===Kokkun===\\nIn addition\n        to ''''kokuji'''', there are kanji that have been given meanings in Japanese\n        different from their original Chinese meanings. These are not considered ''''kokuji''''\n        but are instead called ''''kok{{zwnj}}[[#kunyomi|kun]]'''' (\\u56fd\\u8a13)\n        and include characters such as the following:\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        rowspan=2 |  {{abbr|Char.|Character (both Kanji and Hanzi)}} !! colspan=2\n        | Japanese !! colspan=22 | Chinese\\n|-\\n! Reading !! Meaning !! [[Pinyin]]\n        !! Meaning\\n|-\\n| {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u85e4}} || ''''fuji'''' || [[wisteria]]\n        || ''''t\\u00e9ng'''' || rattan, cane, vinethe word for wisteria being\n        \\\"\\u7d2b\\u85e4\\\", with the addition of \\\"\\u7d2b\\\", \\\"purple\\\"\\n|-\\n|\n        {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6c96}} || ''''oki'''' || [[wikt:offing|offing]], offshore\n        || ''''ch\\u014dng'''' || rinse, minor river (Cantonese)\\n|-\\n| {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u693f}}\n        || ''''tsubaki'''' || ''''[[Camellia japonica]]'''' || ''''ch\\u016bn'''' ||''''[[Toona]]''''\n        spp.\\n|-\\n| {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9b8e}} || ''''ayu'''' || [[sweetfish]] || ''''ni\\u00e1n''''\n        || [[catfish]] (rare, usually written {{lang|zh-hant|\\u9bf0}})\\n|}\\n\\n==Types\n        of kanji by category==\\n{{Main|Chinese character classification}}\\n[[Han-dynasty]]\n        scholar [[Xu Shen]] in his 2nd-century dictionary ''''[[Shuowen Jiezi]]''''\n        classified Chinese characters into six categories ({{zh|c=\\u516d\\u66f8}} ''''li\\u00f9sh\\u016b'''',\n        Japanese: ''''rikusho''''). The traditional classification is still taught\n        but is problematic and no longer the focus of modern lexicographic practice,\n        as some categories are not clearly defined, nor are they mutually exclusive:\n        the first four refer to structural composition, while the last two refer to\n        usage.\\n\\n===''''Sh\\u014dkei moji'''' (\\u8c61\\u5f62\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Sh\\u014dkei''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''xi\\u00e0ngx\\u00edng'''') characters are [[pictograph]]ic sketches\n        of the object they represent. For example, \\u76ee is an eye, while \\u6728\n        is a tree. The current forms of the characters are very different from the\n        originals, though their representations are more clear in [[oracle bone script]]\n        and [[seal script]]. These pictographic characters make up only a small fraction\n        of modern characters.\\n\\n===''''Shiji moji'''' (\\u6307\\u4e8b\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Shiji''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''zh\\u01d0sh\\u00ec'''') characters are [[ideograph]]s, often\n        called \\\"simple ideographs\\\" or \\\"simple indicatives\\\" to distinguish them\n        and tell the difference from compound ideographs (below). They are usually\n        simple graphically and represent an abstract concept such as \\u4e0a \\\"up\\\"\n        or \\\"above\\\" and \\u4e0b \\\"down\\\" or \\\"below\\\". These make up a tiny fraction\n        of modern characters.\\n\\n===''''Kaii moji'''' (\\u4f1a\\u610f\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Kaii''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''hu\\u00ecy\\u00ec'''') characters are compound ideographs, often\n        called \\\"compound indicatives\\\", \\\"associative compounds\\\", or just \\\"ideographs\\\".\n        These are usually a combination of pictographs that combine semantically to\n        present an overall meaning. An example of this type is \\u4f11 (rest) from\n        \\u4ebb (person radical) and \\u6728 (tree).  Another is the ''''kokuji''''\n        \\u5ce0 (mountain pass) made from \\u5c71 (mountain), \\u4e0a (up) and \\u4e0b\n        (down). These make up a tiny fraction of modern characters.\\n\\n===''''Keisei\n        moji'''' (\\u5f62\\u58f0\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Keisei'''' (Mandarin: ''''x\\u00edngsh\\u0113ng'''')\n        characters are phono-semantic or [[Radical (Chinese character)|radical]]-phonetic\n        compounds, sometimes called \\\"semantic-phonetic\\\", \\\"semasio-phonetic\\\", or\n        \\\"phonetic-ideographic\\\" characters, are by far the largest category, making\n        up about 90% of the characters in the standard lists; however, some of the\n        most frequently used kanji belong to one of the three groups mentioned above,\n        so ''''keisei moji'''' will usually make up less than 90% of the characters\n        in a text. Typically they are made up of two components, one of which (most\n        commonly, but by no means always, the left or top element) suggests the general\n        category of the meaning or semantic context, and the other (most commonly\n        the right or bottom element) approximates the pronunciation. The pronunciation\n        relates to the original Chinese, and may now only be distantly detectable\n        in the modern Japanese ''''on''yomi'''' of the kanji; it generally has no\n        relation at all to ''''kun''yomi''''. The same is true of the semantic context,\n        which may have changed over the centuries or in the transition from Chinese\n        to Japanese. As a result, it is a common error in folk etymology to fail to\n        recognize a phono-semantic compound, typically instead inventing a compound-indicative\n        explanation.\\n\\n===''''Tench\\u016b moji'''' (\\u8ee2\\u6ce8\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Tench\\u016b''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''zhu\\u01cenzh\\u00f9'''') characters have variously been called\n        \\\"derivative characters\\\", \\\"derivative [[cognate]]s\\\", or translated as \\\"mutually\n        explanatory\\\" or \\\"mutually synonymous\\\" characters; this is the most problematic\n        of the six categories, as it is vaguely defined. It may refer to kanji where\n        the meaning or application has become extended. For example, {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u697d}}\n        is used for ''music'' and ''comfort, ease'', with different pronunciations\n        in Chinese reflected in the two different ''''on''yomi'''', ''''gaku'''' ''music''\n        and ''''raku'''' ''pleasure''.\\n\\n===''''Kasha moji'''' (\\u4eee\\u501f\\u6587\\u5b57)===\\n''''Kasha''''\n        (Mandarin: ''''ji\\u01ceji\\u00e8'''') are [[rebus]]es, sometimes called \\\"phonetic\n        loans\\\". The etymology of the characters follows one of the patterns above,\n        but the present-day meaning is completely unrelated to this. A character was\n        appropriated to represent a similar-sounding word. For example, {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u6765}}\n        in ancient Chinese was originally a pictograph for \\\"wheat\\\". Its syllable\n        was homophonous with the verb meaning \\\"to come\\\", and the character is used\n        for that verb as a result, without any embellishing \\\"meaning\\\" element attached.\n        The character for wheat {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u9ea6}}, originally meant \\\"to come\\\",\n        being a ''''keisei moji'''' having ''foot'' at the bottom for its meaning\n        part and \\\"wheat\\\" at the top for sound. The two characters swapped meaning,\n        so today the more common word has the simpler character. This borrowing of\n        sounds has a very long history.\\n\\n==Related symbols==\\n{{see also | Japanese\n        typographic symbols}}\\n\\nThe [[iteration mark]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|\\u3005}})\n        is used to indicate that the preceding kanji is to be repeated, functioning\n        similarly to a [[ditto mark]] in English. It is pronounced as though the kanji\n        were written twice in a row, for example {{Nihongo||{{linktext|\\u8272\\u3005}}|iroiro|\\\"various\\\"}}\n        and {{Nihongo||\\u6642\\u3005|tokidoki|\\\"sometimes\\\"}}. This mark also appears\n        in personal and place names, as in the [[Japanese name|surname]] Sasaki ({{lang|ja|\\u4f50\\u3005\\u6728}}).\n        This symbol is a simplified version of the kanji {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u4edd}},\n        a variant of {{Nihongo||\\u540c|d\\u014d|\\\"same\\\"}}.\\n\\nAnother abbreviated\n        symbol is [[\\u30f6]], in appearance a small [[katakana]] \\\"ke\\\", but actually\n        a simplified version of the kanji \\u7b87, a general counter. It is pronounced\n        \\\"ka\\\" when used to indicate quantity (such as {{lang|ja|\\u516d\\u30f6\\u6708}},\n        ''''rok''''''ka''''''getsu'''' \\\"six months\\\") or \\\"ga\\\" in place names like\n        {{Nihongo|[[Kasumigaseki]]|\\u971e\\u30f6\\u95a2}}.\\n\\nThe way how these symbols\n        may be produced on a computer depends on the operating system. In OS X, typing\n        \\u300c\\u3058\\u304a\\u304f\\u308a\\u300dwill reveal the symbol \\u3005 as well\n        as \\u30fd\\u3001\\u309d and \\u309e. To produce \\u303b, type \\u300c\\u304a\\u3069\\u308a\\u3058\\u300d.\n        Under Windows, typing\\u300c\\u304f\\u308a\\u304b\\u3048\\u3057\\u300dwill reveal\n        some of these symbols, while in Google IME, \\u300c\\u304a\\u3069\\u308a\\u3058\\u300dmay\n        be used.\\n\\n==Collation==\\nKanji, whose thousands of symbols defy ordering\n        by conventions such as those used for the [[Latin script]], are often [[collation|collated]]\n        using the traditional Chinese [[radical-and-stroke sorting]] method. In this\n        system, common components of characters are identified; these are called [[radical\n        (Chinese character)|radicals]]. Characters are grouped by their primary radical,\n        then ordered by number of pen strokes within radicals. For example, the kanji\n        character {{lang|ja-Hani|\\u685c}}, meaning \\\"cherry\\\", is sorted as a ten-stroke\n        character under the four-stroke primary radical {{lang|ja|\\u6728}} meaning\n        \\\"tree\\\". When there is no obvious radical or more than one radical, convention\n        governs which is used for collation.\\n\\nOther kanji sorting methods, such\n        as the [[Kodansha Kanji Learner''s Dictionary#SKIP|SKIP]] system, have been\n        devised by various authors.\\n\\nModern general-purpose [[Japanese dictionaries]]\n        (as opposed to specifically character dictionaries) generally collate all\n        entries, including words written using kanji, according to their [[kana]]\n        representations (reflecting the way they are pronounced). The [[goj\\u016bon]]\n        ordering of kana is normally used for this purpose.\\n\\n==Kanji education==\\n[[File:3002_Kanji.svg|thumb|An\n        image that lists most joyo-kanji, according to [[Kodansha Kanji Learner''s\n        Dictionary|Halpern''s KKLD indexing system]], with kyo-iku kanji color-coded\n        by grade level.]]\\n\\nJapanese school children are expected to learn 1006 basic\n        kanji characters, the ''''[[ky\\u014diku kanji]]'''', before finishing the\n        sixth grade. The order in which these characters are learned is fixed. The\n        ''''ky\\u014diku kanji'''' list is a subset of a larger list, originally of\n        1945 kanji characters, in 2010 extended to 2136, known as the ''''[[j\\u014dy\\u014d\n        kanji]]'''' \\u2013 characters required for the level of fluency necessary\n        to read newspapers and literature in Japanese. This larger list of characters\n        is to be mastered by the end of the ninth grade.Halpern, J. (2006) ''''The\n        Kodansha Kanji Learner''s Dictionary''''. {{ISBN|1568364075}}. p. 38a.\n        Schoolchildren learn the characters by repetition and [[Radical (Chinese character)|radical]].\\n\\nStudents\n        studying Japanese as a foreign language are often required by a curriculum\n        to acquire kanji without having first learned the vocabulary associated with\n        them. Strategies for these learners vary from copying-based methods to [[mnemonic]]-based\n        methods such as those used in [[James Heisig]]''s series ''''[[Remembering\n        the Kanji]]''''. Other textbooks use methods based on the [[etymology]] of\n        the characters, such as Mathias and Habein''s ''''The Complete Guide to Everyday\n        Kanji'''' and Henshall''s ''''A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters''''.\n        Pictorial [[mnemonics]], as in the text ''''Kanji Pict-o-graphix'''', are\n        also seen.\\n\\nThe [[Japanese government]] provides the ''''[[Kanji kentei]]''''\n        (\\u65e5\\u672c\\u6f22\\u5b57\\u80fd\\u529b\\u691c\\u5b9a\\u8a66\\u9a13 ''''Nihon kanji\n        n\\u014dryoku kentei shiken''''; \\\"Test of Japanese Kanji Aptitude\\\"), which\n        tests the ability to read and write kanji. The highest level of the ''''Kanji\n        kentei'''' tests about six thousand kanji.\\n\\n==See also==\\n* [[Japanese writing\n        system]]\\n* [[List of kanji by concept]]\\n* [[List of kanji by stroke count]]\\n*\n        [[Braille kanji]]\\n* [[Han unification]]\\n* [[Han-Nom]] (Vietnamese equivalent)\\n*\n        [[Hanja]] (Korean equivalent)\\n* [[Japanese script reform]]\\n* [[Japanese\n        typefaces]] (''''shotai'''')\\n* [[Kanji of the year]]\\n* [[POP (Point of Purchase\n        typeface)]]\\n* [[Radical (Chinese character)]]\\n* [[Stroke order]]\\n* [[Table\n        of Japanese kanji radicals|Table of kanji radicals]]\\n\\n== Notes ==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==\n        References ==\\n* DeFrancis, John (1990). ''''The Chinese Language: Fact and\n        Fantasy''''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-1068-6}}.\\n*\n        Hadamitzky, W., and Spahn, M., (1981) ''''Kanji and Kana'''', Boston: Tuttle.\\n*\n        Hannas, William. C. (1997). ''''Asia''s Orthographic Dilemma''''. Honolulu:\n        University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-1892-X}} (paperback); {{ISBN|0-8248-1842-3}}\n        (hardcover).\\n* Kaiser, Stephen (1991). Introduction to the Japanese Writing\n        System. In ''''Kodansha''s Compact Kanji Guide''''. Tokyo: Kondansha International.\n        {{ISBN|4-7700-1553-4}}.\\n* [[Marc Hideo Miyake|Miyake, Marc Hideo]] (2003).\n        ''''Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction''''. New York, London: RoutledgeCurzon.\\n*\n        Morohashi, Tetsuji. \\u5927\\u6f22\\u548c\\u8f9e\\u5178 ''''[[Dai Kan-Wa Jiten]]''''\n        (Comprehensive Chinese\\u2013Japanese Dictionary) 1984\\u20131986. Tokyo: Taishukan\\n*\n        Mitamura, Joyce Yumi and Mitamura, Yasuko Kosaka (1997). ''''Let''s Learn\n        Kanji''''. Tokyo: Kondansha International. {{ISBN|4-7700-2068-6}}.\\n* Unger,\n        J. Marshall (1996). ''''Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading\n        Between the Lines''''. {{ISBN|0-19-510166-9}}\\n\\n==External links==\\n{{wikibooks|Japanese|Kanji}}\\n{{Wiktionary}}\\n{{commons\n        category}}\\n* [https://www.kanshudo.com Kanshudo] \\u2014 integrated system\n        for finding and learning kanji, Japanese vocab and grammar, with multiple\n        ways to search, 3500+ mnemonics, free flashcards and lessons\\n* [https://www.japaneseapp.com\n        Japanese] - A free Japanese-English dictionary with flashcard study features\n        for iOS and Android\\n* [http://kanji-trainer.org/learn-kanji.php Kanji-Trainer]\n        Free flashcard learning tool with mnemonic phrases for each character\\n* [http://jlearn.net/Kanji/SearchByRadical\n        JLearn] Find Kanji by radical, readings or meanings and see how to draw it.\n        Common words that contain it are also shown\\n* [http://www.infomongolia.com/lesson-category/67\n        Learning Kanji], an animated application for the 1st Grade Kanji.\\n* [http://www.nihongomaster.com/dictionary/kanji\n        Kanji Dictionary] online Free Kanji Dictionary\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150103191356/http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-bin/wwwjdic.cgi?1C\n        Jim Breen''s WWWJDIC server] used to find Kanji from English or romanized\n        Japanese\\n* [http://www.romajidesu.com/kanji/ RomajiDesu Kanji Dictionary]\n        a comprehensive Kanji dictionary with strokes order and various lookup methods.\\n*\n        [http://www.1776kanji.com/kanji/explore.php?kanji=&doku=off Kanji Explorer]\n        More than 13000 Kanji\\n* [http://www.languagebug.com/kanji_q KanjiQ] \\u2013\n        Kanji flashcard tool that runs on mobile phones.\\n* [http://www.jishop.com\n        JISHOP] \\u2013 Japanese-English computer kanji dictionary\\n* [http://www2.gol.com/users/jpc/Japan/Kanji/KanjiLearn/\n        KanjiLearn] \\u2013 Electronic set of 2135 two-sided kanji flashcards, as easy\n        to use as paper flashcards.\\n* [http://nihongo.j-talk.com/kanji/ Convert Kanji\n        to Romaji, Hiragana]\\u2014Converts Kanji and websites to forms that are easy\n        to read and gives a word by word translation\\n* [http://tangorin.com/multiradical/\n        Tangorin]\\u2014Find kanji fast by selecting their elements\\n* [http://homepage2.nifty.com/TAB01645/\n        Dictionary of Kokuji] in Japanese\\n* [http://learnjapanese.elanguageschool.net/kanji-jlpt-lists\n        Learn Japanese Kanji]\\u2014How to write Kanji in Japanese\\n* [http://www.japanese-kanji.com/\n        Drill the kanji]\\u2014online Java tool (Asahi-net)\\n* [http://kanjialive.com/\n        Kanji Alive]\\u2014Online kanji learning tool in wide use at many universities,\n        colleges and high-schools.\\n* [http://www.realkanji.com/ Real Kanji]\\u2014Practice\n        kanji using different typefaces.\\n* [http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/2005/Tomoda.html\n        Change in Script Usage in Japanese: A Longitudinal Study of Japanese Government\n        White Papers on Labor], discussion paper by Takako Tomoda in the [http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/\n        ''''Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies''''], August 19, 2005.\\n*\n        [http://www.taipansoftware.com/en/japanese/dictionary/ Kanji Dictionary],\n        a kanji dictionary with a focus on compound-exploring.\\n* [http://www.genetickanji.com/\n        Genetic Kanji], etymologically organized lists for learning kanji.\\n* [http://www.kanjinetworks.com/\n        Kanji Networks], a kanji etymology dictionary\\n* [http://www.saiga-jp.com/kanji_dictionary.html\n        Japanese Kanji Dictionary]\\u2014Each character is presented by a grade, stroke\n        count, [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/wwwjdicinf.html#sod_tag stroke\n        order], phonetic reading and native Japanese reading. You can also listen\n        to the pronunciation.\\n* [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/jwb/wwwjdic?1KG\n        WWWJDIC Text Translator]\\u2014Takes Japanese text and returns each word with\n        pronunciation (hiragana) and a translation in English.\\n* [http://www.javadikt.net/en\n        JavaDiKt] \\u2014 Open source kanji dictionary for desktop\\n* [http://www.cymraeg.ru/daoulagad.html\n        Daoulagad Han] \\u2014 Mobile OCR kanji dictionary, OCR interface to the UniHan\n        database\\n* [http://www.jisho.org/ Denshi Jisho] \\u2014 Online Japanese dictionary\\n*\n        [http://ck.kolivas.org/Japanese/kanji.html GSF Jouyou Kanji] \\u2014 organized\n        list of kanji which takes into account both grade, stroke count and frequency\\n\\n===Glyph\n        conversion===\\n* [http://www.geocities.jp/qjitai/ A simple Shinjitai \\u2013\n        Ky\\u016bjitai converter]\\n* [http://yurara.kir.jp/material/kanji.html A practical\n        Shinjitai \\u2013 Ky\\u016bjitai \\u2013 Simplified Chinese character converter]\\n*\n        [http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/ja/tools/tradkan0.htm A complex Shinjitai\n        \\u2013 Ky\\u016bjitai converter]\\n* [http://www.skycn.com/soft/44716.html A\n        downloadable Shinjitai \\u2013 Ky\\u016bjitai \\u2013 Simplified Chinese character\n        converter]\\n\\n{{Japanese language}}\\n{{Kangxi Radicals}}\\n{{list of writing\n        systems}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Kanji| ]]\\n[[Category:Chinese\n        characters]]\\n[[Category:Chinese scripts| ]]\\n[[Category:Japanese writing\n        system terms]]\\n[[Category:Logographic writing systems]]\\n[[Category:Writing\n        systems]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-11T10:37:49Z\",\"lastrevid\":800071688,\"length\":86134,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanji&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 20:04:02 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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[[File:Himno Nacional\n        Argentino instrumental.ogg]]
\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has been found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|pmid=20059473|volume=74|issue=1|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376|year=2010|last1=Corach|first1=Daniel|last2=Lao|first2=Oscar|last3=Bobillo|first3=Cecilia|last4=Van\n        Der Gaag|first4=Kristiaan|last5=Zuniga|first5=Sofia|last6=Vermeulen|first6=Mark|last7=Van\n        Duijn|first7=Kate|last8=Goedbloed|first8=Miriam|last9=Vallone|first9=Peter\n        M|last10=Parson|first10=Walther|last11=De Knijff|first11=Peter|last12=Kayser|first12=Manfred}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
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''''[[National\n        Anthem of Chile]]'''' 
[[File:United\n        States Navy Band - National Anthem of Chile.ogg]]
\\n| image_map\n        = Chile (orthographic projection).svg\\n| map_width = 220px\\n| alt_map = |\n        map_caption = Chile shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised [[Chilean\n        Antarctic Territory|Antarctic Territory]] shown in light green.\\n| capital\n        = [[Santiago]]a\\n| coordinates = {{Coord|33|26|S|70|40|W|type:city}}\\n|\n        largest_city = capital\\n| official_languages = \\n| languages_type = [[National\n        language]]\\n| languages = [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish]] \\n| demonym = Chilean\\n|ethnic_groups\n        =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n | 88.9% [[Mestizo]] and [[White Latin American|White]]\n        \\n | 9.1% [[Mapuche]]\\n | 0.7% [[Aymara people|Aymara]]\\n | 1% Other\\n | 0.3%\n        Unspecified\\n }}\\n|ethnic_groups_year = 2012{{cite web |author=Central\n        Intelligence Agency |title=Chile |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central\n        Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2016 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html\n        |accessdate=January 29, 2017}}\\n| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1\n        = [[President of Chile|President]]\\n| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Michelle Bachelet]]}}\\n|\n        leader_title2 = [[President of the Senate of Chile|Senate President]]\\n| leader_name2\n        = {{nowrap|[[Andr\\u00e9s Zald\\u00edvar]]}}\\n| leader_title3 = [[President\n        of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]\\n|\n        leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[:es:Fidel Espinoza|Fidel Espinoza]]}}\\n| legislature\n        = [[National Congress of Chile|National Congress]]\\n| upper_house = [[Senate\n        of Chile|Senate]]\\n| lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n| sovereignty_type = [[History of Chile|Independence]]\\n| sovereignty_note\n        = from [[Spain]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government\n        Junta]]\\n| established_date1 = 18 September 1810\\n| established_event2 = Declared\\n|\n        established_date2 = 12 February 1818\\n| established_event3 = Recognized\\n|\n        established_date3 = 25 April 1844\\n| established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution\n        of Chile|Current constitution]]}}\\n| established_date4= 11 September 1980\n        \\n| area_rank = 37th\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| area_km2 = 756,096.3\\n|\n        area_sq_mi = 291,930.4\\n| area_footnote = \\n| percent_water = 1.07b\\n|\n        population_estimate = 18,006,407{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/sala_prensa/noticias/noticia.php?opc=news&id=615&lang=esp|title=CIFRAS\n        DE ENVEJECIMIENTO Y MIGRACI\\u00d3N MUESTRAN UN CHILE DISTINTO AL DE HACE UN\n        DECENIO|work=POBLACI\\u00d3N PA\\u00cdS Y REGIONES \\u2013 ACTUALIZACI\\u00d3N\n        2002\\u20132012|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National\n        Statistics Institute]]|date=4 September 2014|accessdate=4 September 2014}}\\n|\n        population_estimate_rank = 62nd\\n| population_estimate_year = 2015\\n| population_census\n        = 16,341,929{{cite web |url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2014/02/26/646872/entrega-de-conclusiones-del-cuestionado-censo-2012.html\n        |title=Revisi\\u00f3n del cuestionado Censo 2012 reduce poblaci\\u00f3n chilena\n        a 16.341.929 |publisher=Emol |accessdate=26 February 2014 |language=Spanish}}\\n|\n        population_census_year = 2012\\n| population_density_km2 = 24\\n| population_density_sq_mi\n        = 61\\n| population_density_rank = 194th\\n| GDP_PPP = $455.941 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=228&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=International\n        Monetary Fund web site|title=Chile|date=May 2017|accessdate=8 May 2017}}\\n|\n        GDP_PPP_rank = 42nd\\n| GDP_PPP_year = 2017\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $24,797\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd\\n| GDP_nominal = $251.220\n        billion\\n| GDP_nominal_rank = 38th\\n| GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,663\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 49th\\n| Gini_year = 2011\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n| Gini = 50.3 \\n| Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/social/soc/47572883.pdf\n        |title=Society at a Glance : Social Indicators OECD |publisher=[[OECD]] |date=October\n        2012 |accessdate=28 October 2013}}\\n| Gini_rank = \\n| HDI_year = 2016\\n|\n        HDI_change = increase\\n| HDI = 0.847 \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report  |date=2017 |accessdate=29 April 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}\\n| HDI_rank = 38th\\n|\n        currency = [[Chilean peso|Peso]]\\n| currency_code = CLP\\n| time_zone = {{nowrap|[[Time\n        in Chile|CLT and EAST]]c}}\\n| utc_offset = \\u22123 and \\u22125\\n|\n        time_zone_DST =\\n| utc_offset_DST = \\n| DST_note = | antipodes = | date_format\n        = \\n| drives_on = right\\n| calling_code = [[+56]]\\n| iso3166code = \\n| cctld\n        = [[.cl]]\\n| footnote_a = [[Politics of Chile#Legislative branch|Legislature]]\n        is based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].\\n| footnote_b = Includes Easter Island and\n        [[Isla Sala y G\\u00f3mez]]; does not include {{convert|1250000|km2}} of territory\n        claimed in Antarctica.\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Chile'''''' ({{IPAc-en|\\u02c8|t\\u0283|\\u026a|l|i|}};{{cite\n        web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chile |title=Chile |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com\n        |accessdate=14 November 2010}} {{IPA-es|\\u02c8t\\u0283ile|lang}}), officially\n        the ''''''Republic of Chile'''''' ({{Audio-es|Rep\\u00fablica de Chile|RepChile.ogg}}), is a [[South\n        America]]n country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the [[Andes]]\n        to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders [[Peru]] to the\n        north, [[Bolivia]] to the northeast, [[Argentina]] to the east, and the [[Drake\n        Passage]] in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands\n        of [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands|Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez]], [[Salas y G\\u00f3mez]],\n        [[Desventuradas Islands|Desventuradas]], and [[Easter Island]] in [[Oceania]].\n        Chile also claims about {{convert|1250000|km2}} of [[Antarctica]], although\n        all claims are suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]].\\n\\nThe arid [[Atacama\n        Desert]] in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally [[Copper#Production|copper]].\n        The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural\n        resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded\n        in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions.\n        Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string\n        of [[volcano]]es and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of [[Fjords\n        and channels of Chile|fjords, inlets, canals]], twisting peninsulas, and islands.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chile/192190.htm|title=Bureau\n        of Western Hemisphere Affairs, Background Note: Chile|publisher=[[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011}}\\n\\n[[Conquest of Chile|Spain\n        conquered and colonized]] Chile in the mid-16th century, replacing [[Incas\n        in Central Chile|Inca rule]] in northern and central Chile, but [[Arauco War|failing\n        to conquer]] the independent [[Mapuche]] who inhabited south-central Chile.\n        After [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|declaring its independence]] from\n        Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian\n        republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial\n        growth, [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|ending Mapuche resistance]] in the\n        1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the [[War of the Pacific]]\n        (1879\\u201383) after defeating Peru and Bolivia.{{cite\n        web|title=Chile|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html|work=[[The\n        World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=17 February\n        2014}} In the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right\n        [[Polarization (politics)|political polarization]] and turmoil. This development\n        culminated with the [[1973 Chilean coup d''\\u00e9tat]] that overthrew [[Salvador\n        Allende]]''s democratically elected left-wing government and instituted [[Military\n        dictatorship of Chile (1973\\u201390)|a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship]]\n        that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing.\n        The regime, headed by [[Augusto Pinochet]], ended in 1990 after it lost a\n        [[Chilean presidential referendum, 1988|referendum in 1988]] and was succeeded\n        by a [[Concertaci\\u00f3n|center-left coalition]] which ruled through four\n        presidencies until 2010.\\n\\nChile is today one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations. It leads [[Latin America]]n\n        nations in rankings of [[human development (humanity)|human development]],\n        [[competitiveness]], [[income per capita]], [[globalization]], [[Global Peace\n        Index|state of peace]], [[economic freedom]], and [[Political corruption|low\n        perception of corruption]].{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |title=Human and income poverty: developing countries |work=UNDP |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140250/http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |archivedate=12 February 2009 }} It also ranks high regionally in [[Failed\n        States Index#Failed States Index|sustainability of the state]], and democratic\n        development.{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do\n        |title=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |date=17 April 2012\n        |accessdate=12 May 2012}} Currently it also holds [[List of countries\n        by intentional homicide rate|the lowest homicide rate per 100,000 people in\n        South America]]. Chile is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the\n        [[Union of South American Nations]] (UNASUR) and the [[Community of Latin\n        American and Caribbean States]] (CELAC).\\n\\n==Etymology==\\nThere\n        are various theories about the origin of the word ''''Chile''''. According\n        to 17th-century Spanish chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]],{{cite web|url=http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |title=Chile.com.La Inc\\u00f3gnita Sobre el Origen de la Palabra Chile |publisher=Chile.com\n        |date=15 June 2000 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415204553/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |archivedate=15 April 2009 }} the [[Incas]] called the valley of the\n        [[Aconcagua]] \\\"Chili\\\" by corruption of the name of a [[Picunche]] [[tribal\n        chief]] (\\\"cacique\\\") called ''''Tili'''', who ruled the area at the time\n        of the Incan conquest in the 15th century.{{cite web|author=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459648/Picunche\n        |title=Picunche (people) \\u2013 Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}}{{Cite book|last=Encina|first=Francisco\n        A., and Leopoldo Castedo|title=Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago|page=44|volume=I|publisher=Zig-Zag|year=1961|url=http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/6293/chilenameuo6.jpg}}\n        Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with\n        that of the [[Casma Valley]] in Peru, where there was a town and valley named\n        ''''Chili.''''\\n\\nOther theories say Chile may derive\n        its name from a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] word\n        meaning either \\\"ends of the earth\\\" or \\\"sea gulls\\\";{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://ea.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia\n        Americana|publisher=Grolier Online|year=2005|accessdate=2 March 2005|quote=The\n        name Chile is of Native American origin, meaning possibly \\\"ends of the earth\\\"\n        or simply \\\"sea gulls.\\\"}} from the Mapuche word ''''chilli,'''' which\n        may mean \\\"where the land ends;\\\"{{cite web|author=Hudson,\n        Rex A., ed.|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=Chile: A Country\n        Study|work=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1995|accessdate=27 February\n        2005}} or from the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] ''''chiri'''', \\\"cold\\\",\\\"CHILE\\\". Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 11th ed.\n        1911. (\\\"derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow\\\")\n        or ''''tchili'''', meaning either \\\"snow\\\"{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |title=Chile (rep\\u00fablica) |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta\n        Online |year=2005 |accessdate=26 February 2005 |quote=The region was then\n        known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning \\\"snow\\\".\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510215421/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |archivedate=10 May 2008 }} or \\\"the deepest point of the Earth\\\".{{cite\n        encyclopedia|last=Pearson|first=Neale J.|url=http://gme.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Grolier\n        Multimedia Encyclopedia|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|year=2004|accessdate=2\n        March 2005|quote=Chile''s name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning\n        \\\"the deepest point of the Earth.\\\"}} Another origin attributed to ''''chilli''''\n        is the onomatopoeic ''''cheele-cheele''''\\u2014the Mapuche imitation of the\n        warble of a bird locally known as [[Yellow-winged blackbird|trile]].{{cite\n        book |first=Miguel |last=de Olivares y Gonz\\u00e1lez SJ |title=Historia de\n        la Compa\\u00f1\\u00eda de Jes\\u00fas en Chile |work=Colecci\\u00f3n de historiadores\n        de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional |year=1864 |origyear=1736\n        |publisher=Imprenta del Ferrocarril |location=Santiago |volume=4 |number=\n        }}\\n\\nThe Spanish\n        [[conquistadors]] heard about this name from the Incas, and the few survivors\n        of [[Diego de Almagro]]''s first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535\\u201336\n        called themselves the \\\"men of Chilli\\\". Ultimately,\n        Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name ''''Chile'''', after\n        naming the [[Mapocho River|Mapocho]] valley as such.\n        The older spelling \\\"Chili\\\" was in use in English until at least 1900 before\n        switching over to \\\"Chile.\\\"{{cite book|title=Appletons'' annual cyclopaedia\n        and register of important events of the year: 1900|publisher=Appletons|location=New\n        York|page=87|url=https://archive.org/stream/s3appletonsann05newyuoft#page/87/mode/1up}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{Main\n        article|History of Chile}}\\n[[File:Urville-Araucanians.jpg|thumb|200px|The\n        [[Mapuche]] people were the original inhabitants of southern and central Chile.]]\n        \\n===Early history===\\nStone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented\n        the [[Monte Verde]] valley area as long as 18,500 years ago.{{cite web\n        | url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/people-roamed-tip-south-america-18500-years-ago\n        | title=People roamed tip of South America 18,500 years ago | work=Science\n        News | date=26 December 2015 | accessdate=26 December 2015 | author=Bower,\n        Bruce | pages=10}} About 10,000 years ago, migrating [[Indigenous Peoples\n        of the Americas|Native Americans]] settled in fertile valleys and coastal\n        areas of what is present-day Chile. Settlement sites from very early human\n        habitation include Monte Verde, [[Cueva del Milodon]] and the [[Pali Aike\n        Crater]]''s [[lava tube]]. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what\n        is now northern Chile, but the [[Mapuche]] (or Araucanians as they were known\n        by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the [[Inca Empire]]\n        to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization.{{cite book|title=Insight\n        Guides: Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf8SnJ_ZJbkC&pg=PA27|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2002|publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group|isbn=978-981-234-890-6|page=27}}\n        They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result\n        of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the [[Battle of the Maule]]\n        was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the [[Maule\n        river]].\\n\\n===Spanish colonization===\\n{{main\n        article|Conquest of Chile|Colonial Chile}}\\nIn 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate\n        the globe, [[Ferdinand Magellan]] discovered the southern passage now named\n        after him, the [[Strait of Magellan]], thus becoming the first European to\n        set foot on what is now Chile. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego\n        de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535\n        seeking gold. The Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves\n        principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting.\\n\\nThe\n        conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by [[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]], one of [[Francisco Pizarro]]''s lieutenants, who founded the\n        city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the\n        extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential\n        of Chile''s central valley, and Chile became part of the [[Spanish Empire]].\\n\\n[[File:Pedro de Valdivia.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]], Spanish ''''[[conquistador]]'''' and the first royal governor\n        of Chile.]]\\n\\nConquest took place gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated\n        setbacks. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia''s\n        death and the destruction of many of the colony''s principal settlements.\n        Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the\n        Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony\n        was driven northward. The abolition of [[slavery]] by the Spanish crown in\n        1683 was done in recognition that enslaving the Mapuche intensified resistance\n        rather than cowing them into submission. Despite royal prohibitions, relations\n        remained strained from continual colonialist interference.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/storiadellaguer00caivgoog/storiadellaguer00caivgoog_djvu.txt\n        |title=B\\u00e1rbaros, page 66. David J. Weber |publisher=Archive.org }}\\n\\nCut\n        off to the north by desert, to the south by the Mapuche, to the east by the\n        Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most\n        centralized, homogeneous colonies in Spanish America. Serving as a sort of\n        frontier [[garrison]], the colony found itself with the mission of forestalling\n        encroachment by both the Mapuche and Spain''s European enemies, especially\n        the [[British Empire|British]] and the Dutch. Buccaneers and English adventurers\n        menaced the colony in addition to the Mapuche, as was shown by [[Sir Francis\n        Drake]]''s 1578 raid on Valpara\\u00edso, the colony''s principal port. Chile\n        hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, making it one of\n        the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a [[Real Situado|drain\n        on the treasury of the Viceroyalty of Peru]].\\n\\nThe\n        first general census was conducted by the government of [[Agust\\u00edn de\n        J\\u00e1uregui]] between 1777 and 1778; it indicated that the population consisted\n        of 259,646 inhabitants: 73.5 percent of [[White Latin American|European descent]],\n        7.9 percent [[mestizo]]s, 8.6 percent [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous\n        peoples]] and 9.8 percent blacks. Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province\n        of [[Chilo\\u00e9 Province|Chilo\\u00e9]], conducted a census in 1784 and found\n        the population consisted of 26,703 inhabitants, 64.4 percent of whom were\n        whites and 33.5 percent of whom were natives.\\n\\nThe Diocese of [[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]] conducted a census in areas south of the [[Maule river]]\n        in 1812, but did not include the indigenous population or the inhabitants\n        of the province of Chilo\\u00e9. The population is estimated at 210,567, 86.1\n        percent of whom were [[Spanish Chilean|Spanish]] or of European descent, 10\n        percent of whom were indigenous and 3.7 percent of whom were mestizos, blacks\n        and [[mulatto]]s.{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1813.pdf\n        |title=INE \\u2013 Censo de 1813. Introducci\\u00f3n |format=PDF }}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and nation building===\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race}}\\n[[File:Ohiggins.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|[[Bernardo\n        O''Higgins]], the Supreme Director of Chile]]\\nIn 1808, [[Napoleon I|Napoleon''s]]\n        enthronement of his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]] as the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish\n        King]] precipitated the drive by the colony for [[Chilean War of Independence|independence\n        from Spain]]. A national junta in the name of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand]]\n        \\u2013 heir to the deposed king \\u2013 was formed on 18 September 1810. The\n        [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government Junta of Chile]] proclaimed\n        Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy (in memory of this\n        day Chile celebrates its [[Fiestas Patrias (Chile)|National Day]] on 18 September\n        each year).\\n\\nAfter these events, a movement for total independence, under\n        the command of [[Jos\\u00e9 Miguel Carrera]] (one of the most renowned patriots)\n        and his two brothers Juan Jos\\u00e9 and [[Luis Carrera]], soon gained a wider\n        following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called\n        the [[Reconquista (Spanish America)|Reconquista]] led to a prolonged struggle,\n        including infighting from [[Bernardo O''Higgins]], who challenged Carrera''s\n        leadership.\\n\\nIntermittent warfare continued until 1817. With Carrera in\n        prison in Argentina, O''Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort [[Jos\\u00e9 de San\n        Mart\\u00edn]], hero of the [[Argentine War of Independence]], led [[Army of\n        the Andes|an army]] that [[Crossing of the Andes|crossed the Andes]] into\n        Chile and defeated the royalists. On 12 February 1818 [[Chilean Declaration\n        of Independence|Chile was proclaimed an independent republic]]. The political\n        revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th-century Chilean society\n        preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was\n        greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong\n        presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.\\n\\nChile slowly started to expand its influence\n        and to establish its borders. By the Tantauco Treaty, the archipelago of Chilo\\u00e9\n        was incorporated in 1826. The economy began to boom due to the discovery of\n        silver ore in Cha\\u00f1arcillo, and the growing trade of the port of Valpara\\u00edso,\n        which led to conflict over maritime supremacy in the Pacific with Peru. At\n        the same time, attempts were made to strengthen sovereignty in southern Chile\n        intensifying [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|penetration into Araucan\\u00eda]]\n        and [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue|colonizing Llanquihue\n        with German immigrants]] in 1848. Through the founding of [[Fort Bulnes]]\n        by the [[Schooner Ancud]] under the command of [[John Williams Wilson]], the\n        Magallanes region joined the country in 1843, while the Antofagasta area,\n        at the time part of, Bolivia, began to fill with people.\\n\\n[[File:Sinking\n        of the Esmeralda during the battle of Iquique.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Fighting\n        during the [[War of the Pacific]]: The [[Battle of Iquique]] on 21 May 1879]]\\n\\nToward\n        the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position\n        in the south by the [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda]]. The [[Boundary treaty\n        of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]] confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the\n        Strait of Magellan. As a result of the [[War of the Pacific]] with Peru and\n        Bolivia (1879\\u201383), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third,\n        eliminating Bolivia''s access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable [[Caliche\n        (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]] deposits, the exploitation of which led\n        to an era of national affluence. Chile had joined the stand as one of the\n        high-income countries in South America by 1870.{{cite book|author=Baten,\n        J\\u00f6rg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|page=137|isbn=9781107507180}}\\n\\nThe [[1891 Chilean\n        Civil War]] brought about a redistribution of power between the President\n        and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However,\n        the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development\n        of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the\n        House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Soon after, the\n        country engaged in a [[Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|vastly expensive\n        naval arms race]] with Argentina that nearly led to a war.\\n\\n===20th century===\\n{{see\n        also|South American dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:Chilean battleship Almirante\n        Latorre.jpg|thumb|200px|Chile''s ''''Almirante Latorre'''' [[dreadnought]]\n        in 1921.]]\\nThe Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting\n        the interests of a ruling [[oligarchy]]. By the 1920s, the emerging middle\n        and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, [[Arturo\n        Alessandri]], whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. In\n        the 1920s, [[Marxism|Marxist]] groups with strong popular support arose.\\n\\nA military coup led by General [[Luis Altamirano]]\n        in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted until 1932.\n        Of the ten governments that held power in that period, the longest lasting\n        was that of General [[Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo]], who briefly held\n        power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto\n        dictatorship (although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to\n        the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin\n        America).{{Cite book|title=Authoritarianism in Latin America since independence|last=Fowler|first=Will|year=1996|publisher=Geenwood\n        Press|location=University of Virginia|isbn=0-313-29843-2|pages=30\\u201396}}{{cite\n        book|last=Frazier|first=Lessie Jo |title=Salt in the Sand: Memory, Violence,\n        and the Nation-State in Chile, 1890 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQU-GYGeVSEC&pg=PA163|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=17 July 2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4003-4|pages=163\\u2013184}}\\n\\nBy\n        relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population\n        to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the\n        vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored\n        in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the\n        key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period\n        of [[Radical Party (Chile)|Radical Party]] dominance (1932\\u201352), the state\n        increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo to office for another six years. [[Jorge Alessandri]] succeeded\n        Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into\n        power democratically for another term.\\n\\nThe [[Chilean presidential election,\n        1964|1964 presidential election]] of [[Christian Democrat Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrat]] [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] by an [[absolute majority]] initiated\n        a period of major reform. Under the slogan \\\"Revolution in Liberty\\\", the\n        Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs,\n        particularly in education, housing, and [[agrarian reform]], including rural\n        unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing\n        opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and\n        from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei\n        had not fully achieved his party''s ambitious goals.{{cite\n        web|url=http://countrystudies.us/chile/85.htm|title=Development and Breakdown\n        of Democracy, 1830\\u20131973|work=Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress|date=31\n        March 1994}}\\n\\n[[File:S.Allende 7 dias ilustrados.JPG|thumb|left|200px|President\n        [[Salvador Allende]]]]\\n\\nIn the 1970 election, Senator [[Salvador Allende]]\n        of the [[Socialist Party of Chile]] (then part of the \\\"[[Popular Unity (Chile)|Popular\n        Unity]]\\\" coalition which included the Communists, Radicals, Social-Democrats,\n        dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the\n        Independent Popular Action), achieved a partial\n        majority in a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of votes in a three-way contest,\n        followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and\n        Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. Allende was not elected with\n        an absolute majority, receiving fewer than 35 percent of votes.\\n\\nThe [[National\n        Congress of Chile|Chilean Congress]] conducted a runoff vote between the leading\n        candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri, and, keeping with\n        tradition, chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance\n        with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats\n        were a workers'' party and could not make common cause with the right wing.{{Cite\n        book|last= Mares|first=David|author2=Francisco Rojas Aravena|title=The United\n        States and Chile: Coming in from the Cold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y3EWkKZsYcC&pg=PA145|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93125-0|page=145}}{{cite\n        book|last=Trento|first=Joseph J.|title=The Secret History Of The CIA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uPBM7z_62gC&pg=PA560|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1500-8|page=560}}\\n\\nAn\n        [[economic depression]] that began in 1972 was exacerbated by [[capital flight]],\n        plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response\n        to Allende''s socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende\n        adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms,\n        to increase consumer spending and redistribute income downward.{{cite\n        book|author=Lois Hecht Oppenheim|title=Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism,\n        and Market Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99ZLX52z_noC&pg=PA52|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2007|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-7867-3426-9|page=52}}\n        Joint public-private [[public works]] projects helped reduce unemployment.{{cite book|last=De Vylder|first=Stefan|title=Allende''s\n        Chile: The Political Economy of the Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular|date=5\n        March 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-10757-0}}{{Page\n        needed|date=September 2010}} Much of the banking sector was [[nationalization|nationalized]].\n        Many enterprises within the [[Copper#Production|copper]], coal, iron, [[Caliche\n        (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]], and steel industries were [[Nationalization|expropriated]],\n        nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased\n        sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration''s first year.\\n\\nAllende''s program included advancement of workers''\n        interests,{{cite web|url=http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107150857/http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archivedate=7\n        January 2008 |title=Allende wins the elections: first coup attempt |publisher=Grace.evergreen.edu\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} replacing the judicial system with \\\"socialist\n        legality\\\",{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=The\n        Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CIXLdxhQMAC&pg=PA367|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-287-4|pages=367\\u2013368}}\n        nationalization of banks and forcing others to bankruptcy,\n        and strengthening \\\"popular militias\\\" known as MIR.\n        Started under former President Frei, the Popular Unity platform also called\n        for nationalization of Chile''s major copper mines in the form of a constitutional\n        amendment. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress.\\n\\nAs a result,{{cite\n        book|last=Qureshi|first=Lubna Z. |title=Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S.\n        Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alISgQdNY4kC&pg=PA86|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2655-4|pages=86\\u201397}}\n        the [[Richard Nixon]] administration [[United States intervention in Chile|organized\n        and inserted secret operatives]] in Chile, in order to swiftly destabilize\n        Allende\\u2019s government.{{cite web | title = Report on CIA Chilean\n        Task Force activities | work = Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents\n        relating to the Military Coup, 1970\\u20131976 | publisher = The National Security\n        Archive: Electronic Briefing Books (George Washington University) | url =\n        http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm | accessdate =11 March\n        2010 }} In addition, US financial pressure restricted international\n        economic credit to Chile.{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/ops/policy/church-chile.htm\n        |title=Covert Action In Chile 1963\\u20131973, Staff Report Of The Select Committee\n        To Study Governmental Operations With Respect To Intelligence Activities |publisher=Federation\n        of American Scientists |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe economic\n        problems were also exacerbated by Allende''s public spending which was financed\n        mostly by printing money and poor credit ratings given by commercial banks.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879153,00.html|title=Tightening\n        the Belt|work=Time Magazine|date = 7 August 1972 }}\\nSimultaneously,\n        opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations helped\n        to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization,\n        some of which was backed by the United States.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/chile/doc/hinchey.html |title=Equipo\n        Nizkor \\u2013 CIA Activities in Chile \\u2013 September 18, 2000 |publisher=Derechos.org\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} By early 1973, inflation was out of control.\n        The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous\n        strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and\n        the small business class.\\nOn 26 May 1973, Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court, which\n        was opposed to Allende''s government, unanimously denounced the Allende ''''disruption\n        of the legality of the nation''''. Although illegal under the Chilean constitution,\n        the court supported and strengthened Pinochet''s soon-to-be seizure of power.{{cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence(5).pdf\n        |title=Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the judiciary\n        |publisher=Yale University |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819213445/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence%285%29.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 August 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n====Pinochet era (1973\\u20131990)====\\n{{Main\n        article|Military government of Chile (1973\\u201390)}}\\n[[File:Golpe de Estado\n        1973.jpg|thumb|Fighter jets bombing the Presidential Palace (''''La Moneda'''')\n        in Santiago during the [[Chilean coup of 1973]]]]\\n[[File:Augusto Pinochet\n        1986.jpg|thumb|[[Augusto Pinochet]]''s authoritarian military government ruled\n        Chile between 1973 and 1990.]]\\nA [[Chilean coup of 1973|military coup]] overthrew\n        Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the [[La Moneda\n        Palace|presidential palace]], Allende apparently committed suicide.{{Cite\n        book|first=\\u00d3scar|last=Soto|title=El \\u00faltimo d\\u00eda de Salvador\n        Allende|year=1999|publisher=Aguilar|isbn=978-956-239-084-2}}{{page needed|date=July\n        2013}}{{Cite book|first=Eugeno|last=Ahumada|title=Chile: La memoria prohibida}}{{page\n        needed|date=July 2013}} After the coup, [[Henry Kissinger]] told U.S. president\n        [[Richard Nixon]] that the United States had \\\"helped\\\" the coup.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |title=KISSINGER AND\n        CHILE: THE DECLASSIFIED RECORD |publisher=The national security archive |date=16\n        September 2013|accessdate=16 September 2013}}\\n\\nA military junta, led\n        by General [[Augusto Pinochet]], took control of the country. The first years\n        of the regime were marked by [[Human rights violations in Pinochet''s Chile|human\n        rights violation]]s. On October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by\n        the [[Caravan of Death]].{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|title=Flashback:\n        Caravan of Death|publisher=BBC | date=25 July 2000}} According to the\n        [[Rettig Report]] and [[Valech Commission]], at least 2,115 were killed,{{cite\n        web |author=Ministerio del Interior |url=http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |title=Ministerio del Interior, Programa de Derechos Humanos \\u2013 ddhh_rettig\n        |publisher=Ddhh.gov.cl |date=3 August 1999 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223174254/http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |archivedate=23 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} and at least 27,265{{cite web|url=http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |title=Sintesis Ok |format=PDF |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727031254/http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |archivedate=27 July 2007 }} were tortured (including 88 children younger\n        than 12 years old). In 2011, Chile recognized an additional\n        9,800 victims, bringing the total number of killed, tortured or imprisoned\n        for political reasons to 40,018.Eva Vergara (August 18, 2015). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html\n        Chile Recognizes 9,800 More Pinochet Victims]. ''''The Associated Press''''\n        via ''''The Huffington Post.'''' Retrieved August 25, 2015. At the national\n        stadium, filled with detainees, one of those tortured and killed was internationally\n        known poet-singer [[Victor Jara]] (see \\\"Music and Dance\\\", below). The stadium\n        was renamed for Jara in 2003.\\n\\nA new Constitution was approved by a controversial\n        [[plebiscite]] on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president\n        of the republic for an eight-year term. After Pinochet obtained rule of the\n        country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the [[Sandinista]]\n        army in [[Nicaragua]], guerrilla forces in [[Argentina]] or training camps\n        in [[Cuba]], Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.{{cite book|author1=Pamela\n        Constable|author2=Arturo Valenzuela|title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under\n        Pinochet|year=1993|publisher=W W Norton & Company Incorporated|isbn=978-0-393-30985-0|page=150}}\\n\\nIn\n        the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse{{cite\n        book|author=Naomi Klein|title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Henry Holt and Company (2007)|isbn=978-1-4299-1948-7|page=85}}\n        and mass [[civil resistance]] in 1983\\u201388, the government gradually permitted\n        greater freedom of assembly, [[Freedom of speech|speech]], and association,\n        to include trade union and political activity.{{cite book|last= Huneeus|first=Carlos|editor=Adam\n        Roberts; Timothy Garton Ash|title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics:The\n        Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=3 September 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161917-5|pages=197\\u2013212|chapter=Political\n        Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet\\u2019s Chile, 1983\\u201388}}\n        The government launched market-oriented reforms with [[Hern\\u00e1n B\\u00fcchi]]\n        as Minister of Finance. Chile moved toward a [[free market economy]] that\n        saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        industry and other important mineral resources were not opened for competition.\n        In a [[Chilean national plebiscite, 1988|plebiscite]] on 5 October 1988, Pinochet\n        was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans\n        elected a new president and the majority of members of a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]]\n        congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat [[Patricio Aylwin]], the\n        candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the ''''[[Coalition\n        of Parties for Democracy|Concertaci\\u00f3n]]'''', received an absolute majority\n        of votes (55%).{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE6DD1E3BF935A25751C1A96F948260|title=Man\n        in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile|work=The New York Times\n        | first=Shirley | last=Christian | date=16 December 1989}} President\n        Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.\\n\\nIn\n        December 1993, Christian Democrat [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], the son of\n        previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertaci\\u00f3n coalition\n        to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%).{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526090105/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archivedate=26\n        May 2008 |title=Chile elects new leader Late president''s son wins big |publisher=Encyclopedia.com\n        |date=12 December 1993 |accessdate=14 July 2013}}\\n\\n===21st century===\\n{{See\n        also|2010 Chile earthquake|2011\\u20132012 Chilean protests}}\\n\\n[[File:Izamiento\n        de la Gran Bandera Nacional - Presidentes de Chile.jpg|thumb|Five presidents\n        of Chile since [[Transition to democracy]] (1990\\u20132018), celebrating the\n        [[Bicentennial of Chile]]|260x260px]]\\nFrei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000\n        by Socialist [[Ricardo Lagos]], who won the presidency in an unprecedented\n        [[Chilean presidential election, 1999\\u20132000|runoff election]] against\n        [[Joaqu\\u00edn Lav\\u00edn]] of the rightist [[Alliance for Chile]].{{Cite\n        news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |title=Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election |publisher=CNN\n        |date=16 January 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506162601/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |archivedate=6 May 2008 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} In January 2006, Chileans\n        elected their first female president, [[Michelle Bachelet Jeria]], of the\n        Socialist Party, defeating [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]], of the [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] party, extending the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n''''\n        governance for another four years.{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10819903/|title=Chile\n        elects first woman president|publisher=MSNBC}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/11/AR2006031101381.html|title=Bachelet\n        Sworn In As Chile''s President|work=The Washington Post | first=Monte | last=Reel\n        | date=12 March 2006}} In January 2010, Chileans [[Chilean presidential\n        election, 2009-2010|elected]] [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] as the first\n        rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President [[Eduardo Frei\n        Ruiz-Tagle]] of the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n'''', for a four-year term succeeding\n        Bachelet. Due to term limits, [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] did not stand\n        for re-election in 2013, and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in [[Michelle\n        Bachelet]] returning to office.\\n\\nOn 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by\n        an 8.8 MW [[2010 Chile earthquake|earthquake]], the fifth largest\n        ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing\n        [[tsunami]]) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was\n        also followed by multiple aftershocks.{{cite web|url=http://www.australia-times.com.au/world/article.php?id=501|title=US\n        ready to help Chile: Obama|publisher=The Australia Times|accessdate=3 March\n        2010}} Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15\\u201330 billion,\n        around 10 to 15 percent of Chile''s real gross domestic product.[http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        More Quakes Shake Chile\\u2019s Infrastructure], Adam Figman, ''''Contract\n        Magazine'''', 1 March 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114030306/http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        |date=14 November 2014 }}\\n\\nChile achieved global recognition for the\n        successful [[2010 Copiap\\u00f3 mining accident|rescue of 33 trapped miners]]\n        in 2010. On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San Jos\\u00e9\n        copper and gold mine in the [[Atacama Desert]] near [[Copiap\\u00f3]] in northern\n        Chile, trapping 33 men {{convert|700|m}} below ground. A rescue effort organized\n        by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were\n        brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of\n        almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm|title=Background\n        Note: Chile|work=[[Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs]], [[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011|accessdate=19 March 2012}}\\n\\n==Geography,\n        climate, and environment==\\n{{Main article|Geography of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Natural\n        regions of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Environmental issues in Chile}}\\n\\nA long and\n        narrow coastal [[Southern Cone]] country on the west side of the [[Andes Mountains]],\n        Chile stretches over {{convert|4300|km|-1|abbr=on}} north to south, but only\n        {{convert|350|km|0|abbr=on}} at its widest point east to west.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111326/Chile |title=Chile\n        |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica |accessdate=7 May 2013}} This\n        encompasses a remarkable variety of climates and landscapes. It contains {{convert|756950|km2}}\n        of land area. It is situated within the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. Excluding\n        its Pacific islands and Antarctic claim, Chile lies between latitudes [[17th\n        parallel south|17\\u00b0]] and [[56th parallel south|56\\u00b0S]], and longitudes\n        [[66th meridian west|66\\u00b0]] and [[75th meridian west|75\\u00b0W]].\\n\\nChile\n        is among the longest north-south countries in the world. If one considers\n        only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness\n        from east to west, with the other long north-south countries (including [[Brazil]],\n        [[Russia]], [[Canada]], and the United States, among others) all being wider\n        from east to west by a factor of more than 10. Chile also claims {{convert|1250000|km2|abbr=on}}\n        of [[Antarctica]] as part of its territory ([[Chilean Antarctic Territory]]).\n        However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the [[Antarctic\n        Treaty]], of which Chile is a signatory.{{cite web|title=Antarctic Treaty:\n        Information about the Antarctic Treaty and how Antarctica is governed. |work=Polar\n        Conservation Organisation |publisher=Polar Conservation Organisation |date=1\n        February 2008 |url=http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204/\n        |accessdate=11 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210224459/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204\n        |archivedate=10 February 2010 }} It is the world''s southernmost country\n        that is geographically on the mainland.{{cite book|last1=Collin|first1=Robert|title=Trash\n        Talk: An Encyclopedia of Garbage and Recycling around the World|date=2015|page=121}}\\n\\nChile\n        controls [[Easter Island]] and [[Sala y G\\u00f3mez]] Island, the easternmost\n        islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and\n        [[Robinson Crusoe Island]], more than {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} from the\n        mainland, in the [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands]]. Also controlled but only\n        temporarily inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of San\n        Ambrosio and San Felix. These islands are notable because they extend Chile''s\n        claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the [[Pacific Ocean]].{{cite\n        book|last=Blanco|first=Alejandro Vergara |title=Derecho de aguas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o3G0FyArtAC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Editorial Jur\\u00eddica de Chile|isbn=978-956-10-1241-7}}\\n\\nThe\n        northern [[Atacama Desert]] contains great mineral wealth, primarily [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        and [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]]s. The relatively small Central\n        Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population\n        and agricultural resources. This area is also the historical center from which\n        Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and\n        southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features\n        a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords,\n        inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are\n        located on the eastern border.\\n\\n\\nMiscanti\n        Lagoon near San Pedro de Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|[[Norte Grande]]\\nValle\n        de Elqui1.jpg|[[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]]\\nVi\\u00f1edo Puente Alto.jpg|[[Central\n        Chile|Centro]]\\nSalto de la Leona.jpg|[[Zona Sur|Sur]]\\nTorres del Paine -\n        Flickr - Alanbritom.jpg|[[Zona Austral|Austral]]\\n\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{Main\n        article|Climate of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|200px|Chile\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\n[[File:Admiring the Galaxy.jpg|thumb|left|With\n        more than 300 clear nights each year, [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] is\n        in an ideal position to house advanced observational instruments]]\\n\\nThe\n        diverse [[climate of Chile]] ranges from the world''s driest desert in the\n        north\\u2014the [[Atacama Desert]]\\u2014through a [[Mediterranean climate]]\n        in the center, [[humid subtropical]] in Easter Island, to an [[oceanic climate]],\n        including [[alpine tundra]] and [[glaciers]] in the east and south.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm|title=Country\n        profile: Chile |work=BBC News | date=16 December 2009 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}} According to the [[K\\u00f6ppen climate classification|K\\u00f6ppen\n        system]], Chile within its borders hosts at least ten major climatic subtypes.\n        There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February),\n        autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Wildlife of Chile}}\\n[[File:Cuernos del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9.jpg|thumb|right|Torres\n        del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile]]\\n\\nThe\n        flora and fauna of Chile are characterized by a high degree of endemism, due\n        to its particular geography. In continental Chile, the [[Atacama Desert]]\n        in the north and the [[Andes Mountains|Andes mountains]] to the east are barriers\n        that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Add to that the enormous\n        length of Chile (over {{convert|4300|km|0|abbr=on}}) and this results in a\n        wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general\n        zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions\n        of the south.\\n\\n===Flora===\\n[[File:Araucaria araucana - Parque Nacional\n        Conguill\\u00edo por lautaroj - 001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Araucaria araucana]] trees\n        in [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]]]]\\nThe native flora of Chile consists\n        of relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other South American\n        countries. \\nThe northernmost coastal and central region is largely barren\n        of vegetation, approaching the most absolute desert in the world.{{Cite\n        journal |author-link=La Tercera/Icarito |title=Icarito: Enciclopedia de la\n        flora y fauna de Chile |journal=Icarito |url=http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0,0,38035857_152308989,00.html\n        |id= |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410080253/http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0%2C0%2C38035857_152308989%2C00.html\n        |archivedate=10 April 2006 |df=dmy-all }}\\nOn the slopes of the Andes,\n        in addition to the scattered tola desert brush, grasses are found. The central\n        valley is characterized by several species of cacti, the hardy [[Acacia caven|espinos]],\n        the [[Araucaria araucana|Chilean pine]], the [[nothofagus|southern beeches]]\n        and the [[copihue]], a red bell-shaped flower that is Chile''s national flower.\\n[[File:Lapageria rosea1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Copihue]] in\n        flower]]\\n\\nIn southern Chile, south of the Biob\\u00edo River, heavy precipitation\n        has produced dense forests of laurels, magnolias, and various species of conifers\n        and beeches, which become smaller and more stunted to the south.\\n{{Cite\n        journal | last = Smith-Ram\\u00edrez | first = Cecilia | title = Distribution\n        patterns of flora and fauna in southern Chilean Coastal rain forests: Integrating\n        Natural History and GIS | journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | issue\n        = Volume 16, Number 9 / August 2007 | publisher = Springer Netherlands | date\n        = 27 October 2006 | doi = 10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2 }}\\nThe cold temperatures\n        and winds of the extreme south preclude heavy forestation. Grassland is found\n        in Atlantic Chile (in Patagonia). Much of the Chilean flora is distinct from\n        that of neighboring Argentina, indicating that the Andean barrier existed\n        during its formation.\\n\\nSome of Chile''s flora has\n        an Antarctic origin due to [[land bridge]]s which formed during the Cretaceous\n        ice ages, allowing plants to migrate from Antarctica to South America.[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chilean-and-antarctic-fossils-reveal-the-last-geologic-minutes-of-the-age-of-dinosaurs-slide-show/\n        Chilean and Antarctic Fossils Reveal the Last \\\"Geologic Minutes\\\" of the\n        Age of Dinosaurs]\\n\\nJust over 3,000 species of fungi are recorded in\n        Chile,Oehrens, E.B. \\\"Flora Fungosa Chilena\\\". Universidad de Chile,\n        Santiago de Chile, 1980{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm\n        |title=Cybertruffle''s Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated\n        organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |accessdate=9 July 2011}} but\n        this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species\n        occurring in Chile is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted\n        estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been\n        discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. \\\"Dictionary\n        of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount of available\n        information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate\n        the number of fungal species endemic to Chile, and 1995 species have been\n        tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/chilfung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title=Fungi of Chile \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate=9 July 2011}}\\n\\n===Fauna===\\n\\nChile''s geographical isolation\n        has restricted the immigration of faunal life, so that only a few of the many\n        distinctive South American animals are found. Among the larger mammals are\n        the [[Cougar|puma]] or cougar, the llama-like [[guanaco]] and the fox-like\n        [[South American gray fox|chilla]]. In the forest region, several types of\n        marsupials and a small deer known as the [[Pud\\u00fa|pudu]] are found.\\n\\nThere are many species of small birds, but most of the\n        larger common Latin American types are absent. Few freshwater fish are native,\n        but North American trout have been successfully introduced into the Andean\n        lakes. Owing to the vicinity of the Humboldt Current,\n        ocean waters abound with fish and other forms of marine life, which in turn\n        support a rich variety of waterfowl, including several penguins. Whales are\n        abundant, and some six species of seals are found in the area.\\n\\n\\nFile:Cougar\n        (7062752887).jpg|[[Puma concolor|Puma]]\\nFile:Sephanoides fernandensis.jpg|[[Juan\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez firecrown]]\\nFile:Guanacos, Parque Nacional Torres del Paine,\n        Chile3.jpg|[[Guanaco]]\\nFile:Culpeo MC.jpg|[[Culpeo]]\\nFile:Poudou IMG 4339.JPG|[[Pud\\u00fa]]\\nFile:Condor\n        des Andes m\\u00e2le adulte.jpg|[[Andean condor]]\\nFile:Huemul verdadero.JPG|[[Huemul]]\\nFile:Emperor-atka4\n        hg.jpg|[[Emperor penguin]]s\\n\\n\\n===Topography===\\nChile is located\n        along a highly [[seismic]] and [[volcanic]] zone, part of the Pacific Ring\n        of Fire, due to the subduction of the Nazca and Antarctic plates in the [[South\n        American plate]].\\n\\n[[File:Chile topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Topographic\n        map of Chile. To view maps based on [[SRTM]] topographic relief of the country,\n        see [[:commons:Atlas of Chile/Clickable map|here]].]]\\n\\n[[File:Ojos del Salado\n        summit.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ojos del Salado|Nevado Ojos del Salado]]: View from\n        the top Chilean Argentine side.]]\\n[[File:Salar de Atacama.jpg|thumbnail|The\n        [[Atacama Desert|Atacama]] [[Dry lake]], in Chile. At the horizon, the [[Licancabur]]\n        volcano.]]\\n[[File:Lago Conguillio.jpg|thumbnail|Conguill\\u00edo National\n        Park, south-central area of the country.]]\\n[[File:BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg|thumbnail|A\n        glacier at the Beagle Channel]]\\n\\nLate [[Paleozoic]], 251 million years ago,\n        Chile belonged to the continental block called Gondwana. It was just a depression\n        accumulated marine sediments began to rise at the end of the Mesozoic, 66\n        million years ago, due to the collision between the Nazca and South American\n        plates, resulting in the Andes. The territory would be shaped by millions\n        of years due to the folding of the rocks, forming the current relief.\\n\\nThe\n        Chilean relief consists of the central depression, which crosses the country\n        longitudinally, flanked by two mountain ranges that make up about 80% of the\n        territory: the Andes mountains to the east-natural border with [[Bolivia]]\n        and [[Argentina]], with its most alton 18 located on the [[Nevado Ojos del\n        Salado]], at 6891.3 m, the highest volcano in the world, in the [[Atacama\n        Region|region of Atacama]] and Coastal Range west-minor height from the Andes,\n        with its highest point located on the hill Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, at 3114 meters,\n        located in the Sierra Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, the south of [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]].\n        Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains,\n        of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports.\n        Some areas of the plains territories encompass territory east of the Andes,\n        and the Patagonian steppes and Magellan, or are high plateaus surrounded by\n        high mountain ranges, such as the Altiplano or Puna de Atacama.\\n\\nThe [[Far\n        North, Chile|Far North]] is the area between the northern boundary of the\n        country and the [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] 26\\u00b0 S, covering the\n        first three regions. It is characterized by the presence of the [[Atacama\n        desert]], the most arid in the world. The desert is fragmented by streams\n        that originate in the area known as the [[Pampa del Tamarugal|pampas Tamarugal]].\n        The Andes, split in two and whose eastern arm runs [[Bolivia]], has a high\n        altitude and volcanic activity, which has allowed the formation of the Andean\n        altiplano and salt structures as the [[Salar de Atacama]], due to the gradual\n        accumulation of sediments over time.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:left;\n        margin-right:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Ten highest peaks of Chile\\n|-\\n!Name\n        !!Altitude ([[metre|m]])\\n|- \\n|[[Nevado Ojos del Salado]]1 ||align=right|6891,3\\n|-\\n|[[Nevado\n        Tres Cruces]]1 ||align=right|6758\\n|- \\n|[[Llullaillaco]]1\n        ||align=right|6739\\n|-\\n|[[Incahuasi]]1 ||align=right|6638\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Tupungato]]1 ||align=right|6565\\n|-\\n|[[Ata (mountain)|Ata\n        Volcano]]1 ||align=right|6501\\n|-\\n|[[Cerro El Muerto]]1\n        ||align=right|6488\\n|-\\n|[[Parinacota (volcano)|Parinacota]]2 ||align=right|6342\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Pomerape]]2 ||align=right|6282\\n|- \\n|[[Los Patos]]1\n        ||align=right|6239\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note:1\n        shared with Argentina, 2 shared with Bolivia.\\n|}\\n\\nTo\n        the south is the [[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]], extending to the [[Aconcagua\n        River|Aconcagua river]]. Los Andes begin to decrease its altitude to the south\n        and closer to the coast, reaching 90 km away at the height of [[Illapel]],\n        the narrowest part of the Chilean territory. The two mountain ranges intersect,\n        virtually eliminating the intermediate depression. The existence of rivers\n        flowing through the territory allows the formation of [[Transverse Valleys|transverse\n        valleys]], where agriculture has developed strongly in recent times, while\n        the [[coastal plains]] begin to expand.\\n\\nThe [[Zona Central, Chile|Central]]\n        area is the most populated region of the country. The coastal plains are wide\n        and allow the establishment of cities and ports along the Pacific, while the\n        coastal mountains down its height. The Andes maintains altitudes above 6000m\n        but descend slowly starts approaching the 4000 meters on average. The intermediate\n        depression reappears becoming a fertile valley that allows agricultural development\n        and human settlement, due to sediment accumulation. To the south, the Cordillera\n        de la Costa reappears in the [[Nahuelbuta Range|range of Nahuelbuta]] while\n        glacial sediments originate a series of lakes in the area of [[La Frontera,\n        Chile|La Frontera]].\\n\\nPatagonia extends from within Reloncavi, at the height\n        of parallel 41 \\u00b0 S, to the south. During the [[Llanquihue glaciation|last\n        glaciation]], this area was covered by ice that strongly eroded Chilean relief\n        structures. As a result, the intermediate depression sinks in the sea, while\n        the coastal mountains rise to a series of archipelagos, such as [[Chilo\\u00e9\n        Island|Chilo\\u00e9]] and the [[Chonos Archipelago|Chonos]], disappearing in\n        Taitao peninsula, in the parallel 47 \\u00b0 S. The Andes mountain range loses\n        height and erosion caused by the action of glaciers has caused [[fjords]].\\n\\nEast\n        of the Andes, on the continent, or north of it, on the [[Tierra del Fuego\n        (main island)|island of Tierra del Fuego]] are located relatively flat plains,\n        which in the Strait of Magellan cover large areas.\\n\\nThe Andes, as he had\n        done previously Cordillera de la Costa, begins to break in the ocean causing\n        a myriad of islands and islets and disappear into it, sinking and reappearing\n        in the Southern Antilles arc and then the Antarctic Peninsula, where it is\n        called Antartandes, in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, lying between the\n        meridians 53 \\u00b0 W and 90 \\u00b0 W.\\n\\nIn the middle of the Pacific, the\n        country has sovereignty over several islands of volcanic origin, collectively\n        known as Insular Chile. Of these, we highlight the archipelago of Juan Fernandez\n        and Easter Island, which is located in the fracture zone between the Nazca\n        plate and the Pacific plate known as East Pacific Rise.\\n\\n===Hydrography===\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:right;clear:right; margin-left:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        colspan=2 | Ten longest rivers of Chile\\n|-\\n! Name !! Length ([[Kilometre|km]])\\n|-\\n|[[Loa\n        River|Loa]] ||align=right|440\\n|-\\n|[[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo River|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\n        ||align=right|380\\n|-\\n|[[Baker River (Chile)|Baker]] ||align=right|370\\n|-\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3\n        River|Copiap\\u00f3]] ||align=right|292\\n|-\\n|[[Maipo River|Maipo]] ||align=right|250\\n|-\\n|[[Yelcho\n        River|Yelcho]]-[[Futaleuf\\u00fa River|Futaleuf\\u00fa]] ||align=right|246\\n|-\\n|[[Maule\n        River|Maule]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Palena River|Palena]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Tolt\\u00e9n\n        River|Tolt\\u00e9n]] ||align=right|231\\n|-\\n|[[Huasco River|Huasco]] ||align=right|230\\n|-\\n|\n        colspan=2 style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note: All\n        lengths exclusively through Chilean territory.\\n|}\\n[[File:Lago Gral.\n        Carrera 01.JPG|thumbnail|left|[[General Carrera Lake|General Carrera lake]],\n        the largest in the country.]]\\n[[File:Bruggen-PioXI FaceCompleteCroppedIMG5642.jpg|thumbnail|[[Br\\u00fcggen\n        Glacier|Pio XI Glacier (or Br\\u00fcggen)]], the longest in the southern hemisphere\n        outside of Antarctica.]]\\n\\nDue to the characteristics of the territory, Chile\n        is crossed by numerous rivers generally short in length and with low torrential\n        flow. They commonly extend from the [[Andes Mountains|Andes]] to the [[Pacific\n        Ocean]], flowing in an East to West direction.\\n\\nBecause of the [[desert]],\n        in the Norte Grande there are only short [[endorheic]] character streams,\n        except for the [[river Loa]], the longest in the country 440 km.{{cite journal |author1=Niemeyer, Hans  |author2=Cereceda, Pilar\n        |year=1983 |title=Hydrography |work=Geography of Chile |publisher=[[Military\n        Geographic Institute (Chile)|Military Geographic Institute]] |edition=1st\n        |location=Santiago |volume=8 |accessdate=8 March 2011}} In the high\n        valleys, wetland areas generate [[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]], located at 4500 meters\n        above sea level. It and the river [[Lauca River|Lauca]] are shared with [[Bolivia]],\n        as well as the [[Lluta River|Lluta]].\\n\\nIn the center-north of the country,\n        the number of rivers that form valleys of agricultural importance increases.\n        Noteworthy are the Elqui with 75 km long, 142 km\n        Aconcagua, Maipo with 250 km and its tributary, the Mapocho\n        with 110 km, and Maule with 240 km. Their waters mainly flow from\n        Andean snowmelt in the summer and winter rains. The major lakes in this area\n        are the artificial lake Rapel, the Colbun Maule lagoon and the lagoon of La\n        Laja.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile-demography.png|thumb|300px|Population\n        of Chile from 1820, projected up to 2050]]\\n\\nChile''s 2002 census reported\n        a population of 15 million people. Its rate of population growth has been\n        decreasing since 1990, due to a declining [[birth rate]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/estadisticas_vitales/pdf/anuarios/vitales2003.zip|title=Anuario\n        Estad\\u00edsticas Vitales 2003|publisher=Instituto National de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|title=Chile:\n        Proyecciones y Estimaciones de Poblaci\\u00f3n. Total Pa\\u00eds 1950\\u20132050|publisher=Instituto\n        National de Estad\\u00edsticas|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nXISo4aQ?url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|archivedate=14\n        February 2010|df=dmy-all}} About 85 percent of the country''s population\n        lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in [[Santiago|Greater Santiago]].\n        The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago\n        with 5.6 million people, [[Greater Concepci\\u00f3n]] with 861,000\\nand [[Greater\n        Valpara\\u00edso]] with 824,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.observatoriourbano.cl/indurb/pre_ciudades.asp?id_user=0&idComCiu=0|title=List\n        of Chilean cities|publisher=Observatorio Urbano, Ministerio de Vivienda y\n        Urbanismo de Chile}}\\n\\n===Ancestry and ethnicity===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Chile|Immigration to Chile}}\\n\\nMexican professor Francisco Lizcano,\n        of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]], estimated that 52.7%\n        of [[Chileans]] were white, 39.3% were [[mestizo]], and 8% were [[Amerindian]].{{cite\n        web|author=Lizcano Fern\\u00e1ndez |year=2005 |title=Composici\\u00f3n \\u00e9tnica\n        de las tres \\u00e1reas culturales del continente americano al comienzo del\n        siglo XXI |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |format=PDF\n        |publisher=UAEM |issn=1405-1435 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf\n        |archivedate=26 June 2013 }}\\n\\nThe most recent study in the Candela\n        Project establishes that the genetic composition of Chile is 52% of European\n        origin, with 44% of the genome coming from Native Americans (Amerindians),\n        and 4% coming from Africa, making Chile a primarily mestizo country with traces\n        of African descent present in half of the population.{{cite web |url=http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |title=Estudio gen\\u00e9tico en chilenos muestra desconocida herencia africana\n        | El D\\u00ednamo |publisher=Eldinamo.cl |date=19 August 2013 |accessdate=22\n        December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706180053/http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |archivedate=6 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }} Another genetic study conducted\n        by the [[University of Brasilia]] in several American countries shows a similar\n        genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian\n        (Native) contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%.{{cite\n        web|last=Godinho |first=Neide Maria de Oliveira |title=O impacto das migra\\u00e7\\u00f5es\n        na constitui\\u00e7\\u00e3o gen\\u00e9tica de popula\\u00e7\\u00f5es latino-americanas\n        |url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873\n        |publisher=Universidade de Bras\\u00edlia |accessdate=29 March 2013 |year=2008\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf\n        |archivedate=6 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nA public health booklet from\n        the [[University of Chile]] states that 30% of the population is of Caucasian\n        origin; \\\"predominantly White\\\" Mestizos are estimated to amount a total of\n        65%, while Native Americans (Amerindians) comprise the remaining 5%.{{cite\n        web | title =5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | work =La Universidad de Chile | accessdate =26 August 2007 | language =\n        | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071016124831/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | archivedate =16 October 2007 | df =dmy-all }} ([http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        Main page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916211140/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        |date=16 September 2009 }})\\n\\nDespite the genetic considerations, many\n        Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as White. The 2011 [[Latinobar\\u00f3metro]]\n        survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to\n        belong to. Most answered \\\"White\\\" (59%), while 25% said \\\"Mestizo\\\" and 8%\n        self-classified as \\\"indigenous\\\".{{cite web|url=http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATContenidos.jsp\n        |title=Informe Latinobar\\u00f3metro 2011 |publisher=Latinobarometro.org |accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} A 2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans\n        believed they possessed some (43.4%) or much (8.3%) \\\"indigenous blood\\\",\n        while 40.3% responded that they had none.{{cite web|url=http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|title=Encuesta\n        CEP, Julio 2002|date=July 2002|accessdate=18 May 2012|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429001707/http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|archivedate=29\n        April 2013|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n[[File:Trajes chilenos -Geschichte des kost\\u00fcms\n        in chronologischer entwicklung 1888- A. Racinet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mapuche|Araucanian]]\n        Indians and [[Huaso]]s in Chile, 19th century.]]\\n[[File:FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg|thumb|left|Italian\n        immigrants to [[Italian Chilean|Capitan Pastene]] in southern Chile.]]\\n\\nThe\n        1907 census reported 101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total population. Only\n        those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were\n        considered to be Indians, irrespective of their \\\"racial purity\\\".{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl//temas/documento_detalle.asp?id=MC0007943\n        |title=1907 census |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }}\\n\\nIn 2002 a census\n        took place, directly asking the public whether they considered themselves\n        as part of any of the eight Chilean ethnic groups, regardless of whether or\n        not they maintained their culture, traditions and language, and 4.6 percent\n        of the population (692,192 people) fitted that description of [[indigenous\n        peoples in Chile]]. Of that number, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf|title=Censo 2002 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edntesis de Resultados|work=Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        Most of the indigenous population shows varying degrees of mixed ancestry.{{cite web|url=http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act |title=El\n        gradiente sociogen\\u00e9tico chileno y sus implicaciones \\u00e9tico-sociales\n        |publisher=Medwave.cl |date=15 June 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818181825/http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }}\\n\\nChile is one of 22 countries to have\n        signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous\n        peoples, the [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091225170052/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 December 2009 |title=ILOLEX: submits English\n        query |publisher=Ilo.org |date=9 January 2004 }} It was adopted in 1989\n        as the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified\n        it in 2008. A Chilean court decision in November 2009 considered to be a landmark\n        ruling on indigenous rights and made use of the convention. The Supreme Court\n        decision on Aymara water rights upheld rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal\n        and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application\n        of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.{{cite web|url=http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17739:chiles-supreme-court-upholds-indigenous-water-use-rights&catid=19:other&Itemid=142\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights |publisher=The\n        Santiago Times |date=30 November 2009 |accessdate=2 March 2010}}\\n\\nChile\n        was never a particularly attractive destination for migrants, owing to its\n        remoteness and distance from Europe.\n        Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead\n        of taking the long journey through the Straits of Magellan or crossing the\n        Andes. European migration did not result in a significant\n        change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the [[Magallanes y la\n        Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena Region|region of Magellan]].[http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf\n        Censo de poblaci\\u00f3n de 1907, page-PDF 55/1277 and page-PDF 1249/1277 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas de Chile] Spaniards were the only major\n        European migrant group to Chile,{{cite web|url=http://www.euzkoetxeachile.cl/libros/04-De%20los%20Vascos%20Onati%20y%20los%20Elorza-2.pdf\n        |title=De los Vascos, O\\u00f1ati y los Elorza |author=Waldo Ayarza Elorza\n        |pages=59, 65, 66 |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013}} and there was\n        never large-scale immigration such as that to Argentina or Uruguay.\n        Between 1851 and 1924, Chile only received 0.5% of European immigration to\n        Latin America, compared to 46% to Argentina, 33% to Brazil, 14% to Cuba, and\n        4% to Uruguay. However, it is undeniable that immigrants\n        have played a significant role in Chilean society.\\n\\nOther\n        groups of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] have followed but are found\n        in smaller numbers, like the descendants of [[Austrians]][http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jong038duit01_01/jong038duit01_01_0018.php\n        Hoofdstuk XVI Historisch tussenspel] {{nl icon}} and [[Dutch people]].\n        Currently, these are estimated at about 50,000 people.{{cite web|url=http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |title=Dutch immigration |publisher=Cstandt.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818221629/http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }} After the failed [[Revolutions of 1848\n        in the German states|liberal revolution of 1848]] in the German states,{{cite book|last1=Salazar Vergara|first1=Gabriel\n        |last2=Pinto|first2=Julio|title=Historia contempor\\u00e1nea de Chile: Actores,\n        identidad y movimiento. II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyx8JQtvU78C&pg=PA78|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1999|publisher=[[Lom Ediciones]]|isbn=978-956-282-174-2|pages=76\\u201381|chapter=La\n        Presencia Inmigrante}}{{cite book |title= Superpoblaci\\u00f3n |last=\n        Dur\\u00e1n |first= Hip\\u00f3lito |authorlink= Hip\\u00f3lito Dur\\u00e1n |year=\n        1997 |publisher= Real Academia Nacional de Medicina |location= Madrid |isbn=\n        84-923901-0-7 |trans_chapter= |chapter= El crecimiento de la poblaci\\u00f3n\n        latinoamericana y en especial de Chile \\u2022 Academia Chilena de Medicina\n        |chapterurl= |quote= |page= 217 |accessdate=16 September 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IXFVHAXxNw0C&pg=PA217}}\n        a noticeable German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the\n        [[German-Chilean]] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to \\\"unbarbarize\\\"\n        and colonize the southern region,\n        these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, [[Silesians]], [[Alsace|Alsatians]]\n        and Austrians) settled mainly in [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno\n        and Llanquihue|Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue]].{{cite book |title=\n        Recuerdos del Pasado |last1= P\\u00e9rez Rosales |first1= Vicente |authorlink=\n        Vicente P\\u00e9rez Rosales |year= 1860 |publisher= Editorial Andr\\u00e9s Bello\n        |location= Santiago de Chile |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cISuC7tC5hsC}}\\n\\nDescendants\n        of different [[ethnic groups in Europe|European ethnic groups]] often intermarried\n        in Chile. This intermarriage and mixture of cultures and races have helped\n        to shape the present society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes.{{cite web|url=http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |title=entrevista al Presidente de la C\\u00e1mara vasca |publisher=Deia.com\n        |date=22 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001812/http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |archivedate=11 May 2009 }}\\n\\nDue in part to its economic fortunes,\n        Chile has recently become a new magnet for immigrants, mostly from neighboring\n        [[Argentina]], Bolivia and mainly Peru.{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199\n        |title=Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy |publisher=Migrationinformation.org\n        |accessdate=1 August 2011}} According to the 2002 national census, Chile''s\n        foreign-born population has increased by 75% since 1992.{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=920108 |title= El debate sobre\n        la inmigraci\\u00f3n ilegal se extiende a la regi\\u00f3n |accessdate=31 December\n        2008 |last= Landaburu |first= Juan |date= 24 June 2007 |work= [[La Naci\\u00f3n]]\n        }} According to an estimate by the Migration and Foreign Residency Department,\n        317,057 foreigners were living in Chile as of December 2008.{{cite web|url=http://www.extranjeria.gov.cl/filesapp/Informe%20Estimacion%20Poblacion%20Extranjeros%202008.pdf\n        |title=Estimaci\\u00f3n de Poblaci\\u00f3n de Extranjeros en Chile a Diciembre\n        de 2008 |publisher=Departamento de Extranjer\\u00eda y Migraci\\u00f3n |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Roughly 500,000 of Chile\\u2019s population\n        is of full or partial [[Palestinian people|Palestinian origin]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508\n        |title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome |publisher=Adnkronos.com\n        |date=7 April 2003 }}{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generaci\\u00f3n de palestinos\n        en Chile |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |archivedate=22 July 2009 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{Main article|Religion\n        in Chile}}\\n{{bar box\\n| title = Religious background in Chile (2015){{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by\n        religion, region, sex and age groups. (censused population) |url=http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\n        |accessdate= September 2015 |language=Spanish |format=.pdf}}\\n| titlebar\n        = #ddd\\n| left1 = Religion\\n| right1 = Percent\\n| float = right\\n| bars =\\n{{bar\n        percent|Roman Catholic|orange|55}}\\n{{bar percent|None|red|25}}\\n{{bar percent|Protestant|green|13}}\\n{{bar\n        percent|Other|yellow|7}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Iglesia de Vilupulli.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Churches\n        of Chilo\\u00e9]].]]\\n{{As of|2012}}, 66.6% of Chilean\n        population over 15 years of age claimed to be of Catholic creed \\u2013 a decrease\n        from the 70%7,853,428 out of 11,226,309 people over 15 years of age.\n        {{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by religion, administrative\n        division, sex and age groups|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/cuadros/6/C6_00000.pdf|work=Censo\n        2002|accessdate=1 March 2014|language=Spanish|format=PDF}} reported\n        by the 2002 census \\u2013 while 17 percent reported adherence to an ''''evangelical''''\n        church. In the census, the term ''''evangelical'''' referred to all non-Catholic\n        Christian churches with the exception of the [[Orthodox Church]] (Greek, Persian,\n        Serbian, Ukrainian, and Armenian), [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day\n        Saints]] ([[Mormons]]), [[Seventh-day Adventists]], and [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]],\n        essentially limiting it to the [[Protestants]] (although [[Adventism]] is\n        often considered a part of it). Approximately 90 percent of Protestants (''''evangelicals'''')\n        are [[Pentecostal]]. [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan]], [[Lutheran]], [[Reformed\n        churches|Reformed Evangelical]], [[Presbyterian]], [[Anglican]], [[Anglicanism|Episcopalian]],\n        [[Baptist]] and [[Methodist church]]es are also present.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108518.htm|title=Chile|work=International\n        Religious Freedom Report|publisher=United States Department of State|date=19\n        September 2008}} Irreligious people, atheists, and agnostics account\n        for around 12 percent of the population.\\n\\nCurrently in 2015, the majority\n        religion in Chile is Christianity (68%), with an estimated 55% of Chileans\n        belonging to the Catholic church, 13% Protestant or Evangelical and just 7%\n        with any other religion. Agnostics and atheist are estimated at 25%.http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\\n\\nThe\n        Constitution provides for [[freedom of religion]], and other laws and policies\n        contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The law at all levels\n        protects this right in full against abuse, either by governmental or private\n        actors.\\n\\nChurch and state are officially\n        [[separation of church and state|separate]] in Chile. The 1999 law on religion\n        prohibits [[religious discrimination]]. However, the Catholic Church enjoys\n        a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment{{Citation\n        needed|date=February 2014}}. Government officials attend Catholic events as\n        well as major Protestant and Jewish ceremonies.\\n\\nThe\n        Government-observed religious holidays include Christmas, [[Good Friday]],\n        the [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel|Feast of the Virgin of Carmen]], the [[Feast\n        of Saints Peter and Paul]], the [[Assumption of Mary|Feast of the Assumption]],\n        [[All Saints'' Day]], and the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]] as [[Public\n        holiday|national holidays]]. The government\n        has recently declared 31 October, [[Reformation Day]], a public national holiday,\n        in honor of the Protestant churches of the country.{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |title=Hola, Luther |work=The Economist |date=6 November 2008 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210125640/http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |archivedate=10 December 2008 }}{{Cite news|author=Andrea Henr\\u00edquez\n        |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/2007/en_nombre_de_la_fe/newsid_7701000/7701290.stm\n        |title=Los evang\\u00e9licos tienen su feriado |publisher=BBC Mundo |date=31\n        October 2008 |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe [[patron saint]]s\n        of Chile are [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] and [[Saint James the Greater]]\n        (''''Santiago'''').{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php?letter=C\n        |title=Patron Saints: ''C'' |publisher=Catholic Online |accessdate=28 June\n        2012}} In 2005, [[Alberto Hurtado|St. Alberto Hurtado]] was canonized\n        by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] and became the country''s second saint after [[Teresa\n        de los Andes|St. Teresa de los Andes]].{{cite web |url=http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |title=Las fechas del proceso de Canonizaci\\u00f3n del Padre Hurtado |language=Spanish\n        |accessdate=9 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122033957/http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |archivedate=22 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}\\n\\n===Languages===\\nThe\n        [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish spoken in Chile]] is distinctively accented and\n        quite unlike that of neighboring South American countries because final syllables\n        and \\\"''''s''''\\\" sounds are often dropped, and some consonants have a soft\n        pronunciation. Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more\n        noticeable are the differences in accent based on social class or whether\n        one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely\n        formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in\n        modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of\n        differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and\n        now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.\\n\\nThere are several indigenous languages spoken\n        in Chile: [[Mapudungun]], [[Chilean Quechua|Quechua]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]]\n        and [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]]. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took\n        over as the [[lingua franca]] and the indigenous languages have become minority\n        languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL\n        |title=Ethnologue report for Chile |publisher=Ethnologue.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\nGerman is still spoken to some extent in southern Chile,{{cite\n        web |author=Oliver Zoellner |url=http://www.research-worldwide.de/article-chile2005.html\n        |title=Oliver Zoellner | Generating Samples of Ethnic Minorities in Chile\n        |publisher=Research-worldwide.de |accessdate=17 December 2009}} either\n        in small country side pockets or as a second language among the communities\n        of larger cities.\\n\\nThrough initiatives such as the [[English Opens Doors|English\n        Opens Doors Program]], the government made English mandatory for students\n        in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile\n        start teaching English from kindergarten.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090908/lack-english-proficiency\n        |title=Repeat after me: Hello, my name is |publisher=Globalpost.com }}\n        Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish\n        speech.{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-04622005000200010&script=sci_arttext\n        |title=Anglicism in Chilean Spanish |publisher=Scielo.cl |date=4 May 2004}}\\n\\n==\n        Government and politics ==\\n{{Main article|Politics of Chile|Law of Chile}}\\n[[File:Palacio\n        de La Moneda.png|thumb|left|The [[Palacio de La Moneda]] in downtown [[Santiago,\n        Chile|Santiago]].]]\\n[[File:Tribjusticiacl.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palacio de\n        los Tribunales de Justicia de Santiago|Palace of Justice]] in Santiago.]]\\nThe\n        current [[Constitution of Chile]] was approved in a national [[plebiscite]]\n        \\u2014regarded as \\\"highly irregular\\\" by some observers{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=A\n        Country Study: Chile|work=[[United States Library of Congress]]}}\\u2014\n        in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. It entered\n        into force in March 1981. After Pinochet''s defeat in the [[Chilean national\n        plebiscite, 1988|1988 plebiscite]], the constitution was amended to ease provisions\n        for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo\n        Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress.\n        These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and [[senators\n        for life]], granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief\n        of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4157908.stm|title=Chile scraps\n        Pinochet-era system|publisher=BBC | date=16 August 2005 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}}\\n\\nThe [[Congress of Chile]] has a 38-seat [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]\n        and a 120-member [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]. Senators\n        serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every\n        4 years. The last congressional elections were held on 17 November 2013, concurrently\n        with the presidential election. The current Senate has a 21\\u201315 split\n        in favor of the governing coalition and 2 independents. The current lower\n        house, the Chamber of Deputies, contains 67 members of the governing center-left\n        coalition, 48 from the center-right opposition and 5 from small parties or\n        independents. The Congress is located in the port city of Valpara\\u00edso,\n        about {{convert|140|km|0|abbr=off}} west of the capital, Santiago.\\n[[File:Congresschile.jpg|thumb|[[National\n        Congress of Chile|National Congress]] building in Valpara\\u00edso.]]\\nChile''s\n        congressional elections are governed by a [[Binomial System|binomial system]]\n        that, for the most part, rewards the two largest representations equally,\n        often regardless of their relative popular support. Parties are thus forced\n        to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertaci\\u00f3n\n        and Alianza) split most of the seats. Only if the leading coalition ticket\n        out-polls the second place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does\n        the winning coalition gain both seats, which tends to lock the legislative\n        in a roughly 50-50 split.\\n\\nChile''s judiciary is independent and includes\n        a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal,\n        and the [[Supreme Court of Chile]]. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide\n        overhaul of its criminal justice system.{{cite web|url=http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |work=Chilean Government |title=President Lagos: We can make a greater effort\n        to make yesterday''s and today''s trials equally just |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423171251/http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |archivedate=23 April 2008 }} The reform has replaced inquisitorial\n        proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United\n        States.\\n\\nIn the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative [[Independent\n        Democratic Union]] (UDI) surpassed the [[Christian Democratic Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrats]] for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house.\n        In the [[Chilean parliamentary election, 2005|2005 parliamentary election]],\n        both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation\n        in favor of their respective allies [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist Party]]\n        (which became the biggest party in the Concertaci\\u00f3n block) and [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] in the right-wing alliance. In the 2009\n        legislative elections in Chile, the [[Communist Party of Chile|Communist Party]]\n        won 3 out of 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 30\n        years (the Communist Party was not allowed to exist as such during the dictatorship).\\n\\nChileans\n        voted in the first round of presidential elections on 17 November 2013. None\n        of the nine presidential candidates got more than 50 percent of the vote.\n        As a result, the top two candidates, center-left [[Nueva Mayor\\u00eda]] coalition''s\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and center-right [[Alianza (Chile)|Alianza]] coalition''s\n        [[Evelyn Matthei]], competed in a run-off election on 15 December 2013, which\n        Bachelet won. This was Chile''s sixth presidential election since the end\n        of the Pinochet era. All six have been judged free and fair. The president\n        is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.\\n\\n=== Foreign\n        relations ===\\n{{Main article|Foreign relations of Chile}}\\n[[File:Foreign\n        relations of Chile.svg|thumb|340x340px|State of Chile\\u2019s international\n        relations in the world:\\n{{legend|#006680|Chile}}\\n{{legend|#008000|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and Chilean embassy in the country.}}\\n{{legend|#00AA88|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and an embassy in Chile, but no Chilean embassy.}}\\n{{legend|#8DD35F|Country\n        with diplomatic relations but without ambassadors.}}\\n{{legend|#cccccc|Country\n        with no diplomatic relations currently.}}\\n]]\\n\\nSince the early decades after\n        independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs.\n        In 1837 the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru''s port\n        of [[Callao]] for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived\n        alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]] (1836\\u201339)\n        in the [[War of the Confederation]]. The war dissolved the confederation while\n        distributing power in the Pacific. A second international war, the [[War of\n        the Pacific]] (1879\\u201383), further increased Chile''s regional role, while\n        adding considerably to its territory.\\n\\nDuring the\n        19th century, Chile''s commercial ties were primarily with Britain, a nation\n        that had a major influence on the formation of the Chilean navy. The French\n        influenced Chile''s legal and educational systems and had a decisive impact\n        on Chile, through the architecture of the capital in the boom years at the\n        turn of the 20th century. German influence came from the organization and\n        training of the army by [[Prussia]]ns.\\n\\nOn 26 June\n        1945, Chile participated as a founding member of the United Nations being\n        among 50 countries that signed the [[United Nations Charter]] in San Francisco,\n        California.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml#c |title=United\n        Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1 August 2011\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417145758/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml\n        |archivedate=17 April 2009 |df=dmy }}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/growth.shtml\n        |title=United Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/av/photo/detail/0001314.html?browse=all.html\n        |title=The San Francisco Conference: Chile Signs United Nations Charter }}{{dead\n        link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\n        With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result\n        of widespread human rights abuses.\\n\\nSince its return\n        to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international\n        political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN\n        Security Council in January 2005. Jose Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national,\n        was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May\n        2005 and confirmed in his position, being re-elected in 2009. Chile is currently\n        serving on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors,\n        and the 2007\\u20132008 chair of the board is Chile''s ambassador to the IAEA,\n        Milenko E. Skoknic. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies\n        and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It was [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council#Members|re-elected]] as a member of the [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]] in 2011 for a three-year term.{{cite\n        web|title=Election (13 May 2010) Human Rights Council|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/64/elections/hrc/index.shtml|work=64th\n        Session|publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]]}} It was also\n        [[United Nations Security Council election, 2013|elected]] to one of five\n        non-permanent seats on the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]\n        in 2013.{{cite web|title=Chad, Chile, Lithuania, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia\n        were elected to serve on the UN Security Council|date=17 October 2013|accessdate=17\n        October 2013|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46277&Cr=security+council&Cr1=#.UmAVWCQd5TQ}}\n        Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC\n        summit and related meetings in 2004. It also hosted the Community of Democracies\n        ministerial in April 2005 and the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007.\n        An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been\n        a major player in international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.\\n\\nThe Chilean Government has diplomatic relations\n        with most countries. It settled all its territorial disputes with Argentina\n        during the 1990s except for part of the border at [[Southern Patagonian Ice\n        Field]]. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia''s\n        desire to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean it lost to Chile in\n        1879\\u201383 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations\n        and are represented at the Consul General level.\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\n{{main article|Administrative divisions of Chile}}\\n[[File:ChileRegions.png|thumb|110px|The\n        regions of Chile]]\\nChile is divided into 15 regions, each headed by an [[intendant]]\n        appointed by the president. The regions are further divided into provinces,\n        with provincial governors also appointed by the president. Finally each province\n        is divided into [[Communes of Chile|communes]]{{cite web|url=http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |title=Organigrama |work=Gobierno de Chile |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214000711/http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 }} which are administered by municipalities,\n        each with its own mayor and council elected for four-year terms. Each region\n        is designated by a name and a [[Roman numeral]], assigned from north to south.\n        The only exception is the Santiago Metropolitan Region which is designated\n        ''''RM'''' (''''Regi\\u00f3n Metropolitana''''). Two new regions were created\n        in 2006 and became operative in October 2007; Los R\\u00edos in the south (Region\n        XIV), and Arica y Parinacota in the north (Region XV). The numbering scheme\n        skipped Region XIII, usually assumed to be the Metropolitan Region before\n        the 2006 reform.\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|- style=\\\"background:#ececec;\\\"\\n!Key!!Name!!Spanish!!Capital\\n|-\\n|XV\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Arica y Parinacota, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Arica y Parinacota, Chile]]\n        [[Arica y Parinacota Region|Arica y Parinacota]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Arica y\n        Parinacota\\n|[[Arica, Chile|Arica]]\\n|-\\n|I\\n|[[File:Flag of Tarapaca, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Tarapac\\u00e1,\n        Chile]] [[Tarapac\\u00e1 Region|Tarapac\\u00e1]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Tarapac\\u00e1\\n|[[Iquique]]\\n|-\\n|II\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Antofagasta Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Antofagasta, Chile]] [[Antofagasta\n        Region|Antofagasta]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Antofagasta\\n|[[Antofagasta]]\\n|-\\n|III\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Atacama, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Atacama, Chile]] [[Atacama Region|Atacama]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Atacama\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3, Chile|Copiap\\u00f3]]\\n|-\\n|IV\\n|[[File:Flag of\n        Coquimbo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Coquimbo, Chile]] [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Coquimbo\\n|[[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\\n|-\\n|V\\n|[[File:Flag of Valparaiso\n        Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Valpara\\u00edso, Chile]] [[Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region|Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Valpara\\u00edso\\n|[[Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|-\\n|RM\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of the Metropolitan Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Metropolitana de Santiago,\n        Chile]] [[Santiago Metropolitan Region|Metropolitana de Santiago]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        Metropolitana de Santiago\\n|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]\\n|-\\n|VI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of O''Higgins Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins, Chile]] [[Libertador General Bernardo O''Higgins Region|Libertador\n        General Bernardo O''Higgins]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins\\n|[[Rancagua]]\\n|-\\n|VII\\n|[[File:Flag of Maule, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Maule,\n        Chile]] [[Maule Region|Maule]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Maule\\n|[[Talca]]\\n|-\\n|VIII\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Biob\\u00edo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo, Chile]]\n        [[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo Region|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Biob\\u00edo\\n|[[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]\\n|-\\n|IX\\n|[[File:Flag of La Araucania, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|La\n        Araucan\\u00eda, Chile]] [[La Araucan\\u00eda Region|La Araucan\\u00eda]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de la Araucan\\u00eda\\n|[[Temuco]]\\n|-\\n|XIV\\n|[[File:Flag of Los R\\u00edos,\n        Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los R\\u00edos, Chile]] [[Los R\\u00edos Region|Los\n        R\\u00edos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los R\\u00edos\\n|[[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]]\\n|-\\n|X\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Los Lagos Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los Lagos, Chile]] [[Los Lagos\n        Region|Los Lagos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los Lagos\\n|[[Puerto Montt]]\\n|-\\n|XI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Aysen, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo, Chile]] [[Ays\\u00e9n Region|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del\n        Campo\\n|[[Coyhaique]]\\n|-\\n|XII\\n|[[File:Flag of Magallanes, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Magallanes\n        y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena, Chile]] [[Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\n        Region|Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Magallanes\n        y de la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\\n|[[Punta Arenas]]\\n|}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n[[File:Colca-condor-c03.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[Andean condor]] is the national bird of Chile]]\\nThe national flower is\n        the [[copihue]] (''''Lapageria rosea'''', Chilean [[Campanula|bellflower]]),\n        which grows in the woods of southern Chile.\\n\\nThe [[Coat of arms of Chile|coat\n        of arms]] depicts the two national animals: the [[condor]] (''''Vultur gryphus'''',\n        a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the [[Hippocamelus|huemul]]\n        (''''Hippocamelus bisulcus,'''' an endangered white tail deer). It also has\n        the legend ''''Por la raz\\u00f3n o la fuerza'''' (''''By reason or by force'''').\\n\\nThe\n        [[flag of Chile]] consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and\n        red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side\n        end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center\n        representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white\n        is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve\n        independence. The flag of Chile is similar to the [[Flag of Texas]], although\n        the Chilean flag is 21 years older. However, like the Texan flag, the flag\n        of Chile is modeled after the [[Flag of the United States]].{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/samerica/chile.htm\n        |title=Chile flag and description |publisher=Worldatlas.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\n==Military==\\n{{Main article|Military of Chile}}\\n{{multiple\n        image\\n| header = Branches of the Chilean Armed Forces\\n| image1 = Leopard\n        2A4CHL Chile.jpg|width1=145|caption1=[[Chilean Army]]
[[Leopard 2A4]]CHL\\n|\n        image2 = Almirante Blanco Encalada (FF-15).jpg|width2=155|caption2=[[Chilean\n        Navy]]
[[Karel Doorman-class frigate]]\\n| image3 = F-16CHL de Chile.jpg|width3=155|caption3=[[Chilean\n        Air Force]]
[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]]\\n}}\\nThe\n        Armed Forces of Chile are subject to civilian control exercised by the president\n        through the Minister of Defense. The president has the authority to remove\n        the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.\\n\\nThe\n        commander in chief of the [[Chilean Army]] is [[General officer#The specific\n        rank of general|General]] Humberto Oviedo Arriagada.{{cite web|url=http://chds.dodlive.mil/2014/05/19/chilean-army-commander-in-chief-visits-wjpc/|title=Chilean\n        Army Commander-in-Chief Visits WJPC|publisher=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/banner/article.cfm?id=3477|title=Army\n        War College Community Banner|publisher=}} The Chilean Army is 45,000\n        strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, six divisions\n        throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in [[Rancagua]], and a Special Forces\n        Command in [[Colina, Chile|Colina]]. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional\n        and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.\\n\\nAdmiral\n        Enrique Larra\\u00f1aga Martin directs the 21,773-person [[Chilean Navy]],{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |title=The Navy\\u2019s most valuable asset: its people |publisher=Wayback.archive.org\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101115012/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |archivedate=1 January 2009 }} including 2,500 Marines. Of the fleet\n        of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates).\n        Those ships are based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100514/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 |title=The National Fleet |publisher=Chilean Navy\n        |accessdate=30 May 2014}} The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport\n        and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates\n        four submarines based in [[Talcahuano]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |title=Submarine Force |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |accessdate=14 July\n        2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100430/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 }}\\n\\nAir Force General (four star) Jorge\n        Rojas \\u00c1vila heads the 12,500 strong [[Chilean Air Force]]. Air assets\n        are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta,\n        Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates [[Base\n        Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva|an airbase]] on [[King George Island (South\n        Shetland Islands)|King George Island]], Antarctica. The Air Force took delivery\n        of the final two of ten F-16s, all purchased from the U.S., in March 2007\n        after several decades of U.S. debate and previous refusal to sell. Chile also\n        took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the\n        Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch.\\n\\nAfter the military coup in September 1973 the\n        [[Carabineros de Chile|Chilean national police]] (Carabineros) were incorporated\n        into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police\n        were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained\n        under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. Gustavo Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        Jure is the head of the national police force of 40,964{{cite web|url=http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |title=Carabineros de Chile |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |date=24 October\n        2007 |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312050416/http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |archivedate=12 March 2012 }} men and women who are responsible for\n        law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control,\n        and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{Main\n        article|Economy of Chile}}\\n[[File:Costanera Center Sep. 13.jpg|thumb|''''[[Sanhattan]]'''',\n        the financial district in Santiago de Chile.]]\\nThe [[Central Bank of Chile]]\n        in Santiago serves as the [[central bank]] for the country. The Chilean currency\n        is the [[Chilean peso]] (CLP). Chile is one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations, leading Latin American nations\n        in [[human development (humanity)|human development]], competitiveness, income\n        per capita, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the [[World\n        Bank]] as a \\\"[[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]]\\\".{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications\n        |title=How We Classify Countries |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=1 July\n        2013}}{{cite web|title=Country and Lending Groups|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|publisher=The\n        World Bank|accessdate=14 September 2013|location=High-income economies ($12,616\n        or more)|date=1 July 2013}}{{cite web|title=GNI per\n        capita, Atlas method (current US$) |url=http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=14 September 2013 |location=Washington,\n        D.C. |format=xls |date=1 August 2013 |quote=GNI-WB |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055207/http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |archivedate=21 September 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nChile has the highest degree\n        of [[economic freedom]] in South America (ranking 7th worldwide), owing to\n        its independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management.{{cite web|title=Chile|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/chile|work=Index\n        of Economic Freedom|publisher=Heritage Foundation|accessdate=13 July 2013}}\n        In May 2010 Chile became the first South American country to join the [[Organisation\n        for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]].{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/chile/chilesaccessiontotheoecd.htm\n        |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s accession to the OECD |date=7 May 2010 |accessdate=22\n        July 2016 }} In 2006, Chile became the country with the highest nominal\n        GDP per capita in Latin America.[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010 rankings and 2008\\u20132009\n        comparisons] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030003958/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        |date=30 October 2010 }}. The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010.\n        World Economic Forum\\n\\nCopper mining makes up 20% of Chilean GDP and\n        60% of exports.{{cite news|title=Mining in Chile: Copper\n        solution|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21576714-mining-industry-has-enriched-chile-its-future-precarious-copper-solution|publisher=The\n        Economist|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=27 April 2013}} [[Escondida]]\n        is the largest copper mine in the world, producing over 5% of global supplies. Overall, Chile produces a third of the world\\u2019s copper. [[Codelco]], the state mining firm, competes with private\n        ones.\\n\\nSound economic policies, maintained consistently\n        since the 1980s, have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have\n        more than halved poverty rates.\n        Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999. The economy\n        remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery,\n        achieving 4.0% GDP growth.{{cite web|url=http://indexmundi.com/chile/gdp_real_growth_rate.html\n        |title=Chile GDP \\u2013 real growth rate |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21\n        February 2013 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} The Chilean economy finished\n        2004 with growth of 6 percent. Real GDP growth reached 5.7 percent in 2005\n        before falling back to 4 percent in 2006. GDP expanded by 5 percent in 2007. Faced with an [[2008 financial crisis|international\n        economic downturn]] the government announced an economic stimulus plan to\n        spur employment and growth, and despite the global financial crisis, aimed\n        for an expansion of between 2 percent and 3 percent of GDP for 2009. Nonetheless,\n        economic analysts disagreed with government estimates and predicted economic\n        growth at a median of 1.5 percent.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economicNews/idUSN1027661220090110\n        |title=Chile finmin says no recession seen in 2009-report |publisher=Reuters\n        |date=10 January 2009 |accessdate=17 December 2009}} Real GDP growth\n        in 2012 was 5.5%. Growth slowed to 4.1% in the first quarter of 2013.{{cite web|title=Chile: 2013 Article IV Consultation; IMF Country\n        Report 13/198|date=14 June 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13198.pdf|publisher=IMF|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}}\\n\\nThe unemployment rate was 6.4% in April 2013.{{cite\n        news|title=Chile February\\u2013April Unemployment Rises to 6.4% From 6.2%\n        in January\\u2013March|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130531-706101.html|publisher=WSJ.com|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} There are reported labor shortages in agriculture, mining,\n        and construction. The percentage of Chileans with per\n        capita household incomes below the poverty line\\u2014defined as twice the\n        cost of satisfying a person''s minimal nutritional needs\\u2014fell from 45.1\n        percent in 1987 to 11.5 percent in 2009, according to government surveys.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%202006%20en%20profundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065308/http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%2B2006%2Ben%2Bprofundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archivedate=13\n        January 2013|work=Libertad y Desarrollo|title=Casen 2006 en profundidad|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=22 June 2007|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cepal.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/41799/PSE-panoramasocial2010.pdf\n        |title=Panorama social de Am\\u00e9rica Latina |publisher=ECLAC |format=PDF\n        |year=2010 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Critics in Chile, however, argue\n        that true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=35048|publisher=El\n        Mercurio|title=Una muy necesaria correcci\\u00f3n: Hay cuatro millones de pobres\n        en Chile|date=14 October 2007|accessdate=22 October 2007}} Using the\n        relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would\n        be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the [[ECLAC]].{{Cite news|work=The\n        Economist|title=Destitute no more|url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9645174|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=16 August 2007}} {{Subscription}}\\n\\n[[File:Chile\n        GDP per capita (PPP).svg|thumb|left|Chilean (blue) and average Latin American\n        (gray) [[GDP per capita]] (1950\\u20132008).]]\\nAs of November 2012, about\n        11.1 million people (64% of the population) benefit from government welfare\n        programs,{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |date=20 November 2012 |accessdate=12\n        March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518190839/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |archivedate=18 May 2016 }}{{Clarify|date=May 2014}} via the \\\"Social\n        Protection Card\\\", which includes the population living in poverty and those\n        at a risk of falling into poverty.{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |accessdate=9 November 2012 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915085201/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |archivedate=15 September 2012 }}\\n\\n[[Chile pension system|The privatized\n        national pension system]] (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed\n        to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21 percent of\n        GDP.{{cite web|url=http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |title=The Chilean pension system |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512092950/http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |archivedate=12 May 2012 }} Under the compulsory private pension system,\n        most formal sector employees pay 10 percent of their salaries into privately\n        managed funds. However, by 2009, it has been\n        reported that had been lost from the pension system to the global financial\n        crisis.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |title=An uncertain future |publisher=GlobalPost |accessdate=17 December 2009\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811120405/https://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |archivedate=11 August 2010 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n[[File:Chuqui001 02.jpg|thumb|[[Chuquicamata]]\n        copper mine]]\\nChile has signed [[free trade agreements]] (FTAs) with a whole\n        network of countries, including an FTA with the United States that was signed\n        in 2003 and implemented in January 2004.{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Chile_FTA/Final_Texts/Section_Index.html\n        |title=USA-Chile FTA Final Text |publisher=Ustr.gov |accessdate=13 July 2013\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328045456/https://ustr.gov/trade_agreements/bilateral/chile_fta/final_texts/section_index.html\n        |archivedate=28 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} Internal Government of Chile\n        figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price\n        of copper, bilateral trade between the U.S. and Chile has grown over 60 percent\n        since then. Chile''s total trade with China\n        reached US in 2006, representing nearly 66 percent of the value of its trade\n        relationship with Asia. Exports to Asia increased\n        from US in 2005 to US in 2006, a 29.9 percent increase.\n        Year-on-year growth in imports was especially strong from a number of countries:\n        Ecuador (123.9%), Thailand (72.1%), South Korea (52.6%), and China (36.9%).\\n\\nChile''s approach to foreign direct investment\n        is codified in the country''s Foreign Investment Law. Registration is reported\n        to be simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access\n        to the official [[foreign exchange market]] to repatriate their profits and\n        capital.\\nThe Chilean Government has formed\n        a Council on Innovation and Competition, hoping to bring in additional FDI\n        to new parts of the economy.\\n\\n[[Standard &\n        Poor''s]] gives Chile a [[credit rating]] of AA-.{{cite news|title=UPDATE\n        2-S&P raises Chile''s credit rating to AA-minus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/26/chile-ratings-sandp-idUSL1E8NQ6KM20121226|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=13\n        July 2013|date=26 December 2012}} The Government of Chile continues\n        to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3.9 percent of GDP at\n        the end of 2006. The Chilean central government\n        is a net creditor with a [[Net asset value|net asset position]] of 7% of GDP\n        at end 2012. The [[current account deficit]] was 4% in\n        the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment. 14% of central government revenue came directly from copper\n        in 2012.\\n\\n===Infrastructure===\\n\\n====Transport====\\n{{Main\n        article|Transport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Mataveri Airport Easter Island Chile.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Mataveri\n        International Airport]] in [[Easter Island]]]]\\n[[File:Metrolinea4.jpg|thumbnail|[[Santiago\n        Metro]] is South America''s most extensive metro system{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero |title=Gu\\u00eda del Viajero\n        |publisher=Metro de Santiago |language=Spanish |trans_title=Plan Your Journey\n        |accessdate=18 September 2013}}]]\\nDue to Chile''s topography a functioning\n        transport network is vital to its economy. Buses are now the main means of\n        long distance transportation in Chile, following the decline of its railway\n        network.{{cite web|url=http://www.omnilineas.cl/comparison/index.html|title=Omnilineas\n        website|author=Omnilineas|publisher=}} The bus system covers the entire\n        country, from [[Arica, Chile|Arica]] to [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] (a 30-hour\n        journey) and from Santiago to [[Punta Arenas]] (about 40 hours, with a change\n        at [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]]).\\n\\nChile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved\n        and 310 unpaved). Important airports in Chile include [[Chacalluta International\n        Airport]] ([[Arica]]), [[Diego Aracena International Airport]] ([[Iquique]]),\n        [[Cerro Moreno International Airport]] ([[Antofagasta]]), [[Carriel Sur International\n        Airport]] ([[Concepci\\u00f3n, Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]), [[El Tepual International\n        Airport]] ([[Puerto Montt]]), [[Presidente Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo\n        International Airport]] ([[Punta Arenas]]), [[Mataveri International Airport]]\n        ([[Easter Island]]), the most remote airport in the world{{Dubious|date=February\n        2014}}, and the [[Comodoro Arturo Merino Ben\\u00edtez International Airport]]\n        ([[Santiago]]) with a traffic of 12,105,524 passengers in 2011. Santiago is\n        headquarters of Latin America''s largest [[airline]] [[holding company]] and\n        Chilean [[flag carrier]] [[LAN Airlines]].\\n\\n====Telecommunications====\\n[[File:Andes\n        y Torre Entel.jpg|thumbnail|[[Torre Entel]] in [[Santiago de Chile]], with\n        the [[Andes mountains]] in the background]]\\n[[telecommunications in Chile|Chile\n        has a telecommunication]] system which covers much of the country, including\n        Chilean insular and Antarctic bases. Privatization of the telephone system\n        began in 1988; Chile has one of the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure\n        in South America with a modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay\n        facilities and domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations. In 2012, there were 3.276 million main lines in use and 24.13 million mobile\n        cellular telephone subscribers. According to a 2012 database\n        of the [[International Telecommunications Union]] (ITU), 61.42% of the Chilean\n        population uses the internet, making Chile the country with the highest internet\n        penetration in [[South America]].[http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls\n        \\\"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000], International Telecommunications\n        Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013 The Chilean internet\n        country code is \\\"[[.cl]]\\\".\\n\\n==== Water supply and sanitation ====\\n{{Main\n        article|Water supply and sanitation in Chile}}\\n[[Water supply]] and [[sanitation]]\n        sector is characterized by high levels of access and good service quality.\n        Compared to most other countries, Chile''s water and sanitation sector \\ndistinguishes\n        itself by the fact that all urban water companies are privately owned or operated.\n        The sector also prides itself of having a \\nmodern and effective regulatory\n        framework, including an innovative \\nsubsidy to water demand by the poor.\n        One weakness of the sector is the \\nrelatively high water losses.\\n\\n===Agriculture===\\n{{Main\n        article|Agriculture in Chile}}\\n[[File:Chilean vineyard in Andes foothills.jpg|thumb|Many\n        of [[Chile''s vineyards]] are found on flat land within the foothills of the\n        Andes.]]\\n[[Agriculture]] in Chile encompasses a wide range of different activities\n        due to its particular [[geography]], [[climate]] and [[geology]] and human\n        factors. Historically agriculture is one of the bases of Chile''s economy,\n        now agriculture and allied sectors like [[forestry]], [[logging]] and [[fishing]]\n        accounts only for 4.9% of the [[GDP]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} and employed 13.6%\n        of the country''s labor force. Some major agriculture products of Chile includes\n        [[grapes]], [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[onion]]s, [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[oats]],\n        [[peach]]es, [[garlic]], [[asparagus]], [[bean]]s, [[beef]], [[poultry]],\n        [[wool]], [[fish]], [[timber]] and [[hemp]].[1] Due to its geographical isolation\n        and strict customs policies Chile is free from diseases such as [[Mad Cow\n        Disease]], [[fruit fly (disambiguation)|fruit fly]] and [[Phylloxera]]. This,\n        plus being located in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] which has quite different\n        harvesting times from the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and its wide range of agriculture\n        conditions are considered Chile''s main comparative advantages. However, Chile''s\n        mountainous landscape limits the extent and intensity of agriculture so that\n        arable land corresponds only to 2.62% of the total territory.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Chile}}\\n[[File:Puerto Varas Osorno.jpg|thumb|left|[[Osorno\n        (volcano)|Osorno volcano]], the [[Llanquihue Lake]] near of Puerto Varas.]]\\n[[File:Moai\n        Rano raraku.jpg|thumb|left|[[Moai]] on [[Easter Island]], Chile.]]\\nTourism\n        in Chile has experienced sustained growth over the last few decades. In 2005,\n        tourism grew by 13.6 percent, generating more than 4.5 billion dollars of\n        which 1.5 billion was attributed to foreign tourists. According to the National\n        Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million people a year visit the country.\n        Most of these visitors come from other countries in the American continent,\n        mainly [[Argentina]]; followed by a growing number from the United States,\n        Europe, and [[Brazil]] with a growing number of Asians from [[South Korea]]\n        and [[PR China]].Blanco, Hern\\u00e1n ''''et al.'''' (August 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235147/http://www.rides.cl/pdf/trade_tourism_chile.pdf\n        International Trade and Sustainable Tourism in Chile]. International Institute\n        for Sustainable Development\\n\\nThe main attractions for tourists are\n        places of natural beauty situated in the extreme zones of the country: [[San\n        Pedro de Atacama]], in the north, is very popular with foreign tourists who\n        arrive to admire the Incaic architecture, the altiplano lakes, and the [[Valle\n        de la Luna (Chile)|Valley of the Moon]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}\n        In [[Putre]], also in the north, there is the [[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]], as well\n        as the [[Parinacota Volcano|Parinacota]] and the [[Pomerape]] volcanoes, with\n        altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,282 m, respectively. Throughout the central Andes\n        there are many ski resorts of international repute,{{citation needed|date=July\n        2014}} including [[Portillo, Chile|Portillo]], [[Valle Nevado]] and [[Termas\n        de Chill\\u00e1n]].\\n\\nThe main tourist sites in the south are national parks\n        (the most popular is [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]] in the Araucan\\u00eda){{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} and the coastal area around Tir\\u00faa and Ca\\u00f1ete\n        with the [[Isla Mocha]] and the [[Nahuelbuta National Park]], [[Chilo\\u00e9\n        Archipelago]] and [[Patagonia]], which includes [[Laguna San Rafael National\n        Park]], with its many glaciers, and the [[Torres del Paine National Park]].\n        The central port city of [[Valpara\\u00edso]], which is World Heritage with\n        its unique architecture, is also popular.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}\n        Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean tourist\n        destinations.\\n\\nFor locals, tourism is concentrated mostly in the summer\n        (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns.{{citation needed|date=July\n        2014}} [[Arica]], [[Iquique]], [[Antofagasta]], [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\n        and [[Coquimbo]] are the main summer centers in the north, and Puc\\u00f3n\n        on the shores of [[Lake Villarrica]] is the main center in the south. Because\n        of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valpara\\u00edso Region, with\n        its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists. [[Vi\\u00f1a\n        del Mar]], Valpara\\u00edso''s northern affluent neighbor, is popular because\n        of its beaches, [[casino]], and its annual [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar International\n        Song Festival|song festival]], the most important musical event in Latin America.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} [[Pichilemu]] in the [[O''Higgins Region]] is widely\n        known as South America''s \\\"best [[surfing]] spot\\\" according to [[Fodor''s]].{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}}\\n\\nIn November 2005 the government launched a campaign\n        under the brand \\\"Chile: All Ways Surprising\\\" intended to promote the country\n        internationally for both business and tourism.{{cite web|url=http://www.prochile.us/\n        |title=Pro|Chile \\u2013 Importadores | Selecci\\u00f3n idiomas |publisher=Prochile.us\n        |accessdate=22 December 2013}} [[List of museums in Chile|Museums in\n        Chile]] such as the [[Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts]] built in 1880,\n        feature works by [[List of Chilean artists|Chilean artists]].\\n\\n==Education==\\n{{Main\n        article|Education in Chile}}\\n[[File:U. de Chile, casa de Bello.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[University\n        of Chile]].]]\\nIn Chile, education begins with [[preschool]] until the age\n        of 5. [[Primary school]] is provided for children between ages 6 and 13. Students\n        then attend [[secondary school]] until graduation at age 17.\\n\\nSecondary\n        education is divided into two parts: During the first two years, students\n        receive a general education. Then, they choose a branch: scientific humanistic\n        education, artistic education, or technical and professional education. Secondary\n        school ends two years later on the acquirement of a certificate (licencia\n        de ense\\u00f1anza media).{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=CHL|title=Chile\n        Country Profile, UNESCO-UNEVOC|publisher=}}\\n\\n[[File:Marcha cerca de\n        Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, sept. 2013.jpg|thumb|[[2011\\u201313 Chilean\n        student protests]]]]\\nChilean education is segregated by wealth in a three-tiered\n        system \\u2014 the quality of the schools reflect socioeconomic backgrounds:\\n*\n        city schools (colegios municipales) that are mostly free and have the worse\n        education results, mostly attended by poor students;\\n* subsidized schools\n        that receive some money from the government which can be supplemented by fees\n        paid by the student''s family, which are attended by mid-income students and\n        typically get mid-level results; and \\n* entirely private schools that consistently\n        get the best results. Many private schools charge attendance fees of 0,5 to\n        1 median household incomes.{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2013/12/30/637336/mensualidad-en-colegios-top-10-en-la-psu-supera-los-250-mil.html\n        |title=Mensualidad de los colegios con los mejores puntajes en la PSU supera\n        los mil |publisher=Emol.com |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=18 July 2014}}\\n\\n===Higher\n        education===\\n{{See also|List of universities in Chile}}\\n\\nUpon successful\n        graduation of secondary school, students may continue into [[higher education]].\n        The higher education schools in Chile consist of [[Chilean Traditional Universities]]\n        and are divided into [[Public university|public universities]] or [[Private\n        university|private universities]]. There are [[List of medical schools in\n        South America#Chile|medical schools]] and both the [[Universidad de Chile]]\n        and [[Universidad Diego Portales]] offer [[Legal education|law schools]] in\n        a partnership with [[Yale University]].{{cite web|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/linkageinchili.htm\n        |title=Program in Chile | Yale Law School |publisher=Law.yale.edu |accessdate=22\n        December 2013}}\\n\\n==Health==\\n{{Main article|Healthcare in Chile}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Ministry of Health (Chile)|Ministry of Health]] (''''Minsal'''') is the\n        cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating,\n        executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated\n        by the President of Chile. The [[Fondo Nacional de Salud|National Health Fund]]\n        (''''Fonasa''''), created in 1979, is the financial entity entrusted to collect,\n        manage and distribute state funds for health in Chile. It is funded by the\n        public. All employees pay 7 percent of their monthly income to the fund.\\n\\nFonasa\n        is part of the NHSS and has executive power through the [[Ministry of Health\n        (Chile)]]. Its headquarters are in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and decentralized\n        public service is conducted by various Regional Offices. More than 12 million\n        beneficiaries benefit from Fonasa. Beneficiaries can also opt for more costly\n        private insurance through [[Isapre]]. [[List of hospitals in Chile|Hospitals\n        in Chile]] are mainly located in the [[Santiago Metropolitan Region]].\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{Main\n        article|Culture of Chile|Music of Chile|Chilean cuisine}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|\n        footer    = [[Pablo Neruda]] and [[Gabriela Mistral]], Nobel Prize recipients\n        in literature (1971 and 1945)\\n| width1    = 102\\n| image1    = Pablo Neruda.jpg\\n|\n        alt1      = Pablo Neruda\\n| width2    = 100\\n| image2    = Gabriela Mistral-01.jpg\\n|\n        alt2      = Gabriela Mistral\\n}}\\nFrom the period between early agricultural\n        settlements and up to the late pre-Hispanic period, northern Chile was a region\n        of Andean culture that was influenced by altiplano traditions spreading to\n        the coastal valleys of the north, while southern regions were areas of Mapuche\n        cultural activities. Throughout the colonial period following the conquest,\n        and during the early Republican period, the country''s culture was dominated\n        by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and\n        German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants\n        influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south\n        of Chile in cities such as [[Valdivia]], [[Frutillar]], [[Puerto Varas]],\n        [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]], [[Temuco]], [[Puerto Octay]], [[Llanquihue Province|Llanquihue]],\n        [[Faja Maisan]], [[Pitrufqu\\u00e9n]], [[Victoria, Chile|Victoria]], [[Puc\\u00f3n]]\n        and [[Puerto Montt]].{{cite web |url=http://www.allsouthernchile.com/southamerica/valdivia-southern-chile-city-guide/index.html\n        |title=Valdivia Chile |publisher=Allsouthernchile.com |accessdate=1 August\n        2011}}{{cite web|author=International Web Solutions, Inc. \n        |url=http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/ |title=Latin America\n        :: Chile |publisher=Global Adrenaline |accessdate=1 August 2011 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711100623/http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/\n        |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |title=Learning About Each Other |publisher=Learnapec.org |accessdate=1 August\n        2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429020520/http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |archivedate=29 April 2011 |df=dmy }}{{cite web |url=http://www.country-studies.com/chile/foreign-relations.html\n        |title=Chile Foreign Relations |publisher=Country-studies.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Algeria-to-France/Chile.html\n        |title=Food in Chile \\u2013 Chilean Food, Chilean Cuisine \\u2013 traditional,\n        popular, dishes, recipe, diet, history, common, meals, rice, main, people,\n        favorite, customs, fruits, country, bread, vegetables, bread, drink, typical\n        |publisher=Foodbycountry.com |accessdate=1 August 2011}}\\n\\n===Music\n        and dance===\\n[[File:Zamacueca-Chile.jpg|thumb|left|''''La Zamacueca'''',\n        by Manuel Antonio Caro.]]\\nMusic in Chile ranges from folkloric, popular and\n        classical music. Its large geography generates different musical styles in\n        the north, center and south of the country, including also Easter Island and\n        Mapuche music.{{cite web |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=elfolclordechileysustresgrandesraices\n        |title=Memoria Chilena |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }} The national\n        dance is the [[cueca]]. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not\n        a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists,\n        it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and\n        a more prominent melody.\\n\\nBetween 1950 and 1970 appears a rebirth in folk\n        music leading by groups such as [[Los de Ram\\u00f3n]], Los Cuatro Huasos and\n        Los Huasos Quincheros, among others{{cite web|url=http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |title=Conjuntos Folkloricos de Chile |publisher=Musicapopular.cl |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013104352/http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |archivedate=13 October 2007 }} with composers such as [[Ra\\u00fal de\n        Ram\\u00f3n]], [[Violeta Parra]] and others. In the mid-1960s native musical\n        forms were revitalized by the [[Parra family]] with the [[Nueva canci\\u00f3n|Nueva\n        canci\\u00f3n Chilena]], which was associated with political activists and\n        reformers such as [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], [[Inti-Illimani]], and [[Quilapay\\u00fan]].\n        Other important [[folk music|folk]] singer and researcher on [[folklore]]\n        and Chilean [[ethnography]], is [[Margot Loyola]]. Also many Chilean rock\n        bands like [[Los Jaivas]], [[Los Prisioneros]], [[La Ley (band)|La Ley]],\n        and [[Los Tres]] have reached international success. In February, annual music\n        festivals are held in [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]].{{cite news|last=Martinez|first=Jessica|title=Top\n        Cultural Celebrations and Festivals in Chile|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/top-cultural-celebrations-festivals-chile-61003.html|newspaper=USA\n        Today}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nChileans call their country ''''pa\\u00eds\n        de poetas''''\\u2014country of poets.{{cite web|url=http://www.protocolo.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=2&id_art=600\n        |accessdate=29 October 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.uchile.cl/cultura/poetasjovenes/bianchi26.htm |title=Un\n        mapa por completar: la joven poesia chilena \\u2013 \\u00bfPor qu\\u00e9 tanta\n        y tan variada poes\\u00eda? |publisher=Uchile.cl |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\n        [[Gabriela Mistral]] was the first Latin American to receive a [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]] (1945). Chile''s most famous poet is [[Pablo Neruda]], who\n        received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his\n        extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly\n        personalized homes in [[Isla Negra]], Santiago and Valpara\\u00edso are popular\n        tourist destinations.\\n\\nAmong the list of other Chilean poets are [[Carlos\n        Pezoa V\\u00e9liz]], [[Vicente Huidobro]], [[Gonzalo Rojas]], [[Pablo de Rokha]],\n        [[Nicanor Parra]] and [[Ra\\u00fal Zurita]]. [[Isabel Allende]] is the best-selling\n        Chilean novelist, with 51 millions of her novels sold worldwide.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=346023&CategoryId=13003\n        |title=Latin American Herald Tribune \\u2013 Isabel Allende Named to Council\n        of Cervantes Institute |publisher=Laht.com |accessdate=14 November 2010}}\n        Novelist [[Jos\\u00e9 Donoso]]''s novel ''''[[The Obscene Bird of Night]]''''\n        is considered by critic [[Harold Bloom]] to be one of the canonical works\n        of 20th-century Western literature. Another internationally recognized Chilean\n        novelist and poet is [[Roberto Bola\\u00f1o]] whose translations into English\n        have had an excellent reception from the critics.{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1857951,00.html\n        |work=Time |date=10 November 2008 |accessdate=28 April 2010 |first=Lev |last=Grossman\n        |title=Bola\\u00f1o''s 2666: The Best Book of 2008}}{{cite web |author=Sarah\n        Kerr |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22171 |title=The Triumph of Roberto\n        Bola\\u00f1o |publisher=The New York Review of Books |date=18 December 2008}}{{Cite\n        news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Wood.t.html |work=The\n        New York Times |title=The Visceral Realist |first=James |last=Wood |date=15\n        April 2007 |accessdate=1 April 2010}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n[[File:Chilean\n        Cazuela.JPG|thumb|Chilean [[Cazuela]] and assorted salads.]] [[Chilean cuisine]]\n        is a reflection of the country''s topographical variety, featuring an assortment\n        of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include [[asado]],\n        [[cazuela]], [[empanada]]s, [[humita]]s, [[pastel de choclo]], pastel de papas,\n        [[curanto]] and [[sopaipilla#Chile|sopaipillas]].{{cite book|author=Maria\n        Baez Kijac|title=The South American Table: The Flavor and Soul of Authentic...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePAePLlqkC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2003|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-249-3}}\n        [[Crudos]] is an example of the mixture of culinary contributions from the\n        various ethnic influences in Chile. The raw minced [[llama]], heavy use of\n        shellfish and rice bread were taken from native [[Quechua people|Quechua]]\n        Andean cuisine, (although now beef brought to Chile by Europeans is also used\n        in place of the llama meat), lemon and onions were brought by the Spanish\n        colonists, and the use of [[mayonnaise]] and [[yogurt]] was introduced by\n        German immigrants, as was [[beer]].\\n\\n===Folklore===\\nThe folklore of Chile,\n        cultural and demographic characteristics of the country, is the result of\n        mixture of Spanish and Amerindian elements that occurred during the colonial\n        period. Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished\n        four major areas in the country: northern areas, central, southern and south.\n        Most of the traditions of the [[culture of Chile]] have a festive purpose,\n        but some, such as dances and ceremonies, have religious components.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2014}}\\n\\n====Mythology====\\n{{Main article|Chilean mythology}}\\n\\nChilean\n        mythology, is the mythology and beliefs of the Folklore of Chile.\\n\\nThis\n        includes [[Chilote mythology]], [[Rapa Nui mythology]] and [[Mapuche mythology]].\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{Main\n        article|Cinema of Chile}}\\n\\nThe film originated in [[Valpara\\u00edso]] on\n        26 May 1902 with the premiere of the documentary ''''Exercise General Fire\n        Brigade'''', the first film completely filmed and processed in the country.\n        In the following decades, marked milestones ''''The deck of Death'''' (or\n        ''''The Enigma of Lord Street'''') (1916), considered the first film Chilean\n        story, ''''The transmission of presidential'''' (1920), the first animated\n        film in the country, and ''''North and South'''' (1934), the first sound film\n        of Chile.\\n\\n===Sports===\\n{{main article|Sport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Estadio\n        Nacional de Chile 2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Estadio Nacional de Chile]]]]\\n\\nChile''s\n        most popular sport is association football. Chile has appeared in nine FIFA\n        World Cups which includes hosting the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]] where the [[Chile\n        national football team|national football team]] finished third. Other results\n        achieved by the national football team include two [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica]] titles\n        ([[2015 Copa Am\\u00e9rica|2015]] and [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica Centenario|2016]]),\n        and two runners up positions,  one silver and two bronze medals at the [[Pan\n        American Games]], a bronze medal at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and two third\n        places finishes in the FIFA under-17 and under-20 youth tournaments. The top\n        league in the [[Chilean football league system]] is the [[Chilean Primera\n        Divisi\\u00f3n]], which is named by the [[International Federation of Football\n        History & Statistics|IFFHS]] as the ninth strongest national football league\n        in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b6e28fa3002f71504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bb11\n        |title=The strongest National League in the World 2011 |work=IFFHS |accessdate=18\n        April 2012}}\\n\\nThe main football clubs are [[Colo-Colo]], [[Club Universidad\n        de Chile|Universidad de Chile]] and [[Club Deportivo Universidad Cat\\u00f3lica|Universidad\n        Cat\\u00f3lica]]. Colo-Colo is the country''s most successful football club,\n        having both the most national and international championships, including the\n        coveted [[Copa Libertadores]] South American club tournament. Universidad\n        de Chile was the last international champion ([[Copa Sudamericana]] 2011).\\n\\n[[File:Bachelet\n        y campeones de polo.jpg|thumb|The Chilean national polo team with President\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and the trophy of the [[2008 World Polo Championship]].]]\\n\\nTennis\n        is Chile''s most successful sport. Its [[Chile Davis Cup team|national team]]\n        won the [[World Team Cup]] clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004), and played\n        the [[Davis Cup]] final against [[Italy]] in 1976. At the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]\n        the country captured gold and bronze in men''s singles and gold in men''s\n        doubles. [[Marcelo R\\u00edos]] became the first Latin American man to reach\n        the number one spot in the [[List of ATP number 1 ranked players|ATP singles\n        rankings]] in 1998. [[Anita Lizana]] won the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]\n        in 1937, becoming the first woman from Latin America to win a [[Grand Slam\n        (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournament. [[Luis Ayala (tennis)|Luis Ayala]] was twice\n        a runner-up at the French Open and both R\\u00edos and [[Fernando Gonz\\u00e1lez]]\n        reached the Australian Open men''s singles finals. Gonz\\u00e1lez also won\n        a silver medal in singles at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing.\\n\\nAt\n        the Summer Olympic Games Chile boasts a total of two gold medals (tennis),\n        seven silver medals (athletics, [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]],\n        [[boxing]], shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and\n        football). In 2012, Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics).\\n\\n[[Chilean\n        rodeo|Rodeo]] is the country''s [[national sport]] and is practiced in the\n        more rural areas of the nation. A sport similar to [[hockey]] called ''''[[chueca]]''''\n        was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest. [[Skiing]] and\n        [[snowboarding]] are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes,\n        and in southern ski centers near to cities as Osorno, Puerto Varas, Temuco\n        and Punta Arenas. [[Surfing in Chile|surfing]] is popular at some coastal\n        towns. [[Polo]] is professionally practiced within Chile, with the country\n        achieving top prize in the 2008 and 2015 [[World Polo Championship]].\\n\\nBasketball\n        is a popular sport in which Chile has earned a bronze medal in the first men''s\n        [[FIBA World Championship]] held in 1950 and winning a second bronze medal\n        when Chile hosted the [[1959 FIBA World Championship]]. Chile hosted the first\n        [[FIBA World Championship for Women]] in 1953 finishing the tournament with\n        the silver medal. [[San Pedro de Atacama]] is host to the annual \\\"Atacama\n        Crossing\\\", a six-stage, {{convert|250|km|adj=on}} footrace which annually\n        attracts about 150 competitors from 35 countries. The [[Dakar Rally]] [[Off-road\n        racing|off-road automobile race]] has been held in both Chile and [[Argentina]]\n        since 2009.\\n\\n===Cultural heritage===\\n[[File:Cerro Concepcion.jpg|thumbnail|right|The\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]]\\nThe [[cultural\n        heritage]] of Chile consists, first, of their intangible heritage, composed\n        of various cultural events, such as visual arts, crafts, dances, holidays,\n        cuisine, games, music and traditions, and, secondly, by its tangible, consists\n        of those buildings, objects and sites of archaeological, architectural, traditional,\n        artistic, ethnographic, folkloric, historical, religious or technological\n        scattered through Chilean territory, among them, those goods are declared\n        [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]], in accordance with the provisions of\n        the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage\n        of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are the [[Rapa Nui\n        National Park]] (1995), the [[Churches of Chilo\\u00e9]] (2000), [[Valpara\\u00edso|the\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]] (2003), [[Humberstone\n        and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works]] (2005) and the mining city [[Sewell, Chile|Sewell]]\n        (2006).\\n\\nIn 1999 the ''''Cultural Heritage Day'''' was established as a\n        way to honour and commemorate Chiles cultural heritage. It is an official\n        national holiday celebrated in May every year.\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Chile|Latin\n        America|Geography}}\\n* [[Index of Chile-related articles]]\\n* [[International\n        rankings of Chile]]\\n* [[List of Chileans]]\\n* [[Outline of Chile]]\\n* [[2010\n        Chile earthquake]]\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|25em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* Simon Collier and William F. Sater, ''''A History of Chile, 1808\\u20131894,''''\n        Cambridge University Press, 1996\\n* Paul W. Drake, and others., ''''Chile:\n        A Country Study,'''' Library of Congress, 1994\\n* Luis Galdames, ''''A History\n        of Chile,'''' University of North Carolina Press, 1941\\n* Brian Lovemen, ''''Chile:\n        The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism,'''' 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2001\\n*\n        John L. Rector, ''''The History of Chile,'''' Greenwood Press, 2003\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Sister project links|voy=Chile}}\\n* [http://www.thisischile.cl/\n        Official Chile website]\\n* [http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/ Government of Chile]\\n*{{CIA\n        World Factbook link|ci|Chile}}\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/chile.htm\n        Chile] from ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n*{{Dmoz|Regional/South_America/Chile}}\\n*\n        [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm Chile profile]\n        from the [[BBC News]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103522/http://www.ubicachile.cl/\n        Road maps of Chile, interactive]\\n*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CHL/Year/2012/Summary\n        World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Chile]\\n*{{Wikiatlas|Chile}}\\n*{{osmrelation-inline|167454|bullet=no}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CL Key Development\n        Forecasts for Chile] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://www.chileculture.org/\n        Chile Cultural Society]\\n\\n{{Chile topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|\n        title = International membership\\n| list =\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n{{Andean\n        Community of Nations}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of South\n        American Nations topics}}\\n{{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}\\n{{G-15\n        nations}}\\n{{Mercosur}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Chile|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:G15 nations]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:Liberal\n        democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations]]\\n[[Category:Republics]]\\n[[Category:States\n        and territories established in 1818]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries\n        and territories]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:1818 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-11T13:57:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":800095874,\"length\":152602,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 19:30:12 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has been found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|pmid=20059473|volume=74|issue=1|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376|year=2010|last1=Corach|first1=Daniel|last2=Lao|first2=Oscar|last3=Bobillo|first3=Cecilia|last4=Van\n        Der Gaag|first4=Kristiaan|last5=Zuniga|first5=Sofia|last6=Vermeulen|first6=Mark|last7=Van\n        Duijn|first7=Kate|last8=Goedbloed|first8=Miriam|last9=Vallone|first9=Peter\n        M|last10=Parson|first10=Walther|last11=De Knijff|first11=Peter|last12=Kayser|first12=Manfred}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
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''''[[National\n        Anthem of Chile]]'''' 
[[File:United\n        States Navy Band - National Anthem of Chile.ogg]]
\\n| image_map\n        = Chile (orthographic projection).svg\\n| map_width = 220px\\n| alt_map = |\n        map_caption = Chile shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised [[Chilean\n        Antarctic Territory|Antarctic Territory]] shown in light green.\\n| capital\n        = [[Santiago]]a\\n| coordinates = {{Coord|33|26|S|70|40|W|type:city}}\\n|\n        largest_city = capital\\n| official_languages = \\n| languages_type = [[National\n        language]]\\n| languages = [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish]] \\n| demonym = Chilean\\n|ethnic_groups\n        =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n | 88.9% [[Mestizo]] and [[White Latin American|White]]\n        \\n | 9.1% [[Mapuche]]\\n | 0.7% [[Aymara people|Aymara]]\\n | 1% Other\\n | 0.3%\n        Unspecified\\n }}\\n|ethnic_groups_year = 2012{{cite web |author=Central\n        Intelligence Agency |title=Chile |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central\n        Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2016 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html\n        |accessdate=January 29, 2017}}\\n| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1\n        = [[President of Chile|President]]\\n| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Michelle Bachelet]]}}\\n|\n        leader_title2 = [[President of the Senate of Chile|Senate President]]\\n| leader_name2\n        = {{nowrap|[[Andr\\u00e9s Zald\\u00edvar]]}}\\n| leader_title3 = [[President\n        of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]\\n|\n        leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[:es:Fidel Espinoza|Fidel Espinoza]]}}\\n| legislature\n        = [[National Congress of Chile|National Congress]]\\n| upper_house = [[Senate\n        of Chile|Senate]]\\n| lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n| sovereignty_type = [[History of Chile|Independence]]\\n| sovereignty_note\n        = from [[Spain]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government\n        Junta]]\\n| established_date1 = 18 September 1810\\n| established_event2 = Declared\\n|\n        established_date2 = 12 February 1818\\n| established_event3 = Recognized\\n|\n        established_date3 = 25 April 1844\\n| established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution\n        of Chile|Current constitution]]}}\\n| established_date4= 11 September 1980\n        \\n| area_rank = 37th\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| area_km2 = 756,096.3\\n|\n        area_sq_mi = 291,930.4\\n| area_footnote = \\n| percent_water = 1.07b\\n|\n        population_estimate = 18,006,407{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/sala_prensa/noticias/noticia.php?opc=news&id=615&lang=esp|title=CIFRAS\n        DE ENVEJECIMIENTO Y MIGRACI\\u00d3N MUESTRAN UN CHILE DISTINTO AL DE HACE UN\n        DECENIO|work=POBLACI\\u00d3N PA\\u00cdS Y REGIONES \\u2013 ACTUALIZACI\\u00d3N\n        2002\\u20132012|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National\n        Statistics Institute]]|date=4 September 2014|accessdate=4 September 2014}}\\n|\n        population_estimate_rank = 62nd\\n| population_estimate_year = 2015\\n| population_census\n        = 16,341,929{{cite web |url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2014/02/26/646872/entrega-de-conclusiones-del-cuestionado-censo-2012.html\n        |title=Revisi\\u00f3n del cuestionado Censo 2012 reduce poblaci\\u00f3n chilena\n        a 16.341.929 |publisher=Emol |accessdate=26 February 2014 |language=Spanish}}\\n|\n        population_census_year = 2012\\n| population_density_km2 = 24\\n| population_density_sq_mi\n        = 61\\n| population_density_rank = 194th\\n| GDP_PPP = $455.941 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=228&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=International\n        Monetary Fund web site|title=Chile|date=May 2017|accessdate=8 May 2017}}\\n|\n        GDP_PPP_rank = 42nd\\n| GDP_PPP_year = 2017\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $24,797\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd\\n| GDP_nominal = $251.220\n        billion\\n| GDP_nominal_rank = 38th\\n| GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,663\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 49th\\n| Gini_year = 2011\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n| Gini = 50.3 \\n| Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/social/soc/47572883.pdf\n        |title=Society at a Glance : Social Indicators OECD |publisher=[[OECD]] |date=October\n        2012 |accessdate=28 October 2013}}\\n| Gini_rank = \\n| HDI_year = 2016\\n|\n        HDI_change = increase\\n| HDI = 0.847 \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report  |date=2017 |accessdate=29 April 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}\\n| HDI_rank = 38th\\n|\n        currency = [[Chilean peso|Peso]]\\n| currency_code = CLP\\n| time_zone = {{nowrap|[[Time\n        in Chile|CLT and EAST]]c}}\\n| utc_offset = \\u22123 and \\u22125\\n|\n        time_zone_DST =\\n| utc_offset_DST = \\n| DST_note = | antipodes = | date_format\n        = \\n| drives_on = right\\n| calling_code = [[+56]]\\n| iso3166code = \\n| cctld\n        = [[.cl]]\\n| footnote_a = [[Politics of Chile#Legislative branch|Legislature]]\n        is based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].\\n| footnote_b = Includes Easter Island and\n        [[Isla Sala y G\\u00f3mez]]; does not include {{convert|1250000|km2}} of territory\n        claimed in Antarctica.\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Chile'''''' ({{IPAc-en|\\u02c8|t\\u0283|\\u026a|l|i|}};{{cite\n        web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chile |title=Chile |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com\n        |accessdate=14 November 2010}} {{IPA-es|\\u02c8t\\u0283ile|lang}}), officially\n        the ''''''Republic of Chile'''''' ({{Audio-es|Rep\\u00fablica de Chile|RepChile.ogg}}), is a [[South\n        America]]n country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the [[Andes]]\n        to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders [[Peru]] to the\n        north, [[Bolivia]] to the northeast, [[Argentina]] to the east, and the [[Drake\n        Passage]] in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands\n        of [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands|Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez]], [[Salas y G\\u00f3mez]],\n        [[Desventuradas Islands|Desventuradas]], and [[Easter Island]] in [[Oceania]].\n        Chile also claims about {{convert|1250000|km2}} of [[Antarctica]], although\n        all claims are suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]].\\n\\nThe arid [[Atacama\n        Desert]] in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally [[Copper#Production|copper]].\n        The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural\n        resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded\n        in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions.\n        Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string\n        of [[volcano]]es and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of [[Fjords\n        and channels of Chile|fjords, inlets, canals]], twisting peninsulas, and islands.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chile/192190.htm|title=Bureau\n        of Western Hemisphere Affairs, Background Note: Chile|publisher=[[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011}}\\n\\n[[Conquest of Chile|Spain\n        conquered and colonized]] Chile in the mid-16th century, replacing [[Incas\n        in Central Chile|Inca rule]] in northern and central Chile, but [[Arauco War|failing\n        to conquer]] the independent [[Mapuche]] who inhabited south-central Chile.\n        After [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|declaring its independence]] from\n        Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian\n        republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial\n        growth, [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|ending Mapuche resistance]] in the\n        1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the [[War of the Pacific]]\n        (1879\\u201383) after defeating Peru and Bolivia.{{cite\n        web|title=Chile|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html|work=[[The\n        World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=17 February\n        2014}} In the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right\n        [[Polarization (politics)|political polarization]] and turmoil. This development\n        culminated with the [[1973 Chilean coup d''\\u00e9tat]] that overthrew [[Salvador\n        Allende]]''s democratically elected left-wing government and instituted [[Military\n        dictatorship of Chile (1973\\u201390)|a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship]]\n        that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing.\n        The regime, headed by [[Augusto Pinochet]], ended in 1990 after it lost a\n        [[Chilean presidential referendum, 1988|referendum in 1988]] and was succeeded\n        by a [[Concertaci\\u00f3n|center-left coalition]] which ruled through four\n        presidencies until 2010.\\n\\nChile is today one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations. It leads [[Latin America]]n\n        nations in rankings of [[human development (humanity)|human development]],\n        [[competitiveness]], [[income per capita]], [[globalization]], [[Global Peace\n        Index|state of peace]], [[economic freedom]], and [[Political corruption|low\n        perception of corruption]].{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |title=Human and income poverty: developing countries |work=UNDP |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140250/http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |archivedate=12 February 2009 }} It also ranks high regionally in [[Failed\n        States Index#Failed States Index|sustainability of the state]], and democratic\n        development.{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do\n        |title=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |date=17 April 2012\n        |accessdate=12 May 2012}} Currently it also holds [[List of countries\n        by intentional homicide rate|the lowest homicide rate per 100,000 people in\n        South America]]. Chile is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the\n        [[Union of South American Nations]] (UNASUR) and the [[Community of Latin\n        American and Caribbean States]] (CELAC).\\n\\n==Etymology==\\nThere\n        are various theories about the origin of the word ''''Chile''''. According\n        to 17th-century Spanish chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]],{{cite web|url=http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |title=Chile.com.La Inc\\u00f3gnita Sobre el Origen de la Palabra Chile |publisher=Chile.com\n        |date=15 June 2000 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415204553/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |archivedate=15 April 2009 }} the [[Incas]] called the valley of the\n        [[Aconcagua]] \\\"Chili\\\" by corruption of the name of a [[Picunche]] [[tribal\n        chief]] (\\\"cacique\\\") called ''''Tili'''', who ruled the area at the time\n        of the Incan conquest in the 15th century.{{cite web|author=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459648/Picunche\n        |title=Picunche (people) \\u2013 Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}}{{Cite book|last=Encina|first=Francisco\n        A., and Leopoldo Castedo|title=Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago|page=44|volume=I|publisher=Zig-Zag|year=1961|url=http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/6293/chilenameuo6.jpg}}\n        Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with\n        that of the [[Casma Valley]] in Peru, where there was a town and valley named\n        ''''Chili.''''\\n\\nOther theories say Chile may derive\n        its name from a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] word\n        meaning either \\\"ends of the earth\\\" or \\\"sea gulls\\\";{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://ea.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia\n        Americana|publisher=Grolier Online|year=2005|accessdate=2 March 2005|quote=The\n        name Chile is of Native American origin, meaning possibly \\\"ends of the earth\\\"\n        or simply \\\"sea gulls.\\\"}} from the Mapuche word ''''chilli,'''' which\n        may mean \\\"where the land ends;\\\"{{cite web|author=Hudson,\n        Rex A., ed.|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=Chile: A Country\n        Study|work=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1995|accessdate=27 February\n        2005}} or from the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] ''''chiri'''', \\\"cold\\\",\\\"CHILE\\\". Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 11th ed.\n        1911. (\\\"derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow\\\")\n        or ''''tchili'''', meaning either \\\"snow\\\"{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |title=Chile (rep\\u00fablica) |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta\n        Online |year=2005 |accessdate=26 February 2005 |quote=The region was then\n        known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning \\\"snow\\\".\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510215421/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |archivedate=10 May 2008 }} or \\\"the deepest point of the Earth\\\".{{cite\n        encyclopedia|last=Pearson|first=Neale J.|url=http://gme.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Grolier\n        Multimedia Encyclopedia|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|year=2004|accessdate=2\n        March 2005|quote=Chile''s name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning\n        \\\"the deepest point of the Earth.\\\"}} Another origin attributed to ''''chilli''''\n        is the onomatopoeic ''''cheele-cheele''''\\u2014the Mapuche imitation of the\n        warble of a bird locally known as [[Yellow-winged blackbird|trile]].{{cite\n        book |first=Miguel |last=de Olivares y Gonz\\u00e1lez SJ |title=Historia de\n        la Compa\\u00f1\\u00eda de Jes\\u00fas en Chile |work=Colecci\\u00f3n de historiadores\n        de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional |year=1864 |origyear=1736\n        |publisher=Imprenta del Ferrocarril |location=Santiago |volume=4 |number=\n        }}\\n\\nThe Spanish\n        [[conquistadors]] heard about this name from the Incas, and the few survivors\n        of [[Diego de Almagro]]''s first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535\\u201336\n        called themselves the \\\"men of Chilli\\\". Ultimately,\n        Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name ''''Chile'''', after\n        naming the [[Mapocho River|Mapocho]] valley as such.\n        The older spelling \\\"Chili\\\" was in use in English until at least 1900 before\n        switching over to \\\"Chile.\\\"{{cite book|title=Appletons'' annual cyclopaedia\n        and register of important events of the year: 1900|publisher=Appletons|location=New\n        York|page=87|url=https://archive.org/stream/s3appletonsann05newyuoft#page/87/mode/1up}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{Main\n        article|History of Chile}}\\n[[File:Urville-Araucanians.jpg|thumb|200px|The\n        [[Mapuche]] people were the original inhabitants of southern and central Chile.]]\n        \\n===Early history===\\nStone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented\n        the [[Monte Verde]] valley area as long as 18,500 years ago.{{cite web\n        | url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/people-roamed-tip-south-america-18500-years-ago\n        | title=People roamed tip of South America 18,500 years ago | work=Science\n        News | date=26 December 2015 | accessdate=26 December 2015 | author=Bower,\n        Bruce | pages=10}} About 10,000 years ago, migrating [[Indigenous Peoples\n        of the Americas|Native Americans]] settled in fertile valleys and coastal\n        areas of what is present-day Chile. Settlement sites from very early human\n        habitation include Monte Verde, [[Cueva del Milodon]] and the [[Pali Aike\n        Crater]]''s [[lava tube]]. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what\n        is now northern Chile, but the [[Mapuche]] (or Araucanians as they were known\n        by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the [[Inca Empire]]\n        to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization.{{cite book|title=Insight\n        Guides: Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf8SnJ_ZJbkC&pg=PA27|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2002|publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group|isbn=978-981-234-890-6|page=27}}\n        They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result\n        of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the [[Battle of the Maule]]\n        was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the [[Maule\n        river]].\\n\\n===Spanish colonization===\\n{{main\n        article|Conquest of Chile|Colonial Chile}}\\nIn 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate\n        the globe, [[Ferdinand Magellan]] discovered the southern passage now named\n        after him, the [[Strait of Magellan]], thus becoming the first European to\n        set foot on what is now Chile. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego\n        de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535\n        seeking gold. The Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves\n        principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting.\\n\\nThe\n        conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by [[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]], one of [[Francisco Pizarro]]''s lieutenants, who founded the\n        city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the\n        extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential\n        of Chile''s central valley, and Chile became part of the [[Spanish Empire]].\\n\\n[[File:Pedro de Valdivia.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]], Spanish ''''[[conquistador]]'''' and the first royal governor\n        of Chile.]]\\n\\nConquest took place gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated\n        setbacks. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia''s\n        death and the destruction of many of the colony''s principal settlements.\n        Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the\n        Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony\n        was driven northward. The abolition of [[slavery]] by the Spanish crown in\n        1683 was done in recognition that enslaving the Mapuche intensified resistance\n        rather than cowing them into submission. Despite royal prohibitions, relations\n        remained strained from continual colonialist interference.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/storiadellaguer00caivgoog/storiadellaguer00caivgoog_djvu.txt\n        |title=B\\u00e1rbaros, page 66. David J. Weber |publisher=Archive.org }}\\n\\nCut\n        off to the north by desert, to the south by the Mapuche, to the east by the\n        Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most\n        centralized, homogeneous colonies in Spanish America. Serving as a sort of\n        frontier [[garrison]], the colony found itself with the mission of forestalling\n        encroachment by both the Mapuche and Spain''s European enemies, especially\n        the [[British Empire|British]] and the Dutch. Buccaneers and English adventurers\n        menaced the colony in addition to the Mapuche, as was shown by [[Sir Francis\n        Drake]]''s 1578 raid on Valpara\\u00edso, the colony''s principal port. Chile\n        hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, making it one of\n        the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a [[Real Situado|drain\n        on the treasury of the Viceroyalty of Peru]].\\n\\nThe\n        first general census was conducted by the government of [[Agust\\u00edn de\n        J\\u00e1uregui]] between 1777 and 1778; it indicated that the population consisted\n        of 259,646 inhabitants: 73.5 percent of [[White Latin American|European descent]],\n        7.9 percent [[mestizo]]s, 8.6 percent [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous\n        peoples]] and 9.8 percent blacks. Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province\n        of [[Chilo\\u00e9 Province|Chilo\\u00e9]], conducted a census in 1784 and found\n        the population consisted of 26,703 inhabitants, 64.4 percent of whom were\n        whites and 33.5 percent of whom were natives.\\n\\nThe Diocese of [[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]] conducted a census in areas south of the [[Maule river]]\n        in 1812, but did not include the indigenous population or the inhabitants\n        of the province of Chilo\\u00e9. The population is estimated at 210,567, 86.1\n        percent of whom were [[Spanish Chilean|Spanish]] or of European descent, 10\n        percent of whom were indigenous and 3.7 percent of whom were mestizos, blacks\n        and [[mulatto]]s.{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1813.pdf\n        |title=INE \\u2013 Censo de 1813. Introducci\\u00f3n |format=PDF }}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and nation building===\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race}}\\n[[File:Ohiggins.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|[[Bernardo\n        O''Higgins]], the Supreme Director of Chile]]\\nIn 1808, [[Napoleon I|Napoleon''s]]\n        enthronement of his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]] as the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish\n        King]] precipitated the drive by the colony for [[Chilean War of Independence|independence\n        from Spain]]. A national junta in the name of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand]]\n        \\u2013 heir to the deposed king \\u2013 was formed on 18 September 1810. The\n        [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government Junta of Chile]] proclaimed\n        Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy (in memory of this\n        day Chile celebrates its [[Fiestas Patrias (Chile)|National Day]] on 18 September\n        each year).\\n\\nAfter these events, a movement for total independence, under\n        the command of [[Jos\\u00e9 Miguel Carrera]] (one of the most renowned patriots)\n        and his two brothers Juan Jos\\u00e9 and [[Luis Carrera]], soon gained a wider\n        following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called\n        the [[Reconquista (Spanish America)|Reconquista]] led to a prolonged struggle,\n        including infighting from [[Bernardo O''Higgins]], who challenged Carrera''s\n        leadership.\\n\\nIntermittent warfare continued until 1817. With Carrera in\n        prison in Argentina, O''Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort [[Jos\\u00e9 de San\n        Mart\\u00edn]], hero of the [[Argentine War of Independence]], led [[Army of\n        the Andes|an army]] that [[Crossing of the Andes|crossed the Andes]] into\n        Chile and defeated the royalists. On 12 February 1818 [[Chilean Declaration\n        of Independence|Chile was proclaimed an independent republic]]. The political\n        revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th-century Chilean society\n        preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was\n        greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong\n        presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.\\n\\nChile slowly started to expand its influence\n        and to establish its borders. By the Tantauco Treaty, the archipelago of Chilo\\u00e9\n        was incorporated in 1826. The economy began to boom due to the discovery of\n        silver ore in Cha\\u00f1arcillo, and the growing trade of the port of Valpara\\u00edso,\n        which led to conflict over maritime supremacy in the Pacific with Peru. At\n        the same time, attempts were made to strengthen sovereignty in southern Chile\n        intensifying [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|penetration into Araucan\\u00eda]]\n        and [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue|colonizing Llanquihue\n        with German immigrants]] in 1848. Through the founding of [[Fort Bulnes]]\n        by the [[Schooner Ancud]] under the command of [[John Williams Wilson]], the\n        Magallanes region joined the country in 1843, while the Antofagasta area,\n        at the time part of, Bolivia, began to fill with people.\\n\\n[[File:Sinking\n        of the Esmeralda during the battle of Iquique.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Fighting\n        during the [[War of the Pacific]]: The [[Battle of Iquique]] on 21 May 1879]]\\n\\nToward\n        the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position\n        in the south by the [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda]]. The [[Boundary treaty\n        of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]] confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the\n        Strait of Magellan. As a result of the [[War of the Pacific]] with Peru and\n        Bolivia (1879\\u201383), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third,\n        eliminating Bolivia''s access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable [[Caliche\n        (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]] deposits, the exploitation of which led\n        to an era of national affluence. Chile had joined the stand as one of the\n        high-income countries in South America by 1870.{{cite book|author=Baten,\n        J\\u00f6rg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|page=137|isbn=9781107507180}}\\n\\nThe [[1891 Chilean\n        Civil War]] brought about a redistribution of power between the President\n        and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However,\n        the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development\n        of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the\n        House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Soon after, the\n        country engaged in a [[Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|vastly expensive\n        naval arms race]] with Argentina that nearly led to a war.\\n\\n===20th century===\\n{{see\n        also|South American dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:Chilean battleship Almirante\n        Latorre.jpg|thumb|200px|Chile''s ''''Almirante Latorre'''' [[dreadnought]]\n        in 1921.]]\\nThe Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting\n        the interests of a ruling [[oligarchy]]. By the 1920s, the emerging middle\n        and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, [[Arturo\n        Alessandri]], whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. In\n        the 1920s, [[Marxism|Marxist]] groups with strong popular support arose.\\n\\nA military coup led by General [[Luis Altamirano]]\n        in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted until 1932.\n        Of the ten governments that held power in that period, the longest lasting\n        was that of General [[Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo]], who briefly held\n        power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto\n        dictatorship (although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to\n        the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin\n        America).{{Cite book|title=Authoritarianism in Latin America since independence|last=Fowler|first=Will|year=1996|publisher=Geenwood\n        Press|location=University of Virginia|isbn=0-313-29843-2|pages=30\\u201396}}{{cite\n        book|last=Frazier|first=Lessie Jo |title=Salt in the Sand: Memory, Violence,\n        and the Nation-State in Chile, 1890 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQU-GYGeVSEC&pg=PA163|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=17 July 2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4003-4|pages=163\\u2013184}}\\n\\nBy\n        relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population\n        to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the\n        vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored\n        in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the\n        key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period\n        of [[Radical Party (Chile)|Radical Party]] dominance (1932\\u201352), the state\n        increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo to office for another six years. [[Jorge Alessandri]] succeeded\n        Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into\n        power democratically for another term.\\n\\nThe [[Chilean presidential election,\n        1964|1964 presidential election]] of [[Christian Democrat Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrat]] [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] by an [[absolute majority]] initiated\n        a period of major reform. Under the slogan \\\"Revolution in Liberty\\\", the\n        Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs,\n        particularly in education, housing, and [[agrarian reform]], including rural\n        unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing\n        opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and\n        from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei\n        had not fully achieved his party''s ambitious goals.{{cite\n        web|url=http://countrystudies.us/chile/85.htm|title=Development and Breakdown\n        of Democracy, 1830\\u20131973|work=Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress|date=31\n        March 1994}}\\n\\n[[File:S.Allende 7 dias ilustrados.JPG|thumb|left|200px|President\n        [[Salvador Allende]]]]\\n\\nIn the 1970 election, Senator [[Salvador Allende]]\n        of the [[Socialist Party of Chile]] (then part of the \\\"[[Popular Unity (Chile)|Popular\n        Unity]]\\\" coalition which included the Communists, Radicals, Social-Democrats,\n        dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the\n        Independent Popular Action), achieved a partial\n        majority in a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of votes in a three-way contest,\n        followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and\n        Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. Allende was not elected with\n        an absolute majority, receiving fewer than 35 percent of votes.\\n\\nThe [[National\n        Congress of Chile|Chilean Congress]] conducted a runoff vote between the leading\n        candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri, and, keeping with\n        tradition, chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance\n        with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats\n        were a workers'' party and could not make common cause with the right wing.{{Cite\n        book|last= Mares|first=David|author2=Francisco Rojas Aravena|title=The United\n        States and Chile: Coming in from the Cold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y3EWkKZsYcC&pg=PA145|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93125-0|page=145}}{{cite\n        book|last=Trento|first=Joseph J.|title=The Secret History Of The CIA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uPBM7z_62gC&pg=PA560|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1500-8|page=560}}\\n\\nAn\n        [[economic depression]] that began in 1972 was exacerbated by [[capital flight]],\n        plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response\n        to Allende''s socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende\n        adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms,\n        to increase consumer spending and redistribute income downward.{{cite\n        book|author=Lois Hecht Oppenheim|title=Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism,\n        and Market Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99ZLX52z_noC&pg=PA52|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2007|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-7867-3426-9|page=52}}\n        Joint public-private [[public works]] projects helped reduce unemployment.{{cite book|last=De Vylder|first=Stefan|title=Allende''s\n        Chile: The Political Economy of the Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular|date=5\n        March 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-10757-0}}{{Page\n        needed|date=September 2010}} Much of the banking sector was [[nationalization|nationalized]].\n        Many enterprises within the [[Copper#Production|copper]], coal, iron, [[Caliche\n        (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]], and steel industries were [[Nationalization|expropriated]],\n        nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased\n        sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration''s first year.\\n\\nAllende''s program included advancement of workers''\n        interests,{{cite web|url=http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107150857/http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archivedate=7\n        January 2008 |title=Allende wins the elections: first coup attempt |publisher=Grace.evergreen.edu\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} replacing the judicial system with \\\"socialist\n        legality\\\",{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=The\n        Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CIXLdxhQMAC&pg=PA367|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-287-4|pages=367\\u2013368}}\n        nationalization of banks and forcing others to bankruptcy,\n        and strengthening \\\"popular militias\\\" known as MIR.\n        Started under former President Frei, the Popular Unity platform also called\n        for nationalization of Chile''s major copper mines in the form of a constitutional\n        amendment. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress.\\n\\nAs a result,{{cite\n        book|last=Qureshi|first=Lubna Z. |title=Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S.\n        Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alISgQdNY4kC&pg=PA86|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2655-4|pages=86\\u201397}}\n        the [[Richard Nixon]] administration [[United States intervention in Chile|organized\n        and inserted secret operatives]] in Chile, in order to swiftly destabilize\n        Allende\\u2019s government.{{cite web | title = Report on CIA Chilean\n        Task Force activities | work = Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents\n        relating to the Military Coup, 1970\\u20131976 | publisher = The National Security\n        Archive: Electronic Briefing Books (George Washington University) | url =\n        http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm | accessdate =11 March\n        2010 }} In addition, US financial pressure restricted international\n        economic credit to Chile.{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/ops/policy/church-chile.htm\n        |title=Covert Action In Chile 1963\\u20131973, Staff Report Of The Select Committee\n        To Study Governmental Operations With Respect To Intelligence Activities |publisher=Federation\n        of American Scientists |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe economic\n        problems were also exacerbated by Allende''s public spending which was financed\n        mostly by printing money and poor credit ratings given by commercial banks.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879153,00.html|title=Tightening\n        the Belt|work=Time Magazine|date = 7 August 1972 }}\\nSimultaneously,\n        opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations helped\n        to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization,\n        some of which was backed by the United States.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/chile/doc/hinchey.html |title=Equipo\n        Nizkor \\u2013 CIA Activities in Chile \\u2013 September 18, 2000 |publisher=Derechos.org\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} By early 1973, inflation was out of control.\n        The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous\n        strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and\n        the small business class.\\nOn 26 May 1973, Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court, which\n        was opposed to Allende''s government, unanimously denounced the Allende ''''disruption\n        of the legality of the nation''''. Although illegal under the Chilean constitution,\n        the court supported and strengthened Pinochet''s soon-to-be seizure of power.{{cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence(5).pdf\n        |title=Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the judiciary\n        |publisher=Yale University |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819213445/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence%285%29.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 August 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n====Pinochet era (1973\\u20131990)====\\n{{Main\n        article|Military government of Chile (1973\\u201390)}}\\n[[File:Golpe de Estado\n        1973.jpg|thumb|Fighter jets bombing the Presidential Palace (''''La Moneda'''')\n        in Santiago during the [[Chilean coup of 1973]]]]\\n[[File:Augusto Pinochet\n        1986.jpg|thumb|[[Augusto Pinochet]]''s authoritarian military government ruled\n        Chile between 1973 and 1990.]]\\nA [[Chilean coup of 1973|military coup]] overthrew\n        Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the [[La Moneda\n        Palace|presidential palace]], Allende apparently committed suicide.{{Cite\n        book|first=\\u00d3scar|last=Soto|title=El \\u00faltimo d\\u00eda de Salvador\n        Allende|year=1999|publisher=Aguilar|isbn=978-956-239-084-2}}{{page needed|date=July\n        2013}}{{Cite book|first=Eugeno|last=Ahumada|title=Chile: La memoria prohibida}}{{page\n        needed|date=July 2013}} After the coup, [[Henry Kissinger]] told U.S. president\n        [[Richard Nixon]] that the United States had \\\"helped\\\" the coup.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |title=KISSINGER AND\n        CHILE: THE DECLASSIFIED RECORD |publisher=The national security archive |date=16\n        September 2013|accessdate=16 September 2013}}\\n\\nA military junta, led\n        by General [[Augusto Pinochet]], took control of the country. The first years\n        of the regime were marked by [[Human rights violations in Pinochet''s Chile|human\n        rights violation]]s. On October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by\n        the [[Caravan of Death]].{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|title=Flashback:\n        Caravan of Death|publisher=BBC | date=25 July 2000}} According to the\n        [[Rettig Report]] and [[Valech Commission]], at least 2,115 were killed,{{cite\n        web |author=Ministerio del Interior |url=http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |title=Ministerio del Interior, Programa de Derechos Humanos \\u2013 ddhh_rettig\n        |publisher=Ddhh.gov.cl |date=3 August 1999 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223174254/http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |archivedate=23 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} and at least 27,265{{cite web|url=http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |title=Sintesis Ok |format=PDF |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727031254/http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |archivedate=27 July 2007 }} were tortured (including 88 children younger\n        than 12 years old). In 2011, Chile recognized an additional\n        9,800 victims, bringing the total number of killed, tortured or imprisoned\n        for political reasons to 40,018.Eva Vergara (August 18, 2015). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html\n        Chile Recognizes 9,800 More Pinochet Victims]. ''''The Associated Press''''\n        via ''''The Huffington Post.'''' Retrieved August 25, 2015. At the national\n        stadium, filled with detainees, one of those tortured and killed was internationally\n        known poet-singer [[Victor Jara]] (see \\\"Music and Dance\\\", below). The stadium\n        was renamed for Jara in 2003.\\n\\nA new Constitution was approved by a controversial\n        [[plebiscite]] on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president\n        of the republic for an eight-year term. After Pinochet obtained rule of the\n        country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the [[Sandinista]]\n        army in [[Nicaragua]], guerrilla forces in [[Argentina]] or training camps\n        in [[Cuba]], Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.{{cite book|author1=Pamela\n        Constable|author2=Arturo Valenzuela|title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under\n        Pinochet|year=1993|publisher=W W Norton & Company Incorporated|isbn=978-0-393-30985-0|page=150}}\\n\\nIn\n        the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse{{cite\n        book|author=Naomi Klein|title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Henry Holt and Company (2007)|isbn=978-1-4299-1948-7|page=85}}\n        and mass [[civil resistance]] in 1983\\u201388, the government gradually permitted\n        greater freedom of assembly, [[Freedom of speech|speech]], and association,\n        to include trade union and political activity.{{cite book|last= Huneeus|first=Carlos|editor=Adam\n        Roberts; Timothy Garton Ash|title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics:The\n        Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=3 September 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161917-5|pages=197\\u2013212|chapter=Political\n        Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet\\u2019s Chile, 1983\\u201388}}\n        The government launched market-oriented reforms with [[Hern\\u00e1n B\\u00fcchi]]\n        as Minister of Finance. Chile moved toward a [[free market economy]] that\n        saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        industry and other important mineral resources were not opened for competition.\n        In a [[Chilean national plebiscite, 1988|plebiscite]] on 5 October 1988, Pinochet\n        was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans\n        elected a new president and the majority of members of a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]]\n        congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat [[Patricio Aylwin]], the\n        candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the ''''[[Coalition\n        of Parties for Democracy|Concertaci\\u00f3n]]'''', received an absolute majority\n        of votes (55%).{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE6DD1E3BF935A25751C1A96F948260|title=Man\n        in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile|work=The New York Times\n        | first=Shirley | last=Christian | date=16 December 1989}} President\n        Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.\\n\\nIn\n        December 1993, Christian Democrat [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], the son of\n        previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertaci\\u00f3n coalition\n        to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%).{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526090105/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archivedate=26\n        May 2008 |title=Chile elects new leader Late president''s son wins big |publisher=Encyclopedia.com\n        |date=12 December 1993 |accessdate=14 July 2013}}\\n\\n===21st century===\\n{{See\n        also|2010 Chile earthquake|2011\\u20132012 Chilean protests}}\\n\\n[[File:Izamiento\n        de la Gran Bandera Nacional - Presidentes de Chile.jpg|thumb|Five presidents\n        of Chile since [[Transition to democracy]] (1990\\u20132018), celebrating the\n        [[Bicentennial of Chile]]|260x260px]]\\nFrei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000\n        by Socialist [[Ricardo Lagos]], who won the presidency in an unprecedented\n        [[Chilean presidential election, 1999\\u20132000|runoff election]] against\n        [[Joaqu\\u00edn Lav\\u00edn]] of the rightist [[Alliance for Chile]].{{Cite\n        news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |title=Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election |publisher=CNN\n        |date=16 January 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506162601/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |archivedate=6 May 2008 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} In January 2006, Chileans\n        elected their first female president, [[Michelle Bachelet Jeria]], of the\n        Socialist Party, defeating [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]], of the [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] party, extending the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n''''\n        governance for another four years.{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10819903/|title=Chile\n        elects first woman president|publisher=MSNBC}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/11/AR2006031101381.html|title=Bachelet\n        Sworn In As Chile''s President|work=The Washington Post | first=Monte | last=Reel\n        | date=12 March 2006}} In January 2010, Chileans [[Chilean presidential\n        election, 2009-2010|elected]] [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] as the first\n        rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President [[Eduardo Frei\n        Ruiz-Tagle]] of the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n'''', for a four-year term succeeding\n        Bachelet. Due to term limits, [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] did not stand\n        for re-election in 2013, and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in [[Michelle\n        Bachelet]] returning to office.\\n\\nOn 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by\n        an 8.8 MW [[2010 Chile earthquake|earthquake]], the fifth largest\n        ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing\n        [[tsunami]]) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was\n        also followed by multiple aftershocks.{{cite web|url=http://www.australia-times.com.au/world/article.php?id=501|title=US\n        ready to help Chile: Obama|publisher=The Australia Times|accessdate=3 March\n        2010}} Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15\\u201330 billion,\n        around 10 to 15 percent of Chile''s real gross domestic product.[http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        More Quakes Shake Chile\\u2019s Infrastructure], Adam Figman, ''''Contract\n        Magazine'''', 1 March 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114030306/http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        |date=14 November 2014 }}\\n\\nChile achieved global recognition for the\n        successful [[2010 Copiap\\u00f3 mining accident|rescue of 33 trapped miners]]\n        in 2010. On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San Jos\\u00e9\n        copper and gold mine in the [[Atacama Desert]] near [[Copiap\\u00f3]] in northern\n        Chile, trapping 33 men {{convert|700|m}} below ground. A rescue effort organized\n        by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were\n        brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of\n        almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm|title=Background\n        Note: Chile|work=[[Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs]], [[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011|accessdate=19 March 2012}}\\n\\n==Geography,\n        climate, and environment==\\n{{Main article|Geography of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Natural\n        regions of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Environmental issues in Chile}}\\n\\nA long and\n        narrow coastal [[Southern Cone]] country on the west side of the [[Andes Mountains]],\n        Chile stretches over {{convert|4300|km|-1|abbr=on}} north to south, but only\n        {{convert|350|km|0|abbr=on}} at its widest point east to west.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111326/Chile |title=Chile\n        |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica |accessdate=7 May 2013}} This\n        encompasses a remarkable variety of climates and landscapes. It contains {{convert|756950|km2}}\n        of land area. It is situated within the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. Excluding\n        its Pacific islands and Antarctic claim, Chile lies between latitudes [[17th\n        parallel south|17\\u00b0]] and [[56th parallel south|56\\u00b0S]], and longitudes\n        [[66th meridian west|66\\u00b0]] and [[75th meridian west|75\\u00b0W]].\\n\\nChile\n        is among the longest north-south countries in the world. If one considers\n        only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness\n        from east to west, with the other long north-south countries (including [[Brazil]],\n        [[Russia]], [[Canada]], and the United States, among others) all being wider\n        from east to west by a factor of more than 10. Chile also claims {{convert|1250000|km2|abbr=on}}\n        of [[Antarctica]] as part of its territory ([[Chilean Antarctic Territory]]).\n        However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the [[Antarctic\n        Treaty]], of which Chile is a signatory.{{cite web|title=Antarctic Treaty:\n        Information about the Antarctic Treaty and how Antarctica is governed. |work=Polar\n        Conservation Organisation |publisher=Polar Conservation Organisation |date=1\n        February 2008 |url=http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204/\n        |accessdate=11 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210224459/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204\n        |archivedate=10 February 2010 }} It is the world''s southernmost country\n        that is geographically on the mainland.{{cite book|last1=Collin|first1=Robert|title=Trash\n        Talk: An Encyclopedia of Garbage and Recycling around the World|date=2015|page=121}}\\n\\nChile\n        controls [[Easter Island]] and [[Sala y G\\u00f3mez]] Island, the easternmost\n        islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and\n        [[Robinson Crusoe Island]], more than {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} from the\n        mainland, in the [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands]]. Also controlled but only\n        temporarily inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of San\n        Ambrosio and San Felix. These islands are notable because they extend Chile''s\n        claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the [[Pacific Ocean]].{{cite\n        book|last=Blanco|first=Alejandro Vergara |title=Derecho de aguas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o3G0FyArtAC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Editorial Jur\\u00eddica de Chile|isbn=978-956-10-1241-7}}\\n\\nThe\n        northern [[Atacama Desert]] contains great mineral wealth, primarily [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        and [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]]s. The relatively small Central\n        Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population\n        and agricultural resources. This area is also the historical center from which\n        Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and\n        southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features\n        a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords,\n        inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are\n        located on the eastern border.\\n\\n\\nMiscanti\n        Lagoon near San Pedro de Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|[[Norte Grande]]\\nValle\n        de Elqui1.jpg|[[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]]\\nVi\\u00f1edo Puente Alto.jpg|[[Central\n        Chile|Centro]]\\nSalto de la Leona.jpg|[[Zona Sur|Sur]]\\nTorres del Paine -\n        Flickr - Alanbritom.jpg|[[Zona Austral|Austral]]\\n\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{Main\n        article|Climate of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|200px|Chile\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\n[[File:Admiring the Galaxy.jpg|thumb|left|With\n        more than 300 clear nights each year, [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] is\n        in an ideal position to house advanced observational instruments]]\\n\\nThe\n        diverse [[climate of Chile]] ranges from the world''s driest desert in the\n        north\\u2014the [[Atacama Desert]]\\u2014through a [[Mediterranean climate]]\n        in the center, [[humid subtropical]] in Easter Island, to an [[oceanic climate]],\n        including [[alpine tundra]] and [[glaciers]] in the east and south.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm|title=Country\n        profile: Chile |work=BBC News | date=16 December 2009 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}} According to the [[K\\u00f6ppen climate classification|K\\u00f6ppen\n        system]], Chile within its borders hosts at least ten major climatic subtypes.\n        There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February),\n        autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Wildlife of Chile}}\\n[[File:Cuernos del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9.jpg|thumb|right|Torres\n        del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile]]\\n\\nThe\n        flora and fauna of Chile are characterized by a high degree of endemism, due\n        to its particular geography. In continental Chile, the [[Atacama Desert]]\n        in the north and the [[Andes Mountains|Andes mountains]] to the east are barriers\n        that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Add to that the enormous\n        length of Chile (over {{convert|4300|km|0|abbr=on}}) and this results in a\n        wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general\n        zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions\n        of the south.\\n\\n===Flora===\\n[[File:Araucaria araucana - Parque Nacional\n        Conguill\\u00edo por lautaroj - 001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Araucaria araucana]] trees\n        in [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]]]]\\nThe native flora of Chile consists\n        of relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other South American\n        countries. \\nThe northernmost coastal and central region is largely barren\n        of vegetation, approaching the most absolute desert in the world.{{Cite\n        journal |author-link=La Tercera/Icarito |title=Icarito: Enciclopedia de la\n        flora y fauna de Chile |journal=Icarito |url=http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0,0,38035857_152308989,00.html\n        |id= |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410080253/http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0%2C0%2C38035857_152308989%2C00.html\n        |archivedate=10 April 2006 |df=dmy-all }}\\nOn the slopes of the Andes,\n        in addition to the scattered tola desert brush, grasses are found. The central\n        valley is characterized by several species of cacti, the hardy [[Acacia caven|espinos]],\n        the [[Araucaria araucana|Chilean pine]], the [[nothofagus|southern beeches]]\n        and the [[copihue]], a red bell-shaped flower that is Chile''s national flower.\\n[[File:Lapageria rosea1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Copihue]] in\n        flower]]\\n\\nIn southern Chile, south of the Biob\\u00edo River, heavy precipitation\n        has produced dense forests of laurels, magnolias, and various species of conifers\n        and beeches, which become smaller and more stunted to the south.\\n{{Cite\n        journal | last = Smith-Ram\\u00edrez | first = Cecilia | title = Distribution\n        patterns of flora and fauna in southern Chilean Coastal rain forests: Integrating\n        Natural History and GIS | journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | issue\n        = Volume 16, Number 9 / August 2007 | publisher = Springer Netherlands | date\n        = 27 October 2006 | doi = 10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2 }}\\nThe cold temperatures\n        and winds of the extreme south preclude heavy forestation. Grassland is found\n        in Atlantic Chile (in Patagonia). Much of the Chilean flora is distinct from\n        that of neighboring Argentina, indicating that the Andean barrier existed\n        during its formation.\\n\\nSome of Chile''s flora has\n        an Antarctic origin due to [[land bridge]]s which formed during the Cretaceous\n        ice ages, allowing plants to migrate from Antarctica to South America.[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chilean-and-antarctic-fossils-reveal-the-last-geologic-minutes-of-the-age-of-dinosaurs-slide-show/\n        Chilean and Antarctic Fossils Reveal the Last \\\"Geologic Minutes\\\" of the\n        Age of Dinosaurs]\\n\\nJust over 3,000 species of fungi are recorded in\n        Chile,Oehrens, E.B. \\\"Flora Fungosa Chilena\\\". Universidad de Chile,\n        Santiago de Chile, 1980{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm\n        |title=Cybertruffle''s Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated\n        organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |accessdate=9 July 2011}} but\n        this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species\n        occurring in Chile is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted\n        estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been\n        discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. \\\"Dictionary\n        of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount of available\n        information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate\n        the number of fungal species endemic to Chile, and 1995 species have been\n        tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/chilfung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title=Fungi of Chile \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate=9 July 2011}}\\n\\n===Fauna===\\n\\nChile''s geographical isolation\n        has restricted the immigration of faunal life, so that only a few of the many\n        distinctive South American animals are found. Among the larger mammals are\n        the [[Cougar|puma]] or cougar, the llama-like [[guanaco]] and the fox-like\n        [[South American gray fox|chilla]]. In the forest region, several types of\n        marsupials and a small deer known as the [[Pud\\u00fa|pudu]] are found.\\n\\nThere are many species of small birds, but most of the\n        larger common Latin American types are absent. Few freshwater fish are native,\n        but North American trout have been successfully introduced into the Andean\n        lakes. Owing to the vicinity of the Humboldt Current,\n        ocean waters abound with fish and other forms of marine life, which in turn\n        support a rich variety of waterfowl, including several penguins. Whales are\n        abundant, and some six species of seals are found in the area.\\n\\n\\nFile:Cougar\n        (7062752887).jpg|[[Puma concolor|Puma]]\\nFile:Sephanoides fernandensis.jpg|[[Juan\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez firecrown]]\\nFile:Guanacos, Parque Nacional Torres del Paine,\n        Chile3.jpg|[[Guanaco]]\\nFile:Culpeo MC.jpg|[[Culpeo]]\\nFile:Poudou IMG 4339.JPG|[[Pud\\u00fa]]\\nFile:Condor\n        des Andes m\\u00e2le adulte.jpg|[[Andean condor]]\\nFile:Huemul verdadero.JPG|[[Huemul]]\\nFile:Emperor-atka4\n        hg.jpg|[[Emperor penguin]]s\\n\\n\\n===Topography===\\nChile is located\n        along a highly [[seismic]] and [[volcanic]] zone, part of the Pacific Ring\n        of Fire, due to the subduction of the Nazca and Antarctic plates in the [[South\n        American plate]].\\n\\n[[File:Chile topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Topographic\n        map of Chile. To view maps based on [[SRTM]] topographic relief of the country,\n        see [[:commons:Atlas of Chile/Clickable map|here]].]]\\n\\n[[File:Ojos del Salado\n        summit.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ojos del Salado|Nevado Ojos del Salado]]: View from\n        the top Chilean Argentine side.]]\\n[[File:Salar de Atacama.jpg|thumbnail|The\n        [[Atacama Desert|Atacama]] [[Dry lake]], in Chile. At the horizon, the [[Licancabur]]\n        volcano.]]\\n[[File:Lago Conguillio.jpg|thumbnail|Conguill\\u00edo National\n        Park, south-central area of the country.]]\\n[[File:BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg|thumbnail|A\n        glacier at the Beagle Channel]]\\n\\nLate [[Paleozoic]], 251 million years ago,\n        Chile belonged to the continental block called Gondwana. It was just a depression\n        accumulated marine sediments began to rise at the end of the Mesozoic, 66\n        million years ago, due to the collision between the Nazca and South American\n        plates, resulting in the Andes. The territory would be shaped by millions\n        of years due to the folding of the rocks, forming the current relief.\\n\\nThe\n        Chilean relief consists of the central depression, which crosses the country\n        longitudinally, flanked by two mountain ranges that make up about 80% of the\n        territory: the Andes mountains to the east-natural border with [[Bolivia]]\n        and [[Argentina]], with its most alton 18 located on the [[Nevado Ojos del\n        Salado]], at 6891.3 m, the highest volcano in the world, in the [[Atacama\n        Region|region of Atacama]] and Coastal Range west-minor height from the Andes,\n        with its highest point located on the hill Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, at 3114 meters,\n        located in the Sierra Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, the south of [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]].\n        Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains,\n        of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports.\n        Some areas of the plains territories encompass territory east of the Andes,\n        and the Patagonian steppes and Magellan, or are high plateaus surrounded by\n        high mountain ranges, such as the Altiplano or Puna de Atacama.\\n\\nThe [[Far\n        North, Chile|Far North]] is the area between the northern boundary of the\n        country and the [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] 26\\u00b0 S, covering the\n        first three regions. It is characterized by the presence of the [[Atacama\n        desert]], the most arid in the world. The desert is fragmented by streams\n        that originate in the area known as the [[Pampa del Tamarugal|pampas Tamarugal]].\n        The Andes, split in two and whose eastern arm runs [[Bolivia]], has a high\n        altitude and volcanic activity, which has allowed the formation of the Andean\n        altiplano and salt structures as the [[Salar de Atacama]], due to the gradual\n        accumulation of sediments over time.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:left;\n        margin-right:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Ten highest peaks of Chile\\n|-\\n!Name\n        !!Altitude ([[metre|m]])\\n|- \\n|[[Nevado Ojos del Salado]]1 ||align=right|6891,3\\n|-\\n|[[Nevado\n        Tres Cruces]]1 ||align=right|6758\\n|- \\n|[[Llullaillaco]]1\n        ||align=right|6739\\n|-\\n|[[Incahuasi]]1 ||align=right|6638\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Tupungato]]1 ||align=right|6565\\n|-\\n|[[Ata (mountain)|Ata\n        Volcano]]1 ||align=right|6501\\n|-\\n|[[Cerro El Muerto]]1\n        ||align=right|6488\\n|-\\n|[[Parinacota (volcano)|Parinacota]]2 ||align=right|6342\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Pomerape]]2 ||align=right|6282\\n|- \\n|[[Los Patos]]1\n        ||align=right|6239\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note:1\n        shared with Argentina, 2 shared with Bolivia.\\n|}\\n\\nTo\n        the south is the [[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]], extending to the [[Aconcagua\n        River|Aconcagua river]]. Los Andes begin to decrease its altitude to the south\n        and closer to the coast, reaching 90 km away at the height of [[Illapel]],\n        the narrowest part of the Chilean territory. The two mountain ranges intersect,\n        virtually eliminating the intermediate depression. The existence of rivers\n        flowing through the territory allows the formation of [[Transverse Valleys|transverse\n        valleys]], where agriculture has developed strongly in recent times, while\n        the [[coastal plains]] begin to expand.\\n\\nThe [[Zona Central, Chile|Central]]\n        area is the most populated region of the country. The coastal plains are wide\n        and allow the establishment of cities and ports along the Pacific, while the\n        coastal mountains down its height. The Andes maintains altitudes above 6000m\n        but descend slowly starts approaching the 4000 meters on average. The intermediate\n        depression reappears becoming a fertile valley that allows agricultural development\n        and human settlement, due to sediment accumulation. To the south, the Cordillera\n        de la Costa reappears in the [[Nahuelbuta Range|range of Nahuelbuta]] while\n        glacial sediments originate a series of lakes in the area of [[La Frontera,\n        Chile|La Frontera]].\\n\\nPatagonia extends from within Reloncavi, at the height\n        of parallel 41 \\u00b0 S, to the south. During the [[Llanquihue glaciation|last\n        glaciation]], this area was covered by ice that strongly eroded Chilean relief\n        structures. As a result, the intermediate depression sinks in the sea, while\n        the coastal mountains rise to a series of archipelagos, such as [[Chilo\\u00e9\n        Island|Chilo\\u00e9]] and the [[Chonos Archipelago|Chonos]], disappearing in\n        Taitao peninsula, in the parallel 47 \\u00b0 S. The Andes mountain range loses\n        height and erosion caused by the action of glaciers has caused [[fjords]].\\n\\nEast\n        of the Andes, on the continent, or north of it, on the [[Tierra del Fuego\n        (main island)|island of Tierra del Fuego]] are located relatively flat plains,\n        which in the Strait of Magellan cover large areas.\\n\\nThe Andes, as he had\n        done previously Cordillera de la Costa, begins to break in the ocean causing\n        a myriad of islands and islets and disappear into it, sinking and reappearing\n        in the Southern Antilles arc and then the Antarctic Peninsula, where it is\n        called Antartandes, in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, lying between the\n        meridians 53 \\u00b0 W and 90 \\u00b0 W.\\n\\nIn the middle of the Pacific, the\n        country has sovereignty over several islands of volcanic origin, collectively\n        known as Insular Chile. Of these, we highlight the archipelago of Juan Fernandez\n        and Easter Island, which is located in the fracture zone between the Nazca\n        plate and the Pacific plate known as East Pacific Rise.\\n\\n===Hydrography===\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:right;clear:right; margin-left:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        colspan=2 | Ten longest rivers of Chile\\n|-\\n! Name !! Length ([[Kilometre|km]])\\n|-\\n|[[Loa\n        River|Loa]] ||align=right|440\\n|-\\n|[[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo River|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\n        ||align=right|380\\n|-\\n|[[Baker River (Chile)|Baker]] ||align=right|370\\n|-\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3\n        River|Copiap\\u00f3]] ||align=right|292\\n|-\\n|[[Maipo River|Maipo]] ||align=right|250\\n|-\\n|[[Yelcho\n        River|Yelcho]]-[[Futaleuf\\u00fa River|Futaleuf\\u00fa]] ||align=right|246\\n|-\\n|[[Maule\n        River|Maule]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Palena River|Palena]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Tolt\\u00e9n\n        River|Tolt\\u00e9n]] ||align=right|231\\n|-\\n|[[Huasco River|Huasco]] ||align=right|230\\n|-\\n|\n        colspan=2 style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note: All\n        lengths exclusively through Chilean territory.\\n|}\\n[[File:Lago Gral.\n        Carrera 01.JPG|thumbnail|left|[[General Carrera Lake|General Carrera lake]],\n        the largest in the country.]]\\n[[File:Bruggen-PioXI FaceCompleteCroppedIMG5642.jpg|thumbnail|[[Br\\u00fcggen\n        Glacier|Pio XI Glacier (or Br\\u00fcggen)]], the longest in the southern hemisphere\n        outside of Antarctica.]]\\n\\nDue to the characteristics of the territory, Chile\n        is crossed by numerous rivers generally short in length and with low torrential\n        flow. They commonly extend from the [[Andes Mountains|Andes]] to the [[Pacific\n        Ocean]], flowing in an East to West direction.\\n\\nBecause of the [[desert]],\n        in the Norte Grande there are only short [[endorheic]] character streams,\n        except for the [[river Loa]], the longest in the country 440 km.{{cite journal |author1=Niemeyer, Hans  |author2=Cereceda, Pilar\n        |year=1983 |title=Hydrography |work=Geography of Chile |publisher=[[Military\n        Geographic Institute (Chile)|Military Geographic Institute]] |edition=1st\n        |location=Santiago |volume=8 |accessdate=8 March 2011}} In the high\n        valleys, wetland areas generate [[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]], located at 4500 meters\n        above sea level. It and the river [[Lauca River|Lauca]] are shared with [[Bolivia]],\n        as well as the [[Lluta River|Lluta]].\\n\\nIn the center-north of the country,\n        the number of rivers that form valleys of agricultural importance increases.\n        Noteworthy are the Elqui with 75 km long, 142 km\n        Aconcagua, Maipo with 250 km and its tributary, the Mapocho\n        with 110 km, and Maule with 240 km. Their waters mainly flow from\n        Andean snowmelt in the summer and winter rains. The major lakes in this area\n        are the artificial lake Rapel, the Colbun Maule lagoon and the lagoon of La\n        Laja.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile-demography.png|thumb|300px|Population\n        of Chile from 1820, projected up to 2050]]\\n\\nChile''s 2002 census reported\n        a population of 15 million people. Its rate of population growth has been\n        decreasing since 1990, due to a declining [[birth rate]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/estadisticas_vitales/pdf/anuarios/vitales2003.zip|title=Anuario\n        Estad\\u00edsticas Vitales 2003|publisher=Instituto National de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|title=Chile:\n        Proyecciones y Estimaciones de Poblaci\\u00f3n. Total Pa\\u00eds 1950\\u20132050|publisher=Instituto\n        National de Estad\\u00edsticas|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nXISo4aQ?url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|archivedate=14\n        February 2010|df=dmy-all}} About 85 percent of the country''s population\n        lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in [[Santiago|Greater Santiago]].\n        The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago\n        with 5.6 million people, [[Greater Concepci\\u00f3n]] with 861,000\\nand [[Greater\n        Valpara\\u00edso]] with 824,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.observatoriourbano.cl/indurb/pre_ciudades.asp?id_user=0&idComCiu=0|title=List\n        of Chilean cities|publisher=Observatorio Urbano, Ministerio de Vivienda y\n        Urbanismo de Chile}}\\n\\n===Ancestry and ethnicity===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Chile|Immigration to Chile}}\\n\\nMexican professor Francisco Lizcano,\n        of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]], estimated that 52.7%\n        of [[Chileans]] were white, 39.3% were [[mestizo]], and 8% were [[Amerindian]].{{cite\n        web|author=Lizcano Fern\\u00e1ndez |year=2005 |title=Composici\\u00f3n \\u00e9tnica\n        de las tres \\u00e1reas culturales del continente americano al comienzo del\n        siglo XXI |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |format=PDF\n        |publisher=UAEM |issn=1405-1435 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf\n        |archivedate=26 June 2013 }}\\n\\nThe most recent study in the Candela\n        Project establishes that the genetic composition of Chile is 52% of European\n        origin, with 44% of the genome coming from Native Americans (Amerindians),\n        and 4% coming from Africa, making Chile a primarily mestizo country with traces\n        of African descent present in half of the population.{{cite web |url=http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |title=Estudio gen\\u00e9tico en chilenos muestra desconocida herencia africana\n        | El D\\u00ednamo |publisher=Eldinamo.cl |date=19 August 2013 |accessdate=22\n        December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706180053/http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |archivedate=6 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }} Another genetic study conducted\n        by the [[University of Brasilia]] in several American countries shows a similar\n        genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian\n        (Native) contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%.{{cite\n        web|last=Godinho |first=Neide Maria de Oliveira |title=O impacto das migra\\u00e7\\u00f5es\n        na constitui\\u00e7\\u00e3o gen\\u00e9tica de popula\\u00e7\\u00f5es latino-americanas\n        |url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873\n        |publisher=Universidade de Bras\\u00edlia |accessdate=29 March 2013 |year=2008\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf\n        |archivedate=6 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nA public health booklet from\n        the [[University of Chile]] states that 30% of the population is of Caucasian\n        origin; \\\"predominantly White\\\" Mestizos are estimated to amount a total of\n        65%, while Native Americans (Amerindians) comprise the remaining 5%.{{cite\n        web | title =5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | work =La Universidad de Chile | accessdate =26 August 2007 | language =\n        | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071016124831/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | archivedate =16 October 2007 | df =dmy-all }} ([http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        Main page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916211140/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        |date=16 September 2009 }})\\n\\nDespite the genetic considerations, many\n        Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as White. The 2011 [[Latinobar\\u00f3metro]]\n        survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to\n        belong to. Most answered \\\"White\\\" (59%), while 25% said \\\"Mestizo\\\" and 8%\n        self-classified as \\\"indigenous\\\".{{cite web|url=http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATContenidos.jsp\n        |title=Informe Latinobar\\u00f3metro 2011 |publisher=Latinobarometro.org |accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} A 2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans\n        believed they possessed some (43.4%) or much (8.3%) \\\"indigenous blood\\\",\n        while 40.3% responded that they had none.{{cite web|url=http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|title=Encuesta\n        CEP, Julio 2002|date=July 2002|accessdate=18 May 2012|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429001707/http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|archivedate=29\n        April 2013|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n[[File:Trajes chilenos -Geschichte des kost\\u00fcms\n        in chronologischer entwicklung 1888- A. Racinet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mapuche|Araucanian]]\n        Indians and [[Huaso]]s in Chile, 19th century.]]\\n[[File:FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg|thumb|left|Italian\n        immigrants to [[Italian Chilean|Capitan Pastene]] in southern Chile.]]\\n\\nThe\n        1907 census reported 101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total population. Only\n        those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were\n        considered to be Indians, irrespective of their \\\"racial purity\\\".{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl//temas/documento_detalle.asp?id=MC0007943\n        |title=1907 census |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }}\\n\\nIn 2002 a census\n        took place, directly asking the public whether they considered themselves\n        as part of any of the eight Chilean ethnic groups, regardless of whether or\n        not they maintained their culture, traditions and language, and 4.6 percent\n        of the population (692,192 people) fitted that description of [[indigenous\n        peoples in Chile]]. Of that number, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf|title=Censo 2002 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edntesis de Resultados|work=Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        Most of the indigenous population shows varying degrees of mixed ancestry.{{cite web|url=http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act |title=El\n        gradiente sociogen\\u00e9tico chileno y sus implicaciones \\u00e9tico-sociales\n        |publisher=Medwave.cl |date=15 June 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818181825/http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }}\\n\\nChile is one of 22 countries to have\n        signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous\n        peoples, the [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091225170052/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 December 2009 |title=ILOLEX: submits English\n        query |publisher=Ilo.org |date=9 January 2004 }} It was adopted in 1989\n        as the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified\n        it in 2008. A Chilean court decision in November 2009 considered to be a landmark\n        ruling on indigenous rights and made use of the convention. The Supreme Court\n        decision on Aymara water rights upheld rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal\n        and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application\n        of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.{{cite web|url=http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17739:chiles-supreme-court-upholds-indigenous-water-use-rights&catid=19:other&Itemid=142\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights |publisher=The\n        Santiago Times |date=30 November 2009 |accessdate=2 March 2010}}\\n\\nChile\n        was never a particularly attractive destination for migrants, owing to its\n        remoteness and distance from Europe.\n        Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead\n        of taking the long journey through the Straits of Magellan or crossing the\n        Andes. European migration did not result in a significant\n        change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the [[Magallanes y la\n        Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena Region|region of Magellan]].[http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf\n        Censo de poblaci\\u00f3n de 1907, page-PDF 55/1277 and page-PDF 1249/1277 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas de Chile] Spaniards were the only major\n        European migrant group to Chile,{{cite web|url=http://www.euzkoetxeachile.cl/libros/04-De%20los%20Vascos%20Onati%20y%20los%20Elorza-2.pdf\n        |title=De los Vascos, O\\u00f1ati y los Elorza |author=Waldo Ayarza Elorza\n        |pages=59, 65, 66 |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013}} and there was\n        never large-scale immigration such as that to Argentina or Uruguay.\n        Between 1851 and 1924, Chile only received 0.5% of European immigration to\n        Latin America, compared to 46% to Argentina, 33% to Brazil, 14% to Cuba, and\n        4% to Uruguay. However, it is undeniable that immigrants\n        have played a significant role in Chilean society.\\n\\nOther\n        groups of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] have followed but are found\n        in smaller numbers, like the descendants of [[Austrians]][http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jong038duit01_01/jong038duit01_01_0018.php\n        Hoofdstuk XVI Historisch tussenspel] {{nl icon}} and [[Dutch people]].\n        Currently, these are estimated at about 50,000 people.{{cite web|url=http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |title=Dutch immigration |publisher=Cstandt.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818221629/http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }} After the failed [[Revolutions of 1848\n        in the German states|liberal revolution of 1848]] in the German states,{{cite book|last1=Salazar Vergara|first1=Gabriel\n        |last2=Pinto|first2=Julio|title=Historia contempor\\u00e1nea de Chile: Actores,\n        identidad y movimiento. II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyx8JQtvU78C&pg=PA78|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1999|publisher=[[Lom Ediciones]]|isbn=978-956-282-174-2|pages=76\\u201381|chapter=La\n        Presencia Inmigrante}}{{cite book |title= Superpoblaci\\u00f3n |last=\n        Dur\\u00e1n |first= Hip\\u00f3lito |authorlink= Hip\\u00f3lito Dur\\u00e1n |year=\n        1997 |publisher= Real Academia Nacional de Medicina |location= Madrid |isbn=\n        84-923901-0-7 |trans_chapter= |chapter= El crecimiento de la poblaci\\u00f3n\n        latinoamericana y en especial de Chile \\u2022 Academia Chilena de Medicina\n        |chapterurl= |quote= |page= 217 |accessdate=16 September 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IXFVHAXxNw0C&pg=PA217}}\n        a noticeable German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the\n        [[German-Chilean]] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to \\\"unbarbarize\\\"\n        and colonize the southern region,\n        these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, [[Silesians]], [[Alsace|Alsatians]]\n        and Austrians) settled mainly in [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno\n        and Llanquihue|Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue]].{{cite book |title=\n        Recuerdos del Pasado |last1= P\\u00e9rez Rosales |first1= Vicente |authorlink=\n        Vicente P\\u00e9rez Rosales |year= 1860 |publisher= Editorial Andr\\u00e9s Bello\n        |location= Santiago de Chile |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cISuC7tC5hsC}}\\n\\nDescendants\n        of different [[ethnic groups in Europe|European ethnic groups]] often intermarried\n        in Chile. This intermarriage and mixture of cultures and races have helped\n        to shape the present society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes.{{cite web|url=http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |title=entrevista al Presidente de la C\\u00e1mara vasca |publisher=Deia.com\n        |date=22 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001812/http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |archivedate=11 May 2009 }}\\n\\nDue in part to its economic fortunes,\n        Chile has recently become a new magnet for immigrants, mostly from neighboring\n        [[Argentina]], Bolivia and mainly Peru.{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199\n        |title=Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy |publisher=Migrationinformation.org\n        |accessdate=1 August 2011}} According to the 2002 national census, Chile''s\n        foreign-born population has increased by 75% since 1992.{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=920108 |title= El debate sobre\n        la inmigraci\\u00f3n ilegal se extiende a la regi\\u00f3n |accessdate=31 December\n        2008 |last= Landaburu |first= Juan |date= 24 June 2007 |work= [[La Naci\\u00f3n]]\n        }} According to an estimate by the Migration and Foreign Residency Department,\n        317,057 foreigners were living in Chile as of December 2008.{{cite web|url=http://www.extranjeria.gov.cl/filesapp/Informe%20Estimacion%20Poblacion%20Extranjeros%202008.pdf\n        |title=Estimaci\\u00f3n de Poblaci\\u00f3n de Extranjeros en Chile a Diciembre\n        de 2008 |publisher=Departamento de Extranjer\\u00eda y Migraci\\u00f3n |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Roughly 500,000 of Chile\\u2019s population\n        is of full or partial [[Palestinian people|Palestinian origin]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508\n        |title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome |publisher=Adnkronos.com\n        |date=7 April 2003 }}{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generaci\\u00f3n de palestinos\n        en Chile |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |archivedate=22 July 2009 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{Main article|Religion\n        in Chile}}\\n{{bar box\\n| title = Religious background in Chile (2015){{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by\n        religion, region, sex and age groups. (censused population) |url=http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\n        |accessdate= September 2015 |language=Spanish |format=.pdf}}\\n| titlebar\n        = #ddd\\n| left1 = Religion\\n| right1 = Percent\\n| float = right\\n| bars =\\n{{bar\n        percent|Roman Catholic|orange|55}}\\n{{bar percent|None|red|25}}\\n{{bar percent|Protestant|green|13}}\\n{{bar\n        percent|Other|yellow|7}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Iglesia de Vilupulli.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Churches\n        of Chilo\\u00e9]].]]\\n{{As of|2012}}, 66.6% of Chilean\n        population over 15 years of age claimed to be of Catholic creed \\u2013 a decrease\n        from the 70%7,853,428 out of 11,226,309 people over 15 years of age.\n        {{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by religion, administrative\n        division, sex and age groups|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/cuadros/6/C6_00000.pdf|work=Censo\n        2002|accessdate=1 March 2014|language=Spanish|format=PDF}} reported\n        by the 2002 census \\u2013 while 17 percent reported adherence to an ''''evangelical''''\n        church. In the census, the term ''''evangelical'''' referred to all non-Catholic\n        Christian churches with the exception of the [[Orthodox Church]] (Greek, Persian,\n        Serbian, Ukrainian, and Armenian), [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day\n        Saints]] ([[Mormons]]), [[Seventh-day Adventists]], and [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]],\n        essentially limiting it to the [[Protestants]] (although [[Adventism]] is\n        often considered a part of it). Approximately 90 percent of Protestants (''''evangelicals'''')\n        are [[Pentecostal]]. [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan]], [[Lutheran]], [[Reformed\n        churches|Reformed Evangelical]], [[Presbyterian]], [[Anglican]], [[Anglicanism|Episcopalian]],\n        [[Baptist]] and [[Methodist church]]es are also present.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108518.htm|title=Chile|work=International\n        Religious Freedom Report|publisher=United States Department of State|date=19\n        September 2008}} Irreligious people, atheists, and agnostics account\n        for around 12 percent of the population.\\n\\nCurrently in 2015, the majority\n        religion in Chile is Christianity (68%), with an estimated 55% of Chileans\n        belonging to the Catholic church, 13% Protestant or Evangelical and just 7%\n        with any other religion. Agnostics and atheist are estimated at 25%.http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\\n\\nThe\n        Constitution provides for [[freedom of religion]], and other laws and policies\n        contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The law at all levels\n        protects this right in full against abuse, either by governmental or private\n        actors.\\n\\nChurch and state are officially\n        [[separation of church and state|separate]] in Chile. The 1999 law on religion\n        prohibits [[religious discrimination]]. However, the Catholic Church enjoys\n        a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment{{Citation\n        needed|date=February 2014}}. Government officials attend Catholic events as\n        well as major Protestant and Jewish ceremonies.\\n\\nThe\n        Government-observed religious holidays include Christmas, [[Good Friday]],\n        the [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel|Feast of the Virgin of Carmen]], the [[Feast\n        of Saints Peter and Paul]], the [[Assumption of Mary|Feast of the Assumption]],\n        [[All Saints'' Day]], and the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]] as [[Public\n        holiday|national holidays]]. The government\n        has recently declared 31 October, [[Reformation Day]], a public national holiday,\n        in honor of the Protestant churches of the country.{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |title=Hola, Luther |work=The Economist |date=6 November 2008 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210125640/http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |archivedate=10 December 2008 }}{{Cite news|author=Andrea Henr\\u00edquez\n        |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/2007/en_nombre_de_la_fe/newsid_7701000/7701290.stm\n        |title=Los evang\\u00e9licos tienen su feriado |publisher=BBC Mundo |date=31\n        October 2008 |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe [[patron saint]]s\n        of Chile are [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] and [[Saint James the Greater]]\n        (''''Santiago'''').{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php?letter=C\n        |title=Patron Saints: ''C'' |publisher=Catholic Online |accessdate=28 June\n        2012}} In 2005, [[Alberto Hurtado|St. Alberto Hurtado]] was canonized\n        by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] and became the country''s second saint after [[Teresa\n        de los Andes|St. Teresa de los Andes]].{{cite web |url=http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |title=Las fechas del proceso de Canonizaci\\u00f3n del Padre Hurtado |language=Spanish\n        |accessdate=9 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122033957/http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |archivedate=22 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}\\n\\n===Languages===\\nThe\n        [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish spoken in Chile]] is distinctively accented and\n        quite unlike that of neighboring South American countries because final syllables\n        and \\\"''''s''''\\\" sounds are often dropped, and some consonants have a soft\n        pronunciation. Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more\n        noticeable are the differences in accent based on social class or whether\n        one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely\n        formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in\n        modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of\n        differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and\n        now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.\\n\\nThere are several indigenous languages spoken\n        in Chile: [[Mapudungun]], [[Chilean Quechua|Quechua]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]]\n        and [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]]. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took\n        over as the [[lingua franca]] and the indigenous languages have become minority\n        languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL\n        |title=Ethnologue report for Chile |publisher=Ethnologue.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\nGerman is still spoken to some extent in southern Chile,{{cite\n        web |author=Oliver Zoellner |url=http://www.research-worldwide.de/article-chile2005.html\n        |title=Oliver Zoellner | Generating Samples of Ethnic Minorities in Chile\n        |publisher=Research-worldwide.de |accessdate=17 December 2009}} either\n        in small country side pockets or as a second language among the communities\n        of larger cities.\\n\\nThrough initiatives such as the [[English Opens Doors|English\n        Opens Doors Program]], the government made English mandatory for students\n        in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile\n        start teaching English from kindergarten.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090908/lack-english-proficiency\n        |title=Repeat after me: Hello, my name is |publisher=Globalpost.com }}\n        Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish\n        speech.{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-04622005000200010&script=sci_arttext\n        |title=Anglicism in Chilean Spanish |publisher=Scielo.cl |date=4 May 2004}}\\n\\n==\n        Government and politics ==\\n{{Main article|Politics of Chile|Law of Chile}}\\n[[File:Palacio\n        de La Moneda.png|thumb|left|The [[Palacio de La Moneda]] in downtown [[Santiago,\n        Chile|Santiago]].]]\\n[[File:Tribjusticiacl.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palacio de\n        los Tribunales de Justicia de Santiago|Palace of Justice]] in Santiago.]]\\nThe\n        current [[Constitution of Chile]] was approved in a national [[plebiscite]]\n        \\u2014regarded as \\\"highly irregular\\\" by some observers{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=A\n        Country Study: Chile|work=[[United States Library of Congress]]}}\\u2014\n        in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. It entered\n        into force in March 1981. After Pinochet''s defeat in the [[Chilean national\n        plebiscite, 1988|1988 plebiscite]], the constitution was amended to ease provisions\n        for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo\n        Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress.\n        These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and [[senators\n        for life]], granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief\n        of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4157908.stm|title=Chile scraps\n        Pinochet-era system|publisher=BBC | date=16 August 2005 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}}\\n\\nThe [[Congress of Chile]] has a 38-seat [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]\n        and a 120-member [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]. Senators\n        serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every\n        4 years. The last congressional elections were held on 17 November 2013, concurrently\n        with the presidential election. The current Senate has a 21\\u201315 split\n        in favor of the governing coalition and 2 independents. The current lower\n        house, the Chamber of Deputies, contains 67 members of the governing center-left\n        coalition, 48 from the center-right opposition and 5 from small parties or\n        independents. The Congress is located in the port city of Valpara\\u00edso,\n        about {{convert|140|km|0|abbr=off}} west of the capital, Santiago.\\n[[File:Congresschile.jpg|thumb|[[National\n        Congress of Chile|National Congress]] building in Valpara\\u00edso.]]\\nChile''s\n        congressional elections are governed by a [[Binomial System|binomial system]]\n        that, for the most part, rewards the two largest representations equally,\n        often regardless of their relative popular support. Parties are thus forced\n        to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertaci\\u00f3n\n        and Alianza) split most of the seats. Only if the leading coalition ticket\n        out-polls the second place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does\n        the winning coalition gain both seats, which tends to lock the legislative\n        in a roughly 50-50 split.\\n\\nChile''s judiciary is independent and includes\n        a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal,\n        and the [[Supreme Court of Chile]]. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide\n        overhaul of its criminal justice system.{{cite web|url=http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |work=Chilean Government |title=President Lagos: We can make a greater effort\n        to make yesterday''s and today''s trials equally just |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423171251/http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |archivedate=23 April 2008 }} The reform has replaced inquisitorial\n        proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United\n        States.\\n\\nIn the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative [[Independent\n        Democratic Union]] (UDI) surpassed the [[Christian Democratic Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrats]] for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house.\n        In the [[Chilean parliamentary election, 2005|2005 parliamentary election]],\n        both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation\n        in favor of their respective allies [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist Party]]\n        (which became the biggest party in the Concertaci\\u00f3n block) and [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] in the right-wing alliance. In the 2009\n        legislative elections in Chile, the [[Communist Party of Chile|Communist Party]]\n        won 3 out of 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 30\n        years (the Communist Party was not allowed to exist as such during the dictatorship).\\n\\nChileans\n        voted in the first round of presidential elections on 17 November 2013. None\n        of the nine presidential candidates got more than 50 percent of the vote.\n        As a result, the top two candidates, center-left [[Nueva Mayor\\u00eda]] coalition''s\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and center-right [[Alianza (Chile)|Alianza]] coalition''s\n        [[Evelyn Matthei]], competed in a run-off election on 15 December 2013, which\n        Bachelet won. This was Chile''s sixth presidential election since the end\n        of the Pinochet era. All six have been judged free and fair. The president\n        is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.\\n\\n=== Foreign\n        relations ===\\n{{Main article|Foreign relations of Chile}}\\n[[File:Foreign\n        relations of Chile.svg|thumb|340x340px|State of Chile\\u2019s international\n        relations in the world:\\n{{legend|#006680|Chile}}\\n{{legend|#008000|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and Chilean embassy in the country.}}\\n{{legend|#00AA88|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and an embassy in Chile, but no Chilean embassy.}}\\n{{legend|#8DD35F|Country\n        with diplomatic relations but without ambassadors.}}\\n{{legend|#cccccc|Country\n        with no diplomatic relations currently.}}\\n]]\\n\\nSince the early decades after\n        independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs.\n        In 1837 the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru''s port\n        of [[Callao]] for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived\n        alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]] (1836\\u201339)\n        in the [[War of the Confederation]]. The war dissolved the confederation while\n        distributing power in the Pacific. A second international war, the [[War of\n        the Pacific]] (1879\\u201383), further increased Chile''s regional role, while\n        adding considerably to its territory.\\n\\nDuring the\n        19th century, Chile''s commercial ties were primarily with Britain, a nation\n        that had a major influence on the formation of the Chilean navy. The French\n        influenced Chile''s legal and educational systems and had a decisive impact\n        on Chile, through the architecture of the capital in the boom years at the\n        turn of the 20th century. German influence came from the organization and\n        training of the army by [[Prussia]]ns.\\n\\nOn 26 June\n        1945, Chile participated as a founding member of the United Nations being\n        among 50 countries that signed the [[United Nations Charter]] in San Francisco,\n        California.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml#c |title=United\n        Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1 August 2011\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417145758/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml\n        |archivedate=17 April 2009 |df=dmy }}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/growth.shtml\n        |title=United Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/av/photo/detail/0001314.html?browse=all.html\n        |title=The San Francisco Conference: Chile Signs United Nations Charter }}{{dead\n        link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\n        With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result\n        of widespread human rights abuses.\\n\\nSince its return\n        to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international\n        political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN\n        Security Council in January 2005. Jose Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national,\n        was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May\n        2005 and confirmed in his position, being re-elected in 2009. Chile is currently\n        serving on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors,\n        and the 2007\\u20132008 chair of the board is Chile''s ambassador to the IAEA,\n        Milenko E. Skoknic. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies\n        and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It was [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council#Members|re-elected]] as a member of the [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]] in 2011 for a three-year term.{{cite\n        web|title=Election (13 May 2010) Human Rights Council|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/64/elections/hrc/index.shtml|work=64th\n        Session|publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]]}} It was also\n        [[United Nations Security Council election, 2013|elected]] to one of five\n        non-permanent seats on the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]\n        in 2013.{{cite web|title=Chad, Chile, Lithuania, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia\n        were elected to serve on the UN Security Council|date=17 October 2013|accessdate=17\n        October 2013|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46277&Cr=security+council&Cr1=#.UmAVWCQd5TQ}}\n        Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC\n        summit and related meetings in 2004. It also hosted the Community of Democracies\n        ministerial in April 2005 and the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007.\n        An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been\n        a major player in international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.\\n\\nThe Chilean Government has diplomatic relations\n        with most countries. It settled all its territorial disputes with Argentina\n        during the 1990s except for part of the border at [[Southern Patagonian Ice\n        Field]]. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia''s\n        desire to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean it lost to Chile in\n        1879\\u201383 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations\n        and are represented at the Consul General level.\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\n{{main article|Administrative divisions of Chile}}\\n[[File:ChileRegions.png|thumb|110px|The\n        regions of Chile]]\\nChile is divided into 15 regions, each headed by an [[intendant]]\n        appointed by the president. The regions are further divided into provinces,\n        with provincial governors also appointed by the president. Finally each province\n        is divided into [[Communes of Chile|communes]]{{cite web|url=http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |title=Organigrama |work=Gobierno de Chile |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214000711/http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 }} which are administered by municipalities,\n        each with its own mayor and council elected for four-year terms. Each region\n        is designated by a name and a [[Roman numeral]], assigned from north to south.\n        The only exception is the Santiago Metropolitan Region which is designated\n        ''''RM'''' (''''Regi\\u00f3n Metropolitana''''). Two new regions were created\n        in 2006 and became operative in October 2007; Los R\\u00edos in the south (Region\n        XIV), and Arica y Parinacota in the north (Region XV). The numbering scheme\n        skipped Region XIII, usually assumed to be the Metropolitan Region before\n        the 2006 reform.\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|- style=\\\"background:#ececec;\\\"\\n!Key!!Name!!Spanish!!Capital\\n|-\\n|XV\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Arica y Parinacota, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Arica y Parinacota, Chile]]\n        [[Arica y Parinacota Region|Arica y Parinacota]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Arica y\n        Parinacota\\n|[[Arica, Chile|Arica]]\\n|-\\n|I\\n|[[File:Flag of Tarapaca, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Tarapac\\u00e1,\n        Chile]] [[Tarapac\\u00e1 Region|Tarapac\\u00e1]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Tarapac\\u00e1\\n|[[Iquique]]\\n|-\\n|II\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Antofagasta Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Antofagasta, Chile]] [[Antofagasta\n        Region|Antofagasta]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Antofagasta\\n|[[Antofagasta]]\\n|-\\n|III\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Atacama, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Atacama, Chile]] [[Atacama Region|Atacama]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Atacama\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3, Chile|Copiap\\u00f3]]\\n|-\\n|IV\\n|[[File:Flag of\n        Coquimbo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Coquimbo, Chile]] [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Coquimbo\\n|[[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\\n|-\\n|V\\n|[[File:Flag of Valparaiso\n        Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Valpara\\u00edso, Chile]] [[Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region|Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Valpara\\u00edso\\n|[[Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|-\\n|RM\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of the Metropolitan Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Metropolitana de Santiago,\n        Chile]] [[Santiago Metropolitan Region|Metropolitana de Santiago]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        Metropolitana de Santiago\\n|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]\\n|-\\n|VI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of O''Higgins Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins, Chile]] [[Libertador General Bernardo O''Higgins Region|Libertador\n        General Bernardo O''Higgins]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins\\n|[[Rancagua]]\\n|-\\n|VII\\n|[[File:Flag of Maule, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Maule,\n        Chile]] [[Maule Region|Maule]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Maule\\n|[[Talca]]\\n|-\\n|VIII\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Biob\\u00edo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo, Chile]]\n        [[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo Region|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Biob\\u00edo\\n|[[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]\\n|-\\n|IX\\n|[[File:Flag of La Araucania, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|La\n        Araucan\\u00eda, Chile]] [[La Araucan\\u00eda Region|La Araucan\\u00eda]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de la Araucan\\u00eda\\n|[[Temuco]]\\n|-\\n|XIV\\n|[[File:Flag of Los R\\u00edos,\n        Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los R\\u00edos, Chile]] [[Los R\\u00edos Region|Los\n        R\\u00edos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los R\\u00edos\\n|[[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]]\\n|-\\n|X\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Los Lagos Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los Lagos, Chile]] [[Los Lagos\n        Region|Los Lagos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los Lagos\\n|[[Puerto Montt]]\\n|-\\n|XI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Aysen, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo, Chile]] [[Ays\\u00e9n Region|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del\n        Campo\\n|[[Coyhaique]]\\n|-\\n|XII\\n|[[File:Flag of Magallanes, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Magallanes\n        y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena, Chile]] [[Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\n        Region|Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Magallanes\n        y de la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\\n|[[Punta Arenas]]\\n|}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n[[File:Colca-condor-c03.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[Andean condor]] is the national bird of Chile]]\\nThe national flower is\n        the [[copihue]] (''''Lapageria rosea'''', Chilean [[Campanula|bellflower]]),\n        which grows in the woods of southern Chile.\\n\\nThe [[Coat of arms of Chile|coat\n        of arms]] depicts the two national animals: the [[condor]] (''''Vultur gryphus'''',\n        a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the [[Hippocamelus|huemul]]\n        (''''Hippocamelus bisulcus,'''' an endangered white tail deer). It also has\n        the legend ''''Por la raz\\u00f3n o la fuerza'''' (''''By reason or by force'''').\\n\\nThe\n        [[flag of Chile]] consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and\n        red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side\n        end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center\n        representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white\n        is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve\n        independence. The flag of Chile is similar to the [[Flag of Texas]], although\n        the Chilean flag is 21 years older. However, like the Texan flag, the flag\n        of Chile is modeled after the [[Flag of the United States]].{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/samerica/chile.htm\n        |title=Chile flag and description |publisher=Worldatlas.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\n==Military==\\n{{Main article|Military of Chile}}\\n{{multiple\n        image\\n| header = Branches of the Chilean Armed Forces\\n| image1 = Leopard\n        2A4CHL Chile.jpg|width1=145|caption1=[[Chilean Army]]
[[Leopard 2A4]]CHL\\n|\n        image2 = Almirante Blanco Encalada (FF-15).jpg|width2=155|caption2=[[Chilean\n        Navy]]
[[Karel Doorman-class frigate]]\\n| image3 = F-16CHL de Chile.jpg|width3=155|caption3=[[Chilean\n        Air Force]]
[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]]\\n}}\\nThe\n        Armed Forces of Chile are subject to civilian control exercised by the president\n        through the Minister of Defense. The president has the authority to remove\n        the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.\\n\\nThe\n        commander in chief of the [[Chilean Army]] is [[General officer#The specific\n        rank of general|General]] Humberto Oviedo Arriagada.{{cite web|url=http://chds.dodlive.mil/2014/05/19/chilean-army-commander-in-chief-visits-wjpc/|title=Chilean\n        Army Commander-in-Chief Visits WJPC|publisher=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/banner/article.cfm?id=3477|title=Army\n        War College Community Banner|publisher=}} The Chilean Army is 45,000\n        strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, six divisions\n        throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in [[Rancagua]], and a Special Forces\n        Command in [[Colina, Chile|Colina]]. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional\n        and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.\\n\\nAdmiral\n        Enrique Larra\\u00f1aga Martin directs the 21,773-person [[Chilean Navy]],{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |title=The Navy\\u2019s most valuable asset: its people |publisher=Wayback.archive.org\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101115012/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |archivedate=1 January 2009 }} including 2,500 Marines. Of the fleet\n        of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates).\n        Those ships are based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100514/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 |title=The National Fleet |publisher=Chilean Navy\n        |accessdate=30 May 2014}} The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport\n        and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates\n        four submarines based in [[Talcahuano]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |title=Submarine Force |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |accessdate=14 July\n        2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100430/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 }}\\n\\nAir Force General (four star) Jorge\n        Rojas \\u00c1vila heads the 12,500 strong [[Chilean Air Force]]. Air assets\n        are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta,\n        Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates [[Base\n        Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva|an airbase]] on [[King George Island (South\n        Shetland Islands)|King George Island]], Antarctica. The Air Force took delivery\n        of the final two of ten F-16s, all purchased from the U.S., in March 2007\n        after several decades of U.S. debate and previous refusal to sell. Chile also\n        took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the\n        Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch.\\n\\nAfter the military coup in September 1973 the\n        [[Carabineros de Chile|Chilean national police]] (Carabineros) were incorporated\n        into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police\n        were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained\n        under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. Gustavo Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        Jure is the head of the national police force of 40,964{{cite web|url=http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |title=Carabineros de Chile |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |date=24 October\n        2007 |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312050416/http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |archivedate=12 March 2012 }} men and women who are responsible for\n        law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control,\n        and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{Main\n        article|Economy of Chile}}\\n[[File:Costanera Center Sep. 13.jpg|thumb|''''[[Sanhattan]]'''',\n        the financial district in Santiago de Chile.]]\\nThe [[Central Bank of Chile]]\n        in Santiago serves as the [[central bank]] for the country. The Chilean currency\n        is the [[Chilean peso]] (CLP). Chile is one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations, leading Latin American nations\n        in [[human development (humanity)|human development]], competitiveness, income\n        per capita, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the [[World\n        Bank]] as a \\\"[[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]]\\\".{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications\n        |title=How We Classify Countries |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=1 July\n        2013}}{{cite web|title=Country and Lending Groups|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|publisher=The\n        World Bank|accessdate=14 September 2013|location=High-income economies ($12,616\n        or more)|date=1 July 2013}}{{cite web|title=GNI per\n        capita, Atlas method (current US$) |url=http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=14 September 2013 |location=Washington,\n        D.C. |format=xls |date=1 August 2013 |quote=GNI-WB |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055207/http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |archivedate=21 September 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nChile has the highest degree\n        of [[economic freedom]] in South America (ranking 7th worldwide), owing to\n        its independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management.{{cite web|title=Chile|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/chile|work=Index\n        of Economic Freedom|publisher=Heritage Foundation|accessdate=13 July 2013}}\n        In May 2010 Chile became the first South American country to join the [[Organisation\n        for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]].{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/chile/chilesaccessiontotheoecd.htm\n        |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s accession to the OECD |date=7 May 2010 |accessdate=22\n        July 2016 }} In 2006, Chile became the country with the highest nominal\n        GDP per capita in Latin America.[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010 rankings and 2008\\u20132009\n        comparisons] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030003958/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        |date=30 October 2010 }}. The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010.\n        World Economic Forum\\n\\nCopper mining makes up 20% of Chilean GDP and\n        60% of exports.{{cite news|title=Mining in Chile: Copper\n        solution|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21576714-mining-industry-has-enriched-chile-its-future-precarious-copper-solution|publisher=The\n        Economist|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=27 April 2013}} [[Escondida]]\n        is the largest copper mine in the world, producing over 5% of global supplies. Overall, Chile produces a third of the world\\u2019s copper. [[Codelco]], the state mining firm, competes with private\n        ones.\\n\\nSound economic policies, maintained consistently\n        since the 1980s, have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have\n        more than halved poverty rates.\n        Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999. The economy\n        remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery,\n        achieving 4.0% GDP growth.{{cite web|url=http://indexmundi.com/chile/gdp_real_growth_rate.html\n        |title=Chile GDP \\u2013 real growth rate |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21\n        February 2013 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} The Chilean economy finished\n        2004 with growth of 6 percent. Real GDP growth reached 5.7 percent in 2005\n        before falling back to 4 percent in 2006. GDP expanded by 5 percent in 2007. Faced with an [[2008 financial crisis|international\n        economic downturn]] the government announced an economic stimulus plan to\n        spur employment and growth, and despite the global financial crisis, aimed\n        for an expansion of between 2 percent and 3 percent of GDP for 2009. Nonetheless,\n        economic analysts disagreed with government estimates and predicted economic\n        growth at a median of 1.5 percent.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economicNews/idUSN1027661220090110\n        |title=Chile finmin says no recession seen in 2009-report |publisher=Reuters\n        |date=10 January 2009 |accessdate=17 December 2009}} Real GDP growth\n        in 2012 was 5.5%. Growth slowed to 4.1% in the first quarter of 2013.{{cite web|title=Chile: 2013 Article IV Consultation; IMF Country\n        Report 13/198|date=14 June 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13198.pdf|publisher=IMF|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}}\\n\\nThe unemployment rate was 6.4% in April 2013.{{cite\n        news|title=Chile February\\u2013April Unemployment Rises to 6.4% From 6.2%\n        in January\\u2013March|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130531-706101.html|publisher=WSJ.com|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} There are reported labor shortages in agriculture, mining,\n        and construction. The percentage of Chileans with per\n        capita household incomes below the poverty line\\u2014defined as twice the\n        cost of satisfying a person''s minimal nutritional needs\\u2014fell from 45.1\n        percent in 1987 to 11.5 percent in 2009, according to government surveys.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%202006%20en%20profundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065308/http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%2B2006%2Ben%2Bprofundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archivedate=13\n        January 2013|work=Libertad y Desarrollo|title=Casen 2006 en profundidad|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=22 June 2007|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cepal.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/41799/PSE-panoramasocial2010.pdf\n        |title=Panorama social de Am\\u00e9rica Latina |publisher=ECLAC |format=PDF\n        |year=2010 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Critics in Chile, however, argue\n        that true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=35048|publisher=El\n        Mercurio|title=Una muy necesaria correcci\\u00f3n: Hay cuatro millones de pobres\n        en Chile|date=14 October 2007|accessdate=22 October 2007}} Using the\n        relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would\n        be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the [[ECLAC]].{{Cite news|work=The\n        Economist|title=Destitute no more|url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9645174|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=16 August 2007}} {{Subscription}}\\n\\n[[File:Chile\n        GDP per capita (PPP).svg|thumb|left|Chilean (blue) and average Latin American\n        (gray) [[GDP per capita]] (1950\\u20132008).]]\\nAs of November 2012, about\n        11.1 million people (64% of the population) benefit from government welfare\n        programs,{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |date=20 November 2012 |accessdate=12\n        March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518190839/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |archivedate=18 May 2016 }}{{Clarify|date=May 2014}} via the \\\"Social\n        Protection Card\\\", which includes the population living in poverty and those\n        at a risk of falling into poverty.{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |accessdate=9 November 2012 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915085201/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |archivedate=15 September 2012 }}\\n\\n[[Chile pension system|The privatized\n        national pension system]] (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed\n        to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21 percent of\n        GDP.{{cite web|url=http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |title=The Chilean pension system |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512092950/http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |archivedate=12 May 2012 }} Under the compulsory private pension system,\n        most formal sector employees pay 10 percent of their salaries into privately\n        managed funds. However, by 2009, it has been\n        reported that had been lost from the pension system to the global financial\n        crisis.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |title=An uncertain future |publisher=GlobalPost |accessdate=17 December 2009\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811120405/https://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |archivedate=11 August 2010 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n[[File:Chuqui001 02.jpg|thumb|[[Chuquicamata]]\n        copper mine]]\\nChile has signed [[free trade agreements]] (FTAs) with a whole\n        network of countries, including an FTA with the United States that was signed\n        in 2003 and implemented in January 2004.{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Chile_FTA/Final_Texts/Section_Index.html\n        |title=USA-Chile FTA Final Text |publisher=Ustr.gov |accessdate=13 July 2013\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328045456/https://ustr.gov/trade_agreements/bilateral/chile_fta/final_texts/section_index.html\n        |archivedate=28 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} Internal Government of Chile\n        figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price\n        of copper, bilateral trade between the U.S. and Chile has grown over 60 percent\n        since then. Chile''s total trade with China\n        reached US in 2006, representing nearly 66 percent of the value of its trade\n        relationship with Asia. Exports to Asia increased\n        from US in 2005 to US in 2006, a 29.9 percent increase.\n        Year-on-year growth in imports was especially strong from a number of countries:\n        Ecuador (123.9%), Thailand (72.1%), South Korea (52.6%), and China (36.9%).\\n\\nChile''s approach to foreign direct investment\n        is codified in the country''s Foreign Investment Law. Registration is reported\n        to be simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access\n        to the official [[foreign exchange market]] to repatriate their profits and\n        capital.\\nThe Chilean Government has formed\n        a Council on Innovation and Competition, hoping to bring in additional FDI\n        to new parts of the economy.\\n\\n[[Standard &\n        Poor''s]] gives Chile a [[credit rating]] of AA-.{{cite news|title=UPDATE\n        2-S&P raises Chile''s credit rating to AA-minus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/26/chile-ratings-sandp-idUSL1E8NQ6KM20121226|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=13\n        July 2013|date=26 December 2012}} The Government of Chile continues\n        to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3.9 percent of GDP at\n        the end of 2006. The Chilean central government\n        is a net creditor with a [[Net asset value|net asset position]] of 7% of GDP\n        at end 2012. The [[current account deficit]] was 4% in\n        the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment. 14% of central government revenue came directly from copper\n        in 2012.\\n\\n===Infrastructure===\\n\\n====Transport====\\n{{Main\n        article|Transport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Mataveri Airport Easter Island Chile.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Mataveri\n        International Airport]] in [[Easter Island]]]]\\n[[File:Metrolinea4.jpg|thumbnail|[[Santiago\n        Metro]] is South America''s most extensive metro system{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero |title=Gu\\u00eda del Viajero\n        |publisher=Metro de Santiago |language=Spanish |trans_title=Plan Your Journey\n        |accessdate=18 September 2013}}]]\\nDue to Chile''s topography a functioning\n        transport network is vital to its economy. Buses are now the main means of\n        long distance transportation in Chile, following the decline of its railway\n        network.{{cite web|url=http://www.omnilineas.cl/comparison/index.html|title=Omnilineas\n        website|author=Omnilineas|publisher=}} The bus system covers the entire\n        country, from [[Arica, Chile|Arica]] to [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] (a 30-hour\n        journey) and from Santiago to [[Punta Arenas]] (about 40 hours, with a change\n        at [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]]).\\n\\nChile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved\n        and 310 unpaved). Important airports in Chile include [[Chacalluta International\n        Airport]] ([[Arica]]), [[Diego Aracena International Airport]] ([[Iquique]]),\n        [[Cerro Moreno International Airport]] ([[Antofagasta]]), [[Carriel Sur International\n        Airport]] ([[Concepci\\u00f3n, Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]), [[El Tepual International\n        Airport]] ([[Puerto Montt]]), [[Presidente Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo\n        International Airport]] ([[Punta Arenas]]), [[Mataveri International Airport]]\n        ([[Easter Island]]), the most remote airport in the world{{Dubious|date=February\n        2014}}, and the [[Comodoro Arturo Merino Ben\\u00edtez International Airport]]\n        ([[Santiago]]) with a traffic of 12,105,524 passengers in 2011. Santiago is\n        headquarters of Latin America''s largest [[airline]] [[holding company]] and\n        Chilean [[flag carrier]] [[LAN Airlines]].\\n\\n====Telecommunications====\\n[[File:Andes\n        y Torre Entel.jpg|thumbnail|[[Torre Entel]] in [[Santiago de Chile]], with\n        the [[Andes mountains]] in the background]]\\n[[telecommunications in Chile|Chile\n        has a telecommunication]] system which covers much of the country, including\n        Chilean insular and Antarctic bases. Privatization of the telephone system\n        began in 1988; Chile has one of the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure\n        in South America with a modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay\n        facilities and domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations. In 2012, there were 3.276 million main lines in use and 24.13 million mobile\n        cellular telephone subscribers. According to a 2012 database\n        of the [[International Telecommunications Union]] (ITU), 61.42% of the Chilean\n        population uses the internet, making Chile the country with the highest internet\n        penetration in [[South America]].[http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls\n        \\\"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000], International Telecommunications\n        Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013 The Chilean internet\n        country code is \\\"[[.cl]]\\\".\\n\\n==== Water supply and sanitation ====\\n{{Main\n        article|Water supply and sanitation in Chile}}\\n[[Water supply]] and [[sanitation]]\n        sector is characterized by high levels of access and good service quality.\n        Compared to most other countries, Chile''s water and sanitation sector \\ndistinguishes\n        itself by the fact that all urban water companies are privately owned or operated.\n        The sector also prides itself of having a \\nmodern and effective regulatory\n        framework, including an innovative \\nsubsidy to water demand by the poor.\n        One weakness of the sector is the \\nrelatively high water losses.\\n\\n===Agriculture===\\n{{Main\n        article|Agriculture in Chile}}\\n[[File:Chilean vineyard in Andes foothills.jpg|thumb|Many\n        of [[Chile''s vineyards]] are found on flat land within the foothills of the\n        Andes.]]\\n[[Agriculture]] in Chile encompasses a wide range of different activities\n        due to its particular [[geography]], [[climate]] and [[geology]] and human\n        factors. Historically agriculture is one of the bases of Chile''s economy,\n        now agriculture and allied sectors like [[forestry]], [[logging]] and [[fishing]]\n        accounts only for 4.9% of the [[GDP]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} and employed 13.6%\n        of the country''s labor force. Some major agriculture products of Chile includes\n        [[grapes]], [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[onion]]s, [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[oats]],\n        [[peach]]es, [[garlic]], [[asparagus]], [[bean]]s, [[beef]], [[poultry]],\n        [[wool]], [[fish]], [[timber]] and [[hemp]].[1] Due to its geographical isolation\n        and strict customs policies Chile is free from diseases such as [[Mad Cow\n        Disease]], [[fruit fly (disambiguation)|fruit fly]] and [[Phylloxera]]. This,\n        plus being located in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] which has quite different\n        harvesting times from the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and its wide range of agriculture\n        conditions are considered Chile''s main comparative advantages. However, Chile''s\n        mountainous landscape limits the extent and intensity of agriculture so that\n        arable land corresponds only to 2.62% of the total territory.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Chile}}\\n[[File:Puerto Varas Osorno.jpg|thumb|left|[[Osorno\n        (volcano)|Osorno volcano]], the [[Llanquihue Lake]] near of Puerto Varas.]]\\n[[File:Moai\n        Rano raraku.jpg|thumb|left|[[Moai]] on [[Easter Island]], Chile.]]\\nTourism\n        in Chile has experienced sustained growth over the last few decades. In 2005,\n        tourism grew by 13.6 percent, generating more than 4.5 billion dollars of\n        which 1.5 billion was attributed to foreign tourists. According to the National\n        Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million people a year visit the country.\n        Most of these visitors come from other countries in the American continent,\n        mainly [[Argentina]]; followed by a growing number from the United States,\n        Europe, and [[Brazil]] with a growing number of Asians from [[South Korea]]\n        and [[PR China]].Blanco, Hern\\u00e1n ''''et al.'''' (August 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235147/http://www.rides.cl/pdf/trade_tourism_chile.pdf\n        International Trade and Sustainable Tourism in Chile]. International Institute\n        for Sustainable Development\\n\\nThe main attractions for tourists are\n        places of natural beauty situated in the extreme zones of the country: [[San\n        Pedro de Atacama]], in the north, is very popular with foreign tourists who\n        arrive to admire the Incaic architecture, the altiplano lakes, and the [[Valle\n        de la Luna (Chile)|Valley of the Moon]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}\n        In [[Putre]], also in the north, there is the [[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]], as well\n        as the [[Parinacota Volcano|Parinacota]] and the [[Pomerape]] volcanoes, with\n        altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,282 m, respectively. Throughout the central Andes\n        there are many ski resorts of international repute,{{citation needed|date=July\n        2014}} including [[Portillo, Chile|Portillo]], [[Valle Nevado]] and [[Termas\n        de Chill\\u00e1n]].\\n\\nThe main tourist sites in the south are national parks\n        (the most popular is [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]] in the Araucan\\u00eda){{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} and the coastal area around Tir\\u00faa and Ca\\u00f1ete\n        with the [[Isla Mocha]] and the [[Nahuelbuta National Park]], [[Chilo\\u00e9\n        Archipelago]] and [[Patagonia]], which includes [[Laguna San Rafael National\n        Park]], with its many glaciers, and the [[Torres del Paine National Park]].\n        The central port city of [[Valpara\\u00edso]], which is World Heritage with\n        its unique architecture, is also popular.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}\n        Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean tourist\n        destinations.\\n\\nFor locals, tourism is concentrated mostly in the summer\n        (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns.{{citation needed|date=July\n        2014}} [[Arica]], [[Iquique]], [[Antofagasta]], [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\n        and [[Coquimbo]] are the main summer centers in the north, and Puc\\u00f3n\n        on the shores of [[Lake Villarrica]] is the main center in the south. Because\n        of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valpara\\u00edso Region, with\n        its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists. [[Vi\\u00f1a\n        del Mar]], Valpara\\u00edso''s northern affluent neighbor, is popular because\n        of its beaches, [[casino]], and its annual [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar International\n        Song Festival|song festival]], the most important musical event in Latin America.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} [[Pichilemu]] in the [[O''Higgins Region]] is widely\n        known as South America''s \\\"best [[surfing]] spot\\\" according to [[Fodor''s]].{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}}\\n\\nIn November 2005 the government launched a campaign\n        under the brand \\\"Chile: All Ways Surprising\\\" intended to promote the country\n        internationally for both business and tourism.{{cite web|url=http://www.prochile.us/\n        |title=Pro|Chile \\u2013 Importadores | Selecci\\u00f3n idiomas |publisher=Prochile.us\n        |accessdate=22 December 2013}} [[List of museums in Chile|Museums in\n        Chile]] such as the [[Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts]] built in 1880,\n        feature works by [[List of Chilean artists|Chilean artists]].\\n\\n==Education==\\n{{Main\n        article|Education in Chile}}\\n[[File:U. de Chile, casa de Bello.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[University\n        of Chile]].]]\\nIn Chile, education begins with [[preschool]] until the age\n        of 5. [[Primary school]] is provided for children between ages 6 and 13. Students\n        then attend [[secondary school]] until graduation at age 17.\\n\\nSecondary\n        education is divided into two parts: During the first two years, students\n        receive a general education. Then, they choose a branch: scientific humanistic\n        education, artistic education, or technical and professional education. Secondary\n        school ends two years later on the acquirement of a certificate (licencia\n        de ense\\u00f1anza media).{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=CHL|title=Chile\n        Country Profile, UNESCO-UNEVOC|publisher=}}\\n\\n[[File:Marcha cerca de\n        Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, sept. 2013.jpg|thumb|[[2011\\u201313 Chilean\n        student protests]]]]\\nChilean education is segregated by wealth in a three-tiered\n        system \\u2014 the quality of the schools reflect socioeconomic backgrounds:\\n*\n        city schools (colegios municipales) that are mostly free and have the worse\n        education results, mostly attended by poor students;\\n* subsidized schools\n        that receive some money from the government which can be supplemented by fees\n        paid by the student''s family, which are attended by mid-income students and\n        typically get mid-level results; and \\n* entirely private schools that consistently\n        get the best results. Many private schools charge attendance fees of 0,5 to\n        1 median household incomes.{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2013/12/30/637336/mensualidad-en-colegios-top-10-en-la-psu-supera-los-250-mil.html\n        |title=Mensualidad de los colegios con los mejores puntajes en la PSU supera\n        los mil |publisher=Emol.com |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=18 July 2014}}\\n\\n===Higher\n        education===\\n{{See also|List of universities in Chile}}\\n\\nUpon successful\n        graduation of secondary school, students may continue into [[higher education]].\n        The higher education schools in Chile consist of [[Chilean Traditional Universities]]\n        and are divided into [[Public university|public universities]] or [[Private\n        university|private universities]]. There are [[List of medical schools in\n        South America#Chile|medical schools]] and both the [[Universidad de Chile]]\n        and [[Universidad Diego Portales]] offer [[Legal education|law schools]] in\n        a partnership with [[Yale University]].{{cite web|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/linkageinchili.htm\n        |title=Program in Chile | Yale Law School |publisher=Law.yale.edu |accessdate=22\n        December 2013}}\\n\\n==Health==\\n{{Main article|Healthcare in Chile}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Ministry of Health (Chile)|Ministry of Health]] (''''Minsal'''') is the\n        cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating,\n        executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated\n        by the President of Chile. The [[Fondo Nacional de Salud|National Health Fund]]\n        (''''Fonasa''''), created in 1979, is the financial entity entrusted to collect,\n        manage and distribute state funds for health in Chile. It is funded by the\n        public. All employees pay 7 percent of their monthly income to the fund.\\n\\nFonasa\n        is part of the NHSS and has executive power through the [[Ministry of Health\n        (Chile)]]. Its headquarters are in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and decentralized\n        public service is conducted by various Regional Offices. More than 12 million\n        beneficiaries benefit from Fonasa. Beneficiaries can also opt for more costly\n        private insurance through [[Isapre]]. [[List of hospitals in Chile|Hospitals\n        in Chile]] are mainly located in the [[Santiago Metropolitan Region]].\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{Main\n        article|Culture of Chile|Music of Chile|Chilean cuisine}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|\n        footer    = [[Pablo Neruda]] and [[Gabriela Mistral]], Nobel Prize recipients\n        in literature (1971 and 1945)\\n| width1    = 102\\n| image1    = Pablo Neruda.jpg\\n|\n        alt1      = Pablo Neruda\\n| width2    = 100\\n| image2    = Gabriela Mistral-01.jpg\\n|\n        alt2      = Gabriela Mistral\\n}}\\nFrom the period between early agricultural\n        settlements and up to the late pre-Hispanic period, northern Chile was a region\n        of Andean culture that was influenced by altiplano traditions spreading to\n        the coastal valleys of the north, while southern regions were areas of Mapuche\n        cultural activities. Throughout the colonial period following the conquest,\n        and during the early Republican period, the country''s culture was dominated\n        by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and\n        German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants\n        influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south\n        of Chile in cities such as [[Valdivia]], [[Frutillar]], [[Puerto Varas]],\n        [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]], [[Temuco]], [[Puerto Octay]], [[Llanquihue Province|Llanquihue]],\n        [[Faja Maisan]], [[Pitrufqu\\u00e9n]], [[Victoria, Chile|Victoria]], [[Puc\\u00f3n]]\n        and [[Puerto Montt]].{{cite web |url=http://www.allsouthernchile.com/southamerica/valdivia-southern-chile-city-guide/index.html\n        |title=Valdivia Chile |publisher=Allsouthernchile.com |accessdate=1 August\n        2011}}{{cite web|author=International Web Solutions, Inc. \n        |url=http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/ |title=Latin America\n        :: Chile |publisher=Global Adrenaline |accessdate=1 August 2011 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711100623/http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/\n        |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |title=Learning About Each Other |publisher=Learnapec.org |accessdate=1 August\n        2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429020520/http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |archivedate=29 April 2011 |df=dmy }}{{cite web |url=http://www.country-studies.com/chile/foreign-relations.html\n        |title=Chile Foreign Relations |publisher=Country-studies.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Algeria-to-France/Chile.html\n        |title=Food in Chile \\u2013 Chilean Food, Chilean Cuisine \\u2013 traditional,\n        popular, dishes, recipe, diet, history, common, meals, rice, main, people,\n        favorite, customs, fruits, country, bread, vegetables, bread, drink, typical\n        |publisher=Foodbycountry.com |accessdate=1 August 2011}}\\n\\n===Music\n        and dance===\\n[[File:Zamacueca-Chile.jpg|thumb|left|''''La Zamacueca'''',\n        by Manuel Antonio Caro.]]\\nMusic in Chile ranges from folkloric, popular and\n        classical music. Its large geography generates different musical styles in\n        the north, center and south of the country, including also Easter Island and\n        Mapuche music.{{cite web |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=elfolclordechileysustresgrandesraices\n        |title=Memoria Chilena |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }} The national\n        dance is the [[cueca]]. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not\n        a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists,\n        it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and\n        a more prominent melody.\\n\\nBetween 1950 and 1970 appears a rebirth in folk\n        music leading by groups such as [[Los de Ram\\u00f3n]], Los Cuatro Huasos and\n        Los Huasos Quincheros, among others{{cite web|url=http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |title=Conjuntos Folkloricos de Chile |publisher=Musicapopular.cl |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013104352/http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |archivedate=13 October 2007 }} with composers such as [[Ra\\u00fal de\n        Ram\\u00f3n]], [[Violeta Parra]] and others. In the mid-1960s native musical\n        forms were revitalized by the [[Parra family]] with the [[Nueva canci\\u00f3n|Nueva\n        canci\\u00f3n Chilena]], which was associated with political activists and\n        reformers such as [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], [[Inti-Illimani]], and [[Quilapay\\u00fan]].\n        Other important [[folk music|folk]] singer and researcher on [[folklore]]\n        and Chilean [[ethnography]], is [[Margot Loyola]]. Also many Chilean rock\n        bands like [[Los Jaivas]], [[Los Prisioneros]], [[La Ley (band)|La Ley]],\n        and [[Los Tres]] have reached international success. In February, annual music\n        festivals are held in [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]].{{cite news|last=Martinez|first=Jessica|title=Top\n        Cultural Celebrations and Festivals in Chile|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/top-cultural-celebrations-festivals-chile-61003.html|newspaper=USA\n        Today}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nChileans call their country ''''pa\\u00eds\n        de poetas''''\\u2014country of poets.{{cite web|url=http://www.protocolo.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=2&id_art=600\n        |accessdate=29 October 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.uchile.cl/cultura/poetasjovenes/bianchi26.htm |title=Un\n        mapa por completar: la joven poesia chilena \\u2013 \\u00bfPor qu\\u00e9 tanta\n        y tan variada poes\\u00eda? |publisher=Uchile.cl |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\n        [[Gabriela Mistral]] was the first Latin American to receive a [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]] (1945). Chile''s most famous poet is [[Pablo Neruda]], who\n        received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his\n        extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly\n        personalized homes in [[Isla Negra]], Santiago and Valpara\\u00edso are popular\n        tourist destinations.\\n\\nAmong the list of other Chilean poets are [[Carlos\n        Pezoa V\\u00e9liz]], [[Vicente Huidobro]], [[Gonzalo Rojas]], [[Pablo de Rokha]],\n        [[Nicanor Parra]] and [[Ra\\u00fal Zurita]]. [[Isabel Allende]] is the best-selling\n        Chilean novelist, with 51 millions of her novels sold worldwide.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=346023&CategoryId=13003\n        |title=Latin American Herald Tribune \\u2013 Isabel Allende Named to Council\n        of Cervantes Institute |publisher=Laht.com |accessdate=14 November 2010}}\n        Novelist [[Jos\\u00e9 Donoso]]''s novel ''''[[The Obscene Bird of Night]]''''\n        is considered by critic [[Harold Bloom]] to be one of the canonical works\n        of 20th-century Western literature. Another internationally recognized Chilean\n        novelist and poet is [[Roberto Bola\\u00f1o]] whose translations into English\n        have had an excellent reception from the critics.{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1857951,00.html\n        |work=Time |date=10 November 2008 |accessdate=28 April 2010 |first=Lev |last=Grossman\n        |title=Bola\\u00f1o''s 2666: The Best Book of 2008}}{{cite web |author=Sarah\n        Kerr |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22171 |title=The Triumph of Roberto\n        Bola\\u00f1o |publisher=The New York Review of Books |date=18 December 2008}}{{Cite\n        news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Wood.t.html |work=The\n        New York Times |title=The Visceral Realist |first=James |last=Wood |date=15\n        April 2007 |accessdate=1 April 2010}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n[[File:Chilean\n        Cazuela.JPG|thumb|Chilean [[Cazuela]] and assorted salads.]] [[Chilean cuisine]]\n        is a reflection of the country''s topographical variety, featuring an assortment\n        of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include [[asado]],\n        [[cazuela]], [[empanada]]s, [[humita]]s, [[pastel de choclo]], pastel de papas,\n        [[curanto]] and [[sopaipilla#Chile|sopaipillas]].{{cite book|author=Maria\n        Baez Kijac|title=The South American Table: The Flavor and Soul of Authentic...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePAePLlqkC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2003|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-249-3}}\n        [[Crudos]] is an example of the mixture of culinary contributions from the\n        various ethnic influences in Chile. The raw minced [[llama]], heavy use of\n        shellfish and rice bread were taken from native [[Quechua people|Quechua]]\n        Andean cuisine, (although now beef brought to Chile by Europeans is also used\n        in place of the llama meat), lemon and onions were brought by the Spanish\n        colonists, and the use of [[mayonnaise]] and [[yogurt]] was introduced by\n        German immigrants, as was [[beer]].\\n\\n===Folklore===\\nThe folklore of Chile,\n        cultural and demographic characteristics of the country, is the result of\n        mixture of Spanish and Amerindian elements that occurred during the colonial\n        period. Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished\n        four major areas in the country: northern areas, central, southern and south.\n        Most of the traditions of the [[culture of Chile]] have a festive purpose,\n        but some, such as dances and ceremonies, have religious components.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2014}}\\n\\n====Mythology====\\n{{Main article|Chilean mythology}}\\n\\nChilean\n        mythology, is the mythology and beliefs of the Folklore of Chile.\\n\\nThis\n        includes [[Chilote mythology]], [[Rapa Nui mythology]] and [[Mapuche mythology]].\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{Main\n        article|Cinema of Chile}}\\n\\nThe film originated in [[Valpara\\u00edso]] on\n        26 May 1902 with the premiere of the documentary ''''Exercise General Fire\n        Brigade'''', the first film completely filmed and processed in the country.\n        In the following decades, marked milestones ''''The deck of Death'''' (or\n        ''''The Enigma of Lord Street'''') (1916), considered the first film Chilean\n        story, ''''The transmission of presidential'''' (1920), the first animated\n        film in the country, and ''''North and South'''' (1934), the first sound film\n        of Chile.\\n\\n===Sports===\\n{{main article|Sport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Estadio\n        Nacional de Chile 2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Estadio Nacional de Chile]]]]\\n\\nChile''s\n        most popular sport is association football. Chile has appeared in nine FIFA\n        World Cups which includes hosting the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]] where the [[Chile\n        national football team|national football team]] finished third. Other results\n        achieved by the national football team include two [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica]] titles\n        ([[2015 Copa Am\\u00e9rica|2015]] and [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica Centenario|2016]]),\n        and two runners up positions,  one silver and two bronze medals at the [[Pan\n        American Games]], a bronze medal at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and two third\n        places finishes in the FIFA under-17 and under-20 youth tournaments. The top\n        league in the [[Chilean football league system]] is the [[Chilean Primera\n        Divisi\\u00f3n]], which is named by the [[International Federation of Football\n        History & Statistics|IFFHS]] as the ninth strongest national football league\n        in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b6e28fa3002f71504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bb11\n        |title=The strongest National League in the World 2011 |work=IFFHS |accessdate=18\n        April 2012}}\\n\\nThe main football clubs are [[Colo-Colo]], [[Club Universidad\n        de Chile|Universidad de Chile]] and [[Club Deportivo Universidad Cat\\u00f3lica|Universidad\n        Cat\\u00f3lica]]. Colo-Colo is the country''s most successful football club,\n        having both the most national and international championships, including the\n        coveted [[Copa Libertadores]] South American club tournament. Universidad\n        de Chile was the last international champion ([[Copa Sudamericana]] 2011).\\n\\n[[File:Bachelet\n        y campeones de polo.jpg|thumb|The Chilean national polo team with President\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and the trophy of the [[2008 World Polo Championship]].]]\\n\\nTennis\n        is Chile''s most successful sport. Its [[Chile Davis Cup team|national team]]\n        won the [[World Team Cup]] clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004), and played\n        the [[Davis Cup]] final against [[Italy]] in 1976. At the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]\n        the country captured gold and bronze in men''s singles and gold in men''s\n        doubles. [[Marcelo R\\u00edos]] became the first Latin American man to reach\n        the number one spot in the [[List of ATP number 1 ranked players|ATP singles\n        rankings]] in 1998. [[Anita Lizana]] won the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]\n        in 1937, becoming the first woman from Latin America to win a [[Grand Slam\n        (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournament. [[Luis Ayala (tennis)|Luis Ayala]] was twice\n        a runner-up at the French Open and both R\\u00edos and [[Fernando Gonz\\u00e1lez]]\n        reached the Australian Open men''s singles finals. Gonz\\u00e1lez also won\n        a silver medal in singles at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing.\\n\\nAt\n        the Summer Olympic Games Chile boasts a total of two gold medals (tennis),\n        seven silver medals (athletics, [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]],\n        [[boxing]], shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and\n        football). In 2012, Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics).\\n\\n[[Chilean\n        rodeo|Rodeo]] is the country''s [[national sport]] and is practiced in the\n        more rural areas of the nation. A sport similar to [[hockey]] called ''''[[chueca]]''''\n        was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest. [[Skiing]] and\n        [[snowboarding]] are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes,\n        and in southern ski centers near to cities as Osorno, Puerto Varas, Temuco\n        and Punta Arenas. [[Surfing in Chile|surfing]] is popular at some coastal\n        towns. [[Polo]] is professionally practiced within Chile, with the country\n        achieving top prize in the 2008 and 2015 [[World Polo Championship]].\\n\\nBasketball\n        is a popular sport in which Chile has earned a bronze medal in the first men''s\n        [[FIBA World Championship]] held in 1950 and winning a second bronze medal\n        when Chile hosted the [[1959 FIBA World Championship]]. Chile hosted the first\n        [[FIBA World Championship for Women]] in 1953 finishing the tournament with\n        the silver medal. [[San Pedro de Atacama]] is host to the annual \\\"Atacama\n        Crossing\\\", a six-stage, {{convert|250|km|adj=on}} footrace which annually\n        attracts about 150 competitors from 35 countries. The [[Dakar Rally]] [[Off-road\n        racing|off-road automobile race]] has been held in both Chile and [[Argentina]]\n        since 2009.\\n\\n===Cultural heritage===\\n[[File:Cerro Concepcion.jpg|thumbnail|right|The\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]]\\nThe [[cultural\n        heritage]] of Chile consists, first, of their intangible heritage, composed\n        of various cultural events, such as visual arts, crafts, dances, holidays,\n        cuisine, games, music and traditions, and, secondly, by its tangible, consists\n        of those buildings, objects and sites of archaeological, architectural, traditional,\n        artistic, ethnographic, folkloric, historical, religious or technological\n        scattered through Chilean territory, among them, those goods are declared\n        [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]], in accordance with the provisions of\n        the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage\n        of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are the [[Rapa Nui\n        National Park]] (1995), the [[Churches of Chilo\\u00e9]] (2000), [[Valpara\\u00edso|the\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]] (2003), [[Humberstone\n        and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works]] (2005) and the mining city [[Sewell, Chile|Sewell]]\n        (2006).\\n\\nIn 1999 the ''''Cultural Heritage Day'''' was established as a\n        way to honour and commemorate Chiles cultural heritage. It is an official\n        national holiday celebrated in May every year.\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Chile|Latin\n        America|Geography}}\\n* [[Index of Chile-related articles]]\\n* [[International\n        rankings of Chile]]\\n* [[List of Chileans]]\\n* [[Outline of Chile]]\\n* [[2010\n        Chile earthquake]]\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|25em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* Simon Collier and William F. Sater, ''''A History of Chile, 1808\\u20131894,''''\n        Cambridge University Press, 1996\\n* Paul W. Drake, and others., ''''Chile:\n        A Country Study,'''' Library of Congress, 1994\\n* Luis Galdames, ''''A History\n        of Chile,'''' University of North Carolina Press, 1941\\n* Brian Lovemen, ''''Chile:\n        The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism,'''' 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2001\\n*\n        John L. Rector, ''''The History of Chile,'''' Greenwood Press, 2003\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Sister project links|voy=Chile}}\\n* [http://www.thisischile.cl/\n        Official Chile website]\\n* [http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/ Government of Chile]\\n*{{CIA\n        World Factbook link|ci|Chile}}\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/chile.htm\n        Chile] from ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n*{{Dmoz|Regional/South_America/Chile}}\\n*\n        [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm Chile profile]\n        from the [[BBC News]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103522/http://www.ubicachile.cl/\n        Road maps of Chile, interactive]\\n*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CHL/Year/2012/Summary\n        World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Chile]\\n*{{Wikiatlas|Chile}}\\n*{{osmrelation-inline|167454|bullet=no}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CL Key Development\n        Forecasts for Chile] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://www.chileculture.org/\n        Chile Cultural Society]\\n\\n{{Chile topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|\n        title = International membership\\n| list =\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n{{Andean\n        Community of Nations}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of South\n        American Nations topics}}\\n{{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}\\n{{G-15\n        nations}}\\n{{Mercosur}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Chile|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:G15 nations]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:Liberal\n        democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations]]\\n[[Category:Republics]]\\n[[Category:States\n        and territories established in 1818]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries\n        and territories]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:1818 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-11T13:57:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":800095874,\"length\":152602,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 19:30:18 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has been found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|pmid=20059473|volume=74|issue=1|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376|year=2010|last1=Corach|first1=Daniel|last2=Lao|first2=Oscar|last3=Bobillo|first3=Cecilia|last4=Van\n        Der Gaag|first4=Kristiaan|last5=Zuniga|first5=Sofia|last6=Vermeulen|first6=Mark|last7=Van\n        Duijn|first7=Kate|last8=Goedbloed|first8=Miriam|last9=Vallone|first9=Peter\n        M|last10=Parson|first10=Walther|last11=De Knijff|first11=Peter|last12=Kayser|first12=Manfred}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
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''''[[National\n        Anthem of Chile]]'''' 
[[File:United\n        States Navy Band - National Anthem of Chile.ogg]]
\\n| image_map\n        = Chile (orthographic projection).svg\\n| map_width = 220px\\n| alt_map = |\n        map_caption = Chile shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised [[Chilean\n        Antarctic Territory|Antarctic Territory]] shown in light green.\\n| capital\n        = [[Santiago]]a\\n| coordinates = {{Coord|33|26|S|70|40|W|type:city}}\\n|\n        largest_city = capital\\n| official_languages = \\n| languages_type = [[National\n        language]]\\n| languages = [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish]] \\n| demonym = Chilean\\n|ethnic_groups\n        =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n | 88.9% [[Mestizo]] and [[White Latin American|White]]\n        \\n | 9.1% [[Mapuche]]\\n | 0.7% [[Aymara people|Aymara]]\\n | 1% Other\\n | 0.3%\n        Unspecified\\n }}\\n|ethnic_groups_year = 2012{{cite web |author=Central\n        Intelligence Agency |title=Chile |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central\n        Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2016 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html\n        |accessdate=January 29, 2017}}\\n| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1\n        = [[President of Chile|President]]\\n| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Michelle Bachelet]]}}\\n|\n        leader_title2 = [[President of the Senate of Chile|Senate President]]\\n| leader_name2\n        = {{nowrap|[[Andr\\u00e9s Zald\\u00edvar]]}}\\n| leader_title3 = [[President\n        of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]\\n|\n        leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[:es:Fidel Espinoza|Fidel Espinoza]]}}\\n| legislature\n        = [[National Congress of Chile|National Congress]]\\n| upper_house = [[Senate\n        of Chile|Senate]]\\n| lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n| sovereignty_type = [[History of Chile|Independence]]\\n| sovereignty_note\n        = from [[Spain]]\\n| established_event1 = [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government\n        Junta]]\\n| established_date1 = 18 September 1810\\n| established_event2 = Declared\\n|\n        established_date2 = 12 February 1818\\n| established_event3 = Recognized\\n|\n        established_date3 = 25 April 1844\\n| established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution\n        of Chile|Current constitution]]}}\\n| established_date4= 11 September 1980\n        \\n| area_rank = 37th\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n| area_km2 = 756,096.3\\n|\n        area_sq_mi = 291,930.4\\n| area_footnote = \\n| percent_water = 1.07b\\n|\n        population_estimate = 18,006,407{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/sala_prensa/noticias/noticia.php?opc=news&id=615&lang=esp|title=CIFRAS\n        DE ENVEJECIMIENTO Y MIGRACI\\u00d3N MUESTRAN UN CHILE DISTINTO AL DE HACE UN\n        DECENIO|work=POBLACI\\u00d3N PA\\u00cdS Y REGIONES \\u2013 ACTUALIZACI\\u00d3N\n        2002\\u20132012|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National\n        Statistics Institute]]|date=4 September 2014|accessdate=4 September 2014}}\\n|\n        population_estimate_rank = 62nd\\n| population_estimate_year = 2015\\n| population_census\n        = 16,341,929{{cite web |url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2014/02/26/646872/entrega-de-conclusiones-del-cuestionado-censo-2012.html\n        |title=Revisi\\u00f3n del cuestionado Censo 2012 reduce poblaci\\u00f3n chilena\n        a 16.341.929 |publisher=Emol |accessdate=26 February 2014 |language=Spanish}}\\n|\n        population_census_year = 2012\\n| population_density_km2 = 24\\n| population_density_sq_mi\n        = 61\\n| population_density_rank = 194th\\n| GDP_PPP = $455.941 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=228&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=International\n        Monetary Fund web site|title=Chile|date=May 2017|accessdate=8 May 2017}}\\n|\n        GDP_PPP_rank = 42nd\\n| GDP_PPP_year = 2017\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $24,797\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd\\n| GDP_nominal = $251.220\n        billion\\n| GDP_nominal_rank = 38th\\n| GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,663\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 49th\\n| Gini_year = 2011\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n| Gini = 50.3 \\n| Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/social/soc/47572883.pdf\n        |title=Society at a Glance : Social Indicators OECD |publisher=[[OECD]] |date=October\n        2012 |accessdate=28 October 2013}}\\n| Gini_rank = \\n| HDI_year = 2016\\n|\n        HDI_change = increase\\n| HDI = 0.847 \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report  |date=2017 |accessdate=29 April 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}\\n| HDI_rank = 38th\\n|\n        currency = [[Chilean peso|Peso]]\\n| currency_code = CLP\\n| time_zone = {{nowrap|[[Time\n        in Chile|CLT and EAST]]c}}\\n| utc_offset = \\u22123 and \\u22125\\n|\n        time_zone_DST =\\n| utc_offset_DST = \\n| DST_note = | antipodes = | date_format\n        = \\n| drives_on = right\\n| calling_code = [[+56]]\\n| iso3166code = \\n| cctld\n        = [[.cl]]\\n| footnote_a = [[Politics of Chile#Legislative branch|Legislature]]\n        is based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].\\n| footnote_b = Includes Easter Island and\n        [[Isla Sala y G\\u00f3mez]]; does not include {{convert|1250000|km2}} of territory\n        claimed in Antarctica.\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Chile'''''' ({{IPAc-en|\\u02c8|t\\u0283|\\u026a|l|i|}};{{cite\n        web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chile |title=Chile |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com\n        |accessdate=14 November 2010}} {{IPA-es|\\u02c8t\\u0283ile|lang}}), officially\n        the ''''''Republic of Chile'''''' ({{Audio-es|Rep\\u00fablica de Chile|RepChile.ogg}}), is a [[South\n        America]]n country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the [[Andes]]\n        to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders [[Peru]] to the\n        north, [[Bolivia]] to the northeast, [[Argentina]] to the east, and the [[Drake\n        Passage]] in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands\n        of [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands|Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez]], [[Salas y G\\u00f3mez]],\n        [[Desventuradas Islands|Desventuradas]], and [[Easter Island]] in [[Oceania]].\n        Chile also claims about {{convert|1250000|km2}} of [[Antarctica]], although\n        all claims are suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]].\\n\\nThe arid [[Atacama\n        Desert]] in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally [[Copper#Production|copper]].\n        The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural\n        resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded\n        in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions.\n        Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string\n        of [[volcano]]es and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of [[Fjords\n        and channels of Chile|fjords, inlets, canals]], twisting peninsulas, and islands.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chile/192190.htm|title=Bureau\n        of Western Hemisphere Affairs, Background Note: Chile|publisher=[[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011}}\\n\\n[[Conquest of Chile|Spain\n        conquered and colonized]] Chile in the mid-16th century, replacing [[Incas\n        in Central Chile|Inca rule]] in northern and central Chile, but [[Arauco War|failing\n        to conquer]] the independent [[Mapuche]] who inhabited south-central Chile.\n        After [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|declaring its independence]] from\n        Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian\n        republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial\n        growth, [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|ending Mapuche resistance]] in the\n        1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the [[War of the Pacific]]\n        (1879\\u201383) after defeating Peru and Bolivia.{{cite\n        web|title=Chile|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html|work=[[The\n        World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=17 February\n        2014}} In the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right\n        [[Polarization (politics)|political polarization]] and turmoil. This development\n        culminated with the [[1973 Chilean coup d''\\u00e9tat]] that overthrew [[Salvador\n        Allende]]''s democratically elected left-wing government and instituted [[Military\n        dictatorship of Chile (1973\\u201390)|a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship]]\n        that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing.\n        The regime, headed by [[Augusto Pinochet]], ended in 1990 after it lost a\n        [[Chilean presidential referendum, 1988|referendum in 1988]] and was succeeded\n        by a [[Concertaci\\u00f3n|center-left coalition]] which ruled through four\n        presidencies until 2010.\\n\\nChile is today one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations. It leads [[Latin America]]n\n        nations in rankings of [[human development (humanity)|human development]],\n        [[competitiveness]], [[income per capita]], [[globalization]], [[Global Peace\n        Index|state of peace]], [[economic freedom]], and [[Political corruption|low\n        perception of corruption]].{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |title=Human and income poverty: developing countries |work=UNDP |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140250/http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |archivedate=12 February 2009 }} It also ranks high regionally in [[Failed\n        States Index#Failed States Index|sustainability of the state]], and democratic\n        development.{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do\n        |title=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |date=17 April 2012\n        |accessdate=12 May 2012}} Currently it also holds [[List of countries\n        by intentional homicide rate|the lowest homicide rate per 100,000 people in\n        South America]]. Chile is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the\n        [[Union of South American Nations]] (UNASUR) and the [[Community of Latin\n        American and Caribbean States]] (CELAC).\\n\\n==Etymology==\\nThere\n        are various theories about the origin of the word ''''Chile''''. According\n        to 17th-century Spanish chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]],{{cite web|url=http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |title=Chile.com.La Inc\\u00f3gnita Sobre el Origen de la Palabra Chile |publisher=Chile.com\n        |date=15 June 2000 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415204553/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |archivedate=15 April 2009 }} the [[Incas]] called the valley of the\n        [[Aconcagua]] \\\"Chili\\\" by corruption of the name of a [[Picunche]] [[tribal\n        chief]] (\\\"cacique\\\") called ''''Tili'''', who ruled the area at the time\n        of the Incan conquest in the 15th century.{{cite web|author=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459648/Picunche\n        |title=Picunche (people) \\u2013 Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}}{{Cite book|last=Encina|first=Francisco\n        A., and Leopoldo Castedo|title=Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago|page=44|volume=I|publisher=Zig-Zag|year=1961|url=http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/6293/chilenameuo6.jpg}}\n        Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with\n        that of the [[Casma Valley]] in Peru, where there was a town and valley named\n        ''''Chili.''''\\n\\nOther theories say Chile may derive\n        its name from a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] word\n        meaning either \\\"ends of the earth\\\" or \\\"sea gulls\\\";{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://ea.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia\n        Americana|publisher=Grolier Online|year=2005|accessdate=2 March 2005|quote=The\n        name Chile is of Native American origin, meaning possibly \\\"ends of the earth\\\"\n        or simply \\\"sea gulls.\\\"}} from the Mapuche word ''''chilli,'''' which\n        may mean \\\"where the land ends;\\\"{{cite web|author=Hudson,\n        Rex A., ed.|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=Chile: A Country\n        Study|work=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1995|accessdate=27 February\n        2005}} or from the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] ''''chiri'''', \\\"cold\\\",\\\"CHILE\\\". Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 11th ed.\n        1911. (\\\"derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow\\\")\n        or ''''tchili'''', meaning either \\\"snow\\\"{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |title=Chile (rep\\u00fablica) |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta\n        Online |year=2005 |accessdate=26 February 2005 |quote=The region was then\n        known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning \\\"snow\\\".\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510215421/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |archivedate=10 May 2008 }} or \\\"the deepest point of the Earth\\\".{{cite\n        encyclopedia|last=Pearson|first=Neale J.|url=http://gme.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Grolier\n        Multimedia Encyclopedia|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|year=2004|accessdate=2\n        March 2005|quote=Chile''s name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning\n        \\\"the deepest point of the Earth.\\\"}} Another origin attributed to ''''chilli''''\n        is the onomatopoeic ''''cheele-cheele''''\\u2014the Mapuche imitation of the\n        warble of a bird locally known as [[Yellow-winged blackbird|trile]].{{cite\n        book |first=Miguel |last=de Olivares y Gonz\\u00e1lez SJ |title=Historia de\n        la Compa\\u00f1\\u00eda de Jes\\u00fas en Chile |work=Colecci\\u00f3n de historiadores\n        de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional |year=1864 |origyear=1736\n        |publisher=Imprenta del Ferrocarril |location=Santiago |volume=4 |number=\n        }}\\n\\nThe Spanish\n        [[conquistadors]] heard about this name from the Incas, and the few survivors\n        of [[Diego de Almagro]]''s first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535\\u201336\n        called themselves the \\\"men of Chilli\\\". Ultimately,\n        Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name ''''Chile'''', after\n        naming the [[Mapocho River|Mapocho]] valley as such.\n        The older spelling \\\"Chili\\\" was in use in English until at least 1900 before\n        switching over to \\\"Chile.\\\"{{cite book|title=Appletons'' annual cyclopaedia\n        and register of important events of the year: 1900|publisher=Appletons|location=New\n        York|page=87|url=https://archive.org/stream/s3appletonsann05newyuoft#page/87/mode/1up}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{Main\n        article|History of Chile}}\\n[[File:Urville-Araucanians.jpg|thumb|200px|The\n        [[Mapuche]] people were the original inhabitants of southern and central Chile.]]\n        \\n===Early history===\\nStone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented\n        the [[Monte Verde]] valley area as long as 18,500 years ago.{{cite web\n        | url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/people-roamed-tip-south-america-18500-years-ago\n        | title=People roamed tip of South America 18,500 years ago | work=Science\n        News | date=26 December 2015 | accessdate=26 December 2015 | author=Bower,\n        Bruce | pages=10}} About 10,000 years ago, migrating [[Indigenous Peoples\n        of the Americas|Native Americans]] settled in fertile valleys and coastal\n        areas of what is present-day Chile. Settlement sites from very early human\n        habitation include Monte Verde, [[Cueva del Milodon]] and the [[Pali Aike\n        Crater]]''s [[lava tube]]. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what\n        is now northern Chile, but the [[Mapuche]] (or Araucanians as they were known\n        by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the [[Inca Empire]]\n        to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization.{{cite book|title=Insight\n        Guides: Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf8SnJ_ZJbkC&pg=PA27|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2002|publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group|isbn=978-981-234-890-6|page=27}}\n        They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result\n        of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the [[Battle of the Maule]]\n        was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the [[Maule\n        river]].\\n\\n===Spanish colonization===\\n{{main\n        article|Conquest of Chile|Colonial Chile}}\\nIn 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate\n        the globe, [[Ferdinand Magellan]] discovered the southern passage now named\n        after him, the [[Strait of Magellan]], thus becoming the first European to\n        set foot on what is now Chile. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego\n        de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535\n        seeking gold. The Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves\n        principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting.\\n\\nThe\n        conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by [[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]], one of [[Francisco Pizarro]]''s lieutenants, who founded the\n        city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the\n        extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential\n        of Chile''s central valley, and Chile became part of the [[Spanish Empire]].\\n\\n[[File:Pedro de Valdivia.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]], Spanish ''''[[conquistador]]'''' and the first royal governor\n        of Chile.]]\\n\\nConquest took place gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated\n        setbacks. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia''s\n        death and the destruction of many of the colony''s principal settlements.\n        Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the\n        Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony\n        was driven northward. The abolition of [[slavery]] by the Spanish crown in\n        1683 was done in recognition that enslaving the Mapuche intensified resistance\n        rather than cowing them into submission. Despite royal prohibitions, relations\n        remained strained from continual colonialist interference.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/storiadellaguer00caivgoog/storiadellaguer00caivgoog_djvu.txt\n        |title=B\\u00e1rbaros, page 66. David J. Weber |publisher=Archive.org }}\\n\\nCut\n        off to the north by desert, to the south by the Mapuche, to the east by the\n        Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most\n        centralized, homogeneous colonies in Spanish America. Serving as a sort of\n        frontier [[garrison]], the colony found itself with the mission of forestalling\n        encroachment by both the Mapuche and Spain''s European enemies, especially\n        the [[British Empire|British]] and the Dutch. Buccaneers and English adventurers\n        menaced the colony in addition to the Mapuche, as was shown by [[Sir Francis\n        Drake]]''s 1578 raid on Valpara\\u00edso, the colony''s principal port. Chile\n        hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, making it one of\n        the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a [[Real Situado|drain\n        on the treasury of the Viceroyalty of Peru]].\\n\\nThe\n        first general census was conducted by the government of [[Agust\\u00edn de\n        J\\u00e1uregui]] between 1777 and 1778; it indicated that the population consisted\n        of 259,646 inhabitants: 73.5 percent of [[White Latin American|European descent]],\n        7.9 percent [[mestizo]]s, 8.6 percent [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous\n        peoples]] and 9.8 percent blacks. Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province\n        of [[Chilo\\u00e9 Province|Chilo\\u00e9]], conducted a census in 1784 and found\n        the population consisted of 26,703 inhabitants, 64.4 percent of whom were\n        whites and 33.5 percent of whom were natives.\\n\\nThe Diocese of [[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]] conducted a census in areas south of the [[Maule river]]\n        in 1812, but did not include the indigenous population or the inhabitants\n        of the province of Chilo\\u00e9. The population is estimated at 210,567, 86.1\n        percent of whom were [[Spanish Chilean|Spanish]] or of European descent, 10\n        percent of whom were indigenous and 3.7 percent of whom were mestizos, blacks\n        and [[mulatto]]s.{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1813.pdf\n        |title=INE \\u2013 Censo de 1813. Introducci\\u00f3n |format=PDF }}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and nation building===\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race}}\\n[[File:Ohiggins.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|[[Bernardo\n        O''Higgins]], the Supreme Director of Chile]]\\nIn 1808, [[Napoleon I|Napoleon''s]]\n        enthronement of his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]] as the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish\n        King]] precipitated the drive by the colony for [[Chilean War of Independence|independence\n        from Spain]]. A national junta in the name of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand]]\n        \\u2013 heir to the deposed king \\u2013 was formed on 18 September 1810. The\n        [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government Junta of Chile]] proclaimed\n        Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy (in memory of this\n        day Chile celebrates its [[Fiestas Patrias (Chile)|National Day]] on 18 September\n        each year).\\n\\nAfter these events, a movement for total independence, under\n        the command of [[Jos\\u00e9 Miguel Carrera]] (one of the most renowned patriots)\n        and his two brothers Juan Jos\\u00e9 and [[Luis Carrera]], soon gained a wider\n        following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called\n        the [[Reconquista (Spanish America)|Reconquista]] led to a prolonged struggle,\n        including infighting from [[Bernardo O''Higgins]], who challenged Carrera''s\n        leadership.\\n\\nIntermittent warfare continued until 1817. With Carrera in\n        prison in Argentina, O''Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort [[Jos\\u00e9 de San\n        Mart\\u00edn]], hero of the [[Argentine War of Independence]], led [[Army of\n        the Andes|an army]] that [[Crossing of the Andes|crossed the Andes]] into\n        Chile and defeated the royalists. On 12 February 1818 [[Chilean Declaration\n        of Independence|Chile was proclaimed an independent republic]]. The political\n        revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th-century Chilean society\n        preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was\n        greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong\n        presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.\\n\\nChile slowly started to expand its influence\n        and to establish its borders. By the Tantauco Treaty, the archipelago of Chilo\\u00e9\n        was incorporated in 1826. The economy began to boom due to the discovery of\n        silver ore in Cha\\u00f1arcillo, and the growing trade of the port of Valpara\\u00edso,\n        which led to conflict over maritime supremacy in the Pacific with Peru. At\n        the same time, attempts were made to strengthen sovereignty in southern Chile\n        intensifying [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|penetration into Araucan\\u00eda]]\n        and [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue|colonizing Llanquihue\n        with German immigrants]] in 1848. Through the founding of [[Fort Bulnes]]\n        by the [[Schooner Ancud]] under the command of [[John Williams Wilson]], the\n        Magallanes region joined the country in 1843, while the Antofagasta area,\n        at the time part of, Bolivia, began to fill with people.\\n\\n[[File:Sinking\n        of the Esmeralda during the battle of Iquique.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Fighting\n        during the [[War of the Pacific]]: The [[Battle of Iquique]] on 21 May 1879]]\\n\\nToward\n        the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position\n        in the south by the [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda]]. The [[Boundary treaty\n        of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]] confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the\n        Strait of Magellan. As a result of the [[War of the Pacific]] with Peru and\n        Bolivia (1879\\u201383), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third,\n        eliminating Bolivia''s access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable [[Caliche\n        (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]] deposits, the exploitation of which led\n        to an era of national affluence. Chile had joined the stand as one of the\n        high-income countries in South America by 1870.{{cite book|author=Baten,\n        J\\u00f6rg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|page=137|isbn=9781107507180}}\\n\\nThe [[1891 Chilean\n        Civil War]] brought about a redistribution of power between the President\n        and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However,\n        the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development\n        of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the\n        House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Soon after, the\n        country engaged in a [[Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|vastly expensive\n        naval arms race]] with Argentina that nearly led to a war.\\n\\n===20th century===\\n{{see\n        also|South American dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:Chilean battleship Almirante\n        Latorre.jpg|thumb|200px|Chile''s ''''Almirante Latorre'''' [[dreadnought]]\n        in 1921.]]\\nThe Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting\n        the interests of a ruling [[oligarchy]]. By the 1920s, the emerging middle\n        and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, [[Arturo\n        Alessandri]], whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. In\n        the 1920s, [[Marxism|Marxist]] groups with strong popular support arose.\\n\\nA military coup led by General [[Luis Altamirano]]\n        in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted until 1932.\n        Of the ten governments that held power in that period, the longest lasting\n        was that of General [[Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo]], who briefly held\n        power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto\n        dictatorship (although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to\n        the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin\n        America).{{Cite book|title=Authoritarianism in Latin America since independence|last=Fowler|first=Will|year=1996|publisher=Geenwood\n        Press|location=University of Virginia|isbn=0-313-29843-2|pages=30\\u201396}}{{cite\n        book|last=Frazier|first=Lessie Jo |title=Salt in the Sand: Memory, Violence,\n        and the Nation-State in Chile, 1890 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQU-GYGeVSEC&pg=PA163|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=17 July 2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4003-4|pages=163\\u2013184}}\\n\\nBy\n        relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population\n        to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the\n        vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored\n        in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the\n        key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period\n        of [[Radical Party (Chile)|Radical Party]] dominance (1932\\u201352), the state\n        increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo to office for another six years. [[Jorge Alessandri]] succeeded\n        Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into\n        power democratically for another term.\\n\\nThe [[Chilean presidential election,\n        1964|1964 presidential election]] of [[Christian Democrat Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrat]] [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] by an [[absolute majority]] initiated\n        a period of major reform. Under the slogan \\\"Revolution in Liberty\\\", the\n        Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs,\n        particularly in education, housing, and [[agrarian reform]], including rural\n        unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing\n        opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and\n        from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei\n        had not fully achieved his party''s ambitious goals.{{cite\n        web|url=http://countrystudies.us/chile/85.htm|title=Development and Breakdown\n        of Democracy, 1830\\u20131973|work=Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress|date=31\n        March 1994}}\\n\\n[[File:S.Allende 7 dias ilustrados.JPG|thumb|left|200px|President\n        [[Salvador Allende]]]]\\n\\nIn the 1970 election, Senator [[Salvador Allende]]\n        of the [[Socialist Party of Chile]] (then part of the \\\"[[Popular Unity (Chile)|Popular\n        Unity]]\\\" coalition which included the Communists, Radicals, Social-Democrats,\n        dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the\n        Independent Popular Action), achieved a partial\n        majority in a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of votes in a three-way contest,\n        followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and\n        Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. Allende was not elected with\n        an absolute majority, receiving fewer than 35 percent of votes.\\n\\nThe [[National\n        Congress of Chile|Chilean Congress]] conducted a runoff vote between the leading\n        candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri, and, keeping with\n        tradition, chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance\n        with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats\n        were a workers'' party and could not make common cause with the right wing.{{Cite\n        book|last= Mares|first=David|author2=Francisco Rojas Aravena|title=The United\n        States and Chile: Coming in from the Cold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y3EWkKZsYcC&pg=PA145|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93125-0|page=145}}{{cite\n        book|last=Trento|first=Joseph J.|title=The Secret History Of The CIA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uPBM7z_62gC&pg=PA560|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1500-8|page=560}}\\n\\nAn\n        [[economic depression]] that began in 1972 was exacerbated by [[capital flight]],\n        plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response\n        to Allende''s socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende\n        adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms,\n        to increase consumer spending and redistribute income downward.{{cite\n        book|author=Lois Hecht Oppenheim|title=Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism,\n        and Market Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99ZLX52z_noC&pg=PA52|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2007|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-7867-3426-9|page=52}}\n        Joint public-private [[public works]] projects helped reduce unemployment.{{cite book|last=De Vylder|first=Stefan|title=Allende''s\n        Chile: The Political Economy of the Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular|date=5\n        March 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-10757-0}}{{Page\n        needed|date=September 2010}} Much of the banking sector was [[nationalization|nationalized]].\n        Many enterprises within the [[Copper#Production|copper]], coal, iron, [[Caliche\n        (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]], and steel industries were [[Nationalization|expropriated]],\n        nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased\n        sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration''s first year.\\n\\nAllende''s program included advancement of workers''\n        interests,{{cite web|url=http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107150857/http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archivedate=7\n        January 2008 |title=Allende wins the elections: first coup attempt |publisher=Grace.evergreen.edu\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} replacing the judicial system with \\\"socialist\n        legality\\\",{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=The\n        Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CIXLdxhQMAC&pg=PA367|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-287-4|pages=367\\u2013368}}\n        nationalization of banks and forcing others to bankruptcy,\n        and strengthening \\\"popular militias\\\" known as MIR.\n        Started under former President Frei, the Popular Unity platform also called\n        for nationalization of Chile''s major copper mines in the form of a constitutional\n        amendment. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress.\\n\\nAs a result,{{cite\n        book|last=Qureshi|first=Lubna Z. |title=Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S.\n        Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alISgQdNY4kC&pg=PA86|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2655-4|pages=86\\u201397}}\n        the [[Richard Nixon]] administration [[United States intervention in Chile|organized\n        and inserted secret operatives]] in Chile, in order to swiftly destabilize\n        Allende\\u2019s government.{{cite web | title = Report on CIA Chilean\n        Task Force activities | work = Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents\n        relating to the Military Coup, 1970\\u20131976 | publisher = The National Security\n        Archive: Electronic Briefing Books (George Washington University) | url =\n        http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm | accessdate =11 March\n        2010 }} In addition, US financial pressure restricted international\n        economic credit to Chile.{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/ops/policy/church-chile.htm\n        |title=Covert Action In Chile 1963\\u20131973, Staff Report Of The Select Committee\n        To Study Governmental Operations With Respect To Intelligence Activities |publisher=Federation\n        of American Scientists |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe economic\n        problems were also exacerbated by Allende''s public spending which was financed\n        mostly by printing money and poor credit ratings given by commercial banks.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879153,00.html|title=Tightening\n        the Belt|work=Time Magazine|date = 7 August 1972 }}\\nSimultaneously,\n        opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations helped\n        to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization,\n        some of which was backed by the United States.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/chile/doc/hinchey.html |title=Equipo\n        Nizkor \\u2013 CIA Activities in Chile \\u2013 September 18, 2000 |publisher=Derechos.org\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} By early 1973, inflation was out of control.\n        The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous\n        strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and\n        the small business class.\\nOn 26 May 1973, Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court, which\n        was opposed to Allende''s government, unanimously denounced the Allende ''''disruption\n        of the legality of the nation''''. Although illegal under the Chilean constitution,\n        the court supported and strengthened Pinochet''s soon-to-be seizure of power.{{cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence(5).pdf\n        |title=Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the judiciary\n        |publisher=Yale University |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819213445/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence%285%29.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 August 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n====Pinochet era (1973\\u20131990)====\\n{{Main\n        article|Military government of Chile (1973\\u201390)}}\\n[[File:Golpe de Estado\n        1973.jpg|thumb|Fighter jets bombing the Presidential Palace (''''La Moneda'''')\n        in Santiago during the [[Chilean coup of 1973]]]]\\n[[File:Augusto Pinochet\n        1986.jpg|thumb|[[Augusto Pinochet]]''s authoritarian military government ruled\n        Chile between 1973 and 1990.]]\\nA [[Chilean coup of 1973|military coup]] overthrew\n        Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the [[La Moneda\n        Palace|presidential palace]], Allende apparently committed suicide.{{Cite\n        book|first=\\u00d3scar|last=Soto|title=El \\u00faltimo d\\u00eda de Salvador\n        Allende|year=1999|publisher=Aguilar|isbn=978-956-239-084-2}}{{page needed|date=July\n        2013}}{{Cite book|first=Eugeno|last=Ahumada|title=Chile: La memoria prohibida}}{{page\n        needed|date=July 2013}} After the coup, [[Henry Kissinger]] told U.S. president\n        [[Richard Nixon]] that the United States had \\\"helped\\\" the coup.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |title=KISSINGER AND\n        CHILE: THE DECLASSIFIED RECORD |publisher=The national security archive |date=16\n        September 2013|accessdate=16 September 2013}}\\n\\nA military junta, led\n        by General [[Augusto Pinochet]], took control of the country. The first years\n        of the regime were marked by [[Human rights violations in Pinochet''s Chile|human\n        rights violation]]s. On October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by\n        the [[Caravan of Death]].{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|title=Flashback:\n        Caravan of Death|publisher=BBC | date=25 July 2000}} According to the\n        [[Rettig Report]] and [[Valech Commission]], at least 2,115 were killed,{{cite\n        web |author=Ministerio del Interior |url=http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |title=Ministerio del Interior, Programa de Derechos Humanos \\u2013 ddhh_rettig\n        |publisher=Ddhh.gov.cl |date=3 August 1999 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223174254/http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |archivedate=23 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} and at least 27,265{{cite web|url=http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |title=Sintesis Ok |format=PDF |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727031254/http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |archivedate=27 July 2007 }} were tortured (including 88 children younger\n        than 12 years old). In 2011, Chile recognized an additional\n        9,800 victims, bringing the total number of killed, tortured or imprisoned\n        for political reasons to 40,018.Eva Vergara (August 18, 2015). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html\n        Chile Recognizes 9,800 More Pinochet Victims]. ''''The Associated Press''''\n        via ''''The Huffington Post.'''' Retrieved August 25, 2015. At the national\n        stadium, filled with detainees, one of those tortured and killed was internationally\n        known poet-singer [[Victor Jara]] (see \\\"Music and Dance\\\", below). The stadium\n        was renamed for Jara in 2003.\\n\\nA new Constitution was approved by a controversial\n        [[plebiscite]] on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president\n        of the republic for an eight-year term. After Pinochet obtained rule of the\n        country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the [[Sandinista]]\n        army in [[Nicaragua]], guerrilla forces in [[Argentina]] or training camps\n        in [[Cuba]], Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.{{cite book|author1=Pamela\n        Constable|author2=Arturo Valenzuela|title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under\n        Pinochet|year=1993|publisher=W W Norton & Company Incorporated|isbn=978-0-393-30985-0|page=150}}\\n\\nIn\n        the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse{{cite\n        book|author=Naomi Klein|title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Henry Holt and Company (2007)|isbn=978-1-4299-1948-7|page=85}}\n        and mass [[civil resistance]] in 1983\\u201388, the government gradually permitted\n        greater freedom of assembly, [[Freedom of speech|speech]], and association,\n        to include trade union and political activity.{{cite book|last= Huneeus|first=Carlos|editor=Adam\n        Roberts; Timothy Garton Ash|title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics:The\n        Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=3 September 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161917-5|pages=197\\u2013212|chapter=Political\n        Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet\\u2019s Chile, 1983\\u201388}}\n        The government launched market-oriented reforms with [[Hern\\u00e1n B\\u00fcchi]]\n        as Minister of Finance. Chile moved toward a [[free market economy]] that\n        saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        industry and other important mineral resources were not opened for competition.\n        In a [[Chilean national plebiscite, 1988|plebiscite]] on 5 October 1988, Pinochet\n        was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans\n        elected a new president and the majority of members of a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]]\n        congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat [[Patricio Aylwin]], the\n        candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the ''''[[Coalition\n        of Parties for Democracy|Concertaci\\u00f3n]]'''', received an absolute majority\n        of votes (55%).{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE6DD1E3BF935A25751C1A96F948260|title=Man\n        in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile|work=The New York Times\n        | first=Shirley | last=Christian | date=16 December 1989}} President\n        Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.\\n\\nIn\n        December 1993, Christian Democrat [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], the son of\n        previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertaci\\u00f3n coalition\n        to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%).{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526090105/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archivedate=26\n        May 2008 |title=Chile elects new leader Late president''s son wins big |publisher=Encyclopedia.com\n        |date=12 December 1993 |accessdate=14 July 2013}}\\n\\n===21st century===\\n{{See\n        also|2010 Chile earthquake|2011\\u20132012 Chilean protests}}\\n\\n[[File:Izamiento\n        de la Gran Bandera Nacional - Presidentes de Chile.jpg|thumb|Five presidents\n        of Chile since [[Transition to democracy]] (1990\\u20132018), celebrating the\n        [[Bicentennial of Chile]]|260x260px]]\\nFrei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000\n        by Socialist [[Ricardo Lagos]], who won the presidency in an unprecedented\n        [[Chilean presidential election, 1999\\u20132000|runoff election]] against\n        [[Joaqu\\u00edn Lav\\u00edn]] of the rightist [[Alliance for Chile]].{{Cite\n        news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |title=Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election |publisher=CNN\n        |date=16 January 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506162601/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |archivedate=6 May 2008 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} In January 2006, Chileans\n        elected their first female president, [[Michelle Bachelet Jeria]], of the\n        Socialist Party, defeating [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]], of the [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] party, extending the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n''''\n        governance for another four years.{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10819903/|title=Chile\n        elects first woman president|publisher=MSNBC}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/11/AR2006031101381.html|title=Bachelet\n        Sworn In As Chile''s President|work=The Washington Post | first=Monte | last=Reel\n        | date=12 March 2006}} In January 2010, Chileans [[Chilean presidential\n        election, 2009-2010|elected]] [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] as the first\n        rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President [[Eduardo Frei\n        Ruiz-Tagle]] of the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n'''', for a four-year term succeeding\n        Bachelet. Due to term limits, [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] did not stand\n        for re-election in 2013, and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in [[Michelle\n        Bachelet]] returning to office.\\n\\nOn 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by\n        an 8.8 MW [[2010 Chile earthquake|earthquake]], the fifth largest\n        ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing\n        [[tsunami]]) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was\n        also followed by multiple aftershocks.{{cite web|url=http://www.australia-times.com.au/world/article.php?id=501|title=US\n        ready to help Chile: Obama|publisher=The Australia Times|accessdate=3 March\n        2010}} Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15\\u201330 billion,\n        around 10 to 15 percent of Chile''s real gross domestic product.[http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        More Quakes Shake Chile\\u2019s Infrastructure], Adam Figman, ''''Contract\n        Magazine'''', 1 March 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114030306/http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        |date=14 November 2014 }}\\n\\nChile achieved global recognition for the\n        successful [[2010 Copiap\\u00f3 mining accident|rescue of 33 trapped miners]]\n        in 2010. On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San Jos\\u00e9\n        copper and gold mine in the [[Atacama Desert]] near [[Copiap\\u00f3]] in northern\n        Chile, trapping 33 men {{convert|700|m}} below ground. A rescue effort organized\n        by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were\n        brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of\n        almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm|title=Background\n        Note: Chile|work=[[Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs]], [[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011|accessdate=19 March 2012}}\\n\\n==Geography,\n        climate, and environment==\\n{{Main article|Geography of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Natural\n        regions of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Environmental issues in Chile}}\\n\\nA long and\n        narrow coastal [[Southern Cone]] country on the west side of the [[Andes Mountains]],\n        Chile stretches over {{convert|4300|km|-1|abbr=on}} north to south, but only\n        {{convert|350|km|0|abbr=on}} at its widest point east to west.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111326/Chile |title=Chile\n        |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica |accessdate=7 May 2013}} This\n        encompasses a remarkable variety of climates and landscapes. It contains {{convert|756950|km2}}\n        of land area. It is situated within the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. Excluding\n        its Pacific islands and Antarctic claim, Chile lies between latitudes [[17th\n        parallel south|17\\u00b0]] and [[56th parallel south|56\\u00b0S]], and longitudes\n        [[66th meridian west|66\\u00b0]] and [[75th meridian west|75\\u00b0W]].\\n\\nChile\n        is among the longest north-south countries in the world. If one considers\n        only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness\n        from east to west, with the other long north-south countries (including [[Brazil]],\n        [[Russia]], [[Canada]], and the United States, among others) all being wider\n        from east to west by a factor of more than 10. Chile also claims {{convert|1250000|km2|abbr=on}}\n        of [[Antarctica]] as part of its territory ([[Chilean Antarctic Territory]]).\n        However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the [[Antarctic\n        Treaty]], of which Chile is a signatory.{{cite web|title=Antarctic Treaty:\n        Information about the Antarctic Treaty and how Antarctica is governed. |work=Polar\n        Conservation Organisation |publisher=Polar Conservation Organisation |date=1\n        February 2008 |url=http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204/\n        |accessdate=11 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210224459/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204\n        |archivedate=10 February 2010 }} It is the world''s southernmost country\n        that is geographically on the mainland.{{cite book|last1=Collin|first1=Robert|title=Trash\n        Talk: An Encyclopedia of Garbage and Recycling around the World|date=2015|page=121}}\\n\\nChile\n        controls [[Easter Island]] and [[Sala y G\\u00f3mez]] Island, the easternmost\n        islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and\n        [[Robinson Crusoe Island]], more than {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} from the\n        mainland, in the [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands]]. Also controlled but only\n        temporarily inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of San\n        Ambrosio and San Felix. These islands are notable because they extend Chile''s\n        claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the [[Pacific Ocean]].{{cite\n        book|last=Blanco|first=Alejandro Vergara |title=Derecho de aguas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o3G0FyArtAC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Editorial Jur\\u00eddica de Chile|isbn=978-956-10-1241-7}}\\n\\nThe\n        northern [[Atacama Desert]] contains great mineral wealth, primarily [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        and [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]]s. The relatively small Central\n        Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population\n        and agricultural resources. This area is also the historical center from which\n        Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and\n        southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features\n        a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords,\n        inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are\n        located on the eastern border.\\n\\n\\nMiscanti\n        Lagoon near San Pedro de Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|[[Norte Grande]]\\nValle\n        de Elqui1.jpg|[[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]]\\nVi\\u00f1edo Puente Alto.jpg|[[Central\n        Chile|Centro]]\\nSalto de la Leona.jpg|[[Zona Sur|Sur]]\\nTorres del Paine -\n        Flickr - Alanbritom.jpg|[[Zona Austral|Austral]]\\n\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{Main\n        article|Climate of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|200px|Chile\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\n[[File:Admiring the Galaxy.jpg|thumb|left|With\n        more than 300 clear nights each year, [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] is\n        in an ideal position to house advanced observational instruments]]\\n\\nThe\n        diverse [[climate of Chile]] ranges from the world''s driest desert in the\n        north\\u2014the [[Atacama Desert]]\\u2014through a [[Mediterranean climate]]\n        in the center, [[humid subtropical]] in Easter Island, to an [[oceanic climate]],\n        including [[alpine tundra]] and [[glaciers]] in the east and south.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm|title=Country\n        profile: Chile |work=BBC News | date=16 December 2009 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}} According to the [[K\\u00f6ppen climate classification|K\\u00f6ppen\n        system]], Chile within its borders hosts at least ten major climatic subtypes.\n        There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February),\n        autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Wildlife of Chile}}\\n[[File:Cuernos del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9.jpg|thumb|right|Torres\n        del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile]]\\n\\nThe\n        flora and fauna of Chile are characterized by a high degree of endemism, due\n        to its particular geography. In continental Chile, the [[Atacama Desert]]\n        in the north and the [[Andes Mountains|Andes mountains]] to the east are barriers\n        that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Add to that the enormous\n        length of Chile (over {{convert|4300|km|0|abbr=on}}) and this results in a\n        wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general\n        zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions\n        of the south.\\n\\n===Flora===\\n[[File:Araucaria araucana - Parque Nacional\n        Conguill\\u00edo por lautaroj - 001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Araucaria araucana]] trees\n        in [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]]]]\\nThe native flora of Chile consists\n        of relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other South American\n        countries. \\nThe northernmost coastal and central region is largely barren\n        of vegetation, approaching the most absolute desert in the world.{{Cite\n        journal |author-link=La Tercera/Icarito |title=Icarito: Enciclopedia de la\n        flora y fauna de Chile |journal=Icarito |url=http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0,0,38035857_152308989,00.html\n        |id= |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410080253/http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0%2C0%2C38035857_152308989%2C00.html\n        |archivedate=10 April 2006 |df=dmy-all }}\\nOn the slopes of the Andes,\n        in addition to the scattered tola desert brush, grasses are found. The central\n        valley is characterized by several species of cacti, the hardy [[Acacia caven|espinos]],\n        the [[Araucaria araucana|Chilean pine]], the [[nothofagus|southern beeches]]\n        and the [[copihue]], a red bell-shaped flower that is Chile''s national flower.\\n[[File:Lapageria rosea1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Copihue]] in\n        flower]]\\n\\nIn southern Chile, south of the Biob\\u00edo River, heavy precipitation\n        has produced dense forests of laurels, magnolias, and various species of conifers\n        and beeches, which become smaller and more stunted to the south.\\n{{Cite\n        journal | last = Smith-Ram\\u00edrez | first = Cecilia | title = Distribution\n        patterns of flora and fauna in southern Chilean Coastal rain forests: Integrating\n        Natural History and GIS | journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | issue\n        = Volume 16, Number 9 / August 2007 | publisher = Springer Netherlands | date\n        = 27 October 2006 | doi = 10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2 }}\\nThe cold temperatures\n        and winds of the extreme south preclude heavy forestation. Grassland is found\n        in Atlantic Chile (in Patagonia). Much of the Chilean flora is distinct from\n        that of neighboring Argentina, indicating that the Andean barrier existed\n        during its formation.\\n\\nSome of Chile''s flora has\n        an Antarctic origin due to [[land bridge]]s which formed during the Cretaceous\n        ice ages, allowing plants to migrate from Antarctica to South America.[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chilean-and-antarctic-fossils-reveal-the-last-geologic-minutes-of-the-age-of-dinosaurs-slide-show/\n        Chilean and Antarctic Fossils Reveal the Last \\\"Geologic Minutes\\\" of the\n        Age of Dinosaurs]\\n\\nJust over 3,000 species of fungi are recorded in\n        Chile,Oehrens, E.B. \\\"Flora Fungosa Chilena\\\". Universidad de Chile,\n        Santiago de Chile, 1980{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm\n        |title=Cybertruffle''s Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated\n        organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |accessdate=9 July 2011}} but\n        this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species\n        occurring in Chile is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted\n        estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been\n        discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. \\\"Dictionary\n        of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount of available\n        information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate\n        the number of fungal species endemic to Chile, and 1995 species have been\n        tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/chilfung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title=Fungi of Chile \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate=9 July 2011}}\\n\\n===Fauna===\\n\\nChile''s geographical isolation\n        has restricted the immigration of faunal life, so that only a few of the many\n        distinctive South American animals are found. Among the larger mammals are\n        the [[Cougar|puma]] or cougar, the llama-like [[guanaco]] and the fox-like\n        [[South American gray fox|chilla]]. In the forest region, several types of\n        marsupials and a small deer known as the [[Pud\\u00fa|pudu]] are found.\\n\\nThere are many species of small birds, but most of the\n        larger common Latin American types are absent. Few freshwater fish are native,\n        but North American trout have been successfully introduced into the Andean\n        lakes. Owing to the vicinity of the Humboldt Current,\n        ocean waters abound with fish and other forms of marine life, which in turn\n        support a rich variety of waterfowl, including several penguins. Whales are\n        abundant, and some six species of seals are found in the area.\\n\\n\\nFile:Cougar\n        (7062752887).jpg|[[Puma concolor|Puma]]\\nFile:Sephanoides fernandensis.jpg|[[Juan\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez firecrown]]\\nFile:Guanacos, Parque Nacional Torres del Paine,\n        Chile3.jpg|[[Guanaco]]\\nFile:Culpeo MC.jpg|[[Culpeo]]\\nFile:Poudou IMG 4339.JPG|[[Pud\\u00fa]]\\nFile:Condor\n        des Andes m\\u00e2le adulte.jpg|[[Andean condor]]\\nFile:Huemul verdadero.JPG|[[Huemul]]\\nFile:Emperor-atka4\n        hg.jpg|[[Emperor penguin]]s\\n\\n\\n===Topography===\\nChile is located\n        along a highly [[seismic]] and [[volcanic]] zone, part of the Pacific Ring\n        of Fire, due to the subduction of the Nazca and Antarctic plates in the [[South\n        American plate]].\\n\\n[[File:Chile topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Topographic\n        map of Chile. To view maps based on [[SRTM]] topographic relief of the country,\n        see [[:commons:Atlas of Chile/Clickable map|here]].]]\\n\\n[[File:Ojos del Salado\n        summit.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ojos del Salado|Nevado Ojos del Salado]]: View from\n        the top Chilean Argentine side.]]\\n[[File:Salar de Atacama.jpg|thumbnail|The\n        [[Atacama Desert|Atacama]] [[Dry lake]], in Chile. At the horizon, the [[Licancabur]]\n        volcano.]]\\n[[File:Lago Conguillio.jpg|thumbnail|Conguill\\u00edo National\n        Park, south-central area of the country.]]\\n[[File:BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg|thumbnail|A\n        glacier at the Beagle Channel]]\\n\\nLate [[Paleozoic]], 251 million years ago,\n        Chile belonged to the continental block called Gondwana. It was just a depression\n        accumulated marine sediments began to rise at the end of the Mesozoic, 66\n        million years ago, due to the collision between the Nazca and South American\n        plates, resulting in the Andes. The territory would be shaped by millions\n        of years due to the folding of the rocks, forming the current relief.\\n\\nThe\n        Chilean relief consists of the central depression, which crosses the country\n        longitudinally, flanked by two mountain ranges that make up about 80% of the\n        territory: the Andes mountains to the east-natural border with [[Bolivia]]\n        and [[Argentina]], with its most alton 18 located on the [[Nevado Ojos del\n        Salado]], at 6891.3 m, the highest volcano in the world, in the [[Atacama\n        Region|region of Atacama]] and Coastal Range west-minor height from the Andes,\n        with its highest point located on the hill Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, at 3114 meters,\n        located in the Sierra Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, the south of [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]].\n        Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains,\n        of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports.\n        Some areas of the plains territories encompass territory east of the Andes,\n        and the Patagonian steppes and Magellan, or are high plateaus surrounded by\n        high mountain ranges, such as the Altiplano or Puna de Atacama.\\n\\nThe [[Far\n        North, Chile|Far North]] is the area between the northern boundary of the\n        country and the [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] 26\\u00b0 S, covering the\n        first three regions. It is characterized by the presence of the [[Atacama\n        desert]], the most arid in the world. The desert is fragmented by streams\n        that originate in the area known as the [[Pampa del Tamarugal|pampas Tamarugal]].\n        The Andes, split in two and whose eastern arm runs [[Bolivia]], has a high\n        altitude and volcanic activity, which has allowed the formation of the Andean\n        altiplano and salt structures as the [[Salar de Atacama]], due to the gradual\n        accumulation of sediments over time.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:left;\n        margin-right:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n! colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Ten highest peaks of Chile\\n|-\\n!Name\n        !!Altitude ([[metre|m]])\\n|- \\n|[[Nevado Ojos del Salado]]1 ||align=right|6891,3\\n|-\\n|[[Nevado\n        Tres Cruces]]1 ||align=right|6758\\n|- \\n|[[Llullaillaco]]1\n        ||align=right|6739\\n|-\\n|[[Incahuasi]]1 ||align=right|6638\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Tupungato]]1 ||align=right|6565\\n|-\\n|[[Ata (mountain)|Ata\n        Volcano]]1 ||align=right|6501\\n|-\\n|[[Cerro El Muerto]]1\n        ||align=right|6488\\n|-\\n|[[Parinacota (volcano)|Parinacota]]2 ||align=right|6342\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Pomerape]]2 ||align=right|6282\\n|- \\n|[[Los Patos]]1\n        ||align=right|6239\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note:1\n        shared with Argentina, 2 shared with Bolivia.\\n|}\\n\\nTo\n        the south is the [[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]], extending to the [[Aconcagua\n        River|Aconcagua river]]. Los Andes begin to decrease its altitude to the south\n        and closer to the coast, reaching 90 km away at the height of [[Illapel]],\n        the narrowest part of the Chilean territory. The two mountain ranges intersect,\n        virtually eliminating the intermediate depression. The existence of rivers\n        flowing through the territory allows the formation of [[Transverse Valleys|transverse\n        valleys]], where agriculture has developed strongly in recent times, while\n        the [[coastal plains]] begin to expand.\\n\\nThe [[Zona Central, Chile|Central]]\n        area is the most populated region of the country. The coastal plains are wide\n        and allow the establishment of cities and ports along the Pacific, while the\n        coastal mountains down its height. The Andes maintains altitudes above 6000m\n        but descend slowly starts approaching the 4000 meters on average. The intermediate\n        depression reappears becoming a fertile valley that allows agricultural development\n        and human settlement, due to sediment accumulation. To the south, the Cordillera\n        de la Costa reappears in the [[Nahuelbuta Range|range of Nahuelbuta]] while\n        glacial sediments originate a series of lakes in the area of [[La Frontera,\n        Chile|La Frontera]].\\n\\nPatagonia extends from within Reloncavi, at the height\n        of parallel 41 \\u00b0 S, to the south. During the [[Llanquihue glaciation|last\n        glaciation]], this area was covered by ice that strongly eroded Chilean relief\n        structures. As a result, the intermediate depression sinks in the sea, while\n        the coastal mountains rise to a series of archipelagos, such as [[Chilo\\u00e9\n        Island|Chilo\\u00e9]] and the [[Chonos Archipelago|Chonos]], disappearing in\n        Taitao peninsula, in the parallel 47 \\u00b0 S. The Andes mountain range loses\n        height and erosion caused by the action of glaciers has caused [[fjords]].\\n\\nEast\n        of the Andes, on the continent, or north of it, on the [[Tierra del Fuego\n        (main island)|island of Tierra del Fuego]] are located relatively flat plains,\n        which in the Strait of Magellan cover large areas.\\n\\nThe Andes, as he had\n        done previously Cordillera de la Costa, begins to break in the ocean causing\n        a myriad of islands and islets and disappear into it, sinking and reappearing\n        in the Southern Antilles arc and then the Antarctic Peninsula, where it is\n        called Antartandes, in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, lying between the\n        meridians 53 \\u00b0 W and 90 \\u00b0 W.\\n\\nIn the middle of the Pacific, the\n        country has sovereignty over several islands of volcanic origin, collectively\n        known as Insular Chile. Of these, we highlight the archipelago of Juan Fernandez\n        and Easter Island, which is located in the fracture zone between the Nazca\n        plate and the Pacific plate known as East Pacific Rise.\\n\\n===Hydrography===\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:right;clear:right; margin-left:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        colspan=2 | Ten longest rivers of Chile\\n|-\\n! Name !! Length ([[Kilometre|km]])\\n|-\\n|[[Loa\n        River|Loa]] ||align=right|440\\n|-\\n|[[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo River|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\n        ||align=right|380\\n|-\\n|[[Baker River (Chile)|Baker]] ||align=right|370\\n|-\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3\n        River|Copiap\\u00f3]] ||align=right|292\\n|-\\n|[[Maipo River|Maipo]] ||align=right|250\\n|-\\n|[[Yelcho\n        River|Yelcho]]-[[Futaleuf\\u00fa River|Futaleuf\\u00fa]] ||align=right|246\\n|-\\n|[[Maule\n        River|Maule]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Palena River|Palena]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Tolt\\u00e9n\n        River|Tolt\\u00e9n]] ||align=right|231\\n|-\\n|[[Huasco River|Huasco]] ||align=right|230\\n|-\\n|\n        colspan=2 style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note: All\n        lengths exclusively through Chilean territory.\\n|}\\n[[File:Lago Gral.\n        Carrera 01.JPG|thumbnail|left|[[General Carrera Lake|General Carrera lake]],\n        the largest in the country.]]\\n[[File:Bruggen-PioXI FaceCompleteCroppedIMG5642.jpg|thumbnail|[[Br\\u00fcggen\n        Glacier|Pio XI Glacier (or Br\\u00fcggen)]], the longest in the southern hemisphere\n        outside of Antarctica.]]\\n\\nDue to the characteristics of the territory, Chile\n        is crossed by numerous rivers generally short in length and with low torrential\n        flow. They commonly extend from the [[Andes Mountains|Andes]] to the [[Pacific\n        Ocean]], flowing in an East to West direction.\\n\\nBecause of the [[desert]],\n        in the Norte Grande there are only short [[endorheic]] character streams,\n        except for the [[river Loa]], the longest in the country 440 km.{{cite journal |author1=Niemeyer, Hans  |author2=Cereceda, Pilar\n        |year=1983 |title=Hydrography |work=Geography of Chile |publisher=[[Military\n        Geographic Institute (Chile)|Military Geographic Institute]] |edition=1st\n        |location=Santiago |volume=8 |accessdate=8 March 2011}} In the high\n        valleys, wetland areas generate [[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]], located at 4500 meters\n        above sea level. It and the river [[Lauca River|Lauca]] are shared with [[Bolivia]],\n        as well as the [[Lluta River|Lluta]].\\n\\nIn the center-north of the country,\n        the number of rivers that form valleys of agricultural importance increases.\n        Noteworthy are the Elqui with 75 km long, 142 km\n        Aconcagua, Maipo with 250 km and its tributary, the Mapocho\n        with 110 km, and Maule with 240 km. Their waters mainly flow from\n        Andean snowmelt in the summer and winter rains. The major lakes in this area\n        are the artificial lake Rapel, the Colbun Maule lagoon and the lagoon of La\n        Laja.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile-demography.png|thumb|300px|Population\n        of Chile from 1820, projected up to 2050]]\\n\\nChile''s 2002 census reported\n        a population of 15 million people. Its rate of population growth has been\n        decreasing since 1990, due to a declining [[birth rate]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/estadisticas_vitales/pdf/anuarios/vitales2003.zip|title=Anuario\n        Estad\\u00edsticas Vitales 2003|publisher=Instituto National de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|title=Chile:\n        Proyecciones y Estimaciones de Poblaci\\u00f3n. Total Pa\\u00eds 1950\\u20132050|publisher=Instituto\n        National de Estad\\u00edsticas|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nXISo4aQ?url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|archivedate=14\n        February 2010|df=dmy-all}} About 85 percent of the country''s population\n        lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in [[Santiago|Greater Santiago]].\n        The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago\n        with 5.6 million people, [[Greater Concepci\\u00f3n]] with 861,000\\nand [[Greater\n        Valpara\\u00edso]] with 824,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.observatoriourbano.cl/indurb/pre_ciudades.asp?id_user=0&idComCiu=0|title=List\n        of Chilean cities|publisher=Observatorio Urbano, Ministerio de Vivienda y\n        Urbanismo de Chile}}\\n\\n===Ancestry and ethnicity===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Chile|Immigration to Chile}}\\n\\nMexican professor Francisco Lizcano,\n        of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]], estimated that 52.7%\n        of [[Chileans]] were white, 39.3% were [[mestizo]], and 8% were [[Amerindian]].{{cite\n        web|author=Lizcano Fern\\u00e1ndez |year=2005 |title=Composici\\u00f3n \\u00e9tnica\n        de las tres \\u00e1reas culturales del continente americano al comienzo del\n        siglo XXI |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |format=PDF\n        |publisher=UAEM |issn=1405-1435 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf\n        |archivedate=26 June 2013 }}\\n\\nThe most recent study in the Candela\n        Project establishes that the genetic composition of Chile is 52% of European\n        origin, with 44% of the genome coming from Native Americans (Amerindians),\n        and 4% coming from Africa, making Chile a primarily mestizo country with traces\n        of African descent present in half of the population.{{cite web |url=http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |title=Estudio gen\\u00e9tico en chilenos muestra desconocida herencia africana\n        | El D\\u00ednamo |publisher=Eldinamo.cl |date=19 August 2013 |accessdate=22\n        December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706180053/http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |archivedate=6 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }} Another genetic study conducted\n        by the [[University of Brasilia]] in several American countries shows a similar\n        genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian\n        (Native) contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%.{{cite\n        web|last=Godinho |first=Neide Maria de Oliveira |title=O impacto das migra\\u00e7\\u00f5es\n        na constitui\\u00e7\\u00e3o gen\\u00e9tica de popula\\u00e7\\u00f5es latino-americanas\n        |url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873\n        |publisher=Universidade de Bras\\u00edlia |accessdate=29 March 2013 |year=2008\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf\n        |archivedate=6 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nA public health booklet from\n        the [[University of Chile]] states that 30% of the population is of Caucasian\n        origin; \\\"predominantly White\\\" Mestizos are estimated to amount a total of\n        65%, while Native Americans (Amerindians) comprise the remaining 5%.{{cite\n        web | title =5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | work =La Universidad de Chile | accessdate =26 August 2007 | language =\n        | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071016124831/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | archivedate =16 October 2007 | df =dmy-all }} ([http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        Main page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916211140/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        |date=16 September 2009 }})\\n\\nDespite the genetic considerations, many\n        Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as White. The 2011 [[Latinobar\\u00f3metro]]\n        survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to\n        belong to. Most answered \\\"White\\\" (59%), while 25% said \\\"Mestizo\\\" and 8%\n        self-classified as \\\"indigenous\\\".{{cite web|url=http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATContenidos.jsp\n        |title=Informe Latinobar\\u00f3metro 2011 |publisher=Latinobarometro.org |accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} A 2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans\n        believed they possessed some (43.4%) or much (8.3%) \\\"indigenous blood\\\",\n        while 40.3% responded that they had none.{{cite web|url=http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|title=Encuesta\n        CEP, Julio 2002|date=July 2002|accessdate=18 May 2012|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429001707/http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|archivedate=29\n        April 2013|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n[[File:Trajes chilenos -Geschichte des kost\\u00fcms\n        in chronologischer entwicklung 1888- A. Racinet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mapuche|Araucanian]]\n        Indians and [[Huaso]]s in Chile, 19th century.]]\\n[[File:FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg|thumb|left|Italian\n        immigrants to [[Italian Chilean|Capitan Pastene]] in southern Chile.]]\\n\\nThe\n        1907 census reported 101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total population. Only\n        those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were\n        considered to be Indians, irrespective of their \\\"racial purity\\\".{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl//temas/documento_detalle.asp?id=MC0007943\n        |title=1907 census |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }}\\n\\nIn 2002 a census\n        took place, directly asking the public whether they considered themselves\n        as part of any of the eight Chilean ethnic groups, regardless of whether or\n        not they maintained their culture, traditions and language, and 4.6 percent\n        of the population (692,192 people) fitted that description of [[indigenous\n        peoples in Chile]]. Of that number, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf|title=Censo 2002 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edntesis de Resultados|work=Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        Most of the indigenous population shows varying degrees of mixed ancestry.{{cite web|url=http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act |title=El\n        gradiente sociogen\\u00e9tico chileno y sus implicaciones \\u00e9tico-sociales\n        |publisher=Medwave.cl |date=15 June 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818181825/http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }}\\n\\nChile is one of 22 countries to have\n        signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous\n        peoples, the [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091225170052/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 December 2009 |title=ILOLEX: submits English\n        query |publisher=Ilo.org |date=9 January 2004 }} It was adopted in 1989\n        as the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified\n        it in 2008. A Chilean court decision in November 2009 considered to be a landmark\n        ruling on indigenous rights and made use of the convention. The Supreme Court\n        decision on Aymara water rights upheld rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal\n        and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application\n        of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.{{cite web|url=http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17739:chiles-supreme-court-upholds-indigenous-water-use-rights&catid=19:other&Itemid=142\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights |publisher=The\n        Santiago Times |date=30 November 2009 |accessdate=2 March 2010}}\\n\\nChile\n        was never a particularly attractive destination for migrants, owing to its\n        remoteness and distance from Europe.\n        Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead\n        of taking the long journey through the Straits of Magellan or crossing the\n        Andes. European migration did not result in a significant\n        change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the [[Magallanes y la\n        Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena Region|region of Magellan]].[http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf\n        Censo de poblaci\\u00f3n de 1907, page-PDF 55/1277 and page-PDF 1249/1277 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas de Chile] Spaniards were the only major\n        European migrant group to Chile,{{cite web|url=http://www.euzkoetxeachile.cl/libros/04-De%20los%20Vascos%20Onati%20y%20los%20Elorza-2.pdf\n        |title=De los Vascos, O\\u00f1ati y los Elorza |author=Waldo Ayarza Elorza\n        |pages=59, 65, 66 |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013}} and there was\n        never large-scale immigration such as that to Argentina or Uruguay.\n        Between 1851 and 1924, Chile only received 0.5% of European immigration to\n        Latin America, compared to 46% to Argentina, 33% to Brazil, 14% to Cuba, and\n        4% to Uruguay. However, it is undeniable that immigrants\n        have played a significant role in Chilean society.\\n\\nOther\n        groups of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] have followed but are found\n        in smaller numbers, like the descendants of [[Austrians]][http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jong038duit01_01/jong038duit01_01_0018.php\n        Hoofdstuk XVI Historisch tussenspel] {{nl icon}} and [[Dutch people]].\n        Currently, these are estimated at about 50,000 people.{{cite web|url=http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |title=Dutch immigration |publisher=Cstandt.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818221629/http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }} After the failed [[Revolutions of 1848\n        in the German states|liberal revolution of 1848]] in the German states,{{cite book|last1=Salazar Vergara|first1=Gabriel\n        |last2=Pinto|first2=Julio|title=Historia contempor\\u00e1nea de Chile: Actores,\n        identidad y movimiento. II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyx8JQtvU78C&pg=PA78|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1999|publisher=[[Lom Ediciones]]|isbn=978-956-282-174-2|pages=76\\u201381|chapter=La\n        Presencia Inmigrante}}{{cite book |title= Superpoblaci\\u00f3n |last=\n        Dur\\u00e1n |first= Hip\\u00f3lito |authorlink= Hip\\u00f3lito Dur\\u00e1n |year=\n        1997 |publisher= Real Academia Nacional de Medicina |location= Madrid |isbn=\n        84-923901-0-7 |trans_chapter= |chapter= El crecimiento de la poblaci\\u00f3n\n        latinoamericana y en especial de Chile \\u2022 Academia Chilena de Medicina\n        |chapterurl= |quote= |page= 217 |accessdate=16 September 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IXFVHAXxNw0C&pg=PA217}}\n        a noticeable German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the\n        [[German-Chilean]] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to \\\"unbarbarize\\\"\n        and colonize the southern region,\n        these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, [[Silesians]], [[Alsace|Alsatians]]\n        and Austrians) settled mainly in [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno\n        and Llanquihue|Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue]].{{cite book |title=\n        Recuerdos del Pasado |last1= P\\u00e9rez Rosales |first1= Vicente |authorlink=\n        Vicente P\\u00e9rez Rosales |year= 1860 |publisher= Editorial Andr\\u00e9s Bello\n        |location= Santiago de Chile |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cISuC7tC5hsC}}\\n\\nDescendants\n        of different [[ethnic groups in Europe|European ethnic groups]] often intermarried\n        in Chile. This intermarriage and mixture of cultures and races have helped\n        to shape the present society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes.{{cite web|url=http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |title=entrevista al Presidente de la C\\u00e1mara vasca |publisher=Deia.com\n        |date=22 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001812/http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |archivedate=11 May 2009 }}\\n\\nDue in part to its economic fortunes,\n        Chile has recently become a new magnet for immigrants, mostly from neighboring\n        [[Argentina]], Bolivia and mainly Peru.{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199\n        |title=Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy |publisher=Migrationinformation.org\n        |accessdate=1 August 2011}} According to the 2002 national census, Chile''s\n        foreign-born population has increased by 75% since 1992.{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=920108 |title= El debate sobre\n        la inmigraci\\u00f3n ilegal se extiende a la regi\\u00f3n |accessdate=31 December\n        2008 |last= Landaburu |first= Juan |date= 24 June 2007 |work= [[La Naci\\u00f3n]]\n        }} According to an estimate by the Migration and Foreign Residency Department,\n        317,057 foreigners were living in Chile as of December 2008.{{cite web|url=http://www.extranjeria.gov.cl/filesapp/Informe%20Estimacion%20Poblacion%20Extranjeros%202008.pdf\n        |title=Estimaci\\u00f3n de Poblaci\\u00f3n de Extranjeros en Chile a Diciembre\n        de 2008 |publisher=Departamento de Extranjer\\u00eda y Migraci\\u00f3n |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Roughly 500,000 of Chile\\u2019s population\n        is of full or partial [[Palestinian people|Palestinian origin]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508\n        |title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome |publisher=Adnkronos.com\n        |date=7 April 2003 }}{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generaci\\u00f3n de palestinos\n        en Chile |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |archivedate=22 July 2009 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{Main article|Religion\n        in Chile}}\\n{{bar box\\n| title = Religious background in Chile (2015){{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by\n        religion, region, sex and age groups. (censused population) |url=http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\n        |accessdate= September 2015 |language=Spanish |format=.pdf}}\\n| titlebar\n        = #ddd\\n| left1 = Religion\\n| right1 = Percent\\n| float = right\\n| bars =\\n{{bar\n        percent|Roman Catholic|orange|55}}\\n{{bar percent|None|red|25}}\\n{{bar percent|Protestant|green|13}}\\n{{bar\n        percent|Other|yellow|7}}\\n}}\\n[[File:Iglesia de Vilupulli.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Churches\n        of Chilo\\u00e9]].]]\\n{{As of|2012}}, 66.6% of Chilean\n        population over 15 years of age claimed to be of Catholic creed \\u2013 a decrease\n        from the 70%7,853,428 out of 11,226,309 people over 15 years of age.\n        {{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by religion, administrative\n        division, sex and age groups|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/cuadros/6/C6_00000.pdf|work=Censo\n        2002|accessdate=1 March 2014|language=Spanish|format=PDF}} reported\n        by the 2002 census \\u2013 while 17 percent reported adherence to an ''''evangelical''''\n        church. In the census, the term ''''evangelical'''' referred to all non-Catholic\n        Christian churches with the exception of the [[Orthodox Church]] (Greek, Persian,\n        Serbian, Ukrainian, and Armenian), [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day\n        Saints]] ([[Mormons]]), [[Seventh-day Adventists]], and [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]],\n        essentially limiting it to the [[Protestants]] (although [[Adventism]] is\n        often considered a part of it). Approximately 90 percent of Protestants (''''evangelicals'''')\n        are [[Pentecostal]]. [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan]], [[Lutheran]], [[Reformed\n        churches|Reformed Evangelical]], [[Presbyterian]], [[Anglican]], [[Anglicanism|Episcopalian]],\n        [[Baptist]] and [[Methodist church]]es are also present.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108518.htm|title=Chile|work=International\n        Religious Freedom Report|publisher=United States Department of State|date=19\n        September 2008}} Irreligious people, atheists, and agnostics account\n        for around 12 percent of the population.\\n\\nCurrently in 2015, the majority\n        religion in Chile is Christianity (68%), with an estimated 55% of Chileans\n        belonging to the Catholic church, 13% Protestant or Evangelical and just 7%\n        with any other religion. Agnostics and atheist are estimated at 25%.http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\\n\\nThe\n        Constitution provides for [[freedom of religion]], and other laws and policies\n        contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The law at all levels\n        protects this right in full against abuse, either by governmental or private\n        actors.\\n\\nChurch and state are officially\n        [[separation of church and state|separate]] in Chile. The 1999 law on religion\n        prohibits [[religious discrimination]]. However, the Catholic Church enjoys\n        a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment{{Citation\n        needed|date=February 2014}}. Government officials attend Catholic events as\n        well as major Protestant and Jewish ceremonies.\\n\\nThe\n        Government-observed religious holidays include Christmas, [[Good Friday]],\n        the [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel|Feast of the Virgin of Carmen]], the [[Feast\n        of Saints Peter and Paul]], the [[Assumption of Mary|Feast of the Assumption]],\n        [[All Saints'' Day]], and the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]] as [[Public\n        holiday|national holidays]]. The government\n        has recently declared 31 October, [[Reformation Day]], a public national holiday,\n        in honor of the Protestant churches of the country.{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |title=Hola, Luther |work=The Economist |date=6 November 2008 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210125640/http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |archivedate=10 December 2008 }}{{Cite news|author=Andrea Henr\\u00edquez\n        |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/2007/en_nombre_de_la_fe/newsid_7701000/7701290.stm\n        |title=Los evang\\u00e9licos tienen su feriado |publisher=BBC Mundo |date=31\n        October 2008 |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe [[patron saint]]s\n        of Chile are [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] and [[Saint James the Greater]]\n        (''''Santiago'''').{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php?letter=C\n        |title=Patron Saints: ''C'' |publisher=Catholic Online |accessdate=28 June\n        2012}} In 2005, [[Alberto Hurtado|St. Alberto Hurtado]] was canonized\n        by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] and became the country''s second saint after [[Teresa\n        de los Andes|St. Teresa de los Andes]].{{cite web |url=http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |title=Las fechas del proceso de Canonizaci\\u00f3n del Padre Hurtado |language=Spanish\n        |accessdate=9 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122033957/http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |archivedate=22 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}\\n\\n===Languages===\\nThe\n        [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish spoken in Chile]] is distinctively accented and\n        quite unlike that of neighboring South American countries because final syllables\n        and \\\"''''s''''\\\" sounds are often dropped, and some consonants have a soft\n        pronunciation. Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more\n        noticeable are the differences in accent based on social class or whether\n        one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely\n        formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in\n        modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of\n        differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and\n        now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.\\n\\nThere are several indigenous languages spoken\n        in Chile: [[Mapudungun]], [[Chilean Quechua|Quechua]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]]\n        and [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]]. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took\n        over as the [[lingua franca]] and the indigenous languages have become minority\n        languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL\n        |title=Ethnologue report for Chile |publisher=Ethnologue.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\nGerman is still spoken to some extent in southern Chile,{{cite\n        web |author=Oliver Zoellner |url=http://www.research-worldwide.de/article-chile2005.html\n        |title=Oliver Zoellner | Generating Samples of Ethnic Minorities in Chile\n        |publisher=Research-worldwide.de |accessdate=17 December 2009}} either\n        in small country side pockets or as a second language among the communities\n        of larger cities.\\n\\nThrough initiatives such as the [[English Opens Doors|English\n        Opens Doors Program]], the government made English mandatory for students\n        in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile\n        start teaching English from kindergarten.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090908/lack-english-proficiency\n        |title=Repeat after me: Hello, my name is |publisher=Globalpost.com }}\n        Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish\n        speech.{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-04622005000200010&script=sci_arttext\n        |title=Anglicism in Chilean Spanish |publisher=Scielo.cl |date=4 May 2004}}\\n\\n==\n        Government and politics ==\\n{{Main article|Politics of Chile|Law of Chile}}\\n[[File:Palacio\n        de La Moneda.png|thumb|left|The [[Palacio de La Moneda]] in downtown [[Santiago,\n        Chile|Santiago]].]]\\n[[File:Tribjusticiacl.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palacio de\n        los Tribunales de Justicia de Santiago|Palace of Justice]] in Santiago.]]\\nThe\n        current [[Constitution of Chile]] was approved in a national [[plebiscite]]\n        \\u2014regarded as \\\"highly irregular\\\" by some observers{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=A\n        Country Study: Chile|work=[[United States Library of Congress]]}}\\u2014\n        in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. It entered\n        into force in March 1981. After Pinochet''s defeat in the [[Chilean national\n        plebiscite, 1988|1988 plebiscite]], the constitution was amended to ease provisions\n        for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo\n        Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress.\n        These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and [[senators\n        for life]], granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief\n        of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4157908.stm|title=Chile scraps\n        Pinochet-era system|publisher=BBC | date=16 August 2005 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}}\\n\\nThe [[Congress of Chile]] has a 38-seat [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]\n        and a 120-member [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]. Senators\n        serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every\n        4 years. The last congressional elections were held on 17 November 2013, concurrently\n        with the presidential election. The current Senate has a 21\\u201315 split\n        in favor of the governing coalition and 2 independents. The current lower\n        house, the Chamber of Deputies, contains 67 members of the governing center-left\n        coalition, 48 from the center-right opposition and 5 from small parties or\n        independents. The Congress is located in the port city of Valpara\\u00edso,\n        about {{convert|140|km|0|abbr=off}} west of the capital, Santiago.\\n[[File:Congresschile.jpg|thumb|[[National\n        Congress of Chile|National Congress]] building in Valpara\\u00edso.]]\\nChile''s\n        congressional elections are governed by a [[Binomial System|binomial system]]\n        that, for the most part, rewards the two largest representations equally,\n        often regardless of their relative popular support. Parties are thus forced\n        to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertaci\\u00f3n\n        and Alianza) split most of the seats. Only if the leading coalition ticket\n        out-polls the second place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does\n        the winning coalition gain both seats, which tends to lock the legislative\n        in a roughly 50-50 split.\\n\\nChile''s judiciary is independent and includes\n        a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal,\n        and the [[Supreme Court of Chile]]. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide\n        overhaul of its criminal justice system.{{cite web|url=http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |work=Chilean Government |title=President Lagos: We can make a greater effort\n        to make yesterday''s and today''s trials equally just |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423171251/http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |archivedate=23 April 2008 }} The reform has replaced inquisitorial\n        proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United\n        States.\\n\\nIn the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative [[Independent\n        Democratic Union]] (UDI) surpassed the [[Christian Democratic Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrats]] for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house.\n        In the [[Chilean parliamentary election, 2005|2005 parliamentary election]],\n        both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation\n        in favor of their respective allies [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist Party]]\n        (which became the biggest party in the Concertaci\\u00f3n block) and [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] in the right-wing alliance. In the 2009\n        legislative elections in Chile, the [[Communist Party of Chile|Communist Party]]\n        won 3 out of 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 30\n        years (the Communist Party was not allowed to exist as such during the dictatorship).\\n\\nChileans\n        voted in the first round of presidential elections on 17 November 2013. None\n        of the nine presidential candidates got more than 50 percent of the vote.\n        As a result, the top two candidates, center-left [[Nueva Mayor\\u00eda]] coalition''s\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and center-right [[Alianza (Chile)|Alianza]] coalition''s\n        [[Evelyn Matthei]], competed in a run-off election on 15 December 2013, which\n        Bachelet won. This was Chile''s sixth presidential election since the end\n        of the Pinochet era. All six have been judged free and fair. The president\n        is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.\\n\\n=== Foreign\n        relations ===\\n{{Main article|Foreign relations of Chile}}\\n[[File:Foreign\n        relations of Chile.svg|thumb|340x340px|State of Chile\\u2019s international\n        relations in the world:\\n{{legend|#006680|Chile}}\\n{{legend|#008000|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and Chilean embassy in the country.}}\\n{{legend|#00AA88|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and an embassy in Chile, but no Chilean embassy.}}\\n{{legend|#8DD35F|Country\n        with diplomatic relations but without ambassadors.}}\\n{{legend|#cccccc|Country\n        with no diplomatic relations currently.}}\\n]]\\n\\nSince the early decades after\n        independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs.\n        In 1837 the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru''s port\n        of [[Callao]] for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived\n        alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]] (1836\\u201339)\n        in the [[War of the Confederation]]. The war dissolved the confederation while\n        distributing power in the Pacific. A second international war, the [[War of\n        the Pacific]] (1879\\u201383), further increased Chile''s regional role, while\n        adding considerably to its territory.\\n\\nDuring the\n        19th century, Chile''s commercial ties were primarily with Britain, a nation\n        that had a major influence on the formation of the Chilean navy. The French\n        influenced Chile''s legal and educational systems and had a decisive impact\n        on Chile, through the architecture of the capital in the boom years at the\n        turn of the 20th century. German influence came from the organization and\n        training of the army by [[Prussia]]ns.\\n\\nOn 26 June\n        1945, Chile participated as a founding member of the United Nations being\n        among 50 countries that signed the [[United Nations Charter]] in San Francisco,\n        California.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml#c |title=United\n        Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1 August 2011\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417145758/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml\n        |archivedate=17 April 2009 |df=dmy }}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/growth.shtml\n        |title=United Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/av/photo/detail/0001314.html?browse=all.html\n        |title=The San Francisco Conference: Chile Signs United Nations Charter }}{{dead\n        link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\n        With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result\n        of widespread human rights abuses.\\n\\nSince its return\n        to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international\n        political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN\n        Security Council in January 2005. Jose Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national,\n        was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May\n        2005 and confirmed in his position, being re-elected in 2009. Chile is currently\n        serving on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors,\n        and the 2007\\u20132008 chair of the board is Chile''s ambassador to the IAEA,\n        Milenko E. Skoknic. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies\n        and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It was [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council#Members|re-elected]] as a member of the [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]] in 2011 for a three-year term.{{cite\n        web|title=Election (13 May 2010) Human Rights Council|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/64/elections/hrc/index.shtml|work=64th\n        Session|publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]]}} It was also\n        [[United Nations Security Council election, 2013|elected]] to one of five\n        non-permanent seats on the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]\n        in 2013.{{cite web|title=Chad, Chile, Lithuania, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia\n        were elected to serve on the UN Security Council|date=17 October 2013|accessdate=17\n        October 2013|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46277&Cr=security+council&Cr1=#.UmAVWCQd5TQ}}\n        Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC\n        summit and related meetings in 2004. It also hosted the Community of Democracies\n        ministerial in April 2005 and the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007.\n        An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been\n        a major player in international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.\\n\\nThe Chilean Government has diplomatic relations\n        with most countries. It settled all its territorial disputes with Argentina\n        during the 1990s except for part of the border at [[Southern Patagonian Ice\n        Field]]. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia''s\n        desire to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean it lost to Chile in\n        1879\\u201383 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations\n        and are represented at the Consul General level.\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\n{{main article|Administrative divisions of Chile}}\\n[[File:ChileRegions.png|thumb|110px|The\n        regions of Chile]]\\nChile is divided into 15 regions, each headed by an [[intendant]]\n        appointed by the president. The regions are further divided into provinces,\n        with provincial governors also appointed by the president. Finally each province\n        is divided into [[Communes of Chile|communes]]{{cite web|url=http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |title=Organigrama |work=Gobierno de Chile |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214000711/http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 }} which are administered by municipalities,\n        each with its own mayor and council elected for four-year terms. Each region\n        is designated by a name and a [[Roman numeral]], assigned from north to south.\n        The only exception is the Santiago Metropolitan Region which is designated\n        ''''RM'''' (''''Regi\\u00f3n Metropolitana''''). Two new regions were created\n        in 2006 and became operative in October 2007; Los R\\u00edos in the south (Region\n        XIV), and Arica y Parinacota in the north (Region XV). The numbering scheme\n        skipped Region XIII, usually assumed to be the Metropolitan Region before\n        the 2006 reform.\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|- style=\\\"background:#ececec;\\\"\\n!Key!!Name!!Spanish!!Capital\\n|-\\n|XV\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Arica y Parinacota, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Arica y Parinacota, Chile]]\n        [[Arica y Parinacota Region|Arica y Parinacota]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Arica y\n        Parinacota\\n|[[Arica, Chile|Arica]]\\n|-\\n|I\\n|[[File:Flag of Tarapaca, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Tarapac\\u00e1,\n        Chile]] [[Tarapac\\u00e1 Region|Tarapac\\u00e1]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Tarapac\\u00e1\\n|[[Iquique]]\\n|-\\n|II\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Antofagasta Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Antofagasta, Chile]] [[Antofagasta\n        Region|Antofagasta]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Antofagasta\\n|[[Antofagasta]]\\n|-\\n|III\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Atacama, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Atacama, Chile]] [[Atacama Region|Atacama]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Atacama\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3, Chile|Copiap\\u00f3]]\\n|-\\n|IV\\n|[[File:Flag of\n        Coquimbo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Coquimbo, Chile]] [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Coquimbo\\n|[[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\\n|-\\n|V\\n|[[File:Flag of Valparaiso\n        Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Valpara\\u00edso, Chile]] [[Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region|Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Valpara\\u00edso\\n|[[Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|-\\n|RM\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of the Metropolitan Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Metropolitana de Santiago,\n        Chile]] [[Santiago Metropolitan Region|Metropolitana de Santiago]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        Metropolitana de Santiago\\n|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]\\n|-\\n|VI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of O''Higgins Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins, Chile]] [[Libertador General Bernardo O''Higgins Region|Libertador\n        General Bernardo O''Higgins]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins\\n|[[Rancagua]]\\n|-\\n|VII\\n|[[File:Flag of Maule, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Maule,\n        Chile]] [[Maule Region|Maule]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Maule\\n|[[Talca]]\\n|-\\n|VIII\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Biob\\u00edo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo, Chile]]\n        [[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo Region|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Biob\\u00edo\\n|[[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]\\n|-\\n|IX\\n|[[File:Flag of La Araucania, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|La\n        Araucan\\u00eda, Chile]] [[La Araucan\\u00eda Region|La Araucan\\u00eda]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de la Araucan\\u00eda\\n|[[Temuco]]\\n|-\\n|XIV\\n|[[File:Flag of Los R\\u00edos,\n        Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los R\\u00edos, Chile]] [[Los R\\u00edos Region|Los\n        R\\u00edos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los R\\u00edos\\n|[[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]]\\n|-\\n|X\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Los Lagos Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los Lagos, Chile]] [[Los Lagos\n        Region|Los Lagos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los Lagos\\n|[[Puerto Montt]]\\n|-\\n|XI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Aysen, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo, Chile]] [[Ays\\u00e9n Region|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del\n        Campo\\n|[[Coyhaique]]\\n|-\\n|XII\\n|[[File:Flag of Magallanes, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Magallanes\n        y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena, Chile]] [[Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\n        Region|Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Magallanes\n        y de la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\\n|[[Punta Arenas]]\\n|}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n[[File:Colca-condor-c03.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[Andean condor]] is the national bird of Chile]]\\nThe national flower is\n        the [[copihue]] (''''Lapageria rosea'''', Chilean [[Campanula|bellflower]]),\n        which grows in the woods of southern Chile.\\n\\nThe [[Coat of arms of Chile|coat\n        of arms]] depicts the two national animals: the [[condor]] (''''Vultur gryphus'''',\n        a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the [[Hippocamelus|huemul]]\n        (''''Hippocamelus bisulcus,'''' an endangered white tail deer). It also has\n        the legend ''''Por la raz\\u00f3n o la fuerza'''' (''''By reason or by force'''').\\n\\nThe\n        [[flag of Chile]] consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and\n        red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side\n        end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center\n        representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white\n        is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve\n        independence. The flag of Chile is similar to the [[Flag of Texas]], although\n        the Chilean flag is 21 years older. However, like the Texan flag, the flag\n        of Chile is modeled after the [[Flag of the United States]].{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/samerica/chile.htm\n        |title=Chile flag and description |publisher=Worldatlas.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\n==Military==\\n{{Main article|Military of Chile}}\\n{{multiple\n        image\\n| header = Branches of the Chilean Armed Forces\\n| image1 = Leopard\n        2A4CHL Chile.jpg|width1=145|caption1=[[Chilean Army]]
[[Leopard 2A4]]CHL\\n|\n        image2 = Almirante Blanco Encalada (FF-15).jpg|width2=155|caption2=[[Chilean\n        Navy]]
[[Karel Doorman-class frigate]]\\n| image3 = F-16CHL de Chile.jpg|width3=155|caption3=[[Chilean\n        Air Force]]
[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]]\\n}}\\nThe\n        Armed Forces of Chile are subject to civilian control exercised by the president\n        through the Minister of Defense. The president has the authority to remove\n        the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.\\n\\nThe\n        commander in chief of the [[Chilean Army]] is [[General officer#The specific\n        rank of general|General]] Humberto Oviedo Arriagada.{{cite web|url=http://chds.dodlive.mil/2014/05/19/chilean-army-commander-in-chief-visits-wjpc/|title=Chilean\n        Army Commander-in-Chief Visits WJPC|publisher=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/banner/article.cfm?id=3477|title=Army\n        War College Community Banner|publisher=}} The Chilean Army is 45,000\n        strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, six divisions\n        throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in [[Rancagua]], and a Special Forces\n        Command in [[Colina, Chile|Colina]]. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional\n        and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.\\n\\nAdmiral\n        Enrique Larra\\u00f1aga Martin directs the 21,773-person [[Chilean Navy]],{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |title=The Navy\\u2019s most valuable asset: its people |publisher=Wayback.archive.org\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101115012/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |archivedate=1 January 2009 }} including 2,500 Marines. Of the fleet\n        of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates).\n        Those ships are based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100514/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 |title=The National Fleet |publisher=Chilean Navy\n        |accessdate=30 May 2014}} The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport\n        and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates\n        four submarines based in [[Talcahuano]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |title=Submarine Force |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |accessdate=14 July\n        2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100430/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 }}\\n\\nAir Force General (four star) Jorge\n        Rojas \\u00c1vila heads the 12,500 strong [[Chilean Air Force]]. Air assets\n        are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta,\n        Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates [[Base\n        Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva|an airbase]] on [[King George Island (South\n        Shetland Islands)|King George Island]], Antarctica. The Air Force took delivery\n        of the final two of ten F-16s, all purchased from the U.S., in March 2007\n        after several decades of U.S. debate and previous refusal to sell. Chile also\n        took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the\n        Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch.\\n\\nAfter the military coup in September 1973 the\n        [[Carabineros de Chile|Chilean national police]] (Carabineros) were incorporated\n        into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police\n        were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained\n        under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. Gustavo Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        Jure is the head of the national police force of 40,964{{cite web|url=http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |title=Carabineros de Chile |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |date=24 October\n        2007 |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312050416/http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |archivedate=12 March 2012 }} men and women who are responsible for\n        law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control,\n        and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{Main\n        article|Economy of Chile}}\\n[[File:Costanera Center Sep. 13.jpg|thumb|''''[[Sanhattan]]'''',\n        the financial district in Santiago de Chile.]]\\nThe [[Central Bank of Chile]]\n        in Santiago serves as the [[central bank]] for the country. The Chilean currency\n        is the [[Chilean peso]] (CLP). Chile is one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations, leading Latin American nations\n        in [[human development (humanity)|human development]], competitiveness, income\n        per capita, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the [[World\n        Bank]] as a \\\"[[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]]\\\".{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications\n        |title=How We Classify Countries |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=1 July\n        2013}}{{cite web|title=Country and Lending Groups|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|publisher=The\n        World Bank|accessdate=14 September 2013|location=High-income economies ($12,616\n        or more)|date=1 July 2013}}{{cite web|title=GNI per\n        capita, Atlas method (current US$) |url=http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=14 September 2013 |location=Washington,\n        D.C. |format=xls |date=1 August 2013 |quote=GNI-WB |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055207/http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |archivedate=21 September 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nChile has the highest degree\n        of [[economic freedom]] in South America (ranking 7th worldwide), owing to\n        its independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management.{{cite web|title=Chile|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/chile|work=Index\n        of Economic Freedom|publisher=Heritage Foundation|accessdate=13 July 2013}}\n        In May 2010 Chile became the first South American country to join the [[Organisation\n        for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]].{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/chile/chilesaccessiontotheoecd.htm\n        |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s accession to the OECD |date=7 May 2010 |accessdate=22\n        July 2016 }} In 2006, Chile became the country with the highest nominal\n        GDP per capita in Latin America.[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010 rankings and 2008\\u20132009\n        comparisons] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030003958/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        |date=30 October 2010 }}. The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010.\n        World Economic Forum\\n\\nCopper mining makes up 20% of Chilean GDP and\n        60% of exports.{{cite news|title=Mining in Chile: Copper\n        solution|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21576714-mining-industry-has-enriched-chile-its-future-precarious-copper-solution|publisher=The\n        Economist|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=27 April 2013}} [[Escondida]]\n        is the largest copper mine in the world, producing over 5% of global supplies. Overall, Chile produces a third of the world\\u2019s copper. [[Codelco]], the state mining firm, competes with private\n        ones.\\n\\nSound economic policies, maintained consistently\n        since the 1980s, have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have\n        more than halved poverty rates.\n        Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999. The economy\n        remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery,\n        achieving 4.0% GDP growth.{{cite web|url=http://indexmundi.com/chile/gdp_real_growth_rate.html\n        |title=Chile GDP \\u2013 real growth rate |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21\n        February 2013 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} The Chilean economy finished\n        2004 with growth of 6 percent. Real GDP growth reached 5.7 percent in 2005\n        before falling back to 4 percent in 2006. GDP expanded by 5 percent in 2007. Faced with an [[2008 financial crisis|international\n        economic downturn]] the government announced an economic stimulus plan to\n        spur employment and growth, and despite the global financial crisis, aimed\n        for an expansion of between 2 percent and 3 percent of GDP for 2009. Nonetheless,\n        economic analysts disagreed with government estimates and predicted economic\n        growth at a median of 1.5 percent.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economicNews/idUSN1027661220090110\n        |title=Chile finmin says no recession seen in 2009-report |publisher=Reuters\n        |date=10 January 2009 |accessdate=17 December 2009}} Real GDP growth\n        in 2012 was 5.5%. Growth slowed to 4.1% in the first quarter of 2013.{{cite web|title=Chile: 2013 Article IV Consultation; IMF Country\n        Report 13/198|date=14 June 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13198.pdf|publisher=IMF|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}}\\n\\nThe unemployment rate was 6.4% in April 2013.{{cite\n        news|title=Chile February\\u2013April Unemployment Rises to 6.4% From 6.2%\n        in January\\u2013March|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130531-706101.html|publisher=WSJ.com|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} There are reported labor shortages in agriculture, mining,\n        and construction. The percentage of Chileans with per\n        capita household incomes below the poverty line\\u2014defined as twice the\n        cost of satisfying a person''s minimal nutritional needs\\u2014fell from 45.1\n        percent in 1987 to 11.5 percent in 2009, according to government surveys.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%202006%20en%20profundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065308/http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%2B2006%2Ben%2Bprofundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archivedate=13\n        January 2013|work=Libertad y Desarrollo|title=Casen 2006 en profundidad|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=22 June 2007|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cepal.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/41799/PSE-panoramasocial2010.pdf\n        |title=Panorama social de Am\\u00e9rica Latina |publisher=ECLAC |format=PDF\n        |year=2010 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Critics in Chile, however, argue\n        that true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=35048|publisher=El\n        Mercurio|title=Una muy necesaria correcci\\u00f3n: Hay cuatro millones de pobres\n        en Chile|date=14 October 2007|accessdate=22 October 2007}} Using the\n        relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would\n        be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the [[ECLAC]].{{Cite news|work=The\n        Economist|title=Destitute no more|url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9645174|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=16 August 2007}} {{Subscription}}\\n\\n[[File:Chile\n        GDP per capita (PPP).svg|thumb|left|Chilean (blue) and average Latin American\n        (gray) [[GDP per capita]] (1950\\u20132008).]]\\nAs of November 2012, about\n        11.1 million people (64% of the population) benefit from government welfare\n        programs,{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |date=20 November 2012 |accessdate=12\n        March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518190839/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |archivedate=18 May 2016 }}{{Clarify|date=May 2014}} via the \\\"Social\n        Protection Card\\\", which includes the population living in poverty and those\n        at a risk of falling into poverty.{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |accessdate=9 November 2012 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915085201/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |archivedate=15 September 2012 }}\\n\\n[[Chile pension system|The privatized\n        national pension system]] (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed\n        to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21 percent of\n        GDP.{{cite web|url=http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |title=The Chilean pension system |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512092950/http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |archivedate=12 May 2012 }} Under the compulsory private pension system,\n        most formal sector employees pay 10 percent of their salaries into privately\n        managed funds. However, by 2009, it has been\n        reported that had been lost from the pension system to the global financial\n        crisis.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |title=An uncertain future |publisher=GlobalPost |accessdate=17 December 2009\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811120405/https://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |archivedate=11 August 2010 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n[[File:Chuqui001 02.jpg|thumb|[[Chuquicamata]]\n        copper mine]]\\nChile has signed [[free trade agreements]] (FTAs) with a whole\n        network of countries, including an FTA with the United States that was signed\n        in 2003 and implemented in January 2004.{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Chile_FTA/Final_Texts/Section_Index.html\n        |title=USA-Chile FTA Final Text |publisher=Ustr.gov |accessdate=13 July 2013\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328045456/https://ustr.gov/trade_agreements/bilateral/chile_fta/final_texts/section_index.html\n        |archivedate=28 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} Internal Government of Chile\n        figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price\n        of copper, bilateral trade between the U.S. and Chile has grown over 60 percent\n        since then. Chile''s total trade with China\n        reached US in 2006, representing nearly 66 percent of the value of its trade\n        relationship with Asia. Exports to Asia increased\n        from US in 2005 to US in 2006, a 29.9 percent increase.\n        Year-on-year growth in imports was especially strong from a number of countries:\n        Ecuador (123.9%), Thailand (72.1%), South Korea (52.6%), and China (36.9%).\\n\\nChile''s approach to foreign direct investment\n        is codified in the country''s Foreign Investment Law. Registration is reported\n        to be simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access\n        to the official [[foreign exchange market]] to repatriate their profits and\n        capital.\\nThe Chilean Government has formed\n        a Council on Innovation and Competition, hoping to bring in additional FDI\n        to new parts of the economy.\\n\\n[[Standard &\n        Poor''s]] gives Chile a [[credit rating]] of AA-.{{cite news|title=UPDATE\n        2-S&P raises Chile''s credit rating to AA-minus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/26/chile-ratings-sandp-idUSL1E8NQ6KM20121226|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=13\n        July 2013|date=26 December 2012}} The Government of Chile continues\n        to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3.9 percent of GDP at\n        the end of 2006. The Chilean central government\n        is a net creditor with a [[Net asset value|net asset position]] of 7% of GDP\n        at end 2012. The [[current account deficit]] was 4% in\n        the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment. 14% of central government revenue came directly from copper\n        in 2012.\\n\\n===Infrastructure===\\n\\n====Transport====\\n{{Main\n        article|Transport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Mataveri Airport Easter Island Chile.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Mataveri\n        International Airport]] in [[Easter Island]]]]\\n[[File:Metrolinea4.jpg|thumbnail|[[Santiago\n        Metro]] is South America''s most extensive metro system{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero |title=Gu\\u00eda del Viajero\n        |publisher=Metro de Santiago |language=Spanish |trans_title=Plan Your Journey\n        |accessdate=18 September 2013}}]]\\nDue to Chile''s topography a functioning\n        transport network is vital to its economy. Buses are now the main means of\n        long distance transportation in Chile, following the decline of its railway\n        network.{{cite web|url=http://www.omnilineas.cl/comparison/index.html|title=Omnilineas\n        website|author=Omnilineas|publisher=}} The bus system covers the entire\n        country, from [[Arica, Chile|Arica]] to [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] (a 30-hour\n        journey) and from Santiago to [[Punta Arenas]] (about 40 hours, with a change\n        at [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]]).\\n\\nChile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved\n        and 310 unpaved). Important airports in Chile include [[Chacalluta International\n        Airport]] ([[Arica]]), [[Diego Aracena International Airport]] ([[Iquique]]),\n        [[Cerro Moreno International Airport]] ([[Antofagasta]]), [[Carriel Sur International\n        Airport]] ([[Concepci\\u00f3n, Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]), [[El Tepual International\n        Airport]] ([[Puerto Montt]]), [[Presidente Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo\n        International Airport]] ([[Punta Arenas]]), [[Mataveri International Airport]]\n        ([[Easter Island]]), the most remote airport in the world{{Dubious|date=February\n        2014}}, and the [[Comodoro Arturo Merino Ben\\u00edtez International Airport]]\n        ([[Santiago]]) with a traffic of 12,105,524 passengers in 2011. Santiago is\n        headquarters of Latin America''s largest [[airline]] [[holding company]] and\n        Chilean [[flag carrier]] [[LAN Airlines]].\\n\\n====Telecommunications====\\n[[File:Andes\n        y Torre Entel.jpg|thumbnail|[[Torre Entel]] in [[Santiago de Chile]], with\n        the [[Andes mountains]] in the background]]\\n[[telecommunications in Chile|Chile\n        has a telecommunication]] system which covers much of the country, including\n        Chilean insular and Antarctic bases. Privatization of the telephone system\n        began in 1988; Chile has one of the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure\n        in South America with a modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay\n        facilities and domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations. In 2012, there were 3.276 million main lines in use and 24.13 million mobile\n        cellular telephone subscribers. According to a 2012 database\n        of the [[International Telecommunications Union]] (ITU), 61.42% of the Chilean\n        population uses the internet, making Chile the country with the highest internet\n        penetration in [[South America]].[http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls\n        \\\"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000], International Telecommunications\n        Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013 The Chilean internet\n        country code is \\\"[[.cl]]\\\".\\n\\n==== Water supply and sanitation ====\\n{{Main\n        article|Water supply and sanitation in Chile}}\\n[[Water supply]] and [[sanitation]]\n        sector is characterized by high levels of access and good service quality.\n        Compared to most other countries, Chile''s water and sanitation sector \\ndistinguishes\n        itself by the fact that all urban water companies are privately owned or operated.\n        The sector also prides itself of having a \\nmodern and effective regulatory\n        framework, including an innovative \\nsubsidy to water demand by the poor.\n        One weakness of the sector is the \\nrelatively high water losses.\\n\\n===Agriculture===\\n{{Main\n        article|Agriculture in Chile}}\\n[[File:Chilean vineyard in Andes foothills.jpg|thumb|Many\n        of [[Chile''s vineyards]] are found on flat land within the foothills of the\n        Andes.]]\\n[[Agriculture]] in Chile encompasses a wide range of different activities\n        due to its particular [[geography]], [[climate]] and [[geology]] and human\n        factors. Historically agriculture is one of the bases of Chile''s economy,\n        now agriculture and allied sectors like [[forestry]], [[logging]] and [[fishing]]\n        accounts only for 4.9% of the [[GDP]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} and employed 13.6%\n        of the country''s labor force. Some major agriculture products of Chile includes\n        [[grapes]], [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[onion]]s, [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[oats]],\n        [[peach]]es, [[garlic]], [[asparagus]], [[bean]]s, [[beef]], [[poultry]],\n        [[wool]], [[fish]], [[timber]] and [[hemp]].[1] Due to its geographical isolation\n        and strict customs policies Chile is free from diseases such as [[Mad Cow\n        Disease]], [[fruit fly (disambiguation)|fruit fly]] and [[Phylloxera]]. This,\n        plus being located in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] which has quite different\n        harvesting times from the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and its wide range of agriculture\n        conditions are considered Chile''s main comparative advantages. However, Chile''s\n        mountainous landscape limits the extent and intensity of agriculture so that\n        arable land corresponds only to 2.62% of the total territory.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Chile}}\\n[[File:Puerto Varas Osorno.jpg|thumb|left|[[Osorno\n        (volcano)|Osorno volcano]], the [[Llanquihue Lake]] near of Puerto Varas.]]\\n[[File:Moai\n        Rano raraku.jpg|thumb|left|[[Moai]] on [[Easter Island]], Chile.]]\\nTourism\n        in Chile has experienced sustained growth over the last few decades. In 2005,\n        tourism grew by 13.6 percent, generating more than 4.5 billion dollars of\n        which 1.5 billion was attributed to foreign tourists. According to the National\n        Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million people a year visit the country.\n        Most of these visitors come from other countries in the American continent,\n        mainly [[Argentina]]; followed by a growing number from the United States,\n        Europe, and [[Brazil]] with a growing number of Asians from [[South Korea]]\n        and [[PR China]].Blanco, Hern\\u00e1n ''''et al.'''' (August 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235147/http://www.rides.cl/pdf/trade_tourism_chile.pdf\n        International Trade and Sustainable Tourism in Chile]. International Institute\n        for Sustainable Development\\n\\nThe main attractions for tourists are\n        places of natural beauty situated in the extreme zones of the country: [[San\n        Pedro de Atacama]], in the north, is very popular with foreign tourists who\n        arrive to admire the Incaic architecture, the altiplano lakes, and the [[Valle\n        de la Luna (Chile)|Valley of the Moon]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}\n        In [[Putre]], also in the north, there is the [[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]], as well\n        as the [[Parinacota Volcano|Parinacota]] and the [[Pomerape]] volcanoes, with\n        altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,282 m, respectively. Throughout the central Andes\n        there are many ski resorts of international repute,{{citation needed|date=July\n        2014}} including [[Portillo, Chile|Portillo]], [[Valle Nevado]] and [[Termas\n        de Chill\\u00e1n]].\\n\\nThe main tourist sites in the south are national parks\n        (the most popular is [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]] in the Araucan\\u00eda){{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} and the coastal area around Tir\\u00faa and Ca\\u00f1ete\n        with the [[Isla Mocha]] and the [[Nahuelbuta National Park]], [[Chilo\\u00e9\n        Archipelago]] and [[Patagonia]], which includes [[Laguna San Rafael National\n        Park]], with its many glaciers, and the [[Torres del Paine National Park]].\n        The central port city of [[Valpara\\u00edso]], which is World Heritage with\n        its unique architecture, is also popular.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}\n        Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean tourist\n        destinations.\\n\\nFor locals, tourism is concentrated mostly in the summer\n        (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns.{{citation needed|date=July\n        2014}} [[Arica]], [[Iquique]], [[Antofagasta]], [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\n        and [[Coquimbo]] are the main summer centers in the north, and Puc\\u00f3n\n        on the shores of [[Lake Villarrica]] is the main center in the south. Because\n        of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valpara\\u00edso Region, with\n        its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists. [[Vi\\u00f1a\n        del Mar]], Valpara\\u00edso''s northern affluent neighbor, is popular because\n        of its beaches, [[casino]], and its annual [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar International\n        Song Festival|song festival]], the most important musical event in Latin America.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} [[Pichilemu]] in the [[O''Higgins Region]] is widely\n        known as South America''s \\\"best [[surfing]] spot\\\" according to [[Fodor''s]].{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}}\\n\\nIn November 2005 the government launched a campaign\n        under the brand \\\"Chile: All Ways Surprising\\\" intended to promote the country\n        internationally for both business and tourism.{{cite web|url=http://www.prochile.us/\n        |title=Pro|Chile \\u2013 Importadores | Selecci\\u00f3n idiomas |publisher=Prochile.us\n        |accessdate=22 December 2013}} [[List of museums in Chile|Museums in\n        Chile]] such as the [[Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts]] built in 1880,\n        feature works by [[List of Chilean artists|Chilean artists]].\\n\\n==Education==\\n{{Main\n        article|Education in Chile}}\\n[[File:U. de Chile, casa de Bello.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[University\n        of Chile]].]]\\nIn Chile, education begins with [[preschool]] until the age\n        of 5. [[Primary school]] is provided for children between ages 6 and 13. Students\n        then attend [[secondary school]] until graduation at age 17.\\n\\nSecondary\n        education is divided into two parts: During the first two years, students\n        receive a general education. Then, they choose a branch: scientific humanistic\n        education, artistic education, or technical and professional education. Secondary\n        school ends two years later on the acquirement of a certificate (licencia\n        de ense\\u00f1anza media).{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=CHL|title=Chile\n        Country Profile, UNESCO-UNEVOC|publisher=}}\\n\\n[[File:Marcha cerca de\n        Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, sept. 2013.jpg|thumb|[[2011\\u201313 Chilean\n        student protests]]]]\\nChilean education is segregated by wealth in a three-tiered\n        system \\u2014 the quality of the schools reflect socioeconomic backgrounds:\\n*\n        city schools (colegios municipales) that are mostly free and have the worse\n        education results, mostly attended by poor students;\\n* subsidized schools\n        that receive some money from the government which can be supplemented by fees\n        paid by the student''s family, which are attended by mid-income students and\n        typically get mid-level results; and \\n* entirely private schools that consistently\n        get the best results. Many private schools charge attendance fees of 0,5 to\n        1 median household incomes.{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2013/12/30/637336/mensualidad-en-colegios-top-10-en-la-psu-supera-los-250-mil.html\n        |title=Mensualidad de los colegios con los mejores puntajes en la PSU supera\n        los mil |publisher=Emol.com |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=18 July 2014}}\\n\\n===Higher\n        education===\\n{{See also|List of universities in Chile}}\\n\\nUpon successful\n        graduation of secondary school, students may continue into [[higher education]].\n        The higher education schools in Chile consist of [[Chilean Traditional Universities]]\n        and are divided into [[Public university|public universities]] or [[Private\n        university|private universities]]. There are [[List of medical schools in\n        South America#Chile|medical schools]] and both the [[Universidad de Chile]]\n        and [[Universidad Diego Portales]] offer [[Legal education|law schools]] in\n        a partnership with [[Yale University]].{{cite web|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/linkageinchili.htm\n        |title=Program in Chile | Yale Law School |publisher=Law.yale.edu |accessdate=22\n        December 2013}}\\n\\n==Health==\\n{{Main article|Healthcare in Chile}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Ministry of Health (Chile)|Ministry of Health]] (''''Minsal'''') is the\n        cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating,\n        executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated\n        by the President of Chile. The [[Fondo Nacional de Salud|National Health Fund]]\n        (''''Fonasa''''), created in 1979, is the financial entity entrusted to collect,\n        manage and distribute state funds for health in Chile. It is funded by the\n        public. All employees pay 7 percent of their monthly income to the fund.\\n\\nFonasa\n        is part of the NHSS and has executive power through the [[Ministry of Health\n        (Chile)]]. Its headquarters are in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and decentralized\n        public service is conducted by various Regional Offices. More than 12 million\n        beneficiaries benefit from Fonasa. Beneficiaries can also opt for more costly\n        private insurance through [[Isapre]]. [[List of hospitals in Chile|Hospitals\n        in Chile]] are mainly located in the [[Santiago Metropolitan Region]].\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{Main\n        article|Culture of Chile|Music of Chile|Chilean cuisine}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|\n        footer    = [[Pablo Neruda]] and [[Gabriela Mistral]], Nobel Prize recipients\n        in literature (1971 and 1945)\\n| width1    = 102\\n| image1    = Pablo Neruda.jpg\\n|\n        alt1      = Pablo Neruda\\n| width2    = 100\\n| image2    = Gabriela Mistral-01.jpg\\n|\n        alt2      = Gabriela Mistral\\n}}\\nFrom the period between early agricultural\n        settlements and up to the late pre-Hispanic period, northern Chile was a region\n        of Andean culture that was influenced by altiplano traditions spreading to\n        the coastal valleys of the north, while southern regions were areas of Mapuche\n        cultural activities. Throughout the colonial period following the conquest,\n        and during the early Republican period, the country''s culture was dominated\n        by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and\n        German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants\n        influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south\n        of Chile in cities such as [[Valdivia]], [[Frutillar]], [[Puerto Varas]],\n        [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]], [[Temuco]], [[Puerto Octay]], [[Llanquihue Province|Llanquihue]],\n        [[Faja Maisan]], [[Pitrufqu\\u00e9n]], [[Victoria, Chile|Victoria]], [[Puc\\u00f3n]]\n        and [[Puerto Montt]].{{cite web |url=http://www.allsouthernchile.com/southamerica/valdivia-southern-chile-city-guide/index.html\n        |title=Valdivia Chile |publisher=Allsouthernchile.com |accessdate=1 August\n        2011}}{{cite web|author=International Web Solutions, Inc. \n        |url=http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/ |title=Latin America\n        :: Chile |publisher=Global Adrenaline |accessdate=1 August 2011 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711100623/http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/\n        |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |title=Learning About Each Other |publisher=Learnapec.org |accessdate=1 August\n        2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429020520/http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |archivedate=29 April 2011 |df=dmy }}{{cite web |url=http://www.country-studies.com/chile/foreign-relations.html\n        |title=Chile Foreign Relations |publisher=Country-studies.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Algeria-to-France/Chile.html\n        |title=Food in Chile \\u2013 Chilean Food, Chilean Cuisine \\u2013 traditional,\n        popular, dishes, recipe, diet, history, common, meals, rice, main, people,\n        favorite, customs, fruits, country, bread, vegetables, bread, drink, typical\n        |publisher=Foodbycountry.com |accessdate=1 August 2011}}\\n\\n===Music\n        and dance===\\n[[File:Zamacueca-Chile.jpg|thumb|left|''''La Zamacueca'''',\n        by Manuel Antonio Caro.]]\\nMusic in Chile ranges from folkloric, popular and\n        classical music. Its large geography generates different musical styles in\n        the north, center and south of the country, including also Easter Island and\n        Mapuche music.{{cite web |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=elfolclordechileysustresgrandesraices\n        |title=Memoria Chilena |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }} The national\n        dance is the [[cueca]]. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not\n        a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists,\n        it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and\n        a more prominent melody.\\n\\nBetween 1950 and 1970 appears a rebirth in folk\n        music leading by groups such as [[Los de Ram\\u00f3n]], Los Cuatro Huasos and\n        Los Huasos Quincheros, among others{{cite web|url=http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |title=Conjuntos Folkloricos de Chile |publisher=Musicapopular.cl |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013104352/http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |archivedate=13 October 2007 }} with composers such as [[Ra\\u00fal de\n        Ram\\u00f3n]], [[Violeta Parra]] and others. In the mid-1960s native musical\n        forms were revitalized by the [[Parra family]] with the [[Nueva canci\\u00f3n|Nueva\n        canci\\u00f3n Chilena]], which was associated with political activists and\n        reformers such as [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], [[Inti-Illimani]], and [[Quilapay\\u00fan]].\n        Other important [[folk music|folk]] singer and researcher on [[folklore]]\n        and Chilean [[ethnography]], is [[Margot Loyola]]. Also many Chilean rock\n        bands like [[Los Jaivas]], [[Los Prisioneros]], [[La Ley (band)|La Ley]],\n        and [[Los Tres]] have reached international success. In February, annual music\n        festivals are held in [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]].{{cite news|last=Martinez|first=Jessica|title=Top\n        Cultural Celebrations and Festivals in Chile|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/top-cultural-celebrations-festivals-chile-61003.html|newspaper=USA\n        Today}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nChileans call their country ''''pa\\u00eds\n        de poetas''''\\u2014country of poets.{{cite web|url=http://www.protocolo.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=2&id_art=600\n        |accessdate=29 October 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.uchile.cl/cultura/poetasjovenes/bianchi26.htm |title=Un\n        mapa por completar: la joven poesia chilena \\u2013 \\u00bfPor qu\\u00e9 tanta\n        y tan variada poes\\u00eda? |publisher=Uchile.cl |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\n        [[Gabriela Mistral]] was the first Latin American to receive a [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]] (1945). Chile''s most famous poet is [[Pablo Neruda]], who\n        received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his\n        extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly\n        personalized homes in [[Isla Negra]], Santiago and Valpara\\u00edso are popular\n        tourist destinations.\\n\\nAmong the list of other Chilean poets are [[Carlos\n        Pezoa V\\u00e9liz]], [[Vicente Huidobro]], [[Gonzalo Rojas]], [[Pablo de Rokha]],\n        [[Nicanor Parra]] and [[Ra\\u00fal Zurita]]. [[Isabel Allende]] is the best-selling\n        Chilean novelist, with 51 millions of her novels sold worldwide.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=346023&CategoryId=13003\n        |title=Latin American Herald Tribune \\u2013 Isabel Allende Named to Council\n        of Cervantes Institute |publisher=Laht.com |accessdate=14 November 2010}}\n        Novelist [[Jos\\u00e9 Donoso]]''s novel ''''[[The Obscene Bird of Night]]''''\n        is considered by critic [[Harold Bloom]] to be one of the canonical works\n        of 20th-century Western literature. Another internationally recognized Chilean\n        novelist and poet is [[Roberto Bola\\u00f1o]] whose translations into English\n        have had an excellent reception from the critics.{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1857951,00.html\n        |work=Time |date=10 November 2008 |accessdate=28 April 2010 |first=Lev |last=Grossman\n        |title=Bola\\u00f1o''s 2666: The Best Book of 2008}}{{cite web |author=Sarah\n        Kerr |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22171 |title=The Triumph of Roberto\n        Bola\\u00f1o |publisher=The New York Review of Books |date=18 December 2008}}{{Cite\n        news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Wood.t.html |work=The\n        New York Times |title=The Visceral Realist |first=James |last=Wood |date=15\n        April 2007 |accessdate=1 April 2010}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n[[File:Chilean\n        Cazuela.JPG|thumb|Chilean [[Cazuela]] and assorted salads.]] [[Chilean cuisine]]\n        is a reflection of the country''s topographical variety, featuring an assortment\n        of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include [[asado]],\n        [[cazuela]], [[empanada]]s, [[humita]]s, [[pastel de choclo]], pastel de papas,\n        [[curanto]] and [[sopaipilla#Chile|sopaipillas]].{{cite book|author=Maria\n        Baez Kijac|title=The South American Table: The Flavor and Soul of Authentic...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePAePLlqkC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2003|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-249-3}}\n        [[Crudos]] is an example of the mixture of culinary contributions from the\n        various ethnic influences in Chile. The raw minced [[llama]], heavy use of\n        shellfish and rice bread were taken from native [[Quechua people|Quechua]]\n        Andean cuisine, (although now beef brought to Chile by Europeans is also used\n        in place of the llama meat), lemon and onions were brought by the Spanish\n        colonists, and the use of [[mayonnaise]] and [[yogurt]] was introduced by\n        German immigrants, as was [[beer]].\\n\\n===Folklore===\\nThe folklore of Chile,\n        cultural and demographic characteristics of the country, is the result of\n        mixture of Spanish and Amerindian elements that occurred during the colonial\n        period. Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished\n        four major areas in the country: northern areas, central, southern and south.\n        Most of the traditions of the [[culture of Chile]] have a festive purpose,\n        but some, such as dances and ceremonies, have religious components.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2014}}\\n\\n====Mythology====\\n{{Main article|Chilean mythology}}\\n\\nChilean\n        mythology, is the mythology and beliefs of the Folklore of Chile.\\n\\nThis\n        includes [[Chilote mythology]], [[Rapa Nui mythology]] and [[Mapuche mythology]].\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{Main\n        article|Cinema of Chile}}\\n\\nThe film originated in [[Valpara\\u00edso]] on\n        26 May 1902 with the premiere of the documentary ''''Exercise General Fire\n        Brigade'''', the first film completely filmed and processed in the country.\n        In the following decades, marked milestones ''''The deck of Death'''' (or\n        ''''The Enigma of Lord Street'''') (1916), considered the first film Chilean\n        story, ''''The transmission of presidential'''' (1920), the first animated\n        film in the country, and ''''North and South'''' (1934), the first sound film\n        of Chile.\\n\\n===Sports===\\n{{main article|Sport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Estadio\n        Nacional de Chile 2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Estadio Nacional de Chile]]]]\\n\\nChile''s\n        most popular sport is association football. Chile has appeared in nine FIFA\n        World Cups which includes hosting the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]] where the [[Chile\n        national football team|national football team]] finished third. Other results\n        achieved by the national football team include two [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica]] titles\n        ([[2015 Copa Am\\u00e9rica|2015]] and [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica Centenario|2016]]),\n        and two runners up positions,  one silver and two bronze medals at the [[Pan\n        American Games]], a bronze medal at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and two third\n        places finishes in the FIFA under-17 and under-20 youth tournaments. The top\n        league in the [[Chilean football league system]] is the [[Chilean Primera\n        Divisi\\u00f3n]], which is named by the [[International Federation of Football\n        History & Statistics|IFFHS]] as the ninth strongest national football league\n        in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b6e28fa3002f71504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bb11\n        |title=The strongest National League in the World 2011 |work=IFFHS |accessdate=18\n        April 2012}}\\n\\nThe main football clubs are [[Colo-Colo]], [[Club Universidad\n        de Chile|Universidad de Chile]] and [[Club Deportivo Universidad Cat\\u00f3lica|Universidad\n        Cat\\u00f3lica]]. Colo-Colo is the country''s most successful football club,\n        having both the most national and international championships, including the\n        coveted [[Copa Libertadores]] South American club tournament. Universidad\n        de Chile was the last international champion ([[Copa Sudamericana]] 2011).\\n\\n[[File:Bachelet\n        y campeones de polo.jpg|thumb|The Chilean national polo team with President\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and the trophy of the [[2008 World Polo Championship]].]]\\n\\nTennis\n        is Chile''s most successful sport. Its [[Chile Davis Cup team|national team]]\n        won the [[World Team Cup]] clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004), and played\n        the [[Davis Cup]] final against [[Italy]] in 1976. At the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]\n        the country captured gold and bronze in men''s singles and gold in men''s\n        doubles. [[Marcelo R\\u00edos]] became the first Latin American man to reach\n        the number one spot in the [[List of ATP number 1 ranked players|ATP singles\n        rankings]] in 1998. [[Anita Lizana]] won the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]\n        in 1937, becoming the first woman from Latin America to win a [[Grand Slam\n        (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournament. [[Luis Ayala (tennis)|Luis Ayala]] was twice\n        a runner-up at the French Open and both R\\u00edos and [[Fernando Gonz\\u00e1lez]]\n        reached the Australian Open men''s singles finals. Gonz\\u00e1lez also won\n        a silver medal in singles at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing.\\n\\nAt\n        the Summer Olympic Games Chile boasts a total of two gold medals (tennis),\n        seven silver medals (athletics, [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]],\n        [[boxing]], shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and\n        football). In 2012, Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics).\\n\\n[[Chilean\n        rodeo|Rodeo]] is the country''s [[national sport]] and is practiced in the\n        more rural areas of the nation. A sport similar to [[hockey]] called ''''[[chueca]]''''\n        was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest. [[Skiing]] and\n        [[snowboarding]] are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes,\n        and in southern ski centers near to cities as Osorno, Puerto Varas, Temuco\n        and Punta Arenas. [[Surfing in Chile|surfing]] is popular at some coastal\n        towns. [[Polo]] is professionally practiced within Chile, with the country\n        achieving top prize in the 2008 and 2015 [[World Polo Championship]].\\n\\nBasketball\n        is a popular sport in which Chile has earned a bronze medal in the first men''s\n        [[FIBA World Championship]] held in 1950 and winning a second bronze medal\n        when Chile hosted the [[1959 FIBA World Championship]]. Chile hosted the first\n        [[FIBA World Championship for Women]] in 1953 finishing the tournament with\n        the silver medal. [[San Pedro de Atacama]] is host to the annual \\\"Atacama\n        Crossing\\\", a six-stage, {{convert|250|km|adj=on}} footrace which annually\n        attracts about 150 competitors from 35 countries. The [[Dakar Rally]] [[Off-road\n        racing|off-road automobile race]] has been held in both Chile and [[Argentina]]\n        since 2009.\\n\\n===Cultural heritage===\\n[[File:Cerro Concepcion.jpg|thumbnail|right|The\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]]\\nThe [[cultural\n        heritage]] of Chile consists, first, of their intangible heritage, composed\n        of various cultural events, such as visual arts, crafts, dances, holidays,\n        cuisine, games, music and traditions, and, secondly, by its tangible, consists\n        of those buildings, objects and sites of archaeological, architectural, traditional,\n        artistic, ethnographic, folkloric, historical, religious or technological\n        scattered through Chilean territory, among them, those goods are declared\n        [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]], in accordance with the provisions of\n        the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage\n        of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are the [[Rapa Nui\n        National Park]] (1995), the [[Churches of Chilo\\u00e9]] (2000), [[Valpara\\u00edso|the\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]] (2003), [[Humberstone\n        and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works]] (2005) and the mining city [[Sewell, Chile|Sewell]]\n        (2006).\\n\\nIn 1999 the ''''Cultural Heritage Day'''' was established as a\n        way to honour and commemorate Chiles cultural heritage. It is an official\n        national holiday celebrated in May every year.\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Chile|Latin\n        America|Geography}}\\n* [[Index of Chile-related articles]]\\n* [[International\n        rankings of Chile]]\\n* [[List of Chileans]]\\n* [[Outline of Chile]]\\n* [[2010\n        Chile earthquake]]\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|25em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* Simon Collier and William F. Sater, ''''A History of Chile, 1808\\u20131894,''''\n        Cambridge University Press, 1996\\n* Paul W. Drake, and others., ''''Chile:\n        A Country Study,'''' Library of Congress, 1994\\n* Luis Galdames, ''''A History\n        of Chile,'''' University of North Carolina Press, 1941\\n* Brian Lovemen, ''''Chile:\n        The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism,'''' 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2001\\n*\n        John L. Rector, ''''The History of Chile,'''' Greenwood Press, 2003\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Sister project links|voy=Chile}}\\n* [http://www.thisischile.cl/\n        Official Chile website]\\n* [http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/ Government of Chile]\\n*{{CIA\n        World Factbook link|ci|Chile}}\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/chile.htm\n        Chile] from ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n*{{Dmoz|Regional/South_America/Chile}}\\n*\n        [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm Chile profile]\n        from the [[BBC News]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103522/http://www.ubicachile.cl/\n        Road maps of Chile, interactive]\\n*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CHL/Year/2012/Summary\n        World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Chile]\\n*{{Wikiatlas|Chile}}\\n*{{osmrelation-inline|167454|bullet=no}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CL Key Development\n        Forecasts for Chile] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://www.chileculture.org/\n        Chile Cultural Society]\\n\\n{{Chile topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|\n        title = International membership\\n| list =\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n{{Andean\n        Community of Nations}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of South\n        American Nations topics}}\\n{{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}\\n{{G-15\n        nations}}\\n{{Mercosur}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Chile|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:G15 nations]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:Liberal\n        democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations]]\\n[[Category:Republics]]\\n[[Category:States\n        and territories established in 1818]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries\n        and territories]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:1818 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-11T13:57:16Z\",\"lastrevid\":800095874,\"length\":152602,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 19:30:15 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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      white;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ed2|\\u9ed2]] black;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d64|\\u8d64]]\n        red;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d05|\\u7d05]] crimson;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9752|\\u9752]]\n        blue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ec4|\\u9ec4]] yellow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dd1|\\u7dd1]]\n        green;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]] gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9280|\\u9280]]\n        silver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d2b|\\u7d2b]] violet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d3a|\\u7d3a]]\n        dark blue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6731|\\u6731]] vermilion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8910|\\u8910]]\n        brown;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85cd|\\u85cd]] indigo;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f69|\\u5f69]]\n        brightly coloured;}}\\n\\n=== Shape, size, pattern, arrangement ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f62|\\u5f62]]\n        shape;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f53|\\u4f53]] form;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ff|\\u59ff]]\n        figure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a21|\\u6a21]] pattern;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67c4|\\u67c4]]\n        design, pattern;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5186|\\u5186]] circle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e38|\\u4e38]]\n        circular;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f2|\\u66f2]] curve;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f27|\\u5f27]]\n        arc;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74b0|\\u74b0]] ring, surround;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f2a|\\u8f2a]]\n        ring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51f9|\\u51f9]] concave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51f8|\\u51f8]]\n        convex;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89d2|\\u89d2]] angle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u659c|\\u659c]]\n        diagonal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7403|\\u7403]] sphere;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u570f|\\u570f]]\n        sphere;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7389|\\u7389]] ball;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dda|\\u7dda]]\n        line;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5217|\\u5217]] row, line;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e26|\\u4e26]]\n        line up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5927|\\u5927]] large;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de8|\\u5de8]]\n        huge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c0f|\\u5c0f]] small;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fae|\\u5fae]]\n        minute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72ed|\\u72ed]] narrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aef|\\u7aef]]\n        edge or border;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e01|\\u7e01]] edge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5468|\\u5468]]\n        perimeter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5883|\\u5883]] boundary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67a0|\\u67a0]]\n        frame, border;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aef|\\u7aef]] end, tip;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5074|\\u5074]]\n        side;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9685|\\u9685]] corner;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ad8|\\u9ad8]]\n        tall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9577|\\u9577]] long;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77ed|\\u77ed]]\n        short;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e83|\\u5e83]] wide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e45|\\u5e45]]\n        width;}}\\n\\n=== Miscellaneous properties ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u786c|\\u786c]]\n        hard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8edf|\\u8edf]] soft;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cd|\\u91cd]]\n        heavy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8efd|\\u8efd]] light (weight);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56fa|\\u56fa]]\n        solid, firm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6db2|\\u6db2]] liquid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f37|\\u5f37]]\n        strong;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f31|\\u5f31]] weak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u539a|\\u539a]]\n        thick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6fc3|\\u6fc3]] thick, concentrated;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8584|\\u8584]]\n        dilute, thin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d30|\\u7d30]] slender;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dfb|\\u7dfb]]\n        fine, delicate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fae|\\u5fae]] delicate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92ed|\\u92ed]]\n        sharp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592a|\\u592a]] fat, thick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6df1|\\u6df1]]\n        deep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d45|\\u6d45]] shallow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6691|\\u6691]]\n        hot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u71b1|\\u71b1]] hot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e29|\\u6e29]]\n        warm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6696|\\u6696]] warm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51b7|\\u51b7]]\n        cold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bd2|\\u5bd2]] cold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e72|\\u5e72]]\n        dry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e7e|\\u4e7e]] dry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e7f|\\u6e7f]]\n        damp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f64|\\u6f64]] moist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d44|\\u6d44]]\n        clean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c5a|\\u6c5a]] dirty;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c98|\\u7c98]]\n        sticky;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8276|\\u8276]] glossy;}}\\n\\n== Directions and\n        spatial relationships ==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5317|\\u5317]] north;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5357|\\u5357]]\n        south;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6771|\\u6771]] east;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u897f|\\u897f]]\n        west;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de6|\\u5de6]] left;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f3|\\u53f3]]\n        right;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e0b|\\u4e0b]] down;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e0a|\\u4e0a]]\n  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\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65c5|\\u65c5]] travel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f80|\\u5f80]]\n        go, depart;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e30|\\u5e30]] return;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53c2|\\u53c2]]\n        go (esp. visit);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u843d|\\u843d]] fall, drop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d74|\\u8d74]]\n        go to;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d8a|\\u8d8a]] go beyond, exceed;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5012|\\u5012]]\n        fall over;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u589c|\\u589c]] fall down, crash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u63da|\\u63da]]\n        raise, elevate}}\\n\\n== Numbers, counting, sequence==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6570|\\u6570]]\n        number;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f6|\\u96f6]] zero;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e00|\\u4e00]]\n        one;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e8c|\\u4e8c]] two;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e09|\\u4e09]]\n        three;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56db|\\u56db]] four;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e94|\\u4e94]]\n        five;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u516d|\\u516d]] six;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e03|\\u4e03]]\n        seven;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u516b|\\u516b]] eight;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e5d|\\u4e5d]]\n        nine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5341|\\u5341]] ten;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u767e|\\u767e]]\n        100;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5343|\\u5343]] 1,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e07|\\u4e07]]\n        10,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5104|\\u5104]] 100,000,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5146|\\u5146]]\n        1,000,000,000,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b2c|\\u7b2c]] ordinal marker;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u521d|\\u521d]]\n        first;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e59|\\u4e59]] second (ordinal);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e19|\\u4e19]]\n        third (ordinal);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6841|\\u6841]] digit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53cc|\\u53cc]]\n        pair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u591a|\\u591a]] many;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c11|\\u5c11]]\n        few;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u534a|\\u534a]] half;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e21|\\u4e21]]\n        both;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5404|\\u5404]] each;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bce|\\u6bce]]\n        every;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b21|\\u6b21]] next;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fcc|\\u7fcc]]\n        the following;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u756a|\\u756a]] numerical order;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9806|\\u9806]]\n        sequence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e8f|\\u5e8f]] sequence}}\\n\\n===Counters===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u500b|\\u500b]]\n        general counter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f0|\\u53f0]] counter for machines\n        and vehicles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679a|\\u679a]] counter for flat things;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672c|\\u672c]] counter for cylindrical things;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96bb|\\u96bb]]\n        counter for ships;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u518a|\\u518a]] counter for books;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5339|\\u5339]] counter for animals;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u758b|\\u758b]]\n        counter for small animals or insects;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982d|\\u982d]]\n        counter for large animals;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fbd|\\u7fbd]] counter for\n        birds and rabbits;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b87|\\u7b87]] counter for articles;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8db3|\\u8db3]] counter for pairs of footwear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672d|\\u672d]]\n        counter for bonds, tickets;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u676f|\\u676f]] counter for\n        cupfuls;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ed2|\\u8ed2]] counter for houses;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6238|\\u6238]]\n        counter for houses;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f2a|\\u8f2a]] counter for wheels\n        and flowers;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7573|\\u7573]] counter for tatami mats;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] counter for loaves of bread;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e01|\\u4e01]]\n        miscellaneous counter}}\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eba|\\u4eba]] counter for people}}\\n\\n===Handling\n        amounts===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b97|\\u7b97]] calculation;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u500d|\\u500d]]\n        times, double;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5897|\\u5897]] increase, add;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b96|\\u6b96]]\n        increase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8017|\\u8017]] decrease, consume;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e1b|\\u6e1b]]\n        dwindle, decrease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e2e|\\u7e2e]] shrink, contract;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u52a0|\\u52a0]] add to;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9664|\\u9664]]\n        division;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5206|\\u5206]] divide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5256|\\u5256]]\n        split in two}}\\n\\n===Units===\\n\\nUnits of length:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3a|\\u5c3a]]\n        Japanese foot (around 30 cm);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bf8|\\u5bf8]] 1/10 Japanese\n        foot (around 3 cm);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5398|\\u5398]] (around 0.3 mm);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cc|\\u91cc]] league (around 3.9 km)}}\\n\\nUnits of area:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u576a|\\u576a]]\n        two-mat area (around 3.3 m\\u00b2);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u755d|\\u755d]] 30\n        tsubo (around 100 m\\u00b2)}}\\n\\nUnits of volume:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u52fa|\\u52fa]]\n        ladle (around 18 ml);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5347|\\u5347]] (around 1.8 l);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6597|\\u6597]] (around 18 l);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77f3|\\u77f3]]\n        (around 180 l)}}\\n\\nUnits of weight:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5301|\\u5301]] (around\n        3.75 grams);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] (around 600 g)}}\\n\\n== Time\n        ==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]] day;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9031|\\u9031]]\n        week;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] month;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e74|\\u5e74]]\n        year;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66dc|\\u66dc]] day of week;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66a6|\\u66a6]]\n        calendar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u671d|\\u671d]] morning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5348|\\u5348]]\n        noon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u663c|\\u663c]] daytime;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5915|\\u5915]]\n        evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6669|\\u6669]] evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb5|\\u5bb5]]\n        early evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u591c|\\u591c]] night;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6681|\\u6681]]\n        sunrise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ed|\\u65ed]] rising sun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e6|\\u65e6]]\n        sunrise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66ae|\\u66ae]] sunset;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6642|\\u6642]]\n        time, hour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5206|\\u5206]] minute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79d2|\\u79d2]]\n        second;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eca|\\u4eca]] now;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e9|\\u65e9]]\n        early;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9045|\\u9045]] late;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u524d|\\u524d]]\n        before;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f8c|\\u5f8c]] after;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e45|\\u4e45]]\n        long ago;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e7|\\u65e7]] former;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66fd|\\u66fd]]\n        formerly;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fd1|\\u8fd1]] recent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5148|\\u5148]]\n        ahead, previous;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9593|\\u9593]] interval of time;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u671f|\\u671f]]\n        time period;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66ab|\\u66ab]] a while;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d00|\\u7d00]]\n        era;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6628|\\u6628]] previous time;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56de|\\u56de]]\n        number of times;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9803|\\u9803]] time, about;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u969b|\\u969b]]\n        moment, occasion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ea6|\\u5ea6]] number of times;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6614|\\u6614]]\n        antiquity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c38|\\u6c38]] eternity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ec|\\u65ec]]\n        period of 10 days;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59cb|\\u59cb]] begin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d42|\\u7d42]]\n        end;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e4|\\u53e4]] old;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8001|\\u8001]]\n        old;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82e5|\\u82e5]] young;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b0|\\u65b0]]\n        new;}}\\n\\n=== Seasons ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b63|\\u5b63]] season;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5019|\\u5019]]\n        season;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] season, period;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6625|\\u6625]]\n        spring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u590f|\\u590f]] summer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79cb|\\u79cb]]\n        autumn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51ac|\\u51ac]] winter}}\\n\\n=== Days of the week\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66dc|\\u66dc]] weekday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]]\n        Sunday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] Monday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706b|\\u706b]]\n        Tuesday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c34|\\u6c34]] Wednesday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6728|\\u6728]]\n        Thursday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]] Friday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u571f|\\u571f]]\n        Saturday}}\\n\\n== Nature ==\\n\\n===Sky and heavens===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]]\n        sun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u967d|\\u967d]] sun or [[Yin and yang|yang principle]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] moon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u661f|\\u661f]]\n        star;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5929|\\u5929]] sky or heaven;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a7a|\\u7a7a]]\n        sky or void;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c17|\\u6c17]] air;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b87|\\u5b87]]\n        universe;}}\\n\\n===Natural substances ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]]\n        metal or gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9280|\\u9280]] silver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9285|\\u9285]]\n        copper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u925b|\\u925b]] lead;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9244|\\u9244]]\n        iron;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9291|\\u9291]] pig iron;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92fc|\\u92fc]]\n        steel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9271|\\u9271]] ore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6676|\\u6676]]\n        crystal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7389|\\u7389]] jewel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u73e0|\\u73e0]]\n        pearl or jewel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c34|\\u6c34]] water;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c37|\\u6c37]]\n        ice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c7d|\\u6c7d]] steam, vapour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77f3|\\u77f3]]\n        stone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u70ad|\\u70ad]] coal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7070|\\u7070]]\n        ash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u571f|\\u571f]] earth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5730|\\u5730]]\n        ground or earth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7802|\\u7802]] sand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c99|\\u6c99]]\n        sand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ce5|\\u6ce5]] mud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5869|\\u5869]]\n        salt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e39|\\u4e39]] cinnabar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u786b|\\u786b]]\n        sulphur;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9178|\\u9178]] acid, oxygen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a92|\\u7a92]]\n        nitrogen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6750|\\u6750]] timber, material;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cb9|\\u6cb9]]\n        oil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8102|\\u8102]] fat;}}\\n\\n===Weather and other natural\n        phenomena===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f2|\\u96f2]] cloud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66c7|\\u66c7]]\n        cloud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96e8|\\u96e8]] rain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8679|\\u8679]]\n        rainbow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98a8|\\u98a8]] wind;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96ea|\\u96ea]]\n        snow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d50|\\u5d50]] storm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5019|\\u5019]]\n        climate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6674|\\u6674]] fine weather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u971e|\\u971e]]\n        haze or mist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f7|\\u96f7]] lightning or thunder;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9727|\\u9727]] fog or mist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u971c|\\u971c]]\n        frost;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9732|\\u9732]] dew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ce2|\\u6ce2]]\n        wave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f6e|\\u6f6e]] tide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e26|\\u6e26]]\n        whirlpool;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d2a|\\u6d2a]] flood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9707|\\u9707]]\n        earthquake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u707d|\\u707d]] natural disaster;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6697|\\u6697]]\n        dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95c7|\\u95c7]] dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51a5|\\u51a5]]\n        dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5149|\\u5149]] light;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u660e|\\u660e]]\n        light;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9670|\\u9670]] [[Yin and yang|yin principle]]\n        or shadow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f71|\\u5f71]] shadow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7159|\\u7159]]\n        smoke or fumes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96fb|\\u96fb]] electricity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78c1|\\u78c1]]\n        magnet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706b|\\u706b]] fire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u708e|\\u708e]]\n        blaze}}\\n\\n===Landscape and topography===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9678|\\u9678]]\n        land;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91ce|\\u91ce]] field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7551|\\u7551]]\n        field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u539f|\\u539f]] field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7530|\\u7530]]\n        rice paddy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7267|\\u7267]] pasture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cc|\\u91cc]]\n        countryside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58cc|\\u58cc]] fertile soil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f20|\\u6f20]]\n        desert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c71|\\u5c71]] mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cb3|\\u5cb3]]\n        peak or mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cf0|\\u5cf0]] peak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ce0|\\u5ce0]]\n        mountain pass;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e18|\\u4e18]] hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ca1|\\u5ca1]]\n        hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u961c|\\u961c]] hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5742|\\u5742]]\n        slope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9e93|\\u9e93]] foot of mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5824|\\u5824]]\n        embankment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c37|\\u8c37]] valley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6eaa|\\u6eaa]]\n        mountain stream or valley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ce1|\\u5ce1]] gorge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e13|\\u6e13]]\n        ravine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a9f|\\u7a9f]] cave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ca9|\\u5ca9]]\n        rock or boulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5dcc|\\u5dcc]] rock or boulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f20|\\u6f20]]\n        desert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ddd|\\u5ddd]] river;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cb3|\\u6cb3]]\n        river or stream;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cc9|\\u6cc9]] water spring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6edd|\\u6edd]]\n        waterfall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u702c|\\u702c]] shallows, rapids;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5800|\\u5800]]\n        ditch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7554|\\u7554]] levee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ca2|\\u6ca2]]\n        swamp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cbc|\\u6cbc]] marsh;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d77|\\u6d77]]\n        ocean or sea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d0b|\\u6d0b]] ocean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c96|\\u6c96]]\n        open sea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e56|\\u6e56]] lake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c60|\\u6c60]]\n        pond;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f5f|\\u6f5f]] lagoon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7901|\\u7901]]\n        reef;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c5f|\\u6c5f]] creek or bay;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e7e|\\u6e7e]]\n        bay, gulf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cb8|\\u5cb8]] shore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78ef|\\u78ef]]\n        seashore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d5c|\\u6d5c]] beach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d66|\\u6d66]]\n        bay, beach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d16|\\u5d16]] cliff;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d0e|\\u5d0e]]\n        promontory or cape;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57fc|\\u57fc]] promontory;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cac|\\u5cac]]\n        headland;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cf6|\\u5cf6]] island;}}\\n\\n=== Animals ===\\n\\n:''''See\n        also Food and Drink''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72ac|\\u72ac]] dog;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72d7|\\u72d7]]\n        dog;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u732b|\\u732b]] cat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f20|\\u9f20]]\n        mouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u514e|\\u514e]] rabbit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u99ac|\\u99ac]]\n        horse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u725b|\\u725b]] cow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f8a|\\u7f8a]]\n        sheep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c5a|\\u8c5a]] pig;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9e7f|\\u9e7f]]\n        deer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7363|\\u7363]] beast;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u755c|\\u755c]]\n        livestock;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c61|\\u8c61]] elephant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u864e|\\u864e]]\n        tiger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u718a|\\u718a]] bear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72fc|\\u72fc]]\n        wolf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72d0|\\u72d0]] fox;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72f8|\\u72f8]]\n        raccoon dog ([[tanuki]]);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u733f|\\u733f]] monkey;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f9c|\\u9f9c]]/[[wikt:\\u4e80|\\u4e80]]\n        turtle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bc6|\\u9bc6]] dolphin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9be8|\\u9be8]]\n        whale;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u866b|\\u866b]] insect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6606|\\u6606]]\n        insect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8702|\\u8702]] bee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u868a|\\u868a]]\n        mosquito;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8695|\\u8695]] silkworm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u86cd|\\u86cd]]\n        firefly;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u86c7|\\u86c7]] snake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c10|\\u9c10]]\n        alligator or crocodile}}\\n\\n==== Fish ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b5a|\\u9b5a]]\n        fish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c9d|\\u8c9d]] shellfish;}}\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bc9|\\u9bc9]]\n        [[carp]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b92|\\u9b92]] [[crucian carp]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ba0|\\u9ba0]]\n        [[minnow]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c52|\\u9c52]] [[trout]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bad|\\u9bad]]\n        [[salmon]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c78|\\u9c78]] [[Dicentrarchus labrax|sea\n        bass]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bdb|\\u9bdb]] [[sea bream]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0c|\\u9c0c]]\n        [[stone loach]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c48|\\u9c48]] [[cod]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c3b|\\u9c3b]]\n        [[eel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bca|\\u9bca]] [[goby]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bd6|\\u9bd6]]\n        [[mackerel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c2f|\\u9c2f]] [[sardine]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bf5|\\u9bf5]]\n        [[Trachurus trachurus|scad]] / [[Trachurus trachurus|horse mackerel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0a|\\u9c0a]]\n        [[herring]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0d|\\u9c0d]] [[Cottus gobio|bullhead]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bf0|\\u9bf0]] [[catfish]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c08|\\u9c08]]/[[wikt:\\u9b83|\\u9b83]]\n        [[flounder]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c24|\\u9c24]] [[amberjack]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b83|\\u9b83]]\n        [[sole (fish)|sole]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bab|\\u9bab]] [[shark]];}}\\n\\n====\n        Birds ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ce5|\\u9ce5]] bird;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9d8f|\\u9d8f]]\n        chicken;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9d28|\\u9d28]] duck;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9df9|\\u9df9]]\n        hawk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9db4|\\u9db4]] crane;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96c0|\\u96c0]]\n        sparrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u689f|\\u689f]] [[owl]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u71d5|\\u71d5]]\n        [[swallow]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u70cf|\\u70cf]]/[[wikt:\\u9d09|\\u9d09]] [[crow]];}}\\n\\n====\n        Animal parts ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fbd|\\u7fbd]] feather, wing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ffc|\\u7ffc]]\n        wing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bdb|\\u6bdb]] fur;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3e|\\u5c3e]]\n        tail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7259|\\u7259]] tusk, fang;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89d2|\\u89d2]]\n        horn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u722a|\\u722a]] claw;}}\\n\\n=== Plants and trees\n        ===\\n\\n:''''See also Food and Drink''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u690d|\\u690d]] plant;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6728|\\u6728]] tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a39|\\u6a39]]\n        tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6797|\\u6797]] grove;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68ee|\\u68ee]]\n        forest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u677e|\\u677e]] pine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6749|\\u6749]]\n        cedar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u685c|\\u685c]] cherry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6885|\\u6885]]\n        plum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68a8|\\u68a8]] pear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67ff|\\u67ff]]\n        persimmon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6803|\\u6803]] horse chestnut;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85e4|\\u85e4]]\n        wisteria;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6851|\\u6851]] mulberry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6843|\\u6843]]\n        peach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f3|\\u67f3]] willow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6842|\\u6842]]\n        cinnamon tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8349|\\u8349]] grass;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a32|\\u7a32]]\n        rice plant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ebb|\\u9ebb]] hemp or flax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7af9|\\u7af9]]\n        bamboo;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u845b|\\u845b]] vine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8328|\\u8328]]\n        brier;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83ca|\\u83ca]] chrysanthemum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u683d|\\u683d]]\n        cultivation of plants;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85fb|\\u85fb]] algae, seaweed;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8338|\\u8338]] mushroom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83cc|\\u83cc]]\n        fungi or bacteria;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6839|\\u6839]] root;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e79|\\u5e79]]\n        tree trunk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679d|\\u679d]] branch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8449|\\u8449]]\n        leaf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b1|\\u82b1]] flower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82bd|\\u82bd]]\n        bud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82d7|\\u82d7]] seedling;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u830e|\\u830e]]\n        stem;}}\\n\\n== People ==\\n\\n=== General ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eba|\\u4eba]]\n        person;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8005|\\u8005]] person (usually with qualifier);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c11|\\u6c11]] people;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7537|\\u7537]]\n        man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5973|\\u5973]] woman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96c4|\\u96c4]]\n        male;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96cc|\\u96cc]] female;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fc1|\\u7fc1]]\n        old man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a46|\\u5a46]] old woman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b22|\\u5b22]]\n        young lady;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b50|\\u5b50]] child;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5150|\\u5150]]\n        child;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u574a|\\u574a]] boy, sonny;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u90ce|\\u90ce]]\n        son, boy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ae5|\\u7ae5]] juvenile;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f92|\\u5f92]]\n        gang or junior;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79c1|\\u79c1]] I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50d5|\\u50d5]]\n        I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ffa|\\u4ffa]] I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f7c|\\u5f7c]]\n        he;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u541b|\\u541b]] you;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81ea|\\u81ea]]\n        oneself;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5df1|\\u5df1]] oneself;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6211|\\u6211]]\n        self, ego;}}\\n\\n=== Roles and status ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3b|\\u4e3b]]\n        master or husband;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592b|\\u592b]] husband or man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59bb|\\u59bb]]\n        wife;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a66|\\u5a66]] wife or lady;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u738b|\\u738b]]\n        king;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7687|\\u7687]] emperor or sovereign;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e1d|\\u5e1d]]\n        Mikado or emperor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59eb|\\u59eb]] princess;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a9b|\\u5a9b]]\n        princess;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5983|\\u5983]] princess, queen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u540e|\\u540e]]\n        empress;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f2f|\\u4f2f]] earl, count;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4faf|\\u4faf]]\n        lord, marquis;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7235|\\u7235]] noble rank;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58eb|\\u58eb]]\n        man or gentleman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b9|\\u65b9]] honorable person;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f22|\\u6f22]] honorable man or [[Han Chinese|Han]] person;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f66|\\u5f66]] boy, high-status man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5091|\\u5091]]\n        great man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d33|\\u7d33]] gentleman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c0f|\\u6c0f]]\n        courtesy title;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9577|\\u9577]] leader;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fc2|\\u4fc2]]\n        person in charge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7763|\\u7763]] supervisor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e2b|\\u5e2b]]\n        expert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ef2|\\u4ef2]] intermediary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f7f|\\u4f7f]]\n        messenger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u533b|\\u533b]] doctor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53cb|\\u53cb]]\n        friend;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50da|\\u50da]] colleague;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f29|\\u8f29]]\n        fellow, comrade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba2|\\u5ba2]] guest, customer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cd3|\\u8cd3]]\n        guest, VIP;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96a3|\\u96a3]] neighbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5974|\\u5974]]\n        servant, fellow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96b7|\\u96b7]] underling;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ed9|\\u4ed9]]\n        hermit;}}\\n\\n===Family relationships===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb6|\\u5bb6]]\n        family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65cf|\\u65cf]] family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u540d|\\u540d]]\n        name;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7236|\\u7236]] father;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bcd|\\u6bcd]]\n        mother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89aa|\\u89aa]] parent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ac1|\\u5ac1]]\n        wife, bride;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a18|\\u5a18]] daughter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f1f|\\u5f1f]]\n        younger brother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59b9|\\u59b9]] younger sister;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5144|\\u5144]]\n        older brother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59c9|\\u59c9]] older sister;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u723a|\\u723a]]\n        grandfather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a46|\\u5a46]] grandmother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7956|\\u7956]]\n        ancestor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b6b|\\u5b6b]] grandchild;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53d4|\\u53d4]]\n        aunt, uncle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f2f|\\u4f2f]] aunt, uncle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7525|\\u7525]]\n        nephew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ea|\\u59ea]] niece;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a7f|\\u5a7f]]\n        son-in-law, bridegroom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6606|\\u6606]] descendants;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u621a|\\u621a]] relatives;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a5a|\\u5a5a]]\n        marry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59fb|\\u59fb]] matrimony;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ae1|\\u5ae1]]\n        legitimate wife/family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5be1|\\u5be1]] widow;}}\\n\\n===Groups===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56fd|\\u56fd]]\n        country;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u793e|\\u793e]] company;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56e3|\\u56e3]]\n        group;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d3e|\\u6d3e]] faction, group;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d44|\\u7d44]]\n        association, assemble;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fa4|\\u7fa4]] flock, crowd}}\\n\\n==\n        Body ==\\n\\n=== General ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8eab|\\u8eab]] body;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f53|\\u4f53]]\n        body;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8089|\\u8089]] flesh;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8840|\\u8840]]\n        blood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8108|\\u8108]] vein;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b4b|\\u7b4b]]\n        muscles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aa8|\\u9aa8]] bone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ac4|\\u9ac4]]\n        marrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] joint;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ae|\\u76ae]]\n        skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u819a|\\u819a]] skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u808c|\\u808c]]\n        skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ba|\\u76ba]] wrinkle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u817a|\\u817a]]\n        gland;}}\\n\\n=== Head and neck ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982d|\\u982d]] head;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8133|\\u8133]] brain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aea|\\u9aea]]\n        hair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9854|\\u9854]] face;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aed|\\u9aed]]\n        beard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984d|\\u984d]] forehead;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8033|\\u8033]]\n        ear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ee|\\u76ee]] eye;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u773c|\\u773c]]\n        eyeball;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7709|\\u7709]] eyebrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77b3|\\u77b3]]\n        pupil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f3b|\\u9f3b]] nose;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984e|\\u984e]]\n        jaw;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e3|\\u53e3]] mouth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5507|\\u5507]]\n        lips;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b6f|\\u6b6f]] tooth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u820c|\\u820c]]\n        tongue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982c|\\u982c]] cheek;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9824|\\u9824]]\n        chin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5589|\\u5589]] throat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54bd|\\u54bd]]\n        throat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9996|\\u9996]] neck;}}\\n\\n===Torso and organs===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80f4|\\u80f4]]\n        torso;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80cc|\\u80cc]] back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u810a|\\u810a]]\n        backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5442|\\u5442]] backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u690e|\\u690e]]\n        backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u808b|\\u808b]] rib;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80f8|\\u80f8]]\n        chest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8179|\\u8179]] stomach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80c3|\\u80c3]]\n        stomach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81cd|\\u81cd]] navel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8170|\\u8170]]\n        waist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81d3|\\u81d3]] entrails;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8178|\\u8178]]\n        intestines;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fc3|\\u5fc3]] heart;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80ba|\\u80ba]]\n        lung;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u809d|\\u809d]] liver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81b5|\\u81b5]]\n        pancreas;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u814e|\\u814e]] kidney;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80c6|\\u80c6]]\n        gall bladder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u809b|\\u809b]] anus;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81a3|\\u81a3]]\n        vagina;}}\\n\\n===Arms and legs===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a2|\\u80a2]] limb;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8155|\\u8155]] arm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a9|\\u80a9]]\n        shoulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8107|\\u8107]] armpit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8098|\\u8098]]\n        elbow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u624b|\\u624b]] hand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u62f3|\\u62f3]]\n        fist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6307|\\u6307]] finger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u722a|\\u722a]]\n        nail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u638c|\\u638c]] palm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3b|\\u5c3b]]\n        buttocks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a1|\\u80a1]] thighs;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u811a|\\u811a]]\n        leg;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8db3|\\u8db3]] leg, foot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u819d|\\u819d]]\n        knee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e1d|\\u8e1d]] ankle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e35|\\u8e35]]\n        heel;}}\\n\\n===Body functions ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c57|\\u6c57]] sweat;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cea|\\u6cea]] tear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d99|\\u6d99]]\n        tear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u553e|\\u553e]] saliva;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cbe|\\u7cbe]]\n        sperm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3f|\\u5c3f]] urine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fbf|\\u4fbf]]\n        faeces;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80ce|\\u80ce]] foetus;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u598a|\\u598a]]\n        pregnant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a20|\\u5a20]] pregnant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]]\n        birth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7523|\\u7523]] give birth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54fa|\\u54fa]]\n        suckle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u606f|\\u606f]] breath;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bdd|\\u5bdd]]\n        sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7720|\\u7720]] sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7761|\\u7761]]\n        sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5922|\\u5922]] dream}}\\n\\n===Health, illness,\n        medicine ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]] life;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b7b|\\u6b7b]]\n        death;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5065|\\u5065]] healthy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eb7|\\u5eb7]]\n        healthy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u529b|\\u529b]] strength;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75c5|\\u75c5]]\n        illness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75c7|\\u75c7]] disease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75be|\\u75be]]\n        disease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60a3|\\u60a3]] sick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75ab|\\u75ab]]\n        epidemic;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ab8|\\u9ab8]] corpse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75db|\\u75db]]\n        pain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75b2|\\u75b2]] tired;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f11|\\u4f11]]\n        rest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75e9|\\u75e9]] weight loss;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u760d|\\u760d]]\n        ulcer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75d8|\\u75d8]] pox;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75e2|\\u75e2]]\n        diarrhoea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u764c|\\u764c]] cancer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b7|\\u50b7]]\n        wound;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75d5|\\u75d5]] scar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u533b|\\u533b]]\n        medicine, doctor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7642|\\u7642]] heal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7652|\\u7652]]\n        heal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cbb|\\u6cbb]] cure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5264|\\u5264]]\n        medicine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9320|\\u9320]] pill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85ac|\\u85ac]]\n        drug;}}\\n\\n===Gestures and sports===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7acb|\\u7acb]] stand\n        up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d70|\\u8d70]] run;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ea7|\\u5ea7]]\n        sit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e0a|\\u8e0a]] jump;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b69|\\u6b69]]\n        walk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cf3|\\u6cf3]] swim;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b62|\\u6b62]]\n        stop}}\\n\\n== Emotions and senses ==\\n\\n===Emotions===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60c5|\\u60c5]]\n        emotion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u611f|\\u611f]] feeling, emotion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c17|\\u6c17]]\n        feeling, mood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u611b|\\u611b]] love;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u604b|\\u604b]]\n        love;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6155|\\u6155]] adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d07|\\u5d07]]\n        reverence, adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u606d|\\u606d]] respect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u656c|\\u656c]]\n        respect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6148|\\u6148]] affection, benevolence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u618e|\\u618e]]\n        hate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u597d|\\u597d]] like;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5acc|\\u5acc]]\n        dislike;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8511|\\u8511]] contempt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6050|\\u6050]]\n        fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u865e|\\u865e]] fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6016|\\u6016]]\n        fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u754f|\\u754f]] fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6144|\\u6144]]\n        fear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60e7|\\u60e7]] apprehension;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60b2|\\u60b2]]\n        sadness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54c0|\\u54c0]] sadness or pity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6182|\\u6182]]\n        sadness, anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7169|\\u7169]] anxiety, annoyance;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6101|\\u6101]] melancholy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b31|\\u9b31]]\n        melancholy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60dc|\\u60dc]] regret;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61be|\\u61be]]\n        regret;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6094|\\u6094]] remorse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61d0|\\u61d0]]\n        yearning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61a7|\\u61a7]] yearning, adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61ac|\\u61ac]]\n        yearning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u621a|\\u621a]] grief;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6068|\\u6068]]\n        resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6028|\\u6028]] resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6168|\\u6168]]\n        indignation, resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bc2|\\u5bc2]] loneliness;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697d|\\u697d]] fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6109|\\u6109]]\n        fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a2f|\\u5a2f]] fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e78|\\u5e78]]\n        happiness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b09|\\u5b09]] happiness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u559c|\\u559c]]\n        joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60a6|\\u60a6]] joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6176|\\u6176]]\n        joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b53|\\u6b53]] joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5feb|\\u5feb]]\n        pleasure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b11|\\u7b11]] laughter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7591|\\u7591]]\n        doubt or suspicion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ff7|\\u8ff7]] doubt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ff7|\\u8ff7]]\n        confusion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d1b|\\u7d1b]] confusion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60d1|\\u60d1]]\n        bewilderment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u614c|\\u614c]] disconcertion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9a5a|\\u9a5a]]\n        surprise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b32|\\u6b32]] desire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6012|\\u6012]]\n        anger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6fc0|\\u6fc0]] violent excitement;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66b4|\\u66b4]]\n        violent rage;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61a4|\\u61a4]] indignation;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b2|\\u50b2]]\n        pride;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6065|\\u6065]] shame;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f9e|\\u7f9e]]\n        shame;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ac|\\u59ac]] envy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fa8|\\u7fa8]]\n        envy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ac9|\\u5ac9]] envy;}}\\n\\n===Senses===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u898b|\\u898b]]\n        see;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u805e|\\u805e]] hear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8074|\\u8074]]\n        listen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u97f3|\\u97f3]] sound;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9759|\\u9759]]\n        quiet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5473|\\u5473]] taste, flavour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fa3|\\u8fa3]]\n        bitter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f9b|\\u8f9b]] pungent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89e6|\\u89e6]]\n        touch, feel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u55c5|\\u55c5]] smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b3|\\u82b3]]\n        fragrant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5302|\\u5302]] fragrant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9999|\\u9999]]\n        pleasant smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81ed|\\u81ed]] bad smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76f2|\\u76f2]]\n        blind;}}\\n\\n===Judgment===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u601d|\\u601d]] think;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8003|\\u8003]]\n        think;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b63|\\u6b63]] correct;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u826f|\\u826f]]\n        good;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5584|\\u5584]] good;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60aa|\\u60aa]]\n        bad;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7406|\\u7406]] reason}}\\n\\n== Food and drink ==\\n:''''See\n        also Animals and Plants''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98df|\\u98df]] eat, meal;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98f2|\\u98f2]] drink;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c73|\\u7c73]]\n        rice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98ef|\\u98ef]] cooked rice, meal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9905|\\u9905]]\n        rice cake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ea6|\\u9ea6]] wheat or barley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c92|\\u7c92]]\n        grain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a40|\\u7a40]] cereal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a42|\\u7a42]]\n        ear of grain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679c|\\u679c]] fruit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b9f|\\u5b9f]]\n        fruit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83dc|\\u83dc]] vegetable;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c46|\\u8c46]]\n        bean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9eba|\\u9eba]] noodles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u828b|\\u828b]]\n        potato;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c89|\\u7c89]] flour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5375|\\u5375]]\n        egg;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cd6|\\u7cd6]] sugar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8089|\\u8089]]\n        meat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e73|\\u4e73]] milk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u916a|\\u916a]]\n        dairy products;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u871c|\\u871c]] honey;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83d3|\\u83d3]]\n        confectionery;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6817|\\u6817]] chestnut;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9152|\\u9152]]\n        alcoholic drink;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u914e|\\u914e]] sake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u914c|\\u914c]]\n        serve alcohol;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9162|\\u9162]] vinegar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f2c|\\u6f2c]]\n        pickle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c41|\\u6c41]] juice, soup;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8336|\\u8336]]\n        tea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u708a|\\u708a]] cook;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u713c|\\u713c]]\n        bake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u714e|\\u714e]] roast, boil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u84b8|\\u84b8]]\n        steam;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91b8|\\u91b8]] brew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u63da|\\u63da]]\n        fry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3c|\\u4e3c]] bowl of food;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb8|\\u7bb8]]\n        chopsticks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ba8|\\u9ba8]] [[sushi]];}}\\n\\n== Man-made\n        structures and artefacts ==\\n\\n=== Towns, cities, buildings, structures, roads\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6751|\\u6751]] village;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u753a|\\u753a]]\n        town;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e02|\\u5e02]] city;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eac|\\u4eac]]\n        capital city;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u90fd|\\u90fd]] metropolis;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u757f|\\u757f]]\n        capital;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8857|\\u8857]] street, city district;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5efa|\\u5efa]]\n        build;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb6|\\u5bb6]] house;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b85|\\u5b85]]\n        home;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c4b|\\u5c4b]] roof, house, shop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e97|\\u5e97]]\n        shop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8358|\\u8358]] villa;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ead|\\u4ead]]\n        pavilion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5712|\\u5712]] garden;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u829d|\\u829d]]\n        lawn, turf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ead|\\u5ead]] garden, courtyard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba4|\\u5ba4]]\n        room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u623f|\\u623f]] room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eca|\\u5eca]]\n        corridor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58c1|\\u58c1]] wall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6238|\\u6238]]\n        door;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6249|\\u6249]] door;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a93|\\u7a93]]\n        window;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68da|\\u68da]] shelf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9580|\\u9580]]\n        gate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57a3|\\u57a3]] fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5840|\\u5840]]\n        wall, fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f5|\\u67f5]] fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bee|\\u5bee]]\n        dormitory;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8535|\\u8535]] storehouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eab|\\u5eab]]\n        storage room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5009|\\u5009]] warehouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u820e|\\u820e]]\n        building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9928|\\u9928]] public building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95a3|\\u95a3]]\n        imposing building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bae|\\u5bae]] palace;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bbf|\\u6bbf]]\n        hall, palace;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5802|\\u5802]] hall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697c|\\u697c]]\n        tower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5854|\\u5854]] tower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57ce|\\u57ce]]\n        castle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5841|\\u5841]] base, fort;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7344|\\u7344]]\n        prison;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bbf|\\u5bbf]] inn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u99c5|\\u99c5]]\n        station;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e2f|\\u6e2f]] harbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d25|\\u6d25]]\n        harbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a4b|\\u6a4b]] bridge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7891|\\u7891]]\n        monument;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u685f|\\u685f]] wooden structure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6841|\\u6841]]\n        beam, column;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f1|\\u67f1]] pillar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68df|\\u68df]]\n        ridgepole;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58c7|\\u58c7]] podium;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f0|\\u53f0]]\n        pedestal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e95|\\u4e95]] well;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7089|\\u7089]]\n        fireplace, hearth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9053|\\u9053]] path or road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8def|\\u8def]]\n        path or road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9014|\\u9014]] way, route;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c90|\\u5c90]]\n        fork in the road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fbb|\\u8fbb]] crossroads;}}\\n\\n===\n        Vehicles and machines ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8eca|\\u8eca]] vehicle, wheel;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ef8|\\u8ef8]] axle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a5f|\\u6a5f]]\n        machine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68b0|\\u68b0]] contraption;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8239|\\u8239]]\n        boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8247|\\u8247]] boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u821f|\\u821f]]\n        small boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8236|\\u8236]] oceangoing ship;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8237|\\u8237]]\n        side of a ship;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e57|\\u4e57]] ride, board;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u642d|\\u642d]]\n        board, load;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u529b|\\u529b]] power}}\\n\\n=== Clothing and\n        textiles ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e03|\\u5e03]] cloth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5dfe|\\u5dfe]]\n        cloth, towel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8863|\\u8863]] garment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u670d|\\u670d]]\n        clothes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88c5|\\u88c5]] attire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d79|\\u7d79]]\n        silk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8896|\\u8896]] sleeve;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88fe|\\u88fe]]\n        hem, cuff;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u895f|\\u895f]] collar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e2f|\\u5e2f]]\n        belt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9774|\\u9774]] shoes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c65|\\u5c65]]\n        footwear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e3d|\\u5e3d]] hat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7740|\\u7740]]\n        wear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cf8|\\u7cf8]] thread;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e2b|\\u7e2b]]\n        sew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e54|\\u7e54]] weave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d21|\\u7d21]]\n        spin (yarn);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dbf|\\u7dbf]] cotton;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9326|\\u9326]]\n        brocade;}}\\n\\n=== Miscellaneous manufactured items ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54c1|\\u54c1]]\n        article;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5668|\\u5668]] vessel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9262|\\u9262]]\n        bowl;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3c|\\u4e3c]] bowl;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u676f|\\u676f]]\n        cup;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u934b|\\u934b]] pot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91dc|\\u91dc]]\n        kettle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76bf|\\u76bf]] plate, dish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u677f|\\u677f]]\n        board, plate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76e4|\\u76e4]] disk, board;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76c6|\\u76c6]]\n        basin, tray;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74f6|\\u74f6]] bottle, jar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f36|\\u7f36]]\n        tin can;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb8|\\u7bb8]] chopsticks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u84cb|\\u84cb]]\n        lid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6813|\\u6813]] stopper, plug;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5353|\\u5353]]\n        table;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6905|\\u6905]] chair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u673a|\\u673a]]\n        desk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e8a|\\u5e8a]] bed;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81b3|\\u81b3]]\n        tray, small table;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb1|\\u7bb1]] box;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706f|\\u706f]]\n        lamp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u888b|\\u888b]] bag;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff5|\\u4ff5]]\n        straw sack, bag;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c60|\\u7c60]] basket;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6247|\\u6247]]\n        fan;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6795|\\u6795]] pillow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e55|\\u5e55]]\n        curtain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e06|\\u5e06]] sail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7573|\\u7573]]\n        tatami mat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5098|\\u5098]] umbrella;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78c1|\\u78c1]]\n        porcelain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9676|\\u9676]] pottery;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74e6|\\u74e6]]\n        tile;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d19|\\u7d19]] paper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b8b|\\u7b8b]]\n        paper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9769|\\u9769]] leather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5857|\\u5857]]\n        paint;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f06|\\u6f06]] lacquer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68d2|\\u68d2]]\n        rod;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dad|\\u7dad]] fibre;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7db2|\\u7db2]]\n        net;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d22|\\u7d22]] cord;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e04|\\u7e04]]\n        rope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7db1|\\u7db1]] rope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f26|\\u5f26]]\n        string;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91dd|\\u91dd]] needle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u938c|\\u938c]]\n        sickle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ba1|\\u7ba1]] pipe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u69fd|\\u69fd]]\n        tank;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9396|\\u9396]] chain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e32|\\u4e32]]\n        skewer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5177|\\u5177]] tool;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9375|\\u9375]]\n        key;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9320|\\u9320]] lock;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9234|\\u9234]]\n        bell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9418|\\u9418]] bell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92f3|\\u92f3]]\n        casting;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u93e1|\\u93e1]] mirror;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68fa|\\u68fa]]\n        coffin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aaf|\\u7aaf]] stove, kiln;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81fc|\\u81fc]]\n        millstone, mortar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9318|\\u9318]] spindle, plumb;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67a2|\\u67a2]]\n        hinge, pivot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] axe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u920e|\\u920e]]\n        [[fish hook]];}}\\n\\n== Human activities ==\\n\\n=== Money and commerce===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]]\n        money or gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92ad|\\u92ad]] coin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672d|\\u672d]]\n        banknote;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5186|\\u5186]] yen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e63|\\u5e63]]\n        currency;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca1|\\u8ca1]] wealth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bcc|\\u5bcc]]\n        rich;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cb7|\\u8cb7]] buy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cfc|\\u8cfc]]\n        purchase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58f2|\\u58f2]] sell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u696d|\\u696d]]\n        business, industry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5546|\\u5546]] trade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cbf|\\u8cbf]]\n        trade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca9|\\u8ca9]] marketing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5378|\\u5378]]\n        wholesale;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6255|\\u6255]] pay;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c9d|\\u8c9d]]\n        cowry ([[Chinese currency#Ancient currencies|ancient Chinese currency]]);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca8|\\u8ca8]] goods, property;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b9d|\\u5b9d]]\n        treasure, wealth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7523|\\u7523]] product;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de5|\\u5de5]]\n        manufacture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fa1|\\u4fa1]] price;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5024|\\u5024]]\n        price;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ad8|\\u9ad8]] expensive;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b89|\\u5b89]]\n        cheap;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ec9|\\u5ec9]] cheap;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc7|\\u8cc7]]\n        capital;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc3|\\u8cc3]] fee or wages;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6599|\\u6599]]\n        fee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cbb|\\u8cbb]] expense;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u55b6|\\u55b6]]\n        management;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8077|\\u8077]] employment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50cd|\\u50cd]]\n        work;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a3c|\\u7a3c]] work, earn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d66|\\u7d66]]\n        salary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff8|\\u4ff8]] salary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u511f|\\u511f]]\n        recompense;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b5|\\u50b5]] debt, bond;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8caf|\\u8caf]]\n        savings;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a0e|\\u7a0e]] tax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79df|\\u79df]]\n        tax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ce6|\\u8ce6]] levy, instalment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc4|\\u8cc4]]\n        bribe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc2|\\u8cc2]] bribe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ced|\\u8ced]]\n        gamble;}}\\n\\n=== Culture, arts, music, learning ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b8|\\u82b8]]\n        art;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d75|\\u7d75]] picture, painting;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u753b|\\u753b]]\n        picture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697d|\\u697d]] music;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f2|\\u66f2]]\n        musical composition;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b4c|\\u6b4c]] song;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8b21|\\u8b21]]\n        song, noh chant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5504|\\u5504]] song;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ae7|\\u8ae7]]\n        harmony;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7434|\\u7434]] cithare, harp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b1b|\\u7b1b]]\n        flute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f13|\\u9f13]] drum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u62cd|\\u62cd]]\n        clap, beat (music);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] tune, melody;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a69|\\u8a69]]\n        poetry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a60|\\u8a60]] recite poetry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff3|\\u4ff3]]\n        haiku;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5287|\\u5287]] drama, play;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u796d|\\u796d]]\n        festival;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6821|\\u6821]] school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b66|\\u5b66]]\n        study, school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]] student;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u587e|\\u587e]]\n        private school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79d1|\\u79d1]] faculty;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6559|\\u6559]]\n        teach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a76|\\u7a76]] study, research;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7814|\\u7814]]\n        study, research;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77e5|\\u77e5]] know;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5352|\\u5352]]\n        graduate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5112|\\u5112]] Confucianism;}}\\n\\n=== Language,\n        communication ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a9e|\\u8a9e]] language;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a00|\\u8a00]]\n        say;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a71|\\u8a71]] speak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58f0|\\u58f0]]\n        voice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u544a|\\u544a]] tell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ac7|\\u8ac7]]\n        discuss;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u805e|\\u805e]] ask;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u554f|\\u554f]]\n        question;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b54|\\u7b54]] answer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u541f|\\u541f]]\n        recite;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8aad|\\u8aad]] read;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f8|\\u66f8]]\n        write;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672c|\\u672c]] book;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6587|\\u6587]]\n        text;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56f3|\\u56f3]] map, diagram;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b46|\\u7b46]]\n        writing, brush;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b57|\\u5b57]] character;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f9e|\\u8f9e]]\n        word;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a5e|\\u8a5e]] words;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e5|\\u53e5]]\n        phrase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a18|\\u8a18]] written record;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u520a|\\u520a]]\n        publish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a8c|\\u8a8c]] document, journal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a03|\\u8a03]]\n        obituary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fe1|\\u4fe1]] message;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5831|\\u5831]]\n        inform;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8aac|\\u8aac]] explain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984c|\\u984c]]\n        topic;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8868|\\u8868]] express;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f1d|\\u4f1d]]\n        transmit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ad6|\\u8ad6]] discourse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8b1b|\\u8b1b]]\n        lecture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba3|\\u5ba3]] proclaim}}\\n\\n=== Religion, supernatural\n        world ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u795e|\\u795e]] god;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b97|\\u5b97]]\n        religion, sect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6559|\\u6559]] religion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8056|\\u8056]]\n        sacred;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7948|\\u7948]] pray;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ecf|\\u4ecf]]\n        Buddha;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bfa|\\u5bfa]] Buddhist temple;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50e7|\\u50e7]]\n        Buddhist priest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3c|\\u5c3c]] Buddhist nun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7985|\\u7985]]\n        Zen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u793e|\\u793e]] Shinto shrine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5239|\\u5239]]\n        temple;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a63|\\u8a63]] temple visit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bae|\\u5bae]]\n        shrine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d3e|\\u6d3e]] sect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b42|\\u9b42]]\n        soul;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u970a|\\u970a]] spirit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b54|\\u9b54]]\n        demon, witch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b3c|\\u9b3c]] ghost, devil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e7b|\\u5e7b]]\n        phantom, apparition;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7adc|\\u7adc]] dragon;}}\\n\\n====\n        Chinese-Japanese signs of zodiac ====\\n''''The four trines of the Chinese-Japanese\n        horoscope:''''\\n
\\n''''''A.'''''' 01. \\u9f20 (\\u5b50)  [[Rat (zodiac)|Rat]]\n        - 05. \\u9f8d  (\\u8fb0)  [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] - 09. \\u7334  (\\u7533)  [[Monkey\n        (zodiac)|Monkey]] ; ''''''B.'''''' 02. \\u725b  (\\u4e11)  [[Ox (zodiac)|Ox]]\n        - 06. \\u86c7  (\\u5df3)  [[Snake (zodiac)|Snake]] - 10. \\u96de / \\u9dc4  (\\u9149)  [[Rooster\n        (zodiac)|Rooster]]\\n
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WMF-Last-Access=11-Sep-2017;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Fri, 13 Oct 2017\n        12:00:00 GMT\n      X-Analytics:\n      - ns=-1;special=Badtitle;https=1;nocookies=1\n      X-Client-Ip:\n      - 94.179.65.105\n    body:\n      encoding: ASCII-8BIT\n      string: '{\"batchcomplete\":\"\",\"query\":{\"pages\":{\"24736\":{\"pageid\":24736,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"\\u8272\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T01:45:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{character\n        info/new}}\\n{{also|\\u5df4}}\\n==Translingual==\\n{{stroke order}}\\n{{stroke\n        order|type=animate}}\\n\\n===Han character===\\n{{Han char|rn=139|rad=\\u8272|as=00|sn=6|four=27717|canj=NAU|ids=\\u2ff1\\u2e88\\u5df4}}\\n\\n====Derived\n        glyphs====\\n* {{l|mul|Index:Chinese radical/\\u8272}}\\n* {{l|mul|\\u7d76}}\\n\\n====References====\\n*\n        {{Han ref|kx=1014.020|dkj=30602|dj=1473.040|hdz=53071.010|uh=8272|ud=33394|bh=A6E2|bd=42722}}\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Chinese==\\n{{zh-forms|alt=\\ud849\\udcb8}}\\n\\n===Glyph\n        origin===\\n{{Han etyl}}\\n\\n{{Han compound|\\u722a|\\u5369|ls=ic|t1=claw; hand|t2=kneeling\n        person}} \\u2013 complexion.\\n\\n''''{{w|Shuowen}}'''' interprets this character\n        as an {{Han compound|\\u4eba|\\u5369|ls=ic|t1=person; human|t2=etiquette|nocap=1}}\n        \\u2013 complexion.\\n\\nCompare {{zh-l|*\\u5370}}, {{zh-l|*\\u6291}}.\\n\\n===Pronunciation===\\n{{zh-pron\\n|m=s\\u00e8,sh\\u01cei,1nb=literary,2nb=colloquial\\n|m_note=s\\u00e8\n        - all senses except \\u201cdie\\u201d; sh\\u01cei - \\u201cdie; colour\\u201d\\n|c=sik1\\n|h=pfs=set\\n|md=s\\u00e1ik\\n|mn=xm,zz,tw:sek/qz:siak\\n|mn-t=s\\u00eag4\\n|w=4seq\\n|mc=y\\n|oc=y\\n|ma=y\\n|cat=n,a\\n}}\\n\\n===Definitions===\\n{{zh-hanzi}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]]/[[colour]]; [[tint]]; [[hue]]; [[shade]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u984f\\u8272|color}}\\n#\n        [[look]]; [[expression]]\\n# [[kind]]; [[sort]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u8ca8\\u8272|goods;\n        stuff; trash; rubbish; quality of goods; specification}}\\n# [[feminine]] [[charm]];\n        [[beauty]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u59ff\\u8272|good looks (of women)}}\\n# [[sexual]];\n        [[lewd]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u8272\\u60c5|pornography; sexual desire}}\\n# {{lb|zh|colloquial}}\n        [[perverted]]; being a [[pervert]]\\n# [[theatrical]] [[role]]\\n# [[metallic]]\n        [[content]]\\n# [[die]] {{gloss|a cube with numbers or symbols on each side\n        and used in games of chance}}\\n\\n====Synonyms====\\n* {{sense|color}} {{zh-l|\\u984f}}\\n\\n===Compounds===\\n{{zh-der|\\u7da0\\u4e00\\u8272:(''''mahjong'''')\n        all green|\\u8272\\u5f69|\\u8272\\u5dee|\\u8272\\u81bd|\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u8272\\u5ea6|\\u8272\\u5149|\\u8272\\u9b3c|\\u8272\\u89ba|\\u8272\\u62c9|\\u8272\\u72fc|\\u8272\\u53b2\\u5167\\u834f|\\u8272\\u76f2|\\u8272\\u76f2\\u8868|\\u8272\\u8ff7|\\u8272\\u8b5c|\\u8272\\u60c5|\\u8272\\u5f31|\\u8272\\u6563|\\u8272\\u7d20|\\u8272\\u76f8|\\u8272\\u85dd|\\u8272\\u617e|\\u8272\\u6fa4|\\u905c\\u8272:[[inferior]]|\\u5b57\\u4e00\\u8272:(''''mahjong'''')\n        all honours|\\u4e00\\u8272|\\u4e03\\u8272|\\u4e03\\u8272\\u677f|\\u4e09\\u539f\\u8272|\\u4e09\\u8272\\u7248|\\u4e09\\u8272\\u83eb|\\u4e0a\\u8272|\\u4e1f\\u773c\\u8272|\\u4e73\\u767d\\u8272|\\u4e92\\u88dc\\u8272|\\u4e94\\u8272|\\u4e94\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u4ea4\\u914d\\u8272|\\u4eae\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u4ee4\\u8272|\\u4ee5\\u8272\\u5217|\\u4ef6\\u8272|\\u4f5c\\u8272|\\u4f7f\\u773c\\u8272|\\u4fdd\\u8b77\\u8272|\\u5026\\u8272|\\u505a\\u773c\\u8272|\\u5109\\u8272|\\u5143\\u8272|\\u5149\\u8272|\\u516b\\u8272\\u9ce5|\\u51fa\\u8272|\\u5206\\u8272|\\u5206\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u524a\\u8272|\\u524d\\u9032\\u8272|\\u5370\\u8272|\\u5373\\u8272\\u5b97|\\u539f\\u8272|\\u53b2\\u8272|\\u53c9\\u8272|\\u53e4\\u9285\\u8272|\\u5404\\u8272|\\u5408\\u8272\\u978b|\\u540c\\u985e\\u8272|\\u540d\\u8272|\\u541d\\u8272|\\u5496\\u5561\\u8272|\\u559c\\u8272|\\u55ae\\u8272|\\u55ae\\u8272\\u74f7|\\u55d4\\u8272|\\u570b\\u8272|\\u571f\\u8272|\\u571f\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u57fa\\u8272|\\u5857\\u8272|\\u589e\\u8272|\\u58de\\u8272\\u8863|\\u591c\\u8272|\\u5929\\u8272|\\u5929\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u5931\\u8272|\\u5957\\u8272|\\u5973\\u8272|\\u597d\\u8272|\\u5983\\u8272|\\u59ff\\u8272|\\u5bb9\\u8272|\\u5bd2\\u6696\\u8272|\\u5bd2\\u8272|\\u5bf6\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u5c0d\\u6bd4\\u8272|\\u5c0f\\u8173\\u8272|\\u5c71\\u8272|\\u5e03\\u8272|\\u5e73\\u8272|\\u5e95\\u8272|\\u5f62\\u8272|\\u5f69\\u8272|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7167|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7247|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u5f8c\\u9000\\u8272|\\u5f97\\u8272|\\u5fb7\\u8272|\\u6012\\u8272|\\u6021\\u8272|\\u6027\\u8272|\\u6085\\u8272|\\u60c5\\u8272|\\u6109\\u8272|\\u610f\\u8272|\\u6127\\u8272|\\u614d\\u8272|\\u615a\\u8272|\\u6182\\u8272|\\u618a\\u8272|\\u61fc\\u8272|\\u6210\\u8272|\\u6210\\u8272\\u5291|\\u6230\\u8272|\\u624d\\u8272|\\u6253\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6258\\u8272|\\u628a\\u8272|\\u6298\\u8272|\\u634e\\u8272|\\u6389\\u8272|\\u64f2\\u8272|\\u65b0\\u8272|\\u65e6\\u8272|\\u661f\\u8272|\\u6625\\u8272|\\u666f\\u8272|\\u6696\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u6697\\u8272|\\u669d\\u8272|\\u66ae\\u8272|\\u66c9\\u8272|\\u66d9\\u8272|\\u6708\\u8272|\\u6709\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6709\\u8d77\\u8272|\\u670d\\u8272|\\u672c\\u8272|\\u672c\\u8272\\u9280|\\u67d3\\u8272|\\u67d3\\u8272\\u9ad4|\\u67d4\\u8272|\\u6817\\u8272|\\u6843\\u8272|\\u68d5\\u8272|\\u68d5\\u8272\\u7a2e|\\u68d7\\u7d05\\u8272|\\u6975\\u8272|\\u6a59\\u8272|\\u6b63\\u8272|\\u6c23\\u8272|\\u6c92\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6c92\\u984f\\u8272|\\u6ce8\\u8272|\\u6d41\\u884c\\u8272|\\u6de1\\u8272|\\u6e05\\u4e00\\u8272|\\u6e1b\\u8272|\\u6e56\\u8272|\\u6f01\\u8272|\\u6f64\\u8272|\\u6ffe\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u706b\\u8272|\\u7070\\u8272|\\u7121\\u8272\\u754c|\\u71c8\\u8272|\\u7259\\u8272|\\u7269\\u8272|\\u7279\\u8272|\\u7389\\u8272|\\u7425\\u73c0\\u8272|\\u751f\\u8272|\\u7537\\u8272|\\u767d\\u8272|\\u767d\\u8272\\u9ad4|\\u767e\\u8272\\u7e23|\\u773c\\u8272|\\u795e\\u8272|\\u79cb\\u8272|\\u7a14\\u8272|\\u7ba1\\u8272\\u8b5c|\\u7c73\\u8272|\\u7c73\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u7c89\\u8272|\\u7d05\\u8272|\\u7d14\\u8272|\\u7d20\\u8272|\\u7d2b\\u8272|\\u7d55\\u8272|\\u7da0\\u8272|\\u7f8e\\u8272|\\u8001\\u4e09\\u8272|\\u8072\\u8272|\\u8089\\u8272|\\u812b\\u8272|\\u8173\\u8272|\\u819a\\u8272|\\u81c9\\u8272|\\u8272\\u53b2|\\u8272\\u5b50|\\u8272\\u5f48|\\u8272\\u5fc3|\\u8272\\u601d\\u6eab|\\u8272\\u60c5\\u72c2|\\u8272\\u6212|\\u8272\\u6493|\\u8272\\u6578\\u5152|\\u8272\\u65e6|\\u8272\\u667a|\\u8272\\u6a23|\\u8272\\u6eab|\\u8272\\u7136|\\u8272\\u74b0|\\u8272\\u754c|\\u8272\\u76ee|\\u8272\\u76ee\\u4eba|\\u8272\\u7787\\u7787|\\u8272\\u7b11|\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u8272\\u7cfb|\\u8272\\u8272|\\u8272\\u8352|\\u8272\\u8a8d|\\u8272\\u8eab|\\u8272\\u8ff7\\u8ff7|\\u8272\\u9577|\\u8272\\u990a|\\u82b1\\u8272|\\u8336\\u8272|\\u8336\\u8910\\u8272|\\u83dc\\u8272|\\u8457\\u8272|\\u843d\\u8272|\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u85d5\\u8272|\\u871a\\u8272|\\u871c\\u8272|\\u8840\\u8272|\\u884c\\u8272|\\u8852\\u8272|\\u88dc\\u8272|\\u8907\\u8272\\u5149|\\u8910\\u8272|\\u892a\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u795e\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u98a8\\u8272|\\u89d2\\u8272|\\u8a18\\u8272|\\u8a2d\\u8272|\\u8a5e\\u8272|\\u8a6d\\u8272|\\u8a98\\u60d1\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u773c\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u8272\\u677f|\\u8abf\\u8272\\u76e4|\\u8af8\\u8272|\\u8b66\\u6212\\u8272|\\u8b8a\\u8272|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u9f8d|\\u8c54\\u8272|\\u8ca8\\u8272|\\u8ced\\u8272|\\u8d64\\u8272|\\u8d67\\u8272|\\u8d70\\u8272|\\u8d77\\u8272|\\u8db3\\u8272|\\u8f9f\\u8272|\\u8fa8\\u8272|\\u8fad\\u8272|\\u9000\\u8272|\\u905e\\u773c\\u8272|\\u907d\\u8272|\\u9130\\u8fd1\\u8272|\\u914d\\u8272|\\u9152\\u8272|\\u91ac\\u8272|\\u91c7\\u8272|\\u91d1\\u8272|\\u91d1\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9280\\u7070\\u8272|\\u9280\\u767d\\u8272|\\u9280\\u8272|\\u9306\\u8272|\\u9435\\u7070\\u8272|\\u9593\\u8272|\\u9694\\u591c\\u8272|\\u96d5\\u8272|\\u96dc\\u8272|\\u96e3\\u8272|\\u973d\\u8272|\\u9762\\u8272|\\u97f3\\u8272|\\u984f\\u8272|\\u984f\\u8272\\u5152|\\u98a8\\u8272|\\u98e2\\u8272|\\u9999\\u8272|\\u99dd\\u8272|\\u9a55\\u8272|\\u9ad4\\u8272|\\u9d5d\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9ed1\\u8272|\\u9ed1\\u8272\\u7d20}}\\n\\n{{zh-cat|Elementary}}\\n\\n===See\n        also===\\n{{table:colors/zh}}\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Japanese==\\n{{stroke order|strokes=6}}\\n\\n===Kanji===\\n{{ja-kanji|grade=2|rs=\\u827200}}\\n\\n====Readings====\\n{{ja-readings\\n|goon=\\u3057\\u304d\\n|kanon=\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f\\n\\n|kun=\\u3044\\u308d-,\n        \\u3044\\u308d\\u3048\\n|nanori=\\u3057\\u304b, \\u3057\\u3053\\n}}\\n\\n====Compounds====\\n{{der-top|Compounds}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u4e09%\\u8272%\\u540c%\\u523b|\\u3055\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3069\\u3046%\\u3053|(''''mahjong'''')\n        same triplets on each suit}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u4e09%\\u8272%\\u540c%\\u9806|\\u3055\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3069\\u3046%\\u3058\\u3085\\u3093|(''''mahjong'''')\n        same sequences on each suit}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5b57%\\u4e00%\\u8272|\\u30c4\\u30fc%\\u30a4\\u30fc%\\u30bd\\u30fc|(''''mahjong'''')\n        all honours}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7dd1%\\u4e00%\\u8272|\\u30ea\\u30e5\\u30fc%\\u30a4\\u30fc%\\u30bd\\u30fc|(''''mahjong'''')\n        all green}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology 1===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3044\\u308d|yomi=k}}\\nFrom\n        {{etyl|ojp|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}}. Originally referred to [[kin]], indicating\n        [[sibling]]s sharing the same mother.{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}\n        Later came to indicate feelings of [[familial]] [[love]].{{R:Kokugo\n        Dai Jiten}} Apparently this then evolved to refer to [[romantic]] love,\n        and by extension [[sex]], or by alternate extension, [[female]] [[beauty]].\n        Then by further extension, this came to refer to [[beauty]] in general, and\n        then [[colorfulness]], and finally [[color]].\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=k|\\u3044\\u308d|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|audio=Ja-iro-colour.ogg}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n#: {{ja-usex|\\u76ee\\u306e''''''\\u8272''''''\\u304c\\u9055\\u3046\\u732b|\\u3081\n        \\u306e ''''''\\u3044\\u308d'''''' \\u304c \\u3061\\u304c\\u3046 \\u306d\\u3053|a cat\n        that has eyes of different ''''''color''''''}}\\n# the metaphorical color or\n        [[mood]]\\n## one''s [[facial]] [[coloring]] or [[expression]]\\n## the [[shape]]\n        of one''s [[face]] or [[appearance]]; more specifically, beautiful [[looks]]\n        or a beautiful [[figure]]\\n## [[lively]] [[elegance]], [[enjoyable]] or [[interesting]]\n        [[charm]]\\n## apparent [[thoughtfulness]], [[warmheartedness]]\\n## the [[feeling]]\n        or [[mood]] of a thing\\n## the [[tenor]] or [[timber]] of a [[voice]] or [[sound]]\\n##\n        in [[Noh]], a section that is [[chant]]ed at a medium pace; alternately, a\n        [[decorative]] [[poetic]] section\\n## in {{m|ja|\\u6d44\\u7460\\u7483|tr=j\\u014druri||puppet\n        show narrative}}, a [[lively]] section that is neither strictly [[dialog]]\n        nor [[narration]], but has many elements of dialog\\n## when playing the [[koto]],\n        pushing on a string with the fingers of the left hand to change the [[pitch]]\n        of a [[note]], or for [[vibrato]]\\n# something related to [[romantic]] or\n        [[sexual]] [[love]], particularly between genders\\n## the [[emotion]]s or\n        [[circumstance]]s of [[attraction]] between [[gender]]s\\n## [[extramarital]]\n        [[relation]]s, an [[affair]]\\n## an [[extramarital]] [[lover]]\\n## a [[prostitute]]\\n##\n        a [[red-light district]]\\n# the [[type]] or [[kind]] of something\\n# {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}}\n        various specific kinds of [[color]]:\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang|woman''s\n        word}} [[lipstick]] or [[rouge]]\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}}\n        [[soy sauce]]\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}} [[paint]]\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top|Terms derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=color}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8276|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3064\\u3084|[[color]] and [[luster]]; a\n        person''s [[facial]] [[coloring]]; [[warmth]] of [[feeling]] in [[speech]]\n        or [[attitude]]; [[interest]] or [[fun]] in [[speech]] or [[writing]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5408\\u3044|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3042\\u3044}}, {{ja-r|\\u8272\\u5408|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3042\\u3044|a\n        [[shade]], [[hue]], [[tone]]; [[coloring]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u892a\\u305b\\u308b|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3042\\u305b\\u308b|lose\n        [[color]], [[fade]]; fade, lose [[freshness]], become [[old]] and [[musty]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7d19|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u304c\\u307f|[[colored]] [[paper]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u773c%\\u93e1|\\u3044\\u308d% \\u3081%\\u304c\\u306d|[[colored]]\n        [[glasses]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7269|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3082\\u306e|a [[colored]]\n        item, particularly [[cloth]] or [[clothing]]; a [[lively]] and [[colorful]]\n        [[variety]] [[act]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u597d\\u3044|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3088\\u3044|having\n        a [[beautiful]] [[figure]]; [[favorable]] {{qualifier|as in a [[reply]] or\n        [[attitude]]}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5206\\u3051|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u308f\\u3051}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5206|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u308f\\u3051|to [[color-code]], to [[separate]]\n        by color}}\\n{{der-mid}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b% \\u3044\\u308d|[[red]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272|\\u304d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8336%\\u8272|\\u3061\\u3083% \\u3044\\u308d|[[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u72d0%\\u8272|\\u304d\\u3064\\u306d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[reddish]]-[[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a59%\\u8272|\\u3060\\u3044\\u3060\\u3044% \\u3044\\u308d|[[orange]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u30aa\\u30ec\\u30f3\\u30b8\\u8272|\\u30aa\\u30ec\\u30f3\\u30b8 \\u3044\\u308d|[[orange]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u67ff%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[reddish]]-[[orange]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[purple]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8584%\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3046\\u3059%-\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[purple]], [[lavender]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6843%\\u8272|\\u3082\\u3082% \\u3044\\u308d|[[peach]]\n        [[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u685c%\\u8272|\\u3055\\u304f\\u3089% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6c34%\\u8272|\\u307f\\u305a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]] [[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7fa4%\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u3050\\u3093%\\u3058\\u3087\\u3046% \\u3044\\u308d|[[ultramarine]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b%-\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[magenta]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u7dd1%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304a%-\\u307f\\u3069\\u308a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[cyan]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7070%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u3044% \\u3044\\u308d|[[gray]] (possibly darker\n        than ''''nezumi iro'''')}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9f20%\\u8272|\\u306d\\u305a\\u307f% \\u3044\\u308d|[[gray]]\n        (possibly darker than ''''hai iro'''')}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9d07%\\u8272|\\u3068\\u304d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7e39%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u306a\\u3060% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[indigo]] [[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6817%\\u8272|\\u304f\\u308a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[maroon]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7dcb%\\u8272|\\u3072% \\u3044\\u308d|[[scarlet]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u831c%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b\\u306d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[madder]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u82fa%\\u8272|\\u3044\\u3061\\u3054%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[strawberry]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9b31%\\u91d1%\\u8272|\\u3046%\\u3053\\u3093%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[turmeric]] {{gloss|dye}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u30b3\\u30b3\\u30a2\\u8272|\\u30b3\\u30b3\\u30a2\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[cocoa]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8461%\\u8404%\\u8272|\\u3076%\\u3069\\u3046%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[grape]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6ab8%\\u6aac%\\u8272|\\u308c%\\u3082\\u3093%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[lemon]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u91d1%\\u7cf8\\u96c0%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u306a%\\u308a\\u3042%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[canary]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u82a5\\u5b50%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3089\\u3057%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[mustard]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7425%\\u73c0%\\u8272|\\u3053%\\u306f\\u304f%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[amber]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8594\\u8587%\\u8272|\\u3070\\u3089% \\u3044\\u308d|[[rose]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5341%\\u4eba%\\u5341%\\u8272|\\u3058\\u3085\\u3046%\n        \\u306b\\u3093% \\u3068% \\u3044\\u308d|[[to each his own]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n{{der-top|Terms\n        derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=kind or type}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8272|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3044\\u308d|[[various]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272\\u3093\\u306a|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3093\\u306a|[[various]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n=====Related\n        terms=====\\n{{rel-top|Terms related to {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=color}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u767d\\u3044|\\u3057\\u308d\\u3044|[[white]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ed2\\u3044|\\u304f\\u308d\\u3044|[[black]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64\\u3044|\\u3042\\u304b\\u3044|[[red]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9752\\u3044|\\u3042\\u304a\\u3044|[[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272\\u3044|\\u304d%\\u3044\\u308d\\u3044|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8336%\\u8272\\u3044|\\u3061\\u3083%\\u3044\\u308d\\u3044|[[brown]]}}\\n{{rel-bottom}}\\n\\n====Adjective====\\n{{ja-adj|infl=na|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} of exceptional [[beauty]] of [[form]]\n        or [[appearance]]\\n#* ''''[[w:Utsubo Monogatari|Utsubo Monogatari]]'''', late\n        10th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u5a18\\u3069\\u3082\\u3090\\u306a\\u307f\\u3066|''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\n        \\u3080\\u3059\\u3081 \\u3069\\u3082 \\u3090\\u306a\\u307f\\u3066|''''''beautiful''''''\n        girls all in a row}}\\n# {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} [[knowledgeable]]\n        about [[lovemaking]], [[sensual]]; [[lascivious]], [[lecherous]]\\n#* ''''[[w:Ochikubo\n        Monogatari|Ochikubo Monogatari]]'''', late 10th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|\\u8d8a\\u524d\\u5b88''''''\\u8272''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u4eba\\u306b\\u3066|\\u3048\\u3061\\u305c\\u3093\\u3082\\u308a\n        ''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b \\u3072\\u3068 \\u306b \\u3066|Echizenmori\n        was a man who ''''''liked the girls'''''' / ''''''had quite the libido''''''}}\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} [[elegant]], [[tasteful]], [[refined]]\\n#*\n        ''''[[w:The Tale of Genji|The Tale of Genji]]'''', early 11th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|\\u76ee\\u99b4\\u308c\\u305a\\u3082\\u3042\\u308b\\u4f4f\\u307e\\u3072\\u306e\\u69d8\\u304b\\u306a''''''\\u8272''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u5fa1\\u5fc3\\u306b\\u306f\\u3092\\u304b\\u3057\\u304f\\u304a\\u307c\\u3057\\u306a\\u3055\\u308b|\\u3081\\u306a\\u308c\\u305a\n        \\u3082 \\u3042\\u308b \\u3059\\u307e\\u3072 \\u306e \\u3055\\u307e \\u304b \\u306a ''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\n        \\u304a\\u3053\\u3053\\u308d \\u306b \\u306f \\u3092\\u304b\\u3057\\u304f \\u304a\\u307c\\u3057\\u306a\\u3055\\u308b|\\\"I\n        haven''t seen it before, but it looks like a house,\\\" he thought bemusedly\n        in his ''''''refined'''''' mind...}}\\n\\n====Affix====\\n{{ja-pos|affix|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        [[kin]], [[blood relative]], more specifically family members sharing the\n        same [[mother]]\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nOnly found in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top|Terms derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=kin}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u306f|one''s [[birth mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u80cc|\\u3044\\u308d\\u305b|a\n        [[sibling]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u306d|a [[sibling]]\n        from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u5144|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048|an\n        [[older]] [[brother]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3068|a\n        [[younger]] [[sibling]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3082|a\n        [[younger]] [[sister]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology\n        2===\\n{{ja-kanjitab||\\u3044\\u308d|yomi=k}}\\n[[nominalization|Nominalization]]\n        of the {{m|ja|\\u9023\\u7528\\u5f62|tr=ren''y\\u014dkei||continuative or stem\n        form}} of verb {{m|ja|\\u8272\\u3046|tr=irou||to color something}}.\\n\\nNot used\n        in modern Japanese.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=k|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048|obsolete}} [[coloring]]/[[colouring]], [[design]]\\n\\n===Etymology\n        3===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3057\\u304d|yomi=o}}\\nFrom {{etyl|ltc|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d}}\n        {{m|ltc|\\u8272|tr=srik}}. Used in [[Buddhist]] contexts as a translation of\n        {{etyl|sa|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d}} {{m|sa|\\u0930\\u0942\\u092a||outward [[appearance]],\n        [[color]], [[form]], [[shape]]}}.\\n\\nThe [[\\u5449\\u97f3#Japanese|''''goon'''']]\n        reading, so likely the initial borrowing.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=goon|\\u3057\\u304d|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3057\\u304d}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d|Buddhism}} [[material]] [[form]], specifically the\n        organized [[body]] as one of the five constituent [[element]]s or [[skandha]]s\\n#:\n        [[\\u822c\\u82e5\\u5fc3\\u7d4c#Japanese|Heart Sutra]] ([[w:Heart Sutra|Wikipedia\n        article]])\\n#: {{ja-usex|...\\u820e%\\u5229%\\u5b50%\\u3000''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u4e0d%\\u7570%\\u7a7a%\\u3000\\u7a7a%\\u4e0d%\\u7570%''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u3000''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u5373%\\u662f%\\u7a7a%\\u3000\\u7a7a%\\u5373%\\u662f%''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u3000\\u53d7%\\u60f3%\\u884c%\\u8b58%\\u3000\\u4ea6%\\u5fa9%\\u5982%\\u662f...|...^\\u3057\\u3083%\\u308a%\\u3057%\\u3000''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\n        \\u3075% \\u3044% \\u304f\\u3046%\\u3000\\u304f\\u3046% \\u3075% \\u3044% ''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\\u3000''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\n        \\u305d\\u304f% \\u305c% \\u304f\\u3046%\\u3000\\u304f\\u3046% \\u305d\\u304f% \\u305c%\n        ''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\\u3000\\u3058\\u3085% \\u305d\\u3046% \\u304e\\u3087\\u3046%\n        \\u3057\\u304d%\\u3000\\u3084\\u304f% \\u3076% \\u306b\\u3087% \\u305c...|rom=Sharishi,\n        ''''''shiki'''''' fu i k\\u016b, k\\u016b fu i ''''''shiki'''''', ''''''shiki''''''\n        soku ze k\\u016b, k\\u016b soku ze ''''''shiki'''''', ju s\\u014d gy\\u014d shiki,\n        yaku bu nyo ze|Oh Shariputra! ''''''Form'''''' is not different from emptiness;\n        emptiness is not different from ''''''form''''''. ''''''Form'''''' is indeed\n        emptiness; emptiness is indeed ''''''form''''''. Feeling, perception, mental\n        formations, and consciousness are also like this.{{cite-web|author=|authorlink=|title=Translation\n        of the kanji of the Heart Sutra in Japanese|url=https://www.theartofcalligraphy.com/heart-sutra-in-japanese|archiveurl=|archivedate=|work=The\n        Heart Sutra In Japanese Explained \\u2013 Online Kanji Course For Sutra Copying\n        And Self-Study|publisher=|date=|accessdate=August 24, 2017|passage=}}}}\\n\\n\\n#\n        that which is [[visible]] of a thing, specifically [[form]] and [[color]]\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nUsed extensively\n        in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived terms=====\\n{{der-top}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u754c|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u304b\\u3044|the\n        [[material]] [[world]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5f69|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3055\\u3044|[[coloring]],\n        [[coloration]], [[hue]], [[tint]]; [[color]], [[mood]], [[influence]], [[leaning]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7d19|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3057|a [[square]] piece of [[cardboard]]\n        used for painting or for writing poems}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8abf|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3061\\u3087\\u3046|the\n        [[coloring]] of a thing; a [[tone]], [[shade]], or [[hue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7e39%\\u8272|\\u3072\\u3087\\u3046%\\u3057\\u304d|[[light]]\n        [[indigo]] [[blue]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology 4===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|yomi=o}}\\nFrom\n        {{etyl|ltc|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}} {{m|ltc|\\u8272|tr=srik|pos=reconstructed\n        by some linguists as {{IPAchar|/\\u0283i\\u0259k/}}}}.\\n\\nThe [[\\u6f22\\u97f3#Japanese|''''kan''on'''']]\n        reading, so likely a later borrowing.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=kanon|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n====Affix====\\n{{ja-pos|affix|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nUsed in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6697%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[dark]] [[color]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5a01%\\u5687%\\u8272|\\u3044%\\u304b\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[threatening]] [[color]] or [[pattern]] on an animal}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7570%\\u8272|\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|of\n        a [[different]] [[color]]; [[different]] from the [[norm]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u708e%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u7130%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[flame]] [[colour]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6028%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[grudging]] [[look]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6f14%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[colour]] [[rendering]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8276%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[bewitching]] [[looks]];\n        [[beautiful]] [[colour]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272|\\u304a\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u9ec4\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7070%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[grey]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8910%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3063%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[dark]] [[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a44%\\u6b16%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3093%\\u3089\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[olive]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u597d%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[lasciviousness]],\n        [[lechery]]; [[lascivious]], [[lecherous]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7d05%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[crimson]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u884c%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|the [[state]] of being\n        about to [[depart]]; [[natural]] [[scenery]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ed2%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[black]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3057%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[purple]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8d6d%\\u8272|\\u3057\\u3083%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[reddish]]-[[brown]],\n        [[auburn]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u305b\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u8272|\\u305b\\u304d%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[red]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6c34%\\u8272|\\u3059\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[light]]\n        [[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u905c%\\u8272|\\u305d\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[inferiority]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a59%\\u8272|\\u3068\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[orange]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u767d%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[white]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u660e%\\u8272|\\u3081\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[bright]] [[color]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7dd1%\\u8272|\\u308a\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[green]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n====Counter====\\n{{ja-pos|counter|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n#\n        used to count the number of [[color]]s\\n#: {{ja-usex|\\u4e09''''''\\u8272''''''\\u5237\\u308a|\\u3055\\u3093''''''\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f''''''\n        \\u3059\\u308a|three-''''''color'''''' printing}}\\n\\n===See also===\\n{{table:colors/ja}}\\n\\n===References===\\n\\n\\n[[Category:Japanese\n        basic words|\\u3044\\u308d]]\\n[[Category:ja:Colors|\\u3044\\u308d]]\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Korean==\\n\\n===Hanja===\\n{{ko-hanja|hangeul=\\uc0c9|eumhun=|mr=saek|y=sayk}}\\n\\n===Noun===\\n{{ko-noun|hangeul=\\uc0c9}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]]\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Vietnamese==\\n\\n===Han character===\\n{{vi-hantu|[[s\\u1eafc]],\n        [[s\\u1eb7c]]|rs=\\u827200}}\\n\\n# [[color]]\\n\\n[[Category:CJKV radicals]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-11T18:37:31Z\",\"lastrevid\":47452745,\"length\":18490,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 19:55:44 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
  },
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WMF-Last-Access=11-Sep-2017;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Fri, 13 Oct 2017\n        12:00:00 GMT\n      X-Analytics:\n      - ns=-1;special=Badtitle;https=1;nocookies=1\n      X-Client-Ip:\n      - 94.179.65.105\n    body:\n      encoding: ASCII-8BIT\n      string: '{\"batchcomplete\":\"\",\"query\":{\"pages\":{\"221234\":{\"pageid\":221234,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"List\n        of kanji by concept\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-03-12T20:43:58Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Japanese\n        writing}}\\nThis ''''''Kanji index method'''''' groups together [[kanji]] that\n        describe things that deal with the same concept, for example kanji for numbers\n        or kanji for directions.\\n\\nKanji with multiple meanings may appear more than\n        once.\\n\\n{{TOC right}}\\n\\n== Physical properties and attributes ==\\n\\n===\n        Colours ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8272|\\u8272]] Colours;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u767d|\\u767d]]\n        white;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ed2|\\u9ed2]] black;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d64|\\u8d64]]\n        red;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d05|\\u7d05]] crimson;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9752|\\u9752]]\n        blue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ec4|\\u9ec4]] yellow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dd1|\\u7dd1]]\n        green;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]] gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9280|\\u9280]]\n        silver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d2b|\\u7d2b]] violet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d3a|\\u7d3a]]\n        dark blue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6731|\\u6731]] vermilion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8910|\\u8910]]\n        brown;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85cd|\\u85cd]] indigo;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f69|\\u5f69]]\n        brightly coloured;}}\\n\\n=== Shape, size, pattern, arrangement ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f62|\\u5f62]]\n        shape;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f53|\\u4f53]] form;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ff|\\u59ff]]\n        figure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a21|\\u6a21]] pattern;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67c4|\\u67c4]]\n        design, pattern;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5186|\\u5186]] circle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e38|\\u4e38]]\n        circular;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f2|\\u66f2]] curve;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f27|\\u5f27]]\n        arc;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74b0|\\u74b0]] ring, surround;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f2a|\\u8f2a]]\n        ring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51f9|\\u51f9]] concave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51f8|\\u51f8]]\n        convex;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89d2|\\u89d2]] angle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u659c|\\u659c]]\n        diagonal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7403|\\u7403]] sphere;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u570f|\\u570f]]\n        sphere;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7389|\\u7389]] ball;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dda|\\u7dda]]\n        line;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5217|\\u5217]] row, line;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e26|\\u4e26]]\n        line up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5927|\\u5927]] large;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de8|\\u5de8]]\n        huge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c0f|\\u5c0f]] small;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fae|\\u5fae]]\n        minute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72ed|\\u72ed]] narrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aef|\\u7aef]]\n        edge or border;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e01|\\u7e01]] edge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5468|\\u5468]]\n        perimeter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5883|\\u5883]] boundary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67a0|\\u67a0]]\n        frame, border;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aef|\\u7aef]] end, tip;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5074|\\u5074]]\n        side;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9685|\\u9685]] corner;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ad8|\\u9ad8]]\n        tall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9577|\\u9577]] long;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77ed|\\u77ed]]\n        short;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e83|\\u5e83]] wide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e45|\\u5e45]]\n        width;}}\\n\\n=== Miscellaneous properties ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u786c|\\u786c]]\n        hard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8edf|\\u8edf]] soft;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cd|\\u91cd]]\n        heavy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8efd|\\u8efd]] light (weight);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56fa|\\u56fa]]\n        solid, firm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6db2|\\u6db2]] liquid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f37|\\u5f37]]\n        strong;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f31|\\u5f31]] weak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u539a|\\u539a]]\n        thick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6fc3|\\u6fc3]] thick, concentrated;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8584|\\u8584]]\n        dilute, thin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d30|\\u7d30]] slender;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dfb|\\u7dfb]]\n        fine, delicate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fae|\\u5fae]] delicate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92ed|\\u92ed]]\n        sharp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592a|\\u592a]] fat, thick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6df1|\\u6df1]]\n        deep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d45|\\u6d45]] shallow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6691|\\u6691]]\n        hot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u71b1|\\u71b1]] hot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e29|\\u6e29]]\n        warm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6696|\\u6696]] warm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51b7|\\u51b7]]\n        cold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bd2|\\u5bd2]] cold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e72|\\u5e72]]\n        dry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e7e|\\u4e7e]] dry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e7f|\\u6e7f]]\n        damp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f64|\\u6f64]] moist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d44|\\u6d44]]\n        clean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c5a|\\u6c5a]] dirty;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c98|\\u7c98]]\n        sticky;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8276|\\u8276]] glossy;}}\\n\\n== Directions and\n        spatial relationships ==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5317|\\u5317]] north;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5357|\\u5357]]\n        south;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6771|\\u6771]] east;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u897f|\\u897f]]\n        west;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de6|\\u5de6]] left;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f3|\\u53f3]]\n        right;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e0b|\\u4e0b]] down;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e0a|\\u4e0a]]\n        up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u524d|\\u524d]] front;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f8c|\\u5f8c]]\n        back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88cf|\\u88cf]] rear, back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e95|\\u5e95]]\n        bottom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5916|\\u5916]] outside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e2d|\\u4e2d]]\n        inside/middle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5185|\\u5185]] inside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592e|\\u592e]]\n        centre;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5965|\\u5965]] interior;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9593|\\u9593]]\n        between;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5165|\\u5165]] direction in;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51fa|\\u51fa]]\n        direction out;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b9|\\u65b9]] direction;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fd1|\\u8fd1]]\n        near;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9060|\\u9060]] distant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5411|\\u5411]]\n        toward}}\\n\\n=== Movement ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6765|\\u6765]] come;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u884c|\\u884c]]\n        go;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65c5|\\u65c5]] travel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f80|\\u5f80]]\n        go, depart;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e30|\\u5e30]] return;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53c2|\\u53c2]]\n        go (esp. visit);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u843d|\\u843d]] fall, drop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d74|\\u8d74]]\n        go to;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d8a|\\u8d8a]] go beyond, exceed;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5012|\\u5012]]\n        fall over;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u589c|\\u589c]] fall down, crash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u63da|\\u63da]]\n        raise, elevate}}\\n\\n== Numbers, counting, sequence==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6570|\\u6570]]\n        number;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f6|\\u96f6]] zero;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e00|\\u4e00]]\n        one;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e8c|\\u4e8c]] two;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e09|\\u4e09]]\n        three;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56db|\\u56db]] four;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e94|\\u4e94]]\n        five;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u516d|\\u516d]] six;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e03|\\u4e03]]\n        seven;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u516b|\\u516b]] eight;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e5d|\\u4e5d]]\n        nine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5341|\\u5341]] ten;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u767e|\\u767e]]\n        100;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5343|\\u5343]] 1,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e07|\\u4e07]]\n        10,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5104|\\u5104]] 100,000,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5146|\\u5146]]\n        1,000,000,000,000;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b2c|\\u7b2c]] ordinal marker;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u521d|\\u521d]]\n        first;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e59|\\u4e59]] second (ordinal);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e19|\\u4e19]]\n        third (ordinal);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6841|\\u6841]] digit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53cc|\\u53cc]]\n        pair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u591a|\\u591a]] many;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c11|\\u5c11]]\n        few;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u534a|\\u534a]] half;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e21|\\u4e21]]\n        both;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5404|\\u5404]] each;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bce|\\u6bce]]\n        every;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b21|\\u6b21]] next;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fcc|\\u7fcc]]\n        the following;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u756a|\\u756a]] numerical order;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9806|\\u9806]]\n        sequence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e8f|\\u5e8f]] sequence}}\\n\\n===Counters===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u500b|\\u500b]]\n        general counter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f0|\\u53f0]] counter for machines\n        and vehicles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679a|\\u679a]] counter for flat things;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672c|\\u672c]] counter for cylindrical things;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96bb|\\u96bb]]\n        counter for ships;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u518a|\\u518a]] counter for books;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5339|\\u5339]] counter for animals;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u758b|\\u758b]]\n        counter for small animals or insects;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982d|\\u982d]]\n        counter for large animals;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fbd|\\u7fbd]] counter for\n        birds and rabbits;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b87|\\u7b87]] counter for articles;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8db3|\\u8db3]] counter for pairs of footwear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672d|\\u672d]]\n        counter for bonds, tickets;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u676f|\\u676f]] counter for\n        cupfuls;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ed2|\\u8ed2]] counter for houses;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6238|\\u6238]]\n        counter for houses;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f2a|\\u8f2a]] counter for wheels\n        and flowers;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7573|\\u7573]] counter for tatami mats;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] counter for loaves of bread;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e01|\\u4e01]]\n        miscellaneous counter}}\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eba|\\u4eba]] counter for people}}\\n\\n===Handling\n        amounts===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b97|\\u7b97]] calculation;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u500d|\\u500d]]\n        times, double;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5897|\\u5897]] increase, add;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b96|\\u6b96]]\n        increase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8017|\\u8017]] decrease, consume;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e1b|\\u6e1b]]\n        dwindle, decrease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e2e|\\u7e2e]] shrink, contract;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u52a0|\\u52a0]] add to;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9664|\\u9664]]\n        division;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5206|\\u5206]] divide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5256|\\u5256]]\n        split in two}}\\n\\n===Units===\\n\\nUnits of length:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3a|\\u5c3a]]\n        Japanese foot (around 30 cm);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bf8|\\u5bf8]] 1/10 Japanese\n        foot (around 3 cm);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5398|\\u5398]] (around 0.3 mm);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cc|\\u91cc]] league (around 3.9 km)}}\\n\\nUnits of area:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u576a|\\u576a]]\n        two-mat area (around 3.3 m\\u00b2);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u755d|\\u755d]] 30\n        tsubo (around 100 m\\u00b2)}}\\n\\nUnits of volume:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u52fa|\\u52fa]]\n        ladle (around 18 ml);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5347|\\u5347]] (around 1.8 l);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6597|\\u6597]] (around 18 l);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77f3|\\u77f3]]\n        (around 180 l)}}\\n\\nUnits of weight:\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5301|\\u5301]] (around\n        3.75 grams);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] (around 600 g)}}\\n\\n== Time\n        ==\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]] day;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9031|\\u9031]]\n        week;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] month;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e74|\\u5e74]]\n        year;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66dc|\\u66dc]] day of week;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66a6|\\u66a6]]\n        calendar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u671d|\\u671d]] morning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5348|\\u5348]]\n        noon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u663c|\\u663c]] daytime;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5915|\\u5915]]\n        evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6669|\\u6669]] evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb5|\\u5bb5]]\n        early evening;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u591c|\\u591c]] night;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6681|\\u6681]]\n        sunrise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ed|\\u65ed]] rising sun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e6|\\u65e6]]\n        sunrise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66ae|\\u66ae]] sunset;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6642|\\u6642]]\n        time, hour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5206|\\u5206]] minute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79d2|\\u79d2]]\n        second;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eca|\\u4eca]] now;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e9|\\u65e9]]\n        early;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9045|\\u9045]] late;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u524d|\\u524d]]\n        before;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f8c|\\u5f8c]] after;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e45|\\u4e45]]\n        long ago;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e7|\\u65e7]] former;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66fd|\\u66fd]]\n        formerly;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fd1|\\u8fd1]] recent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5148|\\u5148]]\n        ahead, previous;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9593|\\u9593]] interval of time;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u671f|\\u671f]]\n        time period;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66ab|\\u66ab]] a while;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d00|\\u7d00]]\n        era;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6628|\\u6628]] previous time;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56de|\\u56de]]\n        number of times;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9803|\\u9803]] time, about;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u969b|\\u969b]]\n        moment, occasion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ea6|\\u5ea6]] number of times;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6614|\\u6614]]\n        antiquity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c38|\\u6c38]] eternity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ec|\\u65ec]]\n        period of 10 days;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59cb|\\u59cb]] begin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d42|\\u7d42]]\n        end;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e4|\\u53e4]] old;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8001|\\u8001]]\n        old;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82e5|\\u82e5]] young;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b0|\\u65b0]]\n        new;}}\\n\\n=== Seasons ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b63|\\u5b63]] season;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5019|\\u5019]]\n        season;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] season, period;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6625|\\u6625]]\n        spring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u590f|\\u590f]] summer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79cb|\\u79cb]]\n        autumn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51ac|\\u51ac]] winter}}\\n\\n=== Days of the week\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66dc|\\u66dc]] weekday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]]\n        Sunday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] Monday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706b|\\u706b]]\n        Tuesday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c34|\\u6c34]] Wednesday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6728|\\u6728]]\n        Thursday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]] Friday;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u571f|\\u571f]]\n        Saturday}}\\n\\n== Nature ==\\n\\n===Sky and heavens===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65e5|\\u65e5]]\n        sun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u967d|\\u967d]] sun or [[Yin and yang|yang principle]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6708|\\u6708]] moon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u661f|\\u661f]]\n        star;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5929|\\u5929]] sky or heaven;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a7a|\\u7a7a]]\n        sky or void;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c17|\\u6c17]] air;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b87|\\u5b87]]\n        universe;}}\\n\\n===Natural substances ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]]\n        metal or gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9280|\\u9280]] silver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9285|\\u9285]]\n        copper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u925b|\\u925b]] lead;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9244|\\u9244]]\n        iron;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9291|\\u9291]] pig iron;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92fc|\\u92fc]]\n        steel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9271|\\u9271]] ore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6676|\\u6676]]\n        crystal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7389|\\u7389]] jewel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u73e0|\\u73e0]]\n        pearl or jewel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c34|\\u6c34]] water;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c37|\\u6c37]]\n        ice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c7d|\\u6c7d]] steam, vapour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77f3|\\u77f3]]\n        stone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u70ad|\\u70ad]] coal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7070|\\u7070]]\n        ash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u571f|\\u571f]] earth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5730|\\u5730]]\n        ground or earth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7802|\\u7802]] sand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c99|\\u6c99]]\n        sand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ce5|\\u6ce5]] mud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5869|\\u5869]]\n        salt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e39|\\u4e39]] cinnabar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u786b|\\u786b]]\n        sulphur;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9178|\\u9178]] acid, oxygen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a92|\\u7a92]]\n        nitrogen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6750|\\u6750]] timber, material;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cb9|\\u6cb9]]\n        oil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8102|\\u8102]] fat;}}\\n\\n===Weather and other natural\n        phenomena===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f2|\\u96f2]] cloud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66c7|\\u66c7]]\n        cloud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96e8|\\u96e8]] rain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8679|\\u8679]]\n        rainbow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98a8|\\u98a8]] wind;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96ea|\\u96ea]]\n        snow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d50|\\u5d50]] storm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5019|\\u5019]]\n        climate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6674|\\u6674]] fine weather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u971e|\\u971e]]\n        haze or mist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96f7|\\u96f7]] lightning or thunder;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9727|\\u9727]] fog or mist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u971c|\\u971c]]\n        frost;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9732|\\u9732]] dew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ce2|\\u6ce2]]\n        wave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f6e|\\u6f6e]] tide;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e26|\\u6e26]]\n        whirlpool;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d2a|\\u6d2a]] flood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9707|\\u9707]]\n        earthquake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u707d|\\u707d]] natural disaster;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6697|\\u6697]]\n        dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95c7|\\u95c7]] dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u51a5|\\u51a5]]\n        dark;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5149|\\u5149]] light;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u660e|\\u660e]]\n        light;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9670|\\u9670]] [[Yin and yang|yin principle]]\n        or shadow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f71|\\u5f71]] shadow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7159|\\u7159]]\n        smoke or fumes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96fb|\\u96fb]] electricity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78c1|\\u78c1]]\n        magnet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706b|\\u706b]] fire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u708e|\\u708e]]\n        blaze}}\\n\\n===Landscape and topography===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9678|\\u9678]]\n        land;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91ce|\\u91ce]] field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7551|\\u7551]]\n        field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u539f|\\u539f]] field;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7530|\\u7530]]\n        rice paddy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7267|\\u7267]] pasture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91cc|\\u91cc]]\n        countryside;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58cc|\\u58cc]] fertile soil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f20|\\u6f20]]\n        desert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c71|\\u5c71]] mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cb3|\\u5cb3]]\n        peak or mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cf0|\\u5cf0]] peak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ce0|\\u5ce0]]\n        mountain pass;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e18|\\u4e18]] hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ca1|\\u5ca1]]\n        hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u961c|\\u961c]] hill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5742|\\u5742]]\n        slope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9e93|\\u9e93]] foot of mountain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5824|\\u5824]]\n        embankment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c37|\\u8c37]] valley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6eaa|\\u6eaa]]\n        mountain stream or valley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ce1|\\u5ce1]] gorge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e13|\\u6e13]]\n        ravine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a9f|\\u7a9f]] cave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ca9|\\u5ca9]]\n        rock or boulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5dcc|\\u5dcc]] rock or boulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f20|\\u6f20]]\n        desert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ddd|\\u5ddd]] river;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cb3|\\u6cb3]]\n        river or stream;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cc9|\\u6cc9]] water spring;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6edd|\\u6edd]]\n        waterfall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u702c|\\u702c]] shallows, rapids;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5800|\\u5800]]\n        ditch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7554|\\u7554]] levee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6ca2|\\u6ca2]]\n        swamp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cbc|\\u6cbc]] marsh;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d77|\\u6d77]]\n        ocean or sea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d0b|\\u6d0b]] ocean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c96|\\u6c96]]\n        open sea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e56|\\u6e56]] lake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c60|\\u6c60]]\n        pond;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f5f|\\u6f5f]] lagoon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7901|\\u7901]]\n        reef;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c5f|\\u6c5f]] creek or bay;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e7e|\\u6e7e]]\n        bay, gulf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cb8|\\u5cb8]] shore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78ef|\\u78ef]]\n        seashore;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d5c|\\u6d5c]] beach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d66|\\u6d66]]\n        bay, beach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d16|\\u5d16]] cliff;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d0e|\\u5d0e]]\n        promontory or cape;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57fc|\\u57fc]] promontory;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cac|\\u5cac]]\n        headland;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5cf6|\\u5cf6]] island;}}\\n\\n=== Animals ===\\n\\n:''''See\n        also Food and Drink''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72ac|\\u72ac]] dog;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72d7|\\u72d7]]\n        dog;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u732b|\\u732b]] cat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f20|\\u9f20]]\n        mouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u514e|\\u514e]] rabbit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u99ac|\\u99ac]]\n        horse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u725b|\\u725b]] cow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f8a|\\u7f8a]]\n        sheep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c5a|\\u8c5a]] pig;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9e7f|\\u9e7f]]\n        deer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7363|\\u7363]] beast;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u755c|\\u755c]]\n        livestock;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c61|\\u8c61]] elephant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u864e|\\u864e]]\n        tiger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u718a|\\u718a]] bear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72fc|\\u72fc]]\n        wolf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72d0|\\u72d0]] fox;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u72f8|\\u72f8]]\n        raccoon dog ([[tanuki]]);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u733f|\\u733f]] monkey;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f9c|\\u9f9c]]/[[wikt:\\u4e80|\\u4e80]]\n        turtle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bc6|\\u9bc6]] dolphin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9be8|\\u9be8]]\n        whale;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u866b|\\u866b]] insect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6606|\\u6606]]\n        insect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8702|\\u8702]] bee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u868a|\\u868a]]\n        mosquito;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8695|\\u8695]] silkworm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u86cd|\\u86cd]]\n        firefly;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u86c7|\\u86c7]] snake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c10|\\u9c10]]\n        alligator or crocodile}}\\n\\n==== Fish ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b5a|\\u9b5a]]\n        fish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c9d|\\u8c9d]] shellfish;}}\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bc9|\\u9bc9]]\n        [[carp]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b92|\\u9b92]] [[crucian carp]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ba0|\\u9ba0]]\n        [[minnow]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c52|\\u9c52]] [[trout]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bad|\\u9bad]]\n        [[salmon]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c78|\\u9c78]] [[Dicentrarchus labrax|sea\n        bass]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bdb|\\u9bdb]] [[sea bream]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0c|\\u9c0c]]\n        [[stone loach]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c48|\\u9c48]] [[cod]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c3b|\\u9c3b]]\n        [[eel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bca|\\u9bca]] [[goby]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bd6|\\u9bd6]]\n        [[mackerel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c2f|\\u9c2f]] [[sardine]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bf5|\\u9bf5]]\n        [[Trachurus trachurus|scad]] / [[Trachurus trachurus|horse mackerel]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0a|\\u9c0a]]\n        [[herring]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c0d|\\u9c0d]] [[Cottus gobio|bullhead]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bf0|\\u9bf0]] [[catfish]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c08|\\u9c08]]/[[wikt:\\u9b83|\\u9b83]]\n        [[flounder]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9c24|\\u9c24]] [[amberjack]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b83|\\u9b83]]\n        [[sole (fish)|sole]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9bab|\\u9bab]] [[shark]];}}\\n\\n====\n        Birds ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ce5|\\u9ce5]] bird;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9d8f|\\u9d8f]]\n        chicken;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9d28|\\u9d28]] duck;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9df9|\\u9df9]]\n        hawk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9db4|\\u9db4]] crane;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96c0|\\u96c0]]\n        sparrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u689f|\\u689f]] [[owl]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u71d5|\\u71d5]]\n        [[swallow]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u70cf|\\u70cf]]/[[wikt:\\u9d09|\\u9d09]] [[crow]];}}\\n\\n====\n        Animal parts ====\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fbd|\\u7fbd]] feather, wing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ffc|\\u7ffc]]\n        wing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bdb|\\u6bdb]] fur;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3e|\\u5c3e]]\n        tail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7259|\\u7259]] tusk, fang;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89d2|\\u89d2]]\n        horn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u722a|\\u722a]] claw;}}\\n\\n=== Plants and trees\n        ===\\n\\n:''''See also Food and Drink''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u690d|\\u690d]] plant;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6728|\\u6728]] tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a39|\\u6a39]]\n        tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6797|\\u6797]] grove;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68ee|\\u68ee]]\n        forest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u677e|\\u677e]] pine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6749|\\u6749]]\n        cedar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u685c|\\u685c]] cherry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6885|\\u6885]]\n        plum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68a8|\\u68a8]] pear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67ff|\\u67ff]]\n        persimmon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6803|\\u6803]] horse chestnut;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85e4|\\u85e4]]\n        wisteria;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6851|\\u6851]] mulberry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6843|\\u6843]]\n        peach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f3|\\u67f3]] willow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6842|\\u6842]]\n        cinnamon tree;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8349|\\u8349]] grass;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a32|\\u7a32]]\n        rice plant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ebb|\\u9ebb]] hemp or flax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7af9|\\u7af9]]\n        bamboo;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u845b|\\u845b]] vine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8328|\\u8328]]\n        brier;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83ca|\\u83ca]] chrysanthemum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u683d|\\u683d]]\n        cultivation of plants;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85fb|\\u85fb]] algae, seaweed;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8338|\\u8338]] mushroom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83cc|\\u83cc]]\n        fungi or bacteria;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6839|\\u6839]] root;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e79|\\u5e79]]\n        tree trunk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679d|\\u679d]] branch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8449|\\u8449]]\n        leaf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b1|\\u82b1]] flower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82bd|\\u82bd]]\n        bud;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82d7|\\u82d7]] seedling;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u830e|\\u830e]]\n        stem;}}\\n\\n== People ==\\n\\n=== General ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eba|\\u4eba]]\n        person;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8005|\\u8005]] person (usually with qualifier);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c11|\\u6c11]] people;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7537|\\u7537]]\n        man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5973|\\u5973]] woman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96c4|\\u96c4]]\n        male;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96cc|\\u96cc]] female;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fc1|\\u7fc1]]\n        old man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a46|\\u5a46]] old woman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b22|\\u5b22]]\n        young lady;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b50|\\u5b50]] child;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5150|\\u5150]]\n        child;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u574a|\\u574a]] boy, sonny;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u90ce|\\u90ce]]\n        son, boy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ae5|\\u7ae5]] juvenile;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f92|\\u5f92]]\n        gang or junior;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79c1|\\u79c1]] I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50d5|\\u50d5]]\n        I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ffa|\\u4ffa]] I;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f7c|\\u5f7c]]\n        he;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u541b|\\u541b]] you;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81ea|\\u81ea]]\n        oneself;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5df1|\\u5df1]] oneself;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6211|\\u6211]]\n        self, ego;}}\\n\\n=== Roles and status ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3b|\\u4e3b]]\n        master or husband;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u592b|\\u592b]] husband or man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59bb|\\u59bb]]\n        wife;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a66|\\u5a66]] wife or lady;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u738b|\\u738b]]\n        king;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7687|\\u7687]] emperor or sovereign;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e1d|\\u5e1d]]\n        Mikado or emperor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59eb|\\u59eb]] princess;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a9b|\\u5a9b]]\n        princess;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5983|\\u5983]] princess, queen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u540e|\\u540e]]\n        empress;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f2f|\\u4f2f]] earl, count;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4faf|\\u4faf]]\n        lord, marquis;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7235|\\u7235]] noble rank;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58eb|\\u58eb]]\n        man or gentleman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65b9|\\u65b9]] honorable person;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f22|\\u6f22]] honorable man or [[Han Chinese|Han]] person;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f66|\\u5f66]] boy, high-status man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5091|\\u5091]]\n        great man;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d33|\\u7d33]] gentleman;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c0f|\\u6c0f]]\n        courtesy title;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9577|\\u9577]] leader;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fc2|\\u4fc2]]\n        person in charge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7763|\\u7763]] supervisor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e2b|\\u5e2b]]\n        expert;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ef2|\\u4ef2]] intermediary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f7f|\\u4f7f]]\n        messenger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u533b|\\u533b]] doctor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53cb|\\u53cb]]\n        friend;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50da|\\u50da]] colleague;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f29|\\u8f29]]\n        fellow, comrade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba2|\\u5ba2]] guest, customer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cd3|\\u8cd3]]\n        guest, VIP;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96a3|\\u96a3]] neighbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5974|\\u5974]]\n        servant, fellow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u96b7|\\u96b7]] underling;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ed9|\\u4ed9]]\n        hermit;}}\\n\\n===Family relationships===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb6|\\u5bb6]]\n        family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65cf|\\u65cf]] family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u540d|\\u540d]]\n        name;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7236|\\u7236]] father;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bcd|\\u6bcd]]\n        mother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89aa|\\u89aa]] parent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ac1|\\u5ac1]]\n        wife, bride;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a18|\\u5a18]] daughter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f1f|\\u5f1f]]\n        younger brother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59b9|\\u59b9]] younger sister;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5144|\\u5144]]\n        older brother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59c9|\\u59c9]] older sister;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u723a|\\u723a]]\n        grandfather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a46|\\u5a46]] grandmother;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7956|\\u7956]]\n        ancestor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b6b|\\u5b6b]] grandchild;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53d4|\\u53d4]]\n        aunt, uncle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f2f|\\u4f2f]] aunt, uncle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7525|\\u7525]]\n        nephew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ea|\\u59ea]] niece;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a7f|\\u5a7f]]\n        son-in-law, bridegroom;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6606|\\u6606]] descendants;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u621a|\\u621a]] relatives;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a5a|\\u5a5a]]\n        marry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59fb|\\u59fb]] matrimony;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ae1|\\u5ae1]]\n        legitimate wife/family;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5be1|\\u5be1]] widow;}}\\n\\n===Groups===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56fd|\\u56fd]]\n        country;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u793e|\\u793e]] company;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56e3|\\u56e3]]\n        group;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d3e|\\u6d3e]] faction, group;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d44|\\u7d44]]\n        association, assemble;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fa4|\\u7fa4]] flock, crowd}}\\n\\n==\n        Body ==\\n\\n=== General ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8eab|\\u8eab]] body;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f53|\\u4f53]]\n        body;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8089|\\u8089]] flesh;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8840|\\u8840]]\n        blood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8108|\\u8108]] vein;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b4b|\\u7b4b]]\n        muscles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aa8|\\u9aa8]] bone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ac4|\\u9ac4]]\n        marrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] joint;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ae|\\u76ae]]\n        skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u819a|\\u819a]] skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u808c|\\u808c]]\n        skin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ba|\\u76ba]] wrinkle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u817a|\\u817a]]\n        gland;}}\\n\\n=== Head and neck ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982d|\\u982d]] head;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8133|\\u8133]] brain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aea|\\u9aea]]\n        hair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9854|\\u9854]] face;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9aed|\\u9aed]]\n        beard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984d|\\u984d]] forehead;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8033|\\u8033]]\n        ear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76ee|\\u76ee]] eye;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u773c|\\u773c]]\n        eyeball;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7709|\\u7709]] eyebrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77b3|\\u77b3]]\n        pupil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f3b|\\u9f3b]] nose;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984e|\\u984e]]\n        jaw;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e3|\\u53e3]] mouth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5507|\\u5507]]\n        lips;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b6f|\\u6b6f]] tooth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u820c|\\u820c]]\n        tongue;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u982c|\\u982c]] cheek;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9824|\\u9824]]\n        chin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5589|\\u5589]] throat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54bd|\\u54bd]]\n        throat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9996|\\u9996]] neck;}}\\n\\n===Torso and organs===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80f4|\\u80f4]]\n        torso;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80cc|\\u80cc]] back;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u810a|\\u810a]]\n        backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5442|\\u5442]] backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u690e|\\u690e]]\n        backbone;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u808b|\\u808b]] rib;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80f8|\\u80f8]]\n        chest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8179|\\u8179]] stomach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80c3|\\u80c3]]\n        stomach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81cd|\\u81cd]] navel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8170|\\u8170]]\n        waist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81d3|\\u81d3]] entrails;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8178|\\u8178]]\n        intestines;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fc3|\\u5fc3]] heart;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80ba|\\u80ba]]\n        lung;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u809d|\\u809d]] liver;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81b5|\\u81b5]]\n        pancreas;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u814e|\\u814e]] kidney;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80c6|\\u80c6]]\n        gall bladder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u809b|\\u809b]] anus;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81a3|\\u81a3]]\n        vagina;}}\\n\\n===Arms and legs===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a2|\\u80a2]] limb;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8155|\\u8155]] arm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a9|\\u80a9]]\n        shoulder;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8107|\\u8107]] armpit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8098|\\u8098]]\n        elbow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u624b|\\u624b]] hand;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u62f3|\\u62f3]]\n        fist;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6307|\\u6307]] finger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u722a|\\u722a]]\n        nail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u638c|\\u638c]] palm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3b|\\u5c3b]]\n        buttocks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80a1|\\u80a1]] thighs;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u811a|\\u811a]]\n        leg;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8db3|\\u8db3]] leg, foot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u819d|\\u819d]]\n        knee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e1d|\\u8e1d]] ankle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e35|\\u8e35]]\n        heel;}}\\n\\n===Body functions ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c57|\\u6c57]] sweat;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cea|\\u6cea]] tear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d99|\\u6d99]]\n        tear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u553e|\\u553e]] saliva;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cbe|\\u7cbe]]\n        sperm;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3f|\\u5c3f]] urine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fbf|\\u4fbf]]\n        faeces;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u80ce|\\u80ce]] foetus;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u598a|\\u598a]]\n        pregnant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a20|\\u5a20]] pregnant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]]\n        birth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7523|\\u7523]] give birth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54fa|\\u54fa]]\n        suckle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u606f|\\u606f]] breath;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bdd|\\u5bdd]]\n        sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7720|\\u7720]] sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7761|\\u7761]]\n        sleep;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5922|\\u5922]] dream}}\\n\\n===Health, illness,\n        medicine ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]] life;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b7b|\\u6b7b]]\n        death;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5065|\\u5065]] healthy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eb7|\\u5eb7]]\n        healthy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u529b|\\u529b]] strength;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75c5|\\u75c5]]\n        illness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75c7|\\u75c7]] disease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75be|\\u75be]]\n        disease;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60a3|\\u60a3]] sick;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75ab|\\u75ab]]\n        epidemic;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ab8|\\u9ab8]] corpse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75db|\\u75db]]\n        pain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75b2|\\u75b2]] tired;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f11|\\u4f11]]\n        rest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75e9|\\u75e9]] weight loss;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u760d|\\u760d]]\n        ulcer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75d8|\\u75d8]] pox;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75e2|\\u75e2]]\n        diarrhoea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u764c|\\u764c]] cancer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b7|\\u50b7]]\n        wound;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u75d5|\\u75d5]] scar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u533b|\\u533b]]\n        medicine, doctor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7642|\\u7642]] heal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7652|\\u7652]]\n        heal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cbb|\\u6cbb]] cure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5264|\\u5264]]\n        medicine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9320|\\u9320]] pill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u85ac|\\u85ac]]\n        drug;}}\\n\\n===Gestures and sports===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7acb|\\u7acb]] stand\n        up;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8d70|\\u8d70]] run;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ea7|\\u5ea7]]\n        sit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8e0a|\\u8e0a]] jump;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b69|\\u6b69]]\n        walk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6cf3|\\u6cf3]] swim;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b62|\\u6b62]]\n        stop}}\\n\\n== Emotions and senses ==\\n\\n===Emotions===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60c5|\\u60c5]]\n        emotion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u611f|\\u611f]] feeling, emotion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c17|\\u6c17]]\n        feeling, mood;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u611b|\\u611b]] love;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u604b|\\u604b]]\n        love;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6155|\\u6155]] adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5d07|\\u5d07]]\n        reverence, adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u606d|\\u606d]] respect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u656c|\\u656c]]\n        respect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6148|\\u6148]] affection, benevolence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u618e|\\u618e]]\n        hate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u597d|\\u597d]] like;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5acc|\\u5acc]]\n        dislike;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8511|\\u8511]] contempt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6050|\\u6050]]\n        fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u865e|\\u865e]] fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6016|\\u6016]]\n        fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u754f|\\u754f]] fear or anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6144|\\u6144]]\n        fear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60e7|\\u60e7]] apprehension;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60b2|\\u60b2]]\n        sadness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54c0|\\u54c0]] sadness or pity;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6182|\\u6182]]\n        sadness, anxiety;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7169|\\u7169]] anxiety, annoyance;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6101|\\u6101]] melancholy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b31|\\u9b31]]\n        melancholy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60dc|\\u60dc]] regret;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61be|\\u61be]]\n        regret;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6094|\\u6094]] remorse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61d0|\\u61d0]]\n        yearning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61a7|\\u61a7]] yearning, adoration;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61ac|\\u61ac]]\n        yearning;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u621a|\\u621a]] grief;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6068|\\u6068]]\n        resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6028|\\u6028]] resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6168|\\u6168]]\n        indignation, resentment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bc2|\\u5bc2]] loneliness;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697d|\\u697d]] fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6109|\\u6109]]\n        fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5a2f|\\u5a2f]] fun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e78|\\u5e78]]\n        happiness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b09|\\u5b09]] happiness;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u559c|\\u559c]]\n        joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60a6|\\u60a6]] joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6176|\\u6176]]\n        joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b53|\\u6b53]] joy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5feb|\\u5feb]]\n        pleasure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b11|\\u7b11]] laughter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7591|\\u7591]]\n        doubt or suspicion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ff7|\\u8ff7]] doubt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ff7|\\u8ff7]]\n        confusion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d1b|\\u7d1b]] confusion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60d1|\\u60d1]]\n        bewilderment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u614c|\\u614c]] disconcertion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9a5a|\\u9a5a]]\n        surprise;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b32|\\u6b32]] desire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6012|\\u6012]]\n        anger;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6fc0|\\u6fc0]] violent excitement;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66b4|\\u66b4]]\n        violent rage;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u61a4|\\u61a4]] indignation;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b2|\\u50b2]]\n        pride;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6065|\\u6065]] shame;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f9e|\\u7f9e]]\n        shame;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u59ac|\\u59ac]] envy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7fa8|\\u7fa8]]\n        envy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ac9|\\u5ac9]] envy;}}\\n\\n===Senses===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u898b|\\u898b]]\n        see;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u805e|\\u805e]] hear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8074|\\u8074]]\n        listen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u97f3|\\u97f3]] sound;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9759|\\u9759]]\n        quiet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5473|\\u5473]] taste, flavour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fa3|\\u8fa3]]\n        bitter;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f9b|\\u8f9b]] pungent;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u89e6|\\u89e6]]\n        touch, feel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u55c5|\\u55c5]] smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b3|\\u82b3]]\n        fragrant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5302|\\u5302]] fragrant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9999|\\u9999]]\n        pleasant smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81ed|\\u81ed]] bad smell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76f2|\\u76f2]]\n        blind;}}\\n\\n===Judgment===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u601d|\\u601d]] think;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8003|\\u8003]]\n        think;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b63|\\u6b63]] correct;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u826f|\\u826f]]\n        good;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5584|\\u5584]] good;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u60aa|\\u60aa]]\n        bad;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7406|\\u7406]] reason}}\\n\\n== Food and drink ==\\n:''''See\n        also Animals and Plants''''\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98df|\\u98df]] eat, meal;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98f2|\\u98f2]] drink;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c73|\\u7c73]]\n        rice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u98ef|\\u98ef]] cooked rice, meal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9905|\\u9905]]\n        rice cake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ea6|\\u9ea6]] wheat or barley;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c92|\\u7c92]]\n        grain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a40|\\u7a40]] cereal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a42|\\u7a42]]\n        ear of grain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u679c|\\u679c]] fruit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b9f|\\u5b9f]]\n        fruit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83dc|\\u83dc]] vegetable;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c46|\\u8c46]]\n        bean;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9eba|\\u9eba]] noodles;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u828b|\\u828b]]\n        potato;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c89|\\u7c89]] flour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5375|\\u5375]]\n        egg;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cd6|\\u7cd6]] sugar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8089|\\u8089]]\n        meat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e73|\\u4e73]] milk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u916a|\\u916a]]\n        dairy products;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u871c|\\u871c]] honey;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u83d3|\\u83d3]]\n        confectionery;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6817|\\u6817]] chestnut;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9152|\\u9152]]\n        alcoholic drink;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u914e|\\u914e]] sake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u914c|\\u914c]]\n        serve alcohol;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9162|\\u9162]] vinegar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f2c|\\u6f2c]]\n        pickle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6c41|\\u6c41]] juice, soup;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8336|\\u8336]]\n        tea;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u708a|\\u708a]] cook;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u713c|\\u713c]]\n        bake;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u714e|\\u714e]] roast, boil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u84b8|\\u84b8]]\n        steam;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91b8|\\u91b8]] brew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u63da|\\u63da]]\n        fry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3c|\\u4e3c]] bowl of food;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb8|\\u7bb8]]\n        chopsticks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ba8|\\u9ba8]] [[sushi]];}}\\n\\n== Man-made\n        structures and artefacts ==\\n\\n=== Towns, cities, buildings, structures, roads\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6751|\\u6751]] village;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u753a|\\u753a]]\n        town;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e02|\\u5e02]] city;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4eac|\\u4eac]]\n        capital city;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u90fd|\\u90fd]] metropolis;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u757f|\\u757f]]\n        capital;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8857|\\u8857]] street, city district;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5efa|\\u5efa]]\n        build;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bb6|\\u5bb6]] house;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b85|\\u5b85]]\n        home;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c4b|\\u5c4b]] roof, house, shop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e97|\\u5e97]]\n        shop;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8358|\\u8358]] villa;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ead|\\u4ead]]\n        pavilion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5712|\\u5712]] garden;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u829d|\\u829d]]\n        lawn, turf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ead|\\u5ead]] garden, courtyard;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba4|\\u5ba4]]\n        room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u623f|\\u623f]] room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eca|\\u5eca]]\n        corridor;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58c1|\\u58c1]] wall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6238|\\u6238]]\n        door;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6249|\\u6249]] door;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a93|\\u7a93]]\n        window;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68da|\\u68da]] shelf;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9580|\\u9580]]\n        gate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57a3|\\u57a3]] fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5840|\\u5840]]\n        wall, fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f5|\\u67f5]] fence;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bee|\\u5bee]]\n        dormitory;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8535|\\u8535]] storehouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5eab|\\u5eab]]\n        storage room;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5009|\\u5009]] warehouse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u820e|\\u820e]]\n        building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9928|\\u9928]] public building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95a3|\\u95a3]]\n        imposing building;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bae|\\u5bae]] palace;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bbf|\\u6bbf]]\n        hall, palace;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5802|\\u5802]] hall;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697c|\\u697c]]\n        tower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5854|\\u5854]] tower;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u57ce|\\u57ce]]\n        castle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5841|\\u5841]] base, fort;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7344|\\u7344]]\n        prison;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bbf|\\u5bbf]] inn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u99c5|\\u99c5]]\n        station;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6e2f|\\u6e2f]] harbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d25|\\u6d25]]\n        harbour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a4b|\\u6a4b]] bridge;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7891|\\u7891]]\n        monument;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u685f|\\u685f]] wooden structure;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6841|\\u6841]]\n        beam, column;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67f1|\\u67f1]] pillar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68df|\\u68df]]\n        ridgepole;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58c7|\\u58c7]] podium;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53f0|\\u53f0]]\n        pedestal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e95|\\u4e95]] well;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7089|\\u7089]]\n        fireplace, hearth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9053|\\u9053]] path or road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8def|\\u8def]]\n        path or road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9014|\\u9014]] way, route;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c90|\\u5c90]]\n        fork in the road;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8fbb|\\u8fbb]] crossroads;}}\\n\\n===\n        Vehicles and machines ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8eca|\\u8eca]] vehicle, wheel;}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ef8|\\u8ef8]] axle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6a5f|\\u6a5f]]\n        machine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68b0|\\u68b0]] contraption;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8239|\\u8239]]\n        boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8247|\\u8247]] boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u821f|\\u821f]]\n        small boat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8236|\\u8236]] oceangoing ship;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8237|\\u8237]]\n        side of a ship;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e57|\\u4e57]] ride, board;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u642d|\\u642d]]\n        board, load;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u529b|\\u529b]] power}}\\n\\n=== Clothing and\n        textiles ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e03|\\u5e03]] cloth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5dfe|\\u5dfe]]\n        cloth, towel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8863|\\u8863]] garment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u670d|\\u670d]]\n        clothes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88c5|\\u88c5]] attire;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d79|\\u7d79]]\n        silk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8896|\\u8896]] sleeve;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u88fe|\\u88fe]]\n        hem, cuff;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u895f|\\u895f]] collar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e2f|\\u5e2f]]\n        belt;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9774|\\u9774]] shoes;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c65|\\u5c65]]\n        footwear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e3d|\\u5e3d]] hat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7740|\\u7740]]\n        wear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7cf8|\\u7cf8]] thread;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e2b|\\u7e2b]]\n        sew;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e54|\\u7e54]] weave;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d21|\\u7d21]]\n        spin (yarn);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dbf|\\u7dbf]] cotton;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9326|\\u9326]]\n        brocade;}}\\n\\n=== Miscellaneous manufactured items ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u54c1|\\u54c1]]\n        article;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5668|\\u5668]] vessel;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9262|\\u9262]]\n        bowl;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e3c|\\u4e3c]] bowl;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u676f|\\u676f]]\n        cup;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u934b|\\u934b]] pot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91dc|\\u91dc]]\n        kettle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76bf|\\u76bf]] plate, dish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u677f|\\u677f]]\n        board, plate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76e4|\\u76e4]] disk, board;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76c6|\\u76c6]]\n        basin, tray;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74f6|\\u74f6]] bottle, jar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7f36|\\u7f36]]\n        tin can;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb8|\\u7bb8]] chopsticks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u84cb|\\u84cb]]\n        lid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6813|\\u6813]] stopper, plug;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5353|\\u5353]]\n        table;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6905|\\u6905]] chair;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u673a|\\u673a]]\n        desk;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e8a|\\u5e8a]] bed;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81b3|\\u81b3]]\n        tray, small table;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bb1|\\u7bb1]] box;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u706f|\\u706f]]\n        lamp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u888b|\\u888b]] bag;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff5|\\u4ff5]]\n        straw sack, bag;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7c60|\\u7c60]] basket;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6247|\\u6247]]\n        fan;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6795|\\u6795]] pillow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e55|\\u5e55]]\n        curtain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e06|\\u5e06]] sail;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7573|\\u7573]]\n        tatami mat;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5098|\\u5098]] umbrella;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u78c1|\\u78c1]]\n        porcelain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9676|\\u9676]] pottery;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u74e6|\\u74e6]]\n        tile;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d19|\\u7d19]] paper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b8b|\\u7b8b]]\n        paper;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9769|\\u9769]] leather;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5857|\\u5857]]\n        paint;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6f06|\\u6f06]] lacquer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68d2|\\u68d2]]\n        rod;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7dad|\\u7dad]] fibre;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7db2|\\u7db2]]\n        net;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d22|\\u7d22]] cord;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7e04|\\u7e04]]\n        rope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7db1|\\u7db1]] rope;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f26|\\u5f26]]\n        string;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91dd|\\u91dd]] needle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u938c|\\u938c]]\n        sickle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7ba1|\\u7ba1]] pipe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u69fd|\\u69fd]]\n        tank;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9396|\\u9396]] chain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4e32|\\u4e32]]\n        skewer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5177|\\u5177]] tool;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9375|\\u9375]]\n        key;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9320|\\u9320]] lock;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9234|\\u9234]]\n        bell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9418|\\u9418]] bell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92f3|\\u92f3]]\n        casting;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u93e1|\\u93e1]] mirror;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u68fa|\\u68fa]]\n        coffin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7aaf|\\u7aaf]] stove, kiln;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u81fc|\\u81fc]]\n        millstone, mortar;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9318|\\u9318]] spindle, plumb;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u67a2|\\u67a2]]\n        hinge, pivot;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65a4|\\u65a4]] axe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u920e|\\u920e]]\n        [[fish hook]];}}\\n\\n== Human activities ==\\n\\n=== Money and commerce===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u91d1|\\u91d1]]\n        money or gold;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u92ad|\\u92ad]] coin;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672d|\\u672d]]\n        banknote;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5186|\\u5186]] yen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e63|\\u5e63]]\n        currency;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca1|\\u8ca1]] wealth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bcc|\\u5bcc]]\n        rich;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cb7|\\u8cb7]] buy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cfc|\\u8cfc]]\n        purchase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58f2|\\u58f2]] sell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u696d|\\u696d]]\n        business, industry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5546|\\u5546]] trade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cbf|\\u8cbf]]\n        trade;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca9|\\u8ca9]] marketing;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5378|\\u5378]]\n        wholesale;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6255|\\u6255]] pay;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8c9d|\\u8c9d]]\n        cowry ([[Chinese currency#Ancient currencies|ancient Chinese currency]]);}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ca8|\\u8ca8]] goods, property;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b9d|\\u5b9d]]\n        treasure, wealth;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7523|\\u7523]] product;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5de5|\\u5de5]]\n        manufacture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fa1|\\u4fa1]] price;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5024|\\u5024]]\n        price;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9ad8|\\u9ad8]] expensive;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b89|\\u5b89]]\n        cheap;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ec9|\\u5ec9]] cheap;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc7|\\u8cc7]]\n        capital;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc3|\\u8cc3]] fee or wages;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6599|\\u6599]]\n        fee;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cbb|\\u8cbb]] expense;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u55b6|\\u55b6]]\n        management;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8077|\\u8077]] employment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50cd|\\u50cd]]\n        work;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a3c|\\u7a3c]] work, earn;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d66|\\u7d66]]\n        salary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff8|\\u4ff8]] salary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u511f|\\u511f]]\n        recompense;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50b5|\\u50b5]] debt, bond;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8caf|\\u8caf]]\n        savings;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a0e|\\u7a0e]] tax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79df|\\u79df]]\n        tax;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ce6|\\u8ce6]] levy, instalment;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc4|\\u8cc4]]\n        bribe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8cc2|\\u8cc2]] bribe;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ced|\\u8ced]]\n        gamble;}}\\n\\n=== Culture, arts, music, learning ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u82b8|\\u82b8]]\n        art;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7d75|\\u7d75]] picture, painting;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u753b|\\u753b]]\n        picture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u697d|\\u697d]] music;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f2|\\u66f2]]\n        musical composition;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b4c|\\u6b4c]] song;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8b21|\\u8b21]]\n        song, noh chant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5504|\\u5504]] song;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ae7|\\u8ae7]]\n        harmony;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7434|\\u7434]] cithare, harp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b1b|\\u7b1b]]\n        flute;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9f13|\\u9f13]] drum;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u62cd|\\u62cd]]\n        clap, beat (music);}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7bc0|\\u7bc0]] tune, melody;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a69|\\u8a69]]\n        poetry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a60|\\u8a60]] recite poetry;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ff3|\\u4ff3]]\n        haiku;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5287|\\u5287]] drama, play;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u796d|\\u796d]]\n        festival;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6821|\\u6821]] school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b66|\\u5b66]]\n        study, school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u751f|\\u751f]] student;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u587e|\\u587e]]\n        private school;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u79d1|\\u79d1]] faculty;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6559|\\u6559]]\n        teach;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7a76|\\u7a76]] study, research;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7814|\\u7814]]\n        study, research;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77e5|\\u77e5]] know;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5352|\\u5352]]\n        graduate;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5112|\\u5112]] Confucianism;}}\\n\\n=== Language,\n        communication ===\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a9e|\\u8a9e]] language;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a00|\\u8a00]]\n        say;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a71|\\u8a71]] speak;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u58f0|\\u58f0]]\n        voice;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u544a|\\u544a]] tell;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ac7|\\u8ac7]]\n        discuss;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u805e|\\u805e]] ask;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u554f|\\u554f]]\n        question;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b54|\\u7b54]] answer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u541f|\\u541f]]\n        recite;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8aad|\\u8aad]] read;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f8|\\u66f8]]\n        write;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u672c|\\u672c]] book;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6587|\\u6587]]\n        text;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u56f3|\\u56f3]] map, diagram;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7b46|\\u7b46]]\n        writing, brush;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b57|\\u5b57]] character;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8f9e|\\u8f9e]]\n        word;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a5e|\\u8a5e]] words;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u53e5|\\u53e5]]\n        phrase;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a18|\\u8a18]] written record;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u520a|\\u520a]]\n        publish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a8c|\\u8a8c]] document, journal;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a03|\\u8a03]]\n        obituary;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4fe1|\\u4fe1]] message;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5831|\\u5831]]\n        inform;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8aac|\\u8aac]] explain;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u984c|\\u984c]]\n        topic;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8868|\\u8868]] express;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f1d|\\u4f1d]]\n        transmit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ad6|\\u8ad6]] discourse;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8b1b|\\u8b1b]]\n        lecture;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5ba3|\\u5ba3]] proclaim}}\\n\\n=== Religion, supernatural\n        world ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u795e|\\u795e]] god;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5b97|\\u5b97]]\n        religion, sect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6559|\\u6559]] religion;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8056|\\u8056]]\n        sacred;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7948|\\u7948]] pray;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4ecf|\\u4ecf]]\n        Buddha;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bfa|\\u5bfa]] Buddhist temple;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u50e7|\\u50e7]]\n        Buddhist priest;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c3c|\\u5c3c]] Buddhist nun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7985|\\u7985]]\n        Zen;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u793e|\\u793e]] Shinto shrine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5239|\\u5239]]\n        temple;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a63|\\u8a63]] temple visit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5bae|\\u5bae]]\n        shrine;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6d3e|\\u6d3e]] sect;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b42|\\u9b42]]\n        soul;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u970a|\\u970a]] spirit;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b54|\\u9b54]]\n        demon, witch;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9b3c|\\u9b3c]] ghost, devil;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5e7b|\\u5e7b]]\n        phantom, apparition;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7adc|\\u7adc]] dragon;}}\\n\\n====\n        Chinese-Japanese signs of zodiac ====\\n''''The four trines of the Chinese-Japanese\n        horoscope:''''\\n
\\n''''''A.'''''' 01. \\u9f20 (\\u5b50)  [[Rat (zodiac)|Rat]]\n        - 05. \\u9f8d  (\\u8fb0)  [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] - 09. \\u7334  (\\u7533)  [[Monkey\n        (zodiac)|Monkey]] ; ''''''B.'''''' 02. \\u725b  (\\u4e11)  [[Ox (zodiac)|Ox]]\n        - 06. \\u86c7  (\\u5df3)  [[Snake (zodiac)|Snake]] - 10. \\u96de / \\u9dc4  (\\u9149)  [[Rooster\n        (zodiac)|Rooster]]\\n
\\n''''''C.'''''' 03. \\u864e  (\\u5bc5)  [[Tiger (zodiac)|Tiger]]\n        - 07. \\u99ac  (\\u5348)  [[Horse (zodiac)|Horse]] - 11. \\u72d7  (\\u620c)  [[Dog\n        (zodiac)|Dog]] ; ''''''D.'''''' 04. \\u5154  (\\u536f)  [[Rabbit (zodiac)|Rabbit]]\n        - 08. \\u7f8a  (\\u672a)  [[Goat (zodiac)|Goat]] - 12. \\u8c6c  (\\u4ea5) ''''China:''''\n        [[Pig (zodiac)|Pig]] ''''Japan:'''' Boar\\n\\n''''Note that in Japan the new\n        sign of zodiac starts on January 01, while in China it starts, according to\n        the traditional Chinese lunar calendar, at the new moon that falls between\n        January 21 and February 20, so that persons born in January or February may\n        have two different signs in the two countries.''''\\n\\n=== War, fighting, weapons\n        ===\\n\\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6b66|\\u6b66]] military;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6226|\\u6226]]\n        battle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u95d8|\\u95d8]] battle;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6575|\\u6575]]\n        enemy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u653b|\\u653b]] attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ac|\\u65ac]]\n        slash;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f10|\\u4f10]] attack or punish;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bba|\\u6bba]]\n        kill;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6483|\\u6483]] attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8a0e|\\u8a0e]]\n        attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6bb4|\\u6bb4]] beat, assault;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6483|\\u6483]]\n        beat, attack;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c04|\\u5c04]] shoot at;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8972|\\u8972]]\n        raid;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f81|\\u5f81]] conquer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5175|\\u5175]]\n        soldier;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5200|\\u5200]] sword or [[katana]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77db|\\u77db]]\n        [[halberd]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u6208|\\u6208]] spear;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5263|\\u5263]]\n        sword;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u65ac|\\u65ac]] cut with a sword;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u76fe|\\u76fe]]\n        shield;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7532|\\u7532]] armour;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u4f8d|\\u4f8d]]\n        [[samurai]];}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5fcd|\\u5fcd]] [[Ninja|ninja or shinobi]];}}\n        \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5075|\\u5075]] spy;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f13|\\u5f13]]\n        bow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u77e2|\\u77e2]] arrow;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9283|\\u9283]]\n        gun;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7832|\\u7832]] gun or cannon;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c06|\\u5c06]]\n        commander;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u66f9|\\u66f9]] sergeant;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c09|\\u5c09]]\n        military officer;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8ecd|\\u8ecd]] troops;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u968a|\\u968a]]\n        corps;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u73ed|\\u73ed]] squad, corps;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u9663|\\u9663]]\n        battle formation, camp;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5c6f|\\u5c6f]] barracks;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u7206|\\u7206]]\n        bomb;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u5f3e|\\u5f3e]] bullet;}} \\n{{nowrap|[[wikt:\\u8266|\\u8266]]\n        warship;}}\\n\\n== See also ==\\n* [[List of kanji by stroke count]]\\n* [[List\n        of kanji by school year]]\\n* [[List of j\\u014dy\\u014d kanji]]\\n{{Japanese\n        language}}\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanji By Concept}}\\n[[Category:Kanji|Concept]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-25T20:59:43Z\",\"lastrevid\":769995346,\"length\":48973,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_concept\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kanji_by_concept&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_concept\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 19:55:45 GMT\n- request:\n    method: get\n    uri: https://en.wiktionary.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&inprop=url&prop=revisions%7Cinfo&redirects=true&rvprop=content%7Ctimestamp&titles=%E8%89%B2\n    body:\n      encoding: US-ASCII\n      string: ''\n    headers:\n      User-Agent:\n      - Infoboxer/0.3.0 (https://github.com/molybdenum-99/infoboxer; zverok.offline@gmail.com)\n      Accept-Encoding:\n      - gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\n      Accept:\n      - \"*/*\"\n  response:\n    status:\n      code: 200\n      message: OK\n    headers:\n      Date:\n      - Mon, 11 Sep 2017 19:55:46 GMT\n      Content-Type:\n      - application/json; charset=utf-8\n      Transfer-Encoding:\n      - chunked\n      Connection:\n      - keep-alive\n      Server:\n      - mw1276.eqiad.wmnet\n      X-Powered-By:\n      - HHVM/3.18.2\n      X-Content-Type-Options:\n      - nosniff\n      Cache-Control:\n      - private, must-revalidate, max-age=0\n      P3p:\n      - CP=\"This is not a P3P policy! 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WMF-Last-Access=11-Sep-2017;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Fri, 13 Oct 2017\n        12:00:00 GMT\n      X-Analytics:\n      - ns=-1;special=Badtitle;https=1;nocookies=1\n      X-Client-Ip:\n      - 94.179.65.105\n    body:\n      encoding: ASCII-8BIT\n      string: '{\"batchcomplete\":\"\",\"query\":{\"pages\":{\"24736\":{\"pageid\":24736,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"\\u8272\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-09-06T01:45:34Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{character\n        info/new}}\\n{{also|\\u5df4}}\\n==Translingual==\\n{{stroke order}}\\n{{stroke\n        order|type=animate}}\\n\\n===Han character===\\n{{Han char|rn=139|rad=\\u8272|as=00|sn=6|four=27717|canj=NAU|ids=\\u2ff1\\u2e88\\u5df4}}\\n\\n====Derived\n        glyphs====\\n* {{l|mul|Index:Chinese radical/\\u8272}}\\n* {{l|mul|\\u7d76}}\\n\\n====References====\\n*\n        {{Han ref|kx=1014.020|dkj=30602|dj=1473.040|hdz=53071.010|uh=8272|ud=33394|bh=A6E2|bd=42722}}\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Chinese==\\n{{zh-forms|alt=\\ud849\\udcb8}}\\n\\n===Glyph\n        origin===\\n{{Han etyl}}\\n\\n{{Han compound|\\u722a|\\u5369|ls=ic|t1=claw; hand|t2=kneeling\n        person}} \\u2013 complexion.\\n\\n''''{{w|Shuowen}}'''' interprets this character\n        as an {{Han compound|\\u4eba|\\u5369|ls=ic|t1=person; human|t2=etiquette|nocap=1}}\n        \\u2013 complexion.\\n\\nCompare {{zh-l|*\\u5370}}, {{zh-l|*\\u6291}}.\\n\\n===Pronunciation===\\n{{zh-pron\\n|m=s\\u00e8,sh\\u01cei,1nb=literary,2nb=colloquial\\n|m_note=s\\u00e8\n        - all senses except \\u201cdie\\u201d; sh\\u01cei - \\u201cdie; colour\\u201d\\n|c=sik1\\n|h=pfs=set\\n|md=s\\u00e1ik\\n|mn=xm,zz,tw:sek/qz:siak\\n|mn-t=s\\u00eag4\\n|w=4seq\\n|mc=y\\n|oc=y\\n|ma=y\\n|cat=n,a\\n}}\\n\\n===Definitions===\\n{{zh-hanzi}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]]/[[colour]]; [[tint]]; [[hue]]; [[shade]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u984f\\u8272|color}}\\n#\n        [[look]]; [[expression]]\\n# [[kind]]; [[sort]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u8ca8\\u8272|goods;\n        stuff; trash; rubbish; quality of goods; specification}}\\n# [[feminine]] [[charm]];\n        [[beauty]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u59ff\\u8272|good looks (of women)}}\\n# [[sexual]];\n        [[lewd]]\\n#: {{zh-x|\\u8272\\u60c5|pornography; sexual desire}}\\n# {{lb|zh|colloquial}}\n        [[perverted]]; being a [[pervert]]\\n# [[theatrical]] [[role]]\\n# [[metallic]]\n        [[content]]\\n# [[die]] {{gloss|a cube with numbers or symbols on each side\n        and used in games of chance}}\\n\\n====Synonyms====\\n* {{sense|color}} {{zh-l|\\u984f}}\\n\\n===Compounds===\\n{{zh-der|\\u7da0\\u4e00\\u8272:(''''mahjong'''')\n        all green|\\u8272\\u5f69|\\u8272\\u5dee|\\u8272\\u81bd|\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u8272\\u5ea6|\\u8272\\u5149|\\u8272\\u9b3c|\\u8272\\u89ba|\\u8272\\u62c9|\\u8272\\u72fc|\\u8272\\u53b2\\u5167\\u834f|\\u8272\\u76f2|\\u8272\\u76f2\\u8868|\\u8272\\u8ff7|\\u8272\\u8b5c|\\u8272\\u60c5|\\u8272\\u5f31|\\u8272\\u6563|\\u8272\\u7d20|\\u8272\\u76f8|\\u8272\\u85dd|\\u8272\\u617e|\\u8272\\u6fa4|\\u905c\\u8272:[[inferior]]|\\u5b57\\u4e00\\u8272:(''''mahjong'''')\n        all honours|\\u4e00\\u8272|\\u4e03\\u8272|\\u4e03\\u8272\\u677f|\\u4e09\\u539f\\u8272|\\u4e09\\u8272\\u7248|\\u4e09\\u8272\\u83eb|\\u4e0a\\u8272|\\u4e1f\\u773c\\u8272|\\u4e73\\u767d\\u8272|\\u4e92\\u88dc\\u8272|\\u4e94\\u8272|\\u4e94\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u4ea4\\u914d\\u8272|\\u4eae\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u4ee4\\u8272|\\u4ee5\\u8272\\u5217|\\u4ef6\\u8272|\\u4f5c\\u8272|\\u4f7f\\u773c\\u8272|\\u4fdd\\u8b77\\u8272|\\u5026\\u8272|\\u505a\\u773c\\u8272|\\u5109\\u8272|\\u5143\\u8272|\\u5149\\u8272|\\u516b\\u8272\\u9ce5|\\u51fa\\u8272|\\u5206\\u8272|\\u5206\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u524a\\u8272|\\u524d\\u9032\\u8272|\\u5370\\u8272|\\u5373\\u8272\\u5b97|\\u539f\\u8272|\\u53b2\\u8272|\\u53c9\\u8272|\\u53e4\\u9285\\u8272|\\u5404\\u8272|\\u5408\\u8272\\u978b|\\u540c\\u985e\\u8272|\\u540d\\u8272|\\u541d\\u8272|\\u5496\\u5561\\u8272|\\u559c\\u8272|\\u55ae\\u8272|\\u55ae\\u8272\\u74f7|\\u55d4\\u8272|\\u570b\\u8272|\\u571f\\u8272|\\u571f\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u57fa\\u8272|\\u5857\\u8272|\\u589e\\u8272|\\u58de\\u8272\\u8863|\\u591c\\u8272|\\u5929\\u8272|\\u5929\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u5931\\u8272|\\u5957\\u8272|\\u5973\\u8272|\\u597d\\u8272|\\u5983\\u8272|\\u59ff\\u8272|\\u5bb9\\u8272|\\u5bd2\\u6696\\u8272|\\u5bd2\\u8272|\\u5bf6\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u5c0d\\u6bd4\\u8272|\\u5c0f\\u8173\\u8272|\\u5c71\\u8272|\\u5e03\\u8272|\\u5e73\\u8272|\\u5e95\\u8272|\\u5f62\\u8272|\\u5f69\\u8272|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7167|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7247|\\u5f69\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u5f8c\\u9000\\u8272|\\u5f97\\u8272|\\u5fb7\\u8272|\\u6012\\u8272|\\u6021\\u8272|\\u6027\\u8272|\\u6085\\u8272|\\u60c5\\u8272|\\u6109\\u8272|\\u610f\\u8272|\\u6127\\u8272|\\u614d\\u8272|\\u615a\\u8272|\\u6182\\u8272|\\u618a\\u8272|\\u61fc\\u8272|\\u6210\\u8272|\\u6210\\u8272\\u5291|\\u6230\\u8272|\\u624d\\u8272|\\u6253\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6258\\u8272|\\u628a\\u8272|\\u6298\\u8272|\\u634e\\u8272|\\u6389\\u8272|\\u64f2\\u8272|\\u65b0\\u8272|\\u65e6\\u8272|\\u661f\\u8272|\\u6625\\u8272|\\u666f\\u8272|\\u6696\\u8272\\u8abf|\\u6697\\u8272|\\u669d\\u8272|\\u66ae\\u8272|\\u66c9\\u8272|\\u66d9\\u8272|\\u6708\\u8272|\\u6709\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6709\\u8d77\\u8272|\\u670d\\u8272|\\u672c\\u8272|\\u672c\\u8272\\u9280|\\u67d3\\u8272|\\u67d3\\u8272\\u9ad4|\\u67d4\\u8272|\\u6817\\u8272|\\u6843\\u8272|\\u68d5\\u8272|\\u68d5\\u8272\\u7a2e|\\u68d7\\u7d05\\u8272|\\u6975\\u8272|\\u6a59\\u8272|\\u6b63\\u8272|\\u6c23\\u8272|\\u6c92\\u773c\\u8272|\\u6c92\\u984f\\u8272|\\u6ce8\\u8272|\\u6d41\\u884c\\u8272|\\u6de1\\u8272|\\u6e05\\u4e00\\u8272|\\u6e1b\\u8272|\\u6e56\\u8272|\\u6f01\\u8272|\\u6f64\\u8272|\\u6ffe\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u706b\\u8272|\\u7070\\u8272|\\u7121\\u8272\\u754c|\\u71c8\\u8272|\\u7259\\u8272|\\u7269\\u8272|\\u7279\\u8272|\\u7389\\u8272|\\u7425\\u73c0\\u8272|\\u751f\\u8272|\\u7537\\u8272|\\u767d\\u8272|\\u767d\\u8272\\u9ad4|\\u767e\\u8272\\u7e23|\\u773c\\u8272|\\u795e\\u8272|\\u79cb\\u8272|\\u7a14\\u8272|\\u7ba1\\u8272\\u8b5c|\\u7c73\\u8272|\\u7c73\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u7c89\\u8272|\\u7d05\\u8272|\\u7d14\\u8272|\\u7d20\\u8272|\\u7d2b\\u8272|\\u7d55\\u8272|\\u7da0\\u8272|\\u7f8e\\u8272|\\u8001\\u4e09\\u8272|\\u8072\\u8272|\\u8089\\u8272|\\u812b\\u8272|\\u8173\\u8272|\\u819a\\u8272|\\u81c9\\u8272|\\u8272\\u53b2|\\u8272\\u5b50|\\u8272\\u5f48|\\u8272\\u5fc3|\\u8272\\u601d\\u6eab|\\u8272\\u60c5\\u72c2|\\u8272\\u6212|\\u8272\\u6493|\\u8272\\u6578\\u5152|\\u8272\\u65e6|\\u8272\\u667a|\\u8272\\u6a23|\\u8272\\u6eab|\\u8272\\u7136|\\u8272\\u74b0|\\u8272\\u754c|\\u8272\\u76ee|\\u8272\\u76ee\\u4eba|\\u8272\\u7787\\u7787|\\u8272\\u7b11|\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u8272\\u7cfb|\\u8272\\u8272|\\u8272\\u8352|\\u8272\\u8a8d|\\u8272\\u8eab|\\u8272\\u8ff7\\u8ff7|\\u8272\\u9577|\\u8272\\u990a|\\u82b1\\u8272|\\u8336\\u8272|\\u8336\\u8910\\u8272|\\u83dc\\u8272|\\u8457\\u8272|\\u843d\\u8272|\\u85cd\\u8272|\\u85d5\\u8272|\\u871a\\u8272|\\u871c\\u8272|\\u8840\\u8272|\\u884c\\u8272|\\u8852\\u8272|\\u88dc\\u8272|\\u8907\\u8272\\u5149|\\u8910\\u8272|\\u892a\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u795e\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u8272|\\u89c0\\u98a8\\u8272|\\u89d2\\u8272|\\u8a18\\u8272|\\u8a2d\\u8272|\\u8a5e\\u8272|\\u8a6d\\u8272|\\u8a98\\u60d1\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u773c\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u8272|\\u8abf\\u8272\\u677f|\\u8abf\\u8272\\u76e4|\\u8af8\\u8272|\\u8b66\\u6212\\u8272|\\u8b8a\\u8272|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u7b46|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u93e1|\\u8b8a\\u8272\\u9f8d|\\u8c54\\u8272|\\u8ca8\\u8272|\\u8ced\\u8272|\\u8d64\\u8272|\\u8d67\\u8272|\\u8d70\\u8272|\\u8d77\\u8272|\\u8db3\\u8272|\\u8f9f\\u8272|\\u8fa8\\u8272|\\u8fad\\u8272|\\u9000\\u8272|\\u905e\\u773c\\u8272|\\u907d\\u8272|\\u9130\\u8fd1\\u8272|\\u914d\\u8272|\\u9152\\u8272|\\u91ac\\u8272|\\u91c7\\u8272|\\u91d1\\u8272|\\u91d1\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9280\\u7070\\u8272|\\u9280\\u767d\\u8272|\\u9280\\u8272|\\u9306\\u8272|\\u9435\\u7070\\u8272|\\u9593\\u8272|\\u9694\\u591c\\u8272|\\u96d5\\u8272|\\u96dc\\u8272|\\u96e3\\u8272|\\u973d\\u8272|\\u9762\\u8272|\\u97f3\\u8272|\\u984f\\u8272|\\u984f\\u8272\\u5152|\\u98a8\\u8272|\\u98e2\\u8272|\\u9999\\u8272|\\u99dd\\u8272|\\u9a55\\u8272|\\u9ad4\\u8272|\\u9d5d\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9ec3\\u8272|\\u9ed1\\u8272|\\u9ed1\\u8272\\u7d20}}\\n\\n{{zh-cat|Elementary}}\\n\\n===See\n        also===\\n{{table:colors/zh}}\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Japanese==\\n{{stroke order|strokes=6}}\\n\\n===Kanji===\\n{{ja-kanji|grade=2|rs=\\u827200}}\\n\\n====Readings====\\n{{ja-readings\\n|goon=\\u3057\\u304d\\n|kanon=\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f\\n\\n|kun=\\u3044\\u308d-,\n        \\u3044\\u308d\\u3048\\n|nanori=\\u3057\\u304b, \\u3057\\u3053\\n}}\\n\\n====Compounds====\\n{{der-top|Compounds}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u4e09%\\u8272%\\u540c%\\u523b|\\u3055\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3069\\u3046%\\u3053|(''''mahjong'''')\n        same triplets on each suit}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u4e09%\\u8272%\\u540c%\\u9806|\\u3055\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3069\\u3046%\\u3058\\u3085\\u3093|(''''mahjong'''')\n        same sequences on each suit}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5b57%\\u4e00%\\u8272|\\u30c4\\u30fc%\\u30a4\\u30fc%\\u30bd\\u30fc|(''''mahjong'''')\n        all honours}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7dd1%\\u4e00%\\u8272|\\u30ea\\u30e5\\u30fc%\\u30a4\\u30fc%\\u30bd\\u30fc|(''''mahjong'''')\n        all green}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology 1===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3044\\u308d|yomi=k}}\\nFrom\n        {{etyl|ojp|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}}. Originally referred to [[kin]], indicating\n        [[sibling]]s sharing the same mother.{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}\n        Later came to indicate feelings of [[familial]] [[love]].{{R:Kokugo\n        Dai Jiten}} Apparently this then evolved to refer to [[romantic]] love,\n        and by extension [[sex]], or by alternate extension, [[female]] [[beauty]].\n        Then by further extension, this came to refer to [[beauty]] in general, and\n        then [[colorfulness]], and finally [[color]].\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=k|\\u3044\\u308d|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|audio=Ja-iro-colour.ogg}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n#: {{ja-usex|\\u76ee\\u306e''''''\\u8272''''''\\u304c\\u9055\\u3046\\u732b|\\u3081\n        \\u306e ''''''\\u3044\\u308d'''''' \\u304c \\u3061\\u304c\\u3046 \\u306d\\u3053|a cat\n        that has eyes of different ''''''color''''''}}\\n# the metaphorical color or\n        [[mood]]\\n## one''s [[facial]] [[coloring]] or [[expression]]\\n## the [[shape]]\n        of one''s [[face]] or [[appearance]]; more specifically, beautiful [[looks]]\n        or a beautiful [[figure]]\\n## [[lively]] [[elegance]], [[enjoyable]] or [[interesting]]\n        [[charm]]\\n## apparent [[thoughtfulness]], [[warmheartedness]]\\n## the [[feeling]]\n        or [[mood]] of a thing\\n## the [[tenor]] or [[timber]] of a [[voice]] or [[sound]]\\n##\n        in [[Noh]], a section that is [[chant]]ed at a medium pace; alternately, a\n        [[decorative]] [[poetic]] section\\n## in {{m|ja|\\u6d44\\u7460\\u7483|tr=j\\u014druri||puppet\n        show narrative}}, a [[lively]] section that is neither strictly [[dialog]]\n        nor [[narration]], but has many elements of dialog\\n## when playing the [[koto]],\n        pushing on a string with the fingers of the left hand to change the [[pitch]]\n        of a [[note]], or for [[vibrato]]\\n# something related to [[romantic]] or\n        [[sexual]] [[love]], particularly between genders\\n## the [[emotion]]s or\n        [[circumstance]]s of [[attraction]] between [[gender]]s\\n## [[extramarital]]\n        [[relation]]s, an [[affair]]\\n## an [[extramarital]] [[lover]]\\n## a [[prostitute]]\\n##\n        a [[red-light district]]\\n# the [[type]] or [[kind]] of something\\n# {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}}\n        various specific kinds of [[color]]:\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang|woman''s\n        word}} [[lipstick]] or [[rouge]]\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}}\n        [[soy sauce]]\\n## {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d|informal|slang}} [[paint]]\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top|Terms derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=color}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8276|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3064\\u3084|[[color]] and [[luster]]; a\n        person''s [[facial]] [[coloring]]; [[warmth]] of [[feeling]] in [[speech]]\n        or [[attitude]]; [[interest]] or [[fun]] in [[speech]] or [[writing]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5408\\u3044|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3042\\u3044}}, {{ja-r|\\u8272\\u5408|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3042\\u3044|a\n        [[shade]], [[hue]], [[tone]]; [[coloring]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u892a\\u305b\\u308b|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3042\\u305b\\u308b|lose\n        [[color]], [[fade]]; fade, lose [[freshness]], become [[old]] and [[musty]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7d19|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u304c\\u307f|[[colored]] [[paper]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u773c%\\u93e1|\\u3044\\u308d% \\u3081%\\u304c\\u306d|[[colored]]\n        [[glasses]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7269|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3082\\u306e|a [[colored]]\n        item, particularly [[cloth]] or [[clothing]]; a [[lively]] and [[colorful]]\n        [[variety]] [[act]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u597d\\u3044|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3088\\u3044|having\n        a [[beautiful]] [[figure]]; [[favorable]] {{qualifier|as in a [[reply]] or\n        [[attitude]]}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5206\\u3051|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u308f\\u3051}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5206|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u308f\\u3051|to [[color-code]], to [[separate]]\n        by color}}\\n{{der-mid}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b% \\u3044\\u308d|[[red]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272|\\u304d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8336%\\u8272|\\u3061\\u3083% \\u3044\\u308d|[[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u72d0%\\u8272|\\u304d\\u3064\\u306d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[reddish]]-[[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a59%\\u8272|\\u3060\\u3044\\u3060\\u3044% \\u3044\\u308d|[[orange]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u30aa\\u30ec\\u30f3\\u30b8\\u8272|\\u30aa\\u30ec\\u30f3\\u30b8 \\u3044\\u308d|[[orange]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u67ff%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[reddish]]-[[orange]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[purple]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8584%\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3046\\u3059%-\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[purple]], [[lavender]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6843%\\u8272|\\u3082\\u3082% \\u3044\\u308d|[[peach]]\n        [[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u685c%\\u8272|\\u3055\\u304f\\u3089% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6c34%\\u8272|\\u307f\\u305a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]] [[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7fa4%\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u3050\\u3093%\\u3058\\u3087\\u3046% \\u3044\\u308d|[[ultramarine]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b%-\\u3080\\u3089\\u3055\\u304d% \\u3044\\u308d|[[magenta]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u7dd1%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304a%-\\u307f\\u3069\\u308a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[cyan]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7070%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u3044% \\u3044\\u308d|[[gray]] (possibly darker\n        than ''''nezumi iro'''')}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9f20%\\u8272|\\u306d\\u305a\\u307f% \\u3044\\u308d|[[gray]]\n        (possibly darker than ''''hai iro'''')}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9d07%\\u8272|\\u3068\\u304d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[pink]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7e39%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u306a\\u3060% \\u3044\\u308d|[[light]]\n        [[indigo]] [[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6817%\\u8272|\\u304f\\u308a% \\u3044\\u308d|[[maroon]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7dcb%\\u8272|\\u3072% \\u3044\\u308d|[[scarlet]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u831c%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u304b\\u306d%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[madder]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u82fa%\\u8272|\\u3044\\u3061\\u3054%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[strawberry]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9b31%\\u91d1%\\u8272|\\u3046%\\u3053\\u3093%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[turmeric]] {{gloss|dye}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u30b3\\u30b3\\u30a2\\u8272|\\u30b3\\u30b3\\u30a2\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[cocoa]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8461%\\u8404%\\u8272|\\u3076%\\u3069\\u3046%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[grape]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6ab8%\\u6aac%\\u8272|\\u308c%\\u3082\\u3093%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[lemon]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u91d1%\\u7cf8\\u96c0%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u306a%\\u308a\\u3042%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[canary]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u82a5\\u5b50%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3089\\u3057%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[mustard]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7425%\\u73c0%\\u8272|\\u3053%\\u306f\\u304f%\n        \\u3044\\u308d|[[amber]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8594\\u8587%\\u8272|\\u3070\\u3089% \\u3044\\u308d|[[rose]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5341%\\u4eba%\\u5341%\\u8272|\\u3058\\u3085\\u3046%\n        \\u306b\\u3093% \\u3068% \\u3044\\u308d|[[to each his own]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n{{der-top|Terms\n        derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=kind or type}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8272|\\u3044\\u308d%\\u3044\\u308d|[[various]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272\\u3093\\u306a|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3093\\u306a|[[various]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n=====Related\n        terms=====\\n{{rel-top|Terms related to {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=color}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u767d\\u3044|\\u3057\\u308d\\u3044|[[white]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ed2\\u3044|\\u304f\\u308d\\u3044|[[black]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64\\u3044|\\u3042\\u304b\\u3044|[[red]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9752\\u3044|\\u3042\\u304a\\u3044|[[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272\\u3044|\\u304d%\\u3044\\u308d\\u3044|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8336%\\u8272\\u3044|\\u3061\\u3083%\\u3044\\u308d\\u3044|[[brown]]}}\\n{{rel-bottom}}\\n\\n====Adjective====\\n{{ja-adj|infl=na|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} of exceptional [[beauty]] of [[form]]\n        or [[appearance]]\\n#* ''''[[w:Utsubo Monogatari|Utsubo Monogatari]]'''', late\n        10th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u5a18\\u3069\\u3082\\u3090\\u306a\\u307f\\u3066|''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\n        \\u3080\\u3059\\u3081 \\u3069\\u3082 \\u3090\\u306a\\u307f\\u3066|''''''beautiful''''''\n        girls all in a row}}\\n# {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} [[knowledgeable]]\n        about [[lovemaking]], [[sensual]]; [[lascivious]], [[lecherous]]\\n#* ''''[[w:Ochikubo\n        Monogatari|Ochikubo Monogatari]]'''', late 10th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|\\u8d8a\\u524d\\u5b88''''''\\u8272''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u4eba\\u306b\\u3066|\\u3048\\u3061\\u305c\\u3093\\u3082\\u308a\n        ''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b \\u3072\\u3068 \\u306b \\u3066|Echizenmori\n        was a man who ''''''liked the girls'''''' / ''''''had quite the libido''''''}}\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=\\u3044\\u308d}} [[elegant]], [[tasteful]], [[refined]]\\n#*\n        ''''[[w:The Tale of Genji|The Tale of Genji]]'''', early 11th c.:\\n#*: {{ja-usex|\\u76ee\\u99b4\\u308c\\u305a\\u3082\\u3042\\u308b\\u4f4f\\u307e\\u3072\\u306e\\u69d8\\u304b\\u306a''''''\\u8272''''''\\u306a\\u308b\\u5fa1\\u5fc3\\u306b\\u306f\\u3092\\u304b\\u3057\\u304f\\u304a\\u307c\\u3057\\u306a\\u3055\\u308b|\\u3081\\u306a\\u308c\\u305a\n        \\u3082 \\u3042\\u308b \\u3059\\u307e\\u3072 \\u306e \\u3055\\u307e \\u304b \\u306a ''''''\\u3044\\u308d''''''\\u306a\\u308b\n        \\u304a\\u3053\\u3053\\u308d \\u306b \\u306f \\u3092\\u304b\\u3057\\u304f \\u304a\\u307c\\u3057\\u306a\\u3055\\u308b|\\\"I\n        haven''t seen it before, but it looks like a house,\\\" he thought bemusedly\n        in his ''''''refined'''''' mind...}}\\n\\n====Affix====\\n{{ja-pos|affix|\\u3044\\u308d}}\\n\\n#\n        [[kin]], [[blood relative]], more specifically family members sharing the\n        same [[mother]]\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nOnly found in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top|Terms derived from {{l|ja|\\u8272|tr=iro|t=kin}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u306f|one''s [[birth mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u80cc|\\u3044\\u308d\\u305b|a\n        [[sibling]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u306d|a [[sibling]]\n        from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u5144|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048|an\n        [[older]] [[brother]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3068|a\n        [[younger]] [[sibling]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3082|a\n        [[younger]] [[sister]] from the same [[mother]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology\n        2===\\n{{ja-kanjitab||\\u3044\\u308d|yomi=k}}\\n[[nominalization|Nominalization]]\n        of the {{m|ja|\\u9023\\u7528\\u5f62|tr=ren''y\\u014dkei||continuative or stem\n        form}} of verb {{m|ja|\\u8272\\u3046|tr=irou||to color something}}.\\n\\nNot used\n        in modern Japanese.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=k|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3044\\u308d\\u3048|obsolete}} [[coloring]]/[[colouring]], [[design]]\\n\\n===Etymology\n        3===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3057\\u304d|yomi=o}}\\nFrom {{etyl|ltc|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d}}\n        {{m|ltc|\\u8272|tr=srik}}. Used in [[Buddhist]] contexts as a translation of\n        {{etyl|sa|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d}} {{m|sa|\\u0930\\u0942\\u092a||outward [[appearance]],\n        [[color]], [[form]], [[shape]]}}.\\n\\nThe [[\\u5449\\u97f3#Japanese|''''goon'''']]\n        reading, so likely the initial borrowing.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=goon|\\u3057\\u304d|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR}}\\n\\n====Noun====\\n{{ja-noun|\\u3057\\u304d}}\\n\\n#\n        {{lb|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u304d|Buddhism}} [[material]] [[form]], specifically the\n        organized [[body]] as one of the five constituent [[element]]s or [[skandha]]s\\n#:\n        [[\\u822c\\u82e5\\u5fc3\\u7d4c#Japanese|Heart Sutra]] ([[w:Heart Sutra|Wikipedia\n        article]])\\n#: {{ja-usex|...\\u820e%\\u5229%\\u5b50%\\u3000''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u4e0d%\\u7570%\\u7a7a%\\u3000\\u7a7a%\\u4e0d%\\u7570%''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u3000''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u5373%\\u662f%\\u7a7a%\\u3000\\u7a7a%\\u5373%\\u662f%''''''\\u8272''''''%\\u3000\\u53d7%\\u60f3%\\u884c%\\u8b58%\\u3000\\u4ea6%\\u5fa9%\\u5982%\\u662f...|...^\\u3057\\u3083%\\u308a%\\u3057%\\u3000''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\n        \\u3075% \\u3044% \\u304f\\u3046%\\u3000\\u304f\\u3046% \\u3075% \\u3044% ''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\\u3000''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\n        \\u305d\\u304f% \\u305c% \\u304f\\u3046%\\u3000\\u304f\\u3046% \\u305d\\u304f% \\u305c%\n        ''''''\\u3057\\u304d''''''%\\u3000\\u3058\\u3085% \\u305d\\u3046% \\u304e\\u3087\\u3046%\n        \\u3057\\u304d%\\u3000\\u3084\\u304f% \\u3076% \\u306b\\u3087% \\u305c...|rom=Sharishi,\n        ''''''shiki'''''' fu i k\\u016b, k\\u016b fu i ''''''shiki'''''', ''''''shiki''''''\n        soku ze k\\u016b, k\\u016b soku ze ''''''shiki'''''', ju s\\u014d gy\\u014d shiki,\n        yaku bu nyo ze|Oh Shariputra! ''''''Form'''''' is not different from emptiness;\n        emptiness is not different from ''''''form''''''. ''''''Form'''''' is indeed\n        emptiness; emptiness is indeed ''''''form''''''. Feeling, perception, mental\n        formations, and consciousness are also like this.{{cite-web|author=|authorlink=|title=Translation\n        of the kanji of the Heart Sutra in Japanese|url=https://www.theartofcalligraphy.com/heart-sutra-in-japanese|archiveurl=|archivedate=|work=The\n        Heart Sutra In Japanese Explained \\u2013 Online Kanji Course For Sutra Copying\n        And Self-Study|publisher=|date=|accessdate=August 24, 2017|passage=}}}}\\n\\n\\n#\n        that which is [[visible]] of a thing, specifically [[form]] and [[color]]\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nUsed extensively\n        in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived terms=====\\n{{der-top}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u754c|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u304b\\u3044|the\n        [[material]] [[world]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u5f69|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3055\\u3044|[[coloring]],\n        [[coloration]], [[hue]], [[tint]]; [[color]], [[mood]], [[influence]], [[leaning]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u7d19|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3057|a [[square]] piece of [[cardboard]]\n        used for painting or for writing poems}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8272%\\u8abf|\\u3057\\u304d%\\u3061\\u3087\\u3046|the\n        [[coloring]] of a thing; a [[tone]], [[shade]], or [[hue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7e39%\\u8272|\\u3072\\u3087\\u3046%\\u3057\\u304d|[[light]]\n        [[indigo]] [[blue]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n===Etymology 4===\\n{{ja-kanjitab|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|yomi=o}}\\nFrom\n        {{etyl|ltc|ja|sort=\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}} {{m|ltc|\\u8272|tr=srik|pos=reconstructed\n        by some linguists as {{IPAchar|/\\u0283i\\u0259k/}}}}.\\n\\nThe [[\\u6f22\\u97f3#Japanese|''''kan''on'''']]\n        reading, so likely a later borrowing.\\n\\n====Pronunciation====\\n{{ja-pron|yomi=kanon|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n====Affix====\\n{{ja-pos|affix|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]] (US), [[colour]] (UK)\\n\\n=====Usage notes=====\\nUsed in compounds.\\n\\n=====Derived\n        terms=====\\n{{der-top}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6697%\\u8272|\\u3042\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[dark]] [[color]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u5a01%\\u5687%\\u8272|\\u3044%\\u304b\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[threatening]] [[color]] or [[pattern]] on an animal}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7570%\\u8272|\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|of\n        a [[different]] [[color]]; [[different]] from the [[norm]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u708e%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u7130%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[flame]] [[colour]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6028%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[grudging]] [[look]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6f14%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[colour]] [[rendering]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8276%\\u8272|\\u3048\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[bewitching]] [[looks]];\n        [[beautiful]] [[colour]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ec4%\\u8272|\\u304a\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}},\n        {{ja-r|\\u9ec4\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[yellow]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7070%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[grey]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8910%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3063%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[dark]] [[brown]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a44%\\u6b16%\\u8272|\\u304b\\u3093%\\u3089\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[olive]]\n        {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u597d%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[lasciviousness]],\n        [[lechery]]; [[lascivious]], [[lecherous]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7d05%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[crimson]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u884c%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|the [[state]] of being\n        about to [[depart]]; [[natural]] [[scenery]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9ed2%\\u8272|\\u3053\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[black]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u7d2b%\\u8272|\\u3057%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[purple]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u8d6d%\\u8272|\\u3057\\u3083%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[reddish]]-[[brown]],\n        [[auburn]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u9752%\\u8272|\\u305b\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[blue]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u8d64%\\u8272|\\u305b\\u304d%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[red]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u6c34%\\u8272|\\u3059\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[light]]\n        [[blue]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u905c%\\u8272|\\u305d\\u3093%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[inferiority]]}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u6a59%\\u8272|\\u3068\\u3046%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[orange]] {{gloss|colour}}}}\\n*\n        {{ja-r|\\u767d%\\u8272|\\u306f\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[white]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u660e%\\u8272|\\u3081\\u3044%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|a\n        [[bright]] [[color]]}}\\n* {{ja-r|\\u7dd1%\\u8272|\\u308a\\u3087\\u304f%\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f|[[green]]}}\\n{{der-bottom}}\\n\\n====Counter====\\n{{ja-pos|counter|\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f}}\\n\\n#\n        used to count the number of [[color]]s\\n#: {{ja-usex|\\u4e09''''''\\u8272''''''\\u5237\\u308a|\\u3055\\u3093''''''\\u3057\\u3087\\u304f''''''\n        \\u3059\\u308a|three-''''''color'''''' printing}}\\n\\n===See also===\\n{{table:colors/ja}}\\n\\n===References===\\n\\n\\n[[Category:Japanese\n        basic words|\\u3044\\u308d]]\\n[[Category:ja:Colors|\\u3044\\u308d]]\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Korean==\\n\\n===Hanja===\\n{{ko-hanja|hangeul=\\uc0c9|eumhun=|mr=saek|y=sayk}}\\n\\n===Noun===\\n{{ko-noun|hangeul=\\uc0c9}}\\n\\n#\n        [[color]]\\n\\n----\\n\\n==Vietnamese==\\n\\n===Han character===\\n{{vi-hantu|[[s\\u1eafc]],\n        [[s\\u1eb7c]]|rs=\\u827200}}\\n\\n# [[color]]\\n\\n[[Category:CJKV radicals]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-11T18:37:31Z\",\"lastrevid\":47452745,\"length\":18490,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Mon, 11 Sep 2017 19:55:46 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has been found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|pmid=20059473|volume=74|issue=1|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376|year=2010|last1=Corach|first1=Daniel|last2=Lao|first2=Oscar|last3=Bobillo|first3=Cecilia|last4=Van\n        Der Gaag|first4=Kristiaan|last5=Zuniga|first5=Sofia|last6=Vermeulen|first6=Mark|last7=Van\n        Duijn|first7=Kate|last8=Goedbloed|first8=Miriam|last9=Vallone|first9=Peter\n        M|last10=Parson|first10=Walther|last11=De Knijff|first11=Peter|last12=Kayser|first12=Manfred}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
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[[File:United\n        States Navy Band - National Anthem of Chile.ogg]]
\\n| image_map\n        = Chile (orthographic projection).svg\\n| map_width = 220px\\n| alt_map = |\n        map_caption = Chile shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised [[Chilean\n        Antarctic Territory|Antarctic Territory]] shown in light green.\\n| capital\n        = [[Santiago]]a\\n| coordinates = {{Coord|33|26|S|70|40|W|type:city}}\\n|\n        largest_city = capital\\n| official_languages = \\n| languages_type = [[National\n        language]]\\n| languages = [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish]] \\n| demonym = Chilean\\n|ethnic_groups\n        =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n | 88.9% [[Mestizo]] and [[White Latin American|White]]\n        \\n | 9.1% [[Mapuche]]\\n | 0.7% [[Aymara people|Aymara]]\\n | 1% other\\n | {{small|(includes\n        Rapa Nui, Likan Antai, Quechua, Colla, Diaguita, Kawesqar, Yagan or Yamana)}}\\n\n        | 0.3% unspecified\\n }}\\n|ethnic_groups_year = 2012{{cite web\n        |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Chile |work=The World Factbook\n        |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2016\n        |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html\n        |accessdate=January 29, 2017}}\\n| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1\n        = [[President of Chile|President]]\\n| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Michelle Bachelet]]}}\\n|\n        leader_title2 = [[President of the Senate of Chile|Senate President]]\\n| leader_name2\n        = {{nowrap|[[Andr\\u00e9s Zald\\u00edvar]]}}\\n| leader_title3 = [[President\n        of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]\\n|\n        leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Fidel Espinoza]]}}\\n| legislature = [[National Congress\n        of Chile|National Congress]]\\n| upper_house = [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]\\n|\n        lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Chile|Independence]]\\n| sovereignty_note = from [[Spain]]\\n|\n        established_event1 = [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|First Government Junta]]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 18 September 1810\\n| established_event2 = Declared\\n|\n        established_date2 = 12 February 1818\\n| established_event3 = Recognized\\n|\n        established_date3 = 25 April 1844\\n| established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution\n        of Chile|Current constitution]]}}\\n| established_date4= 11 September 1980\n        (amended in 1989 and 2005)\\n| area_rank = 37th\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n|\n        area_km2 = 756,096.3\\n| area_sq_mi = 291,930.4\\n| area_footnote = \\n| percent_water\n        = 1.07b\\n| population_estimate = 18,006,407{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/sala_prensa/noticias/noticia.php?opc=news&id=615&lang=esp|title=CIFRAS\n        DE ENVEJECIMIENTO Y MIGRACI\\u00d3N MUESTRAN UN CHILE DISTINTO AL DE HACE UN\n        DECENIO|work=POBLACI\\u00d3N PA\\u00cdS Y REGIONES \\u2013 ACTUALIZACI\\u00d3N\n        2002\\u20132012|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National\n        Statistics Institute]]|date=4 September 2014|accessdate=4 September 2014}}\\n|\n        population_estimate_rank = 62nd\\n| population_estimate_year = 2015\\n| population_census\n        = 16,341,929{{cite web |url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2014/02/26/646872/entrega-de-conclusiones-del-cuestionado-censo-2012.html\n        |title=Revisi\\u00f3n del cuestionado Censo 2012 reduce poblaci\\u00f3n chilena\n        a 16.341.929 |publisher=Emol |accessdate=26 February 2014 |language=Spanish}}\\n|\n        population_census_year = 2012\\n| population_density_km2 = 24\\n| population_density_sq_mi\n        = 61\\n| population_density_rank = 194th\\n| GDP_PPP = $455.941 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=228&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=International\n        Monetary Fund web site|title=Chile|date=May 2017|accessdate=8 May 2017}}\\n|\n        GDP_PPP_rank = 42nd\\n| GDP_PPP_year = 2017\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $24,797\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd\\n| GDP_nominal = $251.220\n        billion\\n| GDP_nominal_rank = 38th\\n| GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,663\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 49th\\n| Gini_year = 2011\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n| Gini = 50.3 \\n| Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/social/soc/47572883.pdf\n        |title=Society at a Glance : Social Indicators OECD |publisher=[[OECD]] |date=October\n        2012 |accessdate=28 October 2013}}\\n| Gini_rank = \\n| HDI_year = 2016\\n|\n        HDI_change = increase\\n| HDI = 0.847 \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report  |date=2017 |accessdate=29 April 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}\\n| HDI_rank = 38th\\n|\n        currency = [[Chilean peso|Peso]]\\n| currency_code = CLP\\n| time_zone = {{nowrap|[[Time\n        in Chile|CLT and EAST]]c}}\\n| utc_offset = \\u22123 and \\u22125\\n|\n        time_zone_DST =\\n| utc_offset_DST = \\n| DST_note = | antipodes = | date_format\n        = \\n| drives_on = right\\n| calling_code = [[+56]]\\n| iso3166code = \\n| cctld\n        = [[.cl]]\\n| footnote_a = [[Politics of Chile#Legislative branch|Legislature]]\n        is based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].\\n| footnote_b = Includes Easter Island and\n        [[Isla Sala y G\\u00f3mez]]; does not include {{convert|1250000|km2}} of territory\n        claimed in Antarctica.\\n}}\\n[[File:The three areas of Chile.png|thumb|right|250px|Map\n        of the three areas dividing the Chilean territory:
''''''In blue:''''''\n        [[Continental Chile]].
''''''In red:'''''' [[Insular Chile]].
''''''In\n        green:'''''' [[Chilean Antarctic Territory|Antarctic Chile]].]]\\n''''''Chile''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|\\u02c8|t\\u0283|\\u026a|l|i|}};{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chile\n        |title=Chile |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |accessdate=14 November 2010}}\n        {{IPA-es|\\u02c8t\\u0283ile|lang}}), officially the ''''''Republic of Chile''''''\n        ({{Audio-es|Rep\\u00fablica de Chile|RepChile.ogg}}), is a [[South America]]n country occupying\n        a long, narrow strip of land between the [[Andes]] to the east and the Pacific\n        Ocean to the west. It borders [[Peru]] to the north, [[Bolivia]] to the northeast,\n        [[Argentina]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] in the far south. Chilean\n        territory includes the Pacific islands of [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands|Juan\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez]], [[Salas y G\\u00f3mez]], [[Desventuradas Islands|Desventuradas]],\n        and [[Easter Island]] in [[Oceania]]. Chile also claims about {{convert|1250000|km2}}\n        of [[Antarctica]], although all claims are suspended under the [[Antarctic\n        Treaty]].\\n\\nThe arid [[Atacama Desert]] in northern Chile contains great\n        mineral wealth, principally [[Copper#Production|copper]]. The relatively small\n        central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources,\n        and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the\n        late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions.\n        Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string\n        of [[volcano]]es and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of [[Fjords\n        and channels of Chile|fjords, inlets, canals]], twisting peninsulas, and islands.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chile/192190.htm|title=Bureau\n        of Western Hemisphere Affairs, Background Note: Chile|publisher=[[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011}}\\n\\n[[Conquest of Chile|Spain\n        conquered and colonized]] Chile in the mid-16th century, replacing [[Incas\n        in Central Chile|Inca rule]] in northern and central Chile, but [[Arauco War|failing\n        to conquer]] the independent [[Mapuche]] who inhabited south-central Chile.\n        After [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|declaring its independence]] from\n        Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian\n        republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial\n        growth, [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|ending Mapuche resistance]] in the\n        1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the [[War of the Pacific]]\n        (1879\\u201383) after defeating Peru and Bolivia.{{cite\n        web|title=Chile|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html|work=[[The\n        World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=17 February\n        2014}} In the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right\n        [[Polarization (politics)|political polarization]] and turmoil. This development\n        culminated with the [[1973 Chilean coup d''\\u00e9tat]] that overthrew [[Salvador\n        Allende]]''s democratically elected left-wing government and instituted [[Military\n        dictatorship of Chile (1973\\u201390)|a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship]]\n        that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing.\n        The regime, headed by [[Augusto Pinochet]], ended in 1990 after it lost a\n        [[Chilean presidential referendum, 1988|referendum in 1988]] and was succeeded\n        by a [[Concertaci\\u00f3n|center-left coalition]] which ruled through four\n        presidencies until 2010.\\n\\nChile is today one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations. It leads [[Latin America]]n\n        nations in rankings of [[human development (humanity)|human development]],\n        [[competitiveness]], [[income per capita]], [[globalization]], [[Global Peace\n        Index|state of peace]], [[economic freedom]], and [[Political corruption|low\n        perception of corruption]].{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |title=Human and income poverty: developing countries |work=UNDP |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140250/http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |archivedate=12 February 2009 }} It also ranks high regionally in [[Failed\n        States Index#Failed States Index|sustainability of the state]], and democratic\n        development.{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do\n        |title=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |date=17 April 2012\n        |accessdate=12 May 2012}} Currently it also holds [[List of countries\n        by intentional homicide rate|the lowest homicide rate per 100,000 people in\n        South America]]. Chile is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the\n        [[Union of South American Nations]] (UNASUR) and the [[Community of Latin\n        American and Caribbean States]] (CELAC).\\n\\n==Etymology==\\nThere\n        are various theories about the origin of the word ''''Chile''''. According\n        to 17th-century Spanish chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]],{{cite web|url=http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |title=Chile.com.La Inc\\u00f3gnita Sobre el Origen de la Palabra Chile |publisher=Chile.com\n        |date=15 June 2000 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415204553/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |archivedate=15 April 2009 }} the [[Incas]] called the valley of the\n        [[Aconcagua]] \\\"Chili\\\" by corruption of the name of a [[Picunche]] [[tribal\n        chief]] (\\\"cacique\\\") called ''''Tili'''', who ruled the area at the time\n        of the Incan conquest in the 15th century.{{cite web|author=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459648/Picunche\n        |title=Picunche (people) \\u2013 Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}}{{Cite book|last=Encina|first=Francisco\n        A., and Leopoldo Castedo|title=Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago|page=44|volume=I|publisher=Zig-Zag|year=1961|url=http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/6293/chilenameuo6.jpg}}\n        Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with\n        that of the [[Casma Valley]] in Peru, where there was a town and valley named\n        ''''Chili.''''\\n\\nOther theories say Chile may derive\n        its name from a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] word\n        meaning either \\\"ends of the earth\\\" or \\\"sea gulls\\\";{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://ea.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia\n        Americana|publisher=Grolier Online|year=2005|accessdate=2 March 2005|quote=The\n        name Chile is of Native American origin, meaning possibly \\\"ends of the earth\\\"\n        or simply \\\"sea gulls.\\\"}} from the Mapuche word ''''chilli,'''' which\n        may mean \\\"where the land ends;\\\"{{cite web|author=Hudson,\n        Rex A., ed.|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=Chile: A Country\n        Study|work=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1995|accessdate=27 February\n        2005}} or from the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] ''''chiri'''', \\\"cold\\\",\\\"CHILE\\\". Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 11th ed.\n        1911. (\\\"derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow\\\")\n        or ''''tchili'''', meaning either \\\"snow\\\"{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |title=Chile (rep\\u00fablica) |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta\n        Online |year=2005 |accessdate=26 February 2005 |quote=The region was then\n        known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning \\\"snow\\\".\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510215421/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |archivedate=10 May 2008 }} or \\\"the deepest point of the Earth\\\".{{cite\n        encyclopedia|last=Pearson|first=Neale J.|url=http://gme.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Grolier\n        Multimedia Encyclopedia|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|year=2004|accessdate=2\n        March 2005|quote=Chile''s name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning\n        \\\"the deepest point of the Earth.\\\"}} Another origin attributed to ''''chilli''''\n        is the onomatopoeic ''''cheele-cheele''''\\u2014the Mapuche imitation of the\n        warble of a bird locally known as [[Yellow-winged blackbird|trile]].{{cite\n        book |first=Miguel |last=de Olivares y Gonz\\u00e1lez SJ |title=Historia de\n        la Compa\\u00f1\\u00eda de Jes\\u00fas en Chile |work=Colecci\\u00f3n de historiadores\n        de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional |year=1864 |origyear=1736\n        |publisher=Imprenta del Ferrocarril |location=Santiago |volume=4 |number=\n        }}\\n\\nThe Spanish\n        [[conquistadors]] heard about this name from the Incas, and the few survivors\n        of [[Diego de Almagro]]''s first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535\\u201336\n        called themselves the \\\"men of Chilli\\\". Ultimately,\n        Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name ''''Chile'''', after\n        naming the [[Mapocho River|Mapocho]] valley as such.\n        The older spelling \\\"Chili\\\" was in use in English until at least 1900 before\n        switching over to \\\"Chile.\\\"{{cite book|title=Appletons'' annual cyclopaedia\n        and register of important events of the year: 1900|publisher=Appletons|location=New\n        York|page=87|url=https://archive.org/stream/s3appletonsann05newyuoft#page/87/mode/1up}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{Main\n        article|History of Chile}}\\n\\n===Early history===\\n[[File:Urville-Araucanians.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The\n        [[Mapuche]] people were the original inhabitants of southern and central Chile.]]\n        Stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the [[Monte Verde]]\n        valley area as long as 18,500 years ago.{{cite web | url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/people-roamed-tip-south-america-18500-years-ago\n        | title=People roamed tip of South America 18,500 years ago | work=Science\n        News | date=26 December 2015 | accessdate=26 December 2015 | author=Bower,\n        Bruce | pages=10}} About 10,000 years ago, migrating [[Indigenous Peoples\n        of the Americas|Native Americans]] settled in fertile valleys and coastal\n        areas of what is present-day Chile. Settlement sites from very early human\n        habitation include Monte Verde, [[Cueva del Milodon]] and the [[Pali Aike\n        Crater]]''s [[lava tube]]. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what\n        is now northern Chile, but the [[Mapuche]] (or Araucanians as they were known\n        by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the [[Inca Empire]]\n        to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization.{{cite book|title=Insight\n        Guides: Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf8SnJ_ZJbkC&pg=PA27|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2002|publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group|isbn=978-981-234-890-6|page=27}}\n        They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result\n        of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the [[Battle of the Maule]]\n        was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the [[Maule\n        river]].\\n\\n===Spanish colonization===\\n{{main\n        article|Conquest of Chile|Colonial Chile}}\\nIn 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate\n        the globe, [[Ferdinand Magellan]] discovered the southern passage now named\n        after him, the [[Strait of Magellan]], thus becoming the first European to\n        set foot on what is now Chile. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego\n        de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535\n        seeking gold. The Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves\n        principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting.\\n\\nThe\n        conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by [[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]], one of [[Francisco Pizarro]]''s lieutenants, who founded the\n        city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the\n        extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential\n        of Chile''s central valley, and Chile became part of the [[Spanish Empire]].\\n\\n[[File:Pedro de Valdivia.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]]]]\\n[[File:Descriptionis Ptolemaic\\u00e6 avgmentvm siue Occidentis\n        notitia breui commentario illustrata p134.tif|thumb|upright|Cornelius van\n        Wytfliet map from 1597]]\\n\\nConquest took place gradually, and the Europeans\n        suffered repeated setbacks. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553\n        resulted in Valdivia''s death and the destruction of many of the colony''s\n        principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and\n        in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern\n        border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of [[slavery]] by\n        the Spanish crown in 1683 was done in recognition that enslaving the Mapuche\n        intensified resistance rather than cowing them into submission. Despite royal\n        prohibitions, relations remained strained from continual colonialist interference.{{cite\n        web|url=https://archive.org/stream/storiadellaguer00caivgoog/storiadellaguer00caivgoog_djvu.txt\n        |title=B\\u00e1rbaros, page 66. David J. Weber |publisher=Archive.org }}\\n\\nCut\n        off to the north by desert, to the south by the Mapuche, to the east by the\n        Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most\n        centralized, homogeneous colonies in Spanish America. Serving as a sort of\n        frontier [[garrison]], the colony found itself with the mission of forestalling\n        encroachment by both the Mapuche and Spain''s European enemies, especially\n        the [[British Empire|British]] and the Dutch. Buccaneers and English adventurers\n        menaced the colony in addition to the Mapuche, as was shown by [[Sir Francis\n        Drake]]''s 1578 raid on Valpara\\u00edso, the colony''s principal port. Chile\n        hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, making it one of\n        the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a [[Real Situado|drain\n        on the treasury of the Viceroyalty of Peru]].\\n\\nThe\n        first general census was conducted by the government of [[Agust\\u00edn de\n        J\\u00e1uregui]] between 1777 and 1778; it indicated that the population consisted\n        of 259,646 inhabitants: 73.5 percent of [[White Latin American|European descent]],\n        7.9 percent [[mestizo]]s, 8.6 percent [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous\n        peoples]] and 9.8 percent blacks. Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province\n        of [[Chilo\\u00e9 Province|Chilo\\u00e9]], conducted a census in 1784 and found\n        the population consisted of 26,703 inhabitants, 64.4 percent of whom were\n        whites and 33.5 percent of whom were natives.\\n\\nThe Diocese of [[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]] conducted a census in areas south of the [[Maule river]]\n        in 1812, but did not include the indigenous population or the inhabitants\n        of the province of Chilo\\u00e9. The population is estimated at 210,567, 86.1\n        percent of whom were [[Spanish Chilean|Spanish]] or of European descent, 10\n        percent of whom were indigenous and 3.7 percent of whom were mestizos, blacks\n        and [[mulatto]]s.{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1813.pdf\n        |title=INE \\u2013 Censo de 1813. Introducci\\u00f3n |format=PDF }}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and nation building===\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race}}\\n[[File:Ohiggins.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bernardo\n        O''Higgins]], the Supreme Director of Chile]]\\nIn 1808, [[Napoleon I|Napoleon''s]]\n        enthronement of his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]] as the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish\n        King]] precipitated the drive by the colony for [[Chilean War of Independence|independence\n        from Spain]]. A national junta in the name of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand]]\n        \\u2013 heir to the deposed king \\u2013 was formed on 18 September 1810. The\n        [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government Junta of Chile]] proclaimed\n        Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy (in memory of this\n        day Chile celebrates its [[Fiestas Patrias (Chile)|National Day]] on 18 September\n        each year).\\n\\nAfter these events, a movement for total independence, under\n        the command of [[Jos\\u00e9 Miguel Carrera]] (one of the most renowned patriots)\n        and his two brothers Juan Jos\\u00e9 and [[Luis Carrera]], soon gained a wider\n        following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called\n        the [[Reconquista (Spanish America)|Reconquista]] led to a prolonged struggle,\n        including infighting from [[Bernardo O''Higgins]], who challenged Carrera''s\n        leadership.\\n\\nIntermittent warfare continued until 1817. With Carrera in\n        prison in Argentina, O''Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort [[Jos\\u00e9 de San\n        Mart\\u00edn]], hero of the [[Argentine War of Independence]], led [[Army of\n        the Andes|an army]] that [[Crossing of the Andes|crossed the Andes]] into\n        Chile and defeated the royalists. On 12 February 1818 [[Chilean Declaration\n        of Independence|Chile was proclaimed an independent republic]]. The political\n        revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th-century Chilean society\n        preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was\n        greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong\n        presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.\\n\\n[[File:Sinking of the Esmeralda during the battle\n        of Iquique.jpg|thumb|left|Fighting during the [[War of the Pacific]]: The\n        [[Battle of Iquique]] on 21 May 1879]]\\nChile slowly started to expand its\n        influence and to establish its borders. By the Tantauco Treaty, the archipelago\n        of Chilo\\u00e9 was incorporated in 1826. The economy began to boom due to\n        the discovery of silver ore in Cha\\u00f1arcillo, and the growing trade of\n        the port of Valpara\\u00edso, which led to conflict over maritime supremacy\n        in the Pacific with Peru. At the same time, attempts were made to strengthen\n        sovereignty in southern Chile intensifying [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|penetration\n        into Araucan\\u00eda]] and [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue|colonizing\n        Llanquihue with German immigrants]] in 1848. Through the founding of [[Fort\n        Bulnes]] by the [[Schooner Ancud]] under the command of [[John Williams Wilson]],\n        the Magallanes region joined the country in 1843, while the Antofagasta area,\n        at the time part of, Bolivia, began to fill with people.\\n\\n[[File:Borders\n        Chile 1879 and 2006 SP.png|thumb|200px|Chile''s territorial gains after the\n        [[War of the Pacific]] (1879\\u201383)]]\\nToward the end of the 19th century,\n        the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by the [[Occupation\n        of Araucan\\u00eda]]. The [[Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]]\n        confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. As a result of\n        the [[War of the Pacific]] with Peru and Bolivia (1879\\u201383), Chile expanded\n        its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia''s access\n        to the Pacific, and acquired valuable [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]]\n        deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. Chile\n        had joined the stand as one of the high-income countries in South America\n        by 1870.{{cite book|author=Baten, J\\u00f6rg |title=A History of the Global\n        Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University\n        Press|page=137|isbn=9781107507180}}\\n\\nThe [[1891 Chilean Civil War]]\n        brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress,\n        and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However, the Civil\n        War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local\n        industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House\n        of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Soon after, the country\n        engaged in a [[Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|vastly expensive naval\n        arms race]] with Argentina that nearly led to a war.\\n\\n===20th century===\\n{{see\n        also|South American dreadnought race}}\\nThe Chilean economy partially degenerated\n        into a system protecting the interests of a ruling [[oligarchy]]. By the 1920s,\n        the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist\n        president, [[Arturo Alessandri]], whose program was frustrated by a conservative\n        congress. In the 1920s, [[Marxism|Marxist]] groups with strong popular support\n        arose.\\n\\nA military coup led by General [[Luis\n        Altamirano]] in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted\n        until 1932. Of the ten governments that held power in that period, the longest\n        lasting was that of General [[Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo]], who briefly\n        held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto\n        dictatorship (although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to\n        the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin\n        America).{{Cite book|title=Authoritarianism in Latin America since independence|last=Fowler|first=Will|year=1996|publisher=Geenwood\n        Press|location=University of Virginia|isbn=0-313-29843-2|pages=30\\u201396}}{{cite\n        book|last=Frazier|first=Lessie Jo |title=Salt in the Sand: Memory, Violence,\n        and the Nation-State in Chile, 1890 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQU-GYGeVSEC&pg=PA163|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=17 July 2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4003-4|pages=163\\u2013184}}\\n\\nBy\n        relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population\n        to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the\n        vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored\n        in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the\n        key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period\n        of [[Radical Party (Chile)|Radical Party]] dominance (1932\\u201352), the state\n        increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo to office for another six years. [[Jorge Alessandri]] succeeded\n        Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into\n        power democratically for another term.\\n\\nThe [[Chilean presidential election,\n        1964|1964 presidential election]] of [[Christian Democrat Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrat]] [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] by an [[absolute majority]] initiated\n        a period of major reform. Under the slogan \\\"Revolution in Liberty\\\", the\n        Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs,\n        particularly in education, housing, and [[agrarian reform]], including rural\n        unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing\n        opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and\n        from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei\n        had not fully achieved his party''s ambitious goals.{{cite\n        web|url=http://countrystudies.us/chile/85.htm|title=Development and Breakdown\n        of Democracy, 1830\\u20131973|work=Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress|date=31\n        March 1994}}\\n[[File:S.Allende 7 dias ilustrados.JPG|thumb|upright|President\n        [[Salvador Allende]]]]\\nIn the 1970 election, Senator [[Salvador Allende]]\n        of the [[Socialist Party of Chile]] (then part of the \\\"[[Popular Unity (Chile)|Popular\n        Unity]]\\\" coalition which included the Communists, Radicals, Social-Democrats,\n        dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the\n        Independent Popular Action), achieved a partial\n        majority in a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of votes in a three-way contest,\n        followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and\n        Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. Allende was not elected with\n        an absolute majority, receiving fewer than 35 percent of votes.\\n\\nThe [[National\n        Congress of Chile|Chilean Congress]] conducted a runoff vote between the leading\n        candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri, and, keeping with\n        tradition, chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance\n        with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats\n        were a workers'' party and could not make common cause with the right wing.{{Cite\n        book|last= Mares|first=David|author2=Francisco Rojas Aravena|title=The United\n        States and Chile: Coming in from the Cold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y3EWkKZsYcC&pg=PA145|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93125-0|page=145}}{{cite\n        book|last=Trento|first=Joseph J.|title=The Secret History Of The CIA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uPBM7z_62gC&pg=PA560|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1500-8|page=560}}\\n\\nAn\n        [[economic depression]] that began in 1972 was exacerbated by [[capital flight]],\n        plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response\n        to Allende''s socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende\n        adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms,\n        to increase consumer spending and redistribute income downward.{{cite\n        book|author=Lois Hecht Oppenheim|title=Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism,\n        and Market Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99ZLX52z_noC&pg=PA52|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2007|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-7867-3426-9|page=52}}\n        Joint public-private [[public works]] projects helped reduce unemployment.{{cite book|last=De Vylder|first=Stefan|title=Allende''s\n        Chile: The Political Economy of the Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular|date=5\n        March 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-10757-0}}{{Page\n        needed|date=September 2010}} Much of the banking sector was [[nationalization|nationalized]].\n        Many enterprises within the [[Copper#Production|copper]], coal, iron, [[Caliche\n        (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]], and steel industries were [[Nationalization|expropriated]],\n        nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased\n        sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration''s first year.\\n\\nAllende''s program included advancement of workers''\n        interests,{{cite web|url=http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107150857/http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archivedate=7\n        January 2008 |title=Allende wins the elections: first coup attempt |publisher=Grace.evergreen.edu\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} replacing the judicial system with \\\"socialist\n        legality\\\",{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=The\n        Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CIXLdxhQMAC&pg=PA367|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-287-4|pages=367\\u2013368}}\n        nationalization of banks and forcing others to bankruptcy,\n        and strengthening \\\"popular militias\\\" known as MIR.\n        Started under former President Frei, the Popular Unity platform also called\n        for nationalization of Chile''s major copper mines in the form of a constitutional\n        amendment. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress.\\n\\nAs a result,{{cite\n        book|last=Qureshi|first=Lubna Z. |title=Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S.\n        Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alISgQdNY4kC&pg=PA86|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2655-4|pages=86\\u201397}}\n        the [[Richard Nixon]] administration [[United States intervention in Chile|organized\n        and inserted secret operatives]] in Chile, in order to swiftly destabilize\n        Allende\\u2019s government.{{cite web | title = Report on CIA Chilean\n        Task Force activities | work = Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents\n        relating to the Military Coup, 1970\\u20131976 | publisher = The National Security\n        Archive: Electronic Briefing Books (George Washington University) | url =\n        http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm | accessdate =11 March\n        2010 }} In addition, US financial pressure restricted international\n        economic credit to Chile.{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/ops/policy/church-chile.htm\n        |title=Covert Action In Chile 1963\\u20131973, Staff Report Of The Select Committee\n        To Study Governmental Operations With Respect To Intelligence Activities |publisher=Federation\n        of American Scientists |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe economic\n        problems were also exacerbated by Allende''s public spending which was financed\n        mostly by printing money and poor credit ratings given by commercial banks.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879153,00.html|title=Tightening\n        the Belt|work=Time Magazine|date = 7 August 1972 }}\\nSimultaneously,\n        opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations helped\n        to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization,\n        some of which was backed by the United States.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/chile/doc/hinchey.html |title=Equipo\n        Nizkor \\u2013 CIA Activities in Chile \\u2013 September 18, 2000 |publisher=Derechos.org\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} By early 1973, inflation was out of control.\n        The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous\n        strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and\n        the small business class.\\nOn 26 May 1973, Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court, which\n        was opposed to Allende''s government, unanimously denounced the Allende ''''disruption\n        of the legality of the nation''''. Although illegal under the Chilean constitution,\n        the court supported and strengthened Pinochet''s soon-to-be seizure of power.{{cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence(5).pdf\n        |title=Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the judiciary\n        |publisher=Yale University |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819213445/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence%285%29.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 August 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n====Pinochet era (1973\\u20131990)====\\n{{Main\n        article|Military government of Chile (1973\\u201390)}}\\n[[File:Golpe de Estado\n        1973.jpg|thumb|Fighter jets bombing the Presidential Palace (''''La Moneda'''')\n        in Santiago during the [[Chilean coup of 1973]]]]\\n[[File:Augusto Pinochet\n        1986.jpg|thumb|[[Augusto Pinochet]]''s authoritarian military government ruled\n        Chile between 1973 and 1990.]]\\nA [[Chilean coup of 1973|military coup]] overthrew\n        Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the [[La Moneda\n        Palace|presidential palace]], Allende apparently committed suicide.{{Cite\n        book|first=\\u00d3scar|last=Soto|title=El \\u00faltimo d\\u00eda de Salvador\n        Allende|year=1999|publisher=Aguilar|isbn=978-956-239-084-2}}{{page needed|date=July\n        2013}}{{Cite book|first=Eugeno|last=Ahumada|title=Chile: La memoria prohibida}}{{page\n        needed|date=July 2013}} After the coup, [[Henry Kissinger]] told U.S. president\n        [[Richard Nixon]] that the United States had \\\"helped\\\" the coup.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |title=KISSINGER AND\n        CHILE: THE DECLASSIFIED RECORD |publisher=The national security archive |date=16\n        September 2013|accessdate=16 September 2013}}\\n\\nA military junta, led\n        by General [[Augusto Pinochet]], took control of the country. The first years\n        of the regime were marked by [[Human rights violations in Pinochet''s Chile|human\n        rights violation]]s. On October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by\n        the [[Caravan of Death]].{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|title=Flashback:\n        Caravan of Death|publisher=BBC | date=25 July 2000}} According to the\n        [[Rettig Report]] and [[Valech Commission]], at least 2,115 were killed,{{cite\n        web |author=Ministerio del Interior |url=http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |title=Ministerio del Interior, Programa de Derechos Humanos \\u2013 ddhh_rettig\n        |publisher=Ddhh.gov.cl |date=3 August 1999 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223174254/http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |archivedate=23 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} and at least 27,265{{cite web|url=http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |title=Sintesis Ok |format=PDF |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727031254/http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |archivedate=27 July 2007 }} were tortured (including 88 children younger\n        than 12 years old). In 2011, Chile recognized an additional\n        9,800 victims, bringing the total number of killed, tortured or imprisoned\n        for political reasons to 40,018.Eva Vergara (August 18, 2015). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html\n        Chile Recognizes 9,800 More Pinochet Victims]. ''''The Associated Press''''\n        via ''''The Huffington Post.'''' Retrieved August 25, 2015. At the national\n        stadium, filled with detainees, one of those tortured and killed was internationally\n        known poet-singer [[Victor Jara]] (see \\\"Music and Dance\\\", below). The stadium\n        was renamed for Jara in 2003.\\n\\nA new Constitution was approved by a controversial\n        [[plebiscite]] on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president\n        of the republic for an eight-year term. After Pinochet obtained rule of the\n        country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the [[Sandinista]]\n        army in [[Nicaragua]], guerrilla forces in [[Argentina]] or training camps\n        in [[Cuba]], Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.{{cite book|author1=Pamela\n        Constable|author2=Arturo Valenzuela|title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under\n        Pinochet|year=1993|publisher=W W Norton & Company Incorporated|isbn=978-0-393-30985-0|page=150}}\\n\\nIn\n        the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse{{cite\n        book|author=Naomi Klein|title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Henry Holt and Company (2007)|isbn=978-1-4299-1948-7|page=85}}\n        and mass [[civil resistance]] in 1983\\u201388, the government gradually permitted\n        greater freedom of assembly, [[Freedom of speech|speech]], and association,\n        to include trade union and political activity.{{cite book|last= Huneeus|first=Carlos|editor=Adam\n        Roberts; Timothy Garton Ash|title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics:The\n        Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=3 September 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161917-5|pages=197\\u2013212|chapter=Political\n        Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet\\u2019s Chile, 1983\\u201388}}\n        The government launched market-oriented reforms with [[Hern\\u00e1n B\\u00fcchi]]\n        as Minister of Finance. Chile moved toward a [[free market economy]] that\n        saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        industry and other important mineral resources were not opened for competition.\n        In a [[Chilean national plebiscite, 1988|plebiscite]] on 5 October 1988, Pinochet\n        was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans\n        elected a new president and the majority of members of a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]]\n        congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat [[Patricio Aylwin]], the\n        candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the ''''[[Coalition\n        of Parties for Democracy|Concertaci\\u00f3n]]'''', received an absolute majority\n        of votes (55%).{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE6DD1E3BF935A25751C1A96F948260|title=Man\n        in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile|work=The New York Times\n        | first=Shirley | last=Christian | date=16 December 1989}} President\n        Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.\\n\\nIn\n        December 1993, Christian Democrat [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], the son of\n        previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertaci\\u00f3n coalition\n        to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%).{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526090105/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archivedate=26\n        May 2008 |title=Chile elects new leader Late president''s son wins big |publisher=Encyclopedia.com\n        |date=12 December 1993 |accessdate=14 July 2013}}\\n\\n===21st century===\\n{{See\n        also|2010 Chile earthquake|2011\\u20132012 Chilean protests}}\\n\\n[[File:Izamiento\n        de la Gran Bandera Nacional - Presidentes de Chile.jpg|thumb|Five presidents\n        of Chile since [[Transition to democracy]] (1990\\u20132018), celebrating the\n        [[Bicentennial of Chile]]|260x260px]]\\nFrei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000\n        by Socialist [[Ricardo Lagos]], who won the presidency in an unprecedented\n        [[Chilean presidential election, 1999\\u20132000|runoff election]] against\n        [[Joaqu\\u00edn Lav\\u00edn]] of the rightist [[Alliance for Chile]].{{Cite\n        news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |title=Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election |publisher=CNN\n        |date=16 January 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506162601/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |archivedate=6 May 2008 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} In January 2006, Chileans\n        elected their first female president, [[Michelle Bachelet Jeria]], of the\n        Socialist Party, defeating [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]], of the [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] party, extending the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n''''\n        governance for another four years.{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10819903/|title=Chile\n        elects first woman president|publisher=MSNBC}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/11/AR2006031101381.html|title=Bachelet\n        Sworn In As Chile''s President|work=The Washington Post | first=Monte | last=Reel\n        | date=12 March 2006}} In January 2010, Chileans [[Chilean presidential\n        election, 2009-2010|elected]] [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] as the first\n        rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President [[Eduardo Frei\n        Ruiz-Tagle]] of the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n'''', for a four-year term succeeding\n        Bachelet. Due to term limits, [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] did not stand\n        for re-election in 2013, and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in [[Michelle\n        Bachelet]] returning to office.\\n\\nOn 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by\n        an 8.8 MW [[2010 Chile earthquake|earthquake]], the fifth largest\n        ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing\n        [[tsunami]]) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was\n        also followed by multiple aftershocks.{{cite web|url=http://www.australia-times.com.au/world/article.php?id=501|title=US\n        ready to help Chile: Obama|publisher=The Australia Times|accessdate=3 March\n        2010}} Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15\\u201330 billion,\n        around 10 to 15 percent of Chile''s real gross domestic product.[http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        More Quakes Shake Chile\\u2019s Infrastructure], Adam Figman, ''''Contract\n        Magazine'''', 1 March 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114030306/http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        |date=14 November 2014 }}\\n\\nChile achieved global recognition for the\n        successful [[2010 Copiap\\u00f3 mining accident|rescue of 33 trapped miners]]\n        in 2010. On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San Jos\\u00e9\n        copper and gold mine in the [[Atacama Desert]] near [[Copiap\\u00f3]] in northern\n        Chile, trapping 33 men {{convert|700|m}} below ground. A rescue effort organized\n        by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were\n        brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of\n        almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm|title=Background\n        Note: Chile|work=[[Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs]], [[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011|accessdate=19 March 2012}}\\n\\n==Geography,\n        climate, and environment==\\n{{Main article|Geography of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Natural\n        regions of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Environmental issues in Chile}}\\n\\nA long and\n        narrow coastal [[Southern Cone]] country on the west side of the [[Andes Mountains]],\n        Chile stretches over {{convert|4300|km|-1|abbr=on}} north to south, but only\n        {{convert|350|km|0|abbr=on}} at its widest point east to west.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111326/Chile |title=Chile\n        |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica |accessdate=7 May 2013}} This\n        encompasses a remarkable variety of climates and landscapes. It contains {{convert|756950|km2}}\n        of land area. It is situated within the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. Excluding\n        its Pacific islands and Antarctic claim, Chile lies between latitudes [[17th\n        parallel south|17\\u00b0]] and [[56th parallel south|56\\u00b0S]], and longitudes\n        [[66th meridian west|66\\u00b0]] and [[75th meridian west|75\\u00b0W]].\\n\\nChile\n        is among the longest north-south countries in the world. If one considers\n        only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness\n        from east to west, with the other long north-south countries (including [[Brazil]],\n        [[Russia]], [[Canada]], and the United States, among others) all being wider\n        from east to west by a factor of more than 10. Chile also claims {{convert|1250000|km2|abbr=on}}\n        of [[Antarctica]] as part of its territory ([[Chilean Antarctic Territory]]).\n        However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the [[Antarctic\n        Treaty]], of which Chile is a signatory.{{cite web|title=Antarctic Treaty:\n        Information about the Antarctic Treaty and how Antarctica is governed. |work=Polar\n        Conservation Organisation |publisher=Polar Conservation Organisation |date=1\n        February 2008 |url=http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204/\n        |accessdate=11 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210224459/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204\n        |archivedate=10 February 2010 }} It is the world''s southernmost country\n        that is geographically on the mainland.{{cite book|last1=Collin|first1=Robert|title=Trash\n        Talk: An Encyclopedia of Garbage and Recycling around the World|date=2015|page=121}}\\n\\nChile\n        controls [[Easter Island]] and [[Sala y G\\u00f3mez]] Island, the easternmost\n        islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and\n        [[Robinson Crusoe Island]], more than {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} from the\n        mainland, in the [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands]]. Also controlled but only\n        temporarily inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of San\n        Ambrosio and San Felix. These islands are notable because they extend Chile''s\n        claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the [[Pacific Ocean]].{{cite\n        book|last=Blanco|first=Alejandro Vergara |title=Derecho de aguas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o3G0FyArtAC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Editorial Jur\\u00eddica de Chile|isbn=978-956-10-1241-7}}\\n\\nThe\n        northern [[Atacama Desert]] contains great mineral wealth, primarily [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        and [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]]s. The relatively small Central\n        Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population\n        and agricultural resources. This area is also the historical center from which\n        Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and\n        southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features\n        a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords,\n        inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are\n        located on the eastern border.\\n\\n\\nMiscanti\n        Lagoon near San Pedro de Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|[[Norte Grande]]\\nValle\n        de Elqui1.jpg|[[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]]\\nVi\\u00f1edo Puente Alto.jpg|[[Central\n        Chile|Centro]]\\nSalto de la Leona.jpg|[[Zona Sur|Sur]]\\nTorres del Paine -\n        Flickr - Alanbritom.jpg|[[Zona Austral|Austral]]\\n\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{Main\n        article|Climate of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|200px|Chile\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\n[[File:Admiring the Galaxy.jpg|thumb|left|With\n        more than 300 clear nights each year, [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] is\n        in an ideal position to house advanced observational instruments]]\\n\\nThe\n        diverse [[climate of Chile]] ranges from the world''s driest desert in the\n        north\\u2014the [[Atacama Desert]]\\u2014through a [[Mediterranean climate]]\n        in the center, [[humid subtropical]] in Easter Island, to an [[oceanic climate]],\n        including [[alpine tundra]] and [[glaciers]] in the east and south.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm|title=Country\n        profile: Chile |work=BBC News | date=16 December 2009 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}} According to the [[K\\u00f6ppen climate classification|K\\u00f6ppen\n        system]], Chile within its borders hosts at least ten major climatic subtypes.\n        There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February),\n        autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Wildlife of Chile}}\\n[[File:Cuernos del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9.jpg|thumb|right|Torres\n        del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile]]\\n\\nThe\n        flora and fauna of Chile are characterized by a high degree of endemism, due\n        to its particular geography. In continental Chile, the [[Atacama Desert]]\n        in the north and the [[Andes Mountains|Andes mountains]] to the east are barriers\n        that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Add to that the enormous\n        length of Chile (over {{convert|4300|km|0|abbr=on}}) and this results in a\n        wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general\n        zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions\n        of the south.\\n\\n===Flora===\\n[[File:Araucaria araucana - Parque Nacional\n        Conguill\\u00edo por lautaroj - 001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Araucaria araucana]] trees\n        in [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]]]]\\nThe native flora of Chile consists\n        of relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other South American\n        countries. \\nThe northernmost coastal and central region is largely barren\n        of vegetation, approaching the most absolute desert in the world.{{Cite\n        journal |author-link=La Tercera/Icarito |title=Icarito: Enciclopedia de la\n        flora y fauna de Chile |journal=Icarito |url=http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0,0,38035857_152308989,00.html\n        |id= |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410080253/http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0%2C0%2C38035857_152308989%2C00.html\n        |archivedate=10 April 2006 |df=dmy-all }}\\nOn the slopes of the Andes,\n        in addition to the scattered tola desert brush, grasses are found. The central\n        valley is characterized by several species of cacti, the hardy [[Acacia caven|espinos]],\n        the [[Araucaria araucana|Chilean pine]], the [[nothofagus|southern beeches]]\n        and the [[copihue]], a red bell-shaped flower that is Chile''s national flower.\\n[[File:Lapageria rosea1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Copihue]] in\n        flower]]\\n\\nIn southern Chile, south of the Biob\\u00edo River, heavy precipitation\n        has produced dense forests of laurels, magnolias, and various species of conifers\n        and beeches, which become smaller and more stunted to the south.\\n{{Cite\n        journal | last = Smith-Ram\\u00edrez | first = Cecilia | title = Distribution\n        patterns of flora and fauna in southern Chilean Coastal rain forests: Integrating\n        Natural History and GIS | journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | issue\n        = Volume 16, Number 9 / August 2007 | publisher = Springer Netherlands | date\n        = 27 October 2006 | doi = 10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2 }}\\nThe cold temperatures\n        and winds of the extreme south preclude heavy forestation. Grassland is found\n        in Atlantic Chile (in Patagonia). Much of the Chilean flora is distinct from\n        that of neighboring Argentina, indicating that the Andean barrier existed\n        during its formation.\\n\\nSome of Chile''s flora has\n        an Antarctic origin due to [[land bridge]]s which formed during the Cretaceous\n        ice ages, allowing plants to migrate from Antarctica to South America.[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chilean-and-antarctic-fossils-reveal-the-last-geologic-minutes-of-the-age-of-dinosaurs-slide-show/\n        Chilean and Antarctic Fossils Reveal the Last \\\"Geologic Minutes\\\" of the\n        Age of Dinosaurs]\\n\\nJust over 3,000 species of fungi are recorded in\n        Chile,Oehrens, E.B. \\\"Flora Fungosa Chilena\\\". Universidad de Chile,\n        Santiago de Chile, 1980{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm\n        |title=Cybertruffle''s Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated\n        organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |accessdate=9 July 2011}} but\n        this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species\n        occurring in Chile is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted\n        estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been\n        discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. \\\"Dictionary\n        of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount of available\n        information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate\n        the number of fungal species endemic to Chile, and 1995 species have been\n        tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/chilfung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title=Fungi of Chile \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate=9 July 2011}}\\n\\n===Fauna===\\n\\nChile''s geographical isolation\n        has restricted the immigration of faunal life, so that only a few of the many\n        distinctive South American animals are found. Among the larger mammals are\n        the [[Cougar|puma]] or cougar, the llama-like [[guanaco]] and the fox-like\n        [[South American gray fox|chilla]]. In the forest region, several types of\n        marsupials and a small deer known as the [[Pud\\u00fa|pudu]] are found.\\n\\nThere are many species of small birds, but most of the\n        larger common Latin American types are absent. Few freshwater fish are native,\n        but North American trout have been successfully introduced into the Andean\n        lakes. Owing to the vicinity of the Humboldt Current,\n        ocean waters abound with fish and other forms of marine life, which in turn\n        support a rich variety of waterfowl, including several penguins. Whales are\n        abundant, and some six species of seals are found in the area.\\n\\n\\nFile:Cougar\n        (7062752887).jpg|[[Puma concolor|Puma]]\\nFile:Sephanoides fernandensis.jpg|[[Juan\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez firecrown]]\\nFile:Guanacos, Parque Nacional Torres del Paine,\n        Chile3.jpg|[[Guanaco]]\\nFile:Culpeo MC.jpg|[[Culpeo]]\\nFile:Poudou IMG 4339.JPG|[[Pud\\u00fa]]\\nFile:Condor\n        des Andes m\\u00e2le adulte.jpg|[[Andean condor]]\\nFile:Huemul verdadero.JPG|[[Huemul]]\\nFile:Emperor-atka4\n        hg.jpg|[[Emperor penguin]]s\\n\\n\\n===Topography===\\nChile is located\n        along a highly [[seismic]] and [[volcanic]] zone, part of the Pacific Ring\n        of Fire, due to the subduction of the Nazca and Antarctic plates in the [[South\n        American plate]].\\n\\n[[File:Chile topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Topographic\n        map of Chile. To view maps based on [[SRTM]] topographic relief of the country,\n        see [[:commons:Atlas of Chile/Clickable map|here]].]]\\n\\n[[File:Ojos del Salado\n        summit.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ojos del Salado|Nevado Ojos del Salado]]: View from\n        the top Chilean Argentine side.]]\\n[[File:Salar de Atacama.jpg|thumbnail|The\n        [[Atacama Desert|Atacama]] [[Dry lake]], in Chile. At the horizon, the [[Licancabur]]\n        volcano.]]\\n[[File:Lago Conguillio.jpg|thumbnail|Conguill\\u00edo National\n        Park, south-central area of the country.]]\\n[[File:BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg|thumbnail|A\n        glacier at the Beagle Channel]]\\n\\nLate [[Paleozoic]], 251 million years ago,\n        Chile belonged to the continental block called Gondwana. It was just a depression\n        accumulated marine sediments began to rise at the end of the Mesozoic, 66\n        million years ago, due to the collision between the Nazca and South American\n        plates, resulting in the Andes. The territory would be shaped by millions\n        of years due to the folding of the rocks, forming the current relief.\\n\\nThe\n        Chilean relief consists of the central depression, which crosses the country\n        longitudinally, flanked by two mountain ranges that make up about 80% of the\n        territory: the Andes mountains to the east-natural border with [[Bolivia]]\n        and [[Argentina]], with its most alton 18 located on the [[Nevado Ojos del\n        Salado]], at 6891.3 m, the highest volcano in the world, in the [[Atacama\n        Region|region of Atacama]] and Coastal Range west-minor height from the Andes,\n        with its highest point located on the hill Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, at 3114 meters,\n        located in the Sierra Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, the south of [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]].\n        Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains,\n        of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports.\n        Some areas of the plains territories encompass territory east of the Andes,\n        and the Patagonian steppes and Magellan, or are high plateaus surrounded by\n        high mountain ranges, such as the Altiplano or Puna de Atacama.\\n\\nThe [[Far\n        North, Chile|Far North]] is the area between the northern boundary of the\n        country and the [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] 26\\u00b0 S, covering the\n        first three regions. It is characterized by the presence of the [[Atacama\n        desert]], the most arid in the world. The desert is fragmented by streams\n        that originate in the area known as the [[Pampa del Tamarugal|pampas Tamarugal]].\n        The Andes, split in two and whose eastern arm runs [[Bolivia]], has a high\n        altitude and volcanic activity, which has allowed the formation of the Andean\n        altiplano and salt structures as the [[Salar de Atacama]], due to the gradual\n        accumulation of sediments over time.\\n\\nTo the south is the [[Norte Chico,\n        Chile|Norte Chico]], extending to the [[Aconcagua River|Aconcagua river]].\n        Los Andes begin to decrease its altitude to the south and closer to the coast,\n        reaching 90 km away at the height of [[Illapel]], the narrowest part\n        of the Chilean territory. The two mountain ranges intersect, virtually eliminating\n        the intermediate depression. The existence of rivers flowing through the territory\n        allows the formation of [[Transverse Valleys|transverse valleys]], where agriculture\n        has developed strongly in recent times, while the [[coastal plains]] begin\n        to expand.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:left; margin-right:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Ten highest peaks of Chile\\n|-\\n!Name !!Altitude ([[metre|m]])\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Nevado Ojos del Salado]]1 ||align=right|6891,3\\n|-\\n|[[Nevado\n        Tres Cruces]]1 ||align=right|6758\\n|- \\n|[[Llullaillaco]]1\n        ||align=right|6739\\n|-\\n|[[Incahuasi]]1 ||align=right|6638\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Tupungato]]1 ||align=right|6565\\n|-\\n|[[Ata (mountain)|Ata\n        Volcano]]1 ||align=right|6501\\n|-\\n|[[Cerro El Muerto]]1\n        ||align=right|6488\\n|-\\n|[[Parinacota (volcano)|Parinacota]]2 ||align=right|6342\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Pomerape]]2 ||align=right|6282\\n|- \\n|[[Los Patos]]1\n        ||align=right|6239\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note:1\n        shared with Argentina, 2 shared with Bolivia.\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Zona Central, Chile|Central]] area is the most populated region of the country.\n        The coastal plains are wide and allow the establishment of cities and ports\n        along the Pacific, while the coastal mountains down its height. The Andes\n        maintains altitudes above 6000m but descend slowly starts approaching the\n        4000 meters on average. The intermediate depression reappears becoming a fertile\n        valley that allows agricultural development and human settlement, due to sediment\n        accumulation. To the south, the Cordillera de la Costa reappears in the [[Nahuelbuta\n        Range|range of Nahuelbuta]] while glacial sediments originate a series of\n        lakes in the area of [[La Frontera, Chile|La Frontera]].\\n\\nPatagonia extends\n        from within Reloncavi, at the height of parallel 41 \\u00b0 S, to the south.\n        During the [[Llanquihue glaciation|last glaciation]], this area was covered\n        by ice that strongly eroded Chilean relief structures. As a result, the intermediate\n        depression sinks in the sea, while the coastal mountains rise to a series\n        of archipelagos, such as [[Chilo\\u00e9 Island|Chilo\\u00e9]] and the [[Chonos\n        Archipelago|Chonos]], disappearing in Taitao peninsula, in the parallel 47\n        \\u00b0 S. The Andes mountain range loses height and erosion caused by the\n        action of glaciers has caused [[fjords]].\\n\\nEast of the Andes, on the continent,\n        or north of it, on the [[Tierra del Fuego (main island)|island of Tierra del\n        Fuego]] are located relatively flat plains, which in the Strait of Magellan\n        cover large areas.\\n\\nThe Andes, as he had done previously Cordillera de la\n        Costa, begins to break in the ocean causing a myriad of islands and islets\n        and disappear into it, sinking and reappearing in the Southern Antilles arc\n        and then the Antarctic Peninsula, where it is called Antartandes, in the Chilean\n        Antarctic Territory, lying between the meridians 53 \\u00b0 W and 90 \\u00b0\n        W.\\n\\nIn the middle of the Pacific, the country has sovereignty over several\n        islands of volcanic origin, collectively known as Insular Chile. Of these,\n        we highlight the archipelago of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, which is\n        located in the fracture zone between the Nazca plate and the Pacific plate\n        known as East Pacific Rise.\\n\\n===Hydrography===\\n[[File:Parinacota volcano\n        1995.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]] and [[Parinacota volcano]]]]\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:right;clear:right; margin-left:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        colspan=2 | Ten longest rivers of Chile\\n|-\\n! Name !! Length ([[Kilometre|km]])\\n|-\\n|[[Loa\n        River|Loa]] ||align=right|440\\n|-\\n|[[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo River|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\n        ||align=right|380\\n|-\\n|[[Baker River (Chile)|Baker]] ||align=right|370\\n|-\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3\n        River|Copiap\\u00f3]] ||align=right|292\\n|-\\n|[[Maipo River|Maipo]] ||align=right|250\\n|-\\n|[[Yelcho\n        River|Yelcho]]-[[Futaleuf\\u00fa River|Futaleuf\\u00fa]] ||align=right|246\\n|-\\n|[[Maule\n        River|Maule]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Palena River|Palena]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Tolt\\u00e9n\n        River|Tolt\\u00e9n]] ||align=right|231\\n|-\\n|[[Huasco River|Huasco]] ||align=right|230\\n|-\\n|\n        colspan=2 style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note: All\n        lengths exclusively through Chilean territory.\\n|}\\n[[File:Lago Gral.\n        Carrera 01.JPG|thumbnail|left|[[General Carrera Lake|General Carrera lake]],\n        the largest in the country.]]\\n[[File:Bruggen-PioXI FaceCompleteCroppedIMG5642.jpg|thumbnail|[[Br\\u00fcggen\n        Glacier|Pio XI Glacier (or Br\\u00fcggen)]], the longest in the southern hemisphere\n        outside of Antarctica.]]\\n\\nDue to the characteristics of the territory, Chile\n        is crossed by numerous rivers generally short in length and with low torrential\n        flow. They commonly extend from the [[Andes Mountains|Andes]] to the [[Pacific\n        Ocean]], flowing in an East to West direction.\\n\\nBecause of the [[desert]],\n        in the Norte Grande there are only short [[endorheic]] character streams,\n        except for the [[river Loa]], the longest in the country 440 km.{{cite journal |author1=Niemeyer, Hans  |author2=Cereceda, Pilar\n        |year=1983 |title=Hydrography |work=Geography of Chile |publisher=[[Military\n        Geographic Institute (Chile)|Military Geographic Institute]] |edition=1st\n        |location=Santiago |volume=8 |accessdate=8 March 2011}} In the high\n        valleys, wetland areas generate [[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]], located at 4500 meters\n        above sea level. It and the river [[Lauca River|Lauca]] are shared with [[Bolivia]],\n        as well as the [[Lluta River|Lluta]].\\n\\nIn the center-north of the country,\n        the number of rivers that form valleys of agricultural importance increases.\n        Noteworthy are the Elqui with 75 km long, 142 km\n        Aconcagua, Maipo with 250 km and its tributary, the Mapocho\n        with 110 km, and Maule with 240 km. Their waters mainly flow from\n        Andean snowmelt in the summer and winter rains. The major lakes in this area\n        are the artificial lake Rapel, the Colbun Maule lagoon and the lagoon of La\n        Laja.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile-demography.png|thumb|300px|Population\n        of Chile from 1820, projected up to 2050]]\\n\\nChile''s 2002 census reported\n        a population of 15 million people. Its rate of population growth has been\n        decreasing since 1990, due to a declining [[birth rate]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/estadisticas_vitales/pdf/anuarios/vitales2003.zip|title=Anuario\n        Estad\\u00edsticas Vitales 2003|publisher=Instituto National de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|title=Chile:\n        Proyecciones y Estimaciones de Poblaci\\u00f3n. Total Pa\\u00eds 1950\\u20132050|publisher=Instituto\n        National de Estad\\u00edsticas|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nXISo4aQ?url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|archivedate=14\n        February 2010|df=dmy-all}} About 85 percent of the country''s population\n        lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in [[Santiago|Greater Santiago]].\n        The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago\n        with 5.6 million people, [[Greater Concepci\\u00f3n]] with 861,000\\nand [[Greater\n        Valpara\\u00edso]] with 824,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.observatoriourbano.cl/indurb/pre_ciudades.asp?id_user=0&idComCiu=0|title=List\n        of Chilean cities|publisher=Observatorio Urbano, Ministerio de Vivienda y\n        Urbanismo de Chile}}\\n\\n===Ancestry and ethnicity===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Chile|Immigration to Chile}}\\n\\nMexican professor Francisco Lizcano,\n        of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]], estimated that 52.7%\n        of [[Chileans]] were white, 39.3% were [[mestizo]], and 8% were [[Amerindian]].{{cite\n        web|author=Lizcano Fern\\u00e1ndez |year=2005 |title=Composici\\u00f3n \\u00e9tnica\n        de las tres \\u00e1reas culturales del continente americano al comienzo del\n        siglo XXI |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |format=PDF\n        |publisher=UAEM |issn=1405-1435 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf\n        |archivedate=26 June 2013 }}\\n\\nThe most recent study in the Candela\n        Project establishes that the genetic composition of Chile is 52% of European\n        origin, with 44% of the genome coming from Native Americans (Amerindians),\n        and 4% coming from Africa, making Chile a primarily mestizo country with traces\n        of African descent present in half of the population.{{cite web |url=http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |title=Estudio gen\\u00e9tico en chilenos muestra desconocida herencia africana\n        | El D\\u00ednamo |publisher=Eldinamo.cl |date=19 August 2013 |accessdate=22\n        December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706180053/http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |archivedate=6 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }} Another genetic study conducted\n        by the [[University of Brasilia]] in several American countries shows a similar\n        genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian\n        (Native) contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%.{{cite\n        web|last=Godinho |first=Neide Maria de Oliveira |title=O impacto das migra\\u00e7\\u00f5es\n        na constitui\\u00e7\\u00e3o gen\\u00e9tica de popula\\u00e7\\u00f5es latino-americanas\n        |url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873\n        |publisher=Universidade de Bras\\u00edlia |accessdate=29 March 2013 |year=2008\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf\n        |archivedate=6 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nA public health booklet from\n        the [[University of Chile]] states that 30% of the population is of Caucasian\n        origin; \\\"predominantly White\\\" Mestizos are estimated to amount a total of\n        65%, while Native Americans (Amerindians) comprise the remaining 5%.{{cite\n        web | title =5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | work =La Universidad de Chile | accessdate =26 August 2007 | language =\n        | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071016124831/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | archivedate =16 October 2007 | df =dmy-all }} ([http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        Main page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916211140/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        |date=16 September 2009 }})\\n\\nDespite the genetic considerations, many\n        Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as White. The 2011 [[Latinobar\\u00f3metro]]\n        survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to\n        belong to. Most answered \\\"White\\\" (59%), while 25% said \\\"Mestizo\\\" and 8%\n        self-classified as \\\"indigenous\\\".{{cite web|url=http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATContenidos.jsp\n        |title=Informe Latinobar\\u00f3metro 2011 |publisher=Latinobarometro.org |accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} A 2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans\n        believed they possessed some (43.4%) or much (8.3%) \\\"indigenous blood\\\",\n        while 40.3% responded that they had none.{{cite web|url=http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|title=Encuesta\n        CEP, Julio 2002|date=July 2002|accessdate=18 May 2012|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429001707/http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|archivedate=29\n        April 2013|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n[[File:Trajes chilenos -Geschichte des kost\\u00fcms\n        in chronologischer entwicklung 1888- A. Racinet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mapuche|Araucanian]]\n        Indians and [[Huaso]]s in Chile, 19th century.]]\\n\\nThe 1907 census reported\n        101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total population. Only those that practiced\n        their native culture or spoke their native language were considered to be\n        Indians, irrespective of their \\\"racial purity\\\".{{cite web|url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl//temas/documento_detalle.asp?id=MC0007943\n        |title=1907 census |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }}\\n\\nIn 2002 a census\n        took place, directly asking the public whether they considered themselves\n        as part of any of the eight Chilean ethnic groups, regardless of whether or\n        not they maintained their culture, traditions and language, and 4.6 percent\n        of the population (692,192 people) fitted that description of [[indigenous\n        peoples in Chile]]. Of that number, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf|title=Censo 2002 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edntesis de Resultados|work=Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        Most of the indigenous population shows varying degrees of mixed ancestry.{{cite web|url=http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act |title=El\n        gradiente sociogen\\u00e9tico chileno y sus implicaciones \\u00e9tico-sociales\n        |publisher=Medwave.cl |date=15 June 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818181825/http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }}\\n\\nChile is one of 22 countries to have\n        signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous\n        peoples, the [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091225170052/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 December 2009 |title=ILOLEX: submits English\n        query |publisher=Ilo.org |date=9 January 2004 }} It was adopted in 1989\n        as the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified\n        it in 2008. A Chilean court decision in November 2009 considered to be a landmark\n        ruling on indigenous rights and made use of the convention. The Supreme Court\n        decision on Aymara water rights upheld rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal\n        and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application\n        of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.{{cite web|url=http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17739:chiles-supreme-court-upholds-indigenous-water-use-rights&catid=19:other&Itemid=142\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights |publisher=The\n        Santiago Times |date=30 November 2009 |accessdate=2 March 2010}}\\n\\nChile\n        was never a particularly attractive destination for migrants, owing to its\n        remoteness and distance from Europe.\n        Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead\n        of taking the long journey through the Straits of Magellan or crossing the\n        Andes. European migration did not result in a significant\n        change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the [[Magallanes y la\n        Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena Region|region of Magellan]].[http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf\n        Censo de poblaci\\u00f3n de 1907, page-PDF 55/1277 and page-PDF 1249/1277 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas de Chile] Spaniards were the only major\n        European migrant group to Chile,{{cite web|url=http://www.euzkoetxeachile.cl/libros/04-De%20los%20Vascos%20Onati%20y%20los%20Elorza-2.pdf\n        |title=De los Vascos, O\\u00f1ati y los Elorza |author=Waldo Ayarza Elorza\n        |pages=59, 65, 66 |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013}} and there was\n        never large-scale immigration such as that to Argentina or Uruguay.\n        Between 1851 and 1924, Chile only received 0.5% of European immigration to\n        Latin America, compared to 46% to Argentina, 33% to Brazil, 14% to Cuba, and\n        4% to Uruguay. However, it is undeniable that immigrants\n        have played a significant role in Chilean society.\\n\\n[[File:FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg|thumb|Italian\n        immigrants to [[Italian Chilean|Capitan Pastene]] in southern Chile.]]\\nOther\n        groups of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] have followed but are found\n        in smaller numbers, like the descendants of [[Austrians]][http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jong038duit01_01/jong038duit01_01_0018.php\n        Hoofdstuk XVI Historisch tussenspel] {{nl icon}} and [[Dutch people]].\n        Currently, these are estimated at about 50,000 people.{{cite web|url=http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |title=Dutch immigration |publisher=Cstandt.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818221629/http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }} After the failed [[Revolutions of 1848\n        in the German states|liberal revolution of 1848]] in the German states,{{cite book|last1=Salazar Vergara|first1=Gabriel\n        |last2=Pinto|first2=Julio|title=Historia contempor\\u00e1nea de Chile: Actores,\n        identidad y movimiento. II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyx8JQtvU78C&pg=PA78|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1999|publisher=[[Lom Ediciones]]|isbn=978-956-282-174-2|pages=76\\u201381|chapter=La\n        Presencia Inmigrante}}{{cite book |title= Superpoblaci\\u00f3n |last=\n        Dur\\u00e1n |first= Hip\\u00f3lito |authorlink= Hip\\u00f3lito Dur\\u00e1n |year=\n        1997 |publisher= Real Academia Nacional de Medicina |location= Madrid |isbn=\n        84-923901-0-7 |trans_chapter= |chapter= El crecimiento de la poblaci\\u00f3n\n        latinoamericana y en especial de Chile \\u2022 Academia Chilena de Medicina\n        |chapterurl= |quote= |page= 217 |accessdate=16 September 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IXFVHAXxNw0C&pg=PA217}}\n        a noticeable German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the\n        [[German-Chilean]] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to \\\"unbarbarize\\\"\n        and colonize the southern region,\n        these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, [[Silesians]], [[Alsace|Alsatians]]\n        and Austrians) settled mainly in [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno\n        and Llanquihue|Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue]].{{cite book |title=\n        Recuerdos del Pasado |last1= P\\u00e9rez Rosales |first1= Vicente |authorlink=\n        Vicente P\\u00e9rez Rosales |year= 1860 |publisher= Editorial Andr\\u00e9s Bello\n        |location= Santiago de Chile |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cISuC7tC5hsC}}\\n\\nDescendants\n        of different [[ethnic groups in Europe|European ethnic groups]] often intermarried\n        in Chile. This intermarriage and mixture of cultures and races have helped\n        to shape the present society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes.{{cite web|url=http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |title=entrevista al Presidente de la C\\u00e1mara vasca |publisher=Deia.com\n        |date=22 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001812/http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |archivedate=11 May 2009 }}\\n\\nDue in part to its economic fortunes,\n        Chile has recently become a new magnet for immigrants, mostly from neighboring\n        [[Argentina]], Bolivia and mainly Peru.{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199\n        |title=Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy |publisher=Migrationinformation.org\n        |accessdate=1 August 2011}} According to the 2002 national census, Chile''s\n        foreign-born population has increased by 75% since 1992.{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=920108 |title= El debate sobre\n        la inmigraci\\u00f3n ilegal se extiende a la regi\\u00f3n |accessdate=31 December\n        2008 |last= Landaburu |first= Juan |date= 24 June 2007 |work= [[La Naci\\u00f3n]]\n        }} According to an estimate by the Migration and Foreign Residency Department,\n        317,057 foreigners were living in Chile as of December 2008.{{cite web|url=http://www.extranjeria.gov.cl/filesapp/Informe%20Estimacion%20Poblacion%20Extranjeros%202008.pdf\n        |title=Estimaci\\u00f3n de Poblaci\\u00f3n de Extranjeros en Chile a Diciembre\n        de 2008 |publisher=Departamento de Extranjer\\u00eda y Migraci\\u00f3n |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Roughly 500,000 of Chile\\u2019s population\n        is of full or partial [[Palestinian people|Palestinian origin]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508\n        |title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome |publisher=Adnkronos.com\n        |date=7 April 2003 }}{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generaci\\u00f3n de palestinos\n        en Chile |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |archivedate=22 July 2009 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{Main article|Religion\n        in Chile}}\\n{{bar box\\n| title = Religious background in Chile (2015){{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by\n        religion, region, sex and age groups. (censused population) |url=http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\n        |accessdate= September 2015 |language=Spanish |format=.pdf}}\\n| titlebar\n        = #ddd\\n| left1 = Religion\\n| right1 = Percent\\n| float = right\\n| bars =\\n{{bar\n        percent|Roman Catholic|orange|55}}\\n{{bar percent|None|red|25}}\\n{{bar percent|Protestant|green|13}}\\n{{bar\n        percent|Other|yellow|7}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{As of|2012}}, 66.6%\n        of Chilean population over 15 years of age claimed to be of Catholic creed\n        \\u2013 a decrease from the 70%7,853,428 out of 11,226,309 people over\n        15 years of age. {{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by\n        religion, administrative division, sex and age groups|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/cuadros/6/C6_00000.pdf|work=Censo\n        2002|accessdate=1 March 2014|language=Spanish|format=PDF}} reported\n        by the 2002 census \\u2013 while 17 percent reported adherence to an ''''evangelical''''\n        church. In the census, the term ''''evangelical'''' referred to all non-Catholic\n        Christian churches with the exception of the [[Orthodox Church]] (Greek, Persian,\n        Serbian, Ukrainian, and Armenian), [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day\n        Saints]] ([[Mormons]]), [[Seventh-day Adventists]], and [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]],\n        essentially limiting it to the [[Protestants]] (although [[Adventism]] is\n        often considered a part of it). Approximately 90 percent of Protestants (''''evangelicals'''')\n        are [[Pentecostal]]. [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan]], [[Lutheran]], [[Reformed\n        churches|Reformed Evangelical]], [[Presbyterian]], [[Anglican]], [[Anglicanism|Episcopalian]],\n        [[Baptist]] and [[Methodist church]]es are also present.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108518.htm|title=Chile|work=International\n        Religious Freedom Report|publisher=United States Department of State|date=19\n        September 2008}} Irreligious people, atheists, and agnostics account\n        for around 12 percent of the population.\\n\\nCurrently in 2015, the majority\n        religion in Chile is Christianity (68%), with an estimated 55% of Chileans\n        belonging to the Catholic church, 13% Protestant or Evangelical and just 7%\n        with any other religion. Agnostics and atheist are estimated at 25%.http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\\n\\nThe\n        Constitution provides for [[freedom of religion]], and other laws and policies\n        contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The law at all levels\n        protects this right in full against abuse, either by governmental or private\n        actors.\\n\\nChurch and state are officially\n        [[separation of church and state|separate]] in Chile. The 1999 law on religion\n        prohibits [[religious discrimination]]. However, the Catholic Church enjoys\n        a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment{{Citation\n        needed|date=February 2014}}. Government officials attend Catholic events as\n        well as major Protestant and Jewish ceremonies.\\n\\nThe\n        Government-observed religious holidays include Christmas, [[Good Friday]],\n        the [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel|Feast of the Virgin of Carmen]], the [[Feast\n        of Saints Peter and Paul]], the [[Assumption of Mary|Feast of the Assumption]],\n        [[All Saints'' Day]], and the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]] as [[Public\n        holiday|national holidays]]. The government\n        has recently declared 31 October, [[Reformation Day]], a public national holiday,\n        in honor of the Protestant churches of the country.{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |title=Hola, Luther |work=The Economist |date=6 November 2008 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210125640/http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |archivedate=10 December 2008 }}{{Cite news|author=Andrea Henr\\u00edquez\n        |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/2007/en_nombre_de_la_fe/newsid_7701000/7701290.stm\n        |title=Los evang\\u00e9licos tienen su feriado |publisher=BBC Mundo |date=31\n        October 2008 |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe [[patron saint]]s\n        of Chile are [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] and [[Saint James the Greater]]\n        (''''Santiago'''').{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php?letter=C\n        |title=Patron Saints: ''C'' |publisher=Catholic Online |accessdate=28 June\n        2012}} In 2005, [[Alberto Hurtado|St. Alberto Hurtado]] was canonized\n        by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] and became the country''s second saint after [[Teresa\n        de los Andes|St. Teresa de los Andes]].{{cite web |url=http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |title=Las fechas del proceso de Canonizaci\\u00f3n del Padre Hurtado |language=Spanish\n        |accessdate=9 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122033957/http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |archivedate=22 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}\\n\\n===Languages===\\nThe\n        [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish spoken in Chile]] is distinctively accented and\n        quite unlike that of neighboring South American countries because final syllables\n        and \\\"''''s''''\\\" sounds are often dropped, and some consonants have a soft\n        pronunciation. Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more\n        noticeable are the differences in accent based on social class or whether\n        one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely\n        formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in\n        modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of\n        differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and\n        now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.\\n\\nThere are several indigenous languages spoken\n        in Chile: [[Mapudungun]], [[Chilean Quechua|Quechua]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]]\n        and [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]]. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took\n        over as the [[lingua franca]] and the indigenous languages have become minority\n        languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL\n        |title=Ethnologue report for Chile |publisher=Ethnologue.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\nGerman is still spoken to some extent in southern Chile,{{cite\n        web |author=Oliver Zoellner |url=http://www.research-worldwide.de/article-chile2005.html\n        |title=Oliver Zoellner | Generating Samples of Ethnic Minorities in Chile\n        |publisher=Research-worldwide.de |accessdate=17 December 2009}} either\n        in small country side pockets or as a second language among the communities\n        of larger cities.\\n\\nThrough initiatives such as the [[English Opens Doors|English\n        Opens Doors Program]], the government made English mandatory for students\n        in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile\n        start teaching English from kindergarten.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090908/lack-english-proficiency\n        |title=Repeat after me: Hello, my name is |publisher=Globalpost.com }}\n        Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish\n        speech.{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-04622005000200010&script=sci_arttext\n        |title=Anglicism in Chilean Spanish |publisher=Scielo.cl |date=4 May 2004}}\\n\\n===Identity\n        and traditions===\\n[[File:TAMURE.png|thumb|Tamure Dancers, [[Easter Island]]]]\\nDue\n        to the geography of Chile dissimilar cultural expressions vary markedly in\n        different parts of the country.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}\\n\\n==\n        Government and politics ==\\n{{Main article|Politics of Chile|Law of Chile}}\\n[[File:Palacio\n        de La Moneda.png|thumb|left|The [[Palacio de La Moneda]] in downtown [[Santiago,\n        Chile|Santiago]].]]\\n[[File:Tribjusticiacl.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palacio de\n        los Tribunales de Justicia de Santiago|Palace of Justice]] in Santiago.]]\\nThe\n        current [[Constitution of Chile]] was approved in a national [[plebiscite]]\n        \\u2014regarded as \\\"highly irregular\\\" by some observers{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=A\n        Country Study: Chile|work=[[United States Library of Congress]]}}\\u2014\n        in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. It entered\n        into force in March 1981. After Pinochet''s defeat in the [[Chilean national\n        plebiscite, 1988|1988 plebiscite]], the constitution was amended to ease provisions\n        for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo\n        Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress.\n        These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and [[senators\n        for life]], granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief\n        of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4157908.stm|title=Chile scraps\n        Pinochet-era system|publisher=BBC | date=16 August 2005 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}}\\n\\nThe [[Congress of Chile]] has a 38-seat [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]\n        and a 120-member [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]. Senators\n        serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every\n        4 years. The last congressional elections were held on 17 November 2013, concurrently\n        with the presidential election. The current Senate has a 21\\u201315 split\n        in favor of the governing coalition and 2 independents. The current lower\n        house, the Chamber of Deputies, contains 67 members of the governing center-left\n        coalition, 48 from the center-right opposition and 5 from small parties or\n        independents. The Congress is located in the port city of Valpara\\u00edso,\n        about {{convert|140|km|0|abbr=off}} west of the capital, Santiago.\\n[[File:Congresschile.jpg|thumb|[[National\n        Congress of Chile|National Congress]] building in Valpara\\u00edso.]]\\nChile''s\n        congressional elections are governed by a [[Binomial System|binomial system]]\n        that, for the most part, rewards the two largest representations equally,\n        often regardless of their relative popular support. Parties are thus forced\n        to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertaci\\u00f3n\n        and Alianza) split most of the seats. Only if the leading coalition ticket\n        out-polls the second place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does\n        the winning coalition gain both seats, which tends to lock the legislative\n        in a roughly 50-50 split.\\n\\nChile''s judiciary is independent and includes\n        a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal,\n        and the [[Supreme Court of Chile]]. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide\n        overhaul of its criminal justice system.{{cite web|url=http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |work=Chilean Government |title=President Lagos: We can make a greater effort\n        to make yesterday''s and today''s trials equally just |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423171251/http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |archivedate=23 April 2008 }} The reform has replaced inquisitorial\n        proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United\n        States.\\n\\nIn the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative [[Independent\n        Democratic Union]] (UDI) surpassed the [[Christian Democratic Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrats]] for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house.\n        In the [[Chilean parliamentary election, 2005|2005 parliamentary election]],\n        both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation\n        in favor of their respective allies [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist Party]]\n        (which became the biggest party in the Concertaci\\u00f3n block) and [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] in the right-wing alliance. In the 2009\n        legislative elections in Chile, the [[Communist Party of Chile|Communist Party]]\n        won 3 out of 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 30\n        years (the Communist Party was not allowed to exist as such during the dictatorship).\\n\\nChileans\n        voted in the first round of presidential elections on 17 November 2013. None\n        of the nine presidential candidates got more than 50 percent of the vote.\n        As a result, the top two candidates, center-left [[Nueva Mayor\\u00eda]] coalition''s\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and center-right [[Alianza (Chile)|Alianza]] coalition''s\n        [[Evelyn Matthei]], competed in a run-off election on 15 December 2013, which\n        Bachelet won. This was Chile''s sixth presidential election since the end\n        of the Pinochet era. All six have been judged free and fair. The president\n        is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.\\n\\n=== Foreign\n        relations ===\\n{{Main article|Foreign relations of Chile}}\\n[[File:Foreign\n        relations of Chile.svg|thumb|340x340px|State of Chile\\u2019s international\n        relations in the world:\\n{{legend|#006680|Chile}}\\n{{legend|#008000|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and Chilean embassy in the country.}}\\n{{legend|#00AA88|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and an embassy in Chile, but no Chilean embassy.}}\\n{{legend|#8DD35F|Country\n        with diplomatic relations but without ambassadors.}}\\n{{legend|#cccccc|Country\n        with no diplomatic relations currently.}}\\n]]\\n\\nSince the early decades after\n        independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs.\n        In 1837 the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru''s port\n        of [[Callao]] for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived\n        alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]] (1836\\u201339)\n        in the [[War of the Confederation]]. The war dissolved the confederation while\n        distributing power in the Pacific. A second international war, the [[War of\n        the Pacific]] (1879\\u201383), further increased Chile''s regional role, while\n        adding considerably to its territory.\\n\\nDuring the\n        19th century, Chile''s commercial ties were primarily with Britain, a nation\n        that had a major influence on the formation of the Chilean navy. The French\n        influenced Chile''s legal and educational systems and had a decisive impact\n        on Chile, through the architecture of the capital in the boom years at the\n        turn of the 20th century. German influence came from the organization and\n        training of the army by [[Prussia]]ns.\\n\\nOn 26 June\n        1945, Chile participated as a founding member of the United Nations being\n        among 50 countries that signed the [[United Nations Charter]] in San Francisco,\n        California.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml#c |title=United\n        Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1 August 2011\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417145758/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml\n        |archivedate=17 April 2009 |df=dmy }}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/growth.shtml\n        |title=United Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/av/photo/detail/0001314.html?browse=all.html\n        |title=The San Francisco Conference: Chile Signs United Nations Charter }}{{dead\n        link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\n        With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result\n        of widespread human rights abuses.\\n\\nSince its return\n        to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international\n        political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN\n        Security Council in January 2005. Jose Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national,\n        was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May\n        2005 and confirmed in his position, being re-elected in 2009. Chile is currently\n        serving on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors,\n        and the 2007\\u20132008 chair of the board is Chile''s ambassador to the IAEA,\n        Milenko E. Skoknic. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies\n        and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It was [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council#Members|re-elected]] as a member of the [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]] in 2011 for a three-year term.{{cite\n        web|title=Election (13 May 2010) Human Rights Council|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/64/elections/hrc/index.shtml|work=64th\n        Session|publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]]}} It was also\n        [[United Nations Security Council election, 2013|elected]] to one of five\n        non-permanent seats on the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]\n        in 2013.{{cite web|title=Chad, Chile, Lithuania, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia\n        were elected to serve on the UN Security Council|date=17 October 2013|accessdate=17\n        October 2013|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46277&Cr=security+council&Cr1=#.UmAVWCQd5TQ}}\n        Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC\n        summit and related meetings in 2004. It also hosted the Community of Democracies\n        ministerial in April 2005 and the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007.\n        An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been\n        a major player in international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.\\n\\nThe Chilean Government has diplomatic relations\n        with most countries. It settled all its territorial disputes with Argentina\n        during the 1990s except for part of the border at [[Southern Patagonian Ice\n        Field]]. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia''s\n        desire to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean it lost to Chile in\n        1879\\u201383 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations\n        and are represented at the Consul General level.\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\n{{main article|Administrative divisions of Chile}}\\n[[File:ChileRegions.png|thumb|110px|The\n        regions of Chile]]\\nChile is divided into 15 regions, each headed by an [[intendant]]\n        appointed by the president. The regions are further divided into provinces,\n        with provincial governors also appointed by the president. Finally each province\n        is divided into [[Communes of Chile|communes]]{{cite web|url=http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |title=Organigrama |work=Gobierno de Chile |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214000711/http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 }} which are administered by municipalities,\n        each with its own mayor and council elected for four-year terms. Each region\n        is designated by a name and a [[Roman numeral]], assigned from north to south.\n        The only exception is the Santiago Metropolitan Region which is designated\n        ''''RM'''' (''''Regi\\u00f3n Metropolitana''''). Two new regions were created\n        in 2006 and became operative in October 2007; Los R\\u00edos in the south (Region\n        XIV), and Arica y Parinacota in the north (Region XV). The numbering scheme\n        skipped Region XIII, usually assumed to be the Metropolitan Region before\n        the 2006 reform.\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|- style=\\\"background:#ececec;\\\"\\n!Key!!Name!!Spanish!!Capital\\n|-\\n|XV\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Arica y Parinacota, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Arica y Parinacota, Chile]]\n        [[Arica y Parinacota Region|Arica y Parinacota]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Arica y\n        Parinacota\\n|[[Arica, Chile|Arica]]\\n|-\\n|I\\n|[[File:Flag of Tarapaca, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Tarapac\\u00e1,\n        Chile]] [[Tarapac\\u00e1 Region|Tarapac\\u00e1]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Tarapac\\u00e1\\n|[[Iquique]]\\n|-\\n|II\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Antofagasta Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Antofagasta, Chile]] [[Antofagasta\n        Region|Antofagasta]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Antofagasta\\n|[[Antofagasta]]\\n|-\\n|III\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Atacama, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Atacama, Chile]] [[Atacama Region|Atacama]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Atacama\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3, Chile|Copiap\\u00f3]]\\n|-\\n|IV\\n|[[File:Flag of\n        Coquimbo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Coquimbo, Chile]] [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Coquimbo\\n|[[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\\n|-\\n|V\\n|[[File:Flag of Valparaiso\n        Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Valpara\\u00edso, Chile]] [[Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region|Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Valpara\\u00edso\\n|[[Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|-\\n|RM\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of the Metropolitan Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Metropolitana de Santiago,\n        Chile]] [[Santiago Metropolitan Region|Metropolitana de Santiago]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        Metropolitana de Santiago\\n|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]\\n|-\\n|VI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of O''Higgins Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins, Chile]] [[Libertador General Bernardo O''Higgins Region|Libertador\n        General Bernardo O''Higgins]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins\\n|[[Rancagua]]\\n|-\\n|VII\\n|[[File:Flag of Maule, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Maule,\n        Chile]] [[Maule Region|Maule]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Maule\\n|[[Talca]]\\n|-\\n|VIII\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Biob\\u00edo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo, Chile]]\n        [[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo Region|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Biob\\u00edo\\n|[[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]\\n|-\\n|IX\\n|[[File:Flag of La Araucania, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|La\n        Araucan\\u00eda, Chile]] [[La Araucan\\u00eda Region|La Araucan\\u00eda]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de la Araucan\\u00eda\\n|[[Temuco]]\\n|-\\n|XIV\\n|[[File:Flag of Los R\\u00edos,\n        Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los R\\u00edos, Chile]] [[Los R\\u00edos Region|Los\n        R\\u00edos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los R\\u00edos\\n|[[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]]\\n|-\\n|X\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Los Lagos Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los Lagos, Chile]] [[Los Lagos\n        Region|Los Lagos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los Lagos\\n|[[Puerto Montt]]\\n|-\\n|XI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Aysen, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo, Chile]] [[Ays\\u00e9n Region|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del\n        Campo\\n|[[Coyhaique]]\\n|-\\n|XII\\n|[[File:Flag of Magallanes, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Magallanes\n        y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena, Chile]] [[Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\n        Region|Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Magallanes\n        y de la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\\n|[[Punta Arenas]]\\n|}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n[[File:Colca-condor-c03.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[Andean condor]] is the national bird of Chile]]\\nThe national flower is\n        the [[copihue]] (''''Lapageria rosea'''', Chilean [[Campanula|bellflower]]),\n        which grows in the woods of southern Chile.\\n\\nThe [[Coat of arms of Chile|coat\n        of arms]] depicts the two national animals: the [[condor]] (''''Vultur gryphus'''',\n        a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the [[Hippocamelus|huemul]]\n        (''''Hippocamelus bisulcus,'''' an endangered white tail deer). It also has\n        the legend ''''Por la raz\\u00f3n o la fuerza'''' (''''By reason or by force'''').\\n\\nThe\n        [[flag of Chile]] consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and\n        red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side\n        end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center\n        representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white\n        is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve\n        independence. The flag of Chile is similar to the [[Flag of Texas]], although\n        the Chilean flag is 21 years older. However, like the Texan flag, the flag\n        of Chile is modeled after the [[Flag of the United States]].{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/samerica/chile.htm\n        |title=Chile flag and description |publisher=Worldatlas.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\n==Military==\\n{{Main article|Military of Chile}}\\n{{multiple\n        image\\n| header = Branches of the Chilean Armed Forces\\n| image1 = Leopard\n        2A4CHL Chile.jpg|width1=145|caption1=[[Chilean Army]]
[[Leopard 2A4]]CHL\\n|\n        image2 = Almirante Blanco Encalada (FF-15).jpg|width2=155|caption2=[[Chilean\n        Navy]]
[[Karel Doorman-class frigate]]\\n| image3 = F-16CHL de Chile.jpg|width3=155|caption3=[[Chilean\n        Air Force]]
[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]]\\n}}\\nThe\n        Armed Forces of Chile are subject to civilian control exercised by the president\n        through the Minister of Defense. The president has the authority to remove\n        the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.\\n\\nThe\n        commander in chief of the [[Chilean Army]] is [[General officer#The specific\n        rank of general|General]] Humberto Oviedo Arriagada.{{cite web|url=http://chds.dodlive.mil/2014/05/19/chilean-army-commander-in-chief-visits-wjpc/|title=Chilean\n        Army Commander-in-Chief Visits WJPC|publisher=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/banner/article.cfm?id=3477|title=Army\n        War College Community Banner|publisher=}} The Chilean Army is 45,000\n        strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, six divisions\n        throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in [[Rancagua]], and a Special Forces\n        Command in [[Colina, Chile|Colina]]. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional\n        and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.\\n\\nAdmiral\n        Enrique Larra\\u00f1aga Martin directs the 21,773-person [[Chilean Navy]],{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |title=The Navy\\u2019s most valuable asset: its people |publisher=Wayback.archive.org\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101115012/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |archivedate=1 January 2009 }} including 2,500 Marines. Of the fleet\n        of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates).\n        Those ships are based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100514/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 |title=The National Fleet |publisher=Chilean Navy\n        |accessdate=30 May 2014}} The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport\n        and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates\n        four submarines based in [[Talcahuano]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |title=Submarine Force |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |accessdate=14 July\n        2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100430/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 }}\\n\\nAir Force General (four star) Jorge\n        Rojas \\u00c1vila heads the 12,500 strong [[Chilean Air Force]]. Air assets\n        are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta,\n        Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates [[Base\n        Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva|an airbase]] on [[King George Island (South\n        Shetland Islands)|King George Island]], Antarctica. The Air Force took delivery\n        of the final two of ten F-16s, all purchased from the U.S., in March 2007\n        after several decades of U.S. debate and previous refusal to sell. Chile also\n        took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the\n        Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch.\\n\\nAfter the military coup in September 1973 the\n        [[Carabineros de Chile|Chilean national police]] (Carabineros) were incorporated\n        into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police\n        were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained\n        under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. Gustavo Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        Jure is the head of the national police force of 40,964{{cite web|url=http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |title=Carabineros de Chile |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |date=24 October\n        2007 |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312050416/http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |archivedate=12 March 2012 }} men and women who are responsible for\n        law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control,\n        and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{Main\n        article|Economy of Chile}}\\n[[File:Costanera Center Sep. 13.jpg|thumb|''''[[Sanhattan]]'''',\n        the financial district in Santiago de Chile.]]\\nThe [[Central Bank of Chile]]\n        in Santiago serves as the [[central bank]] for the country. The Chilean currency\n        is the [[Chilean peso]] (CLP). Chile is one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations, leading Latin American nations\n        in [[human development (humanity)|human development]], competitiveness, income\n        per capita, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the [[World\n        Bank]] as a \\\"[[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]]\\\".{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications\n        |title=How We Classify Countries |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=1 July\n        2013}}{{cite web|title=Country and Lending Groups|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|publisher=The\n        World Bank|accessdate=14 September 2013|location=High-income economies ($12,616\n        or more)|date=1 July 2013}}{{cite web|title=GNI per\n        capita, Atlas method (current US$) |url=http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=14 September 2013 |location=Washington,\n        D.C. |format=xls |date=1 August 2013 |quote=GNI-WB |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055207/http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |archivedate=21 September 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nChile has the highest degree\n        of [[economic freedom]] in South America (ranking 7th worldwide), owing to\n        its independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management.{{cite web|title=Chile|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/chile|work=Index\n        of Economic Freedom|publisher=Heritage Foundation|accessdate=13 July 2013}}\n        In May 2010 Chile became the first South American country to join the [[Organisation\n        for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]].{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/chile/chilesaccessiontotheoecd.htm\n        |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s accession to the OECD |date=7 May 2010 |accessdate=22\n        July 2016 }} In 2006, Chile became the country with the highest nominal\n        GDP per capita in Latin America.[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010 rankings and 2008\\u20132009\n        comparisons] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030003958/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        |date=30 October 2010 }}. The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010.\n        World Economic Forum\\n\\nCopper mining makes up 20% of Chilean GDP and\n        60% of exports.{{cite news|title=Mining in Chile: Copper\n        solution|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21576714-mining-industry-has-enriched-chile-its-future-precarious-copper-solution|publisher=The\n        Economist|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=27 April 2013}} [[Escondida]]\n        is the largest copper mine in the world, producing over 5% of global supplies. Overall, Chile produces a third of the world\\u2019s copper. [[Codelco]], the state mining firm, competes with private\n        ones.\\n\\nSound economic policies, maintained consistently\n        since the 1980s, have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have\n        more than halved poverty rates.\n        Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999. The economy\n        remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery,\n        achieving 4.0% GDP growth.{{cite web|url=http://indexmundi.com/chile/gdp_real_growth_rate.html\n        |title=Chile GDP \\u2013 real growth rate |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21\n        February 2013 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} The Chilean economy finished\n        2004 with growth of 6 percent. Real GDP growth reached 5.7 percent in 2005\n        before falling back to 4 percent in 2006. GDP expanded by 5 percent in 2007. Faced with an [[2008 financial crisis|international\n        economic downturn]] the government announced an economic stimulus plan to\n        spur employment and growth, and despite the global financial crisis, aimed\n        for an expansion of between 2 percent and 3 percent of GDP for 2009. Nonetheless,\n        economic analysts disagreed with government estimates and predicted economic\n        growth at a median of 1.5 percent.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economicNews/idUSN1027661220090110\n        |title=Chile finmin says no recession seen in 2009-report |publisher=Reuters\n        |date=10 January 2009 |accessdate=17 December 2009}} Real GDP growth\n        in 2012 was 5.5%. Growth slowed to 4.1% in the first quarter of 2013.{{cite web|title=Chile: 2013 Article IV Consultation; IMF Country\n        Report 13/198|date=14 June 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13198.pdf|publisher=IMF|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}}\\n\\nThe unemployment rate was 6.4% in April 2013.{{cite\n        news|title=Chile February\\u2013April Unemployment Rises to 6.4% From 6.2%\n        in January\\u2013March|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130531-706101.html|publisher=WSJ.com|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} There are reported labor shortages in agriculture, mining,\n        and construction. The percentage of Chileans with per\n        capita household incomes below the poverty line\\u2014defined as twice the\n        cost of satisfying a person''s minimal nutritional needs\\u2014fell from 45.1\n        percent in 1987 to 11.5 percent in 2009, according to government surveys.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%202006%20en%20profundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065308/http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%2B2006%2Ben%2Bprofundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archivedate=13\n        January 2013|work=Libertad y Desarrollo|title=Casen 2006 en profundidad|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=22 June 2007|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cepal.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/41799/PSE-panoramasocial2010.pdf\n        |title=Panorama social de Am\\u00e9rica Latina |publisher=ECLAC |format=PDF\n        |year=2010 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Critics in Chile, however, argue\n        that true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=35048|publisher=El\n        Mercurio|title=Una muy necesaria correcci\\u00f3n: Hay cuatro millones de pobres\n        en Chile|date=14 October 2007|accessdate=22 October 2007}} Using the\n        relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would\n        be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the [[ECLAC]].{{Cite news|work=The\n        Economist|title=Destitute no more|url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9645174|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=16 August 2007}} {{Subscription}}\\n\\n[[File:Chile\n        GDP per capita (PPP).svg|thumb|left|Chilean (blue) and average Latin American\n        (gray) [[GDP per capita]] (1950\\u20132008).]]\\nAs of November 2012, about\n        11.1 million people (64% of the population) benefit from government welfare\n        programs,{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |date=20 November 2012 |accessdate=12\n        March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518190839/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |archivedate=18 May 2016 }}{{Clarify|date=May 2014}} via the \\\"Social\n        Protection Card\\\", which includes the population living in poverty and those\n        at a risk of falling into poverty.{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |accessdate=9 November 2012 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915085201/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |archivedate=15 September 2012 }}\\n\\n[[Chile pension system|The privatized\n        national pension system]] (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed\n        to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21 percent of\n        GDP.{{cite web|url=http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |title=The Chilean pension system |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512092950/http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |archivedate=12 May 2012 }} Under the compulsory private pension system,\n        most formal sector employees pay 10 percent of their salaries into privately\n        managed funds. However, by 2009, it has been\n        reported that had been lost from the pension system to the global financial\n        crisis.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |title=An uncertain future |publisher=GlobalPost |accessdate=17 December 2009\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811120405/https://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |archivedate=11 August 2010 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n[[File:Chuqui001 02.jpg|thumb|[[Chuquicamata]]\n        copper mine]]\\nChile has signed [[free trade agreements]] (FTAs) with a whole\n        network of countries, including an FTA with the United States that was signed\n        in 2003 and implemented in January 2004.{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Chile_FTA/Final_Texts/Section_Index.html\n        |title=USA-Chile FTA Final Text |publisher=Ustr.gov |accessdate=13 July 2013\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328045456/https://ustr.gov/trade_agreements/bilateral/chile_fta/final_texts/section_index.html\n        |archivedate=28 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} Internal Government of Chile\n        figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price\n        of copper, bilateral trade between the U.S. and Chile has grown over 60 percent\n        since then. Chile''s total trade with China\n        reached US in 2006, representing nearly 66 percent of the value of its trade\n        relationship with Asia. Exports to Asia increased\n        from US in 2005 to US in 2006, a 29.9 percent increase.\n        Year-on-year growth in imports was especially strong from a number of countries:\n        Ecuador (123.9%), Thailand (72.1%), South Korea (52.6%), and China (36.9%).\\n\\nChile''s approach to foreign direct investment\n        is codified in the country''s Foreign Investment Law. Registration is reported\n        to be simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access\n        to the official [[foreign exchange market]] to repatriate their profits and\n        capital.\\nThe Chilean Government has formed\n        a Council on Innovation and Competition, hoping to bring in additional FDI\n        to new parts of the economy.\\n\\n[[Standard &\n        Poor''s]] gives Chile a [[credit rating]] of AA-.{{cite news|title=UPDATE\n        2-S&P raises Chile''s credit rating to AA-minus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/26/chile-ratings-sandp-idUSL1E8NQ6KM20121226|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=13\n        July 2013|date=26 December 2012}} The Government of Chile continues\n        to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3.9 percent of GDP at\n        the end of 2006. The Chilean central government\n        is a net creditor with a [[Net asset value|net asset position]] of 7% of GDP\n        at end 2012. The [[current account deficit]] was 4% in\n        the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment. 14% of central government revenue came directly from copper\n        in 2012.\\n\\n===Infrastructure===\\n\\n====Transport====\\n{{Main\n        article|Transport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Mataveri Airport Easter Island Chile.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Mataveri\n        International Airport]] in [[Easter Island]]]]\\n[[File:Metrolinea4.jpg|thumbnail|[[Santiago\n        Metro]] is South America''s most extensive metro system{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero |title=Gu\\u00eda del Viajero\n        |publisher=Metro de Santiago |language=Spanish |trans_title=Plan Your Journey\n        |accessdate=18 September 2013}}]]\\nDue to Chile''s topography a functioning\n        transport network is vital to its economy. Buses are now the main means of\n        long distance transportation in Chile, following the decline of its railway\n        network.{{cite web|url=http://www.omnilineas.cl/comparison/index.html|title=Omnilineas\n        website|author=Omnilineas|publisher=}} The bus system covers the entire\n        country, from [[Arica, Chile|Arica]] to [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] (a 30-hour\n        journey) and from Santiago to [[Punta Arenas]] (about 40 hours, with a change\n        at [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]]).\\n\\nChile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved\n        and 310 unpaved). Important airports in Chile include [[Chacalluta International\n        Airport]] ([[Arica]]), [[Diego Aracena International Airport]] ([[Iquique]]),\n        [[Cerro Moreno International Airport]] ([[Antofagasta]]), [[Carriel Sur International\n        Airport]] ([[Concepci\\u00f3n, Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]), [[El Tepual International\n        Airport]] ([[Puerto Montt]]), [[Presidente Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo\n        International Airport]] ([[Punta Arenas]]), [[Mataveri International Airport]]\n        ([[Easter Island]]), the most remote airport in the world{{Dubious|date=February\n        2014}}, and the [[Comodoro Arturo Merino Ben\\u00edtez International Airport]]\n        ([[Santiago]]) with a traffic of 12,105,524 passengers in 2011. Santiago is\n        headquarters of Latin America''s largest [[airline]] [[holding company]] and\n        Chilean [[flag carrier]] [[LAN Airlines]].\\n\\n====Telecommunications====\\n[[File:Andes\n        y Torre Entel.jpg|thumbnail|[[Torre Entel]] in [[Santiago de Chile]], with\n        the [[Andes mountains]] in the background]]\\n[[telecommunications in Chile|Chile\n        has a telecommunication]] system which covers much of the country, including\n        Chilean insular and Antarctic bases. Privatization of the telephone system\n        began in 1988; Chile has one of the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure\n        in South America with a modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay\n        facilities and domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations. In 2012, there were 3.276 million main lines in use and 24.13 million mobile\n        cellular telephone subscribers. According to a 2012 database\n        of the [[International Telecommunications Union]] (ITU), 61.42% of the Chilean\n        population uses the internet, making Chile the country with the highest internet\n        penetration in [[South America]].[http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls\n        \\\"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000], International Telecommunications\n        Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013 The Chilean internet\n        country code is \\\"[[.cl]]\\\".\\n\\n==== Water supply and sanitation ====\\n{{Main\n        article|Water supply and sanitation in Chile}}\\n[[Water supply]] and [[sanitation]]\n        sector is characterized by high levels of access and good service quality.\n        Compared to most other countries, Chile''s water and sanitation sector \\ndistinguishes\n        itself by the fact that all urban water companies are privately owned or operated.\n        The sector also prides itself of having a \\nmodern and effective regulatory\n        framework, including an innovative \\nsubsidy to water demand by the poor.\n        One weakness of the sector is the \\nrelatively high water losses.\\n\\n===Agriculture===\\n{{Main\n        article|Agriculture in Chile}}\\n[[File:Chilean vineyard in Andes foothills.jpg|thumb|Many\n        of [[Chile''s vineyards]] are found on flat land within the foothills of the\n        Andes.]]\\n[[Agriculture]] in Chile encompasses a wide range of different activities\n        due to its particular [[geography]], [[climate]] and [[geology]] and human\n        factors. Historically agriculture is one of the bases of Chile''s economy,\n        now agriculture and allied sectors like [[forestry]], [[logging]] and [[fishing]]\n        accounts only for 4.9% of the [[GDP]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} and employed 13.6%\n        of the country''s labor force. Some major agriculture products of Chile includes\n        [[grapes]], [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[onion]]s, [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[oats]],\n        [[peach]]es, [[garlic]], [[asparagus]], [[bean]]s, [[beef]], [[poultry]],\n        [[wool]], [[fish]], [[timber]] and [[hemp]].[1] Due to its geographical isolation\n        and strict customs policies Chile is free from diseases such as [[Mad Cow\n        Disease]], [[fruit fly (disambiguation)|fruit fly]] and [[Phylloxera]]. This,\n        plus being located in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] which has quite different\n        harvesting times from the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and its wide range of agriculture\n        conditions are considered Chile''s main comparative advantages. However, Chile''s\n        mountainous landscape limits the extent and intensity of agriculture so that\n        arable land corresponds only to 2.62% of the total territory.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Chile}}\\n\\nTourism in Chile has experienced sustained growth\n        over the last few decades. In 2005, tourism grew by 13.6 percent, generating\n        more than 4.5 billion dollars of which 1.5 billion was attributed to foreign\n        tourists. According to the National Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million\n        people a year visit the country. Most of these visitors come from other countries\n        in the American continent, mainly [[Argentina]]; followed by a growing number\n        from the United States, Europe, and [[Brazil]] with a growing number of Asians\n        from [[South Korea]] and [[PR China]].Blanco, Hern\\u00e1n ''''et al.''''\n        (August 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235147/http://www.rides.cl/pdf/trade_tourism_chile.pdf\n        International Trade and Sustainable Tourism in Chile]. International Institute\n        for Sustainable Development\\n\\n[[File:Puerto Varas Osorno.jpg|thumb|left|[[Osorno\n        (volcano)|Osorno volcano]], the [[Llanquihue Lake]] near of Puerto Varas]]\\n\\nThe\n        main attractions for tourists are places of natural beauty situated in the\n        extreme zones of the country: [[San Pedro de Atacama]], in the north, is very\n        popular with foreign tourists who arrive to admire the Incaic architecture,\n        the altiplano lakes, and the [[Valle de la Luna (Chile)|Valley of the Moon]].{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} In [[Putre]], also in the north, there is the [[Chungar\\u00e1\n        Lake]], as well as the [[Parinacota Volcano|Parinacota]] and the [[Pomerape]]\n        volcanoes, with altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,282 m, respectively. Throughout\n        the central Andes there are many ski resorts of international repute,{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} including [[Portillo, Chile|Portillo]], [[Valle Nevado]]\n        and [[Termas de Chill\\u00e1n]].\\n\\nThe main tourist sites in the south are\n        national parks (the most popular is [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]] in the\n        Araucan\\u00eda){{citation needed|date=July 2014}} and the coastal area around\n        Tir\\u00faa and Ca\\u00f1ete with the [[Isla Mocha]] and the [[Nahuelbuta National\n        Park]], [[Chilo\\u00e9 Archipelago]] and [[Patagonia]], which includes [[Laguna\n        San Rafael National Park]], with its many glaciers, and the [[Torres del Paine\n        National Park]]. The central port city of [[Valpara\\u00edso]], which is World\n        Heritage with its unique architecture, is also popular.{{citation needed|date=July\n        2014}} Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean\n        tourist destinations.\\n\\n[[File:Moai Rano raraku.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Moai]]\n        on [[Easter Island]], Chile]]\\n\\nFor locals, tourism is concentrated mostly\n        in the summer (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} [[Arica]], [[Iquique]], [[Antofagasta]], [[La Serena,\n        Chile|La Serena]] and [[Coquimbo]] are the main summer centers in the north,\n        and Puc\\u00f3n on the shores of [[Lake Villarrica]] is the main center in\n        the south. Because of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region, with its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists.\n        [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]], Valpara\\u00edso''s northern affluent neighbor, is popular\n        because of its beaches, [[casino]], and its annual [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar International\n        Song Festival|song festival]], the most important musical event in Latin America.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} [[Pichilemu]] in the [[O''Higgins Region]] is widely\n        known as South America''s \\\"best [[surfing]] spot\\\" according to [[Fodor''s]].{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}}\\n\\nIn November 2005 the government launched a campaign\n        under the brand \\\"Chile: All Ways Surprising\\\" intended to promote the country\n        internationally for both business and tourism.{{cite web|url=http://www.prochile.us/\n        |title=Pro|Chile \\u2013 Importadores | Selecci\\u00f3n idiomas |publisher=Prochile.us\n        |accessdate=22 December 2013}} [[List of museums in Chile|Museums in\n        Chile]] such as the [[Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts]] built in 1880,\n        feature works by [[List of Chilean artists|Chilean artists]].\\n\\n==Education==\\n{{Main\n        article|Education in Chile}}\\n\\nIn Chile, education begins with [[preschool]]\n        until the age of 5. [[Primary school]] is provided for children between ages\n        6 and 13. Students then attend [[secondary school]] until graduation at age\n        17.\\n\\nSecondary education is divided into two parts: During the first two\n        years, students receive a general education. Then, they choose a branch: scientific\n        humanistic education, artistic education, or technical and professional education.\n        Secondary school ends two years later on the acquirement of a certificate\n        (licencia de ense\\u00f1anza media).{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=CHL|title=Chile\n        Country Profile, UNESCO-UNEVOC|publisher=}}\\n\\n[[File:Marcha cerca de\n        Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, sept. 2013.jpg|thumb|[[2011\\u201313 Chilean\n        student protests]]]]\\nChilean education is segregated by wealth in a three-tiered\n        system \\u2014 the quality of the schools reflect socioeconomic backgrounds:\\n*\n        city schools (colegios municipales) that are mostly free and have the worse\n        education results, mostly attended by poor students;\\n* subsidized schools\n        that receive some money from the government which can be supplemented by fees\n        paid by the student''s family, which are attended by mid-income students and\n        typically get mid-level results; and \\n* entirely private schools that consistently\n        get the best results. Many private schools charge attendance fees of 0,5 to\n        1 median household incomes.{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2013/12/30/637336/mensualidad-en-colegios-top-10-en-la-psu-supera-los-250-mil.html\n        |title=Mensualidad de los colegios con los mejores puntajes en la PSU supera\n        los mil |publisher=Emol.com |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=18 July 2014}}\\n\\n===Higher\n        education===\\n{{See also|List of universities in Chile}}\\n\\nUpon successful\n        graduation of secondary school, students may continue into [[higher education]].\n        The higher education schools in Chile consist of [[Chilean Traditional Universities]]\n        and are divided into [[Public university|public universities]] or [[Private\n        university|private universities]]. There are [[List of medical schools in\n        South America#Chile|medical schools]] and both the [[Universidad de Chile]]\n        and [[Universidad Diego Portales]] offer [[Legal education|law schools]] in\n        a partnership with [[Yale University]].{{cite web|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/linkageinchili.htm\n        |title=Program in Chile | Yale Law School |publisher=Law.yale.edu |accessdate=22\n        December 2013}}\\n\\n==Health==\\n{{Main article|Healthcare in Chile}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Ministry of Health (Chile)|Ministry of Health]] (''''Minsal'''') is the\n        cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating,\n        executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated\n        by the President of Chile. The [[Fondo Nacional de Salud|National Health Fund]]\n        (''''Fonasa''''), created in 1979, is the financial entity entrusted to collect,\n        manage and distribute state funds for health in Chile. It is funded by the\n        public. All employees pay 7 percent of their monthly income to the fund.\\n\\nFonasa\n        is part of the NHSS and has executive power through the [[Ministry of Health\n        (Chile)]]. Its headquarters are in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and decentralized\n        public service is conducted by various Regional Offices. More than 12 million\n        beneficiaries benefit from Fonasa. Beneficiaries can also opt for more costly\n        private insurance through [[Isapre]]. [[List of hospitals in Chile|Hospitals\n        in Chile]] are mainly located in the [[Santiago Metropolitan Region]].\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{Main\n        article|Culture of Chile|Music of Chile|Chilean cuisine}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|\n        footer    = [[Pablo Neruda]] and [[Gabriela Mistral]], Nobel Prize recipients\n        in literature (1971 and 1945)\\n| width1    = 102\\n| image1    = Pablo Neruda.jpg\\n|\n        alt1      = Pablo Neruda\\n| width2    = 100\\n| image2    = Gabriela Mistral-01.jpg\\n|\n        alt2      = Gabriela Mistral\\n}}\\nFrom the period between early agricultural\n        settlements and up to the late pre-Hispanic period, northern Chile was a region\n        of Andean culture that was influenced by altiplano traditions spreading to\n        the coastal valleys of the north, while southern regions were areas of Mapuche\n        cultural activities. Throughout the colonial period following the conquest,\n        and during the early Republican period, the country''s culture was dominated\n        by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and\n        German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants\n        influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south\n        of Chile in cities such as [[Valdivia]], [[Frutillar]], [[Puerto Varas]],\n        [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]], [[Temuco]], [[Puerto Octay]], [[Llanquihue Province|Llanquihue]],\n        [[Faja Maisan]], [[Pitrufqu\\u00e9n]], [[Victoria, Chile|Victoria]], [[Puc\\u00f3n]]\n        and [[Puerto Montt]].{{cite web |url=http://www.allsouthernchile.com/southamerica/valdivia-southern-chile-city-guide/index.html\n        |title=Valdivia Chile |publisher=Allsouthernchile.com |accessdate=1 August\n        2011}}{{cite web|author=International Web Solutions, Inc. \n        |url=http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/ |title=Latin America\n        :: Chile |publisher=Global Adrenaline |accessdate=1 August 2011 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711100623/http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/\n        |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |title=Learning About Each Other |publisher=Learnapec.org |accessdate=1 August\n        2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429020520/http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |archivedate=29 April 2011 |df=dmy }}{{cite web |url=http://www.country-studies.com/chile/foreign-relations.html\n        |title=Chile Foreign Relations |publisher=Country-studies.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Algeria-to-France/Chile.html\n        |title=Food in Chile \\u2013 Chilean Food, Chilean Cuisine \\u2013 traditional,\n        popular, dishes, recipe, diet, history, common, meals, rice, main, people,\n        favorite, customs, fruits, country, bread, vegetables, bread, drink, typical\n        |publisher=Foodbycountry.com |accessdate=1 August 2011}}\\n\\n===Music\n        and dance===\\n[[File:Zamacueca-Chile.jpg|thumb|left|''''La Zamacueca'''',\n        by Manuel Antonio Caro.]]\\nMusic in Chile ranges from folkloric, popular and\n        classical music. Its large geography generates different musical styles in\n        the north, center and south of the country, including also Easter Island and\n        Mapuche music.{{cite web |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=elfolclordechileysustresgrandesraices\n        |title=Memoria Chilena |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }} The national\n        dance is the [[cueca]]. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not\n        a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists,\n        it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and\n        a more prominent melody.\\n\\nBetween 1950 and 1970 appears a rebirth in folk\n        music leading by groups such as [[Los de Ram\\u00f3n]], Los Cuatro Huasos and\n        Los Huasos Quincheros, among others{{cite web|url=http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |title=Conjuntos Folkloricos de Chile |publisher=Musicapopular.cl |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013104352/http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |archivedate=13 October 2007 }} with composers such as [[Ra\\u00fal de\n        Ram\\u00f3n]], [[Violeta Parra]] and others. In the mid-1960s native musical\n        forms were revitalized by the [[Parra family]] with the [[Nueva canci\\u00f3n|Nueva\n        canci\\u00f3n Chilena]], which was associated with political activists and\n        reformers such as [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], [[Inti-Illimani]], and [[Quilapay\\u00fan]].\n        Other important [[folk music|folk]] singer and researcher on [[folklore]]\n        and Chilean [[ethnography]], is [[Margot Loyola]]. Also many Chilean rock\n        bands like [[Los Jaivas]], [[Los Prisioneros]], [[La Ley (band)|La Ley]],\n        and [[Los Tres]] have reached international success. In February, annual music\n        festivals are held in [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]].{{cite news|last=Martinez|first=Jessica|title=Top\n        Cultural Celebrations and Festivals in Chile|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/top-cultural-celebrations-festivals-chile-61003.html|newspaper=USA\n        Today}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nChileans call their country ''''pa\\u00eds\n        de poetas''''\\u2014country of poets.{{cite web|url=http://www.protocolo.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=2&id_art=600\n        |accessdate=29 October 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.uchile.cl/cultura/poetasjovenes/bianchi26.htm |title=Un\n        mapa por completar: la joven poesia chilena \\u2013 \\u00bfPor qu\\u00e9 tanta\n        y tan variada poes\\u00eda? |publisher=Uchile.cl |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\n        [[Gabriela Mistral]] was the first Latin American to receive a [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]] (1945). Chile''s most famous poet is [[Pablo Neruda]], who\n        received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his\n        extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly\n        personalized homes in [[Isla Negra]], Santiago and Valpara\\u00edso are popular\n        tourist destinations.\\n\\nAmong the list of other Chilean poets are [[Carlos\n        Pezoa V\\u00e9liz]], [[Vicente Huidobro]], [[Gonzalo Rojas]], [[Pablo de Rokha]],\n        [[Nicanor Parra]] and [[Ra\\u00fal Zurita]]. [[Isabel Allende]] is the best-selling\n        Chilean novelist, with 51 millions of her novels sold worldwide.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=346023&CategoryId=13003\n        |title=Latin American Herald Tribune \\u2013 Isabel Allende Named to Council\n        of Cervantes Institute |publisher=Laht.com |accessdate=14 November 2010}}\n        Novelist [[Jos\\u00e9 Donoso]]''s novel ''''[[The Obscene Bird of Night]]''''\n        is considered by critic [[Harold Bloom]] to be one of the canonical works\n        of 20th-century Western literature. Another internationally recognized Chilean\n        novelist and poet is [[Roberto Bola\\u00f1o]] whose translations into English\n        have had an excellent reception from the critics.{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1857951,00.html\n        |work=Time |date=10 November 2008 |accessdate=28 April 2010 |first=Lev |last=Grossman\n        |title=Bola\\u00f1o''s 2666: The Best Book of 2008}}{{cite web |author=Sarah\n        Kerr |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22171 |title=The Triumph of Roberto\n        Bola\\u00f1o |publisher=The New York Review of Books |date=18 December 2008}}{{Cite\n        news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Wood.t.html |work=The\n        New York Times |title=The Visceral Realist |first=James |last=Wood |date=15\n        April 2007 |accessdate=1 April 2010}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n[[File:Chilean\n        Cazuela.JPG|thumb|Chilean [[Cazuela]] and assorted salads.]] [[Chilean cuisine]]\n        is a reflection of the country''s topographical variety, featuring an assortment\n        of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include [[asado]],\n        [[cazuela]], [[empanada]]s, [[humita]]s, [[pastel de choclo]], pastel de papas,\n        [[curanto]] and [[sopaipilla#Chile|sopaipillas]].{{cite book|author=Maria\n        Baez Kijac|title=The South American Table: The Flavor and Soul of Authentic...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePAePLlqkC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2003|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-249-3}}\n        [[Crudos]] is an example of the mixture of culinary contributions from the\n        various ethnic influences in Chile. The raw minced [[llama]], heavy use of\n        shellfish and rice bread were taken from native [[Quechua people|Quechua]]\n        Andean cuisine, (although now beef brought to Chile by Europeans is also used\n        in place of the llama meat), lemon and onions were brought by the Spanish\n        colonists, and the use of [[mayonnaise]] and [[yogurt]] was introduced by\n        German immigrants, as was [[beer]].\\n\\n===Folklore===\\nThe folklore of Chile,\n        cultural and demographic characteristics of the country, is the result of\n        mixture of Spanish and Amerindian elements that occurred during the colonial\n        period. Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished\n        four major areas in the country: northern areas, central, southern and south.\n        Most of the traditions of the [[culture of Chile]] have a festive purpose,\n        but some, such as dances and ceremonies, have religious components.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2014}}\\n\\n====Mythology====\\n{{Main article|Chilean mythology}}\\n\\nChilean\n        mythology, is the mythology and beliefs of the Folklore of Chile.\\n\\nThis\n        includes [[Chilote mythology]], [[Rapa Nui mythology]] and [[Mapuche mythology]].\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{Main\n        article|Cinema of Chile}}\\n\\nThe film originated in [[Valpara\\u00edso]] on\n        26 May 1902 with the premiere of the documentary ''''Exercise General Fire\n        Brigade'''', the first film completely filmed and processed in the country.\n        In the following decades, marked milestones ''''The deck of Death'''' (or\n        ''''The Enigma of Lord Street'''') (1916), considered the first film Chilean\n        story, ''''The transmission of presidential'''' (1920), the first animated\n        film in the country, and ''''North and South'''' (1934), the first sound film\n        of Chile.\\n\\n===Sports===\\n{{main article|Sport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Estadio\n        Nacional de Chile 2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Estadio Nacional de Chile]]]]\\n\\nChile''s\n        most popular sport is association football. Chile has appeared in nine FIFA\n        World Cups which includes hosting the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]] where the [[Chile\n        national football team|national football team]] finished third. Other results\n        achieved by the national football team include two [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica]] titles\n        ([[2015 Copa Am\\u00e9rica|2015]] and [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica Centenario|2016]]),\n        and two runners up positions,  one silver and two bronze medals at the [[Pan\n        American Games]], a bronze medal at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and two third\n        places finishes in the FIFA under-17 and under-20 youth tournaments. The top\n        league in the [[Chilean football league system]] is the [[Chilean Primera\n        Divisi\\u00f3n]], which is named by the [[International Federation of Football\n        History & Statistics|IFFHS]] as the ninth strongest national football league\n        in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b6e28fa3002f71504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bb11\n        |title=The strongest National League in the World 2011 |work=IFFHS |accessdate=18\n        April 2012}}\\n\\nThe main football clubs are [[Colo-Colo]], [[Club Universidad\n        de Chile|Universidad de Chile]] and [[Club Deportivo Universidad Cat\\u00f3lica|Universidad\n        Cat\\u00f3lica]]. Colo-Colo is the country''s most successful football club,\n        having both the most national and international championships, including the\n        coveted [[Copa Libertadores]] South American club tournament. Universidad\n        de Chile was the last international champion ([[Copa Sudamericana]] 2011).\\n\\n[[File:Bachelet\n        y campeones de polo.jpg|thumb|The Chilean national polo team with President\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and the trophy of the [[2008 World Polo Championship]].]]\\n\\nTennis\n        is Chile''s most successful sport. Its [[Chile Davis Cup team|national team]]\n        won the [[World Team Cup]] clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004), and played\n        the [[Davis Cup]] final against [[Italy]] in 1976. At the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]\n        the country captured gold and bronze in men''s singles and gold in men''s\n        doubles. [[Marcelo R\\u00edos]] became the first Latin American man to reach\n        the number one spot in the [[List of ATP number 1 ranked players|ATP singles\n        rankings]] in 1998. [[Anita Lizana]] won the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]\n        in 1937, becoming the first woman from Latin America to win a [[Grand Slam\n        (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournament. [[Luis Ayala (tennis)|Luis Ayala]] was twice\n        a runner-up at the French Open and both R\\u00edos and [[Fernando Gonz\\u00e1lez]]\n        reached the Australian Open men''s singles finals. Gonz\\u00e1lez also won\n        a silver medal in singles at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing.\\n\\nAt\n        the Summer Olympic Games Chile boasts a total of two gold medals (tennis),\n        seven silver medals (athletics, [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]],\n        [[boxing]], shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and\n        football). In 2012, Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics).\\n\\n[[Chilean\n        rodeo|Rodeo]] is the country''s [[national sport]] and is practiced in the\n        more rural areas of the nation. A sport similar to [[hockey]] called ''''[[chueca]]''''\n        was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest. [[Skiing]] and\n        [[snowboarding]] are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes,\n        and in southern ski centers near to cities as Osorno, Puerto Varas, Temuco\n        and Punta Arenas. [[Surfing in Chile|surfing]] is popular at some coastal\n        towns. [[Polo]] is professionally practiced within Chile, with the country\n        achieving top prize in the 2008 and 2015 [[World Polo Championship]].\\n\\nBasketball\n        is a popular sport in which Chile has earned a bronze medal in the first men''s\n        [[FIBA World Championship]] held in 1950 and winning a second bronze medal\n        when Chile hosted the [[1959 FIBA World Championship]]. Chile hosted the first\n        [[FIBA World Championship for Women]] in 1953 finishing the tournament with\n        the silver medal. [[San Pedro de Atacama]] is host to the annual \\\"Atacama\n        Crossing\\\", a six-stage, {{convert|250|km|adj=on}} footrace which annually\n        attracts about 150 competitors from 35 countries. The [[Dakar Rally]] [[Off-road\n        racing|off-road automobile race]] has been held in both Chile and [[Argentina]]\n        since 2009.\\n\\n===Cultural heritage===\\n[[File:Cerro Concepcion.jpg|thumbnail|right|The\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]]\\nThe [[cultural\n        heritage]] of Chile consists, first, of their intangible heritage, composed\n        of various cultural events, such as visual arts, crafts, dances, holidays,\n        cuisine, games, music and traditions, and, secondly, by its tangible, consists\n        of those buildings, objects and sites of archaeological, architectural, traditional,\n        artistic, ethnographic, folkloric, historical, religious or technological\n        scattered through Chilean territory, among them, those goods are declared\n        [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]], in accordance with the provisions of\n        the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage\n        of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are the [[Rapa Nui\n        National Park]] (1995), the [[Churches of Chilo\\u00e9]] (2000), [[Valpara\\u00edso|the\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]] (2003), [[Humberstone\n        and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works]] (2005) and the mining city [[Sewell, Chile|Sewell]]\n        (2006).\\n\\nIn 1999 the ''''Cultural Heritage Day'''' was established as a\n        way to honour and commemorate Chiles cultural heritage. It is an official\n        national holiday celebrated in May every year.\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Chile|Latin\n        America|Geography}}\\n* [[Index of Chile-related articles]]\\n* [[International\n        rankings of Chile]]\\n* [[List of Chileans]]\\n* [[Outline of Chile]]\\n* [[2010\n        Chile earthquake]]\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|25em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* Simon Collier and William F. Sater, ''''A History of Chile, 1808\\u20131894,''''\n        Cambridge University Press, 1996\\n* Paul W. Drake, and others., ''''Chile:\n        A Country Study,'''' Library of Congress, 1994\\n* Luis Galdames, ''''A History\n        of Chile,'''' University of North Carolina Press, 1941\\n* Brian Lovemen, ''''Chile:\n        The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism,'''' 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2001\\n*\n        John L. Rector, ''''The History of Chile,'''' Greenwood Press, 2003\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Sister project links|voy=Chile}}\\n* [http://www.thisischile.cl/\n        Official Chile website]\\n* [http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/ Government of Chile]\\n*{{CIA\n        World Factbook link|ci|Chile}}\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/chile.htm\n        Chile] from ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n*{{Dmoz|Regional/South_America/Chile}}\\n*\n        [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm Chile profile]\n        from the [[BBC News]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103522/http://www.ubicachile.cl/\n        Road maps of Chile, interactive]\\n*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CHL/Year/2012/Summary\n        World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Chile]\\n*{{Wikiatlas|Chile}}\\n*{{osmrelation-inline|167454|bullet=no}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CL Key Development\n        Forecasts for Chile] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://www.chileculture.org/\n        Chile Cultural Society]\\n\\n{{Chile topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|\n        title = International membership\\n| list =\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n{{Andean\n        Community of Nations}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of South\n        American Nations topics}}\\n{{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}\\n{{G-15\n        nations}}\\n{{Mercosur}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Chile|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:G15 nations]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:Liberal\n        democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations]]\\n[[Category:Republics]]\\n[[Category:States\n        and territories established in 1818]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries\n        and territories]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:1818 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T04:11:36Z\",\"lastrevid\":798754974,\"length\":153246,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Thu, 22 Jun 2017 21:00:00 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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[[File:United\n        States Navy Band - National Anthem of Chile.ogg]]
\\n| image_map\n        = Chile (orthographic projection).svg\\n| map_width = 220px\\n| alt_map = |\n        map_caption = Chile shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised [[Chilean\n        Antarctic Territory|Antarctic Territory]] shown in light green.\\n| capital\n        = [[Santiago]]a\\n| coordinates = {{Coord|33|26|S|70|40|W|type:city}}\\n|\n        largest_city = capital\\n| official_languages = \\n| languages_type = [[National\n        language]]\\n| languages = [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish]] \\n| demonym = Chilean\\n|ethnic_groups\n        =\\n {{unbulleted list\\n | 88.9% [[Mestizo]] and [[White Latin American|White]]\n        \\n | 9.1% [[Mapuche]]\\n | 0.7% [[Aymara people|Aymara]]\\n | 1% other\\n | {{small|(includes\n        Rapa Nui, Likan Antai, Quechua, Colla, Diaguita, Kawesqar, Yagan or Yamana)}}\\n\n        | 0.3% unspecified\\n }}\\n|ethnic_groups_year = 2012{{cite web\n        |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Chile |work=The World Factbook\n        |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2016\n        |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html\n        |accessdate=January 29, 2017}}\\n| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n| leader_title1\n        = [[President of Chile|President]]\\n| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Michelle Bachelet]]}}\\n|\n        leader_title2 = [[President of the Senate of Chile|Senate President]]\\n| leader_name2\n        = {{nowrap|[[Andr\\u00e9s Zald\\u00edvar]]}}\\n| leader_title3 = [[President\n        of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]\\n|\n        leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Fidel Espinoza]]}}\\n| legislature = [[National Congress\n        of Chile|National Congress]]\\n| upper_house = [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]\\n|\n        lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]\\n| sovereignty_type\n        = [[History of Chile|Independence]]\\n| sovereignty_note = from [[Spain]]\\n|\n        established_event1 = [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|First Government Junta]]\\n|\n        established_date1 = 18 September 1810\\n| established_event2 = Declared\\n|\n        established_date2 = 12 February 1818\\n| established_event3 = Recognized\\n|\n        established_date3 = 25 April 1844\\n| established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution\n        of Chile|Current constitution]]}}\\n| established_date4= 11 September 1980\n        (amended in 1989 and 2005)\\n| area_rank = 37th\\n| area_magnitude = 1 E11\\n|\n        area_km2 = 756,096.3\\n| area_sq_mi = 291,930.4\\n| area_footnote = \\n| percent_water\n        = 1.07b\\n| population_estimate = 18,006,407{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/sala_prensa/noticias/noticia.php?opc=news&id=615&lang=esp|title=CIFRAS\n        DE ENVEJECIMIENTO Y MIGRACI\\u00d3N MUESTRAN UN CHILE DISTINTO AL DE HACE UN\n        DECENIO|work=POBLACI\\u00d3N PA\\u00cdS Y REGIONES \\u2013 ACTUALIZACI\\u00d3N\n        2002\\u20132012|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National\n        Statistics Institute]]|date=4 September 2014|accessdate=4 September 2014}}\\n|\n        population_estimate_rank = 62nd\\n| population_estimate_year = 2015\\n| population_census\n        = 16,341,929{{cite web |url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2014/02/26/646872/entrega-de-conclusiones-del-cuestionado-censo-2012.html\n        |title=Revisi\\u00f3n del cuestionado Censo 2012 reduce poblaci\\u00f3n chilena\n        a 16.341.929 |publisher=Emol |accessdate=26 February 2014 |language=Spanish}}\\n|\n        population_census_year = 2012\\n| population_density_km2 = 24\\n| population_density_sq_mi\n        = 61\\n| population_density_rank = 194th\\n| GDP_PPP = $455.941 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=228&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=International\n        Monetary Fund web site|title=Chile|date=May 2017|accessdate=8 May 2017}}\\n|\n        GDP_PPP_rank = 42nd\\n| GDP_PPP_year = 2017\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $24,797\\n| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd\\n| GDP_nominal = $251.220\n        billion\\n| GDP_nominal_rank = 38th\\n| GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,663\\n| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 49th\\n| Gini_year = 2011\\n| Gini_change = decrease\\n| Gini = 50.3 \\n| Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/social/soc/47572883.pdf\n        |title=Society at a Glance : Social Indicators OECD |publisher=[[OECD]] |date=October\n        2012 |accessdate=28 October 2013}}\\n| Gini_rank = \\n| HDI_year = 2016\\n|\n        HDI_change = increase\\n| HDI = 0.847 \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report  |date=2017 |accessdate=29 April 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}\\n| HDI_rank = 38th\\n|\n        currency = [[Chilean peso|Peso]]\\n| currency_code = CLP\\n| time_zone = {{nowrap|[[Time\n        in Chile|CLT and EAST]]c}}\\n| utc_offset = \\u22123 and \\u22125\\n|\n        time_zone_DST =\\n| utc_offset_DST = \\n| DST_note = | antipodes = | date_format\n        = \\n| drives_on = right\\n| calling_code = [[+56]]\\n| iso3166code = \\n| cctld\n        = [[.cl]]\\n| footnote_a = [[Politics of Chile#Legislative branch|Legislature]]\n        is based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].\\n| footnote_b = Includes Easter Island and\n        [[Isla Sala y G\\u00f3mez]]; does not include {{convert|1250000|km2}} of territory\n        claimed in Antarctica.\\n}}\\n[[File:The three areas of Chile.png|thumb|right|250px|Map\n        of the three areas dividing the Chilean territory:
''''''In blue:''''''\n        [[Continental Chile]].
''''''In red:'''''' [[Insular Chile]].
''''''In\n        green:'''''' [[Chilean Antarctic Territory|Antarctic Chile]].]]\\n''''''Chile''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|\\u02c8|t\\u0283|\\u026a|l|i|}};{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chile\n        |title=Chile |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |accessdate=14 November 2010}}\n        {{IPA-es|\\u02c8t\\u0283ile|lang}}), officially the ''''''Republic of Chile''''''\n        ({{Audio-es|Rep\\u00fablica de Chile|RepChile.ogg}}), is a [[South America]]n country occupying\n        a long, narrow strip of land between the [[Andes]] to the east and the Pacific\n        Ocean to the west. It borders [[Peru]] to the north, [[Bolivia]] to the northeast,\n        [[Argentina]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] in the far south. Chilean\n        territory includes the Pacific islands of [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands|Juan\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez]], [[Salas y G\\u00f3mez]], [[Desventuradas Islands|Desventuradas]],\n        and [[Easter Island]] in [[Oceania]]. Chile also claims about {{convert|1250000|km2}}\n        of [[Antarctica]], although all claims are suspended under the [[Antarctic\n        Treaty]].\\n\\nThe arid [[Atacama Desert]] in northern Chile contains great\n        mineral wealth, principally [[Copper#Production|copper]]. The relatively small\n        central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources,\n        and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the\n        late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions.\n        Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string\n        of [[volcano]]es and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of [[Fjords\n        and channels of Chile|fjords, inlets, canals]], twisting peninsulas, and islands.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chile/192190.htm|title=Bureau\n        of Western Hemisphere Affairs, Background Note: Chile|publisher=[[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011}}\\n\\n[[Conquest of Chile|Spain\n        conquered and colonized]] Chile in the mid-16th century, replacing [[Incas\n        in Central Chile|Inca rule]] in northern and central Chile, but [[Arauco War|failing\n        to conquer]] the independent [[Mapuche]] who inhabited south-central Chile.\n        After [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|declaring its independence]] from\n        Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian\n        republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial\n        growth, [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|ending Mapuche resistance]] in the\n        1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the [[War of the Pacific]]\n        (1879\\u201383) after defeating Peru and Bolivia.{{cite\n        web|title=Chile|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html|work=[[The\n        World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=17 February\n        2014}} In the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right\n        [[Polarization (politics)|political polarization]] and turmoil. This development\n        culminated with the [[1973 Chilean coup d''\\u00e9tat]] that overthrew [[Salvador\n        Allende]]''s democratically elected left-wing government and instituted [[Military\n        dictatorship of Chile (1973\\u201390)|a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship]]\n        that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing.\n        The regime, headed by [[Augusto Pinochet]], ended in 1990 after it lost a\n        [[Chilean presidential referendum, 1988|referendum in 1988]] and was succeeded\n        by a [[Concertaci\\u00f3n|center-left coalition]] which ruled through four\n        presidencies until 2010.\\n\\nChile is today one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations. It leads [[Latin America]]n\n        nations in rankings of [[human development (humanity)|human development]],\n        [[competitiveness]], [[income per capita]], [[globalization]], [[Global Peace\n        Index|state of peace]], [[economic freedom]], and [[Political corruption|low\n        perception of corruption]].{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |title=Human and income poverty: developing countries |work=UNDP |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140250/http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html\n        |archivedate=12 February 2009 }} It also ranks high regionally in [[Failed\n        States Index#Failed States Index|sustainability of the state]], and democratic\n        development.{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do\n        |title=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |date=17 April 2012\n        |accessdate=12 May 2012}} Currently it also holds [[List of countries\n        by intentional homicide rate|the lowest homicide rate per 100,000 people in\n        South America]]. Chile is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the\n        [[Union of South American Nations]] (UNASUR) and the [[Community of Latin\n        American and Caribbean States]] (CELAC).\\n\\n==Etymology==\\nThere\n        are various theories about the origin of the word ''''Chile''''. According\n        to 17th-century Spanish chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]],{{cite web|url=http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |title=Chile.com.La Inc\\u00f3gnita Sobre el Origen de la Palabra Chile |publisher=Chile.com\n        |date=15 June 2000 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415204553/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225\n        |archivedate=15 April 2009 }} the [[Incas]] called the valley of the\n        [[Aconcagua]] \\\"Chili\\\" by corruption of the name of a [[Picunche]] [[tribal\n        chief]] (\\\"cacique\\\") called ''''Tili'''', who ruled the area at the time\n        of the Incan conquest in the 15th century.{{cite web|author=Encyclop\\u00e6dia\n        Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459648/Picunche\n        |title=Picunche (people) \\u2013 Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}}{{Cite book|last=Encina|first=Francisco\n        A., and Leopoldo Castedo|title=Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago|page=44|volume=I|publisher=Zig-Zag|year=1961|url=http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/6293/chilenameuo6.jpg}}\n        Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with\n        that of the [[Casma Valley]] in Peru, where there was a town and valley named\n        ''''Chili.''''\\n\\nOther theories say Chile may derive\n        its name from a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] word\n        meaning either \\\"ends of the earth\\\" or \\\"sea gulls\\\";{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://ea.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia\n        Americana|publisher=Grolier Online|year=2005|accessdate=2 March 2005|quote=The\n        name Chile is of Native American origin, meaning possibly \\\"ends of the earth\\\"\n        or simply \\\"sea gulls.\\\"}} from the Mapuche word ''''chilli,'''' which\n        may mean \\\"where the land ends;\\\"{{cite web|author=Hudson,\n        Rex A., ed.|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=Chile: A Country\n        Study|work=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1995|accessdate=27 February\n        2005}} or from the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] ''''chiri'''', \\\"cold\\\",\\\"CHILE\\\". Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica. 11th ed.\n        1911. (\\\"derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow\\\")\n        or ''''tchili'''', meaning either \\\"snow\\\"{{cite\n        encyclopedia|url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |title=Chile (rep\\u00fablica) |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta\n        Online |year=2005 |accessdate=26 February 2005 |quote=The region was then\n        known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning \\\"snow\\\".\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510215421/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html\n        |archivedate=10 May 2008 }} or \\\"the deepest point of the Earth\\\".{{cite\n        encyclopedia|last=Pearson|first=Neale J.|url=http://gme.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Grolier\n        Multimedia Encyclopedia|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|year=2004|accessdate=2\n        March 2005|quote=Chile''s name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning\n        \\\"the deepest point of the Earth.\\\"}} Another origin attributed to ''''chilli''''\n        is the onomatopoeic ''''cheele-cheele''''\\u2014the Mapuche imitation of the\n        warble of a bird locally known as [[Yellow-winged blackbird|trile]].{{cite\n        book |first=Miguel |last=de Olivares y Gonz\\u00e1lez SJ |title=Historia de\n        la Compa\\u00f1\\u00eda de Jes\\u00fas en Chile |work=Colecci\\u00f3n de historiadores\n        de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional |year=1864 |origyear=1736\n        |publisher=Imprenta del Ferrocarril |location=Santiago |volume=4 |number=\n        }}\\n\\nThe Spanish\n        [[conquistadors]] heard about this name from the Incas, and the few survivors\n        of [[Diego de Almagro]]''s first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535\\u201336\n        called themselves the \\\"men of Chilli\\\". Ultimately,\n        Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name ''''Chile'''', after\n        naming the [[Mapocho River|Mapocho]] valley as such.\n        The older spelling \\\"Chili\\\" was in use in English until at least 1900 before\n        switching over to \\\"Chile.\\\"{{cite book|title=Appletons'' annual cyclopaedia\n        and register of important events of the year: 1900|publisher=Appletons|location=New\n        York|page=87|url=https://archive.org/stream/s3appletonsann05newyuoft#page/87/mode/1up}}\\n\\n==History==\\n{{Main\n        article|History of Chile}}\\n\\n===Early history===\\n[[File:Urville-Araucanians.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The\n        [[Mapuche]] people were the original inhabitants of southern and central Chile.]]\n        Stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the [[Monte Verde]]\n        valley area as long as 18,500 years ago.{{cite web | url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/people-roamed-tip-south-america-18500-years-ago\n        | title=People roamed tip of South America 18,500 years ago | work=Science\n        News | date=26 December 2015 | accessdate=26 December 2015 | author=Bower,\n        Bruce | pages=10}} About 10,000 years ago, migrating [[Indigenous Peoples\n        of the Americas|Native Americans]] settled in fertile valleys and coastal\n        areas of what is present-day Chile. Settlement sites from very early human\n        habitation include Monte Verde, [[Cueva del Milodon]] and the [[Pali Aike\n        Crater]]''s [[lava tube]]. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what\n        is now northern Chile, but the [[Mapuche]] (or Araucanians as they were known\n        by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the [[Inca Empire]]\n        to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization.{{cite book|title=Insight\n        Guides: Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf8SnJ_ZJbkC&pg=PA27|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2002|publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group|isbn=978-981-234-890-6|page=27}}\n        They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result\n        of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the [[Battle of the Maule]]\n        was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the [[Maule\n        river]].\\n\\n===Spanish colonization===\\n{{main\n        article|Conquest of Chile|Colonial Chile}}\\nIn 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate\n        the globe, [[Ferdinand Magellan]] discovered the southern passage now named\n        after him, the [[Strait of Magellan]], thus becoming the first European to\n        set foot on what is now Chile. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego\n        de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535\n        seeking gold. The Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves\n        principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting.\\n\\nThe\n        conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by [[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]], one of [[Francisco Pizarro]]''s lieutenants, who founded the\n        city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the\n        extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential\n        of Chile''s central valley, and Chile became part of the [[Spanish Empire]].\\n\\n[[File:Pedro de Valdivia.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pedro\n        de Valdivia]]]]\\n[[File:Descriptionis Ptolemaic\\u00e6 avgmentvm siue Occidentis\n        notitia breui commentario illustrata p134.tif|thumb|upright|Cornelius van\n        Wytfliet map from 1597]]\\n\\nConquest took place gradually, and the Europeans\n        suffered repeated setbacks. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553\n        resulted in Valdivia''s death and the destruction of many of the colony''s\n        principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and\n        in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern\n        border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of [[slavery]] by\n        the Spanish crown in 1683 was done in recognition that enslaving the Mapuche\n        intensified resistance rather than cowing them into submission. Despite royal\n        prohibitions, relations remained strained from continual colonialist interference.{{cite\n        web|url=https://archive.org/stream/storiadellaguer00caivgoog/storiadellaguer00caivgoog_djvu.txt\n        |title=B\\u00e1rbaros, page 66. David J. Weber |publisher=Archive.org }}\\n\\nCut\n        off to the north by desert, to the south by the Mapuche, to the east by the\n        Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most\n        centralized, homogeneous colonies in Spanish America. Serving as a sort of\n        frontier [[garrison]], the colony found itself with the mission of forestalling\n        encroachment by both the Mapuche and Spain''s European enemies, especially\n        the [[British Empire|British]] and the Dutch. Buccaneers and English adventurers\n        menaced the colony in addition to the Mapuche, as was shown by [[Sir Francis\n        Drake]]''s 1578 raid on Valpara\\u00edso, the colony''s principal port. Chile\n        hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, making it one of\n        the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a [[Real Situado|drain\n        on the treasury of the Viceroyalty of Peru]].\\n\\nThe\n        first general census was conducted by the government of [[Agust\\u00edn de\n        J\\u00e1uregui]] between 1777 and 1778; it indicated that the population consisted\n        of 259,646 inhabitants: 73.5 percent of [[White Latin American|European descent]],\n        7.9 percent [[mestizo]]s, 8.6 percent [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous\n        peoples]] and 9.8 percent blacks. Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province\n        of [[Chilo\\u00e9 Province|Chilo\\u00e9]], conducted a census in 1784 and found\n        the population consisted of 26,703 inhabitants, 64.4 percent of whom were\n        whites and 33.5 percent of whom were natives.\\n\\nThe Diocese of [[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]] conducted a census in areas south of the [[Maule river]]\n        in 1812, but did not include the indigenous population or the inhabitants\n        of the province of Chilo\\u00e9. The population is estimated at 210,567, 86.1\n        percent of whom were [[Spanish Chilean|Spanish]] or of European descent, 10\n        percent of whom were indigenous and 3.7 percent of whom were mestizos, blacks\n        and [[mulatto]]s.{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1813.pdf\n        |title=INE \\u2013 Censo de 1813. Introducci\\u00f3n |format=PDF }}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and nation building===\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race}}\\n[[File:Ohiggins.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bernardo\n        O''Higgins]], the Supreme Director of Chile]]\\nIn 1808, [[Napoleon I|Napoleon''s]]\n        enthronement of his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]] as the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish\n        King]] precipitated the drive by the colony for [[Chilean War of Independence|independence\n        from Spain]]. A national junta in the name of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand]]\n        \\u2013 heir to the deposed king \\u2013 was formed on 18 September 1810. The\n        [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government Junta of Chile]] proclaimed\n        Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy (in memory of this\n        day Chile celebrates its [[Fiestas Patrias (Chile)|National Day]] on 18 September\n        each year).\\n\\nAfter these events, a movement for total independence, under\n        the command of [[Jos\\u00e9 Miguel Carrera]] (one of the most renowned patriots)\n        and his two brothers Juan Jos\\u00e9 and [[Luis Carrera]], soon gained a wider\n        following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called\n        the [[Reconquista (Spanish America)|Reconquista]] led to a prolonged struggle,\n        including infighting from [[Bernardo O''Higgins]], who challenged Carrera''s\n        leadership.\\n\\nIntermittent warfare continued until 1817. With Carrera in\n        prison in Argentina, O''Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort [[Jos\\u00e9 de San\n        Mart\\u00edn]], hero of the [[Argentine War of Independence]], led [[Army of\n        the Andes|an army]] that [[Crossing of the Andes|crossed the Andes]] into\n        Chile and defeated the royalists. On 12 February 1818 [[Chilean Declaration\n        of Independence|Chile was proclaimed an independent republic]]. The political\n        revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th-century Chilean society\n        preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was\n        greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong\n        presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.\\n\\n[[File:Sinking of the Esmeralda during the battle\n        of Iquique.jpg|thumb|left|Fighting during the [[War of the Pacific]]: The\n        [[Battle of Iquique]] on 21 May 1879]]\\nChile slowly started to expand its\n        influence and to establish its borders. By the Tantauco Treaty, the archipelago\n        of Chilo\\u00e9 was incorporated in 1826. The economy began to boom due to\n        the discovery of silver ore in Cha\\u00f1arcillo, and the growing trade of\n        the port of Valpara\\u00edso, which led to conflict over maritime supremacy\n        in the Pacific with Peru. At the same time, attempts were made to strengthen\n        sovereignty in southern Chile intensifying [[Occupation of Araucan\\u00eda|penetration\n        into Araucan\\u00eda]] and [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue|colonizing\n        Llanquihue with German immigrants]] in 1848. Through the founding of [[Fort\n        Bulnes]] by the [[Schooner Ancud]] under the command of [[John Williams Wilson]],\n        the Magallanes region joined the country in 1843, while the Antofagasta area,\n        at the time part of, Bolivia, began to fill with people.\\n\\n[[File:Borders\n        Chile 1879 and 2006 SP.png|thumb|200px|Chile''s territorial gains after the\n        [[War of the Pacific]] (1879\\u201383)]]\\nToward the end of the 19th century,\n        the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by the [[Occupation\n        of Araucan\\u00eda]]. The [[Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]]\n        confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. As a result of\n        the [[War of the Pacific]] with Peru and Bolivia (1879\\u201383), Chile expanded\n        its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia''s access\n        to the Pacific, and acquired valuable [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]]\n        deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. Chile\n        had joined the stand as one of the high-income countries in South America\n        by 1870.{{cite book|author=Baten, J\\u00f6rg |title=A History of the Global\n        Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University\n        Press|page=137|isbn=9781107507180}}\\n\\nThe [[1891 Chilean Civil War]]\n        brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress,\n        and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However, the Civil\n        War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local\n        industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House\n        of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Soon after, the country\n        engaged in a [[Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|vastly expensive naval\n        arms race]] with Argentina that nearly led to a war.\\n\\n===20th century===\\n{{see\n        also|South American dreadnought race}}\\nThe Chilean economy partially degenerated\n        into a system protecting the interests of a ruling [[oligarchy]]. By the 1920s,\n        the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist\n        president, [[Arturo Alessandri]], whose program was frustrated by a conservative\n        congress. In the 1920s, [[Marxism|Marxist]] groups with strong popular support\n        arose.\\n\\nA military coup led by General [[Luis\n        Altamirano]] in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted\n        until 1932. Of the ten governments that held power in that period, the longest\n        lasting was that of General [[Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo]], who briefly\n        held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto\n        dictatorship (although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to\n        the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin\n        America).{{Cite book|title=Authoritarianism in Latin America since independence|last=Fowler|first=Will|year=1996|publisher=Geenwood\n        Press|location=University of Virginia|isbn=0-313-29843-2|pages=30\\u201396}}{{cite\n        book|last=Frazier|first=Lessie Jo |title=Salt in the Sand: Memory, Violence,\n        and the Nation-State in Chile, 1890 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQU-GYGeVSEC&pg=PA163|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=17 July 2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4003-4|pages=163\\u2013184}}\\n\\nBy\n        relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population\n        to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the\n        vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored\n        in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the\n        key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period\n        of [[Radical Party (Chile)|Radical Party]] dominance (1932\\u201352), the state\n        increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo to office for another six years. [[Jorge Alessandri]] succeeded\n        Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into\n        power democratically for another term.\\n\\nThe [[Chilean presidential election,\n        1964|1964 presidential election]] of [[Christian Democrat Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrat]] [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] by an [[absolute majority]] initiated\n        a period of major reform. Under the slogan \\\"Revolution in Liberty\\\", the\n        Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs,\n        particularly in education, housing, and [[agrarian reform]], including rural\n        unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing\n        opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and\n        from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei\n        had not fully achieved his party''s ambitious goals.{{cite\n        web|url=http://countrystudies.us/chile/85.htm|title=Development and Breakdown\n        of Democracy, 1830\\u20131973|work=Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress|date=31\n        March 1994}}\\n[[File:S.Allende 7 dias ilustrados.JPG|thumb|upright|President\n        [[Salvador Allende]]]]\\nIn the 1970 election, Senator [[Salvador Allende]]\n        of the [[Socialist Party of Chile]] (then part of the \\\"[[Popular Unity (Chile)|Popular\n        Unity]]\\\" coalition which included the Communists, Radicals, Social-Democrats,\n        dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the\n        Independent Popular Action), achieved a partial\n        majority in a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of votes in a three-way contest,\n        followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and\n        Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. Allende was not elected with\n        an absolute majority, receiving fewer than 35 percent of votes.\\n\\nThe [[National\n        Congress of Chile|Chilean Congress]] conducted a runoff vote between the leading\n        candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri, and, keeping with\n        tradition, chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance\n        with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats\n        were a workers'' party and could not make common cause with the right wing.{{Cite\n        book|last= Mares|first=David|author2=Francisco Rojas Aravena|title=The United\n        States and Chile: Coming in from the Cold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y3EWkKZsYcC&pg=PA145|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93125-0|page=145}}{{cite\n        book|last=Trento|first=Joseph J.|title=The Secret History Of The CIA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uPBM7z_62gC&pg=PA560|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1500-8|page=560}}\\n\\nAn\n        [[economic depression]] that began in 1972 was exacerbated by [[capital flight]],\n        plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response\n        to Allende''s socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende\n        adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms,\n        to increase consumer spending and redistribute income downward.{{cite\n        book|author=Lois Hecht Oppenheim|title=Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism,\n        and Market Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99ZLX52z_noC&pg=PA52|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2007|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-7867-3426-9|page=52}}\n        Joint public-private [[public works]] projects helped reduce unemployment.{{cite book|last=De Vylder|first=Stefan|title=Allende''s\n        Chile: The Political Economy of the Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular|date=5\n        March 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-10757-0}}{{Page\n        needed|date=September 2010}} Much of the banking sector was [[nationalization|nationalized]].\n        Many enterprises within the [[Copper#Production|copper]], coal, iron, [[Caliche\n        (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]], and steel industries were [[Nationalization|expropriated]],\n        nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased\n        sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration''s first year.\\n\\nAllende''s program included advancement of workers''\n        interests,{{cite web|url=http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107150857/http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archivedate=7\n        January 2008 |title=Allende wins the elections: first coup attempt |publisher=Grace.evergreen.edu\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} replacing the judicial system with \\\"socialist\n        legality\\\",{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=The\n        Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CIXLdxhQMAC&pg=PA367|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-287-4|pages=367\\u2013368}}\n        nationalization of banks and forcing others to bankruptcy,\n        and strengthening \\\"popular militias\\\" known as MIR.\n        Started under former President Frei, the Popular Unity platform also called\n        for nationalization of Chile''s major copper mines in the form of a constitutional\n        amendment. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress.\\n\\nAs a result,{{cite\n        book|last=Qureshi|first=Lubna Z. |title=Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S.\n        Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alISgQdNY4kC&pg=PA86|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2655-4|pages=86\\u201397}}\n        the [[Richard Nixon]] administration [[United States intervention in Chile|organized\n        and inserted secret operatives]] in Chile, in order to swiftly destabilize\n        Allende\\u2019s government.{{cite web | title = Report on CIA Chilean\n        Task Force activities | work = Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents\n        relating to the Military Coup, 1970\\u20131976 | publisher = The National Security\n        Archive: Electronic Briefing Books (George Washington University) | url =\n        http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm | accessdate =11 March\n        2010 }} In addition, US financial pressure restricted international\n        economic credit to Chile.{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/ops/policy/church-chile.htm\n        |title=Covert Action In Chile 1963\\u20131973, Staff Report Of The Select Committee\n        To Study Governmental Operations With Respect To Intelligence Activities |publisher=Federation\n        of American Scientists |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe economic\n        problems were also exacerbated by Allende''s public spending which was financed\n        mostly by printing money and poor credit ratings given by commercial banks.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879153,00.html|title=Tightening\n        the Belt|work=Time Magazine|date = 7 August 1972 }}\\nSimultaneously,\n        opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations helped\n        to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization,\n        some of which was backed by the United States.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/chile/doc/hinchey.html |title=Equipo\n        Nizkor \\u2013 CIA Activities in Chile \\u2013 September 18, 2000 |publisher=Derechos.org\n        |accessdate=17 December 2009}} By early 1973, inflation was out of control.\n        The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous\n        strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and\n        the small business class.\\nOn 26 May 1973, Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court, which\n        was opposed to Allende''s government, unanimously denounced the Allende ''''disruption\n        of the legality of the nation''''. Although illegal under the Chilean constitution,\n        the court supported and strengthened Pinochet''s soon-to-be seizure of power.{{cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence(5).pdf\n        |title=Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the judiciary\n        |publisher=Yale University |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819213445/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence%285%29.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 August 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n====Pinochet era (1973\\u20131990)====\\n{{Main\n        article|Military government of Chile (1973\\u201390)}}\\n[[File:Golpe de Estado\n        1973.jpg|thumb|Fighter jets bombing the Presidential Palace (''''La Moneda'''')\n        in Santiago during the [[Chilean coup of 1973]]]]\\n[[File:Augusto Pinochet\n        1986.jpg|thumb|[[Augusto Pinochet]]''s authoritarian military government ruled\n        Chile between 1973 and 1990.]]\\nA [[Chilean coup of 1973|military coup]] overthrew\n        Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the [[La Moneda\n        Palace|presidential palace]], Allende apparently committed suicide.{{Cite\n        book|first=\\u00d3scar|last=Soto|title=El \\u00faltimo d\\u00eda de Salvador\n        Allende|year=1999|publisher=Aguilar|isbn=978-956-239-084-2}}{{page needed|date=July\n        2013}}{{Cite book|first=Eugeno|last=Ahumada|title=Chile: La memoria prohibida}}{{page\n        needed|date=July 2013}} After the coup, [[Henry Kissinger]] told U.S. president\n        [[Richard Nixon]] that the United States had \\\"helped\\\" the coup.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |title=KISSINGER AND\n        CHILE: THE DECLASSIFIED RECORD |publisher=The national security archive |date=16\n        September 2013|accessdate=16 September 2013}}\\n\\nA military junta, led\n        by General [[Augusto Pinochet]], took control of the country. The first years\n        of the regime were marked by [[Human rights violations in Pinochet''s Chile|human\n        rights violation]]s. On October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by\n        the [[Caravan of Death]].{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|title=Flashback:\n        Caravan of Death|publisher=BBC | date=25 July 2000}} According to the\n        [[Rettig Report]] and [[Valech Commission]], at least 2,115 were killed,{{cite\n        web |author=Ministerio del Interior |url=http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |title=Ministerio del Interior, Programa de Derechos Humanos \\u2013 ddhh_rettig\n        |publisher=Ddhh.gov.cl |date=3 August 1999 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223174254/http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html\n        |archivedate=23 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} and at least 27,265{{cite web|url=http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |title=Sintesis Ok |format=PDF |accessdate=17 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727031254/http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf\n        |archivedate=27 July 2007 }} were tortured (including 88 children younger\n        than 12 years old). In 2011, Chile recognized an additional\n        9,800 victims, bringing the total number of killed, tortured or imprisoned\n        for political reasons to 40,018.Eva Vergara (August 18, 2015). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html\n        Chile Recognizes 9,800 More Pinochet Victims]. ''''The Associated Press''''\n        via ''''The Huffington Post.'''' Retrieved August 25, 2015. At the national\n        stadium, filled with detainees, one of those tortured and killed was internationally\n        known poet-singer [[Victor Jara]] (see \\\"Music and Dance\\\", below). The stadium\n        was renamed for Jara in 2003.\\n\\nA new Constitution was approved by a controversial\n        [[plebiscite]] on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president\n        of the republic for an eight-year term. After Pinochet obtained rule of the\n        country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the [[Sandinista]]\n        army in [[Nicaragua]], guerrilla forces in [[Argentina]] or training camps\n        in [[Cuba]], Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.{{cite book|author1=Pamela\n        Constable|author2=Arturo Valenzuela|title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under\n        Pinochet|year=1993|publisher=W W Norton & Company Incorporated|isbn=978-0-393-30985-0|page=150}}\\n\\nIn\n        the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse{{cite\n        book|author=Naomi Klein|title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Henry Holt and Company (2007)|isbn=978-1-4299-1948-7|page=85}}\n        and mass [[civil resistance]] in 1983\\u201388, the government gradually permitted\n        greater freedom of assembly, [[Freedom of speech|speech]], and association,\n        to include trade union and political activity.{{cite book|last= Huneeus|first=Carlos|editor=Adam\n        Roberts; Timothy Garton Ash|title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics:The\n        Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|date=3 September 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161917-5|pages=197\\u2013212|chapter=Political\n        Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet\\u2019s Chile, 1983\\u201388}}\n        The government launched market-oriented reforms with [[Hern\\u00e1n B\\u00fcchi]]\n        as Minister of Finance. Chile moved toward a [[free market economy]] that\n        saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        industry and other important mineral resources were not opened for competition.\n        In a [[Chilean national plebiscite, 1988|plebiscite]] on 5 October 1988, Pinochet\n        was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans\n        elected a new president and the majority of members of a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]]\n        congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat [[Patricio Aylwin]], the\n        candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the ''''[[Coalition\n        of Parties for Democracy|Concertaci\\u00f3n]]'''', received an absolute majority\n        of votes (55%).{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE6DD1E3BF935A25751C1A96F948260|title=Man\n        in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile|work=The New York Times\n        | first=Shirley | last=Christian | date=16 December 1989}} President\n        Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.\\n\\nIn\n        December 1993, Christian Democrat [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], the son of\n        previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertaci\\u00f3n coalition\n        to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%).{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526090105/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archivedate=26\n        May 2008 |title=Chile elects new leader Late president''s son wins big |publisher=Encyclopedia.com\n        |date=12 December 1993 |accessdate=14 July 2013}}\\n\\n===21st century===\\n{{See\n        also|2010 Chile earthquake|2011\\u20132012 Chilean protests}}\\n\\n[[File:Izamiento\n        de la Gran Bandera Nacional - Presidentes de Chile.jpg|thumb|Five presidents\n        of Chile since [[Transition to democracy]] (1990\\u20132018), celebrating the\n        [[Bicentennial of Chile]]|260x260px]]\\nFrei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000\n        by Socialist [[Ricardo Lagos]], who won the presidency in an unprecedented\n        [[Chilean presidential election, 1999\\u20132000|runoff election]] against\n        [[Joaqu\\u00edn Lav\\u00edn]] of the rightist [[Alliance for Chile]].{{Cite\n        news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |title=Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election |publisher=CNN\n        |date=16 January 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506162601/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/\n        |archivedate=6 May 2008 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} In January 2006, Chileans\n        elected their first female president, [[Michelle Bachelet Jeria]], of the\n        Socialist Party, defeating [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]], of the [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] party, extending the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n''''\n        governance for another four years.{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10819903/|title=Chile\n        elects first woman president|publisher=MSNBC}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/11/AR2006031101381.html|title=Bachelet\n        Sworn In As Chile''s President|work=The Washington Post | first=Monte | last=Reel\n        | date=12 March 2006}} In January 2010, Chileans [[Chilean presidential\n        election, 2009-2010|elected]] [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] as the first\n        rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President [[Eduardo Frei\n        Ruiz-Tagle]] of the ''''Concertaci\\u00f3n'''', for a four-year term succeeding\n        Bachelet. Due to term limits, [[Sebasti\\u00e1n Pi\\u00f1era]] did not stand\n        for re-election in 2013, and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in [[Michelle\n        Bachelet]] returning to office.\\n\\nOn 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by\n        an 8.8 MW [[2010 Chile earthquake|earthquake]], the fifth largest\n        ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing\n        [[tsunami]]) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was\n        also followed by multiple aftershocks.{{cite web|url=http://www.australia-times.com.au/world/article.php?id=501|title=US\n        ready to help Chile: Obama|publisher=The Australia Times|accessdate=3 March\n        2010}} Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15\\u201330 billion,\n        around 10 to 15 percent of Chile''s real gross domestic product.[http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        More Quakes Shake Chile\\u2019s Infrastructure], Adam Figman, ''''Contract\n        Magazine'''', 1 March 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114030306/http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b\n        |date=14 November 2014 }}\\n\\nChile achieved global recognition for the\n        successful [[2010 Copiap\\u00f3 mining accident|rescue of 33 trapped miners]]\n        in 2010. On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San Jos\\u00e9\n        copper and gold mine in the [[Atacama Desert]] near [[Copiap\\u00f3]] in northern\n        Chile, trapping 33 men {{convert|700|m}} below ground. A rescue effort organized\n        by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were\n        brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of\n        almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the\n        world.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm|title=Background\n        Note: Chile|work=[[Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs]], [[United States\n        Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011|accessdate=19 March 2012}}\\n\\n==Geography,\n        climate, and environment==\\n{{Main article|Geography of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Natural\n        regions of Chile}}\\n{{See also|Environmental issues in Chile}}\\n\\nA long and\n        narrow coastal [[Southern Cone]] country on the west side of the [[Andes Mountains]],\n        Chile stretches over {{convert|4300|km|-1|abbr=on}} north to south, but only\n        {{convert|350|km|0|abbr=on}} at its widest point east to west.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111326/Chile |title=Chile\n        |publisher=Encyclop\\u00e6dia Britannica |accessdate=7 May 2013}} This\n        encompasses a remarkable variety of climates and landscapes. It contains {{convert|756950|km2}}\n        of land area. It is situated within the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. Excluding\n        its Pacific islands and Antarctic claim, Chile lies between latitudes [[17th\n        parallel south|17\\u00b0]] and [[56th parallel south|56\\u00b0S]], and longitudes\n        [[66th meridian west|66\\u00b0]] and [[75th meridian west|75\\u00b0W]].\\n\\nChile\n        is among the longest north-south countries in the world. If one considers\n        only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness\n        from east to west, with the other long north-south countries (including [[Brazil]],\n        [[Russia]], [[Canada]], and the United States, among others) all being wider\n        from east to west by a factor of more than 10. Chile also claims {{convert|1250000|km2|abbr=on}}\n        of [[Antarctica]] as part of its territory ([[Chilean Antarctic Territory]]).\n        However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the [[Antarctic\n        Treaty]], of which Chile is a signatory.{{cite web|title=Antarctic Treaty:\n        Information about the Antarctic Treaty and how Antarctica is governed. |work=Polar\n        Conservation Organisation |publisher=Polar Conservation Organisation |date=1\n        February 2008 |url=http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204/\n        |accessdate=11 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210224459/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204\n        |archivedate=10 February 2010 }} It is the world''s southernmost country\n        that is geographically on the mainland.{{cite book|last1=Collin|first1=Robert|title=Trash\n        Talk: An Encyclopedia of Garbage and Recycling around the World|date=2015|page=121}}\\n\\nChile\n        controls [[Easter Island]] and [[Sala y G\\u00f3mez]] Island, the easternmost\n        islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and\n        [[Robinson Crusoe Island]], more than {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} from the\n        mainland, in the [[Juan Fern\\u00e1ndez Islands]]. Also controlled but only\n        temporarily inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of San\n        Ambrosio and San Felix. These islands are notable because they extend Chile''s\n        claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the [[Pacific Ocean]].{{cite\n        book|last=Blanco|first=Alejandro Vergara |title=Derecho de aguas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o3G0FyArtAC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Editorial Jur\\u00eddica de Chile|isbn=978-956-10-1241-7}}\\n\\nThe\n        northern [[Atacama Desert]] contains great mineral wealth, primarily [[Copper#Production|copper]]\n        and [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]]s. The relatively small Central\n        Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population\n        and agricultural resources. This area is also the historical center from which\n        Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and\n        southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features\n        a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords,\n        inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are\n        located on the eastern border.\\n\\n\\nMiscanti\n        Lagoon near San Pedro de Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|[[Norte Grande]]\\nValle\n        de Elqui1.jpg|[[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]]\\nVi\\u00f1edo Puente Alto.jpg|[[Central\n        Chile|Centro]]\\nSalto de la Leona.jpg|[[Zona Sur|Sur]]\\nTorres del Paine -\n        Flickr - Alanbritom.jpg|[[Zona Austral|Austral]]\\n\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{Main\n        article|Climate of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.svg|thumb|200px|Chile\n        map of K\\u00f6ppen climate classification.]]\\n[[File:Admiring the Galaxy.jpg|thumb|left|With\n        more than 300 clear nights each year, [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] is\n        in an ideal position to house advanced observational instruments]]\\n\\nThe\n        diverse [[climate of Chile]] ranges from the world''s driest desert in the\n        north\\u2014the [[Atacama Desert]]\\u2014through a [[Mediterranean climate]]\n        in the center, [[humid subtropical]] in Easter Island, to an [[oceanic climate]],\n        including [[alpine tundra]] and [[glaciers]] in the east and south.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm|title=Country\n        profile: Chile |work=BBC News | date=16 December 2009 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}} According to the [[K\\u00f6ppen climate classification|K\\u00f6ppen\n        system]], Chile within its borders hosts at least ten major climatic subtypes.\n        There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February),\n        autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Wildlife of Chile}}\\n[[File:Cuernos del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9.jpg|thumb|right|Torres\n        del Paine from Lake Peho\\u00e9, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile]]\\n\\nThe\n        flora and fauna of Chile are characterized by a high degree of endemism, due\n        to its particular geography. In continental Chile, the [[Atacama Desert]]\n        in the north and the [[Andes Mountains|Andes mountains]] to the east are barriers\n        that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Add to that the enormous\n        length of Chile (over {{convert|4300|km|0|abbr=on}}) and this results in a\n        wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general\n        zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions\n        of the south.\\n\\n===Flora===\\n[[File:Araucaria araucana - Parque Nacional\n        Conguill\\u00edo por lautaroj - 001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Araucaria araucana]] trees\n        in [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]]]]\\nThe native flora of Chile consists\n        of relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other South American\n        countries. \\nThe northernmost coastal and central region is largely barren\n        of vegetation, approaching the most absolute desert in the world.{{Cite\n        journal |author-link=La Tercera/Icarito |title=Icarito: Enciclopedia de la\n        flora y fauna de Chile |journal=Icarito |url=http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0,0,38035857_152308989,00.html\n        |id= |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410080253/http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0%2C0%2C38035857_152308989%2C00.html\n        |archivedate=10 April 2006 |df=dmy-all }}\\nOn the slopes of the Andes,\n        in addition to the scattered tola desert brush, grasses are found. The central\n        valley is characterized by several species of cacti, the hardy [[Acacia caven|espinos]],\n        the [[Araucaria araucana|Chilean pine]], the [[nothofagus|southern beeches]]\n        and the [[copihue]], a red bell-shaped flower that is Chile''s national flower.\\n[[File:Lapageria rosea1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Copihue]] in\n        flower]]\\n\\nIn southern Chile, south of the Biob\\u00edo River, heavy precipitation\n        has produced dense forests of laurels, magnolias, and various species of conifers\n        and beeches, which become smaller and more stunted to the south.\\n{{Cite\n        journal | last = Smith-Ram\\u00edrez | first = Cecilia | title = Distribution\n        patterns of flora and fauna in southern Chilean Coastal rain forests: Integrating\n        Natural History and GIS | journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | issue\n        = Volume 16, Number 9 / August 2007 | publisher = Springer Netherlands | date\n        = 27 October 2006 | doi = 10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2 }}\\nThe cold temperatures\n        and winds of the extreme south preclude heavy forestation. Grassland is found\n        in Atlantic Chile (in Patagonia). Much of the Chilean flora is distinct from\n        that of neighboring Argentina, indicating that the Andean barrier existed\n        during its formation.\\n\\nSome of Chile''s flora has\n        an Antarctic origin due to [[land bridge]]s which formed during the Cretaceous\n        ice ages, allowing plants to migrate from Antarctica to South America.[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chilean-and-antarctic-fossils-reveal-the-last-geologic-minutes-of-the-age-of-dinosaurs-slide-show/\n        Chilean and Antarctic Fossils Reveal the Last \\\"Geologic Minutes\\\" of the\n        Age of Dinosaurs]\\n\\nJust over 3,000 species of fungi are recorded in\n        Chile,Oehrens, E.B. \\\"Flora Fungosa Chilena\\\". Universidad de Chile,\n        Santiago de Chile, 1980{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm\n        |title=Cybertruffle''s Robigalia \\u2013 Observations of fungi and their associated\n        organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |accessdate=9 July 2011}} but\n        this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species\n        occurring in Chile is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted\n        estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been\n        discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. \\\"Dictionary\n        of the Fungi\\\". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 Although the amount of available\n        information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate\n        the number of fungal species endemic to Chile, and 1995 species have been\n        tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/chilfung/eng/endelist.htm\n        |title=Fungi of Chile \\u2013 potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk\n        |accessdate=9 July 2011}}\\n\\n===Fauna===\\n\\nChile''s geographical isolation\n        has restricted the immigration of faunal life, so that only a few of the many\n        distinctive South American animals are found. Among the larger mammals are\n        the [[Cougar|puma]] or cougar, the llama-like [[guanaco]] and the fox-like\n        [[South American gray fox|chilla]]. In the forest region, several types of\n        marsupials and a small deer known as the [[Pud\\u00fa|pudu]] are found.\\n\\nThere are many species of small birds, but most of the\n        larger common Latin American types are absent. Few freshwater fish are native,\n        but North American trout have been successfully introduced into the Andean\n        lakes. Owing to the vicinity of the Humboldt Current,\n        ocean waters abound with fish and other forms of marine life, which in turn\n        support a rich variety of waterfowl, including several penguins. Whales are\n        abundant, and some six species of seals are found in the area.\\n\\n\\nFile:Cougar\n        (7062752887).jpg|[[Puma concolor|Puma]]\\nFile:Sephanoides fernandensis.jpg|[[Juan\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez firecrown]]\\nFile:Guanacos, Parque Nacional Torres del Paine,\n        Chile3.jpg|[[Guanaco]]\\nFile:Culpeo MC.jpg|[[Culpeo]]\\nFile:Poudou IMG 4339.JPG|[[Pud\\u00fa]]\\nFile:Condor\n        des Andes m\\u00e2le adulte.jpg|[[Andean condor]]\\nFile:Huemul verdadero.JPG|[[Huemul]]\\nFile:Emperor-atka4\n        hg.jpg|[[Emperor penguin]]s\\n\\n\\n===Topography===\\nChile is located\n        along a highly [[seismic]] and [[volcanic]] zone, part of the Pacific Ring\n        of Fire, due to the subduction of the Nazca and Antarctic plates in the [[South\n        American plate]].\\n\\n[[File:Chile topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Topographic\n        map of Chile. To view maps based on [[SRTM]] topographic relief of the country,\n        see [[:commons:Atlas of Chile/Clickable map|here]].]]\\n\\n[[File:Ojos del Salado\n        summit.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ojos del Salado|Nevado Ojos del Salado]]: View from\n        the top Chilean Argentine side.]]\\n[[File:Salar de Atacama.jpg|thumbnail|The\n        [[Atacama Desert|Atacama]] [[Dry lake]], in Chile. At the horizon, the [[Licancabur]]\n        volcano.]]\\n[[File:Lago Conguillio.jpg|thumbnail|Conguill\\u00edo National\n        Park, south-central area of the country.]]\\n[[File:BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg|thumbnail|A\n        glacier at the Beagle Channel]]\\n\\nLate [[Paleozoic]], 251 million years ago,\n        Chile belonged to the continental block called Gondwana. It was just a depression\n        accumulated marine sediments began to rise at the end of the Mesozoic, 66\n        million years ago, due to the collision between the Nazca and South American\n        plates, resulting in the Andes. The territory would be shaped by millions\n        of years due to the folding of the rocks, forming the current relief.\\n\\nThe\n        Chilean relief consists of the central depression, which crosses the country\n        longitudinally, flanked by two mountain ranges that make up about 80% of the\n        territory: the Andes mountains to the east-natural border with [[Bolivia]]\n        and [[Argentina]], with its most alton 18 located on the [[Nevado Ojos del\n        Salado]], at 6891.3 m, the highest volcano in the world, in the [[Atacama\n        Region|region of Atacama]] and Coastal Range west-minor height from the Andes,\n        with its highest point located on the hill Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, at 3114 meters,\n        located in the Sierra Vicu\\u00f1a Mackenna, the south of [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]].\n        Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains,\n        of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports.\n        Some areas of the plains territories encompass territory east of the Andes,\n        and the Patagonian steppes and Magellan, or are high plateaus surrounded by\n        high mountain ranges, such as the Altiplano or Puna de Atacama.\\n\\nThe [[Far\n        North, Chile|Far North]] is the area between the northern boundary of the\n        country and the [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] 26\\u00b0 S, covering the\n        first three regions. It is characterized by the presence of the [[Atacama\n        desert]], the most arid in the world. The desert is fragmented by streams\n        that originate in the area known as the [[Pampa del Tamarugal|pampas Tamarugal]].\n        The Andes, split in two and whose eastern arm runs [[Bolivia]], has a high\n        altitude and volcanic activity, which has allowed the formation of the Andean\n        altiplano and salt structures as the [[Salar de Atacama]], due to the gradual\n        accumulation of sediments over time.\\n\\nTo the south is the [[Norte Chico,\n        Chile|Norte Chico]], extending to the [[Aconcagua River|Aconcagua river]].\n        Los Andes begin to decrease its altitude to the south and closer to the coast,\n        reaching 90 km away at the height of [[Illapel]], the narrowest part\n        of the Chilean territory. The two mountain ranges intersect, virtually eliminating\n        the intermediate depression. The existence of rivers flowing through the territory\n        allows the formation of [[Transverse Valleys|transverse valleys]], where agriculture\n        has developed strongly in recent times, while the [[coastal plains]] begin\n        to expand.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:left; margin-right:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\" |Ten highest peaks of Chile\\n|-\\n!Name !!Altitude ([[metre|m]])\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Nevado Ojos del Salado]]1 ||align=right|6891,3\\n|-\\n|[[Nevado\n        Tres Cruces]]1 ||align=right|6758\\n|- \\n|[[Llullaillaco]]1\n        ||align=right|6739\\n|-\\n|[[Incahuasi]]1 ||align=right|6638\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Tupungato]]1 ||align=right|6565\\n|-\\n|[[Ata (mountain)|Ata\n        Volcano]]1 ||align=right|6501\\n|-\\n|[[Cerro El Muerto]]1\n        ||align=right|6488\\n|-\\n|[[Parinacota (volcano)|Parinacota]]2 ||align=right|6342\\n|-\n        \\n|[[Pomerape]]2 ||align=right|6282\\n|- \\n|[[Los Patos]]1\n        ||align=right|6239\\n|-\\n| colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note:1\n        shared with Argentina, 2 shared with Bolivia.\\n|}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Zona Central, Chile|Central]] area is the most populated region of the country.\n        The coastal plains are wide and allow the establishment of cities and ports\n        along the Pacific, while the coastal mountains down its height. The Andes\n        maintains altitudes above 6000m but descend slowly starts approaching the\n        4000 meters on average. The intermediate depression reappears becoming a fertile\n        valley that allows agricultural development and human settlement, due to sediment\n        accumulation. To the south, the Cordillera de la Costa reappears in the [[Nahuelbuta\n        Range|range of Nahuelbuta]] while glacial sediments originate a series of\n        lakes in the area of [[La Frontera, Chile|La Frontera]].\\n\\nPatagonia extends\n        from within Reloncavi, at the height of parallel 41 \\u00b0 S, to the south.\n        During the [[Llanquihue glaciation|last glaciation]], this area was covered\n        by ice that strongly eroded Chilean relief structures. As a result, the intermediate\n        depression sinks in the sea, while the coastal mountains rise to a series\n        of archipelagos, such as [[Chilo\\u00e9 Island|Chilo\\u00e9]] and the [[Chonos\n        Archipelago|Chonos]], disappearing in Taitao peninsula, in the parallel 47\n        \\u00b0 S. The Andes mountain range loses height and erosion caused by the\n        action of glaciers has caused [[fjords]].\\n\\nEast of the Andes, on the continent,\n        or north of it, on the [[Tierra del Fuego (main island)|island of Tierra del\n        Fuego]] are located relatively flat plains, which in the Strait of Magellan\n        cover large areas.\\n\\nThe Andes, as he had done previously Cordillera de la\n        Costa, begins to break in the ocean causing a myriad of islands and islets\n        and disappear into it, sinking and reappearing in the Southern Antilles arc\n        and then the Antarctic Peninsula, where it is called Antartandes, in the Chilean\n        Antarctic Territory, lying between the meridians 53 \\u00b0 W and 90 \\u00b0\n        W.\\n\\nIn the middle of the Pacific, the country has sovereignty over several\n        islands of volcanic origin, collectively known as Insular Chile. Of these,\n        we highlight the archipelago of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, which is\n        located in the fracture zone between the Nazca plate and the Pacific plate\n        known as East Pacific Rise.\\n\\n===Hydrography===\\n[[File:Parinacota volcano\n        1995.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]] and [[Parinacota volcano]]]]\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"float:right;clear:right; margin-left:1em\\\"\\n|-\\n!\n        colspan=2 | Ten longest rivers of Chile\\n|-\\n! Name !! Length ([[Kilometre|km]])\\n|-\\n|[[Loa\n        River|Loa]] ||align=right|440\\n|-\\n|[[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo River|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\n        ||align=right|380\\n|-\\n|[[Baker River (Chile)|Baker]] ||align=right|370\\n|-\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3\n        River|Copiap\\u00f3]] ||align=right|292\\n|-\\n|[[Maipo River|Maipo]] ||align=right|250\\n|-\\n|[[Yelcho\n        River|Yelcho]]-[[Futaleuf\\u00fa River|Futaleuf\\u00fa]] ||align=right|246\\n|-\\n|[[Maule\n        River|Maule]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Palena River|Palena]] ||align=right|240\\n|-\\n|[[Tolt\\u00e9n\n        River|Tolt\\u00e9n]] ||align=right|231\\n|-\\n|[[Huasco River|Huasco]] ||align=right|230\\n|-\\n|\n        colspan=2 style=\\\"background:#efefef; text-align:left;\\\"|Note: All\n        lengths exclusively through Chilean territory.\\n|}\\n[[File:Lago Gral.\n        Carrera 01.JPG|thumbnail|left|[[General Carrera Lake|General Carrera lake]],\n        the largest in the country.]]\\n[[File:Bruggen-PioXI FaceCompleteCroppedIMG5642.jpg|thumbnail|[[Br\\u00fcggen\n        Glacier|Pio XI Glacier (or Br\\u00fcggen)]], the longest in the southern hemisphere\n        outside of Antarctica.]]\\n\\nDue to the characteristics of the territory, Chile\n        is crossed by numerous rivers generally short in length and with low torrential\n        flow. They commonly extend from the [[Andes Mountains|Andes]] to the [[Pacific\n        Ocean]], flowing in an East to West direction.\\n\\nBecause of the [[desert]],\n        in the Norte Grande there are only short [[endorheic]] character streams,\n        except for the [[river Loa]], the longest in the country 440 km.{{cite journal |author1=Niemeyer, Hans  |author2=Cereceda, Pilar\n        |year=1983 |title=Hydrography |work=Geography of Chile |publisher=[[Military\n        Geographic Institute (Chile)|Military Geographic Institute]] |edition=1st\n        |location=Santiago |volume=8 |accessdate=8 March 2011}} In the high\n        valleys, wetland areas generate [[Chungar\\u00e1 Lake]], located at 4500 meters\n        above sea level. It and the river [[Lauca River|Lauca]] are shared with [[Bolivia]],\n        as well as the [[Lluta River|Lluta]].\\n\\nIn the center-north of the country,\n        the number of rivers that form valleys of agricultural importance increases.\n        Noteworthy are the Elqui with 75 km long, 142 km\n        Aconcagua, Maipo with 250 km and its tributary, the Mapocho\n        with 110 km, and Maule with 240 km. Their waters mainly flow from\n        Andean snowmelt in the summer and winter rains. The major lakes in this area\n        are the artificial lake Rapel, the Colbun Maule lagoon and the lagoon of La\n        Laja.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Chile}}\\n[[File:Chile-demography.png|thumb|300px|Population\n        of Chile from 1820, projected up to 2050]]\\n\\nChile''s 2002 census reported\n        a population of 15 million people. Its rate of population growth has been\n        decreasing since 1990, due to a declining [[birth rate]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/estadisticas_vitales/pdf/anuarios/vitales2003.zip|title=Anuario\n        Estad\\u00edsticas Vitales 2003|publisher=Instituto National de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|title=Chile:\n        Proyecciones y Estimaciones de Poblaci\\u00f3n. Total Pa\\u00eds 1950\\u20132050|publisher=Instituto\n        National de Estad\\u00edsticas|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nXISo4aQ?url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|archivedate=14\n        February 2010|df=dmy-all}} About 85 percent of the country''s population\n        lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in [[Santiago|Greater Santiago]].\n        The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago\n        with 5.6 million people, [[Greater Concepci\\u00f3n]] with 861,000\\nand [[Greater\n        Valpara\\u00edso]] with 824,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.observatoriourbano.cl/indurb/pre_ciudades.asp?id_user=0&idComCiu=0|title=List\n        of Chilean cities|publisher=Observatorio Urbano, Ministerio de Vivienda y\n        Urbanismo de Chile}}\\n\\n===Ancestry and ethnicity===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Chile|Immigration to Chile}}\\n\\nMexican professor Francisco Lizcano,\n        of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]], estimated that 52.7%\n        of [[Chileans]] were white, 39.3% were [[mestizo]], and 8% were [[Amerindian]].{{cite\n        web|author=Lizcano Fern\\u00e1ndez |year=2005 |title=Composici\\u00f3n \\u00e9tnica\n        de las tres \\u00e1reas culturales del continente americano al comienzo del\n        siglo XXI |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |format=PDF\n        |publisher=UAEM |issn=1405-1435 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf\n        |archivedate=26 June 2013 }}\\n\\nThe most recent study in the Candela\n        Project establishes that the genetic composition of Chile is 52% of European\n        origin, with 44% of the genome coming from Native Americans (Amerindians),\n        and 4% coming from Africa, making Chile a primarily mestizo country with traces\n        of African descent present in half of the population.{{cite web |url=http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |title=Estudio gen\\u00e9tico en chilenos muestra desconocida herencia africana\n        | El D\\u00ednamo |publisher=Eldinamo.cl |date=19 August 2013 |accessdate=22\n        December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706180053/http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/\n        |archivedate=6 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }} Another genetic study conducted\n        by the [[University of Brasilia]] in several American countries shows a similar\n        genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian\n        (Native) contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%.{{cite\n        web|last=Godinho |first=Neide Maria de Oliveira |title=O impacto das migra\\u00e7\\u00f5es\n        na constitui\\u00e7\\u00e3o gen\\u00e9tica de popula\\u00e7\\u00f5es latino-americanas\n        |url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873\n        |publisher=Universidade de Bras\\u00edlia |accessdate=29 March 2013 |year=2008\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf\n        |archivedate=6 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nA public health booklet from\n        the [[University of Chile]] states that 30% of the population is of Caucasian\n        origin; \\\"predominantly White\\\" Mestizos are estimated to amount a total of\n        65%, while Native Americans (Amerindians) comprise the remaining 5%.{{cite\n        web | title =5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | work =La Universidad de Chile | accessdate =26 August 2007 | language =\n        | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071016124831/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html\n        | archivedate =16 October 2007 | df =dmy-all }} ([http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        Main page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916211140/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/\n        |date=16 September 2009 }})\\n\\nDespite the genetic considerations, many\n        Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as White. The 2011 [[Latinobar\\u00f3metro]]\n        survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to\n        belong to. Most answered \\\"White\\\" (59%), while 25% said \\\"Mestizo\\\" and 8%\n        self-classified as \\\"indigenous\\\".{{cite web|url=http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATContenidos.jsp\n        |title=Informe Latinobar\\u00f3metro 2011 |publisher=Latinobarometro.org |accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} A 2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans\n        believed they possessed some (43.4%) or much (8.3%) \\\"indigenous blood\\\",\n        while 40.3% responded that they had none.{{cite web|url=http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|title=Encuesta\n        CEP, Julio 2002|date=July 2002|accessdate=18 May 2012|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429001707/http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|archivedate=29\n        April 2013|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n[[File:Trajes chilenos -Geschichte des kost\\u00fcms\n        in chronologischer entwicklung 1888- A. Racinet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mapuche|Araucanian]]\n        Indians and [[Huaso]]s in Chile, 19th century.]]\\n\\nThe 1907 census reported\n        101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total population. Only those that practiced\n        their native culture or spoke their native language were considered to be\n        Indians, irrespective of their \\\"racial purity\\\".{{cite web|url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl//temas/documento_detalle.asp?id=MC0007943\n        |title=1907 census |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }}\\n\\nIn 2002 a census\n        took place, directly asking the public whether they considered themselves\n        as part of any of the eight Chilean ethnic groups, regardless of whether or\n        not they maintained their culture, traditions and language, and 4.6 percent\n        of the population (692,192 people) fitted that description of [[indigenous\n        peoples in Chile]]. Of that number, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf|title=Censo 2002 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edntesis de Resultados|work=Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas}}\n        Most of the indigenous population shows varying degrees of mixed ancestry.{{cite web|url=http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act |title=El\n        gradiente sociogen\\u00e9tico chileno y sus implicaciones \\u00e9tico-sociales\n        |publisher=Medwave.cl |date=15 June 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818181825/http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }}\\n\\nChile is one of 22 countries to have\n        signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous\n        peoples, the [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091225170052/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169\n        |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 December 2009 |title=ILOLEX: submits English\n        query |publisher=Ilo.org |date=9 January 2004 }} It was adopted in 1989\n        as the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified\n        it in 2008. A Chilean court decision in November 2009 considered to be a landmark\n        ruling on indigenous rights and made use of the convention. The Supreme Court\n        decision on Aymara water rights upheld rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal\n        and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application\n        of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.{{cite web|url=http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17739:chiles-supreme-court-upholds-indigenous-water-use-rights&catid=19:other&Itemid=142\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights |publisher=The\n        Santiago Times |date=30 November 2009 |accessdate=2 March 2010}}\\n\\nChile\n        was never a particularly attractive destination for migrants, owing to its\n        remoteness and distance from Europe.\n        Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead\n        of taking the long journey through the Straits of Magellan or crossing the\n        Andes. European migration did not result in a significant\n        change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the [[Magallanes y la\n        Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena Region|region of Magellan]].[http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf\n        Censo de poblaci\\u00f3n de 1907, page-PDF 55/1277 and page-PDF 1249/1277 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edsticas de Chile] Spaniards were the only major\n        European migrant group to Chile,{{cite web|url=http://www.euzkoetxeachile.cl/libros/04-De%20los%20Vascos%20Onati%20y%20los%20Elorza-2.pdf\n        |title=De los Vascos, O\\u00f1ati y los Elorza |author=Waldo Ayarza Elorza\n        |pages=59, 65, 66 |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013}} and there was\n        never large-scale immigration such as that to Argentina or Uruguay.\n        Between 1851 and 1924, Chile only received 0.5% of European immigration to\n        Latin America, compared to 46% to Argentina, 33% to Brazil, 14% to Cuba, and\n        4% to Uruguay. However, it is undeniable that immigrants\n        have played a significant role in Chilean society.\\n\\n[[File:FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg|thumb|Italian\n        immigrants to [[Italian Chilean|Capitan Pastene]] in southern Chile.]]\\nOther\n        groups of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] have followed but are found\n        in smaller numbers, like the descendants of [[Austrians]][http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jong038duit01_01/jong038duit01_01_0018.php\n        Hoofdstuk XVI Historisch tussenspel] {{nl icon}} and [[Dutch people]].\n        Currently, these are estimated at about 50,000 people.{{cite web|url=http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |title=Dutch immigration |publisher=Cstandt.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818221629/http://www.cstandt.com/content/dutch-immigration\n        |archivedate=18 August 2013 }} After the failed [[Revolutions of 1848\n        in the German states|liberal revolution of 1848]] in the German states,{{cite book|last1=Salazar Vergara|first1=Gabriel\n        |last2=Pinto|first2=Julio|title=Historia contempor\\u00e1nea de Chile: Actores,\n        identidad y movimiento. II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyx8JQtvU78C&pg=PA78|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=1999|publisher=[[Lom Ediciones]]|isbn=978-956-282-174-2|pages=76\\u201381|chapter=La\n        Presencia Inmigrante}}{{cite book |title= Superpoblaci\\u00f3n |last=\n        Dur\\u00e1n |first= Hip\\u00f3lito |authorlink= Hip\\u00f3lito Dur\\u00e1n |year=\n        1997 |publisher= Real Academia Nacional de Medicina |location= Madrid |isbn=\n        84-923901-0-7 |trans_chapter= |chapter= El crecimiento de la poblaci\\u00f3n\n        latinoamericana y en especial de Chile \\u2022 Academia Chilena de Medicina\n        |chapterurl= |quote= |page= 217 |accessdate=16 September 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IXFVHAXxNw0C&pg=PA217}}\n        a noticeable German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the\n        [[German-Chilean]] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to \\\"unbarbarize\\\"\n        and colonize the southern region,\n        these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, [[Silesians]], [[Alsace|Alsatians]]\n        and Austrians) settled mainly in [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno\n        and Llanquihue|Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue]].{{cite book |title=\n        Recuerdos del Pasado |last1= P\\u00e9rez Rosales |first1= Vicente |authorlink=\n        Vicente P\\u00e9rez Rosales |year= 1860 |publisher= Editorial Andr\\u00e9s Bello\n        |location= Santiago de Chile |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cISuC7tC5hsC}}\\n\\nDescendants\n        of different [[ethnic groups in Europe|European ethnic groups]] often intermarried\n        in Chile. This intermarriage and mixture of cultures and races have helped\n        to shape the present society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes.{{cite web|url=http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |title=entrevista al Presidente de la C\\u00e1mara vasca |publisher=Deia.com\n        |date=22 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001812/http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php\n        |archivedate=11 May 2009 }}\\n\\nDue in part to its economic fortunes,\n        Chile has recently become a new magnet for immigrants, mostly from neighboring\n        [[Argentina]], Bolivia and mainly Peru.{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199\n        |title=Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy |publisher=Migrationinformation.org\n        |accessdate=1 August 2011}} According to the 2002 national census, Chile''s\n        foreign-born population has increased by 75% since 1992.{{cite web|url=\n        http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=920108 |title= El debate sobre\n        la inmigraci\\u00f3n ilegal se extiende a la regi\\u00f3n |accessdate=31 December\n        2008 |last= Landaburu |first= Juan |date= 24 June 2007 |work= [[La Naci\\u00f3n]]\n        }} According to an estimate by the Migration and Foreign Residency Department,\n        317,057 foreigners were living in Chile as of December 2008.{{cite web|url=http://www.extranjeria.gov.cl/filesapp/Informe%20Estimacion%20Poblacion%20Extranjeros%202008.pdf\n        |title=Estimaci\\u00f3n de Poblaci\\u00f3n de Extranjeros en Chile a Diciembre\n        de 2008 |publisher=Departamento de Extranjer\\u00eda y Migraci\\u00f3n |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Roughly 500,000 of Chile\\u2019s population\n        is of full or partial [[Palestinian people|Palestinian origin]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508\n        |title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome |publisher=Adnkronos.com\n        |date=7 April 2003 }}{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generaci\\u00f3n de palestinos\n        en Chile |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514\n        |archivedate=22 July 2009 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{Main article|Religion\n        in Chile}}\\n{{bar box\\n| title = Religious background in Chile (2015){{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by\n        religion, region, sex and age groups. (censused population) |url=http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\n        |accessdate= September 2015 |language=Spanish |format=.pdf}}\\n| titlebar\n        = #ddd\\n| left1 = Religion\\n| right1 = Percent\\n| float = right\\n| bars =\\n{{bar\n        percent|Roman Catholic|orange|55}}\\n{{bar percent|None|red|25}}\\n{{bar percent|Protestant|green|13}}\\n{{bar\n        percent|Other|yellow|7}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{As of|2012}}, 66.6%\n        of Chilean population over 15 years of age claimed to be of Catholic creed\n        \\u2013 a decrease from the 70%7,853,428 out of 11,226,309 people over\n        15 years of age. {{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by\n        religion, administrative division, sex and age groups|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/cuadros/6/C6_00000.pdf|work=Censo\n        2002|accessdate=1 March 2014|language=Spanish|format=PDF}} reported\n        by the 2002 census \\u2013 while 17 percent reported adherence to an ''''evangelical''''\n        church. In the census, the term ''''evangelical'''' referred to all non-Catholic\n        Christian churches with the exception of the [[Orthodox Church]] (Greek, Persian,\n        Serbian, Ukrainian, and Armenian), [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day\n        Saints]] ([[Mormons]]), [[Seventh-day Adventists]], and [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]],\n        essentially limiting it to the [[Protestants]] (although [[Adventism]] is\n        often considered a part of it). Approximately 90 percent of Protestants (''''evangelicals'''')\n        are [[Pentecostal]]. [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan]], [[Lutheran]], [[Reformed\n        churches|Reformed Evangelical]], [[Presbyterian]], [[Anglican]], [[Anglicanism|Episcopalian]],\n        [[Baptist]] and [[Methodist church]]es are also present.{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108518.htm|title=Chile|work=International\n        Religious Freedom Report|publisher=United States Department of State|date=19\n        September 2008}} Irreligious people, atheists, and agnostics account\n        for around 12 percent of the population.\\n\\nCurrently in 2015, the majority\n        religion in Chile is Christianity (68%), with an estimated 55% of Chileans\n        belonging to the Catholic church, 13% Protestant or Evangelical and just 7%\n        with any other religion. Agnostics and atheist are estimated at 25%.http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf\\n\\nThe\n        Constitution provides for [[freedom of religion]], and other laws and policies\n        contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The law at all levels\n        protects this right in full against abuse, either by governmental or private\n        actors.\\n\\nChurch and state are officially\n        [[separation of church and state|separate]] in Chile. The 1999 law on religion\n        prohibits [[religious discrimination]]. However, the Catholic Church enjoys\n        a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment{{Citation\n        needed|date=February 2014}}. Government officials attend Catholic events as\n        well as major Protestant and Jewish ceremonies.\\n\\nThe\n        Government-observed religious holidays include Christmas, [[Good Friday]],\n        the [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel|Feast of the Virgin of Carmen]], the [[Feast\n        of Saints Peter and Paul]], the [[Assumption of Mary|Feast of the Assumption]],\n        [[All Saints'' Day]], and the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]] as [[Public\n        holiday|national holidays]]. The government\n        has recently declared 31 October, [[Reformation Day]], a public national holiday,\n        in honor of the Protestant churches of the country.{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |title=Hola, Luther |work=The Economist |date=6 November 2008 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210125640/http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066&fsrc=rss\n        |archivedate=10 December 2008 }}{{Cite news|author=Andrea Henr\\u00edquez\n        |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/2007/en_nombre_de_la_fe/newsid_7701000/7701290.stm\n        |title=Los evang\\u00e9licos tienen su feriado |publisher=BBC Mundo |date=31\n        October 2008 |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\\n\\nThe [[patron saint]]s\n        of Chile are [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] and [[Saint James the Greater]]\n        (''''Santiago'''').{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php?letter=C\n        |title=Patron Saints: ''C'' |publisher=Catholic Online |accessdate=28 June\n        2012}} In 2005, [[Alberto Hurtado|St. Alberto Hurtado]] was canonized\n        by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] and became the country''s second saint after [[Teresa\n        de los Andes|St. Teresa de los Andes]].{{cite web |url=http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |title=Las fechas del proceso de Canonizaci\\u00f3n del Padre Hurtado |language=Spanish\n        |accessdate=9 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122033957/http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html\n        |archivedate=22 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}\\n\\n===Languages===\\nThe\n        [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish spoken in Chile]] is distinctively accented and\n        quite unlike that of neighboring South American countries because final syllables\n        and \\\"''''s''''\\\" sounds are often dropped, and some consonants have a soft\n        pronunciation. Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more\n        noticeable are the differences in accent based on social class or whether\n        one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely\n        formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in\n        modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of\n        differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and\n        now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.\\n\\nThere are several indigenous languages spoken\n        in Chile: [[Mapudungun]], [[Chilean Quechua|Quechua]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]]\n        and [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]]. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took\n        over as the [[lingua franca]] and the indigenous languages have become minority\n        languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL\n        |title=Ethnologue report for Chile |publisher=Ethnologue.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\nGerman is still spoken to some extent in southern Chile,{{cite\n        web |author=Oliver Zoellner |url=http://www.research-worldwide.de/article-chile2005.html\n        |title=Oliver Zoellner | Generating Samples of Ethnic Minorities in Chile\n        |publisher=Research-worldwide.de |accessdate=17 December 2009}} either\n        in small country side pockets or as a second language among the communities\n        of larger cities.\\n\\nThrough initiatives such as the [[English Opens Doors|English\n        Opens Doors Program]], the government made English mandatory for students\n        in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile\n        start teaching English from kindergarten.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090908/lack-english-proficiency\n        |title=Repeat after me: Hello, my name is |publisher=Globalpost.com }}\n        Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish\n        speech.{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-04622005000200010&script=sci_arttext\n        |title=Anglicism in Chilean Spanish |publisher=Scielo.cl |date=4 May 2004}}\\n\\n===Identity\n        and traditions===\\n[[File:TAMURE.png|thumb|Tamure Dancers, [[Easter Island]]]]\\nDue\n        to the geography of Chile dissimilar cultural expressions vary markedly in\n        different parts of the country.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}\\n\\n==\n        Government and politics ==\\n{{Main article|Politics of Chile|Law of Chile}}\\n[[File:Palacio\n        de La Moneda.png|thumb|left|The [[Palacio de La Moneda]] in downtown [[Santiago,\n        Chile|Santiago]].]]\\n[[File:Tribjusticiacl.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palacio de\n        los Tribunales de Justicia de Santiago|Palace of Justice]] in Santiago.]]\\nThe\n        current [[Constitution of Chile]] was approved in a national [[plebiscite]]\n        \\u2014regarded as \\\"highly irregular\\\" by some observers{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=A\n        Country Study: Chile|work=[[United States Library of Congress]]}}\\u2014\n        in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. It entered\n        into force in March 1981. After Pinochet''s defeat in the [[Chilean national\n        plebiscite, 1988|1988 plebiscite]], the constitution was amended to ease provisions\n        for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo\n        Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress.\n        These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and [[senators\n        for life]], granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief\n        of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.{{Cite\n        news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4157908.stm|title=Chile scraps\n        Pinochet-era system|publisher=BBC | date=16 August 2005 | accessdate=31 December\n        2009}}\\n\\nThe [[Congress of Chile]] has a 38-seat [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]\n        and a 120-member [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]. Senators\n        serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every\n        4 years. The last congressional elections were held on 17 November 2013, concurrently\n        with the presidential election. The current Senate has a 21\\u201315 split\n        in favor of the governing coalition and 2 independents. The current lower\n        house, the Chamber of Deputies, contains 67 members of the governing center-left\n        coalition, 48 from the center-right opposition and 5 from small parties or\n        independents. The Congress is located in the port city of Valpara\\u00edso,\n        about {{convert|140|km|0|abbr=off}} west of the capital, Santiago.\\n[[File:Congresschile.jpg|thumb|[[National\n        Congress of Chile|National Congress]] building in Valpara\\u00edso.]]\\nChile''s\n        congressional elections are governed by a [[Binomial System|binomial system]]\n        that, for the most part, rewards the two largest representations equally,\n        often regardless of their relative popular support. Parties are thus forced\n        to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertaci\\u00f3n\n        and Alianza) split most of the seats. Only if the leading coalition ticket\n        out-polls the second place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does\n        the winning coalition gain both seats, which tends to lock the legislative\n        in a roughly 50-50 split.\\n\\nChile''s judiciary is independent and includes\n        a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal,\n        and the [[Supreme Court of Chile]]. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide\n        overhaul of its criminal justice system.{{cite web|url=http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |work=Chilean Government |title=President Lagos: We can make a greater effort\n        to make yesterday''s and today''s trials equally just |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423171251/http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view\n        |archivedate=23 April 2008 }} The reform has replaced inquisitorial\n        proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United\n        States.\\n\\nIn the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative [[Independent\n        Democratic Union]] (UDI) surpassed the [[Christian Democratic Party of Chile|Christian\n        Democrats]] for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house.\n        In the [[Chilean parliamentary election, 2005|2005 parliamentary election]],\n        both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation\n        in favor of their respective allies [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist Party]]\n        (which became the biggest party in the Concertaci\\u00f3n block) and [[National\n        Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] in the right-wing alliance. In the 2009\n        legislative elections in Chile, the [[Communist Party of Chile|Communist Party]]\n        won 3 out of 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 30\n        years (the Communist Party was not allowed to exist as such during the dictatorship).\\n\\nChileans\n        voted in the first round of presidential elections on 17 November 2013. None\n        of the nine presidential candidates got more than 50 percent of the vote.\n        As a result, the top two candidates, center-left [[Nueva Mayor\\u00eda]] coalition''s\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and center-right [[Alianza (Chile)|Alianza]] coalition''s\n        [[Evelyn Matthei]], competed in a run-off election on 15 December 2013, which\n        Bachelet won. This was Chile''s sixth presidential election since the end\n        of the Pinochet era. All six have been judged free and fair. The president\n        is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.\\n\\n=== Foreign\n        relations ===\\n{{Main article|Foreign relations of Chile}}\\n[[File:Foreign\n        relations of Chile.svg|thumb|340x340px|State of Chile\\u2019s international\n        relations in the world:\\n{{legend|#006680|Chile}}\\n{{legend|#008000|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and Chilean embassy in the country.}}\\n{{legend|#00AA88|Country\n        with diplomatic relations and an embassy in Chile, but no Chilean embassy.}}\\n{{legend|#8DD35F|Country\n        with diplomatic relations but without ambassadors.}}\\n{{legend|#cccccc|Country\n        with no diplomatic relations currently.}}\\n]]\\n\\nSince the early decades after\n        independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs.\n        In 1837 the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru''s port\n        of [[Callao]] for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived\n        alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]] (1836\\u201339)\n        in the [[War of the Confederation]]. The war dissolved the confederation while\n        distributing power in the Pacific. A second international war, the [[War of\n        the Pacific]] (1879\\u201383), further increased Chile''s regional role, while\n        adding considerably to its territory.\\n\\nDuring the\n        19th century, Chile''s commercial ties were primarily with Britain, a nation\n        that had a major influence on the formation of the Chilean navy. The French\n        influenced Chile''s legal and educational systems and had a decisive impact\n        on Chile, through the architecture of the capital in the boom years at the\n        turn of the 20th century. German influence came from the organization and\n        training of the army by [[Prussia]]ns.\\n\\nOn 26 June\n        1945, Chile participated as a founding member of the United Nations being\n        among 50 countries that signed the [[United Nations Charter]] in San Francisco,\n        California.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml#c |title=United\n        Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1 August 2011\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417145758/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml\n        |archivedate=17 April 2009 |df=dmy }}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/growth.shtml\n        |title=United Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/av/photo/detail/0001314.html?browse=all.html\n        |title=The San Francisco Conference: Chile Signs United Nations Charter }}{{dead\n        link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\n        With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result\n        of widespread human rights abuses.\\n\\nSince its return\n        to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international\n        political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN\n        Security Council in January 2005. Jose Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national,\n        was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May\n        2005 and confirmed in his position, being re-elected in 2009. Chile is currently\n        serving on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors,\n        and the 2007\\u20132008 chair of the board is Chile''s ambassador to the IAEA,\n        Milenko E. Skoknic. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies\n        and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It was [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council#Members|re-elected]] as a member of the [[United Nations Human\n        Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]] in 2011 for a three-year term.{{cite\n        web|title=Election (13 May 2010) Human Rights Council|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/64/elections/hrc/index.shtml|work=64th\n        Session|publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]]}} It was also\n        [[United Nations Security Council election, 2013|elected]] to one of five\n        non-permanent seats on the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]\n        in 2013.{{cite web|title=Chad, Chile, Lithuania, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia\n        were elected to serve on the UN Security Council|date=17 October 2013|accessdate=17\n        October 2013|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46277&Cr=security+council&Cr1=#.UmAVWCQd5TQ}}\n        Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC\n        summit and related meetings in 2004. It also hosted the Community of Democracies\n        ministerial in April 2005 and the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007.\n        An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been\n        a major player in international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.\\n\\nThe Chilean Government has diplomatic relations\n        with most countries. It settled all its territorial disputes with Argentina\n        during the 1990s except for part of the border at [[Southern Patagonian Ice\n        Field]]. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia''s\n        desire to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean it lost to Chile in\n        1879\\u201383 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations\n        and are represented at the Consul General level.\\n\\n===Administrative\n        divisions===\\n{{main article|Administrative divisions of Chile}}\\n[[File:ChileRegions.png|thumb|110px|The\n        regions of Chile]]\\nChile is divided into 15 regions, each headed by an [[intendant]]\n        appointed by the president. The regions are further divided into provinces,\n        with provincial governors also appointed by the president. Finally each province\n        is divided into [[Communes of Chile|communes]]{{cite web|url=http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |title=Organigrama |work=Gobierno de Chile |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214000711/http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp\n        |archivedate=14 December 2007 }} which are administered by municipalities,\n        each with its own mayor and council elected for four-year terms. Each region\n        is designated by a name and a [[Roman numeral]], assigned from north to south.\n        The only exception is the Santiago Metropolitan Region which is designated\n        ''''RM'''' (''''Regi\\u00f3n Metropolitana''''). Two new regions were created\n        in 2006 and became operative in October 2007; Los R\\u00edos in the south (Region\n        XIV), and Arica y Parinacota in the north (Region XV). The numbering scheme\n        skipped Region XIII, usually assumed to be the Metropolitan Region before\n        the 2006 reform.\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\"\\n|- style=\\\"background:#ececec;\\\"\\n!Key!!Name!!Spanish!!Capital\\n|-\\n|XV\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Arica y Parinacota, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Arica y Parinacota, Chile]]\n        [[Arica y Parinacota Region|Arica y Parinacota]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Arica y\n        Parinacota\\n|[[Arica, Chile|Arica]]\\n|-\\n|I\\n|[[File:Flag of Tarapaca, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Tarapac\\u00e1,\n        Chile]] [[Tarapac\\u00e1 Region|Tarapac\\u00e1]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Tarapac\\u00e1\\n|[[Iquique]]\\n|-\\n|II\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Antofagasta Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Antofagasta, Chile]] [[Antofagasta\n        Region|Antofagasta]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Antofagasta\\n|[[Antofagasta]]\\n|-\\n|III\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Atacama, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Atacama, Chile]] [[Atacama Region|Atacama]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Atacama\\n|[[Copiap\\u00f3, Chile|Copiap\\u00f3]]\\n|-\\n|IV\\n|[[File:Flag of\n        Coquimbo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Coquimbo, Chile]] [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de Coquimbo\\n|[[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]\\n|-\\n|V\\n|[[File:Flag of Valparaiso\n        Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Valpara\\u00edso, Chile]] [[Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region|Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Valpara\\u00edso\\n|[[Valpara\\u00edso]]\\n|-\\n|RM\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of the Metropolitan Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Metropolitana de Santiago,\n        Chile]] [[Santiago Metropolitan Region|Metropolitana de Santiago]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        Metropolitana de Santiago\\n|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]\\n|-\\n|VI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of O''Higgins Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins, Chile]] [[Libertador General Bernardo O''Higgins Region|Libertador\n        General Bernardo O''Higgins]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Libertador General Bernardo\n        O''Higgins\\n|[[Rancagua]]\\n|-\\n|VII\\n|[[File:Flag of Maule, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Maule,\n        Chile]] [[Maule Region|Maule]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Maule\\n|[[Talca]]\\n|-\\n|VIII\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Biob\\u00edo Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo, Chile]]\n        [[B\\u00edo B\\u00edo Region|B\\u00edo B\\u00edo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n del Biob\\u00edo\\n|[[Concepci\\u00f3n,\n        Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]\\n|-\\n|IX\\n|[[File:Flag of La Araucania, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|La\n        Araucan\\u00eda, Chile]] [[La Araucan\\u00eda Region|La Araucan\\u00eda]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n\n        de la Araucan\\u00eda\\n|[[Temuco]]\\n|-\\n|XIV\\n|[[File:Flag of Los R\\u00edos,\n        Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los R\\u00edos, Chile]] [[Los R\\u00edos Region|Los\n        R\\u00edos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los R\\u00edos\\n|[[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]]\\n|-\\n|X\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Los Lagos Region, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Los Lagos, Chile]] [[Los Lagos\n        Region|Los Lagos]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Los Lagos\\n|[[Puerto Montt]]\\n|-\\n|XI\\n|[[File:Flag\n        of Aysen, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo, Chile]] [[Ays\\u00e9n Region|Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez\n        del Campo]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n Ays\\u00e9n del General Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del\n        Campo\\n|[[Coyhaique]]\\n|-\\n|XII\\n|[[File:Flag of Magallanes, Chile.svg|22x20px|border|Magallanes\n        y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena, Chile]] [[Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\n        Region|Magallanes y la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena]]\\n|Regi\\u00f3n de Magallanes\n        y de la Ant\\u00e1rtica Chilena\\n|[[Punta Arenas]]\\n|}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n[[File:Colca-condor-c03.jpg|thumb|left|The\n        [[Andean condor]] is the national bird of Chile]]\\nThe national flower is\n        the [[copihue]] (''''Lapageria rosea'''', Chilean [[Campanula|bellflower]]),\n        which grows in the woods of southern Chile.\\n\\nThe [[Coat of arms of Chile|coat\n        of arms]] depicts the two national animals: the [[condor]] (''''Vultur gryphus'''',\n        a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the [[Hippocamelus|huemul]]\n        (''''Hippocamelus bisulcus,'''' an endangered white tail deer). It also has\n        the legend ''''Por la raz\\u00f3n o la fuerza'''' (''''By reason or by force'''').\\n\\nThe\n        [[flag of Chile]] consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and\n        red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side\n        end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center\n        representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white\n        is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve\n        independence. The flag of Chile is similar to the [[Flag of Texas]], although\n        the Chilean flag is 21 years older. However, like the Texan flag, the flag\n        of Chile is modeled after the [[Flag of the United States]].{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/samerica/chile.htm\n        |title=Chile flag and description |publisher=Worldatlas.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}\\n\\n==Military==\\n{{Main article|Military of Chile}}\\n{{multiple\n        image\\n| header = Branches of the Chilean Armed Forces\\n| image1 = Leopard\n        2A4CHL Chile.jpg|width1=145|caption1=[[Chilean Army]]
[[Leopard 2A4]]CHL\\n|\n        image2 = Almirante Blanco Encalada (FF-15).jpg|width2=155|caption2=[[Chilean\n        Navy]]
[[Karel Doorman-class frigate]]\\n| image3 = F-16CHL de Chile.jpg|width3=155|caption3=[[Chilean\n        Air Force]]
[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]]\\n}}\\nThe\n        Armed Forces of Chile are subject to civilian control exercised by the president\n        through the Minister of Defense. The president has the authority to remove\n        the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.\\n\\nThe\n        commander in chief of the [[Chilean Army]] is [[General officer#The specific\n        rank of general|General]] Humberto Oviedo Arriagada.{{cite web|url=http://chds.dodlive.mil/2014/05/19/chilean-army-commander-in-chief-visits-wjpc/|title=Chilean\n        Army Commander-in-Chief Visits WJPC|publisher=}}{{cite web|url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/banner/article.cfm?id=3477|title=Army\n        War College Community Banner|publisher=}} The Chilean Army is 45,000\n        strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, six divisions\n        throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in [[Rancagua]], and a Special Forces\n        Command in [[Colina, Chile|Colina]]. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional\n        and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.\\n\\nAdmiral\n        Enrique Larra\\u00f1aga Martin directs the 21,773-person [[Chilean Navy]],{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |title=The Navy\\u2019s most valuable asset: its people |publisher=Wayback.archive.org\n        |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101115012/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050707/pags/20050707095041.html\n        |archivedate=1 January 2009 }} including 2,500 Marines. Of the fleet\n        of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates).\n        Those ships are based in [[Valpara\\u00edso]].{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100514/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 |title=The National Fleet |publisher=Chilean Navy\n        |accessdate=30 May 2014}} The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport\n        and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates\n        four submarines based in [[Talcahuano]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |title=Submarine Force |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |accessdate=14 July\n        2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100430/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html\n        |archivedate=10 June 2007 }}\\n\\nAir Force General (four star) Jorge\n        Rojas \\u00c1vila heads the 12,500 strong [[Chilean Air Force]]. Air assets\n        are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta,\n        Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates [[Base\n        Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva|an airbase]] on [[King George Island (South\n        Shetland Islands)|King George Island]], Antarctica. The Air Force took delivery\n        of the final two of ten F-16s, all purchased from the U.S., in March 2007\n        after several decades of U.S. debate and previous refusal to sell. Chile also\n        took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the\n        Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch.\\n\\nAfter the military coup in September 1973 the\n        [[Carabineros de Chile|Chilean national police]] (Carabineros) were incorporated\n        into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police\n        were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained\n        under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. Gustavo Gonz\\u00e1lez\n        Jure is the head of the national police force of 40,964{{cite web|url=http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |title=Carabineros de Chile |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |date=24 October\n        2007 |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312050416/http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429\n        |archivedate=12 March 2012 }} men and women who are responsible for\n        law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control,\n        and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{Main\n        article|Economy of Chile}}\\n[[File:Costanera Center Sep. 13.jpg|thumb|''''[[Sanhattan]]'''',\n        the financial district in Santiago de Chile.]]\\nThe [[Central Bank of Chile]]\n        in Santiago serves as the [[central bank]] for the country. The Chilean currency\n        is the [[Chilean peso]] (CLP). Chile is one of South America''s most stable\n        and prosperous nations, leading Latin American nations\n        in [[human development (humanity)|human development]], competitiveness, income\n        per capita, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the [[World\n        Bank]] as a \\\"[[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]]\\\".{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications\n        |title=How We Classify Countries |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=1 July\n        2013}}{{cite web|title=Country and Lending Groups|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|publisher=The\n        World Bank|accessdate=14 September 2013|location=High-income economies ($12,616\n        or more)|date=1 July 2013}}{{cite web|title=GNI per\n        capita, Atlas method (current US$) |url=http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=14 September 2013 |location=Washington,\n        D.C. |format=xls |date=1 August 2013 |quote=GNI-WB |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055207/http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls\n        |archivedate=21 September 2013 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nChile has the highest degree\n        of [[economic freedom]] in South America (ranking 7th worldwide), owing to\n        its independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management.{{cite web|title=Chile|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/chile|work=Index\n        of Economic Freedom|publisher=Heritage Foundation|accessdate=13 July 2013}}\n        In May 2010 Chile became the first South American country to join the [[Organisation\n        for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]].{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/chile/chilesaccessiontotheoecd.htm\n        |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]\n        |title=Chile\\u2019s accession to the OECD |date=7 May 2010 |accessdate=22\n        July 2016 }} In 2006, Chile became the country with the highest nominal\n        GDP per capita in Latin America.[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010 rankings and 2008\\u20132009\n        comparisons] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030003958/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf\n        |date=30 October 2010 }}. The Global Competitiveness Index 2009\\u20132010.\n        World Economic Forum\\n\\nCopper mining makes up 20% of Chilean GDP and\n        60% of exports.{{cite news|title=Mining in Chile: Copper\n        solution|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21576714-mining-industry-has-enriched-chile-its-future-precarious-copper-solution|publisher=The\n        Economist|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=27 April 2013}} [[Escondida]]\n        is the largest copper mine in the world, producing over 5% of global supplies. Overall, Chile produces a third of the world\\u2019s copper. [[Codelco]], the state mining firm, competes with private\n        ones.\\n\\nSound economic policies, maintained consistently\n        since the 1980s, have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have\n        more than halved poverty rates.\n        Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999. The economy\n        remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery,\n        achieving 4.0% GDP growth.{{cite web|url=http://indexmundi.com/chile/gdp_real_growth_rate.html\n        |title=Chile GDP \\u2013 real growth rate |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21\n        February 2013 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} The Chilean economy finished\n        2004 with growth of 6 percent. Real GDP growth reached 5.7 percent in 2005\n        before falling back to 4 percent in 2006. GDP expanded by 5 percent in 2007. Faced with an [[2008 financial crisis|international\n        economic downturn]] the government announced an economic stimulus plan to\n        spur employment and growth, and despite the global financial crisis, aimed\n        for an expansion of between 2 percent and 3 percent of GDP for 2009. Nonetheless,\n        economic analysts disagreed with government estimates and predicted economic\n        growth at a median of 1.5 percent.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economicNews/idUSN1027661220090110\n        |title=Chile finmin says no recession seen in 2009-report |publisher=Reuters\n        |date=10 January 2009 |accessdate=17 December 2009}} Real GDP growth\n        in 2012 was 5.5%. Growth slowed to 4.1% in the first quarter of 2013.{{cite web|title=Chile: 2013 Article IV Consultation; IMF Country\n        Report 13/198|date=14 June 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13198.pdf|publisher=IMF|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}}\\n\\nThe unemployment rate was 6.4% in April 2013.{{cite\n        news|title=Chile February\\u2013April Unemployment Rises to 6.4% From 6.2%\n        in January\\u2013March|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130531-706101.html|publisher=WSJ.com|accessdate=13\n        July 2013}} There are reported labor shortages in agriculture, mining,\n        and construction. The percentage of Chileans with per\n        capita household incomes below the poverty line\\u2014defined as twice the\n        cost of satisfying a person''s minimal nutritional needs\\u2014fell from 45.1\n        percent in 1987 to 11.5 percent in 2009, according to government surveys.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%202006%20en%20profundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065308/http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%2B2006%2Ben%2Bprofundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archivedate=13\n        January 2013|work=Libertad y Desarrollo|title=Casen 2006 en profundidad|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=22 June 2007|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cepal.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/41799/PSE-panoramasocial2010.pdf\n        |title=Panorama social de Am\\u00e9rica Latina |publisher=ECLAC |format=PDF\n        |year=2010 |accessdate=13 July 2013}} Critics in Chile, however, argue\n        that true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=35048|publisher=El\n        Mercurio|title=Una muy necesaria correcci\\u00f3n: Hay cuatro millones de pobres\n        en Chile|date=14 October 2007|accessdate=22 October 2007}} Using the\n        relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would\n        be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the [[ECLAC]].{{Cite news|work=The\n        Economist|title=Destitute no more|url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9645174|accessdate=22\n        October 2007|date=16 August 2007}} {{Subscription}}\\n\\n[[File:Chile\n        GDP per capita (PPP).svg|thumb|left|Chilean (blue) and average Latin American\n        (gray) [[GDP per capita]] (1950\\u20132008).]]\\nAs of November 2012, about\n        11.1 million people (64% of the population) benefit from government welfare\n        programs,{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |date=20 November 2012 |accessdate=12\n        March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518190839/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19\n        |archivedate=18 May 2016 }}{{Clarify|date=May 2014}} via the \\\"Social\n        Protection Card\\\", which includes the population living in poverty and those\n        at a risk of falling into poverty.{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |title=Ficha de Protecci\\u00f3n Social \\u2013 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social\n        |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |accessdate=9 November 2012 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915085201/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php\n        |archivedate=15 September 2012 }}\\n\\n[[Chile pension system|The privatized\n        national pension system]] (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed\n        to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21 percent of\n        GDP.{{cite web|url=http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |title=The Chilean pension system |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512092950/http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf\n        |archivedate=12 May 2012 }} Under the compulsory private pension system,\n        most formal sector employees pay 10 percent of their salaries into privately\n        managed funds. However, by 2009, it has been\n        reported that had been lost from the pension system to the global financial\n        crisis.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |title=An uncertain future |publisher=GlobalPost |accessdate=17 December 2009\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811120405/https://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090121/uncertain-future\n        |archivedate=11 August 2010 |df=dmy }}\\n\\n[[File:Chuqui001 02.jpg|thumb|[[Chuquicamata]]\n        copper mine]]\\nChile has signed [[free trade agreements]] (FTAs) with a whole\n        network of countries, including an FTA with the United States that was signed\n        in 2003 and implemented in January 2004.{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Chile_FTA/Final_Texts/Section_Index.html\n        |title=USA-Chile FTA Final Text |publisher=Ustr.gov |accessdate=13 July 2013\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328045456/https://ustr.gov/trade_agreements/bilateral/chile_fta/final_texts/section_index.html\n        |archivedate=28 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} Internal Government of Chile\n        figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price\n        of copper, bilateral trade between the U.S. and Chile has grown over 60 percent\n        since then. Chile''s total trade with China\n        reached US in 2006, representing nearly 66 percent of the value of its trade\n        relationship with Asia. Exports to Asia increased\n        from US in 2005 to US in 2006, a 29.9 percent increase.\n        Year-on-year growth in imports was especially strong from a number of countries:\n        Ecuador (123.9%), Thailand (72.1%), South Korea (52.6%), and China (36.9%).\\n\\nChile''s approach to foreign direct investment\n        is codified in the country''s Foreign Investment Law. Registration is reported\n        to be simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access\n        to the official [[foreign exchange market]] to repatriate their profits and\n        capital.\\nThe Chilean Government has formed\n        a Council on Innovation and Competition, hoping to bring in additional FDI\n        to new parts of the economy.\\n\\n[[Standard &\n        Poor''s]] gives Chile a [[credit rating]] of AA-.{{cite news|title=UPDATE\n        2-S&P raises Chile''s credit rating to AA-minus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/26/chile-ratings-sandp-idUSL1E8NQ6KM20121226|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=13\n        July 2013|date=26 December 2012}} The Government of Chile continues\n        to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3.9 percent of GDP at\n        the end of 2006. The Chilean central government\n        is a net creditor with a [[Net asset value|net asset position]] of 7% of GDP\n        at end 2012. The [[current account deficit]] was 4% in\n        the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment. 14% of central government revenue came directly from copper\n        in 2012.\\n\\n===Infrastructure===\\n\\n====Transport====\\n{{Main\n        article|Transport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Mataveri Airport Easter Island Chile.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Mataveri\n        International Airport]] in [[Easter Island]]]]\\n[[File:Metrolinea4.jpg|thumbnail|[[Santiago\n        Metro]] is South America''s most extensive metro system{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero |title=Gu\\u00eda del Viajero\n        |publisher=Metro de Santiago |language=Spanish |trans_title=Plan Your Journey\n        |accessdate=18 September 2013}}]]\\nDue to Chile''s topography a functioning\n        transport network is vital to its economy. Buses are now the main means of\n        long distance transportation in Chile, following the decline of its railway\n        network.{{cite web|url=http://www.omnilineas.cl/comparison/index.html|title=Omnilineas\n        website|author=Omnilineas|publisher=}} The bus system covers the entire\n        country, from [[Arica, Chile|Arica]] to [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] (a 30-hour\n        journey) and from Santiago to [[Punta Arenas]] (about 40 hours, with a change\n        at [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]]).\\n\\nChile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved\n        and 310 unpaved). Important airports in Chile include [[Chacalluta International\n        Airport]] ([[Arica]]), [[Diego Aracena International Airport]] ([[Iquique]]),\n        [[Cerro Moreno International Airport]] ([[Antofagasta]]), [[Carriel Sur International\n        Airport]] ([[Concepci\\u00f3n, Chile|Concepci\\u00f3n]]), [[El Tepual International\n        Airport]] ([[Puerto Montt]]), [[Presidente Carlos Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez del Campo\n        International Airport]] ([[Punta Arenas]]), [[Mataveri International Airport]]\n        ([[Easter Island]]), the most remote airport in the world{{Dubious|date=February\n        2014}}, and the [[Comodoro Arturo Merino Ben\\u00edtez International Airport]]\n        ([[Santiago]]) with a traffic of 12,105,524 passengers in 2011. Santiago is\n        headquarters of Latin America''s largest [[airline]] [[holding company]] and\n        Chilean [[flag carrier]] [[LAN Airlines]].\\n\\n====Telecommunications====\\n[[File:Andes\n        y Torre Entel.jpg|thumbnail|[[Torre Entel]] in [[Santiago de Chile]], with\n        the [[Andes mountains]] in the background]]\\n[[telecommunications in Chile|Chile\n        has a telecommunication]] system which covers much of the country, including\n        Chilean insular and Antarctic bases. Privatization of the telephone system\n        began in 1988; Chile has one of the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure\n        in South America with a modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay\n        facilities and domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations. In 2012, there were 3.276 million main lines in use and 24.13 million mobile\n        cellular telephone subscribers. According to a 2012 database\n        of the [[International Telecommunications Union]] (ITU), 61.42% of the Chilean\n        population uses the internet, making Chile the country with the highest internet\n        penetration in [[South America]].[http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls\n        \\\"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000], International Telecommunications\n        Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013 The Chilean internet\n        country code is \\\"[[.cl]]\\\".\\n\\n==== Water supply and sanitation ====\\n{{Main\n        article|Water supply and sanitation in Chile}}\\n[[Water supply]] and [[sanitation]]\n        sector is characterized by high levels of access and good service quality.\n        Compared to most other countries, Chile''s water and sanitation sector \\ndistinguishes\n        itself by the fact that all urban water companies are privately owned or operated.\n        The sector also prides itself of having a \\nmodern and effective regulatory\n        framework, including an innovative \\nsubsidy to water demand by the poor.\n        One weakness of the sector is the \\nrelatively high water losses.\\n\\n===Agriculture===\\n{{Main\n        article|Agriculture in Chile}}\\n[[File:Chilean vineyard in Andes foothills.jpg|thumb|Many\n        of [[Chile''s vineyards]] are found on flat land within the foothills of the\n        Andes.]]\\n[[Agriculture]] in Chile encompasses a wide range of different activities\n        due to its particular [[geography]], [[climate]] and [[geology]] and human\n        factors. Historically agriculture is one of the bases of Chile''s economy,\n        now agriculture and allied sectors like [[forestry]], [[logging]] and [[fishing]]\n        accounts only for 4.9% of the [[GDP]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} and employed 13.6%\n        of the country''s labor force. Some major agriculture products of Chile includes\n        [[grapes]], [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[onion]]s, [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[oats]],\n        [[peach]]es, [[garlic]], [[asparagus]], [[bean]]s, [[beef]], [[poultry]],\n        [[wool]], [[fish]], [[timber]] and [[hemp]].[1] Due to its geographical isolation\n        and strict customs policies Chile is free from diseases such as [[Mad Cow\n        Disease]], [[fruit fly (disambiguation)|fruit fly]] and [[Phylloxera]]. This,\n        plus being located in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] which has quite different\n        harvesting times from the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and its wide range of agriculture\n        conditions are considered Chile''s main comparative advantages. However, Chile''s\n        mountainous landscape limits the extent and intensity of agriculture so that\n        arable land corresponds only to 2.62% of the total territory.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Chile}}\\n\\nTourism in Chile has experienced sustained growth\n        over the last few decades. In 2005, tourism grew by 13.6 percent, generating\n        more than 4.5 billion dollars of which 1.5 billion was attributed to foreign\n        tourists. According to the National Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million\n        people a year visit the country. Most of these visitors come from other countries\n        in the American continent, mainly [[Argentina]]; followed by a growing number\n        from the United States, Europe, and [[Brazil]] with a growing number of Asians\n        from [[South Korea]] and [[PR China]].Blanco, Hern\\u00e1n ''''et al.''''\n        (August 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235147/http://www.rides.cl/pdf/trade_tourism_chile.pdf\n        International Trade and Sustainable Tourism in Chile]. International Institute\n        for Sustainable Development\\n\\n[[File:Puerto Varas Osorno.jpg|thumb|left|[[Osorno\n        (volcano)|Osorno volcano]], the [[Llanquihue Lake]] near of Puerto Varas]]\\n\\nThe\n        main attractions for tourists are places of natural beauty situated in the\n        extreme zones of the country: [[San Pedro de Atacama]], in the north, is very\n        popular with foreign tourists who arrive to admire the Incaic architecture,\n        the altiplano lakes, and the [[Valle de la Luna (Chile)|Valley of the Moon]].{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} In [[Putre]], also in the north, there is the [[Chungar\\u00e1\n        Lake]], as well as the [[Parinacota Volcano|Parinacota]] and the [[Pomerape]]\n        volcanoes, with altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,282 m, respectively. Throughout\n        the central Andes there are many ski resorts of international repute,{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} including [[Portillo, Chile|Portillo]], [[Valle Nevado]]\n        and [[Termas de Chill\\u00e1n]].\\n\\nThe main tourist sites in the south are\n        national parks (the most popular is [[Conguill\\u00edo National Park]] in the\n        Araucan\\u00eda){{citation needed|date=July 2014}} and the coastal area around\n        Tir\\u00faa and Ca\\u00f1ete with the [[Isla Mocha]] and the [[Nahuelbuta National\n        Park]], [[Chilo\\u00e9 Archipelago]] and [[Patagonia]], which includes [[Laguna\n        San Rafael National Park]], with its many glaciers, and the [[Torres del Paine\n        National Park]]. The central port city of [[Valpara\\u00edso]], which is World\n        Heritage with its unique architecture, is also popular.{{citation needed|date=July\n        2014}} Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean\n        tourist destinations.\\n\\n[[File:Moai Rano raraku.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Moai]]\n        on [[Easter Island]], Chile]]\\n\\nFor locals, tourism is concentrated mostly\n        in the summer (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} [[Arica]], [[Iquique]], [[Antofagasta]], [[La Serena,\n        Chile|La Serena]] and [[Coquimbo]] are the main summer centers in the north,\n        and Puc\\u00f3n on the shores of [[Lake Villarrica]] is the main center in\n        the south. Because of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valpara\\u00edso\n        Region, with its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists.\n        [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]], Valpara\\u00edso''s northern affluent neighbor, is popular\n        because of its beaches, [[casino]], and its annual [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar International\n        Song Festival|song festival]], the most important musical event in Latin America.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}} [[Pichilemu]] in the [[O''Higgins Region]] is widely\n        known as South America''s \\\"best [[surfing]] spot\\\" according to [[Fodor''s]].{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2014}}\\n\\nIn November 2005 the government launched a campaign\n        under the brand \\\"Chile: All Ways Surprising\\\" intended to promote the country\n        internationally for both business and tourism.{{cite web|url=http://www.prochile.us/\n        |title=Pro|Chile \\u2013 Importadores | Selecci\\u00f3n idiomas |publisher=Prochile.us\n        |accessdate=22 December 2013}} [[List of museums in Chile|Museums in\n        Chile]] such as the [[Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts]] built in 1880,\n        feature works by [[List of Chilean artists|Chilean artists]].\\n\\n==Education==\\n{{Main\n        article|Education in Chile}}\\n\\nIn Chile, education begins with [[preschool]]\n        until the age of 5. [[Primary school]] is provided for children between ages\n        6 and 13. Students then attend [[secondary school]] until graduation at age\n        17.\\n\\nSecondary education is divided into two parts: During the first two\n        years, students receive a general education. Then, they choose a branch: scientific\n        humanistic education, artistic education, or technical and professional education.\n        Secondary school ends two years later on the acquirement of a certificate\n        (licencia de ense\\u00f1anza media).{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=CHL|title=Chile\n        Country Profile, UNESCO-UNEVOC|publisher=}}\\n\\n[[File:Marcha cerca de\n        Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, sept. 2013.jpg|thumb|[[2011\\u201313 Chilean\n        student protests]]]]\\nChilean education is segregated by wealth in a three-tiered\n        system \\u2014 the quality of the schools reflect socioeconomic backgrounds:\\n*\n        city schools (colegios municipales) that are mostly free and have the worse\n        education results, mostly attended by poor students;\\n* subsidized schools\n        that receive some money from the government which can be supplemented by fees\n        paid by the student''s family, which are attended by mid-income students and\n        typically get mid-level results; and \\n* entirely private schools that consistently\n        get the best results. Many private schools charge attendance fees of 0,5 to\n        1 median household incomes.{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2013/12/30/637336/mensualidad-en-colegios-top-10-en-la-psu-supera-los-250-mil.html\n        |title=Mensualidad de los colegios con los mejores puntajes en la PSU supera\n        los mil |publisher=Emol.com |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=18 July 2014}}\\n\\n===Higher\n        education===\\n{{See also|List of universities in Chile}}\\n\\nUpon successful\n        graduation of secondary school, students may continue into [[higher education]].\n        The higher education schools in Chile consist of [[Chilean Traditional Universities]]\n        and are divided into [[Public university|public universities]] or [[Private\n        university|private universities]]. There are [[List of medical schools in\n        South America#Chile|medical schools]] and both the [[Universidad de Chile]]\n        and [[Universidad Diego Portales]] offer [[Legal education|law schools]] in\n        a partnership with [[Yale University]].{{cite web|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/linkageinchili.htm\n        |title=Program in Chile | Yale Law School |publisher=Law.yale.edu |accessdate=22\n        December 2013}}\\n\\n==Health==\\n{{Main article|Healthcare in Chile}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Ministry of Health (Chile)|Ministry of Health]] (''''Minsal'''') is the\n        cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating,\n        executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated\n        by the President of Chile. The [[Fondo Nacional de Salud|National Health Fund]]\n        (''''Fonasa''''), created in 1979, is the financial entity entrusted to collect,\n        manage and distribute state funds for health in Chile. It is funded by the\n        public. All employees pay 7 percent of their monthly income to the fund.\\n\\nFonasa\n        is part of the NHSS and has executive power through the [[Ministry of Health\n        (Chile)]]. Its headquarters are in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and decentralized\n        public service is conducted by various Regional Offices. More than 12 million\n        beneficiaries benefit from Fonasa. Beneficiaries can also opt for more costly\n        private insurance through [[Isapre]]. [[List of hospitals in Chile|Hospitals\n        in Chile]] are mainly located in the [[Santiago Metropolitan Region]].\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{Main\n        article|Culture of Chile|Music of Chile|Chilean cuisine}}\\n{{multiple image\\n|\n        footer    = [[Pablo Neruda]] and [[Gabriela Mistral]], Nobel Prize recipients\n        in literature (1971 and 1945)\\n| width1    = 102\\n| image1    = Pablo Neruda.jpg\\n|\n        alt1      = Pablo Neruda\\n| width2    = 100\\n| image2    = Gabriela Mistral-01.jpg\\n|\n        alt2      = Gabriela Mistral\\n}}\\nFrom the period between early agricultural\n        settlements and up to the late pre-Hispanic period, northern Chile was a region\n        of Andean culture that was influenced by altiplano traditions spreading to\n        the coastal valleys of the north, while southern regions were areas of Mapuche\n        cultural activities. Throughout the colonial period following the conquest,\n        and during the early Republican period, the country''s culture was dominated\n        by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and\n        German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants\n        influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south\n        of Chile in cities such as [[Valdivia]], [[Frutillar]], [[Puerto Varas]],\n        [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]], [[Temuco]], [[Puerto Octay]], [[Llanquihue Province|Llanquihue]],\n        [[Faja Maisan]], [[Pitrufqu\\u00e9n]], [[Victoria, Chile|Victoria]], [[Puc\\u00f3n]]\n        and [[Puerto Montt]].{{cite web |url=http://www.allsouthernchile.com/southamerica/valdivia-southern-chile-city-guide/index.html\n        |title=Valdivia Chile |publisher=Allsouthernchile.com |accessdate=1 August\n        2011}}{{cite web|author=International Web Solutions, Inc. \n        |url=http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/ |title=Latin America\n        :: Chile |publisher=Global Adrenaline |accessdate=1 August 2011 |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711100623/http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/\n        |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |title=Learning About Each Other |publisher=Learnapec.org |accessdate=1 August\n        2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429020520/http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4\n        |archivedate=29 April 2011 |df=dmy }}{{cite web |url=http://www.country-studies.com/chile/foreign-relations.html\n        |title=Chile Foreign Relations |publisher=Country-studies.com |accessdate=1\n        August 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Algeria-to-France/Chile.html\n        |title=Food in Chile \\u2013 Chilean Food, Chilean Cuisine \\u2013 traditional,\n        popular, dishes, recipe, diet, history, common, meals, rice, main, people,\n        favorite, customs, fruits, country, bread, vegetables, bread, drink, typical\n        |publisher=Foodbycountry.com |accessdate=1 August 2011}}\\n\\n===Music\n        and dance===\\n[[File:Zamacueca-Chile.jpg|thumb|left|''''La Zamacueca'''',\n        by Manuel Antonio Caro.]]\\nMusic in Chile ranges from folkloric, popular and\n        classical music. Its large geography generates different musical styles in\n        the north, center and south of the country, including also Easter Island and\n        Mapuche music.{{cite web |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=elfolclordechileysustresgrandesraices\n        |title=Memoria Chilena |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }} The national\n        dance is the [[cueca]]. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not\n        a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists,\n        it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and\n        a more prominent melody.\\n\\nBetween 1950 and 1970 appears a rebirth in folk\n        music leading by groups such as [[Los de Ram\\u00f3n]], Los Cuatro Huasos and\n        Los Huasos Quincheros, among others{{cite web|url=http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |title=Conjuntos Folkloricos de Chile |publisher=Musicapopular.cl |deadurl=yes\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013104352/http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444\n        |archivedate=13 October 2007 }} with composers such as [[Ra\\u00fal de\n        Ram\\u00f3n]], [[Violeta Parra]] and others. In the mid-1960s native musical\n        forms were revitalized by the [[Parra family]] with the [[Nueva canci\\u00f3n|Nueva\n        canci\\u00f3n Chilena]], which was associated with political activists and\n        reformers such as [[V\\u00edctor Jara]], [[Inti-Illimani]], and [[Quilapay\\u00fan]].\n        Other important [[folk music|folk]] singer and researcher on [[folklore]]\n        and Chilean [[ethnography]], is [[Margot Loyola]]. Also many Chilean rock\n        bands like [[Los Jaivas]], [[Los Prisioneros]], [[La Ley (band)|La Ley]],\n        and [[Los Tres]] have reached international success. In February, annual music\n        festivals are held in [[Vi\\u00f1a del Mar]].{{cite news|last=Martinez|first=Jessica|title=Top\n        Cultural Celebrations and Festivals in Chile|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/top-cultural-celebrations-festivals-chile-61003.html|newspaper=USA\n        Today}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\nChileans call their country ''''pa\\u00eds\n        de poetas''''\\u2014country of poets.{{cite web|url=http://www.protocolo.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=2&id_art=600\n        |accessdate=29 October 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.uchile.cl/cultura/poetasjovenes/bianchi26.htm |title=Un\n        mapa por completar: la joven poesia chilena \\u2013 \\u00bfPor qu\\u00e9 tanta\n        y tan variada poes\\u00eda? |publisher=Uchile.cl |accessdate=17 December 2009}}\n        [[Gabriela Mistral]] was the first Latin American to receive a [[Nobel Prize\n        in Literature]] (1945). Chile''s most famous poet is [[Pablo Neruda]], who\n        received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his\n        extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly\n        personalized homes in [[Isla Negra]], Santiago and Valpara\\u00edso are popular\n        tourist destinations.\\n\\nAmong the list of other Chilean poets are [[Carlos\n        Pezoa V\\u00e9liz]], [[Vicente Huidobro]], [[Gonzalo Rojas]], [[Pablo de Rokha]],\n        [[Nicanor Parra]] and [[Ra\\u00fal Zurita]]. [[Isabel Allende]] is the best-selling\n        Chilean novelist, with 51 millions of her novels sold worldwide.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=346023&CategoryId=13003\n        |title=Latin American Herald Tribune \\u2013 Isabel Allende Named to Council\n        of Cervantes Institute |publisher=Laht.com |accessdate=14 November 2010}}\n        Novelist [[Jos\\u00e9 Donoso]]''s novel ''''[[The Obscene Bird of Night]]''''\n        is considered by critic [[Harold Bloom]] to be one of the canonical works\n        of 20th-century Western literature. Another internationally recognized Chilean\n        novelist and poet is [[Roberto Bola\\u00f1o]] whose translations into English\n        have had an excellent reception from the critics.{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1857951,00.html\n        |work=Time |date=10 November 2008 |accessdate=28 April 2010 |first=Lev |last=Grossman\n        |title=Bola\\u00f1o''s 2666: The Best Book of 2008}}{{cite web |author=Sarah\n        Kerr |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22171 |title=The Triumph of Roberto\n        Bola\\u00f1o |publisher=The New York Review of Books |date=18 December 2008}}{{Cite\n        news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Wood.t.html |work=The\n        New York Times |title=The Visceral Realist |first=James |last=Wood |date=15\n        April 2007 |accessdate=1 April 2010}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n[[File:Chilean\n        Cazuela.JPG|thumb|Chilean [[Cazuela]] and assorted salads.]] [[Chilean cuisine]]\n        is a reflection of the country''s topographical variety, featuring an assortment\n        of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include [[asado]],\n        [[cazuela]], [[empanada]]s, [[humita]]s, [[pastel de choclo]], pastel de papas,\n        [[curanto]] and [[sopaipilla#Chile|sopaipillas]].{{cite book|author=Maria\n        Baez Kijac|title=The South American Table: The Flavor and Soul of Authentic...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePAePLlqkC|accessdate=14\n        July 2013|year=2003|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-249-3}}\n        [[Crudos]] is an example of the mixture of culinary contributions from the\n        various ethnic influences in Chile. The raw minced [[llama]], heavy use of\n        shellfish and rice bread were taken from native [[Quechua people|Quechua]]\n        Andean cuisine, (although now beef brought to Chile by Europeans is also used\n        in place of the llama meat), lemon and onions were brought by the Spanish\n        colonists, and the use of [[mayonnaise]] and [[yogurt]] was introduced by\n        German immigrants, as was [[beer]].\\n\\n===Folklore===\\nThe folklore of Chile,\n        cultural and demographic characteristics of the country, is the result of\n        mixture of Spanish and Amerindian elements that occurred during the colonial\n        period. Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished\n        four major areas in the country: northern areas, central, southern and south.\n        Most of the traditions of the [[culture of Chile]] have a festive purpose,\n        but some, such as dances and ceremonies, have religious components.{{citation\n        needed|date=November 2014}}\\n\\n====Mythology====\\n{{Main article|Chilean mythology}}\\n\\nChilean\n        mythology, is the mythology and beliefs of the Folklore of Chile.\\n\\nThis\n        includes [[Chilote mythology]], [[Rapa Nui mythology]] and [[Mapuche mythology]].\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{Main\n        article|Cinema of Chile}}\\n\\nThe film originated in [[Valpara\\u00edso]] on\n        26 May 1902 with the premiere of the documentary ''''Exercise General Fire\n        Brigade'''', the first film completely filmed and processed in the country.\n        In the following decades, marked milestones ''''The deck of Death'''' (or\n        ''''The Enigma of Lord Street'''') (1916), considered the first film Chilean\n        story, ''''The transmission of presidential'''' (1920), the first animated\n        film in the country, and ''''North and South'''' (1934), the first sound film\n        of Chile.\\n\\n===Sports===\\n{{main article|Sport in Chile}}\\n[[File:Estadio\n        Nacional de Chile 2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Estadio Nacional de Chile]]]]\\n\\nChile''s\n        most popular sport is association football. Chile has appeared in nine FIFA\n        World Cups which includes hosting the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]] where the [[Chile\n        national football team|national football team]] finished third. Other results\n        achieved by the national football team include two [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica]] titles\n        ([[2015 Copa Am\\u00e9rica|2015]] and [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica Centenario|2016]]),\n        and two runners up positions,  one silver and two bronze medals at the [[Pan\n        American Games]], a bronze medal at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and two third\n        places finishes in the FIFA under-17 and under-20 youth tournaments. The top\n        league in the [[Chilean football league system]] is the [[Chilean Primera\n        Divisi\\u00f3n]], which is named by the [[International Federation of Football\n        History & Statistics|IFFHS]] as the ninth strongest national football league\n        in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b6e28fa3002f71504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bb11\n        |title=The strongest National League in the World 2011 |work=IFFHS |accessdate=18\n        April 2012}}\\n\\nThe main football clubs are [[Colo-Colo]], [[Club Universidad\n        de Chile|Universidad de Chile]] and [[Club Deportivo Universidad Cat\\u00f3lica|Universidad\n        Cat\\u00f3lica]]. Colo-Colo is the country''s most successful football club,\n        having both the most national and international championships, including the\n        coveted [[Copa Libertadores]] South American club tournament. Universidad\n        de Chile was the last international champion ([[Copa Sudamericana]] 2011).\\n\\n[[File:Bachelet\n        y campeones de polo.jpg|thumb|The Chilean national polo team with President\n        [[Michelle Bachelet]] and the trophy of the [[2008 World Polo Championship]].]]\\n\\nTennis\n        is Chile''s most successful sport. Its [[Chile Davis Cup team|national team]]\n        won the [[World Team Cup]] clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004), and played\n        the [[Davis Cup]] final against [[Italy]] in 1976. At the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]\n        the country captured gold and bronze in men''s singles and gold in men''s\n        doubles. [[Marcelo R\\u00edos]] became the first Latin American man to reach\n        the number one spot in the [[List of ATP number 1 ranked players|ATP singles\n        rankings]] in 1998. [[Anita Lizana]] won the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]\n        in 1937, becoming the first woman from Latin America to win a [[Grand Slam\n        (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournament. [[Luis Ayala (tennis)|Luis Ayala]] was twice\n        a runner-up at the French Open and both R\\u00edos and [[Fernando Gonz\\u00e1lez]]\n        reached the Australian Open men''s singles finals. Gonz\\u00e1lez also won\n        a silver medal in singles at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing.\\n\\nAt\n        the Summer Olympic Games Chile boasts a total of two gold medals (tennis),\n        seven silver medals (athletics, [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]],\n        [[boxing]], shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and\n        football). In 2012, Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics).\\n\\n[[Chilean\n        rodeo|Rodeo]] is the country''s [[national sport]] and is practiced in the\n        more rural areas of the nation. A sport similar to [[hockey]] called ''''[[chueca]]''''\n        was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest. [[Skiing]] and\n        [[snowboarding]] are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes,\n        and in southern ski centers near to cities as Osorno, Puerto Varas, Temuco\n        and Punta Arenas. [[Surfing in Chile|surfing]] is popular at some coastal\n        towns. [[Polo]] is professionally practiced within Chile, with the country\n        achieving top prize in the 2008 and 2015 [[World Polo Championship]].\\n\\nBasketball\n        is a popular sport in which Chile has earned a bronze medal in the first men''s\n        [[FIBA World Championship]] held in 1950 and winning a second bronze medal\n        when Chile hosted the [[1959 FIBA World Championship]]. Chile hosted the first\n        [[FIBA World Championship for Women]] in 1953 finishing the tournament with\n        the silver medal. [[San Pedro de Atacama]] is host to the annual \\\"Atacama\n        Crossing\\\", a six-stage, {{convert|250|km|adj=on}} footrace which annually\n        attracts about 150 competitors from 35 countries. The [[Dakar Rally]] [[Off-road\n        racing|off-road automobile race]] has been held in both Chile and [[Argentina]]\n        since 2009.\\n\\n===Cultural heritage===\\n[[File:Cerro Concepcion.jpg|thumbnail|right|The\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]]\\nThe [[cultural\n        heritage]] of Chile consists, first, of their intangible heritage, composed\n        of various cultural events, such as visual arts, crafts, dances, holidays,\n        cuisine, games, music and traditions, and, secondly, by its tangible, consists\n        of those buildings, objects and sites of archaeological, architectural, traditional,\n        artistic, ethnographic, folkloric, historical, religious or technological\n        scattered through Chilean territory, among them, those goods are declared\n        [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]], in accordance with the provisions of\n        the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage\n        of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are the [[Rapa Nui\n        National Park]] (1995), the [[Churches of Chilo\\u00e9]] (2000), [[Valpara\\u00edso|the\n        historical district of the port city of Valpara\\u00edso]] (2003), [[Humberstone\n        and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works]] (2005) and the mining city [[Sewell, Chile|Sewell]]\n        (2006).\\n\\nIn 1999 the ''''Cultural Heritage Day'''' was established as a\n        way to honour and commemorate Chiles cultural heritage. It is an official\n        national holiday celebrated in May every year.\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Chile|Latin\n        America|Geography}}\\n* [[Index of Chile-related articles]]\\n* [[International\n        rankings of Chile]]\\n* [[List of Chileans]]\\n* [[Outline of Chile]]\\n* [[2010\n        Chile earthquake]]\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|25em}}\\n\\n==Further\n        reading==\\n* Simon Collier and William F. Sater, ''''A History of Chile, 1808\\u20131894,''''\n        Cambridge University Press, 1996\\n* Paul W. Drake, and others., ''''Chile:\n        A Country Study,'''' Library of Congress, 1994\\n* Luis Galdames, ''''A History\n        of Chile,'''' University of North Carolina Press, 1941\\n* Brian Lovemen, ''''Chile:\n        The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism,'''' 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2001\\n*\n        John L. Rector, ''''The History of Chile,'''' Greenwood Press, 2003\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{Sister project links|voy=Chile}}\\n* [http://www.thisischile.cl/\n        Official Chile website]\\n* [http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/ Government of Chile]\\n*{{CIA\n        World Factbook link|ci|Chile}}\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/chile.htm\n        Chile] from ''''UCB Libraries GovPubs''''\\n*{{Dmoz|Regional/South_America/Chile}}\\n*\n        [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm Chile profile]\n        from the [[BBC News]]\\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103522/http://www.ubicachile.cl/\n        Road maps of Chile, interactive]\\n*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CHL/Year/2012/Summary\n        World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Chile]\\n*{{Wikiatlas|Chile}}\\n*{{osmrelation-inline|167454|bullet=no}}\\n*\n        [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CL Key Development\n        Forecasts for Chile] from [[International Futures]]\\n* [http://www.chileculture.org/\n        Chile Cultural Society]\\n\\n{{Chile topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|\n        title = International membership\\n| list =\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n{{Andean\n        Community of Nations}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of South\n        American Nations topics}}\\n{{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}\\n{{G-15\n        nations}}\\n{{Mercosur}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Authority control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Chile|\n        ]]\\n[[Category:G15 nations]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:Liberal\n        democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations]]\\n[[Category:Republics]]\\n[[Category:States\n        and territories established in 1818]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries\n        and territories]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:1818 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T04:11:36Z\",\"lastrevid\":798754974,\"length\":153246,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Thu, 22 Jun 2017 21:00:00 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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It has been called ''''Himno Nacional\n        Argentino'''' since it was published with that name in 1847. Its lyrics were\n        written by the Buenos Aires-born politician [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]]\n        and the music was composed by the Spanish musician [[Blas Parera]].{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.casarosada.gov.ar/nuestro-pais/simbolos-nacionales |title=S\\u00edmbolos\n        Nacionales |publisher=Presidency of the Argentine Nation |language=Spanish\n        |trans_title=National Symbols |accessdate=21 November 2011 |quote=La necesidad\n        de tener una canci\\u00f3n patri\\u00f3tica, que surgi\\u00f3 con la Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        de Mayo y que el Triunvirato supo comprender, se ve plasmada hoy en el Himno\n        Nacional Argentino, con m\\u00fasica de Blas Parera, letra de Vicente L\\u00f3pez\n        y Planes, y arreglo de Juan P. Esnaola.}} The work was adopted as the\n        sole official song on May 11, 1813, three years after the [[May Revolution]];\n        May 11 is therefore [[Anthem]] Day in Argentina.\\n\\nSome first, quite different,\n        anthems were composed from 1810; a version was then introduced in 1813 which\n        was used throughout the nineteenth century. The present, much shorter, anthem\n        comprises only the first and last verses and the chorus of the 1813 Patriotic\n        March, omitting much emotional text about the [[Argentine War of Independence|struggle\n        for independence]] from [[Spain]] (''''with strong arms they tear to pieces\n        the arrogant Iberian lion'''').\\n\\n==History==\\n[[File:Versi\\u00f3n francesa\n        del Himno argentino.jpg|thumb|right|160px|French transcription for piano by\n        Luis Messemaeckers, published in 1822. This is the oldest sheet found of the\n        anthem outside Argentina.]]\\nThe first anthem was the Patriotic March, published\n        on 15 November 1810 in the ''''{{lang|es|[[Gazeta de Buenos Ayres]]}}''''.\n        It had lyrics by Esteban de Luca and music by Blas Parera. This original anthem\n        made no reference to the [[name of Argentina]] (the country was not formally\n        named \\\"Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\\\" until 1826, although it was referred to\n        as such) or an independentist will, and talked instead about Spain being conquered\n        by France in the [[Peninsular War]], the absolutist restoration begun by the\n        Council of Regency, and the need to keep the republican freedoms achieved\n        so far in the Americas: \\\"Spain was victim / of the plotting Gaul / because\n        to the tyrants / she bent her neck / If there treachery / has doomed a thousands\n        cities / let sacred freedom and union reign here / Let the father to the sons\n        / be able to say / enjoy rights / that I did not enjoy\\\".{{cite book\n        |title=Seamos libres y lo dem\\u00e1s no importa nada |trans_title=Let us be\n        free and nothing else matters |last=Galasso |first=Norberto |authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso |year=2000 |publisher=Colihue |location=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |isbn=978-950-581-779-5 |page=103 |quote=''''Espa\\u00f1a fue presa / del Galo\n        sutil / porque a los tiranos / rindi\\u00f3 la cerbiz. / Si all\\u00e1 la perfidia\n        / perdi\\u00f3 a pueblos mil / libertad sagrada / y uni\\u00f3n reine aqu\\u00ed\n        / El padre a sus hijos / pueda ya decir / Gozad de derechos / que no conoc\\u00ed.''''}}\\n\\nIn\n        mid-1812, the ruling [[First Triumvirate (Argentina)|triumvirate]] ordered\n        the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] to commission a national anthem. Cayetano Rodr\\u00edguez,\n        a Franciscan friar, wrote a text that was approved on 4 August. The Catalan\n        musician Blas Parera, music director of the local theater, set it to music\n        and performed it for the first time with the orchestra he conducted on 1 November.{{cite\n        book |title=El Himno Nacional Argentino |trans_title=The Argentine National\n        Anthem |last=Vega |first=Carlos |year=1962 |publisher=Eudeba |location=Buenos\n        Aires |language=Spanish |pages=15\\u201318}}\\n\\nLess than a year later\n        the [[Asamblea del A\\u00f1o XIII|Assembly of Year XIII]] estimated that the\n        song was not effective enough to serve as a national anthem. On 6 March 1813\n        several poets were asked to submit lyrics. The poem by the lawyer Vicente\n        L\\u00f3pez y Planes was unanimously considered the best. It was approved as\n        the \\\"sole national march\\\" (''''{{lang|es|\\u00fanica marcha nacional}}'''')\n        on May 11, 1813. Parera was asked to compose a new musical setting around\n        the same date. He must have finished the piece in a few days. Oral tradition\n        has it that the premiere took place on May 14, 1813 at the home of the aristocrat\n        [[Mariquita S\\u00e1nchez|Mariquita S\\u00e1nchez de Thompson]], but there is\n        no documentary evidence of that.Galasso, p. 102. If this episode\n        is true, then Parera, contrary to certain misconceptions, wrote quickly and\n        under no visible coercion. The published song sheet is dated 14 May 1813.\n        He again conducted the official premiere in the theater on May 28, and was\n        paid 200 [[Argentine peso|pesos]].Vega, ''''El Himno Nacional Argentino'''',\n        pp. 22\\u201327.\\n\\n[[File:Partitura del Himno Nacional Argentino hallada\n        en Bolivia.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Music sheet]] found in [[Santa Ana de Velasco]],\n        [[Bolivia]], c. 1860.]]\\nThe song includes a line that has given rise to controversy:\n        ''''Buenos--Ayres se [o]pone \\u00e1 la frente De los pueblos de la \\u00ednclita\n        union''''. In the manuscript and an early printed song-sheet the word\n        ''''opone'''' is used; a slightly later version of the song-sheet correcting\n        obvious errors such as spelling mistakes was issued with the same date of\n        14 May 1813, but with ''''opone'''' changed to ''''pone''''. The meaning reverses:\n        \\\"Buenos Aires ''''opposes'''' the front of the people of the union\\\" to \\\"Buenos\n        Aires ''''positions itself at'''' the front ...\\\". The original ''''opone''''  has\n        been interpreted as advancing part of the centralist views in Buenos Aires,\n        but has also been considered a \\\"tragical misprint\\\". In\n        many other lines the anthem goes beyond the [[Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        theater]] of the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] and references\n        events in Mexico, Central America, Northern South America, and Upper Peru.Galasso,\n        pp. 102\\u2013103. The growing ideas of independence are reflected in\n        lines such as \\\"On the surface of the earth rises a glorious new nation, her\n        head is crowned with laurels, and a Lion lies defeated at her feet\\\". This\n        portrays not just Spanish absolutism, but Spain itself, as the enemy.Galasso,\n        p. 103.\\n\\nThe composition was then known as ''''{{lang|es|Canci\\u00f3n\n        Patri\\u00f3tica Nacional}}'''' (National Patriotic Song), and later simply\n        as ''''{{lang|es|Canci\\u00f3n Patri\\u00f3tica}}'''' (Patriotic Song), but\n        in [[Juan Pedro Esnaola]]''s early arrangement, dated around 1848, it appeared\n        under the title ''''{{lang|es|Himno Nacional Argentino}}'''', and the name\n        has been retained until today.Vega, ''''El Himno Nacional Argentino'''',\n        pp. 88\\u201389. In the complete version of the Anthem of May (as was\n        christened by L\\u00f3pez) it is noted that the political vision portrayed\n        is not only Argentine, but Latin American. The lyrics are ardently pro-independence\n        and anti-Spanish, as the country was at that time fighting for its independence\n        from Spain.{{cite web |url=http://nationalanthems.me/argentina-himno-nacional-argentino/\n        |title=Argentina |publisher=NationalAnthems.me |accessdate=21 November 2011\n        |quote=The original lyrics of the anthem included harsh attacks on Spain,\n        the former colonial power.}}\\n\\nThe song became popular immediately.\n        Within ten years documented performances took place throughout Argentina,\n        and also in Chile, Peru, and Colombia until they had their own anthems.Vega,\n        ''''El Himno Nacional Argentino'''', pp. 30\\u201341. Different versions\n        emerged, making mass singing difficult; several reforms were then proposed.\n        In 1860 Esnaola was commissioned to create an official version. He took the\n        task to heart, making many changes to the music, including a slower tempo,\n        a fuller texture, alterations to the melody, and enrichment of the harmony.\n        In 1927 a committee produced a historicist version that undid several of Esnaola''s\n        changes, but introduced new problems in the sung line. After a heated public\n        debate fueled by the newspaper ''''{{lang|es|[[La Prensa (Buenos Aires)|La\n        Prensa]]}}'''', this version was rejected and, following the recommendations\n        of a second committee, Esnaola''s arrangement was officially reinstated.{{cite\n        book |title=O juremos con gloria morir: historia de una \\u00e9pica de estado\n        |trans_title=Or swear to die gloriously: history of a state epic |last=Buch\n        |first=Esteban |date=January 1994 |publisher=Editorial Sudamericana |location=Buenos\n        Aires |language=Spanish |isbn=978-950-07-0964-4 |pages=103\\u2013114 }}\n        In 1944 it was confirmed as the official anthem.\\n\\nThroughout the 19th century\n        the anthem was sung in its entirety. However, once harsh feelings against\n        Spain had dissipated, and the country had become home to many Spanish immigrants,\n        a modification was introduced by a decree of President [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        on March 30, 1900:\\n\\n{{quote|''''\\\"Without producing alterations in the lyrics\n        of the National Anthem, there are in it verses that perfectly describe the\n        concept that nations universally have regarding their anthems in peaceful\n        times, and that harmonize with the serenity and dignity of thousands of Spanish\n        that share our living, those that can and must be preferred to be sung in\n        official parties, for they respect the traditions and the law in no offense\n        to anyone, the President of the Republic decrees that:''''\\n\\n''''In official\n        or public parties, as well as in public schools, shall be sung only the first\n        and last verses and the chorus of the National Song sanctioned by the General\n        Assembly on May 11, 1813.\\\"''''}}\\n\\nThe words strongly attacking Spain were\n        no longer sung.Buch, ''''O juremos con gloria morir'''', pp. 87\\u201392.\\n\\n==Usage==\\nPerformance\n        of the anthem is mandatory during all official events, and Argentines in attendance\n        are expected to stand up and sing it. [[Radio in Argentina|Radio]] broadcasters\n        voluntarily perform the anthem at midnight, while [[Television in Argentina|TV\n        channels]] do so before closing down their daily broadcast. On [[Public holidays\n        in Argentina|national holidays]], it is mandatory to perform the anthem at\n        midnight and noon.\\n\\nThe anthem is ruled in [[Law of Argentina|Argentine\n        law]] by Decree 10302/1944.\\n{{cite web |url=http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/verNorma.do?id=59311\n        |title=Decreto 10302/1944 |publisher=Ministry of Justice and Human Rights\n        |language=Spanish |trans_title=Decree 10302/1944 |accessdate=21 November 2011}}\\n\\nThe\n        rock musician [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]] broke legal regulations dealing with\n        the reproduction of the song when he included an idiosyncratic [[cover version]]\n        in his 1990 album ''''{{lang|es|Filosof\\u00eda barata y zapatos de goma}}'''',\n        stirring much controversy.Buch, ''''O juremos con gloria morir'''', pp.\n        147\\u2013156. In 1998 various [[Music of Argentina|Argentine artists]]\n        reedited the anthem and other patriotic songs in the joint album ''''{{lang|es|El\n        Grito Sagrado}}''''. Other singers followed on their footsteps recreating\n        the piece in their own ways.\\n\\nA line from the original anthem was used as\n        the Argentine title of the 1928 film known in English as ''''[[The Charge\n        of the Gauchos]]''''.\\n\\nThe anthem appears at the beginning of the [[1985\n        in film|1985]] movie ''''[[The Official Story]]'''', [[Academy Awards|Academy\n        Award]] winner.\\n===Short instrumental versions===\\n{{listen\\n | filename    =\n        Himno Nacional Argentino short instrumental.ogg\\n | title       = Short instrumental\\n\n        | description = Recording by the [[United States Navy]] Band of the abridged\n        version, used at occasions such as soccer games.\\n | format      = [[Ogg]]\\n}}\\nDue\n        to the excessive length of the official version, in international events such\n        as the [[Olympic Games]], professional [[Association football|soccer]] games,\n        and the [[Rugby World Cup]], only the instrumental introduction (which lasts\n        1 minute 6 seconds) is played. Another variation is to play the musical break\n        that leads into the chorus, the chorus itself, and the [[coda (music)|coda]].\n        Although traditional, these arrangements are not recognized by Argentine law.\\n\\n==Lyrics==\\n\\n===Original\n        version===\\nSeveral slightly different renderings of the original version,\n        ''''{{lang|es|Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica}}'''', have been published, some with\n        older spellings modernised and so on.{{cite web |url=http://www.profesorgentile.com.ar/himnonacional.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202074704/http://www.profesorgentile.com.ar/himnonacional.html|archivedate=2013-12-02|title=\\u00a1O\\u00edd\n        Mortales!... |first=Fernando |last=Pereyra |work=Dr. Jorge Horacio Gentile\n        |language=Spanish |trans_title=Hear mortals!... |accessdate=5 November 2014}}\n        A modern rendering of the original version, with some changes to wording and\n        punctuation The very first version published[http://colegiodecaligrafos.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/primerimpresohimno.jpg\n        Early published version of the Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica, with errors], including\n        \\\"se ''''opone'''' a la frente\\\" instead of \\\"se ''''pone'''' a la frente\\\".\n        had some errors. In addition to spelling mistakes (\\\"imbasor\\\" for \\\"invasor\\\"\n        in the printed version, but not the manuscriptImage of manuscript [http://mininterior.gov.ar/archivo/galerias/img_galerias/himno_03.jpg\n        page 1] [http://mininterior.gov.ar/archivo/galerias/img_galerias/himno_04.jpg\n        page 2]), an error that was particularly unfortunate in light of later\n        conflicts was \\\"Buenos--Ayres se ''''opone'''' a la frente de los pueblos\n        ...\\\" in the manuscript instead of \\\"... se ''''pone'''' ...\\\"; \\\"Buenos Aires\n        ''''opposes'''' the front of the peoples\\\" instead of \\\"Buenos Aires ''''puts\n        itself at'''' the front of the peoples\\\".[http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1669-90412006000100015&script=sci_arttext\n        The Patriotic March written by Vicente L\\u00f3pez: Depiction of a historical\n        scene of tension]. Analysis of the original Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica, in Spanish,\n        with abstract in English. A \\\"corrected\\\" original version bearing the\n        same date of 14 May 1813 (still with some clear errors, such as ''''son\\u00f3ro'''',\n        ''''cien'''' for [[Temple (anatomy)|temples]] of the head, and inconsistencies\n        such as both ''''alas'''' and ''''\\u00e1las'''') is transcribed below, as\n        printed.[http://tn.com.ar/sites/default/files/2013/05/11/uploaded/image012.gif\n        Image of the 14 May 1813 sheet with the words of the  Marcha Patri\\u00f3tica]\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=\\\"320\\\"|''''''''''{{lang|es|Marcha\n        Patri\\u00f3tica}}'''' (1813)''''''!!width=\\\"390\\\"|English translation\\n|-\n        valign=\\\"top\\\"\\n||\\n  O\\u00edd, mortales el grito sagrado\\nLibertad,\n        libertad, libertad:\\nO\\u00edd el ruido de rotas cadenas,\\nved en trono a la\n        noble igualdad.\\nSe levanta en la faz de la tierra\\nUna nueva gloriosa naci\\u00f3n,\\nCoronada\n        su cien de laureles,\\nY a sus plantas rendido un Leon.\\n            CORO\\n      ''''Sean\n        eternos los laureles,''''\\n    ''''Que supimos conseguir:''''\\n    ''''Coronados\n        de gloria vivamos,''''\\n    ''''O juremos con gloria morir.''''\\n\\n  De los\n        nuevos campeones los rostros\\nMarte mismo parece animar;\\nLa grandeza se anida\n        en sus pechos:\\nA su marcha todo hacen temblar.\\nSe conmueven del Inca las\n        tumbas,\\nY en sus huesos revive el ardor,\\nLo que v\\u00e9 renovando a sus\n        hijos\\nDe la Patria el antiguo esplendor.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  Pero\n        sierras y muros se sienten\\nRetumbar con horrible fragor:\\nTodo el pa\\u00eds\n        se conturba por gritos\\nDe venganza, de guerra, y furor.\\nEn los fieros tiranos\n        la envidia\\nEscupi\\u00f3 su pest\\u00edfera hiel,\\nSu estandarte sangriento\n        levantan\\nprovocando a la lid m\\u00e1s cruel.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles\n        &c.''''\\n  \\u00bfNo los veis sobre M\\u00e9xico, y Quito\\nArrojarse con sa\\u00f1a\n        tenaz?\\n\\u00bfY qu\\u00e1l lloran, ba\\u00f1ados en sangre\\nPotos\\u00ed, Cochabamba,\n        y La Paz?\\n\\u00bfNo los veis sobre el triste Caracas\\nLuto, y llanto, y muerte\n        esparcir?\\n\\u00bfNo los veis devorando qual fieras\\nTodo pueblo que logran\n        rendir?\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  A vosotros se atreve Argentinos,\\nEl\n        orgullo del vil invasor.\\nVuestros campos y\\u00e1 pisa contando\\nTantas glorias\n        hollar vencedor.\\nMas los bravos, que unidos juraron\\nSu feliz libertad sostener,\\nA\n        estos tigres sedientos de sangre\\nFuertes pechos sabr\\u00e1n oponer.\\n''''Sean\n        eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  El valiente Argentino \\u00e1 las armas\\nCorre\n        ardiendo con br\\u00edo y valor:\\nEl clar\\u00edn de la guerra, qual trueno\\nEn\n        los campos del Sud reson\\u00f3.\\n{{sic|Buenos--Ayres|hide=y}} se oponeTypo; \\\"pone\\\" is meant. \\u00e1 la frente\\nDe\n        los pueblos de la \\u00ednclita union,\\nY con brazos robustos desgarran\\nAl\n        ib\\u00e9rico altivo Leon.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  San Jos\\u00e9,\n        San Lorenzo, Suipacha,\\nAmbas Piedras, Salta, y Tucum\\u00e1n,\\nLa Colonia\n        y las mismas murallas\\nDel tirano en la banda Oriental.\\nSon letreros eternos\n        que dicen:\\nAqu\\u00ed el brazo argentino triunf\\u00f3:\\nAqu\\u00ed el fiero\n        opresor de la Patria\\nsu cerviz orgullosa dobl\\u00f3.\\n''''Sean eternos los\n        laureles &c.''''\\n  La victoria al guerrero argentino\\ncon sus \\u00e1las brillantes\n        cubri\\u00f3,\\nY azorado \\u00e1 su vista el tirano\\nCon infamia \\u00e1 la fuga\n        se di\\u00f3.\\nSus banderas, sus armas se rinden \\npor trofeos a la libertad,\\nY\n        sobre alas de gloria alza el pueblo\\nTrono digno a su gran majestad.\\n''''Sean\n        eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n  Desde un polo hasta el otro resuena\\nDe la\n        fama el son\\u00f3ro clar\\u00edn,\\nY de Am\\u00e9rica el nombre ense\\u00f1ando\\nLes\n        repite, mortales, o\\u00edd:\\nY\\u00e1 su trono dign\\u00edsimo abrieron\\nLas\n        provincias unidas del Sud.\\nY los libres del mundo responden\\nAl gran pueblo\n        argentino salud.\\n''''Sean eternos los laureles &c.''''\\n\\n  Es copia ''''Dr\n        Bernardo Velez''''  Secretario del Gobierno de Intendencia.\\n    ''''Buenos\n        Ayres mayo 14 de 1813. [[:es:Real Imprenta de Ni\\u00f1os Exp\\u00f3sitos|Imprenta\n        de Ni\\u00f1os Exp\\u00f3sitos]]''''.\\n||\\nHear, mortals, the sacred\n        cry:\\n\\\"Freedom, freedom, freedom\\\"\\nHear the sound of broken chains,\\nsee\n        noble equality enthroned.\\nOn the face of the earth rises \\nA glorious new\n        nation. \\nHer head is crowned with laurels, \\nAnd a Lion lies defeated at\n        her feet.\\n            CHORUS\\n''''May the laurels be eternal'''',\\n''''that\n        we knew how to win''''.\\n''''Let us live crowned with glory'''',\\n''''or swear\n        to die gloriously''''.\\n\\nThe faces of the new champions\\nseem animated by\n        Mars himself\\nGreatness nestles in their breasts:\\nas they march everything\n        trembles.\\nThe tombs of the dead Inca are shaken up,\\nand in their bones the\n        ardour revives\\nwhich renews their children\\nof the Fatherland the ancient\n        splendour.\\n''''May the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nBut hills and walls are\n        heard\\nto echo with awful clamour:\\nthe whole country is shaken by cries\\nof\n        revenge, of war, and fury.\\nOn fierce tyrants envy\\nspat its pestilential\n        bile;\\ntheir bloody standard they raise\\nprovoking the most cruel fighting.\\n''''May\n        the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nDo you not see them on Mexico and Quito\\nthrowing\n        themselves with tenacious cruelty?\\nAnd how weep, soaked in blood,\\nPotos\\u00ed,\n        Cochabamba and La Paz?\\nDo you not see them over sad Caracas\\nspread mourning,\n        and tears, and death?\\nDo you not see them devouring as wild beasts\\nall peoples\n        who they defeat?\\n''''May the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nIt dares face you,\n        Argentines,\\nthe pride of the vile invader.\\nYour lands it tramples, boasting\\nof\n        many glories as victor.\\nBut the brave, who united swore\\ntheir happy freedom\n        to sustain,\\nthese blood-thirsty tigers\\nthey will confront with strong chests.\\n''''May\n        the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nThe valiant Argentine to arms\\nruns burning\n        with zest and valour,\\nthe bugle of war, as thunder,\\nin the fields of the\n        South resounded.\\nBuenos Aires opposesTypo in original; \\\"puts itself\n        at the front\\\" is meant. See top of this section the front\\nof the people\n        of the illustrious Union,\\nand with strong arms they tear to pieces\\nthe arrogant\n        Iberian lion.\\n''''May the laurels be eternal etc''''.\\nSan Jos\\u00e9, San\n        Lorenzo, Suipacha,\\nboth Piedras, Salta and Tucum\\u00e1n,\\nLa Colonia and\n        even the walls\\nof the tyrant on the Eastern bank\\u2020.\\nThey are eternal\n        signboards that say:\\n\\\"Here Argentine hands triumphed,\\nhere the fierce oppressor\n        of the Fatherland\\nhis proud neck bent\\\".\\n''''May the laurels be eternal\n        etc''''.\\nVictory enveloped the Argentine warrior\\nwith its shining wings,\\nand\n        stunned at this sight the tyrant\\nwith infamy took to flight.\\nHis flags,\n        his arms surrendered\\nas trophies to freedom,\\nand on wings of glory the people\n        raise\\na throne worthy of its great majesty.\\n''''May the laurels be eternal\n        etc''''.\\nFrom pole to pole resounds\\nthe sonorous bugle of fame,\\nand showing\n        the name of America\\nit repeats \\\"Mortals, hear!:\\nTheir noble throne have\n        now opened\\nthe united provinces of the South.\\\"\\nAnd the free people of the\n        world reply:\\n\\\"To the great Argentine people, hail!\\\"\\n''''May the laurels\n        be eternal etc''''.\\n\\n\\u2020 \\\"Eastern bank\\\" of the [[Uruguay\n        River]].\\n|}\\n\\n===Modern version===\\nThe following is the modern\n        version, adopted in 1924, omitting the long anti-Spanish middle section.\\n{|\n        class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n!width=\\\"290\\\"|''''''Abbreviated modern version (1924)''''''!!width=\\\"360\\\"|English\n        translation\\n|- valign=\\\"top\\\"\\n||\\nO\\u00edd, mortales, el grito sagrado:\\n\\\"\\u00a1Libertad! \\u00a1Libertad! \\u00a1Libertad!\\\"
\\nO\\u00edd el\n        ruido de rotas cadenas
\\nved en trono a la noble igualdad
\\n\\nYa su trono dign\\u00edsimo abrieron
\\nlas Provincias Unidas del Sud\\ny los libres del mundo responden:
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino,\n        salud!\\\"
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino, salud!\\\"
\\nY los libres\n        del mundo responden:
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino, salud!\\\"\\nY los libres del mundo responden:
\\n\\\"\\u00a1Al gran pueblo argentino,\n        salud!\\\"
\\n
\\nSean eternos los laureles,
\\nque supimos conseguir,\\nque supimos conseguir.
\\nCoronados de gloria vivamos
\\no juremos\n        con gloria morir!
\\nO juremos con gloria morir!
\\nO juremos con\n        gloria morir!
\\n||\\nHear, mortals, the sacred cry:
\\n\\\"Freedom!\n        Freedom! Freedom!\\\"
\\nHear the sound of broken chains
\\nSee noble\n        equality enthroned.
\\n
\\nTheir most worthy throne have now opened\\nThe [[United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata|United Provinces of the\n        South]].
\\nAnd the free people of the world reply:
\\n\\\"To the great\n        [[Argentine people]], hail!\\\"
\\n\\\"To the great Argentine people, hail!\\\"\\nAnd the free ones of the world reply:
\\n\\\"To the great Argentine\n        people, hail!\\\"
\\nAnd the free ones of the world reply:
\\n\\\"To the\n        great Argentine people, hail!\\\"
\\n
\\nMay the laurels be eternal\\nthat we were able to achieve
\\nthat we were able to achieve
\\nLet\n        us live crowned in glory
\\nor let us swear in glory to die
\\nOr\n        let us swear in glory to die
\\nOr let us swear in glory to die.
\\n|}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n*[http://nationalanthems.me/argentina-himno-nacional-argentino/ Argentina:\n        ''''Himno Nacional Argentino'''' - Audio of the national anthem of Argentina,\n        with information and lyrics]\\n*[http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/ANTHEMS/Argentina%20(long).mp3\n        Argentine National Anthem MP3]\\n*[http://www.nationalanthems.info/ar.mp3 Argentine\n        National Anthem MP3]\\n*[https://archive.org/download/HimnoNacionalArgentino_100/HimnoNacionalArgentinovocal.mp3\n        Argentine National Anthem (vocal) MP3]\\n*[http://www.sitiosargentina.com.ar/mp3/himno_inst.mp3\n        Argentine National Anthem MP3]\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTAf27OkuYE\n        Argentine National Anthem with English subtitles] on [[YouTube]].\\n*[https://archive.org/details/himnoargquechua\n        Listen in the Quechua language]\\n*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wjz5ZcHNgbA\n        Argentine National Anthem] Upade Radio broadcast Television Versi\\u00f3n.\\n*[http://users.atw.hu/szbszig/argentina.mp3\n        Choral]\\n\\n{{National emblems of Argentina}}\\n{{National Anthems of South\n        America}}\\n\\n[[Category:National symbols of Argentina]]\\n[[Category:South\n        American anthems|Argentina]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-language songs]]\\n[[Category:1810s\n        songs]]\\n[[Category:National anthems]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-08T06:00:42Z\",\"lastrevid\":786039401,\"length\":25152,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_National_Anthem\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine_National_Anthem&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_National_Anthem\"},\"29464291\":{\"pageid\":29464291,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"En\n        uni\\u00f3n y libertad\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-22T22:50:04Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"''''''''''{{lang|es|En\n        uni\\u00f3n y libertad}}'''''''''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for \\\"in unity\n        and freedom\\\") is [[Argentina]]''s national motto.{{cite web |url=http://www.centrosanfrancisco.org.ar/noticias/UNION.pdf\n        |title=En uni\\u00f3n y libertad |last=Pezzano |first=Luciano |website=Centro\n        Filat\\u00e9lico y Numism\\u00e1tico San Francisco |page=1 |language=Spanish\n        |trans_title=In unity and freedom |format=PDF |accessdate=3 January 2014 |quote=El\n        objeto de este estudio es la divisa \\\"En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad\\\", aut\\u00e9ntico\n        lema nacional ...}}{{cite web |url=http://www.caei.com.ar/sites/default/files/cultura.pdf#page=17\n        |title=La cultura como factor de un poder de estado |last=Fern\\u00e1ndez |first=Sebasti\\u00e1n\n        Mart\\u00edn |website=Centro Argentino de Estudios Internacionales |page=17\n        |language=Spanish |trans_title=Culture as a factor of a state power |format=PDF\n        |accessdate=3 January 2014 |quote=El lema de la Argentina es desde la Asamblea\n        del A\\u00f1o XIII \\\"En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad\\\".}} It appeared for the\n        first time on the earliest Argentine gold and silver coins, as established\n        by the [[Assembly of the Year XIII|1813 General Assembly]]{{cite web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/escudonacional/asamblea.html\n        |title=Asamblea General Constituyente. Sesi\\u00f3n del 12 de Marzo de 1813\n        |website=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n |language=Spanish\n        |trans_title=General Constituent Assembly. Session of March 12, 1813 |accessdate=3\n        January 2014 |quote=... por el reverso un Sol que ocupe todo el centro,\n        y alrededor la inscripci\\u00f3n siguiente: En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad ...\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104034616/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/escudonacional/asamblea.html\n        |archivedate=4 January 2014 |df= }} during the [[Argentine War of Independence|War\n        of Independence]] of the [[United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\n        from the [[Spanish Empire]]. It can be seen in all [[Argentine peso|peso]]\n        coins and banknotes currently in circulation.\\n\\n\\nFile:Coat\n        of arms of Argentina.svg|[[Coat of arms of Argentina]]. The handshake symbolizes\n        unity and the [[Phrygian cap]], freedom.\\n\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n\\n{{National\n        emblems of Argentina}}\\n\\n{{DEFAULTSORT:En union y libertad}}\\n[[Category:National\n        symbols of Argentina]]\\n[[Category:National mottos]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-22T22:50:04Z\",\"lastrevid\":796764760,\"length\":2322,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_uni%C3%B3n_y_libertad\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=En_uni%C3%B3n_y_libertad&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_uni%C3%B3n_y_libertad\"},\"2627884\":{\"pageid\":2627884,\"ns\":0,\"title\":\"Constitution\n        of Argentina\",\"revisions\":[{\"timestamp\":\"2017-08-19T21:51:55Z\",\"contentformat\":\"text/x-wiki\",\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"*\":\"{{Politics\n        of Argentina}}\\nThe ''''''Constitution of Argentina'''''' is the basic governing\n        document of [[Argentina]], and the primary source of existing [[Law of Argentina|law\n        in Argentina]]. [[Argentine Constitution of 1853|Its first version]] was written\n        in 1853 by a Constitutional Assembly gathered in [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]], and the doctrinal basis was taken in part from the [[United States Constitution]].\n        It was then reformed in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 (which mainly repealed\n        the 1949 reform), and the current version is the [[1994 reform of the Argentine\n        Constitution|reformed text of 1994]].\\n\\n==History==\\n[[Image:JuanBaustistaAlberdi.JPG|thumb|230px|[[Juan\n        Bautista Alberdi]], the legal scholar who drafted the 1853 Constitution.]]\n        \\nThe first attempt to divide political power in [[Argentina]] was during\n        the government created after the [[May Revolution]] (Spanish: Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        de Mayo): the [[Primera Junta]] could not create new taxes without the ''''Cabildo''''''s\n        authorization.\\n\\nMany revolutionary leaders, led by [[Mariano Moreno]], wanted\n        to declare independence immediately and to make a constitution in order to\n        build an independent state. In October 1811, the [[Junta Grande]], which succeeded\n        the Primera Junta, enacted the Regulation for the Division of Power, but it\n        was not accepted by the [[First Triumvirate (Argentina)|executive power]].\n        Nevertheless, the [[freedom of press]] and the Decree on Individual Security\n        were accepted by November.\\nIn 1813, the [[Asamblea del A\\u00f1o XIII|General\n        Constitutional Assembly]] was intended to declare a constitution but it could\n        only declare the freedom for slaves'' sons.\\n\\nIn [[Argentine Constitution\n        of 1819|1819]] and [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826]] were declared two\n        constitutions that eventually failed because of the disagreement between [[Federales\n        (Argentina)|Federals]] and [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]].\\nMany other ''''constitutional''''\n        pacts existed between 1820 and 1853 (when the current Argentine Constitution\n        was enacted). The most important of them are: the [[Treaty of Pilar]] (1820),\n        the [[Quadrilateral Treaty|Treaty of the ''''Cuadril\\u00e1tero'''']] (1822),\n        the [[Pacto Federal|Federal Pact]] (1831), the Palermo Protocol (1852), and\n        the [[San Nicol\\u00e1s Agreement|Treaty of San Nicol\\u00e1s]] (1852).\\n\\nThe\n        [[Pacto Federal|Federal Pact]] urged all the provinces to call a General Federal\n        Congress, however this would have limited [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]]''s power\n        who was the most powerful province governor, so the Congress was never called.\\nWhen\n        Rosas was defeated, in 1852, the [[San Nicol\\u00e1s Agreement|Treaty of San\n        Nicol\\u00e1s]] finally called the Constitutional Congress that, in Santa Fe,\n        on May 1, 1853, sworn to make effective the federal Constitution. Consequently,\n        the [[Buenos Aires Province|Province of Buenos Aires]] left the [[Argentine\n        Confederation]] until 1859.\\n\\n===Reforms to the 1853 Constitution===\\nThe\n        first constitutional amendment to the original 1853 text was performed in\n        1860 after Buenos Aires rejoined the Argentine Confederation. It consisted\n        of several changes to many of the original articles. One of the major changes\n        was the renaming of the state: according to the reform, the country would\n        be officially named ''''Rep\\u00fablica Argentina'''' (\\\"Argentine Republic\\\")\n        and, for legal purposes, ''''Naci\\u00f3n Argentina'''' (\\\"Argentine Nation\\\"),\n        replacing the older Argentine Confederation denomination in all articles of\n        the constitution. Another important inclusion was the constitutional recognizing\n        of Buenos Aires'' exclusive rights guaranteed by the Treaty of San Nicol\\u00e1s.\\n\\nThe\n        following reform was done in 1866 and established that exportation and importation\n        taxes would be destined to the National Treasury indefinitely, no longer until\n        1866 as the 1860 reform did.\\n\\nIn 1898, another minor constitutional amendment\n        was approved. It allowed a more flexible ratio for proportional apportionment\n        in the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] and set the number\n        of ministries to eight.\\n\\nDuring [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]]''s government\n        the [[Argentine Constitution of 1949]] was successfully passed, a major revision\n        of the constitution. Its goal was to modernize and adapt the text to the twentieth\n        century''s concepts of democracy, as for example, including a list of ''''social\n        rights'''' including better working conditions for the working class, right\n        to good education, etc. This also was included into the principles stated\n        on the Preamble. Also, it permitted the indefinite reelection of the president.\\n\\nDuring\n        the military regime known as the ''''[[Revoluci\\u00f3n Libertadora]]'''' that\n        had deposed Per\\u00f3n''s government in 1955, in 1957 and before the elections\n        that had to be held in 1958, a Constitutional Convention was elected to reform\n        the constitution. This reform does not include 1949''s, implicitly annulling\n        it so the text was based on the 1898 one. The only changes done were to include\n        a summary of Per\\u00f3n''s social articles known as ''''article 14 bis''''\n        (existing currently) and to establish the necessity to have a Labour and Social\n        Security Code.\\n\\nIn 1972, a \\\"Constitutional Amendment\\\" done by the military\n        government led by general [[Alejandro A. Lanusse]] reformed the 1957 text.\n        This had to last until 1977 but its application could be extended until 1981\n        if no Constitutional Convention in 1976 decided either to accept it or reject\n        it definitively. This amendment was not fully applied by the democratic government\n        of Per\\u00f3n in his third term nor by his wife [[Isabel Per\\u00f3n]] acting\n        as President after his death. Some changes were related to the size of Senate\n        and one-term reelection of president and vice-president. Also reduced presidential,\n        senatorial and deputies'' terms all to four years.\\n\\nThe last (and current)\n        version of the Argentine Constitution was done by [[Carlos Sa\\u00fal Menem]]\n        in 1994. It included many of the modifications from the 1972 \\\"amendment\\\"\n        as the growth of the Senate size (three per Province), one-term presidential\n        reelection and reduction of its term to four years. It also made [[Buenos\n        Aires|Buenos Aires City]] an [[Autonomous city|autonomous entity]] with its\n        own authorities. Other changes were done to ensure a softer presidentialist\n        regime, the inclusion of a new chapter into the Bill of Rights related to\n        politics, health and environment, and also the adoption of a much faster legislative\n        procedure for creating laws. In addition with the 1994 constitutional reform,\n        the requirement of belonging to the Roman Catholic faith in order to be President\n        or Vice President of the Republic, was also abolished.{{cite web|title=Argentina\n        1853 (reinst. 1983, rev. 1994)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Argentina_1994?lang=en|website=Constitute|accessdate=2\n        March 2015}}\\n\\n==Divisions==\\nThe Argentine Constitution has four major\n        division types; Parts, Titles, Divisions and Chapters, though these need not\n        be present all the time. For example, the First Part is divided into Chapters\n        but not into Titles nor Sections. The scheme of the Constitution is the following:\\n*Preamble\\n*First\n        Part (43 sections)\\n**First Chapter ''''Declarations, rights and guarantees''''\n        (35 sections)\\n**Second Chapter ''''New rights and guarantees'''' (8 sections)\\n*Second\n        Part ''''Authorities of the Nation'''' (86 sections)\\n**First Title ''''Federal\n        Government'''' (77 sections)\\n***First Division ''''Of the Legislative Power''''\n        (43 sections, 42 + 1 separated)\\n****First Chapter ''''Of the Chamber of Deputies''''''(9\n        sections)\\n****Second Chapter ''''Of the Senate'''' (9 sections)\\n****Third\n        Chapter ''''Common dispositions to both Chambers'''' (12 sections)\\n****Fourth\n        Chapter ''''Powers of the Congress'''' (2 sections, of which one is sub-divided\n        32 times)\\n****Fifth Chapter ''''Of the formation of Laws'''' (8 sections)\\n****Sixth\n        Chapter ''''Of the [[Auditor\\u00eda General de la Nacion]] (1 sections)\\n****Seventh\n        Chapter ''''Of the Ombudsman'''' (1 sections)\\n***Second Division ''''Of the\n        Executive Power'''' (21 sections)\\n****First Chapter ''''Of its nature and\n        duration'''' (7 sections)\\n****Second Chapter ''''Of the way and time of the\n        election of the President and \\n****Third Chapter ''''Powers of the Executive\n        Branch'''' (1 sections sub-divided 20 times)\\n****Fourth Chapter ''''Of the\n        ministers'''' (8 sections, of which one is sub-divided 13 times)\\n***Third\n        Division ''''Of the Judicial Power'''' (12 sections)\\n****First Chapter ''''Of\n        its nature and duration'''' (8 sections)\\n****Second Chapter ''''Powers of\n        the Judicial Branch'''' (4 sections)\\n***Fourth Section ''''Of the Office\n        of the Public Prosecution'''' (1 sections)\\n**Second Title ''''Provincial\n        Governments'''' (9 sections)\\n*Transitorial Provisions\\n\\n==Preamble==\\n[[Image:Constituci\\u00f3n\n        Nacional Argentina 1853 - p\\u00e1gina 1.jpeg|thumb|240px|left|''''\\\"Nos los\n        Representantes del Pueblo de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina …\\\"'''']]\\nThe\n        Preamble of the Argentine Constitution states or implies, in short terms,\n        a number of starting points for the conception of the nation, such as a representative\n        government. It acknowledges previous agreements to create a constitution (in\n        order to legitimize the gathering of the Assembly). Finally, it lays the foundations\n        for the policy of support of [[immigration in Argentina|immigration]], by\n        asking \\\"for the protection of [[God]], source of all reason and justice\\\"\n        for all people who desire to inhabit Argentina.\\n\\n==Declarations, rights\n        and guarantees ==\\nThe Constitution establishes a Bill of Rights and Guarantees\n        for all individuals, Argentine or foreign; the inviolability of the right\n        of life, liberty, equality, security and property. The second chapter, added\n        in 1994, deals with public ethics, political rights, environmental protection\n        and consumer rights.\\n\\nCivil rights are recognized to all inhabitants with\n        no distinction of nationality. This is a consequence of the traditional interest\n        of Argentina in the affluence of foreigners and foreign investment. Labor\n        rights are also acknowledged (this is part of the legacy of [[Peronism]],\n        resulting in the 1949 and 1957 reforms). These include limited labor day,\n        just salary, right of organization, social security benefits, etc.\\n\\nThe\n        constitution declares that no one can be deprived of property, except in case\n        of judicial sentence based on previously enacted legislation, or through expropriation\n        for reasons of public utility, dully qualified by law and previously indemnified.\n        The person, its judicial defense, its domicile and correspondence are inviolable.\\n\\nWhat\n        the law does not forbid is permitted. Individuals have complete freedom to\n        do or refuse to do anything in private, except if that interferes with public\n        order or morality, or causes damage to third parties.\\n\\nThe 1994 reform introduces\n        several new legal figures: ''''amparo judicial'''' (an [[injunction]]), ''''habeas\n        corpus'''' and ''''habeas data''''. Injunctions are destined to protect citizens\n        from actual or imminent damage; ''''[[habeas corpus (Argentine law)|habeas\n        corpus]]'''' (known for a long time to Argentine jurisprudence, and related\n        to the [[habeas corpus]] of [[Common Law]]) is to protect the citizen''s physical\n        freedom; and ''''[[habeas data (Argentine law)|habeas data]]'''' is a person''s\n        right to access information about himself or herself, and request its confidentiality,\n        a change or a suppression.\\n\\nThe Argentine Constitution''s rights are divided\n        in four groups: Civil, patrimonial, politic and social.\\n\\n===Declarations===\\nDeclarations\n        state the basis that hold the nation''s politics and define it as an independent\n        entity, for example, Article 1 states that the government is representative,\n        republican and federal and Article 35 lists the Country''s official names.\\n\\n===Guarantees===\\nThey\n        are institutional methods to protect the exercise of fundamental rights. They\n        are so important that it is possible to say that a right can be held as long\n        as it has a guarantee to protect it.\\nMost of Guarantees are in the sections\n        18 and 43, between these are: habeas corpus, the abolition of death penalty\n        and torture.\\n\\n===Rights===\\nThe Argentine Constitution''s rights are divided\n        in four groups: Civil, patrimonial, politic and social.\\n\\n* ''''''Civil''''''\n        rights are related to the people as individuals. Some examples are: right\n        to live, have honor, have a name, make associations and to express opinions.\\n*\n        ''''''Patrimonial'''''' rights protect men in relation to their goods. Some\n        examples are: to own, to sell and to hire and build legal industries.\\n* ''''''Politic''''''\n        rights allow people to take part in the government, by themselves or by electing\n        representatives: this category includes the right to choose and be chosen\n        for the government and to make or join a political party.\\n* ''''''Social''''''\n        rights are related to people as part of society: these are (among many others)\n        the rights to work, to have fair wages, to know, to learn, to teach.\\n\\nIn\n        [[Argentina]], Freedom is one of the most important rights. Section 19 says\n        that private actions of men that don''t harm the public order or another man\n        can not be judged by authorities. Moreover, it holds the \\\"principle of legality\\\":\n        ''''No inhabitant of the Nation will be forced to do what the law doesn''t\n        order nor forbidden to do what the law doesn''t forbid''''.\\nEquality is as\n        important as freedom. Section 16 states that in the country there are no noble\n        titles and \\\"all its inhabitants are equal before the law\\\"\\n\\n==Form of government==\\nAccording\n        to the Constitution, Argentina is a representative [[federalism|federal]]\n        [[republic]], divided in [[provinces of Argentina|provinces]], [[municipality|municipalities]],\n        and the Autonomous City of [[Buenos Aires]]. Each province has the right and\n        duty to dictate its own constitution, respecting the same principles as the\n        national constitution.\\n\\n==Divisions of government powers==\\n[[Image:Edificio\n        del Congreso en Buenos Aires 2004.JPG|thumb|250px|Congress building in Buenos\n        Aires, Argentina]]\\nThe Constitution mandates a strict separation of government\n        powers, into three branches (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial) and the\n        Public Ministry.\\n\\n===Executive===\\nThe Executive Branch is formed by the\n        [[President of Argentina|President]] (Art. 87). The Vice-president replaces\n        the President in case of illness, absence from the capital, death, resignation,\n        or removal.\\n\\nThe Vice-President doesn''t belong to the executive branch.\n        Curiously, it belongs to the legislative branch since he is also the president\n        of the senate. (Art. 57)\\n\\nThe President promulgates the laws sanctioned\n        by Congress, and has veto power over them. The President directs international\n        relations and is the Commander in Chief of the Army. In some cases, the President\n        can issue [[Necessity and Urgency Decree|emergency decrees]].\\n\\n===Legislative===\\nThe\n        Legislative Branch is composed of the Vice-President, a bicameral Congress,\n        the General Auditing Office of the Nation and the Ombudsman. Congress is divided\n        in two Houses: ''''C\\u00e1mara de Diputados'''' ([[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]], the Lower House) and ''''C\\u00e1mara de Senadores'''' ([[Argentine\n        Senate|Senate]], the Upper House).\\n\\nThe Vice-President belongs in the Legislative\n        Branch since he (or she) is also the President of the Senate Chamber.\\n\\nThe\n        General Auditing Office of the Nation is a technical advisory body of Congress\n        with functional autonomy.\\n\\nThe Ombudsman is an independent body which works\n        without receiving instructions from any authority. The mission of the Ombudsman\n        is the defense and protection of human rights, civil rights and guarantees,\n        and the control of the Administration.\\n\\n===Judicial===\\nThe Judicial Branch\n        is formed by the Supreme Court, and lower courts throughout the country. The\n        Supreme Justices and all judges hold their offices as long as they are not\n        deposed for misbehavior.\\n\\n===Public Ministry===\\nThe Public Ministry is\n        an independent body with functional autonomy and financial autarchy, with\n        the function of promoting justice for the defense of legality, of the general\n        interests of society, in coordination with the other authorities of the Republic.\\n\\nIt\n        is composed of an Attorney General of the Nation and an Ombudsman General\n        of the Nation, and such other members as the law may establish.\\n\\n==See also==\\n*[[Argentine\n        Constitution of 1853]]\\n* [[Argentine Constitution of 1949]]\\n* [[Politics\n        of Argentina]]\\n* [[Law of Argentina]]\\n* [[Constitution]]\\n* [[Constitutional\n        law]]\\n* [[Constitutional economics]]\\n* [[Constitutionalism]]\\n* [[Rule according\n        to higher law]]\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist}}\\n{{wikisourcepar|Constitution\n        of Argentina}}\\n*{{en icon}} [http://www.biblioteca.jus.gov.ar/argentina-constitution.pdf\n        Official translation to English]\\n*{{es icon}} {{cite web |url= http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dip/congreso/Constitucion%20sola.pdf\n        |archive-url= http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090224232449/http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dip/congreso/Constitucion%20sola.pdf\n        |dead-url= yes |archive-date= 2009-02-24 |title= Complete text }} {{small|(323 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}\n        from the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies]] page.\\n*{{es icon}} [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12948322049039384109435/p0000001.htm#I_0_\n        Reforms to the original 1853 Constitution]\\n\\n''''Formaci\\u00f3n \\u00c9tica\n        y ciudadana, los derechos humanos, la vida en democracia y la sociedad justa''''\n        - Casullo, Funes, Hirschmann, Rasnosky, and Schuster, {{ISBN|950-46-0582-6}}\\n\\n{{Americas\n        topic|Constitution of|title=Constitutions of American countries}}\\n{{Argentina\n        topics}}\\n\\n[[Category:Constitutions of Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Argentine\n        law]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-08-19T21:51:55Z\",\"lastrevid\":796301393,\"length\":17412,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Thu, 22 Jun 2017 21:00:00 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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\\n }}\\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de\n        Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\\n|other_symbol_type\n        = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \\\"In\n        the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its\n        demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds\n        and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one\n        accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin\n        of the \\\"sun of May\\\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag\n        and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\\\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:\n        \\\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun\n        commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,\n        during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\\\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}{{small|(Sun of May)}}\\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\\n|map_width\n        = 220px\\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised\n        territories shown in light green.\\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\\n|largest_city\n        = capital\\n|languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national\n        language}} \\n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\\n|languages2_type\n        = Regional languages\\n|languages2 = \\n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\\u00ed language|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];}}\\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],\n        [[Mocov\\u00ed language|Mocov\\u00ed]] and [[Wich\\u00ed language|Wichi]] in\n        [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]\\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\\n  |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\\n  |Argentinian\\n  |{{nowrap|Argentinean\n        {{small|(uncommon)}}}}\\n }}\\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;\n        |74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%\n        Other |1% Islam{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin\n        America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November\n        2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28\n        July 2015|format=PDF}} }} \\n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]\n        [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\\n|leader_title1\n        = [[President of Argentina|President]]\\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n|leader_title2\n        = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\\n|leader_name2 =\n        [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\\n|upper_house\n        = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber\n        of Deputies]]\\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\\n|sovereignty_type\n        = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\\n|sovereignty_note = from\n        [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of\n        Independence|Declared]]\\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\\n|established_event3\n        = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\\n|established_date2 =\n        9 July 1816\\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\\n|area_km2 = 2780400\\n|area_footnote\n        = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine\n        Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including\n        the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),\n        the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the\n        [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo e \\u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
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Superficie censada\n        y densidad, seg\\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\\u00eds. A\\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo\n        Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \\u2013\n        Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls\n        |archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}}}\\n|area_rank = 8th\\n|percent_water\n        = 1.57\\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf\n        \\\"United Nations population prospects\\\"](PDF) 2015 revision\\n|population_census\n        = 40,117,096\\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\\n|population_estimate_rank\n        =\\n|population_census_year = 2010\\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\\n|population_density_km2\n        = 14.4\\n|pop_den_footnote = \\n|population_density_rank\n        = 212th\\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}\\n|GDP_PPP_year\n        = 2016\\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170\\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank\n        = 56th\\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion\\n|GDP_nominal_year\n        = 2017\\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425\\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank\n        = 53rd\\n|Gini = 42.7 \\n|Gini_year = 2014 \\n|Gini_change = increase\n        \\n|Gini_ref = \\n|Gini_rank\n        =\\n|HDI = 0.827 \\n|HDI_year = 2015 \\n|HDI_change = increase\n        \\n|HDI_ref = {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf\n        |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017\n        |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}\\n|HDI_rank = 45th\\n|currency\n        = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\\n|currency_code = ARS\\n|time_zone\n        = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\\n|utc_offset = \\u22123\\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy\n        ([[Common Era|CE]])\\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\\n|calling_code\n        = [[+54]]\\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared\n        official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in\n        the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\\n|footnote_b\n        = {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\\n}}\\n\\n''''''Argentina''''''\n        ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\\u02cc|\\u0251r|d\\u0292|\\u0259n|\\u02c8|t|i\\u02d0|n|\\u0259}};\n        {{IPA-es|a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}\n        ({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}), is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion\n        of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor\n        [[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]\n        to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic\n        Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest\n        country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest\n        [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three\n        [[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one\n        [[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]],  which\n        is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})\n        as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        3}}\\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist\n        under a [[federal system]].\\n\\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine\n        Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland\n        Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South\n        Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich\n        Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day\n        Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\n        The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the\n        region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the\n        successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas\n        viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]\n        and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\\u20131818)\n        was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted\n        until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]\n        of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital\n        city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration\n        in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its\n        cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity\n        led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world\n        by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\\n\\nAfter\n        1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic\n        crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,{{cite\n        news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The\n        Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \\\"developing\n        country\\\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen\n        richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}\n        Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern\n        Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],\n        the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]\n        and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United\n        Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],\n        [[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American\n        and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].\n        It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin\n        America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\\\"very\n        high\\\"]].[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11\n        Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP Because\n        of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum\n        Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The\n        country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels\n        of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share\n        of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence\n        in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26\n        October 2011|deadurl=yes}} Argentina is classified as an [[developing\n        country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.{{cite\n        web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country\n        and Lending Groups|publisher=}}\\n\\n==Name and etymology==\\nThe description\n        of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice\n        (Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        |date=3 March 2016 }}\\n\\nIn English the name \\\"Argentina\\\" probably\n        comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,\n        but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]\n        ''''argentino'''') means in Italian \\\"(made) of silver, silver coloured\\\",\n        probably borrowed from the  [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''\n        \\\"(made) of silver\\\" > \\\"silver coloured\\\" already mentioned in the 12th century.[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)] The French word ''''argentine''''\n        is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives\n        from ''''argent'''' \\\"silver\\\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction\n        as Old French ''''acerin'''' \\\"(made) of steel\\\", from ''''acier'''' \\\"steel\\\"\n        + ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \\\"(made) of fir wood\\\", from OF ''''sap''''\n        \\\"fir\\\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \\\"Argentina\\\" for the country implies\n        ''''Argentina Terra'''' \\\"land of silver\\\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \\\"coast\n        of silver\\\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used\n        in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''\n        (It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\\n\\nThe name ''''Argentina''''\n        was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni\n        Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \\\"silver\\\" are respectively\n        ''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \\\"(made) of silver\\\" is said ''''plateado''''\n        and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra\n        de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European\n        explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\\n\\nThe\n        first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina\n        (poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina\n        y conquista del R\\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos\n        del Per\\u00fa, Tucum\\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\\u00edn\n        del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\\nAlthough\n        \\\"Argentina\\\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country\n        was formally named \\\"Viceroyalty of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" by the Spanish\n        Empire, and \\\"United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata\\\" after independence.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use\n        of the name \\\"Argentine Republic\\\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\\nThe name \\\"Argentine Confederation\\\" was also\n        commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the\n        country''s name as \\\"Argentine Republic\\\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and\n        that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally\n        valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also\n        stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,\n        1972 and 1994 (current)}}\\n\\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally\n        called \\\"the Argentine\\\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''{{cite\n        web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition\n        of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford\n        Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening\n        of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion\n        during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred\n        to as \\\"Argentina\\\".\\n\\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \\\"Argentina\\\" is [[Grammatical\n        gender|feminine]] (\\\"''''La [Rep\\u00fablica] Argentina''''\\\"), taking the\n        feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \\\"La\\\" as the initial syllable of \\\"Argentina\\\"\n        is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm\n        \\\"The Definite Article: Part II\\\"], Study Spanish\\n\\n==History==\\n{{main\n        article|History of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Pre-Columbian era===\\n{{main article|Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina}}\\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous\n        cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]\n        in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous\n        artwork dating from 13,000\\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the\n        cave''s wall]]\\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as\n        Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in\n        the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\\nUntil\n        the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated\n        by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n        which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\\u201319}}\n        The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of\n        [[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.\n        The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the\n        [[Puelche]], [[Querand\\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche\n        people|Tehuelche]] in the south\\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]\n        spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\\u2014and the [[Kom people\n        (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers\n        with pottery, like the [[Charr\\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\\u00ed people|Guaran\\u00ed]]\n        in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary\n        existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading\n        culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around\n        1480; the [[Toconot\\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\\u00ean\\u00eea and K\\u00e2m\\u00eeare]]\n        in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture\n        that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\\n\\n===Colonial\n        era===\\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Spanish colonization\n        of the Americas}}\\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting\n        showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata.|The\n        surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with\n        the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish\n        navigators [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian\n        Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}\n        In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],\n        which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\\u2013132}}\\n\\nFurther colonization\n        efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the\n        R\\u00edo de la Plata]]\\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\\u2013140}}\\n[[Francisco\n        de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]\n        in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],\n        in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]],\n        in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa\n        Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south\n        to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San\n        Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\\n\\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]\n        subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate\n        wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it\n        became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty\n        of the R\\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\\n\\nBuenos\n        Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated\n        British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of\n        the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]\n        generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.\n        As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand\n        VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\n\\n===Independence\n        and civil wars===\\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine\n        Civil Wars}}\\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait\n        of General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''\n        of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\\u00edn holding\n        the Argentine flag]]\\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge\n        as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:\n        \\\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution\n        of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus\n        turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component\n        of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\\\"|2a1=S\\u00e1nchez\n        Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\\u2013197|2ps=: \\\"The Argentine nation was a unity\n        in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution\n        of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,\n        but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally\n        affected by internal conflicts.\\\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \\\"[The Argentine\n        nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,\n        after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized\n        form in 1853\\u20131860 under the Constitution.\\\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]\n        replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First\n        Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de\n        Santill\\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War\n        the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the\n        [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay\n        campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\\u201383}}\\n\\nRevolutionaries\n        split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and\n        the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s\n        first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}} The [[Assembly\n        of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s\n        first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme\n        Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\\u201340}}\\n\\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\\u00e1n]]\n        formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}\n        One year later General [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel de G\\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists\n        on the north, and General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing\n        of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];\n        then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed\n        the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San\n        Mart\\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar]]\n        in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars\n        of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\\u2013252}}}} In 1819\n        Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]\n        that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\\n\\nThe\n        1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists\n        and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.\n        In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist\n        constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first\n        president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against\n        him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}\n        Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and\n        formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}\n        During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\\u00edo de la Plata|French\n        blockade]] (1838\\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\\u20131839),\n        and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French\n        blockade]] (1845\\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further\n        loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\\u201347}} His trade restriction\n        policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\\u00e9\n        de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him\n        out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the\n        [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos\n        Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated\n        in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\\u201350}}\\n\\n===Rise\n        of the modern nation===\\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation\n        of ''80}}\\n{{see also|Argentine\\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American\n        dreadnought race}}\\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The\n        people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May\n        Revolution]].|alt=]]\\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\\u00f3n]],\n        [[Bartolom\\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected\n        as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo\n        Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies\n        set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        I|pp=363\\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\\u00f3n Argentina 1910\n        Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de\n        Borb\\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]\n        was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\\n\\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]\n        in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal\n        economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European\n        immigration]] they promoted\\u2014second only to the United States''\\u2014led\n        to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed\n        the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed\n        nation{{sfn|D\\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\\nDriven by this [[immigration]]\n        wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and\n        the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s\n        [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per\n        year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}\n        per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s\n        top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,\n        compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed\n        from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would\n        reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]\n        grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]\n        between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|pp=2\\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top\n        25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada\n        and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,\n        Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s\n        per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,\n        180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet\n        its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\\u2013625}}\n        after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,\n        a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the\n        1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\\u201338}}\\n\\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\\u00e1enz\n        Pe\\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],\n        which allowed [[Hip\\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]\n        (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He\n        enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms\n        and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second\n        administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great\n        Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\\u2013178}}\\n\\n===Infamous\n        Decade===\\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine\n        coup d''\\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\\u00e9\n        F\\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest\n        countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]]\n        marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the\n        country back into underdevelopment. [[File:Museo del\n        Bicentenario - \\\"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\\\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting\n        of Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo\n        Per\\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\\n\\nUriburu ruled\n        for two years; then [[Agust\\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine\n        general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman\n        Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War\n        II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British\n        support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl\n        Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],\n        and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of\n        World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\\u00f3n]],\n        was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation\n        was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],\n        and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=181\\u2013302}}\\n\\n===Peronism===\\n{{main article|Peronism}}\\nPer\\u00f3n\n        created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]\n        strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,\n        paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The\n        economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His\n        highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]], played a central political role.\n        She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}\n        and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors\n        of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did\n        not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer\n        the following year. Per\\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected\n        in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill\n        the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\\u00f3n\n        Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]\n        in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\\u2013351}}\\n\\nThe new head\n        of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism\n        and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized\n        underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\\u2013379}}\n        He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,\n        reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet\n        his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him\n        the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}\n        But Senate Chief [[Jos\\u00e9 Mar\\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied\n        the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections\n        were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine\n        general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in\n        prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow\n        in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\\u00e9tat]] called\n        the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought\n        to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\\u2013422}}\\n{{clear}}\\n\\n===Dirty\n        War===\\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\\nThe \\\"Dirty War\\\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})\n        was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided\n        technical support and supplied military aid to  during the [[Presidency of\n        Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency\n        of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency\n        of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations.  The Dirty War involved [[state\n        terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political\n        dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence\n        against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to\n        be associated with socialism.''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',\n        Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007''''Revolutionizing\n        Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\\u00e1n Bouvard,\n        p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=\n        \\\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\\\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',\n        7 March 1976 Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an\n        estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade\n        unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s{{cite\n        web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s\n        Dirty War}} and alleged sympathizers.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html\n        \\\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\\\"],\n        ''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010 Some 10,000 of the \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist\n        [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]\n        (ERP).{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |title=El ex l\\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \\\"mea culpa\\\" parcial\n        de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html\n        |archivedate=23 February 2009}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713\n        |title=A 32 a\\u00f1os de la ca\\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho\n        y la Direcci\\u00f3n Hist\\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false\n        ''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored\n        Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang\n        S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books\n        The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among\n        the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National\n        Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.''''National Geographic'''',\n        Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986 The disappeared\n        ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military\n        junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break\n        the determination of the guerillas.{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius\n        C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach\n        Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20\n        October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}\\n[[File:Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn.|[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National\n        Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\\n\\nDeclassified documents\n        of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\\u00f3n\n        de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \\\"disappeared\\\" between 1975 and\n        mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \\\"disappeared\\\"\n        in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \\\"National\n        Executive Power\\\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps\n        throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.''''Political\n        Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',\n        Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005 The\n        number of people believed to have been killed or \\\"disappeared\\\", depending\n        on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,\n        when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the\n        [[Falklands War]].[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin\n        Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009{{cite book|title=Estimate\n        of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA\n        Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}\n        The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that\n        around 13,000 were disappeared.[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm\n        \\\"Una duda hist\\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\\\"],\n        ''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003\\n\\nAfter democratic government was restored,\n        Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.\n        Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received\n        up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones\n        during the military dictatorship.Wright,\n        Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,\n        2007\\n\\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]\n        is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started\n        in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and\n        Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored\n        terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing\n        of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of\n        the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]]''s \\\"annihilation decrees\\\" against left-wing guerrillas during\n        ''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)\n        in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty\n        War.\\n\\nOngan\\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and\n        dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two\n        massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.\n        The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed\n        Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro\n        Agust\\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Jos\\u00e9 C\\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of\n        Per\\u00f3n. C\\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March\n        1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members\n        and then secured Per\\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=423\\u2013465}}\\n\\nOn the day Per\\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash\n        between Peronist internal factions\\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]\n        youth from Montoneros\\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\\u00e1mpora\n        resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\\u00f3n won the [[Argentine\n        general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third\n        wife [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez de Per\\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion\n        of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\\u201377}}\n        and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\\u00e9 L\\u00f3pez\n        Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against\n        them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary\n        Army]] (ERP).\\nPer\\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,\n        who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \\\"annihilate\\\"\n        the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping\n        ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}\n        [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta\n        of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They\n        initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=467\\u2013504}}\\n\\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the\n        judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted\n        to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone\n        believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros\n        had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely\n        weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,\n        ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then\n        head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],\n        which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});\n        within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo\n        Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic\n        rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\\u2013532}}\\n\\n===Contemporary era===\\n{{main\n        article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\\n[[File:Presidenta\n        Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph\n        of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]\n        during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied\n        the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from\n        2007 to 2015.]]\\n[[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,\n        1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible\n        for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of\n        the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,\n        under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and\n        [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29\n        December 1986|bo=26058}}{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June\n        1987|bo=26155}} which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of\n        command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his\n        popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general\n        election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots\n        forced Alfons\\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=533\\u2013549}}\\n\\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}\n        a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],\n        [[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers\n        normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been\n        sentenced during Alfons\\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the\n        Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine\n        general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to\n        decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}\n        led by [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in\n        the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=551\\u2013573}}\\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph\n        of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\\n\\nDe\n        la R\\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which\n        led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive\n        [[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],\n        generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December\n        2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\\u2013587}}\n        Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated\n        the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}\n        causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings.  By\n        the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of\n        two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting\n        Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.\n        II|pp=587\\u2013595}}\\n\\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic\n        policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended\n        the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and\n        steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration\n        Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]\n        with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts\n        with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}\n        purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}\n        [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}{{efn-ua|The\n        Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}}} ruled them\n        as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.\n        He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,\n        senator [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general\n        election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\\u2013626}}\n        and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\\n\\nOn 22 November\n        2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential\n        elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in\n        Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]\n        candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first\n        democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist\n        Party|peronist]] president since 1916.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio\n        Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22\n        November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}} He took office on 10\n        December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]\n        introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public\n        deficits.{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\\u00f3\n        medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25\n        June 2016|work=Clar\\u00edn|language=spanish}}\\n\\n==Geography==\\n{{main\n        article|Geography of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain\n        tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest\n        mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |title=Informe cient\\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\\u00e9rica\n        mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,\n        the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad\n        Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros\n        |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }} |alt=]]\\nWith a mainland surface\n        area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina\n        is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders\n        with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:\n        \\\"The Andes Mountains form the \\\"backbone\\\" of Argentina along the western\n        border with Chile.\\\" Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the\n        northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\\u00e9n|title=Informaci\\u00f3n\n        geogr\\u00e1fica de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information\n        of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}\n        for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal\n        border over the [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}\n        long.\\n\\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in\n        the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |last=Albanese |first=Rub\\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\\u00e1ximas\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the\n        Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos\n        Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas\n        |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} also the highest point\n        in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\nThe\n        lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\\u00e1n Great\n        Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}\n        below sea level, also the lowest point in the Southern and\n        Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth){{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David\n        K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \\u2013 Geoscience News and\n        Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence\n        of the [[R\\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\\u00edo Mojinete\n        rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\\u00edo]] in\n        [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost\n        is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is\n        within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.\\nThe\n        maximum north\\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while\n        the maximum east\\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.\\n\\nSome\n        of the major rivers are the [[Paran\\u00e1 River|Paran\\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\\u2014which\n        join to form the R\\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado\n        River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa\n        Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo\n        River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,\n        7\\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],\n        the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually\n        wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters\n        are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and\n        the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\\n\\n===Regions===\\n{{main\n        article|Regions of Argentina}}\\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical\n        regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include\n        [[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a\n        continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged\n        [[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',\n        filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n        and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\\n*\n        [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]\n        wedge covering the western ''''Paran\\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands\n        enclosed by the Paran\\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\\n*\n        [[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,\n        gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia\n        and the Andes.\\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain\n        chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\\n* [[Cuyo,\n        Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],\n        to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely\n        fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\\n*\n        [[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky\n        [[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s\n        to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\\n\\nCamino\n        a las Sierras de C\\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\\nCasa y monta\\u00f1a.jpg\n        |[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\\nCordillera\n        Las Le\\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\\nCamino\n        al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\\nQuebrada\n        de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\\nYungas.jpg|Northwest\n        [[Yungas]]\\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\\nLaguna de los Tres\n        color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\\n\\n\\n===Biodiversity===\\n{{main\n        article|Environment of Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =right\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =210\\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna\n        Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \\n|image2=\n        Perito Moreno Oberfl\\u00e4che.jpg\\n|caption2=High precipitation along with\n        cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito\n        Moreno Glacier]]\\n}}\\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,\n        Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]\n        varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic\n        region are all represented in its territory.\\nThis huge ecosystem\n        variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\\u2013WCMC\n        \\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment\n        Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}\\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular\n        plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s\n        and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.}}\\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes\n        only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.}}\\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes\n        marine mammals.}}\\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species\n        (ranked 16th)\\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\\n\\n===Climate===\\n{{main\n        article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\\n\\nAlthough the\n        most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina\n        has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,{{cite web\n        |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm\n        |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=\n        Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}} ranging\n        from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]\n        in the far south.{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm\n        |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21\n        August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} The average annual precipitation\n        ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over\n        {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern\n        parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from\n        {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.\\n\\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing\n        on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,\n        warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild\n        conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates\n        cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.\n        It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in\n        the R\\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\\nThe [[Zonda\n        wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central\n        Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent\n        from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},\n        fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the\n        Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions\n        usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\\n\\n==Politics==\\n{{main\n        article|Politics of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Government===\\n{{main article|Government\n        of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\\n\\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno\n        002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of\n        Argentina|President]].]]\\n\\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional\n        republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks\n        and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s\n        supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos\n        Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal\n        suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages\n        16 and 17.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina\n        lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.\n        C.|date=1 November 2012}}}}\\n\\nThe federal government is composed of\n        three branches:\\n\\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the\n        [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n        and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal\n        law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and\n        has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove\n        sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting\n        members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces\n        by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,\n        47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos\n        Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators\n        represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year\n        terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are\n        up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.\n        54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must\n        be women.\\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress\n        - Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace\n        of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\\n\\nIn\n        the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]\n        is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative\n        bills]] before they become law\\u2014subject to Congressional override\\u2014and\n        appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,\n        who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]\n        by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office\n        no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\\n\\nThe\n        [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme\n        Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial\n        review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and\n        the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\\u2014subject\n        to Senate approval\\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are\n        proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]\n        (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,\n        the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate\n        approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\\n\\n===Provinces===\\n{{main\n        article|Provinces of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by\n        population}}\\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\\nArgentina\n        is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos\n        Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments\n        of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],\n        except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos\n        Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes\n        of Buenos Aires|communes]].\\n\\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose\n        not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they\n        enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}\n        freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.\n        122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,\n        while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not\n        a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],\n        and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has\n        its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and\n        Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal\n        capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\\n\\nDuring\n        the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides\n        became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].\n        The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen\n        provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen\n        provinces became fourteen.\\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted\n        the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory\n        in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national\n        territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the\n        frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment\n        of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\\u00e9n,\n        R\\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\\nThe\n        agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National\n        Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and\n        [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La\n        Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did\n        so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[R\\u00edo Negro Province|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and\n        Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became\n        the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]\n        in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\\n\\n===Foreign relations===\\n{{main\n        article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents\n        all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\\n\\nForeign\n        policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International\n        Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\\n\\nAn\n        historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}\n        Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,\n        92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international\n        cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of\n        conflicts]].{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |title=Argentina in Brief \\u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina\n        in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm\n        |archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe country is one\n        of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and\n        a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]\n        and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security\n        Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent\n        position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in\n        major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in\n        Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western\n        Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General\n        Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s\n        Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \\u2013 Secretary General|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5\n        June 2012|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:\n        \\\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)\n        include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia\n        and Argentina.\\\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \\\"The US has created a foundation\n        upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop\n        their own rules for further managing regional relations.\\\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:\n        \\\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar\n        to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities\n        of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \\\"Though not a surprise, the\n        position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest\n        opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the\n        UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\\\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:\n        \\\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it\n        included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the\n        G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging\n        markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\\\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:\n        \\\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern\n        Cone in the Twentieth Century.\\\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \\\"The\n        southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional\n        powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\\\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:\n        \\\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil\n        and Argentina.\\\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization\n        of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean\n        States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the\n        former president N\\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary\n        General]].\\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having\n        Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country\n        has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\\u2014which\n        has some supranational legislative functions\\u2014is its first international\n        priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\\n\\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}\n        in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas\n        Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento\n        Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic\n        Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],\n        though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],\n        of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,\n        with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \\u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic\n        Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}\\n\\nArgentina [[Falkland\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands\n        ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich\n        Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as\n        [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\\n\\n===Armed forces===\\n{{main\n        article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine\n        Army]].]]\\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine\n        Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation\n        between national defense and internal security systems:{{cite Argentine\n        law|l=23554 \\u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \\u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17\n        January 1992}}\\n\\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense\n        System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense\n        (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],\n        the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A\n        Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL\n        \\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}} it is organized on the essential principle of\n        legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression\n        in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial\n        integrity. Its secondary missions include committing to\n        multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating\n        in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing\n        a sub-regional defense system.\\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown\n        D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown\n        (D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,\n        [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm\n        ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.]]\\n\\n[[Military\n        service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and\n        no [[conscription]].{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} Argentina''s defense has historically been\n        one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense\n        industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and\n        plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\\u201386}} However, real\n        military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget\n        in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 SIPRI \\u2013 Stockholm\n        International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and\n        International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} below the Latin American average.\\n\\nThe\n        [[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered\n        by the federal and subscribing provincial governments. At the\n        federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]\n        and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress. It is enforced\n        by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval\n        Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine\n        National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and\n        the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=18711 \\u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}\n        At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security\n        ministries and enforced by local police agencies.\\n\\nArgentina\n        was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991\n        to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved\n        in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia\n        and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping\n        Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops\n        the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]\n        in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops\n        in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat\n        engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded\n        in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\\n\\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent\n        including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help\n        [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209\n        Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved\n        in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]\n        and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian\n        responses after their respective earthquakes.\\n\\n==Economy==\\n{{main article|Economy\n        of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\\n[[File:Puerto Madero\n        bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the\n        second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \\\"alpha\\\"\n        cities in Latin America.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html\n        |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }} and it''s the most visited city\n        in South America.{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} It is also the 13th richest\n        city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos\n        Aires, entre las ciudades m\\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\\u00f3n}}{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562\n        |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }} It has the highest per capita income\n        in the Southern Cone.http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}]]\\n[[File:Bodega\n        chakana hacia la monta\\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture\n        in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today\n        providing about 7% of all employment.{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,\n        Pol\\u00edtica Econ\\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos\n        P\\u00fablicos, Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}]]\\n\\nBenefiting from rich [[natural\n        resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,\n        and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin\n        America''s third-largest,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges\n        in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}} and the second largest in [[South America]].{{cite\n        news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s\n        Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September\n        2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}} It has a [[List of countries by Human\n        Development Index|\\\"very high\\\"]] rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high\n        GDP per capita]],{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=\n        World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary\n        Fund|date=2 November 2014}} with a considerable [[internal market]]\n        size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.\\n\\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil\n        driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General\n        Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]\n        and one of the world''s top developing nations,{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human\n        Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \\u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25\n        July 2014|deadurl=no}}{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being\n        Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,\n        its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating\n        with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\\u2014in the recent decades\\u2014increasing\n        poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\\u00edaz\n        Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van\n        Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies\n        until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady\n        decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\\u2013Argentina|publisher=World\n        Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nHigh [[inflation]]\\u2014a weakness of the\n        Argentine economy for decades\\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates\n        in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing\n        heated public debate over manipulated statistics.{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina\n        minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25\n        April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina\n        |title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist\n        |place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina\n        |archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} [[Income distribution]],\n        having improved since 2002, is classified as \\\"medium\\\", still considerably\n        unequal.{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR\n        |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=\n        9 November 2016}}\\n\\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the\n        [[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption\n        Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4\n        January 2016}} While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces\n        a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s\n        payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \\\"[[Vulture funds]]\\\" the full\n        value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina\n        vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to\n        avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31\n        July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}\\n\\n===Industry===\\n{{main article|Industry\n        in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant\n        in [[Latin America]].[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf\n        Brittle Power], p. 144. The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear\n        reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\\n\\n{{As\n        of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\\u2014the\n        largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS\n        |title=Informaci\\u00f3n Econ\\u00f3mica al D\\u00eda \\u2013 Nivel de Actividad\n        |publisher=Direcci\\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\\u00edtica Macroecon\\u00f3mica \\u2013\n        Ministerio de Econom\\u00eda y Finanzas P\\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013\n        |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls\n        |archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Well-integrated into\n        Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.\\n\\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in\n        2011}},{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA\n        World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10\n        March 2013|deadurl=no}} the diversified manufacturing sector rests on\n        a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}}){{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3\n        December 2012|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital\n        Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing\n        |archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In\n        2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and\n        tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;\n        [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and\n        pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;\n        home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording\n        and print media. In addition, Argentina has since long\n        been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.\n        However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances\n        of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in\n        a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List\n        of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}} The ILAB''s\n        ''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that\n        many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the\n        [[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].\\n\\nC\\u00f3rdoba\n        is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle\n        and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]\n        area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals\n        and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]\n        (food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and\n        tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa\n        Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\\u00e1s de los\n        Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\\u00eda\n        Blanca]] (oil refining).{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located\n        in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,\n        and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);\n        Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)\\n\\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}\n        totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed\n        by industrial activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat\n        in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \\u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}\\n\\n===Transport===\\n{{main\n        article|Transport in Argentina}}\\n{{Multiple image\\n|align =left\\n|direction=vertical\\n|width\n        =215\\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier\n        2010.jpg\\n|caption1=\\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini\n        International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,\n        the largest airbase in the world.{{cite news|title=Aerol\\u00edneas Argentinas,\n        entre las compa\\u00f1\\u00edas a\\u00e9reas m\\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7\n        January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}\\n}}\\n\\nArgentina has the\n        largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with\n        {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},\n        out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos\n        Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}} There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]\n        in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through\n        Buenos Aires. The system has been in decline since the 1940s:\n        regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting\n        1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973. However, in recent\n        years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments\n        and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the\n        state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling\n        stock and infrastructure.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km\n        Desde hoy, toda la l\\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/\n        Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015\n        In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a\n        law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],\n        effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support\n        from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html\n        Otro salto en la recuperaci\\u00f3n de soberan\\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April\n        2015[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/\n        Es ley la creaci\\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April\n        2015[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\\u00f3 a la oposici\\u00f3n parlamentaria\n        por acompa\\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php\n        |date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April\n        2015\\n\\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground\n        railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in\n        [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish\n        speaking world]].[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron\n        100 a\\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.]]\\n{{As\n        of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,\n        and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}\n        of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14\n        October 2013|deadurl=no}} Most important cities are linked by a growing\n        number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La\n        Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\\u2013C\\u00f3rdoba]],\n        C\\u00f3rdoba\\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\\u2013Mendoza, [[National\n        Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and\n        [[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],\n        among others.\\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate\n        and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the\n        railway system.\\n\\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were\n        about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\\u00e1,\n        Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\\u00e1rate]],\n        [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]\n        and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\\nSome of the\n        largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],\n        Bah\\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\\u00e9n]]\\u2013[[Necochea]],\n        [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and\n        [[San Antonio Oeste]].\\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important\n        port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:\n        stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\\u00e1 river shore\n        in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}\n        accounted for 50% of all exports.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were\n        161 airports with paved runways{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World\n        Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} out of more than a thousand.\n        The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from\n        downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest\n        in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas\n        del Iguaz\\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El\n        Plumerillo]] in Mendoza. [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\\u201325}}\\n\\n===Media\n        and communications===\\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Estudio\n        Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\\\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of\n        the Argentines''''\\\" in [[TV P\\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],\n        the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\\nPrint media industry\n        is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The\n        major national ones include ''''[[Clar\\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]]''''\n        (centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated\n        in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]''''\n        (center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,\n        founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious\n        English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''\n        (center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and\n        the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published\n        since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\\n\\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the\n        world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard\n        Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led\n        by [[Enrique Tel\\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio\n        with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23\n        May 2013|deadurl=no}}{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there\n        were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered\n        radio stations in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi\n        Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23\n        July 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]\n        industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions\n        and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy\n        the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,{{cite\n        web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes\n        with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \\u2013 Latin American Network\n        Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13\n        November 2013|deadurl=no}} {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the\n        country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada\n        and Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\\u00f3n\n        TV paga en hogares 2014 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \\u2013 Latin American\n        Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2\n        May 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had\n        the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American\n        powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile\n        phone subscriptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South\n        America|publisher=IWS\\u2013ITU \\u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Science and technology===\\n{{Main article|Science\n        and technology in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite\n        launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]\n        and launched in 2011]]\\n\\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates\n        in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,\n        discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating\n        [[glucose]] in animals. [[C\\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in\n        [[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy\n        converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental\n        in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led\n        to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo\n        Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully\n        implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques\n        and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass\n        surgery]].\\n\\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In\n        1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build\n        a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].\n        This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead\n        of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme\n        conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear\n        facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia\n        and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing\n        weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;\n        since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful\n        purposes.{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=\n        Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\\u00fcello, Irma |date=\n        8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}\n        As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy\n        Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation\n        efforts{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background\n        Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}} and is highly committed to global\n        nuclear security.{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear\n        security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm\n        |archivedate=16 April 2010}} In 1974 it was the first country in Latin\n        America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear\n        Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station\n        amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely\n        built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage\n        of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],\n        finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha\n        II]] reactor a 40%.{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |title= Atucha III se construir\\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales\n        |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|\n        language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php\n        |archivedate=5 August 2014}} [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team\n        of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B,  two\n        planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]\n        of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A\n        and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.{{cite\n        web | first= | last=  | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016\n        | title= Exitosa Revisi\\u00f3n de la Misi\\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish\n        | publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}]]\\n\\nDespite\n        its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina\n        have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.\n        [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]\n        as well as [[Ren\\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of\n        the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on\n        the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer\n        science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],\n        an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\\n\\nSpace\n        research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built\n        satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina de Tecnolog\\u00eda Espacial}} and those developed by [[CONAE]],\n        the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento\n        24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/\n        |archivedate=23 March 2010}} Argentina has its own satellite programme,\n        nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company\n        [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en\n        Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar Established in 1991,\n        the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite\n        Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html\n        |archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }} in June 2009, secured an agreement\n        with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter\n        antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],\n        the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre\n        Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html\n        |archivedate=7 January 2009}} The facility will contribute to numerous\n        ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen\n        from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the\n        world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA\n        to ensure mission coverage around the clock [http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670\n        Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires\n        Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.\\n\\n===Tourism===\\n{{Main\n        article|Tourism in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized\n        by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country\n        had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist\n        arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin\n        America]] after Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition\n        |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism\n        Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}} Revenues from international\n        tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion\n        in 2012. The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],\n        is the most visited city in [[South America]].{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |title=M\\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\\u00edsticos\n        favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011\n        |accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos\n        |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }} There are 30 [[National Parks\n        of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\\n\\n{{wide\n        image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]\n        it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls\n        chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11\n        November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}}}\\n\\n===Water\n        supply and sanitation===\\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\\nThe\n        tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the\n        service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the\n        total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the\n        urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\\n\\nBetween 1991 and 1999,\n        as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\\nconcessions\n        with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many\n        concessions were renegotiated.\\n\\nMost service providers barely recover operation\n        and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While\n        private \\noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since\n        the [[1998\\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]\n        in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities\n        has disappeared.\\n\\n==Demographics==\\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\\n{{See\n        also|Argentines}}\\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],\n        Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},\n        Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the\n        [[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.{{cite\n        web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6\n        July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=\n        Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\\u20132015|work=Gustavo\n        P\\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar\n        |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/\n        |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentina ranks third\n        in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density\n        is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average\n        of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,\n        with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality\n        rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged\n        from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June\n        2017}}\\n\\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world\n        average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high\n        at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above\n        the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s\n        lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a\n        comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children\n        per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared\n        here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=\n        https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|\n        archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}''''UN Demographic Yearbook,\n        2007.'''' The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]\n        at birth is 77.14 years.New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential\n        Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false\\n\\nArgentina\n        became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas\n        to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage\n        |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July\n        2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html\n        |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }} It was the tenth country to allow\n        [[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].{{cite news|last=Fastenberg\n        |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html\n        |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20\n        November 2011}}\\n\\n===Ethnography===\\n{{main article|Ethnography of\n        Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen\n        Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina\n        of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\\n\\nAs\n        with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United\n        States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],\n        [[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]\n        and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of\n        immigrants.{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        |archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National\n        Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria\n        de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas 2004\\u20132005|language=es}}{{Cite\n        journal \\n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \\n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.\n        \\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \\n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single\n        gene defects in Chile \\n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \\n| volume\n        = 31 \\n| issue = 9 \\n| pages = 702\\u2013706 \\n| year = 1994 \\n| pmid = 7815439\n        \\n| pmc = 1050080\\n}}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Argentines usually\n        refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting\n        pot]]).\\n\\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second\n        biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the\n        United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead\n        of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf\\n\\nStrikingly,\n        at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief\n        is endured in the popular saying ''''\\\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\\\"''''\n        (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended\n        from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great\n        immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\\u20131955),{{cite\n        book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\\u00f3n\n        \\u00c9tnica de las Tres \\u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al\n        Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\\u00e1ndez, Francisco\n        Lizcano|year=2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World\n        Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }} with a great majority of these immigrants\n        coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants\n        came from Italy and Spain.\\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf\n        Cap\\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \\u2013 Informe 1998 The majority\n        of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian\n        people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals\n        in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),\\u2212\n        [https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]\n        while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal\n        Acad\\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\\u20131 |quote=Il faut\n        savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\\u00e8s\n        de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\\u00e7aises.}}\n        There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\\n\n        \\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]\n        and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese\n        people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white\n        people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]\n        are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic\n        Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and\n        [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle\n        Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers\n        at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\\u00e1nchez,\n        Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\\u00eds se duplic\\u00f3 en los \\u00faltimos\n        5 a\\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}} and [[Korean\n        people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community\n        that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April\n        2016}}\\n\\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist\n        [[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed\n        by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),\n        18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,\n        in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous\n        peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].{{cite\n        journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring\n        Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial\n        DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals\n        of Human Genetics|pages=65\\u201376}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004\n        |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es\n        |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nFrom the 1970s, immigration\n        has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller\n        numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm\n        \\\"El variet\\u00e9 de la calle Florida\\\"] (Editorial) \\u2013 [[Clar\\u00edn\n        (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\\u00edn]] {{es icon}} The Argentine government\n        estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched\n        a program{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria\n        Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}} to encourage illegal immigrants\n        to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\\u2014so far\n        over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan\n        la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \\u2013 Sociedad \\u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}\\n\\n===Languages===\\n{{main\n        article|Languages of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal\n        variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though\n        not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only\n        one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents\n        and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken\n        by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\nThe country is\n        the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs\n        ''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\\u00fa''''\n        (\\\"you\\\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\\nDue to\n        the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,\n        although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',\n        primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan\n        language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\\u2013119}} Italian and other\n        European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\\u2014the regional slang\\u2014permeating\n        the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\\n\\nThere\n        are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\\n*\n        English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland\n        Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to\n        speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation\n        needed|date=July 2015}}\\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many\n        elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called\n        ''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the\n        late 19th century.}}\\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine\n        Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It\n        gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\\n*\n        [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th\n        in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\\u201326, 49\\u201350}}\\n* [[Guaran\\u00ed\n        language|Guaran\\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}\\n*\n        [[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\\n* [[Quechua\n        language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Wich\\u00ed languages|Wich\\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],\n        it is official ''''de jure''''.{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28\n        July 2010}}\\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n        \\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf\n        |archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}\\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],\n        by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \\n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],\n        by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\\n*\n        [[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],\n        in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts\n        have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\\n\\n===Religion===\\n{{main\n        article|Religion in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope\n        Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised\n        in Argentina.|alt=]] \\nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution\n        of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor\n        a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}\n        it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of\n        Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts\n        to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting\n        frequencies.}}\\n\\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines\n        are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical\n        Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s;  while 1.2%\n        follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\\n\\nThe\n        country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]{{cite\n        web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International\n        Religious Freedom Report 2012 \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of\n        State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}} and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities\n        in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}\n        Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].\\n\\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization\n        of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%\n        of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and\n        26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\\n\\nOn\n        13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal\n        (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop\n        of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]\n        and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \\\"[[St.\n        Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\\\", and he became the first Pope from either the\n        [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born\n        outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory\n        III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.{{cite\n        news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals\n        Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The\n        New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26\n        March 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n===Urbanization===\\n{{see also|List of cities\n        in Argentina by population}}\\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its\n        population living in cities:{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \\u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26\n        July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2\n        November 2012|deadurl=no}} the ten largest metropolitan areas account\n        for half of the population.\\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos\n        Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals\n        around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |title=About Argentina \\u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina\n        |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484\n        |archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe metropolitan\n        areas of C\\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del\n        Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.\\n\\nThe\n        population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%\n        of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.\n        The provinces of C\\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have\n        3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,\n        Tucum\\u00e1n, Entre R\\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With\n        {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more\n        densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province\n        of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | url\n        = http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.\n        Densidad de poblaci\\u00f3n. A\\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =\n        Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}\\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\\n\\n===Education===\\n{{main\n        article|Education in Argentina}}\\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina\n        has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global\n        rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\\nThe\n        Argentine education system consists of four levels:{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El\n        Sistema Educativo \\u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio\n        de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* An initial level for children between\n        45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde\n        hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\\u00f1os de cuatro a\\u00f1os ingresen\n        al sistema educativo - educaci\\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses\n        - Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}} being compulsory.\\n*\n        An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level\n        duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy\n        rate]] was 98.07%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\\u00f3n\n        de 10 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s por condici\\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\\u00fan\n        provincia. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y\n        Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica\n        y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory\n        level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}\n        18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total\n        del pa\\u00eds. Poblaci\\u00f3n de 5 a\\u00f1os y m\\u00e1s que asisti\\u00f3 a\n        un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\\u00f3n alcanzado y completud\n        del nivel, seg\\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional\n        de Poblaci\\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \\u2013 Instituto\n        Nacional de Estad\\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided\n        in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in\n        2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]\n        across the country, as well as 46 private ones.{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema\n        Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de\n        la Naci\\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people\n        over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities\n        of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba|C\\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],\n        [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological\n        University]] are some of the most important.\\n\\nThe Argentine state guarantees\n        universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The\n        post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility\n        for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial\n        states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across\n        all educational stages.\\n\\n===Health care===\\n{{Main article|Health care in\n        Argentina}}\\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The\n        University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s\n        3,000 medical graduates, annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/\n        |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|\n        archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}]]\\nHealth care is provided\n        through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras\n        Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and\n        through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over\n        300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide\n        health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known\n        as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}\\n\\nThere\n        are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists\n        (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        ESTADISTICAS VITALES \\u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf\n        |date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009){{cite\n        web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August\n        2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes\n        }} The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted\n        in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953\n        to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%\n        of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems\n        from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from\n        7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]\n        diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant\n        deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''\\n\\nThe availability\n        of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live\n        births in 1948''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.\n        1997''''. to 12.1 in 2009 and raised [[life expectancy|life\n        expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76. Though these figures\n        compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed\n        nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.\\n\\n==Culture==\\n{{main\n        article|Culture of Argentina}}\\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\\n[[File:Buenos\n        Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo\n        Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world\n        by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.{{cite web |title=Top\n        shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops\n        |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May\n        2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}]]\\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural\n        country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has\n        been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]\n        and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain\n        and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities\n        are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,\n        and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture\n        and design.Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.\n        Wiley Publishing, 2007. Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant\n        in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such\n        as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although\n        there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]\n        influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}\n        The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle\n        of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous\n        American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\\nArgentine\n        writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina\n        as follows:\\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured\n        in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat\n        dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:\n        because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring\n        values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves\n        to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the\n        old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria\n        Grande'''' San Mart\\u00edn and Bol\\u00edvar once imagined.\\n|author=[[Ernesto\n        Sabato]]\\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)Sabato,\n        Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:\n        Sudamericana, p. 17-18.}}\\n\\n===Literature===\\n{{main article|Argentine\n        literature}}\\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most\n        influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic\n        image showing the four photographs]]\\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary\n        history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence\n        with [[Esteban Echeverr\\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]\n        landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s\n        Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the\n        ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez\n        (writer)|Jos\\u00e9 Hern\\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the\n        elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s\n        masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,\n        101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\\n\\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]\n        movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo\n        Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\\u201352}}\n        it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don\n        Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,\n        107\\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\\n\\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],\n        Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the\n        [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking\n        at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence\n        has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''\n        and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his\n        most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],\n        who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The\n        Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\\n[[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]],\n        one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name\n        in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced\n        an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,\n        144}}\\n\\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists\n        include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio\n        Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio\n        Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo\n        Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel\n        Mujica L\\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo\n        Walsh]], [[Mar\\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Manuel\n        Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,\n        85, 97\\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,\n        91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\\u201354}}\\n\\n===Music===\\n{{main\n        article|Music of Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel\n        Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served\n        as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\\n\\n[[Tango]],\n        a ''''[[R\\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European\n        and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international\n        cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\\nThe golden age\n        of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]\n        in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],\n        [[An\\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan\n        d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor\n        Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual\n        trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\nTango enjoys worldwide\n        popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and\n        [[Tanghetto]].\\n\\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes\n        that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;\n        [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],\n        pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \\u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s\n        [[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano\n        Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\\u00fa\\u00f1ez]], [[I\\u00f1aki\n        Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n[[File:Martha\n        Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded\n        as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame\n        X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15\n        January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex\n        Ross}}]]\\n\\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from\n        dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin\n        American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and\n        [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\\n\\nThe [[romantic ballad]]\n        genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\\u00e9rica]].\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos\n        Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\\nFounding bands like\n        [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]\n        were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]\n        and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including\n        [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto\n        Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\\u00eda]], [[Fito P\\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\\n\\n[[Tenor\n        saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \\\"Gato\\\" Barbieri]]\n        and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most\n        internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\\n\\n===Theatre===\\n{{main\n        article|Theatre in Argentina}}\\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro\n        Col\\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/\n        \\\"Top 10: Opera Houses\\\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com.  Retrieved 14\n        April 2014|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\\nBuenos Aires is one of\n        the great theater capitals of the world,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic\n        dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19\n        April 2014|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |title=Buenos Aires \\u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10\n        February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558\n        |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} with a scene of international\n        caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \\\"the street that never sleeps\\\",\n        sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]\n        in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\\u00f3n]]\n        is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics\n        are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The\n        other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s\n        [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,\n        Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical\n        venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos\n        Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]\n        in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\\u00edrculo|El C\\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro\n        Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]\n        in C\\u00f3rdoba.\\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco\n        Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the\n        most prominent Argentine playwrights.\\n\\nArgentine theatre traces its origins\n        to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 de V\\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the\n        colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,\n        in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''\n        is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered\n        the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet\n        Manuel Jos\\u00e9 de Lavard\\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its\n        plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti\n        Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\\u00eda'''' theatre\n        operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage\n        in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of\n        Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously\n        operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas\n        Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.\n        The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it\n        flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government\n        gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\\u00f3n\n        Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage\n        performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of\n        the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\\n\\n===Cinema===\\n{{main\n        article|Cinema of Argentina}}\\nThe Argentine film industry has historically\n        been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with\n        those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].Carl\n        J. Mora, \\\"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false\n        Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\\\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}{{cite\n        web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina\n        - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php\n        |archivedate=16 December 2008}} Started in 1896; by the early 1930s\n        it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept\n        until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of\n        animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in\n        Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino\n        Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation\n        World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n{{double image|right|B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\\u00e9s.jpg|144|
[[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in\n        2011.
|
The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won\n        the [[Academy Award]] for that film.
}}\\n\\nArgentine films have achieved\n        worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign\n        Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\\n*[[The Truce (1974\n        film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')\n        in 1984\\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\\n*[[Tango\n        (1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El\n        hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto\n        de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')\n        in 2015\\n\\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo\n        Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]\n        in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and  ''''Nicol\\u00e1s Giacobone''''\n        have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.\n        Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\\u00e9r\\u00e9nice\n        Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]\n        in 2011 and won the [[C\\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and  won the [[Best\n        Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes\n        Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html\n        |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=\n        26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}\\n\\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya\n        Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish\n        Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A\n        Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,\n        el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata\n        Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''\n        (2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),\n        ''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The\n        Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''\n        (2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most\n        awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\\n\\nMany other Argentine\n        films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''\n        (1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World\n        (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''\n        (1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''\n        (2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),\n        ''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild\n        Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\\n\\n{{As of|2013|alt=In\n        2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market\n        Study \\u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August\n        2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11\n        June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}\\n\\n===Visual arts===\\n{{See also|Argentine\n        painting}}\\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas\n        Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are\n        [[C\\u00e1ndido L\\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\\u00efve\n        art|Na\\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\\u00edvori]]\n        ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\\u00edo\n        Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\\u00f3s]]\n        ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\\u00e1n]]\n        ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);\n        [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\\u0161ice]]\n        ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative\n        art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',\n        and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]\n        ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract\n        art]]); [[Le\\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);\n        and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\\n\\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\\u0161ice and\n        others created The [[Mad\\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread\n        to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.{{cite\n        news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of\n        art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July\n        2006}}\\nTom\\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm\n        School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential\n        globally.\\n\\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],\n        whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito\n        Quinquela Mart\\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the\n        immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\\n\\nInternationally laureate sculptors\n        [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of\n        the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\\n\\n===Architecture===\\n{{main\n        article|Architecture of Argentina}}\\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The\n        [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\\u00f3rdoba,\n        Argentina|C\\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\\nThe colonization brought the\n        [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler\n        ''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San\n        Ignacio Min\\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral\n        of C\\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\\u00e1n. Italian and French influences\n        increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]\n        overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving\n        history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC\n        Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23\n        January 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched\n        their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio\n        Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco\n        Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding\n        flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]\n        and [[Viktor Sul\\u010di\\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro\n        Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]\n        and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]\n        were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced\n        [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio\n        Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities\n        worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made\n        him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]\n        and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\\n\\n===Sport===\\n{{main\n        article|Sport in Argentina}}\\n\\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego\n        Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th\n        Century]].]]\\n\\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}} an ancient\n        horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\\u2013125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \\u2013 Portal p\\u00fablico\n        de noticias de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\\u00eda de Medios\n        de Comunicaci\\u00f3n \\u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires\n        |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php\n        |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after\n        [[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May\n        Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\\u00e9lix\n        de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.\n        |df= }} The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].\n        Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national\n        football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most\n        important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations\n        Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\\u00e9rica|Copas Am\\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football\n        at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\\u201323}}\n        [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are\n        among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\\n\\nThe\n        country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field\n        hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with\n        four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s\n        Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]\n        and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of\n        the sport,{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet\n        Luciana Aymar \\u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World\n        Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} being the only player to have received the [[FIH\n        Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing\n        Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,\n        Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}}\\n\\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.\n        The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only\n        one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA\n        World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic\n        Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas\n        Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold\n        Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South\n        American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina\n        \\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \\u2013 ''''F\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration Internationale\n        de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16\n        June 2014|deadurl=no}} [[Emanuel Gin\\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\\u00e9s\n        Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and\n        [[Juan Ignacio S\\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,\n        all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}\n        Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel\n        Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel\n        Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of\n        the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\\n\\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another\n        popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby\n        union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at\n        the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest\n        ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012\n        Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia\n        national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union\n        team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]\n        in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition\n        in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national\n        ''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]\n        & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay\n        national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],\n        The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\\n\\nArgentina\n        has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including\n        [[Carlos Monz\\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;{{cite\n        web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the\n        last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September\n        2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11\n        |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} [[Pascual P\\u00e9rez\n        (boxer)|Pascual P\\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers\n        of all times; [[V\\u00edctor Gal\\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder\n        for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino\n        Locche]], nicknamed \\\"The Untouchable\\\" for his masterful defense; they are\n        all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\\u2013165}}\\n\\n[[Tennis]]\n        has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the\n        greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}\n        while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player\n        of all time\\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}\n        are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame\n        Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,\n        RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14\n        February 2014|deadurl=no}}\\n\\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],\n        having won more international championships than any other country and been\n        seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\\u201351}}\n        The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is\n        the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home\n        to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best\n        in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\\n\\nHistorically, Argentina\n        has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was\n        five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning\n        102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver\n        of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171}}\n        Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\\u00e1lvez]],\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 Froil\\u00e1n Gonz\\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\\u2013171,\n        195}}\\n\\n===Cuisine===\\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\\n[[File:Bife de\n        chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional\n        dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\\nBesides\n        many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,\n        Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]\n        creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''\n        (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''\n        and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,\n        221}}\\n\\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern\n        Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,\n        WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2\n        December 2013|deadurl=no}} traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',\n        the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including\n        ''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\\n\\nCommon\n        desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]\n        pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''\n        (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies\n        sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),\n        and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,\n        143}}\\n\\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About\n        Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11\n        December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} is an integral part of the local\n        menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and\n        [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,\n        252, 261\\u2013262, 265}}\\n\\n===National symbols===\\n{{main article|National\n        symbols of Argentina}}\\n\\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined\n        by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos\n        generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13\n        June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}\\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists\n        of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and\n        light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.{{cite\n        Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \\u2013 S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November\n        2010|bo=32033|p=5}} The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in\n        1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\\u2013235}}\n        The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union\n        of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for\n        official documents.{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \\u2013\n        S\\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}\\nThe [[Argentine\n        National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music\n        by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813. The [[Cockade\n        of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]\n        of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our\n        Lady of Luj\\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra\n        Se\\u00f1ora de Luj\\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        \\u2013 Efem\\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish\n        |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html\n        |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}\\n\\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],\n        living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national\n        bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina\n        |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp\n        |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\nThe [[Erythrina\n        crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national\n        tree]],{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25\n        January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}} while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho\n        colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5\n        September 1956}}\\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.{{cite\n        web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra\n        nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina\n        en la Rep\\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29\n        September 2013|deadurl=no}}\\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',\n        an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.\\n\\n[[Argentine\n        wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the\n        national [[infusion]].{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase\n        al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}{{cite\n        Argentine law|l=26871 \\u2013 Decl\\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\\u00f3n nacional|date=2\n        August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}\\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''\n        are considered the [[national dish]]es.{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |title=El asado |work=Via Rest\\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\\u00edn |place=Buenos\n        Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx\n        |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \\u2013 Portal oficial de\n        promoci\\u00f3n de la Rep\\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6\n        June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php\n        |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}\\n\\n==See also==\\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin\n        America}}\\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\\n*\n        \\n* \\n{{Clear}}\\n\\n==Notes==\\n{{notelist-ua}}\\n\\n==References==\\n{{Reflist|30em}}\\n\\n==Bibliography==\\n;Legal\n        documents\\n{{refbegin}}\\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent\n        Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution\n        of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php\n        |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Articles\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The\n        First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison\n        Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence\n        and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:\n        Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight\n        on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\\n* {{cite\n        journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World\n        Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold\n        Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish\n        Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox\n        Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics\n        Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \\u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April\n        2009|pages=21\\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\\u00e9s|title=A\n        Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and\n        Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics\n        and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the\n        University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\\n*\n        {{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan\n        Cruz|last3=Irraz\\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias\n        y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET\n        \\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\\u00edficas y T\\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos\n        Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:\n        Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,\n        NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein\n        |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive\n        Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,\n        South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf\n        |archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n;Books\\n{{refbegin|30em}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad\n        de Santill\\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\\u00e1fica Editora\n        Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising\n        the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When\n        security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms\n        of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The\n        rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen\n        Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the\n        Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David\n        Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,\n        First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New\n        York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart\n        Campos|first=Germ\\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The\n        Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &\n        Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International\n        Monetary Fund 1990\\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,\n        D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales\n        hist\\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\\u00e9rica latina, acompa\\u00f1ados\n        de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento\n        de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase\n        Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University\n        of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=D\\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic\n        History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New\n        Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The\n        Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken\n        Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis\n        of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington\n        Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho\n        Pol\\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans\n        Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos\n        A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell\n        B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,\n        CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian\n        C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,\n        USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto\n        Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,\n        Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The\n        Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema\n        in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz\n        Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising\n        the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional\n        Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge\n        University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\\u00f3n de Mayo\n        a la Asamblea de 1813\\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial\n        G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave\n        Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,\n        USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.\n        Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles\n        D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer\n        Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University\n        of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring\n        the World Economy 1820\\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The\n        World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier\n        A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,\n        and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite\n        book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic\n        politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,\n        CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt\n        Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica\n        Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\\u00eda\n        Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International\n        Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus\n        Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American\n        History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America\n        and the World Economy, 1850\\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane\n        M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports\n        around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa\n        Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The\n        Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers\n        UvA \\u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension\n        of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,\n        UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\\u00fal|title=Mi\n        pa\\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos\n        Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\\u00e9\n        Andr\\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\\u00eda criticotem\\u00e1tica\n        de las letras santiague\\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago\n        del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and\n        Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,\n        PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David\n        Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization\n        to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,\n        CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\\u00edguez|first=Robert\n        G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies\n        Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El\n        nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \\u2013 Editorial Universitaria de\n        Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\\u00e1n|title=Regional\n        Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,\n        Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen\n        Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=S\\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional\n        Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\\u00f3mica|place=Mexico\n        D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen\n        de la palabra \\\"\\u00bf\\u00a1Argentina!?\\\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\\u00e1ficas\n        del Colegio San Jos\\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\\u00edtica\n        de la Asociaci\\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\\u00f3n\n        actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\\u00f3micos, en particular\n        sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general\n        interest|publisher=North\\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\\n*\n        {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical\n        Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,\n        MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia\n        of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert\n        W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\\n{{refend}}\\n\\n==External\n        links==\\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\\n;Government\\n*\n        [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\\n\\n;Travel & tourism\\n*\n        [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm\n        Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National\n        Institute of Tourism Promotion]\\n\\n;Overview\\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\\n*\n        {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/\n        Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm\n        Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \\u2013\n        University of Colorado Boulder]]\\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR\n        Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\\n*\n        {{books-inline|Argentina}}\\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\\n\\n{{Geographic Location\\n|Centre    =\n        {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\\n|Northwest = \\n|North     =\n        {{Flag|Bolivia}}\\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \\u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\\n|East      =\n        {{Flag|Uruguay}}
''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland\n        Islands}}\\n|South     = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''
[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\\n|Southwest\n        = \\n|West      = {{Flag|Chile}}\\n}}\\n\\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\\n{{Navboxes\\n|title=International\n        membership\\n|list=\\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\\n{{G15 nations}}\\n{{G20}}\\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul\n        (Southern Common Market)}}\\n{{Organization of American States}}\\n{{Union of\n        South American Nations}}\\n{{World Trade Organization}}\\n{{Founding member\n        states of the United Nations}}\\n}}\\n{{Countries of South America}}\\n\\n{{Authority\n        control}}\\n\\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\\n[[Category:Federal\n        constitutional republics]]\\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\\n[[Category:G15\n        nations]]\\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\\n[[Category:Member\n        states of Mercosur]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American\n        Nations]]\\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking\n        countries and territories]]\\n[[Category:States and territories established\n        in 1816]]\\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"en\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z\",\"lastrevid\":799647522,\"length\":206395,\"fullurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\",\"editurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Thu, 22 Jun 2017 21:00:00 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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({{es}} {{lang|es|En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad}})\\n | langues=\n        [[Espagnol]]\\n | langues_officielles= [[Espagnol]] \\n | capitale= [[Buenos\n        Aires]]\\n | coordonn\\u00e9es_capitale= {{coord|34|37|S|58|21|W}}\\n | lien_villes=\n        Villes d''Argentine\\n | titre_plus_grande_ville= Plus grande ville\\n | plus_grande_ville=\n        [[Buenos Aires]]\\n | type_gouvernement= [[R\\u00e9publique]] [[f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ralisme|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]]\\n\n        | titre_dirigeant= [[Liste des chefs d''\\u00c9tat argentins|Pr\\u00e9sident\n        de la Nation]]\\n | titre_dirigeant2= [[Vice-pr\\u00e9sident]]e\\n | nom_dirigeant=\n        [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n | nom_dirigeant2= [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n | superficie_rang=\n        8\\n | superficie_totale={{unit\\u00e9|2791810|km|2}}L\\u2019Argentine revendique\n        aussi {{unit\\u00e9|1000000|km|2}} en [[Antarctique]], ainsi que les [[\\u00eeles\n        Malouines]].\\n | pourcentage_eau= 1,1\\n | population_rang= 31\\n | population_totale=\n        43 431 886CIA World Factbook\\n | population_ann\\u00e9e= juillet\n        2015\\n | densit\\u00e9= 15.6\\n | type_ind\\u00e9pendance= D\\u00e9claration d''ind\\u00e9pendance\\n\n        | pays_ind\\u00e9pendance= [[Espagne]]\\n | date_ind\\u00e9pendance= {{date|9|juillet|1816}}\\n\n        | pays frontaliers= {{BRA}}{{clr}}{{BOL}}{{clr}}{{CHI}}{{clr}}{{PAR}}{{clr}}{{URU}}{{clr}}Outre-mer:{{clr}}[[Fichier:Flag\n        of Magallanes, Chile.svg|20px]] [[Territoire chilien de l''Antarctique|Antarctique\n        Chilienne]]{{clr}}[[Fichier:Flag of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|20px]]\n        [[Territoire britannique antarctique|Antarctique Britannique]]\\n | gentil\\u00e9=\n        Argentin/Argentine\\n | IDH= {{augmentation}} 0,811{{en}} [http://hdrstats.undp.org/fr/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_ARG.html\n        Human Development Report 2009 - Argentina] - Rapport sur le d\\u00e9veloppement\n        humain 2009 [[Organisation des Nations unies|ONU]]\\n | IDH_ann\\u00e9e=\n        2013\\n | IDH_cat\\u00e9gorie= tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9\\n | IDH_rang= {{45e}}\\n\n        | monnaie= [[Peso argentin]]\\n | code_monnaie= ARS\\n | fuseau_horaire= -3.\n        En \\u00e9t\\u00e9 UTC-2 (dans une partie du pays seulement)\\n | hymne_national=\n        [[Hymne national argentin|Himno Nacional Argentino]]\\n | iso3166-1 = ARG,\n        AR\\n | domaine_internet= [[.ar]]\\n | indicatif_t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonique= 54\\n\n        | p1 = [[Argentine coloniale]]\\n}}\\n\\nL\\u2019''''''Argentine'''''', en forme\n        longue la ''''''R\\u00e9publique argentine'''''', en [[espagnol]] ''''{{lang|es|Argentina}}''''\n        et ''''{{lang|es|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}'''' {{API|[re\\u02c8pu\\u03b2lika\n        a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina]}}, est un pays d\\u2019[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] partageant\n        ses fronti\\u00e8res avec le [[Chili]] \\u00e0 l\\u2019ouest, la [[Bolivie]]\n        au nord-ouest, le [[Paraguay]] au nord, le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] et l\\u2019[[Uruguay]]\n        au nord-est et \\u00e0 l''est, et l\\u2019[[oc\\u00e9an Atlantique]] \\u00e0 l''est\n        et \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00eame sud.\\n\\nLe pays proclame son ind\\u00e9pendance,\n        vis-\\u00e0-vis de l''[[Espagne]], le {{date-|25 mai 1810}}, lors de la [[r\\u00e9volution\n        de Mai]], ind\\u00e9pendance d\\u00e9finitivement acquise le {{date-|9 juillet\n        1816}} \\u00e0 [[Congr\\u00e8s de Tucum\\u00e1n|San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]].\\n\\nSa\n        capitale est [[Buenos Aires]], sa langue nationale est l''[[espagnol rioplatense]]\n        et sa monnaie est le [[peso argentin]].\\n\\nLa religion nationale est le [[catholicisme]].\\nL''Argentine\n        fait partie des pays dits du ''''[[c\\u00f4ne Sud|c\\u00f4ne sud]]'''' et parmi\n        les pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], il est celui o\\u00f9 la [[Europe|culture\n        europ\\u00e9enne]] est la plus affirm\\u00e9e. L''Argentine est l''un des pays\n        les plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s du continent latino-am\\u00e9ricain. Le pays\n        est \\u00e9galement la troisi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine apr\\u00e8s le Br\\u00e9sil et le [[Mexique]], que ce soit en [[Produit\n        int\\u00e9rieur brut|PIB]] nominal ou \\u00e0 [[parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat]]\n        (PPA).\\n\\nLe drapeau argentin est dessin\\u00e9 par le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Manuel\n        Belgrano]], les bandes bleues et blanches font r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence aux cocardes\n        de la m\\u00eame couleur distribu\\u00e9es le {{date-|25 mai 1810}} lors du\n        d\\u00e9but de la guerre d''ind\\u00e9pendance. Le drapeau est rendu officiel,\n        deux semaines apr\\u00e8s l''ind\\u00e9pendance, le {{date-|25 juillet 1816}},\n        puis, en [[1818]], est ajout\\u00e9 le soleil dit ''''Sol de Mayo''''. Jusqu''au\n        {{date-|25 juillet 1985}}, le drapeau avec le soleil, dit ''''drapeau de guerre'''',\n        est exclusif aux institutions officielles, alors que le drapeau sans le soleil\n        est utilis\\u00e9 pour les manifestations ou institutions n''ayant pas caract\\u00e8re\n        officiel. D\\u00e9sormais, le drapeau avec le soleil est utilis\\u00e9 partout.\\n\\n==\n        Origines du nom ==\\nLe terme ''''Argentina'''' est attest\\u00e9 pour la premi\\u00e8re\n        fois sur une carte v\\u00e9nitienne de 1536Origine du nom ''''Argentine''''\n        (espagnol) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina].\\n\\nLe nom en fran\\u00e7ais ''''Argentine''''\n        est issu de sa d\\u00e9signation en espagnol ''''Argentina''''. Il s''agit\n        du m\\u00eame mot que l''adjectif fran\\u00e7ais ''''argentine'''' signifiant\n        \\u00ab en argent, d''argent \\u00bb, terme attest\\u00e9 depuis le {{s-|XII|e}}\n        et d\\u00e9riv\\u00e9 du mot ''''argent'''' \\u00e0 l''aide du suffixe ''''-in''''[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Site du CNRTL : \\u00e9tymologie de l''adjectif ''''argentine''''].\\n\\nCependant,\n        ''''Argentina'''' n''est ni un mot espagnol, ni un mot portugais. En effet\n        dans ces langues, ''''argent'''' se dit respectivement ''''plata'''' et ''''prata'''',\n        ainsi que ses d\\u00e9riv\\u00e9s ''''en argent'''', ''''plateado, de plata''''\n        et ''''prateado, de prata''''. En fin de compte ''''Argentina'''' remonte\n        \\u00e0 l''italien ''''argentina'''' \\u00ab d''argent \\u00bb, nom probablement\n        donn\\u00e9 par les navigateurs v\\u00e9nitiens ou g\\u00e9nois comme [[Giovani\n        Cabotto|Giovanni Cabotto]] (Jean Cabot). Il \\u00e9tait peut-\\u00eatre primitivement\n        associ\\u00e9 \\u00e0 ''''terra'''' \\u00ab terre \\u00bb ou \\u00e0 ''''costa''''\n        \\u00ab c\\u00f4te \\u00bb, devenu ''''l''Argentina'''', car le substantif s''efface\n        souvent au profit de son d\\u00e9termin\\u00e9 dans cette langue. L''expression\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] est son correspondant espagnol qui d\\u00e9signe plus\n        pr\\u00e9cis\\u00e9ment la rivi\\u00e8re, lui-m\\u00eame traduction du portugais\n        ''''R\\u00edo da Prata'''' .\\n\\nSa d\\u00e9signation exacte pourrait trouver\n        son origine dans les cadeaux en argent faits par les peuples voisins aux explorateurs\n        europ\\u00e9ens, notamment [[S\\u00e9bastien Cabot]], fils de Jean. Une autre\n        explication pourrait \\u00eatre la l\\u00e9gende de la [[Sierra de la Plata]],\n        tr\\u00e9sor l\\u00e9gendaire o\\u00f9 le R\\u00edo de la Plata \\u00e9tait cens\\u00e9\n        conduire.\\n\\n== G\\u00e9ographie ==\\n[[Fichier:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|150px|Carte\n        topographique de l\\u2019Argentine]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|G\\u00e9ographie\n        de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n=== Donn\\u00e9es g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rales ===\\n[[Fichier:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210079b.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Canyon\n        du [[R\\u00edo Pinturas]], Santa Cruz.]]\\nLa surface totale de l''Argentine\n        est r\\u00e9partie de la fa\\u00e7on suivante (except\\u00e9 l\\u2019Antarctique)\n        :\\n* Total : {{unit\\u00e9|2766891|km|2}}\\n* Terre : {{unit\\u00e9|2736691|km|2}}\\n*\n        Eau : {{unit\\u00e9|30200|km|2}}\\n\\nL''Argentine est longue de {{unit\\u00e9|3700|kilom\\u00e8tres}}\n        du nord au sud et de {{unit\\u00e9|1400|kilom\\u00e8tres}} de l''est \\u00e0\n        l''ouest. Le territoire peut \\u00eatre divis\\u00e9 en quatre zones distinctes\n        : les plaines fertiles de la [[pampa]] au centre du pays, le plat pays de\n        la [[Patagonie argentine|Patagonie]] au sud (s''\\u00e9tendant sur un gros\n        quart sud du pays (28 %), jusqu''\\u00e0 la [[Terre de Feu]]), les plaines\n        s\\u00e8ches du [[Gran Chaco]] au nord et enfin la r\\u00e9gion tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e\n        de la cordill\\u00e8re des Andes \\u00e0 l''ouest le long de la fronti\\u00e8re\n        avec le [[Chili]] dont le mont [[Aconcagua]] culmine \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|6960|m\\u00e8tres}}.\\n\\nLe\n        point culminant de l''Argentine - et de l''Am\\u00e9rique - est le mont Aconcagua.\n        La d\\u00e9pression la plus profonde d''Am\\u00e9rique, la ''''Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n''''\n        \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|105|m\\u00e8tres}} sous le [[niveau de la mer]], se trouve\n        aussi en Argentine, dans la [[province de Santa Cruz]]. Le centre g\\u00e9ographique\n        du pays est localis\\u00e9 dans la [[province de La Pampa]].\\n\\nLe [[climat]]\n        est typique de fa\\u00e7ade orientale des continents, on rencontre un [[climat\n        subtropical humide]] dans le nord et aride/subantarctique dans l''extr\\u00eame\n        sud du pays.\\n\\n=== R\\u00e9gions g\\u00e9ographiques ===\\n[[Fichier:Fitz Roy\n        1b.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Le [[Fitz Roy]], [[Cordill\\u00e8re des Andes]].]]\\n[[Fichier:Iguacu-004.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Parc\n        national d''Iguaz\\u00fa]].]]\\n[[Fichier:pampas.jpg|vignette|Paysage typique\n        de la [[pampa]] argentine au niveau de la grande plaine centrale.]]\\nLe pays\n        est traditionnellement divis\\u00e9 en diff\\u00e9rentes r\\u00e9gions majeures\n        :\\n; Pampas\\nLes plaines \\u00e0 l''ouest et au sud de [[Buenos Aires]]. Appel\\u00e9e\n        la ''''pampa humide'''', cette r\\u00e9gion recouvre la plupart des provinces\n        de [[Province de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] et de [[Province de C\\u00f3rdoba\n        (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] ainsi que celles de [[Province de Santa Fe|Santa\n        Fe]] et de [[Province de La Pampa|la Pampa]]. \\n; Gran Chaco\\nLa r\\u00e9gion\n        [[Gran Chaco]] se situe au nord du pays, avec des saisons humides et s\\u00e8ches,\n        il permet l''\\u00e9levage de [[b\\u00e9tail]] et la culture de [[coton]]. Il\n        recouvre les provinces du [[Province du Chaco|Chaco]] et de [[Province de\n        Formosa|Formosa]]. Il comprend \\u00e9galement des for\\u00eats subtropicales\n        o\\u00f9 se d\\u00e9veloppent la v\\u00e9g\\u00e9tation et les animaux.\\n; Mesopotamie\\nCe\n        territoire se trouve entre le [[Rio Paran\\u00e1]] et le [[Rio Uruguay]], partag\\u00e9s\n        entre les provinces de [[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]] et d''[[Province\n        d''Entre R\\u00edos|Entre R\\u00edos]], o\\u00f9 l''on entretient le [[b\\u00e9tail]]\n        et les [[Esteros del Iber\\u00e1]]. La climat de la [[province de Misiones]]\n        est tropical. Les [[chutes d''Iguaz\\u00fa]] s''y trouvent.\\n; Patagonie\\nLes\n        [[steppe]]s de la [[Patagonie]] dans les provinces de [[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[Province de R\\u00edo Negro|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Province de Chubut|Chubut]]\n        et [[Province de Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] sont d''origines [[Tertiaire (g\\u00e9ologie)|tertiaires]].\n        Le territoire est semi-aride au nord, froid et aride au sud, mais est constitu\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 l''ouest de plusieurs grands lacs et de for\\u00eats. La [[Terre de\n        Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique Sud]] est froide et humide,\n        mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9 par l''influence oc\\u00e9anique. Enfin, le nord peut \\u00eatre\n        r\\u00e9f\\u00e9r\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Comahue]].\\n; Cuyo\\nL''ouest de l''Argentine\n        est domin\\u00e9 par l''imposante cordill\\u00e8re des Andes, \\u00e0 l''est\n        se trouve une r\\u00e9gion aride appel\\u00e9e [[Cuyo (Argentine)|Cuyo]], l''eau\n        descendant des montagnes permet la [[viticulture]] et l''[[agriculture]] gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 son irrigation, bien que le relief y soit accident\\u00e9.\\n\\nLe point\n        le plus haut du monde en dehors de l''Himalaya se retrouve en Argentine, au\n        cerro Aconcagua, de {{unit\\u00e9|6959|m\\u00e8tres}}. Parmi les plus hautes\n        montagnes des Andes, une importante proportion se retrouve dans le pays. Le\n        point le plus bas des Am\\u00e9riques se trouve aussi en Argentine, dans la\n        province de Santa Cruz (Laguna del Carbon).\\n\\n=== Climat ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Climat\n        de l''Argentine}}\\nEn consid\\u00e9rant la superficie du pays, les diff\\u00e9rences\n        d''altitude (de {{unit\\u00e9|-100|m}} \\u00e0 presque {{unit\\u00e9|7000|m}})\n        et la longueur du pays (du {{22e}} [[Parall\\u00e8le (g\\u00e9ographie)|parall\\u00e8le]]\n        sud, correspondant dans l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re nord \\u00e0 la ville de [[La\n        Havane]], jusqu''au {{55e|parall\\u00e8le}} sud, correspondant dans l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re\n        nord \\u00e0 [[Copenhague]], Moscou et la baie d''Hudson), une \\u00e9norme\n        diversit\\u00e9 de climats coexiste dans le pays.\\n\\nLe Nord est pratiquement\n        tropical, quoique absolument toutes les r\\u00e9gions du pays peuvent voir\n        le mercure descendre \\u00e0 {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nLe Centre-Nord et l''Ouest\n        connaissent des journ\\u00e9es de chaleur insupportable l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 :\n        la moyenne atteint {{tmp|36|\\u00b0C}} dans certains endroits, avec  des temp\\u00e9ratures\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9es avoisinant souvent les {{tmp|45|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nL''hiver,\n        la partie la plus septentrionale du pays enregistre des moyennes autour de\n        {{tmp|20|\\u00b0C}} le jour, et de {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}} la nuit, avec des p\\u00e9riodes\n        de {{tmp|30|\\u00b0C}} alternant avec des journ\\u00e9es assez froides qui peuvent\n        m\\u00eame rester en dessous de {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}}, et des nuits proches de\n        {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}}. Les pr\\u00e9cipitations varient de {{unit\\u00e9|2500|millim\\u00e8tres}}\n        dans la jungle de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]], \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|1000|mm}}\n        dans le [[Gran Chaco]], et seulement {{unit\\u00e9|100|mm}} dans les r\\u00e9gions\n        les plus arides de l''Ouest argentin.\\n\\nLa [[Pampa]] concentre la majorit\\u00e9\n        de la population et de la production du pays, gr\\u00e2ce au [[climat temp\\u00e9r\\u00e9]]\n        \\u00e0 quatre saisons: les \\u00e9t\\u00e9s sont assez longs et chauds, avec\n        des journ\\u00e9es ayant une temp\\u00e9rature moyenne de {{unit\\u00e9|30|\\u00b0C}}\n        et des nuit agr\\u00e9ables \\u00e0 {{tmp|17|\\u00b0C}}, tandis que les hivers\n        sont doux avec des journ\\u00e9es ayant des temp\\u00e9ratures moyennes de {{tmp|15|\\u00b0C}}\n        et les nuits autour de {{tmp|4|\\u00b0C}}. Les [[gel\\u00e9e blanche|gel\\u00e9es]]\n        sont courantes pendant 3 \\u00e0 4 mois, et les temp\\u00e9ratures descendent\n        souvent \\u00e0 {{tmp|-5|\\u00b0C}}, mais rarement moins, quoique les records\n        approchent les {{tmp|-10|\\u00b0C}}. La [[neige]], en revanche, est tr\\u00e8s\n        rare \\u00e9tant donn\\u00e9 que l''hiver est la saison la plus s\\u00e8che.\n        Les pr\\u00e9cipitations vont de {{unit\\u00e9|1200|mm}} dans l''est, \\u00e0\n        seulement {{unit\\u00e9|150|mm}} dans l''Ouest du pays.\\n\\nLa Patagonie est\n        la r\\u00e9gion la plus froide, mais le climat varie \\u00e9norm\\u00e9ment d''un\n        endroit \\u00e0 l''autre : il est extr\\u00eamement sec mais assez mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9\n        sur la c\\u00f4te, tr\\u00e8s sec et rigoureux au centre, et tr\\u00e8s humide\n        et un peu moins rigoureux dans les vall\\u00e9es des Andes, o\\u00f9 l''air\n        du Pacifique p\\u00e9n\\u00e8tre dans le continent. Sur la c\\u00f4te, il fait\n        rarement moins de {{tmp|-10|\\u00b0C}}, et l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9, il peut faire\n        facilement {{tmp|35|\\u00b0C}}. La neige est assez rare, mais la pluie aussi\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|250|mm}}).\\nSur les plateaux du centre de la Patagonie, les\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9s sont ti\\u00e8des mais avec des nuits froides (en dessous de\n        {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}}, avec du gel parfois en plein \\u00e9t\\u00e9) et les hivers\n        sont assez rigoureux, avec des moyennes proches de {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}} dans\n        plusieurs endroits, accompagn\\u00e9s de chutes de neige fr\\u00e9quentes mais\n        peu abondantes en raison de l''aridit\\u00e9 du climat. La temp\\u00e9rature\n        descend facilement \\u00e0 {{tmp|-20|\\u00b0C}}, et les records indiquent des\n        valeurs proches de {{tmp|-35|\\u00b0C}} lors d''hivers exceptionnels, o\\u00f9\n        certains villages sont isol\\u00e9s par la neige pendant des semaines. Les\n        vall\\u00e9es (tr\\u00e8s basses) \\u00e0 l''ouest ont des \\u00e9t\\u00e9s frais\n        avec des nuits froides, et des hivers avec des moyennes de {{tmp|2|\\u00b0C}}\n        (\\u00e9quivalent de l''Alsace), descendent rarement en dessous de {{tmp|-15|\\u00b0C}},\n        quoique des valeurs de {{tmp|-20|\\u00b0C}} sont possibles. La neige peut s''accumuler\n        profond\\u00e9ment, car beaucoup de secteurs re\\u00e7oivent plus de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|mm}}\n        de pluie et neige, et quelques secteurs isol\\u00e9s voient jusqu''\\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|4500|mm}}\n        par an.\\n\\nL''extr\\u00eame sud m\\u00e9rite une note \\u00e0 part, car si les\n        hivers sont semblables \\u00e0 ceux de l''ouest de la Patagonie, avec beaucoup\n        de pluie, neige et m\\u00e9langes, la particularit\\u00e9 du climat est l''absence\n        de l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 : au mois le plus chaud, la moyenne du jour atteint seulement\n        {{tmp|14|\\u00b0C}}, alors que celle des nuits est de {{tmp|5|\\u00b0C}}. Il\n        est tr\\u00e8s courant de voir des journ\\u00e9es \\u00e0 {{tmp|7|\\u00b0C}} en\n        plein \\u00e9t\\u00e9, et des chutes de neige ne sont pas \\u00e0 exclure. De\n        plus, pendant les mois d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 on peut s''attendre \\u00e0 avoir 3\n        ou 4 journ\\u00e9es ensoleill\\u00e9es par mois, avec une quinzaine de journ\\u00e9es\n        de pluie, et une douzaine de journ\\u00e9es nuageuses.\\n\\nDans toute la Patagonie,\n        et surtout dans le sud, on enregistre les plus forts vents au monde: dans\n        certaines villes, la moyenne d\\u00e9passe les {{unit\\u00e9|30|km/h}} tous\n        les mois, et lors des temp\\u00eates, les vitesses de {{unit\\u00e9|100|km/h}}\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|150|km/h}} sont courantes.\\n\\nLa c\\u00f4te Atlantique\n        argentine a des temp\\u00e9ratures assez froides m\\u00eame l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9,\n        o\\u00f9 l''eau n''atteint les {{tmp|20|\\u00b0C}} que quelquefois dans quelques\n        endroits pr\\u00e9cis. Les temp\\u00e9ratures les plus chaudes et les plus froides\n        du continent ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 mesur\\u00e9es en Argentine : plus de {{tmp|49|\\u00b0C}}\n        l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9, \\u00e0 Rivadavia, et {{tmp|-42|\\u00b0C}} l''hiver, au Valle\n        de los Patos, San Juan.\\n\\n=== Rivi\\u00e8res et lacs ===\\n[[Fichier:Lago Nahuel\n        Huapi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Le [[lac Nahuel Huapi]] en [[Patagonie]]]]\\nParmi\n        les grands [[fleuve]]s, citons le [[R\\u00edo Paraguay|Paraguay]], le [[R\\u00edo\n        Bermejo|Bermejo]], le [[R\\u00edo Negro (fleuve argentin)|r\\u00edo Negro]],\n        le [[R\\u00edo Colorado (Argentine)|r\\u00edo Colorado]], l''[[Rio Uruguay|Uruguay]],\n        ainsi que le [[Rio Paran\\u00e1|Paran\\u00e1]] qui est le plus long fleuve d''Argentine.\n        Les fleuves [[Rio Paran\\u00e1|Paran\\u00e1]] et [[Uruguay]] coulent vers l''[[oc\\u00e9an\n        Atlantique]] et se rejoignent pour former le delta du [[r\\u00edo de la Plata]].\n        Dans le parc national de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]], au nord du pays,\n        les mini-chutes d''une selva satur\\u00e9e vont se r\\u00e9unir pour former\n        le fleuve Panana. Des grands lacs comme des mers se sont form\\u00e9s au pied\n        des [[Cordill\\u00e8re des Andes|Andes]], dans des sites encore vierges tels\n        le [[lac Nahuel Huapi|Nahuel Huapi]], \\u00e0 [[San Carlos de Bariloche]].\\n\\n===\n        Environnement ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Environnement en Argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Fichier-AtmosphericMethaneSouthAm\\u00e9rica.jpg|thumb|right|Carte[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5270\n        M\\u00e9thane atmosph\\u00e9rique] (NASA 22/02/2005) consult\\u00e9 le 18/07/2017\n        des ''''hot-spot'''' d''\\u00e9mission de [[m\\u00e9thane]] de l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re\n        sud]].\\nLe pays abrite des paysages et \\u00e9cosyst\\u00e8mes tr\\u00e8s vari\\u00e9s,\n        en raison notamment d''un important gradient climatique. L''\\u00e9cosyst\\u00e8me\n        dominant est celui de la [[pampa]], qui abrite une [[biodiversit\\u00e9]] originale\n        et souvent [[End\\u00e9misme|end\\u00e9mique]].\\n\\nLa [[for\\u00eat]] a souvent\n        fortement r\\u00e9gress\\u00e9 au profit de boisements industriels (monocultures\n        parfois) et de l''[[\\u00e9levage bovin]] et d''une agriculture souvent industrielle\n        qui contribue \\u00e0 d\\u00e9grader les [[Sol (p\\u00e9dologie)|sols]]. Le Sud\n        du pays est expos\\u00e9 \\u00e0 une augmentation des [[Ultraviolet|UV]] solaires\n        ([[Canc\\u00e9rog\\u00e8ne|canc\\u00e9rig\\u00e8nes]], [[mutag\\u00e8ne]]s), induite\n        par le trou de la couche d''ozone, plus grande au-dessus de l''Antarctique\n        qu''au-dessus de l''[[Arctique]].\\n\\n==== Faune et flore ====\\n[[Fichier:Vicu\\u00f1a\n        Vigogne Lago Chungar\\u00e0 4570m Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|thumb|150px|Troupeau\n        de [[vigogne]]s]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Faune de l''Argentine}}\\n\\nDans\n        les immenses \\u00e9tendues de la [[Pampa]] subsiste encore une faune pr\\u00e9colombienne\n        repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e en particulier par le [[tatou]], dit \\u00e0 neuf bandes\n        : les [[gaucho|ga\\u00fachos]] pourchassent ce mammif\\u00e8re x\\u00e9narthre\n        car ils redoutent ses terriers dans lesquels le b\\u00e9tail se casse les pattes.\\n\\nEn\n        altitude, le [[lama (animal)|lama]] est encore utilis\\u00e9 comme [[B\\u00eate\n        de somme|animal de portage]].\\n\\n=== Fronti\\u00e8res terrestres ===\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|5151|{{Abr\\u00e9viation\n        discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et\n        le Chili|avec le Chili]] : [[Liste de fronti\\u00e8res terrestres internationales\n        par longueur|c''est la troisi\\u00e8me plus longue fronti\\u00e8re terrestre\n        au monde]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|1880|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et le Paraguay|avec le Paraguay]].\\n*\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|1224|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re\n        entre l''Argentine et le Br\\u00e9sil|avec le Br\\u00e9sil]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|832|{{Abr\\u00e9viation\n        discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et\n        la Bolivie|avec la Bolivie]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|579|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et l''Uruguay|avec l''Uruguay]].\\n\\n==\n        Histoire ==\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n===\n        \\u00c9poque pr\\u00e9-coloniale ===\\nUn grand nombre de tribus indig\\u00e8nes\n        peuplait l''Argentine avant la conqu\\u00eate espagnole comme les [[Diaguita]]s,\n        [[Pampa (ethnie)|Pampas]], [[Tehuelche|Chonks]], [[Toba (Argentine, peuple)|Qoms]],\n        [[Wichi]] (\\\"Matacos\\\"), [[Selknam]] (\\\"Onas\\\").\\n\\n=== Colonisation espagnole\n        ===\\nEn [[1516]], l''Espagnol [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] d\\u00e9couvre\n        le [[Rio de la Plata]]. Le pays est colonis\\u00e9 par les [[Espagne|Espagnols]]\n        entre le {{XVIe s}} et le {{XVIIe si\\u00e8cle}}.\\n\\n=== Ind\\u00e9pendance===\\n[[Fichier:Manuel\n        Belgrano.JPG|150px|thumb|upright|left|Le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Manuel Belgrano]]\n        \\u00e0 Londres, 1815.]]\\n[[Fichier:Jose de San Martin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Le\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] \\u00e0 Paris, 1849.]]\\n\\nDes\n        [[mouvement]]s d''opposition contre la m\\u00e9tropole espagnole apparaissent\n        \\u00e0 l''aube du {{XIXe si\\u00e8cle}} apr\\u00e8s avoir repouss\\u00e9 sous\n        l''impulsion de [[Jacques de Liniers]], d''origine fran\\u00e7aise, en [[1806]]\n        et [[1807]], deux [[Invasions britanniques|exp\\u00e9ditions militaires anglaises]],\n        car les Argentins durent se d\\u00e9fendre seuls contre un ennemi autrement\n        mieux arm\\u00e9 et bien d\\u00e9cid\\u00e9 \\u00e0 les recoloniser. D\\u00e8s\n        [[1810]] avec la ''''[[r\\u00e9volution de Mai]]'''' ({{date|25|mai|1810}})\n        les Argentins deviennent ind\\u00e9pendants de fait. En [[1813]] le gouvernement\n        br\\u00fble en place publique les instruments de torture et le {{date|1|mai|1853}}\n        d\\u00e9clare l''[[abolition de l''esclavage]] (selon la [[Chronologie de l''abolition\n        de l''esclavage]]). L''ind\\u00e9pendance d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e le {{date|9|juillet|1816}}\n        (lors du [[congr\\u00e8s de Tucum\\u00e1n|congr\\u00e8s constituant]] tenu dans\n        la ville de [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]]) n''est que la cons\\u00e9quence\n        juridique venant ent\\u00e9riner ce qui est d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 une r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9.\n        Plusieurs ann\\u00e9es de guerre contre l''Empire espagnol permettent aux Argentins\n        de se s\\u00e9parer d\\u00e9finitivement de l''emprise des Bourbons. Les g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Manuel Belgrano]] et [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel\n        de G\\u00fcemes]], entre autres, matent toute vell\\u00e9it\\u00e9 espagnole\n        de reprendre sa colonie. Au commandement d''une arm\\u00e9e d''environ {{unit\\u00e9|4000|soldats}},\n        San Martin r\\u00e9alise une campagne prodigieuse. Il traverse la [[cordill\\u00e8re\n        des Andes]] et, au Chili, il inflige des d\\u00e9faites cruciales \\u00e0 l''arm\\u00e9e\n        espagnole, d''abord \\u00e0 la Cuesta de [[Bataille de Chacabuco|Chacabuco]]\n        et puis (avec des troupes chiliennes de [[Bernardo O''Higgins]]) \\u00e0 Maipu,\n        pr\\u00e8s de [[Santiago|Santiago du Chili]], o\\u00f9 les Argentins d\\u00e9truisent\n        d\\u00e9finitivement l''arm\\u00e9e royaliste stationn\\u00e9e au [[Chili]].\\n\\n===\n        La guerre civile et les invasions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res ===\\n{{Traduction \\u00e0\n        revoir}}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Juan Manuel de Rosas.jpg|thumb|150px|Brigadier G\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].]]\\nLa guerre contre l''[[Empire espagnol]] s\\u2019ach\\u00e8ve\n        apr\\u00e8s la victoire des ind\\u00e9pendantistes sud-am\\u00e9ricains \\u00e0\n        la [[bataille d''Ayacucho]], en [[1824]]. Cependant, le pays est en situation\n        de guerre civile depuis une d\\u00e9cennie. En 1813, avant la d\\u00e9claration\n        formelle de l''ind\\u00e9pendance de toute l''Argentine, la [[Bande orientale|Province\n        Orientale]] avec [[Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas]] a d\\u00e9fendu le [[f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ralisme]]\n        argentin contre le centralisme de la ville du Buenos Aires, menant \\u00e0\n        une guerre civile de cinquante ans entre [[Parti f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raliste (Argentine)|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raux]]\n        et [[Parti unitaire (Argentine)|unitaires]]. Toujours en plein conflit entre\n        f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raux et unitaires, l''Argentine a eu \\u00e0 affronter de diverses\n        guerres : [[Guerre de Cisplatine|L''invasion]] de la [[Bande orientale|Province\n        Orientale]] par l''[[Empire du Br\\u00e9sil]], mais \\u00e9galement l''occupation\n        de la province de [[Tarija]] par les boliviens en 1826. De plus, peu de temps\n        apr\\u00e8s la fin de la guerre entre l''Argentine et le Br\\u00e9sil, les [[Royaume-Uni|Anglais]]\n        ont occup\\u00e9 (1833) les [[\\u00celes Malouines]] que l''Argentine avait\n        h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9es de l''Espagne  En 1836, l''Argentine devait assumer une\n        [[Guerre de la Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration|guerre]] contre la [[Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        p\\u00e9ruvio-bolivienne]], et une [[Bataille de la Vuelta de Obligado|guerre\n        contre les Empires anglais et fran\\u00e7ais, alli\\u00e9s avec le Br\\u00e9sil,\n        les paraguayens et les uruguayens]]. Ces luttes internes et les interventions\n        \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res expliquent la dur\\u00e9e de l''h\\u00e9g\\u00e9monie de\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] (1833-1853).\\nLa [[Constitution de l''Argentine|constitution]]\n        sera proclam\\u00e9e en [[1853]], apr\\u00e8s la fin de la ''''dictature de\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]]''''.\\n{{clr}}\\n\\n=== Dictatures du {{s-|XX|e}} et\n        p\\u00e9ronisme  ===\\n[[Fichier:Evita y Per\\u00f3n.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n]] et sa femme, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n|Eva Duarte de Per\\u00f3n]].]]\\nLes\n        pr\\u00e9sidences se succ\\u00e8dent entre [[1930]] et [[1983]], mais sur seize\n        pr\\u00e9sidents, onze sont des militaires et plusieurs sont \\u00ab pr\\u00e9sidents\n        de facto \\u00bb (par opposition \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9sident \\u00e9lu). \\n \\n[[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n|Per\\u00f3n]] fait alors son d\\u00e9but dans la haute politique\n        : lieutenant-colonel titulaire de quelques secr\\u00e9tariats d''\\u00c9tat\n        du gouvernement militaire \\u00e9tabli en [[juin 1943]], il est \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident\n        apr\\u00e8s la fin de la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]]. Celle-ci ayant entra\\u00een\\u00e9\n        l\\u2019affaiblissement de l\\u2019Occident, l''Argentine devient, vers 1950,\n        la neuvi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique mondiale[http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt62/pwt62_form.php\n        Penn World Tables]. Apr\\u00e8s la guerre, de tr\\u00e8s nombreux [[Nazisme|nazis]]\n        fuirent en Argentine.\\n\\nLe p\\u00e9ronisme est un mouvement national-populaire\n        ; il encadre la population argentine (syndicats, femmes, jeunes, ouvriers\\u2026)\n        en leur octroyant des droits et un statut. Le partage des richesses est d\\u00e9sormais\n        moins d\\u00e9s\\u00e9quilibr\\u00e9 et {{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire|la\n        classe ouvri\\u00e8re argentine, qui ne s''est jamais tourn\\u00e9e vers le\n        communisme, s''identifie au mouvement p\\u00e9roniste|date=19\\u00a0avril\\u00a02017}}.\n        Per\\u00f3n a donc le soutien de cette derni\\u00e8re , en partie gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 la redistribution des richesses nationales. Cependant, l''opposition\n        de la bourgeoisie est pour le moins active ; d\\u00e8s le retournement de la\n        conjoncture \\u00e9conomique, au d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 1950, le dirigeant\n        populiste va \\u00eatre amen\\u00e9 \\u00e0 pratiquer l''autoritarisme pour continuer\n        \\u00e0 contr\\u00f4ler l''\\u00c9tat et le pays. L\\u2019\\u00c9glise se retourne\n        \\u00e9galement contre le gouvernement apr\\u00e8s les tentatives de Per\\u00f3n\n        de la\\u00efciser l\\u2019enseignement et ses r\\u00e9formes en faveur des droits\n        des femmes. Par ailleurs, sa deuxi\\u00e8me femme (Per\\u00f3n \\u00e9tait veuf\n        depuis [[1938]]) [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]] d\\u00e9c\\u00e9d\\u00e9e, rest\\u00e9e tr\\u00e8s\n        aim\\u00e9e des \\u00ab descamisados \\u00bb (sans chemises) n''est plus l\\u00e0\n        pour galvaniser la population. Le soutien d''une majorit\\u00e9 de la population\n        au mouvement p\\u00e9roniste est n\\u00e9anmoins r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement confirm\\u00e9\n        par les \\u00e9lections et un syst\\u00e8me d\\u00e9mocratique multipartite continue\n        de fonctionner.\\n\\nEn 1955, un coup d''\\u00c9tat le chasse du pouvoir (l''arm\\u00e9e\n        bombardera la place de Mai, tuant de nombreux civils). D\\u00e9sormais, l''Argentine\n        entre dans une p\\u00e9riode d''instabilit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 la fois \\u00e9conomique\n        et politique. Le puissant mouvement p\\u00e9roniste est d\\u00e9capit\\u00e9\n        mais va rena\\u00eetre sous la forme clandestine (sabotage, gr\\u00e8ves\\u2026).\n        Les \\u00e9lites du pays, revenues au pouvoir, cherchent alors une impossible\n        formule de d\\u00e9mocratie sans p\\u00e9ronisme. Les militaires organisent\n        des \\u00e9lections, puis reprennent le pouvoir quelque temps apr\\u00e8s, et\n        ce, \\u00e0 deux reprises.\\n\\nEn 1966 a lieu le coup d''\\u00c9tat du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Ongania]]. Ce dernier, partisan de la mani\\u00e8re forte, va mettre en place\n        un r\\u00e9gime bureaucratique et autoritaire. En r\\u00e9action \\u00e0 la violence,\n        les mouvements sociaux, les syndicats, les \\u00e9tudiants, les ouvriers vont\n        se battre contre le r\\u00e9gime jusqu''\\u00e0 prendre conscience de sa faiblesse.\n        La situation s''aggrave jusqu''\\u00e0 l''ann\\u00e9e 1969, quand \\u00e9clate\n        le ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' (une explosion de violence spontan\\u00e9e \\u00e0\n        la ville de Cordoba durant laquelle les ouvriers et les \\u00e9tudiants seront\n        les principaux protagonistes). C''est la premi\\u00e8re ''''pueblada'''' (il\n        y en aura bien d''autres dans tout le pays) : la population s''attaque aux\n        symboles du pouvoir autoritaire (police\\u2026) mais aussi \\u00e0 ceux des\n        multinationales \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res. Le lendemain, le pays est paralys\\u00e9\n        par la gr\\u00e8ve g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale. D\\u00e9sormais, m\\u00eame la classe\n        moyenne, traditionnellement anti-p\\u00e9roniste, s''associe au rejet du pouvoir\n        bureaucratique et autoritaire. Les militaires se retirent alors en bonne et\n        due forme, essayant de ne pas perdre la face. Mais il est trop tard et en\n        1973, la population assiste \\u00e0 la fin du r\\u00e9gime militaire. Des \\u00e9lections\n        d\\u00e9mocratiques sont organis\\u00e9es, les militaires sont conspu\\u00e9s,\n        la gauche r\\u00e9volutionnaire voit ses organisations de masses l\\u00e9galis\\u00e9es\n        et ses militants prisonniers sont tous lib\\u00e9r\\u00e9s. L''extr\\u00eame-gauche\n        gagne des espaces de pouvoir au sein de l''\\u00c9tat (Universit\\u00e9\\u2026).\n        On croit que les militaires ne reviendront pas. Jamais alors le climat politique\n        n''avait \\u00e9t\\u00e9 aussi propice \\u00e0 la gauche en Argentine.\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s\n        le retour du [[Juan Per\\u00f3n|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral Peron]] en 1973, qui se solde\n        par le [[massacre d''Ezeiza]] (affrontements entre la gauche et la droite\n        p\\u00e9roniste), le pays s''enfonce dans une \\u00ab [[guerre sale]] \\u00bb,\n        qui commence, dans la [[province de Tucum\\u00e1n]], d\\u00e8s l''[[op\\u00e9ration\n        Ind\\u00e9pendance]], qui impliquait la lutte contre la gu\\u00e9rilla y compris\n        l''enl\\u00e8vement de partisans arm\\u00e9s de la \\u00ab\\u00a0r\\u00e9volution\\u00a0\\u00bb\n        et leur s\\u00e9jours dans des [[centre clandestin de d\\u00e9tention (Argentine)|centres\n        de d\\u00e9tention clandestins]], o\\u00f9 ils \\u00e9taient tortur\\u00e9s. La\n        tr\\u00e8s grande majorit\\u00e9 n''y a pas surv\\u00e9cu. \\u00c0 cette occasion,\n        les le\\u00e7ons transmises par des fran\\u00e7ais sur la [[bataille d''Alger]]\n        sont mises en pratique[[Marie-Monique Robin]] dans ''''[[Escadrons de\n        la mort, l''\\u00e9cole fran\\u00e7aise]]''''.\\n\\nEn mars 1976, un coup\n        d''\\u00c9tat dirig\\u00e9 par une junte de militaires ([[Jorge Rafael Videla|Jorge\n        Videla]], etc.) renverse la troisi\\u00e8me femme de P\\u00e9ron, [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]], ancienne vice-pr\\u00e9sident de son \\u00e9poux, et sa veuve\n        depuis 1974. La [[Comisi\\u00f3n Nacional sobre la Desaparici\\u00f3n de Personas|CONADEP]]\n        -Commission nationale sur la disparition des personnes, fond\\u00e9e par le\n        gouvernement d\\u00e9mocratique de Ra\\u00fal R. [[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn|Alfons\\u00edn]],\n        a estim\\u00e9 que la r\\u00e9pression militaire a fait un peu moins de {{unit\\u00e9|10000|victimes}},\n        dans la majorit\\u00e9 des \\u00ab [[d\\u00e9tenus disparus|disparus]] \\u00bb.\n        \\n\\u00c9tant donn\\u00e9 que l''appui aux mouvements de gu\\u00e9rilla dans\n        tout le continent est soutenu, coordonn\\u00e9 et dirig\\u00e9 depuis [[Cuba]],\n        Buenos Aires participe avec d''autres pays \\u00e0 l\\u2019[[op\\u00e9ration\n        Condor]] (de coordination contre la subversion), et de nombreux [[Droit d''asile|r\\u00e9fugi\\u00e9s\n        politiques]] et des \\u00ab\\u00a0subversives\\u00a0\\u00bb enfuis de pays voisins\n        sont assassin\\u00e9s par le biais des services secrets ou d''escadrons de\n        la mort (la [[Alliance anticommuniste argentine|Triple A]]). Il est \\u00e0\n        noter que cette [[Alliance anticommuniste argentine|Triple A]] a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9e en 1974 durant le gouvernement constitutionnel de Madame la\n        veuve Peron et a commenc\\u00e9 son travail depuis cette ann\\u00e9e. L''ambassade\n        [[\\u00c9tats-Unis|am\\u00e9ricaine]] est souvent au courantLe journaliste\n        John Dinges affirme dans son livre-r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence sur Condor qu''\\u00e0\n        la fois le FBI et la CIA \\u00e9taient au courant de l''arrestation de deux\n        diplomates cubains, de 22 et 26 ans, par la [[Secretar\\u00eda de Inteligencia|SIDE]]\n        argentine. Tortur\\u00e9s dans le centre Orletti, les Cubains ont aussi \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        interrog\\u00e9s par [[Michael Townley]], ex-agent de la CIA qui travaillait\n        d\\u00e9sormais pour la [[Direction nationale du renseignement|DINA]] chilienne.\n        Townley a par la suite \\u00e9t\\u00e9 condamn\\u00e9 pour l''assassinat de l''ex-ministre\n        de [[Salvador Allende]], [[Orlando Letelier]], \\u00e0 Washington en septembre\n        1976..\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Dictature militaire en Argentine\n        (1976-1983)}}\\n\\n=== Guerre des Malouines et transition d\\u00e9mocratique\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Carlos menem.jpg|left|150px|thumb|[[Carlos Menem]], pr\\u00e9sident\n        de [[1989]] \\u00e0 [[1999]].]]\\n[[Fichier:TierraDelFuego1.PNG|thumb|150px|Carte\n        de l''Argentine avec les [[\\u00eeles Malouines]] (\\u00e0 droite sur l''image)]]\\nAfin\n        de relancer sa popularit\\u00e9, la junte de Buenos Aires, dirig\\u00e9e depuis\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1981 par [[Leopoldo Galtieri]], l\\u2019un des plus \\u00ab durs\n        \\u00bb, d\\u00e9cide d\\u2019envahir les [[\\u00eeles Malouines]] en 1982, provoquant\n        ainsi la [[guerre des Malouines]] contre le Royaume-Uni, alors dirig\\u00e9\n        par [[Margaret Thatcher]]. En raison de son [[anticommunisme]] visc\\u00e9ral\n        et de la mise en place de l\\u2019[[op\\u00e9ration Charly]] (pendant laquelle\n        les services argentins ont transmis \\u00e0 leurs homologues d\\u2019Am\\u00e9rique\n        centrale les techniques de la guerre sale : [[escadron de la mort|escadrons\n        de la mort]], torture syst\\u00e9matique contre la population civile afin de\n        la d\\u00e9moraliser, [[vols de la mort]], etc.), Buenos Aires semblait penser\n        pouvoir compter, \\u00e0 tort, sur le soutien de [[Ronald Reagan]], nouvellement\n        \\u00e9lu.\\n\\nLa d\\u00e9faite lors de la guerre des Malouines pr\\u00e9cipite\n        la chute du r\\u00e9gime et une lente transition d\\u00e9mocratique.\\n\\n[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]] (1983-1989) fut le symbole m\\u00eame du retour \\u00e0 la d\\u00e9mocratie\n        en R\\u00e9publique argentine. Dans les premiers jours de son mandat, en 1983,\n        il abroge l\\u2019amnistie d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e avant que les forces arm\\u00e9es\n        ne perdent le pouvoir et demande de poursuivre neuf dirigeants de la junte\n        militaire. Il nomme en m\\u00eame temps une commission nationale sur la disparition\n        des personnes et en choisit les membres : dix citoyens de premier plan, connus\n        pour leur r\\u00f4le dans la d\\u00e9fense des droits de l\\u2019Homme. Aux yeux\n        du monde \\u00e9clate la cruaut\\u00e9 des crimes de la junte militaire argentine\n        : quelque {{unit\\u00e9|10000|personnes}} tortur\\u00e9es puis ex\\u00e9cut\\u00e9es\n        clandestinement.\\n\\nMais si les principaux responsables de violations des\n        droits de l''Homme durant le r\\u00e9gime militaire seront jug\\u00e9s et condamn\\u00e9s,\n        la pression de l''establishment militaire va forcer Alfonsin \\u00e0 c\\u00e9der\n        aux revendications des militaires. Trois ans plus tard, son gouvernement emp\\u00eache\n        le jugement de nombreux autres responsables, en instaurant les lois de pardon\n        ''''Punto Final'''' et ''''Obediencia Debida''''. La premi\\u00e8re prescrit\n        les proc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 venir et la seconde accorde l''amnistie aux officiers\n        subalternes, responsables d''atrocit\\u00e9s commises sous les ordres des chefs\n        des forces arm\\u00e9es.\\nDepuis lors, plusieurs pr\\u00e9sidents se sont succ\\u00e9d\\u00e9\n        : [[Carlos Menem]] (1989-1999), [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]] (1999-2001). Des\n        lois d''amnistie sont vot\\u00e9es sous Menem, notamment en raison de la r\\u00e9bellion\n        de secteurs d\\u2019extr\\u00eame droite dans l''arm\\u00e9e (les [[Carapintadas]],\n        qui tentent plusieurs coups d\\u2019\\u00c9tat \\u00e0 la fin des ann\\u00e9es\n        1980). Un proc\\u00e8s durant lequel comparaissent les principaux responsables\n        de la junte, ainsi que des Montoneros, se tient n\\u00e9anmoins en 1985 : c''est\n        le Proc\\u00e8s des Juntes (''''Juicio a las Juntas'''').\\n\\nLa d\\u00e9cennie\n        Menem est marqu\\u00e9e par une [[lib\\u00e9ralisation \\u00e9conomique|lib\\u00e9ralisation\n        de l''\\u00e9conomie]], menant \\u00e0 la modernisation de la plus grande partie\n        du pays, \\u00e0 l''enrichissement d''une part importante de la population,\n        mais aussi \\u00e0 l''apparition de groupes contestataires, les ''''piqueteros'''',\n        qui deviendront c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres apr\\u00e8s la [[Crise \\u00e9conomique argentine|crise\n        \\u00e9conomique]] de la fin des ann\\u00e9es 1990. En effet, de [[1990]] \\u00e0\n        [[1998]] se produit le miracle argentin, caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9 par un lib\\u00e9ralisme\n        radical (alignement du [[Peso argentin|peso]] sur le [[dollar]], [[privatisation]]s,\n        r\\u00e9formes \\u00e9conomiques et sociales) qui eut pour effet une croissance\n        \\u00e9conomique exponentielle, se traduisant par un enrichissement et une\n        modernisation jamais vus dans le pays. Le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]]\n        aida beaucoup l''Argentine \\u00e0 se d\\u00e9velopper durant cette p\\u00e9riode.\n        La consommation a augment\\u00e9 consid\\u00e9rablement, et les Argentins ont\n        alors pu acc\\u00e9der aux m\\u00eames biens mat\\u00e9riels que les Europ\\u00e9ens\n        ; l''[[Internet]], la [[t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie mobile]], l''[[\\u00c9lectrom\\u00e9nager|\\u00e9lectro-m\\u00e9nager]]\n        moderne, etc. Cependant, ce lib\\u00e9ralisme ne profita pas \\u00e0 toute la\n        population. Les laiss\\u00e9s-pour-compte du miracle \\u00e9conomique repr\\u00e9sentaient\n        une part non n\\u00e9gligeable dans l''Argentine des [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]] :\n        18 % de ch\\u00f4meurs en [[1996]].\\n\\n=== Crise de 2001 ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Crise\n        \\u00e9conomique argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Evolution of the Argentine GNP, 1999-2004.png|thumb|150px|[[R\\u00e9cession\n        (\\u00e9conomie)|R\\u00e9cession \\u00e9conomique]] puis reprise de la croissance\n        du [[Produit national brut|PNB]]]]\\n\\n[[Fichier:Monthly inflation in Argentina,\n        2002.png|thumb|150px|left|[[Inflation]] mensuelle de l''Argentine en 2002]]\\n[[Fichier:Duhalde23012007.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Eduardo\n        Duhalde]]]]\\n\\nLe choix de cr\\u00e9er dans les ann\\u00e9es 1990 une [[caisse\n        d''\\u00e9mission]] mon\\u00e9taire li\\u00e9e strictement au dollar, avait eu\n        pour cons\\u00e9quence, lors de la hausse massive de celui-ci \\u00e0 la fin\n        des ann\\u00e9es 1990, de provoquer un arr\\u00eat brusque des exportations\n        argentines. Le Br\\u00e9sil avait d\\u00e9valu\\u00e9 fortement sa monnaie et\n        l''Argentine, son principal partenaire commercial, s''\\u00e9tait retrouv\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 sec de devises. Cette situation avait engendr\\u00e9 une fuite de capitaux\n        massive pendant les mois d''ao\\u00fbt, septembre et octobre. La crise est\n        partiellement jugul\\u00e9e par un contr\\u00f4le draconien des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts\n        bancaires, appel\\u00e9 ''''[[Corralito]]'''', bas\\u00e9 sur l''obligation\n        d''effectuer toutes les op\\u00e9rations financi\\u00e8res \\u00e0 travers les\n        banques et la restriction des retraits d''argent en num\\u00e9raire. Le gros\n        de la population n''\\u00e9tant pas bancaris\\u00e9, la perception des r\\u00e9mun\\u00e9rations\n        et salaires devient un v\\u00e9ritable casse-t\\u00eate, ce qui provoque une\n        aggravation radicale de la crise en d\\u00e9cembre 2001, provoquant un v\\u00e9ritable\n        chaos social, et des \\u00e9meutes des classes sociales les plus appauvries\n        par la crise. La r\\u00e9pression cause 31 morts, le ministre des Finances\n        est relev\\u00e9 de ses fonctions, mais cela ne suffit pas et le pr\\u00e9sident\n        signifie sa d\\u00e9mission en s''enfuyant du palais du Gouvernement en h\\u00e9licopt\\u00e8re.\n        Le gouvernement, le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]] et la parit\\u00e9\n        entre le [[Peso argentin|peso]] et le [[dollar am\\u00e9ricain]] sont les th\\u00e8mes\n        les plus critiqu\\u00e9s.\\n\\nEn dix jours, quatre pr\\u00e9sidents se succ\\u00e8dent\n        (Cama\\u00f1o, Rodriguez Saa, Puerta, Duhalde), le gouvernement argentin se\n        d\\u00e9clare en \\u00e9tat de cessation de paiement, abroge la loi consacrant\n        l''intangibilit\\u00e9 des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts bancaires (ce qui provoque l\\u2019\\u00e9vaporation\n        des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts des classes moyennes qui en avaient mais ne les avaient\n        pas transf\\u00e9r\\u00e9s) et, donc, par un approfondissement de la crise \\u00e9conomique.\n        Le {{date|6|janvier|2002}}, le nouveau gouvernement proc\\u00e8de \\u00e0 un\n        gel total des avoirs bancaires, appel\\u00e9 ''''Corral\\u00f3n'''', et une\n        [[d\\u00e9valuation]] officielle du [[Peso argentin|peso]] de 28 % par rapport\n        au [[Dollar am\\u00e9ricain|dollar]], tandis que dans la rue le dollar se change\n        \\u00e0 1,60 [[Peso argentin|peso]] pour atteindre tr\\u00e8s vite plus de 3\n        [[Peso argentin|pesos]]Cf. ''''M\\u00e9moire d''un saccage, Argentine,\n        le hold-up du si\\u00e8cle'''' - de [[Fernando Ezequiel Solanas|Fernando E.\n        Solanas]] (2004).\\n\\nLe monde entier a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 surpris par les\n        \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements de d\\u00e9cembre 2001. Les m\\u00e9dias ont montr\\u00e9\n        un pays caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9 par les pillages de magasins et les concerts\n        de casseroles des classes moyennes. Mais ces repr\\u00e9sentations sont simplistes\n        et plus que subjectives. Les \\u00e9meutes et les mobilisations ne sont pas\n        n\\u00e9es \\u00e0 la fin de l''ann\\u00e9e 2001. D\\u00e8s 1989, une vague de\n        saccages de magasins a eu lieu, cons\\u00e9quence de l''hyperinflation. En\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1993, le pays a connu des r\\u00e9voltes, notamment \\u00e0 Santiago\n        del Estero. En 1996, les premiers piqueteros \\u00e9tablissaient des barrages\n        \\u00e0 Cutral-Co, dans la province de Neuquen. Mais les m\\u00e9dias n''avaient\n        laiss\\u00e9 que tr\\u00e8s peu de visibilit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 ces mouvements.\\n\\nLes\n        protestations de d\\u00e9cembre 2001 doivent \\u00eatre analys\\u00e9es en tenant\n        compte des changements que le r\\u00e9pertoire de l''action collective a connus\n        ces derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es en Argentine. Comme l''a expliqu\\u00e9 Javier\n        Ayuero, \\u00ab loin d''\\u00eatre l''explosion d''une citoyennet\\u00e9 paraissant\n        jusqu''alors repli\\u00e9e sur elle-m\\u00eame et incapable d''exprimer son\n        m\\u00e9contentement, le mois de d\\u00e9cembre 2001 repr\\u00e9sente plut\\u00f4t\n        le point le plus critique d''un processus de mobilisation populaire datant\n        environ d''une dizaine d''ann\\u00e9es \\u00bb{{es}} \\u00ab Fuegos y barricadas.\n        Retratos de la beligerancia en la Argentina democratica \\u00bb, in Nueva Sociadad,\n        \\u00ab Argentina, fin del sue\\u00f1o \\u00bb, Caracas, mai-juin 2002, {{num\\u00e9ro|179}},\n        {{p.}}144).\\n\\n[[Eduardo Duhalde]] demeure pr\\u00e9sident de l''Argentine\n        entre janvier 2002 et mai 2003 o\\u00f9 il met fin \\u00e0 la parit\\u00e9 entre\n        le peso argentin et le dollar am\\u00e9ricain et met en place un plan \\u00e9conomique\n        productiviste. Il appelle \\u00e0 des \\u00e9lections pr\\u00e9sidentielles anticip\\u00e9es\n        en avril 2003 o\\u00f9 il soutient le candidat p\\u00e9roniste de centre gauche\n        [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]. Ce dernier est \\u00e9lu par d\\u00e9faut \\u00e0 la\n        suite du retrait de [[Carlos Menem]] au second tour.\\n\\n=== Gouvernement Kirchner\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Cristinakirchnermensaje2010.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Cristina\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], pr\\u00e9sidente de l''Argentine de [[2007]]\n        \\u00e0 [[2015]].]]\\n[[Fichier:N\\u00e9stor Kirchner y Roberto Lavagna-Buenos\n        Aires-23 de agosto de 2004.jpg|[[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]] et Roberto Lavagna.|thumb|150px]]\\n[[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] exerce la fonction de pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique argentine\n        de 2003 \\u00e0 2007. Il ren\\u00e9gocie la dette du pays en 2005 (il refuse\n        le remboursement de trois quarts des 100 milliards de dollars de dette ext\\u00e9rieure).\n        Il g\\u00e8le les tarifs \\u00e9nerg\\u00e9tiques et du transport, et taxe tr\\u00e8s\n        fortement les importations{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire|, il relance\n        l\\u2019activit\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique (+ 50 % en cinq ans) soutenue par\n        les d\\u00e9penses publiques, et double la masse salariale (de 2003 \\u00e0\n        2007)}}. Nestor Kirchner est d\\u00e9c\\u00e9d\\u00e9 en 2010 d''une crise cardiaque.\\n\\nSon\n        \\u00e9pouse, [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], \\u00e9lue au premier\n        tour le 28 octobre 2007 lui succ\\u00e8de le {{date|10|d\\u00e9cembre|2007}}.\n        En 2008 la pr\\u00e9sidente est confront\\u00e9e \\u00e0 un lourd conflit social\n        l''opposant aux agriculteurs et relatif, notamment, au niveau des taxes sur\n        les exportations de [[soja]]. Les agriculteurs argentins ont engag\\u00e9 une\n        gr\\u00e8ve d''ampleur de commercialisation des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales[http://www.lemonde.fr/\n        Le Monde], \\u00e9dition du 17 juin 2008, ''''L''interpellation d''agriculteurs\n        relance la fronde des campagnes argentines''''.\\n\\nEn 2015, [[Mauricio\n        Macri]] est \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident.\\n\\n== Politique et administration ==\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Politique en Argentine}}\\n\\n=== R\\u00e9partition des pouvoirs\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires-Plaza Congreso-Pensador de Rodin.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Place\n        du [[Palais du Congr\\u00e8s de la Nation Argentine]]]]\\n[[Fichier:Constituci\\u00f3n\n        Nacional Argentina 1853 - p\\u00e1gina 1.jpeg|thumb|150px|Premi\\u00e8re page\n        de la Constitution]]\\nL''Argentine a un r\\u00e9gime pr\\u00e9sidentiel dans\n        une r\\u00e9publique f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale. La [[Constitution argentine de 1853]],\n        r\\u00e9vis\\u00e9e en 1860, 1866, 1898, 1957 et 1994 dispose que le mandat\n        pr\\u00e9sidentiel est de quatre ans (renouvelable deux fois). Il y a possibilit\\u00e9\n        de r\\u00e9\\u00e9lection, mais il faut laisser passer 4 ans. Le pr\\u00e9sident\n        devait \\u00eatre de religion catholique jusqu''en 1994 : [[Carlos Menem]],\n        d''origine syrienne et de confession musulmane d\\u00fbt se convertir au [[catholicisme]]\n        pour \\u00eatre \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident.\\n\\n\\u00c9lu au suffrage universel,\n        le pr\\u00e9sident est \\u00e0 la fois \\u00e0 la t\\u00eate de l''\\u00c9tat et\n        \\u00e0 la t\\u00eate du gouvernement, le pr\\u00e9sident actuel est [[Mauricio\n        Macri]].\\n\\nLa Constitution garantit la s\\u00e9paration des pouvoirs entre\n        l''ex\\u00e9cutif, le l\\u00e9gislatif et le judiciaire. L''ex\\u00e9cutif est\n        confi\\u00e9 au pr\\u00e9sident, le l\\u00e9gislatif au Parlement et le judiciaire\n        \\u00e0 la Cour supr\\u00eame d''Argentine compos\\u00e9e de sept membres.\\n\\nLe\n        Parlement est compos\\u00e9 de deux chambres :\\n* Le [[S\\u00e9nat (Argentine)|S\\u00e9nat]]\n        : 72 membres (3 s\\u00e9nateurs par provinces) \\u00e9lus pour six ans.\\n* La\n        [[Chambre des d\\u00e9put\\u00e9s d''Argentine]] : 257 membres \\u00e9lus au\n        suffrage universel, renouvelables par moiti\\u00e9 tous les deux ans. Un tiers\n        des candidats doit \\u00eatre f\\u00e9minin.\\n\\nLa justice nationale est compos\\u00e9e\n        de diff\\u00e9rents tribunaux, dont le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 est la Cour Supr\\u00eame.\\n\\n===\n        Provinces ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Provinces de l''Argentine|Villes\n        d''Argentine}}\\nConform\\u00e9ment \\u00e0 la [[Constitution de l''Argentine|constitution\n        de 1853]], r\\u00e9vis\\u00e9e en 1994, l\\u2019Argentine est une [[r\\u00e9publique]]\n        [[\\u00c9tat f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]] organis\\u00e9e en 23 provinces/\\u00e9tats\n        (qui sont des \\u00c9tats f\\u00e9d\\u00e9r\\u00e9s, dirig\\u00e9s par des [[gouverneur]]s\n        \\u00e9lus) et une cit\\u00e9 autonome \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e en district f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral\n        : [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, capitale f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]] qui a un statut\n        sp\\u00e9cial. Les 23 provinces sont les suivantes.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\"\n        style=\\\"float: auto; text-align:right; font-size:90%; width:60%; font-family:Verdana,\n        Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background:F5F5F5; \\\"\\n|- align=center style=\\\"background:lavender;\n        font-weight:bold;\\\" \\n ! !! Province !! Capitale !! !! Province !! Capitale\n        \\n|- \\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Bandera de\n        la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        align=left colspan=\\\"2\\\" |''''''[[Buenos Aires|Ville f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale de\n        Buenos Aires]]''''''|| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Mendoza Province, Argentina.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Mendoza|Mendoza]]'''''' || align=left| [[Mendoza (ville)|Mendoza]]\n        \\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        align=left |''''''[[Province de Buenos Aires|Province 
de Buenos Aires]]''''''\n        || align=left | [[La Plata]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Misiones.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Misiones|Misiones]]'''''' || align=left| [[Posadas (Argentine)|Posadas]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Stemma\n        catamarca.gif|30px]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" align=left |''''''[[Province\n        de Catamarca|Catamarca]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Fernando del Valle de\n        Catamarca|San Fdo. del Valle
 de Catamarca]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Neuquen province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Neuqu\\u00e9n (ville)|Neuqu\\u00e9n]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Chaco province in Argentina 2007.jpg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province du Chaco|Chaco]]'''''' || align=left| [[Resistencia]] ||\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of R\\u00edo Negro\n        Province.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province\n        de R\\u00edo Negro|R\\u00edo Negro]]'''''' || align=left| [[Viedma]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of chubut province in argentina - bandera de chubut.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Chubut|Chubut]]'''''' ||\n        align=left| [[Rawson]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Bandera\n        de la Provincia de Salta.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Salta|Salta]]'''''' || align=left| [[Salta]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Cordoba Province in Argentina.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:San luis prov arg.png|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de San Luis|San Luis]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Luis (Argentine)|San\n        Luis]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Corrientes province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Corrientes (ville)|Corrientes]]|| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of San Juan province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de San Juan|San Juan]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[San Juan (Argentine)|San Juan]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|- \\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Entre R\\u00edos.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province d''Entre R\\u00edos|Entre R\\u00edos]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[Paran\\u00e1 (Argentine)|Paran\\u00e1]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Santa Cruz province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[R\\u00edo Gallegos]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Formosa.svg|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Formosa|Formosa]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Formosa (ville)|Formosa]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Santa Fe province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Santa Fe (Argentine)|Santa Fe]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Jujuy province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Jujuy|Jujuy]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Salvador de\n        Jujuy|San Salvador
 de Jujuy]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero.svg|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Santiago del Estero (province)|Santiago\n        
del Estero]]'''''' || align=left| [[Santiago del Estero (ville)|Santiago\n        
del Estero]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of La Pampa province.png|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de La Pampa|La\n        Pampa]]'''''' || align=left| [[Santa Rosa (Argentine)|Santa Rosa]] || align=center\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Tierra del Fuego province\n        in Argentina.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Terre de Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique Sud]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Ushua\\u00efa]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of La Rioja province\n        in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de La Rioja (Argentine)|La Rioja]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[La Rioja (Argentine)|La Rioja]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera tucuman.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Tucum\\u00e1n|Tucum\\u00e1n]]'''''' || align=left| [[San\n        Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n|San Miguel
 de Tucum\\u00e1n]] \\n |}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Argentina\n        - Map - Provinces with names.png|thumb|150px|D\\u00e9coupage de l''Argentine\n        en provinces]]\\nLes provinces ont de fait tous les pouvoirs qui n\\u2019ont\n        pas \\u00e9t\\u00e9 d\\u00e9l\\u00e9gu\\u00e9s express\\u00e9ment au gouvernement\n        f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral. Elles sont charg\\u00e9es d\\u2019administrer la justice\n        et l\\u2019\\u00e9ducation primaire. Elles s\\u2019organisent comme elles l\\u2019entendent\n        en \\u00e9lisant leurs pouvoirs ex\\u00e9cutif et l\\u00e9gislatif. Les provinces\n        peuvent r\\u00e9gler entre elles toutes sortes d\\u2019accords de type judiciaire,\n        \\u00e9conomique ou social. Le pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif national a seulement le\n        pouvoir d\\u2019intervenir afin d\\u2019assurer la forme r\\u00e9publicaine du\n        gouvernement et de repousser les invasions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res.\\nLa majorit\\u00e9\n        des provinces du centre et du nord du pays sont ant\\u00e9rieures \\u00e0 l\\u2019existence\n        de l\\u2019Argentine comme \\u00c9tat f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral, cependant des provinces\n        avec une grande pr\\u00e9sence aborig\\u00e8ne ou une faible population (comme\n        le sont au nord : [[Province du Chaco|Chaco]], [[Province de Formosa|Formosa]]\n        et [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]] ; et la grande partie sud du pays : [[Province\n        de La Pampa|La Pampa]], [[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]], [[Province\n        de R\\u00edo Negro|Rio Negro]], [[Province de Chubut|Chubut]], [[Province de\n        Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]], la [[Terre de Feu]], le territoire argentin en [[Antarctique]]\n        et les \\u00eeles de l\\u2019Atlantique sud) \\u00e9taient \\u00e0 une \\u00e9poque\n        des \\u00ab territoires nationaux \\u00bb d\\u00e9pendant du gouvernement f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral.\n        En devenant des provinces, elles acquirent le m\\u00eame statut administratif\n        que celles qui existaient d\\u00e9j\\u00e0.\\n\\nLes derniers territoires \\u00e0\n        changer de statut furent la [[Terre de Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique\n        Sud]] qui furent regroup\\u00e9s pour devenir une m\\u00eame et unique province\n        en [[1991]], en d\\u00e9pit du fait que la d\\u00e9finition de cette province\n        contient des territoires contest\\u00e9s en Antarctique (avec le Chili et le\n        Royaume-Uni) et du fait que l\\u2019Argentine a ratifi\\u00e9 le trait\\u00e9\n        sur l\\u2019Antarctique qui a gel\\u00e9 les pr\\u00e9tentions territoriales,\n        et les \\u00eeles de l\\u2019Atlantique sud sont reconnues internationalement\n        comme parties du Royaume-Uni (\\u00e0 l\\u2019exception des \\u00eeles Shetland\n        du Sud int\\u00e9gr\\u00e9es au trait\\u00e9 sur l\\u2019Antarctique), seul le\n        litige de souverainet\\u00e9 concernant le partage de la Terre de Feu ayant\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9 r\\u00e9solu (par un trait\\u00e9 international sign\\u00e9 avec\n        le Chili).\\n\\nUn des anciens ''''territoires nationaux'''', le territoire\n        des Andes, ne parvint jamais \\u00e0 se convertir en province. Il fut form\\u00e9\n        en 1900 et couvrait alors la totalit\\u00e9 de la [[Puna]] du nord-ouest du\n        pays, mais, en raison d''un d\\u00e9veloppement et d''une population tr\\u00e8s\n        faibles, il fut dissous en [[1943]], les territoires \\u00e9tant alors incorpor\\u00e9s\n        aux provinces de Jujuy, Salta et Catamarca.\\n\\n\\nPerito Moreno Glacier\n        Patagonia Argentina Luca Galuzzi 2005.JPG|Perito Moreno Glacier, [[province\n        de Santa Cruz]], Patagonie argentine\\nVi\\u00f1edoCafayate.jpg|Cafayate, [[province\n        de Salta]].\\n\\n\\n=== Relations internationales ===\\n[[Fichier:Flag\n        of Mercosur.svg|150px|thumb|Drapeau du Mercosur]]\\n[[Fichier:SACN member states.jpg|thumb|150px|Carte\n        des \\u00c9tats membres de l''[[Union des nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines|Union\n        des Nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines]]]]\\n\\nL''Argentine est membre permanent\n        du [[March\\u00e9 commun du Sud|Mercosur]] (communaut\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique\n        des pays de l''Am\\u00e9rique du Sud) avec le [[Br\\u00e9sil]], le [[Paraguay]],\n        l''[[Uruguay]] et le [[Venezuela]]; cinq autres pays y sont associ\\u00e9s\n        : la [[Bolivie]], le [[Chili]], le [[P\\u00e9rou]], la [[Colombie]] et l''[[\\u00c9quateur\n        (pays)|\\u00c9quateur]]{{es}}http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/portal%20intermediario/es/index.htm\n        Portail officiel du Mercosur..\\n\\nL''Argentine fut le seul pays d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        du Sud \\u00e0 avoir pris part \\u00e0 la [[Guerre du Golfe (1990-1991)|premi\\u00e8re\n        guerre du Golfe]] en [[1991]], mandat\\u00e9e par l''[[Organisation des Nations\n        unies|ONU]]{{en}} http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/facts/gulfwar/\n        R\\u00e9sum\\u00e9 des faits sur la premi\\u00e8re guerre du Golfe, dix ans apr\\u00e8s,\n        CNN, 2001.. Elle fut \\u00e9galement le seul pays latin \\u00e0 participer\n        \\u00e0 l''op\\u00e9ration d\\u00e9mocratique \\u00e0 [[Ha\\u00efti]] en [[1994]]-[[1995|95]]http://www.nato.int/docu/revue/1999/9901-02.htm\n        L\\u2019Argentine partenaire sud-atlantique de l\\u2019OTAN, fiche de documentation,\n        OTAN, 1999.. Enfin, elle s''engagea dans la [[force de maintien de la\n        paix des Nations unies]] (''''Casques bleus'''')http://www.senat.fr/rap/l98-289/l98-2893.html\n        Rapport sur les op\\u00e9rations de maintien de la paix par les Casques bleus\n        des Nations unies, S\\u00e9nat fran\\u00e7ais, 1998. \\u00e0 travers le\n        monde dont les conflits concernant [[Salvador]]-[[Honduras]]-[[Guatemala]]-[[Nicaragua]],\n        [[\\u00c9quateur (pays)|\\u00c9quateur]]-[[P\\u00e9rou]], le [[Sahara occidental]],\n        l\\u2019[[Angola]], le [[Kowe\\u00eft]], [[Chypre (pays)|Chypre]], la [[Croatie]],\n        le [[Kosovo]], la [[Bosnie-Herz\\u00e9govine]] ou le [[Timor oriental]].\\n\\nEn\n        {{date||janvier|1998}}, en reconnaissance de ses contributions \\u00e0 la s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9\n        internationale, le pr\\u00e9sident des [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]] [[Bill Clinton]]\n        d\\u00e9signa l\\u2019Argentine comme l''un des alli\\u00e9s majeurs hors-[[Organisation\n        du trait\\u00e9 de l''Atlantique nord|OTAN]]{{en}} http://www.ciponline.org/facts/mnna.htm\n        Les alli\\u00e9s majeurs hors-OTAN (''''Major Non-NATO Allies''''), information\n        du Center for International Policy, \\u00c9tats-Unis.. En [[2005]], l''Argentine\n        fut membre temporaire du [[Conseil de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9 des Nations unies]]http://www.un.org/french/sc/searchres_sc_members_french.asp?sc_members=9\n        Page d\\u2019information sur les membres du Conseil de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9,\n        ONU..\\n\\nEn [[1993]], l''Argentine lan\\u00e7a l''initiative des casques\n        blancs des Nations unies sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9s dans l''[[aide humanitaire]]http://citron-vert.info/spip.php?article595\n        L\\u2019Argentine engage des casques blancs dans l\\u2019aide humanitaire des\n        Nations unies, citron-vert.info..\\n\\nDepuis [[2004]], les relations\n        habituellement cordiales entre l''Argentine et l''[[Uruguay]] se sont progressivement\n        d\\u00e9grad\\u00e9es \\u00e0 cause de la construction en Uruguay de deux grandes\n        usines de fabrication de cellulose, sur les rives du [[rio Uruguay]] qui marque\n        la fronti\\u00e8re entre les deux pays. Ce contentieux est surnomm\\u00e9 en\n        France la \\u00ab [[guerre du papier]] \\u00bb. L''Argentine met en avant les\n        d\\u00e9g\\u00e2ts \\u00e9cologiques que subirait le fleuve. La pol\\u00e9mique\n        fut aliment\\u00e9e par une escalade de d\\u00e9clarations de la part des deux\n        \\u00c9tats, l''Argentine portant l''affaire devant la [[Cour internationale\n        de justice|CIJ]] en mai [[2006]], puis l''Uruguay lui embo\\u00eetant le pas\n        en novembre 2006. Des blocus routiers en Argentine ont emp\\u00each\\u00e9 l''approvisionnement\n        en mat\\u00e9riaux de construction depuis le [[Chili]], aggravant la situationhttp://risal.collectifs.net/spip.php?article2028\n        RISAL : la militarisation de la guerre du papier.{{,}}http://www.alternatives.ca/article2820.html\n        La \\u00ab guerre du papier \\u00bb. Les relations \\u00e9conomiques et\n        sociales entre les deux pays se sont am\\u00e9lior\\u00e9es en 2007.\\n\\nDouze\n        pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] ont sign\\u00e9 le {{date|8|d\\u00e9cembre|2004}}\n        la [[Union des nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines|D\\u00e9claration de Cuzco]] visant\n        \\u00e0 la r\\u00e9union du [[March\\u00e9 commun du Sud|Mercosur]], de la [[Communaut\\u00e9\n        andine des Nations|Communaut\\u00e9 andine]] et du [[Chili]], de la [[Guyana]]\n        et du [[Suriname]] en une seule communaut\\u00e9 supranationale, la Communaut\\u00e9\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaine des nations (CSN), sur le mod\\u00e8le de l''[[Union europ\\u00e9enne]].\n        Cela est devenu UNASUR (Union des Nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines) lors du premier\n        sommet \\u00e9nerg\\u00e9tique sud-am\\u00e9ricain organis\\u00e9 au Venezuela\n        \\u00e0 la mi-avril [[2007]].\\n\\nOutre une communaut\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique,\n        le projet inclut \\u00e0 terme :\\n* une monnaie commune ;\\n* une citoyennet\\u00e9\n        et un passeport commun ;\\n* un parlement commun.\\n\\nCe projet a pris naissance\n        dans un contexte d''opposition au [[Zone de libre-\\u00e9change des Am\\u00e9riques|ZLEA]],\n        \\u00ab Initiatives pour les Am\\u00e9riques \\u00bb, lanc\\u00e9 par [[George\n        H. W. Bush|George Bush]] en [[1990]] puis concr\\u00e9tis\\u00e9 en [[1994]]\n        au [[Sommet des Am\\u00e9riques]], et donc dans un contexte d''opposition \\u00e0\n        l''ing\\u00e9rence nord-am\\u00e9ricaine dans les affaires politiques et \\u00e9conomiques\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaines.\\n\\nEn [[2005]], la ville de [[Mar del Plata]] a accueilli\n        le quatri\\u00e8me [[sommet des Am\\u00e9riques]]http://www.alternatives.ca/article2185.html\n        Le quatri\\u00e8me sommet des Am\\u00e9riques, www.alternatives.ca, marqu\\u00e9\n        par de nombreuses protestations anti-UShttp://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article3515\n        Protestations anti-US au quatri\\u00e8me sommet des Am\\u00e9riques, www.alterpresse.org.\n        Si bien que l''ann\\u00e9e suivante, elle mit sa priorit\\u00e9 dans les initiatives\n        r\\u00e9gionales telles que le Mercosur ou la [[Banque du Sud]] apr\\u00e8s\n        une d\\u00e9cennie de partenariat avec les [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]].\\n\\nEn contentieux\n        avec le [[Royaume-Uni]], l''Argentine r\\u00e9clame la souverainet\\u00e9 des\n        [[\\u00eeles Malouines]]http://www.droitpublic.net/spip.php?article1262\n        L\\u2019argentine r\\u00e9clame au Royaume-Uni la souverainet\\u00e9 des Malouines,\n        droitpublic.net, de la [[G\\u00e9orgie du Sud]], des [[\\u00eeles Sandwich\n        du Sud]]http://www2.univ-lille2.fr/droit/enseignants/lavenue/coursstev/stev4.html\n        Les espaces non soumis \\u00e0 souverainet\\u00e9, cours de droit international,\n        universit\\u00e9 Lille-2. et des [[\\u00eeles Shetland du Sud]] (ces derni\\u00e8res\n        \\u00e9galement revendiqu\\u00e9es par le [[Chili]] mais les pr\\u00e9tentions\n        des trois pays sont gel\\u00e9es depuis la signature du trait\\u00e9 de l\\u2019Antarctique)\n        et d''environ 1 million de kilom\\u00e8tres carr\\u00e9s du continent [[Antarctique]]http://www.mfe.org/Default.aspx?SID=569\n        Fiche d\\u2019information sur l\\u2019Argentine, Maison des Fran\\u00e7ais de\n        l\\u2019\\u00c9tranger, minist\\u00e8re fran\\u00e7ais des Affaires \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res\n        et europ\\u00e9ennes.. Un autre sujet de discorde est la fronti\\u00e8re\n        avec le [[Chili]], en particulier au sujet du trac\\u00e9 de la fronti\\u00e8re\n        extr\\u00eame sud en [[Terre de Feu]], un trait\\u00e9 fut sign\\u00e9 en [[1984]]\n        entre les deux pays au [[Vatican]]{{es}} http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Paz_y_Amistad_entre_Argentina_y_Chile_de_1984\n        Trait\\u00e9 de paix et d\\u2019armistice entre l\\u2019Argentine et le Chili,\n        WikiSource.org.\\n\\nEnfin, l''Argentine fut l''un des signataires initiaux\n        du [[Trait\\u00e9 sur l''Antarctique]]http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/amsudant/R-U-Arctique.htm\n        Signataires du Trait\\u00e9 de l\\u2019Antarctique, Universit\\u00e9 Laval, Qu\\u00e9bec,\n        Canada.\\n\\n\\n\\n== Population et soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 ==\\n=== D\\u00e9mographie\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|D\\u00e9mographie de l''Argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Argentina-demography.png|left|thumb|\\u00c9volution\n        d\\u00e9mographique entre 1961 et 2003 (chiffre de la [[Organisation des Nations\n        unies pour l''alimentation et l''agriculture|FAO]], 2005). Population en milliers\n        d''habitants.]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires D\\u00e9cembre 2007 - Avenida 5 de\n        Mayo.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Avenue de [[Buenos Aires]], exemple d''architecture\n        \\u00e0 l''europ\\u00e9enne illustrant l''influence des immigr\\u00e9s europ\\u00e9ens\n        sur la ville.]]\\n[[Fichier:Multitud_Crespo.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Argentins\n        \\u00e0 [[Crespo (Argentine)|Crespo (Entre R\\u00edos)]]. La plupart des Argentins\n        sont d''origine europ\\u00e9enne due \\u00e0 l''immigration.]]\\n[[Fichier:The\n        Tolaba Family - Proprietors of Roadside Cafe en route to Cachi - Argentina.jpg|vignette|Famille\n        du nord de l''Argentine]]\\n\\nL''Argentine compte environ 43 millions d''habitants{{Lien\n        web|langue = |titre = Argentine : Statistiques|url = http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/argentine.htm|site\n        = |date = |consult\\u00e9 le = 4 d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}. Parmi les multiples\n        groupes ethniques habitant le pays, on en compte trois \\u00e0 l''origine de\n        la population actuelle. Tout d''abord, les Am\\u00e9rindiens repr\\u00e9sentent,\n        ensemble et sans tenir compte des diff\\u00e9rences ethnoculturelles \\u00e0\n        peu pr\\u00e8s 1,49 % de la population totale{{es}} [http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas]{{,}}{{es}} [http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/sobre/pon3/index.html]''''Estructura\n        gen\\u00e9tica de la Argentina, Impacto de contribuciones gen\\u00e9ticas -\n        Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de Ciencia y Tecnolog\\u00eda de la Naci\\u00f3n.\n        Les descendants d''Africains amen\\u00e9s comme esclaves pendant les temps\n        de domination espagnole repr\\u00e9sentent 0,37 %http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P42-Total_pais.xls{{,}}http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P43-Total_pais.xls.\n        Le groupe le plus large, les [[Europ\\u00e9ens]], constituent entre 85 % et\n        97 % de la population{{lien web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ar|titre=The\n        World Factbook|p\\u00e9riodique=cia.gov|consult\\u00e9 le=12 avril 2014}}{{,}}http://www.8300.com.ar/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Informe-Pueblos-Indigenas.pdf.\n        Le reste des habitants est, pour la plupart, d''origine ''''mestizo''''. Les\n        Europ\\u00e9ens, ce qu''on appelle des ''''[[Cr\\u00e9oles|criollos]]'''' issus\n        des temps coloniaux ; on compte de m\\u00eame des populations issues de l''immigration\n        du {{s-|XIX|e}} qui inclut entre autres, en plus des italiens, des espagnols,\n        des arabes, des allemands, des fran\\u00e7ais, des britanniques et des asiatiques\n        . Il faut bien pr\\u00e9ciser que lors de l''arriv\\u00e9e de ces immigrants,\n        qui pour la plupart \\u00e9taient des hommes seuls, un m\\u00e9tissage tr\\u00e8s\n        important a eu lieu entre les \\u00e9trangers et les femmes locales, de souche\n        europ\\u00e9en et indig\\u00e8ne pour la plupart, ce qui a contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0\n        la diversit\\u00e9 ethnique.\\nSelon les r\\u00e9sultats d''une \\u00e9tude men\\u00e9e\n        en 2010 par le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ticien Daniel Corach, 53,7 % de la population\n        a au moins un anc\\u00eatre autochtone, presque toujours matrilin\\u00e9airehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full.\\n\\nLa\n        population est tr\\u00e8s in\\u00e9galement r\\u00e9partie, puisqu''un tiers\n        de la population (environ 13 millions d''habitants) est concentr\\u00e9 dans\n        la capitale et l''agglom\\u00e9ration de [[Buenos Aires]], appel\\u00e9e aussi\n        {{lang|es|[[Grand Buenos Aires|Gran Buenos Aires]]}}.\\n\\nOutre la r\\u00e9gion\n        de la capitale f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale, la population est concentr\\u00e9e dans\n        d''autres zones urbaines dont les principales sont les suivantes : [[C\\u00f3rdoba\n        (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] (centre, 1,6 million d''habitants), [[Rosario]]\n        (est, 1,4 million d''habitants), [[Province de Mendoza|Mendoza]] (ouest, 1\n        million d''habitants), [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]] (nord, pr\\u00e8s d''un\n        million d''habitants). Au total, environ 91 % de la population habite dans\n        des agglom\\u00e9rations urbaines{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Argentine:\n        Statitisques|url = http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/argentine.htm|site\n        = |date = |consult\\u00e9 le = 4 d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}.\\n\\nTraditionnellement,\n        l''Argentine a joui d''un tr\\u00e8s haut niveau de vie en comparaison avec\n        d''autres pays de la r\\u00e9gion, mais la crise \\u00e9conomique des ann\\u00e9es\n        [[2001]]-[[2002]] a diminu\\u00e9 cette impression. Toutefois, plus de la moiti\\u00e9\n        de la population reste consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9e comme faisant partie de la classe\n        moyenne{{es}} http://www.grupocaissa.com.ar/noticia-468.html Informations\n        socio-\\u00e9conomiques sur la population argentine, Grupo Caissa., et\n        depuis la crise, une forte r\\u00e9cup\\u00e9ration \\u00e9conomique a aid\\u00e9\n        post\\u00e9rieurement \\u00e0 r\\u00e9duire la pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e0 23,4 % de\n        la population. Plus de 5 % de la population vivait dans des conditions pr\\u00e9caires,\n        dans des ''''villas miserias'''' ou [[bidonville]]s{{es}} http://www.bolpress.com/art.php?Cod=2006071905\n        La multiplication des \\u201cVillas Miseria\\u201d en Argentine, Bolpress.com..\\n\\n===\n        Langues ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Langues en Argentine}}\\n\\nM\\u00eame\n        si l''[[espagnol]] est la seule langue officielle au niveau f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral,\n        quelques centaines d\\u2019indig\\u00e8nes parlent encore des [[langues am\\u00e9rindiennes]]\n        : le [[quechua]] dans les r\\u00e9gions andines du Nord-Ouest et le [[guarani\n        (langue)|guarani]] dans les provinces de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]]\n        et de [[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]] (le guarani est coofficiel dans\n        ces provinces). Un dialecte du quechua, le quichua, est de m\\u00eame parl\\u00e9,\n        notamment dans la province de Santiago del Estero.\\n\\n\\u00c0 noter qu''entre\n        l''[[Espagnol rioplatense|espagnol \\u00e0 Buenos Aires]] et celui d''Espagne\n        il y a quelques diff\\u00e9rences phon\\u00e9tiques, notamment la prononciation\n        du \\u00ab ll \\u00bb et du \\u00ab y \\u00bb qui se prononcera comme un \\u00ab\n        j \\u00bb l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement affaibli (entre le \\u00ab ch \\u00bb et le \\u00ab\n        j \\u00bb fran\\u00e7ais) en Argentine au lieu de \\u00ab y \\u00bb en Espagne.\n        Les accents sont multiples en Argentine et r\\u00e9pondent \\u00e0 l''origine\n        des populations r\\u00e9gionales. Ainsi, si dans la ville de Buenos Aires l''accent\n        est beaucoup plus pench\\u00e9 vers le castillan plus ''''criollo'''', dans\n        la province de Misiones on retrouve un accent plus proche des sons du guarani,\n        et de m\\u00eame pour Jujuy avec le quechua, pour donner quelques exemples.\n        Le vocabulaire est de m\\u00eame influenc\\u00e9 par les langues indig\\u00e8nes\n        et africaines qui ont cohabit\\u00e9 avec le castillan pendant des si\\u00e8cles\n        (des termes comme ''''pucho'''', ''''che'''', ''''quilombo'''', ''''mucama'''',\n        entre autres).\\n\\nDepuis 2010, les \\u00e9tudiants du secondaire peuvent choisir\n        le portugais{{es}} [http://portal.educ.ar/noticias/educacion-y-sociedad/el-portugues-sera-materia-obli.php\n        El portugu\\u00e9s ser\\u00e1 materia obligatoria en la secundaria], page visit\\u00e9e\n        le 4 novembre 2010. ou l''anglais en tant que langue \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re\n        obligatoire.\\n[[Fichier:Logo OIF.svg|vignette|L''Argentine est un membre observateur\n        au sein de l''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.]]\\n[[Fichier:Logo\n        AUF.png|vignette|L''Agence universitaire de la Francophonie regroupe 4 \\u00e9tablissements\n        en Argentine.]]\\nEnfin il est important de noter que l''Argentine est un \\u00c9tat\n        observateur au sein de l''Organisation internationale de la Francophoniehttp://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/carte_francophonie_2017.pdf.\n        Une influence notable de cette nature linguistique est la pr\\u00e9sence de\n        4 \\u00e9tablissements li\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''Agence universitaire de la Francophonie\n        en Argentinehttps://www.auf.org/bureau/bureau-ameriques/propos/contact/.La\n        source de cette influence fran\\u00e7aise serait li\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la langue\n        internationale d''usage au moment de la colonisation qui \\u00e9tait alors\n        le fran\\u00e7ais. De plus suite \\u00e0 la conqu\\u00eate de 1759 en Nouvelle-France,\n        environ {{nombre|200000|Fran\\u00e7ais}} ont immigr\\u00e9 en Argentine \\u00e0\n        partir des ann\\u00e9es 1857 ; m\\u00eame si les deux dates (1759 et 1857) semblent\n        \\u00e9loign\\u00e9es, le ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne reste le m\\u00eame si l''on tient\n        compte de l''apparition r\\u00e9elle des besoins en \\u00e9migration des suites\n        de l''effondrement de l''empire fran\\u00e7ais en Am\\u00e9rique. Aujourd''hui,\n        17% des Argentins se r\\u00e9clament de descendance fran\\u00e7aisehttp://www.francophoniedesameriques.com/la-francophonie-dans-les-ameriques/amerique-du-sud/.\\n\\n===\n        Religion ===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:#87cefa; color:black;\\\"\n        |Religion\\n! style=\\\"background:#87cefa; color:white;\\\" |Pourcentage\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Catholicisme]]\\n|71\n        %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Protestantisme]]\\n|15 %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Sans\n        religion]]\\n|11 %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Autres]]\\n|3 %\\n|-\\n|\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\" |''''Religion en Argentine:Source [[Pew Research Center]] 2014{{ouvrage|langue=en|titre=Religion in Latin America: Widespread\n        Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 novembre 2014|\\u00e9diteur=Pew\n        Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|consult\\u00e9\n        le=28 juillet 2015|format=PDF}}. ''''\\n|}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Pope Francis\n        South Korea 2014.png|thumb|Le pape Fran\\u00e7ois en 2014.]]\\nLa religion principale\n        en Argentine est le christianisme, principalement le [[catholicisme]] (qui\n        est la [[religion d''\\u00c9tat]]). La [[Libert\\u00e9 de religion|libert\\u00e9\n        de culte]] est garantie par l''article 14 de la constitution. Le catholicisme\n        est ultra-dominant, avec des estimations du nombre de catholiques variant\n        de 70 % a \\u00a090 % de la population{{Lien web|langue=en|titre=International\n        Religious Freedom Report|url= http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71446.htm|site=state.gov|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=}}. En juillet 2014, une \\u00e9tude publi\\u00e9e par \\u00a0la ''''CIA\n        Factbook'''' r\\u00e9pertorie 92% de catholiques dont 18 % de pratiquants{{Lien\n        web|langue=en|titre=The World Factbook|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|site=cia.gov|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=}}. Le {{date-|13 mars 2013}}, l''Argentine offre au monde le premier\n        pape issu du continent am\\u00e9ricain, {{Mgr}} Jorge Mario Bergoglio, couronn\\u00e9\n        sous le nom de [[Fran\\u00e7ois (pape)|Fran\\u00e7ois]][http://www.humanite.fr/monde/habemus-papam-et-130-000-tweets-la-minute-517427\n        Habemus Papam et {{unit\\u00e9|130000|Tweets}} \\u00e0 la minute].\\n\\nLa\n        soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9, la culture et l''histoire de l''Argentine sont profond\\u00e9ment\n        impr\\u00e9gn\\u00e9es par le catholicisme. L''\\u00c9glise tient une place importante\n        dans la soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 argentine, allant m\\u00eame jusqu''\\u00e0 faire\n        partie de son identit\\u00e9 nationale. La pr\\u00e9sence de l''\\u00c9glise\n        catholique en [[Am\\u00e9rique latine]] remonte \\u00e0 la fin du {{s-|XV|e}},\n        avant m\\u00eame la naissance de la nation argentine, au moment ou les [[conquistadors|conquistadors\n        espagnols]] d\\u00e9barqu\\u00e8rent dans le [[Nouveau Monde]], amenant avec\n        eux leur culture et leur racine chr\\u00e9tienne.\\n\\nIl y a sept universit\\u00e9s\n        catholiques en Argentine : [[Universit\\u00e9 catholique argentine|l''Universit\\u00e9\n        catholique pontificale de Buenos Aires]], l''Universidad Cat\\u00f3lica de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba, l''[[Universit\\u00e9 nationale de La Plata|universit\\u00e9 de\n        La Plata]], l''universit\\u00e9 de Salta, l''universit\\u00e9 de Santa F\\u00e9,\n        l''universit\\u00e9 de Cuyo, et l''universit\\u00e9 de Santiago del Estero.\n        Suivant le mod\\u00e8le de l''Empire romain, l''\\u00c9glise argentine est divis\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 travers le pays en plusieurs [[dioc\\u00e8se]]s et [[archidioc\\u00e8se]]s,\n        unit\\u00e9s territoriales administratives plac\\u00e9es sous l''autorit\\u00e9\n        d''un \\u00e9v\\u00eaque. Si la plupart des villes de tailles moyennes sont\n        des dioc\\u00e8ses, les archidioc\\u00e8ses interviennent dans les villes ou\n        la population est plus cons\\u00e9quente. Ainsi, [[Buenos Aires]], par exemple,\n        est un [[Archidioc\\u00e8se de Buenos Aires|archidioc\\u00e8se]] \\u00a0en raison,\n        non seulement de la taille de sa population, mais \\u00e9galement de l''importance\n        historique de la ville, qui fut en 1776 la capitale de la [[Vice-royaut\\u00e9\n        du R\\u00edo de la Plata|vice-royaut\\u00e9 espagnole du Rio de la Plata]].\n        La [[cath\\u00e9drale m\\u00e9tropolitaine de Buenos Aires]], principale \\u00e9glise\n        catholique de Buenos Aires et si\\u00e8ge de l\\u2019archidioc\\u00e8se, abrite\n        le tombeau du c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]].\\n\\nL''Argentine\n        poss\\u00e8de la plus importante communaut\\u00e9 [[Juda\\u00efsme|juive]] d''[[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine]] avec environ {{unit\\u00e9|230000|personnes}}.\\n\\nSelon une importante\n        \\u00e9tude du Barometer d''[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], le paysage religieux\n        argentin se r\\u00e9partit entre 77 % de catholiques, 7 % de protestants, 4\n        % des autres religions et 13 % de sans religion{{Lien web|langue=es|titre=Latinobarometro|url=\n        http://liportal.giz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Honduras/40_gesellschaft/LAS_RELIGIONES_EN_TIEMPOS_DEL_PAPA_FRANCISCO.pdf|site=\n        clarin.com|date=|consult\\u00e9 le=}} . Le nombre d''ath\\u00e9es est\n        tr\\u00e8s important pour un pays d''Am\\u00e9rique latine, d''autant plus que\n        dans les ann\\u00e9es 1960, il n''y avait que rarement d''Argentins sans religion{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        n\\u00e9cessaire}}.\\n\\n== \\u00c9conomie ==\\n[[Fichier:Argentine, Billet de\n        10 centavos \\u00e9dit\\u00e9 en 1884.jpg|thumb|Billet de 10 centavos \\u00e9dit\\u00e9\n        en 1884, l''\\u00e9levage - ancr\\u00e9 dans la tradition-repr\\u00e9sente toujours\n        une manne financi\\u00e8re.]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires-2672f-Banco de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina.jpg|thumb|150px|Banco de la Naci\\u00f3n argentine, le Buenos Aires]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos\n        Aires-Puerto Madero-Hilton-River View.jpg|thumb|150px|Le quartier des affaires,\n        \\u00e0 [[Buenos Aires]], illustrant de fa\\u00e7on exemplaire le fort d\\u00e9veloppement\n        de l''Argentine.]]\\n[[Fichier:Jun\\u00edn Campo 01.jpg|thumb|150px|Culture\n        de soja dans les pampas]]\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|\\u00c9conomie de\n        l''Argentine}}\\n\\nL''Argentine est un [[pays d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s|pays industrialis\\u00e9]]\n        souvent consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme [[Pays \\u00e9mergents|\\u00e9mergent]] m\\u00eame\n        si certains organismes ne reconnaissent pas cette d\\u00e9finition, le pays\n        ayant \\u00e9t\\u00e9 un des plus riches de la plan\\u00e8te jusqu''au d\\u00e9but\n        du {{s-|XX|e}} mais \\u00e9tant souvent frapp\\u00e9 par des crises \\u00e9conomiques\n        comme en [[1989]] ou en [[2001]]. L''Argentine fait partie du [[Groupe des\n        vingt|G20]]. Souffrant d''[[inflation]] et de difficult\\u00e9s [[Finance|financi\\u00e8res]],\n        le pays doit souvent faire appel aux organisations \\u00e9conomiques internationales\n        tel que le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]].\\n\\nL''Argentine est\n        la deuxi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique d''[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] derri\\u00e8re\n        le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] en termes de PIB nominal. Le pays poss\\u00e8de une importante\n        [[richesse]] agricole. Parmi les points forts de son agriculture, le pays\n        \\u00e9tait aussi r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement [[Histoire de la culture des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales#L''\\u00e9volution\n        des grands producteurs mondiaux sur la d\\u00e9cennie 2010|huiti\\u00e8me au\n        palmar\\u00e8s des producteurs mondiaux de c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales au milieu des\n        ann\\u00e9es 2010, domin\\u00e9 par les Etats-Unis]]. Il a aussi de nombreuses\n        capacit\\u00e9s [[industrie]]lles et un certain potentiel minier. Pourtant,\n        l''Argentine conna\\u00eet d''importants probl\\u00e8mes \\u00e9conomiques. Le\n        [[ch\\u00f4mage]] et le bas [[niveau de vie]] continuent de marquer le pays,\n        pourtant largement plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 que les autres nations du [[tiers\n        monde]].\\n\\nL''Argentine est le pays le plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 du [[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine|continent latino-am\\u00e9ricain]] en 2005 selon les donn\\u00e9es des\n        Nations unies fournies en 2007 et se\n        rapproche des standards europ\\u00e9ens de niveau de vie. Cependant, les in\\u00e9galit\\u00e9s\n        sociales se sont accrues et l''existence de bidonvilles en p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie\n        des grandes villes persiste.\\n\\nL''Argentine dispose de nombreuses richesses\n        naturelles et d''une main-d''\\u0153uvre tr\\u00e8s qualifi\\u00e9e, d''une agriculture\n        orient\\u00e9e vers l''exportation et d''un tissu industriel diversifi\\u00e9.\\n\\nJusque\n        dans les [[ann\\u00e9es 1950]], \\u00e0 son apog\\u00e9e \\u00e9conomique, l''Argentine\n        \\u00e9tait l''un des pays les plus riches du monde. Son [[PIB par habitant]]\n        le positionnait au douzi\\u00e8me rang mondial, juste devant la [[France]]Voir\n        page 23 in ''''Remaking the Argentine Economy'''', Felipe de la Balze, Council\n        on Foreign Relations, 1995 : \\u00ab Wealthiest Countries between 1870-1989\n        (Dollars in 1989 Purchasing power) 1913: 1/ Australia (4845), 2/ \\u00c9tats-Unis\n        (4307), 3/ Canada (4004), 4/ Great Britain (3605), 5/ Switzerland (3584),\n        6/Belgium (3415), 7/ Denmark (3311), 8/New Zeland (3119), 9/ Holland (3055),\n        10/ Germany (2819), 11/ Austria (2758), ''''''12/ Argentina (2739)'''''',\n        13/ France (2691) \\u00bb -{{,}}Voir aussi le document [http://www.nationalbanken.dk/C1256BE9004F6416/side/Monetary_Review_4_Quarter_2001/$file/nb06.htm\n        Argentina''s Crises].\\n\\nMalgr\\u00e9 ces atouts, l''Argentine a accumul\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 la fin des ann\\u00e9es 1980 une lourde dette externe (dette qu''elle\n        ne compte rembourser qu''en partie, \\u00ab 10 % \\u00bb), l''inflation atteignait\n        100 % par mois et la production avait consid\\u00e9rablement chut\\u00e9.\\n\\nPour\n        lutter contre cette crise \\u00e9conomique, le gouvernement de [[Carlos Menem|Menem]]\n        a lanc\\u00e9 une politique de lib\\u00e9ralisation du commerce, de d\\u00e9r\\u00e9glementation\n        et de privatisation. En [[1991]], le gouvernement d\\u00e9cida d''ancrer le\n        [[peso argentin]] au dollar am\\u00e9ricain (technique du [[currency board]])\n        et limita par une loi la croissance de la masse mon\\u00e9taire \\u00e0 la croissance\n        de r\\u00e9serves mon\\u00e9taires. Ce syst\\u00e8me tr\\u00e8s particulier du\n        currency board permet l''embellie des ann\\u00e9es 1990, mais se r\\u00e9v\\u00e8le\n        particuli\\u00e8rement dangereux face aux mouvements erratiques et violents\n        du march\\u00e9 des [[changes flottants]] qui suivent la [[crise \\u00e9conomique\n        asiatique]] et la forte remont\\u00e9e du dollar qui rende l''\\u00e9conomie\n        argentine non comp\\u00e9titive par rapport \\u00e0 celles de ses voisins. Il\n        sombre lorsque l''\\u00e9conomie mondiale entre en r\\u00e9cession avec la [[crise\n        de la bulle Internet]] au d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 2000.\\n\\nLa r\\u00e9cession,\n        amplifi\\u00e9e par les mesures d''\\u00e9conomie drastiques exig\\u00e9es par\n        le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international]] (FMI) en contrepartie de son aide\n        en dollars, est extr\\u00eamement violente et entra\\u00eene une hausse spectaculaire\n        de la pauvret\\u00e9 ainsi que d''importants mouvements sociaux et de rapides\n        changements politiques. L''instabilit\\u00e9 politique a plong\\u00e9 l''\\u00e9conomie\n        argentine dans une crise sans pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dents (2002). Le [[Produit int\\u00e9rieur\n        brut|PIB]] a chut\\u00e9 de 11 % en 2002 avec la fin de la parit\\u00e9 1 [[Peso\n        argentin|peso]] = {{Unit\\u00e9|1|dollar}}. Cette crise a men\\u00e9 plus de\n        50 % de la population sous le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9. Des manifestations ont\n        alors \\u00e9t\\u00e9 organis\\u00e9es, suivies de pillages de magasins. Les\n        banques locales incapables de fournir en dollars sont en faillite technique.\n        Le plan argentin de conversion de dette a pour cons\\u00e9quence des pertes\n        s\\u00e9v\\u00e8res pour les cr\\u00e9anciers priv\\u00e9s. Le pays fait finalement\n        d\\u00e9faut sur sa dette. Les cr\\u00e9anciers \\u00e9trangers comme [[EDF]]\n        sont spoli\\u00e9s. Le gouvernement en d\\u00e9valuant r\\u00e9tablit l''\\u00e9quilibre\n        avec le [[r\\u00e9al br\\u00e9silien]].\\n\\nLe pays sort de la partie la plus\n        aig\\u00fce de la crise d\\u00e8s 2003. Les cons\\u00e9quences les plus durables\n        sont les difficult\\u00e9s r\\u00e9currentes des gouvernements \\u00e0 financer\n        leurs budgets, le d\\u00e9part du pays de certains investisseurs industriels,\n        une nette diminution de la confiance des cr\\u00e9anciers priv\\u00e9s et de\n        longs contentieux avec des [[fonds vautour]] am\\u00e9ricains, contentieux\n        qui se poursuivent jusque dans les ann\\u00e9es 2010. De 2003 \\u00e0 2007 le\n        PIB repart \\u00e0 9 % de croissance annuelle, en produisant une r\\u00e9activation\n        \\u00e9conomique dans tous les secteurs, une forte r\\u00e9duction de la pauvret\\u00e9\n        et un retour de la classe moyenne.\\n\\nLe {{date|1|f\\u00e9vrier|2006}}, l''Argentine\n        et le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] signent, apr\\u00e8s pr\\u00e8s de trois ans de n\\u00e9gociations,\n        un accord qui doit permettre de prot\\u00e9ger les secteurs de production qui\n        pourraient \\u00eatre trop durement affect\\u00e9s par la comp\\u00e9tition du\n        pays voisin. Le ''''M\\u00e9canisme d\\u2019adaptation comp\\u00e9titive''''\n        (MAC) permet de fixer des droits de douane sur le produit \\u00ab trop comp\\u00e9titif\n        \\u00bb du pays voisin pour trois ans, renouvelable une fois.\\n\\nDepuis [[2003]],\n        l\\u2019Argentine semble avoir repris le chemin de la forte croissance \\u00e9conomique\n        et de l''augmentation des salaires. Cependant, l''Argentine semble souffrir\n        de la crise am\\u00e9ricaine et de la chute du dollar ; en effet, la forte\n        [[inflation]] avec un taux \\u00ab officiel \\u00bb de 8 \\u00e0 9 %, pourrait\n        en r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 atteindre 25 % en [[2008]][http://www.lefigaro.fr/economie/2008/04/29/04001-20080429ARTFIG00366-l-argentine-menacee-d-hyperinflation.php\n        L''Argentine menac\\u00e9e d''hyperinflation] - ''''[[Le Figaro]]'''', 29 avril\n        2008. Officiellement, le taux de pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e9tait de 20,6 %[http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/74/grafpobreza1_ephcontinua.xls\n        INDEC], mais si l''on suppute une inflation de 25 %, en [[2008]], le\n        taux de personnes vivant au-dessous du seuil de pauvret\\u00e9 a augment\\u00e9,\n        passant \\u00e0 30,3 %. Ce serait le premier renversement\n        de situation depuis [[2003]]. Cependant, l''INDEC indique un taux de pauvret\\u00e9\n        de 15,8 % pour le second semestre [[2008]] ; il faut toutefois noter que l''opposition\n        d\\u00e9nonce une manipulation des chiffres. En effet la moiti\\u00e9 des Argentins\n        seraient touch\\u00e9s par un niveau de vie inf\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 celui de\n        la plupart des pays d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s, et pr\\u00e8s d''un tiers vivrait\n        sous le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9 national.\\n\\nAu cours du second trimestre 2008,\n        la croissance \\u00e9conomique conna\\u00eet un certain ralentissement. Au total\n        le [[revenu par t\\u00eate|revenu par habitant]] de l\\u2019Argentine reste\n        le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 d\\u2019[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], mais sa croissance\n        sur les vingt derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es est faible et surtout particuli\\u00e8rement\n        volatile. Le niveau de vie argentin est comparable \\u00e0 celui du [[Mezzogiorno]],\n        en [[Italie|Italie du sud]].\\n\\n* ''''''Monnaie nationale'''''' : le [[peso\n        argentin]] (ARS)\\n* ''''''[[PIB par habitant]]'''''' : {{Unit\\u00e9|21832|dollars}}\n        ([[2014]], valeur [[Parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat|PPA]])[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&ey=2016&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=10\n        www.imf.org]\\n* ''''''[[Taux de ch\\u00f4mage]]'''''' : 7,1 % ([[2014]])[http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/UNEM\n        Rankings Results Vision of Humanity]\\n* ''''''Population vivant sous\n        le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9'''''': 14 % ([[2013]])http://srvdocs1.bancociudad.com.ar/Content/Institucional/Informe-semanal-121.pdf\\n*\n        ''''''Taux d''inflation'''''' : 16,6 % ([[2013]])\\n* ''''''Principaux\n        clients'''''' : [[Br\\u00e9sil]] (17,3 %), [[Chili]] (9,4 %), [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]]\n        (8,7 %), [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]] (7,5 %), [[Espagne]]\n        (4,1 %)\\n* ''''''Principaux fournisseurs'''''' : [[Br\\u00e9sil]] (34,1 %),\n        [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]] (12,6 %), [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]]\n        (9,1 %), [[Allemagne]] (4,5 %)\\n* ''''''Gini'''''' : 0,361 ([[2014]])[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ARG.html\n        International Human Development Indicat ors - UNDP]\\n\\n=== M\\u00e9dias\n        ===\\nLe groupe Clar\\u00edn d\\u00e9tient la principale cha\\u00eene de t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        du pays : [[Canal 13 (Argentine)|Canal 13]], ainsi que le journal argentin\n        qui a le tirage le plus important, le quotidien [[Centrisme|centriste]] ''''[[Clar\\u00edn]]''''.\n        Les quotidiens qui suivent, d''apr\\u00e8s leur tirage, sont ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n\n        (Argentine)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]'''', [[Conservatisme|conservateur]], ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''',\n        de [[Gauche (politique)|gauche]], ''''[[Tiempo Argentino (Argentine)|Tiempo\n        Argentino]]'''', ''''[[Cr\\u00f3nica (Argentine)|Cr\\u00f3nica]]'''', ''''[[La\n        Prensa (Argentine)|La Prensa]]'''', et ''''[[Buenos Aires Herald (Argentine)|Buenos\n        Aires Herald]]''''.\\n\\nLe service t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonique a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 privatis\\u00e9\n        en 1990 par le gouvernement de [[Carlos Menem]][http://www.secom.gov.ar/municipios/ver.asp?MID=10&tipo=nota&id=121\n        \\u00c9volution de la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie en Argentine]. Il y a 8,3\n        millions de lignes t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phoniques install\\u00e9es, soit 23 lignes\n        pour 100 habitants. La t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie mobile relie 75 % de la population\n        (28,5 millions de personnes)[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/01/elpais/p-01301.htm\n        Clarin.com (01-02-2006)]. Ce nombre \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 est d\\u00fb en partie\n        au fait que des personnes de faible revenu ont pu durant les derni\\u00e8res\n        ann\\u00e9es acc\\u00e9der \\u00e0 des plans de paiement.\\n\\nIl y a pr\\u00e8s\n        de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|stations}} de radio, dont 260 sont AM et approximativement\n        {{unit\\u00e9|1150}} sont FM.\\n\\nL''Argentine est le pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine]] o\\u00f9 l''acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision par c\\u00e2ble\n        est le plus r\\u00e9pandu : selon des donn\\u00e9es de [[2001]], la grande majorit\\u00e9\n        des foyers poss\\u00e8de au moins un t\\u00e9l\\u00e9viseur et 60 % des personnes\n        \\u00e9quip\\u00e9es re\\u00e7oivent la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision c\\u00e2bl\\u00e9e[http://www.zonalatina.com/Zldata51.htm\n        Zona latina]. Les principales chaines de t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision qui transmettent\n        depuis [[Buenos Aires]] sont [[Canal 13 (Argentine)|Canal 13]], [[Telefe]],\n        [[Canal 9 (Argentine)|Canal 9]] et [[Am\\u00e9rica TV (Argentine)|Am\\u00e9rica\n        TV]].\\n\\nEn [[2005]], 26,3 % de la population avait acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 [[internet]]\n        avec plus de dix millions d''utilisateurs dans le pays[http://www.universia.com.ar/portada/actualidad/noticia_actualidad.jsp?noticia=17186\n        www.universia.com.ar].\\n\\nEn octobre 2009, le gouvernement [[P\\u00e9ronisme|p\\u00e9roniste]]\n        argentin promulgue une importante r\\u00e9forme du syst\\u00e8me m\\u00e9diatique,\n        consistant en une limitation de la concentration des licences, du capital\n        et de l\\u2019actionnariat afin de permettre \\u00e0 des m\\u00e9dias aux ressources\n        financi\\u00e8res plus modestes de se constituer. Apr\\u00e8s une bataille juridique\n        de quatre ans contre le puissant conglom\\u00e9rat m\\u00e9diatique ''''[[Clar\\u00edn]],''''\n        qui contestait la constitutionnalit\\u00e9 de la loi, celle-ci est finalement\n        valid\\u00e9e par la justice{{Article|langue=|auteur1=|titre=Argentine\n        : une loi exemplaire sur l''audiovisuel|p\\u00e9riodique=Acrimed {{!}} Action\n        Critique M\\u00e9dias|date=2013-11-19|issn=|lire en ligne=http://www.acrimed.org/Argentine-une-loi-exemplaire-sur-l-audiovisuel#nb3|consult\\u00e9\n        le=|pages=}}. Sous la pr\\u00e9sidence de [[Mauricio Macri]] (\\u00e9lu\n        en 2015) l''essentiel de la loi est abrog\\u00e9{{Article|langue=|auteur1=|titre=M\\u00e9dias\n        en Argentine : Macri droit dans ses bottes !|p\\u00e9riodique=Acrimed|date=2016-16-05|issn=|lire\n        en ligne=http://www.acrimed.org/Medias-en-Argentine-Macri-droit-dans-ses-bottes?recherche=Macri|consult\\u00e9\n        le=|pages=}}.\\n\\n=== Transports ===\\n* ''''''Autocar''''''. Les compagnies\n        de transport, \\u00e0 travers tous le pays, disposent d''autocars modernes\n        et confortables. C''est le moyen de transport le plus r\\u00e9pandu en Argentine.\n        L''ensemble des compagnies assurent la liaison vers toutes les villes importantes\n        du pays et vers les grandes villes des pays limitrophes.\\n* ''''''Chemin de\n        fer''''''. Dans les ann\\u00e9es 1950, l''Argentine poss\\u00e9dait le meilleur\n        r\\u00e9seau de chemin de fer d''Am\\u00e9rique latine, mais les choses ont\n        chang\\u00e9. Le r\\u00e9seau ferroviaire est devenu quasiment inexistant, \\u00e0\n        l''exception de quelques lignes touristiques. Il reste int\\u00e9ressant de\n        prendre le train pour aller vers les villes du Nord et vers la Bolivie. Ainsi\n        que vers les villes de la Pampa (Mendoza, Cordoba, Mar del Plata, Tucuman)\n        surtout de nuit. Les prix sont \\u00e9quivalents \\u00e0 ceux pratiqu\\u00e9s\n        par les autocars. Au total, il y a {{Unit\\u00e9|33744|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}},\n        dont {{Unit\\u00e9|167|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        de voies \\u00e9lectrifi\\u00e9es.\\n* ''''''Avion''''''. Les vols int\\u00e9rieurs\n        constituent une solution pratique pour visiter l''ensemble du pays. On compte\n        environ 1141[http://fr.worldstat.info/South_America/Argentina/Transportation]\n        (2010) a\\u00e9roports dans tout le pays. Cependant la plupart sont de petits\n        a\\u00e9roports ou bien des a\\u00e9rodromes avec des pistes non goudronn\\u00e9es.\\n\\n===\n        Rangs internationaux ===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n! Organisation\\n!\n        Enqu\\u00eate\\n! Rang\\n|-\\n| Universit\\u00e9s [[Universit\\u00e9 Columbia|Columbia]]\n        et [[Universit\\u00e9 Yale|Yale]]\\n| [[Indice de performance environnementale]]\\n|\n        38 sur 149\\n|-\\n| ''''International Living''''\\n| [http://www.il-ireland.com/il/qofl2008/index.php\n        Qualit\\u00e9 de vie, 2008]\\n| 13 sur 192 en 2008 \\n|-\\n| ''''International\n        Living''''\\n| [http://www1.internationalliving.com/qofl2011/ Qualit\\u00e9\n        de vie, 2011]\\n| 16 sur 192 en 2011\\n|-\\n| [[Reporters sans fronti\\u00e8res]]\\n|\n        [[Reporters sans fronti\\u00e8res|Indice de libert\\u00e9 de la presse]]\\n|\n        68 sur 173\\n|-\\n| [[Transparency International]]\\n| [[Indice de perception\n        de la corruption]]\\n| 105 sur 180\\n|-\\n| [[Programme des Nations unies pour\n        le d\\u00e9veloppement|PNUD]]\\n| [[Indice de d\\u00e9veloppement humain]]\\n|\n        38 sur 177\\n|}\\n\\n== Culture ==\\n[[Fichier:Cabildo de C\\u00f3rdoba, Argentina.jpg|thumb|150px|Le\n        [[cabildo de C\\u00f3rdoba]] sur la Plaza San Mart\\u00edn - on distingue \\u00e0\n        l''arri\\u00e8re-plan les tours de la [[Cath\\u00e9drale de C\\u00f3rdoba|cath\\u00e9drale]]\n        toute proche]]\\n[[Fichier:Erythrina crista-galli2.jpg|thumb|150px|Fleur de\n        ceibo, la fleur nationale de l\\u2019Argentine.]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Culture\n        de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n=== Musique et danse ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2016}}\\nL''Argentine poss\\u00e8de tout un amalgame de rythmes h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s\n        et m\\u00e9lang\\u00e9s pendant des si\\u00e8cles sur l''ensemble de son territoire.\n        Ainsi, les contrastes et la multiplicit\\u00e9 caract\\u00e9risent l''art musical\n        dans le pays.\\n\\nParmi les musiques traditionnelles, de tradition rurale,\n        la ''''chacarera'''', la ''''milonga'''', la ''''zamba'''', le ''''gato'''',\n        le ''''cielito'''' sont tr\\u00e8s diffus\\u00e9s, notamment \\u00e0 travers\n        le festival de [[Cosqu\\u00edn]], C\\u00f3rdoba, la f\\u00eate nationales du\n        folklore argentin. Ainsi on compte aussi les rythmes indig\\u00e8nes de souche,\n        tels que le fameux [[carnavalito]] du Nord du pays, les musiques mapuches\n        partag\\u00e9es avec le Chili (notamment le loncomeo), les sons guaranis\\u2026\n        D''autre part, l''influence africaine atteint presque tous les rythmes nationaux,\n        en particulier avec l''utilisation du ''''bombo'''' et la particularit\\u00e9\n        rythmique de certaines musiques, comme la ''''chacarera''''. De m\\u00eame,\n        un rythme caract\\u00e9ristique des afrodescendants est le ''''candombe'''',\n        aussi tr\\u00e8s caract\\u00e9ristique de l''Uruguay. C''est une musique tr\\u00e8s\n        rythm\\u00e9e et g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement en forme de ''''comparsa'''', de groupe\n        musical ambulant dans la rue. \\u00c0 Buenos Aires et Montevideo, on peut appr\\u00e9cier\n        le candombe de fa\\u00e7on publique. Le ''''[[Tango (danse)|tango]]'''', internationalement\n        reconnu et d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9 [[Patrimoine culturel immat\\u00e9riel de l''humanit\\u00e9]],\n        est peut \\u00eatre ce qui caract\\u00e9rise l''Argentine \\u00e0 l''\\u0153il\n        \\u00e9tranger, m\\u00eame s''il est r\\u00e9duit \\u00e0 la ville de Buenos Aires\n        et \\u00e0 Montevideo. Ses origines remontent aux danses africaines du ''''candombe''''\n        qui a subi un m\\u00e9tissage avec la ''''milonga'''', donnant ainsi un rythme\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9nergique jou\\u00e9 de guitare, tambours et fl\\u00fbte et dans\\u00e9\n        de fa\\u00e7on sensuelle par les afrodescendants. Cependant, ce que nous appelons\n        ''''[[Tango (danse)|tango]]'''' aujourd''hui est la modification de ce rythme\n        par les immigrants europ\\u00e9ens, qui ont ajout\\u00e9 des instruments diff\\u00e9rents\n        tel que le bandon\\u00e9on et un style et paroles singuliers, diff\\u00e9rents\n        de la v\\u00e9ritable souche du tango. \\nUne f\\u00eate nationale tr\\u00e8s\n        importante est le [[Carnaval de Gualeguay|Carnaval del Pais]], d\\u00e9roul\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 Gualeguaych\\u00fa, Entre R\\u00edos tous les ans. Celle-ci est une occasion\n        pour d\\u00e9voiler tout le coloris et la danse au rythme du ''''candombe''''\n        du R\\u00edo de la Plata.\\n\\n=== Litt\\u00e9rature ===\\nLa [[litt\\u00e9rature\n        argentine]], de langue espagnole, a acquis une v\\u00e9ritable ind\\u00e9pendance\n        vis-\\u00e0-vis de l''Espagne durant le {{s-|XIX|e}}, et son repr\\u00e9sentant\n        le plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre, [[Jorge Luis Borges]], jouit d''une reconnaissance\n        internationalehttp://www.cosquin.com.ar/{{,}}http://www.carnaval.gualeguaychu.info/.\n        On peut aussi citer [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], [[Victoria\n        Ocampo]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Manuel Mujica L\\u00e1inez]],\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Tiz\\u00f3n]], [[Abelardo Castillo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]],\n        [[Juan Filloy]], [[H\\u00e9ctor Bianciotti]], [[Ricardo Piglia]], [[Alberto\n        Laiseca]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Saer]], [[C\\u00e9sar\n        Aira]], [[Ang\\u00e9lica Gorodischer]] et [[Osvaldo Soriano]] (parmi les plus\n        connus).\\n\\n=== Traditions culinaires ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2016}}\\nL''Argentine poss\\u00e8de une vari\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de plats culinaires\n        traditionnels h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s de la rencontre des grands groupes pr\\u00e9sents\n        en Am\\u00e9rique latine (Italiens, Espagnols, indig\\u00e8nes). Ainsi, un grand\n        nombre de plats typiques sont consomm\\u00e9s tout au long du territoire :\n        les [[pizza|pizze]], les [[tagliatelle|tallarines]], les ''''empanadas'''',\n        les ''''humitas'''', les ''''tamales'''', le ''''puchero'''', le ''''arroz\n        con leche'''', la ''''mazamorra'''', entre une infinit\\u00e9 d''autres plats.\n        Leur pr\\u00e9paration varie selon les traditions de chaque r\\u00e9gion, et\n        certaines pr\\u00e9parations sont partag\\u00e9es avec d''autres pays de la\n        r\\u00e9gion (Chili, Uruguay, Paraguay). Cependant, les trois aliments les\n        plus caract\\u00e9ristiques, peut-\\u00eatre par leur popularit\\u00e9 ou par\n        leur succ\\u00e8s aupr\\u00e8s des touristes sont les suivants :\\n\\n;Le [[mat\\u00e9]]\\nLe\n        mat\\u00e9 est une infusion traditionnelle consomm\\u00e9e en Argentine, issue\n        de la culture des indiens Guaranis. C''est une part tr\\u00e8s importante de\n        la culture, et il est fr\\u00e9quent de voir des personnes boire le mat\\u00e9\n        dans la rue. La plante utilis\\u00e9e, la yerba mat\\u00e9, parfois appel\\u00e9\n        \\u00ab th\\u00e9 du Paraguay \\u00bb, \\u00ab th\\u00e9 des J\\u00e9suites \\u00bb\n        ou \\u00ab th\\u00e9 du Br\\u00e9sil \\u00bb, est une esp\\u00e8ce sud-am\\u00e9ricaine\n        dont les feuilles, que l''on torr\\u00e9fie et pulv\\u00e9rise, fournissent,\n        infus\\u00e9es dans l''eau chaude, une boisson stimulante, aux effets semblables\n        \\u00e0 ceux du caf\\u00e9 ou du th\\u00e9.\\nCette boisson, consomm\\u00e9e chaude\n        et parfois froide, de go\\u00fbt fort et amer, est pr\\u00e9par\\u00e9e avec\n        des feuilles de yerba mat\\u00e9. Elle se boit dans une calebasse gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 un tube m\\u00e9tallique qui sert aussi de filtre, la ''''bombilla''''.\n        Pour le savourer, les gauchos s''organisent en cercle o\\u00f9 le mat\\u00e9\n        passe de main en main selon un rituel tr\\u00e8s pr\\u00e9cis qui invite par\n        exemple les participants \\u00e0 faire circuler la calebasse dans le sens anti-horaire\n        afin de faire passer le temps moins vite. Cette boisson traditionnelle symbolise,\n        par ses rites de consommation, la fraternit\\u00e9 et l''hospitalit\\u00e9 des\n        gauchos.\\n\\n;L'' [[asado]]\\n[[Fichier:Asado de morcillas.jpg|thumb|Asado argentin]]\\nEn\n        Argentine le terme ''''asado'''' se r\\u00e9f\\u00e8re non seulement \\u00e0\n        une grillade en tant que telle mais aussi \\u00e0 l\\u2019acte social, \\u00e0\n        la r\\u00e9union o\\u00f9 l\\u2019on mange de la viande (blanche ou rouge) ou\n        des ''''choripanes ''''(sandwiches avec chorizo et sauce ''''criolla'''' ou\n        ''''chimichurri''''). Ces viandes sont cuites et grill\\u00e9es horizontalement\n        \\u00ab ''''a la parilla'''' \\u00bb ou verticalement, \\u00ab en croix \\u00bb.\n        L\\u2019''''asado'''' est presque le \\u00ab plat national \\u00bb de l\\u2019Argentine\n        par son origine tr\\u00e8s ancr\\u00e9e dans la tradition des gauchos. Il existe\n        m\\u00eame des \\u00ab ''''asadores'''' \\u00bb, personnes sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9es\n        dans l\\u2019art de cuisiner un asado.\\n\\n;Le \\u00ab [[dulce de leche]] \\u00bb\\nLe\n        ''''dulce de leche'''', (\\u00ab la confiture de lait \\u00bb) est une sp\\u00e9cialit\\u00e9\n        sucr\\u00e9e sans v\\u00e9ritable origine puisqu''il existe des recettes similaires\n        dans toutes les parties du monde, mais est extr\\u00eamement appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9\n        en Argentine et tout au long de l''Am\\u00e9rique latine. D''origine coloniale,\n        il s\\u2019agit d''un m\\u00e9lange de lait et de sucre ({{unit\\u00e9|300|g}}\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|500|g}} par litre de lait) port\\u00e9 \\u00e0 \\u00e9bullition,\n        puis cuit \\u00e0 feu tr\\u00e8s doux jusqu\\u2019\\u00e0 \\u00e9paississement\n        et obtention d\\u2019une couleur caramel. Il est tr\\u00e8s utilis\\u00e9 dans\n        les p\\u00e2tisseries ou tout simplement comme confiture.\\n\\n;Le [[locro]]\\nLe\n        locro (du [[quechua]] ''''ruqru'''') est un rago\\u00fbt \\u00e0 base de courge,\n        de ma\\u00efs et de haricots consomm\\u00e9shttp://www.argentinaturistica.com/rnoroestecultura.htm{{,}}http://www.sololideres.com/contenidos/2013/01/30/Editorial_338.php.\\n\\n===\n        Symboles nationaux ===\\n* Le [[drapeau de l''Argentine]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9 par\n        le h\\u00e9ros national [[Manuel Belgrano]], a inspir\\u00e9 plusieurs peuples\n        latino-am\\u00e9ricains dans le choix de leur propre drapeau. Il fut en son\n        temps adopt\\u00e9 par les [[R\\u00e9publique f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        centrale|Provinces unies d''Am\\u00e9rique centrale]], et c''est pour cela\n        que les drapeaux du [[Salvador]], du [[Honduras]], du [[Nicaragua]] et du\n        [[Guatemala]] sont tr\\u00e8s semblables au drapeau argentin.\\n* La fleur nationale\n        de l''Argentine est le ''''''ceibo'''''', dont le nom scientifique est ''''[[Erythrina\n        crista-galli]]''''. Elle fut d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e comme telle le {{date-|23\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1942}} par le d\\u00e9cret {{unit\\u00e9|13847}} du pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif.\\n*\n        L\\u2019oiseau national est le ''''''hornero'''''' ou ''''[[furnarius|Furnarius\n        rufus]]'''', sympathique oiseau que l''on retrouve dans toutes les villes\n        argentines et qui y construit de curieux nids.\\n* La pierre nationale est\n        la [[rhodochrosite]].\\n\\n=== Les ordres et d\\u00e9corations de l''Argentine\n        ===\\n* Ordre de Saint-Martin, le Lib\\u00e9rateur\\n* Ordre de Mai\\n\\n=== F\\u00eates\n        et jours f\\u00e9ri\\u00e9s ===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !! {{nobr|Nom\n        fran\\u00e7ais}} !! {{nobr|Nom local}} !! Remarques\\n|-\\n| {{date|1er janvier}}\n        || [[Jour de l''an|Nouvel An]] || ''''A\\u00f1o nuevo ||\\n|-\\n| [[mars (mois)|mars]]\n        ou [[avril]] || [[Semaine sainte]] ([[P\\u00e2ques]]) || ''''Semana Santa ||\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|24 mars}} || Jour national du Souvenir pour la V\\u00e9rit\\u00e9 et\n        la Justice || ''''D\\u00eda Nacional de la Memoria por la Verdad y la Justicia''''\n        || {{date-|24 mars 1976}}, coup d''\\u00e9tat militaire du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]\\n|-\\n| {{date|2 avril}} || Jour des Malouines || ''''D\\u00eda\n        del Veterano de Guerra y de los Ca\\u00eddos en la Guerra de las Malvinas''''\n        || {{date-|2 avril 1982}}, comm\\u00e9moration de la [[guerre des Malouines]].\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|1er mai}} || [[F\\u00eate du Travail]] || ''''D\\u00eda del Trabajo''''\n        ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|25 mai}} || F\\u00eate de la r\\u00e9volution || ''''Primer\n        Gobierno Patrio'''' || {{date-|25 mai 1810}}\\n|-\\n| {{date|20 juin}} || F\\u00eate\n        du drapeau || ''''D\\u00eda de la Bandera'''' || {{date-|20 juin 1820}}, anniversaire\n        de la mort du cr\\u00e9ateur du drapeau, le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral Manuel Belgrano\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|9 juillet}} || F\\u00eate de l\\u2019ind\\u00e9pendance || ''''D\\u00eda\n        de la Independencia'''' || {{date-|9 juillet 1816}}\\n|-\\n| {{date|17 ao\\u00fbt}}\n        ||  Mort du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] || ''''Muerte\n        del General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]]'''' || anniversaire de la mort\n        du [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]],il est l''un des h\\u00e9ros des ind\\u00e9pendances\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaines  \\n|-\\n| {{date|12 octobre}} || [[D\\u00e9couverte et\n        exploration de l''Am\\u00e9rique]] || ''''D\\u00eda de la Raza ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|8\n        d\\u00e9cembre}} || [[Immacul\\u00e9e conception]] || ''''D\\u00eda de la Inmaculada\n        Concepci\\u00f3n ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|25 d\\u00e9cembre}} || [[No\\u00ebl]] || ''''Navidad\n        ||\\n|}\\n\\n== Codes ==\\nL''Argentine a pour codes :\\n* AR, selon la norme [[ISO\n        3166-1]] (liste des codes pays), code alpha-2 ;\\n* AR, selon la [[liste des\n        codes pays utilis\\u00e9s par l''OTAN]], code alpha-2 ;\\n* ARG, selon la norme\n        [[ISO 3166-1]] code alpha-3 (liste des codes pays);\\n* ARG, selon la [[liste\n        des codes pays du CIO]] ;\\n* ARG, selon la [[liste des codes pays utilis\\u00e9s\n        par l''OTAN]], code alpha-3 ;\\n* LV, selon la [[liste des pr\\u00e9fixes OACI\n        d''immatriculation des a\\u00e9ronefs]] ;\\n* RA, selon la [[liste des codes\n        internationaux des plaques min\\u00e9ralogiques]] ;\\n* SA, selon la [[liste\n        des pr\\u00e9fixes des codes OACI des a\\u00e9roports]].\\n\\n== Sports ==\\nBien\n        que le [[football]] soit le sport le plus populaire en Argentine avec de tr\\u00e8s\n        grands joueurs comme [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]] ou [[Lionel\n        Messi]] d''autres sports sont largement pratiqu\\u00e9s ; le sport national\n        est d''ailleurs le [[pato (sport)|pato]]). Ainsi, l''Argentine s''illustre\n        r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement en [[basket-ball]], en [[\\u00c9quipe d''Argentine\n        de rugby \\u00e0 XV|rugby \\u00e0 XV]], en [[pelote basque]], en [[padel]] ou\n        encore en [[tennis]] avec [[Guillermo Vilas]], [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ou [[Juan\n        Mart\\u00edn del Potro]] notamment. Par ailleurs, on peut \\u00e9galement citer\n        le [[rink hockey]], le [[hockey sur gazon]], le [[polo]], le [[golf]] ou le\n        [[Comp\\u00e9tition automobile|sport automobile]] comme sports appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9s\n        en Argentine.\\n\\n\\nMessi in Germany and Argentina face off in the\n        final of the World Cup 2014 -2014-07-13 (24).jpg|[[Lionel Messi]] lors de\n        la finale de la Coupe du monde de football de 2014\\nDiego Maradona.jpg|[[Diego\n        Maradona]], ancien joueur de football et ancien s\\u00e9lectionneur de l''\\u00e9quipe\n        d''Argentine\\n\\n\\n== Notes et r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences ==\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|colonnes=2}}\\n\\n==\n        Voir aussi ==\\n{{Autres projets\\n|commons=Argentina|commons titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wikisource=Cat\\u00e9gorie:Argentine|wikisource\n        titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wiktionary=Argentine\\n|wikiquote=Argentine|wikiquote\n        titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wikinews=Page:Argentine|wikinews titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n}}\\n*\n        [[Am\\u00e9rique latine]]\\n* [[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]]\\n* [[Cuisine argentine]]\\n*\n        [[Liste de journaux argentins]]\\n* [[Tango (danse)|Tango]]\\n* {{Lien|langue=es|trad=Ind\\u00edgenas\n        de Argentina|fr=Indig\\u00e8nes d''Argentine|texte=Indig\\u00e8nes d''Argentine}}\\n\\n===\n        Liens externes ===\\n* {{es}} [http://www.argentina.gob.ar Portail officiel\n        du gouvernement argentin]\\n* {{fr}} [http://www.argentina.travel/fr Site touristique\n        officiel]\\n* {{fr}} [http://www.efran.mrecic.gov.ar/ Site officiel Ambassade\n        Argentine]\\n* {{fr}} [http://donnees.banquemondiale.org/pays/argentine Donn\\u00e9es\n        de la Banque mondiale]\\n\\n{{Palette|Pays d''Am\\u00e9rique|Union latine|G20}}\\n{{Portail|Argentine|Am\\u00e9rique}}\\n\\n[[Cat\\u00e9gorie:Argentine|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"fr\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"fr\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T17:43:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":140065378,\"length\":102010,\"fullurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine\",\"editurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Thu, 22 Jun 2017 21:00:00 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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({{es}} {{lang|es|En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad}})\\n | langues=\n        [[Espagnol]]\\n | langues_officielles= [[Espagnol]] \\n | capitale= [[Buenos\n        Aires]]\\n | coordonn\\u00e9es_capitale= {{coord|34|37|S|58|21|W}}\\n | lien_villes=\n        Villes d''Argentine\\n | titre_plus_grande_ville= Plus grande ville\\n | plus_grande_ville=\n        [[Buenos Aires]]\\n | type_gouvernement= [[R\\u00e9publique]] [[f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ralisme|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]]\\n\n        | titre_dirigeant= [[Liste des chefs d''\\u00c9tat argentins|Pr\\u00e9sident\n        de la Nation]]\\n | titre_dirigeant2= [[Vice-pr\\u00e9sident]]e\\n | nom_dirigeant=\n        [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n | nom_dirigeant2= [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n | superficie_rang=\n        8\\n | superficie_totale={{unit\\u00e9|2791810|km|2}}L\\u2019Argentine revendique\n        aussi {{unit\\u00e9|1000000|km|2}} en [[Antarctique]], ainsi que les [[\\u00eeles\n        Malouines]].\\n | pourcentage_eau= 1,1\\n | population_rang= 31\\n | population_totale=\n        43 431 886CIA World Factbook\\n | population_ann\\u00e9e= juillet\n        2015\\n | densit\\u00e9= 15.6\\n | type_ind\\u00e9pendance= D\\u00e9claration d''ind\\u00e9pendance\\n\n        | pays_ind\\u00e9pendance= [[Espagne]]\\n | date_ind\\u00e9pendance= {{date|9|juillet|1816}}\\n\n        | pays frontaliers= {{BRA}}{{clr}}{{BOL}}{{clr}}{{CHI}}{{clr}}{{PAR}}{{clr}}{{URU}}{{clr}}Outre-mer:{{clr}}[[Fichier:Flag\n        of Magallanes, Chile.svg|20px]] [[Territoire chilien de l''Antarctique|Antarctique\n        Chilienne]]{{clr}}[[Fichier:Flag of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|20px]]\n        [[Territoire britannique antarctique|Antarctique Britannique]]\\n | gentil\\u00e9=\n        Argentin/Argentine\\n | IDH= {{augmentation}} 0,811{{en}} [http://hdrstats.undp.org/fr/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_ARG.html\n        Human Development Report 2009 - Argentina] - Rapport sur le d\\u00e9veloppement\n        humain 2009 [[Organisation des Nations unies|ONU]]\\n | IDH_ann\\u00e9e=\n        2013\\n | IDH_cat\\u00e9gorie= tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9\\n | IDH_rang= {{45e}}\\n\n        | monnaie= [[Peso argentin]]\\n | code_monnaie= ARS\\n | fuseau_horaire= -3.\n        En \\u00e9t\\u00e9 UTC-2 (dans une partie du pays seulement)\\n | hymne_national=\n        [[Hymne national argentin|Himno Nacional Argentino]]\\n | iso3166-1 = ARG,\n        AR\\n | domaine_internet= [[.ar]]\\n | indicatif_t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonique= 54\\n\n        | p1 = [[Argentine coloniale]]\\n}}\\n\\nL\\u2019''''''Argentine'''''', en forme\n        longue la ''''''R\\u00e9publique argentine'''''', en [[espagnol]] ''''{{lang|es|Argentina}}''''\n        et ''''{{lang|es|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}'''' {{API|[re\\u02c8pu\\u03b2lika\n        a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina]}}, est un pays d\\u2019[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] partageant\n        ses fronti\\u00e8res avec le [[Chili]] \\u00e0 l\\u2019ouest, la [[Bolivie]]\n        au nord-ouest, le [[Paraguay]] au nord, le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] et l\\u2019[[Uruguay]]\n        au nord-est et \\u00e0 l''est, et l\\u2019[[oc\\u00e9an Atlantique]] \\u00e0 l''est\n        et \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00eame sud.\\n\\nLe pays proclame son ind\\u00e9pendance,\n        vis-\\u00e0-vis de l''[[Espagne]], le {{date-|25 mai 1810}}, lors de la [[r\\u00e9volution\n        de Mai]], ind\\u00e9pendance d\\u00e9finitivement acquise le {{date-|9 juillet\n        1816}} \\u00e0 [[Congr\\u00e8s de Tucum\\u00e1n|San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]].\\n\\nSa\n        capitale est [[Buenos Aires]], sa langue nationale est l''[[espagnol rioplatense]]\n        et sa monnaie est le [[peso argentin]].\\n\\nLa religion nationale est le [[catholicisme]].\\nL''Argentine\n        fait partie des pays dits du ''''[[c\\u00f4ne Sud|c\\u00f4ne sud]]'''' et parmi\n        les pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], il est celui o\\u00f9 la [[Europe|culture\n        europ\\u00e9enne]] est la plus affirm\\u00e9e. L''Argentine est l''un des pays\n        les plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s du continent latino-am\\u00e9ricain. Le pays\n        est \\u00e9galement la troisi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine apr\\u00e8s le Br\\u00e9sil et le [[Mexique]], que ce soit en [[Produit\n        int\\u00e9rieur brut|PIB]] nominal ou \\u00e0 [[parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat]]\n        (PPA).\\n\\nLe drapeau argentin est dessin\\u00e9 par le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Manuel\n        Belgrano]], les bandes bleues et blanches font r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence aux cocardes\n        de la m\\u00eame couleur distribu\\u00e9es le {{date-|25 mai 1810}} lors du\n        d\\u00e9but de la guerre d''ind\\u00e9pendance. Le drapeau est rendu officiel,\n        deux semaines apr\\u00e8s l''ind\\u00e9pendance, le {{date-|25 juillet 1816}},\n        puis, en [[1818]], est ajout\\u00e9 le soleil dit ''''Sol de Mayo''''. Jusqu''au\n        {{date-|25 juillet 1985}}, le drapeau avec le soleil, dit ''''drapeau de guerre'''',\n        est exclusif aux institutions officielles, alors que le drapeau sans le soleil\n        est utilis\\u00e9 pour les manifestations ou institutions n''ayant pas caract\\u00e8re\n        officiel. D\\u00e9sormais, le drapeau avec le soleil est utilis\\u00e9 partout.\\n\\n==\n        Origines du nom ==\\nLe terme ''''Argentina'''' est attest\\u00e9 pour la premi\\u00e8re\n        fois sur une carte v\\u00e9nitienne de 1536Origine du nom ''''Argentine''''\n        (espagnol) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina].\\n\\nLe nom en fran\\u00e7ais ''''Argentine''''\n        est issu de sa d\\u00e9signation en espagnol ''''Argentina''''. Il s''agit\n        du m\\u00eame mot que l''adjectif fran\\u00e7ais ''''argentine'''' signifiant\n        \\u00ab en argent, d''argent \\u00bb, terme attest\\u00e9 depuis le {{s-|XII|e}}\n        et d\\u00e9riv\\u00e9 du mot ''''argent'''' \\u00e0 l''aide du suffixe ''''-in''''[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Site du CNRTL : \\u00e9tymologie de l''adjectif ''''argentine''''].\\n\\nCependant,\n        ''''Argentina'''' n''est ni un mot espagnol, ni un mot portugais. En effet\n        dans ces langues, ''''argent'''' se dit respectivement ''''plata'''' et ''''prata'''',\n        ainsi que ses d\\u00e9riv\\u00e9s ''''en argent'''', ''''plateado, de plata''''\n        et ''''prateado, de prata''''. En fin de compte ''''Argentina'''' remonte\n        \\u00e0 l''italien ''''argentina'''' \\u00ab d''argent \\u00bb, nom probablement\n        donn\\u00e9 par les navigateurs v\\u00e9nitiens ou g\\u00e9nois comme [[Giovani\n        Cabotto|Giovanni Cabotto]] (Jean Cabot). Il \\u00e9tait peut-\\u00eatre primitivement\n        associ\\u00e9 \\u00e0 ''''terra'''' \\u00ab terre \\u00bb ou \\u00e0 ''''costa''''\n        \\u00ab c\\u00f4te \\u00bb, devenu ''''l''Argentina'''', car le substantif s''efface\n        souvent au profit de son d\\u00e9termin\\u00e9 dans cette langue. L''expression\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] est son correspondant espagnol qui d\\u00e9signe plus\n        pr\\u00e9cis\\u00e9ment la rivi\\u00e8re, lui-m\\u00eame traduction du portugais\n        ''''R\\u00edo da Prata'''' .\\n\\nSa d\\u00e9signation exacte pourrait trouver\n        son origine dans les cadeaux en argent faits par les peuples voisins aux explorateurs\n        europ\\u00e9ens, notamment [[S\\u00e9bastien Cabot]], fils de Jean. Une autre\n        explication pourrait \\u00eatre la l\\u00e9gende de la [[Sierra de la Plata]],\n        tr\\u00e9sor l\\u00e9gendaire o\\u00f9 le R\\u00edo de la Plata \\u00e9tait cens\\u00e9\n        conduire.\\n\\n== G\\u00e9ographie ==\\n[[Fichier:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|150px|Carte\n        topographique de l\\u2019Argentine]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|G\\u00e9ographie\n        de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n=== Donn\\u00e9es g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rales ===\\n[[Fichier:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210079b.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Canyon\n        du [[R\\u00edo Pinturas]], Santa Cruz.]]\\nLa surface totale de l''Argentine\n        est r\\u00e9partie de la fa\\u00e7on suivante (except\\u00e9 l\\u2019Antarctique)\n        :\\n* Total : {{unit\\u00e9|2766891|km|2}}\\n* Terre : {{unit\\u00e9|2736691|km|2}}\\n*\n        Eau : {{unit\\u00e9|30200|km|2}}\\n\\nL''Argentine est longue de {{unit\\u00e9|3700|kilom\\u00e8tres}}\n        du nord au sud et de {{unit\\u00e9|1400|kilom\\u00e8tres}} de l''est \\u00e0\n        l''ouest. Le territoire peut \\u00eatre divis\\u00e9 en quatre zones distinctes\n        : les plaines fertiles de la [[pampa]] au centre du pays, le plat pays de\n        la [[Patagonie argentine|Patagonie]] au sud (s''\\u00e9tendant sur un gros\n        quart sud du pays (28 %), jusqu''\\u00e0 la [[Terre de Feu]]), les plaines\n        s\\u00e8ches du [[Gran Chaco]] au nord et enfin la r\\u00e9gion tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e\n        de la cordill\\u00e8re des Andes \\u00e0 l''ouest le long de la fronti\\u00e8re\n        avec le [[Chili]] dont le mont [[Aconcagua]] culmine \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|6960|m\\u00e8tres}}.\\n\\nLe\n        point culminant de l''Argentine - et de l''Am\\u00e9rique - est le mont Aconcagua.\n        La d\\u00e9pression la plus profonde d''Am\\u00e9rique, la ''''Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n''''\n        \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|105|m\\u00e8tres}} sous le [[niveau de la mer]], se trouve\n        aussi en Argentine, dans la [[province de Santa Cruz]]. Le centre g\\u00e9ographique\n        du pays est localis\\u00e9 dans la [[province de La Pampa]].\\n\\nLe [[climat]]\n        est typique de fa\\u00e7ade orientale des continents, on rencontre un [[climat\n        subtropical humide]] dans le nord et aride/subantarctique dans l''extr\\u00eame\n        sud du pays.\\n\\n=== R\\u00e9gions g\\u00e9ographiques ===\\n[[Fichier:Fitz Roy\n        1b.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Le [[Fitz Roy]], [[Cordill\\u00e8re des Andes]].]]\\n[[Fichier:Iguacu-004.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Parc\n        national d''Iguaz\\u00fa]].]]\\n[[Fichier:pampas.jpg|vignette|Paysage typique\n        de la [[pampa]] argentine au niveau de la grande plaine centrale.]]\\nLe pays\n        est traditionnellement divis\\u00e9 en diff\\u00e9rentes r\\u00e9gions majeures\n        :\\n; Pampas\\nLes plaines \\u00e0 l''ouest et au sud de [[Buenos Aires]]. Appel\\u00e9e\n        la ''''pampa humide'''', cette r\\u00e9gion recouvre la plupart des provinces\n        de [[Province de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] et de [[Province de C\\u00f3rdoba\n        (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] ainsi que celles de [[Province de Santa Fe|Santa\n        Fe]] et de [[Province de La Pampa|la Pampa]]. \\n; Gran Chaco\\nLa r\\u00e9gion\n        [[Gran Chaco]] se situe au nord du pays, avec des saisons humides et s\\u00e8ches,\n        il permet l''\\u00e9levage de [[b\\u00e9tail]] et la culture de [[coton]]. Il\n        recouvre les provinces du [[Province du Chaco|Chaco]] et de [[Province de\n        Formosa|Formosa]]. Il comprend \\u00e9galement des for\\u00eats subtropicales\n        o\\u00f9 se d\\u00e9veloppent la v\\u00e9g\\u00e9tation et les animaux.\\n; Mesopotamie\\nCe\n        territoire se trouve entre le [[Rio Paran\\u00e1]] et le [[Rio Uruguay]], partag\\u00e9s\n        entre les provinces de [[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]] et d''[[Province\n        d''Entre R\\u00edos|Entre R\\u00edos]], o\\u00f9 l''on entretient le [[b\\u00e9tail]]\n        et les [[Esteros del Iber\\u00e1]]. La climat de la [[province de Misiones]]\n        est tropical. Les [[chutes d''Iguaz\\u00fa]] s''y trouvent.\\n; Patagonie\\nLes\n        [[steppe]]s de la [[Patagonie]] dans les provinces de [[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[Province de R\\u00edo Negro|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Province de Chubut|Chubut]]\n        et [[Province de Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] sont d''origines [[Tertiaire (g\\u00e9ologie)|tertiaires]].\n        Le territoire est semi-aride au nord, froid et aride au sud, mais est constitu\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 l''ouest de plusieurs grands lacs et de for\\u00eats. La [[Terre de\n        Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique Sud]] est froide et humide,\n        mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9 par l''influence oc\\u00e9anique. Enfin, le nord peut \\u00eatre\n        r\\u00e9f\\u00e9r\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Comahue]].\\n; Cuyo\\nL''ouest de l''Argentine\n        est domin\\u00e9 par l''imposante cordill\\u00e8re des Andes, \\u00e0 l''est\n        se trouve une r\\u00e9gion aride appel\\u00e9e [[Cuyo (Argentine)|Cuyo]], l''eau\n        descendant des montagnes permet la [[viticulture]] et l''[[agriculture]] gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 son irrigation, bien que le relief y soit accident\\u00e9.\\n\\nLe point\n        le plus haut du monde en dehors de l''Himalaya se retrouve en Argentine, au\n        cerro Aconcagua, de {{unit\\u00e9|6959|m\\u00e8tres}}. Parmi les plus hautes\n        montagnes des Andes, une importante proportion se retrouve dans le pays. Le\n        point le plus bas des Am\\u00e9riques se trouve aussi en Argentine, dans la\n        province de Santa Cruz (Laguna del Carbon).\\n\\n=== Climat ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Climat\n        de l''Argentine}}\\nEn consid\\u00e9rant la superficie du pays, les diff\\u00e9rences\n        d''altitude (de {{unit\\u00e9|-100|m}} \\u00e0 presque {{unit\\u00e9|7000|m}})\n        et la longueur du pays (du {{22e}} [[Parall\\u00e8le (g\\u00e9ographie)|parall\\u00e8le]]\n        sud, correspondant dans l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re nord \\u00e0 la ville de [[La\n        Havane]], jusqu''au {{55e|parall\\u00e8le}} sud, correspondant dans l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re\n        nord \\u00e0 [[Copenhague]], Moscou et la baie d''Hudson), une \\u00e9norme\n        diversit\\u00e9 de climats coexiste dans le pays.\\n\\nLe Nord est pratiquement\n        tropical, quoique absolument toutes les r\\u00e9gions du pays peuvent voir\n        le mercure descendre \\u00e0 {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nLe Centre-Nord et l''Ouest\n        connaissent des journ\\u00e9es de chaleur insupportable l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 :\n        la moyenne atteint {{tmp|36|\\u00b0C}} dans certains endroits, avec  des temp\\u00e9ratures\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9es avoisinant souvent les {{tmp|45|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nL''hiver,\n        la partie la plus septentrionale du pays enregistre des moyennes autour de\n        {{tmp|20|\\u00b0C}} le jour, et de {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}} la nuit, avec des p\\u00e9riodes\n        de {{tmp|30|\\u00b0C}} alternant avec des journ\\u00e9es assez froides qui peuvent\n        m\\u00eame rester en dessous de {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}}, et des nuits proches de\n        {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}}. Les pr\\u00e9cipitations varient de {{unit\\u00e9|2500|millim\\u00e8tres}}\n        dans la jungle de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]], \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|1000|mm}}\n        dans le [[Gran Chaco]], et seulement {{unit\\u00e9|100|mm}} dans les r\\u00e9gions\n        les plus arides de l''Ouest argentin.\\n\\nLa [[Pampa]] concentre la majorit\\u00e9\n        de la population et de la production du pays, gr\\u00e2ce au [[climat temp\\u00e9r\\u00e9]]\n        \\u00e0 quatre saisons: les \\u00e9t\\u00e9s sont assez longs et chauds, avec\n        des journ\\u00e9es ayant une temp\\u00e9rature moyenne de {{unit\\u00e9|30|\\u00b0C}}\n        et des nuit agr\\u00e9ables \\u00e0 {{tmp|17|\\u00b0C}}, tandis que les hivers\n        sont doux avec des journ\\u00e9es ayant des temp\\u00e9ratures moyennes de {{tmp|15|\\u00b0C}}\n        et les nuits autour de {{tmp|4|\\u00b0C}}. Les [[gel\\u00e9e blanche|gel\\u00e9es]]\n        sont courantes pendant 3 \\u00e0 4 mois, et les temp\\u00e9ratures descendent\n        souvent \\u00e0 {{tmp|-5|\\u00b0C}}, mais rarement moins, quoique les records\n        approchent les {{tmp|-10|\\u00b0C}}. La [[neige]], en revanche, est tr\\u00e8s\n        rare \\u00e9tant donn\\u00e9 que l''hiver est la saison la plus s\\u00e8che.\n        Les pr\\u00e9cipitations vont de {{unit\\u00e9|1200|mm}} dans l''est, \\u00e0\n        seulement {{unit\\u00e9|150|mm}} dans l''Ouest du pays.\\n\\nLa Patagonie est\n        la r\\u00e9gion la plus froide, mais le climat varie \\u00e9norm\\u00e9ment d''un\n        endroit \\u00e0 l''autre : il est extr\\u00eamement sec mais assez mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9\n        sur la c\\u00f4te, tr\\u00e8s sec et rigoureux au centre, et tr\\u00e8s humide\n        et un peu moins rigoureux dans les vall\\u00e9es des Andes, o\\u00f9 l''air\n        du Pacifique p\\u00e9n\\u00e8tre dans le continent. Sur la c\\u00f4te, il fait\n        rarement moins de {{tmp|-10|\\u00b0C}}, et l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9, il peut faire\n        facilement {{tmp|35|\\u00b0C}}. La neige est assez rare, mais la pluie aussi\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|250|mm}}).\\nSur les plateaux du centre de la Patagonie, les\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9s sont ti\\u00e8des mais avec des nuits froides (en dessous de\n        {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}}, avec du gel parfois en plein \\u00e9t\\u00e9) et les hivers\n        sont assez rigoureux, avec des moyennes proches de {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}} dans\n        plusieurs endroits, accompagn\\u00e9s de chutes de neige fr\\u00e9quentes mais\n        peu abondantes en raison de l''aridit\\u00e9 du climat. La temp\\u00e9rature\n        descend facilement \\u00e0 {{tmp|-20|\\u00b0C}}, et les records indiquent des\n        valeurs proches de {{tmp|-35|\\u00b0C}} lors d''hivers exceptionnels, o\\u00f9\n        certains villages sont isol\\u00e9s par la neige pendant des semaines. Les\n        vall\\u00e9es (tr\\u00e8s basses) \\u00e0 l''ouest ont des \\u00e9t\\u00e9s frais\n        avec des nuits froides, et des hivers avec des moyennes de {{tmp|2|\\u00b0C}}\n        (\\u00e9quivalent de l''Alsace), descendent rarement en dessous de {{tmp|-15|\\u00b0C}},\n        quoique des valeurs de {{tmp|-20|\\u00b0C}} sont possibles. La neige peut s''accumuler\n        profond\\u00e9ment, car beaucoup de secteurs re\\u00e7oivent plus de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|mm}}\n        de pluie et neige, et quelques secteurs isol\\u00e9s voient jusqu''\\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|4500|mm}}\n        par an.\\n\\nL''extr\\u00eame sud m\\u00e9rite une note \\u00e0 part, car si les\n        hivers sont semblables \\u00e0 ceux de l''ouest de la Patagonie, avec beaucoup\n        de pluie, neige et m\\u00e9langes, la particularit\\u00e9 du climat est l''absence\n        de l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 : au mois le plus chaud, la moyenne du jour atteint seulement\n        {{tmp|14|\\u00b0C}}, alors que celle des nuits est de {{tmp|5|\\u00b0C}}. Il\n        est tr\\u00e8s courant de voir des journ\\u00e9es \\u00e0 {{tmp|7|\\u00b0C}} en\n        plein \\u00e9t\\u00e9, et des chutes de neige ne sont pas \\u00e0 exclure. De\n        plus, pendant les mois d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 on peut s''attendre \\u00e0 avoir 3\n        ou 4 journ\\u00e9es ensoleill\\u00e9es par mois, avec une quinzaine de journ\\u00e9es\n        de pluie, et une douzaine de journ\\u00e9es nuageuses.\\n\\nDans toute la Patagonie,\n        et surtout dans le sud, on enregistre les plus forts vents au monde: dans\n        certaines villes, la moyenne d\\u00e9passe les {{unit\\u00e9|30|km/h}} tous\n        les mois, et lors des temp\\u00eates, les vitesses de {{unit\\u00e9|100|km/h}}\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|150|km/h}} sont courantes.\\n\\nLa c\\u00f4te Atlantique\n        argentine a des temp\\u00e9ratures assez froides m\\u00eame l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9,\n        o\\u00f9 l''eau n''atteint les {{tmp|20|\\u00b0C}} que quelquefois dans quelques\n        endroits pr\\u00e9cis. Les temp\\u00e9ratures les plus chaudes et les plus froides\n        du continent ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 mesur\\u00e9es en Argentine : plus de {{tmp|49|\\u00b0C}}\n        l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9, \\u00e0 Rivadavia, et {{tmp|-42|\\u00b0C}} l''hiver, au Valle\n        de los Patos, San Juan.\\n\\n=== Rivi\\u00e8res et lacs ===\\n[[Fichier:Lago Nahuel\n        Huapi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Le [[lac Nahuel Huapi]] en [[Patagonie]]]]\\nParmi\n        les grands [[fleuve]]s, citons le [[R\\u00edo Paraguay|Paraguay]], le [[R\\u00edo\n        Bermejo|Bermejo]], le [[R\\u00edo Negro (fleuve argentin)|r\\u00edo Negro]],\n        le [[R\\u00edo Colorado (Argentine)|r\\u00edo Colorado]], l''[[Rio Uruguay|Uruguay]],\n        ainsi que le [[Rio Paran\\u00e1|Paran\\u00e1]] qui est le plus long fleuve d''Argentine.\n        Les fleuves [[Rio Paran\\u00e1|Paran\\u00e1]] et [[Uruguay]] coulent vers l''[[oc\\u00e9an\n        Atlantique]] et se rejoignent pour former le delta du [[r\\u00edo de la Plata]].\n        Dans le parc national de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]], au nord du pays,\n        les mini-chutes d''une selva satur\\u00e9e vont se r\\u00e9unir pour former\n        le fleuve Panana. Des grands lacs comme des mers se sont form\\u00e9s au pied\n        des [[Cordill\\u00e8re des Andes|Andes]], dans des sites encore vierges tels\n        le [[lac Nahuel Huapi|Nahuel Huapi]], \\u00e0 [[San Carlos de Bariloche]].\\n\\n===\n        Environnement ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Environnement en Argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Fichier-AtmosphericMethaneSouthAm\\u00e9rica.jpg|thumb|right|Carte[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5270\n        M\\u00e9thane atmosph\\u00e9rique] (NASA 22/02/2005) consult\\u00e9 le 18/07/2017\n        des ''''hot-spot'''' d''\\u00e9mission de [[m\\u00e9thane]] de l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re\n        sud]].\\nLe pays abrite des paysages et \\u00e9cosyst\\u00e8mes tr\\u00e8s vari\\u00e9s,\n        en raison notamment d''un important gradient climatique. L''\\u00e9cosyst\\u00e8me\n        dominant est celui de la [[pampa]], qui abrite une [[biodiversit\\u00e9]] originale\n        et souvent [[End\\u00e9misme|end\\u00e9mique]].\\n\\nLa [[for\\u00eat]] a souvent\n        fortement r\\u00e9gress\\u00e9 au profit de boisements industriels (monocultures\n        parfois) et de l''[[\\u00e9levage bovin]] et d''une agriculture souvent industrielle\n        qui contribue \\u00e0 d\\u00e9grader les [[Sol (p\\u00e9dologie)|sols]]. Le Sud\n        du pays est expos\\u00e9 \\u00e0 une augmentation des [[Ultraviolet|UV]] solaires\n        ([[Canc\\u00e9rog\\u00e8ne|canc\\u00e9rig\\u00e8nes]], [[mutag\\u00e8ne]]s), induite\n        par le trou de la couche d''ozone, plus grande au-dessus de l''Antarctique\n        qu''au-dessus de l''[[Arctique]].\\n\\n==== Faune et flore ====\\n[[Fichier:Vicu\\u00f1a\n        Vigogne Lago Chungar\\u00e0 4570m Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|thumb|150px|Troupeau\n        de [[vigogne]]s]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Faune de l''Argentine}}\\n\\nDans\n        les immenses \\u00e9tendues de la [[Pampa]] subsiste encore une faune pr\\u00e9colombienne\n        repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e en particulier par le [[tatou]], dit \\u00e0 neuf bandes\n        : les [[gaucho|ga\\u00fachos]] pourchassent ce mammif\\u00e8re x\\u00e9narthre\n        car ils redoutent ses terriers dans lesquels le b\\u00e9tail se casse les pattes.\\n\\nEn\n        altitude, le [[lama (animal)|lama]] est encore utilis\\u00e9 comme [[B\\u00eate\n        de somme|animal de portage]].\\n\\n=== Fronti\\u00e8res terrestres ===\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|5151|{{Abr\\u00e9viation\n        discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et\n        le Chili|avec le Chili]] : [[Liste de fronti\\u00e8res terrestres internationales\n        par longueur|c''est la troisi\\u00e8me plus longue fronti\\u00e8re terrestre\n        au monde]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|1880|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et le Paraguay|avec le Paraguay]].\\n*\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|1224|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re\n        entre l''Argentine et le Br\\u00e9sil|avec le Br\\u00e9sil]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|832|{{Abr\\u00e9viation\n        discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et\n        la Bolivie|avec la Bolivie]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|579|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et l''Uruguay|avec l''Uruguay]].\\n\\n==\n        Histoire ==\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n===\n        \\u00c9poque pr\\u00e9-coloniale ===\\nUn grand nombre de tribus indig\\u00e8nes\n        peuplait l''Argentine avant la conqu\\u00eate espagnole comme les [[Diaguita]]s,\n        [[Pampa (ethnie)|Pampas]], [[Tehuelche|Chonks]], [[Toba (Argentine, peuple)|Qoms]],\n        [[Wichi]] (\\\"Matacos\\\"), [[Selknam]] (\\\"Onas\\\").\\n\\n=== Colonisation espagnole\n        ===\\nEn [[1516]], l''Espagnol [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] d\\u00e9couvre\n        le [[Rio de la Plata]]. Le pays est colonis\\u00e9 par les [[Espagne|Espagnols]]\n        entre le {{XVIe s}} et le {{XVIIe si\\u00e8cle}}.\\n\\n=== Ind\\u00e9pendance===\\n[[Fichier:Manuel\n        Belgrano.JPG|150px|thumb|upright|left|Le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Manuel Belgrano]]\n        \\u00e0 Londres, 1815.]]\\n[[Fichier:Jose de San Martin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Le\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] \\u00e0 Paris, 1849.]]\\n\\nDes\n        [[mouvement]]s d''opposition contre la m\\u00e9tropole espagnole apparaissent\n        \\u00e0 l''aube du {{XIXe si\\u00e8cle}} apr\\u00e8s avoir repouss\\u00e9 sous\n        l''impulsion de [[Jacques de Liniers]], d''origine fran\\u00e7aise, en [[1806]]\n        et [[1807]], deux [[Invasions britanniques|exp\\u00e9ditions militaires anglaises]],\n        car les Argentins durent se d\\u00e9fendre seuls contre un ennemi autrement\n        mieux arm\\u00e9 et bien d\\u00e9cid\\u00e9 \\u00e0 les recoloniser. D\\u00e8s\n        [[1810]] avec la ''''[[r\\u00e9volution de Mai]]'''' ({{date|25|mai|1810}})\n        les Argentins deviennent ind\\u00e9pendants de fait. En [[1813]] le gouvernement\n        br\\u00fble en place publique les instruments de torture et le {{date|1|mai|1853}}\n        d\\u00e9clare l''[[abolition de l''esclavage]] (selon la [[Chronologie de l''abolition\n        de l''esclavage]]). L''ind\\u00e9pendance d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e le {{date|9|juillet|1816}}\n        (lors du [[congr\\u00e8s de Tucum\\u00e1n|congr\\u00e8s constituant]] tenu dans\n        la ville de [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]]) n''est que la cons\\u00e9quence\n        juridique venant ent\\u00e9riner ce qui est d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 une r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9.\n        Plusieurs ann\\u00e9es de guerre contre l''Empire espagnol permettent aux Argentins\n        de se s\\u00e9parer d\\u00e9finitivement de l''emprise des Bourbons. Les g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Manuel Belgrano]] et [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel\n        de G\\u00fcemes]], entre autres, matent toute vell\\u00e9it\\u00e9 espagnole\n        de reprendre sa colonie. Au commandement d''une arm\\u00e9e d''environ {{unit\\u00e9|4000|soldats}},\n        San Martin r\\u00e9alise une campagne prodigieuse. Il traverse la [[cordill\\u00e8re\n        des Andes]] et, au Chili, il inflige des d\\u00e9faites cruciales \\u00e0 l''arm\\u00e9e\n        espagnole, d''abord \\u00e0 la Cuesta de [[Bataille de Chacabuco|Chacabuco]]\n        et puis (avec des troupes chiliennes de [[Bernardo O''Higgins]]) \\u00e0 Maipu,\n        pr\\u00e8s de [[Santiago|Santiago du Chili]], o\\u00f9 les Argentins d\\u00e9truisent\n        d\\u00e9finitivement l''arm\\u00e9e royaliste stationn\\u00e9e au [[Chili]].\\n\\n===\n        La guerre civile et les invasions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res ===\\n{{Traduction \\u00e0\n        revoir}}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Juan Manuel de Rosas.jpg|thumb|150px|Brigadier G\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].]]\\nLa guerre contre l''[[Empire espagnol]] s\\u2019ach\\u00e8ve\n        apr\\u00e8s la victoire des ind\\u00e9pendantistes sud-am\\u00e9ricains \\u00e0\n        la [[bataille d''Ayacucho]], en [[1824]]. Cependant, le pays est en situation\n        de guerre civile depuis une d\\u00e9cennie. En 1813, avant la d\\u00e9claration\n        formelle de l''ind\\u00e9pendance de toute l''Argentine, la [[Bande orientale|Province\n        Orientale]] avec [[Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas]] a d\\u00e9fendu le [[f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ralisme]]\n        argentin contre le centralisme de la ville du Buenos Aires, menant \\u00e0\n        une guerre civile de cinquante ans entre [[Parti f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raliste (Argentine)|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raux]]\n        et [[Parti unitaire (Argentine)|unitaires]]. Toujours en plein conflit entre\n        f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raux et unitaires, l''Argentine a eu \\u00e0 affronter de diverses\n        guerres : [[Guerre de Cisplatine|L''invasion]] de la [[Bande orientale|Province\n        Orientale]] par l''[[Empire du Br\\u00e9sil]], mais \\u00e9galement l''occupation\n        de la province de [[Tarija]] par les boliviens en 1826. De plus, peu de temps\n        apr\\u00e8s la fin de la guerre entre l''Argentine et le Br\\u00e9sil, les [[Royaume-Uni|Anglais]]\n        ont occup\\u00e9 (1833) les [[\\u00celes Malouines]] que l''Argentine avait\n        h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9es de l''Espagne  En 1836, l''Argentine devait assumer une\n        [[Guerre de la Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration|guerre]] contre la [[Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        p\\u00e9ruvio-bolivienne]], et une [[Bataille de la Vuelta de Obligado|guerre\n        contre les Empires anglais et fran\\u00e7ais, alli\\u00e9s avec le Br\\u00e9sil,\n        les paraguayens et les uruguayens]]. Ces luttes internes et les interventions\n        \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res expliquent la dur\\u00e9e de l''h\\u00e9g\\u00e9monie de\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] (1833-1853).\\nLa [[Constitution de l''Argentine|constitution]]\n        sera proclam\\u00e9e en [[1853]], apr\\u00e8s la fin de la ''''dictature de\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]]''''.\\n{{clr}}\\n\\n=== Dictatures du {{s-|XX|e}} et\n        p\\u00e9ronisme  ===\\n[[Fichier:Evita y Per\\u00f3n.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n]] et sa femme, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n|Eva Duarte de Per\\u00f3n]].]]\\nLes\n        pr\\u00e9sidences se succ\\u00e8dent entre [[1930]] et [[1983]], mais sur seize\n        pr\\u00e9sidents, onze sont des militaires et plusieurs sont \\u00ab pr\\u00e9sidents\n        de facto \\u00bb (par opposition \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9sident \\u00e9lu). \\n \\n[[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n|Per\\u00f3n]] fait alors son d\\u00e9but dans la haute politique\n        : lieutenant-colonel titulaire de quelques secr\\u00e9tariats d''\\u00c9tat\n        du gouvernement militaire \\u00e9tabli en [[juin 1943]], il est \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident\n        apr\\u00e8s la fin de la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]]. Celle-ci ayant entra\\u00een\\u00e9\n        l\\u2019affaiblissement de l\\u2019Occident, l''Argentine devient, vers 1950,\n        la neuvi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique mondiale[http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt62/pwt62_form.php\n        Penn World Tables]. Apr\\u00e8s la guerre, de tr\\u00e8s nombreux [[Nazisme|nazis]]\n        fuirent en Argentine.\\n\\nLe p\\u00e9ronisme est un mouvement national-populaire\n        ; il encadre la population argentine (syndicats, femmes, jeunes, ouvriers\\u2026)\n        en leur octroyant des droits et un statut. Le partage des richesses est d\\u00e9sormais\n        moins d\\u00e9s\\u00e9quilibr\\u00e9 et {{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire|la\n        classe ouvri\\u00e8re argentine, qui ne s''est jamais tourn\\u00e9e vers le\n        communisme, s''identifie au mouvement p\\u00e9roniste|date=19\\u00a0avril\\u00a02017}}.\n        Per\\u00f3n a donc le soutien de cette derni\\u00e8re , en partie gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 la redistribution des richesses nationales. Cependant, l''opposition\n        de la bourgeoisie est pour le moins active ; d\\u00e8s le retournement de la\n        conjoncture \\u00e9conomique, au d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 1950, le dirigeant\n        populiste va \\u00eatre amen\\u00e9 \\u00e0 pratiquer l''autoritarisme pour continuer\n        \\u00e0 contr\\u00f4ler l''\\u00c9tat et le pays. L\\u2019\\u00c9glise se retourne\n        \\u00e9galement contre le gouvernement apr\\u00e8s les tentatives de Per\\u00f3n\n        de la\\u00efciser l\\u2019enseignement et ses r\\u00e9formes en faveur des droits\n        des femmes. Par ailleurs, sa deuxi\\u00e8me femme (Per\\u00f3n \\u00e9tait veuf\n        depuis [[1938]]) [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]] d\\u00e9c\\u00e9d\\u00e9e, rest\\u00e9e tr\\u00e8s\n        aim\\u00e9e des \\u00ab descamisados \\u00bb (sans chemises) n''est plus l\\u00e0\n        pour galvaniser la population. Le soutien d''une majorit\\u00e9 de la population\n        au mouvement p\\u00e9roniste est n\\u00e9anmoins r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement confirm\\u00e9\n        par les \\u00e9lections et un syst\\u00e8me d\\u00e9mocratique multipartite continue\n        de fonctionner.\\n\\nEn 1955, un coup d''\\u00c9tat le chasse du pouvoir (l''arm\\u00e9e\n        bombardera la place de Mai, tuant de nombreux civils). D\\u00e9sormais, l''Argentine\n        entre dans une p\\u00e9riode d''instabilit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 la fois \\u00e9conomique\n        et politique. Le puissant mouvement p\\u00e9roniste est d\\u00e9capit\\u00e9\n        mais va rena\\u00eetre sous la forme clandestine (sabotage, gr\\u00e8ves\\u2026).\n        Les \\u00e9lites du pays, revenues au pouvoir, cherchent alors une impossible\n        formule de d\\u00e9mocratie sans p\\u00e9ronisme. Les militaires organisent\n        des \\u00e9lections, puis reprennent le pouvoir quelque temps apr\\u00e8s, et\n        ce, \\u00e0 deux reprises.\\n\\nEn 1966 a lieu le coup d''\\u00c9tat du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Ongania]]. Ce dernier, partisan de la mani\\u00e8re forte, va mettre en place\n        un r\\u00e9gime bureaucratique et autoritaire. En r\\u00e9action \\u00e0 la violence,\n        les mouvements sociaux, les syndicats, les \\u00e9tudiants, les ouvriers vont\n        se battre contre le r\\u00e9gime jusqu''\\u00e0 prendre conscience de sa faiblesse.\n        La situation s''aggrave jusqu''\\u00e0 l''ann\\u00e9e 1969, quand \\u00e9clate\n        le ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' (une explosion de violence spontan\\u00e9e \\u00e0\n        la ville de Cordoba durant laquelle les ouvriers et les \\u00e9tudiants seront\n        les principaux protagonistes). C''est la premi\\u00e8re ''''pueblada'''' (il\n        y en aura bien d''autres dans tout le pays) : la population s''attaque aux\n        symboles du pouvoir autoritaire (police\\u2026) mais aussi \\u00e0 ceux des\n        multinationales \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res. Le lendemain, le pays est paralys\\u00e9\n        par la gr\\u00e8ve g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale. D\\u00e9sormais, m\\u00eame la classe\n        moyenne, traditionnellement anti-p\\u00e9roniste, s''associe au rejet du pouvoir\n        bureaucratique et autoritaire. Les militaires se retirent alors en bonne et\n        due forme, essayant de ne pas perdre la face. Mais il est trop tard et en\n        1973, la population assiste \\u00e0 la fin du r\\u00e9gime militaire. Des \\u00e9lections\n        d\\u00e9mocratiques sont organis\\u00e9es, les militaires sont conspu\\u00e9s,\n        la gauche r\\u00e9volutionnaire voit ses organisations de masses l\\u00e9galis\\u00e9es\n        et ses militants prisonniers sont tous lib\\u00e9r\\u00e9s. L''extr\\u00eame-gauche\n        gagne des espaces de pouvoir au sein de l''\\u00c9tat (Universit\\u00e9\\u2026).\n        On croit que les militaires ne reviendront pas. Jamais alors le climat politique\n        n''avait \\u00e9t\\u00e9 aussi propice \\u00e0 la gauche en Argentine.\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s\n        le retour du [[Juan Per\\u00f3n|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral Peron]] en 1973, qui se solde\n        par le [[massacre d''Ezeiza]] (affrontements entre la gauche et la droite\n        p\\u00e9roniste), le pays s''enfonce dans une \\u00ab [[guerre sale]] \\u00bb,\n        qui commence, dans la [[province de Tucum\\u00e1n]], d\\u00e8s l''[[op\\u00e9ration\n        Ind\\u00e9pendance]], qui impliquait la lutte contre la gu\\u00e9rilla y compris\n        l''enl\\u00e8vement de partisans arm\\u00e9s de la \\u00ab\\u00a0r\\u00e9volution\\u00a0\\u00bb\n        et leur s\\u00e9jours dans des [[centre clandestin de d\\u00e9tention (Argentine)|centres\n        de d\\u00e9tention clandestins]], o\\u00f9 ils \\u00e9taient tortur\\u00e9s. La\n        tr\\u00e8s grande majorit\\u00e9 n''y a pas surv\\u00e9cu. \\u00c0 cette occasion,\n        les le\\u00e7ons transmises par des fran\\u00e7ais sur la [[bataille d''Alger]]\n        sont mises en pratique[[Marie-Monique Robin]] dans ''''[[Escadrons de\n        la mort, l''\\u00e9cole fran\\u00e7aise]]''''.\\n\\nEn mars 1976, un coup\n        d''\\u00c9tat dirig\\u00e9 par une junte de militaires ([[Jorge Rafael Videla|Jorge\n        Videla]], etc.) renverse la troisi\\u00e8me femme de P\\u00e9ron, [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]], ancienne vice-pr\\u00e9sident de son \\u00e9poux, et sa veuve\n        depuis 1974. La [[Comisi\\u00f3n Nacional sobre la Desaparici\\u00f3n de Personas|CONADEP]]\n        -Commission nationale sur la disparition des personnes, fond\\u00e9e par le\n        gouvernement d\\u00e9mocratique de Ra\\u00fal R. [[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn|Alfons\\u00edn]],\n        a estim\\u00e9 que la r\\u00e9pression militaire a fait un peu moins de {{unit\\u00e9|10000|victimes}},\n        dans la majorit\\u00e9 des \\u00ab [[d\\u00e9tenus disparus|disparus]] \\u00bb.\n        \\n\\u00c9tant donn\\u00e9 que l''appui aux mouvements de gu\\u00e9rilla dans\n        tout le continent est soutenu, coordonn\\u00e9 et dirig\\u00e9 depuis [[Cuba]],\n        Buenos Aires participe avec d''autres pays \\u00e0 l\\u2019[[op\\u00e9ration\n        Condor]] (de coordination contre la subversion), et de nombreux [[Droit d''asile|r\\u00e9fugi\\u00e9s\n        politiques]] et des \\u00ab\\u00a0subversives\\u00a0\\u00bb enfuis de pays voisins\n        sont assassin\\u00e9s par le biais des services secrets ou d''escadrons de\n        la mort (la [[Alliance anticommuniste argentine|Triple A]]). Il est \\u00e0\n        noter que cette [[Alliance anticommuniste argentine|Triple A]] a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9e en 1974 durant le gouvernement constitutionnel de Madame la\n        veuve Peron et a commenc\\u00e9 son travail depuis cette ann\\u00e9e. L''ambassade\n        [[\\u00c9tats-Unis|am\\u00e9ricaine]] est souvent au courantLe journaliste\n        John Dinges affirme dans son livre-r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence sur Condor qu''\\u00e0\n        la fois le FBI et la CIA \\u00e9taient au courant de l''arrestation de deux\n        diplomates cubains, de 22 et 26 ans, par la [[Secretar\\u00eda de Inteligencia|SIDE]]\n        argentine. Tortur\\u00e9s dans le centre Orletti, les Cubains ont aussi \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        interrog\\u00e9s par [[Michael Townley]], ex-agent de la CIA qui travaillait\n        d\\u00e9sormais pour la [[Direction nationale du renseignement|DINA]] chilienne.\n        Townley a par la suite \\u00e9t\\u00e9 condamn\\u00e9 pour l''assassinat de l''ex-ministre\n        de [[Salvador Allende]], [[Orlando Letelier]], \\u00e0 Washington en septembre\n        1976..\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Dictature militaire en Argentine\n        (1976-1983)}}\\n\\n=== Guerre des Malouines et transition d\\u00e9mocratique\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Carlos menem.jpg|left|150px|thumb|[[Carlos Menem]], pr\\u00e9sident\n        de [[1989]] \\u00e0 [[1999]].]]\\n[[Fichier:TierraDelFuego1.PNG|thumb|150px|Carte\n        de l''Argentine avec les [[\\u00eeles Malouines]] (\\u00e0 droite sur l''image)]]\\nAfin\n        de relancer sa popularit\\u00e9, la junte de Buenos Aires, dirig\\u00e9e depuis\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1981 par [[Leopoldo Galtieri]], l\\u2019un des plus \\u00ab durs\n        \\u00bb, d\\u00e9cide d\\u2019envahir les [[\\u00eeles Malouines]] en 1982, provoquant\n        ainsi la [[guerre des Malouines]] contre le Royaume-Uni, alors dirig\\u00e9\n        par [[Margaret Thatcher]]. En raison de son [[anticommunisme]] visc\\u00e9ral\n        et de la mise en place de l\\u2019[[op\\u00e9ration Charly]] (pendant laquelle\n        les services argentins ont transmis \\u00e0 leurs homologues d\\u2019Am\\u00e9rique\n        centrale les techniques de la guerre sale : [[escadron de la mort|escadrons\n        de la mort]], torture syst\\u00e9matique contre la population civile afin de\n        la d\\u00e9moraliser, [[vols de la mort]], etc.), Buenos Aires semblait penser\n        pouvoir compter, \\u00e0 tort, sur le soutien de [[Ronald Reagan]], nouvellement\n        \\u00e9lu.\\n\\nLa d\\u00e9faite lors de la guerre des Malouines pr\\u00e9cipite\n        la chute du r\\u00e9gime et une lente transition d\\u00e9mocratique.\\n\\n[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]] (1983-1989) fut le symbole m\\u00eame du retour \\u00e0 la d\\u00e9mocratie\n        en R\\u00e9publique argentine. Dans les premiers jours de son mandat, en 1983,\n        il abroge l\\u2019amnistie d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e avant que les forces arm\\u00e9es\n        ne perdent le pouvoir et demande de poursuivre neuf dirigeants de la junte\n        militaire. Il nomme en m\\u00eame temps une commission nationale sur la disparition\n        des personnes et en choisit les membres : dix citoyens de premier plan, connus\n        pour leur r\\u00f4le dans la d\\u00e9fense des droits de l\\u2019Homme. Aux yeux\n        du monde \\u00e9clate la cruaut\\u00e9 des crimes de la junte militaire argentine\n        : quelque {{unit\\u00e9|10000|personnes}} tortur\\u00e9es puis ex\\u00e9cut\\u00e9es\n        clandestinement.\\n\\nMais si les principaux responsables de violations des\n        droits de l''Homme durant le r\\u00e9gime militaire seront jug\\u00e9s et condamn\\u00e9s,\n        la pression de l''establishment militaire va forcer Alfonsin \\u00e0 c\\u00e9der\n        aux revendications des militaires. Trois ans plus tard, son gouvernement emp\\u00eache\n        le jugement de nombreux autres responsables, en instaurant les lois de pardon\n        ''''Punto Final'''' et ''''Obediencia Debida''''. La premi\\u00e8re prescrit\n        les proc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 venir et la seconde accorde l''amnistie aux officiers\n        subalternes, responsables d''atrocit\\u00e9s commises sous les ordres des chefs\n        des forces arm\\u00e9es.\\nDepuis lors, plusieurs pr\\u00e9sidents se sont succ\\u00e9d\\u00e9\n        : [[Carlos Menem]] (1989-1999), [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]] (1999-2001). Des\n        lois d''amnistie sont vot\\u00e9es sous Menem, notamment en raison de la r\\u00e9bellion\n        de secteurs d\\u2019extr\\u00eame droite dans l''arm\\u00e9e (les [[Carapintadas]],\n        qui tentent plusieurs coups d\\u2019\\u00c9tat \\u00e0 la fin des ann\\u00e9es\n        1980). Un proc\\u00e8s durant lequel comparaissent les principaux responsables\n        de la junte, ainsi que des Montoneros, se tient n\\u00e9anmoins en 1985 : c''est\n        le Proc\\u00e8s des Juntes (''''Juicio a las Juntas'''').\\n\\nLa d\\u00e9cennie\n        Menem est marqu\\u00e9e par une [[lib\\u00e9ralisation \\u00e9conomique|lib\\u00e9ralisation\n        de l''\\u00e9conomie]], menant \\u00e0 la modernisation de la plus grande partie\n        du pays, \\u00e0 l''enrichissement d''une part importante de la population,\n        mais aussi \\u00e0 l''apparition de groupes contestataires, les ''''piqueteros'''',\n        qui deviendront c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres apr\\u00e8s la [[Crise \\u00e9conomique argentine|crise\n        \\u00e9conomique]] de la fin des ann\\u00e9es 1990. En effet, de [[1990]] \\u00e0\n        [[1998]] se produit le miracle argentin, caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9 par un lib\\u00e9ralisme\n        radical (alignement du [[Peso argentin|peso]] sur le [[dollar]], [[privatisation]]s,\n        r\\u00e9formes \\u00e9conomiques et sociales) qui eut pour effet une croissance\n        \\u00e9conomique exponentielle, se traduisant par un enrichissement et une\n        modernisation jamais vus dans le pays. Le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]]\n        aida beaucoup l''Argentine \\u00e0 se d\\u00e9velopper durant cette p\\u00e9riode.\n        La consommation a augment\\u00e9 consid\\u00e9rablement, et les Argentins ont\n        alors pu acc\\u00e9der aux m\\u00eames biens mat\\u00e9riels que les Europ\\u00e9ens\n        ; l''[[Internet]], la [[t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie mobile]], l''[[\\u00c9lectrom\\u00e9nager|\\u00e9lectro-m\\u00e9nager]]\n        moderne, etc. Cependant, ce lib\\u00e9ralisme ne profita pas \\u00e0 toute la\n        population. Les laiss\\u00e9s-pour-compte du miracle \\u00e9conomique repr\\u00e9sentaient\n        une part non n\\u00e9gligeable dans l''Argentine des [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]] :\n        18 % de ch\\u00f4meurs en [[1996]].\\n\\n=== Crise de 2001 ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Crise\n        \\u00e9conomique argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Evolution of the Argentine GNP, 1999-2004.png|thumb|150px|[[R\\u00e9cession\n        (\\u00e9conomie)|R\\u00e9cession \\u00e9conomique]] puis reprise de la croissance\n        du [[Produit national brut|PNB]]]]\\n\\n[[Fichier:Monthly inflation in Argentina,\n        2002.png|thumb|150px|left|[[Inflation]] mensuelle de l''Argentine en 2002]]\\n[[Fichier:Duhalde23012007.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Eduardo\n        Duhalde]]]]\\n\\nLe choix de cr\\u00e9er dans les ann\\u00e9es 1990 une [[caisse\n        d''\\u00e9mission]] mon\\u00e9taire li\\u00e9e strictement au dollar, avait eu\n        pour cons\\u00e9quence, lors de la hausse massive de celui-ci \\u00e0 la fin\n        des ann\\u00e9es 1990, de provoquer un arr\\u00eat brusque des exportations\n        argentines. Le Br\\u00e9sil avait d\\u00e9valu\\u00e9 fortement sa monnaie et\n        l''Argentine, son principal partenaire commercial, s''\\u00e9tait retrouv\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 sec de devises. Cette situation avait engendr\\u00e9 une fuite de capitaux\n        massive pendant les mois d''ao\\u00fbt, septembre et octobre. La crise est\n        partiellement jugul\\u00e9e par un contr\\u00f4le draconien des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts\n        bancaires, appel\\u00e9 ''''[[Corralito]]'''', bas\\u00e9 sur l''obligation\n        d''effectuer toutes les op\\u00e9rations financi\\u00e8res \\u00e0 travers les\n        banques et la restriction des retraits d''argent en num\\u00e9raire. Le gros\n        de la population n''\\u00e9tant pas bancaris\\u00e9, la perception des r\\u00e9mun\\u00e9rations\n        et salaires devient un v\\u00e9ritable casse-t\\u00eate, ce qui provoque une\n        aggravation radicale de la crise en d\\u00e9cembre 2001, provoquant un v\\u00e9ritable\n        chaos social, et des \\u00e9meutes des classes sociales les plus appauvries\n        par la crise. La r\\u00e9pression cause 31 morts, le ministre des Finances\n        est relev\\u00e9 de ses fonctions, mais cela ne suffit pas et le pr\\u00e9sident\n        signifie sa d\\u00e9mission en s''enfuyant du palais du Gouvernement en h\\u00e9licopt\\u00e8re.\n        Le gouvernement, le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]] et la parit\\u00e9\n        entre le [[Peso argentin|peso]] et le [[dollar am\\u00e9ricain]] sont les th\\u00e8mes\n        les plus critiqu\\u00e9s.\\n\\nEn dix jours, quatre pr\\u00e9sidents se succ\\u00e8dent\n        (Cama\\u00f1o, Rodriguez Saa, Puerta, Duhalde), le gouvernement argentin se\n        d\\u00e9clare en \\u00e9tat de cessation de paiement, abroge la loi consacrant\n        l''intangibilit\\u00e9 des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts bancaires (ce qui provoque l\\u2019\\u00e9vaporation\n        des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts des classes moyennes qui en avaient mais ne les avaient\n        pas transf\\u00e9r\\u00e9s) et, donc, par un approfondissement de la crise \\u00e9conomique.\n        Le {{date|6|janvier|2002}}, le nouveau gouvernement proc\\u00e8de \\u00e0 un\n        gel total des avoirs bancaires, appel\\u00e9 ''''Corral\\u00f3n'''', et une\n        [[d\\u00e9valuation]] officielle du [[Peso argentin|peso]] de 28 % par rapport\n        au [[Dollar am\\u00e9ricain|dollar]], tandis que dans la rue le dollar se change\n        \\u00e0 1,60 [[Peso argentin|peso]] pour atteindre tr\\u00e8s vite plus de 3\n        [[Peso argentin|pesos]]Cf. ''''M\\u00e9moire d''un saccage, Argentine,\n        le hold-up du si\\u00e8cle'''' - de [[Fernando Ezequiel Solanas|Fernando E.\n        Solanas]] (2004).\\n\\nLe monde entier a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 surpris par les\n        \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements de d\\u00e9cembre 2001. Les m\\u00e9dias ont montr\\u00e9\n        un pays caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9 par les pillages de magasins et les concerts\n        de casseroles des classes moyennes. Mais ces repr\\u00e9sentations sont simplistes\n        et plus que subjectives. Les \\u00e9meutes et les mobilisations ne sont pas\n        n\\u00e9es \\u00e0 la fin de l''ann\\u00e9e 2001. D\\u00e8s 1989, une vague de\n        saccages de magasins a eu lieu, cons\\u00e9quence de l''hyperinflation. En\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1993, le pays a connu des r\\u00e9voltes, notamment \\u00e0 Santiago\n        del Estero. En 1996, les premiers piqueteros \\u00e9tablissaient des barrages\n        \\u00e0 Cutral-Co, dans la province de Neuquen. Mais les m\\u00e9dias n''avaient\n        laiss\\u00e9 que tr\\u00e8s peu de visibilit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 ces mouvements.\\n\\nLes\n        protestations de d\\u00e9cembre 2001 doivent \\u00eatre analys\\u00e9es en tenant\n        compte des changements que le r\\u00e9pertoire de l''action collective a connus\n        ces derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es en Argentine. Comme l''a expliqu\\u00e9 Javier\n        Ayuero, \\u00ab loin d''\\u00eatre l''explosion d''une citoyennet\\u00e9 paraissant\n        jusqu''alors repli\\u00e9e sur elle-m\\u00eame et incapable d''exprimer son\n        m\\u00e9contentement, le mois de d\\u00e9cembre 2001 repr\\u00e9sente plut\\u00f4t\n        le point le plus critique d''un processus de mobilisation populaire datant\n        environ d''une dizaine d''ann\\u00e9es \\u00bb{{es}} \\u00ab Fuegos y barricadas.\n        Retratos de la beligerancia en la Argentina democratica \\u00bb, in Nueva Sociadad,\n        \\u00ab Argentina, fin del sue\\u00f1o \\u00bb, Caracas, mai-juin 2002, {{num\\u00e9ro|179}},\n        {{p.}}144).\\n\\n[[Eduardo Duhalde]] demeure pr\\u00e9sident de l''Argentine\n        entre janvier 2002 et mai 2003 o\\u00f9 il met fin \\u00e0 la parit\\u00e9 entre\n        le peso argentin et le dollar am\\u00e9ricain et met en place un plan \\u00e9conomique\n        productiviste. Il appelle \\u00e0 des \\u00e9lections pr\\u00e9sidentielles anticip\\u00e9es\n        en avril 2003 o\\u00f9 il soutient le candidat p\\u00e9roniste de centre gauche\n        [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]. Ce dernier est \\u00e9lu par d\\u00e9faut \\u00e0 la\n        suite du retrait de [[Carlos Menem]] au second tour.\\n\\n=== Gouvernement Kirchner\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Cristinakirchnermensaje2010.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Cristina\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], pr\\u00e9sidente de l''Argentine de [[2007]]\n        \\u00e0 [[2015]].]]\\n[[Fichier:N\\u00e9stor Kirchner y Roberto Lavagna-Buenos\n        Aires-23 de agosto de 2004.jpg|[[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]] et Roberto Lavagna.|thumb|150px]]\\n[[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] exerce la fonction de pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique argentine\n        de 2003 \\u00e0 2007. Il ren\\u00e9gocie la dette du pays en 2005 (il refuse\n        le remboursement de trois quarts des 100 milliards de dollars de dette ext\\u00e9rieure).\n        Il g\\u00e8le les tarifs \\u00e9nerg\\u00e9tiques et du transport, et taxe tr\\u00e8s\n        fortement les importations{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire|, il relance\n        l\\u2019activit\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique (+ 50 % en cinq ans) soutenue par\n        les d\\u00e9penses publiques, et double la masse salariale (de 2003 \\u00e0\n        2007)}}. Nestor Kirchner est d\\u00e9c\\u00e9d\\u00e9 en 2010 d''une crise cardiaque.\\n\\nSon\n        \\u00e9pouse, [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], \\u00e9lue au premier\n        tour le 28 octobre 2007 lui succ\\u00e8de le {{date|10|d\\u00e9cembre|2007}}.\n        En 2008 la pr\\u00e9sidente est confront\\u00e9e \\u00e0 un lourd conflit social\n        l''opposant aux agriculteurs et relatif, notamment, au niveau des taxes sur\n        les exportations de [[soja]]. Les agriculteurs argentins ont engag\\u00e9 une\n        gr\\u00e8ve d''ampleur de commercialisation des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales[http://www.lemonde.fr/\n        Le Monde], \\u00e9dition du 17 juin 2008, ''''L''interpellation d''agriculteurs\n        relance la fronde des campagnes argentines''''.\\n\\nEn 2015, [[Mauricio\n        Macri]] est \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident.\\n\\n== Politique et administration ==\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Politique en Argentine}}\\n\\n=== R\\u00e9partition des pouvoirs\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires-Plaza Congreso-Pensador de Rodin.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Place\n        du [[Palais du Congr\\u00e8s de la Nation Argentine]]]]\\n[[Fichier:Constituci\\u00f3n\n        Nacional Argentina 1853 - p\\u00e1gina 1.jpeg|thumb|150px|Premi\\u00e8re page\n        de la Constitution]]\\nL''Argentine a un r\\u00e9gime pr\\u00e9sidentiel dans\n        une r\\u00e9publique f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale. La [[Constitution argentine de 1853]],\n        r\\u00e9vis\\u00e9e en 1860, 1866, 1898, 1957 et 1994 dispose que le mandat\n        pr\\u00e9sidentiel est de quatre ans (renouvelable deux fois). Il y a possibilit\\u00e9\n        de r\\u00e9\\u00e9lection, mais il faut laisser passer 4 ans. Le pr\\u00e9sident\n        devait \\u00eatre de religion catholique jusqu''en 1994 : [[Carlos Menem]],\n        d''origine syrienne et de confession musulmane d\\u00fbt se convertir au [[catholicisme]]\n        pour \\u00eatre \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident.\\n\\n\\u00c9lu au suffrage universel,\n        le pr\\u00e9sident est \\u00e0 la fois \\u00e0 la t\\u00eate de l''\\u00c9tat et\n        \\u00e0 la t\\u00eate du gouvernement, le pr\\u00e9sident actuel est [[Mauricio\n        Macri]].\\n\\nLa Constitution garantit la s\\u00e9paration des pouvoirs entre\n        l''ex\\u00e9cutif, le l\\u00e9gislatif et le judiciaire. L''ex\\u00e9cutif est\n        confi\\u00e9 au pr\\u00e9sident, le l\\u00e9gislatif au Parlement et le judiciaire\n        \\u00e0 la Cour supr\\u00eame d''Argentine compos\\u00e9e de sept membres.\\n\\nLe\n        Parlement est compos\\u00e9 de deux chambres :\\n* Le [[S\\u00e9nat (Argentine)|S\\u00e9nat]]\n        : 72 membres (3 s\\u00e9nateurs par provinces) \\u00e9lus pour six ans.\\n* La\n        [[Chambre des d\\u00e9put\\u00e9s d''Argentine]] : 257 membres \\u00e9lus au\n        suffrage universel, renouvelables par moiti\\u00e9 tous les deux ans. Un tiers\n        des candidats doit \\u00eatre f\\u00e9minin.\\n\\nLa justice nationale est compos\\u00e9e\n        de diff\\u00e9rents tribunaux, dont le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 est la Cour Supr\\u00eame.\\n\\n===\n        Provinces ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Provinces de l''Argentine|Villes\n        d''Argentine}}\\nConform\\u00e9ment \\u00e0 la [[Constitution de l''Argentine|constitution\n        de 1853]], r\\u00e9vis\\u00e9e en 1994, l\\u2019Argentine est une [[r\\u00e9publique]]\n        [[\\u00c9tat f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]] organis\\u00e9e en 23 provinces/\\u00e9tats\n        (qui sont des \\u00c9tats f\\u00e9d\\u00e9r\\u00e9s, dirig\\u00e9s par des [[gouverneur]]s\n        \\u00e9lus) et une cit\\u00e9 autonome \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e en district f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral\n        : [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, capitale f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]] qui a un statut\n        sp\\u00e9cial. Les 23 provinces sont les suivantes.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\"\n        style=\\\"float: auto; text-align:right; font-size:90%; width:60%; font-family:Verdana,\n        Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background:F5F5F5; \\\"\\n|- align=center style=\\\"background:lavender;\n        font-weight:bold;\\\" \\n ! !! Province !! Capitale !! !! Province !! Capitale\n        \\n|- \\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Bandera de\n        la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        align=left colspan=\\\"2\\\" |''''''[[Buenos Aires|Ville f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale de\n        Buenos Aires]]''''''|| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Mendoza Province, Argentina.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Mendoza|Mendoza]]'''''' || align=left| [[Mendoza (ville)|Mendoza]]\n        \\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        align=left |''''''[[Province de Buenos Aires|Province 
de Buenos Aires]]''''''\n        || align=left | [[La Plata]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Misiones.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Misiones|Misiones]]'''''' || align=left| [[Posadas (Argentine)|Posadas]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Stemma\n        catamarca.gif|30px]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" align=left |''''''[[Province\n        de Catamarca|Catamarca]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Fernando del Valle de\n        Catamarca|San Fdo. del Valle
 de Catamarca]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Neuquen province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Neuqu\\u00e9n (ville)|Neuqu\\u00e9n]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Chaco province in Argentina 2007.jpg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province du Chaco|Chaco]]'''''' || align=left| [[Resistencia]] ||\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of R\\u00edo Negro\n        Province.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province\n        de R\\u00edo Negro|R\\u00edo Negro]]'''''' || align=left| [[Viedma]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of chubut province in argentina - bandera de chubut.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Chubut|Chubut]]'''''' ||\n        align=left| [[Rawson]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Bandera\n        de la Provincia de Salta.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Salta|Salta]]'''''' || align=left| [[Salta]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Cordoba Province in Argentina.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:San luis prov arg.png|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de San Luis|San Luis]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Luis (Argentine)|San\n        Luis]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Corrientes province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Corrientes (ville)|Corrientes]]|| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of San Juan province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de San Juan|San Juan]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[San Juan (Argentine)|San Juan]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|- \\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Entre R\\u00edos.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province d''Entre R\\u00edos|Entre R\\u00edos]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[Paran\\u00e1 (Argentine)|Paran\\u00e1]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Santa Cruz province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[R\\u00edo Gallegos]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Formosa.svg|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Formosa|Formosa]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Formosa (ville)|Formosa]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Santa Fe province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Santa Fe (Argentine)|Santa Fe]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Jujuy province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Jujuy|Jujuy]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Salvador de\n        Jujuy|San Salvador
 de Jujuy]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero.svg|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Santiago del Estero (province)|Santiago\n        
del Estero]]'''''' || align=left| [[Santiago del Estero (ville)|Santiago\n        
del Estero]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of La Pampa province.png|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de La Pampa|La\n        Pampa]]'''''' || align=left| [[Santa Rosa (Argentine)|Santa Rosa]] || align=center\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Tierra del Fuego province\n        in Argentina.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Terre de Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique Sud]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Ushua\\u00efa]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of La Rioja province\n        in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de La Rioja (Argentine)|La Rioja]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[La Rioja (Argentine)|La Rioja]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera tucuman.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Tucum\\u00e1n|Tucum\\u00e1n]]'''''' || align=left| [[San\n        Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n|San Miguel
 de Tucum\\u00e1n]] \\n |}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Argentina\n        - Map - Provinces with names.png|thumb|150px|D\\u00e9coupage de l''Argentine\n        en provinces]]\\nLes provinces ont de fait tous les pouvoirs qui n\\u2019ont\n        pas \\u00e9t\\u00e9 d\\u00e9l\\u00e9gu\\u00e9s express\\u00e9ment au gouvernement\n        f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral. Elles sont charg\\u00e9es d\\u2019administrer la justice\n        et l\\u2019\\u00e9ducation primaire. Elles s\\u2019organisent comme elles l\\u2019entendent\n        en \\u00e9lisant leurs pouvoirs ex\\u00e9cutif et l\\u00e9gislatif. Les provinces\n        peuvent r\\u00e9gler entre elles toutes sortes d\\u2019accords de type judiciaire,\n        \\u00e9conomique ou social. Le pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif national a seulement le\n        pouvoir d\\u2019intervenir afin d\\u2019assurer la forme r\\u00e9publicaine du\n        gouvernement et de repousser les invasions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res.\\nLa majorit\\u00e9\n        des provinces du centre et du nord du pays sont ant\\u00e9rieures \\u00e0 l\\u2019existence\n        de l\\u2019Argentine comme \\u00c9tat f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral, cependant des provinces\n        avec une grande pr\\u00e9sence aborig\\u00e8ne ou une faible population (comme\n        le sont au nord : [[Province du Chaco|Chaco]], [[Province de Formosa|Formosa]]\n        et [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]] ; et la grande partie sud du pays : [[Province\n        de La Pampa|La Pampa]], [[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]], [[Province\n        de R\\u00edo Negro|Rio Negro]], [[Province de Chubut|Chubut]], [[Province de\n        Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]], la [[Terre de Feu]], le territoire argentin en [[Antarctique]]\n        et les \\u00eeles de l\\u2019Atlantique sud) \\u00e9taient \\u00e0 une \\u00e9poque\n        des \\u00ab territoires nationaux \\u00bb d\\u00e9pendant du gouvernement f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral.\n        En devenant des provinces, elles acquirent le m\\u00eame statut administratif\n        que celles qui existaient d\\u00e9j\\u00e0.\\n\\nLes derniers territoires \\u00e0\n        changer de statut furent la [[Terre de Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique\n        Sud]] qui furent regroup\\u00e9s pour devenir une m\\u00eame et unique province\n        en [[1991]], en d\\u00e9pit du fait que la d\\u00e9finition de cette province\n        contient des territoires contest\\u00e9s en Antarctique (avec le Chili et le\n        Royaume-Uni) et du fait que l\\u2019Argentine a ratifi\\u00e9 le trait\\u00e9\n        sur l\\u2019Antarctique qui a gel\\u00e9 les pr\\u00e9tentions territoriales,\n        et les \\u00eeles de l\\u2019Atlantique sud sont reconnues internationalement\n        comme parties du Royaume-Uni (\\u00e0 l\\u2019exception des \\u00eeles Shetland\n        du Sud int\\u00e9gr\\u00e9es au trait\\u00e9 sur l\\u2019Antarctique), seul le\n        litige de souverainet\\u00e9 concernant le partage de la Terre de Feu ayant\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9 r\\u00e9solu (par un trait\\u00e9 international sign\\u00e9 avec\n        le Chili).\\n\\nUn des anciens ''''territoires nationaux'''', le territoire\n        des Andes, ne parvint jamais \\u00e0 se convertir en province. Il fut form\\u00e9\n        en 1900 et couvrait alors la totalit\\u00e9 de la [[Puna]] du nord-ouest du\n        pays, mais, en raison d''un d\\u00e9veloppement et d''une population tr\\u00e8s\n        faibles, il fut dissous en [[1943]], les territoires \\u00e9tant alors incorpor\\u00e9s\n        aux provinces de Jujuy, Salta et Catamarca.\\n\\n\\nPerito Moreno Glacier\n        Patagonia Argentina Luca Galuzzi 2005.JPG|Perito Moreno Glacier, [[province\n        de Santa Cruz]], Patagonie argentine\\nVi\\u00f1edoCafayate.jpg|Cafayate, [[province\n        de Salta]].\\n\\n\\n=== Relations internationales ===\\n[[Fichier:Flag\n        of Mercosur.svg|150px|thumb|Drapeau du Mercosur]]\\n[[Fichier:SACN member states.jpg|thumb|150px|Carte\n        des \\u00c9tats membres de l''[[Union des nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines|Union\n        des Nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines]]]]\\n\\nL''Argentine est membre permanent\n        du [[March\\u00e9 commun du Sud|Mercosur]] (communaut\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique\n        des pays de l''Am\\u00e9rique du Sud) avec le [[Br\\u00e9sil]], le [[Paraguay]],\n        l''[[Uruguay]] et le [[Venezuela]]; cinq autres pays y sont associ\\u00e9s\n        : la [[Bolivie]], le [[Chili]], le [[P\\u00e9rou]], la [[Colombie]] et l''[[\\u00c9quateur\n        (pays)|\\u00c9quateur]]{{es}}http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/portal%20intermediario/es/index.htm\n        Portail officiel du Mercosur..\\n\\nL''Argentine fut le seul pays d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        du Sud \\u00e0 avoir pris part \\u00e0 la [[Guerre du Golfe (1990-1991)|premi\\u00e8re\n        guerre du Golfe]] en [[1991]], mandat\\u00e9e par l''[[Organisation des Nations\n        unies|ONU]]{{en}} http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/facts/gulfwar/\n        R\\u00e9sum\\u00e9 des faits sur la premi\\u00e8re guerre du Golfe, dix ans apr\\u00e8s,\n        CNN, 2001.. Elle fut \\u00e9galement le seul pays latin \\u00e0 participer\n        \\u00e0 l''op\\u00e9ration d\\u00e9mocratique \\u00e0 [[Ha\\u00efti]] en [[1994]]-[[1995|95]]http://www.nato.int/docu/revue/1999/9901-02.htm\n        L\\u2019Argentine partenaire sud-atlantique de l\\u2019OTAN, fiche de documentation,\n        OTAN, 1999.. Enfin, elle s''engagea dans la [[force de maintien de la\n        paix des Nations unies]] (''''Casques bleus'''')http://www.senat.fr/rap/l98-289/l98-2893.html\n        Rapport sur les op\\u00e9rations de maintien de la paix par les Casques bleus\n        des Nations unies, S\\u00e9nat fran\\u00e7ais, 1998. \\u00e0 travers le\n        monde dont les conflits concernant [[Salvador]]-[[Honduras]]-[[Guatemala]]-[[Nicaragua]],\n        [[\\u00c9quateur (pays)|\\u00c9quateur]]-[[P\\u00e9rou]], le [[Sahara occidental]],\n        l\\u2019[[Angola]], le [[Kowe\\u00eft]], [[Chypre (pays)|Chypre]], la [[Croatie]],\n        le [[Kosovo]], la [[Bosnie-Herz\\u00e9govine]] ou le [[Timor oriental]].\\n\\nEn\n        {{date||janvier|1998}}, en reconnaissance de ses contributions \\u00e0 la s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9\n        internationale, le pr\\u00e9sident des [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]] [[Bill Clinton]]\n        d\\u00e9signa l\\u2019Argentine comme l''un des alli\\u00e9s majeurs hors-[[Organisation\n        du trait\\u00e9 de l''Atlantique nord|OTAN]]{{en}} http://www.ciponline.org/facts/mnna.htm\n        Les alli\\u00e9s majeurs hors-OTAN (''''Major Non-NATO Allies''''), information\n        du Center for International Policy, \\u00c9tats-Unis.. En [[2005]], l''Argentine\n        fut membre temporaire du [[Conseil de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9 des Nations unies]]http://www.un.org/french/sc/searchres_sc_members_french.asp?sc_members=9\n        Page d\\u2019information sur les membres du Conseil de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9,\n        ONU..\\n\\nEn [[1993]], l''Argentine lan\\u00e7a l''initiative des casques\n        blancs des Nations unies sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9s dans l''[[aide humanitaire]]http://citron-vert.info/spip.php?article595\n        L\\u2019Argentine engage des casques blancs dans l\\u2019aide humanitaire des\n        Nations unies, citron-vert.info..\\n\\nDepuis [[2004]], les relations\n        habituellement cordiales entre l''Argentine et l''[[Uruguay]] se sont progressivement\n        d\\u00e9grad\\u00e9es \\u00e0 cause de la construction en Uruguay de deux grandes\n        usines de fabrication de cellulose, sur les rives du [[rio Uruguay]] qui marque\n        la fronti\\u00e8re entre les deux pays. Ce contentieux est surnomm\\u00e9 en\n        France la \\u00ab [[guerre du papier]] \\u00bb. L''Argentine met en avant les\n        d\\u00e9g\\u00e2ts \\u00e9cologiques que subirait le fleuve. La pol\\u00e9mique\n        fut aliment\\u00e9e par une escalade de d\\u00e9clarations de la part des deux\n        \\u00c9tats, l''Argentine portant l''affaire devant la [[Cour internationale\n        de justice|CIJ]] en mai [[2006]], puis l''Uruguay lui embo\\u00eetant le pas\n        en novembre 2006. Des blocus routiers en Argentine ont emp\\u00each\\u00e9 l''approvisionnement\n        en mat\\u00e9riaux de construction depuis le [[Chili]], aggravant la situationhttp://risal.collectifs.net/spip.php?article2028\n        RISAL : la militarisation de la guerre du papier.{{,}}http://www.alternatives.ca/article2820.html\n        La \\u00ab guerre du papier \\u00bb. Les relations \\u00e9conomiques et\n        sociales entre les deux pays se sont am\\u00e9lior\\u00e9es en 2007.\\n\\nDouze\n        pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] ont sign\\u00e9 le {{date|8|d\\u00e9cembre|2004}}\n        la [[Union des nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines|D\\u00e9claration de Cuzco]] visant\n        \\u00e0 la r\\u00e9union du [[March\\u00e9 commun du Sud|Mercosur]], de la [[Communaut\\u00e9\n        andine des Nations|Communaut\\u00e9 andine]] et du [[Chili]], de la [[Guyana]]\n        et du [[Suriname]] en une seule communaut\\u00e9 supranationale, la Communaut\\u00e9\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaine des nations (CSN), sur le mod\\u00e8le de l''[[Union europ\\u00e9enne]].\n        Cela est devenu UNASUR (Union des Nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines) lors du premier\n        sommet \\u00e9nerg\\u00e9tique sud-am\\u00e9ricain organis\\u00e9 au Venezuela\n        \\u00e0 la mi-avril [[2007]].\\n\\nOutre une communaut\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique,\n        le projet inclut \\u00e0 terme :\\n* une monnaie commune ;\\n* une citoyennet\\u00e9\n        et un passeport commun ;\\n* un parlement commun.\\n\\nCe projet a pris naissance\n        dans un contexte d''opposition au [[Zone de libre-\\u00e9change des Am\\u00e9riques|ZLEA]],\n        \\u00ab Initiatives pour les Am\\u00e9riques \\u00bb, lanc\\u00e9 par [[George\n        H. W. Bush|George Bush]] en [[1990]] puis concr\\u00e9tis\\u00e9 en [[1994]]\n        au [[Sommet des Am\\u00e9riques]], et donc dans un contexte d''opposition \\u00e0\n        l''ing\\u00e9rence nord-am\\u00e9ricaine dans les affaires politiques et \\u00e9conomiques\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaines.\\n\\nEn [[2005]], la ville de [[Mar del Plata]] a accueilli\n        le quatri\\u00e8me [[sommet des Am\\u00e9riques]]http://www.alternatives.ca/article2185.html\n        Le quatri\\u00e8me sommet des Am\\u00e9riques, www.alternatives.ca, marqu\\u00e9\n        par de nombreuses protestations anti-UShttp://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article3515\n        Protestations anti-US au quatri\\u00e8me sommet des Am\\u00e9riques, www.alterpresse.org.\n        Si bien que l''ann\\u00e9e suivante, elle mit sa priorit\\u00e9 dans les initiatives\n        r\\u00e9gionales telles que le Mercosur ou la [[Banque du Sud]] apr\\u00e8s\n        une d\\u00e9cennie de partenariat avec les [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]].\\n\\nEn contentieux\n        avec le [[Royaume-Uni]], l''Argentine r\\u00e9clame la souverainet\\u00e9 des\n        [[\\u00eeles Malouines]]http://www.droitpublic.net/spip.php?article1262\n        L\\u2019argentine r\\u00e9clame au Royaume-Uni la souverainet\\u00e9 des Malouines,\n        droitpublic.net, de la [[G\\u00e9orgie du Sud]], des [[\\u00eeles Sandwich\n        du Sud]]http://www2.univ-lille2.fr/droit/enseignants/lavenue/coursstev/stev4.html\n        Les espaces non soumis \\u00e0 souverainet\\u00e9, cours de droit international,\n        universit\\u00e9 Lille-2. et des [[\\u00eeles Shetland du Sud]] (ces derni\\u00e8res\n        \\u00e9galement revendiqu\\u00e9es par le [[Chili]] mais les pr\\u00e9tentions\n        des trois pays sont gel\\u00e9es depuis la signature du trait\\u00e9 de l\\u2019Antarctique)\n        et d''environ 1 million de kilom\\u00e8tres carr\\u00e9s du continent [[Antarctique]]http://www.mfe.org/Default.aspx?SID=569\n        Fiche d\\u2019information sur l\\u2019Argentine, Maison des Fran\\u00e7ais de\n        l\\u2019\\u00c9tranger, minist\\u00e8re fran\\u00e7ais des Affaires \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res\n        et europ\\u00e9ennes.. Un autre sujet de discorde est la fronti\\u00e8re\n        avec le [[Chili]], en particulier au sujet du trac\\u00e9 de la fronti\\u00e8re\n        extr\\u00eame sud en [[Terre de Feu]], un trait\\u00e9 fut sign\\u00e9 en [[1984]]\n        entre les deux pays au [[Vatican]]{{es}} http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Paz_y_Amistad_entre_Argentina_y_Chile_de_1984\n        Trait\\u00e9 de paix et d\\u2019armistice entre l\\u2019Argentine et le Chili,\n        WikiSource.org.\\n\\nEnfin, l''Argentine fut l''un des signataires initiaux\n        du [[Trait\\u00e9 sur l''Antarctique]]http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/amsudant/R-U-Arctique.htm\n        Signataires du Trait\\u00e9 de l\\u2019Antarctique, Universit\\u00e9 Laval, Qu\\u00e9bec,\n        Canada.\\n\\n\\n\\n== Population et soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 ==\\n=== D\\u00e9mographie\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|D\\u00e9mographie de l''Argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Argentina-demography.png|left|thumb|\\u00c9volution\n        d\\u00e9mographique entre 1961 et 2003 (chiffre de la [[Organisation des Nations\n        unies pour l''alimentation et l''agriculture|FAO]], 2005). Population en milliers\n        d''habitants.]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires D\\u00e9cembre 2007 - Avenida 5 de\n        Mayo.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Avenue de [[Buenos Aires]], exemple d''architecture\n        \\u00e0 l''europ\\u00e9enne illustrant l''influence des immigr\\u00e9s europ\\u00e9ens\n        sur la ville.]]\\n[[Fichier:Multitud_Crespo.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Argentins\n        \\u00e0 [[Crespo (Argentine)|Crespo (Entre R\\u00edos)]]. La plupart des Argentins\n        sont d''origine europ\\u00e9enne due \\u00e0 l''immigration.]]\\n[[Fichier:The\n        Tolaba Family - Proprietors of Roadside Cafe en route to Cachi - Argentina.jpg|vignette|Famille\n        du nord de l''Argentine]]\\n\\nL''Argentine compte environ 43 millions d''habitants{{Lien\n        web|langue = |titre = Argentine : Statistiques|url = http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/argentine.htm|site\n        = |date = |consult\\u00e9 le = 4 d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}. Parmi les multiples\n        groupes ethniques habitant le pays, on en compte trois \\u00e0 l''origine de\n        la population actuelle. Tout d''abord, les Am\\u00e9rindiens repr\\u00e9sentent,\n        ensemble et sans tenir compte des diff\\u00e9rences ethnoculturelles \\u00e0\n        peu pr\\u00e8s 1,49 % de la population totale{{es}} [http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas]{{,}}{{es}} [http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/sobre/pon3/index.html]''''Estructura\n        gen\\u00e9tica de la Argentina, Impacto de contribuciones gen\\u00e9ticas -\n        Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de Ciencia y Tecnolog\\u00eda de la Naci\\u00f3n.\n        Les descendants d''Africains amen\\u00e9s comme esclaves pendant les temps\n        de domination espagnole repr\\u00e9sentent 0,37 %http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P42-Total_pais.xls{{,}}http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P43-Total_pais.xls.\n        Le groupe le plus large, les [[Europ\\u00e9ens]], constituent entre 85 % et\n        97 % de la population{{lien web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ar|titre=The\n        World Factbook|p\\u00e9riodique=cia.gov|consult\\u00e9 le=12 avril 2014}}{{,}}http://www.8300.com.ar/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Informe-Pueblos-Indigenas.pdf.\n        Le reste des habitants est, pour la plupart, d''origine ''''mestizo''''. Les\n        Europ\\u00e9ens, ce qu''on appelle des ''''[[Cr\\u00e9oles|criollos]]'''' issus\n        des temps coloniaux ; on compte de m\\u00eame des populations issues de l''immigration\n        du {{s-|XIX|e}} qui inclut entre autres, en plus des italiens, des espagnols,\n        des arabes, des allemands, des fran\\u00e7ais, des britanniques et des asiatiques\n        . Il faut bien pr\\u00e9ciser que lors de l''arriv\\u00e9e de ces immigrants,\n        qui pour la plupart \\u00e9taient des hommes seuls, un m\\u00e9tissage tr\\u00e8s\n        important a eu lieu entre les \\u00e9trangers et les femmes locales, de souche\n        europ\\u00e9en et indig\\u00e8ne pour la plupart, ce qui a contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0\n        la diversit\\u00e9 ethnique.\\nSelon les r\\u00e9sultats d''une \\u00e9tude men\\u00e9e\n        en 2010 par le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ticien Daniel Corach, 53,7 % de la population\n        a au moins un anc\\u00eatre autochtone, presque toujours matrilin\\u00e9airehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full.\\n\\nLa\n        population est tr\\u00e8s in\\u00e9galement r\\u00e9partie, puisqu''un tiers\n        de la population (environ 13 millions d''habitants) est concentr\\u00e9 dans\n        la capitale et l''agglom\\u00e9ration de [[Buenos Aires]], appel\\u00e9e aussi\n        {{lang|es|[[Grand Buenos Aires|Gran Buenos Aires]]}}.\\n\\nOutre la r\\u00e9gion\n        de la capitale f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale, la population est concentr\\u00e9e dans\n        d''autres zones urbaines dont les principales sont les suivantes : [[C\\u00f3rdoba\n        (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] (centre, 1,6 million d''habitants), [[Rosario]]\n        (est, 1,4 million d''habitants), [[Province de Mendoza|Mendoza]] (ouest, 1\n        million d''habitants), [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]] (nord, pr\\u00e8s d''un\n        million d''habitants). Au total, environ 91 % de la population habite dans\n        des agglom\\u00e9rations urbaines{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Argentine:\n        Statitisques|url = http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/argentine.htm|site\n        = |date = |consult\\u00e9 le = 4 d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}.\\n\\nTraditionnellement,\n        l''Argentine a joui d''un tr\\u00e8s haut niveau de vie en comparaison avec\n        d''autres pays de la r\\u00e9gion, mais la crise \\u00e9conomique des ann\\u00e9es\n        [[2001]]-[[2002]] a diminu\\u00e9 cette impression. Toutefois, plus de la moiti\\u00e9\n        de la population reste consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9e comme faisant partie de la classe\n        moyenne{{es}} http://www.grupocaissa.com.ar/noticia-468.html Informations\n        socio-\\u00e9conomiques sur la population argentine, Grupo Caissa., et\n        depuis la crise, une forte r\\u00e9cup\\u00e9ration \\u00e9conomique a aid\\u00e9\n        post\\u00e9rieurement \\u00e0 r\\u00e9duire la pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e0 23,4 % de\n        la population. Plus de 5 % de la population vivait dans des conditions pr\\u00e9caires,\n        dans des ''''villas miserias'''' ou [[bidonville]]s{{es}} http://www.bolpress.com/art.php?Cod=2006071905\n        La multiplication des \\u201cVillas Miseria\\u201d en Argentine, Bolpress.com..\\n\\n===\n        Langues ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Langues en Argentine}}\\n\\nM\\u00eame\n        si l''[[espagnol]] est la seule langue officielle au niveau f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral,\n        quelques centaines d\\u2019indig\\u00e8nes parlent encore des [[langues am\\u00e9rindiennes]]\n        : le [[quechua]] dans les r\\u00e9gions andines du Nord-Ouest et le [[guarani\n        (langue)|guarani]] dans les provinces de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]]\n        et de [[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]] (le guarani est coofficiel dans\n        ces provinces). Un dialecte du quechua, le quichua, est de m\\u00eame parl\\u00e9,\n        notamment dans la province de Santiago del Estero.\\n\\n\\u00c0 noter qu''entre\n        l''[[Espagnol rioplatense|espagnol \\u00e0 Buenos Aires]] et celui d''Espagne\n        il y a quelques diff\\u00e9rences phon\\u00e9tiques, notamment la prononciation\n        du \\u00ab ll \\u00bb et du \\u00ab y \\u00bb qui se prononcera comme un \\u00ab\n        j \\u00bb l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement affaibli (entre le \\u00ab ch \\u00bb et le \\u00ab\n        j \\u00bb fran\\u00e7ais) en Argentine au lieu de \\u00ab y \\u00bb en Espagne.\n        Les accents sont multiples en Argentine et r\\u00e9pondent \\u00e0 l''origine\n        des populations r\\u00e9gionales. Ainsi, si dans la ville de Buenos Aires l''accent\n        est beaucoup plus pench\\u00e9 vers le castillan plus ''''criollo'''', dans\n        la province de Misiones on retrouve un accent plus proche des sons du guarani,\n        et de m\\u00eame pour Jujuy avec le quechua, pour donner quelques exemples.\n        Le vocabulaire est de m\\u00eame influenc\\u00e9 par les langues indig\\u00e8nes\n        et africaines qui ont cohabit\\u00e9 avec le castillan pendant des si\\u00e8cles\n        (des termes comme ''''pucho'''', ''''che'''', ''''quilombo'''', ''''mucama'''',\n        entre autres).\\n\\nDepuis 2010, les \\u00e9tudiants du secondaire peuvent choisir\n        le portugais{{es}} [http://portal.educ.ar/noticias/educacion-y-sociedad/el-portugues-sera-materia-obli.php\n        El portugu\\u00e9s ser\\u00e1 materia obligatoria en la secundaria], page visit\\u00e9e\n        le 4 novembre 2010. ou l''anglais en tant que langue \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re\n        obligatoire.\\n[[Fichier:Logo OIF.svg|vignette|L''Argentine est un membre observateur\n        au sein de l''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.]]\\n[[Fichier:Logo\n        AUF.png|vignette|L''Agence universitaire de la Francophonie regroupe 4 \\u00e9tablissements\n        en Argentine.]]\\nEnfin il est important de noter que l''Argentine est un \\u00c9tat\n        observateur au sein de l''Organisation internationale de la Francophoniehttp://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/carte_francophonie_2017.pdf.\n        Une influence notable de cette nature linguistique est la pr\\u00e9sence de\n        4 \\u00e9tablissements li\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''Agence universitaire de la Francophonie\n        en Argentinehttps://www.auf.org/bureau/bureau-ameriques/propos/contact/.La\n        source de cette influence fran\\u00e7aise serait li\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la langue\n        internationale d''usage au moment de la colonisation qui \\u00e9tait alors\n        le fran\\u00e7ais. De plus suite \\u00e0 la conqu\\u00eate de 1759 en Nouvelle-France,\n        environ {{nombre|200000|Fran\\u00e7ais}} ont immigr\\u00e9 en Argentine \\u00e0\n        partir des ann\\u00e9es 1857 ; m\\u00eame si les deux dates (1759 et 1857) semblent\n        \\u00e9loign\\u00e9es, le ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne reste le m\\u00eame si l''on tient\n        compte de l''apparition r\\u00e9elle des besoins en \\u00e9migration des suites\n        de l''effondrement de l''empire fran\\u00e7ais en Am\\u00e9rique. Aujourd''hui,\n        17% des Argentins se r\\u00e9clament de descendance fran\\u00e7aisehttp://www.francophoniedesameriques.com/la-francophonie-dans-les-ameriques/amerique-du-sud/.\\n\\n===\n        Religion ===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:#87cefa; color:black;\\\"\n        |Religion\\n! style=\\\"background:#87cefa; color:white;\\\" |Pourcentage\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Catholicisme]]\\n|71\n        %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Protestantisme]]\\n|15 %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Sans\n        religion]]\\n|11 %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Autres]]\\n|3 %\\n|-\\n|\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\" |''''Religion en Argentine:Source [[Pew Research Center]] 2014{{ouvrage|langue=en|titre=Religion in Latin America: Widespread\n        Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 novembre 2014|\\u00e9diteur=Pew\n        Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|consult\\u00e9\n        le=28 juillet 2015|format=PDF}}. ''''\\n|}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Pope Francis\n        South Korea 2014.png|thumb|Le pape Fran\\u00e7ois en 2014.]]\\nLa religion principale\n        en Argentine est le christianisme, principalement le [[catholicisme]] (qui\n        est la [[religion d''\\u00c9tat]]). La [[Libert\\u00e9 de religion|libert\\u00e9\n        de culte]] est garantie par l''article 14 de la constitution. Le catholicisme\n        est ultra-dominant, avec des estimations du nombre de catholiques variant\n        de 70 % a \\u00a090 % de la population{{Lien web|langue=en|titre=International\n        Religious Freedom Report|url= http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71446.htm|site=state.gov|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=}}. En juillet 2014, une \\u00e9tude publi\\u00e9e par \\u00a0la ''''CIA\n        Factbook'''' r\\u00e9pertorie 92% de catholiques dont 18 % de pratiquants{{Lien\n        web|langue=en|titre=The World Factbook|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|site=cia.gov|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=}}. Le {{date-|13 mars 2013}}, l''Argentine offre au monde le premier\n        pape issu du continent am\\u00e9ricain, {{Mgr}} Jorge Mario Bergoglio, couronn\\u00e9\n        sous le nom de [[Fran\\u00e7ois (pape)|Fran\\u00e7ois]][http://www.humanite.fr/monde/habemus-papam-et-130-000-tweets-la-minute-517427\n        Habemus Papam et {{unit\\u00e9|130000|Tweets}} \\u00e0 la minute].\\n\\nLa\n        soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9, la culture et l''histoire de l''Argentine sont profond\\u00e9ment\n        impr\\u00e9gn\\u00e9es par le catholicisme. L''\\u00c9glise tient une place importante\n        dans la soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 argentine, allant m\\u00eame jusqu''\\u00e0 faire\n        partie de son identit\\u00e9 nationale. La pr\\u00e9sence de l''\\u00c9glise\n        catholique en [[Am\\u00e9rique latine]] remonte \\u00e0 la fin du {{s-|XV|e}},\n        avant m\\u00eame la naissance de la nation argentine, au moment ou les [[conquistadors|conquistadors\n        espagnols]] d\\u00e9barqu\\u00e8rent dans le [[Nouveau Monde]], amenant avec\n        eux leur culture et leur racine chr\\u00e9tienne.\\n\\nIl y a sept universit\\u00e9s\n        catholiques en Argentine : [[Universit\\u00e9 catholique argentine|l''Universit\\u00e9\n        catholique pontificale de Buenos Aires]], l''Universidad Cat\\u00f3lica de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba, l''[[Universit\\u00e9 nationale de La Plata|universit\\u00e9 de\n        La Plata]], l''universit\\u00e9 de Salta, l''universit\\u00e9 de Santa F\\u00e9,\n        l''universit\\u00e9 de Cuyo, et l''universit\\u00e9 de Santiago del Estero.\n        Suivant le mod\\u00e8le de l''Empire romain, l''\\u00c9glise argentine est divis\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 travers le pays en plusieurs [[dioc\\u00e8se]]s et [[archidioc\\u00e8se]]s,\n        unit\\u00e9s territoriales administratives plac\\u00e9es sous l''autorit\\u00e9\n        d''un \\u00e9v\\u00eaque. Si la plupart des villes de tailles moyennes sont\n        des dioc\\u00e8ses, les archidioc\\u00e8ses interviennent dans les villes ou\n        la population est plus cons\\u00e9quente. Ainsi, [[Buenos Aires]], par exemple,\n        est un [[Archidioc\\u00e8se de Buenos Aires|archidioc\\u00e8se]] \\u00a0en raison,\n        non seulement de la taille de sa population, mais \\u00e9galement de l''importance\n        historique de la ville, qui fut en 1776 la capitale de la [[Vice-royaut\\u00e9\n        du R\\u00edo de la Plata|vice-royaut\\u00e9 espagnole du Rio de la Plata]].\n        La [[cath\\u00e9drale m\\u00e9tropolitaine de Buenos Aires]], principale \\u00e9glise\n        catholique de Buenos Aires et si\\u00e8ge de l\\u2019archidioc\\u00e8se, abrite\n        le tombeau du c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]].\\n\\nL''Argentine\n        poss\\u00e8de la plus importante communaut\\u00e9 [[Juda\\u00efsme|juive]] d''[[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine]] avec environ {{unit\\u00e9|230000|personnes}}.\\n\\nSelon une importante\n        \\u00e9tude du Barometer d''[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], le paysage religieux\n        argentin se r\\u00e9partit entre 77 % de catholiques, 7 % de protestants, 4\n        % des autres religions et 13 % de sans religion{{Lien web|langue=es|titre=Latinobarometro|url=\n        http://liportal.giz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Honduras/40_gesellschaft/LAS_RELIGIONES_EN_TIEMPOS_DEL_PAPA_FRANCISCO.pdf|site=\n        clarin.com|date=|consult\\u00e9 le=}} . Le nombre d''ath\\u00e9es est\n        tr\\u00e8s important pour un pays d''Am\\u00e9rique latine, d''autant plus que\n        dans les ann\\u00e9es 1960, il n''y avait que rarement d''Argentins sans religion{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        n\\u00e9cessaire}}.\\n\\n== \\u00c9conomie ==\\n[[Fichier:Argentine, Billet de\n        10 centavos \\u00e9dit\\u00e9 en 1884.jpg|thumb|Billet de 10 centavos \\u00e9dit\\u00e9\n        en 1884, l''\\u00e9levage - ancr\\u00e9 dans la tradition-repr\\u00e9sente toujours\n        une manne financi\\u00e8re.]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires-2672f-Banco de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina.jpg|thumb|150px|Banco de la Naci\\u00f3n argentine, le Buenos Aires]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos\n        Aires-Puerto Madero-Hilton-River View.jpg|thumb|150px|Le quartier des affaires,\n        \\u00e0 [[Buenos Aires]], illustrant de fa\\u00e7on exemplaire le fort d\\u00e9veloppement\n        de l''Argentine.]]\\n[[Fichier:Jun\\u00edn Campo 01.jpg|thumb|150px|Culture\n        de soja dans les pampas]]\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|\\u00c9conomie de\n        l''Argentine}}\\n\\nL''Argentine est un [[pays d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s|pays industrialis\\u00e9]]\n        souvent consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme [[Pays \\u00e9mergents|\\u00e9mergent]] m\\u00eame\n        si certains organismes ne reconnaissent pas cette d\\u00e9finition, le pays\n        ayant \\u00e9t\\u00e9 un des plus riches de la plan\\u00e8te jusqu''au d\\u00e9but\n        du {{s-|XX|e}} mais \\u00e9tant souvent frapp\\u00e9 par des crises \\u00e9conomiques\n        comme en [[1989]] ou en [[2001]]. L''Argentine fait partie du [[Groupe des\n        vingt|G20]]. Souffrant d''[[inflation]] et de difficult\\u00e9s [[Finance|financi\\u00e8res]],\n        le pays doit souvent faire appel aux organisations \\u00e9conomiques internationales\n        tel que le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]].\\n\\nL''Argentine est\n        la deuxi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique d''[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] derri\\u00e8re\n        le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] en termes de PIB nominal. Le pays poss\\u00e8de une importante\n        [[richesse]] agricole. Parmi les points forts de son agriculture, le pays\n        \\u00e9tait aussi r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement [[Histoire de la culture des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales#L''\\u00e9volution\n        des grands producteurs mondiaux sur la d\\u00e9cennie 2010|huiti\\u00e8me au\n        palmar\\u00e8s des producteurs mondiaux de c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales au milieu des\n        ann\\u00e9es 2010, domin\\u00e9 par les Etats-Unis]]. Il a aussi de nombreuses\n        capacit\\u00e9s [[industrie]]lles et un certain potentiel minier. Pourtant,\n        l''Argentine conna\\u00eet d''importants probl\\u00e8mes \\u00e9conomiques. Le\n        [[ch\\u00f4mage]] et le bas [[niveau de vie]] continuent de marquer le pays,\n        pourtant largement plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 que les autres nations du [[tiers\n        monde]].\\n\\nL''Argentine est le pays le plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 du [[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine|continent latino-am\\u00e9ricain]] en 2005 selon les donn\\u00e9es des\n        Nations unies fournies en 2007 et se\n        rapproche des standards europ\\u00e9ens de niveau de vie. Cependant, les in\\u00e9galit\\u00e9s\n        sociales se sont accrues et l''existence de bidonvilles en p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie\n        des grandes villes persiste.\\n\\nL''Argentine dispose de nombreuses richesses\n        naturelles et d''une main-d''\\u0153uvre tr\\u00e8s qualifi\\u00e9e, d''une agriculture\n        orient\\u00e9e vers l''exportation et d''un tissu industriel diversifi\\u00e9.\\n\\nJusque\n        dans les [[ann\\u00e9es 1950]], \\u00e0 son apog\\u00e9e \\u00e9conomique, l''Argentine\n        \\u00e9tait l''un des pays les plus riches du monde. Son [[PIB par habitant]]\n        le positionnait au douzi\\u00e8me rang mondial, juste devant la [[France]]Voir\n        page 23 in ''''Remaking the Argentine Economy'''', Felipe de la Balze, Council\n        on Foreign Relations, 1995 : \\u00ab Wealthiest Countries between 1870-1989\n        (Dollars in 1989 Purchasing power) 1913: 1/ Australia (4845), 2/ \\u00c9tats-Unis\n        (4307), 3/ Canada (4004), 4/ Great Britain (3605), 5/ Switzerland (3584),\n        6/Belgium (3415), 7/ Denmark (3311), 8/New Zeland (3119), 9/ Holland (3055),\n        10/ Germany (2819), 11/ Austria (2758), ''''''12/ Argentina (2739)'''''',\n        13/ France (2691) \\u00bb -{{,}}Voir aussi le document [http://www.nationalbanken.dk/C1256BE9004F6416/side/Monetary_Review_4_Quarter_2001/$file/nb06.htm\n        Argentina''s Crises].\\n\\nMalgr\\u00e9 ces atouts, l''Argentine a accumul\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 la fin des ann\\u00e9es 1980 une lourde dette externe (dette qu''elle\n        ne compte rembourser qu''en partie, \\u00ab 10 % \\u00bb), l''inflation atteignait\n        100 % par mois et la production avait consid\\u00e9rablement chut\\u00e9.\\n\\nPour\n        lutter contre cette crise \\u00e9conomique, le gouvernement de [[Carlos Menem|Menem]]\n        a lanc\\u00e9 une politique de lib\\u00e9ralisation du commerce, de d\\u00e9r\\u00e9glementation\n        et de privatisation. En [[1991]], le gouvernement d\\u00e9cida d''ancrer le\n        [[peso argentin]] au dollar am\\u00e9ricain (technique du [[currency board]])\n        et limita par une loi la croissance de la masse mon\\u00e9taire \\u00e0 la croissance\n        de r\\u00e9serves mon\\u00e9taires. Ce syst\\u00e8me tr\\u00e8s particulier du\n        currency board permet l''embellie des ann\\u00e9es 1990, mais se r\\u00e9v\\u00e8le\n        particuli\\u00e8rement dangereux face aux mouvements erratiques et violents\n        du march\\u00e9 des [[changes flottants]] qui suivent la [[crise \\u00e9conomique\n        asiatique]] et la forte remont\\u00e9e du dollar qui rende l''\\u00e9conomie\n        argentine non comp\\u00e9titive par rapport \\u00e0 celles de ses voisins. Il\n        sombre lorsque l''\\u00e9conomie mondiale entre en r\\u00e9cession avec la [[crise\n        de la bulle Internet]] au d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 2000.\\n\\nLa r\\u00e9cession,\n        amplifi\\u00e9e par les mesures d''\\u00e9conomie drastiques exig\\u00e9es par\n        le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international]] (FMI) en contrepartie de son aide\n        en dollars, est extr\\u00eamement violente et entra\\u00eene une hausse spectaculaire\n        de la pauvret\\u00e9 ainsi que d''importants mouvements sociaux et de rapides\n        changements politiques. L''instabilit\\u00e9 politique a plong\\u00e9 l''\\u00e9conomie\n        argentine dans une crise sans pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dents (2002). Le [[Produit int\\u00e9rieur\n        brut|PIB]] a chut\\u00e9 de 11 % en 2002 avec la fin de la parit\\u00e9 1 [[Peso\n        argentin|peso]] = {{Unit\\u00e9|1|dollar}}. Cette crise a men\\u00e9 plus de\n        50 % de la population sous le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9. Des manifestations ont\n        alors \\u00e9t\\u00e9 organis\\u00e9es, suivies de pillages de magasins. Les\n        banques locales incapables de fournir en dollars sont en faillite technique.\n        Le plan argentin de conversion de dette a pour cons\\u00e9quence des pertes\n        s\\u00e9v\\u00e8res pour les cr\\u00e9anciers priv\\u00e9s. Le pays fait finalement\n        d\\u00e9faut sur sa dette. Les cr\\u00e9anciers \\u00e9trangers comme [[EDF]]\n        sont spoli\\u00e9s. Le gouvernement en d\\u00e9valuant r\\u00e9tablit l''\\u00e9quilibre\n        avec le [[r\\u00e9al br\\u00e9silien]].\\n\\nLe pays sort de la partie la plus\n        aig\\u00fce de la crise d\\u00e8s 2003. Les cons\\u00e9quences les plus durables\n        sont les difficult\\u00e9s r\\u00e9currentes des gouvernements \\u00e0 financer\n        leurs budgets, le d\\u00e9part du pays de certains investisseurs industriels,\n        une nette diminution de la confiance des cr\\u00e9anciers priv\\u00e9s et de\n        longs contentieux avec des [[fonds vautour]] am\\u00e9ricains, contentieux\n        qui se poursuivent jusque dans les ann\\u00e9es 2010. De 2003 \\u00e0 2007 le\n        PIB repart \\u00e0 9 % de croissance annuelle, en produisant une r\\u00e9activation\n        \\u00e9conomique dans tous les secteurs, une forte r\\u00e9duction de la pauvret\\u00e9\n        et un retour de la classe moyenne.\\n\\nLe {{date|1|f\\u00e9vrier|2006}}, l''Argentine\n        et le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] signent, apr\\u00e8s pr\\u00e8s de trois ans de n\\u00e9gociations,\n        un accord qui doit permettre de prot\\u00e9ger les secteurs de production qui\n        pourraient \\u00eatre trop durement affect\\u00e9s par la comp\\u00e9tition du\n        pays voisin. Le ''''M\\u00e9canisme d\\u2019adaptation comp\\u00e9titive''''\n        (MAC) permet de fixer des droits de douane sur le produit \\u00ab trop comp\\u00e9titif\n        \\u00bb du pays voisin pour trois ans, renouvelable une fois.\\n\\nDepuis [[2003]],\n        l\\u2019Argentine semble avoir repris le chemin de la forte croissance \\u00e9conomique\n        et de l''augmentation des salaires. Cependant, l''Argentine semble souffrir\n        de la crise am\\u00e9ricaine et de la chute du dollar ; en effet, la forte\n        [[inflation]] avec un taux \\u00ab officiel \\u00bb de 8 \\u00e0 9 %, pourrait\n        en r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 atteindre 25 % en [[2008]][http://www.lefigaro.fr/economie/2008/04/29/04001-20080429ARTFIG00366-l-argentine-menacee-d-hyperinflation.php\n        L''Argentine menac\\u00e9e d''hyperinflation] - ''''[[Le Figaro]]'''', 29 avril\n        2008. Officiellement, le taux de pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e9tait de 20,6 %[http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/74/grafpobreza1_ephcontinua.xls\n        INDEC], mais si l''on suppute une inflation de 25 %, en [[2008]], le\n        taux de personnes vivant au-dessous du seuil de pauvret\\u00e9 a augment\\u00e9,\n        passant \\u00e0 30,3 %. Ce serait le premier renversement\n        de situation depuis [[2003]]. Cependant, l''INDEC indique un taux de pauvret\\u00e9\n        de 15,8 % pour le second semestre [[2008]] ; il faut toutefois noter que l''opposition\n        d\\u00e9nonce une manipulation des chiffres. En effet la moiti\\u00e9 des Argentins\n        seraient touch\\u00e9s par un niveau de vie inf\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 celui de\n        la plupart des pays d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s, et pr\\u00e8s d''un tiers vivrait\n        sous le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9 national.\\n\\nAu cours du second trimestre 2008,\n        la croissance \\u00e9conomique conna\\u00eet un certain ralentissement. Au total\n        le [[revenu par t\\u00eate|revenu par habitant]] de l\\u2019Argentine reste\n        le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 d\\u2019[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], mais sa croissance\n        sur les vingt derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es est faible et surtout particuli\\u00e8rement\n        volatile. Le niveau de vie argentin est comparable \\u00e0 celui du [[Mezzogiorno]],\n        en [[Italie|Italie du sud]].\\n\\n* ''''''Monnaie nationale'''''' : le [[peso\n        argentin]] (ARS)\\n* ''''''[[PIB par habitant]]'''''' : {{Unit\\u00e9|21832|dollars}}\n        ([[2014]], valeur [[Parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat|PPA]])[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&ey=2016&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=10\n        www.imf.org]\\n* ''''''[[Taux de ch\\u00f4mage]]'''''' : 7,1 % ([[2014]])[http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/UNEM\n        Rankings Results Vision of Humanity]\\n* ''''''Population vivant sous\n        le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9'''''': 14 % ([[2013]])http://srvdocs1.bancociudad.com.ar/Content/Institucional/Informe-semanal-121.pdf\\n*\n        ''''''Taux d''inflation'''''' : 16,6 % ([[2013]])\\n* ''''''Principaux\n        clients'''''' : [[Br\\u00e9sil]] (17,3 %), [[Chili]] (9,4 %), [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]]\n        (8,7 %), [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]] (7,5 %), [[Espagne]]\n        (4,1 %)\\n* ''''''Principaux fournisseurs'''''' : [[Br\\u00e9sil]] (34,1 %),\n        [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]] (12,6 %), [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]]\n        (9,1 %), [[Allemagne]] (4,5 %)\\n* ''''''Gini'''''' : 0,361 ([[2014]])[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ARG.html\n        International Human Development Indicat ors - UNDP]\\n\\n=== M\\u00e9dias\n        ===\\nLe groupe Clar\\u00edn d\\u00e9tient la principale cha\\u00eene de t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        du pays : [[Canal 13 (Argentine)|Canal 13]], ainsi que le journal argentin\n        qui a le tirage le plus important, le quotidien [[Centrisme|centriste]] ''''[[Clar\\u00edn]]''''.\n        Les quotidiens qui suivent, d''apr\\u00e8s leur tirage, sont ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n\n        (Argentine)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]'''', [[Conservatisme|conservateur]], ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''',\n        de [[Gauche (politique)|gauche]], ''''[[Tiempo Argentino (Argentine)|Tiempo\n        Argentino]]'''', ''''[[Cr\\u00f3nica (Argentine)|Cr\\u00f3nica]]'''', ''''[[La\n        Prensa (Argentine)|La Prensa]]'''', et ''''[[Buenos Aires Herald (Argentine)|Buenos\n        Aires Herald]]''''.\\n\\nLe service t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonique a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 privatis\\u00e9\n        en 1990 par le gouvernement de [[Carlos Menem]][http://www.secom.gov.ar/municipios/ver.asp?MID=10&tipo=nota&id=121\n        \\u00c9volution de la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie en Argentine]. Il y a 8,3\n        millions de lignes t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phoniques install\\u00e9es, soit 23 lignes\n        pour 100 habitants. La t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie mobile relie 75 % de la population\n        (28,5 millions de personnes)[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/01/elpais/p-01301.htm\n        Clarin.com (01-02-2006)]. Ce nombre \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 est d\\u00fb en partie\n        au fait que des personnes de faible revenu ont pu durant les derni\\u00e8res\n        ann\\u00e9es acc\\u00e9der \\u00e0 des plans de paiement.\\n\\nIl y a pr\\u00e8s\n        de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|stations}} de radio, dont 260 sont AM et approximativement\n        {{unit\\u00e9|1150}} sont FM.\\n\\nL''Argentine est le pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine]] o\\u00f9 l''acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision par c\\u00e2ble\n        est le plus r\\u00e9pandu : selon des donn\\u00e9es de [[2001]], la grande majorit\\u00e9\n        des foyers poss\\u00e8de au moins un t\\u00e9l\\u00e9viseur et 60 % des personnes\n        \\u00e9quip\\u00e9es re\\u00e7oivent la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision c\\u00e2bl\\u00e9e[http://www.zonalatina.com/Zldata51.htm\n        Zona latina]. Les principales chaines de t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision qui transmettent\n        depuis [[Buenos Aires]] sont [[Canal 13 (Argentine)|Canal 13]], [[Telefe]],\n        [[Canal 9 (Argentine)|Canal 9]] et [[Am\\u00e9rica TV (Argentine)|Am\\u00e9rica\n        TV]].\\n\\nEn [[2005]], 26,3 % de la population avait acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 [[internet]]\n        avec plus de dix millions d''utilisateurs dans le pays[http://www.universia.com.ar/portada/actualidad/noticia_actualidad.jsp?noticia=17186\n        www.universia.com.ar].\\n\\nEn octobre 2009, le gouvernement [[P\\u00e9ronisme|p\\u00e9roniste]]\n        argentin promulgue une importante r\\u00e9forme du syst\\u00e8me m\\u00e9diatique,\n        consistant en une limitation de la concentration des licences, du capital\n        et de l\\u2019actionnariat afin de permettre \\u00e0 des m\\u00e9dias aux ressources\n        financi\\u00e8res plus modestes de se constituer. Apr\\u00e8s une bataille juridique\n        de quatre ans contre le puissant conglom\\u00e9rat m\\u00e9diatique ''''[[Clar\\u00edn]],''''\n        qui contestait la constitutionnalit\\u00e9 de la loi, celle-ci est finalement\n        valid\\u00e9e par la justice{{Article|langue=|auteur1=|titre=Argentine\n        : une loi exemplaire sur l''audiovisuel|p\\u00e9riodique=Acrimed {{!}} Action\n        Critique M\\u00e9dias|date=2013-11-19|issn=|lire en ligne=http://www.acrimed.org/Argentine-une-loi-exemplaire-sur-l-audiovisuel#nb3|consult\\u00e9\n        le=|pages=}}. Sous la pr\\u00e9sidence de [[Mauricio Macri]] (\\u00e9lu\n        en 2015) l''essentiel de la loi est abrog\\u00e9{{Article|langue=|auteur1=|titre=M\\u00e9dias\n        en Argentine : Macri droit dans ses bottes !|p\\u00e9riodique=Acrimed|date=2016-16-05|issn=|lire\n        en ligne=http://www.acrimed.org/Medias-en-Argentine-Macri-droit-dans-ses-bottes?recherche=Macri|consult\\u00e9\n        le=|pages=}}.\\n\\n=== Transports ===\\n* ''''''Autocar''''''. Les compagnies\n        de transport, \\u00e0 travers tous le pays, disposent d''autocars modernes\n        et confortables. C''est le moyen de transport le plus r\\u00e9pandu en Argentine.\n        L''ensemble des compagnies assurent la liaison vers toutes les villes importantes\n        du pays et vers les grandes villes des pays limitrophes.\\n* ''''''Chemin de\n        fer''''''. Dans les ann\\u00e9es 1950, l''Argentine poss\\u00e9dait le meilleur\n        r\\u00e9seau de chemin de fer d''Am\\u00e9rique latine, mais les choses ont\n        chang\\u00e9. Le r\\u00e9seau ferroviaire est devenu quasiment inexistant, \\u00e0\n        l''exception de quelques lignes touristiques. Il reste int\\u00e9ressant de\n        prendre le train pour aller vers les villes du Nord et vers la Bolivie. Ainsi\n        que vers les villes de la Pampa (Mendoza, Cordoba, Mar del Plata, Tucuman)\n        surtout de nuit. Les prix sont \\u00e9quivalents \\u00e0 ceux pratiqu\\u00e9s\n        par les autocars. Au total, il y a {{Unit\\u00e9|33744|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}},\n        dont {{Unit\\u00e9|167|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        de voies \\u00e9lectrifi\\u00e9es.\\n* ''''''Avion''''''. Les vols int\\u00e9rieurs\n        constituent une solution pratique pour visiter l''ensemble du pays. On compte\n        environ 1141[http://fr.worldstat.info/South_America/Argentina/Transportation]\n        (2010) a\\u00e9roports dans tout le pays. Cependant la plupart sont de petits\n        a\\u00e9roports ou bien des a\\u00e9rodromes avec des pistes non goudronn\\u00e9es.\\n\\n===\n        Rangs internationaux ===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n! Organisation\\n!\n        Enqu\\u00eate\\n! Rang\\n|-\\n| Universit\\u00e9s [[Universit\\u00e9 Columbia|Columbia]]\n        et [[Universit\\u00e9 Yale|Yale]]\\n| [[Indice de performance environnementale]]\\n|\n        38 sur 149\\n|-\\n| ''''International Living''''\\n| [http://www.il-ireland.com/il/qofl2008/index.php\n        Qualit\\u00e9 de vie, 2008]\\n| 13 sur 192 en 2008 \\n|-\\n| ''''International\n        Living''''\\n| [http://www1.internationalliving.com/qofl2011/ Qualit\\u00e9\n        de vie, 2011]\\n| 16 sur 192 en 2011\\n|-\\n| [[Reporters sans fronti\\u00e8res]]\\n|\n        [[Reporters sans fronti\\u00e8res|Indice de libert\\u00e9 de la presse]]\\n|\n        68 sur 173\\n|-\\n| [[Transparency International]]\\n| [[Indice de perception\n        de la corruption]]\\n| 105 sur 180\\n|-\\n| [[Programme des Nations unies pour\n        le d\\u00e9veloppement|PNUD]]\\n| [[Indice de d\\u00e9veloppement humain]]\\n|\n        38 sur 177\\n|}\\n\\n== Culture ==\\n[[Fichier:Cabildo de C\\u00f3rdoba, Argentina.jpg|thumb|150px|Le\n        [[cabildo de C\\u00f3rdoba]] sur la Plaza San Mart\\u00edn - on distingue \\u00e0\n        l''arri\\u00e8re-plan les tours de la [[Cath\\u00e9drale de C\\u00f3rdoba|cath\\u00e9drale]]\n        toute proche]]\\n[[Fichier:Erythrina crista-galli2.jpg|thumb|150px|Fleur de\n        ceibo, la fleur nationale de l\\u2019Argentine.]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Culture\n        de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n=== Musique et danse ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2016}}\\nL''Argentine poss\\u00e8de tout un amalgame de rythmes h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s\n        et m\\u00e9lang\\u00e9s pendant des si\\u00e8cles sur l''ensemble de son territoire.\n        Ainsi, les contrastes et la multiplicit\\u00e9 caract\\u00e9risent l''art musical\n        dans le pays.\\n\\nParmi les musiques traditionnelles, de tradition rurale,\n        la ''''chacarera'''', la ''''milonga'''', la ''''zamba'''', le ''''gato'''',\n        le ''''cielito'''' sont tr\\u00e8s diffus\\u00e9s, notamment \\u00e0 travers\n        le festival de [[Cosqu\\u00edn]], C\\u00f3rdoba, la f\\u00eate nationales du\n        folklore argentin. Ainsi on compte aussi les rythmes indig\\u00e8nes de souche,\n        tels que le fameux [[carnavalito]] du Nord du pays, les musiques mapuches\n        partag\\u00e9es avec le Chili (notamment le loncomeo), les sons guaranis\\u2026\n        D''autre part, l''influence africaine atteint presque tous les rythmes nationaux,\n        en particulier avec l''utilisation du ''''bombo'''' et la particularit\\u00e9\n        rythmique de certaines musiques, comme la ''''chacarera''''. De m\\u00eame,\n        un rythme caract\\u00e9ristique des afrodescendants est le ''''candombe'''',\n        aussi tr\\u00e8s caract\\u00e9ristique de l''Uruguay. C''est une musique tr\\u00e8s\n        rythm\\u00e9e et g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement en forme de ''''comparsa'''', de groupe\n        musical ambulant dans la rue. \\u00c0 Buenos Aires et Montevideo, on peut appr\\u00e9cier\n        le candombe de fa\\u00e7on publique. Le ''''[[Tango (danse)|tango]]'''', internationalement\n        reconnu et d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9 [[Patrimoine culturel immat\\u00e9riel de l''humanit\\u00e9]],\n        est peut \\u00eatre ce qui caract\\u00e9rise l''Argentine \\u00e0 l''\\u0153il\n        \\u00e9tranger, m\\u00eame s''il est r\\u00e9duit \\u00e0 la ville de Buenos Aires\n        et \\u00e0 Montevideo. Ses origines remontent aux danses africaines du ''''candombe''''\n        qui a subi un m\\u00e9tissage avec la ''''milonga'''', donnant ainsi un rythme\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9nergique jou\\u00e9 de guitare, tambours et fl\\u00fbte et dans\\u00e9\n        de fa\\u00e7on sensuelle par les afrodescendants. Cependant, ce que nous appelons\n        ''''[[Tango (danse)|tango]]'''' aujourd''hui est la modification de ce rythme\n        par les immigrants europ\\u00e9ens, qui ont ajout\\u00e9 des instruments diff\\u00e9rents\n        tel que le bandon\\u00e9on et un style et paroles singuliers, diff\\u00e9rents\n        de la v\\u00e9ritable souche du tango. \\nUne f\\u00eate nationale tr\\u00e8s\n        importante est le [[Carnaval de Gualeguay|Carnaval del Pais]], d\\u00e9roul\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 Gualeguaych\\u00fa, Entre R\\u00edos tous les ans. Celle-ci est une occasion\n        pour d\\u00e9voiler tout le coloris et la danse au rythme du ''''candombe''''\n        du R\\u00edo de la Plata.\\n\\n=== Litt\\u00e9rature ===\\nLa [[litt\\u00e9rature\n        argentine]], de langue espagnole, a acquis une v\\u00e9ritable ind\\u00e9pendance\n        vis-\\u00e0-vis de l''Espagne durant le {{s-|XIX|e}}, et son repr\\u00e9sentant\n        le plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre, [[Jorge Luis Borges]], jouit d''une reconnaissance\n        internationalehttp://www.cosquin.com.ar/{{,}}http://www.carnaval.gualeguaychu.info/.\n        On peut aussi citer [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], [[Victoria\n        Ocampo]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Manuel Mujica L\\u00e1inez]],\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Tiz\\u00f3n]], [[Abelardo Castillo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]],\n        [[Juan Filloy]], [[H\\u00e9ctor Bianciotti]], [[Ricardo Piglia]], [[Alberto\n        Laiseca]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Saer]], [[C\\u00e9sar\n        Aira]], [[Ang\\u00e9lica Gorodischer]] et [[Osvaldo Soriano]] (parmi les plus\n        connus).\\n\\n=== Traditions culinaires ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2016}}\\nL''Argentine poss\\u00e8de une vari\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de plats culinaires\n        traditionnels h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s de la rencontre des grands groupes pr\\u00e9sents\n        en Am\\u00e9rique latine (Italiens, Espagnols, indig\\u00e8nes). Ainsi, un grand\n        nombre de plats typiques sont consomm\\u00e9s tout au long du territoire :\n        les [[pizza|pizze]], les [[tagliatelle|tallarines]], les ''''empanadas'''',\n        les ''''humitas'''', les ''''tamales'''', le ''''puchero'''', le ''''arroz\n        con leche'''', la ''''mazamorra'''', entre une infinit\\u00e9 d''autres plats.\n        Leur pr\\u00e9paration varie selon les traditions de chaque r\\u00e9gion, et\n        certaines pr\\u00e9parations sont partag\\u00e9es avec d''autres pays de la\n        r\\u00e9gion (Chili, Uruguay, Paraguay). Cependant, les trois aliments les\n        plus caract\\u00e9ristiques, peut-\\u00eatre par leur popularit\\u00e9 ou par\n        leur succ\\u00e8s aupr\\u00e8s des touristes sont les suivants :\\n\\n;Le [[mat\\u00e9]]\\nLe\n        mat\\u00e9 est une infusion traditionnelle consomm\\u00e9e en Argentine, issue\n        de la culture des indiens Guaranis. C''est une part tr\\u00e8s importante de\n        la culture, et il est fr\\u00e9quent de voir des personnes boire le mat\\u00e9\n        dans la rue. La plante utilis\\u00e9e, la yerba mat\\u00e9, parfois appel\\u00e9\n        \\u00ab th\\u00e9 du Paraguay \\u00bb, \\u00ab th\\u00e9 des J\\u00e9suites \\u00bb\n        ou \\u00ab th\\u00e9 du Br\\u00e9sil \\u00bb, est une esp\\u00e8ce sud-am\\u00e9ricaine\n        dont les feuilles, que l''on torr\\u00e9fie et pulv\\u00e9rise, fournissent,\n        infus\\u00e9es dans l''eau chaude, une boisson stimulante, aux effets semblables\n        \\u00e0 ceux du caf\\u00e9 ou du th\\u00e9.\\nCette boisson, consomm\\u00e9e chaude\n        et parfois froide, de go\\u00fbt fort et amer, est pr\\u00e9par\\u00e9e avec\n        des feuilles de yerba mat\\u00e9. Elle se boit dans une calebasse gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 un tube m\\u00e9tallique qui sert aussi de filtre, la ''''bombilla''''.\n        Pour le savourer, les gauchos s''organisent en cercle o\\u00f9 le mat\\u00e9\n        passe de main en main selon un rituel tr\\u00e8s pr\\u00e9cis qui invite par\n        exemple les participants \\u00e0 faire circuler la calebasse dans le sens anti-horaire\n        afin de faire passer le temps moins vite. Cette boisson traditionnelle symbolise,\n        par ses rites de consommation, la fraternit\\u00e9 et l''hospitalit\\u00e9 des\n        gauchos.\\n\\n;L'' [[asado]]\\n[[Fichier:Asado de morcillas.jpg|thumb|Asado argentin]]\\nEn\n        Argentine le terme ''''asado'''' se r\\u00e9f\\u00e8re non seulement \\u00e0\n        une grillade en tant que telle mais aussi \\u00e0 l\\u2019acte social, \\u00e0\n        la r\\u00e9union o\\u00f9 l\\u2019on mange de la viande (blanche ou rouge) ou\n        des ''''choripanes ''''(sandwiches avec chorizo et sauce ''''criolla'''' ou\n        ''''chimichurri''''). Ces viandes sont cuites et grill\\u00e9es horizontalement\n        \\u00ab ''''a la parilla'''' \\u00bb ou verticalement, \\u00ab en croix \\u00bb.\n        L\\u2019''''asado'''' est presque le \\u00ab plat national \\u00bb de l\\u2019Argentine\n        par son origine tr\\u00e8s ancr\\u00e9e dans la tradition des gauchos. Il existe\n        m\\u00eame des \\u00ab ''''asadores'''' \\u00bb, personnes sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9es\n        dans l\\u2019art de cuisiner un asado.\\n\\n;Le \\u00ab [[dulce de leche]] \\u00bb\\nLe\n        ''''dulce de leche'''', (\\u00ab la confiture de lait \\u00bb) est une sp\\u00e9cialit\\u00e9\n        sucr\\u00e9e sans v\\u00e9ritable origine puisqu''il existe des recettes similaires\n        dans toutes les parties du monde, mais est extr\\u00eamement appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9\n        en Argentine et tout au long de l''Am\\u00e9rique latine. D''origine coloniale,\n        il s\\u2019agit d''un m\\u00e9lange de lait et de sucre ({{unit\\u00e9|300|g}}\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|500|g}} par litre de lait) port\\u00e9 \\u00e0 \\u00e9bullition,\n        puis cuit \\u00e0 feu tr\\u00e8s doux jusqu\\u2019\\u00e0 \\u00e9paississement\n        et obtention d\\u2019une couleur caramel. Il est tr\\u00e8s utilis\\u00e9 dans\n        les p\\u00e2tisseries ou tout simplement comme confiture.\\n\\n;Le [[locro]]\\nLe\n        locro (du [[quechua]] ''''ruqru'''') est un rago\\u00fbt \\u00e0 base de courge,\n        de ma\\u00efs et de haricots consomm\\u00e9shttp://www.argentinaturistica.com/rnoroestecultura.htm{{,}}http://www.sololideres.com/contenidos/2013/01/30/Editorial_338.php.\\n\\n===\n        Symboles nationaux ===\\n* Le [[drapeau de l''Argentine]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9 par\n        le h\\u00e9ros national [[Manuel Belgrano]], a inspir\\u00e9 plusieurs peuples\n        latino-am\\u00e9ricains dans le choix de leur propre drapeau. Il fut en son\n        temps adopt\\u00e9 par les [[R\\u00e9publique f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        centrale|Provinces unies d''Am\\u00e9rique centrale]], et c''est pour cela\n        que les drapeaux du [[Salvador]], du [[Honduras]], du [[Nicaragua]] et du\n        [[Guatemala]] sont tr\\u00e8s semblables au drapeau argentin.\\n* La fleur nationale\n        de l''Argentine est le ''''''ceibo'''''', dont le nom scientifique est ''''[[Erythrina\n        crista-galli]]''''. Elle fut d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e comme telle le {{date-|23\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1942}} par le d\\u00e9cret {{unit\\u00e9|13847}} du pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif.\\n*\n        L\\u2019oiseau national est le ''''''hornero'''''' ou ''''[[furnarius|Furnarius\n        rufus]]'''', sympathique oiseau que l''on retrouve dans toutes les villes\n        argentines et qui y construit de curieux nids.\\n* La pierre nationale est\n        la [[rhodochrosite]].\\n\\n=== Les ordres et d\\u00e9corations de l''Argentine\n        ===\\n* Ordre de Saint-Martin, le Lib\\u00e9rateur\\n* Ordre de Mai\\n\\n=== F\\u00eates\n        et jours f\\u00e9ri\\u00e9s ===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !! {{nobr|Nom\n        fran\\u00e7ais}} !! {{nobr|Nom local}} !! Remarques\\n|-\\n| {{date|1er janvier}}\n        || [[Jour de l''an|Nouvel An]] || ''''A\\u00f1o nuevo ||\\n|-\\n| [[mars (mois)|mars]]\n        ou [[avril]] || [[Semaine sainte]] ([[P\\u00e2ques]]) || ''''Semana Santa ||\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|24 mars}} || Jour national du Souvenir pour la V\\u00e9rit\\u00e9 et\n        la Justice || ''''D\\u00eda Nacional de la Memoria por la Verdad y la Justicia''''\n        || {{date-|24 mars 1976}}, coup d''\\u00e9tat militaire du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]\\n|-\\n| {{date|2 avril}} || Jour des Malouines || ''''D\\u00eda\n        del Veterano de Guerra y de los Ca\\u00eddos en la Guerra de las Malvinas''''\n        || {{date-|2 avril 1982}}, comm\\u00e9moration de la [[guerre des Malouines]].\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|1er mai}} || [[F\\u00eate du Travail]] || ''''D\\u00eda del Trabajo''''\n        ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|25 mai}} || F\\u00eate de la r\\u00e9volution || ''''Primer\n        Gobierno Patrio'''' || {{date-|25 mai 1810}}\\n|-\\n| {{date|20 juin}} || F\\u00eate\n        du drapeau || ''''D\\u00eda de la Bandera'''' || {{date-|20 juin 1820}}, anniversaire\n        de la mort du cr\\u00e9ateur du drapeau, le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral Manuel Belgrano\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|9 juillet}} || F\\u00eate de l\\u2019ind\\u00e9pendance || ''''D\\u00eda\n        de la Independencia'''' || {{date-|9 juillet 1816}}\\n|-\\n| {{date|17 ao\\u00fbt}}\n        ||  Mort du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] || ''''Muerte\n        del General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]]'''' || anniversaire de la mort\n        du [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]],il est l''un des h\\u00e9ros des ind\\u00e9pendances\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaines  \\n|-\\n| {{date|12 octobre}} || [[D\\u00e9couverte et\n        exploration de l''Am\\u00e9rique]] || ''''D\\u00eda de la Raza ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|8\n        d\\u00e9cembre}} || [[Immacul\\u00e9e conception]] || ''''D\\u00eda de la Inmaculada\n        Concepci\\u00f3n ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|25 d\\u00e9cembre}} || [[No\\u00ebl]] || ''''Navidad\n        ||\\n|}\\n\\n== Codes ==\\nL''Argentine a pour codes :\\n* AR, selon la norme [[ISO\n        3166-1]] (liste des codes pays), code alpha-2 ;\\n* AR, selon la [[liste des\n        codes pays utilis\\u00e9s par l''OTAN]], code alpha-2 ;\\n* ARG, selon la norme\n        [[ISO 3166-1]] code alpha-3 (liste des codes pays);\\n* ARG, selon la [[liste\n        des codes pays du CIO]] ;\\n* ARG, selon la [[liste des codes pays utilis\\u00e9s\n        par l''OTAN]], code alpha-3 ;\\n* LV, selon la [[liste des pr\\u00e9fixes OACI\n        d''immatriculation des a\\u00e9ronefs]] ;\\n* RA, selon la [[liste des codes\n        internationaux des plaques min\\u00e9ralogiques]] ;\\n* SA, selon la [[liste\n        des pr\\u00e9fixes des codes OACI des a\\u00e9roports]].\\n\\n== Sports ==\\nBien\n        que le [[football]] soit le sport le plus populaire en Argentine avec de tr\\u00e8s\n        grands joueurs comme [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]] ou [[Lionel\n        Messi]] d''autres sports sont largement pratiqu\\u00e9s ; le sport national\n        est d''ailleurs le [[pato (sport)|pato]]). Ainsi, l''Argentine s''illustre\n        r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement en [[basket-ball]], en [[\\u00c9quipe d''Argentine\n        de rugby \\u00e0 XV|rugby \\u00e0 XV]], en [[pelote basque]], en [[padel]] ou\n        encore en [[tennis]] avec [[Guillermo Vilas]], [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ou [[Juan\n        Mart\\u00edn del Potro]] notamment. Par ailleurs, on peut \\u00e9galement citer\n        le [[rink hockey]], le [[hockey sur gazon]], le [[polo]], le [[golf]] ou le\n        [[Comp\\u00e9tition automobile|sport automobile]] comme sports appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9s\n        en Argentine.\\n\\n\\nMessi in Germany and Argentina face off in the\n        final of the World Cup 2014 -2014-07-13 (24).jpg|[[Lionel Messi]] lors de\n        la finale de la Coupe du monde de football de 2014\\nDiego Maradona.jpg|[[Diego\n        Maradona]], ancien joueur de football et ancien s\\u00e9lectionneur de l''\\u00e9quipe\n        d''Argentine\\n\\n\\n== Notes et r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences ==\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|colonnes=2}}\\n\\n==\n        Voir aussi ==\\n{{Autres projets\\n|commons=Argentina|commons titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wikisource=Cat\\u00e9gorie:Argentine|wikisource\n        titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wiktionary=Argentine\\n|wikiquote=Argentine|wikiquote\n        titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wikinews=Page:Argentine|wikinews titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n}}\\n*\n        [[Am\\u00e9rique latine]]\\n* [[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]]\\n* [[Cuisine argentine]]\\n*\n        [[Liste de journaux argentins]]\\n* [[Tango (danse)|Tango]]\\n* {{Lien|langue=es|trad=Ind\\u00edgenas\n        de Argentina|fr=Indig\\u00e8nes d''Argentine|texte=Indig\\u00e8nes d''Argentine}}\\n\\n===\n        Liens externes ===\\n* {{es}} [http://www.argentina.gob.ar Portail officiel\n        du gouvernement argentin]\\n* {{fr}} [http://www.argentina.travel/fr Site touristique\n        officiel]\\n* {{fr}} [http://www.efran.mrecic.gov.ar/ Site officiel Ambassade\n        Argentine]\\n* {{fr}} [http://donnees.banquemondiale.org/pays/argentine Donn\\u00e9es\n        de la Banque mondiale]\\n\\n{{Palette|Pays d''Am\\u00e9rique|Union latine|G20}}\\n{{Portail|Argentine|Am\\u00e9rique}}\\n\\n[[Cat\\u00e9gorie:Argentine|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"fr\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"fr\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T17:43:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":140065378,\"length\":102010,\"fullurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine\",\"editurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Thu, 22 Jun 2017 21:00:00 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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({{es}} {{lang|es|En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad}})\\n | langues=\n        [[Espagnol]]\\n | langues_officielles= [[Espagnol]] \\n | capitale= [[Buenos\n        Aires]]\\n | coordonn\\u00e9es_capitale= {{coord|34|37|S|58|21|W}}\\n | lien_villes=\n        Villes d''Argentine\\n | titre_plus_grande_ville= Plus grande ville\\n | plus_grande_ville=\n        [[Buenos Aires]]\\n | type_gouvernement= [[R\\u00e9publique]] [[f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ralisme|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]]\\n\n        | titre_dirigeant= [[Liste des chefs d''\\u00c9tat argentins|Pr\\u00e9sident\n        de la Nation]]\\n | titre_dirigeant2= [[Vice-pr\\u00e9sident]]e\\n | nom_dirigeant=\n        [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n | nom_dirigeant2= [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n | superficie_rang=\n        8\\n | superficie_totale={{unit\\u00e9|2791810|km|2}}L\\u2019Argentine revendique\n        aussi {{unit\\u00e9|1000000|km|2}} en [[Antarctique]], ainsi que les [[\\u00eeles\n        Malouines]].\\n | pourcentage_eau= 1,1\\n | population_rang= 31\\n | population_totale=\n        43 431 886CIA World Factbook\\n | population_ann\\u00e9e= juillet\n        2015\\n | densit\\u00e9= 15.6\\n | type_ind\\u00e9pendance= D\\u00e9claration d''ind\\u00e9pendance\\n\n        | pays_ind\\u00e9pendance= [[Espagne]]\\n | date_ind\\u00e9pendance= {{date|9|juillet|1816}}\\n\n        | pays frontaliers= {{BRA}}{{clr}}{{BOL}}{{clr}}{{CHI}}{{clr}}{{PAR}}{{clr}}{{URU}}{{clr}}Outre-mer:{{clr}}[[Fichier:Flag\n        of Magallanes, Chile.svg|20px]] [[Territoire chilien de l''Antarctique|Antarctique\n        Chilienne]]{{clr}}[[Fichier:Flag of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|20px]]\n        [[Territoire britannique antarctique|Antarctique Britannique]]\\n | gentil\\u00e9=\n        Argentin/Argentine\\n | IDH= {{augmentation}} 0,811{{en}} [http://hdrstats.undp.org/fr/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_ARG.html\n        Human Development Report 2009 - Argentina] - Rapport sur le d\\u00e9veloppement\n        humain 2009 [[Organisation des Nations unies|ONU]]\\n | IDH_ann\\u00e9e=\n        2013\\n | IDH_cat\\u00e9gorie= tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9\\n | IDH_rang= {{45e}}\\n\n        | monnaie= [[Peso argentin]]\\n | code_monnaie= ARS\\n | fuseau_horaire= -3.\n        En \\u00e9t\\u00e9 UTC-2 (dans une partie du pays seulement)\\n | hymne_national=\n        [[Hymne national argentin|Himno Nacional Argentino]]\\n | iso3166-1 = ARG,\n        AR\\n | domaine_internet= [[.ar]]\\n | indicatif_t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonique= 54\\n\n        | p1 = [[Argentine coloniale]]\\n}}\\n\\nL\\u2019''''''Argentine'''''', en forme\n        longue la ''''''R\\u00e9publique argentine'''''', en [[espagnol]] ''''{{lang|es|Argentina}}''''\n        et ''''{{lang|es|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}'''' {{API|[re\\u02c8pu\\u03b2lika\n        a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina]}}, est un pays d\\u2019[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] partageant\n        ses fronti\\u00e8res avec le [[Chili]] \\u00e0 l\\u2019ouest, la [[Bolivie]]\n        au nord-ouest, le [[Paraguay]] au nord, le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] et l\\u2019[[Uruguay]]\n        au nord-est et \\u00e0 l''est, et l\\u2019[[oc\\u00e9an Atlantique]] \\u00e0 l''est\n        et \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00eame sud.\\n\\nLe pays proclame son ind\\u00e9pendance,\n        vis-\\u00e0-vis de l''[[Espagne]], le {{date-|25 mai 1810}}, lors de la [[r\\u00e9volution\n        de Mai]], ind\\u00e9pendance d\\u00e9finitivement acquise le {{date-|9 juillet\n        1816}} \\u00e0 [[Congr\\u00e8s de Tucum\\u00e1n|San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]].\\n\\nSa\n        capitale est [[Buenos Aires]], sa langue nationale est l''[[espagnol rioplatense]]\n        et sa monnaie est le [[peso argentin]].\\n\\nLa religion nationale est le [[catholicisme]].\\nL''Argentine\n        fait partie des pays dits du ''''[[c\\u00f4ne Sud|c\\u00f4ne sud]]'''' et parmi\n        les pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], il est celui o\\u00f9 la [[Europe|culture\n        europ\\u00e9enne]] est la plus affirm\\u00e9e. L''Argentine est l''un des pays\n        les plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s du continent latino-am\\u00e9ricain. Le pays\n        est \\u00e9galement la troisi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine apr\\u00e8s le Br\\u00e9sil et le [[Mexique]], que ce soit en [[Produit\n        int\\u00e9rieur brut|PIB]] nominal ou \\u00e0 [[parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat]]\n        (PPA).\\n\\nLe drapeau argentin est dessin\\u00e9 par le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Manuel\n        Belgrano]], les bandes bleues et blanches font r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence aux cocardes\n        de la m\\u00eame couleur distribu\\u00e9es le {{date-|25 mai 1810}} lors du\n        d\\u00e9but de la guerre d''ind\\u00e9pendance. Le drapeau est rendu officiel,\n        deux semaines apr\\u00e8s l''ind\\u00e9pendance, le {{date-|25 juillet 1816}},\n        puis, en [[1818]], est ajout\\u00e9 le soleil dit ''''Sol de Mayo''''. Jusqu''au\n        {{date-|25 juillet 1985}}, le drapeau avec le soleil, dit ''''drapeau de guerre'''',\n        est exclusif aux institutions officielles, alors que le drapeau sans le soleil\n        est utilis\\u00e9 pour les manifestations ou institutions n''ayant pas caract\\u00e8re\n        officiel. D\\u00e9sormais, le drapeau avec le soleil est utilis\\u00e9 partout.\\n\\n==\n        Origines du nom ==\\nLe terme ''''Argentina'''' est attest\\u00e9 pour la premi\\u00e8re\n        fois sur une carte v\\u00e9nitienne de 1536Origine du nom ''''Argentine''''\n        (espagnol) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina].\\n\\nLe nom en fran\\u00e7ais ''''Argentine''''\n        est issu de sa d\\u00e9signation en espagnol ''''Argentina''''. Il s''agit\n        du m\\u00eame mot que l''adjectif fran\\u00e7ais ''''argentine'''' signifiant\n        \\u00ab en argent, d''argent \\u00bb, terme attest\\u00e9 depuis le {{s-|XII|e}}\n        et d\\u00e9riv\\u00e9 du mot ''''argent'''' \\u00e0 l''aide du suffixe ''''-in''''[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Site du CNRTL : \\u00e9tymologie de l''adjectif ''''argentine''''].\\n\\nCependant,\n        ''''Argentina'''' n''est ni un mot espagnol, ni un mot portugais. En effet\n        dans ces langues, ''''argent'''' se dit respectivement ''''plata'''' et ''''prata'''',\n        ainsi que ses d\\u00e9riv\\u00e9s ''''en argent'''', ''''plateado, de plata''''\n        et ''''prateado, de prata''''. En fin de compte ''''Argentina'''' remonte\n        \\u00e0 l''italien ''''argentina'''' \\u00ab d''argent \\u00bb, nom probablement\n        donn\\u00e9 par les navigateurs v\\u00e9nitiens ou g\\u00e9nois comme [[Giovani\n        Cabotto|Giovanni Cabotto]] (Jean Cabot). Il \\u00e9tait peut-\\u00eatre primitivement\n        associ\\u00e9 \\u00e0 ''''terra'''' \\u00ab terre \\u00bb ou \\u00e0 ''''costa''''\n        \\u00ab c\\u00f4te \\u00bb, devenu ''''l''Argentina'''', car le substantif s''efface\n        souvent au profit de son d\\u00e9termin\\u00e9 dans cette langue. L''expression\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] est son correspondant espagnol qui d\\u00e9signe plus\n        pr\\u00e9cis\\u00e9ment la rivi\\u00e8re, lui-m\\u00eame traduction du portugais\n        ''''R\\u00edo da Prata'''' .\\n\\nSa d\\u00e9signation exacte pourrait trouver\n        son origine dans les cadeaux en argent faits par les peuples voisins aux explorateurs\n        europ\\u00e9ens, notamment [[S\\u00e9bastien Cabot]], fils de Jean. Une autre\n        explication pourrait \\u00eatre la l\\u00e9gende de la [[Sierra de la Plata]],\n        tr\\u00e9sor l\\u00e9gendaire o\\u00f9 le R\\u00edo de la Plata \\u00e9tait cens\\u00e9\n        conduire.\\n\\n== G\\u00e9ographie ==\\n[[Fichier:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|150px|Carte\n        topographique de l\\u2019Argentine]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|G\\u00e9ographie\n        de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n=== Donn\\u00e9es g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rales ===\\n[[Fichier:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210079b.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Canyon\n        du [[R\\u00edo Pinturas]], Santa Cruz.]]\\nLa surface totale de l''Argentine\n        est r\\u00e9partie de la fa\\u00e7on suivante (except\\u00e9 l\\u2019Antarctique)\n        :\\n* Total : {{unit\\u00e9|2766891|km|2}}\\n* Terre : {{unit\\u00e9|2736691|km|2}}\\n*\n        Eau : {{unit\\u00e9|30200|km|2}}\\n\\nL''Argentine est longue de {{unit\\u00e9|3700|kilom\\u00e8tres}}\n        du nord au sud et de {{unit\\u00e9|1400|kilom\\u00e8tres}} de l''est \\u00e0\n        l''ouest. Le territoire peut \\u00eatre divis\\u00e9 en quatre zones distinctes\n        : les plaines fertiles de la [[pampa]] au centre du pays, le plat pays de\n        la [[Patagonie argentine|Patagonie]] au sud (s''\\u00e9tendant sur un gros\n        quart sud du pays (28 %), jusqu''\\u00e0 la [[Terre de Feu]]), les plaines\n        s\\u00e8ches du [[Gran Chaco]] au nord et enfin la r\\u00e9gion tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e\n        de la cordill\\u00e8re des Andes \\u00e0 l''ouest le long de la fronti\\u00e8re\n        avec le [[Chili]] dont le mont [[Aconcagua]] culmine \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|6960|m\\u00e8tres}}.\\n\\nLe\n        point culminant de l''Argentine - et de l''Am\\u00e9rique - est le mont Aconcagua.\n        La d\\u00e9pression la plus profonde d''Am\\u00e9rique, la ''''Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n''''\n        \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|105|m\\u00e8tres}} sous le [[niveau de la mer]], se trouve\n        aussi en Argentine, dans la [[province de Santa Cruz]]. Le centre g\\u00e9ographique\n        du pays est localis\\u00e9 dans la [[province de La Pampa]].\\n\\nLe [[climat]]\n        est typique de fa\\u00e7ade orientale des continents, on rencontre un [[climat\n        subtropical humide]] dans le nord et aride/subantarctique dans l''extr\\u00eame\n        sud du pays.\\n\\n=== R\\u00e9gions g\\u00e9ographiques ===\\n[[Fichier:Fitz Roy\n        1b.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Le [[Fitz Roy]], [[Cordill\\u00e8re des Andes]].]]\\n[[Fichier:Iguacu-004.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Parc\n        national d''Iguaz\\u00fa]].]]\\n[[Fichier:pampas.jpg|vignette|Paysage typique\n        de la [[pampa]] argentine au niveau de la grande plaine centrale.]]\\nLe pays\n        est traditionnellement divis\\u00e9 en diff\\u00e9rentes r\\u00e9gions majeures\n        :\\n; Pampas\\nLes plaines \\u00e0 l''ouest et au sud de [[Buenos Aires]]. Appel\\u00e9e\n        la ''''pampa humide'''', cette r\\u00e9gion recouvre la plupart des provinces\n        de [[Province de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] et de [[Province de C\\u00f3rdoba\n        (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] ainsi que celles de [[Province de Santa Fe|Santa\n        Fe]] et de [[Province de La Pampa|la Pampa]]. \\n; Gran Chaco\\nLa r\\u00e9gion\n        [[Gran Chaco]] se situe au nord du pays, avec des saisons humides et s\\u00e8ches,\n        il permet l''\\u00e9levage de [[b\\u00e9tail]] et la culture de [[coton]]. Il\n        recouvre les provinces du [[Province du Chaco|Chaco]] et de [[Province de\n        Formosa|Formosa]]. Il comprend \\u00e9galement des for\\u00eats subtropicales\n        o\\u00f9 se d\\u00e9veloppent la v\\u00e9g\\u00e9tation et les animaux.\\n; Mesopotamie\\nCe\n        territoire se trouve entre le [[Rio Paran\\u00e1]] et le [[Rio Uruguay]], partag\\u00e9s\n        entre les provinces de [[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]] et d''[[Province\n        d''Entre R\\u00edos|Entre R\\u00edos]], o\\u00f9 l''on entretient le [[b\\u00e9tail]]\n        et les [[Esteros del Iber\\u00e1]]. La climat de la [[province de Misiones]]\n        est tropical. Les [[chutes d''Iguaz\\u00fa]] s''y trouvent.\\n; Patagonie\\nLes\n        [[steppe]]s de la [[Patagonie]] dans les provinces de [[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[Province de R\\u00edo Negro|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Province de Chubut|Chubut]]\n        et [[Province de Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] sont d''origines [[Tertiaire (g\\u00e9ologie)|tertiaires]].\n        Le territoire est semi-aride au nord, froid et aride au sud, mais est constitu\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 l''ouest de plusieurs grands lacs et de for\\u00eats. La [[Terre de\n        Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique Sud]] est froide et humide,\n        mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9 par l''influence oc\\u00e9anique. Enfin, le nord peut \\u00eatre\n        r\\u00e9f\\u00e9r\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Comahue]].\\n; Cuyo\\nL''ouest de l''Argentine\n        est domin\\u00e9 par l''imposante cordill\\u00e8re des Andes, \\u00e0 l''est\n        se trouve une r\\u00e9gion aride appel\\u00e9e [[Cuyo (Argentine)|Cuyo]], l''eau\n        descendant des montagnes permet la [[viticulture]] et l''[[agriculture]] gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 son irrigation, bien que le relief y soit accident\\u00e9.\\n\\nLe point\n        le plus haut du monde en dehors de l''Himalaya se retrouve en Argentine, au\n        cerro Aconcagua, de {{unit\\u00e9|6959|m\\u00e8tres}}. Parmi les plus hautes\n        montagnes des Andes, une importante proportion se retrouve dans le pays. Le\n        point le plus bas des Am\\u00e9riques se trouve aussi en Argentine, dans la\n        province de Santa Cruz (Laguna del Carbon).\\n\\n=== Climat ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Climat\n        de l''Argentine}}\\nEn consid\\u00e9rant la superficie du pays, les diff\\u00e9rences\n        d''altitude (de {{unit\\u00e9|-100|m}} \\u00e0 presque {{unit\\u00e9|7000|m}})\n        et la longueur du pays (du {{22e}} [[Parall\\u00e8le (g\\u00e9ographie)|parall\\u00e8le]]\n        sud, correspondant dans l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re nord \\u00e0 la ville de [[La\n        Havane]], jusqu''au {{55e|parall\\u00e8le}} sud, correspondant dans l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re\n        nord \\u00e0 [[Copenhague]], Moscou et la baie d''Hudson), une \\u00e9norme\n        diversit\\u00e9 de climats coexiste dans le pays.\\n\\nLe Nord est pratiquement\n        tropical, quoique absolument toutes les r\\u00e9gions du pays peuvent voir\n        le mercure descendre \\u00e0 {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nLe Centre-Nord et l''Ouest\n        connaissent des journ\\u00e9es de chaleur insupportable l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 :\n        la moyenne atteint {{tmp|36|\\u00b0C}} dans certains endroits, avec  des temp\\u00e9ratures\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9es avoisinant souvent les {{tmp|45|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nL''hiver,\n        la partie la plus septentrionale du pays enregistre des moyennes autour de\n        {{tmp|20|\\u00b0C}} le jour, et de {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}} la nuit, avec des p\\u00e9riodes\n        de {{tmp|30|\\u00b0C}} alternant avec des journ\\u00e9es assez froides qui peuvent\n        m\\u00eame rester en dessous de {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}}, et des nuits proches de\n        {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}}. Les pr\\u00e9cipitations varient de {{unit\\u00e9|2500|millim\\u00e8tres}}\n        dans la jungle de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]], \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|1000|mm}}\n        dans le [[Gran Chaco]], et seulement {{unit\\u00e9|100|mm}} dans les r\\u00e9gions\n        les plus arides de l''Ouest argentin.\\n\\nLa [[Pampa]] concentre la majorit\\u00e9\n        de la population et de la production du pays, gr\\u00e2ce au [[climat temp\\u00e9r\\u00e9]]\n        \\u00e0 quatre saisons: les \\u00e9t\\u00e9s sont assez longs et chauds, avec\n        des journ\\u00e9es ayant une temp\\u00e9rature moyenne de {{unit\\u00e9|30|\\u00b0C}}\n        et des nuit agr\\u00e9ables \\u00e0 {{tmp|17|\\u00b0C}}, tandis que les hivers\n        sont doux avec des journ\\u00e9es ayant des temp\\u00e9ratures moyennes de {{tmp|15|\\u00b0C}}\n        et les nuits autour de {{tmp|4|\\u00b0C}}. Les [[gel\\u00e9e blanche|gel\\u00e9es]]\n        sont courantes pendant 3 \\u00e0 4 mois, et les temp\\u00e9ratures descendent\n        souvent \\u00e0 {{tmp|-5|\\u00b0C}}, mais rarement moins, quoique les records\n        approchent les {{tmp|-10|\\u00b0C}}. La [[neige]], en revanche, est tr\\u00e8s\n        rare \\u00e9tant donn\\u00e9 que l''hiver est la saison la plus s\\u00e8che.\n        Les pr\\u00e9cipitations vont de {{unit\\u00e9|1200|mm}} dans l''est, \\u00e0\n        seulement {{unit\\u00e9|150|mm}} dans l''Ouest du pays.\\n\\nLa Patagonie est\n        la r\\u00e9gion la plus froide, mais le climat varie \\u00e9norm\\u00e9ment d''un\n        endroit \\u00e0 l''autre : il est extr\\u00eamement sec mais assez mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9\n        sur la c\\u00f4te, tr\\u00e8s sec et rigoureux au centre, et tr\\u00e8s humide\n        et un peu moins rigoureux dans les vall\\u00e9es des Andes, o\\u00f9 l''air\n        du Pacifique p\\u00e9n\\u00e8tre dans le continent. Sur la c\\u00f4te, il fait\n        rarement moins de {{tmp|-10|\\u00b0C}}, et l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9, il peut faire\n        facilement {{tmp|35|\\u00b0C}}. La neige est assez rare, mais la pluie aussi\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|250|mm}}).\\nSur les plateaux du centre de la Patagonie, les\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9s sont ti\\u00e8des mais avec des nuits froides (en dessous de\n        {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}}, avec du gel parfois en plein \\u00e9t\\u00e9) et les hivers\n        sont assez rigoureux, avec des moyennes proches de {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}} dans\n        plusieurs endroits, accompagn\\u00e9s de chutes de neige fr\\u00e9quentes mais\n        peu abondantes en raison de l''aridit\\u00e9 du climat. La temp\\u00e9rature\n        descend facilement \\u00e0 {{tmp|-20|\\u00b0C}}, et les records indiquent des\n        valeurs proches de {{tmp|-35|\\u00b0C}} lors d''hivers exceptionnels, o\\u00f9\n        certains villages sont isol\\u00e9s par la neige pendant des semaines. Les\n        vall\\u00e9es (tr\\u00e8s basses) \\u00e0 l''ouest ont des \\u00e9t\\u00e9s frais\n        avec des nuits froides, et des hivers avec des moyennes de {{tmp|2|\\u00b0C}}\n        (\\u00e9quivalent de l''Alsace), descendent rarement en dessous de {{tmp|-15|\\u00b0C}},\n        quoique des valeurs de {{tmp|-20|\\u00b0C}} sont possibles. La neige peut s''accumuler\n        profond\\u00e9ment, car beaucoup de secteurs re\\u00e7oivent plus de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|mm}}\n        de pluie et neige, et quelques secteurs isol\\u00e9s voient jusqu''\\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|4500|mm}}\n        par an.\\n\\nL''extr\\u00eame sud m\\u00e9rite une note \\u00e0 part, car si les\n        hivers sont semblables \\u00e0 ceux de l''ouest de la Patagonie, avec beaucoup\n        de pluie, neige et m\\u00e9langes, la particularit\\u00e9 du climat est l''absence\n        de l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 : au mois le plus chaud, la moyenne du jour atteint seulement\n        {{tmp|14|\\u00b0C}}, alors que celle des nuits est de {{tmp|5|\\u00b0C}}. Il\n        est tr\\u00e8s courant de voir des journ\\u00e9es \\u00e0 {{tmp|7|\\u00b0C}} en\n        plein \\u00e9t\\u00e9, et des chutes de neige ne sont pas \\u00e0 exclure. De\n        plus, pendant les mois d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 on peut s''attendre \\u00e0 avoir 3\n        ou 4 journ\\u00e9es ensoleill\\u00e9es par mois, avec une quinzaine de journ\\u00e9es\n        de pluie, et une douzaine de journ\\u00e9es nuageuses.\\n\\nDans toute la Patagonie,\n        et surtout dans le sud, on enregistre les plus forts vents au monde: dans\n        certaines villes, la moyenne d\\u00e9passe les {{unit\\u00e9|30|km/h}} tous\n        les mois, et lors des temp\\u00eates, les vitesses de {{unit\\u00e9|100|km/h}}\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|150|km/h}} sont courantes.\\n\\nLa c\\u00f4te Atlantique\n        argentine a des temp\\u00e9ratures assez froides m\\u00eame l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9,\n        o\\u00f9 l''eau n''atteint les {{tmp|20|\\u00b0C}} que quelquefois dans quelques\n        endroits pr\\u00e9cis. Les temp\\u00e9ratures les plus chaudes et les plus froides\n        du continent ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 mesur\\u00e9es en Argentine : plus de {{tmp|49|\\u00b0C}}\n        l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9, \\u00e0 Rivadavia, et {{tmp|-42|\\u00b0C}} l''hiver, au Valle\n        de los Patos, San Juan.\\n\\n=== Rivi\\u00e8res et lacs ===\\n[[Fichier:Lago Nahuel\n        Huapi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Le [[lac Nahuel Huapi]] en [[Patagonie]]]]\\nParmi\n        les grands [[fleuve]]s, citons le [[R\\u00edo Paraguay|Paraguay]], le [[R\\u00edo\n        Bermejo|Bermejo]], le [[R\\u00edo Negro (fleuve argentin)|r\\u00edo Negro]],\n        le [[R\\u00edo Colorado (Argentine)|r\\u00edo Colorado]], l''[[Rio Uruguay|Uruguay]],\n        ainsi que le [[Rio Paran\\u00e1|Paran\\u00e1]] qui est le plus long fleuve d''Argentine.\n        Les fleuves [[Rio Paran\\u00e1|Paran\\u00e1]] et [[Uruguay]] coulent vers l''[[oc\\u00e9an\n        Atlantique]] et se rejoignent pour former le delta du [[r\\u00edo de la Plata]].\n        Dans le parc national de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]], au nord du pays,\n        les mini-chutes d''une selva satur\\u00e9e vont se r\\u00e9unir pour former\n        le fleuve Panana. Des grands lacs comme des mers se sont form\\u00e9s au pied\n        des [[Cordill\\u00e8re des Andes|Andes]], dans des sites encore vierges tels\n        le [[lac Nahuel Huapi|Nahuel Huapi]], \\u00e0 [[San Carlos de Bariloche]].\\n\\n===\n        Environnement ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Environnement en Argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Fichier-AtmosphericMethaneSouthAm\\u00e9rica.jpg|thumb|right|Carte[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5270\n        M\\u00e9thane atmosph\\u00e9rique] (NASA 22/02/2005) consult\\u00e9 le 18/07/2017\n        des ''''hot-spot'''' d''\\u00e9mission de [[m\\u00e9thane]] de l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re\n        sud]].\\nLe pays abrite des paysages et \\u00e9cosyst\\u00e8mes tr\\u00e8s vari\\u00e9s,\n        en raison notamment d''un important gradient climatique. L''\\u00e9cosyst\\u00e8me\n        dominant est celui de la [[pampa]], qui abrite une [[biodiversit\\u00e9]] originale\n        et souvent [[End\\u00e9misme|end\\u00e9mique]].\\n\\nLa [[for\\u00eat]] a souvent\n        fortement r\\u00e9gress\\u00e9 au profit de boisements industriels (monocultures\n        parfois) et de l''[[\\u00e9levage bovin]] et d''une agriculture souvent industrielle\n        qui contribue \\u00e0 d\\u00e9grader les [[Sol (p\\u00e9dologie)|sols]]. Le Sud\n        du pays est expos\\u00e9 \\u00e0 une augmentation des [[Ultraviolet|UV]] solaires\n        ([[Canc\\u00e9rog\\u00e8ne|canc\\u00e9rig\\u00e8nes]], [[mutag\\u00e8ne]]s), induite\n        par le trou de la couche d''ozone, plus grande au-dessus de l''Antarctique\n        qu''au-dessus de l''[[Arctique]].\\n\\n==== Faune et flore ====\\n[[Fichier:Vicu\\u00f1a\n        Vigogne Lago Chungar\\u00e0 4570m Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|thumb|150px|Troupeau\n        de [[vigogne]]s]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Faune de l''Argentine}}\\n\\nDans\n        les immenses \\u00e9tendues de la [[Pampa]] subsiste encore une faune pr\\u00e9colombienne\n        repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e en particulier par le [[tatou]], dit \\u00e0 neuf bandes\n        : les [[gaucho|ga\\u00fachos]] pourchassent ce mammif\\u00e8re x\\u00e9narthre\n        car ils redoutent ses terriers dans lesquels le b\\u00e9tail se casse les pattes.\\n\\nEn\n        altitude, le [[lama (animal)|lama]] est encore utilis\\u00e9 comme [[B\\u00eate\n        de somme|animal de portage]].\\n\\n=== Fronti\\u00e8res terrestres ===\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|5151|{{Abr\\u00e9viation\n        discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et\n        le Chili|avec le Chili]] : [[Liste de fronti\\u00e8res terrestres internationales\n        par longueur|c''est la troisi\\u00e8me plus longue fronti\\u00e8re terrestre\n        au monde]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|1880|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et le Paraguay|avec le Paraguay]].\\n*\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|1224|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re\n        entre l''Argentine et le Br\\u00e9sil|avec le Br\\u00e9sil]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|832|{{Abr\\u00e9viation\n        discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et\n        la Bolivie|avec la Bolivie]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|579|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et l''Uruguay|avec l''Uruguay]].\\n\\n==\n        Histoire ==\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n===\n        \\u00c9poque pr\\u00e9-coloniale ===\\nUn grand nombre de tribus indig\\u00e8nes\n        peuplait l''Argentine avant la conqu\\u00eate espagnole comme les [[Diaguita]]s,\n        [[Pampa (ethnie)|Pampas]], [[Tehuelche|Chonks]], [[Toba (Argentine, peuple)|Qoms]],\n        [[Wichi]] (\\\"Matacos\\\"), [[Selknam]] (\\\"Onas\\\").\\n\\n=== Colonisation espagnole\n        ===\\nEn [[1516]], l''Espagnol [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] d\\u00e9couvre\n        le [[Rio de la Plata]]. Le pays est colonis\\u00e9 par les [[Espagne|Espagnols]]\n        entre le {{XVIe s}} et le {{XVIIe si\\u00e8cle}}.\\n\\n=== Ind\\u00e9pendance===\\n[[Fichier:Manuel\n        Belgrano.JPG|150px|thumb|upright|left|Le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Manuel Belgrano]]\n        \\u00e0 Londres, 1815.]]\\n[[Fichier:Jose de San Martin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Le\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] \\u00e0 Paris, 1849.]]\\n\\nDes\n        [[mouvement]]s d''opposition contre la m\\u00e9tropole espagnole apparaissent\n        \\u00e0 l''aube du {{XIXe si\\u00e8cle}} apr\\u00e8s avoir repouss\\u00e9 sous\n        l''impulsion de [[Jacques de Liniers]], d''origine fran\\u00e7aise, en [[1806]]\n        et [[1807]], deux [[Invasions britanniques|exp\\u00e9ditions militaires anglaises]],\n        car les Argentins durent se d\\u00e9fendre seuls contre un ennemi autrement\n        mieux arm\\u00e9 et bien d\\u00e9cid\\u00e9 \\u00e0 les recoloniser. D\\u00e8s\n        [[1810]] avec la ''''[[r\\u00e9volution de Mai]]'''' ({{date|25|mai|1810}})\n        les Argentins deviennent ind\\u00e9pendants de fait. En [[1813]] le gouvernement\n        br\\u00fble en place publique les instruments de torture et le {{date|1|mai|1853}}\n        d\\u00e9clare l''[[abolition de l''esclavage]] (selon la [[Chronologie de l''abolition\n        de l''esclavage]]). L''ind\\u00e9pendance d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e le {{date|9|juillet|1816}}\n        (lors du [[congr\\u00e8s de Tucum\\u00e1n|congr\\u00e8s constituant]] tenu dans\n        la ville de [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]]) n''est que la cons\\u00e9quence\n        juridique venant ent\\u00e9riner ce qui est d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 une r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9.\n        Plusieurs ann\\u00e9es de guerre contre l''Empire espagnol permettent aux Argentins\n        de se s\\u00e9parer d\\u00e9finitivement de l''emprise des Bourbons. Les g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Manuel Belgrano]] et [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel\n        de G\\u00fcemes]], entre autres, matent toute vell\\u00e9it\\u00e9 espagnole\n        de reprendre sa colonie. Au commandement d''une arm\\u00e9e d''environ {{unit\\u00e9|4000|soldats}},\n        San Martin r\\u00e9alise une campagne prodigieuse. Il traverse la [[cordill\\u00e8re\n        des Andes]] et, au Chili, il inflige des d\\u00e9faites cruciales \\u00e0 l''arm\\u00e9e\n        espagnole, d''abord \\u00e0 la Cuesta de [[Bataille de Chacabuco|Chacabuco]]\n        et puis (avec des troupes chiliennes de [[Bernardo O''Higgins]]) \\u00e0 Maipu,\n        pr\\u00e8s de [[Santiago|Santiago du Chili]], o\\u00f9 les Argentins d\\u00e9truisent\n        d\\u00e9finitivement l''arm\\u00e9e royaliste stationn\\u00e9e au [[Chili]].\\n\\n===\n        La guerre civile et les invasions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res ===\\n{{Traduction \\u00e0\n        revoir}}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Juan Manuel de Rosas.jpg|thumb|150px|Brigadier G\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].]]\\nLa guerre contre l''[[Empire espagnol]] s\\u2019ach\\u00e8ve\n        apr\\u00e8s la victoire des ind\\u00e9pendantistes sud-am\\u00e9ricains \\u00e0\n        la [[bataille d''Ayacucho]], en [[1824]]. Cependant, le pays est en situation\n        de guerre civile depuis une d\\u00e9cennie. En 1813, avant la d\\u00e9claration\n        formelle de l''ind\\u00e9pendance de toute l''Argentine, la [[Bande orientale|Province\n        Orientale]] avec [[Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas]] a d\\u00e9fendu le [[f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ralisme]]\n        argentin contre le centralisme de la ville du Buenos Aires, menant \\u00e0\n        une guerre civile de cinquante ans entre [[Parti f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raliste (Argentine)|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raux]]\n        et [[Parti unitaire (Argentine)|unitaires]]. Toujours en plein conflit entre\n        f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raux et unitaires, l''Argentine a eu \\u00e0 affronter de diverses\n        guerres : [[Guerre de Cisplatine|L''invasion]] de la [[Bande orientale|Province\n        Orientale]] par l''[[Empire du Br\\u00e9sil]], mais \\u00e9galement l''occupation\n        de la province de [[Tarija]] par les boliviens en 1826. De plus, peu de temps\n        apr\\u00e8s la fin de la guerre entre l''Argentine et le Br\\u00e9sil, les [[Royaume-Uni|Anglais]]\n        ont occup\\u00e9 (1833) les [[\\u00celes Malouines]] que l''Argentine avait\n        h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9es de l''Espagne  En 1836, l''Argentine devait assumer une\n        [[Guerre de la Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration|guerre]] contre la [[Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        p\\u00e9ruvio-bolivienne]], et une [[Bataille de la Vuelta de Obligado|guerre\n        contre les Empires anglais et fran\\u00e7ais, alli\\u00e9s avec le Br\\u00e9sil,\n        les paraguayens et les uruguayens]]. Ces luttes internes et les interventions\n        \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res expliquent la dur\\u00e9e de l''h\\u00e9g\\u00e9monie de\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] (1833-1853).\\nLa [[Constitution de l''Argentine|constitution]]\n        sera proclam\\u00e9e en [[1853]], apr\\u00e8s la fin de la ''''dictature de\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]]''''.\\n{{clr}}\\n\\n=== Dictatures du {{s-|XX|e}} et\n        p\\u00e9ronisme  ===\\n[[Fichier:Evita y Per\\u00f3n.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n]] et sa femme, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n|Eva Duarte de Per\\u00f3n]].]]\\nLes\n        pr\\u00e9sidences se succ\\u00e8dent entre [[1930]] et [[1983]], mais sur seize\n        pr\\u00e9sidents, onze sont des militaires et plusieurs sont \\u00ab pr\\u00e9sidents\n        de facto \\u00bb (par opposition \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9sident \\u00e9lu). \\n \\n[[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n|Per\\u00f3n]] fait alors son d\\u00e9but dans la haute politique\n        : lieutenant-colonel titulaire de quelques secr\\u00e9tariats d''\\u00c9tat\n        du gouvernement militaire \\u00e9tabli en [[juin 1943]], il est \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident\n        apr\\u00e8s la fin de la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]]. Celle-ci ayant entra\\u00een\\u00e9\n        l\\u2019affaiblissement de l\\u2019Occident, l''Argentine devient, vers 1950,\n        la neuvi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique mondiale[http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt62/pwt62_form.php\n        Penn World Tables]. Apr\\u00e8s la guerre, de tr\\u00e8s nombreux [[Nazisme|nazis]]\n        fuirent en Argentine.\\n\\nLe p\\u00e9ronisme est un mouvement national-populaire\n        ; il encadre la population argentine (syndicats, femmes, jeunes, ouvriers\\u2026)\n        en leur octroyant des droits et un statut. Le partage des richesses est d\\u00e9sormais\n        moins d\\u00e9s\\u00e9quilibr\\u00e9 et {{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire|la\n        classe ouvri\\u00e8re argentine, qui ne s''est jamais tourn\\u00e9e vers le\n        communisme, s''identifie au mouvement p\\u00e9roniste|date=19\\u00a0avril\\u00a02017}}.\n        Per\\u00f3n a donc le soutien de cette derni\\u00e8re , en partie gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 la redistribution des richesses nationales. Cependant, l''opposition\n        de la bourgeoisie est pour le moins active ; d\\u00e8s le retournement de la\n        conjoncture \\u00e9conomique, au d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 1950, le dirigeant\n        populiste va \\u00eatre amen\\u00e9 \\u00e0 pratiquer l''autoritarisme pour continuer\n        \\u00e0 contr\\u00f4ler l''\\u00c9tat et le pays. L\\u2019\\u00c9glise se retourne\n        \\u00e9galement contre le gouvernement apr\\u00e8s les tentatives de Per\\u00f3n\n        de la\\u00efciser l\\u2019enseignement et ses r\\u00e9formes en faveur des droits\n        des femmes. Par ailleurs, sa deuxi\\u00e8me femme (Per\\u00f3n \\u00e9tait veuf\n        depuis [[1938]]) [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]] d\\u00e9c\\u00e9d\\u00e9e, rest\\u00e9e tr\\u00e8s\n        aim\\u00e9e des \\u00ab descamisados \\u00bb (sans chemises) n''est plus l\\u00e0\n        pour galvaniser la population. Le soutien d''une majorit\\u00e9 de la population\n        au mouvement p\\u00e9roniste est n\\u00e9anmoins r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement confirm\\u00e9\n        par les \\u00e9lections et un syst\\u00e8me d\\u00e9mocratique multipartite continue\n        de fonctionner.\\n\\nEn 1955, un coup d''\\u00c9tat le chasse du pouvoir (l''arm\\u00e9e\n        bombardera la place de Mai, tuant de nombreux civils). D\\u00e9sormais, l''Argentine\n        entre dans une p\\u00e9riode d''instabilit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 la fois \\u00e9conomique\n        et politique. Le puissant mouvement p\\u00e9roniste est d\\u00e9capit\\u00e9\n        mais va rena\\u00eetre sous la forme clandestine (sabotage, gr\\u00e8ves\\u2026).\n        Les \\u00e9lites du pays, revenues au pouvoir, cherchent alors une impossible\n        formule de d\\u00e9mocratie sans p\\u00e9ronisme. Les militaires organisent\n        des \\u00e9lections, puis reprennent le pouvoir quelque temps apr\\u00e8s, et\n        ce, \\u00e0 deux reprises.\\n\\nEn 1966 a lieu le coup d''\\u00c9tat du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Ongania]]. Ce dernier, partisan de la mani\\u00e8re forte, va mettre en place\n        un r\\u00e9gime bureaucratique et autoritaire. En r\\u00e9action \\u00e0 la violence,\n        les mouvements sociaux, les syndicats, les \\u00e9tudiants, les ouvriers vont\n        se battre contre le r\\u00e9gime jusqu''\\u00e0 prendre conscience de sa faiblesse.\n        La situation s''aggrave jusqu''\\u00e0 l''ann\\u00e9e 1969, quand \\u00e9clate\n        le ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' (une explosion de violence spontan\\u00e9e \\u00e0\n        la ville de Cordoba durant laquelle les ouvriers et les \\u00e9tudiants seront\n        les principaux protagonistes). C''est la premi\\u00e8re ''''pueblada'''' (il\n        y en aura bien d''autres dans tout le pays) : la population s''attaque aux\n        symboles du pouvoir autoritaire (police\\u2026) mais aussi \\u00e0 ceux des\n        multinationales \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res. Le lendemain, le pays est paralys\\u00e9\n        par la gr\\u00e8ve g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale. D\\u00e9sormais, m\\u00eame la classe\n        moyenne, traditionnellement anti-p\\u00e9roniste, s''associe au rejet du pouvoir\n        bureaucratique et autoritaire. Les militaires se retirent alors en bonne et\n        due forme, essayant de ne pas perdre la face. Mais il est trop tard et en\n        1973, la population assiste \\u00e0 la fin du r\\u00e9gime militaire. Des \\u00e9lections\n        d\\u00e9mocratiques sont organis\\u00e9es, les militaires sont conspu\\u00e9s,\n        la gauche r\\u00e9volutionnaire voit ses organisations de masses l\\u00e9galis\\u00e9es\n        et ses militants prisonniers sont tous lib\\u00e9r\\u00e9s. L''extr\\u00eame-gauche\n        gagne des espaces de pouvoir au sein de l''\\u00c9tat (Universit\\u00e9\\u2026).\n        On croit que les militaires ne reviendront pas. Jamais alors le climat politique\n        n''avait \\u00e9t\\u00e9 aussi propice \\u00e0 la gauche en Argentine.\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s\n        le retour du [[Juan Per\\u00f3n|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral Peron]] en 1973, qui se solde\n        par le [[massacre d''Ezeiza]] (affrontements entre la gauche et la droite\n        p\\u00e9roniste), le pays s''enfonce dans une \\u00ab [[guerre sale]] \\u00bb,\n        qui commence, dans la [[province de Tucum\\u00e1n]], d\\u00e8s l''[[op\\u00e9ration\n        Ind\\u00e9pendance]], qui impliquait la lutte contre la gu\\u00e9rilla y compris\n        l''enl\\u00e8vement de partisans arm\\u00e9s de la \\u00ab\\u00a0r\\u00e9volution\\u00a0\\u00bb\n        et leur s\\u00e9jours dans des [[centre clandestin de d\\u00e9tention (Argentine)|centres\n        de d\\u00e9tention clandestins]], o\\u00f9 ils \\u00e9taient tortur\\u00e9s. La\n        tr\\u00e8s grande majorit\\u00e9 n''y a pas surv\\u00e9cu. \\u00c0 cette occasion,\n        les le\\u00e7ons transmises par des fran\\u00e7ais sur la [[bataille d''Alger]]\n        sont mises en pratique[[Marie-Monique Robin]] dans ''''[[Escadrons de\n        la mort, l''\\u00e9cole fran\\u00e7aise]]''''.\\n\\nEn mars 1976, un coup\n        d''\\u00c9tat dirig\\u00e9 par une junte de militaires ([[Jorge Rafael Videla|Jorge\n        Videla]], etc.) renverse la troisi\\u00e8me femme de P\\u00e9ron, [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]], ancienne vice-pr\\u00e9sident de son \\u00e9poux, et sa veuve\n        depuis 1974. La [[Comisi\\u00f3n Nacional sobre la Desaparici\\u00f3n de Personas|CONADEP]]\n        -Commission nationale sur la disparition des personnes, fond\\u00e9e par le\n        gouvernement d\\u00e9mocratique de Ra\\u00fal R. [[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn|Alfons\\u00edn]],\n        a estim\\u00e9 que la r\\u00e9pression militaire a fait un peu moins de {{unit\\u00e9|10000|victimes}},\n        dans la majorit\\u00e9 des \\u00ab [[d\\u00e9tenus disparus|disparus]] \\u00bb.\n        \\n\\u00c9tant donn\\u00e9 que l''appui aux mouvements de gu\\u00e9rilla dans\n        tout le continent est soutenu, coordonn\\u00e9 et dirig\\u00e9 depuis [[Cuba]],\n        Buenos Aires participe avec d''autres pays \\u00e0 l\\u2019[[op\\u00e9ration\n        Condor]] (de coordination contre la subversion), et de nombreux [[Droit d''asile|r\\u00e9fugi\\u00e9s\n        politiques]] et des \\u00ab\\u00a0subversives\\u00a0\\u00bb enfuis de pays voisins\n        sont assassin\\u00e9s par le biais des services secrets ou d''escadrons de\n        la mort (la [[Alliance anticommuniste argentine|Triple A]]). Il est \\u00e0\n        noter que cette [[Alliance anticommuniste argentine|Triple A]] a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9e en 1974 durant le gouvernement constitutionnel de Madame la\n        veuve Peron et a commenc\\u00e9 son travail depuis cette ann\\u00e9e. L''ambassade\n        [[\\u00c9tats-Unis|am\\u00e9ricaine]] est souvent au courantLe journaliste\n        John Dinges affirme dans son livre-r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence sur Condor qu''\\u00e0\n        la fois le FBI et la CIA \\u00e9taient au courant de l''arrestation de deux\n        diplomates cubains, de 22 et 26 ans, par la [[Secretar\\u00eda de Inteligencia|SIDE]]\n        argentine. Tortur\\u00e9s dans le centre Orletti, les Cubains ont aussi \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        interrog\\u00e9s par [[Michael Townley]], ex-agent de la CIA qui travaillait\n        d\\u00e9sormais pour la [[Direction nationale du renseignement|DINA]] chilienne.\n        Townley a par la suite \\u00e9t\\u00e9 condamn\\u00e9 pour l''assassinat de l''ex-ministre\n        de [[Salvador Allende]], [[Orlando Letelier]], \\u00e0 Washington en septembre\n        1976..\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Dictature militaire en Argentine\n        (1976-1983)}}\\n\\n=== Guerre des Malouines et transition d\\u00e9mocratique\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Carlos menem.jpg|left|150px|thumb|[[Carlos Menem]], pr\\u00e9sident\n        de [[1989]] \\u00e0 [[1999]].]]\\n[[Fichier:TierraDelFuego1.PNG|thumb|150px|Carte\n        de l''Argentine avec les [[\\u00eeles Malouines]] (\\u00e0 droite sur l''image)]]\\nAfin\n        de relancer sa popularit\\u00e9, la junte de Buenos Aires, dirig\\u00e9e depuis\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1981 par [[Leopoldo Galtieri]], l\\u2019un des plus \\u00ab durs\n        \\u00bb, d\\u00e9cide d\\u2019envahir les [[\\u00eeles Malouines]] en 1982, provoquant\n        ainsi la [[guerre des Malouines]] contre le Royaume-Uni, alors dirig\\u00e9\n        par [[Margaret Thatcher]]. En raison de son [[anticommunisme]] visc\\u00e9ral\n        et de la mise en place de l\\u2019[[op\\u00e9ration Charly]] (pendant laquelle\n        les services argentins ont transmis \\u00e0 leurs homologues d\\u2019Am\\u00e9rique\n        centrale les techniques de la guerre sale : [[escadron de la mort|escadrons\n        de la mort]], torture syst\\u00e9matique contre la population civile afin de\n        la d\\u00e9moraliser, [[vols de la mort]], etc.), Buenos Aires semblait penser\n        pouvoir compter, \\u00e0 tort, sur le soutien de [[Ronald Reagan]], nouvellement\n        \\u00e9lu.\\n\\nLa d\\u00e9faite lors de la guerre des Malouines pr\\u00e9cipite\n        la chute du r\\u00e9gime et une lente transition d\\u00e9mocratique.\\n\\n[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]] (1983-1989) fut le symbole m\\u00eame du retour \\u00e0 la d\\u00e9mocratie\n        en R\\u00e9publique argentine. Dans les premiers jours de son mandat, en 1983,\n        il abroge l\\u2019amnistie d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e avant que les forces arm\\u00e9es\n        ne perdent le pouvoir et demande de poursuivre neuf dirigeants de la junte\n        militaire. Il nomme en m\\u00eame temps une commission nationale sur la disparition\n        des personnes et en choisit les membres : dix citoyens de premier plan, connus\n        pour leur r\\u00f4le dans la d\\u00e9fense des droits de l\\u2019Homme. Aux yeux\n        du monde \\u00e9clate la cruaut\\u00e9 des crimes de la junte militaire argentine\n        : quelque {{unit\\u00e9|10000|personnes}} tortur\\u00e9es puis ex\\u00e9cut\\u00e9es\n        clandestinement.\\n\\nMais si les principaux responsables de violations des\n        droits de l''Homme durant le r\\u00e9gime militaire seront jug\\u00e9s et condamn\\u00e9s,\n        la pression de l''establishment militaire va forcer Alfonsin \\u00e0 c\\u00e9der\n        aux revendications des militaires. Trois ans plus tard, son gouvernement emp\\u00eache\n        le jugement de nombreux autres responsables, en instaurant les lois de pardon\n        ''''Punto Final'''' et ''''Obediencia Debida''''. La premi\\u00e8re prescrit\n        les proc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 venir et la seconde accorde l''amnistie aux officiers\n        subalternes, responsables d''atrocit\\u00e9s commises sous les ordres des chefs\n        des forces arm\\u00e9es.\\nDepuis lors, plusieurs pr\\u00e9sidents se sont succ\\u00e9d\\u00e9\n        : [[Carlos Menem]] (1989-1999), [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]] (1999-2001). Des\n        lois d''amnistie sont vot\\u00e9es sous Menem, notamment en raison de la r\\u00e9bellion\n        de secteurs d\\u2019extr\\u00eame droite dans l''arm\\u00e9e (les [[Carapintadas]],\n        qui tentent plusieurs coups d\\u2019\\u00c9tat \\u00e0 la fin des ann\\u00e9es\n        1980). Un proc\\u00e8s durant lequel comparaissent les principaux responsables\n        de la junte, ainsi que des Montoneros, se tient n\\u00e9anmoins en 1985 : c''est\n        le Proc\\u00e8s des Juntes (''''Juicio a las Juntas'''').\\n\\nLa d\\u00e9cennie\n        Menem est marqu\\u00e9e par une [[lib\\u00e9ralisation \\u00e9conomique|lib\\u00e9ralisation\n        de l''\\u00e9conomie]], menant \\u00e0 la modernisation de la plus grande partie\n        du pays, \\u00e0 l''enrichissement d''une part importante de la population,\n        mais aussi \\u00e0 l''apparition de groupes contestataires, les ''''piqueteros'''',\n        qui deviendront c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres apr\\u00e8s la [[Crise \\u00e9conomique argentine|crise\n        \\u00e9conomique]] de la fin des ann\\u00e9es 1990. En effet, de [[1990]] \\u00e0\n        [[1998]] se produit le miracle argentin, caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9 par un lib\\u00e9ralisme\n        radical (alignement du [[Peso argentin|peso]] sur le [[dollar]], [[privatisation]]s,\n        r\\u00e9formes \\u00e9conomiques et sociales) qui eut pour effet une croissance\n        \\u00e9conomique exponentielle, se traduisant par un enrichissement et une\n        modernisation jamais vus dans le pays. Le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]]\n        aida beaucoup l''Argentine \\u00e0 se d\\u00e9velopper durant cette p\\u00e9riode.\n        La consommation a augment\\u00e9 consid\\u00e9rablement, et les Argentins ont\n        alors pu acc\\u00e9der aux m\\u00eames biens mat\\u00e9riels que les Europ\\u00e9ens\n        ; l''[[Internet]], la [[t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie mobile]], l''[[\\u00c9lectrom\\u00e9nager|\\u00e9lectro-m\\u00e9nager]]\n        moderne, etc. Cependant, ce lib\\u00e9ralisme ne profita pas \\u00e0 toute la\n        population. Les laiss\\u00e9s-pour-compte du miracle \\u00e9conomique repr\\u00e9sentaient\n        une part non n\\u00e9gligeable dans l''Argentine des [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]] :\n        18 % de ch\\u00f4meurs en [[1996]].\\n\\n=== Crise de 2001 ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Crise\n        \\u00e9conomique argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Evolution of the Argentine GNP, 1999-2004.png|thumb|150px|[[R\\u00e9cession\n        (\\u00e9conomie)|R\\u00e9cession \\u00e9conomique]] puis reprise de la croissance\n        du [[Produit national brut|PNB]]]]\\n\\n[[Fichier:Monthly inflation in Argentina,\n        2002.png|thumb|150px|left|[[Inflation]] mensuelle de l''Argentine en 2002]]\\n[[Fichier:Duhalde23012007.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Eduardo\n        Duhalde]]]]\\n\\nLe choix de cr\\u00e9er dans les ann\\u00e9es 1990 une [[caisse\n        d''\\u00e9mission]] mon\\u00e9taire li\\u00e9e strictement au dollar, avait eu\n        pour cons\\u00e9quence, lors de la hausse massive de celui-ci \\u00e0 la fin\n        des ann\\u00e9es 1990, de provoquer un arr\\u00eat brusque des exportations\n        argentines. Le Br\\u00e9sil avait d\\u00e9valu\\u00e9 fortement sa monnaie et\n        l''Argentine, son principal partenaire commercial, s''\\u00e9tait retrouv\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 sec de devises. Cette situation avait engendr\\u00e9 une fuite de capitaux\n        massive pendant les mois d''ao\\u00fbt, septembre et octobre. La crise est\n        partiellement jugul\\u00e9e par un contr\\u00f4le draconien des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts\n        bancaires, appel\\u00e9 ''''[[Corralito]]'''', bas\\u00e9 sur l''obligation\n        d''effectuer toutes les op\\u00e9rations financi\\u00e8res \\u00e0 travers les\n        banques et la restriction des retraits d''argent en num\\u00e9raire. Le gros\n        de la population n''\\u00e9tant pas bancaris\\u00e9, la perception des r\\u00e9mun\\u00e9rations\n        et salaires devient un v\\u00e9ritable casse-t\\u00eate, ce qui provoque une\n        aggravation radicale de la crise en d\\u00e9cembre 2001, provoquant un v\\u00e9ritable\n        chaos social, et des \\u00e9meutes des classes sociales les plus appauvries\n        par la crise. La r\\u00e9pression cause 31 morts, le ministre des Finances\n        est relev\\u00e9 de ses fonctions, mais cela ne suffit pas et le pr\\u00e9sident\n        signifie sa d\\u00e9mission en s''enfuyant du palais du Gouvernement en h\\u00e9licopt\\u00e8re.\n        Le gouvernement, le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]] et la parit\\u00e9\n        entre le [[Peso argentin|peso]] et le [[dollar am\\u00e9ricain]] sont les th\\u00e8mes\n        les plus critiqu\\u00e9s.\\n\\nEn dix jours, quatre pr\\u00e9sidents se succ\\u00e8dent\n        (Cama\\u00f1o, Rodriguez Saa, Puerta, Duhalde), le gouvernement argentin se\n        d\\u00e9clare en \\u00e9tat de cessation de paiement, abroge la loi consacrant\n        l''intangibilit\\u00e9 des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts bancaires (ce qui provoque l\\u2019\\u00e9vaporation\n        des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts des classes moyennes qui en avaient mais ne les avaient\n        pas transf\\u00e9r\\u00e9s) et, donc, par un approfondissement de la crise \\u00e9conomique.\n        Le {{date|6|janvier|2002}}, le nouveau gouvernement proc\\u00e8de \\u00e0 un\n        gel total des avoirs bancaires, appel\\u00e9 ''''Corral\\u00f3n'''', et une\n        [[d\\u00e9valuation]] officielle du [[Peso argentin|peso]] de 28 % par rapport\n        au [[Dollar am\\u00e9ricain|dollar]], tandis que dans la rue le dollar se change\n        \\u00e0 1,60 [[Peso argentin|peso]] pour atteindre tr\\u00e8s vite plus de 3\n        [[Peso argentin|pesos]]Cf. ''''M\\u00e9moire d''un saccage, Argentine,\n        le hold-up du si\\u00e8cle'''' - de [[Fernando Ezequiel Solanas|Fernando E.\n        Solanas]] (2004).\\n\\nLe monde entier a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 surpris par les\n        \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements de d\\u00e9cembre 2001. Les m\\u00e9dias ont montr\\u00e9\n        un pays caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9 par les pillages de magasins et les concerts\n        de casseroles des classes moyennes. Mais ces repr\\u00e9sentations sont simplistes\n        et plus que subjectives. Les \\u00e9meutes et les mobilisations ne sont pas\n        n\\u00e9es \\u00e0 la fin de l''ann\\u00e9e 2001. D\\u00e8s 1989, une vague de\n        saccages de magasins a eu lieu, cons\\u00e9quence de l''hyperinflation. En\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1993, le pays a connu des r\\u00e9voltes, notamment \\u00e0 Santiago\n        del Estero. En 1996, les premiers piqueteros \\u00e9tablissaient des barrages\n        \\u00e0 Cutral-Co, dans la province de Neuquen. Mais les m\\u00e9dias n''avaient\n        laiss\\u00e9 que tr\\u00e8s peu de visibilit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 ces mouvements.\\n\\nLes\n        protestations de d\\u00e9cembre 2001 doivent \\u00eatre analys\\u00e9es en tenant\n        compte des changements que le r\\u00e9pertoire de l''action collective a connus\n        ces derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es en Argentine. Comme l''a expliqu\\u00e9 Javier\n        Ayuero, \\u00ab loin d''\\u00eatre l''explosion d''une citoyennet\\u00e9 paraissant\n        jusqu''alors repli\\u00e9e sur elle-m\\u00eame et incapable d''exprimer son\n        m\\u00e9contentement, le mois de d\\u00e9cembre 2001 repr\\u00e9sente plut\\u00f4t\n        le point le plus critique d''un processus de mobilisation populaire datant\n        environ d''une dizaine d''ann\\u00e9es \\u00bb{{es}} \\u00ab Fuegos y barricadas.\n        Retratos de la beligerancia en la Argentina democratica \\u00bb, in Nueva Sociadad,\n        \\u00ab Argentina, fin del sue\\u00f1o \\u00bb, Caracas, mai-juin 2002, {{num\\u00e9ro|179}},\n        {{p.}}144).\\n\\n[[Eduardo Duhalde]] demeure pr\\u00e9sident de l''Argentine\n        entre janvier 2002 et mai 2003 o\\u00f9 il met fin \\u00e0 la parit\\u00e9 entre\n        le peso argentin et le dollar am\\u00e9ricain et met en place un plan \\u00e9conomique\n        productiviste. Il appelle \\u00e0 des \\u00e9lections pr\\u00e9sidentielles anticip\\u00e9es\n        en avril 2003 o\\u00f9 il soutient le candidat p\\u00e9roniste de centre gauche\n        [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]. Ce dernier est \\u00e9lu par d\\u00e9faut \\u00e0 la\n        suite du retrait de [[Carlos Menem]] au second tour.\\n\\n=== Gouvernement Kirchner\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Cristinakirchnermensaje2010.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Cristina\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], pr\\u00e9sidente de l''Argentine de [[2007]]\n        \\u00e0 [[2015]].]]\\n[[Fichier:N\\u00e9stor Kirchner y Roberto Lavagna-Buenos\n        Aires-23 de agosto de 2004.jpg|[[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]] et Roberto Lavagna.|thumb|150px]]\\n[[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] exerce la fonction de pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique argentine\n        de 2003 \\u00e0 2007. Il ren\\u00e9gocie la dette du pays en 2005 (il refuse\n        le remboursement de trois quarts des 100 milliards de dollars de dette ext\\u00e9rieure).\n        Il g\\u00e8le les tarifs \\u00e9nerg\\u00e9tiques et du transport, et taxe tr\\u00e8s\n        fortement les importations{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire|, il relance\n        l\\u2019activit\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique (+ 50 % en cinq ans) soutenue par\n        les d\\u00e9penses publiques, et double la masse salariale (de 2003 \\u00e0\n        2007)}}. Nestor Kirchner est d\\u00e9c\\u00e9d\\u00e9 en 2010 d''une crise cardiaque.\\n\\nSon\n        \\u00e9pouse, [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], \\u00e9lue au premier\n        tour le 28 octobre 2007 lui succ\\u00e8de le {{date|10|d\\u00e9cembre|2007}}.\n        En 2008 la pr\\u00e9sidente est confront\\u00e9e \\u00e0 un lourd conflit social\n        l''opposant aux agriculteurs et relatif, notamment, au niveau des taxes sur\n        les exportations de [[soja]]. Les agriculteurs argentins ont engag\\u00e9 une\n        gr\\u00e8ve d''ampleur de commercialisation des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales[http://www.lemonde.fr/\n        Le Monde], \\u00e9dition du 17 juin 2008, ''''L''interpellation d''agriculteurs\n        relance la fronde des campagnes argentines''''.\\n\\nEn 2015, [[Mauricio\n        Macri]] est \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident.\\n\\n== Politique et administration ==\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Politique en Argentine}}\\n\\n=== R\\u00e9partition des pouvoirs\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires-Plaza Congreso-Pensador de Rodin.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Place\n        du [[Palais du Congr\\u00e8s de la Nation Argentine]]]]\\n[[Fichier:Constituci\\u00f3n\n        Nacional Argentina 1853 - p\\u00e1gina 1.jpeg|thumb|150px|Premi\\u00e8re page\n        de la Constitution]]\\nL''Argentine a un r\\u00e9gime pr\\u00e9sidentiel dans\n        une r\\u00e9publique f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale. La [[Constitution argentine de 1853]],\n        r\\u00e9vis\\u00e9e en 1860, 1866, 1898, 1957 et 1994 dispose que le mandat\n        pr\\u00e9sidentiel est de quatre ans (renouvelable deux fois). Il y a possibilit\\u00e9\n        de r\\u00e9\\u00e9lection, mais il faut laisser passer 4 ans. Le pr\\u00e9sident\n        devait \\u00eatre de religion catholique jusqu''en 1994 : [[Carlos Menem]],\n        d''origine syrienne et de confession musulmane d\\u00fbt se convertir au [[catholicisme]]\n        pour \\u00eatre \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident.\\n\\n\\u00c9lu au suffrage universel,\n        le pr\\u00e9sident est \\u00e0 la fois \\u00e0 la t\\u00eate de l''\\u00c9tat et\n        \\u00e0 la t\\u00eate du gouvernement, le pr\\u00e9sident actuel est [[Mauricio\n        Macri]].\\n\\nLa Constitution garantit la s\\u00e9paration des pouvoirs entre\n        l''ex\\u00e9cutif, le l\\u00e9gislatif et le judiciaire. L''ex\\u00e9cutif est\n        confi\\u00e9 au pr\\u00e9sident, le l\\u00e9gislatif au Parlement et le judiciaire\n        \\u00e0 la Cour supr\\u00eame d''Argentine compos\\u00e9e de sept membres.\\n\\nLe\n        Parlement est compos\\u00e9 de deux chambres :\\n* Le [[S\\u00e9nat (Argentine)|S\\u00e9nat]]\n        : 72 membres (3 s\\u00e9nateurs par provinces) \\u00e9lus pour six ans.\\n* La\n        [[Chambre des d\\u00e9put\\u00e9s d''Argentine]] : 257 membres \\u00e9lus au\n        suffrage universel, renouvelables par moiti\\u00e9 tous les deux ans. Un tiers\n        des candidats doit \\u00eatre f\\u00e9minin.\\n\\nLa justice nationale est compos\\u00e9e\n        de diff\\u00e9rents tribunaux, dont le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 est la Cour Supr\\u00eame.\\n\\n===\n        Provinces ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Provinces de l''Argentine|Villes\n        d''Argentine}}\\nConform\\u00e9ment \\u00e0 la [[Constitution de l''Argentine|constitution\n        de 1853]], r\\u00e9vis\\u00e9e en 1994, l\\u2019Argentine est une [[r\\u00e9publique]]\n        [[\\u00c9tat f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]] organis\\u00e9e en 23 provinces/\\u00e9tats\n        (qui sont des \\u00c9tats f\\u00e9d\\u00e9r\\u00e9s, dirig\\u00e9s par des [[gouverneur]]s\n        \\u00e9lus) et une cit\\u00e9 autonome \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e en district f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral\n        : [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, capitale f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]] qui a un statut\n        sp\\u00e9cial. Les 23 provinces sont les suivantes.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\"\n        style=\\\"float: auto; text-align:right; font-size:90%; width:60%; font-family:Verdana,\n        Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background:F5F5F5; \\\"\\n|- align=center style=\\\"background:lavender;\n        font-weight:bold;\\\" \\n ! !! Province !! Capitale !! !! Province !! Capitale\n        \\n|- \\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Bandera de\n        la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        align=left colspan=\\\"2\\\" |''''''[[Buenos Aires|Ville f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale de\n        Buenos Aires]]''''''|| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Mendoza Province, Argentina.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Mendoza|Mendoza]]'''''' || align=left| [[Mendoza (ville)|Mendoza]]\n        \\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        align=left |''''''[[Province de Buenos Aires|Province 
de Buenos Aires]]''''''\n        || align=left | [[La Plata]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Misiones.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Misiones|Misiones]]'''''' || align=left| [[Posadas (Argentine)|Posadas]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Stemma\n        catamarca.gif|30px]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" align=left |''''''[[Province\n        de Catamarca|Catamarca]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Fernando del Valle de\n        Catamarca|San Fdo. del Valle
 de Catamarca]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Neuquen province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Neuqu\\u00e9n (ville)|Neuqu\\u00e9n]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Chaco province in Argentina 2007.jpg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province du Chaco|Chaco]]'''''' || align=left| [[Resistencia]] ||\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of R\\u00edo Negro\n        Province.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province\n        de R\\u00edo Negro|R\\u00edo Negro]]'''''' || align=left| [[Viedma]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of chubut province in argentina - bandera de chubut.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Chubut|Chubut]]'''''' ||\n        align=left| [[Rawson]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Bandera\n        de la Provincia de Salta.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Salta|Salta]]'''''' || align=left| [[Salta]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Cordoba Province in Argentina.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:San luis prov arg.png|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de San Luis|San Luis]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Luis (Argentine)|San\n        Luis]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Corrientes province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Corrientes (ville)|Corrientes]]|| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of San Juan province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de San Juan|San Juan]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[San Juan (Argentine)|San Juan]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|- \\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Entre R\\u00edos.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province d''Entre R\\u00edos|Entre R\\u00edos]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[Paran\\u00e1 (Argentine)|Paran\\u00e1]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Santa Cruz province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[R\\u00edo Gallegos]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Formosa.svg|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Formosa|Formosa]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Formosa (ville)|Formosa]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Santa Fe province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Santa Fe (Argentine)|Santa Fe]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Jujuy province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Jujuy|Jujuy]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Salvador de\n        Jujuy|San Salvador
 de Jujuy]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero.svg|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Santiago del Estero (province)|Santiago\n        
del Estero]]'''''' || align=left| [[Santiago del Estero (ville)|Santiago\n        
del Estero]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of La Pampa province.png|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de La Pampa|La\n        Pampa]]'''''' || align=left| [[Santa Rosa (Argentine)|Santa Rosa]] || align=center\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Tierra del Fuego province\n        in Argentina.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Terre de Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique Sud]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Ushua\\u00efa]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of La Rioja province\n        in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de La Rioja (Argentine)|La Rioja]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[La Rioja (Argentine)|La Rioja]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera tucuman.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Tucum\\u00e1n|Tucum\\u00e1n]]'''''' || align=left| [[San\n        Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n|San Miguel
 de Tucum\\u00e1n]] \\n |}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Argentina\n        - Map - Provinces with names.png|thumb|150px|D\\u00e9coupage de l''Argentine\n        en provinces]]\\nLes provinces ont de fait tous les pouvoirs qui n\\u2019ont\n        pas \\u00e9t\\u00e9 d\\u00e9l\\u00e9gu\\u00e9s express\\u00e9ment au gouvernement\n        f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral. Elles sont charg\\u00e9es d\\u2019administrer la justice\n        et l\\u2019\\u00e9ducation primaire. Elles s\\u2019organisent comme elles l\\u2019entendent\n        en \\u00e9lisant leurs pouvoirs ex\\u00e9cutif et l\\u00e9gislatif. Les provinces\n        peuvent r\\u00e9gler entre elles toutes sortes d\\u2019accords de type judiciaire,\n        \\u00e9conomique ou social. Le pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif national a seulement le\n        pouvoir d\\u2019intervenir afin d\\u2019assurer la forme r\\u00e9publicaine du\n        gouvernement et de repousser les invasions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res.\\nLa majorit\\u00e9\n        des provinces du centre et du nord du pays sont ant\\u00e9rieures \\u00e0 l\\u2019existence\n        de l\\u2019Argentine comme \\u00c9tat f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral, cependant des provinces\n        avec une grande pr\\u00e9sence aborig\\u00e8ne ou une faible population (comme\n        le sont au nord : [[Province du Chaco|Chaco]], [[Province de Formosa|Formosa]]\n        et [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]] ; et la grande partie sud du pays : [[Province\n        de La Pampa|La Pampa]], [[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]], [[Province\n        de R\\u00edo Negro|Rio Negro]], [[Province de Chubut|Chubut]], [[Province de\n        Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]], la [[Terre de Feu]], le territoire argentin en [[Antarctique]]\n        et les \\u00eeles de l\\u2019Atlantique sud) \\u00e9taient \\u00e0 une \\u00e9poque\n        des \\u00ab territoires nationaux \\u00bb d\\u00e9pendant du gouvernement f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral.\n        En devenant des provinces, elles acquirent le m\\u00eame statut administratif\n        que celles qui existaient d\\u00e9j\\u00e0.\\n\\nLes derniers territoires \\u00e0\n        changer de statut furent la [[Terre de Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique\n        Sud]] qui furent regroup\\u00e9s pour devenir une m\\u00eame et unique province\n        en [[1991]], en d\\u00e9pit du fait que la d\\u00e9finition de cette province\n        contient des territoires contest\\u00e9s en Antarctique (avec le Chili et le\n        Royaume-Uni) et du fait que l\\u2019Argentine a ratifi\\u00e9 le trait\\u00e9\n        sur l\\u2019Antarctique qui a gel\\u00e9 les pr\\u00e9tentions territoriales,\n        et les \\u00eeles de l\\u2019Atlantique sud sont reconnues internationalement\n        comme parties du Royaume-Uni (\\u00e0 l\\u2019exception des \\u00eeles Shetland\n        du Sud int\\u00e9gr\\u00e9es au trait\\u00e9 sur l\\u2019Antarctique), seul le\n        litige de souverainet\\u00e9 concernant le partage de la Terre de Feu ayant\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9 r\\u00e9solu (par un trait\\u00e9 international sign\\u00e9 avec\n        le Chili).\\n\\nUn des anciens ''''territoires nationaux'''', le territoire\n        des Andes, ne parvint jamais \\u00e0 se convertir en province. Il fut form\\u00e9\n        en 1900 et couvrait alors la totalit\\u00e9 de la [[Puna]] du nord-ouest du\n        pays, mais, en raison d''un d\\u00e9veloppement et d''une population tr\\u00e8s\n        faibles, il fut dissous en [[1943]], les territoires \\u00e9tant alors incorpor\\u00e9s\n        aux provinces de Jujuy, Salta et Catamarca.\\n\\n\\nPerito Moreno Glacier\n        Patagonia Argentina Luca Galuzzi 2005.JPG|Perito Moreno Glacier, [[province\n        de Santa Cruz]], Patagonie argentine\\nVi\\u00f1edoCafayate.jpg|Cafayate, [[province\n        de Salta]].\\n\\n\\n=== Relations internationales ===\\n[[Fichier:Flag\n        of Mercosur.svg|150px|thumb|Drapeau du Mercosur]]\\n[[Fichier:SACN member states.jpg|thumb|150px|Carte\n        des \\u00c9tats membres de l''[[Union des nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines|Union\n        des Nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines]]]]\\n\\nL''Argentine est membre permanent\n        du [[March\\u00e9 commun du Sud|Mercosur]] (communaut\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique\n        des pays de l''Am\\u00e9rique du Sud) avec le [[Br\\u00e9sil]], le [[Paraguay]],\n        l''[[Uruguay]] et le [[Venezuela]]; cinq autres pays y sont associ\\u00e9s\n        : la [[Bolivie]], le [[Chili]], le [[P\\u00e9rou]], la [[Colombie]] et l''[[\\u00c9quateur\n        (pays)|\\u00c9quateur]]{{es}}http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/portal%20intermediario/es/index.htm\n        Portail officiel du Mercosur..\\n\\nL''Argentine fut le seul pays d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        du Sud \\u00e0 avoir pris part \\u00e0 la [[Guerre du Golfe (1990-1991)|premi\\u00e8re\n        guerre du Golfe]] en [[1991]], mandat\\u00e9e par l''[[Organisation des Nations\n        unies|ONU]]{{en}} http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/facts/gulfwar/\n        R\\u00e9sum\\u00e9 des faits sur la premi\\u00e8re guerre du Golfe, dix ans apr\\u00e8s,\n        CNN, 2001.. Elle fut \\u00e9galement le seul pays latin \\u00e0 participer\n        \\u00e0 l''op\\u00e9ration d\\u00e9mocratique \\u00e0 [[Ha\\u00efti]] en [[1994]]-[[1995|95]]http://www.nato.int/docu/revue/1999/9901-02.htm\n        L\\u2019Argentine partenaire sud-atlantique de l\\u2019OTAN, fiche de documentation,\n        OTAN, 1999.. Enfin, elle s''engagea dans la [[force de maintien de la\n        paix des Nations unies]] (''''Casques bleus'''')http://www.senat.fr/rap/l98-289/l98-2893.html\n        Rapport sur les op\\u00e9rations de maintien de la paix par les Casques bleus\n        des Nations unies, S\\u00e9nat fran\\u00e7ais, 1998. \\u00e0 travers le\n        monde dont les conflits concernant [[Salvador]]-[[Honduras]]-[[Guatemala]]-[[Nicaragua]],\n        [[\\u00c9quateur (pays)|\\u00c9quateur]]-[[P\\u00e9rou]], le [[Sahara occidental]],\n        l\\u2019[[Angola]], le [[Kowe\\u00eft]], [[Chypre (pays)|Chypre]], la [[Croatie]],\n        le [[Kosovo]], la [[Bosnie-Herz\\u00e9govine]] ou le [[Timor oriental]].\\n\\nEn\n        {{date||janvier|1998}}, en reconnaissance de ses contributions \\u00e0 la s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9\n        internationale, le pr\\u00e9sident des [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]] [[Bill Clinton]]\n        d\\u00e9signa l\\u2019Argentine comme l''un des alli\\u00e9s majeurs hors-[[Organisation\n        du trait\\u00e9 de l''Atlantique nord|OTAN]]{{en}} http://www.ciponline.org/facts/mnna.htm\n        Les alli\\u00e9s majeurs hors-OTAN (''''Major Non-NATO Allies''''), information\n        du Center for International Policy, \\u00c9tats-Unis.. En [[2005]], l''Argentine\n        fut membre temporaire du [[Conseil de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9 des Nations unies]]http://www.un.org/french/sc/searchres_sc_members_french.asp?sc_members=9\n        Page d\\u2019information sur les membres du Conseil de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9,\n        ONU..\\n\\nEn [[1993]], l''Argentine lan\\u00e7a l''initiative des casques\n        blancs des Nations unies sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9s dans l''[[aide humanitaire]]http://citron-vert.info/spip.php?article595\n        L\\u2019Argentine engage des casques blancs dans l\\u2019aide humanitaire des\n        Nations unies, citron-vert.info..\\n\\nDepuis [[2004]], les relations\n        habituellement cordiales entre l''Argentine et l''[[Uruguay]] se sont progressivement\n        d\\u00e9grad\\u00e9es \\u00e0 cause de la construction en Uruguay de deux grandes\n        usines de fabrication de cellulose, sur les rives du [[rio Uruguay]] qui marque\n        la fronti\\u00e8re entre les deux pays. Ce contentieux est surnomm\\u00e9 en\n        France la \\u00ab [[guerre du papier]] \\u00bb. L''Argentine met en avant les\n        d\\u00e9g\\u00e2ts \\u00e9cologiques que subirait le fleuve. La pol\\u00e9mique\n        fut aliment\\u00e9e par une escalade de d\\u00e9clarations de la part des deux\n        \\u00c9tats, l''Argentine portant l''affaire devant la [[Cour internationale\n        de justice|CIJ]] en mai [[2006]], puis l''Uruguay lui embo\\u00eetant le pas\n        en novembre 2006. Des blocus routiers en Argentine ont emp\\u00each\\u00e9 l''approvisionnement\n        en mat\\u00e9riaux de construction depuis le [[Chili]], aggravant la situationhttp://risal.collectifs.net/spip.php?article2028\n        RISAL : la militarisation de la guerre du papier.{{,}}http://www.alternatives.ca/article2820.html\n        La \\u00ab guerre du papier \\u00bb. Les relations \\u00e9conomiques et\n        sociales entre les deux pays se sont am\\u00e9lior\\u00e9es en 2007.\\n\\nDouze\n        pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] ont sign\\u00e9 le {{date|8|d\\u00e9cembre|2004}}\n        la [[Union des nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines|D\\u00e9claration de Cuzco]] visant\n        \\u00e0 la r\\u00e9union du [[March\\u00e9 commun du Sud|Mercosur]], de la [[Communaut\\u00e9\n        andine des Nations|Communaut\\u00e9 andine]] et du [[Chili]], de la [[Guyana]]\n        et du [[Suriname]] en une seule communaut\\u00e9 supranationale, la Communaut\\u00e9\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaine des nations (CSN), sur le mod\\u00e8le de l''[[Union europ\\u00e9enne]].\n        Cela est devenu UNASUR (Union des Nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines) lors du premier\n        sommet \\u00e9nerg\\u00e9tique sud-am\\u00e9ricain organis\\u00e9 au Venezuela\n        \\u00e0 la mi-avril [[2007]].\\n\\nOutre une communaut\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique,\n        le projet inclut \\u00e0 terme :\\n* une monnaie commune ;\\n* une citoyennet\\u00e9\n        et un passeport commun ;\\n* un parlement commun.\\n\\nCe projet a pris naissance\n        dans un contexte d''opposition au [[Zone de libre-\\u00e9change des Am\\u00e9riques|ZLEA]],\n        \\u00ab Initiatives pour les Am\\u00e9riques \\u00bb, lanc\\u00e9 par [[George\n        H. W. Bush|George Bush]] en [[1990]] puis concr\\u00e9tis\\u00e9 en [[1994]]\n        au [[Sommet des Am\\u00e9riques]], et donc dans un contexte d''opposition \\u00e0\n        l''ing\\u00e9rence nord-am\\u00e9ricaine dans les affaires politiques et \\u00e9conomiques\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaines.\\n\\nEn [[2005]], la ville de [[Mar del Plata]] a accueilli\n        le quatri\\u00e8me [[sommet des Am\\u00e9riques]]http://www.alternatives.ca/article2185.html\n        Le quatri\\u00e8me sommet des Am\\u00e9riques, www.alternatives.ca, marqu\\u00e9\n        par de nombreuses protestations anti-UShttp://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article3515\n        Protestations anti-US au quatri\\u00e8me sommet des Am\\u00e9riques, www.alterpresse.org.\n        Si bien que l''ann\\u00e9e suivante, elle mit sa priorit\\u00e9 dans les initiatives\n        r\\u00e9gionales telles que le Mercosur ou la [[Banque du Sud]] apr\\u00e8s\n        une d\\u00e9cennie de partenariat avec les [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]].\\n\\nEn contentieux\n        avec le [[Royaume-Uni]], l''Argentine r\\u00e9clame la souverainet\\u00e9 des\n        [[\\u00eeles Malouines]]http://www.droitpublic.net/spip.php?article1262\n        L\\u2019argentine r\\u00e9clame au Royaume-Uni la souverainet\\u00e9 des Malouines,\n        droitpublic.net, de la [[G\\u00e9orgie du Sud]], des [[\\u00eeles Sandwich\n        du Sud]]http://www2.univ-lille2.fr/droit/enseignants/lavenue/coursstev/stev4.html\n        Les espaces non soumis \\u00e0 souverainet\\u00e9, cours de droit international,\n        universit\\u00e9 Lille-2. et des [[\\u00eeles Shetland du Sud]] (ces derni\\u00e8res\n        \\u00e9galement revendiqu\\u00e9es par le [[Chili]] mais les pr\\u00e9tentions\n        des trois pays sont gel\\u00e9es depuis la signature du trait\\u00e9 de l\\u2019Antarctique)\n        et d''environ 1 million de kilom\\u00e8tres carr\\u00e9s du continent [[Antarctique]]http://www.mfe.org/Default.aspx?SID=569\n        Fiche d\\u2019information sur l\\u2019Argentine, Maison des Fran\\u00e7ais de\n        l\\u2019\\u00c9tranger, minist\\u00e8re fran\\u00e7ais des Affaires \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res\n        et europ\\u00e9ennes.. Un autre sujet de discorde est la fronti\\u00e8re\n        avec le [[Chili]], en particulier au sujet du trac\\u00e9 de la fronti\\u00e8re\n        extr\\u00eame sud en [[Terre de Feu]], un trait\\u00e9 fut sign\\u00e9 en [[1984]]\n        entre les deux pays au [[Vatican]]{{es}} http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Paz_y_Amistad_entre_Argentina_y_Chile_de_1984\n        Trait\\u00e9 de paix et d\\u2019armistice entre l\\u2019Argentine et le Chili,\n        WikiSource.org.\\n\\nEnfin, l''Argentine fut l''un des signataires initiaux\n        du [[Trait\\u00e9 sur l''Antarctique]]http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/amsudant/R-U-Arctique.htm\n        Signataires du Trait\\u00e9 de l\\u2019Antarctique, Universit\\u00e9 Laval, Qu\\u00e9bec,\n        Canada.\\n\\n\\n\\n== Population et soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 ==\\n=== D\\u00e9mographie\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|D\\u00e9mographie de l''Argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Argentina-demography.png|left|thumb|\\u00c9volution\n        d\\u00e9mographique entre 1961 et 2003 (chiffre de la [[Organisation des Nations\n        unies pour l''alimentation et l''agriculture|FAO]], 2005). Population en milliers\n        d''habitants.]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires D\\u00e9cembre 2007 - Avenida 5 de\n        Mayo.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Avenue de [[Buenos Aires]], exemple d''architecture\n        \\u00e0 l''europ\\u00e9enne illustrant l''influence des immigr\\u00e9s europ\\u00e9ens\n        sur la ville.]]\\n[[Fichier:Multitud_Crespo.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Argentins\n        \\u00e0 [[Crespo (Argentine)|Crespo (Entre R\\u00edos)]]. La plupart des Argentins\n        sont d''origine europ\\u00e9enne due \\u00e0 l''immigration.]]\\n[[Fichier:The\n        Tolaba Family - Proprietors of Roadside Cafe en route to Cachi - Argentina.jpg|vignette|Famille\n        du nord de l''Argentine]]\\n\\nL''Argentine compte environ 43 millions d''habitants{{Lien\n        web|langue = |titre = Argentine : Statistiques|url = http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/argentine.htm|site\n        = |date = |consult\\u00e9 le = 4 d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}. Parmi les multiples\n        groupes ethniques habitant le pays, on en compte trois \\u00e0 l''origine de\n        la population actuelle. Tout d''abord, les Am\\u00e9rindiens repr\\u00e9sentent,\n        ensemble et sans tenir compte des diff\\u00e9rences ethnoculturelles \\u00e0\n        peu pr\\u00e8s 1,49 % de la population totale{{es}} [http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas]{{,}}{{es}} [http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/sobre/pon3/index.html]''''Estructura\n        gen\\u00e9tica de la Argentina, Impacto de contribuciones gen\\u00e9ticas -\n        Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de Ciencia y Tecnolog\\u00eda de la Naci\\u00f3n.\n        Les descendants d''Africains amen\\u00e9s comme esclaves pendant les temps\n        de domination espagnole repr\\u00e9sentent 0,37 %http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P42-Total_pais.xls{{,}}http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P43-Total_pais.xls.\n        Le groupe le plus large, les [[Europ\\u00e9ens]], constituent entre 85 % et\n        97 % de la population{{lien web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ar|titre=The\n        World Factbook|p\\u00e9riodique=cia.gov|consult\\u00e9 le=12 avril 2014}}{{,}}http://www.8300.com.ar/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Informe-Pueblos-Indigenas.pdf.\n        Le reste des habitants est, pour la plupart, d''origine ''''mestizo''''. Les\n        Europ\\u00e9ens, ce qu''on appelle des ''''[[Cr\\u00e9oles|criollos]]'''' issus\n        des temps coloniaux ; on compte de m\\u00eame des populations issues de l''immigration\n        du {{s-|XIX|e}} qui inclut entre autres, en plus des italiens, des espagnols,\n        des arabes, des allemands, des fran\\u00e7ais, des britanniques et des asiatiques\n        . Il faut bien pr\\u00e9ciser que lors de l''arriv\\u00e9e de ces immigrants,\n        qui pour la plupart \\u00e9taient des hommes seuls, un m\\u00e9tissage tr\\u00e8s\n        important a eu lieu entre les \\u00e9trangers et les femmes locales, de souche\n        europ\\u00e9en et indig\\u00e8ne pour la plupart, ce qui a contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0\n        la diversit\\u00e9 ethnique.\\nSelon les r\\u00e9sultats d''une \\u00e9tude men\\u00e9e\n        en 2010 par le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ticien Daniel Corach, 53,7 % de la population\n        a au moins un anc\\u00eatre autochtone, presque toujours matrilin\\u00e9airehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full.\\n\\nLa\n        population est tr\\u00e8s in\\u00e9galement r\\u00e9partie, puisqu''un tiers\n        de la population (environ 13 millions d''habitants) est concentr\\u00e9 dans\n        la capitale et l''agglom\\u00e9ration de [[Buenos Aires]], appel\\u00e9e aussi\n        {{lang|es|[[Grand Buenos Aires|Gran Buenos Aires]]}}.\\n\\nOutre la r\\u00e9gion\n        de la capitale f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale, la population est concentr\\u00e9e dans\n        d''autres zones urbaines dont les principales sont les suivantes : [[C\\u00f3rdoba\n        (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] (centre, 1,6 million d''habitants), [[Rosario]]\n        (est, 1,4 million d''habitants), [[Province de Mendoza|Mendoza]] (ouest, 1\n        million d''habitants), [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]] (nord, pr\\u00e8s d''un\n        million d''habitants). Au total, environ 91 % de la population habite dans\n        des agglom\\u00e9rations urbaines{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Argentine:\n        Statitisques|url = http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/argentine.htm|site\n        = |date = |consult\\u00e9 le = 4 d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}.\\n\\nTraditionnellement,\n        l''Argentine a joui d''un tr\\u00e8s haut niveau de vie en comparaison avec\n        d''autres pays de la r\\u00e9gion, mais la crise \\u00e9conomique des ann\\u00e9es\n        [[2001]]-[[2002]] a diminu\\u00e9 cette impression. Toutefois, plus de la moiti\\u00e9\n        de la population reste consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9e comme faisant partie de la classe\n        moyenne{{es}} http://www.grupocaissa.com.ar/noticia-468.html Informations\n        socio-\\u00e9conomiques sur la population argentine, Grupo Caissa., et\n        depuis la crise, une forte r\\u00e9cup\\u00e9ration \\u00e9conomique a aid\\u00e9\n        post\\u00e9rieurement \\u00e0 r\\u00e9duire la pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e0 23,4 % de\n        la population. Plus de 5 % de la population vivait dans des conditions pr\\u00e9caires,\n        dans des ''''villas miserias'''' ou [[bidonville]]s{{es}} http://www.bolpress.com/art.php?Cod=2006071905\n        La multiplication des \\u201cVillas Miseria\\u201d en Argentine, Bolpress.com..\\n\\n===\n        Langues ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Langues en Argentine}}\\n\\nM\\u00eame\n        si l''[[espagnol]] est la seule langue officielle au niveau f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral,\n        quelques centaines d\\u2019indig\\u00e8nes parlent encore des [[langues am\\u00e9rindiennes]]\n        : le [[quechua]] dans les r\\u00e9gions andines du Nord-Ouest et le [[guarani\n        (langue)|guarani]] dans les provinces de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]]\n        et de [[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]] (le guarani est coofficiel dans\n        ces provinces). Un dialecte du quechua, le quichua, est de m\\u00eame parl\\u00e9,\n        notamment dans la province de Santiago del Estero.\\n\\n\\u00c0 noter qu''entre\n        l''[[Espagnol rioplatense|espagnol \\u00e0 Buenos Aires]] et celui d''Espagne\n        il y a quelques diff\\u00e9rences phon\\u00e9tiques, notamment la prononciation\n        du \\u00ab ll \\u00bb et du \\u00ab y \\u00bb qui se prononcera comme un \\u00ab\n        j \\u00bb l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement affaibli (entre le \\u00ab ch \\u00bb et le \\u00ab\n        j \\u00bb fran\\u00e7ais) en Argentine au lieu de \\u00ab y \\u00bb en Espagne.\n        Les accents sont multiples en Argentine et r\\u00e9pondent \\u00e0 l''origine\n        des populations r\\u00e9gionales. Ainsi, si dans la ville de Buenos Aires l''accent\n        est beaucoup plus pench\\u00e9 vers le castillan plus ''''criollo'''', dans\n        la province de Misiones on retrouve un accent plus proche des sons du guarani,\n        et de m\\u00eame pour Jujuy avec le quechua, pour donner quelques exemples.\n        Le vocabulaire est de m\\u00eame influenc\\u00e9 par les langues indig\\u00e8nes\n        et africaines qui ont cohabit\\u00e9 avec le castillan pendant des si\\u00e8cles\n        (des termes comme ''''pucho'''', ''''che'''', ''''quilombo'''', ''''mucama'''',\n        entre autres).\\n\\nDepuis 2010, les \\u00e9tudiants du secondaire peuvent choisir\n        le portugais{{es}} [http://portal.educ.ar/noticias/educacion-y-sociedad/el-portugues-sera-materia-obli.php\n        El portugu\\u00e9s ser\\u00e1 materia obligatoria en la secundaria], page visit\\u00e9e\n        le 4 novembre 2010. ou l''anglais en tant que langue \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re\n        obligatoire.\\n[[Fichier:Logo OIF.svg|vignette|L''Argentine est un membre observateur\n        au sein de l''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.]]\\n[[Fichier:Logo\n        AUF.png|vignette|L''Agence universitaire de la Francophonie regroupe 4 \\u00e9tablissements\n        en Argentine.]]\\nEnfin il est important de noter que l''Argentine est un \\u00c9tat\n        observateur au sein de l''Organisation internationale de la Francophoniehttp://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/carte_francophonie_2017.pdf.\n        Une influence notable de cette nature linguistique est la pr\\u00e9sence de\n        4 \\u00e9tablissements li\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''Agence universitaire de la Francophonie\n        en Argentinehttps://www.auf.org/bureau/bureau-ameriques/propos/contact/.La\n        source de cette influence fran\\u00e7aise serait li\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la langue\n        internationale d''usage au moment de la colonisation qui \\u00e9tait alors\n        le fran\\u00e7ais. De plus suite \\u00e0 la conqu\\u00eate de 1759 en Nouvelle-France,\n        environ {{nombre|200000|Fran\\u00e7ais}} ont immigr\\u00e9 en Argentine \\u00e0\n        partir des ann\\u00e9es 1857 ; m\\u00eame si les deux dates (1759 et 1857) semblent\n        \\u00e9loign\\u00e9es, le ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne reste le m\\u00eame si l''on tient\n        compte de l''apparition r\\u00e9elle des besoins en \\u00e9migration des suites\n        de l''effondrement de l''empire fran\\u00e7ais en Am\\u00e9rique. Aujourd''hui,\n        17% des Argentins se r\\u00e9clament de descendance fran\\u00e7aisehttp://www.francophoniedesameriques.com/la-francophonie-dans-les-ameriques/amerique-du-sud/.\\n\\n===\n        Religion ===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:#87cefa; color:black;\\\"\n        |Religion\\n! style=\\\"background:#87cefa; color:white;\\\" |Pourcentage\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Catholicisme]]\\n|71\n        %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Protestantisme]]\\n|15 %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Sans\n        religion]]\\n|11 %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Autres]]\\n|3 %\\n|-\\n|\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\" |''''Religion en Argentine:Source [[Pew Research Center]] 2014{{ouvrage|langue=en|titre=Religion in Latin America: Widespread\n        Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 novembre 2014|\\u00e9diteur=Pew\n        Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|consult\\u00e9\n        le=28 juillet 2015|format=PDF}}. ''''\\n|}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Pope Francis\n        South Korea 2014.png|thumb|Le pape Fran\\u00e7ois en 2014.]]\\nLa religion principale\n        en Argentine est le christianisme, principalement le [[catholicisme]] (qui\n        est la [[religion d''\\u00c9tat]]). La [[Libert\\u00e9 de religion|libert\\u00e9\n        de culte]] est garantie par l''article 14 de la constitution. Le catholicisme\n        est ultra-dominant, avec des estimations du nombre de catholiques variant\n        de 70 % a \\u00a090 % de la population{{Lien web|langue=en|titre=International\n        Religious Freedom Report|url= http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71446.htm|site=state.gov|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=}}. En juillet 2014, une \\u00e9tude publi\\u00e9e par \\u00a0la ''''CIA\n        Factbook'''' r\\u00e9pertorie 92% de catholiques dont 18 % de pratiquants{{Lien\n        web|langue=en|titre=The World Factbook|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|site=cia.gov|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=}}. Le {{date-|13 mars 2013}}, l''Argentine offre au monde le premier\n        pape issu du continent am\\u00e9ricain, {{Mgr}} Jorge Mario Bergoglio, couronn\\u00e9\n        sous le nom de [[Fran\\u00e7ois (pape)|Fran\\u00e7ois]][http://www.humanite.fr/monde/habemus-papam-et-130-000-tweets-la-minute-517427\n        Habemus Papam et {{unit\\u00e9|130000|Tweets}} \\u00e0 la minute].\\n\\nLa\n        soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9, la culture et l''histoire de l''Argentine sont profond\\u00e9ment\n        impr\\u00e9gn\\u00e9es par le catholicisme. L''\\u00c9glise tient une place importante\n        dans la soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 argentine, allant m\\u00eame jusqu''\\u00e0 faire\n        partie de son identit\\u00e9 nationale. La pr\\u00e9sence de l''\\u00c9glise\n        catholique en [[Am\\u00e9rique latine]] remonte \\u00e0 la fin du {{s-|XV|e}},\n        avant m\\u00eame la naissance de la nation argentine, au moment ou les [[conquistadors|conquistadors\n        espagnols]] d\\u00e9barqu\\u00e8rent dans le [[Nouveau Monde]], amenant avec\n        eux leur culture et leur racine chr\\u00e9tienne.\\n\\nIl y a sept universit\\u00e9s\n        catholiques en Argentine : [[Universit\\u00e9 catholique argentine|l''Universit\\u00e9\n        catholique pontificale de Buenos Aires]], l''Universidad Cat\\u00f3lica de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba, l''[[Universit\\u00e9 nationale de La Plata|universit\\u00e9 de\n        La Plata]], l''universit\\u00e9 de Salta, l''universit\\u00e9 de Santa F\\u00e9,\n        l''universit\\u00e9 de Cuyo, et l''universit\\u00e9 de Santiago del Estero.\n        Suivant le mod\\u00e8le de l''Empire romain, l''\\u00c9glise argentine est divis\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 travers le pays en plusieurs [[dioc\\u00e8se]]s et [[archidioc\\u00e8se]]s,\n        unit\\u00e9s territoriales administratives plac\\u00e9es sous l''autorit\\u00e9\n        d''un \\u00e9v\\u00eaque. Si la plupart des villes de tailles moyennes sont\n        des dioc\\u00e8ses, les archidioc\\u00e8ses interviennent dans les villes ou\n        la population est plus cons\\u00e9quente. Ainsi, [[Buenos Aires]], par exemple,\n        est un [[Archidioc\\u00e8se de Buenos Aires|archidioc\\u00e8se]] \\u00a0en raison,\n        non seulement de la taille de sa population, mais \\u00e9galement de l''importance\n        historique de la ville, qui fut en 1776 la capitale de la [[Vice-royaut\\u00e9\n        du R\\u00edo de la Plata|vice-royaut\\u00e9 espagnole du Rio de la Plata]].\n        La [[cath\\u00e9drale m\\u00e9tropolitaine de Buenos Aires]], principale \\u00e9glise\n        catholique de Buenos Aires et si\\u00e8ge de l\\u2019archidioc\\u00e8se, abrite\n        le tombeau du c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]].\\n\\nL''Argentine\n        poss\\u00e8de la plus importante communaut\\u00e9 [[Juda\\u00efsme|juive]] d''[[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine]] avec environ {{unit\\u00e9|230000|personnes}}.\\n\\nSelon une importante\n        \\u00e9tude du Barometer d''[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], le paysage religieux\n        argentin se r\\u00e9partit entre 77 % de catholiques, 7 % de protestants, 4\n        % des autres religions et 13 % de sans religion{{Lien web|langue=es|titre=Latinobarometro|url=\n        http://liportal.giz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Honduras/40_gesellschaft/LAS_RELIGIONES_EN_TIEMPOS_DEL_PAPA_FRANCISCO.pdf|site=\n        clarin.com|date=|consult\\u00e9 le=}} . Le nombre d''ath\\u00e9es est\n        tr\\u00e8s important pour un pays d''Am\\u00e9rique latine, d''autant plus que\n        dans les ann\\u00e9es 1960, il n''y avait que rarement d''Argentins sans religion{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        n\\u00e9cessaire}}.\\n\\n== \\u00c9conomie ==\\n[[Fichier:Argentine, Billet de\n        10 centavos \\u00e9dit\\u00e9 en 1884.jpg|thumb|Billet de 10 centavos \\u00e9dit\\u00e9\n        en 1884, l''\\u00e9levage - ancr\\u00e9 dans la tradition-repr\\u00e9sente toujours\n        une manne financi\\u00e8re.]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires-2672f-Banco de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina.jpg|thumb|150px|Banco de la Naci\\u00f3n argentine, le Buenos Aires]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos\n        Aires-Puerto Madero-Hilton-River View.jpg|thumb|150px|Le quartier des affaires,\n        \\u00e0 [[Buenos Aires]], illustrant de fa\\u00e7on exemplaire le fort d\\u00e9veloppement\n        de l''Argentine.]]\\n[[Fichier:Jun\\u00edn Campo 01.jpg|thumb|150px|Culture\n        de soja dans les pampas]]\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|\\u00c9conomie de\n        l''Argentine}}\\n\\nL''Argentine est un [[pays d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s|pays industrialis\\u00e9]]\n        souvent consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme [[Pays \\u00e9mergents|\\u00e9mergent]] m\\u00eame\n        si certains organismes ne reconnaissent pas cette d\\u00e9finition, le pays\n        ayant \\u00e9t\\u00e9 un des plus riches de la plan\\u00e8te jusqu''au d\\u00e9but\n        du {{s-|XX|e}} mais \\u00e9tant souvent frapp\\u00e9 par des crises \\u00e9conomiques\n        comme en [[1989]] ou en [[2001]]. L''Argentine fait partie du [[Groupe des\n        vingt|G20]]. Souffrant d''[[inflation]] et de difficult\\u00e9s [[Finance|financi\\u00e8res]],\n        le pays doit souvent faire appel aux organisations \\u00e9conomiques internationales\n        tel que le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]].\\n\\nL''Argentine est\n        la deuxi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique d''[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] derri\\u00e8re\n        le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] en termes de PIB nominal. Le pays poss\\u00e8de une importante\n        [[richesse]] agricole. Parmi les points forts de son agriculture, le pays\n        \\u00e9tait aussi r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement [[Histoire de la culture des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales#L''\\u00e9volution\n        des grands producteurs mondiaux sur la d\\u00e9cennie 2010|huiti\\u00e8me au\n        palmar\\u00e8s des producteurs mondiaux de c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales au milieu des\n        ann\\u00e9es 2010, domin\\u00e9 par les Etats-Unis]]. Il a aussi de nombreuses\n        capacit\\u00e9s [[industrie]]lles et un certain potentiel minier. Pourtant,\n        l''Argentine conna\\u00eet d''importants probl\\u00e8mes \\u00e9conomiques. Le\n        [[ch\\u00f4mage]] et le bas [[niveau de vie]] continuent de marquer le pays,\n        pourtant largement plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 que les autres nations du [[tiers\n        monde]].\\n\\nL''Argentine est le pays le plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 du [[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine|continent latino-am\\u00e9ricain]] en 2005 selon les donn\\u00e9es des\n        Nations unies fournies en 2007 et se\n        rapproche des standards europ\\u00e9ens de niveau de vie. Cependant, les in\\u00e9galit\\u00e9s\n        sociales se sont accrues et l''existence de bidonvilles en p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie\n        des grandes villes persiste.\\n\\nL''Argentine dispose de nombreuses richesses\n        naturelles et d''une main-d''\\u0153uvre tr\\u00e8s qualifi\\u00e9e, d''une agriculture\n        orient\\u00e9e vers l''exportation et d''un tissu industriel diversifi\\u00e9.\\n\\nJusque\n        dans les [[ann\\u00e9es 1950]], \\u00e0 son apog\\u00e9e \\u00e9conomique, l''Argentine\n        \\u00e9tait l''un des pays les plus riches du monde. Son [[PIB par habitant]]\n        le positionnait au douzi\\u00e8me rang mondial, juste devant la [[France]]Voir\n        page 23 in ''''Remaking the Argentine Economy'''', Felipe de la Balze, Council\n        on Foreign Relations, 1995 : \\u00ab Wealthiest Countries between 1870-1989\n        (Dollars in 1989 Purchasing power) 1913: 1/ Australia (4845), 2/ \\u00c9tats-Unis\n        (4307), 3/ Canada (4004), 4/ Great Britain (3605), 5/ Switzerland (3584),\n        6/Belgium (3415), 7/ Denmark (3311), 8/New Zeland (3119), 9/ Holland (3055),\n        10/ Germany (2819), 11/ Austria (2758), ''''''12/ Argentina (2739)'''''',\n        13/ France (2691) \\u00bb -{{,}}Voir aussi le document [http://www.nationalbanken.dk/C1256BE9004F6416/side/Monetary_Review_4_Quarter_2001/$file/nb06.htm\n        Argentina''s Crises].\\n\\nMalgr\\u00e9 ces atouts, l''Argentine a accumul\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 la fin des ann\\u00e9es 1980 une lourde dette externe (dette qu''elle\n        ne compte rembourser qu''en partie, \\u00ab 10 % \\u00bb), l''inflation atteignait\n        100 % par mois et la production avait consid\\u00e9rablement chut\\u00e9.\\n\\nPour\n        lutter contre cette crise \\u00e9conomique, le gouvernement de [[Carlos Menem|Menem]]\n        a lanc\\u00e9 une politique de lib\\u00e9ralisation du commerce, de d\\u00e9r\\u00e9glementation\n        et de privatisation. En [[1991]], le gouvernement d\\u00e9cida d''ancrer le\n        [[peso argentin]] au dollar am\\u00e9ricain (technique du [[currency board]])\n        et limita par une loi la croissance de la masse mon\\u00e9taire \\u00e0 la croissance\n        de r\\u00e9serves mon\\u00e9taires. Ce syst\\u00e8me tr\\u00e8s particulier du\n        currency board permet l''embellie des ann\\u00e9es 1990, mais se r\\u00e9v\\u00e8le\n        particuli\\u00e8rement dangereux face aux mouvements erratiques et violents\n        du march\\u00e9 des [[changes flottants]] qui suivent la [[crise \\u00e9conomique\n        asiatique]] et la forte remont\\u00e9e du dollar qui rende l''\\u00e9conomie\n        argentine non comp\\u00e9titive par rapport \\u00e0 celles de ses voisins. Il\n        sombre lorsque l''\\u00e9conomie mondiale entre en r\\u00e9cession avec la [[crise\n        de la bulle Internet]] au d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 2000.\\n\\nLa r\\u00e9cession,\n        amplifi\\u00e9e par les mesures d''\\u00e9conomie drastiques exig\\u00e9es par\n        le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international]] (FMI) en contrepartie de son aide\n        en dollars, est extr\\u00eamement violente et entra\\u00eene une hausse spectaculaire\n        de la pauvret\\u00e9 ainsi que d''importants mouvements sociaux et de rapides\n        changements politiques. L''instabilit\\u00e9 politique a plong\\u00e9 l''\\u00e9conomie\n        argentine dans une crise sans pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dents (2002). Le [[Produit int\\u00e9rieur\n        brut|PIB]] a chut\\u00e9 de 11 % en 2002 avec la fin de la parit\\u00e9 1 [[Peso\n        argentin|peso]] = {{Unit\\u00e9|1|dollar}}. Cette crise a men\\u00e9 plus de\n        50 % de la population sous le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9. Des manifestations ont\n        alors \\u00e9t\\u00e9 organis\\u00e9es, suivies de pillages de magasins. Les\n        banques locales incapables de fournir en dollars sont en faillite technique.\n        Le plan argentin de conversion de dette a pour cons\\u00e9quence des pertes\n        s\\u00e9v\\u00e8res pour les cr\\u00e9anciers priv\\u00e9s. Le pays fait finalement\n        d\\u00e9faut sur sa dette. Les cr\\u00e9anciers \\u00e9trangers comme [[EDF]]\n        sont spoli\\u00e9s. Le gouvernement en d\\u00e9valuant r\\u00e9tablit l''\\u00e9quilibre\n        avec le [[r\\u00e9al br\\u00e9silien]].\\n\\nLe pays sort de la partie la plus\n        aig\\u00fce de la crise d\\u00e8s 2003. Les cons\\u00e9quences les plus durables\n        sont les difficult\\u00e9s r\\u00e9currentes des gouvernements \\u00e0 financer\n        leurs budgets, le d\\u00e9part du pays de certains investisseurs industriels,\n        une nette diminution de la confiance des cr\\u00e9anciers priv\\u00e9s et de\n        longs contentieux avec des [[fonds vautour]] am\\u00e9ricains, contentieux\n        qui se poursuivent jusque dans les ann\\u00e9es 2010. De 2003 \\u00e0 2007 le\n        PIB repart \\u00e0 9 % de croissance annuelle, en produisant une r\\u00e9activation\n        \\u00e9conomique dans tous les secteurs, une forte r\\u00e9duction de la pauvret\\u00e9\n        et un retour de la classe moyenne.\\n\\nLe {{date|1|f\\u00e9vrier|2006}}, l''Argentine\n        et le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] signent, apr\\u00e8s pr\\u00e8s de trois ans de n\\u00e9gociations,\n        un accord qui doit permettre de prot\\u00e9ger les secteurs de production qui\n        pourraient \\u00eatre trop durement affect\\u00e9s par la comp\\u00e9tition du\n        pays voisin. Le ''''M\\u00e9canisme d\\u2019adaptation comp\\u00e9titive''''\n        (MAC) permet de fixer des droits de douane sur le produit \\u00ab trop comp\\u00e9titif\n        \\u00bb du pays voisin pour trois ans, renouvelable une fois.\\n\\nDepuis [[2003]],\n        l\\u2019Argentine semble avoir repris le chemin de la forte croissance \\u00e9conomique\n        et de l''augmentation des salaires. Cependant, l''Argentine semble souffrir\n        de la crise am\\u00e9ricaine et de la chute du dollar ; en effet, la forte\n        [[inflation]] avec un taux \\u00ab officiel \\u00bb de 8 \\u00e0 9 %, pourrait\n        en r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 atteindre 25 % en [[2008]][http://www.lefigaro.fr/economie/2008/04/29/04001-20080429ARTFIG00366-l-argentine-menacee-d-hyperinflation.php\n        L''Argentine menac\\u00e9e d''hyperinflation] - ''''[[Le Figaro]]'''', 29 avril\n        2008. Officiellement, le taux de pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e9tait de 20,6 %[http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/74/grafpobreza1_ephcontinua.xls\n        INDEC], mais si l''on suppute une inflation de 25 %, en [[2008]], le\n        taux de personnes vivant au-dessous du seuil de pauvret\\u00e9 a augment\\u00e9,\n        passant \\u00e0 30,3 %. Ce serait le premier renversement\n        de situation depuis [[2003]]. Cependant, l''INDEC indique un taux de pauvret\\u00e9\n        de 15,8 % pour le second semestre [[2008]] ; il faut toutefois noter que l''opposition\n        d\\u00e9nonce une manipulation des chiffres. En effet la moiti\\u00e9 des Argentins\n        seraient touch\\u00e9s par un niveau de vie inf\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 celui de\n        la plupart des pays d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s, et pr\\u00e8s d''un tiers vivrait\n        sous le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9 national.\\n\\nAu cours du second trimestre 2008,\n        la croissance \\u00e9conomique conna\\u00eet un certain ralentissement. Au total\n        le [[revenu par t\\u00eate|revenu par habitant]] de l\\u2019Argentine reste\n        le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 d\\u2019[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], mais sa croissance\n        sur les vingt derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es est faible et surtout particuli\\u00e8rement\n        volatile. Le niveau de vie argentin est comparable \\u00e0 celui du [[Mezzogiorno]],\n        en [[Italie|Italie du sud]].\\n\\n* ''''''Monnaie nationale'''''' : le [[peso\n        argentin]] (ARS)\\n* ''''''[[PIB par habitant]]'''''' : {{Unit\\u00e9|21832|dollars}}\n        ([[2014]], valeur [[Parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat|PPA]])[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&ey=2016&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=10\n        www.imf.org]\\n* ''''''[[Taux de ch\\u00f4mage]]'''''' : 7,1 % ([[2014]])[http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/UNEM\n        Rankings Results Vision of Humanity]\\n* ''''''Population vivant sous\n        le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9'''''': 14 % ([[2013]])http://srvdocs1.bancociudad.com.ar/Content/Institucional/Informe-semanal-121.pdf\\n*\n        ''''''Taux d''inflation'''''' : 16,6 % ([[2013]])\\n* ''''''Principaux\n        clients'''''' : [[Br\\u00e9sil]] (17,3 %), [[Chili]] (9,4 %), [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]]\n        (8,7 %), [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]] (7,5 %), [[Espagne]]\n        (4,1 %)\\n* ''''''Principaux fournisseurs'''''' : [[Br\\u00e9sil]] (34,1 %),\n        [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]] (12,6 %), [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]]\n        (9,1 %), [[Allemagne]] (4,5 %)\\n* ''''''Gini'''''' : 0,361 ([[2014]])[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ARG.html\n        International Human Development Indicat ors - UNDP]\\n\\n=== M\\u00e9dias\n        ===\\nLe groupe Clar\\u00edn d\\u00e9tient la principale cha\\u00eene de t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        du pays : [[Canal 13 (Argentine)|Canal 13]], ainsi que le journal argentin\n        qui a le tirage le plus important, le quotidien [[Centrisme|centriste]] ''''[[Clar\\u00edn]]''''.\n        Les quotidiens qui suivent, d''apr\\u00e8s leur tirage, sont ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n\n        (Argentine)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]'''', [[Conservatisme|conservateur]], ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''',\n        de [[Gauche (politique)|gauche]], ''''[[Tiempo Argentino (Argentine)|Tiempo\n        Argentino]]'''', ''''[[Cr\\u00f3nica (Argentine)|Cr\\u00f3nica]]'''', ''''[[La\n        Prensa (Argentine)|La Prensa]]'''', et ''''[[Buenos Aires Herald (Argentine)|Buenos\n        Aires Herald]]''''.\\n\\nLe service t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonique a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 privatis\\u00e9\n        en 1990 par le gouvernement de [[Carlos Menem]][http://www.secom.gov.ar/municipios/ver.asp?MID=10&tipo=nota&id=121\n        \\u00c9volution de la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie en Argentine]. Il y a 8,3\n        millions de lignes t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phoniques install\\u00e9es, soit 23 lignes\n        pour 100 habitants. La t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie mobile relie 75 % de la population\n        (28,5 millions de personnes)[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/01/elpais/p-01301.htm\n        Clarin.com (01-02-2006)]. Ce nombre \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 est d\\u00fb en partie\n        au fait que des personnes de faible revenu ont pu durant les derni\\u00e8res\n        ann\\u00e9es acc\\u00e9der \\u00e0 des plans de paiement.\\n\\nIl y a pr\\u00e8s\n        de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|stations}} de radio, dont 260 sont AM et approximativement\n        {{unit\\u00e9|1150}} sont FM.\\n\\nL''Argentine est le pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine]] o\\u00f9 l''acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision par c\\u00e2ble\n        est le plus r\\u00e9pandu : selon des donn\\u00e9es de [[2001]], la grande majorit\\u00e9\n        des foyers poss\\u00e8de au moins un t\\u00e9l\\u00e9viseur et 60 % des personnes\n        \\u00e9quip\\u00e9es re\\u00e7oivent la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision c\\u00e2bl\\u00e9e[http://www.zonalatina.com/Zldata51.htm\n        Zona latina]. Les principales chaines de t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision qui transmettent\n        depuis [[Buenos Aires]] sont [[Canal 13 (Argentine)|Canal 13]], [[Telefe]],\n        [[Canal 9 (Argentine)|Canal 9]] et [[Am\\u00e9rica TV (Argentine)|Am\\u00e9rica\n        TV]].\\n\\nEn [[2005]], 26,3 % de la population avait acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 [[internet]]\n        avec plus de dix millions d''utilisateurs dans le pays[http://www.universia.com.ar/portada/actualidad/noticia_actualidad.jsp?noticia=17186\n        www.universia.com.ar].\\n\\nEn octobre 2009, le gouvernement [[P\\u00e9ronisme|p\\u00e9roniste]]\n        argentin promulgue une importante r\\u00e9forme du syst\\u00e8me m\\u00e9diatique,\n        consistant en une limitation de la concentration des licences, du capital\n        et de l\\u2019actionnariat afin de permettre \\u00e0 des m\\u00e9dias aux ressources\n        financi\\u00e8res plus modestes de se constituer. Apr\\u00e8s une bataille juridique\n        de quatre ans contre le puissant conglom\\u00e9rat m\\u00e9diatique ''''[[Clar\\u00edn]],''''\n        qui contestait la constitutionnalit\\u00e9 de la loi, celle-ci est finalement\n        valid\\u00e9e par la justice{{Article|langue=|auteur1=|titre=Argentine\n        : une loi exemplaire sur l''audiovisuel|p\\u00e9riodique=Acrimed {{!}} Action\n        Critique M\\u00e9dias|date=2013-11-19|issn=|lire en ligne=http://www.acrimed.org/Argentine-une-loi-exemplaire-sur-l-audiovisuel#nb3|consult\\u00e9\n        le=|pages=}}. Sous la pr\\u00e9sidence de [[Mauricio Macri]] (\\u00e9lu\n        en 2015) l''essentiel de la loi est abrog\\u00e9{{Article|langue=|auteur1=|titre=M\\u00e9dias\n        en Argentine : Macri droit dans ses bottes !|p\\u00e9riodique=Acrimed|date=2016-16-05|issn=|lire\n        en ligne=http://www.acrimed.org/Medias-en-Argentine-Macri-droit-dans-ses-bottes?recherche=Macri|consult\\u00e9\n        le=|pages=}}.\\n\\n=== Transports ===\\n* ''''''Autocar''''''. Les compagnies\n        de transport, \\u00e0 travers tous le pays, disposent d''autocars modernes\n        et confortables. C''est le moyen de transport le plus r\\u00e9pandu en Argentine.\n        L''ensemble des compagnies assurent la liaison vers toutes les villes importantes\n        du pays et vers les grandes villes des pays limitrophes.\\n* ''''''Chemin de\n        fer''''''. Dans les ann\\u00e9es 1950, l''Argentine poss\\u00e9dait le meilleur\n        r\\u00e9seau de chemin de fer d''Am\\u00e9rique latine, mais les choses ont\n        chang\\u00e9. Le r\\u00e9seau ferroviaire est devenu quasiment inexistant, \\u00e0\n        l''exception de quelques lignes touristiques. Il reste int\\u00e9ressant de\n        prendre le train pour aller vers les villes du Nord et vers la Bolivie. Ainsi\n        que vers les villes de la Pampa (Mendoza, Cordoba, Mar del Plata, Tucuman)\n        surtout de nuit. Les prix sont \\u00e9quivalents \\u00e0 ceux pratiqu\\u00e9s\n        par les autocars. Au total, il y a {{Unit\\u00e9|33744|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}},\n        dont {{Unit\\u00e9|167|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        de voies \\u00e9lectrifi\\u00e9es.\\n* ''''''Avion''''''. Les vols int\\u00e9rieurs\n        constituent une solution pratique pour visiter l''ensemble du pays. On compte\n        environ 1141[http://fr.worldstat.info/South_America/Argentina/Transportation]\n        (2010) a\\u00e9roports dans tout le pays. Cependant la plupart sont de petits\n        a\\u00e9roports ou bien des a\\u00e9rodromes avec des pistes non goudronn\\u00e9es.\\n\\n===\n        Rangs internationaux ===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n! Organisation\\n!\n        Enqu\\u00eate\\n! Rang\\n|-\\n| Universit\\u00e9s [[Universit\\u00e9 Columbia|Columbia]]\n        et [[Universit\\u00e9 Yale|Yale]]\\n| [[Indice de performance environnementale]]\\n|\n        38 sur 149\\n|-\\n| ''''International Living''''\\n| [http://www.il-ireland.com/il/qofl2008/index.php\n        Qualit\\u00e9 de vie, 2008]\\n| 13 sur 192 en 2008 \\n|-\\n| ''''International\n        Living''''\\n| [http://www1.internationalliving.com/qofl2011/ Qualit\\u00e9\n        de vie, 2011]\\n| 16 sur 192 en 2011\\n|-\\n| [[Reporters sans fronti\\u00e8res]]\\n|\n        [[Reporters sans fronti\\u00e8res|Indice de libert\\u00e9 de la presse]]\\n|\n        68 sur 173\\n|-\\n| [[Transparency International]]\\n| [[Indice de perception\n        de la corruption]]\\n| 105 sur 180\\n|-\\n| [[Programme des Nations unies pour\n        le d\\u00e9veloppement|PNUD]]\\n| [[Indice de d\\u00e9veloppement humain]]\\n|\n        38 sur 177\\n|}\\n\\n== Culture ==\\n[[Fichier:Cabildo de C\\u00f3rdoba, Argentina.jpg|thumb|150px|Le\n        [[cabildo de C\\u00f3rdoba]] sur la Plaza San Mart\\u00edn - on distingue \\u00e0\n        l''arri\\u00e8re-plan les tours de la [[Cath\\u00e9drale de C\\u00f3rdoba|cath\\u00e9drale]]\n        toute proche]]\\n[[Fichier:Erythrina crista-galli2.jpg|thumb|150px|Fleur de\n        ceibo, la fleur nationale de l\\u2019Argentine.]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Culture\n        de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n=== Musique et danse ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2016}}\\nL''Argentine poss\\u00e8de tout un amalgame de rythmes h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s\n        et m\\u00e9lang\\u00e9s pendant des si\\u00e8cles sur l''ensemble de son territoire.\n        Ainsi, les contrastes et la multiplicit\\u00e9 caract\\u00e9risent l''art musical\n        dans le pays.\\n\\nParmi les musiques traditionnelles, de tradition rurale,\n        la ''''chacarera'''', la ''''milonga'''', la ''''zamba'''', le ''''gato'''',\n        le ''''cielito'''' sont tr\\u00e8s diffus\\u00e9s, notamment \\u00e0 travers\n        le festival de [[Cosqu\\u00edn]], C\\u00f3rdoba, la f\\u00eate nationales du\n        folklore argentin. Ainsi on compte aussi les rythmes indig\\u00e8nes de souche,\n        tels que le fameux [[carnavalito]] du Nord du pays, les musiques mapuches\n        partag\\u00e9es avec le Chili (notamment le loncomeo), les sons guaranis\\u2026\n        D''autre part, l''influence africaine atteint presque tous les rythmes nationaux,\n        en particulier avec l''utilisation du ''''bombo'''' et la particularit\\u00e9\n        rythmique de certaines musiques, comme la ''''chacarera''''. De m\\u00eame,\n        un rythme caract\\u00e9ristique des afrodescendants est le ''''candombe'''',\n        aussi tr\\u00e8s caract\\u00e9ristique de l''Uruguay. C''est une musique tr\\u00e8s\n        rythm\\u00e9e et g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement en forme de ''''comparsa'''', de groupe\n        musical ambulant dans la rue. \\u00c0 Buenos Aires et Montevideo, on peut appr\\u00e9cier\n        le candombe de fa\\u00e7on publique. Le ''''[[Tango (danse)|tango]]'''', internationalement\n        reconnu et d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9 [[Patrimoine culturel immat\\u00e9riel de l''humanit\\u00e9]],\n        est peut \\u00eatre ce qui caract\\u00e9rise l''Argentine \\u00e0 l''\\u0153il\n        \\u00e9tranger, m\\u00eame s''il est r\\u00e9duit \\u00e0 la ville de Buenos Aires\n        et \\u00e0 Montevideo. Ses origines remontent aux danses africaines du ''''candombe''''\n        qui a subi un m\\u00e9tissage avec la ''''milonga'''', donnant ainsi un rythme\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9nergique jou\\u00e9 de guitare, tambours et fl\\u00fbte et dans\\u00e9\n        de fa\\u00e7on sensuelle par les afrodescendants. Cependant, ce que nous appelons\n        ''''[[Tango (danse)|tango]]'''' aujourd''hui est la modification de ce rythme\n        par les immigrants europ\\u00e9ens, qui ont ajout\\u00e9 des instruments diff\\u00e9rents\n        tel que le bandon\\u00e9on et un style et paroles singuliers, diff\\u00e9rents\n        de la v\\u00e9ritable souche du tango. \\nUne f\\u00eate nationale tr\\u00e8s\n        importante est le [[Carnaval de Gualeguay|Carnaval del Pais]], d\\u00e9roul\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 Gualeguaych\\u00fa, Entre R\\u00edos tous les ans. Celle-ci est une occasion\n        pour d\\u00e9voiler tout le coloris et la danse au rythme du ''''candombe''''\n        du R\\u00edo de la Plata.\\n\\n=== Litt\\u00e9rature ===\\nLa [[litt\\u00e9rature\n        argentine]], de langue espagnole, a acquis une v\\u00e9ritable ind\\u00e9pendance\n        vis-\\u00e0-vis de l''Espagne durant le {{s-|XIX|e}}, et son repr\\u00e9sentant\n        le plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre, [[Jorge Luis Borges]], jouit d''une reconnaissance\n        internationalehttp://www.cosquin.com.ar/{{,}}http://www.carnaval.gualeguaychu.info/.\n        On peut aussi citer [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], [[Victoria\n        Ocampo]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Manuel Mujica L\\u00e1inez]],\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Tiz\\u00f3n]], [[Abelardo Castillo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]],\n        [[Juan Filloy]], [[H\\u00e9ctor Bianciotti]], [[Ricardo Piglia]], [[Alberto\n        Laiseca]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Saer]], [[C\\u00e9sar\n        Aira]], [[Ang\\u00e9lica Gorodischer]] et [[Osvaldo Soriano]] (parmi les plus\n        connus).\\n\\n=== Traditions culinaires ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2016}}\\nL''Argentine poss\\u00e8de une vari\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de plats culinaires\n        traditionnels h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s de la rencontre des grands groupes pr\\u00e9sents\n        en Am\\u00e9rique latine (Italiens, Espagnols, indig\\u00e8nes). Ainsi, un grand\n        nombre de plats typiques sont consomm\\u00e9s tout au long du territoire :\n        les [[pizza|pizze]], les [[tagliatelle|tallarines]], les ''''empanadas'''',\n        les ''''humitas'''', les ''''tamales'''', le ''''puchero'''', le ''''arroz\n        con leche'''', la ''''mazamorra'''', entre une infinit\\u00e9 d''autres plats.\n        Leur pr\\u00e9paration varie selon les traditions de chaque r\\u00e9gion, et\n        certaines pr\\u00e9parations sont partag\\u00e9es avec d''autres pays de la\n        r\\u00e9gion (Chili, Uruguay, Paraguay). Cependant, les trois aliments les\n        plus caract\\u00e9ristiques, peut-\\u00eatre par leur popularit\\u00e9 ou par\n        leur succ\\u00e8s aupr\\u00e8s des touristes sont les suivants :\\n\\n;Le [[mat\\u00e9]]\\nLe\n        mat\\u00e9 est une infusion traditionnelle consomm\\u00e9e en Argentine, issue\n        de la culture des indiens Guaranis. C''est une part tr\\u00e8s importante de\n        la culture, et il est fr\\u00e9quent de voir des personnes boire le mat\\u00e9\n        dans la rue. La plante utilis\\u00e9e, la yerba mat\\u00e9, parfois appel\\u00e9\n        \\u00ab th\\u00e9 du Paraguay \\u00bb, \\u00ab th\\u00e9 des J\\u00e9suites \\u00bb\n        ou \\u00ab th\\u00e9 du Br\\u00e9sil \\u00bb, est une esp\\u00e8ce sud-am\\u00e9ricaine\n        dont les feuilles, que l''on torr\\u00e9fie et pulv\\u00e9rise, fournissent,\n        infus\\u00e9es dans l''eau chaude, une boisson stimulante, aux effets semblables\n        \\u00e0 ceux du caf\\u00e9 ou du th\\u00e9.\\nCette boisson, consomm\\u00e9e chaude\n        et parfois froide, de go\\u00fbt fort et amer, est pr\\u00e9par\\u00e9e avec\n        des feuilles de yerba mat\\u00e9. Elle se boit dans une calebasse gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 un tube m\\u00e9tallique qui sert aussi de filtre, la ''''bombilla''''.\n        Pour le savourer, les gauchos s''organisent en cercle o\\u00f9 le mat\\u00e9\n        passe de main en main selon un rituel tr\\u00e8s pr\\u00e9cis qui invite par\n        exemple les participants \\u00e0 faire circuler la calebasse dans le sens anti-horaire\n        afin de faire passer le temps moins vite. Cette boisson traditionnelle symbolise,\n        par ses rites de consommation, la fraternit\\u00e9 et l''hospitalit\\u00e9 des\n        gauchos.\\n\\n;L'' [[asado]]\\n[[Fichier:Asado de morcillas.jpg|thumb|Asado argentin]]\\nEn\n        Argentine le terme ''''asado'''' se r\\u00e9f\\u00e8re non seulement \\u00e0\n        une grillade en tant que telle mais aussi \\u00e0 l\\u2019acte social, \\u00e0\n        la r\\u00e9union o\\u00f9 l\\u2019on mange de la viande (blanche ou rouge) ou\n        des ''''choripanes ''''(sandwiches avec chorizo et sauce ''''criolla'''' ou\n        ''''chimichurri''''). Ces viandes sont cuites et grill\\u00e9es horizontalement\n        \\u00ab ''''a la parilla'''' \\u00bb ou verticalement, \\u00ab en croix \\u00bb.\n        L\\u2019''''asado'''' est presque le \\u00ab plat national \\u00bb de l\\u2019Argentine\n        par son origine tr\\u00e8s ancr\\u00e9e dans la tradition des gauchos. Il existe\n        m\\u00eame des \\u00ab ''''asadores'''' \\u00bb, personnes sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9es\n        dans l\\u2019art de cuisiner un asado.\\n\\n;Le \\u00ab [[dulce de leche]] \\u00bb\\nLe\n        ''''dulce de leche'''', (\\u00ab la confiture de lait \\u00bb) est une sp\\u00e9cialit\\u00e9\n        sucr\\u00e9e sans v\\u00e9ritable origine puisqu''il existe des recettes similaires\n        dans toutes les parties du monde, mais est extr\\u00eamement appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9\n        en Argentine et tout au long de l''Am\\u00e9rique latine. D''origine coloniale,\n        il s\\u2019agit d''un m\\u00e9lange de lait et de sucre ({{unit\\u00e9|300|g}}\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|500|g}} par litre de lait) port\\u00e9 \\u00e0 \\u00e9bullition,\n        puis cuit \\u00e0 feu tr\\u00e8s doux jusqu\\u2019\\u00e0 \\u00e9paississement\n        et obtention d\\u2019une couleur caramel. Il est tr\\u00e8s utilis\\u00e9 dans\n        les p\\u00e2tisseries ou tout simplement comme confiture.\\n\\n;Le [[locro]]\\nLe\n        locro (du [[quechua]] ''''ruqru'''') est un rago\\u00fbt \\u00e0 base de courge,\n        de ma\\u00efs et de haricots consomm\\u00e9shttp://www.argentinaturistica.com/rnoroestecultura.htm{{,}}http://www.sololideres.com/contenidos/2013/01/30/Editorial_338.php.\\n\\n===\n        Symboles nationaux ===\\n* Le [[drapeau de l''Argentine]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9 par\n        le h\\u00e9ros national [[Manuel Belgrano]], a inspir\\u00e9 plusieurs peuples\n        latino-am\\u00e9ricains dans le choix de leur propre drapeau. Il fut en son\n        temps adopt\\u00e9 par les [[R\\u00e9publique f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        centrale|Provinces unies d''Am\\u00e9rique centrale]], et c''est pour cela\n        que les drapeaux du [[Salvador]], du [[Honduras]], du [[Nicaragua]] et du\n        [[Guatemala]] sont tr\\u00e8s semblables au drapeau argentin.\\n* La fleur nationale\n        de l''Argentine est le ''''''ceibo'''''', dont le nom scientifique est ''''[[Erythrina\n        crista-galli]]''''. Elle fut d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e comme telle le {{date-|23\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1942}} par le d\\u00e9cret {{unit\\u00e9|13847}} du pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif.\\n*\n        L\\u2019oiseau national est le ''''''hornero'''''' ou ''''[[furnarius|Furnarius\n        rufus]]'''', sympathique oiseau que l''on retrouve dans toutes les villes\n        argentines et qui y construit de curieux nids.\\n* La pierre nationale est\n        la [[rhodochrosite]].\\n\\n=== Les ordres et d\\u00e9corations de l''Argentine\n        ===\\n* Ordre de Saint-Martin, le Lib\\u00e9rateur\\n* Ordre de Mai\\n\\n=== F\\u00eates\n        et jours f\\u00e9ri\\u00e9s ===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !! {{nobr|Nom\n        fran\\u00e7ais}} !! {{nobr|Nom local}} !! Remarques\\n|-\\n| {{date|1er janvier}}\n        || [[Jour de l''an|Nouvel An]] || ''''A\\u00f1o nuevo ||\\n|-\\n| [[mars (mois)|mars]]\n        ou [[avril]] || [[Semaine sainte]] ([[P\\u00e2ques]]) || ''''Semana Santa ||\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|24 mars}} || Jour national du Souvenir pour la V\\u00e9rit\\u00e9 et\n        la Justice || ''''D\\u00eda Nacional de la Memoria por la Verdad y la Justicia''''\n        || {{date-|24 mars 1976}}, coup d''\\u00e9tat militaire du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]\\n|-\\n| {{date|2 avril}} || Jour des Malouines || ''''D\\u00eda\n        del Veterano de Guerra y de los Ca\\u00eddos en la Guerra de las Malvinas''''\n        || {{date-|2 avril 1982}}, comm\\u00e9moration de la [[guerre des Malouines]].\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|1er mai}} || [[F\\u00eate du Travail]] || ''''D\\u00eda del Trabajo''''\n        ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|25 mai}} || F\\u00eate de la r\\u00e9volution || ''''Primer\n        Gobierno Patrio'''' || {{date-|25 mai 1810}}\\n|-\\n| {{date|20 juin}} || F\\u00eate\n        du drapeau || ''''D\\u00eda de la Bandera'''' || {{date-|20 juin 1820}}, anniversaire\n        de la mort du cr\\u00e9ateur du drapeau, le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral Manuel Belgrano\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|9 juillet}} || F\\u00eate de l\\u2019ind\\u00e9pendance || ''''D\\u00eda\n        de la Independencia'''' || {{date-|9 juillet 1816}}\\n|-\\n| {{date|17 ao\\u00fbt}}\n        ||  Mort du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] || ''''Muerte\n        del General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]]'''' || anniversaire de la mort\n        du [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]],il est l''un des h\\u00e9ros des ind\\u00e9pendances\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaines  \\n|-\\n| {{date|12 octobre}} || [[D\\u00e9couverte et\n        exploration de l''Am\\u00e9rique]] || ''''D\\u00eda de la Raza ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|8\n        d\\u00e9cembre}} || [[Immacul\\u00e9e conception]] || ''''D\\u00eda de la Inmaculada\n        Concepci\\u00f3n ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|25 d\\u00e9cembre}} || [[No\\u00ebl]] || ''''Navidad\n        ||\\n|}\\n\\n== Codes ==\\nL''Argentine a pour codes :\\n* AR, selon la norme [[ISO\n        3166-1]] (liste des codes pays), code alpha-2 ;\\n* AR, selon la [[liste des\n        codes pays utilis\\u00e9s par l''OTAN]], code alpha-2 ;\\n* ARG, selon la norme\n        [[ISO 3166-1]] code alpha-3 (liste des codes pays);\\n* ARG, selon la [[liste\n        des codes pays du CIO]] ;\\n* ARG, selon la [[liste des codes pays utilis\\u00e9s\n        par l''OTAN]], code alpha-3 ;\\n* LV, selon la [[liste des pr\\u00e9fixes OACI\n        d''immatriculation des a\\u00e9ronefs]] ;\\n* RA, selon la [[liste des codes\n        internationaux des plaques min\\u00e9ralogiques]] ;\\n* SA, selon la [[liste\n        des pr\\u00e9fixes des codes OACI des a\\u00e9roports]].\\n\\n== Sports ==\\nBien\n        que le [[football]] soit le sport le plus populaire en Argentine avec de tr\\u00e8s\n        grands joueurs comme [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]] ou [[Lionel\n        Messi]] d''autres sports sont largement pratiqu\\u00e9s ; le sport national\n        est d''ailleurs le [[pato (sport)|pato]]). Ainsi, l''Argentine s''illustre\n        r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement en [[basket-ball]], en [[\\u00c9quipe d''Argentine\n        de rugby \\u00e0 XV|rugby \\u00e0 XV]], en [[pelote basque]], en [[padel]] ou\n        encore en [[tennis]] avec [[Guillermo Vilas]], [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ou [[Juan\n        Mart\\u00edn del Potro]] notamment. Par ailleurs, on peut \\u00e9galement citer\n        le [[rink hockey]], le [[hockey sur gazon]], le [[polo]], le [[golf]] ou le\n        [[Comp\\u00e9tition automobile|sport automobile]] comme sports appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9s\n        en Argentine.\\n\\n\\nMessi in Germany and Argentina face off in the\n        final of the World Cup 2014 -2014-07-13 (24).jpg|[[Lionel Messi]] lors de\n        la finale de la Coupe du monde de football de 2014\\nDiego Maradona.jpg|[[Diego\n        Maradona]], ancien joueur de football et ancien s\\u00e9lectionneur de l''\\u00e9quipe\n        d''Argentine\\n\\n\\n== Notes et r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences ==\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|colonnes=2}}\\n\\n==\n        Voir aussi ==\\n{{Autres projets\\n|commons=Argentina|commons titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wikisource=Cat\\u00e9gorie:Argentine|wikisource\n        titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wiktionary=Argentine\\n|wikiquote=Argentine|wikiquote\n        titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wikinews=Page:Argentine|wikinews titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n}}\\n*\n        [[Am\\u00e9rique latine]]\\n* [[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]]\\n* [[Cuisine argentine]]\\n*\n        [[Liste de journaux argentins]]\\n* [[Tango (danse)|Tango]]\\n* {{Lien|langue=es|trad=Ind\\u00edgenas\n        de Argentina|fr=Indig\\u00e8nes d''Argentine|texte=Indig\\u00e8nes d''Argentine}}\\n\\n===\n        Liens externes ===\\n* {{es}} [http://www.argentina.gob.ar Portail officiel\n        du gouvernement argentin]\\n* {{fr}} [http://www.argentina.travel/fr Site touristique\n        officiel]\\n* {{fr}} [http://www.efran.mrecic.gov.ar/ Site officiel Ambassade\n        Argentine]\\n* {{fr}} [http://donnees.banquemondiale.org/pays/argentine Donn\\u00e9es\n        de la Banque mondiale]\\n\\n{{Palette|Pays d''Am\\u00e9rique|Union latine|G20}}\\n{{Portail|Argentine|Am\\u00e9rique}}\\n\\n[[Cat\\u00e9gorie:Argentine|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"fr\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"fr\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T17:43:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":140065378,\"length\":102010,\"fullurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine\",\"editurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Thu, 22 Jun 2017 21:00:00 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
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({{es}} {{lang|es|En Uni\\u00f3n y Libertad}})\\n | langues=\n        [[Espagnol]]\\n | langues_officielles= [[Espagnol]] \\n | capitale= [[Buenos\n        Aires]]\\n | coordonn\\u00e9es_capitale= {{coord|34|37|S|58|21|W}}\\n | lien_villes=\n        Villes d''Argentine\\n | titre_plus_grande_ville= Plus grande ville\\n | plus_grande_ville=\n        [[Buenos Aires]]\\n | type_gouvernement= [[R\\u00e9publique]] [[f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ralisme|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]]\\n\n        | titre_dirigeant= [[Liste des chefs d''\\u00c9tat argentins|Pr\\u00e9sident\n        de la Nation]]\\n | titre_dirigeant2= [[Vice-pr\\u00e9sident]]e\\n | nom_dirigeant=\n        [[Mauricio Macri]]\\n | nom_dirigeant2= [[Gabriela Michetti]]\\n | superficie_rang=\n        8\\n | superficie_totale={{unit\\u00e9|2791810|km|2}}L\\u2019Argentine revendique\n        aussi {{unit\\u00e9|1000000|km|2}} en [[Antarctique]], ainsi que les [[\\u00eeles\n        Malouines]].\\n | pourcentage_eau= 1,1\\n | population_rang= 31\\n | population_totale=\n        43 431 886CIA World Factbook\\n | population_ann\\u00e9e= juillet\n        2015\\n | densit\\u00e9= 15.6\\n | type_ind\\u00e9pendance= D\\u00e9claration d''ind\\u00e9pendance\\n\n        | pays_ind\\u00e9pendance= [[Espagne]]\\n | date_ind\\u00e9pendance= {{date|9|juillet|1816}}\\n\n        | pays frontaliers= {{BRA}}{{clr}}{{BOL}}{{clr}}{{CHI}}{{clr}}{{PAR}}{{clr}}{{URU}}{{clr}}Outre-mer:{{clr}}[[Fichier:Flag\n        of Magallanes, Chile.svg|20px]] [[Territoire chilien de l''Antarctique|Antarctique\n        Chilienne]]{{clr}}[[Fichier:Flag of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|20px]]\n        [[Territoire britannique antarctique|Antarctique Britannique]]\\n | gentil\\u00e9=\n        Argentin/Argentine\\n | IDH= {{augmentation}} 0,811{{en}} [http://hdrstats.undp.org/fr/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_ARG.html\n        Human Development Report 2009 - Argentina] - Rapport sur le d\\u00e9veloppement\n        humain 2009 [[Organisation des Nations unies|ONU]]\\n | IDH_ann\\u00e9e=\n        2013\\n | IDH_cat\\u00e9gorie= tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9\\n | IDH_rang= {{45e}}\\n\n        | monnaie= [[Peso argentin]]\\n | code_monnaie= ARS\\n | fuseau_horaire= -3.\n        En \\u00e9t\\u00e9 UTC-2 (dans une partie du pays seulement)\\n | hymne_national=\n        [[Hymne national argentin|Himno Nacional Argentino]]\\n | iso3166-1 = ARG,\n        AR\\n | domaine_internet= [[.ar]]\\n | indicatif_t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonique= 54\\n\n        | p1 = [[Argentine coloniale]]\\n}}\\n\\nL\\u2019''''''Argentine'''''', en forme\n        longue la ''''''R\\u00e9publique argentine'''''', en [[espagnol]] ''''{{lang|es|Argentina}}''''\n        et ''''{{lang|es|Rep\\u00fablica Argentina}}'''' {{API|[re\\u02c8pu\\u03b2lika\n        a\\u027exen\\u02c8tina]}}, est un pays d\\u2019[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] partageant\n        ses fronti\\u00e8res avec le [[Chili]] \\u00e0 l\\u2019ouest, la [[Bolivie]]\n        au nord-ouest, le [[Paraguay]] au nord, le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] et l\\u2019[[Uruguay]]\n        au nord-est et \\u00e0 l''est, et l\\u2019[[oc\\u00e9an Atlantique]] \\u00e0 l''est\n        et \\u00e0 l''extr\\u00eame sud.\\n\\nLe pays proclame son ind\\u00e9pendance,\n        vis-\\u00e0-vis de l''[[Espagne]], le {{date-|25 mai 1810}}, lors de la [[r\\u00e9volution\n        de Mai]], ind\\u00e9pendance d\\u00e9finitivement acquise le {{date-|9 juillet\n        1816}} \\u00e0 [[Congr\\u00e8s de Tucum\\u00e1n|San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]].\\n\\nSa\n        capitale est [[Buenos Aires]], sa langue nationale est l''[[espagnol rioplatense]]\n        et sa monnaie est le [[peso argentin]].\\n\\nLa religion nationale est le [[catholicisme]].\\nL''Argentine\n        fait partie des pays dits du ''''[[c\\u00f4ne Sud|c\\u00f4ne sud]]'''' et parmi\n        les pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], il est celui o\\u00f9 la [[Europe|culture\n        europ\\u00e9enne]] est la plus affirm\\u00e9e. L''Argentine est l''un des pays\n        les plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s du continent latino-am\\u00e9ricain. Le pays\n        est \\u00e9galement la troisi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine apr\\u00e8s le Br\\u00e9sil et le [[Mexique]], que ce soit en [[Produit\n        int\\u00e9rieur brut|PIB]] nominal ou \\u00e0 [[parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat]]\n        (PPA).\\n\\nLe drapeau argentin est dessin\\u00e9 par le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Manuel\n        Belgrano]], les bandes bleues et blanches font r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence aux cocardes\n        de la m\\u00eame couleur distribu\\u00e9es le {{date-|25 mai 1810}} lors du\n        d\\u00e9but de la guerre d''ind\\u00e9pendance. Le drapeau est rendu officiel,\n        deux semaines apr\\u00e8s l''ind\\u00e9pendance, le {{date-|25 juillet 1816}},\n        puis, en [[1818]], est ajout\\u00e9 le soleil dit ''''Sol de Mayo''''. Jusqu''au\n        {{date-|25 juillet 1985}}, le drapeau avec le soleil, dit ''''drapeau de guerre'''',\n        est exclusif aux institutions officielles, alors que le drapeau sans le soleil\n        est utilis\\u00e9 pour les manifestations ou institutions n''ayant pas caract\\u00e8re\n        officiel. D\\u00e9sormais, le drapeau avec le soleil est utilis\\u00e9 partout.\\n\\n==\n        Origines du nom ==\\nLe terme ''''Argentina'''' est attest\\u00e9 pour la premi\\u00e8re\n        fois sur une carte v\\u00e9nitienne de 1536Origine du nom ''''Argentine''''\n        (espagnol) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm\n        El nombre de Argentina].\\n\\nLe nom en fran\\u00e7ais ''''Argentine''''\n        est issu de sa d\\u00e9signation en espagnol ''''Argentina''''. Il s''agit\n        du m\\u00eame mot que l''adjectif fran\\u00e7ais ''''argentine'''' signifiant\n        \\u00ab en argent, d''argent \\u00bb, terme attest\\u00e9 depuis le {{s-|XII|e}}\n        et d\\u00e9riv\\u00e9 du mot ''''argent'''' \\u00e0 l''aide du suffixe ''''-in''''[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin\n        Site du CNRTL : \\u00e9tymologie de l''adjectif ''''argentine''''].\\n\\nCependant,\n        ''''Argentina'''' n''est ni un mot espagnol, ni un mot portugais. En effet\n        dans ces langues, ''''argent'''' se dit respectivement ''''plata'''' et ''''prata'''',\n        ainsi que ses d\\u00e9riv\\u00e9s ''''en argent'''', ''''plateado, de plata''''\n        et ''''prateado, de prata''''. En fin de compte ''''Argentina'''' remonte\n        \\u00e0 l''italien ''''argentina'''' \\u00ab d''argent \\u00bb, nom probablement\n        donn\\u00e9 par les navigateurs v\\u00e9nitiens ou g\\u00e9nois comme [[Giovani\n        Cabotto|Giovanni Cabotto]] (Jean Cabot). Il \\u00e9tait peut-\\u00eatre primitivement\n        associ\\u00e9 \\u00e0 ''''terra'''' \\u00ab terre \\u00bb ou \\u00e0 ''''costa''''\n        \\u00ab c\\u00f4te \\u00bb, devenu ''''l''Argentina'''', car le substantif s''efface\n        souvent au profit de son d\\u00e9termin\\u00e9 dans cette langue. L''expression\n        [[R\\u00edo de la Plata]] est son correspondant espagnol qui d\\u00e9signe plus\n        pr\\u00e9cis\\u00e9ment la rivi\\u00e8re, lui-m\\u00eame traduction du portugais\n        ''''R\\u00edo da Prata'''' .\\n\\nSa d\\u00e9signation exacte pourrait trouver\n        son origine dans les cadeaux en argent faits par les peuples voisins aux explorateurs\n        europ\\u00e9ens, notamment [[S\\u00e9bastien Cabot]], fils de Jean. Une autre\n        explication pourrait \\u00eatre la l\\u00e9gende de la [[Sierra de la Plata]],\n        tr\\u00e9sor l\\u00e9gendaire o\\u00f9 le R\\u00edo de la Plata \\u00e9tait cens\\u00e9\n        conduire.\\n\\n== G\\u00e9ographie ==\\n[[Fichier:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|150px|Carte\n        topographique de l\\u2019Argentine]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|G\\u00e9ographie\n        de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n=== Donn\\u00e9es g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rales ===\\n[[Fichier:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210079b.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Canyon\n        du [[R\\u00edo Pinturas]], Santa Cruz.]]\\nLa surface totale de l''Argentine\n        est r\\u00e9partie de la fa\\u00e7on suivante (except\\u00e9 l\\u2019Antarctique)\n        :\\n* Total : {{unit\\u00e9|2766891|km|2}}\\n* Terre : {{unit\\u00e9|2736691|km|2}}\\n*\n        Eau : {{unit\\u00e9|30200|km|2}}\\n\\nL''Argentine est longue de {{unit\\u00e9|3700|kilom\\u00e8tres}}\n        du nord au sud et de {{unit\\u00e9|1400|kilom\\u00e8tres}} de l''est \\u00e0\n        l''ouest. Le territoire peut \\u00eatre divis\\u00e9 en quatre zones distinctes\n        : les plaines fertiles de la [[pampa]] au centre du pays, le plat pays de\n        la [[Patagonie argentine|Patagonie]] au sud (s''\\u00e9tendant sur un gros\n        quart sud du pays (28 %), jusqu''\\u00e0 la [[Terre de Feu]]), les plaines\n        s\\u00e8ches du [[Gran Chaco]] au nord et enfin la r\\u00e9gion tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e\n        de la cordill\\u00e8re des Andes \\u00e0 l''ouest le long de la fronti\\u00e8re\n        avec le [[Chili]] dont le mont [[Aconcagua]] culmine \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|6960|m\\u00e8tres}}.\\n\\nLe\n        point culminant de l''Argentine - et de l''Am\\u00e9rique - est le mont Aconcagua.\n        La d\\u00e9pression la plus profonde d''Am\\u00e9rique, la ''''Laguna del Carb\\u00f3n''''\n        \\u00e0 {{Unit\\u00e9|105|m\\u00e8tres}} sous le [[niveau de la mer]], se trouve\n        aussi en Argentine, dans la [[province de Santa Cruz]]. Le centre g\\u00e9ographique\n        du pays est localis\\u00e9 dans la [[province de La Pampa]].\\n\\nLe [[climat]]\n        est typique de fa\\u00e7ade orientale des continents, on rencontre un [[climat\n        subtropical humide]] dans le nord et aride/subantarctique dans l''extr\\u00eame\n        sud du pays.\\n\\n=== R\\u00e9gions g\\u00e9ographiques ===\\n[[Fichier:Fitz Roy\n        1b.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Le [[Fitz Roy]], [[Cordill\\u00e8re des Andes]].]]\\n[[Fichier:Iguacu-004.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Parc\n        national d''Iguaz\\u00fa]].]]\\n[[Fichier:pampas.jpg|vignette|Paysage typique\n        de la [[pampa]] argentine au niveau de la grande plaine centrale.]]\\nLe pays\n        est traditionnellement divis\\u00e9 en diff\\u00e9rentes r\\u00e9gions majeures\n        :\\n; Pampas\\nLes plaines \\u00e0 l''ouest et au sud de [[Buenos Aires]]. Appel\\u00e9e\n        la ''''pampa humide'''', cette r\\u00e9gion recouvre la plupart des provinces\n        de [[Province de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] et de [[Province de C\\u00f3rdoba\n        (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] ainsi que celles de [[Province de Santa Fe|Santa\n        Fe]] et de [[Province de La Pampa|la Pampa]]. \\n; Gran Chaco\\nLa r\\u00e9gion\n        [[Gran Chaco]] se situe au nord du pays, avec des saisons humides et s\\u00e8ches,\n        il permet l''\\u00e9levage de [[b\\u00e9tail]] et la culture de [[coton]]. Il\n        recouvre les provinces du [[Province du Chaco|Chaco]] et de [[Province de\n        Formosa|Formosa]]. Il comprend \\u00e9galement des for\\u00eats subtropicales\n        o\\u00f9 se d\\u00e9veloppent la v\\u00e9g\\u00e9tation et les animaux.\\n; Mesopotamie\\nCe\n        territoire se trouve entre le [[Rio Paran\\u00e1]] et le [[Rio Uruguay]], partag\\u00e9s\n        entre les provinces de [[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]] et d''[[Province\n        d''Entre R\\u00edos|Entre R\\u00edos]], o\\u00f9 l''on entretient le [[b\\u00e9tail]]\n        et les [[Esteros del Iber\\u00e1]]. La climat de la [[province de Misiones]]\n        est tropical. Les [[chutes d''Iguaz\\u00fa]] s''y trouvent.\\n; Patagonie\\nLes\n        [[steppe]]s de la [[Patagonie]] dans les provinces de [[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]],\n        [[Province de R\\u00edo Negro|R\\u00edo Negro]], [[Province de Chubut|Chubut]]\n        et [[Province de Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] sont d''origines [[Tertiaire (g\\u00e9ologie)|tertiaires]].\n        Le territoire est semi-aride au nord, froid et aride au sud, mais est constitu\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 l''ouest de plusieurs grands lacs et de for\\u00eats. La [[Terre de\n        Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique Sud]] est froide et humide,\n        mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9 par l''influence oc\\u00e9anique. Enfin, le nord peut \\u00eatre\n        r\\u00e9f\\u00e9r\\u00e9 \\u00e0 [[Comahue]].\\n; Cuyo\\nL''ouest de l''Argentine\n        est domin\\u00e9 par l''imposante cordill\\u00e8re des Andes, \\u00e0 l''est\n        se trouve une r\\u00e9gion aride appel\\u00e9e [[Cuyo (Argentine)|Cuyo]], l''eau\n        descendant des montagnes permet la [[viticulture]] et l''[[agriculture]] gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 son irrigation, bien que le relief y soit accident\\u00e9.\\n\\nLe point\n        le plus haut du monde en dehors de l''Himalaya se retrouve en Argentine, au\n        cerro Aconcagua, de {{unit\\u00e9|6959|m\\u00e8tres}}. Parmi les plus hautes\n        montagnes des Andes, une importante proportion se retrouve dans le pays. Le\n        point le plus bas des Am\\u00e9riques se trouve aussi en Argentine, dans la\n        province de Santa Cruz (Laguna del Carbon).\\n\\n=== Climat ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Climat\n        de l''Argentine}}\\nEn consid\\u00e9rant la superficie du pays, les diff\\u00e9rences\n        d''altitude (de {{unit\\u00e9|-100|m}} \\u00e0 presque {{unit\\u00e9|7000|m}})\n        et la longueur du pays (du {{22e}} [[Parall\\u00e8le (g\\u00e9ographie)|parall\\u00e8le]]\n        sud, correspondant dans l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re nord \\u00e0 la ville de [[La\n        Havane]], jusqu''au {{55e|parall\\u00e8le}} sud, correspondant dans l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re\n        nord \\u00e0 [[Copenhague]], Moscou et la baie d''Hudson), une \\u00e9norme\n        diversit\\u00e9 de climats coexiste dans le pays.\\n\\nLe Nord est pratiquement\n        tropical, quoique absolument toutes les r\\u00e9gions du pays peuvent voir\n        le mercure descendre \\u00e0 {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nLe Centre-Nord et l''Ouest\n        connaissent des journ\\u00e9es de chaleur insupportable l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 :\n        la moyenne atteint {{tmp|36|\\u00b0C}} dans certains endroits, avec  des temp\\u00e9ratures\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9lev\\u00e9es avoisinant souvent les {{tmp|45|\\u00b0C}}.\\n\\nL''hiver,\n        la partie la plus septentrionale du pays enregistre des moyennes autour de\n        {{tmp|20|\\u00b0C}} le jour, et de {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}} la nuit, avec des p\\u00e9riodes\n        de {{tmp|30|\\u00b0C}} alternant avec des journ\\u00e9es assez froides qui peuvent\n        m\\u00eame rester en dessous de {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}}, et des nuits proches de\n        {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}}. Les pr\\u00e9cipitations varient de {{unit\\u00e9|2500|millim\\u00e8tres}}\n        dans la jungle de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]], \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|1000|mm}}\n        dans le [[Gran Chaco]], et seulement {{unit\\u00e9|100|mm}} dans les r\\u00e9gions\n        les plus arides de l''Ouest argentin.\\n\\nLa [[Pampa]] concentre la majorit\\u00e9\n        de la population et de la production du pays, gr\\u00e2ce au [[climat temp\\u00e9r\\u00e9]]\n        \\u00e0 quatre saisons: les \\u00e9t\\u00e9s sont assez longs et chauds, avec\n        des journ\\u00e9es ayant une temp\\u00e9rature moyenne de {{unit\\u00e9|30|\\u00b0C}}\n        et des nuit agr\\u00e9ables \\u00e0 {{tmp|17|\\u00b0C}}, tandis que les hivers\n        sont doux avec des journ\\u00e9es ayant des temp\\u00e9ratures moyennes de {{tmp|15|\\u00b0C}}\n        et les nuits autour de {{tmp|4|\\u00b0C}}. Les [[gel\\u00e9e blanche|gel\\u00e9es]]\n        sont courantes pendant 3 \\u00e0 4 mois, et les temp\\u00e9ratures descendent\n        souvent \\u00e0 {{tmp|-5|\\u00b0C}}, mais rarement moins, quoique les records\n        approchent les {{tmp|-10|\\u00b0C}}. La [[neige]], en revanche, est tr\\u00e8s\n        rare \\u00e9tant donn\\u00e9 que l''hiver est la saison la plus s\\u00e8che.\n        Les pr\\u00e9cipitations vont de {{unit\\u00e9|1200|mm}} dans l''est, \\u00e0\n        seulement {{unit\\u00e9|150|mm}} dans l''Ouest du pays.\\n\\nLa Patagonie est\n        la r\\u00e9gion la plus froide, mais le climat varie \\u00e9norm\\u00e9ment d''un\n        endroit \\u00e0 l''autre : il est extr\\u00eamement sec mais assez mod\\u00e9r\\u00e9\n        sur la c\\u00f4te, tr\\u00e8s sec et rigoureux au centre, et tr\\u00e8s humide\n        et un peu moins rigoureux dans les vall\\u00e9es des Andes, o\\u00f9 l''air\n        du Pacifique p\\u00e9n\\u00e8tre dans le continent. Sur la c\\u00f4te, il fait\n        rarement moins de {{tmp|-10|\\u00b0C}}, et l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9, il peut faire\n        facilement {{tmp|35|\\u00b0C}}. La neige est assez rare, mais la pluie aussi\n        ({{unit\\u00e9|250|mm}}).\\nSur les plateaux du centre de la Patagonie, les\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9s sont ti\\u00e8des mais avec des nuits froides (en dessous de\n        {{tmp|10|\\u00b0C}}, avec du gel parfois en plein \\u00e9t\\u00e9) et les hivers\n        sont assez rigoureux, avec des moyennes proches de {{tmp|0|\\u00b0C}} dans\n        plusieurs endroits, accompagn\\u00e9s de chutes de neige fr\\u00e9quentes mais\n        peu abondantes en raison de l''aridit\\u00e9 du climat. La temp\\u00e9rature\n        descend facilement \\u00e0 {{tmp|-20|\\u00b0C}}, et les records indiquent des\n        valeurs proches de {{tmp|-35|\\u00b0C}} lors d''hivers exceptionnels, o\\u00f9\n        certains villages sont isol\\u00e9s par la neige pendant des semaines. Les\n        vall\\u00e9es (tr\\u00e8s basses) \\u00e0 l''ouest ont des \\u00e9t\\u00e9s frais\n        avec des nuits froides, et des hivers avec des moyennes de {{tmp|2|\\u00b0C}}\n        (\\u00e9quivalent de l''Alsace), descendent rarement en dessous de {{tmp|-15|\\u00b0C}},\n        quoique des valeurs de {{tmp|-20|\\u00b0C}} sont possibles. La neige peut s''accumuler\n        profond\\u00e9ment, car beaucoup de secteurs re\\u00e7oivent plus de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|mm}}\n        de pluie et neige, et quelques secteurs isol\\u00e9s voient jusqu''\\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|4500|mm}}\n        par an.\\n\\nL''extr\\u00eame sud m\\u00e9rite une note \\u00e0 part, car si les\n        hivers sont semblables \\u00e0 ceux de l''ouest de la Patagonie, avec beaucoup\n        de pluie, neige et m\\u00e9langes, la particularit\\u00e9 du climat est l''absence\n        de l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 : au mois le plus chaud, la moyenne du jour atteint seulement\n        {{tmp|14|\\u00b0C}}, alors que celle des nuits est de {{tmp|5|\\u00b0C}}. Il\n        est tr\\u00e8s courant de voir des journ\\u00e9es \\u00e0 {{tmp|7|\\u00b0C}} en\n        plein \\u00e9t\\u00e9, et des chutes de neige ne sont pas \\u00e0 exclure. De\n        plus, pendant les mois d''\\u00e9t\\u00e9 on peut s''attendre \\u00e0 avoir 3\n        ou 4 journ\\u00e9es ensoleill\\u00e9es par mois, avec une quinzaine de journ\\u00e9es\n        de pluie, et une douzaine de journ\\u00e9es nuageuses.\\n\\nDans toute la Patagonie,\n        et surtout dans le sud, on enregistre les plus forts vents au monde: dans\n        certaines villes, la moyenne d\\u00e9passe les {{unit\\u00e9|30|km/h}} tous\n        les mois, et lors des temp\\u00eates, les vitesses de {{unit\\u00e9|100|km/h}}\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|150|km/h}} sont courantes.\\n\\nLa c\\u00f4te Atlantique\n        argentine a des temp\\u00e9ratures assez froides m\\u00eame l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9,\n        o\\u00f9 l''eau n''atteint les {{tmp|20|\\u00b0C}} que quelquefois dans quelques\n        endroits pr\\u00e9cis. Les temp\\u00e9ratures les plus chaudes et les plus froides\n        du continent ont \\u00e9t\\u00e9 mesur\\u00e9es en Argentine : plus de {{tmp|49|\\u00b0C}}\n        l''\\u00e9t\\u00e9, \\u00e0 Rivadavia, et {{tmp|-42|\\u00b0C}} l''hiver, au Valle\n        de los Patos, San Juan.\\n\\n=== Rivi\\u00e8res et lacs ===\\n[[Fichier:Lago Nahuel\n        Huapi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Le [[lac Nahuel Huapi]] en [[Patagonie]]]]\\nParmi\n        les grands [[fleuve]]s, citons le [[R\\u00edo Paraguay|Paraguay]], le [[R\\u00edo\n        Bermejo|Bermejo]], le [[R\\u00edo Negro (fleuve argentin)|r\\u00edo Negro]],\n        le [[R\\u00edo Colorado (Argentine)|r\\u00edo Colorado]], l''[[Rio Uruguay|Uruguay]],\n        ainsi que le [[Rio Paran\\u00e1|Paran\\u00e1]] qui est le plus long fleuve d''Argentine.\n        Les fleuves [[Rio Paran\\u00e1|Paran\\u00e1]] et [[Uruguay]] coulent vers l''[[oc\\u00e9an\n        Atlantique]] et se rejoignent pour former le delta du [[r\\u00edo de la Plata]].\n        Dans le parc national de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]], au nord du pays,\n        les mini-chutes d''une selva satur\\u00e9e vont se r\\u00e9unir pour former\n        le fleuve Panana. Des grands lacs comme des mers se sont form\\u00e9s au pied\n        des [[Cordill\\u00e8re des Andes|Andes]], dans des sites encore vierges tels\n        le [[lac Nahuel Huapi|Nahuel Huapi]], \\u00e0 [[San Carlos de Bariloche]].\\n\\n===\n        Environnement ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Environnement en Argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Fichier-AtmosphericMethaneSouthAm\\u00e9rica.jpg|thumb|right|Carte[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5270\n        M\\u00e9thane atmosph\\u00e9rique] (NASA 22/02/2005) consult\\u00e9 le 18/07/2017\n        des ''''hot-spot'''' d''\\u00e9mission de [[m\\u00e9thane]] de l''h\\u00e9misph\\u00e8re\n        sud]].\\nLe pays abrite des paysages et \\u00e9cosyst\\u00e8mes tr\\u00e8s vari\\u00e9s,\n        en raison notamment d''un important gradient climatique. L''\\u00e9cosyst\\u00e8me\n        dominant est celui de la [[pampa]], qui abrite une [[biodiversit\\u00e9]] originale\n        et souvent [[End\\u00e9misme|end\\u00e9mique]].\\n\\nLa [[for\\u00eat]] a souvent\n        fortement r\\u00e9gress\\u00e9 au profit de boisements industriels (monocultures\n        parfois) et de l''[[\\u00e9levage bovin]] et d''une agriculture souvent industrielle\n        qui contribue \\u00e0 d\\u00e9grader les [[Sol (p\\u00e9dologie)|sols]]. Le Sud\n        du pays est expos\\u00e9 \\u00e0 une augmentation des [[Ultraviolet|UV]] solaires\n        ([[Canc\\u00e9rog\\u00e8ne|canc\\u00e9rig\\u00e8nes]], [[mutag\\u00e8ne]]s), induite\n        par le trou de la couche d''ozone, plus grande au-dessus de l''Antarctique\n        qu''au-dessus de l''[[Arctique]].\\n\\n==== Faune et flore ====\\n[[Fichier:Vicu\\u00f1a\n        Vigogne Lago Chungar\\u00e0 4570m Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|thumb|150px|Troupeau\n        de [[vigogne]]s]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Faune de l''Argentine}}\\n\\nDans\n        les immenses \\u00e9tendues de la [[Pampa]] subsiste encore une faune pr\\u00e9colombienne\n        repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9e en particulier par le [[tatou]], dit \\u00e0 neuf bandes\n        : les [[gaucho|ga\\u00fachos]] pourchassent ce mammif\\u00e8re x\\u00e9narthre\n        car ils redoutent ses terriers dans lesquels le b\\u00e9tail se casse les pattes.\\n\\nEn\n        altitude, le [[lama (animal)|lama]] est encore utilis\\u00e9 comme [[B\\u00eate\n        de somme|animal de portage]].\\n\\n=== Fronti\\u00e8res terrestres ===\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|5151|{{Abr\\u00e9viation\n        discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et\n        le Chili|avec le Chili]] : [[Liste de fronti\\u00e8res terrestres internationales\n        par longueur|c''est la troisi\\u00e8me plus longue fronti\\u00e8re terrestre\n        au monde]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|1880|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et le Paraguay|avec le Paraguay]].\\n*\n        {{Unit\\u00e9|1224|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re\n        entre l''Argentine et le Br\\u00e9sil|avec le Br\\u00e9sil]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|832|{{Abr\\u00e9viation\n        discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}} [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et\n        la Bolivie|avec la Bolivie]].\\n* {{Unit\\u00e9|579|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        [[Fronti\\u00e8re entre l''Argentine et l''Uruguay|avec l''Uruguay]].\\n\\n==\n        Histoire ==\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Histoire de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n===\n        \\u00c9poque pr\\u00e9-coloniale ===\\nUn grand nombre de tribus indig\\u00e8nes\n        peuplait l''Argentine avant la conqu\\u00eate espagnole comme les [[Diaguita]]s,\n        [[Pampa (ethnie)|Pampas]], [[Tehuelche|Chonks]], [[Toba (Argentine, peuple)|Qoms]],\n        [[Wichi]] (\\\"Matacos\\\"), [[Selknam]] (\\\"Onas\\\").\\n\\n=== Colonisation espagnole\n        ===\\nEn [[1516]], l''Espagnol [[Juan D\\u00edaz de Sol\\u00eds]] d\\u00e9couvre\n        le [[Rio de la Plata]]. Le pays est colonis\\u00e9 par les [[Espagne|Espagnols]]\n        entre le {{XVIe s}} et le {{XVIIe si\\u00e8cle}}.\\n\\n=== Ind\\u00e9pendance===\\n[[Fichier:Manuel\n        Belgrano.JPG|150px|thumb|upright|left|Le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Manuel Belgrano]]\n        \\u00e0 Londres, 1815.]]\\n[[Fichier:Jose de San Martin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Le\n        g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] \\u00e0 Paris, 1849.]]\\n\\nDes\n        [[mouvement]]s d''opposition contre la m\\u00e9tropole espagnole apparaissent\n        \\u00e0 l''aube du {{XIXe si\\u00e8cle}} apr\\u00e8s avoir repouss\\u00e9 sous\n        l''impulsion de [[Jacques de Liniers]], d''origine fran\\u00e7aise, en [[1806]]\n        et [[1807]], deux [[Invasions britanniques|exp\\u00e9ditions militaires anglaises]],\n        car les Argentins durent se d\\u00e9fendre seuls contre un ennemi autrement\n        mieux arm\\u00e9 et bien d\\u00e9cid\\u00e9 \\u00e0 les recoloniser. D\\u00e8s\n        [[1810]] avec la ''''[[r\\u00e9volution de Mai]]'''' ({{date|25|mai|1810}})\n        les Argentins deviennent ind\\u00e9pendants de fait. En [[1813]] le gouvernement\n        br\\u00fble en place publique les instruments de torture et le {{date|1|mai|1853}}\n        d\\u00e9clare l''[[abolition de l''esclavage]] (selon la [[Chronologie de l''abolition\n        de l''esclavage]]). L''ind\\u00e9pendance d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e le {{date|9|juillet|1816}}\n        (lors du [[congr\\u00e8s de Tucum\\u00e1n|congr\\u00e8s constituant]] tenu dans\n        la ville de [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]]) n''est que la cons\\u00e9quence\n        juridique venant ent\\u00e9riner ce qui est d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 une r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9.\n        Plusieurs ann\\u00e9es de guerre contre l''Empire espagnol permettent aux Argentins\n        de se s\\u00e9parer d\\u00e9finitivement de l''emprise des Bourbons. Les g\\u00e9n\\u00e9raux\n        [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]], [[Manuel Belgrano]] et [[Mart\\u00edn Miguel\n        de G\\u00fcemes]], entre autres, matent toute vell\\u00e9it\\u00e9 espagnole\n        de reprendre sa colonie. Au commandement d''une arm\\u00e9e d''environ {{unit\\u00e9|4000|soldats}},\n        San Martin r\\u00e9alise une campagne prodigieuse. Il traverse la [[cordill\\u00e8re\n        des Andes]] et, au Chili, il inflige des d\\u00e9faites cruciales \\u00e0 l''arm\\u00e9e\n        espagnole, d''abord \\u00e0 la Cuesta de [[Bataille de Chacabuco|Chacabuco]]\n        et puis (avec des troupes chiliennes de [[Bernardo O''Higgins]]) \\u00e0 Maipu,\n        pr\\u00e8s de [[Santiago|Santiago du Chili]], o\\u00f9 les Argentins d\\u00e9truisent\n        d\\u00e9finitivement l''arm\\u00e9e royaliste stationn\\u00e9e au [[Chili]].\\n\\n===\n        La guerre civile et les invasions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res ===\\n{{Traduction \\u00e0\n        revoir}}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Juan Manuel de Rosas.jpg|thumb|150px|Brigadier G\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].]]\\nLa guerre contre l''[[Empire espagnol]] s\\u2019ach\\u00e8ve\n        apr\\u00e8s la victoire des ind\\u00e9pendantistes sud-am\\u00e9ricains \\u00e0\n        la [[bataille d''Ayacucho]], en [[1824]]. Cependant, le pays est en situation\n        de guerre civile depuis une d\\u00e9cennie. En 1813, avant la d\\u00e9claration\n        formelle de l''ind\\u00e9pendance de toute l''Argentine, la [[Bande orientale|Province\n        Orientale]] avec [[Jos\\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas]] a d\\u00e9fendu le [[f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ralisme]]\n        argentin contre le centralisme de la ville du Buenos Aires, menant \\u00e0\n        une guerre civile de cinquante ans entre [[Parti f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raliste (Argentine)|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raux]]\n        et [[Parti unitaire (Argentine)|unitaires]]. Toujours en plein conflit entre\n        f\\u00e9d\\u00e9raux et unitaires, l''Argentine a eu \\u00e0 affronter de diverses\n        guerres : [[Guerre de Cisplatine|L''invasion]] de la [[Bande orientale|Province\n        Orientale]] par l''[[Empire du Br\\u00e9sil]], mais \\u00e9galement l''occupation\n        de la province de [[Tarija]] par les boliviens en 1826. De plus, peu de temps\n        apr\\u00e8s la fin de la guerre entre l''Argentine et le Br\\u00e9sil, les [[Royaume-Uni|Anglais]]\n        ont occup\\u00e9 (1833) les [[\\u00celes Malouines]] que l''Argentine avait\n        h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9es de l''Espagne  En 1836, l''Argentine devait assumer une\n        [[Guerre de la Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration|guerre]] contre la [[Conf\\u00e9d\\u00e9ration\n        p\\u00e9ruvio-bolivienne]], et une [[Bataille de la Vuelta de Obligado|guerre\n        contre les Empires anglais et fran\\u00e7ais, alli\\u00e9s avec le Br\\u00e9sil,\n        les paraguayens et les uruguayens]]. Ces luttes internes et les interventions\n        \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res expliquent la dur\\u00e9e de l''h\\u00e9g\\u00e9monie de\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] (1833-1853).\\nLa [[Constitution de l''Argentine|constitution]]\n        sera proclam\\u00e9e en [[1853]], apr\\u00e8s la fin de la ''''dictature de\n        [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]]''''.\\n{{clr}}\\n\\n=== Dictatures du {{s-|XX|e}} et\n        p\\u00e9ronisme  ===\\n[[Fichier:Evita y Per\\u00f3n.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n]] et sa femme, [[Eva Per\\u00f3n|Eva Duarte de Per\\u00f3n]].]]\\nLes\n        pr\\u00e9sidences se succ\\u00e8dent entre [[1930]] et [[1983]], mais sur seize\n        pr\\u00e9sidents, onze sont des militaires et plusieurs sont \\u00ab pr\\u00e9sidents\n        de facto \\u00bb (par opposition \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9sident \\u00e9lu). \\n \\n[[Juan\n        Per\\u00f3n|Per\\u00f3n]] fait alors son d\\u00e9but dans la haute politique\n        : lieutenant-colonel titulaire de quelques secr\\u00e9tariats d''\\u00c9tat\n        du gouvernement militaire \\u00e9tabli en [[juin 1943]], il est \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident\n        apr\\u00e8s la fin de la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]]. Celle-ci ayant entra\\u00een\\u00e9\n        l\\u2019affaiblissement de l\\u2019Occident, l''Argentine devient, vers 1950,\n        la neuvi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique mondiale[http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt62/pwt62_form.php\n        Penn World Tables]. Apr\\u00e8s la guerre, de tr\\u00e8s nombreux [[Nazisme|nazis]]\n        fuirent en Argentine.\\n\\nLe p\\u00e9ronisme est un mouvement national-populaire\n        ; il encadre la population argentine (syndicats, femmes, jeunes, ouvriers\\u2026)\n        en leur octroyant des droits et un statut. Le partage des richesses est d\\u00e9sormais\n        moins d\\u00e9s\\u00e9quilibr\\u00e9 et {{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire|la\n        classe ouvri\\u00e8re argentine, qui ne s''est jamais tourn\\u00e9e vers le\n        communisme, s''identifie au mouvement p\\u00e9roniste|date=19\\u00a0avril\\u00a02017}}.\n        Per\\u00f3n a donc le soutien de cette derni\\u00e8re , en partie gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 la redistribution des richesses nationales. Cependant, l''opposition\n        de la bourgeoisie est pour le moins active ; d\\u00e8s le retournement de la\n        conjoncture \\u00e9conomique, au d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 1950, le dirigeant\n        populiste va \\u00eatre amen\\u00e9 \\u00e0 pratiquer l''autoritarisme pour continuer\n        \\u00e0 contr\\u00f4ler l''\\u00c9tat et le pays. L\\u2019\\u00c9glise se retourne\n        \\u00e9galement contre le gouvernement apr\\u00e8s les tentatives de Per\\u00f3n\n        de la\\u00efciser l\\u2019enseignement et ses r\\u00e9formes en faveur des droits\n        des femmes. Par ailleurs, sa deuxi\\u00e8me femme (Per\\u00f3n \\u00e9tait veuf\n        depuis [[1938]]) [[Eva Per\\u00f3n]] d\\u00e9c\\u00e9d\\u00e9e, rest\\u00e9e tr\\u00e8s\n        aim\\u00e9e des \\u00ab descamisados \\u00bb (sans chemises) n''est plus l\\u00e0\n        pour galvaniser la population. Le soutien d''une majorit\\u00e9 de la population\n        au mouvement p\\u00e9roniste est n\\u00e9anmoins r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement confirm\\u00e9\n        par les \\u00e9lections et un syst\\u00e8me d\\u00e9mocratique multipartite continue\n        de fonctionner.\\n\\nEn 1955, un coup d''\\u00c9tat le chasse du pouvoir (l''arm\\u00e9e\n        bombardera la place de Mai, tuant de nombreux civils). D\\u00e9sormais, l''Argentine\n        entre dans une p\\u00e9riode d''instabilit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 la fois \\u00e9conomique\n        et politique. Le puissant mouvement p\\u00e9roniste est d\\u00e9capit\\u00e9\n        mais va rena\\u00eetre sous la forme clandestine (sabotage, gr\\u00e8ves\\u2026).\n        Les \\u00e9lites du pays, revenues au pouvoir, cherchent alors une impossible\n        formule de d\\u00e9mocratie sans p\\u00e9ronisme. Les militaires organisent\n        des \\u00e9lections, puis reprennent le pouvoir quelque temps apr\\u00e8s, et\n        ce, \\u00e0 deux reprises.\\n\\nEn 1966 a lieu le coup d''\\u00c9tat du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Ongania]]. Ce dernier, partisan de la mani\\u00e8re forte, va mettre en place\n        un r\\u00e9gime bureaucratique et autoritaire. En r\\u00e9action \\u00e0 la violence,\n        les mouvements sociaux, les syndicats, les \\u00e9tudiants, les ouvriers vont\n        se battre contre le r\\u00e9gime jusqu''\\u00e0 prendre conscience de sa faiblesse.\n        La situation s''aggrave jusqu''\\u00e0 l''ann\\u00e9e 1969, quand \\u00e9clate\n        le ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' (une explosion de violence spontan\\u00e9e \\u00e0\n        la ville de Cordoba durant laquelle les ouvriers et les \\u00e9tudiants seront\n        les principaux protagonistes). C''est la premi\\u00e8re ''''pueblada'''' (il\n        y en aura bien d''autres dans tout le pays) : la population s''attaque aux\n        symboles du pouvoir autoritaire (police\\u2026) mais aussi \\u00e0 ceux des\n        multinationales \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res. Le lendemain, le pays est paralys\\u00e9\n        par la gr\\u00e8ve g\\u00e9n\\u00e9rale. D\\u00e9sormais, m\\u00eame la classe\n        moyenne, traditionnellement anti-p\\u00e9roniste, s''associe au rejet du pouvoir\n        bureaucratique et autoritaire. Les militaires se retirent alors en bonne et\n        due forme, essayant de ne pas perdre la face. Mais il est trop tard et en\n        1973, la population assiste \\u00e0 la fin du r\\u00e9gime militaire. Des \\u00e9lections\n        d\\u00e9mocratiques sont organis\\u00e9es, les militaires sont conspu\\u00e9s,\n        la gauche r\\u00e9volutionnaire voit ses organisations de masses l\\u00e9galis\\u00e9es\n        et ses militants prisonniers sont tous lib\\u00e9r\\u00e9s. L''extr\\u00eame-gauche\n        gagne des espaces de pouvoir au sein de l''\\u00c9tat (Universit\\u00e9\\u2026).\n        On croit que les militaires ne reviendront pas. Jamais alors le climat politique\n        n''avait \\u00e9t\\u00e9 aussi propice \\u00e0 la gauche en Argentine.\\n\\nApr\\u00e8s\n        le retour du [[Juan Per\\u00f3n|g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral Peron]] en 1973, qui se solde\n        par le [[massacre d''Ezeiza]] (affrontements entre la gauche et la droite\n        p\\u00e9roniste), le pays s''enfonce dans une \\u00ab [[guerre sale]] \\u00bb,\n        qui commence, dans la [[province de Tucum\\u00e1n]], d\\u00e8s l''[[op\\u00e9ration\n        Ind\\u00e9pendance]], qui impliquait la lutte contre la gu\\u00e9rilla y compris\n        l''enl\\u00e8vement de partisans arm\\u00e9s de la \\u00ab\\u00a0r\\u00e9volution\\u00a0\\u00bb\n        et leur s\\u00e9jours dans des [[centre clandestin de d\\u00e9tention (Argentine)|centres\n        de d\\u00e9tention clandestins]], o\\u00f9 ils \\u00e9taient tortur\\u00e9s. La\n        tr\\u00e8s grande majorit\\u00e9 n''y a pas surv\\u00e9cu. \\u00c0 cette occasion,\n        les le\\u00e7ons transmises par des fran\\u00e7ais sur la [[bataille d''Alger]]\n        sont mises en pratique[[Marie-Monique Robin]] dans ''''[[Escadrons de\n        la mort, l''\\u00e9cole fran\\u00e7aise]]''''.\\n\\nEn mars 1976, un coup\n        d''\\u00c9tat dirig\\u00e9 par une junte de militaires ([[Jorge Rafael Videla|Jorge\n        Videla]], etc.) renverse la troisi\\u00e8me femme de P\\u00e9ron, [[Isabel Mart\\u00ednez\n        de Per\\u00f3n]], ancienne vice-pr\\u00e9sident de son \\u00e9poux, et sa veuve\n        depuis 1974. La [[Comisi\\u00f3n Nacional sobre la Desaparici\\u00f3n de Personas|CONADEP]]\n        -Commission nationale sur la disparition des personnes, fond\\u00e9e par le\n        gouvernement d\\u00e9mocratique de Ra\\u00fal R. [[Ra\\u00fal Alfons\\u00edn|Alfons\\u00edn]],\n        a estim\\u00e9 que la r\\u00e9pression militaire a fait un peu moins de {{unit\\u00e9|10000|victimes}},\n        dans la majorit\\u00e9 des \\u00ab [[d\\u00e9tenus disparus|disparus]] \\u00bb.\n        \\n\\u00c9tant donn\\u00e9 que l''appui aux mouvements de gu\\u00e9rilla dans\n        tout le continent est soutenu, coordonn\\u00e9 et dirig\\u00e9 depuis [[Cuba]],\n        Buenos Aires participe avec d''autres pays \\u00e0 l\\u2019[[op\\u00e9ration\n        Condor]] (de coordination contre la subversion), et de nombreux [[Droit d''asile|r\\u00e9fugi\\u00e9s\n        politiques]] et des \\u00ab\\u00a0subversives\\u00a0\\u00bb enfuis de pays voisins\n        sont assassin\\u00e9s par le biais des services secrets ou d''escadrons de\n        la mort (la [[Alliance anticommuniste argentine|Triple A]]). Il est \\u00e0\n        noter que cette [[Alliance anticommuniste argentine|Triple A]] a \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        cr\\u00e9\\u00e9e en 1974 durant le gouvernement constitutionnel de Madame la\n        veuve Peron et a commenc\\u00e9 son travail depuis cette ann\\u00e9e. L''ambassade\n        [[\\u00c9tats-Unis|am\\u00e9ricaine]] est souvent au courantLe journaliste\n        John Dinges affirme dans son livre-r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence sur Condor qu''\\u00e0\n        la fois le FBI et la CIA \\u00e9taient au courant de l''arrestation de deux\n        diplomates cubains, de 22 et 26 ans, par la [[Secretar\\u00eda de Inteligencia|SIDE]]\n        argentine. Tortur\\u00e9s dans le centre Orletti, les Cubains ont aussi \\u00e9t\\u00e9\n        interrog\\u00e9s par [[Michael Townley]], ex-agent de la CIA qui travaillait\n        d\\u00e9sormais pour la [[Direction nationale du renseignement|DINA]] chilienne.\n        Townley a par la suite \\u00e9t\\u00e9 condamn\\u00e9 pour l''assassinat de l''ex-ministre\n        de [[Salvador Allende]], [[Orlando Letelier]], \\u00e0 Washington en septembre\n        1976..\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Dictature militaire en Argentine\n        (1976-1983)}}\\n\\n=== Guerre des Malouines et transition d\\u00e9mocratique\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Carlos menem.jpg|left|150px|thumb|[[Carlos Menem]], pr\\u00e9sident\n        de [[1989]] \\u00e0 [[1999]].]]\\n[[Fichier:TierraDelFuego1.PNG|thumb|150px|Carte\n        de l''Argentine avec les [[\\u00eeles Malouines]] (\\u00e0 droite sur l''image)]]\\nAfin\n        de relancer sa popularit\\u00e9, la junte de Buenos Aires, dirig\\u00e9e depuis\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1981 par [[Leopoldo Galtieri]], l\\u2019un des plus \\u00ab durs\n        \\u00bb, d\\u00e9cide d\\u2019envahir les [[\\u00eeles Malouines]] en 1982, provoquant\n        ainsi la [[guerre des Malouines]] contre le Royaume-Uni, alors dirig\\u00e9\n        par [[Margaret Thatcher]]. En raison de son [[anticommunisme]] visc\\u00e9ral\n        et de la mise en place de l\\u2019[[op\\u00e9ration Charly]] (pendant laquelle\n        les services argentins ont transmis \\u00e0 leurs homologues d\\u2019Am\\u00e9rique\n        centrale les techniques de la guerre sale : [[escadron de la mort|escadrons\n        de la mort]], torture syst\\u00e9matique contre la population civile afin de\n        la d\\u00e9moraliser, [[vols de la mort]], etc.), Buenos Aires semblait penser\n        pouvoir compter, \\u00e0 tort, sur le soutien de [[Ronald Reagan]], nouvellement\n        \\u00e9lu.\\n\\nLa d\\u00e9faite lors de la guerre des Malouines pr\\u00e9cipite\n        la chute du r\\u00e9gime et une lente transition d\\u00e9mocratique.\\n\\n[[Ra\\u00fal\n        Alfons\\u00edn]] (1983-1989) fut le symbole m\\u00eame du retour \\u00e0 la d\\u00e9mocratie\n        en R\\u00e9publique argentine. Dans les premiers jours de son mandat, en 1983,\n        il abroge l\\u2019amnistie d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e avant que les forces arm\\u00e9es\n        ne perdent le pouvoir et demande de poursuivre neuf dirigeants de la junte\n        militaire. Il nomme en m\\u00eame temps une commission nationale sur la disparition\n        des personnes et en choisit les membres : dix citoyens de premier plan, connus\n        pour leur r\\u00f4le dans la d\\u00e9fense des droits de l\\u2019Homme. Aux yeux\n        du monde \\u00e9clate la cruaut\\u00e9 des crimes de la junte militaire argentine\n        : quelque {{unit\\u00e9|10000|personnes}} tortur\\u00e9es puis ex\\u00e9cut\\u00e9es\n        clandestinement.\\n\\nMais si les principaux responsables de violations des\n        droits de l''Homme durant le r\\u00e9gime militaire seront jug\\u00e9s et condamn\\u00e9s,\n        la pression de l''establishment militaire va forcer Alfonsin \\u00e0 c\\u00e9der\n        aux revendications des militaires. Trois ans plus tard, son gouvernement emp\\u00eache\n        le jugement de nombreux autres responsables, en instaurant les lois de pardon\n        ''''Punto Final'''' et ''''Obediencia Debida''''. La premi\\u00e8re prescrit\n        les proc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 venir et la seconde accorde l''amnistie aux officiers\n        subalternes, responsables d''atrocit\\u00e9s commises sous les ordres des chefs\n        des forces arm\\u00e9es.\\nDepuis lors, plusieurs pr\\u00e9sidents se sont succ\\u00e9d\\u00e9\n        : [[Carlos Menem]] (1989-1999), [[Fernando de la R\\u00faa]] (1999-2001). Des\n        lois d''amnistie sont vot\\u00e9es sous Menem, notamment en raison de la r\\u00e9bellion\n        de secteurs d\\u2019extr\\u00eame droite dans l''arm\\u00e9e (les [[Carapintadas]],\n        qui tentent plusieurs coups d\\u2019\\u00c9tat \\u00e0 la fin des ann\\u00e9es\n        1980). Un proc\\u00e8s durant lequel comparaissent les principaux responsables\n        de la junte, ainsi que des Montoneros, se tient n\\u00e9anmoins en 1985 : c''est\n        le Proc\\u00e8s des Juntes (''''Juicio a las Juntas'''').\\n\\nLa d\\u00e9cennie\n        Menem est marqu\\u00e9e par une [[lib\\u00e9ralisation \\u00e9conomique|lib\\u00e9ralisation\n        de l''\\u00e9conomie]], menant \\u00e0 la modernisation de la plus grande partie\n        du pays, \\u00e0 l''enrichissement d''une part importante de la population,\n        mais aussi \\u00e0 l''apparition de groupes contestataires, les ''''piqueteros'''',\n        qui deviendront c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bres apr\\u00e8s la [[Crise \\u00e9conomique argentine|crise\n        \\u00e9conomique]] de la fin des ann\\u00e9es 1990. En effet, de [[1990]] \\u00e0\n        [[1998]] se produit le miracle argentin, caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9 par un lib\\u00e9ralisme\n        radical (alignement du [[Peso argentin|peso]] sur le [[dollar]], [[privatisation]]s,\n        r\\u00e9formes \\u00e9conomiques et sociales) qui eut pour effet une croissance\n        \\u00e9conomique exponentielle, se traduisant par un enrichissement et une\n        modernisation jamais vus dans le pays. Le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]]\n        aida beaucoup l''Argentine \\u00e0 se d\\u00e9velopper durant cette p\\u00e9riode.\n        La consommation a augment\\u00e9 consid\\u00e9rablement, et les Argentins ont\n        alors pu acc\\u00e9der aux m\\u00eames biens mat\\u00e9riels que les Europ\\u00e9ens\n        ; l''[[Internet]], la [[t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie mobile]], l''[[\\u00c9lectrom\\u00e9nager|\\u00e9lectro-m\\u00e9nager]]\n        moderne, etc. Cependant, ce lib\\u00e9ralisme ne profita pas \\u00e0 toute la\n        population. Les laiss\\u00e9s-pour-compte du miracle \\u00e9conomique repr\\u00e9sentaient\n        une part non n\\u00e9gligeable dans l''Argentine des [[ann\\u00e9es 1990]] :\n        18 % de ch\\u00f4meurs en [[1996]].\\n\\n=== Crise de 2001 ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Crise\n        \\u00e9conomique argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Evolution of the Argentine GNP, 1999-2004.png|thumb|150px|[[R\\u00e9cession\n        (\\u00e9conomie)|R\\u00e9cession \\u00e9conomique]] puis reprise de la croissance\n        du [[Produit national brut|PNB]]]]\\n\\n[[Fichier:Monthly inflation in Argentina,\n        2002.png|thumb|150px|left|[[Inflation]] mensuelle de l''Argentine en 2002]]\\n[[Fichier:Duhalde23012007.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Eduardo\n        Duhalde]]]]\\n\\nLe choix de cr\\u00e9er dans les ann\\u00e9es 1990 une [[caisse\n        d''\\u00e9mission]] mon\\u00e9taire li\\u00e9e strictement au dollar, avait eu\n        pour cons\\u00e9quence, lors de la hausse massive de celui-ci \\u00e0 la fin\n        des ann\\u00e9es 1990, de provoquer un arr\\u00eat brusque des exportations\n        argentines. Le Br\\u00e9sil avait d\\u00e9valu\\u00e9 fortement sa monnaie et\n        l''Argentine, son principal partenaire commercial, s''\\u00e9tait retrouv\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 sec de devises. Cette situation avait engendr\\u00e9 une fuite de capitaux\n        massive pendant les mois d''ao\\u00fbt, septembre et octobre. La crise est\n        partiellement jugul\\u00e9e par un contr\\u00f4le draconien des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts\n        bancaires, appel\\u00e9 ''''[[Corralito]]'''', bas\\u00e9 sur l''obligation\n        d''effectuer toutes les op\\u00e9rations financi\\u00e8res \\u00e0 travers les\n        banques et la restriction des retraits d''argent en num\\u00e9raire. Le gros\n        de la population n''\\u00e9tant pas bancaris\\u00e9, la perception des r\\u00e9mun\\u00e9rations\n        et salaires devient un v\\u00e9ritable casse-t\\u00eate, ce qui provoque une\n        aggravation radicale de la crise en d\\u00e9cembre 2001, provoquant un v\\u00e9ritable\n        chaos social, et des \\u00e9meutes des classes sociales les plus appauvries\n        par la crise. La r\\u00e9pression cause 31 morts, le ministre des Finances\n        est relev\\u00e9 de ses fonctions, mais cela ne suffit pas et le pr\\u00e9sident\n        signifie sa d\\u00e9mission en s''enfuyant du palais du Gouvernement en h\\u00e9licopt\\u00e8re.\n        Le gouvernement, le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]] et la parit\\u00e9\n        entre le [[Peso argentin|peso]] et le [[dollar am\\u00e9ricain]] sont les th\\u00e8mes\n        les plus critiqu\\u00e9s.\\n\\nEn dix jours, quatre pr\\u00e9sidents se succ\\u00e8dent\n        (Cama\\u00f1o, Rodriguez Saa, Puerta, Duhalde), le gouvernement argentin se\n        d\\u00e9clare en \\u00e9tat de cessation de paiement, abroge la loi consacrant\n        l''intangibilit\\u00e9 des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts bancaires (ce qui provoque l\\u2019\\u00e9vaporation\n        des d\\u00e9p\\u00f4ts des classes moyennes qui en avaient mais ne les avaient\n        pas transf\\u00e9r\\u00e9s) et, donc, par un approfondissement de la crise \\u00e9conomique.\n        Le {{date|6|janvier|2002}}, le nouveau gouvernement proc\\u00e8de \\u00e0 un\n        gel total des avoirs bancaires, appel\\u00e9 ''''Corral\\u00f3n'''', et une\n        [[d\\u00e9valuation]] officielle du [[Peso argentin|peso]] de 28 % par rapport\n        au [[Dollar am\\u00e9ricain|dollar]], tandis que dans la rue le dollar se change\n        \\u00e0 1,60 [[Peso argentin|peso]] pour atteindre tr\\u00e8s vite plus de 3\n        [[Peso argentin|pesos]]Cf. ''''M\\u00e9moire d''un saccage, Argentine,\n        le hold-up du si\\u00e8cle'''' - de [[Fernando Ezequiel Solanas|Fernando E.\n        Solanas]] (2004).\\n\\nLe monde entier a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 surpris par les\n        \\u00e9v\\u00e9nements de d\\u00e9cembre 2001. Les m\\u00e9dias ont montr\\u00e9\n        un pays caract\\u00e9ris\\u00e9 par les pillages de magasins et les concerts\n        de casseroles des classes moyennes. Mais ces repr\\u00e9sentations sont simplistes\n        et plus que subjectives. Les \\u00e9meutes et les mobilisations ne sont pas\n        n\\u00e9es \\u00e0 la fin de l''ann\\u00e9e 2001. D\\u00e8s 1989, une vague de\n        saccages de magasins a eu lieu, cons\\u00e9quence de l''hyperinflation. En\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1993, le pays a connu des r\\u00e9voltes, notamment \\u00e0 Santiago\n        del Estero. En 1996, les premiers piqueteros \\u00e9tablissaient des barrages\n        \\u00e0 Cutral-Co, dans la province de Neuquen. Mais les m\\u00e9dias n''avaient\n        laiss\\u00e9 que tr\\u00e8s peu de visibilit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 ces mouvements.\\n\\nLes\n        protestations de d\\u00e9cembre 2001 doivent \\u00eatre analys\\u00e9es en tenant\n        compte des changements que le r\\u00e9pertoire de l''action collective a connus\n        ces derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es en Argentine. Comme l''a expliqu\\u00e9 Javier\n        Ayuero, \\u00ab loin d''\\u00eatre l''explosion d''une citoyennet\\u00e9 paraissant\n        jusqu''alors repli\\u00e9e sur elle-m\\u00eame et incapable d''exprimer son\n        m\\u00e9contentement, le mois de d\\u00e9cembre 2001 repr\\u00e9sente plut\\u00f4t\n        le point le plus critique d''un processus de mobilisation populaire datant\n        environ d''une dizaine d''ann\\u00e9es \\u00bb{{es}} \\u00ab Fuegos y barricadas.\n        Retratos de la beligerancia en la Argentina democratica \\u00bb, in Nueva Sociadad,\n        \\u00ab Argentina, fin del sue\\u00f1o \\u00bb, Caracas, mai-juin 2002, {{num\\u00e9ro|179}},\n        {{p.}}144).\\n\\n[[Eduardo Duhalde]] demeure pr\\u00e9sident de l''Argentine\n        entre janvier 2002 et mai 2003 o\\u00f9 il met fin \\u00e0 la parit\\u00e9 entre\n        le peso argentin et le dollar am\\u00e9ricain et met en place un plan \\u00e9conomique\n        productiviste. Il appelle \\u00e0 des \\u00e9lections pr\\u00e9sidentielles anticip\\u00e9es\n        en avril 2003 o\\u00f9 il soutient le candidat p\\u00e9roniste de centre gauche\n        [[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]]. Ce dernier est \\u00e9lu par d\\u00e9faut \\u00e0 la\n        suite du retrait de [[Carlos Menem]] au second tour.\\n\\n=== Gouvernement Kirchner\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Cristinakirchnermensaje2010.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Cristina\n        Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], pr\\u00e9sidente de l''Argentine de [[2007]]\n        \\u00e0 [[2015]].]]\\n[[Fichier:N\\u00e9stor Kirchner y Roberto Lavagna-Buenos\n        Aires-23 de agosto de 2004.jpg|[[N\\u00e9stor Kirchner]] et Roberto Lavagna.|thumb|150px]]\\n[[N\\u00e9stor\n        Kirchner]] exerce la fonction de pr\\u00e9sident de la R\\u00e9publique argentine\n        de 2003 \\u00e0 2007. Il ren\\u00e9gocie la dette du pays en 2005 (il refuse\n        le remboursement de trois quarts des 100 milliards de dollars de dette ext\\u00e9rieure).\n        Il g\\u00e8le les tarifs \\u00e9nerg\\u00e9tiques et du transport, et taxe tr\\u00e8s\n        fortement les importations{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence n\\u00e9cessaire|, il relance\n        l\\u2019activit\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique (+ 50 % en cinq ans) soutenue par\n        les d\\u00e9penses publiques, et double la masse salariale (de 2003 \\u00e0\n        2007)}}. Nestor Kirchner est d\\u00e9c\\u00e9d\\u00e9 en 2010 d''une crise cardiaque.\\n\\nSon\n        \\u00e9pouse, [[Cristina Fern\\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], \\u00e9lue au premier\n        tour le 28 octobre 2007 lui succ\\u00e8de le {{date|10|d\\u00e9cembre|2007}}.\n        En 2008 la pr\\u00e9sidente est confront\\u00e9e \\u00e0 un lourd conflit social\n        l''opposant aux agriculteurs et relatif, notamment, au niveau des taxes sur\n        les exportations de [[soja]]. Les agriculteurs argentins ont engag\\u00e9 une\n        gr\\u00e8ve d''ampleur de commercialisation des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales[http://www.lemonde.fr/\n        Le Monde], \\u00e9dition du 17 juin 2008, ''''L''interpellation d''agriculteurs\n        relance la fronde des campagnes argentines''''.\\n\\nEn 2015, [[Mauricio\n        Macri]] est \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident.\\n\\n== Politique et administration ==\\n{{Article\n        d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Politique en Argentine}}\\n\\n=== R\\u00e9partition des pouvoirs\n        ===\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires-Plaza Congreso-Pensador de Rodin.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Place\n        du [[Palais du Congr\\u00e8s de la Nation Argentine]]]]\\n[[Fichier:Constituci\\u00f3n\n        Nacional Argentina 1853 - p\\u00e1gina 1.jpeg|thumb|150px|Premi\\u00e8re page\n        de la Constitution]]\\nL''Argentine a un r\\u00e9gime pr\\u00e9sidentiel dans\n        une r\\u00e9publique f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale. La [[Constitution argentine de 1853]],\n        r\\u00e9vis\\u00e9e en 1860, 1866, 1898, 1957 et 1994 dispose que le mandat\n        pr\\u00e9sidentiel est de quatre ans (renouvelable deux fois). Il y a possibilit\\u00e9\n        de r\\u00e9\\u00e9lection, mais il faut laisser passer 4 ans. Le pr\\u00e9sident\n        devait \\u00eatre de religion catholique jusqu''en 1994 : [[Carlos Menem]],\n        d''origine syrienne et de confession musulmane d\\u00fbt se convertir au [[catholicisme]]\n        pour \\u00eatre \\u00e9lu pr\\u00e9sident.\\n\\n\\u00c9lu au suffrage universel,\n        le pr\\u00e9sident est \\u00e0 la fois \\u00e0 la t\\u00eate de l''\\u00c9tat et\n        \\u00e0 la t\\u00eate du gouvernement, le pr\\u00e9sident actuel est [[Mauricio\n        Macri]].\\n\\nLa Constitution garantit la s\\u00e9paration des pouvoirs entre\n        l''ex\\u00e9cutif, le l\\u00e9gislatif et le judiciaire. L''ex\\u00e9cutif est\n        confi\\u00e9 au pr\\u00e9sident, le l\\u00e9gislatif au Parlement et le judiciaire\n        \\u00e0 la Cour supr\\u00eame d''Argentine compos\\u00e9e de sept membres.\\n\\nLe\n        Parlement est compos\\u00e9 de deux chambres :\\n* Le [[S\\u00e9nat (Argentine)|S\\u00e9nat]]\n        : 72 membres (3 s\\u00e9nateurs par provinces) \\u00e9lus pour six ans.\\n* La\n        [[Chambre des d\\u00e9put\\u00e9s d''Argentine]] : 257 membres \\u00e9lus au\n        suffrage universel, renouvelables par moiti\\u00e9 tous les deux ans. Un tiers\n        des candidats doit \\u00eatre f\\u00e9minin.\\n\\nLa justice nationale est compos\\u00e9e\n        de diff\\u00e9rents tribunaux, dont le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 est la Cour Supr\\u00eame.\\n\\n===\n        Provinces ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Provinces de l''Argentine|Villes\n        d''Argentine}}\\nConform\\u00e9ment \\u00e0 la [[Constitution de l''Argentine|constitution\n        de 1853]], r\\u00e9vis\\u00e9e en 1994, l\\u2019Argentine est une [[r\\u00e9publique]]\n        [[\\u00c9tat f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral|f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]] organis\\u00e9e en 23 provinces/\\u00e9tats\n        (qui sont des \\u00c9tats f\\u00e9d\\u00e9r\\u00e9s, dirig\\u00e9s par des [[gouverneur]]s\n        \\u00e9lus) et une cit\\u00e9 autonome \\u00e9rig\\u00e9e en district f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral\n        : [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, capitale f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale]] qui a un statut\n        sp\\u00e9cial. Les 23 provinces sont les suivantes.\\n\\n{| class=\\\"toccolours\\\"\n        style=\\\"float: auto; text-align:right; font-size:90%; width:60%; font-family:Verdana,\n        Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background:F5F5F5; \\\"\\n|- align=center style=\\\"background:lavender;\n        font-weight:bold;\\\" \\n ! !! Province !! Capitale !! !! Province !! Capitale\n        \\n|- \\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Bandera de\n        la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        align=left colspan=\\\"2\\\" |''''''[[Buenos Aires|Ville f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale de\n        Buenos Aires]]''''''|| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Mendoza Province, Argentina.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Mendoza|Mendoza]]'''''' || align=left| [[Mendoza (ville)|Mendoza]]\n        \\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        align=left |''''''[[Province de Buenos Aires|Province 
de Buenos Aires]]''''''\n        || align=left | [[La Plata]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Misiones.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Misiones|Misiones]]'''''' || align=left| [[Posadas (Argentine)|Posadas]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Stemma\n        catamarca.gif|30px]]|| style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" align=left |''''''[[Province\n        de Catamarca|Catamarca]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Fernando del Valle de\n        Catamarca|San Fdo. del Valle
 de Catamarca]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Neuquen province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Neuqu\\u00e9n (ville)|Neuqu\\u00e9n]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Chaco province in Argentina 2007.jpg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province du Chaco|Chaco]]'''''' || align=left| [[Resistencia]] ||\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of R\\u00edo Negro\n        Province.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province\n        de R\\u00edo Negro|R\\u00edo Negro]]'''''' || align=left| [[Viedma]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of chubut province in argentina - bandera de chubut.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Chubut|Chubut]]'''''' ||\n        align=left| [[Rawson]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Bandera\n        de la Provincia de Salta.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Salta|Salta]]'''''' || align=left| [[Salta]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Cordoba Province in Argentina.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[C\\u00f3rdoba (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:San luis prov arg.png|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de San Luis|San Luis]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Luis (Argentine)|San\n        Luis]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Corrientes province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Corrientes (ville)|Corrientes]]|| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of San Juan province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de San Juan|San Juan]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[San Juan (Argentine)|San Juan]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|- \\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Entre R\\u00edos.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province d''Entre R\\u00edos|Entre R\\u00edos]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[Paran\\u00e1 (Argentine)|Paran\\u00e1]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Santa Cruz province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[R\\u00edo Gallegos]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Formosa.svg|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Formosa|Formosa]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Formosa (ville)|Formosa]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Flag of Santa Fe province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Santa Fe (Argentine)|Santa Fe]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n| align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag\n        of Jujuy province in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Jujuy|Jujuy]]'''''' || align=left| [[San Salvador de\n        Jujuy|San Salvador
 de Jujuy]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero.svg|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Santiago del Estero (province)|Santiago\n        
del Estero]]'''''' || align=left| [[Santiago del Estero (ville)|Santiago\n        
del Estero]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of La Pampa province.png|30px|border]]||\n        align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" |''''''[[Province de La Pampa|La\n        Pampa]]'''''' || align=left| [[Santa Rosa (Argentine)|Santa Rosa]] || align=center\n        style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of Tierra del Fuego province\n        in Argentina.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Terre de Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique Sud]]''''''\n        || align=left| [[Ushua\\u00efa]]\\n|-\\n!style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\"|\\n|-\\n|\n        align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\" | [[Fichier:Flag of La Rioja province\n        in Argentina.gif|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de La Rioja (Argentine)|La Rioja]]'''''' || align=left|\n        [[La Rioja (Argentine)|La Rioja]] || align=center style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        | [[Fichier:Bandera tucuman.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style=\\\"background:#f0f0f0;\\\"\n        |''''''[[Province de Tucum\\u00e1n|Tucum\\u00e1n]]'''''' || align=left| [[San\n        Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n|San Miguel
 de Tucum\\u00e1n]] \\n |}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Argentina\n        - Map - Provinces with names.png|thumb|150px|D\\u00e9coupage de l''Argentine\n        en provinces]]\\nLes provinces ont de fait tous les pouvoirs qui n\\u2019ont\n        pas \\u00e9t\\u00e9 d\\u00e9l\\u00e9gu\\u00e9s express\\u00e9ment au gouvernement\n        f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral. Elles sont charg\\u00e9es d\\u2019administrer la justice\n        et l\\u2019\\u00e9ducation primaire. Elles s\\u2019organisent comme elles l\\u2019entendent\n        en \\u00e9lisant leurs pouvoirs ex\\u00e9cutif et l\\u00e9gislatif. Les provinces\n        peuvent r\\u00e9gler entre elles toutes sortes d\\u2019accords de type judiciaire,\n        \\u00e9conomique ou social. Le pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif national a seulement le\n        pouvoir d\\u2019intervenir afin d\\u2019assurer la forme r\\u00e9publicaine du\n        gouvernement et de repousser les invasions \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res.\\nLa majorit\\u00e9\n        des provinces du centre et du nord du pays sont ant\\u00e9rieures \\u00e0 l\\u2019existence\n        de l\\u2019Argentine comme \\u00c9tat f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral, cependant des provinces\n        avec une grande pr\\u00e9sence aborig\\u00e8ne ou une faible population (comme\n        le sont au nord : [[Province du Chaco|Chaco]], [[Province de Formosa|Formosa]]\n        et [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]] ; et la grande partie sud du pays : [[Province\n        de La Pampa|La Pampa]], [[Province de Neuqu\\u00e9n|Neuqu\\u00e9n]], [[Province\n        de R\\u00edo Negro|Rio Negro]], [[Province de Chubut|Chubut]], [[Province de\n        Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]], la [[Terre de Feu]], le territoire argentin en [[Antarctique]]\n        et les \\u00eeles de l\\u2019Atlantique sud) \\u00e9taient \\u00e0 une \\u00e9poque\n        des \\u00ab territoires nationaux \\u00bb d\\u00e9pendant du gouvernement f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral.\n        En devenant des provinces, elles acquirent le m\\u00eame statut administratif\n        que celles qui existaient d\\u00e9j\\u00e0.\\n\\nLes derniers territoires \\u00e0\n        changer de statut furent la [[Terre de Feu, Antarctique et \\u00celes de l''Atlantique\n        Sud]] qui furent regroup\\u00e9s pour devenir une m\\u00eame et unique province\n        en [[1991]], en d\\u00e9pit du fait que la d\\u00e9finition de cette province\n        contient des territoires contest\\u00e9s en Antarctique (avec le Chili et le\n        Royaume-Uni) et du fait que l\\u2019Argentine a ratifi\\u00e9 le trait\\u00e9\n        sur l\\u2019Antarctique qui a gel\\u00e9 les pr\\u00e9tentions territoriales,\n        et les \\u00eeles de l\\u2019Atlantique sud sont reconnues internationalement\n        comme parties du Royaume-Uni (\\u00e0 l\\u2019exception des \\u00eeles Shetland\n        du Sud int\\u00e9gr\\u00e9es au trait\\u00e9 sur l\\u2019Antarctique), seul le\n        litige de souverainet\\u00e9 concernant le partage de la Terre de Feu ayant\n        \\u00e9t\\u00e9 r\\u00e9solu (par un trait\\u00e9 international sign\\u00e9 avec\n        le Chili).\\n\\nUn des anciens ''''territoires nationaux'''', le territoire\n        des Andes, ne parvint jamais \\u00e0 se convertir en province. Il fut form\\u00e9\n        en 1900 et couvrait alors la totalit\\u00e9 de la [[Puna]] du nord-ouest du\n        pays, mais, en raison d''un d\\u00e9veloppement et d''une population tr\\u00e8s\n        faibles, il fut dissous en [[1943]], les territoires \\u00e9tant alors incorpor\\u00e9s\n        aux provinces de Jujuy, Salta et Catamarca.\\n\\n\\nPerito Moreno Glacier\n        Patagonia Argentina Luca Galuzzi 2005.JPG|Perito Moreno Glacier, [[province\n        de Santa Cruz]], Patagonie argentine\\nVi\\u00f1edoCafayate.jpg|Cafayate, [[province\n        de Salta]].\\n\\n\\n=== Relations internationales ===\\n[[Fichier:Flag\n        of Mercosur.svg|150px|thumb|Drapeau du Mercosur]]\\n[[Fichier:SACN member states.jpg|thumb|150px|Carte\n        des \\u00c9tats membres de l''[[Union des nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines|Union\n        des Nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines]]]]\\n\\nL''Argentine est membre permanent\n        du [[March\\u00e9 commun du Sud|Mercosur]] (communaut\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique\n        des pays de l''Am\\u00e9rique du Sud) avec le [[Br\\u00e9sil]], le [[Paraguay]],\n        l''[[Uruguay]] et le [[Venezuela]]; cinq autres pays y sont associ\\u00e9s\n        : la [[Bolivie]], le [[Chili]], le [[P\\u00e9rou]], la [[Colombie]] et l''[[\\u00c9quateur\n        (pays)|\\u00c9quateur]]{{es}}http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/portal%20intermediario/es/index.htm\n        Portail officiel du Mercosur..\\n\\nL''Argentine fut le seul pays d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        du Sud \\u00e0 avoir pris part \\u00e0 la [[Guerre du Golfe (1990-1991)|premi\\u00e8re\n        guerre du Golfe]] en [[1991]], mandat\\u00e9e par l''[[Organisation des Nations\n        unies|ONU]]{{en}} http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/facts/gulfwar/\n        R\\u00e9sum\\u00e9 des faits sur la premi\\u00e8re guerre du Golfe, dix ans apr\\u00e8s,\n        CNN, 2001.. Elle fut \\u00e9galement le seul pays latin \\u00e0 participer\n        \\u00e0 l''op\\u00e9ration d\\u00e9mocratique \\u00e0 [[Ha\\u00efti]] en [[1994]]-[[1995|95]]http://www.nato.int/docu/revue/1999/9901-02.htm\n        L\\u2019Argentine partenaire sud-atlantique de l\\u2019OTAN, fiche de documentation,\n        OTAN, 1999.. Enfin, elle s''engagea dans la [[force de maintien de la\n        paix des Nations unies]] (''''Casques bleus'''')http://www.senat.fr/rap/l98-289/l98-2893.html\n        Rapport sur les op\\u00e9rations de maintien de la paix par les Casques bleus\n        des Nations unies, S\\u00e9nat fran\\u00e7ais, 1998. \\u00e0 travers le\n        monde dont les conflits concernant [[Salvador]]-[[Honduras]]-[[Guatemala]]-[[Nicaragua]],\n        [[\\u00c9quateur (pays)|\\u00c9quateur]]-[[P\\u00e9rou]], le [[Sahara occidental]],\n        l\\u2019[[Angola]], le [[Kowe\\u00eft]], [[Chypre (pays)|Chypre]], la [[Croatie]],\n        le [[Kosovo]], la [[Bosnie-Herz\\u00e9govine]] ou le [[Timor oriental]].\\n\\nEn\n        {{date||janvier|1998}}, en reconnaissance de ses contributions \\u00e0 la s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9\n        internationale, le pr\\u00e9sident des [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]] [[Bill Clinton]]\n        d\\u00e9signa l\\u2019Argentine comme l''un des alli\\u00e9s majeurs hors-[[Organisation\n        du trait\\u00e9 de l''Atlantique nord|OTAN]]{{en}} http://www.ciponline.org/facts/mnna.htm\n        Les alli\\u00e9s majeurs hors-OTAN (''''Major Non-NATO Allies''''), information\n        du Center for International Policy, \\u00c9tats-Unis.. En [[2005]], l''Argentine\n        fut membre temporaire du [[Conseil de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9 des Nations unies]]http://www.un.org/french/sc/searchres_sc_members_french.asp?sc_members=9\n        Page d\\u2019information sur les membres du Conseil de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9,\n        ONU..\\n\\nEn [[1993]], l''Argentine lan\\u00e7a l''initiative des casques\n        blancs des Nations unies sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9s dans l''[[aide humanitaire]]http://citron-vert.info/spip.php?article595\n        L\\u2019Argentine engage des casques blancs dans l\\u2019aide humanitaire des\n        Nations unies, citron-vert.info..\\n\\nDepuis [[2004]], les relations\n        habituellement cordiales entre l''Argentine et l''[[Uruguay]] se sont progressivement\n        d\\u00e9grad\\u00e9es \\u00e0 cause de la construction en Uruguay de deux grandes\n        usines de fabrication de cellulose, sur les rives du [[rio Uruguay]] qui marque\n        la fronti\\u00e8re entre les deux pays. Ce contentieux est surnomm\\u00e9 en\n        France la \\u00ab [[guerre du papier]] \\u00bb. L''Argentine met en avant les\n        d\\u00e9g\\u00e2ts \\u00e9cologiques que subirait le fleuve. La pol\\u00e9mique\n        fut aliment\\u00e9e par une escalade de d\\u00e9clarations de la part des deux\n        \\u00c9tats, l''Argentine portant l''affaire devant la [[Cour internationale\n        de justice|CIJ]] en mai [[2006]], puis l''Uruguay lui embo\\u00eetant le pas\n        en novembre 2006. Des blocus routiers en Argentine ont emp\\u00each\\u00e9 l''approvisionnement\n        en mat\\u00e9riaux de construction depuis le [[Chili]], aggravant la situationhttp://risal.collectifs.net/spip.php?article2028\n        RISAL : la militarisation de la guerre du papier.{{,}}http://www.alternatives.ca/article2820.html\n        La \\u00ab guerre du papier \\u00bb. Les relations \\u00e9conomiques et\n        sociales entre les deux pays se sont am\\u00e9lior\\u00e9es en 2007.\\n\\nDouze\n        pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] ont sign\\u00e9 le {{date|8|d\\u00e9cembre|2004}}\n        la [[Union des nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines|D\\u00e9claration de Cuzco]] visant\n        \\u00e0 la r\\u00e9union du [[March\\u00e9 commun du Sud|Mercosur]], de la [[Communaut\\u00e9\n        andine des Nations|Communaut\\u00e9 andine]] et du [[Chili]], de la [[Guyana]]\n        et du [[Suriname]] en une seule communaut\\u00e9 supranationale, la Communaut\\u00e9\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaine des nations (CSN), sur le mod\\u00e8le de l''[[Union europ\\u00e9enne]].\n        Cela est devenu UNASUR (Union des Nations sud-am\\u00e9ricaines) lors du premier\n        sommet \\u00e9nerg\\u00e9tique sud-am\\u00e9ricain organis\\u00e9 au Venezuela\n        \\u00e0 la mi-avril [[2007]].\\n\\nOutre une communaut\\u00e9 \\u00e9conomique,\n        le projet inclut \\u00e0 terme :\\n* une monnaie commune ;\\n* une citoyennet\\u00e9\n        et un passeport commun ;\\n* un parlement commun.\\n\\nCe projet a pris naissance\n        dans un contexte d''opposition au [[Zone de libre-\\u00e9change des Am\\u00e9riques|ZLEA]],\n        \\u00ab Initiatives pour les Am\\u00e9riques \\u00bb, lanc\\u00e9 par [[George\n        H. W. Bush|George Bush]] en [[1990]] puis concr\\u00e9tis\\u00e9 en [[1994]]\n        au [[Sommet des Am\\u00e9riques]], et donc dans un contexte d''opposition \\u00e0\n        l''ing\\u00e9rence nord-am\\u00e9ricaine dans les affaires politiques et \\u00e9conomiques\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaines.\\n\\nEn [[2005]], la ville de [[Mar del Plata]] a accueilli\n        le quatri\\u00e8me [[sommet des Am\\u00e9riques]]http://www.alternatives.ca/article2185.html\n        Le quatri\\u00e8me sommet des Am\\u00e9riques, www.alternatives.ca, marqu\\u00e9\n        par de nombreuses protestations anti-UShttp://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article3515\n        Protestations anti-US au quatri\\u00e8me sommet des Am\\u00e9riques, www.alterpresse.org.\n        Si bien que l''ann\\u00e9e suivante, elle mit sa priorit\\u00e9 dans les initiatives\n        r\\u00e9gionales telles que le Mercosur ou la [[Banque du Sud]] apr\\u00e8s\n        une d\\u00e9cennie de partenariat avec les [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]].\\n\\nEn contentieux\n        avec le [[Royaume-Uni]], l''Argentine r\\u00e9clame la souverainet\\u00e9 des\n        [[\\u00eeles Malouines]]http://www.droitpublic.net/spip.php?article1262\n        L\\u2019argentine r\\u00e9clame au Royaume-Uni la souverainet\\u00e9 des Malouines,\n        droitpublic.net, de la [[G\\u00e9orgie du Sud]], des [[\\u00eeles Sandwich\n        du Sud]]http://www2.univ-lille2.fr/droit/enseignants/lavenue/coursstev/stev4.html\n        Les espaces non soumis \\u00e0 souverainet\\u00e9, cours de droit international,\n        universit\\u00e9 Lille-2. et des [[\\u00eeles Shetland du Sud]] (ces derni\\u00e8res\n        \\u00e9galement revendiqu\\u00e9es par le [[Chili]] mais les pr\\u00e9tentions\n        des trois pays sont gel\\u00e9es depuis la signature du trait\\u00e9 de l\\u2019Antarctique)\n        et d''environ 1 million de kilom\\u00e8tres carr\\u00e9s du continent [[Antarctique]]http://www.mfe.org/Default.aspx?SID=569\n        Fiche d\\u2019information sur l\\u2019Argentine, Maison des Fran\\u00e7ais de\n        l\\u2019\\u00c9tranger, minist\\u00e8re fran\\u00e7ais des Affaires \\u00e9trang\\u00e8res\n        et europ\\u00e9ennes.. Un autre sujet de discorde est la fronti\\u00e8re\n        avec le [[Chili]], en particulier au sujet du trac\\u00e9 de la fronti\\u00e8re\n        extr\\u00eame sud en [[Terre de Feu]], un trait\\u00e9 fut sign\\u00e9 en [[1984]]\n        entre les deux pays au [[Vatican]]{{es}} http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Paz_y_Amistad_entre_Argentina_y_Chile_de_1984\n        Trait\\u00e9 de paix et d\\u2019armistice entre l\\u2019Argentine et le Chili,\n        WikiSource.org.\\n\\nEnfin, l''Argentine fut l''un des signataires initiaux\n        du [[Trait\\u00e9 sur l''Antarctique]]http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/amsudant/R-U-Arctique.htm\n        Signataires du Trait\\u00e9 de l\\u2019Antarctique, Universit\\u00e9 Laval, Qu\\u00e9bec,\n        Canada.\\n\\n\\n\\n== Population et soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 ==\\n=== D\\u00e9mographie\n        ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|D\\u00e9mographie de l''Argentine}}\\n[[Fichier:Argentina-demography.png|left|thumb|\\u00c9volution\n        d\\u00e9mographique entre 1961 et 2003 (chiffre de la [[Organisation des Nations\n        unies pour l''alimentation et l''agriculture|FAO]], 2005). Population en milliers\n        d''habitants.]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires D\\u00e9cembre 2007 - Avenida 5 de\n        Mayo.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Avenue de [[Buenos Aires]], exemple d''architecture\n        \\u00e0 l''europ\\u00e9enne illustrant l''influence des immigr\\u00e9s europ\\u00e9ens\n        sur la ville.]]\\n[[Fichier:Multitud_Crespo.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Argentins\n        \\u00e0 [[Crespo (Argentine)|Crespo (Entre R\\u00edos)]]. La plupart des Argentins\n        sont d''origine europ\\u00e9enne due \\u00e0 l''immigration.]]\\n[[Fichier:The\n        Tolaba Family - Proprietors of Roadside Cafe en route to Cachi - Argentina.jpg|vignette|Famille\n        du nord de l''Argentine]]\\n\\nL''Argentine compte environ 43 millions d''habitants{{Lien\n        web|langue = |titre = Argentine : Statistiques|url = http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/argentine.htm|site\n        = |date = |consult\\u00e9 le = 4 d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}. Parmi les multiples\n        groupes ethniques habitant le pays, on en compte trois \\u00e0 l''origine de\n        la population actuelle. Tout d''abord, les Am\\u00e9rindiens repr\\u00e9sentent,\n        ensemble et sans tenir compte des diff\\u00e9rences ethnoculturelles \\u00e0\n        peu pr\\u00e8s 1,49 % de la population totale{{es}} [http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp\n        Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Ind\\u00edgenas]{{,}}{{es}} [http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/sobre/pon3/index.html]''''Estructura\n        gen\\u00e9tica de la Argentina, Impacto de contribuciones gen\\u00e9ticas -\n        Ministerio de Educaci\\u00f3n de Ciencia y Tecnolog\\u00eda de la Naci\\u00f3n.\n        Les descendants d''Africains amen\\u00e9s comme esclaves pendant les temps\n        de domination espagnole repr\\u00e9sentent 0,37 %http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P42-Total_pais.xls{{,}}http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P43-Total_pais.xls.\n        Le groupe le plus large, les [[Europ\\u00e9ens]], constituent entre 85 % et\n        97 % de la population{{lien web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ar|titre=The\n        World Factbook|p\\u00e9riodique=cia.gov|consult\\u00e9 le=12 avril 2014}}{{,}}http://www.8300.com.ar/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Informe-Pueblos-Indigenas.pdf.\n        Le reste des habitants est, pour la plupart, d''origine ''''mestizo''''. Les\n        Europ\\u00e9ens, ce qu''on appelle des ''''[[Cr\\u00e9oles|criollos]]'''' issus\n        des temps coloniaux ; on compte de m\\u00eame des populations issues de l''immigration\n        du {{s-|XIX|e}} qui inclut entre autres, en plus des italiens, des espagnols,\n        des arabes, des allemands, des fran\\u00e7ais, des britanniques et des asiatiques\n        . Il faut bien pr\\u00e9ciser que lors de l''arriv\\u00e9e de ces immigrants,\n        qui pour la plupart \\u00e9taient des hommes seuls, un m\\u00e9tissage tr\\u00e8s\n        important a eu lieu entre les \\u00e9trangers et les femmes locales, de souche\n        europ\\u00e9en et indig\\u00e8ne pour la plupart, ce qui a contribu\\u00e9 \\u00e0\n        la diversit\\u00e9 ethnique.\\nSelon les r\\u00e9sultats d''une \\u00e9tude men\\u00e9e\n        en 2010 par le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ticien Daniel Corach, 53,7 % de la population\n        a au moins un anc\\u00eatre autochtone, presque toujours matrilin\\u00e9airehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full.\\n\\nLa\n        population est tr\\u00e8s in\\u00e9galement r\\u00e9partie, puisqu''un tiers\n        de la population (environ 13 millions d''habitants) est concentr\\u00e9 dans\n        la capitale et l''agglom\\u00e9ration de [[Buenos Aires]], appel\\u00e9e aussi\n        {{lang|es|[[Grand Buenos Aires|Gran Buenos Aires]]}}.\\n\\nOutre la r\\u00e9gion\n        de la capitale f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale, la population est concentr\\u00e9e dans\n        d''autres zones urbaines dont les principales sont les suivantes : [[C\\u00f3rdoba\n        (Argentine)|C\\u00f3rdoba]] (centre, 1,6 million d''habitants), [[Rosario]]\n        (est, 1,4 million d''habitants), [[Province de Mendoza|Mendoza]] (ouest, 1\n        million d''habitants), [[San Miguel de Tucum\\u00e1n]] (nord, pr\\u00e8s d''un\n        million d''habitants). Au total, environ 91 % de la population habite dans\n        des agglom\\u00e9rations urbaines{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Argentine:\n        Statitisques|url = http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/argentine.htm|site\n        = |date = |consult\\u00e9 le = 4 d\\u00e9cembre 2014}}.\\n\\nTraditionnellement,\n        l''Argentine a joui d''un tr\\u00e8s haut niveau de vie en comparaison avec\n        d''autres pays de la r\\u00e9gion, mais la crise \\u00e9conomique des ann\\u00e9es\n        [[2001]]-[[2002]] a diminu\\u00e9 cette impression. Toutefois, plus de la moiti\\u00e9\n        de la population reste consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9e comme faisant partie de la classe\n        moyenne{{es}} http://www.grupocaissa.com.ar/noticia-468.html Informations\n        socio-\\u00e9conomiques sur la population argentine, Grupo Caissa., et\n        depuis la crise, une forte r\\u00e9cup\\u00e9ration \\u00e9conomique a aid\\u00e9\n        post\\u00e9rieurement \\u00e0 r\\u00e9duire la pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e0 23,4 % de\n        la population. Plus de 5 % de la population vivait dans des conditions pr\\u00e9caires,\n        dans des ''''villas miserias'''' ou [[bidonville]]s{{es}} http://www.bolpress.com/art.php?Cod=2006071905\n        La multiplication des \\u201cVillas Miseria\\u201d en Argentine, Bolpress.com..\\n\\n===\n        Langues ===\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Langues en Argentine}}\\n\\nM\\u00eame\n        si l''[[espagnol]] est la seule langue officielle au niveau f\\u00e9d\\u00e9ral,\n        quelques centaines d\\u2019indig\\u00e8nes parlent encore des [[langues am\\u00e9rindiennes]]\n        : le [[quechua]] dans les r\\u00e9gions andines du Nord-Ouest et le [[guarani\n        (langue)|guarani]] dans les provinces de [[Province de Misiones|Misiones]]\n        et de [[Province de Corrientes|Corrientes]] (le guarani est coofficiel dans\n        ces provinces). Un dialecte du quechua, le quichua, est de m\\u00eame parl\\u00e9,\n        notamment dans la province de Santiago del Estero.\\n\\n\\u00c0 noter qu''entre\n        l''[[Espagnol rioplatense|espagnol \\u00e0 Buenos Aires]] et celui d''Espagne\n        il y a quelques diff\\u00e9rences phon\\u00e9tiques, notamment la prononciation\n        du \\u00ab ll \\u00bb et du \\u00ab y \\u00bb qui se prononcera comme un \\u00ab\n        j \\u00bb l\\u00e9g\\u00e8rement affaibli (entre le \\u00ab ch \\u00bb et le \\u00ab\n        j \\u00bb fran\\u00e7ais) en Argentine au lieu de \\u00ab y \\u00bb en Espagne.\n        Les accents sont multiples en Argentine et r\\u00e9pondent \\u00e0 l''origine\n        des populations r\\u00e9gionales. Ainsi, si dans la ville de Buenos Aires l''accent\n        est beaucoup plus pench\\u00e9 vers le castillan plus ''''criollo'''', dans\n        la province de Misiones on retrouve un accent plus proche des sons du guarani,\n        et de m\\u00eame pour Jujuy avec le quechua, pour donner quelques exemples.\n        Le vocabulaire est de m\\u00eame influenc\\u00e9 par les langues indig\\u00e8nes\n        et africaines qui ont cohabit\\u00e9 avec le castillan pendant des si\\u00e8cles\n        (des termes comme ''''pucho'''', ''''che'''', ''''quilombo'''', ''''mucama'''',\n        entre autres).\\n\\nDepuis 2010, les \\u00e9tudiants du secondaire peuvent choisir\n        le portugais{{es}} [http://portal.educ.ar/noticias/educacion-y-sociedad/el-portugues-sera-materia-obli.php\n        El portugu\\u00e9s ser\\u00e1 materia obligatoria en la secundaria], page visit\\u00e9e\n        le 4 novembre 2010. ou l''anglais en tant que langue \\u00e9trang\\u00e8re\n        obligatoire.\\n[[Fichier:Logo OIF.svg|vignette|L''Argentine est un membre observateur\n        au sein de l''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.]]\\n[[Fichier:Logo\n        AUF.png|vignette|L''Agence universitaire de la Francophonie regroupe 4 \\u00e9tablissements\n        en Argentine.]]\\nEnfin il est important de noter que l''Argentine est un \\u00c9tat\n        observateur au sein de l''Organisation internationale de la Francophoniehttp://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/carte_francophonie_2017.pdf.\n        Une influence notable de cette nature linguistique est la pr\\u00e9sence de\n        4 \\u00e9tablissements li\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l''Agence universitaire de la Francophonie\n        en Argentinehttps://www.auf.org/bureau/bureau-ameriques/propos/contact/.La\n        source de cette influence fran\\u00e7aise serait li\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la langue\n        internationale d''usage au moment de la colonisation qui \\u00e9tait alors\n        le fran\\u00e7ais. De plus suite \\u00e0 la conqu\\u00eate de 1759 en Nouvelle-France,\n        environ {{nombre|200000|Fran\\u00e7ais}} ont immigr\\u00e9 en Argentine \\u00e0\n        partir des ann\\u00e9es 1857 ; m\\u00eame si les deux dates (1759 et 1857) semblent\n        \\u00e9loign\\u00e9es, le ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne reste le m\\u00eame si l''on tient\n        compte de l''apparition r\\u00e9elle des besoins en \\u00e9migration des suites\n        de l''effondrement de l''empire fran\\u00e7ais en Am\\u00e9rique. Aujourd''hui,\n        17% des Argentins se r\\u00e9clament de descendance fran\\u00e7aisehttp://www.francophoniedesameriques.com/la-francophonie-dans-les-ameriques/amerique-du-sud/.\\n\\n===\n        Religion ===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! style=\\\"background:#87cefa; color:black;\\\"\n        |Religion\\n! style=\\\"background:#87cefa; color:white;\\\" |Pourcentage\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Catholicisme]]\\n|71\n        %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Protestantisme]]\\n|15 %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Sans\n        religion]]\\n|11 %\\n|- style=\\\"text-align:center;\\\"\\n|[[Autres]]\\n|3 %\\n|-\\n|\n        colspan=\\\"2\\\" |''''Religion en Argentine:Source [[Pew Research Center]] 2014{{ouvrage|langue=en|titre=Religion in Latin America: Widespread\n        Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 novembre 2014|\\u00e9diteur=Pew\n        Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|consult\\u00e9\n        le=28 juillet 2015|format=PDF}}. ''''\\n|}\\n\\n[[Fichier:Pope Francis\n        South Korea 2014.png|thumb|Le pape Fran\\u00e7ois en 2014.]]\\nLa religion principale\n        en Argentine est le christianisme, principalement le [[catholicisme]] (qui\n        est la [[religion d''\\u00c9tat]]). La [[Libert\\u00e9 de religion|libert\\u00e9\n        de culte]] est garantie par l''article 14 de la constitution. Le catholicisme\n        est ultra-dominant, avec des estimations du nombre de catholiques variant\n        de 70 % a \\u00a090 % de la population{{Lien web|langue=en|titre=International\n        Religious Freedom Report|url= http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71446.htm|site=state.gov|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=}}. En juillet 2014, une \\u00e9tude publi\\u00e9e par \\u00a0la ''''CIA\n        Factbook'''' r\\u00e9pertorie 92% de catholiques dont 18 % de pratiquants{{Lien\n        web|langue=en|titre=The World Factbook|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|site=cia.gov|date=|consult\\u00e9\n        le=}}. Le {{date-|13 mars 2013}}, l''Argentine offre au monde le premier\n        pape issu du continent am\\u00e9ricain, {{Mgr}} Jorge Mario Bergoglio, couronn\\u00e9\n        sous le nom de [[Fran\\u00e7ois (pape)|Fran\\u00e7ois]][http://www.humanite.fr/monde/habemus-papam-et-130-000-tweets-la-minute-517427\n        Habemus Papam et {{unit\\u00e9|130000|Tweets}} \\u00e0 la minute].\\n\\nLa\n        soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9, la culture et l''histoire de l''Argentine sont profond\\u00e9ment\n        impr\\u00e9gn\\u00e9es par le catholicisme. L''\\u00c9glise tient une place importante\n        dans la soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 argentine, allant m\\u00eame jusqu''\\u00e0 faire\n        partie de son identit\\u00e9 nationale. La pr\\u00e9sence de l''\\u00c9glise\n        catholique en [[Am\\u00e9rique latine]] remonte \\u00e0 la fin du {{s-|XV|e}},\n        avant m\\u00eame la naissance de la nation argentine, au moment ou les [[conquistadors|conquistadors\n        espagnols]] d\\u00e9barqu\\u00e8rent dans le [[Nouveau Monde]], amenant avec\n        eux leur culture et leur racine chr\\u00e9tienne.\\n\\nIl y a sept universit\\u00e9s\n        catholiques en Argentine : [[Universit\\u00e9 catholique argentine|l''Universit\\u00e9\n        catholique pontificale de Buenos Aires]], l''Universidad Cat\\u00f3lica de\n        C\\u00f3rdoba, l''[[Universit\\u00e9 nationale de La Plata|universit\\u00e9 de\n        La Plata]], l''universit\\u00e9 de Salta, l''universit\\u00e9 de Santa F\\u00e9,\n        l''universit\\u00e9 de Cuyo, et l''universit\\u00e9 de Santiago del Estero.\n        Suivant le mod\\u00e8le de l''Empire romain, l''\\u00c9glise argentine est divis\\u00e9e\n        \\u00e0 travers le pays en plusieurs [[dioc\\u00e8se]]s et [[archidioc\\u00e8se]]s,\n        unit\\u00e9s territoriales administratives plac\\u00e9es sous l''autorit\\u00e9\n        d''un \\u00e9v\\u00eaque. Si la plupart des villes de tailles moyennes sont\n        des dioc\\u00e8ses, les archidioc\\u00e8ses interviennent dans les villes ou\n        la population est plus cons\\u00e9quente. Ainsi, [[Buenos Aires]], par exemple,\n        est un [[Archidioc\\u00e8se de Buenos Aires|archidioc\\u00e8se]] \\u00a0en raison,\n        non seulement de la taille de sa population, mais \\u00e9galement de l''importance\n        historique de la ville, qui fut en 1776 la capitale de la [[Vice-royaut\\u00e9\n        du R\\u00edo de la Plata|vice-royaut\\u00e9 espagnole du Rio de la Plata]].\n        La [[cath\\u00e9drale m\\u00e9tropolitaine de Buenos Aires]], principale \\u00e9glise\n        catholique de Buenos Aires et si\\u00e8ge de l\\u2019archidioc\\u00e8se, abrite\n        le tombeau du c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]].\\n\\nL''Argentine\n        poss\\u00e8de la plus importante communaut\\u00e9 [[Juda\\u00efsme|juive]] d''[[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine]] avec environ {{unit\\u00e9|230000|personnes}}.\\n\\nSelon une importante\n        \\u00e9tude du Barometer d''[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], le paysage religieux\n        argentin se r\\u00e9partit entre 77 % de catholiques, 7 % de protestants, 4\n        % des autres religions et 13 % de sans religion{{Lien web|langue=es|titre=Latinobarometro|url=\n        http://liportal.giz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Honduras/40_gesellschaft/LAS_RELIGIONES_EN_TIEMPOS_DEL_PAPA_FRANCISCO.pdf|site=\n        clarin.com|date=|consult\\u00e9 le=}} . Le nombre d''ath\\u00e9es est\n        tr\\u00e8s important pour un pays d''Am\\u00e9rique latine, d''autant plus que\n        dans les ann\\u00e9es 1960, il n''y avait que rarement d''Argentins sans religion{{r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence\n        n\\u00e9cessaire}}.\\n\\n== \\u00c9conomie ==\\n[[Fichier:Argentine, Billet de\n        10 centavos \\u00e9dit\\u00e9 en 1884.jpg|thumb|Billet de 10 centavos \\u00e9dit\\u00e9\n        en 1884, l''\\u00e9levage - ancr\\u00e9 dans la tradition-repr\\u00e9sente toujours\n        une manne financi\\u00e8re.]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos Aires-2672f-Banco de la Naci\\u00f3n\n        Argentina.jpg|thumb|150px|Banco de la Naci\\u00f3n argentine, le Buenos Aires]]\\n[[Fichier:Buenos\n        Aires-Puerto Madero-Hilton-River View.jpg|thumb|150px|Le quartier des affaires,\n        \\u00e0 [[Buenos Aires]], illustrant de fa\\u00e7on exemplaire le fort d\\u00e9veloppement\n        de l''Argentine.]]\\n[[Fichier:Jun\\u00edn Campo 01.jpg|thumb|150px|Culture\n        de soja dans les pampas]]\\n\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|\\u00c9conomie de\n        l''Argentine}}\\n\\nL''Argentine est un [[pays d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s|pays industrialis\\u00e9]]\n        souvent consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9 comme [[Pays \\u00e9mergents|\\u00e9mergent]] m\\u00eame\n        si certains organismes ne reconnaissent pas cette d\\u00e9finition, le pays\n        ayant \\u00e9t\\u00e9 un des plus riches de la plan\\u00e8te jusqu''au d\\u00e9but\n        du {{s-|XX|e}} mais \\u00e9tant souvent frapp\\u00e9 par des crises \\u00e9conomiques\n        comme en [[1989]] ou en [[2001]]. L''Argentine fait partie du [[Groupe des\n        vingt|G20]]. Souffrant d''[[inflation]] et de difficult\\u00e9s [[Finance|financi\\u00e8res]],\n        le pays doit souvent faire appel aux organisations \\u00e9conomiques internationales\n        tel que le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international|FMI]].\\n\\nL''Argentine est\n        la deuxi\\u00e8me puissance \\u00e9conomique d''[[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]] derri\\u00e8re\n        le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] en termes de PIB nominal. Le pays poss\\u00e8de une importante\n        [[richesse]] agricole. Parmi les points forts de son agriculture, le pays\n        \\u00e9tait aussi r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement [[Histoire de la culture des c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales#L''\\u00e9volution\n        des grands producteurs mondiaux sur la d\\u00e9cennie 2010|huiti\\u00e8me au\n        palmar\\u00e8s des producteurs mondiaux de c\\u00e9r\\u00e9ales au milieu des\n        ann\\u00e9es 2010, domin\\u00e9 par les Etats-Unis]]. Il a aussi de nombreuses\n        capacit\\u00e9s [[industrie]]lles et un certain potentiel minier. Pourtant,\n        l''Argentine conna\\u00eet d''importants probl\\u00e8mes \\u00e9conomiques. Le\n        [[ch\\u00f4mage]] et le bas [[niveau de vie]] continuent de marquer le pays,\n        pourtant largement plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 que les autres nations du [[tiers\n        monde]].\\n\\nL''Argentine est le pays le plus d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9 du [[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine|continent latino-am\\u00e9ricain]] en 2005 selon les donn\\u00e9es des\n        Nations unies fournies en 2007 et se\n        rapproche des standards europ\\u00e9ens de niveau de vie. Cependant, les in\\u00e9galit\\u00e9s\n        sociales se sont accrues et l''existence de bidonvilles en p\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rie\n        des grandes villes persiste.\\n\\nL''Argentine dispose de nombreuses richesses\n        naturelles et d''une main-d''\\u0153uvre tr\\u00e8s qualifi\\u00e9e, d''une agriculture\n        orient\\u00e9e vers l''exportation et d''un tissu industriel diversifi\\u00e9.\\n\\nJusque\n        dans les [[ann\\u00e9es 1950]], \\u00e0 son apog\\u00e9e \\u00e9conomique, l''Argentine\n        \\u00e9tait l''un des pays les plus riches du monde. Son [[PIB par habitant]]\n        le positionnait au douzi\\u00e8me rang mondial, juste devant la [[France]]Voir\n        page 23 in ''''Remaking the Argentine Economy'''', Felipe de la Balze, Council\n        on Foreign Relations, 1995 : \\u00ab Wealthiest Countries between 1870-1989\n        (Dollars in 1989 Purchasing power) 1913: 1/ Australia (4845), 2/ \\u00c9tats-Unis\n        (4307), 3/ Canada (4004), 4/ Great Britain (3605), 5/ Switzerland (3584),\n        6/Belgium (3415), 7/ Denmark (3311), 8/New Zeland (3119), 9/ Holland (3055),\n        10/ Germany (2819), 11/ Austria (2758), ''''''12/ Argentina (2739)'''''',\n        13/ France (2691) \\u00bb -{{,}}Voir aussi le document [http://www.nationalbanken.dk/C1256BE9004F6416/side/Monetary_Review_4_Quarter_2001/$file/nb06.htm\n        Argentina''s Crises].\\n\\nMalgr\\u00e9 ces atouts, l''Argentine a accumul\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 la fin des ann\\u00e9es 1980 une lourde dette externe (dette qu''elle\n        ne compte rembourser qu''en partie, \\u00ab 10 % \\u00bb), l''inflation atteignait\n        100 % par mois et la production avait consid\\u00e9rablement chut\\u00e9.\\n\\nPour\n        lutter contre cette crise \\u00e9conomique, le gouvernement de [[Carlos Menem|Menem]]\n        a lanc\\u00e9 une politique de lib\\u00e9ralisation du commerce, de d\\u00e9r\\u00e9glementation\n        et de privatisation. En [[1991]], le gouvernement d\\u00e9cida d''ancrer le\n        [[peso argentin]] au dollar am\\u00e9ricain (technique du [[currency board]])\n        et limita par une loi la croissance de la masse mon\\u00e9taire \\u00e0 la croissance\n        de r\\u00e9serves mon\\u00e9taires. Ce syst\\u00e8me tr\\u00e8s particulier du\n        currency board permet l''embellie des ann\\u00e9es 1990, mais se r\\u00e9v\\u00e8le\n        particuli\\u00e8rement dangereux face aux mouvements erratiques et violents\n        du march\\u00e9 des [[changes flottants]] qui suivent la [[crise \\u00e9conomique\n        asiatique]] et la forte remont\\u00e9e du dollar qui rende l''\\u00e9conomie\n        argentine non comp\\u00e9titive par rapport \\u00e0 celles de ses voisins. Il\n        sombre lorsque l''\\u00e9conomie mondiale entre en r\\u00e9cession avec la [[crise\n        de la bulle Internet]] au d\\u00e9but des ann\\u00e9es 2000.\\n\\nLa r\\u00e9cession,\n        amplifi\\u00e9e par les mesures d''\\u00e9conomie drastiques exig\\u00e9es par\n        le [[Fonds mon\\u00e9taire international]] (FMI) en contrepartie de son aide\n        en dollars, est extr\\u00eamement violente et entra\\u00eene une hausse spectaculaire\n        de la pauvret\\u00e9 ainsi que d''importants mouvements sociaux et de rapides\n        changements politiques. L''instabilit\\u00e9 politique a plong\\u00e9 l''\\u00e9conomie\n        argentine dans une crise sans pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dents (2002). Le [[Produit int\\u00e9rieur\n        brut|PIB]] a chut\\u00e9 de 11 % en 2002 avec la fin de la parit\\u00e9 1 [[Peso\n        argentin|peso]] = {{Unit\\u00e9|1|dollar}}. Cette crise a men\\u00e9 plus de\n        50 % de la population sous le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9. Des manifestations ont\n        alors \\u00e9t\\u00e9 organis\\u00e9es, suivies de pillages de magasins. Les\n        banques locales incapables de fournir en dollars sont en faillite technique.\n        Le plan argentin de conversion de dette a pour cons\\u00e9quence des pertes\n        s\\u00e9v\\u00e8res pour les cr\\u00e9anciers priv\\u00e9s. Le pays fait finalement\n        d\\u00e9faut sur sa dette. Les cr\\u00e9anciers \\u00e9trangers comme [[EDF]]\n        sont spoli\\u00e9s. Le gouvernement en d\\u00e9valuant r\\u00e9tablit l''\\u00e9quilibre\n        avec le [[r\\u00e9al br\\u00e9silien]].\\n\\nLe pays sort de la partie la plus\n        aig\\u00fce de la crise d\\u00e8s 2003. Les cons\\u00e9quences les plus durables\n        sont les difficult\\u00e9s r\\u00e9currentes des gouvernements \\u00e0 financer\n        leurs budgets, le d\\u00e9part du pays de certains investisseurs industriels,\n        une nette diminution de la confiance des cr\\u00e9anciers priv\\u00e9s et de\n        longs contentieux avec des [[fonds vautour]] am\\u00e9ricains, contentieux\n        qui se poursuivent jusque dans les ann\\u00e9es 2010. De 2003 \\u00e0 2007 le\n        PIB repart \\u00e0 9 % de croissance annuelle, en produisant une r\\u00e9activation\n        \\u00e9conomique dans tous les secteurs, une forte r\\u00e9duction de la pauvret\\u00e9\n        et un retour de la classe moyenne.\\n\\nLe {{date|1|f\\u00e9vrier|2006}}, l''Argentine\n        et le [[Br\\u00e9sil]] signent, apr\\u00e8s pr\\u00e8s de trois ans de n\\u00e9gociations,\n        un accord qui doit permettre de prot\\u00e9ger les secteurs de production qui\n        pourraient \\u00eatre trop durement affect\\u00e9s par la comp\\u00e9tition du\n        pays voisin. Le ''''M\\u00e9canisme d\\u2019adaptation comp\\u00e9titive''''\n        (MAC) permet de fixer des droits de douane sur le produit \\u00ab trop comp\\u00e9titif\n        \\u00bb du pays voisin pour trois ans, renouvelable une fois.\\n\\nDepuis [[2003]],\n        l\\u2019Argentine semble avoir repris le chemin de la forte croissance \\u00e9conomique\n        et de l''augmentation des salaires. Cependant, l''Argentine semble souffrir\n        de la crise am\\u00e9ricaine et de la chute du dollar ; en effet, la forte\n        [[inflation]] avec un taux \\u00ab officiel \\u00bb de 8 \\u00e0 9 %, pourrait\n        en r\\u00e9alit\\u00e9 atteindre 25 % en [[2008]][http://www.lefigaro.fr/economie/2008/04/29/04001-20080429ARTFIG00366-l-argentine-menacee-d-hyperinflation.php\n        L''Argentine menac\\u00e9e d''hyperinflation] - ''''[[Le Figaro]]'''', 29 avril\n        2008. Officiellement, le taux de pauvret\\u00e9 \\u00e9tait de 20,6 %[http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/74/grafpobreza1_ephcontinua.xls\n        INDEC], mais si l''on suppute une inflation de 25 %, en [[2008]], le\n        taux de personnes vivant au-dessous du seuil de pauvret\\u00e9 a augment\\u00e9,\n        passant \\u00e0 30,3 %. Ce serait le premier renversement\n        de situation depuis [[2003]]. Cependant, l''INDEC indique un taux de pauvret\\u00e9\n        de 15,8 % pour le second semestre [[2008]] ; il faut toutefois noter que l''opposition\n        d\\u00e9nonce une manipulation des chiffres. En effet la moiti\\u00e9 des Argentins\n        seraient touch\\u00e9s par un niveau de vie inf\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 celui de\n        la plupart des pays d\\u00e9velopp\\u00e9s, et pr\\u00e8s d''un tiers vivrait\n        sous le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9 national.\\n\\nAu cours du second trimestre 2008,\n        la croissance \\u00e9conomique conna\\u00eet un certain ralentissement. Au total\n        le [[revenu par t\\u00eate|revenu par habitant]] de l\\u2019Argentine reste\n        le plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 d\\u2019[[Am\\u00e9rique latine]], mais sa croissance\n        sur les vingt derni\\u00e8res ann\\u00e9es est faible et surtout particuli\\u00e8rement\n        volatile. Le niveau de vie argentin est comparable \\u00e0 celui du [[Mezzogiorno]],\n        en [[Italie|Italie du sud]].\\n\\n* ''''''Monnaie nationale'''''' : le [[peso\n        argentin]] (ARS)\\n* ''''''[[PIB par habitant]]'''''' : {{Unit\\u00e9|21832|dollars}}\n        ([[2014]], valeur [[Parit\\u00e9 de pouvoir d''achat|PPA]])[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&ey=2016&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=10\n        www.imf.org]\\n* ''''''[[Taux de ch\\u00f4mage]]'''''' : 7,1 % ([[2014]])[http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/UNEM\n        Rankings Results Vision of Humanity]\\n* ''''''Population vivant sous\n        le seuil de pauvret\\u00e9'''''': 14 % ([[2013]])http://srvdocs1.bancociudad.com.ar/Content/Institucional/Informe-semanal-121.pdf\\n*\n        ''''''Taux d''inflation'''''' : 16,6 % ([[2013]])\\n* ''''''Principaux\n        clients'''''' : [[Br\\u00e9sil]] (17,3 %), [[Chili]] (9,4 %), [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]]\n        (8,7 %), [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]] (7,5 %), [[Espagne]]\n        (4,1 %)\\n* ''''''Principaux fournisseurs'''''' : [[Br\\u00e9sil]] (34,1 %),\n        [[\\u00c9tats-Unis]] (12,6 %), [[R\\u00e9publique populaire de Chine|Chine]]\n        (9,1 %), [[Allemagne]] (4,5 %)\\n* ''''''Gini'''''' : 0,361 ([[2014]])[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ARG.html\n        International Human Development Indicat ors - UNDP]\\n\\n=== M\\u00e9dias\n        ===\\nLe groupe Clar\\u00edn d\\u00e9tient la principale cha\\u00eene de t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision\n        du pays : [[Canal 13 (Argentine)|Canal 13]], ainsi que le journal argentin\n        qui a le tirage le plus important, le quotidien [[Centrisme|centriste]] ''''[[Clar\\u00edn]]''''.\n        Les quotidiens qui suivent, d''apr\\u00e8s leur tirage, sont ''''[[La Naci\\u00f3n\n        (Argentine)|La Naci\\u00f3n]]'''', [[Conservatisme|conservateur]], ''''[[P\\u00e1gina/12]]'''',\n        de [[Gauche (politique)|gauche]], ''''[[Tiempo Argentino (Argentine)|Tiempo\n        Argentino]]'''', ''''[[Cr\\u00f3nica (Argentine)|Cr\\u00f3nica]]'''', ''''[[La\n        Prensa (Argentine)|La Prensa]]'''', et ''''[[Buenos Aires Herald (Argentine)|Buenos\n        Aires Herald]]''''.\\n\\nLe service t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonique a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 privatis\\u00e9\n        en 1990 par le gouvernement de [[Carlos Menem]][http://www.secom.gov.ar/municipios/ver.asp?MID=10&tipo=nota&id=121\n        \\u00c9volution de la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie en Argentine]. Il y a 8,3\n        millions de lignes t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phoniques install\\u00e9es, soit 23 lignes\n        pour 100 habitants. La t\\u00e9l\\u00e9phonie mobile relie 75 % de la population\n        (28,5 millions de personnes)[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/01/elpais/p-01301.htm\n        Clarin.com (01-02-2006)]. Ce nombre \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 est d\\u00fb en partie\n        au fait que des personnes de faible revenu ont pu durant les derni\\u00e8res\n        ann\\u00e9es acc\\u00e9der \\u00e0 des plans de paiement.\\n\\nIl y a pr\\u00e8s\n        de {{unit\\u00e9|1500|stations}} de radio, dont 260 sont AM et approximativement\n        {{unit\\u00e9|1150}} sont FM.\\n\\nL''Argentine est le pays d''[[Am\\u00e9rique\n        latine]] o\\u00f9 l''acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision par c\\u00e2ble\n        est le plus r\\u00e9pandu : selon des donn\\u00e9es de [[2001]], la grande majorit\\u00e9\n        des foyers poss\\u00e8de au moins un t\\u00e9l\\u00e9viseur et 60 % des personnes\n        \\u00e9quip\\u00e9es re\\u00e7oivent la t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision c\\u00e2bl\\u00e9e[http://www.zonalatina.com/Zldata51.htm\n        Zona latina]. Les principales chaines de t\\u00e9l\\u00e9vision qui transmettent\n        depuis [[Buenos Aires]] sont [[Canal 13 (Argentine)|Canal 13]], [[Telefe]],\n        [[Canal 9 (Argentine)|Canal 9]] et [[Am\\u00e9rica TV (Argentine)|Am\\u00e9rica\n        TV]].\\n\\nEn [[2005]], 26,3 % de la population avait acc\\u00e8s \\u00e0 [[internet]]\n        avec plus de dix millions d''utilisateurs dans le pays[http://www.universia.com.ar/portada/actualidad/noticia_actualidad.jsp?noticia=17186\n        www.universia.com.ar].\\n\\nEn octobre 2009, le gouvernement [[P\\u00e9ronisme|p\\u00e9roniste]]\n        argentin promulgue une importante r\\u00e9forme du syst\\u00e8me m\\u00e9diatique,\n        consistant en une limitation de la concentration des licences, du capital\n        et de l\\u2019actionnariat afin de permettre \\u00e0 des m\\u00e9dias aux ressources\n        financi\\u00e8res plus modestes de se constituer. Apr\\u00e8s une bataille juridique\n        de quatre ans contre le puissant conglom\\u00e9rat m\\u00e9diatique ''''[[Clar\\u00edn]],''''\n        qui contestait la constitutionnalit\\u00e9 de la loi, celle-ci est finalement\n        valid\\u00e9e par la justice{{Article|langue=|auteur1=|titre=Argentine\n        : une loi exemplaire sur l''audiovisuel|p\\u00e9riodique=Acrimed {{!}} Action\n        Critique M\\u00e9dias|date=2013-11-19|issn=|lire en ligne=http://www.acrimed.org/Argentine-une-loi-exemplaire-sur-l-audiovisuel#nb3|consult\\u00e9\n        le=|pages=}}. Sous la pr\\u00e9sidence de [[Mauricio Macri]] (\\u00e9lu\n        en 2015) l''essentiel de la loi est abrog\\u00e9{{Article|langue=|auteur1=|titre=M\\u00e9dias\n        en Argentine : Macri droit dans ses bottes !|p\\u00e9riodique=Acrimed|date=2016-16-05|issn=|lire\n        en ligne=http://www.acrimed.org/Medias-en-Argentine-Macri-droit-dans-ses-bottes?recherche=Macri|consult\\u00e9\n        le=|pages=}}.\\n\\n=== Transports ===\\n* ''''''Autocar''''''. Les compagnies\n        de transport, \\u00e0 travers tous le pays, disposent d''autocars modernes\n        et confortables. C''est le moyen de transport le plus r\\u00e9pandu en Argentine.\n        L''ensemble des compagnies assurent la liaison vers toutes les villes importantes\n        du pays et vers les grandes villes des pays limitrophes.\\n* ''''''Chemin de\n        fer''''''. Dans les ann\\u00e9es 1950, l''Argentine poss\\u00e9dait le meilleur\n        r\\u00e9seau de chemin de fer d''Am\\u00e9rique latine, mais les choses ont\n        chang\\u00e9. Le r\\u00e9seau ferroviaire est devenu quasiment inexistant, \\u00e0\n        l''exception de quelques lignes touristiques. Il reste int\\u00e9ressant de\n        prendre le train pour aller vers les villes du Nord et vers la Bolivie. Ainsi\n        que vers les villes de la Pampa (Mendoza, Cordoba, Mar del Plata, Tucuman)\n        surtout de nuit. Les prix sont \\u00e9quivalents \\u00e0 ceux pratiqu\\u00e9s\n        par les autocars. Au total, il y a {{Unit\\u00e9|33744|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}},\n        dont {{Unit\\u00e9|167|{{Abr\\u00e9viation discr\\u00e8te|km|kilom\\u00e8tre}}}}\n        de voies \\u00e9lectrifi\\u00e9es.\\n* ''''''Avion''''''. Les vols int\\u00e9rieurs\n        constituent une solution pratique pour visiter l''ensemble du pays. On compte\n        environ 1141[http://fr.worldstat.info/South_America/Argentina/Transportation]\n        (2010) a\\u00e9roports dans tout le pays. Cependant la plupart sont de petits\n        a\\u00e9roports ou bien des a\\u00e9rodromes avec des pistes non goudronn\\u00e9es.\\n\\n===\n        Rangs internationaux ===\\n{| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\n|-\\n! Organisation\\n!\n        Enqu\\u00eate\\n! Rang\\n|-\\n| Universit\\u00e9s [[Universit\\u00e9 Columbia|Columbia]]\n        et [[Universit\\u00e9 Yale|Yale]]\\n| [[Indice de performance environnementale]]\\n|\n        38 sur 149\\n|-\\n| ''''International Living''''\\n| [http://www.il-ireland.com/il/qofl2008/index.php\n        Qualit\\u00e9 de vie, 2008]\\n| 13 sur 192 en 2008 \\n|-\\n| ''''International\n        Living''''\\n| [http://www1.internationalliving.com/qofl2011/ Qualit\\u00e9\n        de vie, 2011]\\n| 16 sur 192 en 2011\\n|-\\n| [[Reporters sans fronti\\u00e8res]]\\n|\n        [[Reporters sans fronti\\u00e8res|Indice de libert\\u00e9 de la presse]]\\n|\n        68 sur 173\\n|-\\n| [[Transparency International]]\\n| [[Indice de perception\n        de la corruption]]\\n| 105 sur 180\\n|-\\n| [[Programme des Nations unies pour\n        le d\\u00e9veloppement|PNUD]]\\n| [[Indice de d\\u00e9veloppement humain]]\\n|\n        38 sur 177\\n|}\\n\\n== Culture ==\\n[[Fichier:Cabildo de C\\u00f3rdoba, Argentina.jpg|thumb|150px|Le\n        [[cabildo de C\\u00f3rdoba]] sur la Plaza San Mart\\u00edn - on distingue \\u00e0\n        l''arri\\u00e8re-plan les tours de la [[Cath\\u00e9drale de C\\u00f3rdoba|cath\\u00e9drale]]\n        toute proche]]\\n[[Fichier:Erythrina crista-galli2.jpg|thumb|150px|Fleur de\n        ceibo, la fleur nationale de l\\u2019Argentine.]]\\n{{Article d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9|Culture\n        de l''Argentine}}\\n\\n=== Musique et danse ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2016}}\\nL''Argentine poss\\u00e8de tout un amalgame de rythmes h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s\n        et m\\u00e9lang\\u00e9s pendant des si\\u00e8cles sur l''ensemble de son territoire.\n        Ainsi, les contrastes et la multiplicit\\u00e9 caract\\u00e9risent l''art musical\n        dans le pays.\\n\\nParmi les musiques traditionnelles, de tradition rurale,\n        la ''''chacarera'''', la ''''milonga'''', la ''''zamba'''', le ''''gato'''',\n        le ''''cielito'''' sont tr\\u00e8s diffus\\u00e9s, notamment \\u00e0 travers\n        le festival de [[Cosqu\\u00edn]], C\\u00f3rdoba, la f\\u00eate nationales du\n        folklore argentin. Ainsi on compte aussi les rythmes indig\\u00e8nes de souche,\n        tels que le fameux [[carnavalito]] du Nord du pays, les musiques mapuches\n        partag\\u00e9es avec le Chili (notamment le loncomeo), les sons guaranis\\u2026\n        D''autre part, l''influence africaine atteint presque tous les rythmes nationaux,\n        en particulier avec l''utilisation du ''''bombo'''' et la particularit\\u00e9\n        rythmique de certaines musiques, comme la ''''chacarera''''. De m\\u00eame,\n        un rythme caract\\u00e9ristique des afrodescendants est le ''''candombe'''',\n        aussi tr\\u00e8s caract\\u00e9ristique de l''Uruguay. C''est une musique tr\\u00e8s\n        rythm\\u00e9e et g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ralement en forme de ''''comparsa'''', de groupe\n        musical ambulant dans la rue. \\u00c0 Buenos Aires et Montevideo, on peut appr\\u00e9cier\n        le candombe de fa\\u00e7on publique. Le ''''[[Tango (danse)|tango]]'''', internationalement\n        reconnu et d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9 [[Patrimoine culturel immat\\u00e9riel de l''humanit\\u00e9]],\n        est peut \\u00eatre ce qui caract\\u00e9rise l''Argentine \\u00e0 l''\\u0153il\n        \\u00e9tranger, m\\u00eame s''il est r\\u00e9duit \\u00e0 la ville de Buenos Aires\n        et \\u00e0 Montevideo. Ses origines remontent aux danses africaines du ''''candombe''''\n        qui a subi un m\\u00e9tissage avec la ''''milonga'''', donnant ainsi un rythme\n        tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9nergique jou\\u00e9 de guitare, tambours et fl\\u00fbte et dans\\u00e9\n        de fa\\u00e7on sensuelle par les afrodescendants. Cependant, ce que nous appelons\n        ''''[[Tango (danse)|tango]]'''' aujourd''hui est la modification de ce rythme\n        par les immigrants europ\\u00e9ens, qui ont ajout\\u00e9 des instruments diff\\u00e9rents\n        tel que le bandon\\u00e9on et un style et paroles singuliers, diff\\u00e9rents\n        de la v\\u00e9ritable souche du tango. \\nUne f\\u00eate nationale tr\\u00e8s\n        importante est le [[Carnaval de Gualeguay|Carnaval del Pais]], d\\u00e9roul\\u00e9\n        \\u00e0 Gualeguaych\\u00fa, Entre R\\u00edos tous les ans. Celle-ci est une occasion\n        pour d\\u00e9voiler tout le coloris et la danse au rythme du ''''candombe''''\n        du R\\u00edo de la Plata.\\n\\n=== Litt\\u00e9rature ===\\nLa [[litt\\u00e9rature\n        argentine]], de langue espagnole, a acquis une v\\u00e9ritable ind\\u00e9pendance\n        vis-\\u00e0-vis de l''Espagne durant le {{s-|XIX|e}}, et son repr\\u00e9sentant\n        le plus c\\u00e9l\\u00e8bre, [[Jorge Luis Borges]], jouit d''une reconnaissance\n        internationalehttp://www.cosquin.com.ar/{{,}}http://www.carnaval.gualeguaychu.info/.\n        On peut aussi citer [[Julio Cort\\u00e1zar]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], [[Victoria\n        Ocampo]], [[Ernesto S\\u00e1bato]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Manuel Mujica L\\u00e1inez]],\n        [[H\\u00e9ctor Tiz\\u00f3n]], [[Abelardo Castillo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]],\n        [[Juan Filloy]], [[H\\u00e9ctor Bianciotti]], [[Ricardo Piglia]], [[Alberto\n        Laiseca]], [[Tom\\u00e1s Eloy Mart\\u00ednez]], [[Juan Jos\\u00e9 Saer]], [[C\\u00e9sar\n        Aira]], [[Ang\\u00e9lica Gorodischer]] et [[Osvaldo Soriano]] (parmi les plus\n        connus).\\n\\n=== Traditions culinaires ===\\n{{section \\u00e0 sourcer|date=d\\u00e9cembre\n        2016}}\\nL''Argentine poss\\u00e8de une vari\\u00e9t\\u00e9 de plats culinaires\n        traditionnels h\\u00e9rit\\u00e9s de la rencontre des grands groupes pr\\u00e9sents\n        en Am\\u00e9rique latine (Italiens, Espagnols, indig\\u00e8nes). Ainsi, un grand\n        nombre de plats typiques sont consomm\\u00e9s tout au long du territoire :\n        les [[pizza|pizze]], les [[tagliatelle|tallarines]], les ''''empanadas'''',\n        les ''''humitas'''', les ''''tamales'''', le ''''puchero'''', le ''''arroz\n        con leche'''', la ''''mazamorra'''', entre une infinit\\u00e9 d''autres plats.\n        Leur pr\\u00e9paration varie selon les traditions de chaque r\\u00e9gion, et\n        certaines pr\\u00e9parations sont partag\\u00e9es avec d''autres pays de la\n        r\\u00e9gion (Chili, Uruguay, Paraguay). Cependant, les trois aliments les\n        plus caract\\u00e9ristiques, peut-\\u00eatre par leur popularit\\u00e9 ou par\n        leur succ\\u00e8s aupr\\u00e8s des touristes sont les suivants :\\n\\n;Le [[mat\\u00e9]]\\nLe\n        mat\\u00e9 est une infusion traditionnelle consomm\\u00e9e en Argentine, issue\n        de la culture des indiens Guaranis. C''est une part tr\\u00e8s importante de\n        la culture, et il est fr\\u00e9quent de voir des personnes boire le mat\\u00e9\n        dans la rue. La plante utilis\\u00e9e, la yerba mat\\u00e9, parfois appel\\u00e9\n        \\u00ab th\\u00e9 du Paraguay \\u00bb, \\u00ab th\\u00e9 des J\\u00e9suites \\u00bb\n        ou \\u00ab th\\u00e9 du Br\\u00e9sil \\u00bb, est une esp\\u00e8ce sud-am\\u00e9ricaine\n        dont les feuilles, que l''on torr\\u00e9fie et pulv\\u00e9rise, fournissent,\n        infus\\u00e9es dans l''eau chaude, une boisson stimulante, aux effets semblables\n        \\u00e0 ceux du caf\\u00e9 ou du th\\u00e9.\\nCette boisson, consomm\\u00e9e chaude\n        et parfois froide, de go\\u00fbt fort et amer, est pr\\u00e9par\\u00e9e avec\n        des feuilles de yerba mat\\u00e9. Elle se boit dans une calebasse gr\\u00e2ce\n        \\u00e0 un tube m\\u00e9tallique qui sert aussi de filtre, la ''''bombilla''''.\n        Pour le savourer, les gauchos s''organisent en cercle o\\u00f9 le mat\\u00e9\n        passe de main en main selon un rituel tr\\u00e8s pr\\u00e9cis qui invite par\n        exemple les participants \\u00e0 faire circuler la calebasse dans le sens anti-horaire\n        afin de faire passer le temps moins vite. Cette boisson traditionnelle symbolise,\n        par ses rites de consommation, la fraternit\\u00e9 et l''hospitalit\\u00e9 des\n        gauchos.\\n\\n;L'' [[asado]]\\n[[Fichier:Asado de morcillas.jpg|thumb|Asado argentin]]\\nEn\n        Argentine le terme ''''asado'''' se r\\u00e9f\\u00e8re non seulement \\u00e0\n        une grillade en tant que telle mais aussi \\u00e0 l\\u2019acte social, \\u00e0\n        la r\\u00e9union o\\u00f9 l\\u2019on mange de la viande (blanche ou rouge) ou\n        des ''''choripanes ''''(sandwiches avec chorizo et sauce ''''criolla'''' ou\n        ''''chimichurri''''). Ces viandes sont cuites et grill\\u00e9es horizontalement\n        \\u00ab ''''a la parilla'''' \\u00bb ou verticalement, \\u00ab en croix \\u00bb.\n        L\\u2019''''asado'''' est presque le \\u00ab plat national \\u00bb de l\\u2019Argentine\n        par son origine tr\\u00e8s ancr\\u00e9e dans la tradition des gauchos. Il existe\n        m\\u00eame des \\u00ab ''''asadores'''' \\u00bb, personnes sp\\u00e9cialis\\u00e9es\n        dans l\\u2019art de cuisiner un asado.\\n\\n;Le \\u00ab [[dulce de leche]] \\u00bb\\nLe\n        ''''dulce de leche'''', (\\u00ab la confiture de lait \\u00bb) est une sp\\u00e9cialit\\u00e9\n        sucr\\u00e9e sans v\\u00e9ritable origine puisqu''il existe des recettes similaires\n        dans toutes les parties du monde, mais est extr\\u00eamement appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9\n        en Argentine et tout au long de l''Am\\u00e9rique latine. D''origine coloniale,\n        il s\\u2019agit d''un m\\u00e9lange de lait et de sucre ({{unit\\u00e9|300|g}}\n        \\u00e0 {{unit\\u00e9|500|g}} par litre de lait) port\\u00e9 \\u00e0 \\u00e9bullition,\n        puis cuit \\u00e0 feu tr\\u00e8s doux jusqu\\u2019\\u00e0 \\u00e9paississement\n        et obtention d\\u2019une couleur caramel. Il est tr\\u00e8s utilis\\u00e9 dans\n        les p\\u00e2tisseries ou tout simplement comme confiture.\\n\\n;Le [[locro]]\\nLe\n        locro (du [[quechua]] ''''ruqru'''') est un rago\\u00fbt \\u00e0 base de courge,\n        de ma\\u00efs et de haricots consomm\\u00e9shttp://www.argentinaturistica.com/rnoroestecultura.htm{{,}}http://www.sololideres.com/contenidos/2013/01/30/Editorial_338.php.\\n\\n===\n        Symboles nationaux ===\\n* Le [[drapeau de l''Argentine]], cr\\u00e9\\u00e9 par\n        le h\\u00e9ros national [[Manuel Belgrano]], a inspir\\u00e9 plusieurs peuples\n        latino-am\\u00e9ricains dans le choix de leur propre drapeau. Il fut en son\n        temps adopt\\u00e9 par les [[R\\u00e9publique f\\u00e9d\\u00e9rale d''Am\\u00e9rique\n        centrale|Provinces unies d''Am\\u00e9rique centrale]], et c''est pour cela\n        que les drapeaux du [[Salvador]], du [[Honduras]], du [[Nicaragua]] et du\n        [[Guatemala]] sont tr\\u00e8s semblables au drapeau argentin.\\n* La fleur nationale\n        de l''Argentine est le ''''''ceibo'''''', dont le nom scientifique est ''''[[Erythrina\n        crista-galli]]''''. Elle fut d\\u00e9clar\\u00e9e comme telle le {{date-|23\n        d\\u00e9cembre 1942}} par le d\\u00e9cret {{unit\\u00e9|13847}} du pouvoir ex\\u00e9cutif.\\n*\n        L\\u2019oiseau national est le ''''''hornero'''''' ou ''''[[furnarius|Furnarius\n        rufus]]'''', sympathique oiseau que l''on retrouve dans toutes les villes\n        argentines et qui y construit de curieux nids.\\n* La pierre nationale est\n        la [[rhodochrosite]].\\n\\n=== Les ordres et d\\u00e9corations de l''Argentine\n        ===\\n* Ordre de Saint-Martin, le Lib\\u00e9rateur\\n* Ordre de Mai\\n\\n=== F\\u00eates\n        et jours f\\u00e9ri\\u00e9s ===\\n{|class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\\n|-\\n! Date !! {{nobr|Nom\n        fran\\u00e7ais}} !! {{nobr|Nom local}} !! Remarques\\n|-\\n| {{date|1er janvier}}\n        || [[Jour de l''an|Nouvel An]] || ''''A\\u00f1o nuevo ||\\n|-\\n| [[mars (mois)|mars]]\n        ou [[avril]] || [[Semaine sainte]] ([[P\\u00e2ques]]) || ''''Semana Santa ||\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|24 mars}} || Jour national du Souvenir pour la V\\u00e9rit\\u00e9 et\n        la Justice || ''''D\\u00eda Nacional de la Memoria por la Verdad y la Justicia''''\n        || {{date-|24 mars 1976}}, coup d''\\u00e9tat militaire du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral\n        [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]\\n|-\\n| {{date|2 avril}} || Jour des Malouines || ''''D\\u00eda\n        del Veterano de Guerra y de los Ca\\u00eddos en la Guerra de las Malvinas''''\n        || {{date-|2 avril 1982}}, comm\\u00e9moration de la [[guerre des Malouines]].\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|1er mai}} || [[F\\u00eate du Travail]] || ''''D\\u00eda del Trabajo''''\n        ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|25 mai}} || F\\u00eate de la r\\u00e9volution || ''''Primer\n        Gobierno Patrio'''' || {{date-|25 mai 1810}}\\n|-\\n| {{date|20 juin}} || F\\u00eate\n        du drapeau || ''''D\\u00eda de la Bandera'''' || {{date-|20 juin 1820}}, anniversaire\n        de la mort du cr\\u00e9ateur du drapeau, le g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral Manuel Belgrano\\n|-\\n|\n        {{date|9 juillet}} || F\\u00eate de l\\u2019ind\\u00e9pendance || ''''D\\u00eda\n        de la Independencia'''' || {{date-|9 juillet 1816}}\\n|-\\n| {{date|17 ao\\u00fbt}}\n        ||  Mort du g\\u00e9n\\u00e9ral [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]] || ''''Muerte\n        del General [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]]'''' || anniversaire de la mort\n        du [[Jos\\u00e9 de San Mart\\u00edn]],il est l''un des h\\u00e9ros des ind\\u00e9pendances\n        sud-am\\u00e9ricaines  \\n|-\\n| {{date|12 octobre}} || [[D\\u00e9couverte et\n        exploration de l''Am\\u00e9rique]] || ''''D\\u00eda de la Raza ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|8\n        d\\u00e9cembre}} || [[Immacul\\u00e9e conception]] || ''''D\\u00eda de la Inmaculada\n        Concepci\\u00f3n ||\\n|-\\n| {{date|25 d\\u00e9cembre}} || [[No\\u00ebl]] || ''''Navidad\n        ||\\n|}\\n\\n== Codes ==\\nL''Argentine a pour codes :\\n* AR, selon la norme [[ISO\n        3166-1]] (liste des codes pays), code alpha-2 ;\\n* AR, selon la [[liste des\n        codes pays utilis\\u00e9s par l''OTAN]], code alpha-2 ;\\n* ARG, selon la norme\n        [[ISO 3166-1]] code alpha-3 (liste des codes pays);\\n* ARG, selon la [[liste\n        des codes pays du CIO]] ;\\n* ARG, selon la [[liste des codes pays utilis\\u00e9s\n        par l''OTAN]], code alpha-3 ;\\n* LV, selon la [[liste des pr\\u00e9fixes OACI\n        d''immatriculation des a\\u00e9ronefs]] ;\\n* RA, selon la [[liste des codes\n        internationaux des plaques min\\u00e9ralogiques]] ;\\n* SA, selon la [[liste\n        des pr\\u00e9fixes des codes OACI des a\\u00e9roports]].\\n\\n== Sports ==\\nBien\n        que le [[football]] soit le sport le plus populaire en Argentine avec de tr\\u00e8s\n        grands joueurs comme [[Alfredo Di St\\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]] ou [[Lionel\n        Messi]] d''autres sports sont largement pratiqu\\u00e9s ; le sport national\n        est d''ailleurs le [[pato (sport)|pato]]). Ainsi, l''Argentine s''illustre\n        r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8rement en [[basket-ball]], en [[\\u00c9quipe d''Argentine\n        de rugby \\u00e0 XV|rugby \\u00e0 XV]], en [[pelote basque]], en [[padel]] ou\n        encore en [[tennis]] avec [[Guillermo Vilas]], [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ou [[Juan\n        Mart\\u00edn del Potro]] notamment. Par ailleurs, on peut \\u00e9galement citer\n        le [[rink hockey]], le [[hockey sur gazon]], le [[polo]], le [[golf]] ou le\n        [[Comp\\u00e9tition automobile|sport automobile]] comme sports appr\\u00e9ci\\u00e9s\n        en Argentine.\\n\\n\\nMessi in Germany and Argentina face off in the\n        final of the World Cup 2014 -2014-07-13 (24).jpg|[[Lionel Messi]] lors de\n        la finale de la Coupe du monde de football de 2014\\nDiego Maradona.jpg|[[Diego\n        Maradona]], ancien joueur de football et ancien s\\u00e9lectionneur de l''\\u00e9quipe\n        d''Argentine\\n\\n\\n== Notes et r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences ==\\n{{R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences|colonnes=2}}\\n\\n==\n        Voir aussi ==\\n{{Autres projets\\n|commons=Argentina|commons titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wikisource=Cat\\u00e9gorie:Argentine|wikisource\n        titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wiktionary=Argentine\\n|wikiquote=Argentine|wikiquote\n        titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n|wikinews=Page:Argentine|wikinews titre=L\\u2019Argentine\\n}}\\n*\n        [[Am\\u00e9rique latine]]\\n* [[Am\\u00e9rique du Sud]]\\n* [[Cuisine argentine]]\\n*\n        [[Liste de journaux argentins]]\\n* [[Tango (danse)|Tango]]\\n* {{Lien|langue=es|trad=Ind\\u00edgenas\n        de Argentina|fr=Indig\\u00e8nes d''Argentine|texte=Indig\\u00e8nes d''Argentine}}\\n\\n===\n        Liens externes ===\\n* {{es}} [http://www.argentina.gob.ar Portail officiel\n        du gouvernement argentin]\\n* {{fr}} [http://www.argentina.travel/fr Site touristique\n        officiel]\\n* {{fr}} [http://www.efran.mrecic.gov.ar/ Site officiel Ambassade\n        Argentine]\\n* {{fr}} [http://donnees.banquemondiale.org/pays/argentine Donn\\u00e9es\n        de la Banque mondiale]\\n\\n{{Palette|Pays d''Am\\u00e9rique|Union latine|G20}}\\n{{Portail|Argentine|Am\\u00e9rique}}\\n\\n[[Cat\\u00e9gorie:Argentine|\n        ]]\"}],\"contentmodel\":\"wikitext\",\"pagelanguage\":\"fr\",\"pagelanguagehtmlcode\":\"fr\",\"pagelanguagedir\":\"ltr\",\"touched\":\"2017-09-10T17:43:37Z\",\"lastrevid\":140065378,\"length\":102010,\"fullurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine\",\"editurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine&action=edit\",\"canonicalurl\":\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine\"}}}}'\n    http_version: \n  recorded_at: Thu, 22 Jun 2017 21:00:00 GMT\nrecorded_with: VCR 3.0.3\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/en.wikipedia.org/calc_templates_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe 'calculated templates' do\n    let(:traits) { MediaWiki::Traits.get('en.wikipedia.org') }\n    let(:template_vars) {\n      variables.each_with_index.map { |v, i| Tree::Var.new((i + 1).to_s, Tree::Text.new(v)) }\n    }\n\n    subject { traits.templates.find(name).new(name, Tree::Nodes[*template_vars]) }\n\n    describe '{{Convert}}' do\n      let(:name) { 'Convert' }\n\n      context 'simplest case' do\n        let(:variables) { %w[120 km mi] }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Templates::Base) }\n\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq '120 km' }\n        its(:value1) { is_expected.to eq '120' }\n        its(:value2) { is_expected.to be_nil }\n        its(:measure_from) { is_expected.to eq 'km' }\n        its(:measure_to) { is_expected.to eq 'mi' }\n      end\n\n      context 'with between sign' do\n        let(:variables) { %w[120 × 15 m acres] }\n\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq '120 × 15 m' }\n        its(:value1) { is_expected.to eq '120' }\n        its(:value2) { is_expected.to eq '15' }\n        its(:between) { is_expected.to eq '×' }\n        its(:measure_from) { is_expected.to eq 'm' }\n        its(:measure_to) { is_expected.to eq 'acres' }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe '{{Coord}}' do\n    end\n\n    describe '{{Age}}' do\n      let(:name) { 'Age' }\n\n      context 'one date' do\n        before { Timecop.freeze(Date.parse('2017-06-23')) }\n        let(:variables) { %w[1985 07 01] }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Templates::Base) }\n\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq '32 years' }\n      end\n\n      context 'two dates' do\n        let(:variables) { %w[1985 07 01 1995 08 15] }\n\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq '10 years' }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe '{{Birth date and age}}' do\n    end\n\n    describe '{{Birth date}}' do\n    end\n\n    describe '{{Time ago}}' do\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/en.wikipedia.org/simple_templates_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe 'simple templates definitions' do\n    let(:traits) { MediaWiki::Traits.get('en.wikipedia.org') }\n\n    def parse(wikitext)\n      Parser.inline(wikitext, traits)\n    end\n\n    def w2t(wikitext)\n      parse(wikitext).text\n    end\n\n    describe 'literal templates' do\n      it 'should leave them as is' do\n        expect(w2t('A {{&}} B is {{1/2}}')).to eq 'A & B is 1/2'\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'inflow templates' do\n      it 'should leave inside text' do\n        expect(w2t('A {{nowrap|wtf}} B')).to eq 'A wtf B'\n      end\n\n      it 'should be inside-navigable' do\n        expect(parse('{{nowrap|[[Chile]]}}').lookup(:Wikilink).first.link).to eq 'Chile'\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'templates with additional methods' do\n      it 'should calculate' do\n        expect(parse('{{Infobox country}}').lookup(:infobox?).count).to eq 1\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/infoboxer_spec.rb",
    "content": "describe Infoboxer do\n  describe 'common MediaWiki shortcuts', :vcr do\n    context 'Wikipedia' do\n      describe 'default' do\n        subject { described_class.wikipedia }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Infoboxer::MediaWiki) }\n        its(:'api_base_url.to_s') { is_expected.to eq 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php' }\n      end\n\n      describe 'caching' do\n        it 'constructs object only once' do\n          w1 = described_class.wikipedia\n          w2 = described_class.wikipedia\n          expect(w1.object_id).to eq w2.object_id\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe 'language' do\n        subject { described_class.wikipedia('fr') }\n\n        its(:'api_base_url.to_s') { is_expected.to eq 'https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php' }\n      end\n\n      describe 'shortcut' do\n        subject { described_class.wp('fr') }\n\n        its(:'api_base_url.to_s') { is_expected.to eq 'https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php' }\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'Wikia' do\n      describe 'simple' do\n        subject { described_class.wikia('tardis') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Infoboxer::MediaWiki) }\n        its(:'api_base_url.to_s') { is_expected.to eq 'http://tardis.wikia.com/api.php' }\n      end\n\n      describe 'subdomain' do\n        subject { described_class.wikia('ru.tardis') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Infoboxer::MediaWiki) }\n        its(:'api_base_url.to_s') { is_expected.to eq 'http://ru.tardis.wikia.com/api.php' }\n      end\n\n      describe 'language' do\n        subject { described_class.wikia('tardis', 'ru') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Infoboxer::MediaWiki) }\n        its(:'api_base_url.to_s') { is_expected.to eq 'http://ru.tardis.wikia.com/api.php' }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/integration/all_en_templates_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe 'en.wikipedia.org', :vcr do\n    let(:page) { Infoboxer.wp.get('Chile') }\n\n    subject {\n      page.infobox\n          .fetch('leader_name1')\n          .lookup(:Wikilink).first.link\n    }\n\n    it { is_expected.to eq 'Michelle Bachelet' }\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/integration/fr_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe 'other-language Wikipedia', vcr: true do\n    let(:client) { MediaWiki.new('https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php') }\n    let(:page) { client.get('Argentine') }\n\n    describe 'files' do\n      context 'default prefix' do\n        # it has prefix File: at the time I'm testing this\n        subject { page.lookup(:Image, path: 'Argentine, Billet de 10 centavos édité en 1884.jpg') }\n\n        it { is_expected.not_to be_empty }\n      end\n\n      context 'localized prefix' do\n        # it has prefix Fichier: at the time I'm testing this\n        subject { page.lookup(:Image, path: 'Argentina topo blank.jpg') }\n\n        it { is_expected.not_to be_empty }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'categories' do\n      subject { page.categories }\n\n      it { is_expected.not_to be_empty }\n      it 'should include existing category' do\n        expect(subject.map(&:name)).to include('Argentine')\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/integration/site_traits_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe 'Integration of MediaWiki::Traits into data' do\n    before do\n      MediaWiki::Traits.templates.clear\n      MediaWiki::Traits.domains.clear\n    end\n\n    describe 'template expansion on-the-fly' do\n      let(:klass) {\n        Class.new(MediaWiki::Traits) do\n          templates do\n            show 'join'\n\n            replace('!' => '|', ',' => '·')\n          end\n        end\n      }\n      let(:traits) { klass.new }\n      let(:nodes) {\n        Parser.inline(source, traits)\n      }\n\n      context 'when simple nested templates' do\n        let(:source) {\n          \"before {{join|{{!}} text|and ''italics''}} after\"\n        }\n\n        subject { nodes }\n\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq 'before | text and italics after' }\n      end\n\n      context 'when multiline templates' do\n        let(:source) {\n          \"{{unknown|{{!}}\\n\\ntext\\n\\nfoo {{,}}}}r\"\n        }\n\n        subject { nodes.first.variables.first.children }\n\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            traits.templates.find('!').new('!'),\n            Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('text')),\n            Tree::Paragraph.new([Tree::Text.new('foo '), traits.templates.find(',').new(',')]),\n          ]\n        }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq \"|text\\n\\nfoo ·\\n\\n\" }\n      end\n\n      context 'when templates in image caption' do\n        let(:source) {\n          '[[File:image.png|This {{!}} that]]'\n        }\n\n        subject {\n          nodes.first.caption\n        }\n\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq 'This | that' }\n      end\n\n      context 'when templates in tables' do\n        let(:source) {\n          \"{|\\n|+Its in {{!}} caption!\\n|}\"\n        }\n        let(:table) { Parser.paragraphs(source, traits).first }\n\n        subject { table.lookup(:TableCaption).first }\n\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq 'Its in | caption!' }\n      end\n    end\n\n    xdescribe 'context selection by client' do\n      context 'when defined' do\n        let!(:klass) {\n          Class.new(MediaWiki::Traits) do\n            domain 'en.wikipedia.org'\n\n            templates_text(\n              '!' => '|',\n              ',' => '·'\n            )\n            template('join') { |t| Nodes[*t.variables.values] }\n          end\n        }\n        let(:client) { MediaWiki.new('http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php') }\n\n        subject { client }\n\n        its(:context) { is_expected.to be_a(klass) }\n      end\n\n      context 'when not defined' do\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/media_wiki/follow_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe Tree::Wikilink, :vcr do\n    let(:source) { Infoboxer.wp.get('Argentina') }\n    let(:link) { source.lookup(:Wikilink, link: 'Chile').first }\n\n    describe :url do\n      subject { link.url }\n\n      it { is_expected.to eq 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile' }\n    end\n\n    describe :follow do\n      subject { link.follow }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(MediaWiki::Page) }\n      its(:title) { is_expected.to eq 'Chile' }\n      its(:text) { is_expected.to include('The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper.') }\n\n      context 'when interwiki link' do\n        let(:source) { Infoboxer.wp.get('List of kanji by concept') }\n        let(:link) { source.lookup(:Wikilink, interwiki: 'wikt').first }\n\n        subject { link.follow }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(MediaWiki::Page) }\n        its(:url) { is_expected.to include 'wiktionary' }\n      end\n    end\n  end\n\n  describe Tree::Nodes, :follow, :vcr do\n    let(:source) { Infoboxer.wp.get('Argentina') }\n    let(:links) { source.lookup(:Wikilink).first(3) }\n\n    subject { links.follow }\n\n    it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n    it { is_expected.to all(be_a(MediaWiki::Page)) }\n\n    context 'when interwiki link' do\n      let(:source) { Infoboxer.wp.get('List of kanji by concept') }\n      let(:link1) { source.lookup(:Wikilink, interwiki: 'wikt').first }\n      let(:link2) { source.lookup(:Wikilink, interwiki: nil).first }\n      let(:links) { Tree::Nodes[link1, link2] }\n\n      subject { links.follow }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes).and all(be_a(MediaWiki::Page)) }\n      its_map(:url) { is_expected.to contain_exactly(include('wiktionary'), include('wikipedia')) }\n    end\n  end\n\n  describe 'Template#follow' do\n    let(:source) {\n      VCR.use_cassette('follow-source-forests') {\n        Infoboxer.wp.get('Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests')\n      }}\n    let(:template) { source.templates(name: /forests$/).first }\n\n    describe :url do\n      subject { template.url }\n\n      it { is_expected.to eq 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indomalaya_tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests' }\n    end\n\n    describe :follow do\n      subject { VCR.use_cassette('follow-template') { template.follow } }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(MediaWiki::Page) }\n      its(:url) { is_expected.to eq 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indomalaya_tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests' }\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/media_wiki/traits_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe MediaWiki::Traits do\n    before do\n      described_class.templates.clear\n      described_class.domains.clear\n    end\n\n    after(:all) {\n      # restoring after cleanup\n      verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil # suppressing \"constant redefined\" warning\n      load 'lib/infoboxer/definitions/en.wikipedia.org.rb'\n      $VERBOSE = verbose\n    }\n\n    context 'definition' do\n      let(:klass) { Class.new(described_class) }\n      let(:traits) { klass.new }\n\n      context 'templates' do\n        before do\n          klass.templates {\n            template '!' do\n              def text\n                '!'\n              end\n            end\n          }\n        end\n\n        subject { traits.templates.find('!') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Class) }\n        it { is_expected.to be < Templates::Base }\n        its(:inspect) { is_expected.to eq 'Infoboxer::Templates::Template[!]' }\n\n        context 'definition helpers' do\n          before {\n            klass.templates {\n              replace '!' => '|', ',' => '·'\n            }\n          }\n\n          context 'text replacements' do\n            let(:template) { traits.templates.find('!') }\n\n            subject { template.new('!') }\n\n            its(:text) { is_expected.to eq '|' }\n          end\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe 'binding to domain' do\n        before {\n          klass.domain 'in.wikipedia.org'\n        }\n        subject { described_class.get('in.wikipedia.org') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(klass) }\n\n        context 'when non-bound domain' do\n          subject { described_class.get('fr.wikipedia.org') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_a(described_class) }\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe 'definition-and-binding' do\n        let!(:klass) {\n          described_class.for('in.wikipedia.org') {\n            templates {\n              show 'foo'\n            }\n          }\n        }\n        let(:traits) { described_class.get('in.wikipedia.org') }\n\n        it 'should be defined' do\n          expect(traits).to be_kind_of(klass)\n        end\n        subject { traits.templates.find('foo') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Class) }\n        it { is_expected.to be < Templates::Show }\n\n        it 'should continue definition' do\n          described_class.for('in.wikipedia.org') {\n            templates {\n              show 'bar'\n            }\n          }\n          expect(traits.templates.find('foo')).to be < Templates::Show\n          expect(traits.templates.find('bar')).to be < Templates::Show\n        end\n      end\n\n      xdescribe 'on-the-fly enrichment' do\n        before {\n          klass.domain 'in.wikipedia.org'\n        }\n        subject { described_class.get('in.wikipedia.org', namespaces: [{'canonical' => 'File', '*' => 'Fichier'}]) }\n\n        its(:file_namespace) { is_expected.to contain_exactly('File', 'Fichier') }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/media_wiki_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe MediaWiki, :vcr do\n    let(:client) { MediaWiki.new('https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php') }\n\n    describe :inspect do\n      subject { client }\n\n      its(:inspect) { is_expected.to eq '#' }\n    end\n\n    describe :raw do\n      # TODO: rewrite specs for new, hash-returning implementation\n      context 'single page' do\n        subject(:page) { client.raw(title).values.first }\n\n        context 'default' do\n          let(:title) { 'Argentina' }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_a Hash }\n          its(['title']) { is_expected.to eq 'Argentina' }\n          it { expect(subject['revisions'].first['*']).to include(\"'''Argentina'''\") }\n          its(['fullurl']) { is_expected.to eq 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina' }\n        end\n\n        context 'non-existent' do\n          let(:title) { 'it is non-existing definitely' }\n\n          its(['title']) { is_expected.to eq 'It is non-existing definitely' }\n          its(['missing']) { is_expected.to be_truthy }\n        end\n\n        context 'redirect' do\n          let(:title) { 'Einstein' }\n\n          its(['title']) { is_expected.to eq 'Albert Einstein' }\n          it { expect(subject['revisions'].first['*']).not_to include('#REDIRECT') }\n          its(['fullurl']) { is_expected.to eq 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein' }\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'several pages' do\n        subject(:pages) { client.raw(*titles).values }\n\n        context 'default' do\n          let(:titles) { %w[Argentina Ukraine] }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_an Array }\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n          its_map(['title']) { is_expected.to eq %w[Argentina Ukraine] }\n        end\n\n        context '> 50 pages' do\n          let(:titles) { (1920..1975).map(&:to_s) }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_an Array }\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq titles.count }\n          its_map(['title']) { is_expected.to eq titles }\n        end\n\n        context 'no pages' do\n          # could emerge on \"automatically\" created page lists, should work\n          let(:titles) { [] }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_an(Array).and be_empty }\n        end\n\n        xcontext 'preserve order, even with redirects' do\n          let(:titles) { %w[Oster Einstein Bolhrad] }\n\n          its_map(['title']) { is_expected.to eq ['Oster', 'Albert Einstein', 'Bolhrad'] }\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'user-agent' do\n        subject { WebMock.last_request.headers }\n\n        context 'default' do\n          before { client.raw('Argentina') }\n          it { is_expected.to include('User-Agent' => MediaWiki::UA) }\n        end\n\n        context 'globally set' do\n          before {\n            Infoboxer.user_agent = 'My Cool UA'\n            client.raw('Argentina')\n          }\n          it { is_expected.to include('User-Agent' => 'My Cool UA') }\n        end\n\n        context 'locally set' do\n          before {\n            Infoboxer.user_agent = 'My Cool UA'\n            client_with_ua = MediaWiki.new(\n              'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php',\n              user_agent: 'Something else'\n            )\n            client_with_ua.raw('Argentina')\n          }\n          it { is_expected.to include('User-Agent' => 'Something else') }\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :traits do\n      subject(:traits) { client.traits }\n\n      context 'static part - guess by domain' do\n        subject { traits.templates.find('&') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be < Templates::Literal }\n      end\n\n      context 'dynamic part - taken from API' do\n        let(:client) { MediaWiki.new('https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php') }\n\n        context 'before first page fetched' do\n          its(:file_namespace) { is_expected.to contain_exactly('File', 'Fichier', 'Image') }\n          its(:category_namespace) { is_expected.to contain_exactly('Category', 'Catégorie') }\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :get do\n      context 'when single page' do\n        subject { client.get('Argentina') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a MediaWiki::Page }\n        its(:title) { is_expected.to eq 'Argentina' }\n        its(:url) { is_expected.to eq 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina' }\n        its(:source) { is_expected.to match hash_including('title' => 'Argentina') }\n      end\n\n      context 'when several pages' do\n        subject { client.get('Argentina', 'Ukraine') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to all be_a MediaWiki::Page }\n      end\n\n      context 'when signle non-existing page' do\n        subject { client.get('Why I am still trying this kind of stuff, huh?') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_nil }\n      end\n\n      context 'when several pages, including non-existent' do\n        subject { client.get('Argentina', 'Ukraine', 'WTF I just read? Make me unsee it') }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n      end\n\n      context 'when invalid title requested' do\n        subject { client.get('It%27s not') }\n\n        its_block { is_expected.to raise_error(/contains invalid characters/) }\n      end\n\n      describe 'processor' do\n        subject { client.get('Argentina') { |req| req.prop(:wbentityusage) } }\n\n        its(:source) { is_expected.to have_key('wbentityusage') }\n      end\n\n      describe 'interwiki' do\n        subject { client.get('test', interwiki: 'wikt') }\n\n        its(:url) { is_expected.to eq 'https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/test' }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :get_h do\n      subject { client.get_h(*titles) }\n\n      context 'when several pages, including non-existent' do\n        let(:titles) { ['Argentina', 'Ukraine', 'WTF I just read? Make me unsee it'] }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a Hash }\n        its(:keys) { are_expected.to eq ['Argentina', 'Ukraine', 'WTF I just read? Make me unsee it'] }\n        its(['WTF I just read? Make me unsee it']) { is_expected.to be_nil }\n      end\n\n      context 'when several pages, including redirected to same' do\n        let(:titles) { ['Kharkiv', 'Kharkov', 'Kharkiv, Ukraine'] }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a Hash }\n        its(:keys) { are_expected.to eq ['Kharkiv', 'Kharkov', 'Kharkiv, Ukraine'] }\n        its(:values) { are_expected.to all be_a MediaWiki::Page }\n        its(:values) { are_expected.to all have_attributes(title: 'Kharkiv') }\n\n        # TODO: parse all synonyms in one pass\n        # its(:'values.uniq.count') { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      end\n\n      context 'with downcase titles' do\n        let(:titles) { ['kharkiv'] }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a Hash }\n        its(:keys) { are_expected.to eq ['kharkiv'] }\n        its(:values) { are_expected.to all be_a MediaWiki::Page }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :category do\n      subject(:response) { client.category(category) }\n\n      context 'when category exists' do\n        let(:category) { 'Category:Ukrainian rock music groups' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to be > 40 }\n\n        its_map(:title) { is_expected.to include('Dymna Sumish', 'Okean Elzy', 'Vopli Vidopliassova') }\n      end\n\n      context 'when category is not' do\n        let(:category) { 'Category:krainian rock music groups' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n        it { is_expected.to be_empty }\n      end\n\n      describe 'category name transformation' do\n        # FIXME: better webmock specs!\n        subject { WebMock.last_request }\n\n        before { response }\n\n        context 'when no namespace' do\n          let(:category) { 'Ukrainian rock music groups' }\n\n          its(:'uri.query_values') { is_expected.to include('gcmtitle' => 'Category:Ukrainian rock music groups') }\n        end\n\n        context 'default namespace' do\n          let(:category) { 'Category:Ukrainian rock music groups' }\n\n          its(:'uri.query_values') { is_expected.to include('gcmtitle' => 'Category:Ukrainian rock music groups') }\n        end\n\n        context 'localized namespace' do\n          let(:client) { MediaWiki.new('https://es.wikipedia.org/w/api.php') }\n          let(:category) { 'Categoría:Grupos de rock de Ucrania' }\n\n          its(:'uri.query_values') { is_expected.to include('gcmtitle' => 'Categoría:Grupos de rock de Ucrania') }\n        end\n\n        context 'not a namespace' do\n          let(:category) { 'Ukrainian: rock music groups' }\n\n          its(:'uri.query_values') { is_expected.to include('gcmtitle' => 'Category:Ukrainian: rock music groups') }\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :search do\n      subject { client.search(query) }\n\n      context 'when found' do\n        let(:query) { 'intitle:\"town tramway systems in Chile\"' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n\n        its_map(:title) { is_expected.to include('List of town tramway systems in Chile') }\n      end\n\n      context 'when not found' do\n        let(:query) { 'intitle:\"town tramway systems in Vunuatu\"' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes).and be_empty }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :prefixsearch do\n      subject { client.prefixsearch(prefix) }\n\n      context 'when found' do\n        let(:prefix) { 'Ukrainian hr' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to be > 1 }\n\n        its_map(:title) { is_expected.to include('Ukrainian hryvnia') }\n      end\n\n      context 'when not found' do\n        let(:prefix) { 'Ukrainian foooo' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes).and be_empty }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/navigation/lookup/selector_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe Navigation::Lookup::Selector do\n    context 'when class' do\n      subject { described_class.new(Tree::ListItem) }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be === Tree::ListItem.new(Tree::Text.new('test')) }\n      it { is_expected.not_to be === Tree::Text.new('test') }\n    end\n\n    context 'when class-ish symbol' do\n      subject { described_class.new(:ListItem) }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be === Tree::ListItem.new(Tree::Text.new('test')) }\n      it { is_expected.not_to be === Tree::Text.new('test') }\n    end\n\n    context 'when field value' do\n      subject { described_class.new(text: /test/) }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be === Tree::Text.new('test') }\n      it { is_expected.not_to be === Tree::Text.new('foo') }\n    end\n\n    context 'when string' do\n      subject { described_class.new(text: 'test') }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be === Tree::Text.new('Test') }\n      it { is_expected.not_to be === Tree::Text.new('foo') }\n    end\n\n    context 'when node-specific field' do\n      subject { described_class.new(level: 3) }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be === Tree::Heading.new([], 3) }\n      it { is_expected.not_to be === Tree::Heading.new([], 2) }\n      it { is_expected.not_to be === Tree::Text.new('foo') }\n    end\n\n    context 'when checking method' do\n      subject { described_class.new(:empty?) }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be === Tree::Heading.new([], 3) }\n      it { is_expected.not_to be === Tree::Heading.new(Tree::Text.new('test'), 2) }\n    end\n\n    context 'when block' do\n      subject { described_class.new { |n| n.text.include?('foo') } }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be === Tree::Text.new('foo') }\n      it { is_expected.not_to be === Tree::Text.new('test') }\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/navigation/lookup_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe Navigation::Lookup do\n    let(:document) {\n      Parser.document(%{\n      Test in first ''paragraph''\n      === Heading ===\n      {| some=table\n      |With\n      * cool list\n      * ''And'' deep test\n      * some more\n      |}\n      }.strip.gsub(/\\n\\s+/m, \"\\n\"))\n    }\n\n    describe :lookup do\n      context 'without any args' do\n        subject {\n          document.lookup\n        }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Nodes) }\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to be > 10 }\n      end\n\n      context 'with block' do\n        subject {\n          document.lookup { |n| n.is_a?(Tree::Text) && n.text =~ /test/i }\n        }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Nodes) }\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Text.new('Test in first '),\n            Tree::Text.new(' deep test')\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      context 'by class' do\n        subject { document.lookup(Tree::Table) }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      end\n\n      context 'by class & fields' do\n        subject {\n          document.lookup(Tree::Text, text: /test/i)\n        }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Nodes) }\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Text.new('Test in first '),\n            Tree::Text.new(' deep test')\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      context 'by accessor' do\n        before {\n          Tree::ListItem.module_eval {\n            def first_list_item?\n              index.zero?\n            end\n          }\n        }\n        subject {\n          document.lookup(:first_list_item?)\n        }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq \"* cool list\\n\" }\n      end\n\n      context 'by class-ish symbol' do\n        subject { document.lookup(:Table) }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n        its(:first) { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Table) }\n      end\n\n      context 'everything at once' do\n        subject {\n          document.lookup(Tree::Text, text: /test/i) { |n| n.text.length == 10 }\n        }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Nodes) }\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Text.new(' deep test')\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      context 'by fields which only some subclasses have' do\n        subject { document.lookup(Tree::Heading, level: 3) }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :lookup_children do\n      let(:cell) { document.lookup(Tree::TableCell).first }\n\n      context 'direct child only' do\n        subject { cell.lookup_children(Tree::Text) }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n        its(:first) { is_expected.to eq Tree::Text.new('With') }\n      end\n\n      context 'indirect child' do\n        subject { cell.lookup_children(Tree::ListItem) }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_empty }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'chain of lookups' do\n      subject {\n        document\n          .lookup(Tree::List)\n          .lookup(Tree::ListItem)\n          .lookup_children(text: /test/)\n      }\n\n      it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new(' deep test')] }\n    end\n\n    describe :parent do\n      subject { document.lookup(Tree::TableCell).first }\n\n      its(:parent) { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::TableRow) }\n    end\n\n    describe :lookup_parents do\n      let(:cell) { document.lookup(Tree::TableCell).first }\n\n      context 'parent found' do\n        subject { cell.lookup_parents(Tree::Table) }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n        its(:first) { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Table) }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :index do\n      subject { document.lookup(Tree::Heading).first }\n\n      its(:index) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n    end\n\n    describe :siblings do\n      subject { document.lookup(Tree::ListItem, text: /cool list/).first }\n\n      its(:'siblings.count') { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n      its(:siblings) { is_expected.to all(be_a(Tree::ListItem)) }\n    end\n\n    describe :lookup_siblings do\n      let!(:node) { document.lookup(Tree::ListItem, text: /cool list/).first }\n\n      subject { node.lookup_siblings(text: /test/) }\n\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      it { is_expected.to all(be_a(Tree::ListItem)) }\n    end\n\n    describe :prev_siblings do\n      subject { document.lookup(Tree::ListItem, text: /deep test/).first }\n\n      its(:'prev_siblings.count') { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      its(:'prev_siblings.text') { is_expected.to include('cool list') }\n    end\n\n    describe :next_siblings do\n      subject { document.lookup(Tree::ListItem, text: /deep test/).first }\n\n      its(:'next_siblings.count') { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      its(:'next_siblings.text') { is_expected.to include('some more') }\n    end\n\n    describe :lookup_prev_siblings do\n      let!(:node) { document.lookup(Tree::ListItem, text: /deep test/).first }\n\n      it 'works' do\n        expect(node.lookup_prev_siblings(text: /cool/).count).to eq 1\n        expect(node.lookup_prev_siblings(text: /more/).count).to eq 0\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :lookup_next_siblings do\n      let!(:node) { document.lookup(Tree::ListItem, text: /deep test/).first }\n\n      it 'works' do\n        expect(node.lookup_next_siblings(text: /cool/).count).to eq 0\n        expect(node.lookup_next_siblings(text: /more/).count).to eq 1\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/navigation/sections_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe Navigation::Sections do\n    # Document is immutable and is created ~0.3 sec each time.\n    # So, fot tens of examples it's wiser to create it only once.\n    before(:all) {\n      @document = Parser.document(File.read('spec/fixtures/argentina.wiki'))\n    }\n    let(:document) { @document }\n\n    describe :intro do\n      subject { document.intro }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 7 }\n      it { is_expected.to eq document.children.grep(Tree::BaseParagraph).first(7) }\n    end\n\n    describe :sections do\n      subject(:sections) { document.sections }\n\n      describe 'basics' do\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 12 }\n        it { is_expected.to all(be_kind_of(Navigation::Sections::Section)) }\n        its_map(:'heading.text_') {\n          are_expected.to eq \\\n            [\n              'Name and etymology',\n              'History',\n              'Geography',\n              'Politics',\n              'Economy',\n              'Demographics',\n              'Culture',\n              'See also',\n              'Notes',\n              'References',\n              'Bibliography',\n              'External links'\n            ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      describe '#lookup_children' do\n        subject { document.lookup_children(:Section).first }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq sections[0] }\n      end\n\n      describe Navigation::Sections::Section do\n        subject { sections[1] } # History section\n\n        its(:heading) { is_expected.to eq Tree::Heading.new(Tree::Text.new('History'), 2) }\n        its(:inspect) { is_expected.to eq '#' }\n\n        its(:paragraphs) { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Nodes) }\n        its(:'paragraphs.count') { is_expected.to be > 20 }\n\n        its(:'sections.count') { is_expected.to eq 8 }\n\n        its(:'intro.count') { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n\n        it 'should not rewrite nodes parents' do\n          expect(subject.children.first.lookup_parents(Tree::Document)).not_to be_empty\n          expect(subject.children.first.lookup_parents(Navigation::Sections::Section)).to be_empty\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe 'selected sections' do\n        context 'one level' do\n          subject { document.sections('History') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n          its(:'first.heading.text_') { is_expected.to eq 'History' }\n        end\n\n        context 'several levels' do\n          subject { document.sections('History', 'Colonial era') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n          its(:'first.heading.text_') { is_expected.to eq 'Colonial era' }\n        end\n\n        context 'two levels: hash' do\n          subject { document.sections('History' => 'Colonial era') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n          its(:'first.heading.text_') { is_expected.to eq 'Colonial era' }\n        end\n\n        context 'two levels: when second is not existing' do\n          subject { document.sections.first.sections }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n          it { is_expected.to be_empty }\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :in_sections do\n      let(:para) { document.lookup(:Paragraph, text: /Declassified documents of the Chilean secret police/) }\n\n      subject { para.in_sections }\n\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n\n      its_map(:'heading.text_') { is_expected.to eq ['Dirty War', 'History'] }\n\n      it 'should not rewrite nodes parents' do\n        expect(para.lookup_parents(:Document)).not_to be_empty\n        expect(para.lookup_parents(:Section)).to be_empty\n      end\n\n      context 'deeply nested nodes' do\n        let(:link) { document.lookup(:ListItem).lookup(:Wikilink, text: 'Northwest').first }\n\n        subject { link.in_sections }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n        its_map(:'heading.text_') { is_expected.to eq %w[Regions Geography] }\n      end\n\n      context 'concrete level' do\n      end\n\n      context \"if there's no\" do\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/navigation/shortcuts_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe Navigation::Shortcuts do\n    # Document is immutable and is created ~0.3 sec each time.\n    # So, fot tens of examples it's wiser to create it only once.\n    before(:all) {\n      @document = Parser.document(File.read('spec/fixtures/argentina.wiki'))\n    }\n    let(:document) { @document }\n\n    describe :wikilinks do\n      context 'by default' do\n        subject { document.wikilinks }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to be > 100 }\n        its(:'first.link') { is_expected.to eq 'Argentine Constitution' }\n        its(:'first.parent') { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Var) }\n        its_map(:link) { are_expected.not_to include(match(/:$/)) }\n      end\n\n      context 'by namespace' do\n        subject { document.wikilinks('Category') }\n\n        its(:'first.link') { is_expected.to eq 'Category:Argentina' }\n        its_map(:link) { are_expected.to all(match(/^Category:/)) }\n      end\n\n      context 'all namespaces' do\n        subject { document.wikilinks(nil) }\n\n        its_map(:link) { is_expected.to include(match(/^Category:/)).and include(match(/^[^:]+$/)) }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :external_links do\n      subject { document.external_links }\n\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to be > 20 }\n      its(:'first.link') { is_expected.to eq 'http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm' }\n    end\n\n    describe :images do\n      subject { document.images }\n\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to be > 20 }\n      its_map(:path) { is_expected.to include 'SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg' }\n    end\n\n    describe :templates do\n      subject { document.templates }\n\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to be > 10 }\n      its(:'first.name') { is_expected.to eq 'other uses' }\n    end\n\n    describe :tables do\n      subject { document.tables }\n\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to be > 0 }\n      its(:first) { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Table) }\n    end\n\n    # FIXME: With new templates policy, #paragraphs shortcut seems useless\n    xdescribe :paragraphs do\n      subject { document.paragraphs }\n\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to be > 100 }\n      it 'should be only paragraph-level nodes' do\n        expect(subject.map(&:class).uniq).to \\\n          contain_exactly(Tree::Paragraph, Tree::ListItem, Tree::Heading, Tree::DTerm, Tree::DDefinition)\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :headings do\n      subject { document.headings }\n\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 46 }\n\n      it 'should select by level' do\n        expect(document.headings(2).count).to eq 12\n        expect(document.headings(3).count).to eq 34\n        expect(document.headings(4).count).to eq 0\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/navigation/wikipath_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe Navigation::Wikipath do\n    include Saharspec::Util\n\n    let(:document) {\n      Parser.document(multiline(%{\n        |Test in first ''paragraph''\n        |\n        | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}\n        |\n        |=== Section 1 ===\n        |\n        |{| some=table\n        ||With\n        |* cool list\n        |* ''And'' deep test\n        |* some more\n        ||}\n        |\n        | {{template}}\n      }))\n    }\n\n    subject { ->(path) { document.wikipath(path) } }\n\n    its(['//template']) { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes).and all be_a(Tree::Template) }\n    its(['//template']) { is_expected.not_to be_empty }\n    its(['//table//list//italic']) { is_expected.to have_attributes(text: 'And') }\n    its(['//template[name=/^Use/]']) {\n      is_expected\n        .to include(have_attributes(name: 'Use dmy dates'))\n        .and not_include(have_attributes(name: 'template'))\n    }\n    its(['//table//list/list_item[first]']) {\n      is_expected\n        .to include(have_attributes(text_: '* cool list'))\n        .and not_include(have_attributes(text_: '* some more'))\n    }\n    its(['//template/var[name=date]']) { is_expected.to include(be_a(Tree::Var).and(have_attributes(name: 'date'))) }\n    its(['/section']) { is_expected.not_to be_empty }\n    its(['/section[heading=Section 1]']) { is_expected.to eq [document.sections.first] }\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/parser/flow_spec.rb",
    "content": "require 'infoboxer/parser'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  describe Parser, 'parse flow' do\n    let(:ctx) { Parser::Context.new(source) }\n    let(:parser) { Parser.new(ctx) }\n\n    describe :inline do\n      subject { parser.inline }\n\n      context 'when simple one-liner' do\n        let(:source) { 'some text' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some text')] }\n\n        it 'shifts parsing pointer' do\n          parser.inline\n          expect(ctx).to be_eof\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'when multiline without end regexp (implicit end)' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\nor some other text\" }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some text')] }\n      end\n\n      context 'when multiline with end regexp' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\nor some other text}}\" }\n\n        subject { parser.inline(/}}/) }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new(\"some text\\nor some other text\")] }\n      end\n\n      context 'when multiline with end regexp not found' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\nor some other text\" }\n\n        it 'should fail' do\n          expect { parser.inline(/}}/) }.to raise_error(Parser::ParsingError)\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :short_inline do\n      subject { parser.short_inline }\n\n      context 'when simple one-liner' do\n        let(:source) { 'some text' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some text')] }\n\n        it 'shifts parsing pointer' do\n          parser.inline\n          expect(ctx).to be_eof\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'when multiline without end regexp (implicit end)' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\nor some other text\" }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some text')] }\n      end\n\n      context 'when multiline with end regexp on first line' do\n        let(:source) { \"some}} text\\nor some other text\" }\n\n        subject { parser.short_inline(/}}/) }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some')] }\n      end\n\n      context 'when multiline with end regexp not found' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\nor some other text\" }\n\n        subject { parser.short_inline(/}}/) }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some text')] }\n      end\n\n      context 'when \"syntetic eol\" (end of block element)' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\nor some other text\" }\n\n        subject { parser.short_inline(/''/) }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some')] }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe :paragraphs do\n      subject { parser.paragraphs }\n\n      describe 'one-liner' do\n        let(:source) { 'some text' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('some text'))] }\n      end\n\n      describe 'continuous paragraph' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\nor some other text\" }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('some text or some other text'))] }\n      end\n\n      describe 'several paragraphs' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\n\\nor some other text\" }\n\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('some text')),\n            Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('or some other text'))\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      describe 'with end regexp' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\n\\nor some}} other text\" }\n\n        subject { parser.paragraphs(/}}/) }\n\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('some text')),\n            Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('or some'))\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      describe 'with end regexp - pre' do\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'long inline' do\n      subject { parser.long_inline }\n\n      describe 'one-liner' do\n        let(:source) { 'some text' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some text')] }\n      end\n\n      describe 'one-liner - with end regexp' do\n        let(:source) { 'some }} text' }\n\n        subject { parser.long_inline(/}}/) }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some ')] }\n      end\n\n      describe 'inline, then paragraphs' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\nor some other text\" }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some text'), Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('or some other text'))] }\n      end\n\n      describe 'inline, then paragraphs - with end regexp' do\n        let(:source) { \"some text\\nor some}} other text\" }\n\n        subject { parser.long_inline(/}}/) }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('some text'), Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('or some'))] }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/parser/image_spec.rb",
    "content": "require 'infoboxer/parser'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  describe Parser, 'images and media' do\n    let(:ctx) { Parser::Context.new(source) }\n    let(:parser) { Parser.new(ctx) }\n\n    let(:nodes) { parser.inline }\n\n    subject { nodes.first }\n\n    context 'when simplest' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %q{[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg]]}\n      }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Image) }\n      its(:path) { is_expected.to eq 'SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg' }\n    end\n\n    context 'when complex' do\n      # real example from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina\n      # I love you, Wikipedia!!!!\n      let(:source) {\n        %q{[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]] in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the cave's wall]]}\n      }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Image) }\n      its(:path) { is_expected.to eq 'SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg' }\n      its(:type) { is_expected.to eq 'thumb' }\n      its(:width) { is_expected.to eq 200 }\n      its(:alt) { is_expected.to eq \"Stencilled hands on the cave's wall\" }\n\n      describe 'caption' do\n        subject { nodes.first.caption }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::ImageCaption) }\n        it 'should preserve all data' do\n          expect(subject.children.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n            [Tree::Text, Tree::Wikilink, Tree::Text, Tree::Wikilink, Tree::Text]\n\n          expect(subject.children.map(&:text)).to eq [\n            'The ',\n            'Cave of the Hands',\n            ' in ',\n            'Santa Cruz province',\n            ', with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago'\n          ]\n          expect(subject.text).to eq 'The Cave of the Hands in Santa Cruz province, with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago'\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'with non-default site traits provided' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %{[[Fichier:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px]]}\n      }\n      let(:ctx) { Parser::Context.new(source) }\n\n      before {\n        allow_any_instance_of(MediaWiki::Traits).to receive(:file_namespace).and_return(%w[File Fichier]) # rubocop:disable RSpec/AnyInstance\n      }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_an(Tree::Image) }\n      its(:path) { is_expected.to eq 'SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg' }\n\n      context 'should parse File: prefix' do\n        let(:source) { %{[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px]]} }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_an(Tree::Image) }\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'multiline' do\n      let(:source) {\n        \"[[File:Diplomatic missions of Argentina.png|thumb|250px|Argentine diplomatic missions:\\n\"\\\n        \"
\\n\"\\\n        \"{{legend4|#22b14c|Argentina}}\\n\"\\\n        \"{{legend4|#2f3699|Nations hosting a resident diplomatic mission}}\\n\"\\\n        \"{{legend4|#b9b9b9|Nations without a resident diplomatic mission}}\\n\"\\\n        '
]]'\n      }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Image) }\n      its(:path) { is_expected.to eq 'Diplomatic missions of Argentina.png' }\n      its(:width) { is_expected.to eq 250 }\n      it 'should have a caption ' do\n        expect(subject.caption.children.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n          [Tree::Text, Tree::Paragraph]\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/parser/inline_spec.rb",
    "content": "require 'infoboxer/parser'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  describe Parser, 'inline markup' do\n    let(:ctx) { Parser::Context.new(source) }\n    let(:parser) { Parser.new(ctx) }\n\n    subject(:nodes) { parser.inline }\n\n    context 'when just text' do\n      let(:source) { 'just text' }\n\n      it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('just text')] }\n    end\n\n    context 'text with entities' do\n      let(:source) { 'just textin' with Ω symbol' }\n\n      its(:'first.text') { is_expected.to eq \"just textin' with \\u{03A9} symbol\" }\n    end\n\n    context 'when italic' do\n      context 'simple' do\n        let(:source) { \"''italic''\" }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Italic.new(Tree::Text.new('italic'))] }\n      end\n\n      context 'auto-closing of markup' do\n        let(:source) { \"''italic\" }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Italic.new(Tree::Text.new('italic'))] }\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'when bold' do\n      let(:source) { \"'''bold'''\" }\n\n      it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Bold.new(Tree::Text.new('bold'))] }\n\n      context 'when mixed with apostrofe' do\n        let(:source) { \"L''''aritmetica'''\" }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('L'), Tree::Bold.new(Tree::Text.new(\"'aritmetica\"))] }\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'when bold italic' do\n      let(:source) { \"'''''bold italic'''''\" }\n\n      it { is_expected.to eq [Tree::BoldItalic.new(Tree::Text.new('bold italic'))] }\n    end\n\n    context 'when wikilink' do\n      subject { nodes.first }\n\n      context 'with label' do\n        let(:source) { '[[Argentina|Ar]]' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Wikilink) }\n        its(:link) { is_expected.to eq 'Argentina' }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('Ar')] }\n      end\n\n      context 'with formatted label' do\n        let(:source) { \"[[Argentina|Argentinian ''Republic'']]\" }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Wikilink) }\n        its(:link) { is_expected.to eq 'Argentina' }\n        its(:\"children.count\") { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n      end\n\n      context 'without label' do\n        let(:source) { '[[Argentina]]' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Wikilink) }\n        its(:link) { is_expected.to eq 'Argentina' }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('Argentina')] }\n      end\n\n      context 'with spans in label' do\n        let(:source) { '[[Argentina|Argentinian Republic]]' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Wikilink) }\n        its(:link) { is_expected.to eq 'Argentina' }\n        its(:\"children.count\") { is_expected.to eq 3 } # opening tag as separate thing\n      end\n\n      context '\":\" in link' do\n        before { allow(ctx.traits).to receive(:interwiki?) { |prefix| prefix == 'wikt' } }\n\n        context 'with namespace' do\n          let(:source) { '[[Category:Argentina]]' }\n\n          it { is_expected.to have_attributes(link: 'Category:Argentina', namespace: 'Category') }\n        end\n\n        context 'to external wiki' do\n          let(:source) { '[[wikt:Argentina]]' }\n\n          it { is_expected.to have_attributes(link: 'Argentina', namespace: '', interwiki: 'wikt') }\n        end\n\n        xcontext 'to other language wiki' do\n          let(:source) { '[[:es:Argentina]]' }\n\n          it { is_expected.to have_attributes(link: 'Argentina', namespace: '', lang: ':es:') }\n        end\n\n        context 'random \":\"' do\n          let(:source) { '[[Country:Argentina]]' }\n\n          it { is_expected.to have_attributes(link: 'Country:Argentina', namespace: '', interwiki: nil, name: 'Country:Argentina') }\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'when external link' do\n      subject { nodes.first }\n\n      context 'with label' do\n        let(:source) { '[http://google.com Google]' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::ExternalLink) }\n        its(:link) { is_expected.to eq 'http://google.com' }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('Google')] }\n      end\n\n      context 'without caption' do\n        let(:source) { '[http://google.com]' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::ExternalLink) }\n        its(:link) { is_expected.to eq 'http://google.com' }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('http://google.com')] }\n      end\n\n      context 'not a link at all' do\n        let(:source) { '[just text]' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Text) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq '[just text]' }\n      end\n\n      context 'not a link: complex inline' do\n        let(:source) { \"This ''is [just text], trust'' me\" }\n\n        subject { nodes.find(Tree::Italic).first }\n\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq 'is [just text], trust' }\n      end\n\n      context 'unclosed formatting inside' do\n        # found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states#Transnistria\n        let(:source) { \"[http://google.com ''Google]\" }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::ExternalLink) }\n        its(:link) { is_expected.to eq 'http://google.com' }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Italic.new(Tree::Text.new('Google'))] }\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'when HTML' do\n      subject { nodes.first }\n\n      context 'paired' do\n        let(:source) { 'Some text' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::HTMLTag) }\n        its(:tag) { is_expected.to eq 'strike' }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('Some text')] }\n      end\n\n      context 'with attributes' do\n        let(:source) { 'Some text' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::HTMLTag) }\n        its(:tag) { is_expected.to eq 'strike' }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text.new('Some text')] }\n        its(:attrs) { is_expected.to eq(class: 'airstrike', style: 'color: red;') }\n      end\n\n      context 'self-closing' do\n        let(:source) { '
' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::HTMLTag) }\n        its(:tag) { is_expected.to eq 'br' }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to be_empty }\n      end\n\n      context 'self-closing with attrs' do\n        let(:source) { '
' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::HTMLTag) }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to be_empty }\n        its(:attrs) { is_expected.to eq(name: 'totalpop') }\n      end\n\n      context 'lonely opening' do\n        let(:source) { 'Some text' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::HTMLOpeningTag) }\n        its(:tag) { is_expected.to eq 'strike' }\n      end\n\n      context 'lonely closing' do\n        let(:source) { '' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::HTMLClosingTag) }\n        its(:tag) { is_expected.to eq 'strike' }\n      end\n\n      context 'br' do\n        let(:source) { '
 test' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::HTMLTag) }\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to be_empty }\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'when nowiki' do\n      context 'when non-empty' do\n        let(:source) { \" all kinds  of {{highly}} irrelevant '' markup \" }\n\n        subject { nodes.first }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq Tree::Text.new(\" all kinds  of {{highly}} irrelevant '' markup \") }\n      end\n\n      context 'when empty' do\n        let(:source) { 'The country is also a producer of [[industrial mineral]]s.' }\n\n        subject { nodes }\n\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Text.new('The country is also a producer of '),\n            Tree::Wikilink.new('industrial mineral'),\n            Tree::Text.new('s.')\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'when math' do\n      let(:source) { \" all kinds  of {{highly}} irrelevant '' markup \" }\n\n      subject { nodes.first }\n\n      it { is_expected.to eq Tree::Math.new(\" all kinds  of {{highly}} irrelevant '' markup \") }\n\n      context 'math in templates' do\n        let(:source) { '{{Ecuación|g = \\frac{F}{m} = \\frac {G M_T}{{R_T}^2} }}' }\n\n        subject { nodes.lookup(:Template).first.variables.first.lookup(:Math).first }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq Tree::Math.new('g = \\frac{F}{m} = \\frac {G M_T}{{R_T}^2} ') }\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'when gallery' do\n      let(:source) {\n        \"\\n\"\\\n        \"File:Wiki.png\\n\"\\\n        \"File:Wiki.png|Captioned\\n\"\\\n        \"File:Wiki.png|Captioned with alt text|alt=The Wikipedia logo\\n\"\\\n        \"File:Wiki.png|[[Help:Contents/Links|Links]] can be put in captions.\\n\"\\\n        \"file:Wiki.png|Full [[MediaWiki]] 
[[syntax]] may now be used...\\n\"\\\n        ''\n      }\n\n      subject(:gallery) { nodes.first }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a Tree::Gallery }\n      its(:params) { are_expected.to eq(caption: 'Sample gallery', widths: '180px', heights: '120px') }\n\n      context 'children' do\n        subject(:images) { gallery.children }\n\n        it { is_expected.to all be_a(Tree::Image) }\n        its_map(:path) { are_expected.to all eq 'Wiki.png' }\n        it { expect(images.last.caption.text).to eq \"Full MediaWiki \\nsyntax may now be used...\" }\n        it { expect(images[2].params[:alt]).to eq 'The Wikipedia logo' }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'sequence' do\n      subject { nodes }\n\n      context 'plain' do\n        let(:source) { \"This is '''bold''' text with [[Some link|Link]]\" }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 4 }\n        its_map(:class) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Text, Tree::Bold, Tree::Text, Tree::Wikilink] }\n        its_map(:text) { is_expected.to eq ['This is ', 'bold', ' text with ', 'Link'] }\n      end\n\n      context 'html + template' do\n        let(:source) { '
{{small|(Sun of May)}}' }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n        its(:first) { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::HTMLTag) }\n        its(:last) { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Template) }\n      end\n\n      context 'text + html' do\n        let(:source) { 'test me' }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n        its_map(:class) { are_expected.to eq [Tree::Text, Tree::HTMLTag] }\n      end\n\n      context 'text, ref, template' do\n        let(:source) { '4D S.A.S.{{Citation | url = http://www.4D.com | title = 4D}}' }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n        its_map(:class) { are_expected.to eq [Tree::Text, Tree::Ref] }\n\n        context 'even in \"short\" context' do\n          let(:source) { '4D S.A.S.{{Citation | url = http://www.4D.com | title = 4D}}' }\n\n          subject { parser.short_inline }\n\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n          its_map(:class) { are_expected.to eq [Tree::Text, Tree::Ref] }\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'nesting' do\n      context 'simple' do\n        let(:source) { \"'''[[Bold link|Link]]'''\" }\n\n        subject { Parser.inline(source).first }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Bold) }\n        its(:\"children.first\") { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Wikilink) }\n      end\n\n      context 'when cross-sected inside template' do\n        let(:source) { \"''italic{{tmpl|its ''italic'' too}}''\" }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n        its(:'first.children.first.text') { is_expected.to eq 'italic' }\n        its(:'first.children.count') { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/parser/paragraphs_spec.rb",
    "content": "require 'infoboxer/parser'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  describe Parser, 'paragraphs' do\n    let(:ctx) { Parser::Context.new(source) }\n    let(:parser) { Parser.new(ctx) }\n\n    let(:nodes) { parser.paragraphs }\n\n    describe 'one item' do\n      subject { nodes.first }\n\n      context 'just a para' do\n        let(:source) { 'some text' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Paragraph) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq \"some text\\n\\n\" }\n      end\n\n      context 'heading' do\n        let(:source) { '== Some text ==' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Heading) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq \"Some text\\n\\n\" }\n        its(:level) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n      end\n\n      context 'list item' do\n        context 'first level' do\n          let(:source) { '* Some text' }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::UnorderedList) }\n          its(:'children.count') { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n          its(:children) { is_expected.to all(be_kind_of(Tree::ListItem)) }\n        end\n\n        context 'dl/dt' do\n          let(:source) { '; Some text' }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq Tree::DefinitionList.new(Tree::DTerm.new(Tree::Text.new('Some text'))) }\n        end\n\n        context 'dl/dd' do\n          let(:source) { ': Some text' }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq Tree::DefinitionList.new(Tree::DDefinition.new(Tree::Text.new('Some text'))) }\n        end\n\n        context 'next levels' do\n          let(:source) { '*#; Some text' }\n\n          # Prepare to madness!!!\n          it {\n            is_expected.to eq \\\n              Tree::UnorderedList.new(\n                Tree::ListItem.new(\n                  Tree::OrderedList.new(\n                    Tree::ListItem.new(\n                      Tree::DefinitionList.new(\n                        Tree::DTerm.new(\n                          Tree::Text.new('Some text')\n                        )\n                      )\n                    )\n                  )\n                )\n              )\n          }\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'hr' do\n        let(:source) { '--------------' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::HR) }\n      end\n\n      context 'pre' do\n        let(:source) { ' i += 1' }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Pre) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq \"i += 1\\n\\n\" }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'sequence' do\n      subject { nodes }\n\n      let(:source) { \"== Heading ==\\nParagraph\\n*List item\" }\n\n      its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 3 }\n      it 'should be correct items' do\n        expect(subject.map(&:class)).to eq [Tree::Heading, Tree::Paragraph, Tree::UnorderedList]\n        expect(subject.map(&:text)).to eq [\"Heading\\n\\n\", \"Paragraph\\n\\n\", \"* List item\\n\\n\"]\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'merging subsequent' do\n      subject { Parser.paragraphs(source) }\n\n      context 'paragraphs' do\n        let(:source) { \"First para\\nStill first\\n\\nNext para\" }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n        it 'should be only two of them' do\n          expect(subject.map(&:text)).to eq \\\n            [\"First para Still first\\n\\n\", \"Next para\\n\\n\"]\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'not mergeable' do\n        let(:source) { \"== First heading ==\\n== Other heading ==\" }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n      end\n\n      context 'list' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n            * start\n            ** level two\n            ** level two - same list\n            *# level two - other list\n            *; level two - even other, dl\n            *: level two - same dl\n            *:# level three - next level\n            #* orphan list with second level at once\n          }.strip.gsub(/\\n\\s+/m, \"\\n\")\n        }\n\n        # not the most elegant way of testing trees, but still!\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq \\\n            [\n              Tree::UnorderedList.new(\n                Tree::ListItem.new([\n                                     Tree::Text.new('start'),\n                                     Tree::UnorderedList.new([\n                                                               Tree::ListItem.new(\n                                                                 Tree::Text.new('level two')\n                                                               ),\n                                                               Tree::ListItem.new(\n                                                                 Tree::Text.new('level two - same list')\n                                                               ),\n                                                             ]),\n                                     Tree::OrderedList.new([\n                                                             Tree::ListItem.new(\n                                                               Tree::Text.new('level two - other list')\n                                                             )\n                                                           ]),\n                                     Tree::DefinitionList.new([\n                                                                Tree::DTerm.new(\n                                                                  Tree::Text.new('level two - even other, dl')\n                                                                ),\n                                                                Tree::DDefinition.new([\n                                                                                        Tree::Text.new('level two - same dl'),\n                                                                                        Tree::OrderedList.new(\n                                                                                          Tree::ListItem.new(\n                                                                                            Tree::Text.new('level three - next level')\n                                                                                          )\n                                                                                        )\n                                                                                      ])\n                                                              ])\n                                   ])\n              ),\n              Tree::OrderedList.new(\n                Tree::ListItem.new(\n                  Tree::UnorderedList.new(\n                    Tree::ListItem.new(\n                      Tree::Text.new('orphan list with second level at once')\n                    )\n                  )\n                )\n              )\n            ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      context 'complex def-list' do\n        let(:source) {\n          unindent(%{\n          :{{,}}[[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] in [[Corrientes Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 de octubre de 2004}}\n          :{{,}}[[Kom language (South America)|Kom]], [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]] and [[Wichi language|Wichi]], in [[Chaco Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 de julio de 2010}}\n        })}\n\n        its(:first) { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::DefinitionList) }\n      end\n\n      # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equations_in_gravitation\n      xcontext 'def-list + table' do\n        let(:source) {\n          unindent(%{\n          :{|\n          |-\n          |test\n          |me\n          |}\n        })}\n\n        its(:first) { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::DefinitionList) }\n        it { expect(subject.wikipath('//table')).not_to be_empty }\n      end\n\n      context 'templates-only paragraph' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{{{template}}\\n\\nparagraph}\n        }\n\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Template.new('template')),\n            Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('paragraph'))\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      context 'empty line' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{paragraph1\\n \\nparagraph2} # see the space between them?\n        }\n\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('paragraph1')),\n            Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('paragraph2'))\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      context 'empty line in pre context' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{ paragraph1\\n \\n paragraph2} # see the space between them?\n        }\n\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Pre.new(Tree::Text.new(\"paragraph1\\n\\nparagraph2\"))\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n\n      context 'comments in document' do\n        let(:source) {\n          \"== Heading parsed ==\"\n        }\n\n        it {\n          is_expected.to eq [\n            Tree::Heading.new(Tree::Text.new('Heading parsed'), 2)\n          ]\n        }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/parser/ref_spec.rb",
    "content": "require 'infoboxer/parser'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  describe Parser, '' do\n    let(:ctx) { Parser::Context.new(source) }\n    let(:parser) { Parser.new(ctx) }\n\n    let(:nodes) { parser.inline }\n\n    subject { nodes.first }\n\n    context 'simple' do\n      let(:source) {\n        \"The text\\nof the reference\"\n      }\n\n      it {\n        is_expected.to eq \\\n          Tree::Ref.new([\n                          Tree::Text.new('The text'),\n                          Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new('of the reference'))\n                        ])\n      }\n    end\n\n    context 'with params' do\n      let(:source) {\n        \"\\nThe text\\n\\nof the reference\"\n      }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Ref) }\n      its(:params) { is_expected.to eq(name: 'gini') }\n    end\n\n    context 'self-closing' do\n      let(:source) { '' }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Ref) }\n      its(:params) { is_expected.to eq(name: 'totalpop') }\n    end\n\n    context 'with incomplete markup' do\n      let(:source) {\n        \"''bad markup!\"\n      }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Ref) }\n      its(:children) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Italic.new(Tree::Text.new('bad markup!'))] }\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/parser/table_spec.rb",
    "content": "require 'infoboxer/parser'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  describe Parser, 'tables' do\n    let(:ctx) { Parser::Context.new(unindent(source)) }\n    let(:parser) { Parser.new(ctx) }\n\n    let(:nodes) { parser.paragraphs }\n    let(:table) { nodes.first }\n\n    subject { table }\n\n    describe 'simplest: one cell, one row' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %{{|\n        |one\n        |}}\n      }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Table) }\n      its(:'rows.count') { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      it 'should contain text' do\n        expect(subject.rows.first.cells.first.children).to eq \\\n          [Tree::Text.new('one')]\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'multiple cells' do\n      let(:table) { nodes.first }\n      let(:cells) { table.rows.first.cells }\n\n      subject { cells }\n\n      context 'all cells in one line' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |one||two||three: it's a long text, dude!\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 3 }\n        it 'should preserve text' do\n          expect(subject.map(&:text)).to eq ['one', 'two', \"three: it's a long text, dude!\"]\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'cells on separate lines' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |one||two\n          |three: it's a long text, dude!||and four\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 4 }\n        it 'should preserve text' do\n          expect(subject.map(&:text)).to eq \\\n            ['one', 'two', \"three: it's a long text, dude!\", 'and four']\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'multiline cells' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |one||two\n          three: it's a long text, dude!||and four\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n        describe 'last cell' do\n          subject { cells.last }\n\n          it 'should do bad things with next lines!' do\n            expect(subject.children.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n              [Tree::Text, Tree::Paragraph]\n            expect(subject.children.map(&:text)).to eq \\\n              ['two', \"three: it's a long text, dude!||and four\\n\\n\"]\n          end\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'multiline with template' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |one||two {{template\n          |it's content}}\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n        describe 'last cell' do\n          subject { cells.last }\n\n          it 'should do bad things with next lines!' do\n            expect(subject.children.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n              [Tree::Text, Templates::Base]\n          end\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'multiple rows' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %{\n        {|\n        |one\n        |-\n        |two\n        |}\n      }}\n\n      its(:\"rows.count\") { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n      it 'should preserve texts' do\n        expect(subject.rows.map(&:text)).to eq %w[one two]\n      end\n\n      context 'row-level template' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |one\n          |-\n          {{!}}\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.last.children.first.children.first }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      end\n\n      context 'row-level template' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |one\n          |-\n          {{!}}\n          x\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.last.children.last.children }\n\n        it { is_expected.to contain_exactly(Tree::Template, Tree::Paragraph) }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'headings' do\n      context 'in first row' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          ! one\n          ! two\n          ! three\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.first.children }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 3 }\n        it 'should be headers' do\n          expect(subject.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n            [Tree::TableHeading, Tree::TableHeading, Tree::TableHeading]\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'in next row' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |wtf\n          |-\n          ! one\n          ! two\n          ! three\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows[1].children }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 3 }\n        it 'should be headers' do\n          expect(subject.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n            [Tree::TableHeading, Tree::TableHeading, Tree::TableHeading]\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'several headers in line' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          ! one||two||three\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.first.children }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 3 }\n        it 'should be headers' do\n          expect(subject.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n            [Tree::TableHeading, Tree::TableHeading, Tree::TableHeading]\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'several headers in line -header separator' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          ! one!!two!!three\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.first.children }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 3 }\n        it 'should be headers' do\n          expect(subject.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n            [Tree::TableHeading, Tree::TableHeading, Tree::TableHeading]\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'in the middle of a row' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          | one\n          ! two\n          | three\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.first.children }\n\n        its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 3 }\n        it 'should be headers' do\n          expect(subject.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n            [Tree::TableCell, Tree::TableHeading, Tree::TableCell]\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'table caption' do\n      subject { table.caption }\n\n      context 'simple' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |+ test me\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::TableCaption) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq 'test me' }\n      end\n\n      context 'with formatting' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |+ test me ''please'' [[here]]\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::TableCaption) }\n        it 'should be formatted' do\n          expect(subject.children.map(&:class)).to eq \\\n            [Tree::Text, Tree::Italic, Tree::Text, Tree::Wikilink]\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'multiline' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |+ test me\n          please\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::TableCaption) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq \"test me\\nplease\" }\n      end\n\n      # seems to be pretty exotic one, in fact.\n      # neglect it (implementation anyways was dumb)\n      xcontext 'with tag' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          test me please\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::TableCaption) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq \"test me please\\n\\n\" }\n      end\n\n      context 'with style params' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |+ style=\"color: green;\"|test me\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::TableCaption) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq 'test me' }\n        its(:params) { are_expected.to eq(style: 'color: green;') }\n      end\n\n      context 'cells after' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          |+ test me\n          !Header\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::TableCaption) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq 'test me' }\n\n        specify { expect(table.rows.count).to eq 1 }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'table-level params' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %{\n        {| border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\"\n        |}\n      }}\n\n      subject { table.params }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Hash) }\n      its(:keys) { are_expected.to contain_exactly(:border, :style) }\n      its(:values) {\n        are_expected.to \\\n          contain_exactly('1', 'border-collapse:collapse;')\n      }\n    end\n\n    describe 'row-level params' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %{\n        {|\n        |- border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\"\n        |test\n        |}\n      }}\n\n      subject { table.rows.first.params }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Hash) }\n      its(:keys) { are_expected.to contain_exactly(:border, :style) }\n      its(:values) {\n        are_expected.to \\\n          contain_exactly('1', 'border-collapse:collapse;')\n      }\n    end\n\n    describe 'cell-level params' do\n      context 'when first' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          | style=\"text-align:right;\" |test\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.first.cells.first.params }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Hash) }\n        its(:keys) { are_expected.to contain_exactly(:style) }\n        its(:values) {\n          are_expected.to \\\n            contain_exactly('text-align:right;')\n        }\n      end\n\n      context 'when several' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          | style=\"text-align:right;\" |test||border|one\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.first.cells[1].params }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Hash) }\n        its(:keys) { are_expected.to contain_exactly(:border) }\n        its(:values) {\n          are_expected.to \\\n            contain_exactly('border')\n        }\n      end\n\n      context 'when uneven quotes' do\n        # Example like this can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt_(second_generation)\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {|\n          | style=\"text-align:right; |test||border|one\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.first.cells[1].params }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Hash) }\n        its(:keys) { are_expected.to contain_exactly(:border) }\n        its(:values) {\n          are_expected.to \\\n            contain_exactly('border')\n        }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'nested tables, damn them' do\n      context 'when in empty cell' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {| style=\"width:98%; background:none;\"\n          |-\n          |\n          {| style=\"width:98%; background:none;\"\n          |-\n          |test me\n          |}\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        subject { table.rows.first.cells.first.children.first }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Tree::Table) }\n      end\n\n      context 'when in multiline cell' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {| style=\"width:98%; background:none;\"\n          |-\n          | some\n          things\n          complicated\n          {| style=\"width:98%; background:none;\"\n          |-\n          |test me\n          |}\n          |}\n        }}\n\n        it 'should still be reasonable!' do\n          expect(table.rows.first.cells.count).to eq 1\n          expect(table.rows.first.cells.first.children.last).to \\\n            be_a(Tree::Table)\n          expect(table.rows.first.cells.first.children.map(&:class)).to \\\n            include(Tree::Paragraph)\n        end\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'implicitly closed table' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %[\n        {|\n\n        That's paragraph!\n      ]\n      }\n\n      it 'works' do\n        expect(table.rows).to be_empty\n        expect(nodes.last).to eq Tree::Paragraph.new(Tree::Text.new(\"That's paragraph!\"))\n      end\n\n      context 'not closed on empty lines' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %[\n          {|\n\n          |Still a cell!\n        ]\n        }\n\n        subject { table.rows.first.cells.first }\n\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq 'Still a cell!' }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'tables, Karl!' do\n      # From\n      # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems#General_information\n      let(:source) { File.read('spec/fixtures/large_table.txt') }\n\n      its(:\"rows.count\") { is_expected.to eq 61 }\n      it 'should be cool' do\n        expect(subject.rows.map(&:children).map(&:count)).to all(be > 1)\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe 'broken table definition (issue #78)' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %[\n          {|\n           |+ ''A'' |\n           ! B\n          |}\n        ]\n      }\n\n      its(:\"rows.count\") { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      its(:caption) { is_expected.to be_nil } # empty node, in fact\n    end\n\n    describe 'large broken table definition (issue #78)' do\n      let(:source) { File.read('spec/fixtures/broken_table_caption.txt') }\n\n      its(:\"rows.count\") { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      its(:caption) { is_expected.not_to be_nil } # we parse too complicated params as caption text... it is OK, table's broken anyways :)\n    end\n\n    describe 'auto-closing of tables (issue #81)' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %[\n          {|\n           |-\n           |Text.\n          ==Heading==\n        ]\n      }\n\n      subject { nodes }\n\n      it {\n        is_expected.to contain_exactly(\n          be_a(Tree::Table),\n          be_a(Tree::Heading).and(have_attributes(text: \"Heading\\n\\n\"))\n        )\n      }\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/parser/template_spec.rb",
    "content": "require 'infoboxer/parser'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  describe Parser, 'templates' do\n    let(:ctx) { Parser::Context.new(source) }\n    let(:parser) { Parser.new(ctx) }\n\n    let(:nodes) { parser.inline }\n    let(:template) { nodes.first }\n\n    subject { template }\n\n    context 'simplest' do\n      let(:source) { '{{the name}}' }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'the name' }\n    end\n\n    context 'with unnamed variable' do\n      let(:source) { '{{the name|en}}' }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'the name' }\n      its(:variables) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Var.new('1', Tree::Text.new('en'))] }\n    end\n\n    context 'with named variable' do\n      let(:source) { '{{the name|lang=en}}' }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'the name' }\n      its(:variables) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Var.new('lang', Tree::Text.new('en'))] }\n    end\n\n    context 'with empty variable' do\n      let(:source) { '{{the name|lang=}}' }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'the name' }\n      its(:variables) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Var.new('lang')] }\n    end\n\n    context 'with named and unnamed mixed' do\n      let(:source) { '{{the name|test1|foo=bar|test2}}' }\n\n      it 'should have variables named consistently' do\n        expect(subject.variables.map(&:name)).to eq %w[1 foo 2]\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'with empty line' do\n      let(:source) { '{{the name|}}' }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'the name' }\n      its(:variables) { is_expected.to eq [] }\n    end\n\n    context 'with \"=\" symbol in variable' do\n      let(:source) { '{{the name|formula=1+2=3}}' }\n\n      its(:variables) { is_expected.to eq [Tree::Var.new('formula', Tree::Text.new('1+2=3'))] }\n    end\n\n    context 'with link in variable' do\n      let(:source) { '{{the name|[[Argentina|Ar]]}}' }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'the name' }\n      its(:variables) {\n        is_expected.to eq \\\n          [\n            Tree::Var.new('1', [Tree::Wikilink.new('Argentina', Tree::Text.new('Ar'))])\n          ]\n      }\n    end\n\n    context 'with paragraphs in variable' do\n      let(:source) { \"{{the name|var=some\\nmultiline\\n''text''}}\" }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      it 'should preserve all content' do\n        expect(subject.variables.first.children.map(&:class)).to eq [Tree::Text, Tree::Paragraph]\n      end\n    end\n\n    # TODO: due to templates flowing thingy\n    xcontext 'with newlines before nested template' do\n      let(:source) { \"{{the name|var=\\n {{nested}}}}\" }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      it 'should preserve all content' do\n        expect(subject.variables.first.children).to all(be_a(Tree::Template))\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'with newlines before variable name' do\n      let(:source) { \"{{the name|\\nvar=test}}\" }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      it 'should preserve all content' do\n        expect(subject.variables.first.name).to eq 'var'\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'with spaces before variable name' do\n      let(:source) { '{{the name| var=test}}' }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      it 'should preserve all content' do\n        expect(subject.variables.first.name).to eq 'var'\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'with newline+space before next var' do\n      let(:source) { \"{{the name|var=test\\n |var2=foo}}\" }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      it 'should preserve all content' do\n        expect(subject.variables.first.children).to eq [Tree::Text.new('test')]\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'with  and other template in variable' do\n      let(:source) { \"{{the name|some\\nmultiline\\nreference {{and|other-template}}|othervar}}\" }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:'variables.count') { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n    end\n\n    context 'with other template in variable - newlines' do\n      let(:source) { \"{{the name|first=\\n {{\\nother-template\\n }}\\n| othervar}}\" }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:'variables.count') { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n    end\n\n    context 'with complex lists inside' do\n      let(:source) {\n        unindent(%{\n        {{Infobox country\n        |footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}''[[De facto]]'' at all government levels.{{efn-ua|name=es|Though not declared official ''[[de jure]]'', the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.}} In addition, some provinces have official ''[[de jure]]'' languages:\n        :{{,}}[[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] in [[Corrientes Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 de octubre de 2004}}\n        :{{,}}[[Kom language (South America)|Kom]], [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]] and [[Wichi language|Wichi]], in [[Chaco Province]].{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 de julio de 2010}}\n        |footnote_b = {{note|note-train}}Trains ride on left.\n        }}\n      })}\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:'variables.count') { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n    end\n\n    context 'with simple variable inside' do\n      let(:source) { %{{{some template|lang=en|wtf|text=not a ''parameter''}}} }\n\n      its(:'variables.count') { is_expected.to eq 3 }\n    end\n\n    context 'magic words' do\n      let(:source) { %{{{formatnum:{{#expr: 14.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}} }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'formatnum' }\n      its(:'variables.count') { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n      its(:'variables.first.name') { is_expected.to eq '1' }\n      context 'magic inside magic' do\n        subject { template.variables.first.children.first }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n        its(:name) { is_expected.to eq '#expr' }\n      end\n    end\n\n    context 'and now for really sick stuff!' do\n      let(:source) { File.read('spec/fixtures/large_infobox.txt') }\n\n      it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Template) }\n      its(:\"variables.count\") { is_expected.to eq 87 }\n    end\n\n    context 'Titanic' do\n      let(:source) {\n        %{{{Infobox ship image\n| Ship image = [[File:RMS Titanic 3.jpg|300px]]\n| Ship caption = RMS ''Titanic'' departing [[Southampton]] on 10 April 1912\n}}}}\n\n      subject { template.variables }\n\n      its_map(:name) { are_expected.to eq ['Ship image', 'Ship caption'] }\n    end\n\n    describe 'broken template/table mix (issue #81)' do\n      let(:source) {\n        unindent(%[\n          {{\n          |a\n          \n          }}\n          \n          {|\n          |-\n          {{}}\n          =B=\n        ])\n      }\n\n      its_block { is_expected.not_to raise_error }\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/templates/set_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  describe Templates::Set do\n    context 'definition' do\n      let(:set) {\n        described_class.new do\n          template 'Largest cities' do\n            def city_names\n              fetch(/city_\\d+/).map(&:text)\n            end\n          end\n\n          template 'Infobox', match: /^Infobox/i do\n            def infobox?\n              true\n            end\n          end\n\n          template 'Infobox cheese', base: 'Infobox'\n\n          template 'convert' do\n            def children\n              fetch('1', '3', '5')\n            end\n\n            def text\n              fetch('1').text\n            end\n          end\n\n          replace '!' => '|',\n                  ',' => '·'\n        end\n      }\n\n      context 'standalone template' do\n        subject { set.find('Largest cities') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Class) }\n        it { is_expected.to be < Templates::Base }\n        its(:inspect) { is_expected.to eq 'Infoboxer::Templates::Template[Largest cities]' }\n        its(:instance_methods) { is_expected.to include(:city_names) }\n\n        it 'should be case-insensitive' do\n          expect(set.find('largest cities')).to eq set.find('Largest cities')\n        end\n      end\n\n      context 'explicit match option' do\n        subject { set.find('Infobox country') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Class) }\n        it { is_expected.to be < Tree::Template }\n        its(:inspect) { is_expected.to eq 'Infoboxer::Templates::Template[Infobox]' }\n      end\n\n      context 'explicit base option' do\n        subject { set.find('Infobox cheese') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Class) }\n        it { is_expected.to be < set.find('Infobox') }\n        its(:inspect) { is_expected.to eq 'Infoboxer::Templates::Template[Infobox cheese]' }\n        its(:instance_methods) { is_expected.to include(:infobox?) }\n      end\n\n      context 'defaults' do\n        subject { set.find('undefined') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Class) }\n        it { is_expected.to eq Templates::Base }\n      end\n\n      context 'helpers' do\n        subject { set.find('!').new('!') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Templates::Replace) }\n        its(:text) { is_expected.to eq '|' }\n      end\n\n      context 'redefinition' do\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/tree/inspect_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    describe Node, :inspect do\n      subject { node.inspect }\n\n      describe Node do\n        context 'by default' do\n          let(:node) { Node.new(level: 3, class: 'red') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq '#' }\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe Text do\n        context 'by default' do\n          let(:node) { Text.new('some text') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq '#' }\n        end\n\n        context 'really long text' do\n          let(:str) { 'some text' * 100 }\n          let(:node) { Text.new(str) }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq \"#\" }\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe Compound do\n        context 'children' do\n          let(:node) { Compound.new([Text.new('one'), Text.new('two')]) }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq '#' }\n        end\n\n        context 'long children list' do\n          let(:node) {\n            Compound.new([\n                           Text.new('one long sentence'),\n                           Text.new('two long sentences'),\n                           Text.new('three long sentences'),\n                           Text.new('four long sentences'),\n                           Text.new('five')\n                         ])\n          }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq '#' }\n        end\n\n        context 'complex children' do\n          let(:node) { Compound.new([Italic.new(Text.new('one')), Italic.new(Bold.new(Text.new('two')))]) }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq '#' }\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe Template do\n        context 'default' do\n          let(:node) { Template.new('test') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq '#' }\n        end\n\n        context 'with param-ish variables' do\n          let(:node) { Template.new('test', Nodes[Var.new('foo', Text.new('var'))]) }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq '#' }\n        end\n\n        context 'many variables' do\n          let(:source) { File.read('spec/fixtures/large_infobox.txt') }\n          let(:node) { Parser.inline(source).first }\n\n          it { is_expected.to include('#$}\n        }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/tree/nodes_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    describe Nodes do\n      describe :inspect do\n        subject { nodes.inspect }\n\n        context 'by default' do\n          let(:nodes) { Nodes[Text.new('some text')] }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq '[#]' }\n        end\n\n        context 'really long children list' do\n          let(:children) { Array.new(20) { Text.new('some text') } }\n          let(:nodes) { Nodes[*children] }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq '[#, #, #, #, #, ...15 more nodes]' }\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe 'as Enumerable' do\n        let(:nodes) { Nodes[Text.new('one'), Text.new('two')] }\n\n        it 'should be nodes always' do\n          expect(nodes.select { |n| n.text == 'one' }).to be_a(Nodes)\n          expect(nodes.reject { |n| n.text == 'one' }).to be_a(Nodes)\n          expect(nodes.sort_by(&:text)).to be_a(Nodes)\n        end\n\n        it 'is smart when mapping' do\n          expect(nodes.map { |n| n }).to be_a(Nodes)\n          expect(nodes.map(&:text)).to be_an(Array)\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe :strip do\n        context 'last empty texts' do\n          subject { Nodes[Text.new('test'), Text.new(' ')] }\n\n          its(:strip) { is_expected.to eq Nodes[Text.new('test')] }\n        end\n\n        context 'spaces in last text' do\n          subject { Nodes[Text.new('test ')] }\n\n          its(:strip) { is_expected.to eq Nodes[Text.new('test')] }\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe :<< do\n        describe 'merging' do\n          context 'text' do\n            context 'when previous was text' do\n              subject { Nodes[Text.new('test')] }\n\n              before {\n                subject << Text.new(' me')\n              }\n              it { is_expected.to eq [Text.new('test me')] }\n            end\n\n            context 'when previous was not a text' do\n              subject { Nodes[Italic.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n              before {\n                subject << Text.new(' me')\n              }\n              it { is_expected.to eq [Italic.new(Text.new('test')), Text.new(' me')] }\n            end\n\n            context 'when its first text' do\n              subject { Nodes[] }\n\n              before {\n                subject << 'test'\n              }\n              it { is_expected.to eq [Text.new('test')] }\n            end\n          end\n\n          context 'paragraphs' do\n            context 'when can merge' do\n              subject { Nodes[Paragraph.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n              before {\n                subject << Paragraph.new(Text.new('me'))\n              }\n              it { is_expected.to eq [Paragraph.new(Text.new('test me'))] }\n            end\n\n            context 'when can\\'t merge' do\n              subject { Nodes[Paragraph.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n              before {\n                subject << Pre.new(Text.new('me'))\n              }\n              it { is_expected.to eq [Paragraph.new(Text.new('test')), Pre.new(Text.new('me'))] }\n            end\n\n            context 'children\\'s #parent rewriting' do\n              let(:para) { Nodes[Paragraph.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n              before {\n                para << Paragraph.new([Text.new('me, '), Italic.new(Text.new('please'))])\n              }\n              subject { para.lookup(:Italic).first }\n\n              its(:parent) { is_expected.to eq para.first }\n            end\n          end\n        end\n\n        describe 'empty paragraphs dropping' do\n          context 'into paragraph' do\n            subject { Nodes[Paragraph.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n            before {\n              subject << EmptyParagraph.new(' ')\n            }\n            it { is_expected.to eq [Paragraph.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n            its(:last) { is_expected.to be_closed }\n          end\n\n          context 'into pre' do\n            subject { Nodes[Pre.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n            before {\n              subject << EmptyParagraph.new('   ')\n            }\n            it { is_expected.to eq [Pre.new(Text.new(\"test\\n  \"))] }\n            its(:last) { is_expected.not_to be_closed }\n          end\n\n          context 'into pre -- really empty' do\n            subject { Nodes[Pre.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n            before {\n              subject << EmptyParagraph.new('')\n            }\n            it { is_expected.to eq [Pre.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n            its(:last) { is_expected.to be_closed }\n          end\n        end\n\n        describe 'implicit flatten' do\n          subject { Nodes[Text.new('test')] }\n\n          before {\n            subject << [Text.new(' me')]\n          }\n          it { is_expected.to eq [Text.new('test me')] }\n        end\n\n        xdescribe 'flowing-in templates' do\n          let(:nodes) {\n            Nodes[Paragraph.new(\n              [Text.new(' '),\n               Template.new('one'),\n               Text.new(\"\\n\"),\n               Template.new('two')]\n            ),\n            ]\n          }\n\n          subject { nodes.flow_templates }\n\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n          it { is_expected.to all(be_a(Template)) }\n        end\n\n        describe 'ignoring of empty nodes' do\n          context 'text' do\n            subject { Nodes[Italic.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n            before {\n              subject << Text.new('')\n            }\n            it { is_expected.to eq [Italic.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n          end\n\n          context 'compound' do\n            subject { Nodes[Paragraph.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n            before {\n              subject << Pre.new\n            }\n            it { is_expected.to eq [Paragraph.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n          end\n\n          context 'but not HTML!' do\n            subject { Nodes[Paragraph.new(Text.new('test'))] }\n\n            before {\n              subject << HTMLTag.new('br', {})\n            }\n            it { is_expected.to eq [Paragraph.new(Text.new('test')), HTMLTag.new('br', {})] }\n          end\n\n          context 'empty paragraphs' do\n            subject { Nodes[Heading.new(Text.new('test'), 2)] }\n\n            before {\n              subject << EmptyParagraph.new(' ')\n            }\n            it { is_expected.to eq [Heading.new(Text.new('test'), 2)] }\n          end\n        end\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/tree/template_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    describe Template do\n      let(:template) { Parser.inline(unindent(source)).first }\n\n      describe 'variables as params' do\n        let(:source) {\n          %{\n          {{some template|lang=en|wtf|text=not a ''parameter''}}\n        }}\n\n        subject { template.params }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq(lang: 'en', :'1' => 'wtf') }\n      end\n\n      describe :fetch do\n        let(:source) { File.read('spec/fixtures/large_infobox.txt') }\n\n        context 'one value by string' do\n          subject { template.fetch('conventional_long_name') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 1 }\n          its(:text) { is_expected.to start_with 'Argentine Republic' }\n        end\n\n        context 'multiple values by regexp' do\n          subject { template.fetch(/leader_title\\d+/) }\n\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 3 }\n          it { is_expected.to all(be_a(Tree::Var)) }\n          it 'should be all variables queried' do\n            expect(subject.map(&:name)).to eq %w[leader_title1 leader_title2 leader_title3]\n          end\n        end\n\n        context 'multiple values by list' do\n          subject { template.fetch('leader_title1', 'leader_name1') }\n\n          its(:count) { is_expected.to eq 2 }\n          it 'should be all variables queried' do\n            expect(subject.map(&:name)).to eq %w[leader_title1 leader_name1]\n          end\n        end\n\n        context 'when non-existing' do\n          subject { template.fetch('something strange') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_a(Tree::Nodes) }\n          it { is_expected.to be_empty }\n        end\n      end\n\n      context :fetch_hash do\n        let(:source) { File.read('spec/fixtures/large_infobox.txt') }\n\n        subject { template.fetch_hash('leader_title1', 'leader_name1') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to be_a(Hash) }\n        its(:keys) { is_expected.to eq %w[leader_title1 leader_name1] }\n        its(:values) { is_expected.to all(be_a(Tree::Var)) }\n      end\n\n      context :fetch_date do\n        let(:source) { '{{birth date and age|1953|2|19|df=y}}' }\n\n        subject { template.fetch_date('1', '2', '3') }\n\n        it { is_expected.to eq Date.new(1953, 2, 19) }\n\n        context 'when no date' do\n          subject { template.fetch_date('4', '5', '6') }\n\n          it { is_expected.to be_nil }\n        end\n      end\n\n      context :fetch_latlng do\n      end\n\n      describe :to_h do\n        let(:source) { File.read('spec/fixtures/large_infobox.txt') }\n\n        subject { template.to_h }\n\n        it {\n          is_expected.to include(\n            'conventional_long_name' => start_with('Argentine Republic'),\n            'capital' => 'Buenos Aires',\n            'government_type' => 'Federal presidential constitutional republic'\n            # ...and so on\n          )\n        }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/tree/text_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    describe Node do\n      describe :text do\n        context 'from node' do\n          let(:text) { node.text }\n\n          subject { text }\n\n          context Text do\n            let(:node) { Text.new('test') }\n\n            it { is_expected.to eq 'test' }\n          end\n\n          context Compound do\n            let(:node) { Compound.new([Text.new('one'), Text.new('two')]) }\n\n            it { is_expected.to eq 'onetwo' }\n          end\n\n          context Paragraph do\n            let(:node) { Paragraph.new([Text.new('one')]) }\n\n            it { is_expected.to eq \"one\\n\\n\" }\n          end\n        end\n\n        context 'from source' do\n          let(:document) { Parser.document(unindent(source)) }\n          let(:text) { document.text }\n\n          subject { text }\n\n          context 'simple headings and paragraphs' do\n            let(:source) {\n              %{\n              == Heading 2 ==\n              === Heading 3 ===\n              Paragraph.\n\n              Other paragraph.\n              Still that, other paragraph.\n            }}\n\n            it {\n              is_expected.to eq \\\n                \"Heading 2\\n\\n\" \\\n                \"Heading 3\\n\\n\" \\\n                \"Paragraph.\\n\\n\" \\\n                \"Other paragraph. Still that, other paragraph.\\n\\n\"\n            }\n          end\n\n          context 'lists' do\n            context 'unordered' do\n              let(:source) {\n                %{\n                * its\n                * a\n                * list\n              }}\n\n              it {\n                is_expected.to eq \\\n                  \"* its\\n\"\\\n                  \"* a\\n\"\\\n                  \"* list\\n\\n\"\n              }\n            end\n\n            context 'ordered' do\n              let(:source) {\n                %{\n                # its\n                # a\n                # list\n              }}\n\n              it {\n                is_expected.to eq \\\n                  \"1. its\\n\"\\\n                  \"2. a\\n\"\\\n                  \"3. list\\n\\n\"\n              }\n            end\n\n            context 'definitions' do\n              let(:source) {\n                %{\n                ; its\n                : a\n                ; list\n                : of defs\n              }}\n\n              it {\n                is_expected.to eq \\\n                  \"its:\\n\"\\\n                  \"  a\\n\"\\\n                  \"list:\\n\"\\\n                  \"  of defs\\n\\n\"\n              }\n            end\n\n            context 'nest' do\n              let(:source) {\n                %{\n                * its\n                ** a\n                ** nested\n                * list\n              }}\n\n              it {\n                is_expected.to eq \\\n                  \"* its\\n\"\\\n                  \"  * a\\n\"\\\n                  \"  * nested\\n\"\\\n                  \"* list\\n\\n\"\\\n              }\n            end\n\n            context 'mixing and nesting' do\n              let(:source) {\n                %{\n                * list\n                * with\n                *# different\n                *# levels of\n                *#; deep\n                *#: inlining!\n                * is cool\n\n                paragraph\n              }}\n\n              it {\n                is_expected.to eq \\\n                  \"* list\\n\" \\\n                  \"* with\\n\" \\\n                  \"  1. different\\n\" \\\n                  \"  2. levels of\\n\" \\\n                  \"    deep:\\n\" \\\n                  \"      inlining!\\n\" \\\n                  \"* is cool\\n\\n\"\\\n                  \"paragraph\\n\\n\"\n              }\n            end\n          end\n\n          context 'pre' do\n            let(:source) {\n              %{\n              Here will be pre:\n\n               First line\n               Next line\n              }}\n\n            it {\n              is_expected.to eq \\\n                \"Here will be pre:\\n\\n\" \\\n                \"First line\\n\" \\\n                \"Next line\\n\\n\"\n            }\n          end\n\n          context 'tables' do\n            let(:source) {\n              %{\n              {|\n              |+ Caption\n              |-\n              ! first\n              ! row\n              ! headings\n              |-\n              | next\n              | row\n              | cells\n              |-\n              | even\n              | next\n              | row\n              |}\n            }}\n\n            it {\n              is_expected.to eq \\\n                \"+-------------------------+\\n\"\\\n                \"|         Caption         |\\n\"\\\n                \"+-------+------+----------+\\n\"\\\n                \"| first | row  | headings |\\n\"\\\n                \"+-------+------+----------+\\n\"\\\n                \"| next  | row  | cells    |\\n\"\\\n                \"| even  | next | row      |\\n\"\\\n                \"+-------+------+----------+\\n\\n\"\n            }\n          end\n\n          context 'links and other inline markup' do\n            let(:source) { \"one ''two'' [[named|link]] [[unnamed link]]\" }\n\n            it { is_expected.to eq \"one two link unnamed link\\n\\n\" }\n          end\n\n          context 'br' do\n            let(:source) { 'one
two' }\n\n            it { is_expected.to eq \"one\\ntwo\\n\\n\" }\n          end\n\n          context 'ref' do\n            let(:source) { 'some textwith ref' }\n\n            it { is_expected.to eq \"some text\\n\\n\" }\n          end\n\n          context 'templates' do\n            let(:source) { \"some text{{with|realy=complex ''template''}}\" }\n\n            it { is_expected.to eq \"some text\\n\\n\" }\n          end\n\n          context 'html tags' do\n            let(:source) { 'some text with bold text' }\n\n            it { is_expected.to eq \"some text with bold text\\n\\n\" }\n          end\n\n          context 'math' do\n            let(:source) { 'g = \\frac{F}{m} = \\frac {G M_T}{{R_T}^2} ' }\n\n            # FIXME: why \\n\\n?\n            it { is_expected.to eq \"g = \\\\frac{F}{m} = \\\\frac {G M_T}{{R_T}^2}\\n\\n\" }\n          end\n        end\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/tree/to_tree_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    describe Node do\n      describe :to_tree do\n        let(:plain) { node.to_tree }\n        let(:indented) { node.to_tree(2) }\n\n        subject { plain }\n\n        # Basics ---------------------------------------------------------\n        context Text do\n          let(:node) { Text.new('test') }\n\n          specify {\n            expect(plain).to eq \"test \\n\"\n            expect(indented).to eq \"    test \\n\"\n          }\n        end\n\n        context Compound do\n          let(:node) { Compound.new([Text.new('one'), Text.new('two')]) }\n\n          specify {\n            expect(plain).to eq \"\\n  one \\n  two \\n\"\n            expect(indented).to eq \\\n              \"    \\n\"\\\n              \"      one \\n\"\\\n              \"      two \\n\"\n          }\n\n          context 'when only one text node' do\n            let(:node) { Compound.new([Text.new('one')]) }\n\n            it { is_expected.to eq \"one \\n\" }\n          end\n        end\n\n        # Inline nodes ---------------------------------------------------\n        context Wikilink do\n          let(:node) { Wikilink.new('Argentina', [Text.new('Argentinian Republic')]) }\n\n          it {\n            is_expected.to eq \\\n              \"Argentinian Republic \\n\"\n          }\n        end\n\n        context Image do\n          context 'without caption' do\n            let(:node) { Image.new('picture.jpg', width: '5', height: '6') }\n\n            it {\n              is_expected.to eq \\\n                \"\\n\"\n            }\n          end\n\n          context 'with caption' do\n            let(:node) {\n              Image.new('picture.jpg', width: '5', height: '6', caption: ImageCaption.new(Text.new('Look at me')))\n            }\n\n            it {\n              is_expected.to eq \\\n                \"\\n\"\\\n                \"  caption:\\n\"\\\n                \"    Look at me \\n\"\n            }\n          end\n        end\n\n        context HTMLTag do\n          let(:node) {\n            HTMLTag.new('div',\n                        {class: 'table_inside', style: 'float:left;'},\n                        [Text.new('contents'), Italic.new(Text.new('italic'))])\n          }\n\n          it {\n            is_expected.to eq \\\n              \"\\n\"\\\n              \"  contents \\n\"\\\n              \"  italic \\n\"\n          }\n        end\n\n        context HTMLOpeningTag do\n          let(:node) {\n            HTMLOpeningTag.new('div', class: 'table_inside', style: 'float:left;')\n          }\n\n          it {\n            is_expected.to eq \\\n              \"\\n\"\n          }\n        end\n\n        context HTMLClosingTag do\n          let(:node) {\n            HTMLClosingTag.new('div')\n          }\n\n          it { is_expected.to eq \"\\n\" }\n        end\n\n        # Paragraph-level nodes ------------------------------------------\n        context Heading do\n          let(:node) {\n            Heading.new([Text.new('one')], 3)\n          }\n\n          it {\n            is_expected.to eq \\\n              \"one \\n\"\n          }\n        end\n\n        context List do\n          let(:node) {\n            Parser.paragraphs(%{\n            * one\n            * two\n            *# two-1 ''italic''\n            *# two-2\n            *#; two-2-dt\n            *#: two-2-dd\n            }.strip.gsub(/\\n\\s+/m, \"\\n\")).first\n          }\n\n          it {\n            is_expected.to eq \\\n              \"\\n\"\\\n              \"  one \\n\"\\\n              \"  \\n\"\\\n              \"    two \\n\"\\\n              \"    \\n\"\\\n              \"      \\n\"\\\n              \"        two-1  \\n\"\\\n              \"        italic \\n\"\\\n              \"      \\n\"\\\n              \"        two-2 \\n\"\\\n              \"        \\n\"\\\n              \"          two-2-dt \\n\"\\\n              \"          two-2-dd \\n\"\\\n          }\n        end\n\n        context Template do\n          let(:node) {\n            Parser.inline(%{\n            {{name|unnamed value|named=named value ''with markup''}}\n            }.strip.gsub(/\\n\\s+/m, \"\\n\")).first\n          }\n\n          it {\n            is_expected.to eq \\\n              \"\\n\"\\\n              \"  unnamed value \\n\"\\\n              \"  \\n\"\\\n              \"    named value  \\n\"\\\n              \"    with markup \\n\"\\\n          }\n        end\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/tree/wikilink_spec.rb",
    "content": "module Infoboxer\n  module Tree\n    describe Wikilink do\n      describe 'plain vanilla' do\n        subject { Wikilink.new('Test') }\n\n        its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'Test' }\n        its(:namespace) { is_expected.to eq '' }\n        its(:anchor) { is_expected.to eq '' }\n        its(:topic) { is_expected.to eq 'Test' }\n        its(:refinement) { is_expected.to eq '' }\n      end\n\n      context :namespace do\n        subject { Wikilink.new('Category:Test', namespace: 'Category') }\n\n        its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'Test' }\n        its(:namespace) { is_expected.to eq 'Category' }\n      end\n\n      context :interwiki do\n        subject { Wikilink.new('Test', interwiki: 'wikt') }\n\n        its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'Test' }\n        its(:namespace) { is_expected.to eq '' }\n        its(:interwiki) { is_expected.to eq 'wikt' }\n      end\n\n      context :anchor do\n        subject { Wikilink.new('Test#Yourself') }\n\n        its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'Test' }\n        its(:anchor) { is_expected.to eq 'Yourself' }\n      end\n\n      context :topic do\n        context ',' do\n          subject { Wikilink.new('Phoenix, Arizona') }\n\n          its(:topic) { is_expected.to eq 'Phoenix' }\n          its(:refinement) { is_expected.to eq 'Arizona' }\n\n          context 'when several commas' do\n            subject { Wikilink.new('Phoenix, Arizona, USA') }\n\n            its(:topic) { is_expected.to eq 'Phoenix' }\n            its(:refinement) { is_expected.to eq 'Arizona, USA' }\n          end\n        end\n\n        context '()' do\n          subject { Wikilink.new('Pipe (computing)') }\n\n          its(:topic) { is_expected.to eq 'Pipe' }\n          its(:refinement) { is_expected.to eq 'computing' }\n        end\n\n        context ', ()' do\n          subject { Wikilink.new('Phoenix, Arizona (USA)') }\n\n          its(:topic) { is_expected.to eq 'Phoenix, Arizona' }\n          its(:refinement) { is_expected.to eq 'USA' }\n        end\n      end\n\n      describe 'everything at once!' do\n        subject { Wikilink.new('Talk:Me, myself and Irene (film, bad)#Reception', namespace: 'Talk') }\n\n        its(:name) { is_expected.to eq 'Me, myself and Irene (film, bad)' }\n        its(:namespace) { is_expected.to eq 'Talk' }\n        its(:anchor) { is_expected.to eq 'Reception' }\n        its(:topic) { is_expected.to eq 'Me, myself and Irene' }\n        its(:refinement) { is_expected.to eq 'film, bad' }\n      end\n\n      describe 'pipe trick' do\n        subject { Wikilink.new('Phoenix, Arizona', Text.new('')) }\n\n        its(:children) { is_expected.to eq [Text.new('Phoenix')] }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/infoboxer/wiki_path_spec.rb",
    "content": "require 'infoboxer/wiki_path'\n\nmodule Infoboxer\n  describe WikiPath do\n    describe '._parse' do\n      subject { ->(source) { described_class._parse(source) } }\n\n      context 'one level' do\n        its(['/template']) { is_expected.to eq [{type: :Template}] }\n        its(['/template[name=Infobox]']) { is_expected.to eq [{type: :Template, name: 'Infobox'}] }\n        its(['/template[name=\"Infobox\"]']) { is_expected.to eq [{type: :Template, name: 'Infobox'}] }\n        its(['/template[name=/^Infobox/]']) { is_expected.to eq [{type: :Template, name: /^Infobox/}] }\n        its(['/template[name=\"Infobox\"][index=1]']) { is_expected.to eq [{type: :Template, name: 'Infobox', index: '1'}] }\n        its(['/[italic]']) { is_expected.to eq [{predicates: %i[italic?]}] }\n        its(['/[italic][first]']) { is_expected.to eq [{predicates: %i[italic? first?]}] }\n      end\n\n      context 'several levels' do\n        its(['/template[name=Infobox]/var[name=1]']) {\n          is_expected.to eq [{type: :Template, name: 'Infobox'}, {type: :Var, name: '1'}]\n        }\n      end\n\n      xcontext 'wildcards' do\n        its(['/*']) { is_expected.to eq [{type: %r{.+}}] } # rubocop:disable Style/RegexpLiteral\n      end\n\n      context 'skiplevels' do\n        its(['//template']) { is_expected.to eq [{type: :Template, op: :lookup}] }\n      end\n\n      context 'erroneous paths' do\n        it { expect { subject['foo'] }.to raise_error(WikiPath::ParseError, %r{expecting /}) }\n        it { expect { subject['//tmeplate'] }.to raise_error(WikiPath::ParseError, /Unrecognized node type: tmeplate/) }\n      end\n    end\n\n    describe '#call' do\n      let(:node) { spy }\n\n      subject { ->(source) { described_class.parse(source).call(node) } }\n\n      context 'one level' do\n        its(['/template']) {\n          is_expected.to send_message(node, :lookup_children).with(:Template)\n        }\n        its(['/template[name=Infobox]']) {\n          is_expected.to send_message(node, :lookup_children).with(:Template, name: 'Infobox')\n        }\n        its(['/template[name=/^Infobox/]']) {\n          is_expected.to send_message(node, :lookup_children).with(:Template, name: /^Infobox/)\n        }\n        its(['/template[name=/^Infobox/][first]']) {\n          is_expected.to send_message(node, :lookup_children).with(:Template, :first?, name: /^Infobox/)\n        }\n      end\n\n      xcontext 'several levels' do\n        its(['/template[name=Infobox]/var[name=1]']) {\n          is_expected.to \\\n            send_message(node, :lookup_children).with(:Template, name: 'Infobox')\n            .and_then(:lookup_children).with(:Var, name: '1')\n        }\n      end\n\n      xcontext 'skiplevels' do\n        its(['//template/var[name=1]//wikilink']) {\n          is_expected.to \\\n            send_message(node, :lookup).with(:Template)\n            .and_then(:lookup_children).with(:Var, name: '1')\n            .and_then(:lookup).with(:Wikilink)\n        }\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "spec/spec_helper.rb",
    "content": "require 'rspec/its'\nrequire 'vcr'\nrequire 'timecop'\n\nVCR.configure do |config|\n  config.cassette_library_dir = 'spec/fixtures/vcr_cassettes'\n  config.hook_into :webmock\n  config.configure_rspec_metadata!\nend\n\nrequire 'coveralls'\nCoveralls.wear!\n\n# require 'byebug'\n\n$LOAD_PATH.unshift 'lib'\n\nrequire 'infoboxer'\n\n# TODO: replace with saharspec/string_ext\ndef unindent(text)\n  lines = text.split(\"\\n\")\n  lines.shift while lines.first =~ /^\\s*$/ && !lines.empty?\n  lines.pop while lines.last =~ /^\\s*$/ && !lines.empty?\n  min_indent = lines.reject { |ln| ln =~ /^\\s*$/ }\n                    .map { |ln| ln.scan(/^\\s*/) }.flatten.map(&:length).min\n  lines.map { |ln| ln.sub(/^\\s{#{min_indent}}/, '') }.join(\"\\n\")\nend\n\nrequire 'saharspec'\n\nmodule WebMock\n  class Util::HashCounter\n    def ordered_keys\n      @order.to_a.sort_by(&:last).map(&:first)\n    end\n  end\n\n  def self.requests\n    RequestRegistry.instance.requested_signatures.ordered_keys\n  end\n\n  def self.last_request\n    requests.last\n  end\nend\n\nRSpec::Matchers.define_negated_matcher :not_include, :include\n"
  }
]